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<mask> (20 November 1901 – 28 May 1965) was an Australian writer, publisher and political activist, first aligned with communism and later shifting support towards far-right politics. He was the co-founder of the fascist Australia First Movement, alongside businessman William Miles, and he was the author of The Foundations of Culture in Australia. <mask> was born in Maryborough, Queensland, of Danish and Swiss descent. Studying his Bachelor of Arts degree at the University of Queensland, <mask> joined the Communist Party of Australia in 1921. Upon winning the Rhodes Scholarship in 1924 he left for England and joined the university branch of the Party. Graduating, he joined the Fanfrolico Press alongside fellow author Jack Lindsay, releasing an assortment of their own writings as well as translated works. After the press ceased operation, Stephensen established his own press, lasting only a year.During this time he cohabitated with former ballet dancer Winifred Sarah Venus (née Lockyer), whom he later married in 1947 following her first husband’s death. Upon returning to Australia with Winifred in 1932, Stephensen partnered with magazine The Bulletin to found another publishing press, the Endeavour Press, in the same year alongside fellow Norman Lindsay. Splitting from the press in 1933, he founded yet another press, P. R. Stephensen & Co., which published more Australian works before failing in 1935 due to financial stresses. Despite the repeated collapses of his publishing companies, Stephensen became a recognised figure in Australian literature, becoming vice-president of the Fellowship of Australian Writers. During the Moscow Trials, Stephensen became disillusioned with communism. In 1936 Stephensen penned his most famous work, The Foundations of Culture in Australia, sparking the emergence of the Jindyworobak movement. Founding the monthly publication The Publicist alongside businessman William Miles, he laid down the fundamental frameworks of the Australia First Movement, which the two established in October 1941.After five months of activity, Stephensen and his colleagues in the movement, suffragette Adela <mask> being among them, were detained by the Australian government. Being released after the war’s end, <mask> continued to write until his death in 1965. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 20 November 1901 in Maryborough, Queensland. He was the oldest of six children born to Marie-Louise Aimee (née Tardent) and Christian Julius (Chris) <mask>. The family lived on a small farm outside Biggenden, where his father was a wheelwright, farrier and coffin-maker; he later took over the town's general store. His father was the secretary of the local branch of the Workers' Political Organisation and his mother was the Biggenden correspondent for the Maryborough Chronicle. Stephensen's paternal grandparents were Danish immigrants who had arrived in Queensland in the 1870s, converting from Lutheranism to Anglicanism and anglicising their surname from the original "Steffensen".Their children rapidly assimilated into the local community and did not learn Danish. Stephensen's mother and maternal grandparents were immigrants from the Swiss French colony at Chabag, Russia (now Ukraine); his mother was bilingual in French and English. Stephensen's maternal grandfather Henry Tardent was an agricultural scientist who managed an experimental farm and later became a journalist and writer. Stephensen's youngest brother, Cyril Edward (Ted), served with the RAAF during World War II and was shot down over France and killed in May 1944. Stephensen learned to shoot and ride at a young age, as was typical at the time. He began his education at Biggenden Primary School and in 1914 placed within the top 100 students in the state secondary school examinations. This entitled him to a two-year government-funded scholarship, and in 1915 he began boarding at Maryborough Boys' Grammar School.The school's headmaster Noble Wallace was a strict disciplinarian and employed corporal punishment. Stephensen was nicknamed "Chicken" at school, due to his surname containing the word "hen". In his first year he had his wrist broken in a hazing ritual. He became a platoon leader in the school cadets and was also a talented sportsman, captaining the school's cricket and football teams and winning prizes for athletics. In 1916 he won a two-year extension to his scholarship by passing the junior public examination. <mask> was chosen as a prefect in 1918, his fourth and final year at the school. For a brief period he was taught by V. Gordon Childe, whose socialist and pacifist beliefs prompted community opposition and led to his early resignation.Towards the end of the year, Stephensen led a student boycott of the school's speech day, at which the annual prizes were to be handed out by the state treasurer Ted Theodore. The boycott was in protest at the sacking of Wallace by the board of trustees. In 1919, aged 17, Stephensen moved to Brisbane and enrolled in the University of Queensland. He was a fee-paying student as he had failed to win one of the few scholarships then available. He boarded at St John's College, where he soon received the nickname "Inky" for his habit of singing the chorus from "Mademoiselle from Armentières". Stephensen befriended Jack Lindsay, son of Norman Lindsay, who in turn introduced him to Theodore Whitherby. He also became involved with the Workers' Educational Association (WEA) and developed a friendship with <mask>, who would later become the only Communist Party MP elected to an Australian parliament.In June 1919 <mask>'s first published article in the University Magazine called for the "fostering of a national literature" and greater study of Australian poets, themes he would return to later in his career. <mask>  joined the Communist Party of Australia in 1921. He gained a second-class honours degree in Modern Greats at Queen's College, Oxford where he studied as a Rhodes Scholar and was a member of the university branch of the Communist Party with A. J. P. Taylor, Graham Greene and Tom Driberg. Literary work
<mask> was a friend of D. H. Lawrence and edited the first uncensored version of Lady Chatterley's Lover. He was also friendly with Aldous Huxley. His most significant work was The Foundations of Culture in Australia (1936), which led to the foundation of the Jindyworobak Movement. Between the world wars, his Fellowship of Australian Writers released a document that advocated disconnection with the United States and stated, "US comics promoted demonology, witchcraft and voodooism, with Superman part of a raving mad view of the world".Of American musicals and minstrel shows, he wrote: "the American negro, with his jungle is not welcome here". He was also noted for his anti-Semitic views in this period. However, <mask> was a supporter of Aboriginal rights, and he and his colleague, retired businessman W.J. Miles, financed the first Aboriginal publication, The Abo Call, written and edited by Aboriginal activist <mask>. He edited all but four of the books of writer Frank Clune. Far-right politics
In 1936, <mask> and Miles founded a magazine, The Publicist, which promulgated monarchical, pro-fascist, anti-Semitic, anti-Communist and pro-Aboriginal views. In the early 1940s, Miles curtailed his activities, due to increasing ill health.<mask> founded the Australia First Movement in October 1941, and took over the editorship of the magazine in early 1942, shortly before being interned without trial, along with other members of the Australia First Movement, for pro-Japanese and Axis sympathies. Bibliography
<mask> was a prolific author. He published over 30 books, as well as translations of works by Vladimir Lenin and Friedrich Nietzsche. He also produced nearly 70 books ghostwritten for Frank Clune. Non fiction
 The Bushwackers: Sketches of Life in the Australian Outback (London: Mandrake Press, [1929?]) The Legend of Aleister Crowley (London: Mandrake Press, 1930)
 The Foundations of Culture in Australia: An Essay Towards National Self Respect (Gordon, N.S.W. : W.J.Miles, 1936)
 The History and Description of Sydney Harbour (Adelaide: Rigby, 1966)

References

Further reading

1901 births
1965 deaths
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
Australian biographers
Male biographers
Australian human rights activists
Australian Rhodes Scholars
Australian translators
University of Queensland alumni
People from Maryborough, Queensland
Writers from Queensland
20th-century translators
20th-century biographers
Australian fascists
Australian indigenous rights activists
20th-century male writers
Australian people of Danish descent
Australian people of Swiss descent

masks:
Percy Reginald Stephensen
Stephensen
Stephensen
Pankhurst
Stephensen
Percy Reginald
Stephensen
Stephensen
Stephensen
Fred Paterson
Stephensen
Stephensen
Stephensen
Stephensen
Jack Patten
Stephensen
Stephensen
Stephensen


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<mask><mask><mask> (18 January 18157 December 1874) was a German biblical scholar. In 1844, he discovered the world's oldest and most complete Bible dated to around the mid-4th century and called Codex Sinaiticus  after the St. Catherine's Monastery at Mt. Sinai where Tischendorf discovered it. Tischendorf was made an Honorary Doctor by Oxford University on 16 March 1865, and an Honorary Doctor by Cambridge University on 9 March 1865 following this find of the century. While a student gaining his academic degree in the 1840s, he earned international recognition when he deciphered the Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus, a 5th-century Greek manuscript of the New Testament. Early life and education

Tischendorf was born in Lengenfeld, Saxony, near Plauen, the son of a physician. Beginning in 1834, he spent his scholarly career at the University of Leipzig where he was mainly influenced by JGB Winer, and he began to take special interest in New Testament criticism.Winer's influence gave him the desire to use the oldest manuscripts in order to compile the text of the New Testament as close to the original as possible. In 1838 he took the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, then became master at a school near Leipzig. After a journey through southern Germany and Switzerland, and a visit to Strassburg, he returned to Leipzig, and set to work upon a critical study of the New Testament text. Career
In 1840 he qualified as university lecturer in theology with a dissertation on the recensions of the New Testament text, the main part of which reappeared the following year in the prolegomena to his first edition of the Greek New Testament. His critical apparatus included variant readings from earlier scholars, Elsevier, Georg Christian Knapp, Johann Martin Augustin Scholz, and as recent as Karl Lachmann, whereby his research was emboldened to depart from the received text as used in churches. These early textual studies convinced him of the absolute necessity of new and more exact collations of manuscripts. From October 1840 until January 1843 he was in Paris, busy with the treasures of the Bibliothèque Nationale, eking out his scanty means by making collations for other scholars, and producing for the publisher, Firmin Didot, several editions of the Greek New Testament, one of them exhibiting the form of the text corresponding most closely to the Vulgate.His second edition retracted the more precarious readings of the first, and included a statement of critical principles that is a landmark for evolving critical studies of Biblical texts. A great triumph of these laborious months was the decipherment of the palimpsest Codex Ephraemi Syri Rescriptus, of which the New Testament part was printed before he left Paris, and the Old Testament in 1845. His success in dealing with a manuscript that, having been over-written with other works of Ephrem the Syrian, had been mostly illegible to earlier collators, made him more well known, and gained support for more extended critical expeditions. He now became professor extraordinarius at Leipzig, where he was married in 1845. He also began to publish Reise in den Orient, an account of his travels in the east (in 2 vols., 1845–46, translated as Travels in the East in 1847). Even though he was an expert in reading the text of a palimpsest (this is a document where the original writing has been removed and new writing added), he was not able to identify the value or meaning of the Archimedes Palimpsest, a torn leaf of which he held and after his death was sold to the Cambridge University Library. From Paris, he had paid short visits to the Netherlands (1841) and England (1842).In 1843 he visited Italy, and after a stay of thirteen months, went on to Egypt, Sinai, and the Levant, returning via Vienna and Munich. Discovery of the Codex Sinaiticus Bible manuscripts

