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<mask> (April 23, 1936 – April 7, 2015) was a Soviet/Russian physicist, professor, and Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. Biography

<mask> was born in the village of Wołosate, currently Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Poland, in a clergyman's family. After graduating from the Odessa State University, <mask> started scientific studies in 1958 when academician Leonid Kirensky invited him to work in the Institute of Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Krasnoyarsk. After reporting his work at the Pyotr Kapitsa’s seminar followed by constructive discussion and feedback, he considered Kapitsa his main authority in science. In 1963, he defended Candidate Thesis on NMR studies of the mobility of water molecules in zeolites and  obtained a scientific degree as a Candidate of Sciences and, in 1970, he defended his PhD Thesis  "A study of weak interactions in crystals with the method of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging" and obtained a PhD degree of a Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. Since 1968, <mask> was the Head of the Laboratory of Kinetic Processes. In 1972, he received an academic rank of a Professor, and a year later he was appointed the Head of a new Radiospectroscopy Laboratory in  the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, Novosibirsk, and headed the laboratory until 1991.From 1991 to 2015, <mask> worked in the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry as a Leading and Principal Researcher in the Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Condensed Matter. <mask> died April 7, 2015 and is buried in Novosibirsk. Scientific activities

<mask>'s main scientific interests related to studying  electronic structure, molecular and ionic mobility, elementary electron transfer acts, and magnetochemical properties of condensed phases. He proposed a new approach to describe NMR spectra of molecular and ion mobility in solids based on the vacancy mechanism [1]. Further development of this approach led to a new direction in NMR spectroscopy associated with the problems of heterostructured systems such as highly porous crystals and minerals, metal organic sorbents,  biopolymers, etc. Having deep knowledge of various sorbents' properties, he succeeded in attracting the attention of Soviet authorities to natural zeolites as a means to overcome the consequences of Chernobyl accident in 1986. His ideas were also used by Novosibirsk research and production companies such as “Beauty Secrets" and "Siberia-Zeo" which are now actively developing.The nature of chemical bonding in coordination compounds was a special interest of <mask>'s studies. The results of theoretical and experimental work on the development of methods of spectroscopy and electronic structure of the NMR study of various substances and materials are summarized in his books published in Russia and abroad. <mask>'s scientific results were awarded by the State Prize of the Russian Federation for Science and Technology (together with a group of authors) in 1995 for the work "Radiospectroscopical and Quantum-Chemical Methods of Research in Solid State Chemistry". His last unfinished research was devoted to the problem of detecting and studying molecular transitions from  the racemic to the chiral ordered state in solids at low temperatures to simulate conditions of the "cold" scenario of life origin [2-4]. References

Organizational activities in science

<mask> <mask> was the founder and the leader of radiospectroscopy in the USSR and Russia for many years. He expanded NMR to many new areas of application and created a group of like-minded people across the country. He was Associate Professor of Physics of the Krasnoyarsk Branch of the Novosibirsk State University (NSU), NSU professor and lectured at the Department of Solid State Chemistry in Novosibirsk.He took an active part in the expert work, dissertation councils, was the supervisor of many diploma, Master's and Doctoral theses consultant. Thanks to his universal knowledge and a great range of interests, <mask> was a great populariser of science. He collaborated with many journals and newspapers such as the "Science in Siberia", "Novaya Gazeta" et al., was a member of editorial boards of scientific and popular book series, a member of the International Editorial Committee "Alternative energy and ecology", a constant reviewer of the Journal of Structural Chemistry and the journal Applied Magnetic Resonance. Books

 S.P<mask>, S.V. Zemskov. "Nuclear magnetic resonance in complex compounds" (Ed.: Prof. B.I. Peshchevitsky). Science, Novosibirsk, 1976. S.P<mask>, Yu.V. Gagarinskii, S.A. Polishchuk. "NMR in inorganic fluorides.The structure and chemical bonding". Atomizdat, Moscow, 1978. S.P<mask>, A.F. Rzhavin "NMR in crystalline and hydrated protein" ( Ed. : Prof. B.I. Peshchevitsky).Science, Novosibirsk, 1978. S.P<mask>. "Bound water. Facts and hypotheses "(Ed. : Prof. I.I. Yakovlev).Science, Novosibirsk, 1982. S.P<mask>, A.G. Lundin. "Internal mobility in solids" (Ed. : Prof. E.I. Fedin). Science, Novosibirsk, 1986.S.P<mask>, R.N. Pletnev, M.A. Fedotov. "Nuclear magnetic resonance in Inorganic Chemistry" (Ed. : Prof. V.A. Gubanov).Science, Moscow, 1988. S.P<mask>, R.N. Pletnev. "Application of NMR in solid state chemistry." Ekaterinburg, Publ.Ekaterinburg, 1996. A.A. Gaydash, V.G.Nikolaev, S.P<mask>. "Structure of the myocardium, liver, kidney and physico-chemical properties of the bone under the influence of natural zeolites and fluoride" Atlas electron mikroskopichesih photos, NMR spectra and Raman scattering. (Ed. : L.D. Zykova). Krasnoyarsk State Medical Academy, Krasnoyarsk, 2005.E.I. Yuryeva, S.P<mask>, R.N. Pletnev. "Quantum Chemistry and Nuclear Resonance Spectroscopy Data of Natural and Synthetic Nanotechnological Materials with nd-Metal Atoms Participations" Progress in Quantum Chemistry Research. (Ed. : E.O.Hoffman). Nova Science Publishers, NY, 2007. S.P<mask>, S.G. Kozlova. "Lone pairs and chemical bonding in molecular and ionic crystals". (Ed. : Acad.V.M. Bouznik). Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 2009. S.P<mask>, S.G. Kozlova. "NMR, Magnetic Behavior and Structural Effects of Spin-Orbit Interactions in PtF6 and in Related Octahedral Molecules and Fluorocomplexes". Chapter in the book "Handbook of Inorganic Chemistry Research" Series: Chemistry Research and Applications.(Ed. : D.A. Morrison.) Nova Science Publishers, NY, 2010. 1936 births
2015 deaths
Experimental physicists
Russian physicists
Odessa University alumni
State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates

masks:
Svyatoslav Petrovich Gabuda
Gabuda
Gabuda
Gabuda
Gabuda
Gabuda
Gabuda
Gabuda
Gabuda
Svyatoslav
Gabuda
Gabuda
. Gabuda
. Gabuda
. Gabuda
. Gabuda
. Gabuda
. Gabuda
. Gabuda
. Gabuda
. Gabuda
. Gabuda
. Gabuda


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<mask> (born 15 July 1983 in Frankfurt) is a French actor. He has appeared in more than twenty feature films since 2000 as well as in French television films and series, and on stage. Career
The mother of <mask> was German and he spent much of his childhood in London. By four years of age he could speak in French, German and English. He took part in drama from primary school onwards; and in 1999 enrolled at the Cours Florent where he remained for three years. In 2002 and 2003, he was at the drama classes of the Conservatoire of the 10th arrondissement in Paris. From 2005, he was a member of the Pas de Dieux theatre company, while completing his academic studies which led to him obtaining a Masters in literary translation.Descours's first stage role was in La guerre de Troie n'aura pas lieu by Jean Giraudoux. After acting in some short films and minor parts, his first major screen role was as Tristan, a 17-year-old who has to look after his baby son after the death of his girlfriend, in a 2003 television film L'Enfant de l'aube (The child of the dawn), directed by Marc Angelo and based on the novel by Patrick Poivre d'Arvor, which attracted over 10 million viewers on TF1 for its broadcast on 14 January 2004. Around 2005 saw him in two films, as a French student in French for Beginners, and as a young man who meets a Moslem girl in the segment of Paris, je t'aime directed by Gurinder Chadha; on television he featured as Ben in several episodes of the first series of a popular drama Clara Sheller, opposite Frédéric Diefenthal and Mélanie Doutey, and as the drug-dealing son of a farmer in Joseph. He went on to appear in further historical drama series both on French television, and briefly in the American series John Adams, before featuring in the major French television drama Sa raison d'être (What love means), which traced 30 years of AIDS in France through the experiences of one family. Descours played leading parts in his following screen roles. In the dysfunctional family in the adaptation of Mark Haddon's 2006 novel A Spot of Bother as the contemporary comedy drama Une petite zone de turbulences (A small area of turbulence), he portrayed the son whose reluctance to let his partner attend his sister's wedding causes their relationship to break down. In Complices (Accomplices) he starred as the murdered male escort whose final weeks are shown interspersed with the investigation to find his killer; this gained Descours a nomination to the César Award for Most Promising Actor in 2011.He then co-starred as an athlete recently blinded in an accident and stifled by the continual compassion of those around him who tries to rebuild his life through his sport in Régis Wargnier's La Ligne droite (Straight line); for this role he trained alongside members of the French athletics squad and was filmed in front of 50,000 people during the Meeting Areva. He also co-starred in an adaptation of the 1956 novel Madame Solario, as the brother of the title character. As a young man who goes to Paris to pursue a singing career he starred in the 2011 TV film Le Chant des Sirènes (The Siren's song) which won the prize for best film at the La Rochelle film festival that year. 2013 brought another period drama Une femme dans la Révolution (A Woman during the revolution) where he played a young député of the Tiers-État, who has a passionate affair with a young peasant. In a short that year he played the lead singer in a pop group, Boys Band Théorie and also sang the theme song by Alex Beaupain. Leading and starring roles followed, in films - Ciel rouge (Red sky), shot entirely in Viet Nam, as Philippe Merlen, a French sergeant who deserts to save a Viet Minh prisoner, which results in a brief romance, Les Gardiennes (The care-taking women) as Georges - and television dramas such as Peur sur la base (On the base of fear) as a naval rating suspected of murder, Mystère au Louvre (Mystery at the Louvre) as Frédéric Delage, an acrobat who becomes involved in a daring jewel theft, the mini-series Laëtitia as Judge Martinot, and in another series De Gaulle, l’éclat et le secret (De Gaulle, the splendour and the secret) as Geoffroy Chodron de Courcel. In 2011 he featured with Emma Watson in a two-minute video advert for a new Lancôme perfume, filmed in Paris.Alongside screen work, Descours has continued in stage productions, in both classic and modern plays. In 2015 with three other actors (and musicians) he formed a group to practice non-verbal theatre skills on a regular basis; this resulted in productions seen in Paris and Barcelona. On radio he has appeared as Léon in Madame Bovary on France Culture in 2017. <mask> is a black belt in karate 2nd Dan, having started at the age of 12, and also practices swimming, roller skating, snowboarding, tennis and riding. He has co-authored two karate books for children. Filmography

