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<mask> is an American astrobiologist and geomicrobiologist who studies polyextremophiles. She has primarily been affiliated with NASA. She identifies environments on Earth with characteristics that may be similar to environments on other planets, and creates models that help identify characteristics that would indicate an environment might host life. <mask> also identifies what biosignatures might look like on other planets. Much of <mask>'s research on analog environments has taken place in the Pilot Valley Basin in the Great Salt Desert of northwestern Utah, U.S. Her work in that paleolake basin informed the landing location of NASA's Perseverance Rover mission—at another paleolake basin called Jezero Crater. Jim Greene, Chief Scientist at NASA, called <mask> "a perfect expert to be involved in the Perseverance rover."Helping to select the proper landing site for NASA's first manned mission to Mars in 2035 is another of <mask>'s projects. <mask> has appeared in multiple television series, as well as The New York Times, Nature, Scientific American, and Popular Science. Cell Press designated <mask> one of the most inspiring Black scientists in the United States. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> is the daughter of Marlene Cosby and <mask>. Both her parents worked at Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation, a defense contractor in Rockford, IL that worked on NASAs space shuttles. After seeing The Empire Strikes Back just before her sixth birthday kindled <mask>'s passion for space, her parents brought home pictures of space shuttles from Sundstrand, which further fed her interest. Her mother was a Trekkie, so they also watched television shows from that franchise together.<mask> jokes that her mother takes less credit for her interest, however, quoting Cosby as saying: “You were an alien from the beginning.”

<mask>'s mother was a Girl Scout and served as the chief executive officer of Drifting Dunes Girl Scout Council Inc, and was a zoology major who wanted to be a veterinarian. Her father also was a Boy Scout. <mask> was also Girl Scout, including being appointed as the student delegate to the National Girl Scout Program Conference. <mask> was raised spending a lot of time in nature. <mask> attended Boylan Catholic High School, where she was on the student council. In 1991, <mask> was one of 40 Young Americans, a long-running program of the local newspaper, the Rockford Register, honoring extraordinary teenagers in the Rock River Valley. She graduated from Boylan in 1993.<mask> attended the University of Illinois, planning to study general engineering. She completed a summer internship with Mark R. Patterson and another at Kennedy Space Center where she saw a space shuttle liftoff and also discovered the field of Astrobiology. <mask> and some friends also ran a theater company, "Actors in the Attic." In 1999, <mask> was team leader for a NASA competition that was part of NASA's Reduced Gravity Student Flight Opportunities Program at Ellington Field, near Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. That competition won <mask> and her teammates an opportunity to carry out a fluid research experiment aboard the KC-135, an airplane that escapes Earth's gravity. In 1999, <mask> graduated with a dual major in engineering and biology. <mask> earned a master's in aerospace engineering sciences at the University of Colorado at Boulder.She then received the NASA Harriet Jenkins Predoctoral Fellowship to complete her Ph.D. in environmental science and engineering at Colorado School of Mines. During her doctoral program, she began her research in Utah. She completed her Ph.D. in 2015 and moved to Georgia Institute of Technology as a postdoctoral fellow, where she continued her study of Mars analog environments. Career
<mask> first worked as a Metrology Engineer, Corporate Engineering Division at Abbot Laboratories. She then worked for Lockheed Martin for several years, followed by additional year at Jacobs Sverdrup. These two jobs were located in Houston, TX, at NASA Johnson Space Center. At first <mask> worked as a project engineer on human space flight in the Crew and Thermal Systems division, where she developed habitation hardware for International Space Station astronauts.<mask> met Kathy Thomas-Keprta, a specialist on the Allan Hills 84001 meteorite  and through Thomas-Kerpta, chief astrobiological scientist David S. McKay, for whom she went to work as a systems engineer. <mask> contributed to the prototyping of robots for missions to Mars. While at graduate school, <mask> was a graduate research assistant, first at BioServe Space Technologies and then at the Laboratory For Atmospheric and Space Physics. Her work was affiliated with NASA through NASA's Harriett Jenkins Pre-Doctoral Fellowship which funded her role as a predoctoral research fellow at the Colorado School of Mines. Postdoctoral work
In 2016, <mask> was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the Rosenzweig Group at the University of Montana, in Missoula, MT, before moving to Georgia Tech, where she was a postdoctoral fellow from 2016 to 2019. <mask> started at Georgia Tech in the School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, working with James Wray, then worked with Frank Rosenzweig in the School of Biological Sciences. When <mask> received a grant from the Ford Foundation she shifted her primary base of operations to the lab of EAS Assistant Jennifer Glass.During this period, astrobiology research took off at Georgia Tech, and <mask> was part of the Georgia Tech NASA Astrobiology Institute team. Since 2019, <mask> has been a staff scientist for Universities Space Research Association (USRA), located at Georgia Tech. Teaching, outreach, and mentoring
<mask> teaches and mentors students and also works to expand diversity in STEM education. In her early years of working for at Johnson Space Center, she mentored high school and undergraduate students. In graduate school, she was a lab instructor, a teaching assistant, and a Teaching Fellow for Bechtel's K-5 Educational Initiative. Since 2013 she has been working with the SAGANet Virtual Mentoring Program. She served a two-year term as a NASA Students Ambassador from 2010 to 2012.Additionally, <mask> does a lot of explaining of space science to the public, both directly and through the media. Research
Lynch summarizes her biosignature research as "All life poops." In other words, all life uses energy and excretes waste products. Some of those waste products might be preserved and appear as biosignatures, telling us that life exists—or formerly existed. <mask> identifies biosignatures in environments on Earth that might be analogous to ones on other planets, teaching us what signals we might use to recognize extraterrestrial life. Much of <mask>'s biosignature research has focused on perchlorates, a kind of salt, in the Pilot Valley part of Great Salt Lake Desert, Utah, USA. Pilot Valley is a hypersaline paleolake basin, an ancient lake that used to be quite deep but has now receded.It used to be a freshwater lake, but as climate change caused evaporation, it has become increasingly salinated. A lot of lake sediments remain, teeming with a diversity of microbes. <mask> looks for microbial DNA and strives to understand what the microbial communities look like with regard to diversity, aspects of life such as what they eat or how they obtain energy, and even how various microbes interact with each other. <mask> discovered the first known place on earth where there are both perchlorates and perchlorates-reducing (essentially perchlorates-consuming) microbes. <mask> selected Pilot Valley as the site to carry out research for her doctoral dissertation, "A Geobiological Investigation of the Hypersaline Sediments of Pilot Valley, Utah: A Terrestrial Analog to Ancient Lake Basins on Mars." Ultimately, Jezero Crater was selected as the landing site for the 2020 Mars mission, Perseverance, because it is also a paleolake. It is expected to contain percholates, and would be an ideal candidate for a location containing percholates-reducing bacteria, should there be signs of life on Mars.Because Jezero Crater has signs of a former delta, meaning water was flowing in from an upstream location, <mask> argues that sediments from three environments potentially converge there—from streams that flowed into the ancient lake; the actual Jezero lake; and groundwater that has surfaced following evaporation of the lake and the streams that feed it. <mask> won NASA's 2020 Selections for the Astrobiology Program Early Career Collaboration Award. She will collaborate with  University of Florida's Amy Williams on sample analysis and Georgetown University's Sarah Stewart on creating a tool for “Working Towards Life Detection Capability in Subsurface Transitional Habitable Zones on Mars.”

Selected publications
<mask> has over fifty publications and conference publications as of early 2021. She also serves as a manuscript reviewer for JGR Planets, Geobiology, Astrobiology, Planetary and Space Science, as well as a peer reviewer for grants with the NASA Exobiology Program Peer Review Panel and the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship (NESSF). <mask> also serves on the organizing committee of many conferences in her field and is a frequent presenter at conferences. Astrobiology
 Hays, Lindsay E.; Graham, Heather V.; Des Marais, David J.; Hausrath, Elisabeth M.; Horgan, Briony; McCollom, Thomas M.; Parenteau, M. Niki; Potter-McIntyre, Sally L.; Williams, Amy J.; <mask>, Kennda L. (2017-02-08). "Biosignature Preservation and Detection in Mars Analog Environments".Astrobiology. 17 (4): 363–400. doi:10.1089/ast.2016.1627. Abrevaya, Ximena C.; Anderson, Rika; Arney, Giada; Atri, Dimitra; Azúa-Bustos, Armando; Bowman, Jeff S.; Brazelton, William J.; Brennecka, Gregory A.; Carns, Regina; Chopra, Aditya; Colangelo-Lillis, Jesse (2016-08-01). Domagal-Goldman, Shawn D.; Wright, Katherine E.; Domagal-Goldman, Shawn D.; Wright, Katherine E.; Adamala, Katarzyna; Arina de la Rubia, Leigh; Bond, Jade; Dartnell, Lewis R.; Goldman, Aaron D. (eds.). "The Astrobiology Primer v2.0".Astrobiology. 16 (8): 561–653. doi:10.1089/ast.2015.1460. Stoker, Carol; Dunagan, Stephen; Stevens, Todd; Amils, Ricardo; Gomez-Elvira, Javier; Fernandez, David; Hall, James; <mask>, Kennda; Cannon, Howard;Zavaleta, Jhony. (2004-01-01). "Mars Analog Rio Tinto Experiment (MARTE): 2003 Drilling Campaign to Search for a Subsurface Biosphere at Rio Tinto Spain". Lunar and Planetary Science XXXV: Astrobiology: Analogs and Applications to the Search for Life.<mask>, <mask> L.; Horgan, Briony H.; Munakata‐Marr, Junko; Hanley, Jennifer; Schneider, Robin J.; Rey, Kevin A.; Spear, John R.; Jackson, W. Andrew; Ritter, Scott M. (2015). "Near-infrared spectroscopy of lacustrine sediments in the Great Salt Lake Desert: An analog study for Martian paleolake basins". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 120 (3): 599–623. doi:10.1002/2014JE004707

