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<mask> (17 October 1938) was a Polish pianist, pedagogue and composer who, in addition to his own immense technique, had a profound influence upon the teaching of pianoforte technique, especially in relation to the works of Chopin and J.S. Bach, and left this legacy among a large number of pupils. Early life and training
<mask> was born in 1851 in Kamianets-Podilskyi in Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire. From 1867, at the age of 16, he studied at Leipzig Conservatory as a pupil of Ignaz Moscheles, Carl Reinecke and Theodor Coccius. Coccius was his greatest influence, and he was industrious, often practising for 10 hours a day. In 1869 he went to Berlin and studied under Carl Tausig. (Tausig attempted to make him adopt a very high finger position, which nearly ruined his technique.)He moved to Warsaw, where he settled permanently, in 1870. At about this time he made the friendship of Karol Mikuli (1821-1897), who had received lessons from Chopin between 1844 and 1848, and was head of the Lviv Conservatory. Mikuli imparted to him many of the composer's own ideas about the performance of his works; <mask> also met Chopin's gifted pupil Princess Marcelina Czartoryska (née Radziwiłł), who played some mazurkas to him. Moscheles had also been a friend of Chopin's, and therefore <mask> obtained a rich understanding of Chopin's pianistic thought and performance. His Chopin style
He was familiar with all Chopin's works, and devoted a lifetime to their study. In performance, he occasionally altered the musical text, and transcribed some in the manner of Moriz Rosenthal. In 1878 he visited Franz Liszt at Weimar, and at first (having connections with the Leipzig Conservatory) was not made welcome, but afterwards made such an impression that Liszt acknowledged his authenticity of performance and approved the variants that he introduced.A later successor at Warsaw Zbigniew Drzewiecki wrote:
'As an interpreter of Chopin he created a certain style of rendering the composer's works which found many imitators. It consisted of the chiselling of swift passages and stressing their elegance in smoothing the edges of sharper expressive climaxes, in lending Chopin's works the air of almost drawing-room sentimentality. And yet this slight sentimentality was always under the strict control of moderation, instrumental purity and good taste.' Teaching principles
In 1874 he settled in Warsaw and took up teaching, at first privately. From 1891 he became professor of the concert pianists' class at the Warsaw Institute of Music (at that time under the direction of Apolinary Katski), and continued there until 1918, after which he taught at the Fryderyk Chopin Music School of the Warsaw Music Society. He particularly emphasised the importance of contrapuntal playing, and during the first two years of his students' work with him he made them play a lot of J.S. Bach.In the case of one of his most famous pupils, Wanda Landowska, this led to a career dedicated to Bach and to baroque music. Chopin himself had a particular sympathy for Bach, and <mask> understood that the contrapuntal principles were most important for the understanding of Chopin's work. He also developed the imaginative and bravura aspects of his students' playing. He used much demonstration in his lessons, and encouraged students to imitate aspects of his own performance. Students and successors
Among his very many students were several who might have had more famous international careers had not the two world wars interrupted or in some cases terminated their work. Among them was Jerzy Żurawlew, who founded the International Chopin Piano Competitions in 1927. Wanda Landowska, Vladimir Sofronitsky  and Mischa Levitzki were probably the most famous pupils.Jerzy Lefeld became his amanuensis. Bolesław Kon, an outstanding pupil, who also studied with Konstantin Igumnov, died in 1936 aged 30. Róża Etkin-Moszkowska was killed in the German retreat from Warsaw in 1944. Henryk Pachulski (b. 1859) and Piotr Maszyński (b. 1855) were among his earlier pupils, and Stanislaw Urstein, Edwarda Chojnacka, Wiktor Chapowicki, Józef Śmidowicz, Vladimir Sofronitsky, and Bolesław Woytowicz among the later ones. Heinrich Neuhaus, a renowned teacher, whose own pupils included Sviatoslav Richter, Emil Gilels, Yakov Zak and Ryszard Bakst, received lessons from <mask>.Radziwonowicz also lists Stefania Allina, Zofia Buckiewiczowa, Janina Familier Hepner, Zofia Frankiewicz, Stefania Niekrasz, Stanislaw Nawrocki, Ludomir Różycki, Piotr Rytel, Henryk Schulz-Evler, Władysław Szpilman, Juliusz Wolfsohn and Alexander Zakin as Michałowski pupils. Józef Turczyński, his immediate successor at Warsaw, and after him Zbigniew Drzewiecki, were not his students but continued his work as leading teachers of the Polish school. Later career
<mask> was also a chamber musician, and performing duos with the violinist Stanisław Barcewicz, and trios with Barcewicz and the cellist Aleksandr Verzhbilovich. He wrote 35 pianoforte works (mostly short, brilliant items) and produced an instructive edition of the works of Chopin. He made a substantial number of gramophone records, made in three different periods, the first around 1906, the second around 1918, and the last in the 1930s. Harold C. Schonberg considered that they revealed a 'heroic voice.' Although he had been a very successful concert performer, he increasingly turned to teaching, particularly when his sight failed rapidly after 1912.However he was persuaded back to the platform by a colleague, Mme Ruszczycówna, and gave large numbers of concerts in the following years, in 1919 celebrating a half-century since his debut. In 1929 he performed both Chopin concerti in a single concert. He died in Warsaw aged 87, on 17 October 1938, the anniversary of the death of Chopin. Discographie

2016 : Acte Préalable AP0365 – <mask> <mask> - Piano Works 1 (Artur Cimirro)

See also
List of Poles

Notes

Sources
Arthur Eaglefield Hull, A Dictionary of Modern Music and Musicians (Dent, London 1924). J. Methuen-Campbell, Chopin Playing from the Composer to the Present Day (Gollancz, London 1981). H.C. Schonberg, The Great Pianists (Gollancz, London 1964). External links

 Prof Karol Radziwonowicz, The Greatest Polish Pianists in the History of Chopin's Time till today (Chopinov Zlati Prstan, 3 Oct 2007: KULTURNICA BLAŽ KUMERDEJ, Gorenjska cesta 25)

 Scores by <mask> <mask> in digital library Polona

1851 births
1938 deaths
People from Kamianets-Podilskyi
People from Kamenets-Podolsky Uyezd
Polish composers
Polish classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Lviv Conservatory alumni
Chopin University of Music faculty
Piano pedagogues
Władysław Szpilman
Officers of the Order of Polonia Restituta

masks:
Aleksander Michałowski
Aleksander Michałowski
Michałowski
Michałowski
Michałowski
Michałowski
Michałowski
Aleksander
Michałowski
Aleksander
Michałowski


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<mask> (28 August 1725 – 4 September 1767) was a British politician who held various titles in the Parliament of Great Britain. His establishment of the controversial Townshend Acts is considered one of the key causes of the American Revolution. Early life
He was born at his family's seat
of Raynham Hall in Norfolk, England, the second son of <mask>, 3rd Viscount <mask>, and Audrey (died  1788), daughter and heiress of Edward Harrison of Ball's Park, near Hertford. He was a sickly child, suffered from epilepsy, and had a strained relationship with his parents. <mask> was a brash young man, whose "wonderful endowments [were] dashed with follies and indiscretions." <mask> graduated from the Dutch Leiden University on 27 October 1745;  while there he had associated with a small group of other English youth, who later became well known in various circles, including Dowdeswell, Wilkes, and Alexander Carlyle. The latter would chronicle their exploits in his Autobiography.Following his return in 1746, he represented Great Yarmouth in Parliament until 1756, when he found a seat for the admiralty borough of Saltash, subsequently transferring in 1761 to Harwich, another borough where the seat was in the government's gift. Public attention was first drawn to his abilities in 1753, when he delivered a lively attack against Lord Hardwicke's marriage bill, although this measure passed into law. Politics
From 1749- April 1759, <mask> was a member of the Board of Trade. It was during this time that he first showed an interest in increasing British powers of taxation and control over the American colonies. In 1754 and 1755, he served as Lord of the Admiralty, but at the close of 1755, his passionate attack against the policy of the ministry caused his resignation. In the administration which was formed in November 1756, and which was ruled by William Pitt the Elder, the lucrative office of treasurer of the chamber was given to <mask>, but he retired the following Spring and George Grenville took over. The higher post of First Lord of the Admiralty then fell to <mask>'s lot and his refusal to accept the nomination led to his exclusion from the new administration.In the dying days of Grenville's cabinet, to retain the administration of Lord Rockingham, <mask> accepted the position of Paymaster of The Forces, though he questioned the stability of the administration, calling it a "mere Lute-string administration" and stating that it was "pretty 'summer wear', but it will never stand the winter." Under the ministry of William Pitt the Elder, <mask> accepted the role of Chancellor of the Exchequer in August 1766. A few weeks later his urgent appeals to the Prime Minister for increased power were favorably answered, and he was admitted to the inner circle of the cabinet. The new chancellor proposed the continuance of the land tax at four shillings in the pound, while he held out hopes that it might be reduced next year to three shillings, whereupon his predecessor, William Dowdeswell, by the aid of the landed gentlemen, carried a motion that the reduction should take effect at once. <mask> pledged to find revenue in America with which to meet the deficiency caused by the reduction. Early in 1767, shortly after The Stamp Act was repealed owing to colonial protests and boycotts of British goods, <mask> proposed that the Parliament could procure revenue from the Americans without causing them offense via "external" import taxes instead of internal taxes. These were known as the Townshend Acts.The Acts passed resolutions for taxing several exports to America, such as glass, paint, paper and tea. The Townshend Acts established a Board of Commissioners in Boston to enforce them, which was seen as a threat to the American colonial tradition of self-government. He estimated these export taxes would produce a sum of £40,000 for the English treasury. He had the support of his cousin <mask> who was also a minister in the government. The Townshend Acts would be <mask>'s last official act before his death. Soon after that he died somewhat suddenly of a fever on  September 4, 1767. Private life
In August 1755 he had married Caroline Campbell (d. 1794), the eldest daughter of John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll and the widow of Francis Scott, Earl of Dalkeith, the eldest son of Francis Scott, 2nd Duke of Buccleuch.<mask>'s wife was created (August 1767) baroness Greenwich, and his elder brother <mask>, 1st <mask>, was made Lord-lieutenant of Ireland. <mask> conceived a great and dangerous passion for his step-daughter Frances Douglas, Lady Douglas, and her memorialist, Lady Louisa Stuart, wrote after his death of his character:
This was careless, gay, inconsiderate, volatile, seemingly foreign to every serious reflection or feeling. He had one of those happy tempers which nothing can ruffle, without a grain of pride, sternness or resentment in his nature. Ready to laugh with every body and at every thing, he poured out wit in torrents; and it was so much the worse for truth if ever truth stood in wit's way. The American towns of Townsend, Massachusetts and Townshend, Vermont were founded and named after <mask> in 1732 and 1753, respectively. Raynham, Massachusetts was also named after him. References

