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<mask>, also known as <mask>, <mask>, or François Procope () was a chef from Sicily. Billing himself as a modern Procopius, he founded in 1686 what has become the oldest extant café in Paris, Café Procope. It became the first literary coffeehouse in Paris. For over 200 years the cafe-restaurant attracted notables in the world of arts, politics, and literature. Biography

Some sources say <mask> was born near Mount Etna in Sicily around the town of Aci Trezza. Other sources say he was born at or near Palermo. A certificate of baptism of 10 February 1651 has been found in the archives of the parish church of  one day after his birth that shows his first name as Francesco and his surname as <mask>, a common surname in Sicily.A third possibility is that he was born near Palermo and lived in Aci Trezza for a period of time. The name <mask> was adopted from the historian Procopius, whose Secret History, the Anekdota, long known of, had been discovered in the Vatican Library and published for the first time ever in 1623: it told the scandals of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I, the empress-consort Theodora, and his court. <mask> received the surname dei Coltelli from the French, who mistook his Sicilian family name, as it is a homophone of French couteaux "knives". Coltelli means "knives" in Italian. Hence, translating back into Italian gives <mask> dei Coltelli, the other name he is known by. "Francesco Procopio" are his forenames; Francesco was his grandfather's name. <mask> married Marguerite Crouïn on 26 February 1675 in the Church of Saint-Sulpice, Paris.The marriage record shows the witnesses as his father Onofrio <mask> and his mother Domenica Semarqua. <mask> and Marguerite had eight children during their long marriage before <mask> became a widower in 1696. Early life

<mask> played in the snow when he was a boy. The snow was mixed with fruit juices and honey to make a type of sorbet. This type of "ice cream" was eaten by both rich aristocrats and by peasants. This is where <mask> got the idea of developing gelato. <mask> is credited with being the inventor of modern gelato.<mask> worked first as a fisherman like his father Onofrio. His grandfather Francesco was also a fisherman from Aci Trezza who built gelatiere machines (ice cream makers) part-time, when he was not fishing. Francesco eventually left his invention to his grandson as an inheritance. <mask> tinkered with his grandfather's "ice cream" machine making various improvements and eventually felt that he had developed a machine that would produce gelato on a large scale and decided to promote the new product. He left Sicily and went to France by way of Italy. Café Procope

Cutò acquired the skills to become a cook, possibly in Palermo on his way to France, arriving in Paris sometime between 1670 and 1674. There he joined the guild of the  () and apprenticed under the leadership of an Armenian immigrant named Pascal who had a kiosk (, ) on rue de Tournon selling refreshments, including lemonade and coffee.Pascal's attempt at such a business in Paris was not successful and he went to London in 1675, leaving the stall to <mask>. <mask> had learned in about 1680 how to make a beverage of ice made of lemonade using salt to lower its temperature and keep cooler longer. He had a special royal license from King Louis XIV to sell a melange of refreshments including spices, iced drinks including "frozen waters", barley water, anise flower, orange flower, cinnamon flower, frangipan, and his improved version of the Italian "ice cream" of fruit-based gelatos like lemon and orange. This gave him exclusive rights to these unique sweet and cool products from his kiosk booth at the Foire Saint-Germain. Prior to <mask> arriving in France there had been other cafés (coffee houses) there, although they were called boutiques at the time. Some were referred to as lemonade stands, meaning they sold various cold drinks including lemonade. There had been a café in Marseille in 1644 before Pascal and <mask> that soon became defunct, and a Levantine had opened a coffee house in Paris in 1643, which had also failed.It seems, however, that Pascal was the first to call his establishment a "café" or coffee house where one drinks coffee. Establishments serving coffee were in fact common in Paris at this time, although almost all of them were frequented by foreigners and the lower classes. By selling coffee at the fair, Pascal made coffee-drinking acceptable to the general public. <mask> soon added coffee to his refreshments' list and the kiosk became a café. He introduced the Italian "ice cream" gelato at his café and is one of the first to sell this new European product directly to the public. Prior to then it was reserved for royalty only. <mask>'s café served it in small porcelain bowls that resembled egg cups.He is sometimes referred to as "The Father of Italian gelato". <mask> relocated his kiosk in 1686 to the rue des Fossés Saint-German. In 1689, as luck would have it, the Comédie-Française opened its doors across the street from his café, and it became a very popular cultural and political gathering place. Notable people who have frequented the café include Maximilien Robespierre, Victor Hugo, Paul Verlaine, Pierre Beaumarchais, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart,  Alain-René Lesage, Georges Danton, Jean-Paul Marat, Honoré de Balzac and Denis Diderot. Even Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Paul Jones, Oscar Wilde, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Napoleon Bonaparte and Voltaire visited Procopio's cafe not only for coffee and intellectual conversations, but for gelato. In 1702, he changed his name to François Procope. His café in the 17th century turned France into a coffee drinking society.It is considered the most famous and successful cafe in Paris. To fans of French history Procopio's business is considered "the holy grail of Parisian cafés". Later life
<mask> obtained French citizenship in 1685. He married a second time in 1696 and fathered five more children with Anne Françoise Garnier. He was married a third time at the age of 66, in 1717, to Julie Parmentier and had another son. In 1702, he changed his name to François Procope. His second son Alexandre took over the Café Procope in 1716, but <mask> continued to operate another café during the annual Foire Saint-Germain.Notes

Sources

1651 births
1727 deaths
Businesspeople in coffee
Businesspeople from Palermo
Italian emigrants to France
17th-century French people
Businesspeople from Paris
People with acquired French citizenship

masks:
Procopio Cutò
Francesco Procopio Cutò
Francesco Procopio dei Coltelli
Cutò
Cutò
Procopio
Cutò
Francesco Procopio
Cutò
Cutò
Procopio
Procopio
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Procopio
Procopio
Cutò
Cutò
Cutò
Cutò
Cutò
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<mask> (October 13, 1870April 18, 1957), was an American politician who served two terms as the 31st governor of Tennessee from 1911 to 1915. Elected as a Fusionist candidate, he was one of just three Republicans to hold the office from the end of Reconstruction to the last quarter of the 20th century. His success was due to divisions in the state Democratic Party over prohibition; he received support from some of the party. During his two terms, <mask> signed several prohibition laws, enacted a measure requiring mandatory school attendance, and signed a law requiring direct pay for women workers. <mask> served as a member of the U.S. Railroad Labor Board (RLB) during the administration of President <mask>. Harding in the early 1920s. As chairman of the RLB, he was a central figure in the 1922 Railroad Shopmen's Strike. He later worked as chief land purchasing agent for the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.Early life
<mask> was born out of wedlock to <mask> in Newport, Tennessee. His father, Lemuel <mask>, was a physician who was engaged to another woman at the time. <mask> and his mother moved to Mossy Creek (modern Jefferson City) and afterwards to Knoxville, where he was placed in the St. John's Orphanage. He was eventually legally adopted by his father, and returned to Newport. Due to the social stigma surrounding his birth, <mask> struggled as a child in Newport. He later wrote that this made him more determined to succeed. He graduated in 1890 from Carson-Newman College in Jefferson City.He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1894. <mask> served two terms in the Tennessee House of Representatives, from 1893 to 1897. During the Spanish–American War, <mask> served as captain of Company C in the 6th U.S. Volunteer Infantry, which was commanded by fellow East Tennessean, Colonel Lawrence Tyson. The unit was stationed in the Arecibo area of northern Puerto Rico for most of the war, and saw little action. From 1906 to 1910, <mask> was assistant U.S. attorney for the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee. Governor
By 1910, a serious rift had developed in Tennessee's Democratic Party over the issue of prohibition. One faction, led by Edward W. Carmack, wanted to extend the state's Four Mile Law (which banned the sale of liquor within four miles of any school) throughout the state, while the other faction, led by Governor Malcolm R. Patterson, wanted major cities to remain exempt.This rift was exacerbated when a Patterson associate killed Carmack in 1908, and Patterson pardoned the killer in 1910. When Patterson tried to control the party's primary process during the 1910 elections, numerous Democrats abandoned the party to run as independents, and thus became known as the "Independent Democrats." Tennessee's Republican Party was also suffering from internal divisions in 1910, as party bosses <mask>. Brownlow and Newell Sanders were embroiled in a power struggle. The Brownlow faction supported Alfred A. Taylor, brother of former Democratic governor Robert Love Taylor, as the party's nominee, while the Sanders faction supported <mask>. The Sanders faction and the Independent Democrats formed an alliance— later known as the "Fusionists"—and agreed to support each other's candidates. With this support, <mask> was able to win the Republican nomination, while Patterson's allies were defeated in judicial elections that August. Realizing he had little chance of winning, Patterson withdrew from the race a few weeks before the general election.Democrats quickly nominated Robert Love Taylor in hopes of salvaging party unity. The move proved unsuccessful, however, and <mask> defeated Taylor 133,074 votes to 121,694 to become governor. The 1911 legislative session was tumultuous, as Fusionists controlled the state house, while the remaining Democrats, known as "Regular Democrats," controlled the state senate. Though both chambers struggled with discord and quorum-busting, <mask> obtained passage of laws limiting child labor and requiring that the wages of women be paid directly to them, rather than to any other persons (employers previously had the option of giving women's pay to their husbands). <mask> also enacted a state pure food and drug law, and authorized counties to issue bonds to establish hospitals and to purchase school property. In the 1912 governor's race, state Republicans were divided between supporters of <mask> Taft and Theodore Roosevelt, with the latter's supporters, led by John Chiles Houk, breaking from the party and nominating <mask> for governor on a Progressive ticket. State Democrats also remained divided, with Regular Democrats nominating former governor <mask>, and Independent Democrats supporting <mask> and the Fusion ticket.On election day, <mask> won with 124,641 votes to 116,610 for McMillin, and 4,483 for Poston. During <mask>'s second term, he signed measures that required mandatory school attendance for children between the ages of eight and fourteen, and ordered county school boards to provide for the transportation of pupils. <mask> also established inspections for state banks, implemented a parole system for state convicts, and changed the state's method of execution from hanging to electrocution. Pensions were authorized for veterans and widows of the American Civil War. He also signed the so-called "Jug Bill," which banned the intrastate shipment of liquor, and the "Nuisance Bill,"  which allowed as few as ten citizens to petition for the removal of saloons and gambling houses from a locality. In the 1914 election season, Regular Democrats accepted statewide prohibition as part of the party's platform, ending the party's internal divisions. Lacking the support of the Independent Democrats, <mask> was defeated by Democratic candidate Thomas C. Rye, 137,656 votes to 116,667.Later life

