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<mask> (born 15 October 1953) is a German lawyer and politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) who served as European Commissioner for Budget and Human Resources from 2017 to 2019, as European Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society from 2014 to 2016 and as European Commissioner for Energy from 2010 to 2014. He is affiliated with the European People's Party (EPP). He served as Minister-President of Baden-Württemberg between 2005 and 2010 and as chairman of the CDU Baden-Württemberg from 2005 until 2010. Born in Stuttgart, then-West Germany, he graduated from the University of Tübingen. Early life and education
<mask> studied Law and Economics at the University of Tübingen. He worked in an accounting and tax consulting business, before being licensed in 1984 to practice law and worked in this sector until 1988. Political career
Oettinger embarked in politics as a member of the Junge Union, the youth organisation of the CDU; he was chairman of the organization in Baden-Württemberg from 1983 to 1989.From 2001 to 2005 he served as Chairman of the CDU Party in Nordwürttemberg (North Württemberg), and has also been CDU Chairman of the Federal Committee for Media Politics. <mask> was elected as a Member of the State Parliament (Landtag) of Baden-Württemberg in 1984. From 1991 to 2005 he was Leader of the CDU Parliamentary Group. Minister President of Baden-Württemberg, 2004–10
In October 2004 the Minister President of Baden-Württemberg Erwin Teufel announced that he was to step down as Minister President and Chairman of the Baden-Württemberg CDU, effective 19 April 2005. <mask> was elected as his successor by CDU internal party pre-elections. His referendum win – with 60.6 percent of the vote versus 39.4 percent for state Education Minister Annette Schavan – was widely seen at the time as a defeat for Teufel, who had promoted Schavan as his preferred successor. On 29 April 2005, <mask> became Chairman of the CDU in Baden-Württemberg, eight days after succeeding Teufel as Minister President.In 2006 the CDU held onto their majority in the Baden-Württemberg state election; <mask> was re-elected Minister President. <mask> headed a coalition regional government comprising CDU and FDP members. <mask> was a CDU delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2004 and 2009. Between 2007 and 2009, he served as co-chair (alongside Peter Struck) of the Second Commission on the modernization of the federal state (Föderalismuskommission II), which had been established to reform the division of powers between federal and state authorities in Germany. Following the 2009 federal elections, <mask> was part of the CDU/CSU team in the negotiations with the FDP on a coalition agreement; he joined the working group on economic affairs and energy policy, led by Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg and Rainer Brüderle. On 24 October 2009, Angela Merkel's new centre-right coalition government chose <mask> to be a Commissioner of the European Commission. He took office on 10 February 2010, the same day he stepped down as Minister President of Baden-Württemberg.In a leaked diplomatic cable from the United States Embassy entitled "Lame Duck German Governor Kicked Upstairs as New Energy Commissioner in Brussels," U.S. Deputy Chief of Mission in Germany, Greg Delawie notes: "Chancellor Angela Merkel nominated Baden-Wuerttemberg (BW) Minister President Guenther <mask> as EU Energy Commissioner primarily to remove an unloved lame duck from an important CDU bastion". Delawie's cable further states: "Oettinger is noted for a lackluster public speaking-style, and some commentators have asserted that Merkel, who has often stood out at EU meetings, wanted to appoint a German Commissioner who would not outshine her!" Vice-President of the European Commission in charge of Energy, 2010–14
In the Second Barroso Commission, <mask> was allocated the Energy portfolio, which had just grown in importance after the Lisbon Treaty gave the EU complete authority in the area. At his confirmation hearing before the European Parliament in 2010, Oettinger pledged to enforce the principle of solidarity on energy policy as enshrined in the EU's Lisbon Treaty so that no member state could be left disadvantaged. He struck a chord with parliamentarians by basing his security of supply strategy equally on diversifying gas transportation routes from third countries and promoting indigenous renewable energy. Asked about his stance on nuclear energy Oettinger said that although his country Germany sees nuclear as a bridging technology, he had no reservations against France's plans to build more nuclear capacity nor Austria's decision to abandon the technology altogether. The first phase of <mask>'s term was dominated by the Nabucco pipeline debate, his many trips to Azerbaijan and the Caspian region as well as his negotiations with Russian energy company Gazprom.<mask> lobbied both for the Nabucco pipeline and the Trans Adriatic Pipeline, arguing they will be needed in the medium-term as routes to help secure European gas supply. The second phase began with the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in 2011 and the resulting energy transition in Germany. Oettinger advised that there should be no new taxes on energy within the EU, and current taxes should not be raised, if prices are to be kept competitive with rivals fuelled by cheaper shale gas in the US. Throughout his time in office, <mask> regularly made headlines for his comments on constituent EU member countries' economic situations. In remarks published by German media in May 2013, he expressed doubts about France's economic recovery and said "too many in Europe still believe that everything will be fine." France, he said, "is completely unprepared to do what’s necessary," while Italy, Bulgaria and Romania "are essentially ungovernable." <mask> has also repeatedly been in conflict with the German government.In an interview with Die Welt in 2014, he criticized the German Federal Government's plan to allow longer-serving employees to retire at the age of 63 for the message this sent to cash-strapped peripheral eurozone states like Greece, Spain and Portugal. In mid-2014, Oettinger led high-level talks in order to facilitate a deal under which Ukraine would pay Russia $3.1 billion amid a dispute over unpaid Russian gas bills and Russia would deliver the gas Ukraine needs for the winter. Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society, 2014–16
Following the 2014 European elections, both governing parties in Germany – the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the Social Democratic Party (SPD) – backed <mask> to remain as the German EU Commissioner in the incoming European Commission. At first, Oettinger was widely considered to be a leading candidate to take the position of European Commissioner for Trade, as German Chancellor Angela Merkel was said to consider the negotiations over the controversial TTIP to be one of the most important projects for growth in this legislative term. Instead, Jean-Claude Juncker, President-elect of the European Commission, nominated <mask> as Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society. In this capacity, <mask> was in charge of the Commission's department for communications networks, content and technology. His department gained considerable powers as part of Juncker's administrative reshuffle, including over the fight against counterfeiting, piracy and copyright.He shared competency over cyber-security matters with Dimitris Avramopoulos. Data protection

In a nod to European concerns over data protection, Oettinger expressed his support for stiffer rules currently under consideration that would provide Europeans with a greater say over how their online data is used by the likes of Google, Facebook and other internet companies. He also supported the legal principle known as the "right to be forgotten", in which people have the right to ask that search engines no longer produce certain irrelevant or out-of-date information, when a search is done on the basis of the person's name internet searches. Pushing for a credible global common understanding on confidential and personal information of citizens around the world, <mask> called for the establishment of a UN agency for data protection and data security. Economic policy

In an op-ed published in both the Financial Times and Les Échos in November 2014, Oettinger questioned whether President François Hollande had the "willingness to act" to reform the French economy and said the Commission should insist France undertake "concrete and quantifiable measures coupled with precise deadlines" as a condition for a fresh deficit extension; in response, members of the French Socialists called for <mask> to resign. Commissioner for Budget and Human Resources, 2017–19

On 1 January 2017 <mask> was reassigned to the Budget and Human Resources portfolio, following the resignation of Kristalina Georgieva with effect from 31 December 2016 to take up a new position as chief executive officer of the World Bank. Life after politics
In 2019, <mask> and Friederike Beyer jointly set up Oettinger Consulting, a Hamburg-based advisory firm.Controversies

Eulogy controversy
On 11 April 2007, <mask> gave a controversial eulogy on one of his predecessors as Minister President of Baden-Württemberg, Hans Filbinger. Filbinger had been forced to resign in 1978 after allegations surfaced about his role as a navy lawyer and judge during the Second World War. He died on 1 April at the age of 93. In his speech at the memorial service at Freiburg, Oettinger described Filbinger as "not a National-Socialist" but as "an opponent of the Nazi régime", who "could flee the constraints of the régime as little as millions of others". Referring to Filbinger's role as a naval judge, Oettinger pointed out that no lives were taken by Filbinger's verdicts and that he did not wield the power and freedom suggested by his critics. <mask> was subsequently accused by politicians and the media of playing down the significance of the Nazi dictatorship. German Chancellor Angela Merkel reacted by publicly admonishing him, stating that she would have preferred for "the critical questions" not to be raised.Oettinger was also criticized by opposition politicians and the Central Council of Jews in Germany; some critics even called for his dismissal. <mask> at first defended his speech, adding that he regretted any "misunderstanding" over his eulogy although he did not retract his comments about Filbinger's past. Later however, on 16 April, he distanced himself from his comments. Flag controversy
Oettinger suggested that heavily indebted countries should fly their flag at half-mast over EU buildings. As a result, several MEPs wrote a letter of protest to EU Commission President José Manuel Barroso, demanding his apology or resignation. Oettinger backed down, saying he did not support the idea of flying flags at half-mast. Remarks on Chinese people
In a speech to business leaders in Hamburg on 26 October 2016, Oettinger referred to Chinese people as "slit-eyes" and "sly dogs".He also stated that it was "consistent" that a Chinese delegation was male-only since China doesn't have female quotas. <mask> subsequently received criticism both from European sources and a Chinese government spokesman, and several days later issued a statement apologizing for "any remark that was not as respectful as it should have been". Intervention in Italian politics
On 29 May 2018, commenting in an interview with Deutsche Welle on developments in Italy after the 2018 General Election, <mask> said "Even now, developments on bond markets, the market value of banks, and Italy's economy in general have darkened noticeably and negatively. That has to do with the possible government formation. I can only hope that this will play a role in the election campaign and send a signal not to hand populists on the right and left any responsibility in government." European Council President Donald Tusk and European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker immediately distanced themselves from these remarks and <mask> apologised, explaining "I fully respect the will of voters being left, right or centre and in every country. By referring to actual market developments in Italy, I did not mean to be disrespectful."Other activities

Corporate boards
 Donner & Reuschel, Chair of the Adivsory Board (since 2021)
 Herrenknecht, Member of the Supervisory Board (since 2021)
 Kekst CNC, Member of the Global Advisory Board (since 2020)
 Deloitte Deutschland, Member of the Advisory Council (since 2020)
 Amundi Deutschland, Member of the Supervisory Board (since 2020)
 CG Elementum, Member of the Supervisory Board (since 2020)

Non-profit organizations
 German Council on Foreign Relations (DGAP), Member of the Presidium (since 2020)
 Friends of the Dessau-Wörlitz Garden Realm, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Initiative D21, Member of the Advisory Board
 Schule Schloss Salem, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2010)
 Medien- und Filmgesellschaft Baden-Württemberg (MFG), Member of the Supervisory Board (−2005)

