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Costobarus (Greek: Κοστόβαρος) was an associate of Herod the Great (who made Costobarus governor of Idumea) and second husband of Herod's sister Salome I. He was also known as Costobar. Another member of the Herodian dynasty was Costobar, who was the brother of Saul. Both Saul and Costobar were likely grandsons of Costobarus. Costobar(us), husband of Salome

Costobarus was an associate of Herod during the latter’s rise to power. Following the capitulation of Jerusalem in 37 BC during the campaign by Mark Antony and Herod against the Hasmonean king Antigonus II  - Costobar controlled the exits from the city. Around this time, Antony appointed Herod as Tetrarch of Judæa and Herod appointed Costobarus as Governor of Idumæa and Gaza.In c. 34 BC, Herod gave his sister Salome in marriage to Costobarus. While Costobarus “gladly accepted these favours, which were more than he had expected”, he was never “Herod's man". His focus was always towards Idumæa and his own ambitions in that region. Costobarus was from a noble and priestly family in Idumæa; and he resented that the Hasmonean John Hyrcanus had made the Idumæans adopt the customs and laws of the Jews. He “did not think ... it ... proper for him to carry out the orders of Herod, or for the Idumæans to ... be subject to them.”  He also had ambitions to rule Idumæa himself, and “to achieve greater things”. These attitudes led him to three acts which aroused Herod against him and eventually led to his execution. His first transgression to become known (but the second to be initiated) was to approach Cleopatra to ask Antony for Idumæa to be transferred to her (instead of to Herod), as it “had always belonged to her ancestors”.Costobarus was “ready to transfer his loyalty to her” and hoped that he would eventually become its ruler. Cleopatra did ask, but Antony refused. Herod sought to kill Costobarus as soon as he found out, but his mother and sister prevented him from doing so. Herod eventually pardoned Costobarus for his actions. But from then on, Herod no longer trusted Costobarus. The next revelation (the third event in sequence) came as part of the divorce proceedings which Salome initiated against Costobarus. Between c. 27 BC and 25 BC, she issued him a writ of annulment (which the woman was not permitted to do under  Jewish Law, but Salome did so none the less), and declared to Herod that she did this “out of loyalty to ... [Herod] himself”.She then informed Herod that <mask> was intending to flee the country in the company of Herod’s brother Pheroras, who was out of favour with Herod at this time because of his infatuation with a slave girl and his consequent rejection of a marriage which Herod had arranged. Then Salome added the third revelation (but the first and longest running transgression): <mask> had been protecting, for at around 12 years, the sons of Baba, Herod’s enemies. When <mask> had been guarding the exits to Jerusalem in 37 BC, Baba and his family were some of the people Herod had wished to restrain, but <mask> hid them on his own estate (because of their popularity with the people), and later denied all knowledge of them. “And when the king [Herod] was informed of these things ... he sent [his officers] to the place where they were reported to be staying, and had them kill these men and those who were accused with them ...”  And so, <mask> was executed (c.27-25 BC). Costobar, brother of Saul

Costobar and Saul were royal Herodian brothers, and kinsmen of Antipas ben Alexas, and of Agrippa II. While Josephus does not specify the parents of Costobar and Saul, the name “Costobar” provides a clue: their grandfather was very likely Costobar(us), the second husband of Salome,  the sister of Herod “the Great”. “Costobar” is an uncommon name, there being only these two individuals so named in all of Josephus' writings.This means that Antipas ben Alexas was a nephew of Costobar and Saul, through their sister Cypros bat Antipater and Agrippa II was first cousin once removed to them through their aunt Bernice (Berenice), who married Aristobulus ben Herod and are the parents of Agrippa I. When the Jewish insurrection against Roman rule was gaining momentum, Costobar, Saul and Antipas requested Agrippa II to send assistance to prevent the imminent uprising. The two brothers also were active against the insurgents. Following the Battle of Beth-horon (25 November 66 AD)  in which the Jewish insurgents defeated the Roman general Cestius, Costobar, Saul and Antipas were besieged in the royal palace. Subsequently, Costobar, with his brother Saul, escaped from Jerusalem to re-join Cestius: who dispatched them to Emperor Nero in Archaia, Greece. Antipas, who had remained in Jerusalem, was arrested by the insurgents,  and slain in prison by John ben Dorcus, (i.e. John benTabitha), who was under  commission from the “brigands” [zealots].There is a fringe theory that the Saul in Josephus' writings was the same person as Saul of the New Testament. According to this theory, references to Saul in Acts of the Apostles and some verses of Paul's Epistle to the Romans are believed to reveal connections to the Herodian royal family. In Acts of the Apostles, Saul is named in a list of Christian prophets and teachers in Antioch, following Manaen, who was “brought up with Herod the Tetrarch”, but the verse does not clearly connect Saul to Manaen, or to Herod; In the last chapter of the Epistle to the Romans, Paul sends greetings to a man named Herodion, whom he calls a kinsman (Gk: συγγενῆ). However, Herodion is a not uncommon name in the ancient world, and Paul refers to several others as kinsmen in the same chapter. This term likely meant nothing more than that they were also Jewish. If he were a member of the Herodian family, Saul would indeed have been a Roman citizen. His behaviour prior to his conversion, in which he “made havoc for the church” could be seen as reminiscent of that in which Costobar and Saul “were lawless and quick to plunder ... those weaker than themselves”, however, the account of the violent behaviour of Costobar and Saul in Josephus would have post-dated Paul's conversion to Christianity by decades.The Costobarian Herods

Costobarus and Salome (the elder) had two children: Bernice and Antipater. By her marriage to Aristobulus ben Herod, Bernice united the Costobarian and Hasmonean scions of the Herodians. The descendants of the two principals included two kings of Judæa - Herod Agrippa (Agrippa I), and his son Agrippa II, the Tetrarch, Herod of Chalcis, Herodias and Salome (the younger) of the New Testament, a line of treasurers of the Temple, and the brothers Costobar and Saul. The younger Salome was the matriarch of the Christian Aristobulus of Britannia. The  family tree  of these individuals is shown below. References

Herodian dynasty

masks: Costobarus Costobarus Costobarus Costobarus Costobarus


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<mask> (January 11, 1890 – May 30, 1976), known as <mask>, was an American professional baseball center fielder and manager. <mask> played in Major League Baseball for the Pittsburgh Pirates from 1910 through 1926 and for the Brooklyn Robins from 1926 through 1929. He managed the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1932 and 1933. <mask> starred for the Pirates, helping them win the 1925 World Series. During his 20-year career, he led the league in stolen bases ten times and finished with 738 steals, a National League record until 1974 and still the 9th-highest total in major league history. <mask> was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1961. Early life
<mask> was born in Terre Haute, Indiana, on January 11, 1890.His father was a Prussian soldier and swimming teacher. He had emigrated to the United States after the Franco-Prussian War and worked as a contractor. <mask>'s parents wanted their son to become a Lutheran minister. He attended Concordia College in Fort Wayne, Indiana, studying in the pre-ministerial program. He also played baseball, and was a member of the swimming and track-and-field teams. After graduating in 1909, he went to Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri. Professional career

Minor league baseball
In the summer of 1909, <mask> attended a game of minor league baseball's Central League between the Terre Haute Hottentots and the South Bend Greens.South Bend was without a starting shortstop, as they had sold theirs to another team. <mask> found Aggie Grant, South Bend's manager, and convinced Grant to give him the opportunity to fill in for the remainder of the season, based on his track-and-field skills. He used the name "<mask>" in order to retain his amateur status at Concordia College. He had a .158 batting average and committed 24 errors in 48 games. <mask> returned to play for South Bend in the 1910 season. The team had a new shortstop, Alex McCarthy, so <mask> agreed to play as their left fielder. He had a .298 batting average with 86 stolen bases in 96 games.He also recorded 25 assists. Able to make a career in baseball, <mask> decided to drop out of Concordia. Major League Baseball
The president of the Central League recommended <mask> to the Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball's (MLB) National League towards the end of the 1910 season. The Pirates bought <mask> and McCarthy from South Bend on August 15. <mask> made his MLB debut with the Pirates, appearing in two games as a replacement for Fred Clarke during the 1910 season. In 1911, <mask> played in 122 games as the Pirates' center fielder, replacing Tommy Leach. He had a .258 batting average on the season.The next year, he succeeded Clarke as the Pirates' left fielder on a permanent basis. In 1913, <mask> led the National League in plate appearances (692), at bats (620), runs scored (99), and stolen bases (61). In 1914, he led the National League in games played (156), at bats (596), and triples (17). He led the National League in steals in 1915 (36), 1916 (63), 1917 (46), and 1918 (58), while also leading the league with 62 walks in 1918. After the 1915 season, <mask> went on a barnstorming tour with Dave Bancroft. <mask> missed much of the 1919 season with an injury, but returned to form in the 1920 season. He again led the National League in steals in 1920, with 52, in the 1922 season with 51, in the 1923 season with 51, in the 1924 season with 49, and in the 1925 season with 46.In the 1922 season, he was only caught stealing twice. In 1924, <mask> altered his batting stance based on Ty Cobb's. He had a .343 batting average in the 1925 season, and the Pirates won the National League pennant that year. In the deciding game of the 1925 World Series, <mask> had four hits, including three doubles, off of Walter Johnson. <mask>'s .458 batting average led all players in the series, and the Pirates defeated the American League's Washington Senators. He hit for a batting average over .300 three seasons in a row from 1921 to 1923. He led the league in stolen bases eight times, including each season between 1922 and 1924.He regularly stole 40 or more bases and maintained a favorable steal percentage; in 1922 he stole 51 bases and was caught only twice. He also stole home 33 times in his career, second best only to Ty Cobb's 50 on the all-time list. In 1926, Clarke, now the team vice president, was also serving as an assistant to manager Bill McKechnie. Clarke would sit on the bench in full uniform and give advice to McKechnie. <mask> ended up in a slump that summer and one day Clarke commented to McKechnie that they should replace <mask>, even if they had to replace him with a pitcher. When <mask> found out about the remark, he called a team meeting, along with Babe Adams and Carson Bigbee, who were also discontented with Clarke. The players voted on whether Clarke should remain on the bench during games.The players voted 18–6 in favor of Clarke remaining on the bench. Clarke found out about the meeting and ordered that the responsible players were to be disciplined. Adams and Bigbee were released, while <mask> was suspended. The Pirates placed <mask> on waivers and he was claimed by the Brooklyn Robins. <mask> played his final three and a half years with the Robins, but he was aging and no longer the same player. <mask> retired in 1929. Later career
<mask> returned to the Pirates as a coach for the 1930 season.After sitting out the 1931 season, he became the manager of the Dodgers before the 1932 season, succeeding Wilbert Robinson. He traded for outfielder Hack Wilson, and traded Babe Herman, also an outfielder, for third baseman Joe Stripp. Behind Wilson, Brooklyn finished in third place in the National League in 1932. However, the team struggled in the 1933 season, leading to outrage when the club renewed his contract for 1934 in August. Receiving criticism by Brooklyn newspapers, he was replaced before the 1934 season by Casey Stengel, and remarked that he became "the first manager fired by the newspapers". The organization stated that they fired <mask> due to his inability to get along with his players. <mask> worked as a scout for the Baltimore Orioles and served as a minor league manager.He was the manager and general manager of the Miami Wahoos of the Florida East Coast League in 1940 and 1941. In 1944, <mask> became the manager of the Milwaukee Chicks in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL). That year, Milwaukee won the AAGPBL pennant. Beginning in 1945, he spent several years as the league's president. He then spent three seasons managing the league's Fort Wayne Daisies. Later life
<mask> moved to Florida, and became involved in real estate. <mask> lost more than $100,000 ($ in current dollar terms) in the 1929 stock market crash.He became a writer in the 1950s. He self-published a book on baseball strategy and authored magazine articles for publications such as Esquire. He also served on the Florida State Racing Commission. In 1961, the Veterans Committee elected <mask> and Billy Hamilton to the National Baseball Hall of Fame. In 1968, <mask> joined other athletes in supporting Richard Nixon's presidential campaign. The athletes created a committee called Athletes for Nixon. <mask> died on May 30, 1976, at age 86 in Miami, Florida.He was buried in Woodlawn Park Cemetery and Mausoleum (now Caballero Rivero Woodlawn North Park Cemetery and Mausoleum). He was survived by his wife, Aurelia, and a son, <mask>.

