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<mask> is a writer and novelist who was the eighth author—and first self-published author—to sell over one million eBooks on Amazon.com. <mask> is a New York Times best-selling author, and is best known for his Donovan Creed thriller series and Emmett Love Western series. His works are self-published worldwide. In the U.S., <mask>'s books are released through Amazon's Kindle Direct Publishing service. <mask>'s books have been translated into over 29 languages. Education and career

<mask> was born in Puerto Rico to a Canadian military father and an American mother. He attended boarding school in Pennsylvania, and he has said that he first became interested in writing during elementary school, after being bitten by an ant.He wrote a short story titled "Ants Aren't Very Nice," which his teacher enjoyed so much that she read it to his class, and then had him read it to a higher class. Despite early interest, his career and most of his life involved no writing, focusing his energy instead on selling insurance and investing in real estate, where he made most of his fortune. He attended college at Northwestern State University, in Natchitoches, LA, where he considered majoring in journalism; however, he decided to focus his studies elsewhere. He began singing for a rock band and working as a door-to-door insurance salesman, where he advanced to area vice president by the time he was 21 years old. Later he moved to Louisville, KY, and at 35 founded Freedom Life Insurance. This company grew to include nearly 7000 insurance agents in 34 states, and in 1995 he sold the company to become a private real-estate investor. <mask> currently owns two insurance agencies and 13 shopping centers.Writing

<mask> was the first self-published author in history to sell one million eBooks, making him one of only eight authors to sell this number of eBooks. (The other seven authors are Stieg Larsson, James Patterson, Nora Roberts, Charlaine Harris, Lee Child, Suzanne Collins, and Michael Connelly.) He releases his novels as eBooks via Amazon's Kindle Direct Publishing. Artwork and design of the books is done by Telemachus Press, a work-for-hire services company that charges a one-time fee and allows the author to retain 100% royalties. Since he began publishing in 2010, <mask> has sold more than 2 million eBooks, 1.5 million of which are from the Donovan Creed series. Every eBook he has published has gone on to become an Amazon best seller. In early 2011, the top two and four of the top 10 Amazon's Kindle bestsellers were <mask> novels.In his book, How I Sold 1 Million eBooks in Five Months, <mask> reported his novels selling at a rate of one every seven seconds. The other seven authors to top one million in eBook sales sell their novels for upwards of $10.00. As <mask> reported to the Daily Telegraph in 2011, "I put the most famous authors in the world in the position of having to prove their books were ten times better than mine." At this price, the author earns 35% royalties, as opposed to 70% if the author were to price the book between $2.99 and $9.99. <mask> hit upon a successful method of selling his books after an unsuccessful attempt at advertising his first novels. He describes his system in How I Sold 1 Million eBooks in Five Months. In this work, <mask> uses the term "Loyalty Transference" to describe the act of transferring a reader's loyalty from one concept or idea to another, and advises would-be writers to seek out audiences that relate to their own blogging content and style.Through the use of social media and blogging, <mask> states he has the ability to create large amounts of publicity through his core group of loyal readers, around 100,000 by his estimate. In August 2011, several traditional publishers were interested in offering <mask> a publishing contract, but he instead worked out a mass-market paperback distribution agreement with Simon & Schuster, where they could sell physical copies of his novels at large retailers. This deal was finished by February 2012, and made <mask> the first author to sign a specific distribution deal with Simon & Schuster. He retained all editorial rights, and control of design, content, and pricing. In August 2012, The New York Times revealed that <mask> had paid an online service to write reviews of his books, in order to artificially boost sales. Authorship

Donovan Creed novels

Donovan Creed, the main character of the <mask>'s most popular series, is a former CIA assassin. Lethal People (2010) (Telemachus Press)
 Lethal Experiment (2010) (Telemachus Press)
 Saving Rachel (2010) (Telemachus Press) New York Times Best Seller
 Now & Then (2010) (Telemachus Press)
 Wish List (2010) (Telemachus Press) (also mass market print edition, self-published from Locke Press, scheduled for 2012)
 A Girl Like You (2011) (Telemachus Press)
 Vegas Moon (2011) (Telemachus Press)
 The Love You Crave (2011) (Telemachus Press)
 Maybe (2011) (Telemachus Press)
 Callie's Last Dance (2012) (Telemachus Press)
 Because We Can (2013) (Telemachus Press)

Emmett Love Western novels

 Follow the Stone (2011) (Telemachus Press)
 Don't Poke the Bear (2011) (Telemachus Press)
 Emmett & Gentry (2011) (Telemachus Press)
 Goodbye, Enorma (2013) (Telemachus Press)
 Rag Soup (2015) (Telemachus Press)
 Spider Rain (2016) (John Locke Books, LLC)

Other works
 Casting Call (2014) (Telemachus Press)

Novels
 Call Me!(2011) (Telemachus Press)
 Promise You Won't Tell! (2012) (Telemachus Press)
 Bad Doctor (2012) (Telemachus Press)
 BOX (2012) (Telemachus Press)
 Kill Jill (2012) (Telemachus Press)
 A Kiss For Luck (2013) (Telemachus Press)

Nonfiction
 How I Sold 1 Million eBooks in Five Months (2011) (Telemachus Press)

Awards and recognition

<mask> was named Second Act magazine's best-second-act-reinvention. In December 2012, Time Magazine named <mask> as one of the "Stars of the DIY-Publishing Era." Personal life
<mask> lives in Louisville, Kentucky. References

External links
 <mask> website

Living people
Puerto Rican writers
People from San Juan, Puerto Rico
Canadian crime fiction writers
21st-century American novelists
American crime fiction writers
American male novelists
1951 births
Writers from Louisville, Kentucky
Northwestern State University alumni
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from Kentucky

masks:
John Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
John Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke
Locke


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<mask> (7 November 1922 – 19 June 2020) was an Indian social worker and activist known for her work with children, women and the elderly in India. While she was already serving as Vice-President, she was appointed the first non-officio President of the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1975. She has held several leading positions in the field of social welfare since the 1940s. <mask> died at the age of 97 on 19 June 2020 at her residence in Delhi, her son <mask> confirmed the news of <mask> death. Early years and background
Vidyaben was born in the town of Jetpur, Gujarat, to educationist Vrajlal Mehta and Champaben Mody. Vrajlal was a school teacher at the time, later becoming principal of a teacher training college, and subsequently Director of Education in Saurashtra Government. Supported by her parents and brothers, Vidyaben always excelled in higher studies.At a young age when she was a university student she participated in the Quit India Movement under the guidance of Mohandas K. Gandhi. Already as a high school student she was influenced by Gandhi, and had created a stir in her school by bringing the message of nonviolence to her fellow students. After completing B.A. in Economics in 1942, as there was no postgraduate college in her parents' town, she left home to study for an M.A.. Since 1942, she has been one of India's leading activists in the field of child welfare and women's rights. She has been associated with a large number of organisations working for child welfare, education, Women and Family Welfare, Civic Administration, Fine Arts and Culture, Welfare of the Disabled, Senior Citizens and many other social and relief work activities. She has also received numerous awards for her distinguished work, including the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 1992.In 1940 at a social function she met her would be husband Manubhai <mask> who went on to become a Union Cabinet Minister in the governments of Jawaharlal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri and Indira Gandhi. Manubhai was also an active Freedom Fighter in the Indian Independence Movement in the 1940s. In a simple ceremony Manubhai married Vidyaben in 1945. Their marriage was delayed by five years due to their active involvement in the Indian Freedom Movement and also Manubhai was imprisoned by the British Colonial Authority being released from jail in 1945. The marriage ceremony was so simple that the bride and groom wore plain cotton khadi clothes and for wedding gift Manubhai gave Vidyaben only one khadi saree which he had himself woven on a handloom using cotton yarn which he had himself handspun on a charkha (spinning wheel) while in prison during the Freedom Movement. Manubhai died in 2000. They have one daughter, three sons, three granddaughters and one grandson.Career

