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<mask>. (born March 3, 1993) is an American football wide receiver for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for Ohio State. <mask> holds the NFL record for the most receptions by a player set in 2018  through his first five seasons with 510 along with the most receptions by a player in a single season with 149. He led the league in receptions in both the 2018 and 2019 seasons, while also leading the league in yardage in the 2019 season. He was NFL Offensive Player of the Year in 2019. Early years
<mask> attended Taft High School in Woodland Hills, California. As a senior, he had 86 receptions for a state-leading 1,656 yards and 21 touchdowns for the Toreadors football team.<mask> was ranked by Rivals.com as a four-star recruit. He committed to Ohio State University to play college football. <mask> attended Fork Union Military Academy for a year after high school and was roommates with fellow Ohio State teammate Cardale Jones. College career

<mask> played in 11 games as a true freshman in 2012. He had three receptions for 22 yards in the 2012 season. As a sophomore in 2013, <mask> was redshirted. <mask> entered his redshirt sophomore season in 2014 as a backup, but eventually took over as a starting wide receiver.He ended the season leading the team in receptions with 54 for 799 yards and nine touchdowns. In the National Semifinals against Alabama in the Sugar Bowl, he had seven receptions for 66 yards and a touchdown in the victory. In the 2015 College Football Playoff National Championship victory over Oregon, he had four receptions for 53 yards. In the 2015 season, he had 56 receptions for 781 receiving yards and nine receiving touchdowns. On January 5, 2016, he announced his intention to enter the 2016 NFL Draft. College statistics

College awards and honors
 CFP national champion (2014)
 Fiesta Bowl champion (2015)
 Sugar Bowl champion (2014)
 Big Ten champion (2014)
 Third-team All-Big Ten (2015)
 Big Ten All-Honorable Mention (2014)

Professional career

<mask> was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the second round with the 47th overall pick in the 2016 NFL Draft. He was the sixth wide receiver to be selected that year.2016 season

On May 9, 2016, the Saints signed <mask> to a four-year, $5.11 million contract with $2.60 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $1.92 million. The Saints named <mask> one of their starting wide receivers, along with Brandin Cooks, for the season opener against the Oakland Raiders. He finished his first NFL start with six receptions for 58 yards. On September 26, 2016, he caught his first NFL touchdown on a three-yard pass from Drew Brees during the second quarter of a Monday Night Football matchup against the Atlanta Falcons. <mask> finished the 45–32 loss with seven catches for 71 yards and a touchdown. On October 23, 2016, he had his first game with over 100 receiving yards after he finished with a season-high ten receptions for 130 yards in a 21–27 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs. During a Week 9 road game against the San Francisco 49ers, <mask> caught two touchdowns and made five catches for 73 yards, as the Saints routed the 49ers by a score of 41–23.On November 27, <mask> caught nine passes for 108 yards and tied his season-high of two touchdown receptions in a 49–21 win over the Los Angeles Rams. In the regular season finale against the Falcons, he had 10 receptions for 156 yards and a touchdown in the 38–32 loss. During his rookie season, <mask> set franchise records for a rookie in receptions, receiving yards, and touchdowns. 2017 season

In his second season, <mask> came into the year as the Saints' number one receiver after Brandin Cooks was traded to the New England Patriots. He was named to his first Pro Bowl. He finished the season with 104 receptions for 1,245 yards and five touchdowns. His 104 receptions finished third in the NFL, and his 196 receptions in his first two seasons in the league were the most in NFL history, passing Jarvis Landry's 194 set in 2015.<mask> appeared in his first career playoff game on January 7, 2018, against division rival Carolina in the Wild Card Round. He recorded eight receptions for 131 yards in the 31–26 win. In the Divisional Round against the Minnesota Vikings, he had seven receptions for 85 yards and two touchdowns in the 29–24 loss. <mask> was ranked 81st by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018. 2018 season

In the season-opener against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, <mask> caught a franchise-record 16 passes for 180 yards and a touchdown, breaking the century-mark for the fourth time in his career and eclipsing 200-career receptions. The 16 receptions were the most by any player for the 2018 season for a single game. The next week, he scored twice more with 89 yards on 12 catches in a 21–18 win over the Cleveland Browns.With his 12 receptions, <mask> set an NFL record for the most catches in the first two games with 28, the record previously held by Andre Rison with 26 set in 1994. In Week 3, he added 10 receptions for 129 yards against the Atlanta Falcons. His 38 receptions through the first three games were the most in NFL history. In Week 9 against the Los Angeles Rams, <mask> had 12 catches for a franchise-record 211 yards, including a 72-yard touchdown. Upon scoring, <mask> paid tribute to former Saints wide receiver Joe Horn by recreating his famous cell phone touchdown celebration, which drew a 15-yard unsportsmanlike conduct penalty. Horn said he "teared up" at the gesture and bought <mask>' jersey. This Week 9 performance earned <mask> NFC Offensive Player of the Week.In Week 13 against the Dallas Cowboys, <mask> recorded his 90th catch of the season, joining Odell Beckham Jr. as the only players in NFL history to record at least 90 receptions in their first three seasons. <mask> finished the season with 125 receptions for 1,405 yards and nine touchdowns. He led the league in receptions and finished sixth in the league in receiving yards. He also set the Saints franchise record in receiving yards, passing Joe Horn's 1,399 yards set in 2004. He was named to his second straight Pro Bowl and was named first-team All-Pro. 2019 season

On July 31, 2019, <mask> signed a five-year, $100 million contract extension with $61 million guaranteed with the Saints. This made <mask> the highest paid wide receiver in the NFL at the time.During the season-opener against the Houston Texans on Monday Night Football, <mask> caught 10 passes for 123 yards in the narrow 30–28 victory. Two weeks later against the Seattle Seahawks, <mask> caught five passes for 54 yards and his first touchdown of the season in the 33–27 road victory. During Week 5 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, he caught 11 passes for 182 yards and two touchdowns as the Saints won 31–24. During Week 7 against the Chicago Bears, <mask> caught nine passes for 131 yards in the 36–25 road victory. In the next game against the Arizona Cardinals, he caught 11 passes for 112 yards and a touchdown in the 31–9 victory. During Week 10 against the Atlanta Falcons, <mask> finished with a season-high 13 catches for 152 yards as the Saints lost 26–9. During Week 11 against the Buccaneers, he caught eight passes for 114 yards and a touchdown in the 34–17 win.<mask> was named the NFC Offensive Player of the Month for his play in November. In Week 14 against the San Francisco 49ers, <mask> caught 11 passes for 134 yards and a touchdown in the 48–46 loss. During the game, <mask> set a new Saints' record for receiving yards in a single season. In the next game against the Indianapolis Colts on Monday Night Football, <mask> caught 12 passes for 128 yards and a touchdown during the 34–7 win. In Week 16 against the Tennessee Titans, he broke the single-season receptions record formerly held by Marvin Harrison with his 144th catch of the season, followed by a one-yard touchdown catch for his 145th, while the Saints won on the road by a score of 38–28. <mask> finished the season with an NFL record 149 catches for 1725 yards and 9 touchdowns. In the NFC Wild Card Round against the Minnesota Vikings, <mask> caught 7 passes for 70 yards during the 26–20 overtime loss.On February 1, 2020, <mask> was awarded AP Offensive Player of the Year for his performance during the 2019 season, becoming the first wide receiver to win the award since Jerry Rice in 1993. 2020 season
In Week 1 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, <mask> recorded three catches for 17 yards before exiting the game due to a high ankle sprain. <mask> was set to return to action in Week 5 against the Los Angeles Chargers on Monday Night Football, but on October 11, 2020, <mask> was declared inactive for the game by the Saints after he punched C. J. Gardner-Johnson in practice. <mask> was also fined $58,823 by the team for the incident. <mask> made his return from injury in Week 9 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on Sunday Night Football. During the game, <mask> led the team with five catches for 51 yards during the 38–3 win. In Week 11 against the Atlanta Falcons, <mask> recorded nine catches for 104 yards during the 24–9 win.This was <mask>' first 100-yard receiving game of the season. He was placed on injured reserve on December 19, 2020, due to the lingering ankle injury. He was activated on January 9, 2021. In the Wild Card round of the playoffs against the Chicago Bears, <mask> recorded five catches for 73 yards and his first touchdown reception of the season during the 21–9 win. 2021 season
On July 23, it was revealed that <mask> had undergone ankle surgery in the past month. He was placed on the PUP list three days later. On November 3, it was announced <mask> will not return during the 2021 season due to a setback with his ankle injury.<mask> is a Christian. References

External links

 Ohio State Buckeyes profile
 New Orleans Saints profile

1993 births
Living people
American football wide receivers
National Conference Pro Bowl players
New Orleans Saints players
Ohio State Buckeyes football players
Players of American football from Los Angeles
William Howard Taft Charter High School alumni
National Football League Offensive Player of the Year Award winners

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Michael William Thomas Jr
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<mask> (; 1880 – July 1976) was a Shanghai-based Chinese banker and State Councillor. He was the founder of the first modern Chinese savings bank, the Shanghai Commercial and Savings Bank, the Shanghai Commercial Bank, a travel agency, as well as the China Assurance Corporation Ltd. He was one of China's most successful entrepreneurs in the twentieth century, particularly influential in the financial and business world of Shanghai. He played a key role in negotiating financial aid from the United States in 1937-1940, working with Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau. <mask>, in his Banking in Modern China: Entrepreneurs, Professional Managers, and the Development of Chinese, says, "It is almost impossible to describe any significant innovation in the history of modern Chinese banks without mentioning K. P<mask>'s name." Early life
In 1880, K. P<mask> was born in Dantu, Jiangsu province into a family with little education. He caught the attention of compradores of a foreign firm who decided to sponsor his education in America.He graduated in 1909 with a BSc. degree from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. After graduation, as part of the sponsorship agreement, he worked as an intern in an American bank for a year. He then returned to China where he joined the Nanyang Quanyehui or the Nanjing South Seas Exhibition, a China-hosted international exposition that showcased to the world both China’s modernization and cultural heritage. Career

