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<mask> also <mask> (c. 1820 – February 6, 1892) was an African American master craftsman who worked at the foundries of self-taught sculptor Clark Mills, where historical monuments such as the 1853 equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson in Lafayette Square, near the White House in Washington, D.C., the 1860 equestrian statue of George Washington  in Washington Circle, and the 1863 Statue of Freedom  in Washington D.C., were created. He was born in c. 1820 into slavery in South Carolina's historic city of Charleston and was emancipated on April 16, 1862, under the District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act After his emancipation, he assisted Mills in installing the Statue of Freedom atop the United States Capitol, which was completed on December 2, 1863. <mask> began working as an enslaved apprentice to Mills in 1842, as a young man in his twenties, who was already recognized for his talents in the foundry industry. In the 1860s, after having worked at the foundry for almost two decades, <mask>'s skills in working with bronze casting were recognized. In 1928, Tennessee Representative, Finis J. Garrett presented a paper honoring <mask> for his "faithful service and genius", and describing the key role he had played in casting the statue of Freedom, that is now part of the Congressional Record. A memorial plaque honoring <mask> was unveiled on April 16, 2014—the 152nd anniversary of Emancipation in Washington, D.C.—in the National Harmony Memorial Park in Hyattsville, Maryland. It reads, "<mask> The slave who built the Statue of Freedom atop the U.S. Capitol died a free man on February 6, 1892 and is buried here..." In 2013, he was described by the Architect of the Capitol as the "single best known enslaved person associated with the Capitol’s construction history".<mask>—who was an enslaved African American from South Carolina—was born in c. 1820, and became enslaved to Mills when <mask> was about 22-years-old, according to the 1864 petition made by Mills for compensation, after slavery had been abolished. <mask> remained in Mills' employ as an enslaved laborer for over twenty years, and was finally emancipated in 1863. Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson in Washington, D.C. (1853)

In 1848, the Jackson Monument Committee commissioned Mills, a self-taught sculptor to create the equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson which is now in Lafayette Square, near the White House in Washington, D.C.

Mills moved to Washington after winning the competition and brought <mask> and his other workmen with him. They erected a temporary foundry south of the White House. According to James M. Goode, Mills with the assistance of his apprentice, <mask> and laborers, produced six castings of the equestrian statue. In 1852 the casting was complete. The Architect of the Capitol  said that they had produced "first bronze statue ever cast in America" through "trial and error".This "accomplishment was extraordinary due to the absence of any formal training of any of the participants." It has been described as the first equestrian statue made in America, and possibly the first equestrian statue of a horse rearing on two legs in which no additional support was added. Equestrian statue of George Washington in the Washington Circle (1860)

The $60, 000 equestrian statue was executed by Mills in his studio and foundry. The statue was dedicated in 1860, by then President James Buchanan. The Statue of Freedom (1863)
Commissioned in 1855, the initial full-size plaster model of Freedom was completed by American sculptor Thomas Crawford in his studio in Rome, Italy. He died suddenly in 1857. A plaster model was cast and divided into five main sections for transport in separate crates.Crawford's widow shipped the model to Washington where it was to be cast into bronze. The crates arrived in late March 1859. An Italian craftsman assembled the five sections and it was put on display in the Old Hall of the House, now National Statuary Hall. Largely because of the impact of the equestrian statues, in May 1860, Jefferson Davis, then-Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce—who was responsible for public works including the expansion of the U.S. Capitol—awarded the contract to cast Crawford's Freedom  statue to Mills. The fragile full-scale plaster model, needed to be separated again into its five main sections to move it from the old House Chamber to Mills' foundry for casting. According to Mills' son Fisk, the Italian artisan refused to dismantle it until he got a major raise and a long-term contract. He had covered the seams of the sections with a layer of plaster that made them impossible to detect.He thought he was the only one capable of separating the delicate sections without harming them. <mask> was able to find the seams by the ingenious use of an iron ring attached to the head of the figure and a block and tackle. He gently lifted the huge plaster model enough to crack the seals at the seams so he could reach the bolts inside. The statue was successfully separated into its five sections and carefully transported to Mills' Foundry. Mills and his workmen began casting the statue in June 1860 at Mills Foundry—a large octagon-shaped studio and foundry on Bladensburg Road, Maryland. The government rented the foundry for $400 a month and supplied the materials, fuel and labor to cast the statue. Because of this arrangement, the names of the craftsmen and laborers were recorded each day in Mills' monthly report.<mask> was listed as a "laborer". There is no evidence that any of other men listed as laborers were black or enslaved. Mills received the government payment for <mask>'s work, which amounted to $1.25 a day, with the exception of Sundays, when <mask> was paid directly. The other workmen were paid $1 a day. Only <mask> was paid directly by the government for working on 33 Sundays. The work on Freedom continued against the backdrop of the American Civil War (1861–1865). On December 2, 1863, the "final piece of the iconic Statue of Freedom" was installed "atop the new Capitol Dome" amid great celebration and a 35-gun salute.After emancipation

On April 16, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed the District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act District slave owners, like Mills, were allowed to petition for compensation. Mills petitioned for compensation for eleven slaves, including <mask>. His description of <mask> that he submitted with the Petition said that <mask> was "aged 42 years, mullatto [sic] color, short in statue, in good health, not prepossessing in appearance but smart in mind, a good workman in a foundry…" Mills had claimed $1,500 for <mask>, explaining that he had paid $1,200 for <mask> in 1842 in Charleston, South Carolina. Mills said, that although <mask> was a youth at that time,  he had already demonstrated "evident talent for the business in which [Mills] was engaged"—his steel foundry. Mills asked $1500 for <mask>, but received only $350.40. The 38th Congress (1863–1865) convened five days after Freedom had been installed, to "face and settle the most important questions of the century", and "passed the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which—when adopted by the states—abolished slavery and involuntary servitude. Following his emancipation, he changed the spelling of his name to "Reed"—which is reflected in Census and city records—instead of "<mask>", which was the spelling used by Mills since 1842.According to Smolenyak's 2009 article in The Federal City,  by 1865, <mask> had his own business and was "highly esteemed by all who [knew] him." The article also cited the 1870 Census, which said that <mask> and his wife Jane—whom he had married in June 1862— had a two-year-old son. According to Smolenyak, in 1880, Reed's wife, who worked as a laundress, was listed as Mary P.

Reviews of <mask>'s contributions

In 1863, with the Statue of Freedom newly installed on the Capital, a newspaper correspondent wrote,  "The black master-builder lifted the ponderous uncouth masses and bolted them together, joint by joint, piece by piece, till they blended into the majestic 'Freedom'.... Was there a prophecy in that moment when the slave became the artist and with rare poetic justice, reconstructed the beautiful symbol of freedom for America?" The Senate Historical Office reprinted these words in their tribute to <mask>—"<mask> and the Statue of Freedom"—which is part of their series, The Civil War: The Senate's Story. During the 70th United States Congress in 1928, Tennessee Representative, Finis J. Garrett, submitted a paper by William A. Cox, describing <mask> as an "an intelligent negro", a "mulatto", whose "faithful service and genius" led to the "successful taking apart and handling" of the Freedom statue. The 1928 Congressional Record Cox's description of <mask>'s role in constructing Freedom. Fox, who was a long-time admirer of the Statue of Freedom, said that it had arrived in pieces and was cast at the Clark Mill's Foundry near Bladensburg, Maryland, under the care, ironically, of a mulatto slave.The Architect of the Capitol described <mask> as the "single best known enslaved person associated with the Capitol’s construction history". National Harmony Memorial Park burial

The plaque honoring <mask> was unveiled the National Harmony Memorial Park in Hyattsville, Maryland, on April 16, 2014—the 152nd anniversary of Emancipation in Washington, D.C.. The plaque used the spelling "Reed", which he preferred and had chosen himself, after his emancipation in 1863, instead of "<mask>" which was chosen by Mills in 1842 when he enslaved him. Reed died on February 6, 1892 and was buried in the Graceland Cemetery in a "marked plot in clear view of the Statue of Freedom"—"his most notable achievement". His remains had been disinterred and reburied in Columbian Harmony Cemetery in 1895. According Smolenyak's documents, the D.C. government disenterred the remains of 37,000 people from the old Harmony Cemetery and transferred them to the new Harmony National Memorial Park in Maryland in 1959. The Park's offside historian could only show the general area where <mask> was buried "an empty acre of grass".The Park had attempted to reach <mask>'s descendants about the change and when no one responded they buried the remains without a headstone. Notes

References

Sources

 "List of Petitions." House of Representatives Executive Document No. 42. 38th Congress 1st Session,February 16, 1864. Dr. Eugene Walton, "<mask>: Slave Caster of Freedom", The Examiner, Washington, March 1, 2005
Dr. Eugene Walton, "<mask> And The Slaves Who Built The Capitol" Video (25 min. ), 2001
Dr. Eugene Walton, "<mask> and the Statue of Freedom", Social Education, September 1, 2005,    Published by Thomson Gale
Patrick Reynolds, "A Cartoon History of the District of Columbia", Red Rose Studio, October, 1995
National Council for the Social Studies, "Would the Statue of Freedom be Standing Without the Help of a Slave?"- Education News, September 12, 2005

 Final chapter

Further reading

External links
<mask> and the Statue of Freedom
<mask>: Slave Caster of Freedom
http://www.randallrobinson.com/debtexc.html
 1994-2005. The biography of <mask>

19th-century American slaves
Foundrymen
1820s births
1892 deaths
Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)
Burials at Columbian Harmony Cemetery
Burials at National Harmony Memorial Park

masks:
Philip Reed
Philip Reid
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Philip Reed
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Background Reid
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<mask> (born 2 May 1976) is a Brazilian lawyer, military officer and, since January 2019, Second Lady of Brazil. She's the second spouse of the current and 25th Vice President of Brazil, <mask>. Biography

Personal life
<mask> is carioca, daughter of lawyer Ivan Couto de Oliveira and the company administrator Alice Leandro Couto de Oliveira. She has two children from a previous relationship. Marriage
She met <mask> in the Army, while she was 1st Lieutenant. They engaged in a relationship and, after a year, they married on 11 October 2018, travelling to Penedo, Rio de Janeiro for their honeymoon. Career
Began her military career in the Army in 2010, reaching the office of 1st Lieutenant.After her marriage in 2018, she asked to leave and began a new journey in the Savings and Loan Association (Poupex), of the Army Secretariat of Finances. Besides that, she is Bachelor of Laws and acts in the professional area. She's trilingual in English and Spanish. Second Lady of Brazil

