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<mask> (4 May 1928 – 25 February 2020) was an Egyptian military and political leader who served as the fourth president of Egypt from 1981 to 2011. Before he entered politics, <mask> was a career officer in the Egyptian Air Force. He served as its commander from 1972 to 1975 and rose to the rank of air chief marshal in 1973. In 1975, he was appointed vice president by President Anwar Sadat and assumed the presidency after his assassination in 1981. <mask>'s presidency lasted almost thirty years, making him Egypt's longest-serving ruler since Muhammad Ali Pasha, who ruled the country for 43 years from 1805 to 1848. Before he stepped down, <mask> was also the fourth-longest serving Arab leader, after Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, Sultan Qaboos Bin Said of Oman, and Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh. He assumed the presidency after a referendum, and renewed his term through referendums in 1987, 1993, and 1999.Under United States pressure, <mask> held the country's first multi-party election in 2005 and <mask> renewed his term for the fourth time by winning it. In 1989, he succeeded in reinstating Egypt’s membership in the Arab League, which had been frozen since the Camp David Accords with Israel and returning the Arab League's headquarters back to Cairo. He was known for his supportive stance on the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, in addition to his role in the Gulf War. Despite providing stability and reasons for economic growth, his rule was repressive. The state of emergency, which had not been lifted since the 1967 war, stifled political opposition, the security services became known for their brutality, and corruption became widespread. <mask> stepped down during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 after 18 days of demonstrations. On 11 February 2011, former Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that <mask> and he had resigned as president and vice president respectively and transferred authority to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces.On 13 April 2011, a prosecutor ordered <mask> and both of his sons (Alaa and Gamal) to be detained for 15 days of questioning about allegations of corruption and abuse of power. <mask> was then ordered to stand trial on charges of negligence for failing to halt the killing of peaceful protesters during the revolution. These trials began on 3 August 2011, making him the first Arab leader to be tried in his own country in an ordinary court of law. On 2 June 2012, an Egyptian court sentenced <mask> to life imprisonment. After sentencing, he was reported to have suffered a series of health crises. On 13 January 2013, Egypt's Court of Cassation (the nation's high court of appeal) overturned <mask>'s sentence and ordered a retrial. On retrial, <mask> and his sons were convicted on 9 May 2015 of corruption and given prison sentences.<mask> was detained in a military hospital while his sons were freed on 12 October 2015 by a Cairo court. He was acquitted on 2 March 2017 by the Court of Cassation and was released on 24 March 2017. <mask> died on 25 February 2020, aged 91. He received a military burial at a family plot outside Cairo. Early life and Air Force career
<mask> <mask> was born on 4 May 1928 in Kafr El-Meselha, Monufia Governorate, Egypt. On 2 February 1949, he left the Military Academy and joined the Air Force Academy, gaining his commission as a pilot officer on 13 March 1950 and eventually receiving a bachelor's degree in aviation sciences. <mask> served as an Egyptian Air Force officer in various formations and units; he spent two years in a Spitfire fighter squadron.Some time in the 1950s, he returned to the Air Force Academy as an instructor, remaining there until early 1959. From February 1959 to June 1961, <mask> undertook further training in the Soviet Union, attending a Soviet pilot training school in Moscow and another at Kant Air Base near Bishkek in the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic. <mask> undertook training on the Ilyushin Il-28 and Tupolev Tu-16 jet bombers. In 1964 he gained a place at the Frunze Military Academy in Moscow. On his return to Egypt, he served as a wing commander, then as a base commander; he commanded the Cairo West Air Base in October 1966 then briefly commanded the Beni Suef Air Base. In November 1967, <mask> became the Air Force Academy's commander when he was credited with doubling the number of Air Force pilots and navigators during the pre-October War years. Two years later, he became Chief of Staff for the Egyptian Air Force.In 1972, <mask> became Commander of the Air Force and Egyptian Deputy Minister of Defense. On 6 October 1973, at the breakout of the Yom Kippur War, the Egyptian Air Force launched a surprise attack on Israeli soldiers on the east bank of the Suez Canal. Egyptian pilots hit 90% of their targets, making <mask> a national hero. The next year he was promoted to Air Chief Marshal in recognition of service during the October War of 1973 against Israel. <mask> was credited in some publications for Egypt's initial strong performance in the war. The Egyptian analyst Mohamed Hassanein Heikal said the Air Force played a mostly psychological role in the war, providing an inspirational sight for the Egyptian ground troops who carried out the crossing of the Suez Canal, rather than for any military necessity. However <mask>'s influence was also disputed by Shahdan El-Shazli, the daughter of the former Egyptian military Chief of Staff Saad el-Shazly.She said <mask> exaggerated his role in the 1973 war. In an interview with the Egyptian independent newspaper Almasry Alyoum (26 February 2011), El-Shazli said <mask> altered documents to take credit from her father for the initial success of the Egyptian forces in 1973. She also said photographs pertaining to the discussions in the military command room were altered and Saad El-Shazli was erased and replaced with <mask>. She stated she intended to take legal action. Vice President of Egypt

In April 1975, President Anwar Sadat appointed <mask> Vice President of Egypt. In this position, he took part in government consultations that dealt with the future disengagement of forces agreement with Israel. In September 1975, <mask> went on a mission to Riyadh and Damascus to persuade the Saudi Arabian and Syrian governments to accept the disengagement agreement signed with the Israeli government ("Sinai II"), but was refused a meeting by the Syrian President Hafez Al-Assad.During his meetings with the Saudi government, <mask> developed a friendship with the nation's powerful Crown Prince Fahd, whom Sadat had refused to meet or contact and who was now seen as a major player who could help mend the failing relationship between Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Mubarak also developed friendships with several other important Arab leaders, including Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud, Oman's Sultan Qaboos, Morocco's King Hassan II, and Sudan's President Jaafar Nimeiry. Sadat also sent Mubarak to numerous meetings with foreign leaders outside the Arab world. Mubarak's political significance as Vice President can be seen from a conversation held on 23 June 1975 between Foreign Minister Fahmy and US Ambassador Hermann Eilts. Fahmy told Eilts that "Mubarak is, for the time being at least, likely to be a regular participant in all sensitive meetings" and he advised the ambassador not to antagonize Mubarak because he was Sadat's personal choice. Though supportive of Sadat's earlier efforts made to bring the Sinai Peninsula back into Egyptian control, Mubarak agreed with the views of various Arab leaders and opposed the Camp David Accords for failing to address other issues relating to the Arab–Israeli conflict. Sadat even transferred his decision-making authority to Mubarak temporarily at times he went on vacations.President of Egypt

<mask> was injured during the assassination of President Sadat in October 1981 by soldiers led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli. Following Sadat's death, <mask> became the fourth president of Egypt. Egypt's return to the Arab League
Until Libya's suspension from the Arab League at the beginning of the Libyan Civil War, Egypt was the only state in the history of the organization to have had its membership suspended, because of President Sadat's peace treaty with Israel. In June 1982, <mask> met King Fahd of Saudi Arabia, which marked a beginning of an Egyptian-Saudi rapprochement. Since Egypt is the most populous Arab country and Saudi Arabia the richest, the Saudi–Egyptian axis was a powerful force in the Arab world. At an Arab League summit later in 1982 in Fez, Saudi Arabia put forward an Egyptian peace plan where in exchange for Israel resolving the Israeli–Palestinian conflict by allowing a Palestinian state, the entire Arab world would make peace with Israel. The Islamic Republic of Iran had, from 1979 onward, been making the claim to be the leader of the Islamic world, and in particular Ayatollah Khomeini had called for the overthrow of the governments of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and other Arab states along the southern shores of the Persian Gulf, calling these states illegitimate.The claim of the Ayatollah Khomeini to be the rightful leader of the Islamic world and his attempts to export the Iranian revolution by working to overthrow governments that Khomeini deemed un-Islamic caused profound alarm and fear in the governments that were targeted like Iraq and Saudi Arabia. In the face of the Iranian challenge, the other Arab states looked towards Egypt as an ally. For King Fahd of Saudi Arabia and the other leaders of the Arab Gulf states, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict faded into the background and the main concern was resisting Iranian pretensions to be the leader of the Islamic world, meaning that Egypt could not be ignored. During the Iran–Iraq War from 1980 to 1988, Egypt supported Iraq militarily and economically with one million Egyptians working in Iraq to take the place of Iraqi men serving on the front-line. In December 1983, <mask> welcomed Yasser Arafat of the PLO to a summit in Cairo, marking a rapprochement with the PLO, and from that time, Egypt became the PLO's main ally. In 1985, the Achille Lauro hijacking caused a major crisis in relations when the U.S Air Force forced an EgyptAir plane carrying the Achille Lauro hijackers to Tunisia to land in Italy; otherwise the plane would have been shot down. <mask> stated in a press conference on 12 October 1985: "I am very wounded.Now there is coolness and strain as a result of this incident." Egypt had been ostracized by the other Arab states for signing the Camp David Accords in 1979, but Egypt's weight within the Arab world had led to Egypt regaining its "central place in the Arab world" by 1989. In 1989, Egypt was re-admitted as a full member to the Arab League and the League's headquarters were moved to their original location in Cairo. Governing style
Throughout the 1980s, Mubarak increased the production of affordable housing, clothing, furniture, and medicine. By the time he became President, <mask> was one of a few Egyptian officials who refused to visit Israel and vowed to take a less enthusiastic approach to normalizing relations with the Israeli government. Under Mubarak, Israeli journalists often wrote about the "cold peace" with Egypt, observing Israeli–Egyptian relations were frosty at best. Mubarak was quick to deny that his policies would result in difficulties for Egyptian–Israeli dealings in the future.The Israeli historian Major Efraim Karsh wrote in 2006 that in Egypt "...numberless articles, scholarly writings, books, cartoons, public statements, and radio and television programs, Jews are painted in the blackest terms imaginable". Karsh accused <mask> of being personally antisemitic, writing he "evidently shared the premises" of his propaganda. Egypt's heavy dependence on US aid and its hopes for US pressure on Israel for a Palestinian settlement continued under <mask>. He quietly improved relations with the former Soviet Union. In 1987, <mask> won an election to a second six-year term. In his early years in power, <mask> expanded the Egyptian State Security Investigations Service (Mabahith Amn ad-Dawla) and the Central Security Forces (anti-riot and containment forces). According to Tarek Osman, the experience of seeing his predecessor assassinated "right in front of him" and his lengthy military careerwhich was longer than those of Nasser or Sadatmay have instilled in him more focus and absorption with security than seemed the case with the latter heads of state.<mask> sought advice and confidence not in leading ministers, senior advisers or leading intellectuals, but from his security chiefs—"interior ministers, army commanders, and the heads of the ultra-influential intelligence services." All through the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s, violations of human rights by the security services in Egypt were described as "systematic" by Amnesty International. In 2007, Amnesty International reported that the Egyptian police routinely engaged in "beatings, electric shocks, prolonged suspension by the wrists and ankles in contorted positions, death threats and sexual abuse". The state remained large under <mask> employing 8 million people out of a population of 75 million. Because of his positions against Islamic fundamentalism and his diplomacy towards Israel, <mask> was the target of repeated assassination attempts. According to the BBC, <mask> survived six attempts on his life. In June 1995, there was an alleged assassination attempt involving noxious gases and Egyptian Islamic Jihad while <mask> was in Ethiopia for a conference of the Organization of African Unity.He was also reportedly injured by a knife-wielding assailant in Port Said in September 1999. Gulf War of 1991
Egypt was a member of the allied coalition during the 1991 Gulf War; Egyptian infantry were some of the first to land in Saudi Arabia to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait. Egypt's participation in the war solidified its central role in the Arab World and brought financial benefits for the Egyptian government. Reports of sums of up to  worth of debt forgiveness were published in the news media. According to The Economist: The programme worked like a charm: a textbook case, says the [International Monetary Fund]. In fact, luck was on <mask> <mask>'s side; when the US was hunting for a military alliance to force Iraq out of Kuwait, Egypt's president joined without hesitation. After the war, his reward was that America, the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and Europe forgave Egypt around $20 billion of debt.Stance on the invasion of Iraq in 2003

