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Rear Admiral <mask>, CB (7 December 1868 – 28 December 1949) was a British naval officer and poet. He began his career in 1882 with the Royal Navy as a gunnery officer, completed it in 1919 as a rear admiral, and was acclaimed in 1941 as poet laureate of the Royal Navy by Time. As an author, <mask>'s first work was his poem The Laws of the Navy, published in 1896 when he was a lieutenant. With its good-natured military advice making it popular within both the Royal and U.S. navies, Time gives it "precedence among Navy men even over Kipling's If" and goes on to quote <mask>'s new poem Secret Orders in its entirety. The last lines of Secret Orders, written in appreciation of the Destroyers for Bases Agreement (a predecessor to Lend Lease), harken to the Second World War bond between the two navies. Early life
<mask> was born on 7 December 1868 as the third son of Mary Augusta Henrietta née Coventry (1841–1894), the granddaughter of George Coventry, 8th Earl of Coventry, and <mask>; he was educated at Cheam School. His older brother was <mask> (1863-1917), the lyricist and novelist.Military career

<mask> entered the Royal Navy on board  as a naval cadet in 1882, and became a lieutenant in 1890. After serving in the gunboat  on the Cape and West Africa Station, he joined  in 1891 to specialize in gunnery, and on qualifying in 1893 was appointed to the junior staff in the HM Gunnery School, HMNB Devonport. He was gunnery officer of the cruiser  in the English Channel, and then from 27 March 1900 he was 1st and gunnery lieutenant of the battleship  on her first commission, to the China station. <mask> returned to the Gunnery School, joining the senior staff. Promoted to commander on 26 June 1902, he was second-in-command of , flagship in China, and later of the cruiser . He advanced to captain in 1907. After commanding  and , he reattached to  in charge of gunnery training ships.<mask> was flag captain from 1910 to 1912 to Vice-Admiral Jellicoe in  and . From 1913 until after the start of the First World War in 1914, <mask> commanded the cruiser . He was appointed in December 1914, to membership in the Ordnance Committee, becoming its vice-president in 1917. He served as such until January 1919, when he retired on promotion to rear admiral. Later work

He was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) on 1 January 1919. From 1919 to 1922 he was general secretary of the Navy League, the charity that supported the Royal Navy and the oldest such organization worldwide. His subsequent advancements to vice-admiral in 1924 and admiral in 1928 were on the retired list.Late in his military career, Admiral <mask> wrote Our Fathers, The Old Way, as well as The Secret of the Ships, and The New Navy, "all of which were steeped in the tradition of the Service." Thirty-nine of <mask>'s poems, including Secret Orders, are collected in The Laws of the Navy and Other Poems, an expanded edition published in 1951. In his foreword, Alfred Noyes, acclaimed The Laws... as a book of permanent value to our literature; and there is no other book of sea poetry quite like it. Ships and the ocean-sea are the main burden throughout. The manner is of the author's own generation, and the matter is timeless. Steeped in the history of the British Navy through the centuries, they speak of something which may be called, quite simply, the soul of England, something that has saved her from a thousand perils in the past and is her only safeguard for the future.—Alfred Noyes C.B.E., D.Litt. Of less renown, <mask> was an authority on Horatio Nelson's ships.On 21 October 1925, 120 years after the Battle of Trafalgar, <mask> appeared before the Royal United Services Institution to lecture on "The Ancestry of Nelson's Ships." In 1921, he wrote an article entitled The Saving Grace that appeared in The Quarterly Review 467. <mask> wrote strongly of this opinion:The only criticism of a ship which I have never heard questioned, is that she is a compromise. That is to say, no ship has ever been endowed with the speed, armament, protection, range of action, etc., which the particular specialist admitted to be in accordance with his ideals. It follows that there are sufficient joints in her harness to offer targets enough to provide for the efforts of the most prolific inventor.—<mask><mask>

The Laws of the Navy

The 23 July 1896 issue of the British Army and Navy Gazette presented a poem that was destined to become one of the Naval World's literary classics. <mask>'s work, entitled The Laws of the Navy, set forth what might safely be termed the "wisdom of the ages" for all who seek to make their way in large, hierarchical organizations, with special emphasis on the seagoing versions. During the Great War era, Lieutenant Rowland Langmaid, R.N., made a series of drawings to accompany the poem, which was published in the version illustrated here.The writer Eeyore Smith in The Naval Review remarked "that The Laws of the Navy has had a considerable influence upon the careers of many naval officers who have served during the last half century. The commonsense, the mild cynicism ("there be those who have risen thereby"), the jingling metre, accentuated by the illustrations of [Langmaid], have left their marks upon the memories of those who have come across the twin frames which hang upon the bulkheads and walls of ships and naval establishments." By the mid-1920s, the virtues of The Laws of the Navy crossed from the Royal Navy and penetrated the consciousness of the United States Navy. The poem began to appear in the U.S. Naval Academy's Reef Points, a handbook presented to freshmen (called "Plebes") for their edification and guidance. It has been featured in the annual editions of this publication to the present day, and many a former Plebe can recite its words by heart, having been made to memorize them as an essential part of the educational process. Starting in the early 1970s, Reef Points provided a brief introduction to The Laws of the Navy, which is quoted here (as printed in the 1998–1999 edition):
As a word of advice, we include 'The Laws of the Navy' by Admiral R.A<mask>, R.N.(ret.).These twenty-seven laws contain words of wisdom that few of you will appreciate fully now, words which you may wish you had heeded twenty years from now. Read these laws, then apply them. See how those above you apply these rules--and how they sometimes disregard them--and the consequences. Be alert to learn from others; only through experience will your understanding of others broaden. You will become a richer and fuller person, a better naval officer. First and last stanzas
The Laws of the Navy
To My Comrades in the Service

Now these are Laws of the Navy,
Unwritten and varied they be;
And he that is wise will observe them,
Going down in his ship to the sea;
...
As the wave rises clear to the hawse pipe,
Washes aft, and is lost in the wake,
So shall ye drop astern all unheeded,
Such time as the law ye forsake. Mis-attributed stanzas
Two stanzas are often quoted that are not part of Langmaid's art or <mask>'s poetry.They appear at the end, set-off with <mask>'s last stanza as the moral to the poem. Take heed in your manner of speaking
That the language ye use may be sound,
In the list of the words of your choosing
"Impossible" may not be found. Now these are the Laws of the Navy
And many and mighty are they,
But the hull and the deck and keel
And the truck of the law is - OBEY! While their appendage is an unsourced tribute to <mask>'s appeal, their meter is not quite <mask>'s. Secret Orders
The title of the 1941 Time article ("World War: Debutantes Celebrated") is unusual for a discussion of the Second World War. Its inspiration comes from the metaphor in the fifth stanza of "Secret Orders":
That even while Goering was spinning his webs,
Ere Goebbels consigned the flotilla to flames,
As trim and excited as so many debs
The fifty were bound for the Court of St. James,
Displaying the emblems that none can mistake
Their feathers—of steam, and the trains—in their wake. The fifty are the fifty retired ("mothballed") destroyers transferred from the U.S. Navy to the United Kingdom in exchange for land rights on British possessions (i.e.the destroyers-for-bases agreement). The destroyers became the , and were renamed for cities common to both the United States and Great Britain, or for rivers bordering the United States and Canada. While the U.S. Navy considered the destroyers obsolescent, British naval officers were publicly "agreeably surprised" at their good condition as they debuted in the Royal Navy. Though the fifty in truth were not much liked by their new crews, <mask> was moved to poetry by the image of old ships returning to duty:
When orders arrive, irrespective of man,
To waken for service as fast as [they] can! ... The mothers of pilgrims brought up over there
Are waiting with pride to convey them to Court,
As daughters of Freedom presenting their claim
To champion her cause in the family name! Personal life
On 26 June 1915, <mask> married Gladys Wolryche-Whitmore of Thedden Grange, Alton, Hampshire, England.They had two daughters.A keen sailor, his love of his profession was one of the dominating factors of his life, and, as is well known, it found expression in the many memorable poems he wrote about the Navy, of which perhaps The Laws of the Navy, Our Fathers, and The Old Way are the best known. ...After his retirement, and as long as his health allowed he took a keen interest in many naval institutions, among them being the Queen Adelaide Naval Fund, the Royal Humane Society, the Royal Sailors' Daughters' School and Home at Hampstead, and the Chelsea Branch of the R.N.L.I.—Admiral Sir Richard Webb, RN KCMG, CB

<mask> has two portraits in the National Portrait Gallery, London, by Walter Stoneman. Published works
 at Internet Archive
The Muse in Arms The Muse in Arms - a collection of war poems, for the most part written in the field of action (1917) (Internet Archive)

Notes

References

Bibliography

Books
 at Internet Archive

Newspapers and magazines

 Also quoted in Naval Review 38 (1): 9–10. Journals

Web

The Navy List, Corrected to The 20th September, 1885, p. 100. (made midshipman 15 Jan 1884, serving 352)
The Navy List, p. 93. (made lieutenant)

External links

National Portrait Gallery images of Admiral <mask>, taken 1918
The <mask>/Langmaid collaboration
The Hopwood/Wyllie collaboration
The Naval Review 38 (1)
The Naval Review 39 (4)
Langmaid, Plate I, Plate II, Plate III, Plate IV

