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<mask> (; born 7 July 1984) is an Italian football manager and former player. Mainly a central midfielder, he usually operated as a deep-lying playmaker, but was also capable of playing as an attacking midfielder. He is the head coach of Fiorentina Primavera. <mask> began his career with Italian side Roma and, after a brief loan spell at Triestina, returned to the Serie A club where he became a regular in the Roma side during the 2005–06 season, earning the nickname "Il Principino" (The Little Prince), due to his resemblance to former Roma legend Giuseppe Giannini, both in terms of appearance and playing style, who was known as "Il Principe" (The Prince). During the following season, he suffered a thigh injury and was ruled out for several months. In 2007 and 2008 he won consecutive Coppa Italia titles with Roma, as well as the 2007 Supercoppa Italiana. He moved to English club Liverpool for the start of the 2009–10 season but in August 2010, having received only limited playing time at Anfield due to injury, he returned to Italy and joined Juventus on loan until the end of the 2010–11 season.Aquilani returned to Liverpool at the end of the season as Juventus did not take up their purchase option. He went on loan again in 2011, playing for Italian club Milan for the 2011–12 season, and was subsequently sold to Fiorentina in 2012, where he remained until his transfer to Portuguese club Sporting CP in 2015; he returned to Italy in 2016, joining Pescara, and was later loaned to Sassuolo for the second half the season. In 2017, he joined Spanish club Las Palmas, but was released by the club at the end of the season. After a year without a club, he announced his retirement in 2019. Internationally, <mask> has represented Italy at various youth levels, while at senior level, he made his full international début in November 2006 in a 1–1 draw against Turkey. In total, he made 38 appearances for Italy between 2006 and 2014, scoring 5 goals, and also took part at Euro 2008, the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup (winning a bronze medal in the tournament), and the 2014 FIFA World Cup with the Italian senior team. Club career

Roma

In 2001, when Aquilani was 17, Chelsea and Arsenal offered him contracts, but he declined the offers to continue playing for his youth club Roma.He made his debut in Serie A at the age of 18 on 10 May 2002 under then manager Fabio Capello against Torino. Roma won that game 3–1. He was loaned to Serie B club Triestina for the 2003–04 season to gain first team experience. Returning to Roma in the 2004–05 season, he broke into the starting XI. On 31 March 2005 Aquilani signed a new 5-year contract with Roma, which worth €1.1M, €1.25M, €1.48M, €1.61M and €1.79M respectively from 2005–10 in gross annually. In the 2005–06 season, he scored the second goal in the derby victory on 26 February 2006, a victory in which Roma broke the record for the most consecutive wins in Serie A, a record later broken by Internazionale in the 2006–07 season. In the following season, Aquilani was expected to be one of Roma's best players.He was given the number 8 shirt previously worn by Matteo Ferrari. Unfortunately, an injury forced him out of the game for several months. Aquilani returned to the field in May 2007 and featured in three games towards the end of the season, including the last two. He scored two long range goals in the first two matches of the 2007–08 season against Palermo and Siena. Although he was injured in October 2007, he returned to the squad in January 2008. <mask> was injured again on 22 October 2008 against Chelsea. He returned to action on 11 January 2009 against Milan but picked up another injury in February.Although he played against Arsenal as a last minute substitute on 11 March 2009, he did not play any part for the rest of the season. On 26 May 2009, Aquilani signed a new contract with Roma until 2013, adding three more years to previous deal. He was offered an annual gross salary of €3.2 million for 2008–09 season; €3.6 million in 2009–10 season; €3.9 million in 2010–11 season and ultimately €4.2 million in the last two-year of the contract. Liverpool
On 5 August 2009, Liverpool announced that they had agreed a deal with Roma for the transfer of Aquilani, subject to a medical test. The club subsequently announced that the player had passed the medical test and signed a five-year contract on 7 August 2009. Roma revealed that the fee was €20 million (£17 million) plus sporting bonus. <mask> was handed the number 4 shirt, last worn by Sami Hyypiä, who joined Bayer Leverkusen at the end of the 2008–09 season.<mask> made his Liverpool reserves debut with a 15-minute substitute appearance in a 2–0 win against Sunderland reserves on 21 October 2009. His first game for Liverpool was a 2–1 4th round League Cup defeat to Arsenal, coming on in the 77th minute for Damien Plessis. He made his Premier League debut on 9 November, as a late substitute against Birmingham City in a 2–2 draw. <mask> made his first start against Fiorentina in a Champions League match on 9 December 2009, where Liverpool lost 2–1. <mask> made his first Premier League start against Wolves on 26 December 2009 and received a standing ovation from the Kop when he was substituted in the 84th minute for Daniel Pacheco. <mask> next started for Liverpool in their 2–0 win over Bolton Wanderers, where he got his second assist for Liverpool, again setting up Dirk Kuyt. He scored his first goal for Liverpool on 15 March 2010 against Portsmouth and he also assisted Fernando Torres for the fourth Liverpool goal.He was voted man of the match by the fans on Liverpool's official website. Aquilani also gained the man of the match award in his next Liverpool league start, against Fulham in a goalless draw at Anfield. In his next start for Liverpool he finished the match with three assists during a 4–0 away win against Burnley On 29 April 2010 he scored a goal against Atlético Madrid in the Europa League, cancelling out Atlético's first leg goal from Diego Forlán by scoring moments before half-time. Despite a great performance from Aquilani on the night, Liverpool eventually went out of the semi-finals on the away goal rule after Yossi Benayoun had put Liverpool 2–0 up, as Forlán scored his second of the tie in exta-time to take the aggregate score to 2–2. Aquilani won the LFC Man of the Match award again after his performance. Aquilani also played in Liverpool's last 2 games of the season, a 2–0 defeat at the hands of Chelsea at Anfield and a goalless draw away to Hull City at the KC Stadium. In total, Aquilani played 26 times in his debut season for the reds, scoring twice but rarely playing the full 90 minutes.With the departure of Rafael Benítez in June 2010, new manager Roy Hodgson played him in the pre-season, but stated publicly in mid-August that Aquilani may go back to his native Italy on loan for a full season, where he could gain match fitness through regular appearances. Juventus (loan)
On 21 August 2010, a deal between Liverpool and Juventus was agreed, to allow Aquilani to go on a one-season loan deal to Juventus with an option of a permanent move. He made his debut for the Bianconeri on 12 September in a 3–3 draw with Sampdoria from coming on as a substitute for Simone Pepe. He came on as a sub again on 23 September in a 3–1 home defeat to Sicilian club Palermo. His first start for the club came on 26 September in a 4–2 win against Cagliari. After that Aquilani played 80 minutes against reigning champions Internazionale in a goalless draw before he scored his first goal for the club on 17 October in a 4–0 home win against Lecce two weeks later. He played his first full 90 minutes away to Bologna in another 0–0 draw.On 5 February, he played the full 90 minutes in a 3–1 away win over Cagliari with his next match being against Inter in a 1–0 win. On 21 April, Kenny Dalglish claimed Aquilani still had a future at Liverpool, despite claims that he wanted to remain in Italy. Aquilani returned to Liverpool after Juventus decided against making his transfer permanent. Milan (loan)
On 4 July 2011, Aquilani started pre-season training with Liverpool, though his agent later confirmed that his wish was to stay at Juventus in Serie A. He was included in the squad's pre-season tour of Asia and marked his return to the team in a friendly against Guangdong Sunray Cave on 13 July. He subsequently impressed against a Malaysian XI on 16 July 2011. On 25 August 2011, Aquilani joined Milan on loan for the 2011–12 season with Milan having an option to make the move permanent at the end of the season, despite pulling a string of impressive performances during the pre-season tour in Asia.Liverpool manager Kenny Dalglish paid tribute to Aquilani on his departure, stating that the only reason for the loan was an inability to fit the player into the team's preferred formation. Damien Comolli, Liverpool director of football, said, "I want to pay tribute to the way <mask> has conducted himself during these discussions. Throughout the entire process, his only desire has been to play football and he has put this ahead of any other considerations and at personal cost to himself." Aquilani made his debut for the Rossoneri in the opening game of the 2011–12 season against Lazio, and had an immediate impact by being involved in the build-up for Milan's first goal with a neat pass to Antonio Cassano, and assisting the second goal himself from a corner-kick. On 13 September 2011, he made his European debut for Milan in the UEFA Champions League against FC Barcelona at the Camp Nou, coming off the bench to help Milan secure a 2–2 draw. On 18 September 2011, <mask> scored his first goal for Milan in his second Serie A match for the club, heading home a cross from Cassano to open the scoring against Napoli at the San Paolo in Naples. Fiorentina
Aquilani returned to Liverpool for pre-season training in preparation for their 2012–13 season.He was included in the squad for Liverpool's pre-season tour of North America and played 45 minutes in the opening match against Toronto FC. The club accepted an undisclosed fee for the midfielder from Fiorentina in Italy, and his transfer was completed on 3 August 2012. Following the transfer, Aquilani averred that only an excessive price that Liverpool had placed on him had prevented him completing permanent moves to Milan and Juventus following his successful loan spells. Fiorentina revealed that Aquilani had only cost the club €790,000 as other cost. Liverpool allowed Aquilani to leave the club for free thus Roma also received nothing from the bonus clause. On 26 January 2014 in a match against Genoa Aquilani scored his first career hat-trick in a thrilling 3–3 draw. Aquilani reached the 2014 Coppa Italia Final with Fiorentina that season, where they were defeated by Napoli.The following season, Fiorentina finished the league in fourth place for a third consecutive season, while also reaching the semi-finals of the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League. Sporting CP
Following the conclusion of the 2014–15 season with Fiorentina, Aquilani became a free agent after his contract was not renewed. In August 2015, he signed with Portuguese club Sporting CP on a three-year contract, reportedly worth €1 million per season. Pescara
On 26 August 2016, Aquilani signed with Pescara. Sassuolo (loan)
On 3 January 2017, Aquilani signed with Sassuolo on loan until the end of the 2016–17 season. Las Palmas
On 25 August 2017 and following his departure from Pescara, <mask> signed a two-year contract with Spanish La Liga side Las Palmas. In July 2018, following the club's relegation, Aquilani was released from his contract.On 28 June 2019, after one season without a club, <mask> announced his retirement. International career
At youth level, <mask> was capped for Italy at 2001 UEFA European Under-16 Championship qualifying. He won 2003 UEFA European Under-19 Championship with Italy and scored one goal, later being named the tournament's best player. He was then promoted to the U21 team and took part in 2006 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifying, but missed out on the final tournament due to injury. <mask> made his senior debut on 15 November 2006 in a 1–1 friendly against Turkey. He played as a regular during the 2007 U-21 Championship held in the Netherlands, scoring two goals, and being named in the "UEFA Team of the Tournament". Italy finished 5th and qualified for the 2008 Olympics.He was named to the 23-man roster for Euro 2008, his first major international tournament. He came on as a sub in Italy's third game of the tournament, which was a 2–0 victory over France. He started Italy's quarter-final match against Spain due to the suspensions of Andrea Pirlo and Gennaro Gattuso. Italy lost 4–2 in a penalty shootout after a goalless draw after extra time. <mask> scored his first goal for Italy during the 2010 World Cup qualification match against Montenegro on 15 October 2008, a tally he doubled later in the same match. In spite of this, the national team manager Marcello Lippi opted not to include him in the 23-man Italian squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. In Italy's UEFA Euro 2012 qualification campaign, <mask> played his first game in a 1–0 away win against Slovenia on 25 March 2011, playing for the full 90 minutes.He also started in Italy's next match at home against Estonia on 3 June, but came off in the first half of the 3–0 win due to a head injury. On 10 August 2011, he scored his third international goal with the late winner in a friendly against defending world champions Spain. Aquilani took part at the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup under manager Cesare Prandelli, where Italy managed a third-place finish; in the victorious bronze medal match against Uruguay, he converted a penalty in the resulting shoot-out. On 11 October 2013, Aquilani scored the late equalizing goal in Italy's 2–2 away draw against Denmark during the team's 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign; this was his fifth goal for Italy. He was an unused member of Italy's 2014 FIFA World Cup squad, as the Italians suffered a group-stage elimination. Style of play
<mask> was a modern, hard-working and versatile playmaker who was capable of functioning in a number of midfield roles, from a holding role as a deep-lying playmaker, to a more advanced trequartista or attacking midfielder. His favoured position was that of an offensive-minded central midfielder or box-to-box midfielder, a position known as the "mezz'ala" role, in Italy, which enabled him to make late attacking runs from behind into the penalty area or create space for team-mates with his movement, despite his lack of notable pace or physicality; he was also used on the wing, or even as a wing-back on occasion.With the Italy national team, he was also deployed in a different role, as a false-attacking midfielder on occasion, under manager Cesare Prandelli. Throughout his career, Aquilani drew praise for his vision, creativity, technique, quick incisive passing, which enabled him to dictate the tempo of his team's plays in midfield, and was also noted for his energy and long-range shooting ability with either foot. Due to his eye for goal, height, and heading accuracy, he was also effective in the air, and was also accurate from set-pieces, which enabled him to contribute to his team's offensive play with additional goals from midfield. Despite his talent in his youth, he was often injury prone throughout his career, which limited his playing time and affected his fitness and consistency, and as a result, he has been accused by some in the sport of not living up to his initial potential. Managerial career
On 11 July 2019, <mask> was announced as the head coach of Fiorentina's under-18 team, remaining in that position until December, when he joined the first team staff as an assistant to Giuseppe Iachini. On 19 July 2020, he was appointed as head coach of the Primavera squad. On 26 August 2020, the side successfully defended the Coppa Italia Primavera title, beating Hellas Verona 1–0 in the final.Personal life
Aquilani married Michela Quattrociocche on 4 July 2012. Together, they have two daughters: Aurora (b. 18 April 2011) and Diamante (b. 3 November 2014). On 11 May 2020, it was announced that the two had separated. Career statistics

