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<mask>les, O.S.B. (also spelled Geretrude, Geretrudis, Gertrud; c. 628 – 17 March 659) was a seventh-century abbess who, with her mother Itta, founded the Abbey of Nivelles located in present-day Belgium. Life

Family and childhood
The early history of <mask>'s family is not well documented. The anonymous author of her Early Middle Ages biography, Vita Sanctae Geretrudis, only hints at her origins: "it would be tedious to insert in this account in what line of earthly origin she was descended. For who living in Europe does not know the loftiness, the names, and the localities of her lineage?" <mask>'s father, Pepin of Landen (Pippin the Elder), a nobleman from east Francia, had been instrumental in persuading King Clothar II to crown his son, Dagobert I, as the King of Austrasia. Due to her position at the palace, <mask>'s mother, Itta of Metz, was likely acquainted with Amandus, the Bishop of Maastricht.When Dagobert succeeded his father and the court moved to Neustria, Pippin and his family (including young <mask>) moved with the king's court. Thus, <mask> became introduced to politics during her childhood in the royal court. Arnulf of Metz, Pippin's close ally, was one of several royal counselors who received ecclesiastical posts after a secular career. McNamara argues that Arnulf retired into religion at the time of Clothar's death in 628, but he kept close ties to the family by marrying his son to <mask>'s sister, Begga. However, later scholars have disagreed. Marriage proposal

<mask>'s biography begins with her father hosting a banquet when <mask> was ten years old. That the king accepted Pippin's invitation to the dinner at all shows Pippin's standing as well as that of his family.At this feast, the King asked <mask> if she would like to marry the "son of a duke of the Austrasians.... for the sake of his worldly ambition and mutual alliance." <mask> declined and "lost her temper and flatly rejected him with an oath, saying that she would have neither him nor any earthly spouse but Christ the Lord." Marriage alliances were important in this era although scholars disagree as to the extent parents or kings asserted power over spousal choice. The marriage between <mask>'s sister Begga and Ansegisel helped set the stage for a Carolingian takeover of Austrasia. The marriage of their son Pepin the Middle and Plectrude later secured the lands of Plectrude's parents Hugobert and Irmina of Oeren between the Rhine, Moselle and Meuse rivers, because Plectrude was an only child. Begga's sons enhanced Pepin's power by marrying women with political connections in the north and northwest. All agree that the girl's personal feeling mattered little.One scholar speculated that if Pippin I had lived longer, he would likely have forced <mask>inids sooner to supplant the Merovingians. Dagobert died in 639 and was succeeded in Neutria by Clovis II and in Austrasia by Sigebert III. When Pippin died, <mask>'s brother Grimoald competed with Otto to become the new mayor of the palace. After Otto died in battle, "the dignity of mayor of Sigebert's palace and control of all the kingdom of Austrasia was thus decisively assured to Grimoald" and the Pippinids. The mention of <mask>'s decided rejection of her Austrasian suitor is unique for the era. At least one scholar considers it to have been deliberately included by the chronicler as expressing her character. The reference to a prior betrothal to Christ becomes common in later saints' lives.The suitor, while irritated, is not emotionally affected by this rejection. After Dagobert's death, Pippin returned to the east in 640, taking <mask> with him. Soon after, Pippin himself died, giving <mask> the freedom to take the veil and enter the monastic life. Scholars debate the date of the death of Pippin. Some sources date it as late as 650, although others date it much earlier. After her father's death
The Vita describes how Itta, in order to prevent "violent abductors from tearing her daughter away by force," shaved her daughter's hair, leaving only a crown shape. This action, known as tonsuring, marked <mask> for a life of religious service.There were constant requests by "violators of souls" who wished to gain wealth and power by marrying <mask>. As detailed in the Vita, only Itta's foundation of the Abbey of Nivelles stopped the constant flow of suitors interested in marrying <mask> in order to ally with her wealthy family. Susan Wemple argues that <mask>'s story is an example of mothers dominating their daughters in Merovingian times in an effort to "safeguard [their] daughters' sexual purity and secure [their] future." Mothers, she says, were required to raise their daughters to be obedient and disciplined, and the standard "maternal feelings" were "vigilance and worry" The biographer of <mask> mentions that after the death of Pippin the Elder in 640, his widow Itta pondered daily on what was to become of her and her daughter. Upon the advice of Amand, she ordered the construction of a monastery to which she and <mask> could retire. According to Wemple,
"A mother's importance was acknowledged in law insofar as she had the right to assume the guardianship for her fatherless children. In the propertied classes, this meant that a widow could exercise considerable power by managing the estates of her minor children and arranging for their marriages."Itta lost this right after the death of her husband Pippin because their sons had come of age. She still had the option to find a suitable husband for <mask>. Catherine Peyroux has said that Itta established the monastery in order to protect her and her daughter in the event that her sons fell out of favor with the ruling dynasty, as well as to safeguard the family lands from plunder or seizure through forced marriage. Foundress

Christianity was not at all widespread in <mask>'s place and time. It was only the development of cities and the initiative of bishops that led to a vast movement of evangelism, and a flowering of monasteries in the 7th and 8th centuries. <mask>'s Vita describes how Bishop Amand came to Itta's house, "preaching the word of God. At the Lord's bidding, he asked whether she would build a monastery for herself and Christ's handmaid, <mask>."Itta founded Nivelles, a double monastery, one for men, the other for women. However, after they entered the religious life, <mask> and her mother suffered, "no small opposition" from the royal family. During this period, trials for the family are mentioned involving the usurper Otto's bid to replace the Pippinids at the side of the king. There is some precedent for <mask> and Itta's move to the monastery at Nivelles. According to Wemple, "during the second half of the seventh century, women in Neustrian-Burgundian families concentrated on the creation of a network of monasteries rather than on the conclusion of politically advantageous unions, while families whose holdings were in the northeastern parts of the kingdom, centering around the city of Metz, were more concerned with the acquisition of power through carefully arranged marriages." Itta's move to start a monastery was thus not completely out of the ordinary, and may have in fact been the norm for a widowed noblewoman. Upon Itta's death at about the age of 60 in the year 652, twelve years after the death of her husband Pippin, <mask> took over the monastery.At this time, <mask> took the "whole burden of governing upon herself alone," placing affairs of the family in the hand of "good and faithful administrators from the brothers." Some have argued that this implies that <mask> ruled the monastery with an abbot. Frankish double monasteries were almost always led by an abbess, or jointly by an abbess and abbot. However, when Suzanne Wemple used Nivelles as an example of the latter, claiming that <mask> ruled Nivelles jointly with Amand "around 640," she casts doubt on her own theory by mistaking the date. Many later scholars date the foundation of Nivelles between 647 and 650. Monastic life

The Vita states that in <mask>, "temperance of character, the sobriety of her heart and the moderation of her words she anticipated maturity." She was "an intelligent young woman, scholarly and charitable, devoting herself to the sick, elderly, and poor," and as knowing much of the scripture by memory.<mask> also memorized passages and books on divine law, and she "openly disclosed the hidden mysteries of allegory to her listeners." Her Vita describes <mask> as building churches, and taking care of orphans, widows, captives, and pilgrims. Upon becoming abbess, <mask> "obtained through her envoy's men of good reputation, relics of saints and holy books from Rome, and from regions across the sea, experienced men for the teaching of the divine law and to practice the chants for herself and her people." Fouracre and Gerberding assert that the men from across the sea are from Britain and Ireland and also highlight this as an example of the importance of Rome to the Franks long before Charlemagne ever had a relationship with the Pope. This is supported by Peyroux, Wemple, and the ancient Chronicles of Fredegar. She welcomed foreigners, lay or religious. She especially welcomed Irish monks who, since the sixth century, traveled to evangelize.Among the numerous pilgrims that visited the monastery of Nivelles were the two brothers, Foillan and Ultan, both Irish monks on their way from Rome to Peronne, where their brother Fursey, lay buried. According to Wemple, "The Irish monasteries, with the ancient tradition of oral learning, were at the time the most distinguished centers of scholarship". Death of Foillan
In the Additum Additamentum Nivialense de Fuilano, an addendum to the Vita Sanctae Gertrudis, there is a story about several events involving Irish monks led by Foillan that involve <mask> and the Abbey of Nivelles. Before the foundation of Nivelles, Irish monks led by Foillan traveled to Francia, from Fursey's monastery in Ireland to escape pagan raids. They were received by Erchinoald, mayor of the palace, but were later expelled by him and moved to live with Itta and <mask>. Grimoald and the Pippinids were happy to accept them and built the monastery of Berbrona for them with the help of Itta and <mask>. In other works this monastery is referred to as Fosses.There is much praise of <mask> in the text. Sometime later, Foillan went on a journey, saying mass in Nivelles before leaving. Ian Wood says that the purpose of Foillan's journey was to visit his benefactors, but he provides no evidence for this claim other than a citation of the Additamentum. After only a day of traveling, Foillan and his three companions were betrayed and murdered by an evil man who offered them shelter for the night in his house and then sold their belongings. Upon learning that Foillan did not reach his destination, the brothers of his monastery began to search for him. However, it was <mask> who succeeded in finding Foillan's body 77 days after he was murdered, on the anniversary of his brother Fursey's death. The four bodies were immediately brought to Nivelles."Dido, Bishop of Poitiers, and the mayor of the palace, Grimoald, a man of illustrious standing," arrived by chance, or, as the text hints, divine intervention at Nivelles shortly before the bodies and the two men carried Foillan into Nivelles "on their own shoulders." Foillan's body was then taken to his own monastery "and when noblemen had flocked from all sides to meet him and carried him on their own shoulders" he was buried at Fosses. Miracles

