text_chunks:
 8 February in which he impersonated Elvis Presley. Despite initially refusing to portray female artists, Rybak impersonated Gloria Gaynor, Conchita Wurst and Russian folk singer Lyudmila Ryumina, for which he received top marks from the jury. After the fourteenth show, Rybak was placed 6th and therefore was not among the five who automatically went to the final. However, the judges said that he deserved a place in the final and made an exception. In the final results, he was the runner-up. With the televoting results, he took a clear second place with 32.1% of the votes, behind Ruslan Alehno.Rybak released a new Russian single entitled ""/"Kotik". The music video of this song which was filmed in Moscow, Russia, and it was released on 3 June 2015. "Kotik" quickly reached positive acclaim and its music video attracted a lot of views. It topped Belarusian Bel Muz-TV's charts. "Kotik" became one of the most watched Russian-language music videos in 2015. Despite it being a hit online, "Kotik" did not manage to crack the Russian radio charts. Rybak later declared that radio DJs refused to play the song as they felt it was a childish song and some DJs were asking Rybak for financial compensation for playing it.While announcing his desire to stay a children's musical in 2013, Rybak could not find the funds and support for this project. Instead, he decided to create a children's book with a CD with songs and an audio book attached to it. Rybak initially struggled to find a publisher for this, as most publishers were only interested in the physical book. Eventually, Rybak released Trolle og den magiske fela through Cappelen Damm. Quickly after that, the Danish rights were secured and the book was also complimented by Edward van de Vendel, who proof translated the book's first chapters into Dutch. On 12 June, a new Norwegian song "" (Among Mountains) was released. 2016–2017

In early 2016, Rybak was a one-off jury member in Eurosong, Belgium's selection for Eurovision 2016.Rybak also performed as a part of the interval act for the Eurovision Song Contest 2016, in a musical number satirising Eurovision songs. Shortly after that, he released his lead single "I Came To Love You", which music video was shot in Greece. In 2016, Rybak marked his ten-year's anniversary as an artist with re-releasing former singles such as his debut single "Foolin'" and "5 To 7 Years". Next to that, he held several concert shows under the title "Entertainer". Rybak sang "Fairytale" during the final of You Decide, the preselection of the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017. That same year, Rybak teamed up with German singer and violinist Franziska Wiese and had a duet with her on his singles "Fairytale" and "Kotik", while also performing the former at the annual Schlagerboom festival. During the Eurovision 2017, Rybak publicly supported Portuguese singer Salvador Sobral to win the contest.Sobral eventually won Eurovision with "Amar pelos dois", breaking <mask>'s 2009 record. <mask> released his own version of the song, including self-written English lyrics. This version was later covered by others including Eurovision 2018 contestants Sennek and Ari Olafsson. Although <mask> previously disliked the idea of returning to Eurovision, he revealed in late 2017 that he was thinking of returning to Melodi Grand Prix. Eurovision 2018

In January 2018, it was revealed that <mask> would be taking part in the Norwegian national selection Melodi Grand Prix 2018, to represent Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018 in Lisbon, Portugal, with the song "That's How You Write a Song". The song initially received very mixed reviews. Rybak stated that he wanted to take part mostly for pleasure, rather than wanting to win the competition, stating that Norwegian singer Jahn Teigen, who participated fourteen times in the Norwegian selection and won three times, was his inspiration.<mask> was not the bookmakers and experts' favourite to win the selection, but topped several public polls ahead of the competition. To his own surprise and to the surprise of both of the presenters, <mask> won the selection. During the show, Rybak topped four international juries – Russia, Estonia, North Macedonia and Czechia – more than any other contestant. Rybak proceeded to the last four, where he first beat Aleksander Wallman in a duel and then proceeded to the final duel with singer Rebecca, which he also won. After the show, several news outlets claimed that Norwegian broadcaster NRK had favourised <mask>, putting him last in the running order. NRK denied this, pointing to the voting statistics that showed that Rybak had won with a large margin. He won his first duel with 94.3% of the votes and his final duel by 71% of the votes, receiving a total of 306,393 votes, the third-highest number of votes an entry ever reached in Melodi Grand Prix history.<mask> was drawn to perform first in second semi-final on 10 May and finished first overall, becoming the first ever Eurovision performer to win two semi-finals after he also won the second semi-final in 2009. In the final, on 12 May 2018, Rybak performed seventh in the running order and finished in fifteenth place, receiving a top jury score from Italy. 2019–present
In 2019, Rybak's children's musical Trolle og den magiske fela premiered in Kristiansand and received wide critical acclaim by reviewers. The show sold over 10,000 tickets and had to schedule extra performances to curb the demand. In 2020, <mask> co-wrote an entry for Melodi Grand Prix 2020 together with JOWST for singer Magnus Bokn called "Over the Sea". The song won the fourth-semi final of the selection show and proceeded to the final, where it eventually lost out to Ulrikke Brandstorp's "Attention". Rybak was set to appear as part of an interval act at Eurovision 2020, which was later cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.As a result of the contest cancellation, several countries organised a produced show or held a vote to determine their country's favourite Eurovision song of all times. <mask>'s "Fairytale" finished 3rd in Wallonia's Votre top 20, 17th in the Netherlands's NPO Radio 2 Songfestival Top 50 list, and 6th in the United Kingdom's special Eurovision: Come Together show. "Fairytale" therefore re-entered the UK sales chart at #65 in late May 2020. A year prior, the Norwegians had voted "Fairytale" as their all-time favourite Eurovision song. Artistry

Musical style and genres
About his own musical style, <mask> has said: "Generally, I do everything from writing folklore, children’s music, DreamWorks songs to arranging for symphony orchestra and making cover versions of Eurovision songs.(...) I do not make more albums, I like to publish one and a song on YouTube. It can be a classic piece, a pop song, a collaboration with Philip Cecil or just a cover song, but I will always have something visual to my songs, and maybe a music video."Voice
<mask> is often classified as having a tenore di grazia voice. Rybak has also been noted multiple times for having a strong natural vibrato in his voice. His voice has been appreciated for creating whole and clear sounds. Personal life
Rybak was raised in the Orthodox religion. In family circles and in his childhood, he used to be referred to as Sasha, the Russian diminutive for his first name. Rybak did not visit his country of birth for 17 years between his emigration to Norway and his first performance in Belarus in the Summer of 2009. Though he grew up as an only child, Rybak revealed that he had a sister from whom he was estranged, from an earlier marriage of his father's.In 2012, Rybak met his half-sister for the first time in many years. Rybak bought a new apartment and lives now at Aker Brygge (Oslo, Norway). Rybak speaks Norwegian, Russian and English fluently, and has performed songs in all three languages. Rybak has also performed in Belarusian and, with Elisabeth Andreassen, in Swedish. In 2010, Rybak was featured in the media negatively after a few incidents of uncontrolled anger. Both times, Rybak had a heated discussion with a sound technician. It resulted in Rybak breaking his fingers in May 2010, and during a later instance, also breaking his violin on stage.Rybak then said: "I never raised my voice before, and that's why I did what I did. I'm just a human being—and perhaps not the glossy image many believe. So it was good to get out frustrations so I could go on. It's only me that goes beyond the same." <mask> later blamed the behaviour on his hectic touring schedule, which led to him being overworked, also opening up about battling with depression due to his touring schedule, calling early 2011 the toughest moment of his life. He later stated he had to learn to say "no". In 2018 and 2019, Rybak struggled a lot with an unidentified illness, which led him to cancel several performances.To Ukrainian newspaper KP, <mask> said he was initially diagnosed with fatigue-related problems after his second Eurovision participation. In October 2019, Rybak declared he was hypochondriac, stating "all people above 20 have their own battle with something". Rybak stated working in a group for his children's musical Trolle og den magisken fela has helped him. For this production, he temporarily moved to coastal city Kristiansand. In May 2020, Rybak revealed that he had been addicted to sleep medications and antidepressants for 11 years, and had begun to recover after entering rehab in January. Discography

 Fairytale (2009)
 No Boundaries (2010)
 Visa vid vindens ängar (2011)
 Christmas Tales (2012)

Filmography

Awards
Winner of "Sparre Olsen – competition for young classical musicians", in 2000 and 2001. Winner of ”Anders Jahres Culture-Award"  2004.Winner of TV- talent-competition "Kjempesjansen" 2006. Winner of the ”Hedda-Award" to the "Newcomer of the year in Norwegian Theater", 2007, for the title role in ”Fiddler on the Roof" at Oslo Nye Teater. Winner of "Norwegian Melodi Grand Prix" 2009, with the highest score of all times. Winner of "Eurovision Song Contest" 2009, with the highest score of all times. Winner of "Australian Radio Listeners Award" for European musicians, 2009. Winner of the "Marcel Bezencon Press Award" at Eurovision 2009. Nomination - Emma-gaala (Best Foreign Artist), 2009
Winner of Russian Grammy for ”Newcomer of the year" 2010.Winner of Norwegian Grammy-awards: "Spellemann of the Year" 2010. Winner of ”International Russian Name Award" in Moscow 2011. Winner of ”Countrymen of the Year". Belarus 2013
Winner of Melodi Grand Prix 2018