During the inauguration of President Jair Bolsonaro, she wear a blue dress as a tribute to the flag of Brazil made by stylist Vivian Kherlakian, with an estimated value of R$ 15,000 (US$ 3,623). She participated in an event hosted by the ambassadress of Gabon, Julie Pascale Moudoute-Bell, to raise funds for the Pestalozzi Association of Brasília, through the sell of many handmaid pieces of the African country. On 12 April 2019, she received, along with Vice President <mask> in the Itamaraty Palace, the visit of State of the Vice President of Argentina, Gabriela Michetti, where they talked about the fortification of the production of food from Mercosur to the world. In interview to Andréia Sadi, of GloboNews, on 22 May 2019, <mask> declared being an admirer of former First Lady of the United States, Michelle Obama, affirming that "her intelligence is very great".Questioned about one of her husband's statements saying that "abortion is about the woman", she affirmed that she agrees of the same thought and says it's the right of the woman "if she wants or doesn't want". She claimed an aspect in common with First Lady Michelle Bolsonaro: the social cause. The journalist asked what was the main problem of the country in her point of view, and <mask> answered:

<mask> travelled to Bahia's capital, Salvador, where she visited the historical center, the Sesc and Senac units, the neighbourhood of Pelourinho, and the Sister Dulce Memorial. She also met the work made by the Artisanal Training Center (CFA), kept by the Sesc of the region. On 5 November 2019, along with First Lady Michelle Bolsonaro, she was present in a charity tea organized by NGO Jardim das Borboletas, specialized in help people with epidermolysis bullosa. This rare disease is, according to the Ministry of Health, "a genetic and hereditary disease, which causes formation of blisters in the skin due to minor friction or trauma and it can manifests after birth. Due to the 11th BRICS summit in Brasília, <mask> attended a dinner with Vice President <mask> in one of the main halls of the Itamaraty Palace, in tribute to the Heads of State and their wives in the Brazilian capital, where they could appreciate the Citizen Child Orchestra.President Jair Bolsonaro, First Lady Michelle, Ministers and other members of Brazilian and foreign government and other authorities also attended the banquet. On 30 November 2019, alongside <mask>, Jair and Michelle Bolsonaro, the Second Lady attended a solenity to deliver swords to 414 cadets who conclude the fourth grade of AMAN, the Military Academy of Agulhas Negras, in Resende, Rio de Janeiro. In the rank of Aspirant, others could receive the sword of official, which were delivered to 11 cadets from five countries: Two from Angola, one from Guyana, one from Honduras, five from Namibia and two from Paraguay. Clean Hands, Healthy Life campaign
Second Lady <mask> launched the "Clean Hands, Healthy Life" campaign in April 2020, along with the Brazilian Culture Institute, with the goal of gather donations of hand sanitizers, soaps and paper towels to be distributed in Brasília, destinated to needy families who are in social isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Along with a voluntary team, <mask> delivered 4,000 kits of personal hygiene to needy communities of Itapoã and Sol Nascente, who live in vulnerable situation. In Jabiru's Palace, the Second Lady formalized the deliver of the donations. Official travel

Vatican
<mask> was part of the official government team to the Vatican, in Rome, on 11 October 2019, to attend the canonization of Sister Dulce, the first Brazilian Saint.The Brazilian delegation also counted with the presence of Vice Presidente <mask>, the President of the Chamber of Deputies, Rodrigo Maia, the President of the Federal Senate, Davi Alcolumbre, and the President of the Supreme Federal Court, Dias Toffoli, besides former President José Sarney and othem members. On 12 October, Day of Our Lady of Aparecida, she attended a Solemn Celebration dedicated to the patroness of Brazil, and in the tribute opera to the Brazilian saint entitled "Ave Dulce", in the Brazilian Embassy in Italy. On the following day, she attended the canonization of Sister Dulce in St. Peter's Square, welcomed by Pope Francis along with her husband. Style
Different from the presidential inauguration, the change in her appearance and way to dress was noticed and highly praised. The Second Lady has adopted a style considered classic, discreet and elegant, having chosen the Italian stylist Callíope Marcondes Ferraz to make her looks used in the everyday and in official cerimonies. Tributes
On 17 May 2019, she was honored by the Brazilian Culture Institute with the 2019 Highlight Woman Trophy and Celebrity Trophy. Controversies
<mask> was once mistaken with an universitary professor of the Amazonas State University, <mask> Gomes <mask>.Owner of an extense curriculum, the teacher received many calls causing "countless disturbance and inconvenients". With the size of the repercussion, the own University released an official note clarifying the mistake. References

External links

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1976 births
Living people
Second Ladies of Brazil
Spouses of Brazilian politicians
Brazilian lawyers

masks:
Ana Paula Leandro de Oliveira Mourão
Hamilton Mourão
Paula
General Mourão
Mourão
Mourão
Mourão
Paula
Paula
Mourão
Hamilton Mourão
Paula Mourão
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<mask> (November 25, 1912 – May 28, 1997) was an American newspaper publisher and owner of the largest chain of African-American oriented newspapers in the United States. Sengstacke was also a civil rights activist and worked for a strong black press, founding the National Newspaper Publishers Association in 1940, to unify and strengthen African-American owned papers. Sengstacke served seven terms as president of the association, which by the early 21st century had 200 members. A nephew of newspaper founder, <mask>, <mask> was Abbott's designated heir to take over the Chicago Defender, which he did after his uncle's death in 1940. Sengstacke also published the Michigan Chronicle in Detroit; the Tri-State Defender in Memphis, Tennessee; and acquired the Pittsburgh Courier in 1966, re–opening it the next year as the New Pittsburgh Courier. Sengstacke worked with President Franklin D. Roosevelt to have African-American reporters admitted to presidential press conferences. He pressed for opportunities in the United States Postal Service for African Americans.One of <mask>'s major political goals was to desegregate the armed forces. President <mask> supported this goal, naming Sengstacke to the commission he formed in 1948 to integrate the military. <mask> died in 1997 at age 84. In 2000, he was posthumously presented with the Presidential Citizens Medal by U.S. President Bill Clinton. Biography

Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born in Savannah, Georgia, to <mask> (called Alexander) <mask> and his wife Rosa Mae Davis on November 25, 1912. He was named for his paternal grandfather, <mask><mask>, a Congregationalist minister, teacher and publisher. The elder Sengstacke was the son of <mask>, a German sea captain, and his wife Tama Melrose, a former slave from West Africa whose freedom he purchased in Georgia.She died young after the birth of their daughter. <mask> returned to Germany, taking his mixed-race children for relatives to raise while he was on ships. Later, <mask> and his son returned to the US. Several years later, <mask><mask> was ordained as a Congregationalist minister. After settling in Woodville, now a neighborhood of Savannah, Georgia, he became a teacher to improve black education, and a publisher of two local newspapers, including the Woodville Times. <mask> had married the widow Flora Butler Abbott, a former slave from St. Simon's Island, Georgia. She had a year-old son Robert, whom he treated as his own.Robert Abbott took his stepfather's surname as his middle name. The Sengstackes also had seven children together, including Alexander; they were half-siblings to Robert Abbott. Beginning in 1905, when Abbott had settled in Chicago after getting a law degree, he founded and published The Chicago Defender. It rapidly achieved high circulation in the early 20th century as the African-American population expanded in Chicago and other northern cities by the Great Migration. It became known as the major Black newspaper of the country, and Abbott became a millionaire by 1918. When his nephew <mask>.H<mask> was young, Abbott noticed his interest and work on his father's newspaper, and designated him as Abbott's successor for the Chicago Defender.Young <mask> worked with his father Alexander on the Woodville Times, founded by his namesake grandfather. Abbott groomed <mask> to take over the Chicago Defender, paying for his nephew's education at Hampton Institute, his own alma mater and a historically black college. During the summers Sengstacke worked on the Defender, graduating from Hampton in 1934. Abbott also subsidized his nephew's additional studies at the Mergenthaler Linotype School, The Chicago School of Printing, Northwestern University, and Ohio State University. Abbott appointed <mask> as vice president and general manager of The Robert S. Abbott Publishing Company in 1936, after he had assisted as an aide. In 1939 Sengstacke married Myrtle Elizabeth Picou, a Louisiana Creole from New Orleans and Los Angeles. They had three children, <mask> <mask> III; Lewis Willis Sengstacke, named for Myrtle's side; and Robert Abbott Sengstacke, named in honor of his uncle.Myrtle was an activist in her own right, working at political fundraising, as well as cultural and art activities. Career

In 1940, <mask> founded the National Newspaper Publishers Association, to bring together African-American publishers of newspapers. He served as president of the association for seven term, seeking to bring publishers together to increase their voice in the industry. It has grown to have 200 members in the 21st century. In 1940, Abbott died and <mask> inherited his uncle's newspaper, becoming president of the company. His role was challenged by Edna Abbott, his uncle's widow, and he had to continue a suit for 10 years before gaining control of the newspaper company. Through that period, the Defender never missed an issue.During the years of World War II, <mask> acted as a national spokesmen for African-American journalism and publishers. He worked with President Franklin D. Roosevelt to ensure that African-American reporters were admitted to presidential press conferences. He also worked to persuade the president to expand opportunities for blacks in the federal government. Considerable discrimination had taken place due to the political power of the Solid South; its white conservative Democrats had strong influence in Congress due to having disenfranchised African Americans in the South. In 1947, Sengstacke helped co-found Americans for Democratic Action with: Joseph Alsop, Stewart Alsop,  Chester Bowles, <mask> Galbraith, <mask>,  <mask> James I. Loeb, Reinhold Niebuhr, Joseph P. Lash, Joseph L. Rauh, Jr., Walter Reuther, Eleanor Roosevelt, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., and Wilson W. Wyatt

