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<mask> (born 11 September 1963) is a politician (CDU), member of the German Bundestag and former Bundeswehr general staff officer. Early life and career
After passing the German Abitur examination in 1982, Kiesewetter joined the German military artillery forces. From 1983 until 1986 he studied economics and organizational sciences at the Bundeswehr University Munich and the University of Texas at Austin. From 1995 to 1997 he attended the German General Staff Course at the Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr in Hamburg, being awarded the Heusinger prize for the best German graduate. Having finished the studies in Hamburg, <mask> was posted at the European Council, the NATO Headquarters in Brussels and Mons as well as in the German Ministry of Defence. Besides that he also used to be commander of a German army battalion and took part in different military missions abroad. From 2006 to 2009 he was head of the offices of the then Chiefs of Staff of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, Rainer Schuwirth and Karl-Heinz Lather in Brunssum, Belgium.In 2009 he had a post at the Rapid Reaction Forces Operations Command (Kommando operative Führung Eingreifkräfte), until he was elected member of parliament on 17 October 2009 and left the army as a colonel. Political career
<mask> has been a member of the German Bundestag since the 2009 federal elections. In the Bundestag, Kiesewetter is a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs as well as deputy chairman of the Sub-Committee for Disarmament, Arms Control and Non-Proliferation. In his parliamentary group he serves as spokesman for disarmament and on civilian crisis prevention. Within the Committee on Foreign Affairs, he is his group's rapporteur on the Balkans, the Mediterranean and Maghreb countries; he previously also covered energy policy. In the negotiations to form a coalition government following the 2013 federal elections, Kiesewetter was part of the CDU/CSU delegation in the working group on foreign affairs, defense policy and development cooperation, led by Thomas de Maizière and Frank-Walter Steinmeier. Between 2014 and 2015, Kiesewetter represented the CDU/CSU parliamentary group in a crossparty committee headed by former defense minister Volker Rühe to review the country's parliamentary rules on military deployments.From April 2014, he served as member of the German Parliamentary Committee investigating the NSA spying scandal; he resigned from the body in January 2015, citing an increased need to focus on his duties in the Committee on Foreign Affairs. In addition to his committee assignments, Kiesewetter is a member of the Parliamentary Friendship Group for Relations with Bosnia and Herzegovina. Since 2019, he has been a member of the German delegation to the Franco-German Parliamentary Assembly. In February 2013, Kiesewetter accompanied President of the Bundestag Norbert Lammert to Morocco for meetings with the president of the House of Representatives, Karim Ghellab, the President of the Assembly of Councillors, Mohamed Cheikh Biadillah, Prime Minister Abdelilah Benkirane, and Foreign Minister Saad-Eddine El Othmani. In early 2015, he joined Germany's Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier on official trips to Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria; later that year, he also accompanied him on a trip to Cuba; it was the first time a German foreign minister had visited the country since German reunification in 1990. Political positions

Domestic politics
Ahead of the Christian Democrats’ leadership election in 2018, Kiesewetter publicly endorsed Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer to succeed Angela Merkel as the party's chair. He later endorsed Norbert Röttgen as Kramp-Karrenbauer's successor at the party’s 2021 leadership election.In September 2020, <mask> was one of 15 members of his parliamentary group who joined Röttgen in writing an open letter to Minister of the Interior Horst Seehofer which called on Germany and other EU counties to take in 5000 immigrants who were left without shelter after fires gutted the overcrowded Mória Reception and Identification Centre on the Greek island of Lesbos. Ahead of the 2021 national elections, Kiesewetter endorsed Armin Laschet as the Christian Democrats' joint candidate to succeed Chancellor Angela Merkel. Defence policy
In 2012, <mask> and Andreas Schockenhoff proposed in a strategy paper a reform of the requirement of parliamentary approval when sending Bundeswehr soldiers abroad, suggesting instead to introduce a yearly, general parliamentary decision on German participation in integrated military structures, such as AWACS, EU Battlegroups and the NATO Response Force (NRF). The government would then have a right to deploy, while the Bundestag would have the right to recall the troops. NSA surveillance scandal
In 2014, Kiesewetter said efforts to lock in a "no-spy" agreement with the U.S. contradict the need to follow threatening developments in friendly states. Later that year, he called on Edward Snowden to speak with the German parliament's investigative committee on NSA surveillance activities in Germany. Relations with Russia
In August 2012, Kiesewetter was one of 124 members of the Bundestag to sign a letter that was sent to the Russian ambassador to Germany, Vladimir Grinin, expressing concern over the trial against the three members of Pussy riot."Being held in detention for months and the threat of lengthy punishment are draconian and disproportionate," the lawmakers said in the letter. "In a secular and pluralist state, peaceful artistic acts – even if they can be seen as provocative – must not lead to the accusation of serious criminal acts that lead to lengthy prison terms." Holding a special interest in the Balkans, <mask> has in the past called for a stronger German and European commitment to the region, arguing that "Russia is coming into the region as a competitor." He also argues that Berlin should respond to positive changes in the region, such as the election of Klaus Johannis, the reform-minded Romanian president, who "deserves support". In a 2014 article in Vanity Fair, Kiesewetter is quoted on the Russian military intervention in Ukraine: "We think he has a hidden strategy to disturb and weaken the E.U. to cause it to split." On a United Kingdom withdrawal from the European Union, he later argued "it would be a success for Russia" and that "it cannot be in Germany's national interest for a British exit to weaken the EU and strengthen Germany."Relations with Israel
When Der Spiegel uncovered the German government's controversial decision to export up to 270 Leopard 2A7+ tanks to Saudi Arabia in October 2011, Kiesewetter in a parliamentary debate put forward a version of events presenting Israel as the driving force behind the decision, claiming that "Israel not only wanted the sale of these tanks, but explicitly supported it." When Israeli Foreign Minister Avigdor Lieberman called on Germany to lead a control mission for the Rafah checkpoint between the Gaza Strip and Egypt in 2014, Kiesewetter cautioned that "having German soldiers on the ground is not an option because that would be unacceptable for Israel." Other activities
 German Military Reserve Association, president (2011–2016)
 Southeast Europe Association (SOG), vice-president
 Advisory Board for Civilian Crisis Prevention, member
 EastWest Institute, Member of the Parliamentarians Network for Conflict Prevention
 Federal Academy for Security Policy (BAKS), member of the advisory board
 Center for International Peace Operations (ZIF), member of the supervisory board
 European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), member
 European Leadership Network (ELN), member
 European Security Round Table, member of the advisory board (2009–2013)
 German-British Society, member
 Parliamentarians Network for Conflict Prevention of the EastWest Institute, member
 Lions Club, member

References

External links
 Personal website
 Profile on the Bundestag website

1963 births
Living people
People from Pfullendorf
German Protestants
Christian Democratic Union of Germany politicians
Members of the Bundestag for Baden-Württemberg
Bundeswehr University Munich alumni
University of Texas at Austin alumni
German military personnel of the Bundeswehr
Members of the Bundestag 2021–2025
Members of the Bundestag 2017–2021
Members of the Bundestag 2013–2017
Members of the Bundestag 2009–2013
Members of the Bundestag for the Christian Democratic Union of Germany

masks:
Roderich Kiesewetter
Kiesewetter
Kiesewetter
Kiesewetter
Kiesewetter
Kiesewetter


