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<mask> (née Sommerville; born July 23, 1976) is an American former White House official who served as the 32nd White House press secretary and as White House communications director from July 2019 to April 2020. She served as Chief of Staff and Press Secretary for the first lady of the United States, Melania Trump from 2020 to 2021, and previously as her Press Secretary from 2017 to 2019. She was a press aide to Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, and then a member of the presidential transition team. As White House Press Secretary, she was the first in American history to hold no press conferences, instead opting for interviews on conservative news outlets. <mask> assumed the role of chief of staff to the first lady on April 7, 2020. She resigned on January 6, 2021, following the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol. In September 2021, she announced the publication of her book about her time working in the Trump administration, I'll Take Your Questions Now.Early life
<mask> Sommerville was born in Colorado to Robert Leo Sommerville and Elizabeth Ann Calkins. Her parents divorced, and her mother remarried, first to Dave Allen, with whom she had another daughter, and then to Roger Schroder. <mask> came from a farming family. She moved with her mother to East Wenatchee, Washington, where she graduated from Eastmont High School in 1994. Her mother has since moved to Nebraska, where she is known as Ann Schroder. <mask> began voting in Arizona as a registered Democrat in 1997. <mask> attended Colorado Mesa University, but did not earn a degree.Career
<mask> was the spokeswoman for AAA Arizona in 2007, but was fired within a year after being accused of falsifying expense reports. <mask> was fired from a subsequent job at ad agency Mindspace over plagiarism charges, copying AAA material verbatim into her client's web page. From 2008 to 2010, <mask> worked as a spokeswoman for the Arizona Charter Schools Association. There she met Tom Horne, Arizona's superintendent of public schools. From about 2011 to 2014, <mask> served as spokeswoman for Tom Horne after he was elected Arizona attorney general. She witnessed the 2014 execution of Joseph Wood and controversially claimed that the two hour ordeal had been "quite peaceful" despite contrary observations. After Republican Mark Brnovich defeated Horne in the 2014 GOP primary, <mask> worked as a spokesperson for the Arizona House of Representatives Republican caucus.She revoked the Arizona Capitol Times'''s press credentials hours after their reporting that the House speaker, David Gowan, had traveled at state taxpayers' expense during his campaign for Congress. Reporters refused to comply, and Gowan rescinded the order. In 2012, <mask> also worked for Mitt Romney's 2012 presidential campaign. In September 2015, <mask> worked as a press coordinator for Pope Francis's visit to Philadelphia as an independent contractor. Trump campaign and transition
Circa August 2015, <mask> started working as a press aide to Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign. She helped arrange his campaign stops in Phoenix and around the state and region throughout the primary, a role that quickly expanded to include his rallies around the U.S. <mask> was on state payroll until May 2016, when she took an unpaid leave from the Arizona House of Representatives to work on Trump's campaign. After his victory, <mask> was named a special adviser for operations and served on Trump's transition team.Arizona House speaker David Gowan paid her $19,000 in state salary over an 8-week period while she was serving as a member of the Trump transition team. Trump administration
After Trump's January 2017 inauguration, <mask> was named deputy press secretary for Sean Spicer in the West Wing of the White House. In March 2017, First Lady Melania Trump moved her over to the East Wing. A former White House colleague said that the president regretted losing <mask> to the first lady's office because of <mask>'s loyalty and skill at handling the press while acting as his traveling press secretary. During that time, she built relationships with many reporters at events. Despite losing <mask> as part of his own staff, President Trump said he was satisfied that the first lady would "be in good hands". Grisham was described by several sources who had worked with her previously as being "highly competent" and "self-aware"; some suggested that she enjoyed "trolling the press."The United States Office of Special Counsel stated that <mask> violated the Hatch Act of 1939 following a complaint by Senator Tom Carper. <mask> was accused of using her official Twitter account on July 11, 2018, to tweet out Trump's campaign slogan. Violation of the act is not a crime, but a workplace guideline, and the agency responded by sending <mask> a warning letter. In July 2019, <mask> replaced Sarah Sanders as White House press secretary and White House communications director. <mask>'s appointment was announced by Melania Trump via Twitter on June 25, 2019. The June 28, 2019 Annual Report to Congress on White House Office Personnel listed <mask> as "Assistant to the President and Deputy Chief of Staff for Communications for the First Lady", with an annual salary of $183,000. On September 5, 2019, the Washington Examiner published an opinion piece written by <mask> and her deputy Hogan Gidley entitled, "The Washington Posts lost summer."The authors asserted the Post had not reported on several Trump accomplishments that the paper actually did report. In one instance, the piece linked to a Post story entitled "Trump becomes first sitting president to set foot into North Korea" as the authors asserted the paper had not reported the event. On September 23, 2019, when asked by the hosts of Fox & Friends if the White House planned to resume its daily press briefing, <mask> said "not right now... I mean, ultimately, if the president decides that it's something we should do, we can do that, but right now he's doing just fine. And to be honest, the briefings have become a lot of theater. And I think that a lot of reporters were doing it to get famous. I mean, yeah, they're writing books now.I mean, they're all getting famous off of this presidency. And so, I think it's great what we're doing now." On October 24, 2019, while again appearing on Fox & Friends, <mask> defended Trump's description of "Never Trump Republicans" as "Human scum". When asked if Trump should apologize, <mask> said "No, no, he shouldn't. The people who are against him and who have been against him and working against his [agenda] since the day they took office are just that. It is horrible that people are working against a president who is delivering results for this country and has been since day one. And, the fact that people continue to try to negate anything he's been trying to do and take away from the good work he's doing on behalf of the American people, they deserve strong language like that."On October 26, 2019, in response to criticism of President Trump by his former chief of staff Gen. John F. Kelly (Ret.) <mask> stated: "I worked with John Kelly, and he was totally unequipped to handle the genius of our President." On November 13, 2019, during the testimony of William B. Taylor Jr., <mask> commented that the impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump was a "sham hearing" that is "not only boring, it is a colossal waste of taxpayer time & money." That same month, <mask> claimed that Obama administration officials had left "you will fail" notes for the incoming Trump administration officials. Numerous Obama administration officials rejected the claim. <mask> ultimately retracted her assertion. In December 2019, <mask> defended President Trump's implication that former congressman John Dingell was in hell.She described Trump as a "counter-puncher" who was "under attack." On April 7, 2020, it was announced that <mask> left her role as White House Press Secretary and returned to the East Wing to serve as Melania Trump's chief of staff, effective that same day. On the evening of January 6, 2021, <mask> resigned from her position as Melania Trump's Chief of Staff following the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol. Briefing controversy
<mask> extended to more than a year a period during which there were no formal press briefings, such that there were none during her whole tenure as press secretary. However, she appeared on Fox News, Fox Business Network, One America News Network, and the Sinclair Broadcast Group on many occasions during the same period.Anderson Cooper 360° devoted two prime-time segments in one week to question whether taxpayers should pay her $183,000 salary, and to accuse her of hypocrisy. "Miss <mask> has gone from 'we are human beings' to 'they are human scum.' ...It's actually really kind of sad". Her "unintentionally ironic and deeply hypocritical" social media statements and infrequent televised interviews "appear meant to defend the president but actually point out the president's own failings." Margaret Sullivan has commented in The Washington Post that <mask> "may hold the title but she's not doing the job". Authors Don Winslow and Stephen King pledged to donate $100,000 each to charity if <mask> held a one-hour briefing answering questions from the White House press corps. Also, 13 former White House and military press secretaries from three administrations before Trump published a letter calling for the restoration of press briefings. However, the press briefings never restarted during her tenure. Personal life
As <mask> Sommerville, she married Danny Don Marries in Nevada on April 7, 1997.They met at Mesa State College in Grand Junction, Colorado. They had a son in June 1998, and her husband joined KOLD-TV as a news anchor in Tucson, Arizona, on the day after their son's first birthday. They divorced in 2004. Later in 2004, she married <mask>, a KOLD sportscaster. They divorced in 2006. Around 2008, she had a second son. <mask> has been romantically linked to former Trump White House aide Max Miller.Politico reported that the relationship ended in 2020 when Miller pushed <mask> up against a wall and slapped her in the face after an accusation of infidelity. Miller has denied the report. Incidents of driving while intoxicated
On January 9, 2013, <mask> was pulled over for speeding in Gilbert, Maricopa County, Arizona. The officer observed <mask>'s signs of intoxication, and she failed a field sobriety test. <mask> denied consuming any alcohol, but said she had taken a Xanax 90 minutes earlier and a Zoloft the prior night. A blood test revealed <mask>'s blood alcohol content to be .105 percent, which is above the .08 legal limit in Arizona. She also was found to be driving on a suspended license since August 2012 for failure to answer a traffic citation.In August 2014, <mask> accepted a plea bargain agreement that reduced the charge to misdemeanor reckless driving, plus two years of probation. She returned to court twice for failure to pay the $779 in fines and failure to complete a Mothers Against Drunk Driving program. Shortly after midnight, December 5, 2015, <mask> was arrested again in Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona for driving without her headlights and suspicion of driving under the influence; thus violating her probation. <mask> failed to appear at her court hearing on January 19, 2016, whereupon the judge issued a warrant for her arrest. Afterwards, <mask> pleaded guilty. In July 2016, she was ordered into a treatment program and to pay nearly $1,600 in court costs and fines. See also
Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency

References

External links
 <mask> at TucsonSentinel.com <mask> at the Arizona Capitol Times <mask> at The Washington Post''

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1976 births
American press secretaries
Arizona Republicans
Colorado Republicans
Colorado Mesa University alumni
First Lady of the United States press secretaries
Living people
Trump administration personnel
White House Communications Directors
White House Press Secretaries

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<mask><mask> (April 6, 1878 – February 26, 1942) was an American sculptor known for her energetic, small bronze sculptures depicting poor immigrants on New York's City's Lower East Side. As an artist, Eberle had strong beliefs and felt a need for artists to create politically and socially conscious works of art that reflected current issues. Eberle spent much of her life working toward equal rights for American women and a widespread push for equality. Her most famous piece, The White Slave, representing child prostitution, caused controversy when exhibited at the 1913 Armory Show. Early life
Born on April 6, 1878 in Webster City, Iowa, Mary Abastenia St<mask> was the daughter of a mother who was a musician and father who was a doctor in the US Army. Her family later moved to Kansas, then Missouri, before settling in Canton, Ohio. She initially studied to become a professional musician, but her father noticed her talent for modeling.He showed some interest in her development, but never offered Eberle much financial backing during her lifetime. Eberle's mother offered piano lessons and encouraged her to pursue her musical talent, which she displayed at a young age. Eberle pursued cello professionally, until one day her father was so impressed with a clay mask Eberle worked out that he acquired some modeling wax for her from a patient who made busts. Confident that she would quickly achieve talent in sculpture, Eberle stated, "I knew it [sculpture] was my work." She received lessons from this patient before enrolling at the Art Students League in New York. Early career

