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<mask><mask> is the Sol and Judith Bergstein Professor of Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Emeritus at New York University School of Medicine and former Director of the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine at New York University and Chief of the Chest Service at Bellevue Hospital Center, 1989–2014. He is Research Scientist at the School of Global Public Health at New York University and Adjunct Professor at the NYU Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service. He teaches Climate Change and Global Public Health and Environmental Health in a Global World. Education and career
<mask><mask> received a BA cum laude in Political Science from the University of Colorado (The West's Conservation Controversy 1901–1908), his BS, MD in Medicine from the University of Minnesota School of Medicine, and MPH in Environmental and Occupational Health from Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in 1973. He did his residency in Internal Medicine at the University Of California, Davis and Sacramento Medical Center and fellowship with Drs. Irving J. Selikoff and Alvin Teirstein in Pulmonary and Occupational Medicine at Mt.Sinai in New York. He worked as Assistant and Associate Professor at the Pulmonary and Critical Care Division at the University of Utah School of Medicine and was Founder/Director of the Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health., He was an adjunct in Immunology at Rockefeller University, and taught Pulmonary Medicine at the University of Addis Ababa, and at Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. He was a Senior Investigator at Pulmonary Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH (1983–1989). <mask><mask> spoke at the Selke Hearings with Sigurd Olson in Ely, MN in 1964 against clear-cut logging, and chaired a Symposium on protecting the Boundary Waters Canoe Area at the University of Minnesota on inaugural Earth Day, April 22, 1970. He was a wilderness canoe guide in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness and Quetico Provincial Park and canoed the Albany, Churchill, South Nahanni, Back and Allagash Rivers. Research

Environmental Lung Disease
<mask><mask> began environmental lung disease research at Mt. Sinai studying asbestos-exposed workers and household contacts, and farmers exposed to polybrominated biphenyls.Rom studied coal miners, dental laboratory workers, trona miners, oil shale workers, and copper smelter workers at the University of Utah. At the NIH, Rom studied workers exposed to asbestos, silica, or coal to elucidate the mechanisms of fibrosis by measuring growth factors released by alveolar macrophages obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage. He identified and purified the macrophage insulin-like I molecule. He led an expedition to India to study the chronic effects of Tropical Pulmonary Eosinophilia. Host Response to Tuberculosis and AIDS
While at NYU/Bellevue, Rom focused research on the translational molecular mechanisms of the host response to tuberculosis. With Dr. <mask>, he built the first hospital-based directly observed therapy program funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. He pioneered nuclear acid amplification for the detection of tuberculosis in the sputum and blood.He introduced bronchoalveolar lavage in TB patients and developed the concept of comparing BAL in the involved to the uninvolved lung. He characterized the lymphocytes in TB inflammation. He showed that TB mycobacteria induced alveolar macrophages to secrete cytokines that directed transcription factors to stimulate high-level HIV replication  in TB-infected areas of the lung. In South Africa, he showed that aerosolized interferon-gamma could accelerate sputum clearance of TB mycobacteria from the sputum. Lung Cancer
<mask><mask> designed a lung-specific dominant negative p53 transgenic mouse that spontaneously developed adenocarcinoma of the lung over 9 months, and after intratracheal benzo(a)pyrene could synergize in causing lung cancer demonstrating gene-environment interaction. <mask> founded and directed the NYU Lung Cancer Biomarker Center that was part of the NCI Early Detection Research Network (2001–2015). His findings in collaborative studies for early detection of lung cancer focused on networks of immune response, metabolism, growth factors and receptors, signaling pathways, cytokines, and altered methylation biomarkers.World Trade Center Lung Disease
Rom described acute eosinophilic pneumonia in a New York City firefighter heavily exposed to World Trade Center (WTC) dust and illustrated WTC dust in BAL cells using scanning transmission electron microscopy. He and colleagues described World Trade Center cough and breathlessness. He described the use of oscillometry to decipher the silent zone of the small airways' inflammation due to WTC dust in the presence of normal spirometry yet persistent respiratory symptoms. He served on the World Trade Center Health Program Scientific/Technical Advisory Committee of NIOSH. Climate Change and Global Public Health
<mask>. <mask> staffed Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton on the floor of the U.S. Senate October 2003 in the debate in favor of the McCain-Lieberman Cap-and-Trade bill. He is co-editor with Kent Pinkerton PhD of Global Climate Change and Public Health Second Edition New York: Humana Press, 2021, (29 chapters). He has taught Climate Change and Environmental Health at NYU School of Global Public Health since 2015.Awards and honors
Harriet Hardy Award for Excellence in Occupational Medicine by New England Occupational Medicine Association (1992)
NCI Early Detection Research Network Award for Providing Creative, Outstanding Leadership in Building a Strong, Effective Translational *Research Program on the Application of Biomarkers in Cancer Detection and Prevention (2007) (2009)
Robert Kehoe Award, American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine (2012)
Murray Kornfeld Honor Lecture "Global TB/HIV and The Environment" American College of Chest Physicians (2013)
Distinguished Achievement Award, American Thoracic Society (2014)
He was elected to the Association of American Physicians in 1999 and was inducted as a Fellow by the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2015. <mask><mask> received the Val Vallyathan Award from the American Thoracic Society Assembly on Environmental, Occupational, and Population Health in 2015. He received an Alumni Award of Merit from Harvard School of Public Health in 2011 and the Champion of Change Award from the White House in 2013 for his work on Climate Change. The <mask> N. <mask> Environmental Lung Disease Laboratory at NYU/Bellevue Hospital for research on World Trade Center dust was named in his honor. In addition, The <mask> N. <mask> and David Kamelhar Associate Professor of Medicine was named jointly in his honor. Other activities
<mask><mask> is a Fellow (1992) in The Explorer's Club, where he has been awarded four Flag expeditions: First, climbing Bob Marshall's mountain (Bob Marshall was a Founder of The Wilderness Society), Mt Doonerak, in the Brooks Range of Alaska. Second, the first Westerners to climb Mt.Geladaintong 21,730 feet, the source of the Yangtze River in the Kun Lun Range in northern Tibet. Third, crossings the island of South Georgia in the Antarctic along Sir Ernest Shackleton's route and Fourth, travelling with the Thule Inuit by dogsled in northern Greenland to obtain eyewitness accounts of the effects of global warming. He was the founder and chair of the ATS Environmental Health Policy Committee and has testified numerous times to Congress, CASAC, and the EPA Administrator on PM2.5 and ozone. Publications
Some selected publications are:

Rom WN, Travis WD and Brody AR. Cellular and molecular basis of the asbestos-related diseases. State of the Art. Am Rev Respir Dis.1991; 143: 408-422. Honda Y, Rogers L, <mask> K, Zhao B, Pine R, <mask> Y, Kurosu K, <mask> WN, Weiden M.  Type I interferon induces inhibitory 16 kD CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein (C/EBP), repressing the HIV-1 long terminal repeat in macrophages: pulmonary tuberculosis alters C/EBP expression, enhancing HIV-1 replication. J Exp Med. 1998; 188(7): 1-11. PMID: 9763605. <mask> WN, Pinkerton KE, Martin WJ, Forastiere F.  Global Warming: A challenge to all American Thoracic Society members. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.2008; 177(10): 1053-1054. Doi: 10.1164/rccm.200801-052ED. PMID: 18460457. Ostroff RM, Bigbee WL, Franklin W, Gold L, Mehan M, Miller YE, Pass HI, Rom WN, Siegfried JM, Stewart A, Walker JJ, Weissfeld JL, <mask>, Zichi D, and Brody EN. Unlocking biomarker discovery: Large scale application of aptamer proteomic technology for early detection of lung cancer. PLoS One. 2010; 5: e15003.doi: 10.137/journal/pone.0015003.PMID: 21170350. <mask> WN, Evans L, Uppal A. The sentinel event of climate change: Hurricane Sandy and its consequences for pulmonary and critical care medicine. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013; 15(2); 187(2):iii-iv. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201212-2207OE. PMID: 23322801.Ewart GW, Rom WN, Braman SS, Pinkerton KE. From closing the atmospheric ozone hole to reducing climate change: Lessons learned. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015; 12 (2): 247-251. DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201411-537PS. PMID: 25706493. Rom WN and Reibman J.The History of the Bellevue Hospital Chest Service 1903-2015. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015; 12(10): 1438-1446. COVER October 2015. DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201506-370PS. PMID: 26406151. Segal LN, Clemente JC, Koralov S, Tsay J-C, Koralov SB, Keller BC, Wu BG, Li Y, Shen N, Ghedin E, Morris A, Diaz P, Huang L, Wikoff WR, Ubeda C, Artacho A, Rom WN, Sterman DH, Collman RG, Blaser MJ, Weiden MD.Enrichment of the lung microbiome with oral taxa is associated with lung inflammation of a Th17 phenotype. Nature Microbiol. 2016; 1: 1-11. DOI: 10.1038/NMICROBIOL.2016.31. <mask> <mask> and Hartling <mask>. Rafting the Alsek. North America’s wildest river.The Explorers Journal 2017; 95 (3) Fall: 34-43. Weng  M-w, Lee H-W, Park S-H, Wang H-T, Hu Y, <mask> W, Huang W, Lepor H, Wu X-R, Yang CS, Chen L-C, Tang M-s.  A new paradigm for tobacco smoke carcinogenesis: aldehydes are the predominant forces inducing DNA damage and inhibiting DNA repair. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2018; 115 (27) doi/10/1073/pnas.1804869115. Books

Lee JS, Rom WN (eds):  Legal and Ethical Dilemmas in Occupational Health. Ann Arbor, MI:  Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1982
Wagner W, Rom WN, Merchant J (eds):  Health Issues Related to Metal and Non-metallic Mining. Ann Arbor, MI:  Ann Arbor Science Publishers. 1984
 (1st Edition 1983; 2nd Edition 1992; 3rd Edition 1998; 4th Edition 2007).)Rom WN and Garay S.  (Editors). Tuberculosis, Boston, MA:  Little, Brown and Co, 1996 (1st Edition; 2nd Edition 1994). Pinkerton KE and Rom WN, Editors, Global Climate Change and Public Health, New York, NY: Springer-Humana Press, 2013 (1st Edition, 2nd Edition 2021). References