After his gubernatorial tenure ended, <mask> returned to his law practice in Newport, but remained active in  Republican politics. He ran for the U.S. Senate in 1916, but was defeated by Democratic politician Kenneth D. McKellar. In 1921, President <mask>. Harding appointed <mask> to the U.S. Railroad Labor Board (RLB). As chairman of the RLB, <mask> was a central figure in the Railroad Shopmen's Strike which erupted in the summer of 1922 over wage cuts for maintenance workers approved by the RLB. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, <mask> was the chief land purchasing agent for what would become the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, which was being developed on the Tennessee and North Carolina border. In 1934, at the age of sixty-four, <mask> once again ran for one of Tennessee's U.S. Senate seats. He won the Republican nomination, but was defeated in the general lection by his 1916 opponent, Senator Kenneth McKellar.<mask> died on April 18, 1957. He is interred at Union Cemetery in Newport, Tennessee. Family and legacy

<mask> married Anna Belle Jones in 1901. They had six children: Anna, <mask>, James, Margaret, Lemuel and Newell. <mask>'s grandson, <mask><mask>, II, is a circuit court judge in Cocke County.<ref>"'Tige' <mask>, Son of Tenn. Governor, Dies," Newport Plain Talk, 3 August 2009. Retrieved: 3 December 2012.</ref>

<mask>'s autobiography, The Unwanted Boy, was published posthumously in 1963.In 1946, his book, Elections in Tennessee, was published. <mask>'s home, Elm Hill (built in 1885 by <mask>'s wife's parents), still stands in Newport, and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Ben W. <mask> Vocational School, which opened in Newport in 1976, is named in his honor. The school is now part of Cocke County High School. In the early 2000s, <mask> was the subject of a story entitled "Who's Your Daddy? ", which circulated via email. The story, though considerably embellished, was based on incidents <mask> recalled in his autobiography.Works
 "Labor, Railroads and the Public," American Bar Association Journal,'' vol. 9, no. 1 (Jan. 1923), pp. 15–18. In JSTOR. See also
 List of governors of Tennessee

Footnotes

External links

 Picture History
 <mask> W. <mask> Collection (Finding Aid), University of Tennessee Knoxville Libraries

1870 births
1957 deaths
Carson–Newman University alumni
Tennessee lawyers
Members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
Governors of Tennessee
United States Army officers
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
Baptists from Tennessee
People from Newport, Tennessee
Military personnel from Tennessee
Tennessee Republicans
Deaths from pneumonia in Tennessee
Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Republican Party state governors of the United States
Writers from Tennessee
People from Jefferson City, Tennessee
People from New Market, Tennessee
19th-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians

masks:
Ben Walter Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Warren G
Hooper
Sarah Wade
Washington Hooper
Ben
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Walter P
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
William Howard
William Poston
Benton McMillin
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
Warren G
Hooper
Hooper
Hooper
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Hooper
Hooper
Ben
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Ben W
. Hooper
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<mask> (born 1956 in Washington, DC.) is a postmodern conceptual sculptor and an internationally exhibited installation artist, whose work deals with the failed promise of the American Dream and the divide between fame and anonymity, among other themes. Her work has been exhibited in museums and expositions including the Whitney Biennial in 1991 and Documenta 9 in Kassel, Germany. She attended Sarah Lawrence College and is the daughter of the Color Field painter <mask> (1924–2010). Style and themes
Noland's work often explores what she calls "The American Nightmare," or aspects of American culture she considers toxic, such as social climbing, glamour, celebrity, violence, and death. She describes these social constructs as a "game." Noland's work has dealt with themes of restrictions, both physical and mental, often using metal in her work to evoke senses of joining or separating.Noland's central theme in her work retains fear, both personal and cultural. Crashed Car was brought upon by the fact that she was in a car wreck at a very young age. In Plane Crash she emphasizes her fear of flying. The Family and the SLA that kidnapped Hearst is based on her fear of cults. Her newest work has been said to be less aggressive and more friendly to viewers, and more stable and grounded. Noland's work also studies the American social landscape and shows America's social identity to be in fragments. On top of that, she makes sculptures that are prompted by the theme of humiliation that in part lives in the American consciousness.It is all in relation to the institution, containment and mobility, and to the American way of life. Noland's arrangement of objects have casualness that call into question the status of the art object and its artistic position. Like other fellow artists, such as Mike Scott and Laurie Parsons, <mask> Noland's paintings resist interpretation. Appropriated by Noland, the role of the press photograph expanded in a post-war country that was understanding and exporting itself through images. She is known for reframing the photo that she appropriates through the materiality of the image itself. It is then transferred by silkscreen from source to surface. According to Noland, to reproduce the image is to insert it into a category of knowledge and understanding.One that is transformed by way of a continuous return. Exhibition history
Her work has been exhibited in museums and expositions including the Whitney Biennial in 1991 and Documenta 9 in Kassel, Germany. Solo exhibitions of Noland's work have been organized by the Paula Cooper Gallery in New York (1994), Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen in Rotterdam (1995), and Wadsworth Atheneum in Hartford, Connecticut (1996). An extensive survey of the artist's work opened in October 2018 at Museum of Modern Art, MMK in Frankfurt, Germany. Noland's major museum exhibitions include: Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen,The Netherlands (1995); Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, Hartford, Connecticut (1996); “Strange Abstraction" with Robert Gober, Philip Taaffe, and Christopher Wool, at Touko Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo (1991); Documenta 9, Kassel (1992); “MONO: Olivier Mosset, <mask> <mask>,” Migros Museum für Gegenwartskunst, Zurich (1999); “<mask> Noland: The American Dream,” De Hallen Haarlem (2010–11); and “Regarding Warhol: Sixty Artists, Fifty Years,” Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (2012). Exhibitions
The American Dream (2010–2011) was an exhibition of assemblages and silkscreens that showed Noland's practice from 1989 to 1995. This was the date of her last solo presentation in the Netherlands at Rotterdam's Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen.In her work, Not Yet Titled (Bald Manson Girls Sit-In Demonstration, 1993–1994), Noland changes both the image and the text. It is a wire photo capturing four of the young women from the Manson family kneeling on a sidewalk. Noland's work is included in the permanent collections of several major museums, including the Museum of Contemporary Art, Antwerp; the Rubell Museum; the Museum of Modern Art; the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston; the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles; the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art; The Guggenheim; Glenstone; the Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein; and the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Notable works
Objectification Process (1989) features a rolled-up flag placed on an orthopedic walker. Noland's incorporation of walkers, canes, police barricades, and fences work to convey themes of immobility, containment, confinement, and violence. Art market
Noland set the record for the highest price ever paid for an artwork by a living woman ($6.6 million), for her 1989 work Oozewald sold at Sotheby's. In the fall of 2012 the same auction house, Sotheby's, removed her aluminum print Cowboys Milking (1990) from a contemporary sale after the artist "disavowed" the work.Both Noland and the auction house were later sued by the piece's owner, gallerist Marc Jancou, for twenty six million dollars (with twenty million having been sought from Noland and six from Sotheby's). In November 2012 a judge dismissed Jancou's lawsuit. Noland's 1989 red silkscreen on aluminum of Lee Harvey Oswald, titled Bluewald, sold for $9.8 million at Christie's in May 2015, setting a new auction record for the artist. In June 2015, the Ohio collector Scott Mueller filed a lawsuit at the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York seeking to reverse his 2014 purchase of Noland's sculpture Log Cabin (1990) for $1.4 million; he claimed that Nolan had "disavowed" the work by not approving the extensive restoration of the piece. The artist disavowed her sculpture, following its sale to Mueller, because she believed the work had been restored "beyond recognition." This restoration occurred following a long-term loan to Suermondt-Ludwig-Museum in Aachen, Germany, where the condition of the logs had deteriorated from 10 years of outdoor exposure. A conservator was consulted and hired to complete the restoration in Germany, where all of the decayed wood was replaced with logs obtained from the same Montana source as the original sculpture.The artist, who believes she should have been consulted about this, felt the extensively restored piece was essentially recreated, and therefore, it was now an unauthorized copy of the original, violating her copyright protections as outlined in the Visual Artists Rights Act, a 1990 addition to the US Copyright law. Since the disavowal in 2016, the artist has been involved in complicated legal battles regarding the restoration of Log Cabin and the application of the copyright laws pertaining to the materials used in her sculpture, German vs. US laws, and her rights to copyright as a living contemporary artist. The most recent lawsuit was dismissed in June 2020 by a New York district court judge, who ruled that Noland's rights had not been violated. References

External links
 Frieze Magazine Review of her Paula Cooper Exhibition
 Noland, <mask>, “Towards a Metalanguage of E V I L", Balcon No. 4, 1989

1956 births
Living people
American conceptual artists
Women conceptual artists
Postmodern artists
Sculptors from New York (state)
Sarah Lawrence College alumni
American women sculptors
American installation artists
20th-century American women artists
Artists from Washington, D.C.
21st-century American women artists

masks:
Cady Noland
Kenneth Noland
Cady
Cady
Noland
Cady
Cady


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<mask> (; born 2 January 1968) is a Russian oligarch and industrialist. He is the founder of Basic Element, one of Russia's largest industrial groups, and Volnoe Delo, Russia's largest charitable foundation. Until 2018, he was the president of En+ Group, a Russian energy company, and until 2018 headed United Company Rusal, the second-largest aluminium company in the world. Deripaska enriched himself on previously state-owned assets that were privatized in the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union. He has been characterized as a victor in the "aluminium wars" in Russia during the 1990s, which were frequently violent conflicts between businesspeople to obtain state-owned assets. In 2000, <mask> founded Rusal, the result of a partnership between Sibirsky Aluminium and Roman Abramovich's Millhouse Capital. In 2007, Rusal merged with SUAL Group and Glencore International AG to form UC Rusal, with <mask> as chairman.He was once Russia's richest man, but lost a substantial part of his fortune amid the 2007–08 financial crisis. As of November 2021, his wealth was estimated by Forbes at $4.1 billion and the 775th richest person in the world. Deripaska bought himself Cypriot citizenship in 2017. As part of a public relations campaign, he said in April 2021 that Rosstat (Federal State Statistics Service) data showing that there are 17.8 million poor people living below the country's subsistence minimum was wrong, and that the correct number was about 80 million. Education and early career

