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 horrified <mask> and his wife, who both held racist attitudes towards their neighbours and disliked living with them. Tensions between the new tenants and the <mask>s came to a head when Ethel prosecuted one of her neighbours for assault.<mask> successfully negotiated with the Poor Man's Lawyer Centre to continue to have exclusive use of the back garden, ostensibly to have space between him and his neighbours, but quite possibly to prevent anyone from uncovering the human remains buried there. Murder of <mask>
On the morning of 14 December 1952, <mask> strangled Ethel in bed. She had last been seen in public two days earlier. <mask> invented several stories to explain his wife's disappearance and to help mitigate the possibility of further inquiries being made. In reply to a letter from relatives in Sheffield, he wrote that Ethel had rheumatism and could not write herself; to one neighbour, he explained that she was visiting her relatives in Sheffield; to another, he said that she had gone to Birmingham. <mask> had resigned from his job on 6 December and had been unemployed since then. To support himself, he sold Ethel's wedding ring and watch on 17 December for £2 10s.and furniture on 8 January 1953 for which he received £11. <mask> kept cutlery, two chairs, a mattress, and his kitchen table. From 23 January to 20 March, <mask> received his weekly unemployment benefit of £3 12s. On 26 January 1953, he forged his wife's signature and emptied her bank account. On 27 February 1953, <mask> sold some of his wife's clothing for £3 5s. He also received a cheque for £8 on 7 March from the Bradford Clothing and Supply Company. Further murders
Between 19 January and 6 March 1953, <mask> murdered three more women he invited back to 10 Rillington Place: Kathleen Maloney, Rita Nelson and Hectorina MacLennan.Maloney was a prostitute from the Ladbroke Grove area. Nelson was from Belfast and was visiting her sister in Ladbroke Grove when she met <mask>; she was six months pregnant at the time of her murder. <mask> first met MacLennan, who was living in London with her boyfriend, Alex Baker, in a café. All three met on several occasions after this, and <mask> let MacLennan and Baker stay at Rillington Place while they were looking for accommodation. On another occasion, <mask> met MacLennan on her own and persuaded her to come back to his flat, where he murdered her. Later, he convinced Baker, who came to Rillington Place looking for MacLennan, that he had not seen her. <mask> kept up the pretence for several days, meeting Baker regularly to see if he had news of her whereabouts and to help him search for her.For the murders of his final three victims, <mask> modified the gassing technique he had first used on Eady; he used a rubber tube connected to the gas pipe in the kitchen which he kept closed off with a bulldog clip. He seated his victims in the kitchen, released the clip on the tube, and let gas leak into the room. The Brabin Report pointed out that <mask>'s explanation of his gassing technique was not satisfactory because he would have been overpowered by the gas as well. Nevertheless, it was established that all three victims had been exposed to carbon monoxide. The gas made his victims drowsy, after which <mask> strangled them with a length of rope. As with Eady, <mask> repeatedly raped his last three victims while they were unconscious and continued to do so as they died. When this aspect of his crimes was publicly revealed, <mask> quickly gained a reputation for being a necrophiliac.One commentator has cautioned against categorising <mask> as such; according to the accounts <mask> gave to the police, he did not engage sexually with any of his victims exclusively after death. After <mask> had murdered each of his final victims by ligature strangulation, he placed a vest or other cloth-like material between their legs before wrapping their semi-naked bodies in blankets (in a similar manner to the way in which Beryl's body had been wrapped), before stowing their bodies in a small alcove behind the back kitchen wall. He later covered the entrance to this alcove with wallpaper. Arrest
<mask> moved out of 10 Rillington Place on 20 March 1953, after fraudulently sub-letting his flat to a couple from whom he took £7 13s 0d (£7.65 or about £ as of ). The landlord visited that same evening and, finding the couple there instead of <mask>, demanded that they leave first thing the next morning. The landlord then allowed the tenant of the top-floor flat, Beresford Brown, to use <mask>'s kitchen. On 24 March, Brown discovered the kitchen alcove when he attempted to insert brackets into the wall to hold a wireless set.Peeling back the wallpaper, Brown saw the bodies of Maloney, Nelson and MacLennan. After getting confirmation from another tenant in 10 Rillington Place that they were dead bodies, Brown informed the police and a citywide search for <mask> began. After he left Rillington Place, <mask> went to a Rowton House in King's Cross, where he booked a room for seven nights under his real name and address. He stayed for only four nights, leaving on 24 March when news of the discovery at his flat broke after which he wandered around London, slept rough, and spent much of the daytime in cafés and cinemas. On 28 March, he pawned his watch in Battersea for 10 shillings. On the morning of 31 March, <mask> was arrested on the embankment near Putney Bridge after being challenged about his identity by a police officer. When the police searched <mask>, they discovered an old newspaper clipping about the remand of Timothy Evans among the personal items on him.Conviction and execution
<mask> was placed under arrest and at first only admitted to the murders of the women in the alcove and his wife during police questioning. When informed about the skeletons buried in the back garden, <mask> admitted responsibility for their deaths as well. On 27 April 1953, he confessed to the murder of Beryl Evans, which Timothy Evans had originally been charged with during the police investigation in 1949, although for the most part he denied killing Geraldine. However, on one occasion following his trial, <mask> indicated that he may have been responsible for her death as well, having said so to a hospital orderly. It is speculated that <mask> would not have wanted to readily admit his guilt in Geraldine's death in order not to alienate the jury from his desire to be found not guilty by reason of insanity and for his own safety from his fellow inmates. On 5 June 1953, <mask> confessed to the murders of Muriel Eady and Ruth Fuerst, which helped the police identify their skeletons. <mask> was tried only for the murder of his wife Ethel.His trial began on 22 June 1953, in the same court in which Evans had been tried three years earlier. <mask> pleaded insanity, with his defence describing him as "mad as a March hare", and claimed to have a poor memory of the events. Dr. Matheson, a doctor at HM Prison Brixton who evaluated <mask>, was called as a witness by the prosecution. He testified, using medical terminology of the time, that <mask> had a "hysterical personality" but was not insane. The jury rejected <mask>'s plea, and after deliberating for 85 minutes found him guilty. On 29 June 1953, <mask> announced that he would not be making an appeal against his conviction. On 2 July, Evans's mother wrote to <mask> asking him to "confess all".On 8 July 1953, his MP George Rogers interviewed <mask> for 45 minutes about the murders. Five days later Home Secretary David Maxwell Fyfe said that he could not find any grounds for <mask> to be reprieved. <mask>'s final visitors whilst in the condemned cell were an ex-army friend Dennis Hague on 13 July <mask>'s sister Phyllis Clarke visited and talked to <mask> on the afternoon before his execution and that evening the prison governor spoke to him. George Rogers also wanted to speak to <mask> a second time on the night before his execution but <mask> refused to meet him again. <mask> was hanged at 9am on 15 July 1953 at HM Prison Pentonville. His executioner was Albert Pierrepoint, who had previously hanged Evans. After being pinioned for execution, <mask> complained that his nose itched.Pierrepoint assured him that, "It won't bother you for long". After the execution, <mask>'s body was buried within the precincts of the prison, as was standard practice for executed prisoners in the United Kingdom. Known victims
 Ruth Fuerst, 21 (24 August 1943)
 Muriel Eady, 31 (7 October 1944)
 Beryl Evans, 20 (8 November 1949)
 Geraldine Evans, 13 months (8 November 1949)
 <mask>, 54 (14 December 1952).Oates p.104
 Rita Nelson, 25 (19 January 1953)
 Kathleen Maloney, 26 (February 1953)
 Hectorina MacLennan, 26 (6 March 1953)

Other murders
Based on the pubic hair that <mask> collected, it has been speculated that he was responsible for more murders than those carried out at 10 Rillington Place. <mask> claimed that the four different clumps of hair in his collection came from his wife and the three bodies discovered in the kitchen alcove, but only one matched the hair type on those bodies, <mask>'s. Even if two of the others had come from the bodies of Fuerst and Eady, which had by then decomposed into skeletons, there was still one remaining clump of hair unaccounted for—it could not have come from Beryl Evans, as no pubic hair had been removed from her body. Writing in 1978, Professor Keith Simpson, one of the pathologists involved in the forensic examination of <mask>'s victims, had this to say about the pubic hair collection:

No attempts were or have been made to trace any further victims of <mask>, such as examining records of missing women in London during his period of activity. Michael Eddowes suggested that <mask> had been in a perfect position, as a special police constable during the war, to have committed many more murders than have been discovered.On the other hand, historian Jonathan Oates considers it unlikely <mask> had any further victims, arguing he would not have deviated from his standard method of killing in his place of residence. Innocence of Timothy Evans

