text_chunks:
<mask> (11 December 1879 – 3 May 1971) was an American social activist involved in a wide range of progressive/leftist and often controversial causes, including women's suffrage, labor reform and civil rights. Biography

Early life
Weil was born on December 11, 1879 to Henry and <mask> (née Rosenthal), German Jews living in the rapidly developing town of Goldsboro, North Carolina. <mask>'s father, Henry, migrated from Hamburg, Germany in 1860, when he was fourteen years old, following his brother, <mask>, who would later fight in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. Weil was raised in Goldsboro, North Carolina, in a home located at 200 Chestnut Street, which is now on the National Register of Historic Places. Being a wealthy household, the Weil family employed domestic staff, including both white and black employees. In 1883, only 17 years after the formation of North Carolina's first Jewish congregation, <mask>'s parents, grandparents, aunts and uncles helped to form Goldsboro's Congregation Oheb Sholom. Education

Early education
Weil grew up attending public schools within her community of Goldsboro.Weil's parents supplemented her education by having her attend Sabbath School, German School, and Hebrew School. Horace Mann School (1895–1897)
When Weil was 16, during 1895, she was sent to New York City to attend the Horace Mann School. During this time at the Horace Mann School Weil began writing letters home to her family, or as she titled them, her "dear ones" relaying her experiences in New York. During her time at Horace Mann School, Weil was introduced to Margaret Stanton Lawrence, daughter of Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Margaret Stanton Lawrence was Weil's physical education teacher. Lawrence was an early influence on Weil, with Weil commenting after hearing Lawrence speak "Oh! You'll see me come home a thorough reformer."Despite consistent physical activity throughout her life, Weil had the disability of a curvature of her spine, which was diagnosed during her time at the Horace Mann School. Smith College (1897–1901)
After attending the Horace Mann School Weil continued her education attending Smith College, a women's university in Northampton Massachusetts. Weil was housed, during her first year at Smith College, in the home of Mary Louise Cable, sister to novelist George Washington Cable, who opposed slavery and racism in his writing. During her time at Smith College Weil was exposed to the work of progressive reformers such as Jane Addams, attended lectures on gender inequalities, and attended lectures on women's role in confronting social justice, these experiences generating the basis for Weil's future work. In 1899, Weil's Mother, Mina, established the Goldsboro Women's Club and dedicated the club to the feminist novelist Charlotte Perkins Gilman, whom she had heard speak in 1898. Weil was aware of Gilman's influence on her mother, with Mina writing in a letter to her, describing Gilman's lecture on the "New Woman." The Goldsboro Women's Club focused on serving their community, as well as meeting to discuss women's roles in increasing their responsibilities in social work and reform.Mina's beliefs and involvements with women's clubs would have a lasting impact on Weil's later involvement. During the election of 1900, women had not been given the right to vote in the United States, but some women at Smith College, including Weil, participated in a mock presidential election. The end results of the mock election were 761 for Mckinley and 73 for Bryan. Weil did not reveal which candidate she voted for, but this experience introduced Weil to the world of politics and would influence her later involvement with the women's suffrage movement. In April 1901, Weil traveled to New York in order to visit the settlement houses. During the same trip, Weil also visited the Italian and Chinese immigrant quarters. In 1901, Weil became North Carolina's first alumna of Smith College.Post-graduation
After graduation from Smith College, Weil was faced with the decision of whether to find a job in teaching, as some of her classmates did, or to return home. Weil considered moving to New York to work in the slum schools she had visited in April 1901. Weil also voiced her desire to work as a kindergarten teacher. Weil was advised by her mother, Mina, to acquire a trade, such as book frontispiece design. Ultimately, having been away from home for six years and facing pressure from her mother and family to return home, Weil returned to Goldsboro. Social activism and "Federation Gertie"

