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<mask> (9 January 1829 – 3 February 1871) was an English dramatist and stage director. Born to a theatrical family, <mask> began as an actor, but he was not a success and gave up acting in his late 20s. After earning a modest living writing articles for the press, translating and adapting foreign plays and writing several of his own plays he achieved success in 1865 with his play Society, which the actor-manager <mask> presented at a small London theatre, the Prince of Wales's. Over the next five years <mask> wrote five more plays for the Prince of Wales's. Their naturalistic style and treatment of contemporary social issues was in strong contrast to the melodramas and exaggerated theatricality to which the public had been accustomed, and <mask>'s plays were box-office and critical successes. <mask> supervised their productions and was a pioneer of modern stage directing. Among later theatrical figures influenced by <mask>'s Prince of Wales's plays and productions were W. S. Gilbert, <mask>, Bernard Shaw and Harley Granville-Barker.<mask> wrote numerous plays for other theatres, and adapted many foreign plays for the English stage, but few of these made a strong or lasting impression. He strove successfully to improve the financial condition of dramatists, securing payment per performance, a basis that became the norm after his death. <mask> suffered from heart disease and died at the age of 42 at the height of his fame and popularity. Life and career

Early years
<mask> was born in Newark-upon-Trent, Nottinghamshire on 9 January 1829. He came from a long-established theatrical family, active on the English stage since the early 18th century, and was the eldest son of <mask> <mask> and his wife, Margharetta Elisabetta (née Marinus), a Danish-born actress. <mask> senior had been articled to a lawyer, but abandoned the law to become an actor, and was taken on by his uncle's Lincoln Circuit Company, of which he afterwards became manager. Many of <mask>'s large family of siblings went on the stage, including his brothers Frederick and Edward, and his sisters Fanny, Elizabeth and Margaret, the last subsequently famous as Madge Kendal.He made his first appearance on the stage in June 1834 at the age of five as Hamish, the son of the title character in Rob Roy, and played roles including Cora's child in Sheridan's Pizarro and the Count's child in Kotzebue's The Stranger. At the age of seven <mask> was sent to Spalding Academy, and then to a school in Whittlesey, acting with the family's theatrical company during the school holidays. When he was about 15 his schooling ceased and he rejoined the company full-time,  not only as an actor, but also, according to his biographer Michael R. Booth, "as a scene painter, songwriter, playwright, prompter, and stage-manager". He wrote stage adaptations of Dickens stories for the company: "The Battle of Life" and "The Haunted Man". Apart from a brief and unsuccessful spell in the Netherlands as an English teacher, he remained with the company until its disbandment in 1849. London
<mask> moved to London, earning a meagre living, writing and taking such acting parts as he could get. His biographer T. Edgar Pemberton wrote, "The amount of work that he did there during his early struggling days was prodigious.In addition to writing and adapting plays he contributed stories, essays, and verses to many magazines: dramatic criticisms to several newspapers: and ephemeral work to numerous comic journals". In 1851 <mask> had a new play presented in the West End, A  Night's Adventure, a comic drama set in the time of the Jacobite rising of 1745. He hoped this would be start of a successful career as a dramatist, but the play was not a success, closing after four nights, and he continued to scratch a living as a writer and actor. Together with H. J. Byron, who became a close friend, he put on an entertainment at the Gallery of Illustration, without success. He worked as a prompter at the Olympic Theatre, tried unsuccessfully to join the army, and travelled to Paris with a company giving a season of English plays there. In 1855, while playing at the Queen's Theatre, he met a 19-year-old actress, Elizabeth Burton. They were married in July the following year; they had a son and three daughters.After their wedding the <mask>s toured Ireland before returning to act in London and the provinces. From 1858 <mask>, feeling that the life of a touring actor left no time for the serious business of writing plays, gave up acting and concentrated on writing. <mask>'s farcical sketch The Cantab, staged as an after-piece at the Strand Theatre in February 1861, attracted the attention of a Bohemian literary set, and led to his becoming a member of the Savage, Arundel and Reunion Clubs, where, in the words of his biographer Joseph Knight, "he enlarged his observation of human nature, and whence he drew some curious types". Among the up-and-coming writers with whom he mixed were F. C. Burnand, W. S. Gilbert, <mask> and Clement Scott. When Byron founded the magazine Fun in 1861, <mask> was a contributor from the outset. Writers for magazines and papers were seldom well paid, and to maintain a modest income <mask> wrote copiously: Pemberton lists a dozen publications to which he contributed in this period, ranging from Beeton's Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine and The Boy's Own Magazine to London Society and The Illustrated Times. Success remained elusive, and <mask> considered giving up writing and becoming a tobacconist.Success

An important step to success came in 1864, when <mask> wrote David Garrick, an adaptation of Mélesville's comedy Sullivan. Edward Sothern staged the piece and starred in it. The actor was at the height of his popularity, and although the notices paid more attention to his performance than to <mask>'s writing, the success of the production advanced the author's career. Encouraged by this professional achievement, he wrote a new play, Society, a comedy depicting what one critic called "the efforts of an illiterate millionaire to introduce his son into 'society', and the equally vigorous efforts of 'society' to repel the intruder". This play was his breakthrough. London managements turned it down, but through Byron's influence it was produced in Liverpool, where it was a critical and popular success. Byron was a professional associate of <mask>, who had recently taken over the management of one of London's smaller theatres, the Prince of Wales's.At his instigation Society was presented there on 11 November 1865. In a highly favourable notice the reviewer in The Times wrote, "The piece was vehemently applauded from beginning to end. Success could not be more unequivocal". Society ran for 26 weeks – 150 performances – a notable run for the time, establishing the fortunes of the theatre, as well as those of the author. It was revived several times during the next two decades, and was given nearly 500 performances under <mask>'s (later the Bancrofts') management. Between the Liverpool and London openings, <mask> suffered the loss of his wife, who died on 14 August after months of ill health. <mask> wrote the libretto of the 1865 one-act comic opera Constance, with music by Frederic Clay.It was well reviewed when presented at Covent Garden, but ran only briefly, and <mask> did not return to the musical theatre. In 1869 Clay asked him for a second libretto, but he declined and instead gave Clay an introduction to "a better man than I shall ever be", namely Gilbert, who collaborated with Clay on the successful Ages Ago. The success of Society established <mask> as a playwright and enabled him have a decisive voice in the staging of his subsequent plays. His next, the comedy Ours, was first given in August 1866 at the Prince of Wales's, Liverpool under his personal direction with a cast that included <mask>, Squire Bancroft (her future husband and partner) and John Hare. The play transferred to the Prince of Wales's in London the following month and ran for 150 performances. The Times remarked on the "ultra-real" nature of the piece and of its staging. "A complete reformation of the modern drama"
During the run of Ours, <mask>, Gilbert, Scott and others contributed short stories to a collection edited by <mask>.<mask>'s, "The Poor-Rate Unfolds a Tale", formed the basis for his next play at the Prince of Wales's, but before that he had two plays staged at other London theatres: Shadow-Tree Shaft, a drama, at the Princess's, and A Rapid Thaw, an adaptation of a Sardou comedy, at the St James's. In April 1867 his stage version of the short story opened at the Prince of Wales's under the title Caste. In this piece <mask> developed the naturalistic, unexaggerated style for which he was becoming famous. Both as author and director he avoided the over-theatrical bombast of the early Victorian theatre. After the first night of Caste one critic wrote:

Gilbert, looking back in 1901, considered Caste Robertson's masterpiece, a judgement with which analysts in the 20th and 21st centuries have concurred. The play ran for 156 performances and was revived for several further runs during the rest of the 19th century. In 1867 <mask> remarried.His second wife was Rosetta Elizabeth Rodmill Feist (1844–1912), whom he had met at a party in London in 1866. They became engaged in August 1867, married at the British consulate in Frankfurt on 17 October, and honeymooned in Paris. They had a daughter and a son. Once back in London, <mask> continued to write and direct. In February 1868 Play was produced at the Prince of Wales's. It ran for 106 performances and was followed by a successful revival of Society. In the same year <mask> adapted Alfred de Musset's 1834 play On ne badine pas avec l'amour for his sister Madge.As Passion Flowers it was staged under <mask>'s direction at the Theatre Royal, Hull and on tour. <mask> had written Society with Sothern in mind, but the actor had been unavailable. In late 1868 <mask> adapted Émile Augier's comedy  L'Aventurière, presented at the Haymarket as Home, with Sothern in the lead role in January 1869. It had a good run of 136 performances, but was outstripped by <mask>'s School – loosely based on Roderich Benedix's Aschenbrödel – which opened at the Prince of Wales's in the same month and ran for 381 performances. Last years

<mask>'s last Liverpool premiere was on 22 February 1869. My Lady Clara was given at the Alexandra Theatre. The play was restaged in London on 27 March 1869 at the Gaiety Theatre, retitled Dreams.The London production featured Madge <mask>; it ran for 96 performances. Later in the same year A Breach of Promise ("An Extravagant Farce") was staged at the Globe Theatre, London, and Dublin Bay (a "comedietta") was performed at the Theatre Royal, Manchester. In January 1870 <mask> was diagnosed as suffering from heart disease. He continued to write, and 1870 saw the production of Progress (adapted from Sardou) at the Globe, The Nightingale, a drama, at the Adelphi Theatre and his final work for the Prince of Wales's – M. P.. <mask> was an early beneficiary of improved financial terms for playwrights; the practice of payment by royalties was not widespread until the 1880s, but the management of the Prince of Wales's had paid him £1 a night for Society in 1865, and by the time of this final piece his nightly fee had risen to £5. He was also – most unusually for the period – paid for revivals. He was unable to supervise the production of M. P. or even to attend the first night. The company went to his house and gave him a private performance.A comedy called Birth was presented by Sothern at the Theatre Royal, Bristol, followed by a provincial tour. Against medical advice <mask> attended the first night of a revival of Ours at the Prince of Wales's on 26 November. The following month he travelled to Torquay on doctor's orders, but found no improvement in his health and returned to London after two weeks. He was too ill to have any hand in the production of his last play, War, a drama staged at the St James's Theatre on 16 January 1871. <mask> died at his home in Chalk Farm, London on 3 February 1871, aged 42. He was buried in Abney Park Cemetery. More than a thousand people attended the funeral, including the entire company of the Prince of Wales's, led by <mask>, who placed a chaplet of flowers on the coffin.The theatre was closed that night in tribute to <mask> – an exceptional honour, according to The Times:

Plays

<mask>'s reputation rests on his series of plays for <mask>'s company at the Prince of Wales's Theatre. They were seen as "problem plays", because they dealt seriously and sensitively with social issues of the day. Caste was about marriage across the class barrier and Society explored prejudice against social mobility. The plays were notable for what the critic <mask> dubbed their "cup and saucer" realism, treating contemporary British subjects in settings that were recognisable, unlike the oversized acting in Victorian melodramas that were popular at the time. The characters spoke in normal language rather than declaiming their lines. Looking back thirty years later at the original production, Bernard Shaw called <mask>'s play Caste "epoch making ... After years of sham heroics and superhuman balderdash, Caste delighted everyone by its freshness, its nature, its humanity". Shaw was mistaken in supposing everyone was delighted: some critics wrote that there was nothing in <mask>'s plays but commonplace life represented without a trace of wit and sparkle, and absurdly realistic.More typical was the comment by a correspondent in The Era shortly after <mask>'s death, asking who else could "successfully break, as he did,  the trammels of conventionalism, and show us upon the stage living, breathing figures of flesh and blood, who walk, talk, act and think as tangible men and women really do in this work-a-day world of ours". Some later analysts have disputed whether <mask> really originated some of the innovations attributed to him. In a 1972 study Errol Durbach suggests that "the 'revolution' had been initiated in France years before by Scribe and  Sardou, those forerunners of the bourgeois domestic theatre and the well-made play". Durbach adds that in England, Vestris was staging plays "with a scrupulous concern for realistic detail", and Bulwer Lytton was already writing "the sort of play that would later be called  'Robertsonian'". Booth (2004) comments that <mask> "was neither the herald of a new drama nor the apostle of a new realism, in spite of the claims of some of his successors and of later historians. He affirmed middle-class values rather than questioned them". Although <mask>'s reputation as a revolutionary dramatist is debated, his importance in the development of modern stagecraft is generally agreed.Before him, star actors usually had control of scripts, and theatre managers had control of casting. <mask> insisted on retaining control over his scripts and casting and required that his actors follow his directions – a novel concept at that time. Dion Boucicault had been a forerunner, directing spectacular productions of his own plays, but <mask> applied the directorial precept to English domestic drama for the first time. Unlike Boucicault he did not act in his plays but applied himself exclusively to directing (or as it was called at the time "stage management") and in that capacity he could focus on ensemble and balance. Gilbert attended <mask>'s rehearsals and later directed his own plays and operas based on what he had learned. He said of <mask>:

The actor-manager John Hare, who appeared under <mask>'s direction at the Prince of Wales's, wrote:

As well as Gilbert, Hare and Shaw, leading theatrical figures who were influenced by <mask> included <mask> Pinero and Harley Granville-Barker. The idealistic young playwright <mask> in Pinero's Trelawny of the 'Wells' (1898) is an affectionate portrait of <mask>, of whom Pinero said, "If it hadn't been for <mask> I should never have been able to do what I have done, and that applies to the other fellows".Original plays by <mask>

Source:  T. Edgar Pemberton's edition of Society and Caste, 1905. Adaptations

Source: Pemberton. Unperformed

Source: Pemberton. Notes, references and sources

Notes

References

Sources

External links

Biography of Gilbert that includes info on Robertson
Photo of Robertson
Article on realism, naming <mask> as a proponent
Schoch, Richard, Performing Bohemia (2004)

People associated with Gilbert and Sullivan
1829 births
1871 deaths
People from Newark-on-Trent
Burials at Abney Park Cemetery
English male dramatists and playwrights
19th-century English dramatists and playwrights
19th-century British male writers

masks:
Thomas William Robertson
Robertson
Marie Wilton
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Arthur Wing Pinero
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
William Shaftoe
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Tom Hood
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Marie Wilton
Wilton
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Wilton
Robertson
Tom Hood
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Marie Wilton
Robertson
Robertson
Marie Wilton
Thomas Purnell
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Arthur Wing
Tom Wrench
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson


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<mask> "Gaby<mask> (; , ; born April 1, 1992) is a Canadian professional tennis player. She reached her best singles ranking of world No. 164 by the WTA on November 3, 2014 and her highest doubles ranking of world No. 5 on October 18, 2021. A two-time Grand Slam champion, she won the 2017 French Open mixed-doubles title with Rohan Bopanna, becoming the first Canadian woman to win a senior Grand Slam title. With Mate Pavić, she also won the 2018 Australian Open mixed doubles title. Early life
Dabrowski is of Polish origin and speaks English, French, and Polish.Dabrowski played in her first provincial tournament when she was 8. Her first big victory was at the provincial 10-and-under Future Stars at 9 years old. Dabrowski was a finalist at the Ontario 14-and-under Provincial Championships and finished in the top 8 at the 14-and-under National Championships. During her teens, she chose to start training at Saddlebrook Academies in Tampa. Tennis career

2006–12: Early years
At the beginning of 2006, she became the first Canadian to win Les Petits As, one of the most prestigious 14 and under tournaments in the world. In December 2006, Dabrowski reached the doubles final of the 16-and-under Orange Bowl in Miami. Dabrowski also won the Junior Orange Bowl in December 2009 where she defeated top-seeded Kristina Mladenovic.She was the first Canadian to capture the title since Carling Bassett-Seguso did it as a 15-year-old in 1982. At the junior event of the Australian Open in January 2010, Dabrowski was a runner-up in doubles with partner Tímea Babos. She finished 2010 ranked fifth in the junior rankings, and so decided to transition to the professional level. In November 2011, she made it to her first professional singles final at the $50k tournament in Toronto, but lost to qualifier Amra Sadiković. Dabrowski reached, in November 2012, the semifinals of the $75k Challenger in Phoenix. 2013: First WTA doubles final
At the end of May, Dabrowski reached the first WTA final of her career, with partner Shahar Pe'er, at the Premier tournament in Brussels. They were defeated by Anna-Lena Grönefeld and Květa Peschke in the final.At the beginning of July at a $50k in Waterloo, Dabrowski made it to the second professional singles final of her career. She was defeated by Julia Glushko. At the Rogers Cup in August, Dabrowski reached the semifinals in doubles with compatriot Sharon Fichman after upsetting first seeds Sara Errani and Roberta Vinci the round before. They lost to Jelena Janković and Katarina Srebotnik. In October, Dabrowski (with partner Alicja Rosolska) reached her second WTA doubles final at Linz. They were eliminated by twin sisters Karolína and Kristýna Plíšková in the final. Dabrowski reached the third singles final of her career at the inaugural $50k SSIR Pro Classic in November, but lost to Mandy Minella.2014: First WTA doubles title and career-high ranking in singles