Year of birth missing (living people)
New York University School of Medicine faculty
University of Utah School of Medicine faculty
University of Colorado Boulder alumni
University of Minnesota Medical School alumni
Harvard School of Public Health alumni
Living people

masks:
William N
. Rom
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. Rom
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. Rom
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Neil Schlr
William N
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<mask> "Spike" <mask>,  (17 June 1896 – 10 December 1919) was an Australian fighter pilot and flying ace of the First World War. Born in Adelaide, South Australia, he enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force in 1916 for service in the First World War and was posted to the 46th Battalion on the Western Front. In November 1916, he was accepted for a transfer to the Royal Flying Corps and was shipped to the United Kingdom for flight training. Graduating as a pilot, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant and posted to No. 45 Squadron RFC in France during October 1917; two months later the unit sailed to the Italian theatre. <mask> spent eight months flying operations over Italy, conducting attacks against ground targets and engaging in sorties against aerial forces. While in Italy, he was credited with shooting down a total of nineteen aircraft.In one particular sortie on 12 July 1918, <mask> attacked, in conjunction with one other aircraft, a formation of between ten and fifteen German machines; he personally shot down five of these planes and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order. He had previously been awarded the Military Cross and Distinguished Flying Cross for his gallantry in operations over the front. He was posted back to the United Kingdom in July 1918. In 1919, <mask> was killed while taking part in the England to Australia air race. Piloting a Martinsyde A1 aircraft, he attempted to make an emergency landing on Corfu but the plane fell short, crashing into the sea just off the island's coast. Both <mask> and his navigator subsequently drowned. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in Adelaide, South Australia, on 17 June 1896 to <mask>, an accountant, and his wife Ida Caroline (née Hasch).He was educated at the Melbourne Church of England Grammar School from 1909, and was active in the school's Cadet unit. On completing his secondary studies in 1913, <mask> gained employment as a draughtsman. By 1914, he held a commission in the 49th (Prahran) Cadet Battalion, Citizens Military Force, as a second lieutenant. First World War

Australian Imperial Force to Royal Flying Corps
On the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, <mask> attempted to enlist in the newly raised Australian Imperial Force but was initially rejected. The following year, he resigned his commission in the Citizens Military Force and re-applied to join the Australian Imperial Force for active service in the war; he was accepted on 1 January 1916. Due to his age, <mask> was ineligible for a commission in the force and was instead granted the rank of private. Allotted to the 16th Reinforcements of the 14th Battalion, he embarked aboard HMAT Anchises in Melbourne, Victoria, on 14 March.Arriving in France, he was posted to the newly raised 46th Battalion on 20 May and promoted to corporal four days later. While the unit was engaged in action along the Somme, <mask> was temporarily raised to sergeant in July, before taking part in the Battle of Pozières the following month. He relinquished his temporary appointments and reverted to lance corporal in August. Considered an expert shot, <mask> had been trained as a sniper during his service with the 46th Battalion. On 11 November 1916, <mask> was among a group of 200 Australian applicants selected for a transfer to the Royal Flying Corps to undergo flight training. Shipped to the United Kingdom, he was posted to No. 1 Royal Flying Officers' Cadet Battalion at Durham for his initial instruction.On graduating as a pilot, he was formally discharged from the Australian Imperial Force on 16 March 1917 and commissioned as a probationary second lieutenant in the Royal Flying Corps the following day. <mask> was posted to No. 17 Reserve Squadron in April, where his rank was made substantive. Appointed a flight officer on 25 July, he was attached to the Central Flying School for duties. On 12 September, <mask> wed Cicely Elizabeth Hallam Kilby in a ceremony at St Stephen's Anglican Church, Bush Hill Park. Fighter pilot over Italy
In October 1917, <mask> was posted to No. 45 Squadron RFC in France, piloting Sopwith Camels.Just prior to joining the unit, <mask> had suffered a bout of malaria while still in England giving him a "tall, thin and dismal looking" appearance; he was consequently nicknamed "Spike". His service over the Western Front was short-lived, however, as the squadron moved to Italy in late December. While operating over the Italian Front, <mask> was engaged in both aerial combat missions and ground-attack sorties, which included "destroy[ing] enemy transport crossing the Alps". On 1 April 1918, the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service were combined to form the Royal Air Force, with personnel from the former services transferred to the new branch; <mask> thus became a lieutenant in the new service from this date. Throughout the first half of 1918, <mask> conducted several raids on ground targets, including one on an electrical power plant. From a height of approximately , <mask>, with "great skill", scored three direct hits with his bombs on the facility. He was also active in aerial engagements against Central aircraft during this period, achieving flying ace status early in the year.During a particular patrol with two other members of his squadron on 13 May, the trio intercepted a party of twelve enemy planes. In the ensuring battle, <mask> "carried out a most dashing attack", being personally credited with the destruction of three of the aircraft and with driving a fourth down out of control, despite suffering "frequent jams in both of his machine guns". Cited for his "conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty" in carrying out ground-attack missions, coupled with his destruction of seven Central aircraft, <mask> was awarded the Military Cross. The announcement of the decoration was promulgated in a supplement to the London Gazette on 16 September 1918. Promoted to temporary captain on 1 June 1918, <mask> led a party of three machines out on patrol eight days later. The trio spotted a formation of six Austrian scout planes and went in to attack; <mask> shot down two of the aircraft. Later that month, he took off on a similar sortie with two other aircraft.They intercepted a party of nine machines, and during the consequent battle no less than six of the Central planes were destroyed with a seventh shot down as out of control; <mask> was credited with two of these. Described as a "fine fighting officer, skilful and determined", <mask> was commended for his efforts in destroying five aircraft during June, which resulted in his award of the Distinguished Flying Cross. The notice for the decoration was gazetted on 21 September 1918. <mask> was out on patrol on 15 June 1918 when German and Austrian forces initiated the Battle of the Piave River by striking Allied lines on the opposite bank. After landing back at base at 11:40, he was the first to bring news of the attack. With the aircraft refuelled and loaded with bombs, he—in company with the rest of the squadron—then led his flight on a total of four sorties against the enemy insurgents. No.45 Squadron succeeded in destroying with its bombs a pontoon bridge, a boat, and a trench filled with soldiers, before inflicting at least a hundred casualties with machine gun fire. Heavy rain washed other bridges away and by 18 June the stranded Austrian forces on the Allied bank of the river were routed by a counterattack. On 12 July 1918, <mask> and Lieutenant Alan Rice-Oxley took to the sky in their Camels. The pair were soon confronted by a formation of between ten and fifteen Central aircraft. As the consequent dogfight raged, <mask> destroyed four of the aircraft and sent a fifth down out of control. Two days later, <mask> was credited with bringing down another plane, forcing the machine to crash down in Allied-held territory. On 15 July, he led a trio of Camels in an assault on sixteen scout planes; he destroyed two of the machines.The two scouts were to prove <mask>'s final aerial victories of the war, bringing his total to nineteen aerial victories which were composed of fifteen aircraft destroyed, three driven down as out of control and one captured. His total made him No. 45 Squadron's second highest-scoring ace after Matthew Frew, although some sources place <mask>'s score as high as thirty aerial victories. Late in July, following ten months of active service in the cockpit, <mask> was posted back to the United Kingdom where he spent the remainder of the war attached to training units as a flight instructor. Cited for his "distinguished and gallant services" in Italy, he was mentioned in the despatch of General Rudolph Lambart, 10th Earl of Cavan on 26 October 1918. For his efforts in destroying eight aircraft over a four-day period in July, <mask> was awarded the Distinguished Service Order. A supplement of the London Gazette carried the announcement on 2 November 1918, reading:

England-to-Australia flight and legacy
While stationed in England, <mask> attended an investiture ceremony at Buckingham Palace on 13 December 1918, where he was presented with his Distinguished Service Order and Military Cross by King George V. <mask> was discharged from the Royal Air Force on 31 July 1919.That year, the Australian Government offered a prize of £10,000 to the first aviator to pilot a British or Commonwealth-built aircraft from England to Australia within a period of 30 days. On 15 August, <mask> was approached by British aircraft manufacturer Martinsyde to take part in the race flying their Type A Mk.I aircraft, powered by a Rolls-Royce engine; he accepted the offer. He was to be accompanied by Lieutenant George Henry Fraser, a qualified navigator and engineer who had served with the Australian Flying Corps during the war. <mask> and Fraser took off in their Martinsyde from Hounslow Heath Aerodrome on 4 December 1919. However, the pair soon ran into poor weather, and were forced to land the aircraft in Dijon, France later that day. Airborne again, they reached Pisa, Italy the following day, where a replacement tail skid was fitted to the A1; by 6 December, the duo were in Naples. On 10 December, <mask> and Fraser took off in their fully fuelled plane from Taranto in the afternoon.They intended to reach Africa next, but poor weather conditions forced them to alter their plan and they instead headed for Crete. Their Martinsyde was reported flying over St George's Bay, Corfu at 20:00 that evening. For unknown reasons, <mask> and Fraser attempted to execute an emergency landing at Corfu. They were, however, unable to make it to the coast and were forced to crash into the sea. Citizens in the area later reported that they heard cries for help coming from the sea that night, but a rescue was not possible in the rough conditions. Both <mask> and Fraser were drowned. <mask>'s body later washed ashore and was returned to Australia for burial; Fraser's remains were never discovered.<mask> was accorded a funeral with full military honours, which took place at Warringal Cemetery, Heidelberg on 22 April 1920, with several hundred mourners in attendance; his widow, parents and sister were chief among these. A firing party of the Royal Australian Garrison Artillery led the gun carriage bearing the coffin to the cemetery. Captains Adrian Cole, Frank Lukis and Raymond Brownell acted as pallbearers along with five other officers who had served in either the Royal or Australian Flying Corps. On 12 February 1923, a stained-glass window dedicated to the memory of <mask> was unveiled by General Sir Harry Chauvel at St. Anselm's Church of England in Middle Park; <mask> had been a member of the congregation there in his youth. Following the closure of St. Anselm's in 2001, the window was moved to St. Silas's Church, Albert Park, which is now also the parish church for the former parish of St. Anselm. Notes

References

1896 births
1919 deaths
Australian air racers
Australian Army soldiers
Australian military personnel of World War I
Australian World War I flying aces
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Deaths by drowning
People educated at Melbourne Grammar School
People from Adelaide
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
Recipients of the Military Cross
Royal Air Force officers
Royal Flying Corps officers
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Greece
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1919