One of Sengstacke's major goals at the national level was to desegregate the armed forces, particularly given the sacrifices of African Americans in the Armed Forces during World War II. President <mask> named <mask> to the commission he formed in 1948 to integrate the military, which started in 1949. The Great Migration had continued during and after the war years until 1970, with a total of 6.5 million African Americans leaving the South, some 5 million from 1940 to 1970.The second wave of migration was chiefly to California and other West Coast cities, as people were attracted by jobs in the defense industry. In the postwar period, veterans and other African Americans pressed for civil rights in the South, where most black citizens had been disenfranchised since the turn of the century, kept in second-class status under Jim Crow, confined to segregated spaces. In 1956, Sengstacke turned the weekly Chicago Defender into a daily, to keep up with changing conditions and report on black progress. At that time, The Chicago Defender was still the nation's largest African American-owned daily paper. Sengstacke also owned the Michigan Chronicle in Detroit, Michigan, where many blacks worked in the auto industry, and the Tri-State Defender in Memphis, Tennessee, another center of African-American population and businesses. In the late 1960s Sengstacke purchased the financially ailing black newspaper, the Pittsburgh Courier, which had achieved a national reputation during the 1930s and 1940s. It is considered to have been the most influential black newspaper in the country.He re-opened it as the New Pittsburgh Courier in 1967. He continued to be a leader in building black journalism. In 1974 Sengstacke appointed <mask>. Garland as the new editor-in-chief of the New Pittsburgh Courier; she was the former city editor and the first African-American woman to be managing editor of a national newspaper. When asked about his decision, Sengstacke replied:

I have supreme confidence in <mask>, and believe that she will continue to do a great job as editor-in-chief as she did as city editor. She has proven herself over the many years of dedication to the Courier and the Negro cause. She will be a guiding force in leading this paper to bigger and better things in the future. Two years later, the paper won the John B. Russwurm Award for the best national African-American newspaper.Death and legacy
<mask> died on May 28, 1997. His chain of newspapers was run under a family trust until 2003. It was sold to Real Times, whose investors included people with family and business ties to him. Among the new owners was <mask>'s nephew <mask> Picou. In 2002, he said his plans for the New Pittsburgh Courier included more emphasis on in-depth features and arts, creating a web presence — which neither it nor the Defender had at the time — and changing its political outlook from liberal to "conservative independence". Honors
1976, the New Pittsburgh Courier won the <mask> B. Russwurm Award for the best national African-American newspaper. A 28-minute documentary, <mask>, The Chicago Defender (1986), was produced and directed by Chuck Sterin.<mask> was featured in an on-camera interview in the documentary film, The Black Press: Soldiers without Swords (1999), produced and directed by Stanley Nelson and first aired on PBS on February 8, 1999. On January 8, 2001, <mask> was awarded posthumously with the Presidential Citizens Medal by President Bill Clinton. <mask> Picou, nephew of <mask>, headed a group of business people including <mask>'s only son Robert A<mask>. They purchased Sengstacke's chain of four newspapers in 2012, at the time the largest black-owned chain of African-American newspapers in the country. Robert A<mask>, his surviving son, donated the Abbott-Sengstacke Family Papers to the Chicago Public Library, where they are available for scholars. References

Further reading
Books:
Alkalimat, Abdul. The African American Experience in Cyberspace.Pluto Press, 1994. Black Heroes of The Twentieth Century, Edited by Jessie Carney Smith, ©1998 Visible Ink Press, Detroit, MI

Sengstacke, <mask>. The Defender, The Negro Press, and You. n.p., 1960. Available through interlibrary loan @ University of Rochester. Articles:
<mask>, Chester, Sr. "Is The Black Press Dying?" Crisis 1980 87 (7): 240-241.Staples, Brent. "<mask>. Sengstacke: Citizen Sengstacke," The New York Times Magazine, January 4, 1998: (27-28). Washburn, Patrick S. "J. <mask> and The Black Press in World War II," Journalism History 1986 13(1): 26-33. External links
"<mask> was an innovative and successful black news publisher", African American Registry
Biographies: <mask>. Sengstacke", Black Press, PBS
2002 "Black Press United States: Gallery of Greats, Wilmington Journal, 2002

American newspaper publishers (people)
American chief executives
Hampton University alumni
1912 births
1997 deaths
People from Savannah, Georgia
Presidential Citizens Medal recipients

masks:
John Herman Henry Sengstacke
Robert Sengstacke Abbott
Sengstacke
Sengstacke
Harry Truman
Sengstacke
John Herman
Henry Sengstacke
Herman Alexander
Sengstacke
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. Sengstacke
Herman Sengstacke
Sengstacke
Sengstacke
John H
. Sengstacke
Sengstacke
John H
. Sengstacke
John
Sengstacke
Sengstacke
John Herman
Henry Sengstacke
Sengstacke
John Sengstacke
Sengstacke
John Kenneth
Leon Henderson
Hubert Humphrey
Harry Truman
Sengstacke
Hazel B
Hazel
John Sengstacke
Sengstacke
Thomas Sengstacke
John
John Sengstacke
Sengstacke
Sengstacke
Thomas Sengstacke
John
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. Sengstacke
. Sengstacke
John Henry
Higgins
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Edgar Hoover
John Sengstacke
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<mask>  (; born December 4, 1945) is a Canadian astronaut, neurologist and consultant. She is Canada's first female astronaut and the first neurologist in space. After more than a decade as head of an international space medicine research team collaborating with NASA, Bondar became a consultant and speaker in the business, scientific, and medical communities. Bondar has received many honours including appointment as a Companion of the Order of Canada and the Order of Ontario, the NASA Space Flight Medal, over 28 honorary degrees, induction into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame, the International Women's Forum Hall of Fame and a star on Canada's Walk of Fame. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, on December 4, 1945. Her father, who worked for the Sault Ste.Marie Public Utilities Commission, is of Ukrainian descent, and her mother, an educator, is of English descent. Bondar's love of the sciences began as a child. Her father built a lab in the basement where she frequently conducted experiments. Bondar dreamed of becoming an astronaut. Because of her determination to prove her capability as a woman, Bondar received an extensive education. Bondar graduated from Sir James Dunn High School in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.She holds a Bachelor of Science in zoology and agriculture from the University of Guelph (1968), a Master of Science in experimental pathology from the University of Western Ontario (1971), a Doctor of Philosophy in neuroscience from the University of Toronto (1974), and a Doctor of Medicine from McMaster University (1977). Part of Bondar's undergraduate research experience includes working with the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Forestry. Career
As one of the first six members of the Canadian Astronaut Corps selected in 1983, Bondar began astronaut training in 1984, and in 1992 she was designated Payload Specialist for the first International Microgravity Laboratory Mission (IML-1). <mask> flew on the NASA Space Shuttle Discovery during Mission STS-42, January 22–30, 1992, during which she performed over 40 experiments in the Spacelab. Her work studying the effects of low-gravity situations on the human body allowed NASA to prepare astronauts for long stays in the space station. After her astronaut career, <mask> led an international team of researchers at NASA for more than a decade, examining data obtained from astronauts on space missions to better understand the mechanisms underlying the body's ability to recover from exposure to space. Bondar's research in space recovery considered the linkage to Parkinson's disease in addition to other neurological effects.Bondar pursued her interests in photography with an emphasis on natural environments; she was an Honors student in Professional Nature Photography at the Brooks Institute of Photography, Santa Barbara, California. She is the author of four photo essay books that feature her photography of the Earth. These published books include Landscape of Dreams, Passionate Vision: Discovering Canada's National Parks, The Arid Edge of Earth, and Touching the Earth. Bondar was also a certified sky diver, underwater diver and private pilot. Bondar has also been a consultant and speaker to diverse organizations, drawing on her expertise as an astronaut, physician, scientific researcher, photographer, author, environment interpreter, and team leader. Not only can interviews from radio and TV be found of Bondar, but she also played a role in the movie Destiny in Space. Furthermore, Bondar's expertise was consulted in programs that captured both the literal and figurative takeoff of groundbreaking science—that is, the space shuttle.In 2009, Bondar registered The Roberta Bondar Foundation as a not-for-profit charity. The foundation focuses on environmental awareness. Honours, awards, and tributes
Bondar is the recipient of multiple honours and awards from organizations and universities across Canada. These honours include the Vanier Award in 1985 and the F.W. (Casey) Baldwin Award in 1985. Bondar was the first astronaut to receive a star on Canada's Walk of Fame. It was inducted on October 1, 2011, at the Elgin Theatre in Toronto.The <mask>ar Park and Tent Pavilion is located in <mask>'s home town (Sault Ste. Marie) in honour of the first female astronaut. Bondar also has multiple public schools named after her. Bondar served two terms as the Chancellor of Trent University, from 2003 to 2009. In 2009, Concordia University awarded Bondar the prestigious Loyola Medal. In 2017, the Royal Canadian Mint released a limited edition 25th anniversary $25 coin entitled "A View of Canada from Space". The unveiling of this honour was done in her hometown of Sault Ste.Marie at Sault College on November 1, 2016. In 2018, Thebacha and Wood Buffalo Astronomical Society renamed its observatory to The Dr. <mask> Bondar Northern Observatory. Organizations

References

Further reading

Joyal, Serge, and A. Kim Campbell. "A Personal Reflection on Gender Equality in Canada." Reflecting on Our Past and Embracing Our Future: A Senate Initiative for Canada, edited by Serge Joyal and Judith Seidman, McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal; Kingston; London; Chicago, 2018, pp. 261–272. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcj2m2z.24.Accessed February 25, 2020
Hampson, Sarah. "In the Ever-Changing Orbit of the Passionate Earthling." The Globe and Mail, April 30, 2018, www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/science/final-shuttle-launch/in-the-ever-changing-orbit-of-the-passionate-earthling/article585608/
"4 Space Veterans and 3 Novices Make Trip." The New York Times, The New York Times, January 23, 1992, www.nytimes.com/1992/01/23/us/4-space-veterans-and-3-novices-make-trip.html?searchResultPosition=1. External links
 CSA biography
 Bondar's home page
 Video: <mask> on patriotism following the Olympics & her favourite technology (from NAIT's techlife magazine)
Coin Honours Bondar
The <mask>ar Foundation

1945 births
Canadian astronauts
Canadian medical researchers
Canadian photographers
Canadian people of English descent
Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
Chancellors of Trent University
Women astronauts
Living people
Members of the Order of Ontario
McMaster University alumni
Companions of the Order of Canada
People from Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
Physician astronauts
University of Guelph alumni
University of Toronto alumni
University of Western Ontario alumni
Canadian women physicians
Canadian neurologists
Women neurologists
Canadian women biologists
20th-century Canadian women scientists
21st-century Canadian women scientists
20th-century Canadian physicians
21st-century Canadian physicians
Scientists from Ontario
20th-century women physicians
20th-century Canadian biologists
21st-century Canadian biologists
21st-century women physicians
Space Shuttle program astronauts

masks:
Roberta Bondar
Bondar
Bondar
Bondar
Roberta Bond
Bondar
Roberta
Roberta Bondar
Roberta Bond


