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<mask> (born 3 May 1961) is an English professional football manager and former player. McClaren was assistant manager to Alex Ferguson at Manchester United from 1999 to 2001. His managerial career began at Middlesbrough in the Premier League. During his tenure, Middlesbrough won their first (and thus far only) major trophy, the League Cup in 2004. They were also UEFA Cup runners-up in 2006. He was appointed manager of the England national team in August 2006, but was dismissed a year later after England failed to qualify for UEFA Euro 2008, and was the subject of strong media criticism. In 2008, McClaren was appointed manager of Dutch club Twente, with whom he won the club's first ever Eredivisie championship in 2010.Soon afterwards he took over at VfL Wolfsburg in Germany, though he was dismissed mid-season due to poor results. After a short spell as manager of Nottingham Forest, he returned to Twente in 2012. His second stint with Twente was less successful, however, and McClaren resigned in early 2013. He returned to Derby later that year, leading the club to the play-offs in the 2013–14 season, but failed to win promotion and he was dismissed in 2015. He was soon appointed as head coach of Newcastle United, but was dismissed after less than year after winning only six of his 28 Premier League matches in charge. He had a second spell as Derby manager from October 2016 to March 2017. and in 2018, McClaren was appointed manager of Queens Park Rangers, before being dismissed in April 2019. Early life
McClaren was born on 3 May 1961 in Fulford, York, the son of Margaret (née Bogg) and Brian McClaren who had married the previous year.Described as "Yorkshire born and bred", McClaren's ancestors worked variously as miners, brewers, cotton mill workers, labourers, and farmworkers, and in domestic service. As a child, McClaren attended Nunthorpe Grammar School after passing his eleven-plus, preferring it over a closer school because of the emphasis which was placed on sports. In order to attend he had to cycle a daily four-mile round trip across York. This is cited as an example of his determination to succeed in sport. At school he played rugby, tennis, squash and was captain of the school's football team. He also played for York Boys under-15 team and represented the county of Yorkshire. Playing as midfielder, McClaren is remembered as being a "tidy" player, "skilful on the ball" and "head and shoulders above the rest."Playing career

As a player, McClaren was a midfielder who spent most of his career in the lower leagues of English football. The bulk of his playing career was with Hull City, who he joined in 1979 at the age of 18 after leaving school, He went on to play 178 games scoring 16 goals before leaving in 1985. He then played for Derby County between 1985 and 1988, making 25 appearances. During 1987, he joined Lincoln City (on loan) making only eight appearances. In 1988, he moved to Bristol City and played 61 times, scoring two goals. He joined his final club, Oxford United, in 1989. He played 33 times for Oxford before an injury forced him to retire in 1992.Coaching and managerial career

Early coaching
After retiring from playing, McClaren began his coaching career as a youth and reserve team coach at Oxford United, where Denis Smith was manager. He moved back to Derby County in 1995, where he was assistant manager to Jim Smith. The pair won promotion to the Premier League in their first season in charge, establishing themselves in this division and later enjoyed further consolidation in the top flight. In early 1999, McClaren moved to Manchester United as assistant to Alex Ferguson, replacing Brian Kidd. At the time, he was so little known that he was introduced by United chairman Martin Edwards as "<mask>", perhaps confusing him with the former Leicester City striker <mask>. His first half-season was distinguished by United winning the treble, consisting of the Premier League title, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League. He developed the reputation as one of the most tactically astute coaches in the country, using modern methods such as video analysis and sports psychologists.United later won the League titles in 2000 and 2001, thus ensuring they won every title contested while McClaren was at the club. In October 2000, McClaren was made a coach in the England national team by caretaker-manager Peter Taylor. He retained the position under permanent manager Sven-Göran Eriksson until November 2002, combining the job with his roles at club level. However, he returned to assist Eriksson as assistant manager shortly before UEFA Euro 2004 as Brian Kidd had undergone surgery for prostate cancer. He remained in the role with Casper up to and including the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals. Middlesbrough
At the end of the 2000–01 season, McClaren began looking for a managerial job, having decided his chances of succeeding Ferguson at Old Trafford were slim; at the time, Ferguson was planning to retire the following summer, but would ultimately remain in charge of United for a further 11 seasons. With a positive reputation and closely linked with three Premier League vacancies, Middlesbrough chairman <mask> won the race to appoint him after McClaren turned down Southampton and West Ham United.His appointment came after the resignation of former Manchester United captain Bryan Robson, who had been in charge of the Teesside club for seven years and established them as a Premier League club. In his first season, Middlesbrough reached the FA Cup semi-final, knocking out his previous employers Manchester United in the fourth round, but lost 0–1 to Arsenal. They finished 12th in the league, a small improvement on the previous season's 14th-place finish. The following season brought another modest improvement, this time finishing 11th, although they had been in higher positions – and the race for a UEFA Cup place – for most of the season. In the 2003–04 season, McClaren guided Boro to victory in the League Cup with a 2–1 win over Bolton Wanderers in the final. This was the club's first ever major honour and also guaranteed them qualification for a European competition for the first time in their 128-year history. In the following close season, McClaren was able to attract proven players Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink, Michael Reiziger and Mark Viduka to the Riverside Stadium.The signings paid dividends as the club reached the round of 16 in the UEFA Cup, having beaten more experienced sides such as Lazio, before being eliminated by Sporting CP. The club finished in seventh position in the Premier League – their best finish since 1975 – ensuring qualification for the UEFA Cup for a second successive season. The 2005–06 season proved to be the most eventful of McClaren's tenure at Middlesbrough. The club endured mediocre league form, losing at home to local rivals Sunderland (who finished the season relegated with just three wins from 38 games) and suffering a 7–0 thrashing at Arsenal, putting the club in relegation form. During a 4–0 defeat at home to Aston Villa, a Middlesbrough fan ran onto the pitch and threw his season ticket at McClaren signifying his disgust at the club's performances. Boro eventually finished in a secure 14th place but enjoyed greater success in the cup competitions, reaching the latter stages of both the FA and UEFA Cups. They lost 0–1 to West Ham United in the FA Cup semi-finals.In the UEFA Cup, Middlesbrough were losing on aggregate in the second legs of both the quarter and semi-final ties against Basel and Steaua București respectively. After McClaren substituted defenders with attackers, Boro produced two spectacular four-goal comebacks in both ties to reach the final. In the final, however, Middlesbrough were outclassed by Sevilla and lost 4–0. <mask>'s five-year tenure on Teesside saw him establish himself as Middlesbrough's most successful manager as he made the often difficult transition from coach to manager. He was the first manager to guide them to a major trophy and the first to guide them to qualification for a European competition. He was also the most successful English manager of the early 21st century; he was the first Englishman to win a major honour since 1996 and first to reach a European final with an English club since 1985. Many Boro fans, however, were indifferent about his departure, believing <mask>, the club chairman, to be more important to their success.McClaren was accused by rival managers of having a "pot of gold" provided by Gibson to buy players, giving him an advantage over other teams (except perhaps the biggest few clubs in the league) when signing players. Despite this, towards the latter end of his tenure McClaren was criticised by some supporters for using negative tactics and earning Middlesbrough the tag of a "dull" side. Some observers attributed Middlesbrough's success to the senior, experienced players in the side rather than McClaren's managerial ability. England national team
After Eriksson announced in January 2006 that he would leave as England manager after the 2006 World Cup finals, McClaren was placed on The FA's shortlist to succeed him, alongside Sam Allardyce, Alan Curbishley, Martin O'Neill and Luiz Felipe Scolari. The FA first offered the position to Scolari, but he rejected the offer, claiming that the role would mean excessive media intrusion in his life. McClaren, however, was subsequently announced as Eriksson's successor on 4 May 2006 after signing a four-year contract. The nature of his appointment earned him the nickname "Second Choice <mask>".The appointment was praised by the likes of Alex Ferguson and Trevor Brooking. McClaren assumed control of the national team on 1 August 2006. McClaren chose popular former England coach Terry Venables as his assistant, a move seen by some as an attempt to counter the lack of enthusiasm for McClaren. He also hired public relations guru Max Clifford to manage his relationship with the media. McClaren's first decision was to choose the new England captain. He decided to give the arm band to John Terry, the Chelsea defender and captain who at the time had 24 England caps, saying, "I'm convinced he will prove to be one of the best captains England has ever had." In his first squad, McClaren dropped many of the national team's older players including Sol Campbell, David James and former captain David Beckham, saying he was planning for "a different direction".McClaren, however, stated that there was still a chance that Beckham could be recalled in the future. After starting qualification for UEFA Euro 2008 well with two wins, England hit a poor run of form between October 2006 and March 2007 with only one goal scored in five matches, by which time they had fallen to fourth in their qualification group. During a match against Andorra in March 2007, McClaren and the England team received abuse from supporters during a poor performance in a 3–0 win. McClaren walked out of the post-match press conference after only two minutes of questions, saying, "Gentlemen, if you want to write whatever you want to write, you can write it because that is all I am going to say. Thank you." In May 2007, McClaren made a U-turn by recalling David Beckham into the England squad. England subsequently had a run of four wins from six matches, which boosted the country's hopes of qualification for Euro 2008 before a defeat against Russia in October 2007, causing England's qualification fate to fall out of their hands.The FA's chief executive, Brian Barwick, gave his backing to McClaren, despite the defeat. McClaren was also backed by players Phil Neville and <mask>, his predecessor Eriksson, and the chief executive of the League Managers Association, John Barnwell. The results of other matches in England's qualification group meant that England would qualify as the second place team by avoiding a loss in their final group match against Croatia, who had already clinched first place in the group. The match was played at Wembley on 21 November 2007 and England lost 3–2; coupled with Russia's victory over Andorra, this meant that England failed to qualify for Euro 2008. It was the first time in 14 years that England had not qualified for a major tournament, and the first time in 24 years that they had not qualified for the European Championships. The following day, The FA held an emergency meeting at which McClaren was removed from the post of England coach along with his assistant manager, Terry Venables. <mask>'s tenure is the second shortest of any England manager, spanning just 18 games in 16 months, only superseded by Sam Allardyce's one game in 67 days.On 14 December 2007, it was announced <mask>'s post had been taken up by Fabio Capello commencing from 7 January 2008. Twente
<mask> announced in February 2008 he would consider managing in either the Championship or abroad in his next job. In May, McClaren had a brief spell coaching then League Two side Darlington, assisting his former Derby County and Oxford United teammate Dave Penney. In April, the BBC announced McClaren

masks:
Stephen McClaren
Steve MClaridge
Steve Claridge
Steve Gibson
McClaren
Steve Gibson
Steve
Steven Gerrard
McClaren
McClaren
McClaren