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Cedric Ernest
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<mask> (3 November 1805 – March 1880) was a German musicologist, editor and lexicographer. Life
Born in , Schilling was the son of a cantor and village schoolteacher and performed as a pianist at the age of ten. From 1823, he attended the University of Göttingen, studied theology there, and probably obtained a doctorate in philosophy. In 1826, he went to the University of Halle, where he finished his studies. In 1830, he settled as a piano teacher in Stuttgart and became director of the music institute founded by Franz Stöpel. He published numerous books on music and music education, in which he advocated a value-conservative-classical view of art, according to which the "perfection of mankind" The standard of all art, connected with the popular educational ideal, was that music practice and music knowledge could be learned by all, if one only applied the right system. He became best known through the Encyclopädie der gesammten musikalischen Wissenschaften (1835-1838), which he edited and in which numerous important musicians and scholars of the time participated.In some of his writings he was already accused by his contemporaries of plagiat. For example, his main work Versuch einer Philosophie des Schönen in der Musik (1838) draws on Carl Seidel's Charinomos. Beiträge zur allgemeinen Theorie und Geschichte der schönen Künste (two volumes, Magdeburg 1825 and 1828). In part, he also plagiarised himself. In addition to plagiarism, contemporaries also criticised factual errors and unverified adoptions from other works in <mask>'s encyclopaedias. The criticisms, among others by Heinrich Dorn and Carl Ferdinand Becker, resulted in public polemics, which were published in the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik edited by Robert Schumann and in the Jahrbüchern des deutschen National-Vereins für Musik und ihre Wissenschaften edited by Schilling. In 1839, Schilling founded the "Deutscher National-Verein für Musik und ihre Wissenschaft" (German National Association for Music and its Science) and won the Kassel Kapellmeister Louis Spohr for the presidency.He became permanent secretary of this association and responsible editor of the Jahrbücher des Deutschen Nationalvereins für Musik und ihre Wissenschaft, which appeared from 1839 to 1843. He fled Stuttgart on 1 April 1857, and travelled via Liverpool to the US, where he found shelter with one of his sons. He lived first in New York, then in Canada, and finally in Nebraska, on his son's farm. For debts amounting to 150,000 florins and forgery of bills of exchange, he was sentenced on 23 December 1862 "to a penal servitude of ten years." However, extradition to Germany failed. <mask> died in Crete, Nebraska. Work
 De Revelatione divina.Diss. phil., 1829
 Relatio affectuum ad summam facultatem cognoscendi. Diss. phil., 1830
 Was ist Schuld an den heillosen Gährungen und Unruhen unserer Tage, und wodurch kann ihnen abgeholfen werden? Ein Wort seiner Zeit für Jedermann. Stuttgart 1830
 Musikalisches Handwörterbuch nebst einigen vorangeschickten allgemeinen philosophisch-historischen Bemerkungen über die Tonkunst. 1830
 Aesthetische Beleuchtung des Königlichen Hof-Theaters zu Stuttgart.Ein zeitgemäßes Wort an alle Theater-Direktionen, alle Künstler und das gesammte Kunst liebende Publikum. Stuttgart 1832
 Briefe über die äußere Canzel-Beredtsamkeit oder die kirchliche Declamation und Action. Stuttgart 1833; 2. verbesserte Auflage 1838, Erster Band, 1833, Second volume, 1833
 Die Kunst der äusseren Kanzel-Beredtsamkeit, oder die Lehre von der kirchlichen Declamation und Action. 2. Auflage. Stuttgart 1845, books.google.com
 Encyclopädie der gesammten musikalischen Wissenschaften, oder Universal-Lexicon der Tonkunst, 6 Bände und ein Zusatzband, Stuttgart 1835–1838 (2nd edition 1840–1842) (Digitalisate Google, Digitalisate Hathi Trust)
 1. volume, 1835,  A – Bq ()
 2. volume, 1835, Braga – F-Moll ()
 3. volume, 1836, Fockerodt – Irland ()
 4. volume, 1837, Irregulärer Durchgang – Morin ()
 5. volume, 1837, Moritz – Ries ()
 6. volume, 1838, Riesenharfe – Zyka ()
 Supplement-Band, 1842 ()
 Versuch einer Philosophie des Schönen in der Musik, oder Aesthetik der Tonkunst. Zugleich ein Supplement zu allen grösseren musikalischen Theorieen, und ein Hand- und Lesebuch für die Gebildeten aus allen Ständen zur Förderung eines guten Geschmacks in musikalischen Dingen.Mainz 1838,
 Allgemeine Generalbasslehre, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf angehende Musiker, Organisten und gebildete Dilettanten. Darmstadt 1839, books.google.de
 Polyphonomos oder die Kunst, in sechsunddreißig Lectionen sich eine vollständige Kenntniß der musikalischen Harmonie zu erwerben. Ein Lehrbuch, zugleich zur Weckung und Förderung einer ächten musikalischen Bildung. Stuttgart 1839,
 Jahrbücher des Deutschen Nationalvereins für Musik und ihre Wissenschaft, Karlsruhe 1839–1842 (Digitalisate Google)
 Jg. 1 (1839)
 Jg. 2 (1840)
 Jg. 3 (1841)
 Jg.4 (1842)
 Populäre Einleitung in die sämmtlichen Schriften des neuen Testaments für den gebildeten Christen jedes Standes und jeder Confession, besonders den Religionslehrer deutscher Volksschulen, Reutlingen 1840
 Lehrbuch der allgemeinen Musikwissenschaft oder dessen, was Jeder, der Musik treibt oder lernen will, nothwendig wissen muß. Nach einer neuen Methode, zum Selbstunterricht, und als Leitfaden bei allen Arten von praktischem wie theoretischem Musikunterricht. Karlsruhe 1840, books.google.de
 Geschichte der heutigen oder modernen Musik. In ihrem Zusammenhange mit der allgemeinen Welt- und Völkergeschichte. Karlsruhe 1841,
 Das Musikalische Europa, oder Sammlung von durchgehends authentischen Lebens-Nachrichten über jetzt in Europa lebende ausgezeichnete Tonkünstler, Musikgelehrte, Componisten, Virtuosen, Sänger &c. &c. Speyer 1842,
 Leitfaden zum Unterrichte und zur eigenen Unterweisung in der Harmonielehre, insbesondere nach des Verfassers System derselben (Polyphonomos). In katechetischer Form bearbeitet. Stuttgart 1842,
 Der Pianist oder die Kunst der Clavierspiels in ihrem Gesammtumfange theoretisch-praktisch dargestellt.Osterode 1843,
 Musikalische Dynamik oder die Lehre vom Vortrage in der Musik. Kassel 1843,
 Geschichte des Hauses Hohenzollern in genealogisch fortlaufenden Biographien aller seiner Regenten von den ältesten bis auf die neuesten Zeiten. Nach Urkunden und andern authentischen Quellen, Leipzig 1843 (Numerized)
 Franz Liszt. Sein Leben und Wirken, aus nächster Beschauung dargestellt. Stuttgart 1844,
 Sicherer Schlüssel zur Kunst der Clavier-Virtuosität. Stuttgart 1844,
 Musikalischer Autodidakt oder Anleitung zu vollständiger Kenntniss der musikalischen Harmonie durch Selbstunterricht. 1846
 Beethoven-Album.Ein Gedenkbuch dankbarer Liebe und Verehrung für den grossen Toten, gestiftet und beschrieben von einem Vereine von Künstlern und Kunstfreunden aus Frankreich, England, Italien, Deutschland, Holland, Schweden, Ungarn und Russland. Stuttgart o. J. [1846]
 Musikalisches Conversations-Handwörterbuch, enthaltend die Erklärung sämmtlicher in das Bereich der theoretischen und praktischen Musik gehörender Gegenstände, Kunstausdrucke, Schriftzeichen &: für Künstler und Dilettanten, Sänger und Instrumentalisten, Lehrer und Lernende der Musik. Stuttgart 1849
 Musikalische Didaktik oder die Kunst des Unterrichts in der Musik. Ein nothwendiges Hand- und Hülfsbuch für alle Lehrer und Lernende der Musik, Erzieher, Schulversteher, Organisten, Volksschullehrer etc. Eisleben 1851,
 Allgemeine Volksmusiklehre oder didaktische Darstellung alles dessen, was der Musikunterricht in sämmtlichen Schulen, von den Gymnasien und höheren Töchterschulen an bis herab zur geringsten Dorfschule, sowie in den verschiedenen dilettantischen Vereinen, als Liedertafeln, Liederkränzen, Harmonien &c. &c. zur Erreichung seines eigentlichen Bildungszwecks notwendig zu lehren hat. Augsburg 1852,
 Der Ocean, oder physisch-geographisch-historische Beschreibung des Weltmeers und seiner einzelnen Theile, Stuttgart Verlags-Bureau(1845, 1849)

Works under the pseudonym "Dr. G. Penny"
 Guido.Eine Erzählung nach dem Leben, 2 volumes, 1832
 Peter Joseph von Lindpaintner, in Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung, Jg. 37, No. 40, 7 October 1835,  and No. 41, 14 October 1835,
 Deutschlands schöne Literatur der Gegenwart und Zukunft. Eine Rede an das gesammte deutsche Lese-Publicum, Reutlingen 1836
 Wegweiser durch Göttingen und seine Umgegend, Stuttgart 1837 (Taschenbibliothek für Reisende auf Eisenbahnetth-century musicologistsh-century musicologistsn, Dampfschiffen und Eilwägen, vol. 8)

References

Further reading

 Der Deutsche Pionier, Erinnerungen aus dem Pionier-Leben der Deutschen in Amerika. Elfter Jahrgang, ; hdl:2027/nyp.33433019536881
 Annegret Rosenmüller: Carl Ferdinand Becker (1804–1877).Studien zu Leben und Werk (Musikstadt Leipzig, vol. 4), Hamburg 2000, here . Andreas Münzmay: Von Systemanspruch, Volksbildung und Schönheit der Bewegung - Ansätze zur kulturellen Verortung <mask>. In Musik in Baden-Württemberg, vol. 17 (Jahrbuch 2010), Strube-Verlag, Munich, . <mask>, <mask> on mgg-online

External links

German musicologists
19th-century musicologists
German music educators
19th-century German writers
19th-century German male writers
German lexicographers
German emigrants to the United States
1805 births
1880 deaths
People from Osterode am Harz
19th-century lexicographers

masks:
Friedrich Gustav Schilling
Schilling
Schilling
Gustav Schillings
Schilling
Gustav