Early life
<mask> was born in Dzerzhinsk, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Soviet Russia and grew up in Ust-Labinsk, Krasnodar Krai. His parents werefrom Kuban. Deripaska grew up on the family's small farm, where from the age of 5 or 6, he learned how to live off the land from his grandparents, who primarily raised him after his widowed mother, an engineer, had to leave to find work.Deripaska credits his grandparents for teaching him the discipline of hard work along with farming. Both his grandfathers fought in the Second World War; one was killed in battle and buried in a mass grave in Austria; the other returned to Russia after the war ended. Deripaska's first job was at the Ust-Labinsk plant where his mother worked. At age 11, he became an electrician's apprentice doing maintenance on electrical motors. His talent for math allowed him to enroll at the physics faculty of Moscow State University in 1985. One year into his studies, he was conscripted into the armed forces and served in the Soviet Strategic Missile Forces in the Trans-Baikal district of Siberia from 1986 to 1989. Education
In 1993, Deripaska graduated with honors in physics from Moscow State University; however, the collapse of the Soviet Union greatly eliminated academic funding and made it impossible for him to continue his studies as a theoretical physicist.There were no stipends or grants for students either. "We had no money. It was an urgent and practical question every day. How do I earn money to buy food and keep studying?" he recalls. In 1996, he earned a master's degree from the Plekhanov University of Economics. Early career
At the age of 25, teaming up with fellow physicists, engineers and rocket scientists, Deripaska set up his first metal trading company, VTK.He adopted a systematic, scientific approach to commodity trading. "I represented companies that were buying and selling raw materials", Deripaska said. Deripaska undertook export arbitrage, buying metal at low Russian prices and selling it abroad at significantly higher international market prices. Deripaska traded primarily through the Baltic state of Estonia, as the Russian system of export licenses was in disarray. "I started my business at an unusual moment in history. The country in which I was born and raised had disappeared, although the new country was not fully formed. The first one gave me an excellent education; the second one gave me the chance of success", Deripaska recalled in an interview with Metal Bulletin.He used nearly all his arbitrage and trading profits to acquire his initial package of shares in the Sayanogorsk aluminium smelter in Southern Siberia. Between 1993 and 1994, Deripaska bought vouchers and shares in Sayanogorsk, and accumulated a 20% stake in the factory, becoming the biggest individual shareholder after the Russian State—to the annoyance of the plant's Communist-era bosses. In 1994, Deripaska became director general of the plant at the age of 26. In 1997, he founded Sibirsky (Siberian) Aluminium Group, which in 2000 merged with Roman Abramovich's Millhouse Capital to create RUSAL. In 2003, businesses led by Deripaska increased their stake in those companies under common management to 75% by acquiring half of the interest managed by Millhouse Capital. In 2004, the consolidation of RUSAL's ownership by companies related to Deripaska was completed with the acquisition of the remaining 25% equity interest in RUSAL managed by Millhouse Capital. Business growth
RUSAL went on to become the largest aluminium producer in the world, until the China Hongqiao Group surpassed it in 2015.In 2010, under <mask>'s leadership, Rusal became the first Russian company to be listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Beyond metals, which remain at the core of his diversified industrial holding, Deripaska has acquired stakes in a wide range of companies in various sectors, including energy, manufacturing, commercial vehicles, auto components, financial and insurance services, leasing businesses, construction, aviation, and agriculture. Among his assets are a Siberian power company , that is Russia's biggest private energy company; he ownes 10% of Ingosstrakh, one of Russia's largest insurance companies; GAZ Group, a producer of cars, trucks and buses, founder of agricultural business (Kuban Agro Holding). He established a transport company to run airports in the Krasnodar region, including Sochi and Krasnodar. All these assets form part of the diversified investment and industrial group Basic Element. Basic Element built several Olympic facilities for 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, including the Coastal Olympic Village, Imeretisnkiy sea port, Doubler of Kurortny Avenue in Sochi, renovation of the Sochi International Airport. The total investments account for over $1.4 billion.Later business career

Basic Element
Deripaska is the founder of Basic Element, a diversified investment group established in 1997 which has been managing investments in the following sectors: energy, metals and mining, machinery, financial services, agriculture, construction, and aviation. The major investments under Basic Element management included stakes in United Company RUSAL (the world's largest aluminium and alumina producer), GAZ Group (an automotive company), Aviakor aircraft manufacturer, EuroSibEnergo (ЕвроСибЭнерго (an energy supply company) Glavmosstroy (Главмосстрой) (a construction company) Kuban Agroholding (an agricultural company) and Basel Aero (an aviation business comprising the three largest airports in the Krasnodar territory, and a joint venture with Changi Airports International). Basic Element has been managing Oleg Deripaska's investments into companies in Russia, the CIS countries, Africa, Australia, Asia, Europe and Latin America, which employ as many as 250,000 people. Strikeforce Mining and Resources (SMR) is also controlled by Basic Element. En+ Group

The group was formed in 2006, with <mask> <mask> as president and controlling shareholder. The En+ Group is a diversified mining, metals and energy group. It owns a majority stake in UC Rusal (48.13%) and in EuroSibEnergo.En+ also holds interests in SMR, one of the world's largest ferromolybdenum producers. In 2017, it reported adjusted core earnings of $2.3 billion on revenues totaling $9.8 billion. In November 2017 En+ was listed on the London Stock Exchange. Metals and mining

RUSAL

United Company RUSAL is the world's second largest aluminium company. It was the largest until it was overtaken by China Hongqiao Group in 2015. In 2019, Rusal was overtaken by China's Chalco as the second biggest listed producer of aluminium. As of 2018, UC RUSAL accounts for 5.8% of the world's primary aluminium output and 6.2% of the world's alumina production.The company employs over 62,000 in twenty countries on five continents. In order to ensure a stable supply of alumina to its smelters, several mergers and acquisitions were accomplished by RUSAL under Deripaska. At the beginning of the 2000s, RUSAL acquired bauxite mines in Guinea, a country with the world's largest bauxite reserves. Subsequently, RUSAL acquired a stake in an alumina refinery in Australia. At Deripaska's behest, in 2007, RUSAL, SUAL Group, one of the world's top 10 aluminum producers; and Glencore International AG, the Swiss natural resources group, merged their assets to form United Company RUSAL, the world's largest aluminum and alumina producer. After the merger with Glencore, bauxite and alumina assets in Jamaica, Italy and Ireland were added to RUSAL's portfolio. These transactions converted RUSAL from a company with few supplies of the raw material bauxite into a vertically integrated corporation.In parallel, Deripaska invested significantly in the operational improvement of smelters inside Russia. He said, "We consolidated the industry, and located bauxites that do not exist in Russia. We established the company that became the leader of industry in less than twelve years. But to become the number one aluminium producer in the world, we had to improve our operations practice. To apply the best practices in the world, we looked at Toyota, which had utilized a precise, deep and well thought-through process for almost thirty years of operations." <mask> himself has been an active supporter of Japanese production efficiencies made popular by the "Toyota Way." RUSAL smelters have adopted the concept of kaizen, which means continuous improvement and involves training workers in standardized production techniques."It's important to change both the company's mind set and reporting lines", Deripaska said. "Instead of top-down management, you should understand everything is in the hands of your operator and empower that operator to drive efficiencies and improvements directly on the factory floor." Under Deripaska's leadership, RUSAL constructed and commissioned Khakas aluminium smelter outside of Sayanogorsk in Russian Siberia. The Khakas facility was the first aluminium smelter built in post-Soviet Russia (since 1985). The smelter, with an annual capacity of 300,000 tonnes, is currently one of the most technologically advanced in the world. The company also undertook large-scale modernization projects at a number of its facilities, including the Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk aluminium smelters. In the middle of the financial crisis, Deripaska returned in 2009 to RUSAL as CEO to lead the company through the debt restructuring process."I worked 16-hour days. We were in default, although none of the parties involved wanted to call it default." As part of contingency measures, Deripaska cut costs at RUSAL by 25% in 2009. By December 2009, Deripaska reached a final agreement with over 70 Russian and international lenders to refinance US$17 billion of debt. In 2017, Rusal issued two Eurobonds to finance its debts. The first one, worth $600 million, was issued in February, followed by the second one in April, worth $500 million. Also in February, plans were announced to sell 10 billion yuan worth of seven-year onshore bonds to finance purchases in China.This made Rusal the first foreign company to offer panda bonds on the Shanghai Stock Exchange. The company also agreed on a pre-export finance mechanism with international lenders worth $1.7 billion for debt refinancing. In 2013, <mask> was awarded the "Aluminium Industry Ambassador Award" in the Metal Bulletin Awards for Excellence for his "great influence within the global aluminium industry and the wider market". Deripaska stepped down from RUSAL in May 2018 the day after seven board members and the chief executive resigned. The move was part of a deal with the US Treasury to get U.S. sanctions removed from the company. As part of that deal, in February 2019 it was announced that Deripaska had reduced his ownership stake in EN+ to below 50% in order to obtain sanctions relief. Cherney lawsuit
Michael Cherney brought legal action against Deripaska in the Commercial Court of the High Court in London.Cherney sought a declaration that he was the beneficial owner of 20% of RUSAL stock which, he claimed, Deripaska held in trust for him. The claim was denied. On 3 May 2007, Justice Langley ruled that Deripaska had not been properly served, and that the court had no jurisdiction to try the claim as Deripaska did not live in England or Wales. On 3 July 2008, Justice Christopher Clarke ruled that the case should be tried in England, although "the natural forum for this litigation is Russia", because, he held, "risks inherent in a trial in Russia...are sufficient to make England the forum in which the case can most suitably be tried in the interest of both parties and the ends of justice". On 22 July 2008, he granted Deripaska the right to appeal. The Court of Appeal of England and Wales rejected the appeal on 31 July 2009. At a June 2011 case management conference, the judge deferred a decision on whether Cherney would be allowed to give evidence by video link from Israel rather than appear in person.An outstanding arrest warrant issued by Interpol meant that the British would detain him if he travelled to the UK. In late July 2011, the High Court ruled to allow Cherney to give evidence at the trial by video link from Israel, and also set trial for April 2012. Deripaska denied that Cherney was owed any stake in RUSAL, and asserted payments made to Cherney had been for unavoidable "protection" at a time when violence was sweeping the region and posed an existential threat to any profitable business in the country. In an interview with The Telegraph, <mask> said he was one of the few who worked to clean up Russian industry and provided support to law enforcement agencies. However, in this early chaotic period paying protection money to criminal gangs was inescapable, as revealed in court testimony. In September 2012, Cherney terminated his UK lawsuit against Deripaska. Energy