Lady Louisa Stuart, Memoire of Frances, Lady Douglas (Edinburgh and London, Scottish Academic Press, 1985)
William Edward Hartpole Lecky, History of England (1892);
Horace Walpole, Memoirs of the Reign of George III., edited by G. F. R. Barker (1894)
Reuben Percy and Sholto Percy (1823) The Percy Anecdotes, 1823; online text.Memoir (1866) by Percy Fitzgerald

1725 births
1767 deaths
18th-century English nobility
18th-century English politicians
<mask>
Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain
Younger sons of viscounts
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Saltash
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1747–1754
British MPs 1754–1761
British MPs 1761–1768
Politics of the Borough of Great Yarmouth
Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain
Lords of the Admiralty
Paymasters of the Forces
Presidents of the Board of Trade
British officials in the American Revolution
People with epilepsy
Leiden University alumni
People from North Norfolk (district)

masks:
Charles Townshend
Charles Townshend
Townshend
Townshend
Charles
Townshend
Townshend
Townshend
Townshend
Townshend
Townshend
Townshend
Thomas Townshend
Townshend
Townshend
George Townshend
Marquess Townshend
Townshend
Charles Townshend
Charles Townshend


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<mask> (born July 25, 1992) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for her role as pre-teen Abigail "Abby" Deveraux on Days of Our Lives, Hayley on Victorious, and her lead role as Lindsey Lou in the film Pretty Broken. Biography
Born in Portland, Oregon. <mask> began a stage career on singing. One year later, she starred in A Dream is a Wish, a one-person original stage musical. Afterwards, she starred in several TV commercials. In the summer of 2000, <mask> moved to Los Angeles, and began appearing in film and television roles.In 2002 she had two roles in major movies including Sam Raimi's Spider-Man and a role as the voice of a little girl in Steven Spielberg's Catch Me if You Can. In 2004, she received a position as a host on the children's news-magazine show All Access Pass. She acted in, executive-produced, and co-wrote the theme song for the live action comedy pilot L.A.F.I.T., in 2005. Her singing has appeared on the Soap Sessions 8 Christmas CD, the Hollywood Hooligans Christmas CD, and a number of CDs for children. <mask> also has performed for many charitable causes, mostly for the protection of animals. <mask> <mask> has appeared on both the big and small screen in numerous projects including her double award winning portrayal of pre-teen Abby Deveraux on NBC's Days of Our Lives and guest appearances on ABC's Castle and Suburgatory, etc. Her most well-known character on the silver screen was in the Nickelodeon show Victorious in the two-parter "Freak the Freak Out" as Haley Ferguson, a rival to Tori Vega (played by Victoria Justice).Recent films include starring roles in The Kitchen, alongside Bryan Greenberg and Laura Prepon, plus the recently released faith-based holiday feature, By God's Grace. <mask> also stars in Alien Abduction by famed producers Lawrence Bender and Mike Fleiss for IFC – their highest grossing film to date. No stranger to the stage either, <mask>’s background includes lead roles in musicals, original pieces, and iconic plays. Fall 2014 brought another dimension to <mask>'s theater experience as she starred in Delusion: Lies Within – the pioneer production of horror theater produced by the Tony Award Winning team, Glendell Entertainment. <mask> also starred in the 2016 production of Delusion: His Crimson Queen. In early 2010, <mask> joined the ranks of New Media and began producing and starring in the multi-award winning teen series Miss Behave, which also featured other Days of Our Lives performers Darin Brooks, Patrika Darbo and Eric Martsolf. She expanded her web experience to the north starring in the Season Two finale of the award winning Canadian female fatale series, Clutch, which earned her the title of Best Supporting Actress in a Drama at the 2014 Indie Series Awards.<mask> currently stars in Acting Dead, a dark comedy about Hollywood and Zombies. The show is the first independent series to win a Primetime Emmy. <mask> also made a special guest appearance on Fame Dogs – a new mini-digital series that has been winning several awards in the community. Fall 2015 marked a new adventure as Miss <mask> produced her first short film, Advent, which she is also starred in. Advent will be the first in a series of short and feature films that <mask> plans to produce under her production company, Whimsical Entertainment. The film was a Finalist at the 2016 USA Film Festival Short Film Competition and an Official Selection at the 2016 Great Lakes International Film Festival. In April 2016, <mask> was cast in Ladies of The Lake which tells the story of four wealthy wives living in the exclusive gated community of Avalon.When their abusive husbands begin to turn up dead, Detective Shawn Daniels launches an investigation, only to discover the many secrets hidden beneath the glossy veneers of Avalon. <mask> plays Cassidy Montgomery, the Queen Bee of the Ladies of the Lake children. The mini-series is a live action version of the novel of the same name written by Ken Corday (Days of Our Lives, executive producer). The show lasted two seasons. <mask> stars in Pretty Broken (formerly Free For All), in which she also produced. The film was shot in <mask>'s hometown of Portland, OR and made its world premiere at The Newport Beach Film Festival. The film was released in 2019.Most recently, <mask> stepped behind the camera for her directorial debut on the feature film To The Beat!. The film follows 14 year old twin sisters who enter a contest to be dancers in their favorite pop stars music video, which leads to a battle with their rival, across the street who wants to win the contest as well. The film was released on DVD and VOD March 13, 2018. <mask> returned behind the camera to direct the sequel to To The Beat!, To The Beat! Back 2 School. The film was released right before the COVID-19 pandemic hit the United States. In addition to her career, <mask> is an outspoken environmentalist and activist.She has been the Ambassador for several causes over the course of her career, including Ape Action, St. Baldrick's Foundation, Starlight Children's Foundation, and several other animal-centric charities. Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations
<mask> has been nominated for five Young Artist Awards, in 2003, 2004, and 2005. She won twice, for Best Performance in a TV Series - Recurring Young Actress for her role in Days of our Lives, in both 2004 and 2005. Her other nominations were for Best Performance in a Commercial, for Children's Tylenol, in 2003; Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Actress Age Ten or Younger, for Quigley, in 2004; and Best Performance in a Short Film, for "Chasing Daylight", in 2005. For her singing, she has received several vocal talent awards. In 2014, <mask> took home the Jury Award at the Austin Indie Flix Showcase for Best Actress for her portrayal of Alex in Acting Dead. <mask> has been nominated several times at the Indie Series Awards.She was nominated three times for Best Lead Actress in a Drama for her series, Miss Behave in 2011-2013. In 2014, she won Best Supporting Actress in A Drama for her role as Nicole in the Canadian drama Clutch. <mask> has been nominated twice at the awards for her comedic performances; Best Lead Actress in A Comedy for Acting Dead in 2015, and Best Guest Actress in A Comedy in 2017 for her role in Fame Dogs. References

External links

 Official Web Site
 <mask> <mask> - Instagram
 <mask> <mask> - Facebook
 <mask> <mask> - Twitter

1992 births
Musicians from Portland, Oregon
American child actresses
American child singers
American film actresses
American television actresses
Living people
Actresses from Portland, Oregon
21st-century American actresses
Singers from Oregon
21st-century American singers

masks:
Jillian Clare
Clare
Clare
Clare
Jillian
Clare
Miss Clare
Clare
Jillian
Jillian
Miss Clare
Jillian
Jillian
Clare
Jillian
Jillian
Jillian
Jillian
Clare
Jillian
Clare
Jillian
Clare
Clare
Clare
Clare
Jillian
Clare
Jillian
Clare
Jillian
Clare


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Al-<mask> (; born 25 May 1973) is a Libyan retired professional football player. He captained the national team, but his career was widely attributed to the influence of his father <mask>, the country's supreme leader. In 2011, <mask> was the commander of Libya's Special Forces and participated in the Libyan Civil War. An Interpol notice was issued against him in 2011. In March 2014, he was arrested in Niger and extradited to Libya, where he faced murder charges, which he was cleared of in 2018. In August 2015, a video surfaced allegedly showing him being tortured. Football career
<mask> is known for his participation in Libyan football, which was arranged in his favour.One law forbade announcing the name of any football player with the exception of <mask>. Only numbers of other players were announced. Referees favoured <mask>'s club and security forces were used to silence protests. On 6 June 2000, the BBC reported that <mask> had signed with Maltese champions Birkirkara F.C. and would play for them in the Champions League. The move failed to materialize. In 2003, he signed for Italian Serie A team Perugia, employing Diego Maradona as his technical consultant and Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson as his personal trainer.He made only one substitute appearance against Juventus for Perugia before failing a drug test, due to presence in his system of the illegal substance Nandrolone. An article in la Repubblica said that "Even at twice his current speed he would still be twice as slow as slow itself." He was also captain of the Libya national football team, captain of his home club in Tripoli, and president of the Libyan Football Federation. <mask> joined UEFA Champions League qualifiers Udinese Calcio in 2005–06, playing only 10 minutes in an end-of-season league match against Cagliari Calcio. He joined U.C. Sampdoria during season 2006–07, without playing a single match. Business activities
In 2006, Al-Saadi <mask> and the Jamahiriya government launched a project to create a semi-autonomous city similar to Hong Kong in Libya, stretching 40 km between Tripoli and the Tunisian border.The proposed new city would become a high tech, banking, medical and educational center not requiring visas to enter. The city would have its own international airport and a major seaport. Gaddafi promised religious tolerance with both "synagogues and churches" and no discrimination in this new metropolis. The new city would have "Western-style" business laws that Saadi thought European and American companies would find welcoming and familiar. Gaddafi used to take great interest in the affairs of many of Libya's other business interests like Tamoil, the oil refining and marketing company owned by the Libyan government, before the overthrow of the regime. Italian lawsuit
In July 2010, Gaddafi was ordered by an Italian court to pay €392,000 to a luxurious Ligurian hotel for an unpaid bill dating back to a month-long stay in the summer of 2007. Personal life
<mask> is married to the daughter of al-Khweildi al-Hmeidi, a Libyan military commander.In 2009, a U.S. diplomatic cable called <mask> "the black sheep" of Muammar <mask>'s family. It mentioned scuffles with European police, "abuse of drugs and alcohol, excessive partying" and "profligate affairs with women and men". <mask>'s bisexuality had partly prompted the arrangement of his marriage to the commander's daughter, the cable said. Saadi was having a relationship with Bulgarian national Dafinka Mircheva. 2011 to present