Early work: 1901–1905
Having returned to Goldsboro, Weil enjoyed her life of leisure, but also searched for opportunities to work in the increasingly urbanized town. Her time at home allowed Weil to gain experience in domestic tasks as she assisted her mother with household work.Weil also became increasingly involved in the club her mother had helped found in 1899, the Goldsboro Women's Club, teaching sewing classes for financially disadvantaged women. Using her local experience, Weil became involved in the North Carolina Federation of Women's Clubs which had been founded in 1902 by Sally Southall Cotten. Through her work with the North Carolina Federation of Women's Clubs, Weil gained experience in social activism, gaining the nickname "Federation Gertie." Weil studied at the University of Cornell for multiple summers, becoming educated in topics such as history, government, Shakespeare, and politics. Upon establishment, the women's clubs in North Carolina focused on problems within their community and were not explicitly political. These groups focused on legislation that would aid women and children, but did not realize the need to become increasingly involved in the government until later. Women's suffrage movement
In 1911 Weil joined the National American Woman Suffrage Associationwhich sought a federal policy change allowing women the right to vote.Weil often communicated with the future president of the association, Carrie Chapman Catt, who kept Weil up to date on the work that the association was doing, and Weil kept a scrapbook of newspaper clippings that mentioned NAWSA. During the early 20th-century women's suffrage was not a popular topic among many women. Neither Weil's former classmates from Smith College nor her fellow women from North Carolina largely supported the movement. Despite both the Goldsboro Women's Club and the North Carolina Federation of Women's Clubs lacking focus on politics and women's suffrage, Weil continued to have an interest in women's suffrage that had first been sparked through her participation in the mock presidential election of 1900 which she and her classmates had participated in. In 1914 Weil co-founded the Goldsboro Equal Suffrage Association and became the association's first president. Also during 1914, Weil was elected as first Vice-President of the North Carolina Federation of Women's Clubs and received the nomination for President from the same organization. Facing the possibility of holding the title of President in two influential and controversial women's organizations in North Carolina, Weil declined the Federation's nomination in order to focus on women's suffrage.Between 1919 and 1920 women's suffrage associations in the United States were involved in the final push for the passage of what would become the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. In order to secure the right of women to vote. Weil continued her work with women's suffrage associations, gathering signatures and endorsements. When the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed in 1920, prohibiting the state and federal governments denying the right to vote on the basis of sex, Weil was serving as President of the North Carolina Equal Suffrage League. Despite Weil's and the women's clubs hard work in North Carolina in support of the Nineteenth Amendment, the North Carolina state legislature refused to ratify the amendment, instead, the state of Tennessee cast the final vote to gain women the right to vote in the United States. Weil responded to the North Carolina's rejection of the amendment in a letter;As you know, our fight for ratification by the North Carolina legislature is over. We were unsuccessful in our efforts.Our North Carolina men have refused to ratify.” In closing, she called upon the women “to hold together whatever local organization you have. We shall need it to carry out the work that lies before us.”Weil continued working to improve the political system. In 1920, she established the North Carolina League of Women Voters, dedicated to educating women about the political system and their newly won rights. She also became a leader in the Legislative Council of North Carolina, organized to advance progressive social reforms. In 1922, she made headlines when she destroyed stacks of previously marked ballots intended to be stuffed into ballot boxes to fix an election. Not until 1971 did North Carolina endorse the amendment, just 24 days before Weil died. Politics
Weil continued to work to improve women's statuses in the United States.In 1920 she became president of the North Carolina League of Women Voters, which focused on educating women on their right to vote and encouraging women to take a part in public affairs. Weil also played an active role in the newly formed Legislative Council of North Carolina Women, presenting a legislative program to the North Carolina General Assembly. Her program called for the age of consent to be raised to 16, protection for mother's pensions, censorship for moving pictures, and funding for the Stonewall Jackson Manual Training and Industrial School, and Samarcand Manor State Home and Industrial School. Weil encountered opposition to her fight to secure a secret ballot and private voting rooms. In 1922 when she arrived at the polls to vote and discovered her ballot had been marked, subsequently tore both the ballot in question and other marked ballots to shreds. This event, in 1922, sparked the editor of the Raleigh Times to mention Weil's name as a possible candidate for the United States Congress. Weil, in a letter to the Raleigh Times editor, July 29, 1922, denied that as a possibility, stating:

"It has seemed needless to deny the truth of the groundless rumor concerning my running for Congress from the Third District on the Republican ticket.However, since the rumor persists in recurring in the columns of the press, perhaps it is well that I state definitely that I am not considering—nor have I ever considered—running for Congress on the Republican, Democratic, Farm-Labor, Socialist, Independent, or any other ticket." Throughout the 1920s Weil continued her work in encouraging women to vote, visiting communities, giving speeches, and financially supporting the clubs she was involved in. Social work
Leading into the Great Depression Weil was president of the Goldsboro Bureau of Social Service and chair of the Decisions Committee. Weil was also involved in New Deal relief efforts when she was appointed as a Director of Federal Public Relief Work. Influenced by her work as a social worker in North Carolina's impoverished communities, Weil supported the idea of a social welfare program. She also supported birth control as a solution to eliminate poverty. Weil also spent a great deal of time fighting for labor reform in North Carolina.In 1930, <mask> was a leading participant in a group of progressive citizens who issued a manifesto in support of collective bargaining and free speech; nearly one-third of the manifesto's 439 signatories were women. In 1931, the women's Legislative Council finally won shorter hours for women workers, the prohibition of night work, and other industrial reforms. Civil rights
Weil grew up in the post-reconstruction era South. <mask>'s hometown of Goldsboro, North Carolina, had been the location of a Civil War battle due to its proximity to a railroad junction. The Battle of Goldsboro Bridge occurred on December 17, 1862 and concluded with a Union victory and an estimated 220 casualties. Throughout the 1920s Weil financially supported African Americans involved in education and supported interracial efforts. Weil first immersed herself in civil rights work in 1930.Weil's dedication to social justice and equality led her to, in 1930 travel to Atlanta to attend the Anti-Lynching Conference for Southern White Women. This conference sparked the creation of the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching, which Weil also joined. Weil and her fellow activists in these groups challenged the idea that white southern women needed to be protected from black men through frequent lynchings. In 1932 Weil who was appointed by the Governor of North Carolina to serve on the North Carolina Commission on Interracial Cooperation, a commission that sought to improve race relations, served the commission and its successor commission for the next 25 years. Involved in the Commission, Weil sought to improve legal, economic, political, and educational equality for black Americans. Over the next 30 years, Weil continued her involvement in civil rights, which included her organization, in 1963, of the Bi-Racial Council in her home, her opposition to segregation and her donation of money for a pool for local African Americans after the local pool was closed to them. On March 14, 1965, Weil described segregation as "separate but by no means equal," illustrating her long dedication to civil rights.Religion
The Jewish religion and traditions Weil learned in her childhood influenced her social activism in her later life. Weil was involved in teaching Sunday School, conducting adult Bible studies, and working with the Temple Sisterhood. Weil's travels put her into contact with other Jewish women who strengthened Weil's progressive opinion. One such friend was her cousin, Rosa Kaufman, who had been influenced by Pauline Steinem, whose granddaughter Gloria would become a feminist leader. Weil, influenced by her mother's beliefs, joined the Daughters of Zion in 1912. The founder of Daughters of Zion, Henrietta Szold, an American Zionist, was a friend of Weil's mother, and Szold's involvement with social work resounded with Weil's social progressivism. The Daughters of Zion would later change their name to Hadassah: The Women's Zionist Organization of America, and Weil would serve as president of her local and regional group for the organization.Weil's aunt, <mask>, helped found the North Carolina Association of Jewish Women in 1921. Weil would serve three terms as president of the Association, beginning in 1924, and serve as board member for the rest of her life. <mask>'s goal was to unite Jewish women in North Carolina, regardless of background welcoming both orthodox and reform members. Weil's work with the North Carolina Association of Jewish Women took her to small towns across North Carolina, forming relationships with women across the state. Following the success of the American Women's Suffrage movement, the women in the North Carolina Association of Jewish Women called for equal congregation membership, which was given in Greensboro at the Temple Emanuel in 1923 and at the Oheb Sholom in 1924. Weil also  sat on the board of the North Carolina Home for the Jewish Aged, worked for the National Federation of Temple Sisterhoods, and helped to raise money for numerous Jewish charities. In the 1930s and 1940s, she and her mother devoted much time and effort to rescuing Jewish refugees from persecution in Europe.In the late 1960s, Weil wrote an essay in which she criticized those who believed religious individuals should confine themselves to ""matters" of religion, that is theology, church creed, church attendance, the prospect of heaven or hell"and she continued with her own belief that, "In my definition, religion includes the whole of life: one's beliefs, one's attitudes to society, one's behavior ." Within the same essay, Weil demonstrated her opinion that Judaism called for morality in all areas of an individual's life, stating, "My religion demands the same honesty, fairness, reliability, in all one's relations." Weil's emphasis on moral and ethical behavior being a part of her religious identity was prominent throughout her life with her social service. Relationships
Despite her having suitors, Weil never received any formal marriage proposals and never married. Weil maintained strong close relationships with her college friends and built relationships with the women she was closest to through her work. Later life
Weil continued her commitment to social service. In 1968, she had already served ten years on the county library board and continued her service.Weil also financially supported philanthropist efforts within her community. She donated several thousand dollars to the Herman Weil Memorial Fund and the Medical School at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Legacy
In 1964 Weil received a medal from Smith College, the medal was reserved for distinguished alumni and Weil was chosen for her work in public service. The public library in Goldsboro contains the "<mask> Auditorium," named after Weil. According to the Jewish Women's Archive, Weil was: "Inspired by Jewish teachings that 'justice, mercy, [and] goodness were not to be held in a vacuum, but practiced in our daily lives,' Weil stood courageously at the forefront of a wide range of progressive and often controversial causes, including women's suffrage, labor reform and civil rights. She worked tirelessly to extend political, economic and social opportunities to those long denied them." Death
<mask> died on May 30, 1971, in her hometown of Goldsboro North Carolina at the age of 91.Her burial place is located at the Willow Dale Cemetery in Goldsboro in the Jewish section. References