EuroSibEnergo
EuroSibEnergo controls and manages 18 power plants with a combined installed energy capacity of 19.5 GW, including 15 GW provided by hydrogeneration.The company produces approximately 9% of all electricity in Russia and is also the leader in the Siberian energy market, with a market share totaling 41%. Some of EuroSibEnergo's key clients include the largest aluminum plants in Russia. The company owns large fuel resources, which satisfy over 85% of the coal needs of its thermal power and boiler plants. Its coal reserves amount to 1.26 billion tons, with annual coal production exceeding 12 million tons. En+ Group, of which EuroSibEnergo is a subsidiary, is investing in a joint venture with China's largest hydroelectric power generation company China Yangtze Power Co to build new power plants in Siberia, primarily hydroelectric ones, with a total capacity of up to 10 GWt. Machinery

Russian Machines
Russian Machines corporation was established in 2005 and unites Oleg Deripaska's machine building assets. It comprises industrial and engineering assets in the following industries: automotive OEM (GAZ Group), automotive components (RM-Systems), rail industry (RM Rail), aircraft OEM (Aviacor), road construction (RM-Terex) and agricultural machinery (AGCO-RM).Russian Machines Corporation manages 24 facilities located across 12 regions in Russia. GAZ Group
In 2000, Deripaska started acquiring machine building assets. His first acquisition was Nizhny Novgorod-based Gorkovsky Automobile Plant (GAZ), which was previously a government-run company. In 2005, GAZ Group was established by combining the businessman's machine building assets. The Russian automotive conglomerate, GAZ Group, comprises 18 manufacturing facilities in eight regions of Russia, as well as sales and service organizations. GAZ Group produces light and medium commercial vehicles, heavy trucks, buses, cars, road construction equipment, power units, and automotive components. In March 2019, GAZ Group asked the Russian government for $468 million in support claiming that US sanctions placed on Deripaska could cut production by almost 40% in the second half of that year.Airports
Basel Aero, a joint venture between Changi Airports International, Basic Element and Sberbank of Russia, is a company-operator the Sochi, Krasnodar and Anapa airports. These airports handle more than 7% of the total passenger flow in Russia. Sochi International Airport was the main gateway to Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics and successfully serviced the guests and participants of the Games. In October 2014, Sochi was granted open skies status, meaning that any foreign carrier may pick up and drop off passengers and cargo with no restrictions on aircraft type, frequency, and regardless of interstate agreements. Financial services
Deripaska personally holds 10% of Ingosstrakh's ordinary shares. The company is a leading insurer of complex risks such as insurance for ship owners, ship hull insurance, insurance against aviation and space-related risks, and insurance of transportation companies. Ingosstrakh has 83 branches in Russia and the company's offices operate in 220 Russian towns and cities.Agribusiness
In 2011, <mask> <mask> established Kuban Agroholding, a 75,000-hectare agribusiness in the Krasnodar region. The company integrates two dairy farms, а 16,000 pig capacity breeding complex, three elevators with non-recurrent grain storage capacity of more than 270,000 tonnes, three-seed plants, a sugar factory and the Sunrise horse breeding farm, specializing in the breeding of English thoroughbred horses. It is one of the top-20 largest agribusinesses and top-5 most efficient land users in Russia. Kuban Agroholding is one of the few agrocompanies in Russia involved in embryo transfer technology that allows for the reproduction of high-yielding milk cows out of less productive recipients. The company has gained significant media attention about its corn-seeding program, deploying several dozen corn brands selected by its genetic specialists. Other roles
In 2004, <mask> was appointed by the President of Russia to represent the country in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Business Advisory Council (ABAC). He has been Chairman of ABAC Russia since 2007.Deripaska is the vice president of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, chairman of the executive board of the Russian national committee of the International Chamber of Commerce and a member of the Competitiveness and Entrepreneurship Council, an agency of the Russian government. He has been a permanent participant at World Economic Forum sessions since 2007, when RUSAL became a WEF

masks:
Oleg Vladimirovich Deripaska
Deripaska
Deripaska
Deripaska
Deripaska
Oleg
Deripaska
Deripaska
Deripaska
Deripaska
Oleg
Deripaska
Deripaska


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 strategic partner. In May 2007, Magna International chairman Frank Stronach announced that Deripaska was becoming a strategic partner in Magna. <mask> is also a member of the International Council at Harvard University's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. During the West African Ebola virus epidemic Deripaska personally initiated construction of the Centre for Epidemic and Microbiological Research and Treatment in the Guinean Kindia province. The centre was designed and constructed by RUSAL specialists with the assistance of Rospotrebnadzor scientists (RUSAL has invested $10 million). He sits on the board of trustees of the School of Business Administration, the School of Public Administration, and the School of Economics at Moscow State University as well as the School of Business Administration at St. Petersburg State University.Deripaska is a co-founder of the National Science Support Foundation and the National Medicine Fund. In 1999, he was awarded the Order of Friendship, a state award of the Russian Federation. He was named businessman of the year in 1999, 2006, and 2007 by Vedomosti, a Russian business daily. Deripaska also sits on the board of trustees of the Bolshoi Theatre, and has financed ballet performances like Flames of Paris, La Sylphide, and Paquita as well as operas like The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevroniya, Carmen, and Wozzeck. Other activities

Volnoe Delo
In 1998, <mask> established Volnoe Delo, Russia's largest private charitable foundation. The fund supports over 400 initiatives across Russia aimed at developing education and science, preserving spiritual and cultural heritage, and improving standards in public health. Since 1998, <mask> <mask> has invested more than RUB10.6 billion in more than 500 charity programs in 50 regions of Russia.Volnoe Delo has supported research activities in the 2,550-year-old city of Phanagoria since 2004. More than $10 million has been allocated to Phanagoria fieldwork over the past 14 years. Today, Phanagoria is one of the best-equipped archeological expeditions in Russia and has its own scientific and cultural center, cutting-edge equipment and technology for above-ground and underwater excavation as well as a large team of specialists involved in the excavation process. In 2014, Volnoe Delo foundation launched a programme on students' early career guidance and professional training—JuniorSkills. The first, pilot, championship on professional skills, JuniorSkills Hi-Tech, was held in the Urals city of Yekaterinburg in 2014, part of the nationwide championship on cross-industry blue-collar professions in high-tech WorldSkills. In 2020 during the pandemic of COVID-19 Volnoe Delo foundation has already bought new ambulances and sent them to twelve Russian towns in Siberia and the Urals. Other
In February 2014, Deripaska financed the construction of makeshift kennels to house stray dogs that had been abandoned by construction workers after completing work on the Sochi Olympic Village.In 2020 during the pandemic Deripaska donated money to construct hospitals in Siberia. <mask>a claimed that Morgan Stanley abused its duties and engaged in unlawful insider trading that resulted in significant financial damage to Veleron, estimated at $15 million to $25 million. A New York jury determined in November 2015 that Morgan Stanley had "acquired inside information and traded on it despite a duty to keep it confidential and not trade on it", finding as well that Morgan Stanley did not have the intent to defraud Veleron. Veleron strongly disagreed with and said it would file an appeal. In July 2006, whilst <mask> was involved in a bid to buy the Daimler Chrysler Group, it was reported that the United States canceled his entry visa; the unnamed official declined to give a reason for the revoking of the visa. The Wall Street Journal reported that it could have been because Deripaska has been accused of having links to organized crime in Russia and cited as their sources two unnamed U.S. law enforcement officials. The New York Times reported on 27 August 2018 that the visa had been revoked on concerns Deripaska might attempt to launder money through real estate transactions.Deripaska had received a multiple-entry visa in 2005; a U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation spokesman refused to comment. Lobbying on his behalf had been done by former Senate Republican leader and 1996 presidential candidate Bob Dole and his law firm, Alston & Bird, Senate records show. Alston & Bird was paid about US$260,000 in 2005 for work on "Department of State visa policies and procedures" tied to Deripaska. In 2009, Deripaska was again allowed entry and visited the United States twice. The Wall Street Journal reported that according to two unnamed FBI administration officials, Deripaska met with agents regarding a continuing criminal probe, the details of which were not known or reported. During Deripaska's visits, he met with leading management figures from investment banks Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley. The aluminum company that Deripaska headed, United Company RUSAL, was in preparations for an initial public offering.The easing of Deripaska's visa issues, which were an issue for possible investors, helped to reassure bankers. The State Department has never said why it revoked his visa and refused to comment on his 2009 visits. The visits were arranged outside of the usual process as the U.S. continues to have concerns about Deripaska's business associations. Deripaska has repeatedly denied a connection to any organized crime and said business rivals have caused the visa to be revoked by smearing him. When interviewed by the BBC in July 2009, Deripaska said that the authorities in the United States had been attempting to blackmail him by revoking his visa and thus affecting possible investors in a negative way and thereby hoping to push Deripaska into cooperating with them. NBC News reported in October 2021 that Russia had recently given Deripaska diplomatic status, allowing him to enter the U.S. with immunity. Spanish investigation
Deripaska and Iskander Makhmudov (head of UGMK) were asked by Spanish police to answer questions in relation to a money-laundering enquiry.While Deripaska had been interrogated previously as a witness in Spain and England and by the FBI about money laundering, he was never charged with any crimes. On 25 January 2010, the Financial Times published a story titled "Rusal: A lingering heat" exploring Deripaska's business relations with Sergei Popov and Anton Malevsky, alleged heads of Russian organized crime groups. Deripaska has accused Michael Chernoy of using Malevsky and the Izmailovskaya syndicate to extort US$250 million from him as part of a protection racket. However, <mask> has himself been accused of having similar links to Malevsky, who, with his brother Andrei, owned a 10% stake in Deripaska's company. Deripaska denies the claims. In November 2011, Spain's High Court sent the criminal cases against Deripaska to the Russian General Prosecutor's office because the root of the cases is Russian. Terra Services Ltd
Deripaska-linked U.K. company Terra Services Ltd was raided in December 2018.Political relationships

Vladimir Putin
Deripaska is known for his close ties with Russian president Vladimir Putin. Their relationship became visibly strained amidst Deripaska's financial struggles in 2009. In an incident broadcast on Russian television, Putin visited a stalled cement factory owned by Deripaska and berated its management. He forced Deripaska to sign a contract promising to pay nearly $1 million in unpaid wages. Their relationship recovered, however, and Deripaska has been described as "Putin's favorite industrialist". Leaked U.S. diplomatic cables from 2006 described Deripaska as "among the 2–3 oligarchs Putin turns to on a regular basis" and "a more-or-less permanent fixture on Putin's trips abroad". In an interview with The Globe and Mail,  Kinross Gold CEO Tye Burt, who knows Deripaska, said "I believe Russia recognizes Oleg's major role in building a renewed economic base in a broad range of domestic businesses and rejuvenating ailing companies and infrastructure."Nathaniel Rothschild and Peter Mandelson
Deripaska is a friend of Nathaniel Rothschild, a major investor in both Glencore and United Company RUSAL. Together Deripaska and Rothschild hosted George Osborne and Peter Mandelson on Deripaska's yacht in Corfu in the summer of 2008. Osborne was then Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom and a friend of Rothschild from school and university. Peter Mandelson has reportedly maintained private contacts over several years with <mask> Deripaska