Miraculous vision

The first miracle attributed to <mask> in the Vita takes place at the altar of Pope Sixtus II the Martyr as <mask> was standing in prayer. "She saw descending above her a flaming pellucid sphere such that the whole basilica was illuminated by its brightness." The vision persisted for about half an hour and later was revealed to some of the sisters at the monastery. The anonymous author of the Vita believes that this vision represents a "visitation of the True Light." Salvation of the sailors
The second miracle attributed to <mask> in the Vita took place as the anonymous author and his friend were peacefully sailing over the sea on the monastery's business.This account is felt by some to indicate that the author was an Irish monk. In the account, an incredible storm appears as well as a sea monster, causing great despair as "the sailors... turned to their idols," evidence of the persistence of paganism at the time. In desperation, the author's friend cries out to <mask> to save himself and his companions from the storm and monster. Immediately the storm subsides and the monster dives back into the deep. Appointment of Wulfetrud
Before her death, <mask> appointed her niece Wulfetrud as Abbess of Nivelles. Wulfetrud's position was precarious because her father, Grimoald I, had usurped the Austrasian throne. According to Ian Wood, "It was the Neustrian court that had ended Grimoald's usurpation of the Austrasian throne."The Vita states that "out of hatred of her father that kings, queens, and even priests... wished to drag her from her place" and steal Wulfetrude's property. Wulfetrud was only 20 years old at the time. Wilfetrud's appointment was a testament to <mask>'s power and influence within the abbey and the

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 Catholic Church itself. According to the Vita, Wulfetrud kept her position "through the grace of God." At the same time, however, <mask> was unable to help "Grimoald or his daughter against Clovis II." Death

<mask> is portrayed as leading a devout life until her death.It is  possible that after taking the veil in ca. 640, she never left the monastery cloister, thus escaping politics and local affairs.<mask> is described as "exhausted by a life of charity, fasting and prayer" at the end of her short life. The Cambridge Medieval History says that "because of too much abstinence and keeping of vigils... her body was sorrily exhausted with serious illness." <mask>'s Vita describes her, after relinquishing her role as abbess, spending her time praying intensely and secretly wearing a hair shirt. According to her biographer, <mask> felt the time of her death approaching and asked a pilgrim from the Fosses monastery when she would die. This pilgrim is commonly believed to be Ultan, Foillan's brother. Fouracre and Gerberding dispute that Ultan was Abbot of Fosses, but there is some speculation. Ultan prophesied that <mask> would die on 17 March, the very next day, and also the feast day of Saint Patrick.Furthermore, Ultan prophesied that "she may pass joyously because blessed Bishop Patrick with the chosen angels of God... are prepared to receive her." True to the prophecy, <mask> died the next day after praying all night and taking communion. Shortly after her death, the monk Rinchinus as well as the author of the Vita noticed a pleasant odor in cell with her body. Just before her death in 659, <mask> instructed the nuns at Nivelles to bury her in an old veil left behind by a traveling pilgrim and <mask>'s own hair shirt. She died in poverty, 17 March 659, at the age, we are told, of thirty-three years. <mask>'s choice of burial clothing is a pattern in medieval hagiography as an expression of humility and piety. Her death and the image of her weak and humble figure is, in fact, a critical point in her biographer's narrative.Her monastery also benefitted from this portrayal because the haircloth and veil in which <mask> was interred became relics. Bonnie Effros contends that identification with tombs like <mask>'s signaled higher privilege and prestige within the church. Tombs covered with cloths often functioned as altars for those who had access to them. At Nivelles, her relics were only publicly displayed for feast days, Easter, and other holy days. Veneration

<mask> is the patron saint of the City of Nivelles, The towns of Geertruidenberg, Breda, and Bergen-op-Zoom in North Brabant, also are under her patronage. <mask> was also the patron saint of the Order of the Holy Cross (Crosiers or Crutched Friars). In the Crosier Church in Maastricht, the Netherlands, a large mural from the 16th century depicts eight scenes from her life and legend.The legend of <mask>'s vision of the ocean voyage led her to be as well the patron saint of travelers. In memory of this event, medieval travelers drank a so-called "Sinte Geerts Minne" or "Gertrudenminte" before setting out on their journey. Her attention to the care of her garden led her assistance to be invoked by gardeners, and also against rats and mental illness. Le Tour Sainte-Gertrude is a traditional procession around Nivelles. The abbesses and the canons used to regularly make a long journey outside the walls of the abbey in emulation of <mask>, to meet the farmers, the poor and the sick. Many of the pilgrims participate in costume, as they accompany a cart bearing a reliquary containing <mask>'s relics. In May 2004, the Saint Gertrude Tour was proclaimed "Oral and Intangible Heritage Masterpiece of the French Community."The hundred years-old secondary school "Collège Sainte-Gertrude de Nivelles" founded by the Cardinal Désiré-Joseph Mercier in the city owes its name to the saint. <mask> of Nivelles in Literature

Vita Sanctae Geretrudis and the Additamentum Nivialense de Fuilano

The Vita was originally thought to have been written in the eleventh century, but this was later disproven with the discovery of a version dating from the eighth century. Bruno Krush argues that the work is written around the same time that the events it describes take place, and there is wide agreement that it was written before 670, and after 663. The time range is determined using a combination of Latin style, references by contemporary works, the accuracy of the events (indicating a close proximity to their occurrence), and references in the text to known events. The Vita is one of just a few sources dating from seventh century France, and one of only three from Austrasia (all of which deal with <mask>). This makes the Vita very important as a source for Charlemagne's ancestry as well as placing the "Cradle of the Carolingians" in the middle Meuse in Brabant as opposed to Moselle in Luxembourg, where Pepin II and Plectrude had large tracts of land. The author of Vita writes as a first-hand witness to the events he describes.Although it is perfectly plausible that he could have been a monk or nun, and there some debate on this topic. Based on his reference to himself "with another brother," the author is most likely male. The Vita was originally written for Abbot Agnes, who succeeded Wulfetrud upon her death. Source integrity
As indicated by Charlemagne's inclusion of Arnulf of Metz in his family tree (in a work by Paul the Deacon, a Lombard), there were incentives to being associated with saints in Carolingian times. Fouracre and Gerberding argue that there were large incentives to being associated with saints in the seventh century as well, casting doubt on the genealogy presented in many sources. However, these scholars argue that the close temporal relationship of the three Austrasian sources to the life of <mask> as well as the monastic audience of the works make them more than likely credible. According to Catherine Peyroux, who believes that because author is writing very near <mask>'s lifetime, account must at least be "essentially plausible to <mask>'s contemporaries."Relationship with Arnulf of Metz

<mask>'s relationship with Arnulf of Metz is a persistent source of confusion for scholars and students alike. Numerous sources point to a relationship between <mask> and Arnulf, while others believe this relationship is invented. In particular, the debate focuses on Arnulf's relationship with Ansegisel, the husband of Begga, <mask>'s sister. Sources that include Arnulf in the Pippinid family state that Arnulf is that father of Ansegisel. Sources making the opposite claim do not. Ian Wood recommends focusing only on the four earliest sources for this information, as later sources are based on these few documents. He starts with the continuations of the chronicles of Fredegar, which do not mention this connection, and are based on an earlier work.He says that "since Childebrand himself was the half-brother of Charles Martel, it is not surprising that the Fredegar continuator add the information contained in the Liber Historiae Francorum material largely concerned with Austrasia and Frisia" in 751. However, he adds no information regarding Arnulf at this time. The Liber is one of the earliest works detailing the history of this period and makes no mention of the relationship between Arnulf and Ansegisel. Moving to a later source, Wood shows how the Annales Mettenses Priores radically change the picture (from the Liber, the earliest source for the late seventh century, written in 727). The Annales allude to the power held by previous members of the family, especially by Pippin I. They also allude to Pippin I's relationship to Arnulf, Bishop of Metz, although they do not specify the nature of that relationship. In addition they talk with great admiration of Pepin II's grandmother, Itta, and his Aunt, <mask>.From the start, therefore, the Annales Mettenses Priores announce their intention of turning the history of the seventh and eighth centuries into a history of the Pippinids, or the Carolingians they were to become." As a result of this shift, Wood argues that "For the period up until 714, therefore, Annales Mettenses Priores produce a substantially different account of events from that offered by the Liber Historiae Francorum, making Pepin the center of attention, and conferring on him complete power from the Battle of Tertry onwards." This change in focus, while not invalid per se, certainly is problematic, because the Annales were written long after the time period they describe. This is especially important, notes Wood, because "as a reading of history the so-called Metz Prior Annals have been extremely influential, providing the most popular interpretation of the late Merovingian period. Nevertheless, they show the Pippinids and Merovingian history as the Carolingians wished to see them." Despite this different focus, even the Metz Annales do not state that Arnulf is Ansegisel's father, saying only that he is a great ally of Pippin. Wood believes that the shift in focus of the Metz Prior Annals is deliberate, citing the need to glorify the sanctity of the newly powerful Pippinids."The other asset which the family was to develop, its sanctity, was beginning to be realized only in the last decades of the seventh century. Although Arnulf of Metz is thought to have been Pepin II's grandfather, the evidence for this is not early, and even the Annales Mettenses Priores were uncertain about the nature of the relationship between Arnulf and the Pippinids." According to Wood, this link comes first from Paul the Deacon (Gesta episcoporum Mettensium) and is suspect, as Paul was not familiar with the events he was writing about and had limited access to reference materials. Of the other early sources that might establish a link between Ansegisel and Arnulf, all that is left is the Vita Arnulfi, or "Life of Arnulf." However, according to Wood, it is "not clear that the Vita Arnulfi... was written in the seventh century." It is possible that this work was a forgery, created later to sanctify the Carolingian line. This argument is not without base, because after <mask> died in 659, "her sanctity was unquestionably promoted by the family in the late seventh century" beginning with her 'Vita in 670.Recent popular culture

The assignment of <mask> as patron of cats and the designation of the cat as one of her attributes seems to date from the 1980s. It is not mentioned at all in Madou's extensive historical survey from 1975. A more superficial association of <mask> with the cat as a mouse hunter goes further back. Her veneration as protector against rats and mice dates from the early 15th century during the Black Plague and spread from Southwestern Germany to the Netherlands and Catalonia. Some 20th-century folkloristics research conflated her with the Germanic goddess Frigg, who may have been depicted riding a cat. The authoritative Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens (published in multiple volumes, 1927–1942) does not verify the connection to cats. The first major English-language publication presenting her as patron of cats is a 1981 catalogue of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.References

