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<mask> (Barcelona 6 September 1921 – Madrid, 28 February 2004) was a Spanish author who wrote in the period after the Spanish Civil War. An important European writer, her works contributed to the school of Existentialist Literature and her first novel Nada continued the Spanish tremendismo literary style begun by Camilo José Cela with his novel, La familia de Pascual Duarte. She received the Premio Nadal in 1944. Biography
<mask> was born in Barcelona, Spain, but at the age of 2 she moved with her family to the Canary Islands where she spent her childhood. At age 12 she suffered the loss of her mother, and her father subsequently married a woman disliked by Laforet and her siblings (unsavory experiences portrayed in much of her literature). In 1939 at the age of 18, Laforet left for Barcelona where she studied Philosophy at the University of Barcelona while living with relatives. In 1942 she departed for Madrid where she studied Law at the Universidad Complutense.During her second year, she withdrew from classes to devote herself completely to writing, and between January and September 1944 she penned her first novel, Nada, which earned Editorial Destino's Nadal Prize in its first year of publication (1945). A novel of female adolescent development, Nada is considered a classic in 20th century Spanish literature, and deals with such themes as existentialism and the adolescent search for identity. Laforet maintained a very distrustful relationship with her critics, especially after she struggled to match the outstanding critical acclaim of her first novel. However, she did publish a total of five novels: the 1952 publication of La Isla y los demonios, which is essentially the prequel to Nada; her 1955 La mujer nueva, motivated by her re-discovery of her Catholic faith and recipient of the Premio Menorca; her 1963 La insolación, the initial installment of the trilogy Tres pasos fuera del tiempo; and finally the posthumous psychological novel Al volver la esquina, published in May 2004. Following her visit to the U.S. as a guest of the State Department in 1965, Laforet published her travel notes entitled Parelelo 35 in 1967. Her friendship with fellow Spanish author and U.S. resident Ramón J. Sender was revealed in a series of letters published in 2003 entitled Puedo contar contigo. She also authored short stories, the majority of which were published in a 1952 collection entitled La muerta, as well as novelettes that were published in a 1954 collection entitled La llamada.Four additional short stories — El infierno, Recién casados, El alivio, and El secreto de la gata — were published in the journals Ínsula (1944 & 1952), Destino (June 1953) and Bazar (March 1952) respectively. During her later years Laforet suffered from Alzheimer's disease, eventually losing the ability to speak. She died in Madrid on 28 February 2004. Nada, her most successful novel, has remained consistently in print. The publication in 2003 of Puedo contar contigo, a selection of her correspondence with Ramón J. Sender edited by Israel Rolón Barada, and the reissue of her 1955 novel, La mujer nueva, with a prologue by the same editor, however, led to renewed interest in her work, bolstered by a new English translation of Nada by Edith Grossman in 2007. In February 2007, as a commemoration of the third anniversary of her death, the Editorial Menoscuarto published for the first time a compilation of all her short stories, including five previously unpublished stories. In 2009 Cristina Cerezales published a second book about her mother, Música Blanca (Destino).Tributes
In 2010 a school with her name was built in the neighborhood of Valderribas, in the district of Vicálvaro (Madrid). In 2011 she was awarded, posthumously, with the Can de Plata de Gran Canaria, in the category of Arts, given by the Cabildo Insular de Gran Canaria. There are some streets with her name in Estepona (Málaga), in the neighborhood of Aguas Vivas (Guadalajara), in Majadahonda, in Torrejon de Ardoz and in the neighborhood of Soto del Henares (Madrid). Some streets in the towns of Las Palmas and San Bartolomé de Tirajana on the island of Gran Canaria were also named <mask>ret. In 2004 a series of biographies dedicated to <mask> were published and directed by the writer Nuria Amat. In 2014 The Instituto Cervantes in New York (United States) paid tribute to the author in one of its cultural activities to commemorate the seventieth anniversary of the publication of her book Nada. A square in Barcelona was named after her: Plaça de Carmen Laforet.The square has a plaque where it can be read in Catalan: "<mask> (Barcelona 1921-Madrid 2004)... Escriptora ... Va néixer en aquesta casa, font d'inspiració de la seva primera novel·la Nada" which means: "<mask> (Barcelona 1921-Madrid 2004).. Writer ... Was born in this house, the source of inspiration for her first novel Nada." Filmography
In 1947, a version of the novel Nada was brought to the big screen. The full-length film was directed by Edgar Nevile. Actors such as Conchita Montes, Rafael Bardem, María Denis and Fosco Giachetti, among others, took part on it. Because of the censorship of those years, thirty minutes of the film were cut and many of the scenes shot in Barcelona were obliterated. Later, in 1956, Argentina brought to the big screen what would be an adaptation of the novel Nada, a black and white drama directed by Leopoldo Torre Nilsson.Works
The literary production of the writer is wide. After the death of her mother, her father married a woman with whom <mask> did not have a good relationship. This situation was reflected in three of her works. These works, which have orphans as main characters are Nada (1945), La isla y sus demonios (1952) and La insolación (1963). The Spanish writer tried to combine her feelings in each of her works. Several authors insist on her feminist vision, although her mystical vision of the world, should be pointed out, especially in her work La mujer nueva, whose main point is the faith of the main character. The main character of this work is Paulina, a woman who goes from criticizing the Church to practising the Catholic religion, a change she chooses on her own.Paulina stopped having a sinful life, as she had a son born out of wedlock and she also had a relationship with another man. Thus, in this work the freedom of the women to choose another way of life is joined with mysticism. This could be due to the religious belief of the author, because in the correspondence that remained for a long time with writer Ramon J. Sender, she claims to believe in God. Intrigue and mystery are also present in many of her works. This author could be considered the precursor of the detective novel in Spain because, although currently this is a rising genre and it was started some time ago, she had done it thirty years earlier than other authors. <mask>'s works paint a dark picture of Spanish society under the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, in some cases using foreign characters visiting Spain to present an outsider's view, for example, Martin, a character of her work Al volver de la esquina, published posthumously by the publisher Destino in 2004, the same year as her death. The complexity of the narrative structure, which testifies the evolution of the author's narrative, is remarkable.Al volver de la esquina is part of a trilogy entitled Tres pasos fuera del tiempo, together with La insolación and Jaque mate. This is an unfinished trilogy because, despite having talked about it in her correspondence with Ramón J. Sender, she died before publication of the final volume (in fact, nobody knows whether or not it was actually written). Other works by the author are:
 Nada (1944), novel. La isla y los demonios (1952), novel. El piano (1952), novel. La muerta (1952), short stories. Un noviazgo (1953), short novel.El viaje divertido (1954), short novel. La niña (1954), short novel. Los emplazados (1954), short novel. La llamada (1954), story. La mujer nueva (1955), novel. Un matrimonio (1956), novel. Gran Canaria (1961), essay.La insolación (1963), novel. Paralelo 35 (1967), travel book. La niña y otros relatos (1970), stories. Artículos literarios (1977), a collection of articles. Mi primer viaje a USA (1981) essay. Rosamunda, story included in Cuentos de este siglo, Encinar, Ángeles (ed. ), Barcelona, 1995.Al colegio, story included in Madres e hijas, Freixas, Laura (ed. ), Barcelona, 1996. Al volver la esquina (2004), posthumous novel. Continues the story of La insolación. Carta a Don Juan (2007), a compilation of all her short stories. Romeo y Julieta II (2008), a compilation of her love stories. Legacy
Since <mask>'s death on 28 February 2004, renewed critical attention has focused on her lesser known works (essentially everything published after Nada), yet undoubtedly the public will always think of Nada when Laforet's name is mentioned, as evidenced by the Spanish phrase, Después de Nada, nada, or After Nada, nothing.On her 100th birthday, <mask> was honoured with a Google Doodle. See also

 Existentialism
 Spanish Literature
 Spanish Civil War

References

External links

 '<mask>'s "Nada": A young woman's take on a sordid world', book review in New York Times, 2007. '<mask>t' Encyclopædia Britannica entry

1921 births
2004 deaths
Writers from Barcelona
Spanish women novelists
Existentialists
20th-century Spanish novelists
20th-century women writers
20th-century Spanish women

masks:
Carmen Laforet
Laforet
Carmen Lafo
Carmen Laforet
Carmen Laforet
Carmen Laforet
Carmen
Laforet
Laforet
Laforet
Carmen LaForet
Carmen LaFore