1868 births
1949 deaths
People educated at Cheam School
Royal Navy personnel of World War I
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Writers from London
English male poets

masks:
Ronald Arthur Hopwood
Admiral Hopwood
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John Turner Hopwood
Aubrey Hopwood
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<mask> (born 18 November 1959) is a former Northern Ireland international footballer and is now working in management. He was capped 46 times for his country, and is one of Northern Ireland's top goalscorers, having found the net 12 times at senior level. He also enjoyed a successful club career, scoring 210 goals in the Football League alone, and has enjoyed some success as a manager, including winning promotion to the Football League with Shrewsbury Town in 2004 and taking Reading to the brink of the Premier League in 1995. Club career
<mask> had a club career spanning eighteen years for a number of lower division clubs, during which he was a prolific scorer at centre forward. The pinnacle of his league football career was winning the Second Division 'Golden Boot' award for the 1993–94 season, having scored 40 goals for Reading, who were promoted as champions. <mask> was known for his towering aerial presence and a keen eye for goal. <mask> began in non-league football with Whitchurch Alport and joined Nantwich Town in the 1979 close season from where he moved on to Congleton Town.He stepped up to League football at Swindon Town, John Trollope signing him from non-league Oswestry Town for £10,000 in December 1981, the first of three spells at Swindon's County Ground. He had to wait three months for his debut, coming on as a substitute in a 2–2 draw with Walsall, on 9 March 1982. He made his full debut at the end of the season, forming an attacking partnership with Paul Rideout, in a 3–2 win over Oxford United on 4 May. It did not help Swindon, who were relegated to the Fourth Division at the end of the season, for the first time in their history. It took <mask> another whole season before he became a first team regular. He bagged a brace in a 7–0 demolition of Kettering Town in the FA Cup, and was given his chance in the next league match, when he again scored twice against Mansfield Town. Another goal in his next game cemented his place in the starting line-up, and <mask> missed just four of the remaining matches of the season.He really shone in the FA Cup, scoring six goals in five games, including one in a 2–1 home defeat by Second Division Blackburn Rovers. His performance obviously impressed them – at the end of the season Rovers signed <mask> for £32,500,despite not being able to control a bag of cement,he was a magnificent header of a football

After scoring 23 goals in 83 appearances for Rovers, Lou Macari persuaded <mask> to return to the County Ground in December 1986, for a fee of £50,000. He went straight into the starting line-up, and helped Swindon to a playoff place in the Third Division, with ten goals. <mask> missed the play-off final replay versus Gillingham through injury, but Swindon sealed promotion to the Second Division. The following season, <mask> was in fine form, scoring 31 goals in all competitions. When his contract expired in June 1988, Macari did his best to persuade <mask> to stay, but his efforts proved fruitless. <mask> agreed terms with Leicester City, and a tribunal set the fee at £210,000.<mask>'s stay at Leicester lasted less than nine months, and he scored a mere six goals from 31 appearances, most of which were as a substitute. In March 1989, he moved to Bradford City for £210,000, where he scored 14 goals in 35 games before moving again in December 1989, this time to West Ham United, who had recently been relegated from the First Division. The fee was £320,000, the highest sum paid for <mask> during his career. During his time at the club, <mask> scored eighteen league goals in forty-seven games, playing a part in their return to the First Division. It was here that <mask> earned his nickname of "<mask> the Tree", as he did not seem very mobile on the pitch although he did score a good return of goals helping West Ham return to the First Division in 1991. However, <mask> did not play in the top flight, instead transferring to AFC Bournemouth of the Third Division at the start of the 1991–92 season. Although he only spent a single season at the south coast club, he scored nineteen goals in forty-three games.He signed for Reading from Bournemouth in July 1992. He went on to make 294 appearances for the Royals, scoring 94 goals in the process. Reading were promoted from the Second Division in the summer of 1994 with the help of 35 league goals from 34-year-old <mask> (the top scorer in the entire Football League), and were comfortable in the First Division when manager Mark McGhee acrimoniously left Reading in the following December. In total, <mask> played 578 games in the Football League, scoring 210 goals. He also scored twenty-two goals in forty-six appearances in the FA Cup, and sixteen goals in thirty-five appearances in the League Cup. In a vote to compile Reading's best-ever eleven, <mask> was voted the best striker with 35.4% of the vote. He scored five goals in his final (2003–04) league season playing for Shrewsbury, during which he turned 44 years of age.After his League career ended, <mask> turned out for a number of non-league clubs and his career went full circle when he returned to Nantwich Town, playing for the club beyond the age of 46 before finally hanging up his boots at the end of the 2005–06 season. International career
<mask> was a full international for Northern Ireland for 11 years, winning 46 caps and scoring 12 goals, making him one of the highest scorers in their history. His goals included a volley from outside the area against Northern Ireland's neighbours Republic of Ireland, and the goal which helped Northern Ireland qualify for the 1986 World Cup; his goal against Romania in a 1–0 was followed up by a 0–0 draw against England to secure qualification for a second successive World Cup Finals. He was Reading's most capped player for several years, until Kevin Doyle beat his record of 17 international caps with the club. International goals

Scores and results list Northern Ireland's goal tally first

Management career
<mask> was appointed joint player-manager of Reading with Mick Gooding in December 1994 on the departure of Mark McGhee to Leicester City. Under their guidance, Reading finished second in Division One, but were denied automatic promotion to the Premier League as it was being reduced from 22 teams to 20 that season. Instead Reading were left to battle for Premier League football via the play-offs.<mask> scored the final goal in a 4–3 defeat to Bolton Wanderers, making Reading the only team to finish second in English football's second tier and not get promoted. He left two years later after Reading endured two difficult seasons, during which they battled against relegation. He joined Peterborough United where he scored 25 league goals in his first season and was elected to the PFA Division Three team. The downside of the season was that the 38-year-old <mask>'s prolific goalscoring was not enough to achieve promotion for the Cambridgeshire club. In October 1998, <mask> returned to Swindon as manager following the departure of Steve McMahon. Chairman Rikki Hunt declared that he wanted someone who would die for Swindon Town – he chose <mask>. Little did he know it was to be an impossible task.<mask> managed to keep Swindon in Division One in the 1998–99 season, but his first full season in charge proved to be a disaster – with the club in dire financial straits, they fell into administration, players were sold, and no money was available to replace them. Now 40 years old, <mask> was even forced to don the Swindon shirt again, taking the number 40 shirt! Swindon Town were rock bottom from mid-November until the end of the season, breaking a club record of nineteen games without a win in the process. After relegation was confirmed, <mask> was removed after six of the seven new board members decided he should go – despite the impossible circumstances. Colin Todd was appointed as manager within days, fuelling speculation that the club's new owners had done a deal before <mask> was ousted. Following his departure from Swindon, <mask> had brief spells as a player at Northwich Victoria and Hereford United of the Football Conference, Highworth Town of the Hellenic Football League, and Hayes of the Conference. In July 2001, <mask> returned to Northwich, this time as manager, although he also appeared for the club 46 times, scoring eight times.<mask> moved to recently relegated Shrewsbury Town at the start of the 2003–04 season, and secured their immediate return to the Football League by winning the Conference playoff final. Despite being 44, <mask> made 15 Conference appearances and scored four goals. <mask> resigned in October 2004, with Shrewsbury finding life hard back in the Football League. He returned briefly to Peterborough as assistant manager, and then became manager of Norwegian Division Three club Egersunds in December 2005. Despite a very successful spell, <mask> resigned after just five months, citing personal reasons. On 15 September 2006 <mask> was appointed manager of Conference National strugglers Cambridge United, signing a two-year contract, with his former Peterborough teammate Steve Castle as his assistant. United chairman Lee Power claimed that <mask> "filled all our criteria" for the job.After struggling with Cambridge United for much of the 2006–07 season, <mask> led them to 17th place, avoiding relegation to the Conference South on the final day of the season. After bringing in Alan Lewer as his new Assistant, he led the U's to an impressive start to the following season, which saw them top the division after an unbeaten start to the season. He also oversaw a Boxing Day victory over local rivals Histon. Mark Albrighton's goal gave them a 1–0 victory at a packed Abbey Stadium, and revenge for the 5–0 thumping Histon gave the U's in the FA Trophy in December 2006. <mask> led his Cambridge side to the play-offs in the 2007–08 season – beating Burton Albion 4–3 on aggregate in the semi-finals to set up a final against Exeter City at Wembley. In June 2008, <mask> parted company with the club by mutual consent after lengthy talks with chairman Phillip Law. On 2 September 2008, <mask> was named as the new Bournemouth manager, replacing Kevin Bond who was sacked the previous day.After 121 days on 31 December, <mask> was sacked after a run of poor results, including a 2–0 loss at home to fellow relegation battlers, Barnet. In March 2011, <mask> was appointed manager of Nantwich Town in the Northern Premier League. He left by mutual consent on 15 March 2013. Honours
Player
Promotions
 1993–94: Division Three Champion (promotion to Division Two) – Reading
 1990–91: Division Two runner up (promotion to Division One) – West Ham United
 1986–87: Division Three Playoff Winner (promotion to Division Two) – Swindon Town

Awards
 1993–94: Division Three Golden Boot Winner

Player manager
 1994–95: Division One runner-up – Reading

Manager
Promotions;
 2003–04: Conference National Playoff Winner (promotion to League Two) – Shrewsbury Town

Notes

References

External links

Profile - <mask> UpThePosh! The Peterborough United Database
<mask> The Wonderful World of West Ham United statistics

1959 births
Living people
Association footballers from Belfast
Association footballers from Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland international footballers
Whitchurch Alport F.C. players
Congleton Town F.C. players
Oswestry Town F.C.players
Swindon Town F.C. players
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Leicester City F.C. players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
West Ham United F.C. players
AFC Bournemouth players
Reading F.C. players
Peterborough United F.C.players
Northwich Victoria F.C. players
Hereford United F.C. players
Highworth Town F.C. players
Hayes F.C. players
Shrewsbury Town F.C. players
Nantwich Town F.C. players
Football managers from Northern Ireland
Reading F.C.managers
Swindon Town F.C. managers
Northwich Victoria F.C. managers
Shrewsbury Town F.C. managers
Egersunds IK managers
Cambridge United F.C. managers
AFC Bournemouth managers
Nantwich Town F.C. managers
1986 FIFA World Cup players
English Football League players
National League (English football) managers
Association football forwards