Education, outreach, and equity
 K. LYNCH, P. LEIBER, M. PEDERSEN, M. TULI, T. LONGAZO, L. MILLER, S. PALMER, M. ZHANG. (2002). SETI and Astrobiology: Contact-A Youth Perspective.IAF abstracts, 34th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, 366. Rathbun, J., E. Rivera-Valentin, J. Keane, C. Richey, K<mask>, S. Diniega, L. Quick, and J. Vertesi. (2020). "Who is Missing in Planetary Science? : Recommendations to increase the number of Black and Latinx scientists." In AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts, vol. 52, no.6, pp. 502–15. Rivera-Valentín, E. G., Rathbun, J., Keane, J. T., <mask>, K., Richey, C., Diniega, S., & Vertesi, J. (2020). Who is missing in planetary science? : A demographic study of the planetary science workforce. White paper.Diniega, S., Brooks, S., Gilmore, M., <mask>, K., Núñez, J., Quick, L., ... & Rathbun, J. (2020, October). Recognizing our colleagues of color in Planetary Science. In AAS/Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts (Vol. 52, No. 6, pp. 502–06).<mask>, K. L., Diniega, S., Quick, L. C., Horst, S. M., Rivera-Valentin, E. G., & Rathbun, J. A. (2019, March). 50 Years of Planetary Science Workforce: Hidden Figures and the Legacy of Apollo. In Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (No. 2132, p. 3162). Diniega S., Castillo-Rogez J., Daubar I., Filiberto J., Goudge T., <mask>., Rutledge A., Rathbun J., Scully J., Smith R., Richey C., Udovicic C.T., and Villarreal M. (2020) Ensuring a safe and equitable workspace: The importance and feasibility of a Code of Conduct, along with clear policies regarding authorship and team membership.White Paper . LPI Contribution Number: LPI-002544. K<mask> “WALLE: Saving the Earth, Forecasting the Future” (Feature Story). NSBE Bridge Magazine. Summer 2008 Issue. K<mask> “Learning Life on Mars”. Magazine of the National Society of Black Engineers (NSBE).March/April, 2007. Vol. 18. #4:57-59. Other media
<mask> is a featured expert in three television episodes about life on other planets:

 Explained: Extraterrestrial Life (2018)
 Glad You Asked: Will We Survive Mars? (2019)
 Alien Worlds: Janus (2020)

References

Astrobiologists
NASA people
Georgia Tech faculty
University of Illinois alumni
University of Colorado Boulder alumni
African-American women engineers
African-American women scientists
American women scientists
African-American engineers
American women engineers
American engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women

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Kennda Lian Lynch
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<mask> "Budu<mask> (; , <mask> [Budu] <mask>; 1877 – 19 July 1937) was a veteran Georgian Bolshevik and Soviet government official energetically involved in the Russian Revolutions and the Civil War. In the 1920s, he played an important role in the Sovietization of the Caucasus, but later led Georgian Communist opposition to Joseph Stalin's centralizing policy during the Georgian Affair of 1922. He was executed during the Great Purge. Early life
He was born in to a prominent noble family in the Kutaisi Governorate. <mask> enrolled in the Imperial Moscow University but was later expelled from the univerty for his participation in the student riots of 1899. Revolution and Civil War
<mask> joined the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1903 and engaged in revolutionary activities in Tbilisi, Baku, Batumi, and other industrial centers of the Caucasus. A close associate of Joseph Stalin, he quickly emerged as one of the leading Bolsheviks in the region and gained a reputation of a brilliant orator.During the Russian Civil War, that followed the Russian Revolution of 1917, he was commissioned to the Caucasus Front where he worked for the Caucasian Bureau of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party and served as a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 11th Army. In 1920, he was instrumental in the occupation of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan. Later that year, he was sent as a special envoy to Turkey in an effort to mediate a peace deal between the Turkish government and the Democratic Republic of Armenia. Early in 1921, <mask>, along with Stalin and Sergo Ordzhonikidze, played an important role in engineering the Red Army invasion of Georgia which toppled down the local Menshevik-dominated government in favor of the Bolshevik regime. However, with the establishment of the Georgian SSR, <mask> emerged as one of the leading proponents of the republic's sovereignty from Moscow. He protested against a series of territorial rearrangements in Transcaucasia that dispossessed Georgia of several of its former districts and advocated more tolerance towards political opposition to ensure the survival of the highly unpopular Bolshevik government. The Georgian Affair
On 7 July 1921 Filipp Makharadze, a moderate Georgian Communist leader, was removed from his position of the chairman of the Georgian Revolutionary Committee (Revkom) and replaced with <mask>.During his tenure, <mask> entered in a bitter conflict with Stalin and Ordzhonikidze who pursued hardliner, centralizing policy towards Georgia. This dispute known as the Georgian Affair peaked in 1922, when <mask> and his comrades – Makharadze, Mikhail Okudzhava, Sergey Kavtaradze, and Shalva Eliava – were denounced by Stalin as "national deviationists". The Mdivani group, in their turn, accused their opponents of "Great Russian chauvinism" and tried to secure Lenin’s support, but without any success. The "deviationists"’ failure to prevent the Georgian SSR from being amalgamated with the Armenian and Azerbaijan republics into the Transcaucasian SFSR resulted in the final victory of the Stalin-Ordzhonikidze line and the removal of <mask> from his post in January 1923. The "national deviationists" were not actively persecuted until the late 1920s, however. Once Lenin had been incapacitated by a series of strokes, Stalin used his increasing power to remove <mask> and other oppositionists to diplomatic posts. <mask> served as the Soviet trade representative to France from 1924 until being excluded, in 1928, from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during Stalin's crackdown on the Left Opposition.Reinstated three years later, he worked in various government positions, including as chairman of the Supreme Sovnarkhoz, People's Commissar of Light Industry and first deputy chairman of the Georgian Council of People's Commissars between 1931 and 1936. He remained an outspoken critic of Stalin's Transcaucasian enterprise and was famous for his sarcastic comments on the Soviet leader. According to the modern historian Ami Knight, <mask> liked to tell a joke about how Georgian workers urged Lavrentiy Beria to set up an armed guard around the house of Stalin's mother, Ekaterina Geladze, in Tbilisi so that she would not give birth to another Stalin. Repression
Stalin could not forgive <mask> for his defiance and <mask> became one of the first victims of the Great Purges. He was removed from his post and excluded from the party in late 1936. In May 1937, <mask> was accused by Beria of having founded the "Trotskyite Centre for Espionage, Sabotage and Terrorism" with the aim to kill Beria and bring down the Soviet government. In July he was arrested and tried by the NKVD troika.During the interrogations at the Metekhi prison in Tbilisi, <mask> repeatedly refused to "confess". He is quoted to have said to the troika members:

"Being shot is not enough punishment for me; I need to be quartered! It was me who brought the 11th Army here [in Tbilisi]; I betrayed my people and helped Stalin and Beria, these degenerates, enslave Georgia and bring Lenin’s party to its knees." On 11 July 1937 the Soviet newspaper Zaria Vostoka, with the headline of "Death to Enemies of the People", announced that the Georgian Supreme Court found <mask>, Okudzhava and several of their colleagues guilty of treason and other counterrevolutionary crimes all categorized under Article 58 of the Criminal Code. On 19 July <mask> was executed in Tbilisi. His wife and sons, including the notable tennis player Archil <mask> (1911–1937), and daughter Meri (Mary) were also shot. Meri left a newborn son, David Kobakhidze, with the neighbor when she was taken away for questioning.Before being executed she had a chance to write a letter to him that was the only object he had from his mother. References

1877 births
1937 deaths
Politicians from Tbilisi
People from Tiflis Governorate
20th-century politicians from Georgia (country)
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Communists from Georgia (country)
Communist Party of Georgia (Soviet Union) politicians
Revolutionaries from Georgia (country)
Great Purge victims from Georgia (country)
Old Bolsheviks
People of the Russian Civil War
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
Soviet Trotskyists
Trotskyists from Georgia (country)
Heads of government of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic

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Polikarp
" Gurgenovich Mdivani
Polikarp Gurgenovich
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<mask> (; born 1945) is Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Tel Aviv University. <mask> is Head of the Middle Eastern studies Program at IDC Herzliya, researcher of Arab and Palestinian politics who founded and directed the Center for the Study of Arab Society in Israel. Mishal authored and co-authored several books and numerous articles in subjects related to Arab and Islamic political cultures and Palestinian politics. Biography
<mask> was born on 1945 in Baghdad, Iraq and made aliyah with his family in 1951 and for next 8 years they lived in ma'abara Talpiot. Mishal has studied political science, philosophy & sociology, received his Ph.D. in Political Science from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and completed his postdoctoral research at Yale University. Mishal is a visiting professor at Yale University, visiting scholar at the Center for International Affairs at Harvard and Senior Fellow at the Harvard School of Public Health. His brother is journalist <mask>.Hamas: goals
<mask>'s main thesis deals with Palestinian Hamas. It is often described solely as a movement identified with Islamic fundamentalism and suicide bombings. The objectives at the top of its agenda are the liberation of Palestine through a holy war (Jihad) against Israel, establishing an Islamic state on its soil, and reforming society in the spirit of true Islam. It is this Islamic vision, combined with its nationalist claims and militancy toward Israel, that accounts for the prevailing image of Hamas as a rigid movement, ready to pursue its goals at any cost, with no limits or constraints . Yet, <mask> claims that a close scrutiny of Hamas’s roots and its record since its establishment at the outbreak of the first Palestinian uprising (Intifada)Against the Israeli occupation in December 1987 reveals that, although Hamas has been reluctant to publicly compromise its ultimate objectives, it does not subordinate its activities and decisions to the officially held religious doctrine. Rather, it operates in a context of opportunities and constraints, conflicting interests, and cost-benefit considerations, and is attentive to the fluctuating needs and desires of the Palestinian population and cognizant of power relations and political feasibility. Moreover, despite the horrifying toll claimed by Hamas’s violence, it is essentially a social and political movement, providing extensive community eervices and responding constantly to political reality through bargaining and power brokering.Along this line, it has been reluctant to adhere to its religious dogma at any price and so has tended to adopt political strategies that minimize the danger of rigidly adhering to principle,
doctrine, or ideology, ready to respond or adjust to fluid conditions. Thus, Mishal concludes that a political understanding between Hamas and Israel, through a third party, is a viable option. Such a course would minimize the intensity of the shock to its supporters if it entered a public dialogue with Israel. Hamas:  victory and regime change
In 2006, Hamas won 74 out of the legislative council's 132 seats, capturing a majority and becoming the dominant force in the new Palestinian government. Mishal asserts that Hamas's electoral victory over the Fatah-led nationalist camp is not merely an act of transfer of power but a mandate for regime change. Regime change, unlike transfer of power, entails a revision of the fundamental principles of government and the overall goals of the Palestinian Authority − a redefinition of the PA's regional and international policies, as well as its basic parameters and red lines concerning its approach to Israel. Given Hamas's Islamic doctrine, regime change harbors religious significance for the Palestinian national agenda.The Islam-driven worldview spawns several principles, first of all, a commitment to territorial maximalism with an eye towards the establishment of an Islamic state throughout all of Mandatory Palestine. This vision replaces the political realism that accepts the framework of a two-state solution, Israel alongside a Palestinian state. A second principle is Islamic social activism, instead of a civil-minded, statewide program; and a third principle is the perception of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict as a predetermined clash of destinies, instead of a conflict over boundaries. Hamas:  dissenting views
The notion that Hamas could somehow be lured away from its agenda seems to be gaining wider currency. In an address to a group of European MPs, The Hamas leader in Gaza, Ismail Haniyeh, said his government was willing to accept a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders. Yet, there are  others who suggest that hamas's acceptance of a cease fire is only a ploy. Efraim Karsh claims in this regard that " Above all, not only is the destruction of Israel not a bargaining chip, it is the heart of the matter.Hamas, which is the Palestinian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood, sees the struggle for Palestine as neither an ordinary political dispute between two contending nations (Israelis and Palestinians), nor even as a struggle for national self-determination by an indigenous population against a foreign occupier. Rather, it sees Palestine as but one battle in a worldwide holy war to prevent the fall of a part of the House of Islam to infidels". The Palestinians: a network approach
Palestinians did not, and still do not fully have, a state that can try to penetrate society and create a hierarchical system in which external links flow through it. While communal affiliations play a role in dividing Palestinian society along regional and extended family lines, it too has not played a definitive role in shaping Palestinian identity and claims to self-determination vis à vis Israel. Having no state and formal political institutions, and being divided among themselves by the ideological currents gripping the Arab world, Palestinian society emerged as a networked society par excellence. Palestinians lacked any kind of hierarchical or networked state, instead being divided among other states none of which, with the partial exception of Jordan, attempted in any way to assimilate them into their societies. Palestinians were divided by ideologies between various streams of pan-Arabism.since the Palestinians continued to lack a state, they were unable to build a centralized institutions and a hierarchical political order. The decentralized nature of Palestinian society has become all the more evident in the wake of the Oslo Accords - despite the fact that the Palestinians had been given an opportunity to begin constructing a hierarchical state to penetrate and centralize Palestinian society via the PA. They have in fact made the PA into a reflection of their society - an amalgamation of decentralized and perpetually quarreling factions. Hence, in the Palestinian case, the society is penetrating the state rather than vice versa. The 1993 Declaration of Principles (the first, in a series of agreements that came to be known as the Oslo Accords) signed between Israel and the PLO was followed by the establishment of the PA in May 1994. Despite the creation of a quasi-official Palestinian government, the pattern of relations between Israel and the Palestinians did not change significantly, despite the existence of a supposedly all-Palestinian PA, and was still based on relations between Israel and the PLO (especially Fatah). Yasser Arafat’s hesitation to transfer real authority from Fatah to the organs of the PA, thus ensured that real understandings reached between him and Israel will tend to be based on informal channels of communication rather than via official links.Hence, as in the case of Jordan (but all the more so since the Palestinian state is still in its fetal stage), ties tend, to a large extent, to be based on informal relations and a large measure of trust - since formal agreements worked out with the PA will be largely meaningless if not backed by Fatah. This network analysis has major implications for the future of Israeli-Palestinian relations. It suggests that codified agreements between Israel and the PA provide only a part of the overall relationship between the parties. Trust is essential since most of the relationships exist outside the documents and the formalized relationships provide insufficient certainty since they are not binding on the parties with respect to the final settlement of the conflict. Shiite leadership
Shiites, says conventional wisdom, seek to convert the Sunni world, take over the Middle East or simply bomb Israel into the Stone Age. In any case, their plan is clear-cut, drastic and single-minded. All means necessary are appropriate for its realization.yet Mishal claims that Close scrutiny reveals, however, that Shiite leadership lives and acts in a more complex world. Shiite leadership is new at the helm of government, yet acts with the prudence of long experience. It is spoken of as mystical or otherworldly in essence, yet its behavior is often realistically sober. While the far-reaching vision of the new Shiite leadership appears utopian, its demeanor frequently seems skeptical and wary. The worldview of Shiite leadership is one which contracts and expands continuously. Shiite leaders are nationalists, but see themselves as a regional, even global power. They are propelled by a keen awareness of their population's needs, while being motivated by an inextricable link to
eternal truths.Life in a state of discrepancy encourages Shiite leaders to reject the notion that reality begins with abstract ideas. They feel uncomfortable with ascetic mysticism, which calls for the abandonment of the self and a union with the divine. Conversely,
Shiite leaders refuse to see actions and interests as the basis of reality. They cannot accept the Marxist understanding of history as determined by struggles over power. At the same time, they disown Capitalism, the notion that a free market regulates itself both morally and financially. Principal publications

Books
The Palestinian Hamas: Vision, Violence and Coexistence (with A. Sela) Columbia University Press, First Edition 2000, Second Edition 2006. Also published as: The Hamas Wind - Violence and Coexistence Yediot Ahronot Books, First Edition 1999, Second Edition 2006 (Hebrew).Investment in Peace: The Politics of Economic Cooperation Between Israel, Jordan, and the Palestinians (with R. Kuperman, D. Boas) Sussex Academic Press, 2001. Speaking Stones: Communiques from the Intifada Underground (with R. Aharoni) Syracuse University Press, 1994. Also published as Speaking Stones: The Words Behind the Palestinian Intifada, Hakibbutz Hameuhad, 1989 (Hebrew). The PLO Under Arafat: Between Gun and Olive Branch, Yale University Press, 1986. West Bank/East Bank: The Palestinians in Jordan, 1949–1967, Yale University Press, 1978. Selected articles
Place as a Source of Identity in Colonizing Societies: Israeli Settlements in Gaza Geographical Review, Vol.98, No.2, pp., 242-259, 2008. (With I. Schnell)
"Al Qaeda as Dune Organization toward a Typology of Islamic Terrorism Organization" (with M. Rosenthal).Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol.28, No.4, 2005, pp. 275–293. "What Happened to Suicide Bombing in Israel: Insight from a Terror Stock Model" (with E. Kaplan, A. Mintz, C. Samban). Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, Vol.28, No.3, 2005, pp. 225–235. "The Pragmatic Dimension of the Palestinian Hamas: A Network Perspective", Armed Forces and Society, Vol.29, No.4, 2003, pp. 569–589."Political Expectations and Cultural Perceptions in the Arab-Israeli Peace Negotiations" (with N. Morag). Political Psychology, Vol.23, No.2, 2002, pp. 325–353.
" Participation Without Presence: Hamas, the PA and the Politics of Negotiated Coexistence" (with A. Sela). Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.38, 2002, pp. 1–26.
" The Network State: Triangular Relations in Middle Eastern Politics" (with I. Talmud).International Journal of Contemporary Sociology, Vol.37, No.2, 2000, pp. 175–197.
" Trust or Contract? Negotiating Formal and Informal Agreements in the Arab-Israeli Peace Process" (with N. Morag). International Negotiation, No.5, 2000, pp. 523–542. "Intifada Discourse: The Hamas and UNL Leaflets", The PLO and Israel, Avraham Sela and Moshe Ma'oz (eds.), St. Martin's Press, 1997.
" Israel and the PLO: A Game with Different Information" (with D. Schmiedler, I. Sened). Game Theory and Applications, T. Ichiishi, A. Neyman, Y. Touman (eds. ), Academic Press, 1990. "The Unfolding of the Intifada" Survey of Jewish Affairs 1990, William Frankel (ed. ), Basil Blackwell, 1990, pp. 3–23."Paper War - Words Behind Stones: The Intifada Leaflets" The Jerusalem Quarterly, No.51, 1989, pp. 71–94. "Coalition Formation in the Arab World: An Analytical Perspective" (with A. Diskin). International Interactions, Vol.11, 1984, pp. 43–59. "Palestinian Voting in the West Bank: Electoral Behavior in a Traditional Community Without Sovereignty" (with A. Diskin). The Journal of Politics, Vo.44, 1982, pp.538–58. "Nationalism through Localism: Some Observations on the West Bank Political Elite", The Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.17, 1981, pp. 478–91. References

External links
 <mask> <mask>'s homepage
Mishal predicts an upcoming intifada that will break out in Jerusalem

Israeli political scientists
Living people
Tel Aviv University faculty
Yale University faculty
Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Social Sciences alumni
Harvard School of Public Health faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Shaul Mishal
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Nissim Mishal
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Jacob E<mask> (July 20, 1945 – November 19, 2020) was an American professional football player who was a free safety and punt returner from 1970 to 1978 for the Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins of the National Football League (NFL). <mask> went to the Pro Bowl five consecutive times between 1971 and 1975. He recorded 35 interceptions in his six seasons as a Dolphin, and another 14 in his three years with the Redskins. He was also a five-time All-Pro and was the MVP of Super Bowl VII. <mask> wore number 13 throughout his career, which was later made famous in Miami by Dan Marino, and has since been retired in Marino's honor. College career
After growing up in Athens, Georgia, but playing high school football in Arlington, Virginia at Washington-Lee High School, <mask> played college football at the University of Georgia, where he led Georgia in interceptions in 1967 with six interceptions and 1968 with ten interceptions. In 1967, <mask> was named first-team All-SEC defensive back by the Associated Press, and in 1968 again in both the AP and the UPI.The ten interceptions in a season is now second-most in Georgia history behind Terry Hoage’s 12 in 1982. <mask>'s 175 return yards on interceptions in 1968 is also second all-time for Georgia. <mask>'s college career total of 315 interception return yards is the most in school history. He also holds the current Georgia record for career interceptions. <mask> was inducted into the Georgia Sports Hall of Fame in 1986 and the Athens (GA) Athletic Hall of Fame in 2000. It was announced on May 17, 2011 that <mask> had been selected for induction into the College Football Hall of Fame. <mask> left the University of Georgia after his Junior year to go to Canada and play professional football  in the CFL.Based on his July 20 birth date, <mask>'s military draft lottery number of record was 187. The highest administrative draft number called for <mask>'s year group was 195, suggesting that <mask> could  have been, but was not, drafted for military service during the Vietnam War as he had previously served in the U.S. Marines. Professional career
<mask> began his professional career in 1969 in the Canadian Football League as a flanker and kick returner with the BC Lions. He was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in seventh round of the 1970 NFL Draft, where in his rookie year, he recorded five interceptions and returned one punt return for touchdown. The following year, he recorded seven interceptions and 318 punt return yards, helping the team reach Super Bowl VI, which they lost 24-3 to the Dallas Cowboys. <mask> recorded a 21-yard punt return in the game. <mask> was a key member of the 1972 Miami Dolphins undefeated season, and was named Super Bowl MVP of Super Bowl VII, recording two interceptions in the Dolphins' 14-7 win over the Washington Redskins including one in the fourth quarter.He helped the Dolphins in their 24-7 Super Bowl VIII win, recording two fumble recoveries, 20 punt return yards, and 47 kickoff return yards in that game. He established 2 Super Bowl Records. <mask> set a record by being the first player to recover 2 fumbles in one game. He also first established the record for most career fumble recoveries in Super Bowls at two, a record now shared by 12 others. <mask> is still the only player to have recovered one of his own team's fumbles and one of his opponent's fumbles in a single Super Bowl game. Overall, <mask> finished his nine seasons with 49 interceptions. He made 35 interceptions playing 6 seasons for Miami, making him the Dolphins' all-time leader in that category.<mask> had 13 fumble recoveries in his career. On special teams, he gained 1,357 yards and a touchdown returning punts, and 137 yards on six kickoff returns. <mask> played for the Redskins the final 3 years of his career. In the late 1980s, NFL Films named <mask> as the Dolphins All-Time Neutralizer sponsored by Tums. He was inducted into the Georgia-Florida Hall of Fame in 1998. The Professional Football Researchers Association named <mask> to the PRFA Hall of Very Good Class of 2007

