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 Premier League club Birmingham City for an undisclosed fee, which media speculation suggested to be in the region of £6 million. He made his debut on the opening day of the season away at Sunderland: replacing Garry O'Connor in the 58th minute, he came close to scoring from outside the penalty area and "injected a note of panic hitherto undetected" in the home team's defence as Birmingham came back from 2–0 down to secure a draw. <mask>'s first goal for the club came as Birmingham beat Milton Keynes Dons 3–1 in the League Cup on 21 September. He scored his first Premier League goal on 16 October, opening the scoring at Arsenal with a header from Keith Fahey's cross, but Birmingham lost the game 2–1. In a hostile League Cup quarter-final against local rivals Aston Villa, Žigić had an apparently valid goal disallowed for offside against another player, and with the scores level after 86 minutes, was about to be substituted when he produced a "mis-hit, deflected, scruffy late goal" that secured the win. He opened the scoring against favourites Arsenal in the final with a short-range header, and with one minute of normal time remaining, he flicked on a long clearance, Arsenal's goalkeeper and central defender got in each other's way, and the ball fell to Obafemi Martins to tap in the winning goal. Football manager turned commentator David Pleat wrote that "Birmingham earned their victory through terrific teamwork and astute deployment of <mask>'s strengths."Because of "niggling" hip and groin injuries, he made only two more substitute appearances. His absence deprived the team of what the Birmingham Mails reporter called their "most effective style: getting the ball forward early, pressing up the pitch and playing off him", as they were relegated to the Championship. Despite his agent Milan Ćalasan's insistence that his client would not be playing in the lower divisions, Žigić underwent groin surgery in the close season and resumed his Birmingham career in September. He told the Mail that he would be happy to stay and that any move would depend on the club, which was in increasing financial difficulty, wanting to sell. His first Championship goal gave Birmingham a 1–0 win against Leeds United. Early in the Europa League group match at Braga, Birmingham were awarded a penalty. In the absence of regular penalty-taker Marlon King, Žigić took on the responsibility.His attempt was saved, Braga won the match 1–0, and Birmingham finished the group one point behind them and Club Brugge so failed to qualify for the knockout rounds. Away to Leeds, Žigić scored all four in a 4–1 win, and he finished the season with eleven in the league and one in the play-off semi-final as Birmingham lost on aggregate to Blackpool. Ahead of the 2012–13 season, Žigić was close to a return to Spain with Real Mallorca. Birmingham were prepared to give him a free transfer to reduce the wage bill by his reported £50,000 a week, but the deal fell through when board and agent could not agree a payoff for the player, who earlier in the summer had expressed his intention to see out the two years left on his contract. He began the playing season on the bench, coming off it after 85 minutes to produce a 94th-minute equaliser at home to Charlton Athletic on the opening day, and was used more as substitute than starter by new manager Lee Clark, who preferred Peter Løvenkrands or Leroy Lita. On the eve of the January transfer window, chief executive Peter Pannu confirmed that player sales were necessary to stave off the risk of administration. Even if the club could raise as much as £6M from the sale of England goalkeeper Jack Butland, <mask>'s wages were more than the club could afford, and the player needed "to go out and showcase himself."The club had failed to include a clause in his contract to reduce his wages in the event of relegation, and it emerged later that they had agreed to substantial annual increments. He did not leave, and in February, Clark publicly criticised him for producing "possibly the worst training session in terms of a professional footballer I have ever come across", despite knowing he was due to start the upcoming game against Watford. Up until this incident, he had scored six league goals at a rate of one every 165 minutes, and been sent off twice. Clark said that Žigić would not be involved against Watford, but that it was "in his hands" as to whether he would prepare properly for the Sheffield Wednesday fixture three days later. His response must have been acceptable, because he played the whole of the goalless draw against Wednesday, started all the remaining matches – the longest run of starts of his Birmingham career – and ended the season with nine league goals, second only to King. Žigić missed the first few weeks of the 2013–14 season with a back problem, and once fit, played regularly throughout the season, as one of a small number of senior players in an inexperienced and youthful team with numerous short-term loanees. The team struggled, and reached the last day of the season needing at least a draw away at Bolton Wanderers and for other results to favour them to avoid relegation to League One.Two goals down with 12 minutes left, <mask> scored, and three minutes into stoppage time, his close-range header was cleared off the line to Paul Caddis, who headed home to preserve Birmingham's second-tier status. Birmingham were reported to be "quietly confident" of retaining his services for another season, at a much reduced salary, especially as he was believed to be keen on applying for British citizenship, which required five years' residence, but he left at the end of his contract. He was the last remaining member of the League Cup-winning team. Having been without a club since his departure, <mask> began training with Birmingham again in November 2014. After a successful appeal to be granted a work permit, for which he did not qualify automatically, he signed a contract on 4 December to expire at the end of the season. He made his second debut as a late substitute in the Championship match at home to Reading on 13 December, with Birmingham already 6–1 ahead. He played only infrequently – nine substitute appearances in the league and two FA Cup matches – and the club confirmed he would be released when his contract expired.International career
Coach Ilija Petković gave <mask> his international debut for Serbia and Montenegro on 31 March 2004, as an 84th-minute substitute in a 1–0 friendly defeat against Norway in Belgrade. His next appearance and first start came some 14 months later; in a friendly against Italy in Canada, he ran onto a through ball and went round the goalkeeper to open the scoring and also hit the post in a 1–1 draw. He also scored in his next match, against Poland in another friendly, and established himself as a regular selection, but it was his substitute appearance in a crucial World Cup qualifier against Spain in Madrid in September 2005 that brought him wider international recognition. After a poor first-half – Petković said they "were lucky to be only a goal down at half-time" – <mask> was introduced, and the tactic of "putting him in the centre of the opposition defence and playing long high balls to him ... was remarkably successful". He pressured the goalkeeper into missing a cross which dropped for Dejan Stanković to set up Mateja Kežman's equaliser, and 12 minutes later, his pass left Kežman clear on goal but he mis-hit what might have been a winning shot. The result left Serbia-Montenegro top of the group, and they confirmed their qualification at home to Bosnia and Herzegovina when <mask>'s assist gave Kežman a tap-in for the only goal of the game. <mask>'s only start at the 2006 World Cup came in the last fixture, when his team had already been eliminated after losing the first two group matches.He scored early in the first half off a long ball from Stanković against Ivory Coast – the goal was Serbia-Montenegro's first of the tournament – but the match ended in a 3–2 defeat. Still an automatic choice under new national manager Javier Clemente, <mask> scored the only goal in Serbia's first competitive match as a separate country, a Euro 2008 qualifier at home to Azerbaijan in September 2006. He scored once, missed two more good chances and was then sent off for elbowing an opponent in stoppage time of the March 2007 qualifying defeat in Kazakhstan, so missed the next, a home draw with Portugal, and also missed the Finland fixture in June after surgery on a facial injury. He still scored seven goals as Serbia failed to qualify. Žigić played regularly through the 2010 World Cup qualifying campaign under the management of Radomir Antić, contributing three goals and partnering former Red Star teammate Marko Pantelić as Serbia qualified for a major tournament for the first time as an independent nation. Ahead of the tournament proper, he spoke in positive terms of his development since 2006: "I went to Germany as player with no reputation or real experience to speak of. Tactically, I have learned a lot and I'm in much better condition, both physically and psychologically.This is my World Cup, I think I can play a lead role and I want to show I'm a player that can do it in big games." After losing to Ghana in the opening group match, Serbia went on to face Germany. Within two minutes of Miroslav Klose's first-half dismissal, <mask> headed a cross down to Milan Jovanović who scored what proved to be the only goal of the game; Lukas Podolski's second-half penalty was saved, and Antić dedicated the victory to the Serbian people. In a game of missed chances against Australia, Serbia lost 2–1 and finished bottom of the group. Goals in four of Serbia's five internationals in the latter part of 2010 brought his total to 20. He was not selected to start the other match, a Euro 2012 qualifier in Italy that was abandoned after six minutes because of crowd trouble; UEFA awarded the match to the hosts as a 3–0 win. After Serbia failed to qualify for the tournament, both Stanković and Nemanja Vidić retired from international football, and Žigić was appointed captain of the national team.He captained the team in friendly defeats to Mexico and Honduras in 2011, his 56th and 57th appearances for his country, which proved to be his last. Style of play

<mask>'s extreme height predisposes him to an aerial game. He is dangerous from set pieces, scoring many headed goals and knocking the ball down for others: when he joined Red Star, the coach set out the team in a 4–3–3 formation, with <mask> at centre-forward and two wingers to feed those strengths. He tried to use his physical presence to disrupt opposing defences, both for his own benefit and to draw their attentions away from others. Pep Guardiola said in 2009 that Žigić was not easy to defend against, "almost unstoppable" in the air, but the best way would be to keep him as far as possible away from the penalty area. Speaking in 2010, Radovan Ćurčić, then assistant manager of the Serbia national team, described him as "the king of air play, he is the finest there is in Europe. He possesses the sense of space and movement without the ball and can assist his teammates with headers and set up goal-scoring opportunities."As exemplified on his debut for Racing, a performance in which he demonstrated his aerial power, he is capable of playing with his back to goal, and his height was not incompatible with agility. He prefers to play not as a lone striker but in partnership with a shorter, speedier, teammate. Racing's fitness coach, Javier Miñano, was surprised that Žigić was "well coordinated, to the extent that he doesn't seem so tall when I see him in training." He prefers to receive the ball in the air, because he can always beat smaller players in the air but they can take advantage of better acceleration and quicker reactions on the ground. According to David Pleat, a major factor in Birmingham's 2011 League Cup win was "telling him to do what he does best and flick the ball on with his head from direct diagonal balls played from both wings". Nevertheless, he is technically competent, scoring goals with his feet and providing assists for others. A 2009 feature in Mundo Deportivo assessed Žigić as one of those few tall players with a good touch on the ball, and in 2010, German international defender Per Mertesacker described him as "technically a good player and very smart tactically".Career statistics