Bibliography

Collet, Emmanuel. "Sainte Gertrude de Nivelles: Culte, Histoire, Tradition." Nivelles: Comité de Sainte Gertrude, 1985. Delanne, Blanche. Histoire de la Ville de Nivelles: Des Origines au XIIIe siècle. Nivelles: Impr. Havaux, 1944.Donnay-Rocmans, Claudine. La Collégiale Sainte-Gertrude de Nivelles. Gembloux: Duculot, 1979. Effros, Bonnie. Caring for Body and Soul: Burial and the Afterlife in the Merovingian World. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1965. MacNeill, Eoin."Beginnings of Latin Culture in Ireland". Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review of Letters, Philosophy and Science, 20 (1931)
McNamara, Jo Ann and John E. Halbord with E. Gordon Whatley. Sainted Women of the Dark Ages. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1992. Madou, Mireille, De heilige Gertrudis van Nijvel. Brussels, 1975 (the most extensive study on her veneration). Madou, M.J.H., "S. <mask> Nivelles".In: Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques, 20 (1984), 1065–1068
Peyroux, Catherine. "Gertrude's Furor: Reading Anger in an Early Medieval Saint's Life." In Anger's Past: The Social Uses of an Emotion in the Middle Ages. Barbara H. Rosenwein, ed. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1998, 36–55. ---––. The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar.Trans. J.M. Walace-Hadrill. London: Nelson, 1960. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. 1.Ed. Paul Fouracre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Wemple, Suzanne Fonay. Women in Frankish Society: Marriage and the Cloister, 500–900. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981. Wood, Ian N. The Merovingian Kingdoms: 450–751.London: Longman, 1994.
https://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=3563

External links

Ordinal : ca. 1293–1298. manuscript, MS Lat 422, is held at the Houghton Library, Harvard University. 626 births
659 deaths
People from Landen
People from Nivelles
Pippinids
Frankish abbesses
Belgian Roman Catholic saints
7th-century Frankish saints
Christian female saints of the Middle Ages
7th-century Frankish people
7th-century Frankish women
7th-century Christian nuns
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<mask> (4 August 1822 in Filiale Tamassy (now Tomášovce, Slovakia) – 7 December 1892 in Radautz, Bukovina (now Rădăuţi, Romania)) was an Austrian-Hungarian nobleman, officer, politician and founder of the first voluntary fire brigade in Moravia. Descent

Logothetti originated from an old Byzantine lineage claiming an origin dating back to the Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I Logothetes (reigned 802-811) that settled after the fall of Constantinople (1453) on the Ionian island of Zante (Zakynthos). In the 18th century a descendant, the officer of the Venetian Republic Giacomo (James<mask> (1741–1802) went to the principality of Moldavia. After the annexation of the Bukovina he became an Austrian citizen. His issue played an important role in the defence of this most eastern Austrian province and were counted among the honourables of its capital Czernowitz (nowadays: Chernivtsi, Чернівці, Ukraine). <mask>'s father, <mask> (1801–1861) bought after his marriage with Pauline Baroness von Bartenstein, a direct offspring of the chancellor of the Empress Maria-Theresia Johann Christoph von Bartenstein, in 1830 the manors Bilovice and Březolupy near the South Moravian town of Uherské Hradiště. He was known as Maecenas of the Czech painter Josef Mánes(1820–1871) to whom he commissioned a portrait of Veruna Čudová.This painting is nowadays the most known genre piece of Mánes. <mask> has been born 4 August 1822 in Filiale Tamassy (now Tomášovce, Lučenec District/Slovakia) where his father Hugo I <mask> (1822–1892) served as Austrian army officer. He was the eldest of seven children. After one year his sister Hedwig (1823–1899) was born in Filiale Tamassy. As was usual in that period three other children died in infant age – Bertha (*,†1825), Lodoiska (1826–1829) and Alfred (1830–1833). The uncertain military life with ever changing posts in then poorest part of the Austrian Empire, the so-called "Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria" will have been one of the reasons of this high loss of children. In 1830 Hugo I Logothetti bought after selling his hereditary properties in the Bukovina the manors Bilovice and Březolupy near the South Moravian town of Uherské Hradiště.His youngest children Julia (1833–1854) and Zdenko (1835–1881) were born in Moravia. Hugo I was known as Maecenas of the Czech painter Josef Mánes(1820–1871) to whom he commissioned a portrait of Veruna Čudová. This painting is nowadays the most known genre piece of Mánes. Thanks to the Bucovinian money and the heritage of his wife the family was able to live the quiet life of country gentry. Career
Following his studies at a high school in Brünn (now: Brno) <mask> entered as voluntary cadet the 5th Cuirassier Regiment Graf Auersperg in Brünn. Soon afterwards he was sent into combat during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and fought as officer of the 4th Uhlan Regiment in Upper Hungary, Transylvania and Italy. He was wounded several times and received a big number of Austrian and Russian decorations for personal courage.During the war he made acquaintance in the Transylvanian Komitat Kronstadt (now Braşov/Romania) with his later spouse, female descendant from the catholic branch of important Transylvanian Hungarian, mostly Calvinist lineage. They married in 1851 (see below). <mask>'s father requested in 1831, 1832 and 1834 recognition of the traditional noble title of his lineage by the Austrian Court. Because of the bad situation of the Bucovinian records he was not able to deliver all necessary documents and thus far didn't acquire recognition of the title of Count the Logothettis used since 1703. The active participation of the Logothettis in the struggle for survival of the Empire against Hungarian, German and Italian revolts in 1848/9 was rewarded with an imperial decree of 8 July 1848 allowing Hugo I and his sons to "use the foreign title of Count". Till 1860 <mask> was in active service as army officer, mainly in Galicia and Transylvania, where the first three children were born. When his father's health grew worse <mask> returned to Moravia to take over the administration of the family properties.He left active service in the rank of Commander of the 1st Division of the Voluntary Uhlan Regiment, than fighting in Northern Italy. <mask> settled in Bílovice, his younger brother Zdenko lived with theirin 1861 widowed mother Pauline Countess Logothetti née Baroness Bartenstein (1800–1872) in Březolupy. Thanks to the big dowry of his wife <mask> was able to modernise the Bílovice manor thoroughly and to build a new wing. On the c1860 photograph the new eastern wing is clearly recognisable. After his father's dead in 1861 <mask> was officially declared disabled for active military service. He then took over the social role of his father. In 1864-1865 he was mayor of Bílovice, in the fourth and fifth term of the Moravian Diet (1871–1877) he was member of parliament in Brünn (Brno) for the party of lower nobility and took a strictly Moravian position.For the development of the village of Bílovice in particular and that of Southern Moravia in general the most important deed of Vladimir was the creation in 1869 of the first Moravian Voluntary Fire Brigade. Blazes were an often returning catastrophe in that time and as an experienced military <mask> knew how to handle with it. In 1861 and 1865 <mask> and his brother Zdenko effectively helped to master blazes in the near village of Kněžpole that offered them then the honorary citizenship. In 1869 <mask> became also honorary citizen of Bílovice, being the first commander of the newly erected Fire Brigade. In 1873 Logothetti was one of the initiators of a new Law on Voluntary Fire Brigades in all villages counting more than 100 houses in the Moravian Diet. <mask> spoke fluently Czech, German, Hungarian and Polish. He organised competitions between Czech and German speaking schoolboys and was active in the Uherské Hradiště Men's Chorus that he founded with his father.In 1863 he founded together with his brother Zdenko the first Moravian rowing club Rudenverein Moravia in Uherské Hradiště. Three false tries to come to a Moravian Compromise regulating the cohabitation of Czech and German speaking Moravians (in 1848, 1868 and 1871) got nowhere (the Moravian Compromise was finally made as late as in 1905) and <mask> decided disappointed to leave active politics to return to the accustomed life of an active military. In 1877 he refused to candidate for the sixth term of the Diet and entered instead of that the Uhlan Squadron of the Royal Galician Home Guard. In 1882 <mask> accepted the available function of Commander of the State Horse Breeding in Drogowitz (nu: Дрогобич/Drogobych in the Ukraine). In 1883 he changed this position for the more important one of Commander of the State Military Stud Farm in Radautz in the Bucovina. The postcard shows his official dwelling. Logothetti developed further the breeding of Carpathian Hucul ponies that were much used by the Austro-Hungarian Army for their endurance.On 7 December 1892 the 70 years old officer died due to adverse effects after a bad spill from his horse. His corpse was transferred to Bílovice and buried with military honour at the family cemetery. The Bílovice Voluntary Frire Brigade is memorating every fifth year their founder. Family

<mask>tti married 25 October 1851 in the Catholic Cathedral of the Transylvanian capital Klausenburg (now Cluj-Napoca/Romania) with Maria Karolina Rosalia Johanna Countess Nemes de Hidvég et Oltszem (1826–1906). She was an offspring from the Catholic branch of an old Transylvanian noble lineage. The family was mostly Calvinist and acquired its title from the legendary Transylvanian Prince Gabriel Bethlen. The Calvinist branch had their own pews in the still-existing Hungarian Calvinist church in Fárkas útca (Wolfstrasse, now Strada Mihail Kogǎniceanu) in Kolozsvár (Cluj).The Catholic branch reconverted in 1755 with Karolina's grandfather Ádam grof Nemes de Hídvégi (†1766). They acquired then the title of Count (gróf) and had in Klausenburg their own crypta in the Catholic University Church, the Piarist's or Academic Church. The married couple had four children: Hugo II (1852–1918), later a high Austro-Hungarian diplomat; Alfred (1853–1923), Austro-Hungarian army officer and after 1918 Romanian landowner; Rosalia (1856–1942), honorary lady of the Noble Ladies' Convent Maria Schul in Brünn (Brno); and Maria (1859–1929), married Paul Lamoral Baron Taxis von Bordogna und Valnigra (1852–1901). Orders and honours
Logothetti obtained during his active military service several decorations for personal courage:
Imperial and Royal War Medal, Austrian Empire – 1848
Military Merit Cross, Austrian Empire - 1849
Knight's Cross 3rd Class with Swords of the Order of Saint Anne, Russian Empire – 1849
Knight of the Order of the Iron Crown, Austrian Empire – 1861
The St. Mary's Cross, German Knights (Austrian Branch) – 1882