President <mask> spoke out against the 2003 invasion of Iraq, arguing that the Israeli–Palestinian conflict should have been resolved first. He also said the war would cause "100 Bin Ladens". However, as President he did not support an immediate US withdrawal from Iraq because he believed it would probably lead to chaos. 2005 elections

President <mask> was re-elected by majority votes in a referendum for successive terms on four occasions in 1987, 1993, and 1999. Each time, <mask> secured his position by having himself nominated by Parliament then confirmed without opposition in a referendum. The September 2005 ballot was a multiple-candidate election rather than a referendum, but the electoral institutions and security apparatus remain under the control of the President. On 28 July 2005, <mask> announced his candidacy.The election was scheduled for 7 September 2005; according to civil organizations that observed the election it was marred by mass rigging activities. In a move widely seen as political persecution, Ayman Nour, a dissident and candidate for the El-Ghad Party ("Tomorrow party") was convicted of forgery and sentenced to five years' hard labor on 24 December 2005. State corruption during <mask>'s presidency
While in office, political corruption in the <mask> administration's Ministry of the Interior rose dramatically. Political figures and young activists were imprisoned without trial. Illegal, undocumented, hidden detention facilities were established, and universities, mosques, and newspaper staff were rejected because of their political views. In 2005 Freedom House, a non-governmental organization that conducts research into democracy, reported that the Egyptian government under Mubarak expanded bureaucratic regulations, registration requirements, and other controls that often feed corruption. Freedom House said, "corruption remained a significant problem under <mask>, who promised to do much, but in fact never did anything significant to tackle it effectively".In 2010, Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index report assessed Egypt with a CPI score of 3.1, based on perceptions of the degree of corruption from business people and country analysts, with 10 being very clean and 0 being highly corrupt. Egypt ranked 98th out of the 178 countries included in the report. Wealth and allegations of personal corruption
In February 2011, ABC News reported that experts believed the personal wealth of <mask> and his family was between  and  from military contracts made during his time as an air force officer. The Guardian reported that <mask> and his family might be worth up to  garnered from corruption, bribes and legitimate business activities. The money was said to be spread out in various bank accounts, including some in Switzerland and the UK, and invested in foreign property. The newspaper said some of the information about the family's wealth might be ten years old. According to Newsweek, these allegations are poorly substantiated and lack credibility.On 12 February 2011, the government of Switzerland announced it was freezing the Swiss bank accounts of <mask> and his family. On 20 February 2011, the Egyptian Prosecutor General ordered the freezing of <mask>'s assets and those of his wife Suzanne, his sons Alaa and Gamal <mask>, and his daughters-in-law Heidi Rasekh and Khadiga Gamal. The Prosecutor General also

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 ordered the Egyptian Foreign Minister to communicate this to other countries where <mask> and his family could have assets. This order came two days after Egyptian newspapers reported that <mask> filed his financial statement. Egyptian regulations mandate government officials submit a financial statement listing their assets and sources of income while performing government work. On 21 February 2011, the Egyptian Military Council, which was temporarily given the presidential authorities following 25 January 2011 Revolution, said it had no objection to a trial of <mask> on charges of corruption. On 23 February 2011, the Egyptian newspaper Eldostor reported that a "knowledgeable source" described the order of the Prosecutor General to freeze <mask>'s assets and the threats of a legal action as nothing but a signal for <mask> to leave Egypt after a number of attempts were made to encourage him to leave willingly.In February 2011, Voice of America reported that Egypt's top prosecutor had ordered a travel ban and an asset freeze for <mask> and his family as he considered further action. On 21 May 2014 a Cairo court convicted <mask> and his sons of embezzling the equivalent of  of state funds which were allocated for renovation and maintenance of presidential palaces but were instead diverted to upgrade private family homes. The court ordered the repayment of , fined the trio , and sentenced <mask> to three years in prison and each of his sons to four years. Presidential succession

In 2009, US Ambassador Margaret Scobey said, "despite incessant whispered discussions, no one in Egypt has any certainty about who will eventually succeed <mask> nor under what circumstances." She said presidential son Gamal <mask> was the most likely successor; some thought intelligence chief Omar Suleiman might seek the office, or Arab League Secretary-General Amr Moussa might stand. President <mask> and his son denied this; they said "a multi-candidate electoral system introduced in 2005 has made the political process more transparent". Nigerian Tribune journalist Abiodun Awolaja described a possible succession by Gamal <mask> as a "hereditary pseudo-monarchy."The National Democratic Party of Egypt continued to state that <mask> <mask> was to be the party's only candidate in the 2011 Presidential Election. <mask> said on 1 February 2011 that he had no intention of standing in the 2011 presidential election. When this declaration failed to ease the protests, Mubarak's vice president stated that Gamal <mask> would not run for president. With the escalation of the demonstration and the fall of <mask>, Hamdy El-Sayed, a former influential figure in the National Democratic Party, said Gamal <mask> intended to usurp the presidency, assisted by then Interior Minister, Habib El-Adly. Israeli–Palestinian conflict

During his presidency, <mask> upheld the U.S.-brokered Camp David Accords treaty signed between Egypt and Israel in 1978. <mask>, on occasion also hosted meetings relating to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and made a number of attempts to serve as a broker between them. <mask> was concerned that Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson did not trust him on the issue and considered meeting him in New York.In October 2000, <mask> hosted an emergency summit meeting at Sharm el-Sheikh to discuss the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. In attendance were: U.S. President Bill Clinton, P.L.O. Chairman Yasser Arafat, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, King Abdullah of Jordan, NATO Sec. General Javier Solana, and U.N. Sec. General Kofi Annan. <mask> was involved in the Arab League, supporting Arab efforts to achieve a lasting peace in the region. At the Beirut Summit on 28 March 2002, the league adopted the Arab Peace Initiative, a Saudi-inspired plan to end the Arab–Israeli conflict.In 2006, <mask> condemned the Israeli military attack in Lebanon, but also indirectly criticised Hezbollah for harming Arab interests. In June 2007, <mask> held a summit meeting at Sharm el-Sheik with King Abdullah II of Jordan, President Mahmoud Abbas and Prime Minister Ehud Olmert. On 19 June 2008, the Egypt-brokered pause in hostilities between Israel and Hamas went into effect. According to The New York Times, neither side fully respected the terms of the ceasefire. The agreement required Hamas to end rocket attacks on Israel and to enforce the ceasefire throughout Gaza. In exchange, Hamas expected the blockade to end, commerce in Gaza to resume, and truck shipments to be restored to 2005 levels. Israel tied an easing of the blockade to a reduction in rocket fire and gradually re-opened supply lines and permitted around 90 daily truck shipments to enter Gaza.Hamas criticized Israel for its continued blockade while Israel accused Hamas of continued weapons smuggling via tunnels to Egypt and pointed to continued rocket attacks. In 2009, <mask>'s government banned the Cairo Anti-war Conference, which had criticised his lack of action against Israel. Revolution and overthrow

