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Brigadier-General Sir <mask>  (25 December 1861 – 2 August 1956) was an officer of the Royal Engineers during the First World War. Edmonds became the Director of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence on 1 April 1919 and was responsible for the post-war compilation of the 28-volume Military Operations section of the History of the Great War. Edmonds wrote nearly half the volumes, including eleven of the 14 volumes dealing with the Western Front (Military Operations, France and Belgium). The final volume was published in 1949. Early life and education
<mask> was born in London in 1861 into a family that could trace its ancestry to Fowey in Cornwall. Edmonds was educated at King's College School, at Somerset House in the Strand, London. Edmonds claimed that his father taught him languages at breakfast, to the extent that he was familiar with German, French, Italian and Russian.Edmonds did not learn Latin or Greek but studied science and geology. Edmonds visited France when he was eight and saw Napoleon III, then returned two years later, soon after the end of the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871). In his unpublished memoirs, <mask> wrote that he was surprised to see that the Arc de Triomphe had not been demolished and that he became sceptical of the reports of war correspondents for the rest of his life. While Edmonds was in Amiens, still under German occupation, a Bavarian officer said "Ve haf beat de Franzmen, you vill be next" (sic). This determined Edmonds's father to teach both his sons German and to put them into the army. Edmonds's teachers encouraged him to study maths at Cambridge but when one of his friends passed third in the entrance exam to the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich (RMA Woolwich), Edmonds applied. In July 1879 Edmonds took the RMA Woolwich entrance exam, passed first was accepted for a place.At the end of the course Edmonds achieved the highest marks that instructors could remember, was awarded the Pollock Gold Medal for Efficiency and prizes for mathematics, mechanics, fortification, geometrical drawing, military history, drills and exercises and exemplary conduct. Edmonds won the Sword of Honour for the Best Gentleman Cadet and was mentioned by the commander-in-chief of the Army, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. Army career

Royal Engineers

<mask> was commissioned into the Corps of Royal Engineers on 22 July 1881. Edmonds spent four years based in Chatham and a year in Malta studying submarine mining. Edmonds's intellect was recognised with the nickname Archimedes. After returning from Malta, <mask> was posted to Hong Kong with two companies of engineers to garrison the colony. The posting was uneventful and in 1888 <mask> returned to Chatham after sojourns in Japan, the US and Canada, to join the 38th Mining Company as Assistant Instructor.Apparently <mask>'s main duty was to play golf with the Chief Instructor in the afternoons. <mask> was promoted to captain in 1890 and returned to the RMA Woolwich as an instructor. Staff college
In 1895 <mask> took the entrance exam for the Staff College, Camberley and passed first again. Twenty-four candidates were chosen by application and eight men with near misses in the examinations entered by nomination, one of whom was Douglas Haig. Edmonds felt intellectually superior to his peers and wrote later that only George Macdonogh was an exception, who could also understand some of the more recondite subjects, like the decoding of cyphers. In his memoir, <mask> wrote that he was often paired with Haig because he was good with detail whereas Haig was a generalist. While at the college, <mask> co-wrote with his brother-in-law, W. Birkbeck Wood, "The History of the Civil War in the United States 1861–1865" which was published in 1905.The book was well received by reviewers who wrote that the book would be appealing to soldiers and to students of history alike. Like the later official histories of the Great War the book was full of statistical information, although the reviewer in the Times Literary Supplement thought that in this, the authors had gone a little too far. The book gave prominence to novel aspects of the war including the use of cavalry, battles of attrition and the training of volunteers to be disciplined soldiers. The book was in print for thirty years, by 1936 was in its fourth edition and was in use at West Point. <mask> passed out in 1899 at the top of his class and as one of the most successful students of the era but Colonel George Henderson predicted that it would be Haig who would become commander in chief. The Intelligence Division

<mask> was offered a post in the Intelligence Division of the General Staff in October 1899, ten days after the beginning of the Second Boer War (11 October 1899 – 31 May 1902). <mask> became head of the Special Duties Section of the War Office (Section H) which was established soon after the outbreak of the war.Section H censored cable communications, spied on suspected agents, press correspondents and monitored adherence to the Geneva Conventions. Edmonds has a staff of one officer and a retired police detective with a budget of £200. The section later took on counter-intelligence and secret service work which entailed the dispatch of a small number of officers to South Africa to study topography, communications and Boer troop movements. The temporary Secret Section 13 (A), with a staff of three, kept watch on messages to South Africa and exports of ammunition. The section managed to intercept Dutch correspondence to South Africa but was prevented from accepting the offer by the captain of a rugby team to vandalise the London offices of a pro-Boer agent. <mask> was posted to South Africa in 1900 as Lord Kitchener's escort and was abroad for six years. In <mask>'s absence Colonel <mask> had worked on a new cypher for the War Office, training officers to use cyphers and break codes.At the end of the war, the Director General of Mobilisation and Military Intelligence, Major-General William Nicholson, lobbied to keep Secret Section 13 (A) but a committee of 1903 chaired by Lord Hardwicke refused to do this because it was felt to be necessary only in wartime, despite continental governments taking a different view. The section as disbanded and Section H renamed the Special Duties Section (MO3) in 1904 and left to drift. In 1906 <mask> returned to England and took over MO3, which in 1907 was renamed MO5 and until 1910 concentrated on counter-espionage, intelligence gathering and cryptography. Edmonds devised a code called double Playfair for communications with the Japanese and for British forces engaged in field operations. Edmonds drew up a list of experts in code-breaking and trained junior officers in cypher methods to create a reserve for times of war. Edmonds attempted to establish intelligence gathering by the British as an equivalent of the efforts being made by the French and Germans, who had been spying and counter-spying on each other since before the Franco-Prussian War. Edmonds took the view that in a modern war, old methods would be inadequate and in 1908 gave a lecture on tactical intelligence which compared the tasks of a field officer in a small war to that of their continental equivalents.In a European war, the British Army would need

field officers would find it far harder to get topographical data in Germany during hostilities and would have to rely on information gained during peace. In the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905) the Japanese had the benefit of agents placed in Russia before the war, which contributed to the Japanese victory. <mask> advocated intelligence operations in Germany before a war but his efforts were hampered by the usual lack of money and War Office inexperience, whose early efforts were embarrassing failures. <mask> had most success in changing the Security Service, despite his reasons coming from a fantasy. The growing Anglo-German antagonism had led to a fashion for alarmist literature about German spies and invasion scares, several written by William Le Queux, one of <mask>'s friends. There were some German agents in Britain watching ports and dockyards but no centrally organised system of espionage; Germany was far more interested in France and Russia. Gustav Steinhauer of German naval intelligence () ran "poorly paid and clumsy agents".Invasion scares

Le Queux wrote The Invasion of 1910 in 1906, first serialised in the Daily Mail and then published in 17 languages, selling more than a million copies. In 1907 the The Morning Post splashed a story purporting that 90,000 German reservists and spies, with arms caches, were at large in Britain. Invasion scares whipped up public anxiety when the Germans accelerated their dreadnought building plans. The British government set up a sub-committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence (CID) in 1907 to look into the possibility of a German invasion, which met 16 times from November 1907 to July 1908 and debunked the invasion panic. The Director of Military Operations, Major-General Sir Spencer Ewart did have to admit that the counter-intelligence system was inadequate and began a review. In October 1908 a new Official Secrets Act was drafted to allow arrests and searches without warrant, the registration of aliens (foreigners), the use of paid agents in Britain to unmask foreign spies and copying the German system instituted in 1866, in which a police or private detective under an intelligence officer ran spies abroad. Without peacetime preparations, Britain would enter a war "fatally handicapped".<mask> was suspicious of German intentions because several German friends told him that they had been approached by the German Imperial Admiralty () to report on the movements of warships, observe dockyards, arsenals, aircraft and munitions factories. In 1909 Le Queux published "Spies of the Kaiser" in which London and the east coast were full of German spies disguised as barbers, waiters and tourists. The denunciation of alleged spies increased and the cases were passed on to Edmonds who began to classify German visitors according to their proximity to important buildings and other structures, those who entertained parties of visiting Germans or tradesmen and photographers who lived near dockyards and ports. Richard Haldane, the Secretary of State for War (1905–1912), refused to credit the existence of a German spy network and few other members of the government took the scares seriously. Even Helmuth von Moltke the Younger, the Chief of the Great German General Staff (1906–1914) claimed that an invasion might be feasible but that supplying a landing force or re-embarking it would be impossible. In 1909 <mask> told Captain Vernon Kell, his deputy during his time in the Far East, that the commander of a German landing in East Anglia, would be better informed than a British general. Haldane was persuaded to another CID sub-committee to inquire about foreign espionage, at which Edmonds gave evidence.Viscount Esher said that Edmonds was

Haldane found the evidence more persuasive. The existing intelligence system could not quantify German spying or stop it. The sub-committee recommended that a secret service bureau be established and in August 1909 the new agency was set up within MO5. <mask> appointed Kell to run the agency. The government also created controls to monitor and limit the freedom of movement of aliens and increased powers under the Official Secrets Act to give more powers to the police against spies. After studying continental powers, the Metropolitan Police gained more powers of arrest and search. A conviction could be obtained on the evidence of suspicious behaviour and the burden of proof was placed on the accused.By the time that <mask> left MO5 in 1910 he had established a Secret Service section from a ramshackle, under-funded and poorly-organised group of temporary, part-time and amateur agents which resembled a modern intelligence gathering and counter-intelligence organisation. Despite being taken in by sensational tales of mass spying, Edmonds had laid the foundations of MI5 and MI6. Return to soldiering
After seven years in intelligence, Edmonds wanted a change and did not want to be subordinate to General Henry Wilson, the new DMO, towards whom, Edmonds harboured a certain enmity. Edmonds was offered the posts of commandant of the School of Military Engineering or General Staff Officer (Grade I) (GSO I, the divisional chief of staff) of the 4th Division. <mask> joined the 4th Division on 1 March 1911, despite being told that it was a bad career move to leave the War Office. <mask> had gone on leave for three months before transferring during which he had translated French and Russian works on battlefield engineering. The division trained and in the corps manoeuvres of 1912, the 3rd Division and the 4th Division defeated I Corps which was under the command of Douglas Haig.An important part of the divisional training was the retreat, despite this being banned by the War Office. on the eve of the war, <mask> thought that his division was prepared but ill-equipped compared to the items he had seem in use in the German Army  when he attended the manoeuvres of 1908. The Germans had machine-guns flare pistols, trench mortars, ambulances, artillery telephones and field kitchens. The 4th Division was based at Great Yarmouth in August 1914, ready to repel a German invasion attempt. First World War