In 1844 Tischendorf travelled the first time to Saint Catherine's Monastery at the foot of Mount Sinai in Egypt, where he found a portion of what would later be hailed as the oldest complete known New Testament. Of the many pages which were contained in an old wicker basket (the kind that the monastery hauled in its visitors as customary in unsafe territories) he was given 43 pages containing a part of the Old Testament as a present. He donated those 43 pages to King Frederick Augustus II of Saxony (reigned 1836–1854), to honour him and to recognise his patronage as the funder of Tischenforf's journey. (Tischendorf held a position as Theological Professor at Leipzig University, also under the patronage of Frederick Augustus II.) Leipzig University put two of the leaves on display in 2011. Tischendorf reported in his 1865 book Wann Wurden Unsere Evangelen Verfasst, translated to English in 1866 as  When Were Our Gospels Written in the section "The Discovery of the Sinaitic Manuscript" that he found, in a trash basket, forty-three sheets of parchment of an ancient copy of the Greek Old Testament, reporting that the monks were using the trash to start fires.And Tischendorf, horrified, asked if he could have them. He deposited them at the University of Leipzig, under the title of the Codex Friderico-Augustanus, a name given in honour of his patron, Frederick Augustus II of Saxony, king of Saxony. The fragments were published in 1846, although Tischendorf kept the place of discovery a secret. Many have expressed skepticism at the historical accuracy of this report of saving a 1500-year-old parchment from the flames. J. Rendel Harris referred to the story as a myth. The Tischendorf Lesebuch (see References) quotes that the Librarian Kyrillos mentioned to Tischendorf that the contents of the basket had already twice been submitted to the fire. The contents of the baskets were damaged scriptures, the third filling apparently, so cited by Tischendorf himself.[see <mask> Lesebuch, Tischendorf's own account]. In 1853 Tischendorf made a second trip to the Syrian monastery but made no new discoveries. He returned a third time in January 1859 under the patronage of Tsar Alexander II of Russia with the active aid of the Russian government to find more of the Codex Frederico-Augustanus or similar ancient Biblical texts. On 4 February, the last day of his visit, he was shown a text which he recognized as significant – the Codex Sinaiticus – a Greek manuscript of the complete New Testament and parts of the Old Testament dating to the 4th century. Tischendorf persuaded the monks to present the manuscript to Tsar Alexander II of Russia, at the cost of the Tsar it was published in 1862 (in four folio volumes). Those ignorant of the details of his discovery of the Codex Sinaiticus accused Tischendorf of buying manuscripts from ignorant monastery librarians at low prices. Indeed, he was never rich, but he staunchly defended the rights of the monks at Saint Catherine's Monastery when he persuaded them eventually to send the manuscript to the Tsar.This took approximately 10 years because the abbot of St Catherines had to be re-elected and confirmed in office in Cairo and in Jerusalem, and during those 10 years no one in the monastery had the authority to hand over any documents. However the documents were handed over in due course following a signed and sealed letter to the Tsar Alexander II (Schenkungsurkunde). Even so, the monks of Mt. Sinai still display a receipt-letter from Tischendorf promising to return the manuscript to them in the case that the donation can not be done. This token-letter had to be destroyed, following the late issue of a "Schenkungsurkunde". This donation act regulated the Codex exchange with the Tsar, against 9000 Rubels and Rumanian estate protection. The Tsar was seen as the protector of Greek-Orthodox Christians.Thought lost since the Russian revolution, the document (Schenkungsurkunde) has now resurfaced in St Petersburg 2003, and has also been long before commented upon by other scholars like Kurt Aland. The monastery has disputed the existence of the gift certificate (Schenkungsurkunde) since the British Library was named as the new owner of the Codex. Now following the late find of the gift certificate by the National Russian Library the existence cannot be disputed in earnest. In 1869 the Tsar awarded Tischendorf the style of "von" Tischendorf as a Russian noble. 327 facsimile editions of the Codex were printed in Leipzig for the Tsar (instead of a salary for the three-year work of Tischendorf the Tsar gave him 100 copies for reselling) in order to celebrate the 1000th anniversary of the traditional foundation of the Rus' state in 862 with the publication of this most amazing find. Supporting the production of the facsimile, all made with special print characters for each of the 4 scribes of the Codex Sinaiticus, was shift work and contributed to Tischendorf's early demise due to exhausting work for months also during nights. Thus the Codex found its way to the Imperial Library at St. Petersburg.When the 4-volume luxury edition of the Sinai Bible was completed in 1862, C. Tischendorf presented the original ancient manuscript to Emperor Alexander II. Meanwhile, the question of transferring the manuscript to the full possession of the Russian Sovereign remained unresolved for some years. In 1869, the new Archbishop of Sinai, Callistratus, and the monastic community, signed the official certificate presenting the manuscript to the Tsar. The Russian Government, in turn, bestowed the Monastery with 9000 rubles and decorated the Archbishop and some of the brethren with orders. In 1933 the Soviet Government sold the Codex Sinaiticus for 100,000 pounds to the British Museum in London, England. The official certificate with signatures in Russian/ French/ Greek sections has been refound in St Petersburg. Novum Testamentum Graece – publication with 21 editions

In the winter of 1849 the first edition of his great work now titled Novum Testamentum Graece.Ad antiquos testes recensuit. Apparatum criticum multis modis appeared (translated as Greek New Testament. The ancient witnesses reviewed. Preparations critical in many ways), containing canons of criticism, adding examples of their application that are applicable to students today:

Basic rule: "The text is only to be sought from ancient evidence, and especially from Greek manuscripts, but without neglecting the testimonies of versions and fathers." "A reading altogether peculiar to one or another ancient document is suspicious; as also is any, even if supported by a class of documents, which seems to evince that it has originated in the revision of a learned man." "Readings, however well supported by evidence, are to be rejected, when it is manifest (or very probable) that they have proceeded from the errors of copyists." "In parallel passages, whether of the New or Old Testament, especially in the Synoptic Gospels, which ancient copyists continually brought into increased accordance, those testimonies are

masks:
Lobegott Friedrich Constantin (
von
) Tischendorf
Tischendorf


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 preferable, in which precise accordance of such parallel passages is not found; unless, indeed, there are important reasons to the contrary.""In discrepant readings, that should be preferred which may have given occasion to the rest, or which appears to comprise the elements of the others." "Those readings must be maintained which accord with New Testament Greek, or with the particular style of each individual writer." These were partly the result of the tireless travels he had begun in 1839 in search of unread manuscripts of the New Testament, "to clear up in this way," he wrote, "the history of the sacred text, and to recover if possible the genuine apostolic text which is the foundation of our faith." In 1850 appeared his edition of the Codex Amiatinus (in 1854 corrected) and of the Septuagint version of the Old Testament (7th ed., 1887); in 1852, amongst other works, his edition of the Codex Claromontanus. Meanwhile, also in 1859, he had been made professor ordinarius of theology and of Biblical paleography, this latter professorship being specially created for him; and another book of travel, Aus dem heiligen Lande, appeared in 1862. Tischendorf's Eastern journeys were rich enough in other discoveries to merit the highest praise. Besides his fame as a scholar, he was a friend of both Robert Schumann, with whom he corresponded, and Felix Mendelssohn, who dedicated a song to him.His text critical colleague Samuel Prideaux Tregelles wrote warmly of their mutual interest in textual scholarship. His personal library, purchased after his death, eventually came to the University of Glasgow, where a commemorative exhibition of books from his library was held in 1974 and can be accessed by the public. He died in Leipzig on 7 December 1874. Codex Sinaiticus

The Codex Sinaiticus contains a 4th-century manuscript of New Testament texts. Two other Bibles of similar age exist, though they are less complete: Codex Vaticanus in the Vatican Library and Codex Alexandrinus, currently owned by the British Library. The Codex Sinaiticus is deemed by some to be the most important surviving New Testament manuscript, as no older manuscript is as nearly complete as the Codex. The codex can be viewed in the British Library in London, or as a digitized version on the Internet.Tischendorf's motivation

Throughout his life Tischendorf sought old biblical manuscripts, as he saw it as his task to give theology a Greek New Testament which was based on the oldest possible scriptures. He intended to be as close as possible to the original sources. Tischendorf's greatest discovery was in the monastery of Saint Catherine on the Sinai Peninsula, which he visited in May 1844, and again in 1853 and 1859 (as Russian envoy). In 1862 Tischendorf published the text of the Codex Sinaiticus for the 1000th Anniversary of the Russian Monarchy in both an illustrious four-volume facsimile edition and in a less costly text edition, to enable all scholars to have access to the Codex. Tischendorf pursued a constant course of editorial labours, mainly on the New Testament, until he was broken down by overwork in 1873. His motive, as explained in a publication on Tischendorf's Letter by Prof. Christfried Boettrich (Leibzig University, Prof. of Theology), was to prove scientifically that the words of the Bible were trustfully transmitted over centuries. :de:Christfried Böttrich

Works

His magnum opus was the "Critical Edition of the New Testament."The great edition, of which the text and apparatus appeared in 1869 and 1872, was called by himself editio viii; but this number is raised to twenty or twenty-one, if mere reprints from stereotype plates and the minor editions of his great critical texts are included; posthumous prints bring the total to forty-one. Four main recensions of <mask>'s text may be distinguished, dating respectively from his editions of 1841, 1849, 1859 (ed. vii), and 1869–72 (ed. viii). The edition of 1849 may be regarded as historically the most important, from the mass of new critical material it used; that of 1859 is distinguished from Tischendorf's other editions by coming nearer to the received text; in the eighth edition, the testimony of the Sinaitic manuscript received great (probably too great) weight. The readings of the Vatican manuscript were given with more exactness and certainty than had been possible in the earlier editions, and the editor had also the advantage of using the published labours of his colleague and friend Samuel Prideaux Tregelles. Of relatively lesser importance was Tischendorf's work on the Greek Old Testament.His edition of the Roman text, with the variants of the Alexandrian manuscript, the Codex Ephraemi, and the Friderico-Augustanus, was of service when it appeared in 1850, but, being stereotyped, was not greatly improved in subsequent issues. Its imperfections, even within the limited field it covers, may be judged by the aid of Eberhard Nestle's appendix to the 6th issue (1880). Besides this may be mentioned editions of the New Testament apocrypha, De Evangeliorum apocryphorum origine et usu (1851); Acta Apostolorum apocrypha (1851); Evangelia apocrypha (1853; 2nd ed., 1876); Apocalypses apocryphae (1866), and various minor writings, partly of an apologetic character, such as Wann wurden unsere Evangelien verfasst? (When Were Our Gospels Written? ; 1865; 4th ed., 1866, digitized by Google and available for e-readers), Haben wir den echten Schrifttext der Evangelisten und Apostel? (1873), and Synopsis evangelica (7th ed., 1898). Facsimile of manuscripts
 Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus, sive Fragmenta Novi Testamenti, Lipsiae 1843
 Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus, sive Fragmenta Veteris Testamenti, Lipsiae 1845
 Notitia editionis codicis Bibliorum Sinaitici (Leipzig 1860)
 Anecdota sacra et profana (Leipzig 1861)