External links
 Women of Valor exhibit on <mask> at the Jewish Women's Archive
 Heather Geisberg Pennington, Biography of <mask>, Jewish Women Encyclopedia

1879 births
1971 deaths
American people of German-Jewish descent
American suffragists
People from Goldsboro, North Carolina
American women's rights activists
American civil rights activists
Horace Mann School alumni
Smith College alumni
American Zionists
Activists from North Carolina
Women civil rights activists

masks:
Gertrude Weil
Mina Weil
Weil
Herman Weil
Gertrude
Weil
Weil
Sarah Weil
Sarah Weil
Gertrude Weil
Gertrude Weil
Gertrude Weil
Gertrude Weil


text_chunks:
<mask> of Liadi (, September 4, 1745 – December 15, 1812 O.S. / 18 Elul 5505 – 24 Tevet 5573), was an influential rabbi and the founder and first Rebbe of Chabad, a branch of Hasidic Judaism, then based in Liadi in the Russian Empire. He was the author of many works, and is best known for Shulchan Aruch HaRav, Tanya, and his Siddur Torah Or compiled according to the Nusach Ari. Zalman is a Yiddish variant of Solomon and Shneur (or Shne'or) is a Yiddish composite of the two Hebrew words "shnei ohr" (שני אור "two lights"). <mask> of Liady is also known as "<mask>alman Baruchovitch," Baruchovitch being the Russian patronymic from his father Baruch, and by a variety of other titles and acronyms including "Baal HaTanya VeHaShulchan Aruch'" (Author of the Tanya and the Shulchan Aruch), "Alter Rebbe" (Yiddish for ″Old Rabbi″), "Admor HaZaken" (Hebrew for ″Our Master, Our Teacher, and Our Old Rabbi″), "Rabbenu HaZaken" (Hebrew for ″Our Old Rabbi″), "Rabbenu HaGadol" (Hebrew for ″Our Great Rabbi″)", "RaShaZ" ( for Rabbi <mask>), "GRaZ" ( for Ga'on Rabbi Zalman), and "HaRav" (The Rabbi, par excellence). Biography