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<mask> (2 July 1895 – 1 December 1936) was a trade unionist, Communist-Party official, deputy in the 1933 Reichstag, an outspoken opponent of the Nazis and a volunteer in the international brigades fighting for the Spanish Republic. Early life
<mask> was born on 2 July 1895 in Munich to <mask>, an unmarried cook and a farm worker. As a three-week-old infant, he was sent to the village of Waldthurn in the Oberpfalz region of Northeastern Bavaria to be raised by his maternal grandparents. His grandfather had a locksmith's business and <mask> followed the family tradition into this trade. In 1913 he joined the German Metal Workers Union (DMV). In 1914, he was conscripted and joined the Kaiserliche Marine serving on minesweepers and rising eventually to the rank of "Mate". In 1917 he was awarded the Iron Cross.In 1918 took part in the November Revolution at Cuxhaven. Returning to Munich, <mask> joined the Spartacus League and in the chaotic period following the armistice, during which there were several revolutionary governments in Germany, he supported the Munich Soviet ("Räterepublik"). In July 1919 <mask> married Magdalene Müller in Hamburg with whom he had a daughter, Rosemarie (1919), and (after moving back to Bavaria) a son, Johann (1921). Following a series of <mask>'s extramarital infidelities, Magdalene committed suicide in 1928. In 1930 <mask> married Centa Dengler, who worked at the KPD's Neue Zeitung in Munich. Political career
After the overthrow of the Munich Soviet ("Räterepublik") by the right-wing Freikorps, <mask> settled in Munich where he joined the Communist Party and became chairman of the local branch in the Munich suburb of Nymphenburg. In 1921 he was arrested for attempting to sabotage troop transports and was jailed for 2 years, just months after the birth of their second child.After his release, he worked in the locomotive factory of Krauß & Co, where he became a trade union leader. In 1925 he was nominated by the congress of Munich trade unions to represent them in the first delegation of German workers to visit the Soviet Union. In 1928 the KPD requested him to re-organize the party in Augsburg in Southern Bavaria, where he was elected to the City Council (Stadtsrat). A fervent Communist and anti-Nazi, he was elected as a KPD deputy to the Reichstag in the German federal election in July 1932. In the same year he was elected to the Bavarian Landestag and succeeded Albert Buchmann as leader of the KPD in Southern Bavaria. In February 1933, during the election campaign for the Reichstag, <mask> addressed the crowd at the last public meeting the KPD were able to hold at Circus Krone in Munich. With the battle cry "We shall all meet again at Dachau!"he rallied the crowd to resist the growing Nazi threat, referencing one of the few victories the Red Army of the Munich Soviet ("Räterepublik") had over the right-wing Freikorps at Dachau in 1919. Internment in Dachau
Hitler came to power in January 1933 and with the Reichstag Fire Decree for the Protection of People and State, one month later, began interning political rivals, including KPD and SPD members, in concentration camps. <mask> and his wife Centa were both arrested in April 1933 and never saw each other again. Already known as an outspoken and defiant anti-Nazi voice in the Reichstag, <mask> and his party colleagues were subjected to two weeks of beatings at the Munich police Praesidium on Ettstraße before being sent to Dachau concentration camp, where the SS guards taunted him with his Dachau remark made ten weeks prior. Hilmar Wäckerle, Dachau's first camp commandant, boasted that he would kill Beimler himself. Indeed, several Communist prisoners of Jewish heritage had already been murdered under his regime. However, with the suspicious deaths of Dachau prisoners already under investigation, Wäckerle decided that, with sufficient physical and mental abuse, Beimler could be encouraged to commit suicide.After four weeks, however, in May 1933 <mask> managed to escape, possibly with the help of some renegade camp guards. He managed to cross into Czechoslovakia and on to the Soviet Union. His wife, Centa, was trapped in Nazi Germany and was imprisoned in Moringen women's concentration camp and other prisons until 1945. His children Rosi and <mask>i were taken in by relatives in the Oberpfalz until <mask> organized their escape to the Soviet Union in 1934. <mask> wrote an account of his experiences at Dachau which appeared in the Soviet Union in August 1933: Im Mörderlager Dachau: Vier Wochen unter den braunen Banditen. It was one of the first published accounts of life inside a Nazi concentration camp and was translated into several languages, including English, Spanish, French and Yiddish. In 1934, Germany revoked <mask>'s citizenship.Spanish Civil War
After short periods in France and Switzerland, working for the International Red Aid (Rote Hilfe) organisation, <mask>n's Centurians". He was subsequently appointed as commissar of all International Brigades supporting the Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War. In November 1936, while helping to defend Madrid from the Nationalists, he was shot and fatally wounded during the Battle of Madrid. Rumours subsequently spread that he was shot from behind by an agent of the NKVD, the secret service of the USSR. Over 2 million people paid their respects as his body was transported from Madrid to Montjuïc Cemetery, Barcelona, where he was buried. He was celebrated in a song of Ernst Busch (after a melody by Friedrich Silcher), which was then recorded by the radio station in Barcelona. The XI International Brigade was named in his honour.In Ernest Hemingway's novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls, the American protagonist Robert Jordan meets with a German revolutionary, <mask>, who is based on Beimler. A week after the fall of Barcelona in January 1939, the Nationalists desecrated the graves of <mask> and his adjutant Luis Schuster (aka Franz Vehlow), burned their corpses and leveled the graves. His son, <mask>, Jr. was arrested in Moscow in the NKVD Hitler Youth Conspiracy. He was later released, along with the son of Max Maddalena, another prominent Communist, and two others. His grandson <mask> is a well-known American screenwriter. Legacy
<mask> was granted national hero status in the German Democratic Republic, with military divisions, ships, factories, schools and streets named in his honour. The Freie Deutsche Jugend (FDJ), the Communist Party's youth movement, dedicated their paramilitary exercise tournament to him.His legend grew and he was even spoken of as a left-wing intellectual. In 1956 the GDR instituted the <mask>ler Medal which was awarded to citizens who had fought for the Spanish Republic in the civil war. Film and TV
Han Beimler: Comrade 4-part Mini-Series (1969) Dir:Rudi Kurz
Spanien im Herzen – <mask> und andere (1986) – 45 minutes – Dir:Karlheinz Mund
Die Sprungdeckeluhr (1990) – DEFA  – Dir:Gunter Friedrich
Clash of Futures (Krieg der Träume) Episode 1: <mask> (2014) – ARTE  – Dir:Jan Peter, Frédéric Goupil

Sources

References

External links

1895 births
1936 deaths
Politicians from Munich
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Communist Party of Germany politicians
Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
Imperial German Navy personnel of World War I
International Brigades personnel
Military personnel killed in the Spanish Civil War
Dachau concentration camp survivors
Burials at Montjuïc Cemetery
German trade unionists

masks:
Hans Beimler
Johannes Baptist Beimler
Rosina Beimler
Beimler
Beimler
Beimler
Beimler
Beimler
Beimler
Beimler
Beimler
Beimler
Beimler
Hans
Beimler
Beimler
Beimler
Beimlerlman
Hans
Beimler
Hans Beimler
Hans Beimler
Hans Beimler
Hans Beim
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Hans Beimler


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<mask> (born 11 July 1958) is a Mexican former professional footballer and manager, who played as a forward. A prolific goalscorer known for his spectacular strikes and volleys, <mask> is widely regarded as the greatest Mexican footballer of all time. In 1999, the International Federation of Football History and Statistics voted <mask> the 26th best footballer of the 20th century, and the best footballer from the CONCACAF region. In 2004 <mask> was named in the FIFA 100 list of the world's greatest living players. He is the fourth highest scorer in the history of La Liga, the third highest scoring foreign player after Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo, and is the seventh highest goalscorer in Real Madrid's history. He scored a total of 562 senior career goals for both club and country in 956 matches. <mask> began his career playing for Club Universidad Nacional in 1976, and briefly went on loan to the San Diego Sockers of the North American Soccer League in 1979.In 1981, he moved to Spain to play for Atlético Madrid, playing for the Colchoneros for four years before moving to cross-town rivals Real Madrid, where he would spend the best years of his career, winning numerous titles and accolades. From 1977 to 1994, <mask> was a member of the Mexico national team, gaining 58 caps and scoring 29 goals. He participated in three FIFA World Cup tournaments and was a part of the Mexico team that reached the quarter-finals of the 1986 World Cup. Famous for his acrobatic goal celebrations throughout his club and international career, <mask> was the first notable exponent of the backflip. As a manager, he won two consecutive league championships with UNAM. After managing Necaxa, he was announced as coach of the Mexico national team in 2006, but was fired in March 2008 due to poor results. In 2009, <mask> was named manager of Almería, and helped to save the club from relegation.Club career

UNAM
As a teenager, <mask> played for the Mexico national team at the 1976 Summer Olympics. Having already played in over 80 international matches, <mask> signed as a youth player at the age of 18 for Pumas de la UNAM, a professional team representing Mexico's national university, where he completed a degree in Dentistry while playing for the first team. Later that year, UNAM managed to win its first championship in the Primera División. Two years later, he became the league's top-scorer with 26 goals. In 1979, UNAM agreed to exchange players during the off-season with the San Diego Sockers of the North American Soccer League. He played in the NASL during the summer and in the Mexican league during the fall, winter and spring. UNAM loaned <mask> to the Sockers in 1979 and 1980 where he became a prolific striker for the Sockers, averaging nearly a goal a game.<mask>'s five seasons with UNAM were during the team's golden years. In 1980–81, his last season with the club, <mask> and UNAM won its second league championship, a CONCACAF Champions Cup and a Copa Interamericana. During his five years with UNAM, <mask> scored 104 goals in 200 appearances. Atlético Madrid
After five successful seasons in Mexico, <mask> drew the attention of several European sides, including that of English club Arsenal, though eventually signing with Spanish side Atlético Madrid in 1981. It took him a while to find his feet in La Liga, only managing twenty league appearances and scoring eight goals in his first season, but by the 1984–1985 season he was scoring regularly with a team that won the Copa del Rey, finished second in the league and won the Spanish Super Copa. That year, <mask> won his first Pichichi trophy for being the most prolific scorer in the league, scoring 26 goals. Real Madrid