Following <mask>'s conviction, there was substantial controversy concerning the earlier trial of Timothy Evans, who had been convicted mainly on the evidence of <mask>, who lived in the same property in which Evans had allegedly carried out his crimes. <mask> confessed to Beryl's murder and although he neither confessed to, nor was charged with, Geraldine's murder, he was widely considered guilty of both murders at the time. This, in turn, cast doubt on the fairness of Evans's trial and raised the possibility that an innocent person had been hanged. The controversy prompted the then Home Secretary, David Maxwell-Fyfe, to commission an inquiry led by <mask> Henderson QC, the Recorder of Portsmouth, to determine whether Evans had been innocent and a miscarriage of justice had occurred. Henderson interviewed <mask> before his execution, as well as another 20 witnesses who had been involved in either of the police investigations. He concluded that Evans was in fact guilty of both murders and that <mask>'s confessions to the murder of Beryl were unreliable and made in the context of furthering his own defence that he was insane.Far from ending the matter, questions continued to be raised in Parliament concerning Evans's innocence, parallel with newspaper campaigns and books being published making similar claims. The Henderson Inquiry was criticised for being held over too short a time period (one week) and for being prejudiced against the possibility that Evans was innocent. This controversy, along with the coincidence that two stranglers would have been living in the same property at the same time if Evans and <mask> had both been guilty, kept alive the issue that a miscarriage of justice had occurred in Evans's trial. This uncertainty led to a second inquiry, chaired by High Court judge, Sir Daniel Brabin, which was conducted over the winter of 1965–1966. Brabin re-examined much of the evidence from both cases and evaluated some of the arguments for Evans's innocence. His conclusions were that it was "more probable than not" that Evans had killed his wife but not his daughter Geraldine, for whose death <mask> was responsible. <mask>'s likely motive was that her continued presence would have drawn attention to Beryl's disappearance, which <mask> would have been averse to as it increased the risk that his own murders would be discovered.Brabin also noted that the uncertainty involved in the case would have prevented a jury from being satisfied beyond reasonable doubt of Evans's guilt had he been re-tried. These conclusions were used by the Home Secretary, Roy Jenkins, to recommend a posthumous pardon for Evans, which was granted, as he had been tried and executed for the murder of his daughter. Jenkins announced the granting of Evans's pardon to the House of Commons on 18 October 1966. Evans's remains were subsequently exhumed and returned to his family, who arranged for him to be reburied in a private grave. There was already debate in the United Kingdom over the continued use of the death penalty. Evans's execution and other controversial cases contributed to the 1965 suspension, and subsequent abolition, of capital punishment in the United Kingdom for murder. In January 2003, the Home Office awarded Evans's half-sister, Mary Westlake, and his sister, Eileen Ashby, ex-gratia payments as compensation for the miscarriage of justice in his trial.The independent assessor for the Home Office, Lord Brennan QC, accepted that "the conviction and execution of Timothy Evans for the murder of his child was wrongful and a miscarriage of justice" and that "there is no evidence to implicate Timothy Evans in the murder of his wife. She was most probably murdered by <mask>." Lord Brennan believed that the Brabin Report's conclusion that Evans probably murdered his wife should be rejected given <mask>'s confessions and conviction. Media
 In September 1969, the play <mask> in Love by Howard Brenton premiered. The play relates <mask>'s murders and psychological abnormality to violence and sadistic personality disorder in society as a whole. It has been revived several times. <mask>'s murders were dramatised in the film 10 Rillington Place (1971), in which he was portrayed by Richard Attenborough, who spoke of his ambivalence concerning the role: "I do not like playing the part, but I accepted it at once without seeing the script.I have never felt so totally involved in any part as this. It is a most devastating statement on capital punishment." A three-part BBC biographical crime drama focused on the <mask> murders. This series, Rillington Place, was broadcast between November and December 2016 with Tim Roth as <mask>, Samantha Morton as Ethel and Jodie Comer as Beryl Evans. Australian artist Brett Whiteley produced a series of paintings based on the <mask> murders while living in London in the 1960s. Bibliography

See also
List of miscarriage of justice cases
List of serial killers by country
Murder in English law

References

Further reading

External links
List of documents relating to <mask> and Evans held in the National Archives
Bartle Road/Rillington Place location in Ladbroke Grove (Google)
National Archives of Australia – The Sydney Morning Herald Page – 1 – News Headline – Thursday 23 April 1953
The Murders, Myths and Reality of 10 Rillington Place

1899 births
1953 deaths
20th-century executions of British people
20th-century executions by England and Wales
British Army personnel of World War I
British people convicted of theft
British police officers convicted of murder
Duke of Wellington's Regiment soldiers
English people convicted of assault
English people convicted of murder
English rapists
English serial killers
Executed people from West Yorkshire
Executed British serial killers
People involved with mental health
Male serial killers
War Reserve officers of the Metropolitan Police
1943 in London
Murder in London
Necrophiles
People convicted of murder by England and Wales
People from Halifax, West Yorkshire
Serial killers who worked in law enforcement
Sherwood Foresters soldiers
Uxoricides
Criminals from Yorkshire
1943 murders in Europe
1940s murders in the United Kingdom
1943 crimes in the United Kingdom
20th-century Royal Air Force personnel
Military personnel from

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<mask> is a Scottish  filmmaker, writer and journalist currently with Outsider Television, which he had co-founded with Alex Sutherland in 1993. An Emmy, BAFTA and Grierson nominee, he has been making films for 20 years in the UK and around the world, including Iraq,
Sri Lanka, Japan, Haiti and several in Africa, covering wars and conflicts in Côte d'Ivoire, Uganda, Mali, and Sudan. Biography
<mask> grew up in Nigeria and Scotland. He studied painting at Edinburgh College of Art for five years, was a dustman for two years, ran a pirate radio station for six months and was a teacher for seven years. He was a member of the Official Edinburgh Festival's governing Council and President of Edinburgh and District Trades Council. Writing
For two years he produced a weekly satirical cartoon strip for the Times Educational Supplement. He then became a full-time writer working initially for a variety of newspapers and magazines including The Scotsman, The Herald and The Guardian.He joined The Observer as Scottish correspondent, where he stayed for three years winning the Campaigning Journalist of the Year award in 1992. Filmmaker
In 1992, he moved into television, presenting and reporting on Channel 4's weekly magazine programs Hard News, and investigative legal series The Brief. With Alex Sutherland, he co-founded Outsider Television in 1993. For six years he was an on-screen reporter on Channel 4 Dispatches before becoming a director. Films he reported included the award-winning documentary Secrets of the Gaul, which first revealed the whereabouts of the missing trawler Gaul lost with 38 men on board amid accusations that it had been used for spying. The first film he directed was an observational documentary about the famous London toyshop Hamleys, which won the Howard Wincott Award for best film of the year 2000. His films include three major investigations into allegations of coalition crimes in Iraq.He has made many films for the BBC, Channel 4, ITV, Al Jazeera English and PBS. His first television documentary on Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka's Killing Fields, won the Current Affairs - International category of the Royal Television Society's Television Journalism Awards 2010–11, won two One World Media Awards and earned a BAFTA TV Award nomination. [3][4]

His most recent project is the feature documentary, No Fire Zone: The Killing Fields of Sri Lanka, which has won several awards, including The Audience Awards at the Nuremberg Film Festival and Watch Docs in Poland, as well as the Human Rights award at the Festival des Liberties in Brussels. He and his team were also nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2012. His other recent television work includes an exposé of Khartoum's war on the Nuba people of South Kordofan for Al Jazeera. He has won a large number of awards, including two Royal Television Society awards, two One World awards,  an Indie award, an Amnesty award and in the US the Columbia DuPont Broadcast journalism award for his work in Japan after the tsunami and a Peabody Award for his work on Sri Lanka. In 2012, he was presented with a Scottish Bafta Special Achievement Award.In 2010 and 2011, he was named by Broadcast magazine as one of the top three television directors across all genres in the UK. ]. Sri Lanka's Killing Fields won the Current Affairs - International category of the Royal Television Society's Television Journalism Awards 2010/2011, won two One World Media Awards and earned a BAFTA TV Award nomination. In August 2018 his documentary film was released, The Ballymurphy Incident, about the Ballymurphy massacre, a shooting by the British Army in Belfast in August 1971. For background there is a lengthy report by 'The Guardian'  and he has written an article on the film

Major film works
Several of his documentaries were investigations on war crimes. His films include:

 Japan's Killer Quake (2011) - filmed and co-directed for Nova PBS. Documentary on the aftermath of the tsunami.Sudan: War and Independence - presenter and director for Al Jazeera. Documentary looking at the civil war in South Kordofam Sudan. Whistleblower: The Secret Bank- undercover in Barclays Bank, BBC, 21 March 2007. Unreported World (2003) - directed and filmed, on the civil war in Uganda. A Day of War - covered the war in Northern Uganda for BBC. Filmed a massacre on the Sudan/Uganda border. Iraq's Mission Billions (2006) - on the Coalition's alleged misuse of billions of Iraqi fund during the Iraq War.On Whose Orders - a Panorama series investigation on the allegations of unlawful killings in Iraq by the British troops. Sri Lanka's Killing Fields - on the war crimes in the final stages of the Sri Lankan War in 2009. Sri Lanka's Killing Fields: War Crimes Unpunished - follow up to Sri Lanka's Killing Fields. No Fire Zone : In the Killing Fields of Sri Lanka (2013)
 The Ballymurphy Precedent (Film) Massacre at Ballymurphy (TV version) (2018)

Apart from war documentaries, he has directed documentaries on other subjects, such as on sex workers and child wedding practice among Romani people in Romania. Written works
<mask> has written extensively for a number of journals and magazines. Articles include:

 "The oldest profession:  Sex workers need a trade union and a decriminalised industry, not feminist pity" (With Ana Lopes) Friday 25 July 2003
 "Why the Humiliation of Jason Russell is Such a Tragedy" The LRA and "Invisible Children" Huffington Post 18 March 2012
 "Iraq’s Missing Billions 'Iraq was awash in cash. We played football with bricks of $100 bills'"  Guardian Monday 20 March 2006
 "Killed in the name of the Lord In Uganda's bloody civil war, a children's army is responsible for some of the worst atrocities".<mask> reports. The Observer, Sunday 29 February 2004

References

External links
OutsiderTv
Guardian Profile
Sri Lanka's Killing Fields: Digging out the truth by <mask>

Alumni of the Edinburgh College of Art
Living people
Nigerian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Scottish journalists
Scottish television directors
Scottish television producers
Year of birth missing (living people)