Once Eberle had obtained the wax from her father's patient, she began copying tombstones and memorials in her community. This was the only type of sculpture available in Canton for her to study at that time.After a while, Eberle became so desperate to receive some art training that she took it upon herself to get other locals registered to fill spots when she learned that sculptor Frank Vogan would come to Canton, Ohio to teach a class. Eberle continued to study with Vogan for two years, which she said was very useful to her developments as an artist. In 1899, twenty-one-year-old Eberle would begin training under George Grey Barnard at the Art Students League in New York. At some point in Eberle's early twenties, she went to visit her family in Puerto Rico, where her father had been relocated as a U.S. Army doctor. While in Puerto Rico, Eberle made small, quick clay sketches of everyday street subjects. Eberle's piece Puerto Rican Mother and Child (1901) was the first in which she expressed the everyday life of lower-class people. She received recognition as a young talent right away and received her tuition in scholarships and prizes.Eberle made such an impression on Barnard that eventually he left her in charge of the classroom when he could not make it to lead the class. She achieved early success with her sculpture Men and Bull, created in collaboration with Anna Hyatt Huntington, which was shown at the 1904 exhibition of the Society of American Artists. In 1906 Huntington and Eberle went their separate ways. Huntington dedicated her work to animal sculptures and large monuments. Eberle, by contrast, worked on small bronzes dealing with social reform of lower-class immigrants. In 1907, Eberle completed Girl Skating (also known as Roller Skater, Girl with Roller Skate, or Roller Skating), an energetic clay sketch of a lower class, young girl roller skating down the street. This was the first time she completed a study about the street life in New York.In 1906 she was elected to the National Sculpture Society. In 1920, she was elected to the National Academy of Design as an Associate Academician. St. Leger Eberle worked in a style related to Art Nouveau and the New Sculpture movement. She produced mainly portrait sculpture and decorative work for fountains. Later career

In May 1907, Eberle went to Naples, Italy, to oversee the casting process of her bronzes. Initially the foundry workmen were spiteful and jealous towards Eberle, finding it difficult to believe she had done them. Eventually they came around when they noticed Eberle's eye for detail and began taking her orders.When locals would look in the studio where <mask>'s bronzes were being cast, locals would exclaim "Dio Mio" (meaning "my god") at a woman doing men's work. Eberle loved Neapolitan people and had good interest in the workmen and their families. When realizing that her men were sustaining themselves off only a hunk of bread all day, Eberle made sure they all had a substantial breakfast. Her The White Slave was exhibited at the 1913 Armory Show in New York, and caused "a storm of violent controversy" because of its shocking combination of contemporary realism and the nude. The sculpture represented child prostitution, which at the time was euphemistically called white slavery. When Eberle returned from Italy, she said that she immersed herself "in the classic arts and was filled with the past." This was a pivotal point for Eberle coming in to her own as an artist.Upon returning to New York, Eberle says, "When I landed in New York I began again to sense the modern spirit and to live in the present workaday world with all its commonplaces and yet with its idealism…I smelt the city's pungent odors and saw its children playing." That summer Eberle spent time as a settlement worker on the Lower East Side in order to "study the people there and the conditions under which they live, to be near them and to learn from them." She often used children in action on the playground as subjects in works like Bubbles (1908), a study of a young girl blowing soap bubbles. Soon Eberle moved her studio to Greenwich Village. At the time it was known for its immigrants of all backgrounds, low rent, and acceptance of a free lifestyle. Here Eberle created some of her most striking works. Following this success she created a number of sculptures depicting working-class children from the Lower East Side, at play and work.These represented "the vitality of the city's immigrant population". Eberle explored similar themes of young immigrant children playing in other works such as Dance of the Ghetto Children (1914). Some of her works called for more political action, such as Ragpicker (1911) and Old Woman Picking Up Coal (1906). The latter depicts a poor Italian woman rummaging the streets for bits of coal to heat her stove. Later in Eberle's career, she set up her studio right in New York's Lower East Side, after fearing her work was losing its proletarian character. She found a new place to work on the top floor of a tenement, and set up her studio with a playroom. Eberle used stories and toys to bring children to her studio, where she would work directly from them for her sculpture.In 1911 there was suffrage parade contingent of women sculptors, which Eberle took part in. Eberle's investment in the suffrage movement never ceased, though it took courage in the early 1900s. She was deeply influenced by the writings of Jane Addams, and she was also very committed to the feminist movement. From 1907 until 1913, Eberle showed at Macbeth Gallery in Manhattan. Her work often did not pull in the money from collectors, and she sold bronze tobacco jars and bookends to get by. <mask> was given an invitation to exhibit her work at the 1913 Armory Show, and she submitted Girls Wading (1913), a study of three girls at Coney Island Beach, and another sculpture titled White Slave (1913), which depicted a nude adolescent girl with arms pinned back being auctioned into prostitution. This work, in particular, generated a great deal of controversy when it was also printed on the cover of a magazine called Survey (a magazine devoted to social reform).Many readers felt that the cover was unfit to be seen in a decent home. The work White Slave is Eberle's response to newspaper stories describing the fate of low-income immigrant women forced into prostitution to survive. The woman in White Slave, with a thin and cold demeanor, is much different than the erotic nature of many other 19th figurative works. The work in all ways reveals Eberle's growing social awareness and fearlessness to create the work that was important to her. By 1930 she had to leave New York because of financial and health problems. She settled in Westport, Connecticut. Eberle submitted works to the mixed sculpturing category of the art competitions at the 1928 and 1932 Summer Olympics, but did not win a medal.Several of her sculptures are on display at the Kendall Young Library, in Webster City, Iowa, where she was born. Eberle believed that art should have a social function, writing that artists "had no right to work as an individualist with no responsibility to others. [Artists] must see for people—reveal them to themselves and each other." Some of her work is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. However, she is best known for figurative works that combined realism with emphasis on the flow of drapery and movement. Exhibitions

"Girl Skating"
Smithsonian American Art Museum, 2011–Present. "White Slave"
Armory Show, A Turning Point, 1913, NYC
Knoxville Museum of Art, American Women Artists: The 20th Century, Oct. 26, 1989–Feb.4, 1990
Queensboro Community College Art Gallery. March 11, 1990–Apr.5, 1990
The Discovery Museum, Bridgeport, CT, They Earned Their Keep/ The Struggles and Successes of American Women Artists, Apr. 10, 1993 – May 30, 1993
Parrish Art Museum, Southampton, NY Feb. 20, 1994–Apr. 10, 1994
Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Figure in American Sculpture, Feb. 23, 1995 – May 14, 1995
Montgomery Museum of Fine Arts, June 22, 1995–Sept. 10, 1995
Wichita Art Museum, Oct. 19, 1995–Jan. 7, 1996
National Academy of Design, Feb. 15, 1996 – May 5, 1996
Whitney Museum of American Art, NYC: Part 1: The American Century Art and Culture, 1900–2000, Apr. 23, 1999–Aug.22, 1999
Museum of Sex, NYC Inaugural Exhibit: New York City Sex: How NY Transformed Sex in America, Sept. 2, 2003–Feb.15, 2004 Curator, Grady T. Turner,

References

Bibliography
Knoxville Museum of Art: "The 20th Century", Publisher: Elsa Honig Fine
Louise R. Noun, "Abastenia St. Leger Eberle", 1980 Des Moines Art Center
Barbara Haskell, "American Century", Art & Culture 1900–1950
Melissa Dabakis, "Visualizing Labor in American Sculpture", in Monuments, Manliness, and the Work Ethic, 1880–1935, 1999
Jane Scoular, The Subject of Prostitution: sex/work and social theory, Routledge, 2009

External links

Columbia Encyclopedia entry
The East Side in Sculpture by Abastenia St. L. Eberle, exhibition catalog available as a full-text PDF. Official Catalogue of the Department of Fine Arts, Panama-Pacific, 1915
Girl Skating, sculpture on display at the Smithsonian American Art Museum (SAAM). Art Nouveau sculptors
Art Students League of New York alumni
National Sculpture Society members
Olympic competitors in art competitions
People from Webster City, Iowa
Sculptors from Iowa
Sculptors from New York (state)
1878 births
1942 deaths
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century American women artists

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Abastenia St
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<mask> (October 5, 1930 – February 26, 1998) was a Cleveland, Ohio lawyer, politician, law professor, civil rights litigator and environmentalist. As an attorney, he was employed in public capacities in Northeastern Ohio as a Legal Aid Public Defender, United States Attorney, and City of Cleveland attorney. In response to the Cuyahoga River fire, as U.S. Attorney in 1970 he led the first Federal grand jury water pollution investigations and prosecutions setting into motion the recovery of the Cuyahoga River and Lake Erie and the development of the Clean Water Act. Education

<mask> enrolled in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps at Ohio University and spent two years after college graduation as an officer in U.S. Army Active Duty; his reserve unit was disbanded in 1968 after he had attained the rank of major. <mask> graduated from Western Reserve School of Law in 1957; he was named “Student of the Year” by the Student Bar Association. He married Ann Hull, of the Hull pottery family and developed a private trial law practice. United States Attorney

In Cleveland, pollution was a demoralizing embarrassment to the citizenry.As described in “Fables of the Cuyahoga: Reconstructing a History of Environmental Protection:” "On June 22, 1969, just before noon, an oil slick and assorted debris under a railroad trestle on the Cuyahoga River caught fire...The fire attracted national media attention, including stories in Time, and National Geographic...The image of a river ablaze was seared into the nation’s emerging environmental consciousness". As the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) moved ahead on pollution control, the Attorney General of the United States, John N. Mitchell gave a press conference December 18, 1970: “As in the case of other government departments and agencies, EPA refers civil and criminal suits to the Department of Justice, which determines whether there is a base for prosecution and of course, if we find it so, we proceed with court action…And today, I would like to announce that we are filing suit this morning against the Jones and Laughlin Steel Company. <mask> was the U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Ohio during December 1970. It was the time of the first legal steps taken by the EPA and the Department of Justice to prosecute water polluters and protect the Cuyahoga River and Lake Erie. The Plain Dealer documented the efforts of <mask> in multiple stories that December:

“U.S. Opens Probe Here on Pollution:” A federal grand jury today is to begin an investigation of water pollution allegedly being caused by about 12 companies in northeastern Ohio. A U.S. Department of Justice source said yesterday it would be the first grand jury investigation of water pollution in this area.Expected to handle presentation of the cases are Acting U.S. Attorney <mask><mask> and Assistant U.S. Attorney Edward S. Molnar. “Charges J&L With Pollution:” U.S. authorities have filed criminal charges against Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp for allegedly discharging 75 tons of blast furnace waste a day in the Cuyahoga River over a 10-day period. U.S. Attorney <mask><mask> filed the misdemeanor charges in District Court Wednesday, alleging violations of the 1899 Rivers and Harbors Act. “U.S. Jury Indicts CEI on Ash Dumping in Lake” read the front-page headline. A federal grand jury here indicted four corporations yesterday for polluting Lake Erie and waterways in northeast Ohio. Facing fines are Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co., Shell Oil Company, Uniroyal Chemical Division of Uniroyal Inc. and Olin Corp.The companies were charged under the 1899 Rivers and Harbors Act, which makes dumping refuse in navigable waters illegal. CEI faces 20 counts in the indictment. The company is accused of dumping 33 tons of fly ash, a coal residue, in Lake Erie. The cases, developed in part by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, were presented to the jury by acting U.S. Atty. <mask><mask> and Assistant U.S. Atty. Edward S. Molnar. “Pollution Suits Hit U.S. Steel:” The nation's largest steel producer yesterday was added to the list of companies charged by the federal government with polluting waterways in northeastern Ohio.In twin suits filed in U.S. District Court here, the U.S. Steel Corp. was accused of dumping cyanides in the Cuyahoga and Black rivers. Assistant U.S. Atty. Edward S. Molnar and acting U.S. Atty. <mask><mask> are spearheading the government's latest water pollution prosecutions here. Subsequently, <mask> filed suit October 13, 1971 asking that Metals Applied Inc. be enjoined from dumping “hexavalent chromium, suspended solids and oil” into the Cuyahoga River. It was largely based on these and other litigation experiences that criteria for new legislation were identified leading to the Clean Water Act. The Act creation was inspired by the burning Cuyahoga River fire news reports that had sparked an environmental revolution.City of Cleveland Attorney

In 1972, three years after the Cuyahoga River caught fire and amid pressures from the EPA, Mayor Ralph Perk formed the NEORSD-or the Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District with the assistance of <mask>. Perk had to rethink regional Cleveland-Cuyahoga County governmental structure and agencies. After leaving the U.S. Attorney's office in 1972, <mask> was brought in to the Cleveland Legal Department. Perk left office in 1977. The Ohio EPA, The NEORSD, The City of Cleveland and many others have celebrated the 50th anniversary of the recovery of the Cuyahoga River and Lake Erie since the fire of 1969, including events and news articles. Legal aid public defender and law professor

While with the law firm Zellmer, Rhein and Gruber in 1965, <mask> filed a precedent-setting motion involving a business owner’s liberty rights and the search of a business by authorities. Later in 1965, <mask> began trial practice with the Public Defender’s Office of the Legal Aid Society of Cleveland.<mask> began defending a woman arrested by Cleveland Police as a suspicious person. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Civil Rights Act of 1968 had raised consciousness. This case involving civil and political rights eventually was heard by The Ohio Supreme Court; it was summarized in a Plain Dealer News Article in 1969: “Suspicious Persons Law Killed by Court.”

In 1967 the Plain Dealer reported how <mask> became his defendant's hero, “Unwanted Lawyer Is Hero Now:” Jack Klein was acquitted of theft charges through the efforts of a court appointed lawyer [<mask>] he tried to fire. Another jury returned an equally speedy verdict; The Plain Dealer reported it as “Eyes Win Innocent Verdict.” “I’ll never forget those deep blue eyes,” [she] told the courtroom of Common Pleas Judge Herbert R. Whiting. He was identified by her from a black and white police photo. “Stare into those deep blue eyes,” <mask> told each of the jurors. After the trial ended, the jury went to the deliberation room and spent one hour discussing the case.They returned with an innocent verdict. “Why not?” asked <mask>. “Those ‘deep blue eyes’ were a very light hazel.”

<mask> was promoted to chief trial attorney after 4 years with the Public Defender’s Office. <mask> conducted a trial practice program for Case Western Reserve University School of Law senior law students 1965-69. In Spring 1968 <mask> ran unsuccessfully against Blanche Krupansky in the Republican primary for Common Pleas Judge. First Assistant U.S. Attorney

<mask> became Assistant U.S. Attorney in 1969 and given control of the trial docket. In March 1970 he was promoted to First Assistant by U.S. Attorney <mask>. Krupansky.The Kent State shootings were investigated. <mask>, as a member of the Drug Abuse Committee of the Cleveland Area Coordinating Counsel, participated in the Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Program which led to the creation of an Addiction medicine center at University Circle, Cleveland. <mask> also assisted in ending the U.S. postal strike of 1970. National attention was received by the investigations into the conspiracy to slay labor leader Joseph Yablonski. A nationwide F.B.I. investigation produced sufficient evidence to charge three Cleveland area residents with conspiracy to slay Yablonski. Through Grand Jury proceedings, a series of three conspiracy indictments were returned charging five individuals.The investigation was conducted by Krupansky, assisted by <mask>. Former United Mine Worker's president W. A. Boyle was eventually indicted by a Grand Jury on a charge of conspiring to murder Joseph A. Yablonski, his rival for the union leadership in 1969. Yablonski's wife and daughter were also slain. Boyle was convicted. The U.S. Attorney exploits of <mask> were the subject of numerous news stories. A Wall Street Journal reporter retold stories of bank robbery goofs; other reports included stories of consumer goods thefts from trucks, bond theft by a bank employee, bank embezzlement, tax evasion by a company president, counterfeit money conspiracy, armed bank robbery and manslaughter at sea. <mask> ran as the losing Republican candidate for Cuyahoga County Prosecutor against the long-term incumbent John T. Corrigan in November 1972.In December 1976 The Bar Association of Greater Cleveland sent Republican Governor Rhodes its recommendations for four vacancies in the Probate, Common Pleas and Municipal Courts. But <mask> was not appointed. He entered into a private consulting practice. Images of original documents and out of print news articles related to <mask> are archived on the website Robert Walter Jones J. D. Library and Archive. References

1930 births
1998 deaths
Case Western Reserve University School of Law alumni
United States Army officers
United States Attorneys for the Northern District of Ohio
Lawyers from Cleveland
Ohio University alumni
City and town attorneys in the United States
20th-century American lawyers
Environmental lawyers
Case Western Reserve University faculty
Ohio Republicans

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Robert Walter Jones
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<mask> (April 19, 1868 – January 27, 1947) was a Chicago, Illinois, attorney. He founded the club that became the humanitarian organisation Rotary International in 1905. Personal life
<mask> was born in Racine, Wisconsin to George and <mask>. He was the couple's second child. At age 3, when his family fell on hard times, <mask> was moved with a sibling to Vermont to live with his paternal grandparents, Howard and <mask>. <mask> would later write about his parents: "Of all charges which might have been made against George and Cornelia, parsimony would have stood the least chance. They were both royal spenders."While living in Vermont, he attended Black River Academy in Ludlow, but was expelled after only a short time. At his secondary school in Rutland, he was known as a prankster. After secondary school, he attended the University of Vermont. In 1886, he was expelled in an incident involving a secret society. In the fall of 1887, he attended Princeton University. Due to the death of his grandfather in the spring of 1888, he did not return to school the following fall. <mask> soon moved to Des Moines, Iowa, where he was apprenticed at a local law firm.After completing his apprenticeship, he studied law at the University of Iowa. He graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in June 1891. However, for the next five years, he worked odd jobs: for a newspaper as a salesman and a reporter, on fruit farms, as an actor and cowboy, and on cattle ships that traveled to Europe. In 1896, <mask> moved to Chicago, eventually settling in the Morgan Park neighborhood, where he lived the rest of his life (except for spending summers in Michigan and winters in Alabama during his later years). It was 2 July 1910 in Chicago that <mask> married Jean Thomson, a Scotswoman whom he had met at a local nature club. Jean traveled the world with <mask> in support of Rotary. She helped to make women an important part of Rotary, eventually leading to all Rotary Clubs admitting women as full members.The couple never had any children. <mask> sought meaningful personal and spiritual relationships in addition to his professional achievements. He attended religious services on Sundays but visited many different churches rather than aligning himself with one congregation. Later in his life, he said that his religious affiliations were, like himself, difficult to label. "I really have no church affiliations … I am not easily classified; that is to say my convictions are not that of that definite nature essential to whole-hearted affiliation with the general run of churches. … Of course, these days one can hear the best of preaching over the radio and I generally hear three or four sermons every Sunday." <mask> began his law practice in 1896 in Chicago's main business district and continued being active in this practice for the next forty years.After establishing his law practice, <mask> began to consider the benefits of the formation of a social organization for local professionals. In 1905, <mask> organized the first Rotary Club "in fellowship and friendship" with three clients and local businessmen, Silvester Schele, Gustavus Loehr, and Hiram Shorey. His initial goal was solely to create a club of professional and business men for friendship and fellowship. Soon, <mask> realized that Rotary needed a greater purpose. When <mask> was elected as third president of the Chicago Rotary Club in 1907, the club initiated its first public service project, the construction of public toilets in Chicago. This step transformed Rotary into the world's first Service Club. This action was facilitated by the formation of the Executive Committee (now Ways and Means Committee).This Committee was open to all members and their noon meetings began tradition of club luncheon meetings. <mask> had great ambitions for Rotary's growth, and very early in the organization's history new clubs were started, first on the west coast, and then all over the US and in Europe. By 1910, at least 15 new clubs had begun in major cities. That August, the existing 16 Rotary Clubs held a national convention in Chicago. There they unanimously chose to unify as the National Association of Rotary Clubs. Eventually, the organization became the International Association of Rotary Clubs, helping to realize <mask>' dream worldwide. Through his work with the Rotary Club, <mask> received awards from numerous national governments.Death and legacy
In his later life, <mask> reduced his involvement in both the Rotary Club and his legal practice, but continued to write. He often spent his winters in Alabama with his wife. In early 1946, while vacationing with his wife in Alabama, <mask> grew ill. He returned to Beverly, Illinois, but never recovered fully. He died on 27 January 1947 at the age of 78. He was interred at Mount Hope Cemetery in Chicago's Morgan Park neighborhood. His autobiography, "My Road to Rotary" was published the following year.Rotary International
By the time of <mask>' death, Rotary International had grown to more than 200,000 members in 75 countries. While the club provides a venue for both business and social networking, the primary focus is on local and international service projects. There are currently about 1.2 million members worldwide. In cooperation with Rotary International, several towns have established a Rotary Heritage trail. It includes <mask>' birthplace in Racine, Wisconsin and a downtown plaza/pedestrian park named after him, as well as the organization's current headquarters in Evanston, Illinois (with a reproduction of his law office), their home, and final resting place. <mask> Fellow