At the outbreak of the war in 1914, <mask> was chief-of-staff of the 4th Division of the Expeditionary Force (renamed British Expeditionary Force on the arrival in France of the Indian Expeditionary Force) but the strain of the Great Retreat following the Battle of Mons (23 August), led to his replacement in September, within a month of the opening of hostilities. He spent the remainder of the war as a staff officer at the BEF GHQ, during which time he gathered documents to be used in the Official History. <mask> needed to demonstrate great diplomacy to obtain information.He told his Australian counterpart, Charles Bean,

Later career

<mask> was a peer of Douglas Haig at the Staff College, who referred to him jovially as, "my dear Archimedes". Soon after Haig died in 1929, Lady Haig wrote to Edmonds, concerned about what the Official History would say. Edmonds wrote back saying, "You may be quite sure that I shall endeavour to write the history of his command as he would have wished". Basil Liddell Hart wrote of the volume of the Official History for March 1918 that Edmonds provided the facts but added a "subte twist" to them that risked the general reader jumping to a wrong conclusion. Edmonds had tried to do this while leaving facts in appendices and notes, parts of the book that Edmonds thought were unlikely to be read by lay readers but were available to be noticed by an informed reader. Edmonds told Liddell Hart that "many of your points passed through my mind but I had always space and the views of my comrades to consider" and hoped that in the future, historians would understand the constraints under which he wrote. <mask> is credited with the saying

The History of the Great War (1922–1948) produced by Edmonds has been criticised as propaganda for being too lenient on the British generals.It has been suggested that <mask>' favourable portrayal of Haig was a counterpoint to the scathing criticism delivered by the former British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George in his memoirs. In 1991, Denis Winter, a critic of Haig, acknowledged Edmonds' comprehensive understanding of British operations during the war but said,

Andrew Green in Writing the Great War: Sir <mask> and the Official Histories 1915–1948 (2003) considered the volumes of the Official History for Gallipoli, the Somme, 3rd Ypres and the German March offensive of 1918 and concluded that Edmonds had been far more objective than others had given him credit for and that

<mask> was knighted in the 1928 Birthday Honours. In 1939, he became Secretary of the Cabinet Office Historical Section, following the resignation of Colonel E. Y. Daniel and on 15 November 1939 the section moved to Lytham St Annes in Lancashire where it stayed until April 1942, then moved to the National Library of Wales in Aberystwyth. <mask> died at Brecon House, Sherborne, Dorset, after a brief illness. Notes

Footnotes

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 Centre for First World War Studies: <mask> Edmonds

1861 births
1956 deaths
People educated at King's College School, London
Knights Bachelor
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich
British Army generals of World War I
Royal Engineers officers
British military historians
Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley
British Army generals
Military personnel from London

masks:
James Edward Edmonds
James Edward Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
James Trotter
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
James Edmonds
Edmonds
Edmonds
James Edward


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<mask>, known by family and friends as <mask> (16 November 1776 – 30 September 1852), was an English diarist, poet, woman of letters, and miniature portrait painter. She exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts from 1804 to 1816. Her first of four books of verses was published in 1797. For six years, she researched notable historical women around the world and published A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country in 1804. Early life
Betham was the eldest of 14 children born to Rev. <mask> of Stonham Aspal, Suffolk and <mask> of Eye, Suffolk. Her father researched and published books on royal and English baronetage genealogy.He was also a schoolmaster and the Anglican rector of Stoke Lacy, Herefordshire. Betham was baptised on 1 January 1777 and raised in Stonham Aspal. She is said to have had a happy childhood marred by poor health. She was largely self-educated in her father's library, but gleaned from it and his occasional tutelage an interest in history and literature. She claimed that a key loss of not having attending a school was that she did not learn the art of defending herself. From a young age, Betham would recite poetry and read of plays and history voraciously. She was sent out for sewing lessons "to prevent my too strict application to books."Betham learned to speak French during trips to London. Her younger brother was <mask> (1779–1853). As the family grew, family furnishings were sold to support it, and although she was not pushed out of the home, Betham felt the need to support herself and taught herself to paint miniature portraits. It was during a trip to her Uncle Edward Beetham in London that she was inspired to pursue painting and explore her literary talents. The family lived in a centre of literary and artistic activity. While visiting the Beethams she met the artist John Opie, who was instructing her cousin, Jane Beetham, and received lessons from him during her stay. Betham was also encouraged to explore her literary talents by her uncle, who was a publisher.She studied with William Wordsworth and Italian with Agostino Isola in Cambridge in 1796. Adulthood

In 1797, Betham wrote Elegies, and Other Small Poems, which included Italian poems translated into English and Arthur & Albina, a Druid ballad. She received a tribute for this from Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who wrote To Matilda from a Stranger in 1802, comparing her to Sappho and encouraging her to continue writing poetry.} Others who encouraged her were Lady Charlotte Bedingfield and her family. Betham painted pleasant, delicate portraits, which she exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts from 1804 to 1816 as a way to be financially independent from her parents who had many children to raise. Among the dozens of exhibited portraits were those of the Harriot Beauclerk, Duchess of St Albans, the poet George Dyer, Countess of Dysart, and Betham's father and other family members. In 1804, she published A Biographical Dictionary of the Celebrated Women of Every Age and Country, the culmination of six years of research.It included short biographies of <mask>, Cleopatra, East Indian Bowanny, Madame Roland, and other notable historical women from around the world. Four years later she published her second book of poetry. Betham was also a close friend of Robert Southey and his wife, of Anna Laetitia Barbauld and her husband, and of Charles and his sister <mask>. Other acquaintances in that period were Opie, Frances Holcroft, Hannah More, Germaine de Staël, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. She made portraits of the Coleridges and the Southeys and wrote a verse for the marriage of Emma Isola, an adopted daughter of Lamb, to Edward Moxon. Other works Betham published in magazines anonymously, while also giving public Shakespeare readings in London. Her best-received poem was Lay of Marie (1816), based upon the story of Marie de France, the medieval poet, written in couplets, included a scholarly appendix, as recommended by Southey, who said she was "likely to be the best poetess of her age."However, Betham gave up her literary career and returned to the country after a series of aggravations, a breakdown of health, misfortunes, and family circumstances. For instance, advertisements to promote her book spelled her heroine's name Mario and misspelled her name, many printed books had become mildewed, and she was in financial distress as the result of the advertising and publication costs. She became destitute and tried to gain employment painting portraits, which was difficult because her clothing had become shabby. By 17 June 1819, Betham had been put in a mental asylum by her family after she had suffered a mental breakdown, but she was acting and conversing normally again in 1820. Betham stated that she had suffered a "nervous fever" after the hard work and emotional stress of getting Lay of Marie published, and that she felt she was unjustly put into an institution without examination or treatment. Betham moved to London on her release and kept her address a secret. George Dyer successfully applied for assistance for her from the Royal Literary Fund, which had been established to aid authors in 1790 by David Williams.Betham championed women's rights, called for greater participation of women in parliamentary affairs, and wrote Challenge to Women, Being an Intended Address from Ladies of Different Parts of the Kingdom, Collectively to Caroline, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland to address charges levelled against Queen Carolina during her acrimonious marriage to King George IV, calling for women to support her against state persecution and sign a petition on her behalf. Betham was put into an asylum again in 1822 by her family. In the 1830s she lived with her parents in Islington. About 1836, Betham expressed sorrow at the death of several of her siblings in Sonnets and Verses, To Relations and their Connexions. A tale of two poisoned men was published in Dramatic Sketch in 1836. The manuscript for Hermoden, a play that she wrote in the late 1830s was lost and remains unpublished. She was reported to be studying at the British Museum in the 1830s.In her later years Betham returned to London. and maintained her friendships, love of literature, wit, and her entertaining conversation and presence. However, it was hard for her to make a living. She was unable to obtain promised assistance in getting her manuscript for Crow-quill Flights printed. Betham had been rebuked when she asked friends for copies of poems that she had given them. Some of her manuscripts were accidentally burned at Stonham. <mask> died 30 September 1852 at 52 Burton Street in London, and was buried on the western side of Highgate Cemetery with her eldest sister, Theresa, who had died a year earlier.Some of her letters, along with a biographical sketch, appear in Six Life Stories of Famous Women (1880) by her niece, the novelist <mask>-Edwards, but <mask>-Edwards also burnt many of <mask>'s letters. Edwards published a biography of her in Friendly Faces of Three Nationalities. Works

Literary

 - sometimes attributed to <mask>am

Paintings
She exhibited the following paintings at the Royal Academy of Arts between 1804 and 1816:

Miss Armstrong, by 1808
F. F. Baker, Esq., by 1805
Harriot Beauclerk, Duchess of St Albans, by 1804
Miss B. <mask>, by 1811
Miss <mask>, by 1806
Mrs. J. <mask>, by 1816
Miss M. <mask>, by 1805
Mr. R. G. <mask>, by 1810
Mrs. R. G. <mask>, by 1816
Rev. <mask>, by 1810
Rev. <mask>, by 1812
Mr. Boughton, by 1806
Sir C. R. Boughton , by 1806
Miss R. Boughton, by 1807
Miss Rouse Boughton, by 1805
Miss Chesshyre, by 1806
Mr. Cromie, by 1805
Miss A. Dove, by 1816
Miss Duncan, by 1810
George Dyer, poet, by 1807
Countess of Dysart, by 1804
Rt. Hon. Lady Fauconberg, by 1806
Mr. Finucane, by 1805
Gaiety, miniature, by 1808
Rt.Hon. Lady E. Gamon, by 1807
Mrs. Colonel Gardner, by 1816
Miss M. Graham, by 1807
Mr. Manners, by 1804
Miss Manners, by 1804
Portrait of a lady, by 1807
Portrait of a lady, by 1808
Portrait of Mr. de Venville, Mr. Southey the poet, and Messrs. C. and G. <mask>, by 1808
Mrs. Pymar, by 1812
Mr. Saxon, by 1807
Self portrait, by 1810
Rev. P. Stockdale, by 1811
Mrs. C. Thompson, by 1807
Master F. Thompson, by 1807
Lady Wilson, by 1806

The Dinner Party
In 1804, the male sculptor Kresilas was mistakenly identified as a woman named Cresilla by Betham, who thought "she" had been placed third behind Polykleitos and Phidias in a competition to sculpt seven Amazons for the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. So Kresilas was mistakenly included in artist Judy Chicago's symbolic history of women in Western civilization, The Dinner Party. See also
Isabella Beetham, her sister-in-law, a silhouette artist
Jane Beetham Read, her cousin, a miniature and silhouette portrait painter
<mask> (1779–1853), her brother, an English herald and antiquarian

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

(<mask>) <mask> at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)

1776 births
1852 deaths
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
English women poets
People from Stradbroke
English women painters
Portrait miniaturists
18th-century English poets
18th-century English women writers
18th-century English writers
19th-century English painters
19th-century English poets
19th-century English women writers
English biographers
Women biographers
19th-century biographers
English women non-fiction writers
19th-century British women artists

masks:
Mary Matilda Betham
Matilda Betham
William Betham
Mary Damant
William Betham
Mary Magdalene
Mary
Betham
Matilda Betham
Betham
Betham
Matilda Beth
Betham
E Betham
Betham
Betham
Betham
Betham
William Betham
William Betham
Betham
William Betham
Mary
Matilda Betham