Child welfare
A pioneer in the field of child welfare, Behnji or Vidyaben, as she is affectionately known, laid the foundation of the Bal Bhavan movement by establishing the first ever Bal Bhavan in Rajkot, which was to become a harbinger of the entire Bal Bhavan Movement in India. In 1948, she was appointed the first Honorary Magistrate for Juvenile Courts in Rajkot, a post she held for 8 years. In 1956, when her husband transferred to New Delhi to join the Council of Ministers in the Cabinet of Pandit Nehru, she brought her activism to Delhi. Since 1956, she was actively associated for four decades in New Delhi with Bal Sahyog, a unique institution established by Indira Gandhi for the rehabilitation of vagrant children. Vidyaben became President of Bal Sahyog in 1966 and remained its President for the next ten years. During this time with the help of her husband she started many innovative workshops for the children providing them with skills to make furniture and other handmade items. Having run a boat club at the Rajkot Bal Bhavan, she brought over a boat from Bal Bhavan in Rajkot all the way to the Bal Sahyog in Delhi and with it she started the first ever boat ride at Delhi's India Gate which now entertains thousands of people every week from all over Delhi and beyond.Vidyaben was President of the Indian Council for Child Welfare (ICCW) for twelve years from 1976 to 1979, and 1985 to 1994; ICCW is the single largest institution in India working for the welfare of children. Vidyaben represented India at the United Nations International Year of the Child conference at Tashkent in 1979. She also attended International Conferences on children held at Tehran, Geneva and Birmingham, USA. She attended the 6th SAARC Summit in Colombo in 1991. She was the Chairperson of the Christian Children's Fund Advisory Board for five years. Women's welfare
Her involvement with women's issues dates back to her college days, where she set up the first craft centre for underprivileged women in Saurashtra. The Government of India appointed her as the chairman of the Central Social Welfare Board (CSWB) in 1995 for three years, during which time she initiated many path-breaking programmes to revive this premier institution to its old glory.A brainchild of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and Durgabai Deshmukh, CSWB was set up by an Act of Indian Parliament in August 1953. CSWB has been implementing various programmes for the welfare of women and children through its network of over 20,000 NGOs spread all over the country. During her tenure, Vidyaben expanded the programmes of Family Counselling Centres (FCC), Working Women's Hostels (WWH), Vocational Training Programmes and Creches. She set targets of providing support for at least one FCC and one WWH per district in the country. In 1995, as a member of the official Indian delegation, she attended the Fourth World Conference on Women held at Beijing, China. She also represented India at the 42nd Meeting of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women held in New York in 1998. Intercultural activities
She was President and active Trustee of Delhi Gujarati Samaj for over 40 years since 1958, playing a formative role in developing the multifarious social, cultural and educational activities for the Gujaratis of Delhi.Under her Presidency, the Gujarati Samaj started a Higher Secondary School in Delhi, where over 1000 students pay very nominal fees. Jawaharlal Nehru laid the foundation of the school. One of the most popular initiatives of the Samaj under Vidyaben's leadership was the development of the Sardar Vallabhbhai Bhavan (a hospitable guest house for economically weaker sections and students coming from outside Delhi). Vidyaben also pioneered the setting up of the Mahatma Gandhi Sanskrutik Kendra in the 1970s for facilitating cultural exchange between the people of Delhi. From the experience of the Delhi Gujarati Samaj, with support from eminent Gujaratis across India, in 1968 Vidyaben set up the Akhil Bharat Gujarati Samaj of which she was the founder President. Drawing guidance from the Akhil Bharat movement, many cities in India now have Gujarati Samaj spreading the traditions and culture of Gujarat and encouraging Gujaratis to mix with other peoples and creating an ethos of unity in diversity. Vidyaben continued to guide and support them.Institutional builder in education
Vidyaben played a leading role in the establishment of one of Delhi's most renowned schools, Sardar Patel Vidyalaya. For many years, she was President of the Gujarat Education Society which runs the school. For several years, she was also a member of the Managing Committees of Modern School Barakhamba Road and Vasant Vihar, and of the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. She has been singly instrumental in establishing Sardar Patel Vidyaniketan, a school in the rural village of Mandi near Delhi. The school is run by Gujarat Education Society and caters to the economically weaker sections of society and especially encourages education of girls. Against all odds, over many years Vidyaben continued her efforts with all the relevant authorities to finally get official recognition of the school. Institution builder in fine arts and culture
Vidyaben played the most pioneering role in the establishment of the Triveni Kala Sangam, a premier institution for imparting training in dance, music and painting.She did a significant proportion of the fund raising for the construction of this renowned institution and has been the President of Triveni Kala Sangam for over five decades, while the institution has been very ably run by its distinguished and creative Founder Director Sundari Krishnalal Shridharani. Civic administration
As Vice-President and President of the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC), Vidyaben was instrumental in starting a large number of projects for the amelioration of the economically weaker sections of the Delhi society, particularly slum children and women. These projects include home for destitute children, home for abandoned children, hostels for working women, and the rehabilitation centre for the mentally challenged among others. She was responsible for initiating the concept of Navyug Schools that has proved a landmark in the educational field for gifted children from the economically weaker sections of the society. She also worked to improve the civic amenities and essential services of a rapidly growing metropolitan area of Delhi, to beautify it and make life comfortable for the citizens of Delhi. At the same time, she took up modernisation initiatives such as establishing a new office complex for the NDMC, housing blocks for its employees, and many commercial and shopping complexes. Social activism
Vidyaben used her fundraising skills in providing relief in many national calamities, such as Bihar floods and Andhra Pradesh cyclone of the 1970s and Gujarat floods of the early 1980s.She also led peace marches from area to area at the outbreak of arson and riots in Delhi following the assassination of Indira Gandhi. After the Godhra riots in Gujarat, disregarding her advancing years, at the request of Sonia Gandhi, she went from district to district, to spread the message of peace and communal harmony in Gujarat. Various other sectors

Vidyaben continued to be a trustee of the Helen Keller Trust (Blind and Deaf) in India. In 1985, during the United Nations "International Youth Year: Participation, Development and Peace", she provided remarkable leadership and the various organisations which she was heading or was connected with carried out outstanding reconstructive work under her able guidance. Between 1990–93, she was the President of the Delhi State Branch of the Bharat Scouts and Guides, an organisation devoted to the cause of national reconstruction. In 2005, she was nominated for the Ethics Committee for Research on Cardiac Disorders by the Indian Council for Medical Research. Since the 1990s, she continued to be an active President of the Senior Citizens Service Forum which is a member of the State Council for Senior Citizens as well as a member of the National Council for Older Persons set up by the Indian Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.Among other activities, the Forum runs a day care centre for senior citizens and conducts adult education classes for women. In 2007 Vidyaben was invited to the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Social Justice and Empowerment to examine the "Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Bill 2007". She was also Chairperson of the Bhagidari Scheme of Delhi Government and a Vishisht Sahayogi of an Electricity Board in Delhi. She was President Emeritus of the All India Kitchen Garden Association which encourages growing of vegetables and flowers using organic methods and following of healthy lifestyle and eating habits across Delhi and other States.

masks:
Vidyaben Shah
Vidyaben Shah
Mihir Shah
Vidyaben Shah
Shah


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<mask> (December 23, 1929 – February 14, 2005) was a ten-pin bowling professional and a founding member of the Professional Bowlers Association (PBA). Along with Don Carter, <mask> is widely regarded as professional bowling's first superstar. He is one of only seven players in history to accumulate at least 30 career PBA Tour titles, and was also the first player to reach that plateau. Bowling accomplishments
<mask> made his first bowling headlines during the early 1950s, while working as a mailman in his native Indianapolis. In 1955 he moved to Florissant, Missouri to join the bowling team named the Budweisers (after the popular American beer brand). The team established a long-standing 5-man ABC league series record on March 12, 1958 at the National Team Match Games at Floriss Lanes in St. Louis, Missouri by toppling 3,858 pins with 138 strikes. This broke the previous ABC record for a 5-man team of 3,797 set in 1937.<mask> himself rolled games of 258, 258 and 259 on the record-setting day for a 775 series. The Budweisers' record wasn't broken until 1994. In 1958, <mask> became a founding member of the Professional Bowlers Association, which he subsequently dominated. <mask> captured his first PBA title in the second tournament of the inaugural 1959 season, and won three of the PBA's first four tournaments. He went on to win 10 of the first 23 PBA tournaments, including winning seven titles in the 13-event 1961 PBA season. Only Mark Roth has won more titles in a PBA season with eight victories in 1978, but Roth's feat was accomplished over a 35-event season. During his career, <mask> won titles in 30 PBA Tour events, including four major titles.All of his major titles were earned in the BPAA All-Star, which later became the U.S. Open. <mask> won this tournament four times in a five-year span (1962, '63, '65 and '66). He was twice runner-up in the Firestone Tournament of Champions (1965 and 1966). He earned his final PBA Tour title at age 47 in the 1977 King Louie Open. He went on to capture six PBA Senior Tour events, amassing a total of 36 PBA titles in both categories. He was PBA Player of the Year in 1965, and earned BPAA National Bowler of the Year honors three times (in 1961, 1963 and 1965). He was named an All-American ten times, and in 1999 was ranked #2 bowler of the 20th Century by Bowlers Journal.In 2002 <mask> also became the first player to win at least one PBA title in six decades (counting PBA Senior events). Despite already being 29 years old when the first PBA tournament took place in 1959, <mask> managed to cash over $930,000 in career PBA earnings. He also enjoyed a decades-long sponsorship agreement with AMF bowling. League bowling in the United States had its heyday in the 1960s and early 1970s, partly due to the influence of pros like <mask> and Don Carter. Several PBA pros like Johnny Petraglia claimed to be inspired by <mask>: "The main reason I went on Tour was <mask>. When I was 14, I saw him do an exhibition in Madison Square Garden. When I left I remember saying to myself: 'I know what I want to do now; I want to be like <mask>.'"Both <mask> and his son Pete are members of the United States Bowling Congress Hall of Fame and the PBA Hall of Fame. When Pete won his first PBA title in 1982, it marked the first time in history that a father and son had both won PBA Tour titles. The feat has since been matched by Don and Jimmy Johnson, Don and Eugene McCune, and Guppy and Kyle Troup. In 1999, <mask> was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame. The PBA ranked him 3rd on its 2008 list of "50 Greatest Players of the Last 50 Years." Only all-time titles leaders Earl Anthony and Walter Ray Williams, Jr. ranked higher. Personal
<mask> was also known as a tireless ambassador of his sport, and rarely passed up an opportunity to promote it.One promotion had him bowling the highest (altitude) game ever in "Operation AstroBowl," which took place on a Boeing 707 on January 7, 1964. This was a joint campaign for American Airlines' Cargo Service. The aircraft used was an all-cargo Boeing 707 with a single AMF lane installed in the main cargo hold. The flight was from New York to Dallas. <mask> also appeared several times on Late Show with David Letterman. On February 14, 2005, Richard Anthony <mask> died in Florissant, Missouri, at age 75. On the day of his death, <mask> had just returned from a United States Bowling Congress (USBC) meeting in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.He showed no prior sign of ill-health but experienced serious breathing problems that evening and paramedics were unable to revive him. The underlying cause of death was not known, but was ultimately due to respiratory failure. <mask> was survived by his wife Juanita, one daughter, and three sons including the aforementioned Pete, also a professional bowler, and Richard Jr., who became a PBA employee and manager of the PBA's Midwest Region. Juanita, also an avid bowler who once won a state championship, died on April 13, 2020, at the age of 89. Media presence and tributes

