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 evidence to the contrary, such as the memoirs of Nadezhda Durova. (Durova, disguised as a young man, was aide to Miloradovich in 1810 and later wrote about his affairs with women and their influence on the general's demeanor and on his relationships with subordinate officers.) The standard version of events holds that his last passion was ballerina Yekaterina Teleshova, who earlier had an affair with Alexander Griboyedov, a diplomat "too short of money to be a long-term rival to the general" (In 1825, Griboyedov wrote "... Miloradovich, that boastful idiot whom Shakhovskoy grovels to and idolises. They are both cattle."). Interregnum

In the summer of 1823, Alexander I issued a secret manifest excluding Constantine from the order of succession and making Nicholas heir presumptive to the throne. Historians argue as to whether or not Miloradovich had been formally made aware of Alexander's decision.Only three men – Aleksey Arakcheyev, Alexander Golitsyn, and Archbishop Filaret – definitely knew the contents and whereabouts of the manifest; neither Constantine nor Nicholas knew the whole story. On , when news of Alexander's death in Taganrog reached Saint Petersburg, <mask> bullied Nicholas into pledging allegiance to Constantine, who was then living in Warsaw as viceroy of Poland. Golitsyn arrived at the palace later and announced the terms of Alexander's manifest, but <mask> persuaded the State Council that Nicholas was aware of it and that his pledge of allegiance to Constantine was effectively an act of abdication. <mask> then sent a messenger to Moscow with two instructions: to pledge allegiance to Constantin and to keep the original of Alexander's manifest secret and locked away. Faced with the question, "What if Constantine holds to his resignation? ", <mask> allegedly responded, "When one has one hundred thousand bayonets in one's pocket, it is easy to speak with boldness". Correspondence between Saint Petersburg and Warsaw took two weeks, during which <mask> acted as de facto interrex and regularly assured Nicholas that "everything is quiet".Constantine firmly refused to reign and blessed his brother's accession to the throne, but for a while the hesitant Nicholas took no action. On the morning of , Nicholas received detailed reports of the brewing Decembrist revolt from Diebitsch and Chernyshov, and discussed the matter with <mask> and Golitsyn. According to Nicholas himself, the evidence was overwhelming. <mask> promised to mobilise all police resources but did nothing or, according to Korf, his "investigations remained completely fruitless. His researches had not discovered one person on whom suspicion could reasonably fall". The actions of <mask> during the interregnum were highly controversial and provoked fringe conspiracy theories placing him at the top of the Decembrist rebel ring. Mainstream historians provide different explanations of his motives, none of which supports the theory of "Decembrist Miloradovich":
 <mask> suggested that there were three contenders for the throne: Constantin, Nicholas and their mother Maria Fyodorovna.Miloradovich supported Maria but in public he aligned with Constantine and later with Nicholas. A similar version has been fictionalised by Igor Bunich. Yakov Gordin suggested that <mask> acted as an independent dictator, using Constantine merely as a front. Andreeva supports a toned-down variation of Gordin's suggestion: that, regardless of Alexander's manifest, Miloradovich acted in good faith, supporting what he thought was the legitimate solution to a crisis. Revolt and death

At 8 p.m. on , Nicholas declared himself emperor; at 7 a.m. the next morning, along with all senior statesmen present in Saint Petersburg, Miloradovich pledged his loyalty to Nicholas (Korf suggested that Miloradovich recognised Nicholas as early as ). Once again Miloradovich assured Nicholas that the city was "perfectly tranquil"; Alexander von Benckendorff other witnesses wrote that he was in his usual boastful, optimistic mood. Three hours later when <mask> enjoyed breakfast with Teleshova, general Neidhardt reported to Nicholas that the troops were marching towards the palace "in absolute mutiny".At about noon on  <mask>, whom nobody had seen since the morning, reported to Nicholas on Palace Square. Witnesses disagree on whether he was mounted or on foot, but all accounts point to his extraordinary excitement and loss of self-control. According to Nicholas, Miloradovich told him: "Сеlа va mаl; ils marchent au Sénat, mais je vais leur раrlеr" (French: "That is bad; they are marching toward the Senate, but I will talk to them"). Nicholas coldly responded that Miloradovich must do his duty as the military governor and calm his troops down. Miloradovich saluted, turned around, and headed to the barracks of the Mounted Guards. General Orlov of the Mounted Guards pleaded with Miloradovich to stay with the loyal troops but Miloradovich refused to take cover, mounted a horse and rode out to the rows of rebel troops, accompanied either by two aides or only by Bashutsky on foot. Miloradovich harangued the soldiers for obedience, showing Constantine's sword "to prove that he would have been incapable of betraying him".Safonov pointed out that, instead of executing the tsar's order to lead the Mounted Guards against the rebels, <mask> "disobeyed it in a most incredible way ... by going into the action alone." Between 12:20 and 12:30 Pyotr Kakhovsky shot Miloradovich point-blank in the back; "the bullet travelling up from below, from the back to the chest, tore the diaphragm, broke through all the parts and stopped beneath the right nipple". When Miloradovich slumped from his horse to the ground, Yevgeny Obolensky stabbed him with a bayonet. <mask> was taken to a nearby house, but by the time the surgeons arrived on the scene the marauders had stripped Miloradovich of his clothes, medals and jewelry. Medics removed the bullet (it was later delivered to Nicholas); Miloradovich remained conscious and dictated his last will in a letter to the tsar. There were three requests: to send His Majesty's regards to his relatives, to grant liberty to his serfs, and to "not forget the old Maikov". <mask> died around 3 a.m. on .After six days of lying in state, he was buried with honors at the Alexander Nevsky Lavra. The investigation of the Decembrist revolt led to the hanging of Kakhovsky and four of his ringleaders; it did not reveal any illicit connection between the Decembrists and Miloradovich. The second killer, Obolensky, was stripped of his princely title and exiled to Siberia for thirty years. Nobility
The Miloradović noble family is listed in the nobility of the Russian Empire. See also
 Andrei Miloradovich
 <mask>ovich Kaptzevich
 Nikolay Vuich
 Peter Ivanovich Ivelich
 Ivan Shevich
 Avram Ratkov
 Ivan Adamovich
 Nikolay Bogdanov
 Nikolay Depreradovich
 Ivan Lukačević (soldier)
 Jovan Šević
 Jovan Albanez
 Simeon Piščević
 Anto Gvozdenović
 Semyon Zorich
 Peter Tekeli
 Georgi Emmanuel
 Dejan Subotić
 Fedor Yakovlevich Mirkovich
 Marko Ivelich
 Rajko Depreradović

Notes

Further reading

 Andreeva, T. V. (1998, in Russian). Imperator Nikolai Pavlovich i graf M. A. Miloradovich (Император Николай Павлович и граф М. А. Милорадович). СПБ: Философский век, выпуск 6 (The Philosophical Age.Almanac 6. Russia at the Time of Nicholas I: Science, Politics, Enlightenment. Ed. by T. Khartanovich, M. Mikeshin. St. Petersburg, 1998. 304 p.). Bezotnosny, V. M. et al.(2004, in Russian). Otechestvennaya voina 1812 goda. Encyclopedia (Отечественная война 1812 года. Энциклопедия). Moscow: Rosspan. .
 Bethea, David M. (2005). The Pushkin Handbook. University of Wisconsin Press., . Browning, Oscar (2008 reprint). A History of the Modern World 1815-1910. Read Books (reprint). , . Castle, Ian; Hook, Christa (2002). ‘’Austerlitz 1805: the fate of empires’’.Osprey. , . William Cathcart (1850). Commentaries on the War in Russia and Germany in 1812 and 1813. London: J. Murray. Reissue: . Cust, Edward (1863).‘’Annals of the wars of the nineteenth century, Volume 4’’. London: John Murray. Durova, Nadezhda; Zinn, Mary (translator) (1989 edition). ‘’The Cavalry Maiden: Journals of a Russian Officer in the Napoleonic Wars’’. Indiana University Press. , . George, Hereford B.(2002 reissue). Napoleon's Invasion of Russia. Janus Publishing Company Lim. , . Originally published in 1899. Grech, Nikolai (2000 edition, in Russian). Zapiski o moei zhizni (Записки о моей жизни).Moscow: Zakharov. Freer, Allan (1846). Russian under Nicholas. North British Review, volume 5. Edinburgh: W. P. Kennedy. Glinka, Fyodor (1870, in Russian). Pisma russkogo ofitsera (Письма русского офицера).Moscow. Glinka, Fyodor (1814, in Russian). Podvigi grafa Miloradovicha (Подвиги графа Милорадовича). Moscow. Herzen, Alexander; McDonald, Dwight (editor) (1982). My past and thoughts: the memoirs of Alexander Herzen. University of California Press., . Kagan, Frederick (2007). The End of the Old Order: Napoleon and Europe, 1801-1805. Da Capo Press. , . Kelly, Laurence (2006). Diplomacy and Murder in Tehran: Alexander Griboyedov and Imperial Russia's Mission to the Shah of Persia.Tauris Parke Paperbacks. , . Korf, M. A. (1857). The accession of Nicholas I. London: John Murray. Leskov, Nikolay (2003 edition, in Russian). <mask> Andreevich Miloradovich (Граф Михаил Андреевич Милорадович), in: Desyatnikov, V. A.(editor) (2003, in Russian). Blistatelny Sankt-Peterburg (Блистательный Санкт-Петербург). Olma Media Group, , . pp. 448–453. Originally published in 1869. Lotman, Jurij; Ouspensky, Boris (1990, in French).Sémiotique de la culture russe: études sur l'histoire. L’Age du Homme. , 9782825100172. <mask>, G. A. (1871, in Russian). O rodine dvoryan i grafa Miloradovicha. First edition: Kiev.Nabokov, Vladimir (1990 reprint). Eugene Onegin: A Novel in Verse: Commentary. Princeton University Press. , . Nicholas I (1848, Russian translation from French). Memoirs of Nicholas I (in Russian). Schnitzler, Johann (1847).Secret history of the court and government of Russia under the emperors Alexander and Nicholas. London: Richard Bentley. Schuler, Catherine (2009). Theatre and identity in imperial Russia. University of Iowa Press. , . Safonov, M. M. (1994, in Russian).K istorii mezhdutsarstviya (К истории междуцарстия). Proceedings of the Mavrodinskie conference 10–12 December 1994, Saint Petersburg (Мавродинские чтения: материалы к докладам 10-12 октября 1994 г., Санкт-Петербург). Saint Petersburg University. Safonov, M. M. (2001, in Russian). Pochemy Suvorov popal v nemilost (Почему Суворов попал в немилость). Rodina magazine, no. 12, 2001.Sapozhnikov, A. I. (2008, in Russian). Neopublikovannaya Istoria kampanii 1812 goda A. I. Mihailovskogo-Danilevskogo (Неопубликованная «История кампании 1812 года» А.И. Михайловского-Данилевского). Schultz, C. C. (2004). . Taleon Club Magazine, 2004 no. 8. Retrieved 2011-07-16.Archived from the original on 2006-01-12. Thiers, Adolphe (1865). History of the consulate and the empire of France under Napoleon, Volume 2. London: Lippincott. Thiers, Adolphe (1864). History of the consulate and the empire of France under Napoleon, Volume 4. London: Lippincott.Treasure, Geoffrey (1985). The making of modern Europe, 1648-1780. Routledge. , . 1771 births
1825 deaths
People from Saint Petersburg
People from Saint Petersburg Governorate
Imperial Russian Army generals
People of the Russian Empire of Serbian descent
Russian people of Serbian descent
Knights Hospitaller
Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Second Degree
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st class
Knights of the Order of St John
Russian commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Russian nobility
Governors-General of Kiev
Burials at the Dukhovskaya