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Callum Macrae
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Major General <mask> (21 March 1889 – 5 January 1981) was an American philanthropist, military leader, and eugenicist. He was a founder of several organizations and played a central part in reorienting eugenics in the years following World War II away from the race- and class-consciousness of earlier periods. The American Philosophical Society considers him to have been "the respectable face of eugenic research in the post-war period." World War I and the founding of organizations
<mask> graduated from Princeton University in 1910 and attended Trinity College, Cambridge, for a postgraduate year. His family had made their fortune in the railroad business, and he went into the family business up until the outbreak of World War I, when he served in the American Red Cross in France as Commander of the Advance Zone for the last 11 months of the war. In 1928, he became a research associate at the American Museum of Natural History studying anthropology and population. He was one of the founding members of the American Eugenics Society in 1926 and joined the British Eugenics Society in 1928, serving as its Secretary in 1931.<mask> was also instrumental in the founding of the Population Association of America in 1931. He played a central role in the 1936 founding of the Office of Population Research at Princeton University, a leading demographic research and training center. <mask> was one of the founding trustees of the Pioneer Fund in 1937, a charitable foundation charged with promoting eugenics. Also in 1937, <mask> praised the Nazi eugenics programs as the "most important experiment which has ever been tried." According to J. Phillipe Rushton, <mask> was the first to point out that although African Americans scored lower than whites on the Army intelligence tests, those from five urban northern states scored slightly higher than whites from eight rural southern states did, demonstrating the influence of cultural factors on IQ scores. In the following decades, <mask> remained skeptical of the hereditarian hypothesis of the variance in IQ scores found between racial groups. He suspected that environment played a greater role than genetics in the shaping of human beings, and thought eugenics should take place within groups (well-adapted families should be given the means to have more children) rather than between them (inferior races should be replaced).An admirer of the reforms instituted in 1930s Sweden through the efforts of economist Gunnar Myrdal and his wife Alva Myrdal, <mask> emphasized the eugenic potential of extended state support in childcare, recreation, housing, nursery services, and education as a means of stimulating fertility among desirable populations. He argued that the aim of eugenics should be to ensure that every child was wanted. <mask> believed that in this system, which he called the "true freedom of parenthood," the parents most capable of rearing children would be likelier to have more. World War II and later life
Many civil rights leaders alleged that, even after the revelation of genocide in World War II, eugenic influences remained strong in the United States because of <mask> and others of the Population Society (including John D. Rockefeller, Lewis Strauss, Karl Compton, and Detlev Bronk). He also encouraged and endorsed programs in Nazi Germany that sterilized Jews, Poles, and others deemed "unsuitable" to breed. Although Hitler's genocidal tactics and acts caused revulsion in the United States, he continued to promote eugenic ideals. In 1940, <mask> was selected by Franklin Roosevelt to chair the Civilian Advisory Committee on Selective Service.Five months later, he took over as Chair of the Army Committee on Welfare and Recreation, responsible for information and education services for military personnel. In September 1941, he was commissioned as Brigadier General and appointed Chief of the Morale Branch of the War Department (later called the Information and Education Division of Special Services). By the war's end, he had earned promotion to Major General and had been awarded a Bronze Star in Paris, the Distinguished Service Medal, and the Selective Service Medal, and he was made Honorary Commander in the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire. <mask> served at Princeton, as a charter trustee from 1943 to 1955, and as a member of several advisory boards, including the Curriculum Committee and Psychology Department Council. During the postwar years, one of Osborn's lasting influences was shifting the emphasis of American eugenics to positive eugenics, which seeks to achieve eugenic goals through encouraging the spread of desired traits, as opposed to negative eugenics, which seeks to achieve eugenic goals through discouraging the spread of undesired traits. In 1954, <mask> played a central role in the founding of the journal Eugenics Quarterly, published by Duke University, which changed its name in 1968 to Social Biology. <mask> explained the name change, writing: "The name was changed because it became evident that changes of a eugenic nature would be made for reasons other than eugenics, and that tying a eugenic label on them would more often hinder than help their adoption.Birth control and abortion are turning out to be great eugenic advances of our time. If they had been advanced for eugenic reasons it would have retarded or stopped their acceptance.”

In 1968 <mask> published The Future of Human Heredity: An Introduction to Eugenics in Modern Society, in which he complained that Hitler had "prostituted eugenics" but that the original goals of raising the average intelligence and character of future generations could be by programs advocating population control directed at convincing women of less intelligence, especially among the poor, to reduce their births voluntarily in order to "further the social and biological improvement of the population." In summary, he noted: "Eugenic goals are most likely to be attained under a name other than eugenics." References

Osborn FH. "History of the American Eugenics Society," Social Biology, vol. 21 no. 2 Summer 1974, 115-126
Saxon, W. "<mask>, a general, 91, dies; Headed Army Information Unit and Held U.N. Post--Was Leader in Studies on Population Served on U.N.Commissions." New York Times Jan 7, 1981. p. B12. "The History of the Journal Social Biology, 1954-1999," Social Biology, Fall-Winter 1999, Vol. 46, Num. 3-4. "Frederick Henry Osborn Papers," American Philosophical Society (APS), 1983, published online. Edmund Ramsden, "Social Demography and Eugenics in the Interwar United States" Population and Development Review, Vol.29, No. 4. (Dec., 2003), pp. 547–593. External links
<mask><mask> Papers via American Philosophical Society
<mask><mask> quotes and excerpts
"Study of Education at Princeton and the 1954 Advisee Project", assisted by Osborn, sought to "replace grand assumptions about university education with quantifiable facts and could potentially 'bring into view an entirely new horizon of educational accomplishment.'" <mask> H. Osborn Papers, 1941–1963, "correspondence and reports related to <mask>'s service at Princeton." (papers not available online)
Social Biology: Biannual Journal of the Study of Social Biology, Duke University.1889 births
1981 deaths
American eugenicists
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Princeton University alumni
United States Army personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
United States Army generals
American Red Cross personnel

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Frederick Henry Osborn
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<mask>ka (; born 23 August 1991), is a Polish singer, songwriter and vocal producer. She has released four solo studio albums: Aero-Plan (2013), Nowe Horyzonty (2014), Ponad Wszystko (2016) and Cztery (2018). Two albums released by her reached the top of the list of the most-bought albums in Poland. She received two gold records for the sale of her albums. Winner of many music awards, such as Eska Music Awards in the categories of Best Hit ("W stronę słońca"), Best Debut and Best Online Artist, 51st KFPP in Opole, Onet Super Premiere ("We mgle") or SuperJedynki. She also won many nominations, incl. to MTV Europe Music Awards 2013, TOPtrendy 2014 and Polsat Sopot Festival.She was a participant or guest in several entertainment programs, incl. won Dancing with the Stars and won the third place in the program Your Face Sounds Familiar. She lent her voice to the leading characters in the animated films Justin and the Knights of Valour and Charming. Biography
Born in Cerekwica, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Lisowska is a graduate of the Grażyna Bacewicz First Stage School of Music in Wrocław, in classical guitar. Since then, she was the lead singer of the post hardcore band "Nurth" with the stage name Evelynn Nurth. In addition to melodious singing she also uses growl. In 2011, she participated in the talent show TVN's Mam Talent (Got Talent).In 2012, Lisowska recorded an international single "Communications Are Down" with a metalcore band from Texas/New York called Forever in Promise. A few months later, she reached the semi-finals of the Polish adaptation of the second X Factor format, including on-air broadcast television station TVN. As a result, Lisowska signed a contract with music label HQT Music Group. Her debut EP, "Ewelina Lisowska" was released on 7 August 2012. The material was promoted by song "Nieodporny Rozum" (Fragile Mind) which has been carried out in the music video directed by Dariusz Szermanowicz. Her recent album " Aero-Plan"was released 7 May 2013. The music video for "Jutra nie będzie" (There Will Be No Tomorrow) was released on YouTube on 26 April 2013.It is the third single of Aero-Plan. In 2016, she was a guest on the Hell's Kitchen show. At the end of July 2016, she released the single "Prosta Sprawa". The song announced the next studio album entitled Ponad Wszystko, which was released on 4 November 2016. The other singles promoting the album were the songs: „Zatrzymaj się", „Zrób to!” and „Niebo/Piekło”. On 14 February, she released the single I'm Franky to which she sang the opening credits. On 5 June 2017, she presented the music video for the song „W sercu miasta".On 31 December 2017, she performed on stage during the New Year's Eve party of TVN in Warsaw, where she sang the hits "Nieodporny rozum" and "W stronę słońca" and covers "Beautiful People" covers, originally sung by Sia and Rihanna and "Chained to the Rhythm" by Katy Perry. On 25 May 2018, she released a video for the song "T-shirt", which – along with "W sercu miasta" – was on her album entitled Cztery, which premiered on 22 June 2018. In addition, she lent her voice to Cinderella in the animated film Charming. On 31 December, she performed at Stadion Śląski in Chorzów during the New Year's Eve with Polsat, performed Lady Gaga's song "Bad Romance" and her hit "Prosta Sprawa". Then she played a New Year's Eve concert with a band in Częstochowa. On 26 April 2019, she made a guest appearance in the eighth episode of the ninth edition of Dancing with the Stars, singing the song "Shallow" in a duet with Danzel. On 13 May, together with her sisters, she appeared on Dzień Dobry TVN.On 2 June, she gave a concert in Lubartów, organized on the occasion of Children's Day by the Polsat Foundation. On 6 June, she performed in Opole at the concert "Don't ask about Poland" broadcast by TVP2. On 14 August, she performed in Sopot at the Top of The Top Sopot Festival concert broadcast by TVN. On 20 September, she appeared as a musical guest during the Big Brother program, which was broadcast by TVN 7, performing the song "We will defeat the storm". In addition, she took third place in the final of the twelfth edition of the program Your face sounds familiar, previously winning two episodes program, in which she played Justyna Steczkowska and Edyta Górniak. On 31 December 2019, she appeared on New Year's Eve in Warsaw, which was broadcast on TVN, she performed her hits. In the spring of 2020, she hosted in one of the episodes of TVP1 This was the year!, in which she sang the hit Nancy Sinatra "These Boots Are Made For Walkin".On 16 May, she published a film as part of the Hot16Challenge campaign, for which she was nominated by Damian Ukeje, the artist entitled her 16-line song „Wodospady". On September 5, she performed in Opole at the 57th National Festival of Polish Song, performing a song from Danuta Rinn's repertoire "Where are these men". On October 2, she released a new single with the clip, which was titled „Nie mogę zapomnieć". On 4 October, she left Bielsko-Biała in Question for breakfast, telling about her private life and musical plans. On 30 October, together with Riot Games, she released a single, which is a Polish adaptation of the latest MORE soundtrack related to League of Legends. On 31 October, she visited the Dzień Dobry TVN studio where she presented her latest single „Nie mogę zapomnieć" and in an interview with Marcin Prokop she told about her future musical plans. On 31 October she appeared as a guest musician during the program America da lubić, which was broadcast by TVP2 station, performing the song "Redneck Woman."On 18 December, she made a guest appearance in Kaen's song „Kwarantanna", for which a music video was recorded. On December 18, a Christmas charity episode of the program Your face sounds familiar was broadcast, in which Lisowska sang the song „Pada śnieg" in a duet with Krzysztof Antkowiak. On 15 December, she performed at the "Christmas Tale" concert in the Castle Chapel on the Castle Hill in Lubin. At the end of January 2021, for a few days, together with Filip Chajzer, she ran the Allegro program for the Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity, and herself put up a concert on board a helicopter. On 7 August, Lisowska performed at the concert Wakacyjne hity wszech czasów, which was broadcast by TVP2, performing her song „W stronę słońca”. In September, the program Fort Boyard was broadcast on the Viaplay platform, in which the singer took part. The artist announced that next year she plans to release the fifth studio album on the occasion of the jubilee of ten years of presence on the Polish music scene.In the fall of 2021 she joined the Hockey Team of the Polish Artists Representation. On November 18, there was, among others, with the song "Nie ufaj" during the opening at Hala Koszyki in Warsaw. Nurth
Nurth was founded in 2007 by Maciek "Jonson" Wiergowski. <mask> fronted the band under the stage name of Evelynn Nurth. In 2009, they released their first EP entitled "Revolution. "In 2010, they released their first single entitled "The Last Second Of Life" which first showcased <mask>'s screaming technique. The cover of the single showed a new Nurth logo in red letters with a dark background.They released their second EP entitled "Stay Away" in 2011. The art shows a purple background with same Nurth logo in pink letters. The main piece of art shows what looks like a keyhole with a little girl following an owl on the other side. The last known song associated with the band is "Communications Are Down" by Forever in Promise which featured <mask> under her stage name Evelynn Nurth in 2012.No other songs were released or associated with the band since. Discography