masks:
James Martin Quinn
Quinn
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Jimmy
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Jimmy Quinn
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ʿAmmār ibn Yāsir ibn ʿĀmir ibn Mālik al-ʿAnsīy (), also known as ʿAbū al-Yaqẓān  ʿAmmār ibn  Yāsir al-ʿAnsīy al-Maḏḥijīy (), was one of the Muhajirun in the history of Islam and, for his dedicated devotion to Islam's cause, is considered to be one of the most loyal and beloved companions of Muhammad and to Muslims; thus, he occupies a position of the highest prominence in Islam. Belonging to the Banu Makhzum tribe, Ammar was born in the year 567 to <mask> and Sumayyah bint Khayyat, both of whom were brutally killed. At an early age, Ammar converted to Islam by the invitation of Abu Bakr, becoming one of the earliest Muslims. He became one of the most prominent companions of Muhammad by participated in all of his military conflicts and battles. Historically, <mask> was the first Muslim to build a mosque. After the death of Muhammad, Ammar remained loyal to Ali and is referred to by Shia Muslims as one of the Four Companions. Muslims consider Ammar's ultimate fate to be unique among the fates of Muhammad's companions, for they perceive his death at the Battle of Siffin as the decisive distinguisher between the righteous group and the sinful one in the First Fitna.Before Islam
ʻAmmar belonged to Banu Makhzum tribe in Hijaz (current-day Saudi Arabia). He was born in the Year of the Elephant, which was the same year as Muhammad's birth, in Mecca and was one of the intermediaries in Muhammad's marriage to Khadijah bint Khuwaylid. His father, <mask> <mask>, was from the tribe of Qahtan in Yemen and migrated to Mecca and settled down there after marrying Sumayyah bint Khayyat, a slave woman; <mask> and his parents, <mask> and Sumayyah, were slaves to Abu Huzaifa, but upon his death, Abu Jahl -who became later one of Islam's most brutal enemies and the infamous torturer of <mask> and his parents- took them over as his slaves. Ammar's trust in and knowledge of Muhammad's credibility, even before his prophethood, encouraged him to follow Muhammad's prophetic visions as one of the earliest converts. After conversion to Islam
ʻAmmar converted to Islam in 614 or 615 CE . This coincided with the period when the Quraysh were persecuting the lower-class Muslims. As Ammar later told his grandson: "I met Suhayb <mask> at the door of the house of Al-Arqam while the Messenger of Allah was in it.I asked him, 'What do you want?' He said to me, 'What do you want?' I answered, 'I want to go to Muhammad and listen to what he says.' He said, 'That is what I want.' We entered and he presented Islam to us and we became Muslim. Then we spent the day until evening and went out concealing ourselves". <mask>'s father, mother and brother also became Muslims, though not at Abu Bakr's invitation.When Quraysh knew of the conversion of <mask>'s family to Islam, they were among the "victims who were tortured at Macca to make them recant". The Makhzum clan used to take out <mask> ibn <mask> with his father and mother in the heat of the day and expose them to the excessively-hot environment of Mecca and torture them in the scorches of the open fire, and Muhammad used to pass by them and say, "Patience, O family of Yasir! Your meeting-place will be Paradise" and "O fire! Be cool and harmless for ‘<mask> in the same manner in which you became cool and harmless for Ibrahim;” consequently, <mask> had scars on his body from the torture for the rest of his life. <mask> was tortured "until he did not know what he was saying," as was his friend Suhayb; in that state, he eventually maligned Muhammad and spoke well of the pagan gods. Afterwards he went to Muhammad and confessed his recantation. Muhammad asked, "How do you find your heart?"When <mask> replied that he was still a Muslim in his heart, Muhammad said all was well. A verse of the Qur'an, "someone forced to do it whose heart remains at rest in its faith" (16:106), refers to Ammar. <mask>'s mother was murdered by Abu Jahl for her refusal to abandon Islam: she is considered the first Muslim martyr. The opening verses of Surat Al-Ankabut (chapter 29: The Spider) were revealed in response to this tragic event. To escape the torture of the Meccans at the time, it is reported by <mask> and Ibn Ishaq that <mask> went to Abyssinia in 616. Battles under Muhammad

'<mask> was one of the few warriors who participated in the first major battle in Islam, the Battle of Badr, despite the extraordinary harsh conditions at the time; dedicatedly, he continued to take part in all the arduous battles with the Muslims even after prophet Muhammad's death. Besides his major involvement in Islam's military campaigns, this incident in Muhammad's life proved to be of most importance -historically- to Muslims: while ʻAmmār was participating in building The Prophet's Mosque in Medina, (quoting a hadith) "[and he] came in when they had overloaded him with bricks saying, 'They are killing me.They load me with burdens they can't carry themselves.' Umm Salama the prophet's wife said: I saw the apostle run his hand through is hair--for he was a curly-haired man--and say 'Alas Ibn Sumayya! It is not they who will kill you but a wicked band of men. '...Now he had a stick in his hand and the apostle was angry and said, 'What is wrong between them and ʻAmmār? He invites them to Paradise while they invite him to hell.'" These reports, viewed as valid by both Sunnis and Shi'is, would later be important during the issue of succession and particularly in interpreting ʻAmmār's death in the Battle of Siffin. Role after Muhammad's death

Under ʻUmar, he became governor of Kufa, however he was later removed from power.During Uthman <mask>'s election by the shura and before his eventual overthrowal, <mask> warningly predicted the upcoming conflict if anyone but Ali got elected and said that "If you do not want to cause a dispute among the Muslims, you have to give the pledge of allegiance to Ali". <mask>'s relationship with Uthman <mask> deteriorated; although the details of their hostilities towards each other are debatable. Battle of the Camel

Prior to the events of the Battle of the Camel, a shura was set up in an attempt to decide a successor after ʿUthmān's death; at this meeting, attendees were not in agreement regarding whether retaliation for ʿUthmān's murder was necessary or not. A report of ʻAlqama b. Waqqas al-Laythi of Kinana indicates that ʻAmmār said that they should not seek revenge. Madelung interprets ʻAmmār's behavior at this meeting indicating his desire to keep Talha from gaining power because Talha was in favor of seeking retaliation. ʻAmmār would not have wanted this since "he had been the most active in inciting the rebels to action". As the battle was developing, ʻAmmār continued to show his support for ʿAlī in multiple ways.ʿAlī first sent him along with al-Hasan to Kufa in order to try to rally the Kufans to help during the upcoming battle. According to one report recorded by al-Tabari, ʻAmmār was questioned upon arrival for participating in ʿUthmān's murder; however, he continued to try to convince the governor, Abu Musa, to take a stance instead of remaining impartial in the conflict. Al-Tabari reports how Abu Musa had encouraged the Kufans to remain neutral because he did not want to participate in inter-Muslim fighting, and he also believed that the Muslim community still owed their allegiance to ʿUthmān because no new successor had been named. An additional transmission of the same event does not mention ʻAmmār's actions against ʿUthmān and instead focuses on his intentions to sway Abu Musa into action. During the actual battle, ʻAmmār fought on ʿAlī's side. Al-Tabari includes in his history an account in which al-Zubayr is told that ʻAmmār is fighting alongside ʿAlī, and this knowledge causes al-Zubayr to be fearful because he had been with Muhammad and ʻAmmār when Muhammad had told ʻAmmār that he would be killed by "a wicked band of men". Al-Tabari again includes multiple reports of the same event, which in this case is a moment during the battle in which ʻAmmār and al-Zubayr confront each other.In both accounts ʻAmmār approaches al-Zubayr to attack him, when al-Zubayr speaks. In the report from 'Umar b. Shabbah, al-Zubayr asks ʻAmmār, "Do you want to kill me?" whereas in that from 'Amir b. Hafs, al-Zubayr asks, "Are you going to kill me, Abu al Yaqzan?" In both reports, ʻAmmār's response is negative. At the end of the battle, which is successful for ʿAlī's side, ʿAlī orders ʻAmmār and <mask> Abi Bakr to remove Aisha from her camel and bring her to 'Abdallah ibn Khalaf al-Khuza I's home in Basrah; because Al-Tabari repeatedly cites multiple reports from different transmitters, such variations in the consistency of the incidents' details -at that time- renders the reported nature of the consequential meeting of ʻAmmār and ʻA'ishah unclear: for one account displays ʻA'ishah as hostile towards ʻAmmār, whereas another later report describes the two as being on more amicable terms. Martyrdom in the Battle of Siffin

While strategising about how to defeat Muawiyah I's forces, ʿAlī gathered together a group of the Islamic ruling elite that included ʻAmmār, Hashim ibn Utbah, and Qays <mask>'d who, collectively, encouraged ʿAlī to wage jihad preemptively against whom they considered to be in the wrong. Malik Al-Ashtar also shared this opinion (albeit in a different incident).Later in the battle, ʻAmmār's name was brought up during an attempt to negotiate a truce between ʿAlī, represented by Shabath ibn Rib'i, and Muʿāwiya. Shabath is reported to have asked Muʿāwiya, "Would it make you happy, O Muʿāwiya, if you were given power over ʻAmmār, to kill him?" Muʿāwiya's response was, "Why should I not? But, by God, if I were given power over Ibn Sumayya, I would not kill him in revenge for ʿUthmān [only] but for Natil the mawla of ʿUthmān". Shabath's response was defensive and protective of ʻAmmār. In the Battle at Siffin in Al-Sham, ʿAlī placed ʻAmmār in charge of the Kufan infantry, and on the third day of fighting he tries to inspire his forces to victory by reminding them of the impiety of Muʿāwiya and his troops. Eventually, ʻAmmār was martyred in the battle by the forces of Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān in 657.Hanzala bin Khawalid narrated:

I was sitting with Muawiya. Two people were fighting over the head of <mask> bin Yassar. Each one of them was claiming that “I killed Ammar.” Then Abdullah bin Amr said “Each one of you is getting happy over the killing of this person, surely I heard from the Prophet saying this, Oh Ammar the rebellious group will martyr you.”