masks:
Miloradovich
Miloradovich
Miloradovich
Miloradovich
Miloradovich
Miloradovich
Miloradovich
Miloradovich
Mikhail Safonov
Miloradovich
Miloradovich
Miloradovich
Miloradovich
Miloradovich
Miloradovich
Peter Mikhail
Graf Mikhail
Miloradovich


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<mask> (August 8, 1891 - February 15, 1974) was an American political activist and labor attorney. He is best remembered as the General Counsel of the United Auto Workers Union from 1937 to 1946. Early years

<mask> was born August 12, 1891 in Brimley, Michigan (now Superior Township), the son of ethnic Jewish parents who had emigrated to America from Lithuania, which was then part of the Russian empire. <mask>'s father, <mask>, worked as a storekeeper, selling general provisions. <mask>'s parents were not politically radical, with his father a staunch supporter of populist Democrat William Jennings Bryan in the 1890s. <mask> eventually joined the Socialist Party of America in 1918, but it was under the influence of his son, not vice versa, as in the more typical case of so-called "red diaper babies." Growing up in Brimley, <mask> was exposed to the culture of a variety of nationalities, as a large number of immigrants from French Canada, Sweden, Finland, and Germany were employed in the dominant timber industry of Michigan's Upper Peninsula.The cultural diversity left its mark upon him, his biographer notes:

"While <mask> would retain a Jewish identity, growing up in a largely non-Jewish environment created in him a strong melting-pot outlook. But his family associated mainly with fellow immigrants of non-English backgrounds and hence did not seek assimilation in an 'Anglo-conformity' manner... They therefore put a premium on interethnic ties through which they built their identities as Americans." In the summer of 1900, the <mask> family moved to Detroit, the bustling metropolis on Michigan's eastern shore. The city was in the cusp of an enormous economic boom based around the emerging automobile industry, which would expand from 7200 workers in the city in 1908 to over 100,000 just eight years later. The city boasted a large immigrant population, including many who had left poverty and repression in the Russian empire; some 88 percent of all Russian immigrants in Detroit were Jews. The reason for the <mask>s' move was not cultural, however, but related to the belief of his parents that <mask> and his sister and brothers were being poorly educated in Brimley.The family store was left in the hands of one of <mask>'s brothers, while <mask>'s father invested in a Detroit clothing store. Brimley was in a state of economic decline, however, with the International Paper Company pulling up stakes on its Brimley facility in 1903 and a recession hitting the country in 1906. In an effort to save the floundering family store in Brimley, the <mask>s returned in 1906. <mask> was sent with his brothers to Sault Ste. Marie to attend high school. In September 1910, <mask> enrolled at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, studying law. Michigan was chosen for economic reasons: as a state-run school its tuition rate was more affordable than other more prestigious private universities.The school had a 3-year program in law at the time; <mask> completed his course work on schedule, graduating in 1913 with his Bachelor of Laws degree. While at college, <mask> had met a red-headed tomboy from Grand Rapids, Jane Mayer. Mayer, the socialist daughter of socialists, and <mask> became close, both emotionally and politically, with the pair joining the University of Michigan chapter of the Intercollegiate Socialist Society together. The couple would marry in April 1914. Early career

<mask> apparently joined the Socialist Party of America (SPA) in 1912 and idolized the party's Presidential candidate, Eugene V. Debs. He read socialist literature prolifically and was particularly influenced by the philosophical writings of Joseph Dietzgen as well as the historical studies of Gustavus Myers and Charles Edward Russell. Following his 1914 marriage, <mask> became increasingly active in the Socialist Party of Michigan, state affiliate of the SPA.He attended the weekly meetings of Local Detroit Socialist Party, which at the time had a membership approaching 2,000. <mask>'s verbal skills and mastery of Robert's Rules of Order made him an ideal meeting chairman and his mainstream "Regular" party views made him for some an attractive alternative to the radical "impossibilist" Detroit shoe store owner John Keracher. <mask> gained an additional following on the basis of his measured public lectures on a wide range of social, economic, and political themes. By 1916 both <mask> and his wife Jane Mayer had become recognized leaders in the local and state Socialist Party. In 1916, <mask> ran for public office for the first time, standing as the SPA's candidate for District Attorney in Wayne County. <mask> won more votes than any other candidate on the Socialist ticket in the county, accumulating 3,681 votes — more even than Socialist Presidential candidate Allan L. Benson, who received 3,236 votes. <mask>'s role as a prominent local as a critic of capitalist excess and advocate for the socialist cause brought him to the attention of the Detroit local of the International Typographical Union (ITU), which was seeking more energetic courtroom representation than their current attorney had been providing.Embroiled in a strike and in the need of legal services, ITU Local 18 hired the young <mask> as its new permanent attorney — his first serious client. The experience he gained in the ITU's strike gave him publicity and access to other unions. While up to that time only a few attorneys had made "labor law" their specialty, such as Morris Hillquit and Louis Waldman in New York, <mask> soon decided to make the law as it related to trade unions a professional specialty. In 1917, <mask> was a delegate to the 1917 Emergency National Convention of the Socialist Party, held in St. Louis. There he was elected to the convention's Ways and Means Committee and voted in favor of the party's controversial anti-militarist manifesto. Conscription issue

With American entry into World War I, the main fight for the Socialist Party in Detroit and across the country became the battle against the war and military conscription. Immediately after the declaration of war, a bill calling for a military draft had been introduced in Congress, which was passed and signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson on May 17, 1917.Unlike in many other parts of the country, the labor movement in Detroit did not simply fall in line behind the war effort, with Printers Local 18 and prominent individual labor leaders condemning the war. The official publication of the American Federation of Labor's Detroit city federation filed to print declarations by AF of L leadership in favor of the war effort and in June the Detroit federation voted to endorse the anti-draft position of the People's Council for Peace and Democracy. Only direct pressure by the keeper of the purse, AF of L President Samuel Gompers, forced them to later rescind this decision. <mask> himself refused to register for the draft during World War I. He was indicted, convicted and sentenced to a year in prison. As a result, he was disbarred. He was readmitted to the bar in 1923 through the efforts of Frank Murphy, who was later to become governor of Michigan and a US Supreme Court justice.He did legal work for many AFL locals. Depression years

In 1932, he represented survivors of the Ford Hunger March. He visited the Soviet Union in 1933 and made a nationwide lecture tour to 40 cities after his return. In 1934, <mask> defended James Victory, an African-American veteran of World War I who was accused of slashing the face of a white woman in an alley and stealing her purse. By exposing the weakness of the prosecution's case, and the strength of Victory's alibi, <mask> won an acquittal. He was involved in the National Lawyers Guild from that group's earliest days in 1937. Later years

<mask> retired from active practice 1950, and lived on Black Lake in northern Michigan.He was active in the affairs of the National Lawyers Guild after his retirement. Death and legacy

<mask> died on February 15, 1974 in Waverly, Michigan. He was 82 years old at the time of his death. <mask>'s papers, consisting of over 60 linear feet of material, are housed at the Walter P. Reuther Library at Wayne State University in Detroit. Footnotes

Works

 Working Class Justice: A Popular Treatise on the Law of Injunctions in Labor Disputes. Detroit: Detroit Federation of Labor, 1916. The Auto Workers Tell the President Plenty!Statement to Presidential Board at Hearing on Automobile Industry in Detroit, December 16, 1934. Detroit: Committee for Maurice Sugar For Judge of Recorder's Court, n.d. [c. 1935]. A Negro on Trial for his Life : The Frame-up of James Victory Exposed! Speech to Jury by Counsel for Defense <mask>, Candidate for Judge of Recorder's Court. Detroit: Committee for <mask> For Judge of Recorder's Court, n.d. [1935]. A Guide to the Preparation of By-laws for Local Unions of UAW-CIO. Detroit: UAW-CIO Education Dept., 1944.The Ford Hunger March Berkeley, CA: Meiklejohn Civil Liberties Institute, 1980,