The Jiangsu Bank
K. P<mask> began his China banking career in 1913, when he joined a provincial government bank, the Kiangsu Provincial Bank, as its General Manager. There, he introduced something new nearly every day, believing innovation necessary for success. He broke with tradition and moved the bank's headquarters from Jiangsu to the banking capital of Shanghai, made loans on credit of goods rather than personal credit and invited Western accountants to regularly audit the bank's balance books.The bank established warehouses for its commodities lending operations, the first to do so in China. He did all this in just a year, after which he was forced to resign when he refused to disclose the names of the bank's customers to a local warlord. The Shanghai Commercial & Savings Bank (The Shanghai Bank)
In Shanghai in June 1915, K. P<mask>, together with some others including Chinese Red Cross President Zhuang Dezhi, founded the Shanghai Commercial and Savings Bank. <mask> was appointed the bank's first General Manager. <mask> had 80,000 Yuan in initial capital to found the bank. Their initial capital was so small the bank became known as "the Little Shanghai Bank". His guiding principle was “service to society, support for industry, and prosperity to enhance international trade” and he made sure that his staff must be very polite and patient with their clients, small depositors.In his address to his staff in Qingdao branch, he emphasized that they must appreciate their customers business—whether for one or 100 Chinese dollars—must do their best to give their customers convenience, and must be friendly to businessmen. He said “the customer’s psychology always favors a busy place,” because the sight of a busy firm will make people trust it and claimed that the aim of The Shanghai Bank was to serve society and not just make a profit. So, even though some services would not be profitable, they still had to be offered. <mask>fu xiansheng lüezhuan (The short biography of <mask>, Taipei: Shanghai shangye chuxu yinhang, 1977, p. 31). Innovation seems to have come naturally to K. P<mask>. It did not stop with the Kiangsu Bank. At the Shanghai Bank, contrary to what other banks were doing at the time, he concentrated on attracting deposits from the public instead of notes issuance.K. P<mask> was the first to introduce "one dollar" accounts, encouraging savings among individual members of the greater public and took the lead in introducing many different types of savings programs. The Shanghai Commercial and Savings Bank's motto, very reflective of <mask>'s values, was "service to society, support for industry, and development of international trade." In 1928 the Shanghai Bank handled over 6 million Yuan in foreign exchange and became the number one private bank handling foreign exchange in China. The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China became upset because of The Shanghai Bank's efforts to promote their foreign exchange business, and decided to refuse The Shanghai Bank's foreign exchange contracts. In retaliation K. P<mask> refused to accept contracts from the Chartered Bank and made this known to the Shanghai banking community through The Shanghai Bankers Association and The Shanghai Foreign Bankers Association, whom he rallied to his cause. Eventually the Chartered Bank came to cooperate with the Shanghai Bank through the mediation of a third party. In 1931 he created a special trust department in the bank initially to rent out safety deposit boxes but later on including insurance and real estate operations among other things.He traveled all over China. In the 1930s K. P<mask> would go into the Chinese countryside and attempt to make small farmers "banking-conscious", as observed by a Chartered Bank manager who accompanied <mask> on one of his stints. "Don't go to Sinkiang. It's a very hard trip—even dangerous. And when you come back, no one will believe what you find there." he once told a Time Inc.'s Nanking correspondent, Frederick Gruin. Travel Service Department of the Shanghai Commercial and Savings Bank
In 1923 K. P<mask> was treated badly when booking his passage at a British-run travel agency.On returning to Shanghai he decided to establish a travel service department within his bank to compete with the foreign travel agencies. Having made the necessary preparations he submitted a proposal to the Ministry of Communications under the Northern Warlords Government (1912–1927), asking for permission to establish a travel service department and to sell train tickets on a commission basis. Whilst the proposal was vociferously opposed by the many foreigners occupying important positions in many Chinese railways build with foreign loans at the National Railway Through Transport Conference, it was finally adopted thanks to the support of General Director of Communications Ye Gongche and others, and on August 1, 1923, the Travel Service Department of the Shanghai Commercial, the first of its kind run by Chinese compatriots, was born in the Banks Building on Ningpo road. It operated on a trial basis and opened only to those from "polite society" instead of to the wider populace, providing a comparatively limited business scope. Its official opening ceremony was held on June 1, 1927 and the Shanghai Commercial and Savings Bank travel department was formally registered as the China Travel Service. Unfortunately, the average daily turnover in the next few months was too low to cover costs. This embarrassing situation provoked a series of complaints from the board of directors and <mask> was obliged to make a thorough reshuffle.With a total investment of US$50,000, the travel agency was separated from its parent company and had to take on the whole responsibility for its profit and loss from then on. <mask>, once an official from the Shanghai Public Communications Bureau was assigned the post of general manager. In April 1928, it changed its name to China Travel Service (holdings) Co. Ltd. (abbreviated as CTS (holding)). The year 1931 was the heyday for the CTS, they won the right to deal in European train tickets for Chinese traveling overseas. In the same year CTS opened up more than 20 chain hostels around the country and its annual profits reached more than US$4 million. The CTS halted its travel service during the War of Resistance against Japan (1937–45) but was unable to recover after the communist revolution in 1949. Along with the management of the Shanghai Commercial and Savings Bank, the CTS evacuated to Taiwan, but was unable to resume operations.It declared bankruptcy in Taipei in July 1954 and retreated from the arena, but its epoch-making contribution to the Chinese Tourism Industry is still dwelt upon with great relish. The mainland assets of the CTS were seized by Communist authorities, and today its successor is one of the state-owned large-scale lead enterprises managed by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council. The core business of CTS (holdings) includes travel, industry invests (steel and iron), the related real estate development and distribution trade. The Three Musketeers
K. P. <mask> cultivated close relationships with Li Ming (founder and CEO of Chekiang Industrial Bank and Chairman of the Shanghai Bankers Association), and Chang Kia-ngau who like he was, represented a new generation of modern bankers. Half of his initial capital for the Shanghai Commercial and Savings Bank came from Li's sources. In 1916, both K. P<mask> and Li Ming stood up for Chang Kia-ngau and accused the government of wrongfully issuing the order when Chang's Bank of China's Shanghai office got into trouble for refusing to obey the governments order to suspend banknote remittance. After this incident, the Bank of China was able to assert its independence from the Yuan Shih-k'ai regime in Peking and started nearly two decades of tremendous growth as China's largest private bank.K. P<mask> initially became close to Chang Kia-ngau when he became a private financial consultant to the Bank of China at the time between leaving the Kiangsu Provincial Bank and the founding of the Shanghai Commercial and Savings Bank. Probably because of his tiny initial capital, K. P<mask> received a long term interbank deposit of 50,000 Yuan from Chang Kia-ngau's Bank of China as reserve capital encouraging close cooperation between the two banks. <mask> and Chang shared a vision of using private capital to develop and modernize the country. Liu Hongsheng, Insurance and The China Development Bank
In 1927 K. P<mask> teamed up with Liu Hongsheng (1888–1956) to establish an insurance company. Three years later Liu Hongsheng mortgaged his new eight-story group office building to K. P<mask> to raise the capital for launching The China Development Bank. China's Wartime Finance Advisor
K. P<mask> was head of China's Currency Stabilization Board. During World War II, the Shanghai Commercial and Savings Bank was devoted to consolidating the economy.In order to solve the financial problems, K. P<mask> represented the government of the Republic of China and negotiated with U.S.A. for loans. Some agreements were made:

1936: US-China Gold-Silver Agreement
1938: $25,000,000 Export-Import Bank loan
1939: Tung Oil Loan Agreement
1940: Tien Tin Loan Agreement

In 1938 when the Chinese Ambassador Wellington Koo called on U. S. Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau to seek financial aid, the U. S. Secretary told him it might be advisable for the Chinese Government to send K. P<mask> (whom Morgenthau had negotiated with in the past) to America to enquire after credit for the purchase of flour and grain goods. In 1939 Finance Minister H.H. Kung, through K. P. <mask>, endeavored to obtain assistance from the American Commercial Credit for the purchase of four airplanes, badly needed by the China National Aviation Corporation. K. P<mask> also participated in concluding a contract at Detroit to purchase 1,000 trucks from General Motors and Chrysler for the Chinese government. Reputation was important to him and he always made sure he kept his promises and by so doing, demonstrated integrity and ensured that China met its commitments. Time magazine on Monday, Apr.6, 1942 reported that "Shy, determined Chinese financier K.P<mask> stuck a feather in his cap last week. From Chungking he wired Manhattan's Universal Trading Corp. to pay the final installment on a $22,000,000 Export-Import Bank loan smack on the tung-oil barrel head—nearly two years before the last installment on the loan was due." This showed U.S. Treasury officials that China could do business even when Japan controlled its coast. When he sought to borrow money from Washington in 1938, democracy was not considered good security but tung oil, essential in high-grade paints and varnishes, was. To make this work he founded Universal Trading Corp. in Manhattan to manage tung-oil sales, budgeting one-half of the proceeds to repay the debt. He also organized Foo Shing Trading Corp. in China to gather and ship the oil.K. P<mask> made outstanding contributions in stabilizing the monetary system and raising funds for war of resistance. After the communist revolution in mainland China, K.P<mask> followed the