Libyan civil war
On 15 March 2011, there were unconfirmed reports that a pilot by the name of Muhammad Mokhtar Osman had flown his jet into the Gaddafi stronghold of Bab al-Azizia in Tripoli damaging it and injuring him and his brother Khamis. Speaking to BBC Panorama, a former Jamahiriya soldier claimed that <mask> had personally ordered to shoot unarmed protesters in Benghazi when visiting the city's army barracks at the beginning of the uprising. <mask> confirmed that he had been at the barracks but denied giving orders to fire on protesters.<mask> was reportedly the driving force behind a change in fighting tactics of the government's forces. Instead of using heavy infantry, tanks and armored cars – which could easily be distinguished from the Free Libyan Army and then destroyed by allied fighter jets – the fight against the rebels was pursued with small, fast and versatile units. The rebels claimed that they captured him during the Battle of Tripoli, on 21 August, but later the claim turned out to be false. On 24 August, <mask> contacted CNN, stating that he had the authority to negotiate on behalf of loyalist forces, and wished to discuss a ceasefire with U.S. and NATO authorities. A week later he contacted Al Arabiya, stating his father was ready to step down, and called for dialogue with the National Transitional Council. On 5 September, <mask> said in an interview with CNN that an "aggressive" speech by his brother Saif al-Islam had led to the breakdown of talks between NTC forces and Gaddafi loyalists in Bani Walid, and said he had not seen his father in two months. <mask> also claimed a position of neutrality in the conflict and offered to mediate.On 11 September, <mask> fled to Niger and was allowed entrance on humanitarian grounds. According to the government of Niger, they planned to detain <mask> while determining what to do with him. <mask> had also been trying to assemble a team to transport him to Barbados or Venezuela. On 29 September, an Interpol red notice was issued for <mask>. Brigi Rafini, the prime minister of Niger said he would not allow <mask> to be extradited. On 11 November, Niger's President Mahamadou Issoufou said his government had decided to grant Gaddafi asylum "on humanitarian grounds". On 7 December, the Mexican interior secretary said that Mexican intelligence agents broke up a smuggling ring attempting to bring <mask> into Mexico under a false name.Extradition and torture allegations
On 5 March 2014, Libya announced that <mask> had been extradited by Niger and was in Tripoli. His lawyer, Nick Kaufman, protested about the move stating "extradition suggests that this was a legal process where Saadi Gadhafi was accorded a lawyer, a court hearing, and…it's not even clear to me that that even took place". In May 2015, <mask> appeared in a Tripoli court and was formally charged with unlawful imprisonment and murder for the 2005 killing of football player Bashir al-Riani. In early August 2015, video surfaced that appeared to show a blindfolded <mask> being forced to listen to other men allegedly being tortured in the next room. Then the guards beat the man appearing to be <mask> on the feet as he screams, after asking him if preferred to be beaten on the feet or on his buttocks. "It does appear to be Saadi <mask>," one of his lawyers, Melinda Taylor, told RT. "He looks the same in sense [that] his head ... [had been] shaved which happened to him last year."No legal team appears to be present. International human rights groups and activists condemned the video, which appeared to take place at al-Hadba prison in Tripoli, and was first released by Arabic network Clear News. "This is a shocking video that raises questions about conditions inside the prison," said Karim Khan, a British attorney who represents Libya's former prime minister Baghdadi Mahmudi, who is also at al-Hadba. "The international community needs to demand a full investigation." An appeals court on 3 April 2018 cleared Saadi from the charge of murdering the footballer Bashir. He was however fined 500 Libyan dinars and a suspended one-year prison term for drinking and possessing alcohol. As of 5 September 2021, he has been released from custody from al-Hadaba prison.It was claimed that Saadi’s captors denied him the appropriate medical care. See also

 List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences

References

External links

 Gaddafi set to quit Udinese

1973 births
Living people
Libyan people of Bosnia and Herzegovina descent
Libyan people of Croatian descent
Libyan people of Hungarian descent
Libya international footballers
Libyan expatriate footballers
Al-Ittihad Club (Tripoli) players
Al-Saadi
Doping cases in association football
Libyan footballers
Libyan sportspeople in doping cases
People from Tripoli
A.C. Perugia Calcio players
Al-Ahli SC (Tripoli) players
Serie A players
U.C. Sampdoria players
Udinese Calcio players
Children of national leaders
People extradited from Niger
People extradited to Libya
Libyan military personnel
Association football forwards
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Libyan expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Libyan Premier League players

masks:
Saadi Muammar Gaddafi
Muammar Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi
Gaddafi


text_chunks:
<mask> (), known as <mask> (, 29 October 1947 – 31 January 2020), was an eminent Azerbaijani author, political analyst, anchorman, radio journalist, publisher, and translator. <mask> was a Mountain Jew. He also was known as <mask>. <mask> died on January 31, 2020 in Germany. Early life
In July 1973, <mask> completed his graduation at the law faculty at the Azerbaijan State University. From August 1973 to January 1974, he worked as a lawyer in Sumgait. In June 1974, he immigrated to Israel and attended special courses for lawyers from the USSR at Tel-Aviv University.From June 1975 to January 1976, he served in the Israel Defense Forces. Bible translation
The first Azerbaijani translation by <mask> and Feliks Zaręba was the Gospel of Matthew, published in 1842 in London by Basel Missionary Society. The complete New Testament was fully translated and published in 1878 in London and the Old Testament in 1891. At the request of the Stockholm Institute for Bible Translation, <mask> translated the Bible  – the New Testament and Old Testament – into the Azerbaijani language. <mask> started translation of the entire Bible in 1975 and finished in 1984. In 1982, the Institute for Bible Translation in Stockholm, Sweden, released <mask>'s new modern Azerbaijani language translation of the New Testament, which currently is used in Azerbaijan. The first edition was printed in Zagreb, Croatia.<mask>'s translation of the New Testament was reprinted five times in subsequent years. <mask> completed translation of the Old Testament in 1984, but the translation has not been printed yet. Work
From August 1976 to October 1985, <mask> worked as deputy editor-in-chief of the Azerbaijani Service of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty in Munich, Germany. In October 1985, he was invited to Washington, D.C. to be editor-in-chief of the Azerbaijani Service of Radio Voice of America. In February 1987, <mask> returned to Munich to lead the Azerbaijani Service at Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, and he worked there until September 2003. In January 2004, he founded the Voice of Mirza Khazar (Mirzə Xəzərin Səsi) newspaper in Baku. <mask>hazar, and he ran the online newspaper The Voice of Mirza Khazar in three languages: Azerbaijani, English, and Russian.From September to October 2005, <mask> was host of Azadlig TV (Freedom TV), the first independent station to broadcast from a foreign country to Azerbaijan. In December 2005, he launched an Internet radio program, The Voice of Mirza Khazar, where visitors can listen to prerecorded audio items. Papers
<mask>'s articles pertaining to the political and economic situation in Azerbaijan and other former Soviet states were published in Azerbaijan, Turkey, Czech Republic, and other countries. <mask>'s The Formation of the Popular Front in Azerbaijan (December 28, 1988) was the first research paper about attempts of local intellectuals and patriots to launch a national-democratic movement in Azerbaijan. The Azerbaijani Popular Front was created officially in 1989. In August 1989, his Birlik Society in the Azerbaijani Democratic Movement was published. 1990 Black January

During the Black January crackdown, the Soviets managed to suppress all efforts to disseminate news from Azerbaijan to the local population and the international community.On the eve of the Soviet military invasion in Baku, an energy supply source to Azerbaijani TV and State Radio was blown up by intelligence officers in order to cut off the population from any source of information. TV and radio was silent and all print media was banned. But <mask> and his staff at Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty succeeded in broadcasting daily reports from Baku, making it the only source of news to Azerbaijanis within and outside of the country for several days. The Kremlin leadership tried hard to keep the outside world and the population inside Azerbaijan unaware of the military invasion, but <mask> and his staff foiled this attempt. Thanks to <mask> and his staff at Radio Liberty, Azerbaijanis in and outside Azerbaijan, as well as the international community, learned about the Soviet invasion and gained a chance to organize protest actions. Shocked by this "surprising" development, the government of the USSR complained officially to the United States about Radio Liberty's coverage of the military invasion of Azerbaijan. The January 20, 1990 broadcasts turned <mask> into a legend among Azerbaijanis in and outside Azerbaijan.Melahet Agacankizi, a well-known Azerbaijani poet and writer, described <mask>'s appearance on radio at the time of the Soviet military invasion as follows: "On January 20, <mask> with his God-given divine voice, gave hope to the dying Azerbaijani people." His distinctive voice and his name are familiar to Azerbaijanis inside and outside Azerbaijan. Books

The first book by <mask> "Verba Volant, Scripta Manent" ("Words fly away, written words remain") appeared in Munich, Germany in 2013. The second book "Factum est Factum" ("Facts are Facts") was printed at the end of December 2014. Both books are available online on the internet. Awards
<mask>'s name was included into the book "100 Great Azerbaijanis", prepared by the prominent Azerbaijani researcher and writer Alisa Nijat and published in Baku in 1999. In 1990, The Popular Front of Azerbaijan awarded <mask> the Mammed Amin Rasulzade prize for his role in the national-democratic movement in Azerbaijan.Mammed Amin Rasulzade was one of the founders of the first independent Azerbaijani Republic in 1918. Sabir Rustamkhanly, a prominent Azerbaijani writer and politician, called <mask> "a symbol of our national struggle" in his interview with the newspaper "Cumhuriyet" in September 2003. <mask> lived in Munich, Germany for a long time. Audio archive
20 yanvar 1990 – <mask>'s audio of 20 January 1990
Poetry: Khalil Rza
Poetry: <mask> Sabir
Poetry: Hokume Bulluri

Articles in English
Azerbaijani Economy, 2001
Political Situation in Azerbaijan, 2001
Successor Issue in Azerbaijan, 2001
Relations Between Azerbaijan and Turkey
Karabakh Peace Talks in Key West
Iranian-Azerbaijani Relations
There Was No Anti-Semitism In Azerbaijan
The Fight For Azerbaijan, or, Illusions Again? References

External links
The Voice of <mask> (English version)
1989 interviews and phone conversations (Indiana.edu)
EurasiaNet: FROM ABROAD, AZERBAIJANI TV STATIONS TRY TO SPEAK OUT

1947 births
2020 deaths
Azerbaijani-language writers
People from Goychay District
Azerbaijani Jews
Azerbaijani writers
Azerbaijani columnists
Azerbaijani journalists
Azerbaijani book publishers (people)
Translators of the Bible into Azerbaijani
Azerbaijani translators
Translators to Azerbaijani
Azerbaijani radio presenters
Soviet emigrants to Israel
20th-century translators

masks:
Mirza Karim oglu Mikayilov
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Michaeli
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Farrukh
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza K
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Khazar
Mirza Alekber
Mirza Khazar


text_chunks:
<mask>. (, ; 8 April 1932 – 12 December 1993) was a Hungarian teacher, librarian, historian, and statesman who served as the first democratically elected Prime Minister of Hungary, holding office from May 1990 until his death in December 1993. He was also the leader of the Hungarian Democratic Forum from 1989. Early life and education