Club

International
Score and result columns list Serbia and Montenegro/Serbia's score first. HonoursRed StarFirst League of Serbia and Montenegro: 2003–04, 2005–06
Serbia and Montenegro Cup: 2003–04, 2005–06ValenciaCopa del Rey: 2007–08Birmingham CityFootball League Cup: 2010–11Individual'''
Serbia and Montenegro League: top scorer 2003–04
Serbian Footballer of the Year: 2003, 2007Večernje novosti'' captains' poll
 Domestic player of the year: 2003, 2005
 Prva zvezda (Player of the year based abroad): 2006
Red Star Sport Association Best Male Athlete: 2005

Notes

References

External links

Player profile on Serbian National Team page

1980 births
Living people
People from Bačka Topola
Serbian footballers
Association football forwards
Serbia and Montenegro international footballers
Serbia international footballers
FK TSC Bačka Topola players
FK Mornar players
FK Kolubara players
Red Star Belgrade footballers
FK Spartak Subotica players
Racing de Santander players
Valencia CF players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Serbian SuperLiga players
La Liga players
Premier League players
English Football League players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
Serbian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in England
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in England
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Serbia and Montenegro

masks: Žigić Žigić Žigić Žigić Žigić Žigić Žigić Žigić Žigić Žigić Žigić Žigić Žigić


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<mask> (November 15, 1841December 23, 1923) was an American businessman, banker, and progressive Republican politician. He served four years in the Wisconsin State Senate, representing Grant County and neighboring municipalities, and was mayor of Lancaster, Wisconsin. He also served as a Union Army officer in the American Civil War. Biography
Born in Stillwater, New York, <mask> moved to Grant County, Wisconsin, with his parents in 1857, where his father became a prominent physician. He was educated in public schools in New York and Wisconsin, and, in 1861, went to work as a clerk in the store of <mask>, in Lancaster, Wisconsin. Within a year, however, he decided to volunteer for service in the American Civil War. Civil War service
<mask> originally enrolled in Lancaster with Company C of the 25th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, composed mostly of volunteers from the counties of southwest Wisconsin.The regiment was organized at La Crosse, Wisconsin, and mustered into service on September 14, 1862. Before they could join the Civil War, they were ordered to proceed west to Minnesota to provide security for Minnesota settlers in the midst of an ongoing Sioux uprising. In December 1862, the regiment concluded its business in Minnesota and returned to Wisconsin, with new orders to proceed south to attach to XVI Corps for service in the Western Theater of the American Civil War. They joined the Siege of Vicksburg from June through July of 1863, and were then assigned to guard duty in eastern Kansas. The regiment suffered from a severe wave of malaria during this summer, and ultimately lost over 400 men to illness. <mask> was one of the men effected by disease, and, in August of 1863, was discharged back to Wisconsin. He spent the remainder of the year home in Lancaster recovering from his illness, but in the spring of 1864, he re-enlisted with Company A of the 41st Wisconsin Infantry Regiment.The regiment mustered into service in June 1864, and was assigned to Memphis, Tennessee, where they engaged in picket duty, defending railroads and supply lines. While serving at Memphis, <mask> was detached from the regiment and served as an adjutant to General Cadwallader C. Washburn. The only fighting they saw at Memphis was on August 21, 1864, when a detachment of cavalry under General Nathan Bedford Forrest raided the city in an unsuccessful attempt to capture General Washburn and the two other generals stationed there. The regiments were 100-day enlistments, and as such mustered out in September 1864. <mask> chose to return for another tour with the 47th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment. This time he was commissioned as captain of Company K in that regiment. They proceeded to Louisville, Kentucky, in February 1865, and then to Nashville, Tennessee, and Tullahoma.The regiment was assigned to guard duty, and was often dispersed in small units around middle Tennessee, leaving Captain <mask> in command at the regimental headquarters. Later he was detached from the regiment and made chief of ordinance for the Middle District of Tennessee on the staff of General Robert H. Milroy, and then his successor General <mask> P. Van Cleve. The war came to an end while <mask> was serving in this role, and he mustered out September 8, 1865. Postbellum career
On returning to Lancaster, <mask> again went to work with his earlier employer, <mask>, in a firm known as "Howe & Baxter". <mask> married <mask>'s daughter and took over the business after <mask> retired, renaming it "Charles H. Baxter & Co."  They ran a broad merchandising business, and dealt in lumber, coal, and livestock until <mask>'s retirement in 1895. After his retirement, he was elected vice president of the State Bank of Grant County and later became president of the bank. <mask> was an active and prominent member of the Republican Party of Wisconsin, serving for 20 years as chairman of the Grant County Republican Central Committee, and serving eight years on the State Party Central Committee.He served on the Grant County Board of Supervisors and the Lancaster village board. After Lancaster was incorporated as a city, <mask> was the 7th elected Mayor of the city, serving in 1888. He was the Republican candidate for Wisconsin State Assembly in Grant County's 2nd Assembly district in 1884, but fell 98 votes short of incumbent State Representative William John McCoy. Eight years later, he was elected to the Wisconsin State Senate, and was re-elected in 1896, serving from 1893 through 1900. In the Senate, he was chairman of the Joint Committee on Claims from 1895 through 1900. He also served on the committees for state affairs, banking, insurance, and military affairs. He continued to work at the State Bank of Grant County until its merger with Meyer-Showalter State Bank in 1903, at which point he became vice president of the new merged company—Union State Bank.In 1912, he became president of the bank, and continued in that role until his death in 1923. Personal life and family
<mask><mask> married <mask>, the daughter of his business partner, on February 20, 1865. They had three children together. At the time of his death, his wife and children were all still living, as well as three grandchildren. Electoral history

Wisconsin Assembly (1884)

| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, November 4, 1884

Wisconsin Senate (1892, 1896)

| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, November 8, 1892

| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color: #e9e9e9;"| General Election, November 3, 1896

References

External links
The Political Graveyard

People from Stillwater, New York
People from Lancaster, Wisconsin
Wisconsin state senators
Mayors of places in Wisconsin
County supervisors in Wisconsin
Wisconsin city council members
Wisconsin Republicans
People of Wisconsin in the American Civil War
Union Army officers
1841 births
Year of death missing

masks:
Charles Henry Baxter
Baxter
George Howe
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Baxter
Hoio
Baxter
Baxter
George Howe
Baxter
Howe
Howe
Baxter
Baxter
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Charles H
. Baxter
Maria Howe


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<mask>. (January 18, 1815 – February 1, 1885) was an American lawyer and politician, and a Confederate functionary. <mask>, a lawyer prominent in South Carolina state politics, served as a Democratic senator in 1858-60, where he proved moderate on the slavery question. But on Lincoln's election in 1860, <mask> resigned from the U.S. Senate and took part in the South Carolina secession convention, later helping to draft the Confederate States Constitution. He was Deputy from South Carolina to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1862. He also served as a senior officer of the Confederate States Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. As aide to General P.G.T. Beauregard, he ordered the firing on Fort Sumter and served at First Manassas.Later he was aide to Jefferson Davis and promoted to Brigadier-General. <mask> returned to law practice after the war. His wife was Mary Boykin <mask>, whose published diaries reflect the <mask>s' busy social life and prominent friends such as John Bell Hood, Louis T. Wigfall, Wade Hampton III, and Jefferson Davis. Early life and education
<mask> Jr., was born the youngest of fourteen children and the only (surviving) son of <mask> Sr. (1775–1866) and his wife, Mary Cox (1777–1864) on Mulberry Plantation near Camden, South Carolina. <mask> Sr. was one of the wealthiest planters in the South, who owned 448 slaves and many large plantations totaling nearly five square miles before the outbreak of the Civil War. <mask> Jr. graduated from the law department of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) in 1835, and initially rose to prominence in South Carolina state politics. Political career
Admitted to the bar in 1837, <mask> Jr. commenced practice that year in Camden.He was later elected as a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives (1840–52) and the South Carolina Senate (1852–58, serving as its president 1856–58). He was a delegate to the southern convention at Nashville, Tennessee, in 1850. In 1858 <mask> was elected by the South Carolina Legislature to the U.S. Senate as a Democrat to replace Josiah J. Evans. He served there for two years alongside Senator <mask> Hammond of South Carolina. Although a defender of slavery and states' rights, <mask> opposed the re-opening of the African slave trade and was not as staunch a secessionist as most of the South Carolinian politicians. Moderate in his political views, he believed in extending protections for slavery's westward expansion while remaining within the Union. But the political atmosphere tightened towards the Presidential Election of 1860, since the Republican Party and its presidential candidate, Abraham Lincoln, opposed slavery.After the results of the election were known, <mask> decided that he could no longer stay in his office in the Senate. Shortly after Lincoln's election, he was the first Southern senator to withdraw from the Senate, on November 10, 1860. (He was expelled in absentia from the Senate the next year.) <mask> participated in the South Carolina secession convention in December 1860 and was subsequently elected to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States. He was a member of the committee which drafted the Confederate States Constitution. Believing that the United States would not resist southern secession, <mask> famously boasted that he would drink all of the blood which would be spilled in the subsequent Civil War. American Civil War