<mask> also produced his own training video called Let's Bowl With <mask>. Its blurb reads: "Voted 'one of the best bowlers that ever lived,' <mask> has held the PBA presidency and 26 PBA titles in a career that spans four decades. <mask> covers all the basics: bowling accessories, proper ball weight and fit, stance, follow through, delivery and release.He even gives tips for aiming and addresses some of the common faults of new bowlers. This unique, in-depth video brings the elements of high-precision sport into your living room so you can practice these tips at the alley and begin building your bowling skills." The Weber Cup, named after <mask>, is a Ryder Cup-style event that pits European and American ten-pin bowlers against one another. It is held annually in England. From 2008 to 2010, the PBA had a tour stop named the Dick Weber Open. In 2011, the PBA named its all-new playoff series the Dick Weber PBA Playoffs. On April 17, 2006, the inaugural Dick Weber Tribute was held in St. Louis.Organized by Bill McCorkle, the event attracted many of bowling's top luminaries. The event was attended by over 20 members of the <mask> family, representing four generations, as well as over 50 professional bowlers, including champions and members of the Hall of Fame. The highlight of the evening came when <mask> delivered a moving tribute. Many in the audience had never seen this side of him before. A documentary on the life and fame of <mask> was released on March 23, 2007, by Live Technologies, Inc. and Bill McCorkle. It consists of interviews with many current and former professional bowlers, family, and sportscasters as well as footage covering <mask>'s 60-year history as a professional athlete. <mask>'s legacy also lives on through the Bowling Proprietors Association of America (BPAA), which began giving out an annual BPAA Dick Weber Bowling Ambassador award in 2006 (won that year by <mask>.The most recent award winner was Tim Mack in 2020. References

External links

St. Louis Walk of Fame - <mask> page

Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) homepage
<mask> Documentary Homepage

1929 births
2005 deaths
Deaths from respiratory failure
American ten-pin bowling players
People from St. Louis County, Missouri
Bowling broadcasters

masks:
Richard Anthony Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Dick Weber
Dick Weber
Dick Weber
Weber
Dick Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Weber
Dick Weber
Weber
Dick Weber
Weber
Weber
Dick
Weber
Pete Weber
Dick Weber
Weber
Weber
Dick Ritger
Dick Weber
Dick Weber


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<mask> (active in the 1540s) was an Italian painter and printmaker active in the French Renaissance in a Mannerist style. All that is known about his early life is that he was born in Bologna, from the accounts at Fontainebleau and one inscription on a print (see illustration). He is recorded as a painter of the First School of Fontainebleau from 1537 into the 1540s, at first on "modest wages", but from 1540 better paid, and apparently a principal assistant to Francesco Primaticcio, who had taken charge of the "school" decorating the Palace of Fontainebleau after the suicide in 1540 of Rosso Fiorentino. Primaticcio was also Bolognese, and may well have summoned <mask> to France in 1537, although he may well have only completed his training in France. He became a leading member of the printmaking workshop at Fontainebleau and nearly 100 etchings survive, 16 dated between 1542 and 1545. Most copy designs by Rosso (about 25), Giulio Romano (21 at least), or Primaticcio. He is last recorded at Fontainebleau in 1550.In the past, art historians often confused him with <mask> Trento, another north Italian at Fontainebleau, but the two identities have now been securely disentangled by Henri Zerner; da Trento specialized in chiaroscuro woodcuts, a technique also used by Fantuzzi, and used to be assigned <mask>'s prints, partly because their monograms are similar. Works

No identifiable painting or drawing by him survives; his first task at Fontainebleau was helping with the room over the "Porte Dorée", and after 1540 the "Gallery of Ulysses". Neither sets of decorations has survived, and <mask>'s prints are valuable in recording some of the designs. He is also recorded as being, from 1540, in charge of the supply of designs for decorative elements such as grotesques to the other artists. His prints of ornament designs are "particularly appealing, perhaps because they correspond with his specialty in painting. He seems to have lavished more care and to have had sympathies in these works not usually felt in his figural prints after Rosso". From 1540 his salary increased from seven to twenty livres per month.He worked closely with Léon Davent, a French native who was one of the other leading Fontainebleau printmakers, who had presumably trained as a goldsmith and so an engraver. It is thought that <mask> taught Davent the artist's technique of etching, which once learned became Davent's main technique. In return <mask> adopted a number of technical tricks developed by engravers and translatable to etching, very likely with instruction from Davent. His early style is "rather brutal in appearance" when copying Giulio Romano, and "angular and restless" when copying Rosso Fiorentino, but he moved to a gentler and more harmonious style closer to Primaticcio. Suzanne Boorsch says that his early style was "full of energy but lacked discipline, so that in some of the prints a violent light and strokes in many directions cause figures and grounds to be confused... His later works retain this liveliness but are calmer and more controlled". The example illustrated of a copy of a stucco and paint surround at the palace was presumably made from the preparatory drawing; the frame surrounded a painting of Ignorance Vanquished and allegory of "The Enlightenment of François I" by Rosso Fiorentino. The landscape here has just been inserted from some other source; presumably the drawing used had a blank space here.Apart from the initials, which stand for François, Roi de France, the print is in reverse (a mirror image) of the frame in the Gallery of François I in the palace, which survives, though it is different in some details, and has a very different effect having both elements in sculpted stucco and in paint. There are a number of other etchings by <mask> and others of the very complex frames in the gallery, all showing similar differences and inserted landscapes, indicating that they were following drawings prepared before the final designs were achieved. Other prints record the paintings actually placed inside the frames. The "mildly licentious" lunette Mars and Venus Bathing of about 1543 was probably copying a painting by Primaticcio for the six-room "Appartement des Bains" (Bathroom Suite) at the palace, decorated in the 1540s and destroyed in 1697. Cassiano del Pozzo recorded that one of the rooms there featured painted lunettes, though of Diana and Callisto. It may have been made from a drawing now in the Louvre of the same size but in reverse; this used to be attributed to Rosso, but is now given to Primaticcio. In 2003 <mask> and Davent shared an exhibition in the Cabinet des Estampes in Geneva: Les Lumières du maniérisme français: <mask> et Léon Davent, 1540–1550 ("Leaders of French Mannerism: <mask> and Léon Davent, 1540–1550").The Fontainebleau workshop

Although there is no certain proof, most scholars have agreed that there was a printmaking workshop at the Palace of Fontainebleau itself, reproducing the designs of the artists for their works in the palace, as well as other compositions they produced, and copying from drawings by other masters brought from Italy, probably mainly by Primaticcio. The most productive printmakers were Davent, <mask>, and Jean Mignon, followed by the "mysterious" artist known from his monogram as "Master I♀V" (♀ being the alchemical symbol for copper, from which the printing plates were made). The workshop seems to have been active between about 1542 and 1548 at the latest; Francis I of France died in March 1547, after which funding for the palace wound down, and the school dispersed. Hundreds of etchings were produced; these were the first etchings made in France, and not far behind the first Italian uses of the technique, which originated in Germany. The earliest impressions of all the Fontainebleau prints are in brown ink, and their intention seems to have been essentially reproductive. The intention of the workshop was to disseminate the new style developing at the palace more widely, both to France and to the Italians' peers back in Italy. Whether the initiative to do this came from the king or another patron, or from the artists alone, is unclear.David Landau believes that Primaticcio was the driving force; he had stepped up to become the director of the work at Fontainebleau after the suicide (if Vasari is believed) of Rosso Fiorentino in 1540. The enterprise seems to have been "just slightly premature" in terms of catching a market. The etched prints were often marked by signs of the workshop's inexperience and sometimes incompetence with the technique of etching, and according to Sue Welsh Reed: "Few impressions survive from these plates, and it is questionable whether many were pulled. The plates were often poorly executed and not well printed; they were often scratched or not well polished and did not wipe clean. Some may have been made of metals soft as copper, such as pewter." A broadening market for prints preferred the "highly finished textures" of Nicolas Beatrizet, and later "proficient but ultimately uninspired" engravers such as René Boyvin and Pierre Milan. Notes

References
Benezit Dictionary of Artists, "FANTUZZI, <mask>.", Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, accessed January 8, 2017, Subscription required
Boorsch, Suzanne, in: Jacobson, Karen (ed), (often wrongly cat. as Georg Baselitz), The French Renaissance in Prints, 1994, Grunwald Center, UCLA,
Landau, David, in Landau, David, and Parshall, Peter, The Renaissance Print, Yale, 1996,
Reed, Sue Welsh, in: Reed, Sue Welsh & Wallace, Richard (eds), Italian Etchers of the Renaissance and Baroque, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 1989,  or 304-4 (pb)
Zerner, Henri, "Fantuzzi, <mask>", Grove Art Online, Oxford Art Online, Oxford University Press, accessed January 8, 2017, Subscription required

Further reading
F. Zava-Boccazzi, <mask> Trento, incisore, Trent, 1962. H. Zerner, "L'Eau-forte à Fontainebleau: Le Rôle de Fantuzzi", Art de France: Revue annuelle de l'art ancien et moderne, iv (1964), pp. 70–85. Zerner, Henri: École de Fontainebleau, Gravures, Arts et métiers graphiques, Paris, 1969. Brugerolles, Emmanuelle/Strasser, Nathalie/Mason, Rainer Michael (ed. )/Baselitz, Georg: La Bella maniera.Gravures maniéristes de la collection Georg Baselitz, École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts, Paris, 2002. Rosso Fiorentino (exh. cat. by E. Carroll, Washington, DC, N.G.A., 1987)

External links

89 prints in the British Museum
Details of prints from rubens.anu

16th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
Mannerist painters
Italian etchers

masks:
Antonio Fantuzzi
Fantuzzi
Antonio da
Fantuzzi
Fantuzzi
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Fantuzzi
Fantuzzi
Antonio Fantuzzi
Antonio Fantuzzi
Fantuzzi
Antonio
Antonio
Antonio da