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 Kuomintang-led government to Taiwan, though his Shanghai Commercial and Savings Bank was unable to reestablish its headquarters until 1954. In 1964, the bank was allowed to resume operations. It was the only private bank from the mainland which was allowed to resume commercial operations after the retreat to Taiwan. In 1976, K.P<mask> was succeeded by Chu Ju-tang as chairman of the bank.Close Shave
In December 1941, K. P<mask> together with Finance Minister and Vice Premier H.H. Kung, his wife Soong Ai-ling and her sister, Madame Sun Yat-sen were caught in Hong Kong when war erupted in Asia. Amid a torrential downpour of bombs and artillery shells, K. P<mask>, Kung, and Madame Sun, were hustled into a plane, flown over the Japanese lines and set safely down, 200 miles inland. (From the Dec. 22, 1941 issue of TIME magazine). Public Office
On April 17, 1947 Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, President of the National Government of the Republic of China nominated K. P<mask> to membership of the then new state council. Champion of Human Capital Development
K. P<mask> believed in the power of people and saw his investment in their development as an investment in the future profits of the bank. He approved an annual budget of 12,000 tael in silver and invited a former manager of the Deutsch-Asiatische Bank to lecture his staff on the theory and practice of foreign exchange market.He set up an educational fund to send senior managers to America to continue their education and practice advanced banking skills there. The bank had a global business network through its overseas representative offices managed by its senior managers. Other positions
K. P<mask>, whose bank had been involved with the cotton industry since its early days, served as Chairman of the Cotton Control Commission or CCC. He was close to T. V. Soong, the Minister of Finance and Founder and Director of the National Economic Council, whose idea it was to make private entrepreneurs and capital a vital part of the CCC's nation-building efforts, and had long been involved in state-private projects sponsored by Soong. K. P<mask> was the dynamic chairman of the Universal Trading Corporation (UTC), a wholly owned subsidiary of China's Nationalist Government, formed for the purpose of promoting Sino-American foreign trade. <mask>, a successful, self-made capitalist entrepreneur, believed that UTC could be the perfect vehicle for his stewardship of China’s postwar economic reconstruction. He also placed a premium on Sino-American cooperation and communication.K. P<mask> was Chairman of the China Committee of International Chamber of Commerce. He was also Chairman of China's Foreign Trade Commission. K. P<mask> was a signatory to the 1938 appeal for U. S. support by 10 Chinese Associations in Shanghai following the occupation of Manchuria by Japan. (United States Department of State / Foreign relations of the United States diplomatic papers, 1932. The Far East Volume III (1932) -- The Far Eastern crisis: occupation of Manchuria by Japan and statement of policy by the United States, pp. 1–754)
K. P<mask> was a major financier of industrial projects. Often working together with others, he set up various textile, metals and trading companies.He was a member of the board of Fan Xudong's Yongli Group of Companies. Evaluation
<mask> is considered one of China's most important bankers in the 20th century. Linsun <mask>, in his Banking in Modern China: Entrepreneurs, Professional Managers, and the Development of Chinese, says, "It is almost impossible to describe any significant innovation in the history of modern Chinese banks without mentioning K. P<mask>'s name." On Monday, Mar. 18, 1940, Time magazine described him thus:

"Middle-aged Banker <mask> (University of Pennsylvania '09) looks so much like a Westerner's idea of a Chinese banker that wily and subtle-minded Americans have difficulty in believing he is as simple and direct as he is... bespectacled, careful, shy of the press, close-mouthed (in the Calvin Coolidge rather than Sumner Welles sense), he has no hobbies, makes no picturesque Oriental remarks, works 24 hours a day at the unglamorous business of cementing U.S.-Chinese trade relations, and considers Chinese repayment of U. S. loans his personal responsibility. His pride: that China has repaid $2,300,000 of her previous $25,000,000 loan, is now, because of U. S. needs for tung oil and tin, ahead of schedule." The most important elements in his success were his American education and connections; his sense of professionalism (demonstrated by his opposition to official interference); his ability to compete and collaborate with foreign firms; his desire to innovate and explore various business strategies; his skill at obtaining community and professional support; and the unity of Chinese bankers.See also
Chinese financial system

Notes

References
 Tianshi, Yang. "Hu Shi and <mask>." Chinese Studies in History 39.3 (2006): 51-79. Lee, <mask>-tak. The Making of Modern Chinese Financial Entrepreneurship: The Case of <mask> (University of Hong Kong)
 Ho Kwong Shing Lawrence. "China's Quest for American Monetary Aid: The Role of <mask>, 1935-1944". Ph.D. Thesis.The University of Hong Kong. 2010. Lee, P. T. Emergence of Modern Chinese Financial Corporations: Case Study of Shanghai Commercial And Savings Bank, China Assurance Corporation Ltd, and China Travel Agency Centre of Asian Studies Department, July 1998 - June 2000)
Andrea McElderry. "Confucian Capitalism? : Corporate Values in Republican Banking" (Univ. of Louisville) Modern China, Vol. 12, No.3 (Jul., 1986), pp. 401–416 (c) 1986 Sage Publication Inc.
Whither Japan - Page 122 by Shuxi Xu - 1941 | Today's announcement follows three months' negotiations with US financial mission headed by Dr. KP <mask>. It was further announced that the credits would be ...
Morgenthau Diary (China): Prepared by the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the ... - Page 551 | by United States. Congress. Senate. Judiciary - 1965 | On his return from Chungking to Hong Kong, Mr. Cochran had a talk with KP <mask> in which the latter indicated his desire to withdraw from the Board. ...
Morgenthau Diary (China): Prepared by the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the ... - Page 885 | by United States.Congress. Senate. Judiciary - 1965 | Mr. KP CHEN On April 17, 1942 Mr. KP <mask>, chairman of the Currency Stabilization Board, appeared much older and more fatigued than the year before when he ...
Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments: Hearing Before the Subcommittee to Investigate ... - Page 2337 | by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary - 1954 | I told him that I learned from Mr. KP <mask> that wood oil, tung oil, the annual production is about 44000 tons a year and in about five years, ... The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism - Page 21 | by Harvey Klehr - History - 1996 - 280 pages | In 1940 Solomon Adler and Frank Coe, another Treasury Department employee who was a member of the CPUSA, introduced Chi to KP <mask>, the Nationalist ...The Amerasia Papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China ... Prepared by the Subcommittee to ... - Pages 1216, 1373, 1374 | by United States. Congress. Senate. Judiciary Committee - 1970 | It has been learned that Keswick proposed the formation of a Chinese company in the United States by KP Chen and Bang HOT and others ...
A History of Modern Shanghai Banking: The Rise and Decline of China's Financial Capitalism - Page 293 | by Zhaojin Ji - Business & Economics - 2003 - 325 pages | ... fl Chase Bank <mask>i <mask> (KP Chen) Chen Guofu Chen Yun ...
Institute of Pacific Relations: Hearings, Eighty-second Congress, First[-second] Session ... | by United States. Congress. Senate.Committee on the Judiciary - 1953 | ... I told him that so far as I was informed, ! in this country, having arrived with KP <mask>, but that to get 1 public perhaps is difficult. ...
Shanghai: Revolution and Development in an Asian Metropolis - Page 9 | edited by Christopher Howe - Science - 1981 - 461 pages | ... the Chien brothers (Chien Chao-nan and Chien Yu-chieh) and the bankers, KP <mask> (Ch'en Kuang-fu) and Chang Kia-ngau (Chang Chia-ao). ...
Guide to Nanking and the Nanyang Exposition - Page 9 | 1910 - 55 pages | KP <mask>wei-teh, 13. 83-1: Executive Sessions of The Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of The Committee ... - Page 3433 | by United States. Congress.Senate. Committee on Governmental Affairs - 2003 | There were also Chinese members of the boards, Mr. KP <mask> was one, and he was the head of the Shanghai Commercial Bank, and Mr. Tsu ... The Life and Political Economy of Lauchlin Currie: New Dealer, Presidential Advisor and ... - Page 392 | by Roger J. Sandilands - 1990 | ... the finance minister whom he urged the Generalissimo to replace by someone more honest and efficient. He recommended KP <mask> as an alternative. ... The Cambridge History of China - Page 775 | edited by John K. Fairbank, Denis Twitchett - History - 1983 - 1120 pages | ... the interests of the Chinese residents on the Shanghai Municipal Council), he was in touch with the bankers Sung Han-chang and KP <mask> as well as the ...
Repeal of Silver Purchase Acts: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Banking and ... - Page 38 | by United States. Congress.Senate. Committee on Banking and Currency - 1955 - 368 pages | ... The Chinese representatives were: KP <mask>, YC Koo, and P. W. Kuo. Apparently the
Shanghai Money Market - Page 26 | by Shinwei Peng - 1946 - 56 pages | Mr. KP <mask>, founder and chairman of the Shanghai Commercial and Savings Bank a year or so ago assured the author that the aim of that bank was to help ... Chung-Kuo wen hua yen chiu so, Tai pei Chung-Kuo wen hua yen chiu so, Inc United Publishing Center, Chinese Institute of Translation and Research
Going to War with Japan, 1937-1941 - Page 194 by Jonathan G Utley - History - 2005 - 256 pages Harry Dexter White memo, March 16, July 12, 1938, folder 189, box 62, RG 56; Morgenthau diary, box 127, 109; HH Kung letter to KP <mask>, Aug.
Banking in Modern China: Entrepreneurs, Professional Managers, and the Development of Chinese ... - Page 257 by Linsun Cheng
Chinese Economic Journal and Bulletin by China. Shi ye bu. Guo ji mao yi ju, China.Jing ji tao lun chu. Published by Bureau of Foreign Trade, Ministry of Industry [etc.] Chinese Economic Bulletin - Page 104 | by China. Jing ji tao lun chu, China. Industrial and Commercial Information Bureau, China. Shi ye bu. Guo ji mao yi ju | ... who are as follows:— Li Ming, General Manager of the Chekiang Industrial Bank; KP <mask>, General Manager of the Shanghai Commercial and Savings Bank;
Chinese Economic Journal and Bulletin - Page 187 | by China.Shi ye bu. Guo ji mao yi ju, China. Jing ji tao lun chu | KP <mask> and John H<mask>, Managing Directors of the Bank. The Chairmanship of the Board of Directors was entrusted to Dr. HH Kung. The Board of Supervisors ...
Chinese Economic Bulletin - Page 240 | by China. Jing ji tao lun chu, China. Industrial and Commercial Information Bureau, China.Shi ye bu. Guo ji mao yi ju
Chinese Economic Bulletin - Page 263 | by China. Jing ji tao lun chu, China. Industrial and Commercial Information Bureau, China. Shi ye bu. Guo ji mao yi ju
Chinese Economic Bulletin - Page 253 | by China. Jing ji tao lun chu, China.Industrial and Commercial Information Bureau, China. Shi ye bu. Guo ji mao yi ju
Chinese Economic Bulletin - Page 382 | by China. Jing ji tao lun chu, China. Industrial and Commercial Information Bureau, China. Shi ye bu. Guo ji mao yi ju
 Lee P.T.Banker and banking business in modern China: conference and publication of the diaries of K.P<mask>—To study banker and banking business in modern China: conference and publication of the diaries of K.P<mask> (Hang Seng Bank Golden Jubilee Education Fund for Research, July 2001)
 "Tung Oil Wanted" Apr. 6, 1942, TIME magazine
Time Inc.'s Nanking correspondent, Frederick Gruin, Monday, Oct. 20, 1947
"Everyday Life" Mar. 18, 1940, Time magazine
"Emergency As Usual," Dec. 22, 1941, Time magazine
<mask> Pioneered China's Modern Tourism; Part 2 Yao Huiyuan, Cao Lingjiao, Jeffery Seow

