text_chunks:
<mask> (; ; ;  – 6 October 1953) was a prominent Soviet sculptor and painter. She was nicknamed "the queen of Soviet sculpture". Biography
<mask> was born 1889 in Riga, Russian Empire into a wealthy merchant family, and lived at 23/25 Turgeneva Street, where a memorial plaque has now been placed. <mask>'s ancestors lived in Riga after the Patriotic War of 1812. The family was well-to-do: in 1937 <mask> inherited 4 million lats from her grandfather. She spent her childhood and youth (1892-1904) in Feodosia where her father took her considering his daughter's health (<mask> was two years old when her mother died of tuberculosis). In Feodosia the future artist received her first drawing and painting lessons.She lived there until 1904 when her father died. <mask> and her older sister Maria were sheltered by uncles and aunts who lived in Kursk, where <mask> went to high school which she graduated from with honors. On Christmas day of 1912 when <mask> was staying at her uncle's place in the Smolensk province, she had an accident. While sledding down a hill, she crashed into a tree and her nose was severed by a twig. She had a surgery in hospital in Smolensk but the scars remained on her face for good. Moreover, her girlish delicate face looked very different after eight subsequent plastic surgeries carried out by French surgeons. It acquired a masculine look with rough and strong-willed features.This accident had a tremendous effect on <mask>’s life and her future career. She later moved to Moscow, where she studied at several private art schools, including those of Konstantin Yuon and Ilya Mashkov. In 1912 she traveled to Paris, where she attended the Académie de la Grande Chaumière, the Académie de La Palette under Henri Le Fauconnier and Jean Metzinger, and took lessons from Emile-Antoine Bourdelle at the same time. She subsequently continued on to Italy to explore the painting and sculpture of the Renaissance period. <mask> returned to Moscow in summer 1914 two weeks before World War I began. Having taken nursing courses, she began working in a military hospital. Here, also in 1914, she met the young military doctor Alexey Zamkov, whom she married in 1918.In 1915 and 1916, she served as assistant to Aleksandra Ekster at Alexander Tairov's Chamber Theater in Moscow. After the October Revolution in Russia the so-called "Lenin plan of monumental propaganda" was adopted. Sculptors received state orders to make city monuments. <mask> in 1918 completed the project of the monument dedicated to the educator and publicist Nikolay Ivanovich Novikov. The project was approved by Narkompros, but the model of the monument made of clay and stored in an unheated workshop got cracked, and the project remained unfulfilled. Within the framework of monumental propaganda <mask> created sketches of the sculptures Liberated labor and Revolution (1919) as well as monuments to Vladimir Mikhailovich Zakorskiy (1921) and Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov (also known as The Flame of the Revolution, 1923). In the 1920s <mask> rose to become one of the Soviet Union's most prominent sculptors, and although she continued to produce Cubist sculpture as late as 1922, she became a leading figure of Socialist realism, both in style and ideology.In 1923 <mask> together with Aleksandra Ekster designed the pavilion of the newspaper Izvestia at the first all-Russia agricultural and handicraft-industrial exhibition in Moscow. In 1925 <mask> and Nadezhda Petrovna Lamanova, the fashion designer, received the Grand Prix at the exhibition in Paris for the collection of elegant women's clothing made of cheap coarse materials — cloth, calico, canvas and flannel, hats-from matting, belts decorated with colored peas, and buttons carved from wood. Dresses were decorated with original ornaments, including the "cock pattern" invented by <mask>. <mask> taught at the state school Vkhutemas in 1926–1927, and in 1927–1930 she taught at the higher art and technical institute Vkhutein. In 1927 the sculpture Peasant woman created by <mask> was awarded the first prize at the exhibition dedicated to the 10th anniversary of the October Revolution. Later the sculpture was purchased by the Museum of Trieste, and after World War II it became the property of the Vatican Museums in Rome. <mask> came to the international attention with the 1937 Worker and Kolkhoz Woman.In 1938–1939 she worked on the sculptures for the Moskvoretsky Bridge, Hymn to the International, Flame of the Revolution, Sea, Land, Fertility, and Bread. Bread (1939) is the only composition made by <mask>; the rest were recreated from sketches after her death. From October 1941 to April 1942 she lived and worked in the evacuation center in Kamensk-Uralsky. In 1945 <mask> was invited to Riga as an expert to make a conclusion on the monument  Freedom which was going to be demolished. She came out strongly in defense of the monument although her opinion contradicted that of the party and the monument was preserved. She is the creator of two monuments to Maxim Gorky: one of them was installed in 1943 in Moscow at the Belorussky Rail Terminal, the other was installed in 1952 in the city of Gorky. Another famous work by Mukhina is the monument to Tchaikovsky.It was installed in 1954 in the courtyard of the Moscow Conservatory on Bolshaya Nikitskaya Street. This sculptural composition is located in front of the main facade of the Conservatory and is the dominant feature of the entire architectural complex. <mask>'s work on official monuments and architectural sculpture on state commissions continued through to her death. She also experimented with glass, producing glass figural busts. Seeking to enrich the artistic vocabulary of Soviet art. She often presented her theories on sculpture, experimented with new materials, and developed a technique of polychromatic sculpture. She decorated exhibitions, made industrial drawings, and designed clothes, textiles, porcelain and theatrical costumes for the Vakhtangov Theater in Moscow.From 1941 to 1952, <mask> won the Stalin Prize five times, and she was named People's Artist of the USSR in 1943. Because of <mask>'s influence as a great Soviet artist, and as a former student of the Latvian sculptor Kārlis Zāle, she persuaded Soviet officials in the late 1940s that the Freedom Monument in Riga was of great artistic importance. Due to her efforts, the monument was not demolished to make way for a statue of Joseph Stalin. In 1953 she wrote the book A Sculptor's Thoughts. Death and legacy
<mask>ina dedicated to the sculptor's adolescence and work was established in Feodosiya, Crimea, Ukraine in 1985.There is a <mask>ina Street in the town Klin, Moscow Oblast. In 2007, <mask>'s house and studio at 3a Prechistensky Lane in Moscow were slated for demolition. The crater on Venus is named in honor of <mask>. Work

In Moscow

 Worker and Kolkhoz Woman
<mask>'s most celebrated work by far is the giant monument Worker and Kolkhoz Woman, which was the centerpiece of the Soviet pavilion at the 1937 International Exhibition in Paris. <mask>'s monument crowned the Soviet pavilion designed by the architect Boris Mikhailovich Iofan. According to her plan, the sun frontally illuminated the monument, creating an effect of radiance. Both figures, for all their massiveness, seemed to fly.The feeling of flight was enhanced by a long fluttering scarf introduced by <mask> into the composition. As a result, the sculpture group was distinguished by an unusual expression and energy, symbolizing the Soviet Union aspiring to new victories. The monument was called by the French press "the greatest work of sculpture of the XX century", and Pablo Picasso wrote: "How beautiful the Soviet giants are against the lilac Parisian sky". It was the world's first welded sculpture. The 24-meter-tall, 75-ton monument was made of plate of stainless steel on a wooden frame, the plates connected by an innovative method of spot welding. One hand of each figure holds respectively a hammer and a sickle, the two implements joining to form the hammer and sickle symbol of the Soviet Union. After the exhibition closed the monument was disassembled and taken back to Moscow.In 1939 it was installed near the north entrance of the all-Russia exhibition of national economy achievements VDNKH. However, <mask>’s concept was altered: the monument was placed on a low pedestal and with its back to the sun and the feeling of flying was gone. <mask> commented on it saying that "the monument creeps on the ground". Nevertheless, in 1947 the sculpture became the logo of the Russian Mosfilm studio. It was renovated and re-installed on a higher pedestal in 2009. Sculpture Science installed at the MSU building
 Sculptures Bread and Fertility (another name is Harvest) in the Druzhba Park near the Rechnoy Vokzal (Moscow Metro)
 Sculptures Earth and Water (another name is Sea) in Luzhniki Stadium
 Monument to Peter Tchaikovski at the Moscow Conservatory
 Monument to Maxim Gorky at the Belorussky Rail Terminal
 Monument to Maxim Gorky at the Institute of World Literature
 Seven tombstones at Novodevichy Cemetery

In other cities

 Sculpture Mir in Volgograd
 Sculptural composition Farhad and Shirin for the complex of the Farkhad hydroelectric power station Farkhadskaya GES. Monument to Maxim Gorky in Nizhny Novgorod
 Sculpture on the roof of the planetarium in Volgograd Mir, <mask>'s last creation

References

External links

 <mask> on Artnet.com

1889 births
1953 deaths
20th-century sculptors
20th-century Russian painters
Alumni of the Académie de la Grande Chaumière
Artists from Riga
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Arts
People from the Governorate of Livonia
People's Artists of the USSR (visual arts)
Russian women painters
Russian women sculptors
Russians in Latvia
Socialist realism artists
Soviet sculptors
Stalin Prize winners
Vkhutemas faculty

masks:
Vera Ignatyevna Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhina
Vera
Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhinakh
Verakh
Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhina
Mukhina
Vera Mukhina