In the spring of 1861, he served as an aide-de-camp to General P.G.T.Beauregard and was sent by the general to demand the surrender of Fort Sumter in Charleston. After the commander of the fort, Major Robert Anderson of the U.S. Army declined to surrender, <mask> gave orders to the nearby Fort Johnson to open fire on Fort Sumter. In consequence the first shots of the Civil War were fired, on April 12, 1861. In the summer of 1861 <mask> also took part in the First Battle of Manassas as an aide-de-camp to Beauregard. In 1862 <mask> served as a member of the South Carolina's Executive Council and the Chief of the Department of the Military of South Carolina. Later in the war he served the Confederate Army as a colonel and an aide to Confederate President Jefferson Davis. In 1864 he was promoted to brigadier general and given command of South Carolina reserve forces until the end of the war.He was third in command of the confederate forces at the Battle of Tulifinny. He was in overall command before the arrival of Maj. Gen. Samuel Jones and later Brig. Gen. Lucius Gartrell. After the war, he returned to the practice of law in Camden and formed the Conservative Party. Personal life
Although <mask> Jr. was the only son, his father had given him little of his extensive property. Because his father lived to the age of 90 and gave his son but a small allowance, the son <mask> had to live mainly on his law practice. The <mask> fortune declined in the course of the war and thus, after his father died in 1866, <mask> inherited little more than the extensive debts that encumbered the Mulberry and Sandy Hill plantations.Chesnut married seventeen-year-old Mary Boykin Miller (1823–86), on April 23, 1840. She later became well known for her book on life during the Civil War, published as a diary but revised extensively from 1881 to 1886. The daughter of U.S. Senator Stephen Decatur Miller (1788–1838) and Mary Boykin (1804–85), she was well-educated and intelligent and took part in her husband's career. The Chesnuts' marriage was at times stormy due to difference in temperament (she was hot-tempered and passionate and came occasionally to regard her husband as cool and reserved). Their companionship was mostly warm and affectionate but they had no children. The couple resided at Chesnut Cottage in Columbia during the Civil War period.As <mask> described in depth in her diary, the Chesnuts had a wide circle of friends and acquaintances in the society of the South and the Confederacy. Among their friends were, for example, Confederate general John Bell Hood, ex-Governor John L. Manning, Confederate general and politician John S. Preston and his wife Caroline, Confederate general and politician Wade Hampton III, Confederate politician Clement C. Clay and his wife Virginia, and Confederate general and politician Louis T. Wigfall and his wife Charlotte. The <mask>s were intimate family friends of President Jefferson Davis and his wife Varina Howell. <mask> was also a first cousin of fellow Confederate general Zachariah C. Deas. Death
<mask> was "regarded as an amiable, modest gentleman of decent parts [gifts]", who performed his duties with ability and dignity both in political and military life. He died at home in Camden in 1885; interment was in Chesnut Family Cemetery, Kershaw County, South Carolina. See also
 List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)
 List of United States senators expelled or censured

Notes

References

 Cauthen, Charles E.: South Carolina Goes to War: 1860–1865.Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press 1950. <mask>, Mary Boykin: <mask>'s Civil War. New Haven: Yale University Press 1981), ed. C. Vann Woodward. Eicher, John H. & Eicher, David J.: Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Hammond, <mask>: Secret And Sacred: The Diaries of <mask> Hammond, a Southern Slaveholder. Edited by Carol Bleser.New York: Oxford University Press 1988. Muhlenfeld, Elisabeth: Mary Boykin <mask>: A Biography. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1992. Scarborough, William Kaufman: The Masters of the Big House: Elite Slaveholders of the Mid-Nineteenth-Century South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003. Sifakis, Stewart: Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 Sinha, Manisha, The Counterrevolution of Slavery: Politics and Ideology in Antebellum South Carolina.Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2000. Warner, Ezra J.: Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .
 Williams, T. Harry: Beauregard: Napoleon in Gray. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 1955. Further reading

External links

 <mask> Jr. at The Political Graveyard

James Chesnut Letter Book at Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library

1815 births
1885 deaths
19th-century American politicians
Burials in South Carolina
Confederate States Army brigadier generals
Conservative Party (South Carolina) politicians
Democratic Party United States senators
Deputies and delegates to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States
Expelled United States senators
Members of the South Carolina House of Representatives
People of South Carolina in the American Civil War
Signers of the Confederate States Constitution
Signers of the Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States
South Carolina Democrats
South Carolina state senators
United States senators from South Carolina

masks:
James Chesnut Jr
Chesnut
Chesnut
Chesnut
Chesnut
Chesnut
James Chesnut
James Chesnut
Chesnut
Chesnut
Chesnut
Chesnut
James Henry
Chesnut
Chesnut
Chesnut
Chesnut
Chesnut
Chesnut
Chesnut
James Chesnut
James
Chesnut
Chesnut
Mary Chesnut
Chesnut
James Chesnut
James Chesnut
Chesnut
Mary Chesnut
James Henry
James Henry
Chesnut
James Chesnut


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<mask> (1885–1968) was an American painter who lived in New York City, Philadelphia, and Paris, France. She had a successful career as a painter at the turn of the century, exhibiting her works internationally and winning awards. She had a mental breakdown that caused a break in her career, and she returned to have a successful second career, creating modern watercolor paintings. She was a resident at three artist colonies, with notable artists, writers, and musicians. Sparhawk-Jones' works are in American art museums, including the Art Institute of Chicago, Metropolitan Museum of Art, and Museum of Modern Art. Personal life

Family
<mask> was the daughter of Rev. John Sparhawk Jones, D.D.and Harriet Sterett Winchester, who grew up in Northern Baltimore County on the Clynmalira estate. John Sparhawk Jones was a clergyman at the Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church in Baltimore's Bolton Hill until 1890. The Sparhawk-Joneses moved to Philadelphia after John suffered a deep depression and he became the pastor of the Calvary Church in 1894. Her mother was a domineering woman who nonetheless believed in allowing children to follow their talents and interests. She introduced <mask> and her sister Margaret to classic literature. Both of her parents encouraged <mask> to pursue her interest in art, which began at about seven years of age. She won first place in a nationwide art contest as a child and left school at about 15 years of age to attend the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (PAFA).Sparhawk-Jones chose to hyphenate her last name, unlike her father or other members of her family. Sparhawk-Jones' first love was Morton Livingston Schamberg, who was a fellow artist and student at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Her parents, though, did not approve of her relationship with Schamberg, likely because he was Jewish. In 1906, she was persuaded by her parents to turn down the coveted two-year traveling scholarship from PAFA, which would have had her in Paris at the same time as Schamberg. Their relationship then ended. While the family of four was on vacation, <mask>'s father died on August 20, 1910, in Vermont at Bread Loaf. That year, Margaret graduated from University of Pennsylvania with a Master's Degree.Margaret married Bayard Turnbull in Paris in October 1913 against her mother's wishes. Harriet pressed <mask> to side with her, which resulted in a strained relationship between the sisters for many years. <mask> became exhausted from her career efforts, the strain in the relationship with her sister Margaret, and family financial losses. Mental breakdown
Sparhawk-Jones struggled with depression, like her father, and when she was not well she burned her paintings, which reduced the number of works available for sale. In 1913, Sparhawk-Jones had a mental breakdown and lived in the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane for three years. The experience was hard on her and she was forever changed. Sparhawk-Jones was terrified and lonely at the asylum, and may have been subject to opium or sedative drugs.She moved in with her mother after she was released from the hospital in 1916. Sparhawk-Jones dealt with the losses of her teacher William Merritt Chase, who died in 1916, and Morton Shamburg, who died in 1918. She said that she did not work as an artist for about 12 years. Relationships

Sparhawk-Jones appreciated the company of writers over other artists, and enjoyed the periods when she lived at artist retreats, like MacDowell Colony and Yaddo, which had resident writers, musicians, and artists. Edwin Arlington Robinson (1868–1935), a Pulitzer Prize winning poet, and Sparhawk-Jones visited the MacDowell Colony at the same times over a cumulative total of ten years. They had a romantic relationship in which she was in love with him, devoted to him, understood him, and did not press for a more intimate relationship. He called her Sparhawk and was courteous towards her.They had a relationship that D. H. Tracy described as "courtly, quiet, and intense." When he died, Sparhawk-Jones attended his vigil and then painted several paintings in his memory. She described him as a charming, sensitive, and emotionally grounded man with high moral values. Sparhawk-Jones was a friend of Nancy Cox-McCormack, with whom she corresponded between 1935 and 1956, Marsden Hartley, and Hudson Walker (of the Hudson Walker Gallery). Sparhawk-Jones was known for her humor and wit, but confided in a 1964 oral history interview that she always felt lonely, preferring a quiet lifestyle. Residences
Sparhawk-Jones lived part of her adult life in and around Philadelphia, including the rural Westtown, Pennsylvania. She visited Paris often for up to six months at a time, returning to spend time with her family.In the mid-1950s, she moved to Paris and lived there at least through the mid-1960s. She died in 1968 and is buried in the same cemetery as her sister and her parents in northern Baltimore County, Maryland. Education