Studio albums

Extended plays

Singles

Cover song

 #icanteven by The Neighbourhood
 Leaving Tonight by The Neighbourhood
 Angel With a Shotgun by The Cab
 Mama Told Me by Cash Cash
 Take Me Home by Cash Cash ft. Bebe Rexha
 Demons by Imagine Dragons
Pumped Up Kicks by Foster The People
 It's Time by Imagine Dragons
 Radioactive by Imagine Dragons
 Light It Up by Major Lazer
 Get Free by Major Lazer
 Faded by Alan Walker
 Side to Side by Ariana Grande feat. Nicki Minaj
 Human by Christina Perri
 Big Girls Cry by SIA
 Angel by the Wings by SIA
 Elastic Heart by SIA
 Move Your Body by SIA
 Tuesday by Burak Yeter feat. Danelle Sandoval

Dancing with the Stars.Taniec z gwiazdami performances

References

1991 births
Living people
People from Trzebnica
Polish pop singers
Polish rock singers
Polish lyricists
21st-century Polish singers
21st-century Polish women singers
Polish women singers

masks:
Ewelina Monika Lisows
Lisowska
Lisowska
Lisowska


text_chunks:
<mask> (also <mask>) <mask> (1948 – 25 June 2010), also known as <mask>, was a New York City-based journalist, novelist, poet and illustrator. <mask>'s writings include the science-fiction novel The Woman Between the Worlds and his anthology of verse and humour pieces <mask>'s Improbable Bestiary. As an uncredited "ghost" author, <mask> is known to have written or co-written several other books, including at least one novel in the Tom Swift IV series, The DNA Disaster, published as by "Victor Appleton" (a house pseudonym) but with <mask>'s name on the acknowledgements page. On 25 June 2010, <mask> set his Brooklyn apartment on fire and his body was later found there. Background
Little is known about MacIntyte's background, early life or family. Throughout his life, he told various stories about his family, birthplace and childhood that remain unsubstantiated, and which, after his death, his brother confirmed to be fictional. <mask> often told people he was orphaned by a Scottish family and raised in an Australian orphanage and a child labour camp.He used the aliases Paul Grant Jeffery, Timothy/Tim C. Allen, Oleg V. Bredikhine, and the nickname <mask>gy. But a teenage acquaintance alleged that the young <mask> spoke then with a plain New York accent from Long Island or Queens, raising questions about his claims of foreign origin. Another acquaintance who knew <mask> in his twenties remembered that he still spoke with an American accent, and used the name <mask>. An acquaintance remembers MacIntyre sharing the reason for the "Gwynplaine" in his name; it was, he said, from the film The Man Who Laughs, based on the Victor Hugo novel, in which the title character, Gwynplaine, has had a permanent smile surgically carved on his face. <mask> stated that he identified with Gwynplaine and thus chose the name as part of his own. Works
In the 1970s, <mask> worked for a Manhattan publisher of pornographic novels. Employees were paid $175 per week and expected to produce an entire pornographic novel in that time, as well as a chapter for a compilation-format pornographic book supposedly assembled from the cases of a Dr. Lamb.Although <mask> professionally published many works of non-fiction and literature, he is best known as an author of genre fiction: specifically, science fiction, fantasy, horror and mystery stories. His short stories were published in Weird Tales, Analog, Asimov's Science Fiction, Amazing Stories, Absolute Magnitude, Interzone, The Strand Magazine and numerous anthologies, including Terry Carr's Best Science Fiction of the Year #10, Michael Reaves and John Pelan's mystery/horror anthology Shadows Over Baker Street, James Robert Smith and Stephen Mark Rainey's horror anthology Evermore, and Stephen Jones's The Mammoth Book of Best New Horror. For Mike Ashley's The Mammoth Book of Historical Detectives (1995), <mask> wrote "Death in the Dawntime", a locked room mystery (or rather, sealed cave mystery) set in Australia around 35,000 BC, which editor Mike Ashley suggests is the furthest in the past a historical whodunnit has been set. A characteristic of <mask>'s writing (both fiction and non-fiction) is his penchant for coining new words and resurrecting obscure words. Language authority William Safire acknowledged <mask>'s neologism of "Clintonym" and quoted his historical etymology research. In addition to publishing science fiction in Analog, <mask> also contributed to that magazine as an artist, illustrating his own stories and one by Ron Goulart. <mask> wrote a considerable number of book reviews for The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction.In the July 2003 issue of that magazine, <mask> mentioned that he was related to the wife of Scottish author Eric Linklater. It is unclear whether this was one of the many fabrications about his life that <mask>'s brother later confirmed to be untrue. <mask> had previously stated (in interviews and at science-fiction conventions) that he was estranged from his abusive family and did not acknowledge them. He had legally changed his name, officially filing a deed poll: "<mask>" was therefore his legal name but not his birth name. He had acknowledged that he took the name "<mask>" from the protagonist of The Man Who Laughs, a novel by Victor Hugo. <mask> claimed to have contributed substantial script material to a 2006 documentary about actress Theda Bara, The Woman with the Hungry Eyes: he claimed his contributions included the film's title and an interview he had conducted with author <mask>. He is only listed under the "Special Thanks" section of the credits; <mask> claimed to be contractually prevented from receiving a screenplay credit.Legal issues
In 2000, <mask> was arrested after a neighbour said he duct-taped her to a chair, shaved her head, and spray-painted her black. He later plead guilty to third-degree misdemeanor assault. Death
In the months leading up to his death, MacIntyre became increasingly depressed and despondent. He sent mass emails to friends where he spoke of being troubled by his childhood (he would describe his family as "deeply evil people") and referenced suicide. He had also lost his night job as a printer and claimed to have health problems including synaesthesia. One day before his death, <mask> posted a review of the silent German science fiction film Metropolis (1927), titled "My favourite film, my last review" on IMDb. On 24 June 2010, police were called to MacIntyre's Bensonhurst apartment after a friend received a mass email from MacIntyre that alluded to suicide.Six police officers forcibly removed <mask> from the apartment as he yelled that he wanted to die and take "everyone in the building down with me". He was taken to Coney Island Hospital for psychiatric evaluation and released hours later. <mask> returned to his apartment and sent off an angry mass email admonishing the person who called the police. At around 9:30 a.m. on 25 June, <mask>, who was a long time hoarder, lit the contents of his apartment on fire. The fire quickly engulfed the building and took sixty firefighters more than an hour to extinguish. <mask>'s body was later found among the burned debris. He was the only fatality in the fire as the other residents were quickly evacuated.After his death, <mask>'s brother came forward and stated that <mask>'s life story was in fact fabricated, but did not provide any details about his real-life story- save that they did have Scottish ancestry- or the reasons for his fabrications and affectations. Bibliography

Books
Novels and collections include:
 The Woman Between the Worlds (1994,  and 2000, )
 <mask>'s Improbable Bestiary (2005, )

Short stories
Short stories include:
Asimov's Science Fiction:
 "For Cheddar or Worse" (volume 4 number 11, November 1980)
 "Martian Walkabout" (volume 5 number 13, December 1981)
 "Isle Be Seeing You" (volume 6 number 4, April 1982)
Amazing Stories:
 "The Man Who Split in Twain" (May 1986)
Weird Tales:
 "The Ones Who Turn Invisible" (#293, 1988)
 "Beddy-Bye" (Summer, 1998)
Absolute Magnitude:
 "The Minds Who Jumped" (Spring 1995)
Albedo One, (Ireland):
 "An Actor Prepares" (#20, 1999)
Analog Science Fiction and Fact:
 "OOPS!" (March 1991)
 "Teeny-Tiny Techno-Tactics" (March 1997)
 "Time Lines" (June 1999)
 "A Real Bang-Up Job" (July 2000)
 "'Put Back That Universe!'" (October 2000)
 "Schrödinger's Cat-Sitter" (July 2001)
 "A Deadly Medley of Smedley" (April 2003)
 "Annual Annular Annals" (January 2004)
Interzone, (Britain):
 "Sundowner Sheila" (February 2006)
The Strand Magazine:
 "Down the Garden Path" (February 2008)
Esli, (Russia):
 "Random" (July 2008)
 "Smart Fashions" (June 2009; cover story)
 "Boarder Incidence" (February 2010)
Space and Time:
 "Another Fine Messiah" (#110, Spring 2010)
SF Magajin, (Japan):
 "The Adventure of Exham Priory" (May 2010)

Notes

References

F. Gwynplaine MacIntyre, entry at The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, 3rd edition (draft)
 Index to Science Fiction Anthologies and Collections