Notes

The song "Into a Fantasy" is played during the ending credits to the movie How to Train Your Dragon 2 in European releases. Rybak provided the Norwegian voice-over for the animated character Hiccup. References

External links

Official homepage
Official Facebook Page
<mask>bak Official International Fan site (English, Russian, Spanish, Norwegian and German)
Alexander Rybak PR in Republic of Ireland

1986 births
Living people
Eastern Orthodox Christians from Norway
Idol (Norwegian TV series) participants
Melodi Grand Prix winners
Naturalised citizens of Norway
Norwegian male actors
Norwegian songwriters
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Norway
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2009
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2018
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Musicians from Minsk
People from Nesodden
Norwegian multi-instrumentalists
Barratt Due Institute of Music alumni
Norwegian fiddlers
Male violinists
Spellemannprisen winners
Soviet emigrants to Norway
Folk-pop singers
Norwegian people of Belarusian descent
21st-century Norwegian composers
21st-century Norwegian singers
21st-century Norwegian violinists
21st-century Norwegian male singers
English-language singers from

masks:
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Rybak
Alexander Ry


text_chunks:
<mask>  (born May 1934) is Emeritus Professor of Infection at the University of Birmingham Medical School. In 1978, as the World Health Organization (WHO) was shortly to announce that the world's last case of smallpox had occurred a year earlier in Somalia, <mask> diagnosed a British woman with the disease in Birmingham, England. She was found to be the index case of the outbreak and became the world's last reported fatality due to the disease, five years after he had gained experience on the frontline of the WHO's smallpox eradication programme in Bangladesh in 1973. His early research included work on drug discovery and antibiotics, and the definitions and management of bacterial meningitis and pneumococcal disease. In 1975, he became Chairman of the first editorial board of the Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. In the same year he was co-editor of the best seller book titled Control of Hospital Infection, later known as Ayliffe's Control of Healthcare-Associated Infection: A Practical Handbook. Following the September 11 attacks, <mask> became an adviser on bioterrorism for the UK's Department of Health, his chief role being in the national smallpox plan and in biodefence training.In 2015, he retired from his position as Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, having served the journal for the previous 10 years. His recollections of smallpox in Birmingham inspired Mark Pallen to write The Last Days of Smallpox: Tragedy in Birmingham, published in 2018. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born in Fortrose, near Inverness, Scotland, in May 1934, to Angus and <mask>. His early education was at the Fortrose Academy, the local school. In 1957 he graduated in medicine from the University of Edinburgh, where his interest in antibiotics later originated. Medical career
He completed his early medical posts at the Royal Infirmary in Edinburgh and then in Perth, following which he spent two years completing National Service in the Royal Army Medical Corps, and rose to the rank of captain. Subsequently, he gained experience in infectious diseases and general medicine first at Edinburgh and then as a medical registrar at Aberdeen and began research on antibiotics, with publications in the British Medical Journal and The Lancet.After a visit to the United States, he returned to Britain and took up a post as one of two consultants in infectious diseases at the East Birmingham (now Heartlands) Hospital in May 1967, at the same time as the local smallpox hospital, Witton Isolation Hospital, was deemed unnecessary and therefore demolished by fire. <mask>, at the time, settled in Solihull. He later recounted that when "I told my friends in Edinburgh that I was going to work in infectious diseases, they thought I was a bit stupid. They said you’re mad, infectious diseases are disappearing, we have antibiotics and vaccines, why don't you do something more interesting!" Bangladesh (1973)
In 1973, the Department of Health assigned <mask> as a visiting fellow with the World Health Organization (WHO) smallpox eradication effort in Bangladesh, where he spent seven weeks under the leadership of Nick Ward, travelling through villages and gaining frontline experience in smallpox vaccination. He later recalled "I saw many cases of smallpox." In October 1973, as a consequence of the oil crisis, he was called to return to England.In the same year, he was designated Birmingham’s smallpox consultant. The following year, in an article in the British Medical Journal, he described signs and symptoms of smallpox and wrote that
the possibility of smallpox should be considered in every patient with unexplained fever who has recently visited the five countries of the world where this disease is still endemic-namely, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Ethiopia. The likelihood of smallpox re-appearing in countries other than these five should always be remembered. Writing
In 1975, <mask> became Chairman of the first editorial board of the Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. In the same year, he co-edited the best-seller Control of Hospital Infection, later known as Ayliffe's Control of Healthcare-Associated Infection: A Practical Handbook. In 1976 L. P. Garrod stated in his review of the book that it made much "of how to cope with a suspected case of smallpox. As the WHO claims that this disease is on the verge of extinction, even in Bangladesh, may future editions safely omit this?"Throughout his career, Geddes authored almost 200 scientific publications covering a wide range of infectious disease topics. Antibiotics
His early research included work on drug discovery and studies on the use of cephaloridine. Pertaining to trials of what became known as Augmentin, a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, he later recalled that “getting the right dose of amoxicillin proved important for efficacy and getting the right dose of clavulanic acid was key to tolerability”. In 1977, he published on the efficacies of cephamycins, including their parenteral administration, dosages and penetrations through normal and inflamed blood-brain barrier. He made comparisons of clindamycin with lincomycin against H. influenzae in vitro, and later demonstrated that clindamycin was active against Coxiella burnetti, the cause of Q fever. Other research has included studies on the antiviral aciclovir. Birmingham (1978)
In August 1978, five years after returning from Bangladesh, <mask> diagnosed smallpox in Janet Parker, a medical photographer working in the East Wing of the medical school in Birmingham.She had been admitted to Ward 32 at East Birmingham Hospital after being diagnosed with at first chicken pox and then a drug reaction. Several physicians saw her before Geddes was called to the hospital for an opinion. Aware that Parker also worked in a room above the regional smallpox laboratory, he in turn called upon virologist Henry Bedson and both confirmed their suspicions that same day when they examined fluid from Parker's blisters and saw brick-shaped particles under the electron microscope, compatible with smallpox. Until this time, all the call-outs he received for suspected smallpox cases were false-alarms such as erythema multiforme and Stevens–Johnson syndrome. With the WHO about to announce the eradication of smallpox, it was widely thought that the last ever case of smallpox had occurred the previous year, in 1977 in Somalia. Parker later died on 11 September 1978 and became the last reported fatality due to the disease. Later, in an interview in 2004, when asked if Parker's case had any link with the 1966 smallpox outbreak in Birmingham, he replied "it is probably significant that the initial case in the variola minor outbreak in the West Midlands in 1966 was, like Janet Parker, a photographer in the Birmingham Medical School, where research was being carried out on smallpox viruses."1980s
He was appointed professor of infectious diseases at Birmingham University in 1982. In chapter seven of the Report of a committee of inquiry into the future development of the Public Health Function, chaired by the then Chief Medical Officer Sir Donald Acheson and presented to parliament in the wake of the 1984 outbreak of Salmonella in Wakefield and the 1985 outbreak of legionellosis at Stafford, <mask> was noted to head a subcommittee to deal with control of communicable disease and infection. 1990s
In the 1990s, he was involved in tuberculosis (TB) research, leading the University of Birmingham team in the Glaxo Action tuberculosis programme that studied the molecular biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and new ways of delivering medicines into the TB infected cells. By studying how the human immune system responded to TB, Geddes hoped that the results would lead to a new vaccine, more effective than the BCG. In 1991 he became professor of infection at the University of Birmingham Medical School, where in 1994 he became its Deputy Dean then Associate Dean from 1999 to 2002. He has served as civilian consultant in infectious diseases and tropical medicine to the Royal Navy, Deputy Chairman of the Tropical Diseases Research Board of the UK Medical Research Council, and the Committee on Safety of Medicines and of the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation. Later career
Following the September 11 attacks, <mask> became an adviser on bioterroism for the UK's Department of Health, his chief role being in the national smallpox plan and in biodefence training.In 2002, <mask> told the Global Health Security Initiative that the
diagnosis of a smallpox case must not be underestimated. Differential diagnosis against influenza, chickenpox, Eczema herpeticum, Eczema vaccinatum and drug eruptions/erythema multiforme is necessary. The last smallpox case in Birmingham, UK, caused by a lab infection in 1978, was initially misdiagnosed by 3 physicians, leading to a significant delay in treatment and containment measures. This fact underlines the importance of an appropriate education and training of physicians to diagnose disease caused by bioterroristic agents as part of the preparedness plans. With smallpox in the media again after 2001, and noting that Parker had previously received two smallpox vaccinations, he became interested in how long immunity lasts in those who have previously been immunised. It led him to study and publish in 2005 an article on the Edinburgh smallpox outbreak of 1942, where six of the 36 cases of smallpox had received previous vaccination. The following year he published "The history of smallpox".In 2015, after 10 years in the post, he retired from his position as Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. Awards and honours
<mask> is a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences. From 1996 to 1998 he was president of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. The following year, the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy awarded him the Garrod Medal, following which he delivered its accompanying lecture. In 2009, he received Honorary Membership of the International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. He received the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases award for excellence in clinical microbiology and infectious diseases in 2014. Subsequently in 2015 he received the Hamao Umezawa Memorial Award (HUMA) Award.His recollections of 1978 inspired Mark Pallen to write The Last Days of Smallpox: Tragedy in Birmingham, published in 2018. Selected publications