Sparhawk-Jones studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (PAFA). From about 1900, when she was 15 through about 1903, when Thomas Anshutz, Charles Sheeler, and Morton Livingston Schamberg were there. Anshutz taught sketch classes with plaster cast models and dressed models. She received letters of encouragement and critiques by William Merritt Chase, who taught a portrait and life class. During one of the summers at PAFA, she studied in Paris at the Academie de la Grande Chaumiere, where she found the life drawing classes freer than in the United States.In Paris, models included adolescents and pretty young women, and there was an openness and comfort with nudity. Sparhawk-Jones attended Darby School of Painting at Fort Washington, under Anshutz, who was co-founder of the summer school and taught there through 1910. She learned modern art through Schamberg, who was a romantic interest at PAFA. Career

Early career

Sparhawk-Jones was supporting herself through the sales of her oil and watercolor paintings by the time she was eighteen. She painted scenes of women reading or shopping as well as mothers and children walking through a park. Her Impressionist works, known for their vivid colors, were exhibited internationally in 1908, like the Carnegie Institute's international exhibition where she was the only woman to win anything and the only artist from the United States to receive an honorable mention. That year, The New York Times called her "the find of the year", having found her painting The Porch to be the "most unforgettable canvas" in the exhibition that they reviewed.Her use of color and expressive brush strokes were compared by art critics to William Merritt Chase's style. She exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and in 1908 and 1912 was awarded the Mary Smith Prize. The 1908 prize was won for Roller Skates and the 1912 prize was won for a painting of a flower shop in Paris entitled In the Spring, noted for its radiant colors. Sparhawk-Jones's portrait, painted by Alice Kent Stoddard before 1911, is in the collection of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Shoe Shop, which she painted in 1911, captures the chaotic shopping excursions of the cosmopolitan New Women of the 20th century. This is compared to the more sedate painting by William Glackens entitled The Shoppers (1907). Both paintings, though, capture wealthy women who have a new-found interest in shopping in the city, evidenced by the crowded figures in the paintings.The Journal of the American Medical Association, which used Shoe Shop as its March 24, 1999 cover, described Sparhawk-Jones as "witty, spirited, and talented". She received positive critical attention for her paintings, but Sparhawk-Jones did not enjoy and avoided promoting her work. Her painting Shop Girls  was exhibited at the Art Institute of Chicago as part of an intention to pick "eye-popping" or "little masterpieces of compactness and stimulation" from American artists' works of the late 19th century and early 20th-century. Now in the Art Institute's collection, Shop Girls was the first woman's painting bought by the Friends of American Art of the Art Institute. It was purchased in 1913 from Sparhawk-Jones for $550. Women's paintings were not generally as revered as paintings by men, which could fetch several thousands of dollars per painting at that time. The painting was made into a poster in the 1980s by the New York Department of Labor, which had the following quotation:

Low point
She hit a low point in her career when she suffered from mental illness and was admitted to an asylum in 1913.She exhibited work in the mid 1910s, for example at the 1916 exhibition at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts when she exhibited The Gardener. Artist colonies

She was one of the resident painters in the MacDowell Colony, run by Marian MacDowell in Peterborough, New Hampshire. Lilla Cabot Perry was another of the resident painters. The colony provided residence and a place for men and women to develop their literary, artistic, or musical talent. Sparhawk-Jones was identified as one of the "men and women who have gone on to enrich American life". Among the other named influential people were Puerto Rican Governor and poet Luis Muñoz Marín, novelists Willa Cather and Thornton Wilder, and poet Edwin Arlington Robinson. According to Starhawk-Jones, she was there for a sum total of about ten years, and Robinson was there during each of her stays.In 1928, she was a resident at Yaddo, a 400-acre estate and artist community in Saratoga Springs, New York founded by Spencer and Katrina Trask. She continued to receive invitations to visit Yaddo for one- to two-month stays over the years, and her works were exhibited with those of Yaddo residents after her stays, such as in 1956 when two of her watercolor paintings incorporated in a Yaddo exhibit at Schenectady Museum while she was living in Europe. Other former Yaddo residents include Langston Hughes, Katherine Anne Porter, Truman Capote, and Sylvia Plath. For two or three years, she lived and worked in Florida at the Research Institute (now Maitland Art Center), which was run by Mary Louise Curtis Bok, later the wife of Efrem Zimbalist, and Andre Smith. Her works were exhibited at the Research Studio Gallery in late March and early April 1940. Later career
She encouraged gallery and Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts shows of the works of self-taught Horace Pippin, of whom she said: "For me he is one of the few real artists in our century, when he is at his best." In the 1940 book Pennsylvania; a Guide to the Keystone State, Sparhawk-Jones was identified as one of the state's "important young artists".William Alexander Newman Dorland also identified her as a talented woman painter, along with Cecilia Beaux and other American and English painters in his book The Sum of Feminine Achievement. She reestablished a successful career of modern works in the 1940s, during which she lived in Philadelphia. Sparhawk-Jones has particularly had a following in Chicago and Philadelphia. In 1940, she combined watercolor and oil in The Generations. Of her talent, realized in the painting, Marsden Hartley said, "It seems to be with something of a mental rapier that she conceives her subject matter for [her] pictures border on the exceptionally forceful and they are different in thought, as well as execution, from the work of most of the soft painters among men and women. She is a thinking painter with a rare sense of the drama of poetic and romantic incident." She painted with watercolor in the 1940s, producing works such as The Dreamer which is in the permanent collection of the Delaware Art Museum.Curator Heather Campbell Coyle compared it to Michelangelo's The Dream (c.1533) and Francisco Goya's Capricho 43: The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters (1799). In Sparhawk-Jones' painting, the dreamer is a sleeping nude woman surrounded by images that seem to reflect her eerie nightmare. A skeleton lies against a stone in the foreground and above her nude women are carried by "winged creatures" into the darkness. Women are also carried away by men with wings, dressed in business suits. The painting has a composition similar to Michelangelo's painting, but Coyle states that, to her, the work is more similar to Goya's painting that also includes winged creatures above the sleeping subject of the painting. Sparhawk-Jones was called a phenomenon in 1944 in an American Artist magazine, in which the author questioned, "Strange, that she is not recognized far and wide as among the ablest, most distinguished women painters in the United States." Sparhawk-Jones may not have attained greater fame, because at that time there was a "glass ceiling" for women artists that prevented them from attaining significant notoriety, according to biographer Townsend Ludington.Jerry Saltz of the Village Voice, for example, found that modern women painters, born 1879 to 1969, only accounted for 5% of the paintings in the Museum of Modern Art's permanent collection, which includes one of her paintings, Startled Woman. Barbara Lehmen Smith postulated about additional theories. For instance, it could also have been because she didn't promote her paintings, further complicated by her destruction of paintings when she was ill. Another theory is that she was not taken seriously because of her periods of mental illness. An exhibition of her watercolor paintings was held at PAFA in April 1948. Beginning in the mid-1950s and into the mid-1960s, she lived and enjoyed painting in Paris at the Saint Roman hotel near Tuileries Garden and the Louvre. Her work was featured in a story in the summer 1954 issue of the  New Mexico Quarterly. Sparhawk-Jones was described as an emotional painter who created spiritual works of art in the 1960s.She was interviewed in 1964 for an oral history project by Ruth Gurin Bowman, curator of New York University's art collection, who gave the interview materials to the Archives of American Art. That year she won an award for her painting of a seascape at the Silvermine Guild of Artists show in New England. Papers about her career, including exhibition catalogs, sketches, artist's statements, and newspaper clippings are held at the Victor Building in the Smithsonian American Art Museum / National Portrait Gallery Library. In 2010, <mask>-Jones: The Artist Who Lived Twice, a biography of her life, was written and published by Barbara Leham Smith. Her research included four boxes of materials that had originally belonged to Sparhawk-Jones that were inadvertently included with Smith's boxes during an office move from La Paix, the former home of Margaret Sparhawk Jones Turnbull, to another St. Joseph Medical Center location about 1993. Collections

Actor Claude Rains was a collector of her works. Her works in private collections are valued up to $250,000 and are in the following public collections:
 Art Institute of Chicago
 Shoe Shop, , oil on canvas
 Shop Girls, , oil
 Delaware Art Museum – The Dreamer, , tempora on board
 Metropolitan Museum of Art – Caryatides, 1940 watercolor on linen
 Museum of Modern Art – Startled Woman, , oil on canvas
 Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
 The Market, before 1909, oil
 Woman with Fish, 1936 or 1937, oil on canvas
 Whitney Museum of American Art – The Sea Claims its Own, 1961, oil on canvas
 Wichita Art Museum – The Generations, , watercolor and oil on silk