Early life
Shneur Zalman was born in 1745 in the small town of Liozna, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (present-day Belarus). He was the son of Baruch, who was a paternal descendant of the mystic and philosopher Rabbi Judah Loew ben Bezalel.According to Meir Perels of Prague, the Maharal was the great-great-grandson of Judah Leib the Elder who was said to have descended paternally from Hai Gaon and therefore also from the Davidic dynasty, however several modern historians such as Otto Muneles and Shlomo Engard have questioned this claim. Shneur <mask> was a prominent (and the youngest) disciple of Dov Ber of Mezeritch, the "Great Maggid", who was in turn the successor of the founder of Hasidic Judaism, Yisrael ben Eliezer, known as the Baal Shem Tov. He displayed extraordinary talent while still a child. By the time he was eight years old, he wrote an all-inclusive commentary on the Torah based on the works of Rashi, Nahmanides and Abraham ibn Ezra. Until the age of 12, he studied under Issachar Ber in Lyubavichi (Lubavitch); he distinguished himself as a Talmudist, such that his teacher sent him back home, informing his father that the boy could continue his studies without the aid of a teacher. At the age of 12, he delivered a discourse concerning the complicated laws of Kiddush Hachodesh, to which the people of the town granted him the title "Rav". At age 15 he married Sterna Segal, the daughter of Yehuda Leib Segal, a wealthy resident of Vitebsk, and he was then able to devote himself entirely to study.During these years, <mask> <mask> was introduced to mathematics, geometry, and astronomy by two learned brothers, refugees from Bohemia, who had settled in Liozna. One of them was also a scholar of the Kabbalah. Thus, besides mastering rabbinic literature, he also acquired a fair knowledge of the sciences, philosophy, and Kabbalah. He became an adept in Isaac Luria's system of Kabbalah, and in 1764 he became a disciple of Dov Ber of Mezeritch. In 1767, at the age of 22, he was appointed maggid of Liozna, a position he held until 1801. Parents
According to the Chabad Hasidic tradition, Shneur <mask>'s father, Baruch, was a laborer who preferred to earn a living as a gardener rather than accept a post as a community rabbi or as a preacher (magid). In this tradition, Baruch was one of the disciples of Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov, however, he only occasionally joined his teacher on his legendary travels.This tradition is used to justify why Hasidic records do not refer to Baruch as with a rabbinic title, claiming that Baruch was averse to any public acknowledgment of his status. Misnagdim

In the course of the Hasidic movement's establishment, opponents (Misnagdim) arose among the local Jewish community. Disagreements between Hasidim and their opponents included debates concerning knives used by butchers for shechita, and the phrasing of prayers, among others. <mask> <mask> and a fellow Hasidic leader, Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk (or, according to the tradition in the Soloveitchik family, Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev), attempted to persuade the leader of Lithuanian Jewry, the Vilna Gaon, of the legitimacy of Hasidic practices. However, the Gaon refused to meet with them. Children and succession
<mask> <mask>'s sons were: Dov Ber Schneuri who eventually succeeded him, Chaim Avraham, and Moshe. <mask> <mask>'s daughters were named Freida, Devorah Leah and Rochel.Other families have lore telling that they are also descendants, but they are undocumented in existing family records. Dov Ber <mask>i