Protests against <mask> and his regime erupted in Cairo and other Egyptian cities in January 2011. On 1 February, <mask> announced he would not contest the presidential election due in September. He also promised constitutional reform. This did not satisfy most protesters, who expected <mask> to depart immediately. The demonstrations continued and on 2 February, violent clashes occurred between pro-<mask> and anti-Mubarak protesters.On 10 February, contrary to rumours, <mask> said he would not resign until the September election, though he would be delegating responsibilities to Vice President Omar Suleiman. The next day, Suleiman announced that <mask> had resigned. The announcement sparked cheers, flag-waving, and celebrations from protesters in Egypt. Discussions about the nation's future direction began. It had been suggested that Egypt be put in the hands of a caretaker government. Protests
On 25 January 2011, protests against <mask> and his government erupted in Cairo and around Egypt calling for <mask>'s resignation. <mask> stated in a speech that he would not leave, and would die on Egyptian soil.Opposition leader Mohamed ElBaradei paid no attention to <mask>'s remarks and labeled it as a trick designed to help <mask> to stay in power. In a state televised broadcast on 1 February 2011, <mask> announced that he would not seek re-election in September but would like to finish his current term and promised constitutional reform. This compromise was not acceptable for the protestors and violent demonstrations occurred in front of the Presidential Palace. On 11 February, then Vice President Omar Suleiman announced <mask> had resigned and that power would be turned over to the Egyptian military. Two and a half hours after <mask>'s resignation, an Egyptian military member came on air and thanked <mask> for "putting the interests of the country first." The statement, which said "The Supreme Council is currently studying the situation," did not state what the council would do next. Post-resignation
<mask> made no media appearances after his resignation.Except for his family and a close circle of aides, he reportedly refused to talk to anyoneeven his supporters. His health was speculated to be rapidly deteriorating; some reports said he was in a coma. Most sources said he was no longer interested in performing any duties and wanted to "die in Sharm El-Sheikh". On 28 February 2011, the General Prosecutor of Egypt issued an order prohibiting <mask> and his family from leaving Egypt. It was reported that <mask> was in contact with his lawyer in case of possible criminal charges against him. As a result, <mask> and his family were placed under house arrest at a presidential palace in the Red Sea resort of Sharm el-Sheikh. On 13 April 2011, a prosecutor originally appointed by <mask> ordered the former president and both his sons to be detained for 15 days of questioning about allegations of corruption and abuse of power amid growing suspicion that the Egyptian military was more aligned with the Mubaraks than with the revolution.Gamal and Alaa were jailed in Tora Prison; state television reported that <mask> was in police custody in a hospital near his residence following a heart attack. Former Israeli Cabinet minister Benjamin Ben Eliezer told Israeli Radio that he had offered <mask> refuge in the southern Israeli city of Eilat. On 11 May 2013, he told El-Watan in his first media appearance since his resignation said, "History will judge and I am still certain that the coming generations will view me fairly." He added that President Mohammed Morsi faced a tough time and that it was too early to judge him. Trial

On 24 May 2011, <mask> was ordered to stand trial on charges of premeditated murder of peaceful protesters during the revolution and, if convicted, could face the death penalty. The decision to try <mask> was made days before a scheduled protest in Tahrir Square. The full list of charges released by the public prosecutor was "intentional murder, attempted killing of some demonstrators ... misuse of influence, deliberately wasting public funds and unlawfully making private financial gains and profits".On 28 May, a Cairo administrative court found <mask> guilty of damaging the national economy during the protests by shutting down the Internet and telephone services. He was fined LE200 millionabout which the court ordered he must pay from his personal assets. This was the first court ruling against <mask>, who would next have to answer to the murder charges. The trial of <mask> <mask>, his sons Ala'a and Gamal, former interior minister Habib el-Adly and six former top police officials began on 3 August 2011 at a temporary criminal court at the Police Academy in north Cairo. They were charged with corruption and the premeditated killing of peaceful protesters during the mass movement to oust the <mask> government, the latter of which carries the death penalty. The trial was broadcast on Egyptian television; <mask> made an unexpected appearancehis first since his resignation. He was taken into the court on a hospital bed and held in a cage for the session.Upon hearing the charges against him, <mask> pleaded not guilty. Judge Ahmed Refaat adjourned the court, ruling that <mask> be transferred under continued arrest to the military hospital on the outskirts of Cairo. The second court session scheduled for 15 August. On 15 August, the resumed trial lasted three hours. At the end of the session, Rifaat announced that the third session would take place on 5 September and that the remainder of the proceedings would be off-limits to television cameras. The trial resumed in December 2011 and lasted until January 2012. The defense strategy was that <mask> never actually resigned, was still president, and thus had immunity.On 2 June 2012, <mask> was found guilty of not halting the killing of protesters by the Egyptian security forces; he was sentenced to life imprisonment. The court found <mask> not guilty of ordering the crackdown on Egyptian protesters. All other charges against <mask>, including profiteering and economic fraud, were dismissed. <mask>'s sons, Habib el-Adly, and six senior police officials were all acquitted for their roles in the killing of demonstrators because of a lack of evidence. According to The Guardian, the relatives of those killed by <mask>'s forces were angered by the verdict. Thousands of demonstrators protested the verdict in Tahrir Square, Arbein Square and Al-Qaed Ibrahim Square. In January 2013, an appeals court overturned <mask>'s life sentence and ordered a retrial.He remained in custody and returned to court on 11 May 2013 for a retrial on charges of complicity in the murder of protesters. On 21 August 2013, a Cairo court ordered his release. Judicial sources confirmed that the court had upheld a petition from <mask>'s longtime lawyer that called for his release. A day later, interim prime minister Hazem El Beblawi ordered that <mask> be put under house arrest. On 21 May 2014, while awaiting retrial, <mask> and his sons were convicted on charges of embezzlement; <mask> was sentenced to three years in prison, while his sons received four-year sentences. The three were fined the equivalent of , and were ordered to repay . In November 2014, conspiracy to kill charges were dismissed by the Cairo Criminal Court on a technicality.The court also cleared <mask> of corruption charges. On 13 January 2015, Egypt's Court of Cassation overturned <mask>'s and his sons' embezzlement charges, the last remaining conviction against him, and ordered a retrial. A retrial on the corruption charges led to a conviction and sentencing to three years in prison in May 2015 for <mask>, with four-year terms for his sons, Gamal and Alaa. It was not immediately clear whether the sentence would take into account time already served – <mask> and his sons have already spent more than three years in prison, so potentially will not have to serve any additional time. Supporters of <mask> jeered the decision when it was announced in a Cairo courtroom on 9 May. The sentence also included a 125 million Egyptian pound (US$16.3 million) fine, and required the return of 21 million embezzled Egyptian pounds (US$2.7 million). These amounts were previously paid after the first trial.Support for Sisi
Though mostly out of the public eye, <mask> granted a rare interview in February 2014 with Kuwaiti journalist Fajer Al-Saeed, expressing support for then-Minister of Defense and Commander-in-Chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces Abdel Fattah el-Sisi as the next President of Egypt, recognizing that Sisi was working to restore the confidence of the Egyptian people. "The people want Sisi, and the people's will shall prevail," <mask> noted. <mask> also expressed great admiration and gratitude towards the late Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan of the United Arab Emirates and his children, for their continuous support of Egypt and its people. However, <mask> expressed his dislike of opposition politician Hamdeen Sabbahi, a Nasserist following the policies of Gamal Abdel Nasser. Health problems
In July 2010, the media said Egypt was about to undergo dramatic change because <mask> was thought to have cancer and because of the scheduled 2011 presidential election. Intelligence sources said he had esophageal cancer, stomach or pancreatic cancer; this was denied by Egyptian authorities. Speculation about his ill health increased after his resignation from the presidency.According to Egyptian media, <mask>'s condition worsened after he went into exile in Sharm el-Sheikh. He was reportedly depressed, refused to take medications, and was slipping in and out of consciousness. According to the sourcean unnamed Egyptian security official"<mask> wants to be left alone and die in his homeland". The source denied that <mask> was writing his memoirs, stating that he was almost completely unconscious. After his resignation, Egypt's ambassador to the United States Sameh Shoukry reported that his personal sources said <mask> "is possibly in somewhat of bad health", while several Egyptian and Saudi Arabian newspapers reported that <mask> was in a coma and close to death. On 12 April 2011, it was reported that he had been hospitalized after suffering a heart attack during questioning over possible corruption charges. In June 2011, <mask>'s lawyer Farid el-Deeb said his client "has stomach cancer, and the cancer is growing".<mask> had undergone surgery for the condition in Germany in 2010 and also suffered from circulatory problems with an irregular heart beat. On 13 July 2011, unconfirmed reports stated that <mask> had slipped into a coma at his residence after giving his final speech, and on 17 July, el-Deeb confirmed the reports. On 26 July 2011, <mask> was reported to be depressed and refusing solid food while in hospital being treated for a heart condition and in custody awaiting trial. On 2 June 2012, <mask> was reported as have suffered a health crisis while being transported to prison after his conviction on the charges of complicity in the killing of protestors. Some sources reported he had had a heart attack. Further reports stated that <mask>'s health continued to decline; some said he had to be treated with a defibrillator. On 20 June 2012, as <mask>'s condition continued to decline, state-run media erroneously reported that the former president had been declared "clinically dead", causing widespread confusion.Officials later clarified that <mask> was in a critical condition. On 27 December 2012, <mask> was taken from Tora Prison to the Cairo military hospital after falling and breaking a rib. He was released from prison in August 2013. On 19 June 2014, <mask> slipped in the bathroom at the military hospital in Cairo where he was being held and broke his left leg, also fracturing his left thighbone, requiring surgery. <mask> was serving a three-year sentence for corruption, and also awaiting retrial regarding the killing of protesters during his regime. At one time, his release was ordered. However, <mask> had remained at the military hospital since January 2014 due to his ongoing health issues.Acquittal
On 2 March 2017, the Court of Cassation, Egypt's top appeals court, acquitted <mask> of conspiring in the killing of protesters during the 2011 uprising. He was subsequently released on 24 March 2017. Personal life
<mask> <mask> was married to <mask> and together they had two sons: Alaa and Gamal. Both sons served four years in Egyptian jail for corruption and were released in 2015. Through his son Alaa, <mask> has two grandsons, Mohammed and Omar; and through his son Gamal, he has a granddaughter Farida. Mohammed died in 2009 from a cerebral hemorrhage. In April 2016, Alaa <mask> was named in the Panama Papers as someone with financial interests that intersect with that of Mossack Fonseca, the firm implicated in that scandal.<mask> <mask> died on 25 February 2020, in a Cairo military hospital, at the age