Archival collections

The <mask> Papers are held by the Walter P. Reuther Library of Labor and Urban Affairs at Wayne State University in Detroit. The 60.5 linear feet of papers include <mask>'s personal and autobiographical materials files and material relating to his work as chief legal counsel for the United Automobile Workers. Topics covered include UAW legal matters and factionalism, the Ford Hunger March, the House Un-American Activities Committee, and radical politics. Papers pertaining to <mask>'s work with the National Lawyers Guild can be found in the National Lawyers Guild Records at the Bancroft Library at University of California, Berkeley. The Bentley Historical Library at the University of Michigan holds a small collection of <mask> correspondence. External links
 <mask>:law, labor, and the left in Detroit, 1912-1950, by Christopher H. Johnson (much of the text of the book)
 Finding Aid for the <mask> Sugar Papers, Wayne State University, Detroit. Retrieved July 14, 2010.1891 births
1974 deaths
People from Chippewa County, Michigan
Lawyers from Detroit
American Marxists
Trade unionists from Michigan
Leaders of American trade unions
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
American socialists
United Auto Workers people
Jewish socialists
Socialist Party of America politicians from Michigan
University of Michigan Law School alumni

masks:
Maurice Sugar
Maurice Sugar
Maurice
Kalman Sugar
Maurice
Kalman Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Maurice
Maurice
Maurice
Sugar
Maurice
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Sugar
Maurice Sugar
Sugar
Maurice Sugar
Maurice Sugar
Maurice Sugar
Sugar
Maurice Sugar
Maurice Sugar
Maurice Sugar
Maurice


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<mask> V (; born October 6, 1965) is an American linguist with a specialty in creole languages, sociolects, and Black English. He is currently associate professor of linguistics at Columbia University, where he also teaches American studies and music history. He is the author of a number of books on race relations, hip-hop and African-American culture. Early life
<mask> was born and raised in Philadelphia. His father, <mask> IV (1927–1996), was a college administrator, and his mother, Schelysture <mask> (1937–2011), taught social work at Temple University. He attended Friends Select School in Philadelphia and after tenth grade was accepted to Simon's Rock College where he earned an AA degree. Later, he attended Rutgers University and received a BA degree in French in 1985.He obtained an MA degree in American Studies from New York University and a PhD degree in Linguistics in 1993 from Stanford University. Career
McWhorter was an associate professor of linguistics at Cornell University from 1993 to 1995, then an associate professor of linguistics at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1995 until 2003. He left that position to become a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute, a conservative think tank. Since 2008, he has taught linguistics, American studies, and classes in the core curriculum program at Columbia University. As Columbia's Department of Linguistics had been dissolved in 1989, McWhorter was initially assigned to the Department of English and Comparative Literature. The Program of Linguistics (including a revived undergraduate major as of 2021) is currently housed in the Department of Slavic Languages. McWhorter is the author of the courses "The Story of Human Language"; "Understanding Linguistics: The Science of Language"; "Myths, Lies and Half-Truths About English Usage"; "Language Families of the World"; and "Language From A to Z" in the series The Great Courses, produced by the Teaching Company.McWhorter has written for Time, The Wall Street Journal, The Chronicle of Higher Education, The Washington Post, The New Republic, Politico, Forbes, The Chicago Tribune, The New York Daily News, City Journal, The New York Sun, The New Yorker, The Root, The Daily Beast, and CNN. He is a contributing editor at The Atlantic and, after writing op-eds for The New York Times for several years, became an Opinion columnist there in 2021. He hosts the  Lexicon Valley podcast — for Slate from 2016 to 2021, and currently for Booksmart Studios. He was contributing editor at The New Republic from 2001 to 2014. McWhorter has published a number of books on linguistics and on race relations, including Power of Babel: A Natural History of Language, Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue: The Untold History of English, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why You Should, Like, Care, and Losing the Race: Self-Sabotage in Black America. Linguistics
Much of McWhorter's academic work is concerned with creole languages and their relationship to other languages, often focusing on the Surinam creole language Saramaccan. His work has expanded to a general investigation of the effect of second-language acquisition on a language.He argues that languages naturally tend toward complexity and irregularity, a tendency that is reversed only by adults acquiring the language, and creole formation is simply an extreme example of the latter. As examples, he cites English, Mandarin Chinese, Persian, the modern colloquial varieties of Arabic, Swahili, and Indonesian. He has outlined his ideas in academic format in Language Interrupted and Linguistic Simplicity and Complexity and, for the general public, in What Language Is and Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue. Some other linguists suggest that his notions of simplicity and complexity are impressionistic and grounded on comparisons with European languages, and they point to exceptions to his proposed correlations. McWhorter is a vocal critic of the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. In The Language Hoax, he outlines how, despite the fact language influences thought in an "infinitesimal way," and culture is expressed through language, language itself does not create different ways of thinking or determine world views. McWhorter has also been a proponent of a theory that various languages on the island of Flores underwent transformation because of aggressive migrations from the nearby island of Sulawesi, and he has contended that English was influenced by the Celtic languages spoken by the indigenous population and which were then encountered by the Germanic invaders of Britain.He has also written various articles that argue that colloquial constructions, such as the modern uses of "like" and "totally," and other non-standard speech should be considered alternative renditions of English rather than degraded ones. In January 2017, McWhorter was a speaker in the Linguistic Society of America's inaugural Public Lectures on Language series. Language proficiency
McWhorter is fluent in three languages (English, French, and Russian), has some competence in spoken Japanese, and can read seven languages (including some Mandarin). Personal life
McWhorter has two daughters. He plays the piano and has appeared in musical theater productions. Social and political views
McWhorter characterizes himself as "a cranky liberal Democrat." In support of this description, he states that while he "disagree[s] sustainedly with many of the tenets of the Civil Rights orthodoxy," he also "supports Barack Obama, reviles the War on Drugs, supports gay marriage, never voted for George Bush and writes of Black English as coherent speech."McWhorter additionally notes that the conservative Manhattan Institute, for which he worked, "has always been hospitable to Democrats." McWhorter has criticized left-wing and activist educators in particular, such as Paulo Freire and Jonathan Kozol. He believes that affirmative action should be based on class rather than race. Political theorist Mark Satin identifies McWhorter as a radical centrist thinker. McWhorter is an atheist. Views on racism
In a 2001 article, McWhorter wrote that black attitudes, rather than white racism, were what held African Americans back in the United States. According to McWhorter, "victimology, separatism, and anti-intellectualism underlie the general black community's response to all race-related issues," and "it's time for well-intentioned whites to stop pardoning as 'understandable' the worst of human nature whenever black people exhibit it."In April 2015, McWhorter appeared on NPR and said that the use of the word "thug" was becoming code for "the N-word" or "black people ruining things" when used by whites in reference to criminal activity. He added that use by President Barack Obama and former Baltimore Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake (for which she later apologized) could not be interpreted in the same way, given that the black community's use of "thug" may connote admiration for black self-direction and survival. McWhorter clarified his views in an article in the Washington Post. McWhorter has posited that anti-racism has become as harmful in the United States as racism itself. As early as December 2018, McWhorter described anti-racism as a "religious movement." Whorter has criticized microaggression, as well as what he regards as the overly casual conflation of racial bias with white supremacy. He has argued that software algorithms, by themselves, cannot be racist since, unlike humans, they lack intention.He has further argued that unless the human engineers behind a technological product intend for it to discriminate against black people, any unintentional bias should be seen as a software bug that needs to be fixed ("an obstacle to achievement") rather than an issue of racism. McWhorter criticized the 2018 book White Fragility following its resurgence in sales during the George Floyd protests beginning in May 2020, arguing that it "openly infantilized Black people" and "simply dehumanized us," and "does not see fit to address why all of this agonizing soul-searching [for residual racism by white people] is necessary to forging change in society. One might ask just how a people can be poised for making change when they have been taught that pretty much anything they say or think is racist and thus antithetical to the good." In his 2021 book Woke Racism, McWhorter expands upon these viewpoints and argues that "third wave anti-racism" is a religion he terms "Electism" with white privilege as original sin. McWhorter likens the books White Fragility,  How to Be an Antiracist and Between the World and Me to sacred religious texts. He argues that this hypothesized status as a religion explains the behavior of its adherents, whom he calls "the Elect." He advises that since the faith, being a faith, is not open to discussion, arguments with its adherents should be avoided in favor of pragmatic action against racism.McWhorter advocates three programs: ending the war on drugs, teaching reading by phonics to children lacking books at home, and free vocational education, promoting the idea that not everyone needs a four-year college education to succeed. Free speech and cancel culture
In September 2020, McWhorter wrote an article in The Atlantic titled "Academics are Really, Really Worried About Their Freedom" in which he argued that academic freedom in universities was under threat from cancel culture, pointing to evidence from the Heterodox Academy and his personal experience of "receiving missives since May [2020] almost daily from professors living in constant fear for their career because their opinions are incompatible with the current woke playbook." He asserted that he had received 150 such messages in just a three-week period in the early summer of 2020 and was alarmed by "how many of the letters sound as if they were written from Stalinist Russia or Maoist China." He also claimed that "very few" people who had written to him were of a conservative orientation, and instead, a common feature of the complaints he received was "people left-of-center wondering why, suddenly, to be anything but radical is to be treated as a retrograde heretic." Bibliography

 1997: Towards a New Model of Creole Genesis
 1998: Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a "Pure" Standard English
 2000: Spreading the Word: Language and Dialect in America
 2000: The Missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the Birth of Plantation Contact Languages
 2000: Losing the Race: Self-Sabotage in Black America
 2001: The Power of Babel: A Natural History of Language
 2003: Authentically Black: Essays for the Black Silent Majority
 2003: Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care
 2005: Defining Creole
 2005: Winning the Race: Beyond the Crisis in Black America
 2007: Language Interrupted: Signs of Non-Native Acquisition in Standard Language Grammars
 2008: All About the Beat: Why Hip-Hop Can't Save Black America
 2008: Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue: The Untold History of English
 2011: Linguistic Simplicity and Complexity: Why Do Languages Undress?