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<mask> (19 November 1794 – 24 March 1859) was an English landscape painter. A leading member of the Norwich School of painters, he was elected vice-president of the Norwich Society of Artists in 1828 and became their president in 1829. He had wealthy patrons and was consistently praised by the Norfolk press for his successful London career. <mask> was born in Norwich, the youngest son of an important dye manufacturer, <mask>, who is credited with the invention of the dye known as 'Norwich red'. On the completion of his education at Norwich School in 1811, he was apprenticed to John Crome, whose influence on his pupil was profound. His work was exhibited in London as early as 1811 and at the British Institution from 1814–18. In 1814 he moved away from Norwich to London, where he befriended the artist William Collins.In 1819 ill health forced him to return to Norwich, where lived for twenty years, before moving to Windsor in 1840, where he continued to produce landscapes. He returned to London in 1849, residing there until his death in 1859 at the age of 64. He is buried in the Rosary Cemetery in Norwich. <mask> generally worked in oils, although his total output included etchings, watercolours and pencil and chalk drawings. His landscapes paintings often depicting woodland scenes that were pastiches of the seventeenth century Dutch masters. His works during the 1830s were more successful, and displayed a freshness that was previously lacking. In 1834 he published his admired Scenery of the Rivers of Norfolk, which consisted of thirty-six etchings produced by specialist engravers after his own paintings.This ambitious work was well-received at the time, but as with similar works published by other artists, it was financially unsuccessful. Life

Early life and apprenticeship to Crome

<mask> was born in Norwich on 19 November 1794, the son of <mask> (1748–1831) and his wife Jane Ivory. He was christened on 30 November 1794 at the Church of St Michael Coslany, Norwich, close to the family home. <mask> was the youngest son of eight siblings. His father <mask> was a Scottish-born dyer who had a considerable literary and scientific background, and who ran his own dyeing business on Duke Street, Norwich. He is credited with a number of innovations in the dyeing industry, including the invention of the formula of 'Norwich red'. <mask> showed a talent for art from an early age.He was educated at Norwich School, where he became friends with John Berney Crome, the son of the artist (and his teacher) John Crome. Two of <mask>'s pencil drawings were exhibited in Norwich in 1809, and he exhibited for the first time in London in 1811, at the age of seventeen, when his painting A view on King Street river, Norwich was shown at the Royal Academy. Because of his poor health, which dogged him throughout his life, his initial ambitions to become a farmer were never realised. In 1811 he was apprenticed for three years to John Crome. Two letters from Crome to his teenage pupil survive. One, dated 3 July 1814 and sent to Starks' house in London, contains a reminder to submit work to the Norwich Society of Artists' forthcoming exhibition. The second letter is considered by art historians to be important, as it reveals how Crome was able to impart his knowledge to his pupils.Amongst other suggestions, the letter encouraged <mask> to consider using more "breadth". Crome was a strong influence on <mask>, who was his favourite pupil, and Crome's preoccupation with depicting trees and woodland scenes led <mask> to produce many such scenes himself. He was elected as a member of the Norwich Society of Artists in 1812. He exhibited at the British Institution between 1814 and 1818, winning a prize of £50 in 1818. Artistic career

In 1814, following the end of his Norwich apprenticeship, <mask> moved to London. There he befriended and became influenced by the artist William Collins. In 1817 he became a student at the Royal Academy.The Bathing Place, Morning was sold in 1817 to the Henry Hobart, the Dean of Windsor. For a short period he shared lodgings with the portrait painter Joseph Clover. During this period he began to sell paintings to wealthy patrons: both the Marquis of Stafford and the Countess de Grey bought works from him. After only two years of study in London, debilitating ill health forced him to return to Norwich, where he remained for nearly twenty years, until his final move from the city in 1830. There he devoted himself to painting the scenery around the city and executing a series of paintings of Norfolk rivers, which were eventually engraved and published in 1834. Regarded during his lifetime by his friends as one of the leaders of the Norwich School of painters, he was elected Vice-President of the Norwich Society of Artists in 1828 and President in the following year, at a time when the Society was struggling to survive. In 1840 <mask> moved to Windsor, where he lived for ten years.During this period in his life he painted many pictures of the scenery along the Thames and in Windsor Great Park, producing images of trees that revealed his improved understanding of their structure. Family life and final years
On 7 July 1821 he married Elizabeth Younge Dinmore of King's Lynn. In 1830, he moved to London, taking up residence in Beaumont Row, Chelsea. <mask> died in 1834, three years after the birth of their son, <mask> <mask>. He moved back to London in 1849 to further his son's artistic education, residing at Mornington Place, Camden Town. <mask> died in March 1859. His body was interred in the family burial plot in the Rosary Cemetery, Norwich.Development as an artist
<mask> mainly worked in oils, though he was also a watercolourist, and produced drawings in pencil and chalk. He initially followed his teacher John Crome in producing works with soft greys and pinks, in a style similar to that of Crome's Back of the New Mills (c. 1815). His first important success occurred the same year, when he exhibited The Bathing Place – Morning. His Lambeth, looking towards Westminster Bridge (1818), now in the Yale Center for British Art collection in New Haven, Connecticut, provides an indication of <mask>'s initial technique, which Andrew Hemingway describes as "a fairly broad style comparable with that of his fellow pupils". <mask>'s early paintings were followed by landscapes of a repetitive and stylized kind, generally depicting woodland glades, and for which he is generally best known today. These scenes fell into the trap of being "a mere pastiche of the seventeenth formula", containing ochre, red and green pigments to depict scenes containing poorly-drawn trees. Such works were exhibited under the title Landscape.By 1825, the London Magazine was reporting that <mask>'s subject matter lacked development, tending as he did to base his works on the paintings of seventeenth-century Dutch masters such as Meindert Hobbema and Jacob van Ruisdael. By the mid-1830s, <mask> had moved away from the influence of the Dutch masters and was producing paintings that showed nature less heavily and more freely. These works have more descriptive titles. Not all his critics were pleased: the Norfolk Chronicle complained in 1829 of <mask>'s move away from depicting formulaic scenes towards a greater use of bright colours and more brilliant lighting effects. His work during this period in his artistic career became more successful, according to Hemingway. The numerous sketches of the Norfolk countryside he had previously produced gave his exhibited works a freshness that was previously lacking, and which was more appealing to the critics. Cromer, exhibited at the British Institution in 1837, is a good example of this new kind of work, and shows the influence of his friend William Collins and the Norwich artist John Thirtle.Like many of his later works, it is based on earlier sketchwork. Like many painters of the Norwich School, <mask> produced his own etchings, but these were not exhibited. As they generally lacked a title, they are nowadays difficult to identify and are little known. Geoffrey Searle, in his survey of the etchings produced by the Norwich School, describes <mask>'s own etchings as "having a distinctive charm". The article on <mask> in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica noted that "his works charm rather by their gentle truth and quietness of manner than by their robustness of view or by their decisiveness of execution". Exhibitions and publications
<mask> exhibited paintings throughout his working life. The Norwich Society of Artists, which was inaugurated in 1803 and held annual exhibitions almost continuously until 1833, exhibited 105 works by <mask> from 1809–32, of which seventy-three were landscapes and four were of marine scenes.During his career he had many wealthy patrons and was regarded in London as a successful provincial artist. He was consistently praised by the Norfolk press. In 1817, when only twenty-three, he and his friend John Berney Crome had been praised in the Norwich Mercury "for their great and rapid strides". As well as exhibiting in London and Norwich, <mask> had his paintings shown in exhibitions as far afield as Glasgow, Edinburgh and Dublin. <mask> wrote an essay On the moral and political influence of the Fine Arts, published in the Norwich Mercury on 26 May 1827, criticising those who were apparently indifferent towards the financial plight of the Norwich Society of Artists. Subsequent exhibitions of works by <mask> include an exhibition held in 1887. Pupils
<mask> taught his own son Arthur, as well as Alfred Priest, Henry Jutsum and Samuel David Colkett, all of whom emerged to become minor artists.Their artistic styles were heavily influenced by their teacher, and none of them produced notable works of art. <mask> <mask> specialised in depicting landscapes and animals, and drew the cattle on a few of his father's pictures. Published works

Gallery

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

55 works relating to <mask> in the British Museum
93 works relating to <mask> in the Norfolk Museums Collections
Information about <mask> from the ArtCyclopedia website
9 works by <mask> in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge
2 works by <mask> at the Tate Museum, London
11 works by <mask> at the Yale Center for British Art

1794 births
1859 deaths
People educated at Norwich School
19th-century English painters
English male painters
English watercolourists
Landscape artists
Artists from Norwich

masks:
James Stark
Stark
Michael Stark
Stark
James Stark
Michael Stark
James
Michael Stark
James Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Elizabeth Stark
Arthur James
Stark
James Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
James Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Arthur James
Stark
James Stark
James Stark
James Stark
James Stark
James Stark
James Stark