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<mask> (born 21 July 1955) is a Hungarian filmmaker. Debuting with the film Family Nest (1977), <mask> began his directorial career with a brief period of what he refers to as "social cinema", aimed at telling mundane stories about ordinary people, often in the style of cinema vérité. Over the next decade, the cinematic style and thematic elements of his films changed. <mask> has been interpreted as having a pessimistic view of humanity; the characters in his works are often cynical, and have tumultuous relationships with one another in ways critics have found to be darkly comic. Autumn Almanac (1984) follows the inhabitants of a run-down apartment as they struggle to live together while sharing their hostilities. The drama Damnation (1988) was lauded for its languid and controlled camera movement, which <mask> would become known for internationally. Sátántangó (1994) and Werckmeister Harmonies (2000) continued his bleak and desolate representations of reality, while incorporating apocalyptic overtones; the former sometimes appears in scholarly polls of the greatest films ever made, and the latter received wide acclaim from critics.<mask> would later compete at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival with his film The Man from London, which opened to moderately positive reviews. Frequent collaborators with <mask> include novelist László Krasznahorkai, film composer Mihály Víg, cinematographer Fred Kelemen, actress Erika Bók, and <mask>'s then partner Ágnes Hranitzky, who is sometimes credited as a co-director of his last three works. After the release of his film The Turin Horse (2011), which made many year-end "best-of" critics' lists, <mask> announced his definitive retirement from feature-length film direction. In February 2013 he started a film school in Sarajevo, known as film.factory, leaving in 2016. He has since created an installation that features newly shot film sequences, in a 2017 Amsterdam exhibition called Till the End of the World. Life
<mask> was born in Pécs, but grew up in Budapest. His parents were both in the theatre and film industry: his father designed scenery, while his mother worked as a prompter at a theatre for more than 50 years.At the age of 10, <mask> was taken to a casting session run by Hungarian National Television (MTV) by his mother, and he ultimately won the role of the protagonist's son in a TV drama adaptation of Tolstoy's The Death of Ivan Ilyich. Other than a small role in Miklós Jancsó's film Szörnyek évadja (Season of Monsters, 1986) and few one-glimpse cameos (such as in Gábor Bódy's Dog's Night Song [1983]), <mask> has sought no other acting roles. By his own account, initially he sought to become a philosopher, and considered film-making as something of a hobby. However, after making his 8mm short films, the Hungarian government would not allow <mask> to attend university so he instead chose to pursue film production. Early work

<mask> began to realize his interest in film making at the age of 16 by making amateur films and later working as a caretaker at a national House for Culture and Recreation. Most of his amateur works were documentaries, mostly about the life of workers or poor people in urban Hungary. His amateur work brought him to the attention of the Béla Balázs Studios (named in honor of the Hungarian cinema theorist who helped fund <mask>'s 1977 feature debut, Családi tűzfészek, which <mask> began filming at age 22.)He shot the film with little budget and using non-professional actors in six days. The film was faithful to the "Budapest school" or "documentarist" style popular at the time within Béla Balázs Studios, maintaining absolute social realism on screen. Critics found the film to suggest the influence of the American director John Cassavetes, although <mask> denied having seen any of Cassavetes's films prior to shooting Családi tűzfészek, which was released in 1979. After completing "Családi tűzfészek," <mask> began his studies in the Hungarian School of Theatrical and Cinematic Arts. The 1980 film Szabadgyalog (The Outsider) and the following year's Panelkapcsolat (The Prefab People) continued in much the same vein, with small changes in style. The latter was the first film by <mask> to feature professional actors in the leading roles. With a 1982 television adaptation of Macbeth, his work began to change dramatically.The film is composed of only two shots: the first shot (before the main title) is five minutes long, the second 67 minutes long. Later work
After 1984's Őszi almanach (Almanac of Fall), <mask> (who had written his first four features alone) began collaborating with Hungarian novelist László Krasznahorkai for 1988's Kárhozat (Damnation). A planned adaptation of Krasznahorkai's epic novel Sátántangó took over seven years to realize; the 415-minute film was finally released to international acclaim in 1994. After this epic he released the 35-minute Journey on the Plain in 1995, but fell into silence until 2000's Werckmeister Harmóniák (Werckmeister Harmonies). It was acclaimed by critics and the Festival circuit in general. Many, if not most, of the shots in these later films are around six to eleven minutes long. It is possible that for some, a month was spent on a single shot.In many of these shots the camera swoops, glides, pans, and/or cranes. Often it circles the characters, and sometimes even spans multiple scenes. A shot may, as in the opening of Sátántangó, travel with a herd of cows around a village, or follow the nocturnal peregrinations of a drunkard who is forced to leave his house because he's run out of alcohol. Susan Sontag has championed <mask> as one of the saviors of the modern cinema, saying she would gladly watch Sátántangó once a year. After Werckmeister Harmonies he began filming A Londoni férfi (The Man From London) an adaptation of a Georges Simenon novel. It was scheduled to be released at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival in May, but production was postponed because of the February suicide of producer Humbert Balsan. Additionally, there were disputes with other producers regarding a possible change in the film's financing.It premiered at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival and was released worldwide in 2008. <mask> then began working on a film called A torinói ló (The Turin Horse) which he has said will be his last. For many years, none of his work was available on DVD (except in Japan), but Werckmeister Harmonies and Damnation have been made available on a two-disc DVD in Europe, courtesy of Artificial Eye (who have also issued The Man From London) and both films are now available in North America on separate DVDs from Facets Video. <mask>'s early works; Family Nest, The Outsider, and The Prefab People are also available on DVD in the US, courtesy of Facets. Facets was supposed to release Sátántangó on DVD on 28 November 2006 but was delayed until 22 July 2008. Artificial Eye released the film on 14 November 2006. A comparison of the two DVD editions has been posted at DVD Beaver.In 2020, a 4K restoration of Sátántangó was released on Blu-ray by Curzon Artificial Eye and was made available for online streaming by the Criterion Channel. In September 2012, he received the BIAFF special award for lifetime achievement. In June 2017, he received the lifetime achievement at Sardinia Film Festival, XII edition. In July 2021, he executive-produced the Icelandic-Swedish-Polish horror-drama film Lamb, directed by his former student at film.factory, Valdimar Jóhannsson. It is due to be released on October 8th, 2021 by A24. Influence

Gus Van Sant often cites <mask> as a huge influence on his later work, beginning with Gerry when Van Sant began using very long uninterrupted takes. Cine Foundation International
In January 2011, <mask> joined the Board of Directors of the recently formed cinema foundation and NGO for human rights Cine Foundation International.In a press release dated 24 January 2011 <mask> made the following statement regarding the imprisonment of filmmakers Jafar Panahi and Mohammad Rasoulof:
Cinematography is an integral part of universal human culture! An attack against cinematography is desecrating universal human culture! This cannot be justified by any notion, ideology or religious conviction! Our friend, brother and esteemed colleague Jafar Panahi is in prison today, based on conjured and fictional accusations! Jafar did not do anything else than what is the duty of all of us; to talk honestly, fairly about our own country and loved ones, to show everything that surrounds us with tender tolerance and harsh austerity! Jafar’s real crime is that he did just that; gracefully, elegantly and with a roguish smile in his eyes! Jafar made us love his heroes, the people of Iran; he achieved that they have become members of our families!WE CANNOT LOSE HIM! This is our common responsibility, as despite all appearances we belong together. Personal views
<mask> is a critic of nationalism, and in a 2016 interview said, "Trump is the shame of the United States. Mr. Orbán is the shame of Hungary. Marine Le Pen is the shame of France. Et cetera." In a letter hung near the entrance to a pro-migration exhibition in front of the Hungarian Parliament, <mask> wrote, "We have brought the planet to the brink of catastrophe with our greediness and our unlimited ignorance.With the horrible wars we waged with the goal of robbing the people there. [...] Now we are confronted with the victims of our acts. We must ask the question: who are we, and what morality do we represent when we build a fence to keep out these people?" On his religious views, <mask> is an atheist. Filmography

Feature films
 Családi tűzfészek / Family Nest (1979)
 Szabadgyalog / The Outsider (1981)
 Panelkapcsolat / The Prefab People (1982)
 Őszi almanach / Almanac of Fall (1985)
 Kárhozat / Damnation (1988)
 Sátántangó / Satan's Tango (1994)
 Werckmeister harmóniák / Werckmeister Harmonies (2000)
 A londoni férfi / The Man from London (2007)
 A torinói ló / The Turin Horse (2011)

Television films
 Macbeth (1982)

Short films
 Hotel Magnezit (1978)
 Utazás az alföldön / Journey on the Plain (1995)
 Visions of Europe (film) (2004)
 segment: Prologue

Documentary films
 Az utolsó hajó / The Last Boat (1990, 31 min), segment from City Life
 Muhamed (2017, 10 min)
 Missing People (2019, 95 min)

Sources
 Ramón Andrés, «Nada. A propósito de El caballo de Turín de Béla Tarr», en Pensar y no caer Barcelona, Acantilado, 2016, pp. 195–220.Thorsten Botz-Bornstein, Organic Cinema: Film Architecture, and the Work of Bela <mask> (New York: Berghahn, 2017)
 Jacques Rancière, <mask> <mask> Bálint Kovács, The Cinema of Béla Tarr: The Circle Closes" (London: Wallflower, 2013)
 Ira Jaffe: Slow Movies, Countering the Cinema of Action'' (New York: Wallflower Press, 2014)

References

External links

 <mask> <mask> on the Board of Directors for Cine Foundation International
 Brightlightsfilm.com Interview
 Kinoeye Essay
 Declaration of Solidarity for Béla <mask>, by Fred Kelemen, FIPRESCI website, March 2005, retrieved 17 April 2006
 Vajramedia Presents: Sátántangó Berlinale 1994 Forum Documentation
 Tarr with His DFFB Film Students

1955 births
Hungarian atheists
Hungarian film directors
Hungarian screenwriters
Living people
People from Pécs
Hungarian experimental filmmakers
Hungarian filmmakers
Members of the Széchenyi Academy of Literature and Arts

masks:
Béla Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Tarr
Béla
Tarrás
Béla
Tarr
Tarr