 (Joint author)
 (Joint author)

 (Joint author)

References

Further reading

External links
A<mask>, publications, University of Birmingham
ATV Today: 30.08.1978: Smallpox Alert in Birmingham

1934 births
Living people
20th-century British medical doctors
Academics of the University of Birmingham
Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
People from the Black Isle
Smallpox eradication
University of Edinburgh Medical School alumni

masks:
Alasdair Macintosh Geddes
Geddes
Geddes
Alasdair
Geddes
Isabella Geddes
Geddes
Geddes
Geddes
Geddes
Geddes
Geddes
Geddes
Geddes
. Geddes


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 27 March 1971) is an English former footballer who played for Norwich City, Molde FK, AFC Bournemouth, Gillingham and Gravesend & Northfleet. He spent two years as Welling United manager before joining Stoke City to be first team coach. He left at the end of the 2012–13 season following the departure of Tony Pulis, and on 12 November 2013, he was appointed as a manager for Forest Green Rovers where he twice led them to record highest league finishes. He left his position as head coach of League One side Gillingham in September 2017, and was appointed as manager of National League club Barrow the following month, a post he held until the end of the 2017–18 season. He is currently coaching DPMM FC of Brunei, a team that plays in the Singapore Premier League. Playing career
Although born in Ipswich and having grown up supporting Ipswich Town, <mask> began his career with their fiercest rivals, Norwich City, where he progressed through the ranks to turn professional in 1989. He was only to manage one appearance for the Canaries' first team, however, and in 1992 he was allowed to move to AFC Bournemouth for a fee of £30,000.He was a regular for the Cherries until he suffered a knee injury in December 1995 and was unable to regain his place in the team. In October 1996 his former Bournemouth manager, Tony Pulis signed him for Gillingham for £25,000. <mask> spent over six years at Priestfield Stadium where he was a regular in the first team until a recurring knee injury took its toll. He developed a reputation as a practical joker whilst with Gillingham –  during one pre-season friendly he switched on the pitch sprinkler system during the match. He also scored a memorable own goal against Wigan Athletic in 2000 which spawned a recurring terrace chant of "He only scores own goals". Such was his affinity with the fans that he even acquired his own fan club. On the pitch, he was named captain for the play-off final in 2000 which saw the Gills promoted to the Football League First Division for the first time in their history.Injuries forced <mask> to retire from League football in 2003, after which he signed for Football Conference side Gravesend & Northfleet, where he was also assistant manager. In January 2006 he was involved in a dispute with Gillingham chairman Paul Scally over a testimonial match which <mask> alleged he was promised as part of his final contract at Gillingham but which never materialised. Managerial career

Welling United
In January 2005 <mask> was appointed manager of Welling United of the Conference South and by the end of the season had guided them to their best league position for six years. Stoke City (coach)
He left Welling at the end of the 2006–07 season to take up a coaching position at Stoke City, under his former Gillingham manager, Tony Pulis. He was initially appointed youth team boss at Stoke. In January 2010, <mask> expressed an interest in one day returning to management. In the summer of 2011 he made the step up to become first team coach at Stoke.He left the club at the end of the 2012–13 season. Forest Green Rovers
On 12 November 2013, <mask> was appointed as the new manager of Conference Premier side Forest Green Rovers. He led the club to a 10th-place finish at the end of the 2013–14 season. In January 2015, he was linked with the vacant managerial role at Gillingham, however he issued a statement declaring his aim to remain at Forest Green. At the end of the 2014–15 season he led Forest Green to a record highest league finish of 5th in the Conference Premier, meaning that the club secured a place in the play-offs for the first time. Forest Green were knocked out in the semi-finals, losing 3–0 on aggregate against Bristol Rovers. On 4 September 2015, after leading Forest Green to seven straight wins in the renamed National League at the start of the 2015–16 season, he was named August Manager of the Month.On 5 September 2015, he led the club to an eighth straight league win at the start of the season with victory at Chester – a National League record. On 5 February 2016, he was named National League January Manager of the Month having guided Forest Green to six straight wins. Despite taking Forest Green to 2nd in the National League, which was another record highest finish, he was relieved of his duties on 27 April 2016, just one week before the play-offs, after a poor run of results that had failed to see his side win in seven games. In November 2016, he returned to Welling United after being appointed as a consultant to new manager Jamie Day, who had been his assistant at Forest Green. Gillingham
On 4 January 2017, <mask> was appointed as the new head coach of his former club and League One side Gillingham. Steve Lovell and Jamie Day were announced as part of his team of coaching staff. <mask> and Day left Gillingham by mutual consent on 25 September 2017, following a 3–0 defeat at Rochdale.Barrow
On 27 October 2017, <mask> was appointed Barrow manager. Barrow parted company with Pennock on 18 May 2018. Brunei DPMM FC
At the conclusion of the 2018 Singapore Premier League season, DPMM FC appointed <mask> as manager for the 2019 season. <mask> led the side to their second SPL title in his first season in charge. Career statistics

Player
Source:

A. The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals in the Football League Trophy and Football League play-offs. Manager
As of match played 2 November 2019

References
Specific

General

External links

 Profile at ex-canaries.co.uk

1971 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Ipswich
English footballers
Association football defenders
Norwich City F.C.players
Molde FK players
AFC Bournemouth players
Gillingham F.C. players
Ebbsfleet United F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Eliteserien players
English football managers
Welling United F.C. managers
Forest Green Rovers F.C. managers
Gillingham F.C. managers
National League (English football) managers
English Football League managers
Expatriate football managers in Brunei
Stoke City F.C. non-playing staff
English expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Norway
DPMM FC managers

masks:
Adrian Barry Pennock
Pennock
Pennock
Pennock
Pennock
Pennock
Pennock
Pennock
Pennock
Pennock
Pennock
Pennock
Pennock


text_chunks:
<mask> af Södermöre (; 1583–1654), Count of Södermöre, was a Swedish statesman. He became a member of the Swedish Privy Council in 1609 and served as Lord High Chancellor of Sweden from 1612 until his death. He was a confidant of King Gustavus Adolphus and then Queen Christina, of whom he was at first regent. Oxenstierna is widely considered one of the most influential people in Swedish history. He played an important role during the Thirty Years' War and was appointed Governor-General of occupied Prussia; he is also credited for having laid the foundations of the modern central administrative structure of the State, including the creation of counties (). Early life and education
Oxenstierna was born on 16 June 1583, at Fånö in Uppland, the son of Gustaf Gabrielsson Oxenstierna (1551–1597) and <mask>tter Bielke (1556–1624), as the oldest of nine siblings. His parents belonged to the ancient and influential high noble families of Oxenstierna and Bielke, both of which had held high offices in the state and the church for generations.After the death of her husband Gustaf, <mask>'s mother Barbro decided to let <mask> and his brothers Christer and Gustaf finish their studies abroad. Thus, the brothers received their education at the universities of Rostock, Wittenberg and Jena. On returning home in 1603 he took up an appointment as valet de chambre (kammarjunkare) to King Charles IX of Sweden. One of Oxenstierna's more unusual intellectual qualifications was his knowledge of the Scots language, reflecting the importance of the Scottish expatriate community in Sweden at that time. As Chancellor, he would regularly receive correspondence in Scots from his agent Sir James Spens, and he ventured into the language himself for an official letter to his Scottish counterpart, the Earl of Loudoun. Career