masks:
John Hamilton McWhorter
McWhorter
John Hamilton McWhorter
Gordon McWhorter


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<mask><mask> is a psychologist and psychotherapist who has taken a leading role in the advancement of existential-humanistic therapy, and existential-integrative therapy. <mask> is also the current editor of the Journal of Humanistic Psychology. His major books are Existential-Humanistic Therapy (2010), Existential-Integrative Therapy (2008), The Handbook of Humanistic Psychology (with <mask> and Fraser Pierson) (2001), The Psychology of Existence (with Rollo May)(1995), Rediscovery of Awe (2004),  Awakening to Awe (2009), and "The Polarized Mind" (2013). He worked closely with existential and humanistic psychology pioneer Rollo May, and in 2004, was himself the recipient of the Rollo May Award from Division 32 of the American Psychological Association for “outstanding and independent pursuit of new frontiers in humanistic psychology.”  He has been integral in fostering global dialogs surrounding existential themes in psychology, and in April 2010, he delivered the opening keynote address at the First (East-West) International Existential Psychology Conference in Nanjing, China. He is also a Fellow of three Divisions of the American Psychological Association (Humanistic, Clinical, and Independent Practice) and has published over 100 articles and chapters and has authored or edited eight books. He is currently vice-president of the Existential-Humanistic Institute (EHI), adjunct faculty at Saybrook University,  Teachers College, Columbia University, and the California Institute of Integral Studies, and contributor to Psychology Today. Summary of main works

With the advent of Existential-Integrative Psychotherapy, <mask> expanded the traditional focus of existential therapy on depth exploration to include other, more mainstream treatment modalities.By the same token, he broadened mainstream treatment modalities with the ever-present availability of depth exploration. Existential-Integrative therapy is a "deeply relational approach which uses a range of therapeutic concepts and strategies to help clients engage more fully with their experiencing". <mask> discussed freedom at the level of psychosexuality and how it entails the integration of one's sexual-aggressive past. According to <mask>, liberation at this level strengthens one's ego. Another form of freedom he discussed is that at the level of interpersonal relations and how it acknowledges and transcends freedom at the level of psychosexual relations. He says that at the interpersonal level, freedom balances individual striving and uniqueness with interpersonal dependence and connectedness. He coined the term 'experiential freedom' saying that it "embraces not only physiology, environmental conditioning, cognition, psychosexuality, and interpersonal relations, but also cosmic or intersituational relations".<mask> begins by defining and describing “awe,” a most important attitude and state of being, which has become much less central to our lives in these times. Awe is a fluid attitude, which incorporates wonder, dread, mystery, veneration, and the embracing of paradox. Cultivating awe as central in our consciousness requires that we move away from many of the values with which we are continually confronted: consumerism, conventionality, competitiveness, and mindless entertainment. An awe inspired life also counters all sorts of dogmatic beliefs and convictions, be they fundamentally religious or rigidly atheistic. With Rediscovery of Awe and Awakening to Awe, <mask> drew upon the rich heritage of existential-spiritual philosophy as elaborated by such thinkers as Paul Tillich, Martin Buber, Abraham Heschel, Søren Kierkegaard, and <mask> as well as his own clinical and personal observations to cultivate an "awe-based" approach to psychology and life. By "awe-based," <mask> means the sense of humility and wonder or adventure one experiences simply by living. While the sense of awe may be inherent to living it also must be cultivated periodically, lest it be crushed by our "quick fix," efficiency oriented culture; or by political or religious dogma.In Rediscovery of Awe, <mask> set forth the principles of an awe-based psychology as well as applications of those principles to concrete spheres of life, such as the educational setting, the work setting, and the ethical-spiritual setting. In "Awakening to Awe," <mask> focused specifically on how the sense of awe radically transformed seven lives. Among the people he investigated were a former gang member who became a gang mediator, an ex drug addict who became a case worker and Yoga instructor, and a survivor of stage-three cancer. Finally, in Existential-Integrative Psychotherapy, <mask> showed how the humility and wonder cultivated in good therapy can inspire the humility and wonder, or, in short awe, that can be nurtured outside of good therapy. In his most recent book, "The polarized mind: Why it's killing us and what we can do about it,"  (2013), <mask> shows how the sense of awe and encounter with life's mystery can be an antidote to destructive and totalitarian cultures as well as individuals. In his works he took the approach of humanistic psychologists. In this field of psychology, <mask> credits Abe Maslow for being an influential figure in his early years in the field of psychology.He acknowledges that his humanistic perceptions were awakened by Maslow's works. He believed that Maslow implied that our healing comes from our "restoration of awe, the attunement to a larger picture of life". He was a proponent for spiritual healing and trying to attain fulfillment. He uses the theory of awe as a therapeutic method in enlivening lives. Publications

Books
<mask>, K.J. (1990/1999, 2nd paperback ed.). The paradoxical self:  Toward an understanding of our contradictory nature.Buffalo, NY:  Prometheus Press/ Humanity Books. (Originally published by Plenum/Insight.) [Translated into Portuguese and Slovakian; currently being translated into Chinese Short Form]. [All books to follow are currently being translated into Chinese Short Form]
<mask>, K.J. (1993). Horror and the holy:  Wisdom-teachings of the monster tale. Chicago:  Open Court.<mask>, K.J., & May, R.  (1995). The psychology of existence:  An integrative, clinical perspective. New York:  McGraw-Hill. [Translated in 2010 into Chinese Short Form, Chinese People’s University Press]
<mask>, K.J., Bugental, J.F.T., & Pierson, <mask>. (2001). The handbook of humanistic psychology:  Leading edges in theory, research, and practice. Thousand Oaks:  Sage.(Reprinted in paperback, August, 2002). The second edition of "The handbook" was published in 2015. <mask>, K.J. (2004). Rediscovery of awe: Splendor, mystery, and the fluid center of life. St. Paul, MN:  Paragon House. <mask>, K.J.(2008). Existential-integrative psychotherapy: Guideposts to the core of practice. New York:  Routledge. <mask>, K.J. (2009). Awakening to Awe: Personal stories of profound transformation. Lanham, MD:  <mask>ronson.<mask>, K.J., & Krug, O.T. (2010/2017). Existential-Humanistic Therapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press (Theories of Psychotherapy Series). A second edition was published in 2017. <mask>, K.J. (2013)."The polarized mind: Why it's killing us and what we can do about it." Colorado Springs, CO:  University Professors Press. Krug, O., & <mask>, K.J. " (2016). "Supervision essentials for existential-humanistic therapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press (Clinical Supervision Essentials series). <mask>, K.J.(2017/2019). "The spirituality of awe: Challenges to the robotic revolution." Cardiff, CA:  Waterfront Digital Press. Revised edition 2019 by University Professors Press. <mask>, K.J. (2020). "The depolarizing of America:  A guidebook for social healing."University Professors Press. Magazine articles
Price, M. (2011, November). Searching for Meaning. Monitor on Psychology. American Psychological Association. http://www.apa.org/monitor/2011/11/meaning.aspx. <mask>, K.J.(2003, July/August). Enchanted agnosticism. Tikkun Magazine, 39-41. <mask>, K.J. (2005,September). Through the lens of awe. Spirituality and health.<mask>, K.J. (2005, September–November). Awe-based Learning. Institute for Noetic Sciences Shift Magazine. <mask>, K.J. (2008, January–February). Awe-based work.Tikkun Magazine, 20-21. <mask>, K.J. (2009, November–December). The awe-based challenge to positive psychology. Tikkun Magazine, 30-32, 73. <mask>, K.J. (2010, Sept.).The case for existential therapy. Psychology Today. Online at http://www.psychologytoday.com/search/query?keys=kirk+schneider&x=0&y=0
<mask>, K.J. (2010, December). Toward a humanistic positive psychology. Psychology Today. Online at http://www.psychologytoday.com/search/query?keys=kirk+schneider&x=0&y=0
<mask>, K.J.(2011, Winter). 25th Anniversary Commentary. Tikkun Magazine, online at tikkun.org. Online and media resources
<mask>, K.J. (2006). Existential Psychotherapy. American Psychological Association Video Series:  Systems of Psychotherapy I.  Washington, DC:  American Psychological Association.(Available at www.apa.org/videos). May, R. (2007). (Speaker). Rollo May on existential psychotherapy. [DVD.] Psychotherapy.net (Available online at http://www.psychotherapy.net), San Francisco, CA. Interviewed by <mask>, <mask>, and Ilene Serlin.<mask>, K.J. (2008, December). The Mystery of Being. TV Ontario Big Ideas Series. [Available at youtube.com]
<mask>, K.J. (2009). Existential-Humanistic Therapy. .  American Psychological Association Video Series:  Psychotherapy Over Time [6 session format].Washington, DC:  American Psychological Association. (Available at www.apa.org/videos). References

External links
 Official website

Living people
American psychologists
American psychotherapists
Year of birth missing (living people)

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Kirk J
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James Bugental
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William James
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<mask> (November 25, 1938September 18, 2020) was an American scholar of Russian studies. His academic work concentrated on modern Russian history since the Bolshevik Revolution and Russia's relationship with the United States. <mask> was a contributing editor to The Nation magazine, published and partially owned by his wife Katrina vanden Heuvel. <mask> was a founding director of the reestablished American Committee for East–West Accord which was revived in 2015. Early life and academic career
<mask> was born in Indianapolis, Indiana, and later grew up in Owensboro, Kentucky, the son of Ruth (<mask>) and <mask>, who owned a jewelry store and a golf course in Hollywood, Florida. His grandfather emigrated to the United States from Lithuania (then part of the Russian Empire). <mask> graduated from the Pine Crest School in Florida.He attended Indiana University Bloomington, where he earned a B.S. in economics and public policy in 1960 and an M.A. in government and Russian studies in 1962. While on an undergraduate study abroad program in England, he took a four-week trip to the Soviet Union, where he became interested in its history and politics. After completing his Ph.D. in government and Russian studies at Columbia University in 1968, he became a professor of politics at Princeton University later that year and remained on its faculty until 1998, when he became Professor of Politics, Emeritus. He then taught at New York University until his retirement in 2011, when he became Professor Emeritus of Russian and Slavic Studies. Writings and activities