Legacy
<mask> was nicknamed "Scoop" for his ability to catch fly balls in front of him. His mark of 738 stolen bases remained a National League record, until Lou Brock surpassed it in 1974. When <mask> was young, his mother sewed special pads into his uniform to protect his legs and hips while sliding. <mask> went on to patent these sliding pads. He also shared a patent on a liniment called Minute-Rub. See also

 Major League Baseball titles leaders
 List of Major League Baseball stolen base records
 List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders
 List of Major League Baseball annual stolen base leaders
 List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle
 List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders

References

Further reading

External links

1890 births
1976 deaths
All-American Girls Professional Baseball League managers
Baltimore Orioles scouts
Baseball players from Indiana
Brooklyn Dodgers managers
Brooklyn Robins players
Louisville Colonels (minor league) managers
Major League Baseball center fielders
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
National League stolen base champions
Pittsburgh Pirates coaches
Pittsburgh Pirates players
South Bend Bronchos players
South Bend Greens players
Sportspeople from Terre Haute, Indiana

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Maximillian George Carnarius
Max George Carey
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Max Carey
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<mask> (1769 – c. 1837, age 68) (Cherokee) was a leader and chosen interim Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation in October 1827. He succeeded his older brother <mask>, who died in office in January that year, two weeks after coming to the position. The Cherokee Council named John Ross as second chief, and <mask> as President of the National Committee. <mask> served until October 1828, when the Council elected John Ross as principal chief. <mask> was of mixed race and became a wealthy farmer in the Oothcaloga Valley of present-day Georgia; he supported European-American education for his and other Cherokee children, as well as the opening of a mission and school in the valley. He was baptized as a Christian about 1819, as was his brother and other allies among the Cherokee. Early life and education
Charles and <mask>'s father was <mask> (1740–1829), a Scottish trader, son of <mask> and Mary Courtney.Their mother was Nancy Conrad (1740–1770), a half blood, daughter of Swiss immigrant, Johann Conrad (1720–1754) and Jennie Oconastota (b. 1724), daughter of Oconastota Rainmaker (1702–1783) and Ahneewakee of the Red Paint Clan (b. 1704). As the Cherokee had a matrilineal system, the children belonged to their mother's clan, where they gained their social status, and boys were guided by males in their mother's family. <mask> and Nancy Conrad had: Sarah Gosaduisga (1758), Elizabeth (1759), Mary (1760), Nathan Jr (1764), Elizabeth (1766), Charles (1767) and <mask> (1769). Career
<mask> became active in the tribe, supporting his brother in many actions. He developed a farm in the valley of Oothcaloga Creek, as did Major Ridge and numerous other Cherokee, turning it into a recognized "garden spot".(It was near present-day Calhoun| in Gordon County, Georgia.) During these years <mask> became allied with Major Ridge, who also had a farm at Oothcaloga. They shared some ambitions for their children and the Cherokee people. They both sent sons to study with the Moravian missionaries, the Gambolds. In addition, <mask> became baptized as a Christian, as did his brother Charles and his wife, and Ridge's wife Susanna. Ridge later hired a private tutor for his son John Ridge and sent him to a private white school. About 1822 Ridge and <mask> urged Father Gambold to open a mission at Oothcaloga and to establish a missionary school, as they had more children to be educated.Charles R<mask>, <mask>'s older brother, advanced to become Second Principal Chief of the Cherokee, serving for years in that position. Two weeks after the death of Pathkiller and succeeding him as Principal Chief, Charles also died, on 20 January 1827. The tribe was without a leader and under pressure for land cessions by Georgia and North Carolina. At the time, Major Ridge was Speaker of the Council; he assumed leadership of the lower house. John Ross continued as President of the National Committee, or upper house. Following increasing centralization of leadership for nearly a decade, in 1827 the Cherokee changed their government to a constitutional republic, which incorporated many aspects of Cherokee tradition. Perhaps because the adoption of a new constitution had provoked an outcry from representatives of bordering states (Georgia appealed to President John Quincy Adams), the Council chose to put in place an interim government.At its meeting in October 1827 at New Echota, it named <mask> as principal chief, John Ross as second chief, and <mask> as President of the National Committee. <mask> succeeded his older brother. <mask> served until October 1828 during a time of tension; in December 1827 the Georgia government claimed Cherokee territory was under its jurisdiction. While the Council was meeting, General Cocke asked it to meet him and two other federal treaty commissioners at Hiwassee, but the Council declined. It said those meetings were only about ceding land to the United States, and the Cherokee had no more land to give. John Ross became Principal Chief in October 1828. Of European and Cherokee ancestry, he had been educated in American schools, was bilingual, and was among the mixed-race elite leaders of the tribe, who were more acculturated to European-American ways.Most of the tribe did not speak English. George Lowery was elected Second Principal Chief, Lewis Ross as President of the National Committee, Going Snake as Speaker of the Council, John Martin as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. At that time, <mask> and Major Ridge were chosen as counselors to the chiefs. Like Ross, the leadership of this National Committee was predominately men of mixed race, who were wealthy and bilingual in English. Members of the National Council, the town chiefs, tended to be full-blood and spoke only Cherokee. Among the issues they were considering was trying to regulate missionary expansion, which both <mask> and Ross discussed. The tribe had asked the missionaries to get their permission before bringing in more personnel but were ignored by the Tennessee Methodist Conference.Disappointed that Ross was chosen as Principal Chief over him, <mask> was considered to have become eccentric. Ross took him with a delegation to Washington to discuss land issues, but afterward <mask>' actions were considered increasingly erratic. <mask> died at age 68 at Oothcaloga Creek, Georgia before the Removal. Marriage and family
<mask> married (1) Lydia Qua-La-Yu-Ga Halfbreed, born about 1792 in Spring Place, Georgia, daughter of James Stands Big Halfbreed (1750-1834) and Hannah Qua-La-Yu-Ga Critterden (1756-1838, daughter of Critter Den and Jennie Dougherty). She was born about 1776 in CNE [GA], and died 1849. Their son Chief George Augustus <mask>, was a Conductor on the Trail of Tears that went through Ft. Smith Arkansas. Lydia also married Leonard Shaw, son Fred Shaw; Daniel McCoy, daughter Catherine McCoy; James Chisholm, children unknown; James Foster, children John Tyler, Wat and Tom Foster; George Chisholm, children Nelson, Lydia and Polly Chisholm.He married (2) Sarah Bathia Foreman, called Sallie, 1804 in Tennessee, daughter of John Foreman and Susie Ti-Ta-S-Gi-S-Gi Rattling Gourd 1760-1830 (daughter of John Gourd and Teetarskeekee 1741-1828). She was born about 1788 in Cherokee territory in present-day Tennessee and died September 1, 1839 in Fairfield, Cherokee Nation (Indian Territory). Children: Elly, Judge Jay, <mask>, Ruth, Carrington, Margaret, Abijah, Ella, Sarah Rosalie and Sallie. Sallie died on the Trail of Tears Sept 1, 1839. See also
Andrew Jackson

References

Sources
<mask>, Charles R., Memoirs of Charles Renatus (United Bretherin (Moravian) Archives, Winston-Salem, NC). John Howard Payne Collection (Daniel Butrick Papers), Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois. McLoughlin, <mask>. <mask> Renascence in the New Republic.(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992). Wilkins, Thurman. Cherokee Tragedy: The Ridge Family and the Decimation of a People, New York: Macmillan Company, 1970; reprint 1989. 1769 births
1830s deaths
American people of Scottish descent
American people of Swiss descent
Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)
18th-century Native Americans
Native American people from Georgia (U.S. state)