On 15 July 1985, <mask> signed for Real Madrid.It was reported that due to Atlético Madrid's reluctance to anger their fan base with a direct deal with Real, <mask> was transferred to UNAM back in his home country on 4 July before being signed by Real Madrid, with the contract signing taking place in a bank in Mexico City. He was flown back to Spain and presented to 50,000 fans at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium on 19 July. He played alongside the famed group of players known as the La Quinta del Buitre ("Vulture's Cohort"), which consisted of Emilio Butragueño, Manuel Sanchís, Martín Vázquez, Míchel, and Miguel Pardeza. With Los Blancos, <mask> won five consecutive league titles from 1985 to 1990, a Copa del Rey title in 1989 and the UEFA Cup in 1986. During those five years, <mask> won four-consecutive Pichichi trophies, becoming the only player in Spanish football history to achieve this without sharing the trophy with any other player in any season, and one of four players to win five Pichichis (the others being Alfredo Di Stéfano, Quini and Messi (who has won 6), scoring 208 goals in 283 games in all competitions. He scored 27 or more goals in four consecutive seasons between 1986 and 1990, including 38 goals in the 1989–90 season, tying the single-season record set in 1951 by Telmo Zarra and earning the European Golden Boot award for the best scorer in Europe. Remarkably, all 38 of these goals were scored with only a single touch.His 38-goal tally stood as a league record until Cristiano Ronaldo surpassed it after scoring 40 goals in the 2010–11 season. In European Cup competitions, <mask> scored 47 goals in 45 matches. He has come to be known to be in the top 25 best football players in history. Later career
In 1992, <mask> returned to his native Mexico for a season and there he won the 1992 CONCACAF Champions' Cup with Club América before playing for a variety of clubs in Spain, Austria and the USA. He played for Dallas Burn in the inaugural year of Major League Soccer, becoming one of two footballers, along with Roy Wegerle, to play outdoor football in both the NASL and the MLS. He is recognised in "FIFA TOP 25" best players of all time. He finished his career playing for Atlético Celaya, along with Butragueño and Míchel, his old colleagues from Real Madrid.Retirement
<mask> retired from Spanish football on 29 May 1997, playing with Real Madrid at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium. His last official game was during the 1998 World Cup qualifiers, where he touched the ball as a symbol of his retirement. International career
<mask> made 58 appearances for Mexico between 1977 and 1994, scoring 29 goals. Prior to representing the senior side, as a teenager he represented Mexico at the 1975 Pan American Games on home soil, where he won a gold medal, and at the 1976 Summer Olympics. He participated in three FIFA World Cup tournaments, making eight World Cup appearances in total, and scoring once. Also, with Chilean Elias Figueroa holds the unique distinction of playing in three alternate tournaments 1978-1986-1994. He helped Mexico win the 1977 CONCACAF Championship to seal qualification for the 1978 FIFA World Cup in Argentina; at the age of 19, he took part in the final tournament, where Mexico lost all three of their group games and suffered a first round elimination.After Mexico failed to qualify for the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain, <mask> was a part of the Mexico team that reached the quarter-finals of the 1986 World Cup on home soil, losing out to eventual runners-up West Germany in a penalty shootout. He scored his only World Cup goal during his nation's opening match of the tournament on 3 June, the winning goal in a 2–1 victory over Belgium, although he also missed a penalty in Mexico's second group match against Paraguay, and was later booked, causing him to miss the final group match. Four years later, however, Mexico once again missed out on the final tournament as they were suspended from the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy. Despite his advancing age, he later played a key role in helping Mexico to the final of the 1993 Copa América, at the age of 35; he scored once in a 2–0 victory over Ecuador in the semi-finals, although Mexico eventually finished as runners-up to Argentina. <mask> later also appeared at the 1994 FIFA World Cup in the United States, his final major tournament, where Mexico suffered a round of 16 elimination; he made his only appearance in the tournament on 19 June, in Mexico's opening match of the competition, a 1–0 defeat to Norway. Managerial career

Club
In March 2000, <mask> became manager of UNAM, who were struggling in the league, signing a two-year deal. Although the team went on to have a good campaign under his leadership, differences between the club president and <mask> resulted in his sacking in August of that year.After Jimenez Espriu resigned as the club president a year later, the new president, Luis Regueiro, appointed <mask> as head coach in November 2001. After building his team up for a number of years, by 2004 <mask>' Pumas had won everything they played in: Clausura 2004, Apertura 2004, Champion of Champions 2004 and the Santiago Bernabéu Cup. He also became the only manager in history to lead a Mexican team to two consecutive championships in the Mexican Primera División in the "short tournament" format. The success, however, was short lived. Pumas became the worst team of the tournament the following season and in Winter 2005 were having the worst year in its history. <mask> decided to resign in November 2005. Club Necaxa, another Mexican team, signed him as a head coach in 2006, and he also became the coach of the Mexico national team that year following their participation at the 2006 FIFA World Cup.He became coach of La Liga's Almería in early 2009, but after accomplishing the goal of avoiding relegation from La Liga, and despite on 2 June 2009 the Almeria chairman Alfonso García announcing the renewal of his contract, he was released on 20 December 2009. Mexico
After briefly managing Club Necaxa, <mask> was named head coach of the Mexico national team, with the aim of leading Mexico through the qualification process for the 2010 World Cup in South Africa. During his coaching career especially, <mask> became known for his volatile temperament and his willingness to speak candidly, often expressing strong emotions and opinions, a trait that engenders equally emotional and strong responses from those he criticizes. He had a long-standing feud with the previous Mexico coach, Ricardo La Volpe. <mask>'s first match as Mexico coach was a 2–0 loss to the United States in Phoenix, Arizona in February 2007. <mask> recorded his first victory against Venezuela, a 3–1 win in front of 67,000 fans in San Diego. <mask>'s first game in Mexico took place against Paraguay in Monterrey on 25 March 2007, which Mexico won 2–1.A few days later on 28 March 2007, Mexico defeated Ecuador 4–2 in Oakland, California. In June 2007 <mask> coached Mexico in the 2007 edition of the Gold Cup, his first official competition. After struggling in the first stages of the tournament, México reached the final 24 June 2007 and lost 2–1 against the US. On 27 June 2007, in the opening game of the 2007 Copa América held in Venezuela, <mask> led the Mexico national team to a stunning 2–0 win Brazil, <mask>'s first major victory as a coach. After easing through the group stage of the tournament, <mask> led the team to the semi-finals (beating Paraguay 6–0 in the quarter-finals) where they were beaten 3–0 by Argentina. Mexico ended the tournament in third place by defeating Uruguay 3–1. In August 2007, <mask> announced that Mexico would permanently, or at least in his time coaching the team, drop their famous green home kit, replacing it with their white away kit, meaning that their new away kit would be red.For this decision, <mask> was subject of a lot of criticism. The two main arguments against him were that the decision was breaking a long-standing Mexican tradition, yet the strongest critics suggested that he should devote more time to the strategy and training of the Mexico team rather than entertaining himself with superfluous features of the sport. In March 2008, <mask> suffered poor results, including draws with Australia and Finland,  and a loss at home in Querétaro against Ecuador's U-23 team. Disappointing results continued in the CONCACAF Olympic Qualification, a draw with Canada and a loss to Guatemala. His only victory was a 5–1 win against Haiti. Mexico were eliminated from the Pre-Olympic qualifying tournament on goal difference. On 31 March 2008, <mask> was fired from his post as Mexican head coach.Style of play
 Nicknamed <mask>l and Pentapichichi, <mask> was a prolific goalscorer, who usually played as a centre-forward; he is widely regarded as Mexico's greatest-ever footballer, and one of the greatest players of his generation. A quick and mobile striker, with good skills and an eye for goal, he was known for his intelligence, positional sense, movement, and anticipation in the area, and was an accurate and efficient finisher, who was capable of scoring with few touches. Due to his athleticism, <mask> was good in the air, despite his diminutive stature, and was also known for his ability to score acrobatic and flamboyant goals from spectacular strikes and volleys from any position on the pitch, both inside or outside the area; his mastery of the "Chilena", or "Bicycle kick", was a result of his own early training in gymnastics, and his goals scored in this manner were later dubbed Huguinas. His trademark was to perform a celebratory somersault followed by a fist pump after each goal he scored, in honour of his sister, who was a gymnast and participated in the Montreal Olympics. <mask> is considered to be the first noted exponent of the backflip. According to his FIFA profile, <mask> is credited as the creator of the scorpion kick, which was later popularised by Colombian goalkeeper René Higuita. Though he regularly practised the trick in training, the Mexican striker never scored a goal with it in an official match.An accurate penalty taker, <mask> held the record for most penalties scored in La Liga with 56, until Cristiano Ronaldo broke the record in 2017 after scoring his 57th penalty-kick. Outside football

Personal life

<mask> is the son of Héctor <mask>, who was also a footballer who played for Asturias F.C. and Atlante. <mask> is currently married to Isabel (née Martín), and has two children, a son and an older daughter from his previous marriage. His son, <mask> Portugal, was also a footballer and played for UNAM and Atlante. He also has two daughters from his current marriage. On 8 November 2014, <mask> died from the effects of a gas leak in a Mexico City apartment as stated by the Mexican Red Cross.In 2006, <mask> was appointed as the official FIFA/SOS Ambassador for Mexico, joining Wayne Rooney (Ambassador for England), Ruud van Nistelrooy (Netherlands), and fifty others in fund raising for the official 2006 FIFA World Cup Charity. On 1 September 2007, <mask> inaugurated a street with his name in Puebla, central Mexico, before a thousand of the locals around there. Media
As of January 2015, <mask> is a commentator for ESPN in Mexico and the United States. He had previously served as a guest analyst during their coverage of the 2014 FIFA World Cup before featuring as a regular analyst. Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Mexico's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each <mask> goal. footballers
Liga MX players
La Liga players
Atlético Madrid footballers
Real Madrid CF players
Rayo Vallecano players
FC Linz players
Atlético Celaya footballers
Olympic footballers of Mexico
Footballers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
1978 FIFA World Cup players
1986 FIFA World Cup players
1994 FIFA World Cup players
1993 Copa América players
2007 Copa América managers
Mexican football managers
Club Universidad Nacional managers
Club Necaxa managers
C.F. Pachuca managers
CONCACAF Championship-winning players
La Liga managers
UD Almería managers
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
Footballers from Mexico City
Mexico national football team managers
Mexico international footballers
Mexican expatriate footballers
Mexican footballers
Association football forwards
Mexican expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Mexican expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Pichichi Trophy winners
Expatriate football managers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
UEFA Cup winning players
Pan American Games gold medalists for Mexico
Pan American Games medalists in football
Footballers at the 1975 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1975 Pan American Games

masks:
Hugo Sánchez Márquez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
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Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
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Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Hugo
Sánchez
Sánchez
Hugo
Hugo
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Hugo Sánchez
Hugo
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Hugo Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Hugo Sánchez
Sánchez Portugal
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez
Sánchez