Soviet and Yeltsin eras

In his first book, Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution, a biography of Nikolai Bukharin, a leading Bolshevik official and editor of Pravda,  the official newspaper of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, <mask> argued that Communism in the Soviet Union could have easily taken a different direction, not leading to Joseph Stalin's dictatorship and purges.<mask> wrote that it was completely possible for Bukharin to have succeeded Lenin and that the Soviet Union under Bukharin would have had greater openness, economic flexibility, and democracy. The book was widely praised, with economic historian Alec Nove describing it as "the best book on the USSR to be published for many years". Richard Lowenthal in a 1985 review of <mask>'s Rethinking the Soviet Experience: Politics and History since 1917 said that many scholars of history consider "such an iffy assumption as illegitimate". In his book War with Russia? (2019), <mask> wrote that at "least one U.S.–Soviet summit seems to have been sabotaged. The third Eisenhower–Khrushchev meeting, scheduled for Paris in 1960, was aborted when the Soviets shot down a US U-2 spy plane sent, some think, by the US deep state. During the Cold War, <mask> was critical of both Western hawks and also the Soviet government, which banned him from visiting the country from 1982 to 1985.<mask> said in early 1985 said the reasons had not been revealed to him. <mask> gave his support to perestroika, the reforms initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev and, with his wife, Katrina vanden Heuvel, co-authored Voices of Glasnost: Interviews With Gorbachev’s Reformers (1989). In a March 1991 op-ed for The New York Times, he wrote that Gorbachev's government "has undertaken the most ambitious changes in modern history. Their goal is to 'dismantle' the state controls Stalin imposed and to achieve an 'emancipation of society' through privatization, democratization, and federalization of the 15 republics." He said that perestroika was then in crisis, and stated: "Russia has come closer to democracy than ever before. Though democratization remains exceedingly fragile, how can this be dismissed as a failure?" <mask> wrote that the US continued the Cold War after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.He said that President Bill Clinton backtracked on the promise of his predecessor not to extend NATO eastward and the flawed interpretation of an "American victory" and a "Russian defeat", which he believed in 2006 led US leaders to believe that Russia would submit completely to US foreign policy. <mask> was a friend of former Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, who invited him to attend the 1989 May Day parade in Red Square, and advised former U.S. President George H. W. Bush in the late 1980s. <mask> helped Nikolai Bukharin's widow, Anna Larina, to rehabilitate her name during the Soviet era. Putin era
In an article for The Nation, published in the March 3, 2014 issue, <mask> wrote that "media malpractice" had resulted in the "relentless demonization of Putin" who was not an "autocrat". He wrote that the American media's coverage of Russia was "less objective, less balanced, more conformist and scarcely less ideological" than it had been during the Cold War. In a follow up interview with Newsweek magazine, <mask> said Putin was the "best potential partner we had anywhere in the world to pursue our national security". In a CNN interview around March 2014, he said Putin was not "anti-American".In a May 2014 Nation column coauthored with his wife, <mask> wrote that President Barack Obama had unilaterally declared a new Cold War against Russia and that those inside the Beltway were complicit in it by their silence. Julia Ioffe in The New Republic saw this as <mask> disagreeing with a consensus that did not exist. In 2014, <mask>'s views on US-Russian relations were criticized by Julia Ioffe and others as being pro-Putin. Writing in The American Conservative, James W. Carden, a former advisor to the U.S.-Russia Bilateral Presidential Commission and soon-to-be executive editor for the American Committee for East-West Accord, described Ioffe's article as a "scurrilous — and frankly hysterical — ad hominem attack on his work and character". Carden agreed with <mask>'s view that the US had failed to conduct a public debate prior to making a major shift in policy toward Russia to try to "isolate" and make it a "pariah state". <mask> participated in a Munk Debate in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in April 2015, on the proposal "Be it resolved the West should engage not isolate Russia." With Vladimir Posner, he argued in favor of engagement, while Anne Applebaum and Garry Kasparov argued against.<mask>'s side lost the debate, with 52% of the audience voting against the motion. In a July 2015 interview, <mask> said:Even Henry Kissinger—I think it was in March 2014 in The Washington Post—wrote this line: 'The demonization of Putin is not a policy. It's an alibi for not having a policy.' And then I wrote in reply to that: That's right, but it’s much worse than that, because it's also that the demonization of Putin is an obstacle to thinking rationally, having a rational discourse or debate about American national security. And it’s not just this catastrophe in Ukraine and the new Cold War; it's from there to Syria to Afghanistan, to the proliferation of nuclear weapons, to fighting global terrorism. The demonization of Putin excludes a partner in the Kremlin that the U.S. needs, no matter who sits there. In an interview with Tucker Carlson on May 17, 2017, <mask> said: "You and I have to ask a subversive question: are there really three branches of government, or is there a fourth branch of government — these intel services?"He stated that a military alliance that President Obama had tried to establish with Putin against terrorism was "sabotaged by the Department of Defense and its allies in the intelligence services". Each of Trump's efforts to "cooperate with Russia" was "thwarted [by] a new leak of a story". Ukraine crisis
In 2014, <mask> said that the crisis in Ukraine came about as a result of US actions, started by Bill Clinton and completed by George W. Bush, to expand NATO’s sphere of influence up to the borders of Russia, in breach of a promise the US made to Gorbachev when Germany was reunited. In relation to Russia’s annexation of Crimea, he said that "any Russian leader who has legitimacy at home would have had to do some version of what Putin is now doing. They'd push back". In a June 30, 2014 article in The Nation, <mask> said the US was complicit in creating the crisis in Ukraine due to its support for the overthrow of President Viktor Yanukovych. He criticized the US political-media establishment for being silent about "Kiev's atrocities" in the Donbass region which is heavily populated by Russian-speaking Ukrainians and ethnic Russians.He said there was considerable pressure from within Russian society for Putin to intervene militarily to protect Donbass and that Putin had exercised "remarkable restraint". <mask> called Ukraine "a country that has long been deeply divided by ethnic, linguistic, religious, cultural, economic and political differences". In 2014, <mask> disputed evidence that Russia shot down Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, an event that killed all 298 passengers and crew. He said the Ukrainian government had possession of Russian Buk surface-to-air missiles, and suggested the country "was playing with its new toys and made a big mistake." In a 2014 article in The Nation, <mask> wrote that "the US-picked prime minister, Arseniy Yatsenyuk, referred to resisters in the Southeast as 'subhumans'." Historian Timothy Snyder disagreed with <mask>'s statement, writing that Yatsenyuk, in a message of condolence to families of killed Ukrainian soldiers, described the attackers as "inhuman". Snyder suggested that the origin of <mask>'s statement was Russian media mistranslation of neliudy ("inhuman") as nedocheloveki ("subhuman").In a 2015 interview, <mask> stated that "this notion that this is all Putin’s aggression, or Russia’s aggression, is, if not 100-percent false, let us say, for the sake of being balanced and ecumenical, it's 50-percent false. And if Washington would admit that its narrative is 50-percent false, which means Russia's narrative is 50-percent correct, that's where negotiations begin and succeed." In 2017, <mask> said the events of 2014 in Ukraine had initiated a civil war in a country in which "one part tilts toward Russia and one part tilts toward the West". His views on Ukraine were criticized and described as pro-Putin and pro-Kremlin. <mask> rejected such labels. According to ThinkProgress, <mask>'s writings for The Nation helped lead to "[s]taffers at The Nation [...] openly revolting against the magazine's pro-Russian tilt." Affiliations
In 2015, a proposed deal with the Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies (ASEEES) for a fellowship that would bear <mask>'s name caused controversy and was initially revoked after objections from some ASEEES members.Following a special meeting in May 2015, the board of ASEEES explained that it voted in favor of accepting "the Cohen–Tucker Fellowship as named, should the gift be re-offered" and the establishment of the <mask>–Tucker fellowship programme was announced shortly afterwards. Also in 2015, <mask> with Gilbert Doctorow and others reestablished the American Committee for East–West Accord, which describes itself as a pro détente advocacy group. From 2015, <mask> was a member of the board of directors of the revived ACEWA. He appeared regularly on RT (formerly known as Russia Today). Personal life and death
<mask> had a son and a daughter from his first marriage in 1962 to opera singer Lynn Blair, whom he later divorced. In 1988, <mask> married political journalist and magazine publisher Katrina vanden Heuvel, daughter of Jean Stein and William vanden Heuvel; the couple had a daughter. <mask> died from lung cancer on September 18, 2020, at his home in New York City, at the age of 81.Bibliography

Books
 War with Russia? From Putin and Ukraine to Trump and Russiagate. Pub. 2019 (released November 27, 2018) by Skyhorse Publishing. Soviet Fates and Lost Alternatives: From Stalinism to the New Cold War. Pub. 2011 by Columbia University Press [with a new epilogue].Soviet Fates and Lost Alternatives: From Stalinism to the New Cold War. Pub. 2009 by Columbia University Press. The Victims Return: Survivors of the Gulag After Stalin. Pub. 2011 by I. B. Tauris
 Failed Crusade: America and the Tragedy of Post-Communist Russia. .Updated edition Pub. 2000 by W. W. Norton & Company. Voices of Glasnost: Interviews With Gorbachev's Reformers. Pub. 1989 by W. W. Norton & Company. Sovieticus: American Perceptions and Soviet Realities. Pub.1986 by W. W. Norton & Co. Rethinking the Soviet Experience: Politics and History Since 1917. Pub. 1985 by Oxford University Press. An End to Silence: Uncensored Opinion in the Soviet Union, from Roy Medvedev's Underground Magazine "Political Diary". Pub. 1982 Norton.Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography, 1888–1938. . Pub. 1980 by Oxford University Press. First edition was OUP 1971. Essays and articles
 "The Friends and Foes of Change: Reformism and Conservatism in the Soviet Union" in: Alexander Dallin/Gail W. Lapidus (eds. ): The Soviet System: From Crisis to Collapse. Westview Press, Boulder/San Francisco/Oxford 2005
 "Stalinism and Bolshevism" in: Robert C. Tucker (ed. ): Stalinism: Essays in Historical Interpretation, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1977.References