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<mask> (January 19, 1824 – November 4, 1916) was an American author and an activist in the suffrage movement. Early life
<mask> was born in Bolivar, Tennessee, on January 19, 1824. She had two siblings: <mask> and <mask>. Her parents moved to Memphis when she was nine years old. She attended school there in a little one-story building, where the principal was teacher and janitor, until twelve years old. After that age her information and knowledge was gained from books and papers, with her father's assistance. With a practical mind and excellent memory she stored up a splendid basis for her future line of literary and lecture work.Meriwether's father was a physician — <mask>, of New York; her mother, Rebecca Rivers, belonged to one of the old families of Virginia. Her father's ancestors came over with Penn — the founder of Pennsylvania — and were Quakers. After going South he joined the Methodist Church, to which Meriwether belonged. She amusingly related that her own father said grace three times a day before meals, but her Grandfather Rivers said he didn't believe the Lord wanted to be bothered with hearing the same thing so often, so no one was surprised when one day he called the family out to the smokehouse, where the winter's stock of hams and bacon had been cured, and provisions stored for the year, asking them to join him in saying grace over everything at once for the whole year. Meriwether's parents died when she was a young girl, and she, with two sisters, made their home with their brother, William Thomas <mask>, remaining in the old home in Memphis until they married. The two sisters were Amanda Trezevant, four years younger, and Estelle Lamb, six years younger than Meriwether. Career
She was the author of many books, giving descriptions of historical incidents of importance in the South during and after the war.For over sixty years she was a steady contributor to the leading newspapers and periodicals of this country. Her "Travel Letters" caused much favorable comment and interest, and discussions and arguments on political, literary, sociological and every other vital topic of the times, through the columns of the papers, have given her a well-deserved international reputation. As a lecturer she was the first woman to speak from the platform in the State of Tennessee. With Susan B. Anthony, <mask> Stanton and other women in the pioneer field, advocating equal rights for women, she lectured all through New England, Texas and other States. The comments made by the press all over the country about Meriwether as a speaker were always in highest terms — "her natural oratory, keen sarcasm, sparkling wit, earnest and interesting style, glowing eloquence, etc.," were some of the terms used to express her manner of delivery and the enthusiasm she awakened. The title of one of the books of which she was the author is "Facts and Falsehoods Concerning the War of the South of 1861 and 1865," under a pen name — George Edmonds — which was published in 1904. This Meriwether considered the most valuable book.She said: "If you read this book you will know more about Lincoln than you ever dreamed of." In 1877 Meriwether wrote a little book entitled "Ku-Klux Klan; or, the Carpet-bagger in New Orleans." An Englishman, then in Memphis, sent a copy of this book to London to the editor of the "Kensington News,"  who gave it a very complimentary notice, telling her that if she would write a novel and put as much humor and pathos in it as she had put in the little book, "Ku-Klux Klan," he would introduce her to an English publisher who would put it out. She soon had a novel titled "The Master of Red Leaf" ready, and sent it off to London, where the publishers issued a splendid set of three volumes, gilt-edge, etc. An American firm got out a cheaper edition in one volume, paper-bound. This book was sold in Memphis at the rate of 100 copies a week. "The Sowing of the Swords," in 1910; "My First and Last Love," and "Black and White," 1883, are some of her other stories.Meriwether wrote continuously, and in the end she was busy on her "Recollections of a Long Life." In post-war Memphis, she became involved with the suffrage movement and the Women's Christian Temperance Union specifically. Despite it being illegal, she both registered and voted in the 1872 presidential election. She presented (unsuccessful) suffrage petitions at both the Democratic and Republican national conventions in 1880. In 1881 Meriwether began her lecture tour with Susan B. Anthony through the New England States where conventions were being held. Anthony wanted her to speak at these places because she was a Southern woman. As illustrative of her methods of lecturing she carried with her two cartoons, four feet by four feet, which she sketched and painted herself.The men who hated and scorned equal rights declared that no one but an ugly old maid would want to vote, one who could not secure a husband, and should a married woman advocate equal rights she must necessarily be a coarse, rough termagant, who had a feeble-minded, no-account husband. She entered the hall with these cartoons rolled up, and beginning to speak unrolled the old maid's picture, and said, "This is the picture of the woman who failed to get a husband — now in this room is one of our women who has failed to get a husband (pointing to a handsome girl of nineteen), she wants to vote, and this is her picture." The comparison, of course, brought shouts of laughter. Then, unrolling the second cartoon, she explained that it was one of herself, the cartoon represented a rough, coarse woman holding a little scared man under her arm, with his legs dangling, which she said was her husband, although the artist didn't get a good likeness of him, as he was six feet tall. At the time Mrs. Meriwether made those addresses she was a slender, vivacious, attractive young woman, and after comparing her with the cartoon which she said was of herself there was a general roar of laughter, clapping of hands, etc. After putting the audience in a good humor she would deliver the lecture which she had in store for them. The same cartoons are hanging on the wall of her living room now and furnish the material for many interesting anecdotes which she relates with much satisfaction.The first time Meriwether lectured in Missouri on "equal rights" she received many anonymous letters; in some she was denounced as being everything but a good wife and mother. When she made her first public speech in Tennessee she went to the editor of the paper and wanted him to make the announcement, but he said: "You will have to get the permission of your husband," which, of course, was readily granted; however, Mr. Meriwether expressed his fear that she might become stage-struck, and her son — Lee — a little fellow ten years old, who was lying on the floor, interrupted, "Don't you believe it — mother will go through; she won't get stage struck." The editor, still hoping to discourage her, said people would talk about her. She answered: "They can't say I am not a good wife and mother, or that I get drunk." On the night of the lecture, the hall was crowded to overflowing; she made a very successful address. Her brother, being so afraid she would fail, did not have the courage to attend. Returning to Memphis after her lecture tour, Meriwether became the editor of a newspaper, "The Tablet."Horace Greeley came to Memphis, making a speech on "Self-Made Men," about that time. Meriwetiier wrote an article which she published in her paper about it — a criticism — a humorous one. She sent a copy of the paper to Horace Greeley, who was the editor of the "New York Tribune," wanting to exchange with him. But he said his exchange list was so long he could not do so, making the suggestion that if she would advertise his paper in "The Tablet" he would send it to her for a year. She replied that if he would print the criticism she had written of him in his paper, she would do so, and send him "The Tablet" for a year. He agreed, and the "Tribune" was sent her for many years. Personal life
In 1852, she married <mask> of Kentucky, who became a Confederate Major in Oct. 1861, serving as an Engineer constructing defenses and railroads.During her husband's absence, <mask> had to flee with her children from Memphis due to conflict with the Federal forces. She later argued with Union General Hurburt in an effort to regain family property confiscated by the US. <mask> never served under Nathan Bedford Forrest during the war, but they knew each other as former Confederate officers and railroadmen. One of the organizational meetings of the Ku Klux Klan took place in her kitchen in the Meriwether's Memphis home, which stood on the site of what is now the Peabody Hotel. After the war they went back to Memphis, residing there until the yellow fever broke out. Then, going to St. Louis, built the house in which Minor Meriwether died in 1910, and in which <mask>, with her son, Lee, and his wife, lived till the end. <mask>, like his father, was an attorney-at-law.He was well known as the author of six books — "A Tramp Trip — How to See Europe on Fifty Cents a Day," published in 1887. This book was regarded as an authority on the subject. Then followed, "The Tramp at Home," 1890; "Afloat and Ashore on the Mediterranean," 1892; "Miss Chunk," 1899; "A Lord's Courtship," 1900, and "Seeing Europe by Automobile," 1911, which was written just twenty-five years after the first book. Lee Meriwether's wife was Jessie M. Gair, of Missouri. Writings
The Refugee (Short story - 1863)
The Master of Red Leaf (1872)
Black and White (1883)
The Ku Klux Klan, or The Carpetbagger in New Orleans (1877)
Facts and Falsehoods About the War on the South (1904) (pseudonym: George Edmonds)
Sowing of the Swords: The Soul of the Sixties (1910)

Legacy

Meriwether is depicted in a life-size bronze statue in the Tennessee Woman Suffrage Memorial in Market Square in Knoxville, Tennessee, along with Anne Dallas Dudley of Nashville and Lizzie Crozier French of Knoxville. The sculpture is by Alan LeQuire. References

External links

<mask> Meriwether listing in the Tennessee Encyclopedia
<mask> Meriwether on RootsWeb

1824 births
1916 deaths
American suffragists
American temperance activists
19th-century American writers
19th-century American women writers
People from Bolivar, Tennessee

masks:
Elizabeth Avery Meriwether
Elizabeth Avery
Nathan Avery
Rebecca Rivers Avery
Nathan Avery
Avery
Elizabeth Cady
Minor Meriwether
Elizabeth
Minor Meriwether
Meriwether
Lee Meriwether
Elizabeth Avery
Elizabeth Avery


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John Lee Curtis "<mask>" <mask> (March 30, 1914 – June 1, 1948) was an American blues harmonica player, singer and songwriter. He is often regarded as the pioneer of the blues harp as a solo instrument. He played on hundreds of recordings by many pre–World War II blues artists. Under his own name, he was one of the most recorded blues musicians of the 1930s and 1940s and is closely associated with Chicago producer Lester Melrose and Bluebird Records. His popular songs, original or adapted, include "Good Morning, School Girl", "Sugar Mama", "Early in the Morning", and "Stop Breaking Down". <mask>'s harmonica style was a great influence on postwar performers. Later in his career, he was a mentor to many up-and-coming blues musicians who moved to Chicago, including Muddy Waters.In an attempt to capitalize on <mask>'s fame, Aleck "Rice" Miller began recording and performing as <mask> <mask> in the early 1940s, and later, to distinguish the two, John Lee <mask> came to be known as <mask> <mask> I or "the original <mask>". Biography and career
<mask> was born in Madison County, Tennessee, near Jackson, in 1914. His original recordings are in the country blues style, but he soon demonstrated skill at making the harmonica a lead instrument for the blues and popularized it for the first time in a more urban blues setting. He has been called "the father of modern blues harp". While in his teens he joined Yank Rachell and Sleepy John Estes, playing with them in Tennessee and Arkansas. In 1934 he settled in Chicago. <mask> first recorded in 1937, for Bluebird Records, and his first recording, "Good Morning, School Girl", became a standard.He was popular among black audiences throughout the southern United States and in Midwestern industrial cities, such as Detroit and Chicago, and his name was synonymous with the blues harmonica for the next decade. Other well-known recordings of his include "Sugar Mama Blues", "Shake the Boogie", "Better Cut That Out", "Sloppy Drunk", "Early in the Morning", "Stop Breaking Down", and "Hoodoo Hoodoo" (also known as "Hoodoo Man Blues"). In 1947, "Shake the Boogie" made number 4 on Billboard'''s Race Records chart. <mask>'s style influenced many blues harmonica performers, including <mask> Arnold, Junior Wells, <mask>, Little Walter, and Snooky Pryor. He was the most widely heard and influential blues harmonica player of his generation. His music was also influential on many of his non-harmonica-playing contemporaries and successors, including Muddy Waters (who played guitar with <mask> in the mid-1940s) and Jimmy Rogers (whose first recording in 1946 was as a harmonica player, performing an uncanny imitation of <mask>'s style). These and other artists, both blues and rock, have helped popularize his songs through subsequent recordings.<mask> recorded prolifically both as a bandleader and as a sideman over the course of his career, mainly for Bluebird. Before Bluebird moved to Chicago, where it eventually became part of RCA Records, many early sessions took place at the Leland Tower, a hotel in Aurora, Illinois. The top-floor nightclub at the Leland, known as the Sky Club, was used for live broadcasts of big bands on a local radio station and, during off hours, served as a recording studio for <mask>'s early sessions and those of other Bluebird artists. Death and legacy
<mask>'s final recording session took place in Chicago in December 1947, in which he accompanied Big Joe Williams. On June 1, 1948, <mask> was killed in a robbery on Chicago's South Side as he walked home from a performance at the Plantation Club, at 31st St. and Giles Avenue, a tavern just a block and a half from his home, at 3226 S. Giles. <mask>'s final words are reported to have been "Lord have mercy". <mask> is buried at the former site of the Blairs Chapel Church, southwest of Jackson, Tennessee.In 1991, a red granite marker was purchased by fans and family to mark the site of his burial. A Tennessee historical marker, also placed in 1991, indicates the place of his birth and describes his influence on blues music. Name issues
His legacy has been somewhat overshadowed in the postwar blues era by the popularity of the musician who appropriated his name, Rice Miller. The recordings made by <mask> between 1937 and his death in 1948 and those made later by Rice Miller were all originally issued under the name <mask> <mask>. It is believed that Miller adopted the name to deceive audiences (and his first record label) into thinking that he was the "original" <mask>. In order to differentiate between the two musicians, many later scholars and biographers have referred to John Lee <mask> (1914–1948) as <mask> <mask> I and Miller (c. 1912–1965) as <mask> <mask> II. To add to the confusion, around 1940 the jazz pianist and singer Enoch Williams recorded for Decca under the name <mask> Williams and in 1947 as <mask> in the Sunny Boy Trio.Discography