<mask> was one of only three living Super Bowl MVPs who did not attend Super Bowl XL, when all previous MVPs were honored prior to the game; the other no-shows were Terry Bradshaw and Joe Montana. <mask> did attend Super Bowl 50 and was introduced during pre-game festivities.During his retirement <mask> was an investor in Hawaii. <mask> was inducted with Bill Stanfill into the Miami Dolphins Honor Roll on November 18, 2010. Personal life and death
<mask> was a lifelong bachelor, who enjoyed fishing and traveling. A private individual known for shunning the spotlight, <mask> had lived in the Colorado mountains and the Florida Keys, and spent his later years living in Hanalei, a small town on the Hawaiian island of Kauai. <mask> died at the age of 75 on November 19, 2020, after falling down a flight of steps while visiting friends in Atlanta, Georgia. <mask> was cremated and his ashes were spread in the waters of Hanalei Bay. Memorabilia from <mask>'s personal collection, including his Super Bowl rings, were sold at auction, as per his final wishes.References

 Super Bowl MVPs Retrieved February 29, 2012
 Miami Dolphins player profile, <mask> Retrieved Feb 29, 2012
 HYDE: Where's <mask>? We found him Retrieved December 19, 2006
 Super Bowl Records Retrieved February 29, 2012

External links
 <mask>'s stats on databasefootball
 <mask>'s stats on pro-football-reference

1945 births
2020 deaths
People from Greenwood, South Carolina
Players of American football from South Carolina
Accidental deaths in Georgia (U.S. state)
All-American college football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football safeties
American football return specialists
Canadian football wide receivers
Canadian football return specialists
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Georgia Bulldogs football players
Miami Dolphins players
Super Bowl MVPs
Washington Redskins players
BC Lions players
Washington-Liberty High School alumni

masks:
. Scott III
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<mask> (born 24 January 1946) is a Croatian journalist whose work has primarily been on television. With a high-profile career spanning forty years, he's one of the most recognizable media personalities in the countries of former Yugoslavia. From 2011 to 2016 <mask> was the Al Jazeera Balkans news and program director. Early life and education
Born in Zagreb, PR Croatia, FPR Yugoslavia to Croat parents (father <mask> from Slano and mother Marija Smodlaka from Dubrovnik), young Goran spent a couple of months in Prague at the age of six, joining his father who was part of the Yugoslav diplomatic staff in Czechoslovakia. In 1954, his father got reassigned to an observer post in the Council of Europe so the family moved to Strasbourg where young Goran attended primary school, grades two through six. <mask>'s father was an active participant and supporter of Croatian Spring. In 1959, his father got a job at the Yugoslav Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which for 13-year-old Milić meant relocation to Yugoslav capital Belgrade where he soon commenced his gymnasium studies.Before graduating gymnasium, however, he was on the move again, this time to Montevideo, Uruguay as his father got named to the post of Yugoslavia's ambassador in the South American country. <mask> returned to Belgrade to graduate gymnasium, and then went back to Uruguay before returning to Belgrade once more to enroll at the University of Belgrade's Faculty of Law. In 1969, <mask> served the mandatory Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) stint in Titograd, where he served as a traffic officer. After that, <mask> relocated to London, where he worked as a truck driver in Nottingham Hill. Journalism career

Radio-Television Belgrade
After a stint in England, <mask> tried to apply for job in Belgrade once again, though he rather wished to pursue a career in maritime law. In 1970, twenty-four-year-old <mask> began his journalism career at Radio-Television Belgrade (RTB). Initially, the youngster learned the ropes under seasoned journalists Ranko Lozo, Nebojša Popović, and Velimir Popović.<mask> also cites Momčilo Popović as an influence, specifically his style of summarizing news items in a catchy headline before expanding upon the topic. His first job consisted of travelling around Serbia and collecting feedback about the television programme. However, the project was shortly abandoned. Foreign reporter
RTB eventually assigned Milić to cover foreign politics (initially assigned to Latin America section) where his knowledge of languages came in handy. His first foreign assignment was reporting from the Arab League summit in Algiers in late November 1973. A year later, he reported from the scene in Cyprus in July 1974 during the Turkish invasion where he went after interviewing Greek foreign minister Georgios Mavros. In 1975, during the conference of Non-Aligned Movement in Peru, <mask> witnessed a coup d'état executed by Francisco Morales-Bermúdez.<mask> soon advanced to the position of editor in the foreign affairs department and was among the Yugoslav press pack following president Tito on his foreign trips to Panama, Venezuela, Mexico, Berlin, as well as the United States in 1978. Correspondent from New York City
In late 1979 <mask> was named RTB's correspondent from New York City, moving there in April 1980 with his wife Olivera. Only a month after <mask>'s arrival to the United States, Yugoslav president Tito died. During the mourning period back home, <mask> managed to interview the U.S. president Jimmy Carter. <mask> later revealed the diplomatic maneuvering behind the interview:

<mask> returned from New York in 1985. During his time in the United States, <mask> became a member of National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, and was a part of the committee for News & Documentary Emmy Award for three years. Coming back home to Yugoslavia, simultaneously with work at RTB, he began teaching at the University of Belgrade's Department of Journalism as lecturer, a job he performed until 1988.Dnevnik 2 news anchor
Right after returning from New York, <mask> began hosting Saturday's Dnevnik 2, RTB's 7:30pm central daily newscast, which made him a well-known television personality all over SR Serbia and SFR Yugoslavia. He simultaneously received promotion to an executive position, getting appointed as RTB news division's deputy editor-in-chief. At Dnevnik 2, in addition to delivering the news, his Saturday newscasts also bore somewhat of a personal imprint with several thematic segments including one where he got to interview general interest guests. One of the most enduring moments of his time hosting Dnevnik was a live link into a 1987 Bijelo Dugme concert at Belgrade's Sajam, allowing the band to perform their "Pljuni i zapjevaj moja Jugoslavijo" song live for the large television audience. In 1989, he covered the Kosovo miners' strike. Side PR jobs
Throughout <mask>'s time anchoring RTB's Dnevnik 2, his popularity and prominence got him various one-off high profile side jobs in public relations. In fall 1985, upon returning from America, he got appointed to the executive committee of the city of Belgrade's bid to host the 1992 Summer Olympics.His work at the committee from late 1985 and throughout 1986 mostly entailed dealing with the bid's media presentation and publicity in foreign press and electronic media. In October 1986, at the IOC vote, Barcelona won ahead of Paris and Brisbane, with Belgrade coming in fourth out of the six bids. In 1987, communist politician Josip Vrhovec appointed <mask> the president of the information commission for the Universiade in Zagreb. In September 1989 <mask> became spokesman for the Non-Aligned Movement summit in Belgrade. In July 1990, <mask> reportedly received a personal offer from Franjo Tuđman, the president of SR Croatia, to transfer to Croatian Radiotelevision (HRT). At the hour-long meeting Tuđman wanted Milić to run HRT's news division, a network that was undergoing major organizational and conceptual changes including a name change from Radiotelevizija Zagreb (RTZ), but <mask> turned down the offer. Yutel
In October 1990 <mask> became host and editor-in-chief of the newly established Yutel, Sarajevo-based daily newscast founded and financed by the Federal Executive Council (SIV) under the presidency of Ante Marković.<mask> hosted the very first Yutel newscast on Tuesday, 23 October 1990 at 10pm, opening with "Good evening, Yugoslavia", which would soon become something of a signature for him. Alongside <mask>, other journalists producing the hour-long Yutel daily newscasts were Gordana Suša, Dževad Sabljaković, Velibor Čović, and Zekerijah Smajić. In July 1991, along with other Yutel personalities, <mask> emceed the Yutel for Peace concert. Working for the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina government at the start of Bosnian War
After the May 1992 dissolution of Yutel that took place a few weeks following the start of the Bosnian War, <mask> remained in Sarajevo, getting employed by the government of Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, one of the warring sides in the conflict. In addition to filing news reports for the government-run television BHTV, he also ran the international press center under the government auspices. During that time, <mask> hosted New York Times journalist John Fisher Burns, whose reporting about the Siege of Sarajevo earned him a Pulitzer Prize. During that time, <mask> faced serious difficulties, as Republika Srpska's Minister of Justice Momčilo Mandić proclaimed <mask> as a war criminal because of his "Goebbels-esque propaganda against Serbian people".In July 1992, he was the head of the Bosnia and Herzegovina delegation at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. The engagement provided him with an opportunity of getting out of war-ravaged Sarajevo and once the Olympics ended, he left for Zagreb, returning to the besieged city once again in 1994 for three months. 1992–1997
Arriving to the newly independent Croatia, despite a wealth of experience and a famous name in journalism, <mask> was conspicuously absent from the most prominent Croatian media outlets during this time and in later interviews admitted to being essentially blacklisted in the country's top outlets due to his previous association with Yutel and pro-Yugoslav political views. As a result <mask> worked a series of lower profile jobs such as local TV productions in Umag as well as an 18-month columnist stint in Slovenian newsmagazine Mladina followed by writing for Marinko Božić's controversial right wing weekly newspaper Slobodni tjednik. <mask> later revealed that during this time he turned down an offer from Soros Foundation due to "being well aware of what they're all about". In early 1993 <mask> wrote an accusatory open letter directed at Serbian journalists, his former colleagues, and Serbian society as a whole. In the letter <mask> talked of his "illusions about the Belgrade democrats all of whom had the Greater Serbia idea in their heads" and dismissed the country's movement opposing Slobodan Milošević as "nothing but cackling and lighting candles".Serbian media largely ignored the open letter, except for newsmagazine Vreme that published it in full along with a rebuke by their journalist Stojan Cerović who took issue with a number of views <mask> expressed in the letter. In 1996 <mask> was involved in consulting capacity in the OHR's and EU's creation of Televizija OBN in Bosnia and Herzegovina. <mask>'s unofficial ban in Croatia reportedly began to thaw in late 1996 when he got invited to a state-organized Christmas dinner, along with some other prominent individuals in Croatia known or perceived to hold unpopular political views such as Igor Mandić, where the Croatian president Franjo Tuđman made a point of being seen and photographed with <mask>. Within months, <mask> got hired at Croatian Radio Television (HRT), the state-run broadcaster. Croatian Radiotelevision
In 1997 <mask> started at Croatian Radio Television (HRT) as a contractor. In 2002 he got his own show on HRT called Brisani prostor. From 2004 he worked as host and editor of the Sunday edition of Dnevnik, HRT's daily newscast.He has attracted attention for his travelogues from Europe, Russia, North America, Asia, Australia and South America. He is a speaker of multiple languages including English, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese and Russian. He was named Best Journalist in Croatia in 2007. He retired from HRT in early 2011, signing off his last Dnevnik on 23 January 2011. 2011–present
Between 2020 and 2021, <mask> was diagnosed with COVID-19, for which he was successfully treated in Dubrovnik. During 2020, Milić created 20 reportages for HRT's travel show, Destination Croatia. Controversy