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<mask> (born April 12, 1978) is an American football coach who was last the passing game coordinator and quarterbacks coach for the Chicago Bears of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at James Madison University, and has served as offensive coordinator for the Cleveland Browns, Minnesota Vikings, and Jacksonville Jaguars. He won a Super Bowl with the Philadelphia Eagles, serving as the team's quarterbacks coach. Early life and college playing career
<mask> was born in 1978 in Youngstown, Ohio. His father, <mask>, was then offensive coordinator for the Youngstown State Penguins football team, a position he held until 1979. In 1980, the <mask> family moved to Nashville, as Gene became offensive backfield coach at Vanderbilt. <mask> later spent his childhood in Spartanburg, South Carolina from 1984 to 1987 as his father was athletic director at the University of South Carolina-Spartanburg, then in Lexington, Kentucky from 1987 to 1993, when his father was associate athletic director at the University of Kentucky.In 1993, <mask> became athletic director at Villanova University in Philadelphia. <mask> enrolled at nearby Radnor High School in tenth grade and lived in a hotel with his father, from the summer to the early part of the school year. DeFilippo played quarterback on the Radnor football team. In his first start as a varsity football player, DeFilippo led Radnor to two touchdowns in the last 6:30 of Radnor's 16–14 victory over Penncrest High School. The winning score occurred when Bumper Howard (running back) fumbled into the end zone as he was being tackled, and Michael Cutler (an offensive lineman) leaped onto the ball in the end zone for the crucial TD. This win ended a 34-game losing streak for Radnor but would end up Radnor's only win of the season. As a junior in 1994, DeFilippo passed for over 1,200 yards and 10 touchdowns, and Radnor finished with a 2–9 record.<mask> graduated from Radnor in 1996 and attended James Madison University (JMU). DeFilippo played at quarterback for the James Madison Dukes under head coach Alex Wood from 1996 to 1998 then Mickey Matthews in 1999. As a senior in 1999, DeFilippo played in 11 games as a backup and completed 8 of 18 passes for 90 yards. JMU finished the season 8–4, with the Atlantic 10 regular-season title and a berth in the Division I-AA playoffs. While a student at JMU, DeFilippo spent two summers doing NFL internships, in 1997 with the Carolina Panthers and 1998 with the Indianapolis Colts. DeFilippo graduated from JMU in 2000 with a bachelor's degree in speech communications with a concentration in public relations. Coaching career

Early career
<mask> became quarterbacks coach at Fordham in 2000 upon graduating from James Madison.The following year, <mask> enrolled at the University of Notre Dame to be a graduate assistant for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. In the 2001 season, DeFilippo helped coach wide receivers and tight ends on Bob Davie's staff, then in 2002 worked with quarterbacks under Tyrone Willingham. From 2003 to 2004, <mask> was again quarterbacks coach at a Division I-AA program in New York City, Columbia, under Bob Shoop. He then moved up to the NFL in 2005 as offensive quality control coach for the New York Giants under Tom Coughlin and held that position until 2006. In 2007, <mask> joined Lane Kiffin's staff on the Oakland Raiders as quarterbacks coach and remained on staff in 2008 when Tom Cable replaced Kiffin during the season. <mask> became quarterbacks coach for the New York Jets under Rex Ryan in 2009. The Jets that year finished 9-7 and in the playoffs, defeated the Cincinnati Bengals and San Diego Chargers to make their first trip to the AFC Championship Game in 11 years, before losing to their former division rival Indianapolis Colts 17-30.DeFilippo also coached rookie quarterback Mark Sanchez, whom in 2009, became only the second rookie quarterback in NFL history to win multiple playoff games. <mask> returned to the college ranks in 2010 as quarterbacks coach at San Jose State under Mike MacIntyre. In 2011, DeFilippo also became offensive coordinator for San Jose State, in a season where San Jose State rose 32 places in national offensive rankings and improved to 5–7 from 1–12 the previous season. Oakland Raiders (second stint)
In 2012, <mask> returned to the Oakland Raiders as quarterbacks coach, first under Dennis Allen, and then Tony Sparano. Cleveland Browns
On January 21, 2015, <mask> was hired as the Cleveland Browns' new offensive coordinator. However, after only one season, <mask> was let go after head coach Mike Pettine was fired. Philadelphia Eagles
On January 21, 2016, <mask> was hired as the quarterbacks coach of the Philadelphia Eagles.In his second season as quarterbacks coach, <mask> and the Eagles made their first Super Bowl in 13 years, where in a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX, the Eagles defeated the New England Patriots 41–33 to win their first Super Bowl in franchise history. Minnesota Vikings
Four days after winning Super Bowl LII, <mask> was hired as offensive coordinator of the Minnesota Vikings, the same team his Eagles defeated in the NFC Championship Game a month earlier. <mask> was fired after the Vikings lost 21–7 to the Seattle Seahawks on Monday Night Football in week 14. Jacksonville Jaguars

On January 13, 2020, <mask> was fired by the Jacksonville Jaguars after only one season as the offensive coordinator. Chicago Bears
On January 16, 2020, <mask> was hired by the Chicago Bears to be their quarterbacks coach on Matt Nagy's staff. DeFilippo had interviewed for the Bears' head coaching position in 2018, but lost out to Nagy. On February 8, 2021, <mask> was promoted to passing game coordinator while still holding the title of quarterbacks coach.References

External links
 Jacksonville Jaguars bio
 Minnesota Vikings bio
 <mask>o biography from the 2014 Oakland Raiders Media Guide (p. 16). 1978 births
Living people
Cleveland Browns coaches
Columbia Lions football coaches
Fordham Rams football coaches
Jacksonville Jaguars coaches
James Madison Dukes football players
Minnesota Vikings coaches
National Football League offensive coordinators
New York Giants coaches
New York Jets coaches
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football coaches
Oakland Raiders coaches
Philadelphia Eagles coaches
San Jose State Spartans football coaches
University of Notre Dame alumni
American people of Italian descent
Players of American football from Youngstown, Ohio

masks:
John Eugene DeFilippo
DeFilippo
Gene DeFilippo
DeFilippo
John
Gene DeFilippo
John DeFilippo
DeFilippo
DeFilippo
DeFilippo
DeFilippo
DeFilippo
DeFilippo
DeFilippo
DeFilippo
DeFilippo
DeFilippo
DeFilippo
DeFilippo
DeFilippo
DeFilippo
DeFilippo
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<mask> (born August 8, 1953) is an American retired United States Army four-star general who, since his appointment on January 22, 2021, has served as the 28th United States secretary of defense. He is the first African American to serve as the United States secretary of defense. <mask> previously served as the 12th commander of United States Central Command (CENTCOM) from 2013 to 2016. <mask> was the 33rd vice chief of staff of the Army from January 2012 to March 2013, and the last commanding general of United States Forces – Iraq Operation New Dawn, which ended in December 2011. In 2013, <mask> was appointed as the first black commander of CENTCOM by President Barack Obama. He retired from the armed services in 2016 and joined the boards of Raytheon Technologies, Nucor, Tenet Healthcare, and Auburn University. On December 7, 2020, he was nominated for defense secretary by then-President-elect Joe Biden.He was confirmed by the United States Senate on January 22, 2021, by a vote of 93–2. Early life and education
<mask> was born on August 8, 1953, in Mobile, Alabama; he was raised in Thomasville, Georgia. He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1975, where he was commander of G-1 (G Company, 1st Regiment). He later earned a Master of Arts degree in counselor education from Auburn University's College of Education in 1986, and a Master of Business Administration in business management from Webster University in 1989. He is a graduate of the Infantry Officer Basic and Advanced courses, the Army Command and General Staff College, and the Army War College. Military career
<mask> was commissioned as a second lieutenant after his graduation from West Point. His initial assignment was to the 3rd Infantry Division (Mechanized) in Germany.Following this assignment and attendance at the Infantry Officer Advanced Course, he was assigned to the 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, where he commanded the Combat Support Company, 2nd Battalion (Airborne), 508th Infantry and served as the Assistant S-3 (Operations) for 1st Brigade, 82nd Airborne Division. In 1981, <mask> was assigned to Indianapolis, Indiana, where he was the operations officer for the Army Indianapolis District Recruiting Command, and where he later commanded a company in the Army Recruiting Battalion. Upon conclusion of this assignment, he attended Auburn University, where he completed studies for a master's degree in education. He was then assigned to the Military Academy at West Point, New York, where he served as a company tactical officer for E-1. After his selection and subsequent completion of the Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, he was assigned to the 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry), Fort Drum, New York, where he served as the S-3 (Operations) and later executive officer for the 2nd Battalion, 22nd Infantry. He subsequently served as Executive Officer for 1st Brigade, 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry), and later as Director of Plans, Training, Mobilization, and Security for Fort Drum, New York.In 1993, <mask> returned to the 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg, North Carolina where he commanded the 2d Battalion (Airborne), 505th Infantry. He later served as the G-3 for the 82nd Airborne Division.Following graduation from the Army War College, he commanded the 3rd Brigade, 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Shortly after brigade command, he served as Chief, Joint Operations Division, J-3, on the Joint Staff at The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. His next assignment was as Assistant Division Commander for Maneuver (ADC-M), 3rd Infantry Division (Mechanized), Fort Stewart, Georgia. As the ADC-M, he helped lead the division's invasion of Iraq in March 2003. <mask> was awarded a Silver Star for his actions as commander during the invasion. <mask> served from September 2003 until August 2005 as the commanding general of the 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry), as Commander, Combined Joint Task Force 180, during the War in Afghanistan. His next position was chief of staff of the United States Central Command at MacDill AFB, in Tampa, Florida, from September 2005 until October 2006.On December 8, 2006, <mask> was promoted to lieutenant general, and assumed command of the XVIII Airborne Corps, Fort Bragg, North Carolina. In February 2008, <mask> became the second highest ranking commander in Iraq, taking command of the Multi-National CorpsIraq (MNC-I). As commander of MNC-I, he directed the operations of approximately 152,000 joint and coalition forces in all sectors of Iraq. <mask> handed over command of XVIII Corps to become Director of the Joint Staff in August 2009. This promotion came at the direction of Admiral Michael Mullen, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff at the time. While Director, <mask> was told by Mullen to increase the diversity of the Joint Staff. <mask> credited the appointment as having jumpstarted his later career, saying: "People who might not have known <mask> began to know him."Commanding General of US Forces – Iraq