External links
Finding aid to the K.P<mask> papers at Columbia University Rare Book & Manuscript Library
Personal papers of <mask> / K. P<mask> deposited in the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University. 1880 births
1976 deaths
Businesspeople from Jiangsu
Chinese bankers
Taiwanese bankers
People from Zhenjiang
Taiwanese people from Jiangsu
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni
Members of the 1st Legislative Yuan
Members of the 1st Legislative Yuan in

masks:
. Chen
. Chen
. Chen
. Chen
. Chen
. Chen
. Chen
Chen
. Chen
. Chen
. Chen
Chen
Cheng
. Chen
Chen
Chen Guangfu
Pui
Chen Guangfu
Chen Guangfu
Chen
Chen
Chen
Chen
Chen
Chen Bule
Chen Guangfu
Chen
Chen
Chen H
Chen
Chen
Chen
Chen
Chen
Chen
Chen
Chen
. Chen
. Chen
. Chen
Chen Guangfu
. Chen
Chen Guangfu
. Chen


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R. C. O<mask> (March 31, 1855 – October 2, 1900) was a journalist, lawyer, and minister in the United States. He was an editor or contributor to numerous newspapers throughout the country, and may have been the first black editor of a white paper when he became editor of the Daily Sun In Los Angeles. He was also possibly the first black man admitted to the California bar, and may have been admitted to the bar in twelve states. In 1900 he was working as a prominent lawyer in Lexington Kentucky when he was beaten for helping register black voters by a white man who opposed his efforts. Later that day he was killed by the same man. Early life and education
<mask>'<mask> was born in St. Kitts on March 31, 1855. He attended compulsory schools until the age of eleven when he was sent to England for private tutoring, and then enrolled in Trinity College, Oxford University where he studied for three years.He left Oxford without receiving a degree and made a two year tour of the East Indies including Sumatra and Java. After returning to England, he sailed to New York City, arriving April 13, 1869. Ten days later he took a six month cruise to South America and the Caribbean as a cabin boy on the Lepanto captained by <mask>. Staples. The tour stopped in Venezuela, Curaçao, Demerara, and the West Indies. In the fall of 1869 he returned and settled in New York City. Early career
In New York he became associated with Henry Highland Garnet, <mask>, Isaac Hayes, and Joe Howard, Jr. He took work as a soliciting agent for the paper, the New York Star, where Howard was an editor.In this position, he befriended J. J. Freeman, editor of the Progressive American, and <mask> was made city editor of that paper. Around this time he was naturalized as a US citizen. In 1876, he campaigned for Republican presidential candidate <mask>. Hayes, who would win. As a result of his political efforts, <mask> was appointed letter carrier in the New York Post office. After nine months, he resigned and moved to Kentucky where he worked as a school teacher in various places and began studying law. Among his tutors were ex-Congressman <mask> and Kentucky politician Dave Smith. He then moved to Decatur, Alabama where he became principal of a public school, and then to Brinkley, Arkansas and finally Memphis, Tennessee.In Memphis, he continued to study law, now under Josiah Patterson. With Patterson's help, he was admitted to the bar in January 1880. He was also admitted to the bar in Charlottesville, Virginia in the 1880s. Journalist, writer, and orator
He returned to journalism, and owned and edited a number of papers throughout the country, including the Colored Citizen in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the Chronicle in Evansville, Indiana, and the Negro American in Birmingham, Alabama, where he settled for some time. In Birmingham 1887, together with A. L. Scott, <mask>, George Turner, J. H. Thompson, Sandy Goodloe, D. A. Williams, A. T. Walker, William R. Pettiford, and J. T. Jones he incorporated the Robert Brown Elliot School of Technology in Birmingham, the first school of its kind for blacks in the U.S. He also was a pamphlet writer, writing pamphlets on African-American history and issues. Further, he was a noted orator and often spoke out against lynchings and violence against blacks.For his outspokenness, <mask> was forced to leave Brinkley, Arkansas in 1879 and Birmingham in 1887. He was also noted as a poet, and his work was published in an anthology of nineteenth century African American poetry in 1992. California
In 1887, <mask> moved to California where he was an editor for the Los Angeles Observer and the San Francisco Sentinel. He was for some time the local editor of the Daily Sun In Los Angeles. The Sun was a white paper, and <mask> may have been the first black man to edit a white journal. In California, he became the first black man admitted to the bar in 1887. He practiced in San Francisco and may have been the first black lawyer to visit Oregon.<mask> is claimed to have been admitted to the bar in 12 states, including Virginia, Tennessee, California, Rhode Island, and Alabama. Later career and death

In December 1892, <mask> married Lula M<mask>. They had a son and a daughter. In 1895, while practicing law in Rhode Island, <mask>, who was ordained in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, was nominated to the position of chaplain of the United States House of Representatives. In 1897, <mask>, his wife, Lula, and their two children he returned to Lexington, Kentucky where he edited the Lexington Standard. In 1900, he was an attorney for <mask> and <mask> "Tallow Dick" <mask> in the assassination of governor-elect William Goebel. Murder
On October 2, 1900 he was murdered while helping to register blacks to vote in Lexington.That day he chastised a white man, Michael Moynahan, for harassing a group of black men registering to vote. Moynahan beat <mask> with a revolver, and was then arrested for assault. When Moynahan was released from jail that evening, he went to <mask>'s house and awaited his return. When <mask> returned and saw Moynahan, he turned to run. Moynahan then shot <mask> in the back six times. At his trial, Moynahan pleaded not-guilty for reasons of self defense and the case was dismissed. His life in Lexington is the subject of historic fiction told in first person narratives in the novel A Wounded Snake by Joseph G. Anthony.<mask> was buried in Lexington's African Cemetery No. 2. In 1910, a monument was dedicated at his grave site. Publications
<mask>, R. C. O. Poetic gems, Peck & Allan, (Charlottesville, Va.) 1883. <mask>, R. C. O. Life of Toussaint L'Ouverture: Warrior and Statesman, with an Historical Survey of the Island of San Domingo from the Discovery of the Island by <mask>, in 1492, to the Death of Toussaint, in 1803. Vol.1. Evening Express Print Company, 1888. <mask>, R. C. O. Don't : a book for girls. Valleau & Peterson, Book and Job Printers, (San Francisco), 1891. <mask>, R. C. O. The negro problem : and the method of its solution, an address delivered at the A.M.E. Zion Church, Portland, Oregon, June 3d, 1891.George E. Watkins Souvenir and Directory Publishing Co., (San Francisco) 1891. <mask>, R. C. O. Southern outrages; a statistical record of lawless doings. (Los Angeles, Cal. ), 1894
<mask>, R. C. O. <mask>'s pocket history of the American Negro : a story of thirty-one years, from 1863 to 1894. Marion Trint, (Providence, RI) 1894. <mask>, R. C. O.Light after darkness : being an up-to-date history of the American Negro. Daniel Murray Pamphlet Collection (Library of Congress), Marshall & Beveridge, Printers, (Xenia, Ohio), 1896. See also
List of first minority male lawyers and judges in California

References

Sources
Smith Jr, J<mask>. Emancipation: The Making of the Black Lawyer, 1844-1944. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. 1855 births
1900 deaths
Activists for African-American civil rights
African Methodist Episcopal Church clergy
African-American educators
African-American journalists
African-American lawyers
American educators
Journalists from California
Lawyers from Birmingham, Alabama
Lawyers from Richmond, Virginia
People from Memphis, Tennessee
Writers from Lexington, Kentucky
Writers from Los Angeles
19th-century American clergy

masks:
. Benjamin
Robert Charles O
Hara Benjamin
Cyrus E
Cornelius Vancott
Benjamin
Rutherford B
Benjamin
Reed
Samuel Roebuck
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
. Robinson
Benjamin
Benjamin
Caleb Powers
Richard
Combes
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Christopher Columbus
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
Benjamin
. Clay