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<mask> (July 11, 1931 – July 8, 2013) was an American professional baseball player. He was an infielder in Major League Baseball, playing mainly as a third baseman for the Los Angeles Dodgers and St. Louis Cardinals from 1958 through 1960. Listed at  tall and , he batted and threw right handed. <mask> is best known as the player who hit the first home run in Los Angeles Dodgers' history and the first to homer in their opening game at LA Memorial Coliseum. Early life
Born in Jefferson, Pennsylvania, <mask> started playing sandlot ball at an early age with his neighborhood friends. He attended Jefferson High School in Pennsylvania, where he formed part of the baseball, football and wrestling teams. He graduated from Jefferson in June 1949 and immediately started his professional baseball career.Professional career
At age 18, <mask> attended a Brooklyn Dodgers' tryout camp at Dodgertown in Vero Beach, Florida, during 1949 spring training. Signed by Brooklyn, he played in their minor league system from 1950 to 1952 at three different levels. <mask> reported to Class D Sheboygan Indians in 1950, batting a .310 average and 11 home runs in 122 games. In 1951 he spent time with two clubs, hitting .221 in 21 games for the Greenwood Dodgers and made 110 appearances with the Valdosta Dodgers, batting for them .302 with six home runs, while leading the Georgia–Florida League in runs scored with 118 and also played third base for the All-Star team. Promoted to Class B Miami Sun Sox in 1952 he dropped to a .240 average with three homers in 153 games. But, like many baseball players, <mask> had his career interrupted during the Korean War, missing two years after enlisting in the United States Army. "I did not go to Korea," he explained in one interview."I was fortunate and contracted pneumonia and I went to the hospital, the outfit that I was with finished their basic training and went to Korea. I stayed at Fort Leonard Wood in Missouri and I played baseball there for two years. On our ball club in the service we had about six or seven guys that went on to play in the major leagues. Whitey Herzog was on our team. I really grew up a lot in those two years in the service." Following his discharge in 1955, he joined the Fort Worth Cats of the Texas League for two seasons. In 1955 he batted .251 with six home runs and 50 runs batted in, and improved to .285 with 24 homers and 91 RBIs in 155 games during the 1956 season.In 1957, <mask> gained a promotion to the Triple-A St. Paul Saints of the American Association, where he posted career-numbers with a .297 average and 111 RBIs, while batting 16 home runs and ending third for the most RBIs behind Marv Throneberry (124) and Norm Siebern (118). After the season ended, the parent Dodgers moved from Brooklyn to Los Angeles. Two 'firsts' for the Los Angeles Dodgers
In , <mask> was the regular third baseman for the Dodgers in their opening series against the San Francisco Giants at Seals Stadium. On April 16, in the second game of the series, the Dodgers crushed the Giants, 13–1. In the second inning of that game, <mask> belted a two-run homer off Ramón Monzant to become the first player to hit a home run in Los Angeles Dodger history. On April 18, 1958, the Dodgers played their first home game at LA Memorial Coliseum—also against the Giants. In this game, <mask> became the first Dodger to hit a home run in the city of Los Angeles.In the bottom of the seventh inning, the Dodgers were on top 5–3. With one out, <mask> performed his feat against the Giants' Johnny Antonelli to put the Dodgers ahead 6–3. "It was in the seventh inning and the count was 3–0 and he was just trying to throw a strike and I nailed it", he said. The Dodgers held on to win 6–5 their first game in their new home city. "The Coliseum wasn’t a baseball field and a lot of guys just couldn’t get adjusted to that football field. Left field was only about 280 feet, but then you had an eighty foot fence and then in right center ... poor Duke Snider, he used to hit balls 450 feet and it was an out", <mask> stated. After the Dodgers
In 1958, <mask> spent part of the season at Triple-A with the Montreal Royals.On June 15, 1959, after a slow start with Los Angeles, he was dealt to the St. Louis Cardinals in exchange for Chuck Essegian and Lloyd Merritt. He played in 36 games for the Redbirds, including six starts at shortstop, and raised his average to .233. In , <mask> went hitless in eight early-season plate appearances with the Cardinals; then, on May 28, he was sent along with Vinegar Bend Mizell to the Pittsburgh Pirates in the same transaction that brought Ed Bauta and Julián Javier to St. Louis. Mizell won 13 games for Pittsburgh, helping them win the 1960 National League pennant en route to the world championship. Javier became a two-time NL All-Star in St. Louis. The Pirates immediately sent <mask> to Triple-A, where he played the remainder of his pro career, retiring in 1962. In a four-season career, <mask> posted a slash line (BA/OBP/SLG) of .239/.321/.420 in 124 games overall, which included seven doubles, six triples, 12 home runs and four stolen bases, while driving in 41 runs and scoring 43 times.In his ten-year minor league career, he batted a combined .274 average with 96 home runs and 622 RBIs in 1,196 games. Following his baseball career, <mask> resided in Anaheim, California, with his wife Joanne and their three daughters: Catherine, Stacey and Nancy. He worked for the Buena Park School District maintenance department for a long time, retiring from there in 1993. In addition, he usually attended vintage baseball card shows and signed autographs. He was inducted into the Washington-Greene County Sports Hall of Fame in 2009. <mask> died in 2013 at home, just three days before his 82nd birthday. References

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1931 births
2013 deaths
American military personnel of the Korean War
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Columbus Jets players
Fort Worth Cats players
Greenwood Dodgers players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball third basemen
Miami Sun Sox players
Montreal Royals players
People from Greene County, Pennsylvania
St. Louis Cardinals players
St. Paul Saints (AA) players
Sheboygan Indians players
Baseball players from Anaheim, California
Valdosta Dodgers players

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<mask> (born <mask>; July 10, 1897 – January 9, 1936) was an American actor, screenwriter and director. He rose to fame during the silent film era and became a popular leading man known as "The Great Lover". His breakthrough came in 1925 with his starring roles in The Merry Widow and The Big Parade. At the height of his career, <mask> rivaled Rudolph Valentino as a box office draw. <mask>'s career declined precipitously when silent pictures gave way to talkies. Though <mask> was often cited as one of the high-profile examples of an actor who was unsuccessful in making the transition to sound films, his decline as a star had far more to do with studio politics and money than with the sound of his screen voice, which was rich and distinctive. Early life and stage work
Born <mask> in Logan, Utah, to stock-company actor parents, <mask> (1865–1929) and <mask> (1877–1913), he struggled through a childhood of abuse and neglect, with his family moving frequently and young "Jack" having to attend assorted schools throughout the United States.When his family finally settled in California, he attended Hitchcock Military Academy in San Rafael. After he left school,  <mask> worked as a rubber goods salesman in San Francisco, then performed with the Baker Stock Company in Portland, Oregon, in 1914. He subsequently found work the following year as a stage manager in another stock company in Spokane, Washington, but he soon lost that job when the company went out of business. Film career
After losing his stage job in 1915, <mask> decided to try screen acting, and he quickly gained work as a film extra through Herschell Mayall. <mask> first appeared in The Mother Instinct (1915), a short directed by Wilfred Lucas. He then found work as an extra with the Thomas Ince Studios in productions such as The Coward (1915), Aloha Oe (1915), Civilization (1915), The Last Act (1916), and William Hart's Hell's Hinges (1916). Kay-Bee Company
During his initial years in films, <mask> also performed in releases by Kay-Bee Company such as Matrimony (1915), The Corner (1915), Eye of the Night (1916), and Bullets and Brown Eyes (1916).His first major costarring role was as Willie Hudson in The Apostle of Vengeance, also with William S. Hart. Viewed by studio executives as a promising but still "juvenile" actor at this stage of his career, <mask>'s contract salary was $40 a week ($ today), fairly ample pay for most American workers in the early 1900s. <mask> continued to get more substantial parts at Kay-Bee, which billed him as "<mask>" in The Aryan (1916), The Phantom (1916), Shell 43 (1916), The Sin Ye Do (1917), The Weaker Sex (1917), and The Bride of Hate (1917). His first true leading role was in Princess of the Dark (1917) with Enid Bennett, but the film was not a big success and he went back to supporting roles in The Dark Road (1917), Happiness (1917), The Millionaire Vagrant (1917), and The Hater of Men (1917). Triangle Films and other studios
<mask> went over to Triangle Films where he was in The Mother Instinct (1917), Golden Rule Kate (1917), The Devil Dodger (1917) (second billed), Up or Down? (1917), and Nancy Comes Home (1918). For Paralta Plays, <mask> did Shackled (1918), One Dollar Bid (1918), and Wedlock (1918) and More Trouble (1918) for Anderson, but the company went bankrupt.He also was cast in Doing Their Bit (1918) at Fox and then returned to Triangle for The Mask (1918). <mask> also did Three X Gordon (1918) for Jesse Hampton, The Dawn of Understanding (1918), The White Heather (1919) for Maurice Tourneur, The Busher (1919) for Thomas Ince, The Man Beneath for Haworth, A Little Brother of the Rich (1919) for Universal, The Red Viper (1919) for Tyrad, For a Woman's Honor (1919) for Jess Hampton, Widow by Proxy (1919) for Paramount, Heart o' the Hills (1919) for Mary Pickford,  and Should a Woman Tell? (1919) for Screen Classics. Actor, screenwriter and director for Tourneur
Maurice Tourneur signed him to a contract to both write and act in films. <mask> performed in and co-wrote The White Circle (1920), The Great Redeemer (1921), and Deep Waters (1921). As a writer only, he worked on The Bait (1921), which starred and was produced by Hope Hampton. For Hampton, <mask> wrote and directed as well, but he did not appear in Love's Penalty (1921).Fox and stardom