Notes

References

Further reading

Exhibition catalogs

About Sparhawk-Jones

External links

1885 births
1968 deaths
20th-century American painters
American women painters
American watercolorists
20th-century American women artists
People from Baltimore County, Maryland
Artists from Philadelphia
Painters from Maryland
Painters from Pennsylvania
Students of William Merritt Chase
Women watercolorists

masks:
Elizabeth Sparhawk Jones
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth Sparhawk


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<mask>. O'Hair (born July 11, 1982) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour. Early life

O'Hair was born in Lubbock, Texas. Rather than play college golf, O'Hair turned professional in 1999 after his junior year at high school at Brophy College Preparatory in Phoenix, Arizona, under the direction of his father, Marc O'Hair, who sold his share of the family shutter business in Lubbock for $2.75 million to develop <mask> into a touring pro. The elder O'Hair moved the family to Florida and enrolled <mask> in the David Leadbetter Golf Academy. A featured article by Steve Elling in the January 21, 2005 Golf World alleged:
Marc O'Hair, 52, signed management contracts with his son, says he invested $2 million in his boy's professional future and subjected <mask> to a physical and psychological regimen that would make most drill sergeants blush. <mask> broke free in 2002 and has not spoken to his father since a perfunctory greeting at <mask>'s wedding more than two years ago. Professional career
O'Hair entered PGA Tour Qualifying School regularly from 1999, but was unsuccessful at his first five attempts.He played on various developmental tours: the PGA Tour's official second-level developmental Nationwide Tour, the third-level Gateway Tour and the Cleveland Golf Pro Tour. He had limited success, making the cut in only four out of 18 starts at Nationwide Tour level. 2005
In 2004, O'Hair made it through all three stages of PGA Tour Qualifying School. His 2005 season was a dramatic success. He won his maiden PGA Tour event at the John Deere Classic and finished second at the EDS Byron Nelson Championship. He made 24 of 28 cuts for the season and finished with earnings of $2,461,482. He also won PGA Tour Rookie of the Year honors of the 2005 season.After he established himself as the front-runner for Rookie of the Year distinction with his strong finish at the EDS Byron Nelson Championship and victory at the John Deere Classic, his estranged relationship with his father, already highlighted on a 2002 episode of 60 Minutes, became well-publicized. It was also profiled by Sports Illustrateds Rick Reilly. 2006
In March 2006, O'Hair was the youngest man in the top 50 of the Official World Golf Rankings but his 2006 season was less successful. O'Hair made 20 of 30 cuts and only made half the amount of prize money he had earned in his maiden year on tour. He dropped out of the top 50—finishing no higher than fourth at the Buick Open in Michigan—but returned to the list with a third place at the Canadian Open. He did however produce some solid play at the major championships, finishing in the top-15 at The Open Championship and the PGA Championship. He also finished at +13, tied for 26th, at the 2006 U.S. Open at Winged Foot.2007

In 2007, caddied by his father-in-law Steve Lucas, O'Hair recorded his first top-10 of the year, a tie for seventh, at the Verizon Heritage. His second-round 66 matched his low round for the season. The seventh place was his best finish on the PGA Tour since the 2006 Canadian Open. On May 12, 2007, at The Players Championship at the TPC at Sawgrass, O'Hair led Phil Mickelson by a stroke after the 3rd round. A birdie two on the "Island Green" 17th hole after he had feared he had flown the green with a 9-iron, and a birdie-birdie-birdie finish for a round of 66, gave him a 9-under-par 207 after 54 holes. In the final round O'Hair, playing in the final pairing with Mickelson, was in second place when they came to the 17th, trailing by two strokes. Mickelson played safely to the center of the multi-tiered green but O'Hair, in an effort to cut into the lead with birdie, elected to go for the pin and hit his tee shot over the back of the green into the water hazard.His third shot, from the drop area, also ended up in the water and he finished the hole with a quadruple bogey seven. O'Hair went on to bogey the 18th, dropping him from second to 11th place, which cost O'Hair approximately $747,000 in prize money. O'Hair did not have any more notable results until the fall season series of events where he recorded consecutive top-5 finishes at the Fry's Electronics Open and the Ginn sur Mer Classic. O'Hair ended the year 58th on the FedEx Cup list. Since late 2007, he has been caddied for by former PGA Tour golfer (and former caddy for Vijay Singh) Paul Tesori. 2008
On March 9, 2008, O'Hair came from three strokes back (behind Stewart Cink) to win the PODS Championship by two strokes from six other players at Innisbrook with a final score of 4-under-par. The following week, O'Hair finished in a tie for 3rd at the Arnold Palmer Invitational at Bay Hill.He shot a 63 in the third round to shoot up the leaderboard, but on the final day he finished three back of the champion Tiger Woods. O'Hair made just over $2million on the season and finished 75th in the FedEx Cup standings. 2009
O'Hair started the 2009 season well with a fourth-place finish at the season opening Mercedes-Benz Championship and then a couple months later had a top-10 finish at the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am. O'Hair then had his best showing at the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship where he reached the quarter final stages, beating Adam Scott and Ian Poulter along the way, before losing to eventual finalist Paul Casey 4&3. At the Arnold Palmer Invitational, O'Hair entered the final round with a five stroke lead but lost by one stroke to Tiger Woods as Woods birdied the 72nd hole to win the tournament for the second year in a row. This was also the second year in a row that O'Hair was in contention having finished tied for third the previous season. On May 3, 2009, after starting the final round three strokes behind Zach Johnson, O'Hair won the Quail Hollow Championship by one stroke over Lucas Glover and Bubba Watson.O'Hair survived two late bogies during his final round of 69 to claim his third PGA Tour victory. After his win at Quail Hollow, O'Hair had a quiet spell during the middle of season but returned to form at the right time when the FedEx Cup playoffs came around. After missing the cut in the first playoff event, The Barclays, he then produced a top-10 finish in the next event, the Deutsche Bank Championship. This was followed by a fourth-place finish at the BMW Championship, the third playoff event, which earned him a place in the season finale The Tour Championship. At East Lake, O'Hair finished alone in third place, to earn over $500,000 and finish the year ranked 5th in the FedEx Cup standings. He also finished the season ranked sixth on the money list and had reached the top 15 of the Official World Golf Rankings for the first time in his career. 2010
O'Hair again opened the season with a solid performance in Hawaii at the Mercedes-Benz Championship, achieving a fourth-place finish.However he would not improve on this for the rest of the season and that finish was his best in a steady but unspectacular season. One highlight was his tied seventh-place finish at the 2010 Open Championship which was his career best at that major championship and his highest ever placing at any of the four majors. He also managed a top-5 result at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational helped by a third round 64. O'Hair did not make into the tour finale at East Lake and finished the season ranked 47th on the FedEx Cup standings. However he did manage to maintain his ranking within the top 50 of the world despite limited success on the season. 2011
O'Hair had a number of issues to deal with in 2011, one of which was the fact that he split from his swing coach <mask>. For the first half of the season, O'Hair missed 10 out of 17 cuts from the start of the season to mid July, which included five straight missed cuts in the middle of the season.He was ranked well outside the top 125 after The Open Championship in July and his season best at that point was a tie for 16th place at Colonial. However O'Hair won the RBC Canadian Open, the first event after The Open Championship in a playoff over American Kris Blanks for his first PGA Tour title in over two years. O'Hair fought back from a second round 73 on the par 70 course to shoot 66-68 on the weekend. Only eight players finished under par for the week and O'Hair was tied at -4 with Kris Blanks after regulation play. Replaying the 18th, both players found trouble from the tee, O'Hair decided to lay well back and in the fairway, whereas Blanks went for it and found the greenside bunker. O'Hair played his pitch safely onto the front of the green, but Blanks' bunker shot trickled off the back of the green and he then pitched up to six feet away. O'Hair two putted for his bogey but when Blanks missed his six footer coming back, O'Hair was declared champion at the first extra hole.As a result of this win, O'Hair moved up from 147th to 43rd on the FedEx Cup list. Also having dropped out of the world's top 100 earlier in the season, he regained that place by rising to 60th in the rankings on July 25. 2012
O'Hair finished T2 at the Sony Open in Hawaii. He made the cut 19 times in 24 events and finished 63rd in the FedEx Cup. 2013
O'Hair made 7 cuts in 22 events with only two top-25 finishes and three withdrawals. He played in the Web.com Tour Finals and finished 16th to retain his PGA Tour card for 2014. 2014
O'Hair played in 25 PGA Tour events, but only had one top 10 and finished 160th in the FedEx Cup, which meant a return to the Web.com Tour Finals.He successfully regained his PGA Tour card. 2015
O'Hair was given a sponsor's exemption to the Valspar Championship in Tampa, Florida. He tied for the lead after shooting a final-round 4-under 67, which got him into a playoff with Jordan Spieth and Patrick Reed at 10-under 274. Spieth emerged victorious. O'Hair finished the season 58th on the money list to secure his card for 2016. 2016
O'Hair finished 59th on the money list and re-entering the top 100 in the World Rankings. Personal life
O'Hair and his wife Jackie married in December 2002.They have four children, Molly, Luke, Grady and Trevor. Professional wins (9)
PGA Tour wins (4)PGA Tour playoff record (1–1)New England Pro Golf Tour wins (2)
2003 Blackstone Open
2004 Sterling Open