Compilation albums
<mask>'s recordings were issued on 78 rpm records by Bluebird Records (a subsidiary of RCA Victor Records) or, after the label was discontinued, RCA Victor. Over the years, RCA has released several compilations of <mask>'s material, including:Big Bill & Sonny Boy (Side 2 only) (RCA, 1964)Bluebird Blues (RCA, 1970)Rare Sonny Boy (1937-1947) (RCA, 1988)
 RCA Blues & Heritage Series: The Bluebird Recordings, 1937-1938 (RCA, 1997)
 RCA Blues & Heritage Series: The Bluebird Recordings, 1938 (RCA, 1997)
 When The Sun Goes Down: The Secret History of Rock & Roll, Vol. 8: Bluebird Blues (RCA Victor, 2003)
Specialty labels, such as JSP Records, Saga, Indigo, Snapper, and others, have also released compilations. In 1991, Document Records issued <mask>'s Complete Recorded Works In Chronological Order'' as five CDs. References

External links
Blues Foundation Hall of Fame
<mask> Boy <mask> gravesite and historical marker
 <mask> <mask> recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings. 1914 births
1948 deaths
People from Jackson, Tennessee
African-American male songwriters
Blues musicians from Tennessee
Songwriters from Tennessee
Harmonica blues musicians
Chicago blues musicians
Country blues musicians
American blues singers
American blues harmonica players
Murdered African-American people
American murder victims
Bluebird Records artists
People murdered in Illinois
1948 murders in the United States
20th-century African-American male singers

masks:
Sonny Boy
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Sonny Boy
Williamson
Williamson
Sonny Boy
Williamson
Sonny Boy
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Billy Boy
Sonny Terry
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Sonny Boy
Williamson
Sonny Boy
Williamson
Sonny Boy
Williamson
Sonny Boy
Williamson
Sonny Boy
Sunny Boy
Williamson
Williamson
Williamson
Sonny
Williamson
Sonny Boy
Williamson


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<mask><mask> is an American multi-instrumentalist, composer, arranger, and music producer. Originally from  Evanston, Illinois, Bogie became a staple in the Brooklyn music scene. Early years
Bogie studied music at the Interlochen Arts Academy and the University of Michigan, focusing on clarinet and bass clarinet. While in high school, he co-founded the group Transmission with Zachary Mastoon (aka Caural) in 1991. Later, <mask> would re-form Transmission with Colin Stetson, Eric Perney and Andrew Kitchen while at The U of M. After graduating in 1997, Bogie moved to San Francisco to pursue musical endeavors. Antibalas
In 2000, Bogie moved to New York City, where he met Jordan McLean and reunited with friend and mentor Michael Herbst of Antibalas, who recruited him to join the large jazz ensemble Fire of Space, led by McLean. Soon after, McLean and Herbst brought Bogie into Antibalas, where he functioned variously as conductor, tenor saxophonist, and composer, touring to over 15 countries and performing in major festivals around the world since.Bogie's song "Indictment" was released on Antibalas' Who Is This America, which garnered an 8.1 from Pitchfork Media. The favorable review notes the song "opens with a Superfly-echoing riff as spastic tenor sax man <mask> recites a litany of offenses committed by everyone from Donald Rumsfeld to "the game of baseball," in what sounds like some funky People's Court." The Village Voice called "Indictment," "...a fantastic Bush-era protest song, lithe and lethal." Another Bogie composition for Antibalas, "Beaten Metal", was named as one of the top 100 songs of 2007 by Pitchfork Media, ahead of modern-day staples by MGMT and Broken Social Scene. Pitchfork writer Grayson Currin applauded the song, noting "quick splashes of colorful sound and some slowly building drama, "Beaten Metal" sounds brazen, rhythmic, and powerful—like Edgard Varese coming of age after hip-hop." <mask> also composed "I.C.E." and the vocal parts (lyrics and melody) for "Sanctuary", which was released (along with "Beaten Metal" on the Antibalas album Security, produced by John McEntire.<mask> frequently conducted Antibalas between 2004 and 2012, when he formally left the group. Fela! Along with many members of Antibalas, <mask> appeared and performed in the Broadway musical Fela! about Fela Kuti directed by Bill T. Jones produced by Steve Hendel and Music Directed by Aaron Johnson. He performed as the featured soloist, improvising several solos throughout the show. The New York Times wrote "music that gets into your bloodstream, setting off vibrations you’ll live with for days to come." Work with Dave Sitek
Bogie has a long history of working with producer Dave Sitek.In 2006, <mask> contributed bass harmonica, tenor sax, contra-bass clarinet to the critically acclaimed TV on the Radio album Return to Cookie Mountain, which Pitchfork Media named the #2 best album of 2006. In 2008, <mask> was recruited to contribute tenor and baritone saxophone and collaborate on horn arrangements for TV on the Radio's Dear Science. Following the release of the acclaimed record, <mask> toured extensively with TVOTR across Europe and North America making television appearances including The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Late Show with David Letterman, Saturday Night Live and The Colbert Report. Aside from contributing horns to the last two TVOTR records, <mask> also played saxophone on the Yeah Yeah Yeahs It's Blitz!, produced by Dave Sitek, where his work can be heard on "Zero", "Dragon Queen", and "Hysteric". He has also worked with Sitek on tracks by Zack de la Rocha, Holly Miranda's The Magician's Private Library, Massive Attack, Wale, Foals, Get Hustle,  Pink Noise  Telepathe and Scarlett Johansson's album of Tom Waits covers, Anywhere I Lay My Head. Superhuman Happiness

Superhuman Happiness was founded in 2008 by Bogie and includes a long roster of artists from New York. Eric Biondo, Andrea Diaz, Mathew Scheiner, Sam Levin, Luke O'Malley (guitar), Ryan Ferreira (guitar), Jared Samuel (keyboard), Eric Biondo (trumpet), Nikhil Yerawadekar (bass), Miles Arntzen (drums), Torbitt Schwartz, Jeremy Wilms, Ryan Sawyer, Gunnar Olsen, John Bolinger, Ian Chang, Grey McMurray, Tim Allen.The group's first release was Fall Down Seven Times Stand Up Eight, which featured contributions from O'Malley, Biondo, Ferreira,  Brian Chase on Drums, Jeremiah Lockwood on Guitar, Jordan McLean and Eli Asher on Trumpet, Gabe Roth, Chris Vatolaro, and longtime collaborator Zak Mastoon. The self-released record was mixed by Hernan Santiago, mastered by Steve Berson and features art and design by Tatiana McCabe, and production by <mask> and Mastoon. The single "Human Happiness" was released by Electric Cowbell on a split 7" with CSC Funk Band. Through the musical Fela! Bogie's relationship with lead actor, Sahr Ngaujah, led to a collaboration between Ngaujah and Superhuman Happiness resulting in two recordings, "Gravity" and "String Theory" released on 7" by Electric Cowbell records. The group's second release "The Physical EP" focused more towards lyrical songwriting and was primarily recorded at Dave Sitek's Brooklyn studio "Stay Gold" by Daniel Huron. The record was mixed by Huron and O'Malley, and produced by <mask> and O'Malley.It was released on Royal Potato Family in 2011. The songs "GMYL" and "Hounds" were released as a 7" on Electric Cowbell, the songs "Needles and Pins" and "Oh, Tatiana" were released on 7" through Royal Potato Family. The group's third release Hands (2013) focused on collaborative song writing, and was collectively composed through the use of clapping patterns to generate material. The core musicians on Hands were Luke O'Malley, Ryan Ferreira, Eric Biondo, Nikhil Yerawadekar, Jared Samuel and Miles Arntzen. The album featured lead vocal performances by several different members of the group. The singles "See Me On My Way" and "Sentimental Pieces" were released on 7". Both the LP and 7" were released by Royal Potato Family.The album and 7" feature art by Joao Machado. Colin Stetson, Abena Koomson, Afi McLendon, Kalmia Traver, Joci Adams, and Shaneeka Harrel also performed on the record. The group has collaborated with video artist Tatiana McCabe on "GMYL," "Mr. Mystery," "Sentimental Pieces," "Hounds," "Needles and Pins," "Second Heart," as well as several live video collaborations. Their latest release, Escape Velocity, was released in September 2015. AllMusic noted that the album was "Marking a new focus more than a new sound for the group, Escape Velocity's interplay of ruminative tone and unbridled infectiousness works like a charm, compelling not only moving feet but repeat plays". Producer
Aside from contributing to countless acts, Bogie has also produced records by Volney Litmus and Jeremiah Lockwood. In addition, he has also produced tracks for the films Lo and Behold and Invisible Girlfriend.Awards
He has been the recipient of a Meet the Composer grant, and has written, produced and performed music for film, dance, television, and toys, for which he played alongside Elmo. <mask> also played on Angélique Kidjo's album Djin Djin, which received a Grammy for best contemporary world music album. He has also arranged strings for Spencer Day, James Harries and Ben Jonas. Discography