Individuals who have contributed $1,000 or more to the Annual Program Fund, the Polio Plus Fund or the Humanitarian Grants Program of the Rotary Foundation are recognized as <mask> Fellows. Additionally, individual Rotary clubs may from time to time award the honor to an individual who meets the high professional and personal standards exemplified by <mask>, the founder of Rotary International, without the honored individual having made any monetary contribution.The recognition is not limited to Rotarians. A <mask> Fellow receives a special certificate and a gold pin. At the discretion of the Fellow's club, they may also receive a gold medallion on a blue-and-gold ribbon. Multiple-time Fellows are recognized as they continue to contribute. Additionally, Fellows receive recognition points which they may contribute towards the recognition of other members as Paul <mask> Fellows. Paul Harris Society
The Paul Harris Society is a special program administered by Rotary Districts. Paul Harris Society members make a commitment to contribute $1,000 each year to the Annual Program Fund.A Paul Harris Society member receives a "hanger" for their <mask> Fellow Pin with the initials PHS. Monuments and memorials
 There is a statue of <mask> installed in American Park, Mexico City

References

External links

 Rotary Park, Onekama, Michigan, Memorial to <mask>. Local Summer resident. 1868 births
1947 deaths
Lawyers from Chicago
Writers from Racine, Wisconsin
Princeton University alumni
Rotary International leaders
University of Iowa alumni
University of Vermont alumni

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<mask> (born <mask>: 1902–1994) was a German-American art historian and scholar of comparative literature. Life

Provenance and early years
Charlotte "<mask>" <mask> was born in Frankfurt on October 31, 1902. Max Neisser (1869–1938), her father, was an experimental bacteriologist who in 1909 accepted a professorship at the university. Max Neisser later became Frankfurt University's first ever Professor of Hygiene. <mask>'s mother, Emma Eleonore Hallgarten-Neisser (1878–1939), was youngest of the four recorded children of the banker-philanthorpist Charles Hallgarten and his wife Elise. <mask> embarked on her university career in 1922, when she enrolled at Freiburg to study Philosophy, along with German and Latin Philology:  at Freiburg she was taught by the mathematician-philosopher Edmund Husserl, the classical pholologist Otto Immisch and the Germanistics professor Ludwig Sütterlin (Germanist). In 1923 she switched to Berlin where she studied Germanistics with the classical philologist Eduard Norden and the literature scholar Julius Petersen.She transferred again in 1924, this time to Frankfurt university, where her teachers included the philosopher Hans Cornelius, the philologist-historian Hans Naumann, the classical philologist Walter F. Otto and the philologist Franz Schultz (Philologe). In 1925 she moved on to Heidelberg where she studied Greek philology with Friedrich Gundolf and Karl Jaspers, Latin Philology with Karl Meister and German philology with Friedrich Panzer. Higher education and marriage
She gained her doctorate at the University of Heidelberg in 1927. Her doctoral dissertaion concerned Christian Thomasius and his close association with the pietist movement:  the work was supervised by Max Freiherr von Waldberg. After a period of further study, this time at the University of Cologne she passed the  national university-level teaching exams in 1930. It was also in 1930 that <mask> Neisser married Herbert Dieckmann. The marriage was followed by the birth of the couple's daughter and, some years later, of their son Martin, but would end in separation in 1950.An amicable divorce took place in 1955. Escaping Hitler
The Hitler government took power in January 1933 and quickly transformed Germany into a one-party  dictatorship. Antisemitism became a core underpinning of government strategy. <mask>'s father, Max Neisser, was forced to take early retirement from  the university in April 1933, notwithstanding her own protestations that the whole family had been Protestant for two generations. The Dieckmanns escaped Nazi Germany to Rome in August 1933 and moved on again, in August/September 1934, to Turkey, where Herbert Dieckmann had been offered (and accepted) a lectureship at the university following an intervention by Philipp Schwartz and his newly established office of the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft in Zürich. The next year, through the mediation of te prodigious polyglot Leo Spitzer (who had already made the move from Germany to Istanbul) <mask> <mask> took a job of her own at Istanbul University, where she lectured on Greek, German and, according to at least one source, Latin between 1935 and 1937 at the university's school of foreign languages. Having crossed to western Turkey through Switzerland, Italy and Yugoslavia, with few possessions beyond the clothes they were wearing, Herbert and Liselotte Dickmann lived for "three uneasy years" in Istanbul, during which time their home was in the same apartment block as the apartment of the exiled German philologist Erich Auerbach.America
In September 1938, having negotiated the necessary quota restriction, Herbert and <mask> Dieckmann emigrated to the United States of America, where Herbert Dieckmann accepted an assistant professorship at the Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. He was a member of the university faculty at Washington MO between 1938 and 1949. <mask> also resumed her teaching career, although she would only become a member of the university faculty in 1944. In the more immediate term she accepted an appointment as a languages teacher at the John Burroughs (High) School on the edge of St. Louis. Her first employment at the university, coming a few years after the birth of the Dieckmann's son Martin, was probably in connection with the Army specialized training program (ASTP). In the words of one obituarist, writing half a century later, "she taught the future occupation troops at the University during World War II". It was in 1944 that she was granted U.S. citizenship.Sources are significantly inconsistent as to the date of her initial university appointment, suggesting that she may have been informally employed as a languages teacher some time before receiving a formal contract of employment from the university. According to one source she joined the university French department [only] in 1945, and joined the university German department two years later. Elsewhere it is recorded that she was appointed to an assistant ptofessorship of French and German in 1946, and then to an associate professorship of German in 1952. During 1956/57 <mask> Dieckmann served a year as Carnegie Fellow at Yale University in New Haven (CN). The Carnegie fellowship was accompanied by a one-year Carnegie Foundation stipend. Back at  St. Louis, she chaired the university Committee on Comparative Literature between 1957 and 1967. Dieckmann became a full "ordinary" professor of German and comparative literature in 1958 or 1959, chaired the German department from 1963 to 1967, and was acting department chair in 1970–71.In 1968 she accepted a parallel post as Distringuished Visiting Professor at the University of Colorado Boulder. In 1971 she retired, becoming a professor emerita in German. She remained professor emerita in comparative literature until 1979. Dieckmann's personal friends included Paul Valéry, Erich Auerbach, Hannah Arendt, Paul Oskar Kristeller and Ernst Robert Curtius. In 1972 a festschrift was published in her honor. She died on 28 October, 1994. A Liselotte Dieckmann Professorship at Washington University in Comparative Literature was established in her memory.Works
During her most productive and creative years in the U.S., Dieckmann taught eighteenth and nineteenth century English, French and German Literature. Her research work focused, in particular, on Goethe, Friedrich Schlegel and the romanticist conception of poetry including, in particular, its use of symbolism. Published output (selection)

References

1902 births
1994 deaths
German art historians
American art historians
Women art historians
Comparative literature academics
Emigrants from Nazi Germany
German emigrants to the United States

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Liselotte Dieckmann
Liselotte Neisser
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<mask> (January 12, 1932 – November 14, 2010) was an American football player and coach. He played college football for the University of Arkansas and professionally for ten seasons in the National Football League (NFL) as a halfback and fullback with the Detroit Lions, Cleveland Browns, and Green Bay Packers. He played on three NFL Championship teams, with Detroit in 1953 and with Green Bay in 1961 and 1962. After his playing career ended, <mask> spent 31 years as an assistant coach in the NFL with the Minnesota Vikings (1964–1966), Atlanta Falcons (1967–1968), Washington Redskins (1969), St. Louis Cardinals (1970–1972), Houston Oilers (1970–1974), Green Bay Packers (1975–1985),  Detroit Lions (1987–1988), and Philadelphia Eagles (1990–1994). <mask> also coached the Frankfurt Galaxy of the World League of American Football in 1996 and at Southwest Texas State University. He concluded his 47 years of playing and coaching football at the end of the 1996 season. Scientific tests on his brain diagnosed post-mortem that he had an advanced case of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).Early years and family
<mask> was born to Verba <mask> and Edna Earl Pullam in Hayti, Missouri. He was raised in West Memphis, Arkansas, where he attended high school and played six-man football. In 1951, <mask> married Ann Holt. The couple  had four daughters; Cheryl, Cathy, Lisa and Rebecca. His brother, <mask> (19342011), married Jeanne Eytchison and the couple had three sons: Scott, Bruce, and <mask>. College career
While at the University of Arkansas (1949–1953), <mask> starred at the halfback position for the Razorbacks. As a senior, he played in the Blue-Grey College All-Star Game.<mask> also played wide receiver, tight end, and served as back-up quarterback during his college years. <mask> received varsity letters in football, basketball, and baseball. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in biology. <mask> played baseball after his 1953 senior year in college in the minor (then class B) Carolina League, as a pitcher, with the Winston-Salem Cardinals. During this season he had a batting average of .286 under manager Jimmy Brown. Scouts for the NFL also offered him a contract and football beat baseball in this circumstance. NFL playing career
<mask>'s primary positions played: defensive half back, fullback, halfback, and offensive half back/running back.<mask> was listed at a height of 6 foot 2 inches and had a playing weight from 205 to 220 pounds and was considered fast afoot. Detroit Lions
In 1953, <mask> was drafted by the National Football League for the Detroit Lions in the eighth round of the draft, 97th selection. The very first time in game play he got the football, he scored a 73-yard touchdown on an interception. For the next three seasons, <mask> was a running back. He was the Lions' leading rusher and won his first world championship in 1953. In 1954, <mask> led Detroit with 476 rushing yards and in 1955, 543 yards. He helped the Detroit Lions Get back into the  1954 NFL Championship game, by winning the NFL Western Conference, before bowing to the 1954 NFL Champion Cleveland Browns.Over his three seasons with the Lions, he rushed for 1,043 yards, with 60 pass receptions (457 yards gained and 4 touchdowns), and scored 10 touchdowns. <mask>'s football career was placed on hold for the 1956 season, when he was drafted by the United States Army. He served honorably during an 18-month tour in Germany. Cleveland Browns
In 1957, after returning from Germany, <mask> was traded to the Cleveland Browns, where he played with <mask>, his brother. In 1957 NFL Draft, the Browns had selected fullback Jim Brown out of Syracuse University, who became the NFL's leading rusher with 942 yards in a 12-game regular season. The emergence of Brown limited <mask> to 83 attempts rushing, resulting in 315 yards and 4 touchdowns. Once again at the top of the division with 9 wins, 2 losses and 1 tied game, Cleveland advanced to the Championship Game against Detroit.But the Lions dominated from start to finish, causing six turnovers and limiting the Browns' quarterbacks (Tommy O'Connell and Milt Plum) to 95 yards passing in a 59–14 rout. Green Bay Packers