At her first tournament of the season, the $25k in Vero Beach, Dabrowski reached the fourth singles final of her career but was defeated by Laura Siegemund. At the French Open, she made it to the second round of the doubles event with Alicja Rosolska. In July at the Swedish Open, Dabrowski qualified for her first WTA main-draw and upset world No. 39, Camila Giorgi, in the opening round, her first top-50 win. She was eliminated in three sets by Mona Barthel in the next round. At the beginning of August at the Washington Open, Dabrowski won the first WTA doubles title of her career. She defeated, with partner Shuko Aoyama, Hiroko Kuwata and Kurumi Nara in straight sets in the final.At the US Open, she reached the third round in doubles with Rosolska. In November, Dabrowski made it to the final of the $50k Tevlin Challenger where she won her first professional singles title over Maria Sanchez. 2015: Pan American Games champion in doubles
At the Australian Open, Dabrowski and partner Rosolska reached the third round of the doubles event with an upset over second seeds Hsieh Su-wei and Sania Mirza. They were eliminated by Michaëlla Krajicek and Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová in three sets. At the Dubai Championships, Dabrowski qualified for her first WTA Premier main-draw with a win over world No. 69, Julia Görges. She lost to Çağla Büyükakçay in three sets in the opening round.In March, at the Monterrey Open, Dabrowski won her second WTA doubles title when she defeated, along partner Rosolska, the Rodionova sisters. In May, she reached the quarterfinals in doubles at the Premier 5 Italian Open. At her next tournament, the Internationaux de Strasbourg, she qualified for her third WTA Tour main draw but lost to Elena Vesnina, in the first round. At the Pan American Games in July, Dabrowski won a gold medal in doubles with Carol Zhao and a silver medal in mixed doubles with Philip Bester. In August at the Rogers Cup, she was awarded a wildcard for the singles main draw but was eliminated in the first round by world No. 26 Flavia Pennetta. 2016: First Olympic experience
In February, Dabrowski and María José Martínez Sánchez reached the semifinals of the WTA Premier 5 in Doha.In June, she reached the doubles final of the WTA International in Nottingham with Yang Zhaoxuan. The next week at the inaugural Mallorca Open, she won her third WTA doubles title, this time with partner Martínez Sánchez. At Wimbledon, Dabrowski continued her partnership with the Spaniard. In the opening round, she triumphed against fellow Canadian Eugenie Bouchard and her partner Sabine Lisicki in straight sets, to reach the second round for the first time. In the next round, against Anabel Medina Garrigues and Arantxa Parra Santonja, the duo failed to close out the match and squandered a 6–4, 5–2 lead, and ended up losing in three sets. At the Rio Olympics in August, she advanced to the second round with compatriot Bouchard. In October, Dabrowski and partner Martínez Sánchez reached the semifinals at the Premier Mandatory in Beijing.She won the second singles title of her career in November at the 25k in Nashville, where she defeated Jennifer Elie in straight sets. 2017: Partnership with Xu Yifan, first Grand Slam title in mixed doubles
In January at the Hobart International, Dabrowski reached the final in doubles with Yang Zhaoxuan. In April, she won her first Premier Mandatory doubles title in Miami after defeating, with new partner Xu Yifan, the third seeds Sania Mirza and Barbora Strýcová in the final. In May, she qualified for the tournament in Rabat, achieving this feat for the fourth time in her career and the first since 2015. She defeated Lina Qostal in her opener for her second WTA main draw win but lost to Francesca Schiavone in the second round. At the French Open, Dabrowski reached the third round in doubles and won the title in mixed doubles with Rohan Bopanna, becoming the first Canadian woman to win a Grand Slam title. At the WTA Premier event in New Haven, she captured her second doubles title of the season, also her second with partner Xu Yifan.At the US Open, she advanced to the quarterfinals in both doubles and mixed doubles. In September at the Tournoi de Québec, she qualified for her second WTA main draw of the season where she lost to defending champion Océane Dodin in the first round, in three sets. In October, Dabrowski qualified for her first WTA Finals with Xu Yifan, but lost in the quarterfinals to defending champions, Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina. 2018: Second Grand Slam title and top-10 debut in doubles
In January, Dabrowski won her sixth WTA doubles title and her third with partner Xu Yifan at the Premier event in Sydney. At the Australian Open, she reached the quarterfinals in women's doubles with Xu Yifan and won the mixed-doubles event with Mate Pavić, her second Grand Slam title. In February, she won the second biggest WTA doubles title of her career to date with a victory at the Premier 5 in Doha with Jeļena Ostapenko. With this win, she became only the fourth Canadian female player to reach the top 10 in singles or doubles, with a debut at No.8. At the French Open, <mask> reached the final in mixed doubles for the second straight year, this time with Pavić, but failed to defend her title with a loss to Latisha Chan and Ivan Dodig. She also made it to the third round in doubles with Xu. 2019: Continued success in doubles with Xu, first Grand Slam doubles final
In May, <mask> and Xu were runners-up in the 2019 Madrid Open, which they followed up by winning the Nuremberg Cup. In June, they reached the quarterfinal of the French Open. They reached the final of Wimbledon, losing to Hsieh Su-wei and Barbora Strýcová. In August, they reached the semifinal of the Rogers Cup, and two weeks later reached the quarterfinals of the US Open.Their performance during the year earned them a place in the WTA Finals, but they went out at the round robin stage. Dabrowski and Pavić reached the final of the French Open for the second successive year, but were again beaten by Chan and Dodig. 2020-2021: Partnership with Stefani, WTA 1000 title, six WTA finals, historic world No. 5 in doubles
Dabrowski reached the finals of the Premier event in Adelaide playing with Darija Jurak. At the Australian Open, she reached the quarterfinals in women's doubles with Jelena Ostapenko and the semifinals of mixed doubles with Henri Kontinen. With Ostapenko she reached also the WTA 1000 event final at the Qatar Open. She reached another Premier final in October 2020, in Ostrava, playing with new partner Luisa Stefani.Seeded fifth, Dabrowski won her third WTA 1000 and first with Stefani at the Canadian Open avenging their loss in the 2021 Silicon Valley Classic final to Darija Jurak and Andreja Klepac. The following week, they followed this successful run by another, reaching the WTA 1000 final at the Cincinnati Open by defeating current Olympic champions, second seeded pair Krejcikova/Siniakova. They lost the final to Sam Stosur and Zhang Shuai. In their first major together, the duo reached the semifinals of the  US Open, where they were forced to retire once Stefani injured her leg. On October 18, Dabrowski ascended to world No. 5 in the WTA doubles rankings, thus becoming the highest ranked Canadian ever in the discipline. 2022
Dabrowski has announced to play the 2022 season with Giuliana Olmos, with whom she had played the 2021 Miami Open, but has stated she could be open to play again with Stefani.World TeamTennis
Dabrowski made her World TeamTennis as a wildcard player for the Philadelphia Freedoms. She returned as a roster player for the Orange County Breakers in the 2020 season at The Greenbrier. Grand Slam tournament finals

Women's doubles: 1 (runner-up)

Mixed doubles: 4 (2 titles, 2 runner-ups)

Other significant finals

WTA 1000 tournaments

Doubles: 8 (3 titles, 5 runner-ups)

WTA career finals

Doubles: 23 (10 titles, 13 runner-ups)

Performance timelines

Singles
This table is current through the 2021 Dubai Tennis Championships. Doubles
Current after the 2022 Qatar Open. Notes
 The first Premier 5 event of the year has switched back and forth between the Dubai Tennis Championships and the Qatar Ladies Open since 2009. Dubai was classified as a Premier 5 event from 2009–2011 before being succeeded by Doha for the 2012–2014 period. Since 2015, the two tournaments alternate between Premier 5 and Premier status every year.In 2014, the Pan Pacific Open was downgraded to a Premier event and replaced by the Wuhan Open. Mixed doubles
Current through the 2022 Australian Open. ITF Circuit finals

Singles: 6 (2 titles, 4 runner-ups)

Doubles: 20 (12 titles, 8 runner-ups)

Junior Grand Slam finals

Doubles: 1 (runner-up)

Record against top-100 players
<mask>'s win-loss record (9–32, 22%) against players who were ranked world No. 100 or higher when played is as follows: Players who have been ranked world No. 1 are in boldface.

masks:
Gabriela
" Dabrowski
Dabrowski
Dabrowski
Dabrowski


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<mask> FRS (18 May 1778 – 2 January 1857) was a Scottish physician; founder of the Garnet Hill observatory, chemist; scriptural geologist; and early business theorist. He was a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society and the Royal Society. He published a number of books based on industrial consulting experiences including Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures and Mines; The Philosophy of Manufactures; and the Account of the Cotton Industry. Biography
<mask> was born on 18 May 1778 in Glasgow, the son of Anne and <mask>, a cheesemonger. In 1801 he received an MD from the University of Glasgow, and served briefly as an army surgeon before settling in Glasgow, where he became a member of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons in 1803. He replaced Dr George Birkbeck as Professor of Natural Philosophy (specialising in chemistry and physics) in 1804 at the then recently formed Andersonian Institution (now known as University of Strathclyde). His evening lectures on chemistry and mechanics enjoyed considerable success and inspired the foundation of a number of mechanical institutions in Britain and the École des Arts et Métiers in Paris.He married Catherine Monteath in 1807. Ure founded the Garnet Hill observatory in 1808. He was put in charge and resided in it for several years, leaving it second only to Greenwich in reputation at that time. While in residence he was visited by Sir William Herschel, who gave some lectures to the local Astronomical Society and helped him to install a  reflecting telescope of Ure's design and manufacture. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1811. Herschel's second son, many years later (in 1866), came to occupy Dr Ure's chair in natural philosophy. In 1814, while giving guest lectures in Belfast, he did consulting work for the Irish linen board, devising an 'alkalimeter' which gave volumetric estimates of the alkali contents of industrial substances.This in turn led him to the concept of normality in volumetric analysis. He achieved considerable reputation for his practical chemistry. On 4 November 1818 Ure assisted the Professor of Anatomy, James Jeffray, in experiments he had been carrying out on a murderer named Matthew Clydesdale, after the man's execution by hanging. He claimed that, by stimulating the phrenic nerve, life could be restored in cases of suffocation, drowning or hanging. In 1819 he divorced his wife, who had become the mistress of an Anderson's Institution colleague. In 1821 he published his first major book, Dictionary of Chemistry, a replacement for William Nicholson's outdated Dictionary. It came out two years after William Brande's Manual of Chemistry, and Ure was accused of plagiarism.Subsequently, Ure accused Dr William Henry and Thomas Thomson of plagiarism of his own works. In 1822 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. By 1830, Ure's outside interests led him to resign first from his chair and then from the institution. He moved to London and set himself up as a consulting chemist (probably the first such in Britain). His work included acting as an expert witness, government commissions and industrial tours of England, Belgium and France. His visits to English textile mills led to his publication of The Philosophy of Manufactures (1835) and Account of the Cotton Industry (1836), dealing with the textile industry. In 1840 he helped found the Pharmaceutical Society.His exposure to factory conditions led him to consider methods of heating and ventilation, and he is credited with being the first to describe a bi-metallic thermostat. The great Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures and Mines, Ure's chief and most encyclopaedic work, was published in 1837 for which he received 1,000 guineas (worth about $30,000 in 2010). Further enlarged editions were rapidly called for in 1840, 1843 and 1853. After his death four further editions appeared, the last in 1878. This work was translated into almost every European language, including Russian and Spanish. The Times review said: "This is a book of vast research, and the variety of subjects embraced in it may be estimated by the fact that on the French translation it was thought advisable to employ nineteen collaborators, all regarded as experts in their special subjects." Historical accounts of the advancement of geology regularly make mention of <mask>re.Ure died in 1857 in London. Throughout his life he had a wide circle of friends and he communicated regularly with many principal scientists around the world. These all lamented his death. Michael Faraday's posthumous description of him was:

He is buried in the Terrace Catacombs of Highgate Cemetery. A secondary memorial was erected in Glasgow Cathedral by his daughter, Katherine MacKinlay. Geology
Ure was a scriptural geologist and in 1829 published A New System of Geology, for which "he received 500 guineas (worth about $15,000 in 2010) and was elected an original member of the Geological Society." Ure promoted the study of geology, that "magnificent field of knowledge."However some criticised the book severely, and "The New System of Geology was not a success, even among readers who might have been expected to be sympathetic, and it was soon forgotten." because "the New System of Geology ... came just too late, at a time when the positions it so noisily defended were being quietly abandoned, leaving the author in slightly ridiculous isolation." Lyell's claimed, falsely, that Ure wanted all promoters of the new geology "to be burnt at Smithfield." Ure thought both Werner's and Hutton's theories violated every principle of mechanical and chemical science. A sound geological theory, he believed, ought to follow Bacon and Newton's example. And since geology and the Scriptures were the work of God then they would agree when properly interpreted. Ure said that the Bible was important to the history of the earth.He distinguished between the present functioning of the universe and its origin in the past. For him, the proper science is the repeatable and experimental study of how creation functions in the present. But concerning the unobservable past, we create speculation. Selected publications
  An available edition: , 3rd edition (1828). An available edition: , a new edition, vol. 1 (1870). References