References

External links
 Bogie's website

American male composers
21st-century American composers
Writers from Evanston, Illinois
Living people
University of Michigan School of Music, Theatre & Dance alumni
Musicians from Evanston, Illinois
21st-century American male musicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
Antibalas members

masks:
Stuart D
. Bogie
Bogie
Stuart Bogie
Bogie
Bogie
Bogie
Bogie
Bogie
Bogie
Bogie
Bogie
Bogie
Bogie


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<mask> (24 July 187415 November 1917) was an early-twentieth-century Scottish Baptist evangelist and teacher who was aligned with the Holiness Movement. He is best known for the daily devotional My Utmost for His Highest. Youth and education
Born to devout parents in Aberdeen, Scotland, <mask> moved with his family in 1876 to Stoke-on-Trent when his father, <mask>, became Home Missions evangelist for the North Staffordshire Baptist Association, then to Perth, Scotland when his father returned to the pastorate, and finally to London in 1889, when Clarence was appointed Traveling Secretary of the Baptist Total Abstinence Association. At 16, <mask> was baptized and became a member of Rye Lane Baptist Chapel. Even as a teenager, <mask> was noted for his deep spirituality, and he participated in the evangelization of poor occupants of local lodging houses. <mask> also demonstrated gifts in both music and art. From 1893 to 1895, <mask> studied at the National Art Training School, now the Royal College of Art and was offered a scholarship for further study, which he declined.For the next two years he continued his study of art at the University of Edinburgh while being greatly influenced by the preaching of Alexander Whyte, pastor of Free St. George's Church. While at Edinburgh, he felt called to ministry, and he left for Dunoon College, a small theological training school near Glasgow, founded by the Rev. Duncan MacGregor. <mask> was soon teaching classes at the school and took over much of the administration when MacGregor was injured in 1898. Holiness minister
While teaching at Dunoon, <mask> was influenced by Richard Reader Harris, KC, a prominent barrister and founder of the Pentecostal League of Prayer. In 1905, Reader introduced <mask> as "a new speaker of exceptional power." Through the League, <mask> also met Juji Nakada, a Holiness evangelist from Japan, who stimulated Chambers' growing interest in world evangelism.In 1906, Nakada and <mask> sailed for Japan via the United States. In 1907, <mask> spent a semester teaching at God's Bible School, a Holiness institution in Cincinnati, then spent a few months in Japan working with Charles Cowman, a co-founder of the Oriental Missionary Society. Arriving back in Britain by the end of the year, <mask> found the Holiness movement divided by the advocates and opponents of founding a new denomination and by supporters and detractors of the tongues movement. <mask> did not oppose glossolalia but criticized those who made it a test of the Baptism of the Holy Spirit. Sailing back to the United States in 1908, <mask> became better acquainted with Gertrude Hobbs, the daughter of friends, whom he had known casually. They married in May 1910; and on 24 May 1913, Gertrude (whom <mask> affectionately called "Biddy") gave birth to their only child, Kathleen. Even before they married, <mask> considered a partnership in ministry in which Biddy—who could take shorthand at 250 words per minute—would transcribe and type his sermons and lessons into written form.Bible Training College
In 1911 <mask> founded and was principal of the Bible Training College in Clapham Common, Greater London, in an "embarrassingly elegant" property that had been purchased by the Pentecostal League of Prayer. <mask> accommodated not only students of every age, education, and class but also anyone in need, believing he ought to "give to everyone who asks." "No one was ever turned away from the door and whatever the person asked for, whether money, a winter overcoat, or a meal, was given." Between 1911 and 1915, 106 resident students attended the Bible Training College, and by July 1915, forty were serving as missionaries. YMCA chaplain
In 1915, a year after the outbreak of World War I, <mask> suspended the operation of the school and was accepted as a YMCA chaplain. He was assigned to Zeitoun, Cairo, Egypt, where he ministered to Australian and New Zealand troops, who later participated in the Battle of Gallipoli. <mask> raised the spiritual tone of a center intended by both the military and the YMCA to be simply an institution of social service providing wholesome alternatives to the brothels of Cairo.When he told a group of fellow YMCA workers that he had decided to abandon concerts and movies for Bible classes, they predicted the exodus of soldiers from his facilities. "What the skeptics had not considered was Chamber's unusual personal appeal, his gift in speaking, and his genuine concern for the men." Soon his wooden-framed "hut" was packed with hundreds of soldiers listening attentively to messages such as "What Is the Good of Prayer?" Confronted by a soldier who said, "I can't stand religious people," <mask> replied, "Neither can I." <mask> irritated his YMCA superiors by giving away refreshments that the organization believed should be sold so as not to raise expectations elsewhere. <mask> installed a contribution box but refused to ask soldiers to pay for tea and cakes. Death and influence
<mask> was stricken with appendicitis on 17 October 1917, but resisted going to a hospital on the grounds that the beds would be needed by men wounded in the long-expected Third Battle of Gaza.On 29 October, a surgeon performed an emergency appendectomy; however, <mask> died 15 November 1917 from a pulmonary hemorrhage. He was buried in Cairo with full military honors. Before he died, <mask> had proofread the manuscript of his first book, Baffled to Fight Better, a title he had taken from a favorite line by Robert Browning. For the remainder of her life—and at first under very straitened circumstances—<mask>' widow transcribed and published books and articles edited from the notes she had taken in shorthand during the Bible College years and at Zeitoun. Most successful of the thirty books was My Utmost for His Highest (1924), a daily devotional composed of 365 selections of Chamber's talks, each of about 500 words. The work has never been out of print and has been translated into 39 languages. Honours
Chambers House in YMCA of Hong Kong Christian College, which was founded by YMCA of Hong Kong, was named in commemoration of <mask>.References

Biography

External links

 Oswald Chambers Publication Association
 My Utmost for His Highest Online Devotional
 Wheaton College Archives & Special Collections

Scottish clergy
British military chaplains
British evangelicals
Scottish Baptist missionaries
Scottish evangelicals
1874 births
1917 deaths
People from Aberdeen
Deaths from appendicitis
Deaths from pulmonary hemorrhage
Baptist missionaries in Japan
British expatriates in Japan
British expatriates in the United States
YMCA leaders
19th-century Baptists
Modern Christian devotional writers

masks:
Oswald Chambers
Chambers
Clarence Chambers
Oswald Chambers
Chambers
Chambers
Chambers
Chambers
Chambers
Chambers
Chambers
Chambers
Chambers
Chambers
Chambers
Chambers
Chambers
Chambers
Chambers
Chambers
Chambers
Chambers
Chambers
Chambers
Chambers
Chambers
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<mask> JP (8 February 1840 – 7 November 1885) was a 19th-century Member of Parliament in Christchurch, New Zealand. He worked initially as a surveyor and was then resident magistrate in several places. He was a newspaper editor and was represented in Parliament for one term. Early life

He was born in Lyon on 8 February 1840 to an English mother and French father. His mother, Anna (née Coyney), was the daughter of <mask>. His mother's sister, Mary, was the mother of Charles Clifford. His father, <mask> (1793–1881), was an army officer who distinguished himself at Waterloo.Professional life