In 1959, Coach Vince Lombardi got a key trade by getting <mask> <mask> to come to Green Bay, Wisconsin, and to play for the Packers. While with the Packers he helped them win two world championships. <mask>'s first game under Lombardi came quickly. On September 27, 1959, a sellout crowd packed Green Bay's Lambeau Field for the first Packer game of the regular season against the Chicago Bears. On the Packers first offensive play, a new Lombardi technique was seen. "Packer halfback Paul Hornung took a handoff from the quarterback, ran to his left and threw the ball downfield to a wide open receiver near the goal line."The crowd jumped to its feet, cheering at this new tactic! Then, the receiver, "<mask> <mask> dropped the ball." At halftime in the locker room, Coach Lombardi concluded his pep talk with, "And now, men of Green Bay, step aside. Make way for the mightiest Green Bay team in years! A Winning team! Go get 'em, Green Bay!" In response,  <mask> and the rest of the Packers slammed their lockers, growled loudly, and assaulted the field in determination.During the rest of the game, the Bears watched <mask> closely, seeing him as a threat. The Packers adjusted tactics and used <mask> repeatedly as bait while another player got the critical touchdown. At the end of the game, the Green Bay Packers beat the Chicago Bears by a score of 9 to 6. The Packer players raised Lombardi to their shoulders and ran with him in victory. "We're on our way Now!" shouted Lombardi. After winning their first three games, the Packers lost the next five due to injuries, including <mask>'s.Returning, <mask> and his team finished strong by winning the rest of the season. The 7 win & 5 loss  record represented the Packers' first winning season since 1947. Rookie head coach Lombardi was named Coach of the Year. For the Pack this was the start of the Glory Years. The next year, the Packers, led by Paul Hornung's 176 points, and assisted by running back <mask>, won the NFL West title  and played in the NFL Championship against the Philadelphia Eagles at Philadelphia. In a see-saw game, the Packers trailed the Eagles by four points late in the game, when Chuck Bednarik tackled Jim Taylor nine yards short of the goal line as time ran out. The Packers claimed that they did not "lose" that game; they were simply behind in the score when time ran out on them.The Packers returned to the NFL Championship game the following season and faced the New York Giants in the first league title game to be played in Green Bay. The Packers scored 24 second-quarter points assisted by <mask>, including a championship-record 19 by Paul Hornung, on special loan from the Army (one touchdown, four extra-points and three field goals), powering the Packers to a 37 to 0 major win over the Giants, their first NFL Championship since 1944. The Packers stormed back in the 1962 season, jumping out to a 10-win and 0-loss start, on their way to a 13–1 season. This consistent level of success would lead to Lombardi's Packers becoming one of the most prominent teams of their era, and even to their being featured as the face of the NFL on the cover of Time on December 21, 1962, as part of the magazine's cover story on "The Sport of the '60s" and <mask> <mask> is mentioned in the article as one of the Packers' star players. Shortly after Time's article, the Packers faced the Giants in a much more brutal championship game than the previous year, but the Packers prevailed on the surprising foot of Jerry Kramer and the determined running of Jim Taylor. The Packers defeated the Giants in New York, 16–7. <mask> re-injured himself but finished the game.During this season <mask> assisted other players in their game, gaining the informal title of "coach". In 1963, Paul Hournung was suspended for the season for betting on football. This caused <mask> and others to make more than extra efforts for the team. While the Packers had an 11–1 season, it was at great cost. Many players injured themselves and re-injured themselves like <mask>. Coach Lombardi placed <mask> as a reserve running back, but had to play him time after time for the winning effort. After four full seasons of play with the Packers, <mask> concluded his professional football playing days at the end of the 1963 season.<mask> played 123 professional football games. He finished his ten-year career with 2,025 yards and 16 touchdowns on 468 carries. He also caught 87 passes for 782 yards. Coaching career
In 1964 <mask> became one of the assistant coaches of the Minnesota Vikings. He served in various coaching positions and teams over the next 30 years. These included receivers coach, passing game coach and offensive coordinator for the Atlanta Falcons and the Washington Redskins. <mask> coached alongside Vince Lombardi then coached for St. Louis Cardinals (now the Arizona Cardinals), the Houston Oilers, the Green Bay Packers, the Detroit Lions and the Philadelphia Eagles.Along the way, he mentored many upcoming Pro Bowl players. Minnesota Vikings
<mask> coached several Vikings who were later inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, Fran Tarkenton and Carl Eller. Atlanta Falcons
In late 1966, <mask> became one of the first coaches on the new NFL Atlanta Falcons franchise, the 23rd professional football club and the 15th NFL franchise. In 1967, the Falcons played in the new Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium. The first preseason game was held on August 1, 1966, before a crowd of 26,072 at Atlanta Stadium. Under Head Coach Norb Hecker, the Falcons became the only expansion team in history not to finish in last place their first year. The Falcons finished seventh out of eight teams in the