Club

1Europe includes UEFA Champions League, UEFA Cup and UEFA Europa League
2Other includes Supercoppa Italiana, Football League Cup, Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira, and Taça da Liga

International
Updated to games played 18 November 2014.

International goals
Scores and results list Italy's goal tally first. Honours

Club
Roma
 Coppa Italia: 2006–07, 2007–08
 Supercoppa Italiana: 2007

International
Italy
 FIFA Confederations Cup: Third place 2013

Italy U-19
 UEFA European Under-19 Championship: 2003

Individual
 UEFA European Under-19 Championship Player of the Tournament: 2003
 UEFA European Under-21 Championship Team of the Tournament: 2007

References

External links

 LFChistory.net player profile

 FIGC National Team Archive

1984 births
Living people
Footballers from Rome
Italian footballers
Italy youth international footballers
Italy under-21 international footballers
Italy international footballers
Italian expatriate footballers
Italian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Association football midfielders
A.S. Roma players
U.S. Triestina Calcio 1918 players
Liverpool F.C.players
Juventus F.C. players
A.C. Milan players
ACF Fiorentina players
Sporting CP footballers
Delfino Pescara 1936 players
U.S. Sassuolo Calcio players
UD Las Palmas players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Premier League players
Primeira Liga players
La Liga players
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in Portugal
Italian expatriate sportspeople in England
Italian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
UEFA Euro 2008 players
2013 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Italian football managers

masks:
Alberto Aquilani
Aquilani
Aquilani
Aquilani
Aquilani
Aquilani
Aquilani
Aquilani
Aquilani
Alberto
Aquilani
Aquilani
Aquilani
Aquilani
Aquilani
Aquilani
Aquilani
Aquilani
Aquilani


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<mask> (19 December 1910 - 1 September 2001) was a German sculptor. Her most productive phase coincided with the early years of the  German Democratic Republic (East Germany). Life

Provenance and early years
<mask> was born in Berlin. Her father is variously described as a businessman and as a factory owner. Elsewhere her parents are described as distant and domineering. She grew up in a prosperous household in a substantial family home in Berlin's Schmöckwitz quarter. The household included a housekeeper, a gardener and a chauffeur.She attended the single-sex secondary school in the city's Neukölln quarter. While she was there someone lent her a book by Karl Marx which she took home and read. Uncomprehending but captivated, this in due course triggered Hahne's enduring commitment to socialist values which was at variance with her parents' middle-class conservatism. Career choices
On leaving school she trained as an gymnastics-orthopedics teacher, and for several years worked as a gymnastics teacher, pursuing this career till 1936. Despite her background she had already made contact with elements of the labour movement and Communist Party. In 1930 she first met Jean Weidt, and in the early 1930s was a member of Weidt's expressionist "Red Dancers" company. Between 1931 and 1933 she took part in performances at Communist Party events.In 1933 she even took part in the first Theatre Olympiad Review in Moscow. However, 1933 was also the year in which, in January, the political backdrop was transformed when the Nazi Party took power and converted Germany into a one-party dictatorship. Jean Weidt himself fled abroad in May 1933, and <mask> <mask>'s parallel career as a member of a communist expressionist dance company came to an end. A couple of years later she quit her teaching job, and between 1936 and 1940 studied sculpture at the Berlin Arts Academy. Here she eventually became a "master student" of . Another of her teachers was Arno Breker, who was by now becoming a high-profile government supporter. In 1940/41 she received a bursary to study at the Villa Massimo art institute in Rome.This period saw her produce her classically formed small sculptures and portraits of children. Resistance
Wilhelm Gerstel's other master students included Fritz Cremer and . After the coming to power of the Nazis it was through these fellow students that Huhne came into contact with  with whom she fell in love. In 1941 they moved in together. Since 1938 <mask> <mask> had been identified by the Gestapo as a member of the Red Orchestra ("Rote Kapelle"), a classification used by the authorities that included those believed to be involved in political activism or espionage activities on behalf of the Soviet Union. In the case of the Berlin Arts Academy there was indeed a resistance group among the arts students and Ruthild <mask>, reflecting her socialist beliefs, participated in it. Her apartment at Nachodstraße 20 in the Berlin quarter of Wilmersdorf became a meeting point for resistance members and appears to have been one of the places where she worked with comrades on production of "Die innere Front" ("The Home Front"), an illegal anti-government news-sheet.In Autumn 1942 the resistance cell was uncovered and its members were arrested on 21 October 1942. They faced the special "people's court" on 21 August 1943 and were convicted of performing illegal actions. <mask>'s partner, Wolfgang Thiess, was sentenced to death and executed on 9 September 1943. <mask> Hahne received a prison sentence of slightly less than five years. By this time, however, the world war had turned against Germany and the Soviet army had started a long advance from the east that would culminate in the capture of Berlin. In February 1945 <mask> was able to escape from the women's prison in Cottbus where she was being held:  she now joined up with the Red army. War ended in May 1945 and in June 1945 <mask> Hahne returned to Berlin, penniless but free.She now lost no time in joining the Communist Party of Germany and when, in April 1946, within what would later become East Germany the party was controversially merged to form the new Socialist Unity Party ("Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands" / SED), she was among the thousands who lost no time in signing their membership across to what quickly evolved to become the ruling party for a new kind of German dictatorship. Sculptor
With Berlin now surrounded by the Soviet occupation zone, and the eastern part of the city administered as part of it, Hahne acquired an apartment in what was becoming the Breitenbach Square (Breitenbachplatz) artists' quarter. Between 1946 and 1950 she worked as a teacher at the Applied Arts Academy (later better known as the Weißensee Arts Academy), of which some sources identify her as a co-founder. In her first major exhibition, held in the Arsenal Museum (Zeughaus) she included a Head of Lenin which, according to her son, created a stir. It showed not merely the familiar power and energy of the man, but also a less familiar warmth and  approachability. This opened the way to a career as a portrait sculptor, with busts of national heroes such as Karl Liebknecht (1950) and political leaders such as Wilhelm Pieck (1960) and even Walter Ulbricht (1963) that were displayed in schools and ministries. In October 1949 the Soviet occupation zone was relaunched as  the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), and Hahne's political portrait-busts were and also presented as gifts to leaders of the new country's "socialist brother nations".Along with her more directly political portraiture, Hahne also produced more portrait-busts of children. In 1953 Ruthild Hahne beat 182 rivals in a competition to provide a vast memorial to the former Communist leader Ernst Thälmann, to be placed what became, till 1986, Thälmann Square (Thälmannplatz). The work in some ways represented a career highlight, but was never completed. A succession of practical challenges delayed the project which then received its deathblow in 1961 with the erection of the Berlin Wall directly adjacent to its intended location. By this time, too, tastes had changed, and even in East Germany the imposing scale of the proposed memorial led to its characterisation in one official report as a "vulgar superficially illustrative realist construct" ("vulgäre, äußerlich illustrative Realismusauffassung"). There was also personal criticism of Hahne's "sinecure" based life style. Hahne was finally obliged to end work on the project in 1965:  in the end, it was not till 1986 that a new national leader, Erich Honecker sanctioned Berlin's official public memorial to Thälmann , but it was placed in a different location and produced by a different artist, comrade Lev Kerbel.After the long-running saga of the Thälmann Square memorial, Hahne's public profile was somewhat diminished. She nevertheless continued to produce portrait busts, notably of the writers Bruno Apitz (1966) and Kurt Stern (1968). In 1971, which coincidentally or not was the year in which Walter Ulbricht lost power, Ruthild <mask> was awarded the Patriotic Order of Merit in silver. It was only in 1985 that she was able to hold her first personal exhibition. Legacy
Ruthild <mask>'s legacy has been nurtured by her adopted son, Dr. <mask>. Between 09.00 and 15.00 he works as an Egyptologist, studying hieroglyphs. The second part of the afternoon he devotes to his mother's former studio, where he still lives and curates what has become a private museum where in 2008 it was reported that visitors could sometimes take the opportunity study Ruthild <mask>'s work.Parts of the Thälmann memorial to which she devoted so many years were destroyed after 1965. Others, including notably a half sized image of Thälmann and a group of "workers and peasants" positioned behind him, can still be seen at the studio-museum curated by her son at house number 201/1 in Berlin-Niederschönhausen. The Berlin Märkische Museum also houses two quarter-sized sections of Huhne's frieze design for the memorial. References