Dovber Schneuri succeeded his father as Rebbe of the Chabad movement. At the age of 39, while studying in the city of Kremenchug, <mask> <mask> died. <mask>i then moved to the small border-town of Lubavichi, from which the movement would take its name. His accession was disputed by one of his father's prime students, Aharon HaLevi of Strashelye, however the majority of Shneur <mask>'s followers stayed with Schneuri, and moved to Lubavichi. Thus Chabad had now split into two branches, each taking the name of their location to differentiate themselves from each other. He established a Yeshivah in Lubavitch, which attracted gifted young scholars.His nephew/son-in-law, Menachem Mendel of Lubavitch, headed the Yeshivah, and later became his successor. Thus, while Schneuri succeeded his father as Rebbe of the Chabad movement, a senior disciple of his father, Aharon HaLevi of Strashelye, a popular and respected figure, differed with him on a number of issues and led a breakaway movement. Strashelye

When Schneur <mask> died, many of his followers flocked to one of his top students, Aharon HaLevi of Strashelye. He had been Shneur <mask>'s closest disciple for over thirty years. While many more became followers of Dovber <mask>, the Strashelye school of Chassidic thought was the subject of many of Dovber's discourses. Aharon HaLevi emphasized the importance of basic emotions in divine service (especially the service of prayer). Dovber <mask> did not reject the role of emotion in prayer, but emphasized that if the emotion in prayer is to be genuine, it can only be a result of contemplation and understanding (hisbonenus) of the explanations of Chassidus, which in turn will lead to an attainment of "bittul" (self-nullification before the Divine).In his work entitled Kuntres Hispa'alus ("Tract on Ecstasy"), Dovber <mask> argues that only through ridding oneself of what he considered disingenuous emotions could one attain the ultimate level in Chassidic worship (that is, bittul). Moshe Schneersohn

Moshe Schneersohn (born c. 1784 - died, before 1853) was the youngest son of <mask> Zalman. According to scholars he converted to Christianity and died in a St. Petersburg asylum. Chabad sources say that his conversion and related documents were faked by the Church, but Belarusian State archives in Minsk uncovered by historian Shaul Stampfer support the conversion. Lithuania
During the latter portion of Dovber's life, his students dispersed over Europe, and after Dovber's death, <mask> <mask> became the leader of Hasidism in Lithuania, along with his senior colleague Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk. When Menachem Mendel died (in 1788), <mask> <mask> was recognized as leader of the Chassidim in Lithuania. At the time Lithuania was the center of the misnagdim (opponents of Hasidism), and <mask> <mask> faced much opposition.In 1774 he and Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk traveled to Vilna in an attempt to create a dialogue with the Vilna Gaon who led the Misnagdim and had issued a ban (cherem) against the Hasidim, but the Gaon refused to see them (see Vilna Gaon: Antagonism to Hasidism and Hasidim and Mitnagdim). Undaunted by this antagonism, he succeeded in creating a large network of Hasidic centers. He also joined opposition to Napoleon's advance on Russia by recruiting his disciples to the Czar's army. He was also active in canvassing financial support for the Jewish settlements in the Land of Israel, then under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Philosophy: Chabad