Editions of Novum Testamentum Graece
 Novum Testamentum Graece.Editio stereotypa secunda, (Lipsiae 1862)
 Novum Testamentum Graece. Editio Quinta, Lipsiae 1878
 Novum Testamentum Graece. Editio Septima, Lipsiae 1859

Editio Octava
 Gospels: Novum Testamentum Graece: ad antiquissimos testes denuo recensuit, apparatum criticum omni studio perfectum, vol. I (1869)
 Acts–Revelation: Novum Testamentum Graece. Editio Octava Critica Maior, vol. II (1872)
 Prolegomena I–VI: Novum Testamentum Graece. Editio Octava Critica Maior, vol.III, Part 1 (1884)
 Prolegomena VII–VIII: Novum Testamentum Graece. Editio Octava Critica Maior, vol. III, Part 2 (1890)
 Prolegomena IX–XIII: Novum Testamentum Graece. Editio Octava Critica Maior, vol. III, Part 3 (1894)
 Novum Testamentum graece: recensionis Tischendorfianae ultimae textum. Lipsiae 1881

LXX
 Vetus Testamentum Graece iuxta LXX interpretes: Vetus Testamentum Graece iuxta LXX (Volume 1)
Vetus Testamentum Graece iuxta LXX interpretes: Vetus Testamentum Graece iuxta LXX (Volume 2)

His publications continued

 Doctrina Pauli apostoli de vi mortis Christi satisfactoria. Leipzig, 1837 Google
 Fritz der junge Mystiker, oder die drei letzten Festzeiten aus seinem Leben...: eine biographische Skizze.Leipzig, [1839]
 Disputatio de Christo, pane vitae, sive de loco Evang. Ioann. c. VI. vv. 5159 Leipzig, 1839
 Die Geissler: namentlich die große Geißelfahrt nach Straßburg im Jahre 1349. Leipzig, 1840
 De ev. Matth.c. 19. v. 16 et 39. Leipzig, 1840
 De recensionibus quas dicunt textus Novi Testamenti ratione potissimum habita Scholzii: dissertatio historica exegetica critica. Leipzig, 1840 [Hochschulschrift]
 Novum Testamentum Graece / Ad Antiquos Testes Recensuit Lectionesque Variantes Elzeviriorum Stephani Griesbachii Notavit Constantinus Tischendorf. Paris, 1842
 Hē Kainē Diathēkē / In Antiquis Testibus Textum Versionis Vulgatae Latinae Indagavit Lectionesque Variantes Stephani Et Griesbachii Notavit V. S. Venerabili Jager in Consilium Adhibito Constantinus Tischendorf. Paris, 1842
 Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus sive fragmenta utriusque testamenti. T.1. Fragmenta Veteris testamenti, T. 2.Fragmenta Novi testamenti. Leipzig, 1843
 Weihnachtspredigt ... in Lengefeld. Leipzig, 1845
 Monumenta sacra inedita sive reliquiae antiquissimae textus Novi testamenti Graeci: ex novum plus mille annorum codicibus per Europam dispersis. Leipzig, 1846
 Codex Friderico-Augustanus sive fragmenta Veteris Testamenti: e codice Graeco, omnium qui in Europa supersunt facile antiquissimo; in Oriente detexit, in patriam attulit. Leipzig, 1846
 De Israelitarum per mare rubrum transitu: cum tabula. Leipzig, 1847
 Evangelium Palatinum ineditum sive reliquiae textus Evangeliorum Latini ante Hieronymum versi: ex Codice Palatino Purpureo quarti vel quinti p. Chr. saeculi.Leipzig, 1847
 Der Geist der Wahrheit: Zeitpredigt am Sonntag Cantate den 6. Mai 1849 in der Universitätskirche zu Leipzig gehalten. Leipzig, 1849
 Novum Testamentum: Latine interprete Hieronymo; ex celeberrimo codice Amiatino omnium et antiquissimo et praestantissimo. Leipzig, 1850
 Acta apostolorum apocrypha. Leipzig, 1851 Google
 Synopsis evangelica: ex quattuor evangeliis ordine chronologico concinnavit. Leipzig, 1851 Google-USA* (5. Aufl.1884)
 De evangeliorum apocryphorum origine et usu. In: Verhandelingen / uitg. door het Haagsche Genootschap tot Verdediging van de christelijke Godsdienst, Bd. 12, Den Haag, 1851
 Codex Claromontanus sive Epistulae Pauli omnes Graece et Latine: ex Codice Parisiensi celeberrimo nomine Claromontani plerumque dicto sexti ut videtur post Christum saeculi. Leipzig, 1852
 Evangelia apocrypha: adhibitis plurimis codicibus graecis et latinis maximam partem nunc primum consultis atque ineditorum copia insignibus. Leipzig, 1853 Google Editio Altera 1874: Google-USA*
 Novum Testamentum Triglottum: graece, latine, germanice; graecum textum addito lectionum variarum delectu recensuit, latinum Hieronymi notata Clementina lectione ex auctoritate codicum restituit, germanicum ad pristinam lutheranae editionis veritatem revocavit. Leipzig, 1854
 Anecdota sacra et profana ex oriente et occidente allata sive notitia codicum Graecorum, Arabicorum, Syriacorum, Copticorum, Hebraicorum, Aethiopicorum, Latinorum: cum excerptis multis maximam partem Graecis et 35 scripturarum antiquissimarum speciminibus.Leipzig, 1855 Google Editio repetita 1861: Michigan, Google, Google
 Pastor: Graece; ex fragmentis Lipsiensibus. Leipzig, 1856
 Novum Testamentum Graece et Latine: Graecum textum addito lectionum variarum delectu rec. ; Latinum Hieronymi notata Clementina lectione ex auct. codicum. Leipzig, 1858
 Notitia editionis Codicis Bibliorum Sinaitici auspiciis imperatoris Alexandri II. susceptae. Leipzig, 1860
 Aus dem heiligen Lande: nebst fünf Abbildungen in Holzschnitt und einer lithographirten Tafel.Leipzig, 1862
 Vorworte zur sinaitischen Bibelhandschrift zu St. Petersburg : unter den Auspicien seiner Kaiserlichen Maiestät Alexander II. dem Dunkel entzogen, nach Europa überbracht, zur Hebung und Verherrlichung christlicher


text_chunks:
 Wissenschaft. Leipzig, 1862
 Novum Testamentum Sinaiticum sive Novum Testamentum cum Epistola Barnabae et Fragmentis Pastoris : ex codice Sinaitico ... Leipzig, 1863
 Die Anfechtungen der Sinai-Bibel. Leipzig, 1865 Google
 Aus Dem Heiligen Lande. Leipzig, 1865 Google
 Wann wurden unsere Evangelien verfasst? Leipzig, 1865 Google, 2. Expl.Google
 Novum Testamentum Graece: ex sinaitico codice omnium antiquissimo vaticana itemque Elzeviriana lectione notata. Leipzig, 1865
 Apocalypses apocryphae Mosis, Esdrae, Pauli, Johannis, item Mariae Dormitio: additis Evangeliorum et actuum Apocryphorum supplementis. Leipzig, 1866 Internet Archive Internet Archive
 Appendix Codicum celeberrimorum Sinaitici, Vaticani, Alexandrini cum imitatione ipsorum antiqua manu scriptorum. Leipzig, 1867
 Philonea: inedita altera, altera nunc demum recte ex vetere scriptura eruta. Leipzig, 1868 Internet Archive
 Responsa ad calumnias romanas: item supplementum novi testamenti ex sinaitico codice anno 1865 editi. Leipzig, 1870
 Novum Testamentum graece: ad antiquissimos testes denuo recensuit, apparatum. Leipzig, 1869–1872.1. Band 1869 Google-USA*, 2. Band 1872 Google-USA*
 Die Sinaibibel, ihre Entdeckung, Herausgabe und Erwerbung. Leipzig, 1871 Google-USA*
 Die evangelische Alliance-Deputation an Kaiser Alexander zu Friedrichshafen: zur Abwehr der groben Entstellungen und Verleumdungen des Herrn von Wurstemberger (zu Bach bei Bern). Leipzig, 1872
 Clementis Romani epistulae. Ad ipsius codicis alexandrini fidem ac modum repetitis curis edidit <mask> de Tischendorf. Leipzig, 1873.Internet Archive
 Haben wir den ächten Schrifttext der Evangelisten und Apostel? Leipzig, 1873 Google-USA* (2. Aufl.) Liber Psalmorum: hebraicus atque latinus ab Hieronymo ex hebraeo conversus. Leipzig, 1874

Cooperation

 Textum ... recensuit, brevem apparatum criticum una cum variis lectionibus Elzevirorum, Knapii, Scholzii, Lachmanni subjunxit, argumenta et locos parallelos indicavit, commentationem ... edd. Stephanicae tertiae atque Millianae, Matthaeianae, Griesbachianae praemisit Aenoth. Frid.Const. Tischendorf. Leipzig, 1841
 Clementinorum Epitomae duae: altera edita correctior, inedita altera nunc primum integra ex codicibus Romanis et excerptis Tischendorfianis, cura Alberti Rud. Max. Dressel. Accedunt Friderici Wieseleri Adnotationes criticae ad Clementis Romani quae feruntur homilias. Leipzig, 1859 Internet Archive
 Ad Vetus Testamentum Graecum ex auctoritate Sixti V. Pont.Max. a. 1587 editum a Leandro van Ess quoad textum accuratissime recusum trecentis annis post editionem originalem novis curis iteratum prolegomena et epilegomena. Bredt, 1887
 Novum Testamentum : <mask> Tischendorf: griechisch, lateinisch, englisch, Ostervald: französisch, Martin Luther, DeWette, Richard Nagel: deutsch ... Hrsg. Eugen Niethe Berlin, 1891

Second Author

 Ezra Abbot: The late Professor Tischendorf. Aus: The Unitarian Review and Religious Magazine. März 1875 (Festschrift Konstantin von Tischendorf)
 Caspar René Gregory: Tischendorf, Lobegott Friedrich Constantin.In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. Band 38. Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1894, S. 371–373

See also
 List of New Testament papyri
 List of New Testament uncials
 Agnes and Margaret Smith
 Editio Octava Critica Maior

Footnotes

References
 Black, Matthew, and Robert Davidson, <mask> <mask>rf and the Greek New Testament Glasgow: University of Glasgow Press, 1981. Christfried Böttrich: "One Story – Different Perspectives. The Case of the Codex Sinaiticus", in: Codex Sinaiticus - New Perspectives on the Ancient Biblical Manuscript, Scot McKendrick, David Parker, Amy David Myshrall, Cillian O'Hogan (Hg. ), London 2015 (Papers from the Sinaticus-Conference July 2009 in the British Library London). In addition to the handbooks on New Testament criticism, Carl Bertheau's article on Tischendorf in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie (3rd ed., 1907)