Cinema
 2000 : Le Jour de grâce (short) by Jérôme Salle : Grandjean
 2004 : Troubles Sens by Anna Condo : le serveur / waiter
 2005 : Ming d'or (short) by Jennifer Devoldère
 2005 : Französisch für Anfänger by Christian Ditter : Matthieu
 2006 : Paris, je t'aime (collective film), in the segment Quais de Seine directed by Gurinder Chadha : François
 2007 : Silence ! of Edward Albee
 2003 : Romeo and Juliet of Shakespeare
 2004 : Tartuffe of Molière
 2005 : Les Caprices de Marianne of Alfred de Musset
 2005 : Demandes en Mariage of Michel Melki
 2006 : Don Qui of Leela Alaniz
 2007 : Palindromes of Leela Alaniz
 2017 : Õ Gilgamesh of Edgar Alemany (CAGE Compagnie)
 2019 : Edmond of Alexis Michalik (Théâtre du Palais-Royal) : Léonidas Volny (Christian)

References

External links

 <mask>urs sur Unifrance
 <mask>urs Vimeo channel
 <mask> performs Dorante's speech from Scene V of La Critique de L’École des femmes by Molière, 2020.French text = https://fr.m.wikisource.org/wiki/La_Critique_de_L%E2%80%99%C3%89cole_des_femmes/%C3%89dition_Quinet,_1663#Sc%C3%A8ne_VI

1983 births
Living people
French male film actors
French male television actors
French male stage actors
Actors from Frankfurt
Alumni of the Cours Florent
French male karateka

masks:
Cyril Descours
Cyril Descours
Cyril Descours
Cyril Desco
Cyril Desco
Cyril Descours


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<mask> ( 1523 – 7 February 1603) was a Mughal princess and the daughter of Emperor Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire. She is best known as the author of Humayun-Nama, the account of the life of her half-brother, Emperor Humayun, which she wrote on the request of her nephew, Emperor Akbar. Gulbadan's recollection of Babur is brief, but she gives a refreshing account of Humayun's household and provides a rare material regarding his confrontation with her half-brother, Kamran Mirza. She records the fratricidal conflict among her brothers with a sense of grief. <mask> was about eight years old at the time of her father's death in 1530 and was brought up by her older half-brother, Humayun. She was married to a Chagatai noble, her cousin, Khizr Khwaja Khan, the son of Aiman Khwajah Sultan, son of Khan Ahmad Alaq of Eastern Moghulistan at the age of seventeen. She spent most of her life in Kabul.In 1557, she was invited by her nephew, Akbar, to join the imperial household at Agra. She wielded great influence and respect in the imperial household and was much loved both by Akbar and his mother, Hamida. <mask> <mask> finds reference throughout the Akbarnama ("Book of Akbar"), written by Abu'l Fazl, and much of her biographical details are accessible through the work. Along with several other royal women, <mask> <mask> undertook a pilgrimage to Mecca, and returned to India seven years later in 1582. She died in 1603. Name
<mask> <mask>'s name means "body like a rose flower" or "rose body" in the Persian language. Early life
When Princess <mask> was born in  1523 to Dildar <mask>, her father, Babur, had been lord in Kabul for 19 years; he was master also in Kunduz and Badakhshan, had held Bajaur and Swat since 1519, and Kandahar for a year.During 10 of those 19 years he had been styled Padshah, in token of headship of the House of Timur and of his independent sovereignty. Two years later Babur set out on his last expedition across the Indus to conquer an empire in India. Gulbadan's siblings included her older brother, Hindal Mirza, and two other sisters, Gulrang <mask> and Gulchehra <mask>, while her younger brother Alwar Mirza, died in his childhood. Among her siblings, Gulbadan was very close to her brother, Hindal Mirza. At the age of seventeen, Gulbadan was married to a Chagatai noble, her cousin, Khizr Khwaja Khan, the son of Aiman Khwajah Sultan, son of Khan Ahmad Alaq of Moghulistan. In 1540, Humayun lost the kingdom that his father Babur had established in India, to Sher Shah Suri, a Pashtun soldier from Bihar. With only his pregnant wife Hamida Banu <mask>, one female attendant and a few loyal supporters, Humayun first fled to Lahore, and then later to Kabul.He was in exile for the next fifteen years in present-day Afghanistan and Persia. <mask> <mask> went to live in Kabul again. Her life, like all the other Mughal women of the harem, was intricately intertwined with three Mughal kings – her father Babur, brother Humayun and nephew Akbar. Two years after Humayun re-established the Delhi Empire, she accompanied other Mughal women of the harem back to Agra at the behest of Akbar, who had begun his rule. Writing of the Humayun Nama
Akbar commissioned <mask> <mask> to chronicle the story of his father, Humayun. He was fond of his aunt and knew of her storytelling skills. It was fashionable for the Mughals to engage writers to document their own reigns (Akbar's own history, Akbarnama, was written by the well-known Persian scholar Abul Fazl).Akbar asked his aunt to write whatever she remembered about her brother's life. <mask> <mask> took the challenge and produced a document titled Ahwal Humayun Padshah Jamah Kardom Gulbadan Begum bint Babur Padshah amma Akbar Padshah. It came to be known as Humayun-nama. Gulbadan wrote in simple Persian, without the erudite language used by better-known writers. Her father Babur had written Babur-nama in the same style, and she took his cue and wrote from her memories. Unlike some of her contemporary writers, Gulbadan wrote a factual account of what she remembered, without embellishment. What she produced not only chronicles the trials and tribulations of Humayun's rule, but also gives us a glimpse of life in the Mughal harem.It is the only surviving writing penned by a woman of Mughal royalty in the 16th century. There has been suspicion that Gulbadan wrote the Humayun-Nama in her native language of Turkic rather than Persian, and that the book available today is a translation. Upon being entrusted with the directive by Akbar to write the manuscript, <mask> <mask> begins thus:There had been an order issued, ‘Write down whatever you know of the doings of Firdous-Makani (Babur) and Jannat-Ashyani (Humayun)’. At this time when his Majesty Firdaus-Makani passed from this perishable world to the everlasting home, I, this lowly one, was eight years old, so it may well be that I do not remember much. However in obedience to the royal command, I set down whatever there is that I have heard and remember. From her account, we know that <mask> was married by the age of 17 to her cousin, Khizr Khwaja, a Chagatai prince who was the son of her father's cousin, Aiman Khwajah Sultan. She had at least one son.She had migrated to India in 1528 from Kabul with one of her stepmothers, who was allowed to adopt her as her own on the command of her father, the Emperor. After the defeat of Humayun in 1540, she moved back to Kabul to live with one of her half-brothers. She did not return to Agra immediately after Humayun won back his kingdom. Instead, she stayed behind in Kabul until she was brought back to Agra by Akbar, two years after Humayun died in a tragic accident in 1556. <mask> <mask> lived in Agra and then in Sikri for a short while, but mostly in Lahore or with the Court for the rest of her life, except for a period of seven years when she undertook a pilgrimage to Mecca. The Mughal Court even up to the early years of Shah Jahan's reign was never a confined thing, but a travelling grand encampment and there is no doubt that <mask> Banu <mask>, like most Mughal ladies, hated the confines living in buildings and no doubt, wholeheartedly agreed with the verses of Jahanara <mask>, the daughter of Shah Jahan, that the rot of the empire would set in when the Mughals confined themselves to closed houses. She appears to have been an educated, pious, and cultured woman of royalty.She was fond of reading and she had enjoyed the confidences of both her brother, Humayun, and nephew, Akbar. From her account it is also apparent that she was an astute observer, well-versed with the intricacies of warfare and the intrigues of royal deal making. The first part of her story deals with Humayun's rule after her father's death and the travails of Humayun after his defeat. She had written little about her father Babur, as she was only aged eight when he died. However, there are anecdotes and stories she had heard about him from her companions in the Mahal (harem) that she included in her account. The latter part also deals with life in the Mughal harem. She recorded one light-hearted incident about Babur.He had minted a large gold coin, as he was fond of doing, after he established his kingdom in India. This heavy gold coin was sent to Kabul, with special instructions to play a practical joke on the court jester Asas, who had stayed behind in Kabul. Asas was to be blindfolded and the coin was to be hung around his neck. Asas was intrigued and worried about the heavy weight around his neck, not knowing what it was. However, when he realised that it was a gold coin, Asas jumped with joy and pranced around the room, repeatedly saying that no one shall ever take it from him. <mask> <mask> describes her father's death when her brother had fallen ill at the age of 22. She tells that Babur was depressed to see his son seriously ill and dying.For four days he circumambulated the bed of his son repeatedly, praying to Allah, begging to be taken to the eternal world in his son's place. As if by miracle, his prayers were answered. The son recovered and the 47-year-old father died soon after. Soon after his exile, Humayun had seen and fallen in love with a 13-year-old girl named Hamida Banu the niece of Shah Husain Mirza. At first she refused to come to see the Emperor, who was much older than her. Finally she was advised by the other women of the harem to reconsider, and she consented to marry the Emperor. Two years later, in 1542, she bore Humayun a son named Akbar, the greatest of the Mughal rulers.<mask> <mask> described the details of this incident and the marriage of Humayun and Hamida Banu with glee, and a hint of mischievousness in her manuscript. Gulbadan also recorded the nomadic life style of Mughal women. Her younger days were spent in the typical style of the peripatetic Mughal family, wandering between Kabul, Agra and Lahore. During Humayun's exile the problem was further exaggerated. She had to live in Kabul with one of her step brothers, who later tried to recruit her husband to join him against Humayun. <mask> <mask> persuaded her husband not to do so. He, however, did so during her nephew's reign and, along with his son, was defeated and was expelled from court and from her presence for the rest of his life.He was not even allowed to be buried next to her. His grave is in one corner of the main quadrangle in which she is buried. If <mask> <mask> wrote about the death of Humayun, when he tumbled down the steps in Purana Qila in Delhi, it has been lost. The manuscript seems to end abruptly in the year 1552, four years before the death of Humayun. It ends in mid-sentence, describing the blinding of Kamran Mirza. As we know that <mask> <mask> had received the directive to write the story of Humayun's rule by Akbar, long after the death of Humayun, it is reasonable to believe that the only available manuscript is an incomplete version of her writing. It is also believed that Akbar asked his aunt to write down from her memory so that Abul Fazl could use the information in his own writings about the Emperor Akbar.The memoir had been lost for several centuries and what has been found is not well preserved, poorly bound with many pages missing. It also appears to be incomplete, with the last chapters missing. There must have been very few copies of the manuscript, and for this reason it did not receive the recognition it deserved. A battered copy of the manuscript is kept in the British Library. Originally found by an Englishman, Colonel G. W. Hamilton. it was sold to the British Museum by his widow in 1868. Its existence was little known until 1901, when Annette S. Beveridge translated it into English (Beveridge affectionately called her 'Princess Rosebody').Historian Dr. Rieu called it one of the most remarkable manuscripts in the collection of Colonel Hamilton (who had collected more than 1,000 manuscripts). A paperback edition of Beveridge's English translation was published in India in 2001. Pradosh Chattopadhyay translated Humayun Nama into Bengali in 2006 and Chirayata Prokashan published the book. Pilgrimage to Mecca
<mask> <mask> described in her memoir a pilgrimage she along with Hamida Banu <mask> undertook to Mecca, a distance of 3,000 miles, crossing treacherous mountains and hostile deserts. Though they were of royal birth, the women of the harem were hardy and prepared to face hardships, especially since their lives were so intimately intertwined with the men and their fortunes. <mask> <mask> stayed in Mecca for nearly four years and during her return a shipwreck in Aden kept her from returning to Agra for several months. She finally returned in 1582, seven years after she had set forth on her journey.Akbar had provided for safe passage of his aunt on her Hajj and sent a noble as escort with several ladies in attendance. Lavish gifts were packed with her entourage that could be used as alms. Her arrival in Mecca caused quite a stir and people from as far as Syria and Asia Minor swarmed to Mecca to get a share of the bounty. Later life
When she was 70, her name is mentioned with that of Muhammad-yar, a son of her daughter, who left the court in disgrace; again, she and Salima join in intercession to Akbar for Prince Salim; again, with Hamida, she receives royal gifts of money and jewels. Her charities were large, and it is said of her that she added day unto day in the endeavour to please God, and this by succouring the poor and needy. When she was 80, in February 1603, her departure was heralded by a few days of fever. Hamida was with her to the end, and it may be that Ruqaiya, Hindal's daughter, also watched her last hours.As she lay with closed eyes, Hamida Banu <mask> spoke to her by the long-used name of affection, "Jiu!" (live or May you Live). There was no response. Then, "Gul-badan!" The dying woman opened her eyes, quoted the verse, "I die—may you live!" and died. Akbar helped to carry her bier some distance, and for her soul's repose made lavish gifts and did good works.He will have joined in the silent prayer for her soul before committal of her body to the earth, and if no son were there, he, as a near kinsman, may have answered the Imam's injunction to resignation: "It is the will of God." It is said that for the two years after her death, Akbar lamented constantly that he missed his favourite aunt, until his own death in 1605. Gulbadan was also said to have been a poet, fluent in both Persian and Turkish. None of her poems have survived. However, there are references to two verses and a quaseeda written by her by the Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar in his collection of verses as well as some references by Mir Taqi Mir. It is unfortunate that a large collection of imperial Mughal archival material which had found its way to Lukhnow was destroyed by the Farangis to impose and lend substance to the myth of centuries of foreign rule over Hindustan instead of the ninety years which was actually endured. For much of history the manuscript of Gulbadan Begum remained in obscurity.There is little mention of it in contemporary literature of other Mughal writers, especially the authors who chronicled Akbar’s rule. Yet, the little-known account of <mask> <mask> is an important document for historians, with its window into a woman’s perspective from inside the Mughal harem. In popular culture
<mask> <mask> is a principal character in Salman Rushdie's novel The Enchantress of Florence (2008). References