See Hasidic philosophy

As a Talmudist, Shneur <mask> endeavored to place Kabbalah and Hasidism on a rational basis. In his seminal work, Tanya, he defines his approach as "" ("mind ruling over the heart/emotions"). He chose the name "Chabad" for this philosophy—the Hebrew acronym for the intellectual attributes (sefirot) Chochma ("wisdom"), Bina ("understanding"), and Da'at ("knowledge”).According to Shneur <mask>, a man is neither a static nor a passive entity. He is a dynamic being who must work to develop his potential talent and perfect himself. Both in his works and in his sermons he "indicated an intelligent and not a blind faith", and assumed an intellectual accessibility of the mystical teachings of the Kabbalah. This intellectual basis differentiates Chabad from other forms of Hasidism - in this context referred to as "Chagas"—the "emotional" attributes (sefirot) of Chesed ("kindness"), Gevurah ("power"), and Tiferes ("beauty"). As Shneur <mask> Shem Tov, founder of the whole Hasidic movement, Habad tradition identifies them symbolically with the 2 Great Luminaries of the 4th day of Creation (Genesis 1:16: "And God made the two great luminaries: the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night". In Rabbinic esoteric midrash, the sun and moon were originally created equal ("2 Great Lights"), the moon only later losing its light ("the lesser"). Accordingly, as the "2 Great Luminaries" of Hasidism, the Baal Shem Tov corresponds to the sun, Shneur Zalman to the moon before it was diminished.The Baal Shem Tov revealed infinite divine faith, Shneur Zalman drew the faith of Hasidic thought down into intellectual grasp. In Likkutei Sichos talks, the 7th Rebbe equates the Hasidic Rebbes followed in Chabad with different Sephirot divine manifestations: the Baal Shem Tov with Keter infinite faith, <mask> Zalman with Chokhmah wisdom, the 2nd Chabad Rebbe with Binah understanding, etc. Opposition to Napoleon and support for the Tsar

During the French invasion of Russia, while many Polish Hasidic leaders supported Napoleon or remained quiet about their support, Shneur Zalman openly and vigorously supported the Tsar. While fleeing from the advancing French army he wrote a letter explaining his opposition to Napoleon to a friend, Moshe Meizeles:

Some argue that Shneur <mask>'s opposition stemmed from Napoleon's attempts to arouse a messianic view of himself in Jews, opening the gates of the ghettos and emancipating their residents as he conquered. He established an ersatz Sanhedrin, recruiting Jews to his ranks, and spreading rumors about his conquest of the Holy Land to make Jews subversive for his own ends. Thus, his opposition was based on a practical fear of Jews turning to the false messianism of Napoleon as he saw it. Yisroel Hopsztajn of Kozienice, another Hasidic leader, also considered Napoleon a menace to the Jewish people, but believed that after victory over Russia, Messiah will arrive.Menachem Mendel Schneerson identifies Hopsztajn as the Chasidic leader who preferred that Napoleon defeat the Czar. Arrests
In 1797 following the death of the Gaon, leaders of the Vilna

masks:
Shneur Zalman
Zalman
Shneur Z
Shneor Zalman
Zalman
Shneur
Zalman
Zalman
Shneur
Zalman
Shneur
Zalman
Shneur
Zalman
Shneur
Shneur
Zalman
Shneur
Zalman
Zalman
Zalman
Shneuri
Shneuri
Shneuri
Shneur
Shneur
Zalman
Shneur
Zalman
Shneur
Zalman
Zalman
Zalman
Zalmanal
Shneur
Zalman