Narrated `Ikrima: that Ibn `Abbas told him and `Ali bin `Abdullah to go to Abu Sa`id and listen to some of his narrations; So they both went (and saw) Abu Sa`id and his brother irrigating a garden belonging to them. When he saw them, he came up to them and sat down with his legs drawn up and wrapped in his garment and said, (During the construction of the mosque of the Prophet) we carried the adobe of the mosque, one brick at a time while `Ammar used to carry two at a time. The Prophet passed by `Ammar and removed the dust off his head and said, May Allah be merciful to `Ammar. He will be killed by a rebellious aggressive group. `Ammar will invite them to (obey) Allah and they will invite him to the (Hell) fire.(Sahih Bukhari Hadith No. 2812)

While reports vary as to <mask>'s exact age, most place him at ninety years or older. Madelung puts him at over 90 years old; whereas Hasson states he was somewhere between 90 and 94. According to one report Tabari provides, ʻAbdallah b. Amr questions his father, ʻAmr b.al-As, about killing ʻAmmār. ʻAbdallah references the hadith in which Muhammad tells ʻAmmār that the "usurping party" will kill him. ʻAmr brings this concern to Muʿāwiya whose response is "Was it we who killed ʻAmmār? It was only those who brought him here".<mask> Abi Talib is said to have responded that if he killed <mask> then Muhammad is the one who killed Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib. Legacy

Muhammad willed '<mask> ibn <mask> as one of the four Sahabas whose guidance should be heeded by Muslims and also being those promised paradise. When <mask> 'died, Muʿāwiya referred to him as "one of ʿAlī's two right hands" with the other being Malik al-Ashtar. Madelung quotes Al-Tabari by reporting what Muʿāwiya said to his followers after killing Imam Ali's other loyal companion, Malik al-Ashtar: "Ali b. Abi Talib had two right hands. One of them was cut at Siffin', meaning ʻAmmār b. Yasir, 'and the other today', meaning al-Ashtar". Despite Muʿāwiya's provocations, ʻAli <mask> Talib, the Caliph at the time, highly valued the support of '<mask> <mask> and Malik al-Ashtar nonetheless. ʻAli mourned '<mask>'s loss deeply.ʻAmmar's shrine, prior to its destruction, was frequently visited and paid tribute to by Muslims. Former Palestinian leader, Yasser Arafat, was nicknamed "Abu Ammar" after <mask> ibn Yasser. Shrine desecration

The destruction of ʻAmmar's shrine was condemned by Muslims and sparked outrage in various parts of the Muslim world. See also
 Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia
 List of expeditions of Muhammad
 Uwais al-Qarani

References

External links
 Biography of <mask> bin <mask>

570 births
657 deaths
6th-century Arabs
Arabian slaves and freedmen
Sahabah who participated in the battle of Uhud
Sahabah who participated in the battle of Badr
Muhajirun
People of the First Fitna
Rashidun governors of Kufa
Sahabah killed in battle

masks:
Yasir ibn Amir
Ammar ibn Yasir
Yasir
ibn Amir
Ammar
Yasir
Ammar
ibn Sinan
Ammar
Yasir
Ammar
Yasir
Ammar
Ammar
Ammar
Ammar
Ammar
ibn Saad
Ammar
Ammar
ibn Affan
Ammar
Ammar
ibn Affan
Muhammad ibn
ibn Sa
Ammar
Ammar
Ali ibn
Ammar
Ammar
Yasir
Ammar
ibn Abi
Ammar
ibn Yasir
Ammar
Ammar
Ammar
Yasir


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<mask> (March 13, 1883 – April 1, 1954) was an American journalist, author and playwright. During a 50-year career he wrote prolifically and became renowned as one of the leading newspapermen of the first half of the 20th century. He is perhaps best known as co-author, with Lee Mortimer, of the controversial "Confidential" books, written in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Early years
<mask> was born March 13, 1883 in New York City. His family then moved to Chicago, where Lait grew up. He went to grammar school but skipped high school and took a number of jobs before entering the Lewis Institute, where he graduated. Soon afterwards he began his journalistic career, working as a picture messenger for Chicago newspapers.Journalistic career
Lait first reporting job was for the Chicago American. He readily adapted to the newspaper world of gangland-era Chicago, quickly learning the ins and outs of the police beat. Developing a knack for sensational reportage, he moved rapidly through the Hearst newspaper ranks from reporter to columnist and from editor to executive. He left Hearst for a couple of years and wrote a daily column for the Chicago Tribune. In 1921, Lait became an editor of King Features Syndicate in New York. He wrote a syndicated column called All in the Family, which ran for two decades in Hearst papers. He also had a comic strip, Gus and Gussie, illustrated by Paul Fung, which ran from April 13, 1925 to February 24, 1930.In 1934 he became managing editor of the New York American and immediately fired his son George to avoid accusations of nepotism. In 1936, Lait was appointed editor of the New York Daily Mirror, succeeding Walter Howey. He remained editor until he went on sick leave in 1952. For 50 years, Lait was associated with the Hearst newspaper organization in one capacity or another. He covered every heavyweight championship fight for 35 years until his illness. During his tenure as editor of the New York Daily Mirror, the tabloid doubled its circulation and claimed the second highest circulation of any U.S. newspaper. In 1963, nine years after Lait's death, it ceased publication following a strike and was absorbed into the then top-selling paper the New York Daily News.Lait was known as a taciturn, tireless digger of news stories. In July 1934, as the FBI was closing in on John Dillinger in Chicago, he was on the scene for an exclusive when Dillinger was killed. Lait's story, dispatched to the International News Service in New York, reached that city before even the Chicago papers were aware of what had happened. He was associated with entertainment newspaper Variety and became the head of the Chicago office as a side job. In 1911 he started his own newspaper with Tom Burke, the Chicago Morning Telegraph, but did not stay at the newspaper long. Books
He had a bestseller with Beef, Iron, and Wine featuring stories of the underworld. The "Confidential" Books
In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Lait, with co-author Lee Mortimer, wrote a series of four controversial books detailing the seamy underside of America and three of its main cities.Each of the four books had the word "confidential" in its title. Mortimer was a New York Daily Mirror newspaper columnist whom Lait had hired in the 1930s when he was editor. The first book to appear was New York Confidential: The Lowdown on Its Bright Life, published in 1948. Chicago Confidential (1950) and Washington Confidential (1951) followed soon afterwards, with USA Confidential appearing in 1952. The books sold very well, and Washington Confidential became a bestseller in 1951. The books garnered much criticism in the press and elsewhere for their sensational, salacious tone and "nonfactual accounts of alleged crime-politics links, vice and scandal." In The New York Times review USA Confidential was labeled "a rather hard-breathing lecture on coast-to-coast depravity that represents about as discouraging a picture of America as you can find at the moment."Several lawsuits were filed against Lait and Mortimer due to the "Confidential" books. Perhaps the most prominent lawsuit was by the Neiman Marcus Co., which alleged that it and its employees had been libeled in U.S.A. Confidential. Neiman sought damages totaling $7,400,000. In August 1952, a federal judge dismissed the suits on the grounds that plaintiffs had not been sufficiently identified in the book to claim damages. In April 1953, Lait and Mortimer counter-sued seeking $1,500,000 for "conspiracy and agreement to restrain commerce, and suppress the printing, publication and distribution" of the book. Sixty-three years after its publication Washington Confidential was described in an account as an "infamous guide to the D.C. demimonde" written by "a pair of right-wing hacks determined to peel back the city's white-frosted veneer to expose a fetid underbelly of Communist sympathizers, Chinese bookies, call girls, Mafiosi, and homosexuals."It adds that while the book drips with disdain, it's "an underhanded ethnography rich in fascinating period detail." Lait and Mortimer's books inspired the films New York Confidential (1955) and Chicago Confidential (1957) and the television series New York Confidential. Other writing

Plays
In the summer of 1913 he was persuaded by Wilson Mizner and Paul Armstrong to write his first play, Help Wanted, which was a big success. Films
He wrote some silent films for Texas Guinan and Wallace Reid and also worked on a freelance basis on screenplays. Songs
He wrote several songs, including in collaboration with Con Conrad. Vaudeville
He became an impresario working with William Morris organizing vaudeville shows at the American Music Hall in Chicago, including Harry Lauder's tours of the US and Annette Kellermann's first US appearance. In the early 1920s he became a writer for vaudeville acts, including Sophie Tucker, Emma Carus and Georgie Price, with up to 30 acts playing at the same time.Politics
He was a political adviser to Franklin D. Roosevelt when he was governor of New York. Personal life and death
Lait married Laura Belle Leusch on March 6, 1906. Together they had a daughter, Lois, and two sons, <mask>, Jr., who became the radio and television editor at the Los Angeles Examiner, and <mask>, a director of publicity at Columbia Pictures. Lait was bedridden for 18 months from October 1952 and went into a coma before he died April 1, 1954 of a circulatory ailment at his home in Beverly Hills, California at the age of 71. He was survived by his wife and his three children. Confidential (with Mortimer) (New York: Crown Publishers, 1952)

Notes

References
Lait, <mask> and Lee Mortimer. Washington Confidential New York: Crown Publishers, 1951.External links

1954 deaths
1883 births
20th-century American novelists
American columnists
American male journalists
American male novelists
Writers from New York City
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
American male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers
Novelists from New York (state)
20th-century American non-fiction writers
Variety (magazine) people

masks:
Jack Lait
Jacquin Leonard Lait
Jack Lait
George Lait
Jack


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<mask>, Jr. (11 June 1922 – 14 June 1953), also known as <mask> or <mask>, was a British-American racing driver and co-creator of the Cadillac-Allard sports car. Afflicted by childhood polio, he served in non-combat roles in World War II, and then took up rallying, hillclimbing, and sports car racing full-time after the war. He died, aged 31, in a crash while driving in the 1953 24 Hours of Le Mans. Early life
<mask> was born in Llandaff, in South Glamorgan, Wales, U.K. on 11 June 1922. He contracted polio in childhood, and largely recovered, but the illness left him with minor disabilities, for the rest of his life. His family emigrated to America when he was seventeen arriving in New York City on 28 August, 1939. He attended Harvard University for a year, served in the U.S.Merchant Marine and then drove an ambulance for the American Field Service. Upon returning from the war, he began to volunteer for Bill Frick and Phil Walters' famed Frick-Tappett circle-track racing team. In Frick's words, "<mask> would meet us at the gate at races all around the East. He’d get on the running board of the tow car and we'd tell the man at the gate that he was with us. At first, he didn’t know which end of the screwdriver to use, but after awhile he became quite helpful. In the parlance of the circle-track racing scene, we called these people 'pit stooges.' They were just fellows who wanted to be around the racing scene and did not have a car."Racing career

First hillclimbs and sportscar races
<mask> split his time between the US and the UK after the war. In 1947, <mask> took part in the Bugatti Owner's Club (B.O.C.) Opening Rally in Bisley, Surrey, driving a "very transatlantic" Buick. He was noted as being a new member. Following this, he tuned his 3½ litre Jaguar SS100 for hillclimbs and sportscar races. In July, he raced the car at Gransden Lodge Airfield but it blew up on the first lap. In September, he drove it to second in class in the Brighton Speed Trials and made his first appearance in the Prescott Speed Hill Climb.<mask> returned to Prescott in June 1948 and recorded the fastest time in his class, a feat he would repeat at the July meeting. He placed second in class at the Boscombe Speed Trials in August before returning to Prescott in September for a third class victory, this time in very wet conditions. <mask> then brought his Jaguar and an HRG 1500 to the United States, racing first at the 1949 Bridgehampton Sports Car Races, held on June 11 of 1949. Bridgehampton founder Bruce Stevenson recalled that "<mask> was well known to all as a gentleman... charmingly forgetful of his passport, his wallet, his helmet and the unimportant details of daily life. But in a thrilling exhibition of driving skill, he piloted the Jaguar to second place using only one hand on the controls—the other was occupied holding the battery in position!" He drove his HRG 1500 to fifth place in the 1500cc heat, then drove his Jaguar to second behind George Huntoon's Alfa Romeo 8C in the 100 mile event. In September, he raced the HRG at the Watkins Glen Grand Prix to fifth in the supporting Seneca Cup and fourth in the feature race, winning his class in both.Cad-Allard years