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<mask>, née Lotz (16 July 1903 – 22 May 1974) was a German-American mathematician and aerospace engineer. She was a pioneer in the development of the theory of discontinuous automatic control, which has found wide application in hysteresis control systems; such applications include guidance systems, electronics, fire-control systems, and temperature regulation. She became the first female engineering professor at Stanford University in 1961 and the first female engineer elected a Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Early life and education
Lotz was born in Hamelin, Germany on 16 July 1903. She was encouraged at an early age to pursue technical subjects by her mother, whose family had been involved in construction for several generations. She often visited construction sites with her uncle and attended half-price matinee shows for technical films. After her father, Osark, a travelling journalist, was drafted for military service in World War I, the young <mask> helped the family by becoming a math tutor while studying at a girls' Gymnasium in Hanover.Several years later, when Osark returned to Hanover he was in poor health and <mask> continued to work to bring in extra money for the family. She graduated from the Gymnasium in 1923 and entered the Leibniz University Hannover to study mathematics and engineering. Later in life, she explained why she decided to study engineering:

In college she studied applied mathematics and fluid dynamics and was often the only woman in her classes. In 1927, she received her Diplom-Ingenieur and remained in Hanover for her doctorate. In 1929 she earned her doctorate in engineering, publishing her thesis on the mathematical theory of circular cylinders and heat conduction. Lotz went to work for the Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt (AVA) in Göttingen, one of the most prominent aeronautical research institutions in Europe. She joined as a junior research engineer and worked closely with Ludwig Prandtl and Albert Betz, two of the leading German aerodynamicists of the time.Prior to her arrival at the AVA, Prandtl had been unsuccessfully working on solving a differential equation for his lifting-line theory for the spanwise lift distribution of an airplane wing. Lotz was able to overcome his difficulties and solve the equation, and additionally developed a relatively simple method for practical use. She published what is now known as the "Lotz method" in 1931 for calculating the lift on a three-dimensional wing, and it became a standard technique used internationally. Following this achievement, she was promoted to team leader and built the theoretical department at the AVA by establishing her own research program and assisting other research groups. In 1932, she met Wilhelm Flügge, who was a civil engineer and privatdozent at the University of Göttingen. As they prepared to marry, Lotz's career progressed well and by the time they married in 1938 she had been appointed Head of the Department of Theoretical Aerodynamics. However, Flügge was branded "politically unreliable" and denied promotion at Göttingen for his anti-Nazi views.Flügge later recalled that while he was denied because of his political views, Lotz was "blocked from any possibility of ever getting into a university career, just because of being a woman". The escalation and increasing influence of Nazi policies on academia led to their departure from the AVA and they moved to the Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt (DVL) in Berlin where Flügge-Lotz (her married name) was a consultant in aerodynamics and flight dynamics and Flügge was appointed Chief of Structures Research. Although banned from academic positions due to Nazi policies, they were permitted to continue their research activities under the protection of Hermann Göring, who was more concerned with technical expertise than ideological purity. At DVL Flügge-Lotz began her career in automatic control theory and pioneered the theory of discontinuous control systems. These control systems, also known as "on-off" and "bang-bang" systems, have only two or three input settings and are simple to manufacture and very reliable in practical application. She was mainly interested in the implications these systems had for the development of simple automatic flight control equipment. However, the theory describing their performance needed to be developed before they could be reliably implemented in physical systems.Flügge-Lotz began developing the theory while at DVL, but wartime priorities limited her time for heavily theoretical projects so she focused mainly on aerodynamics during this time. Move to France
As World War II progressed, Berlin was increasingly subject to bombing raids by the Allies. In the spring of 1944, the destruction of Berlin had progressed so far that Flügge-Lotz and Flügge moved with their departments to the small town Saulgau in the hills of southern Germany. After the end of the war, Saulgau was in the French zone of Allied-occupied Germany. The French relaunched their aeronautical research activity and were eager to hire German scientists, so in 1947 Flügge-Lotz and Flügge moved with many of their colleagues to Paris to join the Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aerospatiales (ONERA). Flügge-Lotz served as Chief of a research group in aerodynamics until 1948 and published papers in both automatic control theory and aerodynamics, in which she discussed the problems arising from the increased speed of aircraft. Career at Stanford University
Although Flügge-Lotz and her husband were happy living in Paris, the positions they held there provided limited opportunity for advancement.They wrote to Stephen Timoshenko at Stanford University casually asking about working in the United States and in 1948, and both received offers to teach there. However, at the time Stanford held a university policy that husband and wife could not hold professional rank in the same department, and despite Flügge-Lotz's reputation in research, she had to accept the relatively minor position of "lecturer" as her husband became professor. Despite lacking of a professorial title, she immediately began accepting students for PhD dissertation research in aerodynamic theory, and in the spring of 1949, taught her first Stanford course in boundary layer theory. At Stanford, Flügge-Lotz conducted research in numerical methods to solve boundary layer problems in fluid dynamics, making pioneering contributions with finite difference methods and the use of computers. In 1951 she set up a weekly fluid mechanics seminar for first-year graduate students to provide a forum for discussing the latest ideas and developments. Discontinuous automatic control theory
In addition to fluid mechanics, Flügge-Lotz returned to her work on automatic control theory initially started at DVL. She developed new courses and began advising student theses on the subject.She published the first textbook on discontinuous automatic control in 1953. A reviewer of her textbook wrote that:

Since automatic control devices often found application in electronics, she also began collaborating with faculty and students in the Department of Electrical Engineering. Over time, her primary research efforts went increasingly into control theory, and in 1968, the year of her retirement, she published her second book, Discontinuous and Optimal Control. Tenure
By the mid-1950s, it became evident that Flügge-Lotz was performing all the duties of a full Professor but without official recognition. In fact, it was hard for students to understand why she was a Lecturer rather than a Professor, or even what the difference meant. The disparity of her status as a Lecturer became more apparent when she was the only female delegate from the United States at the first Congress of the International Federation of Automatic Control in Moscow. To address the issue before school opened for the fall quarter, she was appointed a full Professor in both Engineering Mechanics and in Aeronautics and Astronautics in 1961.Legacy
Flügge-Lotz retired in 1968 at age 65, but continued to conduct research on satellite control systems, heat transfer, and high-speed vehicle drag. During her lifetime, she received many honors for her work. In 1970, she was elected a Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and chosen to give the von Kármán lecture to the AIAA in 1971. She received the Achievement Award by the Society of Women Engineers in 1970, and received an honorary doctorate from the University of Maryland in 1973. The citation for her honorary degree stated:

She was also a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), a member of Sigma Xi, and a member of the advisory boards of several scientific journals. In honor of her contributions, the “Wilhelm Flügge and Irmgard Flügge-Lotz Memorial Award" was established by the Applied Mechanics Division at Stanford University for outstanding graduate students. Death
Flügge-Lotz's health deteriorated after her retirement and she suffered increasingly severe pain from arthritis that spread over her body.On May 22, 1974, Flügge-Lotz died in Stanford Hospital after a long illness. Works
 Die Erwärmung des Stempels beim Stauchvorgang, Dissertation TH Hannover 1929
 Discontinuous Automatic Control, Princeton University Press 1953
 Discontinuous and Optimal Control, McGraw Hill 1968

Bibliography
 J. R. Spreiter & W. Flügge, <mask> Flügge-Lotz in  p. 33-40

See also
German inventors and discoverers
List of people in systems and control

References

External links
"Imrgard Flugge-Lotz", Biographies of Women Mathematicians, Agnes Scott College
Biography of Flugge-Lotz from IEEE

1903 births
1974 deaths
People from Hamelin
20th-century German mathematicians
German women mathematicians
Stanford University School of Engineering faculty
German aerospace engineers
Control theorists
Fellows of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Aerodynamicists
Fluid dynamicists
20th-century German inventors
Women inventors
University of Hanover alumni
German emigrants to the United States
20th-century women mathematicians
20th-century American inventors
Engineers from Lower Saxony
20th-century German women

masks:
Irmgard Fgge Lotz
Irmgard
Irmgard
Irmgard


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<mask>, real name <mask> ( 1428 or 1430 – 1464) was an Italian sculptor active during the Renaissance. Biography
He came from a family of stone carvers and stonemasons in Settignano, near Florence. Although his work shows the influence of Donatello, specifically in his use of low reliefs, it is most likely that he received his training in the large Florentine workshop run by Bernardo and Antonio Rossellino. <mask> matriculated into the Arte dei Maestri di Pietra e Legname, Florence's guild of Stone and Woodworkers, in 1453 and shortly thereafter already was supplying cherub head medallions for the frieze running across the front of the Pazzi Chapel in the second cloisteryard of the Basilica of Santa Croce. It is rather surprising that he would have received such an important commission as the Tomb of Carlo Marsuppini so early in his career. Apparently, his design capabilities and sensitivity to the tactile qualities of marble had already been recognized. In composing this wall tomb for the Basilica of Santa Croce, Desiderio relied upon the precedent set only a few years earlier in Bernardo Rossellino's Tomb of Leonardo Bruni.This seems quite appropriate since Marsuppini had succeeded Bruni in the position of Florentine State Chancellor and had been mentored by him just as <mask> had received his training from Bernardo Rossellini. In fact, in his design for the tomb, <mask> was paying homage to Bernardo's example in much the same fashion as Marsuppini did when he had composed the epitaph for the Bruni Tomb. <mask> took over the essential compositional scheme of an elevated triumphal arch containing a sarcophagus and effigy bier from the Bruni monument but transformed the sobriety of the earlier memorial into a work of heightened decorative fancy. In the Marsuppini tomb, Desiderio placed standing children holding heraldic shields on either side of the sarcophagus, draped long festoons from an ornate candelabra which surmounts the arch of the lunette, and positioned running youths above the pilasters which frame the funeral niche. In the niche itself, he ignored the symbolism of the Trinity by using four instead of three panels as the backdrop for the sarcophagus. To increase the visibility of the deceased scholar and statesman, he tilted Marsuppini's effigy forward toward the viewer and carved elaborate floral decorations on the rounded corners of the lion-footed sarcophagus. The motifs used are all somewhat classical in inspiration and the total effect is light and charming, even joyous, if somewhat unfocused.In 1461 he finished a tabernacle intended for installation either in the Sacrament Chapel in San Lorenzo,dedicated to the Medici family saints, Cosmas and Damien, located in the left transept of the church; or, more likely, it was first installed in the main chapel choir.<ref>This discussion of <mask>'s tabernacle in San Lorenzo is derived from that of Charles R. Mack, "Tabernacle of the Sacrament,"  International Dictionary of Art and Artists: Art, Chicago/London: St. James Press, 1990, 109</ref>

