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 but for the pleasure it gives trying to build a composition right in front of an audience without knowing what the outcome will be." <mask>'s guitar style was not without its critics. English guitarist and bandleader John McLaughlin, whose band Mahavishnu Orchestra toured with the Mothers of Invention in 1973, opined that <mask> was "very interesting as a human being and a very interesting composer" and that he "was a very good musician but he was a dictator in his band," and that he "was taking very long guitar solos [when performing live]– 10–15 minute guitar solos and really he should have taken two or three minute guitar solos, because they were a little bit boring." In 2000, he was ranked number 36 on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock. In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him at number 71 on its list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time", and in 2011 at number 22 on its list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time". Tape manipulation
In New York, <mask> increasingly used tape editing as a compositional tool. A prime example is found on the double album Uncle Meat (1969), where the track "King Kong" is edited from various studio and live performances.<mask> had begun regularly recording concerts, and because of his insistence on precise tuning and timing, he was able to augment his studio productions with excerpts from live shows, and vice versa. Later, he combined recordings of different compositions into new pieces, irrespective of the tempo or meter of the sources. He dubbed this process "xenochrony" (strange synchronizations)—reflecting the Greek "xeno" (alien or strange) and "chronos" (time). Personal life

<mask> was married to Kathryn J. "Kay" Sherman from 1960 to 1963. In 1967, he married Adelaide Gail Sloatman. He and his second wife had four children: Moon, Dweezil, Ahmet, and Diva.Following <mask>'s death, his widow Gail created the Zappa Family Trust, which owns the rights to <mask>'s music and some other creative output: more than 60 albums were released during <mask>'s lifetime and 40 posthumously. Upon Gail's death in October 2015, the <mask> children received shares of the trust; Ahmet and Diva received 30% each, Moon and Dweezil received 20% each. Beliefs and politics

Drugs
<mask> stated, "Drugs do not become a problem until the person who uses the drugs does something to you, or does something that would affect your life that you don't want to have happen to you, like an airline pilot who crashes because he was full of drugs." <mask> was a heavy tobacco smoker for most of his life, and strongly critical of anti-tobacco campaigns. While he disapproved of drug use, he criticized the War on Drugs, comparing it to alcohol prohibition, and stated that the United States Treasury would benefit from the decriminalization and regulation of drugs. Describing his philosophical views, <mask> stated, "I believe that people have a right to decide their own destinies; people own themselves. I also believe that, in a democracy, government exists because (and only so long as) individual citizens give it a 'temporary license to exist'—in exchange for a promise that it will behave itself.In a democracy, you own the government—it doesn't own you." Government and religion

In a 1991 interview, <mask> reported that he was a registered Democrat but added "that might not last long—I'm going to shred that". Describing his political views, <mask> categorized himself as a "practical conservative". He favored limited government and low taxes; he also stated that he approved of national defense, social security, and other federal programs, but only if recipients of such programs are willing and able to pay for them. He favored capitalism, entrepreneurship, and independent business, stating that musicians could make more from owning their own businesses than from collecting royalties. He opposed communism, stating, "A system that doesn't allow ownership ... has—to put it mildly—a fatal design flaw." He had always encouraged his fans to register to vote on album covers, and throughout 1988 he had registration booths at his concerts.He even considered running for president of the United States as an independent. <mask> was an atheist. He recalled his parents being "pretty religious" and trying to make him go to Catholic school despite his resentment. He felt disgust towards organized religion (Christianity in particular) because he believed that it promoted ignorance and anti-intellectualism. He held the view that the Garden of Eden story shows that the essence of Christianity is to oppose gaining knowledge. Some of his songs, concert performances, interviews and public debates in the 1980s criticized and derided Republicans and their policies, President Ronald Reagan, the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), televangelism, and the Christian Right, and warned that the United States government was in danger of becoming a "fascist theocracy". In early 1990, <mask> visited Czechoslovakia at the request of President Václav Havel.Havel designated him as Czechoslovakia's "Special Ambassador to the West on Trade, Culture and Tourism". Havel was a lifelong fan of <mask>, who had great influence in the avant-garde and underground scene in Central Europe in the 1970s and 1980s (a Czech rock group that was imprisoned in 1976 took its name from <mask>'s 1968 song "Plastic People"). Under pressure from Secretary of State James Baker, <mask>'s posting was withdrawn. Havel made <mask> an unofficial cultural attaché instead. <mask> planned to develop an international consulting enterprise to facilitate trade between the former Eastern Bloc and Western businesses. Anti-censorship
<mask> expressed opinions on censorship when he appeared on CNN's Crossfire TV series and debated issues with Washington Times commentator John Lofton in 1986. On September 19, 1985, <mask> testified before the United States Senate Commerce, Technology, and Transportation committee, attacking the Parents Music Resource Center or PMRC, a music organization co-founded by Tipper Gore, wife of then-senator Al Gore.The PMRC consisted of many wives of politicians, including the wives of five members of the committee, and was founded to address the issue of song lyrics with sexual or satanic content. During <mask>'s testimony, he stated that there was a clear conflict of interest between the PMRC due to the relations of its founders to the politicians who were then trying to pass what he referred to as the "Blank Tape Tax." Kandy Stroud, a spokeswoman for the PMRC, announced that Senator Gore (who co-founded the committee) was a co-sponsor of that legislation. <mask> suggested that record labels were trying to get the bill passed quickly through committees, one of which was chaired by Senator Strom Thurmond, who was also affiliated with the PMRC. <mask> further pointed out that this committee was being used as a distraction from that bill being passed, which would lead only to the benefit of a select few in the music industry. <mask> saw their activities as on a path towards censorship and called their proposal for voluntary labelling of records with explicit content "extortion" of the music industry. In his prepared statement, he said:

The PMRC proposal is an ill-conceived piece of nonsense which fails to deliver any real benefits to children, infringes the civil liberties of people who are not children, and promises to keep the courts busy for years dealing with the interpretational and enforcemental problems inherent in the proposal's design.It is my understanding that, in law, First Amendment issues are decided with a preference for the least restrictive alternative. In this context, the PMRC's demands are the equivalent of treating dandruff by decapitation. ... The establishment of a rating system, voluntary or otherwise, opens the door to an endless parade of moral quality control programs based on things certain Christians do not like. What if the next bunch of Washington wives demands a large yellow "J" on all material written or performed by Jews, in order to save helpless children from exposure to concealed Zionist doctrine? <mask> set excerpts from the PMRC hearings to Synclavier music in his composition "Porn Wars" on the 1985 album <mask>pa Meets the Mothers of Prevention, and the full recording was released in 2010 as Congress Shall Make No Law... <mask> is heard interacting with Senators Fritz Hollings, Slade Gorton and Al Gore. Legacy

<mask> had a controversial critical standing during his lifetime.As Geoffrey Himes noted in 1993 after the artist's death, <mask> was hailed as a genius by conductor Kent Nagano and nominated by Czechoslovakian President Václav Havel to the country's cultural ambassadorship, but he was in his lifetime rejected twice for admission into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and been found by critics to lack emotional depth. In Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Robert Christgau dismissed <mask>'s music as "sexist adolescent drivel ... with meters and voicings and key changes that are as hard to play as they are easy to forget." According to Himes:

Acclaim and honors

The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004) writes: "<mask> dabbled in virtually all kinds of music—and, whether guised as a satirical rocker, jazz-rock fusionist, guitar virtuoso, electronics wizard, or orchestral innovator, his eccentric genius was undeniable." Even though his work drew inspiration from many different genres, <mask> was seen as establishing a coherent and personal expression. In 1971, biographer David Walley noted that "The whole structure of his music is unified, not neatly divided by dates or time sequences and it is all building into a composite". On commenting on <mask>'s music, politics and philosophy, Barry Miles noted in 2004 that they cannot be separated: "It was all one; all part of his 'conceptual continuity'." Guitar Player devoted a special issue to <mask> in 1992, and asked on the cover "Is FZ America's Best Kept Musical Secret?"Editor Don Menn remarked that the issue was about "The most important composer to come out of modern popular music". Among those contributing to the issue was composer and musicologist Nicolas Slonimsky, who conducted premiere performances of works of Ives and Varèse in the 1930s. He became friends with <mask> in the 1980s, and said, "I admire everything <mask> does, because he practically created the new musical millennium. He does beautiful, beautiful work ... It has been my luck to have lived to see the emergence of this totally new type of music." Conductor Kent Nagano remarked in the same issue that "<mask> is a genius. That's a word I don't use often ...In <mask>'s case it is not too strong ... He is extremely literate musically. I'm not sure if the general public knows that." Pierre Boulez told Musician magazine's posthumous Zappa tribute article that <mask> "was an exceptional figure because he was part of the worlds of rock and classical music and that both types of his work would survive." In 1994, jazz magazine DownBeats critics poll placed <mask> in its Hall of Fame. <mask> was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995. There, it was written that "<mask> was rock and roll's sharpest musical mind and most astute social critic.He was the most prolific composer of his age, and he bridged genres—rock, jazz, classical, avant-garde and even novelty music—with masterful ease". He was ranked number 36 on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock in 2000. In 2005, the U.S. National Recording Preservation Board included We're Only in It for the Money in the National Recording Registry as "<mask>'s inventive and iconoclastic album presents a unique political stance, both anti-conservative and anti-counterculture, and features a scathing satire on hippiedom and America's reactions to it". The same year, Rolling Stone magazine ranked him at No. 71 on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. In 2011, he was ranked at No. 22 on the list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time by the same magazine.In 2016, Guitar World magazine placed <mask> atop of its list "15 of the best progressive rock guitarists through the years." The street of Partinico where his father lived at number 13, Via Zammatà, has been renamed to Via Frank Zappa. Since his death, several musicians have been considered by critics as filling the artistic niche left behind by <mask>, in view of their prolific output, eclecticism and other qualities, including Devin Townsend, Mike Patton and Omar Rodríguez-López. Grammy Awards
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|rowspan="2"| 1980 || "Rat Tomago" || Best Rock Instrumental Performance ||
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| "Dancin' Fool" || Best Male Rock Vocal Performance ||
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| 1983 || "Valley Girl" || Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal ||
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| 1985 || The Perfect Stranger || Best New Classical Composition ||
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|rowspan="2"| 1988 || "Jazz from Hell" || Best Instrumental Composition ||
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| Jazz from Hell ||rowspan="2"| Best Rock Instrumental Performance (Orchestra, Group or Soloist) ||
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| 1989 || Guitar ||
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| 1990 || Broadway the Hard Way || Best Musical Cast Show Album ||
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| 1996 || Civilization Phaze III || Best Recording Package – Boxed ||
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| 1998 || <mask> || Lifetime Achievement Award ||