<mask>'s ability soon exceeded the potential of the Jaguar and he approached Bill Frick, of Frick-Tappet Racing, to see if the car could accommodate a  Cadillac engine. It would not so he imported an Allard J2 from England through his father's shipping company and installed the engine into this car instead. The Cadillac-Allard J2, or Cad-Allard, fused a lightweight chassis and modern suspension system with a large powerplant, and would achieve considerable international success. <mask> is credited with its creation. The first race for the new car was at Palm Beach Shores in January 1950. <mask> led for two laps before being passed by eventual winner Huntoon. He finished seventh after a spin, but was disqualified for receiving a push.In May, he won the heat race for the Heart Trophy at Suffolk County Airport and led the feature, but suffered a cracked rear wheel and finished second behind Briggs Cunningham. He took his first major race victory at Bridgehampton Sports Car Races in June, leading flag to flag and setting the fastest lap. The same month, he raced a Cad-Allard at Le Mans with marque founder Sydney Allard, placing third overall despite only having top gear for most of the race. The car was permitted to race as a prototype given that few units had been sold at the time. In July, he competed in the Leinster Trophy but retired. In September, he returned to the Watkins Glen Grand Prix; he slid off track from pole but Erwin Goldschmidt won in a Cad-Allard. <mask> partnered with Goldschmidt for the inaugural Sebring 6 Hours in December; the latter wrote to Motor Sport hailing the Cad-Allard as one of the greatest sportscars of 1950, even above the Jaguar XK120 that had been so successful on the Continent.<mask> damaged his Cad-Allard in a crash. His friend and racing patron, John Perona, offered him a Chrysler Hemi powered Allard for the 1951 Buenos Aires Grand Prix. Due to the engine’s massive torque, the car suffered from transmission problems during practice and the race. John Fitch won, ironically driving <mask>’s Cad-Allard which he had borrowed and repaired. His adventure in Argentina did not end there, as shown in a letter he wrote to his friend Vic Franzese (owner of the Glen Motor Inn in Watkins Glen, New York  north of Elmira):
"He was in a light plane that had crashed in the jungle. The pilot had a .45 handgun and a knife. They survived eating snakes.It took them two weeks to find civilization in Brazil. They were found by the natives." Returning to the US, he drove his Chrysler-engined Allard to another win at the Bridgehampton Sports Car Races, sweeping the S+3.0 support race and the 100 mile feature. He returned with Sydney Allard to Le Mans in a Cad-Allard, retiring with clutch problems around the 12-hour mark. He won the sportscar class in a Chrysler-Allard at the Leinster Trophy and set a sportscar lap record at the event, lapping the Wicklow Circuit at an average speed of . He travelled to the Targa Florio but did not compete, and did not get back in time to take up his entry for the Tourist Trophy at Dundrod. European racing campaign

In March 1952, <mask> took second place in the Vero Beach 12 Hour Endurance Road Race.He was surrounded by Ferrari drivers on the podium. That summer he launched his European racing campaign at Le Mans, with a Ferrari 225 S, serial number 0152EL, belonging to his co-driver ”Pagnibon” but entered by Scuderia Ferrari. They ran as high as 15th before retiring with ignition issues. Shortly after, he purchased his own Vignale bodied 225 S, serial number 0194ET. He drove it in two Italian road races: the Targa Florio (placing 11th overall) and the Dolomites Gold Cup Race (15th overall). August saw <mask> return to Britain with his Ferrari. He took part in the Daily Mail International Festival at the Boreham Circuit, finishing fifth in the S+2.0 race despite fading brakes.A fortnight later, he partnered Graham Whitehead in the inaugural Goodwood Nine Hours, finishing second in a race of high attrition despite again suffering fading brakes. His Ferrari was photographed during this race and featured on the cover of Motor Sport in September 1952. <mask> followed this up with second place at the Bari Grand Prix. In 1953, <mask> returned to Europe and purchased a 340 MM Vignale; the car's serial number was 0284AM. He sold the 225 S to Ecurie Francorchamps. He entered the 1953 Mille Miglia in April and, despite having never driven the 1,000 mile course before, finished fourth with Swiss navigator Mario Vandelli after a steady, controlled drive. He drove to second place in the sportscar race supporting the BRDC International Trophy in early May.The same year, <mask> began a foray into single-seater racing with the Atlantic Stable team. He made his debut in March in the Syracuse Grand Prix driving a Cooper T23, only for a burst tyre to cause his car to crash and burst into fire. At the International Trophy, he entered the main Formula Two race in addition to the sportscar race, driving a Ferrari 500. In Heat 1, he collided with Joe Kelly and later ran out of power in a separate incident, but finished the heat in 15th. He did not feature in the final, presumably unable to fix the issue with his car. <mask> focused on single-seaters for the rest of May. Back in a T23, he was a reserve entry for the Ulster Trophy and Coronation Trophy but did not compete, and reached his first and only single-seater finish at the Grand Prix d'Albi, coming home 7th despite a broken gear-change forcing him to coast into most corners in neutral.<mask> returned to sportscars for June. Staying in France, he partnered with Peter Whitehead to a victory in the rainy French International  in Whitehead's Jaguar C-Type. However, the event was marred by the fatal accident of his Le Mans co-driver "Pagnibon". Death at Le Mans

On 13 June 1953, <mask> started his fourth Le Mans in his 340 MM, this time co-driven by Luigi Chinetti. The race started well, with the car running as high as third during the first three hours, but it had fallen to sixth by the fourteenth hour as morning broke in fog. <mask> began a charge, unusual for this phase of the race and for the conditions, and was catching the fifth-placed car of Peter Whitehead by 10 to 20 seconds per lap. At 6:14 a.m., <mask> lost control passing a slower car at Maison Blanche.The Ferrari hit a bank and demolished a wooden hut. <mask> was ejected from the car and died instantly from his injuries. <mask> had previously expressed his wish that, if he were killed during a motor race, he should be buried near the venue. He was interred at the Le Mans West Cemetery in accordance with this wish. Nationality
Born a British citizen, <mask> had applied for U.S. citizenship and that process was still underway at the time of his death. He held an American racing driver's license, and his Ferrari at the 1952 Targa Florio was painted in North American racing colours (the FIA required cars to be painted in their drivers' national colours). He has been referred to as "an Anglo-American, who called both countries home."Legacy
Since 2016, the VSCC has hosted an annual race for 1950s sportscars known as the Tom <mask> Trophy. Racing record

Career highlights

Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results

Complete 12 Hours of Sebring results

Complete Mille Miglia results

Complete 12 Hours of Hyères results

References

External links

<mask> at racingsportscars.com. 1922 births
1953 deaths
Welsh racing drivers
Racing drivers killed while racing
Sport deaths in France
People from Llandaff
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
12 Hours of Sebring drivers
Mille Miglia drivers
World Sportscar Championship drivers
American Field Service personnel of World War II
United States Merchant Mariners of World War II
People with polio
Welsh emigrants to the United States

masks:
Thomas Lionel Howard Cole
Tom Cole
Tommy Cole
Cole
Tommy Cole
Cole
Cole
Cole
Cole
Tommy Cole
Cole
Cole
Cole
Cole
Cole
Cole
Cole
Cole
Cole
Cole
Cole
Cole
Cole
Cole
Cole
Cole
Cole
Cole
Cole
Cole
Tom Cole