1606–1611: Diplomat and Privy Councillor
In 1606 he undertook his first diplomatic mission, to Mecklenburg and other German royal courts. While on diplomatic duty abroad, Oxenstierna gained appointment to the Privy Council (Riksrådet).Henceforth, Oxenstierna became one of the king's most trusted servants. In 1609 he travelled to Reval (present day Tallinn), on King Charles's behalf, to receive tributes from the city of Reval and the Estonian knighthood. Together with other councillors, Oxenstierna tried to warn the king of Denmark and the intentions of Danish King Christian IV. In 1610, Oxenstierna travelled to Copenhagen with the aim of preventing war with the neighbours, but unsuccessfully. The following year, Danish forces crossed the border, initiating the Kalmar War. In the fall of 1611, King Charles died. Around New Year 1611–12, the parliament had to deal with the situation.According to the rules, the 17-year-old Gustavus Adolphus had not reached the proper age to be considered adult enough to rule as king. However, the estates agreed to disregard those rules. In return, the young king agreed to ensure the nobles further privileges and appoint <mask>ierna Lord High Chancellor of Sweden. 1612–1629: Lord High Chancellor and Governor-General
On 6 January 1612 Oxenstierna became Lord High Chancellor (Rikskansler) of the Privy Council. His controlling, organizing hand soon became apparent in every branch of the administration. Sweden was at the time troubled by three wars against Denmark (Kalmar War), Poland-Lithuania (Polish-Swedish War) and Russia (Ingrian War). Oxenstierna's first big task as Chancellor was to achieve peace in some of the wars.The war against Denmark was considered the most dangerous of the three as the enemy-controlled parts of Sweden itself. Negotiations began in Knäred and Oxenstierna was first Swedish plenipotentiary. The negotiations led to the Treaty of Knäred in 1613. For his efforts regarding these negotiations, Oxenstierna received the title of district judge in the hundred of Snävringe and, eventually, the barony of Kimito. During the frequent absences of Gustavus in Livonia and in Finland (1614–1616) Oxenstierna acted as his viceroy. One assignment Oxenstierna received while the king was in Livonia, was the task to finalize the negotiations regarding the marriage of John Casimir and the king's sister, Princess Catharina. At the coronation of Gustavus Adolphus, in October 1617, Oxenstierna was knighted.In 1620 he headed the embassy dispatched to Berlin to arrange the nuptial contract between Gustavus and Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg. During the king's Russian and Polish wars he had the principal duty of supplying the armies and the fleets with everything necessary, including men and money. Oxenstierna's ways of carrying out his assignments apparently gained King Gustavus's appreciation, since the king, in 1622, asked Oxenstierna to accompany him to Livonia and appointed him Governor-General and commandant of Riga, a strategically important town during the ongoing war against Poland. His services in Livonia gained him the reward of four castles (among others Burtnieki and Valmiera) and the whole bishopric of Wenden. Entrusted with the peace negotiations which led to the truce with Poland in 1623, he succeeded in averting a threatened rupture with Denmark in 1624. The Polish-Swedish War was reinitiated in 1626, and on 7 October that year, Oxenstierna became Governor-General in the newly acquired Swedish possession of Prussia. In 1629 he concluded the advantageous Truce of Altmark with Poland-Lithuania.Prior to this, in September 1628, he arranged a joint occupation of Stralsund with Denmark to prevent that important fortress from falling into the hands of the Imperialists. Oxenstierna was not only highly successful within the diplomacy. During these years, he was entrusted with various important assignments in which he succeeded, such as gathering money and troops for the attack in Prussia in 1626. He played the leading organizational and administrational role in Prussia, as he had done earlier in Livonia. He was in charge of, for example, tolls, fortifications and the entire state grain trade. During the latter part of the 1620s, Elbląg (German: Elbing), where Oxenstierna resided and from where he governed the Swedish parts of Prussia, became a major Swedish centre of power, second only to Stockholm. 1630–1636: Oxenstierna in the Thirty Years' War
When Sweden entered the Thirty Years' War in the summer of 1630, tolls from Oxenstierna-controlled Prussia, as well as food supplies acquired by Oxenstierna, were pivotal assets.He had also obtained credits from foreign businessmen, ensuring large sums of money making it possible to hire mercenary soldiers to the army used in Germany. After the Battle of Breitenfeld on 7 September 1631, Oxenstierna received a summons to assist the king with his counsels and co-operation in Germany. During the king's absence in Franconia and Bavaria in 1632 he held the appointment of legatus in the Rhineland, with plenipotentiary authority over all the German generals and princes in the Swedish service. Although he never fought a battle, he frustrated all the efforts of the Spanish troops by using strategically successful regulations. He managed to conduct large reinforcements to King Gustavus through the heart of Germany in the summer of 1632. In the Battle of Lützen (1632), on 6 November 1632, Gustavus Adolphus died. This meant that Oxenstierna became supreme commander of the Swedish troops in Germany, although he let his subordinate generals be responsible for the military operations on a lower level.He moved his headquarters to Mainz, which in practice became the new Swedish capital. Oxenstierna was now absolute ruler of the significant area that the Swedish army had conquered in Germany. He was offered the position as prince-elector of Mainz, but, after serious considerations, the offer was turned down. When King Gustavus died in November 1632, his only legitimate and surviving child, Christina, was almost six years old. Until her declaration of majority at 18, a regency council ruled Sweden. This council was headed by Lord High Chancellor Oxenstierna, who wrote Instrument of Government (1634), a new constitution. During the years after the king's death, it became apparent that differences of opinion existed within the council.Some of Oxenstierna's colleagues recommended that Sweden should seek peace and withdraw from the war in Germany, not least after the defeat at Nördlingen in 1634. However, Oxenstierna's opinion, that Sweden should remain in the war to ensure compensation for the sacrifices made, prevailed. The, for the Swedish side, disastrous outcome at Nördlingen brought him, for an instant, to the verge of ruin and compelled him for the first time so far to depart from his policy of independence as to solicit direct assistance from France. But, well aware that Richelieu needed the Swedish armies as much as he himself needed money, he refused at the Conference of Compiègne in 1635 to bind his hands in the future for the sake of some slight present relief. In 1636, nevertheless, he concluded a fresh subsidy-treaty with France at Wismar. Swedish troops remained in Germany all the way until 1648 and the Thirty Years' War's end. Oxenstierna, however, left Germany and returned to Stockholm in 1636, after ten years duty as premier Swedish representative in Prussia and Germany.1636–1654: Back in Sweden
Oxenstierna more directly claimed his place within the regency of Queen Christina and became the young queen's teacher in statesmanship. His presence at home dominated all opposition, and such was the general confidence for Oxenstierna, that for the next nine years his voice, especially as regarding foreign affairs, remained omnipotent in the Privy Council. The Torstenson War
In May 1643, the Swedish Privy Council decided to attack Denmark. The Torstenson War was at large parts the work of Oxenstierna. The purpose was to gain territories from Denmark and be released from the Danish Sound Dues. Other factors might have been a will to revenge the tough peace Treaty of Knäred in 1613. Whatever the reason,

masks:
Axel Gustafsson Oxenstna
Barbro Axelsdo
Axel
Axel
Axel Oxenst


text_chunks:
 Oxenstierna considered the time was right to finally settle the score with Denmark.Swedish troops led by Field Marshal Lennart Torstensson attacked Danish Jutland from Germany, while Field Marshal Gustav Horn was in charge of the troops that attacked Scania. The outcome of the war was decided in the naval battle of Fehmarn Belt in 1644 where the Royal Swedish Navy decisively defeated the Danish Navy. The defeat of the Danish Navy left the Danish isles open to a Swedish invasion, and Denmark sued for peace. Oxenstierna was personally involved in the negotiations leading to the Treaty of Brömsebro, with which Sweden gained Gotland, Saaremaa (Ösel), Jämtland, Härjedalen and for thirty years Halland. Shortly after the peace treaty, Oxenstierna was created Count of Södermöre. Queen Christina and her abdication
When Christina came of age, she tried to push Oxenstierna, her old mentor, aside. The relations between the two were not good and Oxenstierna always attributed the exiguousness of Sweden's gains under the Peace of Westphalia − Sweden gained only Western Pomerania, Usedom, Wollin, Wismar and Bremen-Verden − following the conference in Osnabrück to Christina's undue interference.When the queen, a few years later, wanted to abdicate, Oxenstierna at first opposed this because he feared mischief to Sweden from the unruly and adventurous disposition of her preferred successor, Charles X Gustav. The chancellor changed his mind about Charles Gustav, however, and gave Christina the help she needed to go through with her abdication. Oxenstierna died a couple of months after the ascension of the new king. Death

Oxenstierna died in Stockholm on 28 August 1654. He was interred in Storkyrkan, Stockholm on 18 March 1655. His body was then moved to Jäder Church close to the Oxenstierna estate at Fiholm, in present-day Eskilstuna Municipality, where a vault had been built in accordance with his wishes. In the vault, Oxenstiernska gravvalvet, several members of the Oxenstierna family have been buried, including <mask> and his spouse Anna.Personal life

Family

On 5 June 1608 <mask> married Anna Åkesdotter Bååt, the daughter of nobleman Åke Johansson Bååt and Christina Trolle. The wedding took place at Fiholm Castle, owned by the Oxenstierna family. They had 13 children, of which five survived their childhoods:
Gustaf (29 March 16091629), the oldest child, became a chamberlain. Johan (born and died 17 June 1610). Johan (24 June 16115 December 1657), named after his deceased brother, became a privy councillor. Christina (29 June 16128 August 1631), married Gustav Horn, Field Marshal and Lord High Constable. Catharina (29 June 161225 June 1661), twin with Christina, married Johan Jespersson Cruus.Beata (22 November 161315 January 1617). Barbro (12 February 161521 June 1617). Åke (March 16161617). Son (1617), either stillborn or died immediately after birth. Maria (born and died August 1618). Gabriel (born and died March 1620). Jakob (30 July 1621August 1621).Erik (13 January 162423 October 1656), served as a Lord High Chancellor after the death of his father <mask> in 1654. <mask>'s wife Anna died in 1649. Properties
Oxenstierna was in possession of large estates and many mansions. During his life he owned palaces in, among others, Estonian Otepää, in Latvian Burtnieki, Ropaži and Valmiera, in Finnish Nousiainen (Nousis) and in Stockholm (Oxenstiernska Palace). The foremost of the mansions was Tidö Castle in Västmanland. Impact and legacy