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<mask> (born May 24, 1947) is an American country music artist, composer, and former American football player. Born and raised in Altoona, Pennsylvania, United States, <mask> attended college at and graduated from the Pennsylvania State University, where he played defensive lineman for the Penn State Nittany Lions football team. He then spent five seasons with the Cincinnati Bengals in the National Football League, earning trips to the Pro Bowl after the 1972 and 1973 seasons, before retiring after the 1974 season. He subsequently focused on his musical career, co-writing several hit singles for country music artists, including Ronnie Milsap's "Stranger in My House", which won a Grammy Award for Best Country Song in 1984. <mask> later began a solo recording career, releasing two studio albums for Columbia Records. He charted seven singles on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart as a singer, including the number one hit "Walk on Faith". Football career
At college, <mask> was a captain on both the Nittany Lions undefeated 1968 and 1969 teams that went 22-0.In his senior year (1969), the tackle spearheaded Penn State on defense with 89 tackles and was a unanimous All-America choice and All-East selection. He won the Outland Trophy as the best College football interior lineman in 1969, and also was awarded the 1969 Maxwell Award and finished fifth in the Heisman Trophy balloting. <mask> also wrestled at Penn State and in 1967 he won the Eastern heavyweight wrestling title. In addition to athletics, <mask> played Chicago gangster Big Julie in Penn State's production of the musical Guys and Dolls. <mask> was the first-round selection (#7 pick overall) of the Cincinnati Bengals in the 1970 NFL Draft. In the team's third season, it won the AFC Central Division and made the playoffs. In 1971, <mask> established himself as one of the NFL's best pass rushers by recording 12 sacks, a figure he repeated in 1972.In 1971 <mask> was a consensus All-AFC selection and the following year he was consensus All-Pro as well as being voted consensus All-AFC again. In 1973, he topped those marks by recording 13 sacks. He was named All-Pro by the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) and was second-team All-Pro according to the Associated Press and Pro Football Writers Association. For the third consecutive season <mask> was consensus All-AFC. In 1974, due primarily to injuries, he recorded only seven sacks, bringing his career total to 49. In his final season, <mask> was again an All-AFC selection by Pro Football Weekly. Although sacks were an unofficial statistic, the Bengals kept track of them and <mask> retired as the leading sacker in the team's short history.He made two trips to the Pro Bowl (1972 and 1973) before his retirement following the 1974 season due to knee and hand injuries and his desire to focus on a music career. In 1996, he received the NFL Alumni Career Achievement Award for his success in his post-NFL career. He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1987 and received the Walter Camp "Alumnus of the Year" award in 1987. In 1995, he received the NCAA Silver Anniversary Award. <mask> was named as part of the Bengals' 40th Anniversary All-Time team in 2007. In 2017, <mask> was named as part of the Bengals' 50th Anniversary All-Time Team. Music career
After receiving his BA in music from Pennsylvania State University in 1969, <mask> would perform as a pianist for the Utah Symphony Orchestra, Dallas Symphony Orchestra, and Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra.When he abandoned his football career, he formed a band and began playing at a Holiday Inn location across the Ohio River from Cincinnati, then abandoned the idea of performing in bands and began playing solo at the Blind Lemon, and in the process, beginning to write his own songs. Living in Mount Lookout, he drove Eastern Avenue daily, and slowly "Eastern Avenue River Railway Blues" grew out of that. After a gig in Atlanta, <mask> and some other musicians attended Southeastern Music Hall about 3:30 a.m. A cassette tape of that session somehow found its way to Jerry Jeff Walker, who, in 1978, became the first artist to record a <mask> song, that being "Eastern Avenue River Railway Blues". In 1980, <mask> moved to Nashville, and quickly became known as an in-demand songwriter for Ronnie Milsap. Larry Gatlin also helped <mask> spearhead his songwriting career. In 1984, <mask> won a Grammy Award for Best Country Song with "Stranger in My House", which was recorded by Ronnie Milsap. <mask> would also contribute compositions to artists such as Marie Osmond, Tanya Tucker, Collin Raye, Alabama, and Conway Twitty.In the 1980s and 1990s, <mask> wrote 12 No. 1 singles including "Forever's as Far as I'll Go", which was recorded in 1990 by Alabama; their 29th number one country hit. He was also featured as a guest vocalist on Milsap's "Old Folks", a No. 2 hit from early 1988. He also co-wrote, with Allen Shamblin, Bonnie Raitt's standard "I Can't Make You Love Me". In 1990, <mask> signed to Columbia Records as a recording artist. His debut album Turning for Home produced a No.1 country hit in its lead-off single "Walk on Faith", although the album's other singles were not as successful. His second album, 1992's Twilight Town, produced two singles which both missed the Top 40. A third album, New Direction Home, was released two decades later in 2012 by the small Off Row Records label and is available on iTunes and Spotify as well as in an mp3 download from <mask>'s website. By 1991, <mask> composed the music for the Civil War musical A House Divided. Over the following two decades, he wrote more musicals, including Quilts, Different Fields, Eye of the Blackbird, Tales of Appalachia, In This House, and The Ballad of Little Jo, a 1997 winner of the Academy of Arts and Letters' 'Richard Rodgers Award for Musical Theater'. In 2019, he again returned to the musical theater stage with The Last Day, a commissioned production co-written with NYU Tisch School of Performing Arts Assistant Dean, <mask>, for <mask>'s alma mater, Penn State. <mask> was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2005.Discography

Studio albums

Singles

Songwriting
For the most notable recordings of songs written by <mask> see :Category:Songs written by <mask> (singer)

Music videos

References

External links

1947 births
Living people
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
All-American college football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American country singer-songwriters
American football defensive tackles
American male composers
American musical theatre composers
Cincinnati Bengals players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Columbia Records artists
Country musicians from Pennsylvania
Grammy Award winners
Male musical theatre composers
Maxwell Award winners
Penn State Nittany Lions football players
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Singer-songwriters from Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Altoona, Pennsylvania
American male singer-songwriters

masks:
Michael Barry Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Reid
Sarah Schlesinger
Reid
Reid
Mike Reid
Mike Reid


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<mask> (born 8 March 1932 - died 4 december 2020) is a French composer. Life
<mask> was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine of a polytechnician father, a good violinist and violist and a mother playing the piano, daughter of Marcel Chadeigne who was, before and after the First World War, choir conductor at the Paris Opera and pianist - accompanist - decipherer - reducer of orchestral scores. He had formed with Maurice Ravel, Maurice Delage, Déodat de Séverac, Florent Schmitt, Paul Ladmirault, Émile Vuillermoz, Désiré Inghelbrecht, Ricardo Viñes and Tristan Klingsor, a group they had named Les Apaches, and whose rallying call was whistling the first theme of Borodin's Second Symphony. Arriving in Paris in 1938, he began studying piano and music theory with , wrote his Opus 1, a string quartet (for the family!) and then returned to the Conservatoire de Paris (direction of Claude Delvincourt) in specialized solfege class, at Lucette Descaves, where he met Michel Legrand, Roger Boutry, Jean-Michel Defaye and <mask>. He then followed Jules Gentil's piano class (1st medal) - studied harmony with Jacques de La Presle (1st prize) - counterpoint and fugue with Noël Gallon (1st medal and 1st prize) - finally musical composition with Tony Aubin (1st Prix de Rome in 1953 with Ouverture à la française for 2 pianos). He won the 2nd Prix de Rome in 1955 with the cantata Le Rire de Gargantua then 1st Grand Prix de Rome in 1957 with the cantata La fée Urgèle.<mask> stayed 40 months at the Villa Médicis, a stay during which he wrote a quartet for saxophones, Les chants de la jungle - six melodies for baritone and string orchestra on poems from Rudyard Kipling, a Symphony, an Ouverture pour orchestre de chambre (1960), a Messe brève for mixed choir and organ (1958), a Nocturne pour orchestre à cordes, Sept mélodies pour flûte et mezzo soprano on poems by Omar Khayyam. Back in France, he wrote scores for television shows Présence du passé, for short films and also feature films and was appointed, in 1963, professor of solfege for instrumentalists at the Conservatoire de Paris, and a little later, in 1971, harmony teacher in the same establishment. He provided this teaching there until the end of 1999. He is currently retired in northern Brittany and continues to compose and put in order his existing production. Compositions

1950s
 1951: Sonate pour violon et piano
 1953: Ouverture à la française for 2 pianos
 1955: Concerto lyrique for clarinet and orchestra (Ed. Alphonse Leduc)
 1957: Récitatif et air for clarinet and piano (Ed. Leduc)
 1958: Capriccio rustique for oboe and piano (Ed.Leduc)
 1959: Suite en trois mouvements: Ouverture, Sarabande & Gigue pour grand orchestre
 1959: Chants de la Jungle, after Kipling for baritone and string orchestra (Ed. Combre)

1960s
 1963: Pavane et saltarelle for trumpet and piano (Ed. Ricordi)
 1964: Humoresque for tuba (or Bb saxhorn or cello) and piano (Ed. Max Eschig)
 1965: Diptyque for oboe and piano (Ed. Leduc)
 1965: Cadence pour le concerto de piano K491 de Mozart (Ed. Musimage)
 1966: D’une extrême gravité, 2 pieces for double bass and piano (Ed. Leduc)
 1967:Trois pièces pour les percussions (Ed.Rideau Rouge)
 1968: Contrastes for viola and piano (Ed. Rideau Rouge)
 1969: Réversibilité for violin and piano (concours J. Thibaud 1969 - Édition Rideau Rouge)