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<mask> is an American author and actress, best known for her 1978 memoir and exposé, Mommie Dearest, which described her turbulent relationship with her adoptive mother, film star <mask>. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Los Angeles, California in 1939, to an unmarried teen. According to her personal interview with Larry King, her father was married to another woman and supposedly in the Navy; her mother was unmarried. <mask> was adopted from a baby broker in Nevada because Joan was formally denied an adoption by social services for being an unfit candidate in California in 1940 (due at least in part to her status as a two-time divorcee). <mask> was one of five children adopted by Joan. Her siblings were Christopher (1942–2006), adopted in 1943, and twin girls Catherine (Cathy, 1947–2020) and Cynthia (Cindy, 1947–2007) — adopted in 1947. In 1942, another boy, who also had the name Christopher, had been adopted by <mask>, but was reclaimed by his birth mother.<mask> has stated that her childhood was affected by her adoptive mother's alcoholism. At 10, <mask> was sent to Chadwick School in Palos Verdes, California, which many other celebrity children attended. However, her mother sent her from Chadwick to graduate from Flintridge Sacred Heart Academy in La Cañada (now the city of La Cañada Flintridge), California, and curtailed <mask>'s outside contact until her graduation. After graduating from Flintridge, she moved from California to Pittsburgh to attend Carnegie Mellon School of Drama and then to New York City, where she studied at the Neighborhood Playhouse in Manhattan. After seven years, she gained a Bachelor of Arts degree from UCLA. After 14 years as an actress, <mask> returned to college, graduating magna cum laude from UCLA and receiving her master's degree from the Annenberg School of Communication at USC. Then she worked in corporate communications at the Los Angeles headquarters of Getty Oil Company.Career
<mask> appeared in summer stock theatre, including a production of Splendor in the Grass. She also acted in a number of Off-Broadway productions, including In Color on Sundays (1958). She also appeared in At Christmas Time (1959) and Dark of the Moon (1959) at the Fred Miller Theater in Milwaukee, and The Moon Is Blue (1960). In 1960, due to her mother's career in film, <mask> was given a supporting role in the crime drama film Force of Impulse, which was released in 1961. Also in 1961, <mask> was assigned a small role in the musical Wild in the Country, a film starring Elvis Presley. That year, she made a guest appearance on Dean Miller's NBC celebrity interview program Here's Hollywood, promoting the films. In 1962, she appeared in the play The Complaisant Lover.She played five character parts in Ben Hecht's controversial play Winkelberg. The same year, she appeared on the CBS courtroom drama The Verdict is Yours. In October 1965, she appeared in Neil Simon's Barefoot in the Park, with Myrna Loy, a friend of her mother, before being fired. She was considered a capable actress, but difficult to work with in the industry, described as 'stubborn' by Loy who stated in her autobiography Being and Becoming that "We didn't have any problems in Barefoot in the Park until she appeared. The idea of Joan's daughter playing the role delighted me until I discovered how recalcitrant this child was...I've never known anyone like her, ever. Her stubbornness is really unbelievable. She would not do a single thing anyone told her to do."She also had a supporting role in Faces (1968), a romantic drama directed by John Cassavetes. <mask> played Joan Borman Kane on the soap opera The Secret Storm in New York from 1968 until 1969. While <mask> was in the hospital recovering from an emergency surgery in October 1968, Joan asked to "fill in" for <mask>. She did so without mentioning it to her daughter, "holding the role" for her for four episodes so that the part would not be recast during her absence. Viewership increased 40% during this replacement time, much to <mask>'s chagrin. Eventually let go from the series, <mask> insisted it was due to her mother's appearance. The producers, however, said that Joan was gracious, professional and brought huge ratings, and that <mask>'s character and her storyline had simply run its course.<mask> also was given guest appearances on other TV programs, including Medical Center, Marcus Welby, M.D., Matt Lincoln, Ironside and The Sixth Sense. Later career
After <mask> died in 1977, <mask> and her brother, Christopher, discovered that their mother had disinherited them from her $2 million estate, her will citing "reasons which are well-known to them." Though being estranged from (and no longer financially supported by) their famous mother for years, in November 1977, <mask> and her brother sued <mask>'s estate to invalidate their mother's will, which she signed on October 28, 1976. Cathy LaLonde, another <mask> daughter, and her husband, Jerome, the complaint charged, "took deliberate advantage of decedent's seclusion and weakened and distorted mental and physical condition to insinuate themselves" into Joan's favor. A court settlement was reached on July 13, 1979, awarding <mask> and Christopher $55,000 from their mother's estate. In 1978, <mask>'s book Mommie Dearest was released. The book accused her mother of being a cruel, violent, neglectful, and deceitful narcissistic fraud who adopted her children only for wealth and fame after she had been labeled "box office poison" after being fired from MGM studios.In 1981, a movie adaptation of the book was released, starring Faye Dunaway as <mask>, Mara Hobel (Mara Boyd) as very young <mask>, and Diana Scarwid as adult <mask>. The film, while critically panned, grossed more than $39 million worldwide from a $5 million budget and garnered five Golden Raspberry Awards, including worst picture. <mask> had no involvement with the making of the film, and has categorically denounced the film as "grotesque" and a work of fiction. <mask> has repeatedly stated that the film is highly inaccurate, and that the portrayal of her mother in the film is nothing like the real <mask>, specifically citing that her mother never chopped down a tree with an axe, or beat her with a wire hanger as depicted in the film. <mask> has published five subsequent books, including Survivor'," "Black Widow," "No Safe Place," "Daughters of The Inquisition," and "Scammed." After a stroke in 1981, she spent five years in rehabilitation before moving to the Northwest. She ran a bed and breakfast called Seven Springs Farms in Tensed, Idaho, between 1994 and 1999.She formed Seven Springs Press in 1998 to self-publish the 20th-anniversary edition of Mommie Dearest in paperback from the original manuscript and included new material about the years after her graduation from high school. On July 20, 1998, one of <mask>'s other adopted children, <mask> LaLonde, filed a lawsuit against <mask> for "defamation of character." LaLonde stated in her lawsuit that during the 20th anniversary book tour of Mommie Dearest, <mask> publicly claimed to interviewers that LaLonde and her twin sister, Cynthia, were not biological sisters, and that their adoption was never legal. Lalonde stated neither claim by <mask> was true, and attached copies of the twin girls' birth certificates and adoption documentation to the lawsuit. The lawsuit was later settled out of court for $5,000 plus court costs. In 2000, <mask> began working as entertainment manager at the Coeur d'Alene Casino in Idaho, where she worked until 2007. She then wrote and produced a regional TV series, Northwest Entertainment.On November 22, 2009, she was appointed county commissioner in Benewah County, Idaho, by Governor Butch Otter, but she lost her bid for election in November 2010. In 2011, <mask> founded the non-profit Benewah Human Rights Coalition and served as the organization's first president. In 2013, she made a documentary, Surviving Mommie Dearest. On November 21, 2017, the e-book editions of Mommie Dearest, Survivor, and Daughters of the Inquisition were published through Open Road Integrated Media. She is also currently working with composer David Nehls on a stage musical adaptation of Mommie Dearest, to be produced in regional theater. <mask> is currently writing the third book in her memoir trilogy, following Mommie Dearest and Survivor. Personal life
<mask> met Harvey Medlinsky, a director and Broadway stage manager, while she was appearing in the Chicago national company of Barefoot in the Park.They were married briefly in the late 1960s. She met her second husband, commercial producer David Koontz, while she was working on a car commercial. Filmography

 Books
 Mommie Dearest (1978)
 Black Widow: A Novel (1981)
 Survivor (1988)
 No Safe Place: The Legacy of Family Violence (1994)
 Daughters Of The Inquisition: Medieval Madness: Origin and Aftermath (2003)
 Scammed: A True Story of <mask> & The General (2014)
 Mommie Dearest: Special Edition (2017) ebook
 Survivor (2017) ebook
 Daughters of the Inquisition: Medieval Madness: Origin and Aftermath'' (2017) ebook

References

External links

American women novelists
American adoptees
American film actresses
American memoirists
20th-century American novelists
American stage actresses
American television actresses
County commissioners in Idaho
Writers from Los Angeles
Living people
Actresses from Los Angeles
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
University of Southern California alumni
21st-century American novelists
Carnegie Mellon University College of Fine Arts alumni
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
American women non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Christina Crawford
Joan Crawford
Christina Crawford
Crawford
Christina
Joan Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Christina
Christina
Crawford
Christina
Crawford
Joan Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Joan Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Joan Crawford
Christina
Christina Crawford
Christina
Christina
Joan Crawford
Christina Crawford
Joan Crawford
Cathy Crawford
Christina Crawford
Christina
Christina
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Crawford
Christina


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is a Japanese professional baseball shortstop for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks of Nippon Professional Baseball. Early Baseball career
<mask> attended Meiho High School, pitcher-shortstop, hitting 62 home runs and throwing as hard as 154 km/h(96 mph). He participated in the 2rd grade spring the 80th Japanese High School Baseball Invitational Tournament, 3rd grade spring the 81th Japanese High School Baseball Invitational Tournament, and 3rd grade summer the 91th Japanese High School Baseball Championship as a Third baseman, Shortstop and Pitcher. And he pitched a 154km/h (95.69mph) fastball as a pitcher in the quarterfinals of 91th Japanese High School Baseball Championship against the Hanamaki Higashi High School's Yusei Kikuchi. Professional career
The Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks drafted him in the first round in the 2009 Nippon Professional Baseball draft. 2010–2015 season
In 2010 season, <mask> played in the Western League of NPB's minor leagues. In 2011 season, <mask> made his debut with the Pacific League on April 12, 2011, as a defensive sub at 1B.For the year, he played 18 games (11 at first base, 7 not appearing in the field) but only had one at-bat (he was retired). He had two steals and three runs, indicating he pinch-ran at times. And he was selected as the Japan Series roster in the 2011 Japan Series. After the 2011 NPB season, <mask> played in the Australian Baseball League for the Brisbane Bandits, and was named to the 2011 Australian Baseball League All-Star Game. On April 30, 2012, <mask> hit his first hit in the Pacific League. And he hit his first home run against the Saitama Seibu Lions, on August 4, and also hit a home run on the 5th, recording two days  consecutive home runs. In 2012 season, <mask> finished the regular season in 126 games with a batting average of .238, a two home runs, a RBI of 14, a 8 stolen bases, and a 21 sacrifice bunts.In 2013 season, <mask> broke the Pacific League season record with 62 sacrifice bunts. And he recorded in 143 games with a batting average of .253, a 5 home runs, a RBI of 43, and a 10 stolen bases. On November 26, <mask> was honored for the Mitsui Golden Glove Award at the 2013 Professional Baseball Convention. On July 18, 2014, <mask> participated in the MAZADA All-Star Game 2014 for the first time. In 2014 season, <mask> recorded 62 sacrifice bunts and achieved 60 sacrifice bunts for the first time in NPB history for the second consecutive year. And he recorded in all 144 games with a batting average of .240, a 3 home runs, a RBI of 42, and a 10 stolen bases. In the 2014 Japan Series against the Hanshin Tigers, he recorded his first hit in the Japan Series in Game 1.On November 26, <mask> was honored the Pacific League Best Nine Award for the first time and the Mitsui Golden Glove Award for the second consecutive year at the NPB Awards 2014. On July 2, 2015, <mask> was elected an MAZDA all-star Game 2015. In 2015 season, he finished the regular season in 142 games with a batting average of .228, a 7 home runs, a RBI of 45, a 3 stolen bases, and a 35 sacrifice bunts. In the 2015 Japan Series against the Tokyo Yakult Swallows, he contributed to the team's second consecutive Japan Series champion with a batting average of .278 and one home run. On November 25, <mask> was honored for the Mitsui Golden Glove Award for the third consecutive year at the NPB Awards 2015. 2016–2020 season
On June 2, 2016, <mask> achieved 200 sacrifice bunts, the youngest in NPB's  history. In 2016 season, he finished the regular season in 137 games with a batting average of .245, a 10 home runs, a RBI of 56, a 8 stolen bases, and a 38 sacrifice bunts.On October 28, <mask> underwent surgery on his right elbow. On November 28, <mask> was honored for the Mitsui Golden Glove Award for the fourth consecutive year at the NPB Awards 2016. On January 26, 2017, <mask> declined to participate in the 2017 World Baseball Classic due to rehabilitation of his right elbow. He returned to the team at the start of the 2017 season. On June 26, <mask> was selected by fan voting for MyNavi All-Star Game 2017, and has participated for the fourth time in a row since 2014. He finished the regular season in 141 games with a batting average of .264, a 14 home runs, a RBI of 64, a 15 stolen bases, and a 52 sacrifice bunts. In the 2017 Japan Series against the Yokohama DeNA BayStars, He contributed to the team's second consecutive Japan Series champion with a good defense of diving catches in Game 4 and three hits and two stolen bases in Game 5.On November 20, <mask> was honored for the Pacific League Best Nine Award for the second time in three years and the Mitsui Golden Glove Award for the Fifth consecutive year at the NPB Awards 2017. On June 14, 2018, <mask> left the team for rehabilitation due to pain in his right elbow. He returned to the team in about a month, but the number of games played was reduced to 99. And he recorded .266 batting average, 11 home runs, 45 RBIs, 5 stolen bases and 22 sacrifice bunts. In the 2018 Japan Series against the Hiroshima Toyo Carp, <mask> contributed to the team's second consecutive Japan Series champion with a batting average of .357 (5 hits in 14 at bats) in four games. In 2019 season, <mask> changed his uniform number from 2 to 6. On June 4, 2019, he achieved 1,000 appearances.In the match against Chiba Lotte Marines on August 8, <mask> hit a reversal home run with a pinch hitter for the first time. He finished the regular season in 106 games with a batting average of .256, a 14 home runs, a RBI of 41, a 4 stolen bases, and a 7 sacrifice bunts. In the 2019 Pacific League Climax Series against the Saitama Seibu Lions, <mask> won the Pacific League Climax Series Most valuable player Award with 5 hits and 6 RBIs including 3 home runs in Game 4. In the 2019 Japan Series against the Yomiuri Giants, <mask> contributed to the team's third consecutive Japan Series champion with a batting average of .313 (5 hits in 16 at bats) in four games. In the match against the Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters on July 3, 2020, <mask> achieved the youngest 300 sacrifice bunts in NPB history. On August 22, <mask> was diagnosed with a muscle injury in his left calf. He spent the rest of his time rehabilitating, reducing his participation in the 2019 season to 43 games.International career
In 2013, <mask> was elected to the Japan national baseball team at the 2013 BASEBALL CHALLENGE Japan vs. Chinese Taipei. In 2014, <mask> was elected to the Japan national baseball team at the 2014 MLB Japan All-Star Series. On February 16, 2015, <mask> was elected to the Japan national baseball team at the GLOBAL BASEBALL MATCH 2015 SAMURAI JAPAN vs. Europe National Team. On November 2, 2015, <mask> was elected to the Japan national baseball team at the 2015 WBSC Premier12. February 15, 2016, <mask> was elected to the Japan national baseball team at the 2016 SAMURAI JAPAN Warm-up Game Japan vs Chinese Taipei. On March 1, 2018, <mask> was elected to the Japan national baseball team at the ENEOS SAMURAI JAPAN Series Japan vs Australia. References