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 5 July 1934, in Amsterdam) is emeritus professor of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Amsterdam (UVA), and until 1999 Director of Research and  Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Netherlands Cancer Institute and the Antoni van Leeuwenhoekziekenhuis (NKI-AVL). He continued to work at the NKI-AVL as a staff member and group leader until 2016. Career
<mask> studied medicine in Amsterdam from 1952 to 1958 and completed his internships in 1961-1962. He received his PhD for an investigation of tumor mitochondria (Supervisor Edward Slater). He then moved to New York City, where he worked with fellow post-doc Charles Weissmann on replication of bacteriophages in the lab of Nobel laureate Severo Ochoa at the New York University School of Medicine. In 1965, he became professor of Biochemistry at the University of Amsterdam and head of the section for Medical Enzymology and Molecular Biology of the Biochemistry Department. From 1972 to 1980 <mask> was also part-time Director of the Institute of Animal Physiology of the University of Amsterdam where he set up the first Unit for Molecular Biology on the Biology Campus.In 1983 <mask> moved to the Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital where he became director of research and in 1987 also chairman. He retained an honorary professorship at the University of Amsterdam. After his mandatory retirement in 1999, <mask> became a staff member and continued running his lab, studying mechanisms of chemotherapy resistance in cancer cells, the physiological functions of drug transporters and the biosynthesis and function of DNA Base J, a new base in DNA that had been discovered in trypanosomes by his research group. <mask> contributed to discussions about science and science policy in the Netherlands: In the seventies he was spokesman for science in the rather virulent discussions on recombinant-DNA experiments; as a director of the cancer institute he regularly reported on advances in cancer research/treatment in the press and on radio/TV; he was a member of the Innovation Platform, a small thinktank of the Dutch prime-minister; and for 23 years he wrote a monthly column in the prime intellectual daily, the NRC Handelsblad. His doctoral students include Jan Hoeijmakers. Major international organisational functions
 1978 – 1984 Elected member EMBO Council (1982 – 1984 vice-president)
 1985 – 1991 Member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the EMBL in Heidelberg, Germany. Prize of the Dutch Federation of Medical Scientific Societies
 1989	Howard Taylor Ricketts Award of the University of Chicago, USA
 1990	Dr. G. Wander award of the Wander Foundation in Bern, Switzerland
 1990	Gold medal of the Genootschap voor Natuur-, Genees- en Heelkunde in Amsterdam
 1992	Dr. H.P.Heineken prize for biochemistry and biophysics of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences
 1992	Gold medal of the Robert Koch Foundation in Cologne, Germany
 1993	Prof.dr P. Muntendam prize of the Dutch Cancer Society
 1999	Silver Medal of merit of the City of Amsterdam
 1999	Medal of the University of Amsterdam for exceptional contributions to the university
 2000	Hamilton Fairley Award for Clinical Research, European Society for Medical Oncology, Hamburg. 2007	The distinguished Service Award, awarded at the Miami Nature Biotechnology Winter Symposium, Miami Beach, Florida, USA. 2010	Gebroeders Bruinsma Erepenning van de Nederlandse Vereniging tegen de Kwakzalverij, Amsterdam. Membership of academics
 1978 Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
 1983 De Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen
 1986 Foreign Member of the Royal Society
 1989 Academia Europaea
 1991 Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, United States
 1995 International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, United States
 2009 Fellow of the European Academy of Cancer Sciences

Discoveries of Borst and collaborators
 The malate-aspartate shuttle (“Borst cycle”), a new major route for the transport of reducing equivalents from cytosol to mitochondria (1). Bacteriophage RNA replicase keeps the template and daughter strand separated during RNA synthesis; duplex RNA is not an intermediate in RNA synthesis, but an isolation artifact (2). Mammalian mitochondrial DNA consists of small duplex circles (3) that are identical in sequence, as proven by quantitative DNA renaturation experiments (4). It follows that the bulk of mitochondrial proteins is not encoded in mitochondrial DNA, but must be imported.Development of ethidium-agarose electrophoresis (5) (for the separation of DNA topoisomers); proof that linear DNA molecules move like snakes through the gel (5). The glycosome, a new peroxisome-like organelle that contains the glycolytic enzyme system in trypanosomes and related uni-cellular parasites (6). Mitochondrial genes of the yeast Saccharomyces may contain introns (7) (8). A DNA transposition mechanism for antigenic variation in African trypanosomes (9) (10) (11) (12). Transsplicing as an essential step in the synthesis of all trypanosome mRNAs (13) (14) (15) (16, 17). Growth and contraction of chromosome ends, the telomeres (18); trypanosome telomeres end in repeats of (GGGTTA)n (19) later also found in human telomeres. Introduction of PFG electrophoresis for the separation of chromosome-sized DNA molecules of several protozoa (20) (21).The first prenatal test for the Zellweger syndrome, a deadly inborn error of peroxisome biosynthesis (22). Protective physiological functions of drug-transporting P-glycoproteins (ABCB1), i.a. in the blood-brain barrier (23) and in the gut (oral availability of drugs) (24) (25). Proof that the Mdr2/MDR3 (ABCB4) P-glycoprotein is a phosphatidylcholine translocator, essential for bile formation (26). Identification of the first ABC-transporter in a protozoal parasite, Leishmania, the PGP-A gene (now LtpgpA). This transporter gene is associated with arsenite resistance and is surrounded by direct and inverted DNA repeats facilitating gene amplification (27) (28) (29). This was the first representative of the ABCC class of transporters.Later Ouellette showed in his own lab that LtpgpA is an arsenite-GSH transporter involved in antimony resistance in patients. J, a new base in the DNA of trypanosomes and related parasites (30) (31). Variation in the transferrin receptor allows African trypanosomes to efficiently take up transferrin in a range of mammals, notwithstanding the rapid evolution of mammalian transferrins (32) (33). Biosynthesis of base J (34) and identification of J as an essential termination signal in RNA synthesis in Leishmania (35). The MRP (ABCC) family of drug transporters has multiple members (36) (37) (38). Identification of new endogenous substrates for MRP3 (ABCC3) and BCRP (ABCG2): phyto-estrogen conjugates (39) (40); MRP4 (ABCC4): prostaglandins (41); and MRP5 (ABCC5): N-lactoyl-amino acids, a novel metabolites of mammals (42), and glutamate-conjugates (43). The first mouse tumor model suitable for studying mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance against drugs used to treat cancer patients (44) (45) (46).Identification of new factors inhibiting DNA end resection, REV7 (47) and HELB (48), contributing to drug resistance in a mouse mammary tumor model. Identification of the Volume-Regulation Anion Channel, as a contributor to uptake of Pt-based anti-cancer drugs in cells (49). Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, an inborn error of calcification due to absence of MRP6 (ABCC6) in the liver, is caused by low plasma pyrophosphate (PPi). MRP6 mediates ATP export from cells and this is rapidly converted into PPi (binding calcium) by ectonucleotidases (50, 51). Publications
 Borst P. Hydrogen transport and transport metabolites. In: Karlsson P, editor. Springer Verlag.Funktionelle und morphologische Organisation der Zelle; 1963. Heidelberg1963. p. 137-62. <mask> P, Weissmann C. Replication of viral RNA, 8. Studies on the enzymatic mechanism of replication of MS2 RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1965;54:982-7.Van Bruggen EF, <mask> P, Ruttenberg GJ, Gruber M, Kroon AM. Circular mitochondrial DNA. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1966;119:437-9. <mask> P, Ruttenberg GJ. Renaturation of mitochondrial DNA. Biochim Biophys Acta.1966;114:645-7. Aaij C, <mask> P. The gel electrophoresis of DNA. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1972;269:192-200. Opperdoes FR, <mask> P. Localization of nine glycolytic enzymes in a microbody-like organelle in Trypanosoma brucei: the glycosome. FEBS Lett. 1977;80:360-4.Heyting C, Meijlink FC, Verbeet MP, Sanders JP, Bos JL, <mask> P. Fine structure of the 21S ribosomal RNA region on yeast mitochondria DNA. I. Construction of the physical map and localization of the cistron for the 21S mitochondrial ribosomal RNA. Molecular & General Genetics. 1979;168:231-46. Bos JL, Osinga KA, Van der Horst G, Hecht NB, Tabak HF, Van Ommen GJ, <mask> P. Splice point sequence and transcripts of the intervening sequence in the mitochondrial 21S ribosomal RNA gene of yeast. Cell.1980;20:207-14. Hoeijmakers JH, Frasch AC, Bernards A, <mask> P, Cross GAM. Novel expression-linked copies of the genes for variant surface antigens in trypanosomes. Nature. 1980;284:78-80. Boothroyd JC, Cross GA, Hoeijmakers JH, <mask> P. A variant surface glycoprotein of Trypanosoma brucei synthesized with a C-terminal hydrophobic 'tail' absent from purified glycoprotein. Nature.1980;288:624-6. Bernards A, Van der Ploeg LH, Frasch AC, <mask> P, Boothroyd JC, Coleman S, Cross GA. Activation of trypanosome surface glycoprotein genes involves a duplication-transposition leading to an altered 3' end. Cell. 1981;27:497-505. De Lange T, <mask> P. Genomic environment of the expression-linked extra copies of genes for surface antigens of Trypanosoma brucei resembles the end of a chromosome. Nature. 1982;299:451-3.Van der Ploeg LH, Liu AY, Michels PA, De Lange TD, <mask> P, Majumder HK, Weber H, Veeneman GH, Van Boom J. RNA splicing is required to make the messenger RNA for a variant surface antigen in trypanosomes. NAR.

masks:
Piet Borst
Piet Borst
Borst
Borst
Borst
Borst
Borst
Borst
Borst
Borst
Borst
Borst
Borst
Borst
Borst
Borst
Borst
Borst