Other wins (3)Other playoff record (0–1)'''

Results in major championships

CUT = missed the half-way cut
WD = withdrew
"T" = tied

Summary

Most consecutive cuts made – 12 (2007 Open Championship – 2010 Open Championship)
Longest streak of top-10s – 1 (twice)

Results in The Players Championship

CUT = missed the halfway cut
WD = withdrew
"T" indicates a tie for a place

Results in World Golf ChampionshipsResults not in chronological order before 2015.'' WD = Withdrew
QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play
"T" = tied
Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009. U.S. national team appearances
Presidents Cup: 2009 (winners)

See also
2004 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates
2013 Web.com Tour Finals graduates
2014 Web.com Tour Finals graduates

References

External links

American male golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Korn Ferry Tour graduates
Golfers from Texas
Golfers from Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Lubbock, Texas
People from West Chester, Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from the Delaware Valley
1982 births
Living people

masks:
Sean M
Sean
Sean
Sean
Sean
Sean
Sean Foley


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<mask> or <mask> (; born <mask>; , <mask>; transitional Cyrillic: Коⲛстантiⲛꙋ Aрiстia, <mask>; 1800 – 18 April 1880) was a  Wallachian-born poet, actor and translator, also noted for his activities as a soldier, schoolteacher, and philanthropist. A member of the Greek colony, his adolescence and early youth coincided with the peak of Hellenization in both Danubian Principalities. He first appeared on stage at Cișmeaua Roșie in Bucharest, and became a protege of Lady Rallou. She is claimed to have sponsored his voyage to France, where Aristia became an imitator of François-Joseph Talma. Upon his return, <mask> took up the cause of Greek nationalism, joining the Filiki Eteria and flying the "flag of liberty" for the Sacred Band. He fought on the Wallachian front during the Greek War of Independence, and was probably present for the defeat at Drăgășani. He escaped the country and moved between various European states, earning protection from the Earl of Guilford, before returning to Bucharest as a private tutor for the Ghica family.<mask> used this opportunity to teach drama and direct plays, and thus became one of the earliest contributors to Romanian theater. A trendsetter in art and fashion, he preserved his reputation even as Wallachians came to reject Greek domination. He adapted himself to their cultural Francization, publishing textbooks for learning French, and teaching both French and Demotic Greek at Saint Sava College. Under the Regulamentul Organic regime, <mask> blended Eterist tropes and Romanian nationalism. He became a follower of Ion Heliade Rădulescu, and helped set up the Philharmonic Society, which produced a new generation of Wallachian actors—including <mask> Caragiale and Ioan Curie. He contributed to the effort of modernizing the language, though his own proposals in this field were widely criticized and ultimately rejected. <mask> was made popular by his translation of Vittorio Alfieri's Saul, which doubled as a nationalist manifesto, and earned accolades for his rendition of the Iliad; however, he was derided for eulogizing Prince Gheorghe Bibescu.He also contributed to cultural life in the Kingdom of Greece, where, in 1840, he published his only work of drama. <mask> participated in the Wallachian Revolution of 1848, when, as leader of the National Guard, he arrested rival conservatives and publicly burned copies of Regulamentul Organic. During the backlash, he was himself a prisoner of the Ottoman Empire, and was finally expelled from Wallachia. He returned in 1851, having reconciled with the conservative regime of Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei, and remained a citizen of the United Principalities. He kept out of politics for the remainder of his life, concentrating on his work at Saint Sava, and then at the University of Bucharest, and on producing another version of the Iliad. Among his last published works are Bible translations, taken up under contract with the British and Foreign Bible Society. Biography

<mask> is generally believed to have been born in Bucharest, the Wallachian capital, in 1800.The date was pushed back to 1797 in some sources, but Aristia's relatives denied that this was accurate. In 1952, folklorist Dimitrios Economides, who conducted interviews with the Aristia family, argued that <mask> was born in Istanbul, capital of the Ottoman Empire, "around the year 1800". At the time of his birth, Wallachia and Moldavia (the two Danubian Principalities) were autonomous entities of the Ottoman realm; Greek cultural dominance and Hellenization, represented primarily by Phanariotes, were at their "great acme". Though seen by scholar Petre Gheorghe Bârlea as Aromanian by origin, <mask> himself noted that, on his paternal side at least, he was a "good Greek". He described his relationship with Wallachia in terms of voluntary assimilation, as advised by his father: Fii grec și român zdravăn, fii recunoscător ("Be steadfast as a Greek and a Romanian, be thankful"). Immersed in Greek culture, he still had virtually no understanding of written Romanian until 1828. <mask> entered Bucharest's Greek School during the reign of Prince John Caradja, a Phanariote.His teachers there included philologist Constantin Vardalah. According to one late report by researcher Octav Minar, <mask> also debuted as a teacher of drama upon his return to Bucharest, at some point before 1815. His first-generation students supposedly included Stephanos "Natis" Caragiale, grandfather of the Romanian dramatist Ion Luca Caragiale. Before graduating, <mask> himself was an actor for the open-air venue at Cișmeaua Roșie. Scholar Walter Puchner, who dates these events to "the spring and autumn of 1817", questions the accuracy of historical records, noting that they contradict each other on the details; according to memoirist and researcher Dimitrie Papazoglu, Cișmeaua was in fact managed by "director <mask>". At that stage, acting in Wallachia was an all-male enterprise, and <mask> appeared as a female lead, in drag. The Cișmeaua troupe was sponsored by Caradja's daughter, Lady Rallou.According to various accounts, she was impressed by <mask>'s talent, and reportedly sent him abroad, to the Kingdom of France, for <mask> to study under François-Joseph Talma. The details of this claim are disputed. Researcher Ioan Massoff notes that <mask> was never a member of Talma's acting class, but only a regular spectator to his shows, and after that his imitator. Puchner questions whether this trip ever took place, since "no evidence has surfaced for [<mask>ias rallied to the cause of Greek nationalism shortly before the Greek uprising of 1821. Young Aristia joined Alexander Ypsilantis's secret society, the Filiki Eteria, which slowly engineered the nationalist expedition in Moldavia and Wallachia. In late 1818 and early 1819, a new Prince, Alexandros Soutzos, allowed Aristia and his troupe to perform works of political theater, portraying the "hatred of tyranny and self-sacrifice for the fatherland"—from La Mort de César and Mérope, by Voltaire, to Iakovakis Rizos Neroulos' Aspasia.They were met with "frenetic applause, exuberance and overflowing emotions". Soutzos was troubled by this reception, and decided to ban all plays that could be construed as critiques of religion and political affairs. He was ignored by the troupe, who answered more directly to a group of Eterist conspirators; they continued with provocative stagings of plays by Voltaire and Vittorio Alfieri, until May 1820, by which time local Greeks were in full preparation for the revolution. Aristia awaited the Eterists in Bucharest, which had been occupied by troops loyal to Tudor Vladimirescu, who led a parallel uprising of Romanians. In mid March 1821, Greeks in Bucharest, led by Giorgakis Olympios, pledged to support Ypsilantis rather than Vladimirescu. The event was marked by a large display of Greek nationalism in downtown Bucharest, the details of which were committed to writing by Constantin D. Aricescu from his interview with Aristia. The actor carried the "flag of liberty", an Eterist symbol showing Constantine the Great and Helena, alongside a cross and the slogan "In this, conquer"; the obverse showed a phoenix rising from its ashes.The ceremony ended with the banner being planted on the Bellu gate, announced to the crowds as prefiguring the future reconquest of Byzantium. Reportedly, "the flag that was carried by Mr. <mask>" was later also adopted by Sava Fochianos, who deserted to Ypsilantis' Sacred Band alongside the Bucharest garrison. In April–August, Ypsilantis' forces were encircled and crushed by the Ottoman Army. According to various accounts, Aristia fought alongside the Sacred Band of Wallachia in their final stand at Drăgășani, side by side with a fellow actor, Spiros Drakoulis. He was seriously wounded on that battlefield, before receiving sanctuary in the Austrian Empire. He eventually settled in the Papal States, where he reportedly continued his education and became familiar with Italian theater. Performing in charity shows for destitute children, in or around 1824 he met Louis Dupré, who drew his portrait.Also at Rome, <mask> met the Earl of Guilford, and later claimed to have received his quasi-parental protection. Meanwhile, <mask>'s actual father had enlisted to fight for the First Hellenic Republic, and was later killed at the Siege of Missolonghi. Returning to his native Wallachia, <mask> found work as a private tutor for young members of the Ghica family—whose patriarch, Grigore IV Ghica, had taken the Wallachian throne in 1822. His patron, Smărăndița Ghica, also asked him to stage Neoclassical plays in Greek at her Bucharest home. Regulars included the future politician and memoirist, Ion Ghica, who was also directly tutored by <mask>. According to Ghica, <mask> reserved the title roles for himself, while Smărăndița and Scarlat Ghica had supporting roles; their costumes were improvised from bed linen and old dresses. Ghica describes his teacher as an "epic" and "fiery" character, noting in passing that Aristia was also promoting the modern Western fashion, including the tailcoat, having discarded all Ottoman clothing after 1822.This period also witnessed the first coordination between <mask> and a Wallachian writer, Ion Heliade Rădulescu. Inspired by the latter, in 1825 Aristia produced and performed in Molière's George Dandin, turning it into an anti-Phanariote manifesto. It remains the only work by Molière ever to be brought on stage in Wallachia, despite many translations of his other plays. Also in 1825, <mask> traveled to British Corfu, performing in his own Greek rendition of Voltaire's Mahomet. Sponsored by Guilford, he finally graduated from the Ionian Academy. During his time there, he staged Alfieri's Oreste, Agamemnon, and Antigone, Pietro Metastasio's Demofoonte, and Jean Racine's Andromaque. Puchner also mentions that Aristia eventually taught classes at the Academy.Economides suggests that <mask> had returned to Bucharest in 1827, joining the staff of Saint Sava College as a teacher of French; other records have him in Paris, where <mask> completed an hymn celebrating the Hellenic Republic. It was first published by Firmin Didot in 1829. Meanwhile, the anti-Ottoman trend received endorsement following the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829, which placed Wallachia and Moldavia under a modernizing regime, defined by the Regulamentul Organic constitution. His hymn was published as a brochure by Heliade's newspaper Curierul Românesc, which thus hinted at Romanian national emancipation. One account by Iosif Hodoșiu suggests that <mask> returned to his activities on the stage during the actual occupation, in the interval following Grigore Ghica's ouster. His "timid attempt" included shows of Alfieri's Bruto and Oreste, the latter with C. A. Rosetti as Aegisthus (displaying "such natural ferocity that he frightened the public, and even his teacher, <mask>"). Philharmonic Society