 THE HISTORY OF THE ACQUISITION OF THE SINAI BIBLE BY THE RUSSIAN GOVERNMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF RECENT FINDINGS IN RUSSIAN ARCHIVES1, A.V.Zakharova
 Bibliographie <mask> Tischendorf (1815–1874), Christfried Bőttrich
 Tischendorf Lesebuch, Christfried Bőttrich, 1999
 Tischendorf Erinnerungen, Ludwig Schneller, Verlag der St-Johannis Druckerei, Schweickhardt, Lahr-Dinglingen, 1991
 Various Tischendorf publications from Christfried Bőttrich

External links

 Tischendorf. V. Various Works. Codices, Synoptics, Testaments, Anecdotes, Criticism. 12 vols. 1845–1880
 Monumenta sacra inedita. Nova Collectio, 1–6 volumes (1857–1870) at the Internert Archive
Tischendorf Internet Archive

Sortable articles
 Works by Von Tischendorf in English at CCEL
 Tischendorf's eighth Greek New Testament with morphological tags and lemmas
 Comparison of Tischendorf's 8th GNT text with other manuscript editions on the Manuscript Comparator
 A digital edition of the Evangelia Apocrypha document written in Latin and Greek, in pdf format. Novum Testamentum graece (1859)
 Complete Apparatus, 8th Version in pdf –

1815 births
1874 deaths
People from Lengenfeld
People from the Kingdom of Saxony
German untitled nobility
German Christian theologians
19th-century German theologians
German biblical scholars
New Testament scholars
Textual scholarship
German male non-fiction writers
19th-century male writers
Leipzig University alumni
Leipzig University faculty
Commanders of the Order of Franz Joseph
Order of the Polar Star
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna
Chevaliers of the Légion

masks:
Constantinus
Constantin
Constantin
von Tischendo
Konstantin von


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<mask> (; born 1 June 1944) is an English actor who is known for the title roles in Mahler (1974) and Jesus of Nazareth (1977), and for his portrayal of secret agent Richard Hannay in The Thirty Nine Steps (1978) and its subsequent spinoff television series. Other major screen roles have included Tobias "Toby" Wren in the BBC science-fiction programme Doomwatch (1970), David Briggs in the sitcom The Detectives (1993–1997) alongside Jasper Carrott, and Mark Williams in the medical drama Holby City (2005–2011). His distinctive voice has become well known in advertisements and documentaries, especially in World War II documentaries including World War II in HD Colour, Hitler's Bodyguard, The Story of the Third Reich and Secrets of World War II. <mask> has been nominated for a BAFTA Award and won a Best Actor Award from the Venice Film Festival. Early life
<mask> was born in Salford, Lancashire, the son of Kathleen (née Davis) and <mask>. He was educated at Manchester Grammar School (then a direct grant grammar school), and studied law at the University of Manchester. Career
<mask> took up acting while an undergraduate, although he had already appeared as a teenager in The Adventures of Samuel Poppleton on BBC Radio Children's Hour from the North of England in Manchester, where he came under the guidance of producer, Trevor Hill, as detailed in Hill's autobiography, Over the Airwaves.He secured a post at a repertory theatre in Stoke-on-Trent. His first film part was in Robbery (1967), which starred Stanley Baker and was about the Great Train Robbery, in which he played the second man or locomotive driver's assistant. He had a small role in the original film version of The Italian Job (1969) playing one of the gang, but had to wait a few years for his first success, playing scientist Toby Wren in the BBC's science fiction series, Doomwatch in 1970. Having been killed off in Doomwatch right at the end of Series One in a bomb explosion, at his request, <mask> became a pin-up and a household name, following up with starring roles in several BBC serials, including television adaptations of the novels Sentimental Education (1970) and Jude the Obscure (1971). In 1972–1973 he portrayed Charles Rolls in the miniseries The Edwardians. He starred in the very first episode of the British series Thriller in 1973. He also appeared in the 1975 series Looking for Clancy, based on the Frederic Mullally novel Clancy.For several years <mask> continued as a television regular, with occasional forays into film, as the Austrian composer Gustav Mahler in the Ken Russell biopic Mahler (1974) and Captain Walker in Russell's film version of Tommy (1975). His role in Tommy had few lines, speaking only during the overture with Ann-Margret, he is primarily seen through the mind of his son as played by Barry Winch (Young Tommy) and Roger Daltrey. He then played Jesus of Nazareth in Jesus of Nazareth (1977) following a successful second audition with Franco Zeffirelli. The four-part television film had an all-star cast, including Laurence Olivier as Nicodemus, Ernest Borgnine as the Roman Centurion, Stacy Keach as Barabbas, Christopher Plummer as Herod Antipas, Michael York as John the Baptist, Ian McShane as Judas Iscariot, Rod Steiger as Pontius Pilate and James Mason as Joseph of Arimathea. For this role, <mask> was nominated for a BAFTA award, and collected the TVTimes Best Actor award for the same performance. His completist performance is frequently considered one of the best portrayals of Christ. In 1978, <mask> took the leading role of Richard Hannay in the third film version of The Thirty Nine Steps.It met with modest success, and critics compared <mask>'s portrayal of John Buchan's character favourably with those of his predecessors. His characterisation proved to be enduring, as almost ten years later a television series entitled simply Hannay appeared with <mask> back in the role (although the Buchan short stories on which the series was based were set in an earlier period than The Thirty-Nine Steps). Hannay ran for two seasons. In 1980, <mask> appeared in the film Harlequin playing the Harlequin of the title, who seems to have the power to cure the son of a powerful politician. For this performance, he won the Best Actor Award at the Paris Film Festival. In 1982, he won Best Actor at the Venice Film Festival for his role in Imperativ. In 1984, <mask> made his U.S. film debut in What Waits Below (also known as Secrets of the Phantom Caverns).In 1986, <mask> narrated and co-starred in William C. Faure's miniseries Shaka Zulu, with Henry Cele in the title role. In 1992, he starred in the New Zealand World War I film Chunuk Bair, as Sgt Maj Frank Smith. In 1993–95, he was the voice actor of Dr Livesey in The Legends of Treasure Island. <mask> then agreed to a request from his old friend and golf partner, comedian Jasper Carrott, taking the part of an incompetent detective in a succession of sketches that formed part of Carrott's television series. The Detectives proved to be popular and was later turned into a sitcom, <mask>'s first and only venture into this genre. <mask>'s distinctive voice is frequently heard on voice-overs, advertisements and as a narrator of television programmes such as Great Crimes and Trials and The Century of Warfare and World War II in HD Colour. He read the novel Love in the Time of Cholera by Gabriel García Márquez for BBC Radio 4's Book at Bedtime, and has also narrated many audio books including The Thirty Nine Steps, abridged versions of many of Alan Garner's books, and several abridged novels for The Talking Classics Collection.<mask> has also lent his voice to musical works, such as David Bedford's album The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, or the 2002 rock opera The Hound of the Baskervilles, by Clive Nolan and Oliver Wakeman, where he played the role of John Watson. He also narrated on two rock albums by Rick Wakeman called Cost of Living and The Gospels (1987). On 29 October 2001, a state-of-the-art theatre named after him was opened at the University of Salford. He became a patron of 24:7 Theatre Festival in 2004, and continues to operate in this capacity. In early 2005 he became a regular in the UK TV medical drama, Holby City, where he remained for six years before departing to return to theatre. On 9 February 2008, he performed as narrator in Prokofiev's Peter and the Wolf with the Huddersfield Philharmonic Orchestra with conductor Natalia Luis-Bassa in the North of England. In 2008–09, <mask> was series announcer, (19 episodes), on BBC4's The Book Quiz.In 2005 <mask> began appearing in the BBC soap opera Holby City, as a hospital administrator. He said that regular employment in the series helped him make up financial losses caused by the failure of the pension fund he held with The Equitable Life Assurance Society. On Easter Sunday 1 April 2018, he appeared in a Smithsonian Channel Documentary Series based on his portrayal of the Franco Zeffirelli mini-series Jesus of Nazareth titled, The Real Jesus of Nazareth, narrated by Judd Hirsch. Based in Israel, it covered the life of Jesus juxtaposed with segments of the film series in which <mask> starred in 1977. The characters who appeared in the film are also discussed and their historical significance uncovered. The series covered 4 segments, each one hour in length dealing with historical elements of the story along with <mask> interviewing biblical historians such as Helen Bond and Candida Moss. The 1977 starring differed in more points from the Gospel's historical account: the Virgin Mary without the angel of the Annunciation, Jude the Iscariot's regret immediately after the arrest of Jesus, as well as Jesus who brings the sole horizontal branch of the Holy Cross on the Calvary.Personal life
<mask> met his future wife, the Pan's People dancer Barbara "Babs" Lord, backstage at the BBC. In 1975, shortly before he was due to start filming for Jesus of Nazareth on location in Tunisia, the couple were married. On 23 November 1977, they had their son, Barney, followed in 1979 by a daughter, Kate. The couple later took up sailing as a pastime. Babs participated in the BT Global Yacht Challenge and the Polar race. Both took part, in different yachts, in a round-the-world race in 2000, though <mask> himself was present for only one leg of the race. <mask> was a founder member of the Social Democratic Party in 1981, and campaigned alongside Barry Norman on behalf of the party's first leader, Roy Jenkins.Filmography

Other work
In 1995, <mask> was one of the readers of Edward Lear poems on a specially made spoken word audio CD bringing together a collection of Lear's nonsense songs. He provided the narration for Clive Nolan and Oliver Wakeman’s 2002 adaption of The Hound of the Baskervilles as a Progressive Rock album. References

External links

 <mask>'s Holby City profile at What's on TV

1944 births
Alumni of the University of Manchester
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
English male voice actors
Living people
People educated at Manchester Grammar School
Male actors from Salford
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors

masks:
Robert Powell
Powell
Powell
John Wilson Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
Powell
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Powell
Powell
Robert Powell