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<mask> (born 2 November 1988) is a German former professional tennis player. A former top-ten singles player, she was ranked as high as No. 9 in the world on 20 August 2018, and was ranked inside the top 15 in doubles, peaking at world No. 12 on 22 August 2016. She won seven singles and five doubles titles on the WTA Tour (her biggest title coming at the year-end 2017 WTA Elite Trophy), as well as six singles and six doubles titles on the ITF Circuit. <mask> turned professional in 2005, and first broke into the world's top 100 in June 2008. Prior to 2018, her best singles result in a Grand Slam tournament was reaching the fourth round five times.She broke into the top ten for the first time in February 2018, before going on to reach the semifinals at the 2018 Wimbledon Championships. She was also a two-time semifinalist in women's doubles at the Australian Open, and reached the finals in mixed doubles with Nenad Zimonjić at the 2014 French Open. She announced her retirement from professional tennis on 21 October 2020, two weeks before her 32nd birthday. Personal life
<mask> was born in Bad Oldesloe to Klaus and Inge <mask>, both of whom work in insurance. She has one elder maternal half-sister named Maike, who also works in insurance. She attended the Klaus-Groth-Schule and Theodor-Mommsen-Schule in Bad Oldesloe from 1995 to 2005, and completed the Mittlere Reife (middle-school diploma). She began playing tennis around the age of five.Her tennis idol growing up was Martina Hingis, and she is also a fan of Roger Federer. She was coached by Sascha Nensel, former coach of fellow German player Nicolas Kiefer, until 2015. She preferred hard and grass courts, and her favorite tournament was the Australian Open. Career

2005–2008
In 2005, she began her career on the ITF Women's Circuit, playing in seven tournaments and losing in the first round in five of them. In 2006 and 2007 she continued to play mostly ITF tournaments. In 2006, she won the Wahlstedt and Bielefeld tournaments. In 2007, she won tournaments in Antalya and Bucharest and made her first WTA Tour main draw appearances, the highlight of which was a semifinal in Stockholm, where she lost to Vera Dushevina in three sets.Görges made her Grand Slam main draw debut at the US Open, losing to Justine Henin in the first round in straight sets. In 2008, Görges continued to play in a mix of ITF and WTA events. Her best performances were reaching the semifinals of the Slovenia Open, where she lost to Anabel Medina Garrigues, and a quarterfinal-loss to Olga Govortsova in the Cellular South Cup. She made her top-100 debut in the rankings after the French Open. She won her first Grand Slam main-draw match at Wimbledon, where she upset the 23rd seed Katarina Srebotnik in a three-hour, 41-minute first-round match. However, she bowed out in the second round to Marina Erakovic, in straight sets. 2009: Consistent top-100 ranking
In 2009, Görges began to play in WTA Tour events more regularly.It was the first season that she played in the main draw of all four Grand Slam tournaments. She began her season at the Brisbane International, where she lost in qualifying to Anna-Lena Grönefeld. <mask> competed at the Australian Open, the Open GdF Suez, and the Warsaw Open, losing before the third round in each. She retired in the first round of the French Open in a match against Iveta Benešová due to heat exhaustion. <mask> reached the third round of the Birmingham Classic, falling to Urszula Radwańska. She went on to play against Jelena Janković in the first round of Wimbledon, losing in straight sets. She lost prior to the third round at the Slovenia Open, the İstanbul Cup, and the US Open, where she faced Svetlana Kuznetsova.At the Bell Challenge, she managed to reach the semifinals, before losing to Lucie Šafářová. She was defeated by Raluca Olaru in the second round of the Linz Open. 2010: First WTA title
<mask> started the 2010 season at the Auckland Open, losing in the first round to Yanina Wickmayer. She went on to play at the Australian Open, where she beat Tamira Paszek, but then lost to Caroline Wozniacki in the second round. Görges reached the quarterfinals of Strasbourg, losing to Maria Sharapova. Following a second round loss at the French Open and a first round loss at Wimbledon, she reached the semifinals of Palermo, losing to Flavia Pennetta. At the Gastein Ladies, <mask> won her first career WTA singles title by defeating Timea Bacsinszky in the final in straight sets.She made her top-50 debut in the rankings afterward. At the Danish Open, she reached the quarterfinals, but was unable to take advantage of a 5–3 third-set lead over the top seed Wozniacki, eventually falling in a tiebreak. <mask> defeated Romina Oprandi in the first round of the US Open, before falling to the 15th seed Wickmayer in the second round. At the Japan Open, she scored her first win over a former No. 1 player by defeating Dinara Safina in the first round. In the second, she defeated the fourth seed Samantha Stosur for her first win over a current top-10 player, before losing to CoCo Vandeweghe in the quarterfinals. At Linz, she reached the quarterfinals, but fell to the eventual champion Ana Ivanovic.In her final tournament of the season, the Luxembourg Open, she won a quarterfinal rematch with Ivanovic, defeating her in straight sets. She eventually reached her second WTA career final, losing to Roberta Vinci. 2011: Second career title, breakthrough into top 25
Beginning her season at the Auckland Open, <mask> lost in the semifinals to the eventual champion Gréta Arn. In the second round of the Australian Open, she upset the No. 20 seed Kaia Kanepi. Her third-round match against the 2008 champion Maria Sharapova was a three-set battle, which Görges finally lost. This marked her best performance in a Grand Slam tournament, and she was rewarded by achieving a career-high No.34 singles ranking on 31 January 2011. In February, she helped Germany defeat Slovenia in the Fed Cup competition by clinching the tie with a straight-sets win over Maša Zec Peškirič, her first win in the Fed Cup. Switching to the hard court, she then lost in the first round of Monterrey to Ksenia Pervak, and then continued to struggle at Indian Wells and Miami, losing in the second and first rounds respectively. At the Family Circle Cup in Charleston, however, she made a quarterfinal appearance on the green clay, losing to Elena Vesnina in three sets. In the Fed Cup in Stuttgart, Görges won a rubber for Germany against Melanie Oudin, who had defeated her in Miami. Staying in Stuttgart for the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix, she won her first Premier-level tournament and second WTA tournament, upsetting Samantha Stosur and benefitting from a retirement by Victoria Azarenka. In the final, Görges scored the biggest win of her career by defeating world No.1 Caroline Wozniacki in two sets, to become the first German to win the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix since Anke Huber in 1994. Less than two weeks after winning in Stuttgart, <mask> defeated Wozniacki once again at the Madrid Open. She reached the semifinals, where she lost to Azarenka. <mask> was the 17th seed at the French Open, but fell to the 11th seed Marion Bartoli in three sets in the third round. After a first round exit to Ana Ivanovic at the Aegon International, she reached the third round of Wimbledon where she fell to the 24th seed Dominika Cibulková in three sets. <mask> failed to advance past the second round at Bad Gastein, Stanford, Carlsbad, Toronto, Cincinnati or Dallas. As the 24th seed at the US Open, she fell to the 13th seed Peng Shuai in two close sets in the third round.Taking part in the Asian part of the WTA tour, she fell in the quarterfinals of the Korea Open, the third round of the Pan Pacific Open, and the first round of the China Open. She finished her 2011 season with a semifinal loss to Azarenka at the Luxembourg Open. She finished the year ranked 21st, accumulating a 38–25 singles record and a 22–18 doubles record. 2012: Top-20 ranking, consistent form

Seeded fifth at the Auckland Open, she defeated the defending champion Gréta Arn, before falling to her compatriot Angelique Kerber in straight sets. <mask> experienced more success in doubles, reaching the final with Flavia Pennetta before falling to the Czech duo of Andrea Hlaváčková and Lucie Hradecká in a third-set super tiebreak. After retiring in the first round of the Sydney International against Jelena Janković, she achieved her best Australian Open performance to date by reaching the fourth round. <mask> defeated Polona Hercog, Eleni Daniilidou, and Romina Oprandi, before being dominated by the eighth seed Agnieszka Radwańska.Playing in the Fed Cup for Germany, she lost to Petra Kvitová in an extremely tight three-setter. Partnering Anna-Lena Grönefeld, she lost to Iveta Benešová and Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová as the Czech Republic won the tie 4–1. Ranked 21st and seeded sixth, she reached the quarterfinals of the Open GdF Suez, falling to Klára Zakopalová in three sets. <mask> then lost in the second round in Qatar to Varvara Lepchenko, before reaching the final in Dubai. She defeated Svetlana Kuznetsova, Casey Dellacqua and Daniela Hantuchová, scored a two-set win over the third seed Caroline Wozniacki, but then fell to Agnieszka Radwańska again. Her good result at Dubai helped her to achieve a career-high ranking of 15. Seeded 14th at the Indian Wells Open, she advanced to the fourth round in straight sets, before becoming another victim of Azarenka.After receiving another bye into the second round in Miami, <mask> was defeated by the four-time Grand Slam champion Kim Clijsters. At Roland Garros, Görges was seeded 25th. She reached the third round, beating Lucie Hradecká and Heather Watson along the way. She lost in the third round to Arantxa Rus, ending the match with two double faults. At the end of the third set <mask> complained about the light, which was dismissed by the head supervisor. After this she asked for a medical time-out and asked again to suspend the match, which again was denied by the umpire. In the women's doubles, she lost in the first round with her partner Samantha Stosur.She was the No. 1 seed in Bad Gastein but lost in three sets to the Dutch qualifier Richèl Hogenkamp, ranked 211, who won her first WTA match. At the same tournament, she won the doubles competition, partnering the American Jill Craybas. In the final they defeated Grönefeld and Petra Martić. At Wimbledon she lost in the third round to Ana Ivanovic, after defeating Shahar Pe'er and Anastasiya Yakimova in the first two rounds. In Palermo, <mask> was defeated in the quarterfinals by Záhlavová-Strýcová. In the second round of the Swedish Open, she lost to the eventual champion Hercog in straight sets.At the London Olympics, <mask> surprisingly defeated second seed Agnieszka Radwańska in the first round. She also beat Lepchenko in round two, but in the third round lost to Maria Kirilenko in straight sets. In the women's doubles, she teamed with Grönefeld, and reached the second round. In August she lost in the first round at Montreal and reached the second round in Cincinnati. At the US Open she lost in the first round to Kristýna Plíšková. In September she lost in the first round in Seoul. In Tokyo she defeated Monica Niculescu, but lost to Marion Bartoli in the second round.At the China Open in Beijing, she defeated Vania King and eighth seed Stosur. In the third round, she again lost to the ninth seed Bartoli. She then played a fairly successful tournament in Linz, reaching the finals of both singles and doubles. In the singles final she lost to Azarenka, the world No. 1. In doubles she played alongside Záhlavová-Strýcová and they were defeated by another German-Czech pair, Grönefeld and Květa Peschke. In Luxembourg, <mask> reached the second round, where she lost to Niculescu, who went on to be defeated in the final by Venus Williams.She ended 2012 ranked as the world No. 18. 2013: Loss of form