For his Tabernacle of the Sacrament, <mask> returned (as he had done earlier for the Marsuppini Tomb) to a prototype originated by his probable master, Bernardo Rossellino. This time, Desiderio found his inspiration in Rossellino's c. 1450 tabernacle for the chapel of the Women's Hospital of Santa Maria Nuovo (now in San Egidio). What Desiderio produced is unquestionably one of the most decoratively delightful examples of early Renaissance sculpture. The composition consists of a pilaster framed aedicula within which a spatially receding barrel vault leads the eye back to the actual doorway of the sacramental closet. In the lunetteabove is a half-length figure of God/Christ energetically displaying an open book in reference to Revelations 1:8: "I am the Alpha and the Omega; the beginning and the ending, saith the Lord." Halfway down this illusionary corridor, angels rush in from side passages, their draperies fluttering with the pictorial excitement of Fra Filippo Lippi. The aedicula of the tabernacle is surmounted by an elaborately framed lunette that encloses an image of the blessing Christ Child, standing upon the sacramental chalice, flanked by bowing angels.Two more angels, holding tall candelabra, stand in weight-shift pose to either side of the tabernacle. All of this, apparently, rested upon a base containing a relief of the Lamentation, which seems rather out of place in an otherwise festive context. Yet this remembrance of Christ's Passion is essential to Desiderio's iconographic program. The body of Christ forms the base upon which his spiritual body (in the form of the Sacrament)is contained and above which the Benediction is given. Wherever its first location was, the tabernacle was removed in 1677, taken apart and reassembled for use in the Neroni family chapel in the right transept. For the Neroni, the sculptural components of the tabernacle were recomposed, with the flanking candalabra angels placed in reverse, in outwardly facing positions. Console blocks were used to support the tabernacle which, in a final Baroque touch, was set against a background of colored marble slabs.More recently, the tabernacle has been relocated to the right side of the nave of San Lorenzo and reconstructed in accordance with what is believed to have been the sculptor's original intent, although it is thought that a number of elements have disappeared. The Lamentation relief provides a fine example of <mask>'s talent for low relief carving, but really does not display his mastery of rilievo schiaccato, in the execution of which he was second only to Donatello. For <mask>'s handling of "flattened relief" we must turn to his panel of Saint Jerome at Prayer in the Desert (National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC) or his tondo of the Meeting of Christ and John the Baptist as Youths (Louvre Museum, Paris). The Saint Jerome "comes as close to painting as sculpture can get and the expressive faces of Christ and John in the tondo demonstrate the 15th-century appreciation of Desiderio by Giovanni Santi, the father of Raphael, who spoke of "the dreamy Desiderio, so gentle and beautiful." Beyond the Marsuppini tomb and the San Lorenzo tabernacle, little of <mask>'s work is documented or dated and a chronological reconstruction of his artistic development is a matter of conjecture based upon stylistic comparisons. The extent of his autograph work has been debated; many works sometimes attributed to him might be better given to assistants, followers, or to his brother Geri, with whom he frequently collaborated. <mask> made great contributions in the field of portraiture especially as it came to the representation of children.This was a genre which he practically reinvented, drawing upon Roman examples of the Augustan Age. Such sculptures present their youthful subjects with informality even animation; often with open-mouthed expression, they convey a sense of immediacy. His name has been connected with several marble and wooden female busts. The best of these includes the marble bust of Marietta Strozzi in Berlin that projects a soft, ethereal beauty that seems to originate from a marble surface that glows from within the stone. Throughout his brief career, one of the most telling characteristics of his technique was his unusual ability to give to his sculptures a textural sensuousness that demands touch. Of all Quattrocento sculptors, <mask> was, perhaps, the most tactile in his appeal. His work displays true understanding for the crystalline luminosity of marble and how a gently polished and modulated surface could produce an inner glow and how Donatello's famed rilievo schiacciato could be further refined to convey a sense of light softly diffused by its passage through atmosphere.At his best <mask> <mask> was a sculptor of soft persuasion and subtle nuances. According to Vasari, his last work was the painted wooden statue of St. <mask>ne, now in Santa Trinita, left unfinished and completed by Benedetto <mask>no after <mask>'s death. <mask> <mask> died in Florence in 1464. The most famous of his pupils was Simone Ferrucci. Giorgio Vasari includes a biography of <mask> <mask> in his Lives of the Artists. Selected works

The tomb of Carlo Marsuppini (1459) in Santa Croce, FlorenceBeauregard Madonna with Standing Christ Child (c. 1455) – marble relief, Norton Simon Museum, PasedinaA Little Boy (c. 1455–1460) – marble bust, National Gallery of Art Washington, DCThe Virgin and Child (c. 1455–1460) – marble reliefThe Christ Child ? (c. 1460) – marble bust, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC
The Altar of the Sacrament in San Lorenzo, Florence (completed in 1461)Saint Jerome in the Desert (c. 1461) – marble relief, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DCCiborium of the Sacrament, marble, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DCSt.Jerome in the Desert, marble relief, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DCMadonna and Child in Swaddling Clothes, marble relief, Bargello Museum, Florence
Bust of a Young Boy, (c. 1460), marble bust, J.Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles
Laughing Boy, (c. 1464), marble bust, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
Julius Caesar in Profile,(c. 1460) marble high relief, Louvre Museum, Paris
Marietta Strozzi, (c. 1460) marble bust, Staatliche Museen, Berlin
Portrait of a Boy Looking Down, Bargello Museum, Florence
Young John the Baptist, marble bust, Bargello Museum, Florence
Jesus and John the Baptist, marble relief tondo, Louvre Museum, Paris

See also
 Master of the Marble Madonnas

References

External links
Works by Desiderio da Settignano

Italian Renaissance sculptors
Sculptors from Florence
1430s births
1464 deaths
People from the Province of Florence
15th-century Italian sculptors
Italian male sculptors

masks: Desiderio de Bartolomeo di Francesco detto Ferro


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<mask> (仲瞱), formally Prince Sumin of Pingyang (平陽肅愍王), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty, serving as chancellor during the reign of Emperor Zhongzong. He was a key figure in the coup that overthrew Wu Zetian and restored Emperor Zhongzong in 705, but was later exiled due to false accusations instigated by Wu Zetian's nephew Wu Sansi and killed in exile in a cruel manner. Background
It is not known when <mask> was born, but it is known that his family was from Jiang Prefecture (絳州, part of modern Yuncheng, Shanxi). He had several ancestors who served as officials for Tang Dynasty and its predecessor Sui Dynasty as well as the earlier dynasty Northern Qi, and it is known that his father <mask>song (敬山松) served as a county magistrate during Tang. All that is known about the early part of <mask>'s career is that he passed the imperial examination when he was young. During Wu Zetian's reign
In 698—during the reign of Wu Zetian, the wife of Emperor Gaozong, who had declared herself "emperor" of a new Zhou Dynasty, interrupting Tang—<mask> was made the prefect of Wei Prefecture (衛州, roughly modern Xinxiang, Henan). When he arrived at Wei Prefecture, it was in the aftermaths of a major Eastern Tujue incursion earlier in the year, and the local officials were all busy conscripting labor to build the city walls, despite the fact that it was also harvest season.<mask> stated to his subordinates: "Even a city that is fortified with gold and water cannot be defended without food. Why abandon the harvest to build the defenses?" He released the laborers from their duty and allowed them to return to their field, and the people were very thankful. <mask> later successively served as deputy minister of defense (夏官侍郎, Xiaguan Shilang) and prefect of Tai Prefecture (泰州, roughly modern Taizhou, Jiangsu). In 701, he was recalled to the capital Luoyang to serve as the secretary general of the capital prefecture Luo Prefecture. Later in the year, when she took up residence for a period at the western capital Chang'an, <mask> served as the deputy official in charge of Luoyang, and was known for his talent and honesty. When Wu Zetian heard of this, she sent him an edict thanking him and awarding him with silk.In 702, when Wu Zetian briefly commissioned her nephew Wu Sansi to command an army, apparently intending to attack Eastern Tujue, she made <mask> Sansi's deputy, but eventually, the army was not launched. In 703, <mask> was made Zhongtai You Cheng (中臺右丞), one of the secretaries general of the executive bureau of government (中臺, Zhongtai), and given the honorific title Yinqing Guanglu Daifu (銀青光祿大夫). In spring 705, with Wu Zetian being ill, <mask> entered into a plot with a number of officials and generals, including Zhang Jianzhi, Cui Xuanwei, Huan Yanfan, and Yuan Shuji, to kill her lovers Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong. With agreement from Li Xian the Crown Prince (Wu Zetian's son), they acted on February 20, killing Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong, and then surrounding Wu Zetian. While they allowed her to retain the title of "emperor," they had her put under house arrest at the secondary palace Shangyang Palace (上陽宮) and forced her to yield the throne to Li Xian, who was formerly emperor, and he was restored to the throne (as Emperor Zhongzong). Two days later, Emperor Zhongzong was formally restored. During Emperor Zhongzong's second reign
<mask>, along with Zhang Jianzhi, Cui Xuanwei, Huan Yanfan, and Yuan Shuji, were recognized as leaders in Emperor Zhongzong's restoration, and they were put into key positions and created dukes, with <mask> becoming Nayan (納言) -- the head of the examination bureau of government (鸞臺, Luantai), and carrying the title of Duke of Pingyang, soon to be further promoted to be Duke of Qi.He and the other coup leaders instituted a regime of restoring Tang institutions and deprecating Zhou ones. (One of the coup participants, Xue Jichang (薛季昶), had advocated to Zhang Jianzhi and <mask> the killing of Wu Sansi in the aftermaths of the killing of Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong, but neither Zhang Jianzhi nor <mask> paid Xue's suggestion much heed until it was too late; in fact, <mask> argued hard against the killing of the Wus, even though another subordinate, Liu Youqiu, also advocated for the Wus' death and unsuccessfully tried to convince <mask> and Huan.) After realizing that Wu Sansi's power was on the rise, <mask> tried to persuade Emperor Zhongzong to reduce the power of the Wu clan on the whole, but was unable to get Emperor Zhongzong to listen, and it was said that the popular sentiment at the time much blamed <mask> for the rise of Wu Sansi. It was said that <mask> often caressed his seat and sighed, and at times squeezed his hand so tightly into a fist that his fingernails broke the skin of his hand, causing it to bleed. Apprehensive of Wu Sansi, he asked the official Cui Shi to keep an eye on Wu Sansi, but when Cui realized that Emperor Zhongzong trusted Wu Sansi and distrusted the coup leaders, instead revealed all of the coup leaders' plans to Wu Sansi to allow Wu Sansi to anticipate them. In summer 705, by which time Emperor Zhongzong's trust in <mask> and his colleagues had completely been lost, Emperor Zhongzong, following Wu Sansi's recommendation, created the five coup leaders princes—in <mask>'s case, Prince of Pingyang—but stripped them of chancellor positions. In spring 706, <mask> was further sent out of Chang'an, which was now capital again, to serve as the prefect of Hua Prefecture (滑州, roughly modern Anyang, Henan).Later in spring 706, with all five of the coup leaders already out of the capital, Wu Sansi and Empress Wei made accusations against them, and they were demoted to more remote prefectures—in <mask>'s case, to be the prefect of Lang Prefecture (朗州, roughly modern Changde, Hunan). Wu Sansi then had his strategist Zheng Yin further accuse the five of them of having participated in the plot of Emperor Zhongzong's son-in-law Wang Tongjiao (王同皎) -- who was executed early in 706 after having been accused of plotting to kill Wu Sansi and deposing Empress Wei. The five were further demoted with the provisions that they would never be allowed to return to the capital Chang'an, with <mask> becoming the military advisor to the prefect of Yai Prefecture (崖州, in modern Haikou, Hainan). Wu Sansi then had accusations that Empress Wei was having affairs posted publicly in Luoyang, with the intent of incensing Emperor Zhongzong—and then accused the five coup leaders of being behind this public humiliation. He then had his associates propose that the five be killed. Emperor Zhongzong, citing that the five had been previously awarded iron certificates that guaranteed that they would not be executed in recognition of their contribution, ordered that they be reduced to commoner rank and permanently exiled to the Lingnan region with their families—in <mask>'s case, to Qiong Prefecture. At the suggestion of Cui Shi, Wu Sansi then sent the censor Zhou Lizhen (周利貞) to the Lingnan region under guise of reviewing the affairs of the region but with instructions to kill the five.When Zhou arrived at <mask>'s place of exile, he had <mask>'s flesh cut out piece by piece until <mask> died. After Emperor Zhongzong's death in 710 and Emperor Zhongzong's brother Li Dan the Prince of Xiang, himself a former emperor, was restored (as Emperor Ruizong), <mask> and his colleagues were posthumously honored. Four of his sons later served as officials. Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 91. New Book of Tang, vol. 120.Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 207, 208. Chancellors under Emperor Zhongzong of Tang
Tang dynasty nonimperial princes
7th-century births
706 deaths
Executed Tang dynasty people
People executed by flaying
8th-century executions by the Tang dynasty