In 1921, <mask> signed a three-year contract with Fox Film Corporation, which subsequently cast him in romantic leading roles and promoted him now as "<mask>". The actor's first starring part for the studio was in Shame (1921). He followed it with leading roles in Arabian Love (1922), Gleam O'Dawn (1922), The Yellow Stain (1922), Honor First (1922), Monte Cristo (1922), Calvert's Valley (1922), The Love Gambler (1922), and A California Romance (1922). Many of the scenarios for these films were written by Jules Furthman. <mask> returned temporarily to Tourneur to costar with Lon Chaney in While Paris Sleeps (1923). Back at Fox, he starred in Truxton King (1923), Madness of Youth (1923), St. Elmo (1923), and The Exiles (1923). The same year he starred in Cameo Kirby (1923), directed by <mask>, co starring Jean Arthur.He went into The Wolf Man (1923) with Norma Shearer, not a horror film, but the story of a man who believes he murdered his fiancée's brother while drunk. <mask> also performed in his last films for Fox in 1924, including Just Off Broadway, A Man's Mate, The Lone Chance, and Romance Ranch. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Under the auspices of movie producer Irving Thalberg, <mask> obtained a release from his Fox contract and moved to MGM, where he became a full-fledged star cast in major productions. First starring in His Hour (1924) directed by King Vidor and written by Elinor Glyn his film career entered its ascendancy. He followed this success with He Who Gets Slapped (1924) co-starring Chaney and Shearer and directed by Victor Sjöström; The Snob (1924) with Shearer; The Wife of the Centaur (1924) for Vidor. The next year, <mask> would star in two of MGM's most critically acclaimed and popular film productions of the silent era: Erich von Stroheim's The Merry Widow and King Vidor's The Big Parade. The Merry Widow (1925)
<mask> was assigned to star in Erich von Stroheim's The Merry Widow by Irving Thalberg, over the objections of the Austrian-American director.Von Stroheim expressed his displeasure bluntly to his leading man: "<mask>, I am forced to use you in my picture. I do not want you, but the decision was not in my hands. I assure you I will do everything in my power to make you comfortable." <mask>, mortified, soon stalked off the set in a rage, tearing off his costume. Von Stroheim followed him to his dressing room and apologized. The two agreed to share a drink. Then <mask> apologized and they had another drink.The tempest subsided and was resolved amicably. According to <mask>, the contretemps served to "cement a relationship which for my part will never end." The public adulation that <mask> experienced with his growing celebrity astounded him: "Everywhere I hear whispers and gasps in acknowledgment of my presence...[t]he whole thing became too fantastic for me to comprehend. Acting, the very thing I had been fighting and ridiculing for seven years, had brought me success, riches and renown. I was a great motion picture artist. Well, I’ll be damned!" The Big Parade (1925)
<mask> was next cast by Thalberg to star in the King Vidor's war-romance The Big Parade (1925), which became the second-highest grossing silent film and the most profitable film of the silent era.<mask>'s  "inspired performance" as an American doughboy in France during World War I was the high point of his acting career. He fully immersed himself in the role of Jim Apperson, a Southern gentleman who, with two working class comrades, experiences the horrors of trench warfare. <mask> declared: "No love has ever enthralled me as did the making of this picture...All that has followed is balderdash." The following year, Vidor reunited <mask> with two of his co-stars from that picture, Renée Adorée and Karl Dane, for the film La Bohème (1926) which also starred Lillian Gish. He then did another with Vidor, Bardelys the Magnificent (1926). Greta Garbo
In 1926, <mask> made Flesh and the Devil (1926), his first film with Greta Garbo. <mask> first encountered Garbo on the set during filming of the railway station scene, and the chemistry between the two was evidently instantaneous.Director Clarence Brown remarked approvingly that he "had a love affair going for me that you couldn’t beat, any way you tried." Garbo and <mask> soon began a highly publicized romance, much to the delight of their fans and to MGM. He made The Show (1927) with Adoree for Tod Browning then did Twelve Miles Out (1927) with Joan Crawford and Man, Woman and Sin (1927) with Jeanne Eagels. <mask> was reunited with Garbo in a modern adaptation of Tolstoy's 19th-century novel, Anna Karenina. The title was changed to Love (1927) to capitalize on the real life love affair of the stars and advertised by MGM as "Garbo and <mask> in Love." <mask> made The Cossacks (1928) with Adoree; Four Walls (1928) with Crawford; Show People (1928) with Marion Davies for Vidor, in which <mask> only had a cameo; and The Masks of the Devil (1928) for Victor Sjöström. Though officially directed by Edmund Goulding, <mask>, though uncredited, was responsible for directing the love scenes involving Garbo.He was perhaps the only person in the industry whose "artistic judgment" she fully respected. As such, MGM approved of this arrangement. <mask> and Garbo were teamed for a third time in A Woman of Affairs (1928). His last silent film was Desert Nights (1929). Sound Era
With the coming of sound, <mask>'s vocal talents made a good first impression, though the studio had failed to conduct a voice test. The conventional wisdom of the day dictated that actors in the new talkies should emulate "correct stage diction". <mask>'s strict adherence to this method produced an affected delivery that made audiences giggle, and not due to any particularity in <mask>'s natural speech.Indeed, the "quality of his voice compared well with that of co-star Conrad Nagel, regarded as having one of the best voices for sound." <mask> signed an immensely lucrative multi-picture contract with MGM in 1928 that totaled $1,500,000. The terms of the agreement positioned MGM executives Irving Thalberg and Nicholas Schenck, both sympathetic to the star, to supervise his career. <mask>, however, frequently clashed with studio head Louis B. Mayer over creative, social and financial matters. A confrontation between the two men, one that became physical, occurred at the planned double-wedding of Garbo and <mask> and director King Vidor and actress Eleanor Boardman. Mayer reportedly made a crude remark to <mask> about Garbo, and <mask> reacted by knocking Mayer to the floor with his fist. While this story has been disputed or dismissed as hearsay by some historians, Vidor's bride Eleanor Boardman insisted that she actually witnessed the altercation.In the all-star musical comedy The Hollywood Revue of 1929 (1929), <mask> and Norma Shearer played the balcony scene from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, first as written, then followed with a slang rendition of the scene. The comic effect served to "dispell the bad impression" produced by <mask>'s original "mincing" delivery. His Glorious Night

Audiences awaited further romantic roles from <mask> on the talking screen. The next vehicle was the Ruritanian romance His Glorious Night (1929), directed by Lionel Barrymore. According to reviewers, audiences laughed nervously at <mask>'s performance. The offense was not <mask>'s voice, but the awkward scenario along with the overly ardent love scenes. In one, <mask> keeps kissing his leading lady, (Catherine Dale Owen), while saying "I love you" over and over again.(The scene was parodied in the MGM musical Singin' in the Rain (1952) in which a preview of the fictional The Dueling Cavalier flops disastrously.) Director King Vidor speculated

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 that the late Rudolph Valentino, <mask>'s main rival for romantic leads in the silent era, probably would have suffered the same fate in the talkie era had he lived. <mask>'s inept phrasing, his "dreadful enunciation" and the "inane" script as the genuine sources of his poor performance, that drew "titters" from audiences. The "Squeaky Voice" Myth

The persistent myth that <mask> had a "squeaky voice" that doomed his career in sound films first emerged from his performance in 1929 with His Glorious Night. It was even rumored that Louis B. Mayer ordered <mask>'s voice to be gelded by manipulating the sound track to give it a higher, less masculine pitch. Later, after analyzing the film's sound track, British film historian Kevin Brownlow found that the timbre and frequency of <mask>'s speaking scenes in His Glorious Night were no different than in his subsequent talkies. Brownlow also reported from that analysis that <mask>'s voice, overall, was "quite low".With regard to the alleged manipulation of <mask>'s footage by Mayer or by anyone else, television technicians in the 1960s determined that the actor's voice was consistent with those of other performers on the same print, casting doubt that any targeted "sabotaging" of <mask>'s voice occurred. Film critic <mask> described <mask> as having "a light speaking voice", a minor defect that both MGM and the star "magnified into an obsession." Despite any conflicting opinions or myths surrounding the actor's voice, Mayer's lingering resentment and hostility toward <mask> remained apparent, especially after MGM's star signed a new contract for six pictures at $250,000 each. Those ill feelings fueled additional speculation that Mayer deliberately assigned <mask> bad scripts and ineffective directors in an effort to void the contract. Decline