text_chunks:
 1982;10:3591-604. Kooter JM, De Lange T, <mask> P. Discontinuous synthesis of mRNA in trypanosomes. EMBO J. 1984;3:2387-92. De Lange T, Michels PA, Veerman HJ, Cornelissen AW, <mask> P. Many trypanosome messenger RNAs share a common 5' terminal sequence.NAR. 1984;12:3777-90. Kooter JM, <mask> P. Alpha-amanitin-insensitive transcription of variant surface glycoprotein genes provides further evidence for discontinuous transcription in trypanosomes. NuclAcids Res. 1984;12:9457-72. Laird PW, Kooter JM, Loosbroek N, <mask> P. Mature mRNAs of Trypanosoma brucei possess a 5' cap acquired by discontinuous RNA synthesis. NAR.1985;13:4253-66. Bernards A, Michels PA, Lincke CR, <mask> P. Growth of chromosome ends in multiplying trypanosomes. Nature. 1983;303:592-7. Van der Ploeg LHT, Liu AYC, <mask> P. Structure of the growing telomeres of Trypanosomes. Cell. 1984;36:459-68.Van der Ploeg LH, Cornelissen AW, Michels PA, <mask> P. Chromosome rearrangements in Trypanosoma brucei. Cell. 1984;39:213-21. Van der Ploeg LH, Cornelissen AW, Barry JD, <mask> P. Chromosomes of kinetoplastida. EMBO J. 1984;3:3109-15. Heymans HS, Schutgens RB, Tan R, van den Bosch H, <mask> P. Severe plasmalogen deficiency in tissues of infants without peroxisomes (Zellweger syndrome).Nature. 1983;306:69-70. Schinkel AH, Smit JJM, Van Tellingen O, Beijnen JH, Wagenaar E, Van Deemter L, Mol CAAM, Van der Valk MA, Robanus-Maandag EC, Te Riele HPJ, Berns AJM, <mask> P. Disruption of the mouse mdr1a P-glycoprotein gene leads to a deficiency in the blood-brain barrier and to increased sensitivity to drugs. Cell. 1994;77:491-502. Mayer U, Wagenaar E, Beijnen JH, Smit JW, Meijer DKF, Van Asperen J, <mask> P, Schinkel AH. Substantial excretion of digoxin via the intestinal mucosa and prevention of long-term digoxin accumulation in the brain by the mdr1a P-glycoprotein.Br J Pharmacol. 1996;119:1038-44. Schinkel AH, Mayer U, Wagenaar E, Mol CAAM, Van Deemter L, Smit JJM, Van der Valk MA, Voordouw AC, Spits H, Van Tellingen O, Zijlmans JMJM, Fibbe WE, <mask> P. Normal viability and altered pharmacokinetics in mice lacking mdr1-type (drug-transporting) P-glycoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997;94:4028-33. Smit JJM, Schinkel AH, Oude Elferink RPJ, Groen AK, Wagenaar E, Van Deemter L, Mol CAAM, Ottenhof R, Van der Lugt NMT, Van Roon M, Van der Valk MA, Offerhaus GJA, Berns AJM, <mask> P. Homozygous disruption of the murine mdr2 P-glycoprotein gene leads to a complete absence of phospholipid from bile and to liver disease. Cell.1993;75:451-62. Crozatier M, Van der Ploeg LH, Johnson PJ, Gommers-Ampt J, <mask> P. Structure of a telomeric expression site for variant specific surface antigens in Trypanosoma brucei. Molecular & Biochemical Parasitology. 1990;42:1-12. Ouellette M, Hettema E, Wust D, Fase-Fowler F, <mask> P. Direct and inverted DNA repeats associated with P-glycoprotein gene amplification in drug resistant Leishmania. EMBO J. 1991;10:1009-16.Ouellette M, <mask> P. Drug resistance and P-glycoprotein gene amplification in the protozoan parasite Leishmania. Res Microbiol. 1991;142:737-46. Gommers-Ampt JH, Van Leeuwen F, de Beer AL, Vliegenthart JF, Dizdaroglu M, Kowalak JA, Crain PF, <mask> P. beta-D-glucosyl-hydroxymethyluracil: a novel modified base present in the DNA of the parasitic protozoan T. brucei. Cell. 1993;75:1129-36. Van Leeuwen F, Taylor MC, Mondragon A, Moreau H, Gibson W, Kieft R, <mask> P. Beta-D-Glucosyl-hydroxymethyluracil is a conserved DNA modification in kinetoplastid protozoans and is abundant in their telomeres.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95:2366-71. Bitter W, Gerrits H, Kieft R, <mask> P. The role of transferrin-receptor variation in the host range of Trypanosoma brucei. Nature. 1998;391:499-502. Van Luenen HGAM, Kieft R, Mussmann R, Engstler M, ter Riet B, <mask> P. Trypanosomes change their transferrin receptor expression to allow effective uptake of host transferrin. Mol Microbiol.2005;58:151-65. Yu Z, Genest PA, ter Riet B, Sweeney K, DiPaolo C, Kieft R, Christodoulou E, Perrakis A, Simmons JM, Hausinger RP, Van Luenen HGAM, Rigden DJ, Sabatini R, <mask> P. The protein that binds to DNA base J in trypanosomatids has features of a thymidine hydroxylase. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35:2107-15.
 van Luenen H, Farris C, Jan S, Genest P-A, Tripathi P, Velds A, Kerkhoven RM, Nieuwland M, Haydock A, Ramasamy G, Vainio S, Heidebrecht T, Perrakis A, Pagie L, van Steensel B, Myler P, <mask> P. Glucosylated hydroxymethyluracil (DNA base J) prevents transcriptional read-through in Leishmania. Cell. 2012;150(5):909-21. Kool M, De Haas M, Scheffer GL, Scheper RJ, Van Eijk MJT, Juijn JA, Baas F, <mask> P. Analysis of expression of cMOAT (MRP2), MRP3, MRP4, and MRP5, homologs of the multidrug resistance-associated protein gene (MRP1), in human cancer cell lines.Cancer Res. 1997;57:3537-47. Kool M, Van der Linden M, De Haas M, Scheffer GL, De Vree JML, Smith AJ, Jansen G, Peters GJ, Ponne N, Scheper RJ, Oude Elferink RPJ, Baas F, <mask> P. MRP3, an organic anion transporter able to transport anti-cancer drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96:6914-9. Wijnholds J, Mol CAAM, Van Deemter L, De Haas M, Scheffer GL, Baas F, Beijnen JH, Scheper RJ, Hatse S, De Clercq E, Balzarini J, <mask> P. Multidrug-resistance protein 5 is a multispecific organic anion transporter able to transport nucleoside analogs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.2000;97:7476-81. Van de Wetering K, Feddema W, Helms JB, Brouwers JF, <mask> P. Targeted metabolomics identifies glucuronides of dietary phytoestrogens as a major class of MRP3 substrates in vivo. Gastroenterol. 2009;137:1725-35. Krumpochova P, Sapthu S, Brouwers JF, De Haas M, de Vos R, <mask> P, Van de Wetering K. Transportomics: screening for substrates of ABC transporters in body fluids using vesicular transport assays. FASEB J. 2012;26(2):738-47.Reid G, Wielinga P, Zelcer N, Van der Heijden I, Kuil A, De Haas M, Wijnholds J, <mask> P. The human multidrug resistance protein MRP4 functions as a prostaglandin efflux transporter and is inhibited by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(16):9244-9. Jansen R AR, Merkx R, Fish A, Mahakena S, Bleijerveld O, Altelaar M, IJlst L, Wanders R, <mask> P and Van de Wetering JK. N-lactoyl-amino acids are ubiquitous metabolites that originate from CNDP2-mediated reverse proteolysis of lactate and amino acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(21):6601-6.Jansen RS, Mahakena S, de Haas M, <mask> P, van de Wetering K. ATP-binding Cassette Subfamily C Member 5 (ABCC5) Functions as an Efflux Transporter of Glutamate Conjugates and Analogs. J Biol Chem. 2015;290(51):30429-40. Rottenberg S, Nygren AOH, Pajic M, Van Leeuwen FWB, Van der Heijden I, Van de Wetering K, Liu X, de Visser KE, Gilhuijs KG, Van Tellingen O, Schouten JP, Jonkers J, <mask> P. Selective induction of chemotherapy resistance of mammary tumors in a conditional mouse model for hereditary breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:12117-22. Rottenberg S, Jaspers J, Kersbergen A, Van der Burg E, Nygren AOH, Zander S, Derksen PW, de Bruin M, Zevenhoven J, Lau A, Boulter R, Cranston A, O'Connor MJ, Martin NMB, <mask> P, Jonkers J.High sensitivity of BRCA1-deficient mammary tumors to the PARP inhibitor AZD2281 alone and in combination with platinum drugs. ProcNatl AcadSciUSA. 2008;105:17079-84. Rottenberg S, Vollebergh MA, de Hoon B, de Ronde J, Schouten PC, Kersbergen A, Zander SA, Pajic M, Jaspers JE, Jonkers M, Loden M, Sol W, van der Burg E, Wesseling J, Gillet JP, Gottesman MM, Gribnau J, Wessels L, Linn SC, Jonkers J, <mask> P. Impact of intertumoral heterogeneity on predicting chemotherapy response of BRCA1-deficient mammary tumors. Cancer Res. 2012;72(9):2350-61. Xu G, Chapman JR, Brandsma I, Yuan J, Mistrik M, Bouwman P, Bartkova J, Gogola E, Warmerdam D, Barazas M, Jaspers JE, Watanabe K, <mask> M, Kersbergen A, Sol W, Celie PH, Schouten PC, van den Broek B, Salman A, Nieuwland M, de Rink I, de Ronde J, Jalink K, Boulton SJ, Chen J, van Gent DC, Bartek J, Jonkers J, <mask> P, Rottenberg S. REV7 counteracts DNA double-strand break resection and affects PARP inhibition.Nature. 2015;521(7553):541-4. Tkac J, Xu G, Adhikary H, Young JT, Gallo D, Escribano-Diaz C, Krietsch J, Orthwein A, Munro M, Sol W, Al-Hakim A, Lin ZY, Jonkers J, <mask> P, Brown GW, Gingras AC, Rottenberg S, Masson JY, Durocher D. HELB Is a Feedback Inhibitor of DNA End Resection. Mol Cell. 2016. Planells-Cases R, Lutter D, Guyader C, Gerhards NM, Ullrich F, Elger DA, Kucukosmanoglu A, Xu G, Voss FK, Reincke SM, Stauber T, Blomen VA, Vis DJ, Wessels LF, Brummelkamp TR, <mask> P, Rottenberg S, Jentsch TJ. Subunit composition of VRAC channels determines substrate specificity and cellular resistance to Pt-based anti-cancer drugs.EMBO J. 2015;34(24):2993-3008. Jansen RS, Kucukosmanoglu A, de Haas M, Sapthu S, Otero JA, Hegman IE, Bergen AA, Gorgels TG, <mask> P, van de Wetering K. ABCC6 prevents ectopic mineralization seen in pseudoxanthoma elasticum by inducing cellular nucleotide release. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(50):20206-11. Jansen RS, Duijst S, Mahakena S, Sommer D, Szeri F, Varadi A, Plomp A, Bergen AA, Oude Elferink RP, <mask> P, van de Wetering K. ABCC6-mediated ATP secretion by the liver is the main source of the mineralization inhibitor inorganic pyrophosphate in the systemic circulation-brief report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.2014;34(9):1985-9. References
Resume
Biography at the KNAW website. 1934 births
Living people
Dutch biochemists
Dutch columnists
Dutch molecular biologists
Dutch oncologists
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Commanders of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Members of Academia Europaea
Members of the Koninklijke Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Scientists from Amsterdam
University of Amsterdam alumni
University of Amsterdam faculty
Winners of

masks: Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst Pieterse Borst Borst Borst Borst Borst


text_chunks:
<mask> (1495–1558), born in Milan, was an Italian lawyer, papal bureaucrat, bishop, and diplomat. He served as Governor of Rome and then papal Vicar of Rome. He was personally esteemed both by the Emperor Charles V and by Pope Paul III. He was Bishop of Borgo San Sepolcro (1539–1546), Bishop of Saluzzo (1546–1556), and Archbishop of Milan (1556–1558). Biography