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 NFL's Eastern Conference.<mask> helped coach the Falcons first victory on November 20, 1966, defeating the New York Giants, 27 to 16, at Yankee Stadium. Tommy Nobis, first draft pick and coached by <mask> was voted to the Pro Bowl and named 1966 Rookie of the Year. <mask> participated in many pivotal events for the newly created American football team called the Atlanta Falcons. 1967 was disappointing for the Falcons. They finished their season at 1–12–1. Tommy Nobis (LB) was named to his second Pro Bowl and Junior Coffey (RB) ended the year with 722 yards to finish as the eighth leading rusher in the league and the Falcons’ Most Valuable Player and <mask> helped coach them both. 1968 - The former Head Coach of the Minnesota Vikings Norm Van Brocklin was named to replace Norb Hecker as Falcon's head coach after only three games of the 1968 season.<mask> worked with Van Brocklin, who he knew as a player and a coach. <mask> helped coach two future Georgia Sports Hall of Fame winners. These were Tommy Nobis and Claude Humphry. Washington Redskins
In 1969, the Washington Redskins hired Vince Lombardi, who gained fame with the Green Bay Packers, to be their new head coach. Lombardi reorganized the Redskins and brought along a couple of coaches he worked with before, including Bill Austin for the offensive line and <mask> <mask> for the receivers. <mask> was listed as the Packers passing game coordinator and offensive coordinator Coach over various seasons. Lombardi led the Redskins to a 7-5-2 record, their best since 1955, but died of cancer on the eve of the 1970 season.<mask> was in the running to replace Lombardi as head coach, but Redskins assistant coach Bill Austin (the former Pittsburgh Steelers head coach) was chosen instead during 1970 and produced a record of 6–8. <mask> decided to coach elsewhere. <mask> coached only one season with the Redskins as the receivers and tight ends coach. His coaching and efforts had an influence on the 1969 season and future game play. Those Redskins who became inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame  include Sonny Jurgensen in 1983, Charley Taylor in 1984, Bobby Mitchell in 1983 and Sam Huff in 1982 were helped in one way or the other by <mask>. <mask>'s  General Manager during his assistant coaching tenure was George Preston Marshall who was also inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1969. One of the Redskin's assistant coaches who worked with <mask>, Mike McCormack was inducted in 1984.Vince Lombardi, the unforgettable coach, was inducted in 1971. St. Louis Cardinals
The football club St. Louis Cardinals moved to St. Louis, Missouri, in 1960 and stayed there until 1987. Then the franchise moved to Tempe, Arizona and became the Arizona Cardinals. When <mask> got there in 1970 the club had many nicknames such as, the "football Cardinals," "Big Red", "Gridbirds" or "Cardiac Cards" to avoid confusion with the baseball St. Louis Cardinals. "Coach Lew" went to St. Louis as a receivers and tight end coach for head coach Bob Holloway. Two brothers, Charles W. Bidwell, Jr. and William V. Bidwell (sons of the 1933-1947 Cardinal franchise owner Charles W. Bidwell, Sr. and the 1947–1962 owner, the widow, Mrs. Violet Bidwell) had joint custody of the franchise from 1962 to 1972. That was the year William V. Bidwell took sole control as managing general partner and made many changes in the coaching staff and players.<mask> did work with and help coach future Pro Football Hall of Fame winners during his time with the Cardinals. These included Dan Dierdorf inducted in 1996, Jackie Smith inducted in 1994, Larry Wilson inducted in 1978 and Roger Wehrli inducted in 2007. Houston Oilers
In 1973, <mask>'s first coaching season there, the Oilers won only 1 game during the entire season. This was a 31 to 27 win over the Baltimore Colts. On a brighter note, Elvin Bethea won his 3rd Pro Bowl team spot. In 1974, the Oilers won their season opener at home by defeating the San Diego Chargers with a 21 to 14 win. The 1974 season was the best year with a 7 win & 7 loss  season.And best of all, they defeated their rival Cleveland Browns for the first time ever with a 28 to 24 victory. <mask> was the receivers and tight ends coach brought in by the new Oiler general manager Sid Gillman to work with head coach Bill Peterson and stayed during Gillman's tenure. After Peterson was fired in October 1973, Gillman took over as head coach. Gillman was inducted as a coach into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1983 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 1989. <mask> worked with and helped coach future Pro Football Hall of Fame winners during his time the Oilers. These include Elvin Bethea inducted in 2003 and Ken Houston inducted in 1986. Head coach Sid Gillman was inducted in 1989.Green Bay Packers
<mask> was the receivers and tight ends coach for the Green Bay Packers under head coaches (HC) Bart Starr (1975––1983) and Forrest Gregg (1984–1987) from 1975 to 1985. Poor personnel decisions typified this Packer time period. A notorious example includes the 1974 trade in which Dan Devine (HC 1971–1974) acting as GM sent five 1975 and 1976 draft picks (two first-rounders, two second-rounders and a third rounder) to the Los Angeles Rams for aging quarterback John Hadl, who would spend only 1½ seasons in Green Bay. This continued in the 1989, when players such as Barry Sanders, Deion Sanders, and Derrick Thomas were available, but the Packers chose offensive lineman Tony Mandarich with the second overall pick in the NFL draft. Though rated highly by nearly every professional scout at the time, Mandarich's performance failed to meet expectations. ESPN has rated Mandarich as the third "biggest sports flop" in the last 25 years. This must have been a frustrating time for <mask> but he focused on the basics and coached on for his beloved Packers.<mask> worked with and/or coached with the following Pro Football Hall of Famers during his coaching tenure with the Packers. These include coach Bart Starr who was inducted as a player in 1977, coach Forrest Gregg who was inducted as a player in 1977 and  James Lofton, inducted in 2003. Detroit Lions
<mask> was the Detroit Lions receivers and tight ends coach for 1987 and 1988. He worked with head coaches Darry Rogers and Wayne Fontes. At the end of the 1988 season, Fontes hired Mouse Davis and June Jones as assistants and installed the Run & Shoot offense. This required the letting go of <mask> and other assistant coaches. Fontes would later abandon the Run & Shoot offense.<mask> worked with and/or helped coach the following Pro Football Hall of Famers. These include Lem Barney inducted in 1992, Barry Sanders inducted in 2004 and coach Dick LeBeau inducted as a player in 2010. Philadelphia Eagles
<mask> was the Eagles wide receivers coach from 1990 to 1992 and the wide receivers/tight ends coach in 1993 and 1994. <mask> again coached James Lofton. Later coaching
In 1995, <mask> went back to Southwest Texas State University, now known as Texas State University–San Marcos and was the running backs coach under head coach Jim Bob Helduser. In 1989, <mask> had coached at the Southwest Texas State University as a backfield coach under head coach John O’Hara. In 1996, <mask> coached the Frankfurt Galaxy of the World League of American Football.He would coach with the Ohio Cannon of the Regional Football League in 1999 and with the San Antonio Matadors of the Spring Football League in 2000. His last coaching position was with the Cincinnati Marshals of the National Indoor Football League in 2005. Death and honors
In 1996, after 47 years of playing and coaching professional NFL football, <mask> reluctantly retired from the game he loved because of his health. On November 14, 2010, with his family at his side, he died from pulmonary fibrosis. <mask>'s last public appearance was in Green Bay's Lambeau Field for the "Alumni Weekend" on September 16 and 17, 2010. <mask> was inducted into the Arkansas Sports Hall of Fame in 1988, and the University of Arkansas Sports Hall of Honor in 2000. The "<mask> Carpenter University of Arkansas Scholarship" has been established in his memory through Chase Bank in New Braunfels, Texas.CTE
<mask> left his brain for science. Always interested in helping and teaching, he gave the last part of himself to test for chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). In the first week of December 2011, test results confirmed that <mask> had an advanced case of CTE. CTE  is a progressive degenerative disease found in people who have had a severe blow or repeated blows to the head. CTE is most commonly found in professional athletes who have experienced repeated concussions or other brain trauma. In media
In the 2009 book by John Eisenberg, That First Season: How Vince Lombardi Took the Worst Team in the NFL and Set It on the Path to Glory, <mask> <mask> is mentioned on 30 pages of its 304 hardback pages. <mask> participated in a 2001 reunion documentary on Vince Lombardi and his Green Bay Packers called With Love & Respect: A Reunion of the Lombardi Green Bay Packers.See also

American Football League coaches

References

External links

 <mask> <mask> at Baseball-Reference.com

1932 births
2010 deaths
American football players with chronic traumatic encephalopathy
American football running backs
Arkansas Razorbacks football players
Detroit Lions players
Cleveland Browns players
Green Bay Packers players
Minnesota Vikings coaches
Atlanta Falcons coaches
Washington Redskins coaches
Arizona Cardinals coaches
Houston Oilers coaches
Green Bay Packers coaches
Detroit Lions coaches
Philadelphia Eagles coaches
Players of American football from Arkansas
Texas State Bobcats football coaches
Frankfurt Galaxy coaches
Winston-Salem Cardinals players
People from West Memphis, Arkansas
People from Hayti, Missouri
People from New Braunfels, Texas
People from San Marcos,

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<mask> (born August 20, 1931) is an American boxing promoter, known for his involvement in several historic boxing matchups. He has been a controversial figure, partly due to a manslaughter conviction and civil cases against him, as well as allegations of dishonest business practices by numerous boxers. <mask>'s career highlights include, among multiple other enterprises, promoting "The Rumble in the Jungle" and the "Thrilla in Manila". <mask> has promoted some of the most prominent names in boxing, including Muhammad Ali, Joe Frazier, George Foreman, Larry Holmes, Tomasz Adamek, Mike Tyson, Evander Holyfield, Chris Byrd, John Ruiz, Julio César Chávez, Ricardo Mayorga, Andrew Golota, Bernard Hopkins, Félix Trinidad, Roy Jones Jr., Azumah Nelson, Gerald McClellan, Marco Antonio Barrera, and Christy Martin. Some of these boxers sued him for allegedly defrauding them. Most of the lawsuits were settled out of court. Mike Tyson was quoted as saying, “He did more bad to black fighters than any white promoter ever in the history of boxing.”

<mask> has been charged with killing two people in incidents 13 years apart.In 1954, <mask> shot a man in the back after spotting him trying to rob one of his gambling houses; this incident was ruled a justifiable homicide. In 1967, <mask> was convicted of voluntary manslaughter for stomping one of his employees to death. For this, he served three years and eleven months in prison. Early life
<mask> was born in Cleveland, Ohio, where he attended school and graduated from John Adams High in 1951. After dropping out of Kent State University, he ran an illegal bookmaking operation out of the basement of a record store on Kinsman Road, and was charged with killing two men in incidents 13 years apart. The first was determined to be justifiable homicide after it was found that <mask> shot Hillary Brown in the back and killed him while he was attempting to rob one of <mask>'s gambling houses in 1954. In 1967, <mask> was convicted of second degree murder for the second killing after he was found guilty of stomping to death an employee, Sam Garrett, who owed him $600.He served his term at the Marion Correctional Institution, while there he began self-education, according to his own words, he read everything in the prison library he could get his hands on. <mask> was pardoned in 1983 by Ohio Governor Jim Rhodes, with letters from Jesse Jackson, Coretta <mask>, George Voinovich, Art Modell, and Gabe Paul, among others, being written in support of <mask>. Career
King entered the boxing world after convincing Muhammad Ali to box in a charity exhibition for a local hospital in Cleveland with the help of singer Lloyd Price. Early on he formed a partnership with a local promoter named <mask>, who already had a stable of fighters in Cleveland and years of experience in boxing. In 1974, <mask> negotiated to promote a heavyweight championship fight between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman in Zaire, popularly known as "The Rumble in the Jungle". The fight between Ali and Foreman was a much-anticipated event. <mask>'s rivals all sought to promote the bout, but <mask> was able to secure the then-record $10 million purse through an arrangement with the government of Zaire.<mask> arranged Ali's 1975 fight against journeyman Chuck Wepner. It is widely believed the fight inspired Sylvester Stallone to write the screenplay for Rocky (1976). <mask> solidified his position as one of boxing's preeminent promoters the following year with the third fight between Ali and Joe Frazier in Manila, the capital of the Philippines, which <mask> deemed the "Thrilla in Manila". Aside from promoting the premier heavyweight fights of the 1970s, <mask> was also busy expanding his boxing empire. Throughout the decade, he compiled an impressive roster of fighters, many of whom would finish their career with Hall of Fame credentials. Fighters including Larry Holmes, Wilfred Benítez, Roberto Durán, Salvador Sánchez, Wilfredo Gómez, and Alexis Argüello would all fight under the Don King Productions promotional banner in the 1970s. For the next two decades, <mask> continued to be among boxing's most successful promoters.Mike Tyson, Evander Holyfield, Julio César Chávez, Aaron Pryor, Bernard Hopkins, Ricardo López, Félix Trinidad, Terry Norris, Carlos Zárate, Azumah Nelson, Andrew Gołota, Mike McCallum, Gerald McClellan, Meldrick Taylor, Marco Antonio Barrera, Tomasz Adamek, John Ruiz, and Ricardo Mayorga are some of the boxers who chose <mask> to promote many of their biggest fights. Outside of boxing, he was the concert promoter for The Jacksons' 1984 Victory Tour. In 1998, <mask> purchased a Cleveland-based weekly newspaper serving the African-American community in Ohio, the Call and Post, and as of 2011 continued as its publisher. <mask>, was elected to the Gaming Hall of Fame in 2008. Personal life

<mask>'s wife, Henrietta, died on December 2, 2010, at the age of 87. He has one biological daughter, Debbie, and two adopted sons, Carl and Eric, and five grandchildren. <mask> is politically active and supported Barack Obama in the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections.During the previous election, he had made media appearances promoting George W. Bush, which had included attendance at the 2004 Republican National Convention in New York City. On June 10, 1987, <mask> was made a 'Mason-at-Sight' by 'Grand Master' Odes J. Kyle Jr. of the Most Worshipful Prince Hall 'Grand Lodge' of Ohio, thereby making him a Prince Hall Freemason. The following year he was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Humane letters degree from Central State University in Wilberforce, Ohio, by University President Dr. Arthur E. Thomas. <mask> has conducted an annual turkey giveaway each Christmas for several years, in which he distributes two thousand free turkeys to needy South Floridians. Controversies
<mask> has been investigated for possible connections with organized crime. During a 1992 Senate investigation, <mask> invoked the Fifth Amendment when questioned about his connection to mobster John Gotti. When IBF president Robert W. "Bobby" Lee, Sr. was indicted for racketeering in 1999, <mask> was not indicted, nor did he testify at Lee's trial, though prosecutors reportedly "called him an unindicted co-conspirator who was the principal beneficiary of Lee's machinations."Lawsuits and prosecutions