The modernization of Sweden
<mask> is perhaps most remembered for the establishment of a uniform administrative system. He was ever-present during the vast reforms of the 1610s and 1620s, when the Swedish government was hugely modernized and made more effective.This was necessary for the war policies that would build the Swedish Empire. Among the areas reformed were army and navy organization and recruiting, trade and industrial policies, regional and local administration, the system of higher education, and the judicial system. The boundaries of the administrative counties of Sweden still to a large extent follow the boundaries established by Oxenstierna in the 17th century. Relationship with King Gustavus Adolphus
Oxenstierna would not have had such an impact unless he had won the king's trust. From 1612, when Oxenstierna was appointed Lord High Chancellor, until 1632, when King Gustavus Adolphus died, the two men struck a long and successful partnership. They seem to have complemented each other. With Oxenstierna's own words, his "cool" balanced the king's "heat".More than once, the chancellor had to realize plans of the king, plans that sometimes were highly spontaneous and far from ready to be implemented in reality. When it came to entering the Thirty Years' War, Oxenstierna was not as enthusiastic as the king, but since the king's will was decisive, Oxenstierna accommodated himself to Gustavus's wish. At times, Oxenstierna stepped in to ease tense relations that the harsh behaviour of the king had caused. He regularly received the highest praise for his work from the king and there was almost no area in which King Gustavus did not consult his Lord High Chancellor Oxenstierna. The mind behind the Instrument of Government of 1634
The Chancellor made large contributions to the Standing orders of the House of Knights (riddarhusordning) of 1626. After the death of Gustavus Adolphus, Oxenstierna was the mind behind the Instrument of Government of 1634, in which, for example, the organization of the five Great Officers of the Realm was clarified. Five governmental branches, of which the Great Officers became heads, were established.Oxenstierna pushed through the Instrument of Government, but not without opposition. He claimed that the new form of government reflected the will of the late King Gustavus, making himself the interpreter of the king's thoughts and wishes, and leaving the opposition no possibility to control the truth in this. Opinions
Oxenstierna is regarded as a brilliant pragmatist, willing to reconsider his positions. There are examples of discussions within the Privy Council when Oxenstierna rejected laws he himself had earlier introduced, admitting that he knew better now. His way of examining, reconsidering, testing, and sometimes rejecting his earlier opinions constitutes his legacy more than his ideas on particular points of policy. When he discovered that there were too few young noblemen to staff governmental positions, he worked to make it easier for boys outside the noble families to gain higher education, and gave them the possibility, eventually, to be raised to the nobility themselves. He could therefore be considered the father of Swedish meritocracy.Oxenstierna was also a supporter of mercantilism and a believer in immigration and free enterprise. In Germany, Oxenstierna became a fear-evoking character in a derived version of the popular German lullaby Schlaf, Kindlein, Schlaf!, in which he is referred to as "Ochsenstern". Opinions about Oxenstierna
Dutch jurist and philosopher Hugo Grotius considered Oxenstierna "the greatest man of the century". French Cardinal Richelieu called him "an inexhaustible source of fine advice", while Richelieu's successor, Cardinal Mazarin, said that if all ministers of Europe were on the same ship, the helm would be handed to Oxenstierna. Pope Urban VIII claimed that Oxenstierna was one of the most excellent men the world had seen. Quotation
"Do you not know, my son, with how very little wisdom the world is governed?" (in a letter to his son Johan written in 1648; in the original Latin it reads: An nescis, mi fili, quantilla prudentia mundus regatur?).Although attributed to Cardinal Richelieu as well, this is probably the most famous Swedish quotation in the English-speaking world. The words were intended to encourage his son, a delegate to the negotiations that would lead to the Peace of Westphalia, who worried about his ability to hold his own amidst experienced and eminent statesmen and diplomats. Fictional portrayals

Film and TV
Oxenstierna has been portrayed on the stage and on the screen several times, mainly due to his role as mentor and guardian to the enigmatic Queen Christina. He was played by Lewis Stone in Rouben Mamoulian's 1933 Hollywood movie Queen Christina, with Greta Garbo as the female lead role, by Cyril Cusack in Anthony Harvey's The Abdication (1974) and by Michael Nyqvist in Mika Kaurismäki's The Girl King (2015). On stage
Samuel Ahlgren (1764–1816) played Oxenstierna in Drottning Kristina (1790), by the King Gustav III of Sweden who was an active playwright. In August Strindberg's 1901 play Kristina, Oxenstierna is portrayed as a cold realist criticising Christina's extravagant lifestyle and her gifts to favourites. The bass part of Oxenstierna was first performed by Giovanni Carlo Casanova in Jacopo Foroni's 1849 opera Cristina, regina di Svezia.Literature
Oxenstierna figures prominently in the Ring of Fire hypernovel by Eric Flint et al. until the fifth main sequence novel 1636: The Saxon Uprising in which he attempts to organize a counter-revolution to restore the supremacy of the aristocrats while Gustav II Adolf is incapacitated, but Gustav Adolf recovers and in chapter 52 Oxenstierna is properly rewarded for his treason, along with three of his staff officers who started to draw their guns. Games
The computer strategy game Europa Universalis IV has several in-game events related to Oxenstierna's reforms and regency. See also
Swedish Empire
Dominions of Sweden
<mask>ierna palace

Notes

External links

The Correspondence of <mask>ierna – at the National Archives of Sweden

1583 births
1654 deaths
People from Enköping Municipality
Axel
Swedish counts
Members of the Privy Council of Sweden
Swedish diplomats
17th-century Swedish politicians
University of Rostock alumni
University of Jena alumni
University of Wittenberg alumni
People of the Swedish Empire
Christina, Queen of Sweden
Swedish people of the Thirty Years' War
Court of Christina, Queen of

masks:
Axel
Axel Oxenstna
Axel
Axel Oxenstna
Axel Oxenstna
Axel Oxenst
Axel Oxenst


text_chunks:
Appia <mask>, full name Appia <mask> (Greek: , 125–160), was a wealthy, aristocratic and influential Roman woman, who was a distant relative of several Roman emperors and empresses. She was the wife of the prominent Greek Herodes Atticus. Genealogy
<mask> was born into an aristocratic family of consular rank. She was a member of the gens Annia, of the venerable branch of the Annii Regilli. Regilli means "Little Kings". Her father was Appius Annius Trebonius Gallus, a distinguished Roman Senator and one of the serving consuls in the year 139. Her mother was a Roman aristocrat called Atilia Caucidia Tertulla.Regilla's brother, Appius Annius Atilius Bradua, served as an ordinary consul in 160. The paternal grandparents of Regilla were the senator Appius Annius Trebonius Gallus and his unnamed wife, while her maternal grandparents of Regilla was the Roman Senator, Governor Marcus Appius Bradua, and the aristocratic woman Caucidia Tertulla. Her mother's brother was Marcus Atilius Metilius Bradua Caucidius Tertullus...Bassus. Her uncle served as a polyonymous Proconsul of the Africa Province under the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius (138-161). Her grandfathers were consular colleagues for the year 108. Through her paternal grandfather, Regilla was related to the Roman Senator Marcus Annius Verus, who was a brother-in-law of Roman Emperor Hadrian and father of the Roman Empress Faustina the Elder, wife of the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius. Faustina the Elder was the mother of Roman Empress Faustina the Younger and aunt of Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius.Regilla was related to the Roman Empress Lucilla, Roman Emperor Commodus, and 3rd-century Roman Empress Annia Faustina. Marriage and early life with Herodes Atticus
During her father's consulship, her father had betrothed <mask> to the prominent Greek Herodes Atticus. Herodes Atticus was a very wealthy, influential, aristocratic Athenian who was a friend to the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius and was a tutor to the Emperor's adopted son Marcus Aurelius. Herodes Atticus and <mask> married in 139. Regilla was about 14 years old and Herodes Atticus was 40 years old. When <mask> married Herodes Atticus, Annius Gallus gave his daughter a dowry. With this dowry Regilla bought with her husband a villa on the third mile of the Appian Way just south of Rome and together they controlled a large area of land, which was known as the "Triopio" (from Triopas, King of Thessaly), and later, in medieval times, as Capo di Bove.<mask> and Herodes Atticus only lived in Italy for a while. In a few years after their marriage, Herodes Atticus, <mask> and their children left Italy and moved to Greece. Although she was directly cut off from her immediate influential family, relatives and friends in Italy, Regilla became a part of the highest Greek circle of society, in particular in Athens. Greece and Olympia
Regilla spent her remaining years living and travelling around Greece. When she lived in Athens, she was awarded as a priestess of the goddess Tyche and the venerable, long-established office of priestess of Demeter Chamyne in Olympia, Greece in 153. As a priestess of Demeter Chamyne, Regilla was the only woman officially present at the Olympic Games. Regilla sat on or near the altar of Demeter Chamyne on the north side of the stadium in Olympia opposite on the stand of the judges to view the competitions.Being a priestess serving Demeter Chamyne, was a great honor and was quite physically demanding. Using her own considerable influence and wealth, Regilla erected a great nymphaeum (a monumental fountain) at Olympia. Her husband constructed an aqueduct that fed the nymphaeum. The fountain that Regilla built made the cool refreshing water available to the people in this hot, dusty area. In the centre of the nymphaeum stood a life-sized statue of a bull. On that bull there is an honorific inscription dedicated to Regilla stating: “Regilla, priestess of Demeter, dedicated the water and the things around the water to Zeus”. At Olympia, bulls were sacrificed at the Temple of Zeus, the chief divinity of Olympia.The fountain that Regilla built had two levels of niches bearing statues and a columnar façade. Statues have survived from the monument. The central niche on each level held a statue of Zeus, surrounding by portrait statues on each side. The lower level contained the Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius and the ancestors and descendants of the emperor. These included the previous Roman emperor Hadrian; Hadrian's cousin-wife Vibia Sabina; the Roman empress Faustina the Elder; the daughter of the elder Faustina and Antoninus Pius, Faustina the Younger; and Antoninus Pius’ adopted son and son-in-law, the future Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius. This level also showed several children of Marcus Aurelius and Faustina the Younger, in particular their first daughter Annia Galeria Aurelia Faustina (aged about 7 but shown as a young adolescent). On the upper level, paralleling the imperial family, were statues of <mask>, Herodes Atticus, Regilla's parents, Regilla's maternal grandfather and Herodes Atticus’ parents.There were four statues of the children of <mask> and Herodes Atticus, named Elpinice, Athenais, Atticus Bradua and Regillus. The life-sized statue of the bull and the statues from the fountain are on display at the Archaeological Museum of Olympia. <mask> is depicted in a traditional garment and pose that was suited for noble women, elite matrons and empresses. Due to the fountain's height and gleaming marble, the monument stood out among the surrounding buildings. This fountain brought great honor to <mask> and her family, in particular in emphasizing their links and relations to the ruling imperial family in Rome. It is not known for certain how her contemporaries and peers viewed Regilla and her magnificent donation to Olympia. In the year that <mask>'s brother was consul, Regilla was kicked to death in the abdomen by a freedman of Herodes Atticus named Alcimedon.Appius Annius Atilius Bradua brought charges in Rome against his brother-in-law, alleging that Herodes Atticus had been responsible for her death; Marcus Aurelius had exonerated his old tutor. Posthumous honors and legacy
After <mask> died, Herodes Atticus was stricken with grief. Herodes Atticus made various dedications to the memory of his wife. He offered Regilla's jewels to the goddesses Ceres and Proserpina. The building that is believed to be her tomb, known as the Temple of Rediculum, was built in the grounds of the villa she owned with Herodes Atticus, in what is now the Caffarella Park close to the Appian Way; the building is still well-preserved. Atticus also had raised on the boundary line of the property two columns bearing this inscription in Greek and Latin:

 “To the memory of Annia <mask>, wife of Herodes, the light and soul of the house, to whom these lands once belonged”. In an agricultural village located in the Datça Peninsula, a temple was dedicated to Faustina the Younger under the title of the New Ceres, a burial place for the family was placed under the protection of Minerva and Nemesis, and lastly a grove was consecrated to the memory of Regilla.In 161, Herodes Atticus erected a monument in Athens called the Odeon to honor her memory. From the 2nd century to the present day, <mask> and Herodes Atticus have continued to be considered as great benefactors in Greece, in particular in Athens. Two streets in Athens are named after them—Herodou Attikou Street and Rēgíllēs Street—as is a Square in downtown Athens. The residence of the Prime Minister of Greece is on Rēgíllēs Street, while the Prime Minister's official seat is 19 Herodou Attikou Street. <mask> and Herodes Atticus also have streets named after them in Rome; these are located in the Quarto Miglio suburb close to the area of the Triopio. Children
Regilla bore Herodes Atticus six children; three survived to adulthood. Their children were:
 Son, Claudius – born and died in 141
 Daughter, Elpinice – born as Appia Annia Claudia Atilia Regilla Elpinice Agrippina Atria Polla, 142-165
 Daughter, Athenais – born as Marcia Annia Claudia Alcia Athenais Gavidia Latiaria, 143-161
 Son, Atticus Bradua – born as Tiberius Claudius Marcus Appius Atilius Bradua Regillus Atticus, born 145
 Son, Regillus – born as Tiberius Claudius Herodes Lucius Vibullius Regillus, 150-155
 Unnamed child who died with <mask> or died even perhaps three months later in 160

Gallery

References

Sources

 Accessible on William P. Thayer's site Lacus Curtius.Σ. Θ. Φωτείνου, Ολυμπία - Οδηγός Αρχαιοτήτων, Συγκρότημα Γραφικών Τεχνών, Άνω Καλαμάκι Αθήνα, 1972
A. R. Birley, The Roman Government of Britain, Oxford University Press, 2005
S. B. Pomeroy, The murder of Regilla: a case of domestic violence in antiquity, Harvard University Press, 2007

Further reading
 Maud W. Gleason, "Making Space for Bicultural Identity: Herodes Atticus Commemorates Regilla", July 2008

2nd-century Romans
2nd-century Roman women
Roman Athens
Annii
Atilii
Ancient Roman murder victims
Priestesses of the Roman Empire

masks:
Annia Regilla
Annia Regilla Atilia Caucidia Tertulla
Regilla
Regilla
Regilla
Regilla
Regilla
Regilla
Regilla
Regilla
Regilla
Regilla
Regilla
Regilla
Regilla
Regilla
Regilla
Regilla


text_chunks:
<mask> (or <mask><mask>; 20 February 1903, Geneva – 27 March 1997, Chandolin) was a Swiss adventurer, travel writer and photographer, as well as a sportswoman. Early life
<mask>t was the second child, born to a wealthy fur trader from Geneva. Her father was Swiss and her mother was Danish. At the age of 20 she and a friend sailed from Cannes to Corsica, then to Sardinia, Sicily and Greece. She competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics as a sailor in the Olympic monotype competition where she was the only female competitor and finished ninth out of 17. At this time she was also the captain of the Swiss Women's field hockey team and was an international skier. Career

From the 1930s onwards she spent years exploring Muslim republics of the USSR, as well as other parts of Asia, and published a rich series of books which, just as her photographs, are today considered valuable historical testimonies.Her early books were written in French but later she began to write in English. Turkestan Solo describes a journey in 1932 in Soviet Turkestan. Photos from this journey are now displayed in the <mask>t wing of the Karakol Historical Museum. In 1934, the French daily Le Petit Parisien sent her to Manchuria to report on the situation under the Japanese occupation. It was there that she met Peter Fleming, a well-known writer and correspondent of The Times, with whom she would team up to cross China from Peking to Srinagar (3,500 miles), much of the route being through hostile desert regions and steep Himalayan passes. The journey started in February 1935 and took seven months to complete, involving travel by train, on lorries, on foot, horse and camelback. Their objective was to ascertain what was happening in Xinjiang (then also known as Sinkiang or Chinese Turkestan) where the Kumul Rebellion had just ended.Maillart and Fleming met the Hui Muslim forces of General Ma Hushan. <mask> later recorded this trek in her book Forbidden Journey, while Peter Fleming's parallel account is found in his News from Tartary. In 1937 Maillart returned to Asia for Le Petit Parisien to report on Afghanistan, Iran and Turkey, while in 1939 she undertook a trip from Geneva to Kabul by car, in the company of the Swiss writer, Annemarie Schwarzenbach. The Cruel Way is the title of Maillart's book about this experience, cut short by the outbreak of the second World War. She spent the war years at Tiruvannamalai in the South of India, learning from different teachers about Advaita Vedanta, one of the schools of Hindu philosophy. On her return to Switzerland in 1945, she lived in Geneva and at Chandolin, a mountain village in the Swiss Alps. She continued to ski until late in life and last returned to Tibet in 1986.Legacy
<mask>'s manuscripts and documents are kept at the Bibliothèque de Genève (Library of the City of Geneva), her photographic work is deposited at the Musée de l'Élysée in Lausanne, and her documentary films (on Afghanistan, Nepal and South India) are part of the collection of the Swiss Film Archive in Lausanne, Switzerland. Un entretien avec Bertil Galland, 54 min., Les Films Plans fixes, Lausanne, 1984
 <mask>t chez Bernard Pivot (émission La vie est un long fleuve tranquille), INA, France, 1989
 Entretiens avec <mask>t: Le Monde mon héritage (radio interviews and the film Les itinéraires d'<mask>t, a 1973 Swiss TV production), 2009. "Double Journey" 43 minutes. A documentary about her 1939 trip by auto from Switzerland to Afghanistan in the company of Annemarie Schwarzenbach. The film was presented  at the National Gallery of Art in Washington by its director Antonio Bigini in March 2016. Publications concerning <mask>t
 News from Tartary by Peter Fleming, 1936
 Mount Ida by Monk Gibbon, 1948
 A Forgotten Journey by Peter Fleming, 1952
 Kini, le monde à bras le corps. Une biographie d’<mask>t, by Ingrid Thobois et Géraldine Alibeu, 2019

Honours
 Prix Schiller, Switzerland (1953)
 Sir Percy Sykes Memorial Medal of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs, London (1955)
 Prix quadriennal de la Ville de Genève (1987)
 Prix littéraire Alexandra David-Neel (1989)
 Grand Prix du Livre maritime, Festival de Concarneau (1991)
 Prix et Médaille Léon Dewez de la Société de Géographie de Paris (1994)

References

 "Ella Maillart", dans Nicolas Bouvier, L'Échappée belle, éloge de quelques pérégrins, Genève, 1996, Editions Metropolis, pp.117 – 1334. External links
 Official bibliography

 ''Voyage, Voyage'': A portrait of <mask>t
"Toils and Troubles in Xinjiang Province: Following <mask>, Peter and a dream through the Taklamakan"