Artists influenced by Zappa
Many musicians, bands and orchestras from diverse genres have been influenced by <mask>'s music. Rock artists such as The Plastic People of the Universe, Alice Cooper, Larry LaLonde of Primus, Fee Waybill of the Tubes all cite Zappa's influence, as do progressive, alternative, electronic and avant-garde/experimental rock artists like Can, Pere Ubu, Yes, Soft Machine, Henry Cow, Faust, Devo, Kraftwerk, Trey Anastasio and Jon Fishman of Phish, Jeff Buckley, John Frusciante, Steven Wilson, and The Aristocrats.Paul McCartney regarded Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band as the Beatles' Freak Out!. Jimi Hendrix and heavy rock and metal acts like Black Sabbath, Simon Phillips, Mike Portnoy, Warren DeMartini, Alex Skolnick, Steve Vai, Strapping Young Lad, System of a Down, and Clawfinger have acknowledged <mask> as inspiration. On the classical music scene, Tomas Ulrich, Meridian Arts Ensemble, Ensemble Ambrosius and the Fireworks Ensemble regularly perform <mask>'s compositions and quote his influence. Contemporary jazz musicians and composers Bobby Sanabria, Bill Frisell and John Zorn are inspired by <mask>, as is funk legend George Clinton. Other artists affected by <mask> include ambient composer Brian Eno, new age pianist George Winston, electronic composer Bob Gluck, parodist artist and disk jockey Dr. Demento, parodist and novelty composer "Weird Al" Yankovic, industrial music pioneer Genesis P-Orridge, singer Cree Summer, noise music artist Masami Akita of Merzbow, and Chilean composer Cristián Crisosto from Fulano and Mediabanda. References in arts and sciences

Scientists from various fields have honored <mask> by naming new discoveries after him.In 1967, paleontologist Leo P. Plas, Jr., identified an extinct mollusc in Nevada and named it Amaurotoma zappa with the motivation that, "The specific name, zappa, honors <mask>". In the 1980s, biologist Ed Murdy named a genus of gobiid fishes of New Guinea Zappa, with a species named Zappa confluentus. Biologist Ferdinando Boero named a Californian jellyfish Phialella zappai (1987), noting that he had "pleasure in naming this species after the modern music composer". Belgian biologists Bosmans and Bosselaers discovered in the early 1980s a Cameroonese spider, which they in 1994 named Pachygnatha zappa because "the ventral side of the abdomen of the female of this species strikingly resembles the artist's legendary moustache". A gene of the bacterium Proteus mirabilis that causes urinary tract infections was in 1995 named zapA by three biologists from Maryland. In their scientific article, they "especially thank the late <mask> for inspiration and assistance with genetic nomenclature". Repeating regions of the genome of the human tumor virus KSHV were named frnk, vnct and zppa in 1996 by Yuan Chang and Patrick S. Moore who discovered the virus.Also, a 143 base pair repeat sequence occurring at two positions was named waka/jwka. In the late 1990s, American paleontologists Marc Salak and Halard L. Lescinsky discovered a metazoan fossil, and named it Spygori zappania to honor "the late <mask> ... whose mission paralleled that of the earliest paleontologists: to challenge conventional and traditional beliefs when such beliefs lacked roots in logic and reason". In 1994, lobbying efforts initiated by psychiatrist John Scialli led the International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center to name an asteroid in Zappa's honor: 3834 Zappafrank. The asteroid was discovered in 1980 by Czechoslovakian astronomer Ladislav Brožek, and the citation for its naming says that "<mask> was an eclectic, self-trained artist and composer ... Before 1989 he was regarded as a symbol of democracy and freedom by many people in Czechoslovakia". In 1995, a bust of <mask> by sculptor Konstantinas Bogdanas was installed in Vilnius, the Lithuanian capital . The choice of Zappa was explained as "a symbol that would mark the end of communism, but at the same time express that it wasn't always doom and gloom." A replica was offered to the city of Baltimore in 2008, and on September 19, 2010 — the twenty-fifth anniversary of Zappa's testimony to the U.S. Senate — a ceremony dedicating the replica was held, and the bust was unveiled at a library in the city.In 2002, a bronze bust was installed in German city Bad Doberan, location of the Zappanale since 1990, an annual music festival celebrating <mask>. At the initiative of musicians community ORWOhaus, the city of Berlin named a street in the Marzahn district "Frank-Zappa-Straße" in 2007. The same year, Baltimore mayor Sheila Dixon proclaimed August 9 as the city's official "Frank Zappa Day" citing <mask>'s musical accomplishments as well as his defense of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Zappa documentary
The biographical documentary Zappa, directed by Alex Winter and released on November 27, 2020, includes previously unreleased footage from <mask>'s personal vault, to which he was granted access by the Zappa Family Trust. Discography

During his lifetime, Zappa released 62 albums. Since 1994, the Zappa Family Trust has released 57 posthumous albums, making a total of 119 albums. The current distributor of Zappa's recorded output is Universal Music

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<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (born June 3, 1982) is a former professional Canadian football slotback who played for 15 years in the Canadian Football League (CFL). He is a two-time Grey Cup champion, winning in 2008 and 2014 with the Calgary Stampeders. In his first season, he won the CFL Rookie of the Year award, followed by five West Division All-Star and three CFL All-Star awards. He is second all-time as a Stampeder in receptions (805), receiving yards (11,250), and touchdown catches (65) behind Allen Pitts. He also has the club record for consecutive games with a reception, with 166. On August 24, 2017, <mask> became the CFL all-time leader in receptions with 1,030 catches (he finished his career with 1,051). <mask> attended Southern Arkansas University and was named an NCAA Division II All-American in 2003.He attended high school in Jacksboro, Texas where he participated in track, specializing in the triple jump. Professional career