External links

 "Fiery End for an Eccentric Recluse", video at The New York Times

1948 births
2010 suicides
Deaths from fire in the United States
Suicides by self-immolation
Suicides in New York City

masks:
Fergus
Feargus
Gwynplaine MacIntyre
Froggy
MacIntyre
MacIntyre
MacIntyre
MacIntyre
MacIntyre
MacIntyre
Frog
MacIntyre
MacIntyre
Jeremy MacIntyre
MacIntyre
MacIntyre
MacIntyre
MacIntyre
MacIntyre
MacIntyre
MacIntyre
MacIntyre
MacIntyre
MacIntyre
MacIntyre
Fergus MacIntyre
Gwynplaine
MacIntyre
Fritz Leiber
MacIntyre
MacIntyre
MacIntyre
MacIntyre
MacIntyre
MacIntyre
MacIntyre
MacIntyre
MacIntyre
MacIntyre


text_chunks:
<mask> was a British architect. He was born in Lincoln, probably in 1830, and his family came from Branston near Lincoln. He was articled to the Lincoln architect Pearson Bellamy. He had moved to London by 1859 and with Pearson Bellamy entered a number competitions for major public buildings. Of these only one, for Grimsby Town, was successful. In London he was responsible for a number of major projects including the  Langham Hotel. He also started in 1869 on the design of hospitals with the Infirmary to Hampstead Union Workhouse.After a short period of partnership with Lewis Angel, when Stratford Town Hall was built and with Edward Biven, by 1873 he was in partnership with Albert Edward Gough. They were joined in the practice by J E Trollope and they became involved in the design of Arts and Crafts housing in London's west end. <mask> had business interests in the City of London and was noted in 1867 as being a Director of the Imperial Guardian Life Insurance Company. Works
<mask> initially worked with Bellamy and Hardy of Lincoln. In 1859 they submitted plans in a competition for the Manchester Assize Courts in Great Ducie St. Manchester, but the competition was won by Sir Alfred Waterhouse with a notable building in the Venetian Gothic style. Giles and Bellamy and Hardy's proposed building was in the Palazzo revival style. Then in 1861 they were successful in a competition to design Grimsby Town Hall.<mask>' practice was first at 2 Verulam Buildings, London in 1864 and he was to move to 28 Craven Street, Charing Cross by 1868. A notable architect articled to <mask> was Charles Bell who came from Grantham in Lincolnshire. Following this <mask> was working by himself and his most notable buildings were:
Langham Hotel, London, built between 1863 and 1865

Petersham Hotel, Petersham completed in 1865
Torwood, Wimbledon Park, Surrey, a house illustrated in The Builder
Hillfield House, Gloucester, a mansion faced in ashlar Bath stone and built in 1867-69 for the timber merchant Charles Walker. It is in the Italianate style popularised by Charles Barry with a centrally placed tower and an impressive porte-cochère entrance. Pevsner describes it as the most elaborate Victorian house in Gloucester’’. For some years, it housed local government offices. In 2014 it was sold for use as a residence and was extensively renovated.'The most elaborate house in Gloucester' for sale for £1.85million
New End Hospital Hampstead, founded in 1869 as the infirmary for the Hampstead Union workhouse, and operated until 1986. The site has been redeveloped but the converted Giles building on Upper Walk remains. <mask> and Angell

For a short time he worked with Lewis Angell, who was the District Surveyor for West Ham. They submitted a design for Stratford Town Hall (now known as Stratford Old Town Hall), beating thirty competing entries. The building was completed in 1869 and extended by Angell in 1881. The building is described as a confidently Victorian version of arched Cinquecento with rusticated stone ground floor with square headed window openings beneath an upper storey of round arched windows, divided by Corinthian columns. Carried off with considerable panache with an asymmetrical 100 ft domed tower.The balustraded parapets are decorated with allegorical figures. <mask> and Biven
By 1866 <mask> was in partnership with Edward Biven at 28 Craven Street, when they designed an Infirmary for the St. Pancras Guardians of the Poor. This building is now part of the Highgate Wing of the Whittington Hospital. <mask> and Gough

By 1873 <mask> was in partnership with Albert Edward Gough (died 1908) at Craven Street. The partnership increasingly specialised in asylum, hospital and workhouse architecture. Work by them includes:
The extension wings to the Georgian workhouse in Cleveland Street, London in 1873
Cavendish College, Cambridge (now part of Homerton College) in 1876–8. Homerton College, from London, moved into the buildings in 1894.Large, red-brick, Tudor, with asymmetrical Gothic tower, and Gothic Hall windows. Fulham Workhouse Infirmary. In 1883 <mask> and Gough erected a pavilion-plan infirmary at the north of the workhouse site facing onto St Dunstan's road. It was a military hospital in the First World War. Now demolished to make way for the Charing Cross Hospital. Christ Church, Gipsy Hill, London
New End Hospital, Hampstead. <mask>, Gough and Trollope

By 1888 <mask> and Gough were joined by <mask> Trollope, an architect who had trained under Sir Arthur William Blomfield.Trollope was to continue the practice at 28 Craven Street after Gough's death in 1908. Trollope died in 1912. The practice expanded considerably at this time, particular building hospitals and mental asylums. Also they built housing in London, in the Queen Anne revival style, normally in red brick and using terracotta decorative panels. Much of this housing appears to have been designed by <mask> Trollope. Buildings by <mask>, Gough and Trollope:
Leicester General Hospital The 62-acre site between Crown Hills and Evington village was purchased for £6,920 in 1902, with construction of the hospital beginning on 2 April 1903. The building, designed by <mask>, Gough and Trollope, was completed at a cost of £79,575.Main block with a Baroque revival central entrance, flanked by long separate wings. Hammersmith Hospital. Du Cane Road. (1904), A handsome brick and stone building in Queen Anne style, four storeys with pedimented windows on the two lower storeys, canted corner bays and raised centre with an elegant clock turret. Houses
Aldford House, 63 South Audley Street, London W1 (1890) by J.E. Trollope of Giles, Gough & Trollope. 1-8 Carlos Place, London W1(c1897) by J.E.Trollope of Giles, Gough & Trollope. A four-story quadrant block of houses . . . in free English/Flemish Renaissance style, constructed in red brick, with lavish Portland stone dressings with canted bay windows, balustraded parapets and gables, enlivened on alternate houses by bands of red terracotta Renaissance decorative ornament. <mask> and the building of asylums

Following <mask>' innovative design for the Coney Hill Hospital in Gloucestershire, <mask> became one of the most successful asylum architects, winning eight of the sixteen competitions he entered and coming second in four. Examples of work undertaken by his partnership are:
Coney Hill Hospital, Gloucester. Built as the second Gloucestereshire County Asylum. <mask> and Gough won a competition to build this in 1879 and it was built in 1881–1883.It was the first asylum to be built in true echelon plan, but was never fully completed. Only the administrative block now survives. St Augustine's Hospital, Chartham, Kent. The asylum was opened on 5 April 1875. The buildings were completed in 1876 at a total cost of £211,852. Originally built to house 870 patients. St Edward's Hospital, Cheddeleton, Staffordshire.(<mask>, Gough and Trollope)  Opened 18 August 1899. Echelon layout. It closed in 2002 and has now been converted to housing. Tone Vale Hospital, Cotford, Somerset. Tone Vale was founded as the second Somerset County Asylum in 1892, the first Somerset County Asylum near Wells having become overcrowded. The competition to design the asylum was won by <mask> and Trollope, and the first patient was admitted in May 1897. Talgarth Hospital, Powys.The building, designed by Messrs <mask>, Gough and Trollope of London, followed the compact echelon or arrow plan and was built at a cost of £126,000. It was opened with public ceremony on 18 March 1903. Gallery

Notes and references

Further reading
Antonia Brodie (ed).(2001). Directory of British Architects, 1834–1914: 2 Vols, vol. 1, p.725. British Architectural Library, Royal Institute of British Architects. Goodall I. et al.(1998).English Hospitals 1660-1948 : A Survey of their Architecture and Design'', RCHME,

1831 births
1900 deaths
Architects from Lincolnshire
People involved with mental health
People from Lincoln, England

masks:
John Giles
Giles
Giles
Giles
Giles
Giles
Giles
Giles
Giles
Giles
Giles
Giles
Giles
Giles
John Evelyn
John Evelyn
Giles
Giles
Giles
Giles
Giles
Giles
Giles
Giles Gough
Giles


text_chunks:
<mask> (August 16, 1895 – January 4, 1951) was an American agricultural and railroad industry executive, civic leader, and the first Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). As a 16-year-old candidate for the highest rank bestowed by the BSA, he was personally interviewed by a panel composed of the youth organization's founders, including Ernest Thompson Seton and Daniel Carter Beard. Eldred was awarded the coveted distinction of Eagle Scout on September 2, 1912, becoming the first of more than two million boys in the U.S. since then to earn Scouting's most vaunted rank. Eldred also received the Bronze Honor Medal for lifesaving, and was the first of four generations of Eagle Scouts in his family. A graduate of Cornell University, Eldred enlisted at age 22 in the United States Navy in January 1918, nine months after the U.S. entry into World War I. After serving aboard various Navy vessels and seeing combat in that conflict, he then worked in the agriculture and produce transportation industries, serving as a railroad industry official. Eldred continued as an active Scout leader and school board member throughout much of his adult life.Scouting as a youth