Literature
Family records Logothetti 1734-1945, now Moravský zemský archiv, Brno (Czech Republic), fond G 195
Ernst Brückmüller, Hannes Stekl, Péter Hanák, Ilona Sármány-Parsons, Bürgertum in der Habsburgermonarchie: Kleinstadtbürgertum in der Habsburgermonarchie 1862-1914. Wien, Böhlau 2002,  (Ungarisch-Hradisch). Wilken Engelbrecht, Rod Logothettiů, in: Genealogické a heraldické informace III (1998), p. 17-27. . (red.)Alois Koch, Encyklopädie der gesammten Thierheilkunde und Thierzucht VIII, Perles 1891, p. 262. Pavel Krystýn. Bílovičtí páni. Logothettiové. In. Ibid., Bílovice 1256-2006. Obecní úřad Bílovice / Vydavatelství Petr Brázda, Bílovice/Břeclav 2006, p. 27-34. .
Vladimír Krystýn, Logothettiové z Bílovic.In: Slovácko XL (1998), p. 221-234. .
Gustav Amon von Treuenfest, Geschichte des k. und k. Uhlanen-Regiments Kaiser. Verlag des Regiments 1901. Notes

1822 births
1892 deaths
19th-century Austrian people
19th-century Hungarian people
Austro-Hungarian Army officers
Royalty and nobility of Austria-Hungary
Moravian nobility
Vladimir
Romanian people of Italian descent
Romanian people of Greek descent
Austrian people of Italian descent
Austrian people of Greek descent
Austrian people of Romanian descent
Hungarian people of Romanian descent
Hungarian people of Italian descent
Hungarian people of Greek descent
People from Lučenec District

masks: Vladimir Emanuel Alexander Count Logothetti


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<mask>  (born 1945) is the founder of Sunrise Cambodia, a charity that was originally established as an orphanage in the province of Kandal, in Cambodia, and now extends its services to sustainable development and family support in several provinces of the country. She has been granted Cambodian citizenship by a royal decree from King Norodom Sihanouk in 1999. Today <mask> remains the figure-head of Sunrise Cambodia, making public and media appearances in Australia to assist with fundraising appeals. She lives full-time in Cambodia, acting a mentor to the child recipients of the organization as well as meeting with the sponsors and donors who come to visit. She prides herself on keeping abreast with current Cambodian and international politics. Early life and family
Born in the foothills of Adelaide, <mask> had two older sisters, Sandra and Marlene, and described herself the "problem child" of the family. Her Father, <mask>, was a hard-working milkman and her mother <mask> was a housewife.Instead of finishing her high school certificate, Geraldine left school at age 15 and worked in multiple secretarial jobs in Adelaide between the years of 1965 and 1969. In 1964 Geraldine at the age of 19 had a year abroad in Europe where she worked as a secretary in a London office. This was her first taste of travel, which ignited a lifelong passion for overseas adventure. Career and humanitarian work
After moving to Coober Pedy to work as a miner in 1969,. <mask> began her career at the age of 25 working for The Department of Foreign Affairs in 1970. Her first overseas posting was to Phnom Penh in 1971. The country was in turmoil at the time, with the Vietnam war at the border and American B52s dropping bombs.<mask> refers to this first posting as an experience that significantly shaped who she is today. Her following overseas postings included working for Australian Embassies in Manila (1973-1978), Bangkok (1978-1981), Tehran and Washington D.C. After resigning from the Government in 1987 <mask> worked for eight years at the Chase Manhattan Bank in Sydney. <mask>'s original experiences in Cambodia never left her and while in Australia in 1993, <mask> helped found the Australia Cambodia Foundation, which operates Sunrise Cambodia today. She moved to Cambodia permanently in 1995 where she worked as an Executive Assistant for the Cabinet Director in the Cabinet of the then First Prime Minister of Cambodia, HRH Prince Norodom Ranariddh. In her spare time Geraldine assisted Princess Marie, the wife of Prince Norodom, in operating and supporting a residential education centre for orphaned children. When a military coup occurred in July/August 1997 Geraldine realised her position of responsibility in looking after the children of the orphanage, as Princess Marie and her political associates had fled the country to save themselves. Within the orphanage she became widely known to the children as "M’Day Thom" (meaning Big Mum)  Geraldine's unwavering support for the orphanage during the tumultuous political period of the military Coup led her to be recognised as a prominent humanitarian figure.Austcare contacted <mask> to be the keynote speaker at their October 1997 Refugee Week in Australia. After delivering this speech at the National Press Club in Canberra <mask>'s media profile gained much more public exposure and she began appearing in radio and TV segments to talk about her cause. <mask> is the author of the book Home is Where the Heart Is, an account of her life and the lives of some of the children she has cared for that was published by Pan Macmillan in 2000. Fifteen thousand copies have been printed and sold, and they are no longer available in book shops, only online on her website. <mask> is also the subject of the documentary My Khmer Heart, made by Australian filmmakers Janine Hosking and Leonie Lowe. This documentary won the [Hollywood Film Festival] Documentary of the Year Award in 2000 and has since been screened by [HBO] and Discovery Channels. Personal life
Geraldine has endured ongoing suffering in her private life due to her inability to have children[3].Her infertility led her to adopt a baby daughter (Lisa Devi <mask>) from a Cambodian orphanage in 1971. Unfortunately, she learned early on that Lisa was profoundly mentally and physically ill, suffering from deafness, epilepsy and diabetes. Geraldine cared for the child throughout her infancy and early childhood however gave her up after 7 challenging years to a full-time care centre in Adelaide. Lisa is now 45.

Notable romantic relationships in <mask>'s life include Theo Palaxides, who was her boyfriend and long-time partner in Adelaide. Although they ended their relationship long ago, Geraldine still keeps in touch with Theo and his wife today. Major On Kon, a Cambodian fighter pilot became Geraldine's prominent romantic partner during her posting in Phnom Penh in 1972. In 1984 Geraldine married Shi’ite Mahmoud Rastegar, an Iranian national who worked as an IBM project manager.Mahmoud relocated with <mask> on her posting to Washington, D.C., in 1984; however, they ended their marriage in 1990. Awards
In January 2001 <mask> was made a Member of the Order of Australia "For service to the welfare of children through the establishment, financing and administration of an orphanage in Cambodia." She has also received the Centenary Medal, "For service to the welfare of children in Cambodia". Other awards and accomplishments include:

 Granted Cambodian citizenship by a royal decree from King Norodom Sihanouk (1999). Member of the Humanitarian Affairs Advisory Board, 2014-2016
 Member of the board of Oasis Africa Australia (2013–present). Ernst & Young South Australian Entrepreneur of the Year Award, 2012
 Prime Minister of Cambodia Hun Sen awarded Geraldine the Royal Order of Sahametrei Medal, which is the most significant award given to foreigners. Recipient of the Sir Edward ‘Weary’ Dunlop AsiaLink Medal in 2011.Australia Network (the international cable channel run by the ABC) invited <mask> to become an Ambassador for the promotion of the channel and its programs. The Rotary Foundation named her a Paul Harris fellow in 2006
 Circle of Courage Award recipient in 2000 from Australian charity, Youth Off the Streets. References

External links
Sunrise Cambodia official website
Yellow Pages Cambodia: Sunrise Children's Village

People from Adelaide
1945 births
Living people
Australian humanitarians
Women humanitarians
Australian diplomats
Members of the Order of Australia

masks:
Geraldine Dorothea Cox
Geraldine
Geraldine Cox
Norm Cox
Dorothy Cox
Cox
Geraldine
Cox
Geraldine
Cox
Geraldine
Geraldine
Cox
Cox
Cox
Geraldine
Geraldine
Cox
Geraldine


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<mask> (; born May 14, 1984 in Dagestan) is a Russian mixed martial artist. He is a former amateur Light heavyweight and Middleweight boxer, and competed at the lightweight mixed martial artist in the Ultimate Fighting Championship. <mask> is also a former M-1 Global welterweight champion. He is ranked #6 in the ACA lightweight rankings. Early life
<mask> was born in Makhachkala, Dagestan. During his childhood <mask> engaged in various types of martial arts including karate, boxing, and kickboxing winning national competitions in each discipline. <mask> entered military service and competed in martial arts competitions and in 2004 won the title of Master of Sports in the hand-to-hand fighting category.After <mask>'s period of army service he trained in Combat Sambo. Mixed martial arts career

M-1 Global
<mask> was scheduled to challenge Shamil Zavurov for the M-1 Welterweight championship at M-1 Challenge XXX: Shamil Zavurov vs. Yasubey Enomoto II on December 9, 2011. The fight, however, was postponed. <mask> faced Yasubey Enomoto on March 16, 2012 at M-1 Challenge 31. He won the fight via unanimous decision (50–45, 49–47, 50–45) and became the new M-1 Global Welterweight Champion. <mask> faced Alexander Yakovlev on November 15, 2012 at M-1 Challenge 35. He won the fight via unanimous decision.Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> made his UFC debut against fellow promotional newcomer Anthony Rocco Martin in a lightweight bout on February 1, 2014 at UFC 169. After surviving a tight arm bar submission attempt by Martin in the first round, he rallied to win the fight via unanimous decision (29–28, 29–28, 29–28). In his second fight, <mask> faced Rodrigo Damm on May 31, 2014 at The Ultimate Fighter Brazil 3 Finale. He won the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Elias Silvério on December 20, 2014 at UFC Fight Night 58. After winning the first two rounds, he won the fight via TKO in the third round after dropping Silvério with a stiff left hook and following up with punches, becoming the first man to beat Silvério. <mask> faced Gilbert Burns at UFC Fight Night 77 on November 7, 2015.He dominated the three rounds and won via unanimous decision. <mask> was expected to face Chris Wade on May 8, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 87. However, <mask> pulled out of the bout on March 7 due to a knee injury. He was replaced by Rustam Khabilov. <mask> faced Beneil Dariush on November 5, 2016 at The Ultimate Fighter Latin America 3 Finale. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Bobby Green on April 15, 2017 at UFC on Fox 24.He won the fight via split decision. Professional Fighters League