<mask> began her season at the Auckland Open. Seeded second, she lost in the second round to Johanna Larsson. In doubles, she and her partner, Yaroslava Shvedova, reached the final where they lost to Cara Black/Anastasia Rodionova. At the Sydney International, <mask> was defeated in the first round by qualifier Svetlana Kuznetsova. Seeded eighteenth at the Australian Open, <mask> advanced to the fourth round after wins over Vera Dushevina, Romina Oprandi, and Jie Zheng.She lost in her fourth-round match to sixth seed and eventual finalist, Li Na. Seeded seventh at the Open GdF Suez, <mask> was stunned in the first round by French wildcard Kristina Mladenovic. During the Fed Cup tie against France, Görges won both her matches defeating Kristina Mladenovic and Pauline Parmentier. Germany won 3–1 over France. At the Dubai Championships, Görges lost in the first round to fifth seed and eventual finalist Sara Errani. In March, Görges played at the Indian Wells Open. As the 21st seed, she received a first-round bye.She defeated Sofia Arvidsson in the second round. She lost her third-round match to tenth seed Nadia Petrova. At the Miami Open, <mask> was the 24th seed, and she received a first-round bye. She was defeated in the second round by Ajla Tomljanović. <mask> began her clay-court season at the Family Circle Cup. Seeded tenth, she reached the third round after wins over Yulia Putintseva and Olga Govortsova. She lost her third-round match to Stefanie Vögele.Seeded fourth at the first edition of the Katowice Open, Görges retired during her first-round match against qualifier Jill Craybas due to dizziness. At the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix, Görges was defeated in the second round by fifth seed Petra Kvitová. Seeded eighth at the Portugal Open, Görges suffered a first-round loss at the hands of Monica Puig. In the Madrid Open, Görges defeated Bojana Jovanovski in round one but withdrew from her second-round match against Varvara Lepchenko because of an infection. In Rome, Görges won her first-round match against Andrea Hlaváčková before she lost to the third seed Victoria Azarenka. In Brussels she reached the second round, after defeating CoCo Vandeweghe, but retired the match against Romina Oprandi

masks:
Julia Görges
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Julia Görges
Görges
Görges
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Görges
Görges
Görges
Görges
Görges
Görges
Görges
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 due to a right wrist injury. At Roland Garros, she lost in the first round to Zuzana Kučová.She reached the second round in Nuremberg, losing to Andrea Petkovic. This result was followed by a series of first-round losses: against Mariana Duque at Wimbledon, against Olga Govortsova in Stanford, against Sesil Karatantcheva in Carlsbad, against Roberta Vinci in Toronto and against Magdaléna Rybáriková in Cincinnati. She was more successful in doubles during this part of season. Alongside Darija Jurak, she reached the final in Stanford, where they lost to the American pair Raquel Kops-Jones and Abigail Spears. In Cincinnati she paired with Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová and they lost in the semifinals to the other Czech-German pairing of Grönefeld and Peschke. In New Haven, <mask> won her first-round match against Bojana Jovanovski, but lost in the second round to the sixth seed Sloane Stephens. At the US Open she lost to the 21-year-old American Christina McHale in the first round.Görges then participated in Seoul where she was the sixth seed. She defeated Misaki Doi before losing to Irina-Camelia Begu in the second round. She lost her openers in her final three tournaments of 2013; against Sorana Cîrstea in Tokyo, against Kaia Kanepi in Beijing and against the qualifier Camila Giorgi in Linz. She ended the year at No. 73. 2014: Out of top 100, downfall
To start the year, Görges played the Auckland Open, making it to the second round before losing to Sachie Ishizu in three sets. In Sydney, <mask> retired in the final round of qualifying but was awarded a lucky loser spot in the main draw, where she lost to Caroline Wozniacki.At the Australian Open, <mask> upset seventh seed Sara Errani in the first round, but lost to Lauren Davis in round two. In Pattaya, <mask> reached the semifinals, losing to Karolína Plíšková. Having fallen out of the top 100 for one week, her success in Pattaya moved her back to world No. 88. The following week, <mask> competed in Acapulco where she defeated the Mexican wildcard Marcela Zacarías in the first round before losing to Kaia Kanepi in three sets. She reached the second round at Indian Wells, where she lost to Maria Sharapova. She did not qualify for the Miami Open and lost to Virginie Razzano in the first round at the Family Circle Cup.In Stuttgart, she defeated Sorana Cîrstea before falling to Ana Ivanovic in three sets. Then she qualified for the Madrid Open, but lost her opener to fourth seed Simona Halep. She did not qualify for Rome but managed to reach the quarterfinals at Strasbourg the week before the French Open. She defeated the top seed Sloane Stephens and Lauren Davis, but lost to Madison Keys. At the French Open, Görges lost in the second round to Eugenie Bouchard of Canada in three sets. Partnering Anna-Lena Grönefeld in the doubles, she lost in the first round to the unseeded pair Dominika Cibulková and Kirsten Flipkens. However, in the mixed doubles partnering Nenad Zimonjić, Görges had a more successful run, reaching her first Grand Slam final.The German-Serbian pair lost to the unseeded Grönefeld and Jean-Julien Rojer in three sets. At Wimbledon, Görges lost in the first round to the eventual semifinalist Lucie Šafářová in two tie-breaks. In the doubles event, she partnered her fellow German, Grönefeld. The pair fell in the quarterfinals to Petkovic and Rybáriková. The following week, she competed at the Gastein Ladies where she lost to Stefanie Vögele in the first round. At the Swedish Open, Görges defeated the seventh seed María Teresa Torró Flor in the first round to book a second round clash with another Spaniard, Sílvia Soler Espinosa, losing in three sets. In doubles, Görges was the top seed alongside Katarzyna Piter, but they could only make the quarterfinals, losing to the British pairing of Jocelyn Rae and Anna Smith.At the US Open in New York, <mask> fought a spirited first round match against the 11th-seeded Flavia Pennetta, losing in a three-setter. She then competed at the Coupe Banque Nationale in Québec where she was seeded fifth. She reached the quarterfinals, after defeating Stéphanie Dubois and Melanie Oudin. She then defeated Andrea Hlaváčková to face Mirjana Lučić-Baroni in the last four, but lost to the eventual tournament champion. Partnering Hlaváčková in the doubles, she made it to the final, but lost in straight sets to Lucie Hradecká and Lučić-Baroni. 2015: Australian Open doubles semifinal

<mask> reached the quarterfinals in Auckland, where she lost to the top seed Caroline Wozniacki. At the Australian Open she defeated Bencic, Koukalová and Hradecká, before losing in the fourth round to Ekaterina Makarova.She was also successful in the doubles, where together with Anna-Lena Grönefeld, she reached the semifinals. <mask> won a dead rubber playing in the doubles alongside Sabine Lisicki in the Fed Cup match against Australia. In March, she reached the quarterfinals in Kuala Lumpur where she lost to Alexandra Dulgheru in straight sets. In April, Görges played for Germany in the Fed Cup semifinals. She lost her singles match against Svetlana Kuznetsova and Germany lost to Russia 3–2. At the French Open, Görges battled past CoCo Vandeweghe in three sets in the first round, before scoring an upset against the 5th seed Wozniacki in the second round in straight sets. She defeated Irina Falconi before losing to Sara Errani in round four.In the doubles she played alongside Barbora Krejčíková. They lost in the first round to Martina Hingis and Sania Mirza. 2016: Two Grand Slam doubles semifinals

Görges started the new season by reaching the final in Auckland, where she lost to Sloane Stephens. At the Australian Open, she defeated Andreea Mitu before losing in straight sets to her doubles partner, the ninth seed Karolína Plíšková. In the doubles, <mask> and Karolína Plíšková reached the semifinals, where they lost to the top seeds and eventual winners, Hingis and Mirza. Görges received a wildcard in Dubai, where she defeated Svetlana Kuznetsova, losing only a single game. In the second round she lost to Barbora Strýcová.In doubles she partnered Tímea Babos. They lost to the French pair, Caroline Garcia and Kristina Mladenovic, in the semifinals. In Doha <mask> faced again Kuznetsova in the first round, and this time she lost. Together with Babos she reached quarterfinals in the doubles, where they lost to the eventual winners, Chan Hao-ching and Chan Yung-jan. In Indian Wells, <mask> lost in the first round to Camila Giorgi. In the doubles she played alongside Karolína Plíšková. They lost in the final to Mattek-Sands and CoCo Vandeweghe.In Miami, Görges defeated Nao Hibino and Sam Stosur before losing to Simona Halep in third round. Görges reached the semifinals in Nürnberg, where she lost to the eventual champion Kiki Bertens. At the French Open Görges defeated Johanna Konta in the first round, before losing to Monica Puig in the second round. In the doubles she again played alongside Karolína Plíšková and they lost in the third round to the eventual runners-up Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina. At Wimbledon, Görges lost in the first round to Yaroslava Shvedova. In the doubles, Görges and Plíšková reached the semifinals, where they lost to the Williams sisters. <mask> reached the semifinals in Båstad, losing to the eventual winner Laura Siegemund.At the US Open, Görges defeated Yanina Wickmayer before losing to Venus Williams in the second round. Görges reached the semifinals of the Kremlin Cup, where she lost Daria Gavrilova. She played in the doubles draw at the 2016 WTA Finals, partnering Karolína Plíšková, but lost in the first match against Garcia/Mladenovic. 2017: Late career rapid rise