1910 births
2001 deaths
Artists from Berlin
20th-century German sculptors
Communists in the German Resistance
People condemned by Nazi courts
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in silver
People from East Berlin

masks:
Ruthild Hahne
Ruthd Hahne
Ruthild
Hahne
Ruthild
Hahne
Hahne
Hahne
Ruthild
Hahne
Ruthilde
Hahne
Hahne
Stefan Hahne
Hahne


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<mask> (born February 7, 1963) is an American Naval officer and former NASA astronaut. She has achieved the rank of Captain in the United States Navy. She is also a qualified and experienced salvage officer. Her major salvage projects include de-stranding the tanker Exxon Houston off the coast of Barbers Point, on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, and developing the plan for the Peruvian Navy salvage of the Peruvian submarine . Stefanyshyn-Piper has received numerous honors and awards, such as the Meritorious Service Medal, two Navy Commendation Medals, and two Navy Achievement Medals. She has flown on two Space Shuttle missions, STS-115 and STS-126, during which she completed five spacewalks totaling 33 hours and 42 minutes. As of , she ranks 39th on the all-time list of space walkers by duration.Early life and education
Stefanyshyn-Piper was born in St. Paul, Minnesota, United States, of Ukrainian-American heritage. Her father, Michael (Mykhailo) Stefanyshyn, now deceased, was born in Polish-governed Halychyna (today in Ukraine), and sent to work in Germany during World War II. After the end of the war, he married a German woman and they both immigrated to the U.S. Stefanyshyn-Piper's mother, Adelheid Stefanyshyn, lived in St. Paul until her death in 2018. Stefanyshyn-Piper was raised in the Ukrainian cultural community of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, is a member of Plast – a Ukrainian scouting organization, and speaks Ukrainian. Stefanyshyn-Piper graduated in 1980 from what was then the all-girls Derham Hall High School in St. Paul, and holds Bachelor of Science (1984) and Master of Science (1985) degrees in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She is a licensed ham radio operator with Technician License KD5TVR. Stefanyshyn-Piper married Glenn A. Piper, and they have one son, Michael, named after Piper's grandfather.Stefanyshyn-Piper hyphenated her surname after marriage to serve as a reminder of her family roots. Military career
Stefanyshyn-Piper received her commission from the Naval ROTC Program at MIT in June 1985. She completed training at the Naval Diving and Salvage Training Center in Panama City, Florida as a Navy Basic Diving Officer and Salvage Officer. During her Salvage tour, she participated in the de-stranding of the tanker Exxon Houston off the coast of Barbers Point in Hawaii. As of July 2009, Stefanyshyn-Piper was a Captain in the United States Navy. During her military career, she was awarded: the Defense Superior Service Medal, two Legion of Merit medals, the Defense Meritorious Service Medal, the Meritorious Service Medal, two Navy Commendation Medals, two Navy Achievement Medals, and other service medals. NASA career
Selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in April 1996, Stefanyshyn-Piper reported to the Johnson Space Center in August 1996.After two years of training and evaluation, she qualified for flight assignment as a mission specialist. Initially assigned to astronaut support duties for launch and landing, she has also served as lead Astronaut Office Representative for Payloads and in the Astronaut Office EVA branch. STS-115 - Atlantis (September 9–21, 2006)

Stefanyshyn-Piper flew her first mission on STS-115, aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis (launched September 9, 2006, and returned September 21), as a Mission Specialist and became only the 8th woman to perform a spacewalk (out of 180 total spacewalkers). Stefanyshyn-Piper's participation in two of the mission's three EVAs for a total of 12 hours, 8 minutes made her the second most experienced female spacewalker. She also became the first Minnesota woman to go into space. EVA One (Duration 5 hours, 26 minutes) — With astronaut Joe Tanner, Stefanyshyn-Piper conducted initial installation of the P3/P4 truss onto the space station. Connected power cables on the truss, released the launch restraints on the solar array blanket box, the Beta Gimbal Assembly, and the solar array wings.Configured the Solar Alpha Rotary Joint (SARJ), and removed two circuit interrupt devices to prepare for STS-116. Stefanyshyn-Piper became the seventh American woman to conduct a spacewalk. EVA Three (Duration 6 hours, 42 minutes) — With astronaut Joe Tanner, Stefanyshyn-Piper installed a radiator onto the P3/4 truss, powered up a cooling radiator for the new solar arrays, replaced an S-Band radio antenna, and installed insulation for another antenna. Tanner took photos of the shuttle's wings using an infrared camera to test the camera's ability to detect damage. During her pre-flight interview, she described her philosophy about human exploration of space:

Piper fainted twice during the STS-115 welcome home ceremony. The NASA flight surgeon who assisted her noted that "for a returning astronaut, the symptoms she experienced are very normal for what can occur during re-adaptation". NEEMO 12 (May 7–18, 2007)

Stefanyshyn-Piper was commander of the 12th expedition of NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations (NEEMO), a NASA program for studying human survival in the Aquarius underwater laboratory in preparation for future space exploration.STS-126 - Endeavour (November 14–30, 2008)

Stefanyshyn-Piper flew as a Mission Specialist on STS-126, aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour (launched November 14, 2008, and returned November 30), during which she participated in and was Lead Spacewalker on three of four spacewalks. The mission ended when Endeavour landed successfully at Edwards Air Force Base, California. Following Stefanyshyn-Piper's third spacewalk during STS-126, her fifth overall, her total time in EVA became 33 hours, 42 minutes, putting her in twenty-fifth place for total time in EVA. EVA One (Duration 6 hours, 52 minutes) — With astronaut Stephen G. Bowen, Stefanyshyn-Piper transferred an empty nitrogen tank assembly from ESP3 to the shuttle's cargo bay, transferred a new flex hose rotary coupler to ESP3 for future use, removed an insulation cover on the Kibo External Facility berthing mechanism, began cleaning and lubrication of the starboard SARJ, and replacement of its 11 trundle bearing assemblies. EVA Two (Duration 6 hours, 45 minutes) — With astronaut Robert S. Kimbrough, Stefanyshyn-Piper relocated the two Crew and Equipment Translation Aid (CETA) carts from the starboard side of the Mobile Transporter to the port side, lubricated the station robotic arm's latching end effector A snare bearings, continued cleaning and lubrication of the starboard SARJ. EVA was conducted on the station's tenth anniversary. EVA Three (Duration 6 hours, 57 minutes) -- With astronaut Stephen G. Bowen, Stefanyshyn-Piper completed cleaning and lubrication of all but one of the trundle bearing assemblies (TBA) on the starboard SARJ.The final TBA was replaced during EVA 4. Lost tool bag during spacewalk

During the first EVA of STS-126 on November 18, 2008, as Stefanyshyn-Piper was preparing to begin work on the Solar Alpha Rotary Joint, she noticed a significant amount of grease in her tool bag. "I think we had a grease gun explode in the large bag, because there's grease in the bag," Stefanyshyn-Piper reported to Kimbrough, who was working inside the shuttle to help coordinate the EVA. Mission Control managers instructed Stefanyshyn-Piper to clean up the grease using a dry wipe, and while she was doing the cleanup, she accidentally pushed aside the bag. "I guess one of my crew lock bags was not transferred and it's loose," Stefanyshyn-Piper told Kimbrough. The bag floated aft and starboard of the station, and did not pose a risk to the station or orbiter. The bag and its contents entered Low Earth Orbit as space debris, where it eventually burned-up as it entered the Earth's atmosphere west of Mexico on August 3, 2009.When in orbit, it was visible from the ground using a telescope. After taking an inventory of the items inside the lost bag, managers on the ground determined that Bowen had all those items in his bag, and the two could share equipment. While it extended the EVA duration slightly, the major objectives were not changed. The estimated value of the equipment lost is US$100,000. During the Mission Status Briefing, lead International Space Station Flight Director Ginger Kerrick said that there was no way to know what caused the bag to come loose. "We don't know that this incident occurred because they forgot to tether something. We don't know if perhaps the hook just came loose inside the bag," Kerrick said."You've got to remember, we are working with humans here and we are prone to human error. We do the best we can, and we learn from our mistakes." Said Stefanyshyn-Piper of the incident, "that definitely was not the high point of the EVA. It was very disheartening to watch it float away." Retirement from NASA
In July 2009, Stefanyshyn-Piper retired from NASA's Astronaut Corps to return to her Navy duties. Fellow astronaut Steven Lindsey, Chief of the Astronaut Office at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, stated on her retirement: "Heide has been an outstanding astronaut, contributing significantly to the Space Shuttle and Space Station programs. In particular, her superb leadership as lead spacewalker during the STS-126 mission resulted in restoring full power generation capability to the International Space Station.We wish her the best of luck back in the Navy – she will be missed." She was awarded two NASA Space Flight Medals, and the NASA Exceptional Service Medal. In August 2009, Stefanyshyn-Piper reported to the Naval Sea Systems Command as the Chief Technology Officer. Further Navy career
On May 20, 2011 Captain Stefanyshyn-Piper became commander of the Carderock Division of the Naval Surface Warfare Center in Maryland. References

External links

Spacefacts.de biography of <mask> Stefanyshyn-Piper
 Heavens Above Orbit Information
 NASA biography July 2009