Bibliography

 Humayun-Nama : The History of Humayun by Gul-Badan Begam. Translated by Annette S. Beveridge. New Delhi, Goodword, 2001, . Rebecca Ruth Gould "How Gulbadan Remembered: The Book of Humāyūn as an Act of Representation," Early Modern Women: An Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol.6, pp. 121–127, 2011
 Three Memoirs of Homayun. Volume One: Humáyunnáma and Tadhkiratu’l-wáqíát; Volume Two: Táríkh-i Humáyún, translated from the Persian by Wheeler Thackston. Bibliotheca Iranica/Intellectual Traditions Series, Hossein Ziai, Editor-in-Chief. Bilingual Edition, No. 11 (15 March 2009)

External links
 Complete text of Humayun Nama

 Selections from The Humayun Nama by Gulbadan Begam

1520s births
1603 deaths
Mughal princesses
Timurid princesses
Mughal nobility
16th-century Indian historians
Historians in the Mughal Empire
Persian-language writers
16th-century Indian women writers
16th-century Indian writers
Women of the Mughal Empire
Timurid dynasty
People from Agra
Women writers from Uttar Pradesh
Indian women historians
Scholars from Uttar Pradesh
Women educators from Uttar Pradesh
Educators from Uttar Pradesh
Educators from West Bengal
17th-century Indian women writers
17th-century Indian writers
17th-century Indian historians
Daughters of emperors

masks:
Gulbadan Begum
Gulbadan Begum
Gulbadan
Begum
Gulbadan
Begum
Gulbadan
Begum
Gulbadan
Begum
Begum
Begum
Begum
Gulbadan
Begum
Gulbadan
Begum
Gulbadan
Begum
Gulbadan
Begum
Gulbadan
Gulbadan
Begum
Gulbadan
Begum
Begum
Gulbadan
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Gulbadan
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Gulbadan
Begum
Gulbadan
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Gulbadan
Begum
Gulbadan
Begum
Begum
Gulbadan
Begum
Begum
Gulbadan
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Gulbadan
Begum


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<mask> (born <mask>, 18 June 1902 – 24 April 1990) was a Lithuanian writer, journalist, and political ideologue. Educated in France, <mask> worked as a journalist of the Lithuanian news agency ELTA and chief editor of the official daily Lietuvos aidas. <mask> was one of the leaders of Young Tautininkai, an organization of radical young members of the Lithuanian Nationalist Union in the late 1930s – this movement is also known as Vairininkai after the political magazine Vairas. A sympathizer with national socialism, <mask> is considered to be one of the chief ideologues of totalitarian nationalism in interwar Lithuania. During the Nazi occupation of Lithuania, he participated in the Lithuanian Activist Front (LAF) and later emigrated to the United States where he dedicated his life to literary work. He was a prolific writer and published seven collections of short stories, six novels, fifteen plays, four non-fiction books, and one poetry collection. His writings primarily deal with patriotic themes and topics.Biography

Early life and career
<mask> was the eldest of four children of a family of Lithuanian farmers in Sidabravas. <mask>' father briefly worked in the United States and managed to purchase  of land from a former manor in  near Radviliškis. His brother  became a theater director. <mask> was taught by a daraktorius, a travelling Lithuanian teacher educating pupils in secret during the Lithuanian press ban. In 1912–1923, <mask> studied at the Šiauliai Gymnasium, with a half-year break in 1919 when he volunteered for the Lithuanian Army to fight the West Russian Volunteer Army in the Lithuanian Wars of Independence, despite being only 17 years old. From sixth grade onward, <mask> became immersed in literature, writing poetry and participating in the activities of the Ateitis Catholic Youth organization. Like many Lithuanian writers, he published his literature under a pseudonym, choosing Alantas, a tributary of the river Minija.In 1923, he enrolled to study literature in the University of Lithuania, but quit a year later due to lack of funds, and worked as a teacher at a gymnasium in Plungė until 1926. He continued his studies at the University of Montpellier in France and graduated in 1929. Because of his knowledge of French, he worked as the chief of the French section of ELTA from 1930 to 1934. In 1934–1939, he worked as the chief editor of the state newspaper Lietuvos aidas, and officially changed his last name to <mask> in 1937. He was awarded the Order of Vytautas the Great (1936) and the Order of the Three Stars (1939). Vairininkai ideologue
In the late 1930s, Vairininkai took control of the media and the party apparatus in Antanas Smetona's dictatorship – party newspapers such as Vairas, Akademikas and Lietuvos aidas were chaired by the radical youth, while the general secretary of the Nationalist Union  and the chairman  supported their ideas. They were unaligned with earlier extremist Lithuanian movements such as Voldemarininkai and presented themselves as an "opposition of goodwill".The Vairininkai were anti-semitic, anti-democratic, anti-communist, totalitarian and sympathized with National Socialism. They believed all political parties to be a hurdle towards creating a monolithic state with an unquestioned absolute leader at the top (cf. Führerprinzip) and saw democracy, in <mask>'s words, as a "psychosis" which the young generation should rid itself of. <mask> openly expressed extremist views arguing for aggressive nationalism without compromises. For example, he published an article in Vairas arguing in favor of an ethnic cleansing in the Vilnius Region after it was returned to Lithuania according to the terms of the Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty – he cited Nazi Germany as an example writing that "the Germans turned the city of Gdynia into the most German city in their country through a fully mechanical process – people were moved out and other people were moved in". <mask> published selected articles and texts in his book  (The Marching Nation), published in 1940. It was an apologetic work that defended the authoritarian regime of Smetona.He denounced international cooperation in favor of isolationist policies, and believed that national egoism, based on national solidarity, was the key to nations' survival. He believed that one's nation was superior and above others, and that citizens should sacrifice for their country (and not that a country should sacrifice for its citizens). World War II and postwar life