1970s
 1970: Phantasmes for clarinet and piano (Ed. Rideau Rouge)
 1972: Obliques for cello and piano (Ed. Rideau Rouge)
 1973: Incantation et danse for flute and piano (Ed. Rideau Rouge)
 1973: Magyar for violin and piano (concours Jacques Thibaud 1973 - Ed. Rideau Rouge)
 1974: Sonate pour les deux saxophones, soprano and bariton (Ed. Combre)
 1975: Scherzo pour cor et piano (Ed.Max Eschig)
 1975: Le jardin de Gabriel Six evocations for violin and piano
 1976: Hommage au capitaine Fracasse for percussion and piano (Ed. Rideau Rouge)
 1977: Final pour saxophone alto et piano (Ed. Choudens)
 1978: Hallucinations for bassoon and piano (Ed. Peermusic - E.M.I. 1978)
 1979: Crescendo, progressive pieces for young pianists (Ed. Kercoz)
 1979: Étude-expression for quintet with clarinet

1980s
 1980: Exponentielles for tenor trombone and piano (Ed. E.M.I.)1981: Variations pour hautbois et piano (Ed. Billaudot)
 1984: Rhapsodie pour saxophone alto et piano (Ed. Choudens)
 1986: Dies irae Deus misericordiæ for Large Organ (Ed.Kercoz)

1990–2000
 1990: Le Miroir d’Euterpe 49 preludes for string quartet (Ed.Kercoz)
 1997: Catalyses, Rhapsody for piano (Ed. Kercoz) musical journey for an exhibition of the painter <mask>
 2000: Cinq pièces pour quatuor de violoncelles, in honour of Howard Buten (Ed.Kercoz)
 2004: Variazioni Napoli for baroque harpsichord (Ed.Kercoz)
 2005: Quatre mouvements pour trois archets et douze cordes for string trio (Ed. Kercoz)
 2005: Partita pour violoncelle solo (Ed. 1st Grand Prix de Rome for composition 1957. References

External links
 Personal website
 <mask>, Hallucinations for bassoon and piano (YouTube)

1932 births
Living people
People from Neuilly-sur-Seine
20th-century French composers
21st-century French composers
French film score composers
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Conservatoire de Paris faculty
Prix de Rome for composition
French male film score composers
20th-century French male musicians
21st-century French male musicians

masks:
Alain Bernaud
Bernaud
Alain Weber
Bernaud
François Bernaud
Alain Bernaud


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<mask><mask> (23 March 1514 – 26 February 1548), also known as Lorenzaccio, was an Italian politician, writer, and dramatist, and a member of the Medici family. He became famous for  assassinating his cousin, Alessandro de<mask>, Duke of Florence in 1537. He was in turn murdered in 1548 in retaliation for his deed. Biography

Childhood and youth
Son of Pierfrancesco and Maria Soderini, <mask> lost his father when he was only eleven (1525). He was then raised by his mother at the Villa del Trebbio along with his younger brother Giuliano and his two sisters Laudomia and Maddalena. In 1526 his mother decided to move to Venice with Giuliano and the future Cosimo I de<mask> to escape the arrival of the Landsknechts. Their departure was timely because, only one year later, the Sack of Rome enormously weakened Pope Clement VII (formerly known as Giulio di Giuliano de<mask>) and as a consequence, the Medici were expelled from Florence.In 1530 Lorenzino moved to Rome, where in 1534 he mutilated the heads of some of the ancient statues of the Arch of Constantine. Only the intercession of his cousin Cardinal Ippolito saved Lorenzino from the anger of the Pope, who had promised to condemn the vandal to death. Nevertheless, after this virtually inexplicable action, <mask> was disgracefully expelled from Rome. Relationship with Alessandro de<mask>
After leaving Rome, Lorenzino returned to Florence, where he soon established a close relationship with his cousin Alessandro, who had become lord of Florence in 1530 and duke in 1532. The two were partners in riotous escapades, but the authenticity of their friendship is doubtful and their relationship had more than one dark side. In 1536, the duke sided against Lorenzino in a legal controversy on the inheritance of Pierfrancesco the Elder, Lorenzino's great-grandfather, which caused substantial financial damage to Lorenzino. In the same year, Alessandro married Margaret of Parma, the natural daughter of the Emperor Charles V.

Assassination of Alessandro

On the evening of 6 January 1537, Lorenzino lured Alessandro to his apartments with the promise of a night of passion, and left him alone pretending that he was going to fetch a woman who had already agreed to meet him.According to most historians, the woman was Caterina Soderini, wife of Leonardo Ginori, but others think it was Laudomia, Lorenzino's sister. In the meantime, Alessandro fell asleep and, having previously sent away his men, he was completely defenceless when Lorenzino came back with his servant Piero di Giovannabate, also known as Scoronconcolo. The two men assaulted the duke with swords and daggers, and Alessandro was killed even though he reacted ferociously and fought with all his might. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the reasons for the murder, from the personal resentment caused by jealousy or patrimonial reasons, to Lorenzino's desire to make a sensational gesture to immortalize his glory. <mask> himself, however, stated in his famous Apology - written only a few days after his crime - that he acted for political reasons; he killed the duke to free Florence from the man that many considered to be a tyrant. The Florentine republican exiles generally had the same explanation; they considered Lorenzino a hero, since in so doing he could have made the reintroduction of the Republic possible. Dominant figures in the republican exiles, such as Benedetto Varchi, even compared Lorenzino's cause and actions to Brutus, the killer of Julius Caesar who held the same republicanism ideal.Exile
After the murder, Lorenzino took the horses he had previously prepared and left Florence along with Piero and another servant. He first arrived in Bologna, where the jurist Silvestro Aldobrandini, another republican exile, did not believe him. Then Lorenzino continued his journey until he reached Venice, where he was welcomed with open arms by the very rich banker Filippo Strozzi, the leader of the exiles, who promised him that he would marry his sons Piero and Roberto to Lorenzino's sisters Laudomia and Maddalena de' <mask>. Among the many other exiles that exulted over the duke's death were the famous men of letters Iacopo Nardi and Benedetto Varchi: the latter said that Lorenzino was greater than Brutus. Also the poet Luigi Alamanni praised Lorenzino from France, whereas the sculptor Jacopo Sansovino promised to dedicate a statue to him. With Alessandro's death, the main branch of the Medici family was extinguished. The lack of a suitable lineal descendant created the conditions for the rise to power of the seventeen-year-old Cosimo, a member of the cadet branch of the family who was chosen as the new duke with the approval of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.

After a few days in Venice, Lorenzino decided to go to Mirandola, where he was hosted by Count Galeotto Pico and remained for around two weeks.He then returned to Venice and from there, on 16 February 1537, he left to go to Constantinople, with the Ottoman ambassador in Venice and Giorgio Gritti, son of Doge Andrea. The choice to leave Italy was due partly to the risk of being killed and partly to a diplomatic mission to the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent on behalf of the King of France. A few months later, the battle of Montemurlo, won by Cosimo's army, ended the hopes of Filippo Strozzi and the other exiles. <mask>'s patron Filippo was taken prisoner. He died in 1538 (suicide, according to the official version) after being tortured in the attempt to establish an unlikely connection between him and the Duke's assassination. In September 1537 Lorenzino went to France, to the court of Francis I of France, where he could count on the political support of the king and on the hospitality of many Florentines, especially his maternal uncle, the bishop of Saintes Giuliano Soderini, and the royal treasurer Giuliano Bonaccorsi. Contrary to what was previously believed, in this period Lorenzino went often to Italy and carried out important political-diplomatic missions on behalf of Francis I.Most importantly, he was in Italy from February to July 1542 to act as a go-between for the king and the Florentine exiles in Venice, with the aim of organizing a military venture against Cosimo. Death

In 1544 <mask> returned for good to Venice, where he was in close contact with the other Florentine exiles and established a friendship with the papal legate Giovanni Della Casa. In Venice, a nest of imperial and Medici spies, Lorenzino was much more vulnerable than in France, and the attempts to kill him and revenge the death of Duke Alessandro multiplied. The situation got even more complicated when, between the end of 1547 and the beginning of 1548, almost all the Florentines left Venice and moved to France, thus leaving Lorenzino isolated. Consequently, on 26 February 1548, Lorenzino was murdered in Venice by two hired killers. One of them, Francesco da Bibbona, left a detailed account of the deed which includes precious information on the execution of the murder. For several centuries, it has been believed that the Medici secretary Giovanni Francesco Lottini had organized the murder, but new research has demonstrated that he played no part in it.Moreover, both his contemporaries and historians of the following centuries have always believed that <mask>'s assassination had been ordered by Duke Cosimo I, as revenge for the murder of his predecessor. On the contrary, a new study by Stefano Dall’Aglio has shown that the entire operation was orchestrated by the Emperor Charles V, who could not forgive the death of his son-in-law, the husband of his daughter Margaret. It was Charles V who explicitly ordered the murder, writing from Augsburg unbeknownst to Cosimo, and gave detailed instructions to his ambassador in Venice, Juan Hurtado de Mendoza, who was in charge of the operation. Works
<mask> was also a writer. In his Apology he defended himself, explaining that he had committed the murder for the love of liberty: he had followed the example of Brutus – one of the assassins of Julius Caesar – and had murdered the duke after pretending he was his faithful servant and friend. The Apology is considered one of the loftiest examples of Renaissance eloquence and a masterpiece of anti-tyrannical thought. It was written in two subsequent versions, the first of which, not very different from the definitive one, dates back to January 1537, a few days after the murder.He also authored a play entitled Aridosia, written around 1535 and successfully presented in Florence, first at the Spedale dei Tessitori and later at Palazzo Medici. Cultural Depiction

<mask>'s assassination of Alessandro, as well as his republicanism, anti-tyrannical spirit, inspired French playwriter Alfred de Musset to write the play of Lorenzaccio. References