Calgary Stampeders

In 2004, <mask> led the Stampeders in receptions (72), receiving yards (1045), touchdowns (8) and punt return yards (385) and was recognized as the Rookie of the Year by the Canadian Football League. <mask> finished the 2005 CFL season with 1,379 receiving yards, nine touchdowns and 80 receptions, second in the league. 2006 was another strong year for <mask> with the Stampeders as he posting 77 receptions, 1,114 receiving yards and five touchdowns and was named to the 2006 CFL Western Division All-Star team. The 2007 CFL season saw <mask> achieve 67 receptions, 1,101 receiving yards, and 5 touchdowns. <mask> also had a career long 85 yard reception and was again a CFL Western Division All-Star. <mask> helped lead Calgary to the 96th Grey Cup championship with 87 receptions for 1,109 yards and 10 touchdowns in the 2008 regular season.In 2009, <mask> had another 1,000-yard season by reaching the plateau in the last 15 minutes in the last game of the regular season. <mask> scored his first and only touchdown of the season in the 17th game of the regular season, earning the unusual distinction of having the lowest touchdowns scored for a 1,000-yard receiver in the history of the CFL. As of the end of this season, <mask> has caught a pass in all 105 games that he has played in. In 2011 <mask> partnered with Joffrey Reynolds to create www.calmb4storm.com an organization that gives fans an opportunity to experience things otherwise unattainable. In a 2012 poll of over 250 of his fellow players in the CFL, <mask> was voted "Toughest to Bring Down" out of all other players in the league, with 35% of all votes cast. He also received 8.4% of all votes cast in the category "Toughest Player", finishing third, and placed fourth in the category "Nastiest Player." He received 7.8% of all votes cast in the category "Best Hands", finishing fifth, and he ranked fourth in the category "Best Clutch Performer."Players on the roster of the Calgary Stampeders were not permitted to vote for <mask>. He was the only player to rank in the top five in more than three categories. During the 2012 CFL Playoffs <mask> sent out the following Tweet "I just bought OJ’s gloves on eBay. Now all I need is a white girl named Nicole." The Tweet was soon deleted by <mask>. <mask> was fined an undisclosed amount by the CFL for violating its social media policy. <mask> subsequently made apologies on two successive days, and announced he was donating the paycheque from his next game (the 2012 Western Final) to a women's charity.<mask> finished the season with over 1,200 yards and 10 touchdowns. It was the 9th consecutive season in which he recorded 1,000 yards. In Week 8 of the 2013 CFL season <mask> suffered a fractured fibula as he was tackled by BC linebacker Solomon Elimimian. He was expected to miss around 6 weeks due to the injury. However, he instead sat out the rest of the season, which also left his 1,000-yard receiving streak at nine. <mask> saw a diminished role in 2014, highlighted by his consecutive games with a catch streak snapped in week 5 against the Edmonton Eskimos. He was held without a reception in a regular season game for the first time since June 20, 2004, with the streak ending at 166.He posted career-low totals in receiving yards and failed to score a touchdown in any game of the season, also a career low. Despite the frustrating season, <mask> helped the Stampeders qualify for the 102nd Grey Cup, a game in which he set up Calgary's first touchdown with a 13-yard catch that brought the ball to the one-yard line. He won his second Grey Cup championship following the Stampeders' 20-16 win over the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. After 11 seasons with the Stamps, <mask> was not re-signed following the 2014 season, and became a free agent on February 10, 2015. Montreal Alouettes
On February 25, 2015, <mask> and the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League agreed to a one-year contract. Following a somewhat mediocre 2015 season <mask> was re-signed by the Alouettes. He had a resurgent year in 2016, accomplishing his tenth 1,000 yard season of his career, and his first since 2012.<mask> lead the team with 102 receptions and 1,136 yards receiving. At 34 years of age the Alouettes and <mask> agreed to a two-year contract extension, keeping him with the club through the 2018 season. On August 24, 2017, <mask> surpassed Geroy Simon's career reception mark to become the all-time CFL receptions leader after recording his 1,030th catch. On October 27, 2017, <mask> told Lee Jones of TSN that he had played his last game after his Alouettes fell to the Saskatchewan Roughriders, 12-37. On May 17, 2018, <mask> officially announced his retirement. Statistics

References

Further reading

External links

 Personal & Foundation Official Website
 Montreal Alouettes bio
 Calgary Stampeders bio
 CFL bio and statistics

1982 births
Living people
African-American players of American football
African-American players of Canadian football
American football wide receivers
BC Lions coaches
Calgary Stampeders players
Canadian Football League Rookie of the Year Award winners
Canadian football slotbacks
Canadian football wide receivers
Montreal Alouettes players
People from Mineral Wells, Texas
Players of American football from Texas
Southern Arkansas Muleriders football players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people

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<mask> (1600 – 24 October 1669), an English lawyer, voluble author, polemicist and political figure, was a prominent Puritan opponent of church policy under <mask>, Archbishop of Canterbury (1633–1645). His views were presbyterian, but he became known in the 1640s as an Erastian, arguing for overall state control of religious matters. Early life
Born at Swainswick, near Bath, Somerset, <mask> was educated at Bath Grammar School and Oriel College, Oxford. He graduated as a BA on 22 January 1621, entered as a student of Lincoln's Inn in the same year, and was called to the bar in 1628. According to Anthony Wood, he was confirmed in his militant puritanism by the influence of John Preston, then a lecturer at Lincoln's Inn. In 1627 he published his first of over 200 works, a theological treatise entitled The Perpetuity of a Regenerate Man's Estate. This was followed in the next three years by three others attacking Arminianism and its teachers.In the preface to one of them he appealed to Parliament to suppress anything written against Calvinist doctrine and to force the clergy to subscribe to the conclusion of the Synod of Dort. Prynne was a strong disciplinarian. After arguing that the custom of drinking healths was sinful, he asserted that for men to wear their hair long was "unseemly and unlawful unto Christians", while it was "mannish, unnatural, impudent, and unchristian" for women to cut it short. 1630s
Like many Puritans abhorring decadence, Prynne strongly opposed religious feast days, including Christmas, and revelry such as stage plays. He included in his Histriomastix (1632) a denunciation of actresses which was widely felt to be an attack on Queen Henrietta Maria. This book led to the most prominent incidents in his life, but the timing was accidental. About 1624 Prynne had begun a book against stage-plays; on 31 May 1630 he gained a licence to print it and about November 1632 it was published.Histriomastix has over a thousand pages, in which he presents plays as unlawful, incentives to immorality, and condemned by the Scriptures, Church Fathers, modern Christian writers, and pagan philosophers. By chance, the Queen and her ladies, in January 1633, took part in the performance of Walter Montagu's The Shepherd's Paradise: this was an innovation at court. A passage reflecting on the character of female actors in general was construed as an aspersion on the Queen; passages attacking the spectators of plays and magistrates who failed to suppress them, pointed by references to Nero and other tyrants, were taken as seen on King Charles I. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, Lord Cottington, ordered Historiomatrix to "be burnt, in the most public manner that can be." As David Cressy has pointed out, this was an innovative act of public censorship. It imported continental public book-burning by the hangman for the first time. "Though not used in England", Lord Cottington noted, this manner of book burning suited Prynne's work because of its "strangeness and heinousness".<mask>, as attorney-general, took proceedings against Prynne in the Star-chamber.After a year's imprisonment in the Tower of London, he was sentenced on 17 February 1634 to life imprisonment, a fine of £5,000, expulsion from Lincoln's Inn, deprival of his Oxford University degree, and amputation of both his ears in the pillory, where he was held on 7–10 May. His book was burnt before him, and with over a thousand pages it suffocated Prynne in its smoke. On 11 June Prynne addressed a letter to Archbishop Laud, whom he saw as his chief persecutor, charging him with illegality and injustice. Laud handed the letter to the Attorney-General as material for a new prosecution, but when Prynne was required to own his handwriting, he contrived to get hold of the letter and tore it to pieces. Prynne wrote in the Tower and published anonymous tracts against episcopacy and the Book of Sports. In A Divine Tragedy lately acted, or a Collection of sundry memorable Examples of God's Judgment upon Sabbath-breakers he introduced Noy's recent death as a warning. In an appendix to John Bastwick's Flagellum Pontificis and in A Breviate of the Bishops' intolerable Usurpations he attacked prelates in general (1635).An anonymous attack on Matthew Wren, Bishop of Norwich brought him again before the Star Chamber. On 14 June 1637 Prynne was sentenced once more to a fine of £5,000, to imprisonment for life, and to lose the rest of his ears. At the proposal of Chief Justice John Finch, he was also to be branded on the cheeks with the letters S. L., standing for "seditious libeller". Prynne was pilloried on 30 June in company with Henry Burton and John Bastwick; Prynne was handled barbarously by the executioner. He made, as he returned to his prison, a couple of Latin verses explaining the 'S. L.' with which he was branded to mean 'stigmata laudis' ("sign of praise", or "sign of Laud"). His imprisonment was then much closer: no pens or ink, nor any books allowed but the Bible, the prayer book, and some orthodox theology.To isolate him from his friends, he was sent first to Carnarvon Castle in July 1637, and then to Mont Orgueil in Jersey. The governor, Sir Philip Carteret treated Prynne well, which he repaid by defending Carteret's character in 1645. when he was accused as a malignant and a tyrant. He occupied his imprisonment by writing verse. 1640s
He was released by the Long Parliament in 1640. The House of Commons declared the two sentences against him illegal, restored him to his degree and to his membership of Lincoln's Inn, and voted him pecuniary reparation (as late as October 1648 he was still trying to collect it). He supported the Parliamentary cause in the English Civil War, particularly in the press, and in many pamphlets, while still pursuing the bishops. In 1643 Prynne became involved in the controversy which followed the surrender of Bristol by Nathaniel Fiennes.Together with his ally Clement Walker, he presented articles of accusation against Fiennes to the House of Commons (15 November 1643), managed the case for the prosecution at the court-martial, which took place in the following December, and secured a condemnation of the offending officer. Prynne was also one of the counsel for the parliament at the trial of Lord Maguire in February 1645. He was able to have the satisfaction of overseeing the trial of <mask>d, which was to end in Laud's execution. He collected and arranged evidence to prove the charges against him, bore testimony himself in support of many of them, hunted up witnesses against the archbishop, and assisted the counsel for the prosecution in every way. At the time some thought he was clearly tampering with the witnesses. Prynne had the duty of searching Laud's room in the Tower for papers. He published a redacted edition of Laud's diary and a volume intended to serve as an introduction to his trial.After Laud's execution, Prynne was charged by the House of Commons (4 March 1645) to produce an account of the trial; other controversies prevented him from finishing the book. In the rapidly shifting climate of opinion of the time, <mask>, having been at the forefront of radical opposition, soon found himself a conservative figure, defending Presbyterianism against the Independents favoured by Oliver Cromwell and the army. From 1644 he wrote pamphlets against Independents. He attacked John Goodwin and crossed his old companion in suffering, Henry Burton. The proposal to lift the thirteenth-century ban on the residence of Jews, being promoted then in England by Manasseh ben Israel, among others, inspired him with a pamphlet against the scheme, called in brief the Short Demurrer. The pamphlet was printed shortly before the Whitehall Conference, and was influential in strengthening opinion against the readmission of the Jews. In particular, Prynne doubts the probability that the Jews would be converted to Christianity once in England.Oliver Cromwell allowed the Jews to return to the British Isles on the condition that the Jews attend compulsory Christian sermons on a Sunday, to encourage their conversion to Christianity. Cromwell based this decision on St. Paul's epistle to the Romans 10:15. The offer of the crown to Cromwell by the "petition and advice" suggested a parallel between Cromwell and Richard III. Similarly, when the Protector, as Cromwell then was styled, set up a House of Lords, Prynne expanded the tract in defence of their rights which he had published in 1648 into an historical treatise of five hundred pages. These writings, however, attracted little attention. After the fall of Richard Cromwell he regained the popular ear. As soon as the Long Parliament was re-established, Prynne got together a few of the members excluded by Pride's purge and endeavoured to take his place in the house.On 7 May 1659 he was kept back by the guards, but on 9 May he managed to get in, and kept his seat there for a whole sitting. Arthur Haslerig and Sir Henry Vane threatened him, but Prynne told them he had as good right there as either, and had suffered more for the rights of parliament than any of them. They could only get rid of him by adjourning the house, and forcibly keeping him out when it reassembled. On 27 December when the parliament was again restored after its interruption by John Lambert, Prynne and his friends made a fresh attempt to enter, but were once more excluded. From May 1659 to February 1660 he went on publishing tracts on the case of the "secluded members and attacks on the ref-formed Rump Parliament and the army". Marchamont Nedham, Henry Stubbe, John Rogers, and others printed serious answers to his arguments, while obscure libellers ridiculed him. On 21 February 1660 George Monck ordered the guards of the house to readmit the secluded members.Prynne, girt with an old basket-hilted sword, marched into Westminster Hall at their head; though the effect was spoiled when Sir <mask> tripped on the sword. The house charged him to bring in a bill for the dissolution of the Long parliament. In the debate on the bill Prynne asserted the rights of Charles II of England and claimed that the writs should be issued in his name. He also helped to forward the Restoration by accelerating the passing of the Militia Bill, which placed the control of the forces in the hands of the king's friends. A letter which he addressed to Charles II shows that he was personally thanked by the king for his services. From 1660