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cast <mask> in a film adaptation of The Living Corpse by Tolstoy re-titled  as Redemption (1929). The bleak atmosphere and maudlin dialogue presaged the disaster looming in the star's personal life and career. <mask>'s confident screen presence had vanished, while his use of the exaggerated stage diction that elicited laughs from the audience persisted.In one scene <mask> declares ominously "I’m going to kill myself to let the whole world know what it has lost." MGM put him in a more rugged film, Way for a Sailor (1930) with Wallace Beery. He followed it with Gentleman's Fate (1931). <mask> became increasingly depressed by progressively inferior films and idle stretches between productions. Despite efforts by studio executives at MGM to cancel his contract, <mask> resolved to thwart Louis B. Mayer and see the six-picture ordeal through to the end. <mask>'s fortunes were temporarily restored when MGM's production chief Irving Thalberg gave him two projects that were character studies, giving <mask> an excellent showcase for his versatility. The Phantom of Paris (1931), originally intended for Lon Chaney (who died from cancer in 1930), cast <mask> as a debonair magician and showman who is falsely accused of murder and uses his mastery of disguise to unmask the real killer.Downstairs (1932) was based on <mask>'s original story, with the actor playing against type as a scheming, blackmailing chauffeur. The films were well received by critics and fans but failed to revive his career. In between, he appeared in West of Broadway (1931). Shortly after making Downstairs, he married co-star Virginia Bruce; the couple divorced in 1934. <mask> fulfilled his contract with MGM with a perfunctory "B" picture – Fast Workers (1933) directed by Browning. He left the studio in 1933, terminating his $10,000 a week contract. Exhausted and demoralized by his humiliations at MGM and his declining success at the box office, <mask> began to drink heavily, contributing to his declining physical and mental health.Queen Christina (1933)
<mask> announced his retirement from acting and was working at Fox as an "honorary" director when, in August 1933, he announced he had signed a seven-year contract with MGM at $75–100,000 a picture. The reason was  Greta Garbo insisted that <mask> return to MGM to play her leading man in Queen Christina (1933), directed by Rouben Mamoulian. Garbo was top-billed, with <mask>'s name beneath the title. Queen Christina, though a critical success, did not revive <mask>'s poor self-image or his career. Garbo was reported to have dropped the young Laurence Olivier scheduled to play the part, but director Rouben Mamoulian recalled that Olivier's screen tests had already eliminated him from consideration. Columbia Pictures gave <mask> what would be his final chance for a comeback in The Captain Hates the Sea (1934) in which he gave a capable performance as "a dissipated, bitter [and] cynical" playwright. But the off-screen cast of heavy drinkers encouraged his alcoholism.It was his last film. Biographer Kevin Brownlow's eulogy to <mask> considers the destruction of both the man and his career:
"The career of <mask> indicates that the star, and the person playing the star, were regarded by producers as separate entities, subject to totally different attitudes. <mask>, as an ordinary human being, had no legal right to the stardom that was the sole property of the studio. When <mask>, as an employee, tried to seize control of the future of <mask> the star, the studios decided to save their investment from falling into the hands of rivals, [so] they had to wreck their property. Other properties – books, films, sets – could be destroyed with impunity. But the destruction of a star carried with it the destruction of a person…it seems somewhat abhorrent that it took such tragedies as that of <mask> to bring us our entertainment." Personal life
<mask> was married four times.His first marriage, on August 26, 1918, was to Olivia Burwell, a native of Mississippi whom <mask> had met after her family moved to California. They separated the following year and Burwell returned to Mississippi for a while. She filed for divorce in Los Angeles in 1921. In February 1921, <mask> announced his engagement to actress Leatrice Joy. They married in Tijuana in November 1921. As <mask> had failed to secure a divorce from his first wife and the legality of <mask> and Joy's Mexican marriage was questionable, the couple separated and had the marriage annulled to avoid a scandal. They remarried on March 3, 1922.The marriage was tumultuous and, in June 1923, Joy filed for legal separation after she claimed that <mask> slapped her face after a night of heavy drinking. They reconciled several months later. In August 1924, Joy, who was pregnant with the couple's daughter, filed for divorce. Joy later said she left <mask> after discovering he was having an affair with actress Laurette Taylor. Joy also claimed that <mask> had conducted affairs with Barbara La Marr (with whom he had a romance before his marriage to Joy), Lila Lee and Bebe Daniels. <mask> and Joy had a daughter, Leatrice <mask> (later Fountain; September 4, 1924 – January 20, 2015). Joy was granted a divorce in May 1925.In 1929, <mask> eloped with actress Ina Claire to Las Vegas. They separated in February 1931 and divorced six months later. <mask>'s fourth and final marriage was on August 10, 1932, to actress Virginia Bruce, who had recently costarred with him on the MGM film Downstairs. The entertainment trade paper The Film Daily reported that their "quick" wedding was held in <mask>'s dressing room on the MGM lot while Bruce was working on another studio production, Kongo. Among the people attending the small ceremony were the head of MGM production Irving Thalberg, who served as <mask>'s best man; screenwriter Donald Ogden Stewart, whose wife Beatrice acted as Bruce's matron of honor; MGM art director and set designer Cedric Gibbons; and his wife, actress Dolores del Río. Bruce retired briefly from acting following the birth of their daughter Susan Ann; however, she resumed her career after her divorce from <mask> in May 1934. Before his death, <mask> dated actress Marlene Dietrich from 1935 until his death in 1936 as well as Greta Garbo from 1926 to 1927.When he died, he had recently been slated to play a prominent supporting role in Dietrich's film Desire. Death
By 1934, alcoholism had severely damaged <mask>'s health. He suffered a serious heart attack in December 1935, which left him in poor health. <mask> suffered a second heart attack at his Bel Air home on January 9, 1936, which was fatal. A private funeral was held on January 11 at the B.E. Mortuary in Beverly Hills. Among the mourners were <mask>'s two ex-wives, Leatrice Joy and Virginia Bruce, his two daughters, and stars Marlene Dietrich, Gary Cooper, Myrna Loy, and Raquel Torres.<mask> was cremated and his ashes were interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale in Glendale, California. <mask> left the bulk of his estate, valued at $363,494 (equivalent to $ million in ), to his last ex-wife Virginia Bruce and their daughter, Susan Ann. He left $10,000 to his eldest daughter Leatrice, and other amounts to friends, relatives and his servants. For his contribution to the motion picture industry, <mask> has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1755 Vine Street. In 1994, he was honored with his image on a United States postage stamp designed by caricaturist Al Hirschfeld. Filmography

In popular culture
<mask> is the subject of a mini-documentary film called Rediscovering <mask> (2010) featuring an on-camera interview with <mask>'s daughter and biographer, Leatrice <mask>. The short film, directed and produced by film historian Jeffrey Vance, has aired on the Turner Classic Movies cable channel and is also available on DVD from home video distributor Flicker Alley.Fictional portrayals
<mask> has been portrayed in several films. Barry Bostwick appeared as the actor in the television film The Silent Lovers first shown in 1980. He has also been portrayed by his grandson, <mask>, in Sunset (1988), Christopher Renstrom in La Divina (1989), and Adnan Taletovich in Return to Babylon (2012). <mask> was the inspiration behind the character of George Valentin, played by Jean Dujardin in The Artist (2011). Footnotes

Sources
Baxter, <mask>. 1970. Hollywood in the Thirties.International Film Guide Series. Paperback Library, New York. LOC Card Number 68–24003. Baxter, <mask>. 1976. King Vidor. Simon & Schuster, Inc. Monarch Film Studies.LOC Card Number 75–23544. Brownlow, Kevin and Kobal, <mask>. 1979. Hollywood: The Pioneers. Alfred A. Knopf Inc. A Borzoi Book, New York. Koszarski, Richard. 1983.The Man You Loved to Hate: Erich von Stroheim and Hollywood. Oxford University Press. Laurier, Joanne. 2011. The Artist: An amiable gimmick. The World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved May 26, 2020. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2012/01/arti-j07.html
Phillips, Richard.2009. Several movies well worth revisiting: Sydney Film Festival 2009. World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved May 24, 2020.https://www.wsws.or g/en/articles/2009/07/sff5-j17.html
Reinhardt, Bernd. 2020. Rediscovering Hallelujah (1929), director King Vidor's sensitive film with all-black cast: 70th Berlin International Film Festival. World Socialist Web Site.Retrieved May 24, 2020. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2020/04/07/ber2-a07.html

External links

 Interview with Marlene Dietrich's daughter mentioning <mask>
 Photographs of <mask>
 Sidereality review of "Gilbert and Garbo in Love" Book review/essay with considerable biographical material concerning <mask>

1897 births
1936 deaths
20th Century Fox contract players
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American male writers
Alcohol-related deaths in California
American male film actors
American male screenwriters
American male silent film actors
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Film directors from Los Angeles
Film directors from Utah
Male actors from Utah
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
People from Bel Air, Los Angeles
Screenwriters from California
Screenwriters from Utah
Writers from Logan, Utah
20th-century American

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John Gilbert
John Gilbert
Gilbert Fountain
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<mask> (24 January 1984 – 26 October 2014) was a South African professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Orlando Pirates in the Premier Soccer League, and for the South Africa national team. He was shot and killed in a robbery on 26 October 2014. Club career

Orlando Pirates
Meyiwa was a goalkeeper of Orlando Pirates from 2005 as reserve goalkeeper to Francis Chansa until 2008. The arrival of new coach Milutin Sredojević at Pirates gave Meyiwa a debut against AmaZulu in a league match won 2–1 by The Bucs at Ellis Park on 8 November 2006. But in 2008 when he was about to show his talent after depture of Francis Chansa to Engen Santos, Pirates brought Moeneeb Josephs from Wits University in 2008 and Meyiwa again had to be goalkeeper from the bench. But in 2012 season the interim coach Augusto Palacios gave Meyiwa some games by swiping him with Josephs, and the new coach of Pirates Roger De Sa gave Meyiwa a chance due to Josephs shoulder injury in 2012 season. Meyiwa showed his talent until he was picked for 2013 Africa Cup of Nations by then Bafana Bafana coach Gordon Igesund.Josephs wanted to leave Pirates in 2013 and he left Pirates to Bidvest Wits after seeing that he has no chance to play. Pirates brought Ghanaian first choice goalkeeper Fatau Dauda in 2013 season but Meyiwa continued to play and Dauda played only 3 games for Pirates and he left to Chippa United in 2014. <mask> is known by saving penalties in the Champions League 2013 against TP Mazembe in Lubumbashi, DRC when he saved two awarded penalties against Pirates which were both taken by then TP Mazembe captain Tresor Mputu and Pirates' then captain Lucky Lekgwathi was red carded in that match that which Pirates lost by 1-0 but Pirates won there by aggregate of 3–2, Meyiwa also saved another penalty in group stage match against Al Ahly in Cairo, Egypt that which was taken by Mohamed Aboutrika and Pirates won by 3–0, and Meyiwa also helped Pirates to go to the final against Al Ahly where Pirates were runners-up in the Final. Meyiwa was backed up by Brighton Mhlongo until his last kick of his game life in his last game against Ajax Cape Town F.C. in 2014 Telkom Knockout quarterfinal victory of 4–1 at Orlando Stadium on Saturday 25 October 2014, before his death on 26 October 2014 Sunday. <mask> was made captain of Orlando Pirates by coach Vladimir Vermezovic in his last four games for Pirates before his death after then club captain Lucky Lekgwathi was not playing and he was also made captain of Bafana Bafana by coach Shakes Mashaba in his last four games of 2015 Africa Cup of Nations qualification. International career
<mask> made his debut for South Africa on 2 June 2013 in a 2–0 away victory against Lesotho as substitute of the whole second half to Wayne Sandilands.He was included in the South African squad led by manager Gordon Igesund for the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations, but made no appearances. For the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations qualification, he played four times, with his last match being a 0–0 draw against Congo on 15 October 2014 at Peter Mokaba Stadium in Polokwane. He was given a captain's armband in all of his last four games that which he played in 2015 Africa Cup of Nations qualification and he joined Brian Baloyi and Moeneeb Josephs by being the only goalkeepers who captained Bafana in four occasions each without conceding a goal during their captaincy, with two draws and two wins each of them. He earned a total of seven international caps with six clean sheets. Death
On 26 October 2014, Meyiwa was shot and killed in a robbery at his girlfriend's, actress and singer Kelly Khumalo, house in Vosloorus. He was pronounced dead on arrival at the hospital in Johannesburg. Three people were believed to have been involved in the shooting, and police released composite images of two suspects.One suspect, Zamokuhle Mbatha, was arrested on 31 October and appeared in court, but he was freed on 11 November due to lack of evidence. <mask>'s death sparked outrage over the country's high crime and murder rates. As a mark of respect, the Soweto derby between Orlando Pirates and Kaizer Chiefs, due to be played on 1 November, was postponed. President Jacob Zuma mourned the loss and called for Meyiwa's killers to be found. Former FIFA president Sepp Blatter called <mask>'s death a "senseless, tragic loss." Spain goalkeeper Iker Casillas posted a picture on Instagram of Meyiwa holding Casillas' Real Madrid jersey that was exchanged when Spain played South Africa in an international friendly. He was given a state funeral which took place in Durban, at Moses Mabhida Stadium on 1 November, his funeral was attended by his fans and friends, multitude of football fans, his football club colleagues, football officials and politician dignitaries included Premier Soccer League and Orlando Pirates chairman Dr. Irvin Khoza, Kaizer Chiefs chairman Kaizer Motaung, Mamelodi Sundowns owner Patrice Motsepe, SAFA President Dr. Danny Jordaan, General Bantu Holomisa, Bheki Cele, Former Premiers of KwaZulu-Natal S'bu Ndebele, Dr. Zweli Mkhize who was also the program director of the funeral, Minister of Sport and Recreation Fikile Mbalula, Premier of KwaZulu-Natal <mask> Mchunu, Minister in the Presidency Jeff Radebe who made a eulogy for Meyiwa.Meyiwa was laid to rest in Chesterville, KwaZulu-Natal. During the funeral at Moses Mabhida Stadium, his father, Samuel, was photographed greeting the crowd in attendance by leaning out his car window with his arms outstretched, which sparked an internet trend. In October 2020, five men were charged with murdering Meyiwa. The suspects said that they were uninvolved in the killing. Age controversy
In November 2014, it was reported that Meyiwa had apparently lied about his real age throughout his professional career. According to his tombstone and the school register, he was born on 24 January 1984, making him thirty years old, and not 27, at the time of his death. Honors
Orlando Pirates
Premier Soccer League: 2010–11, 2011–12
Nedbank Cup: 2010–11, 2013–14
MTN 8: 2010, 2011
Telkom Knockout: 2011
CAF Champions League unner-up: 2013