<mask> was born on 5 July 1495. He was the second son of <mask>, whose ancestor Manfredo had helped found the monastery of Chiaravalle near Milan in 1135, and Maddalena Torriani. His brothers were Giovanni Battista, who was a soldier and an ambassador of the Emperor Charles V, and Alessandro, who became a regional quaestor in the city of Milan.<mask> was sent by his father to study at Pavia, but at the age of 20 he was summoned back to Milan to be at his father's deathbed. He returned to Pavia, and then spent some time studying at Bologna, though he returned to Pavia to take his degree. He obtained a doctorate in law. He returned to Milan and was admitted to the College of Legists. Diplomat
In 1529, he was a member of an embassy sent by the city of Milan to the Emperor Charles V at Barcelona, to advise the Emperor of the loyalty of the Milanese and to inform him of their needs. He then attended the Coronation of the Emperor in Bologna as a representative of Milan. In 1535, on the death of Francesco II, the last of the Sforza dukes of Milan, <mask> was chosen by the city for an embassy to inform the Emperor Charles V, and to negotiate the future of Milan as part of the Emperor's domains.The Milanese embassy met the Emperor in Naples, where Charles was celebrating the marriage of his daughter Marguerite to Alessandro de'Medici. Charles V was sufficiently impressed with <mask> that he named him an imperial councillor. He also appointed <mask> to an embassy to Pope Paul III, to negotiate the succession to the Marquisate of Monferrato. Papal official
<mask> revealed such talents for diplomacy that Pope Paul III named him a Protonotary Apostolic partecipante. On 6 May 1538, <mask> was appointed Vice-Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church and Governor of the city of Rome. Among others, he was granted, as abbot commendatory, the benefices of the abbey of S. Giovanni Battista di Vertemate (diocese of Como) and the abbey of S. Bartolomeo in Pavia. When Paul III set off for Nice to meet Charles V and Francis I of France in an effort to arrange a peace, he took Archinto with him, with the title of Governor of the Court.The journey began on 23 March 1538. A truce was signed on 18 June. When the last legitimate duke of Camerino died, Pope Paul, intending to reclaim the duchy for the church, sent <mask> as Governor of the city of Camerino to negotiate with the pretender, Mattia de Varano. He spent six months reforming the city, but he was back in Rome in 1539, and preached the funeral oration for the Empress Isabella, wife of Charles V, who had died on 1 May 1539. On 26 February 1539, he was appointed to the Congregation for the Fabric of S. Peter's. Bishop
On 19 March 1539, Pope Paul named Archinto Bishop of Borgo San Sepolcro (1539–1546). This did not mean that Bishop <mask> would be spending his time in a small diocese in southeastern Tuscany.On 3 November 1542, by the bull "Licet ecclesiarum omnium", the Pope named him his Vicar for the city of Rome. Pope Paul III also sent the Bishop of Borgo San Sepolcro to the Council of Trent, whose meetings had been transferred to Bologna. He was appointed to a "Commission of vigilance," whose purpose was to collect public and private information about the doings of the council and of its members. When the council was suspended, <mask> returned to Rome. On 19 October 1546, by the bull "Cum sicut accepimus", he was transferred to the diocese of Saluzzo, though he was still serving as papal Vicar of the city of Rome. Savio provides evidence to indicate that the bishop visited the diocese, and held a diocesan synod in 1546 and a pastoral visitation in the next year. He had a Vicar General, however, Silvestro Tapparelli, who was a protonotary apostolic, who administered the diocese when Archinto was in Rome.As the new bishop, <mask> sought to acquire for the episcopal income the properties which had been designated by Pope Julius II when he created the diocese of Saluzzo. This particularly involved the Cistercian monastery of S. Antonio, which had long resisted complying with Pope Julius' bull. The bishop used his influence as the second ranking official in the Apostolic Camera to obtain a decree on 3 November 1546, which ordered the monks to vacate the monastery and turn the properties over to the bishop; the monks appealed to Pope Julius III, but lost their suit. They continued to resist, and remained in occupation, despite being excommunicated, throughout <mask>'s episcopacy. In 1551, he instituted proceedings before the Auditor of the Apostolic Camera against the collegiate church of Carmagnola, which, when the church belonged to the diocese of Turin, owed the bishop of Turin an annual pension of 20 ducats. Naturally the Chapter appealed, and the suit dragged on long after <mask>'s term. In 1548, the marquessate of Saluzzo, under French occupation, surrendered to Henry II and was annexed by France.St. Ignatius Loyola found in him a powerful protector in the early years of the Society of Jesus. In 1548, as Vicar of the city, he was a member of the commission that reviewed Ignatius' book, Spiritual Exercises. From 1554 to 1556, <mask> served as papal Nuncio with the authority of a Legatus a latere to the Serene Republic of Venice. <mask> was appointed Archbishop of Milan, on the recommendation of King Philip II, by Pope Paul IV on 16 December 1556. Pope Paul and the Spanish were on bad terms, however, and the Spanish governor of Milan, Juan de Fonseca, refused to admit the new archbishop to the city, alleging that he had no instructions from the King on the subject of Archinto, and needed to send to Spain for new orders. Archinto therefore withdrew to Bergamo, whose bishop, Victor Superantius, had been deposed for heresy. As the Metropolitan, he assumed administratorship of that church.The Pope granted him the use of the pallium (a symbolic decorative scarf) on 20 September 1577. The King finally replied to Fonseca with definitive orders on 15 January 1558, and on 8 February Fonseca wrote to <mask>, promising him a splendid possessio ceremony, in which he himself would take part. His death at Bergamo of a lenta febre on 21 June 1558 prevented his installation in the archiepiscopal chair of Milan. His published works include De fide et sacramentis edictum (Rome 1545; Cracow, 1545; Ingolstadt 1546; Turin, 1549), issued in his capacity as Vicar of the city of Rome; and Oratio de nova christiani orbis pace habita (Rome, 1544), a speech given in the presence of Pope Paul III, lauding his efforts to bring peace between Francis I of France and the Emperor Charles V.

Notes and references

Bibliography

 Savio, Carlo Fedele (1911). Saluzzo e i suoi vescovi, 1475-1601. Saluzzo: Fratelli Lobeto Bodoni. [pp.206–219]

External links
Alberigo, Giuseppe (1961). "<mask>, <mask>". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani Volume 3 (1961)

1495 births
1558 deaths
Clergy from Milan
16th-century Italian Roman Catholic theologians
Diplomats from Milan
Lawyers from Milan

masks:
Filippo Archinto
Archinto
Cristoforo Archinto
Filippo
Archinto
Filippo
Archinto
Archinto
Archinto
Archinto
Archinto
Archinto
Archinto
Archinto
Archinto
Archinto
Archinto
Archinto
Archinto
Filippo


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 1956) is a contemporary abstract painter and printmaker who works and lives in Philadelphia. Beginning in 2004 <mask> has been represented by Hollis Taggart where he has had nine solo exhibitions. Education
<mask> was raised in Haverford in suburban Philadelphia and studied painting at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts from 1974 to 1979. Throughout this time he also studied informally with the painter Jane Piper (1916–1991) whose studio he visited frequently. In 1980, while living in Paris on a travel prize, he met the American abstract expressionist painter Joan Mitchell (1925–1992). In subsequent years he stayed at her home in Vétheuil and painted in her studio. After Mitchell died, he wrote an appreciation of her published in Art in America.Career
<mask> had his first solo exhibition in 1980 in Philadelphia. From 1989 to 1997 he exhibited in New York with Prince Street Gallery, an artist-run co-op gallery. His paintings have been the subject of solo and group exhibitions in New York, London, Philadelphia and San Francisco. Since 1999 <mask> has been making intaglio prints with the C.R. Ettinger Studio and in 2004 was awarded a grant from the Independence Foundation in support of his work in color printmaking. He has made commissioned etchings for the Print Club of Cleveland and for the Print Center and Fleisher Art Memorial, both in Philadelphia. In 2016 an exhibition devoted to his intaglio prints was presented by Philadelphia’s Cerulean Arts Gallery.His paintings, pastels, and intaglio prints are in public collections including, the Asheville Art Museum, the British Museum, Cleveland Museum of Art, Delaware Art Museum, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, and Woodmere Art Museum. In 2017 Rider University organized an exhibition including 22 of his works dating from 1997 to 2017. <mask>’s exhibitions have been reviewed in a number of arts publications, including Art in America, ARTnews, The New York Times, and The Philadelphia Inquirer. In addition to his painting and printmaking, <mask> has maintained a lifelong interest in the work of French Impressionist painter, Berthe Morisot (1841–1895). He co-curated the exhibition Berthe Morisot: Impressionist (1987), organized by Mount Holyoke College Art Museum in association with the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC, and contributed an essay to the accompanying catalogue. His essays on Morisot have also been published in Manet and the Sea (Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2003) Mujeres Impresionistas/Women Impressionists (Museo de Bellas Artes de Bilbao, 2001), and (the forthcoming) Berthe Morisot – Woman Impressionist (a 2018–2019 traveling exhibition organized by the Barnes Foundation, Philadelphia). He has also written on contemporary artists for exhibition catalogues and magazines.In 1991, in memory of his parents, <mask> donated a collection of works on paper by contemporary women artists to Bryn Mawr College. Since 2011 he is a board member and chair of the Collections Committee at Woodmere Art Museum in Philadelphia. <mask>’s artworks blur the boundaries between abstraction and representation. Drawing from both nature and imagination, the paintings are not expressions of tangible realities but rather "ephemeral remembrances". Exploration of color and form stands at the core of <mask>’s work, where blocks of color, patterns and line are overlapped to form dynamic compositions that appear visually akin to collage. The paintings rely on extremely vivid color palettes, applied in fields of color that evoke both urban and pastoral scenes. In this sense, <mask>’s work continues the tradition of abstracted landscapes mastered by aestheticist artists such as Whistler.The artist continually turns to flora and fauna for his subjects, stating that "underbrush and floral subjects have long been recurrent-if not paramount-to my painted imagery." In the past decade many of <mask>’s artworks display direct engagement with specific historical paintings by artists of particular significance to his own artistic development such as Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841–1914), Berthe Morisot (1841–1895) and Henri Matisse (1869–1954). In paintings of the past decade their works imprint themselves directly onto <mask>’s own work, whereby he translates formal qualities of these master’s works onto abstract and colorful canvases. Select exhibitions
 2020 Hollis Taggart, New York, NY. 2020 Lauren Rogers Museum of Art, Laurel, MS.
 2019 The Pierre Hotel, New York, NY. 2018 Hollis Taggart Galleries, New York, NY. 2017 Rider University, Lawrenceville, NJ.2017 Kentucky College of Art + Design, Louisville, KY.
 2016 Hollis Taggart Galleries, New York, NY. (also in 2015, 2014, 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007 and 2004). 2016 Cerulean Arts Gallery, Philadelphia, (also in 2015). 2014 C. R. Ettinger Studio, Philadelphia. 2010 Albemarle Gallery, London (also in 2006). 2008 List Gallery at Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA.
 2008 The Print Center, Philadelphia. 2002 Mangel Gallery, Philadelphia (also in 1999, 1998, 1996, 1994, 1992, and 1990).2000 Zone One Contemporary, Asheville, NC, (also in 1997). 1999 Mulligan-Shanoski Gallery, San Francisco, (also in 1997 and 1996). 1997 Prince Street Gallery, New York, NY (also in 1995, 1993, and 1989). 1994 Galerie LouLou Lasard, Berlin, Germany (with Marie-Theres Berger). 1992 The State Museum, Harrisburg, PA.
 1987 Peale House Galleries of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, (with Mary Nomecos). 1984 Gross McCleaf Gallery, Philadelphia, (also in 1980). References