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William Abraham Hicks
Charles Hicks
Elijah Hicks
William Hicks
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Nathan Hicks
Robert Hicks
Nathan Hicks
William
William Hicks
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<mask> (1 March 1910 – 3 September 1986) was an Italian anti-fascist lawyer and activist who served as UNESCO’s Director-General from 1958 to 1961. Before his appointment as UNESCO’s Director-General he served as Chairman of the Catholic Institute for Social Activity and of Azione Cattolica. From 1952 to 1956 he served on UNESCO’s board and was UNESCO’s chairperson from 1956 to 1958. Three years after the appointment as the Director-General, <mask> had to resign due to health concerns. <mask> would continue to hold roles within the Catholic Church after his career with UNESCO, and to be prominent in the international sphere until his death in 1986 at the age of 76. Early life and career
<mask> was born in a country town near Venice, Vicenza on 1 March 1910. His father worked in a local electric plant as a chief technician, and his mother was a school teacher.Young <mask> <mask> started school early and advanced with his scholastic peers. He was not proficient in sports, but would cite a passion for music later in life. <mask> graduated from the University of Padua with a doctoral degree in law before he reached twenty-one. His thesis was about the right of Vatican citizenship. He worked as a lawyer for ten years after graduation, then started to pursue a career in the fields of sociology and education. He became a sociology instructor at the Institute of Social Sciences at Ateneo Angelicum University in Rome. During the war years, he worked together with democratically-minded scholars and directed a review, named “Studium”.He became the editor of the review in a later year. <mask> was a captain for a time in the infantry reserve and discharged during the war because of his suffering from arthritis. He served as a high officer during his twenties in the Catholic Movement of University Graduates and he was close with the Vatican-including activism there. <mask> did not participate in the Fascist movement under the rule of Mussolini. During the early interwar period, he supported the rule of Giovanni Battista Montini, the future Paul VI. In 1939, at the age of twenty-nine, <mask> was invited by Montini to Rome and appointed to the position of general secretaryship of the Movimento Laureati (Catholic University Graduates’ Association) affiliated with Italia Catholic Action. His work mission was to expel Communists out of the postwar governments.The same year, he married Maria Patriarca with whom he had seven children. Between 1944 and 1946, he participated in the establishment of the Associazione Cattolica Lavoratori Italiani (ACLI), Italy's future Catholic trade union association. After 1944 and the collapse of fascism in Italy, <mask> was appointed the first lay President of Italian Catholic Action. In this capacity he would go on to hold many other prominent roles, including member of the Governing Board of the Foundation “Premi Roma” for youth, President of the Association of Refugee Intellectual in Italy, President of the Italian Central Institute of Credit, President of the “Consorzio di Credito per le Opere Pubbliche” and member of the Executive Committee of the Italian African Institute. <mask> <mask> would later be removed as President of Italian Catholic Action in 1952 by Pope Pius XII in favour of Luigi Gedda. UNESCO

As a well-known member the Italian Movement of Catholic graduates and Catholic Action, <mask> became active participant in the work of UNESCO after 1948. From 1952 to 1956 he served as a representative on UNESCO's executive board, and was elected as the board's chairperson between 1956 and 1958.He continued to hold this role until his appointment as UNESCO Director-General. He advocated for the importance of self-determination without discrimination in education as well as the importance of its inclusion of linkages to daily life. <mask> believed that education went along with the benefits of industrialization. As a UNESCO Director-General, <mask> <mask> would lead member nations to sign the Paris Convention against Discrimination in Education in 1960. Also in 1960, 19 newly independent African nations (including Burkina Faso, Chad, Gambia, and Nigeria) were granted membership. Special emphasis was placed on the “elimination of illiteracy” within the new African member nations, which resulted in the Addis Ababa Conference of African Ministers of Education, held May 15–25 of 1961. This was the first educational conference held by African leaders where the focus was determined by member nations and general concerns of middle Africa.<mask> <mask> followed the socio-cultural lead of predecessor Luther H. Evans and inaugurated Evans’ proposed “Special Fund” for extra-budgetary collection to support the launch of 37 teacher training programs in developing countries. This allowed for the later progress of UNESCO with the support of the UNDP and UNICEF across the 60 members. After his work cementing this conference within development history, his term as the head of this committee continued until the beginning of his presidency at the Banco di Roma in 1961. Later life
<mask> resigned from the position of Director-General of UNESCO in 1961 and returned to Rome, which he cited as being due to illnesses. <mask> served as the head of the Banco di Roma until he retired in 1976. Even after his retirement, in the last ten years of his life, <mask> continued to volunteer in charitable initiatives and the international peace movement until his death in 1986. <mask> was also involved in the creation of the Second Vatican Council in 1963, together with Frenchman Jean Guitton.<mask> was invited to address the council at St. Peter's in support of “movement toward ecunism and the expanding role of laypeople in the Church” . <mask> was initially competing for the lay auditor position to the Second Vatican Council with Guitton, debating back and forth to decide which one of them should have the honor. Their speeches were regarded as “Attestations of Reverence” by the Roman Curia: “The Italian spoke simply and briefly; M. Guitton was more rhetorical”. Following the council <mask> became a consultor to the secretariat of Nonbelievers. In LIFE magazine June 21, 1963 issue, <mask> was cited of his opinion on the selection of the new Pope due to his history being involved in Italian Catholic Association and his closeness to Montini, who will later take on the name Paul VI as Pope from 1963 to 1978. <mask> stated “for the first time, the Church is attempting to make a bridge between itself and the world. Now we can see that the Church and the world have the same frontiers”.In 1967 he was a member of the Pontifical Commission for Justice and Peace, in which he chaired the study Committee for the Problems of Peace and the International Community. In March 1972 he was appointed a member of the College of Lawyers of the Sacred Consistory. In 1967, <mask> was awarded an honorary doctorate in law by Université Laval in Quebec. In 1967 he was a member of the Pontifical Commission for Justice and Peace, in which he chairs the study Committee for the Problems of Peace and the International Community. In March 1972 he was appointed a member of the College of Lawyers of the Sacred Consistory. References

1910 births
1986 deaths
UNESCO officials
UNESCO Directors-General
Italian officials of the United Nations

masks:
Vittorino Veronese
Veronese
Veronese
Vittorino Veronese
Vittorino
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<mask> (1805–1865) was the French-American owner and operator of several fur trading posts, essential to the development of the Nebraska Territory, and a thriving ferry business. A prominent businessman, he helped lay out the towns of Bellevue and Decatur, Nebraska. Nebraska's legislature named Sarpy County after him in honor of his service to the state. Biography
<mask><mask> was likely born in St. Louis, Missouri on November 3, 1805. He was christened <mask>ie, using "A" for his middle initial. <mask>'s father was <mask>, who died in 1824.<mask> had two brothers. The family was French Creole from Louisiana. They joined other ethnic French in migrating to the growing town of St. Louis after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 by the United States. The lucrative fur trade and much of the economy of St. Louis was originally dominated by ethnic French families. They established trading posts along the upper Missouri River and also to the Southwest in Spanish territory. Nebraska Territory
In 1824 at the age of 19, <mask> went to the upper Missouri River, in the Nebraska Territory, to work at the American Fur Company's trading post at Council Bluff, north of present-day Bellevue, Nebraska. He was based at Fort Bellevue until 1831.That company was owned by renowned American fur baron John Jacob <mask>, who established a monopoly in the industry. <mask> next worked for his brother's father-in-law, John Pierre Cabanné, who ran Cabanne's Trading Post. Cabanné's Post and Pilcher's Post, the latter established at Bellevue by the Missouri Fur Company, competed for the fur trade of area Indian tribes: the Siouan-speaking Omaha, Ponca, Otoe, and Pawnee. The Missouri Fur Company was founded by French Creole families of St. Louis. Some of their ancestors had migrated to the new settlement of St. Louis in the late eighteenth century from farms in western Illinois. They left when the latter area was transferred from French to British control following Great Britain's victory over France in the Seven Years' War. More migrated after the American Revolution, as they wanted to evade US Protestant rule in Illinois.The fur trade in the region yielded such profits that for decades it was the most important driver of the St. Louis economy. In 1821 it represented $600,000 of the town's annual commerce of $2 million. Sarpy later established a trading post and supply point for white settlers and pioneers on the Iowa side of the upper Missouri River. It went by various names, including Sarpy's Point and the "Trader's Post". In 1832 Cabanné ordered Sarpy to head a group of American Fur Company employees to take over a keelboat and goods which belonged to a competing company. Because of its profits, the fur trade business had cutthroat competition. After they were caught, US authorities ordered Cabanné and Sarpy to leave the Indian Territory for a year.The company replaced Cabanné with Joshua Pilcher at Cabanné's Trading Post in North Omaha. Sarpy operated the Council Bluff trading post during 1835. Colorado

Sarpy moved westward the next year, and in 1837 he established Fort Jackson on the upper South Platte River in present-day Colorado. Financed by Pratt, Chouteau, and Company, Sarpy established the fort with the help of Henry Fraeb, an experienced trapper and former Rocky Mountain Fur Company man. At Fort Jackson, the two traded tin ware, traps, clothes, blankets, powder, lead, and whiskey for pelts. Sarpy did well at this trading post, maintaining an inventory of $12,000 and paying his employees $200 a year. Bent, St. Vrain & Company bought out Fort Jackson to avoid competing with the Sarpy operation.After the sale, Sarpy cut ties with Fraeb. Fraeb was killed in 1850 by Sioux Indians (Lakota) along the Snake River. Missouri

At some point, Sarpy returned to St. Louis, where he owned at least one slave, known as <mask>. <mask>'s mother, Celeste, helped her son to sue Sarpy for his freedom in 1839. In this process, she filed as his "next friend", as authorized under the state's slave law. <mask> alleged trespass and false imprisonment. Apparently members of <mask>'s family had earlier been pronounced free by a verdict of the circuit court of St. Louis and St Charles county.<mask> said that Sarpy had beat and mistreated him and, most importantly, held him as a slave although he was a free person. The suit asked for damages of $200 and <mask>'s freedom. <mask> pleaded not guilty to these charges, but he was convicted in court on February 2, 1841. Returning to Nebraska