Prynne supported the Restoration, and was rewarded with public office. In April 1660 he was elected MP for Bath in the Convention Parliament.He was bitter against the regicides and the supporters of the previous government, trying to restrict the scope of the Act of Indemnity. He successfully moved to have Charles Fleetwood excepted, and urged the exclusion of Richard Cromwell and Judge Francis Thorpe. He proposed punitive and financial measures of broad scope, was zealous for the disbanding of the army, and was one of the commissioners appointed to pay it off. In the debates on religion he was one of the leaders of the presbyterians, spoke against the Thirty-nine Articles, denied the claims of the bishops, urged the validity of presbyterian ordination, and supported the bill for turning the king's ecclesiastical declaration into law. As a politician Prynne was during his latter years of minor importance. He was re-elected MP for Bath to the Cavalier Parliament of May 1661. He asserted his presbyterianism by refusing to kneel when the two houses received the sacrament together.A few weeks earlier he had published a pamphlet demanding the revision of the prayer-book, but the new parliament was opposed to any concessions to nonconformity. On 15 July a pamphlet by Prynne against the Corporation Bill was voted scandalous and seditious. In January 1667 Prynne was one of the managers of Lord Mordaunt's impeachment. He spoke several times on Clarendon's impeachment, and opposed the bill for his banishment. On constitutional subjects and points of procedure his opinion had weight, and in 1667 he was privately consulted by the king on the question whether a parliament which had been prorogued could be convened before the day fixed for its resumption. He became the Keeper of Records in the Tower of London; as a writer his most lasting works belong to that period, for the amount of historical material they contain. Histriomastix is the one of his works that receives attention from modern scholars, but for its relevance to English Renaissance theatre.Anthony à Wood found him affable, obliging towards researchers, and courteous in the fashion of the early part of the century. Prynne died unmarried on 24 October 1669. He was buried in the undercroft of the chapel of Lincoln's Inn. References

Sources
Kirby, Ethyn <mask>. <mask>: A Study in Puritanism. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1931. Lamont, <mask>. Puritanism and Historical Controversy.Montreal, McGill-Queen's Press, 1996. Fitch, Thomas. Caroline Puritanism as exemplified in the life and work of <mask>. PhD thesis Edinburgh, 1949. External links

1600 births
1669 deaths
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
17th-century Presbyterians
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
English barristers
English MPs 1640–1648
English MPs 1660
English MPs 1661–1679
English political writers
English Presbyterians
English religious writers
Erastians
Members of Lincoln's Inn
Members of the pre-1707 English Parliament for constituencies in Cornwall
People from Bath and North East Somerset
Prisoners and detainees of Jersey
Roundheads

masks:
William Prynne
William Laud
William Prynne
William Noy
William Lau
Prynne
William Waller
Williams
William Prynne
William M
William Prynne


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Paramount Chief <mask> OBE, GCOR (26 January 1921 – 9 September 2006) was a Sierra Leonean paramount chief and politician. In 1957, she became the first elected female Member of Parliament in Sierra Leone. She was re-elected in 1962. During the government of Milton Margai, <mask> became Sierra Leone and sub-Saharan Africa's first female Cabinet Minister. <mask> represented Sierra Leone abroad and her travels took her all over Africa, Europe, North America and the Middle East. In 1957 as a guest of the State Department, she toured the United States for 4 months during which she met with Vice-President Richard Nixon. Biography

Early life and education

On 21 January 1921, <mask> was born into one of Sierra Leone's most powerful families in the town of Moyamba, Moyamba District in the Southern Province of British Sierra Leone.Her mother was <mask> and her father Paramount Chief <mask> were both ethnic Mendes. Like his father, Paramount Chief Momoh <mask>, Julius was Paramount Chief of Kaiyamba Chiefdom. <mask> was educated at the Harford School for Girls in Moyamba, and the Women Teacher's College, then at Fourah Bay College in Freetown. Marriage

In 1944 <mask> married the powerful Paramount Chief <mask> Pathbana II of Marampa, Masimera Chiefdom, an ethnic Temne. Their cross-tribal union was a shining example of national cohesion. From 1944 to 1952 Gulama resided at Lunsar where she was chief Consort. The couple had seven children, including Frances, Francis Obai, Jubilee, Alex Soccoh, June, Julius Maada, and Jilo.Koblo was multilingual and spoke fluent English, Mende, Temne, and Sherbro. Political career

<mask> had a distinguished career in politics and was a pioneering female leader. Her life was defined by service. She was a member of the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP), which her father helped establish. In 1957 <mask> embarked on a political career and became a Member of the Moyamba District Council. She was the first woman to be elected to Sierra Leone's House of Representatives as Paramount Chief Member for Moyamba District. In 1962 she was re-elected and Prime Minister Milton Margai made her a Cabinet Minister.She was the first woman to hold a ministerial post in sub-Saharan Africa. From 1960 to 1967 <mask> was President of the Federation of Women's Organisations in Sierra Leone. During her chieftaincy, she had the streets of Moyamba paved and hired a British construction company to install clean tap water. In the 1967 general elections <mask> regained her seat and was serving in the government of Sir Albert Margai. However the opposition All People's Congress (APC) had narrowly won a parliamentary majority. A power struggle between the candidates, Margai of the SLPP and Siaka Stevens of the APC ensued, destabilising the country and resulting in a rapid succession of military coups. When Steven's APC party eventually ascended to power and began their 30-year grip on Sierra Leone.Gulama was accused of collaborating with her brother-in-law David Lansana in his coup d'état against Stevens. She placed under arrest and held at Pademba Road prison for over a year. She was later exonerated and released. While she was in prison Stevens appointed her husband Paramount Chief <mask> Pathbana II to his cabinet. Her estranged husband's acceptance of the position strengthened the innuendo that <mask>'s relationship with Sir Albert Margai was mouch more than a professional one. Gulama was briefly forced into political exile after Sir Albert Margai lost power. In the early 1970s, Gulama revamped her political career and became the leader of the APC Women's Organisation of Moyamba District.From 1985 to 1991 <mask> served as the president of the National Organization for Women (Sierra Leone). In 1992, she was unanimously re-elected Paramount Chief of Kaiyamba Chiefdom. Gulama collaborated with several NGOs to develop the infrastructural and agriculture of her Chiefdom and district. Sierra Leone Civil War