Further reading
 <mask>, Thomas (Winter 1988/9). "Four Sovietologists: A Primer". National Interest No. 14, pp. 102–107. . On the ideas of  Zbigniew Brzezinski, <mask><mask> Jerry F. Hough, and Richard Pipes. Rabinowitch, Alexander. "<mask><mask> (1938–2020)."Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 22.2 (2021): 430-442. excerpt

External links

 <mask><mask> at The Nation

1938 births
2020 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers
Historians of Russia
People from Owensboro, Kentucky
Indiana University Bloomington alumni
New York University faculty
Columbia University alumni
Princeton University faculty
American magazine journalists
Russian studies scholars
The Nation (U.S. magazine) people
Writers from Indianapolis
Stein family (MCA)

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Stephen Frand Cohen
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<mask> (1734 – 30 March 1799) was an English land surveyor and engineer, who learnt his trade under John Smeaton and James Brindley, and went on to become one of the leading canal engineers of his generation. Biography
<mask> was born in Sowerby, West Riding of Yorkshire to Henry and <mask>. He was baptised on 15 November 1734, and was their sixth child of seven. His father worked as a combsmith, and the family lived in a house called Waterside or Wheatleyroyd, where he probably lived until he married Sarah Irwin on 26 December 1765. After a brief period in Norton in the Moors around 1772, <mask> and his family, which by now included two sons, returned to Sowerby, and stayed there until the 1790s. During the latter part of this period he lived in Waterside, but moved to Burnley for the final years of his life, to be closer to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, on which he was working. He died on 30 March 1799 at the White Lion Inn in Halifax, aged 64.Early career
Details of <mask>'s early life have not been found, but in 1761 he produced plans of an estate in Erringden, by which time he was a qualified land surveyor. He undertook a variety of tasks, which included measuring the stonework of Sowerby Church, so that the contractors who had built it could be paid the correct amount, and conducting a survey of the religious affiliations of families in Sowerby. Although its purpose is unknown, he surveyed part of the River Calder and produced a plan. The engineer John Smeaton had been working on the Calder and Hebble Navigation since 1759, working upstream from Wakefield. There is no direct evidence to connect the two men, but it seems likely that <mask> would have taken an interest in such a significant project, and that he learnt a great deal from watching Smeaton's methods. Smeaton was replaced by James Brindley as the engineer for the Calder and Hebble project in 1765, and again there is no direct evidence to link the two men at this stage, but plans for the Huddersfield Broad Canal, produced for Sir John Ramsden in 1766, are variously attributed either to Brindley or to <mask>, and by 1767, <mask> had become the chief surveyor and draughtsman within Brindley's organisation. There are a number of cases where Brindley was able to obtain commissions for survey work because of his reputation, but the work was then delegated to <mask> to carry out.During this period he produced plans for the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal's Birmingham to Aldersley Junction route, the canal from Coventry to Fradley Heath on the Trent and Mersey Canal, the Droitwich Barge Canal and the Oxford Canal. He also attended Parliament to assist Brindley during the 1767–68 session. His next projects were farther afield, as he went to Ireland to assess proposals for the Lagan Canal, and then to County Durham to produce plans and reports for a proposed canal to link Winston to Stockton-on-Tees. Nearly a year later, he collaborated with Brindley on the production of an estimate for the cost of the scheme. He assessed John Longbotham's plans for the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, and a year later reviewed plans for a more southern route for that canal, which was rejected when he pointed out flaws in the levels used for the route. After advising on a scheme for a canal from Leeds to Selby, he spent three months in Devon, surveying possible routes for a ship canal to link Exeter to the Bristol Channel. Next he made a survey for the Andover Canal in 1770, and then joined Brindley in London, to advise on improvements to the River Thames.The joint report, suggesting that the river channel be bypassed from Isleworth in West London to Monkey Island near Bray, Berkshire, was supported by a  long plan, drawn by <mask>. He then surveyed a second bypass, from Monkey Island to Reading, and gave evidence in Parliament to support a bill for its construction, which was eventually defeated. Recognition by his peers occurred in 1771, when they voted to admit him to the newly formed Society of Civil Engineers, later renamed the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers after its founder, John Smeaton. Wider public recognition occurred when the editor of the Gentleman's Magazine approached him for information and plans to support a series of articles about proposed canals and those being constructed. He assisted in this way between 1771 and 1774. He continued to produce plans and reports, which covered the River Trent at Newark in collaboration with John Grundy, Jr., the Lancaster Canal to Kendal in the Lake District, and the Chelmer and Blackwater Navigation in Essex. A plan to bypass the lower Lee Navigation by the construction of a canal from Waltham Abbey to Moorfields, close to the City of London, with a branch to Marylebone, provided an opportunity for him to show how his canals could be integrated into a wider urban landscape.Canal engineering
In 1774, <mask> and Thomas Yeoman were asked to report on improvements to the River Thames between London and Staines. The report was produced in June 1774, after which <mask> became Surveyor to the Navigation Committee, a post which he held until 1784. Initially, he received £250 per year, although this was reduced to £100 in 1780, as the amount of work required of him reduced. Through much of this period, he continued to act as a consultant, assessing plans and producing reports. In 1777, he reported on the Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal, and between 1779 and 1780, on a possible route to extend the Stort Navigation from Bishop's Stortford to Cambridge. Also in 1779, he reported on the completion of the Oxford Canal between Oxford and Banbury. In 1782 there were rival schemes for a link between the River Severn and the River Thames.Following a review of them, he found in favour of the extension of the Stroudwater Navigation to Lechlade, on the basis that it was more fully planned than the alternative to Tewkesbury. He gave evidence in Parliament in support of the bill for what became the Thames and Severn Canal, and although he did not act as engineer for the project, he probably recommended Josiah Clowes for the post, and later assisted him with the most difficult part of the engineering, which was the setting out and production of profiles for Sapperton Tunnel. He went on to act as Chief Engineer for the extension of the Forth and Clyde Canal between 1785 and 1791, and as Engineer for the Leeds and Liverpool Canal Gargrave to Accrington section between 1790 and 1799. Again, his duties were reduced from 1795, as was his salary, and he was involved with a number of other canal schemes, including the Ashby Canal, the Wilts and Berks Canal, the Dearne and Dove Canal, and the Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal. His sons <mask> and William both worked on canal projects, and were assisted by their father. Bibliography

References

English civil engineers
English canal engineers
1734 births
1799 deaths
People from Sowerby Bridge
Engineers from Yorkshire