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 would join them as a pundit for Euro 2008, working as analyst and co-commentator for BBC Radio 5 Live, alongside Alan Green, one of his harshest critics as England manager. McClaren's first commentary game was Austria–Croatia on 8 June 2008, Croatia having been the team chiefly responsible for England's non-qualification for the tournament, having beaten England twice in qualifying. In May 2008, McClaren was linked with a return to football as manager of the Dutch Eredivisie side Twente. He was in the crowd for a match against Ajax on 18 May, seeing Twente qualify for the Champions League.In response to speculation, a Twente spokesman initially stated that the club had no intention of hiring McClaren. Later that month, however, it was reported McClaren had held talks with Twente chairman Joop Munsterman and had toured the club, despite question marks from some Twente fans to his possible appointment. When he was initially offered the Twente managerial job, McClaren turned it down due to private issues and on 7 June he expressed an interest in the vacant managerial role at Blackburn Rovers. On 20 June, however, he was confirmed as the new manager of Twente. McClaren made a good start to the 2008–09 season. The club went on to secure second place in the Eredivisie behind winners AZ, reached the final of the KNVB Cup (losing on penalties to Heerenveen) and on the European front, the club survived group stages in the UEFA Cup, having beaten amongst others Racing de Santander and Schalke 04, managed by McClaren's predecessor at Twente, Fred Rutten. It was the first time in 30 years that the club had remained in European competition beyond winter.Twente were eventually knocked out on penalties in the Round of 32 by Marseille. At the start of the 2009–10 campaign, McClaren's second season at Twente, there were question-marks over how well newcomers Bryan Ruiz and Miroslav Stoch would be able to replace the departed Eljero Elia and Marko Arnautović, who had been at the core of Twente's second-place finish in the league the preceding year. McClaren, however, led the team to some impressive results, with Twente reaching the top of the Eredivisie in October and remaining top throughout the next few months. Twente, which had never won an Eredivisie title in its history, continued to top the league in the latter part of the season, holding off the likes of renowned competitors PSV and Ajax, and seriously emerged as title favourites. They also reached the first knockout round of the inaugural Europa League, where they were defeated by Werder Bremen. McClaren signed a one-year extension to his contract in October 2009. On 2 May 2010, Twente were crowned champions for the first time in their history after a 2–0 win away to NAC Breda.On winning the Eredivisie, McClaren became the first Englishman to manage a team to a top-level domestic league title since Bobby Robson with Porto in 1996 (Robson also won the Dutch title with PSV in 1991 and 1992). Robson had in fact been a major influence in McClaren's decision to go to the Netherlands. According to McClaren, "The relationship I had with Bobby was very special. He was a good friend and was of big influence on my decision to join FC Twente. I'd like to think that he'll be watching from a cloud up above and wishes us the best as we play the last game in the league against NAC." Twente won 16 of 17 home matches in the Eredivisie league that season and lost just two away. Twente withstood immense pressure from Martin Jol's Ajax (who won their last 14 games in a row and had a goal difference of +86, more than double Twente's +40) during the second half of the season and trumped the Amsterdam side by one point difference on the last day of the league to claim the title.Upon winning the championship, McClaren stated, "Winning the Carling Cup with Middlesbrough was special but this is pretty much right up at the top of anything I've ever done. To win a championship in a foreign country with foreign coaches, I think it's made me stronger." At the end of the season, McClaren was awarded the Rinus Michels Award for Dutch manager of the season. VfL Wolfsburg
Despite winning the Dutch league with Twente, McClaren left the club on 11 May 2010 to take over as manager of Bundesliga side VfL Wolfsburg, making him the first Englishman to manage a German top flight football club. Wolfsburg lost their first three league matches under McClaren – including a 2–1 injury time away loss to Bayern Munich on the opening day of the season, followed by a 4–3 home loss to Mainz 05 having led 3–0 after 30 minutes – but got off the mark with a 2–0 home win against Hannover 96. Wolfsburg then won their next two matches convincingly to rise to sixth in the table. Despite struggling in the league, on 23 December 2010 the club publicly showed a vote of confidence in McClaren.Due to further poor results, however, on 7 February 2011 the board decided to dismiss McClaren with immediate effect. Nottingham Forest
McClaren succeeded Billy Davies as manager of Nottingham Forest on 13 June 2011. McClaren made five signings by getting Andy Reid to return to his former club from Blackpool on a free transfer, Ishmael Miller from West Bromwich Albion for a fee of £1.2 million, Matt Derbyshire for an undisclosed fee from Olympiacos. George Boateng on a free transfer from Skoda Xanthi and Jonathan Greening from Fulham for a fee of £600,000. After Forest only won eight points from his first ten league games in charge, McClaren resigned as manager. Return to Twente

On 5 January 2012, Twente confirmed that McClaren has been appointed as the club's manager for the second time. In the press conference after being unveiled as manager, McClaren said his return to Twente was "an easy decision" to make and wanted to set his sights on winning the Eredivisie title.McClaren made his first match back as manager for the second time when Twente hammered RKC Waalwijk 5–0. His return was welcomed by the club's supporters, who wore "Welcome Back Steve" T-shirts during Saturday's game. In the January transfer window, McClaren caused controversy when he sold one of their best strikers, Marc Janko, to Porto for approximately £5 million. Despite this, McClaren invested money to sign Wesley Verhoek from ADO Den Haag for £1.5 million (a player McClaren had previously tried to sign while in charge at Nottingham Forest but the proposed deal fell through) and Glynor Plet from Heracles Almelo for £1.5 million. McClaren also signed Joshua John and Daniel Fernandes on a free transfer. After a disappointing sixth place, Twente invested in new players including Dušan Tadić and Luc Castaignos. Twente made it through the group stages of the Europa League, while winning the first six league matches.McClaren became the second foreign trainer in the Eredivisie who has coached more than 100 matches. After growing criticism from supporters, McClaren resigned his position on 26 February 2013, stating, "We agree the Club is bigger than any one individual and Twente is too big in my heart to stand in the way of its progress." Derby County
On 2 July 2013, McClaren became part of Harry Redknapp's coaching staff at Queens Park Rangers in the Championship after agreeing a short-term, three-month deal. However, In September, McClaren returned to Derby County when he was appointed head coach to replace Nigel Clough, signing a two-and-a-half-year contract. He appointed former Derby winger Paul Simpson and former Manchester United goalkeeping coach Eric Steele to his backroom staff. Derby's first match following McClaren's appointment was at home to Ipswich Town, though academy manager Darren Wassall took charge of the team. With Derby trailing 4–1 at half time, McClaren entered the home dressing room to give a "rousing" speech to inspire a Derby fight back for a 4–4 draw.McClaren's first two games in charge brought successive victories, as he earned Derby their first league home win of the season with a tenth successive victory over Leeds United (3–1) and inflicted Watford's first home defeat of the season with a 3–2 away win. The Watford victory earned McClaren the LMA Performance of the Week award. After Derby picked up 19 points from a possible 21 in December 2013, McClaren was awarded the Championship Manager of the Month award. Derby went on to finish third in the Championship in the 2013–14 season, amassing 85 points and qualifying for the Championship play-offs. After beating Brighton & Hove Albion over two legs in the semi-finals, Derby faced McClaren's former employers QPR in the final at Wembley Stadium, where they lost 1–0 to a last minute Bobby Zamora goal. This left Derby's quest for a return to the Premier League extending into its seventh season. Derby enjoyed a strong opening two-thirds of the 2014–15 season, topping the table on three separate occasions and reaching the League Cup quarter-finals.However, after a 2–0 victory over Charlton Athletic on 24 February took Derby to the top of the division, their form nose-dived and they managed just two wins, against eventually relegated Wigan Athletic and Blackpool, in their remaining 13 fixtures. They missed out on the play-offs altogether after a 3–0 defeat at home to Reading on the last day of the season, when a point would have sufficed. The drastic loss in form was attributed by McClaren to injuries to key players, especially striker Chris Martin, although local press also believed that constant speculation linking McClaren to the Newcastle United job had been a contributing factor. On 25 May 2015, McClaren was dismissed by Derby. Newcastle United
On 10 June 2015, McClaren was appointed as the replacement for caretaker manager John Carver as head coach of Premier League side Newcastle United. He signed a three-year deal with the club, with an option to extend the contract to eight years. He was also appointed to the Newcastle United board of directors, along with chief scout Graham Carr and club ambassador Bobby Moncur.On 18 October, after eight matches without a win, McClaren won his first Premier League game as manager of Newcastle with a 6–2 home victory against Norwich City. This was McClaren's first win in the Premier League since his Middlesbrough side beat West Ham 2–0 on 17 April 2006. Six days after a 3–1 home defeat to AFC Bournemouth, McClaren was dismissed by Newcastle on 11 March 2016. Return to Derby County
McClaren returned to Derby on 12 October 2016 for a second spell as manager after the departure of Nigel Pearson. His first game in charge during his second spell was a 1–0 home win against Leeds United. He was dismissed on 12 March 2017 after a 3–0 loss to Brighton. Maccabi Tel Aviv
In August 2017, McClaren joined Maccabi Tel Aviv as a coaching consultant.He vacated the post on 28 December. Queens Park Rangers
On 18 May 2018, McClaren was appointed as the new manager of Championship club Queens Park Rangers on a two-year contract, replacing Ian Holloway, who was dismissed by the club a week previously after a poor run of results in their previous league campaign. McClaren was dismissed as QPR manager on 1 April 2019 following a 2–1 home defeat to Bolton Wanderers on 30 March 2019 and a run of one win in 15 games. Return to Derby County
McClaren returned to Derby County on 24 November 2020 when being appointed as technical director. He stepped down from this role on 28 September 2021 after Derby entered administration, but remained at the club as a part-time senior adviser. Personal life
McClaren is married to Kathryn, with whom he has three sons: Joe, Sam and Josh. As of 2006, McClaren lived in the town of Yarm in Stockton-on-Tees.On becoming manager of VfL Wolfsburg, <mask> moved with his wife and youngest son to Germany, taking residence on Herr Island. Managerial statistics