After the Soviet occupation of Lithuania in June 1940, <mask> fled to Germany. His wife and son remained in Lithuania and were deported to Siberia during the June deportation in 1941. In Germany, he was invited to head the Commission of Culture of the Lithuanian Activist Front, a movement of Lithuanian exiles who sought to liberate Lithuania with Nazi German support. <mask> belonged to the radical right wing of the LAF and supported establishment of the . Despite being offered by  to head the Commission of Culture in the Ministry of Education in the Provisional Government of Lithuania, his appointment was blocked by the Party of Lithuanian Nationalists and he was appointed as the head of Vilnius Drama Theatre instead.During three years of work, <mask> wrote three plays, two of which were staged. In 1944, <mask> fled to Germany from the approaching Soviet army and became a displaced person in the aftermath of World War II. In 1949, <mask> moved to Detroit, United States, where he worked as a low-wage labourer in a Ford Motors automobile factory until retirement in 1968. He knew French and German, but struggled with English. He dedicated the rest of his life to literary work and published several novels, short stories, and a poetry collection. He was chairman of the  in 1967–1971, and was offered jobs editing Lithuanian periodicals but he refused. In exile, <mask>'s views grew increasingly esoteric and are exemplified in his first novel Pragaro pošvaistės (Patches of Hell).Searching for a psychological refuge, he began glorifying Baltic paganism and pre-Christian Lithuanian culture and denounced Christianity as a foreign, imposed influence. He equated Lithuanian national ideology with a return towards pagan humanism, and championed a worldview in which Lithuanians would recognize only Praamžius, the chief god of Baltic paganism, in the metaphysical, humane solidarity between fellow Lithuanians in the moral, and the principle "kill your enemy if you're able, perish yourself if you're not" in the political prism. In emigration, <mask> published two non-fiction books. In 1976, he wrote a study on Romas Kalanta who self-immolated in Kaunas protesting the Soviet regime in 1972. He wrote Tauta istorijos vingiais (The Nation Along the Twists of History) in 1987 and published it in 1990. It contains thoughts on the survival of the small nation, national character and identity of Lithuanians, meaning and value of the anti-Soviet resistance by the Lithuanian partisans. The work was republished in independent Lithuania in 1992.That year, the Ministry of Culture and Education proposed to include the book in the history curriculum for the 12th grade, but the proposal was quickly dropped. Literary works
He was a prolific writer and published seven collections of short stories, fifteen plays, six novels, four non-fiction books, and one poetry collection. He authored more than a hundred short stories and feuilletons that varied in themes and topics. He did not join any literary movement or circles. His works have features of realism and romanticism with schematic writing style that resembles journalist's work. They often include melodramatic love stories and declarations of patriotism. His first short story was published in the Ateitis magazine in 1923.His first two collections of short stories, Artisto širdis (The Heart of an Artist) and Tarp penkių ir septynių (Between Five and Seven), were published in 1931 and 1934. The stories showed influence of Oscar Wilde and mostly dealt with city residents and their shortcomings – a move away from the traditional Lithuanian literature that primarily dealt with the lives of the Lithuanian village. Two other collections, Ant siūbuojančios žemės (On the Swaying Earth) and Svetimos pagairės (Foreign Skies), were published in the post-war years (1946 and 1954) and deal with the lives of Lithuanian refugees and emigrants, anti-Soviet resistance in Lithuania, etc. He published another collection Nemunas teka per Atlantą (Neman Flows Through the Atlantic) in 1970 that included stories concerning the history of Lithuania. The best short stories were published in Atspindžiai ūkanose (Reflections in the Mist) in 1976. In 1984, he published Gelmių balsai (Voices of the Deep), a collection of six short stories that won Lithuanian literary contests. <mask>' first play Užtvanka (The Dam) was staged in 1932 and received critical acclaim.It dealt with a love story in the background of electrification. The second play, Gaisras Lietuvoje (Fire in Lithuania), was staged in 1933. It invited to burn down the shacks and their heritage of Russian oppression to make way for the new Lithuania. Due to its political undertones, the play was discontinued after two performances. As a director of the Vilnius Drama Theatre, he staged two comedies Gyvenimas iš naujo (Life Anew) and Buhalterijos klaida (A Bookkeeping Error). As a displaced person in post-war Germany, <mask> wrote a more serious drama Aukštadvaris which dealt with love and duty and which premiered in Australia in 1955. He wrote more plays while living in Detroit; those were mainly comedies that were staged by two amateur Lithuanian theaters.A collection of nine plays was published in Chicago in 1963. It included Aukštadvaris, three dramas about the desperate struggles of the anti-Soviet Lithuanian partisans, and five comedies that dealt with larger moral issues (e.g. choosing money over love or patriotic duty). <mask> started his first novel Pragaro pošvaistės (In the Glow of Hell) in Lithuania, finished it in Detroit, and published it in West Germany in 1951. The work sparked lengthy discussions in Lithuanian literary circles – some 80 reviews and commentaries were collected and published in 1971 as a separate book. The novel deals with four patriots who fight the Nazi occupation in Vilnius, but the controversy was caused by the main character and his position that Lithuanians should return to the Lithuanian mythology and denounce Christianity. As a literary work, the novel was criticized for its schematic and lifeless characters.His second novel Tarp dviejų gyvenimų (Between Two Lives) was published in 1960 and was the first lengthy work to deal with the anti-Soviet Lithuanian partisans, highlighting their sacrifices and heroism. <mask>' third novel Amžinasis lietuvis (The Eternal Lithuanian; 1972) has autobiographical features (the main character is a writer who works at an automobile factory) and deals with the Lithuanian diaspora and their struggles to preserve their language and culture. The main character draws strength from the heroic history of Lithuania and pre-Christian Lithuanian paganism. This time, the work was criticized not for anti-Christian themes but due to heavy sexual content. <mask>' largest work is the two-volume novel Šventaragis  published in 1972 and 1974. It is a historical work that deals with the reign of King Mindaugas in the 13th-century Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The main character is the legendary Šventaragis (cf.Šventaragis Valley), a wise and determined defender of the pagan faith. The novel was republished in independent Lithuania in 1998. <mask> wrote his fifth novel Liepkalnio sodyba (Liepkalnis Homestead) in response to a contest held by the Union of Lithuanian Agronomists. Published in 1978, it depicts a raising family of Lithuanian farmers in the interwar period. His last novel Aušra Paliūnuose (Dawn in Paliūnai) was published in 1986 and depicts the publication of the first Lithuanian periodicals Aušra and Varpas during the Lithuanian National Revival. <mask> started writing poetry in high school but published only one collection in 1982. The poems primarily deal with episodes from the history of Lithuania and express patriotic feelings: nine poems were dedicated to the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, three to Romas Kalanta, others to Vilnius, Trakai Island Castle, , his native Sidabravas.References

1902 births
1990 deaths
Lithuanian male writers
Lithuanian dramatists and playwrights
Lithuanian journalists
Lithuanian newspaper editors
Lithuanian nationalists
University of Montpellier alumni
Lithuanian emigrants to the United States
Recipients of the Order of Vytautas the Great
20th-century journalists

masks:
Vytautas Alantas
Vytautas Benjaminas Jakševčius
Alantas
Alantas
Alantas
Alantas
Alantas
Alantas
Alantas
Alantas
Alantas
Alantas
Alantas
Alantas
Alantas
Alantas
Alantas
Alantas
Alantas
Alantas
Alantas
Alantas
Alantas
Alantas
Alantas
Alantas
Alantas
Alantas


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<mask> (born January 27, 1963) is a Brazilian politician and a journalist

He was elected governor of the state of Rio de Janeiro in the 2006 Brazilian general election and sworn into office on January 1, 2007. <mask> was a representative in the Rio de Janeiro state legislature from 1991 to 2002 and its president from 1995 to 2002. In the 2002 general elections, he was elected senator for the state of Rio de Janeiro, a position he occupied from January 2003 until December 2006, when he resigned to run in the Rio de Janeiro gubernatorial elections, having been replaced in Brazilian Senate by . He ran for mayor of Rio de Janeiro in 1996 on a PSDB Brazilian Social Democratic Party (PSDB) ticket, but his election as governor happened after he switched to the PMDB (Brazilian Democratic Movement Party). He and his running mate, Luiz Fernando de Sousa, won 68% of the valid votes (5,129,064 votes) in the second round of voting against the Popular Socialist Party (PPS) candidate Denise Frossard, who received only 32% of valid votes. <mask> was selected to make formal apologies to 120 individuals, including Dilma Rousseff, Brazil's 36th president, for human rights abuses inflicted on them during the dictatorship that was in power in Brazil from 1964 to 1985. On November 17, 2016, <mask> was arrested on charges of corruption.He has been sentenced to jail. Tenure as governor
<mask> became governor at a time of uncertain economic prospects and serious security challenges in his state of Rio de Janeiro. During the election campaign for governor in 2006, he had praised the "zero tolerance" security model touted by New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani and pledged to root out police corruption and improve services in Rio's favelas. After visiting Colombia in 2007 to observe that country's success in the realm of public safety, <mask> secured additional funding for the police and tasked Public Security Secretary, José Mariano Beltrame with spearheading a plan to improve security. In 2008, the state and city governments launched a community policing program called Pacifying Police Units, or UPPs, in Rio. In contrast to previous police practices, UPPs created a sustained, long-term police presence in favelas, including the Cidade de Deus, Complexo do Alemão and Dona Marta. Their operations made use of Rio military police's BOPE units in fighting urban crime and also use their Police Pacification Units for extended policing.These methods led to decreased homicide rates in the favelas where UPPs were set up. The magazine Brasil de Fato described him in 2007 as a political figure who " relentlessly justifies police violence in poor areas of the city. His latest statement was to claim that people living in the favelas are being paid by drug traffickers to complain about police raids." In healthcare, Cabral launched a mobile health unit that travels around the state giving free tests to the public in local areas. Cabral also streamlined management of the state's finances through tax adjustments and adoption of strict modern management techniques such as electronic bidding. These measures led Rio de Janeiro to become the first Brazilian state to be ranked as "investment grade", by the world's most important risk rating agency, Standard & Poor's. At the time, the agency announced that "the strong management that has prevailed in the State over the past three years" and the fact that the state was "backed by a strong and diverse economy with an estimated GDP per capita of around 25% above the average in Brazil" made it achieve a global rating of "BBB-" and a "brAAA" credit rating on national scale.His first tenure as governor was also marked by achievements for the LGBT community, especially the creation of Rio Sem Homofobia (Rio Without Homophobia), a program that aims to combat homophobia in public policies in the state. Cabral was also the first governor of Rio de Janeiro to participate in an LGBT parade. In transportation, Cabral renovated the fleet of SuperVia trains, which had only ten trains in 2007 with air conditioning. Today, all 100 trains have air conditioning. He was also the governor who built most kilometers of underground metro lines since the subway began operation in the 1970s. Security improvements, economic growth and Rio winning the bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics helped to increase Cabral's popularity and led him to an easy re-election victory in the 2010 Rio de Janeiro gubernatorial election, with more than 66% of the vote. He was seen as a key ally to Presidents Lula and Dilma and was regarded as potential vice presidential candidate.Awards

On September 14, 2009, <mask> <mask> received the Légion d'honneur (National Order of the Legion of Honor), the highest award of the French government. The medal ceremony took place in Paris in the French Senate. On May 8, 2008, <mask> received an award as the 2008 Personalidade Cidadania, or Good Citizen Award, for the roster of his political and social achievements during his tenure in the legislative and executive branches of government. He was selected by 4,327 representatives from various segments of civil society, by direct voting. The prize is an initiative of Unesco, Folha Dirigida and Associação Brasileira de Imprensa (ABI). In 2013, <mask> received the Brazilian Person of the Year award from the Spain-Brazil Chamber of Commerce for his contribution to health and public safety in state of Rio through the projects of the public health assistance units and UPPs. Corruption charges and arrest

Recently, he was accused of charging 5% on every contract awarded to Odebrecht, including those for restoring the Maracanã stadium and the Coperj railroad.According to the Folha de S.Paulo newspaper, he was implicated in Operation Car Wash by Benedicto Barbosa da Silva Júnior, the companies' director. On November 17, 2016, the Federal Police of Brazil arrested <mask> <mask> and seven other persons (including former secretaries of his government), as part of Operation Car Wash. He was accused of embezzling 224 million Brazilian reals, more than $80 million US. On December 6, 2016, the court heard charges filed by the Federal Public Prosecutor's Office (MPF), then charged <mask> <mask> with corruption, racketeering and money laundering. On the same day, Adriana Ancelmo, Cabral's wife, was also arrested. In February 2017, the MPF-RJ accused <mask> as part of Operation Efficiency, another operation connected to Operation Car Wash.