In 1838, <mask> returned to the Bellevue area and built another trading post. He lived primarily at Fort Bellevue for the next twenty-six years. After Sarpy returned, he became influential in community affairs. About 1846 he started a ferry business across the Missouri, between Bellevue and the Iowa side.Through the next year, he ferried migrating Mormons across the river and also sold them supplies for the rest of their westward trip. During the ensuing gold rush years, Sarpy's ferry boats hauled many would-be gold miners across the Missouri River. Sarpy expanded his ferry business in two other locations: to cross the Elkhorn River at Elkhorn City, later called Elk City, and also at a fork of the Loup River near present-day Columbus. By the 1850s, his fleet included a steam-powered ferry. Through his efforts, in 1849 a United States post office, mark of a rising town, was established in Bellevue. Following the United States' negotiation in 1854 of a treaty by which the Omaha people ceded their land in Nebraska, that year Sarpy was among the group that laid out the town of Bellevue. In 1857 Sarpy joined Stephen Decatur and others in founding Decatur along the Missouri in northeastern Burt County.<mask> and his family moved to Plattsmouth in 1862. He died there on January 4, 1865. He is buried in Calvary Cemetery in St. Louis, Missouri. Marriage and family
<mask> married Ni-co-mi (also spelled Ni-co-ma), a woman of the Iowa people. She brought her mixed-race daughter Mary Gale to the marriage. Ni-co-mi had been the consort of the American surgeon John Gale, who had been stationed at Fort Atkinson in Nebraska. When it was closed in 1827 and Gale was reassigned, he left Ni-co-mi and Mary behind.Sarpy and Ni-co-mi are not known to have had any children together. As an adult, Mary Gale (also known as Hinnuaganun, or One Woman) married Joseph LaFlesche, a Métis fur trader of Ponca and French descent. Adopted as a son by the Omaha chief Big Elk and designated his successor, LaFlesche became the last recognized principal chief of the Omaha and the only one to have had any European ancestry. He led the people in their transition to living on a reservation. Honors and legacy
 Sarpy County was named in his honor. Sarpy's Post was added to the National Register of Historic Places. See also
 History of Nebraska
 French people in Nebraska

References

External links
 Historical image of <mask>.1804 births
1865 deaths
American fur traders
Businesspeople from St. Louis
People from New Orleans
People from Washington County, Nebraska
Nebraska people of French descent
Sarpy County, Nebraska
People from Plattsmouth, Nebraska
People from Bellevue, Nebraska
American Fur Company people
19th-century American businesspeople

masks:
Peter Abadie Sarpy
Peter A
. Sarpy
Pierre Sylvester Grégoire Sarpybad
Peter
Grégoire Sarpy
Peter
Sarpy
Astor
Sarpy
Andrew
Andrew
Andrew
Andrew
Andrew
Andrew
Sarpy
Sarpy
Sarpy
Sarpy
Peter Sarpy


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<mask>. (May 8, 1936 – August 14, 2020), also known as <mask>, was an American attorney and politician who served as the 37th and longest-serving governor of the US state of Illinois, serving from 1977 to 1991. A moderate Republican who sometimes took more liberal stances on issues, <mask> was elected to four consecutive terms and held the office for 14 years. Many years after leaving public office, he served as a member of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (the 9/11 Commission). Early life and career
<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Agnes Josephine (Swanson) and <mask>, a physician. His maternal grandparents were Swedish, and his father was descended from colonial Massachusetts governor <mask> through an entirely paternal line. Through his father's father he is also descended from Josiah Winslow, John Winthrop the Younger, John Leverett, John Underhill and John Mason. His father's mother had ancestors who were Presbyterians of Scottish descent from Carrickfergus, Ballymena and Coleraine, County Antrim, Ireland in what has since become Northern Ireland.<mask> graduated from North Park Academy (now North Park University), studied at the University of Illinois at Chicago Navy Pier campus, and at Washington University in St. Louis. He received his J.D. from Northwestern University in 1959. Prior to becoming governor, he worked in the Cook County State's Attorney's office, taught at Northwestern University's law school and was appointed by President Nixon to serve as U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Illinois. As a federal prosecutor in the early 1970s, he obtained a conviction against former Governor Otto Kerner, Jr. for his use of improper influence on behalf of the racetrack industry. He tried and convicted many of Chicago Mayor <mask>. Daley's top aides, most notably Alderman Thomas E. Keane and County Clerk Matt Danaher, on various corruption charges. People like Keane and Danaher, the mayor's point man on patronage were also major figures in the Cook County Democratic Party's political machine.These high-profile cases gave <mask> the celebrity that fueled his run for governor in 1976. To the chagrin of many, <mask> was bipartisan in his attacks on corruption in Cook County and Chicago. He not only prosecuted high-profile Democrats, but also prominent Republicans such as County Commissioner Floyd Fulle and former U.S. Senate candidate, <mask>. Organized crime in Chicago was harder for his unit to crack and there were few high-profile cases during his era. Governor of Illinois

In the 1976 election, he won 65 percent of the vote over Democratic Secretary of State Michael Howlett, who had defeated incumbent Governor Dan Walker in the primary and who had the support of Chicago Mayor and Cook County Democratic Party chairman <mask>. Daley. <mask> was the first candidate for governor to receive over 3 million votes; his tally of 3,000,395 remains the largest number of votes ever cast for a candidate in an election for Governor of Illinois. His first term was for only two years because Illinois moved its gubernatorial election from presidential-election years to midterm-election years.<mask> was re-elected to a full four-year term in 1978 with 60 percent of the vote, defeating State Comptroller Michael Bakalis. In 1982, <mask> was very narrowly re-elected over former U.S. Senator Adlai E. Stevenson III. <mask> won the contest by only 5,074 votes. A rematch in 1986 was expected to be almost as close, but the Democrats were severely hamstrung when supporters of <mask> won the Democratic nominations for lieutenant governor and secretary of state. Stevenson refused to appear on the same ticket as the LaRouchites, and formed the Solidarity Party with the support of the regular state Democratic organization. With the Democrats badly split, <mask> skated to victory in the general election.<mask> was accused of hiding the sad shape that Illinois' economy and budget were in while campaigning, but once elected, called for an emergency session of the Illinois legislature to address the crisis. On November 12, 1980, <mask>, by his executive order, instituted a hiring freeze for all state agencies, boards, bureaus, and commissions under his control as governor. The order affected approximately 60,000 state positions. These positions could only be filled if the candidates were first approved by an office created by <mask>, the Governor's Office of Personnel. Suit was brought and the Supreme Court held this political patronage practice unconstitutional as a violation of the First Amendment rights of low-level public employees in Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois, 497 U.S. 62 (1990). In 1989, Governor <mask> agreed to establish a compounding, 3 percent cost-of-living increase for retirees from Illinois government jobs, including public school teachers. Years later, in an interview with a Chicago business magazine, <mask> said he never knew the cost might exceed $1 billion and likely would not have signed it if he had known.In recent years, the cumulative effect of the 3 percent annual increases has been recognized as one of the major causes of Illinois' public employee pension crisis. In 1993, the State of Illinois Center in Chicago was renamed the James R. Thompson Center to honor the former governor. Legal and lobbying career
After leaving public service, <mask> joined Winston & Strawn, a major Chicago-based law firm. <mask> served as chairman of the executive committee from 1991 to 2006, as well as chairman and CEO of the firm from 1993 to 2006. He was senior chairman until January 31, 2015. As CEO of Winston & Strawn, he focused in the area of government relations and regulatory affairs. The firm has lobbied for American Airlines, and he  previously represented United Airlines.Winston & Strawn is the same firm that represented former Illinois governor <mask> pro bono against federal charges relating to the "Licenses-for-Bribes" scandal during <mask>'s tenure as Illinois Governor and Secretary of State. <mask> acted as <mask>'s lawyer personally. On April 17, 2006, <mask> was convicted on all 18 counts, which included racketeering, misusing state resources for political gain, and fraud. He was sentenced to 6½ years in federal prison and began serving his sentence on November 7, 2007. <mask> was released from federal prison on July 3, 2013. <mask> was also a director and head of the Audit Committee for Hollinger International, the media company founded by Conrad Black, which was the subject of a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission investigation. Post-gubernatorial political activities
In 2002, he was appointed to serve on the 9/11 Commission, where he aggressively questioned <mask>, the former chief counter-terrorism adviser on the United States National Security Council.The report of the commission was released on July 22, 2004. During the 2008 presidential primary campaign, <mask> announced his support for former New York City mayor <mask>i for the 2008 Republican nomination. He stressed that Giuliani was the only Republican in the field who could win Illinois. Death
After suffering heart issues, <mask> died on August 14, 2020, at the age of 84. Awards
<mask><mask> was inducted as a laureate of The Lincoln Academy of Illinois and awarded the Order of Lincoln (the state's highest honor) by the governor of Illinois in 1991 in the area of Government. References

External links

<mask>'s biography from the 9/11 Commission
<mask>'s biography from Northwestern University
Receipt for <mask>'s contribution for Friends of Hillary
National Governors Association

Sources

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1936 births
2020 deaths

American people of Swedish descent
Governors of Illinois
Illinois Republicans
Lawyers from Chicago
North Park University alumni
Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law alumni
Northwestern University Pritzker School of Law faculty
Politicians from Chicago
Republican Party state governors of the United States
United States Attorneys for the Northern District of Illinois
University of Illinois at Chicago alumni
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
People associated with Winston & Strawn

masks:
James Robert Thompson Jr
Big Jim Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
James Robert Thompson
David Thompson
Thompson
Richard J
Thompson
Thompson
William Rentschler
Richard J
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Lyndon LaRouche
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
George Ryan
Ryan
Thompson
Ryan
Ryan
Ryan
Thompson
Richard Clarke
Thompson
Rudy Giulian
Thompson
James R
. Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson


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<mask> (born 1 November 1990) is a French professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Nantes. A French international, he gained one cap in 2016. Due to his French and Italian ancestry, <mask> holds dual nationality. Club career