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<mask> (born 2 May 1964 in Penge, England) is a comedian, writer, actor and comedy historian. A situational comic, <mask> is known for his observations about health matters, including his experiences with diabetes, cancer and kidney surgery. Career
Vinvent developed an interest in acting when, as a child, he took the part of the Artful Dodger in a locally produced Oliver. He worked as an actor from the age of seven, if any show required an "urchin" "messenger" or " Winslow Boy" he was available. At the age of 18 while performing in a show that required Circus skills he learnt to juggle and unicycle. Smitten by these new accomplishments he travelled to Paris and trained as a clown, <mask> started travelling the world appearing at circus and theatre festivals as busker 'Arry Pavarotti. Following his stand-up debut in Georgia and Alabama, <mask> made appearance in other US states.The pinnacle of this period was opening for Bob Hope in Columbus, Ohio in 1992. Thereafter, <mask> returned home to the comedy circuit of the UK. Subsequent appearances have included a Saturday night show on Channel 4, nine sell-out runs at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, numerous radio shows, the presenter of two award-nominated television programmes, regular appearances on daytime panel games and even an appearance as himself in the children's drama Byker Grove. <mask> began to incorporate more material about himself into his comedy routine after his diagnosis with cancer and the removal of a 7 lb. tumor from his kidney in 2002, having in earlier shows received positive audience response from earlier references to his diabetes and a knee injury. He later incorporated the material into an award winning TV show for BBC, Hurrah for Cancer. <mask> started working with Marcus Brigstocke in 2005 on the BBC Four show The Late Edition.The first live topical show on the BBC for many years. The pair took a live version of the show to the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 2006 and since then have performed "The Early Edition" at many of the leading UK festivals. "The Early Edition" performed its last show at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe on 25 August 2012. After 7 years of Theatres and Festivals Andre & Marcus have called time on one of the most interesting live shows ever created. In 2007 <mask> launched a new show with fellow comic Phill Jupitus. In "Waiting For Alice", the pair play Tweedledum and Tweedledee, sitting around and contemplating their wonderland and what may lie outside. The Winter of 2009 found <mask> re-treading the boards in his first Pantomime in 26 years, in "Robin Hood" at the Theatre Royal, Norwich.He then returned to the same theatre for 2010 to play Billy Trott in "Jack & The Beanstalk and again in 2011, this time playing Muddles Pickles in "Sleeping Beauty"; In 2012 he returns to the Theatre Royal to play Wishee Washee in "Aladdin". The pinnacle of his Pantomime work was the 2015/16 season. Playing Buttons in "Cinderella" at the Manchester Opera House with ice skating legends Torvill and Dean. The 2017/18 Pantomime season found <mask> at the Palace Theatre, Redditch this time in "Snow White" and also a first for him as he played the Dame. The 2018/19 Season had him back in a frock, this time playing Dame Trott in "Jack & the Beanstalk" at the Bridlington Spa. Continuing to frock up as Dame, the 2019/20 pantomime season found André as Dolly Doolittle in “Snow White” at  Leas Cliff Hall in Folkestone. In 2010 he could be seen in the films Believe: The Eddie Izzard Story and The People vs. George Lucas.In 2011 <mask> created a new show for the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, PokerMen, an interesting chat show with a difference. <mask> would give 3 comics £60 but that would be their stake money in an hour game of poker, consequently one of them would walk away with £240 but within the hour would be trash-talk, shouting, jokes, arguments but was always good fun . Also this year he played Oliver Hardy in Laurel & Hardy at York Theatre Royal. In 2012 <mask> appeared in 2 more films: No Prisoners and the highly acclaimed Scottish indie movie Electric Man. In 2015 <mask> began teaching BA Applied Drama undergraduates in stand-up comedy at St Mary's University in SW London. This annually-recurring role has led to several alumni becoming cabaret performers. In 2020, during the UK Coronavirus lockdown, <mask> produced a stand-up teaching module for  The Prince's Trust.Comedy History

In 2015, Time Out magazine asked numerous British comedians to name their top 10 comedians: only a few could name pre-1980 performers. Shocked and annoyed by this lack of recognition for past masters, <mask> created the website 'mislaidcomedyheroes.com', a guide to the old, forgotten or lost heroes of comedy which was launched in 2016. To accompany the website, a YouTube channel of bygone comedy classics - also known as Mislaid Comedy Heroes - was created in 2017 and has led to <mask> appearing on many TV comedy history programmes to share his knowledge with viewers. In May 2015 <mask> had the honour of being initiated into the Grand Order of Water Rats. TV Appearances

TV Stand-Up

Hurrah for Cancer(BBC3)

Big City (ITV Central)

The Orpheum Comics (CBC)

The Comedy Factory (Nederland's TV)

I Want 2 B TV (BBC3)

A Day In the Garden''' (CH4)Sunday Night With The Comics (Fox)You Must Be Joking (ITV Central)First Night (ITV)Edinburgh Nights(ITV)Comedy Blue (Comedy Central)Net.Comedy (BBC Choice)

TV panel games
  What The Dickens? (Sky Arts)
                                                                                All Over The Shop (BBC1)

Don't Drink the Water (Sky Travel)Celebrity Squares  (ITV-CBC-ATV)That's Showbiz (BBC1)Bring Me The Head of Light Entertainment (Channel 4)TopTip Challenge (BBC1)What's My Line (ITV Meridian)

TV documentariesComedy Map of Great Britain (BBC2)The Flash Gordon Story (Sci-Fi Channel)Comedy Greats: Pete & Dud (BBC3)Believe: The Eddie Izzard Story (BBC1)Silent Clowns (BBC2)The Roots of Monty Python (BBC3)100 Greatest Musicals  (Channel 4)Parklife-The story of South Park (Comedy Central)

TV Factual/Topical ComedyThe Late Edition (BBC4)The 11 o'clock Show (Channel 4)The RDA  (BBC Choice)The Show (Channel 4)The Basement (Bravo)

TV Acting AppearancesLee Evans TV Extravaganza Byker Grove          Harry Hill Fruit FanciesBodger & BadgerThe Bill
                                               Comedy Cuts series 1 to 3''

References

External links

Page on Chortle
Phill Jupitus and Andre Vincent: Waiting for Alice thestage.co.uk
Podcast interview featuring Andre Vincent, The Times Online. Review of Robin Hood, Theatre Royal Norwich 2009
 review Scotsman Pokermen
 review Laurel & Hardy, York Theatre Royal

1964 births
Living people
English male comedians
People from Penge

masks:
Andre Vincent
Vincent
Vincent
Vincent
Vincent
Vincent
Vincent
Vincent
Vincent
Vincent
Vincent
Vincent
Vincent
Vincent
Vincent
Vincent
Vincent
Vincent


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Catherine Monvoisin, or Montvoisin, née Deshayes, known as "<mask>oisin" (c. 1640 – 22 February 1680), was a French fortune teller, commissioned poisoner, and professional provider of alleged sorcery. She was the head of a network of fortune tellers in Paris providing poison, aphrodisiacs, abortion, purported magical services and the arranging of black masses, with clients among the aristocracy, and became the central figure in the famous affaire des poisons. Her purported organization of commissioned black magic and poison murder was suspected to have killed 1,000 people, but it is believed that upwards of 2,500 people might have been murdered. Life
Catherine Deshayes married Antoine Monvoisin, who was active as a jeweller and silk merchant with a shop at Pont-Marie in Paris. When her husband's trade business led to bankruptcy, <mask> Voisin supported the family by practising chiromancy and face-reading. In addition to being a fortune teller, she was also active as a midwife, which developed into providing abortions. Her business as a fortune teller gradually developed into manufacturing and selling purported magical objects and potions,  arranging black masses and selling aphrodisiacs and poison to profit from her clients' wishes upon their future.From the late 1660s, <mask>oisin had become a wealthy and famous fortune teller with clients among the highest aristocracy of France. Among her clients were Olympia Mancini, comtesse de Soissons; Marie Anne Mancini, duchess de Bouillon; Elizabeth, comtesse de Gramont, and François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg. She resided at Villeneuve-sur-Gravois, where she received her clients all day, and entertained the Parisian upper class society at parties with violin music in her garden at night. <mask>oisin regularly attended service at the church of the Jansenist abbé de Sant-Amour, principal of the Paris University, and the godmother of her daughter was the noblewoman Mme de la Roche-Guyon. She supported a family of six, including her husband, her mother and her children. She was known to have at least six lovers: the executioner Andre Guillaume, <mask>, vicomte de Cousserans, the count <mask>e, the alchemist Blessis, the architect Fauchet and the magician Adam Lesage. At one point, Adam Lesage tried to induce her to kill her husband, but while he was initially successful, she changed her mind and aborted the process.<mask> Voisin was interested in science and alchemy and financed several private projects and enterprises, some of them concocted by con artists who tried to swindle her. She was known to suffer from alcoholism, was apparently abused by <mask>, and engaged in several conflicts with her rival, the poisoner Marie Bosse. Abortion provider

<mask> Voisin apparently started to include abortions, illegal at the time, for profit within her services as a midwife, and her clients eventually included wealthy members of the aristocracy. She had a network of abortion providers working for her, notably Catherine Lepère, who stated that she received her clients from <mask> Voisin, who referred clients to her and took the majority of the profit as fee. Marie Bosse claimed that fetuses, who had been aborted late in the pregnancy, were burned in a furnace at the house of <mask> Voisin and buried in the garden of her house. However, as Louis XIV gave the order that the part of <mask> Voisin's enterprise which had to do with abortions should not be pursued further, this part of her business is the least investigated and unknown one, and the claims of Marie Bosse therefore remain unconfirmed. Fortune telling

<mask> Voisin later said that as a fortune teller she had merely used and developed what God had given her.She stated that she was taught the art of fortune telling at the age of nine, and that after her husband became ruined, she decided to profit by it. She developed her art by studying the modern methods of physiology, and the art of reading the client's future by studying their face and hands. She spent a great deal of money in order to provide an atmosphere which would make her clients more inclined to believe her prophecies: for example, she had a special robe of crimson red velvet embroidered with eagles in gold made for a price of 1,500 livres to perform in. In 1665 or 1666, her divination was questioned by the  Congregation of the Mission at the Saint Vincent de Paul's order and she was called for questioning, but <mask>oisin defended herself successfully before the professors at Sorbonne University and was allowed to continue her business as a fortune teller. Professional sorcery

Her business as a fortune teller gradually developed into a business of professional alleged black magic. During her activity as a fortune teller, she noticed similarities among her clients' wishes about their future: almost all wanted to have someone fall in love with them, that someone would die so that they might inherit, or that their spouses would die so that they might marry someone else. <mask>oisin decided to profit financially from her clients' wishes by offering services of purported magic to make their wishes come true.Initially, she told her clients that their wish would come true if it was also the will of God. Secondly, she started to recommend to her clients some action that would make their dreams come true. These actions were initially to visit the church of some particular saint; then she started to sell amulets, and gradually, she recommended more and more alleged magical objects or rituals of various kinds. For those clients who wished for someone to fall in love with them, she manufactured love powders: the bones of toads, the teeth of moles, Spanish fly, iron filings, human blood and mummy, and the dust of human remains were among the alleged ingredients of the love powders concocted by <mask>in. Finally, her most radical and expensive recommended practices were the black mass, which she arranged for clients for profit, during which the client could pray to Satan for their wish to come true. During some of these masses, a woman performed as an altar, upon which a bowl was placed: a baby was held above the bowl, and the blood from it was poured into the bowl. Whether the baby in question was actually killed on this occasion, or whether the baby was already dead by natural causes, such as being stillborn, could vary.She had several associates working for her arranging and participating in her professional magic services, notably Adam Lesage, who performed alleged magical tasks; and the priest Étienne Guibourg and abbé Mariotte, who officiated at the black masses. Poison commission