His mother's family was Catholic, and English Catholic relatives had preceded <mask> in the colony – the Cliffords, the Vavasours, Frederick Weld. These connections assisted him in finding his first position, working as a clerk in the Lands Office in Wellington, upon his arrival, and he was soon transferred to Napier to work in the Hawke's Bay Provincial Survey Department. It was here that he met Sir Donald McLean, then Superintendent of Hawke's Bay Province. Back in Wellington in 1864, he met his acquaintance Coutts Crawford, who suggested he accompany him to Havelock in the Marlborough Sounds, where gold had recently been discovered. Crawford was resident magistrate there and quickly appointed Pilliet warden of the burgeoning gold fields; by 1865 the 25-year-old Pilliet was himself resident magistrate. He was made a justice of the peace in 1866. He met Mary Ann Johnston of Nelson and married her in that city in 1865.In 1867 he joined the Marine Survey to chart the Marlborough coastline as assistant surveyor under surveyor Lieutenant Woods. The Government steamer St Kilda left Wellington on 15 December 1867 under Captain Fox, but the ship struck rocks at Kaikoura the following day in calm weather. Woods and <mask> were soon back in the area, this time on the ketch Sea Bird from Lyttelton. On 2 and 3 February 1868, there was heavy rain and a severe gale in the area, causing floods "greater than have ever been known by the oldest settlers". The Sea Bird foundered on 3 February at Amuri Bluff, some 20 km south of Kaikoura. Pilliet received a serious injury to his ankle and the survey gear was lost, but all on board survived. In December of that year he became Resident Magistrate at Kaikoura.That position was disestablished the following year and he became private secretary to Sir Donald Mclean, based in Auckland, handling his correspondence and keeping him informed of political news. McLean proved an awkward man to work for, and when the Resident Magistracy of Akaroa became vacant in 1870, he applied for and was granted the position. Pilliet had two enjoyable years on the Peninsula, where he was popular with both the English and French settler families due to his knowledge of languages. During that time, he pursued negotiations over land with local Māori. This was brought to an abrupt end in May 1872 when his wife Mary Ann died. Pilliet married again to a daughter of Ebenezer and Agnes Hay, a very well known Banks Peninsula family, but happiness was once more short-lived. Pilliet's temper again had been his undoing; he was dismissed from the Magistracy, after a conviction for assault was upheld in the Lyttelton Magistrate's Court.On 23 May 1873, he had punched the Christchurch architect Samuel Farr during an altercation on the Lyttelton wharf at Dampier's Bay. Justin Aylmer succeeded him as Resident Magistrate in Akaroa. He then pursued a newspaper career, editing and purchasing at least one Canterbury title (The Sun). During this time, he had his political career, both on local and national level. Political career

<mask> was elected for Bays in the Canterbury Provincial Council. He served on the seventh (and last) Council and represented his electorate from 11 April 1874 until the dissolution on 31 October 1876. Following the resignation of Robert Heaton Rhodes from his Akaroa seat in the New Zealand parliament, William Montgomery and Pilliet contested the 20 April 1874 by-election.The results were 168 and 76 votes, respectively, i.e. a margin of 92 for Montgomery, who thus entered parliament. In July 1874, a select committee declared Montgomery's election to be "null and void" on a technicality. The select committee accepted that the breach was inadvertent and Montgomery stood for re-election in the 10 August 1874 by-election. <mask> chose not to stand for election this time, neither did anybody else, and Montgomery was thus returned unopposed. Montgomery and <mask> contested the 1875 general election, which was held on 29 December. Once again, Montgomery had the upper hand, with 205 versus 159 votes recorded in his favour.<mask>'s problem was that their political views were quite similar, and the voters were satisfied with Montgomery's performance. <mask> did not stand for the 1879 general election in any of the electorates. In the 1881 general election, the Stanmore electorate was contested by <mask>, William Patten Cowlishaw (a partner of Francis James Garrick) and William Flesher (father of James Flesher). They received 383, 362 and 303 votes, respectively. <mask> was declared elected with a majority of 21 votes. Following a petition, the 1881 election was declared invalid with effect of 20 February 1882. The resulting 12 July 1882 by-election was contested by <mask>, Edward Richardson and Cowlishaw.They received 469, 345 and 244 votes, respectively. <mask> was declared elected with a majority of 124 votes. There were rumours in July 1883 that Pillet was sick and would void the seat in favour of Richardson, but this did not eventuate. The 1884 general election was contested by five candidates. The incumbent, through his political conduct, had become deeply unpopular in his electorate and came a distant fourth place. Dan Reese, George Ruddenklau, Dorney, <mask> and Wansey received 524, 435, 142, 43 and 19 votes, respectively. The majority for Reese was 89 votes.There was some protest about the election, but this came to nothing and the result stood as declared. Family and death

Pilliet married twice. His first marriage was in 1865 at Nelson to Mary Ann Johnston. They had two sons and three daughters. His wife died on 31 May 1872, aged 26 years. This was after complications following the birth of her fifth child, Caroline, on 22 May 1872. In 1872, he married Agnes Hay of Pigeon Bay on Banks Peninsula.There were no further children from the second marriage. It was after his 1884 parliamentary defeat that he moved again into political reporting for the daily press, and made arrangements to bring his young family to resettle them in Wellington. They had yet to leave Christchurch, however, before news came that he had taken ill and died at his home on 7 November 1885. He is buried at Mount Street Catholic Cemetery in that city. His second wife, Agnes Hay, left the colony after a few years for the United Kingdom, leaving her step children with relatives in New Zealand. She remarried to a Scottish shipping magnate, and never saw the children again. Of <mask>'s five children, only the youngest, Caroline, was to marry and have children.She married William Pringle in Nelson in 1897. <mask>'s father had fought for the French army in his youth, and died in Dunkerque in 1881, and his mother also died there in 1893. His sister, Ann Mary, died unmarried in the same town in 1920. The Pilliet name does not live on in New Zealand today but is found in some parts of France. References

1840 births
1885 deaths
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
Members of the Canterbury Provincial Council
People from Akaroa
New Zealand surveyors
New Zealand editors
French emigrants to New Zealand
New Zealand MPs for Christchurch electorates
District Court of New Zealand judges
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1875–1876 New Zealand general election
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1884 New Zealand general election
Colony of New Zealand judges
19th-century New Zealand politicians
19th-century New Zealand judges

masks:
Walter Hippolyte Pilliet
Walter Hill Coyney
Chevalier Jean Hippolyte Pilliet
Walter Pilliet
Pilliet
Pilliet
Pilliet
Pilliet
Pilliet
Pilliet
Pilliet
Pilliet
Pilliet
Pilliet
Pilliet
Pilliet
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<mask> (January 1, 1917 – June 16, 1981) was an American meteorologist who played an important role in developing numerical weather prediction and increasing understanding of the general circulation of the atmosphere by devising a series of increasingly sophisticated mathematical models of the atmosphere. His work was the driving force behind many national and international weather initiatives and programs. Considered the father of modern dynamical meteorology, Charney is credited with having "guided the postwar evolution of modern meteorology more than any other living figure." <mask>'s work also influenced that of his close colleague Edward Lorenz, who explored the limitations of predictability and was a pioneer of the field of chaos theory. Biography
<mask> was born in San Francisco, California, on January 1, 1917, to Russian immigrants <mask> and Stella Littman, tailors in the garment industry. Charney spent most of his early life in California. After a 20-month battle with cancer, he died  in Boston at the Sidney Farber Cancer Institute at the age of 64.Education
Charney earned his undergraduate and graduate degrees at UCLA, culminating in a Ph.D. in physics in 1946. His Ph.D. dissertation, titled “The Dynamics of Long Waves in a Baroclinic Westerly Current” comprised the entire October 1947 issue of the Journal of Meteorology. The paper was influential because it emphasized the influence of “long waves” in the upper atmosphere on the behavior of the entire atmosphere rather than the more traditional emphasis on the polar front and also provided a way of analyzing perturbations along these waves that was both physically insightful and mathematically rigorous. Career and legacy

<mask> began his career at his alma mater, UCLA, as an instructor in physics and meteorology from 1941 to 1946. In 1946, Charney became a research associate at the University of Chicago under Carl-Gustav Rossby, a Swedish-born American meteorologist whose theories of large-scale air movements helped revolutionize meteorology. From 1947 to 1948, Charney held a National Research Council postgraduate fellowship at the University of Oslo in Norway. During this year, he developed a technique known as the “quasi-geostrophic approximation” for calculating the large-scale motions of planetary-scale waves.<mask>'s quasi-geostrophic vorticity equations allowed for concise mathematical description of large-scale atmospheric and oceanic circulations, enabling future numerical weather prediction work. Numerical weather prediction

In 1948, Charney joined the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton, New Jersey, to explore the feasibility of applying digital computers to weather prediction as head of the Meteorological Research Group. Together with noted mathematician John von Neumann, Charney helped pioneer the use of computers and numerical techniques to improve weather forecasting, and played a leading role in efforts to integrate sea-air exchanges of energy and moisture into the study of climate. This collective work paved the way for the founding of NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. In 1954, Charney helped create the Joint Numerical Weather Prediction Unit, a collaboration between the U.S. Weather Bureau, Air Force, and Navy. Charney would later serve as a member of the Committee on Atmospheric Sciences of the National Academy of Sciences and as chairman of the academy's Committee on International Meteorological Cooperation.In those roles, he conceived and helped organize the Global Atmospheric Research Program, considered the most ambitious international effort in weather research ever undertaken. Dynamic meteorology and oceanography

In 1956, <mask> left IAS to become a professor of meteorology and director of the Atmospheric and Ocean Dynamics Project at MIT, where for 25 years he contributed major contributions in dynamic meteorology and oceanography research, including large-scale atmospheric turbulence, feedback interactions between the oceans and atmosphere, the persistence of certain abnormal flow patterns in the atmosphere, and the relationship of such phenomena to droughts. Among his many fundamental contributions to the field, Charney identified “baroclinic instability,” the first convincing physical explanation for the development of mid-latitude cyclones. Charney identified the mechanism that explains the size, structure, and growth rate of mid-latitude weather systems, and is a ubiquitous phenomenon in rotating, stratified fluids like our oceans and atmosphere. From 1974 to 1977, <mask> headed the meteorology department at MIT. In addition to his revolutionizing research, <mask> is remembered as a charismatic and optimistic professor among former students from MIT, where he remained until his death in 1981. Students describe falling into “orbit around the Charney sun.” There is a library named in Charney's honor in the building that holds the MIT Department of Earth, Atmospheres and Planetary Sciences.Charney Report
In 1979, Charney chaired an "ad hoc study group on carbon dioxide and climate" for the National Research Council. The resulting 22-page report, "Carbon dioxide and climate: A scientific assessment," is one of the earliest modern scientific assessments about global warming. Its main conclusion can be found on page 2: "We estimate the most probable global warming for a doubling of CO2 to be near 3°C with a probable error of ± 1.5°C." This estimate of climate sensitivity has been essentially unchanged for over four decades, e.g., the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (2007) says that "equilibrium climate sensitivity is likely to be in the range 2°C to 4.5°C, with a best estimate value of about 3°C. It is very unlikely to be less than 1.5°C. Values substantially higher than 4.5°C cannot be excluded, but agreement with observations is not as good for those values." In 2019 climate scientists celebrating the 40th anniversary of the Charney report said "In retrospect, the Charney report seems like the scientific equivalent of the handwriting on the wall...Their warning was accurate and remains more relevant than ever."Centenary celebration
In February 2018, MIT held a symposium, named MIT on Chaos and Climate, in honor of the 100th anniversary of the birth of <mask> and Edward Lorenz. The two-day event featured presentations from world-renowned experts on the many scientific contributions that the two pioneers made on the fields of numerical weather prediction, physical oceanography, atmospheric dynamics, and experimental fluid dynamics, as well as the personal legacy they left behind of integrity, optimism, and collaboration. In one presentation, Joseph Pedlosky, scientist emeritus at the Woods Hole Oceanography Institute and world leader in physical oceanography, said this of his friend and mentor <mask>:

"It's fair to say that <mask> Charney turned the mystery of the erratic behavior of the atmosphere into a recognizable–although very, very difficult–problem in fluid physics. I would like, however, to talk today about Jule's more personal and I think equally vital contribution to our field, in terms of the inspiring generosity of spirit he showed that advanced the atmosphere of collaborative collegiality in our field. He set a standard for personal and scientific integrity that I think is often overlooked but of exceptional importance." A video produced for the event highlights the indelible mark made by <mask> and Lorenz on MIT and the field of meteorology as a whole. Honors and awards
1937 Elected to Phi Beta Kappa.1961 Awarded the Symons Gold Medal of the Royal Meteorological Society. 1964 Awarded the Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal of the American Meteorological Society, for research that "led to a more fundamental understanding of the atmosphere's general circulation, hydrodynamical instability, the structure of hurricanes, the dynamics of ocean currents, the propagation of wave energy and many other aspects of geophysical fluid mechanics." 1966 Appointed the first Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Meteorology at MIT. 1969 Awarded the Hodgkins Medal of the Smithsonian Institution. 1971 Awarded the prestigious International Meteorological Organization Prize by the World Meteorological Organization. 1976 Awarded the William Bowie Medal of the American Geophysical Union. The American Meteorological Society presents an award named "The Jule G. Charney Award".The award is granted to individuals "in recognition of highly significant research or development achievement in the atmospheric or hydrologic sciences". See also
Richard Lindzen
Edward Norton Lorenz
Quasi-geostrophic equations
Geostrophic wind
Eric Eady

References

External links
Guide to the Papers of Jule G. Charney

American meteorologists
Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal recipients
1917 births
1981 deaths
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
University of California, Los Angeles alumni

masks:
Jule Gregory Charney
Charney
Charney
Ely Charney
Charney
Charney
Charney
Charney
Charney
Charney
Jules Charney
Jule
Charney


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<mask> (23 December 1898 – 11 May 1945) was a Czech actor and film director. He was an important exponent of Czechoslovak film in the interwar period and during World War II. Sviták was murdered shortly after the liberation of Prague in 1945. Biography

Early life

Sviták was born in Plzeň, where his father worked as a clerk for the Škoda Plzeň company. During World War I, he studied at the Naval School in Pula and joined the Austro-Hungarian Navy. He was a crewman on the battleship SMS Wien, which was sunk on 10 December 1917. Sviták was not physically harmed in the catastrophe, and soon after, he was awarded the Bravery Medal but the sinking was a traumatic experience.It permanently marked his life, particularly his underlying attitudes and mental state. With the end of the War and the establishment of the Czechoslovak State, he devoted himself to the theatre. He was engaged as an actor by travelling theatre companies and went on perform in the theatres in Olomouc, Ostrava, and Bratislava (as an ensemble member of the Slovak National Theatre), and at the National Theatre in Prague. His performances drew positive responses. Several Austrian critics remarked his acting talents during his engagement in Vienna. In the 1930s, he was engaged by the theatre owned by the interwar Czechoslovak film and theatre star, Vlasta Burian. Sviták took his first film parts in the late 1920s.His first roles in this silent era were in Podskalák, Plukovník Švec, and Hříšná krev. These early roles were minor and rather stereotypical – army officers, adventurers, and smooth intriguers. He took his first directorial steps in 1932/33, under Josef Rovenský's supervision, and soon became a prominent filmmaker in Czechoslovakia. In 1939, Sviták became director of the Foja film studios, in the Prague district Radice, and took increasing responsibility for the administrative and organizational aspects of film-making. Activities in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
In 1939, after the invasion of German troops, Czechoslovakia ceased to exist and split into two countries. Nazi Germany established the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in the central part of the Czech Lands, and Slovakia became a nominally independent state. In the Nazi-administered Protectorate, Sviták continued his activities in the film industry.Up to 1941, he directed 15 films, the most popular of which was (and still is) Přednosta Stanice, starring Vlasta Burian and Jaroslav Marvan. He was given the directorship of the Filmprüfstelle, a German institute controlling the film production and censorship in the Protectorate. It was an important post. As a director, Sviták had to negotiate with German representatives, and his decisions were subordinated to their authority. This led to speculation that he was a Nazi collaborator. According to some testimonies, he used his position and influence to obtain the release of certain Czech political prisoners: after the War, the Czech actress and writer Jarmila Svatá testified that she escaped arrest by the Nazis, mainly thanks to Sviták's intervention. Sviták remained a close friend of the passionate anti-Nazi activist, reporter, and journalist František Kocourek.On several occasions, he warned Kocourek to be more discreet; he also managed to stop two investigations into Kocourek's activities. Despite this, Kocourek later was murdered in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Sviták also tried to warn the prominent Czech singer and actor Karel Hašler, who was later murdered in Nazi concentration camp Mauthausen. Sviták's situation during World War II was complicated. While he used his office to mitigate some of the worst effects of the Nazi occupation within his circle, he worked and negotiated with Nazism's representatives in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. His wartime role was therefore assessed negatively by the Czech public. Death

On 10 May 1945, in the first days after the liberation of Prague, a group led by one of Sviták's closest collaborators in office broke into Sviták's flat and took him for interrogation at the police station in Bartolomějská Street.He was detained there overnight but was released the following morning, only to fall into the hands of a "fanatical mob" bent on revenge. He was dragged to the front of the Church of St. Martin in the Wall. Half-naked and scared, Sviták faced the attacks of the crowd, among them some of his erstwhile colleagues. A passing Soviet soldier noticed the lynching and asked what was going on. People shouted that Sviták deserved death as a traitor and Nazi informer who had denounced Hašler and others. The soldier shot Sviták in the head. After several hours, Sviták's wife found his dead body lying on the street.He was buried in Plzeň. Later, the Czech journalist Stanislav Motl attempted to gather the facts about Sviták's war activities and death in the book Mraky nad Barrandovem. However, the circumstances of his death and his alleged collaboration with Nazis were never properly investigated. The Czech director Otakar Vávra later commented: "It was a lynching. It was a time when people started to seek revenge for the whole period of occupation. And they revenged on anything that came to hand. No justice.No trials. That was out of the question. The first time [after the war] was like this."


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<mask>, SDB (2 February 1926 – 3 June 2018) was a Nicaraguan prelate of the Catholic Church. He was the Archbishop of Managua from 1970 to 2005. Pope John Paul II created him a cardinal in 1985. Life

<mask> was born in La Libertad in the department of Chontales. He was appointed Titular Bishop of Puzia di Bizacena and appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Matagalpa on 18 January 1968. He was consecrated on 31 March 1968 by <mask>, Bishop of Granada, assisted by <mask>, Bishop of Estelí, and Julián Luis Barni Spotti, O.F.M., Prelate of Juigalpa. His episcopal motto was Omnibus omnia factus.He was promoted to the metropolitan see of Managua on 16 February 1970 by Pope Paul VI. He was elected as president of the Episcopal Conference of Nicaragua, 1971–1974; and 1979–1983. He was also elected as president of the Episcopal Secretariat of Central America and Panamá serving from 1976–1980. <mask> was created Cardinal-Priest of San Giovanni Evangelista a Spinaceto on 25 May 1985, becoming the first Nicaraguan cardinal. He participated in the 2005 papal conclave which elected Pope Benedict XVI. <mask> was president of the Episcopal Conference of Nicaragua from December 1999 to November 2005. Pope John Paul accepted <mask>'s resignation as Archbishop of Managua on 1 April 2005.On 14 March 2007 <mask> announced at a press conference held at Unica Catholic University that he had accepted a request made in January by Nicaraguan president Daniel Ortega to preside over the Peace and Reconciliation Commission, which is charged with ensuring the implementation of signed agreements with Nicaraguans who were affected by the civil war of the 1980s. He said it was not a partisan or government position. When asked if the Holy See approved, he said that Pope Benedict in a recent audience had told him to "work for the reconciliation of the Nicaraguan family". <mask> died in Managua on 3 June 2018 at the age of 92. Honors
In 1979 Obando received the Bruno Kreisky Award for peace and freedom, Vienna, Austria, the Plaque for Peace and Freedom of the Nicaraguan People, San Francisco, United States of America, 1980; the Letter of Brotherhood of the Piarist Society, Managua, 1980; the Venezuelan Order of Francisco Miranda, 1981; the Distinction of Loyalty to the Pope, the Church and the Nicaraguan People, Central of Nicaraguan Workers (CTN), 1982. In 1986 Universidad Francisco Marroquín honored Obando with an honorary doctoral degree. Views