The mercenary Revolutionary United Front (RUF) ravaged Sierra Leone and devastated Moyamba District, killing tens of thousands of people and destroying everything Gulama had spent her life building up. When the rebels began a campaign to assassinate every paramount chief in the country. Chief Bunduka of Kailahun District and Paramount Chief Bonai Fei of Bo were brutally executed by the rebels. When <mask>'s chiefdom was attacked and the rebels set fire to her compound and burned it to the ground.<mask> was forced to refugee to the nation's capital Freetown. She returned to Moyamba and began the re-construction of her Chiefdom and Moyamba District but Gulama's health began to fail her. Nevertheless, she was able to continue her service to her country with the Sierra Leone Export Development and Investment Corporation (SLEDIC) (1994–1996) as one of the directors of The Sierra Leone Commercial Bank Limited. Feminism

One of <mask>'s passions was the promotion of education for girls and the improvement of the female condition in Sierra Leone. She served at her alma mater, Harford School for Girls as a member of the Board of Governors. <mask> was also a member of the Sierra Leone government Scholarship Advisory Board and the Bursary Committee of Fourah Bay College. United Methodist Church

<mask> was a Christian and very active at the United Methodist Church.She was vice-president of the church's Conference on Finance and Administration from 1985 to 1991. Awards and honours

She was the recipient of several awards including the MBE in 1959, the OBE in 1965 from Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth for "public services as Minister without Portfolio", and a Grand Commander of the Order of the Rokel from President Ahmed Tejan Kabbah. Death

<mask> died on 10 September 2006. On 24 September 2006 thousands of mourners gathered to attend her memorial service in at Trinity United Methodist Church in Moyamba. At the service she was described as "a woman of substance", by President Ahmed Tejan Kabbah who added:

 Madam <mask>-<mask> has lived an exemplary life, as a mother, wife and stateswoman whose fortitude has earned her high respect. Honours

 United Kingdom: 1965 Birthday Honours - Officer of the Order of the British Empire. Sierra Leone: Grand Commander of the Order of the Rokel.References

External links

Women Leaders In Africa
Kabbah pays tribute to P.C. Madam <mask> Gulama

1921 births
2006 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians
21st-century women politicians
African royalty
Fourah Bay College alumni
Mende people
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Sierra Leonean royalty
Sierra Leonean women in politics
Sierra Leone People's Party politicians
Sierra Leonean United Methodists
People from Moyamba District
20th-century Methodists

masks:
Ella Koblo Gulama
Gulama
Gulama
Gulama
Lucy Gulama
Julius Gulama
Gulama
Ella
Gulama
Bai Koblo
Gulama
Gulama
Gulama
Gulama
Bai Koblo
Gulama
Gulama
Gulama
Gulama
Gulama
Gulama
Gulama
Gulama
Ella Koblo
Gulama
Ella Koblo


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<mask> (; born 16 August 1970) is a Nepalese actress who is known for her work in Indian films, predominantly in Hindi and Tamil languages. Known for her work in leads roles in the 1990s and early 2000s in both commercial and independent cinema, she is the recipient of several accolades, including four Filmfare Awards. In 2001, the Government of Nepal awarded her with the Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu, the second highest honour of the country. Rated as one of the most beautiful actresses in Indian cinemas as well as she was a highest paid actress in 90s and 2000s charging almost 19 Million for per film

Born to the politically prominent Koirala family, she is the daughter of Prakash Koirala and granddaughter of Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala, former Prime Minister of Nepal. Initially aspiring to become a doctor, she had a brief stint in modeling, and subsequently made her acting debut with the Nepali film Pheri Bhetaula (1989) while still in school. She later went on to feature in the Hindi drama film Saudagar (1991). Following a series of commercial failures, Koirala established herself as a leading actress with acclaimed patriotic romance 1942: A Love Story (1994) and the Tamil-language romantic drama Bombay (1995), subsequently starring in a series of commercial successes, including Agni Sakshi (1996), Indian (1996), Gupt: The Hidden Truth (1997), Kachche Dhaage, the Tamil-language film Mudhalvan (both 1999), Company (2002)  and  Ek Chhotisi Love Story (2002).She received critical recognition for her portrayal of an ambitious wife in the drama Akele Hum Akele Tum (1995), the daughter of deaf-mute parents in the  musical romance Khamoshi: The Musical (1996), a terrorist in the romantic thriller Dil Se.. (1998), a mistreated woman in the drama Lajja (2001) and Sushmita Banerjee in the biopic  Escape From Taliban (2003). Post-2003, Koirala began to work with independent film makers in art-house projects and in regional films. Her performance in the drama Tulsi (2008), the Malayalam psychological drama Elektra (2010), the anthology I Am (2010) and the romantic comedy Mappillai (2011) were praised. She took a break from acting after being diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 2012 and returned five years later with the coming-of-age drama Dear Maya (2017). The following year, she featured in the Netflix production Lust Stories and the biography Sanju; the latter ranks among the highest-grossing Indian releases. In addition to acting in films, Koirala is a stage performer and has contributed as an author to the novel Healed, an account of her struggle with ovarian cancer. <mask> was appointed as the Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations Population Fund in 1999 for India and 2015 for Nepal, and was involved in the relief works after the April 2015 Nepal earthquake.She promotes causes such as women's rights, prevention of violence against women, prevention of human trafficking and cancer awareness. Life and career

1970–1993: Early life and career beginnings
<mask> <mask> was born into the politically prominent Brahmin Koirala family, in Kathmandu, Nepal. Her father, <mask>, is a politician and a former minister of environment, while her mother, Sushma <mask>, is a homemaker. She has one brother, Siddharth <mask>, who is an actor. Several members of her family went on to become politicians; her grandfather, Bishweshwar <mask>, was the Prime Minister of Nepal during the late 1950s to the early 1960s, as were two of her great-uncles, Girija <mask> and Matrika Prasad Koirala. Koirala spent her early life in India, and she stayed in Varanasi at her maternal grandmother's home for some years and later in Delhi and Mumbai. While at home in Varanasi, she attended the Vasant Kanya Mahavidyalaya until Class X.During a break after her board exams, <mask> made her acting debut in 1989 with the Nepali film Pheri Bhetaula as an experiment. Aspiring to become a doctor, she moved to Delhi and studied at the Army Public School (APS) of the Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi campus. In an interview, she said that living on her own in Delhi helped her become "strong and independent." In Delhi, <mask> took on a few modeling assignments, but later shifted her focus toward acting. One of these was for a wool company. Determined to pursue a career in acting, <mask> moved to Mumbai for film roles. She followed this with her Bollywood debut in Subhash Ghai's directorial Saudagar two years later, which emerged as a commercial success.According to Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com, "[C]ritics saw sparks in Manisha, even as she was constantly referred to as Madhuri Dixit's lookalike". Yalgaar (1992), did well at the box-office and was classified as a hit. However, this was trailed by a series of films that performed poorly at the box office, including First Love Letter (1991),  Anmol and Dhanwan (both 1993), which led to Koirala being labeled "a jinx" by producers.Koirala is frequently cited as one of the most beautiful actress of Bollywood. She is credited for such roles as 1942 A Love Story, Akele Hum Akele Tum, Bombay, Agnisakshi, Khamoshi, Gupt, Dil Se and Company. 1994–1996: Breakthrough and stardom
Koirala's career prospects improved after starring in Vidhu Vinod Chopra's romance film 1942: A Love Story (1994), set during the Indian independence movement. She played Rajjo, the daughter of a freedom fighter who falls in love with Naren (Anil Kapoor), the apolitical son of a British colonial employee. Chopra dismissed Koirala as a "terrible actress" after her first screen test, but was impressed with her performance for a second audition and decided to cast her in place of Madhuri Dixit.The film featured the protagonists sharing a deep kiss; it was certified U/A (Parental guidance required) by the Central Board of Film Certification, becoming the first Indian film to receive the rating. <mask>'s performance received positive reviews, with critics hailing her as "a sensitive performer". The film proved to be a box office flop. However, it fetched <mask> her first nomination for Best Actress at the annual Filmfare Awards ceremony. In 1995, <mask> made her debut in Tamil cinema with the Mani Ratnam-directed political romance Bombay, starring alongside Arvind Swami. She took up the role on the insistence of her friend  Ashok Mehta, at a time when other contemporaries urged her to not act in non-Bollywood film industries. It received critical acclaim, with American critic James Berardinelli writing, "Bombay recalls how forceful a motion picture can be.It also reminds us of the maxim that those who don't learn from history are doomed to repeat it". For playing a Muslim who marries a Hindu journalist against the backdrop of the Bombay riots in the eponymous film, <mask> won the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance, the only time it was awarded to a recipient for a performance in a non-Hindi film. At the 43rd Filmfare Awards South, she received her first Award in the Best Actress – Tamil category. <mask>'s performances in 1942: A Love Story and Bombay proved to be milestones in her career, and established her in the film industry. The same year, she featured in the musical romance Akele Hum Akele Tum opposite  Aamir Khan, for which she received her second nomination in the Best Actress category at the Filmfare Awards. The following year, she played a battered wife on the run from her mentally-ill husband in the drama Agni Sakshi, a remake of the Julia Roberts-starrer Sleeping with the Enemy (1991), which begot her positive reviews for her performance. The film was released in close succession with two other remakes of the same film–Yaraana (1995) and Daraar (1996).A reviewer for the University of California deemed the film to be superior to the original. In her book Bioscope: A Frivolous History of Bollywood in Ten Chapters, Diptakirti Chaudhuri wrote, "Even in a derivative film like Agni Sakshi, her performance as a tortured wife [is] pitch perfect against the formidable Nana Patekar". The film was a commercial success, emerging as the second highest-grossing film of the year in India. During the film's production, <mask> began dating her co-star Nana Patekar; Patekar confirmed their relationship and eventual breakup in 2003. Physical abuse on his part may have been a factor for their separation. Koirala next featured opposite Salman Khan in the comedy Majhdhaar the same year, which was both a critical and commercial failure. She then played a starring role in S. Shankar's Indian (1996), which marked her second Tamil film.It was also dubbed and released in Hindi under the title Hindustani. Featuring Kamal Haasan in dual roles alongside <mask> and Urmila Matondkar, it was the most expensive Indian film at that time, with a budget of 150 million. Nirupama Subramanian of India Today felt the film was a commercial potboiler and wrote, "Indian has dances, foot-tapping melodies by A. R. Rahman and two pretty women, <mask> Koirala and Urmila Matondkar". Both Indian and Hindustani were commercial successes. The film was India's official entry for the Best Foreign Language Film for the Academy Awards in 1996, but was not nominated. In her last release of the year, she acted in the musical drama Khamoshi: The Musical, which marked Sanjay Leela Bhansali's directorial debut. <mask> played Annie, a caring daughter to her deaf-mute parents Joseph and Flavy, portrayed by Nana Patekar and  Seema Biswas respectively; Salman Khan played Raj, her love interest.In preparation for her role, Koirala learned the Indian Sign Language. A critic from Channel 4 wrote, "<mask> in particular is in her element and demonstrates the full range of her acting ability, rather than playing against it as she has had to do in more traditional films". Despite receiving critical acclaim, Khamoshi: The Musical was a flop. Filmfare included her performance among a list of "80 Iconic Performances" of Indian cinema in 2011. In a box office roundup of the year, The Indian Express felt Koirala put up an "impressive show" with her successes. Her performance in Khamoshi earned her a second Filmfare Award for Best Performance and a nomination for Best Actress. She also received her only win for Best Actress at the Screen Awards.1997–2003: Widespread recognition
In 1997, she played the leading role alongside Kajol and Bobby Deol in the thriller Gupt: The Hidden Truth, which was one of the biggest hits that year. She went on to collaborate once again with the acclaimed director Mani Ratnam, and starred in his film Dil Se.. (1998) opposite Shah Rukh Khan. Her role received similarly good reviews and earned her several award nominations including the Filmfare Best Actress Award nomination. The film proved to be a hit overseas. The film became the first Indian film to enter the top 10 in the United Kingdom box office charts. Even months after its release in September 1998, the film was still screened on five screens, five times per day with an average of 3,000 spectators across all screens in the Cineworld complex in Feltham, West London. The film went on to win the Netpac Award at the Berlin International Film Festival, two National Film Awards, and six Filmfare Awards.The intense political agenda of the film with the trials of the Assamese on the India-China border, the love story and the fact that it coincided with the 50th Independence Anniversary celebrations became a major factor for its success overseas, particularly amongst the South Asian diaspora in the west. Dil Se.. was also hit in Japan. Also she played the leading role opposite to Govinda in the movie Maharaja. In 1999, she starred in the successful Kuchhe Dhaage, which was followed by six more releases, the most notable of them being Indra Kumar's drama Mann. She played a traffic accident victim in the film, which entered into the top five highest-grossing films of the year. Her performance in the film won her favourable reviews. Film critic M. Ali Ikram wrote about her performance: "If there is a respite for Manisha's innumerable fans of late, this flick is it.We may not care about hits and flops, but it is painful to watch this acting virtuoso in the innumerable side roles she has been seen in of late. Indra Kumar's decision to cast <mask> here is a case of perfect casting, and she never lets him or the audience down. This lady is