Bibliography
 Dall'Aglio, Stefano. "Solving a Renaissance Murder Mystery." History Today (Feb 2020) 70#2 pp 38–49. Dall'Aglio, Stefano, The Duke's Assassin. Exile and Death of <mask> de<mask> (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2015), .Other languages
 Bredekamp, Horst, 'Lorenzinos de’ Medici Angriff auf den Konstantinsbogen als Schlacht von Cannae', in L’art et les révolutions (Strasbourg: Societè Alsacienne pour le Développement de l’Histoire de l’Art, 1992), 4, pp. 95–115. Dall'Aglio, Stefano, 'Il presunto colpevole. Giovan Francesco Lottini e l'assassinio di Lorenzino de' <mask>', in Rivista Storica Italiana, CXXI (2009), pp. 840–856. Dall'Aglio, Stefano, 'Nota sulla redazione e sulla datazione dell' Apologia di Lorenzino de' <mask>', in 'Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance', LXXI (2009), pp. 233–241.Ferrai, Luigi Alberto, 'La giovinezza di Lorenzino de' <mask>', in Giornale Storico della Letteratura Italiana, II, 1883, pp. 79–112. Ferrai, Luigi Alberto, <mask> de<mask> e la società cortigiana del Cinquecento (Milan: Hoepli, 1891). Racconto della morte di <mask> de<mask>, tratto da una relazione del capitano Francesco Bibbona, che l'uccise, in Cesare Cantù, 'Spigolature negli archivi toscani', in Rivista Contemporanea 20 (1860), pp. 332–345. External links

 Entry on <mask> de<mask> on the Encyclopaedia Britannica
 Article on <mask> de<mask> on The Weekly Standard

Assassins of heads of state
Italian assassins
Italian male writers
1514 births
1548 deaths
1537 crimes
1548 crimes
Lorenzino
Executed Italian people
People executed by Florence
People executed for murder
Nobility from Florence
16th-century people of the Republic of Florence
16th-century executions by Italian states
16th-century Venetian people
16th-century Italian writers
16th-century male writers

masks:
Lorenzino de
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' Medici
Lorenzino
' Medici
' Medici
Lorenzino
' Medici
Lorenzino
Medici
Lorenzino
Lorenzino
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Lorenzino
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Lorenzino
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<mask>-Muwaqqit (died 1571, the epithet al-Muwaqqit means "the timekeeper"), also known as <mask> and Koca Saatçi, was an Ottoman astronomer and author of geography from the sixteenth century. Because of his works on the science of timekeeping and practical astronomy,  he is considered "the founder of the Ottoman tradition" of those fields. He was one of the pioneers of astronomy literature in Ottoman Turkish—instead of Arabic which was more common in the Islamic world—following Muhammad al-Qunawi. Since his youth he served as the muwaqqit (religious timekeeper) attached to the Mosque of Selim I in Istanbul, in which capacity he produced most of his writing. In 1560 or later he was appointed to the office of müneccimbaşı, the highest post for astronomers of the Empire. Early life
Muslih al-<mask>-Qustantini al-Rumi was born in Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, in the early sixteenth century. Among his teachers were the astronomer Mirim Çelebi (1475–1525), as well Muhammad al-Qunawi (d. ) a muwaqqit (religious timekeeper) in the tradition of Shams al-Din al-Khalili and Ibn al-Shatir, and Ottoman astronomer who began the attempt to write about his field in Ottoman Turkish rather than Arabic.Career

<mask> <mask> was appointed as the muwaqqit of the Mosque of Selim I in Istanbul, when he was young. He produced most of his works during this tenure. Instead of Arabic, the customary scientific language of the Islamic World at the time, he wrote mostly in Ottoman Turkish. This decision was made in order to popularise the field of astronomy in the Ottoman state, to make it accessible to more students, and to facilitate the mention of non-Arabic place names. Many of his works were dedicated for Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and his grand viziers, possibly aimed to be used by the state bureaucracy; this application was facilitated by the use of Turkish. According to the historian of science İhsan Fazlıoğlu, the relatively high number of extant copies of his works was an indication of the success of his attempt to reach a wider audience by using Turkish. His works were reproduced up to the middle of the nineteenth century and were used as textbooks in madrasa and muvakkithanes (offices of the muwaqqits).Fazlıoğlu characterised his works by their "high level of geometry, trigonometry (especially spherical trigonometry), and numerical analysis", and their style of writing that is easy to understand and apply. Among his earliest works was a book of mathematical geography titled I'lam al-'ibad fi a'lam al-bilad ("Notices on the Distances of Cities of the World"), written in Ottoman Turkish. It includes a list of 100 major cities from Morocco to China, and the coordinates, distance from Istanbul, the qibla (direction that indicates Mecca) of each city. It was written in 1525 and was dedicated to Suleiman the Magnificent. His subsequent work on geography, Tuhfat az-zaman wa-kharidat al-awan (also in Ottoman Turkish), discusses the discipline of geography and its roots, the celestial objects, the Earth, its geographical features, and its division into seven climes. It was built on works by earlier scholars, including astronomers Jaghmini, Qadizade al-Rumi, and Zakariya al-Qazwini, as well as the zoologist Al-Damiri. Many of his other works were about astronomical instruments.Among these, Faraḥ Fazā was dedicated to the grand vizier Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha and describes the horizontal quadrant (al-rub' al-afaqi), which according to <mask> was his own invention. Another work, Kifayat al-qanu' fi al-'amal bi'r-rub' al-maqtu was written in Arabic and was a commentary on the works of an earlier muwaqqit Sibt al-Maridini. His other works, Kifayat al-waqt, also known as Risala fi al-muqantarat (1529), was written in Turkish and describes an instrument called the astrolabic quadrant, as well as other themes in geometry, trigonometry, and astronomy. Today 120 copies of this work are extant in various libraries. His Tashil al-miqat (1529) discusses the science of timekeeping and the sine quadrant (al-rub' al-mujayyab). This work appeared to have been continuously updated, and today it is found in 100 extant copies of five distinct versions. He describes another instrument, al-mujayyab al-afaqi in the work Risalah-i jayb-i afaqi (1529, Turkish) and describes its use for the coordinates of Istanbul in the work Hall da'irat mu'addil al-nahar (1531, Turkish) which was commissioned by the grand vizier Ayas Mehmed Pasha.His longest work was Risalat al-asturlab al-Selimi ("Selim's Treatise on the Astrolabe"), which was written in 1544, also in Turkish, and discusses the construction of the astrolabe, its mathematical properties, and its uses, based on Zij-i Sultani published by the astronomer Ulugh Beg in 1438 or 1439. In or after 1560, he was appointed müneccimbaşı (or munajjim-bashi, "head astrologer"), the highest office for astronomers in the Ottoman Empire, hence his other name "Müneccimbaşı <mask>". He replaced <mask> Umar and held the post until his death in 1571. He was the primary reference in the Ottoman Empire on the science of timekeeping, and according to the Turkish explorer Evliya Çelebi his works were cited in Western Europe. Other than the title al-muwaqqit and müneccimbaşı, based on his offices, he was also known by the honorific Koca Saatçi ("the great timekeeper"). After <mask>'s death, Sultan Selim II appointed the prominent scholar Taqi ad-Din Muhammad <mask>'ruf—who just returned to Istanbul in 1570 after his service in the Egypt Eyalet—as his successor. Legacy
<mask> <mask> was one of the most important Ottoman astronomers of the sixteenth century.Because of his works on the theory and applications of the science of timekeeping and practical astronomy, Fazlıoğlu writes that he is considered to be "the founder of the Ottoman tradition" of those fields. He was one of the earliest authors of astronomy in Turkish, a tradition started by Muhammad al-Qunawi. References

Bibliography

Astronomers of the Ottoman Empire
People from Istanbul
16th-century births
1571 deaths
16th-century people of the Ottoman Empire
16th-century scientists
16th-century writers

masks:
Mustafa ibn Ali al
Müneccimbaşı Mustafa Çelebi
Din Mustafa ibn Ali al
Mustafa ibn
Ali
Mustafa
Mustafa Çelebi
Yusuf ibn
Mustafa
ibn Ma
Mustafa ibn
Ali