La Voisin finally took the step from purported magical potions, amulets and rituals, to selling aphrodisiacs to those who wished for someone to fall in love with them, and fatal poison was given to those who wished for someone to die. The art of poisoning had become a regular science at the time, having been perfected, in part, by Giulia Tofana, a professional female poisoner in Italy, only a few decades before <mask> Voisin. <mask> Voisin provided a large variety of poisons for her clients and had a network of poison providers working for her, notably the apothecary Catherine Trianon. Connection to Madame de Montespan

The most important client of <mask> Voisin was Madame de Montespan, official royal mistress to King Louis XIV of France. Their contact was often performed through the companion of Montespan, Claude de Vin des Œillets. Montespan was alleged to have hired <mask> Voisin in 1667 to arrange a black mass.This mass was celebrated in a house in Rue de la Tannerie. Adam Lesage and abbé Mariotte officiated, while Montespan prayed to win the love of the king. The same year, Montespan became the official mistress of the King, and after this, she employed <mask>oisin whenever a problem occurred in her relationship with the King. In 1673, when the King's interest in Montespan seemed to wane, Montespan again employed <mask>oisin, who provided a series of black masses officiated by Étienne Guibourg. On at least one occasion, Montespan herself acted as the human altar during the mass. <mask> Voisin also provided Montespan with an aphrodisiac, with which Montespan drugged the King. During the King's affair with Madame de Soubise, Montespan used an aphrodisiac provided by Voisin's colleague Françoise Filastre and made by Louis Galet in Normandy.In 1677, Montespan made it clear that if the King should abandon her, she would have him killed. When the King entered into a relationship with Angélique de Fontanges in 1679, Montespan called for <mask>in and asked her to have both the King and Fontanges killed. <mask>oisin hesitated, but was eventually convinced to agree. At the house of her colleague, Catherine Trianon, <mask>oisin constructed a plan to kill the King together with the poisoners Trianon, Bertrand and Romani, the last being the fiancé of her daughter. Trianon was unwilling to participate and tried to make her change her mind by constructing an ill-fated fortune for her, but Voisin refused to change her mind. The group decided to murder the King by poisoning a petition, to be delivered to his own hands. On 5 March 1679, <mask>oisin visited the royal court in Saint-Germain to deliver the petition.That day, however, there were too many petitioners and the King did not take their petitions, which foiled her plan. Upon her return to her home in Paris, she was castigated by a group of monks. She handed the petition to her daughter Marguerite Montvoisin and asked her to burn it, which she also did. The next day, she made plans to visit Catherine Trianon after mass, to plan the next murder attempt upon Louis XIV. Arrest

The death of the King's sister-in-law, the duchesse d'Orléans, had been falsely attributed to poison, and the crimes of Madame de Brinvilliers (executed in 1676) and her accomplices were still fresh in the public mind. In parallel, a riot took place where people accused witches of abducting children for the black masses, and priests reported that a growing number of people were confessing to poisoning in their confessions. In 1677, the fortune teller Magdelaine <mask> Grange was arrested for poisoning, and claimed that she had information about crimes of high importance.The arrest of the successful fortune teller and poisoner Marie Bosse and Marie Vigoreaux in January 1679 made the police aware that there existed a network of fortune tellers in Paris who dealt in the distribution of poison. On 12 March 1679, <mask>in was arrested outside Notre-Dame de Bonne-Nouvelle after having heard mass, just before her meeting with Catherine Trianon. In April 1679, a commission appointed to inquire into the subject and to prosecute the offenders met for the first time. Its proceedings, including some suppressed in the official records, are preserved in the notes of one of the official court reporters, Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie. Investigation and trial

At the arrest of <mask>oisin, her maid Margot stated that the arrest would mean the end of a number of people in all levels of society. <mask>oisin was imprisoned at Vincennes, where she was subjected to questioning. On 27 December 1679, Louis XIV issued an order that the whole network should be exterminated by all methods regardless of the rank, sex, or age.The arrest of <mask>oisin was followed by the arrest of her daughter Marguerite Monvoisin, Guibourg, Lesage, Bertrand, Romani and the rest of her network of associates. <mask> Voisin was never subjected to torture: although a formal order was issued giving permission for the use of torture, it was made clear that the order was not to be put in effect, and consequently it was never made use of. The reason it suggested to have been the fear that she might reveal the names of influential people if she was questioned under torture. Aware of her alcoholism, however, her interrogators reportedly did not limit her access to alcohol but instead kept her in a state of drunkenness during her interrogations. Her confrontations with other accused, particularly those with Adam Lesage and Marie Bosse, was especially effective. Initially, she claimed to have referred all those clients wishing to buy poison to Marie Bosse. In March, however, she named Marguerite Leféron and Francoise de Dreux as clients, and the 10 October, she admitted having sold poison and magical services to several members of the royal court; she also described the development of her career.<mask> Voisin denied ever meeting or serving Montespan. She did admit that "Paris is full of this kind of thing and there is an infinite number of people engaged in this evil trade" but refused to mention further clients nor did she mention having arranged or participated in black masses. She once mentioned to the guards that the question she feared most was that they would ask her about her visits to the royal court. It is likely that she was referring to Montespan as her client and her attempt at murdering the King, and that she feared that such a confession should result in her execution for regicide. Her list of clients, the arranging of the black masses, her connection to Montespan and the murder attempt on the King were not revealed until after her death, when it was stated by her daughter and confirmed by the testimonies of her former associates. She also denied claims of using her oven to burn the bones of aborted infants that were too large for the grave area in her garden. She also counterclaimed any usage of poisons and that she only possessed purgatives for personal use or for her family.Another accusation she denied includes injecting syringes with fatal liquids into the bodies of pregnant women to "empty" them, after which the aborted foetuses were subsequently buried in the same manner at the garden grave. Trial and execution
On 17 February 1680, <mask>in was put on trial, and was convicted of witchcraft and sentenced to execution by burning two days later. In the days following her verdict until her execution, she was formally interrogated under torture, and the official document stated that she was tortured enough to beg for mercy. However, while an official permit of torture was issued, the police were given to understand that the permit was not to be used, and Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie stated that <mask>oisin was in reality never subjected to torture. Madame de Sevigne, who observed <mask>oisin shortly before her execution, described her to be able to move so freely and so seemingly healthy that it did not seem possible for her to have been subjected to torture. These final interrogations did not reveal anything new. <mask>oisin was executed in public on the Place de Grève in Paris on 22 February 1680.On her way to her execution, she reportedly pushed away the priest, and when fastened on the stake, she desperately pushed away the hay which was piled up around her. In July, her daughter Marguerite Monvoisin revealed her connection to Montespan, which was confirmed by the statements of the other accused. This caused the monarch to eventually close the investigation, seal the testimonies and place the remaining accused outside of the public justice system by imprisoning them under a lettre de cachet. Depictions in media

Film
 Viviane Romance portrayed <mask>oisin in the 1955 film The Case of Poisons. Anémone portrayed <mask>oisin in the 1997 film Marquise. <mask> Voisin was the basis for the character portrayed by Suzanne Clément in the 2017 TV series Versailles. Literature
<mask> Voisin and her organisation has been described in several literary works:
 W. Branch Johnson: "'The Age Of Arsenic'.Being an account of the life, trial and execution of Catherine Montvoison, known as <mask>oison, and of her vile associates and credulous Clients of both high and low Degree: together with the Relation of their various Transactions in Poison, Abortion, and Black or Satanic Masses, with other Details concerning sundry Manners and Habits of the Times and with but little Moralising thereon: the Whole comprising a curious and momentous Episode in the Reign of King Louis XIV of France" (1932)
 Brad Stieger: 'The Hypnotist' (1979)
 Judith Merkle Riley: The Oracle Glass (1994)
 Anne en Serge Golon: Angélique en de koning
 Shelby Mahurin: Serpent & Dove
 Danielle L. Jensen: Hidden Huntress
 Addie Thorley: An Affair of Poisons

Manga
ボアザン (Boazan), by Takatoo Rui, is a manga partially based on La Voisin. Music
Belgian black metal band Enthroned use La Voisin as the basis for the song "Graced by Evil Blood" on their 2002 album Carnage in Worlds Beyond. See also
 Marie-Josephte Corriveau, a Canadian woman convicted of murder in 1763, later acquiring a legend and comparison to La Voisin. Giulia Tofana, another female poisoner, in Italy, only a decade before La Voisin
 Gironima Spana, another female manager of a net of female poisoners who were the central figure of another poison affair, the Spana Prosecution. Marie-Anne <mask> Ville; in October 1702, this person was arrested for having created a new organisation similar to the one of la Voisin, but because of Affair of the Poisons, she and her colleagues were never brought to trial, but imprisoned without trial on a lettre du cachet. List of French serial killers

References

Sources

 Anne Somerset – The Affair of the Poisons: Murder, Infanticide, and Satanism at the Court of Louis XIV (St. Martin's Press (2003) )
 Excerpts from Bastille trial records of Guibourg and LaVoisin (French and English translation)
 Frantz Funck-Brentano: Princes and Poisoners Or Studies of the Court of Louis XIV
 H Noel Williams: Madame de Montespan and Louis XIV
 Duramy, Benedetta Faedi. "Women and Poisons in 17th Century France," Chicago-Kent Law Review vol.87, no. 2 (2012)

1640s births
1680 deaths
1679 crimes
French occultists
Poisoners
People executed for witchcraft
17th-century executions by France
Executed French women
French midwives
People executed by France by burning
17th-century occultists
French abortion providers
17th-century French businesspeople
17th-century French criminals
17th-century businesswomen
Affair of the Poisons
17th-century French women