1963 births
Living people
Aquanauts
Women astronauts
United States Navy astronauts
People from Saint Paul, Minnesota
American people of Ukrainian descent
American people of German descent
MIT School of Engineering alumni
United States Navy captains
American women engineers
Female United States Navy officers
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Recipients of the NASA Exceptional Service Medal
Amateur radio people
Space Shuttle program astronauts
Engineers from Minnesota
Spacewalkers
21st-century American women
Military personnel from Minnesota

masks:
Heidemarie Martha Stefanyshyn Piper
Heidemarie


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<mask> ( – 6 February 1317) was a Swedish Catholic prelate and theologian who served as the Bishop of Skara from 1278 until his death. He was descended from nobles and studied for almost two decades in Paris at the college there before returning to his homeland as a dean and canon prior to his episcopal nomination. He was diligent in his work in reforming the education of schools and the overall reorganization of his episcopal see. He was forced into a brief exile (with his father and some brothers imprisoned or killed in that time) but was able to continue his work upon his return. Upon his death he was known to be hailed as a saint with dozens of miracles reported both during and after his life with some reported at the site of his tomb in the diocesan cathedral. There were several processes and commissions set up to collect testimonies and documents to support his cause for canonization with an appeal made to the Council of Constance to declare him as such; canonization did not occur during the council, but Pope Martin V encouraged and endorsed the cause. Pope Innocent VIII approved for his relics to be translated which occurred during the pontificate of his successor Pope Alexander VI on 16 August 1492 which acted as a "de facto" canonization despite the fact no formal canonization was celebrated despite attempts to convince the pontiff to do so.<mask> <mask> was born in the 1240s or 1230s - but no later than 1248 - in Västergötland as the second of eight sons born to the nobleman Algot Brinolfsson (1220-1302) and Margareta Petersdotter (b. 1235). His siblings were:
 Magnus (1259-1309)
 Karl (d. 1289)
 Folke ( 1263–1310)
 Bengt (d. 1308)
 Rörik
 Peter
 Nils

He was educated in the cathedral school in Skara before being sent to pursue ecclesial studies in Paris at the college there for almost two decades where he heard the Dominican friar Thomas Aquinas give lectures. He became noted for his extensive learning as well as his background in canon law and overall theological studies. He also underwent philosophical studies and science while at the college. Upon his return to his homeland he was ordained to the priesthood and appointed as the dean for the Linköping chapter and the canon for Skara prior to being appointed as the Bishop of Skara in 1278 which Pope Nicholas III confirmed; he later received his episcopal consecration as a bishop around that time. He was enthroned in his episcopal see in the spring of 1279 and began his mission to renew his diocese.In 1281 he issued a charter which governed various tithes in addition to fining fellow prelates for various crimes committed should guilt be determined. The bishop became active in the nation's political life and worked hard to ensure that the needs and the teachings of the Church became an integral focus of all public policies put forth. He also supported the work of the missionaries who had come to his diocese and the nation in general. <mask>  wrote various and extensive theological works in addition to poems for particular liturgical feasts. He created a special house in Paris for students from Skara. But his work soon ran afoul of the absolutist King Magnus Ladulas in 1288 which prompted him to flee into a brief exile to escape the monarch's retribution. His exile saw his father imprisoned and some brothers of his either killed or imprisoned.But the persecution of his house came in 1289 when he and the king were reconciled which allowed for <mask> to return to Skara to continue his work uninterrupted. In 1304 he oversaw a thorn from Jesus Christ's Crown of Thorns brought to the Skara diocese from Lödöse due to close ties he shared with Norwegian prelates. This had been cultivated since the 1280s after he helped in the financing of the reconstruction of the Stavanger Cathedral which had been devastated in a fire. On 2 September 1304 he greeted a Norwegian ship holding 2000 people and was presented with the thorn which was carried in solemn procession to the diocesan cathedral. This made his diocese a pilgrim destination that also generated revenue which <mask> hoped to use to renovate the diocesan cathedral. He made 2 September the feast for the relic's reception and later wrote the "Historia de Spinea Corona" in order to describe how the thorn was gifted to his diocese. The bishop became noted in life for having performed several miracles such as that it was said he turned water into wine on several occasions, much like Jesus Christ had done at the wedding in Cana.He died in 1317 and his remains were interred in the Skara Cathedral. Bridget of Sweden visited his tomb on 2 February 1349 and there received a vision that revealed to her the holiness of the late bishop. In her vision she saw the Blessed Mother and Jesus Christ who also pointed out <mask>'s holiness to her, for she also saw bishop Brynolf in her vision. Sainthood
King Erik of Pomerania appointed a commission in Skara in 1417 to collect documentation and testimonies (over 50 in total) needed for the late bishop with the cause being entrusted at some later point to Swedish monks who did additional research on the bishop's life and miracles; permission had been granted on 27 April 1416 for the process to be held which took place from 12 April 1417 until that 28 April. In 1414 the Archbishop of Uppsala Johannes Haquini and three other bishops (in addition to the Bishop of Lund Peder Kruse and the Bishop of Nidaros Eskil) wrote an application to the Council of Constance asking that he be canonized. Pope Martin V confirmed the cause would continue and provided his encouragement as to the cause's continuation. There were 34 miracles recorded between 1404 and 1417 either in Skara or Lödöse as the process determined.In 1492 additional documentation was collected for submission to Pope Innocent VIII with the intention of having <mask> canonized in 1498. But Innocent VIII's death in 1492 hindered this to a significant degree. But Innocent VIII had given permission not long before his death for <mask>'s relics to be translated and a liturgical feast in his name affixed to that date. This took place during the pontificate of his successor Pope Alexander VI on 16 August 1492 (who had just been elected a week prior) which acted as a sort of "de facto" canonization even though no formal sanctification was celebrated and no official papal bull subscribed. Hemming Gadd - on the behalf of Sten Sture the Elder - spoke to Pope Alexander VI on the subject of the canonization of the bishop and told the pontiff that it would be good for the Swedish church for four Swedish Blesseds such as Hemming of Turku to be canonized. This request was repeated in 1499 since no progress had been made and on 16 March 1499 the pope granted permission for a second translation of relics. This never occurred.References

External links
 Geni

1317 deaths
13th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Sweden
13th-century Roman Catholic theologians
13th-century venerated Christians
14th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Sweden
14th-century Roman Catholic theologians
14th-century venerated Christians
Bishops of Skara
Medieval Swedish saints
Swedish Roman Catholic saints
University of Paris alumni
Year of birth unknown
Swedish expatriates in France

masks:
Brinolfo Algotsson
Life Brinolfo
Algotsson
Algotsson
Algotsson
Algotsson
Algotsson
Algotsson
Algotsson


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<mask> (born 7 March 1973), better known as Işın <mask> (), is a British-born Turkish Cypriot pop singer. Personal life
Işın Funda Büyükkaraca was born into a Turkish Cypriot family which had emigrated to the United Kingdom. Her mother Şeniz Büyükkaraca is a restaurant owner in Cyprus and her father Ali Büyükkaraca (died 2011) was a real estate agent originally from Afyon, Turkey. She graduated from the London IV King Edward School with a theatre major. <mask> has a son (Erda Kıvanç, born 1993) from her first husband, whom she later divorced. She had an affair for 12 years with arranger-composer Erdem Yörük. <mask> married director and motocross racer Sedat Doğan on 30 May 2011.She gave birth to her daughter Sasha Mia in 2011. The couple divorced 2 years later in November 2013. On 29 December 2016, she married Tuğrul Odabaş. In 2017 and 2019, her ex-husband Sedat Doğan was arrested in Brazil after being caught for stealing. In April 2019, it was revealed that <mask> was paying a 1 million debt left by Sedat Doğan. Earlier, she had changed her daughter's family name from Doğan to Büyükkaraca via a court decision. On 6 November 2019, <mask> and her third husband Tuğrul Odabaş divorced.In December 2019, she started dating musician Can Yapıcıoğlu. Music career

Backing vocalist and rise to fame (1997–2004)