On September 1, 2010, <mask> became Commanding General (CG) of United States Forces – Iraq (USF-I) at a ceremony at Al-Faw Palace in Baghdad. He assumed the role from General Ray Odierno. As CG, USF-I, <mask> was the senior military commander in charge of all US and remaining coalition forces in Iraq. Their mission was to advise, train, assist, and equip the Iraqi Armed Forces and the security agencies part of the Ministry of the Interior. As commander, <mask> requested an additional troop presence in Iraq from 14,000 to 18,000. <mask> oversaw the transition from Operation Iraqi Freedom and combat operations to Operation New Dawn and stability operations focused on advising, assisting, and training the ISF. He was extensively involved in the internal U.S. discussions and then negotiations with the Iraqi Government leading up to the signing of the Strategic Partnership Agreement.Opposing total U.S. withdrawal, <mask> preferred that the U.S. maintain about 10,000 troops in Iraq after 2011 and he approved staff planning for up to 20,000 remaining troops. He directed the drawdown of forces and the redeployment of approximately 50,000 service members. The U.S. command in Iraq formally cased its colors on December 15, 2011, at a reduced-sized BIAP complex, and <mask>'s speech there cited his division's seizure of the airport over eight years beforehand. <mask>, along with other members of the USF-I staff, departed Iraq on December 18, 2011. Army Vice Chief of Staff
In December 2011, <mask> was nominated to become Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army (VCSA). He took office on January 31, 2012. As VCSA, he managed the day-to-day administration of the Army's budget and headquarters staff.Under his direction, the Army took steps to reduce the incidence of suicide in the ranks. He also supervised a review of the psychiatric treatment of personnel assessed for disability by the Army. United States Central Command
<mask> became the commander of CENTCOM on March 22, 2013, after being nominated by President Obama in late 2012. <mask> was preceded as CENTCOM Commander by General James Mattis, whom <mask> would later succeed as Secretary of Defense. In this capacity, General <mask> oversaw all United States troops deployed and major United States Military operations around the area of Middle-East and Central Asia and some parts of South Asia. The area of command consisted of 20 countries including Iraq, Syria, Yemen, Afghanistan, Egypt and Lebanon. His approach as CENTCOM commander has been described as that of an "invisible general", due to his reluctance to speak publicly about military matters.As commander, after ISIL seized control of Mosul in June 2014, <mask> oversaw the development and execution of the military campaign plan to counter ISIL in Iraq and Syria. He had earlier described ISIL as a "flash in the pan". Obama would later tell The New Yorker that ISIL was a "jayvee" team. As of October 2014, <mask> argued that the U.S. military's primary focus in operations against ISIL should be Iraq, as opposed to Syria. In 2015, <mask> conceded in a Senate Committee on Armed Services hearing that a CENTCOM-developed U.S. program intended to train Syrians to combat ISIL had not been successful. At the hearing, he faced particularly pointed questioning from Senator John McCain over the direction of military engagement in Syria. <mask>'s retirement ceremony took place at Joint Base Myer–Henderson Hall on April 5, 2016.During his departure and retirement ceremony, General <mask> said that he was extremely proud of the achievements of the coalition's forces which always goes back to the troops. General <mask> said "I'm very proud to have had the opportunity to lead troops in combat, I have seen our young leaders do amazing things in really tough and dangerous situations." Private sector
Immediately after retiring as CENTCOM Commander, <mask> joined the board of Raytheon Technologies, a military contractor, in April 2016. , his Raytheon stock holdings were worth roughly $500,000 and his compensation, including stock, totaled $2.7million. On September 18, 2017, he was appointed to Nucor's board of directors. On May 29, 2018, <mask> was appointed as an independent director on the board of Tenet Healthcare. He also operates a consulting firm and has been a partner at Pine Island Capital, an investment company with which Secretary of State Antony Blinken and Michèle Flournoy are affiliated. Secretary of Defense (2021–present)

Nomination and confirmation

On December 7, 2020, it was reported that President Joe Biden would nominate <mask> as Secretary of Defense.Biden became acquainted with <mask> while <mask> was CENTCOM commander in the Obama administration, and reportedly grew to trust <mask> after receiving <mask>'s briefings. Like former defense secretary James Mattis, <mask> required a congressional waiver of the National Security Act of 1947 to bypass the seven-year waiting period after leaving active-duty military, as prescribed by (a), in order to be appointed as Secretary of Defense. <mask>'s nomination, and the attendant requirement for a waiver, met with some concern in Congress regarding its implications for civil–military relations. Former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates and former Secretary of State Colin Powell, among others, issued statements supporting <mask>'s nomination. Democratic Representative Seth Moulton opposed it. The Senate Armed Services Committee held a confirmation hearing for <mask> on January 19, 2021. On January 21, Congress granted <mask> a waiver of the seven-year requirement by a 326–78 vote in the House and a 69–27 vote in the Senate.He was confirmed by the Senate in a 93–2 vote on January 22, 2021. Republican Senators Josh Hawley and Mike Lee were the only NO votes. Upon his confirmation and swearing-in later that day, <mask> became the first black secretary of defense. <mask> took office on January 22, 2021, after being sworn in by a Defense Department official, and was sworn in ceremonially by Vice President Kamala Harris on January 25, 2021. Tenure

Several days after assuming office as Secretary of Defense, <mask> visited the National Guard deployed to Washington D.C. <mask> praised the Guard for protecting the Capitol in the days after the 2021 attack. During a press conference, he confirmed that the National Guard was expected to leave the U.S. Capitol within weeks and that there would be no further requests from federal authorities or lawmakers to keep the National Guard's troops in the Capitol complex following their March departure. <mask> would subsequently order the troops stay through May.Part of <mask>'s primary agenda as Secretary of Defense was the Department of Defense's plan, in coordination with Anthony Fauci, the chief medical advisor to the president, to confront the COVID-19 pandemic within the department. <mask>'s first step was to urge service members to get vaccinated, especially after the revelation that almost one-third of active-duty service members had turned down the opportunity to get administered the vaccine. In order to tout the safety of the coronavirus vaccine, <mask> took the vaccine himself and also emphasized that taking the coronavirus vaccine will prevent disease among the troops, particularly those who were deployed overseas. On February 24, 2021, <mask> visited U.S. Northern Command, Los Angeles, which is coordinating an immunization effort in the area in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency, to further investigate the fight against COVID-19. Among his early political acts as Secretary of Defense, <mask> removed former president Trump's appointees from the Pentagon advisory boards. As part of a review, he ordered their resignations, most notably former House Speaker Newt Gingrich and former Trump campaign manager Corey Lewandowski. Many of those removed were last minute political appointees after the 2020 election.On February 19, 2021, <mask> directed his staff to gather more information about a viral TikTok video from a female Marine regarding a sexual misconduct case. On January 2, 2022, <mask> announced that he has tested positive for COVID-19 after experiencing symptoms at home. He was boostered in early October 2021. Extremism in the ranks
Shaken by concerns of possible right-wing extremism among the troops, <mask> on 5 February 2021 announced that every unit of the United States military; Active, Reserve, and Guard would be required to stand down within the next 60 days in order to conduct  training including the importance of the oath of office; a description of impermissible behaviors; and procedures for reporting suspected, or actual, extremist behaviors. Middle East

On February 19, 2021, <mask> spoke to Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, saying that "We discussed the continued commitment to the 70-year US-Saudi security partnership, and I'm looking forward to working together to achieve regional security and stability." <mask> expressed support for Saudi Arabia in the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict. On February 25, 2021, under Biden's direction, <mask> coordinated military defensive airstrikes against an Iranian-backed militia in Syria.<mask> had previously recommended such airstrikes as a response to Iranian attacks on Americans in Iraq earlier in the month. It was also believed that the militia is responsible for killing a civilian contractor and injuring one American soldier as well as other troops in a missile attack on February 15, 2021. On April 1, 2021, <mask> and Turkish Minister of National Defense Hulusi Akar discussed the bilateral defense cooperation between the United States and its NATO ally Turkey. On May 12, 2021, <mask> condemned the rocket attacks into Israel and "conveyed the [Defense] Department’s ironclad support for Israel’s legitimate right to defend itself and its people." Indo-Pacific

On February 25, 2021, <mask> visited the aircraft carrier USS Nimitz. During his visit, he emphasized the need for American warships throughout the globe in order to deter security threats, mostly from China within the Indo-Pacific region and Iran within the Middle-East region. In March 2021, <mask> and Secretary of State Antony Blinken visited several Asian countries including Japan and South Korea.The trip reflected the Biden administration's concerns about China's growing influence within the Indo-Pacific region, especially their military buildup during the pandemic, as well North Korea's nuclear threat and the recent coup d'état in Myanmar. The trip was also part of the Biden administration's "America is back" diplomatic theme, and <mask> pledged the U.S.'s commitment to reaffirm ties with its allies and to maintain a robust military presence in the Indo-Pacific region. <mask> added that denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula remains the Biden administration's top priority, and that the alliances with South Korea and Japan are among the most important tools the United States has in that regard. <mask> also made a three-day visit to India, where he met with his Indian counterpart Rajnath Singh, and other senior government officials. India drew closer to the United States following its tensions with China on their disputed Sino-Indian border. <mask> urged India to cancel the planned purchase of Russia's S-400 air defence system. <mask> stated that "China is our pacing threat.We still maintain the edge and we’re going to increase the edge going forward." Afghanistan

<mask> expressed doubt that the Department of Defense would meet its May 1 deadline for the 2021 withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan. The Biden Administration announced on April 14, 2021 that a new deadline had been set for September 11, 2021. On March 21, 2021, he met President Ashraf Ghani in Kabul. Soon after the withdrawal of U.S. troops started, the Taliban launched an offensive against the Afghan government, quickly advancing in front of a collapsing Afghan Armed Forces. On July 24, 2021, <mask> said: "In terms of whether or not [Afghanistan's military] will stop the Taliban, I think the first thing to do is to make sure that they can slow the momentum." On August 15, 2021, the Afghan government capitulated to Taliban forces.Personal life
<mask> was raised by a devout Catholic mother and remains practicing. He has been described as an "intensely private" man who loathed talking to the news media when he was in Iraq and has a habit of "referring to himself in the third person". <mask> and his wife, Charlene Denise Banner <mask>, have been married for over forty years. Charlene worked as a non-profit administrator and served the board of the Military Family Research Institute at Purdue University. He has two stepsons. Awards and decorations