External links

 Kenta <mask> at B-R Bullpen
 NPB.jp
 6 Kenta <mask> PLAYERS2021 - Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks Official site

1991 births
Brisbane Bandits players
Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks players
Living people
Nippon Professional Baseball shortstops
Baseball people from Ōita Prefecture
Japanese expatriate baseball players in Australia

masks: Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya Imamiya


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<mask> (1518–1566) was an Italian Mathematician and Cartographer active in Venice during the early 16th century. He was also an alchemist, writing pseudonymously as Alessio Piemontese. Biography

<mask> was born in Viterbo (from a family described by different sources as of humble origins, of minor nobility, or notaries), probably in 1518, although in many texts list the year of birth as 1504. He lived in Aquilea, then in Padua, and later in Rome where in 1541 he founded the "Accademia dello Sdegno". He later moved to Naples, and finally in 1548 he moved to Venice where he remained until his death. The exact term to describe his business is polygraph, a literary man who, immediately after the invention of printing, earned a living working for a publisher on his own works or translating and often plagiarizing the work of others. He was a writer on the most varied subjects, both as author or curator, and on behalf of third parties, in this latter function in particular until 1555 in partnership with the publisher Plinio Pietrasanta.In that year he was tried by the Inquisition for the unlicensed publication of a satirical poem, Il capitolo delle Lodi del Fuso published by Plinio Pietrasanta in Venice 1554, and fined 50 ducats (about 6oz of gold), after which the small publishing company did not long survive. Most of his later works were published by Vincenzo Valgrisi. A mannerist portrait of Ruscelli by his friend Bernardo Tasso found in Il Minturno overo de la Bellezza by Bernardo's son Torquato Tasso. Based on documents on from testamentary bequests, it is known that <mask>'s wife was Virginia Panarelli, sister of Teofilo Panarelli a doctor with Protestant sympathies who was hanged and burned in Rome in 1572. It is generally accepted that he was Alessio Piemontese (in Latin, Alexius Pedemontanus), a pseudonym under which he wrote an immensely popular book of alchemy first published in 1555, De Secreti Del Alessio Piemontese, which included recipes for alchemical compounds, cosmetics, dyes, and medicines. It was reprinted for over two centuries and translated into numerous languages (French, English, German, Latin, Dutch, Spanish, Polish, Danish). Among his best known works, printed by Vincenzo Valgrisi, were translations of various classics including the Decameron, Orlando Furioso, and a translation of the Geografia of Ptolemy.Among the 69 copperplate maps in his translation of Geografia were 40 then contemporary maps based generally on maps compiled by Giacomo Gastaldi in 1548. He engaged in linguistics, and compiled a Rimario that remained in use until the 19th century. Works

 <mask> <mask>, Tre discorsi à M. Lodovico Dolce. L'uno intorno al Decamerone del Boccaccio, L'altro all'Osservationi della lingua volgare, Et il terzo alla tradottione dell'Ovidio. Venezia, Plinio Pietrasanta, 1553. <mask> <mask> (a cura di), Rime di diuersi eccellenti autori bresciani...tra le quali sono le rime della Signora Veronica Gambara, & di M. Pietro Barignano, ridotte alla vera sincerità loro, Venezia, Plinio Pietrasanta, 1554
 <mask> <mask>, De' secreti del reuerendo donno Alessio Piemontese, prima parte diuisa in sei libri. Opera utilissima et universalmente necessaria e diletteuole a ciascheduno.Ora in questa seconda editione dall'autor medesimo tutta ricorretta et migliorata. Et aggiuntovi nel fine de ogni libro molti bellissimi secreti nuovi, Venezia, 1557. <mask> <mask> (a cura di), Tutte le Rime della Illustriss. et Eccellentiss. Signora Vittoria Colonna. Marchesana di Pescara. Con l'espositione del Signor Rinaldo Corso, nuovamente mandate in luce da Girolamo Ruscelli.Venezia, Giovan Battista Et Melchior Sessa Fratelli, 1558. Ludovico Ariosto, <mask> <mask> (a cura di), Orlando Furioso... Con le Annotationi, gli Auvertimenti, & le Dichiarationi di <mask> <mask>, La Vita dell'Autore descritta dal Signore Giovan Battista Pigna. Gli Scontri de' luoghi mutati... Aggiuntavi in questa Seconda impressione la Dichiaratione di tutte le Istorie, et Favole toccate nel presente libro, fatta da M. Nicolò Eugenico. Annotationi, Et Auvertimenti Di Girolamo Ruscelli, Venezia, Vincenzo Valgrisi, 1558. <mask> <mask>, Del modo di comporre in versi nella lingua italiana, trattato di Girolamo Ruscelli, nuouamente mandato in luce. Nel quale va compreso vn pieno & ordinatissimo Rimario, con la dichiaratione, con le regole, et col giudicio per saper conueneuolmente usare ò schifar le uoci nell'esser loco, così nelle prose, come ne i uersi, (noto anche come Rimario), Venezia, Giovanni Battista e Melchiorre Sessa fratelli, 1559. <mask> Ruscelli, Le Imprese illustri, Venezia, 1566, doi:10.3931/e-rara-79841 (Digitized edition at e-rara).<mask> <mask> (Alessio PIEMONTESE), Secreti nuovi di maravigliosa virtù..., Venezia, eredi di Marchiò Sessa, 1567
 <mask> <mask> (a cura di), Lettere di principi, le quali o si scrivono da principi o a principi o ragionano di principi, Venetza, Giordano Ziletti e compagni, 1570-1577. <mask> <mask>, Precetti della Militia moderna, tanto per mare, quanto per terra. Trattati da diversi nobilissimi ingegni, & raccolti ... né quali si contiene tutta l'arte del bombardiero, & si mostra l'ordine che ha da tenere il maestro di campo ....., In Venetia, Heredi di Marchiò Sessa, 1572. <mask> <mask>, Le Imprese illustri, con espositioni, et discorsi... Con la Giunta di altre Imprese tutto riordinato et corretto da Franc.co Patritio. Venezia, 1572 (Libri I-III), 1583 (Libro quarto). <mask> <mask>, De' commentarii della lingua italiana. Del sig.<mask> Ruscelli viterbese libri VII. Ne' quali con facilità, et copiosamente si tratta tutto quello, che alla vera et perfetta notitia di detta Lingua s'appartiene: hora posti in luce da Vincenzo Ruscelli. Con due Tauole, una de' capitoli, & l'altra delle cose più notabili. All'Illustrissimo, & Eccellentissimo Sig. Iacomo Boncompagno Duca di Sora, & Governator Generale di S. Chiesa, Venezia, Damian Zenaro, 1581
 Kunstbuch Des Wolerfarnen Herren Alexii Pedemontani/ von mancherleyen nutzlichen unnd bewerten Secreten oder Künsten / jetzt newlich auß Welscher und Lateinischer Sprach in Teutsch gebracht/ durch Doctor Hanß Jacob Wecker/ Stattartzet zu Colmar. Basel: König, 1616. Les secrets de reverend Alexis Piémontois : contenans excellens remedes contre plusieurs maladies, playes et autres accidens ; avec la manière de faire distillations, parfuns, confitures, teintures, couleurs et fusions ; oeuvre bien approuvé, très utile et nécessaire a un chacun.- Anvers: Plantin, 1557. De secreti del reverendo donno Alessio Piemontese. - Venetia: de gli Antonii, 1562. . Vol. 1, 2, 3
 *

References

Bibliography
  (presentato alla Society of Antiquaries, Londra, 11.2.1897)

 M.Celaschi, A. Gregori, <mask> <mask> a Alessio Piemontese. I Secreti dal Cinque al Settecento, Manziana, Vecchiarelli, 2015. A site about the Renaissance with information about Alessio Piemontese. P. Procaccioli, <mask> <mask>, DBI, Volume 89, 2017

1518 births
1566 deaths
16th-century Italian cartographers
16th-century Italian mathematicians

masks:
Girolamo Ruscelli
Girolamo Ruscelli
Ruscelli
Girolamo
Ruscelli
Girolamo
Ruscelli
Girolamo
Ruscelli
Girolamo
Ruscelli
Girolamo
Ruscelli
Girolamo
Ruscelli
Girolamo
Ruscelli
Girolamo
Girolamo
Ruscelli
Girolamo
Ruscelli
Girolamo
Ruscelli
Girolamo
Ruscelli
Girolamo
Ruscelli
Girolamo
Da Girolamo
Ruscelli
Girolamo
Ruscelli