Personal life

Oettinger married Inken Stange in 1994, by whom he has one son. On 9 December 2007, Oettinger and Inken announced that they were separated. Three days later, Oettinger's wife was reported to have already been in a relationship for nine months with Otmar Westerfellhaus, Managing Director of the Porsche car-manufacturing subsidiary in Mannheim. After separating from his wife, Oettinger's liaison with Friederike Beyer, a PR events organiser from Hamburg, who is 25 years his junior, enjoyed wide coverage in the German press. Since 2010, the couple has been residing in Brussels. Honours
  Grand Cross (1st Class), Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (2004)
  Grand Cross, Order for Merits to Lithuania (2013)
 Medal for Extraordinary Merits for Bavaria in a United Europe (2015)
 Medal "Wuerttemberger Koepfe" for his European engagement (2019)

References

External links

 Günther Oettinger Official Media Gallery
 Guenther Oettinger at www.bloomberg.com

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1953 births
Christian Democratic Union of Germany politicians
German European Commissioners
German Lutherans
Living people
Members of the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg
Ministers-President of Baden-Württemberg
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg
Politicians from Stuttgart
Recipients of the Order for Merits to Lithuania
European Commissioners 2014–2019

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<mask> (15 December 1900 – 11 September 1982), also known as <mask>-<mask>, was a German painter, printmaker and sculptor. Life

<mask> was born in Biberach an der Riss. After his military service and participation in the First World War, he studied from 1918 to 1922 at the Stuttgart Academy at the classes of Adolf Hölzel, Robert Poetzelberger, Gottfried Graf, Arnold Waldschmidt and at the School of Applied Arts in classes of Heinrich and Friedrich Schneidler. That time was the beginning of his friendship with Willi Baumeister and Oskar Schlemmer. In Schlemmer's Triadic Ballet, he participated later and organized the Paris show in 1932. In 1922 he moved to Munich and continued his studies until 1925. There he studied at Franz von Stuck at the Academy, Hans Hofmann at the School of Fine Arts and took additional lessons from Heinrich Wölfflin at the University.In 1923 and 1924 as a student in Munich he wrote about "the lack of understanding of modern art". Paris

In 1926 he moved to Paris and worked there as a painter, at the same time he also studied at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière (at Othon Friesz and André Lhote). His friends in Paris at that time included Colette, André Derain, Rene Jurdain, Paul Poiret, Maurice Ravel. <mask> followed the invitation of Rene Jurdain to share his studio space, from 1928 to 1934, however, he spent in summertime months in St. Tropez at Madame Aude. In Paris he was in contact with Giorgio de Chirico, Jean Cocteau, Le Corbusier, Raoul Dufy, Aristide Maillol, Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso. Although an active and recognized member of the Parisian art scene his exhibitions there are poorly documented and researched today. In 1927, he had an exhibition with Arno Breker, who also lived in Paris.Africa
In 1934 the Institute of Morphology, run by Leo Frobenius of the University of Frankfurt offered him a position as an artist. The institute offered <mask> the opportunity to paint without the fear of persecution of the regime. In the same year Frobenius and <mask> made their first expedition to Africa. Two years later their book about South Abessinia was published which contains 40 plates in photogravure prints of drawings of <mask> <mask>. Until today these drawings, as well as the unpublished have a great importance from a scientific, ethnographic and artistic point of view. Some other expeditions were made to the South of France, Spain, Libya and Ethiopia. Germany
In 1937 the work-up of the expeditions was finished and <mask> moved to Berlin, where 7 November 1937, where his son  was born, he became also a painter.In 1939 he was drafted into the military and was taken prisoner. The 1943–44 bombing destroyed much of his recent works. In 1948 he was released from war captivity and moved to Frankfurt and opened a studio there, he was a member of the Professional Association of Visual Artists Frankfurt. In the early postwar period, next to his artistic activity he made scenes and decorations, and taught as an art teacher at the Gutenberg school. His studio was at the Röderbergweg in Frankfurt (near the Zoo) in the same house with his son's studio. In 1966 he opened a second studio in Bonn and in 1968 was a founder member of the artist group "semicolon" and a member of the Artist Group Bonn. <mask> never wanted a retrospective of his work, so the great exhibition in 1980 showed mostly contemporary works.<mask> <mask> died in 1982 in Rotthalmünster. When the German author Adam Seide published his novel "Rebecca" in 1987 he dedicated it in memory of the painter <mask> <mask>. Themes
Unlike several of his avant-garde contemporaries, <mask> rejected non-representational painting; instead, he took up and advanced the tradition of figurative painting. His work was influenced by his time with Hans Hofmann, the artists circles in Paris and the expeditions to Africa. During his time in Paris he often painted still life. <mask>s solo exhibition in 1925, shows figurative works inspired by impressionism. His chief interest was even at this time already in cubism and Paul Cézanne, whose work remained important to him throughout his life.Sina Hofmann Ginsburg and Karla Bilang confirmed "a strong Cezannism" in the work of <mask> <mask>. Much of his early work was destroyed by bombing, a fortunate circumstance is that he had sold a lot in the 1920s and 1930s. He discovered as a visitor in 1967, the still life "plant with pineapple" in the exhibition of the Kazimir Hagen collection, which he had painted in Paris in 1929. The Africa-topic influenced him even after the expeditions especially his late work. He started a collection of African art and antiques which he had to sell in the late 1940s. One single known work "Vom Bau des Atlantikwalls" from 1940 ("Building a Bunker, Atlantic Wall" in the Portland Art Museum) shows a scene from his military service. His late work was focused on heads, which he drew in many ways mostly in ink.They represent various emotions and characters and are characteristic for his turn away from classic portraiture. He signed his works with Bay and in some cases with his full name, some sketches and designs he left unsigned. Little known is his work as a graphic designer: His poster "Der Reichskolonialbund ruft auch Dich!" (The Reichskolonialbund calls also you) from 1938 is part of the permanent collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum in London and in the collection of the University of California, Berkeley. Exhibitions (selected)
 <mask> <mask>, Kunsthallen Hansa, Essen 1925
 <mask> <mask> and Arno Breker, Paris 1927
 <mask> <mask> wird 80, Kurfürstliches Gärtnerhaus in Bonn 1980 (Exhibition on his 80th birthday)
 <mask> <mask>, EXPO-Galerie, Frankfurt 1985
 <mask> <mask>, Galerie Rosenberg, 1990
 Objekt Atlas – Feldforschung im Museum. The works of <mask> <mask> in the expeditions, Weltkulturen Museum, 2012. Shown also at: Middlebury College Museum of Art, Vermont 2012 under the title " Environment and object art".See also
 List of German painters

References

External links
 Website of the "Rheinisches Archiv für Künstlernachlässe" which owns the assets of Alf Bayrle

1900 births
1982 deaths
People from Biberach an der Riss
People from the Kingdom of Württemberg
20th-century German painters
20th-century male artists
German male painters
German military personnel of World War I

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Alf Bayrle
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<mask><mask> (born May 1, 1962) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) for the Washington Redskins (1985–92), Phoenix/Arizona Cardinals (1993–94), and Miami Dolphins (1995). Early life
<mask> attended and played high school football for the Cougars football team at Pulaski County High School in Dublin, Virginia. College career
<mask> played college football at James Madison University in Harrisonburg, Virginia, where he caught 155 passes for 2,863 yards and 16 touchdowns. He also had three punt returns for touchdowns, including 89- and 87-yard returns in a game during the 1983 season against the University of Virginia. <mask> was at James Madison during the Dukes' first four Division I-AA seasons. He caught 46 passes for James Madison's 8-3 team in 1982 and had 57 receptions in 1983. He was the Virginia offensive player of the year in 1982 and an honorable mention All-American in 1982 and 1983.<mask> became the first person in James Madison history to have his jersey retired. Professional career