Further reading
 Berman, Avis, 'A Conversation with <mask>,' <mask>: Looking Through.Recent Oils and Prints (New York: Hollis Taggart Galleries, 2007), pp. 5–8. Cory, Jim, Tom Csaszar, Vincent Desiderio, Franklin Einspruch, Evan Fugazzi, Aubrey Levinthal, Charles Stucket, and William R. Valerio, <mask>: Leaf and Line (New York: Hollis Taggart Galleries, 2018). Gerdts, William. Two Centuries of American Still-Life Painting: The Frank and Michelle Hevrdejs Collection (Houston: Museum of Fine Arts, 2016), pp. 134–136, 280-281. Mattison, Robert S, In Arcadia: Paintings by <mask> (New York: Hollis Taggart Galleries, 2013), 4.Rosenfeld, Jason, '<mask>: Refulgence,' <mask>: Imagining Spring (New York: Hollis Taggart Galleries, 2016). <mask>, <mask>, 'Artist’s Statement,' Surviving Ourselves, Exhibition Catalogue (Philadelphia: Woodmere Art Museum, 2010), 22. <mask>, <mask>, <mask>: A Prolonged Moment (New York: Hollis Taggart, 2020). Zarobell, John, 'Form Reveal’s Art Secret: The Recent Work of <mask>,' <mask> (New York: Hollis Taggart Galleries, 2011). External links
 <mask> Taggart Galleries
 '<mask>.' Art in America. 2012
 Jennifer Samet, 'Beer with a Painter: <mask>,' Hyperallergic, 2016
 Stan Mir, '<mask>’s Bittersweet Fictions,' Hyperallegic, December 17, 2016
 '<mask>’s Sunny Spectacles,' Observer, 2007

American contemporary painters
21st-century American painters
20th-century American painters
Painters from Pennsylvania
1956 births
Living people

masks:
Bill Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Style Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Bill Scott
Bill Scott
Bill Scott
Bill Scott
Bill Scott
Bill Scott
Scott
Bill
Scott
Bill
Bill Scott
Bill Scott
Bill Scott
Bill Scottllis
Bill Scott
Bill Scott
Bill Scott
Bill Scott


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 29 July 1985) is a Kosovan retired professional footballer who played as a striker. Club career

Youth and Hamburger SV
Berisha began his youth career at German side Berliner VB 49 academies at age of 9. He then moved to various German teams, such as Berliner FC Dynamo,  TSV Lichtenberg, SV Lichtenberg 47 until 2003, when he moved to NOFV-Oberliga club Tennis Borussia Berlin, where a 17-year-old <mask> won the national youth league's golden boot, outclassing future Germany strikers, Mario Gomez and Lukas Podolski. He stayed for just a year before being spotted by Bundesliga club Hamburger SV. For the first half of the 2004–05 season, <mask> wasn't included in Hamburg's starting lineup for any of the matches, and for the second half he was loaned to Danish Superliga team Aalborg Boldspilklub where he spent a rather unsuccessful spell, playing only three games and scoring no goals. The following season 2005–06 he was loaned to fellow Superliga side AC Horsens, where he scored 11 goals in 32 appearances, becoming the team's top scorer that season. For the 2006–07 football season, he remained at Hamburg and was given his chances in the first team making his German Bundesliga debut on 12 August 2006 against Arminia Bielefeld, coming on as a substitute in the 78th minute in place of Nigel de Jong, as the match finished in a 1–1 draw.On 6 December 2006, <mask> became the first Albanian ever to score a goal in the group stages of the UEFA Champions League by scoring his first goal for Hamburg in the match against CSKA Moscow at home in Hamburg. Exactly 10 days later, on 16 December 2006, <mask> managed to score his first Bundesliga goal against Alemannia Aachen, as the starting striker and scoring the opening goal in the 32nd minute in the match as it finished in an away draw 3–3. He went on to make a total 14 appearances for Hamburg in the 2006–07 season, including one in the German cup and two in the UEFA Champions League, and eleven of them as a substitute. After the sacking of Thomas Doll and the arrival of Huub Stevens as Hamburg's new manager, <mask> was not seen as part of his plan for the team and remained on the bench for the rest of the season. Burnley
On 3 July 2007, Burnley purchased <mask> from Hamburg for £340,000, this followed his impressive performance for Albania against England B on Burnley's home ground Turf Moor. After his performance many European clubs were interested in signing the player but <mask> was eventually signed to Burnley on a three-year deal, subject to the player being granted a work permit. The permit was eventually granted on 3 July 2007 and the deal was completed.<mask> was ruled out for the 2007–08 season when he picked up an injury while playing for his country in an International friendly against Malta. It was originally believed to be a minor knock to the knee but it was later discovered that the injury was more serious and was likely to keep the player out for 5–6 weeks. After seeing a surgeon it was further revealed that the player had in fact snapped his cruciate ligament in his knee and would not return to football for a year. The reason that doctors had originally failed to discover the damaged ligament was due to a buildup of fluid in the knee which distorted the scans image. Ten months after suffering his serious knee injury, <mask> made his return to football in a pre-season friendly match in the USA against Carolina Railhawks, He came on in the 71st minute for Joey Guðjónsson. <mask> had just flown to America 24 hours earlier from Albania which proved to be the reason for him not making an impact in the 20 minutes that he spent on the field. The match ended in defeat for Burnley with a 2–1 loss to the American side.Loan to Rosenborg
He was loaned out to Rosenborg in the autumn of 2008, scoring twice in his debut on 10 August 2008 against rivals Molde FK at Lerkendal Stadion. The match finished in a 3–1 victory for Rosenborg. On 21 September 2008, <mask> scored in a 4–0 victory against HamKam. <mask> appeared with Rosenborg in the 2008–09 UEFA Cup qualifying rounds against Djurgården. He started in the first leg, a 2–1 loss played on 14 August 2008, substituting off in the 76th minute He played only the first half in the second-leg 5–0 home victory as Rosenborg won 6–2 on aggregate to advance to the next round against Brøndby. <mask> played only in the second leg on 2 October 2008 which Rosenborg won 3–2. Rosenborg won on aggregate 5–3 and thereby advanced to the Group stage where they faced Saint-Étienne, Valencia, Copenhagen and Club Brugge.Berisha played only against Club Brugge on 23 October 2008, coming on as a substitute in the 90th minute. The match finished in the goalless draw. Loan to Horsens
Berisha joined AC Horsens on loan on 8 January 2009 but returned prematurely to Burnley F.C. on 26 May 2009 despite having scored some important goals for AC Horsens. The Danish club dissolved the loan contract after an incident in training involving <mask> and Kenneth Emil Petersen. His contract with Burnley ran until 2010, but having failed to make a single competitive start for Burnley after his return, the club announced on 31 July 2009 that <mask> would be transferred to German Bundesliga 2 team Arminia Bielefeld. The transfer fee was believed to be £75,000.Arminia Bielefeld
Berisha officially joined Bielefeld on 5 August 2009. In the 2009–10 season, <mask> finished scoreless, having made just 11 appearances, only two as a starter, since his debut on 10 August 2009 against Hansa Rostock. The match was a 3–1 victory with <mask> coming on as a substitute in the 80th minute. He started the 2010–11 season on 22 September 2010 as a substitute in a 3–1 loss to Bochum and scored his first goal of the season on 29 September 2010 in a 1–2 loss to Union Berlin. He finished the season with a total of 19 appearances, 12 as a starter. In 15 matches Berisha was an unused substitute. Brisbane Roar

2011–12 season

On 16 August 2011, Brisbane Roar manager Ange Postecoglou announced that <mask> had agreed to a one-year deal with the 2010–11 A-League champions.<mask> scored his first goal for Brisbane in round two against Sydney FC. <mask> scored four goals in a 7–1 thrashing against Adelaide United in round four, Brisbane's biggest ever victory and making him the first player to score more than three goals in a single game for the club. On 14 January 2012, <mask> was involved in an on-field melee with Sydney FC defender Pascal Bosschaart. Despite being cleared by the referee's post-match report and the Match Review Panel, <mask> was found to have breached the FFA Code of Conduct and was banned for one match. On 14 February 2012, it was announced that <mask> had signed a two-year contract extension, taking him to the end of the 2013–14 season. <mask>'s "volatile" personality led to occasional clashes with teammates, both at training and on-field, as well as with opposition players. However, he was largely praised for his passionate approach to the game.In the 2012 A-League Grand Final against Perth Glory, <mask> scored a brace, one in the final seconds from a controversial penalty kick, to help the Roar win 2–1 and become the first team to win back-to-back A-League championships. <mask> became the first Albanian to score in two different Champions Leagues when he scored against F.C. Tokyo in the Asian Champions League. In the 2011–12 A-League season, <mask> won the Golden Boot with 19 goals, the Football Media Association Player of the Year, the Players' Player of the Year, and Members' Player of the Year awards. <mask> finished the season with 23 goals from 35 games, a record for a player in a season for Brisbane. His season tally included 19 goals in the regular season of the A-League; a joint all-time record. 2012–13 season
<mask>'s 2012–13 season was less notable than his debut season for the club.However, he still managed to finish what was a disappointing season for Brisbane with 14 goals from 28 appearances in all competitions. <mask> scored a number of important goals for Brisbane as they struggled to find the form that won them two consecutive championships; he scored the sole goal in Round 9 as ten man Brisbane saw off Newcastle Jets at home. However, arguably none were as important as the opening goal of the final round victory over Sydney FC which confirmed Brisbane's place in the post-season finals series. 2013–14 season