On 13 June 2017, he was sentenced to 14 years and two months of imprisonment for passive corruption and money laundering. On 20 September 2017 he was sentenced to an additional 45 years imprisonment for embezzlement.On July 3, 2018, within the scope of the Carwash probe; failed Brazilian businessman Eike Batista was convicted of bribing <mask> for state government contracts, paying him USD $16.6 million. Held at the Gericinó penitentiary in Bangu, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Batista was sentenced to 30 year imprisonment; Brazilian law limits sentences to 30 years served. References

1963 births
Living people
Writers from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Governors of Rio de Janeiro (state)
Brazilian journalists
Male journalists
Members of the Federal Senate
Brazilian Social Democracy Party politicians
Brazilian Democratic Movement politicians
Brazilian politicians convicted of corruption
Bribery scandals
Money laundering

masks:
Sérgio de Oliveira Cabral Santos Filho
Cabral Filho
Cabral
Cabral
Cabral
Cabral
Sérgio
Cabral
Cabral
Cabral
Sérgio
Cabral
Sérgio
Cabral
Cabral
Cabral


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<mask> (November 10, 1904 – September 13, 1990) was an English-born Canadian folk song collector, singer and teacher. She was director of the University Settlement Music School at the University of Toronto and was a faculty member of the Regina Conservatory of Music as vocal teacher. Cass-Beggs set up the Regina Junior Concery Society in 1957 and collected folk songs for use in teaching. She was a private music educator to children and did pre-school teacher music courses at Algonquin College's early childhood education. An award and scholarship are named after Cass-Beggs whose personal objects are in the collection of the Provincial Archives of Saskatchewan. Biography
On November 10, 1904, Cass-Beggs was born in Nottingham, England. She began taking piano lessons at the age of seven, and went on to matriculate to the Royal College of Music, studying composition, pedagogy, piano and voice under Basil Allchin, Percy Buck, C. C. Collier, Herbert Howells and Reginald Jacques.Cass-Beggs obtained an Associate of the Royal College of Music degree and a Licentiate of the Royal Academy of Music diploma between 1927 and 1928. From 1929 to 1939, she educated young people in music and gave song recitals of English folk songs as a mezzo-soprano in both London and Oxford. She relocated to Canada in 1939, surviving a torpedo attack on the SS Athenia passenger liner she was sailing in that September. Cass-Beggs had been a member of the 'Oriana' Madrigal Singers and the first soprano of the London Charterhouse Quartet. She continued to perform recitals of folk songs before World War II closed down most of Canada. Cass-Beggs served as director of Toronto's University Settlement Music School at the University of Toronto from 1945 to 1952 and taught music classes. In 1948, she helped to compile a report used by the lawyer Andrew Brewin in his preparation of Canada's first introduced pay equality legislation.In February 1956, Cass-Beggs joined the faculty of the Regina Conservatory of Music as vocal teacher. In Regina, she authored her philosophy that was subsequently published as To Listen, To Like, To Learn as he consolidated working with young children. Cass-Beggs also established the Regina Junior Concert Society in 1957 without funding or volunteers, becoming its honorary president for life. Throughout this time, she collected Canadian folk songs to be used in teaching, having been shocked.at the low amount of collections of Canadian folk songs there were. Cass-Beggs released the recording Folksongs of Saskatchewan to reflect her research in 1963. She left the Regina Conservatory of Music the following year. In 1969, Cass-Beggs commenced pre-school teacher music courses at Algonquin College's early childhood education in Ottawa, which saw her commute from Manitoba via plane every week.She was vice-president of the Canadian Society for Traditional Music between 1968 and 1971 and then from 1972 to 1974. Between 1972 to 1976, Cass-Beggs educated music to children privately in Vancouver and thereafter in Ottawa. By 1983, she had an enrolment of almost 250 children at her Ottawa Listen, Like Learn pre-school program, and gave two musical courses for mothers who were musical-literate. Cass-Beggs agreed to continue educating infant since parents kept asking her to teach younger children. She presented a paper at an international education and technology conference in Tel Aviv in 1984 and was invited to teach baby/parent classes in Vienna two years later. Cass-Beggs was invited by Ann Limor, a Bostonian immigrant to Israel, to train instructors and present workshops in Haifa and Jerusalem in 1988. She returned to Jerusalem in April 1989 to do conduct training courses and more workshops.It was there Cass-Beggs established a Listen Like Learn Association. She presented the paper How music is first introduced as a keynote speaker at the International Society for Music Education conference in Finland in August 1990. Cass-Beggs was an active member of Planned Parenthood, the Canadian Voice of Women for Peace, Oxfam and was a founder member of Regina's Unitarian Church. Methodology
She used a method that aimed to assist children discover the relation of music to other arts forms and was also concerned with pitch and rhythm basic training. The program was developed for children aged between two and six years old, and incorporated exercises to get babies and their mothers musically interested in Cass-Beggs's belief children have a natural rhythm. Older children were encouraged to be independent from their mothers in her classes following time to adjust. She attempted to demonstrate that babies who were sung to and hear soft, rhythmic music would develop a liking for music and have better concentration and develop speech quicker.Personal life
She was married to the Saskatchewan Power Corporation president David Cass-Beggs from 1932 to his death of cancer in February 1986. Cass-Beggs and her husband each agreed to take on their respective surnames when they married. They had three children. On September 13, 1990, she died in an Ottawa hospital. A memorial service was held for her at the Unitarian Church in Ottawa on September 23. Legacy
The Association for Early Childhood Education presented her with the Children's Service Award in 1982. Algonquin College named the non-renewable <mask>-Beggs Memorial Fund scholarship after her.In November 1992, Planned Parenthood Ottawa began awarding the <mask>-Beggs Memorial Award for Women's Reproductive Rights to commemorate her women's reproductive rights work. The Provincial Archives of Saskatchewan holds a collection of objects connected to Cass-Beggs. They include her folksong complications, audiotapes of songs, her political life in Canada and England as well as her personal papers. References

1904 births
1990 deaths
People from Nottingham
Associates of the Royal College of Music
20th-century Canadian women singers
English folk-song collectors
Canadian folk-song collectors
Canadian music educators
20th-century Canadian educators
Women educators

masks:
Barbara Cass Beggs
Barbara Cass
Barbara Cass


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<mask> (born 13 August 1972 in Santander, Spain) is a professional yachtsman in the Olympic Tornado Class. Teaming with crew Antón Paz Blanco, he became the Spanish, European, World Champion, ISAF Sailor of the year in 2005, Olympic gold medallist at the 2008 Summer Olympic Games held in Qingdao. Origins
Born and raised in Santander, <mask>'s family moved to Pontevedra, Galicia when he was five due to his father medical practice as surgeon chief in the Montecelo Hospital. He has two brothers (Carlos and Javier) and one younger sister (Beatriz). Learning to sail
<mask> first sailed in a 38 feet ketch at age eight and soon joined the local sailing school where he excelled in the Optimist fleet of the ria de pontevedra. His brothers and sister soon joined him and made sailing their common passion, racing regattas all over Spain and Portugal. Although his parents (Carlos and Beatriz) did not sail, they adapted their spare time and vacations to their kids racing calendar, always encouraging them to enjoy the sport.At age 15, <mask> completed the Optimist class and entered the laser (dinghy) class sailing the standard rig while only 60 kg and 170 cm. Although only competitive in light conditions, he soon developed a special technique downwind that gave him fantastic results at a national level. Career