USFL
<mask> was selected by the Jacksonville Bulls sixth overall in the 1984 USFL Draft. He led Jacksonville in receiving in his rookie season, in both receptions (56) and receiving yardage (760 yards). He played for the Bulls in 1984 and 1985. NFL
<mask> was selected by the Washington Redskins in the second round of the 1984 NFL Supplemental Draft of USFL and CFL Players. In 1985, he signed with the Redskins and had a superb rookie season, recording 72 receptions for 926 yards and five touchdowns. <mask> quickly established himself as one of the top receivers in the NFL.He followed up his superb rookie season in 1986 with a Pro Bowl year catching 74 passes for 1,265 yards and seven touchdowns. <mask> set a Redskin record for receiving yards in a game during a Monday Night Football contest with the New York Giants. He caught 11 passes for 241 yards and a touchdown. The record still stands today as the "most receiving yards in a non-strike game" (Anthony Allen surpassed <mask>'s tally during the 1987 strike season). The Redskins went on to finish with a 12-4 record and defeated the reigning Super Bowl champion Chicago Bears, 27-13, in a divisional playoff game but lost to the Giants in the NFC Championship game, 17-0. In 1987, <mask> again had a Pro Bowl year, catching 56 passes for 1,066 and seven touchdowns. He achieved these numbers in only 12 games, as a player strike shortened the season by one game and replacements played three games.No Redskin player crossed the picket line and the replacements went 3-0. <mask> was only one of four NFL receivers to surpass 1,000 yards. By this time, he had caught the eye of CBS commentator John Madden. <mask>'s toughness, big-play ability and willingness to block made him a regular on the All Madden Team during his playing career. The Redskins went on to finish 11-4, winning the NFC East crown. In the playoffs, the Redskins defeated the Chicago Bears in the Divisional Playoff game for the second year in a row, 21-17. <mask> caught three passes for 57 yards and a touchdown in the NFC Championship game against the Minnesota Vikings.The Redskins won, 17-10, to earn the right to play in Super Bowl XXII. <mask> caught three passes for 55 yards and a touchdown, while also rushing for 25 yards in Washington's 42-10 rout of John Elway and the Denver Broncos in Super Bowl XXII. <mask>'s numbers dropped in 1988 as he caught 59 passes for 892 yards and seven touchdowns. The Redskins finished a paltry 7-9 and missed the playoffs. He returned to form in 1989, catching 79 passes (a career-high) for 1,229 yards and nine touchdowns. The Redskins finished 10-6 but missed the playoffs again because of a 5-6 start. <mask>, along with fellow receivers Art Monk and Ricky Sanders, surpassed the 1,000 yard mark in 1989.This was the second time in NFL History that three receivers from one team all went over the 1,000 yard mark in the same year. In 1990, <mask> had another Pro Bowl year and the Redskins made the playoffs. He caught 75 passes for 1,112 yards and eight touchdowns. The Redskins went on to beat the Philadelphia Eagles, 20-6, in an NFC Wild Card game. <mask> caught four passes for 63 yards and a touchdown. The Redskins lost the next week to the San Francisco 49ers, 28-10. In 1991, <mask> and the Redskins tore through the NFL.He caught 70 passes for 1,340 yards and ten touchdowns. His 19.1 yards per catch was second in the NFL. <mask> caught four passes for 203 yards and three touchdowns in Washington's 56-17 rout of the Atlanta Falcons in week 11. The Redskins finished 14-2, won the NFC East, and claimed home field advantage throughout the playoffs. Washington beat Atlanta, 24-7, and crushed Detroit, 41-10, to earn a berth in Super Bowl XXVI against the Buffalo Bills. <mask> had a big day with seven catches for 114 yards and a touchdown in Washington's 37-24 defeat of the Bills. The Redskins led 24-0 early in the third quarter, but Buffalo cut the lead to 24-10.His 30-yard touchdown reception in the third quarter was instrumental in thwarting a comeback attempt by the Bills. <mask>, Monk, and Sanders gave the Redskins one of the best receiving corps in the NFL during the late 1980s and early 1990s. They were known as The Posse. <mask> was long known as the most fiery spirit of the bunch, and he was known to run laps around RFK Stadium after touchdowns and during Redskins comebacks. <mask> signed with the Phoenix Cardinals as a free agent prior to the 1993 season, and the Redskins have only made the playoffs five times since, as of the end of the 2020 season. <mask> retired from the NFL after the 1995 season. In his 11 NFL seasons, he caught 699 passes for 10,856 yards and 65 touchdowns, while rushing for 54 yards and gaining 62 yards on nine punt returns.He also had twenty-seven 100-yard games wearing the Redskins uniform. <mask> was a four-time Pro Bowl selection in 1986, 1987, 1990, and 1991. He was also a three-time All-Pro selection. He led his team in receiving seven times (1986, 1987, 1989–1992, 1994), and won two Super Bowls, Super Bowl XXII and Super Bowl XXVI, during his NFL career. <mask> was the first wide receiver in NFL history to catch at least 50 passes in his first ten NFL seasons. As of 2021, the only other players to do so have been Marvin Harrison, Torry Holt and Larry Fitzgerald. Notes
<mask> was the owner of the now closed South Beach Restaurant and Martini Lounge in Bethesda, Maryland.He was inducted into the Redskins Ring of Honor on October 7, 2007 and concluded his speech with, "We are going to spank Detroit's butt." The Redskins won the game, 34-3. In 2007, he was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame. References

External links
 <mask>'s statistics
 More career statistics
 <mask> biography
 JMU Athletic Hall of Fame

1962 births
Living people
American football wide receivers
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Arizona Cardinals players
Phoenix Cardinals players
Miami Dolphins players
Washington Redskins players
James Madison Dukes football players
People from Dublin, Virginia
Players of American football from Virginia
Jacksonville Bulls players
People from Radford, Virginia
10,000 receiving yards club

masks:
Gary C
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<mask> (21 July 1933 in Hoboken, Antwerp – 22 October 2005 in Wilrijk, Antwerp) was a Belgian surrealist painter and illustrator. Biography

<mask> (sometimes incorrectly : <mask>) was born on 21 July 1933 in Hoboken (Antwerp). At the age of 16, eager to become a photographer, he attended daytime drawing classes at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts Antwerp and evening courses at the " Vrije Nijverheids- en Beroepsschool",  a school where technicians were trained for the Gevaert factory (now Agfa-Gevaert). He specialised in developing and producing photographic materials. After his military service, during which he had the opportunity to go to the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts of Brussels, he was hired by the photoengraver De Schutter. In 1955 he was hired by Gevaert, where he stayed until his retirement. There he met Leo Dohmen, a great disciple of surrealism, who introduced him to Gilbert Senecaut, who in turn introduced him to :fr:Tom Gutt.These three encounters were critical for the young painter. <mask> <mask>'s first solo exhibition took place in 1963 in the Library-Gallery of Henri Mercier in Brussels, where several paintings (Galathée, L'incorruptible) created a scandal and led to legal complaints. :fr:Tom Gutt reacted by writing a pamphlet in which he accurately described <mask> <mask>'s creative mind. He wrote:

The pamphlet gathered about fifty signatures, but was not well received in France, even by the surrealist group, where some considered Galathée to be an insult to women. <mask> <mask> has often use artistic trends to his advantage, but sometimes preceded them. His picture Tableau reproduces the definition of the word “tableau” (painting) as it is found in the dictionary, long before conceptual art made it common practice. This is only one of the multiple ways he questioned the meaning and function of images.Hence, the work of <mask> <mask> is related to the style of Marcel Duchamp and his ready-made art. However, it also in contradiction with them, namely when he reproduced, with his paintbrush and scrupulous precision, the enlarged picture of an electronic circuit (La Transmission de la pensée) or used images with intriguing scientific origins. At the beginning of his career, more than merely seducing the eyes, every painting forced the mind to think in a different way. Later, he painted series, bringing together on the canvas elements in which the distance in meaning intensifies the power of the image: the cycles of combustion engines together with Manneken Pis, erected members combined with various crosses, diagrams of modern physics embedded in alchemical symbols, etc. There are numerous paintings based on «le défi et la révolte» (challenge and rebellion), as recommended by Paul Nougé. One of these paintings can certainly be understood as a manifesto: it depicts a boxing glove coloured as if it were a painter's palette (La Décantation). Together with  :fr:Gilles Brenta, <mask> <mask> created a series of paintings (Douaniers sans frontières) whose attraction lies in the complementarity of the painters, each completing half-paintings started by the other.This project, completed in 1995, was the last important work of <mask> <mask>, who died 22 October 2005. Solo exhibitions
 1963: <mask> <mask>, Librairie La Proue, Brussels (25 May - 13 June). Text signed Ossip-Lourié. 1965: <mask> <mask>, Cogeime s.a., Brussels (13 May - 24 May). 1966: <mask> <mask>, presentation of some works, gallery Onze Schilders, Ostend (1 Juli entire summer). 1968: <mask> <mask>wer, Galerie 44, Brussels (2 May - 31 May). Preface by :fr:Tom Gutt: La Main souveraine.1969: <mask> <mask>wer, Galerie GEBO, Antwerp (25 April - 6 May). Preface by Louis Scutenaire: Chef d'œuvre. On this occasion, presentation of Il est toujours trop tard 1924 - 1928 by Louis Scutenaire, illustrated by <mask> <mask>. 1969: Op-o-mobiles, The Gallery Club, Albert Plage (Knokke) (31 October - 7 January 1970). Prefaced by Louis Scutenaire: Madame, disait Juve, allez rejoindre Fantômas, and Jan Cremer: Mysterie of Komplot. 1972: <mask> <mask>, Œuvres récentes, Galerie Aquarius, Brussels (17 November - 7 December). Texts by Y. Bossut (:fr:Yves Bossut): L'horoscope d'un artisan de la terreur, Irine (Irène Hamoir): Une plante du genre réséda, L. Scutenaire: L'horrible vérité & Jeux faciles, T. Gutt: Le perce-yeux, M. Thyrion: Le retour de <mask> <mask>wer.1980: <mask> <mask>, Galerie La Marée, Brussels (19 April - 29 April). Preface by Tom Gutt. 1984: <mask> <mask>, Galerie La Marée, Brussels (25 February - 10 March). Texts by Jean Wallenborn: Un beau sujet, Louis Scutenaire, Marcel Mariën: L'ôtage à l'accent circonflexe, Irine, :fr:Tom Gutt:La bonne tenue. 1986: <mask> <mask>, Galerie Isy Brachot, Brussels (10 September - 11 October). Text by :fr:Tom Gutt: Écrit dans le genre contemporain. 1992: "roger van de wouwer", Antwerp Sailing Club, Antwerp (25 June - 26 July).1995: Douaniers sans frontières, exhibition of the works in collaboration with :fr:Gilles Brenta, Scheldestraat, 32, Antwerp (11 March - 25 March). 1995: Le Moment agréable, exhibition of the works in collaboration with :fr:Gilles Brenta, Galerie La Marée, Brussels (1 April - 8 April). 2016 : Retrospectieve - <mask> <mask>, :nl:Verbeke Foundation, Kemzeke (17 April - 30 October 2016). 2020: <mask> <mask>wer L'incorruptible - De onkreukbare, :fr:Rouge-Cloitre, 1160 Brussels (31 January - 15 March). Collective exhibitions
 1962: Presentation of the Revue Punt 5, Galerie Guy Dorekens, Antwerp (24 March - 29 March). 1962: Exposition internationale Fantasmagie, Galerie d'Art Jean Dols, Liège (31 March - 12 April): Bérénice showed. 1962: Fantasmagie sur le thème d'Uranus (IVe salon international), Galerie de la Madeleine, Brussel  (van 11/05 tot 23/5): Le signe de Mars (sic) showed.1962: Groepstentoonstelling, Galerie Guy Dorekens, Antwerp (16 June onwards). 1965: 51e Nationaal Salon voor Schone Kunsten, Ghent. 1966: Le Papier, Cogeime s.a., Brussels (3 May - 16 May). 1967: Le Papier II, Cogeime s.a., Brussels (11 April - 24 April). 1969: Introduction au surréalisme en Belgique, Salle communale, La Louvière (26 April - 11 May). 1969: Surréalisme pour ainsi dire, La Jeune Parque, Brussels (17 December - 10 January 1970). 1970: Surrealisme, Galerie GEBO, Antwerp (23 June - 10 July and 3 August - 28 August).1977: La Contre-bande, Galerie La Marée, Brussels (25 March - 2 April). 1978: Menu, Galerie Florence (restaurant-galerie d'art), Brussels (10 June - 31 August). 1982: La Marée se retire, Galerie La Marée, Brussels (16 January - 23 January). 1983: Goden en idolen, De Warande, Turnhout (12 March - 10 April). 1984: Art et Sport, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Mons (23 March - 3 June). 1986: Le Surréalisme en Belgique I, Galerie Isy Brachot, Paris (16 April - 10 July). 1986: Arte e Alchimia, Venice Biennale (29 June - 28 September).1990: Tire la langue: un pays d'irréguliers, Centre culturel du Botanique, Brussels (26 September - 11 November). 1991: Les Irréguliers du langage, Musée d'Art Contemporain, Dunkerque (3 May - 10 June). 1992: Woord en Beeld, MuHKA, Antwerp (27 June -  15 November). 1992: Les irréguliers du langage, Casa Museo Murillo, Sevilla (24 September - 29 November). 1992: Hommage à Michel Thyrion, Librairie Crucis, Brussels (20 November - 9 December). 1993: Les irréguliers du langage, Commissariat aux Relations internationales de la communauté française de Belgique, travelling version with 80 panels with reproductions. 1995: Paul Nougé, Maison du Spectacle La Bellone, Brussels (14 February - 15 April).1995: Le Surréalisme en Belgique, Espace Sculfort, Maubeuge (17 November - 7 January 1996). 1996: « Ce qui est attirant est beau », Irène, Scutenaire, Magritte and C° Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels, (13 September - 15 December). 1998: Les affinités suffisantes, Musée Ianchelevici, La Louvière (19 September - 25 October). 2004: Le Surréalisme en Belgique, National Museum of Art of Romania, Bucharest (7 October - 5 December). 2006: Arts et Sciences, scientific exhibition, Maison de la Science, Liege (8 May - 30 October)
 2007: Le Surréalisme en Belgique 1924-2000, BAM, Mons (18 March - 19 August)
 2010: Collages@Romantiek, Galerie Alfons Blomme & former National Bank, Roeselare (6 February - 28 February). 2010: Deurnroosje, exhibition in shop-windows, Turnhoutsebaan, Deurne (18 August - 22 August). 2011: Oh Crisis 2.0, Huize Frankendael, Amsterdam (28 March - 28 May).2012: Un abécédaire pour La Louvière, Centre de la Gravure et de l'Image imprimée, La Louvière (29 September - 6 January 2013)
 2014: Abécédaire du surréalisme , Centre Wallonie-Bruxelles, Paris (6 February - 6 April). 2015: The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie, Surrealism in Belgium, The Baker Museum, Naples, Florida, USA (31 January - 3 May). 2017: Collages & Assemblages (Book release - illustrated), :nl:Verbeke Foundation, Kemzeke (23 April - 30 October). 2018: Imaginaire et Figuration dans l'art du Collage, :fr:Centre d’Art de Rouge-Cloître, Brussels (8 June - 22 July). 2019: Magische collages, :nl:Stedelijk Museum Schiedam,  (19 October 2019 - 19 January 2020). 2019: Surrealism in Knokke, Gallerij Ronny Van de Velde, (15 December - 1 January 2020). Individual publications
 Un Conte de Fées, Berchem-Antwerpen, Les Editions de la Serfouette, 1967 (21 drawings) with images of paintings.Preface & afterword of Gilbert Senecaut (Faites vos jeux! - Rien ne va plus!). J'ai montré quelquefois ce que l'homme croit voir, Berchem-Antwerpen, Les Editions de la Serfouette, 1968 (1 drawing accompanied by two texts of Claudine and :fr:Tom Gutt). Deux farceurs (in collaboration with :fr:Yves Bossut), s.l., s.d. (c. 1969). Les croisades, Brussels, :fr:Le Vocatif, n° 2, November 1972 (6 drawings). Untitled, Brussels, :fr:Le Vocatif, n° spécial, November 1972 (on the occasion of the exhibition in the galery Aquarius) (6 drawings).Untitled, Brussels, :fr:Le Vocatif, n° 57, March 1974 (6 drawings). Untitled, Brussels, :fr:Le Vocatif, n° 102, February 1976 (6 drawings). Conchyliologies, Brussels, :fr:Le Vocatif, n° 135, June 1977 (4 drawings). Untitled, Frassem-Arlon, Le Bon Plaisir, 1st series, without n°, 30 November 1985 (1 drawing). Douaniers sans frontières, in collaboration with :fr:Gilles Brenta (two books with 12 drawings each), Brussels, Une passerelle en papier, 1995. Illustrations
 :fr:Tom Gutt, Ambages, s.l., 1967 (1 drawing). Gilbert Senecaut, On ne change pas d'épaule un fusil à deux coups, Brussels, collection "Une passerelle en papier", 1968 (2 drawings).Louis Scutenaire, Il est toujours trop tard 1924 - 1928, 10 engravings of <mask> <mask>, Berchem-Antwerpen Les Editions de la Serfouette, 1969.
 :fr:Tom Gutt, L'ordre alphabétique, Brussels, 1970 (12 drawings). Louis Scutenaire, Mes Inscriptions 1945 - 1963, Brussels, 1976 (one of the 15 engravings of the 120 deluxe copies). Gilbert Senecaut, Livraison sans domicile précédé de A dessein dessin et demi, Brussels, Brassa, 1980 (29 drawings). Louis Scutenaire, La Citerne, Brussels, Brassa, 1987 (portrait of the author in ink). :fr:Henri Pastoureau, Le cycle de Berlin, Brussels, Une passerelle en papier, 1988 (2 drawings). :fr:André Thirion, Portrait d'André Breton suivi de Bavardages et Parodies, Brussels, 1989 (reproduction of the portrait of André Breton). Michel Thyrion, L'imagination du chien, Brussels, Une passerelle en papier, 1996 (9 drawings).Jacques Wergifosse, Variations sur un thème, Brussels, 2001 (portrait of the author in ink). Jacques Wergifosse, Troisième chanson perdue, Brussels, Collection La Chanson perdue, 2001 (1 drawing). :fr:Tom Gutt, Jean Wallenborn, La porte ouverte est fermée, Les Editions de Furfooz, 2015 (1 drawing). Films
 About <mask> <mask>:

A bout portant, a film bout <mask> <mask>, directed by <mask>, written by Jean Wallenborn and <mask>, produced by PBC Pictures, Ambiances asbl, RTBF/Unité Documentaire, with support of the Centre du Cinéma et de l'Audiovisuel de la Communauté Française de Belgique and the Walloon  distributors (2006). Mentioning <mask> <mask>wer:

Le Désordre alphabétique, a film about surrealism in Belgium, written and directed by <mask>, produced by Image Création (2012). Bibliography
 C.E. [Chiara Elefante], <mask> <mask> (Hoboken(Antwerp - Belgium) 1933), L'Auberge espagnole in Arlecchino senza Mantello, s.l.d.Ruggero Campagnoli and Marc Quaghebeur, Rimini, Panozzo Editore, 1993 (with one reproduction). <mask> Leen, in Irène, Scut, Magritte and C°, Brussels, Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, 1996 (with 3 reproductions). Xavier Canonne in catalogue of Le Surrealisme en Belgique, Musée National d'Art de Roumanie - Communauté française de Belgique-MNaR, 2004. Jean Wallenborn, La violence tranquille, Paris, Infosurr, n° 66, November–December 2005 (with 1 drawing). Xavier Canonne in Catalogue of Le Surréalisme en Belgique 1924-2000, Mons, BAM, 2007. Jean Wallenborn, <mask> <mask> Wouwer L'incorruptible, Kemzeke, Verbeke Foundation, 2016 (illustrated). José Miguel Pérez Corrales, Caleidoscopio surrealista, Tenerife, La Pagina Ediciones, 2017.References

1933 births
2005 deaths
Artists from Antwerp
People from Hoboken
Belgian surrealist artists
Belgian illustrators
20th-century Belgian painters
Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp) alumni

masks:
Roger Van de Wouwer
Roger Van de Wouwer
Roger Van de Wouver
Roger Van
de Wouwer
Roger Van
de Wouwer
Roger Van
de Wouwer
Roger Van
de Wouwer
Van de
Wouwer
Roger Van
de Wouwer
Roger van
de Wouwer
Roger van
de Wouwer
Roger van
de Wouwer
Roger van
de Wou
Roger van
de Wou
Roger Van
de Wouwer
Roger van
de Wouwer
Roger Van
de Wou
Roger van
de Wouwer
Roger van
de Wouwer
Roger van
de Wouwer
Roger Van
de Wouwer
Roger Van
de Wou
Roger van
de Wouwer
Roger Van
de Wouwer
Roger Van
de Wouwer
Claude François
Claude François
Roger Van
de Wou
Claude François
Roger van
de Wouwer
Frederik
Roger Van
de


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<mask> is an American writer who authored the 2018 book Clean Meat: How Growing Meat Without Animals Will Revolutionize Dinner and the World. He's also the CEO and cofounder of The Better Meat Co. and the host of the Business for Good Podcast. Prior to publishing Clean Meat, he was known for being an animal protection advocate, both as the founder of Animal Outlook (formerly Compassion Over Killing) and a Vice President at the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS). Personal life
<mask> is married to Toni Okamoto, author of The Super Easy Vegan Slow Cooker Cookbook and another cookbook titled Plant-Based on a Budget. TEDx Talks
<mask> is a TEDx speaker, giving talks on a number of topics, including:
TEDx SouthLakeTahoe in 2017: Clean Meat: The Clean Energy of Food
TEDx Mid-Atlantic in 2018: What Will Future Generations Think of Our Treatment of Animals? TEDx SunValley in 2017: We Are Better than How We Treat Animals
TEDx University of Baltimore in 2018: Are We Doing More to Protect Aliens than Life on Earth? Clean Meat
Shapiro's book Clean Meat: How Growing Meat Without Animals Will Revolutionize Dinner and the World, is the first book to explore the work of start-ups that are growing real animal products without animals.It was named as Washington Post bestseller in the week of January 7, 2018. Reviews
Wall Street Journal: ‘Clean Meat’ Could Make Livestock Obsolete
NPR: Clean Meat, Via Lab, Is On The Way”
Fast Company: Our ‘Clean Meat’ Future Will Be Radical—But Also Inevitable
Sydney Morning Herald: Brave new burger – the race to put lab grown meat on the table
Psychology Today: Clean Meat Will Revolutionize Our Meals and the Entire World
Big Think: Lab-Grown "Clean Meat" is Almost Here. Will You Eat It? Pacific Standard: Meat, Without All of the Blood and Guts
Kirkus: Clean Meat review

Excerpts and commentaries
Scientific American: Lab-Grown Meat is on the Way
Reuters: Science fiction no more, can lab-grown meat feed — and save — the world? Quartz: Meet the startup that makes milk—without cows
The Guardian: Lab-made meat could be the next food revolution
Motherboard: Chicken Might Be the First Lab-Grown Meat to Make It to Your Grocery Store
Globe and Mail: Why holiday meals might look radically different in the near future”

Lab-grown leather-bound book
A copy of Clean Meat is the first book to be have been bound in lab-grown leather. The book, bound in “clean” leather grown by biotech start-up Geltor, was auctioned off on eBay on January 22, 2018 for $12,790. The leather-bound book was featured in many news stories, including:
San Francisco Chronicle: “San Leandro lab’s secret foray yields animal-free leather”
Newsweek: “World’s First Animal-Free Leather Bound Book on Ebay for $10,000”
Smithsonian Magazine: “This Book Is Bound in Lab-Grown Jellyfish Leather”
Good Food Institute: “World’s First-Ever Clean Leather-Bound Book!”