2007 inductee into the Thomasville County Sports Hall of Fame. Gallery

Publications

Citations

General sources

Further reading

External links

 Biography at the United States Department of Defense

1953 births
African-American members of the Cabinet of the United States
African-American military personnel
Auburn University alumni
Biden administration cabinet members
Living people
Members of the Council on Foreign Relations
Military leaders of the Iraq War
Military personnel from Mobile, Alabama
People from Thomasville, Georgia
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
United States Army generals
United States Army personnel of the Iraq War
United States Army personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
United States Army Vice Chiefs of Staff
United States Army War College alumni
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Secretaries of Defense
Webster University alumni

masks:
Lloyd James Austin III
Austin
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Lloyd Austin
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<mask> (born August 15, 1945 – March 9, 2019), also known as The Gold Lady, was a Canadian artist from Toronto, Ontario. One of her best known series is The Extraordinary Journey. The series was inspired by her trips through the deserts of Oman and Saudi Arabia, when she began incorporating the use of gold leaf into her work. Her style is most notable for presenting gold as a colour rather than as a precious metal. Her paintings are in private and corporate collections in Canada, Europe and the Middle East. Early life and education
McGivern grew up in Toronto and for almost 40 years maintained a residence at the Manulife Centre which was a gathering place for members of the local arts community. In 1971 she went to Europe, for five years.Settling in London in the fall of 1974 she became a member of both The Arts Club and Chelsea Arts Club. Returning to Toronto in 1976 she worked with Columbia Pictures Television until 1981 when they stopped producing TV programs. McGivern then started painting at her first art studio in downtown Toronto. Her work at that time was mostly naive and was inspired by the English artist Beryl Cook. Around that time she got accepted by the Ontario College of Art and Design  she studied under Canadian artists such as Graham Coughtry and Ian Carr-Harris. She graduated in 1988 in Experimental Arts at OCAD. In 1992 McGivern went to Russia where she saw works by the Impressionist artist Matisse at the Hermitage and Fernando Botero at the Pushkin, Moscow.During the same trip she saw the Barnes Collection at the Musée d'Orsay, Paris. She produced a series of paintings based on Impressionist works, with her own interpretation of The Barnes Collection, which was later shown at Musee Hotel Baudy in Giverny. Throughout the 90's McGivern was represented by galleries in Yorkville, Toronto, Montreal, Edmonton as well as Zurich, Berlin, London, Paris and Madrid. The Extraordinary Journey
In 1996 McGivern went on an off-road driving trip across the Middle East, following the British adventurer Wilfred Thesiger's path through the deserts of Oman and Saudi Arabia, covering 3,000 miles in eight days. While driving through the deserts she was amazed with the colours she saw and the richness of the sands which opened up a new concept to her work, where her acrylic paintings now recounted the deserts from a Canadian prospective, using gold as a colour as opposed to a precious metal. "My paintings are inspired by my trips, especially to the deserts of Oman and the UAE. I found the dunes to be a magical place with colours that I never thought could be possible in such a vastness of sand" stated McGivern in 1998.She was commissioned to do 22 paintings for the Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel. Her work has been sold to major collectors such as Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum and the Al Qasimi, UAE as well as different corporate collectors. When asked to do two horses for the Dubai's Celebration of Arabian Horses, her horse Victory was commissioned by Frayland and Penquin, Engineering and was the third largest winner in the auction held by Christie's for 210,000 AED. The second horse Red Fantasy was also commissioned by Delwood Consultancy. McGivern represented Canada at the Women & Art, 2005, A Global Perspective, Sharjah UAE. Solo exhibitions
 2009 Lando Gallery, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
 2009 Gallerie Bohner, Manhiem, Germany
 2008 Arts Club, London, England
 2007 Lindsay Gallery, Lindsay, Ontario. Sinai Hospital, Toronto
 Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto

Selected collections
 HH General Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum
 Vice President and Prime Minister of the UAE and Ruler of Dubai
 Cee Cee Holdings, Dubai, UAE
 Royal Collection, Sharjah, UAE
 Compass, Dubai, UAE
 Designdivision, Dubai, UAE
 Emirates Tower Hotel, Dubai, UAE
 Eytzinger Gold, Schwabach, Germany
 Ghandour Building, Beirut, Lebanon
 Bernstein Hounsfield & Assoc., London, England
 Cannex Financial Inc., Toronto
 Danson, Zucker & Connelly, Toronto
 Electric Light Company, London, England
 Lever Brothers, Toronto
 Saatchi & Saatchi, Compton Hayhurst, (Canada) Ltd.
 Teck Corporation, Vancouver, B.C.Union Carbide, Toronto

Group exhibitions
<mask>'s work has been part of the following group exhibitions:
 2000 Bait Muzna Gallery, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
 1999 NOT the Royal Academy Show, London, England
 1999 Royal Academy Summer Show, selected but not hung, London, England
 1999 Pratt & Whitney, Invited Artist, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
 1999 Teodora Art Gallery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
 1998 Majlis Gallery, Dubai, UAE
 1998 Teodora Art Gallery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
 1998 Royal Academy Summer Show, Selected but not hung, London, England
 1998 NOT the Royal Academy Show, Salon des Refuses, London, England
 1997 Art Expo '97, Teodora Art Gallery, New York, United States
 1997 THE ART & TECHNOLOGY CIRCUS, Audart, New York, United States
 1997 The Majlis Gallery, Dubai, UAE. 1996 "GIFTS FROM THE PERMANENT COLLECTION", Art Gallery of North York
 1996 "TNT", Audart Gallery, New York, United States
 1996 Miami Art Fair, Miami, Florida (Teodora Art Gallery)
 1995 A.C.I.

masks:
Barbara McGivern
Barbara


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<mask> (; November 13, 1869, Saint Petersburg – January 12, 1962, Washington, DC; Ariadna Borman during the first marriage) was a liberal politician, journalist, writer and feminist in Russia during the revolutionary period until 1920. Afterwards, she lived as a writer in Britain (1920–1951) and the United States (1951–1962). Biography

Revolutionary beginnings
<mask> was born on 13 November 1869, the daughter of Vladimir Tyrkov, a landowner whose hereditary estate was Vergezhi in the Novgorod region. She studied in Saint Petersburg. There she married A. N. Borman, an engineer, and with him had a son, Arcadiy (b. 1891). In the early 1900s, she became active among liberal opposition groups linked to Pyotr Struve's periodical, Osvobozhdenie ('Liberty'), and in 1904 was arrested while trying to smuggle 400 copies of Osvobozhdenie into Russia .Later the same year, she was arrested again, sentenced to 30 months in prison and fled to Stuttgart, where she met Williams; together they moved to Paris. At the end of the year Williams was sent to St Petersburg. His wife would follow. Returning to Russia under the general amnesty granted by the October Manifesto during the Russian Revolution of 1905, she helped found the Constitutional Democratic party (also known as the Kadet Party), and in 1906 became a member of its Central Committee. Between the Revolutions
In 1906, she married Harold Williams (1876–1928), a New Zealand-British Slavist who was working as a journalist in Saint Petersburg for the Morning Post. The same year she joined the All-Russian Union for Women's Equality and, with Ekaterina Kuskova, became a leading campaigner for equal rights for women, prompting the Constitutional Democratic party to add women's suffrage to its platform . After the defeat of the revolution in late 1907, Tyrkova-Williams moved to the far Right of the Constitutional Democratic party, and advocated an alliance with the Progressive faction in the State Duma and the Left wing of the Octobrist party .In 1911, the family was briefly embroiled in controversy, when Harold Williams was accused of espionage, supposedly as a result of Russian secret police machinations . During World War I, she worked in the All-Russian Union of Cities. She also spent a year in Turkey and wrote a book about her experiences there (Staraya Turtsia, 1916) . 1917 Revolution and emigration
On March 17, 1917, immediately after the February Revolution, Tyrkova-Williams was elected a member of the Petrograd Committee of the Kadet party. She coordinated party publications in Petrograd, and in the summer of 1917 was elected to the Petrograd Duma, where she led the Constitutional Democratic faction. In August, she became a member of the Democratic Conference, and in September was elected to the Pre-Parliament. After the Bolshevik seizure of power during the October Revolution of 1917 she ran for the Constituent Assembly in November elections, and, with Alexander Izgoev, briefly edited the newspaper, Borba, until it was shut down by the Bolshevik government.After the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly by the Bolsheviks, she helped organize anti-Bolshevik resistance in southern Russia. But in the spring of 1918, she emigrated to Britain, and in 1919 published an account of the first year of the Russian revolution, From Liberty to Brest-Litovsk, before returning to Russia in the spring, when Harold Williams was sent to the areas controlled by Gen. Anton Denikin to report on the progress of the White Movement. By then, she had moved further to the Right, and wrote:

We must support the army first and place the democratic programs in the background. We must create a ruling class and not a dictatorship of the majority. The universal hegemony of Western democracy is a fraud, which politicians have foisted upon us. We must have the courage to look directly into the eye of the wild beast—which is called the people . In late 1919, General Denikin was defeated, and Tyrkova-Williams returned to Britain in 1920.In London, she became a founder of the London-based Russian Liberation Committee, edited its publications, and raised money for Russian orphans . In November 1928, her husband died. Afterwards she wrote a biography of Alexander Pushkin (Zhizn' Pushkina, 2 vols., 1928–1929) , and a book about her late husband (Cheerful Giver, 1935). After the second World War, in March 1951, she migrated to the United States of America and later published three volumes of memoirs (1952, 1954, 1956) in Russian. <mask> Tyrkova-Williams died on 12 January 1962 in Washington DC and was buried there in Rock Creek Cemetery. References