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<mask>. (Bill<mask> (born 1939) is a space scientist who worked at the NASA Ames Research Center. Upon joining NASA in 1962, Borucki designed the heat shields for Apollo program spacecraft. He later turned his attention to the optical efficiency of lightning strikes in the atmospheres of planets, investigating the propensity that these lightning strikes could create molecules that would later become the precursors for life. Subsequently, <mask>'s attention turned to extrasolar planets and their detection, particularly through the transit method. In light of this work, <mask> was named the principal investigator for NASA's Kepler mission, launched on March 6, 2009 and dedicated to a transit-based search for habitable planets. In 2013, <mask> was awarded the United States National Academy of Sciences's Henry Draper Medal for his work with Kepler.In 2015 he received the Shaw Prize in Astronomy. Education and career
Born in Chicago in 1939, <mask> grew up in Delavan, Wisconsin. He studied physics at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, earning a master's degree in the subject 1962. Following this, <mask> started work on Apollo program heat shields, which were designed to protect the spacecraft and their occupants from being destroyed by the heat of re-entry into the atmosphere. After his work for Apollo, Borucki studied meteorology at San Jose State University, earning a master's degree in 1982. That year, <mask> began studies at NASA into the nature of lightning, using satellites equipped with instrumentation he helped design in order to discover what fraction of the energy in this lightning went into the production of prebiotic molecules. As a part of this research, Borucki conducted analysis based on observations from space probes in order to find the frequency of lightning on other planets within the Solar System.By 1984, <mask>'s attention had turned to the search for extrasolar planets by use of the transit method, which involves observing the periodic dimming of the star in order to detect the signature of a planet blocking some of its light as it passes in front. In that year and subsequently in 1988, Borucki organized workshops of scientists in order to determine the best methods for achieving transit-based detections of exoplanets, and also worked closely with the National Institute of Standards and Technology to develop photometers that could achieve the sensitivity desired. At the Lick Observatory, Borucki demonstrated the techniques required for extrasolar planet detection by the transit method, and later constructed a ground-based proof-of-concept for a space telescope designed to hunt for planets. Until his retirement in July 2015, Borucki was the chief investigator for the Kepler space telescope, designed to hunt for exoplanets with the transit method. The telescope has detected 105 confirmed planets and thousands of likely planet candidates as of January 9, 2012. For his work, he has received the NASA Outstanding Leadership Award, the Popular Mechanics Breakthrough Award in 2009, and the NASA Systems Engineering Excellence Award in 2010, and the Lancelot M. Berkeley Prize for Meritorious Work in Astronomy in 2011. He received the 2013 Henry Draper Medal from the United States National Academy of Sciences "For his founding concept, unflagging advocacy, and visionary leadership during the development of NASA's Kepler mission, which has uncovered myriad planets and solar systems with unforeseen and surprising properties."and the 2015 Shaw Prize in Astronomy for "his conceiving and leading the Kepler mission, which greatly advanced knowledge of both extrasolar planetary systems and stellar interiors." In 2016, he was named as a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Personal life
<mask> married the former <mask> <mask> in 1963. They met while both were students at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Wisconsin. They have three daughters; Virginia (<mask>), Monica, and Stella, five grandchildren; Georgia, <mask>, Sydney, Kira, and Madeline, and two step grandchildren; Carina and Marcus (through Stella).

masks:
William J
) Borucki
Borucki
Borucki
Borucki
Borucki
Borucki
Borucki
Borucki
William Borucki
Josephine Julia
Joyce
Joy
Jack


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<mask> (c. 1817–1887) was an entertainer who appeared in blackface minstrel shows from 1853 until the early 1880s under the name Japanese Tommy. He was also sometimes billed as "The African 'Tom Thumb'" and the "African Dwarf Tommy". Dilward is one of only two known African-Americans to have performed with white minstrel companies before the American Civil War (the other being William Henry Lane). <mask>'s size, between 23 and 36 inches in height, made him a "curious attraction" and allowed him to take to the stage with whites at a time when almost no black men did; in addition, his stage name may have been intended to hide his ethnic background. He was famous for his skills at singing, dancing, and playing the violin. He has also been credited in John Russell Bartlett's 1877 Dictionary of Americanisms with having invented the word hunky-dory, meaning "everything is all right". In 1887, the Indiana State Sentinel stated that Dilward was of Native American and African American ancestry.<mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York circa 1817. He first performed with George Christy in 1853, possibly as a response to General Tom Thumb, a dwarf appearing in productions staged by P. T. Barnum. Into the late 1860s, <mask> performed with Dan Bryant's Minstrels, Wood's Minstrels, the Morris Brothers' Minstrels, and Kelly and Leon's Minstrels. Beginning in the 1860s, he appeared with a number of black minstrel troupes. Between 1866 and 1873 he had a successful career in Britain initially with Sam Hague's Slave Troupe, then with other people and companies, including George Christy's Minstrels. He went to Australia  and New Zealand, returning to Britain with an Australian minstrel company in 1880. At the end of this British tour in 1881, he returned to America where he died in 1887.Modern writers, such as Mel Watkins, cite <mask> (but his name appears as Dilverd in primary sources, like the 1881 British census  and his obituaries) as possibly being one of the first black entertainers to present some element of authentic black dance on the white American stage. He would also have had opportunity to present some degree of black comedy and song, but he probably did not stray far from the traditional, white-defined material. Professional career
<mask> was around three feet tall. He quickly developed talents to entertain people because this was the most promising plan to support himself. He could sing, dance, act, and play violin. Diverd went on to perform in blackface minstrelsy, which was considered a low form of entertainment, even in the mid-19th century. Most of these shows featured white people using "blackface" to imitate African-Americans and consisted of comic skits, dancing, and music, but for most of the time relied on humor was at the expense of African Americans.Frederick Douglass, who was a contemporary social reformer, said of these minstrel shows that they comprised "filthy scum of white society, who have stolen from us a complexion denied to them by nature, in which to make money and pander to the corrupt taste of their fellow citizens."(Kuntz). <mask> had the stage name of "Japanese Tommy". The reasons for the name are unknown but it is rumored that it was created to conceal his identity as an African-American because audiences did not want to pay to see a black person perform. The name may also have been assumed to cash in on a diplomat from Japan whose arrival caused a sensation in America. He too was known as Japanese Tommy. Dilward was one of the only two known African-Americans to have performed with white minstrel companies before the American Civil War (The other being Henry "Juba" Lane). (Watkins) These black minstrel troupes made appearances around the mid-1850s.These groups advertised themselves as genuine but mostly used burnt cork to cover their face and make it black. Once African-Americans started to appear on stage without "blackface", audiences were surprised at the variety of skin colors that existed. (Knowles)

According to the Dictionary of Americanisms (1877), he was credited with the invention of the word "hunky-dory", meaning "everything is all right". Even though Dilward faced extreme inequality and discrimination, he made the best of his situation and embraced his size and race in order to benefit himself financially. He was permitted to perform in these white minstrel shows because he was considered an "oddity" at three feet tall. However, "Japanese Tommy" was such an oddity that the demand to see him was very high. In the Lewiston Evening Journal of 1871 there is an advertisement for the Morris Brothers minstrel show, which features him and his "enormous salary" of $200 per week in gold.In many other newspapers during the mid-19th century that had advertisements for minstrel shows, "Japanese Tommy" usually headlined their advertisement. Advertisers went as far as referring to him as "The Wonderful Japanese Tommy". (Ottawa Citizen & Halifax Morning Sun 1865) Dilward performed in a number of different minstrel shows including Dan Bryant's Minstrels, Wood's Minstrels, Morris Brothers' Minstrels, and Kelly & Leon's Minstrels. Also, some modern historians such as Mel Watkins cite "Dilward" as possibly being one of the first black entertainers to present some element of authentic black dance on the white American stage. The first of these minstrel shows started to debut in the mid 1800s. Most all of these shows consisted of white performers using "blackface". Once people realized the success these groups were having, minstrel groups began forming that consisted of entirely black performers.This became an outlet for African American performers to benefit financially. In general though, these shows exhibited high levels of racism and discrimination that were used as comedic material. These minstrel shows had overall probably a negative effect on civil rights and African Americans in general. The only beneficial factor of these shows for African Americans was probably the financial compensation for the black performers such as Dilward but besides those select few, these minstrel shows were very racist and counter-productive for society. <mask> was a pioneer in African American culture as well as the entertainment industry. He made the best of the cards that he was dealt. Although he was three feet tall and black, Dilward's artistic value triumphed any physical feature that was used as comedy.The fact that advertisers used "Japanese Tommy" as their headliner and didn't advertise his height or race proved that Dilward was a better singer, dancer, and musician than many of the white performers at the time. He was so well known that others, like a Frenchman named Millet cashed in on his fame, while he was abroad

His career in Britain and its then-colonies of Australia and New Zealand gave him the opportunity to appear in less racist societies, although they were not completely free of prejudice. Here his colour was not, it appears, a major feature in his various acts: his height was what was emphasized. One of the most popular elements of his act in Britain was a song, “The Mulligan Guard”, which had an Irish theme. Death
<mask> died in Manhattan on July 9, 1887; he was buried three days later in his hometown of Brooklyn at the Cemetery of the Evergreens. Notes

References

External links
 <mask> obituary

African-American male dancers
19th-century American male actors
American male stage actors
Blackface minstrel performers
African-American male actors
Entertainers with dwarfism
1840 births
1887 deaths
Actors with dwarfism
19th-century American dancers
19th-century African-American male singers

masks:
Thomas Dilward
Dilward
Background Dilward
Dilward
Dilward
Dilward
Dilward
Thomas Dilward
Dilward
Thomas Dilward


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<mask>-Camino (1903–1980) was a Spanish Traditionalist politician. He was the leader of Carlist paramilitary Requeté structures during the Republic and a champion of Carlist collaborationist policy during mid-Francoism, though in the 1940s he maintained a firm anti-regime stand. He was also a representative of the post-Francoist hard core in the course of early transition to parliamentary democracy. He served in the parliament in two strings of 1933-1936 and 1961–1976; in 1961-1976 he was also a member of the Francoist Consejo Nacional. In 1972-1976 he was a member of Consejo de Estado. Family and youth

<mask>' paternal ancestors originated from Biscay; the great-grandfather was a pharmacist. His son <mask> also ran a pharmacy, first in the Biscay Carrantza and later in the Cantabrian Laredo.Politically he sympathized with Carlism, though after the 1888 Integrist breakup he followed the secessionists. Gregorio was married twice; <mask>' father, <mask> Monreal (1866-1920), was born out of the second marriage. He also became a pharmacist and owned a business in Santander; like his predecessor, he also developed Integrist sympathies. At the turn of the centuries he emerged as a recognized local Traditionalist activist; he co-organized Centro Católico Montañés, the Integrist outpost in Cantabria, co-founded urban and rural Catholic trade unions, and became president of La Propaganda Católica de Santander, a publishing house issuing El Diario Montañés, a militantly anti-liberal daily affiliated with the Santander bishopry. President of the Integrist Junta Provincial and member of the regional Castilla La Vieja executive, in 1909-11 he served as concejal in the Santander ayuntamiento and in 1915 briefly as diputado provincial. <mask> Monreal married María González-Camino y Velasco, descendant to a bourgeoisie family originating from Esles de Cayón. It was founded by an enriched indiano, Francisco González-Camino, and has traditionally remained in the first row of business, politics and culture in the region, holding stakes in companies from banking, insurance, industry, railways, electrify, utilities and other businesses.<mask> and María settled in Santander and had 6 children; they were brought up "en un hogar español cristiano y montañes", learning "to prey to God and to love Spain" and with a sense of local Cantabrian pride. <mask> was born as the second oldest son. His older brother Nicolás followed in the footsteps of 3 generations and also became a pharmacist, his younger brother Gregorio became a physician. Two of his sisters tried their hand in letters, Matilde more successful than María; all were active in Traditionalism. Little is known about education of <mask>; at one point he left family home to join the Jesuit college of the Biscay Orduña, where he obtained bachillerato. Then he commenced law studies and one source claims he graduated at Deusto; date of his graduation is not known, normally it would have fallen on the mid-1920s. He commenced law career in his native Santander; details are not clear, except that in 1930 he already practiced on his own handling civil cases and in 1931 was referred to as "joven abogado".In 1931 <mask> married <mask> Urquiza y Castillo (1905-2002); none of the sources consulted provides any information on her family. The couple settled in Santander and had 12 children; 2 of them died in infancy. None of them grew to prominence, though it is known that at least some were active Traditionalists in their youth. The best-known relative of <mask> is his older cousin, Marcial Solana González-Camino; an Integrist Cortes deputy in 1916, he made his name in the 1920s and 1930s as Traditionalist philosopher and author. Cortes deputy and paramilitary leader (1931-1936)