The Better Meat Co.
Shapiro co-founded The Better Meat Co. in early 2018 and serves as its CEO.The company's goal is to help meat producers improve sustainability by blending in the start-up's plant-based proteins in their ground meat products. In 2019. Perdue partnered with The Better Meat Co. and started using The Better Meat Co.’s plant-based formula in its blended line of chicken tenders, nuggets, and patties called Perdue Chicken Plus. Business for Good Podcast
<mask> co-founded the Business for Good Podcast with his partner Toni Okamoto in 2018. The two co-hosted the first season. <mask> is the sole host of the podcast’s second season. The show features companies and investors with a social mission to help solve problems such as pollution, food waste, unhealthy eating, animal cruelty, and more.Work with Compassion Over Killing
When he was thirteen years old, <mask> stopped eating meat as a result of learning about the methods of meat production. About one month later, he stopped eating eggs and dairy. While a high school student at Georgetown Day School in 1995, <mask> founded the animal advocacy organization Compassion Over Killing, and served as an undercover investigator and its campaigns director until 2005. Compassion Over Killing became well known for its investigative work exposing conditions for farm animals on factory farms, at livestock auctions, and at slaughter plants. <mask> helped spearhead the campaign to end the use of the "Animal Care Certified" logo on egg cartons in the United States. In that case, the egg industry was labeling eggs from hens confined in battery cages as "Animal Care Certified." After Better Business Bureau rulings, federal petitions, investigations at "Animal Care Certified" egg facilities leading to media exposés, and other efforts, in September 2005, the Federal Trade Commission announced that the logo would be removed from egg cartons nationwide.<mask> received a B.A. from George Washington University in 2001, where he majored in peace studies and minored in religion. He taught peace studies at a public high school in Washington, D.C. He was profiled in a 2003 Washington Post Style section article entitled "Animal Pragmatism: Compassion Over Killing Wants to Make the Anti-Meat Message a Little More Palatable". In 2020, Compassion Over Killing changed its name to Animal Outlook. Work with the Humane Society of the United States, sexual harassment allegations
From 2005 through 2016, <mask> led many of HSUS's efforts to protect farm animals, including serving as Vice President of the organization's Farm Animal Protection campaign, including efforts to convince retailers, food service providers, and universities to end their use of eggs from battery-caged birds, pork from gestation-stalled pigs, and to expand their vegan options. Additionally, the Farm Animal Protection campaign played a significant role in helping enact Proposition 2 in California, a 2008 ballot initiative that phases out veal crates, battery cages, and gestation crates in the nation's largest agricultural state.The campaign was also central in Proposition 204, a successful 2006 Arizona ballot initiative that phases out gestation crates and veal crates, as well as Question 3, a 2016 similar Massachusetts ballot initiative. It has also helped pass laws to phase out gestation crates and other agricultural confinement practices in numerous other states. In 2008, <mask> was inducted into the Animal Rights Hall of Fame. In September 2016, six female employees at HSUS filed a complaint with HSUS human resources representatives over a pattern of inappropriate sexual behavior they had witnessed over the preceding six years. A month later <mask> was moved to a different department to "advance HSUS' broader agenda." He subsequently served as HSUS's Vice President of Policy for 16 months before departing to release Clean Meat in January 2018. While at HSUS, <mask> also authored "Moral agency in other animals", published in the 2006 edition of Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics.He was also a contributor to Animal Welfare in Animal Agriculture. Articles

See also

Cultured meat
Food technology
Plant-based diet
Animal protectionism
 List of animal rights advocates

References

External links

Clean Meat official website

1979 births
Living people
American activists
American animal rights activists
George Washington University alumni
Veganism activists

masks:
Paul Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro
Shapiro


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<mask>  (born 11 March 1993) is an Australian representative rower. He is an Australian national champion, a dual Olympian, an Olympic gold and silver medallist and was the 2017 and 2018 world champion in the coxless four. He stroked the Australian men's coxless four to a gold medal victory at the Tokyo Olympics. Club and state rowing
<mask> grew up in Loxton, South Australia. He attended Loxton North Primary School and took up rowing at Prince Alfred College in Adelaide. His senior club rowing has been from the Adelaide Rowing Club. In 2012, from 2014 to 2017 and in 2019 <mask> was seated in the South Australian state representative men's eights competing for the King's Cup at the Interstate Regatta within the Australian Rowing Championships.In those crews he won five bronze and one silver medals. In 2019 and 2021 he was also selected as South Australia's single-sculling representative to contest the President's Cup at the Interstate Regatta. He won both those national titles. In 2014 in Adelaide Rowing Club colours, he contested the national coxless pair title at the Australian Rowing Championships with Angus Moore. In 2013 he contested the national coxless pair title in an Australian selection composite crew and placed second. In 2019 at the Australian Rowing Championships he won the open men's single scull title in Adelaide colours. In 2021 rowing with Angus Dawson he won an Australian championship title in the open men's coxless pair in addition to winning the Australian championship title in the coxless four with his national training centre crewmates.In 2021 he started to coach with the Adelaide school Prince Alfred College in their senior squad whilst on break from formal national training. International career
<mask> made his Australian representative debut in a junior men's coxed four selected to contest the 2011 Junior World Rowing Championships at Eton Dorney. That crew won gold. The following year he was in the Australian U23 eight competing at the 2012 World Rowing U23 Championships in Trakai Lithuania. In a crew with Spencer Turrin with whom <mask> would later enjoy World Championship success, <mask> and the Australian eight took the bronze medal. In 2013 <mask> was elevated to the Australian senior squad. He rowed in a coxless pair at the World Rowing Cup I in Sydney, then in a coxless pair with Angus Moore at the World Rowing Cup III.He and Moore took that pair to the World Championships in Linz where they won an U23 World Championship silver medal. A month later at the 2013 World Rowing Championships in Chungju, Korea <mask> rowed in the four seat of an Australian men's eight who placed seventh. In 2014 he kept his seat in the Australian men's eight racing at two World Rowing Cups and then at the 2014 World Rowing Championships again to seventh place. At the 2015 World Rowing Championships on Lac d'Aiguebelette, Aiguebelette in France he won the silver medal in the men's coxless four  in a crew with Will Lockwood, Spencer Turrin and Josh Dunkley-Smith. In 2016 along with Dunkley-Smith, Lockwood and Joshua Booth, <mask> was selected to stroke the Australian men's coxless four to compete at the 2016 Rio Olympics. They won their heat and semi-final and took the silver medal behind Great Britain in the final. In 2017 <mask> held his seat as stroke of in Australia's coxless four with Turrin,  Joshua Hicks and Jack Hargreaves.They took gold at the World Rowing Cup II in Poznan and then raced in the Australian men's senior eight at the WRC III in Lucerne to a silver medal. At the 2017 World Rowing Championships in Sarasota Florida rowing as a four, they won their heat and semi-final. They flew out of the start in the final rating at 43 strokes per minute to be clear leaders at the 500m mark. They led at every mark and held off the fast finishing Italians. Rowing Australia quoted <mask> after the race : “I’ve had a fair few second places so it feels great to have won gold. This group of guys have made it easy for me this year as you know they’ll turn up to training and give it their all, you know what you’re going to expect from them. With that comes consistency and with a new coach in Ian [Wright], it has been absolutely unbelievable for us."Australia had not won a men's coxless four world championship title since the Oarsome Foursome's win in 1991. The world champion four stayed together into 2018 and started their 2018 international campaign with a gold medal win at the World Rowing Cup II in Linz, Austria. They repeated their 2017 tactic with a blistering rating of 43 from the start and kept it up above 40 for the rest of the race. In their second competitive outing of the 2018 international season in an Australian selection eight and racing as the Georgina Hope Rinehart National Training Centre, after Rowing Australia patron, Gina Rinehart, <mask> won the 2018 Grand Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta. The fourth Australian men's eight to ever do so.The following week back in the coxless four, <mask> won another gold at the World Rowing Cup III in Lucerne. At the 2018 World Rowing Championships in Plovdiv, in the same combination as 2017, the Australian coxless four won their heat, their semi-final and just held off the fast-finishing Italians in the final to retain their world title. <mask> again at stroke, won his second world championship gold.In 2019 <mask> was again selected in the Australian men's sweep squad for the international representative season. In trialling combinations to qualify the men's pair for the 2020 Olympics, selectors matched <mask> with Josh Booth in the pair for the World Rowing Cup II in Poznan where they were victorious. At WRC III in Rotterdam and rowing with Spencer Turrin, <mask> again stroked the pair to a gold medal win. <mask>, Hargreaves, Nick Purnell and Jack O'Brien were selected to race Australia's coxless four at the 2019 World Rowing Championships in Linz, Austria. The four were looking for a top eight finish at the 2019 World Championships to qualify for the Tokyo Olympics. They won their heat and semi-final, thereby qualifying the boat for Tokyo 2020. Unexpectedly as race favourites, they finished last in the final for an overall world sixth place.At the delayed Tokyo Olympics in 2021 the coxless four won their heat and progressed straight to the A final where they held a lead from the first 500m, and were being challenged by the British four who lost their steering and control in the final 500m. With <mask> maintaining the rate from the stroke seat the Australians kept their composure and held off the Romanians in a tight finish, taking the gold in an Olympic best time. In the 2022 Australia Day Honours <mask> was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia. References

External links

1993 births
Living people
Australian male rowers
World Rowing Championships medalists for Australia
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
Rowers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic rowers of Australia
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in rowing
Olympic silver medalists for Australia
Olympic gold medalists for Australia
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics

masks:
Alexander Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
Hill
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Hill