Alleged extortion attempt
In September 2003, <mask> was accused by Formula One Management CEO Bernie Ecclestone of an extortion attempt: "That man, <mask> <mask>, rang me up several times over the last few months.He told me he wants to help me because things can go very badly for me, badly for me in Croatia, bad for my image. He didn't mention specific amounts, but it was obvious he's talking about money and absolutely obvious that it's extortion". In support of his claims Ecclestone showed two letters he received from <mask>, dated March and June 2003, respectively. Reportedly, the financial compensation Milić was asking from Eccelstone had to do with HRT journalist Srebrenka Herold-Mijatović who on 20 July 2000 fell down a flight of stairs on Eccelstone's yacht named "Petara", getting severely injured with a skull fracture. The yacht was docked in Bol on the island of Brač and Herold-Mijatović had reportedly been invited on board due to her husband Vlado Mijatović being friends with Ecclestone's then-wife Slavica Radić. Ecclestone continued: "I told Milić if someone wants to sue us they're free to do so. He insisted that would be bad for my image, and that he doesn't want to destroy it.He said that Herold-Mijatović is unable to work and that someone should compensate her". Personal life
In 1977 <mask> married Olivera Katanić, a fellow journalist and Radio-Television Belgrade (RTB) colleague. In 1980 when <mask> became RTB's foreign correspondent from New York, the couple, along with Olivera's son Igor from her previous marriage, moved to the United States. In 1984 their daughter Lana Marija Milić was born. Katanić, already diagnosed with cancer since 1978, died in 1988. In 1990, at a speaking engagement in Sarajevo, 42-year-old widower <mask> met Ana, a Radio Sarajevo contract employee. The two soon began dating, initially long distance as <mask> lived in Belgrade where he anchored RTB's Dnevnik.In late 1990, after <mask>'s new job at Yutel brought him to Sarajevo, the couple started living together, along with <mask>'s 6-year-old daughter Lana Marija whom he brought over from Belgrade. As the Bosnian War broke out during spring 1992, Ana right away fled to Zagreb with <mask>'s daughter Lana Marija, while <mask>, who initially remained behind in Sarajevo where he began working for Alija Izetbegović's Bosnian government, joined them in Croatia within a few months. Later in 1992, <mask> married Ana, and in 1993 they had a son Marko. <mask> was a close friend of Željko Malnar, who was married to <mask>'s cousin, Karmen. On 2 June 2015, <mask> received a citizenship of Bosnia and Herzegovina. References

Croatian television journalists
Yugoslav journalists
University of Belgrade faculty
1946 births
Living people
Journalists from Zagreb
Television people from Zagreb

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Nicola "<mask>" <mask> (; born 26 August 1958) is an Italian left-wing politician and LGBT activist who was a Member of the Chamber of Deputies from Apulia from 1992 to 2005 and President of Apulia from 2005 to 2015. He is one of the first openly LGBT Italian politicians and the first openly LGBT heads of a regional government in Italy. Early life
Born in Terlizzi, in the province of Bari, on 26 August 1958, Vendola was a member of the Italian Communist Youth Federation from the age of fourteen. He went on to study literature at his university, presenting a dissertation on the poet and film director Pier Paolo Pasolini. <mask> became a journalist for l'Unità. He came out as gay in 1978, and became an activist and a leading member of the Italian gay organisation Arcigay. A member of the National Secretariat of the Italian Communist Party, he fiercely opposed the dissolution of the party proposed by Achille Occhetto in 1991.This led to the formation of the Democratic Party of the Left. <mask> instead joined the Communist Refoundation Party. Political career

Member of Parliament

In 1992, <mask> was elected to the Chamber of Deputies, to a seat which he held until 2005. As a member of the Antimafia Commission, he came to prominence as a strong opponent of the Mafia and organised crime. In 2005, <mask> ran for the first primary election ever held in Italy, held by the centre-left coalition The Union to choose their candidate for the presidency of the Apulia region. He won the primary over the rival Francesco Boccia. Many moderates in the alliance criticised the choice, since it appeared impossible that a communist homosexual could be elected president of a southern Italian region such as Apulia, generally considered to be conservative and strongly Catholic.<mask> identifies as a "believer" (in the line of Pax Christi): he once said that "the most important book for a communist like me is the Bible". President of Apulia
In the regional election in Apulia, held in April 2005, he narrowly defeated the incumbent president Raffaele Fitto, candidate for the centre-right coalition the House of Freedoms. He was the first member of the Communist Refoundation Party to be elected as president of any Italian region. In the July 2008 party congress, <mask> was one of the two major candidates running for the place of Chairman of the Communist Refoundation party; he lost to an alliance led by the other major candidate, Paolo Ferrero, formerly Minister for Social Solidarity in the Prodi II Cabinet. Following the defeat, <mask> split from Communist Refoundation and founded the Movement for the Left. In December 2009, <mask> became the first leader of the newly founded party Left Ecology Freedom, which the Movement for the Left had merged into.In late 2009, his candidacy for re-election was questioned by his centre-left allies from the Democratic Party. They asked him to step down to allow the choice of a candidate able to achieve wider support from other political parties, namely the Christian-democratic Union of the Centre. After <mask> refused to step down, chances of having a new primary election quickly increased. After some weeks of heated debate, elections were called for 24 January 2010. Supported by the Democratic Party, Francesco Boccia ran as <mask>'s challenger. <mask> easily won the election with more than 67% of the votes, was picked again as leader of the centre-left coalition, and went on to defeat centre-right candidate Rocco Palese by a wide margin. In July 2010, during a general congress of the so-called "Factories of Nichi", <mask> announced his candidacy for the Primary Elections of the Italian centre-left.This voting was expected to foreshadow what might be expected in the 2013 Italian general elections. Nationwide polls showed <mask> winning over either Democratic Party Secretary Pier Luigi Bersani or Silvio Berlusconi, then Prime Minister of Italy. But came third in the primaries held on 25 November 2012 Vendola ranked third among the 5 candidates with 485,689 votes totaling 15.6%, failing to access the ballot. In the general election of 2013 <mask> was the candidate of Apulia for the Chamber of deputies, being elected for the 5th time. On 6 March 2013, however, he announced that he would remain in charge of the Puglia Region, thus renouncing the seat in the Chamber. On 10 April 2013 he formalized his resignation as a deputy. Unable to apply for a third time as president of the region, in 2015 <mask> supported the former mayor of Bari Michele Emiliano who would went on to win the election with 47% of the votes.On 17 December 2016, Left Ecology Freedom (SEL) was dissolved and merged with the Italian Left, on 19 February 2017. In May 2021, <mask> was sentenced to 3.5 years in prison, due to involvement in the Ilva scandal. Homophobic insults
During his political career he received insults related to his homosexuality. In 2012 he was insulted by a minister of Ferrara of the Democratic Party, Luigi Marattin. In October 2013 Alessandro Morelli, leader of the Lega Nord at the comune of Milan, published an image of <mask> on Facebook with the words "Gay and pedophile". The next day Morelli apologized. Personal life
<mask> has lived with his partner Edward "Ed" Testa since 2004.In 2016, the couple used surrogacy in California to have a baby, Tobia Antonio. <mask> is also a poet: some of his poems have been collected in a book, named L'ultimo mare ("The last sea"). His figure has inspired a biographical film, Nichi. <mask> is a devout Roman Catholic, although he opposes many of the church's social positions. On 17 October 2018, <mask> had a heart attack, but he is in no danger after being fitted with a stent at Rome's Gemelli Hospital. See also
List of the first LGBT holders of political offices
List of LGBT heads of government

References

Further reading

External links
 La fabbrica di nichi

Could Puglia governor <mask> <mask> be 'Italy's Obama'?, BBC News profile of Vendola, December 2010

1958 births
Living people
Presidents of Apulia
Italian journalists
Italian male journalists
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)
Left Ecology Freedom politicians
Italian politicians convicted of crimes
21st-century Italian politicians
Antimafia
Christian communists
Communist Refoundation Party politicians
Italian Communist Party politicians
20th-century Italian politicians
Gay politicians
Gay writers
LGBT politicians from Italy
LGBT presidents of regions of Italy
LGBT rights activists from Italy
People from Bari
Italian poets
Italian male poets
Italian Christian socialists
Catholic socialists
LGBT legislators
Italian Left politicians
Italian Roman Catholics
LGBT Roman Catholics

masks: Nichi Vendola Vendola Vendola Vendola Vendola Vendola Vendola Vendolaendola Vendola Vendola Vendola Vendola Vendola Vendola Vendola Vendola Vendola Vendola Vendola Vendola Vendola Vendola Nichi Vendola