<mask> engaged in unspecified Integrist activity already during last years of the monarchy. When in late 1931 the party commenced re-integration into Carlism, the three <mask> brothers followed suit and joined the united Comunión Tradicionalista. It seems that <mask> remained in the shadow of Nicolás, who led Juventud Integrista, was noted as public speaker in 1932 and grew to head of Juventud Tradicionalista in Santander.During the run-up to the 1933 elections it seemed that Nicolás would emerge at the forefront, but in unclear circumstances it turned out that <mask> represented the Carlists on the joint Santander list of Unión de Derechas Agrarias. He was comfortably elected and somewhat unexpectedly he emerged among 20-odd Carlist deputies, most distinguished figures of the Comunión, and one of the few representing a new generation. <mask>'s rise was so startling that to acknowledge it, editors celebrating 100 years of Carlism had to hastily amend their publications. <mask> remained moderately active as a deputy. He joined Comisión de Comunicaciones and formed a group advancing the interests of Cantabrian fishermen, later growing to head of its Junta Directiva. During general sessions he was noted as following the overall Carlist strategy, highly suspicious towards the CEDA-Radical governments, at times taking part in parliamentary obstruction and rather occasionally making it to the headlines of the Carlist press. It was not Cortes activity which gained him recognition in the party.Following a general overhaul of Comunión command layer in 1934 the former Integrists gained a strong position and their man Manuel Fal Conde rose to Jéfe Delegado. It was Fal who in May 1934 appointed <mask> head of Special Delegation for the Requeté, section of the party executive co-ordinating growth of the Carlist paramilitary. With neither military training nor combat experience, <mask> was entrusted with general organization, financing, logistics, recruitment, personal policy and overall guidance. His key objective was to re-format requeté into a nationwide Frente Nacional de Boinas Rojas, the task successfully carried out in course of 1935. Himself involved in logistics, he was however focused on recruitment, with the overall Requeté strength growing from 4,000 in late 1934 to 25,000 in mid-1936. Politically <mask> remained among the Carlist hawks; though he signed the Bloque Nacional funding act, in 1935 he developed enmity towards the monarchist alliance advanced by the likes of Rodezno and Pradera. On the other hand, he remained on excellent terms with the Cantabrian Falange and its leader Manuel Hedilla.The policy backfired when in 1936 the Carlists were left out of the local Cantabrian Candidatura Contrarrevolucionaria; standing on their own they fared badly and <mask> lost his Cortes ticket with just 12,000 votes gathered. He could have focused on buildup of requete structures, considered its "protagonista fundamental"; he was touring the country, delivering addresses, attending meetings and mobilizing support. At that time initially defensive Requeté format was rapidly being re-defined to embrace a new, insurgent strategy. Conspirator and insurgent (1936)

In March 1936 <mask> entered a Carlist body co-ordinating preparations to a rising and based in Sant-Jean-de-Luz. He was among key architects of a so-called "Plan de los Tres Frentes", a project of toppling the Republic by means of an exclusively Carlist coup; it crashed in early June when security unearthed a depot with hundreds of false Guardia Civil uniforms. Preparations were re-formatted as negotiations with the military conspiracy. Since 1935 engaged in noncommittal talks with UME he took part in key debates of early summer, meeting general Mola on June 11 and July 2.In conspiracy using the alias of "Sanjuan", <mask> was cruising between Sant-Jean-de-Luz, his temporary headquarters of Elizondo, Irun  and Estella. He adhered to the line advocated by Fal, who demanded that political deal is concluded first and who opposed unconditional access to military coup. Details are not entirely clear; at one point it seemed that negotiations with increasingly desperate Mola  have crashed, but eventually the Navarrese outmaneuvered Fal and closed an ambiguous deal. On July 15 <mask> ordered requeté mobilization and 2 days later he issued the order to rise. As the hostilities broke out <mask> was flown together with Fal from southern France to the Nationalist zone. In August 1936 he entered Junta Nacional Carlista de Guerra, the new wartime executive Carlist structure; he co-headed Delegación Nacional de Requeté, a sub-unit of Sección Militar, with his duties related to recruitment, personal appointments and general administration. In September he toured the frontlines, hailing common Carlist-Falangist comradeship, lambasting CEDA and somewhat belittling the military.Congratulated by his king Alfonso Carlos, following his death in October he travelled to Vienna to attend the funeral. Having hardly noticed the ascent of Franco he rather saluted Don Javier as a new caudillo and had problems coming to terms with the vision of perhaps necessary, transitional military dictatorship before a Traditionalist monarchy gets reinstated. In late 1936 Zamanillo kept co-ordinating requeté recruitment and organization, voicing strongly in favor of independence and regional basis of the Carlist units. Informal talks with the military produced an idea of organizing systematic training for Carlist would-be officers, the concept which materialized as Real Academia Militar de Requetés, announced by Fal to be set up shortly. As it was initially to be based in Pamplona, Zamanillo contacted the Navarrese Carlists in an apparent bid to offer an olive branch and address increasingly sour relations between their Junta Central Carlista de Guerra de Navarra and the Burgos-based Junta Nacional Carlista de Guerra. On December 20 he accompanied Fal in his journey from Toledo to Franco's Salamanca headquarters but was left in antechamber when Dávila presented Fal with an alternative of either exile or the firing squad. Later the same day he took part in an improvised session of Junta Nacional, discussing the ultimatum from the military; Zamanillo's stand is not clear, before later the same day he returned with Fal to Toledo.Dissenting Nationalist (1937-1939)

While Fal complied with the military ultimatum and left the Nationalist zone for Portugal, within the Carlist command <mask> formed the faction of his most staunch supporters. Already in early January 1937 he met Dávila in vain seeking to ensure Fal's return, yet at the time the lot of Jefe Delegado was getting gradually eclipsed by rumors of amalgamating Carlism into sort of a new state party. <mask> took part in the February session of Carlist heavyweights in the Portuguese Insua, which confirmed him as member of the strict 7-member executive. During the following session, held in March in Burgos, he and Valiente acted as chief Falcondistas and displayed most skepticism about would-be unification, confirming that attacks against Comunión hierarchy were unacceptable; nevertheless, the junta vaguely and unanimously agreed that political unity was a must. The same month he denounced political maneuvering and presented the military with Don Javier's letter advocating the return of Fal; though <mask> remained on amicable terms with Mola, he was viewed increasingly unfavorably in Franco's entourage. In the final meeting of Carlist executive in Burgos of early April 1937 he assumed a hard line, protesting alien intervention in Carlist affairs. In the aftermath of Unification Decree, on April 19 enraged <mask> resigned from all functions; he was so disgusted with apparent bewilderment among the Carlist executive that he concluded that Fal's exile worked to his advantage, allowing Jefe Delegado to maintain an honorable position.A number of sources claim that embittered, <mask> enlisted to combat requeté units, though none provides any details of his service. He might have enlisted to Tercio de Navarra or Tercio de Palencia, where his brothers served, though scarce information does not allow to tell which <mask> was meant in the reports. In May 1937 he was still noted in Pamplona, when dodging unification process he was issuing antedated requeté promotions. Also later Zamanillo kept sabotaging unification; in November 1937 and still in Pamplona he assisted Carlist volunteers who deserted from Falange-dominated units and re-directed them to newly formed Navarrese tercios. Once Cantabria had been taken over by the Nationalists some young local Carlists started to form anti-unification resistance groups. The dissenters, dubbed "Tercio <mask> <mask>", were eventually prosecuted; it is not clear to what extent <mask> was involved and whether he held any posts in the new Nationalist administration of Santander. There is almost no information on <mask>'s whereabouts during 1938, except minor pieces related to occasional Carlist feasts.In early 1939, shortly before the end of the war, he co-signed a document named Manifestacion de los Ideales Tradicionalistas, a memorandum of key Carlist politicians; delivered to Franco, it contained a lengthy discourse arguing that once the war was about to end, it was time to introduce the Traditionalist monarchy. The document was left with no response. Carlist against Francoism (1940-1954)