Honours

Player
Derby County
Football League Second Division: 1986–87

Manager
Middlesbrough
Football League Cup: 2003–04

Twente
Eredivisie: 2009–10

References

External links

Lincoln City F.C. official archive profile

1961 births
Living people
Footballers from York
English footballers
Association football midfielders
Hull City A.F.C. players
Derby County F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C. players
Bristol City F.C. players
Oxford United F.C.players
English Football League players
English football managers
Middlesbrough F.C. managers
England national football team managers
FC Twente managers
VfL Wolfsburg managers
Nottingham Forest F.C. managers
Derby County F.C. managers
Newcastle United F.C. managers
Queens Park Rangers F.C. managers
Premier League managers
Eredivisie managers
Bundesliga managers
English Football League managers
Rinus Michels Award winners
Association football coaches
Oxford United F.C. non-playing staff
Derby County F.C.non-playing staff
Manchester United F.C. non-playing staff
English expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in Germany
Expatriate football managers in the Netherlands
English expatriate sportspeople in Germany
English expatriate sportspeople in Israel
English expatriate sportspeople in the


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<mask>  (born December 19, 1960) is a spiritual leader, best selling author, Vedic scholar, and authority on mind management. He is the founder of JKYog (Jagadguru Kripaluji Yog) India, a non-profit organization based in Cuttack, Odisha and JKYog, a nonprofit organization based in Dallas, Texas, which offers a unique Yogic system, also known as Yoga for the Body, Mind and Soul. Biography

Early life and education

As a child, Swami Mukundananda spent long hours in meditation and contemplation. He received a postgraduate degree from the IIM Calcutta. After that, he worked for some time with one of India's most topmost industrial houses. He left a career in business to join the order of Sannyas, dedicating his time to devotional pursuits and travelled throughout India as a Sanyasi. Under the guidance of guru' ' Jagadguru Shree Kripaluji Maharaj who is lovingly called "Maharajji" by his devotees, Mukundananda studied the Vedic scriptures, Indian and Western philosophy, and Bhakti Yog.Kripaluji Maharaj entrusted him with the key task of spreading Vedic knowledge around the globe. The journey

For more than quarter century, Swami Mukundananda has been travelling around the world, awakening thousands of minds by spreading profound knowledge of the Vedas. He has unveiled the way to explain the hardest meaning of the Vedas in the modern context using the perfect logic, simple-yet-scientific approach. JKYog

 Teachings and philosophy
Swami Mukundananda formulated JKYog, a system of yoga that incorporates elements of both Hatha yoga and Bhakti yoga,"US Tour" http://www.prweb.com/ and founded a nonprofit organization of the same name to promote the practice throughout the United States and India. "Satsang Centers" JKYog.org JKYog is headquartered at the Radha Krishna Temple in Allen, Texas. In May 2020, Swami Mukundananda launched the expansion of JKYog activities beyond USA to many major cities across the globe. He has been invited to speak at various institutions namely Google, Oracle, Yahoo, Verizon, M.D.Anderson Cancer Center, United Nations, Stanford University, Princeton University, MIT, Kellogg School of Management and Duke University. Temples and Congregation centres

Swami Mukundananda travels to many cities in United States and India every year to conduct week-long programs that incorporate  yoga sessions, meditation sessions and spiritual discourses. "7 Mindsets for Success in Life and Beyond"

He has founded the Radha Krishna temple of Dallas in Allen, Texas. He has also established several congregation centres in different cities of United States and India. The main ashram of Swami Mukundananda in India  is located in Banara, Cuttack, India, and is spread over 100 acres of land. There is also a fully functional charitable hospital and a naturopathy hospital on the same campus. Jagadguru Kripalu University

The government of Odisha approved the Jagadguru Kripalu University in April 2018.<mask> is the president of the university, which is presently under construction. In the first phase, the university will offer higher learning in Sanskrit, Yoga, Naturopathy, Health Administration, Philosophy, Religion and Comparative Religion. Recent engagement

<mask> was invited by Madras Management Association (MMA) to deliver the Keynote Address during the MMA Annual Convention 2020 where he delivered a talk on 'Mindsets for True Success'. Due to the COVID-19 situation, in 2020 Swami Mukundananda conducted an online event to celebrate the International Day of Yoga (June 20–26, 2020), where over 100 sessions were organized including yoga, pranayama, holistic health, health and wellness seminars and workshops. <mask> was distinguished speaker at his alma mater IIT Delhi for Diamond jubilee celebrations. <mask> Ji, was one of the speakers in Bhagavad Gita Summit (from 10th - 14th December 2021) during Gita Jayanti at Dallas, Texas, US along with other notable personalities such as Dr. Menas Kafatos, Mr. Shiv Khera, Kiran Bedi, Brahmacharini Gloria Arieira, Dantu Muralikrishna and others. Good mental health in a post-pandemic world

Considering the mental health problems that have resulted from COVID-19 pandemic around the globe, in the 2021 International Yoga festival Swami Mukundananda discussed the link between Yoga and good mental health.He said, "When facing a calamity, one of the biggest virtues is strength. Perceive these unusual circumstances as a window of opportunity to grow from within. Try to nurture your inner character, integrity, well-being, and divinity. The pandemic gave people an opportunity to rethink priorities in life – to shift from running from external accomplishments to growing from within. People who strengthened the foundation of their inner divine qualities during the lockdown have become more capable of tackling the challenges of the post-pandemic external world." In his discussion, he emphasized on three key points to help overcome mental health problems: 1. First, establish a daily routine of Yoga; 2.Second, set aside time for the practice of Pranayama; 3. Third, engage in Meditation as a spiritual practice to keep the body and mind relaxed and in a positive state. Bibliography
 7 Divine Laws to Awaken Your Best Self  (2020)
 The Science of Mind Management : With proper knowledge, training, and discipline, it is possible to unleash the mind's infinite potential   (2020)
 7 Mindsets for Success, Happiness and Fulfilment (Hindi)  (2020)
 7 Mindsets for Success, Happiness and Fulfilment (Marathi)  (2020)
 7 Mindsets for Success, Happiness and Fulfilment (English)  (2019)
 Science of Healthy Diet  (2017)
 Bhagavad Gita: The Song of God  (2013)
 Essence of Hinduism: Principles of Hindu philosophy and traditions. A summary of the Vedic scriptures  (2011)
 Spiritual Dialectics : Answers to some of the challenging questions on spirituality  (2011)
 Yoga for the Body, Mind and Soul: Comprehensive book on Yogasans, Pranayams, Subtle body relaxation, Meditation  (2011)
 Inspiring Stories for Children, Vol. 1:  (2010)
 Inspiring Stories for Children, Vol. 2:  (2010)
 Inspiring Stories for Children, Vol. 3:  (2010)
 Inspiring Stories for Children, Vol.4:  (2010)
 Bal-Mukund Festivals of India : All major festivals of India and their spiritual, cultural and religious significance  (2010)
 Bal-Mukund Wisdom Book : Noble values for children's personality development. Verses and chants for children to learn  (2010)
 Bal-Mukund Saints of India : Great saints of India and their influence on society  (2010)

 7 Mindsets for Success, Happiness and Fulfilment
As Swami Mukundananda emphasizes the importance of mind management in all his talks, so he has authored the book "7 Mindsets for Success, Happiness and Fulfilment" that describes how to discover the limitless potential of the mind and live a life of inspiration & Purpose, Forge one's destiny with every thought and learn the secret to stress-free living, utilize the power of habits to transform oneself and let go of the past and live in the present. "7 mindsets for success happiness and fulfillment by Swami Mukundananda"" Swami Mukundananda on 7 mindsets for success happiness and fulfillment"

 The Science of Mind Management
Swami Mukundananda has authored his second book on mind management, called "The Science of Mind Management". It explains that the quality of our mind determines the quality of the life we lead. The mind can be our greatest ally or our worst adversary. A mind that runs amok could steal our inner peace and undermine our every productive endeavor. Yet, with proper knowledge, training and discipline, it is possible to unleash the mind's infinite potential.He charts the four different aspects of the human mind and lays down a clear path towards mastering it. Through witty anecdotes, real-life accounts and stories from the Vedic scriptures, he gently guides readers on the road to winning their inner battle. The book was ranked second in the Hindustan Times Nielsen's bestseller list. 7 Divine Laws to Awaken Your Best Self
In December 2020, HarperCollins India published 7 Divine Laws to Awaken Your Best Self'', written by Swami Mukundananda. The book explains that like laws regulating physical phenomena, there are spiritual laws governing the journey of life. Knowledge of them helps us understand why success comes so easily to some but remains a struggle for others. In this book, he describes 7 divine laws for a successful life.References

External links
  of Swami Mukundananda
 "Swami Mukundananda". www.jkyog.org. Retrieved 26 January 2019. 1960 births
Living people
20th-century Hindu religious leaders
21st-century Hindu religious leaders
Devotees of Krishna
Hindu revivalist writers
Indian Vaishnavites
Translators of the Bhagavad Gita

masks:
Swami Mukundananda
Swami Mukundananda
Swami Mukundananda
Swami Mukundananda
Swami Mukundananda