masks:
Robert Whitworth
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<mask> (born April 13, 1961) is an American fugitive wanted for allegedly killing his family and blowing up the house in which they lived in Scottsdale, Arizona, on April 10, 2001. <mask> served in the United States Navy and later worked as a firefighter and in the medical field. He married <mask> in 1987, and they had two children, Bobby and Brittney. The <mask>s had a difficult family life. <mask> was described as displaying cruel and controlling conduct towards his family, and on many occasions was reported to have exhibited disturbing and violent behavior. He was unfaithful to his wife at least once. His own parents had divorced when <mask> was 15, and this was believed to have played a role in the difficulties that he later experienced.On April 10, 2001, the family's home exploded. Inside, <mask>'s wife and two children were found dead. Their throats had been slit and Mary had been shot in the back of her head. <mask>, along with Mary's car, was absent. Police named him as their only suspect in the killings. On April 20, Mary's car was discovered in a forest near Payson, Arizona. <mask>'s ultimate fate is unknown.On June 29, 2002, he was named by the FBI as the 475th fugitive to be placed on its Ten Most Wanted list. On November 3, 2021, <mask> was removed from the FBI's Most Wanted Fugitives List. Despite his removal from the Top Ten List, <mask> remains a wanted fugitive. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on April 13, 1961, in Brooklyn, New York. His father was <mask>, a banker, and his mother was Jan Howell. He has two sisters with whom he attended Sahuaro High School in Tucson, Arizona. His parents divorced in 1976, when <mask> was 15; after this, he and his sisters went to live with their father.According to friends and relatives, the divorce was turbulent and had long-lasting effects on him. A friend from high school stated he was "very bitter" about it. <mask> reportedly spoke of his parents' separation with co-workers at Mayo Clinic Hospital close to the time of the murders and once confided to an associate that his life would have been different had Jan not left the family. Adult life
<mask> enlisted in the United States Navy and attempted to become part of the SEALs, but was not successful. He was an avid outdoorsman, hunter, and fisherman. <mask> worked as a firefighter in California but was forced to retire after a back injury. He then moved his family to Arizona and embarked on a career in the medical field.He worked as a surgical catheter technician, and respiratory therapist. <mask> was a surgical technician at a Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale at the time of the murders. <mask> married Mary Cooper in 1987. He was described as a cruel and distant control freak toward his family. He and his wife fought about sex and money, with Mary taking a job that she told friends was a "security fund." <mask> once turned a garden hose on Mary after he perceived her to have spoken out of turn. <mask> was embarrassed that his son Bobby did not like to hunt or fish, and once tried to teach him and daughter Brittney how to swim by throwing them off a boat.Hunting partner Sandy Gillespie said, "They were crying, and Brittney was screaming, and he pulled them back in the boat and he said, 'Now there, how's that?'" <mask> would not allow the walls in the house to be painted anything other than white, and only a small number of pictures were allowed on the wall. "Several times her mother had made special things, like quilts," Mary's friend, Kimberly Sue Davidson, told police. "She was not allowed to hang them up. She had to store them in the closet. And then he would continually tell her, isn't it time you got rid of this stuff?" <mask> nonetheless tried to hold on to an image as a devoted family man.Mary's mother, Ginny Cooper, told investigators, "<mask> didn't socialize often with family because of a fear of getting too close to people and losing them." <mask>'s mother Jan told investigators that she had been a "yes-sir" wife who did not stand up to <mask>'s father. She added that she saw similar dynamics early in <mask>'s marriage to Mary and that she had spoken to her about her concerns. A close friend of his stated that his family bore a striking resemblance to that of his childhood. <mask> had been an outdoorsman and a hunter since he was a young adult. Friends noticed him exhibiting disturbing behavior on hunting trips and other outdoor activities. In one case, after killing an elk, he began smearing its blood on his face.On at least one occasion, he sneaked up behind a family that was picnicking and emptied his gun into the air. Several years before his wife and children died, <mask> shot a stray pit bull. He claimed that he shot it because it attacked his labrador retriever, but police maintained that he orchestrated the encounter because he wanted to shoot the dog. <mask> had been an active participant in the Scottsdale Baptist Church's men's ministry, but (in contrast to Mary) had begun to withdraw from these activities a few months prior to the murders. In 1998, the <mask>s went to the senior pastor for marital counseling. <mask> told coworkers about a one-night affair with a prostitute he met in a massage parlor. He fretted that Mary would find out that it was the cause of a urinary tract infection that left him ill for several days in December 2000.According to some of <mask>'s friends, <mask> spoke of committing suicide in around 1998 when he despaired over the condition of his marriage. "They did not have a happy marriage," said Wade Rencsok, a former neighbor. "They screamed constantly. Everybody heard it. You could hear it in the house next door, and you never really heard him scream, which is kind of weird. I mean he had a way about him, but you never heard him scream. You always heard his wife screaming.Things like, 'You're worthless. I could have done better than you. We should get a divorce.'" <mask> told a hunting companion that he was renewing his commitment to his faith and marriage because he "could not live without his family", possibly hinting that he would consider suicide over divorce. According to psychologists, an intense fear of loss is not unusual among individuals who were traumatized by a divorce in adolescence. Mary told several friends that she was going to divorce <mask> in the weeks before her murder. Triple homicide and arson
A neighbor reported hearing a loud argument coming from inside the <mask> home at 10pm on April 9, 2001, approximately ten hours before it exploded into flames.Police theorized that the murders took place between 9:30pm and 10:15pm. At 10:43pm, <mask> was spotted on an ATM camera, where he withdrew $280. Mary's Toyota 4Runner was in the background. It is possible that <mask> later returned to the house to commit the murders, but police believe that they had already taken place by then because he was using Mary's car. <mask> was shot in the back of the head, and Brittney and Bobby's throats were slashed from ear to ear. At 8:42am, the house exploded. Firefighters were immediately alerted to the explosion, which was strong enough to collapse the front brick wall and rattle the frames of neighboring houses for  in all directions.Before firefighters arrived, neighbors used garden hoses to try to keep the flames under control. Firefighters kept the  blaze from spreading to other houses. A series of smaller secondary explosions, believed to be caused by either rifle ammunition or paint cans, forced them to keep their distance. One suffered minor injuries to his leg when he lost his balance and fell near the blaze. The gas line from the back of the house's furnace had been pulled. The accumulating gas was later ignited by a candle that <mask> had allegedly lit, waiting for the gas to accumulate and descend to the flame hours after being lit. This delayed fuse would have given him an approximate ten-hour head start in his successful attempt to evade law enforcement.<mask>'s decision to have the house explode is believed to have been an attempt to conceal evidence of his crimes and possibly to cause police to believe that he had died. The burned bodies of a woman and two children were found lying in bed in the burned-out remains. They were identified as Mary (age 38), Brittney (age 12), and Bobby (age 10). Investigators theorized that <mask> murdered his family because he felt threatened by Mary's intention to divorce him, and did not want Brittney and Bobby to go through what he did as a child. Investigation

<mask>, who disappeared at the time of the murders, was named as an official (and to date, the only) person of interest in the case on April 14, 2001, when Arizona Department of Public Safety officers were instructed in a statewide bulletin to arrest him. On April 20, the last physical evidence of his whereabouts surfaced when police found Mary's Toyota 4Runner in Tonto National Forest, near the towns of Young and Payson, Arizona, one hundred miles north of Scottsdale. The family dog Blue was found outside the car.It had taken shelter beneath the car and was in a hungry and agitated state. An Oakland Raiders hat identical to the one that <mask> was seen wearing in the ATM footage was inside the vehicle. A pile of human excrement was found near the passenger door. Although police searched the area immediately around where the vehicle was discovered, they only searched one out of dozens of nearby caves. Some of these caves form a complex underground network, spanning out for miles beneath the surface. Several professional cavers have suggested that <mask> used them as a hiding place before either escaping, killing himself, or dying from low oxygen levels. Professional cavers have visited these caves many times in the years since the murders, but no sign of <mask> has ever emerged.The Toyota was discovered less than a mile from the Fort Apache Indian Reservation, an area which police never searched. A couple reported seeing a man resembling <mask> walking along the nearby Young Road several days before the discovery of the car. According to them, when the woman saw him, she said to her husband, "That looks like <mask>." However, they waited until after the vehicle was found to report the tip. Lori Greenbeck, an acquaintance of the <mask> family, said that her husband had gone camping with <mask> in the area where the truck was found shortly before April 10. She said that her husband believed that <mask> was scouting the area. According to her, he was very familiar with the region.On July 19, a state arrest warrant was issued in Phoenix, charging <mask> with three counts of first-degree murder and one count of arson. Subsequently, he was declared a fugitive and a federal arrest warrant was issued by the United States District Court for the District of Arizona, charging him with unlawful flight to avoid prosecution. On June 29, 2002, <mask> was named by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as the 475th fugitive to be placed on its Ten Most Wanted list. He was also on America's Most Wanteds "Dirty Dozen", the list of its most notorious fugitives, and was profiled on The Hunt with John Walsh. The FBI offers a reward of up to $100,000 for information leading to <mask>'s capture. By April 2003, the FBI had received "hundreds and hundreds of leads." However, all reported sightings of <mask> have been either inconclusive or false.In the years immediately following <mask>'s disappearance, some people living in his old neighborhood reported seeing a man resembling him driving in the area. In February 2004, an individual with a striking physical resemblance to <mask> was arrested in Vancouver, Canada, by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. The man had a missing tooth where <mask> had a gold bicuspid as well as a surgical scar on his back, also like <mask>. However, his fingerprints did not match. He was held by Canadian police for approximately one week until a relative correctly identified him. Responding to speculation that his fingerprints had been altered, Scottsdale Detective John Kirkham said that there was no scarring on them to suggest this. The man's identity was not released.The FBI alerted local law enforcement in 2012 that <mask> may be living in the Payson area in Gila County, Arizona. In October 2014, police raided a house in Commerce City, Colorado, after receiving a tip that he was hiding there. Despite arresting two occupants, they did not find any sign of him. In April 2016, FBI officials and Scottsdale police displayed new age-enhanced photos of <mask> during a news conference on the fifteenth anniversary of the murders. On November 3, 2021, <mask> was removed from the FBI Top 10 Most Wanted List. He was replaced by Yulan Adonay Archaga Carias, the alleged leader of MS-13 in Honduras, and the 526th addition to the Top Ten List. "Because the extensive publicity <mask>’s case received during its nearly 20 years on the list has not resulted in his successful location and/or capture, the case no longer fulfills that requirement," the FBI said.Despite his removal from the Top Ten List, <mask> remains a wanted fugitive. <mask> is considered armed and extremely dangerous and has ties to Florida and New Mexico. The case has attracted significant attention, and numerous theories have spawned about what ultimately happened to him. Due in part to factors such as the length of time that has gone by since his disappearance, the small amount of money that <mask> is believed to have had with him, and the fact that he had spoken of ending his life before, there has been speculation that he committed suicide or died, probably in the wilderness where Mary's car was discovered, and that the body was never found. Others disagree and maintain that he most likely survived. It is thought that he may have started a new life under an assumed identity. If <mask> did survive, it is thought possible that he hitchhiked out of the area or had aid from an accomplice.One possibility that has been spoken of is that he died after years as a fugitive but his remains were not identified. There is a theory that <mask> may have used his survival skills to continue living in the wooded area near Payson, although police and survival experts are skeptical due to the difficulty of finding food and shelter in that environment. "He could be living in a small town, where he gets paid cash and he works as a handyman," said Detective John Heinzelman. "Or he could be in a big city and blend in." It was postulated that <mask> may have crossed the southern United States border; a hostile encounter occurred in Guatemala in 2009 between tourists and a man said to resemble <mask>. FBI agent Bob Caldwell's sense of his personality and habits is that he is "arrogant. He's cocky.He's a know-it-all...and a loner." <mask> has been known to chew tobacco and favors the Copenhagen brand, sometimes walks in an odd, erect manner with his chest out due to a back problem stemming from the injury that he suffered as a firefighter, and is an avid hunter and fisherman. "Maybe this is the best we have, knowing he did it, and never finding him again," said Heintzelman. In popular culture
<mask> was the subject of a documentary titled Where Is <mask>?, released in 2011. It relied heavily on interviews with journalists and detectives, and also featured interviews with his sister and one of his neighbors. The documentary included home footage of <mask> taken by Mary, which was described as eerie and disturbing. See also
 List of fugitives from justice who disappeared

References

External links
 <mask>'s FBI Top 10 Most Wanted Fugitive Alert
 <mask>'s profile on America's Most Wanted