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<mask> (16 December 1949 – 1 February 2020) was a Latvian poet, a novelist, an essayist, a literary critic and publisher, translator of prose and poetry from Latin, Russian, English, Romance languages (Romanian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Italian, Catalan, Rhaeto-Romanic), Swahili (of Bantu peoples), Albanian and other languages. He was also an author of several musicals produced on the radio and staged at the biggest theatres in Latvia, script writer (author of several scripts, one short-length film is produced) wrote much for children (poems, prose, plays), author of song texts (in collaboration with the composer Raimonds Pauls, texts for ~150 songs), translated 10 plays staged at Latvian theatres and rendered in verse opera librettos (e.g., the opera by Benjamin Britten "The Small Chimney-Sweep"). Early life
After graduating the Sigulda Secondary School in 1968 he entered the Latvian State University, Day Department of the Latvian Language and Literature Faculty from which he was expelled in 1970 because of anti-Soviet activity without any right to acquire higher education within the territory of the Soviet Union. Despite this, in 1972 <mask> entered the Day Department of Spanish Language and Literature at the University of Chişinău in the Moldavian SSR which in 1974 he was forced to leave due to his links with Moldavian and Romanian democratically minded intelligentsia. From 1977 to 1979 he studied at the Higher Literary Courses of Maxim Gorky Literature Institute in Moscow the theory of translation and Africanistics. L<mask> for a long time has experienced the pressure of the Central Committee of the Latvian Communist Party and the VDK (KGB) of the Latvian SSR which was manifested as prohibition to publish his works for a certain period, to travel abroad or to take up an employment of ideological character (namely, in publishing houses, schools, editorial offices etc.). Family
Leons Briedis was married to Maria Briede-Macovei, whom he met in Chişinău, Moldova.They had two sons. Later life
<mask> <mask> published about 34 books of his own (poetry, prose, essays) as well as 49 books of translations. His poetry books are published in Russian, Romanian and Ukrainian languages, but in general his poetry is translated in practically all languages of Europe and nations of the former Soviet Union as well as many Asian languages (Turkish, Hebrew, Chinese, Japanese, Kirghiz, Uzbek). From 1974 <mask> was a member of the Latvian Writers' Union (several times also a member of the Board), and from 1987 he was a member of the international organisation of writers (poets, essayists, prosaists) — PEN Club. From 1993 to 1997 he was vice-president of the Latvian PEN Club. He worked in most diverse culture editions and was Head of poetry section of the newspaper "Literatūra un Māksla" (1986–1987), Editor-in-Chief of the cultural journal "Jaunās Grāmatas", culturological magazine "Grāmata" (1990–1992) and Editor-in- Chief of "Vārds", magazine of the Latvian Writers' Union (1993). In 1992 he founded a private culturological magazine "Kentaurs XXI" and was its Editor-in-Chief till May 2010.The magazine Kentaurs during its existence had not only secured a place and role of its own among other Latvian culture editions, but also acquired international acknowledgment. Several times it had represented Latvia at various international forums (Book Fairs of Munich and Göteborg, European Congress of Intellectuals in Paris, the 17th European Meeting of Cultural Journals in Tallinn etc.). Up to now 51 issues of the magazine "Kentaurs XXI" published by L<mask> had appeared. Since 1993 he was also the Director of a private Publishing House Minerva, which up to now published 67 humanities-related books of wide profile. Awards and honors
For his contribution to understanding of contemporary qualities of poetry, life, and society, <mask> received the "Ojārs Vācietis Award" from the Latvian Association of Writers in 1988. In 1989, at the Mihai Eminescu International Festival of Poetry in Romania, <mask> was rewarded with an "Honorary Diploma" of the Romanian Association of Writers. The Latvian National Administration for publishing, printing and circulation awarded <mask> with a diploma for the "Best Translation of the Year" – a selection of Grigore Vieru's poetry.In 1999, at the 10th International Poetic Festival dedicated to Lucian Blaga and held in Cluj – Napoca, Romania, L.<mask> received the "Special Award" for his translations of Romanian poetry and for popularization of Romanian culture in Latvia. L<mask> received the prize of the Romanian Writers' Union, but in 1992 for publication of the culturological magazine "Grāmata" — the Prize of the Ministry of Culture of Latvia. In 1997, he received the Award for Social Concord of the Soros Foundation — Latvia for special merit in promotion and development of multicultural relations between nations living in Latvia, since <mask> was one of the initiators of forming the Latvian Association of National Culture Societies and since 1988 actively participated in it. In 1999, he received the highest award of the Republic of Latvia, the Order of the Three Stars 3rd Class
In 2003, he received the award of the Republic of Portugal – the Order of Merit. In 2004, he received the award of the Latvian Writers Union for the best translation of the year – the poetry book of the Portuguese poet Eugenio de Andrade "Water nightingale". From 2007, he was the honorary member of the Latvian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of the Philosophy and Sociology of Latvia, and also was a life's stipendiary and recipient of the Best Translation of the Year award for the poetry book of the Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa "The Metaphysical Engineer" and the poetry book of the Italian poet Eugenio Montale "The Men with the Fish - pots" of the Latvian State Culture Capital Foundation. Since 2007 he has been an Honorary member of the World Haiku Association (Tokyo) and he received the III award at the 18th Druskininkai International Poetry Festival.In 2008 he received the award of the Foreign Ministry of the Republic of Italy for the translation of the work of E. Montale in Latvian and the award of the Latvian Writers Union and Latvian State Culture Capital Foundation for the best translation of the year – the five poetry books of the Brazilian poets Murilo Mendes, Manuel Bandeira, Cecília Meireles, Carlos Drummond de Andrade and Jorge de Lima. Since 2003 he is an Honorary member of the Association of Fernando Pessoa (Lisbon, Portugal). 1. vol. (2008)
Prose:
"Yearning Coloured in Blood"  (novel) " (2000). ;
The poets of Moldova ( A. Robot, G. Vode, D. Matcovshi, J. Vatamanu etc. );
Z. Stancu "I Loved You So.Kostandina." Per;
from Catalan: S. Espriu "The Garden with five trees"(2002); P. Quart; G. Ferrater; C. Riba; J. Salvat – Papasseit; V. Panyella, Tx. Martinez Ingles (poetry); P. Kalders (stories);
from Spanish: Federico García Lorca; R. Alberti "Sailor On Land"; Juan Ramon Jimenez (poems); Juan Ramon Jimenez "Platero and I" (1988, 2004); Jose Luis Borges; O. Paz; E. Diego; J. Marti; J. Cortazar; C. Vallejo;  M. Hernandez ; L. Cernuda; M. L. Melo; Hernando Quiroga "Anaconda"; R. Dario; J. Goytisolo (essays); Jose Ortega y Gasset "The Poverty And Brightness Of Translation", "A Theme Of Our Time", fragments of the book "The Man and the Men";
from French: Mircea Eliade "The Myth Of The Eternal Return" (1995), "The Sacral And Profane" (1996), "Sexualised World" (fragments of the book "Smiths and Metallurgists"; E. Cioran; J. Maritain "Philosopher In The State"; M. Blanchot (essays); P. Aries "Judgements At The End Of Times. The Book Of Life"; H. Bergson (fragments from the books "The Creative Evolution" and "Laughter") ;  J. Starobinski "The Irony and Melancholy"(fragments); P.Valery (essays); A. Artaud " Theatre and Its Double"; poets of Cameroons (R. Philombe, Ch. from Malagasian: J. Rabemananjara, J. J. Rabearivelo, Radu ( G. Andriamanantena), R. Zanamiotra (poetry) and folks -songs (hainteny). External links
http://www.literature.lv/lv/dbase/autors.php?id=144
http://www.dziesmas.lv/song/search?query=Leons+Briedis
http://www.makslinieki.lv/profile/71/
http://www.bookfinder.com/author/leons-briedis/
http://www.allbookstores.com/Leons-Briedis/author/st

1949 births
2020 deaths
Writers from Riga
People from Madona
Latvian poets
Translators of Fernando Pessoa
20th-century translators
Recipients of the Order of Merit (Portugal)

masks:
Leons Briedis
Leons Briedis
. Briedis
Leons
Briedis
Briedis
. Briedis
Briedis
Briedis
Briedis
Briedis
. Briedis
Briedis


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was an American civil rights activist. Influenced by her Japanese-American family's experience in an American internment camp, her association with Malcolm X, and her Maoist beliefs, she advocated for many causes, including black separatism, the anti-war movement, reparations for Japanese-American internees, and the rights of political prisoners. Early life and education
<mask> was born on May 19, 1921, in San Pedro, California, to Japanese immigrants Seiichi Nakahara, a fish merchant entrepreneur, and Tsuyako (Sawaguchi) Nakahara, a college-educated homemaker, and piano teacher. She had a twin brother, Peter, and an older brother, Arthur. Her family was relatively affluent and she grew up in a predominantly white neighborhood. In her youth, she attended a Presbyterian church and taught Sunday school. Kochiyama attended San Pedro High School, where she served as the first female student body officer, wrote for the school newspaper, and played on the tennis team.She graduated from high school in 1939. She attended Compton College, where she studied English, journalism and art. Kochiyama graduated from Compton in 1941. Her life changed on December 7, 1941, when the Japanese Empire bombed Pearl Harbor. Soon after she returned home from church, FBI agents arrested her father as a potential threat to national security. He was in poor health, having just come out of the hospital. The FBI was suspicious of photographs of Japanese naval ships found in the family home and his friendship with prominent Japanese, including Ambassador Kichisaburō Nomura.Nakahara's six-week detention aggravated his health problems, and by the time he was released on January 20, 1942, he had become too sick to speak. Her father died the day after his release. Soon after the death of her father, United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which forced out approximately 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry from the Pacific coast and interned them at various camps across the United States. <mask>, her mother, and her brother were "evacuated" to a converted horse stable at the Santa Anita Assembly Center for several months and then moved again to the War Relocation Authority internment camp at Jerome, Arkansas, where they lived for the next three years. While interned, she met her future husband, <mask>, a Nisei soldier fighting for the United States. The couple married in 1946. They moved to New York in 1948, had six children, and lived in public housing for the next twelve years.In 1960, Kochiyama and her husband moved their family to Harlem and joined the Harlem Parents Committee and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). Activist life