News of the contacts sparked criticism because, as European Union Trade Commissioner, Mandelson had been responsible for decision to cut aluminium tariffs from 6 to 3%, a decision that had benefited Deripaska's Company RusAl. Mandelson insisted that he had never discussed aluminium tariffs with Deripaska. On 26 October 2008 the Shadow Foreign Secretary William Hague claimed the "whole country" wanted "transparency" about Mandelson's previous meetings with Deripaska. In response, Prime Minister Gordon Brown said Mandelson's dealings with Deripaska had been "found to be above board".Mandelson said that meeting business figures from "across the range" in emerging economies was part of his brief as EU Trade Commissioner. On 29 October 2008, while Mandelson was on a ministerial visit to Moscow, it was alleged in the British press that Valery Pechenkin, the head of security at Deripaska's company Basic Element, organised a swift entry visa for Mandelson when he came to Moscow to visit Deripaska in 2005. Paul Manafort
On 22 March 2017, the Associated Press published a report alleging that Paul Manafort, Donald Trump's former presidential campaign manager, negotiated a $10 million annual contract with Deripaska to promote Russian interests in politics, business, and media coverage in Europe and the United States, starting in 2005. Both Deripaska and Manafort confirmed working together in the past, but rejected the contents of the AP story. Manafort argued that his work had been inaccurately presented, and that there was nothing “inappropriate or nefarious" about it. Responding to the allegations, on 28 March 2017, Deripaska published open letters in the print editions of The Washington Post and The Wall Street Journal in which he denied having signed a $10 million contract with Manafort in order to benefit the Putin government. He also stated willingness to testify before the United States Congress about these allegations, and argued that the accusations were part of "the negative context of current US-Russian relations."Congressional sources cited by The New York Times said lawmakers declined Deripaska's request after he had asked for immunity. Unnamed officials argued that "immunity agreements create complications for federal criminal investigators". On 15 May 2017, Deripaska filed a defamation and libel lawsuit against the Associated Press in U.S. District Court in D.C., arguing that the report falsely claimed that Deripaska had signed a contract with Manafort to advance the goals of the Russian government. The lawsuit was dismissed in October 2017 on the grounds that Deripaska had not disputed "any material facts" in the story by the Associated Press. During the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, it is alleged that Manafort, via Kyiv-based operative Konstantin Kilimnik, offered to provide briefings on political developments to Deripaska  Behaviors such as these were seen as an attempt by Manafort to please an oligarch tied to Putin's government. Navalny video
In February 2018, Alexei Navalny published a video about a meeting between Deripaska and Deputy Prime Minister of Russia Sergei Eduardovich Prikhodko on a yacht traveling near Norway. According to Navalny, Deripaska probably served as a middle man between the Russian government represented by Prikhodko and Paul Manafort during Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.Prikhodko denied the allegations, accusing Navalny of "mixing the facts" about his "friend" Deripaska, Donald Trump and Paul Manafort, while also voicing his wish to have talk with Navalny as a "man with a man". A day after the video was published the Roskomnadzor added the video to the Federal List of Extremist Materials, thus making accessing the video illegal for all Russian citizens. It also ordered YouTube to remove seven videos and Instagram to take down 14 points that were cited in the investigation; neither YouTube nor Instagram had responded as of 12 February 2018. According to a Roskomnadzor representative who spoke to Vedomosti, a "court injunction of this sort against content hosted on Instagram and YouTube is unprecedented for Russia". The New York Times noted that this may presage a "more aggressive approach by the Russian government" to control online activities. Fearing her own death while incarcerated in Bangkok, Anastasia Vashukevich, a Belarusian escort who claimed to have an intimate history with Deripaska, claimed to have over 16 hours of audio recordings she said could shed light on possible Russian interference in American elections. She offered the recordings to American authorities in exchange for asylum, but was deported and arrested in a Russian airport.Vashukevich said the recordings from August 2016 include Deripaska discussing the United States presidential election with three English-speakers who Vashukevich believed were American. "Deripaska had a plan about elections", Vashukevich said. In court, Vashukevich apologized to Deripaska, and said Russian agents visited her in jail to urge her to cease public statements about him. The New York Times argued that her claims might be easily dismissed were it not for the Navalny video. Deripaska denies an intimate history with Vashukevich. U.S. sanctions

In April 2018, the United States imposed sanctions on <mask> Deripska and 23 other Russian tycoons and officials. The statement of the United States Department of the Treasury said that Deripaska "ha[d] been accused of threatening the lives of business rivals, illegally wiretapping a government official, and taking part in extortion and racketeering".In October 2018, the U.S. Treasury announced it had extended until 12 December a deadline for the full imposition of sanctions against Rusal and its parent company En+ Group, pending the review of the proposals presented by En+ Group to the U.S. government that would see Deripaska reduce his stake in En+ to below 45 per cent from around 70 per cent. In January 2019, the U.S. Treasury lifted the sanctions on companies formerly controlled by Deripaska. Sanctions on Deripaska himself remained in effect. In April 2019, the U.S. Treasury Department nonetheless allowed Deripaska to transfer 10.5 million shares of his holding company En+ Group to a trust fund for his children as part of a divorce settlement with his ex-wife Polina Yumasheva, which had been finalized before the sanctions were put in place. The deal to have U.S. sanctions removed from En+ Group was brokered by Greg Barker, a UK legislator, who in February 2019 went on to be appointed chairman of En+ Group. In March 2019, Deripaska sued the United States, alleging that it had overstepped its legal bounds in imposing sanctions on him and made him the "latest victim" in the U.S. probe into Moscow's alleged election interference. U.S. District Court Judge Amit Mehta dismissed the suit in June 2021, ruling it lacked merit.Personal life

<mask> was married to Polina Yumasheva, the daughter of Boris Yeltsin's top adviser Valentin Yumashev and stepdaughter of Yeltsin's daughter Tatyana. While Yeltsin was president, Deripaska's close ties put him in Yeltsin's inner circle, dubbed "The Family". In 2017 <mask> and Yumasheva had divorced. The Deripaskas have two children: a son, Pyotr (born 2001), and daughter, Maria (born 2003). Deripaska practices yoga, swimming, horseback riding, and hiking. At his home near Moscow, he has seven horses and six dogs. In March 2018, it was reported that Deripaska had successfully purchased Cypriot citizenship in 2017 under Cyprus' "golden visa" that generates billions of revenue for the island nation.According to documents seen by The Guardian, <mask>'s first attempt to become a citizen of a country in the EU was unsuccessful because of a preliminary inquiry into his activities in Belgium. The inquiry was dismissed in 2016. Net worth
In 2008, Forbes estimated his wealth at US$28 billion, making him the then ninth richest man in the world. In 2009, <mask>'s ranking fell to a ranking of No. 164, with Forbes stating: "[H]e may not withstand collapsing markets and heavy debts". In 2010, however, his estimated $10.7 billion fortune allowed him to rise to No. 57 of the World's Billionaires list.According to Forbes magazine, he removed the heads of his two largest companies and personally negotiated with the Russian government, banks, and other creditors to restructure his loan obligations. <mask> himself in 2007 was reported to have consistently said that the estimate of his wealth was exaggerated, that it did not completely account for the amount of debt he incurred, and that he should be ranked far below the top ten on the list of the Russian billionaires. Deripaska's Cypriot registered company Edenfield Investments acquired the Grade II listed Hamstone House in the St George's Hill district of Weybridge, Surrey, in 2001. <mask> has owned the Haft mansion near Embassy Row in Washington, D.C., through a company incorporated in Delaware since 2006. Forbes estimated his fortune at $3.3 billion in 2015, $5.2 billion in 2017, and $3.3 billion in 2019. See also

List of Russian billionaires
Mueller report
Russian oligarchs
Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections (July 2016–election day)
Timeline of post-election transition following Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (January–June 2017)
Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (July–December 2017)
Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (January–June 2018)
Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (July–December 2018)
Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (2019)
Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (2020–2021)

References

External links

1968 births
Living people
People from Dzerzhinsk, Russia
Businesspeople in metals
Oligarchs
Russian billionaires
Russian businesspeople
Moscow State University alumni
Basic Element (company)
Kuban Cossacks
Russians associated with interference in the 2016 United States elections
Cypriot billionaires
Cypriot businesspeople
Russian emigrants to Cyprus
Naturalized citizens of Cyprus
GAZ Group
People named in the Paradise Papers
Russian individuals subject to the U.S. Department of the Treasury

masks: Deripaska Deripaska Oleg Deripaska Deripaskask Deripaska Deripaska Oleg Oleg Deripaska Deripaska Deripaska Deripaska Deripaska Deripaska


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<mask>Ray" <mask> (born November 7, 1946) is an American composer, arranger, trumpet player, and jazz educator. He has performed as trumpet player and arranged music for Stan Kenton (early 1970s), Bill Watrous, Bill Berry, Frank Capp – Nat Pierce (Juggernaut Big Band), and the Full Faith and Credit Big Band. Career
<mask> joined Kenton in September 1971, succeeding Gary Lee Pack [b. 1950; Director of Jazz Studies (retired), University of Southern Maine], holding the jazz trumpet chair and serving as an improv clinician. The Kenton trumpet section included Mike Vax, Jay Saunders, and Dennis Noday. <mask> also contributed arrangements for Kenton, including "Mi Burrito" and "Neverbird." <mask> remained with the Kenton Orchestra until November 1972.Before joining the Kenton Orchestra, <mask> had served as arranger and trumpeter with the Studio Band of The United States Army Field Band at Fort Meade, Maryland (1968–71). His tenure with the Army Band and Kenton coincided closely with that of Jay Saunders — trumpet player, and jazz educator, who, while with the Kenton Orchestra, eventually played lead trumpet. <mask> also has performed with Mundell Lowe, Leroy Vinnegar, <mask>, Thad Jones, Jimmy Heath, Steve Gadd, and Billy Hart. <mask> conducted the recording session of the Roy Hargrove Quintet entitled Roy Hargrove with Strings, Moment to Moment, released May 2000 on Verve. He has appeared at the Monterey Jazz Festival frequently as conductor of his wife Susan Cahill <mask>'s Monterey Jazz Festival Chamber Orchestra in collaboration with Charlie Haden, Kenny Barron, Michael Brecker, Ralph Towner, Gary Burton, and Terence Blanchard. <mask> currently leads his own big band, the Great Big Band, which has performed at the Monterey Jazz Festival, the San Jose Jazz Festival, the Santa Cruz Jazz Festival, the  Lake Tahoe Music Festival, and jazz venues in the San Francisco Bay area. Ray is currently on the faculty of Cabrillo College in Aptos, California, teaching jazz improvisation, arranging, and jazz ensembles.Formal education
 1964 — graduated Freeport High School (New York)
 1968 — Bachelor of Music, Ithaca College School of Music (attended 1964-68)
 19?? — Master of Science, C.W. Post Campus of Long Island University
 19?? — arranging lessons from Willie Maiden
 19?? — arranging lessons from Manny Albam
 19?? — arranging lessons from Rayburn Wright (1922–1990)
 19?? — arranging lessons from Hank Levy
 19??— arranging lessons from Glenn Earl <mask> (Ray's father)
 19??-?? — four summers, Lake Shore Music Camp, headed by Ray's father, Glenn Earl <mask>