The 2013–14 season started poorly for <mask>, despite scoring in the opening round win over Wellington Phoenix, he injured his hamstring in Round 2 which kept him on the sidelines for four weeks. Upon his return, he scored four goals in his next five appearances including a second half winner against Perth Glory and a brace in a 2–1 defeat of Adelaide United, however a hip injury then sidelined him for a further two weeks. Despite <mask> again scoring on his return from injury, on this occasion he could not prevent defeat to Adelaide at home. In the following match away to Perth Glory he received his first red card in the A-League.He was unfortunate to be booked in the first 30 seconds of the game while contesting a header with Michael Thwaite; he was then given his marching orders in the 32nd minute after receiving a second yellow card for a reckless tackle on the same player. <mask> scored on his return from suspension, netting a 90th-minute winner against Central Coast Mariners. On 27 April 2014, <mask> scored and gave his team the victory 1–0 against Melbourne Victory, valid for semi-finals of the A-League. With this victory, Brisbane Roar advanced to the final match and played on 4 May 2014 against Western Sydney Wanderers winning the match 2–1 after extra-time, <mask> scoring the match equalising goal after the Wanderers scored the opening goal. With the score 1-1 after 90 minutes the match went into 30 minutes of extra-time, when Brisbane scored the winning goal in the 108th minute by Henrique Silva and were declared the champions of the 2013–14 season. <mask> finished the 2013–14 season with a total of 20 appearances and scoring 13 goals, ranked second top-scorer of the A-League. Melbourne Victory

On 22 January 2014, it was announced that A-League club Melbourne Victory had agreed to sign <mask> as the club's International Marquee player when his contract with Brisbane expires at the conclusion of the 2013–14 season.The contract is for two seasons commencing

masks:
Besart Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha
Berisha


text_chunks:
 in the 2014–15 season and is worth $1.5 million, more than double his wage at Brisbane. <mask> had his competitive debut for Victory on 20 August 2014 in a 2014 FFA Cup Round of 32 match against Bayswater City SC away in Perth winning praise for his impact, assisting Archie Thompson's 77th-minute goal, followed by a hat-trick in the next round of the same competition in a 0–6 win away to Tuggeranong United in Canberra on 16 September. <mask> made his A-League debut for the Victory in their first round clash with the Western Sydney Wanderers. In the same match, <mask> scored his first A-League goal for the Victory, and the 2nd goal of the new A-League season, from a penalty kick in the 19th minute of the match, putting the Victory 2–0 up, in an eventual 4–1 win for the Victory. In his third appearance & start for his new club, <mask> made his debut in the newly re-established Melbourne Derby against Melbourne City FC in round 3 on 25 October 2014. In this match, <mask> scored his first hat-trick for the club, scoring Victory's second, third and fourth goals in an eventual 5–2 win in front of an attendance of 43,729 at Docklands Stadium, with the first and last goals coming from veteran teammate Archie Thompson. At this point of his Melbourne Victory career, <mask> had played a combined total of five games for the club, scoring seven goals and giving one assist.His goal scoring tally went up to 13 goals in the regular part of season, thus helping Melbourne Victory to win Premiership. In the final, <mask> scored the opener against arch rivals F.C. Sydney which Victory went to win 3–0. On 2 December 2015, <mask> extended his contract with Victory for two further seasons, with his new deal set to end at the completion of the 2017–18 A-League season. In November 2016, <mask> was announced as seeking Australian citizenship, after spending the required five years in the country, to be naturalised. He will be eligible for citizenship in October 2017. Once this has been achieved, Victory will be able to sign an additional visa player.On 17 December 2016, <mask> scored the winning goal in the 22nd Melbourne Derby. In doing so, he equalled Archie Thompson's tally of 90 goals in the A-League, the most ever scored by an individual in the league. On 2 January 2017, <mask> became the A-League's all-time leading goalscorer, after scoring a penalty in an eventual 4–2 win over Newcastle. On 14 April 2017, <mask> became the A-league's first ever player to score 100 goals in the competition after scoring a goal in a 1–0 win over the Central Coast Mariners. This goal also brought his regular season tally to 19, earning him a tie with Jamie Maclaren for the 2016–17 Golden Boot. With 68 A-League goals, <mask> is Melbourne Victory's second-highest goalscorer behind Archie Thompson. Sanfrecce Hiroshima
In June 2018, Melbourne Victory confirmed <mask> left the club to join J1 League side Sanfrecce Hiroshima.On 2 July 2018. <mask> is officially presented after signing a year and a half contract. On 28 July 2018, he made his debut in a 1–4 home defeat against Urawa Red Diamonds after coming on as a substitute at 68th minute in place of Teerasil Dangda. Western United
On 27 September 2019, <mask> returned to the A-League, joining expansion club Western United, who are also a rival of his old club Melbourne Victory. In July 2021, following two years at the club, <mask> left at the end of his contract. Prishtina
On 15 September 2021, <mask> joined Football Superleague of Kosovo side Prishtina. Seven days later, the club confirmed that <mask>'s transfer was permanent and received squad number 33.On 3 October 2021, he made his debut in a 0–0 away draw against Drita after coming on as a substitute at 77th minute in place of Gauthier Mankenda. Retirement
On 27 January 2022, <mask> announced through his Instagram account that he has retired from football. International career

Albania
<mask> started applying for Albanian citizenship in September 2006 along with Mërgim Mavraj, Genc Mehmeti and Alban Dragusha, this following the recommendations of Hans-Peter Briegel before he resigned from his role as the manager of the Albanian national team. Despite these four players were tested and selected by Hans-Peter Briegel, but only three of them were in plans of the next upcoming coach of Albania, Otto Barić, where the Croatian coach meet <mask> in Germany and coach Thomas Doll and had only required his services, Mërgim Mavraj's and Genc Mehmeti's, as for Alban Dragusha he has not given any concrete statement. UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying
<mask> received his first call up and played his first game for Albania under the coach Otto Barić, on 11 October 2006 against the Netherlands valid for the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying Group G and where <mask> came on as a substitute in the 79th minute for Erjon Bogdani, as the match finished in the 2–1 loss. In another four following matches he was called up and played in all four matches including two in the starting line up. First he played as a substitute in a goalless draw on 24 March 2007 against Slovenia replacing Devi Muka in the 86th minute and playing for the first time as Attacking midfielder behind the back of Alban Bushi and Erjon Bogdani.Then four days later in another goalless draw in a row, against Bulgaria, <mask> played as a starter along Erjon Bogdani in the forward line forming the duo-strikers partnership, Then <mask> was substituted off in the second half 79th minute by Alban Bushi. In the next upcoming matches both against Luxembourg on 2 and 6 June 2007, <mask> returned to play as a starter in the midfield in the first match, but got substituted off by Devi Muka at half-time as the match finished in 2–0 with both goals scored by Edmond Kapllani in the first half when <mask> played. For the second match, <mask> came in as a substitute in the 67th minute for Alban Bushi and five minutes later Edmond Kapllani scored for Albania to secure the clean 3–0 win. He scored his first goal for Albania on 25 May 2007, during a friendly match with England B played at Turf Moor, in Burnley, England, where he showed impressive form and was the Albanian man of the match. This goal was not recognized because the match was not between two fully senior teams. The first fully senior international goal was scored by <mask> on 22 August 2007 in a friendly match against Malta which Albania won 3–0. <mask> was in the starting line up and managed to score in the 46th minute of the second half.On 19 November 2008, <mask> assisted the equalizing goal scored by Ervin Skela in the friendly match against Azerbaijan which ended exactly as a 1–1 draw. 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification
During the World Cup 2010 qualifiers, he was called up regularly in the national team for all 10 group matches, playing on eight of them. For the two matches against Hungary on 28 March 2009 and Denmark on 1 April 2009, coach Arie Haan left out Erjon Bogdani, a regular starter during the tournament, because the striker of Chievo Verona did not play for some time in the Italian Serie A. In those two matches <mask> gained a chance to play as a starter and in the 0–1 loss against Hungary on 28 March 2009, he completed the entire 90-minutes match forming a striker partnership with Hamdi Salihi. And four days later in a 0–3 loss against Denmark on 1 April 2009, he played once again in the starting line up as a single striker, then substituted off by Migen Memelli in the 85th minute. After the end of the tournament, he refused permanently to be called up for the national team's fixtures, one reason being that he is living a long distance away from Albania. As of 14 October 2009, his last game with the national team, <mask> had made 17 appearances and scored one goal for Albania.On 9 December 2013, he declared that after the opening of the winter transfer period he will sign for a football-club in Europe to be more close Albania and to play again for the national team, but suddenly on 22 January 2014 it was announced that fellow A-League club Melbourne Victory had agreed to sign <mask> for next season 2014–15. On 5 April 2014, he was asked by Albania national team coach Gianni De Biasi to play again for Albania only for the official matches valid for UEFA Euro 2016 qualifiers and <mask> asked just ten days for final response. His late response was definitive to not accept latest invitation, as he declared that as long as he was playing in Australia he couldn't come to Albania due to the long distance. In January 2016, <mask> declared that he was interested in representing Albania in UEFA Euro 2016. Kosovo
On 16 August 2016, it was announced that <mask> had accepted an invitation to represent Kosovo, after it was officially recognized by UEFA and FIFA in May 2016. On 4 November 2016, FIFA accepted <mask>'s request to play for Kosovo. On 20 March 2017, he received a call-up from Kosovo for a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying match against Iceland, making his debut after being named in the starting line-up.Early departure
On 11 June 2017, <mask> after the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying match against Turkey decided to step down from international duty because he felt Albert Bunjaki, the Kosovo coach was the worst coach he had ever worked with and accused Bunjaki of not giving him any reason as to why he was not being selected. <mask> said he would be available for selection again should Bunjaki leave his role as coach of the Kosovo national team. Personal life
<mask> <mask> was born in Pristina and raised in Germany and he is the brother-in-law of Kosovan footballers Enis Fetahu and Kosovo international Samir Ujkani. <mask> became an Australian citizen in 2019. Career statistics

Club

1 – includes A-League final series statistics
2 – includes FIFA Club World Cup statistics; AFC Champions League statistics are included in group stages commencing during domestic season (i.e. ACL and A-League seasons etc.) International

International goals
Scores and results list Albania's goal tally first.players
Eliteserien players
Rosenborg BK players
2. Bundesliga players
Arminia Bielefeld players
A-League Men players
Brisbane Roar FC players
Melbourne Victory FC players
J1 League players
Sanfrecce Hiroshima players
Western United FC players
Naturalised soccer players of Australia
Marquee players (A-League Men)
Expatriate footballers in Denmark
Expatriate footballers in Norway
Expatriate footballers in

masks: Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Berisha Besart Berisha Berisha


text_chunks:
<mask> (died 279) was a Xianbei chieftain who lived during the Three Kingdoms period of China. As the leader of the Xianbei tribe in Hexi, he led a great rebellion against the ruling Jin dynasty (266–420) between 270 and 279. <mask> killed many of the Jin generals sent against him and contributed to delaying Emperor Wu of Jin’s plans to conquer Eastern Wu. The rebellion peaked in 279 with <mask>’s capture of Liang Province, but that same year would also see its end, as <mask> was decisively defeated and killed by the Jin general, Ma Long. <mask>'s great-great-grandnephew, <mask>gu, was the founder of the Xianbei Southern Liang state during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. Life