Aristia's conversion to Romanian nationalism, or the "ideals of the Romanian national community", is noted by historian Nicolae Isar as being exemplary for a generation of assimilated Greeks.The poet was initially threatened by the overwhelming prestige of French culture, which marginalized Greek influence: he reportedly lost students to the new French school, founded by Jean Alexandre Vaillant. However, he compensated by exploiting his own French literary background. He is thus credited as a contributor to Heliade's Romanian version of Mahomet, which appeared in 1831. Despite his acculturation, Aristia continued to publicize the staples of "Eterist dramatic repertoire", which included both Mahomet and Lord Byron's Siege of Corinth. From November 1832, headmaster Petrache Poenaru employed <mask> to teach French and Demotic Greek at Saint Sava. He also gave informal classes in drama and had a series of student productions involving Rosetti and Ion Emanuel Florescu; during these, Rosetti "revealed himself as a very gifted thespian". Aristia also discovered and promoted a Bucharest-born tragedian, Ioan Tudor Curie.He continued to have an influence on fashion: most students, above all Curie and <mask> Mihăileanu, imitated their teacher's every mannerism. Because of <mask>, a generation of actors "trilled and swagged", wore their hair long, and put on "garish" neckties. Students from those years included Natis Caragiale's son, <mask> Caragiale, who debuted in 1835 as Curie's understudy. As reported by Curie himself, it was <mask> who took the initiative in transforming irregular theatrical classes into a more structured drama club: "He was famous artist, a good painter, an architect, a sculptor, a poet. He had great, solid ideas about each and everything. He wanted a classical theater; he proceeded by searching through the libraries of Greek monks, those who were present at Bucharest, for those books showing Arab and Jewish costumes and from these antique models he created the theater's wardrobe, sewing them together himself, out of fine cloth, [and] creating a historically accurate scene". <mask> received encouragement from the boyar nobility, who had heard of his "performing wonders" as an educator, but also from the Russian Governor-general, Pavel Kiselyov.Kiselyov visited Aristia to make sure that the gatherings were non-political in content, after which he gave his personal blessing. By 1833, <mask> had become a regular in liberal circles, meeting with his pupil Ghica and other young intellectuals. Together with Heliade, they established a Philharmonic Society. He organized classes in acting and declamation at the Dramatic School, a branch of the Philharmonic Society. This was the first learning institution for professional acting to exist in the Balkans. Alumni included three of Wallachia's pioneer actresses, Caliopi Caragiale, Ralița Mihăileanu, and Eufrosina Popescu, as well as the future playwright Dimitrie C. Ollănescu-Ascanio. From November 1, 1835, <mask> and his mentor Heliade were editors of its mouthpiece, Gazeta Teatrului.That year, he also published a textbook on French grammar, reprinted in 1839 as Prescurtare de grammatică françozească. It was closely based on Charles Pierre Chapsal and François-Joseph-Michel Noël's Nouvelle Grammaire Française. He followed up with a series of French-language courses, including a phrase book and a translation of J. Wilm's book of moral tales. The Philharmonic put up plays by foreigners—the only exception to this rule was a reported staging of <mask> Faca's Comodia vremii, in 1835. Mahomet was a favorite with the public—<mask> did not appear in it, but served as a prompter. According to Hodoșiu, the Philarmonic had "incalculable" success with this play, which ensured that the group could count on a 2,000-ducat budget. Other productions riled up conservative sensitivities, as was the case with August von Kotzebue's Misanthropy and Repentance.It prompted Barbu Catargiu to report that the Philarmonic had failed in its stated mission of serving as the "school of morals". Aristia's subsequent work was a translation of Alfieri's Saul and Virginia,

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 initially commissioned and produced by the same Society. It was never printed, but served as the basis for a show on December 1, 1836. He prepared, but never managed to print, Molière's Forced Marriage. In 1837, Aristia also published his version of Homer's Iliad, which included his short biography of the author. The published version also featured Aristia's notes, outlining answers to his earliest critics, whom he called "Thersites". Wallachia's ruler Alexandru II Ghica was enthusiastic about the work, and presented Aristia with congratulations, expressed for all his subjects.This is sometimes described as the first Iliad translation into Romanian; some evidence suggests that Moldavia's Alecu Beldiman had produced another one ca. 1820, around the time when Iordache Golescu also penned a fragmentary version. Saul was the Society's other major success: it doubled as a patriotic play, with messages that theatergoers understood to be subversively aimed at occupation by the Russian Empire. Russian envoys took offense, and the production was suspended. Its noticeable opposition to Alexandru II, and financial setbacks, put an end to the Philharmonic Society during the early months of 1837. Aristia's pupils attempted to take up similar projects, but generally failed to build themselves actual careers. Exceptions included <mask> Caragiale, who was able to find employment at Botoșani in Moldavia, as well as Eufrosina Popescu and Ralița Mihăileanu, who were leading ladies in Bucharest until the late 1870s.By May 1837, <mask> himself had traveled to Moldavia, accompanying Heliade on a networking trip and hoping to coordinate efforts between dissenting intellectuals from both Principalities. Samples of his poetry were taken up in Mihail Kogălniceanu's review, Alăuta Românească. At home, the Ghica regime continued to bestow accolades upon the poet. In 1838, he was received into boyardom after being created a Serdar; in January 1836, he had married the Romanian Lucsița Mărgăritescu. Around that time, <mask> was inhabiting a townhouse to one side of Bucharest's Lutheran Church (Luterană Street), where he also hosted the city's first state-sanctioned girls' school. His father in law, Serdar Ioan Mărgăritescu, granted the couple a vineyard in the unincorporated neighborhood of Giulești, and various assets worth 35,000 thaler. Costache and Lucsița's first-born was a son, found dead at the age of three; a daughter, Aristeea <mask>, was born to them in 1842.Aristia's school of acting, still heavily reliant on Talma, was nominally realistic, or "somewhat naturalistic", in that it relied on substitution. However, he pushed his pupils to exaggerate, causing them "nervous wear and tear" to the point of compete exhaustion. Curie was recalled to play the lead in Saul during December 1837, and acted with such pathos that he fainted. Doctors intervened to draw blood, prompting Heliade to remark that Curie had "shed his blood for the honor of Romanian theater". Reportedly, some at Ghica's court were impressed by the event, and inquired about "the emperor" Curie's health. Although the play could go back into production from January 1838, and also taken up by Caragiale's troupe in Moldavia, Heliade and Aristia's activity was interrupted by major setbacks. As reported by Hodoșiu, "indirect persecutions", showing Alexandru II's mounting jealousy, but also conflicts within the Society itself, again brought Aristia's work to a standstill.The Philharmonic ceased functioning when Ieronimo Momolo ended their lease on his theater hall. Athens sojourn and 1848 Revolution