Eldred was born in Brooklyn, New York, and raised in Oceanside, Long Island, New York, by his mother after his father died. Eldred's older brother, Hubert W. Eldred, was instrumental in starting Troop 1 of Oceanside, Long Island, New York, in November 1910. Troop 1 was fully uniformed and their appearance so impressed Chief Scout Executive James E. West that he asked the troop to serve as honor guard for the visit of Baden-Powell, the founder of Scouting. West paid the expenses for the troop to travel to New York harbor for Baden-Powell's arrival in the morning of January 31, 1912. Baden-Powell inspected Troop 1, and spoke with Eldred at some length. It is uncertain how Baden-Powell found out that Eldred's Board of Review was that afternoon, but he ended up attending it and being part of the Board of Review. In March 1911, Eldred earned First Class rank.He subsequently completed the 21 merit badges required for Eagle Scout. Merit badges are awards for mastering skills taught in the Scouting program. At the time, only 141 merit badges had then been earned by about 50 Scouts. As originally implemented, Eagle Scout was part of the merit badge system and was not a rank. Thus, Eldred, like several of the early Eagles, did not earn the Life or Star awards that later preceded Eagle Scout. Eldred's merit badges were noted in the Honor Roll of the August 1912 edition of Boys' Life. Eldred did not have a troop board of review, a review by the adult troop leaders to ensure eligibility.Instead, Eldred had a thorough National Board of Review consisting of West, Baden-Powell, Ernest Thompson Seton, Daniel Carter Beard, <mask>. Forbush, and Wilbert E. Longfellow, who wrote in the Handbook for Boys on life-saving and swimming. At the time there had still not been a council-level system for Eagle Scouts boards of review. Largely due to delays caused by Baden-Powell's visit, the National Court of Honor did not convene until March 29, 1912. A press announcement was released on or about April 10, 1912, leading to a century of confusion wherein it was believed Eldred's Board of Review had been held in April. West informed Eldred of his Eagle award in a letter dated August 21, 1912. Another reason for the delays was that the Boy Scouts of America felt no one would ever earn the Eagle Scout award and at the time of Eldred's Board of Review, the Eagle Scout medal had not yet been designed. This letter also informed Eldred of the delay in the medal, caused by the fact that the design of the Eagle Scout medal had not been finalized.Eldred was presented Eagle Scout on Labor Day, September 2, 1912, becoming the first to earn Scouting's highest rank, just two years after the founding of the BSA itself. In August 1912, Eldred was camping with the troop in Orange Lake, New York. While swimming in the lake, fifteen-year-old Melvin Daly, another Scout who was a non-swimmer, began to drown. Eldred rescued Daly with the assistance of Merritt Cutler. Chief Scout Seton presented Eldred with the Honor Medal for this action. Education and career
Eldred entered Cornell University in 1912 and graduated in 1916 having studied agriculture. At the university, Eldred was a member of the Alpha Zeta fraternity, president of the Agricultural Association and participated in track and cross-country.Naval service
Eldred enlisted in the United States Navy in January 1918, during World War I. He was initially assigned to the Philadelphia Naval Yard before shipping out on the transport  on Sunday, June 30, 1918, from Bush Terminal in Brooklyn, New York, for overseas duty. On July 1, 1918, his convoy spotted two enemy submarines and attacked them with depth charges. It is not known whether the submarines were damaged. During the Henderson's seventh troop transport voyage to France there was a fire on board on July 2, 1918, that resulted in the ship returning to the United States. All but one or two of those on board were rescued by the destroyers  and  and eventually taken aboard the , which continued to Brest, France, where Eldred's knowledge of French proved useful. From there, he was sent by train to Italy.Eldred arrived in Italy in July 1918 and eventually at Sub Chaser Base 25, located in Corfu, Greece in September 1918. There he served as a machinist aboard submarine chaser SC-244, where they patrolled the Strait of Otranto and were engaged in combat. While in Corfu, Eldred and many others got sick with the flu during the 1918 flu pandemic. The conditions at the hospital were so bad that he had to crawl to a stream to get water, which resulted in a permanent scar on his left hip. Eldred began his return to the United States and arrived in Malta on December 25, 1918. By February 1919, he was in Gibraltar. He was given the option of staying in the Navy until they arrived home in six months or being discharged and paying his own way home.He elected the discharge and was separated from the Navy on March 4, 1919. He met some U.S. Army soldiers who were en route to America aboard an Army troop ship. They took him aboard as a stowaway and loaned him an Army uniform. Eldred slept in a life boat on the way back to America. Business and civic endeavors
After the war, Eldred worked for a dairy, then became the agricultural agent for Atlantic County, New Jersey, in 1921 and established the Atlantic City municipal market. He later promoted produce transportation for the Reading Railroad. As the trucking industry became a major competitor for the carriage of agricultural products, Eldred became the manager of the Eastern Railroad Association's Motor Carrier Committee.He also served on the Camden County Council, the Clementon School District Board of Education, and also served as Overbrook Regional school board president. Adult Scouting life, descendants, and legacy

Eldred was a board of review examiner throughout the 1920s. He was later the troop committee chairman for Troop 77 in Clementon, New Jersey. Eldred's descendants have followed in his footsteps. Eldred was present when his eldest son, Willard "Bill" G<mask>, had his Eagle Scout ceremony on October 27, 1944. Eldred also had a younger son, <mask>, and one daughter, Patricia. Two of Eldred's grandsons are also Eagle Scouts: James I. Hudson III (1968) and Willard "Bill" <mask> (1977).Four of his great-grandsons, Kyle Kern, <mask>, Tennessee Abbott, and Bobby Hitte, were Scouts as of March 2007, working towards Eagle Scout. <mask> and Kyle Kern did not make Eagle Scout and were no longer in Scouting as youths by July 2009. Tennessee Abbott had his Eagle Scout ceremony on May 2, 2010. Bobby Hitte became an Eagle Scout in 2012, 100 years after <mask> and another Eldred descendant, Jack Eldred, had joined Scouting. Eldred died at the age of 55 from colon cancer on January 4, 1951, at his home in Clementon. He is buried in Berlin Cemetery, Berlin, New Jersey. The National Eagle Scout Association chapter of the BSA's Theodore Roosevelt Council in Massapequa, New York, is named in honor of Eldred.In October 1976 the Village of Rockville Centre, New York, honored <mask>dred by dedicating Eagle Scout Park in the village in his memory. The ceremony was attended by his widow, son Bill and grandsons. See also

 Distinguished Eagle Scout Award
 List of Eagle Scouts

References

External links

1895 births
1951 deaths
Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences alumni
United States Navy sailors
People from Clementon, New Jersey
People from Brooklyn
People from Oceanside, New York
United States Navy personnel of World War I

masks:
Arthur Rose Eldred
Arthur R
. Eldred
Arthur
Eldred
Tyler Eldred
Tyler Eldred
Arthur
Arthur El


text_chunks:
<mask> (24 January 1905 – 2 December 1973) was a German Communist activist who resisted the Nazi government in the 1930s and spent a good deal of time in prisons and concentration camps. In later life he found himself in the political mainstream in his country's second one-party dictatorship and became a senior politician. Life

Early years
<mask> was born early in the twentieth century into a working-class family in Waltershausen, a small manufacturing town in south-central Germany which since 1815 had built up a reputation as a centre for doll and toy making. He attended school locally till 1919 and then found work in Walternshausen in one of the town's doll factories. He also took work in a factory producing rubber articles, which was another niche industry that had settled in the town. A period of unemployment followed from 1922 till 1924, after which he worked in the rubber industry, in the potash industry with Wintershall AG in nearby Merkers and on the railways, based in Walternshausen. There was a further period of unemployment between 1929 and 1933.Politics
Early during the 1920s <mask> joined the recently created Young Communists (KJVD / Kommunistischer Jugendverband Deutschlands), and in 1924, the year of his nineteenth birthday, he also joined the Communist party, becoming an active member of the Red Front Fighters (RFB /Roter Frontkämpferbund). Between 1924 and 1929 he was a political leader within the Young Communists:  within the Communist Party, between 1931 and 1933 he was party head for the Waltershausen sub-district and a political leader in the party's Anti-Fascist Fighters' League. Nazi years
Germany underwent significant regime change in January 1933 when the NDSDAP (Nazi Party) took power, and lost little time in imposing the country's first twentieth century one-party dictatorship. A feature of the new government's leadership was a powerful capacity for hatred: Chancellor Hitler had for many years been particularly vitriolic on the subject of Communists. After <mask>'s house had been searched in February 1933 <mask> himself went into hiding and lived illegally successively in Friedrichroda, Tambach-Dietharz and Gotha. During this time he was working closely with Erich Hohnstein. The two of them both undertook courier work for The (now illegal) Party, and were involved in the illegal production of the Thüringer Volksblatt" (newspaper).In July 1933 he moved to Erfurt, where the (illegal) regional party leadership had appointed him as an itinerant instructor. His work in this capacity concentrated initially on Suhl, Zella-Mehlis, Schmalkalden and Meiningen. Later his party work also took in Eisenach, Mühlhausen and the Erfurt conglomeration. On 10 February 1934 the Gestapo arrested him. Half a year later, in June 1934, he was convicted of high treason in Jena, and given a three-year prison term. He served his sentence in the prison at Untermaßfeld after which, in March 1937, instead of being released he was merely transferred to the Bad Sulza Concentration Camp. He was then moved to Lichtenburg and then, from July till August 1937 Buchenwald.He was finally released from the concentration camp system in April 1939 and then, till April 1945, worked in Gotha in the guilding and roofing trades. He also worked at different times as a steel cable maker and as a driver. War had resumed in September 1939 following a Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression pact that opened the way for a repeat partition of Poland between the two dictatorships. It ended in May 1945 with the central part of what had been Germany, including Thuringia, under Soviet Military Administration. In 1945 <mask> became a member of the Communist Party regional leadership team in Erfurt. Between June and September 1946 he was employed as the manager at the Employment Office in Waltershausen:  then from October 1945 till January 1946 he served as deputy administrator (Landrat) in Gotha. Between February 1946 and October 1948 he served in Weimar-Erfurt as First Secretary of the People's Solidarity organisation, a non-parliamentary Mass movement after the Leninist model, focused in this instance on funding and administering care for the elderly.Soviet administration
The end of the war had appeared to signal an end to one-party dictatorship, but within the Soviet occupation zone in April 1946 the contentious merger of the KPD and more moderately left-wing SPD prepared the ground for a return to  one-party rule. <mask> was one of many Communists who lost little time in signing their membership across to the resulting Socialist Unity Party (SED / Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands). From 1946 he was a member of the party's regional leadership for Weimar-Erfurt. The German Democratic Republic
From November 1948 till January 1952 <mask> was in charge of the SED (party)'s Business Department in the state of Thuringia. Meanwhile, formally in October 1949, the Soviet occupation zone became the Soviet sponsored German Democratic Republic, many of its constitutional arrangements directly modeled on those of the Soviet Union itself. An important feature of the country's power structure was the "leading role" of the party which meant that both at the national and regional levels, administrators and ministers (who were generally already party members) were expected to carry out party policy. Decisions came from the party, party power being ever more firmly centralised in Berlin.<mask> retained his party post in Thuringia until 1952 when the regional tier of government was abolished, powers being transferred up the line to the centre or down to local bodies. Between 1952 and January 1953 <mask> served as First Secretary of the Party Leadership in Meiningen, a midsize town in the administrative district of Suhl. Then, in January 1953 he embarked on a year of study at The Party's "Karl Marx" Academy. <mask>Awards and honours
1959: Patriotic Order of Merit in bronze
1965: Patriotic Order of Merit in silver
Medal for Fighters Against Fascism
In 1954/55 he was empowered as a trainer in the Central Governance department of the party's powerful Central Committee. Returning to regional government, from September 1955 he served as Second Secretary in the party district leadership of Suhl. Between 1958 and 1967 he was also listed as a district councillor in Suhl. However, in September 1963 he was badly injured in a motor accident, as a result of which, in May 1964, he resigned his party post.Between 1964 and 1969 <mask> headed up the "Commission for Research of the local Workers' Movement" for the party leadership in Suhl, and he was also Chairman of the "Commission for the Care of Deserving Elderly Party Members". References