masks:
Manisha Koirala
Koirala
Manisha
Koirala
Prakash Koirala
Koirala
Koirala
Prasad Koirala
Prasad Koirala
Koirala
Koirala
Koirala
Koirala
Koirala
Koirala
Koirala
Koirala
Koirala
Koirala
Manisha
Koirala
Koirala
Manisha


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 truly the Meena Kumari of her generation. It is great fun watching <mask> and Aamir Khan's perfect chemistry opposite one another. The film's climax has both stars permanently molding a spot for themselves in Bollywood history, and it will have you shedding tears by the bucketful." It was a successful feature at the box office. While filming Laawaris (1999), Koirala began to get tired of her busy schedule and felt "the pressure getting to [her]"; she turned to alcohol for solace and developed anger issues.In 2000, she hosted the TV show Sawaal Dus Crore Ka on Zee TV alongside Anupam Kher. In 2001, she starred in the drama Grahan opposite Jackie Shroff. Her portrayal of a rape victim in the film who seeks justice was appreciated, but the film, which was a much-delayed project, was a major commercial failure. She next played the protagonist in Rajkumar Santoshi's drama Lajja, along with an ensemble cast that included Rekha, Anil Kapoor and Madhuri Dixit. The film received a positive reception from critics, and so did <mask>'s performance. Her last release of the year was Moksha, opposite Arjun Rampal, which was a failure at the box office. In 2002, she starred opposite Ajay Devgan in Ram Gopal Verma's Company.The film was a critical success and she won her third Filmfare Critics' Best Actress Award. In that same year, she appeared in Ek Chotisi Love Story. The film, when released, generated tremendous response at the box office, becoming one of the few successes of the year. The movie's release was stayed as she accused the director of the film, Shashilal Nair, of using her body double to shoot some love scenes in the film, and portraying her in bad light by shooting positions using another actress in her place, without her approval. A court finally decided to stay the release of the film. After years of success, in 2003, she was seen in several low budget films, yet not less challenging roles. She ventured into strong woman-oriented films in 2003, such as Escape From Taliban, which won her the BFJA Award for Best Actress.She then played the protagonist in Market (2003), a film portraying the whole life story of a young prostitute. The film did decently at the box office and was considered 'average.' 2004–2009: Career fluctuations
In 2004, she moved to New York City and earned a diploma in filmmaking from New York University. While living in New York, she became a member of an independent documentary filmmakers' society. After receiving a diploma in filmmaking, she produced the small-budget caper-comedy Paisa Vasool (2004), in which she starred along with Sushmita Sen; this was probably the first ever chick-flick in Indian cinema in that it did not have a male lead nor a love story. Since then, she has played supporting and leading roles in various unsuccessful films, some of which have been well received by critics, such as the historical epic drama Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story (2005), the thriller Tum - A Dangerous Obsession (2005), and the horror film Anjaane – The Unknown (2005). In Anwar, she played a supporting role along with her brother Siddharth, her only release in 2007.In 2008, she made her comeback to films, with her first leading role since Mumbai Express (2005), in Tulsi, opposite Irrfan Khan. Although before its release, her comeback was described by the media as "shocking", and the film suffered from poor marketing, her performance as Tulsi, a young homemaker diagnosed with leukemia, was well received. Taran Adarsh from IndiaFM wrote: "<mask> Koirala sinks her teeth in this role and delivers a fine performance." She next starred in Sirf (2008). The film was released without any notice or publicity and was a critical and box office failure. Her first Bengali film Khela, directed by Rituparno Ghosh, released the same year, along with the long delayed Hindi film Mehbooba; both films released on the same day. In December 2009, she served as a jury member in the fifth edition of the Dubai International Film Festival.Her next film was Deepti Naval's directorial debut Do Paise Ki Dhoop, Char Aane Ki Barish which premiered at the market section of the 2009 Cannes Film Festival to a positive response. Later that year, she acted in Partho Ghosh's Ek Second... Jo Zindagi Badal De?. 2010–present: Critical acclaim and current work
On 19 June 2010, <mask> married Samrat Dahal, a Nepali businessman, in a traditional ceremony held in Kathmandu. The couple spent their honeymoon in Finland. They met through the online social networking website Facebook. The couple divorced in 2012. In 2010, she made her foray into Malayalam cinema with Shyamaprasad's Elektra, a psycho-sensual drama based on Sophocles's ancient Greek tragic play Electra.She plays the antagonist in the film, which revolves around the concept of the Electra complex, which is a daughter's psychosexual competition with her mother for her father's affection. The film premiered at the International Film Festival of India, where it was well received. She also acted in her native Nepali-language film, Dharmaa, after a gap of 22 years since her first film. She was next seen in director Onir's critically acclaimed anthology film I Am, sharing the screen with Juhi Chawla. Noted film critic Taran Adarsh commented: "It's a delight to watch Juhi and Manisha, after a hiatus. Both deliver striking performances – even getting the language right." In 2011 <mask> appeared in Mappillai, her first Tamil movie in five years.A remake of the 1989 film of the same name, the film saw her reprising the role originally played by Srividya. Her performance earned her a nomination at the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil. The film was declared a hit. In 2012, she collaborated with director Ram Gopal Verma for his 3D horror film Bhoot Returns, a sequel to the 2003 hit Bhoot. On 29 November 2012, media news reported that Koirala had been diagnosed with ovarian cancer. She had no clue about the disease until she felt very weak, and went to a hospital in Kathmandu with her brother. She flew to India and was admitted to Jaslok Hospital in Mumbai.She then flew to the US for treatment, however the exact ailment was not disclosed. On 10 December, she underwent surgery. The following day it was reported that the surgery had been successful. She had to undergo chemotherapy and spent months at the hospital in New York. As of 2 May 2017, she had been cancer-free for four years. After fighting cancer and winning the battle, she is actively involved in spreading awareness about the disease. By mid-2014, the actress was cancer-free.In 2015, her much delayed psychological thriller Chehere: A Modern Day Classic (2015) released. <mask> silently returned with a Kannada- Tamil, mystery film Game where she portrayed the main female lead. Her official Bollywood comeback was with the drama Dear Maya (2017). Directed by Sunaina Bhatnagar and co-starring Madiha Imam, her role was of a middle-aged lonely woman who embarks on a journey to find love when she receives love letters. The film received mixed reviews from critics with praise directed to <mask>'s performance. Sweta Kaushal of Hindustan Times said: "<mask> Koirala shines like a diamond in a coal mine." Suhani Singh from India Today noted that she is the "star in this mawkish coming-of-age story", while Stutee Ghosh of The Quint wrote that "<mask> Koirala's grace makes it worth a watch."The next year, <mask> starred in the Netflix anthology Lust Stories. The film, a sequel to the 2013 film Bombay Talkies, featured her in one of the segments directed by Dibakar Banerji. She played a middle-aged housewife, having an extra-marital affair with her husband's best friend. The film was nominated for International Emmy Award for Best TV Movie or Miniseries. <mask>'s performance was also, appreciated. This was followed by an appearance in Rajkumar Hirani's biography Sanju, based on the life of actor Sanjay Dutt; <mask> portrayed the role of actress Nargis, Dutt's mother. The film emerged as the highest-grossing film of the year.She later featured in  Prasthanam Hindi remake of the political thriller with  same title, in which she played as Sanjay Dutt's wife and much delayed film Do Paise Ki Dhoop, Chaar Aane Ki Baarish released on Netflix this year. In 2020, she appeared in Netflix original film titled Maska, directed by Neeraj Udhwani. In 2021, she is appearing in AR Rahman's romantic musical 99 Songs. She is also cast in an American comedy film India Sweets and Spices, directed by Geeta Malik. The film is based on Geeta Malik's own script “Dinner With Friends” that won the 2016 Academy Nicholl Fellowships in screen-writing. Off-screen work