1903 births
1997 deaths
20th-century travel writers
Swiss travel writers
Swiss female alpine skiers
Swiss female field hockey players
Swiss female sailors (sport)
Olympic sailors of Switzerland
Sailors at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Monotype
Sportspeople from Geneva
Swiss women photographers
20th-century Swiss photographers
Violence against women in China
20th-century women photographers

masks:
Ella Maillart
Ella K
. Maillart
Ella Maillar
Ella Maillar
Ella Maillart
Ella Maillart
Ella Maillar
Ella Maillar
Ella Maillar
Ella Maillar
Ella Maillar
Ella Maillar
Ella


text_chunks:
<mask> (born May 29, 1988) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender who is currently the Director of Goalie Development for the Oakville Rangers of the Ontario Minor Hockey Association (OMHA). During his National Hockey League career, he played for the Columbus Blue Jackets, Philadelphia Flyers and Winnipeg Jets. He was selected 69th overall in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft by the Blue Jackets. Playing major junior in the Ontario Hockey League (OHL), <mask> spent three seasons with the London Knights and Kitchener Rangers. In the 2006–07 season, he was named OHL Goaltender of the Year. He joined the Blue Jackets in 2008–09 and won the Calder Memorial Trophy as rookie of the year. Internationally, he won a gold medal with Team Canada at the 2008 World Junior Championships while earning tournament MVP and Best Goaltender honours.Playing career
<mask> grew up in Oakville, Ontario, playing mostly A hockey until his Bantam year, when he moved up to the AAA level with the Oakville Rangers of the OMHA's South Central AAA League. He was drafted after his minor midget season with Oakville by the London Knights of the OHL in the 11th round of the 2004 OHL Priority Selection. In 2004–05, while attending Abbey Park High School, he led the Grimsby Peach Kings club to the OHA Jr.C. title in 2004–05 and in 2005–06 was assigned to the Petrolia Jets Jr.B. club when his playing time was limited with London. Despite this, <mask> was selected by the Columbus Blue Jackets in the third round, 69th overall, in the 2006 NHL Entry Draft. He started the 2007–08 season with the Blue Jackets, but was returned to London after being a healthy scratch for Columbus' first two games of the season.While competing for Team Canada at the 2008 World Junior Championships, he was traded by the Knights to the Kitchener Rangers on January 4, 2008, hours before the semi-final game. Upon returning from the World Junior Championships with a gold medal, <mask> was briefly recalled by the Blue Jackets on an emergency basis in February, but did not appear in a game and was quickly returned. <mask> suffered a knee injury towards the end of the regular season, but with the playoffs approaching, he tried to play through it for several weeks. After defeating the Plymouth Whalers in the first round, <mask> was pulled out of the line-up and underwent arthroscopic knee surgery on April 18, forcing him to miss the remainder of the OHL playoffs, as well as the 2008 Memorial Cup. Kitchener won the OHL championship without <mask>, but lost 4–1 in the Memorial Cup final against the Spokane Chiefs of the Western Hockey League (WHL). Columbus Blue Jackets

Before his first professional season, <mask> underwent an additional knee surgery in September, causing him to miss the first month of play in the American Hockey League (AHL) with the Blue Jackets' minor league affiliate, the Syracuse Crunch. Shortly after recovering and joining the Crunch's line-up, <mask> was called up by the Blue Jackets on November 4, 2008, in the absence of injured starter Pascal Leclaire.He made his NHL debut on November 5, starting against, and defeating, the Edmonton Oilers 5–4. He recorded his first NHL shutout several games later on November 22, making 15 saves in a 2–0 win against the Atlanta Thrashers. <mask> continued to start games upon Leclaire's return from injury and was named NHL Rookie of the Month for November after posting a 5–2–1 record, including three straight wins and two shutouts. In the midst of shutout streak, having not allowed a goal against the Philadelphia Flyers, Los Angeles Kings and Anaheim Ducks, he was named Rookie of the Month for a second-straight month in December. Along with <mask>'s three straight shutouts, he posted a 7–5–0 record, 1.41 goals against average (GAA) and .950 save percentage for the month. Chosen to play for the rookies at the 2009 NHL YoungStars Game, he opted, however, to skip the competition. It was later revealed on January 30, 2009, by Blue Jackets General Manager Scott Howson that <mask> had been suffering from mononucleosis for the previous three-to-four weeks.After three more starts, on February 8, <mask> was put on the injured reserve. He returned to the line-up on February 13 against the Detroit Red Wings in a 3–2 Columbus victory. <mask> finished the season with a 33–20–7 record, 2.29 GAA and .916 save percentage. For his season's performances, he was awarded the 2009 Calder Memorial Trophy for rookie of the year honours, edging out Kris Versteeg of the Chicago Blackhawks and Bobby Ryan of the Anaheim Ducks in the process. Additionally, on April 27, 2009, the NHL announced that <mask> was nominated for the Vezina Trophy as the NHL's top goaltender, along with Tim Thomas of the Boston Bruins and Niklas Bäckström of the Minnesota Wild. Thomas was eventually awarded the trophy. The next three seasons were a disappointment for <mask>, however, as he was unable to duplicate the play of his rookie year, and the Blue Jackets failed to make another playoff appearance.Philadelphia Flyers
<mask> was traded on April 3, 2013, to the Philadelphia Flyers for goaltender Michael Leighton and a 2015 third round draft pick. On April 8, <mask> signed a one-year contract extension worth $1.5 million. <mask> had four wins and two losses in Philadelphia and posted an impressive 1.90 GAA and a .944 save percentage, leading to speculation that <mask> would replace Ilya Bryzgalov as the starter for Philadelphia. In the off-season, on June 25, 2013, Bryzgalov was bought-out by the Flyers, where the team subsequently signed goaltender Ray Emery, effectively promoting <mask> to the starter's role. On November 12, 2013, <mask> recorded his first shutout for Philadelphia against the Ottawa Senators in a 5–0 win. On January 18, 2014, <mask> signed a three-year contract extension with the Flyers worth $12.3 million for an annual average of $4.1 million. <mask> finished the 2013-14 season with a 33-18-7 record and a .917 save percentage, which was enough to bring the Flyers to the playoffs.In the playoffs, <mask> started 4 games and played in 5, going 2-2 with a 1.97 GAA and a .939 save percentage, but the Flyers were eliminated by the New York Rangers in 7 games. Winnipeg Jets
On July 1, 2017, as an unrestricted free agent from the Flyers, <mask> signed a two-year deal with the Winnipeg Jets worth $8.3 million. On June 30, 2018, <mask> was traded to the Montreal Canadiens along with forward Joel Armia and a few draft picks for defenceman Simon Bourque. Minutes after acquiring him, the Canadiens sent him to waivers in order to buy out his contract. <mask>'s contract was not picked up by another team, thus making him an unrestricted free agent. After a lack of interest in the free agent market, <mask> opted to retire from playing and return to his hometown of Oakville to serve as the Director of Goalie Development for the Oakville Rangers, a youth team in Oakville. International play

<mask> first competed for Team Canada at the under-20 level in the eight-game 2007 Super Series against Russia.He then led Team Canada to a gold medal at the 2008 IIHF World Junior Hockey Championships in Pardubice, Czech Republic. Prior to the semi-final game against Team USA, <mask> was traded within the OHL from the London Knights to the Kitchener Rangers. After defeating Team Sweden 3–2 in overtime of the gold medal game, he was named as the player of the game, as he was in the semi-finals. <mask> was undefeated in five games with a tournament-best .951 save percentage and 1.19 GAA. He was named to the tournament all-star team, received top goaltender honours, and was named tournament MVP. Following his rookie NHL season, <mask> was named to Team Canada's summer orientation camp for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. He was not named to the final roster, but he was reported to have been designated an injury replacement, along with St. Louis Blues goaltender <mask>.Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards
Junior
Named OHL Goaltender of the Year in 2007. NHL
Named Rookie of the Month for November and December 2008. The Sporting News' Rookie of the Year 2009. Named to the NHL Second All-Star Team in 2009. Calder Memorial Trophy winner in 2009.
International
Named Player of the Game in the semi-final (against Team USA) and gold medal game (against Sweden) at the 2008 World Junior Championships. Named to the World Junior all-star team in 2008. IIHF Best Player Award at the goaltender position at the World Juniors in 2008.Tournament MVP at the World Juniors in 2008. Other
Glove save on Craig Adams of the Pittsburgh Penguins voted by Flyers fans as the team's "Highlight of the Year" during the 2014–15 season. Records
Set the OHL record for regular season wins with 45 in 2006–07 (broken by Andrew Engelage of the Windsor Spitfires with 46 wins in 2008–09)
Set the CHL record for assists by a goaltender with 8 in 2007. References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Calder Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Columbus Blue Jackets draft picks
Columbus Blue Jackets players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Kitchener Rangers players
London Knights players
Manitoba Moose players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Sportspeople from Oakville, Ontario
Syracuse Crunch players
Winnipeg Jets players

masks:
Steve Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Mason
Chris Mason