Early career
 1968-71 — arranger and trumpet player for the Studio Band of The United States Army Field Band, Fort Meade, Maryland
 Sept. 1971 – Nov. 1972 — trumpet player (jazz chair) and improv clinician with the Stan Kenton Orchestra
 1973 — became a member of ASCAP
 1973-74 — trumpet player for Bill Watrous Band in New York
 1973-75 — led own rehearsal band in New York City
 Mar. 1975 — Grant: Jazz, Category I, National Endowment for the Arts (to write a composition for the rehearsal band)
 1974-75 — teacher of improv. in nine New Jersey schools through a grant from the New Jersey State Council on the Arts
 1974-75 — faculty member (teaching arranging, improv, brass), Five Towns College, Merrick, NY
 1974-79 — played trumpet with the New York Orchestra, Thad Jones, Joe Newman, <mask> (bassist), Leroy Vinnegar, Mundell Lowe, Bill Berry (William Richard Berry) Big Band
 1980 — Nat Pierce & Frankie Capp Big Band

Musical family
Ray's wife, <mask>  (b. 1949, New York), is a violinist and teacher of strings – violin, viola, chamber music, and orchestra. She holds a Bachelor of Music from Ithaca College (1971) and a Master of Fine Arts from Sarah Lawrence College (1974), where she studied with Dorothy DeLay. She also did post-grad work at the University of Colorado (1975).Ray and Sue were married on August 26, 1973, and together, they have three daughters, one of whom, Karin, is a violinist and is married to cellist Daniel Levitov. Karin earned degrees in music from Oberlin Conservatory of Music (1998) and Juilliard. Daniel is a member of the preparatory faculty at the Peabody Institute. Ray, born 1946 in Oceanside, New York, grew up in Freeport, New York. He has three older brothers, Glenn Edward <mask> (1937–2007), Stephen Charles <mask>, Roger V. <mask> and a younger sister, Jeanne De Martino. Glenn taught music for 28 years. Steve is a jazz guitarist, bassist, drummer, composer, and arranger.For 45 years, Steve was professor of music and director of jazz studies at the Ithaca College School of Music (retired 2008). One of Steve's many life achievements is that he formalized jazz studies in 1968 at Ithaca College School of Music, a long-standing, well-known music institution within a well-known liberal arts college that was founded in 1892 solely as a conservatory of music. Roger, a civil engineer, played bass. He did two tours with Astrud Gilberto. Jeanne, a pre-school teacher, played flute. Glenn, Steve, and Ray all earned music degrees from Ithaca College – Steve: Bachelor of Music (1964) and a Master of Music (1968); Ray: Bachelor of Music (1968). Ray's nephew (Steve's son) –  <mask> – is a jazz bassist, performer, and music educator.Ray's father, Glenn Earl <mask> (1914–1965; 1936 graduate of Ithaca College School of Music), was the District Music Supervisor of Public Schools for Long Beach, New York. He was also director of bands at Long Beach Jr. Sr. High School from 1938 to 1965. As a pioneer in jazz education at the scholastic level, he introduced stage bands to Long Beach public schools in 1939. He also ran a music camp — Lake Shore Music Score — at Lake Winnipesaukee, Center Harbor, New Hampshire. <mask> had been, for more than 14 years, a marimba soloist with the Xavier Cugat Orchestra. Ray's mother, <mask> ( Ward) (1916–2002), taught English at Boardman Junior High School in Oceanside for 28 years, where, before retiring from the Oceanside School District in 1982, she served as curriculum coordinator and English department chairwoman. She earned a Bachelor of Music degree from the Ithaca College School of Music in 1935, where she played piano, saxophone, and clarinet.She also held a Masters in English from Hofstra University. Selected compositions/arrangements
Compositions/arrangements for the Stan Kenton Orchestra
 "Call Me Mister" (Kenton Chart Nos. 565 & 1168)
 "Hit and Run" – EP305104 © 1972 V1718P086 (Kenton Chart No. 488)
 "Is There Anything Still There?" – EP304505 © 1972 V1718P086 (Kenton Chart No. 800)
 "Mi Burrito" – EP354892 © 1973 V1718P086 (Kenton Chart No. 975)
 "Neverbird" (Kenton Chart No.564)

Arrangement for the Stan Kenton Orchestra
 "Angel Eyes", Matt Dennis & Tom Adair, arr. <mask>
Other compositions/arrangements
 "Route 81 North" (arrangement)
 "Clyde's Glides"
 "Double Fault Blues"
 "AfterThoughts"
 "The Opener"
 "My Man Willie"
 "Tomas Gatos"
 "Arthur Author"
 "Two Rare T-Bones"
 "Procrastination City" – copyright no. EP354893 © 1973 V1718P086
 "Big D and Me" – copyright no. PA0000398365 © 1988
 "Blues for the two K's" – copyright no. PAu000444456 © 1982
 "Got the time?" – PA0000398368 © 1985
 "Haziness" – copyright no. PA0000250024 © 1984
 "Hop, skip, and a Jump" – copyright no.PAu000313614 © 1981

 "Little Jeannette Leigh" – copyright no. PA0000250023 © 1983
 "No Timeouts Left" – copyright no. PA0000398361 	© 1988
 "Spectrum" – copyright no. PA0000250025 © 1984
 "Three to go" – copyright no. PA0000398367 © 1985
 "Straightahead City"
 "Bossa Barbara" by <mask>, arr. <mask>
 "Embraceable You/Quasimodo" – Gershwin / Charlie Parker, arr. <mask>
 "The Telephone Song" – Music by Menescal, Portuguese words by Boscoli, English words by Gimbel, arr.<mask>
 "Bittersweet" – Willie Maiden, transcribed by <mask>
 "Our Love Is Here To Stay" – George Gershwin, arr. <mask>
 "Del Sasser" – Sam Jones, arr. <mask>
 "Kayak" – Kenny Wheeler, arr. <mask>
 "Barbara" – Horace Silver, arr. <mask>
 "I Could Write a Book" – Rodgers & Hart, arr. <mask>
 "The Thumb" – Wes Montgomery, arr. <mask>
 "The Ballad of Thelonious Monk" – Jimmy Rowles, arr.<mask>
 "Stella By Starlight" – Victor Young, arr. <mask>
 "I.C. Light" – <mask> (commissioned for the retirement of <mask>, March 2008)
 "Turn Out The Stars", by Bill Evans, arr. <mask>
 "Louie's Prima"

Selected discography

 The Session, Studio Band of the United States Army Field Band (<mask> is one of three arrangers), recorded Washington, D.C., Nov. 1972
 "Route 81 North", arr. <mask>
 "Is There Anything Still There?" arr. <mask>

As a member (jazz trumpet/flugelhorn) of the Stan Kenton Orchestra

 Stan Kenton Today (recorded live, Fairfield Halls, Croydon, Surrey, UK, February 10, 1972, 2nd show), originally released in 1972 by Creative World Inc. (2 LPs, quadraphonic), re-released by Dutton Vocalion (2 CDs), 2005
Selections from a Feb 6, 1972, live audience BBC recording (same band) (Ray is 25 years old in these recordings.), by Hank Levy (<mask> is one of the jazz soloists.) The Four Freshmen:  Live at Butler University, with Stan Kenton and his Orchestra, Creative World Inc. (2 LPs, quadraphonic), 1972; re-released by GNP Crescendo Records (CDs), 1986
 National Anthems Of The World, Creative World Inc. (2 LPs, quadraphonic), 1972
 Clearwater 72 (recorded at the Fort Harrison Hotel, Clearwater, FL, Mar 1972), Hitchcock Media (1 CD), 2002
 Rhapsody in Blue (Live, Las Vegas), 1972

Arrangement recorded by the Stan Kenton Orchestra

 Kenton For Collectors Vol. "The Night" (composer/arranger unknown)
 b. "American Dreams" (Charlie Haden)
 c. "Trends" (composer/arranger unknown) (possibly titled Travels by Pat Metheny & Lyle Mays)
 d. "Prism" (Keith Jarrett)
 e. "No Lonely Nights" (Keith Jarrett)
 f. "Ron's Place" (Brad Mehldau)
 g. "Nightfall" (Charlie Haden)
 h. "Bird Food" (Ornette Coleman)
 i. "America the Beautiful" (Samuel A. Fujitsu Concord Jazz Festival, filmed at Kan-i Hoken Hall, Japan, November 11, 1990 (film for television)
 Personnel:  <mask>, Pete Minger, Joe Newman, Snooky Young, trumpet; Arthur Baron, Grover Mitchell, Dennis Wilson, Douglas Purviance, trombone; Bill Ramsay, Curtis Peagler, alto sax; Frank Wess, tenor sax, flute; Billy Mitchell, tenor sax; Babe Clarke, baritone sax; Tee Curson, piano; Ted Dunbar, guitar; Eddie Jones, acoustic double bass; Dennis Mackrel, drums, Mel Torme, vocal, drums. Honors and awards
Ithaca College School of Music
Brown family who studied at the Ithaca College School of Music:  As part of the Ithaca College School of Music expansion (2001), a chamber jazz room was added as a gift from Steve McCluski '74 and Kim Joslyn McCluski '74 in honor of the Brown family.

masks:
Raymond Harry "
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Ray Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Ray Brown
Sue Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Miles Brown
Brown
Glenn Brown
Marie Brown
Ray Brown
Steve Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Steve Brown
Ray Brown
Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown
Ray Brown