PFL Season 2018
On August 20, 2017 it was reported <mask> had parted ways with the UFC as the two sides had failed to renegotiate a contract. He signed with the Professional Fighters League (PFL) and took part in the promotion's Lightweight Grand Prix. In his first fight in the tournament, <mask> faced Luiz Firmino on August 2, 2018. He won the fight by unanimous decision. <mask> then fought twice at PFL 9 on October 13, 2018. In the quarterfinals, he fought Will Brooks to a draw but advanced via first round tiebreaker.He then faced Thiago Tavares in the semifinals and won via TKO in the second round. <mask> then faced Natan Schulte in the finals at PFL 11 on December 31, 2018. He lost the back-and-forth bout by unanimous decision. PFL Sesason 2019
<mask> started the regular season against Loik Radzhabov at PFL 2 on May 23, 2019. He won the fight via unanimous decision. In the second regular season bout he faced Nate Andrews at PFL 5 on July 25, 2019. He lost the fight via unanimous decision but advanced to playoffs.In the first playoff fight, <mask> faced Akhmed Aliev at PFL 8 on October 17, 2019. He lost the fight via unanimous decision and was eliminated from the season. Absolute Championship Akhmat
After two seasons in the PFL, <mask> signed a contract with the Absolute Championship Akhmat. He was initially expected to make his debut against Eduard Vartanyan at ACA 108 on August 8, 2020, but was forced to withdraw from the bout due to an injury. He made his promotional debut against Artiom Damkovsky at ACA 113 on November 6, 2020. He won the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Mukhamed Kokov on March 26, 2021 at ACA 120: Oliveira vs. Bibulatov.He won a close bout via split decision. <mask> faced Alexander Sarnavskiy on September 24, 2021 at ACA 129: Sarnavskiy vs. <mask>. He lost the close bout via split decision. Championships and accomplishments

Mixed martial arts
M-1 Global
M-1 Global Welterweight Championship (One time)
Two successful title defenses

Sambo
Russian Combat Sambo Federation
Dagestan Combat Sambo Championships Runner-up. Hand-to-hand combat
Russian Union of Martial Arts
Russian National Champion of Army Hand-to-hand Combat. Russian Union of Martial Arts
Russian National Hand-to-hand Champion. Kickboxing
Russian Kickboxing Federation (RKF)
Russian Nationals 2006 - bronze medalist - 70 kg.

masks:
Rashid Magomedgadzhievich Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Magomedov
Rashid
Rashid
Magomedov


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<mask> (born <mask>; April 7, 1915 – December 10, 2012) was an economist and the author of several books on political economy and political ideology. His first major contribution was in the area of development economics. Here he emphasized the need for unbalanced growth. He argued that disequilibria should be encouraged to stimulate growth and help mobilize resources, because developing countries are short of decision-making skills. Key to this was encouraging industries with many linkages to other firms. His later work was in political economy and there he advanced two schemata. The first describes the three basic possible responses to decline in firms or polities (quitting, speaking up, staying quiet) in Exit, Voice, and Loyalty (1970).The second describes the basic arguments made by conservatives (perversity, futility and jeopardy) in The Rhetoric of Reaction (1991). In World War II, he played a key role in rescuing refugees in occupied France. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born in 1915 into an affluent Jewish family in Berlin, Germany, the son of <mask>, a surgeon and Hedwig Marcuse <mask>. He had a sister, <mask>. In 1932, he started studying at Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, was active in the anti-fascist resistance and emigrated to Paris, continued at HEC Paris, the Sorbonne, the London School of Economics and the University of Trieste, where he received his doctorate in economics in 1938. In the summer of 1936, Hirschman spent three months as a volunteer fighting on behalf of the Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War. After France surrendered to the Nazis, he worked with Varian Fry from the Emergency Rescue Committee to help many of Europe's leading artists and intellectuals to escape to the United States; Hirschman helped to lead them from occupied France to Spain through paths in the Pyrenees Mountains and then to Portugal.Those rescued included Marc Chagall, Hannah Arendt and Marcel Duchamp. Career
From 1941 to 1943 he was a Rockefeller Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley. He served in the United States Army (1943–1946) where he worked in the Office of Strategic Services, and served as the interpreter for the German general Anton Dostler at the first Allied war crimes trial. From 1946 to 1952 he was appointed Chief of the Western European and British Commonwealth Section of the Federal Reserve Board. From 1952 to 1954 he was a financial advisor to the National Planning Board of Colombia and the next 2 years made a living as a private economic counselor in Bogotá. Thereafter he held a succession of academic appointments in economics; from 1956 to 1958 at Yale University, from 1958 to 1964 at Columbia University, and for 10 years at Harvard University (1964–1974). He worked for the Institute for Advanced Study from 1974–2012 until his death.He died at the age of 97 on December 10, 2012, some months after the passing of his wife of over seventy years, <mask> (née Chapiro). Work
His first major contribution was in the area of development economics with the 1958 book The Strategy of Economic Development. Here he emphasized the need for unbalanced growth. He argued that disequilibria should be encouraged to stimulate growth and help mobilize resources, because developing countries are short of decision-making skills. Key to this was encouraging industries with many linkages to other firms. He argued against "Big Push" approaches to development, such as those advocated by Paul Rosenstein-Rodan. In the 1960s, Hirschman praised the works of Peruvian intellectuals José Carlos Mariátegui and Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, stating "paradoxically, the most ambitious attempt to theorize the revolution of Latin American society arose in a country that to date has experienced very little social change: I am talking about Peru and the writings of Haya de la Torre and Mariátegui".He helped develop the hiding hand principle in his 1967 essay The principle of the hiding hand,. His later work was in political economy, where he advanced two schemata. In Exit, Voice, and Loyalty (1970) he described the three basic possible responses to decline in firms or polities (quitting, speaking up, staying quiet). The second describes the basic arguments made by conservatives (perversity, futility and jeopardy) in The Rhetoric of Reaction (1991). In The Passions and the Interests <mask> recounts a history of the ideas laying the intellectual groundwork for capitalism. He describes how thinkers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries embraced the sin of avarice as an important counterweight to humankind's destructive passions. Capitalism was promoted by thinkers including Montesquieu, Sir James Steuart, and Adam Smith as repressing the passions for "harmless" commercial activities.Hirschman noted that terms including "vice" and "passion" gave way to "such bland terms" as "advantage" and "interest." Hirschman described it as the book he most enjoyed writing. According to Hirschman biographer Jeremy Adelman, it reflected Hirschman's political moderation, a challenge to reductive accounts of human nature by economists as a "utility-maximizing machine" as well as Marxian or communitarian "nostalgia for a world that was lost to consumer avarice." Herfindahl–Hirschman Index
In 1945, Hirschman proposed a market concentration index which was the square root of the sum of the squares of the market share of each participant in the market. In 1950, <mask> C. Herfindahl proposed a similar index (but without the square root), apparently unaware of the prior work. Thus, it is usually referred to as the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index. Books

 1945.National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade 1980 expanded ed., Berkeley : University of California Press
 1955. Colombia; highlights of a developing economy. Bogotá: Banco de la Republica Press. 1958. The Strategy of Economic Development. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. 1961.Latin American issues; essays and comments New York: Twentieth Century Fund. 1963. Journeys toward Progress: Studies of Economic Policy-Making in Latin America. New York: Twentieth Century Fund
 1967. Development Projects Observed. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. (paper).1970. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. (paper). 1971. A Bias for Hope: Essays on Development and Latin America. New Haven: Yale University Press.1977. The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments For Capitalism Before Its Triumph. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. .
 1980. National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1981. Essays in trespassing: economics to politics and beyond.Cambridge (Eng. ); New York: Cambridge University Press. 1982. Shifting involvements: private interest and public action. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. 1984. Getting ahead collectively: grassroots experiences in Latin America (with photographs by Mitchell Denburg).New York: Pergamon Press
 1985. A bias for hope: essays on development and Latin America. Boulder: Westview Press. 1986. Rival views of market society and other recent essays. New York: Viking. 1991.The Rhetoric of Reaction: Perversity, Futility, Jeopardy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. (cloth) and  (paper). 1995. A propensity to self-subversion. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1998.Crossing boundaries: selected writings. New York: Zone Books; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Distributed by the MIT Press. 2013. Worldly Philosopher: The Odyssey of <mask>. Hirschman  by Jeremy Adelman. . Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ (2013)
 2013 The Essential Hirschman edited by Jeremy Adelman (Princeton University Press) 384 pages; 16 essays

Selected articles
 "On Measures of Dispersion for a Finite Distribution." Journal of the American Statistical Association 38, no. 223 (September 1943): 346–352."The Commodity Structure of World Trade." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 57, no. 4 (August 1943): 565–595. "Devaluation and the Trade Balance: A Note." The Review of Economics and Statistics 31, no. 1 (February 1949): 50–53. "Negotiations and the Issues."The Review of Economics and Statistics, 33, no. 1 (February 1951): 49–55. "Types of Convertibility." The Review of Economics and Statistics, 33, no. 1 (February 1951): 60–62. "Currency Appreciation as an Anti-Inflationary Device: Further Comment." The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 66, no.1 (February 1952): 117–120. "Economic Policy in Underdeveloped Countries." Economic Development and Cultural Change, 5, no. 4 (July 1957): 362–370. "Investment Policies and 'Dualism' in Underdeveloped Countries." The American Economic Review 47, no. 5 (September 1957): 550–570."Invitation to Theorizing about the Dollar Glut." The Review of Economics and Statistics 42, no. 1 (February 1960): 100–102. "The Commodity Structure of World Trade: Reply." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 75, no. 1 (February 1961): 165–166. "Models of Reformmongering."The Quarterly Journal of Economics 77, no. 2 (May 1963): 236–257. "Obstacles to Development: A Classification and a Quasi-Vanishing Act." Economic Development and Cultural Change 13, no. 4 (July 1965): 385–393. "The Political Economy of Import-Substituting Industrialization in Latin America." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 82, no.1 (February 1968): 1–32. "Underdevelopment, Obstacles to the Perception of Change, and Leadership." Daedalus 97, no. 3 (Summer 1968): 925–937. "An Alternative Explanation of Contemporary Harriednes." The Quarterly Journal of Economics 87, no. 4 (November 1973): 634–637."The Changing Tolerance for Income Inequality in the Course of Economic Development", World Development, Vol. 1, No. 12, (December '1973'). "On Hegel, Imperialism, and Structural Stagnation", Journal of Development Economics,('1976'). "Beyond Asymmetry: Critical Notes on Myself as a Young Man and on Some Other Old Friends." International Organization 32, no. 1 (Winter 1978): 45–50."Exit, Voice, and the State." World Politics 31, no. 1 (October 1978): 90–107. "The Rise and Decline of Development Economics." International Symposium on Latin America, Bar-Ilan University, Israel, '1980'. "'Exit, Voice, and Loyalty': Further Reflections and a Survey of Recent Contributions." The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly.Health and Society 58, no. 3 (Summer 1980): 430–453. "Rival Interpretations of Market Society: Civilizing, Destructive, or Feeble?." Journal of Economic Literature 20, no. 4 (December 1982): 1463–1484. "Against Parsimony: Three Easy Ways of Complicating Some Categories of Economic Discourse." Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 37, no.8 (May 1984): 11–28. "Against Parsimony: Three Easy Ways of Complicating Some Categories of Economic Discourse." American Economic Review 72, no. 2 (1984): 89–96
 "University Activities Abroad and Human Rights Violations: Exit, Voice, or Business as Usual." Human Rights Quarterly 6, no. 1 (February 1984): 21–26. "The Political Economy of Latin American Development: Seven Exercises in Retrospection."Latin American Research Review 22, no. 3 (1987): 7–36. "Exit, Voice, and the Fate of the German Democratic Republic: An Essay in Conceptual History." World Politics 45, no. 2 (January 1993): 173–202. "Social Conflicts as Pillars of Democratic Market Society." Political Theory 22, no.2 (May 1994): 203–218. Awards
In 2001, Hirschman was named among the top 100 American intellectuals, as measured by academic citations, in Richard Posner's book, Public Intellectuals: A Study of Decline. In 2003, he won the Benjamin E. Lippincott Award from the American Political Science Association to recognize a work of exceptional quality by a living political theorist for his book The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism before Its Triumph. In 2007, the Social Science Research Council established an annual prize in honor of Hirschman. See also