In the early 1940s, Zamanillo formed the core of Falcondistas, acting as watchdogs of the Carlist orthodoxy. Fal, partially incommunicado, considered him, Senante and Lamamié "el triunvirato de los feroces integristas tachados de intemprantes" and indeed as Fal's trustee he carried out appointments in Navarre, always keen to pursue their own policy. He made sure that Comunión remained neutral towards the European war, that claims of the new Alfonsist claimant Don Juan were rejected with pro-Juanista sympathies eradicated and that there was no political collaboration with the regime. In a 1941 document he castigated Francoism as totalitarian system rejected by the society. Touring the country from Seville to Barcelona Zamanillo delivered addresses at meetings styled as Christian or ex-combatant feasts.In 1943 he co-signed Reclamacion del poder, Carlist memorandum demanding introduction of Traditionalist monarchy; in May he was detained, spent a week in police dungeons and was ordered exile in Albacete, terminated in April 1944. Still head of Requeté structures he tried to prevent their disintegration. In 1945 he was among those behind Pamplona riots; detained and trialed in early 1946, <mask> was the only member of Carlist executive sentenced to unconditional incarceration. By May 1946 <mask> was free again, speaking at the predominantly Carlist Montserrat feast. He used to attend the gathering systematically, present also in 1947, though in the late 1940s his relations with Sivatte, chief personality of Catalan Carlism, deteriorated; Zamanillo's calls for discipline were largely aimed against the Sivattistas. Confirmed as member of Consejo Nacional and attending the first gathering or regional leaders since Insua he was bent on preserving Traditionalist identity against Francoist distortions and called for setting up Centro de Estudios Doctrinales. An awkward sign of recognition came in wake of his 1948 trip to Rome, when the émigré PSUC periodical noted him among "dirigents del [Carlist] movimient" whose dissidence demonstrated ongoing decomposition of Francoism.It is neither clear where <mask> lived in the late 1940s and early 1950s nor how he made a living; sporadically he was mentioned as related either to Santander or to Madrid, in both cases connected to the education system. Most likely he kept practicing as a lawyer, as demonstrated by proceedings related both to minors and to politics: in 1953 he was involved in machinations to ensure that former wife of another Carlist claimant, the late Carlos VIII, would not get legal custody of their juvenile daughters. As the action was

masks:
José Luis Zamanillo González
José Luis
Gregorio Zamanillo del Campo
José Luis
José Zamanillo
Zamanillo
José
José Luis
José Luis
José Luis
Luisa
José Luis
José Luis
Zamanillo
José Luis
José Luis
Zamanillo
Zamanillo
Zamanillo
Zamanillo
Zamanillo
Zamanillo
Zamanillo
Zamanillo
Zamanillo
Zamanillo
Zamanillo
Zamanillo
Zamanillo
Zamanillo
Zamanillo
Zamanillo
José Luis
Zamanillo
Zamanillo
Zamanillo
Zamanillo
Zamanillo
Zamanillo


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 allegedly triggered by Franco himself, the episode might be indicative of <mask>'s improving relations with the regime. On the Carlist front he remained loyal to Fal and kept fighting the increasingly vocal Sivattistas; none of the sources consulted clarifies whether he joined those pressing Don Javier to terminate the regency and to claim monarchic rights himself, what sort of happened in Barcelona in 1952; it was only much later that he declared it a grave error. In 1954 he was confirmed as a member of largely inactive Junta Nacional and its day-to-day executive, a Permanent Commission. Carlist in collaboration (1955-1962)

When Fal Conde resigned in August 1955 Zamanillo was still member of Junta Nacional and one of the party moguls. Don Javier did not nominate a new Jefe Delegado, creating a new collegial executive, Secretaría Nacional; according to some scholars <mask> initially was not appointed and got recommended by Fal slightly afterwards, according to others he formed part from the onset.At that time those advocating more intransigence competed with those advocating more flexibility. It is not clear where <mask> stood; for 20 years the right hand of adamant Fal, only some time later he emerged as supporter of the collaborative strategy, championed by Valiente. Within Carlism the anti-Francoist feelings were running high, with especially the Navarros and the Gipuzkoanos trying to sabotage his nomination; during the 1956 Montejurra gathering they tried to block his access to the microphone, and when he finally succeeded, they cut the cables. However, the collaborationists and Zamanillo consolidated their position; backed by the claimant, who conferred Carlist honors upon him, he was handling the link to Movimiento, a tricky task as the Carlist rank and file booed and jeered whenever the name of the Francoist state party was mentioned. Together with Valiente and Saenz-Díez he soon emerged as member of a new triumvirate running the party. The new strategy seemed to work and in 1957 <mask> was rumored to land a ministerial job or a high position in Movimiento, the perspective which faded away once Arrese had been replaced with Solis. Undeterred, he kept advocating flexibility towards the regime as the best way to confront Juanistas, who should be beaten not "en los montes sino desde los cargos oficiales".In 1958 he was nominated secretario general, a new position reporting only to Valiente, and the same year got double-hatted as regional jefe of Castilla la Vieja. He cautiously endorsed introduction of the Carlist prince Carlos Hugo and taking advantage of his links with the regime officials intervened to spare him trouble, be it after the 1958 Montejurra, before the 1960 Montejurra, securing his residence permit in Madrid in 1960 and 1961 or launching the bid for Spanish citizenship for the Borbon-Parmas. At the turn of the decades, <mask>'s position in Carlism reached its climax. Though Valiente was officially nominated new Jefe Delegado, due to his requeté past Zamanillo enjoyed more prestige; he handed over the post of requeté leader as late as 1960. Within the party he was entrusted with disciplinary missions. When addressing gatherings at Montserrat and Montejurra he could have afforded to ignore suggestions of Movimiento and Carlist leaders alike. During aplecs advocating "religious unity consubstantial with national unity", since 1959 he organized "marchas al Valle de los Caídos", an initiative providing opportunity to fraternize with the Falangists and himself frequently wined and dined with the Movimiento officials, even though he was suspicious about genuine intentions of the regime.In 1961 <mask> was nominated to Consejo Nacional, which guaranteed seat in the Cortes, and in 1962 he was admitted by Franco. Breakup (1962-1963)

<mask>'s interventions facilitating Carlos Hugo's entry proved successful and in January 1962 the young prince settled in Madrid. He turned a group of his young entourage into Secretaría Privada, which in turn embarked on a number of new initiatives. <mask> viewed them as part of the collaborationist strategy and supported; in 1960 Semana Nacional de Estudios of AET in Valle de los Caidós he spoke about a possibilist evolution of the doctrine and engaged in Círculos Vázquez de Mella. The sympathy, however, was not reciprocal. Unlike the older generation, for whom <mask> was an icon of requeté, Carlos Hugo and his aides, led by Ramón Massó, were far more skeptical. They considered him an old-type man of the past, valiant but with scarce political intuition and tending to inactivity.Once the Hugocarlistas gained formal outposts and launched own initiatives, friendly but loose early relations were getting thorny. Initially it looked like a generational conflict, not helped by <mask>'s unshakable sense of own authority. He was getting uneasy about what was becoming known as "camarilla" of the prince, the youth were skeptical about his power-hungry "requeté cohort". In few weeks suspicion turned into a full-scale conflict, especially that upon closer contact <mask> developed doubts about Traditionalist orthodoxy of the Hugocarlistas. They also identified him as a chief obstacle in their path to power and got determined to remove it. Conscious of royal support they did not step back and provoked <mask> to resign from his post in the executive; he intended the move as a mere demonstration of protest. With his resignation awaiting royal decision, in the spring of 1962 he opposed structural changes proposed by Hugocarlistas and spoke out against "delfinismo", which puts "sons against fathers".At the same time he launched Hermandad de Antiguos Combatientes de Tercios de Requeté, an organization supposed to help in the imminent clash for power, and openly confronted new advancements of Carlos Hugo. The conflict materialized over few other issues yet did not seem unbridgeable until in September 1962 his resignation – to <mask>'s shock and amazement and against the advice of Valiente – was accepted. Since the fall of 1962 Zamanillo developed a furious anti-Hugocarlista activity; it culminated in a letter, denouncing Carlos Hugo as ignorant and subversive revolutionary. In 1963 Massó and his men prepared ground for final confrontation, marginalizing <mask>'s supporters, floating rumors about his treason and mobilizing support of iconic personalities. Zamanillo played into their hands resigning from further functions, also in Hermandad. The climax came in June 1963, when on a party council the Hugocarlistas launched an all-out attack advancing a number of charges. In November Secretaría demanded that Zamanillo be expulsed; Don Javier had few doubts and Zamanillo was purged by the year-end.Hugocarlista strategy worked perfectly; disguising their progressive agenda they deflected the conflict from ideological confrontation to secondary issues, isolated their opponent, provoked him into unguarded moves, and removed the key person bent on preventing their intended control of Carlism. Francoist (1964-1974)

In the early 1960s <mask> was already considered icon of collaborationism, as evidenced by his 1961 nomination to its Consejo Nacional. In 1962 Franco thought him a candidate for vice-minister of justice, nomination thwarted by Carrero Blanco, who denounced him – either erroneously or as part of own stratagem – as supporter of Carlos Hugo. Following expulsion from Carlism Zamanillo was welcome among the Movimiento hardliners. In 1964 he was awarded Gran Cruz del Mérito Civil, a visible sign of excellent relations with the regime. His nomination to Consejo was renewed in 1964, to be prolonged in 1967 and 1971; as consejero he had seat in the Cortes guaranteed. Within the Francoist structures Zamanillo entered important though not front-row bodies.In 1964 he became secretary of Comisión de Ordenación Institucional, entrusted with working out a new recipe for Falangism; in 1967 he was secretary to its later incarnation, the section of "Principios fundamentales y desarollo político". In the Cortes he worked in commission drafting Ley Orgánica del Movimiento, an eventually abandoned attempt to ensure Falangist domination. In 1967 he grew to one of 4 secretarios of the diet, the function renewed also in 1971, and represented Spain in international inter-parliamentary bodies. In 1970 <mask>'s status was acknowledged with Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito Militár. In terms of officialdom his position climaxed in 1972, when Zamanillo entered Consejo de Estado. In terms of impact on real-life politics Zamanillo found himself increasingly marginalized; he sided with the Falangist core, which during the 1960s was outmaneuvered by the technocratic bureaucracy. Though speaking with Franco "many times" and allegedly conceded to be right, he failed to influence the caudillo who allowed political changes that Zamanillo opposed, like liberalization of the  labor law or the press law; the project which drew his particular enmity was the 1967 Law on Religious Liberties.On the other hand, he supported the 1966 introduction of Tercio Familiar as a step towards Traditionalist type of representation; claiming that backbone of Traditionalism was doctrinal rather than dynastical in 1969 he voted in favor of Juan Carlos as the future king. In late 1973 Zamanillo participated in one of the last hardline attempts to seize control, Comisión Mixta Gobierno-Consejo Nacional, dissolved soon afterward by Carrero Blanco. Labeled "falso carlista" by Don Javier, <mask> kept considering himself a Carlist. He kept leading Hermandad of ex-combatants, periodically purging it of the most vocal Javieristas; at the turn of the decades he considered it a would-be platform to launch a new Carlist organization, a "Comunión without a king". The organization finally animated to this end was already existing Hermandad de Maestrazgo; <mask> presided over its Patronat Nacional in 1972 and in 1973 entered its collegial presidency. With Valiente and Ramón Forcadell considered a triumvirate running the group, he emphasized Falangist and Traditionalist commonality in the service of Spain and Franco. The organization failed to attract popular support and did not become a genuine Carlist counterweight to the newly emergent Partido Carlista.Post-Francoist Traditionalist (1975-1980)