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<mask> (王晙) (died 732), formally Duke Zhonglie of Zhongshan (中山忠烈公), was an official of the Tang dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou dynasty, largely known for his service as a general during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, when he also briefly served as chancellor. Background
It is not known which year <mask> was born, although the timeframe suggests that he was born in the reign of Emperor Gaozong. His family was from Cang Prefecture (滄州, roughly modern Cangzhou, Hebei), and traced itself to the Northern Wei official <mask> (王叡), whose descendants served as officials for the Northern Wei, Sui, and Tang. <mask>'s grandfather <mask> (王有方) served as a prefectural prefect, and <mask>'s father <mask>o (王行果) was a well-known sheriff of the capital county Chang'an County. <mask>o died when <mask> was still young, and <mask>, despite his father's death, was studious. <mask>g was impressed and stated, "This child will glorify this household." After he grew up, he was known for openness in his character and dislike for details.He passed the imperial examinations in his youth and thereafter served as the sheriff of Qingwan County (清苑, in modern Baoding, Hebei). During Wu Zetian's reign
As of the reign of Emperor Gaozong's wife Wu Zetian (r. 690–705), <mask> served as Dianzhong Shi Yushi (殿中侍御史), a low-level imperial censor and also carried the honorific title of Chaosan Daifu (朝散大夫). On an occasion when the chancellor Wei Yuanzhong was commissioned to defend against an Eastern Tujue incursion, Wei was unable to defeat Eastern Tujue forces and blamed the lack of success on his deputy Han Sizhong (韓思忠), requesting that Han be executed. <mask>, before Wu Zetian, argued that Wei, as the commander, should not divert all of the responsibility on his deputy. He also pointed out that Han was not in command and was brave and intelligent. Han was able to escape death, but as a result, <mask> was sent out of the capital to serve as the magistrate of Weinan County (渭南, in modern Weinan, Shaanxi). When Wei was falsely accused by Wu Zetian's lovers Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong of plotting treason in 703, however, <mask> submitted a petition arguing that Wei was innocent, impressing his former colleague Song Jing for his fortitude.During Emperor Zhongzong's second reign, Emperor Shang's reign, and Emperor Ruizong's second reign
Near the end of the Jinglong era (707-710) of Wu Zetian's son and successor Emperor Zhongzong, <mask> became the commandant at Gui Prefecture (桂州, roughly modern Guilin, Guangxi). Prior to <mask>'s term of service, the soldiers stationed at Gui Prefecture often depended on food supplies from Heng (modern Hengyang, Hunan) and Yong (永州, roughly modern Yongzhou, Hunan) Prefectures. <mask> built forts and levees and encouraged farming, ending the need for food supply shipments. At one point, he requested to leave his office and return home, and the people of the prefecture petitioned the emperor (probably Emperor Zhongzong's brother Emperor Ruizong, who displaced Emperor Zhongzong's son Emperor Shang in 710 after Emperor Zhongzong's death) to keep him at Gui Prefecture, and the emperor agreed. During Emperor Xuanzong's reign
In 712, Emperor Ruizong passed the throne to his son Li Longji the Crown Prince, and Li Longji took the throne as Emperor Xuanzong. However, Emperor Ruizong continued to exercise most of the imperial powers as Taishang Huang (retired emperor), and his sister Princess Taiping continued to have great influence on the administration, causing the court to effectively divide into Princess Taiping's faction and Emperor Xuanzong's faction. Later in 712, Emperor Xuanzong's associates, the chancellor Liu Youqiu and the general Zhang Wei (張暐), believing that Princess Taiping's faction was going to act against Emperor Xuanzong, planned to kill key members of her faction, but the news leaked.Emperor Ruizong exiled Liu and Zhang—in Liu's case, to Feng Prefecture (封州, roughly modern Zhaoqing, Guangdong). Princess Taiping's associate, the chancellor Cui Shi, subsequently gave instructions to Zhou Lizhen (周利貞) the commandant at Guang Prefecture (廣州, roughly modern Guangzhou, Guangdong), under whose area of responsibility Feng Prefecture was, to have Liu killed. <mask>, who was a friend of Liu's heard of this secret instruction, and therefore, when Liu went through Gui Prefecture, detained him and refused to let him go on to Feng Prefecture. Zhou submitted accusations that <mask> was disobeying an imperial edict, and Cui repeatedly tried to pressure <mask> to release Liu to Feng Prefecture. Liu himself pointed out to <mask> that he did not want to put <mask> in danger as well, but <mask> refused to let Liu go on, and Liu was spared from death. After Emperor Xuanzong suppressed Princess Taiping's faction in 713, he recalled Liu to again serve as chancellor. Soon thereafter, <mask> was recalled and made the deputy commander of the armies in the Shuofang region, in actual command.Sometime thereafter, he was made the deputy minister of husbandry (太僕少卿, Taipu Shaoqing), responsible for the herds of the Longyou (隴右, eastern Gansu) region. In 714, there was a major incursion by the Tibetan Empire's forces under 'Bod da rgyas (). <mask> led the 2,000 troops under his command to resist. He put 700 of his soldiers in Tibetan uniform and made a surprise attack, causing much panic in the Tibetan army. Subsequently, when troops under the command of the general Xue Ne arrived, he counterattacked along with Xue, dealing Tibetan forces a serious defeat. <mask> was made the Baron of Qingyuan and given the honorific title Yinqing Guanglu Daifu (銀青光祿大夫). He was also made the commandant at Yuan Prefecture (原州, roughly modern Guyuan, Ningxia), and his son <mask>g (王珽) was given the honorific title of Chaosan Daifu.He was soon made the secretary general at Bing Prefecture (并州, roughly modern Taiyuan, Shanxi). In 716, Qapaghan Qaghan of the Göktürks was killed in battle, and in the confusion that ensued, a large group of Göktürks surrendered to Tang. Soon, however, his nephew Bilge Khagan settled down the situation. <mask>, believing that the Göktürks who surrendered would try to flee back to the Göktürk state, suggested that they be forcibly moved into the heart of the empire to prevent them from doing so. Before <mask>'s suggestion could be acted upon, however, there was an uprising by the Göktürks who surrendered, under the leadership of Xiedie Sitai (𨁂跌思泰) and Axilan (阿悉爛). Xue and <mask> tried to intercept them and dealt them defeats, but they were able to flee back to the Göktürk state anyway. In 720, <mask> believed that the Pugu (僕固) and Xiedie tribes of the region were planning to defect to Eastern Tujue and attack with Eastern Tujue troops.He thus held a feast and invited the chieftains, and, at the feast, massacred them. He then attacked the Pugu and Xiedie tribes in the area, nearly wiping them out. He then proposed a plan to attack Ashina Mojilian along with the Baximi, Xi, and Khitan. The plan was not approved, and when the Baximi launched the attack by itself, they were crushed by Eastern Tujue forces. In 721, the non-Han Chinese in the region rebelled under the leadership of Kang Daibin (康待賓) and attacked Xia Prefecture (夏州, roughly modern Yulin, Shaanxi). Emperor Xuanzong ordered <mask> and Guo Zhiyun (郭知運), the military governor (jiedushi) of Longyou Circuit to attack Kang. <mask> quickly defeated and captured Kang, who was sent to Chang'an and executed there.He accepted many tribes' surrender. He was created the Duke of Qingyuan. However, when Guo arrived, Guo attacked those tribes, which thus believed that <mask> was treacherous to them and rebelled again. Emperor Xuanzong blamed this on <mask> and demoted him to be the prefect of Zi Prefecture (梓州, roughly modern Mianyang, Sichuan). In 722, Emperor Xuanzong recalled <mask> to serve on as the head of the household for his crown prince Li Siqian, and created him the Duke of Zhongshan. Subsequently, when Emperor Xuanzong went on a tour of the northern regions, he made <mask> the mayor of Taiyuan Municipality (converted from Bing Prefecture). In summer 723, <mask> was made the minister of defense (兵部尚書, Bingbu Shangshu) and given the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin (同中書門下三品), making him a chancellor de facto.He was subsequently also made the military governor of Shuofang and took a tour of the northern regions. In winter of that year, Emperor Xuanzong was set to offer sacrifices to heaven and earth, and he ordered <mask> to return to the capital to attend. <mask>, believing that with the water of the Yellow River freezing at the time that it would be a good time for an Eastern Tujue attack, declined, believing that he needed to defend against such an attack. Emperor Xuanzong initially approved of this and sent him a robe as an award. However, at that time, the servants of <mask> (王喬) the prefect of Xu Prefecture (許州, roughly modern Xuchang, Henan) accused <mask> and <mask> of plotting treason together. Emperor Xuanzong had <mask>'s fellow chancellors Yuan Qianyao and Zhang Shuo investigate, but found no evidence against <mask>. Still, <mask> was demoted to be the prefect of Qi Prefecture (蘄州, roughly modern Huanggang, Hubei) on the charge of disobeying the imperial edict.In 726, <mask> was again made the military governor of Shuofang. He died in 732 and was buried with honor. After his death, there was a campaign in which Emperor Xuanzong's second cousin Li Hui (李禕) the Prince of Xin'an defeated Xi forces, and purportedly, Li Hui's soldiers saw the spirits of <mask> and another general, Gao Zhao (高昭), attacking the Xi with them. The official Yang Bocheng (陽伯城) proposed that <mask> and Gao be posthumously honored and their tombs be enlarged. Emperor Xuanzong agreed, and further granted offices to <mask>'s sons. Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 93
 New Book of Tang, vol.111. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 207, 210, 211, 212. Chancellors under Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
Tang dynasty generals at war against the Göktürks
Tang dynasty generals at war against Tibet
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Shuofang Circuit
Mayors of Taiyuan
7th-century births
732 deaths