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<mask> (November 16, 1824 – January 24, 1890) was an American politician who represented the 3rd congressional district of Tennessee in the United States House of Representatives for one term (1873–1875). He also served several terms as an alderman in his adopted hometown of Chattanooga, where he was a prominent figure and businessman. A Southern Unionist, he garnered regional fame and notoriety in January 1861 when he engaged in a heated debate with future Confederate States president Jefferson Davis at his family's Chattanooga hotel. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Greeneville, Tennessee, the son of <mask>, a brick contractor, and Sarah (Cleage<mask>. He attended common schools. He moved to McMinn County, Tennessee, in 1840, and remained there for four years before settling in Jacksonville, Alabama, in 1844. He established a large farm at Jacksonville that specialized in grain production and utilized innovative farming techniques.He was also elected a captain in the local militia. Inspired by Kentucky politician Henry Clay, he supported local Whig Party candidates. In 1850, <mask> moved to Chattanooga, Tennessee, where his father had acquired a considerable amount of land, and had established a successful hotel, the Crutchfield House. After the elder <mask> died in 1850, <mask>'s brother, Thomas, took over the hotel's management. <mask> was elected  alderman in Chattanooga in December 1851, and reelected in 1854. In the late 1850s, he helped establish the city's fire and police departments. Civil War

During the secession crisis that followed the election of Abraham Lincoln in late 1860, Crutchfield remained committed to the Union.On January 22, 1861, Jefferson Davis, the future president of the Confederacy who had just resigned his seat in the United States Senate, stayed at the Crutchfield House while en route to his home in Mississippi. In the hotel's dining room that night, Davis delivered a short speech praising secession and encouraging Tennessee to join the rest of the South. After Davis had finished, <mask>, who had been listening, leaped upon a counter and delivered a scathing retort. He described Davis as a "renegade and a traitor," and stated that Tennessee would not be "hood winked, bamboozled and dragged into your Southern, codfish, aristocratic, tory blooded, South Carolina mobocracy." Davis refuted Crutchfield's charges in a brief response. One report of the incident stated that Davis's supporters had "pistols drawn and cocked for immediate use," while others suggested that Davis considered challenging <mask> to a duel. In any event, Crutchfield's brother, Thomas, led Davis from the room, and further incident was avoided.<mask> attended the first session of the pro-Union East Tennessee Convention in Knoxville in late May 1861, and campaigned against secession in the Chattanooga area. He remained in Chattanooga for most of the Civil War. Amid the crackdown during the aftermath of the East Tennessee bridge burnings in November 1861, <mask> was arrested by Confederate authorities, but managed to escape. During the war, his family sold the Crutchfield House for $65,000 in Confederate money, and used the proceeds to purchase land and tobacco. <mask> would later sell the tobacco at a profit to Union soldiers. While <mask> never enlisted, he frequently provided information on Confederate troop movements to Union forces operating in Chattanooga and the vicinity. During the Union bombardment of Chattanooga in August 1863, he was again pursued by Confederate authorities, but eluded them by swimming across the Tennessee River and reaching Union lines.He provided the leaders of the Army of the Cumberland with invaluable information regarding Confederate troop positions, and would subsequently serve as an honorary captain and local guide to Union generals throughout the Chickamauga Campaign. He assisted <mask>. Hazen and John B. Turchin at the Battle of Brown's Ferry in October 1863, and Ulysses S. Grant and George H. Thomas at the Battle of Missionary Ridge in November 1863. After the Union Army solidified its control of Chattanooga, <mask> provided assistance to General James B. Steedman and other post commanders until the close of the war. In his memoirs, General Philip H. Sheridan wrote that <mask>'s "devotion to the Union cause knew no bounds," and described the information he provided as critical to the Union Army's success in the Chickamauga Campaign. In April 1864, <mask> joined fellow Chattanooga-area Unionists Alfred Cate and Daniel C. Trewhitt as part of the Hamilton County delegation at the revived East Tennessee Convention in Knoxville. This meeting was bitterly divided over the issue of emancipation, however, and accomplished very little. In October 1865, <mask> was elected alderman in Chattanooga's provisional civil government, which was tasked with restoring order to the city.In December 1865, he was reelected to the same position for a full term. Postwar and Congress

In 1872, <mask> announced his candidacy for the 3rd district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. At the local Republican Party convention in September, he was easily nominated over two other candidates on the first ballot. His Democratic opponent, David M. Key, was an old acquaintance and former Confederate who had witnessed <mask>'s encounter with Jefferson Davis at the Crutchfield House in 1861. At the end of the war in 1865, Key had written to Crutchfield to ask if it was safe for former Confederates to return to the city. Though Democrats were generally the more successful party in the 3rd district during this period, Republicans experienced a statewide wave in 1872, and <mask> edged Key, 10,041 votes to 8,960, in the general election. <mask>'s eccentric personality and unsophisticated manner of dress garnered frequent media attention during his lone term in Congress.In 1873, a correspondent for the Washington Star noted that since the tenure of Davy Crockett in the 1830s, each of Tennessee's congressional delegations had included at least one "mountaineer character," and that <mask> filled this role in the Forty-third Congress. The correspondent described <mask> as "a sunburnt, wiry little man, with foxy hair and whiskers, and though, by report, of considerable means, wears the cheapest of homespun suits, a good deal frayed at the edges, and with a pair of heavy, well-greased cowhide brogans that were the perpetual despair of the Pullman boot-blacks." In reporting on one of <mask>'s speeches, the correspondent used eye dialect to depict to Crutchfield's thick Southern accent. <mask>'s biggest accomplishment during his term in Congress was to obtain $600,000 in appropriations for improvements to the Tennessee River, and smaller appropriations for improvements to the Little Tennessee and Hiwassee rivers. During heated civil rights debates in the House in early 1873, <mask> introduced a bizarre amendment to a civil rights bill that would have made it a crime for a white woman to refuse a proposal of marriage from a black man on the basis of "race, color, and previous condition of servitude." Though he intended this as a joke, it caused considerable irritation for his fellow Republican congressmen who had been fighting for the bill, and generated outrage among white and black residents alike in the 3rd district. <mask> did not seek reelection in 1874.After his term in Congress, <mask> spent much of his time on his  orchard south of Chattanooga, where he produced fruit and engaged in other agricultural pursuits. He died in Chattanooga on January 24, 1890 (age 65 years, 69 days), and was interred at the family lot in Chattanooga's Citizens Cemetery. <mask> was a friend of noted author George Washington Harris, and helped Harris become president of the Wills Valley Railroad after the Civil War. In a fictional discussion with the title character in the "Dedicatory" of his 1867 book, Sut Lovingood: Yarns Spun by a Nat'ral Born Durn'd Fool, Harris proposes they dedicate the book to Crutchfield, though Sut disagrees. The dedication to Crutchfield read: "My friend in storm and sunshine, brave enough to be true, and true enough to be singular; one who says what he thinks, and very often thinks what he says." See also
Richard M. Edwards

References

External links

1824 births
1890 deaths
People from Greeneville, Tennessee
Tennessee Republicans
Tennessee Whigs
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
Politicians from Chattanooga, Tennessee
People from Jacksonville, Alabama
Southern Unionists in the American Civil War
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee

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Manibhai Haribhai Desai (1897 – 1989), known as (<mask>) Yogendra was an Indian yoga guru, author, poet, researcher and  was one of the important figures in the modern revival of Hatha Yoga, both in India and United States. He was the founder of The Yoga Institute,  the oldest organized yoga center in the world, established in 1918. He is often referred as the Father of Modern Yoga Renaissance. He was one of the figures responsible for reviving the practice of asanas and making yoga accessible to people other than renunciates. The Oglethorpe University has preserved three of his books in the Crypt of Civilization. Yogendra innovated modern methods to teach Yoga, initiating research in Yoga, particularly in the field of the Yoga therapy. He authored several books on yoga and started the journal Yoga in 1933.He was also a poet, writing under the nom de plume 'Mastamani'. He translated Rabindranath Tagore's Gitanjali into Gujarati. Biography

Early years

<mask> was born as Manibhai Desai in an Anavil Brahmin family on November 18, 1897 in a village near Surat, Gujarat. He was affectionately called Mogha ("priceless one") in his childhood. His father Haribhai Jivanji Desai was a school teacher. His mother died when he was three years old. At the age of eighteen in 1916, after distinguishing himself in the Amalsad English School, Yogendra attended St. Xavier's College in Bombay.He felt homesick and fell into depression and lost his interest in studies. At the urging of his roommate, On August 26, 1916, Yogendra visited the Dharamshala of Paramahamsa Madhavadasaji at Madhav Baug, regardless of his robust suspicion of sannyasis and sadhus. However, in Paramahamsa ni Prasadi (1917), he wrote that his misgivings disappeared "as our eyes met" and as it turns out, Madhavadasaji was equally struck by Yogendra's qualities as a capable disciple. After a period of courtship through letters, <mask>i's Ashram in Malsar, near Vadodara in late 1916. He received special attention and it was clear that he was being educated and groomed to be Madhavadasaji's successor. <mask> learned Yoga, much of the teaching being on the practical and pragmatic use of Yoga and its application in sickness and suffering. His training in the Ashram was centered around yogic 'natural health cures' administered to patients in the ashram's sick ward.Yogendra left the Ashram after more than two years. Works

On November 25, 1918, Yogendra established The Yoga Institute at the residence of Dadabhai Naoroji at Versova Beach in Bombay (now Mumbai). A year later in 1919, Yogendra left for Europe and the United States, with the aim of popularizing Yoga and set up a branch of the institute, The Yoga Institute of America at Harriman in New York. His system of asanas, which helped to create the modern yoga movement, was influenced by the physical culture of Europeans such as Max Müller. Yogendra began the process of "domesticating" hatha yoga, seeking scientific evidence for yoga's health benefits. This helped to undo the negative image of yoga and asana practice. In US, among the people Yogendra met was Benedict Lust, one of the founders of naturopathic medicine.Benedict Lust saw the value of Hatha Yoga for his work and studied it with him. <mask> stayed there working with a number of Avant-garde doctors such as John Harvey Kellogg and Benedict Lust. Along with the early experiments on Yoga, he finished his first books while in US, Light on Hatha Yoga and a volume on Rabindranath Tagore. He went back to India less than 5 years later, proceeding to go back to the USA, however thwarted through the restrictive immigration legislation of 1924. The yoga researcher Elliott Goldberg described Yogendra's system of asanas as "safer, more comprehensive, and more effective than Müller's system", and commented that Yogendra "helped strip hatha yoga of .. what he called 'mysticism and inertia'", enabling people to think about asanas "unencumbered by traditional ideology". Research