<mask> started the 2017 season in Auckland, defeating the third seed and former world No. 1, Caroline Wozniacki before losing in the semifinals to Ana Konjuh. At the Australian Open she won her opening match against Kateřina Siniaková but then lost to Jelena Janković. At the French Open, <mask> lost her opening match in a very tight third set to the American Madison Brengle.Preparing for Wimbledon, <mask> reached her first final on grass at the Mallorca Open. She lost to the second seed Anastasija Sevastova. At Wimbledon, she lost in three sets to Lesia Tsurenko. She reached her second final of the year on clay, where she lost to the home favourite Irina-Camelia Begu at the Bucharest Open. In August, <mask> reached her third final of the year at the Washington Open, where she lost to Makarova. A week later, at Cincinnati she knocked out the world No. 10, Agnieszka Radwanska, in the first round and the world No.5, Elina Svitolina, in the third round, but lost to Sloane Stephens in two sets. <mask> was seeded 30th at the US Open. She defeated her compatriot Annika Beck in the first round, Zheng Saisai in the second and Aleksandra Krunić in the third to reach the fourth round for the first time. Görges could not avenge her loss against Stephens, and lost in three sets. In October, <mask> won the Kremlin Cup by defeating Daria Kasatkina in the final. It was her first singles title since 2011. The win in Moscow propelled her back into the top 20, and as a result guaranteed her qualification for the WTA Elite Trophy in Zhuhai.<mask> was drawn into the Azalea Group, alongside the top-seeded Kristina Mladenovic and the Wimbledon semifinalist Magdaléna Rybáriková. She defeated them both in straight sets to advance to the semifinal stage, where she faced Anastasija Sevastova, whom she defeated in straight sets as well. She then defeated CoCo Vandeweghe to win the biggest title of her career. She finished the year with a nine-match winning streak and a career-high ranking of 14. 2018: Top 10 debut, Wimbledon semifinal, two WTA titles

Entering 2018 with the confidence and form of the last year, Görges won the Auckland Open. This gave her back to back WTA titles after a previous drought of six years, and extended her winning run to 14 matches, only two of which went to the third set. At the Australian Open, she lost in the second round to Alizé Cornet.<mask> then played in St. Petersburg, where she lost in the semifinals to Petra Kvitová. Despite the loss, <mask> made her top 10 debut following the tournament, as Kristina Mladenovic failed to defend the title. In Doha, she reached the quarterfinals but retired in the match against Kvitová during the second set because of a hip injury. In April, she reached final of Premier tournament in Charleston, defeating Naomi Osaka, Daria Kasatkina and Anastasija Sevastova. In the final she lost to Kiki Bertens. <mask> played for Germany in Fed Cup semifinals against Czech Republic. She lost her first rubber against Petra Kvitová.<mask> then defeated Karolína Plíšková, but this was the only point won by German team and Czech Republic advanced to the final. At the French Open, she played as the 11th seed. She defeated Dominika Cibulková and Alison Van Uytvanck before losing to Serena Williams in the third round. She started the grass-court season in Birmingham, where she lost in the quarterfinals to the defending champion Petra Kvitová. In Eastbourne, Görges received bye in the first round and in the second round she lost to Aryna Sabalenka. At Wimbledon, <mask> reached her first Grand Slam semifinal, defeating Monica Puig, Vera Lapko, Barbora Strýcová, Donna Vekić and Kiki Bertens en route. She lost in the semifinal to Serena Williams.In New Haven, she reached the semifinals. In October, she won her sixth career singles title at the Luxembourg Open, defeating Belinda Bencic in the final. 2019: Defending Auckland Open title

Görges won her second Auckland Open title by beating Canadian Bianca Andreescu in the final. She then headed to Melbourne where, as 14th seed, she was beaten in the first round of the Australian Open by Danielle Collins. In June, Görges reached the final in Birmingham where she lost to Ashleigh Barty who became the new No. 1 after this tournament. At Wimbledon, Görges defeated Elena-Gabriela Ruse and Varvara Flink before losing in the third round to Serena Williams, in a rematch of the previous year's semifinal.At the US Open, <mask> defeated Natalia Vikhlyantseva, Francesca Di Lorenzo, and Kiki Bertens to reach the fourth round, where she lost to Donna Vekić, despite having a match point in the second set. <mask> attempted to defend her title at Luxembourg, and reached the final after defeating Misaki Doi, Sorana Cîrstea, Monica Puig, and Elena Rybakina. However, she fell to an in form Jeļena Ostapenko in the final in straight sets. 2020: Lowest ranking since 2016, end of career
<mask> defeated Greetje Minnen and Jil Teichmann to reach the quarterfinals in her Auckland Open title defence, but she lost to Caroline Wozniacki in the quarterfinals in straight sets. Following this loss, she fell to No. 38. She partnered Caroline Garcia in doubles, and reached the quarterfinals, where they fell to eventual champions Asia Muhammad and Taylor Townsend.At Adelaide, she defeated Priscilla Hon before falling to Belinda Bencic in two tight sets. At Melbourne, she defeated Viktória Kužmová and 13th seed Petra Martić, before being defeated by Alison Riske in three sets. Following the Australian Open, <mask>' ranking rose to No. 31. After failing to qualify for Dubai, losing to Sorana Cîrstea in the second qualifying round, <mask> participated in Doha, where she lost in the first round to Maria Sakkari. <mask> opted to withdraw from the US Open season, citing safety concerns due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Her first tournament following the suspension of the WTA Tour was at Rome, where she lost to Danka Kovinić in the first round, winning just one game.She next participated at the French Open, where she defeated Riske in the first round, before losing to Laura Siegemund in the second round. Following these tournaments, Görges' ranking fell to No. 45, her lowest ranking since 2016. On 21 October, Görges announced her immediate retirement from the tour on her website. Career statistics

Grand Slam singles performance timeline

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
People from Bad Oldesloe
German female tennis players
Tennis players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic tennis players of

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<mask> (15 July 1914 – 27 December 1944) was a German military aviator who served in the Luftwaffe during World War II. As a fighter ace, he was credited with 55—that is, 55 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft—claimed in an unknown number of combat missions. He claimed eleven victories on the Eastern Front and 44 over the Western Allies, including 23 four-engine bombers. Born in Hennstedt, <mask> volunteered for service with the Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War where he was assigned to the ground crew of Jagdgruppe 88 (J/88—88th Fighter Group). Following service in Spain, <mask> was trained as a fighter pilot and posted to Jagdgeschwader 3 (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing) He claimed his first aerial victory on 18 May 1940 during the Battle of France. He then fought in Battle of Britain and Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. Due to an organizational change, his unit became part of Jagdgeschwader 1 (JG 1—1st Fighter Wing) in early 1942 and was stationed on the Western Front and fighting in Defense of the Reich.<mask> was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe (1st group) of JG 1. On 9 June 1944, <mask> was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and was killed in action on 27 December 1944, when he was shot down near Bereborn during the Battle of the Bulge. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 15 July 1914 in a Hennstedt, at the time in the Province of Schleswig-Holstein of the German Empire. He volunteered for service with the Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War. There, <mask> was a member of the groundstaff of 3. Staffel (3rd squadron) of Jagdgruppe 88 (J/88–88th Fighter Group), at the time under the command of Adolf Galland. For his service in Spain, he was awarded the Spanish Cross in Silver with Swords () on 14 April 1939.Following his return from Spain, Ehlers received flight training at the pilot school in Salzwedel starting on 1 August. On 18 September, he transferred to the Jagdfliegerschule 1, the fighter pilot school at Werneuchen before he was posted to the Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Merseburg, a supplementary training unit based at Merseburg, on 16 November. World War II
World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. On 7 December 1939, <mask> was posted to the 2. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 3 (JG 3—3rd Fighter Wing). At the time, the Staffel was based at Zerbst and commanded by Hauptmann Heinz Gärtner which was subordinated to I. Gruppe (1st group) headed by Hauptmann Günther Lützow. On 18 May 1940, during the Battle of France, <mask> claimed his first aerial victories when he shot down a Royal Air Force (RAF) Supermarine Spitfire fighter and Hawker Hurricane fighter near Valenciennes.He in turn, was then shot down by RAF fighters on the same day and crash-landed his Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-1 south of Valenciennes and was initially listed as missing in action, rejoining his unit shortly later. During the Battle of Britain, <mask> was almost shot down in aerial combat with the RAF. His Bf 109 E-4 was damaged, resulting in a forced landing near Colembert. He claimed his first aerial victory of this battle on 26 August when he shot down a Spitfire west of Calais. On 5 September, I. Gruppe escorted 22 Dornier Do 17 light bombers to London where Ehlers claimed another Spitfire shot down. On 5 February 1941, the RAF flew "Circus" No. 3 targeting the airfield at Saint-Omer.That day, <mask> claimed his fifth aerial victory over a Spitfire fighter shot down northwest of Saint-Omer. War against the Soviet Union
In preparation for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the I. Gruppe moved to an airfield at Dub on 18 June 1941. At the start of the campaign, JG 3 was subordinated to the V. Fliegerkorps (5th Air Corps), under command of General der Flieger Robert Ritter von Greim, which was part of Luftflotte 4 (4th Air Fleet), under command of Generaloberst Alexander Löhr. These air elements supported Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt's Heeresgruppe Süd (Army Group South), with the objective of capturing the Ukraine and its capital Kiev. On 22 June, German forces invaded the Soviet Union. The Gruppe was tasked with suppressing aerial opposition the area of Lviv by attacking the Soviet airfields in that area. In total, I. Gruppe claimed 36 aircraft destroyed on the ground plus further 8 aerial victories on the first day, including a Polikarpov I-16 fighter by Ehlers.On 30 June, I. Gruppe moved to an airfield at Lutsk in northwestern Ukraine. That day, <mask> was wounded in a takeoff accident at Lutsk which destroyed his Bf 109 F-2 (Werknummer 5708—factory number). The cause of the accident was a ground collision with a Henschel Hs 126 air reconnaissance aircraft from 4. Staffel (Heer) of Aufklärungsgruppe 22  (22nd Reconnaissance Group). Following his convalescence, <mask> claimed his next aerial victories during combat leading up to the Battle of Kiev. Fighting over the battle zones over Kyiv and Kaniv on 15 August, he claimed a I-17 fighter and a V-11 ground attack aircraft shot down. The I-17 was an early German wartime designation for the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1 fighter, while the V-11 designator referred to the Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack aircraft.On 26 August, I. Gruppe was moved to an forward airfield named Gubin located near the front at Hornostaipil. That day, Ehlers claimed a I-16 fighter, one of three aerial victories claimed by the Gruppe that day. Four days later, the Gruppe flew ten combat missions, two in support of Junkers Ju 87 dive-bombers and eight to protect the bridges crossing the Dnieper near Hornostaipil. Ehlers claimed an R-10 aircraft, referring to either a light bomber, biplane or a Seversky aircraft, and an I-17 fighter. On 16 September, the bulk of I. Gruppe was ordered back to Germany while 12 pilots and 40 men from the ground staff remained on the Eastern Front and were sent to either II. or III. Gruppe of JG 3.<mask> was assigned to III. Gruppe and claimed an Il-2 ground attack aircraft on 11 October before returning to I. Gruppe. Western Front