Koirala is actively involved in social work, specifically working with organisations to promote women's rights, prevention of violence against women, and also to prevent the human trafficking of Nepali girls for prostitution. In September 1999, she was appointed as a UNFPA Goodwill Ambassador for India.Koirala has advocated the need for an official Earth Anthem for the planet supporting the efforts of Indian poet-diplomat Abhay K in this direction. In May 2013, after her cancer treatment, <mask> said she intends to use her celebrity status and personal story to inspire others who are battling the dreaded disease. "All I want to do from now onwards is to be useful to people who could need [a] little advice," she said in her first interview since undergoing cancer treatment at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Centre. She has become a motivational speaker after her battle with cancer, and gives talks on various topics at schools, hospitals and organisations. She was appointed as a UNFPA Goodwill Ambassador for Nepal in 2015 and was involved in the relief works after the Nepal earthquake 2015. She gave speeches in 2016 on "Transformation" at Mercedes-Benz India in Pune, and on "Importance of Being Mindful Living" at Cipla in Goa. She was scheduled to speakon "Health is Our Responsibility" at Sneh Foundation  in February 2017; on "Cancer is Conquerable" at Apollo Hospitals in Hyderabad; and on "My Life's Lesson" at Shiv Nadar Foundation in Chennai; on "Why Celebrities Need Coaching" in Delhi; on "Woman Empowerment" at National Women's Parliament in Vijayawada; and on "Gifts of Cancer" at TEDx Jaipur.In 2017, she was appointed as Goodwill Ambassador by Nepal’s  Ministry of Urban Development for Bagmati Cleanup Mega Campaign aimed at cleaning the Bagmati River. She has contributed as a co-writer to a book: Healed, the story of her battle against ovarian cancer. In 2020, she launched ‘’Manisha Koirala Cancer Education Fund’’ with the support of Global College International, Kathmandu to give educational scholarships to children of cancer victim or survivors with poor financial background. Her social activism and achievements in movies has made her one of the most famous Nepalis in the world. Accolades

Awards and nominations

Honours and recognition

 1994, Priyadarshini Academy - Smita Patil Memorial Award
 1999, United Nations Population Fund - Goodwill Ambassador for India
 2001, Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu Honoured by the Government of Nepal for achievement in the Indian Film Industry
 2003, 1st Non-Resident Nepali Conference, Kathmandu - Letter of Felicitation
 2006, World Hindu Federation - Letter of Appreciation
 2014,  India Today Woman Summit- Woman of the Year Award
 2015, London Indian Film Festival - Spirit of Inspiration Award
 2015, Global Officials of Dignity Award - Nepal's Humanitarian Ambassador
 2015, United Nations Population Fund - Goodwill Ambassador for Nepal
 2017, Navbharat Times Award for Contribution to Indian Cinema
 2019, Mahindra Udaya Festival - Excellence in Social Cause
 2019, Society Pride of India Honour

Filmography

References

External links

Living people
Nepalese film actresses
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Actresses in Malayalam cinema
Nepalese expatriates in India
Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu
Actresses in Tamil cinema
Actors from Kathmandu
Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners
Filmfare Awards South winners
20th-century Nepalese actresses
21st-century Nepalese actresses
1970 births
M
Actresses from Mumbai
Members of the Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu
Nepalese film producers
Nepalese women film producers
Nepalese television actresses
Bahun
Khas

masks: Manisha Koirala Manisha Koirala Koirala Koirala Koirala Manisha Manisha Koirala Koirala Koirala Koirala


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Vladimir Bogdanovich Rezun (; born 20 April 1947), known by his pseudonym of <mask> () is a former Soviet GRU officer who is the author of non-fiction books about World War II, the GRU and the Soviet Army, as well as fictional books about the same and related subjects. After defecting to the United Kingdom in 1978, <mask> began his writing career, publishing his first books in the 1980s about his own experiences and the structure of the Soviet military, intelligence, and secret police. He writes in Russian with a number of his books translated into English, including his semi-autobiographical The Liberators (1981). In the USSR, according to Suvorov and according to an interview with the former head of the GRU, he was sentenced to death in absentia. In his military history books, he offers an alternative view of the role of the USSR in World War II; the first and most well-known book on this topic being Icebreaker: Who started the Second World War?. The proposed concept and the methods of its substantiation have caused numerous discussions and criticism in historical and social circles. In Icebreaker, M Day and several follow-up books Suvorov argued that Joseph Stalin planned to use Nazi Germany as a proxy (the “Icebreaker”) against the West.The books are based on his personal analysis of Soviet military investments, diplomatic maneuvers, Politburo speeches and other circumstantial evidence. <mask> also wrote a number of fiction books about the Soviet Army, military intelligence and the pre-war history of the USSR. The trilogy Control, Choice and Snake-eater was a bestseller and was approached for movie adaptations. According to Novye Izvestia, an online newspaper, the circulation of some of <mask>'s books exceeds a million copies. Early years

<mask>, born Vladimir Bogdanovich Rezun, comes from a military family of mixed Ukrainian-Russian descent; his father, Bogdan Vasilyevich Rezun, was a veteran of WWII and a Ukrainian, while his mother Vera Spiridonovna Rezun (Gorevalova) is Russian. According to his own statements, <mask> considers himself, his wife and children to be Ukrainians. He was born in the village of Barabash, Primorsky Krai; raised in Ukraine's Cherkasy, where his father served.The family subsequently settled in Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic after his father's retirement. According to <mask>, he went to first grade in the village of Slavyanka (Primorsky Territory), then studied in the village of Barabash. In 1957, after graduating on four classes, at the age of 11 he entered the Suvorov Military School in Voronezh (from 1958 to 1963). In 1963, the school was disbanded, and the students, including Rezun, were transferred to the Kalinin (now Tver) Suvorov Military School (from 1963 to 1965). In 1965, Rezun graduated from said school and was admitted without examinations to the second year of the Kiev Higher Combined Arms Command School then named after General Mikhail Frunze (now Odessa Military Academy). Prague Spring invasion