masks:
Jing Huihongye
Jing Hui
Jing Shan
Jing Hui
Jing Hui
Jing
Jing
Jing
Jing Wu
Jing
Jing
Jing Hui
Jing
Jing
Jing
Jing
Jing
Jing
Jing
Jing
Jing
Jing
Jing
Jing
Jing
Jing
Jing
Jing
Jing
Jing


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<mask>" (), he pioneered Chinese rock music. For this distinction <mask> is often labeled "The Father of Chinese Rock". Early career
<mask> grew up in a musical family in Beijing—his father was ethnic Korean and a professional trumpet player and his mother was a member of a Korean dance troupe. <mask>an followed his father to start playing the trumpet at the age of fourteen and joined the Beijing Symphony Orchestra in 1981, at the age of twenty. He was first introduced to rock during this period when friends smuggled in illicit recordings from Hong Kong and Bangkok. Inspired by the likes of Simon and Garfunkel and John Denver, <mask> began learning to play the guitar.In 1984 he formed his first band, Qi He Ban (七合板, literally "Seven-Ply Board," but notably called "Seven-Player band") with six other classically trained musicians, including the saxophonist/suona player Liu Yuan. The seminal band was heavily influenced by The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and Talking Heads. They performed their own works—mostly soft rock and love songs—in local hotels and bars. With his band, <mask> released his first cassette Return of the Prodigal that same year. The album contained mellow, pop-oriented love songs, but also showcased songs with progressive and folk rock influences, which were fresh and innovative in China at the time. In 1985, the band released another album, titled "Cui Jian with Seven-Player band". The album featured a combination of Western pop rock, as well as new originals.It also featured more prominent use of the electric guitar, which was seldom used in Chinese popular music. <mask>'s departure from the band and subsequent solo career led him to become the most successful and influential musician in Chinese rock history. <mask> Jian first shot to stardom in 1986, when he performed "Nothing to My Name" (一 无 所 有; pinyin: Yì Wú Suǒ Yǒu) on the 100-Singer Concert of Year of International Peace at Beijing's Workers' Stadium. The next year he left his permanent job with the orchestra. His band, now renamed ADO, included two foreign embassy employees: Hungarian bassist Kassai Balazs and Madagascan/French guitarist Eddie Randriamampionona. His first real album, Rock and Roll on the New Long March, was released in 1989. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, <mask> created a hybrid and experimental music mix that cut across divisions between pop, reggae, funk, hard rock and punk music genres.<mask>'s songs drew on folk and traditional music types, such as the Northwest Wind (Xibeifeng) peasant songs of the Loess Plateau of Shaanxi. At times they knowingly parodied old Communist Party sayings and proverbs. In 1991, for example, he set the old revolutionary song "Nanniwan" to rock music. In 1988 he performed at a concert broadcast worldwide in conjunction with the Seoul Summer Olympic Games. <mask> Jian was the first-ever winner of the MTV International Viewer's Choice Award for his song/music video "Wild in the Snow" in 1991. His earliest works had influence from Western popular music styles, such as punk, dance and jazz; these songs also became his best known works. With tensions rising among the students of China and the government, <mask>'s work was very influential among the youth.Tiananmen and aftermath
<mask> Jian reached the apex of his popularity during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, when "Nothing to My Name" became an anthem to student protestors. Before the protests were violently broken up on 4–5 June, <mask> frequently appeared with the students and was affirmed by Wu'er Kaixi, one of the prominent leaders of the movement, as highly influential among young Chinese of the time. The following government crackdown forced many rock musicians, <mask> Jian included, into hiding in the other provinces. Sanctions proved relatively temporary and <mask> was able to return to Beijing shortly afterward. In early 1990, the Chinese government would permit him to embark his first rock tour entitled the "New Long March", to raise money for the 1990 Asian Games. Ten concerts were scheduled in Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Xi'an, Chengdu and others. Midway through the tour, <mask> Jian gained notoriety for appearing on stage wearing a red blindfold across his eyes before performing his well-known political anthem, "A Piece of Red Cloth", imprompting the government to terminate the performance and cancel the remainder of the tour.The tour was still able to raise 1 million yuan for the 1990 Asian Games. Later career

Through the 1990s <mask> Jian was banned from playing major venues in Beijing, although he was able to stage a number of one-set, word-of-mouth concerts at newly flourishing venues like The Sunflower Club. Elsewhere in China he was permitted to play to sell-out crowds in both large and small venues, only on occasion facing government interference. Soon, <mask>'s music was banned from all state-controlled broadcasting stations. <mask> toured all over the world including the United States and Europe four times each, and has played numerous shows in East & Southeast Asia. <mask>'s ability to fuse western styles of music and introduce local influences on it, made him a very prominent figure internationally to this day. In 2000 <mask> was awarded the prestigious Dutch Prince Claus Award for positive artistic and intellectual influences on the broader culture and society.In 2002 <mask> and his manager Paul Fry co-organized the Lijiang Snow Mountain Music Festival (China's Woodstock) in Lijiang, China. <mask> followed this with a 10-city tour in Germany and performances with Udo Lindenberg (Godfather of German Rock & Roll), performances with Deep Purple in China and a 13-city sold-out tour of the United States. Bai Qiang produced a 3D concert film and documentary on <mask> The film, Transcendence, which evokes memories of Tiananmen Square, was screened in Beijing in May 2012 to an enthusiastic fan audience, but its prospects for mainstream release in China are doubtful. Political rehabilitation

On 8 September 2000, <mask> and his band performed the song "Flying" () at the Anti-Piracy Concert held at Worker's Stadium in Beijing. It was his first large-venue performance in the capital in 7 years. He wore a hat with a red star to show support for Chinese Communist Party. In 2002, <mask> initiated, produced, and played at a major rock festival in the mountains of Yunnan.The "Snow Mountain Music Festival" was a major media attraction and was reported by the international press as "China's Woodstock". This experience started a trend of outdoor music festivals in China. In early 2003, <mask> was authorized to open for the Rolling Stones' concert in Beijing. In a 2003 interview, <mask> claimed that in the 1980s he'd learned Rolling Stones and Beatles songs to improve his guitar skills. He was also quoted as having three dreams: to perform in his home city of Beijing again, to see the Rolling Stones perform live, and to perform together with the Rolling Stones. Due to the SARS outbreak, however, the concert was cancelled. Not until March 2004, when <mask> opened for Deep Purple on their mainland tour, was he finally able to perform a full set at a major venue in Beijing.On 24 September 2005, <mask> was finally granted permission to headline his own show at the Beijing Capital Stadium, which signified the end of the unofficial ban on his performances in China's capital. It also confirmed a major turn-around in government attitude towards rock music in general. <mask> did finally play with the Rolling Stones at the Shanghai Grand Stage on 8 April 2006, singing and playing "Wild Horses". Following the performance, <mask> was quoted as saying, "This is the 20th anniversary of Chinese rock 'n' roll... We have an appointment. In the near future, they will be back, and we'll rock again in Beijing." <mask> performed in Taiwan on 8 July 2007 after numerous attempts in previous years to perform there had been derailed by governments on both sides of the Taiwan Strait. <mask>'s entourage to the island comprised 18 people including his 75-year-old mother.Headlining on the last day of the Hohaiyan Rock Festival at Fulong Beach, <mask>'s participation was promoted on the festival's website with the slogan: "He's really coming!" In September 2007, he performed at the Beijing Pop Festival, including a guest appearance rapping with the American rap group Public Enemy. On 4 December 2009, <mask> returned to Taiwan for his second concert there in three years, for the grand opening of the Legacy Taipei. "<mask> Jian: Rocking China" (DV). Music documentary. External links

 <mask> <mask>'s Official Website
 "Birth Of A Beijing Music Scene" by Matthew Corbin Clark – companion article to PBS Frontline's "China in the Red". <mask> <mask> on Rockinchina.com

Interviews
<mask> <mask> interview from Global Rhythm magazine, August 2008

1961 births
Living people
Chinese guitarists
Chinese male singer-songwriters
Chinese people of Korean descent
Chinese rock singers
Musicians from Beijing
Singers from Beijing

masks:
Cui Jianui
Cui Jian
Cui Jian
Cui Ji
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Jian
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