Işın began her musical career as vocalist for Sezen Aksu. In 1997, she performed songs in the Turkish translation of Disney's Hercules' Soundtrack. She also performed the Turkish translations of this album. In 1999 she became the lead vocalist of the musical group "Panic Attack", but the group separated before releasing any albums. In 2000 she competed for Turkey on Eurovision Song Contest's pre-eliminations with "Bir Kırık Sevda". She didn't pass pre-eliminations for Eurovision but she represented Turkey in the OGAE Second Chance Contest and became 7th with 104 points.One year later she tried again with "Kaderimsin", but again she wasn't selected to represent Turkey for Eurovision. In OGAE Second Chance Contest, "Kaderimsin" became 14th with 52 points. She also appeared in Sezen Aksu's music videos "Oh oh" and "Allahın Varsa". In 2000, she was featured in "Geçmişe Yolculuk" from Fresh B's "Gerçek Kal" album. Until 2001 she continued working as back vocalist of Sezen Aksu. She also modeled for the XL fashion company "Sumak"'s Fall-Winter catalog in 2004–2005. She and her brother Akın Büyükkaraca own a musical production company: Akış Production.In November 2009, she modeled for Adil Işık's 2009–2010 Fall-Winter catalogue "Love My Body" collection. The photoshoot was shot by famous Turkish photographer Serkan Şedele. As she got her fame by working with Sezen Aksu as her backing vocalist, she released her debut album, Anadilim Aşk (My Native Language is Love), with help of her. The album is released in 2001 under "Power Records" label. All of the songs on this album were written by Sezen Aksu, except two of them have lyrics written by Ali İlyas. She made a great success with this album, becoming popular all over Turkey. Her first single Tutunamadım and second single Başka Bahar became hits.The video for the third single "Aramıza Yollar" was shot by Waleed Nassif. This video was the first High Definition video in Turkey. Famous Turkish actor Toprak Sergen also appears in this video. There's a video shot for "Doğum Günün Kutlu Olsun Oğlum", but this video was never aired due to conflicts with her music company. First release of this album sold-out quickly and they re-released with an addition of "Tutunamadım (remix)" in 2001. This version also sold-out quickly, and in 2006 it was re-released with "Seyhan Müzik" label. After the first album was released, she contributed to several albums like Selmi Andak's "Uluslararası Ödüllü Selmi Andak Şarkıları", Hakkı Yalçın's "O Şarkılar", Alpay's "Sessiz Kalma" and collection of "Yeni Türkiye Coşku Dolu".She performed a song in soundtrack album of Ezel Akay's movie Where's Firuze?. She also starred in this movie as guest star. In 2004 she formed a group named "Masalcılar [Storytellers]" with Erdem Yörük, Eda Özülkü and Metin Özülkü. They made their first album called "Masalcılar I" in which they tell stories to children. The group intended to make a series of albums like this and they credited this inside the cover of the album, but they never released another project. In 2004, she released her second album, İçinde Aşk Var (There's Love Inside). She worked with different writers like Aysel Gürel, Suat Suna, Ümit Sayın.She also wrote a song in this album. This album has only one song written by Sezen Aksu. First video Yetinmeyi Bilir misin? becomes a hit. Second video "Bekleyelim de Görelim" also made a great success. The last video came to a Sezen Aksu cover "Hoşgörü". In 2006 she contributed in Mehmet Tokat's poetry album İnadına Seveceğim.Then she performed "Ben Sana Vurgunum" for Ali Kocatepe's tribute album 41 Kere Maşallah which was a celebration of Ali Kocatepe's 41st year as an artist. She performed "Eski Bir Resim" in rap-singer Ogeday's album Mecburi İstikamet. She also contributed in charity album Yaşasın Okulumuz which aims to make schools or improve the conditions of them, mostly in sub-urban areas. Başka, Uyanış and Arabesque albums (2006–11)
In 2006 she released her third solo album, 33/3 Başka (Different). She worked with Alper Narman and Fettah Can on this album. She wrote a song for this album too. There are no Sezen Aksu songs in this album.First video Mandalinalar became a hit. Second video came out for "Kalp Tanrıya Emanet". The third video became "Bırakma". In 2007 she performed "The Final Countdown" in Dolapdere Big Gang's Just Feel. This was the first song performed in English by <mask> <mask> in an official recording. In 2008 she was featured in Ogeday's Maxi Single. They performed "Eski Bir Resim" in RnB, electribe, house, Reggaeton and electronic style.In June 2008, she performed a cover of Esmeray's hit "Unutama Beni" for the theme song of ATV's "Elif" TV series. <mask> <mask>'s fourth studio album, Uyanış, was released on 29 May 2009. She worked with Sibel Alaş, Erdem Yörük, Erol Temizel and Zeki Güner on the album. She is also a songwriter for several songs in the album. In April 2010, she released her first arabesque album: Arabesque, which included covers of famous arabesque songs. The album was released when Arabesque music gained popularity among Turkish pop music singers. The album has sold more than 100,000 copies, which is more than her pop albums.This lead her to release the sequel album in June 2011: Arabesque II. The sequel album also become successful, which has sold more than 50.000 copies. Return to pop music and Classical Turkish music project (2013–present)
In 2012, she announced the title of her pop album Her Şey Aşktan (English: Everything is because of love) from her Twitter account. The album was released on 8 May 2013. In 2013, she performed "Geceyi Sana Yazdım" in "Onurlu Yıllar" album, which is a tribute album for Onur Akın in his 25th anniversary in music industry. On 18 March 2013, she and 16 other singers sang "Çanakkale Türküsü", a special song for 98th anniversary of Gallipoli Memorial Day. In May 2014, she performed "Vestiyer" in Ahmet Selçuk İlkan's duets album Söz.On 30 January 2015, she has released her first Turkish classical music album, "Ey Aşkın Güzel Kızı" (English: Beautiful daughter of love). The first video was "Bir Garip Yolcu (Yalan Dünya)" released on 13 February 2015. In February 2015, she took part in Deniz Seki's "Hayat 2 Bilet" (English: Life is two tickets) video, which was shot with Seki's friends while she was imprisoned. In May 2015, she sang "Hasret Yarası" in Musa Eroğlu's tribute album "Gelenekten Geleceğe Musa Eroğlu ile Bir Asır". In June 2015, she sang "Kolay mı" in Eda-Metin Özülkü's "Bizim Şarkılar" album. In 2017, she released her sixth pop music album Eyvallah, which was released in December 2017. First single from the album, "Güzelim", was released on 10 June 2016.Other fields

Acting career
She had a leading role in a movie called "Sen Ne Dilersen" (International English title:Whatever You Wish) directed by Cem Başeskioglu. The movie has very talented actors like Işık Yenersu, Zeynep Eronat, Yıldız Kenter, Fikret Kuşkan, etc. She made a great performance with her role "Marika" although it's her first career movie. She was to act in "Herşeyin Bittiği Yerden" directed by Turkish film director and actor Ezel Akay, where she co-starred with Okan Bayülgen. The movie is about 1999 İzmit earthquake. The film was scheduled to be released in January 2009, however it was cancelled due to financial problems. Television
In 2005 she hosted a musical program called "Işın Show" in channel ATV.In the show she hosted several popular Turkish singers and actors every week. The program ended on 19 August 2005. She appeared in Turkish TV series Haziran Gecesi as a guest singer. In 2007 she and Vatan Şaşmaz hosted "Kadın Her Yaşta Güzeldir" which was a beauty contest between mothers. In 2007 she also became the musical coach of Vatan Şaşmaz in first season of "Şarkı Söylemek Lazım", in which popular non-singer celebrities sing songs for the show. They became very successful that they come 4th out of 12 contestants. In mid-2007 she hosted a musical show "Haydi Söyle" in channel Turkmax.In 2009, she appeared as a guest actress in Turkish adaption of The Golden Girls, Altın Kızlar, with her role Nurse Binnaz. On 18 September 2012, she started hosting "Başucu Şarkıları" in TRT Müzik channel. Authorship
As of 2 March 2005 she was writing a blog named "Kaleminden" (From her pen) on her official website, that is mainly about news of her works but occasionally contains her point of view on daily events. The articles sometimes concern about global awarenesses or national problems with a wide range of interests from politics to music industry. She currently had written 66 articles. In 2005 she announced that she was writing a book. Later she told that it is a diet book named "Büyümek İçin Küçülmek Lazım" (Need to get smaller to grow) and will be published when she is 36 in size.The book is about her memories while losing weight, and there will be also tips about diet recipes. In 2008 she became columnist of 2kadin.com website and has been writing since 18 June 2008. Her columns are about relationships, and her target audience is women. Fashion design
In May 2016, she announced her "2016 Fall-Winter" fashion catalog to be released in September 2016. She said, she had designed clothes mainly aimed at plus-sized people. Philanthropy
In 2005, she rebuilt the library of "Gölcük Kız Meslek High School" which was damaged in 1999 İzmit earthquake. On 3 July 2005 she gave a charity concert and donated the income to the school.On 19 April 2006 she opened the library, which was named after her. In 2006 she contributed in Yaşasın Okulumuz project, which aims to make schools or improve the conditions of them, mostly in sub-urban areas. She sang the theme song with other artists and gave one of her songs "Sen" to be included in the album made for the project. She also joined the charity night aired on Show TV, where she and other voluntary artists answered calls for donations. In April 2008, she contributed in charity album "Gel Sende Katıl Umudun Şarkısına" (Come, join the song of hope), a song made for "KACUV" (Foundation of Hope for Kids with Cancer). This project aims to build hygienic houses to be used for treatment of kids who had cancer. In 2009, she and Sedat Doğan started a project named "Doğudan Doğan Işık" (The light that sets from east).It is an exhibition, which aims renewal of village schools in Turkey. They started their first photoshoot in Mardin. Discography

Albums
Anadilim Aşk [My Native Language is Love] (28 November 2001)
İçinde Aşk Var [There's Love Inside] (16 December 2004)
Başka 33/3 [Different] (19 June 2006)
Uyanış [Awakening] (29 May 2009)
 Arabesque: Geçmiş, Geçmemiş Hiç... [Arabesque: Past, has never passed...] (22 April 2010)
 Arabesque II: Geçmiş Bize Yakışıyor [Arabesque II: Past suits us] (June 2011)
Her Şey Aşktan [Everything is because of love] (8 May 2013)
Ey Aşkın Güzel Kızı [Beautiful daughter of love] (30 January 2015)
 Eyvallah (1 December 2017)

Filmography

Awards and nominations

See also
 Music of Turkey
 Turkish pop music

References

External links

Living people
1973 births
21st-century Cypriot women singers
Cypriot pop singers
Singers from London
Turkish-language singers
Turkish Cypriot singers
British people of Turkish Cypriot descent
Cypriot composers

masks:
Işın Funda Büyükkaraca
Karaca
Karaca
Karaca
Karaca
Karaca
Işın
Karaca
Işın
Karaca


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S<mask> is an Indian Judge. Presently,  he is Chief Justice of Orissa High Court. He is Former Judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court. He was initially appointed as a Judge to the High Court of Delhi by the President of India in May 2006. He assumed the office of Judge at the High Court of Punjab and Haryana on 6 March 2020. Education
S<mask> completed his Bachelor of Sciences (Chemistry) from the Vivekananda College, Chennai securing first class from the Madras University in 1981. He secured first rank in the Bachelor of Laws course ("BL") from the University of Madras and was awarded the Lakshminarasa Reddi, the L.C.Miller Medals and the Carmichael and Innes Prize, 1984. As a law student, he was a part of a two-member team of Madras Law College, that won the All India Moot Court Competition and consequently represented India at the 25th Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition held at Washington D.C. in April 1984. He completed his LL.M specializing in Constitutional and Administrative Law from Nagpur University in 1990, securing first rank. Dr. S<mask> was awarded a Ph. D by the University of Delhi in February 2003 for a Doctoral Programme entitled "Legal Aid and the Criminal Justice System in India". He is also a Fellow of the Institute of Company Secretaries of India. Early career

Litigation and advocacy
S<mask> began his law practice in Chennai in September 1984.He qualified as a Company Secretary in December 1985. In July 1987 he shifted his practice to Delhi where he initially worked as a junior lawyer to the then Additional Solicitor General G Ramaswamy, who would later become the Attorney General for India. <mask> primarily practiced in the Supreme Court of India and the Delhi High Court. He qualified the Advocate-on-Record Examination in 1990 securing the first position in merit and was awarded the Mukesh Goswami Memorial Prize. He was also active as a lawyer for the Supreme Court Legal Services Committee and later was its member for two terms. His pro bono work included the cases for the victims of the Bhopal Gas Disaster, cases involving the deplorable conditions in which persons alleged to be mentally ill were locked up in Jail and cases involving those displaced by the dams on the Narmada. He was appointed amicus curiae by the Supreme Court in several Public Interest Litigation cases and in cases involving convicts on death row.<mask> was counsel for the National Human Rights Commission and the Election Commission of India and a part-time member of the Law Commission from December 2002 till May 2006. Judgeship