Kochiyama met the African-American activist Malcolm X, at the time a prominent member of the Nation of Islam, in October 1963 during a protest against the arrest of about 600 minority construction workers in Brooklyn, who had been protesting for jobs. Kochiyama joined his pan-Africanist Organization of Afro-American Unity. She was present at his assassination on February 21, 1965, at the Audubon Ballroom in Washington Heights, New York City, and held him in her arms as he lay dying—a famous photo appeared in Life capturing that moment. Kochiyama also had close relationships with many other revolutionary nationalist leaders including Robert F. Williams who gave Kochiyama her first copy of Chairman Mao's Little Red Book. Kochiyama became a mentor to the radical end of the Asian American movement that grew during and after the Vietnam War protests. As organizers of East Coast Japanese Americans for Redress and Reparations, <mask> and Bill advocated for reparations and a government apology for the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II, and spearheaded the campaign to bring the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians to New York.Additionally, Kochiyama founded the Day of Remembrance Committee in New York City to commemorate the day President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorized Executive Order 9066, which caused the forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II. President Ronald Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act in 1988 which, among other things, awarded $20,000 to each Japanese American internment survivor. Kochiyama used this victory to advocate for reparations for African Americans. In later years, Kochiyama was active in opposing profiling of and bigotry against Muslims, Middle Easterners, and South Asians in the United States, a phenomenon she viewed as similar to the experience of Japanese Americans during World War II. In 1971, Kochiyama secretly converted to Sunni Islam, and began traveling to the Sankore mosque in Greenhaven Prison, Stormville, New York, to study and worship with Imam Rasul Suleiman. Kochiyama also taught English to immigrant students and volunteered at soup kitchens and homeless shelters in New York City. In Debbie Allen's television series Cool Women (2001), Kochiyama stated, "The legacy I would like to leave is that people try to build bridges and not walls."Advocacy
Kochiyama has been described as a woman of "complicated political beliefs" and at times "contradictory views" who managed to combine support for both racial integration and separation. She admired Mao Zedong and Ho Chi Minh. Kochiyama supported the Peruvian Maoist guerrilla group Shining Path. She joined a delegation to Peru, organized by the American Maoist Revolutionary Communist Party, to gather support for Abimael Guzmán, the imprisoned leader of the Shining Path. Kochiyama stated "[t]he more I read, the more I came to completely support the revolution in Peru." <mask> in the mid-1960s joined the Revolutionary Action Movement, a black nationalist organization dedicated to urban guerrilla warfare which was one of the first organizations in the black liberation movement to attempt to construct an ideology based on a synthesis of the thought of Malcolm X, Marx, Lenin, and Mao Zedong. In 1968 she was one of the few non-blacks invited to join the Republic of New Africa which advocated the establishment of a separate black nation in the Southern United States.Kochiyama joined, and subsequently sided with, an RNA faction which felt that the need to build a separate black nation was even more important than the struggle for civil rights in Northern cities. After Kochiyama became a "citizen" of the RNA she decided to drop her "slave name" Mary and used only the name <mask>. Kochiyama founded and sustained the David Wong Support Committee, which after a fourteen-year battle succeeded in exonerating Wong of the murder of a fellow inmate. Kochiyama wrote letters to, fundraised for, and visited Wong in prison. Kochiyama supported people she saw as political prisoners and victims of FBI oppression. She worked on behalf of Mumia Abu-Jamal, an African-American activist sentenced to death in 1982 for the 1981 murder of Philadelphia police officer Daniel Faulkner. She was a friend and supporter of Assata Shakur, an African-American activist and member of the former Black Liberation Army (BLA), who had been convicted of the first-degree murder of a New Jersey State Trooper before escaping from U.S. prison and receiving asylum in Cuba.She stated that to her Shakur was like "the female Malcolm [X] or the female Mumia [Abu-Jamal]." She also supported Marilyn Buck, a feminist poet, who was imprisoned for her participation in Shakur's 1979 prison escape, the 1981 Brink's robbery and the 1983 U.S. Senate bombing.<mask> was also in correspondence with Mtayari Shabaka Sundiata, her first teacher in the Republic of New Africa's (RNA) Nation Building class,  for six years while he was imprisoned. In 1977, Kochiyama joined a group of Puerto Ricans who took over the Statue of Liberty to draw attention to the movement for Puerto Rican independence. Kochiyama and other activists demanded the release of four Puerto Rican nationalists convicted of attempted murder—Lolita Lebrón, Rafael Cancel Miranda, Andres Figueroa Cordero, and Irving Flores Rodríguez—who in 1954 had opened fire in the House of Representatives, injuring five congressmen. The nationalists occupied the statue for nine hours before giving up peacefully when the police moved in. President Carter pardoned the attempted assassins in 1979. Kochiyama also supported Yū Kikumura, an alleged member of the Japanese Red Army, who was arrested in Schiphol Airport in Amsterdam in 1986 when he was found carrying a bomb in his luggage and subsequently convicted of planning to bomb a US Navy recruitment office in the Veteran's Administration building.Kochiyama felt Kikumura's 30-year sentence was motivated by his political activism. Controversies
In response to the United States' actions following the 2001 September 11 attacks, Kochiyama stated that "the goal of the war [on terror] is more than just getting oil and fuel. The United States is intent on taking over the world" and "it's important we all understand that the main terrorist and the main enemy of the world's people is the U.S. government." Interviewed in 2003, she said, "I consider Osama bin Laden as one of the people that I admire. To me, he is in the category of Malcolm X, Che Guevara, Patrice Lumumba, Fidel Castro ... I thank Islam for bin Laden.America's greed, aggressiveness, and self-righteous arrogance must be stopped. War and weaponry must be abolished." Honors
In 2005, Kochiyama was one of 1,000 women collectively nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize through the "1,000 Women for the Nobel Peace Prize 2005" project. In 2010, she received an honorary doctorate from California State University, East Bay. On June 6, 2014, the White House honored Kochiyama on its website for dedicating "her life to the pursuit of social justice, not only for the Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) community, but all communities of color." In 2014, the Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center curated "Folk Hero: Remembering <mask>ma Through Grassroots Art", a digital exhibition it characterized as a "tribute". On May 19, 2016, the U.S. Google Doodle honored Kochiyama's 95th birthday, prompting both praise and criticism of Kochiyama and Google, with Senator Pat Toomey (R-Penn.)calling for a public apology from the company. March 2019 in conjunction with Women's History Month and International Women's Rights a public art project was commissioned in downtown Grand Rapids, Michigan. It includes Kochiyama from the 2015 children's book, Rad American Women A - Z (by Kate Schatz, Illustrated by Miriam Klein Stahl). Death
Kochiyama died on June 1, 2014, at the age of 93 in Berkeley, California. Media appearances

 Kochiyama appeared as herself in the TV movie Death of a Prophet — The Last Days of Malcolm X in 1981. Kochiyama appeared in the award-winning documentary, All Power to the People! (1996), by Chinese-Jamaican-American filmmaker Lee Lew-Lee for ZDF-Arte, broadcast in 21 nations and the U.S. between 1996 and 2001.Kochiyama was the subject of the documentary film <mask>ma: Passion for Justice (1993) directed by Japanese-American filmmaker Rea Tajiri and co-produced by African-American filmmaker Pat Saunders. Kochiyama and her husband, <mask>, were featured in the documentary My America...or Honk if You Love Buddha by the Academy Award-nominated filmmaker Renee Tajima-Peña. Kochiyama was the subject, along with Angela Davis, of the documentary film Mountains That Take Wing (2010) by C.A. Griffith & H.L.T. Quan. Kochiyama's speeches were published in Discover Your Mission: Selected Speeches & Writings of <mask> (1998), compiled by Russell Muranaka. Kochiyama is the subject of a play, <mask> and Malcolm X, by Japanese American playwright, Tim Toyama.Kochiyama is the subject of the play Bits of Paradise by Marlan Warren (showcased at The Marsh Theater, San Francisco, 2008), as well as a documentary currently in production, What did you do in the War, Mama? : Kochiyama's Crusaders, a documentary film project that features interviews with Japanese American women internees (Producer: Marlan Warren). Kochiyama is mentioned in the Blue Scholars' album Bayani on the title track and has a track titled in her honor in their 2011 album Cinemetropolis. Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 National Women's History Project article about Kochiyama
 Documentary in production about <mask>'s Crusaders

Videos

 Ladies of Awesome: <mask>ma
 part 1--<mask>ma: On Knowing Malcolm X

1921 births
2014 deaths
Twin people from the United States
Activists from California
American human rights activists
American Maoists
American Muslim activists
American people of Japanese descent
American Sunni Muslims
American women activists
Asian-American feminists
Converts to Sunni Islam from Protestantism
Japanese-American civil rights activists
Japanese-American internees
Proponents of Islamic feminism
People from San Pedro, Los Angeles
American socialist feminists
Women human rights activists
Transitional justice

masks:
Mary Yuriko Nakahara
Yuri
Bill Kochiyama
Yuri
Kochiyama
Yuri
Yuri
Yuri Kochiya
Yuri Kochiya
Bill Kochiyama
Yuri Kochiyama
Yuri
Yuri Kochiayama
Yuri Kochiya
Yuri Kochiya


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<mask> aka <mask> (6 October 1784 Sulz am Neckar – 27 December 1847 Cape Town), the son of a clerk in the ecclesiastical administration, he was a German-born pharmacist, businessman and patron of the natural sciences, noted for having started Cape Town's first botanic garden. Biography