During the final years of Francoism Zamanillo engaged in the launch of a broad Traditionalist organization. Following the so-called Ley Arias of December 1974, which legalized political associations, he first tried to mobilize support by means of a new periodical, Brújula, gathering together "partidarios de la Monarquía tradicional, social y representativa". In June  1975 the initiative materialized with 25,000 signatures required as Unión Nacional Española; Zamanillo entered its Comisión Permanente and in early 1976 jointly with Gonzalo Fernández de la Mora its presidency, becoming also member of Junta Directiva. The association, in 1976 officially registered as political party, adhered to Traditionalist principles; Zamanillo explained its objectives as "lo que hay que hacer es un 18 de julio pacífico y político", played down differences with other right-wing groupings and advanced suggestions of a National Front, formed by UNE, ANEPA, UDPE and others. In May 1976 he co-organized Traditionalist attempt to dominate the annual Carlist Montejurra gathering, since mid-1960s controlled by the Hugocarlistas; the day produced violence, with two Partido Carlista militants shot. Still member of the Cortes, when forming factions had been allowed Zamanillo joined Acción Institucional, the closest one to the hardline búnker. Having noticed with some surprise in May 1976 that "heritage of July 18 is no longer protected by state", in the diet he did his best first to obstruct works on a new law on political parties voting against its final version, and to water-down the draft on Ley Para la Reforma Política; in November 1976 he was among those who refused to commit "political suicide of the Francoist Cortes" and cast a "no" ballot during the plenary session; indeed he was already speaking openly about a suicidal governmental policy.In gear-up to the elections in late 1976 UNE joined the Alianza Popular coalition and <mask> signed its founding manifesto. In parallel, apparently somewhat skeptical about the UNE format and definitely disillusioned about Juan Carlos, in February 1977 he co-founded a strictly Carlist organization, Comunión Tradicionalista, and entered its executive; dynastic leader of the party turned out to be Sixto, Traditionalist younger brother of Carlos Hugo. In the June 1977 elections <mask> ran for the senate on the UNE/AP list from Santander, but suffered heavy defeat. UNE was getting increasingly divided about the general strategy; its November 1977 General Assembly turned into mayhem. <mask> and his supporters demanded leaving AP; in the ensuing chaos, they staged a parallel session and elected a new party executive. The opposing faction of Fernández de la Mora appealed in court and won; in December 1977 <mask> was expulsed from UNE. He then focused on Comunión, which prior to 1979 elections joined the Unión Nacional alliance; this time <mask> did not run.See also
 Carlism
 Spanish Civil War
 Carlo-francoism
 Spanish transition to democracy

Footnotes

Further reading

 Julio Aróstegui, Eduardo Calleja, La tradición recuperada: El requeté carlista y la insurrección, [in:] Historia Contemporanea 11 (1994), pp. 29–53
 Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, Cambridge 1975,
 Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, El naufragio de las ortodoxias. El carlismo 1962-1977, Pamplona 1997,
 Daniel Jesús García Riol, La resistencia tradicionalista a la renovación ideológica del carlismo (1965-1973) [PhD thesis UNED], Madrid 2015
 Eduardo González Calleja, Contrarrevolucionarios, Madrid 2011,
 Jeremy Macclancy, The Decline of Carlism, Reno 2000,
 Manuel Martorell Pérez, La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil [PhD thesis UNED], Valencia 2009
 Miguel A. del Río Morillas, Origen y desarollo de Unión Nacional Española (UNE): la experiencia de la extrema derecha neofranquista de Alianza Popular (AP), [in:] Molinero, Tébar (eds. ), VIII Encuentro Internacional de Investigadores del Franquismo CD-ROM 2013
 Miguel A. del Río Morillas, De la extreme derecha neofranquista a la derecha conservadora: los orígenes de Alianza Popular (1973-1979) [PhD thesis Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona], Barcelona 2013
 Ramón María Rodón Guinjoan, Invierno, primavera y otoño del carlismo (1939-1976) [PhD thesis Universitat Abat Oliba CEU], Barcelona 2015
 José Luis Rodríguez Jiménez, Reaccionarios y golpistas. La extrema derecha en España: del tardofranquismo a la consolidación de la democracia (1967-1982), Salamanca 1994,
 Julian Sanz Hoya, De la resistencia a la reacción: las derechas frente a la Segunda República, Salamanca 2006,
 Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, El final de una ilusión. Auge y declive del tradicionalismo carlista (1957-1967), Madrid 2016,
 Aurora Villanueva Martinez, Los incidentes del 3 de diciembre de 1945 en la Plaza del Castillo, [in:] Principe de Viana 212 (1997), pp. 629–650

External links
 Historical Index of Deputies
 paperclip on Zamanillo and Montejurra 1976
 Zamanillo registering Communion Tradicionalista in 1977
 Vizcainos!Por Dios y por España; contemporary Carlist propaganda

People from Santander, Spain
Carlists
FET y de las JONS politicians
Francoist Spain
Members of the Congress of Deputies (Spain)
People of the Spanish Civil War
Spanish lawyers
Spanish monarchists
Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War
Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War (National faction)
Spanish Roman Catholics
Members of the Congress of Deputies of the Second Spanish

masks: Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo Zamanillo


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<mask> (September 14, 1906 – April 27, 2000) was an American lawyer, writer, law professor, and civil rights activist. During his lengthy legal career he won some high-profile cases, most notably parole for notorious killer Nathan Leopold and the obscenity trial of Henry Miller's novel Tropic of Cancer, a book published in France but banned in the United States because of its "candid sexuality" in describing the author's life in Paris. In addition to accounts of his cases and career, he also reviewed books and edited a collection of works by Frank Harris, whom he represented as literary agent for a while. He is best remembered in the legal world, however, for a case in which he was not an advocate but a plaintiff: Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., a libel action he brought against the John Birch Society in 1969 after it accused him of being part of a Communist conspiracy to discredit local police departments. He prevailed, but only after a 14-year battle that saw the case go before the Supreme Court, which ruled that as a private figure <mask> did not have to prove actual malice on the defendants' part. When the case finally went to trial, the jury found in favor of <mask> and awarded him compensatory damages of $100,000 and punitive damages of $300,000. The award was upheld on appeal.Early life

A Jew of Lithuanian descent, <mask> was born to Morris and <mask> in Chicago's Maxwell Street neighborhood. He attended elementary school with future Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg. At the age of ten, his mother dead and his father unable to care for his children, he spent the remainder of his childhood in orphanages in Chicago and Cleveland. Education

He graduated from Crane Technical High School, where he made the acquaintance of other young men who would become famous in their own right: authors Meyer Levin and Leo Rosten and newspaper magnate Leo Lerner. Afterwards, he attended the University of Chicago and its law school. He received his J.D. degree in 1930 and went to work in the firm of the well-connected Jacob Arvey.He would remain there for another 14 years. He remained involved in education throughout his life, teaching a civil rights class at The John Marshall Law School until his death in 2000. Legal career

As a law student, <mask> had been inspired by Clarence Darrow's famous argument against the death penalty in the Leopold-Loeb trial. He himself achieved national fame when he won parole for Nathan Leopold, the surviving half of the infamous thrill-killing duo, in 1958. He made a point of walking out of the prison gates with his client. He and Miller became good friends after he persuaded a court to lift the ban on Tropic of Cancer, a decision the Supreme Court upheld in 1964's Grove Press, Inc., v. Gerstein. In the mid-1960s, <mask> emulated his legal inspiration, Clarence Darrow, when he argued against the death sentence handed down to Jack Ruby for killing Lee Harvey Oswald.It was overturned, and Ruby, who was terminally ill, served the remaining few years of his life in prison. Educator

In addition to his law practice, <mask> was an adjunct professor teaching Civil Rights Law at The John Marshall Law School in Chicago, where he taught classes in civil rights. Libel suit against John Birch Society

In 1969, <mask> represented the family of a young man killed by a Chicago police officer. This drew the ire of the John Birch Society, which alleged in an article about the case in its magazine, American Opinion, that he had a criminal record and was part of a Communist conspiracy to discredit local police departments in order to pave the way for Communist control by a national police force. He sued the Society for defamation and won a $500,000 judgment. On appeal, the case went all the way to the Supreme Court, which was asked to settle the question of whether or not <mask> was a public figure, who would thus have to prove actual malice to win (which he probably could not have). In 1974, the Court ruled in a 5–4 decision that he was not a public figure and that states were free to set their own standards for libel when they were alleged by a private figure.Ironically, given his successes in fighting censorship, some of the dissenting justices and other commentators have viewed his victory as limiting First Amendment rights. The case went back to a six-day trial where <mask> once again prevailed and was awarded $100,000 in compensatory damages and $300,000 in punitive damages. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit affirmed the award and the U.S. Supreme Court declined further review. A few years later, <mask> and his wife went on a round-the-world, luxury cruise with the money he won and sent "wish you were here" postcards back to Welch and his organization every chance they got. Political and social activism

In the 1940s, he was active in the fair housing movement, serving on several public bodies devoted to the subject. He presciently warned against the creation of large housing projects, advocating a more scattered approach instead. He also campaigned for the admission of African Americans to the local bar association.In 1969, he was elected to the Illinois Constitutional Convention, where he chaired the committee on its Bill of Rights, working closely with the committee's legal counsel, Dallin H. Oaks. It has been called the strongest bill of rights of any state constitution at that point in time. A decade later, he chaired the equivalent committees of the Illinois and Chicago bar associations. He also served as chairman of the Lawyers' Association. After his death, the Illinois State Bar Association created the Elmer Gertz Lawyer Award in 2000 to recognize lawyers for their exceptional dedication to protecting civil liberties. <mask> received Israel's Prime Minister's Medal in 1972 for his service on that country's behalf, and considered that his finest accomplishment. "Things do change for the better," he assured some students near the end of his life, "very, very slowly."Winners of the Elmer Gertz Lawyer Award

The Illinois State Bar Association established the Elmer Gertz Lawyer Award in 2000 to recognize lawyers who have shown a continued commitment to preserve and advance human rights. For many years the award was jointly presented with the Blind Service Association, where <mask> was a board member. The award has been given to the following persons or entities:

2001 - Gregory A. Adamski
2002 - Prof. Ralph Ruebner, The John Marshall Law School (Chicago)
2003 - Prof. Victor J. Stone, University of Illinois College of Law
2004 - Fay Clayton, Chicago
2005 - Award not given
2006 - Prof. Michael P. Seng, The John Marshall Law School (Chicago)
2007 - R. Eugene Pincham, Retired Justice, Illinois Appellate Court
2008 - Prof. Doug Cassel, Notre Dame University School of Law
2009 - Award not given
2010 - Award not given
2011 - Award not given
2012 - Judge Martha A. Mills, Cook County Circuit Court
2013 - Jody Raphael, Schiller DuCanto & Fleck Family Law Center, DePaul University College of Law (Chicago)
2014 - Barbara Blaine