Appointment
Justice <mask> was appointed as a Judge of High Court of Delhi on 29 May 2006. During his almost 14-year stint as a Judge of the High Court of Delhi, he pronounced various landmark judgments dealing with a variety of issues. He was later transferred as a Judge to the High Court of Punjab and Haryana where he was sworn in on 6 March 2020. As a judge he had deprecated the use of "my lord" and "your lordship" as a form of address in Court and had directed the Court's registry to append a note to the daily causelist for his Court requesting lawyers "to try and avoid addressing the judges as My Lord and Your Lordship”. Controversy surrounding "Transfer"
The Collegium of the Supreme Court of India headed by Chief Justice of India S. A. Bobde in its meeting held on 12 February 2020 recommended the transfer of Justice Dr. S<mask> from the High Court of Delhi to the High Court of Punjab and Haryana. The President of India accepted the recommendation of the Collegium of the Supreme Court of India and the transfer was notified on the night of 26 February 2020.The hurried "midnight" transfer of Justice Dr. S<mask> was widely panned by lawyers, former judges, civil society members and the media across the country, and was considered to be a punitive measure by the government for the hearings conducted by the Division Bench of the High Court of Delhi headed by <mask> into the inaction of police during the 2020 Delhi riots. During the Full Court Reference given by the High Court of Delhi on 5 March 2020 <mask> spoke on the transfer giving details of the sequence of events. Elevation as Chief Justice of the Orissa High Court
On 15 December 2020, news reports broke about the Collegium of the Supreme Court of India headed by Chief Justice of India S. A. Bobde recommending <mask> for elevation as the Chief Justice of Orissa High Court. He was appointed as Chief Justice of Orissa High Court on 31 December 2020 and took oath on 4 January 2021. High Court jurisprudence
Sharing his views on "Judges" and "the act of judging" he had expressed that he doesn't subscribe to the view that "Judges perform a divine function" and that "jettisoning the prefix Lordship and even ‘Hon’ble’ is not a fetish. It is an acknowledgement of how mortal, temporal, and, if I may venture to add, fallible we are." He also has stated that he viewed the act of judging to take place in a "space that is both mediative and meditative" and that though there is a distinction between neutrality and impartiality, they are not antithetical.While he acknowledged that impartiality is an essential attribute and non-compromisable for a judge, he viewed neutrality, as per the Constitution, to require "the judge at all levels to be able to discern the weak from the strong litigant in terms of their capacities to access justice and lean on the side of the vulnerable in order to attempt to achieve equality of arms." He viewed Courts as "not merely places where law is practised and produced" but also as "spaces where the constitutional values are tested." Gender discrimination and reproductive Health
Justice Muralidhar authored the judgment in Rajendra Grover v. Air India Ltd. (2007) which dealt with gender discrimination in service conditions of cabin crew, where he held that "this Court also finds nothing arbitrary, unreasonable or irrational in the pre-1997 male cabin crew being asked to serve on a flight which has their female colleague" as an In-Flight Supervisor and observed that this has "enabled its female cabin crew to break the 'glass ceiling'." He also dealt with issue of reproductive health in Laxmi Mandal v. Deen Dayal Harinagar Hospital (2010)  which highlighted the deficiencies in the implementation of a cluster of schemes, funded by the Government of India, which were meant to reduce infant and maternal mortality, and the resultant systemic failure that lead to the denial of benefits to two mothers below the poverty line (BPL) during their pregnancy and immediately thereafter. In this judgement he deprecated the practice where "instead of making it easier for poor persons to avail of the benefits, the efforts at present seem to be to insist upon documentation to prove their status as 'poor' and 'disadvantaged'" and that "this onerous burden on them to prove that they are the persons in need of urgent medical assistance constitutes a major barrier to their availing of the services". He opined that "when it comes to the question of public health, no woman, more so a pregnant woman should be denied the facility of treatment at any stage irrespective of her social and economic background. This is the primary function in the public health services.This is where the inalienable right to health which is so inherent to the right to life gets enforced." Housing rights and urban planning
In <mask> <mask> v. Government of Delhi (2010) which dealt with resettlement of jhuggi (hutments) inhabitants, he was a part of the Division Bench which held that the decision of the government that jhuggi (hutments) inhabitants "are on the 'Right of Way' and are, therefore, not entitled to relocation" as "illegal and unconstitutional". The Court further directed that the "State agencies will ensure that basic civic amenities, consistent with the rights to life and dignity of each of the citizens in the jhuggies, are available at the site of relocation". Similarly, in Ajay Maken & Ors. vs Union Of India (2019), a PIL which dealt with the forced eviction of 5,000 jhuggi (hutments) dwellers in 2015, he authored the judgment on behalf of the Division Bench which held that "a Court approached by persons complaining against forced eviction" should not view them as "encroachers" and illegal occupants of land, but rather to "require the agencies to first determine if the dwellers are eligible for rehabilitation in terms of the extant law and policy. Forced eviction of jhuggi dwellers, unannounced, in co-ordination with the other agencies, and without compliance with the above steps, would be contrary to the law". It was also held that "the right to housing is a bundle of rights not limited to a bare shelter over one's head.It includes the right to livelihood, right to health, right to education and right to food, including right to clean drinking water, sewerage and transport facilities." The Court further acknowledged that "the right to adequate housing is a right to access several facets that preserve the capability of a person to enjoy the freedom to live in the city. They recognise such persons as rights bearers whose full panoply of constitutional guarantees require recognition, protection and enforcement." Criminal law
He also authored the Judgement in Kulwinder v. State (NCT of Delhi) (2018), where the High Court set aside the trial court verdict and held that the Mirchpur Dalit killng incident of 2010 was "an instance of caste based violence" where there was "deliberate targeting" of setting houses on fire in a "pre-planned and carefully orchestrated manner", and thus a case of murder. In State v. Bharat <mask> (2014) which dealt with death penalty and in particular sentencing guidelines, he held that when the State has failed to place materials on the aspect of whether the accused is capable of being reformed and rehabilitated before it, the Courts can also call for a report from the Probation Officer and thereafter examine whether the accused is likely to indulge in criminal activity or whether there is any probability of the accused being reformed or rehabilitated. Thus he opined that "for the purposes of reference proceedings for confirmation of the death sentence under Section 366 of the CrPC, the criminal Court would include the High Courts as well". Consequently the High Court proceeded to direct the appointment of a Probation Officer with specific guidelines for inquiry.Constitutional law
In Naz Foundation v. NCT of Delhi (2009) he was part of the Division Bench which held that "Section 377 IPC, insofar as it criminalises consensual sexual acts of adults in private, is violative of Articles 21, 14 and 15 of the Constitution". He was also part of the Full Bench in Secretary General, Supreme Court v. <mask> Chandra Agarwal (2010), where the Court ruled in favour of an RTI activist who had sought supply of information concerning declaration of personal assets by the Judges of the Supreme Court by holding that such "information does not warrant the protection granted by Section 8(1)(j)" of the Right to Information Act. He authored the judgment in Makemytrip (India) Pvt. Ltd. v. Union of India which dealt with questions involving the powers of tax officials of arrest, investigation and assessment of service tax under the provisions of the Finance Act,1994, where he held that "the decision to arrest a person must not be taken on whimsical grounds; it must be based on 'credible material'." He also held that an officer whether of the Central Excise department or another agency like the DGCEI, authorised to exercise powers under the Central Excise Act and/or the Finance Act "will have to be conscious of the constitutional limitations on the exercise of such power." He also authored the judgement on behalf of the Division Bench in Gautam Navlakha v. State (NCT of Delhi) (2018),  where the Court quashed the transit warrant issued by a Delhi Magistrate for the arrest of Gautam Navlakha by the Maharashtra police in relation to the  Bhima Koregaon case. There the Court held that "requirement of Article 22 (1), Article 22 (2) of the Constitution and Section 167 read with Section 57 and 41 (1) (ba) of the CrPC" are mandatory.International law
During a discussion with <mask> on her book Comparative Human Rights Law, <mask> expressed his views on the need for linkage of International Covenants, particularly those ratified by India, in the context of Indian cases and that he endeavored to express these linkages in his judgments. While authoring the judgement on behalf of the Division Bench in Zulfikar Nasir v. State Of Uttar Pradesh (2018), which dealt with the Hashimpura Massacre of 1987 where the High Court convicted 16 personnel of the PAC and sentenced them to life imprisonment by overturning the trial court verdict, he referred to the "General Comment on the Right to Truth in relation to enforced disappearances" put out by the "United Nations Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances" in relation to the "right of the victim to know the truth". Similarly in State through CBI v. <mask> Kumar (2018), he authored the Judgment on behalf of the Division Bench which reversed the acquittal of <mask> Kumar for his role during the 1984 Sikh Massacre. The High Court went on to hold that the such cases were in fact "crimes against humanity" and require a different approach to be adopted by the Courts. Further the Court observed that this calls for "strengthening the legal system as neither 'crimes against humanity' nor 'genocide' is part of our domestic law of crime. This loophole needs to be addressed urgently". Other notable cases

Arbitration

 Intertoll ICS Cecons O & M Co. Pvt.Ltd. v. National Highways Authority of India (2013)
 M/S. Lanco-Rani (JV) v. NHAI (2016)
 Gulshan Khatri v. Google Inc.(2017)

Administrative law

 Prakash Atlanta JV v. NHAI (2010)
 CCI v. Grasim Industries (2019)

Intellectual property law

 Banyan Tree Holding (P) Limited v. A. Murali Krishna Reddy (2009)
 F. Hoffmann-LA Roche Ltd. v. Cipla Ltd. (2009)
 Bayer Corporation v. Union of India (2010)
 Nippon Steel Corporation v. Union of India (2011)

Service and labour law

 Builders Association of India v. Union of India (2007)
 National Campaign for Dignity and Rights of Sewerage and Allied Workers v. MCD (2008)
 Dev Sharma v. Union of India (2019)
 Shambhu Sharma v. High Court of Delhi (2019)

Taxation

 CIT v. Kabul Chawla (2015)
 Carlsberg India Pvt. Ltd. v. Union of India (2016)
 CIT v. Janata Party (2016)
CIT v. Indian National Congress (2016)
 DIT (Exemptions) v. Vishwa Hindu Parishad (2017)
 On Quest Merchandising India Pvt. Ltd. v. GNCTD (2017)