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<mask>  (known as "El Califa" ("The Caliph"); January 5, 1839 – June 23, 1913) was a Peruvian politician and Minister of Finance who served as the 23rd and 31st President of the Republic of Peru, from 1879 to 1881 and 1895 to 1899. Early years
<mask> was born and educated in the southern Peruvian city of Arequipa. He moved to Lima to study theology at the Seminario de Santo Toribio, and later obtained his law degree from the Faculty of Law. His parents died in 1857. He married Doña <mask>, believed to be the illegitimate daughter of <mask> the son of Emperor <mask> of Mexico. Political life

Minister of Economy
From 1868 to 1871, he became Minister of Finance under President José Balta. He requested, from the Parliament, broad powers in order to negotiate with several companies and to get the best possible deal.The result of his negotiations, the so-called "Hires Dreyfus" treaty was signed with a French company, the "Dreyfus Brothers". The treaty granted the Dreyfus house of Paris the monopoly of the Peruvian guano exports. Though successful at first, he was later accused and impeached under Pardo's administration of misappropriating funds, but was honorably acquitted of dishonest practice after he managed to obtain the support of Congress. Coup attempt against Prado
On May 6, 1877, in an attempt to overthrow the government of Mariano Ignacio Prado the ironclad Huáscar was seized at Callao port by followers of <mask>. Led by the retired Navy Captain Germán Astete, it took part in the inconclusive Battle of Pacocha in which, at the helm of the monitor "Huáscar", they were forced to flee by two British ships, the "Amethyst" and the "Shah". Huáscar surrendered to the government two days later, after almost one month of sabotage actions. <mask> was taken to Callao after he surrendered, he preferred to remove himself to Valparaíso and later to Europe.War of the Pacific

Coup against Prado
<mask> was finally allowed to come back to Peru in 1879, taking advantage of the War of the Pacific (1879–1883) with Chile. In the course of these deliberations, President Mariano Ignacio Prado left his vice president, Luis La Puerta in charge of the government and decided to leave for Europe to buy more armament and secure more money for the war. Many Peruvians (and parts of the Armed Forces) took this as an excuse for his inability to govern in the middle of the war. During the course of these events, <mask> took advantage of President Prado's absence and proclaimed himself "Supreme Commander in Chief" on December 21. With part of the Army supporting his actions, he launched a successful coup d'état, with heavy fighting and casualties between both factions. <mask> assumed full power on December 23, 1879. Supreme Commander-in-Chief

Piérola, after securing the loyalty of the troops that were in the capital, launched a ruthless campaign to censor the press."El Comercio", the oldest newspaper in the capital, did not appear for 3 years. The Army was purged, and in several cases the seniority was ignored. Officers loyal to Pierola were put in charge based only in their political allegiance rather than experience. General Andrés Avelino Cáceres and Admiral Lizardo Montero Flores viewed their influence severely diminished. After several defeats that the Peruvian Army suffered in Tacna and Arica, Piérola ordered what was left of the Army to protect the capital. In this way, the Peruvian army and poorly armed citizens that volunteered to the fight were set up to defend Lima. Fooled by the enemy, Piérola expected a Chilean assault from the north of the city, and marched with a large contingent of troops to the city of Ancón.At the end, the Chilean assault was launched from the south. In this way, and with no reinforcements available, the Peruvian forces were defeated in the battles of San Juan and Miraflores, and the city of Lima fell in January 1881 to the forces of General Baquedano. The southern suburbs of Lima, including the upscale beach area of Chorrillos, were sacked and burned to the ground. After Chilean forces invaded Lima in 1881, Piérola had to abandon the capital and leave for Ayacucho, yet was unsuccessful commanding Peruvian forces from there also. To make matters worse, Chile had never recognized his government. Chile installed its own Government in Lima, and <mask> was soon forced to resign in the midst of the conflict on November 28 of that same year. What remained of his forces was gathered by Andrés Avelino Cáceres, who was able to launch a guerrilla war against the invading Chilean forces.Reconstruction

Coup against Cáceres
However, this was not the end of Piérola as he would prove himself president of Peru years later as the leader of the Democratic Party of Peru, which he had founded in 1882. In 1894, after associating his party with the Civil Party of Peru to organize guerillas with fighters to occupy Lima, he ousted Andrés Avelino Cáceres, who had taken control of the government after the death of Remigio <mask>, whose Vice President was prevented by Cáceres from taking office. Pierola was successful in overthrowing Cáceres and once again became president of Peru in 1895. The politician's second coup became very controversial for it was realized in a messianic and very violent fashion: over a thousand people were murdered in what was supposed to be Pierola's triumphal entry into Lima

Presidency

For the Peruvian Elections of 1895, <mask>'s platform included several members of the Civilista Party, and thus he was not challenged by any other candidate. He was elected President after receiving 4150 votes out of 4310 valid votes. It is generally accepted that his Presidency inaugurated the "Aristocratic Republic", a period in which the economic and political "elite" was the sole and undisputed ruling class of the country. This period was marked with the reconstruction of a devastated Peru by initiating fiscal, military, religious, and civil reforms.One of his most successful reforms was the issuing of the "Libra Peruana", gold currency of the same value as the British Sovereign, which gave Peru unprecedented monetary stability. The country started a slow but steady economic reform that effectively minimized the recession, while at the same time allowed an effective modernization of the State. He also sponsored the immigration of Japanese citizens to Peru. Thus, his second term was successfully completed in 1899 and, in the same year, Eduardo López <mask>, a prominent member of the Civilista Party, was elected president. Post-presidency
In 1900, Pierola intended to return to politics, this time running for the Mayorship of Lima. This was widely seen as a terrible political mistake, since he was defeated by an independent coalition led by Agustín Elguera. He ran again for the presidency in 1904, but withdrew before the election took place.His influence in politics faded away and he made another political mistake by supporting his brothers Carlos, Isaías and <mask> in their attempt to overthrown President Augusto B. Leguía. His political influence continued to decline during his final years. He died in Lima in 1913. In the 1990 presidential election, his great-nephew  <mask> <mask> Balta (also a great-grandson of President José Balta) was a candidate. See also
 Politics of Peru
 List of presidents of Peru

References

External links

1839 births
1913 deaths
People from Arequipa
Presidents of Peru
Peruvian Ministers of Economy and Finance
Peruvian people of the War of the Pacific
Peruvian people of Spanish descent
Democratic Party (Peru) politicians