Bibliography

The Best is Yet To Be
Carl Sandburg: Is He the Poet of The People? 1946
Charter for a New Age: Inside the Sixth Illinois Constitutional Convention, 1980
The Diary of a Public Man, 1945
For the First Hours of Tomorrow: The New Illinois Bill of Rights, 1972
Gertz v. Robert Welch: The Story of the Landmark Libel Case, 1992
Frank Harris and Henry Miller: Two Lives Intertwined With Mine
A Handful of Clients
Moment of Madness: The People vs. Jack Ruby, 1968
Reflections on Henry Miller's Centennial Celebration
Odyssey of a Barbarian: The Biography of George Sylvester Viereck, 1979
Quest for a Constitution: A Man Who Wouldn't Quit, 1984
To Life: The Story of A Chicago Lawyer, 1990

See also

Ronald K.L. Collins & Sam Chaltain, We Must not be Afraid to be Free: Stories of Free Expression in America (Oxford U.Press, 2011)

References

Adiya, Sarbani; February 2001. <mask>: A Chicago Legal Legend. Illinois History. Tilt, Max; date unknown, <mask>z. Legal Tilt 1.03. External links
<mask>z papers, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division
Visual materials from the <mask>z papers, Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division
Plain Speaking: <mask> Remembers Harry Truman from American Legends. Save Maxwell St. Letter by Gertz urging preservation of Maxwell Street.Henry Miller Remembered A further fragment of the American Legends interview. 1906 births
2000 deaths
American legal writers
American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent
Illinois lawyers
Writers from Chicago
Jewish American writers
Lawyers from Chicago
Literary agents
American civil rights lawyers
University of Chicago alumni
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American writers
20th-century American Jews

masks:
Elmer Gertz
Gertz
Elmer Gertz
Gertz
Grace Gertz
Gertz
Gertz
Elmer Gertz
Elmer Gertz
Gertz
Gertz
Gertz
Elmer Gertz
Elmer Gertz
Elmer Gertz
Elmer Gert
Elmer Gert
Elmer Gert
Elmer Gertz


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Thangam <mask> ( Singh; born 3 August 1966) is a British Labour Party politician, serving as Shadow Leader of the House of Commons since May 2021. She previously was the Shadow Secretary of State for Housing from 2020 to 2021. She was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Bristol West at the 2015 general election, when she defeated the incumbent Liberal Democrat MP Stephen Williams. Shortly after being elected, Debbonaire was diagnosed with breast cancer, and did not attend a parliamentary vote from June 2015 until March 2016. In January 2016, she was appointed shadow Arts and Culture Minister until resigning on 27 June 2016  because of her lack of confidence in the Labour Party Leader, Jeremy Corbyn. She rejoined his front bench team as a whip in October that year, before being made Shadow Brexit Minister in January 2020. Early life and education
Debbonaire was born in Peterborough on 3 August 1966 to a father of Indian and Sri Lankan Tamil family origin and an English mother.She was educated at two independent schools, Bradford Girls' Grammar School and Chetham's School of Music. She then took the first stage of a mathematics degree at the University of Oxford, leaving before graduating, while at the same time training as a cellist at the Royal College of Music. She went to St John's City College of Technology, Manchester. Subsequently, she gained an MSc in Management, Development and Social Responsibility at the University of Bristol. In her twenties, she changed her name by deed poll from Singh to Debbonaire, borrowed from a relative from her first marriage. Early career
Before becoming an MP, she performed professionally as a classical cellist, including for the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra. She has worked as National Children's Officer for the Women's Aid Federation of England, for which she moved to St Werburghs in Bristol in 1991, and later as an Accreditation Officer, Fundraising Manager, then National Research Manager for Respect, an anti-domestic violence organisation.She has co-authored two books, and a number of papers, about domestic violence. In 2004, Debbonaire and her husband, Kevin Walton, co-authored (along with Emilie <mask>) a report for Ireland's Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform entitled Evaluation of work with domestic abusers in Ireland. Parliamentary career
At the 2015 general election, Debbonaire was selected as a Labour candidate via an all-women shortlist for the constituency of Bristol West. She was elected with a majority of 5,673 votes, defeating incumbent Liberal Democrat MP Stephen Williams, who finished in third place after the Green Party. Debbonaire was diagnosed with breast cancer on 16 June 2015. She subsequently called on Parliament to allow MPs to vote remotely after she was unable to participate in votes during her recovery. During her treatment period she was appointed as Shadow Arts and Culture Minister by Jeremy Corbyn.According to Debbonaire, she found out about the role when a journalist contacted her in hospital in response to a Labour press release announcing that she was taking it on, and was then briefly removed from the position before she got a chance to meet with Corbyn. According to Debbonaire's colleague Chi Onwurah, whose frontbench portfolio was briefly split with hers, Corbyn's communication with both women, directly or indirectly, was practically non-existent. Debbonaire resigned from her role on 27 June 2016 following a series of other resignations, saying that she did not believe Corbyn was the right person to lead the Labour Party into the next election. She also opposed Corbyn's call for Article 50 to be triggered on the day immediately following the referendum on the European Union. Debbonaire's resignation attracted criticism in her Constituency Labour Party (CLP), with some concerned members accusing her of being a liar, a "traitor," and a "scab". Debbonaire endorsed Owen Smith in the 2016 Labour leadership election. After Corbyn defeated Smith, on 12 October 2016, Debbonaire accepted an appointment as a shadow whip in Corbyn's front bench team, overcoming her former belief that Corbyn was not the right person to lead the Labour Party into the next election.Debbonaire was reelected in the 2017 general election with an increased majority of 37,336 votes; this was the fourth largest majority by vote size nationally. Bristol West had been the number one target for the Green Party, which slipped to third place behind the Conservatives with a 12.9% vote share. Debbonaire had resisted calls from the Green Party for her to stand aside as part of a progressive alliance. The size of Debbonaire's majority was considered a shock, as the seat had been billed as a four-way marginal. On 15 September 2017, Debbonaire held what is thought to be the UK's first constituency surgery specifically for people on the autism spectrum. In the same month, she urged local constituency members discontented about her resignation to stop planning her deselection, which she claimed was "a catastrophic waste of time". On 9 May 2021, Debbonaire was moved from the post of Shadow Secretary of State for Housing to Shadow Leader of the House of Commons in a shadow cabinet reshuffle.Views
Debbonaire describes herself as a "northern European socialist – a democratic socialist". She supports "fettered capitalism". Debbonaire opposes the decriminalisation of prostitution and has called for more funding and research to help reform male perpetrators of domestic violence. She supports mandatory education classes in female equality for newly arrived male refugees, as well as more English language support for refugees as part of a broader integration strategy. She has called on Bristol City Council to stop issuing licences to strip clubs in the city. Debbonaire has also called for student accommodation providers to pay council tax. Brexit

Prior to the 2016 referendum on the UK's membership of the European Union, Debbonaire endorsed remaining in the EU.Bristol West voted to remain in the European Union by 79.3%; this was the third highest percentage result for the Remain campaign by parliamentary constituency. On 27 January 2017, Debbonaire stated that she would vote against triggering Article 50, despite being a whip herself and Labour imposing a three-line whip to vote for the government motion. She explained that this was because the government intended to leave "the Single Market or something close to it". On 29 June 2017, Debbonaire abstained from voting in an amendment by Chuka Umunna to the Queen's Speech which would have kept the UK in the Single Market and held a vote on the final Brexit deal; her abstention was criticised by Molly Scott Cato, the local Green Party candidate in the 2017 general election. Debbonaire defended her abstention, stating that she had supported a similar amendment drafted by Labour. She affirmed: "I will do everything I can to stop the UK from leaving the EU." In December 2017, Debbonaire criticised the quality of the Brexit impact papers published by David Davis, then the Brexit Secretary.She stated that the sectoral analyses "wouldn't get an A grade...if [the government] were submitting it as GCSE research" and believed that the papers only compiled information already publicly available. She accused the government of "a dereliction of duty". In July 2018, Debbonaire said that she did not support a referendum on the Brexit deal. She was criticised by Vince Cable, the leader of the Liberal Democrats. In response, Debbonaire said that there was insufficient public support for a final vote on the deal, and she accused the Liberal Democrats of "playing politics" on the issue. Drugs reform
Debbonaire's treatment for breast cancer led her to support greater regulation of alcohol. She supports mandatory graphic health warnings on alcoholic drinks, akin to those on cigarette packaging, and has called for parliamentary debate to raise awareness of the link between alcohol and cancer.Debbonaire has previously called for an “evidence-based policy review” of the laws around drugs such as ecstasy and marijuana. She supports sending addicted users to mandatory rehabilitation programmes. Debbonaire has also voiced support for "drug consumption rooms", telling ministers that drug-related admissions to Bristol Royal Infirmary cost the NHS £1.3 million per year. On 10 July 2018, Debbonaire co-launched a campaign for drugs policy reform alongside fellow Labour whip Jeff Smith. The campaign was launched without policy proposals, intended as a forum for Labour members to discuss drugs policy reform. Shortly after launching the campaign, Debbonaire called for drug-testing services to be made compulsory at festivals and nightclubs across the UK. She had previously called for a Royal Commission to investigate the impact of drugs and had called for the Prime Minister to watch Drugsland, a BBC documentary on drugs in Bristol.Harassment
In August 2016, a student at the University of Bristol was investigated after telling Debbonaire to "get in the sea", an Internet meme, which she interpreted as a death threat. Following a complaint to the university by Debbonaire concerning that tweet and others, including one which called her a "traitor", the student apologised, deleted the tweet, and closed her Twitter account. The tweet was posted on the day of the funeral of Jo Cox, another Labour MP, who was murdered in June 2016. In November 2017, a constituent who harassed Debbonaire was jailed for 20 weeks after leaving multiple "upsetting and disturbing" racially offensive answerphone messages for a senior case worker. Personal life
Debbonaire is married to Kevin Walton, an opera singer, former actor and a director of Ark Stichting, an Amsterdam charity that works with children with special educational needs. Since her breast cancer treatment, during which time she read about the links between cancer and alcohol, Debbonaire drinks very little alcohol, is vegan and spent a month in 2017 attempting to live without single-use plastics. Debbonaire cites music, knitting and observing space as her hobbies.During her treatment for breast cancer, she credited listening to classical music with helping her recovery. Selected bibliography

Books

Chapters in books

Journal articles

Papers

References

External links

1966 births
Alumni of the University of Bristol
Alumni of the University of Oxford
British politicians of Indian descent
English people of Sri Lankan Tamil descent
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Living people
Members of Parliament for Bristol
People educated at Bradford Girls' Grammar School
People educated at Chetham's School of Music
Politics of Bristol
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
21st-century British women politicians
21st-century English women
21st-century English people

masks:
Elizabeth Rachel Debbonaire
Debbonaire