Muhammad Ali
<mask> has been involved in many litigation cases with boxers that were focused on fraud. In 1982 he was sued by Muhammad Ali for underpaying him $1.1 million for a fight with Larry Holmes. <mask> called in an old friend of Ali, Jeremiah Shabazz, and handed him a suitcase containing $50,000 in cash and a letter ending Ali's lawsuit against <mask>. He asked Shabazz to visit Ali (who was in the hospital due to his failing health) and get him to sign the letter and then give Ali the $50,000. Ali signed. The letter even gave <mask> the right to promote any future Ali fights. According to Shabazz, "Ali was ailing by then and mumbling a lot.I guess he needed the money." Shabazz later regretted helping <mask>. Ali's lawyer cried when he learned that Ali had ended the lawsuit without telling him. Larry Holmes
Larry Holmes has alleged that over the course of his career <mask> cheated him out of $10 million in fight purses, including claiming 25% of his purses as a hidden manager. Holmes says he received only $150,000 of a contracted $500,000 for his fight with Ken Norton, and $50,000 of $200,000 for facing Earnie Shavers, and claims <mask> cut his purses for bouts with Muhammad Ali, Randall "Tex" Cobb, and Leon Spinks, underpaying him $2 million, $700,000, and $250,000, respectively. Holmes sued <mask> over the accounting and auditing for the Gerry Cooney fight, charging that he was underpaid by $2 to $3 million. Holmes sued <mask> after <mask> deducted a $300,000 'finder's fee' from his fight purse against Mike Tyson; Holmes settled for $150,000 and also signed a legal agreement pledging not to give any more negative information about <mask> to reporters.Tim Witherspoon
Tim Witherspoon was threatened with being blackballed if he did not sign exclusive contracts with <mask> and his stepson Carl. Not permitted to have his own lawyer present, he signed four "contracts of servitude" (according to Jack Newfield). One was an exclusive promotional contract with <mask>, two were managerial contracts with <mask>, identical except one was "for show" that gave <mask> 33% of Witherspoon's purses and the other gave <mask> a 50% share, more than is allowed by many boxing commissions. The fourth contract was completely blank. Other examples include Witherspoon being promised $150,000 for his fight with Larry Holmes, but receiving only $52,750. <mask>'s son Carl took 50% of Witherspoon's purse, illegal under Nevada rules, and the WBC sanctioning fee was also deducted from his purse. He was forced to train at <mask>'s own training camp at Orwell, Ohio, instead of Ali's Deer Lake camp which Ali allowed Witherspoon to use for free.For his fight with Greg Page he received a net amount of $44,460 from his guaranteed purse of $250,000. <mask> had deducted money for training expenses, sparring partners, fight and airplane tickets for his friends and family. Witherspoon was never paid a stipulated $100,000 for his training expenses and instead was billed $150 a day for using <mask>'s training camp. <mask> again received 50% of his purse, despite Don King Productions falsely claiming he had only been paid 33%. HBO paid <mask> $1,700,000 for Witherspoon to fight Frank Bruno. Witherspoon got a purse of $500,000, but received only $90,000 after <mask>'s deductions. <mask> received $275,000.In 1987 Witherspoon sued <mask> for $25 million in damages. He eventually settled for $1 million out of court. Mike Tyson
Former undisputed World Heavyweight Boxing Champion Mike Tyson has described <mask>, his former promoter, as "ruthless", "deplorable", and "greedy." In 1998, Tyson sued <mask> for $100 million, alleging that the boxing promoter had cheated him out of millions over more than a decade. The lawsuit was later settled out of court with Tyson receiving $14 million. Terry Norris
In 1996 Terry Norris sued <mask>, alleging that <mask> had stolen money from him and conspired with his manager to underpay him for fights. The case went to trial, but <mask> settled out of court for $7.5 million in 2003.<mask> also acceded to Norris' demand that the settlement be made public. ESPN

In 2005 <mask> launched a $2.5 billion defamation suit against the Walt Disney Pictures-owned ESPN, the makers of SportsCentury, after a documentary alleged that <mask> had "killed, not once, but twice", threatened to break Larry Holmes' legs, had a hospital invest into a film that was never made, cheated Meldrick Taylor out of $1 million, and then threatened to have Taylor killed. Though the documentary repeated many claims that were already made, <mask> said he had now had enough. <mask>'s attorney said "It was slanted to show <mask> in the worst way. It was one-sided from day one, <mask> is a strong man, but he has been hurt by this." The case was dismissed on summary judgment with a finding that <mask> could not show "actual malice" from the defendants, and that <mask> had failed to prove that any of the challenged statements were false. The judgement also pointed out that the studio had tried on a number of occasions to interview <mask> for the documentary, but he had declined; while not suggesting that <mask> had a legal obligation to do so, the court sympathized with ESPN's circumstances on those grounds.<mask> appealed the decision and, 3 years later, the Second District Court of Appeals upheld the summary judgement, but disagreed with the original finding that none of the statements were false. In any case, Judge Dorian Damoorgian ruled, "Nothing in the record shows that ESPN purposefully made false statements about <mask> in order to bolster the theme of the program or to inflict harm on <mask>". Lennox Lewis
In May 2003, <mask> was sued by Lennox Lewis, who wanted $385 million from the promoter, claiming <mask> used threats to pull Tyson away from a rematch with Lewis. Chris Byrd
In early 2006, Chris Byrd sued <mask> for breach of contract and the two eventually settled out of court under the condition that Byrd would be released from his contract with <mask>. <mask> event controversy
On September 21, 2016, <mask> caused controversy when introducing <mask> at a campaign event at a black church in Cleveland by using the word "nigga" seemingly by accident. In <mask>'s speech, he was giving his thoughts on how black people cannot achieve success in the United States by acting like white people, stating, "If you're poor, you are a poor negro -- I would use the n-word -- but if you're rich, you are a rich negro. If you are intelligent, intellectual, you are intellectual negro.If you are a dancing and sliding and gliding nigga -- I mean negro -- you are a dancing and sliding and gliding negro." Media appearances
<mask> appeared in the 2-part Miami Vice episode "Down for the Count". (Season 3, Episodes 12/13)

<mask> acted in a small role as more or less himself in The Last Fight (1982) and in the comedy Head Office (1985). He also had another brief cameo as himself in the film The Devil's Advocate (1997). He also appeared in a season 4 episode of Knight Rider, titled "Redemption of a Champion". <mask> made an appearance in the documentaries Beyond the Ropes (2008) and Klitschko (2011). <mask> appeared in Moonlighting episode "Symphony in Knocked Flat" (Season 3, Episode 3) as himself.Media portrayals

As a character
 In 1995, HBO aired Tyson, a television movie based upon the life of Mike Tyson, in which <mask> was portrayed by actor Paul Winfield. In 1997, Ving Rhames played <mask> in a made-for-TV movie, <mask>: Only in America which aired on HBO. Rhames won a Golden Globe Award for his portrayal of King. In 1998, for the tenth episode of South Park'''s first season, "Damien", Jesus and Satan are pitted against one another in a boxing match to decide the conflict between good and evil; a character spoofing <mask> appears,  promoting Satan and the fight. In its first season, In Living Color featured a one-time sketch titled "King: The Early Years", set in a schoolyard in 1939, in which the narrator first leads viewers to believe that Martin Luther <mask>. got his start in childhood as a peacemaker between two fighting classmatesuntil "<mask>" is revealed as a young <mask> (portrayed by Damon Wayans), who promoted the schoolyard scuffle. In the episode "My Brother's Keeper" of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Carlton is portrayed as <mask> in one of Will's dreams. In Celebrity Deathmatch, <mask>'s death was a running gag during the series' first season.In the final episode of the second season, he was matched against <mask>, with <mask> being killed again, this time in the ring. He was portrayed by Dave Chappelle in a skit about a "Gay America", as promoting a boxing match between two gay boxers. <mask> helped create the video game Don King Presents: Prizefighter for the Xbox 360, which he promoted on IGN's podcast, Three Red Lights, and another called Don King Boxing for Wii. There is also a Nintendo DS version of Don King Boxing. <mask> was featured in the 2001 film Ali, promoting the Rumble in the Jungle title fight between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman. He was portrayed by Mykelti Williamson in the film. Characters based on <mask>
The character of George Washington Duke, the flamboyant boxing promoter in the film Rocky V (1990), is modeled at least in part on <mask>, even using <mask>'s famous catchphrase "Only in America!""The Homer They Fall", a 1996 episode in season 8 of the animated series The Simpsons, features a boxing promoter, Lucius Sweet (voiced by Paul Winfield), whose appearance is modeled on <mask>, especially his hairstyle. In fact, Homer Simpson comments that Sweet is "exactly as rich and as famous as <mask>, and he looks just like him, too!”
In the 2005 Xbox video game Jade Empire, a character named Qui The Promoter is based on <mask>, including personality and his speech patterns. In the 2016 indie video game Punch Club'', A character named Din Kong is modeled after <mask>. In this game, Kong serves as the player's fight promoter in one of the conclusions of the game. Awards and honors
1997: International Boxing Hall of Fame inductee
2008: Gaming Hall of Fame inductee
2015 Street in Newark, New Jersey renamed <mask> Way
2016: Shaker Boulevard in Cleveland renamed <mask> King Way