Early career
<mask> was born in Noisy-le-Sec, Seine-Saint-Denis and started his career with hometown club Stade Olympique de Rosny-sous-Bois Football. After a two-year stint at the club, he joined semi-professional outfit Villemomble Sports. <mask> spent five years at the club, and in 2003, was selected to attend the prestigious Clairefontaine academy. While training at Clairefontaine during the week, Corchia played with amateur club AS Bondy on the weekends.Shortly before the end of his tenure at Clairefontaine, he also trained at the Camp des Loges, the youth training center of Paris Saint-Germain. Le Mans
After his departure from the academy, <mask> joined Le Mans on an aspirant (youth) contract. His performances with Le Mans's Championnat de France amateur team and France's international youth teams led to interest from Serie A club Juventus and Premier League club Arsenal. <mask> remained in Le Mans's youth system until receiving his first call up to the senior squad on 14 February 2009 for the team's league match against Nice. He started the match playing 68 minutes before being substituted out. Le Mans lost the match 2–1 with both goals being scored with <mask> off the pitch. The following week, he earned another start against Marseille where he went up against the likes of Mathieu Valbuena, Bolo Zenden, and Hatem Ben Arfa.This was where he had started gaining his reputation. Towards the end of the season, <mask> became the first choice starting all ten matches he appeared in. On 1 May 2009, <mask> agreed to his first professional contract signing with Le Mans until June 2012. For the 2009–10 season, new manager Paulo Duarte installed <mask> as the first-choice right back for the season. On 12 December, he scored his first professional goal in a 2–1 victory over Valenciennes. In the return fixture against Valenciennes, <mask> scored his second career goal converting a free kick in injury time. The game-winning goal helped Le Mans remain in contention to stay in Ligue 1, though the team was later relegated.Sochaux
On 30 June 2011, after spending a season playing with Le Mans in the second division, <mask> returned to Ligue 1 joining Sochaux on a four-year contract. The transfer fee was undisclosed. <mask> made his competitive debut for the club in its opening league match of the season against Marseille. In the match, he assisted on the team's opening goal scored by Marvin Martin. The match finished in a 2–2 draw. <mask> <mask>'s first goal came in an away match against Rennes on 23 February 2013. On 29 January 2014, he signed with Lille OSC with a four-and-a-half-year contract.However, his contract was not officially recognized by the French financial authority in football, due to Lille's financial difficulties, and so he returned to Sochaux. Lille
On 27 June 2014, <mask> finally joined Lille on a four-year deal after Sochaux had been relegated in the 2013–14 season. Sevilla
On 13 July 2017, <mask> joined Sevilla on a four-year deal for 7.5 million euros. He was handed the jersey number 2. On 19 August 2018, <mask> joined Portuguese side Benfica on a season-long loan. He debuted for the Lisbon team in a 3–0 away win over Sertanense in the third round of the Taça de Portugal, on 18 October 2018. On 21 August 2019, <mask> joined RCD Espanyol on a season-long loan deal which includes a buyout clause.International career
<mask> is a French youth international. He has played on the under-17, under-18, and the under-19 team. With the under-17 team, <mask> made his debut in a 2–1 friendly defeat to the Czech Republic appearing as a substitute in the second half for Julien Berthomier. His only other appearance with the team was the return match against the Czech Republic, which ended 1–1. <mask> was a late participant with the under-18 team making his debut in the Slovakia Cup on 28 April 2008 against the hosts. He appeared in all three group stage matches, which is where France suffered elimination. <mask> was a key participant in the under-19 team that qualified for the 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship and was named to the tournament playing the full 90 minutes in the squad's opening 1–1 draw with Serbia.He played in all four of the squad's matches including the semi-final, where they suffered elimination losing 1–3 in extra time to England with <mask> receiving a red card. He appeared in all 19 matches the team contested. <mask> is also eligible to represent the country of his father's ancestors, Italy. He has dual citizenship with France and Italy and holds an Italian passport. On 27 August 2009, <mask> was selected to the under-21 squad, for the first time, for their upcoming 2011 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualification matches against Slovenia on 4 September and the Ukraine on 8 September. <mask> made his debut in the Ukraine match starting in the right back position. France drew the match 1–1.<mask> appeared with the team in the next five matches before dropping out of the selection that was to play in two friendly matches against Argentina in Buenos Aires on 20 and 24 May. On 25 August 2016, <mask> was called up to the senior squad for the first time for a friendly against Italy and a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification against Belarus. <mask> made his debut on 15 November against Ivory Coast, replacing Djibril Sidibé for the final 21 minutes of a 0–0 home draw. Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Benfica
 Primeira Liga: 2018–19

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Seine-Saint-Denis
French footballers
France youth international footballers
France under-21 international footballers
France international footballers
Association football defenders
INF Clairefontaine players
Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players
Le Mans FC players
FC Sochaux-Montbéliard players
Lille OSC players
Sevilla FC players
S.L. Benfica footballers
RCD Espanyol footballers
FC Nantes players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
La Liga players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Primeira Liga players
French expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Portugal
Expatriate footballers in Spain
French expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
French expatriate sportspeople in Spain
French people of Italian descent

masks:
Sébastien Mathieu Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Sébastien
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Sébastien
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia
Corchia


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Prof<mask> (9 September 1898 – 20 June 1972) was an Indian physicist in the field of Spectroscopy. <mask> is best known for his work on spectroscopy, his role in the development of Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR), and his long association with the physics laboratories of Andhra University. In his later years, he became known for his position as the Principal of all the colleges of Andhra University before their divisions into separate colleges, viz., AU College of Arts and Commerce,  AU College of Engineering, AU College of Law, AU College of Pharmacy and AU College of Science and Technology. <mask> was known both for his scientific ability and his interpersonal relations and volatile personality

Early years
<mask> was born in Vizianagaram, a coastal town in present-day Vizianagaram district of state of Andhra Pradesh, India, on 9 September 1898. His father, <mask> was the postmaster of the present-day cities of Vizianagaram, Gajapathinagaram and Visakhapatnam, then small cities in the state of Andhra Pradesh in the Madras Presidency of British India. His mother, Ramayamma, died in 1923. <mask> had an arranged marriage to Vaddadi Perramma, as was the custom in the region.On 6 December 1925, when <mask> <mask> was 27, the couple's first child, Ramakrishna <mask>, was born. <mask> <mask> and Vaddadi Perramma had seven more children, four sons and three daughters: Venkata <mask> (5 February 1928); Venkata Narsing <mask> (27 June 1933); Ramaleela (24 April 1938); Lakshmi Narayana (23 July 1940); Lalitha Kumari (31 July 1941); Amarnath (8 June 1944); and Vijaya Vani (19 December 1945). Education
His elementary education was at Maharaja's High School, Vizianagaram for the 3rd, 4th and 5th grades during 1904 and 1906. He joined in different schools each year in his early education. He was shifted to London Mission High School, Vizianagaram, for the 6th grade and studied 7th and 8th grades in Hindu High School at Machilipatnam. He passed his 10th grade (SSLC) in C.B.M. High School at Visakhapatnam and 12th grade (Intermediate), from Mrs. A.V.N.College at Visakhapatnam. Prof. K<mask> <mask> was in the first batch of students for the B.A. degree course in 1920 (there was no B.Sc. degree course at that time in Madras University) in the Maharajah's College in Vizianagaram. The B.A Degree course was initiated by Dr. Appadvedula Lakshmi Narayan in 1918. Prof. K.R.<mask> took his M.A. in Physics from Tiruchirappalli in 1923.His research career started in 1923 when he enrolled as a Research Scholar for D.Sc. (Doctor of Science) from Madras University. He was awarded the D.Sc. Degree from Madras University and was selected for studies abroad from the Andhra University in 1928. This was a turning point in his quest for knowledge and research of his lifetime. Career
In 1924, Dr. K<mask> <mask> joined Dr. A.L.Narayan as a research scholar in University of Madras. Both of them worked tenaciously to build up a first rate spectroscopic laboratory second to none in the country.They had then with them a constant deviation spectrograph, a small quartz spectrograph and a medium quartz spectrograph. All these were of low dispersion and low resolving power. At this stage of their work, they required an instrument of high dispersion and high resolving power, which they could not afford. So, K.R.<mask> went to Calcutta, where a ten-foot concave grating was available in the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science of which C. V. Raman was Director and with the facilities provided there, they further extended their work on analysis of spectra in the visible and ultraviolet regions. He was guided in his research career by Prof. A.Fowler at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London in 1930 in Atomic Spectra for two years for which he was awarded the D.Sc. Degree from London University. In 1930, he had the opportunity of working under Prof. F.Paschen at the Physikalische Technische Reichsanstalt in Berlin for six months and under Prof. Manne Siegbahn in Upsala, Sweden on Vacuum Spectroscopy for another six months.His interest in the field of Spectroscopy was so much that he built a Vacuum Spectrograph of his design with his own expenses at Potsdam, Germany. Prof. K.R.<mask>'s contribution towards physics has placed him in a high position even in his times. His contributions include development of Diatomic and Polyatomic Molecular Spectroscopy laboratory dealing with High Resolution Vibrational structure in electronic transitions, U.V.Absorption, Infrared Absorption, Raman scattering, Fluorescence and Phosphorescence and Crystal Spectra. He also reached the level of construction of microwave test benches and using these techniques he created different lines of investigations in dielectrics. He contributed to the development of Radio Frequency Spectroscopy which branched into Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. In India, work on NQR was first initiated by Prof. K<mask> <mask> in the Physics laboratories of Andhra University. <mask> Rangdhama <mask> was the Principal of Andhra University Colleges from 1949 to 1957.He was appointed as Emeritus Professor of Physics at Andhra University (1966–72) and was special officer for the establishment of Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupathi (1954). Contributions
During his early life of work in the Physics department of Andhra University, Prof. K.R.<mask>, established scholarships in his father's name, <mask> Venkata Narsinga <mask>. Kotcherlakota Venkata Narsinga <mask> Scholarship

While a Reader in the Physics Department of Jeypore Vikram Deo College of Science and Technology, <mask> instituted a Research Scholarship in memory of his late father. Honours, distinctions and awards
Prof. <mask> <mask> was one of the foundation members for the AP Akademi of Sciences, nominated by the Government of Andhra Pradesh in 1963. The Indian National Science Academy frequently conducts a Memorial Lecture Award in the honour of Prof. <mask> <mask> <mask> since its inception in 1979. Prof <mask> <mask> Memorial Lecture Award