In 1921, Yogendra conducted X-Ray studies on Sutra Neti kriyas, a yogic technique to clean the nasal cavity. He conducted research on Prana with Surendranath Dasgupta, an orientalist and philosopher in 1924.In 1930, manuscript 'Yoga Personal Hygiene', authored by Yogendra, is the first book on intricate Yoga processes listing research on the yoga breathing techniques Uddiyana bandha and Pranayama. Contribution to literature
<mask> authored his first book named Prabhubhakti (meaning "Devotion to the Lord"), published by Diamond Jubilee Printing Press in Ahmadabad. His second book was Hrudayapushpanjali (meaning "Prayer from the Heart"), a collection of his poetry composed in 1917. Principal A. B. Yagnik, a Gujarati critic wrote in an article, Poetic Versatility of Shri Yogendra, published in 1979,

<mask> also translated Ravindranath Tagore's Gitanjali from Bengali to Gujarati; it was published in 1918, with Tagore's permission. He was inspired and influenced by the works of Rabindranath Tagore. The country was full of Indian nationalism, and his 1919 poetry collection Rashtriyagita, speaks of the homeland, the citizens and the struggle for freedom.Other books of his poetry collection includes Pranay Bansi, Sangita Dhvani (2017) and Urmi (2014). Bibliography

Books on Yoga

Yogendra published many books on yoga, and they have often been reprinted. Memorabilia (1926)
 Yoga Asanas Simplified (1928)
 Yoga Physical Education - Volume 1 (1928)
 Yoga Personal Hygiene Simplified (1931)
 Hatha-Yoga Simplified (1931)
 Simple Meditative Postures (1934)
 Rhythmic Exercises (1936)
 Way to Live (1936)
 Breathing Methods (1936)
 Yoga Personal Hygiene (1940)
 Yoga: Physical Education (1956)
 Yoga Essays (1969)
 Facts about Yoga (1971)
 Why Yoga (1976)
 Yoga–Sutras (1978
 Life Problems (1978)
 Guide to Yoga Meditation (1983)
 Yoga in Modern Life

Poetry collections
 Prabhubhakti
 Hrdayapushpanjali
 Pranay Bansi
 Sangita Dhwani (1917)
 Rashtriya Gita (1919)
 Gitanjali of Tagore (1917)
 Urmi (1924)
 Kavi Tagore (1926)

Personal life

He married Sita Devi in 1927. The couple had two sons, named Jayadeva Yogendra and Vijayadev Yogendra. Yogendra died on September 25, 1989 at the age of 91 in Mumbai. Legacy

In 1994, The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation renamed the TPS 5 Prabhat Colony as Yogendra Marg (road) after <mask> Chowk located in Santacruz, Mumbai, is named after him, was inaugurated by Suresh Prabhu, the Minister of Railways, Govt.of India in April 2017. His son Vijayadev <mask> (1930–2005) immigrated to Australia and continued his father's work through the establishment of the Total Health and Education Foundation in Melbourne and The School of Total Education in Warwick, Queensland. References

Sources

Further reading

External links

Official website of The Yoga Institute
The First Yoga Class on Do Yoga (by Doug Keller)
Yogendra on Yoga Vidya (in German)

1897 births
1989 deaths
Indian Hindus
Indian spiritual writers
Scholars from Mumbai
Indian yoga gurus
Modern yoga pioneers
People associated with physical culture
Translators of Rabindranath Tagore
Modern yoga gurus

masks:
Shri
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<mask> ( – ) was an American gospel singer, songwriter, actress, and humanitarian. Early years
<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Ruben and <mask>. Her mother was born in Houston County, Georgia, and her father in Bibb County, Georgia. They moved to Chicago between 1917 and 1920 where they lived out their lives. <mask> had four siblings born in Bibb County and four born in Chicago. <mask> began singing in the youth choir at the West Point Baptist Church at an early age, and joined several Gospel groups thereafter, including Pete Williams Singers, The Willie Webb Singers and the Robert Anderson Singers. Albertina was greatly influenced by Mahalia Jackson, her friend and confidante, whom Jackson took on the road when Albertina was just a teenager."Mahalia used to kid me. She'd say, 'Girl, you need to go sing by yourself,'" recalled <mask> in a 2010 Washington Post interview. <mask> <mask> did just that. In 1951, she formed the group called The Caravans. She was popularly referred to as the "Queen of Gospel Music", initially by such notables as the late Reverend James Cleveland and Rev. Jesse L. Jackson, Sr, for her outstanding achievements within the genre after the death of Mahalia Jackson in 1972. Musical career
In the early 1950s <mask> founded her own Gospel music group The Caravans, enlisting fellow singers from The Robert Anderson Singers (Ora Lee Hopkins, Elyse Yancey and Nellie Grace Daniels).The Caravans' membership has included: James Cleveland, Bessie Griffin, Shirley Caesar, Dorothy Norwood, Inez Andrews, Loleatta Holloway, John McNeil,  Cassietta George, and Delores Washington. Her discovery of these artists resulted in the nickname "Star Maker". <mask> retired The Caravans in the late 1960s, performing as a solo artist. In the mid-1970s, <mask> signed with Savoy Records then Benson Records, Word Records, A&M Records, and other record companies, recording a series of solo projects, many of them with big church choirs including The Evangelical Choir, The Cathedral of Love Choir, The Metro Mass choir, and her own church choir, The West Point Choir. Albertina recorded her first solo project Put a Little Love in Your Heart in 1975. She also recorded several projects together with Reverend James Cleveland. To date, she has recorded over 60 albums, including gold selling hits "Please Be Patient With Me", "I Can Go to God in Prayer", "The Best Is Yet to Come", "Impossible Dream", and "Joy Will Come".<mask> sang for United States presidents George W. Bush and Bill Clinton, and South Africa's president, Nelson Mandela. In 1995, <mask> joined Thelma Houston, CeCe Peniston, Phoebe Snow and Lois Walden to record a gospel album in common, Good News in Hard Times, as the quintet called The Sisters of Glory. <mask> recorded a reunion album with her group The Caravans entitled Paved the Way, which was released by Malaco Records on September 5, 2006. Performers included <mask>, Dorothy Norwood, Inez Andrews and Delores Washington. The album was dubbed by Billboard magazine as one of the most memorable releases of 2006 and entered the Billboard charts in the top ten and remained in the top forty for sixteen weeks. Paved the Way was nominated for a Grammy, Dove, Soul Train Music Award and two Stellar Awards. Influence
Ms. <mask> is featured in the book entitled Who's Who in Black America as well as other volumes related to the Golden Age of Gospel Music.She received several keys to various cities and was honored at the Chicago Gospel Festival where a bench bearing her name was placed in downtown Chicago's Grant Park. The City of Chicago paid tribute to <mask> by renaming 35th and Cottage Grove "<mask> <mask> and The Caravans Drive". <mask> was also conferred an honorary Doctor of Letters Degree by the Chicago Theological Seminary, an institution of the University of Chicago. <mask> co-founded the Gospel Music Workshop of America along with James Cleveland. <mask> also lent her support to many charitable organizations such as United Negro College Fund, American Cancer Society, National Council of Negro Women,  Nation of Islam's Million Family March, One Voice: "A Fight Against AIDS", NAACP and Operation Push. In 1988 <mask> <mask> founded The Albertina Walker Scholarship Foundation for the Creative and Performing Arts. Her foundation offers financial assistance to college students in the form of scholarships to further their education in the field of music.Death
On her 81st birthday, <mask> was admitted to a local Chicago Hospital and placed on a ventilator. For some time she had been battling emphysema. In early September, rumors of <mask>'s death had spread so wildly that she posted a message on her Facebook page stating: "I'm still here no matter what you might have heard". At the time, she was in ICU dealing with respiratory problems–a condition she battled for years, and kept her on oxygen. On Tuesday, September 7, <mask> had a tracheostomy which doctors deemed a success, and she checked out of a Chicago hospital in late September and was admitted to RML specialty hospital for follow up care. <mask> <mask> was a frequent guest on the nationally syndicated BET and Word television networks, Bobby Jones Gospel, Testify and Singsation. Awards and honors
<mask> earned many awards and honors over her six decades of music ministry.Among them, a 1995 Grammy Award for the Best Traditional Gospel Album (Songs of The Church); 10 Grammy Award nominations; 5 Gold Records; 3 Stellar Awards; 3 Dove Awards; several Gospel Music Workshop of America Excellence Awards; an induction into the 2001 Gospel Music Hall of Fame in Nashville, Tennessee. President George Bush honored <mask> <mask> for her contribution to gospel music on May 31, 2002. In 2005, the Grammys honored her contributions to the Gospel music industry. R.E.A.- Robert Estevis Award for the album, The Caravans, Paved The Way. She is also a recipient of a 2005 National Heritage Fellowship awarded by the National Endowment for the Arts, which is the United States government's highest honor in the folk and traditional arts. References

Further reading

External links

1929 births
2010 deaths
Grammy Award winners
American gospel singers
20th-century African-American women singers
National Heritage Fellowship winners
Savoy Records artists
American contraltos
African-American women singer-songwriters
Baptists from Illinois
Deaths from respiratory failure
Singers from Chicago
20th-century Baptists
21st-century African-American women singers
Singer-songwriters from Illinois

masks:
Albertina Walker
Walker
Camille Coleman Walker
Albertina
Albertina
Walker
Albertina
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<mask> (20 February 1875 – 20 August 1926) was a French born American polo player and banker with Morgan, Harjes & Co. Early life

Harjes was born on 20 February 1875 in Paris, France. He was a son of <mask> (1829–1914) and Amelia (née Hessenbruch) Harjes (1841–1934). Among his siblings was <mask> (wife of Charles Messenger Moore), <mask>, <mask>., Margaretha "Nelly<mask> (wife of jeweler Jacques Cartier). His maternal grandparents were Theophilus Hessenbruch and Bertha (née Everts) Hessenbruch. He was educated by private tutors in England and America before beginning his career as a clerk in the office of J.P. Morgan & Co. in 1896. Career