Background
<mask>'s grandfather was <mask> (禿髮壽闐) and his great-grandfather was Pigu (匹孤). Pigu was the son of the Tuoba Xianbei chieftain Tuoba Jifen (拓跋詰汾) and his brother was Tuoba Liwei.Pigu led his branch of Xianbei to Hexi when Tuoba Liwei succeeded their father as chieftain in 218. There are two theories as to how the Tufa got their name. The first being that the words 'Tufa' (禿髮) and 'Tuoba' (拓拔) were homonyms, and is used as a derogatory term against Pigu's branch since Tufa meant 'bald hair'. The other, more traditional view is that it was Shoutian who named the clan 'Tufa' after his nickname. It was purported that Shoutian was born on a blanket. 'Tufa' in the Xianbei language meant 'blanket', and so Shoutian was called as such. Shoutian died in an unknown year and was succeeded by his grandson, Tufa Shujineng.Shujineng was described by historians as both brave and resolute as well as cunning and crafty. Rebellion against Jin
Due to bureaucratic oppression by local Chinese officials, Shujineng rebelled against Jin in 270. The Inspector of Qin Province, Hu Lie led an attack to quell this revolt, but he was defeated and killed at Wanhudui (萬斛堆, located in Gaolan County, Gansu). The Prince of Fufeng, Sima Liang, was supposed to send reinforcements through his subordinate Liu Qi (劉旂) to aid Hu Lie, but Liu refused to move his troops. Emperor Wu of Jin wanted to punish Liu Qi, but Sima Liang defended him and lost his post in the process. With the removal of Sima Liang, Shi Jian (石鉴) and Tian Zheng (田章) were sent instead by Emperor Wu to put down the uprising. Shi Jian ordered his subordinate, Du Yu, to attack Shujineng.However, Du Yu remonstrated him, stating that the enemy were still riled up from their recent victories, as opposed to the demoralized Jin troops, and that they should wait until the following year to attack. Du Yu's words angered Shi Jian, who had him sent back to Luoyang in a prison cart. Shi Jian carried out his original plans, but he too could not defeat Shujineng. In 271, Shujineng was joined by the various tribes of Beidi (北地, in present-day Qingyang, Gansu) in his invasion of Jincheng (金城; around present-day Yuzhong County, Gansu). The Inspector of Liang Province, Qian Hong, led his troops to fight Shujineng, but Qiang troops within Qian's army, dissatisfied by his mistreatment of them, rebelled and join Shujineng. Qian Hong was killed in battle at Mount Qing (青山, located in Huan county, Gansu province) after Shujineng and his allies surrounded his army. Qian Hong's replacement as Inspector of Liang, Su Yu (蘇愉) was also routed and killed by Shujineng at Mount Jin (金山, located in Shandan county, Gansu province) later that year.While <mask>'s revolt was happening, a Xiongnu uprising occurred in Bing Province led by Liu Meng (劉猛) in 271. Fortunately for Jin, this revolt was quickly put down by Hu Fen in 272. Shujineng created so much concern for Emperor Wu that he was unable to eat until late in the day. Two of his ministers, Ren Kai (任愷) and Yu Chun (庾純), attempted to undermine their political enemy, Jia Chong, by recommending him to Emperor Wu to fight Shujineng. Emperor Wu initially agreed and had even given Jia the necessary appointments to do so. Jia Chong was distressed by this, but with Xun Xu's help, he remained in Luoyang after securing a marriage between his daughter, Jia Nanfeng, and Emperor Wu's heir, Sima Zhong. Defeats and brief surrender
<mask>'s string of victories came to an end in 275 when he was defeated by the Marshal of Yong and Liang Province, Sima Jun and lost 3,000 men in battle.In 277, Sima Jun's subordinate, Wen Yang, campaigned against Shujineng and gave him his second defeat. This time, around 200,000 tribesmen surrendered to Wen Yang. Wen Yang tightened the security in Liang, Qin and Yong by having patrols defend villagers from Shujineng's raids. Faced with repeated defeats, Shujineng negotiated peace with Jin by sending one of his sons to Luoyang as a hostage. Resumed rebellion and death
Peace between Jin and Shujineng did not last, as he revolted again in 278. The Inspector of Liang Province, Yang Xin (楊欣), fought with Shujineng's allies, Ruoluobaneng (若羅拔能) and others, at the Dang Ranges (丹嶺) in Wuwei, but was defeated and beheaded. As Shujineng continued to harass Jin's borders, the minister Li Xi (李憙) suggested that they send an army to put him down, but the court disagreed, believing the situation was not as serious as Li thought.However, by the beginning of 279, Shujineng captured Liang Province, much to the regret of Emperor Wu. A junior Jin General by the name of Ma Long volunteered to help defeat Shujineng and marched into Liang with 3,500 elite soldiers. In response, <mask> had his army occupy the passes to defend against Ma Long. During Ma Long's battles with Shujineng, he used tactics that were rather unorthodox and questionable. Ma Long implemented what were called 'flat box carts (偏箱車)' which helped protect the troops from arrows while also allowing them to kill many enemies as they advanced though the narrow passes. It is also said that he placed magnetic stones on the ground to slow down the Xianbei troops, who generally wore iron armour as opposed to the Jin troops wearing rhinoceros hide armour. Shujineng's soldiers supposedly thought these stones to be divine.Regardless of its historicity, Ma Long's campaign saw the end of Shujineng's raids. Once Ma Long reached Wuwei, Shujineng's allies, Cubahan (猝跋韓) and Zuwanneng (且萬能), surrendered to Ma Long with ten thousand tribes under them. At the end of the year, Shujineng was decisively defeated and killed by Ma Long, although another account states that after the battle, Shujineng's subordinates turned on him. One of them, Meigu (沒骨) assassinated Shujineng before he and the rest of the rebel forces surrendered to Jin. With peace restored, Shujineng was replaced with his younger cousin, <mask> Wuwan (禿髮烏孤), as their tribe's leader. References

 Fang, Xuanling (ed.) (648).Book of Jin (Jin Shu). Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian. Wei, Shou (554). Book of Wei (Wei Shu). Year of birth unknown
279 deaths
People of the Three Kingdoms
Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms)

masks:
Tufa Shujineng
Shujineng
Shujineng
Shujineng
Tufa Shujineng
Tufa Wu
Tufa Shujineng
Tufa Shoutian
Shujineng
Shujineng
Shujineng
Tufa


text_chunks:
<mask> (, ; born 26 December 1932) is a Russian expert in plasma physics and a former director of the Space Research Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was also a science advisor to the Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. <mask> graduated from Moscow State University. He is a member of both the Russian Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. He has worked at the University of Maryland, College Park since 1989 in the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences. He is also currently a Senior Advisor at the Albright Stonebridge Group, a global strategy firm, where he assists clients with issues involving Russia and countries in the former Soviet Union. <mask> was married to, and divorced from, Susan Eisenhower, granddaughter of Dwight D. Eisenhower.<mask> was the recipient of the 2003 Carl Sagan Memorial Award, and the James Clerk Maxwell Prize for Plasma Physics (2001). Early years
<mask> <mask> is an ethnic Tatar. His maternal grandfather was a secular man teaching mathematics. He was born in Moscow on December 26, 1932, soon after the arrival of his young parents from Tatarstan. The family used to speak Russian at home. Nonetheless, the parents also communicated in Tatar between adults when secrecy was needed. He lived with them until the age of four near the Nikitsky Gates.His father was then a post-graduate student. He spent the following years in Kazan where he graduated from a high school. The young <mask> was not only a quite outstanding student who was awarded the Silver Medal, but also champion of chess among juniors of his city. His brother Renad Zinnurovich <mask> (born December 13, 1941) would later study chemistry. <mask> returned to Moscow to study at the Moscow State University. He was one of a few of Lev Landau's students, the Soviet Nobel laureate. In the dormitory he lived next to Mikhail Gorbachev, a law student, and Raisa Gorbachyova, a sociology student.As a researcher
In 1955, after graduating from  Moscow State University in nuclear science, Doctorate in Physics and Mathematics, he worked at the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy as a member of the controlled fusion team,  with Igor Kurchatov as director from 1956 to 1961. From 1961 until 1970, he worked as head of the Laboratory at the Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Siberian Division of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Novosibirsk. At the age of 35, he was one of the youngest persons ever  elected as a full academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. From 1970 until 1973, he worked at the Institute of Physics of High Temperatures of the USSR Academy of Sciences. His works on the behavior of hot plasma and controlled thermonuclear fusion in both the Institute of Atomic Energy and later at the Institute of Nuclear Physics have won international recognition. Director of the Space Research Institute
Upon his return to Moscow, he was appointed the director of the Space Research Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He stayed at this post from 1973 until 1988.There he supervised several research projects such as the Cosmos, Forecast, Intercosmos, Meteor, and Astron programs. He managed or was a principal participant in many space projects including the Venera probes to Venus, the joint Soviet-U.S. Soyuz Apollo Test Project and headed the International Space Project Venus-Halley (Vega) and Phobos projects. He is the author of studies on plasma physics and magnetofluiddynamics. In 1984,  he was awarded the most prestigious Lenin Prize for his outstanding achievements in the foundations of the neoclassical theory of transport processes in toroidal plasma. Role in repressions against dissidents
In 1968 a few dozens of Soviet citizens signed a number of letters addressed to the Soviet government in which the authors protested against human rights violations by the authorities in connection with the trials of Soviet dissidents. The authorities initiated repressions against the signatories, including those who worked at the research establishments of Akademgorodok in Novosibirsk. Then 36-year-old <mask> suggested that these persons should be dismissed from Akademgorodok and sent to "load chunks of lead".Role in politics
As Yuri Andropov became the new General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, <mask> participated in the work of a think tank with Gorbachev as the head, which was mandated to find scientific justifications for the nuclear disarmament. Later, as Gorbachev became the new General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, following Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), they advised the Soviet leadership not to worry and not to respond by creating a similar program. He was awarded the title of the Hero of Socialist Labor for his role in the international research program of the  Halley Comet  in 1986. He was elected at the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1987 and worked until 1991 as an advisor on the issues related to civil and military space problems for Mikhail Gorbachev and Eduard Shevardnadze on summits, which were held in Geneva (1985), Washington, D.C. (1987) and Moscow (1988). Personal life
<mask> met Susan Eisenhower, a step-grandmother, and the twice divorced mother of three daughters, in 1987, at a US–USSR forum in New York City. Eisenhower is the granddaughter of Dwight D. Eisenhower 34th President of the United States, and a political scientist by profession. They rendezvoused later in Russia, the US, and various European countries before they married in 1990.Thus, he moved to live in the US. As of 2008 they are divorced. Post-Cold War
Today, <mask> is a Distinguished Professor of Physics at the University of Maryland, College Park, member of the US National Academy and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. <mask> is also a member of the Supervisory Council of the International Luxembourg Forum on Preventing Nuclear Catastrophe. He is also currently a Senior Advisor at the Albright Stonebridge Group, a global strategy firm, where he assists clients with issues involving Russia and countries in the former Soviet Union. References