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<mask> (born May 30, 1955) is an Anglo-American classical scholar and the Gerald F. Else Distinguished University Professor of Classical Studies at the University of Michigan. Family and education
<mask> was born on May 30, 1955, the descendant of an Austro-Hungarian revolutionary who left Vienna in 1848 to find refuge in London. Janko was educated at Bedford Modern School  and won a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge. With the encouragement of his parents, an electrician and a shopkeeper, he learned Greek from Andrew M. Wilson, who translated Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. As a student he took part in the British excavations at Agios Stephanos in Laconia, directed by Lord William Taylour, and wrote a doctoral dissertation under John Chadwick. He was elected a Research Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Scholarship
Janko's scholarship has focused primarily upon Bronze Age Greece, archaic Greek epic, especially the Iliad of Homer, ancient literary criticism, especially the Poetics of Aristotle, early Greek religion and philosophy (especially Empedocles, Orphism, and the Derveni papyrus), and the reconstruction of ancient books on papyrus-rolls.His study of epic diction, Homer, Hesiod and the Hymns, established by a statistical study of language the relative chronology of the corpus of early Greek epic poetry. <mask> published a controversial book Aristotle on Comedy, arguing that a summary of the lost second book of Aristotle's Poetics on comedy and humour survives in a tenth-century manuscript in Paris, the Tractatus coislinianus. This was shortly followed by an annotated translation of Aristotle's Poetics itself. He wrote the volume on Homer's Iliad 13-16 in the set of commentaries on Homer's Iliad edited by Geoffrey Kirk; in this he argues that Homer was a consummate artist of oral poetry. <mask> was awarded a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship in 1986. In 1993 he delivered the Martin Classical Lectures on ancient literary criticism at Oberlin College.<ref>[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rjanko/jankocv.html <mask>, Curriculum Vitae]; History of the Martin Classical Lectures at Oberlin College.</ref> His edition and translation of Philodemus' On Poems Book 1, reconstructed from a series of Herculaneum papyri, was awarded the Goodwin Award of Merit by the American Philological Association in 2001. In 2008 he brought out the site-report of the excavations at the Bronze Age and Medieval settlement of Ayios Stephanos in Laconia; these excavations do much to clarify relations between Minoan Crete and the Mycenaean mainland.In 2011 he published Philodemus' On Poems Books 3 and 4, which contains fragments of Aristotle's lost dialog On Poets. University positions
<mask> is currently the Gerald F. Else Distinguished University Professor of Classical Studies at the University of Michigan. He has previously held positions at St. Andrews University, Columbia University, UCLA and University College London, where he was Professor of Greek. He has held Visiting Professorships at the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa and at the American School of Classical Studies in Athens. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2006, and to the American Philosophical Society in 2009. Publications

Monographs, commentaries and critical editions
 Homer, Hesiod and the Hymns: diachronic development in epic diction (Cambridge, 1982)
 Aristotle on Comedy: towards a reconstruction of Poetics II (London, 1984)
 Aristotle: Poetics, with the Tractatus Coislinianus, reconstruction of Poetics II, and the fragments of the On Poets (Indianapolis, 1987)
 (G.S. Kirk, series editor) The Iliad.A Commentary. 4: Books 13–16 (Cambridge, 1994)
 Philodemus: the Aesthetic Works. Vol. I/1: On Poems Book 1 (Oxford, 2001)
 (with W.D. Taylour) "Ayios Stephanos: a Bronze Age and Medieval Settlement in Southern Laconia" (Supplement 44 to the Annual of the British School at Athens, London, 2008)
 Philodemus: the Aesthetic Works. Vol. I/3: Philodemus, On Poems Books 3–4, with the Fragments of Aristotle, On Poets (Oxford, 2011)

Articles (selected)
 "The structure of the Homeric Hymns: a study in genre", Hermes 109 (1981) 9–24."Equivalent formulae in the Greek epos", Mnemosyne 34 (1981) 251–64. "ΑΘΑΝΑΤΟΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΓΗΡΩΣ: the genealogy of a formula", Mnemosyne 34 (1981) 382–5. "A fragment of Aristotle's Poetics from Porphyry, concerning synonymy", Classical Quarterly 32 (1982) 323–6. "P. Oxy. 2509: Hesiod's Catalogue on Actaeon", Phoenix 39 (1985) 299–307. "The Shield of Heracles and the legend of Cycnus", Classical Quarterly 36 (1986) 38–59. "Polydeukes and Deukalion", Glotta 65 (1987) 69–72."Linear A and the direction of the earliest Cypro-Minoan writing", in "Studies presented to John Chadwick", Salamanca 1987, 311–18. "Dictation and redaction: the Iliad and its editors", Classical Antiquity 9 (1990) 326–34. "Philodemus' On Poems and Aristotle's On Poets, Cronache Ercolanesi 21 (1991) 5–64. "The Homeric poems as oral dictated texts", Classical Quarterly 48 (1998) 1–13. "The Derveni Papyrus (Diagoras of Melos, Apopyrgizontes Logoi? ): a New Translation", Classical Philology 94 (2001) 1–32 . "The Derveni Papyrus: an Interim Text", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 141 (2002) 1–62."The Trojan War", "Times Literary Supplement", 15 April 2005, 6–7. "Sappho Revisited', "Times Literary Supplement", 23 December 2005, 19–20. "Empedocles' On Nature I 233-364: a New Reconstruction of P. Strasb. Inv. 1665-6", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 150 (2005) 1–26. "Reconstructing (again) the Opening of the Derveni Papyrus", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 166 (2008) 37–51. "πρῶτόν τε καὶ ὕστατον αἰὲν ἀείδειν: relative chronology and the literary history of the Greek epos," in "Relative Chronology and the Literary History of the Early Greek Epos",  Ø. Andersen and D. Haug (edd.), Cambridge 2011, 20–43. "The Hexametric Incantations against Witchcraft in the Getty Museum: from Archetype to Exemplar," in "The Getty Hexameters: Poetry, Magic, and Mystery in Ancient Greek Selinous", C. A. Faraone and D. Obbink (edd. ), Oxford 2013, 31–56. "The Brothers Poem by Sappho", "Times Literary Supplement" 28 March 2014, 22. “Parmenides in the Derveni Papyrus: New Images for a New Edition.”, Zeitschrift Für Papyrologie Und Epigraphik 200 (2016): 3–23. References

External links
"The Derveni Papyrus - A conversation with <mask>", Lecture, American School of Classical Studies, 2013
, "Inventing the Alphabet: Advanced Communication in the Ancient World", Lecture, University of Michigan, 2013
, lecture on the Herculaneum Papyri at the American Philosophical Society, 2011

American classical scholars
English classical scholars
People educated at Bedford Modern School
Academics of University College London
Living people
1955 births
Classical scholars of the University of St Andrews
Classical scholars of the University of Michigan
Classical scholars of Columbia University
Classical scholars of the University of London
Scholars of ancient Greek literature
University of Michigan faculty
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

masks:
Richard Charles Murray Janko
Janko
Janko
Janko
Richard Janko
Janko
Richard Jankocrates


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<mask> (born 20 June 1981) is a Norwegian former professional footballer who played as a central defender. He began his career with Viking, where he won the Norwegian Cup in 2001. In 2006, he moved to Copenhagen, and went on to win two Danish Superliga titles at the club. From 2008 to 2014 he played for Fulham, helping the team to the 2010 UEFA Europa League Final, but was released in 2014 after the club's relegation, subsequently joining Crystal Palace. Hangeland played for the Norway national team between 2002 and 2014. He was the team captain from 2008 until his resignation, and in total he played 91 matches and scored 4 goals. Club career

Viking
The son of a Norwegian oil company worker, Hangeland was born in Houston, Texas during his parents' two-year spell in the United States, but grew up in Stavanger.Since moving back to Stavanger, Hangeland said on America, quoting: "We were there for a short period in 1980/81, which is when I was born and then we went back home, so obviously I don't remember too much about my time there!" Hangeland arrived at Viking from local club FK Vidar at the start of the 2001 season. He helped win the Norwegian cup in his debut season, playing as a central defensive midfielder in the 3–0 victory over rivals Bryne FK in the final. In 2005, he was made captain of Viking. When he left Viking he had played a total of 187 games for the club. Copenhagen
On 16 January 2006, Hangeland signed a contract with the Danish club F.C. Copenhagen.The tall defender made an impact right from the start together with Danish captain Michael Gravgaard and the two defenders were feared. Because of their height and dominance when it came to headers, they were known as the Copenhagen Air Force. With several great performances in the 2006–07 UEFA Champions League group stage Brede Hangeland was linked with numerous big clubs around Europe. During his time at Copenhagen, Hangeland won the Danish Superliga twice and the Royal League once. He played in 63 league games, scoring three times and total played over 100 games in the different tournaments. Fulham

During the summer of 2007 newspapers linked him with Premier League clubs Newcastle United, Liverpool, Aston Villa and Manchester City. Hangeland refuted the rumours and said he was glad to play for Copenhagen, but finally on 18 January 2008 after days of speculation, it was officially confirmed that he had signed for Fulham, where he was reunited with his former manager from Viking, Roy Hodgson, and former Viking FK striker Erik Nevland.On 29 January 2008, he made his Fulham debut when Fulham played Bolton Wanderers at Reebok Stadium. He was voted Man of the Match by Sky Sports after the game. The club survived relegation in the 2007–08 season with Brede forming a formidable partnership with Aaron Hughes at the heart of Fulham's defence. Hangeland was appointed captain of the Norway national team on 12 August 2008, and on 23 August he scored his first goal for Fulham against Arsenal, with Fulham winning the game 1–0. During the summer of 2009, media reports linked him to Arsenal, but Hangeland indicated that he was happy to remain at Fulham. On 22 October, he scored his second goal for Fulham in the Europe League match against A.S. Roma. On 27 November 2009, Hangeland was rewarded with a new deal with Fulham to last until the summer of 2013.He played in the UEFA Cup Final on 12 May 2010, which Fulham lost 2–1 after extra time to Atlético Madrid in Hamburg. Hangeland scored two goals in an away win at Birmingham City on 15 May 2011. This took his tally up to six Premier League goals on the season which made him the highest scoring centre back in the league, and the second highest goalscorer for Fulham behind Clint Dempsey. Hangeland signed a two-year contract extension with the option of a further year on 28 March 2013, which would have kept him at the club until the summer of 2015. However, on 3 June 2014, Hangeland was released by Fulham. Through his advisor, Hangeland released a statement saying that he had been dismissed by e-mail, without having talked to anyone in the club about the future or his contract. This was countered by the club who noted "personal protocol was followed and that Brede Hangeland was notified in the right way".Months later, when Felix Magath was sacked as Fulham manager, Hangeland claimed after his sacking that in the previous season Magath ignored doctors and instructed him to place a block of cheese on his thigh in order to make him fit for the next match. Magath stated that Hangeland did not have a thigh injury but an inflammation of the knee, and that he suggested the additional use of an alternative treatment with a bandage (dressing) consisting of Quark. Fulham player Sascha Riether later that the story was greatly exaggerated and that Magath had suggested he use a traditional topfen curd. Crystal Palace
On 1 August 2014, Hangeland joined Crystal Palace on a free transfer, signing a one-year deal. On the 16th, he made his competitive debut for the club, on the opening day of the Premier League season away to Arsenal. Hangeland opened the scoring by heading in Jason Puncheon's corner, but Palace eventually lost 2–1. He scored twice in 17 appearances as Palace finished the season in 10th place under Alan Pardew.On 10 June 2015, it was announced that Hangeland had been released by Crystal Palace but he signed a new one-year extension on 15 June, keeping him at the club for another season. However, at the end of the 2015–16 season Hangeland was again released by Crystal Palace. On 5 August 2016, Hangeland appeared on Sky Sports News HQ to announce his retirement from all football. International career