<mask>icse et Kisjene was born to an ancient Hungarian family from the lower nobility in Budapest on 8 April 1932. His father, <mask>., a jurist and civil servant, worked for the government in several ministries. <mask>. coordinated the first living wage calculations in Hungary, and he was a founding member of the Independent Smallholders' Party (1931). During World War II, he presided over the government committee for refugees. After the German occupation of Hungary he resigned; later he was arrested by the Gestapo.After the war, he became minister of reconstruction in the government of Zoltán Tildy. Later, he became president of the Hungarian Red Cross, but after the communist coup he resigned and retired to his family estate. In 1991, he was posthumously honoured by Yad Vashem. His mother, Irén Szűcs has Jewish roots, she was the daughter of a village teacher. Her father, István Szűcs (born Hermann Frankl), also became a political figure during the First World War and the interwar period. In the 1920s Szűcs became a deputy Secretary of State. Antall had a sister, <mask>.His brother-in-law, Géza Jeszenszky later became Minister of Foreign Affairs in the <mask> cabinet. He graduated from the Budapest Piarist High School in 1950. He was interested in politics early on, but (quite understandably) didn't pursue his political career during the communist regime of the 1950s. After graduating from high school, he studied Hungarian language and literature at the Eötvös Loránd University as well as history and archival science. He wrote his thesis about the politics of <mask> Eötvös, obtaining degrees in teaching, library science and museology. On 30 September 1991, <mask> was awarded an honorary doctoral degree from Central Connecticut State University. <mask> and his wife, Klára Fülepp, had two children, György <mask>, a lawyer, and Péter <mask>, a photojournalist, who later became director of the Antall József Knowledge Centre.Its primary objectives are to foster the Antall tradition and promote the spread of knowledge. Early career
Following the graduation, Antall worked for the Hungarian State Archives and the Research Institute of Pedagogy. In 1955, he started teaching in József Eötvös Grammar School, leading the Revolutionary Committee of the school during the 1956 Hungarian Uprising. During the revolution, he participated in the reorganization of the Independent Smallholders Party and in the founding of the Christian Youth Alliance. After the Soviet Union crushed the revolution, he was arrested and released several times. He continued his teaching career in Ferenc Toldy Grammar School in 1957, but in 1959 he was banned from teaching due to his former political activities. Following this, he worked as a librarian for two years.In 1963 he wrote biographies of 80 doctors for the Lexicon of Hungarian Biographies. He became interested in the history of medicine, and conducted fundamental research in the area. He started working in the library and archives department of the Semmelweis Museum, dedicated to the history of medicine. Starting as a research fellow, he was promoted to deputy director and in 1974 he became director of the institute. His research was recognised internationally, and in 1986 he was the vice president of the International Society for the History of Medicine. Prime Minister

<mask> was delegated to the National Roundtable Talks by the Hungarian Democratic Forum on 22 March 1989 and worked in the committee on constitutional reform. He became well known for his activities during the negotiations.On 21 October 1989 he was elected President of the Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) by an overwhelming majority, thus becoming the party's official candidate for prime minister. The MDF was heavily tipped to win the 1990 elections, and as expected won a sweeping victory with 164 seats, just short of a majority. On 23 May he became the first prime minister since 1948 who was not either a Communist or fellow traveler. He headed a centre-right coalition comprising the MDF, the Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party (FKGP) and the Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP)–the first in 44 years with no Communist participation. He also made a pact with the main opposition party, the liberal Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ). This agreement laid the foundations for the parliamentary operation of Hungarian democracy. His statement that, in spirit, he wanted to be the Prime Minister of 15 million Hungarians made a great sensation.At the same time, he contributed to the Euro-Atlantic orientation of Hungary. He played a great role in the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact and the termination of the Comecon as well as in the withdrawal of the occupying Russian forces in 1991. In 1991, in Strasbourg, he was awarded with the Robert Schuman Prize for his activities aimed at uniting Europe as well as extending Hungary's European relations. As prime minister, <mask> oversaw the establishment of a legal system to promote a market economy and attract foreign investment. The ruling coalition attempted to stabilize the economy while implementing privatization and other elements of a market economy, while the populist right wing of the MDF was vocal about the “national issue”—the question of the Hungarian minorities in neighbouring countries—and attempted to put it at the centre of the government's platform. However, the return to a capitalist system and all its accompanying reforms resulted in socioeconomic difficulties for the country during <mask>'s term. Unemployment jumped from nonexistence to 14 percent.Inflation increased at an annual rate of 23–35 percent (excluding indexing of wages and pensions). Older, retired people, more than one-fifth of the population, suffered the most, and the living standards of more than one-third of the populace declined to below subsistence level. In the meantime, income disparities increased, which irritated the people. Corruption became more widespread and visible than before. Together with the previously omnipotent police force, street security also collapsed in 1990. The crime rate, especially in Budapest, increased threefold in five years. In the summer of 1990, Antall and the MDF supported the introduction of a Catholic religious education into the national curriculum.This led to conflict with the other coalition parties, since only three-quarters of the Hungarian population were Catholics. By 1991 <mask> was receiving criticism for his authoritarian style, though this contrasted with his uncharismatic presence. Conflict over their powers erupted between him and Hungary's President, Árpád Göncz, who belonged to the opposing party, the Alliance of Free Democrats. In the realm of domestic politics, <mask> had to face hardships during his career: the taxi-blockade in Budapest in 1990 and the withdrawal of the Independent Smallholders' Party from the coalition government forced him to restructure his cabinet in February 1992; that reorganisation ultimately saved his administration from being toppled. Within MDF, <mask> was continuously attacked by István Csurka who later on set into motion a stand-alone movement, thus Hungarian Justice and Life Party (MIÉP) came into existence. Illness and death

<mask> became ill and diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the summer of 1990. In October, two days before the outbreak of taxi drivers' blockade, he underwent surgery, the famous interview in pajamas with him was made thereafter in the hospital to respond to the heated political situation resulted by the taxi blockade.<mask>'s cancer recurred half a year later. A day before his death, <mask> was awarded Grand Cross of the Hungarian Order of Merit by President Árpád Göncz on 11 December 1993. During the last period of his premiership <mask> was substituted by the Interior Minister Péter Boross. <mask> <mask> died on 12 December 1993 before the end of his 4-year term. He led the former Eastern Bloc's longest lasting and most stable post-communist government. He was succeeded by Péter Boross as Prime Minister who led the cabinet until the 1994 parliamentary election, where MDF suffered a serious defeat from the Socialist Party, while Defence Minister Lajos Für replaced him as party leader. <mask> was buried on 18 December 1993, his bier was erected in front of the Hungarian Parliament Building, where it was bidden farewell by Speaker György Szabad, writer András Sütő and titular abbot Pál Bolberitz.The funeral procession finished at Kerepesi Cemetery. His tomb was later erected by sculptor Miklós Melocco in 1999. Legacy
In recognition of his work, one of the buildings of the European Parliament in Brussels was named after him in 2008. There is also a bust of him in Budapest on Apród st.

References

Other information

Hungary from Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD
 Monography: A Miniszterelnök (author: Debreczeni <mask>)

1932 births
1993 deaths
Budapest University alumni
Writers from Budapest
Hungarian Democratic Forum politicians
Members of the National Assembly of Hungary (1990–1994)
Hungarian historians
Prime Ministers of Hungary
Deaths from cancer in Hungary
Burials at Kerepesi Cemetery
20th-century historians
Politicians from Budapest

masks:
József Tihamér Antall Jr
József Tihamér Antall de Drg
József Antall Sr
Antall Sr
Edith Antall
Antall
József
Antall
Antall
Antall
Antall
Antall
Antall
Antall
Antall
Antall
Antall
Antall
Antall
Antall
Antall
József
Antall
Antall
József


text_chunks:
<mask>, born 13 March 1760 at Évreux in Upper Normandy, died on 9 November 1828 in Paris; he was a French bookseller, printer, journalist, and writer. He was also a political figure of some relevance at the time of the French Revolution and into the early years of the next century. Youth
A son of the prosecutor, <mask>, <mask> was expelled from university during the first year of his philosophy studies after he created a scandal by refusing to support his contention that Jean-Jacques Rousseau was an atheist. Before taking up philosophy, he began, like his compatriot, , as a student of languages with an interest in philology. He was also a follower, though without sharing all of his ideas, of . As a young man, he produced German and English translations of the works of Jean le Rond d'Alembert, which financially supported him until his death. In particular, he was known for reproducing the essay on the origins of freemasonry by Thomas Paine, who became his close friend.Freemasonry
Initiated into freemasonry in 1786 during a stay in England, he wrote two books on the subject, the "Jesuits Expelled from Masonry", and "Dagger Shattered by the Masons", both in 1788, in which he accuses the Jesuits of having introduced into the symbolic degrees of freemasonry, the myths of the Templars and their doctrine of revenge, based on the "crime" of their destruction, and the four vows of the Templars included in their higher degrees. Earlier, in 1787, the leading Bavarian illuminist and freemason, Johann Joachim Christoph Bode, is said to have converted the German-speaking Bonneville to a faith that combined esoteric symbolism with radical ideas of popular sovereignty bordering on direct democracy. Politics
On the eve of the Convention of the Estates General, he began a passionate career in politics by publishing a newspaper, The Tribune of the People. Its proposals included the creation of a militia. During the Revolution, he was among the first to propose the storming of the Bastille. Once the prison had fallen, the first mayor of Paris, Jean Sylvain Bailly, praised his "zealous and courageous" though "imprudent" initiatives, and he commissioned him as a lieutenant colonel in the militia, with the task of overseeing the water supply of the city of Paris. Soon afterward, he became president of the District of the Carmes Déchaussés, much to the fury of Jean-Paul Marat who had held that position.Society of the Friends of Truth
On 13 October 1790, he founded, with Claude Fauchet, the Society of the Friends of Truth (also known as the Amis de la Verité or the Social Club), whose purpose was to rally the human race to "the doctrine of love, which is the religion of happiness." The club became a forum for revolutionary and egalitarian ideas, attracting Sylvain Maréchal and Gracchus Babeuf into his circle. It was at the time unique for its focus on social, sexual and racial equality. The reports of the Social Club were published in the newspaper, Mouth of Iron. He also published newspapers called The Tribune of the People, The Chronicle of the Month, and The Well Informed. In addition to Fauchet, <mask>'s collaborators included Louis-Sébastien Mercier, Nicolas de Condorcet, Nicolas-Edme Rétif, and Thomas Paine. Political and philosophical beliefs
In a famous letter, Nicolas de <mask> demanded freedom of the press, the abolition of Catholic worship, and the communal ownership of land.In 1791, he founded the "Republican Society", whose members included Nicolas de Condorcet and Manon Roland. He was also friend and disciple to the occultist, Louis-Claude de Saint-Martin. In his book "The Spirit of Religions", published in 1791, he sought to resolve the issue of social happiness by describing a universal religion which would have philosophers and scholars for priests. Following a disagreement with the Abbe Fauchet, he found himself alone at the Mouth of Iron. Nonetheless, the newspaper became one of the most sophisticated instruments of the Cordeliers Club, and it remained so until the cessation of its publication in the aftermath of the massacre on the Champ de Mars, 17 July 1791. <mask>'s attempts to be elected to the National Assembly and the Convention failed. Hostile to the wantonly bloody violence of the Revolution, his denunciation of the massacres of September 1792 in "The Chronicle of the Month", earned him the wrath of Marat, who denounced him as an aristocrat.Soon afterward, he was arrested, but he was not executed; instead, he was released after the fall of Maximilien Robespierre. Retrenchment
Retiring for some time to Évreux in 1800, Thomas Paine, who had lived with him and his wife since 1797, helped with the burden of translating the "Covenant Sea". The advent of Napoleon plunged him into trouble again when he hid the royalist, Antoine Joseph Barruel-Beauvert, at his home, and employed him as a proofreader. Beauvert had been proscribed following the coup of 18 Fructidor (4 September 1797). <mask>'s generous act, earning him a portrayal by Charles Nodier as "a frequent host of all the unfortunate of all parties", aroused the suspicions of authorities. He was later jailed for comparing Napoleon Bonaparte to Oliver Cromwell, in The Well Informed of 19 Brumaire Year VIII (November 1800), and, although he was freed quickly enough, he found his presses had been confiscated. Ruined, he took refuge with his father in Évreux, and he remained under police surveillance.In 1802, Tom Paine left for the United States with <mask>'s wife, Marguerite Brazier (1767–1846), who was a disciple of <mask>'s associate, the radical feminist, Etta Palm d'Aelders, and Brazier's three sons, Benjamin, Louis, and Thomas, of whom Paine was godfather. They settled in New Rochelle, New York on Paine's farm. In his will, Paine left the bulk of his estate to Marguerite who had cared for him until he died in 1809. The inheritance included one hundred acres (40.5 ha) of his New Rochelle farm where they had been living, so she could maintain and educate her sons. The fall of Napoleon in 1814 finally allowed <mask> to rejoin his wife in New Rochelle, where he remained for four years before returning to Paris. There, he earned a living by opening a bookshop in the Latin Quarter. During the latter years of his life, he fell into misery and madness, naturally taking a more pessimistic view on the possibilities for the happiness of mankind.His funeral expenses were paid for by Charles Nodier, Victor Hugo, and Alfred de Vigny. His son, <mask>, undertook a career in the U.S. Army in which he retired as a brigadier general; his life was immortalized by Washington Irving's "Adventures of Captain Bonneville". <mask> played a crucial role in the advent of Romanticism. His own writings and inspirations make him an essential precursor of this literary movement. His translations from German of Goethe, Lessing, and Schiller also laid the groundwork for later French poets would wished to become familiar with the German stage. References