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<mask> (born October 10, 1976), nicknamed "<mask>", is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies, Tampa Bay Rays, and San Francisco Giants. Burrell won two World Series championships (2008, 2010). During his playing days, he stood  tall, weighing . He batted and threw right-handed. <mask> attended the University of Miami, where he won the Golden Spikes Award in 1998. On June 2, 1998, he was the first overall draft pick by the Philadelphia Phillies.After two years in the minor leagues, <mask> was called up by the Phillies in 2000, and he finished fourth in voting for the National League Rookie of the Year Award. After hitting 27 home runs (HR) in 2001 (the first of eight straight years in which <mask> would hit at least 20), he hit a career-high 37 home runs in 2002 and finished 14th in NL Most Valuable Player Award voting. In 2003, <mask> signed a six-year contract with the Phillies but batted a career-low .209, with 21 home runs. In 2004, he batted .257 with 24 home runs but missed several games with a wrist injury. <mask> hit 32 home runs in 2005 and finished seventh in NL MVP Award voting after he set a career high with 117 runs batted in (RBI). In 2006, he batted .258, with 29 home runs, and 95 RBI but was benched for a few games due to a slump after April. Burrell batted .256 with 30 home runs in 2007 as the Phillies reached the playoffs for the first time in his career.He hit a home run in the playoffs as the Phillies were swept in the first round. In 2008, <mask> hit 33 home runs as the Phillies reached the playoffs again, winning the World Series. After the 2008 season, <mask> became a free agent. He signed a two-year deal with the Tampa Bay Rays to be their designated hitter. In 2009, <mask> batted a disappointing .221 with 14 home runs. After he batted only .202 with two home runs in his first 24 games of the 2010 season, <mask> was designated for assignment by the Rays. He became a free agent and signed with the San Francisco Giants several days later.<mask> took over as San Francisco's left fielder and hit 18 home runs in 96 games for the Giants, helping to lead them into the playoffs. He had a key double versus his former team, the Phillies, as the Giants defeated them on their way to the World Series. That fall, <mask> got his second World Series ring as the Giants emerged victorious against the Texas Rangers. The following year, he signed a one-year deal to return for the Giants’ 2011 season; however, <mask> ultimately lost his left field job, as he batted .230, with a career-low 7 home runs, in 92 games, while battling what would be a career-ending foot injury. <mask> filed for free agency on October 30, 2011. On April 12, 2012, it was announced that Philadelphia would sign him to a one-day contract, in order that he could finish his career as a Phillie. On May 19, 2012, at Citizens Bank Park, prior to the Phillies-Boston Red Sox game, <mask> threw out the ceremonial first pitch and subsequently retired.In March 2012, <mask> was named as a special assignment scout for the Giants and an assistant to General Manager (GM) Brian Sabean. Early life
<mask> attended San Lorenzo Valley High School in Felton, California, as a freshman. After his freshman year, he transferred to Bellarmine College Preparatory in San Jose, where he played baseball and football. In the football program, playing quarterback, Burrell competed against Tom Brady, who played for rival Junipero Serra High School in San Mateo, California. He decided to concentrate on baseball in his senior year, however, and he was named the California Coaches Association Player of the Year after he batted .369 with 11 home runs. College career
After graduating from high school in 1995, <mask> was drafted by the Boston Red Sox in the 43rd round of the 1995 Major League Baseball (MLB) Draft. Instead of signing, he chose to attend the University of Miami, where he played third base and was a teammate of Aubrey Huff.As a freshman, he was selected as a First-Team All-American by Baseball America and the Collegiate Baseball Newspaper. He was also named the Most Outstanding Player of the 1996 College World Series, joining Dave Winfield and Phil Nevin as the only players to win the award without winning the series. In the summer of 1996, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League for the Hyannis Mets. In his sophomore year, he was again named a First-Team All-American by Baseball America and the Collegiate Baseball Newspaper but also by the Sporting News this year. He was named Baseball America's Summer Player of the year in 1997. In 1998, as a junior, he won the Golden Spikes Award as the best player in college baseball. That year, he was drafted by the Philadelphia Phillies with the first overall pick in the 1998 MLB draft.<mask> finished his college career with 61 home runs, 187 runs batted in (RBI), and 170 walks in 162 games. His .442 batting average was seventh all-time by an NCAA player, and his slugging percentage of .888 was second only to Pete Incaviglia. In February 2008, <mask> was inducted into the University of Miami Sports Hall of Fame. Professional career
On July 24, 1998 <mask> and the Phillies agreed to a five-year contract with a $3.15 million signing bonus. Upon signing, <mask> was assigned to the Class A-Advanced Clearwater Phillies of the Florida State League, and he was moved to first base because Scott Rolen, Philadelphia's third baseman in the major leagues, had just won the National League (NL) Rookie of the Year Award. With Clearwater in 1998, <mask> batted .303 with 7 home runs and 30 RBI in 37 games. Entering the 1999 season, <mask> was named the top prospect in the Phillies' organization by Baseball America, and they also named him baseball's 19th best prospect.He spent most of the season with the Double-A Reading Phillies of the Eastern League, batting .333 with 28 home runs and 90 RBI in 117 games. He was named to the Eastern League's post-season All-Star team and won the Eastern League Rookie of the Year Award. He also played 10 games with the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons of the Triple-A International League, batting .152 with 1 home run and 4 RBI. In addition to playing first base, he was used as an outfielder with both teams. <mask> was named the Phillies' top prospect and the second-best prospect in baseball by Baseball America in 2000. He began the season with Scranton/Wilkes-Barre. Playing first base and the outfield, he batted .294 with 4 home runs and 25 RBI in 40 games.Philadelphia Phillies (2000–2008)

2000
On May 23, 2000, <mask> was called up by the Phillies. On May 24, he replaced Kevin Jordan (who had been filling in for injured Opening Day first baseman Rico Brogna) as the Phillies' first baseman. Making his major league debut that day, <mask> had two hits (his first coming against Octavio Dotel) and two RBI in a 9–7 victory over the Houston Astros. The following day, he hit his first career home run in a 10–6 loss to Houston. On June 20, with the Phillies trailing 2–1 against the New York Mets, <mask> hit a home run against Mets' closer Armando Benítez to make the score 2–2 in an eventual 3–2 victory for Philadelphia. The next day, <mask> had five RBI, two home runs, and his first career grand slam in a 10–5 victory for Philadelphia. On July 2, he had four hits and two RBI in a 9–1 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates.<mask> remained the Phillies' first baseman when Brogna returned in July. He had five RBI, two home runs, and a grand slam on August 8 in a 10–4 victory over the San Diego Padres. On August 9, newly acquired outfielder Travis Lee was moved to first base, and <mask> was moved to left field for the rest of the year. On September 21, he had a game-winning single against Rick White in a 6–5 victory against the Mets. <mask> finished the season with 18 home runs, 79 RBI, and a .260 batting average in 111 games, and received the fourth most votes for the NL Rookie of the Year Award. 2001
On April 14, 2001, <mask> hit a game-winning home run in the sixth inning of a 2–1 victory over the Atlanta Braves. He had a game-winning two-RBI double in the ninth inning as the Phillies beat the Chicago Cubs, 6–3, on April 17.From May 19 to June 2, <mask> had a career-high 14-game hitting streak. During the streak, on May 28, he hit a game-winning two-run home run against Benítez in the tenth inning of a 5–3 win over the Mets. <mask> hit a home run and had four RBI the next day as the Phillies beat the Mets, 7–3. He hit a game-winning, three-run home run on July 4 in a 4–1 victory over the Atlanta Braves. On July 20, <mask> had a home run and five RBI (including the game-winner) as the Phillies beat the Mets, 10–1. He hit home runs in three straight games from July 31 to August 2. On August 10, as the Phillies beat the Los Angeles Dodgers, 10–5, <mask> hit his third career grand slam.He had a home run and three RBI in the final game of the season in a 4–1 victory over the Cincinnati Reds. <mask> finished the season with 27 home runs, 70 RBI, and a .258 batting average in 155 games. His 18 assists led NL outfielders and tied with Raúl Mondesí for most in the major leagues. However, his 162 strikeouts were the third-highest total in Phillies' history at the time, and they currently are the ninth-highest total. 2002

<mask> hit a leadoff walk-off home run on April 7, 2002, in the 11th inning, giving a 3–2 victory over the Florida Marlins. Three days later, <mask> hit a two-run, walk-off home run in the 11th inning to give the Phillies a 7–5 victory over the Braves. He was the first player in the major leagues to hit two such home runs in a four-day period since Albert Belle did it in 1995, and he was the first Phillie to hit two such in a season since Von Hayes hit two in 1989.In May, <mask> hit eight home runs, the most by a Phillie in May since teammate Mike Lieberthal hit eight in 1999. From June 2 through June 16, he had an 11-game hitting streak, his longest of the season. During the streak, on June 2, <mask> tied a career high with five RBI in an 18–3 victory over the Montreal Expos. <mask> had 22 home runs by the All-Star break, the most by a Phillie since Mike Schmidt had 31 by the 1979 All-Star break. On July 15, he hit a game-winning three-run home run against Matt Herges in an 11–8 victory over Montreal. <mask> had two home runs, five RBI, and a grand slam in a 7–6 loss to the Dodgers on August 9. On August 30, <mask> had three RBI (including the game-winner) in a 7–5 victory over the Mets.He recorded his 100th RBI that day, becoming the first Phillie with 100 RBI by August 31 since Greg Luzinski accomplished the feat in 1977. <mask> finished the season with career highs in almost every offensive category, including runs (96), batting average (.286), and games (157). He was the 12th Phillie with 30 home runs and 100 RBI in a season. His 37 home runs were seventh in the NL, and his 116 RBI were third, behind only Lance Berkman (128) and Albert Pujols (127). He was 14th in NL Most Valuable Player Award voting. 2003
On February 3, 2003, <mask> signed a six-year, $50 million contract with the Phillies. He had two home runs and five RBI (including the game-winner) on April 9 in a 16–2 victory over the Braves.The home runs both came against Greg Maddux, making <mask> the sixth player to hit two home runs in a game against Maddux (and the first since Rolen did it in 2001). On May 20, he hit two home runs and had four RBI in an 11–7 victory over the Mets. On August 9, <mask> hit a game-tying solo home run and a game-winning two-run home run in the 8th and 10th innings of an 8–6 victory over the San Francisco Giants. He hit two home runs (including his 100th) on August 22 in a 9–4 victory over the St. Louis Cardinals. On September 28, he had the final hit in Veterans Stadium (a single against Jason Marquis) in a 5–2 loss to Atlanta. <mask> endured a season-long slump, and he was occasionally benched for a few games (often in favor of Ricky Ledée) by Phillies' manager Larry Bowa. In 146 games, he batted .209 with 21 home runs and 64 RBI.However, his 21 home runs were still the second-highest total on the Phillies (teammate Jim Thome led the NL with 47). 2004
<mask> had four hits and three RBI on April 27, 2004, in a 7–3 victory over the Cardinals. He also made a leaping catch to take a home run away from Rolen, and he threw out Pujols trying to score from third base on a single by Édgar Rentería. On May 2, <mask> hit his first career pinch-hit home run: a two-run game-tying home run in the ninth inning against Matt Mantei of the Arizona Diamondbacks. The Phillies won the game, 6–5, in extra innings. On May 14, <mask> had four RBI (including the game-winner) in a 6–4 victory over the Colorado Rockies. He had four RBI again on May 18 (including two home runs) in an 8–7 victory over the Dodgers.On July 30, he hit two home runs in a 10–7 loss to the Cubs. On August 3, <mask> strained his left wrist during batting practice, and he was placed on the disabled list (DL) for the first time in his career the next day. He was originally scheduled to have season-ending surgery on August 13, but after getting a second opinion from Dr. Tom Graham, he decided to postpone the surgery and attempt to come back before the season ended. On September 3, he was activated from the disabled list. In 127 games, <mask> batted .257 with 24 home runs and 84 RBI. 2005

On April 9, 2005, <mask> had four hits and five RBI in a 10–4 victory over the Cardinals. He won the first NL Player of the Week Award of the 2005 season on April 10 after accumulating 15 RBI in the first week of the season.On May 12, he had four hits in a 7–5 loss to Cincinnati. He hit a three-run game-winning home run on May 22 in a 7–2 victory over the Baltimore Orioles. He won another Player of the Week Award that day after he batted .500 with two home runs and eight RBI during the week, becoming the first Phillies player to win the award twice in a season since Hayes won it twice in 1986. On June 5, his solo home run against Mike Koplove was the game-winner in a 7–6 victory over Arizona. Four days later, he hit two home runs and had four RBI in a 10–8 victory over the Texas Rangers. On June 11, he hit a game-winning three-run home run in a 7–5 victory over the Milwaukee Brewers. He hit two home runs and had five RBI in a 13–7 victory over Florida on July 14.On July 30, he had four hits and two RBI in an 8–7 victory over Colorado. On August 9, he had four RBI, including a go-ahead three-run home run against Steve Schmoll in an 8–4 victory over the Dodgers. His three-run home run against Jake Peavy on August 12 provided all of the Phillies' runs in a 3–2 victory over San Diego. He had four RBI on September 9 in a 12–5 victory over the Marlins. Two days later, he had four RBI again (including a three-run home run against Ismael Valdez) in an 11–1 victory over Florida. <mask> finished the season batting .281 with 32 home runs

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