Born in Houston in the United States, Hangeland was eligible to represent the US national team and the Norway national team. After playing 12 matches on the Norway under-21 national team, Hangeland made his debut for the senior national team as a defensive midfielder in a 1–0 win against Austria on 20 November 2002. After the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying, national team coach Åge Hareide named him as captain instead of Vålerenga's player-coach Martin Andresen. Hangeland's first goal came in his 62nd match; a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying match against Iceland.He was capped 91 times, 48 of them as captain, and scored four goals for the Norway national team. Personal life
When Hangeland married Celin Trana in 2009, rather than giving presents guests were asked to contribute to a Save the Children project to build a school in Cambodia. Around £45,000 was raised. Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Norway's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Hangeland goal. Honours
Viking
Norwegian Cup: 2001

FC Copenhagen
Danish Superliga: 2005–06, 2006–07
Royal League: 2005–06

Fulham
UEFA Europa League runner-up: 2009–10

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
Soccer players from Houston
Sportspeople from Stavanger
Norwegian footballers
Norway under-21 international footballers
Norway international footballers
American people of Norwegian descent
Association football defenders
Norwegian expatriate footballers
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in Denmark
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in the United Kingdom
Norwegian expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate footballers in Denmark
Expatriate footballers in England
Viking FK players
F.C. Copenhagen players
Fulham F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C.players
Eliteserien players
Danish Superliga players
Premier League players


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<mask> (born 1960) is an American video game designer who has worked for Binary Systems and Electronic Arts, was co-founder with Mark Voorsanger of ToeJam & Earl Productions Inc., and in 2006 founded his own company, HumaNature Studios. His design credits include Starflight (1986), Game of the Year Starflight 2: Trade Routes of the Cloud Nebula (1989),  the multi-award-winning Orly's Draw-A-Story (1997), Kung Fu Panda World (2010), Doki-Doki Universe (2013), and mostly known for the iconic ToeJam & Earl series (1991–present). <mask> was born in Passaic, New Jersey to an African-American father and a Jewish mother of Russian ancestry. He is one of five children, three of whom are step-siblings. His mother was an administrator for a special education school, and his father was a philosophy and music professor. When <mask> was three, his parents separated and his mother moved the family to Los Angeles, where, when <mask> was 12, his mother married a child psychologist who became <mask>'s stepfather. <mask> attended Alexander Hamilton High School, and then Colorado College, where he learned his first programming language, Fortran.There, he designed a simple sword fight simulator (which he later called "boring as hell"). After Colorado College, he went on to the University of California, San Diego, studying biolinguistics. It was while at university that he first played the influential dungeon crawler video game Rogue, which influenced many of his later works. Electronic Arts
<mask> made ends meet by providing graphics for software such as Deluxe Paint, and was also hired by Binary Systems, though with minimal pay. He was living off money loaned to him by a friend, to whom he promised a cut of royalties from his first game. The game's development was never assured and it was almost cancelled several times, but eventually, with the help of Electronic Arts producer Joe Ybarra, the game Starflight was released in 1986 to positive reviews, and sales which continued to climb for the next year (and <mask>'s friend got quadruple his money back). <mask> then continued to work for Electronic Arts, at the time a small company with about 30 employees, contributing graphics to titles such as Adventure Construction Set and F/A 18 Interceptor.In 1988, following a suggestion by EA's Bing Gordon, <mask> designed the quirky four-player game Caveman Ughlympics. In 1989, <mask> was introduced to programmer Mark Voorsanger, and they began working on two games, Starflight 2, and an even quirkier title than Caveman, ToeJam & Earl. Starflight 2 was published by Electronic Arts, and won the "Game of the Year" award from Computer Gaming World magazine. ToeJam & Earl Productions

Following the success of the Starflight games, <mask> and Voorsanger formed a new company, Johnson Voorsanger Productions (JVP), to focus on ToeJam & Earl, which they pitched as a 2-player game to Sega of America. ToeJam borrowed the randomization ideas of Rogue and followed the adventures of two aliens who crashlanded on a zany planet, where they were chased by quirky adversaries such as a "nerd herd" and "killer ice cream truck". The game was published in 1991 to positive reviews, but sales were sluggish and the game was branded a flop. It turned into a sleeper hit though, sales continued to climb, and it developed a cult following.It eventually became known as one of the classics of the Sega line, and as of 2015, was routinely voted as the Sega title that fans would most like to see return. JVP's next game was a sequel to ToeJam, also published through Sega. The first design was scrapped by Sega because of concerns on how to market the game, so ToeJam & Earl in Panic on Funkotron was eventually released in 1993, as a 2D side-scroller. It received positive reviews, but there was a backlash from fans who did not like the new side-scrolling format. Johnson & Voorsanger then renamed their company as "ToeJam & Earl Productions", and worked on other projects, such as an educational game for Broderbund Software. In 1998, <mask> became Creative Director for the software company ePlanet, Inc., and also for Ububu, a San Francisco-based startup. None of their products were ever released, though some got fairly far along in the design process, such as ePlanet's Freeblenux, a game where a virtual alien character could interact with the player through a camera on top of the monitor.In 2002, Johnson & Voorsanger again worked with Sega to release a third version of the ToeJam series, ToeJam & Earl III: Mission to Earth. It went back to the original perspective format, added a third character Latisha, and was published as a 3D game on Xbox, receiving generally favorable reviews, though sales did not meet expectations, and Voorsanger and <mask> then parted ways. Voorsanger went back to Electronic Arts as a producer for a period of time, leaving for Leapfrog as a producer for a while longer, but then left the game industry around 2005 to become a business consultant; staying in the same office as TJ&E Productions, under a new company called "Wayward Consulting". <mask> continued as a solo designer, initially as a consultant for multiple game companies, such as working with Will Wright on The Sims 2, giving advice on how to make the characters more believable, and how to link the different sections of Spore into something coherent. He also wrote a series of white papers for the Leapfrog company, and worked briefly with Jonathan Sari at a startup called Multiversal Entertainment in 2005, trying to design interactive movie-like stories. HumaNature Studios
In 2006, <mask> founded his own studio, HumaNature Studios, and built a team to work on the game What's Your Type for Konami, a project he had been working on since 2004. Intended for the Nintendo DS, the game was fully completed but Konami chose to never publish it, and the rights eventually reverted to <mask>.In the meantime, he continued as an independent designer, such as with a group in Oregon that was researching dinosaur movement, Kalbridge Games, and worked with them to release the game Save the Dinos in 2007. He then re-focused his studio on a game to complement the hit movie Kung Fu Panda, working with DreamWorks Animation to build Kung Fu Panda World, released in 2010. Then, based on the design for the earlier unreleased Konami game, <mask> released two Facebook apps in 2012, Deko-Deko Mail and Deko Deko-Quiz, followed by Doki-Doki Universe in 2013, a first-party title with Sony for the PlayStation console. In February 2015, <mask> announced a new title, ToeJam & Earl: Back in the Groove, which was being developed independently from Sega and instead being funded by Kickstarter. The game revisits the format of the original game, featuring 2D character models on 3D worlds with overhead perspective, and is planned to support online multiplayer. The game sought a funding target of $400,000 USD by March 27, 2015. As of March 25, 2015, they had reached their target and were funded to finish development of Back in the Groove, which was released in 2019.Awards
 Starflight 2, "Game of the Year" award from Computer Gaming World magazine. Orly's Draw-A-Story:
 Innovation Award from Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences
  GamesRadar: ToeJam & Earl 2 in Panic on Funkotron listed at #10 of "Best Sega Genesis/Mega Drive games of all time. Complex magazine: ToeJam & Earl listed at #55 on "The 100 Best Sega Genesis Games"
 Mega listed ToeJam & Earl at #13 on its list of the best games of all time.

masks:
Greg Johnson
History Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson


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Grand Duke <mask> of Russia (;  in St. Petersburg – 14 November 1908 in Paris) was the fifth child and the fourth son of Alexander II of Russia and his first wife Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse). Chosen for a naval career, <mask>ich started his military training at the age of seven. By the age of 20 he had been appointed lieutenant of the Imperial Russian Navy and had visited all Russia's European military ports. In 1871, he was sent as a goodwill ambassador to the United States and Japan. In 1883 he was appointed general-admiral. He had a significant contribution in the equipment of the Russian navy with new ships and in modernizing the naval ports. However, after the Russian defeat in the Battle of Tsushima in 1905, and viewed as an incompetent and corrupt dilettante, he was relieved of his command.He died in Paris in 1908. Early life