Somoza regime
Obando became a vocal opponent of the corruption of the Anastasio Somoza regime in the late 1970s by expressing criticism in his pastoral letters as well as through the columns he wrote for the Boletín de la Arquidiócesis de Managua.He was critical of the corruption of the regime as it manifested itself through the government's mismanagement of relief funds after the 1972 Managua earthquake, and became an outspoken critic of the human rights abuses carried out by the National Guard. He helped to delegitimize the regime by refusing to accept the Mercedes automobile Somoza gave him and rejecting invitations to attend official state ceremonies. Sandinistas in opposition
Obando served as an intermediary between the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) and the Somoza government on two occasions during Sandinista staged hostage-taking incidents. In a pastoral letter written in June 1979 he spoke in favor of the Sandinistas' use of armed force to overthrow the Somoza regime and encouraged Nicaraguans not to fear socialism. As a result of his criticism of the Somoza regime, government officials sometimes referred to him in private as "Comandante <mask>", as if he were a Sandinista leader. Sandinistas in power
<mask>'s relationship with the Sandinistas altered dramatically by the early 1980s; he ultimately became one of the most vocal domestic opponents of the revolutionary government. He opposed the "people's church" (radical clergy who supported liberation theology) and banned the Misa Campesina Nicaragüense (Nicaraguan peasants' mass).He insisted that clergy adhere to canon law and refuse to undertake the exercise of civil power. Obando opposed what he called the "godless communism" of the Sandinistas. He criticized many of their policies, including military conscription and restrictions of press freedoms, and accused the Sandinistas of human rights violations. The Sandinistas, in turn, complained that he should have attacked United States aid to the Contras. Initially, Obando had promised to the public that if human rights abuses on the part of the Contras were verifiably reported, he would denounce them. When many such abuses were reported by organizations (including Human Rights Watch and several human rights groups established by clergy of the Catholic Church itself), however, he did not denounce them as he had pledged to. Instead, he travelled to the United States in January 1986 and declared his support for the Contras, thereby encouraging the U.S. Congress to provide them with military aid.This set the stage for a sharp confrontation between <mask> and the Sandinista government. The Sandinistas, who already in July 1984 had expelled ten foreign priests (who had expressed solidarity with another religious figure who had been accused of being a contrarevolutionary), responded by rebuking Obando repeatedly in public forums. Despite the popular support the Sandinistas enjoyed at the time, this episode certainly damaged that support, as Obando was (as reported by journalist Stephen Kinzer) enduringly popular among Christian Nicaraguans. Volte-face and Support for Daniel Ortega
In 2004 Obando suddenly and unexpectedly announced reconciliation with Daniel Ortega in a deal which offered support for the FSLN in return for Ortega's acquiescence to extending the ban on abortion to all cases, as the then government subsequently legislated, and for not pushing for corruption charges against Obando's protege Roberto Rivas (who was subsequently appointed head of the Supreme Electoral Council). Obando continued to support Ortega in the 2006 and 2011 presidential elections, despite increasing claims by opposition figures that Ortega had manipulated the electoral system (with the help of Rivas). Obando also presided over the 2005 marriage of Ortega and Rosario Murillo

See also
 The Catholic Church and the Nicaraguan Revolution

References

Additional sources

External links

 Catholic-hierarchy.org

1926 births
2018 deaths
People from Chontales Department
Nicaraguan cardinals
Salesian cardinals
Salesians of Don Bosco
Nicaraguan anti-communists
Cardinals created by Pope John Paul II
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Roman Catholic bishops of Matagalpa
Roman Catholic archbishops of Managua
Nicaraguan Roman Catholic bishops

masks:
Miguel Obando y Bravo
Obando
Marco Antonio García y Suárez
Clemente Carranza y López
Obando
Obando
Obando
Obando
Obando
Miguel
Obando
Obando


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<mask> (; ; born September 1, 1984) is a Swedish composer, conductor, and record producer. He has scored films such as Fruitvale Station, the Rocky franchise entries Creed and Creed II, Venom, and Tenet. He also composed the new fanfare for Warner Bros. Pictures, as well as the fanfare for the Star Wars brand logo. For his work on the 2018 superhero film Black Panther, he won the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media and the Academy Award for Best Original Score, and he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score. <mask> is also known for his work on American TV series like Community, Happy Endings, New Girl, Patriot Act with Hasan Minhaj, and The Mandalorian, winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series for the both Chapter 8: Redemption in Season 1 and Chapter 16: The Rescue in Season 2. As a producer, he has frequently collaborated with Childish Gambino, producing his studio albums Camp, Because the Internet and "Awaken, My Love!" among others.<mask>'s producing work on Gambino's single "This Is America" was met with acclaim and accolades. The song earned him two Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Song of the Year. Overall, his work with Gambino earned him six Grammy Award nominations. He has also produced for other recording artists such as Adele, Haim, Chance the Rapper, Alicia Keys, and Travis Scott. Early life

<mask> was born and raised in Linköping, Sweden. His mother, Maria, a florist, is from Warsaw, Poland and his father Tomas, a guitar teacher, is Swedish. He has an older sister named Jessika.He is named after <mask> Beethoven. He began music lessons at a young age and went on to graduate from the Stockholm Royal College of Music. In 2007, he moved to Los Angeles to study at the University of Southern California Scoring for Motion Picture and Television program. It was at that university that <mask> met Ryan Coogler, for whom <mask> composed the score for the award-winning short film Fig in 2011 (written by Alex George Pickering), which Coogler directed while at USC. The pair would then work together on Fruitvale Station, Creed and Black Panther. Soon after graduating USC he began work assisting Theodore Shapiro, a composer known for films such as Along Came Polly, The Devil Wears Prada, Idiocracy, and Tropic Thunder. <mask>'s first break came in 2009 as the composer for the comedy Community.Film and TV composer
In 2013, <mask>'s first feature film came from fellow former USC graduate Ryan Coogler. <mask> composed the score to Coogler's critically acclaimed drama Fruitvale Station, based on the fatal shooting of 22-year-old Oscar Grant on 1 January 2009. The film won the Grand Jury Prize and Audience awards in the Dramatic category at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival, also taking home the Avenir Prize and Un Certain Regard awards at the Cannes Film Festival. In August 2013, <mask> signed a management deal as a composer for Jay-Z's label, Roc Nation. That year he also composed the music for the movie We're the Millers. In 2015, Coogler and <mask> again worked together this time on the critically acclaimed Rocky franchise film Creed. By 2016-17, he was scoring True Memoirs of an International Assassin, Central Intelligence and Everything, Everything.In 2018, <mask> and Coogler came together for their third collaboration, Black Panther. <mask> set out to create a score that would sit somewhere between traditional African instrumentation and a traditional superhero score. In order to do this he travelled to Senegal to research traditional African music and instruments. There he met musician Baaba Maal whose voice is featured in the score who sings in his native Fula language. He later traveled to the International Library of African Music in South Africa, founded by Hugh Tracey, where he listened to recordings of traditional musicians to ensure the score had a culturally traditional sound. In 2019, <mask>'s score for Black Panther won the Academy Award for Best Original Score. On 22 May 2019, it was announced that because Nolan’s frequent collaborator Hans Zimmer was already booked to score Denis Villeneuve's Dune, <mask> composed the film score for Christopher Nolan's Tenet.He worked on original songs and music with Justin Timberlake for the 2020 film Trolls World Tour. Since 2019, <mask> has composed the score for the Disney+ television series The Mandalorian, which is set in the Star Wars universe, as well as the fanfare for the franchises' brand logo. In 2021, he started scoring sessions for The Mandalorian'''s spinoff series, The Book of Boba Fett, which premiered on December 29, 2021. In 2021, he was chosen to be the composer of the new fanfare for Warner Bros. Pictures over Billy Mallery's work and four other composers, which debuted on April 21, 2021 in Italy with Non Mi Uccidere (the television counterpart debuted before its movie counterpart on March 4, 2021 with Young Sheldon Season 4 Episode 10, entitled "Cowboy Aerobics and 473 Grease-Free Bolts"). While the fanfare is in essence the same as the previous one that debuted in 1998 for the opening theme to Warner Bros. movies and was introduced to the closing logos of its TV shows in 2003 (albeit in a different key), it now has a more powerful buildup, and the first notes are played on a guitar and flute as opposed to a piano. He was tapped to score the upcoming Pixar film, Turning Red. Record producer
In 2010, when Donald Glover first approached <mask> about his side project, Childish Gambino, the two were working on the set of Community.Since then they have released four albums: Camp, Because the Internet, "Awaken, My Love! ", and 3.15.20. <mask> served as producer and writer for every song on the album "Awaken, My Love! ", inspired by Parliament-Funkadelic and black power music of the ‘70s. In November, they earned four Grammy nominations for their work, including Album of the Year and Record of the Year for "Redbone". In 2012, <mask> produced HAIM's debut EP and helped establish the band with a brand new sound on the song "Forever". He also produced two songs on HAIM's debut album Days Are Gone''.On 5 May 2018, "This Is America" was released. Produced by Gambino and <mask>, the song features a gospel-style choir and background contributions from various American rappers Young Thug, Slim Jxmmi, BlocBoy JB, 21 Savage, Quavo and Offset. "This Is America" debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming the 31st song to do so in the chart's history. The song won in all four of its nominated categories at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, Best Rap/Sung Performance, and Best Music Video. Personal life
<mask> is married to American violinist Serena McKinney. They were married in 2018, and their son Apollo was born in 2019. Discography