Prof. <mask> <mask> <mask> Memorial Lecture Award is given for the outstanding contributions in the subject of Spectroscopy in Physics. The award was established by the National Institute of Sciences of India, located in Calcutta in 1979.List of Awardees

Publications
Prof. K.R.<mask>'s research works were published in various reputed National and International Journals. Some of his initial publications are given below

 On the spectra of the metals of the aluminium sub-group, Proceedings of the Physical Society of London, Volume 37, Issue 1, pp. 259–264 (1924),
 A Note on the Absorption of the Green Line of Thallium Vapour, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 1 April 1925 107:762-765;
 On the Fluorescence and Channelled Absorption of Bismuth at High Temperatures, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol.107, No. 744 (1 April 1925), pp. 760–762. On the Resonance Radiation from Thallium Vapour, Nature 115, 534-534, (11 April 1925) |
 Proc. Indian natn. Sci. Acad., 46, A, No 5, 1980, pp.423–434

Notes

References

ALN Biography - Biographies of Indian Institute of Astrophysics
INSA Awards - Indian National Science Academy Awards
Founding Members - Andhra Pradesh Akademi of Science Founding Members
Andhra University Annual Register
Proceedings of the Physical Society of London, Volume 37, Issue 1, pp. 259-264 (1924),
Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 1 April 1925 107:762-765;
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 107, No.744 (1 April 1925), pp. 760-762. Nature 115, 534-534
Indian Academy of Science Awards, Current Science Journal, 1989, Vol.58, No.18

Further reading
Dr. K<mask> <mask> Memorial Lecture by RK Asundi - 1979
Dr. K<mask> <mask> Memorial Lecture by Mihir Chowdhury - 1989
Dr. K<mask> <mask> Memorial Lecture by VB Kartha - 1991

1898 births
1972 deaths
Andhra University alumni
Experimental physicists
19th-century Indian physicists
Scientists from Visakhapatnam
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Telugu people
20th-century Indian physicists

masks:
. Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao
Rangadhama Rao
Rangadhama Rao
Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao
Kotcherlakota Venkata Narsing Rao
Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao
Rangadhama
Rao
Rao
Rangadhama
Rao
Rao
Rao
. Rangadhama
Rao
Rao
. Rangadhama
Rao
Rao
Rao
. Rangadhama
Rao
Kotcherlakota
Rao
Rao
Kotcherlakota
Rao
Rao
Rao
Rangadhama
Rao
Kotcherlakota
Rangadhama
Rao
Rangadhama
Rao
Kotcherlakota
Rangadhama
Rao
Rao
. Rangadhama
Rao
. Rangadhama
Rao
. Rangadhama
Rao


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<mask> (15 January 1882 – 23 March 1958) was a Polish philosopher and sociologist who taught and wrote in Poland and in the United States. Over the course of his work he shifted his focus from philosophy to sociology. He remains a major figure in the history of Polish and American sociology; the founder of Polish academic sociology, and of an entire school of thought in sociology. He won international renown as co-author, with William I. Thomas, of the study, The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (1918–1920), which is considered the foundation of modern empirical sociology. He also made major contributions to sociological theory, introducing terms such as humanistic coefficient and culturalism. In Poland, he established the first Polish department of sociology at Adam Mickiewicz University where he worked from 1920 to 1939. His career in the US begun at the University of Chicago (1917 to 1919) and continued at Columbia University (1932 to 1934 and 1939 to 1940) and at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1942 to 1950).He was the 44th President of the American Sociological Association (for the year 1954). Life

Childhood and education
<mask> <mask> was born on 15 January 1882 at Świątniki, Congress Poland, a state controlled by the Russian Empire to <mask> and Amelia, née Holtz He received early schooling from tutors, then attended secondary schools at Warsaw and Częstochowa. While in secondary school, he was a member of an underground study group, specializing in history, literature and philosophy. His secondary-school grades were average at best, and he had to repeat a year of school; this was largely due to his extracurricular interest in Polish-language study, which was banned under the Russified school program. As a youth, he wrote some poetry, including a drama, Cheops (1903). A poem of his, "Do Prometeusza" ("To Prometheus"), was included in a 1900 anthology; however, neither he in later life, nor literary critics, judged his poetry outstanding. He entered the Imperial University of Warsaw in 1902, but was soon expelled after taking part in protests against the Russian administration's curtailment of student rights.Threatened with conscription into the Imperial Russian Army, he chose to emigrate and in early 1904 left Warsaw for Switzerland. During that period, he was briefly an editor at a French-language literary magazine, Nice Illustrée (late 1904 – early 1905); faked his own death; briefly served in the French Foreign Legion in Algeria; and worked at a flea market, on a farm, in a traveling circus, and as a librarian at the Polish Museum in Rapperswil, Switzerland. In Switzerland he soon resumed his university studies, first at the University of Geneva (1905–1907), then at the University of Zurich (1907–1908), eventually transferring to the Sorbonne in Paris, France (1908–1909), where he attended lectures by sociologist Émile Durkheim. In 1909, after the death of his supervisor Frédéric Rauh, he returned to Poland, where in 1910 he obtained his Ph.D. degree at Jagiellonian University, in Kraków, under a new supervisor, Maurycy Straszewski. Early Polish career
That year he also joined the Polish Psychological Society (Polskie Towarzystwo Psychologiczne), in which he would be highly active over the next few years, becoming its vice president in 1913–1914. Much of his early academic work at that time could be classified as philosophy. In 1909, aged 27, he published his first academic paper, Etyka filozoficzna i nauka o wartościach moralnych ("Philosophical Ethics and the Science of Moral Values"); a year later he published Zagadnienie wartości w filozofii (The Question of Values in Philosophy), based on his doctoral dissertation, and a paper, Myśl i rzeczywistosc ("Mind and Reality").In 1912 he published a new book, Humanizm i Poznanie (Humanism and Knowledge), and a paper, Elementy rzeczywistości praktycznej ("Elements of Practical Reality"). A year later, he published an annotated translation of Henri Bergson's Creative Evolution and a paper, Znaczenie rozwoju świata i człowieka ("The Meaning of World and Human Development"). The year 1914 saw the publication of his papers, Formy i zasady twórczości moralnej ("Forms and Principles of Moral Creativity") and Zasada względności jako podstawa filozofii ("The Principle of Relativity as a Foundation of Philosophy"). His works, published in Polish, were well received by the Polish scholarly community and intelligentsia. Due to his past political activism, he was unable to secure a post at a major university. From 1912 to 1914 he lectured at a novel women's institution of higher education, the Advanced Pedagogical Courses for Women (Wyższe Kursy Pedagogiczne dla Kobiet). During his studies, he had worked at several European institutions dealing with Polish immigrants; he would build on his experiences by becoming involved with the Warsaw-based Society for the Welfare of Émigrés (Towarzystwo Opieki nad Wychodźcami), where he worked in 1910–1914.By 1911 he was the Society's director and (1911–1912) editor of its journal,  Wychodźca Polski (The Polish Émigré). <mask> became an expert on Polish migration, in 1914 authoring for the government a 500-page report, Wychodźtwo Sezonowe (Seasonal Migration). Work with Thomas

A year earlier, in 1913, <mask> had met William I. Thomas, an American sociologist who had come to Poland in connection with his research on Polish immigrants in the United States. Thomas and <mask> had begun to collaborate, and soon Thomas invited Znaniecki to come to Chicago to continue work with him in the United States. In July 1914, just on the eve of World War I, Znaniecki left Poland to work with Thomas as a research assistant. From 1917 to 1919 Znaniecki also lectured in sociology at the University of Chicago. Their work culminated in co-authoring of The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (1918–1920), considered a sociology classic.It was his collaboration with Thomas that marked the transition in <mask>'s career from philosopher to sociologist. <mask> stayed with Thomas in Chicago until mid-1919, when he moved to New York, following Thomas, who had lost his job at Chicago due to a spurious scandal. That year Znaniecki published a new book, still mostly philosophical rather than sociological, Cultural Reality. Published in English, it was a synthesis of his philosophical thought. In New York, Thomas and <mask> carried on research for the Carnegie Corporation on the process of immigrant Americanization. Znaniecki contributed to Thomas' book, Old World Traits Transplanted, and published an anonymous solicited article on that topic to the February 1920 Atlantic Monthly. Founding Polish sociology