The Grand Duke <mask> Romanov of Russia was born in Saint Petersburg on 14 January 1850 (4 January O.S.). He was the son of emperor Alexander II and empress Maria Alexandrovna. He was a younger brother of Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna, Tsarevich Nikolay <mask>, Alexander III of Russia, Grand Duke Vladmir Alexandrovich. He was an older brother of Duchess Maria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich and Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich. <mask> was chosen for a naval career since his childhood. At the age of 7 he received the rank of midshipman.The next year Konstantin Nikolayevich Posyet was appointed as his tutor. While the winters were dedicated to theoretical studies, during the summers he trained on Russian warships of the Baltic fleet stationed in Saint Petersburg harbour. Training exposed him to various sailing ships:
 in 1860 the yacht Shtandart on a cruise from Petergof to Livada
 in 1861–1863 the yacht Zabava under the flag of Counter-Admiral Posyet in the Gulf of Finland and Gulf of Bothnia,
 in 1864 the frigate Svetlana in the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Sea
 in 1866 the frigate Oslyabya during an extensive training cruise to the Azore Islands. On 18 September 1866 <mask> was promoted to lieutenant. He continued his navy career serving as officer aboard the frigate Alexander Nevsky on a cruise in across the Mediterranean to Piraeus, where he attended the wedding of his cousin Olga Konstantinovna. In 1868 he went on a trip to southern Russia traveling by train from Saint Petersburg to Nikolayevsk, continuing by ship down the Volga to Astrakhan. He then boarded a military ship for a cruise on the Caspian Sea to Baku, [Petrovsk (now Makhachkala) and then to Iran.He then crossed the Caucasus and reached Poti where the Alexander Nevsky was moored. From there he sailed to Constantinople, Athens and the Azore Islands On the return voyage, the frigate was wrecked off the coast of Jutland during a storm on the North Sea. Though the ship was lost, all but five crew member were unhurt and safely reached shore. In January 1870 <mask>ich reached the age of majority according to Russian legislation. The event was marked by taking two oaths : the military one and the oath of allegiance of the Grand Dukes of the Russian Imperial House. In June 1870 <mask> started the last part of his training. This included inland navigation on a cutter with a steam engine, on the route from Saint Petersburg to Arkhangelsk through the Mariinsk Canal system and the Northern Dvina River.After visiting the schools and industrial facilities of Arkhangelsk, he started his navigation training in arctic conditions, aboard the corvette Varyag. This cruise took him to the Solovetsky Islands, continuing through the White Sea and Barents Sea to Novaya Zemlya. The route continued to Kola Bay and the city of Murmansk, the ports of northern Norway and Iceland. He returned to Cronstadt at the end of September. Love affair with Alexandra Zhukovskaya

In 1869/1870, <mask> had an affair with Alexandra Zhukovskaya, daughter of poet Vasily Andreyevich Zhukovsky, who was eight years older than he was. They had a son, <mask>, born on 26 November 1871. Tsar Alexander II was strongly opposed to this relationship.Some historians claim that they were morganatically married and that the marriage was annulled by the Russian Orthodox Church, because, according to the "Fundamental Laws of the Imperial House", this marriage was illegal. However, articles 183 and 188, which prohibited marriages without the consent of the emperor, were included in the Fundamental Laws only by the 1887 revision under Tsar Alexander III. The rules valid in 1870 did not prohibit morganatic marriages, but simply excluded their offspring from the succession to the throne. There is no evidence either to the marriage or to the divorce. There is also no evidence that <mask> even requested the permission to marry. As Alexandra Zhukovskaya was not an aristocrat and, besides, the daughter of an illegitimate son of a Russian landowner and a Turkish slave, such a marriage would have been unthinkable. Upset by his son's affair, Alexander II even refused to grant Alexandra Zhukovskaya a title, which would have officially recognized the Grand Duke's paternity, even if illegitimate.Other European courts also refused to grant her a title. As a solution of last resort, on 25 March 1875 Alexandra was able to secure the title of Baroness Seggiano from the Republic of San Marino, with the right to transmit the title to her son and his firstborn male descendants. It was only in 1883, that Alexander III, <mask>'s elder brother, granted the Baron Seggiano the title of Count Belevsky, and in 1893 approved his coat of arms. Overseas tours

United States

Voyage
After the official visit to Saint Petersburg of an American squadron under the command of Admiral David Farragut in 1867, a high level visit of the Russian Navy was envisaged by the Russian Government. After lengthy negotiations, it was decided that the Russian delegation would be headed by the Grand Duke. The official announcement of the visit was made on 29 June 1871 by Nikolay Karlovich Krabbe, Minister of the Imperial Russian Navy. The Russian squadron, under the command of Admiral Konstantin Nikolayevich Posyet on board the frigate Bogatyr, included the frigates Svetlana and General-Admiral, the corvette Ignatiev and the gunboat Abrek.<mask> was serving as lieutenant aboard the Svetlana. Before reaching the United States, the Russian squadron was to be met by the frigate Vsadnik of the Russian Pacific Fleet. Though all ships were equipped with steam-engines, the squadron made the passage to America mainly under sail, so as to avoid making port on the route for coal supplies. In addition to <mask>'s personal staff, the crew included 200 officers and over 3000 sailors. The squadron set sail out of Kronstadt on 20 August 1871. The squadron first stopped in Copenhagen, where he paid a visit to King Christian IX of Denmark. In the English Channel the Russians were met by a squadron of the Royal Navy and escorted to Plymouth, where <mask> was met by the <mask> of Edinburgh Alfred of Saxe-Coburg.A visit to Balmoral Castle had been scheduled, but had to be canceled because the Prince of Wales was very sick and Queen Victoria extremely concerned. The Russian squadron set sail from Plymouth on 26 September. and, en route to New York, stopped for a few days in Funchal, (Madeira Islands), leaving on 9 October. The Russian squadron was met by an American squadron under the command of  Vice-Admiral Stephen Clegg Rowan, Port Admiral of New York, hoisting his flag on the frigate . Admiral Samuel Phillips Lee, commander of the North Atlantic Squadron attended on his own flagship, the USS Severn. The other ships of the squadron were the  and  the ,  attended by several tugs. A welcoming committee had been formed in New York, chaired by William Henry Aspinwall.Among the members of the committee were Moses H. Grinnell, General Irwin McDowell, Theodore Roosevelt, Sr. Rear-Admiral S. W. Godon, John Taylor Johnston, Albert Bierstadt, Lloyd Aspinwall and others. After a short delay due to the weather, the Russian squadron anchored in New York Harbor on 21 November 1871, where the <mask> was greeted by general John Adams Dix. A military parade took place in the city. <mask> then attended a thanksgiving service at the Russian chapel. Reception by President Grant

On 22 November 1871, <mask> left for Washington, D.C. by special train, placed at his disposal by the New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company. The train had three cars: the "Commissariat" having all the modern improvements of a hotel, comprising store-rooms and pantry, the "Ruby", dining room car to accommodate 28 persons, with kitchen, ice boxes, and a sort of wine cellar, and the “Kearsarge,” used as sitting, sleeping and reading room. On 23 November, he was received by president Ulysses S. Grant.The president's wife, Julia Grant, and his daughter, Nellie Grant, also attended. Most of the members of the cabinet were present at the meeting: Hamilton Fish (United States Secretary of State), Columbus Delano (United States Secretary of the Interior) with his wife, Amos Tappan Akerman (United States Attorney General) with his wife, George S. Boutwell (United States Secretary of the Treasury), George Maxwell Robeson (United States Secretary of the Navy), General Frederick Tracy Dent (the president's brother-in-law and military secretary), John Creswell (Postmaster General of the United States), as well as generals Horace Porter and Orville E. Babcock . The visit to Washington was overshadowed by President Grant's discontent caused by the Russian government's refusal to recall Konstantin Katacazi, minister plenipotentiary of Russia to the United States. The entire visit in Washington lasted only one day. No formal entertainment was given in Washington to the Grand Duke, though for all other visits of members of royal families to the White House, formal dinners had been organized. Such dinners had taken place when President John Tyler received François d'Orléans, prince de Joinville, when Abraham Lincoln received Prince Napoleon Joseph Bonaparte and even when Ulysses Grant received Kamehameha V, king of the Sandwich Islands. The evening of the visit to the White House, <mask> and his suite dined at the minister Katakazi's residence, the only American official attending being general Porter.At his departure <mask> was asked if he intended to return to Washington. Though he expressed his interest to return during a session of Congress, the uneasy diplomatic relations due to Minister Katakazi prevented this from happening. There had also been expectations that a military alliance treaty between the United States and Russia would be signed during the meeting; however this was not the case. The next day, <mask> left by train for Annapolis where he visited the Naval Academy, thereafter returning to New York. East Coast
In New York, he visited the Brooklyn Navy Yard, Fort Wadsworth and the fortifications on Governors Island. He also reviewed the Fire Department at Tompkins Square. A highlight was the trip by steamer on the Hudson for the visit of the United States Military Academy, West Point.Several balls were organized in his honor, the most important being the grand balls at the Navy Yard and  at the Academy of Music. <mask>  attended opera performances of Faust and Mignon at the Academy of Music. He also went on a shopping spree, stopping at the A.T. Stewart and Tiffany stores where he bought some jewellery and bronze statues. On 2 December 1871, a ceremony took place at the National Academy of Design, where the Grand Duke was received by Samuel F. B. Morse, William Stoddard, William Page, Albert Bierstadt and several other artists. The painting Farragut in the shrouds of the Hartfort at the battle of Mobile Bay by William Page was handed over as a gift of the citizens of New York for Tsar Alexander II. General John Adams Dix presented the picture and the accompanying scroll, with a brief address in which he expressed the hope that it would further cement the union that existed between the United States and Russia. The painting was placed on board the Russian flagship for transportation to Russia.On 3 December 1871, <mask> left for Philadelphia where he was received by general George Meade and Admiral Turner. He visited Girard College, Baird Locomotive Works and the Navy Yard. He was particularly interested in the Methodist Fair at the Horticultural Hall, where the ladies presented him with an Afghan Hound. On 6 December 1871, <mask> visited the Smith & Wesson factory in Springfield, Massachusetts and was presented with a fully engraved, carved pearl grip, cased Smith & Wesson Model 3 revolver. The gun and case cost the factory $400 but it was a worthwhile investment, as the company hoped for additional contracts. The <mask> proudly displayed his revolver as he toured the American Frontier and carried it on a buffalo hunt with the famous "Buffalo Bill" Cody. From 7 to 14 December, he stopped in Boston where he stayed at the Revere House.The landau which President Lincoln rode during his visit to Boston, was used. He was officially welcomed at the City Hall and the State House. During his stay, he visited Harvard University and the suburb of Cambridge, Massachusetts as well as different public schools in the Boston area, being extensively briefed on the American education system. Other highlights were the battlefield of Bunker Hill and the visit to the shipyards of Charlestown, Massachusetts. <mask> also attended a music festival where 1,200 school children composed the great choir. At the festival, a grand march of welcome, specially composed by Julius Eichberg and dedicated to "His Imperial Highness", was presented

A ball in honor of the Grand Duke took place at the Boston Theatre. The audit of the expenses shows that the cost of ball was $14,678.58 (equivalent of  $750,000 today), with $8,916.29 being covered by the sale of the tickets and other receipts

Detour to Canada
On 17 December, <mask> left by

masks:
Alexei Alexandrovich
Alexei Alexandrov
Alexei Alexandrovich
Alexandrovich
Alexei
Alexei
Alexei Alexandrov
Alexei
Alexei
Alexei
Alexei
Alexei
Alexei
Alexei
Alexei
Duke
Grand Duke
Alexei
Alexei
Alexei
Alexei
Alexei
Alexei
Alexei
Alexei
Grand Duke
Alexei
Alexei