Economic development
Hirschman cycle
Exit, Voice, and Loyalty Model
Latin American studies
Fernando Henrique Cardoso
Guillermo O'Donnell
Philippe C. Schmitter

References
Citations

Sources

Further reading

 Michele Alacevich. 2021. <mask><mask>: An Intellectual Biography.Columbia University Press. Jeremy Adelman. 2013. Worldly Philosopher: The Odyssey of <mask>. Hirschman. Princeton University Press

External links

 <mask> Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University
 The New York Review of Books Bibliography
 Amherst Commencement Recognition
 <mask>. Hirschman Prize and Lecture
 Obituary from the Institute for Advanced Study
 "A great lateral thinker died on December 10th" The Economist 2012. Michael Laver. "Exit, Voice, and Loyalty revisited: The Strategic Production and Consumption of Public and Private Goods," British Journal of Political Science.Vol. 6. (Oct. 1976). pp. 463–482. 1915 births
2012 deaths
21st-century American economists
20th-century American economists
Development economists
University of Paris alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
German emigrants to the United States
Institute for Advanced Study faculty
Latin Americanists
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Harvard University faculty
Columbia University faculty
Alumni of the London School of Economics
American humanitarians
American people of German-Jewish descent
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
University of Trieste alumni
Französisches Gymnasium Berlin alumni
International Brigades personnel
Jewish American academics
Jewish scholars
Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association
Social Science Research Council
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Albert Otto Hirschman
Otto Albert Hirschmann
Otto Albert
Hirschman
Carl Hirschmann
Hirschmann
Ursula Hirschmann
Sarah Hirschman
Hirschmann
Orris
Albert O
Albert O
. Hirschman
Albert O
Albert Hirschman
Albert O


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<mask> (, 6 August 1918, Budapest – 25 January 2011, Ham, Surrey) was a Hungarian-born property developer and art collector. In London he built up the Keir Collection, one of the greatest post-war collections of Islamic art,  bequeathed in 2008 to the Pergamon Museum of Islamic Art in Berlin. The arrangement for the museum to curate the collection came to an end in July 2012. The collection is now hosted by the Dallas Museum of Art as of May 2014 for a 15-year renewable loan. Life

<mask> was born in Budapest into a family linked with the art world. His father was a private collector of carpets and another relative was the architect who designed the Hungarian National Museum. After going to London in 1934 to learn English, he studied economics at Kiel Institute for the World Economy, law at the University of Budapest and history at Hertford College, Oxford.Returning to Hungary before the outbreak of World War II, in 1945 he married Eva Spicht, one of 22 Jewish refugees whom he had taken in during the Battle of Budapest. After the war he restored and ran the Astoria Hotel in Budapest, until it was requisitioned by the communist regime in 1948. In 1949 <mask>, following a series of arrests in Hungary, moved permanently to England, working first as a manservant. After further training, he entered the legal profession as a barrister. He later worked as Crown Counsel in Ghana for the Colonial Office. The period in West Africa permitted visits to Egypt, where he developed an interest in Coptic and Islamic art. On returning to England, <mask> became a property developer, which provided him with the means to build up his post-war art collection, which he named the "Keir Collection", after one of his first homes The Keir on Wimbledon Common in London.In 1965, following the death of his first wife Eva in 1959, he married Elizabeth Allen, with whom he had two sons, Richard and Glen. The ever-increasing Keir Collection was moved in the late 1960s to his house in Ham, Surrey. The collection, which started in his youth with carpets, gradually grew to include ceramics, in particular rare items of lustreware  from Mesopotamia, Persian and Moghul miniatures, medieval and Renaissance enamels, sculptures, and textiles from Italy and France (including the medieval enamels collection of Ernst and Martha Kofler-Truniger). Widely knowledgeable on the area in which he collected, <mask> founded the Islamic Art Circle in 1964 and lectured frequently on his expertise all over the world. Keir Collection

Carpets and textiles
"My love of Islamic art began with carpets. I first became aware of them at the age of six, when my father Richard told me not to walk on them. [...] My father was a rather solitary person and, seeing my interest, he must have been pleased.He took me to museums, and by the age of nine I was quite a good companion to him in the salesrooms. [...] After the war and my departure from my homeland I was once again able to continue the collecting of what my fellow Oxford undergraduates had called "moth-eaten rags". Slowly, not only the floors but also the walls of my home became covered with new acquisitions." The majority of carpets that form the core of the Keir Collection remain in the 18th century Manor House on Ham Street in Richmond, London, which was <mask>'s home up to his death in 2011. A small but representative portion of classical oriental carpets from Persia, Turkey and Mughal India are on display in the Pergamon Museum of Islamic Art. His passion for collecting carpets soon led <mask> to diversify into fine textiles, starting in 1961 with the acquisition of Persian embroidery in Paris. He started collecting decorative silk, velvet and brocade fabrics, with elaborate designs resembling those in the carpets.There provenance included the Persian, Ottoman and Mughal empires, with Safavid silks forming the nucleus of his collection. It incorporates parts of the older textile collections of Joseph V. McMullan and Hagop Kevorkian. With Werner Abegg as mentor <mask> moved on to mediaeval and Renaissance woven cloth from Europe, particularly Italy and Spain, and in number these items dominate the collection. Ceramics
"The end came when I observed every carpet on the floor was covered by at least two other layers. I realized it could not go on. It was at that moment that I had my first encounter with Islamic ceramics. Just like their woven counterparts these have the same combination of warmth of colour, delicacy and boldness of design.Above all, I admire the lustre ware which to my mind is the greatest gift the Islamic potter has made to mankind." <mask>'s extensive collection of Islamic ceramics contains important examples from the mediaeval period, from the 8th to the 13th century. Some of the most prized items are of gold lustreware, a technique that originated and was perfected in Iraq. These skills were passed on to artisans in Fatimid Egypt and Kashan in Persia. The Persian lustreware tiles provide examples of figurative representations in Islamic art prior to the Mongol period. Rock crystal

Rock crystal artefacts flourished during the Fatimid period in Egypt (969-1171). Because of the difficulty of working with the very hard medium, only the caliph and his immediate court could afford these objets d'art, which varied in size from small animal forms to large vessels.In 1068, however, the large collection of treasures in the Caliph's palace in al-Qahira (now part of modern-day Cairo) was dispersed throughout the medieval world as the result of a revolt by the unpaid army. Very few items from the reportedly large collection survive. Several of these rare sculpted rock crystals came to form parts of reliquaries in Medieval church treasuries, in mountings made for gold and precious stones. <mask> acquired several rock crystal pieces from this period for his collection including a fine vessel decorated with palmettes, set in an elaborate gold casing with handles formed of foliage and winged dragons. Other smaller items in the collection include several bottles, possibly intended for dispensing scent, and a bead in the form of a crouching hare, possibly intended as a charm. In October 2008 an 11th-century Fatimid rock crystal ewer was acquired for the Keir Collection at a public auction in Christie's by <mask>'s son, Richard, for over £3 million. Set in a medieval Italian gold and enamel mount, the ewer had earlier in the year been offered for auction in Somerset as a nineteenth-century French claret decanter with an estimated price of between £100 and £200.Islamic art experts present at the auction recognized the rarity of the artifact, which sold for just over £200,000. Subsequently the owner withdrew the object from sale, placing it for auction at Christie's, who gave an evaluation with a starting price of £3 million, expecting a higher price, despite the financial crisis at the time. When <mask> requested an export order so that the ewer could go on display in Berlin, the UK government sought its own evaluation from Sotheby's, who returned a figure of £20 million, beyond the means of any public British art collection. With a change of government, Sotheby's figure was accepted and the ewer, one of only a very small number of surviving rock glass vessels of this type, is now on display in the Pergamon Museum of Islamic Art. Islamic art of the book
"As a child, one of my favourite books was the Arabian Nights, and its colourful descriptions and rich imaginative quality must have left a mark on me. The first Oriental miniature I consciously looked at was at the Musée d'Arts décoratifs in Paris [...] It was this painting that prompted me to buy my first book on Persian miniatures." As  stated at the start of his evaluation of <mask>'s extensive collection of Islamic illuminated manuscripts, "A series of magnificent exhibitions of Islamic manuscript art and calligraphy has recently shown splendid masterpieces from several regions of the Orient and revealed the stereotype of Islam's hostility towards illustration and the "substitute art" of calligraphy as nothing more than absurd."The collection of <mask>, although containing many examples of medieval calligraphy, particularly Korans, has an even larger number of illuminated figurative manuscripts. The calligraphic manuscripts in the Keir Collection were produced by some of the most accomplished artists of the period from across the entire Islamic world. With intricate designs in luxurious gold and blue or polychrome, these date from the twelfth to the fifteenth century and originate from Syria, Spain, North Africa (particularly Mamluk Egypt), Iraq, Iran and India. The miniature paintings on detached folios, which form the bulk of <mask>'s collection, contain illustrations of Persian epic poems, including the celebrated Shahnameh, the "Book of Kings", of Firdausi and the Khamsa of Nizami. The figurative illuminated manuscripts cover the period from the early 14th century to the early 17th century and again range across the whole Islamic world, from Turkey to Mughal India. In addition to folios from illuminated manuscripts, <mask> collected examples of Islamic bookbinding, one of the most highly developed skills in the Islamic world. His collection includes Persian leather bindings, some polychromatic, embossed with highly ornamental designs in gold.There are also examples of bookbindings with flap, some with elaborate miniature lacquerwork painting either on leather or on a papier-mâché base. Metalwork