text_chunks:
<mask> (11 June 15407 February 1594), also spelt <mask> and Barnaby Goodge, was a poet and translator, one of the earliest English pastoral poets. Early life
<mask>, born 11 June 1540 (St Barnabas Day), in Alvingham, Lincolnshire, was the son of <mask> (d. 5 May 1557) of Chilwell, Nottinghamshire, Recorder of Lincoln during the reign of Queen Mary, son of John Goche of London and Newland, Gloucestershire, in the Forest of Dean, by Jane Bridges, daughter and heir of James Bridges of the Forest of Dean. His mother was Margaret Mantell (d.1540), the daughter of Sir Walter Mantell (d.1529) of Nether Heyford, Northamptonshire, by Margaret Wood (d.1577), one of the daughters and coheirs of Oliver Wood, esquire. Margaret Wood married twice after the death of Sir Walter Mantell (d.1529). Her second husband was Sir William Haute (d.1539) of Bishopsbourne, Kent, whose daughter, Jane Haute (d. in or after 1595), was the wife of the rebel, Thomas Wyatt. Margaret Wood's third husband was Sir James Hales. Googe's mother died when he was six weeks old, and according to Lyne, he 'was probably brought up in Kent by his grandmother, Lady Hales'.By his father's second marriage to Ellen Gadbury, widow of a husband surnamed Parris, and daughter of a London goldsmith, he had a half brother, Robert Googe. By licence dated 21 May 1563, Ellen (née Gadbury) married William Burnell (d.1570), esquire, of Winkburn, Nottinghamshire, Auditor to Henry VIII. It is said that Googe 'came to dislike his stepmother intensely'. At his father's death on 5 May 1557, Googe inherited the manor of Horkstow and the lands of Alvingham Priory in Lincolnshire, and a house in London formerly owned by his grandfather. He studied at Christ's College, Cambridge and at New College, Oxford, but does not seem to have graduated from either. He became a ward of the Queen, and it appears his wardship remained unsold until January 1561, when his kinsman, William Cecil, became Master of the Court of Wards and Liveries, and Googe was allowed to purchase his own wardship for £80, payable over an eight-year term. On 26 June 1563 he was granted licence to enter on his lands.In his will Googe's father had requested his executors to have Googe educated at the Inns of Court, and by 29 March 1560 he was a member of Staple Inn, at the time associated with Gray's Inn, where his cousin, William Lovelace, held the position of Reader in 1562 and 1567. Another of Googe's associates at the Inns of Court was his cousin, Alexander Neville, of Gray's Inn. In a letter dated 1 October 1563, Cecil referred to Googe as his 'servant' and 'near kinsman'. According to Barrett, there is no record of the position he occupied in Cecil's household apart from reference to him as a retainer and the fact that he was present on special occasions such as the Queen's visit to Theobalds House in Hertfordshire in 1572, when he was 'placed high on the list of servants' and referred to as the first server for the first meal'. Previous authorities claimed that he became a gentleman pensioner to Queen Elizabeth, but this has been disproved. Nonetheless, Googe did have close associations with the court through his relationship to Cecil. He exploited this important connection in the years that followed, and Cecil extended patronage towards his young protégé.It may have been due to Cecil's encouragement that Googe accompanied the Elizabethan humanist scholar Sir Thomas Challoner on a diplomatic embassy to Spain in 1562. Googe had begun writing poetry, and found himself in an exciting creative coterie with other young writers, such as Jasper Heywood and George Turberville. During his absence in Spain, Googe's juvenile poems were sent to the printer by a friend, Laurence Blundeston. On his return, Googe learned of Blundeston's actions and reluctantly gave his consent to their publication when he discovered that the printer had already paid for the paper for the print run and the composition was underway. The book appeared in 1563 as Eglogs, Epytaphes, and Sonettes, with a dedication to William Lovelace. Before the appearance of his book, no writer in England had ever published his own poetry under his own name; in this, Googe was an accidental pioneer. Marriage and later life
Googe married Mary Darrell, one of the nine children of Thomas Darrell, esquire, of Scotney Castle, Kent, by his second wife, Mary Roydon, daughter of Thomas Roydon, esquire, of Roydon Hall (or Fortune) in East Peckham, Kent.Correspondence survives on the subject of Googe's marriage with Mary Darrell, whose father, Thomas Darrell, refused Googe's suit on the ground that she was bound by a previous contract to Sampson Lennard (154520 September 1615), son of John Lennard of Chevening, Kent. More to the point, recent research has shown that Thomas Darrell was a recusant who harboured Jesuit priests in his manor house of Scotney, near Lamberhurst in Kent. When Googe found his suit discouraged by Thomas Darrell, he appealed to his powerful contacts, and after intervention by his 'near kinsman', Sir William Cecil, the marriage duly took place in 1564 or 1565; Googe took his wife to live in Lamberhurst at the manor house of Chingley. They had seven sons, Matthew (c.1566-c.1624), Thomas (b.c.1568), <mask>, William, Henry, Robert and Francis, and a daughter, Mary. In 1569 Googe dedicated a long allegorical poem with a moralistic marine topic, The Shippe of Safegarde, to his sisters-in-law. By this time, Googe had served Cecil on a military expedition to Ireland, where he had contracted dysentery and nearly died. In 1571 he was returned as MP for Aldborough, Yorkshire.Further service in Ireland awaited him in 1582 when <mask> was appointed to the position of provost-marshal of the court of Connaught; some twenty letters of his in this capacity are preserved in the Public Record Office. Googe considered the post a hardship. He wrote to Burghley that "I here live amongst a sort of Scythians, wanting the comfort of my country, my poor wife and children". Googe repeatedly petitioned the political masters in London to be allowed to come home. On the death of his stepmother, Ellen (née Gadbury) in 1587 he received his inheritance. He finally succeeded in selling his office in the late 1580s. Googe's last known letter, dated 19 June 1587, was written from Lord Burghley's chamber at court.In it Googe mentioned his new home at Alvingham. He is thought to have retired there for the remainder of his life. He died at Alvingham about 7 February 1594, and was buried in Cockerington church. Poetry

Googe's poems are written in the plain or native style which preceded and subsequently competed with the Petrarchan style. Petrarchan love poetry (much of the work of Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, Sir Philip Sidney, Thomas Campion...) was decorative, metaphorical and often exaggerated; it also involved a more fluid mastery of iambic English poetry than the alliterative Native Style: Googe's tonic accents are heavy, the unaccents light; the result is sometimes deliberately blunt and plodding. The poems of George Turberville, Thomas More, George Gascoigne and Walter Raleigh are examples of a similar style. Plain Style dealt with serious subjects in a serious way: its goal was not ornamental beauty, but truth.Googe's poem of Money ("Give money me, take friendship whoso list / For friends are gone come once adversity...") is a well-known example of the tradition. Googe was an ardent Protestant, and his poetry is coloured by his religious and political views. In the third "Eglog", for instance, he laments the decay of the old nobility and the rise of a new aristocracy of wealth, and he gives an indignant account of the sufferings of his co-religionists under Mary I of England. The other eclogues deal with the sorrows of earthly love, leading up to a dialogue between Corydon and Cornix, in which the heavenly love is extolled. The volume includes epitaphs on Nicholas Grimald, John Bale and on Thomas Phaer, whose translation of Virgil Googe esteemed. The English pastoral poem "Phyllida was a fayer maid" (from Tottel's Miscellany of 1558) has been doubtfully ascribed to Googe, despite showing little stylistic rapport with his acknowledged works. But Googe's important contribution to pastoral poetry in English rests with his cycle of eclogues that synthesise trends from classical pastoral, the work of Mantuan, and the pastoral elements of Spanish romance, and he was the first English writer to reflect the influence of the Diana Enamorada of Montemayor.His other works include: a translation from Marcellus Palingenius (said to be an anagram for Pier Angelo Manzolli) of a satirical Latin poem, Zodiacus vitae (Venice, 1531? ), in twelve books, under the title of The Zodyake of Life (1560); The Popish Kingdome, or reign of Antichrist (1570), translated from Thomas Kirchmeyer or Naogeorgus; The Spiritual Husbandrie from the same author, printed with the last Foure Bookes of Husbandrie (1577), collected by Conradus Heresbachius; The Overthrow of the Gout (1577), a translation from Christopher Ballista (Christophe Arbaleste), and The Proverbes of Lopes de Mendoza (1579). The Zodyake of Life was a significant translation, being adopted as a textbook for English grammar schools. As such, its ideas colour many of the works of English writers of the latter part of the sixteenth and the first part of the seventeenth centuries. Part of the book's appeal, in addition to its poetical astronomy, was its notoriety as a Reformist text: Palingenius was placed on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum by the Inquisition, and consequently enjoyed popularity in Protestant regions across Europe. See also
Canons of Renaissance poetry

Footnotes

References

External links

Will of Robert Goche of Chilwell, Nottinghamshire, proved 12 February 1558, PROB 11/40/86, National Archives Retrieved 2 September 2013
Will of John Goche, Mercer of London, proved 30 December 1541, PROB 11/28/635, National Archives Retrieved 2 September 2013
Will of William Burnell of Winkburn, Nottinghamshire, proved 28 November 1573, PROB 11/55/486, National Archives Retrieved 2 September 2013

1540 births
1594 deaths
People from Kent
16th-century English poets
English translators
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
Latin–English translators
16th-century translators
English MPs 1571
English male poets
People from East Lindsey District
People from Lamberhurst

masks:
Barnabe Googe
Barnabe Goche
Barnabe Googe
Robert Googe
Barnabe
Googe