The Olympic endeavor
In 1992, at age 20, the International Sailing Federation chose the Laser (dinghy) as the new one-person dinghy to be competed in 1996 Summer Olympic Games. At that time, <mask> had joined the Spanish military draft Servicio Militar in the Ejército de Tierra de España. It was in Spring 1993 that <mask> successfully passed the trials to become a member in the Spanish Pre-Olympic Sailing Team Royal Spanish Sailing Federation, a position he held from 1992 to 1996. During these years he was second in the nationals in 1995 and 1996, but missed the final cut to represent Spain in the 1996 Summer Olympic Games. Although extremely competitive in light and mid air, his performance in windy conditions was not competitive enough.In order to enhance his competitiveness, he raced with a weighted jacket, developed a chronic back injury that partially healed and persist to this day. Tornado sailing
In Spring 1997 <mask> teamed with Antón Paz Blanco as crew to race in the Tornado Olympic catamaran at the 2000 Summer Olympic Games. The Tornado Class is a two-person catamaran that achieves very high speeds. It was added in 1976 to the assortment of boats in the Olympic Event overseen by the International Sailing Federation. The Tornado was designed in the autumn of 1967 by Rodney March from England, with help from Terry Pierce, and Reg White, specifically for the purpose of being the new Olympic Catamaran, which was to be selected by the IYRU in an Olympic Catamaran Trials. The boat was developed mainly in Brightlingsea, England. The Tornado has since remained unchallenged as the ultimate one-design catamaran.Even more after several design updates have been introduced over the years. With its modern, stylish rigging and sleek lines the Tornado is quick to catch the eye of any water-drawn on-looker as it speeds across harbors, lakes, and oceans in over 40 countries around the world. With its ability to reach speeds of 14-16 knots upwind, and 33+ knots downwind or reaching, the Tornado is truly the purists' speed machine. The early years in the Tornado class were hard. Having a limited budget, and lacking a technical background in catamarans, they concentrated in physical condition, sailing, maximizing resources, while learning the basics. During these early years, all economical resources come from <mask>'s parents who saw a total dedication on both sailors. However, slowly, the Royal Spanish Sailing Federation realized about potential of this duo.Importantly, good references from Tornado gold medalist and world champion <mask>, his crew Pepote Ballester and the Tornado national coach Antonio Navarro, plus some promising results, promoted their presence in the National team. This brought them to a new level because León/Ballester were an international top team winning in 1996 Summer Olympic Games. In 2000, <mask> and Antón were chosen as sparring (team B) in the Spanish Olympic sailing team for the 2000 Summer Olympic Games. The 2004 Olympic campaign
<mask> and Anton Paz represented Spain in the 2004 Summer Olympic Games. The conditions were difficult with a mix of light to strong winds with wild changes in direction. The gold medal winners were Roman HAGARA and Hans Peter STEINACHER of Austria followed by the Americans Johnny Lovell and Charlie Ogletree. Hagara and Steniacher also won the gold medal in Sydney Australia.The Spanish team finished 8th place overall. However, this was the confirmation period with national institutions such as RFEV, FGV, Plan ADO, and private sponsors including Telefónica-Movistar helping their Olympic effort. The 2008 Olympic campaign
With renewed energies, <mask> and Antón started their 2008 Summer Olympic Games campaign winning the Tornado Spain nationals, Europeans (in Sweden), 2005 Tornado World Championship (in France), plus most of the Eurolympic circuit races. As a result, they were awarded with the Rolex-ISAF World Sailor of the Year in 2005. Although the year 2006 showed inconsistent results due to <mask> racing some legs in the Volvo Ocean Race, the Tornado season was quite satisfactory with wins in the South America championship and 7th in the World's. Both races held in consecutive weeks in Buenos Aires Argentina. The season 2007 peaked in the ISAF-worlds in Cascais Portugal were <mask> and Antón become winners of this event for a second time.Importantly, they saved their passport to Beijing 2008. The sailing conditions in China were expected to be of marginal quality with strong currents and light shifty winds, however the championship end up being quite mixed with light winds and some strong conditions in the final races. <mask> and Antón Paz won the gold medal in the Tornado Class. Out of the 11 races held <mask> and Anton won four races with a final score of 44 points. Getting the silver medal were Darren Bundock and Glenn Ashby of Australia with 49 points, and getting the bronze was Santiago Lange and Carlos Espinola of Argentina with 56 points. The 2012 Olympic campaign
The Tornado class lost its Olympic status in early 2009. Therefore, after <mask> completed the Volvo Ocean Race, he joined forces with new crew <mask> to challenge for the 2012 Summer Olympic Games in the veteran keeled star class.A rigorous physical training was essential to become a heavy crew, thus competitive results took a long time. The two <mask>'s took the podium gold in the Open Europeans in Helsinki 2011. The coming 2012 Star World's in Hyères will reveal the final countries qualified for London 2012. Offshore racing
<mask> was given the opportunity of racing keeled boats at the Royal Sailing Club Sanxenxo where his reputation as a dinghy sailor in the early 90s was growing. It didn't take him long to shine among fellow competitors from the competitive Galicia's fleet winning numerous events. However, it was the pursuit of a career in the Olympics what minimized his apparitions in IMS sailing. It was after he signed for the Movistar sailing team that he got again in the IMS mediterranean circuit winning numerous events including Copa del Rey, European and world's titles.In 2006, the Movistar Volvo Ocean Race team included him in the crew to race the Rio de Janeiro-Baltimore, Baltimore-New York-Plymouth legs. Sadly, drama hit the New York-Plymouth stage due to structural damage in the keel system of the Movistar VOR70 that forced the crew to abandon ship when battling a North Atlantic storm. It was the courageous crew of ABN AMRO 2 who saved them from an uncertain fate in what may have been one of the most emotional moments in offshore sailing ever. In 2008, <mask> was named skipper of one of the two Spanish entries in the Volvo Ocean Race 2008–2009, Telefónica Black. The ten leg race started in Alicante Spain on 4 October with an inshore race, followed by the first leg from Alicante to Cape Town South Africa. Telefónica suffered structural damage to the rudder and finished the first leg in last place. In Leg 4, Telefónica Black experienced very rough headwinds and waves and a crack developed on the port side of the boat.<mask> Black winning the final leg in the Baltic Sea from Stockholm to Saint Petersburg. Volvo Round the World Ocean Race
 2006 (crew) Movistar: Sank
 2008-09 (skipper) Telefónica Black: Overall Standing 6th of 8 boats. In 2021, <mask> achieved monohull line honours in the  Rolex Fastnet Race as skipper on board the 42.6m/140ft ClubSwan 125 Skorpios. Olympics, world's, and continental championships

Star Europeans finishings
 2011: 1st (Helsinki)

Summer Olympics
 2008: 1st (Beijing)
 2004: 8th (Athens)
 2000: Spanish Team B

Tornado World's finishings
 2007: 1st (Cascais)
 2006: 6th (San Isidro)
 2005: 1st (La Rochelle)
 2004: 4th (Palma de Mallorca)
 2003: 13th (Cadiz)
 2002: 12th (Martha's Vineyard)

Tornado Europeans finishings
 2007: 12th (Palma de Mallorca)
 2006: 11th (Lübeck)
 2005: 1st (Vastervik)
 2004: 6th (Gran Canaria)
 2003: 6th (Cagliari)
 2002: 9th (Vilamoura)

Tornado North American finishings
 2007: 3rd (Miami)
 2006: 3rd (Miami)

Tornado South American finishings
 2006: 1st (San Isidro)
<mask> is the recipient of the Rolex World Sailor of the Year Award of 2005. References

External links

 ISAF World Rankings ISAF- currently second (Fall 2007)
 Harken Interview with <mask>varri
 Debut on Team Movistar

ISAF World Sailor of the Year (male)
1972 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Santander, Spain
Sailors (sport) from Cantabria
Spanish male sailors (sport)
Sportspeople from Galicia (Spain)
Sailors at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Tornado
Sailors at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Tornado
Olympic sailors of Spain
Olympic gold medalists for Spain
Olympic medalists in sailing
Star class sailors
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Volvo Ocean Race sailors
Sailors at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Nacra 17
Tornado class world champions
World champions in sailing for Spain

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Fernando Echávarri Erasun
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<mask>  (born 20 August 1948) is an English singer and songwriter, best known as the lead singer and lyricist of the English rock band Led Zeppelin for all of its existence from 1968 up until 1980, when the band broke up following the death of John Bonham, the band's drummer. <mask> enjoyed great success with Led Zeppelin from the late 1960s to the end of the 1970s. He developed a compelling image as the charismatic rock-and-roll front man, similar to those of contemporaries such as Mick Jagger of the Rolling Stones, Roger Daltrey of the Who, Jim Morrison of the Doors, and Freddie Mercury of Queen. With his mane of long blonde curly hair and powerful, bare-chested appearance, <mask> helped to create the "god of rock and roll" or "rock god" archetype. Although Led Zeppelin dissolved in 1980, <mask> has occasionally collaborated with Jimmy Page on various projects in later years, including Page and <mask>, and the short-lived supergroup The Honeydrippers (with Jeff Beck). A powerful and wide vocal range (particularly evident in his high-registered vocals) has given <mask> a successful singing career spanning more than 50 years. In 2008, Rolling Stone editors ranked him number 15 on their list of the 100 best singers of all time.In 2011, Rolling Stone readers ranked <mask> the greatest of all lead singers. In 2006, Hit Parader magazine named <mask> the "Greatest Metal Vocalist of All Time". In 2009, <mask> was voted "the greatest voice in rock" in a poll conducted by Planet Rock. Biography

Early life and musical beginnings
<mask> <mask> was born on 20 August 1948, in the Black Country town of West Bromwich, Staffordshire, England, to <mask><mask>, a qualified civil engineer who worked in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War, and Annie Celia <mask> (née Cain), a Romani woman. He grew up in the Hayley Green area of Halesowen, Worcestershire. <mask> gained an interest in singing and rock and roll music at an early age; in an interview with Andrew Denton on the Denton talk show in 1994, <mask> stated his desire, as a ten-year-old, to be like Elvis Presley:When I was a kid I used to hide behind the curtains at home at Christmas and I used to try and be Elvis. There was a certain ambience between the curtains and the French windows, there was a certain sound there for a ten-year-old.That was all the ambience I got at ten years old ... And I always wanted to be ... a bit similar to thatHe left King Edward VI Grammar School for Boys in Stourbridge in his mid-teens and developed a strong passion for the blues, mainly through his admiration for Willie Dixon, <mask> and early renditions of songs in this genre. He abandoned training as a chartered accountant after only two weeks to attend college in an effort to gain more GCE passes and to become part of the English Midlands blues scene. "I left home at 16", he said, "and I started my real education musically, moving from group to group, furthering my knowledge of the blues and of other music which had weight and was worth listening to". <mask>'s early blues influences included Johnson, Bukka White, Skip James, Jerry Miller, and Sleepy John Estes. <mask> had various jobs while pursuing his music career, one of which was working for the major British construction company Wimpey in Birmingham in 1967 laying tarmac on roads. He also worked at Woolworth's in Halesowen town for a short period of time. He cut three obscure singles on CBS Records and sang with a variety of bands, including the Crawling King Snakes, which brought him into contact with drummer John Bonham.They both went on to play in the Band of Joy, merging blues with newer psychedelic trends. Led Zeppelin (1968–1980)

Early years

In 1968, guitarist Jimmy Page was in search of a lead singer for his new band and met <mask> after being turned down by his first choice, Terry Reid, who referred him to a show at a teacher training college in Birmingham (where <mask> was singing in a band named Hobbstweedle). In front of Page, <mask> sang Jefferson Airplane's "Somebody to Love", leading Page to end his search. As recalled by <mask> and Page:

With a shared passion for music, <mask> and Page immediately developed a strong relationship, and began their writing collaboration with reworkings of earlier blues songs. Initially dubbed the "New Yardbirds" in 1968, the band soon came to be known as Led Zeppelin. The band's eponymous debut album hit the charts in 1969 and is widely credited as a catalyst for the heavy metal genre. <mask> has commented that it is unfair for people to think of Zeppelin as heavy metal, as almost a third of their music was acoustic.In 1975, <mask> and his wife Maureen (now divorced) were seriously injured in a car crash in Rhodes, Greece. This significantly affected the production of Led Zeppelin's seventh album Presence for a few months while he recovered, and forced the band to cancel the remaining tour dates for the year. In July 1977, his son Karac died at the age of six while <mask> was engaged on Led Zeppelin's concert tour of the United States. It was a devastating loss for the family. <mask> retreated to his home in the Midlands, and for months afterward questioned his future. Lyrics

<mask> did not begin writing song lyrics with Led Zeppelin until the making of Led Zeppelin II, in 1969. According to Jimmy Page:

<mask>'s lyrics with Led Zeppelin were often mystical, philosophical and spiritual, alluding to events in classical and Norse mythology, such as "Immigrant Song", which refers to Valhalla and Viking conquests.However, the song "No Quarter" is often misunderstood to refer to the god Thor; the song actually refers to Mount Thor (which is named after the god). Another example is "The Rain Song". <mask> was also influenced by J. R. R. Tolkien, whose book series inspired lyrics in some early Led Zeppelin songs. Most notably, "The Battle of Evermore", "Misty Mountain Hop", "No Quarter", "Ramble On" and "Over the Hills and Far Away" contain verses referencing Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit. Conversely, <mask> sometimes used more straightforward blues-based lyrics dealing primarily with sexual innuendo, as in "The Lemon Song", "Trampled Under Foot", and "Black Dog". Welsh mythology also forms a basis of <mask>'s interest in mystical lyrics. He grew up close to the Welsh border and would often take summer trips to Snowdonia.<mask> bought a Welsh sheep farm in 1973, and began taking Welsh lessons and looking into the mythology of the land (such as Black Book of Carmarthen, Book of Taliesin, etc.) <mask>'s first son, Karac, was named after the Welsh warrior Caratacus. The song "Bron-Y-Aur Stomp" is named after the 18th-century Welsh cottage Bron-Yr-Aur, owned by a friend of his father; it later inspired the song "Bron-Yr-Aur". The songs "Misty Mountain Hop", "That's the Way", and early dabblings in what would become "Stairway to Heaven" were written in Wales and lyrically reflect <mask>'s mystical view of the land. Critic Steve Turner suggests that <mask>'s early and continued experiences in Wales served as the foundation for his broader interest in the mythologies he revisits in his lyrics (including those myth systems of Tolkien and the Norse). Page's passion for diverse musical experiences influenced <mask> to explore Africa, specifically Marrakesh in Morocco where he encountered Umm Kulthum:

Both he and Jimmy Page revisited these influences during their reunion album No Quarter: Jimmy Page and <mask> Unledded in 1994. During his solo career <mask> tapped into these influences many times, most notably on the 2002 album Dreamland.Arguably one of <mask>'s most significant achievements with Led Zeppelin was his contribution to the track "Stairway to Heaven", an epic rock ballad featured on Led Zeppelin IV that drew influence from folk, blues, Celtic traditional music and hard rock among other genres. Most of the lyrics of the song were written spontaneously by <mask> in 1970 at Headley Grange. While never released as a single, the song has topped polls as the greatest song of all time. <mask> is also recognised for his lyrical improvisation in Led Zeppelin's live performances, often singing verses previously unheard on studio recordings. One of the most famous Led Zeppelin musical devices involves <mask>'s vocal mimicking of bandmate Jimmy Page's guitar effects. This can be heard in the songs "How Many More Times", "Dazed and Confused", "The Lemon Song", "You Shook Me", "Nobody's Fault but Mine" and "Sick Again". He is also known for his light-hearted, humorous and unusual on-stage banter.<mask> often discusses the origin and background of the songs during his shows, and sometimes provides social comment as well. He frequently talks about American blues musicians as his inspiration, mentioning artists like <mask>, Howlin' Wolf, Blind Willie Johnson and Willie Dixon at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony and the 2007 Ahmet Ertegün Tribute Concert with Led Zeppelin. Stage persona

<mask> enjoyed great success with Led Zeppelin throughout the 1970s and developed a compelling image as the charismatic rock-and-roll front man, similar to his contemporaries the Who's singer Roger Daltrey, Mick Jagger of the Rolling Stones, Freddie Mercury of Queen, and Jim Morrison of the Doors. With his mane of long blond hair and powerful, bare-chested appearance, <mask> helped to create the "god of rock and roll" or "rock god" archetype. On stage, <mask> was particularly active in live performances, often dancing, jumping, skipping, snapping his fingers, clapping, making emphatic gestures to emphasise a lyric or cymbal crash, throwing back his head, or placing his hands on his hips. As the 1970s progressed he, along with the other members of Led Zeppelin, became increasingly flamboyant on-stage, and wore more elaborate, colourful clothing and jewellery. According to Classic Rock magazine, "once he had a couple of US tours under his belt, 'Percy' <mask> swiftly developed a staggering degree of bravado and swagger that irrefutably enhanced Led Zeppelin's rapidly burgeoning appeal."In 1994, during his "Unledded" tour with Jimmy Page, <mask> himself reflected tongue-in-cheek upon his Led Zeppelin showmanship:

One of the oddest awards he received was the Rock Scene magazine "Chest O Rama". Readers of the magazine had to decide who had the best chest in rock, and <mask> was the winner. When they contacted him about it, he replied: "I'm really greatly honoured although it's hard for me to be eloquent on the subject of my chest." Solo career (1982–present)

Early career and success (1982–1993)
After Led Zeppelin disbanded in December 1980 (following the death of drummer John Bonham), <mask> briefly considered abandoning music to pursue a career as a teacher in the Rudolf Steiner education system, going so far as to be accepted for teacher training. He nevertheless embarked on a successful solo career, helped by encouragement from Genesis drummer Phil Collins, who would go on to play with him. <mask>'s solo career began with the album Pictures at Eleven in 1982, followed by 1983's The Principle of Moments. Popular tracks from this period include "Big Log" (a Top 20 hit in 1983), "In the Mood" (1983), "Little by Little" (from 1985's Shaken 'n' Stirred), "Far Post" (the B-side of "Burning Down One Side"), which appeared on the soundtrack of the 1985 movie White Nights starring Gregory Hines and  Mikhail Baryshnikov, and popularised by airplay on album-oriented rock stations), "Tall Cool One" (a No.25 hit from 1988's Now and Zen) and later "I Believe" (from 1993's Fate of Nations). This last track, like Led Zeppelin's "All My Love", was written for and dedicated to his late son, Karac. Whilst <mask> avoided performing Led Zeppelin songs through much of this period (although he would occasionally improvise his unique Zeppelin screams into his set), his tours in 1983 (with Phil Collins on drums) and in 1985 were very successful, often performing to sold-out arena-sized venues. In 1986 <mask> performed at the Birmingham Heart Beat Charity Concert with other famous Midlands musicians. During the late 1980s and early 1990s <mask> co-wrote three solo albums with keyboardist/songwriter Phil Johnstone. These were: Now and Zen in 1988, Manic Nirvana in 1990, and the 1993 Fate of Nations (which features Moya Brennan of Clannad and former Cutting Crew guitarist Kevin Scott MacMichael). Songs from this third album, plus a smattering of Led Zeppelin classics, made up the set-list for <mask>'s acclaimed sunset performance on the Main Stage at Glastonbury Festival, in 1993.It was Johnstone who talked <mask> into playing Led Zeppelin songs in his live shows, something <mask> had always previously resisted, not wanting to be forever known as "the former Led Zeppelin vocalist". Although Led Zeppelin split in 1980, <mask> occasionally collaborated with Jimmy Page on various projects through this period, including forming a short-lived all-star group with Page and Jeff Beck in 1984, called the Honeydrippers. They released an album called The Honeydrippers: Volume One, and the band had a No. 3 hit with a remake of the Phil Phillips' tune "Sea of Love", plus a follow-up hit with a cover of Roy Brown's "Rockin' at Midnight". The pair again worked together in the studio on the 1988 Page solo effort Outrider, and in the same year Page contributed to <mask>'s album Now and Zen. Also, on 15 May 1988 <mask> appeared with Page as a member of Led Zeppelin, at the Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary concert (where he also performed in his own right as a solo artist). <mask>'s live collaborations with other well-known musicians continued when he took to the stage with Queen at Wembley Stadium, for 1992's "The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert" for AIDS Awareness; where he sang Queen's "Innuendo" and "Crazy Little Thing Called Love", and Led Zeppelin's "Kashmir" and "Thank You".Page and <mask> (1994–1998)
Page and <mask> became a full-fledged performing act from 1994 through 1998, releasing the No Quarter: Jimmy Page and <mask> Unledded album in 1994 and following with an enormously successful tour in 1995, including a return to the Glastonbury limelight. Fourteen years of speculation from their fans and occasional sniping between the two former members ended when they reconvened their former musical partnership to produce No Quarter. Having long resisted offers from MTV to reform to do an Unplugged show, they finally accepted as part of a deal that also allowed them to visit Morocco to record new material. The album combines the results of both of these projects. The Led Zeppelin material features new arrangements

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Robert Anthony Plant
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Robert Anthony
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Robert C
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 and new instrumentation, including strings, Egyptian musicians and the vocals of British-Asian star Najma Akhtar. Page and <mask> recorded their only post-Zeppelin album of original material on the 1998 album Walking into Clarksdale, an effort that was unsuccessful commercially, leading <mask> to return to his solo career. A song from this album, "Please Read the Letter", was re-recorded by <mask> with Alison Krauss, and was featured on their 2007 album which won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year.Priory of Brion (1999–2000)
Starting in mid-1999, <mask> performed until the end of 2000 at several small venues with his folk-rock band, named Priory of Brion. This band consisted of the original Band of Joy guitarist Kevyn Gammond alongside Andy Edwards (drums), Paul Timothy (keyboards) and Paul Wetton (bass). The Priory of Brion played around one hundred concerts across Europe at various small clubs and festivals. The band performed cover versions of songs that had influenced <mask> in his formative years. Many of these cover versions would crop up later on his Dreamland album. In 1999, <mask> contributed to the tribute album for Moby Grape co-founder Skip Spence, who was terminally ill. The album, More Oar: A Tribute to the Skip Spence Album (Birdman, 1999), with the album title referring to Spence's only solo album, Oar (Columbia, 1969), contained <mask>'s version of Spence's "Little Hands".<mask> had been an admirer of Spence and Moby Grape since the release of Moby Grape's eponymous 1967 debut album. In 2001, <mask> appeared on Afro Celt Sound System's album Volume 3: Further in Time. The song "Life Begin Again" features a duet with Welsh folksinger Julie Murphy, emphasising <mask>'s recurring interest in Welsh culture (Murphy would also tour in support of <mask>). Strange Sensation (2001–2007)
In 2002, with his then newly formed band Strange Sensation, <mask> released a widely acclaimed collection of mostly blues and folk remakes, Dreamland. Contrasting with this lush collection of often relatively obscure remakes, the second album with Strange Sensation, Mighty ReArranger (2005), contains new, original songs. Both have received some of the most favourable reviews of <mask>'s solo career and four Grammy nominations, two in 2003 and two in 2006. As a former member of Led Zeppelin, along with Page and John Paul Jones, <mask> received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2005 and the Polar Music Prize in 2006.From 2001 to 2007, <mask> actively toured the US and Europe with Strange Sensation. His sets typically included recent, but not only, solo material and plenty of Led Zeppelin favourites, often with new and expanded arrangements. A DVD titled Soundstage: <mask> and Strange Sensation, featuring his Soundstage performance (filmed at the Soundstage studios in Chicago on 16 September 2005), was released in October 2006. With Strange Sensation's Justin Adams he appeared at the 2003 Festival au Desert held in Essakane in the North of Mali, captured in a French-language documentary film entitled Le Festival au Désert (2004). On 23 June 2006, <mask> was the headliner (backed by Ian Hunter's band) at the Benefit For Arthur Lee concert at New York's Beacon Theatre, a show which raised money for Lee's medical expenses from his bout with leukaemia. <mask> and band performed thirteen songs – five by Arthur Lee & Love, five Led Zeppelin songs and three others, including a duet with Ian Hunter. At the show, <mask> told the audience of his great admiration for Arthur Lee dating back to the mid-'60s.Lee died of his illness six weeks after the concert. An expansive box set of his solo work, Nine Lives, was released in November 2006, which expanded all of his albums with various b-sides, demos, and live cuts. It was accompanied by a DVD. All his solo works were re-released with these extra tracks individually. In 2007, <mask> contributed two tracks to the Fats Domino tribute album Goin' Home: A Tribute to Fats Domino, "It Keeps Rainin'" with the Lil' Band o' Gold and "Valley of Tears" with the Soweto Gospel Choir. Alison Krauss (2007–2008)