Buchenwald concentration camp survivors
People condemned by Nazi courts
German resistance members
Communist Party of Germany politicians
Socialist Unity Party of Germany members
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit
1905 births
1973 deaths
Lichtenburg concentration camp survivors
Bad Sulza concentration camp survivors

masks:
Ferdinand Jung
Jung
Jung
Jung
Jung
Jung
Ferdinand Jung
Jung
Ferdinand Jung
Jung
Ferdinand Jung
Ferdinand Jung


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<mask> (13 January 1938 – 18 January 2022) was a Finnish composer and pianist. Biography
He was born in Helsinki, where he studied at the Sibelius Academy and was taught composition by Aarre Merikanto, Einojuhani Rautavaara, Einar Englund, and Joonas Kokkonen. He continued his studies in Cologne with Bernd Alois Zimmermann; at the Juilliard School of Music in New York with Vincent Persichetti and Eduard Steuermann; and privately in Poland with Witold Lutosławski. He also studied musicology at the University of Helsinki. <mask> was one of the most important Finnish modernist composers. His works can be roughly divided into two periods: dodecaphonic (c. 1957–1975) and serialist (from 1976 onwards). Due to the hostile reactions to his early works, particularly the First Symphony, his works up to the 1980s can be roughly divided in two groups: more personal and complex pieces and more approachable, audience-friendly pieces such as the Second Symphony, "Petite symphonie joyeuse".As professor of composition at the Sibelius Academy, <mask> has been highly influential in educating the next generation of Finnish composers and his pupils have included Magnus Lindberg, Kaija Saariaho, Jukka Tiensuu, Jouni Kaipainen and Veli-Matti Puumala. In addition to composing original works, <mask> has reconstructed several pieces that his composition teacher Aarre Merikanto mutilated or destroyed, including the latter's Symphonic Study (1928) and String Sextet (1932) and written the violin concerto Tuuminki (A Notion) as a "re-imagining" of Merikanto's completely destroyed third violin concerto. Alongside composition, <mask> has been active as a pianist, premiering and recording several of his own works. He is also known as an essayist and has written a large number of composer portraits. <mask> died on 18 January 2022, at the age of 84. Selected works

Symphonies
 Symphony no. 1 op.3 (1958/60)
 Symphony no. 2 Petite symphonie joyeuse op. 9 (1962)
 Symphony no. 3 op. 20 (1969/77)
 Symphony no. 4 op. 27 (1971)
 Symphony no.5 op. 80 (2001–02)
 Symphony no. 6 op. 132 (2015)
 Symphony no. 7 op. 144 (2020)
 Symphony no. 8 op.145 (2021)

Concertos
 Piano concerto no. 1 op. 13 (1964)
 Piano concerto no. 2 op. 15 (1966)
 Deux chansons for cello and orchestra (or piano) op. 31 (1976)
 Piano concerto no. 3 op.46 (1981)
 Saxophone concerto op. 50 (1983)
 Cello concerto op. 53 (1985)
 Tuuminki (A Notion) ("...of what might have been Aarre Merikanto's 3rd Violin Concerto") (1993)
 Violin concerto op. 75 (1999)
 Piano concerto no. 4 op. 81 (2001/05)
 Flute concerto Autrefois (2008/10)
 Organ concerto Aiolos op. 131 (2012)

Other orchestral works
 Tripartita op.5 (1959)
 Concerto for string orchestra op. 6 (1959/63)
 Soggetto op. 10 (1963)
 Adagio op. 12 (1963/66)
 Arioso for strings op. 16 (1967)
 Dia op. 36 (1979)
 Tritopos op. 38 (1977)
 Attitude op.44 (1980)
 ...tyttöjen kävely ruusulehdossa... for strings op. 47 (1982)
 Dicta kamariyhtyeelle (chamber ensemble) op. 49 (1983)
 KauToKei for strings op. 52 (1985)
 The Well-balanced Dancer op. 66a–k (1994–2000)

Operas
 Silkkirumpu (The Damask Drum) op. 45 libretto by the composer and Eeva-Liisa Manner (Finnish) and Andrew Bentley (English)
 Veitsi (The Knife) op. 55, libretto by the composer and Veijo Meri (1989)

Chamber music
 String quartet no.1 Kwartet smyczkowy op. 32c (1974)
 String quartet no. 2 Anadyr.mpl op. 64 (1992/94)
 String quartet no. 3 Austin Flint's String Quartet op. 101 (2006)
 Quintet for flute, saxophone, piano, vibraphone and percussion op. 7 (1961)
 Musique d'été for flute, clarinet, violin, cello, cembalo, vibraphone and percussion op.11 (1963/67)
 Sonata for violin and piano op. 25 (1970)
 Jeu I flute and piano op. 42 (1980)
 Jeu II for violin and piano op. 43 (1980)
 Short I for clarinet and cello (or solo clarinet) op. 58 (1990)
 Utazawa no e (Short II) for flute and guitar op. 61 (1991)
 Anadyr.img for saxophone quartet op. 63 (1993)
 String quintet op.78 (2000)
 Täällä for piano and flute op. 86 (2003)
 Quincunx for piano and flute op. 88 (2002–03)
 Piano trio op. 91 (2002/03)
 Viherre for flute, clarinet, cello and accordion op. 96 (2005)
 Sonata for oboe and piano op. 106 (2008–09)
 Sonata for saxophone and piano op. 108 (2008)
 Sonaatti for two pianos op.109 (2008–10)
 Sonata for clarinet and piano op. 111 (2008/10)
 Sykerre for wind quintet op. 113 (2010)
 Vaskikaari for brass quintet op. 115 (2010)
 Boston Sonatas op. 134 (2014)

Solo works

Piano
 Toccata op. 1 (1956)
 Sonatina 1957 op. 2 (1957)
 Libretto della primavera op.28 (1971)
 Poesia squillante ed incandescente op. 32a (1974)
 Préludes-Études-Poèmes op. 32b (1974)
 Poésies-périphrases op. 32d (1975)
 Cinq moments de jour op. 51 (1984)
 Lamentation and Praise op. 68 (1995)
 Mazurki op. 79 (2001)

Organ
 Oculus aquilae op.18 (1968)
 Touché op. 57 (1989)
 KotiKouluKirkko I–II op. 83 (2001–02)

Other
 Discantus I for alto flute op. 14 (1965)
 Discantus II for clarinet op. 21 (1969)
 Discantus III for saxophone op. 33 (1976)
 Cantilena II for cello op. 26 (1970)
 Cantilena III for violin op.34 (1976)
 Touching for guitar op. 40 (1978)
 Beateth for percussion op. 48 (1982)

Vocal
 Cantico delle creature for baritone and orchestra or piano or organ op. 17 (1968)
 The Autumns for mixed choir op. 22 (1970)
 Schatten der Erde for mezzo-soprano and piano op. 30 (1973)
 Reality for solo soprano and ten instruments op. 41 (1978)
 Four Lullabies for male choir op.56a (1986)
 Poetiikka for male choir op. 56b (1986–90)
 Tarinankulmia for mixed choir  op. 67 (1994)
 Hyräilyjä for voice and piano op. 69 (1998)
 Suomalainen laulukirja (Finnish Songbook) for four voices and piano op. 82 (2006)
 Eläinten Te Deum (Animal Te Deum) for soloists, choir and orchestra

References

Further reading
 Anderson, Martin. 2002. "Heininen, Paavo (Johannes)".The Oxford Companion to Music, edited by Alison Latham. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. .
 Oramo, Ilkka. 2001. "<mask>, <mask> (Johannes)". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers. Parsons, Jeremy.1978. “<mask> <mask>.” The Musical Times, Vol. 119, No. 1628 (Oct., 1978), pp. 850–853. External links
Fennica Gehrman's Heininen page (publisher). Music Finland: composer profile.1938 births
2022 deaths
Academics of the Sibelius Academy
Finnish composers
Finnish male composers
University of Helsinki alumni
Musicians from Helsinki

masks:
Paavo Johannes Heininen
Heininen
Heininen
Heininen
Heininen
Heininen
Heininen
Paavo
Paavo
Heininen