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1984 births
Animation composers
Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Hollywood Records artists
Interscope Records artists
Living people
Male film score composers
Male television composers
People from Linköping
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Swedish expatriates in the United States
Swedish film score composers
Swedish television composers
Swedish people of Polish descent
University of Southern California alumni

masks:
Ludwig Emil Tomas Göransson
Göransson
Göransson
Göransson
Ludwig van
Ludwig
Ludwig
Ludwig
Göransson
Göransson
Göransson
Göransson
Göransson
Göransson
Göransson
Göransson
Göransson
Göransson
Göransson
Göransson
Ludwig Göransson
Göransson


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<mask>Alī ibn Aḥmad (; 985 – c. 1021) was an 11th-century Ismaili missionary and founding leader of the Druze. He was born in Zozan in Greater Khorasan in Samanid-ruled Persia (modern Khaf, Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran), and preached his heterodox strand of Isma'ilism in Cairo during the reign of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah. According to <mask>, al-Hakim was God made manifest. Despite opposition from the established Isma'ili clergy, <mask> persisted, apparently being tolerated or even patronized by al-Hakim himself, and set up a parallel hierarchy of missionaries in Egypt and Syria. Following al-Hakim's disappearance—or, most likely, assassination—in February 1021, <mask> and his followers were persecuted by the new regime. <mask> himself announced his retirement in his final epistle to his followers, in which he also promised that al-Hakim would soon return and usher the end times. <mask> disappeared thereafter, although one contemporary source claims that he fled to Mecca, where he was recognized and executed.His disciple Baha al-Din al-Muqtana resumed <mask>'s missionary effort in 1027–1042, finalizing the doctrines of the Druze faith. Life

Origin
The life of <mask> <mask> and his exact role in the birth of the Druze movement are not entirely clear, as the chief sources about him—the contemporary Christian chronicler Yahya of Antioch, the Muslim historian Ibn Zafir, and <mask>'s own epistles—are often contradictory. According to Ibn Zafir, <mask> <mask> was born in Zozan in Khurasan, and was originally a felt-maker. He emigrated to Fatimid Egypt, and does not appear to have been active before 1017/18, although he may have been present in Cairo already in 1013, as he describes the events surrounding the appointment of Abd al-Rahim <mask> as heir-apparent () by the Fatimid caliph, al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (). Background: the Isma'ili daʿwa under al-Hakim
At that time, the Isma'ili movement (), the state religion of the Fatimid Caliphate, was in turmoil due to the emergence of heterodox beliefs. These were propagated by al-Hasan <mask> al-Farghani al-Akhram, an Isma'ili from the Farghana Valley. His teachings are only indirectly known, from the polemic writings refuting them by the Isma'ili , Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani.According to al-Kirmani, al-Akhram preached the imminence of the end times, when formal religion and religious law (the ) would be abolished and replaced with the pure, original paradisical worship of God. Such antinomian and millennialist concepts had been a core component of early Isma'ilism. However, as the Fatimid regime consolidated itself and the early Isma'ili messianic promise was relegated into the far future, the official doctrine of the Fatimid imam–caliphs had firmly rejected these potentially revolutionary tenets. The most explosive of al-Akhram's views, however, was that the line of the imams was at an end, and that God was made manifest in the person of Caliph al-Hakim, who accordingly was the expected messiah, the . This too, was not new: several Shi'a groups, known as the "extremists" () had tended to deify their imams, starting already with <mask> ibn Abi Talib. The fact that Fatimid theologians such as Qadi al-Nu'man continued to condemn such views as heresy in the late 10th century shows their continued currency. Although entirely heretical according to official Fatimid doctrine,  al-Hakim not only appears to have tolerated the propagation of such concepts, but reportedly also counted al-Akhram among his close associates, leading to widespread speculation among contemporaries that al-Akhram's heretical ideas were not only approved of, but even originated by, the Caliph.Al-Akhram also tried to win over officials to his cause by sending them letters to that effect. Al-Akhram was murdered in January/February 1018 (or 1019, according to Halm), while accompanying the Caliph on a horseback ride. Al-Hakim's reaction to the event—the murderer was swiftly executed, and the victim buried in rich clothes brought from the palace—only served to deepen suspicion that he sympathized with al-Akhram's views. However, in the aftermath of the murder, al-Hakim cut off contact with al-Akhram's followers, and the movement he had started became dormant for a while. Start of <mask>'s mission
<mask> also followed similar teachings: he established himself at a mosque on the Raydan Canal, outside the city gate of Bab al-Nasr, and there expounded the view that in al-Hakim, God had become incarnate. He adopted the title of "leader of the adepts" (), and his following quickly grew. According to the medieval chroniclers, he too enjoyed signs of favour from al-Hakim: when he complained to the Caliph that his life was in danger, he was given weapons, which he demonstratively hung on every entrance to the Raydan Mosque.It is unclear when exactly <mask> began his mission. The earliest of his epistles to contain a date comes from July 1017. In the previous, undated fifth epistle, <mask> had declared a new oath () to his followers, who were for the first time referred to as "The People of Monotheism" (). In it, they pledged to abandon every previous allegiance and swear obedience to "our Lord al-Hakim, the One, the Unique, the Sole One" and to place themselves at his disposal body and soul, including all their possessions and even their children. Al-Hakim is generally portrayed in the historical sources to have been favourably disposed towards <mask>'s movement. Modern historians are more skeptical about claims—mostly transmitted by hostile Sunni historians—that the Caliph actually instigated the new doctrine himself. The historian David R. W. Bryer writes that "al-Hakim played no active part in building up what was to be the Druze , nor, astute politician that he was, did he hesitate to withdraw all visible support from the movement in times of real difficulty", and that he "did not wish to be seen to be involved in the movement that was forming until he saw how the majority of the people reacted to it".Indeed, due to the disturbances provoked by the new doctrine, the Caliph forced <mask> to suspend his mission during the following year (409 AH, 1018/19 CE), which is thus not counted in the Druze calendar (which starts with the year 408 AH). It is only from May 1019 (in 410 AH), that <mask> resumed his activity, presumably with the Caliph's permission. <mask> and al-Darzi
Although <mask> was the real founder of the Druze religion, it received its name by another like-minded propagandist—and soon to become rival—the Turk Anushtegin, better known by his sobriquet, al-Darzi (probably derived from the Persian word for tailor). From him, the followers of Hamza became known as the "Darzites" () and "Druzes" (from the broken plural form ). The exact relation between <mask> and al-Darzi is unclear. Yahya of Antioch presents him as a disciple of <mask>, but Ibn Zafir has it the other way round. The modern historian Marshall Hodgson attempted to discern doctrinal differences between the two, positing that al-Darzi was still within the limits of Isma'ilism, while <mask>'s teachings about al-Hakim's divinity effectively put his doctrine outside the boundaries not only of Isma'ilism, but of Islam in general.This thesis was rejected by Bryer, and al-Darzi is now considered by historians as a particularly zealous adherent of al-Hakim's divinity, writing letters to senior Fatimid officials and commanders urging them to join him. Indeed, in his epistles, <mask> is critical of his colleague, both for al-Darzi's disputing <mask>'s role as the leader of their movement, as well as for his followers' over-zealous, extremist and provocative actions, which revealed the movement's ideas prematurely and placed it under danger of attack. The Day of
According to Yahya of Antioch, the chief opponent of the doctrines propagated by <mask> and al-Darzi was the leader of the established Isma'ili , the Turkish chief missionary (), Qut Tegin. Indeed, the Turkish  (slave soldiers) of the Fatimid army appear to have been generally opposed to the new teachings. During this time, the followers of the rival leaders engaged in regular brawls in the streets of Cairo, cursing one another as infidels. The conflict between the two parties came to a head at the Mosque of Amr at Fustat (Old Cairo) on 19 June 1019 (12 Ṣafar 410 AH), known in Druze tradition as the "Day of ", a name whose meaning is unknown. On that day, some of <mask>'s followers entered the Mosque of Amr, loudly proclaiming their beliefs, but encountered the opposition of the locals, who began streaming to the mosque.When the Sunni chief judge () learned of events, he went to the mosque, where <mask>'s men tried to have him read out a statement affirming the divinity of al-Hakim. The  demurred, and the assembled multitude became incensed, so that they lynched <mask>'s followers, dragging their corpses through the city's streets. On the same day, al-Hakim dismissed the police prefects of the capital, and punished the instigators of the lynchings. This only served to provoke the populace and the troops: on 29 June, the Turkish soldiers surrounded al-Darzi's house and, after a brief battle with his followers who had barricaded themselves there, stormed it. Some forty of al-Darzi's supporters were killed, but al-Darzi himself managed to escape and found refuge in the caliphal palace. The Turks then assembled before the palace gates, demanding that he be delivered to them for punishment; the historical sources are silent on al-Darzi's fate, but <mask>'s epistles report that he was executed by al-Hakim. Robbed of their original target, the Turkish troops turned on <mask> and his followers, attacking the Raydan Mosque and setting its gate on fire.<mask> himself reports in two of his epistles (10 and 19) how, with only twelve followers, of whom five were either too old or too young to fight, he managed to hold back the attacks of his enemies for a whole day, before a 'miraculous' appearance of al-Hakim forced their attackers to withdraw. <mask> places this miracle on the day of the Islamic new year (1 Muharram 410 AH/9 May 1019 CE), which thus marked the resumption of the Druze's missionary activity (the "divine call"). The riots spread, the discipline of the soldiers collapsed, and order was restored only after much of Cairo had been burned down. Chroniclers hostile to al-Hakim, like Yahya of Antioch or later Sunni historians, saw in this a deliberate attempt by the Caliph to punish the Cairenes for opposing the Druze teachings. Final years
The  doctrines current during the later years of al-Hakim's reign were apparently propagated simultaneously and

masks:
Hamza ibn ‘
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
ibn Ali
Hamza
Hamza
ibn Ali
ibn Ilyas
ibn Haydara
Ali
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza
Hamza