"I believe that no collection of Islamic art can be complete without metalwork [...] It tells us a great deal about the art of Islam, the inscriptions found on the metalware contributing significantly to the history of the subject. I recognize in Islamic metalwork that intrinsic quality which is the result of first-class workmanship." The creation of finely wrought metalware, in gold, silver and copper alloys, was from the outset one of the most highly developed skills in Islamic art. The artefacts were produced for the whole range of society from the courtly elite to the merchant class. The Keir Collection reflects this diversity. Amongst the most precious objects are enamel and gold jewelry and engraved silverware; other household objects include engraved bronze ewers, jugs, perfume bottles, aquamaniles, incense burners and candlesticks from all over the Islamic world, from the 8th to the 16th century.Medieval enamels
The collection of medieval and Renaissance enamels of Ernst and Martha Kofler-Truninger was purchased by <mask> in two parts in 1970 and 1971. It remained in the Keir Collection until 1997, when the bulk of the collection was auctioned at Sotheby's with a pre-sale estimate of $25 million that was not realised, with some items remaining unsold or withdrawn. Notes

References
 , distributed by Chicago University Press

External links
 A Collector's Fortune. Islamic Art Masterpieces of the Keir Collection, Pergamon Museum of Islamic Art
 Photograph of a 12th-century Fatimid bronze lion aquamanile with spout, Pergamon Museum of Islamic Art
 Images of artefacts from the Keir Collection:
Fatimid rock crystal bead in form of hare
Early 11th century Fatimid rock crystal oval bottle
13th century Homberg brass and silver ewer from Northern Iraq
13th century gold, silver and brass part of window grille from Western Iran
Early 13th century silver bowl from Western Iran
Early 9th century bronze ewer, decorated with dolphins, hares and palmettes, from Iraq
Video showing details of three Fatimid rock crystal ewers on display in the Pergamon Museum of Islamic Art
Object is light and stone, article in German on the Fatimid rock crystal ewer, Museumsjournal 2011, Stefan Weber, director of Pergamon Museum of Islamic Art. Early 20th-century views of the entrance and garden of the Manor House in Ham, Surrey (a grade II* listed building), from the English Heritage Archive
Report on auction of Medieval artefacts in the Keir Collection, The New York Times, 1997. Second report on auction, The New York Times, 1997. The Virgin of the Battles, one of the medieval Limoges sculptures from the Keir Collection auctioned in 1997, now in Museo de Burgos
The Madrid Chasse, one of the Medieval artefacts from the Keir collection auctioned in 1997, now in the Art Gallery of Ontario

1918 births
2011 deaths
Hungarian art collectors
Islamic art
Hungarian emigrants to the United Kingdom

masks:
Edmund Robert Anthony de Unger
Edmund de Unger
de Unger
de Unger
de Unger
de Unger
de Unger
de Unger
De Unger
De Unger
de Unger
de Unger
de Unger
de Unger
de Unger
de Unger
de Unger


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<mask> (; ; born 18 July 1949) is a German philosopher who is the Professor for Social Philosophy at Goethe University Frankfurt and the Jack B. Weinstein Professor of the Humanities in the department of philosophy at Columbia University. He was also director of the Institut für Sozialforschung (Institute for Social Research) in Frankfurt am Main, Germany between 2001 and 2018. Biography
<mask> was born in Essen, West Germany on 18 July 1949, studied in Bonn, Bochum, Berlin and Munich (under Jürgen Habermas), and taught at the Free University of Berlin and the New School before moving to the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University of Frankfurt in 1996. He also held the Spinoza Chair of Philosophy at the University of Amsterdam in 1999. Between 2001 and 2018 he was director of the Institute for Social Research, originally home to the so-called Frankfurt School, at the University of Frankfurt. Since 2011, he is also Jack B. Weinstein Professor of the Humanities at the department of philosophy at Columbia University in the City of New York. Research
Honneth's work focuses on social-political and moral philosophy, especially relations of power, recognition, and respect.One of his core arguments is for the priority of intersubjective relationships of recognition in understanding social relations. This includes non- and mis-recognition as a basis of social and interpersonal conflict. For instance, grievances regarding the distribution of goods in society are ultimately struggles for recognition. His first main work The Critique of Power: Reflective Stages in a Critical Social Theory explores the affinities between the Frankfurt School and Michel Foucault. In his second main work The Struggle for Recognition: Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts, the recognition concept is derived mainly from G. W. F. Hegel's early social philosophical works, but is supplemented by George Herbert Mead's social psychology, Jürgen Habermas' communicative ethics, and Donald Winnicott's object relations theory. Honneth's critical adaptation of these is the basis of his critical social theory, which attempts to remedy the deficits of previous approaches. In 2003, Honneth co-authored Recognition or Redistribution?with the feminist philosopher Nancy Fraser, who criticizes the priority of ethical categories such as recognition over structural social-political categories such as redistribution in Honneth's thought. His recent work Reification reformulates this key "Western Marxist" concept in terms of intersubjective relations of recognition and power. For Honneth, all forms of reification are due to intersubjectively based pathologies rather than the structural character of social systems such as capitalism as argued by Karl Marx and György Lukács. In The Idea of Socialism, Honneth calls for a revision of socialist theory in order to make it relevant for the 21st century, based on a criticism of the socialist theory of historical materialism, ignorance of political rights and social differentiation in modern societies, and overemphasis on the working class as a revolutionary subject. In order to fully realize the three principles of the French revolution, Honneth suggests three revisions: Replacing economic determinism with historical experimentation inspired by John Dewey, expanding social freedom – mutual dependence and cooperation among members of society – to the other spheres of modern society (i.e. the political and the private), as well as addressing all citizens of the democratic sphere. Works translated into English
 Social Action and Human Nature, co-authored with Hans Joas (Cambridge University Press, 1988 [1980]).The Critique of Power: Reflective Stages in a Critical Social Theory (MIT Press, 1991 [1985]). The Fragmented World of the Social: Essays in Social and Political Philosophy (SUNY Press, 1995 [1990]). The Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts (Polity Press, 1995 [1992]). Redistribution or Recognition? : A Political-Philosophical Exchange, co-authored with Nancy Fraser (Verso, 2003). Reification: A Recognition-Theoretical View (Oxford University Press, 2007). Disrespect: The Normative Foundations of Critical Theory (Polity Press, 2007 [2000]).Pathologies of Reason: On the Legacy of Critical Theory (2009). The Pathologies of Individual Freedom: Hegel's Social Theory (2010). The I in We: Studies in the Theory of Recognition (2012). Freedom's Right (2014). The Idea of Socialism (2016). See also

 Critical theory
 Recognition (sociology)
 Social exclusion
 Charles Taylor (philosopher)

References

Further reading
Bert van den Brink and David Owen, Recognition and Power: <mask> and the Tradition of Critical Social Theory (Cambridge University Press, 2007). Deranty, Jean-Philippe, Beyond Communication: A Critical Study of <mask>'s Social Philosophy (Brill, 2009).Iser, Matthias, Empörung und Fortschritt. Grundlagen einer Kritischen Theorie der Gesellschaft (Campus, 2008). Schmidt-am-Busch, Hans-Christoph and Zurn, Christopher (eds), The Philosophy of Recognition. Historical and Contemporary Perspectives (Lexington Books, 2009)
Thompson, Simon, The Political Theory of Recognition. A Critical Introduction (Polity, 2006). Huttunen, Rauno, Habermas, Honneth and Education (Lambert Academic Publishing 2009). External links

 Tanner Lecture on Reification, 2005
 2006 Program of Research: Paradoxes of Capitalist Modernization
 Joel Anderson's Introduction to The Struggle for Recognition.Honneth in London <mask> in conversation with Peter Dews, 2007
 Homepages of <mask>h at the University of Frankfurt  and the Institute for Social Research. 2007 Talks by Honneth
 "Patterns of Intersubjective Recognition: Love, Rights, and Solidarity" by Honneth
 "Social Criticism in the Age of the Normalized Intellectual"
 Chapter 1, The Pathologies of Individual Freedom: Hegel's Social Theory (2010)
 Recognition Forum (Research on recognition theory, bibliographies, theses, events, forum)
 Interview with <mask>, Barcelona Metropolis, num. 78, Spring, 2010. Interview with Honneth for the Platypus Review 59 (September, 2013)
 Publications by <mask>h in WorldCat

1949 births
20th-century essayists
20th-century German male writers
20th-century German non-fiction writers
20th-century German philosophers
21st-century essayists
21st-century German male writers
21st-century German non-fiction writers
21st-century German philosophers
Columbia University faculty
Continental philosophers
Critical theorists
Frankfurt School
Free University of Berlin faculty
German ethicists
German male essayists
German male non-fiction writers
German political philosophers
German sociologists
Goethe University Frankfurt faculty
Living people
Moral philosophers
The New School faculty
Philosophers of culture
Philosophers of economics
Philosophers of ethics and morality
Philosophers of history
Philosophers of social science
Philosophy academics
Philosophy writers
Social philosophers
University of Bonn alumni
University of Konstanz faculty
Writers about activism and social change
Writers from Essen

masks:
Axel Honneth
Honneth
Axel Honneth
Axel Honneth
Axel Honneth
Axel Honnet
Axel Honneth
Axel Honnet