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<mask> (; born 28 November 1970) is a French politician serving as Mayor of Le Havre since 2020, previously holding the office from 2010 to 2017. He was Prime Minister of France from 15 May 2017 to 3 July 2020 under President Emmanuel Macron. A lawyer by occupation, <mask> is a former member of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP), which later became The Republicans (LR). He served as a member of the National Assembly from 2012 to 2017, representing the seventh constituency of Seine-Maritime. After being elected to the presidency on 7 May 2017, Macron appointed him Prime Minister of France. <mask> subsequently named his government on 17 May. He was succeeded by Jean Castex before his reelection to the mayorship in Le Havre.Early life and education
<mask> <mask>, the son of French teachers, was born in Rouen in 1970 and grew up in a left-wing household. He has one sibling, a sister. He comes from a family of dockworkers, a profession in which members of his family are still employed. He grew up in a suburban neighbourhood in Rouen. He was at first a pupil at the Michelet School in Rouen before moving to Grand-Quevilly where he attended Jean-Texier College and later attending Lycée les Bruyères in Sotteville-lès-Rouen. He obtained his baccalauréat at the École de Gaulle-Adenauer in Bonn, and after a year in hypokhâgne, he studied at Sciences Po for three years and graduated in 1992, and later studied at the École nationale d'administration (ÉNA) from 1995 to 1997 (the "Marc Bloch cohort"). <mask> served as an artillery officer during his national service in 1994.He continued to serve in the operational reserve for several years afterwards. In his years at Sciences Po, he supported Michel Rocard and was influenced by him, identifying with the Rocardian and social democratic wings of the Socialist Party. His brief flirtation with the Socialists ended after Rocard was toppled from the leadership of the Socialist Party. After leaving the ÉNA in 1997, he went on to work at the Council of State, specialising in public procurement law. Political career
In 2001, <mask> joined Antoine Rufenacht as Deputy Mayor of Le Havre charged with legal affairs; Rufenacht served as mayor of Le Havre from 1995 to 2010 and campaign director for Jacques Chirac in the 2002 presidential election. Recognising the ideological proximity between Michel Rocard and Alain Juppé, <mask> supported the latter at the time of the creation of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) in 2002, marking the end of his left-wing activism; the same year, he failed to win his constituency in the legislative elections. He served under Juppé as director general of services of the UMP until 2004, when the mayor of Bordeaux was convicted as a result of the fictitious jobs case implicating the Rally for the Republic (RPR).He then took a job in the private sector, working with the American law firm Debevoise & Plimpton LLP, and was elected to the regional council of Upper Normandy the same year. In the wake of Nicolas Sarkozy's victory in the 2007 presidential election, <mask> briefly returned to political life working for Alain Juppé, when Juppé served briefly as Minister of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy, before being appointed Director of Public Affairs at Areva, where he worked from 2007 to 2010. He was also substitute to Jean-Yves Besselat, who served as the member of the National Assembly for Seine-Maritime's 7th constituency from 2007 to 2012. In 2008, he was elected to the general council of Seine-Maritime in the canton of Le Havre-5, and in 2010 was elected mayor of Le Havre after the resignation of Rufenacht, his mentor, and also became President of the Agglomeration community of Le Havre the same year. After Besselat's death in 2012 following a long illness, <mask> took his seat, successfully holding it in the subsequent legislative elections. He was reelected as Mayor of Le Havre in the 2014 municipal elections in the first round, with an absolute majority of 52.04% of expressed votes. Following his resignation on 20 May 2017 as Le Havre Mayor, he retains a seat in the municipal council.2017 presidential election
He worked for the campaign of Alain Juppé in the primary of the right and centre in 2016, serving as a spokesperson alongside Benoist Apparu. Though <mask> and Apparu, as well as Christophe Béchu, later joined the campaign of François Fillon for the 2017 presidential election after his victory in the primary, the three parliamentarians – close to Juppé – quit on 2 March 2017 after the candidate was summoned to appear before judges amidst the Fillon affair. He said he would not  seek to retain his seat in the legislative elections in June to avoid breaching the law limiting the accumulation of mandates. Following the victory of Emmanuel Macron in the presidential election, there was speculation that <mask> was a potential choice for Prime Minister, representing three essential aspects: political renewal (at the age of only 46), affiliation with the moderate right, and familiarity with the political terrain. Prime Minister

On 15 May 2017, <mask> was appointed as Prime Minister by Emmanuel Macron after speculation he was a contender for the office alongside former Ecology Minister Jean-Louis Borloo, MoDem Leader François Bayrou and IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde. In the June 2017 legislative elections, Macron's party, renamed "La République En Marche! ", together with its ally the Democratic Movement (MoDem), secured a comfortable majority, winning 350 seats out of 577, with his party alone winning an outright majority of 308 seats.<mask> is a member of The Republicans though he campaigned for La République En Marche! due to the party supporting his role as Prime Minister. He formed the Second <mask> government on 21 May 2017 following a series of resignations after scandal embroiled Ministers François Bayrou, Sylvie Goulard, Marielle de Sarnez and Richard Ferrand. This diminished Democratic Movement's representation in the government significantly. <mask> secured a vote of confidence and was allowed to govern with a majority government on 4 July 2017. He was confirmed with a vote of 370 against 67. Following the vote, <mask> addressed the parliament, talking about plans to tackle France's debt by raising cigarette tax and cutting spending.<mask> also talked about plans to reduce corporate tax from 33.3% to 25% by 2022. <mask> announced the government's labour reform plan which will give companies more power when it comes to negotiating conditions directly with their employees. Labour reform was one of Macron's biggest election promises and has been seen as the government's biggest economic reform. On 12 July 2017, <mask> announced a new immigration plan. The plan attempts to speed up asylum claims from fourteen months to six, provide housing for 7,500 refugees by the end of 2019, improve living conditions for minors and deport economic migrants The draft of the law will be introduced in September. On 3 July 2020, <mask> resigned as Prime Minister. He ran successfully in the 2020 Le Havre mayoral election.Ahead of the 2022 presidential election, <mask> endorsed Macron for reelection. Controversy
In October 2020, <mask> was one of several current and former government officials whose home was searched by French authorities following complaints about the government's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic in France. Personal life
<mask> is married to Édith Chabre, the executive director of the School of Law at Sciences Po. They have three children. Since the middle of the 2010s, <mask> has sported a short beard. He is the first Prime Minister with facial hair since Henri Queuille (Prime Minister in 1951) and the first one with a full beard since Alexandre Ribot (Prime Minister last in 1917). Further, he is one of a few Prime Ministers in the last century (Henri Queuille, Raymond Barre, Francois Fillon, Jean-Marc Ayrault) to be older than the president he served under, by an unprecedented seven years.As Prime Minister, he announced that he had vitiligo, a skin disease responsible for the noticeable white patch of hair on his beard. Honours

Foreign honours

Published works

<mask> has co-authored two works of fiction:

  This political thriller recounts a presidential election mired in tricks and betrayals, culminating with the unmasking of the to-be-appointed Prime Minister's criminal history in extremis. In 2015, he prefaced Promenades avec Oscar Niemeyer by Danielle Knapp, published by Petit à Petit. References

External links

 Biography on the National Assembly site
 Biography on the site of Le Havre

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1970 births
Living people
Lycée Janson-de-Sailly alumni
Sciences Po alumni
École nationale d'administration alumni
Members of the Conseil d'État (France)
Deputies of the 14th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Union for a Popular Movement politicians
The Republicans (France) politicians
Mayors of places in Normandy
Politicians from Normandy
People from Rouen
Prime Ministers of France
French Army officers
Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (France)
Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Honorary Officers of the Order of Australia
Departmental councillors (France)
Regional councillors of France
People associated with Debevoise & Plimpton

masks:
Édouard Charles Philippe
Philippe
Philippe
Édouard
Philippe
Philippe
Philippe
Philippe
Philippe
Philippe
Philippe
Philippe
Philippe
Philippe
Philippe
Philippe
Philippe
Philippe
Philippe
Philippe
Philippe
Philippe
Philippe
Philippe
Philippe
Philippe


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<mask> (May 19, 1934 – January 16, 2009) was a librarian, archivist, lecturer, a curator and art writer, and editor and publisher of Umbrella, a newsletter on artist's books, mail art, and Fluxus art. Biography
<mask> received a B.A. in Political Science from UCLA in 1956. She went on to get an M.A. in Italian Language and Literature in 1960 and an M.L.S. from the UCLA School of Library Service in June 1964. She was a Special Intern at the Library of Congress after serving as a cataloguer in 1964–65 at the Johns Hopkins University Bologna Center in Italy.At the Library of Congress, she was a cataloguer in the Prints & Photographs Division until 1967, when she served as the Fine Arts Librarian at the University of Pennsylvania from 1967–1969. She went on to UCSD from 1969 to 1971 as art, literature and language bibliographer and to the Brand Library in Glendale, CA as Director from 1971 to 1973. From 1974 to 1976, she worked for the Smithsonian Institution as Archivist and Editorial Assistant for the Bicentennial Bibliography of American Arts. In 1972, she co-founded Art Libraries Society of North America (ARLIS). She served as the Society's first Chairman, editor of ARLIS/NA Newsletter from 1972 to 1977 and its Executive Secretary from 1974 to 1977. In 1978, Hoffberg founded Umbrella Associates. Her work included consulting with archives and libraries.She edited and published Umbrella, a newsletter about artists' books and publications. In her work as a writer, editor, and curator, she enthusiastically championed Fluxus, inexpensive artists' books, mail art, rubber-stamp art, and many other offbeat forms of expression of the second half of the 20th century. <mask> also lectured widely throughout the US and abroad. Her collection of artist/s books is split between the University of California at Los Angeles and the UCSB; her collection of some 15,000 pieces of Umbrelliana is at the UCSD, in La Jolla. In 2000, <mask> and Béatrice Coron founded the International Edible Book Festival. <mask> was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia in 2008 and died of lymphoma the following year. "Six Degrees:  Art in the Libraries," sponsored by Side St.Projects, Pasadena, CA, co-curated by Karen Atkinson and Sam Erenberg, 2001

Publications
 Co-Editor, Directory of Art Libraries & Visual Resource Collections in North America (New York, Neal Schuman, 1978)
 "Bibliography of Women Artists’ Books", Chrysalis (Spring 1978)
 "Artists’ Books" in Art & Technology: The History & Method of Fine Papermaking (San Francisco, World Print Council, 1979)
 Editor & Publisher, Artists’ Publications in Print, 1980–83
 "Art Book Column" in High Performance Magazine, 1984–1994
 "Distribution and its Discontents" in Art Papers (Atlanta) May–June 1990
 Publisher, Cross<+>Currents: Books from the Edge of the Pacific (Pasadena, Umbrella Associates, 1992)
 "Learning to Read Art: The Art of Artists’ Books," The New Bookbinder, vol. 13, 1993
 Publisher, The Book Maker’s Desire: Writings on the Art of the Book by Buzz Spector (Pasadena, Umbrella Editions, 1995)
 Publisher, Umbrella: The Anthology (Santa Monica, Umbrella Editions, 2000)
 Editor and author, Women of the Book: Jewish Artists, Jewish Themes (Boca Raton, Friends of the Library, 2001)

External links
 The Mail-Interview with <mask> A. Hoffberg
 Umbrella Digital Archive

References

1934 births
2009 deaths
American librarians
American women librarians
American art curators
Art writers
20th-century American women writers
UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies alumni
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Deaths from lymphoma
Deaths from cancer in California
21st-century American women

masks:
Judith Hoffberg
Hoffberg
Hoffberg
Hoffberg
Hoffberg
Judith