Sources

External links

<mask> article at Schoolnet
Prof. <mask>re article at The Gazetteer for Scotland

1778 births
1857 deaths
19th-century Scottish medical doctors
Scottish astronomers
Scottish business theorists
Scottish chemists
Scottish scholars and academics
Scottish non-fiction writers
Scientists from Glasgow
Academics of the University of Strathclyde
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow
Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
Medical doctors from Glasgow

masks:
Andrew Ure
Andrew Ure
Alexander Ure
Andrew U
Andrew Ure
Andrew U


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<mask> (born May 17, 1952) is an author and journalist who writes about the entertainment industry, cultural anthropology, politics, social issues, and revisionist history. Early life and career
Born and raised in Joliet, Illinois, he graduated from University of Chicago with a BA in English literature, and from University of California, Los Angeles with an MFA  in screenwriting. Before becoming an author, <mask> wrote for various outlets such as The New York Times Syndicate, the Los Angeles Daily News, the Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post, The Boston Globe, the Chicago Sun-Times, and the Chicago Tribune. He was also a reporter for People Weekly and Us Weekly. In 1986 he worked as a segment producer pre-interviewing guests for the host of The Late Show Starring Joan Rivers. His two weekly columns about the entertainment industries were syndicated internationally by United Media in the 1980s and 1990s. During that time, <mask> interviewed dozens of film and TV executives and hundreds of actors, producers and directors.Reviews
Publication of The Opium Wars (2002) in China was unusual because Chinese scholars and government watchdogs typically rejected Western accounts of their history as biased and Eurocentric. The book attempted to offer a more balanced account of the two conflicts fought between Britain and China in the mid-19th century. In his critique of The Opium Wars in the  East Asian Review of Books, Wayne E. Yang wrote: "Those who believe the dictum that 'those who fail to learn [from] history are doomed to repeat it' have fodder in W. Travis Hanes III and <mask>'s The Opium Wars." In a review for the American Library Association's Booklist, Jay Freeman wrote: "[This] account of the causes, military campaigns, and tragic effects of these wars is absorbing, frequently macabre, and deeply unsettling." Publishers Weekly wrote, "Hanes (Imperial Diplomacy in the Era of Decolonization) and film author and former Los Angeles Daily News critic <mask> have teamed up to produce this fine popular account... The book covers a familiar time and place in history, but the authors make some nice analogies between the brutal economics and empire of the 19th century, and 21st-century forms of money, politics and war." The cautionary nature of <mask>’s Tweakers: How Crystal Meth Is Ravaging Gay America (2005) was noted in a review in the gay magazine, Edge Boston: "More than 250 crystal users and those who treat them were interviewed for this book.One after another, stories were told of lives destroyed by a seductive drug." As a gay activist, <mask> has lectured on methamphetamine abuse in the gay community and was a guest-speaker on the topic at a conference and seminar in San Francisco. Tweakers was the source of a feature-length video of the same name in 2007, and featured grim, on-camera accounts of recovering and active methamphetamine addicts, adapted from case histories in <mask>'s book. Another nonfiction book by <mask>, The Knights Templars: God’s Warriors, the Devil’s Bankers, garnered international interest because of The Da Vinci Code’s fictional treatment of the Medieval monastic order. <mask>’s examination of the Templars, which debunked myths about their survival today as Freemasons, was also published in the Czech Republic and elsewhere. The author taught college-extension courses at the Gay & Lesbian Center in Los Angeles on how to write and find a publisher for a nonfiction book. He also taught English composition at the University of Phoenix.Libel case
In 1999, Rosenfeld, Meyer & Susman sued Sanello and Carol Publishing for $30 million, for defamation. In Naked Instinct: The Unauthorized Biography of Sharon Stone, (Carol Publishing, 1997) <mask> had quoted comments a jury later determined had been made by William Skrzyniarz, a partner at the firm which represented Stone, concerning Stone's private life. The libel suit was generated by a brief passage in <mask>'s biography of Stone: "Although I had identified myself as Stone's biographer, one of Meyer's partners, William Skrzyniarz, told me after two bottles of Merlot on New Year's Eve 1996, 'When Sharon wants someone, she rents a hotel room and tells him exactly when and where to show up. She makes it clear it's a one-time opportunity, take it or leave it. She's made the move on some major names.' Skrzyniarz became circumspect when I asked him to name names." The lawsuit was not intended to determine if the information <mask> quoted about Stone's private life in his biography of the actress was true because Stone did not sue the publisher or her biographer.The lawsuit was filed by Rosenfeld, Meyer, & Susman to prove that a member of its firm, Skrzyniarz, had not told <mask> information about the actress' private life. The jury determined that <mask> and the publisher had not defamed Skrzyniarz or Rosenfeld, Meyer & Susman. <mask> and the publisher were also acquitted of another charge, tortious interference, that alleged <mask>'s biography had prompted the firm's star client to seek alternate counsel and thus had economically damaged the firm. The case did not involve determining whether or not the comments about Stone's private life attributed to Skrzyniarz by <mask> were true. The suit alleged that Skrzyniarz had never made the comments quoted by <mask> in Stone's bio and consequently that the publisher and author had libeled Skrzyniarz and his law firm. After a four-week trial in Los Angeles Superior Court in Santa Monica, Calif., the jury found in favor of the publisher of Naked Instinct, Schragis, and the author, <mask>. The jurors determined that the law firm of Rosenfeld, Meyer & Susman had not been libeled or economically damaged.The legal term for economic damage is "unlawful interference with economic interests." Works
 Spielberg: The Man, the Movies, the Mythology, Taylor Pub. Co., 1996, . Naked Instinct: The Unauthorized Biography of Sharon Stone, Carol Pub. Group, 1997, . Eddie Murphy: The Life and Times of a Comic on the Edge, Carol Pub. Group, 1997, .Jimmy Stewart: A Wonderful Life, Pinnacle Books, 1997, . Stallone: A Rocky Life, Mainstream, 1998, . Julia Roberts, Mainstream Publishing, 2000, . Halle Berry: A Stormy Life, Virgin Books, 2003, . Reel V. Real: How Hollywood Turns Fact Into Fiction, Taylor Trade Pub., 2003, . The Knights Templars: God’s Warriors, the Devil’s Bankers, Taylor Trade Pub., 2003, . The Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another, Hanes, W. Travis III and <mask>.Sourcebooks, 2002, , . Tweakers: How Crystal Meth Is Ravaging Gay America, Alyson Books, 2005, . To Kill a King: A History of Royal Murders and Assassinations from Ancient Egypt to the Present, CreateSpace, 2011, . The Autobiography of Frau Adolf Hitler: Translated and edited by <mask>, CreateSpace, 2012, . Reviews
 "The Opium Wars by W. Travis Hanes III and <mask>", Asian Review of Books, Wayne E. Yang
 "Spielberg: The Man, the Movies, the Mythology", Publishers Weekly, 01/01/1996
 "THE OPIUM WARS: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another", Publishers Weekly, 09/16/2002

References

Further reading
 Beeching, Jack (1975) The Chinese Opium Wars. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers. Booth, Martin (1998) Opium.St. Martin's Press. Fay, Peter Ward (1975.) Opium War, 1840-1842: Barbarians in the Celestial Empire in the Early Part of the Nineteenth Century and the War by Which They Forced Her Gates. North Carolina Press. External links
Is TV Trivializing The Holocaust? 1952 births
Living people
American non-fiction writers
American male journalists
American television producers
Celebrity biographers

masks:
Frank Sanello
Sanello
Sanello
Frank Sanello
Sanello
Sanello
Sanello
Sanello
Sanello
Sanello
Sanello
Sanello
Sanello
Sanello
Sanello
Sanello
Sanello
Sanello
Sanello
Sanello
Frank Sanello
Frank Sanello
Frank Sanello


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Robert W. (<mask><mask> is an American designer of audio equipment based in the Pacific Northwest. Educated as a physicist and engineer, he found an interest in audio equipment at a young age. He applied his talent to produce numerous innovative high fidelity designs since the 1970s. He is known for designing the Phase Linear 700, at 350 W per channel the most powerful consumer audio amplifier available in 1972. He went on to found the Carver Corporation in 1979, Sunfire in 1994, and the Bob Carver LLC in 2011  which was sold to Jade Design in June, 2013. However, in December 2013, <mask> and Jade Design parted ways. Amplifier modeling
<mask> caused a stir in the industry in the mid-1980s when he challenged two high-end audio magazines to give him any audio amplifier at any price, and he’d duplicate its sound in one of his lower cost (and usually much more powerful) designs.Two magazines accepted the challenge. First, The Audio Critic chose a Mark Levinson ML-2 which <mask> acoustically copied (transfer function duplication) and sold as his M1.5t amplifier (the “t” stood for transfer function modified). In 1985, Stereophile magazine challenged <mask> to copy a Conrad-Johnson Premier Four (the make and model was not named then, but revealed later) amplifier at their offices in New Mexico within 48 hours. The Conrad Johnson amplifiers were one of the most highly regarded amplifiers of the day, costing in excess of $6,000 a pair. In both cases, the challenging amplifier could only be treated as a “black box” and could not even have its lid removed. Nevertheless, <mask>, used null difference testing, (null difference testing consists of driving two different amplifiers with identical signal sources and exact levels, but out of phase by exactly 180 degrees. If the amplifiers were 100% identical, no sound would be heard.If sound was heard, the audio amps had different properties). <mask> used "distortion pots" to introduce amplifier characteristics, fine-tuned to null-out any sound differences. His modified amplifier sound was so similar, Stereophile Magazine editors could not tell the difference between his amplifier and one costing more than $6,000. This amplifier was marketed as the M1.0t for about $400.00. <mask> successfully copied the sound of the target amplifier and won the challenge. The Stereophile employees failed to tell the difference in their own listening room. He marketed “t” versions of his amplifiers incorporating the sound of the Mark Levinson and Conrad Johnson designs which caused him some criticism.In light of this criticism, <mask> went on to design the Silver Seven, the most expensive and esoteric conventional amplifier up to that time and duplicated its sound in his M 4.0t and later models which sold for some 1/40th the price (around $600–$1500). This also started <mask>'s departure from the M-series amplifier to the more robust and current-pushing TFM series amplifiers. The TFM amplifiers were designed specifically to drive the demanding load of the Amazing ribbon loudspeakers. The apex of <mask>'s amplifier line was the Lightstar, which is now a collectors' item. Only approximately 100 of the amplifiers were made. The original Lightstar amplifier, called the Lightstar Reference, featured a dual-monoblock design, with separate power cords for each channel. A later version, called the Lightstar 2.0, featured one power cord & other cost-saving measures to shave approximately $1800 off the retail price.The two are reported to be sonically identical. <mask> also later sued Stereophile magazine for its alleged bias against <mask> products. (Stereophile had first filed suit against <mask> for reprinting the magazine's copyrighted material without authorization.) The case was arbitrated with neither side awarded damages. Product naming
Carver has used some names in marketing which have other technical definitions:

The "auto-correlator" is a multi-band, single-ended dynamic noise filter, as described in . The Phase Linear 1000 audio processor, and the Model 4000 preamplifier, which incorporate the same circuitry, have noise reduction in four frequency bands, one in the bass intended to suppress turntable rumble and three in the treble intended to suppress tape hiss and such. The noise filters are controlled by signals derived from bandpass filters, not from a correlation process.Correlation is the comparison of two or more signals, while auto-correlation is the comparison of a signal with delayed versions of itself to determine the degree of similarity at different delay times — useful, for example, to determine the amount of delay that produced an echo. "Magnetic field coil power amplifier" — audio amplifiers of the vacuum-tube era used transformers, incorporating coils of wire, to convert the high-voltage, low-current output of the output tubes to a low-voltage, high-current output suitable for loudspeakers. Output transformers are no longer necessary with amplifiers, including <mask>'s, that use transistors. <mask>'s , first applied in his model M400 power amplifier, describes a power supply whose input switches on and off at an ultrasonic rate to adapt to the varying power demand of the amplifier. The innovation is in the power supply, not the amplification circuitry, and in the use of switching, not in the use of a coil or coils. "Sonic holography", as described in  was first incorporated in the Carver C4000 preamplifier. It enhances stereo imaging by introducing a delayed and equalized signal from the right channel at the left loudspeaker to cancel the signal from the right loudspeaker at the listener's left ear (and vice versa).The "asymmetrical charge-coupled detector" is not the FM detector circuit of tuners, but rather, as described in , it is single-ended dynamic noise-reduction processing applied to the noisy left-minus-right component of a weak FM-stereo signal, along with artificial ambiance generation to compensate for loss of ambiance resulting from the noise reduction. This innovation was introduced in the Carver TX-1-11 component FM stereo tuner noise reduction unit and the Carver TX-11 AM/FM Stereo Tuner in 1982. Sunfire Corporation:

The creation of the perfect solid-state amplifier:

1) Full output current from each transistor is always available up to 20 amperes per transistor. 2) Massive output current is available even at low output impedances. 3) Heat sinks are not required. 4) Power continuously doubles down to below 1 ohm. 5) Most of the input power goes to the load, therefore, the power supply can weigh 30 pounds instead of 80 pounds.The amplifier can supply humongous current, massive output power, tremendous voltage, runs cool, and is efficient. 6) Only 12 output transistors are needed per channel for a peak-to-peak current of 240 amps. 7) Bias current and idling current issues become irrelevant and nonproblematic. 8) The Tracking Downconverter multiplies current in the same ratio that the output voltage is reduced and it does so automatically by its intrinsic nature. 9) At high impedances, it delivers high voltage and high current. At low impedances or difficult impedances, it delivers even more current, delivering awesome and difficult to believe amounts. 10) When biwired, Sunfire delivers incredible bass whack and a huge three dimensional sound stage with detail retrieval so stunning that you will often hear musicians breathing.Pictures

References
The information on <mask> products comes from <mask> product brochures and manuals. <mask>'s career has been extensively covered by audio industry magazines including Stereophile, Audio, High Fidelity, and Stereo Review.

masks:
Bob
) Carver
Bob Carver
Carver
Bob
Bob
Carver
Bob Carver
Carver
Carver
Carver
Carver
Carver
Carver
Carver
Carver
Carver
Carver
Carver
Carver


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<mask> (born 7 January 1958) is a Hungarian Calvinist bishop and former politician, who served as Minister of Human Resources from 2012 to 2018. He is the bishop of the Dunamellék diocese of the Hungarian Reformed Church from January 25, 2021. On February 17, 2021, he was elected pastoral president by the Synod of the Hungarian Reformed Church. Studies and pastoral activity
<mask> was born in Ózd on 7 January 1958. He was a volunteer in the post-WW2 renovation works of church buildings in Wittenberg, Goppeln and Dresden. He was an extramural student of Protestant theology at the Humboldt University in East Berlin in 1980. He finished his secondary studies at the Calvinist College of Debrecen in 1976.He worked as mechanical worker and turner for the Diósgyőr Machine Factory (DIGÉP) between 1976 and 1977. He was a caretaker at the Catholic Social Home of Hosszúhetény from 1979 to 1980. He started his theology studies at the Debrecen Reformed Theological University. He spent four semesters at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg from 1981 to 1983. He graduated as a Calvinist pastor in the Budapest Reformed Theological Academy in 1983. He served as a pastor in Maglód and five surrounding villages between 1983 and 1987. Thereafter he spent two years as a postgraduate student in the University of Tübingen.He worked as a consultant for the Conference of European Churches (CEC). He was a pastor for East German refugees in Csillebérc pioneering camp in September 1989. He was a lecturer at the Budapest Reformed Theological University between 1989 and 1991. He taught divinity at the Deutsche Schule Budapest from 1991 to 1996 and the Baár–Madas Calvinist College from 1992 to 1993. He was a scientific associate for the Ecumenical  Institute of the University of Bonn between 1993 and 1996. He was elected pastor of the German-speaking Protestant Congregation in Budapest in 1996, holding the position until 2006. He is a curator of the fund of the Bethesda Children Hospital since 2000.Political career
He was a member of the National Assembly (MP) from 2006 to 2018. He functioned as chairman of the Parliamentary Committee on Human Rights, Minority, Civic and Religious Affairs between 2006 and 2010. Between 2 June 2010 and 13 May 2012, he was State Secretary for Social Inclusion within the Ministry of National Resources. On 3 May 2012 Minister of National Resources Miklós Réthelyi resigned from his office. Prime Minister Viktor Orbán appointed <mask> as the successor to Réthelyi. The office was also renamed to Ministry of Human Resources. During his ministership, the Klebelsberg Institution Maintenance Centre (KLIK) was established on 1 September 2012, which became the central state agency for managing schools and marked centralised education system.Months before the 2017 presidential election, in December 2016, the opposition ATV channel claimed that <mask> had been selected by Orbán and the Fidesz party leadership as successor to János Áder as President of Hungary. Balog refused to comment on press reports. In contrast to ATV, Fidesz-backed Origo.hu reported three days later that Áder would remain as President despite such "serious candidates" as <mask> and Barnabás Lenkovics, a former President of the Constitutional Court. The news portal added that re-election was a decision only for Áder, who had asked for time to consider his candidature. ATV also referred to the government's dilemma: was it appropriate to elect a Calvinist President (Balog), with the incumbent Prime Minister (Viktor Orbán) and House Speaker (László Kövér) also belonging to that ecclesiastical community, despite Hungary's Catholic majority? Index.hu journalist Szabolcs Dull quoted views and opinions from the ruling party, which told, in addition to Balog's Calvinist religion, which indeed appeared to be a strong argument against his nomination in the eyes of the Prime Minister, who sought good relations with the Catholic Church in Hungary; removing <mask> from his current position as Minister of Human Resources would have caused major problems in the ministry and the entire government structure, in contrast to an expected political benefit if Fidesz elected Balog president. Dull argued that Áder had in the event not caused "big trouble" during his first term, and so his re-election "did not represent a significant political risk" to Orbán.On 5 January 2017, left-wing liberal portal 444.hu reported that several members of the Fidesz presidency, primarily László Kövér and Gergely Gulyás, had succeeded in convincing Orbán at the Dobogókő meeting to choose Áder rather than <mask>. On 23 April 2018, <mask> announced, he will step down as Minister of Human Resources, disagreeing with the prime minister over structural considerations, who intended to keep the type of superministry system. <mask> was appointed managing director of the Fidesz's Foundation for Civic Hungary. <mask> also resigned from his parliamentary seat on 12 September 2018, with the effect date of 17 October 2018. Retiring from daily politics, he continued his career as a Calvinist pastor. He was replaced by Gyula Budai. In bishopric service
On November 5, 2020, <mask> <mask> was elected bishop of the Dunamellék diocese of the Hungarian Reformed Church.At his inauguration on January 25, 2021, he officially took over the episcopal office from his predecessor, István Szabó, who led the diocese for 18 years. He called the strengthening of communities his most urgent task after his swearing-in. He distinguished the difference between his former ministerial service and the forthcoming episcopal service as follows:

The subsequent episcopal ordination took place on 24 May 2021 in Nagykőrös, Pest County. He was elected pastoral president by the Synod of the Hungarian Reformed Church on February 17, 2021. Personal life
<mask> is married, has a father of five children and 8 grandchildren. He divorced his first wife in 1989. His wife is Judit Révész, an assistant professor with whom they have lived since 1990.Of her five children, four are girls: Anna, Veronika, Eleonóra and Réka, and he has a son, Ádám. References

1958 births
Living people
Fidesz politicians
Government ministers of Hungary
Hungarian Calvinist and Reformed clergy
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (2006–2010)
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (2010–2014)
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (2014–2018)
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (2018–2022)
People from Ózd
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

masks:
Zoltán Balog
Zoltán Balog
Balog
Balog
Balog
Balog
Balog
Balog
Balog
Balog
Zoltán
Balog
Balog