Sources
Jean-Francois Bailly, Memoires, Paris, Paris, Baldwin Brothers, 1821, t. II, p. 334
Francois Furet, Nicolas de <mask> and the Social Circle, 1787–1800, Paris, Hachette Desktop Publishing, 1976
Philippe Le Harivel. Nicolas de <mask>, pre-Romantic and Revolutionary, 1760–1828, Strasbourg, Librairie Istra; London, New York: H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1923
Simon Linguet, Memoirs of the Bastille, Paris, Librairie des Bibliophiles, 1889
Jules Michelet, History of the French Revolution, Paris, A. Lacroix, 1877–1879, t. II, pp.230–232. James H Billington, Fire in the Minds of Men, Origins of the Revolutionary Faith, Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, London, 1999. Additional works
The Poetry of Nicolas Bonneville, Paris, Imprimerie du Cercle Social, 1976, 1793
In the Spirit of Religion: book promised and necessary to the Federal Universal Friends of Truth, Paris, Impr. Social Circle, 1792
History of Modern Europe: From the Invasion of Northern Peoples in the Roman Empire until the Peace of 1783, 3 vols. Paris, Geneva, [sn], 1789–1792
Scottish Masonry, Nîmes: C. Lacour, 1788, 1998
The Tribune of the People, or, Collection of letters from some voters in Paris before the Revolution of 1789 Paris, Impr. Social Circle, 1789
The Old People's Tribune, Paris, Imprimerie du Cercle Social, 1793
Jesuits Expelled from Masonry, and Dagger Shattered by the Masons, Paris, C. Volland, 1788
"Letter from Nicolas de <mask>, a lawyer at the Parliament of Paris, M. le Marquis de Condorcet", London: J. Rovinson, 1976, 1787
The Anthem of Fighting: a Tribute to the Armies of the Republic, Paris, Librairie-Imprimerie du Cercle Social, 1976, 1797
<mask>, Elector of the Department of Paris to the Real Friends of Freedom, Paris, Impr. Social Circle, 1976, 1791

1760 births
1828 deaths
Writers from New Rochelle, New York
French booksellers
French printers
18th-century French poets
French Freemasons
Newspaper editors of the French Revolution
19th-century French writers
French male essayists
French male poets
19th-century French male writers
18th-century essayists
19th-century French essayists
18th-century French male writers
19th-century French translators

masks:
Nicolas de Bonneville
Jean Pierre Bonneville
Nicolas de Bonneville
de Bonneville
Bonneville
Bonneville
Bonneville
Bonneville
Bonneville
Bonneville
Benjamin Bonneville
Bonneville
Bonneville
Bonneville
Bonneville
Nicolas Bonneville


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 21 June 1954) is an Austrian writer. Biography
<mask> was born in Vienna. As an undergraduate, he studied German studies, philosophy and political science in Vienna, Salzburg and Messina. In 1980 he completed his PhD thesis "Der Typus des Außenseiters im Literaturbetrieb. Am Beispiel Hermann Schürrer" ("The outsider phenotype within literature"). Between 1981 and 1988 Menasse worked as a junior lecturer at the Institute of Literature Theory at the University of São Paulo, Brazil. He has been working as a freelance publicist, columnist and translator of novels from Portuguese into German ever since.His first novel Sinnliche Gewissheit, published in 1988, is a semi-autobiographical tale of Austrians living in exile in Brazil. The magazine Literatur und Kritik published Menasse's first poem ("Kopfwehmut") in 1989. His later novels were Selige Zeiten, brüchige Welt (1991, translated into English as Wings of Stone ),  Schubumkehr (1995, Engl. Reverse Thrust) and Die Vertreibung aus der Hölle (2001, Engl. Expulsion from Hell). Menasse's language is at times playful and at times subtly sarcastic. Recurring themes in his
novels are loneliness and alienation within human relationships and as a result of his character's lives' circumstances.In his work Menasse often criticises what he sees as the latent form of antisemitism still widespread in the German-speaking world today. Menasse has also written some essays on Austria (especially on Austrian identity and history; "Land ohne Eigenschaften" (1992) a.o.). More recently, he wrote about the future of Europe and the European Union, criticizing tendencies of re-nationalization (especially in Germany, but also elsewhere) and anti-European integration movements, which he interprets as a reaction to the financial crisis of 2007–2008 and its aftermath (Euro crisis) ("Der europäische Landbote", 2012). Since returning to Europe from Brazil, Menasse has mainly lived in the cities of Berlin, Vienna and Amsterdam. He currently lives in Vienna and is married. Since 2011 Menasse has been curating a writer in residence programme with the one world foundation in Sri Lanka. His books have been translated in over twenty languages, among others: Arabic, Bask, Bulgarian, Chinese, Croatian, Czech, Danish, English, Flemish, French, Greek, Hindi, Italian, Dutch, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Serbian, Slovenian, Spanish, and Swedish.Today, Menasse lives alternately in Vienna, in the Waldviertel (Forest Quarter) in Lower Austria, and in Brussels. He is the son of the footballer <mask> and the brother of the journalist and writer <mask>. Novels
<mask>'s first short story Nägelbeißen (Engl. Nail-Biting) was published in the journal Neue Wege in 1973. From 1975 to 1980 he worked on his unfinished and unpublished novel Kopfwehmut (Engl. Mind's Melancholy), a social novel set in 1970s Vienna. His first published novel, Sinnliche Gewißheit (Engl.Sensual Certainty) appeared in 1988 as the first part of a trilogy started in Brazil Trilogie der Entgeisterung (Engl. Trilogy of Dismay), which also includes the 1991 novel Selige Zeiten, brüchige Welt (Engl. Wings of Stone, 2000), which is at once a crime story, a philosophical novel and a Jewish family saga, and finally the 1995 novel Schubumkehr (Engl. Reverse Thrust, 2000) as well as the postscript Phänomenologie der Entgeisterung (1995, Engl. Phenomenology of Dismay). In Schubumkehr, against the background of the private life of the literature teacher Roman, who was already introduced in Selige Zeiten, brüchige Welt, Menasse describes the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989 and the breakdown of the familiar order in a small Austrian village. This novel, which is not least an artistic treatment of the spirit of the age, was awarded the Grimmelshausen Prize in 1999 and made the author a household name.As suggested already by the title of the novel Schubumkehr and in the Trilogie der Entgeisterung Menasse turns Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit on its head. In contrast to Hegel, who assumes a development of human consciousness to all-embracing spirit, Menasse postulates a regressive development, whose final stage will be "sensual certainty", according to Hegel the most naïve form of consciousness. In his novel Die Vertreibung aus der Hölle (2001; Engl. Expulsion from Hell) Menasse casts doubt on the objectivity of history, coupled with the personal history of the author and his Jewish roots. As a spin-off of his researches on the character and real person <mask> Ben Israel for his novel Die Vertreibung aus der Hölle translated in ten languages, Menasse formulated the hypothesis of Abaelard‘s influence on <mask> Ben Israel and Spinoza, published among others in his essay Enlightenment as Harmonious Strategy. In 2007 he published Don Juan de la Mancha, where he tells of more or less fictitious events from the (love) life of the newspaper editor Nathan – a mixture of listlessness, drive, lust and the search for the fulfilment of love. As a character, Nathan stands for the generation that was socialised in the 1970s with the claim for the “sexual revolution".In 2017 Menasse published his analytical novel Die Hauptstadt (The Capital), which has been described as the first novel about Brussels as the European Union's capital, and which received the German Book Prize. The story is focused on officials from the Department of Culture, who are expected to add polish to the image of the EU Commission on its birthday. This is to be accomplished with a "Big Jubilee Project" event with concentration camp survivors in Auschwitz. The life stories of characters lead the reader into six EU countries. The stage director Tom Kühnel and the dramaturg Ralf Fiedler translated the novel into a theatrical version with about twenty characters played by seven actors, which was premiered in January 2018 at the Theater am Neumarkt in Zürich. The English translation, The Capital by Jamie Bulloch, was published by MacLehose Press in February 2019. Essays and writings on cultural theory