Pharmacy career
<mask> served his pharmacy apprenticeship at Kirchheim near Stuttgart from where he went on to work in Amsterdam, first as apothecary and later as technician in a chemical laboratory . In 1805 he responded to an advertisement in an Amsterdam newspaper and applied for a post as pharmacy assistant to a certain Stuttgart-born Dr Liesching of Cape Town. <mask> was a former physician to the Württemberg regiment at the Cape. <mask>'s application was accepted and he sailed for the Cape in October 1805. His qualifications as pharmacist were approved in 1807 by a body set up to scrutinise the Cape medical and apothecary fraternities. <mask> was regarded as a physician.Business interests
In January 1816 <mask> married Alida Maria Burgers, widow of Carl Ferdinand Heinrich Altenstaedt. She had inherited a stately dwelling in St. George's Street, and a small but lucrative business from her husband who had been a brewer, and a tobacco and snuff merchant. The business continued to thrive and <mask> became one of the notables of the Cape community, in 1824 helping to found the South African Literary Society. The success of the business afforded him ample leisure time, so that he could indulge in his other interest, the collection of natural history specimens. <mask>, the Cape Town organist, accompanied him on a collecting trip to Swellendam in 1826. That same year he shipped a collection of plants and insects to the Stuttgart Royal Museum, in recognition of which he was awarded a Knighthood of the Order of the Royal Crown of Württemberg, which entitled him to place the prefix 'von' in front of his surname. He took a larger collection of plants, insects, birds and mammals with him on an 1828 visit to Germany - for this he received an honorary Ph.D from the University of Tübingen.Botanical garden
On his return from Europe, <mask> bought about 3 acres of land in Kloof Street, Cape Town, and over the next couple of years planted the groundwork of a botanic garden. Besides large numbers of trees, shrubs and bulbs from Europe, America and Australia, he also included fruit trees, vegetables and crop plants. He introduced the Jacaranda tree to South Africa. Many of the species were indigenous, some acquired from Ecklon and Zeyher. The Irish botanist, Harvey, noted his appreciation of the easy access that was provided for studying the plants. Other prominent scientists such as Charles Bunbury and Joseph Dalton Hooker visited what had become known as Ludwigsburg Garden, while Lady Jane Franklin, who explored the garden in 1836, noted that even though only 3 acres in extent 'being well laid out with numerous divisions and paths' made it appear larger. The astronomer John Herschel used a camera lucida to sketch the developing site in 1834 (see drawing above).A certain Leibold was first superintendent of the garden from 1834–37, followed by James Bowie over the period 1838-42, and Thomas Draper 1843-47 until <mask>'s death. The botanist <mask>, later Colonial Botanist, prepared herbarium specimens from the garden plants. Cape explorations
Von <mask> made few long journeys exploring the Cape. In 1834 he and his wife visited Oudtshoorn, the nearby Cango Caves and the coastal town of Knysna, staying with the enigmatic George Rex. <mask> did however support the idea of exploring the interior and played an active role in the 'Cape of Good Hope Association for exploring Central Africa'. From Ecklon he acquired a collection of insects, from Andrew Smith he obtained rare birds, and plant specimens from Zeyher and Drège. His collections continued to be shipped to Stuttgart and Frankfurt, and he sent Cape bulbs and seeds to various organisations such as the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.In recognition of these contributions Curtis's Botanical Magazine dedicated an issue to him (Vol.62 of 1835) as was Harvey's 1838 Genera of South African Plants. European visit
In 1836 or 1837 <mask> again visited Europe and presented large collections of natural history items to various scientific organisations. Tübingen conferred an honorary M.D., Stuttgart granted freedom of the city, while the King of Württemberg elevated him to the nobility with the hereditary title of 'Freiherr' (Baron), made him a Knight Commander of the Royal Crown of Württemberg and presented him with a snuffbox 'richly set with diamonds'. While in Stuttgart he contacted Ferdinand Krauss, who had also started his career as an apothecary's apprentice, inviting him to the Cape. Since he had corresponded with him, he also visited William Jackson Hooker in Glasgow. South African journey
In February 1838 Baron <mask> and his daughters left Portsmouth, together with Krauss who had agreed to go to South Africa. Their boat arrived in Table Bay on 7 May 1838.Krauss stayed with <mask> for seven months, preparing for his trip eastwards. The hospitality <mask> displayed to passing scientists and collectors was legendary - Joseph Burke had stayed with him when he arrived at the Cape in 1840. <mask> supported the cause of the Voortrekkers and on various occasions sent them boxes of vegetable seeds acquired from Germany and the Netherlands. <mask> continued with his active role in Cape affairs - he joined the committee of the Cape of Good Hope Agricultural Society in 1836 and that of the South African Public Library in 1843. He played a leading part in the founding of the Natal Cotton Company, the Cape of Good Hope Gaslight Company in 1845 and erecting a gasworks. South African Mining Company
Rich copper deposits were known to exist in Namaqualand since the days of Cape governor Simon van der Stel in 1685, but had received little attention because of the remoteness of the location and its severe conditions. Between 1836 and 1837 the English explorer Sir James Alexander launched an expedition to Namaqualand, sponsored by the Royal Geographical Society.A year later he attempted extraction of copper in the area but abandoned the operation due to logistical problems. Alexander’s failed attempts reawakened interest in the possibility of mining. The South African Mining Company, the country's first mining company, was founded on 21 March 1846, with <mask> <mask> as chairman, and a total of nine directors, all leading Cape Town businessmen. The location the company intended to mine was at 28° 40′ S, 17° 8′ E. Rich copper ore was found at the site, but a general reluctance by shareholders to fund a project that was not producing immediate profit, led to the company's eventual demise. Legacy
After Baron <mask>'s death his garden was offered for sale to the Colonial Government, but the offer was declined, though a few plants were bought for the so-called official Botanic Garden which had not been developed and was in a state of neglect. Various horticulturalists, such as Thomas Draper and Carl Zeyher were employed, but either resigned or were discharged due to differences with the Botanic Garden Committee who were bent on profit. <mask> is commemorated in the plant species names Restio ludwigii, Tulbaghia ludwigiana, Hibiscus ludwigii and Hypoxis ludwigii.Among birds, <mask>'s bustard and the common square-tailed drongo (Dicrurus ludwigii) carry his name. Coats of arms
<mask> used at least two coats of arms. A bookplate, identifying him as 'C.F.H. von <mask> Phil Dr', shows the arms as a quartered shield. The first quarter shows a wheatsheaf on a golden field, the second a silver fleur de lis on a blue field, the third a crescent moon on a red field, and the fourth a rampant red lion on gold. Evidently this bookplate dates from between 1828 (when he was awarded the doctorate) and 1837 (when he was created a baron). New arms were granted to him together with the barony in 1837.They too were quartered, the first and fourth quarters showing a golden wheatsheaf on a blue background, and the second and third a silver fleur de lis on red. Related articles
List of natural history dealers

References

1784 births
1847 deaths
German emigrants to South Africa
Natural history collectors

masks:
Carl Ferdinand Heinrich von Ludwig
Baron von Ludwig
Ludwig
Friedrich Ludwig Liesching
Ludwig
Ludwig
Ludwig
Ludwig
Ludwig Beil
Von Ludwig
Ludwig
Ludwig Pappe
Ludwig
Ludwig
Von Ludwig
von Ludwig
Von Ludwig
Von Ludwig
Von Ludwig
Von Ludwig
Baron von
Ludwig
von Ludwig
Von Ludwig
Ludwig
Von Ludwig
Ludwig


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<mask> (August 6, 1932 – April 13, 1986), better known as <mask>, was an American jazz harpist and composer. Hailed as one of the most "unjustly under loved jazz greats of the 1950s" and the "most accomplished modern jazz harpist," Ashby established the harp as an improvising jazz instrument, beyond earlier use as a novelty or background orchestral instrument, proving the harp could play bebop as adeptly as the instruments commonly associated with jazz, such as the saxophone or piano. <mask> had to overcome many obstacles during the pursuit of her career. As an African American female musician in a male dominated industry, she was at a disadvantage. In a 1983 interview with W. Royal Stokes for his book Living the Jazz Life, she remarked of her career, "It's been maybe a triple burden in that not a lot of women are becoming known as jazz players. There is also the connection with black women. The audiences I was trying to reach were not interested in the harp, period—classical or otherwise—and they were certainly not interested in seeing a black woman playing the harp."<mask> successfully navigated these disadvantages, and subsequently aided in the expansion of who was listening to harp music and what the harp was deemed capable of producing as an instrument. <mask>'s albums were of the jazz genre, but often moved into R&B, world music, and other styles, especially her 1970 album The Rubaiyat of <mask>, where she demonstrates her talents on another instrument, the Japanese koto, successfully integrating it into jazz. Early life and education
<mask> grew up in the jazz community in Detroit, where her father, guitarist Wiley Thompson, often brought home fellow jazz musicians. Even as a young girl, she would provide support and background to their music by playing the piano. She attended Cass Technical High School, where fellow students included such future musical talents and jazz greats as Donald Byrd, Gerald Wilson, and Kenny Burrell. While in high school she played a number of instruments (including the saxophone and string bass) before coming upon the harp. She attended Wayne State University in Detroit, where she studied piano and music education.Career
After she graduated, she began playing the piano in the jazz scene in Detroit, though by 1952 she had made the harp her main instrument. At first her fellow jazz musicians were resistant to the idea of adding the harp, which they perceived as an instrument of classical music and somewhat ethereal in sound in jazz performances. So Ashby overcame their initial resistance and built support for the harp as a jazz instrument by organizing free shows and playing at dances and weddings with her trio. She recorded with Jimmy Cobb, Ed Thigpen, Richard Davis, Frank Wess and others in the late 1950s and early 1960s. During the 1960s, she also had her own radio show in Detroit where she would occasionally perform live shows with her husband, and talk. Ashby partially contributed to the spread of unstereotypical music education in Detroit, Michigan during 1967. Robert H. Klotman, a divisional director of music education was inspired by her and Cass Technical Highschool’s harp and vocal ensemble, placing 10 Troubadour harps in 5 inner city schools.<mask>'s trio, including her husband, <mask>, on drums, regularly toured the country, recording albums for several record labels. She played with Louis Armstrong and Woody Herman, among others. In 1962, <mask> won Down Beat magazine's critics' and readers' awards for best jazz performers. Her first full jazz LP, The Jazz Harpist, was recorded for Savoy in 1957, with Frank Wess on flute, Eddie Jones and Wendell Marshall on bass and Ed Thigpen on drums. The album was a mix of standards, such as “Thou Swell” and “Stella by Starlight”, and Ms. <mask>’s originals. It was critically well received, but the record buying public ignored it. Her next album Hip Harp, (1958) on Prestige, was one of her best, with Wess, Dave Brubeck’s bassist Gene Wright and Art Taylor on drums.In all <mask> led ten sessions between 1957 and 1970 for Atlantic, Cadet and many other labels. She was fearless in her musical choices as she played not just bop, but soul, Brazilian, African, Middle Eastern and like her contemporary (and other great jazz harpist) Alice Coltrane, free jazz. Ms. <mask> pioneered the use of the Japanese koto in jazz on her 1970 album The Rubaiyat of <mask>, which was somewhat maligned in its time, but has become appreciated as an iconoclastic marriage of soul, world music and free jazz. The Ashby Players/Theatre Work
Extending her range of interests and talents, she also worked with her husband in a theater company, the Ashby Players, which her husband founded in Detroit, and for which <mask> often wrote the scores. In the 1960s <mask>, together with her husband, formed a theatrical group to produce plays that would be relevant to the African-American community of Detroit. This production group went by several names depending on the theater production. They created a series of theatrical musical plays that <mask> and <mask> produced together as this theatrical company, the Ashby Players of Detroit.In the case of most of the plays, <mask> wrote the scripts and <mask> wrote the scores. <mask> also played harp and piano on the soundtracks to all of her plays. She starred in the production of the play 3–6–9 herself. Most of the music that she wrote for these plays is available only on a handful of the reel to reel tapes that <mask> recorded herself. Only a couple of the many songs she created for her plays later appeared on LPs that she released. Later in her career, she would make recordings and perform at concerts primarily to raise money for the Ashby Players theatrical productions. The theatrical production group The Ashby Players not only produced black theater in Detroit and Canada but provided early theatrical and acting opportunities for black actors.Ernie Hudson (of Ghostbusters, credited as Earnest L. Hudson) was a featured actor in the Artists Productions version of the play 3–6–9. In the late 1960s, the Ashbys gave up touring and settled in California, where <mask> broke into the studio recording system as a harpist through the help of the soul singer Bill Withers, who recommended her to Stevie Wonder. As a result, she was called upon for a number of studio sessions playing for more pop-oriented acts. Death
<mask> died from cancer on April 13, 1986, in Santa Monica, California. Influence
Her recordings have proven influential in various genres. The High Llamas recorded a song entitled "Dorothy Ashby" on their 2007 album Can Cladders. Hip-hop artists have sampled her work often, including Jurassic 5, on their album Feedback, as well as Andre Nickatina on his song "Jungle".Bonobo included the track "Essence of Sapphire" on his mix album Late Night Tales. In the '90s, Pete Rock, Rahzel and Ugly Duckling sampled <mask>'s harp music for their own works.