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<mask>   (June 26, 1842 – 1923), was a woman who claimed to have masqueraded as a male Confederate soldier during the American Civil War, though her story has been brought into question by recent scholarship. The book she wrote about her experiences claims that after her soldier husband's accidental death, she enlisted in the Confederate States Army in 1861. She then fought at Bull Run, Ball's Bluff, and Fort Donelson, but was discharged when her gender was discovered while in New Orleans. Undeterred, she reenlisted and fought at Shiloh, until unmasked once more. She then became a Confederate spy, working in both male and female guises, and as a double agent also reporting to the U.S. Secret Service. She remarried three more times, being widowed in each instance. According to William C. Davis, she died in January 1923 under the name Loretta J.Beard after many years away from the public eye in a public psychiatric facility, St. Elizabeths Hospital. The Woman in Battle
<mask> recorded her adventures in her 600-page book, The Woman in Battle: A Narrative of the Exploits, Adventures, and travels of Madame <mask> <mask> <mask>, Otherwise Known as Lieutenant Harry T. Buford, Confederate States Army (1876) to support her son. The Confederate general Jubal Early refused to accept her memoirs as fact, and modern scholars have cast doubt upon the veracity of the book's claims. Birth and family
According to her book, <mask> <mask> <mask> was born in Havana, Cuba, on June 26, 1842, to a wealthy Cuban official and a mother of French and American ancestry. She also used the name Alice Williams. According to her own account, <mask> was of Castilian descent and related to Cuban governor <mask> de Cuéllar and artist <mask>. Her father was a Spanish government official who owned plantations in Mexico and Cuba.He felt a deep resentment towards the United States after losing an inherited ranch in the Mexican–American War at San Luis Potosi. This animosity perpetuated the estrangement between <mask> and her father after her elopement with an American soldier. <mask> learned the English language at school in New Orleans in 1849, while living with an aunt. Her father's wealth as a plantation owner allowed her this opportunity to travel and continue her education. While in New Orleans, <mask> took to fairy tales and stories of heroism, citing Joan of Arc as a particular inspiration. <mask> was engaged young to Raphael, a Spaniard, in what she referred to in her memoir as a "marriage of convenience." At fourteen years old, she eloped with a Texas United States Army officer known only as John Williams  (also often referred to in various sources as simply "William") on April 5, 1856 despite the threats to be sent to a convent or back to Cuba from her family.Her decision to elope was poorly received by her family, causing their estrangement. She initially continued to live with her aunt, but after a quarrel with her she moved in with her husband and lived at various army posts, estranging herself further from her family by converting to Methodism. American Civil War
At the outbreak of the American Civil War, <mask> claims her husband resigned his U.S. commission and joined the Confederate Army. The couple became more interested in the Civil War after the early deaths of three of their children. At first, Williams actually aided <mask> in her endeavors to cross-dress and to enlist. He agreed to a night out together with <mask> disguised as a man, assured that upon seeing the behavior of other men she would be dissuaded. <mask>'s desires to enlist, however, were only strengthened.Velázquez failed to convince her husband to let her join him, so she acquired two uniforms, adopted the name Harry T. Buford and moved to Arkansas. There she recruited 236 men in four days, shipped them to Pensacola, Florida, and presented them to her husband as her command. Her husband died soon after in an accident while he was demonstrating the use of weapons to his troops. Velázquez turned her men over to a friend and began to search for more things to do. Her first experience in combat was as an independent soldier in the First Battle of Bull Run. She eventually grew tired of camp life, however, and again donned female garb to go to Washington, D.C., where she spied for the Confederacy. She claimed to meet Abraham Lincoln and Secretary of War Simon Cameron on this excursion.When she returned to the South, she was assigned to the detective corps. She later left for Tennessee. In Tennessee, she fought in the siege of Fort Donelson until the surrender. She was wounded in battle, but was not exposed. She fled to New Orleans, where she was arrested, suspected of being a female Union spy in disguise. After she was released, she enlisted to get away from the city. At Shiloh, she found the battalion she had raised in Arkansas and fought in the battle.As she was burying the dead after a battle, a stray shell wounded her. When the army doctor who examined her discovered she was a woman, she again fled to New Orleans and saw Major General Benjamin F. Butler take command of the city. She gave up her uniform at that point. Afterwards, in Richmond, Virginia, authorities again hired her as a spy and she began to travel all around the US. At that time, she married a Captain Thomas DeCaulp; he reportedly died soon after in a Chattanooga hospital. (An officer of that name is known to have survived the war.) She then traveled north where officials hired her to search for herself.In Ohio and Indiana, she tried to organize a rebellion of Confederate prisoners of war. Travels
After the war, <mask> traveled in Europe with her brother, as well as throughout South America and the southern United States. She married Major Wasson and emigrated with him to Venezuela. When he died in Caracas, she returned to the United States. During her subsequent travels around the U.S., she gave birth to a baby boy and met Brigham Young in Utah. She arrived in Omaha, almost penniless, but charmed General W. S. Harney into giving her blankets and a revolver. Two days after her arrival in the mining area of Nevada, she received a proposal of marriage from a sixty-year-old man, which she refused.After eventually marrying a younger man, whose name is not known, <mask> soon left Nevada, travelling with her baby. Reception of her book
Her book appeared in print in 1876. In the preface, <mask> stated that she had written the book primarily for money so she could support her child, perhaps to combat the notion of her profiting from the war. The veracity of the account was attacked almost immediately, and remains an issue with scholars. Some claim it is probably entirely fiction, others that the details in the text show a familiarity with the times that would be difficult to completely simulate. Shortly after its appearance, former Confederate General Jubal Early denounced the book as an obvious fiction. In 2007, The History Channel aired Full Metal Corset, a program that presented details of <mask>'s story as genuine.However, the overall truthfulness of her account remains indeterminate and highly questionable. Career after the war

She became very active in public life and politics, and was particularly involved in grand speculative schemes around mining and railway building, as well as being involved in journalism and writing. Her biographer William C. Davis suggests that her actions were generally fraudulent, intending to raise money for herself and associates. Some press accounts were impressed by her vitality and business acumen, such as in an 1891 account from the New York Herald reprinted in the Saturday Evening Mail Terre Haute. Here <mask> was described as "a woman of business, a woman who can 'run things like a man.'" Death
<mask> <mask> <mask> is said to have died in 1923, but historian Richard Hall states that her death is unknown and the place and date of her death are also unknown. Hall, in Patriots in Disguise, takes a hard look at The Woman in Battle and analyzes whether its claims are accurate or fictionalized.Elizabeth Leonard, in All the Daring of the Soldier,  assesses The Woman in Battle as largely fiction, but based on real experience. A newspaper report mentions a Lieutenant Bensford arrested when it was disclosed that "he" was actually a woman, and gives her name as Alice Williams, a name which <mask> <mask> apparently also used. In popular culture
María Aguí Carter directed Rebel, an investigative documentary, examining the story of <mask> <mask>. The film is a detective story exploring Velázquez's claims and the politics involved in erasing her from history. It was produced in 2013 and has a run-time of 73 minutes. Revisionist biography

In October 2016, William C. Davis published a detailed biography of <mask> entitled Inventing <mask> Velásquez: Confederate Soldier Impersonator, Media Celebrity, and Con Artist. His account is based on newspaper and archival research which claims that the whole of The Woman in Battle is fiction.Davis asserts that <mask> was neither Cuban nor a Confederate soldier, but was a thief and a prostitute, possibly born in New York, and eventually a swindler and con artist. <mask> used many aliases and he is uncertain of her actual name, age, and place of birth, and thus unable to be certain of her family background or ethnicity. The woman he ultimately identifies as <mask> served terms in jail for theft and other minor offenses, and subsequently invented more glamorous origin stories, having learned to lie while working as a prostitute. Davis's work not only views his subject in a negative light, but also expresses doubt whether women ever served effectively as military personnel in the Civil War, his specific doubts around <mask>'s service. Davis does, however, provide a definite date for her death as Loretta J. Beard on January 26, 1923, at St. Elizabeths Hospital for the Insane, Washington. In his final chapter, Davis critiques feminist and Hispanic historiographical approaches to Velazquez as well as postmodernist literary theory, all of which he says have failed to accurately evaluate Velázquez and have perpetuated her lies to promote their own agenda.See also

 Hispanics in the American Civil War
 List of female American Civil War soldiers
 List of wartime cross-dressers
 Deborah Sampson, impersonated a man to fight during the American War of Independence
 Anna Maria Lane, female soldier in the American Revolutionary War
 Sarah Taylor
 Timeline of women in war in the United States, pre-1945

References

Bibliography
Books
 Blanton, DeAnne, and Lauren M. Cook. They Fought Like Demons. Baton Rouge: LSU Press, 2002. Cumming, Carman. Devil's Game: The Civil War Intrigues of Charles A. Dunham. Urbana: U. of Illinois Press, 2004. Davis, William C. Inventing Loreta Velasquez: Confederate Soldier Impersonator, Media Celebrity, and Con Artist.Southern Illinois University Press, 2016. Hall, Richard. Patriots in Disguise: Women Warriors of the Civil War. N.Y.: Marlowe & Co., 1994. Leonard, Elizabeth. All the Daring of the Soldier: Women of the Civil War Armies. N.Y.: Norton, 1999.Velazquez, <mask> Janeta. The Woman in Battle: A Narrative of the Exploits, Adventures and travels of Madame <mask> <mask> Velazquez, Otherwise Known as Lieutenant Harry J. Buford, Confederate States Army (1876)  Reprinted in 1972 by the Arno Press. Reprinted in 2003 by University of Wisconsin. Young, Elizabeth. Disarming the Nation: Women's Writing and the American Civil War. Chicago: U. of Chicago Press, 1999. TV programs
 Full Metal Corset: Secret Soldiers of the Civil War, The History Channel, 2007
 REBEL, 2013, PBS home video

Further reading

External links
 <mask> <mask> Velazquez, Female Soldier Disguised As A Man
 The Woman in Battle: A Narrative of the Exploits, Adventures, and Travels of Madame <mask> <mask> Velazquez, Otherwise Known as Lieutenant Harry T. Buford, Confederate States Army.In Which Is Given Full Descriptions of the Numerous Battles in which She Participated as a Confederate Officer of Her Perilous Performances as a Spy, as a Bearer of Despatches, as a Secret-Service Agent, and as a Blockade-Runner; of Her Adventures Behind the Scenes at Washington, including the Bond Swindle; of her Career as a Bounty and Substitute Broker in New York; of Her Travels in Europe and South America; Her Mining Adventures on the Pacific Slope; Her Residence among the Mormons; Her Love Affairs, Courtships, Marriages, &c., &c. Richmond, Va.: Dustin, Gilman & Co., 1876. "What part am I to act in this great drama? DeAnne Blanton – Women soldiers of the Civil War
 K.G. Schneider – Women soldiers of the Civil War
 Loretta <mask> Velasquez at Hispanic Americans in the U.S. Army (archived in 2007)