1961 births
2001 murders in the United States
20th-century Baptists
21st-century American criminals
American arsonists
American male criminals
American murderers
American murderers of children
Baptists from Arizona
Baptists from New York (state)
Crime in Arizona
Criminals from Arizona
Criminals from Brooklyn
Criminals from New York City
Criminals from New York (state)
Familicides
Filicides in the United States
FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives
Fugitives wanted by the United States
Fugitives wanted on murder charges
Living people
Male murderers

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<mask> (born March 3, 1968) is an American left-handed former relief pitcher in Major League Baseball, who had an 11-year career from – and –. <mask> is also the lead singer of the punk rock band Pulley, former lead singer of the bands Scared Straight and Ten Foot Pole and co-owner of the skate park which houses the Skateboarding Hall of Fame. Radinsky finished his playing career with a 42–25 record, a 3.44 ERA, and 358 strikeouts in  innings pitched. Radinsky also only gave up 33 home runs throughout his career, an average of 1 every 14.5 innings. He won the 1995 Tony Conigliaro Award. Early and personal life
<mask> was born in Glendale, California, later lived in Simi Valley, California, and is Jewish. His parents were Marshall L<mask> (from West Virginia) and Barbara (Kornetsky<mask> (from Boston).He graduated from Simi Valley High School, for whom he played baseball, in Simi Valley, in 1986. In his senior year in high school, he was 14-1 with an ERA of 0.72, and had 180 strikeouts in 100.1 innings. Baseball career
<mask> was originally drafted by the Chicago White Sox at the age of 18 in the third round in 1986 out of Simi Valley High School. Minor leagues
<mask> pitched in the minor leagues from 1986–1989, and parts of later years. In 1989, he had 31 saves, a 1.75 ERA, and averaged 5.7 hits allowed and 12.1 strikeouts per 9 innings pitched as he was voted a Midwest League All Star. Chicago White Sox
He made his major league debut for the White Sox on April 9, 1990, retiring the one batter he faced (Greg Brock of the Milwaukee Brewers) on a pop up to short. He was the first pitcher in six years—since Dwight Gooden—to go straight from Single A to the Major Leagues.He picked up the win with  innings of relief the following day. He was unconventional; he blasted punk music in the clubhouse, rode his bicycle to and from Comiskey Park, was a fan favorite, and was known as his teammates as "Rad." He told a sportswriter: " I love the five minutes I'm actually in the game. Those five minutes are why I come to the ballpark and put up with the writers, the dress code, the team meetings, the authority of the dugout, the major corporation that is baseball." In 1990, he posted a record of 6–1 with four saves in his rookie season. From that point through 1993, he was a fixture in a White Sox bullpen that also included hardthrowing Bobby Thigpen and Roberto Hernández. In 1991, Radinsky enjoyed his finest year with the White Sox, going 5–5 with 8 saves and a 2.02 ERA.He was 10th in the league with 67 appearances. He held batters to a .116 batting average with runners in scoring position. In 1992, he was seventh in the AL, pitching in 68 games, and had a 2.73 ERA and a career-high 15 saves. In 1993, he was second in the league, pitching in 73 games, and won a career-high eight games while saving four. During the 1993–94 off-season, he was diagnosed with Hodgkin's Disease, a type of lymphoma. The treatment for the disease forced Radinsky to miss the entire 1994 baseball season. He remembered:

Oh, it sucks to have a doctor tell you that you have cancer, but in the same breath, he told me that with aggressive treatment they can treat this particular disease.Thank God I didn't have Internet back then, so I couldn't get all wrapped up in it. I didn't have access to see how bad it could be. They told me I had to go through six months of this and five weeks of that, and that's all I really looked at: the end. He underwent surgery at Sarasota Memorial Hospital, and months of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. During spring training in 1994 his White Sox teammates wore a patch of <mask>'s # 31 on their jersey. In his 1995 return to the White Sox, his ERA ballooned to 5.45, prompting the White Sox to release him after the season. In December 1995 <mask> was honored with the Tony Conigliaro Award.Los Angeles Dodgers
His release from the Sox paved the way for his return home to Southern California to play for the Los Angeles Dodgers, with whom he signed as a free agent in January 1996. He enjoyed three excellent years (1996–98) in Los Angeles, with his ERA never exceeding 2.89. Out of the bullpen, he worked as a set-up pitcher for Todd Worrell and Jeff Shaw, the Dodgers' closers. Radinsky's home-town status, excellent on-the-field performance, blue collar attitude, and at times fiery personality made him an instant fan favorite in Los Angeles. For the 1996 season, he was 5-1 with a 2.41 ERA. In 1997, he pitched in a career-high 75 games, 7th in the NL, and was 5-1 with a 2.89 ERA. However, after the 1998 season, in which he was 6-6 with 13 saves and a 2.63 ERA, the Dodgers and Radinsky decided to cut ties.St. Louis Cardinals
He went on to play for the St. Louis Cardinals, with whom he signed as a free agent in November 1998. He was in 43 games in 1999, with a 4.88 ERA. Cleveland Indians
He then pitched for the Cleveland Indians, with whom he signed as a free agent in January 2001. He injured his pitching elbow in his first game with the Indians, requiring Tommy John surgery. After rehabilitating the elbow, he then returned to make two major league appearances in 2001 before retiring. He played his final major league game for the Indians on October 5, 2001, at 34 years of age. Coaching career
<mask> rejoined the Cleveland Indians organization in 2005 as a pitching coach for the South Atlantic League's Lake County Captains.He held the same post in 2006 with the Double-A Akron Aeros. In 2007, he was promoted by the  Indians to serve as the pitching coach for the Buffalo Bisons. in 2009 he was the coach of the Columbus Clippers for the third straight season. On November 16, 2009, <mask> was named as bullpen coach for the Indians major league club for the 2010 season. On October 14, 2011, it was announced that <mask> would be promoted to pitching coach for the Indians for the 2012 season, to replace Tim Belcher who stepped down at season's end to spend more time with his family. On August 9, 2012, the Indians fired Radinsky and replaced him with Ruben Niebla, from their Triple-A affiliate, the Columbus Clippers, on an interim basis. On January 23, 2013, <mask> was hired as the Pitching Coach for the Ogden Raptors, a Rookie Level affiliate of the Los Angeles Dodgers, playing in the Pioneer League.He was promoted to pitching coach for the AA Chattanooga Lookouts in 2014, and again in 2015 to pitching coach for the AAA Oklahoma City Dodgers. He became the bullpen coach for the Los Angeles Angels in 2016. A position he held through the 2018 season. Music career

Besides baseball, <mask>'s other passion is punk rock. A fixture in the 1980s "Nardcore" (Oxnard, California hardcore) scene, he sang for Scared Straight, which recorded an LP ("You Drink, You Drive, You Die") and several compilation cuts for Mystic Records. The band later changed their name to Ten Foot Pole and after recording two albums, in 1995 parted ways with Radinsky, due to his time-consuming baseball career. Since 1994, <mask> has been the lead vocalist for the punk rock band Pulley, which has toured three continents and opened for bands such as Green Day.In 2017, he was featured in Baseball Punx, a documentary exploring the intersection between baseball and punk rock. Describing his life mixing both baseball and punk, he noted: "I don't think some of the guys [in Pulley] realized that I was on an eight-month tour [playing and coaching baseball] every day from February until October, and then I'd come home and a couple of weeks later we'd go out on a three-week European tour playing a gig every single day." Discography

with Scared Straight
Nardcore Compilation LP (Mystic Records, 1984)
Party Animal - We got Power II Compilation LP (Mystic Records, 1984)
Mystic Super Seven Sampler No. 1 Compilation 7" (Mystic Records, 1985)
Born to be Wild" 7 (Mystic Records, 1985)
You Drink, You Drive, You Die LP (Mystic Records, 1988)

with Ten Foot Pole
Swill (Ten Foot Records, 1993)
Rev (Epitaph Records, 1994)
Ten Foot Pole & Satanic Surfers Split EP (Bad Taste Records, 1995)

with Pulley
Esteem Driven Engine (Epitaph Records, 1996)
60 Cycle Hum (Epitaph Records, 1997)
@#! * (Epitaph Records, 1999)
Together Again for the First Time (Epitaph Records, 2001)
Matters (Epitaph Records, 2004)
The Slackers/Pulley Split (Do Tell Records, 2004)
Beyond Warped: Live Music Series (Immergent Records, 2005)
Time-Insensitive Material (Whens Lunch Records, 2009)
The Long And The Short Of It (Whens Lunch Records, 2011)
No Change in the Weather (Cyber Tracks, 2016)

Skateboard park
Radinsky was the owner of Skatelab in Simi Valley, California from its opening in 1997 until its closure in January 2019. The skatepark also housed a very comprehensive skateboarding museum displaying pieces from all eras of skateboarding, including many rare and collectible skateboards, and the Skateboarding Hall of Fame. See also

List of select Jewish baseball players

References

External links

Jewish Major League career leaders
"Punk With A Nasty Delivery:  Dodgers reliever <mask> Radinsky throws smoke and sings music that burns," 7/28/97
"Bisons pitching coach <mask> Radinsky is also a punk rocker and a cancer survivor," 8/16/07
"Prospectus Q&A; Scott Radinsky" 11/11/07
Baseball Almanac

1968 births
Living people
Akron Aeros players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American punk rock singers
Baseball players from California
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Calgary Cannons players
Chicago White Sox players
Cleveland Indians coaches
Cleveland Indians players
Gulf Coast White Sox players
Jewish American baseball coaches
Jewish American baseball players
Jewish Major League Baseball players
Los Angeles Angels coaches
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball bullpen coaches
Major League Baseball pitchers
Minor league baseball coaches
Peninsula White Sox players
People from Simi Valley, California
San Bernardino Stampede players
South Bend White Sox players
Sportspeople from Glendale, California
Sportspeople from Ventura County, California
Musicians from Ventura County, California
St. Louis Cardinals players
21st-century American Jews

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