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<mask> (; 19 October 879 – 1 August 953), nickname Yueliduo (月里朵), formally Empress Yingtian () also known as Empress Di (地皇后) during the reign of her husband Emperor Taizu of Liao (Yelü Abaoji), posthumous name initially Empress Zhenlie (貞烈皇后, "the virtuous and achieving empress") then Empress Chunqin (淳欽皇后, "the pure and honoured empress") was an empress of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty of China. After Emperor Taizu's death in 926, she served as empress dowager until her  death in 953. She was directly involved in two imperial successions and is credited with changing expectations of widows in Khitan society. Background
<mask> was born in 879. Her great-great-grandfather Shulü Nuosi (述律糯思) was said to be of Huigu extraction. Her father was named Shulü Pogu (述律婆姑), who also had the name of Yuewan (月碗), served under the Khitan Yaonian (遙輦) clan. Her mother was said to be a daughter of "King Yundejia" (勻德恝王) — apparently the grandfather of her eventual husband Yelü Abaoji, Yelü Yundeshi (耶律勻德實) — which would make her and Yelü Abaoji cousins.Eventually, she married Yelü Abaoji as his wife, but it is not known when that occurred. She bore Yelü Abaoji three sons — Yelü Bei, Yelü Deguang, and Yelü Lihu. During Emperor Taizu's reign
In 916, Yelü Abaoji, having consolidated the power over the Khitan tribes into his hands, declared himself emperor of a new Liao dynasty, and created  Shulü <mask> empress. As empress, she was described as brave, resolute, and full of strategies, often participating in Emperor Taizu's military decisions. There was one time when Emperor Taizu were attacking the Dangxiang through the desert. He left Empress Shulü in charge of the headquarters. Hearing that he was away, two Shiwei tribes, the Huangtou (黃頭) and the Choubo (臭泊), decided to raid the Khitan headquarters.She heard of their plans, however, and put her army on an ambush posture, crushing them upon their arrival. Her reputation among the nomadic people thereafter became prominent. It was said that she refused to bow to her mother and her mother-in-law, but rather received their bows, stating, "I only bow to Heaven, not to people." As, at that time, the Shatuo prince of Jin, Li Cunxu, was locked in a war against archrival Later Liang, he sought an alliance with the Khitan, and he honoured Emperor Taizu as an uncle and Empress Shulü as an aunt. In 921, the general Lu Wenjin, who had defected from Jin to Khitan, urged Emperor Taizu to attack Jin. About the same time, two coups occurred within the domains of Jin allies Zhao and Yiwu Circuit (義武, headquartered in modern Baoding, Hebei) — as Zhao's prince Wang Rong was assassinated and his adoptive son Zhang Wenli seized control of the domain, and Yiwu's military governor Wang Chuzhi was overthrown by his adoptive son Wang Du. Zhang sought aid from Khitan.Wang Chuzhi's biological son Wang Yu (王郁) fled to Khitan, also encouraging Emperor Taizu to aid Zhang and use the chance to take control of both domains. Emperor Taizu agreed, and launched his army south. Empress Shulü opposed the operation. The Khitan army was subsequently defeated by the Jin army, and forced to withdraw. In 926, Emperor Taizu launched a major attack on Balhae, conquering it. He converted it to a kingdom named Dongdan, creating his and Empress Shulü's oldest son Yelü Bei its king, with the title of "Imperial King Ren" (人皇王, Ren Huangwang) — while their second son Yelü Deguang was, at the same time, given the title of "General Crown Prince". It was said that this campaign was conducted with Empress Shulü's strategies.Soon after conquering Balhae, Emperor Taizu died. Empress Shulü, at that time with Yelü Bei at Dongan, apparently to destroy potential dissent, gathered the wives of many generals and officials that she considered difficult to control, and stated to them, "I am now a widow. You should be like I am." Then, she gathered their husbands and, weeping, asked them, "Do you miss the deceased Emperor?" They responded, "The deceased Emperor has shown us much grace. Of course we miss him." She responded, "If you miss him, then go see him."She then slaughtered them. She then, leaving Emperor Taizu's younger brother Yelü Anduan (耶律安端) temporarily in charge at Dongdan, returned to the Khitan capital Linhuang (臨潢, in modern Chifeng, Inner Mongolia) with Yelü Bei, escorting Emperor Taizu's casket. Once then returned to Linhuang, she wanted to divert the succession away from Yelü Bei, as she had favored Yelü Deguang. However, formally, she called an assembly of the chieftains, along with Yelü Bei and Yelü Deguang, and stated to them, "I love both of my sons, and I do not know which one to make emperor. You can decide which one you wish to support by holding his rein." The chieftains, knowing that she favoured Yelü Deguang, rushed to him and held to his rein. She thereafter declared him emperor (as Emperor Taizong).Yelü Bei, angry over this turn of events, took several hundred soldiers and wanted to flee to Later Tang (Jin's successor state), but was intercepted by Khitan border guards. Empress Shulü did not punish him, but sent him to Dongdan. During Emperor Taizong's reign
Emperor Taizong honored Empress Shulü as empress dowager, and it was said that she made the key decisions for the state. She also had him marry her niece (Xiao Wen) as empress. (The reason why Empress Xiao, and other members of her clan, were from this point referred to with the surname of Xiao rather than Shulü, was that Emperor Taizu had the several clans that produced consorts for his line change their names to Xiao.) It was said that Emperor Taizong was filially pious, such that if she were unable to eat due to an illness, he would not eat either. She commissioned the ethnic Han official Han Yanhui as a chancellor.She also allowed the Later Tang emissary Yao Kun (姚坤), whom Emperor Taizu had detained, to return to Later Tang, and sent an emissary herself to Later Tang to report Emperor Taizu's death. Meanwhile, Empress Dowager Shulü continued to carry out killings of those she considered difficult to control. She would often tell such killing targets, "Deliver a message to the deceased Emperor for me!" After they arrived at Emperor Taizu's tomb, she would execute them. After several hundreds were killed in this way, she sent one Zhao Siwen (趙思溫) to do so. Zhao refused. She stated to him, "You were a close attendant of the deceased Emperor.Why do you refuse to go?" He responded, "No one was closer than you, Empress. If you go, I, your subject, will go next." Apparently impressed, she responded, "It is not that I am not willing to follow the deceased Emperor below ground. It is that the heir, my son, is young and weak. The state needs a leader, and therefore I cannot go." However, she cut off one of her hands and ordered that it be buried at Emperor Taizu's tomb.After this event, Zhao was spared. (Another account had it that she wanted to die as well at Emperor Taizu's death, but was dissuaded by her relatives, so she then came up with the solution of cutting off one of her hands.) In 936, the Later Tang general Shi Jingtang, with military assistance from Emperor Taizong, overthrew then-Later Tang emperor Li Congke and established a new state of Later Jin, subservient to the Liao. When one of the Later Tang generals that Emperor Taizong captured, Zhao Dejun the military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing), was delivered to Empress Dowager Shulü, she pointed out Zhao's hypocrisy in claiming to want to defend the Later Tang emperor while actually engaging in negotiations with Emperor Taizong to have his support for the throne instead. When Zhao offered his properties at Lulong's capital You Prefecture (幽州) to her, she pointed out that Shi, as part of his agreement with Emperor Taizong to cede 16 prefectures to Khitan, had already been ceded to her, and therefore was no longer Zhao's, causing Zhao to be distressed and subsequently dying in Khitan captivity. Shi Jingtang honoured Emperor Taizong and Empress Dowager Shulü faithfully and often offered them gifts, and in fact referred to himself as "Son Emperor" and Emperor Taizong as "Father Emperor." However, after Shi Jingtang's death and succession by his nephew Shi Chonggui, Shi Chonggui took a confrontational stance against the Liao, refusing to submit to Emperor Taizong as a subject, only referring to himself as "grandson."He also had Liao merchants arrested, and their assets seized. As a result, war erupted between the states. Empress Dowager Shulü was not in favor of waging war against Later Jin. As a result, Emperor Taizong entered into some peace negotiations with Shi Conggui in 945 that, however, were ultimately fruitless. In 946, Shi Chonggui commissioned the Later Jin general Du Wei with an army to attack Liao, with the intent to recapture the territory Shi Jingtang previously ceded to Liao. Emperor Taizong, however, was able to have Du's army surrounded, and Du surrendered. He then attacked south toward Later Jin's capital Kaifeng.With the capital defenceless because the army had been given to Du, Shi Chonggui surrendered, ending Later Jin. Emperor Taizong initially claimed to be the emperor for the former Later Jin territory as well. To congratulate him for this great victory, Empress Dowager Shulü sent wine, delicacies, and fruits from Khitan lands to Kaifeng. Whenever he drank the wine that she sent, he stood up and stated, "This was bestowed by the Empress Dowager. I do not dare to drink it sitting down." Soon, however, faced with many rebellions against Liao rule in the former Later Jin lands, Emperor Taizong decided to return north to Liao proper. However, he became ill on the way and died near Heng Prefecture (恆州, in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei).Upon receiving his casket, Empress Dowager Shulü did not weep. Instead, she, apparently sensing that her power would be challenged, stated, "When all of the tribes are peaceful, I will then bury you." During Emperor Shizong's and Emperor Muzong's reigns
In fact, Empress Dowager Shulü's will would soon be challenged. She had intended that Emperor Taizong be succeeded by Yelü Lihu. However, the Khitan chieftains, remembering how she had slaughtered many upon Emperor Taizu's death, decided to support Yelü Bei's son Yelü Ruan the Prince of Yongkang instead, and Yelü Ruan declared himself emperor at Heng Prefecture (as Emperor Shizong). He continued north, heading toward Linhuang. Empress Dowager Shulü sent troops under her to resist Emperor Shizong's progress.Yelü Lihu, in command of these troops, was however defeated by Emperor Shizong's forward commanders Yelü Anduan and Yelü Liuge (耶律留哥), and she then negotiated a peace agreement accepting Emperor Shizong as emperor. Emperor Shizong then put her under house arrest at Emperor Taizu's tomb at Zu Prefecture (祖州, in modern Chifeng). She died there in 953, during the reign of Emperor Muzong, a son of Emperor Taizong's. Both Shizong and Muzong resented her for supporting Lihu, so neither lifted her house arrest, nor honored her as grand empress dowager. She was buried with Emperor Taizu. Important contributions
While Empress Shulü dominated the court in the first succession, she also made other contributions to Khitan culture. Most importantly regards the expectations of widows.In traditional Khitan society, women were expected to sacrifice themselves. Obviously, she did not do that, providing an example for other women, at least within the elite strata, of Khitan society. Differences from Han counterparts
Ethnic Han empress dowagers of the era were expected to wield their influence behind the scenes. However, Khitan women held a far higher status than their Han counterparts in the tenth century. Empress Shulü openly wielded her influence in the court of her husband as well as that of her son as empress dowager. Notes

Work Referenced

 History of Liao, vol. 71.Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 269, 271, 275, 280, 281, 284, 286, 287. |-

879 births
953 deaths
Liao dynasty empresses
10th-century women rulers
Chinese amputees
9th-century Khitan women
10th-century Khitan women
Xiao clan

masks:
Shuü Ping
Shuü Ping
Ping