 History of Female Spies of the Confederacy
Famous Trannies

1842 births
1923 deaths
Converts to Methodism from Roman Catholicism
American people of Spanish descent
Cuban emigrants to the United States
Confederate States Army officers
American spies
American Civil War spies
Female wartime cross-dressers
Female wartime cross-dressers in the American Civil War
Female wartime spies
American media personalities
Hispanic and Latino American Confederates
19th-century spies !

masks:
Loreta Janeta
Velázquez
Loreta
Janeta
Velázquez
Loreta
Janeta
Velázquez
Velázquez
Diego Velázquez
Diego Velázquez
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<mask> (also known as <mask>) () (1895 – 19 March 1962) was a prominent judge, scholar of Islamic Law and expert of historical documents and manuscripts of Iran. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Esfahan, Iran in 1895 to a prominent and pious family where he received his preliminary and traditional education. His mother was from Allameh Majlesi family and his father was Seyyed Mohammad Sadr Shah Alaee, a religious scholar in Esfahan and a grandson of Shah Alaeddin Mohammad. He moved to Tehran when he was 17 and subsequently traveled to Najaf where he pursued for seven years his education in advanced Islamic law and jurisprudence. He worked with several Islamic scholars, including <mask>. This qualified him to be mujtahid who was recognized as an Islamic scholar competent in interpreting Islamic law independently. Judicial career
Upon returning to Iran in 1921, initially he taught jurisprudence at the Advanced School of Trade (Madrasse-e Aali-e Tejarat) in Tehran.He was then invited by Ali-Akbar Davar, the founder of Iran's modern legal code, to take major responsibilities in the newly established Ministry of Justice of Iran. His judiciary career took almost 30 years, during which time he served in various positions and moved up the hierarchy to the counselor of the Supreme Court (Divan-e Aali-e Keshvar). He was also the head of the Organization for Registration of Deeds and Properties. <mask> was the permanent member from the Ministry of Justice in the commission that functioned as the inspector general appointed by Reza Shah. Toward the end of his career, in 1952 and 1953 (1331 and 1332), he served as the assistant Minister of Interior and the deputy Minister of Justice when he worked more closely with the Prime Minister, Dr. Mohammad Mosaddegh. In recognition and appreciation of his superior service and dedication, he received several certificate and medals from the Shah. The medals included Order of the Crown.<mask> had close relationships with most members of the Mosaddegh Cabinet. He was in charge of the Ministry of Justice when Mosaddegh traveled to The Hague to attend the International Court of Justice that was dealing with the nationalization of the Iranian Oil Industry. <mask> was also well respected by the clergy and the religious authorities. For example, he had written correspondence and personal meetings with Seyyed <mask> Tabatabaie Borujerdi in Qum. Historical documents

<mask> was one of the few people who could read, understand and analyze the significance of rare and unique archival material and historical documents and deeds (firman). They included Farmans, manuscripts and calligraphy, hand written orders by kings and rulers, usually in cursive and writing of high historical and aesthetic value. He loved collecting such documents that were sometimes in poor shape.He spent countless hours to read, repair, understand, evaluate and at times frame them. <mask>'s valuable collection of such items which included more that 285 Farmans and documents were given to the Reza Abbasi Museum in Tehran in 1978 (1357). Work with scholars
<mask> gave close access to his friends and academic experts to study and review his collection for research, analysis and documentation purposes. He helped these people in reading and understanding the often difficult contents of these documents. Most of these scholars have kindly referenced him in their published works. They include Agha Bozorg Tehrani, (the author of Azzari-a), Jalal al-Din Muhaddis, Dr. Manuchehr Sotudeh, Iraj Afshar, Ali Naghi Monzavi, the French scholar and author Jean Aubin, Dr. Horst Walther from Germany and references made by Louis Massignon. <mask> helped Jean Aubin in his research efforts and made available to him some of his collection related to Aq Qoyunlu and Kara Qoyunlu periods.Jean Aubin's research results were published in Tehran in 1955 both in French and Persian languages as:

Jean Aubin, Archives persanes commentees. Note sur quelques documents Aq Qoyunlu, dans Melanges Massignon, I, pp. 9–35 (sous presse). Note preliminaire sur les archives du Takya du Tchima-rud. (En preparation:) Deux recueils d'insha dédies au vizir timoride Ghiyathu-'d-Din Pir Ahmad Khwafi. Selected Research Works
Shahshahani published the following works:

 A Partial List of <mask>'s Documents, mostly Ghajar Period, put together by Gholam Reza Farzanehpour, published in the Central Library of Tehran University "On Manuscripts," No I, ( Daftar-e Avval) 1961 (1339). A Decree From Nader Shah Dorrani, (Farmani az Nader Shah-e Dorrani), Iran Culture, (Fahang-e Iran Zamin), Vol 6: pp 159–163.The Endowment Document of Kashan Mir Emad Mosque, (Vaghfnameh Masjed-e Mir Emad-e Kashan), Iran Culture, (Fahang-e Iran Zamin), Vol 5: pp 22–50. Shahshahan Mausoleum and its Documents, (Bogh-e Shahshahan va Asnad-e An), Calendar of Iran, (Salnameh Keshvar-e Iran), Vol 12: pp 11–64. <mask> has written a book on Arabic words entitled: Precision in Words, (Daghayegh-e-Loghat). This unpublished book has an introduction, 28 chapters and a conclusion. Works on Shahshahan Mausoleum

<mask> managed to revive and re-establish the identity of Shahshahan mausoleum during his judicial career. The mausoleum is a historical monument in Isfahan, Iran. It is located beside Jameh Mosque of Isfahan in the Shahshahan District on Ibn-e Sina Street.It is the burial place of a famous Sufi of Isfahan, Shah Alaeddin Mohammad. "The mausoleum was built between 1446 and 1448. Inside and outside of the mausoleum is decorated by plasterwork and tiling. Its dome, which had been destroying in the recent years, has been rebuilt." <mask> battled in courts for many years to extricate the endowments of the Shahshahan mausoleum from unlawful occupiers. He repaired and rebuilt the mausoleum as an important historical building and constructed the Shahshahan School and Health Center beside it. The monument belongs to the Timurid period.<mask> registered the site with the Iran Society For National and Historical Monuments under Registration Number 368 on February 21, 1949 (2 Esfand 1327). Final years

<mask> retired in August 1953 (Mordad 1332) when Mosaddegh and his cabinet were removed from power in a coup. He spent the last 8 years of his life in writing and research on Iranian historical documents and manuscripts. He shared his knowledge and expertise with his friends and colleagues (Allahyar Saleh) and helped academicians and scholars with their research. He was a member of the National Library and Archives of Iran affiliated with the National Commissions for UNESCO. In an effort to further pursue his interest in historical documents, in January 1962, <mask> travelled by land to Europe through Istanbul. He visited museums and continued his travels to Geneva, Switzerland, where he died of heart attack on March 19, 1962 (28 Esfand 1340).<mask> is buried in the Shahshahan Mausoleum in Esfahan. <mask> had six children who had advanced education and were professional. His only son, Dr. <mask>, is author and scholar who was professor of Economics in Tehran University and California State University and currently retired. References

Further reading
Most Persian historical texts have made references to Shah Alaedin and <mask> and Shah Alaie families. The following are the most major references:
Malcolm, Sir John, History of Persia
Chardin, Jean, The Travels of Sir John Chardin, (1643-1713) to Persia, the section on Esfahan, Trans. by <mask> Oreizi, Esfahan, Rah-e Nejat Publisher, 1951 (1330), pp. 105–110.Louis Massignon, works
Edward G. Browne, A Literary History of Persia, Vol. I, Trans. by Ali Pasha Saleh, Tehran, Parliament Printing Press, 1956 (1335), p. 660. External links

1897 births
1962 deaths
Iranian judges
People from Isfahan
Iranian scholars

masks:
Hossein Shahshahani
Seyed Hossein Shahshahani
Shahshahani
Mirza Hossein Naini
Shahshahani
Shahshahani
Shahshahani
Hossein
Shahshahani
Shahshahani
Shahshahani
Shahshahani
Shahshahani
Shahshahani
Shahshahani
Shahshahani
Shahshahani
Shahshahani
Shahshahani
Shahshahani
Shahshahani
Ahmad Shahshahani
Shahshahani
Hossein


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<mask>-Zubayr ibn Fadl Allah or <mask> (), usually known as Rabah in French (c. 1842 – April 22, 1900), was a Sudanese warlord and slave trader who established a powerful empire east of Lake Chad, in today's Chad. Born around 1842 to an arabized Nubian family in Halfaya Al-Muluk, a suburb of Khartoum, he first served with the irregular Egyptian cavalry in the Ethiopian campaign, during which he was wounded. When Rabih left the army in 1860s, he became the principal lieutenant of the Sudanese slaveholder Sebehr Rahma. Lieutenant of al-Zubayr (1870–1879)