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<mask> (23 January 1941 – 21 January 2018) was an English-Australian rock and roll musician. He performed on pop music programs, Six O'Clock Rock, Bandstand, Johnny O'Keefe Show, Sing Sing Sing, Saturday Date, and Woody's Teen Time. He issued a compilation album, A Tribute to the King Rare Songs 1957-1965, in 1988. <mask> released singles via Leedon Records, starting with "Don't Let Go" in April 1960. His second, "Don't You Worry 'Bout That" (September), was written by O'Keefe, which reached number 3 on the local Top 40. His fourth single, "Beggin' on My Knees" (November 1961), was written by his brother Rod and reached number 16, nationally. <mask> was signed by RCA in 1964 and issued another single, "A Tribute to the King".This was written by fellow musician and the label's A&R, Johnny Devlin. He followed with "My Little Emmy" in July 1965, which was written by <mask>. Even though he was a popular performer locally, he achieved little commercial success internationally. <mask> subsequently performed with other early Australian rockers. Early life
<mask> was born in London on 23 January 1941. The <mask> family—Stella Rose, Carl Leopold, <mask> and Rodney—migrated to Australia in 1948. They settled in the Sydney suburb of Neutral Bay.At the age of 15 <mask> became interested in rock and roll. He left school and worked as apprentice motor mechanic. His early bands included the Boppers and the Bellairs; they played gigs at local dance halls. <mask> provided "some Presley-type singing and guitar-playing." In 1957 he recorded material, which was not released until 1988, issued on his compilation album, A Tribute to the King Rare Songs 1957-1965, via Canetoad Records. According to Ainslie Baker of The Australian Women's Weekly, he "has brown eyes, is 6ft. 1in.tall, weighs 13- stone, likes cars and car-racing, surfing, and football." Lee Gordon/Leedon
<mask> was "talent spotted" in 1959 while playing during the interval in between Marlon Brando and James Dean films at Manly's Embassy Theatre, by 2SM radio DJ, Allan Lappan. He was recommended to Johnny O'Keefe who recruited <mask> for a spot on the rocker's TV pop music show, Six O'Clock Rock. He became "one of the most popular young male artists of the day." He also appeared regularly on pop, variety TV show, Bandstand. One of the few artists to use his real name, O'Keefe branded him the "Big Boy of Rock" due to his solid physique. <mask> signed to O'Keefe and Lee Gordon's label, Leedon Records, in 1960, which issued his debut extended play, <mask> Sings.His first single – a cover version of Roy Hamilton's "Don't Let Go" – appeared in April. It was recorded with chorus and orchestra directed by Eddie Cash, Jr (a pseudonym of O'Keefe). He began touring with other local artists, Digby Richards, Jimmy Little, and Warren Williams. In May to June that year he took part in an interstate tour supporting Johnny O'Keefe and the Dee Jays, Laurel Lea, Booka Hyland, Lonnie Lee, the Sapphires and Ray Hoff. <mask> left the tour in mid-June as he was "too exhausted to sign on for an extra week of engagements." In the following week O'Keefe lost control of his Plymouth Belvedere near Kempsey and was involved in a serious car accident. <mask>'s follow-up single, "Don't You Worry 'Bout That", written by O'Keefe, appeared in September 1960.It was well received in most states, reaching No. 37 on the Sydney music charts. Late in the following year he issued his fourth single, "Beggin's on My Knees", which became his most successful hit when it reached No. 16 on the national top 40. The track is written by his younger brother, <mask>, who later explained how "One day, strumming on an old guitar given to him by <mask>, he asked his brother to have a listen to a fresh composition he was quite happy with. Its potential was immediately recognised by <mask> and, perhaps even more importantly, by his producer, [O'Keefe]." Warren Carr played its "ear grabbing tinkling piano."1964-1980
<mask> was approached to switch to RCA by New Zealand-born rocker Johnny Devlin, who from late 1963 was the label's Australian A&R manager and house producer. <mask>'s first single on the label, "Tribute to the King" was released in 1964. It was written by Devlin as a tribute to Presley, which "consisted of 32 Elvis Presley song titles set to rocking instrumental backing provided by Devlin's backing band The Devils." His next single, "My Little Emmy", which was written by <mask>, was released in July 1965. <mask> undertook interstate tours supporting Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs and Ray Brown & the Whispers. Though only releasing two singles while at RCA, he recorded more material, however after leaving the label in 1966, the recordings were unreleased. According to Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, "with the lack of success of his RCA sides, <mask> gave up his rock'n'roll career to work as an electrician."In 1974 he resumed his music career to join O'Keefe and fellow 1960s rockers Ray Brown, Lonnie Lee, Jade Hurley, Johnny Devlin, Dinah Lee and Tony Brady as part of a touring ensemble, The Good Old Days of Rock 'n' Roll. The nostalgia circuit was successful with the tour continuing for four years. In 1978 he issued a single, "City of Armidale", via the Bunyip label. 1981-onward

In 1981 Raven Records issued a compilation, split album, Rock On!, with "most of <mask>'s singles as one half" and the rest from fellow rocker, Johnny Rebb. <mask>'s early material, including previously unreleased tracks, was issued as a solo compilation album, A Tribute to the King Rare Songs 1957-1965, via Canetoad Records. Concert bookings had become rarer, and <mask> returned to working a day job, as a warehouse manager. He periodically played shows until 2006, when he took a break from showbiz to spend time with his grandchildren.After two years, he performed a comeback concert in Melbourne. Personal life
<mask> married fellow singer, Kelly Green, and the couple had two children. They had met in Green's hometown of Perth at the Fiesta Theatre, and after Green relocated to Sydney in 1962 <mask> saw her on Bandstand and they started dating. <mask> wrote one of Green's tracks, "Tell Me That You Love Me Too", which was the B-side of her single, "Do You?" (August 1964). The couple separated in 1965 before their second child was born, with Green returning to Perth. In the mid-1970s he married a second time, to Rena, and this couple had three children.<mask> died of renal failure on 21 January 2018, two days short of his 77th birthday. Discography
 Don't Let Go (1960) Lee Gordon
 Don't Let Go (I. Hayes)
 I Got A Woman (R. Richard/R. Charles)
 Don't You Worry 'Bout That (1960) Leedon
 Don't You Worry 'Bout That (O'Keefe)
 You Are Gone (Dempsey-Zoeller)
 <mask> Sings EP (1960) Leedon
 Don't Let Go; I Got A Woman
 Don't You Worry 'Bout That; You Are Gone
 A Teenage Idol (1961) Leedon
 A Teenage Idol (O'Keefe)
 Indeed, I Do (Scharr)
 A Teenage Idol EP (1961) Leedon
 Teenage Idol; Indeed, I Do
 Begging on My Knees; Solitary Confinement
 Beggin' On My Knees (1962) Leedon
 Beggin' On My Knees (R. <mask>)
 Solitary Confinement (Colijah-Pori)
 Back in Your Arms (1962) Leedon
 Back in Your Arms (R. <mask>)
 For Now And Always (R. <mask>)
 Little Miss Heartbreak (1963) Leedon
 Little Miss Heartbreak (Bass-Boyer)
 You'll Never Learn, Will Yer? (B. <mask>)
 Little Miss Heartbreak EP (1963) Leedon
 Little Miss Heartbreak; You'll Never Learn, Will Yer? Back in Your Arms; For Now And Always
 A Tribute to the King (1964) RCA
 A Tribute to the King (Devlin)
 That's Right, All Right (R. <mask>)
 My Little Emmy (1965) RCA
 My Little Emmy (B. <mask>)
 Dancing Partner (Crane/Wisner/Paddy)
 City of Armidale (1978) Bunyip
 City of Armidale (R. Stanton)
 Big Front Door (R. Stanton)
 Rock On! w/Johnny Rebb (1981) Raven
 Mona Lisa & Others (1981) KEG
 A Tribute to the King (Rare Songs 1957-1965) (1988) Canetoad

References

General

  Note: Archived [on-line] copy has limited functionality. The Australian encyclopaedia Volume 8 By Grolier Society of Australia, Page 98

Specific

Australian male singers
Australian rock singers
Australian people of English descent
English male singers
Naturalised citizens of Australia
1941 births
2018 deaths

masks:
Barry John Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Barry Stanton
Stanton
Barry John
Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Barry Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Rod Stanton
Barry
Barry
Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Barry Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Barry Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Stanton


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<mask> (born 1942) is an Australian artist working in the genres of Outsider art, and Art Brut, based in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. She is known primarily for her densely composed depictions of animals and birdlife, executed in pastel. <mask> resides in the Melbourne suburb of Kingsbury and has worked from her Northcote-based studio at Arts Project Australia since 1985. <mask>'s work has been represented in four solo exhibitions, and has exhibited widely, both nationally and internationally in group shows, including ‘My Puppet, My Secret Self’, at the Substation, Newport; ‘Inside Out/Outside In’, Access Gallery, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne; and ‘Turning the Page’, Gallery 101, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Her work is held in the collections of the National Gallery of Australia and MADMusée, Liège, Belgium, and the Centre for Australian Art. Early life and education
<mask> is primarily a self-taught artist who attributes her artistic talents to her mother. Since 1985 she has maintained a studio at Arts Project Australia (APA), an organization devoted to supporting and promoting artists living with an intellectual disability.The APA does not provide training but rather, provides access to fine art materials. Although her work has thematically changed very little over the course of her career she substituted pastel for paint as the preferred medium for her work during the early years of her studio residency at APA. Exhibitions
Another APA artist, Maxine Ryder, proposed a collaborative project with <mask> resulting in the exhibition Cut It Out (referring to the collaborative wood cut-outs) in the 1995 show. <mask>'s first solo exhibition followed shortly thereafter, in 1996. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, she attended weekly life-drawing classes at the School of Art at Phillip Institute of Technology (now RMIT University). Collections
<mask>'s work is included in three museum collections. <mask> has been identified as one of Australia’s key artists within the Outsider Art genre, as can be evidenced by her inclusion in major Outsider Art exhibitions and fairs.Her work has been acquired for major collections at the National Gallery of Australia (Accession number: NGA 2002.431.466) and MADMusée, Liège, Belgium. Two of her lithographs, are held in the collection of the Centre for Australian Art. Career, themes and style
<mask>’s work is described in the popular press as both “instinctive” and “spontaneous,” Recurring themes in her work are animals, birds, and religion, for the course of her career. Maxine Ryder, who collaborated with <mask> in her early years and returned to Australia to curate a retrospective exhibition of her work twenty years later, remarks on the autobiographical nature of <mask>’s work, noting that her bird imagery is most likely a form of self-portraiture and that the recurring themes of marriage and motherhood in her self-portraits are a response to her acquired disability. Her best-known pastel works, which use a palette of heavily-saturated colours, feature strong line-work and a stylistic tendency to layer and rework imagery; so much so, that the artwork itself is often destroyed in the process of its making. In recent years, <mask>’s works have become less gestural and smaller in scale, most likely due to increasing limitations on her physical mobility. In addition to pastel, the artist also works in lithography, acrylic paint and ink whereby "Throughout this experimentation with this variety of mediums, she has remained thematically consistent throughout her years as an artist".Arts writer Samantha Wilson notes that <mask>'s work "goes from simple line drawings to crowded larger works always with a certain clarity about the images that she wants to depict, from the segmented women’s bodies in the autobiographical section, to the darker, more solid palettes of her depictions of religious figures and nuns." Solo exhibitions
<mask> has had four solo exhibitions: <mask> – Bird on a Wire, Arts Project Australia Gallery, Melbourne, 2009; A Survey 1987-2002, Arts Project Australia Gallery, Melbourne, 2002; Recent works, Arts Project Australia Gallery, Melbourne, 1998; Penguins, Ducks, Owls & Angels, Arts Project Australia Gallery, Melbourne, 1996

Selected group exhibitions
<mask> has exhibited in over 30 group exhibitions including:

 Home, locations around Arts Centre Melbourne, the city and the surrounds, 2015
 Melbourne Art Fair, Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne, 1994 – 2014
 Renegades: Outsider Art, national touring exhibition, 2013 - 2014
 Into the Vault and Out of the Box, Arts Project Australia Gallery, Melbourne, 2014
 Repeat. <mask>: Bird on a Wire, exhibition catalogue, Arts Project Australia, Melbourne, 2009. References

External links
 Collection of the National Gallery of Art, Canberra

Outsider artists
1942 births
Artists from Melbourne
Living people
Women outsider artists
20th-century Australian women artists
20th-century Australian artists
21st-century Australian women artists
21st-century Australian artists
Artists with disabilities

masks:
Dorothy Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Berry
Dorothy Berry
Berry
Dorothy Berry