masks:
Dorothy Jeanne Thompson
Dorothy Ashby
Ashby
Ashby
Ashby
Dorothy Ashby
Dorothy Thompson
Ashby
John Ashby
Ashby
Ashby
Dorothy
Ashby
Dorothy Ashby
Dorothy
Dorothy Ashby
Dorothy
John Ashby
John Ashby
Dorothy Ashby
Dorothy Ashby
Dorothy Ashby
Dorothy
Ashby
Ashby


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<mask> (born 28 June 1986) is a Serbian handball player who plays for Telekom Veszprém and the Serbian national team. His brother Draško also played handball for national team. Club career

RK Crvena zvezda
Born in Belgrade, Serbia, <mask> began playing handball in local team RK Crvena Zvezda's youth setup. He moved up to the senior team in 2003, aged only 17. Nenadić given a chance in the first-team of RK Crvena Zvezda as a 17-years-old, next to stars like Darko Stanić, Ivan Nikčević, Rastko Stojković and Nikola Manojlović. As a rotation player, Nenadić was part of the team won Yugoslav championship and the Yugoslav cup. In the following season, 2004–05, <mask> made his breakthrough and finished the season as the top scorer of RK Crvena Zvezda with 113 goals, but the team only managed to achieve the 6th place in the league.2005-06 season began with five consecutive losses, and RK Crvena Zvezda were far away from the top part of the table, but since the 27:27 draw against Partizan Belgrade, when Nenadić scored 9 goals, the team were unstoppable. <mask> finished the season as the top scorer with 272 goals, and led RK Crvena Zvezda to its last championship in the era of Serbia and Montenegro. <mask> suffered a serious knee injury in the pre-season trainings before 2006-07 season and missed most of the season, what weakened his team. However, he returned for the last 5 games of the season, and scored 39 goals which helped RK Crvena Zvezda win its second consecutive championship. Spain
On 6 July 2007, <mask> signed on a three-year deal with Liga ASOBAL side Algeciras BM, and joined his first team outside Serbia. He scored 65 goals in the first half of 2007/08 season and because of economic difficulties Algeciras faced then, he was loaned to Liga ASOBAL powerhouse FC Barcelona for the remainder of the season, with an option to purchase him at the end of the season. In Barcelona, <mask> scored 31 goals in EHF Champions League, but his team were eliminated in the semi-final by THW Kiel.Manolo Cadenas' team haven't managed to win any title, also in the Spanish zone, being defeated by Ciudad Real who later won the local championship. Pick Szeged
Although he got some offers from Spanish and German teams, and Barcelona haven't activated their purchase option, <mask> decided to join Hungarian cup winners SC Pick Szeged. On 6 May 2008, <mask> signed his three-year contract in Pick Szeged. In Szeged he joined four other Serbs: Milorad Krivokapic, Nenad Puljezevic, Dragan Marjanac and Danijel Andelkovic. On his first season in Szeged, 2008–09, <mask> and his team have not managed to win any title. They've finished in the 2nd place in the Hungarian league. In Europe, Szeged were eliminated from EHF Champions League but they reached the 1/4 final of EHF Cup Winners' Cup, where they faced HSG Nordhorn.In the first leg, <mask> scored 4 goals and added one goal in the second leg, but it wasn't enough and Szeged were eliminated by the Germans. Additionally, Szeged lost to MVM Veszprém in the final of Magyar Kupa. Right after the loss, <mask>'s contract was terminated due to a conflict with club owner. During the summer before 2009-10 season, <mask>, who was a free agent, went to trials with some clubs, notably in Rhein-Neckar Löwen, but he failed to find a new club. Due to Danijel Andelkovic's injury, and as <mask> had no club, Szeged have decided to re-sign Nenadić for the remainder of the season and to bring him back to team squad. <mask> scored 37 goals in EHF Champions League, but Szeged were eliminated in the group phase. In the domestic competitions, Szeged finished as a runner-up again, in the Hungarian league and in the Hungarian cup.Team Tvis Holstebro
At the end of 2009-10 season, Pick Szeged have faced financial problems and had to terminate <mask>'s contract. He signed a one-year contract with Danish side Team Tvis Holstebro. <mask> finished the season as the team top goalscorer with 118 goals in 18 games, and at the end of the season his contract was extended for two more years, with an exit option between the years. In his second season in Denmark, <mask> helped his team reach the bronze medal of Jack&Jones Ligaen. <mask> finished the season as the 3rd top goalscorer of Jack&Jones Ligaen, with 170 goals in 32 games. At the end of the season, TTH Holstebro used an option to terminate the contract although he had one more left in the contract. Wisła Płock
On 12 May 2012, <mask> joined Polish runner-up Wisła Płock on a one-year deal.He scored 12 goals in the EHF Cup campaign, that ended for Wisła Płock in the group phase. <mask> suffered some injuries on his first season in Płock and had to miss part of the season. His team lost to Vive Targi Kielce in the championship play-off and finished the season again as runner-ups. In the following season, <mask> had greater role in the team squad. He scored 67 goals in the EHF Champions League and led Wisła Płock to the Last 16, where they were defeated by MVM Vezsprém. In Poland, they were beaten again by Kielce in the championship play-off. <mask> finished the season as the top goalscorer.Füchse Berlin
On 17 July 2014, <mask> signed on a one-year deal with German powerhouse Füchse Berlin, as a replacement for Bartlomiej Jaszka who retired right before the beginning of the pre-season, due to a serious shoulder injury. <mask> finished the season as the Foxes' top goalscorer, with 169 goals (29 penalties) in the Bundesliga, leading Füchse Berlin to the 7th place in the Bundesliga. He finished as the 11th top goalscorer of the Bundesliga. <mask> also scored 9 goals in the DHB-Pokal semi final against SC Magdeburg, but Füchse lost by one-goal margin, 27:26. He added 32 goals in the EHF Cup, including six goals in the final game against HSV Hamburg, as Füchse Berlin achieved its first European title ever. At the end of the season, <mask> signed on a two-year contract extension with Füchse Berlin. <mask> continued his good form from his first season in Germany in the following season.Although he scored 6 goals in the first leg and 12 goals in the second leg, Füchse were eliminated in the third qualifying round of the EHF Cup by Chambéry Savoie. <mask> led Füchse to the 5th place in the Bundesliga. He finished the season as the top goalscorer of the Bundesliga, with 229 goals. He averaged 7.2 goals per game. <mask> signed another two-year contract with Füchse before the end of the season. Veszprém
On 1 January 2018, <mask> joined Veszprém KC on a two-and-half years contract, for a reported fee of €500,000. Individual awards

 EHF Player of the year 2019
 Serbian Handball Player of the Year 2016, 2017 and 2020
 MVP of the SEHA League Final Four: 2021
 SEHA League All-Star Team Best Centre Back: 2020-21

References

1986 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Belgrade
Serbian male handball players
Liga ASOBAL players
FC Barcelona Handbol players
Wisła Płock (handball) players
SC Pick Szeged players
Veszprém KC players
Expatriate handball players in Poland
Serbian expatriates in Denmark
Serbian expatriates in Germany
Serbian expatriates in Hungary
Serbian expatriates in Poland
Serbian expatriates in Spain
Handball-Bundesliga players
Füchse Berlin Reinickendorf HBC players
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Serbia
Competitors at the 2009 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games medalists in handball

masks:
Petar Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić
Nenadić


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<mask> (born 29 October 1939) is an Indian Bengali poet, playwright, short story writer, essayist and novelist who founded the Hungryalist movement in the 1960s. Early life and education
Malay <mask> was born in Patna, Bihar, India, into the <mask>y clan, which owned the villages that became Kolkata. He grew up in Patna's Imlitala ghetto, which was mainly inhabited by Dalit Hindus and Shia Muslims. His was the only Bengali family. His father, Ranjit (1909–1991) was a photographer in Patna; his mother, Amita (1916–1982), was from a progressive family of the 19th-century Bengali Renaissance. His grandfather, <mask>, was a photographer in Kolkata who had been trained by Rudyard Kipling's father, the curator of the Lahore Museum. At the age of three, <mask> was admitted to a local Catholic school, and later, he was sent to the Rammohan Roy Seminary Oriental Seminary.The school was administered by the Brahmo Samaj movement, a monotheistic religion founded in 1830 in Kolkata by Ram Mohun <mask>, who aimed to purify Hinduism and recover the simple worship of the Vedas. There, <mask> met student-cum-librarian Namita Chakraborty, who introduced him to Sanskrit and Bengali classics. All religious activities were banned at the school, and <mask> has said that his childhood experience made him instinctively secular. <mask> has proficiency in English, Hindi, Bhojpuri and Maithili, apart from his mother tongue Bengali. He was influenced, though, by the Shia Muslim neighbors who recited Ghalib and Faiz in the Imlitala locality. At the same time his father had two workers Shivnandan Kahar and Ramkhelawan Singh Dabar at his photographic shop at Patna ; these two persons introduced <mask> to Ramcharitmanasa written by Tulasidasa as well as saint poets Rahim, Dadu and Kabir

<mask>y did his master's degree in humanities. He later studied Rural Development which gave him a job in NABARD, where he got the opportunity to visit almost entire India for the upliftment of farmers, weavers, fishermen, artisans, craftsmen, potters, cobblers, landless labourers, jute farmers, potato growers and various under-caste Indians.Hungryalist movement

The Hungryalist movement was initially led by Malay; his brother, Samir <mask>; Shakti Chattopadhyay; and Haradhon Dhara, known as his pseudoname Debi <mask>. Thirty more poets and artists subsequently joined them, the best-known being Rajkamal Chaudhary, Binoy Majumdar, Utpal Kumar Basu, Falguni <mask>, Subimal Basak, Tridib Mitra, Rabindra Guha, and Anil Karanjai. The movement's English name was derived from Geoffrey Chaucer's line "in the sowre hungry tyme", and its philosophy was based on Oswald Spengler's "The Decline of the West". Hungryalism petered out in 1965, when the West Bengal government issued arrest warrants for eleven Hungryalists, including <mask> and his brother. Some members, such as Subhash Ghosh and Saileshwar Ghosh, testified against <mask> in Kolkata's Bankshall Court. He was jailed for a month for his poem Stark Electric Jesus by Kolkata Bankshall Court in 1966. However he was exonerated by the Kolkata High Court in 1967.From the letters of Sunil Gangopadhyay written to Sandipan Chattopadhyay during 1964 published recently it is known  that Sunil Gangopadhyay felt that Hungry generation literary movement was a threat to his Krittibas group of poets of 1950s. <mask>y went on to write poetry, fiction, plays, short stories and essays on Bengali social and cultural issues. He has written more than seventy books till date. Howard McCord, a professor of English at Washington State University and Bowling Green University who met <mask> during a visit to Kolkata, wrote in City Lights Journal Number Three: "Malay <mask>, a Bengali poet, has been a central figure in the Hungry Generation's attack on the Indian cultural establishment since the movement began in the early 1960s. ... Acid, destructive, morbid, nihilistic, outrageous, mad, hallucinatory, shrill—these characterize the terrifying and cleansing visions" that "Indian literature must endure if it is to be vital again." Both the Bangla Academy and Northwestern University have archives of <mask>'s Hungryalist publications.<mask>y wrote three drama during the Hungryalism movement: Illot, Napungpung and Hibakusha, considered to be a mash up of the Theater of the Absurd and Transhumanism. Poetry and translations