<mask> was a prominent banker who became the senior partner of Morgan, Harjes & Co. of Paris, which was founded as Drexel, Harjes & Co. by his father <mask> in 1868, after he moved to Paris from Philadelphia in 1854.Harjes and his father, who was born in Switzerland but later became an American citizen, were among the founders in 1906 of the American Hospital of Paris. The younger Harjes inherited management of the firm in 1909, following his father's retirement. Upon his father's death in 1914, Harjes was one of three executors (along with his mother and Edward T. Stotesbury) of his father's multi-million dollar estate. During World War I, he played a significant role behind the scenes by negotiating sizeable loans for the Allies. In time, the Morgan Bank system became the exclusive purchasing agents in the U.S. for the Allies. During the War, he served as head of the American Relief Clearing House  which was responsible for channeling American contributions to France, and from 1914 to 1917, he was the chief representative of the American Red Cross in France. He founded the Harjes Formation, a volunteer ambulance driver group, which merged with Richard Norton's American Volunteer Motor Ambulance Corps to become known as the Norton-Harjes.When relief efforts were militarized in July 1917, Harjes stepped down, enlisted with the Americans as a Lieutenant colonel and served as chief liaison officer for the American Expeditionary Forces with the French High Command. He was wounded in action in August 1918. For his efforts during the War, France awarded him the Croix de Guerre, and the United States and other allied countries conferred decorations on the Colonel. Polo career
Reportedly, Harjes introduced polo to France. Suffering from a stiff leg as a result of a war injury, Harjes decided to stop playing polo altogether, but was killed in a polo accident in 1926, during his last game that was to conclude his polo career. At the time, he was playing with Lord Montbatten and Duke Peneranda. Among the principal polo players of his time, "the unanimous opinion was that Mr. Harje's death was due to his refusal to spend money extravagantly on his ponies.Whereas such other players as Baron Robert de Rothschild, M. Peneranda and M. Martinez de Hoz all kept eight ponies, for which they were willing to pay as high as $5,000 or $6,000 apiece, Mr. Harjes kept only five of mediocre quality." Personal life

On 20 October 1897, Harjes was married to heiress Marie Robertina Graves (1873–1905) at "My Fancy", the country home of Malcolm Webster Ford in Babylon on Long Island. Ford was married to Marie's sister, the former Janet Wilhelmina Graves. She was a daughter of Robert Graves and Cesarine (née Barbey) Graves. Together, they were the parents of two daughters:

 Hope Dorothy <mask> (1898–1923), who died in a riding accident. Cesarine Amelia Marie <mask> (1899–1949), who married banker Ralph Wormely Curtis (1908–1973), a son of Ralph Wormeley Curtis, in 1930. After the death of his first wife in Carlsbad, New Mexico from tuberculosis in 1905, he remarried several years later to Frederica Vesta (née Berwind) Gilpin (1884–1954) on 20 February 1911 at the church in the Rue de Berri.Frederica, who was divorced from Charles Gilpin III in January 1911, was a daughter of Charles Frederick Berwind (brother of Edward Julius Berwind and Julia Berwind) and Anita (née Hickman) Berwind. Two of her sisters Edith, Baroness von Kleist, and Fanny, Countess von Montgelas, married into the German aristocracy. Together, Frederica and <mask> lived at 49 rue de la Faisanderie in Paris (which won the Concours de façades de la ville de Paris in 1905 and was designed by Danish architect Hans-Georg Tersling) were the parents of:

 Charles Berwind <mask> (1904–1952), who married Elizabeth Schuster (1913–1980) in 1935. <mask> <mask> Jr. (1912–1994), who married Joan Blake (1916–1983), a granddaughter of William Phipps Blake and half-sister of Mrs. Irving Berlin, in 1934. They divorced in 1947, and he married Tauni de Lesseps (1915–2001), a granddaughter of Ferdinand de Lesseps, in 1947. John Frederick <mask> (1914–1972), a Cambridge University graduate who married, and divorced, twice. In 1920, he acquired from the Duke de Vallombrosa the Château d'Abondant, a four story château set on 200 acres of landscaped grounds outside of Paris.The Château d'Abondant was designed by architect Jean Mansart de Jouy and was among a trio of châteaus located near Dreux, in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France, including Château d'Anet and Château Saint-Georges Motel (owned by Consuelo Vanderbilt). near Paris. His son <mask> sold the Château in 1937 to Baron Jules de Koenigswarter of Paris and his wife, the former Pannonica Rothschild. Harjes died on 20 August 1926 in Deauville. After an elaborate funeral officiated by The Very Reverend Frederick W. Beekman, which was attended by J.P. Morgan, Dwight Morrow, Benjamin Strong, S. Parker Gilbert, General John J. Pershing and John Grier Hibben, he was buried at Versailles. He left his entire estate to his wife and three children, with his wife and John Ridgeley Carter as co-executors. Ten years after his death, his wife remarried to Seton Porter (in 1936), and lived at 834 Fifth Avenue in New York City.She died in Newport, Rhode Island in June 1954. References

External links

1875 births
1926 deaths
American people of Swiss descent
American emigrants to France
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
American bankers
House of Morgan
19th-century American businesspeople
French racehorse owners and breeders
American polo players
Deaths by horse-riding accident in France
Sport deaths in France

masks:
Henry Herman Harjes
John Henry Harjes
Louise Rosalie Harjes
Amelia Mae Harjes
John Henry Harjes Jr
" Harjes
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John Harjes
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<mask> (; 28 July 1951 – 10 May 2019) was a Spanish statesman, politician and chemist who served as Deputy Prime Minister of Spain from 2010 to 2011, and previously as Minister of Education from 1992 to 1993, as Minister of the Presidency from 1993 to 1996, as Minister of the Interior from 2006 to 2011 and as acting Minister of Defence between May and June 2008. He also served as Leader of the Opposition from 2011 to 2014 and as Secretary-General of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) from 2012 to 2014. He obtained a PhD in Organic Chemistry at the Complutense University of Madrid. Life and career
He was born in Solares village, municipality of Medio Cudeyo, in the province of Santander. Moved at age 3 to Madrid with his family, he studied at the Colegio del Pilar. He obtained a doctorate in chemistry at Complutense University in Madrid, where he went on to become a professor of chemistry, specialising in reaction mechanisms in organic chemistry. He represented Toledo in Congress from 1993 to 1996, Madrid from 1996 until 2004, Cantabria from 2004 to 2008 and, despite not being Andalusian, was put forward for the safe parliamentary seat of Cádiz in the 2008 election, which he won.He was also a passionate and practitioner of athletics, reaching the 100 meter run in 11 seconds. González cabinet
<mask> was appointed Secretary of State for Education in 1986 and in 1992 he was promoted to Minister of Education and Science by Prime Minister Felipe González. After the 1993 general election he was appointed Minister of the Presidency and Relations with the Cortes and Spokesperson of the Government until 1996 when his party lost the general election. He was re-elected MP for Madrid. As a Minister he had to face the accusations that involved the government of Felipe González with the GAL paramilitary group. Interior minister and deputy prime minister
For the 2004 Spanish general election, <mask> was responsible for the electoral strategy of the PSOE. Some political analysts attribute him a decisive role in the socialist victory.After the constitution of the Cortes Generales, <mask> was appointed Leader of the Socialist Group in the Congress of Deputies. On 11 April 2006 he replaced José Antonio Alonso as head of the Ministry of the Interior. It was in this ministry where he gained popularity within his party, thanks, among other measures, to the change of direction in the fight against terrorism that led to the end of the violence of ETA. However, several media and political parties accused <mask> of being involved in the Faisán case, about an extortion network of ETA, a fact that has not been verified. After the socialist victory in the general elections of 2008, <mask> was renewed in the ministerial portfolio, occupying again the position of Minister of the Interior to exercise during the IX Legislature. Between 20 May and 30 June 2008 he assumed the duties of Minister of Defense temporarily during the maternity leave of the head of the department, Carme Chacón, combining these functions with his work in front of Interior. He replaced on 21 October 2010 María Teresa Fernández de la Vega as First Deputy Prime Minister and Spokesperson of the Government, accumulating these charges to the head of the Interior portfolio.On 10 January 2011, ETA declared that their September 2010 ceasefire would be permanent and verifiable by international observers. On 20 October 2011, the Basque terrorist group, after 43 years of activity and more than 800 deaths in Spain, announced its definitive cessation of violence. As minister he also had to face the high accident rate on Spanish roads. His mandate was the most successful in history in reducing the number of fatalities and became a benchmark at European level. Premiership candidate
As it became assumed that President Zapatero was not going to seek reelection he became favorite to succeed him with Carme Chacón as his only rival in the primaries. Nevertheless, in May 2011, Chacón announced that she was withdrawing from the race and in June the Party announced that no other candidate had filed and <mask> became the PSOE's candidate to the premiership for the 2011 general elections. On 8 July 2011, he resigned from his duties in the government in order to focus on the general election campaign, which he lost getting the worst results in PSOE's history.He filed to succeed José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero as PSOE's General Secretary and won the vote, held on 6 February 2012. He received 487 votes against 465 for Carme Chacón. Stepping down and later life

Due to the bad results of the party in the 2014 European Parliament election, on 26 May 2014 he resigned of the office. After a leadership election, <mask> was succeeded by the newly elected Secretary General Pedro Sánchez on 13 July 2014. In September 2016 it was announced that <mask> rejoined his position as Chemistry professor at the Complutense University of Madrid and, in addition, he joined the editorial board of the Spanish newspaper El País, of which he was part until July 2018. Amid the 2019 Madrid City Council election, on 26 December 2018 he rejected the proposal of Pedro Sánchez to be the PSOE candidate for mayor of Madrid. Death
<mask> was admitted to the Puerta de Hierro Hospital, in Majadahonda, on 8 May 2019 when he had suffered a severe stroke after teaching in the university.He died two days later aged 67 and PSOE cancelled all the acts of the first day of the campaign for local elections. He had a funeral with state honors at the Congress of Deputies. References

External links
 <mask> Rubalcaba Biography
 Listo para el gran sprint. El Pais article

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1951 births
2019 deaths
Academics of the Complutense University of Madrid
Politicians from Cantabria
Complutense University of Madrid alumni
Deputy Prime Ministers of Spain
Government ministers of Spain
Leaders of political parties in Spain
Members of the 5th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 6th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 7th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 8th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 9th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Members of the 10th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
People from Trasmiera
Spanish chemists
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politicians
Interior ministers of Spain
Deaths from cerebrovascular disease
Secretaries of State of Spain

masks:
Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba
Rubalcaba
Rubalcaba
Pérez Rubalcaba
Rubalcaba
Pérez Rubalcaba
Rubalcaba
Rubalcaba
Pérez Rubalcaba
Rubalcaba
Alfredo Pérez