masks: Jose Nicolás Baltasar Fernández de Piérola y Villena


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<mask> (12 December 1865 – 2 February 1947) was a British academic, politician, explorer and writer. Lineage
<mask>'s grandfather, <mask> (of Roseacre, Lancashire), was born in 1785 and died in 1868. He married Rachel Diggle in 1812, by whom he had a number of children, three of which obtained scholarships to go on to university from Kirkham Grammar School. They were <mask> (vicar of Forcett, Yorkshire), <mask> (of whom presently), and <mask> (vicar of Laneham, Nottinghamshire). <mask> (1826–1897) was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he received a M.A. degree. Like his two brothers (above), George became a clergyman and was canon of St. Paul's on the island of St. Helena in the 1850s.He followed Piers Claughton (the first Bishop of St. Helena) to Colombo, Sri Lanka, where he was Warden of St. Thomas' College and chaplain to the Bishop from 1863 to 1866. Upon his return to the UK, George became Master of Kirby Hill Grammar School (which closed in 1957 and is now owned by the Landmark Trust). He concluded his ecclesiastical career as the Rector of Rede, Suffolk (1885–96). George married Eliza, the daughter of Captain Thomas Fewson of the East India Company, in 1856, by whom he had three children: Mary (eldest), <mask>, and Gertrude. <mask> <mask> was born in 1865 in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Academic career
<mask> was educated at Durham School and went up to Wadham College, Oxford in 1885. He transferred from Wadham to Hertford College on a five-year scholarship in the same year.<mask> obtained a First in Classical Moderations (the first part of Literae Humanores, or "Greats") in 1887, and a First also in the final exams in 1889. He then studied for a second B.A. degree in Theology, for which he secured another First in the exams in 1890. <mask> was elected a Fellow of Hertford in 1891. He continued to be actively involved in the work of the college, while also lecturing for Wadham, Pembroke and Lincoln colleges, until 1906 when he was elected to Parliament. <mask> remained a non-resident Fellow until 1915, when his marriage required his resignation (many college Fellowships of that era required that holders be unmarried). He published a number of academic studies during this period.War correspondent
<mask> served as a war correspondent during the Cretan insurrection in 1897. He was registered with the Turks, but was captured by the Greeks, threatened with execution, and only released on his recognition by a Greek officer who happened to have known him at Oxford. In 1898, he joined the British expedition to Khartoum led by General Kitchener, again as a war correspondent. He witnessed the Battle of Omdurman, in which an Anglo-Egyptian army of 25,000 defeated some 50,000 Ansar (or Dervish) followers of the Khalifa to the Mahdi. The Dervish army suffered around 23,000 casualties compared to only 330 from the British-led force. He wrote an article shortly afterwards for the Contemporary Review in which he complained of British atrocities against wounded Dervishes after the battle, which provoked a hostile reaction from patriotic readers in Britain. He exchanged views on this and other matters with Winston Churchill (also present at the battle and whom he met en route), and the subsequent books of both authors on the subject of the battle acknowledged the other.In 1899 he joined the Voluntary Ambulance Corps in South Africa at the outset of the Boer War, and wrote a book about his experiences. In 1911, <mask> was accredited as a correspondent for the Manchester Guardian to cover the Italo-Turkish War in what is now Libya. He was attached to the Turkish Army, and during this time he got to know Kemal Atatürk. <mask> later worked as a press censor for the Turkish Army in Thrace during the Balkan War, and was made a Pasha in reward. Military and Red Cross service
In 1900 (through 1902), <mask> assumed command (as a Lieutenant) of a platoon of Oxford University Volunteers of the 1st Battalion of the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry in the Orange River Colony during the Boer War. Too old to serve on the front line in the First World War, <mask> was initially a British Red Cross (BRX) Commissioner in Belgium, France and Serbia (1914–15). <mask> sailed for Serbia in January 1915 with Sir Thomas Lipton in the latter's yacht, the Erin, which had been dedicated to the transport of medical personnel and supplies for the BRX, initially to France and subsequently to the Balkans.The BRX Mission was responding to a catastrophic outbreak of typhus which had started in Serbian camps holding Austrian prisoners of war and was spreading rapidly to the Serbian population. Some 150,000 people are believed to have died from typhus during this epidemic, which was so virulent that it interrupted military action in Serbia for nearly six months until it was brought under control. Of the 350 Serbian doctors in the country, more than a third also died of the disease while treating their patients. <mask> (though not medically qualified himself) was put in charge of the second BRX unit (of two units deployed). The Serbian Commander in Chief Radomir Putnik personally commended <mask> on the conditions in his unit's hospital at the Villa Zlatibor in Vrnjačka Banja, and <mask> was later awarded the Serbian Order of the White Eagle (third class) in recognition of his services. <mask> left Serbia in June 1915, by which time the epidemic had been largely subdued. A few months after this, military activity resumed, the Serbian front collapsed and the hospital was overrun by the Austrians.<mask> later joined the Staff of the 11th Infantry Brigade, British Expeditionary Force, and was then attached to the IX Army Corps H.Q. in 1917, with the rank of Captain. He also worked with the Admiralty Intelligence Division. He concluded his military service, with the British Army of the Rhine HQ, in 1919. Political career
<mask> was elected Liberal Member of Parliament for Woodstock, Oxfordshire, in 1906. He campaigned, inter alia, in favour of women's suffrage. In 1904, he tried (as prospective candidate) to recruit the support of Winston Churchill (a fellow Liberal at the time) for women's suffrage, asking him to speak to the subject in Bicester, Oxfordshire.Churchill declined the offer. <mask> lost the Woodstock seat in 1910. In 1916, <mask> left the Liberal Party and joined the Labour Party. He contested a number of seats as a Labour candidate in successive elections, until he finally secured Cardiff Central in 1929. He retained this seat in 1931 and 1935, before retiring from politics in 1945. <mask> was highly critical of the terms of the Versailles Treaty (concluding the First World War in 1919), which he considered to be inconsistent with Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points (the basis of the Armistice with Germany), too harsh and liable to sow the seeds of renewed conflict. Quite apart from the excessive financial burden that the reparations placed on Germany, <mask> believed that the Treaty put too much blame on Germany for starting the War, when in reality the whole of Europe had been dragged into unintended global conflict by a multitude of bilateral treaties and alliances triggered by a relatively local dispute between Serbia and Austria-Hungary.By virtue of his marriage into the Kleinwort dynasty (of which more presently), <mask> had acquired a significant German dimension to his family. He was anxious to avoid another war, especially one which would involve strife within his new enlarged family. Through his involvement with the Labour Party, <mask> became close to Ramsay MacDonald, Labour Party leader from 1922 to 1935. MacDonald was likewise opposed to the terms of the Versailles Treaty, and sought to mollify them in his first brief period as Prime Minister of the short lived Labour government in 1924. <mask> was also friendly with Philip Snowden, who became godfather to <mask>'s eldest son. When MacDonald formed a new government in 1929, Snowden became his Chancellor of Exchequer. In 1931, the economic situation had deteriorated significantly.The cabinet was split on how to address the situation. MacDonald supported further austerity, and unable to carry his Labour party on the issue, he was asked by the King to lead a National coalition government with the Liberals and Conservatives. The formation of the new National Government was quickly followed by a General election, with many candidates putting themselves forward as coalition ("National") candidates. The National ticket won the day, and MacDonald achieved the largest ever mandate for a government in parliamentary history. Unfortunately for him, the vast majority of former Labour members of parliament deserted him (and lost their seats), and only a handful of his former party (including <mask> and Snowden) followed him on the National Labour ticket. Under the coalition sharing of jobs, Snowden retained the position of Chancellor of Exchequer, and <mask> was rewarded (in 1932) with a junior ministerial position (Assistant Postmaster-General). When MacDonald agreed to tariff increases in 1932, Snowden (who believed in free trade) resigned.Macdonald's increasing political isolation sapped his morale, and his health began to deteriorate. In 1935 he resigned in favour of Stanley Baldwin as leader of the National government. Baldwin led the National government to victory again at the 1935 general election. <mask> retained his seat for National Labour, but with a Conservative now in command <mask> lost out in the subsequent ministerial reshuffle and returned to the back benches. He retired from the House of Commons in 1945. Despite the growing European tensions of the 1930s, <mask> remained sympathetic to German grievances originating from the Versailles Treaty. Having visited Germany during the economic chaos of the Weimar Republic, <mask> admired the way in which the new Nazi government had rebuilt the country's economy and restored its confidence—in sharp contrast to the apparent malaise afflicting the UK in the early 1930s.He was a member of the Anglo-German Fellowship, a society committed to furthering understanding between the two countries. This organisation can be seen as an instrument of Anglo-German appeasement, which effectively it was. The appeasement of Germany is now viewed by the majority of historians as having been a mistake. But to some English men and women, including <mask>, who had lived through the First World War and were keen to avoid another seemingly pointless European bloodbath, it offered (at the time) hope for peace. In 1940, as the Second World War unfolded and France fell, Archibald Ramsay (a Scottish Unionist MP) was interned under Defence Regulation 18b as a security risk and potential traitor. Ramsay was a man who professed extreme right wing opinions, was pro-German and also avowedly anti-Semitic. In 1941, it was revealed that he had compiled a book (the "Red Book") of members of his "Right Club", which as the name suggests included people who he deemed to hold the "right" views and to be "right" wing.Despite pressure to reveal the names to the House of Commons, the then Home Secretary (Herbert Morrison) refused to do so, on the grounds that it was impossible to know if all the 235 names in the book were really members. The list of names was not made public until 1989. <mask>'s name was among them. Although it is possible that his name was included by Ramsay without his permission (to encourage others), it seems more probable that <mask> was indeed a member. Without a written constitution or rule book, and without ready access to the list of members (which was secret), new recruits to the Right Club could not have been entirely sure of all the political positions with which they were being aligned, other than what Ramsay told them at the point of recruitment. In the case of <mask>, Ramsay is likely to have sold membership based on the Club's pro-German, pro-peace, and anti-Bolshevik line, which would have been broadly consistent with <mask>'s views. However, historians of the Red Book generally concede that the anti-Semitic philosophy associated with the Right Club (via Ramsay's opinions) would have been at odds with <mask>'s own expressed position.<mask> made clear on numerous occasions that he was against the persecution of the Jews by the Nazi government, stating (for example) in 1936 that he "frankly deplore[d] Germany's harsh treatment of her Jewish subjects", and again in 1939, that he "could not accept" German explanations "of Jewish arrogance, their mutual control of the legal and medical professions, and so on ... as any real justification for wholesale methods of persecution". While <mask> did side (on a balance of the arguments) in favour of the Arabs against the Zionists on the question of unlimited Jewish immigration to Palestine, this did not make him an anti-Semite. He was not in favour of a separate Jewish state in Palestine, which he feared would lead to conflict with the Arabs and the enmity of the Muslim world, but he was nevertheless willing to accept a significant and expanded (but not politically dominant) Jewish presence in Palestine. If <mask> faces criticism on this score, it is that he was willing to subordinate his genuine concern for the fate of the Jews in Europe to the greater cause, as he saw it, of avoiding another war with Germany. Natural and supernatural interests
<mask>'s intellectual curiosity extended beyond traditional academic boundaries. In the winter of 1896/7, he explored the island of Socotra with the archaeologist and explorer Theodore Bent (who was accompanied by his co-explorer wife Mabel). <mask> closely observed the wildlife on the island and collected a range of insects and spiders which he donated to the Hope Museum, Oxford.This collection was described and analysed in a published article the following year. <mask> was credited with the discovery of a number of new species and sub-species, some of which were named after him. <mask> wrote about his experiences more generally, as did Bent (though his work was published posthumously). <mask>'s other more unconventional interest was in ghosts. He was a member of the Council of the Society for Psychical Research, and spent much time investigating haunted houses. While he undoubtedly hoped for positive findings, his rigorous and systematic scientific approach left him empty handed in the end. He wrote extensively on the subject, and was regularly interviewed by the BBC.Marriage and children
<mask> married Marguerite Kleinwort, eldest daughter (of five) of Herman Greverus Kleinwort, and granddaughter of Alexander Friedrich Kleinwort, who founded the eponymous bank. The marriage took place in October 1915 and linked <mask> to Kleinwort's German cousins, as well as to the relatives of his new German mother-in-law (née Marguerite Gunther). <mask> was comparatively old (within two months of his fiftieth birthday) for a first marriage, and his wife, though fifteen years younger, was also not in her first youth. Nevertheless, the couple produced three healthy children, Francis (1916–2005), Frederic (1918–2002), and Marguerite (1922–2012). Both Francis and Frederic served in the British Army in the Second World War, reaching the rank of Captain (Royal Artillery) and Major (Royal Artillery) respectively. <mask> subsequently engaged in local politics in London, obtained a CBE in 1963, and was Deputy Chairman of the Greater London Council in 1975-6. <mask> also entered politics, and was a Conservative Member of Parliament from 1951 until his retirement in 1987.He was knighted in 1964. Sir <mask> died in February 1947 aged 81, less than two weeks before the marriage of his eldest son to the Hon. Ruth Gordon Catto, daughter of Thomas Sivewright Catto, Governor of the Bank of England. He is buried in Oxford. Works
 Christianity and Paganism in the Fourth and Fifth Centuries, Rivingtons, London, 1900
 The downfall of the dervishes: being a sketch of the final Sudan campaign of 1898, London: Methuen, 1898
 With Methuen's Column on an Ambulance Train, Swan Sonnenshein, London, 1900
 With the Turks in Tripoli; being some experiences in the Turco-Italian war of 1911, 	London: Methuen, 1912
 Problems of village life, London: Williams and Norgate, 1914
 (tr.) The German army in Belgium, the white book of May 1915, London: Swarthmore Press, 1921. Apparitions and haunted houses; a survey of evidence, London: Faber and Faber, 1939
 Apollonius; or, The present and future of psychical research, London: Kegan Paul, [n.d.].In the series Today and Tomorrow. Notes and references

External links

 Portrait of Sir <mask> in the National Portrait Gallery, London, UK

1865 births
1947 deaths
UK MPs 1906–1910
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Cardiff constituencies
Parapsychologists
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for Welsh constituencies
Welsh Labour Party MPs
National Labour (UK) politicians
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry officers
British Army personnel of World War I

masks:
Sir Ernest Nathaniel Bennett
Ernest Bennett
Thomas Bennett
Peter Bennett
George Bennett
Edward Bennett
George Bennett
Ernest
Ernest Nathaniel
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
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Bennett
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Bennett
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Bennett
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Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
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Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Bennett
Francis Bennett
Frederic Bennett
Ernest Bennett
Ernest Bennett