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<mask>na <mask> (; 1 February 1939 – 28 April 2009) was a great Soviet and Russian ballerina of the second part of the 20th century who had international recognition and fame. She was a prima ballerina of the Bolshoi Theatre for 30 years, a ballet pedagogue, People's Artist of the USSR and Russian Federation, winner of international ballet competitions, Laureate of many prestigious International and Russian awards, a professor in GITIS, Honorary professor at the Moscow State University, Academician of the Russian Academy of Arts, and an Executive Committee member of the Russian Center of Counseil International De La Danse, UNESCO

Early life
<mask> was born in Moscow on 1 February 1939 to a highly educated family. Her maternal grandfather was Gustav Shpet, a Russian philosopher, historian of philosophy, psychologist, art theoretician, and interpreter (he knew 17 languages) of German-Polish descent. Her mother <mask> (née Shpet) was a journalist and publishing house editor and her father Sergey Maximov was an engineer. She was admitted to Moscow Ballet School (now Moscow Ballet Academy) and the age of 10 and the same year as her future partner and husband Vladimir Vasiliev. Their ballet partnership started at school. Former ballerina of Mariinsky Ballet Elizaveta Gerdt was <mask>'s instructor at the ballet school.<mask> graduated from Moscow ballet school in 1958 and joined Bolshoi Ballet the same year. She won first prize at the National Ballet competition in 1957 while still a ballet student. Career
In the Bolshoi Theater

<mask>'s first ballet as a Bolshoi ballet dancer was The Stone Flower (in the leading role of Katerina). Her performance was so impressive that she was chosen to go on the first Bolshoi tour in the US in 1959. The American press called her "a little elf" and complemented her technique, grace and artistic style even though legendary Galina Ulanova was the real sensation of that tour. Later Ulanova became <mask>'s ballet coach in the Bolshoi for many years. In 1961, as a young ballerina <mask> starred along with Vladimir Vasiliev in the film for European and American viewers The USSR with an Open Heart, where they played ballet dancers.The premiere took place in Paris, France where <mask> and Vasiliev arrived as newlyweds. According to ballet professionals, <mask> possessed ideal ballet body lines, effortless jumps and spins and flawless technical clarity. She started as a lyrical ballerina dancing title roles in classical ballets Giselle, Nutcracker (Marie),  Fountain of Bakhchisarai (Maria), Cinderella and Sleeping Beauty (Aurora), but extended her breathtaking artistic talent and technical virtuosity through her hard work and devotion to her art. This enabled her to widen her artistic range with playful Kitri (Don Quixote), comic Eliza Doolittle (Galatea) and dramatic roles of Juliet, Phrigia (Spartacus), Anyuta (Chekov's story "Anna on the neck") Tatiana (Onegin) that tested her dramatic skills as an actress most completely. <mask> seriously injured her spine during a rehearsal in 1975 and some doctors did not believe that she would walk again, but she returned on the stage in 1976. She was known to decline roles she felt unable to perform, which earned her the sobriquet "Madame No". She did this because she did not believe in herself and her skills.She always questioned herself if she was good enough to dance even better than before. She had a very few interviews in her entire life and always stressed that she was a hardworking ballerina permanently trying to improve her skills. She could keep a very high level of performance and youthful dancing style through her 40-year career In 2003 she wrote her autobiography and named it "Madame No". <mask> danced many duets with Vladimir Vasiliev, who is regarded by some as one of the greatest male dancers of all time. They took part in numerous Bolshoi ballet tours in USA, Canada, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Italy, Netherlands, Australia, Argentine, Japan, and dozens of other countries in the world as well as in a Kirov Ballet (now Mariinsky Ballet) tour in Paris, France. She was one of the Bolshoi stars who danced in the last program presented at the old Metropolitan Opera House on Thirty-ninth Street and Broadway on 8 May 1966. <mask> and Vasiliev started dancing abroad as guest stars in 1978.Fortunately, many of their performances have been preserved on film and prove a lasting testament to one of the greatest ballet partnerships in the history of dance. Among her other ballet partners were M. Liepa, M. Lavrovsky, and A. Bogatyrev. Ballet achievements with other ballet companies

<mask> was invited to work with famous contemporary choreographers including Maurice Bejart, Roland Petit, Kasyan Goleizovsky, Pierre Lacotte, Gerald Arpino, Tom Schilling, Martha Clarke, Lorca Massine and appeared in their ballet productions and ballet excerpts for gala concert performances. She also started dancing in Moscow Classical Ballet productions in 1980 where she performed the title role in Pierre Lacotte's Nathalie and roles of Juliet in Romeo and Juliet, and Eve in the Creation of the World. She danced the title role in Cinderella in the Kremlin Ballet choreographed by her husband, Vladimir Vasiliev who also choreographed a great number of ballet compositions for her through her career. <mask> graduated from GITIS (now The Russian Academy of Theater Arts) in 1980 with a diploma of ballet master and started teaching classical choreography and dance composition there in 1982 while she was still dancing in the Bolshoi Theater. After retiring from the Bolshoi Theater as a prima ballerina in 1988, <mask> continued dancing the role of Anyuta at the Bolshoi through 1994 and in addition she had more opportunities to tour and to work for other Russian ballet troupes and ballet companies abroad as a guest star for following 10 years performing some classical ballets with new choreography and modern ballets that did not appear in the Bolshoi repertoire.Throughout her career she danced on the famous stages in the world such as Covent Garden (London), Grand Opera (Paris), La Scala (Milan), Metropolitan Opera (New York), Rome Opera (Rome), Teatro Colón (Buenos Aires) and performed with international ballet companies Maurice Bejart's The 20th Century Ballet (Belgium) (1977–1978), St. Carlo Theater (Italy) (1986, 1988–1989) Roland Petit's Ballet National de Marseille (France) (1987) English National Ballet (Great Britain) (1989), American Ballet Theater (USA) (1990) National Ballet of Canada (1993) and others. Ballet pedagogical and professional activities

In 1990 she started coaching the leading soloists in ballet roles in the Kremlin Ballet (such as N. Balakhnicheva, T. Predeina, Z. Bogoroditskaya) and in 1996 with the Bolshoi Ballet (such as G. Stepanenko, S. Lunkina, M. Ryzhkina, A. Nukulina) along with teaching in GITIS where she became a professor in 1996. <mask> and Vasiliev were the founding organizers for the Arabesque ballet competition in Perm, Russia in 1990 and established their prize for "The best duet" there in 1992. She was a jury member at Arabesque through 2008. <mask> taught masterclasses throughout the world, served as a member of various committees and councils for creative arts in Russia and abroad and was invited to be a jury member at ballet competitions (the Chairman of the jury in 5th International Ballet competition "Premia Rome", Italy and Arabesque ballet competition 1996–2008, Russia, and the juror of the ballet competitions in Jackson USA, Paris France, Lausanne Switzerland, Nagoya Japan, Seoul Korea and others). While Vasiliev was the Bolshoi Theater director, he and Maximova took an active part in opening the first (outside Moscow) Bolshoi Theater ballet school in Joinville, Brazil in 2000. Both of them were awarded the highest Brazilian awards in 2004.Her last ballet performance was at the gala dedicated to her 60th birthday on 1 February 1999 in the Bolshoi Theater. Over the years, <mask> has received many of the most prestigious Soviet, Russian and foreign prizes, orders, medals and highest awards of the countries. She appeared in a great number of Russian movies, video ballet productions, TV ballet and musical films as well as in international ones. Several TV ballet films were made for her by the movie director A. Belinsky (Galatea, Old Tango, Anyuta, Chapliniana) <mask>'s art of dance was an inspiration for several ballets, movies, documentaries, books and even poems. She and her husband also gained wide exposure for their appearances in Franco Zeffirelli's filmed version of Giuseppe Verdi's opera La traviata (1982). Both performed in Spanish costumes in the divertissements composed for the equivalent of Act II, scene 2. Bolshoi's young dancers, p.60-107 (London, Central books 1975)

S. Montague.Pas de Deux, p.93-97 (N-Y., Universe books 1981)

M. Konstantinova. <mask> <mask> (M., Iskusstvo 1982)

G. Smakov. The Great Russian Dancers, p. 180-185 (N-Y., Knopt 1984)

Katia et Volodia, documentary, director D. Delouche, Les Films du Prieure, Paris, France 1989

And as always, something was left unsaid, Part I, Part II, TV documentary, 2 episodes, Central TV, Russia 1990

R. Lazzarini. Maximova & Vasiliev at the Bolshoi, photo album (London: Dance Books, 1995)

Katya, documentary, director N. Tikhonov, Bolshoi Theater video studio, Russia, 1999

E. Fetisova <mask> Maximova Vladimir Vasiliev, photo album (М., 1999)

<mask> <mask>: When dancing becomes one's life, documentary, director N. Tikhonov, Bolshoi Theater video studio, Russia, 2004

Fouette along the life,  documentary, director N. Tikhonov, Bolshoi Theater video studio, Russia, 2009

Vasiliev <mask>: Dance of fate, TV documentary, Central TV, Russia, 2010

Katya. A letter from the past, documentary, director V. Vasiliev, Russia-K, Russia, 2019