By 1839, Prince Ghica had engineered Heliade's political marginalization; the only two Heliade loyalists to still declare publicly were Poenaru and Aristia. During those months, the conservative schoolteacher Ioan Maiorescu published a detailed critique of Wallachia's educational system, prompting Aristia to take up its defense. Around that time, Aristia and Curie went on a theatrical tour of the Kingdom of Greece, where the former set up a Philodramatic Society. His cultural manifesto, addressed to the Greek people, was published on 25 September 1840. It won him instant support from other former Eterists relocated to Athens, including his mentor Rizos Neroulos, as well as from the deposed Prince John Caradja. Aristia's text was a critique of melodrama as favored by the foreign courtiers of King Otto, attracting their opposition to his projects; they promoted Aristia's rival, Theodoros Orfanidis.Aristia and is troupe are only known to have performed a single play in Athens. This was Aristodemo, by Vincenzo Monti, which he himself translated into Greek; it premiered on 24 November 1840. According to one anecdote, <mask> "so very much scared those dames of reborn Hellada with the realism of his acting, that some just fainted." Also in 1840, a printing press in Athens put out Aristia's only original work of drama, the tragedy Αρμόδιος και Ἀριστογείτων ("Harmodius and Aristogeiton"). Dissatisfied with the Ottonian regime, the author privately confessed that he longed to make his definitive return to Wallachia, "among those good Dacians". He did so before October 1843, and served as co-editor of Poenaru's newspaper, Învățătorul Satului. This was the first publication specifically aimed at educating Wallachia's peasants, and was distributed by rural schools.<mask> held his own column in the form of "moralizing tales", Datoriile omului ("Man's Duties"), sometimes inspired by historical episodes from the times of Mircea the Elder and Matei Basarab. These alternated "careful pledges of submission to law and the authorities" with "critical notes against injustice and abuse by those in power." Curie, meanwhile, opted not to return to his homeland, signing for the French Foreign Legion; he later settled in Moldavia. Those years also witnessed <mask>'s enthusiasm for political change in Wallachia: also in 1843, he published Prințul român ("The Romanian Prince"), which comprises encomiums for Gheorghe Bibescu, winner of the recent princely election. This was followed in 1847 by a similar work on Marițica Bibescu, published as Doamna Maria ("Lady Maria"). In 1845, he had also produced a third and expanded edition of his work on French grammar. He was nevertheless struggling to make ends meet.By 1847, his two Bucharest homes had been taken by his creditors, and Lucsița had prevented his access to her dowry. Despite his participation in the princely cult, <mask> was being driven into the camp opposing Bibescu's relative conservatism. He now "totally integrated" within the Romanian national movement, emerging as a member of the liberal conspiratorial society, Frăția. Historian Mircea Birtz hypothesizes that he was also initiated into the Romanian Freemasonry, but notes that the organization itself never claimed him. According to historian Dumitru Popovici, <mask> was aware of how his non-Romanianness clashed with revolutionary ideals; like Caragiale and Cezar Bolliac, he compensated with "grandiloquent gestures" that would display his affinities with locals. The poet reached his political prominence in June 1848, with the momentary victory of the Wallachian Revolution. During the original uprising, he agitated among Bucharest's citizens, reciting "revolutionary hymns".Following Bibescu's ouster, the Provisional Government established a National Guard, and organized a contest to select its commander. Papazoglu recalls that <mask> was the first Guard commander, elected by the Bucharest citizenry with an acclamation on the field of Filaret. Other accounts suggest that <mask> presented himself as a candidate, but lost to government favorite Scarlat Crețulescu, and was only appointed a regular member for one Bucharest's five defense committees. According to Aricescu, <mask> and Nicolae Teologu were supported by the populace, who gathered at Filaret to protest against Crețulescu's selection. This prompted the authorities to censure them with a proclamation against "anarchy"; as read by Aricescu, the document proved that <mask> and Teologu, as Heliade disciples, were less left-wing than Rosetti and other "demagogues", who made up most of the revolutionary cabinet. On July 7 (Old Style: June 25), Crețulescu resigned, freeing his seat for Aristia. According to Papazoglu, entire sections of the National Guard existed only on paper.Those that did exist comprised regular members of the city guilds in their work uniforms, who amused the populace with their poor military training. During his period as a revolutionary officer, <mask> himself helped carry out the clampdown on Bibescu loyalists. According to Heliade, the reactionary leader Ioan Solomon was captured by "Constantin <mask>, a colonel in the national guard, who enjoyed the People's great confidence". Heliade claims that <mask> saved Solomon from a near-lynching, ordering his protective imprisonment at Cernica. Another target of revolutionary vengeance was Grigore Lăcusteanu, whose memoirs recall an encounter with "<mask> (hitherto a demented acting coach) and one Apoloni, armed to their teeth, their hats festooned with feathers." Lăcusteanu also claims that he easily tricked <mask> into allowing him to lodge with a friend, Constantin A. Crețulescu, instead of being moved into an actual prison. Shortly after, <mask> resigned and was replaced with Teologu.He remained enlisted with the Guard, helping its new commander with the reorganization. According to one later record, <mask> also served as a revolutionary Prefect of Ilfov County (which included Bucharest). Învățătorul Satului, directed by the radical Nicolae Bălcescu from July 1848, employed the poet on its editorial team. Over three issues, it published his unabashed political essay, Despre libertate ("On Liberty"). In September, the Revolution itself took a more radical turn: at a public rally on September 18 (O. S.: September 6), Regulamentul Organic and Arhondologia (the register of titles and ranks) were publicly burned. <mask> and Bolliac participated in this event and gave "firebrand speeches." As reported by Colonel Voinescu, the conservative memoirist, the "ridiculous parody" was entirely organized by "a Greek man, namely C. <mask>".Voinescu muses: "What should we call such an act? Which nation has ever set fire to its own laws before even making herself some new ones! but there is some consolation in the knowledge that the chief leader of this display was a Greek." Imprisonment, deportation, and return
The drift into radicalism was finally curbed by a new Ottoman intervention, which ended the Revolution altogether. As leader of the occupation force, Mehmed Fuad Pasha ordered a roundup of revolutionaries. <mask> was imprisoned at Cotroceni Monastery, part of a prison population which also included Bălcescu, Bolliac, Rosetti, Ion C. Brătianu, Ștefan Golescu, Iosafat Snagoveanu, and various others; people less implicated in the events, such as Dimitrie Ghica, were released back into society. On September 24, Fuad and Constantin Cantacuzino signed an order to banish Aristia and other rebels from Wallachia.The early leg of his deportation journey was a boat trip up the Danube, alongside his fellow poet-revolutionary Dimitrie Bolintineanu, as well Bolliac, Snagoveanu, Ștefan Golescu, Nicolae Golescu, Alexandru Golescu-Albu, and Grigore Grădișteanu. Outside Vidin, <mask> wanted to pass the time by reciting from Saul, before being struck down by his Turkish guard—unfamiliar with theater, he feared that Aristia had gone insane. According to one account, <mask> was due to be executed alongside other radicals, but got hold of the firman and was able to modify its text before it reached his would-be executioners. Other reports note the intervention of United Kingdom diplomats, including Effingham Grant, who feared that Aristia and the others would end up as Ottoman prisoners in Istanbul, or handed over to the Russians. In October, Grant met the hostages near Vidin, noting that they were "in a most wretched state". Aristia was finally taken with the other exiles to Ada Kaleh, some 160 kilometers upstream, where the revolutionaries negotiated crossing into Austrian territory by way of Semlin—in effect, an escape from custody. Eventually, the group came ashore into a rural part of the Banat, controlled by local Romanians, who defended the Austrian cause against the breakaway Hungarian revolutionaries; Snagoveanu was able to persuade the peasants that the new arrivals, though revolutionary exiles, were not friends of the Hungarians, and that they could be granted safe conduct.The second part of the journey took <mask> into Austrian Transylvania, alongside Ion Ionescu de la Brad. The latter recalled in 1850: "I had the misfortune of spending 40 days on the Danube with this creature [Aristia], and then on our way to Brașov we almost wrestled over me jibing at Heliade and the Phanariotes." A committed supporter of Heliade's post-revolutionary faction, <mask> successively lived in Brașov, Paris, Istanbul, and Athens. In February 1849, "Provisional Government members and delegates of the Romanian emigration", including Heliade and Aristia, signed a letter of protest addressed primarily to the Frankfurt Parliament, asking for an international opposition to Russian intrusion into Wallachian political life. They asserted: "As tributaries of the Sublime Porte and [in that] autonomous, Romanians, having fulfilled all their obligations toward the Ottoman Court, can now only place themselves under the protections of those powers interested in Turkish independence." <mask> took Heliade's part in his conflict with fellow exile Bălcescu, accusing the latter of having squandered funds collected for the revolutionary cause. In July 1849, a common resolution by the Russian and Ottoman governments named him among the 34 individuals "who have taken part in the disorders of Wallachia", and whose entry in either Principality was to be prevented by force.A report by Alexandru Golescu-Arăpilă informs that in May 1850 <mask> was stranded in Vienna, unable to continue his European journeys after a financial "blunder". As noted by the same Arăpilă, such episodes did not prevent <mask> from presenting the financial situation of revolutionary cells in unrealistic terms, and to promise wonders (monts et merveilles). The poet had refused an offer of naturalization by Greece, and instead was seeking to follow Heliade's example and begin serving the Ottomans; for this reason, he traveled to Ruschuk. <mask> also made ample efforts to be allowed back into Wallachia—Bibescu's brother, Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei, was by then the country's reigning Prince. By July 1850, <mask> had written several letters to both Știrbei and his Ottoman supervisors asking that he and his wife be forgiven. These letters show that he had buried two children and had one living daughter, Aristeea Aristia, as "my only fortune in this world." Știrbei gave his approval, and on September 13 a decree was issued allowing him and his family to cross the border; they did so in 1851.He now helped establish the prototype

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