Personal life
S. <mask> is married to Usha Ramanathan, an independent law researcher. Publications
 Law, Poverty and Legal Aid: Access to Criminal Justice, a book published by LexisNexis Butterworths in August 2004. The Case of Agra Protective Home. Amita Dhanda & Archana Parasher (eds), Engendering Law: Essays in Honour of Lotika Sarkar, 1999, Eastern Book Company, pp 291–320.Justice to Scavengers. Labour File, Vol 3/6, November–December 2005, pp 25–28. The Right to Water: An Overview of Indian Legal Regime. Eibe Riedel & Peter Rothen (eds), The Human Right to Water, Berliner WissenschaftsVerlag, 2006, pp 65–81. Implementation of Court orders in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: An overview of the experience of the Indian Judiciary. Delhi Law Review, Vol XXIV, 2002, pp 113–122. Economic, Social & Cultural Rights: An Indian Response to the Justiciability Debate.Yash Ghai & Jill Cottrell (eds), Economic, Social & Cultural Rights in Practice: The Role of Judges in Implementing Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Interights, 2004, pp 23–32. Unsettling Truths, Untold tales the Bhopal Gas Disaster Victims 'Twenty years' of Courtroom Struggles for Justice. International Environmental Law Research Centre Working Paper, 2004/5. Judicial Enforcement of Economic and Social Rights:The Indian Scenario. Fons Coomans (ed), Justiciability of Economic and Social Rights: Experiences from Domestic Systems, Intersentia, 2006, pp 237–267. India: The Expectations and Challenges of Judicial Enforcement of Social Rights. Malcolm Langford (ed), Social Rights Jurisprudence: Emerging Trends in International and Comparative Law,Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp 102–124.Public Interest Litigation: Prospects and Problems (with Ashok Desai). BN Kirpal et al. (eds), Supreme But Not Infallible : Essays in Honour of the Supreme Court of India, OUP, 2000, pp 159–192. Trials, Errors and Hope: Indian Experiments with Access to Justice. Journal of National Judicial Academy, Vol 1:2005, pp 350–389. Access to Criminal Justice: Challenges and Prospects. Kamala <mask> & Uljwal <mask> (eds), Towards Legal Literacy: An Introduction to Law in India, OUP, 2008, pp 45–60.Hang Them Now, Hang Them Not: lndia's Travails with Death Penalty. Journal of the Indian Law Institute, Vol 40, 1998, pp 143–173. Rights of victims in the Indian Criminal Justice system. Journal of the NHRC, Vol. 2, 2003, pp 88–104. Legal vs. Commercial Liability - Motor lnsurance and the Law. IRDA Journal, Vol.II, No.3, February 2004, pp 22–24. Jurisdictional Issues in Cyberspace. Indian Journal of Law and Technology, Vol 6, 2010, pp 1–42. Crime, Punishment and Justice in India: The Trajectories of Criminal Law. Annual Lecture Series in Criminal Law, 2018, Project 39A, National Law University Delhi. References

1961 births
Living people
Chief Justices of the Orissa High Court
Judges of the Delhi High Court

masks:
. Muralidhar
. Muralidhar
. Muralidhar
. Muralidhar
Muralidhar
Muralidhar
Muralidhar
. Muralidhar
. Muralidhar
Justice Muralidhar
Justice Muralidhar
Justice Muralidhar
Sudama
Singh
Singh
Subhash
Sandra Fredman
Justice Muralidhar
Sajjan
Sajjan
Muralidhar
Sankaran
Kumar Singh


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<mask> (May 28, 1927 – November 28, 2018) was an American university professor, religious scholar, and theologian, noted for his incorporation of Death of God theology and Hegelian dialectical philosophy into his body of work. He regarded his philosophical theology as also being grounded in the works of William Blake and considered his theology to have come into its own with his extended study of Blake's radical visionary thinking: The New Apocalypse: The Radical Christian Vision of William Blake (1967); indeed he regarded himself as the first and only fully Blakean theologian. <mask> was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on May 28, 1927, and grew up with two sisters in Charleston, West Virginia. He attended St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland, and the University of Chicago, from which he received his bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees. His 1951 master's thesis examined the concepts of nature and grace in Augustine of Hippo. His doctoral dissertation in 1955, under the direction by historian of religions <mask>, examined <mask>'s understanding of religion. After receiving his doctoral degree, he sought ordination as an Episcopal priest, but failed the psychiatric test.He relates that shortly before this, he had a terrifying experience: "I suddenly awoke and became truly possessed and experienced an epiphany of Satan which I have never been able fully to deny, an experience in which I could actually feel Satan consuming me, absorbing me into his very being, as though this was the deepest possible initiation and bonding, and the deepest and yet most horrible union." He adds that it was perhaps the deepest experience of his life, and one that he believes "profoundly affected my vocation as a theologian, and even my theological work itself." He was assistant professor of religion at Wabash College in Crawfordsville, Indiana, from 1954 to 1956. He went on to become an associate professor of Bible and religion at Emory University from 1956 to 1968. He was professor of Religious Studies at the Stony Brook University from 1968 to 1996. Until his death in 2018, he was Professor Emeritus of Religious Studies at the university. "Death of God" controversy
During <mask>'s time at Emory, two Time magazine articles featured his religious views—in the October 1965 and April 1966 issues.The latter issue, published at Easter time, put the question on its cover in bold red letters on a plain black background: "Is God Dead?" <mask> repeatedly claimed that the scorn, outcry, and even death threats he subsequently received were misplaced. <mask>'s religious proclamation viewed God's death (really a self-extinction) as a process that began at the world's creation and came to an end through <mask>—whose crucifixion in reality poured out God's full spirit into this world. In developing his position <mask> drew upon the dialectical thought of Hegel, the visionary writings of William Blake, the anthroposophical thought of Owen Barfield, and aspects of Mircea Eliade's studies of the sacred and the profane. In the mid-1960s <mask> was drawn into discussions about his views with other radical Christian theologians such as Gabriel Vahanian, William Hamilton, and Paul Van Buren, and also the rabbi Richard Rubenstein. Those religious scholars collectively formed a loose network of thinkers who held different versions of the death of God. <mask> also entered into formal critical debates with the orthodox Lutheran <mask> Montgomery, and the Christian countercult movement apologist Walter Martin.The conservative theologians faulted <mask> on philosophical, methodological and theological questions, such as his reliance on Hegelian dialectical thought, his idiosyncratic semantic use of theological words, and the interpretative principles he used in understanding biblical literature. In Godhead and the Nothing (2003), <mask> examined the notion of evil. He presented evil as the absence of will, but not separate from God. Orthodox Christianity—considered nihilistic by Nietzsche—named evil and separated it from good without thoroughly examining its nature. However, the immanence of the spirit (after <mask> Christ) within the world embraces everything created. The immanence of the spirit is the answer to the nihilistic state that Christianity, according to Nietzsche, was leading the world into. Through the introduction of God in the material world (immanence), the emptying of meaning would cease.No longer would followers be able to dismiss the present world for a transcendent world. They would have to embrace the present completely, and keep meaning in the here and now. Beginning in 1996 <mask> lived in the Pocono Mountains, Pennsylvania. His 2006 memoir is entitled Living the Death of God. See also
 Christian atheism

Critical assessment

 The Death of the Death of God [audiotapes], debate between <mask> and <mask>. Montgomery at the Rockefeller Chapel, University of Chicago, February 24, 1967. Schoonenberg, Piet, "The Transcendence of God, Part I," Transcendence and Immanence, Reconstruction in the Light of Process Thinking, Festschrift in Honour of <mask>, ed. <mask>, St. Meinrad: The Abbey Press, 1972: 157–166.Schoonenberg, Piet, "From Transcendence to Immanence, Part II," Wisdom and Knowledge, Essays in Honour of <mask>, ed. <mask>, Villanova University Press, 1976: 273–282. Bibliography
 Oriental Mysticism and Biblical Eschatology (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1961). Mircea Eliade and the Dialectic of the Sacred (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1963; Westport: Greenwood, 1975). Radical Theology and the Death of God, co-authored with William Hamilton (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1966; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968). The Gospel of Christian Atheism (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1966). The New Apocalypse: The Radical Christian Vision of William Blake (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1967; Aurora, CO: Davies Group, 2000).Toward A New Christianity: Readings in the Death of God, ed. <mask> (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). The Descent into Hell (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1970). The Self-Embodiment of God (New York: Harper & Row, 1977). Total Presence: The Language of Jesus and the Language of Today (New York: Seabury, 1980). History as Apocalypse (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1985). Genesis and Apocalypse: A Theological Voyage Toward Authentic Christianity (Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 1990).The Genesis of God (Louisville: Westminster/<mask> Knox, 1993). The Contemporary Jesus (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997). The New Gospel of Christian Atheism (Aurora: Davies Group, 2002). Godhead and the Nothing (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003). Living the Death of God: A Theological Memoir (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2006). The Call to Radical Theology, ed. Lissa McCullough (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2012).The Apocalyptic Trinity (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012). <mask> J. J. Altizer Comprehensive Bibliography — Listing books, articles, essays, book reviews, and related writings. Thomas J. J. Altizer Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Syracuse University Libraries — The Thomas J. J. Altizer Papers contain correspondence (1960–1970); typescript books and page proofs; published articles and essays; three audio tapes; and four scrapbooks. Much of the correspondence pertains to the "death of God" movement of the 1960s, of which <mask> was a leader. Arranged in four series: Audiotape recordings: three tapes with recordings of appearances at colleges and on radio programs. Correspondence: primarily responses to <mask>'s "death of God" theology representing a wide variety of opinions from grade-school children to learned theologians. Printed material: essays and miscellany.Writings: books, essays, and magazine articles by <mask>. There are no access restrictions on this material. See also
 Theodicy#Essential kenosis

References

External links

 Excerpt from Radical Theology and the Death of God
 <mask>, "Apocalypticism and Modern Thinking", Journal for Christian Theological Research 2, no. 2 (1997). "The Revolutionary," Emory Magazine, Autumn 2006. "God is Dead Controversy", Emory History. The God is Dead Movement, Time Magazine, October 22, 1965.
 Review Gospel of Christian Atheism
 Boston Collaborative Encyclopedia of Western Theology: <mask>. J<mask> (1927-).Archived on June 16 2020 from the Wayback Machine

1927 births
2018 deaths
American Christian theologians
American memoirists
Atheist theologians
Death of God theologians
Emory University faculty
Lay theologians
St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe) alumni
Stony Brook University faculty
20th-century American theologians
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American theologians
University of Chicago alumni
Wabash College faculty
Writers from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Deaths from cerebrovascular disease

masks:
Thomas Jonathan Jackson Altizer
Education Altizer
Joachim Wach
Carl Gustav Jung
Altizer
Altizer
Altizer
Jesus Christ
Altizer
Altizer
Altizer
John Warwick
Altizer
Altizer
Jesus
Altizer
Thomas Alltizer
John W
Joseph Papin
Joseph Armenti
Joseph Papin
Joseph Armenti
Altizer
John
Thomas
Altizer
Altizer
Altizer
Thomas Altizer
Thomas J
. Altizer