In the 19th century, Khartoum had become a very important Arab slave market, supplied through companies of Khartumi established in the region of Bahr el Ghazal, where they resided in zarības (), thornbush-fortified bases kept by bāzinqirs (firearm-equipped slave soldiers). The warlord and slaveholder al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur assumed control of the region's zaribas, and was nominated in 1872 pasha and governor of Bahr el Ghazal for the khedive Isma'il, ruler of Egypt. <mask>, who was possibly a relative of al-Zubayr, was the chief lieutenant of the pasha. In 1874, al-Zubayr conquered the Sultanate of Darfur.In 1876, he went to Cairo to request the khedive to officially sanction his position in Darfur, but was instead imprisoned. This caused in 1878 the revolt of al-Zubayr's son, Suleyman, and of his lieutenants, like <mask>. In reaction the governor-general of Sudan, Charles George Gordon, made Romolo Gessi governor of Bahr el Ghazal, and sent him to suppress the rebellion; Suleyman surrendered July 15, 1879, and was executed. <mask> instead is said to have left Suleyman the day before he surrendered, but Gessi reports instead that he had retreated already in June, after having suffered heavy losses. Warlord (1879–1890)
To escape from Egypt, Rabih left the Bahr el Ghazal, heading south with 700–800 bazingiris and 400 rifles. Using the tactics of the Khartumi, in the 1880s he carved out a kingdom between the basins of the Nile and the Ubangi, in the country of Kreich and Dar Benda, south of Ouaddai, a region he utterly devastated. In 1885, he attempted to return in Sudan following the invitation of the Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad, who had taken Khartoum from Egypt.The Mahdi had sent as ambassadors Zin el-Abeddin and Jabar, and Rabih followed them back to Darfur, proposing to meet the Mahdi at Omdurman; but when he learned of a plot to kill him, he changed his mind and returned to Chad. In 1887, <mask>'s forces invaded Darfur, recruited bazingirs, and settled down in Dar Kouti; however, his campaign against the aguid Salamat Cherif ed-Din, commander of the sultan of Ouaddai's troops, failed. In 1890, he attacked the Muslim chief Kobur in the north of Oubangui-Chari, deposed him and established in his place his nephew Mahdi al-Senoussi, on whom he imposed his suzerainty. This alliance was sealed by the marriage of Khadija, daughter of Al-Mahdi al-Senoussi, with Rabih's son Fadlallah. Together Mohammed and Rabih attacked Dar Runga, Kreich, Goula and then Banda Ngao. First confrontations with France (1891–1893)
Mohammed al-Senoussi's alliance with Rabih worried the colonial powers, especially France that was considering taking control of central Africa. Mohammed al-Senoussi remained faithful to Rabih and in 1891 killed the French Paul Crampel in Dar Banda.Rabih recovered the expedition's weapons. In the south-east of Lake Chad, he attacked the Baguirmi Kingdom in 1892, blaming the Mbang (king) Abd ar Rahman Gwaranga for having signed a protectorate with the French. Gwaranga was besieged for three to five months in Manjaffa, and was later forced to leave his capital, which was completely destroyed in March 1893. Conquest of Borno (1893)

In 1893, <mask> also turned his attentions to the Borno Empire of Shehu (king) Ashimi of Borno. Borno was a Sahelian Kingdom that  had existed for several centuries. That year, the empire consisted of 80,000 soldiers, mostly slaves commanded by slaves, and was in full decline. On the road to Borno, Rabih made prisoner the sultan of Karnak Logone, whose capital promptly opened its doors to his host.Shehu Ashimi of Borno sent 15,000 men to confront Rabih; the latter routed them in May or September 1893 first at Am Hobbio (south of Dekoa) and then at Legaroua with only 2,000 horse. Ashimi fled north of the Komadougou Yobe from where he may have tried to negotiate with Rabih; but he was assassinated at the instigation of his nephew Kyari, who then became shehu and decided to fight Rabih. <mask> met Kyari at Gashegar, a two days' walk from Kukawa, the capital of Borno; Kiyari defeated Rabih and captured his camp. The following day <mask> gathered his forces, and ordered 100 lashes be given to all his bannermen, including his own favored son Fadlallah. Only Boubakar, who had fought bravely, was spared. Then he ordered a victorious counter-offensive; Kyari, who had refused to flee, was captured and beheaded. As for the capital city, Kukawa, it was plundered and razed to the ground.<mask>wa his capital, and there built a palace which was to win later the admiration of the French governor Émile Gentil. Local legend says that during construction there was a shortage of water, and blood was substituted to mix with sand for its walls. Borno's Lord (1893–1900)

Wanting to modernize his army, Rabih attempted in 1895 to make an accord with Royal Niger Company in Yola and Ibi so to obtain gunpowder and ammunition, but without success. He started confronting the Company in 1896 and the following year even started marching on Kano, while his vassal Muhammad al-Senussi in Dar al Kuti founded a fortified capital, Ndele, between Bahr Aouk and the Ubangi River, which the Senussites held until 1911. For seven years Rabih was shehu of the Borno Empire, and spent much effort to reinvigorate a decadent empire that had until then maintained the same feudal structures it had in the 16th century. Rabih kept the vassal sultans in place, but subjected them to his lieutenants, who were mostly Arab Sudanese like he was. He promulgated a legal code based on sharia, rationalized taxation through the creation of a budget, imposed on Borno a military dictatorship, which aroused the attention of the colonial powers.Émile Gentil was to speak of <mask>'s reforms in Borno with a certain degree of interest; they would later inspire him in organizing the territory of Chad. Much is told about his brutality (for example, he once had one of his concubines executed because she kept a talisman designed to obtain Rabih's love, and with her the marabout who had deciphered the talisman); or about the evenings he passed listening to Ali, the poet who sang his exploits. More importantly, Rabih launched a regular series of razzias to plunder and capture slaves; this was a return to the traditional activity of the sultans of Borno, which had been described in 1526 by Leo Africanus. It is estimated that 1,500–2,000 slaves were exported every year by his vassal Mahdi as-Senoussi, excluding the deaths, casualties, and other losses he inflicted. The totals for Rabah must have been much higher. Direct conflict with the French (1899–1900)

In 1899 Rabah had at his disposal 10,000 men among infantry and cavalry, all provided with rifles (mostly obsolete, except for 400 rifles of newer make), plus a great number of auxiliaries equipped with spears or bows. He kept garrisons at Baggara and Karnak Logone.In 1899, Rabih received in Dekoa the French explorer Ferdinand de Béhagle. The discussions between them degenerated, and Béhagle was arrested. On July 17, Lieutenant Bretonnet, who had been sent by France against Rabih, was killed with most of his men at the battle of Togbao, at the edge of the Chari River, in present-day Sarh. <mask> gained three cannons from this victory (which the French recaptured at Kousséri) and ordered his son Fadlallah, whom he had left in Dikoa, to hang Béhagle. In response, a French Army column, proceeding from Gabon and led by Émile Gentil, supported by the steamboat Leon Blot, confronted Rabih at Kouno at the end of the year. Even if the French were repulsed with losses, this did not prevent them from continuing and taking Kousséri. Here, they combined with the Lamy column, which had arrived from Algeria, and the Joalland-Meynier column, which had marched from Niger.Lamy assumed command of the combined forces. The final showdown between Rabih and the French took place on April 22, 1900. The French forces consisted of 700 men, plus the 600 riflemen and 200 cavalry provided by the allied Baguirmi people. Leaving Kousséri in three columns, the French attacked Rabih's camp. Although the commander Lamy was killed in the ensuing battle, <mask>'s forces were overwhelmed and, while fleeing across the Chari River, <mask> was killed. With <mask>'s defeat, his empire rapidly disintegrated. A year later his son Fadlallah was defeated and killed.All Rabih's territories fell into French hands, except for Borno which went to Britain. References
 This article draws heavily on the Rabah article in the French-language Wikipedia. Gaston Dujarric, La vie du sultan Rabah, Paris, 1902
 Von Oppenheim, Rabeh und das Tsadseegebiet, Berlin, 1902
 A. Babikir, L'Empire du Rabih, Paris, 1954
 Encyclopædia Britannica, "Rabih az-Zubayr", (2000)

 Amegboh, Joseph, and Cécile Clairval, Rabah : Conquérant Des Pays Tchadiens, Grandes Figures Africaines (Paris: Dakar ; Abidjan : [Afrique Biblio Club] ; [Nouvelles Éditions Africaines], 1976). Horowitz, Michael, ‘Ba Karim: An Account of Rabeh’s Wars’, African Historical Studies, 3 (1970), 391–402. Mohammed, Kyari, Borno in the Rabih Years, 1893-1901 : the Rise and Crash of a Predatory State (Maiduguri Nigeria: University of Maiduguri, 2006). Specific

External links

Sudanese people of Nubian descent
History of Chad
History of Nigeria
People of French West Africa
1840s births
1900 deaths
African slave traders
19th-century African businesspeople