In his political and journalistic work, Menasse is seen as an "old-style Enlightenment thinker," whose intellectual predecessors are especially Hegel and Marx but also Georg Lukács, Ernst Bloch  and the philosophers of the Frankfurt School.Essays like Die sozialpartnerschaftliche Ästhetik (1990; The Aesthetics of Social Partnership) and Das Land ohne Eigenschaften (1992; The Country without Qualities), which brought Menasse fame as an essayist, but also provoked criticism for "fouling his own nest," were followed in time by the essay collections Hysterien und andere historische Irrtümer (1996; Hysterics and Other Historical Errors) and Dummheit ist machbar (1999; Stupidity is Doable), Erklär mir Österreich (2000; Explain Austria to Me) and Das war Österreich (2005; That Was Austria). In these texts the author deals in critical-ironic way with political history, mentality history and literary history of the second Republic of Austria, takes a position on the current cultural policy situation in his homeland and recurrently draws attention to the latent continuity of Austrofascism. Since 2005, i.e. since his Frankfurt Poetics Lecture, Die Zerstörung der Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (The Destruction of the World as Will and Representation), Menasse has increasingly devoted his essays to themes around the EU and globalisation. In this European or worldwide context Menasse criticises in particular what he sees as the deficits in democratic policies and the idea that these deficits are structurally determined, which he argues obscures the prospects of possible alternatives. In doing so he does not oppose the European Union in principle but bases his critique of democratic deficits especially in the influence and power of individual nation states, while valuing positively the purely European institutions, such as the Commission. In Der Europäische Landbote (2012; Engl.transl. 2016 as Enraged Citizens, European Peace and Democratic Deficits: Or Why the Democracy Given to Us Must Become One We Fight For The European Messenger), he draws a portrait of the non-petty-minded supranational organs and bureaucracies of the EU in Brussels and further develops the "Habsburg Myth" of Claudio Magris into a "European Myth". This also leads to a different and more positive retrospective of the Habsburg Monarchy. In this connection Menasse also speaks in favour of the specific vision and its realization of a

masks:
Robert Menasse
Menasse
Hans Menasse
Eva Menasse
Robert Menasse
Menasseh
Menasseh


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 “European Republic” formulated together with the political scientist Ulrike Guérot on the basis of a Europe of regions beyond the nation states. Controversy about fake quotations

In December 2018, Welt am Sonntag revealed that <mask>e had fabricated several quotes attributed to Walter Hallstein (1901-1982), one of the founding fathers of the EU) to support his argument for overcoming nation states. Menasse had been using these alleged quotes in many of his articles, essays and speeches since 2013, and they had been taken up in parliamentary debates and publications by other authors. Menasse defended himself arguing that these sentences reflected what Hallstein had meant and that Hallstein "would have had nothing against" Menasse invoking his authority in this way.However, historian Heinrich August Winkler disputed <mask>'s interpretation of Hallstein's actual statements on the matter. Prizes, awards and scholarships
 1987: State scholarship for literature of the Austrian ministry of education and literature
 1989: Encouragement prize for literature of the city of Vienna
 1990: Heimito von Doderer Prize
 1991: State scholarship for literature of the Austrian ministry of education and literature
 1992: Hans Erich Nossack encouragement prize for prose of the Kulturkreis der Deutschen Wirtschaft im Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie Köln
 1992: Theodor Körner Prize
 1992/1993: Elias Canetti-scholarship of the city of Vienna
 1994: Berlin residency in the context of the DAAD-scholarship
 1994: Marburger Literaturpreis i.e. Literaturpreis der Universitätsstadt Marburg und des Landkreises Marburg-Biedenkopf
 1994: Encouragement prize for novels of the Austrian ministry of education and literature
 1994: Alexander Sacher Masoch Prize
 1996:  of the city of Pirmasens
 1998: Österreichischer Staatspreis für Kulturpublizistik
 1999: Grimmelshausen-Preis
 1999: Writer-in-residence in Amsterdam
 2002: Joseph Breitbach Prize
 2002: Friedrich Hölderlin Prize
 2002: Lion-Feuchtwanger-Preis
 2002: Marie Luise Kaschnitz Prize
 2003: Erich Fried Prize
 2006: Knight of the Ordre des Arts et Lettres
 2007: Prix Amphi of the University of Lille for the novel Die Vertreibung aus der Hölle publ. in French as Chassés de l’enfer for the best non-French novel
 2010: Goldenes Wiener Verdienstzeichen
 2012: Österreichischer Kunstpreis für Literatur
 2013: Donauland-Sachbuchpreis for Der europäische Landbote. Die Wut der Bürger und der Friede Europas
 2013: Heinrich Mann Prize
 2013:  (Engl. The political book), prize of the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung
 2014: Max Frisch Prize of the city of Zurich
 2014: Großes Goldenes Ehrenzeichen des Landes Niederösterreich
 2015: Niederösterreichischer Kulturpreis – Würdigungspreis
 2015: 'Prix du livre européen' (Engl. European Book Prize), that seeks to promote European values, and to contribute to European citizens' better understanding of the European Union as a cultural entity.2017: German Book Prize
 2018:  of the city of Aachen

With the prize money that <mask> received for the Austrian State Prize (1998) he re-founded the Jean Améry- Preis für Europäische Essayistik, whose winners so far have been Lothar Baier (1982), Barbara Sichtermann (1985), Mathias Greffrath (1988), Reinhard Merkel (1991), Franz Schuh (2000), Doron Rabinovici (2002), Michael Jeismann (2004), Drago Jančar (2007), Imre Kertész (2009), Dubravka Ugrešić (2012), Adam Zagajewski (2016) and Karl-Markus Gauß (2018). Bibliography
 Sinnliche Gewißheit. Roman. Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1988,
 Die sozialpartnerschaftliche Ästhetik. Essays zum österreichischen Geist. Sonderzahl, Vienna 1990. Selige Zeiten, brüchige Welt.Roman. Residenz, Salzburg/Vienna 1991. . Translated into the English: Wings of Stone. Calder Publications Ltd. 2000, transl. by David Bryer. Das Land ohne Eigenschaften. Essay zur österreichischen Identität.Sonderzahl, Vienna 1992. Phänomenologie der Entgeisterung. Geschichte vom verschwindenden Wissen. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1995. Schubumkehr. Novel. Residenz, Salzburg/Vienna 1995,
 Hysterien und andere historische Irrtümer.Nachwort von Rüdiger Wischenbart. Sonderzahl, Vienna 1996. Überbau und Underground. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1997,
 With <mask> und Eva Menasse: Die letzte Märchenprinzessin. Illustrated by Gerhard Haderer. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 1997. With <mask> und <mask>: Der mächtigste Mann.Illustrated by Kenneth Klein. Deuticke, Zsolnay, Vienna/Munich 1998. Dummheit ist machbar. Begleitende Essays zum Stillstand der Republik. Sonderzahl, Vienna 1999. Erklär mir Österreich. Essays zur österreichischen Geschichte.Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 2000. Die Vertreibung aus der Hölle. Roman. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 2001. Das war Österreich. Gesammelte Essays zum Land ohne Eigenschaften. Hrsg.v. Eva Schörkhuber. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 2005. Die Zerstörung der Welt als Wille und Vorstellung – Frankfurter Poetikvorlesungen. Edition Suhrkamp 2464, Frankfurt am Main 2006. Das Paradies der Ungeliebten. Political theater play. Debut performance on 7 October 2006 at the Staatstheater Darmstadt.Don Juan de la Mancha oder die Erziehung der Lust. Novel. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 2007. . Translated into the English: Don Juan de la Mancha or an Education in Pleasure – Novel, Alma Books/Calder Publications 2009. Das Ende des Hungerwinters. Lesung- Hoffmann und Campe, Hamburg 2008, . Doktor Hoechst – Ein Faustspiel.A Tragedy. A theater play. Debut performance on 25 April 2009, at the Staatstheater Darmstadt. Production: Hermann Schein. Ich kann jeder sagen: Erzählungen vom Ende der Nachkriegsordnung. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 2009. . Translated into the English: Anyone Can Say "I".Tales from the End of the Post-war Era. Ariadne Books 2009, transl. by Thomas S. and Abby J. Hansen. Permanente Revolution der Begriffe. Vorträge zum Begriff der Abklärung, Essays. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 2009,
 Der Europäische Landbote, Die Wut der Bürger und der Friede Europas oder Warum die geschenkte Demokratie einer erkämpften weichen muss. Zsolnay, Vienna 2012, .Translated into the English: Enraged Citizens, European Peace and Democratic Deficits: Or Why the Democracy Given to Us Must Become One We Fight For. Seagull Books 2016, transl. by Craig Decker,
 Heimat ist die schönste Utopie. Reden (wir) über Europa. Edition Suhrkamp, Berlin 2014,
 "Weil Europa sich ändern muss." Im Gespräch mit Gesine Schwan, <mask>, Hauke Brunkhorst. Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2015,
 Was ist Literatur.Ein Miniatur-Bildungsroman. Bernstein-Verlag, Siegburg 2015,
 Europe. The Future of History. Catalogue and exhibition at the Kunsthaus Zurich (Zuercher Kunstgesellschaft). Cathérine Hug und <mask> (eds. ), with contributions by a.o. Melinda Nadj Abonji, Zygmunt Bauman, Horst Bredekamp, Burcu Dogramaci, Julia Kristeva, Konrad Paul Liessmann, Thomas Maissen, NZZ libro 2015.Feiert das Leben! Catalogue and exhibition at the Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien in Vienna. <mask> and Cathérine Hug (eds. ), with contributions by Kader Attia, Barbara Coudenhove-Kalergi, Daniel Knorr, Manuela Laubenberger, Erik van Lieshout, Teresa Margolles, Arnulf Rainer, Hans Schabus, Hubert Scheibl, Daniel Spoerri, Nives Widauer und Josef Zotter, Vienna 2016. Europa. Akzente, 3 /2016. <mask> and Jo Lendle (eds.), with contributions by Lily Brett, György Dragomán, Dana Grigorcea, Zbigniew Herbert, Elfriede Jelinek, Ingo Schulze, Adam Zagajewski, among others. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich 2016. Warum? Das Vermächtnis des Jean Améry. <mask>e on Jean Améry, his impact and topicality (in an interview with Cathérine Hug). Bernstein-Verlag, Siegburg 2016. Kritik der Europäischen Vernunft – Critique de la raison européene – A Critique of European Reason.Festrede vor dem Europäischen Parlament: 60 Jahre Römische Verträge. Including the “Manifesto for the foundation of a European Republic” co-written by <mask> and Ulrike Guérot. Tri-Lingual Deutsch/Français/English. Bernstein-Verlag, Siegburg 2017. . Die Hauptstadt, Novel. Suhrkamp, Berlin 2017. References