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<mask> (14 July 1919 – 11 May 2021) was an Indian politician and the first woman minister and first  revenue minister of Kerala state. She was a Marxist revolutionary, advocate, author and diplomat. She was also one of the founding leaders of the Communist movement in Kerala. She headed the Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy (JSS), a political party based in Kerala. Prior to the formation of JSS she was a prominent figure in the communist movement in Kerala. She was the first female law student coming from the Ezhava community. She was a minister in the communist-led ministries in Kerala in 1957, 1967, 1980 and 1987.She also became a minister in the Congress-led cabinet from 2001 to 2006. She held the record for the second longest serving MLA in Kerala Legislative Assembly. Early life
<mask> was born in Pattanakkad village, Cherthala in the Alappuzha district of Kerala as the seventh daughter of Arumuriparambil Parvathiamma of Cheruparambil and <mask> <mask>n in an aristocratic Ezhava family,
Kalathiparambil - Arumuriparambil. She attended schools at Thuravoor and Cherthala and completed her college education at Maharaja's and at St. Teresa's College with gold medal both in Ernakulam. She also received a law degree from Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram. Her father was her inspiration throughout her life, and her family gave 132 acres of land to the Kerala government. Political life
K. R<mask> <mask> was elected to the Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly in 1952 and 1954.In 1957 she was elected to the Kerala Legislative Assembly. Since then she has been continuously elected to the Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1960, '67, '70, '82, '87, '91 and 2001 and served as minister in various ministries. Gowri <mask> was involved with the Kerala Karshaka Sangham from 1960 to 1984. She was also the leader of the Kerala Mahila Sangham from 1967 to 1976. Early political life
She is one of the longest serving politicians in Kerala politics. Under the influence of elder brother and trade union leader K. R. Sukumaran, she entered the vibrant world of politics at a time when women hardly found themselves in politics. Starting her public life through trade union and peasant movements, <mask> was jailed on a number of occasions for participating in political activities.She was elected to the Travancore Council of Legislative Assembly in 1952 and 1954 with an overwhelming majority against sitting MLA, P. K<mask>. Minister in the first ministry of Kerala State
She became Revenue Minister in the first communist ministry in 1957, headed by E. M. S. Namboodiripad (EMS). In the very same year she married T. V. Thomas, a prominent politician and also a minister in EMS' government. In the first Communist Ministry, K.R<mask> <mask> served as Minister for Revenue, Excise and Devaswom from April 1957 to July 1959. After the split of Communist Party in 1964, K. R<mask> joined the newly formed Communist Party of India (Marxist). But her husband, T. V. Thomas, stood with the Communist Party of India.This created fissures in their relationship and soon they parted owing to the differences in their political views. Land Reforms Bill in Kerala
The Land Reforms in Kerala is one the greatest achievements of Gowri <mask>. It was she who piloted the revolutionary Land Reforms Bill for the Communist Government. One of the first things the Communist Ministry did was to promulgate an Ordinance banning evictions of all tenants and kudikidappukar throughout the state. In due course a comprehensive Agrarian Relations Bill was drafted and piloted by the Minister for Revenue, K.R<mask> <mask>. The Bill sought to confer ownership rights on land to tenants including sharecroppers and fix a ceiling for the land a land owner could possess.It also had provisions for distributing the surplus land taken from the landlords to the landless poor. The vested interests rallied around them all kinds of reactionary, religious and communal forces and launched the so-called 'Liberation Struggle'. The Government was successful in passing the Agrarian Relations Bill in the Assembly before it was dissolved, but the Bill failed to get the President's assent. The 1960–'64 United Front Government (anti-Communist) prepared a new Land Reform Bill giving several concessions to the landlords and taking away many of the benefits conferred upon the peasants in the Agrarian Relations Bill. The people of Kerala and <mask>. Gowri <mask> had to wait for another ten years before a Land Reform Bill abolishing landlordism and giving land to the tillers was passed and fully implemented. Minister in the 2nd E. M. S. Namboodiripad Ministry
In 1967 elections the Left Democratic Front Government under the Chief Minister-ship of E.M.S.Namboodiripad came to power. In it, K.R<mask> <mask> served as Minister for Revenue, Sales Tax, Civil Supplies, Social Welfare and Law from March 1967 to October 1969. She moved a number of progressive and radical amendments to the Land Reforms Bill passed by the previous Government. When it was implemented, landlordism was abolished in Kerala. 3.5 million tenants and about 500,000 Kudikidappukar were made owners of their land. More than one lakh acres of land was declared as surplus land and was distributed among the agro-labourers in rural areas.Minister in the first E. K. Nayanar ministry
From 25 January 1980 till 20 October 1981 K.R<mask> <mask> was made Minister for Agriculture, Social Welfare, Industries, Vigilance and Administration of Justice Minister in the First E. K. Nayanar ministry. Minister in the second E. K. Nayanar ministry
In the Second E. K. Nayanar ministry (1987–1991) also she was made Minister for Industries and Social Welfare, Vigilance and Administration of Justice. After this ministry she had some differences with the party and later ousted from the Communist Party (Marxist) in 1994. Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy
In 1994 she was expelled from the CPI (M). Following this she established a new political outfit named Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy (JSS). JSS went on to join the United Democratic Front, the arch-rivals of the Left Democratic Front to which CPI (M) belongs.Minister in the third A. K. Antony ministry
She served as the Minister of Agriculture in the third A. K. Antony ministry (17 May 2001 – 29 August 2004). Minister in the first Oommen Chandy ministry
Oommen Chandy was sworn in as the Chief Minister of Kerala on 31 August 2004 after the controversial resignation of A. K. Antony two days earlier, on 29 August 2004. <mask> <mask> served as the Minister of Agriculture, Soil Conservation, Soil Survey, Warehousing Corporation, Diary Development, Milk Co-operatives, Agricultural University, Animal Husbandry and Coir in the first Oommen Chandy ministry (31 August 2004 – 12 May 2006) also. Later years
Even though <mask> <mask> was engaged in political conflict with the Communist party for many years, she came closer to the party in her last days. She is the last member of First Communist Ministry to remain influential in Kerala politics. KR <mask> <mask> got the most revered adieu for a Communist. She was cremated at the Valiya Chudukad in Alappuzha, where the martyr's memorial of the historic Punnapra-Vayalar agitation is located where Communist stalwart like <mask> Pillai, <mask>, George Chadayammuri and incidentally, <mask> <mask>'s husband and Communist leader TV Thomas, were laid to rest.According to some sources, <mask> <mask> had in the past years expressed her wish to be cremated there. Positions held
K.R<mask> <mask> has been associated with numerous social and political movements:
 President of Kerala Karshaka Sangam from 1960 to 1984. President of Kerala Mahila Sangam from 1967 to 1976. Secretary of Kerala Mahila Sangam from 1976 to 1987. Secretariat Member of the CPI State Committee. Established the Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy (JSS) in 1994.General Secretary of the Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy. Awards

Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award
She has published an autobiography titled Atmakatha, which won the 2011 Kerala Sahitya Academy Award. Death
<mask> <mask> was admitted to PRS hospital Thiruvananthapuram due to fever, breathing trouble and urinary ailments, and died there from an infection on 11 May 2021, a couple of months before her 102nd birthday. In popular culture
Lal Salam is a 1990 Indian Malayalam-language political-drama film directed by Venu Nagavalli and produced under the banner K. R. G. Release. It stars Mohanlal, Murali, Geetha, and Urvashi in the lead roles. This movie was a major blockbuster in India, running in seven centres for more than 150 days. The story revolves around two phases of the lives of three comrades - before and after the imprisonment of Sakhavu Stephen Nettooran (Mohanlal - inspired from Varghese Vaidyan), Sakhavu D.K.Antony (Murali - inspired from T.
V. Thomas) and Sakhavu Sethulakshmi (Geetha - inspired From Smt. K. R. Gowri <mask>) - members of the Communist Party of India (CPI). In 2020, The Wire published a review of the acclaimed film noting that it had received cult status. Chief Minister K. R. Gowthami was a 1994 film based on the life of K.<mask> <mask>. This movie was made in 1994 after K.<mask> was ousted from CPIM. The film stars Geetha, Vijayaraghavan, Devan and Sukumari in the lead roles. References

External links

1919 births
2021 deaths
20th-century Indian women politicians
20th-century Indian politicians
21st-century Indian women politicians
21st-century Indian politicians
Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala
Communist Party of India politicians from Kerala
Indian centenarians
Women centenarians
Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy politicians
Kerala MLAs 1960–1964
Kerala MLAs 1970–1977
Kerala MLAs 1982–1987
Kerala MLAs 1991–1996
Kerala MLAs 1996–2001
Kerala politicians
Maharaja's College, Ernakulam alumni
St. Teresa's College alumni
Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram alumni
Malayali politicians
People of the Kingdom of Cochin
Politicians from Alappuzha
Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award
Travancore–Cochin MLAs 1952–1954
Travancore–Cochin MLAs 1954–1956
Women members of the Kerala Legislative Assembly
Women members of the Travancore–Cochin Legislative Assembly
Women of the Kingdom of Cochin

masks:
Kalathilparambil Raman Gouri Amma
Gouri
Kahiparambil
Rama
. Gouri
Amma
Amma
Gouri
. Raman
. Gouri
Amma
. Gouri
Amma
. Gouri
Amma
K R
Amma
. Gouri
Amma
. Gouri
Amma
Gouri
Amma
Gouri
Amma
Gouri
Amma
P Krishna
R Sugathan
Gouri
Amma
Gouri
Amma
. Gouri
Amma
Gouri
Amma
Amma
R Gouri
Amma
R Gouri


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<mask> (born 1962) is a German costume designer, stage designer, author and curator. From 2000 to 2007 and from 2012 to 2015 she worked as director for costumes, make-up and wigs of the Salzburg Festival. 2017/18 she was responsible for the costumes at the Bayreuth Festival. Career