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<mask> (born May 26, 1994) is an American professional soccer player for Olympique Lyonnais Féminin on loan from Portland Thorns FC. She previously played for the Portland Thorns FC of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), the highest division of women's professional soccer in the United States, and the United States women's national soccer team. In 2018, she was named NWSL MVP. Horan was a leading player for the Thorns during their 2017 championship season, scoring the winning goal in the championship game, and before that was a prolific scorer for Paris Saint-Germain FC, scoring 46 goals in 58 appearances. She was the leading scorer for the United States U-17 team at the 2010 CONCACAF U-17 Women's Championship. Early life
Horan was born May 26, 1994 and grew up in Golden, Colorado near Denver. Although she attended Golden High School, she did not play soccer for the school.Instead, she played club soccer with the Colorado Rush. She first started playing for the Colorado Edge during the U-11 tryouts. In March, when Horan was 15 years old and was one of the youngest players on the United States under-17 women's national team, she scored 12 goals in nine games (a team best) leading up to the North American/Central American/Caribbean U-17 tournament in Costa Rica. During her sophomore year at Golden, she was named to the Parade Magazine High School All-American team although she didn't play high school soccer. In 2012, Horan was named the top-ranked college prospect by ESPN. Although she had a scholarship to play for North Carolina, Horan bypassed her college career and signed with French club Paris Saint-Germain FC (PSG). Club career

Colorado Rush
Horan played for the Colorado Rush in the W-League during the 2012 season.She played three games for the team, scoring two goals and taking 19 shots. Paris Saint-Germain FC, 2012–2016

In July 2012, Horan signed a six-figure deal to play with the professional French club, Paris Saint-Germain FC (PSG). On January 4, 2016, Paris Saint-Germain announced Horan's contract had been terminated to allow her to return to the United States. She played her final game on December 5, 2015, a 5–0 win over FCF Juvisy. Horan scored the match's opening goal. Horan scored 46 goals in 58 appearances for PSG. Portland Thorns, 2016–present

On January 13, 2016, Horan signed with the Portland Thorns FC of the NWSL.Unlike her role at PSG, Horan for Portland plays in central midfield in a position similar to her national-team role. Horan scored the only goal in Portland's 1–0 win over the North Carolina Courage in the 2017 NWSL Championship and was named NWSL Championship MVP. Horan was named Player of the Month for July 2018, she scored three goals in July, helping the Thorns to a 3–0–0 record for the month. She was named to the 2018 NWSL Best XI, and on September 21, 2018 she was named 2018 NWSL Most Valuable Player. In 2020, she was a key player in helping Thorns win the Fall Series and the associated Community Shield, and in 2021, did the same for the Thorns' winning the NWSL Challenge Cup, the Women's International Champions Cup, and the NWSL Shield. Club summary

Notes

International career

Horan played for the United States women's national under-17 soccer team and was the leading scorer for the team at the 2010 CONCACAF Women's U-17 Championship. She helped the United States women's national under-20 soccer team win the 2012 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship in March by scoring four goals, including a hat trick against Guatemala in the group stage.<mask> was unable to play in the 2012 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup because of a knee injury that required surgery. In February 2013, at the age of eighteen, she was named to the senior team roster for the 2013 Algarve Cup. She earned her first cap for the senior team during a group stage match against China at the Algarve on March 8, 2013. Horan was called up to the senior roster near the end of 2015, and scored her first goal for the senior team during a 'Woman of the Match' performance against Trinidad & Tobago in December 2015. She is on the roster for the 2016 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Championship and started the opening group stage match against Costa Rica in central midfield. While Horan played successfully as a striker during her time at PSG, with 46 goals in 56 appearances, she played in central midfield after her return to the national team in 2016. Horan was called up for the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, scoring her first World Cup goal in the opening game against Thailand on 11 June.On January 31, 2020, she scored her first career hat-trick against Panama in the 2020 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Championship in addition to assisting goals scored by Lynn Williams and Tobin Heath. On 24 July 2021, Horan played her 100th match for USWNT, and scored a goal in a 6–1 win over New Zealand in the 2020 Summer Olympics.

masks:
Lindsey Michelle Horan
Horan


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<mask> (June 3, 1886 – June 22, 1947) was a vagabond, pugilist, and American writer. He enjoyed critical and commercial success as a writer in the 1920s and 1930s. Biography
Born near St. Marys, Ohio, to James Dennis and <mask>, an Irish immigrant ditch-digger and his wife, Tully enjoyed a relatively happy but impoverished childhood until the death of his mother in 1892. Unable to care for him, his father sent him to an orphanage in Cincinnati. He remained there for six years. What further education he acquired came in the hobo camps, boxcars, railroad yards, and public libraries scattered across the country. Finally, weary of the road, he arrived in Kent, Ohio, where he worked as a chain maker, professional boxer, and tree surgeon.He also began to write, mostly poetry published in the local newspapers. He moved to Hollywood in 1912, when he began writing in earnest. His literary career took two distinct paths. He became one of the first reporters to cover Hollywood. As a free-lancer he was not constrained by the studios and wrote about Hollywood celebrities (including Charlie Chaplin, for whom he had worked) in ways that they did not always find agreeable. For these pieces, rather tame by current standards, he became known as the most-hated man in Hollywood—a title he relished. Less lucrative but closer to his heart were the books he wrote about his life on the road and the American underclass.He also wrote an affectionate memoir of his childhood with his extended Irish family, as well as novels on prostitution, boxing, Hollywood, and a travel book. While some of the more graphic books ran afoul of the censors, they also garnered both commercial success and critical acclaim from, among others, H. L. Mencken, George Jean Nathan, and Rupert Hughes, who wrote that <mask> "has fathered the school of hard-boiled writing so zealously cultivated by Ernest Hemingway and lesser luminaries." Beggars of Life, a silent film starring Louise Brooks based on <mask>'s memoir of the same name and its play adaptation, Outside Looking In, by Maxwell Anderson, was released in 1928. Marriage and children

<mask> married Florence May Bushnell on October 14, 1910, in Kent, Ohio. They had two children together: T. Alton <mask>, born August 3, 1911, in Kent and daughter Trilby Jean Tully born November 13, 1918, in California. <mask> later had two additional marriages, to Marna, Margaret Rider Myers in 1925, and finally to Myrtle Zwetow on June 28, 1933, in Ventura, California. Works

Autobiography
 Beggars of Life (1924) (New York: Albert & Charles Boni)
 Circus Parade (1927) (New York: Albert & Charles Boni)
 A Man of the New School (1931) (Cincinnati: Greater Hotel Gibson in Cincinnati)

Novels
 Emmett Lawler (1922) (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, Inc.)
 Jarnegan (1926) (New York: Albert & Charles Boni)
 Shanty Irish (1928) (New York: Albert & Charles Boni)
 Shadows of Men (1930) (New York: Doubleday, Doran and Company)
 Blood on the Moon (1931) (New York: Coward-McCann, Inc.)
 Laughter in Hell (1932) (New York: Albert & Charles Boni)
 Ladies in the Parlor (1935) (New York: Greenberg: Publisher)
 The Bruiser (1936) (New York: Greenberg: Publisher)
 Biddy Brogan’s Boy (1942) (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons)

Travel
 Beggars Abroad (1930) (New York: Doubleday, Doran and Company)

Profiles
 A Dozen and One (1943) (Hollywood: Murray & Gee).CONTENTS: Introduction / Damon Runyon. -- Charlie Chaplin—Clark Gable—Jack Dempsey—Diego Rivera—George Jean Nathan—Wilson Mizner—<mask>—Arnold Bennett—Tod Sloan—Paul Bern—Walter Winchell—Henry Armstrong—H.L. Mencken. Plays
 Black Boy w/ Frank Dazey (1926) play
 Twenty Below w/ Robert Nichols (1927) play (London: Robert Holden & Co. Ltd.)

Articles
 "Are Americans People?" The Story World and Photodramatist, May 1923. "Speaking of Men—! Bill Hart, Sid Grauman & Sig Haugdahl," Triple-X Magazine, October 1924."Whales to Starboard!" Triple-X Magazine, January 1925. "The Three Gamblers," Photoplay, January 1925. "The Man Who Found Himself," Photoplay, February 1925. "On the Banks of the Wabash," Photoplay, May 1925. "The Extra Pirate," Photoplay, August 1925. "The Girl with the Broken Ankle," Photoplay, August 1925."Can Dempsey Still Fight?" Liberty, August 22, 1925. "The Lad Who Ran Away," Photoplay, September 1925. "The Girl Who Kept Step," Photoplay, January 1926. "A Top Rider," Photoplay, January 1926. "Passing Strangers," Liberty, September 11, 1926. "Owen, Tom, Matt and Joe," Photoplay, October 1925."A Modern Samaritan," Photoplay, November 1925. "Writers I Have Known," Markets and Methods for Writers, April 1927. "Aimee Semple McPherson," Liberty, January 12, 1929. "The Failure of Jack London," Markets and Methods for Writers, March 1929. "Two Thousand Rejection Slips," Markets and Methods for Writers, March 1930. "My Writing Creed," Writer’s 1931 Year Book. "Ex-Follies Girl," The Illustrated Love Magazine, March 1932."The Girl Who Lied," The Illustrated Love Magazine, August 1932. "The Clown Who Juggled Apples" (W. C. Fields), Photoplay, January 1934. "Warner Baxter—And Women," Movie Classic, January 1936. "Today’s Greatest Prizefighter," Liberty, April 2, 1938. "The Bruiser," Jack Dempsey’s Sports Magazine, May 1938. Poetry
 "The Dying Hobo," Esquire, April 1937. References

 Starr Dailey, "Cincy Red," Writers’ Markets and Methods, July 1935, pp 16-17.<mask> Papers (Collection 250). Department of Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles
 California Death Index 1940-1997
 Bauer, Paul and Mark Dawidziak. <mask>: American Writer, Irish Rover, Hollywood Brawler (Kent, OH: The Kent State University Press, 2011)

External links

 UCLA Library's inventory of The <mask> papers

1886 births
1947 deaths
People from Kent, Ohio
Hoboes
Writers from Ohio
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
People from St. Mary's, Ohio
20th-century American male writers

masks:
Jim Tully
Bridget Marie Lawler Tully
Tully
Tully
Tully
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Jim Cruze
Jim Tully
Jim Tully
Jim Tully