masks:
Rabih az
Rabih Fadlallah
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Rabih
Rabih
Rabih
Rabih
Rabih
Rabihk
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<mask> ( in Chalon-sur-Saône –  in Paris) was a French mathematician, civil engineer and architect. As an engineer for the Estates of Burgundy (), he was the creator of a great deal of the region's civil infrastructure, such as the Canal du Centre between Digoin and Chalon-sur-Saône (1784–1793), bridges including those at Navilly (1782–1790) and Gueugnon (1784–1787), and buildings such as the  ("Church of St Peter and St Paul") at Givry (1772 – 1791) and the theatre at Chalon-sur-Saône. <mask> became Chief Engineer of the États de Bourgogne in 1782, on the death of his predecessor and close collaborator, Thomas Dumorey. After the French Revolution, he held several important posts in the  ("High Commission for Bridges and [High]ways") in Paris. He was awarded the Légion d'honneur in 1804 on its creation by Napoleon Bonaparte. From 1805 until his death, he was the highest-ranked engineer in France. Biography
<mask> was born at Chalon-sur-Saône on 3 December 1732 into a provincial petty bourgeois family.His father, <mask>, was the local doctor: and his mother, Louise (or Louyse) née was born at Chagny on 27 August 1700 as the dauter of Emiland Lafouge, a company lawyer and Official Receiver for the salt store in Toulon-sur-Arroux. From 1740 to 1748, he studied with brilliance at the Jesuit college in Chalon. At the age of sixteen, after his father died, he continued his studies at Versailles under the auspices of an uncle who was Professor of Mathematics at the École des pages du roi (). He continued his education under the architect Gabriel Dumont before entering the  (which became the École nationale des ponts et chaussées, literally "National School of Bridges and [High]Ways"), which had been newly created and was under the direction of the notable engineer Jean-Rodolphe Perronet. He met with the Dumont architect Jacques-Germain Soufflot, and started a lifelong friendship. He consulted Soufflot on the construction of the dome of Sainte-Geneviève, which became the Panthéon. Graduating in 1758, he was awarded the post of deputy engineer at Chalon-sur-Saône, under Thomas Dumorey.He would wait twenty-four years, until Dumorey's death in 1782, to become the Chief Engineer of the États de Bourgogne (States of Burgundy) and to makeDijon his home. Shortly after, he was named Director.General of Burgundy Canals () in 1783. A brilliant technician, he was an exponent of the spirit of the Age of Enlightenment and of the Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers ("Encyclopaedia or Rational Dictionary of Sciences, Arts and Crafts"), as evidenced by his investigative Essay on Philosophical Language () of 1774 – in which he envisages a kind of language of universal graphical signs like stenography –; and in his use of scientific advances in the building trade. His monumental works on building,  ("On the application of mechanical principles in the construction of vaults and domes") and  ("On Navigation Canals") posthumously published by his nephew, became standard reference works. His civil engineering works, such as the bridges of Gueugnon, Navilly and Chalon-sur-Saône, helped to transform transportation methods and accelerated the Industrial Revolution in 19th-century Burgundy. It was in this forward-looking spirit that he participated in improving river navigation and building canals. He collaborated in the project to build a canal in Burgundy between the rivers Yonne and Saône (completed much later, in 1832) and he puis se consacre au canal de Franche-Comté de Saint-Jean-de-Losne/Saint-Symphorien-sur-Saône à Dole (also known as the ): this part of the project to connect the Rhine with the Rhône, built between 1783 and 1803, is also known as the  because it was opened by Louis V Joseph de Bourbon-Condé, lately Prince and Governor of Burgundy.But his master work, "The greatest public work of the 18th Century", was the Canal du Centre (or "Canal du Charolais"), (built 1783–1793) between Digoin and Chalon-sur-Saône. Over  with 62 locks, it connected the Loire to the Saône, thus creating the primary route for boats from the English Channel to the Mediterranean Sea (the Loire having been connected to the Seine by the Canal de Briare). <mask> remained interested in development in Chalon-sur-Saône, his home town, where he rebuilt the quayside and built a theatre. These constructions are among many examples of neoclassical style in the area, including the dome of the pharmacy in the town, the churches at Givry and Louhans, the town hall at Tournus and the Château de Clermont-Montoison at Chagny. Changes after the French Revolution brought <mask> <mask> honours and high office: he was named the first  in 1791. At the age of 60 he moved to Paris, married his cousin and adopted his nephew Claude-Louis Navier, one of the most brilliant mathematicians and engineers of the early 19th century. in 1801 he became a member of the Conseil général des ponts et chaussées en 1801 and in 1805 its vice-president.He worked on Somme-Escaut link and several developments in Paris, such as a new water supply which would become the Canal de l'Ourcq), and projects on the Seine bridges and the Passerelle des Arts, built by Jacques Dillon. The French Consulate awarded him the civil Légion d'honneur on its first issue on 1804, and he was to be promoted to Commander but died suddenly, in Paris, on . Perhaps surprisingly, his place of death is unknown, but it is likely to be in a Parisian cemetery. Works

Bridges

 ("Cravant Bridge") (1760) in the Yonne department. long over 3 arched spans. or  ("Gauthey Bridge" or "Thalie Bridge") at Chatenoy-le-Royal, Saône-et-Loire (1770), Gauthey's first sole project. over 2 arched spans.("Stone Bridge") (1781–1787) over the Baulches Stream carrying Rue Nationale 6, in Yonne: road bridge of . ("Bridge over the Bourbince") (1786–1789) at Blanzy, Saône-et-Loire
 ("Bridge over the Guyotte") (1786–1789) at Navilly, Saône-et-Loire: one arch with a span of
Bellevesvre Bridge (1787), Saône-et-Loire: arched road bridge over the Brenne with a total length of
Gueugnon Bridge (1787), Saône-et-Loire (71): arched bridge  long and  wide, with a rise of  and a tallest arche of . Navilly Bridge (1782–1790), Saône-et-Loire: arched bridge over the river Doubs,  over 5 spans
 at Chalon-sur-Saône, the Chavannes (or "Echavannes") Bridge which connects it to Saint-Marcel (road bridge of seven spans completed in 1790), including widening the bed of the river Saône with a  ("relief channel").) and renovation of the Pont Saint-Laurent (enlargement of the mediaeval bridge and decoration of the 7 arches of  with obelisks, completed in 1791). More-or-less destroyed in 1944 and rebuilt from scratch in 1950. Buildings
Tournus Town Hall (1771)
Givry (Saône-et-Loire) Church (1772–1791)
Rebuilding of one wing of the Palais des ducs et des États de Bourgogne de Dijon (1776)
 The Obélisque de Dijon (1786)
Chalon-sur-Saône Theatre (1778)
The churches of Saint-Germain-du-Plain and Barizey (1778)
Restoration of the Château de Chagny (Saône-et-Loire) (1780)
Bourbon-Lancy Town Hall (1782)

Canals
 Canal de Franche-Comté from Saint-Jean-de-Losne/Saint-Symphorien-sur-Saône to Dole (also known as ) (1783–1803)
 Canal du Centre (also known as the Canal du Charolais), built 1783–1793 between Digoin and Chalon-sur-Saône, connecting the Loire and the Saône

Legacy
 In 1808 a bust of him was carved by Guillaume Boichot, also from Chalon-sur-Saône, and exhibited at the Musée Vivant-Denon in the town. Since 1864, the Rue Gauthey in the 17th arrondissement of Paris has borne his name.A school in Chalon-sur-Saône bears his name. Sources

References

External links

18th-century French mathematicians
French civil engineers
18th-century French architects
1732 births
1806 deaths
École des Ponts ParisTech alumni
Corps des ponts
People from Chalon-sur-Saône
French bridge engineers

masks:
Émiland Marie Gauthey
Gauthey
Émiland Marie Gauthey
Pierre Gauthey
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Abraham "<mask>" <mask> (; born February 26, 1962) is an Israeli-American theoretical physicist who works on astrophysics and cosmology. <mask> is the Frank B. Baird Jr. Professor of Science at Harvard University. He had been the longest serving chair of Harvard's Department of Astronomy (2011–2020), founding director of Harvard's Black Hole Initiative (since 2016) and director of the Institute for Theory and Computation (since 2007) within the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. <mask> is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Physical Society, and the International Academy of Astronautics. In July 2018, he was appointed as chair of the Board on Physics and Astronomy (BPA) of the National Academies, which is the Academies' forum for issues connected with the fields of physics and astronomy, including oversight of their decadal surveys. In June 2020, <mask> was sworn in as a member of the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) at the White House.In December 2012, Time magazine selected <mask> as one of the 25 most influential people in space. In 2015, <mask> was appointed as the science theory director for the Breakthrough Initiatives of the Breakthrough Prize Foundation. In 2018, he attracted media attention for suggesting that alien space craft may be in our solar system, using the anomalous behavior of ʻOumuamua as an example. In 2019, and together with his Harvard undergraduate student, Amir Siraj, <mask> reported discovering a meteor that potentially originated outside the Solar System. <mask> was born in Beit Hanan, Israel in 1962. He took part in the national Talpiot program before receiving a PhD in plasma physics, at age 24, from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, in 1986. From 1983 to 1988, he led the first international project supported by the U.S. Strategic Defense Initiative.Between 1988 and 1993, <mask> was a long-term member at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, where he started to work in theoretical astrophysics. In 1993, he moved to Harvard University as an assistant professor in the department of astronomy, where he was tenured three years later. <mask> has written eight books and authored or co-authored about 800 papers on a broad range of research areas in astrophysics and cosmology, including the first stars, the epoch of reionization, the formation and evolution of massive black holes, the search for extraterrestrial life, gravitational lensing by planets, gamma-ray bursts at high redshifts, 21-cm cosmology, the use of the Lyman-alpha forest to measure the acceleration/deceleration of the universe in real time (the so-called "Sandage–Loeb test"), the future collision between the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies, the future state of extragalactic astronomy, astrophysical implications of black hole recoil in galaxy mergers, tidal disruption of stars, and imaging black hole silhouettes. In 2010, he wrote a textbook entitled How Did the First Stars and Galaxies Form? In 1992, <mask> suggested, with Andy Gould, that exoplanets could be detected through gravitational microlensing. In 1993, he proposed the use of the C+ fine-structure line to discover galaxies at high redshifts. In 2005, he predicted, in a series of papers with his postdoc at the time, Avery Broderick, how a hot spot in orbit around a black hole would appear; their predictions were confirmed in 2018 by the GRAVITY instrument on the Very Large Telescope which observed a circular motion of the centroid of light of the black hole at the center of the Milky Way, Sagittarius A*.In 2009, Broderick and Loeb predicted the shadow of the black hole in the giant elliptical galaxy Messier 87, which was imaged in 2019 by the Event Horizon Telescope. In 2013, a report was published on the discovery of the "Einstein Planet" Kepler-76b, the first Jupiter size exoplanet identified through the detection of relativistic beaming of its parent star, based on a technique proposed by <mask> and Gaudi in 2003. In addition, a pulsar was discovered around the supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*, following a prediction by Pfahl and <mask> in 2004. Also, a hypervelocity star candidate from the Andromeda galaxy was discovered, as predicted by Sherwin, <mask>, and O'Leary in 2008. Together with his postdoc, James Guillochon, <mask> predicted the existence of a new population of stars moving near the speed of light throughout the universe. Together with his postdoc John Forbes and Howard Chen of Northwestern University, <mask> made another prediction that sub-Neptune sized exoplanets have been transformed into rocky super-Earths by the activity of Milky Way's central supermassive black hole Sagittarius A*. Together with Paolo Pani, <mask> showed in 2013 that primordial black holes in the range between the masses of the Moon and the Sun cannot make up the dark matter.<mask> led a team that reported tentative evidence for the birth of a black hole in the young nearby supernova SN 1979C. In collaboration with Dan Maoz, <mask> demonstrated in 2013 that biomarkers, such as molecular oxygen (), can be detected by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) in the atmosphere of Earth-mass planets in the habitable zone of white dwarfs. Early universe