External links

1932 births
Living people
Soviet physicists
20th-century Russian physicists
Tatar people
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology faculty
Eisenhower family
University of Maryland, College Park faculty
Lenin Prize winners
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Soviet politicians
Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
Place of birth missing (living people)
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences

masks:
Roald Zinnurovich Sagdeev
Sagdeev
Sagdeev
Sagdeev
Roald
Sagdeev
Roald
Sagdeev
Roald
Sagdeev
Sagdeev
Sagdeev
Sagdeev
Sagdeev


text_chunks:
William Sydney Porter (September 11, 1862 – June 5, 1910), better known by his pen name O<mask>, was an American short story writer. Porter was born in Greensboro, North Carolina. He moved to Texas in 1882, where he met his wife, Athol Estes, with whom he had two children. In 1902, after the death of his wife, Porter moved to New York, where he soon remarried. It was while he was in New York that Porter's most intensive writing period occurred, with Porter writing 381 short stories. Porter's works include "The Gift of the Magi", "The Duplicity of Hargraves", and "The Ransom of Red Chief". His stories are known for their surprise endings and witty narration.Porter also wrote poetry and non-fiction. Porter's legacy includes the O. Henry Award, an annual prize awarded to outstanding short stories. Biography

Early life
William Sidney Porter was born on September 11, 1862, in Greensboro, North Carolina, during the American Civil War. He changed the spelling of his middle name to Sydney in 1898. His parents were Algernon Sidney Porter (1825–88), a physician, and Mary Jane Virginia Swaim Porter (1833–65). William's parents had married on April 20, 1858. When William was three, his mother died after giving birth to her third child, and he and his father moved into the home of his paternal grandmother.As a child, Porter was always reading, everything from classics to dime novels; his favorite works were Lane's translation of One Thousand and One Nights and Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy. Porter graduated from his aunt Evelina Maria Porter's elementary school in 1876. He then enrolled at the Lindsey Street High School. His aunt continued to tutor him until he was 15. In 1879, he started working in his uncle's drugstore in Greensboro, and on August 30, 1881, at the age of 19, Porter was licensed as a pharmacist. At the drugstore, he also showed his natural artistic talents by sketching the townsfolk. Life in Texas

Porter traveled along with James K. Hall to Texas in March 1882, hoping that a change of air would help alleviate a persistent cough he had developed.He took up residence on the sheep ranch of Richard Hall, James Hall's son, in La Salle County and helped out as a shepherd, ranch hand, cook, and baby-sitter. While on the ranch, he learned bits of Spanish and German from the mix of indigenous & immigrant ranch hands. He also spent time reading classic literature. Porter's health did improve. He traveled with Richard to Austin, Texas in 1884, where he decided to remain and was welcomed into the home of Richard's friends, Joseph Harrell and his wife. Porter resided with the Harrells for three years. He went to work briefly for the Morley Brothers Drug Company as a pharmacist.Porter then moved on to work for the Harrell Cigar Store located in the Driskill Hotel. He also began writing as a sideline and wrote many of his early stories in the Harrell house. As a young bachelor, Porter led an active social life in Austin. He was known for his wit, story-telling and musical talents. He played both the guitar and mandolin. He sang in the choir at St. David's Episcopal Church and became a member of the "Hill City Quartette", a group of young men who sang at gatherings and serenaded young women of the town. Porter met and began courting Athol Estes, 17 years old and from a wealthy family.Historians believe Porter met Athol at the laying of the cornerstone of the Texas State Capitol on March 2, 1885. Her mother objected to the match because Athol was ill, suffering from tuberculosis. On July 1, 1887, Porter eloped with Athol and they were married in the parlor of the home of the Reverend R. K. Smoot, pastor of the Central Presbyterian Church, where the Estes family attended church. The couple continued to participate in musical and theater groups, and Athol encouraged her husband to pursue his writing. Athol gave birth to a son in 1888, who died hours after birth, and then daughter Margaret Worth Porter in September 1889. Porter's friend Richard Hall became Texas Land Commissioner and offered Porter a job. Porter started as a draftsman at the Texas General Land Office (GLO) on January 12, 1887, at a salary of $100 a month, drawing maps from surveys and fieldnotes.The salary was enough to support his family, but he continued his contributions to magazines and newspapers. In the GLO building, he began developing characters and plots for such stories as "Georgia's Ruling" (1900), and "Buried Treasure" (1908). The castle-like building he worked in was even woven into some of his tales such as "Bexar Scrip No. 2692" (1894). His job at the GLO was a political appointment by Hall. Hall ran for governor in the election of 1890 but lost. Porter resigned on January 21, 1891, the day after the new governor, Jim Hogg, was sworn in.The same year, Porter began working at the First National Bank of Austin as a teller and bookkeeper at the same salary he had made at the GLO. The bank was operated informally, and Porter was apparently careless in keeping his books and may have embezzled funds. In 1894, he was accused by the bank of embezzlement and lost his job but was not indicted at the time. He then worked full-time on his humorous weekly called The Rolling Stone, which he started while working at the bank. The Rolling Stone featured satire on life, people, and politics and included Porter's short stories and sketches. Although eventually reaching a top circulation of 1,500, The Rolling Stone failed in April 1895 because the paper never provided an adequate income. However, his writing and drawings had caught the attention of the editor at the Houston Post.Porter and his family moved to Houston in 1895, where he started writing for the Post. His salary was only $25 a month, but it rose steadily as his popularity increased. Porter gathered ideas for his column by loitering in hotel lobbies and observing and talking to people there. This was a technique he used throughout his writing career. While he was in Houston, federal auditors audited the First National Bank of Austin and found the embezzlement shortages that led to his firing. A federal indictment followed, and he was arrested on charges of embezzlement. Flight and return

After his arrest, Porter's father-in-law posted his bail.He was due to stand trial on July 7, 1896, but the day before, as he was changing trains to get to the courthouse, he got scared. He fled, first to New Orleans and later to Honduras, with which the United States had no extradition treaty at that time. Porter lived in Honduras for six months, until January 1897. There he became friends with Al Jennings, a notorious train robber, who later wrote a book about their friendship. He holed up in a Trujillo hotel, where he wrote Cabbages and Kings. Porter had sent Athol and Margaret back to Austin to live with Athol's parents. Unfortunately, Athol became too ill to meet Porter in Honduras as he had planned.When he learned that his wife was dying, Porter returned to Austin in February 1897 and surrendered to the court, pending trial. Athol Estes Porter died from tuberculosis (then known as consumption) on July 25, 1897. Porter had little to say in his own defense at his trial and was found guilty on February 17, 1898, of embezzling $854.08. He was sentenced to five years in prison and imprisoned on March 25, 1898, at the Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus, Ohio. Porter was a licensed pharmacist and was able to work in the prison hospital as the night druggist. He was given his own room in the hospital wing, and there is no record that he actually spent time in the cell block of the prison. He had 14 stories published under various pseudonyms while he was in prison but was becoming best known as "O. Henry", a pseudonym that first appeared over the story "Whistling Dick's Christmas Stocking" in the December 1899 issue of McClure's Magazine.A friend of his in New Orleans would forward his stories to publishers so that they had no idea that the writer was imprisoned. Porter was released on July 24, 1901, for good behavior after serving three years. He reunited with his daughter Margaret, now age 11, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where Athol's parents had moved after Porter's conviction. Later life and death
Porter's most prolific writing period started in 1902, when he moved to New York City to be near his publishers. While there, he wrote 381 short stories. He wrote a story a week for over a year for the New York World Sunday Magazine. His wit, characterization, and plot twists were adored by his readers but often panned by critics.Porter married again in 1907 to childhood sweetheart Sarah (Sallie) Lindsey Coleman, whom he met again after revisiting his native state of North Carolina. Sarah Lindsey Coleman was herself a writer and wrote a romanticized and fictionalized version of their correspondence and courtship in her novella Wind of Destiny. Porter was a heavy drinker, and by 1908, his markedly deteriorating health affected his writing. In 1909, Sarah left him, and he died on June 5, 1910, of cirrhosis of the liver, complications of diabetes, and an enlarged heart. After funeral services in New York City, he was buried in the Riverside Cemetery in Asheville, North Carolina. His daughter Margaret Worth Porter had a short writing career from 1913 to 1916. She married cartoonist <mask> of New York in 1916; they were divorced four years later.She died of tuberculosis in 1927 and was buried next to her father. Stories

O. <mask>'s stories frequently have surprise endings. In his day he was called the American answer to Guy de Maupassant. While both authors wrote plot twist endings, O<mask>'s stories were considerably more playful, and are also known for their witty narration. Most of O<mask>'s stories are set in his own time, the early 20th century. Many take place in New York City and frequently feature characters with blue-collar jobs, such as policemen and waitresses. Cabbages and Kings was his first collection of stories, followed by The Four Million.The second collection opens with a reference to Ward McAllister's claim that there were "...only 'Four Hundred' people in New York City who were really worth noticing. But a wiser man has arisen—the census taker—and his larger estimate of human interest has been preferred in marking out the field of these little stories of the Four Million." He had an obvious affection for the city, which he called "Bagdad-on-the-Subway", and many of his stories are set there—while others are set in small towns or in other cities. His final work was "Dream", a short story intended for the magazine The Cosmopolitan. It was never completed. Among his most famous stories are:
 "The Gift of the Magi" is about a young couple, Jim and Della, who are short of money but desperately want to buy each other Christmas gifts. Unbeknownst to Jim, Della sells her most valuable possession, her beautiful hair, in order to

masks:
. Henry
Oscar Cesare
Henry
. Henry
. Henry