In September 1941, with the exception of 3. Staffel which followed in November, I. Gruppe of JG 3 was transferred from the Eastern Front to Germany for rest and re-supply. In November 1941, it was transferred to the northern Netherlands and on 15 January 1942 re-designated II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 1 (JG 1—1st Fighter Wing) in Katwijk. In consequence, 1.Staffel of JG 3 became the 4. Staffel of JG 1, 2. Staffel of JG 3 became the 5. Staffel of JG 1, and 3. Staffel of JG 3 became the 6. Staffel of JG 1. In May 1942, II.Gruppe was reequipped with the Focke Wulf Fw 190 A series, a radial engine powered fighter aircraft, at Woensdrecht Air Field. <mask> claimed his first aerial victory flying the Fw 190 on 19 June. That day, 17 Fw 190s from 4. and 6. Staffel intercepted a flight of 24 Spitfire fighters in the area Zeebrugge. In this encounter, <mask> claimed two Spitfires shot down. On 6 December, <mask> claimed his first United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) heavy bomber shot down, his 17th aerial victory in total. That day, 66 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers headed for the industrials areas of Lille of which 37 bombed the target area.On 22 January 1943, 15 to 20 North American B-25 Mitchell bombers escorted by Spitfire and North American P-51 Mustang fighters were intercepted by 10 Fw 190 from II. Gruppe over sea northwest of Blankenberge. In this encounter, Ehrler shot down a Spitfire fighter  north of Walcheren. On 11 March, Ehrler may have shot down a Spitfire fighter on an aerial reconnaissance mission. On 3 May, 16 Douglas A-20 Havoc bombers and 16 Lockheed Ventura bombers, escorted by 60 Spitfires and 40 Republic P-47 Thunderbolt fighters crossed the coast of Netherlands between 17:45 and 18:00. The Luftwaffe scrambled 24 Fw 190s from II. Gruppe of JG 1 and eight Bf 109s from 2.Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing). Defending against this attack, Ehlers was credited with a Spitfire fighter and a Ventura bomber shot down. The Spitfire was piloted by Wing Commander Howard Blatchford who was killed in action. Defense of the Reich

<mask> was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 1 July 1943. On 7 July, I. Gruppe of JG 1 moved to Deelen Air Field. The USAAF targeted the German aircraft industry on 17 August in the Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission. The bombers of the 1st Bombardment Wing headed for the ball bearing factories at Schweinfurt.At 11:50, the Luftwaffe fighters of I. Gruppe of JG 1 intercepted a large formation of B-17 bombers in the area of Aschaffenburg. Following the bombers on their southern heading, Ehlers shot down two B-17 bombers. That day, the commander of 2. Staffel of JG 1, Leutnant <mask>, was wounded in combat. In consequence, <mask> was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 2. Staffel the following day. On 8 October, fying Fw 190 A-6 (Werknummer 530715), Ehlers rammed a B-17 bomber near Neuenhaus and Bentheim.That day, VIII Bomber Command had targeted Bremen and German ship building at Bremen-Vegesack. The aircraft rammed was the B-17 "Marie Helena" from the 351st Bombardment Squadron whose entire crew was killed in the collision. That day, JG 1 lost its commanding officer, Oberstleutnant <mask>, who was killed in action. Two other pilots of 2. Staffel also spontaneously executed an unprecedented maneuver by ramming B-17 bombers that were returning westward from a raid against shipyards and factories in Bremen and Vegesack. All three Luftwaffe pilots survived, while all three of their targets were destroyed. This was the only significant ramming attack by Luftwaffe pilots until nearly the end of the war in 1945.On 23 October 1943, Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, the Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe, visited JG 1 at Deelen Air Field. During this visit, <mask> was presented the German Cross in Gold () by Göring. On 11 December, <mask> succeeded Oberleutnant Rolf Strohal as Staffelkapitän of 3. Staffel of JG 1. Combat damaged sustained on 13 April 1944 resulted in a forced landing at Gutersdorf near Landshut. His Fw 190 A-8 (Werknummer 170046) was a total loss. Group commander and death

On 17 April 1944, <mask> was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe of JG 1, succeeding Major Rudolf-Emil Schnoor.<mask> claimed his first aerial victory as Gruppenkommandeur on 13 May. That day 289 B-17 bombers from the 1st Bomb Division headed for oil targets in western Poland while 261 Consolidated B-24 Liberator bombers from the 2nd Bomb Division attacked the Focke-Wulf factories at Tutow. Further 199 B-17 bombers of the 3rd Bomb Division attacked railroad targets near Osnabrück. This attack force was escorted by 1,107 fighter aircraft. JG 1 was sent to intercept the bombers of the 1st Bomb Division but were engaged by the escorting fighters over the Bay of Lübeck. During this aerial battle, Ehlers claimed a P-47 fighter shot down. Two days later, VIII Bomber Command sent almost 900 bombers to Berlin and Braunschweig.JG 1 intercepted the bombers near Rheine/Osnabrück. On this mission, Ehlers claimed a B-24 bomber destroyed. On 6 June, Allied forced launched the Normandy landings. At 05:00, <mask> received the order to relocate to France. That day, I. Gruppe left the airfield at Bad Lippspringe and relocated to Le Mans Airfield. <mask> was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () on 9 June 1944. In September, I. Gruppe relocated back to Germany.During the period associated with Operation Overlord (6 June – 30 August 1944), the Gruppe claimed 50 aerial victories for the loss of 34 pilots killed, 3 taken prisoner of war, and further 13 wounded. On 21 November, 421 B-17 bombers of the 1st Bomb Division attacked the Leuna works. According to Matthews and Foreman, Ehlers shot down a B-17 bomber that day. This claim is not listed by Prien and Rodeike. Ehlers claimed his last aerial victory on 25 December when approximately 400 B-17 and B-24 bombers attacked German communication and transportation centers in western Germany. I. Gruppe intercepted the bombers from the 2nd Bomb Division around St. Vith/Bastogne where for the loss of one of their own seven B-24 bombers were claimed, including one by Ehlers. On 27 December 1944, Ehlers led a flight of 18 Fw 190s on a mission to cover ground troops in the Dinant-Rochefort area during the Battle of the Bulge.On the approach to the target, they were intercepted by P-51 fighters of the USAAF 364th Fighter Group west of Mayen. <mask> was shot down and killed in action in his Fw 190 A-8 (Werknummer 739363) near Bereborn. Ehlers had ignored the warnings of his fellow pilots and only three pilots returned from this mission. He was succeeded by Hauptmann Georg Hackbarth as commander of I. Gruppe. Summary of career

Aerial victory claims
According to Obermaier, <mask> was credited with 55 aerial victories claimed in an unknown number of combat missions. This figure includes eleven claims on the Eastern Front and 44 over the Western Allies, including 23 four-engine bombers. Matthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 48 aerial victory claims, plus two further unconfirmed claims.This figure of confirmed claims includes nine aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 39 on the Western Front, including 22 four-engine bombers. Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 05 Ost S/RT-8". The Luftwaffe grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size. Awards
 Spanish Cross in Silver with Swords (14 April 1939)
 German Cross in Gold on 24 October 1943 as Leutnant in the II./Jagdgeschwader 1
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 9 June 1944 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 3./Jagdgeschwader 1 "Oesau"
Ehlers was nominated for the posthumous Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (). This nomination was not approved. Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

1914 births
1944 deaths
Condor Legion personnel
German World War II flying aces
German military personnel killed in World War II
People from the Province of Schleswig-Holstein
German military personnel of the Spanish Civil War
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Aviators killed by being shot down
Missing in action of World War II

masks:
Hans Ehlers
Ehlers
Ehlers
Ehlers
Ehlers
Ehlers
Ehlers
Ehlers
Ehlers
Ehlers
Ehlers
Ehlers
Ehlers
Ehlers
Ehlers
Ehlers
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Hans Feustel
Ehlers
Hans Philipp
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<mask> (née Bouchles; born February 21, 1947) is an American businesswoman and politician who was a United States Senator from Maine from 1995 to 2013. Snowe, a member of the Republican Party, became known for her ability to influence the outcome of close votes, including whether to end filibusters. In 2006, she was named one of America's Best Senators by Time magazine. Snowe was known for her ability to compromise and her strong sense of bipartisanship. Throughout her senate career, she was considered one of the most moderate members of the Senate. On February 28, 2012, Snowe announced that she would not seek re-election in November 2012, and retired when her third term ended on January 3, 2013. She cited hyper-partisanship leading to a dysfunctional Congress as the reason for her retirement from the Senate.Her seat went to former governor Angus King, a former Democrat and current independent. Snowe is a senior fellow for the Bipartisan Policy Center and co-chairs its Commission on Political Reform. Early life

Snowe was born <mask> Bouchles in Augusta, Maine, the daughter of Georgia (née Goranites) and George John Bouchles. Her father emigrated to the United States from Sparti, Greece, and her maternal grandparents were also Greek. She is a member of the Greek Orthodox Church. When she was eight years old, her mother died of breast cancer, and less than a year later, her father died of heart disease. Orphaned, she was moved to Auburn, to be raised by her aunt and uncle, a textile mill worker and a barber, respectively, along with their five children.Her brother John was raised separately by other family members. Within a few years, disease would also claim her uncle's life. Snowe attended St. Basil's Academy in Garrison, New York, from the third grade to the ninth. One of her teachers was Athena Hatziemmanuel, a notable Greek-American educator at the school. Returning to Auburn, she attended Edward Little High School before entering the University of Maine in Orono, from which she earned a degree in political science (1969). Shortly after graduation, Bouchles married her fiancé, Republican state legislator Peter T<mask>, on December 29, 1969, in New York City.Early political career

Snowe entered politics and rose quickly, winning a seat on the Board of Voter Registration and working for Congressman (later U.S. Senator and U.S. Secretary of Defense) William Cohen. Tragedy struck Snowe again in 1973, when her husband was killed in an automobile accident. At the urging of family, friends, neighbors and local leaders, Snowe ran for her husband's Auburn-based seat in the Maine House of Representatives at the age of 26 and won. She was re-elected to the House in 1974, and, in 1976, won election to the Maine Senate, representing Androscoggin County. That same year, she was a delegate to both the state and national Republican conventions. U.S. House of Representatives
Snowe was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1978 and represented Maine's 2nd Congressional District from 1979 to 1995.The district included most of the northern two-thirds of the state, including Bangor and her hometown of Auburn. She served as a member of the Budget and International Relations Committees. Snowe voted for the bill establishing Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a federal holiday in August 1983 and the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 in March 1988 (as well as to override President Reagan's veto). Snowe married John R. McKernan, Jr., then Governor of Maine, in February 1989. Snowe and John McKernan served together in the United States House of Representatives from 1983 to 1986, McKernan representing the 1st District. While Snowe was First Lady of Maine from 1989 to 1995, she served as a member of Congress of the United States. Tragedy struck Snowe once more in 1991 when her stepson Peter McKernan died from a heart ailment at the age of 20.U.S. Senate