In 1968, <mask> graduated with honours from the Frunze Red Banner Higher Military Command School in Kiev. At the same year, he served in Chernivtsi as a tank platoon commander with the 145th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment, 66th Guards Training Motor Rifle Division, of the Carpathian Military District in Ukraine, participating in the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, Operation Danube.This experience is narrated in his 1981 book The Liberators: My Life in the Soviet Army. The book was <mask>'s first after his defection and in it he narrates his eyewitness account of the invasion, recounting the daily life within the Soviet Army. He points to deficiencies in readiness and in mindset. <mask> mentions that middle-ranking officers struggled to impress their superiors, something that does not contribute to military effectiveness or discipline - instead fostering on officers a behavior of cunning and deceit in order to climb the ranks. At the age of 19 he was admitted to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). From 1970-1971 he was an officer in the intelligence department of the headquarters of the Volga Military District (in the city of Kuibyshev), and later with the 808th Independent Army Reconnaissance Company (Spetsnaz). Since 1970 - in the nomenclature of the Central Committee of the CPSU, where he came under the patronage of the commander of the Carpathian Military District, Lieutenant General of Tank Forces (later - General of the Army) Gennady Obaturov, known for suppressing anti-communist uprisings in Hungary in 1956 and later Czechoslovakia in 1968 with ruthless efficiency, for which the general received the Order of the Red Banner.Espionage in Geneva and defection

Geneva station
From 1971-1974, <mask> studied at the Military Diplomatic Academy, known as "the Conservatory" and located in Moscow. The Academy trained officers for work abroad as intelligence operatives or "scouts" (razvedchiki in the Russian language). These worked often "under diplomatic cover" ("jackets", in the jargon of Soviet intelligence operatives), and also as "illegals", meaning intelligence operatives not under diplomatic cover or (quasi-declared) commercial cover. For four years, <mask> worked in the Geneva GRU as an employee of the legal residency of military intelligence under the cover of the Permanent Mission of the USSR at the European United Nations Office at Geneva. According to the autobiographical book "Aquarium", he received the rank of major while working in residency. The same title was named in an interview of 1992 with the newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda by then head of the GRU, Colonel general Yevgeny Timokhin. Defection
On June 10, 1978, he disappeared from his Geneva apartment with his wife and two children.According to <mask> himself, he made contact with British intelligence because the Geneva station wanted to make him a "scapegoat" of a major failure. According to other versions, he was recruited by British intelligence (with the direct participation of the chief editor of the Military Review, MI6 officer Ronald Furlonga) or even kidnapped. On June 28, 1978, English newspapers reported that Rezun was in England with his family. At the time, he was married to Tatiana Korzh. The couple had a son, Aleksandr, and a daughter, Oksana. They were smuggled out of Switzerland to Britain by British intelligence. There <mask> worked as an intelligence analyst for the government and as a lecturer.Since 1981, he has been writing under the pseudonym <mask>, having written his first three books in English: The Liberators, Inside the Soviet Army and Inside Soviet Military Intelligence. The author explains the choice of pseudonym by the fact that his publisher recommended that he choose a Russian surname of three syllables, evoking a slight "military" association among Western readers. According to <mask> himself, he teaches tactics and military history at a British military academy and lives in Bristol. Family

 Grandfather - Vasily Andreevich Rezunov (later changed his surname to Rezun) (1892 - 02/05/1978) worked all his life as a blacksmith on the Shevchenko collective farm in the Dnepropetrovsk region, Solonyansky district, lived on the Sadovoe farm. Participated in the First World War. According to <mask>, his grandfather “... was a Makhnovist, hid it all his life, he hated the Soviet power very, very fiercely". He died on February 5, 1978.Father - Bogdan Vasilyevich Rezun, (1921 - December 1998), military man, artilleryman. He served in the 72nd Guards Mortar Regiment of the Order of Alexander Nevsky in the 5th Army of the Far Eastern Military District. Dismissed from the army in 1959 with the rank of major. He worked as a director of a cinema. He died in December 1998. Mother - Vera Spiridonovna Rezun (Gorevalova), born in 1918, during WWII she was and army nurse of the 3329th field evacuation hospital of the 1st Baltic Front. Brother - Alexander Bogdanovich Rezun, born in 1945, soldier.For 27 years he served in the Soviet Strategic Missile Forces in the Transcaucasian Military District. He retired to the reserve in 1991 with the rank of lieutenant colonel. Wife - Tatiana Stepanovna (Korzh), born in 1952. They have been married since 1971. Two children - daughter Oksana, born in 1972, son Alexander, born in 1976,
 Two grandchildren. While studying at the Military Diplomatic Academy, he lived with his family at the address Moscow, Azovskaya st., 15. Publications

Non-fiction
<mask> drew on his experience and research to write non-fiction books in Russian about the Soviet Army, military intelligence, and special forces.He publishes these works under the pseudonym "<mask>." The Liberators, includes his eyewitness account about the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia by Soviet forces
Inside the Soviet Army,
Inside Soviet Military Intelligence
Aquarium, his memoir, and
Spetsnaz, about Special Forces units

Novels
<mask> also wrote several fiction books set in the pre-World War II era in the Soviet Union. Control
 Choice
 Snake-eater (2010)

Works about World War II

<mask> has written ten books about the outbreak of the Nazi-Soviet War in 1941 and the circumstances related to it. The first such work was Icebreaker (1980s), followed by M Day, The Last Republic, Cleansing, Suicide, The Shadow of Victory, I Take it Back, The Last Republic II, The Chief Culprit, and Defeat. In his Icebreaker, M Day and several follow-up books <mask> argued that Stalin planned to use Nazi Germany as a proxy (the “Icebreaker”) against the West. For this reason, Stalin provided significant material and political support to Adolf Hitler, while at the same time preparing the Red Army to "liberate" the whole of Europe from Nazi occupation. <mask> argued that Hitler had lost World War II from the time when he attacked Poland: not only was he going to war with the powerful Allies, but it was only a matter of time before the Soviet Union would seize the opportune moment to attack him from the rear.According to <mask>, Hitler decided to direct a preemptive strike at the Soviet Union, while Stalin's forces were redeploying from a defensive to an offensive posture in June 1941. Although Hitler had an important initial tactical advantage, that was strategically hopeless because he subjected the Nazis to having to fight on two fronts. At the end of the war, Stalin achieved only some of his initial objectives by establishing Communist regimes in Eastern Europe, China and North Korea. According to <mask>, this made Stalin the primary winner of World War II, even though he was not satisfied by the outcome, having intended to establish Soviet domination over the whole continent of Europe. Most historians agreed that the geopolitical differences between the Soviet Union and the Axis made war inevitable, and that Stalin had made extensive preparations for war and exploited the military conflict in Europe to his advantage. However, there was a debate among historians as to whether Joseph Stalin planned to attack Axis forces in Eastern Europe in the summer of 1941. A number of historians, such as Gabriel Gorodetsky and David Glantz disputed or rejected this claim.But it received some support from others, such as Valeri Danilov, Joachim Hoffmann, Mikhail Meltyukhov, and Vladimir Nevezhin. Other works

About the Cold War-era Soviet Union
 The Liberators: My Life in the Soviet Army, 1981, Hamish Hamilton,
 Inside the Soviet Army, 1982, Macmillan Publishing. Inside Soviet Military Intelligence, 1984,
 Aquarium (), 1985, Hamish Hamilton, , memoir
  Spetsnaz. The Story Behind the Soviet SAS, 1987, Hamish Hamilton,
 Devil's Mother (), 2011, Sofia, Fakel Express,

About the outbreak of the Nazi-Soviet War
 Icebreaker () (1980s), Hamish Hamilton Ltd,
 Day "M" ()
 Suicide. For what reason did Hitler attack the Soviet Union? (), Moscow, ACT, 2000,
  The Last Republic, ACT, 1997,
 Cleansing (). Purification.Why did Stalin behead his army?, Moscow, 2002,
 Last Republic II. Why did the Soviet Union lose the Second World War? (), Sofia, Fakel Express, 2007,
 . Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2008 (hardcover, ). Defeat. Why was the "great victory" worse than any defeat? (), Sofia, Fakel Express, 2009,

About Soviet historical figures
 Shadow of Victory (), 2003.This questions the status and image of General Georgy Zhukov, known for his defense of the Soviet Union and later victory in the Battle of Berlin. The first book of a trilogy under the same name. I Take It Back (), is also about Georgy Zhukov. this is the second book of the "Shadow of Victory" trilogy. Fiction
 Control (), novel
 Choice (), novel
 Snake-eater (), novel (Sofia, Fakel Express, 2010),

See also
 Causes of World War II
 List of Eastern Bloc defectors
 Soviet offensive plans controversy
 Soviet–German relations before 1941

References

External links
 Official website
 <mask> at IMDb
 Appearances by <mask> on C-SPAN

  Who Started World War II? – Stalin as a Chief Culprit. <mask>'s presentation at the U.S.Naval Academy, Eurasia Forum, in Annapolis, Maryland (October 7, 2009). "The Chief Culprit: Stalin's Grand Design to Start World War II." <mask> speaks at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C. via C-SPAN2 (February 2009). Selection of online books by <mask> and links to related online publications at the Maxim Moshkov's Library
  Complete up-to-date collection of <mask>'s online books (some in English), at Militera Project
  <mask>, Ledokol, audio book

1947 births
Living people
People from Khasansky District
Russian people of Ukrainian descent
Soviet intelligence personnel who defected to the United Kingdom
GRU officers
20th-century Russian writers
21st-century Russian writers
Russian military historians
20th-century pseudonymous writers
21st-century pseudonymous writers

masks:
Viktor Suvorov
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Viktor Suvorov
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Viktor Suvorov
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Viktor Suvorov
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Viktor Suvorov