In a series of papers with his students and postdocs, <mask> addressed how and when the first stars and black holes formed and what effects they had on the young universe. Together with his former student Steve Furlanetto, <mask> published a textbook, The First Galaxies in the Universe. In 2013, <mask> introduced the new concept of "The Habitable Epoch of the Early Universe", and mentored Harvard undergraduate, Henry Lin, in the study of industrial pollution on exoplanets as a new method to search for extraterrestrial civilizations. In April 2021, <mask> presented an updated summary of his ideas of life in the early universe. Panspermia
In 2020, <mask> published a research paper about the possibility that life can propagate from one planet to another, followed by the opinion piece "Noah’s Spaceship" about directed panspermia.ʻOumuamua

In December 2017, <mask> cited ʻOumuamua's unusually elongated shape as one of the reasons why the Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia should listen for radio emissions from it to see if there were any unexpected signs that it might be of artificial origin, although earlier limited observations by other radio telescopes such as the SETI Institute's Allen Telescope Array had produced no such results. On December 13, 2017, the Green Bank Telescope observed the asteroid for six hours. No radio signals from ʻOumuamua have been detected. On October 26, 2018, <mask> and his postdoctoral student Shmuel Bialy submitted a paper exploring the possibility of the interstellar object ʻOumuamua being an artificial thin solar sail accelerated by solar radiation pressure in an effort to help explain the object's non-gravitational acceleration. Other scientists have stated that the available evidence is insufficient to consider such a premise, and that a tumbling solar sail would not be able to accelerate. In response, <mask> wrote an article detailing six anomalous properties of ʻOumuamua that make it unusual, unlike any comets or asteroids seen before. On November 27, 2018, <mask> and Amir Siraj, an undergraduate student at Harvard College, proposed a search for ʻOumuamua-like objects which might be trapped in the Solar System as a result of losing orbital energy through a close encounter with Jupiter.They identified four candidates (2011 SP25, 2017 RR2, 2017 SV13, and 2018 TL6) for trapped interstellar objects which could be visited by dedicated missions. The authors pointed out that future sky surveys, such as with Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, could find many more. In public interviews and private communications with reporters and academic colleagues, <mask> has become more vocal regarding the prospects of proving the existence of alien life. On April 16, 2019, <mask> and Siraj reported the discovery of the first meteor of interstellar origin. Extraterrestrial: The First Sign of Intelligent Life Beyond Earth, a popular science account concerning ʻOumuamua, written by <mask>, was published in 2021. The Galileo Project

In July 2021, <mask> became head of the new project: "The Galileo Project: "Daring to Look Through New Telescopes"". The project was inspired by the detection of ʻOumuamua and by release of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence report on Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP).As stated on the project's web-site, the aim is:

The three main avenues of research are:
 Obtaining high-resolution images of UAPs and discovering their nature

 Search for and research of ʻOumuamua-like interstellar objects
 Search for potential ETC satellites

The project was covered by many independent publishers, among them Nature, Science, New York Post, Scientific American, The Guardian, etc. To the allegations that studies of UFO is pseudo-science, <mask> answers that the aim of the project is not to study UFO based on previous data, but to study Unidentified Aerial Phenomena "using the standard scientific method based on a transparent analysis of open scientific data to be collected using optimized instruments." Media appearances

In 2006, <mask> was featured in a Time magazine cover story on the first stars, and in a Scientific American article on the Dark Ages of the universe. In 2008, he was featured in a Smithsonian magazine cover story on black holes, and in two Astronomy magazine cover stories, one on the collision between the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy and the second on the future state of our universe. In 2009, <mask> reviewed in a Scientific American article a new technique for imaging black hole silhouettes. <mask> received considerable media attention after proposing in 2011 (with E.L. Turner) a new technique for detecting artificially-illuminated objects in the Solar System and beyond, and showing in 2012 (with I. Ginsburg) that planets may transit hypervelocity stars or get kicked to a fraction of the speed of light near the black hole at the center of the Milky Way. Science magazine published an article about <mask>'s career in April 2013, and Discover reviewed his research on the first stars in April 2014.The New York Times published a science profile of <mask> in December 2014. In May 2015, Astronomy posted a podcast of an hour-long interview with <mask> in its series entitled "Superstars of Astronomy". In April 2016, Stephen Hawking visited <mask>'s home and attended the inaugurations of the Starshot and Black Hole Initiatives that <mask> leads. <mask>'s eBook on Kindle details his career path from childhood on a farm with interests in philosophy to chairing the Harvard astronomy department and directing the ITC, and includes opinion essays on the importance of taking risks in research and promoting diversity. <mask> writes opinion essays on science and policy. On January 14, 2021, <mask> appeared on the Lex Fridman Podcast (#154), on January 16, 2021, on the Joe Rogan Experience podcast (#1596). 1962 births
Living people
Israeli physicists
Harvard University faculty
20th-century American astronomers
21st-century American astronomers
American cosmologists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Jewish physicists
Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics people

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<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (22 October 1891 in Josefsthal, Austria-Hungary (now Josefův Důl, Czech Republic) – 12 June 1968 in Dresden, East Germany) was a Bohemian-German composer. Life
<mask> was born the son of a teacher in 1891 in the north-Bohemian village of Josefstal (modern-day Josefův Důl, Czech Republic). From 1906 to 1908, he attended a teacher's seminar in Reichenberg (now Liberec). He received organ, piano and violin lessons, and from 1908 to 1911, studied at the Prague Conservatory, where he studied piano and composition. From 1911 onward, he worked as a private music teacher and from 1915 as a teacher of musical theory at the Prague Conservatory. In 1920, he moved to the German Academy of Music and Performing Arts in Prague, where he worked as a teacher of musical theory and composition. He became a professor in 1926, and worked as the rector from 1927 to 1945.During the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, he composed works expressing sympathy for the Nazis, most notably the hymn O Herzland Böhmen (1942). His opportunistic application for membership within the Nazi party expired in 1942 because of his political unreliability. After imprisonment and expropriation as a result of the Beneš decrees as well as a suicide attempt in 1945, <mask> was brought to Dresden by the Soviet occupation forces via Moscow. There, he founded the State Academy of Music and Dresden Theatre, and was, until 1951, its rector. Until 1958, he was a professor of sound recordings at the Leipzig Academy of Music. His total works comprise about 170 compositions. <mask> was a member of the SED from 1946 until his death in 1968 in Dresden.He was buried in Heidenfriedhof Cemetery. His signature graces his gravestone. <mask>'s estate is preserved by the Academy of Arts in Berlin. 2 (1947)
 Suite No. 3 (1949)
 Suite No. 4 for 16 wind instruments and percussion (1953)
 Suite No. 5 Musik für elf Bläser (Music for 11 Winds) (1955)
 Suite No.6 (1956)
 Symphonische Märsche (Symphonic Marches), Suite No. 7 (1960)
 Suite No. 8 for wind quintet, 2 pianos and string orchestra (1961)
 Divertimento for chamber orchestra (1964)
 Festmusik (1964)

Concertante
 Concerto for piano and small orchestra (1930)
 Capriccio über ein polnisches Volkslied (Capriccio on a Polish Folk Song) for piano and orchestra (1953)

Chamber music
 String Quartet No. 1 (1914); dedicated to Arnold Schoenberg
 Piano Trio (1923)
 8 Musiken for 2 violins and viola (1923)
 Sonata for violin and piano (1924)
 String Quartet No. 2 „Der zerstörte Tasso“ (with soprano solo) (1925)
 Ciacona nach Vitali for violin and piano (1925)
 String Quartet No. 3 (1926, lost)
 Sonata for cello (1926, lost)
 Sonata for flute and piano (1927)
 100 Stücke (100 Pieces) for recorder solo (1936)
 Sonatina for harp (1945)
 Sonata for horn and piano (1946)
 Sonata for clarinet and piano (1949)
 Sonata for viola and piano (1954)
 Wind Quintet (1955)
 Toccata for accordion (1955)
 String Quartet No. 5 (1963–1964)
 … ismen und … ionen for flute, viola, cello, double bass, piano and harp (1968); movement IV completed by Heinrich Simbriger

Piano
 Polka groteska
 Sonata in E minor (1903, lost)
 Thema con Variazioni, Op.9 (before 1908)
 Fantasia auf der Fahrt (Fantasia on the Ride), Op. 12 (1908)
 Intermezzo (1909)
 4 Klavierstücke (4 Piano Pieces) (1910-11)
 Eine Reiter-Burleske, Symphonic Poem for piano (1913)
 Romantische Suite (Romantic Suite) (1916)
 Gesichten (Visions), 7 Piano Pieces (1921)
 Klaviermusiken für Kinder (Piano Music for Children) (1921)
 19 kleine Klavierstücke (19 Little Piano Pieces) (1921)
 Marionetten-Musiken, 6 Piano Pieces (1921)
 10 Kinderstücke (10 Pieces for Children) (1926)
 Suite No. Habilitationsschrift, masch. vervielf. Leipzig 1970. Deutsche Bibliothek Frankfurt am Main U.70.3699
 <mask>. Prieberg: Handbuch Deutsche Musiker 1933–1945, CD-Rom-Lexikon, Kiel 2004, . Wilhelm Hübner: <mask> F. <mask>ke – Gedanken über meinen Lehrer, in: Dresden und die avancierte Musik im 20.Jahrhundert. Teil II: 1933-1966, edited by Matthias Herrmann and Hanns-Werner Heister, Laaber 2002,  (Musik in Dresden 5),

See also
 List of classical composers in the GDR

References

External links

 Fidelio-F.-Finke's Archive at the archive of the Academy of Arts, Berlin

1891 births
1968 deaths
People from Jablonec nad Nisou District
People from the Kingdom of Bohemia
German Bohemian people
Socialist Unity Party of Germany members
German opera composers
Male opera composers
20th-century classical composers
20th-century German composers
University of Music and Theatre Leipzig faculty
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in bronze
20th-century German male musicians

masks:
Fidelio Friedrich
Fritz
Finke
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Fred K
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