References

External links

1987 births
2014 deaths
Age controversies
South African soccer players
Association football goalkeepers
Orlando Pirates F.C.players
Sportspeople from Durban
2013 Africa Cup of Nations players
South Africa international soccer players
Deaths by firearm in South Africa
People murdered in South Africa
South African murder victims
Male murder victims
2014 crimes in South Africa
2010s murders in South Africa

masks:
Senzo Robert Meyiwa
Meyiwa
Meyiwa
Meyiwa
Meyiwa
Meyiwa
Senzo


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<mask> (born <mask>, 16 January 1903 – 18 March 1945 (or shortly thereafter)), also known as "<mask>", was a British Grand Prix motor racing driver and special agent who worked for the Special Operations Executive (SOE) inside France. As a racing driver, he is best known for winning the first-ever Monaco Grand Prix and as an SOE agent he organised and coordinated the Chestnut network, before being captured and executed by the Nazis. Personal and early life
Grover-<mask> was born in Montrouge, Hauts-de-Seine, France, on 16 January 1903 to Frederick and Hermance Grover. Frederick Grover was an English horse breeder who had settled in Montrouge. Frederick met a French girl, Hermance Dagan, and they were soon married. Their first child was Elizabeth, born in 1897. <mask> had two other siblings – Alice and Frederic.Born to an English father and a French mother, Grover-<mask> grew up fluent in both the French and English languages. When <mask> was eleven, he was sent to live with relatives in Hertfordshire, in the United Kingdom. After the war, Frederick Grover moved the family to Monte Carlo. It was there that <mask> developed a fascination for automobiles, having been taught to drive a Rolls-Royce by his sister's boyfriend. Grover-<mask> passed his driving test whilst in Monaco and was granted a licence. Mechanically inclined, and fascinated by motorised vehicles, at the age of 15, Grover-<mask> acquired an Indian motorcycle and it became his pride and joy. He would later go on to compete in motorcycle races in the early 1920s, although he kept it secret from his family by adopting the pseudonym, "<mask>".In 1919, the Irish portrait painter, <mask> became the official artist of the Paris Peace Conference. Orpen bought a Rolls-Royce car and hired Grover-<mask>, who had returned to Paris, as his chauffeur. At the time, Orpen had a mistress named Yvonne Aupicq. Aupicq and Grover-<mask> became good friends and, after the collapse of Aupicq's relationship with Orpen, the pair were married in November 1929. Racing career

By 1926, Grover-<mask> had begun racing a Bugatti in races throughout France, using the alias, "<mask>", entering the Grand Prix de Provence at Miramas and the Monte Carlo Rally. In 1928, he won the French Grand Prix, repeating in 1929. That same year, driving a Bugatti 35B, painted in what would become known as "British racing green", he won the inaugural Monaco Grand Prix beating the heavily favoured Mercedes of the great German driver, Rudolf Caracciola.Successful financially, Grover-<mask> and his wife maintained a home in a fashionable district of Paris while owning a large house in the resort town of La Baule, Pays de la Loire, on the Bay of Biscay, which was home to one of the annual Grand Prix races. In 1931, he won the Belgian Grand Prix at Spa-Francorchamps. He also won the Grand Prix de la Baule in three consecutive years (1931 to 1933). Then his career waned and he was out of racing by the latter part of the 1930s. Second World War
Following the German occupation of France in the Second World War, Grover-<mask> fled to England where he joined the Royal Army Service Corps. Due to his fluency in French and English, he was recruited into the Special Operations Executive (SOE) to foster the French Resistance. He recruited fellow racing driver Robert Benoist and together they worked in the Paris region to build up a successful circuit of operatives, forming sabotage cells and reception committees for Allied parachute operations.On 2 August 1943, Grover-<mask> was arrested by the Sicherheitsdienst and underwent lengthy interrogation before being deported to Berlin and was then held prisoner in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Death
Grover-<mask> was executed at Sachsenhausen in the spring of 1945, along with fellow SOE network leader Francis Suttill. The date of death shown on the official War Office casualty lists, originally "On or shortly after 1.2.1945" has been amended to read "On or shortly after 18.3.1945", while the Commonwealth War Graves Commission records the date simply as 18 March 1945. No evidence has been found to support speculation that Grover-<mask> survived the war and lived on under an assumed identity as "Georges Tambal", who allegedly lived with Grover-<mask>' widow for many years. Legacy and recognition

Grover-<mask> is recorded on the Brookwood Memorial in Surrey, England, and as one of the SOE agents who died for the liberation of France, he is listed on the Valençay SOE Memorial's Roll of Honour in the French town of Valençay. Grover-<mask> was recommended for an Order of the British Empire by the head of the SOE, Major-General Colin Gubbins, in September 1945, but when it became clear that he had died the honour was not awarded. The Saboteur, a 2009 video game, features an Irish protagonist named Sean Devlin who is inspired by Grover-<mask>.A statue of Grover-<mask> in his 1929 Monaco Grand Prix-winning Bugatti Type 35 is located at the first corner of the Circuit de Monaco (Sainte-Dévote Chapel). The statue is temporarily moved a couple of meters during the yearly Monaco Grand Prix and the biannual Monaco ePrix and Historic Grand Prix of Monaco. Results and records

Grand Prix wins

Complete European Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)

References

Books

 (A novel based on Grover-<mask>'s life.) Notes

1903 births
1945 deaths
British Army personnel killed in World War II
British people executed in Nazi concentration camps
Bugatti people
Chauffeurs
English expatriates in Monaco
English people of French descent
English racing drivers
Executed people from Île-de-France
Executed spies
French people executed in Nazi concentration camps
French racing drivers
French Resistance members
Grand Prix drivers
People from Montrouge
People who died in Sachsenhausen concentration camp
British Army General List officers
Spies who died in Nazi concentration camps
French Special Operations Executive personnel
British Special Operations Executive personnel
Sportspeople from Hauts-de-Seine
European Championship drivers

masks: William Charles Frederick Grover Williams


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Rachel Rhodes (born ), known professionally as , is a Japanese singer and model. She portrayed and co-voiced the character Lumi, the fictional lead vocalist of Genki Rockets in 2006. She debuted as a solo singer in 2013. Early life and education

Rachel Rhodes was born in North Carolina, United States on April 15, 1993, but moved to Japan at the age of 3. She attended an American school at Yokota Air Base. Rhodes is a hāfu from an American father who was from Michigan and a Japanese mother and is fluent in both English and Japanese. When Rhodes was in first grade, she was inspired to become a singer after hearing her mother listening to "First Love" by Hikaru Utada.She was later influenced by Mariya Takeuchi and Love Psychedelico. When she was in third grade she listened to American R&B artists Alicia Keys and Usher. Her younger brother is model Musashi Rhodes. Career

2006-2013: Genki Rockets

Yasuda first began modeling in 2006, and appeared in a promotional campaign for Sony's CMOS Sensors. At age 13, Yasuda auditioned to appear in Genki Rockets' music video by dancing to BoA's "Valenti" and singing "Happy Birthday to You." She passed the audition two days later and was not only asked to appear in the music video, but as a singer as well. Yasuda became the image model for Lumi, the band's virtual vocalist, and providing vocals along with Nami Miyahara.The band's first single "Heavenly Star" and its music video were featured in video game Lumines II and No More Heroes. The song was nominated for Best Song by Spike Video Game Awards in 2006 while the band won Best New Artist in Electronic category from iTunes in 2007. As her junior high school didn't allow students to perform, Yasuda kept her work with Genki Rockets a secret and later transferred schools to continue pursuing a singing career. Yasuda acted as Lumi in Child of Eden, where she was resurrected as a persona in the 23rd century. The player is tasked with saving her from a malicious virus. While in Genki Rockets, Yasuda gained no stage experience because all of the band's events use high tech pre-recorded video of her for Live PA, with the notable example of Lumi introducing the former U.S. Vice President Al Gore using Musion Eyeliner in Live Earth concert, Tokyo 2007. Yasuda noted that at first her voice and appearance are heavily processed but later the process effect became weaker and her identity became more clear.2013-present: Solo career