1954 births
Living people
20th-century Austrian novelists
21st-century Austrian novelists
20th-century Austrian male writers
21st-century Austrian male writers
Austrian male novelists
Jewish Austrian writers
University of São Paulo faculty
Austrian expatriates in Brazil
Writers from Vienna
Austrian essayists
Male essayists
20th-century essayists
21st-century essayists
21st-century male writers
German Book Prize

masks:
Robert Menass
Menasse
Robert Menasse
Elisabeth Menasse
Elisabeth Menasse
Eva Menasse
Robert Menasse
Robert Menasse
Robert Menasse
Robert Menasse
Robert Menass
Robert Menasse


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<mask> (21 January 1948 – 18 February 2018) was an English writer and novelist. Early life
The third and youngest child of the artist and sculptor <mask> (née Booth) and <mask>, a District Officer in the British Colonial Service, <mask> was born "in something of a hurry on a bench in a third-class Chinese ward at the Kandang Kerbau Maternity Hospital" in Singapore. He grew up speaking Malay amid an extended household of Malays, Javanese, Chinese and Indians, later commemorated by his parents in their memoirs. At three, <mask> experienced a formative culture shock upon the family's relocation from tropical Malaya to England, before spending two years on Africa's Gold Coast where his father was helping to administrate the transition from British colonial rule in soon-to-be independent Ghana. Parts of the story of his early life are told in his father's book Colonial Postscript (1992). Educated at St George's School, Windsor, and Clifton College, <mask> graduated from Merton College, Oxford, with a degree in English Language and Literature in 1969. Later the same year he left England for Munich, Germany.Career
While working as a stage-hand at Munich's Kammerspiele in 1969, <mask> received a call from a family friend, Nevill Coghill, asking whether he wished to spend the coming months at the Puerto Vallarta, Mexico residence of Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton, as tutor to Taylor's son Christopher Wilding. <mask> would later recount his friendship with Burton and Taylor in a tribute published in Vanity Fair in December 1984, the year that Burton died. In 1973, <mask> was awarded a three-year scholarship by the Japanese Ministry of Culture to study at the Language Research Institute of Waseda University in Tokyo. His stay in Japan would form the basis of his first published book, the fictionalised memoir Pictures from the Water Trade. A New York Times Book Review notable book which also featured in Time Magazine's list of the "Best of '85", the novel was translated into half a dozen languages and became a bestseller in Japan. From 1979-2000 <mask> worked as a researcher and interpreter for the Japanese Broadcasting Corporation (NHK), as a freelance journalist for publications including The New York Times Book Review, The Times, The Sunday Times Magazine, The Observer and Condé Nast Traveler, and as a correspondent for the short-lived Asia Times. During the 1990s, he wrote op-ed pieces in German for the feuilleton of the Süddeutsche Zeitung.<mask> published one collection of journalism and ten works of fiction, of which the last, Ella Morris, appeared in September 2014. <mask>'s papers are collected at Boston University's Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center. He died on Sunday, 18 February 2018, aged 70. Bibliography

Novels

 Pictures from the Water Trade (1985)
 In the Labyrinth (1986)
 The Case of Thomas N. (1987)
 The Feast of Fools (1994)
 The Anatomy Lesson (1995)
 Destiny, or The Attraction of Affinities (1996)
 Journey to the End of the Whale (2005)
 Passage (2007)
 The Book of Opposites (2010)
 Ella Morris (2014)

Journalism
 Encounters (1990)

Themes
<mask>'s novels revolve around themes of love, loss, the quest for identity and the journey into the unknown. Almost, if not all, involve a protagonist's assimilation into an unfamiliar culture, be it Japan in Pictures from the Water Trade, the unnamed city in The Case of Thomas N., the indigenous whaling-village in Journey to the End of the Whale, the literal New World of Passage, or the East German experience of the newly united Berlin in The Book of Opposites. Identity
In a 1987 profile in The Guardian, on the publication of The Case of Thomas N., Hugh Hebert singled out the identity issue. "Thomas N. never uses the word 'I', and that disappearance of the personal pronoun is also an important thread in <mask>'s essay on the Japanese language," Hebert noted of a theme common to <mask>'s first three books."In the Japanese book, <mask> wrote in the third person, calling his young Englishman Boon. In the Labyrinth suddenly, a third of the way through, turned into a first person narrative – <mask> went back and wrote it all as 'I'. Thomas N. is a youth without qualities, a large zero in which the people around can write their own ideas." "<mask> is an immigrant of the imagination" observed Richard Eder in his review of The Feast of Fools in The Los Angeles Times Book Review: "His cityscape, his celebrations, his meals, his very weather and noises are German. Yet his principal characters mount their national ladders into a universality that is sweetly particular." Frank Kermode echoed Eder's notion in his tribute to <mask>'s Passage twelve years later: "A remarkable feat of imagination and sheer narrative energy. What <mask> has achieved is the apotheosis of the picaro.The old style picaresque confined the hero to a single lifetime; <mask> has burst free of such constraints and deals in centuries, with corresponding geographic advantages." Humanism
Informed by the specter of the post-war years and the era of division in Germany, the unnerving bleakness of certain of <mask>'s earlier books (the stark prison sequences of In the Labyrinth, for example, or the disturbingly ambiguous coda of The Case of Thomas N.) gives way, over the course of his body of work, to a more hopeful, even profoundly life-affirming vision of the nature of existence, as evidenced in his narrator's conjectural conclusions on cetacean physiology in Journey to the End of the Whale and on the cosmic implications of quantum mechanics in The Book of Opposites. Reviewing the former in The Sunday Telegraph, Matthew Alexander applauded the "rich spiritual-thematic explorations" of the book: "The whale legends and ancient traditions of the islands, the submarine lives of giant mammals connected by sound-telepathy across vast tracts of ocean... from these and many more images and experiences emerges a poignant kind of personal spirituality which leads Daniel to a new understanding of his own humanity." As the author and translator Suzanne Ruta noted in The New York Times Book Review of The Feast of Fools: "<mask> writes less as a moralist than as a celebrant." Love Triangles & Telepathic Lovers
At least half of <mask>'s novels involve a love triangle, more commonly between two men and one woman (though in the Pernambuco, Brazil sequence of Passage this template is reversed). Yet, in contrast to the love triangle of  The Feast of Fools, in which the male lovers' rivalry reaches comically ludicrous proportions (ultimately culminating, as Andy Solomon wrote in The Chicago Tribune, "with an excremental duel that would fall beneath the dignity of the grossest Animal House on any college campus"), those in The Anatomy Lesson, Destiny, or The Attraction of Affinities and, most especially, The Book of Opposites are emblematic of unusually happy, tender interminglings between three human beings united by mutual affection. "<mask>’s observing eye," wrote Christina Patterson in The Times Literary Supplement, "though unfailingly cool, is capable of both wit and compassion and he has a good understanding of 'that inequality which is in the nature of love', writing movingly of the tension between life and death, joy and pain."Telepathy between lovers is also a common feature of <mask>'s works, notably in Journey to the End of the Whale, in which Daniel's wife Kozue instinctively knows that he is near death, despite his being on the other side of the world at the time, via a mental connection seemingly akin to that of whales echolocating in the deep. This trope attains a new dimension, though, in The Book of Opposites within the tripartite love affair between the "drifter" and sometime physicist Frank, the photographer Wilma Pfrumpter, whose peculiar gift of precognition results in an early career as a remote viewer, and her husband Pfrumpy, whose training in Tibetan Buddhism, in part, holds the key to the mystery of why their car flew off the Glienicker Bridge. The largely anonymous narrator of the novel, who styles himself the "observer", even intuits a possible scientific raison d’etre for this phenomenon of lovers' telepathy in evidence supporting the existence of quantum entanglement. Writing as 'highwire act'
The idea of writing involving a restive, dangerous commitment on the part of the writer is apparent in <mask>'s work. Any catharsis found in the act of storytelling seems linked to the inherent risks involved, as evidenced by Boon's descriptions of shodo in Pictures from the Water Trade, specifically in his comparison of the art of Japanese calligraphy to the violence of sumo or the ritual act of seppuku:
"When Boon knelt on the tatami in his cold bare room (for some reason the cold had a beneficial effect on shodo) and began to prepare for his calligraphical exercises, images of the ritual performance of seppuku would spontaneously come to his mind. Tense, a little excited, like a coiled spring, he mentally went through the motions of the strokes he intended to put down on paper, waiting until he was sure what we wanted and for the moment when he could do it. Now – and without thinking that he had already made up his mind to begin he found the brush suddenly dropping down onto the paper, almost of its own accord.The tip of the brush struck the paper with a slight jar. With a sense of shock he watched it cut a dense black swathe on the blank paper, irreversibly, he could no longer draw back. His pent feelings were released and began to flow down the page in the wake of the glossy ink." Described in a 2005 profile in The Observer magazine as a man defined "by his compulsion to ride his adrenaline", <mask>, on several occasions, came close to death while discovering his fiction. Indeed, when asked by The Observer'''s reporter "if he started out with nine lives, how many does he think he has left? ", <mask> answered: "Four". His numerous close calls included a 1973 skiing accident (in which he broke both legs, suffered an embolism and was on life-support for a week), a 1995 bout of malaria tropica in Burma and Thailand, a near-drowning in a local lake in Munich in 2001 on account of a stenosis of the aorta, and two subsequent experiences of open heart surgery, the latter an emergency operation conducted by a doctor who declared his patient to be "a medical miracle"."When I sit down and get seriously into a book, my pulse rate rises considerably," <mask> once said. "You cannot live a safe life and an interesting one in this profession. Writing is a frightening business." Marcus (The New York Times Book Review, 21 April 1996)
 Review by <mask> <mask> of Memoirs of a Geisha by Arthur Golden (The New York Times Book Review, 5 October 1997)
 Review of <mask>'s Journey to the End of the Whale (The Observer, 25 September 2005)
 Review of <mask>'s Journey to the End of the Whale (The Times, 20 November 2005)
 Review of <mask>'s Passage (The Sunday Telegraph, 30 September 2007)
 Brief Review of <mask>'s Passage (The Independent, 14 September 2008)
 Brief Review of <mask>'s Passage (The Independent, 19 September 2008)
Brief Review of <mask>'s Ella Morris  (The Times'', 18 October 2014)

1948 births
2018 deaths
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
Waseda University alumni
20th-century English novelists
21st-century English novelists
People educated at St George's School, Windsor Castle
Singaporean emigrants to the United Kingdom
People educated at Clifton College
English male novelists
20th-century English male writers
21st-century English male writers

masks:
John David Morley
Patricia Morley
John Arthur Elwell Morley
John David Victor Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
John David
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley
Morley


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<mask> (born October 12, 1952) is an American politician and attorney who served as the 13th Mayor of Honolulu, Hawaii from 2010 to 2013. Prior to serving as interim Mayor following the resignation of former Honolulu Mayor Mufi Hannemann (in Hannemann's unsuccessful bid to run for Hawaii State governor against former U.S. Representative Neil Abercrombie), <mask> had served as the Prosecuting Attorney of Honolulu from 1996 to 2010. Personal life