Poland had regained independence following World War I, in 1918.In 1919 <mask> contacted the newly founded Ministry of Religion and Education, offering to return to Poland if the Ministry could help him secure a chair at a Polish university. He proposed creating a novel Institute of Sociology, but bureaucracy and communication delays resulted in that idea being shelved, and he was offered a philosophy professorship at the newly organized Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. In 1920 Znaniecki returned to the newly established Second Polish Republic, where at Poznań University he soon became Poland's first chair in sociology. He accomplished this by renaming the department, originally "Third Philosophical Department", to "Department of Sociology and Cultural Philosophy", doing the same for his chair, and establishing a  Sociological Seminary. That same year he also founded the Polish Institute of Sociology (Polski Instutut Socjologiczny), the fifth-oldest sociological institute in Europe. In 1927 his department was officially renamed to "department of sociology", and in 1930 the department gained authorization to issue degrees in sociology. In 1930 the Polish Institute of Sociology began publishing the first Polish sociological journal, Przegląd Socjologiczny (The Sociological Review), with Znaniecki its chief editor from 1930 to 1939.That year the Institute organized Poland's first academic sociologists' conference. Due to his role as founder of so many of its building blocks,  <mask> is considered as one of the fathers of sociology in Poland. Late U.S. career
Keeping in touch with American sociologists, <mask> lectured as a visiting professor at Columbia University in New York in 1932–34 and during the summer of 1939. That summer ended the Polish stage of his career, as the German invasion of Poland and the start of World War II prevented his return to Poland. He was already aboard a ship bound for Poland when his travel was cut short in the United Kingdom. He still briefly considered returning to Poland, where his wife and daughter remained; however, faced with the occupation of Poland, he returned to the United States in 1940. His wife and daughter, after being briefly imprisoned in a Nazi concentration camp, joined him.With help from American colleagues, <mask> obtained an extension of his appointment at Columbia University through mid-1940. He then moved to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and in 1942 obtained American citizenship, allowing him to transition from a visiting to a regular professorship. He taught at the University of Illinois until his retirement, deciding not to return to the communist People's Republic of Poland, established in the aftermath of World War II (despite the offer of a chair at Poznań University). In 1950 he retired, becoming a professor emeritus. He was 44th President of the American Sociological Association (for 1954). His presidential address, "Basic Problems of Contemporary Sociology," was delivered on 8 September 1954 at the Association's annual meeting and was later published in the American Sociological Review. He died on 23 March 1958 in Champaign, Illinois.The cause of death was arteriosclerosis. His funeral took place on 26 March, and he was buried at Roselawn Champaign Cemetery . Family
In 1906 Znaniecki married a fellow Polish student at the University of Geneva, Emilia Szwejkowska. They had a son, poet and writer Juliusz <mask>, born 1908. Znaniecki's wife Emilia died in 1915. Next year Znaniecki married Eileen Markley (1886–1976). They had one daughter, sociologist <mask> Lopata, born 1925.Importance
Polish sociologist and historian of ideas Jerzy Szacki writes that <mask>'s major contributions include: the founding of sociology in Poland; his work in empirical sociology; and his work in sociological theory. Szacki notes that Znaniecki sought to bridge a number of gaps: between empirical sociology and more theoretical approaches; between objectivity and subjectivity; between humanistic and naturalistic methodologies and viewpoints; and between American and European intellectual traditions. Szacki writes that, while <mask>'s theoretical contributions were subsequently pushed into the background by Talcott Parsons' "functionalism", Znaniecki offered the most ambitious sociological theory known to America before Parsons. <mask>'s most famous work remains The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (1918–1920), co-authored with William I. Thomas. His other major works include Wstęp do socjologii (An Introduction to Sociology, 1922), The Method of Sociology (1934), Social Actions (1936), The Social Role of the Man of Knowledge (1940) and Cultural Sciences (1952). Themes

Empirical sociology
Znaniecki's contributions to empirical sociology began after, and were influenced by, his collaboration with William I. Thomas. The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (1918–1920), a five-volume work which he wrote with Thomas, is considered a classic of empirical sociology.It is a study of Polish immigrants to America, based on personal documents. The work became a landmark study of Americanization — of how new immigrants to the United States "become Americans". This work represents <mask>'s most valued contribution to empirical sociology. Most of his other works focused on theory, the only other notable exception being Miasto w świadomości jego obywateli (The City in the Consciousness of its Citizens, 1931). Sociology: theory and definition
A key element of <mask>'s sociological theory is his view of sociology in particular, and of the social sciences in general, as a scientific field uniquely different from the natural sciences. Znaniecki defines sociology as a study of social actions. His recommended methodology was analytic induction:  analysis of typical case studies, and generalization from them.<mask>'s theories form a major part of sociology's action theory, and his work is a major part of the foundation of humanistic sociology. Another term connected with <mask>'s theories

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Florian Witold Znaniecki
Florian
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Leon Znaniecki
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Helena Znaniecki
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 is "systematic sociology" ("socjologia systematyczna"). He sought to create a grand sociological theory, one that would bridge the gap between empirical sociology and more theoretical approaches. Znaniecki criticized the widespread definition of sociology as the study of society. In <mask>'s culturalist perspective, sociology is a study of culture (though it is not the study of culture, as <mask> recognized that other social sciences also study culture). His definition of sociology has been described as that of "a cultural science whose function is to study systems of social interaction based upon patterns of values and norms of behaviour, through the use of the humanistic coefficient", or more simply, "the investigation of organized, interdependent interaction among human beings." The part of the culture that sociology focused on was that of social relation or interaction.Znaniecki saw culture as a field separate from nature, but also from individuals' perceptions. The essence of culture is socially constructed objects. He was one of the first sociologists to begin analyzing personal documents such as letters, autobiographies, diaries, and the like. He considered the analysis of such documents an important part of the humanistic-coefficient method. Znaniecki saw sociology as an objective, inductive and generalizing science. According to Szacki,  Znaniecki viewed sociology as a nomothetic science that should be able to use a methodology similar to that of the natural sciences (however, <mask>'s daughter <mask> Lopata, in her introduction to Social Relations and Social Roles, contradicts Szacki, writing that, for Znaniecki, sociology was a science "whose subject matter calls for a method different from that of the natural sciences."). In 1934 he formulated the principle of analytic induction, designed to identify universal propositions and causal laws.He contrasted it with enumerative research, which provided mere correlations and could not account for exceptions in statistical relationships. He was also critical of the statistical method, which he did not see as very useful. In addition to the science of sociology, <mask> was also deeply interested in the larger field of the sociology of science. He analyzed the social roles of scientists, and the concept of a school of thought. Four social systems
According to <mask>, sociology can be divided into the study of four dynamic social systems: social action theory, social relation theory, social actors theory, and social groups theory. <mask> saw social actions as the foundation of a society, as they give rise to more complex social relations, and he saw this theory as the foundation of all the others. Unlike Max Weber, he did not believe that everything can be reduced to social actions; he was also quite skeptical of any insights coming from the science of psychology, which he held in low esteem.The four major forms of cooperative interaction, or four social systems, in growing complexity, were:
 social actions (in Polish, "czyny społeczne" or "czynności społeczne"):  the most basic type of social fact;
 social relations (in Polish, "stosunki społeczne"):  these require at least two persons and a mutual obligation; the study of social relations is the study of norms regulating social actions;
 social personalities (in Polish, "osoby społeczne" or "osobowości społeczne"):  the combined picture that emerges from a number of different social roles that an individual has;
 social group (in Polish, "grupa społeczna"):  any group which is recognized by some as a separate entity; Znaniecki saw a society as a group of groups, but denied it primacy as an area that the sociologist should focus on (while at the same time recognizing that most sociologists differed on this). The four-category division described above appeared in his 1934 book, The Method of Sociology. By 1958 he had reformulated the division, and was speaking instead of social relations, social roles, social groups, and societies. Sociology of culture
Znaniecki coined the term "humanistic coefficient" for a method of social research by way of data analysis that emphasizes participants' perceptions of the experience being analyzed. The humanistic coefficient sees all social facts as being created by social actors and as being understandable only from their perspective. Thus the sociologist ought to study reality by trying to understand how others see the world, not (objectively) as an independent observer; in other words, the scientist needs to understand the subject's world. While some have criticized this approach as being too close to subjectivism, Znaniecki himself saw it as anti-subjectivist; he observed that social facts such as cultural systems can exist even if no one perceives their existence.He was also skeptical of any value coming from personal, subjective observations, arguing that such observations have value only if they can be objectively described. He argued that the difference between the natural and social sciences lies not in the difference between objective and subjective experiences, but in the subject being studied: for Znaniecki, the natural sciences studied things, and the social sciences studied cultural values. Znaniecki characterized the world as being caught within two contrary modes of reflection; idealism and realism. He proposed a third way, which he called "culturalism". His culturalism was one of the founding ideas of modern antipositivist and antinaturalist sociology. The term "culturalism" was introduced into English in his book, Cultural Reality (1919), and was translated into Polish as "kulturalizm"; previously Znaniecki had discussed the concept in Polish as "humanism" ("humanizm"). Elżbieta Hałas has insisted on a gradual evolution of Znaniecki's sociology of culture from Cultural Reality to Cultural Sciences, his most reviewed book, which was published more than thirty years later, in 1952.By that time, <mask> saw the cultural order as "axionormative", a universal concept encompassing “relationships among all kind of human actions” and the corresponding values. Hałas noted that this approach put him at odds with what was the dominant approach of the sociology of culture in the 1950s, whose most authoritative exponents were Americans who regarded <mask>'s approach as typically European and hardly applicable to the analysis of culture in the United States. Other themes
Znaniecki's work also touched on many other areas of sociology, such as intergroup conflict, urban sociology, and rural sociology. Works
<mask>'s first academic works, of the 1910s, were more philosophical than sociological in nature; beginning in the 1920s, his works were primarily sociological. His Cultural Reality (1919) was a synthesis of his philosophical thought, but the simultaneous publication of his much more popular The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (1918–1920) associated his name in academic circles primarily with sociology rather than with philosophy. His early works focused on analysis of culture and strongly criticized the principles of sociological naturalism. Szacki notes a puzzling gap in Znaniecki's research:  while he was well-read in, and engaged with, most previous and current theories, he largely ignored the works of some notable sociologists of his time such as Max Weber, Vilfredo Pareto and Talcott Parsons.On the other hand, his works engaged closely with those of William I. Thomas, Georg Simmel, Robert E. Park, and Émile Durkheim. His The Method of Sociology first introduced his concept of divisions within subfields of sociology. His most notable works included two books published in the same year (1952): Modern Nationalities, and Cultural Sciences. The former is an analysis of the evolution of national-culture societies, and the latter presents a theoretical study of the relation between sociology and other sciences. Znaniecki never finished his magnum opus, Systematic Sociology, which would eventually be collected and published posthumously in its unfinished but final form as Social Relations and Social Roles: The Unfinished Systematic Sociology (1965). List of works
Roughly half of Znaniecki's published works are in English; the rest, in Polish. In English:
 The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (with William I. Thomas, 5 vols., 1918–1920)."The Principle of Relativity and Philosophical Absolutism", The Philosophical Review, vol. 24, no. 2 (March 1915), pp. 150–164. Cultural Reality, Chicago, 1919. "The Subject Matter and Tasks of the Science of Knowledge", translated by Christopher Kasparek (first published in Polish as "Przedmiot i zadania nauki o wiedzy", 1923), Polish Contributions to the Science of Science, edited by Bohdan Walentynowicz, Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1982, , pp. 1–81.(<mask> proposes the founding of a new empirically based science which would study science itself, and which he terms "the science of knowledge"; <mask>'s proposed meta-science has since been called by various other names, including "the science of science", "the sociology of science", and "logology".) The Laws of Social Psychology, Warsaw, 1926. The Method of Sociology, New York, 1934. Social Actions, New York 1936. The Social Role of the Man of Knowledge, New York, 1940. Cultural Sciences: Their Origin and Development, Urbana, 1952. Modern Nationalities, Urbana, 1952.Social Relations and Social Roles: The Unfinished Systematic Sociology, San Francisco, 1965
 On Humanistic Sociology (a selection of works edited by R. Bierstedt), Chicago, 1969. The Social Role of the University Student, Poznań, 1994. In Polish:
 Zagadnienie wartości w filozofii (The Question of Value in Philosophy), Warsaw, 1910. Humanizm i poznanie (Humanism and Knowledge), Warsaw, 1912. Upadek cywilizacji zachodniej: Szkic z pogranicza filozofii kultury i socjologii (The Decline of Western Civilization: A Sketch from the Interface of Cultural Philosophy and Sociology), Poznań, 1921. Wstęp do socjologii (An Introduction to Sociology), Poznań, 1922. "Przedmiot i zadania nauki o wiedzy" ("The Subject Matter and Tasks of the Science of Knowledge"), Nauka Polska (Polish Science), vol.IV (1923), no. 1. (English translation:   "The Subject Matter and Tasks of the Science of Knowledge", translated by Christopher Kasparek, Polish Contributions to the Science of Science, edited by Bohdan Walentynowicz, Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1982, , pp. 1–81.) Socjologia wychowania (The Sociology of Education), Warsaw (vol. I: 1928; vol. II: 1930).Miasto w świadomości jego obywateli (The City in the Consciousness of Its Citizens), Poznań, 1931. Ludzie teraźniejsi a cywilizacja przyszłości (Contemporary People and the Civilization of the Future), Lwów, 1934. See also
 History of philosophy in Poland
 List of Poles in social sciences
 Origins of logology (science of science)
 Sociology in Poland