In 2007 and 2008, <mask> recorded and performed with bluegrass star Alison Krauss. A duet album, Raising Sand, was released on 23 October 2007 on Rounder Records.The album, recorded in Nashville and Los Angeles and produced by T Bone Burnett, includes performances of lesser-known material from R&B, blues, folk and country songwriters including Mel Tillis, Townes Van Zandt, Gene Clark, Tom Waits, Doc Watson, Little Milton and the Everly Brothers. In February 2008 the song "Gone Gone Gone (Done Moved On)" from Raising Sand won a Grammy for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals at the 50th Grammy Awards. In February 2009 at the 51st Grammy Awards, Raising Sand won 5 Grammys, for Album of the Year, Record of the Year, Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals, Best Country Collaboration with Vocals, and Contemporary Folk/Americana Album. The album has been successful critically and commercially, and was certified platinum on 4 March 2008. <mask> and Krauss began an extended tour of the US and Europe in April 2008, playing music from Raising Sand and other American roots music as well as reworked Led Zeppelin tunes. The album was nominated for the Mercury Prize in July 2008. Also in 2008, <mask> performed with bluegrass musicians at the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival and Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival.He appeared as a surprise guest during Fairport Convention's set at the 2008 Cropredy Festival, performing Led Zeppelin's "The Battle of Evermore" with Kristina Donahue as a tribute to Sandy Denny. <mask> performed with Strange Sensation guitarist Justin Adams and the West African riti (a one-string violin) master Juldeh Camara for the finale of the three day World of Music, Arts and Dance Festival in Abu Dhabi. Approximately 50,000 attended each of the free Womad concerts, which took place on the Corniche public beach from 23–25 April 2009. <mask> received the Q Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music at the 2009 awards. Band of Joy (2010–2011)

In July 2010, <mask> embarked on a twelve-date summer tour in the United States with his newly formed group called Band of Joy (reprising the name of his first band in the 1960s). The group included singer Patty Griffin, singer-guitarist Buddy Miller, multi-instrumentalist and vocalist Darrell Scott, bassist-vocalist Byron House, and drummer-percussionist-vocalist Marco Giovino. A one-off show in the United States on 12 September 2010 at the Bowery Ballroom in New York City, was followed by an eleven-date autumn 2010 tour in Europe and a North America tour in 2011.A new studio album called Band of Joy was released on 13 September 2010 on the Rounder Records label. The album was nominated for Best Americana Album in the 2011 Grammy Awards, and <mask>'s performance of "Silver Rider" on the album (a cover from the Low album The Great Destroyer) was nominated for Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance. The band played their final scheduled show together at the Big Chill Festival at Eastnor Castle Deer Park in Herefordshire on 7 August 2011. The show ended with <mask> bidding his bandmates "a fond farewell". September 2011 - <mask> played in Marfa, TX at El Cosmic Trans - Pecos Festival as part of a band called Crown Vic consisting of Patty Griffin, Dony Wynn, David Grissom, Glenn Fukunaga, Michael Ramos. On 30 September 2011, Plant and Band of Joy played in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, as part of the 11th Hardly Strictly Bluegrass festival. Released in October 2011, <mask> duetted with Alfie Boe on "Song to the Siren" for Alfie's sixth album, Alfie, which he also recorded himself on 2002's Dreamland.Sensational Space Shifters (2012–2019)
It was first reported that <mask>'s new band, the Sensational Space Shifters, would be debuting at 2012's WOMAD festival in Wiltshire, England. An intimate warm up gig was then announced in Gloucester on 8 May 2012 to a crowd of 400. Although it was initially reported that there were 10 members of the band, along with <mask> the band consists of former Strange Sensation members, Cast guitarist Liam "Skin" Tyson, Justin Adams, Billy Fuller and John Baggott along with Dave Smith and Juldeh Camara. Patty Griffin was the special guest on the first few shows prior to her new album release and subsequent tour. On 13 July 2012, the band released a download live album called Sensational Space Shifters (Live in London July '12). This album featured a mix of Strange Sensation and Led Zeppelin reinterpretations as well as covers and a spot by Patty Griffin. In addition to WOMAD and the Gloucester show, the Sensational Space Shifters were scheduled for the free Sunflower River Blues & Gospel Festival's 25th anniversary in Clarksdale, Mississippi on 10–12 August 2012.Released in 2014, Lullaby and... The Ceaseless Roar is <mask>'s tenth solo album and the first studio recording with his band the Sensational Space Shifters. On 28 June 2014, <mask> and the Sensational Space Shifters played at the Glastonbury Extravaganza. The band featured West African musician Juldeh Camara, guitarists Skin Tyson and Justin Adams, drummer Dave Smith, Massive Attack keyboardist John Baggott, and bassist Billy Fuller. On 7 August 2014, <mask> announced an autumn 2014 7-date North American tour from 25 September (in Port Chester, NY) to 7 October 2014 (in Los Angeles, CA). Released in January 2015, <mask> duetted with Ralph Stanley on "Two Coats" from his 2014 collaborative album "Ralph Stanley & Friends: Man of Constant Sorrow". To celebrate Record Store Day 2015 (Saturday 18 April), <mask> released a special 10-inch live EP titled More Roar, which was limited to 10,000 copies and included live versions of "Turn It Up" and "Arbaden" on side A, with a medley of "Poor Howard" and "Whole Lotta Love" on side B.During a concert at Hammerstein Ballroom in New York City on 19 September 2015, <mask> hinted at plans for a new album with the Sensational Space Shifters, stating, "We'll go make another record and then we'll come see you guys even more." On April 25, 2015, <mask> headlined a special event, "Leadbelly at 125" - a tribute to American Folk Legend Leadbelly at Kennedy Centre in conjunction with the Grammy Museum and performed with Alison Krauss, Viktor Krauss, Buddy Miller. <mask> covered Elbow's track, Blanket of Night, featured on the British Red Cross' compilation LP "The Long Road", released on March 4, 2016. The LP aimed to raise awareness of the "struggles faced by refugees and asylum seekers at a time of increased global conflict and migration". "We have a worldwide international catastrophe," says <mask>. "Talking about it is one thing, doing something about it is another. The position we are in, it’s paramount we all do our best one way or another to help."Produced by Ethan Johns, other artists include Tinariwen. On 19 September 2016, <mask> confirmed that he would join in October 2016 artists such as Emmylou Harris, Steve Earle, Patty Griffin, Buddy Miller, and The Milk Carton Kids for select dates on the Lampedusa Concerts for Refugees tour. The tour across 11 North American cities intended to raise awareness of the unprecedented worldwide refugee crisis and funds to support educational programs for refugees around the world. The concerts were intimate evenings of acoustic performances. About his participation in the shows, <mask> stated that "as with all the other members of this tour, [he would] be performing two or three songs a night and no more." <mask>'s eleventh solo album, Carry Fire, was released on 13 October 2017 and was the second studio album to be supported by his band the Sensational Space Shifters. In 2018, <mask> received the AMA Lifetime Achievement Award at the UK Americana Honors & Awards.<mask> headlined the Sunday night of Iceland's Secret Solstice Festival in Reykjavík on 23 June 2019. John Blease joined the Sensational Space Shifters in June 2018 and replaced Dave Smith on drums. In July 2018, <mask> won the Silver Cleff Integro Outstanding Award, announced by music charity Nordoff Robbins. On March 7, 2019, <mask> performed at the Third Annual LOVE ROCKS NYC, a benefit concert for God's Love we Deliver at the Beacon Theatre in NYC, hosted by Bill Murray, Martin Short and Chevy Chase amongst others, featuring an all-star line up including Sheryl Crow, Buddy Guy, Hozier, Billy F Gibbons, Jimmie Vaughan. The concert was presented by John Varvatos and Greg Williamson. Released via <mask>'s own Es Paranza label, a remastered version (with updated artwork) of Fate of Nations as part of 2019 Record Store Day with proceeds going to Greenpeace. Saving Grace (2019–present)
In 2019, <mask> formed a low key acoustic band called Saving Grace and performed support slots in February 2019 for Fairport Convention and Seth Lakeman In March 2020, Saving Grace announced a US tour scheduled for May 2020 that was cancelled due to the Covid-19 pandemic.On 19 July 2021, <mask> appeared onstage for his first post-pandemic show in Worthing, England, performing with his band Saving Grace for the first time since 2019. He went on to tour the UK with Saving Grace for their rescheduled shows. Alison Krauss (2021)
In 2021, <mask> and Alison Krauss released the 12-track studio album Raise the Roof, produced by T Bone Burnett, as a follow-up to the duo's critically acclaimed collaboration album Raising Sand. Accompanying the album's launch, <mask> and Krauss performed a globally live-streamed set, broadcast from Nashville's Sound Emporium Studios. Led Zeppelin-related projects and reunion rumours

<mask> performed with living members of Led Zeppelin both on 13 July 1985 for Live Aid (with Phil Collins and Tony Thompson on drums) and on 15 May 1988 for Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary. At the 1988 reunion, Jason Bonham, the son of Led Zeppelin's late drummer John Bonham, played drums. Both sets featured only a few songs, performed with minimal rehearsal.<mask> was unhappy with both performances, saying that "it was like sleeping with your ex-wife but not making love." At the 1990 Silver Clef Award Winners Concert at Knebworth, <mask> was joined by Jimmy Page. Some of their set was released on the subsequent live album and video. In 1995, Led Zeppelin were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and <mask> performed at the induction show with Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones, Jason Bonham, Neil Young, Steven Tyler and Joe Perry, performing spirited versions of "Bring It On Home", "Honeybee" and "When the Levee Breaks". After years of reunion rumours, Led Zeppelin performed a full two-hour set on 10 December 2007 at the Ahmet Ertegün Tribute

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Robert Plant
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Robert Plant
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