See also
 Black conservatism in the United States

References

External links
 <mask> Promotions

1931 births
African-American sports executives and administrators
American sports executives and administrators
American boxing promoters
American Freemasons
American Prince Hall Freemasons
American people convicted of manslaughter
Living people
Ohio Republicans
People from Cleveland
Recipients of American gubernatorial pardons
John Adams High School (Ohio) alumni
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople

masks:
Donald King
King
King
King
King
King
King
King
King
King
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Scott King
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Don Elbaum
King
King
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King
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Don King
King
King
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King
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King
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Don King
Carl King
Carl King
King
King
King
King
King
Carl King
King
King
Carl King
King
King
King
King
King
King
King
King
King
King
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Don
Don
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King
King
King
King
King
King
King
King
Don King
King
Donald Trump
King
Donald Trump
King
King
King
King
King
King
King
Don King
Don King
King Jr
King
Don King
Don King
King
Donald Trump
King
King
King
King
Don King
King
King
Don King
Don King
King
Don King
Don
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<mask> (born <mask>, 26 September 1980) is an Indian filmmaker, entrepreneur, media producer, innovator and systems researcher. He is also the founder/CEO of the Mumbai-based new media studio and systems think tank Memesys Culture Lab. His debut feature film Ship of Theseus (2013), which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival won the National Film Award for Best Picture. <mask>'s film as creative director, executive producer and co-writer, Tumbbad opened the Critics' Week at the 75th Venice Film Festival, released to a wide critical acclaim in October 2018. In 2017, he produced An Insignificant Man – a nonfiction thriller directed by Khushboo Ranka and Vinay Shukla on the rise of the Aam Aadmi Party in India. It was released to widespread international and domestic acclaim. The film was picked up by Vice for International distribution.Actor and producer Ajay Devgn bought rights to <mask>'s play Beta Kaagdo. It has been made into the feature film Helicopter Eela, starring Bollywood actress Kajol. <mask> is also the co-creator of ElseVR, India's first virtual reality (VR) platform aiming to bring "extraordinary and urgent stories" to the digital mainstream. <mask> delivered his INK Talk at the annual INK conference in 2013 where he enumerated his motivations behind making films while expounding on the role of memes in choice-creation. He was a mentor at the Xprize Visioneers 2016 Summit, an annual gathering of the Xprize enterprise, a leading global non-profit dedicated to encouraging "radical breakthroughs for the benefit of humanity" through incentivized prize competitions. While on the steering committee of the 48th International Film Festival of India (IFFI), <mask> served as the creative director of the new VR chapter of the festival. <mask> unveiled a poster of his next project, Emergence, on the seventh anniversary of his film Ship of Theseus on Sunday.Emergence, which is set in a post-pandemic world, is "the story of bit by bit building of resilience through human ingenuity as scientists and everyday heroes create solutions,” says <mask>. Early life
<mask> walked out of college at the age of 18. <mask> was fascinated by the idea of using neuroscience and evolutionary biology to answer deep and persistent questions of philosophy. He has cited Richard Dawkins and Douglas Adams as early influences. In 1996, <mask> pursued a program in graphic design and started a studio called Ciceros Graphics. He also taught Adobe Photoshop and other digital tools, new at the time, to traditional graphic designers. At 16, <mask> assisted activist and polemist Abhay Mehta with the maintenance of a whistleblowing website.Television, theatre and short films
<mask>'s writing career began in 2000 when he wrote dialogue for the first eighty-two episodes of popular daily soap opera Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi and screenplay for Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii, both of which became the longest running shows on Indian Television. The same year, <mask>'s play Sugandhi was awarded the prestigious National Prize. Most of his plays, including Sugandhi, Pratyancha, Kshanotsav, Na, and Janashtaru were written for the alternative one-act theatre. <mask> has penned one mainstream Gujarati play Chal Reverse Ma Jaiye and produced Grey Elephants In Denmark (2009), a Hindi/English play written and directed by Chaitanya Tamhane. He made his film directorial debut with Right Here, Right Now (2003), a critically acclaimed 30-minute short film that dealt with the idea of cyclic causality and was shot in two continuous takes. The film premiered in competition at the Tribeca Film Festival. His second film Continuum (2006), which he co-wrote and co-directed with Khushboo Ranka, was a montage of simple stories from everyday life, popular culture and folklore that explore "the continuum of life and death, of love and paranoia, of trade and value, of need and invention, of hunger and enlightenment".Ship of Theseus
<mask>'s first feature-length film Ship of Theseus premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival, where it was discovered as the "hidden gem" of the festival's selection of films that year. It won the Best Film Award at the Transylvania International Film Festival, Best Cinematography Award at the Tokyo International Film Festival, the Jury Prize for Technical Excellence at the Mumbai Film Festival, Best Actress Award at the Dubai International Film Festival. It was given a Special Mention by the Sutherland Jury "for tickling our intellect and showing us rarely-seen facets of Indian life". Film Critic Derek Malcolm put it on the list of "films that changed our lives", made to celebrate the centenary of The Critics' Circle. The title of the film alludes to Theseus' paradox, most notably recorded in Life of Theseus, wherein the Greek historian and philosopher Plutarch inquires whether a ship that has been restored by replacing all its parts remains the same ship. The film was released in India on 19 July 2013. It became the most successful international arthouse film at the Indian box office.In 2014, it won the award for the Best Feature Film of the year at the 61st National Film Awards. Post Ship of Theseus, <mask> distributed Nishtha Jain's documentary film Gulabi Gang under his then-company Recyclewala Films, making it one of the first theatrical distributions for a documentary film in India. Gulabi Gang was awarded as the Best Film on Social Issues and the Best Non-Feature Film editing at the 61st National Film Awards. From November 2014 to May 2015, <mask> was busy shooting for Tumbad, an unreleased fantasy-epic set in the India of 1940s. He is credited as the co-writer, executive producer and creative director of Tumbad. Memesys Culture Lab
Towards the end of 2015, <mask> founded Memesys Culture Lab with Zain Memon, Khushboo Ranka, Vinay Shukla, Neil Pagedar and Pooja Shetty. After some early pioneering work in virtual reality (VR) journalism, the lab launched six VR documentaries on ElseVR, a VR journalism platform.<mask> and team commissioned documentary filmmakers to capture "extraordinary and urgent stories" in VR, accompanied by a piece of long-form journalism. The VR documentaries available on the ElseVR platform are:
 When Borders Move by Shubhangi Swarup
 Yeh Ballet by Sooni Taraporevala
 Submerged by Nishtha Jain
 Caste is not a Rumour by Naomi Shah and Pourush Turel
 The Cost of Coal by Faiza Ahmad Khan and Aruna Chandrashekhar
 Right to Pray by Khushboo Ranka
The ElseVR team also created two behind-the-scenes documentaries, Dhaakad and Inside Dangal, on the making of Aamir Khan's Dangal. For ElseVR, Memesys partnered with Amnesty International India, Oxfam India and United Nations Virtual Reality (UNVR) and BBC. On 11 September 2016, <mask>'s documentary production An Insignificant Man had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival. The film was also screened at the BFI London Film Festival and the Busan International Film Festival. Directed by Khushboo Ranka and Vinay Shukla, An Insignificant Man was released in theatres in India on 17 November 2017. The film was released in more than 33 screens across India and continued to perform well into its third and fourth weeks.The box office net of 12 million INR makes it the most successful documentary feature out of India. The film, which chronicles the rise of anti-corruption protests in India and the formation and rise to power of the Aam Aadmi Party, received standing ovations in theatres and was picked up by VICE Media. <mask> has also completed development on three projects – Ok Computer, New Aesop's Fables and Some of All Pasts. For Ok Computer, a science-fiction comedy created by collaborators Pooja Shetty and Neil Pagedar, Bollywood star Hrithik Roshan has been confirmed in lead. Australian actor Hugo Weaving may be roped in to play one of the parts. <mask>'s play Beta Kaagdo, which he adapted into a screenplay along with Mitesh Shah, is being made into a feature film with Kajol in lead. The film is being directed by Pradeep Sarkar and produced by Ajay Devgn.<mask> has called himself an admirer of Kajol's work and said that he loved "talking and discussing ideas with her". Talks and engagements
In 2013, <mask> was awarded the "Contribution to Jain Philosophy prize" by Mumbai University. <mask> was selected for the INK Fellowship which comprised "around 25 young change-makers from across disciplines like art, science, social concerns, sport and technology, who they believe will be game-changers in their respective fields". He delivered his Ink Talk at the INK2013 conference in Kochi where he spoke at length about his motivations as a filmmaker while "gexploring the ideas, metaphors, memes, and the information packaged in those memes that influence our choices profoundly". <mask> was a speaker at the Singularity University (SingularityU) Forum in India, where he shared his ideas on using insights from cognitive science in narrative structures. The summit also featured talks by Peter Diamandis, Rob Nail, Neil Jacobstein, and Stefan Sagmeister, among others. <mask> is also the recipient of the Rajeev Circle Fellowship, designed to "identify and empower young entrepreneurs".<mask> delivered a talk on the evolutionary function of awe at the launch of the first DAQRI AR helmet. <mask> was a mentor at the Xprize Visioneers 2016 Summit to vote on solutions that needed to be incentivised and accelerated by the prize. Early detection of cancer and technological solutions for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) were the most voted for projects at the summit, along with  the Avatar Xprize sponsored by Japanese airlines ANA to "create prototypes of avatars that satisfy the goal of transporting people's consciousness". <mask> moderated a masterclass at the Global Entrepreneurship Summit 2017 on the future of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR). <mask> was invited by the I&B Ministry to lead the VR chapter of the 48th International Film Festival of India (IFFI), 2017 held in Goa. He delivered a masterclass on VR as the new medium to "preserve records and memories for posterity". Filmography

Television

Personal life

He was born into a Vaishnav Gujarati family and spoke Gujarati for the first ten years of his life, and his surname was Modi.Later his mother got re-married and he was adopted and raised by a Gujarati Jain family, changing his surname to <mask>. He has always identified himself as thoroughly non-religious and atheistic. He lives with his partner Kani Kusruti in Mumbai. He loves Gujarati poetry, including that of Ramesh Parekh, Mareez, and Shekhadam Abuwala. He writes poetry but does not publish it. References

External links

1980 births
Living people
21st-century Indian film directors
Gujarati people
Film directors from Mumbai
Indian male screenwriters
Indian television writers
Film producers from Mumbai
Indian theatre directors
Indian atheists
Former Jains
Screenwriters from Mumbai
Directors who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award
Male television writers

masks:
Anand Gandhi
Anand Modi
Gandhi
Gandhi
Gandhi
Gandhi
Gandhi
Anand Gandhi
Gandhi
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Anand Gandhi
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