With his 1963 poem "Prachanda Baidyutik Chhutar" ("Stark Electric Jesus"), which prompted the government's actions against the Hungryalists, <mask>y introduced Confessional poetry to Bengali literature. The poem defied traditional forms (e.g., sonnet, villanelle, minnesang, pastourelle, canzone, etc. ), as well as Bengali meters (e.g., matrabritto and aksharbritto). His poem "Jakham" is better known and has been translated into multiple languages. His best-known poetry collections are Medhar Batanukul Ghungur, Naamgandho, and Illot, and a complete collection of his poems was published in 2005. He has written about 60 books since he launched the Hungryalist movement in November 1961.<mask> has also translated into Bengali works by William Blake ("The Marriage of Heaven and Hell"), Arthur Rimbaud ("A Season in Hell"), Tristan Tzara (Dada manifestos and poems), Andre Breton's Surrealism manifesto and poems, Jean Cocteau ("Crucifixion"), Blaise Cendrars ("Trans-Siberian Express"), and Allen Ginsberg ("Howl" and "Kaddish"). He has also translated Paul Celan's famous poem "Death Fugue". <mask> has written extensively on the life and works of Allen Ginsberg, Henry Miller, James Joyce, Charles Baudelaire, Jean Arthur Rimbaud, Osip Mandelstam, Marcel Proust and Anna Akhmatova

He was given the Sahitya Academy award, the Indian government's highest honor in the field, in 2003 for translating Dharamvir Bharati's Suraj Ka Satwan Ghora. However, he declined to accept this award and others. Adhunantika phase
In 1995, <mask>'s writings, both poetry and fiction, took a dramatic turn. A linguist, Probal Dasgupta, dubbed this the Adhunantika Phase (Bengali: অধুনান্তিক পর্ব), a portmanteau of two Bengali words: adhuna, meaning "new", "current", "contemporary", or "modern", and antika, meaning "closure", "end", "extreme", or "beyond". His poetry collections from this phase are Chitkar Samagra, Chhatrakhan, Ja Lagbey Bolben, Atmadhangser Sahasrabda, Postmodern Ahlader Kobita, and Kounaper Luchimangso.His novels from the period include Namgandho, Jalanjali, Nakhadanta, Ei Adham Oi Adham, and Arup Tomar Entokanta. During this phase <mask>y wrote several poetic dramas which were mash up of Postmodernism and Transhumanism

After <mask> shifted to Mumbai from Calcutta he has ventured into Magic realism and written novels such as Labiyar Makdi, Chashomranger Locha, Thek Shuturmurg, Jungle Romio, Necropurush and Naromangshokadhoker Halnagad. In 2014 <mask> wrote his autobiography in his distinct style titled Rahuketu. Personal life

<mask> lives in Mumbai with his wife, Shalila, who was a field hockey player from Nagpur. Their daughter, Anushree Prashant, lives in Dubai with her husband and two daughters; his son Jitendra lives in Riyadh with his wife Sudipta. In popular culture
A 2014 film based on <mask>'s poem Stark Electric Jesus was directed by Mrigankasekhar Ganguly and Hyash Tanmoy. It was an official selection at 20 international film festivals in 15 countries.The film won "Best Video Art" in Poland, "Most Promising Video Artist" in Spain, and "Best Fantasy Film" in Serbia. Srijit Mukherji directed a film in 2011 titled Baaishey Shrabon, in which <mask> was portrayed by Gautam Ghosh. <mask>'s poems have been recited by famous poets from India and Bangladesh. They are Chaitali Biswas, Susmita Bose. Sadia Sobhan Sara, Labanyo Shahida, Mohona Setu. Sarmin Subha, Debashis Bhattacharya, Tanumoy Goswami, and Shibashis Dargupta. Two of his famous poems 'Stark Electric Jesus' and 'Sending My Cut-Off Head as A Valentine Gift' have been recited and uploaded on YouTube by several young poets both in English and Bengali.His interviews are also available on YouTube. Sources and references
Malay <mask>y-r Bitarka, edited by Madhusudan <mask>. Barnik Prakashon, Bardhaman, West Bengal, India (2018). Malay Roy Choudhury Compendium, edited by A.M. Murshid. Avishkar Prakashani, Kolkata, India (2002). Hungryalist Interviews of Malay <mask>, edited by Ajit Ray. Mahadiganta Publishers, Kolkata (1999).Postmodern Interviews of Malay <mask>y, edited by Arabinda Pradhan. Graffiti Publishers, Kolkata (2004). Van Tulsi Ki Gandh, by Phanishwarnath Renu. Rajkamal Prakashan, Delhi, India (1984). Hungry Shruti & Shastravirodhi Andolon, by Uttam Das. Mahadiganta Publishers, Kolkata (1986). Shater Dashaker Kabita, by Mahmud Kamal.Shilpataru Prakashani, Dhaka, Bangladesh (1991). Hungry-Adhunantik Malay, edited by Ratan Biswas. Ahabkal Publications, Kolkata (2002). Salted Feathers, edited by Dick Bakken. Portland, Oregon (1967). Intrepid, edited by Carl Weissner. Buffalo, New York (1968).English Letters to Malay, edited by Tridib Mitra. Hungry Books, Howrah, India (1968). Bangla Letters to Malay, edited by Alo Mitra. Hungry Books, Howrah (1969). SWAPNA (Malay <mask>udhury Special Issue, 15th Year, #1), edited by Bishnu Dey. Nabin Chandra College, Assam (2008). Sambhar: Malay <mask>y Interview, by Amitava Deb.Sambhar Publications, Silchar, Assam, India (2008). Savarna Barta: Hungryalist Movement and Sabarna Roy Choudhury Clan, by Sonali Mukherjee. Tarkeshwar College, Kolkata (2008). Bodh: <mask> Choudhury's Poetry, by Uttam Chakraborty. Rupnarayanpur, West Bengal, India (2008). Stark Electric Jesus, with foreword by Howard McCord. Tribal Press (1965).Selected works
English

Stark Electric Jesus, with introduction by Howard McCord, Tribal Press, Washington DC, 1965. Autobiography, CAAS #14 and 215, Gale Research Inc., Ohio, 1980. Selected Poems, with introduction by P. Lal, Writers Workshop, Kolkata, 1989. Hattali (long poem), Mahadiganta Publishers, Kolkata, 1989. Overview: Postmodern Bangla Poetry (non-fiction), Haowa 49 Publishers, Kolkata, 2001. Overview: Postmodern Bangla Short Stories (non-fiction), Haowa 49 Publishers, Kolkata, 2001. Selected Poems of Malay <mask>y, Edited by Dr Tanvir Ratul, Antivirus Publication, Liverpool, 2021.Bengali

Shoytaner Mukh (Collected Poems), Krittibas Prakashani, Kolkata, 1963. Hungry Andoloner Kavyadarshan (Hungryalist Manifesto), Debi Ray, Howrah, 1965. Jakham (long poem), Zebra Publications, Kolkata, 1966. Kabita Sankalan (collection of Hungryalist poems), Mahadiganta Publishers, Kolkata, 1986. Chitkarsamagra (postmodern poems), Kabita Pakshik, Kolkata, 1995. Chhatrakhan (postmodern poems), Kabitirtha Publishers, Kolkata, 1995. Allen Ginsberg's Kaddish (translation), Kabitirtha Publishers, Kolkata, 1995.Ja Lagbey Bolben (postmodern poems), Kaurab Prakashani, Jamshedpur, 1996. Tristan Tzara's Poems (translation), Kalimati Publishers, Jamshedpur, 1996. Allen Ginsberg's Howl (translation), Kabita Pakshik, Kolkata, 1996. Jean Cocteau's Cricifixion (translation), Kabita Pakshik, Kolkata, 1996. Blaise Cendrar's Trans-Siberian Express (translation), Amritalok Prakashani, Midnapur, 1997. A (deconstruction of 23 poems), Kabita Pakshik, Kolkata, 1998. Autobiography of Paul Gauguin (translation), Graffiti Publishers, Kolkata, 1999.Jean Arthur Rimbaud (critique), Kabitirtha Publishers, Kolkata, 1999. Life of Allen Ginsberg (non-fiction), Kabitirtha Prakashani, Kolkata, 2000. Atmadhangsher Sahasrabda (collected poems), Graffiti Publishers, Kolkata, 2000. Bhennogalpo (collection of postmodern short stories), Dibaratrir Kavya, Kolkata, 1996. Dubjaley Jetuku Prashwas (novel), Haowa 49 Publishers, 1994. Jalanjali (novel), Raktakarabi Publishers, Kolkata, 1996. Naamgandho (novel), Sahana Publishers, Dhaka, 1999.Natoksamagra (collection of plays), Kabitirtha Prakashani, Kolkata, 1998. Hungry Kimvadanti (Hungryalist memoir), Dey Books, Kolkata, 1994. Postmodernism (non-fiction), Haowa#49 Publishers, Kolkata, 1995. Adhunikatar Biruddhey Kathavatra (non-fiction), Kabita Pakshik, Kolkata, 1999. Hungryalist Interviews (edited by Ajit Ray), Mahadiganta Publishers, Kolkata, 1999. Postmodern Kalkhando O Bangalir Patan (non-fiction), Khanan Publishers, Nagpur, 2000. Ei Adham Oi Adham (novel), Kabitirtha Publishers, Kolkata, 2001.Nakhadanta (postmodern novel), Haowa 49 Publishers, Kolkata, 2001. Poems: 2004-1961 (collection of poems), Avishkar Prakashani, Kolkata, 2005. See also
Sabarna <mask>udhury
Hungry generation
Samir <mask>y

References

External links

1939 births
Living people
Bengali male poets
Bengali-language poets
Bengali-language writers
Hungry generation
Indian male novelists
Indian male poets
Oriental Seminary alumni
Writers from Patna
Poets from Bihar
Indian postmodern writers
20th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian novelists
Novelists from Bihar
20th-century Indian male writers
20th-century Bengali poets
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation

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Malay Roy Choudhury
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Laksmikanta Roy Choudhury
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