Nicolai made an apprenticeship as a tailor in Munich. She gained first experience in the costume department of the  under costume director Antje Lau. In 1986 she there was engaged  as a costume and set design assistant. In 1986 Nicolai began a costume study to become a wardrobe supervisor and costume expert at the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences under Dirk von Bodisco and Brigitta Stamm.Professional stations followed as a costume assistant, wardrobe mistress and costume designer in France, Italy, Belgium and Austria. Among others she was a wardrobe mistress at the "Ateliers du Costume" under the direction of Danièle Boutard in Paris. Beginning in 1990 she obtained free engagements as a costume designer at the Bavarian Television for the documentary films Die Geschichte der Post (The History of the Mail) and the French language class Bon Courage. From 1992 to 1995 she worked as a costume assistant at the Salzburg Festival. From 1993 to 1996 she was teaching costume history at the Mozarteum Salzburg. From 1995 to 1999 she was costume supervisor at the Federal State Theatres costume shop for the Vienna State Opera. In this function she was responsible for the costumes of the Vienna State Opera Ballet for the classical ballet productions; furthermore she designed costumes for modern choreographies of Christine Gaigg and Nicolas Musin.From 1999 until 2007 Nicolai was responsible as a head of costumes, make-up and wigs at the Salzburg Festival. In that function she belonged to group of the seven main managers of the festival. She designed costumes for theatre, opera and ballet. In 2006 Nicolai created two costumes according to original designs from the 18th century for the Salzburg Festival for the ballet evening of Ideomeneo Chaconne for the chaconne from Mozart's opera Idomeneo. The costumes were reconstructed by Nicolai following period sketches from the Derra de Moroda dance archive of the University of Salzburg. Her costumes determined the aesthetics of the production and the dialogue of dance and costume. Furthermore she developed in the Mozart Year 2006 for the Salzburg Festival the costumes for the new staging of Mozart's youth works Apollo et Hyacinthus and Die Schuldigkeit des ersten Gebots in the auditorium of the old university of Salzburg.From 2001 to 2007 she taught costume history at the Academy of Applied Arts in Munich. In 2006 she was responsible for the creation of the costumes with the revival of the opera Les Troyens at the Paris Bastille Opera; she realised the costumes according to the original designs of Herbert Wernicke who had produced the opera in 2000 for the Salzburg Festival, for direction, set  and costume design. Nicolai was from 2008 till 2012 the costume director at the  Zürich Opera House. In 2008 she designed the costumes for the creation of the children's opera In the Shade of the Mulberry Tree by ; Her "consistent costumes“ were part of a mediterranean idyll into which the director Aglaja Nicolet put the staging. Nicolai created the costumes for the Zurich Opera season's opening in 2009/10 for the Swiss première of the opera Der Stein der Weisen, oder die Zauberinsel by Emanuel Schikaneder. She also designed costumes for several ballet evenings of the Zurich Ballet. From 2012 to 2015 she was director costumes, make-up and wigs at the Salzburg Festival; she was responsible for artistic management of 80 dressers and tailors as well as about 60 makeup artists.She designed for the Salzburg Festival 2013 the costumes for a staging of the Mozart opera Die Entführung aus dem Serail in a version for children. She designed the debutants' dirndl aprons with Redouté roses for the Salzburg Festival Ball at the end of August 2013. Since 2005 Nicolai has been a member (since 2013 board member) of  the International Council of Museums costume committee and founding member of the  (GTKos) (society of costume artists). Costume design (productions)
 2005: one plus one, choreographer: Christine Gaigg, Tanz Theater Wien
 2005/06: Jedermann, director: Henning Bock, Salzburg Festival
 2006: Ersatzbank by Albert Ostermaier, world premiere, director: Henning Bock, Salzburg Festival
 2006: Idomeneo Chaconne by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, choreographer: Claudia Jeschke, Mozarteum Salzburg
 2006: Les Troyens, director: Herbert Wernicke, revival at Opéra de Bastille Paris
 2007: Über Tiere by Elfriede Jelinek, world premiere, director: Christine Gaigg, Theater am Neumarkt Zürich
 2008: Im Schatten des Maulbeerbaums by , world premiere, director: Aglaja Nicolet, Zürich Opera House
 2008: Sonata by César Franck, choreographer: Filipe Portugal, Zürich Opera House
 2010/11: Der Stein der Weisen, director: Felix Breisach, Theatre Winterthur 2010 / Zürich Opera House 2011
 2013: DeSacre! 2018: Tutu, Tränen und Kapriolen, choreography: Christina Maria Meyer, Villa Meier-Severini, Küsnacht

Costume design (occasions)
 2013, 2016–2018, : Prom dresses of debutantes at the Opera Ball Zurich
 2016:  1916–2016, 100th anniversary celebration

Stage design (selection)
 2016: The Barber of Seville, director: Tristan Braun, Chamber Opera Munich / Nymphenburg Palace 2016

Exhibitions (selection)
 17 April – 1 November 2015: The Paramour's Dresses, curators: Dr. Erika Oehring and Dorothea Nicolai. The exhibit is presented as a cooperation between the Residenzgalerie / DomQuartier and the Salzburg Festival. References

External links

 Dorothea Nicolai Operabase

1962 births
Living people
German costume designers


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<mask> (born August 27, 1969) is an American actress and director. She is best known for her role as Dr. Miranda Bailey in the ABC television drama Grey's Anatomy since 2005, for which she has been nominated for the Emmy for Best Supporting Actress four times. She also played the character of Bailey on Private Practice and Station 19. She made her New York stage debut in 1991 and began to land guest spots on a variety of prime-time television shows. She made her first film appearance in the 1993 film Philadelphia. Early life
<mask> was born and raised in Houston, Texas. Her mother, a postal worker, wanted to keep her daughter active, so she enrolled <mask> in numerous after-school activities."Starting at age four, my mom decided that she was not going to have an idle child in the house," <mask> recalls. "So I started taking dance lessons on Tuesdays and Thursdays, and then I was in acting classes on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, and I was also modeling on Saturdays. And that was my childhood." "My first show was The King and I when I was five" she said in an interview with Broadway.com. By the age of five, <mask> was performing in musicals with Houston's Theatre Under the Stars Company. She attended Houston's High School for the Performing and Visual Arts and continued on to New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, graduating with a BFA in drama in 1991. For the next four years, from 1991–95, she studied at the Lee Strasberg Theatre & Film Institute while at the same time racking up professional theater credits.She made her New York debut in a 1991 production of The Good Times Are Killing Me and won a Theater World Award for Outstanding Debut Performance. Her other early stage credits include off-Broadway productions of Paper Moon: The Musical and Little Shop of Horrors. While she was making a name for herself on the New York stage, <mask> also began to land guest spots on a variety of prime-time television shows. She appeared on The Cosby Show (1989), Law & Order (1992) and CBS Schoolbreak Special (1992). She made her big-screen debut alongside Tom Hanks and Denzel Washington in the highly acclaimed 1993 film Philadelphia. Despite receiving high praise for nearly all of her performances, however, <mask> struggled for many years to gain more prominent roles. For eight years, while she tried to break into major stardom, <mask> worked part-time as a teller at Deutsche Bank in order to make ends meet.In 2005, <mask> landed her breakthrough role as Dr. Miranda Bailey on the hit ABC show Grey's Anatomy. <mask>'s first regular network TV role was in the short-lived series Bob Patterson (2001), a post-Seinfeld vehicle for Jason Alexander. In a review for USA Today, Robert Bianco called <mask> "the only person in the show you can imagine wanting to see again". Similarly, the Los Angeles Times said, "The only character here that's amusingly written is Bob's new assistant, Claudia (<mask>)". She also appeared on Third Watch (2001), Law & Order SVU, Sex and the City (2002), and The Sopranos (2004), and had a small role in Lone Star (1996). <mask> also had career in theater, where she played Bonna Willis in The Good Times Are Killing Me, and was featured in the Tony-nominated musical Caroline, or Change. <mask> is an accomplished singer and has sung in several productions, including On the Town (1998), Avenue Q (2003) and Caroline, or Change (2004).<mask> worked as a temp at Deutsche Bank Alex. Brown where she made presentations for the investment banking units. She worked at the Banker's Trust location on 130 Liberty Street, right across the street from the South Tower of the World Trade Center through 9/11 when that building was lost to the terrorist attacks. <mask> was still working at a bank when she auditioned for the Grey's Anatomy pilot. She was cast as Miranda Bailey, a role initially envisioned as a blonde-haired white woman. The show became a success. <mask> was nominated in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009 for an Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama.She was nominated and won the Screen Actors Guild Award in 2007 for Outstanding Female Actor in a Drama Series; she also won a SAG Award as part of the Grey's Anatomy cast, which won Best Ensemble in a Drama Series. <mask> made her television directing debut with the episode "Give Peace a Chance", the 7th episode in season 6 of Grey's Anatomy. She also directed episode 17, "Push", of the same season and the fifth episode of season 7, "Almost Grown", the 21st episode of eight season, "Moment of Truth", "Second Opinion", the 6th episode of ninth season and "Transplant Wasteland", the 17th episode of ninth season. The part of Dr. Bailey, supervisor to the hospital interns, had been written for a petite, blonde-haired white woman, but <mask>, a full-figured African-American woman, gave such an impressive audition that the show's producers decided to give her the part. "Besides," she later joked, "I knew the casting director." <mask> earned rave reviews for her performance as the tough-as-nails Dr. Bailey. <mask> was nominated for four consecutive Emmy Awards (2006-2009) and won four consecutive NAACP Image Awards (2007-2010) for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series.She also won the 2008 People's Choice Award for Favorite Scene-Stealing Star. In 2009, while still starring on Grey's Anatomy, <mask> took a brief hiatus from the show to go to Broadway as Mama Morton in a revival of Chicago. <mask> explained the only difference between her acting career now and her acting career a decade ago is that people actually recognize her on the street. "The only difference in my career now is the visibility I have," she insisted. "People say I made it now, but I feel like I made it doing summer stock." She is also clear-headed about the fragility of her new-found fame and fortune. Upon finally leaving her job at Deutsche Bank to focus solely on her role in Grey's Anatomy, <mask> was careful not to burn any bridges.She said, "They told me I could come back if acting doesn't work out. I told them, 'Keep my seat warm.'" In 2014, <mask> made a guest starring appearance on the ABC Daytime soap opera General Hospital as patient Tina Estrada. In 2018, she appeared on General Hospital as Dr. Linda Massey. In April 2019, it was announced <mask> will make a third guest star appearance on General Hospital, but this time as Sydney Val Jean in May 2019. Personal life
In Parade May 2007 edition, <mask> described herself as "I'm in a relationship but I'm not married". She has been with her partner for 31 years as of 2019.<mask> and her partner have 3 children; their daughter Sarina was born in 1992, daughter Joylin was born in 1998, and son Michael was born on October 31, 2005. Activism
<mask> is an activist for the cause of cyclic vomiting syndrome and serves as the spokesperson for the Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome Association, as well as, the celebrity ambassador for CureMito! after her teenage daughter, Sarina, developed the disease in 2010. For the ninth season of Grey's Anatomy <mask> met with the producers and pitched the idea of featuring cyclic vomiting syndrome in an upcoming episode. The episode, "Second Opinion", aired on November 15, 2012 and was directed by <mask>. She also is an advocate for people with mental and/or substance use disorders. In 2015, she hosted the 10th Annual Voice Awards event for the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

masks:
Chandra Danette Wilson
Wilson
Chandra
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Career Wilson
Wilson
Chandra Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson


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<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (1900 -1986) was an educator and served as an Oklahoma State Representative and Senator. He was the first elected principal chief of any of the Five Civilized Tribes in the 20th century, and the longest serving principal chief of the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma. He saw his tribe through termination, restoration, and a rebirth of Native Pride. He was a polarizing leader, seen by some as a semi-dictator who held onto the office of principal chief and used his power to advocate for complete assimilation into the dominant society, suppressing Choctaw traditions, language and ceremonial practices as undesirable remnants of an unrefined history. To others, he was a well-liked, populist leader, who went door-to-door talking with tribe members, informing them on issues, and trying to develop the means the alleviate the poverty and unemployment they faced. Early life
<mask> was born in Boswell Choctaw County, Indian Territory on December 11, 1900 to <mask>. and <mask>. He was a direct descendant of the original Belvins who were forced over the Trail of Tears from Mississippi to Indian Territory.He attended school in Boswell and graduated from Southeastern Teachers College with a Bachelor of Science degree, going on to earn a Master's of Education at the University of Oklahoma which he completed in 1941. <mask> taught school at Mayhew, Bryan County and in Choctaw County from 1923 until 1939. In 1941 he was elected Bryan County Superintendent of Public Instruction, a position he held until 1952. He then began operating a Hereford cattle ranch in Bryan and Choctaw counties. After his first successful election to the Oklahoma legislature in 1955, <mask> served three terms in the Oklahoma State House of Representatives representing Bryan County. In 1960, he was elected as an Oklahoma State Senator. Coal and Asphalt Lands
As early as 1946, support for Belvin becoming principal chief had been growing.<mask>. Durant had served since 1937, and was seen as having made little headway on selling the asphalt lands of the Choctaw and Chickasaw. At issue were some  of lands that were jointly owned by the Choctaw and Chickasaw tribes. Based on a 1902 agreement, the US had agreed to purchase these lands within three years, but had still not done so. In 1946, Chief Durant and Chickasaw Governor Floyd Maytubby were asking for $33.1 million which the US government valued at $2.2 million. <mask> was, on the other hand was seen as an educated, galvanized leader who wanted to revitalize the tribe. Even before he was chief, he wrote long letters to Congressman Carl Albert, Congressman <mask>, Senator Elmer Thomas, Senator Edward H. Moore, the Bureau of Indian Affairs office, and the Superintendent of the Five Civilized Tribes criticizing the delays in finalizing the purchase. When a settlement was finally reached of $8.5 million, <mask> again launched a letter-writing campaign questioning why the settlement was reached without allowing representatives of the Choctaw-Chickasaw Confederation to attend the negotiations.Considering that the land contained 770 million tons of readily available coal, another 1 billion tons of reserve coal and asphalt, and was near a recent oil strike, Belvin questioned how the coal could be valued at 1 cent per ton and the reserve coal, valued at 0.1 cent per ton. Belvin was also highly critical of the fact that Chief Durant had not attended the negotiations, leaving the decision of "the most momentous meeting affecting the tribe's welfare since the Atoka Agreement of 1897" up to Maytubby and the Choctaw Tribal attorney. Choctaw-Chickasaw Confederation was officially created on 9 January 1947, though it had operated for several years, as a means for the tribes to track tribal assets, hold meetings and discussions and disseminate information outside of the "official" BIA structure. After the sale had been negotiated, Belvin wrote letters as president of the Confederation to tribal members and urged them to attend informational meetings and decide whether or not they wanted to accept the offer. He did not give his own opinions, but urged each tribemember to vote according to their own conscience. Though he thought the settlement amount was undervalued, once he became chief, Belvin stopped criticizing the amount and strove to collect the distribution so desperately needed by his poverty stricken tribe members. Choctaw Principal Chief
<mask> was first elected as Principal Chief of the Choctaw Nation in 1948.In fact, he was the first elected chief of any of the Five Civilized Tribes and of the Choctaw Nation in the 20th century. All chiefs of the Five Civilized Tribes of Oklahoma since the implementation of the Dawes Act had been appointed by the president upon recommendation from the BIA. Until the 1970s, the only two exceptions to presidential appointment were that in 1948 and again in 1954, the Choctaw were allowed to elect their chief. Both times, they elected <mask>, though voting was limited to a fraction of the eligible enrollees. In the lead up to the 1954 election, the Department of the Interior informed Belvin that they did not believe the tribe warranted a full-time chief. Belvin contacted Congressman Carl Albert, also a proponent of tribal democracy, who worked behind the scenes to keep the Choctaw Principal Chief as a full-time position. Belvin believed so strongly in the right of the tribes to elect their own governance, that he persuaded the Chickasaw to press for their own elections.Though the Chickasaw tried for many years to convince the Bureau of Indian Affairs to allow them to vote on their own leadership, their requests were ignored. Inter-Tribal Council of the Five Civilized Tribes
There had been several joint relationships among the Five Civilized Tribes throughout their history—the 1842 Inter-Tribal Council of the Deep Fork River, the 1861 United Nations of Indian Territory, and the 1866 Okmulgee Council. Because of their similar histories and situations in Oklahoma, with removal, allotment, and government oversight, there was a recognition that tribal goals for development, education, services for tribe members, health initiatives and poverty alleviation were virtually the same and working together would be of benefit. In fact, informally the tribes had already been working jointly on projects. In March, 1949, <mask> had gone to Washington, DC not only to prod lawmakers regarding the coal and asphalt settlement, but to present a proposal drawn up by representatives of the five tribes as a far-reaching "relief" plan. They proposed more effective administration of Indian affairs, a new land policy, rehabilitation, education, health, conservation, and road building and maintenance as the means to alleviate distress in their nations and had obtained the endorsement from the local agency office. In September and October 1949, the leaders of the Five Civilized Tribes met in Muskogee, Oklahoma and formed the Inter-Tribal Council of the Five Civilized Tribes (ITC).They pledged to work together to attain for themselves and their descendants the rights and benefits which they were entitled to under law, state or federal, and to seek equity for tribal affairs and tribe members by promoting the common welfare of American Indians. The constitution of the organization was approved on February 3, 1950. Inter-Tribal Council membership includes the principal chief and four members from each of the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole nations. <mask> served on the ITC from its founding in 1949 through 1975. After obtaining Congressional approval, and pressing for the withdrawal of House Concurrent Resolution 108, the ITC has spent over a half-century of activity focusing on education, health care, housing, and sovereignty to serve the special cultural, economic, and social needs of all tribespeople. Termination
As part of the Indian termination policy pursued by the US government from the 1940s through the 1960s, a series of laws were passed to enable the government to end its trust relationships with native tribes. One of the first of these laws passed on August 13, 1946—the Indian Claims Commission Act of 1946, Pub.L. No. 79-726, ch. 959. Its purpose was to settle for all time any outstanding grievances or claims the tribes might have against the U.S. for treaty breaches, unauthorized taking of land, dishonorable or unfair dealings, or inadequate compensation. Claims had to be filed within a five-year period, and most of the 370 complaints that were submitted were filed at the approach of the 5-year deadline in August, 1951. In 1946, the government had appropriated funds for the tribal sale of coal and asphalt resources, but had charged almost 10% of the $8.5 million award in administrative fees. When <mask> became chief in 1948, he realized that only federally recognized tribes were allowed to file a claim with the Commission.If he wanted to get that money back, his tribe needed to reorganize. He created a democratically elected tribal council and a constitution to re-establish a government, but his efforts were opposed by the Area Director of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Ultimately, the tribe was able to file a claim for around $750,000 with the Commission in 1951 on a  technicality. The suit was classified as a renewal of the 1944 case against the US Court of Claims, but that did not stop the antagonism between Belvin and the area BIA officials. The BIA had had management issues for decades. Poorly trained personnel, inefficiency, corruption, and lack of consistent policy plagued the organization almost from its founding. For Belvin, relief from BIA oversight of policies and funds seemed as if it might pave the way for the Choctaw to maintain their own traditional ways of operating and reform their own governing council.Early on, it may also be that <mask> believed termination was what the tribe wanted. In a 1954 presentation to the Intertribal Council of the Five Civilized Tribes, he told the chiefs of the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek and Seminole nations that the majority of Choctaw were not interested in tribal affairs and supported discontinuance of the tribe. But he also stated in an interview that same year with the Lubbock Avalanche, that he thought proposing termination was another way for the government to "shirk its responsibility to a people who owned the entire continent of North America when the white man first invaded, not discovered, this country". After eleven years as Choctaw chief, <mask> persuaded Representative Carl Albert of Oklahoma to introduce federal legislation to begin terminating the Choctaw tribe. What Belvin proposed was relief from the paternalistic watch of the BIA, which allowed the tribe to choose their own chiefs and handle tribal business and assets without federal supervision. On 23 April 1959, the BIA confirmed that H.R.2722 had been submitted to Congress at the request of the tribe, and would sell all remaining tribal assets, but would not affect any individual Choctaw earnings. It also provided for retention of half of all mineral rights which could be managed by a tribal corporation.On 25 August 1959, Congress passed a bill to terminate the tribe, which was later called <mask>'s law, as he was the main advocate behind it. Belvin created overwhelming support for termination among tribespeople through his promotion of the bill, describing the process and expected outcomes. What Belvin envisioned was that the high unemployment and poverty which existed in the nation would be offset by the per capita payment that tribe members would receive from liquidation of the tribal assets. Tribal members later interviewed said that Belvin never used the word "termination" for what he was describing, and many people were unaware he was proposing termination. In actuality, the provisions of the bill were intended to be a final disposition of all trust obligations and a final "dissolution of the tribal governments." Belvin claimed that he was misled and that the BIA did not pass the legislation the Choctaw proposed, as it did affect individual Choctaws and the relationships they had with the government and programs. The original Act was to have expired in 1962, but was amended twice to allow more time to sell the tribal assets.As time wore on, <mask> realized that the bill severed the tribe members' access to government loans and other services,

masks:
Harry James Watson
Jimmy
Belvin
Jimmy Belvin
Watson J
Mabel Powers Belvin
Belvin
Belvin
William A
Belvin
William Stigler
Belvin
Belvin
Belvin
Belvin
Belvin
Belvin
Belvin
Belvin
Belvin
Belvin