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<mask> (; born <mask>, October 3, 1925 – July 31, 2012) was an American writer and public intellectual known for his epigrammatic wit, erudition, and patrician manner. <mask> was bisexual, and in his novels and essays interrogated the social and cultural sexual norms he perceived as driving American life. Beyond literature, <mask> was heavily involved in politics. He twice sought office—unsuccessfully—as a Democratic Party candidate, first in 1960 to the United States House of Representatives (for New York), and later in 1982 to the U.S. Senate (for California). A grandson of a U.S. Senator, <mask> was born into an upper-class political family. As a political commentator and essayist, <mask>'s primary focus was the history and society of the United States, especially how a militaristic foreign policy reduced the country to a decadent empire.His political and cultural essays were published in The Nation, the New Statesman, the New York Review of Books, and Esquire magazines. As a public intellectual, <mask>'s topical debates on sex, politics, and religion with other intellectuals and writers occasionally turned into quarrels with the likes of William F. Buckley Jr. and Norman Mailer. As a novelist, <mask> explored the nature of corruption in public and private life. His style of narration evoked the time and place of his stories, and delineated the psychology of his characters. His third novel, The City and the Pillar (1948), offended the literary, political, and moral sensibilities of conservative book reviewers, the plot being about a dispassionately presented male homosexual relationship. In the historical novel genre, <mask> recreated the imperial world of Julian the Apostate (r. AD 361–63) in Julian (1964). Julian was the Roman emperor who attempted to re-establish Roman polytheism to counter Christianity.In social satire, Myra Breckinridge (1968) explores the mutability of gender roles and sexual orientation as being social constructs established by social mores. In Burr (1973) and Lincoln (1984), each protagonist is presented as "A Man of the People" and as "A Man" in a narrative exploration of how the public and private facets of personality affect the national politics of the United States. Early life
<mask> was born in the cadet hospital of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York, the only child of Eugene Luther <mask> (1895–1969) and Nina S<mask> (1903–1978). <mask> was born there because his father, a U.S. Army officer, was then serving as the first aeronautics instructor at the military academy. The middle name, Louis, was a mistake on the part of his father, "who could not remember, for certain, whether his own name was Eugene Louis or Eugene Luther". In the memoir Palimpsest (1995), <mask> said, "My birth certificate says 'Eugene Louis <mask>': this was changed to Eugene Luther <mask> Jr.; then <mask> was added at my christening [in 1939]; then, at fourteen, I got rid of the first two names." <mask> was baptized in January 1939, when he was 13 years old, by the headmaster of St. Albans school, where <mask> attended preparatory school.The baptismal ceremony was effected so he "could be confirmed [into the Episcopal faith]" at the Washington Cathedral, in February 1939, as "Eugene Luther <mask>". He later said that, although the surname "<mask>" was added to his names at the time of the baptism, "I wasn't named for him [maternal grandfather Thomas Pryor <mask>], although he had a great influence on my life." In 1941, <mask> dropped his two first names, because he "wanted a sharp, distinctive name, appropriate for an aspiring author, or a national political leader ... I wasn't going to write as 'Gene' since there was already one. I didn't want to use the 'Jr. His father, Eugene Luther <mask>, Sr. was director (1933–1937) of the Commerce Department's Bureau of Air Commerce during the Roosevelt Administration, and was also the great love of the aviator Amelia Earhart. At the U.S. Military Academy, the exceptionally athletic <mask> Sr. had been a quarterback, coach, and captain of the football team; and an all-American basketball player.Subsequently, he competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics and in the 1924 Summer Olympics (seventh in the decathlon, and coach of the U.S. pentathlon). In the 1920s and the 1930s, <mask> Sr. was a founder or executive of three airline companies:  the Ludington Line (later Eastern Airlines), Transcontinental Air Transport (later Trans World Airlines), Northeast Airlines. <mask>'s great-grandfather Eugen Fidel <mask> was born in Feldkirch, Austria, of Romansh background, and had come to the U.S. with <mask>'s Swiss great-grandmother, Emma Hartmann. <mask>'s mother, <mask>, was a socialite who made her Broadway theater debut as an extra actress in Sign of the Leopard, in 1928. In 1922, Nina married Eugene Luther <mask>, Sr., and thirteen years later, in 1935, divorced him. <mask> <mask> then was married two more times; to Hugh D. Auchincloss and to Robert Olds. She also had "a long off-and-on affair" with the actor Clark Gable.As <mask> Auchincloss, <mask>'s mother was an alternate delegate to the 1940 Democratic National Convention. The subsequent marriages of his mother and father yielded four half-siblings for <mask> – <mask>, <mask>, <mask> Auchincloss, and <mask> Auchincloss – one step brother, Hugh D. "Yusha" Auchincloss III from his mother's second marriage to Hugh D. Auchincloss, and four step-brothers including Robin Olds from his mother's third marriage to Robert Olds, a major general in the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF), who died in 1943, 10 months after marrying Nina. Through Auchincloss <mask> also was the step-brother once removed of Jacqueline Kennedy. The nephews of <mask> include Burr Steers, a writer and film director, and Hugh Auchincloss Steers (1963–1995), a figurative painter. Raised in Washington, D.C., <mask> attended the Sidwell Friends School and St. Albans School. Given the blindness of his maternal grandfather, Senator Thomas Pryor <mask>, of Oklahoma, <mask> read aloud to him, and was his Senate page, and his seeing-eye guide. In 1939, during his summer holiday, <mask> went with some colleagues and professor from St. Albans School on his first European trip, to visit Italy and France.He visited for the first time Rome, the city which came to be "at the center of <mask>'s literary imagination", and Paris. When the Second World War began in early September, the group was forced to an early return home; on his way back, he and his colleagues stopped in Great Britain, and they met the U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain, Joe Kennedy (the father of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, later the President of the United States of America). In 1940 he attended the Los Alamos Ranch School and later transferred to Phillips Exeter Academy, in Exeter, New Hampshire, where he contributed to the Exonian, the school newspaper. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, rather than attend university, <mask> enlisted in the U.S. Army at age 17 and was assigned to work as an office clerk in the USAAF. Later, <mask> passed the examinations necessary to become a maritime warrant officer (junior grade) in the Transportation Corps, and subsequently served as first mate of the F.S. 35th, a US Army Freight and Supply (FS) ship berthed at Dutch Harbor in the Aleutian Islands.After three years in service, <mask> suffered hypothermia, developed rheumatoid arthritis and, consequently, was reassigned to duty as a mess officer. Literary career
The literary works of <mask> were influenced by numerous other writers, poets and playwrights, novelists and essayists. These include, from antiquity, Petronius (d. AD 66), Juvenal (AD 60–140), and Apuleius (fl. c. AD 155); and from the post-Renaissance, Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592), Thomas Love Peacock (1785–1866), and George Meredith (1828–1909). More recent literary influences included Marcel Proust (1871–1922), Henry James (1843–1916), and Evelyn Waugh (1903–1966). The cultural critic Harold Bloom has written that <mask> believed that his sexuality had denied him full recognition from the literary community in the United States. Bloom himself contends that such limited recognition more resulted from <mask>'s "best fictions" being "distinguished historical novels", a subgenre "no longer available for canonization".Fiction

The literary career of <mask> began with the success of the military novel Williwaw, a men-at-war story derived from his Alaskan Harbor Detachment duty during the Second World War. His third novel, The City and the Pillar (1948), caused a moralistic furor over his dispassionate presentation of a young protagonist coming to terms with his homosexuality. The novel was dedicated to "J. T."; decades later, <mask> confirmed that the initials were those of his boyhood friend and St. Albans classmate, James Trimble III, killed in the Battle of Iwo Jima on March 1, 1945, and that Trimble was the only person he ever loved. Critics railed against <mask>'s presentation of homosexuality in the novel as natural, a life viewed generally at the time as unnatural and immoral. <mask> claimed that New York Times critic Orville Prescott was so offended by it that he refused to review or to permit other critics to review any book by <mask>. <mask> said that upon publication of the book, an editor at E. P. Dutton told him "You will never be forgiven for this book. Twenty years from now, you will still be attacked for it".Today, <mask> is often seen as an early champion of sexual liberation. <mask> took the pseudonym "Edgar Box" and wrote the mystery novels Death in the Fifth Position (1952), Death before Bedtime (1953) and Death Likes it Hot (1954) featuring Peter Cutler Sargeant II, a publicist-turned-private-eye. The Edgar Box genre novels sold well and earned black-listed <mask> a secret living. That mystery-novel success led <mask> to write in other genres and he produced the stage play The Best Man: A Play about Politics (1960) and the television play Visit to a Small Planet (1957). Two early teleplays were A Sense of Justice (1955) and Honor. He also wrote the pulp novel Thieves Fall Out under the pseudonym "Cameron Kay" but refused to have it reprinted under his real name during his life. In the 1960s, <mask> published Julian (1964), about the Roman Emperor Julian the Apostate (r. A.D. 361–363), who sought to reinstate polytheistic paganism when Julian viewed that Christianity threatened the cultural integrity of the Roman Empire; Washington, D.C. (1967), about political life during the presidential era of Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945); and Myra Breckinridge (1968), a satire of the American movie business, by way of a school of dramatic arts owned by a transsexual woman, the eponymous anti-heroine.After publishing the plays Weekend (1968) and An Evening With Richard Nixon (1972) and the novel Two Sisters: A Novel in the Form of a Memoir (1970), <mask> concentrated upon the essay and developed two types of fiction. The first type is about American history, novels specifically about the nature of national politics. The New York Times, quoting critic Harold Bloom about those historical novels, said that <mask>'s imagination of American politics "is so powerful as to compel awe." The historical novels formed the seven-book series Narratives of Empire: (i) Burr (1973), (ii) Lincoln (1984), (iii) 1876 (1976), (iv) Empire (1987), (v) Hollywood (1990), (vi) Washington, D.C. (1967) and (vii) The Golden Age (2000). Besides U.S. history, <mask> also explored and analyzed the history of the ancient world, specifically the Axial Age (800–200 B.C. ), with the novel Creation (1981). The novel was published without four chapters that were part of the manuscript he submitted to the publisher; years later, <mask> restored the chapters to the text and re-published the novel Creation in 2002.The second type of fiction is the topical satire, such as Myron (1974), the sequel to Myra Breckinridge; Kalki (1978), about the end of the world and the consequent ennui; Duluth (1983), an alternate universe story; Live from Golgotha (1992), about the adventures of Timothy, Bishop of Macedonia, in the early days of Christianity; and The Smithsonian Institution (1998), a time-travel story. Non-fiction

In the United States, <mask> is often considered an essayist rather than a novelist. Even the occasionally hostile literary critic, such as Martin Amis, admitted that "Essays are what he is good at ... [<mask>] is learned, funny, and exceptionally clear-sighted. Even his blind spots are illuminating." For six decades, <mask> applied himself to socio-political, sexual, historical and literary subjects. In the essay anthology Armageddon (1987) he explored the intricacies of power (political and cultural) in the contemporary United States. His criticism of the incumbent U.S. president,

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