After graduating high school, Yasuda decided to pursue a full-time music career in spite of advice given to her to attend university instead. In 2013, Yasuda changed agencies and debuted as a solo singer under Sony Records with her Japanese name, <mask> <mask>, debuting with "Best of My Love", which served as the ending theme to Space Battleship Yamato 2199. Unlike Genki Rockets, the song's music video was shot on location instead of a green screen. In its music video, the UFO came to the world where the civilization hasn't been developed, which Yasuda found that that contrast is interesting. Kenji Tamai, who Yasuda worked with in Genki Rockets, helped produce and prepare for her solo debut after her high school graduation. In addition to singing, Yasuda also continued modeling, starting the fashion blog Nylonista for Nylon Japan and performing for Nylon's special stage in Girls Award 2013 Autumn/Winter. In April 2014, she started shoe blog for ABC-Mart, accompanied with the release of her single "Passcode 4854."She participated in Escada fashion event in April 2014 and Tokyo Girls Collection festival once a year from 2013 to 2016, with the 2013 Autumn/Winter being her first live performance. She was featured in Sendai Collection 2014 and her song "Inside Out" became the brand's promotional single for the brand's event in August 2014. Her first two albums, Will and Prism, both ranked first on the Japanese iTunes Store's J-Pop Top Album chart and second on the Overall Album chart. She was selected as Japanese iTunes New Artist 2014 and nominated in 57th Japan Record Awards for Best New Artist in 2015. In August 2015, she performed to 34,000 youths from 150 countries gathered in Yamaguchi Prefecture for 23rd World Scout Jamboree. She had been appeared as a model for three consecutive years on Flags fashion building in Shinjuku for its 16th-18th anniversary and was selected alongside with Rihwa as campaign ambassadors for its 20th anniversary. She was both the performer and model for Kansai Collection Autumn/Winter 2016.She was the 60th Tokyo IT Girls model for Vogue Girl Japan. Her first live performance outside Japan was in November 2016 for the event "Japan Media Mix Festival in Taipei 2016". She was nominated for Best Teen Choice Award in 2016 MTV Video Music Awards Japan. In 2017, she became Lumine Est brand ambassador and her song "Up to Me" became its promotional theme for their summer collection and "Not Enough" for winter collection. Radio host
<mask> hosted her own program "City Girls Music" for Japan FM Network since 2016. She also co-host "JA Zen-noh Countdown Japan" with another British-Japanese radio personality George Williams for Tokyo FM in every Saturday noon began in April 2017. Other works
Rei was the NylonTV Japan's backstage reporter for Vantan Cutting Edge 2013 fashion show.She was selected as Yahoo! Japan smartphone guide for iTunes Festival 2014 in London, interviewing Foxes, Jenny Lewis, and Clean Bandit. She wrote the lyrics for the Japanese version of Charli XCX's song Boom Clap and later wrote the lyrics for some of her own songs. She made a cameo appearance in TBS drama "100 days: Love, Marriage, Sickness and Mom" that used her song "Ashitairo" as theme song. Discography

Albums

EP

Singles

Digital exclusives

As featured artist

References

External links

1993 births
Living people
Singers from Tokyo
Japanese pop singers
Japanese women pop singers
Japanese pop musicians
Sony Music Entertainment Japan artists
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese women singers
Anime singers
Anime musicians
Japanese people of American descent
Japanese female models
Japanese radio personalities

masks: Rei Yasuda Rei


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<mask> (August 31, 1823 – March 31, 1907) was an American politician, lawyer, writer and businessman, who served as 24th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1861 to 1863. Elected as a Democrat in the 1850 congressional elections, he switched to the newly-organized Republican Party in the mid-1850s when the Democratic Party tried to force the extension of slavery into western territories. Elected speaker for the 37th Congress, <mask> presided over the House during the initial years of the American Civil War. During his tenure Congress passed the landmark Homestead Act of 1862, which he supported. <mask> was defeated for reelection in 1862. For over a century he remained the last incumbent House speaker to be defeated, until Speaker Tom Foley lost his seat in 1994. After leaving office he continued to speak out on political issues, but did not serve in elective office.Then, 31 years after leaving office, <mask> won an 1894 special election to succeed William Lilly. It remains one of the longest known interregnums between terms of service for a House member. Over the course of his career, <mask> represented the people of three Pennsylvania congressional districts: the  (1851–1853),  (1853–1863), and  (1894–1903). Early life and education
<mask> was born <mask> <mask> in Ashford, Connecticut. His given names were the suggestions of an aunt living in Vermont, who was visiting <mask>'s mother when he was christened: "<mask>" was the aunt's husband's name (his full name was <mask> (1764–1807)), and "Galusha" was the surname of a governor of Vermont she admired. His family called him Galusha when he was growing up, and before <mask> was a teenager, he had started writing his name with his given names reversed. He was educated at Franklin Academy in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, and later at Amherst College.He studied law and was admitted to the bar in November 1847 and then began his law practice. Political career

Early elections
<mask> ran as a Democrat in the 1850 election and served as a member of that party during the 32nd and 33rd congresses, and into the 34th Congress. He switched parties in the wake of President Pierce's signing of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. He ran as a Republican in the 1856 election and remained a member of that party for the rest of his political career. Congressional brawl of 1858
During the 35th United States Congress, on February 5, 1858, he was physically attacked by Democrat Laurence M. Keitt in the House chambers, leading to a brawl between northerners and southerners. Keitt, offended by <mask>'s having stepped over to his side of the House chamber, dismissively demanded that <mask> sit down, calling him a "black Republican puppy". <mask> responded by telling Keitt that "No negro-driver shall crack his whip over me."Keitt became enraged and went for <mask>'s throat, shouting that he would "choke [him] for that". A large brawl involving approximately fifty representatives erupted on the House floor, ending only when a missed punch from Rep. Cadwallader Washburn upended the hairpiece of Rep. William Barksdale. The embarrassed Barksdale accidentally replaced the wig backwards, causing both sides to erupt in spontaneous laughter. Later that year <mask> was re-elected to a fifth term. When the next Congress convened in December 1859, he was one of 90 congressmen to receive votes during the two-month-long 44-ballot speaker election, dropping out following the first ballot. 1861 speaker election
The deepening rift between slave states and free states overshadowed <mask>'s 1861 re-election victory, as a national crisis erupted in December 1860 when South Carolina became the first of several Southern states to adopt an Ordinance of Secession. Four months later, on April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, igniting the Civil War.In response, President <mask> called the 37th Congress into session on July 4. When the House convened that day, <mask> was nominated to be Speaker of the House; also nominated was Francis Preston Blair Jr. <mask> was elected on the first ballot, but only after Blair withdrew following the roll call vote, at which time 28 votes shifted to Grow. 1861 election for speaker159 votes cast, 80 votes necessary to win election:
 <mask> A<mask> (R–Pennsylvania) 99
 Francis Preston Blair Jr. (R–Missouri) 12
 John J. Crittenden (U–Kentucky) 12
 John S. Phelps (D–Missouri) 7
 Clement Vallandingham (D–Ohio) 7
 Erastus Corning (D–New York) 7
 Samuel S. Cox (D–Ohio) 6
 Others 9

Although events of the war dominated and the First Battle of Bull Run occurred only two weeks after the 37th Congress was called into session, under <mask>'s leadership, several major acts of Congress were passed and signed into law, particularly the Morrill Land-Grant College Act (passed House June 17, 1862), the Pacific Railway Act authorizing land grants to encourage the construction of the transcontinental railroad, and the Homestead Act, which in over a century resulted in the establishment of 1.6 million homesteads. Loss of congressional seat and interim
<mask>, a supporter of the Radical Republicans, was defeated in his re-election bid in 1862, becoming the second sitting House Speaker in a row to lose his seat. <mask> was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1864 and 1868. He moved to Houston, Texas in 1871, and that year became president of what became known as the International - Great Northern Railroad, a position he held until 1875.He then returned to Pennsylvania and the practice of law from 1875 to 1894. Return to Congress

<mask> returned to the United States Congress as a member at-large from Pennsylvania from 1894 to 1903; was the chairman of the committee on education in the 56th Congress. Death and legacy
<mask> resided in Glenwood, Pennsylvania from 1903 until his death at age 84. A biography of <mask> <mask>, <mask> A<mask>: Father of the Homestead Law, was written by James T. Du Bois and Gertrude S. Mathews and published by Houghton Mifflin in 1917. A monument to <mask> was erected in 1915 at the Susquehanna County Courthouse Complex in Montrose, Pennsylvania. See also
 List of American politicians who switched parties in office
 List of United States representatives who switched parties

References

External links
  <mask> <mask> from Mr. Lincoln's White House, a website of the Lehrman Institute
 <mask>, <mask> <mask> (1823-1907) from The Political Graveyard

American transportation businesspeople
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania lawyers
Speakers of the United States House of Representatives
1823 births
1907 deaths
Amherst College alumni
People from Ashford, Connecticut
Pennsylvania Democrats
Pennsylvania Republicans
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American businesspeople

masks:
Galusha Aaron Grow
Grow
Grow
Grow
Grow
Grow
Aaron Galusha
Grow
Grow
Aaron
Aaron Nichols
Grow
Grow
Grow
Grow
Grow
Grow
Grow
Grow
Abraham Lincoln
Grow
Grow
Galusha
. Grow
Grow
Grow
Grow
Grow
Grow
Galusha
Grow
Galusha
. Grow
Grow
Galusha
Grow
Grow
Galusha
Aaron