Elections

In 1994, when Senate Majority Leader George J. Mitchell declined to run for re-election, Snowe immediately declared her candidacy for the seat. The Democratic nominee was her House colleague, 1st District Congressman Tom Andrews. Snowe defeated Andrews 60–36%, carrying every county in the state. Snowe was part of the Republican election sweep of 1994, when the Republican party captured both the House and Senate for the first time since 1954. Snowe was easily re-elected in 2000 over State Senate President Mark Lawrence, increasing her winning margin to 69%–31%. She cruised past Democratic opponent Jean Hay Bright in 2006, winning by 74% to 20.6%. She won every single county in Maine in all three of her elections.Tenure

<mask> was an important voice during the Senate's 1999 impeachment trial of then-President Bill Clinton. She and fellow Maine Senator Susan Collins sponsored a motion that would have allowed the Senate to vote separately on the charges and the remedy – a "finding of fact" resolution. When the motion failed, Snowe and Collins voted to acquit, arguing that Clinton's perjury did not warrant his removal from office. Her occasional breaks with the Bush administration drew attacks from conservative Republicans; the Club for Growth and Concerned Women for America label her a "Republican In Name Only" (RINO). In October 2002, Snowe voted in favor of the War in Iraq. In February 2006, TheWhiteHouseProject.org named Snowe one of its "8 in '08", a group of eight female politicians who could possibly run and/or be elected president in 2008. Snowe voted in favor of the nominations of John Roberts, Samuel Alito, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan to the U.S. Supreme Court.In April 2006, Snowe was selected by Time as one of "America's 10 Best Senators". She was the only woman so recognized. Time praised Snowe for her sensitivity to her constituents, also noting that: "Because of her centrist views and eagerness to get beyond partisan point scoring, Maine Republican <mask>e is in the center of every policy debate in Washington." She received an honorary degree from Bates College in 1998, and another from the University of Delaware in 2008. Snowe did not miss any of the 657 votes on the Senate floor during the 110th Congress from 2007 to 2009. She was one of only eight senators who did not miss any votes during that session. Snowe is the fourth woman to serve on the Senate Armed Services Committee and the first to chair its seapower subcommittee which oversees the Navy and Marine Corps.In 2001, Snowe became the first Republican woman to secure a full-term seat on the Senate Finance Committee. Snowe was the youngest female Republican ever elected to the United States House of Representatives; she is also the first woman to have served in both houses of a state legislature and both houses of the U.S. Congress. She is the first Greek-American congresswoman. With her 1989 marriage to McKernan, she became the first person to simultaneously be a member of Congress and First Lady of a state. She never lost an election in her 35 years as an elected official, and in the 2006 midterm senatorial elections, she won with a reported 73.99% of votes. However, on Tuesday, February 27, 2012, citing excessive partisanship and a dispiriting political environment, Snowe announced she would not run for re-election in November 2012. Her unexpected decision delivered a potential blow to Republicans, who needed just a handful of seats to regain control of the Senate; Snowe was considered one of their safer incumbents.Gang of 14

On May 23, 2005, Snowe was one of fourteen senators dubbed the Gang of 14, who defused a confrontation between Senate Democrats (who were filibustering several judicial nominees) and the Senate Republican leadership (who wanted to use the nominations as a flashpoint to eliminate filibusters on nominees through the so-called nuclear option). The Gang-brokered compromise precluded further filibusters and the implementation of the nuclear option for the remainder of the 109th Congress; under its terms, the Democrats retained the power to filibuster a Bush judicial nominee in an "extraordinary circumstance", and nominees (Janice Rogers Brown, Priscilla Owen and William Pryor) received a simple majority vote by the full Senate. The Gang later played an important role in the confirmation of Chief Justice John Roberts and Associate Justice Samuel Alito, as they asserted that neither met the "extraordinary circumstances" provision outlined in their agreement. Snowe ultimately voted for both Roberts and Alito. Committee assignments

 Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
 Subcommittee on Aviation Operations, Safety, and Security
 Subcommittee on Communications, Technology, and the Internet
 Subcommittee on Consumer Protection, Product Safety, and Insurance
 Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard (Ranking Member)
 Subcommittee on Science and Space
 Subcommittee on Surface Transportation and Merchant Marine Infrastructure, Safety, and Security
 Committee on Finance
 Subcommittee on Health Care
 Subcommittee on Taxation, IRS Oversight, and Long-term Growth
 Subcommittee on International Trade and Global Competitiveness
 Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship (Ranking Member)
 Select Committee on Intelligence

Caucus memberships
 Dairy Farmer Caucus
 Health Technology Caucus (Co-Chair)
 International Conservation Caucus (Co-Chair)
 Senate Tourism Caucus
 Senate Women's Caucus
 Sportsmen's Caucus
 Senate Hunger Caucus
 Senate Oceans Caucus

Political positions

Snowe shares a centrist ideology with Susan Collins, her former colleague in the Senate from Maine, who still serves in the chamber. Collins is considered a "half-turn more conservative" than Snowe. Snowe supports abortion rights and gay rights, and though she previously voted to block the repeal of "Don't ask, don't tell", she was one of eight Republican senators to vote for the act's repeal on December 18, 2010, ending the policy.In her 2006 re-election campaign, she was one of two Republican Senate candidates endorsed by the prominent gay rights organization the Human Rights Campaign (the other was Lincoln Chafee of Rhode Island, who became a Democrat in 2013 and a Libertarian in 2019). According to GovTrack, Snowe was the most liberal Republican senator in 2012–13 being placed by GovTrack's analysis to the left of every Republican and several Democrats. In 2012, the non-partisan National Journal gave Snowe a composite 57% conservative score and a 43% liberal score. Snowe supported both President Clinton's involvement in Kosovo and President George W. Bush's invasions in Afghanistan and Iraq. On fiscal issues, she has voiced support for cutting taxes as economic stimulus, although she joined fellow Republican senators Lincoln Chafee and John McCain in voting against the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003. In 2004, she opposed the accelerated implementation of the Bush tax cuts citing budget concerns and she was joined by Senators Collins, McCain, and Chafee. Snowe is a member of the Republican Main Street Partnership and supports stem cell research.She is also a member of Republicans for Environmental Protection, the Republican Majority for Choice, Republicans for Choice and The Wish List (Women In the Senate and House), a group of pro-choice Republican women. Her highest composite conservative score according to the National Journal was a 63% in 2010 and her highest composite liberal score was a 55.5% in 2006. She voted against the Federal Marriage Amendment, an amendment aimed at banning gay marriage, in 2004. She voted against banning gay marriage in 2006 for a second time. In 2005 and 2007, she voted to support embryonic stem-cell research. In 2008, Snowe endorsed Republican candidate John McCain for President of the United States. In the 111th Congress, Snowe backed the release of additional Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) funds and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.While she opposed President Obama's budget resolution, she pledged to work in a bipartisan manner on the issues of health care reform and energy. In 2007, <mask> was among the Republicans who voted in favor of the McCain-Kennedy bill to give citizenship to undocumented immigrants. However, she voted against the DREAM Act in 2010. She also voted to continue funding to 'sanctuary cities,' voted against eliminating the 'Y' guestworker visa program, but she also voted in favor of building a fence along the southern border and voted to make English the official language of the United States. "In October 2009, Snowe was the sole Republican in the Senate to vote for the Finance Committee’s health care reform bill." However, she stated that she might not support the final bill due to strong reservations. Snowe was one of three Republicans to break with their party and vote with Democrats to end a filibuster of a defense spending bill; the filibuster was meant to delay or stop the vote on health care legislation.In December 2009, Snowe voted against cloture for two procedural motions and ultimately against the Senate Health Care Reform Bill. Snowe again voted against health care reform when she voted "no" on the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010. When Snowe announced in February 2012 that she would not seek re-election, it was reported that she and Democrat Ben Nelson, who also did not seek re-election, had the closest overlap  of any two members of the U.S. Senate. In 2012, Snowe endorsed Republican candidate Mitt Romney for President of the United States. After leaving the Senate, Snowe announced her support for same-sex marriage. Snowe has been on the board of directors for the investment counsel firm T. Rowe Price since 2013. She opposed Donald Trump as the GOP nominee in 2016.She said that Jeb Bush and Hillary Clinton were the least partisan 2016 presidential candidates. On November 8, 2020, five days after the election, while President Trump and some other members of the Republican Party were falsely claiming he had won the election, Snowe congratulated President-elect Joe Biden and Vice President-elect Kamala Harris. On January 9, 2021, following the storming of the United States Capitol, she called on President Trump to "resign from office now to allow our nation to begin to heal and prepare for the transition to the Biden presidency." Electoral history

See also
 Women in the United States House of Representatives
 Women in the United States Senate
 Rockefeller Republican

References

Further reading
 Nine & Counting: The Women of the Senate, Boxer, Collins, Snowe et al., . Fighting for Common Ground: How We can Fix the Stalemate in Congress, Snowe,

External links

 U.S. Senator <mask> official U.S. Senate website
 <mask> for Senate official campaign website

 Profile at SourceWatch
 U.S. Senator <mask>e audio clips from the Senate Republican Conference
 "The Anguished Moderate", The Washington Post, July 15, 2007.Olympia Snowe Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America

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1947 births
Living people
20th-century American politicians
20th-century Eastern Orthodox Christians
20th-century American women politicians
21st-century American politicians
21st-century Eastern Orthodox Christians
21st-century American women politicians
American politicians of Greek descent
Bipartisan Policy Center

Female members of the United States House of Representatives
Female United States senators
First Ladies and Gentlemen of Maine
Greek Orthodox Christians from the United States
Maine Republicans
Maine state senators
Centrism in the United States
Members of the Maine House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Maine
People from Falmouth, Maine
Politicians from Augusta, Maine
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Republican Party United States senators
United States senators from Maine
University of Maine alumni
Women state legislators in Maine
Edward Little High School alumni

masks:
Olympia Jean Snowe
Olympia Jean
. Snowe
Snowe
Olympia Snow
Olympia Snowe
Olympia Snowe
Olympia Snowe
Olympia Snow