References

External links

 Short bio from American Sociological Association
 Short bio from the Oxford Dictionary of Sociology
 Florian Znaniecki Society
 Guide to the Florian Znaniecki Papers 1918–1968 at the University of Chicago
 Elżbieta Hałas, The Humanistic Approach of Florian Znaniecki, see also this article
 Aleksander Gella, Reviewed work(s): <mask> Znaniecki: Zycie i Dzielo. by Zygmunt Dulczewski, in Slavic Review, Vol. 45, No. 2 (Summer, 1986), pp. 374–375   (review consists of 2 pages) JSTOR
 <mask>-Lopata, <mask> Znaniecki: Creative evolution of a sociologist
 William Thomas and <mask> Znaniecki.The Polish Peasant in Europe and America. 2 vol 1920; famous classic complete 5 vol text online (public domain)
 Cultural Reality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1919). The Laws of Social Psychology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press (1925). "Group Crises Produced by Voluntary Undertakings" In K. Young (ed) Social Attitudes. New York: Henry Holt (1931): 265–290."The Analysis of Social Processes." Publications of the American Sociological Society: Papers and Proceedings, Twenty-seventh Annual Meeting. XXVII (1932): 37–43. "William I. Thomas as a Collaborator." Sociology and Social Research 32 (1948): 765–767. "Intellectual America. By a European" (<mask> Znaniecki, edited by W. I.Thomas)
 Photos of Znaniecki (of unknown copyright status) are available at: , ,

1882 births
1958 deaths
Congress Poland emigrants to the United States
American sociologists
Polish sociologists
Jagiellonian University alumni
Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań faculty
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign faculty
University of Warsaw alumni
Presidents of the American Sociological Association
Historians of Polish Americans
Columbia University faculty
20th-century Polish philosophers
People from Włocławek

masks:
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<mask>. (born December 10, 1986), is a Dominican professional baseball shortstop who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Baltimore Orioles, Minnesota Twins, Pittsburgh Pirates, and Philadelphia Phillies. In , <mask> was signed by the Orioles, as a non-drafted free agent. He made his MLB debut, in . Personal life
<mask> was born in La Romana, Dominican Republic, which he described as a "medium-sized" town. His favorite Major League Baseball player is Omar Vizquel. Professional baseball career

Baltimore Orioles
Florimón was signed by the Orioles as a non-drafted free agent on June 18, 2004.He played in the Dominican Summer League in 2004 and 2005. In 2006, he played for the rookie-level Bluefield Orioles, and the Class-A Short-Season Aberdeen IronBirds. With Bluefield, he batted .333 with 23 runs, 40 hits, 6 doubles, 1 triple, 1 home run, 8 RBIs, and 7 stolen bases in 33 games. He led the Bluefields in stolen bases and caught stealing (6); and was second in bases on balls (28) and batting average. With the IronBirds, he batted .248 with 13 runs, 26 hits, 4 doubles, 1 triple, and 5 RBIs in 26 games. In 2007, he spent the entire season with the Class-A Delmarva Shorebirds and batted .197 with 50 runs, 73 hits, 14 doubles, 1 triple, 4 home runs, 34 RBIs, and 16 stolen bases in 111 games. The next season, Florimón again played for the Class-A Delmarva Shorebirds.In 81 games, he batted .223 with 28 runs, 60 hits, 18 doubles, 1 triple, 19 RBIs, and 13 stolen bases. In 2009, he spent most of the season with the Class-A Advanced Frederick Keys of the Carolina League; however, he spent some of the season with the Double-A Bowie Baysox of the Eastern League. With the Keys, he batted .267 with 76 runs, 115 hits, 32 doubles, 5 triples, 9 home runs, 68 RBIs, and 26 stolen bases in 115 games. On the team, he was first in triples; second in runs, stolen bases, and caught stealing (9); and was third in RBIs, and bases on balls (42). <mask> was selected to the Carolina League mid-season All-Star game. He was also named the Carolina League's Player of the Week for the week of August 17–23. Florimón played 7 games with the Baysox, and batted .091 with 2 hits, and 1 RBI.On November 19, <mask> was placed on the Orioles 40-man roster after his contract was purchased from Bowie. He was re-signed by the Orioles on March 9. <mask> spent spring training with the Orioles until March 26, when he was assigned to Double-A Bowie. <mask> started the 2010 season with Bowie. On May 26, he was placed on the seven-day disabled list. He made his major league debut with the Orioles on September 10. Minnesota Twins
On December 5, 2011, he was claimed off waivers by the Minnesota Twins.In 2012, <mask> played in 43 games for the Twins, amassing 137 at bats. He hit .219 with one home run and 10 RBIs. The next season, <mask> competed for the starting shortstop position, which he won by default. In 2012, in 137 at bats he batted .219/.272/.307. <mask> opened the 2013 season as the starting shortstop for the Twins. Despite his strong defensive play at shortstop, <mask> struggled mightily at the plate. In 443 at bats, he hit .221 with 9 home runs, stole 15 bases in 21 attempts, and walked 33 times while striking out 115 times.For the 2014 season, <mask> was anointed the starting shortstop once again, but lasted just 33 games before being demoted the Rochester Red Wings of the Class AAA International League. During his brief stint at the beginning of the season, Florimón hit under the Mendoza line (.092) as he collected just 7 hits in his 76 at bats for Minnesota. He finished the season with Rochester without receiving a September call-up. Pittsburgh Pirates
On September 18, 2014, the Washington Nationals claimed Florimón from the Twins off of waivers. On November 20, the Pittsburgh Pirates claimed <mask> from the Nationals off of waivers. He was designated for assignment on April 5, 2015. On April 11, he was outrighted to the Indianapolis Indians.On July 22, he was called up and made his season debut as the starting shortstop. Three days later on July 25, he switched his uniform number from 17 to 23 to accommodate the newly acquired Aramis Ramírez so Ramirez could wear number 17 since his longtime uniform number 16 was already being worn by first base coach Nick Leyva. On August 18, Florimon hit a walk-off triple against the Diamondbacks to give Bucs a 9–8 win in the 15th. The 2015 Season saw Florimon wear 3 different uniform numbers: 17 (July 22 – July 24), 23 (July 25 – August 19) and 51 (September 2 -End of the Season). He was outrighted on November 2, 2016, and elected free agency. Philadelphia Phillies
In December 2016, Florimón signed a minor league contract with the Philadelphia Phillies. He was called up by the Phillies on August 17, 2017, making his Phillies debut in the outfield.He suffered a broken ankle September 2 versus the Marlins after rolling and dislocating his right ankle while crossing first base legging out an infield single. For the season, in 46 at bats he batted .348/.388/.478. Florimon signed a minor league contract with the Phillies on November 13. Florimon began the 2018 season playing for the Phillies, but on May 29 he fouled a ball off his right foot and broke it, and was put on the disabled list. He was batting .263/.323/.491 in 57 at bats at the time, and had played for the Phillies at shortstop, pitcher, right field, center field, and third base. For the season, he batted .225/.276/.423, with 2 home runs and 5 RBIs in 71 at bats. Atlanta Braves
On November 26, 2018, Florimón signed a minor-league deal with the Atlanta Braves with an invitation to spring training.He elected free agency on November 4, 2019. San Diego Padres
On January 18, 2021, Florimón signed a minor league contract with the San Diego Padres organization. Batting and running
Scout.com opined that Florimón has trouble hitting a breaking ball, and that he often looks "lost at the plate." However, they also stated that he has "impressive plate discipline, if all he is seeing are fastballs." The site also described him as a "plus runner." References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Aberdeen IronBirds players
Baltimore Orioles players
Bluefield Orioles players
Bowie Baysox players
Delmarva Shorebirds players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
El Paso Chihuahuas players
Estrellas Orientales players
Frederick Keys players
Gwinnett Stripers players
Indianapolis Indians players
Lehigh Valley IronPigs players
Leones del Escogido players
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Major League Baseball second basemen
Major League Baseball shortstops
Major League Baseball third basemen
Major League Baseball outfielders
Minnesota Twins players
New Britain Rock Cats players
People from La Romana, Dominican Republic
Philadelphia Phillies players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Rochester Red Wings players
Clearwater Threshers players
Reading Fightin Phils players
Toros del Este players

masks:
Pedro Alexander Florimón Jr
Florimón
Florimón
Florimón
Florimón
Florimón
Florimón
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Florimón