Sources
 See Shmuel Galai. The Liberation Movement in Russia 1900-1905, Cambridge University Press,  p. 192.See Barbara Alpern-Engel. "Women in Revolutionary Russia, 1861-1926" in Political and Historical Encyclopedia of Women, ed. Christine Faure, Routledge, 2003,  p. 255. (First edition as Encyclopédie politique et historique des femmes, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 1997, )
 See Adele Marie Barker and Jehanne M. Gheith. A History of Women's Writing in Russia, Cambridge University Press, 2002,  p. 177
 See Melissa Stockdale. "The Constitutional Democratic Party" in Russia Under the Last Tsar, edited by Anna Geifman, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 1999,  pp. 164–169.See Keith Neilson. "Only a d...d marionette? The influence of ambassadors on British Foreign Policy, 1904-1914" in Diplomacy and World Power: Studies in British Foreign Policy, 1890-1951, eds. Brian J. C. McKercher and Michael L. Dockrill, Cambridge University Press, 1996,  p. 66
 See <mask> Tyrkova-Williams. Staraya Turtsia i Mladoturki: god v Konstantinopole, Petrograd, Tip. B. M. Volfa, 1916, p. 179
 Quoted in Ronald Grigor Suny. The Soviet Experiment: Russia, the USSR, and the Successor States, Oxford University Press, 1998,  p. 80
 See the Tyrkova-Williams Collection at the British Library
 For a comparison of Tyrkova-Williams' biography of Pushkin with the one published in the Soviet Union by Yuri Tynianov at the same time, see Alexandra Smith."Conformist by Circumstance v. Formalist at Heart: Some Observations on Tynianov's Novel Pushkin", in Neo-Formalist Papers: Contributions to the Silver Jubilee Conference to Mark 25 Years of the Neo-Formalist Circle, eds. Joe Andrew and Robert Reid, Amsterdam-Atlanta, Rodopi B. V., 1998,  p. 305

Works
Staraya Turtsia i Mladoturki: God v Konstantinopole, Petrograd, Tip. B. M. Volfa, 1916, 179p. From Liberty to Brest-Litovsk, the First Year of the Russian Revolution, London, Macmillan, 1919, 526p. Second edition Westport, CT, Hyperion Press, 1977, , 526 p.
Cheerful Giver: The Life of Harold Williams, by his wife, <mask> Tyrkova-Williams, London, P. Davies, 1935, xii, 337 p.
Na Putyakh k Svobode, New York, Izd-vo im. Chekhova, 1952, 429p. To, chego bol'she ne budet, Paris, Vozrozhdenie, [1954], 267p.Zhizn' Pushkina (Life of Pushkin) vol. 1 (1799–1824), vol. 2 (1824–1837), Paris, Sklad izd. Knizhnyi magazin Vozrozhdeniia, 1929. 2nd edition, Paris, YMCA Press, 1948. 3rd edition, Moscow, Molodaia Gvardiia, 1998,  (set),  (v. 1),  (v. 2)

See also
Harold Williams (her husband)

Further reading
 Arkady Borman. A. V. Tyrkova-Williams:  po ee pis’mam i vospominaniiam syna (1964 Washington, DC, Luven)
 'A.V. Tyrkova-Williams', in Novy Zhurnal; 98 (1970)
 Politicheskie deyateli Rossii 1917: Biograficheskij slovar''', ed. Pavel Volobuev (1993. Moscow) . Irene Zohrab. 'Remizov, Williams, Mirsky and English Readers (with some Letters from Remizov to Ariadna Tyrkova-Williams and Two Unknown Reviews)', in New Zealand Slavonic Journal (1994), pp. 259–287. Alexandra Smith.'The Shaping of the Literary Canon in A. Tyrkova-Williams's book The Life of Pushkin ', in Pushkinskie chteniia v Tartu: 2, ed. L. Kiseleva (2000. University of Tartu, Tartu), pp. 267–81. Rochelle Goldberg Ruthchild. 'Writing for Their Rights: Four Feminist Journalists: Mariia Chekhova, Liubov' Gurevich, Mariia Pokrovskaia, and <mask> Tyrkova', in An Improper Profession: Women, Gender and Journalism in Late Imperial Russia'', eds. Barbara T. Norton and Jehanne M. Gheith (2001.Duke University Press)  pp. 167–195

External links
The Tyrkova-Williams Collection at the British Library

1869 births
1962 deaths
Russian journalists
Russian Constitutional Democratic Party members
White movement people
Politicians from Saint Petersburg
Feminism and history
Russian women in politics
Russian women of World War I
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United Kingdom
White Russian emigrants to the United States
White Russian emigrants to the United Kingdom

masks:
Ariadna Vladimirovna Tyrkova Williams
Ariadna Vladimirovna Tyrkova
Ariadna
Ariadna
Ariadna
Ariadna


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<mask> (August 11, 1811 – November 1, 1899) was an American educator from Washington, D.C. He is best known as one of the founders and the first president of the National Teachers Association, now known as the National Education Association. <mask> also played a large role in Congress passing a bill creating the Office of Education, precursor to the Department of Education. His former home in Washington, D.C. was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965. Early life
<mask> was born in 1811 in Cummington, Massachusetts, to Nehemiah and Elizabeth (née Packard) <mask>. Regarding his unusual first name, Zalmon signed his name only with a "Z" and had "vials of wrath if one called him 'Zed'." His father was a farmer and descendant of English emigrant <mask>, a Plymouth colonist.<mask> became interested in education and religion due to the influence of his first teacher, Sybil Bates. He regularly attended the local school from the ages of three to ten. For the next four years, he was only able to attend school for one semester a year due to him helping his family on their farm. Around this time <mask> heard a lecture on temperance and made a vow to never consume alcohol, which according to him, he kept. When he was fifteen, <mask> joined a local Baptist church his father had co-founded and regularly attended Baptist churches the rest of his life. He briefly attended Cummington Academy until the age of seventeen. At that point he began teaching at a small school for eight dollars a month plus room and board.While teaching at the school he decided to attend college and pursue a career in education. He attended Southampton Academy and received private tutoring before entering Williams College in 1832. <mask>' family was unable to assist paying his tuition, so he continued teaching during college breaks and borrowed money which he later repaid. He graduated from Williams in 1836 and later earned his Master of Arts. Career
After graduation, <mask> returned to his alma mater, Cummington Academy, but this time as principal. He held this position for the next three years, during which time he married his assistant teacher, Minerva Todd. In September 1839, <mask> became head of the Stillwater Academy in Stillwater, New York.During his nine years at this academy, <mask> also organized normal schools in Saratoga County, New York, and at the request of Governor Horace Eaton, in Vermont. These training grounds for educators was considered innovative at the time. He and his wife moved to Washington, D.C. in 1848 where he became principal of the preparatory department of Columbian College (present-day George Washington University), a position he held for three years. In 1852, <mask> founded a private school, Union Academy, which was successful until Southern students left at the outbreak of the Civil War. The school was located on the northwest corner of 14th Street and New York Avenue NW. He helped organize the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) of Washington in 1852. It was the third association of its type in the United States and <mask> was its first president.He remained president for two years and continued having an active role with the organization for the remainder of his life. <mask> was one of thirty-eight delegates who met at the Athenaeum of Philadelphia in 1857 and founded the National Teachers Association (NTA), renamed the National Education Association (NEA) in 1870. He was elected the NTA's first president and presided over the organization's first annual meeting in 1858. He played an active role in the NTA/NEA the rest of his life and attended annual meetings until 1896. In reference to the NEA, <mask> said: "There is not a state, county, city or town in all our country where the influence of our associational work is not more or less felt." During the Civil War, <mask> was involved with the Christian Commission, visiting sick and wounded soldiers in local hospitals. He was elected to the Common Council (precursor to the Council of the District of Columbia), representing the Second Ward, while his brother Almarin represented Ward Three.In 1861, he was appointed to work in the Treasury Department as a clerk. <mask> was later transferred to the Bureau of Statistics and worked there until 1867. That same year he was once again elected to the Common Council and became its president. During his time on the Council he returned to his work with education by managing a normal school for Washington, D.C. public school teachers and by being largely responsible for Congress establishing the Office of Education in 1867. <mask> worked at the new agency until it became a bureau of the Interior Department in 1869. He helped pass a Council ordinance which created the Office of Superintendent of Public Schools and served as the first superintendent of Washington, D.C.'s public schools for one year. In 1871, <mask> was appointed auditor for the government of the District of Columbia and served that position until 1874.Later years
<mask>' wife, Minerva, died on July 15, 1873. The following August he married his second wife, Mary Frances Mather, a direct descendant of Puritan minister Cotton Mather. In 1880, <mask> published Teachers' Manual for primary school instructors, and in 1885, he published The Natural Arithmetic. <mask> and Mary moved to 1301 Corcoran Street NW in 1882. <mask> lost most of his property when loans he had co-signed for close friends defaulted. He supported himself during his last years by teaching a small private school in his home. Mary died in 1896 and <mask> died three years later on November 1, 1899.He was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery in a family plot, next to his two wives. <mask>' former Second Empire residence on Corcoran Street, the Zalmon <mask> House, was designated a National Historic Landmark on December 21, 1965. The home is also designated a contributing property to the Greater Fourteenth Street Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. Bibliography
Teachers' Manual, A.S. Barnes & Company, New York, 1880,
The Natural Arithmetic, S.R. Winchell & Co., Chicago, 1885,

References

External links

1811 births
1899 deaths
People from Cummington, Massachusetts
Baptists from the United States
Educators from Washington, D.C.
National Education Association people
American school principals
YMCA leaders
Williams College alumni
Burials at Oak Hill Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)
19th-century Baptists
American educators
19th-century American educators

masks:
Zalmon Richards
Richards
Zalmon
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William Richards
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