<mask> was born in 1952 in Ridgewood, New Jersey. He attended Kent School in Connecticut and pursued an undergraduate degree at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. After graduating with a bachelor's degree in Psychology and English, he attended the UCLA School of Law. <mask> first came to Hawaii in 1978 where he met and married Judy. <mask>'s first experience with prosecution in Hawaii came in a work/study program with the Honolulu prosecutor's office.After receiving his Juris Doctor degree from UCLA, he was recruited as a deputy prosecutor for the City and County of Honolulu. He remained in that job for over a decade, attaining the responsibility of chief of the Career Criminal Unit. In 1988, <mask> went into private practice for the Honolulu law firm of Shim, Tam, Kirimitsu, Kitamura and Chang where he worked for eight years, mostly handling personal injury cases. In 1996 he ran for Prosecuting Attorney of the City and County of Honolulu and was elected. <mask> is an opponent of capital punishment. While in office as prosecuting attorney he pushed for tougher sentencing laws and led a successful fight to amend the state constitution to allow for "information charging" and eliminate the requirement that victims and other witnesses testify during preliminary or grand jury hearings. He was later criticized by the Hawai'i Supreme Court for using taxpayer money to promote the constitutional amendment.Election history
<mask>’s opponents in 1996 for the role of Honolulu Prosecutor were defense attorney and three-year deputy prosecutor David Arakawa and former deputy prosecutor and Liquor Commission administrator Randal Yoshida. Keith Kaneshiro, who was Prosecuting Attorney since 1988, endorsed David Arakawa. David Arakawa came out ahead of <mask> in the primary, but did not win over 50% of the vote in the September election to win outright. <mask> steadily gained in the polls after the September Primary and beat Arakawa in the November runoff in the general election. Political analysts credited <mask>’s more extensive experience as a deputy prosecutor, his independence from political parties, and his performance in televised debates as reasons for winning. <mask> ran unopposed in 2000 for a second four-year term as Prosecuting Attorney. In the 2004 Hawaii Primary Election, former Honolulu Prosecutor Keith Kaneshiro challenged <mask>.<mask> received 58.4% of the vote as opposed to Kaneshiro's 34.1%. In 2008, <mask> ran unopposed for an unprecedented fourth term as Honolulu Prosecutor. On September 18, 2010, <mask> won the special election for Honolulu mayor to complete the final two years of former mayor Mufi Hannemann's term. Hannemann resigned as mayor to run for Hawaii governor. <mask> was sworn into office as the Mayor of the City and County of Honolulu on October 11, 2010. He ran for re-election in the 2012 mayoral election but failed to advance to the general election after finishing third in the primary behind former Hawaii Governor Ben Cayetano and former acting Mayor Kirk Caldwell. On August 12, 2012, <mask> came in third out of three candidates in the non-partisan Honolulu mayoral primary election, thus eliminating him from the race.Neither of the top two finishers, Ben Cayetano and acting Mayor Kirk Caldwell, garnered the necessary 50% plus one vote necessary to win the Mayor's office outright. They went on to a runoff election on November 6, 2012, which Caldwell won. As Prosecuting Attorney
Along with administering the Honolulu Prosecutor’s Office, <mask> personally prosecuted several cases during his term, including the mass murder trial of Byran Uyesugi who shot and killed seven of his co-workers at a Xerox warehouse in Honolulu. The jury found Uyesugi guilty of First Degree Murder. He also successfully prosecuted Kirk Lankford. <mask> held faculty positions as an adjunct professor with the University of Hawaii System William S. Richardson School of Law, at the National Institute for Trial Advocacy and at the National Advocacy Center in Columbia, South Carolina. He was a member of the board of directors of the National District Attorney’s Association and in 2002 was awarded the Mothers Against Drunk Driving National Criminal Justice Award.As Honolulu mayor

In July 2009, <mask> announced that when Mayor of Honolulu Mufi Hannemann left office to run for governor, he would resign from the office of the prosecuting attorney to run for mayor of Honolulu. On July 20, 2010, Mufi Hannemann announced his resignation from the mayor's office. <mask> subsequently announced his resignation as prosecuting attorney. He ran against three other major contenders: Acting Honolulu Mayor Kirk Caldwell, who was appointed managing director by Mufi Hannemann and became the acting mayor when Hannemann resigned to run for governor, UH Professor and former Mayoral candidate Panos Prevedouros, and City Councilmember Rod Tam. <mask> won the special mayoral election on September 18, 2010, and was sworn into office on October 11, 2010, becoming the first mayor in Honolulu history to be identified as an Independent. As mayor, <mask> was a major supporter of the Honolulu High-Capacity Transit Corridor Project, and worked to redevelop and restore Honolulu's infrastructure. During the APEC United States 2011 summit meetings in Honolulu, <mask> promoted Honolulu as a major hub for Asia-Pacific and international business, and as a world-class city and Pacific icon.<mask> was also an advocate of alternative energy and environmental sustainability. References

External links
Prosecutor's Office biography
<mask> For Mayor

1952 births
Hawaii Independents
Living people
Kent School alumni
Mayors of Honolulu
People from Ridgewood, New Jersey
UCLA School of Law alumni
Hawaii Republicans

masks:
Peter Benson Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
Peter Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
Peter Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
Carlisle
Peter Carlisle


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<mask> "Tom" <mask> (born 14 July 1959, Abington, Pennsylvania) is a Pennsylvania public finance attorney. He served several terms as county commissioner of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, one of the largest counties in Pennsylvania, before being dropped from the ticket during an intra-party feud. An ally of controversial Republican National Committeeman Bob Asher, he is a prominent figure in the Pennsylvania Republican Party. Education and legal career
He earned a degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1982. He earned a law degree from the University of Pennsylvania Law School in 1985, where he was Editor of University of Pennsylvania Law Review. As special counsel with Ballard, Spahr, Andrews & Ingersoll in Philadelphia, he handles public finance and higher education legal issues. Specifically, his legal works focuses on facilitating tax-exempt financing projects for local governments and municipal authorities.He also manages the firm's lobbying on the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Political career
From 1990 to 2002, he served as a member of the Cheltenham Township Board of Commissioners. In 2001, he was appointed as a board member of SEPTA. He was first elected as a county commissioner in Montgomery County Board of Commissioners in 2003 as running mate with <mask>. He was chair of the county commissioners' board from 2006 through 2008. 2008 election and scandal
In the 2008 election, <mask> was dropped from the Republican ticket because of an incident with former fiancée who filed and then withdrew a protection from abuse order against him. As a result, <mask> was unable to secure the county GOP's endorsement for a second four-year term in 2007.While <mask> denied physically abusing her, he did publicly apologize to her at a county commissioners meeting. <mask> unsuccessfully attempted to obtain the Republican nomination independent of the party apparatus, losing to Bruce Castor and <mask>. In 2008, he was the Republican nominee for Pennsylvania Treasurer. He was endorsed by the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, whose editorial board praised his "good credentials" and his "interesting ideas" on campaign finance reform and for his plans to improve Pennsylvania's college tuition savings program. During the campaign, he made a campaign promise not to pursue political ambitions beyond the Treasurer's position. Democrat Robert McCord outspent <mask> significantly in the race. He lost the election to McCord by a significant margin.2010 harassment charges
On April 13, 2010, Montgomery County Web editor Marina Bradley accused <mask> of threatening her job. Bradley, who had recently broke off her relationship with <mask>, alleged that <mask> made multiple phone calls to Bradley, including some to her county office, and sent multiple e-mails to her. Montgomery County commissioners were advised of the accusation in a closed-door meeting. Shortly afterward, solicitor Barry M. Miller confirmed that <mask> violating the agreement restrictions and allegedly tried to contact Bradley again by phone when he learned the commissioners had been briefed. <mask> denies contacting Bradley. Asked to respond to the allegations in the complaint, <mask> responded by e-mail, stating, "Any comment would have to come from Bev <mask> as I can't violate Marina's confidentiality. Can tell you case was closed without consequence?"However, <mask>, releasing a letter Monday evening that he sent Saturday to county Chief Operating Officer Robert W. Graf, denies violating the agreement. The letter, in part, states: "As for Ms. Bradley and myself, that case was amicably closed April 1 and never violated by either party. As I told Ms. <mask>, I did mistakenly dial Ms. Bradley on her cell when trying to call someone with a very close number and I dialed too quickly...after four years, it was an old habit. Nothing was said and I immediately hung up when I realized my mistake. That happened one time in a month. I have said nothing to Ms. Bradley nor seen her in or out of the county workplace." When asked if he would call for the treasurer's resignation, Montgomery County commissioner <mask> said he was still looking into the matter."I'm waiting to get more information from our staff," he said. "I'm very troubled by it." Run for chair of Montgomery County Republican Party
In May 2018, <mask> started an attempted run for Chairman of the Montgomery County Republican Party. <mask> was opposed by a Liz Preate and eventually withdrew from consideration. The opposition to <mask> according to the Philadelphia Inquirer was based upon the 2008 election scandal and the 2010 Harassment scandal outlined above. In his defense, <mask> stated to the Philadelphia Inquirer that he had "long ago apologized (for his behavior in the scandals), redeemed himself, and had only the party's best interests at heart.". SEPTA Board
<mask> has served on the SEPTA board on three occasions.First as a Montgomery County appointee from 2001 to 2011, when he resigned in the wake of charges of workplace harassment. Second as an appointee of Republican governor Tom Corbett from 2011 to 2015. His third stint came when appointed to the board by the Republican PA Senate Majority Leader in 2021. DVREDF scandal
In July 2018 <mask> was listed as a defendant in an action alleging misuse of public funds by the Delaware Valley Regional Economic Development Fund (DVREDF) filed by the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission for <mask>' alleged role in running the Delaware Valley Regional Economic Development Fund as a member of its board of directors. <mask>, along with other board members, is accused of breach of fiduciary obligations at paragraph 66 of the Complaint. The PUC complaint at paragraph 73 also cites an article by Ryan Briggs of City and State PA which alleges that: ... "[W]hat the [DVREDF] does, besides throw money at consultants and other dubious expenses, is a mystery. Its website hasn't been updated in six years.The phone number listed goes to an answering service inside a property manager's office downtown. And its executive director and board members – all Fumo cronies – dodged multiple press inquiries." References

Living people
Montgomery County Commissioners (Pennsylvania)
Pennsylvania Republicans
People from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
People from Cheltenham, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania lobbyists
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
1959 births

masks:
Thomas Jay
Ellis
Jim Matthews
Ellis
Ellis
Ellis
Ellis
Jim Matthews
Ellis
Ellis
Ellis
Ellis
Ellis
Ellis
Ellis
Jackson
Ellis
Jackson
Joe Hoeffel
Ellis
Ellis
Ellis
Ellis
Ellis
Ellis
Ellis
Ellis