Tributes
1980 An asteroid that was discovered by Crimea Astrophysical Observatory was named MAXIMOVA in her honor. 1994 Maximova Benefit performance for her 55th birthday was held in the Kremlin Palace. She performed in the Round of Angels choreographed by Gerald Arpino as his gift for her birthday.1999 The Gala in honor of her 60th birthday was held in the Bolshoi Theater. <mask> performed in the Gardens of Villandry that was choreographed by Martha Clarke as her gift for <mask>'s gala. 2002 Annual Ballet festival in <mask>'s honor started in Chelyabinsk Ballet theater with the premier of Prokofiev's Cinderella choreographed by Vladimir Vasiliev. <mask>'s student Tatiana Predeina danced Cinderella and the exhibition "E<mask> and her students" was opened. <mask>'s students S. Lunkina, M. Ryzhkina and others from the Bolshoi Theater and N. Balakhnicheva and Z. Bogoroditskaya from the Kremlin Ballet took part in the festival in the following years. 2008 The Bolshoi Theater celebrated <mask>'s and Vladimir Vasiliev's "50 years on stage" with a five day festival of gala performances in their honor. 2009 The Gala performance in <mask>'s honor was held to celebrate her 70th birthday on 1 February in the Kremlin Palace.2010 XI Arabesque International ballet competition in Perm, Russia was dedicated to her memory. 2012 Arabesque Ballet competition and the Grand Prix were named after <mask>. 2014 In honor of <mask>'s 75th birthday the exhibition in Moscow Bakhrushev Theater Museum has recreated a dressing room of <mask> with her tutus, shoes, make-up mirror (which had belonged to the great theater actress Vera Komissarzhevskaya), bottles, combs, and other items she had to prepare for going on stage. 2014 The Bolshoi gala to celebrate <mask>'s 75th birthday was held on February 21st. 2019 The Bolshoi Theater organized the Ballet Gala Night in Commemoration of <mask>'s 80th birthday. Best ballet excerpts were performed by the Bolshoi Ballet Stars. Personal life
<mask> was married to Vladimir Vasiliev for almost 50 years.They had no children. She died of heart failure on 28 April 2009, at the age of 70. See also
List of Russian ballet dancers

References

Obituaries
Daily Telegraph, 28 April 2009

External links

Official Website for Ekaterina Maximova

Ballerina gallery
Biography
Photos of the performance "The story of Romeo and Juliet"

1939 births
2009 deaths
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
People from Moscow
People's Artists of the USSR
Prima ballerinas
Russian ballerinas
Soviet ballerinas
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class

masks:
Ekaterina Sergeev
Maximova
Maximova
Tatiana Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Ekaterina
Maximova
Ekaterina
Ekaterina
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
. Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova
Maximova


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<mask> (born <mask>; July 11, 1975), known as Octomom in the media, is an American media personality who came to international attention when she gave birth to octuplets in January 2009. One week after their birth, they surpassed the previous worldwide survival rate for a complete set of octuplets set by the Chukwu octuplets in 1998. The circumstances of their high order multiple birth led to controversy in the field of assisted reproductive technology as well as an investigation by the Medical Board of California of the fertility specialist involved. <mask> conceived the octuplets and her six older children via in vitro fertilization (IVF). Although she initially denied ever having used public assistance, she confirmed in April 2012 on NBC's Today show that she was on public assistance. Early life
Natalie was born in Fullerton, California. She is the only child of <mask> (born Stanaitis), a schoolteacher of Lithuanian descent and <mask>, a Palestinian restaurant owner turned realtor who served as a translator in Iraq.She attended Nogales High School in La Puente, California, where she was known as Natalie Doud, and later at Mt. San Antonio College in Walnut where she earned a psychiatric technician license  before moving on to California State University, Fullerton in Fullerton, California. She received a B.S. in child development and worked for a state mental hospital for three years. Marriage and divorce
In 1996, <mask> married Marco Gutierrez. They separated in 2000. Gutierrez filed for divorce in November 2006, which was finalized in January 2008.Children
<mask> began IVF treatments at age 21 in 1997,  under the supervision of Dr. Michael Kamrava, who was later expelled from the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. In 2001 <mask> gave birth to her first child, a son. In 2002 she gave birth to her first daughter. <mask> continued IVF treatments which resulted in three further pregnancies, including one set of fraternal twins, for a total of six children: four sons, two daughters. Octuplets

In 2009, <mask> stated that she had six embryos left over from her previous IVF treatments. She explained that she requested all of the remaining embryos be transferred into her uterus at one time. A woman her age would normally have a maximum of three embryos transferred.<mask> states that part of her reasoning for attempting a sixth pregnancy was so that the frozen embryos would not be destroyed. Fresh cycles were always done, despite there being available frozen embryos stored with Dr Kamrava. In June 2011, during a California Medical Board investigation, it was found that Kamrava had transferred twelve embryos, which the board found to be an "extreme" departure from standard of care. After reviewing <mask>'s case, in combination with three other cases, the Medical Board of California voted to revoke Kamrava's medical license, effective July 1, 2011. News of the octuplets caused an international media sensation. Public response was largely negative, including death threats. There has been much public discussion about <mask>'s decision to have the octuplets, including a minor protest outside the <mask> home.Many expressed concern that <mask>'s decision for more children would burden taxpayers via public support. <mask> claimed to be able to independently support her children saying she was planning to return to school to complete a master's degree in counseling, but records showed that <mask> was unemployed after having received disability between 2002 and 2008, as payment for a back injury suffered during a riot in September 1999. In March 2009 <mask> bought a new house in La Habra, and many stories questioned that the octuplets would be released from the hospital, while <mask> expressed concern about losing custody of them. In the early morning hours of April 1, the day she would bring home the seventh octuplet, vandals threw a baby seat through the back window of her Toyota minivan. As of April 14, 2009, all of the children were home with their mother and grandmother. The octuplets celebrated their first birthday on January 26, 2010. <mask> told People magazine, "I don't get much sleep, but I'm used to that.Once one of the kids gets up, they all get up. Some nights I don't sleep at all or as little as half an hour. On the good nights I may get up to two full hours. The longest I've gone without sleeping is 72 hours. It's hard, but I'm continuing to move forward with my life and trying to be the best mother I can be." Public profile
Suleman quickly captured the public eye with the birth of octuplets. Within the first week, the media dubbed her "Octomom".<mask> hired the Killeen Furtney Group as her initial public relations company, with Wes Yoder providing a small amount of pro bono advice. Both groups soon ended their involvement after receiving death threats. Her next spokesman was Victor Munoz, who quit on March 6, 2009. <mask> has appeared on many television shows, starting with a February 2009 interview with Ann Curry. <mask> rejected suggestions that her decisions have been selfish or that she would not be able to care for her children, stating, "I know I'll be able to afford them when I'm done with my schooling. If I was just sitting down watching TV and not being as determined as I am to succeed and provide a better future for my children, I believe that would be considered, to a certain degree, selfish". <mask> would make another appearance later in March on Dr. Phil alongside fellow guest Gloria Allred.Allred had a list of criticisms regarding <mask>'s performance as mother and homemaker. On April 16, 2009, <mask> revealed she struck a deal for a reality TV show in the UK, though The Hollywood Reporter said some U.S. networks were reluctant to pick up the show. <mask> signed an agreement with the Los Angeles Superior Court on July 24 to have each of her children earn $250 a day to star in a reality show; filming was set to begin on September 1. On May 4, 2009, it was announced that Allred had filed a case with Orange County Superior Court requesting that a guardian be appointed to protect the rights of the infants. Later Fox aired their own two-hour special titled, Octo-Mom: The Incredible Unseen Footage. There were many parodies and other media events based on the story, including a 2009 musical performed in Los Angeles, although she was not involved in its production. It was initially released in 2012, but was given a re-release on July 25, 2014.<mask> was featured in the February 2010 issue of Star, where she gave an interview. Several pictorials followed, focused mainly on her weight loss since delivering the octuplets a year earlier. In April 2010, <mask> was on The Oprah Winfrey Show and Idol Gives Back, in which she denied claims that she had received plastic surgery and stated that she refused to star in pornographic movies. She added that she had seriously rethought her decision to give birth to and raise her children, and that she hoped to become a teacher. She made another appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show, where she asked and received help from Suze Orman about financial issues that she was then facing with her children and discussed her compulsive hoarding disorder developed from childhood. In March 2012, <mask> posed seminude for the UK magazine Closer. On April 30, 2012, <mask> filed for personal bankruptcy.<mask> said she had $50,000 in assets and up to $1 million in debts. Her home in La Habra was set to go up for auction. Earlier, she was accused of neglecting her children while spending hundreds of dollars on herself for services such as Brazilian blowouts. However, after visiting her house, social workers determined that the children were not in danger and should not be removed. <mask> checked herself into Chapman House Treatment Center in Los Angeles on October 23, 2012, for 28 days or more for rehabilitation for anxiety, exhaustion, and stress. She had been taking Xanax under a doctor's care for her problems. <mask> appears in the music video of Cledus T. Judd's "Honeymoon" as his bride.On January 13, 2014, <mask> was accused of welfare fraud by the state of California for failing to disclose nearly $30,000 in earnings. On 14 July 2014, she pleaded no contest to a single count of misdemeanor welfare fraud for failing to disclose income she was receiving from videos and personal appearances while collecting more than $26,000 in public assistance funds to care for her 14 children. <mask> was sentenced to 200 hours of community service and two years of probation, and ordered to pay a small fine. Her attorney, Arthur J. LaCilento, said that with financial help from friends, his client has already repaid the county welfare system. Before making her plea, <mask> had been facing four felony charges, including perjury and welfare fraud, in the case. In 2012 <mask> starred in the film 666 the Devil's Child, a low-budget horror film that centers upon a couple that visits a woman they met on the Internet, only for strange things to occur. <mask> portrays the character Vanessa, a film student.In 2017, <mask> was interviewed for the Bravo network program Andy Cohen's Then & Now. In March 2019, the Australian current affairs program Sunday Night interviewed <mask> for the octuplets’ tenth birthday. She conceded that although at the time she was "absolutely [...] young, dumb, irresponsible, selfish, reckless", she does not regret any of her children. The feature noted that the household is run with "military precision", and the children are "happy, healthy, and well-mannered". Jobs
In June 2012, <mask> recorded a single with recording artist Adam Barta after she appeared in an alternate cut of his "Q&A" music video, where she was heard saying, "Let's do a duet, on my new album!" In 2012, <mask> appeared in the adult film Octomom Home Alone produced by Wicked Pictures. The film was released on June 20, 2012.In December 2012, Octomom Home Alone received four AVN Award nominations and won for Best Celebrity Video. <mask> worked as an adult entertainer dancing in men's clubs. She released a single called "Sexy Party" with Adam Barta in September, and he held her breasts while surrounded by crucifixes on a bed on the compact disc artwork, a cover she said was inspired by the work of Madonna. In October 2012, <mask> was paid to participate in the launch of an internet debate site, Deeyoon.com, including doing an online debate on parenting with Michael Lohan. Awards

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1975 births
American female erotic dancers
American people of Palestinian descent
American people of Lithuanian descent
People from Fullerton, California
Living people
California State University, Fullerton alumni
Multiple births
21st-century American women

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Nadya Denise Doud Suleman
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