text_chunks:
 community accused the Hasidim of subversive activities - on charges of supporting the Ottoman Empire, since <mask> <mask> advocated sending charity to support Jews living in the Ottoman territory of Palestine. In 1798 he was arrested on suspicion of treason and brought to St. Petersburg where he was held in the Petropavlovski fortress for 53 days, at which time he was subjected to an examination by a secret commission. Ultimately he was released by order of Paul I of Russia. The Hebrew day of his acquittal and release, 19 Kislev, 5559 on the Hebrew calendar, is celebrated annually by Chabad Hasidim, who hold a festive meal and make communal pledges to learn the whole of the Talmud; this practice is known as "Chalukat HaShas". In Chabad tradition, his imprisonment is interpreted as a reflection of accusations in Heaven that he was revealing his new dimensions of mystical teachings too widely. The traditional tendency to conceal Jewish mysticism is founded on the Kabbalistic notion of the Sephirot.The side of Divine Chesed seeks to give physical and spiritual blessing without restriction. This is counterbalanced by the side of Gevurah, which measures and restricts the flow to the capacity and merit of the recipient. The subsequent Sephirah of Hod implements any restriction in order to preserve the glory of the Divine majesty. In the Hasidic story of an earlier episode among the "Holy Society" disciples of Dov Ber of Mezeritch, one of the great followers saw a page of Hasidic writings blowing around the courtyard. He regretted the undue dissemination of Hasidut for its desecration of Divine holiness. In the account, his vocalisation of these thoughts caused a Heavenly accusation against the Maggid, for revealing too much. The young Schneur Zalman replied with a famous Hasidic parable:
A king had an only son who became ill and all the attending doctors were at a loss of how to heal him.A wise person understood the only possible cure. He told the king that he would have to desecrate the royal crown by removing its most precious jewel. This would have to be ground up and fed to the king's son. The king regretted the loss to his majesty but immediately agreed that the life of his son was more important. The jewel was ground and the solution was fed to the son. Most of the cure fell to the ground, but the son received a few drops and became cured. Concluded Schneur Zalman in defence of Hasidic dissemination, the king represents God, and the son represents the Jewish community, who recognise the "God of Israel".At the time of the emerging Hasidic movement, the Jewish people were at a physical and spiritual low ebb. The only cure would be the dissemination of the inner Divine teachings of Hasidic thought. Even though this would also involve their desecration, this would fully be justified in order to heal the people. The accusing student of the Maggid realised the wisdom of this, and agreed with Schneur Zalman. When the Maggid heard about this, he told Schneur Zalman that "you have saved me from the Heavenly accusation". The story of this parable is famous across other Hasidic dynasties as well. Chabad commentary asks about this the question of why a new Heavenly accusation would have arisen against Shneur Zalman himself, and result in his incarceration in St. Petersburg.Had he not already received the Heavenly agreement to the wisdom of disseminating Chassidic teachings? Since Chabad thought presented Hasidic thought with a new degree of elucidation in intellectual form, this caused a new, more severe Heavenly accusation to emerge. This went beyond the justified spiritual revival and healing of mainstream Hasidism. Here, in Hasidic thought, Schneur Zalman was seeking to fulfill the Messianic impulse to disseminate Hasidic philosophy as a preparation for Mashiach. Therefore, his subsequent exoneration by the Tzarist authorities is interpreted in Chabad as a new Heavenly agreement to begin the fullest dissemination of Hasidic thought without its prior limitations. Chabad tradition tells that in prison, Schneur Zalman was visited by the deceased Baal Shem Tov and Maggid of Mezeritch, who told him the reason for his imprisonment. In reply to the question of whether he should stop, they replied that once released, he should continue with even more dedication.Therefore, in Chabad thought, the 19th day of Kislev is called the "New Year of Hasidut", complementing the other 4 Halachic "New Year" dates in the Hebrew calendar. In 1800 Rav <mask> <mask> was again arrested and transported to St. Petersburg, this time along with his son Moshe who served as interpreter, as his father spoke no Russian or French. He was released after several weeks but banned from leaving St. Petersburg. The accession of Tsar Alexander I (Alexander I of Russia) to the throne,a few weeks later, led to his release; he was then “given full liberty to proclaim his religious teachings” by the Russian government. According to some, his first arrest was not the result of anti-Hasidic agitators fabricating charges, or officials seeking extortion monies. An accusation was made on May 8, 1798 by Hirsh ben David of Vilna accused him of trying to assist the French Revolution, by sending money to Napoleon and the Sultan. Since this Hirsch ben David was untraceable, some were led to believe that there was no such person as Hirsh and the authorities were attempting to stir up internecine fighting among the Jews.Liadi

After his release he moved his base to Liadi, Vitebsk Region, Imperial Russia; rather than returning to Liozna. He took up his residence in the town of Liadi at the invitation of Polish Prince Stanisław Lubomirski, voivode of the town, were Zalman settled for the next 12 years. His movement grew there immensely, and to this day he is associated with the town. In 1812, fleeing the French Invasion, he left Mogilev, intending to go to Poltava, but died on the way in the small village of Pena, Kursk Oblast. He is buried in Hadiach. Subsequent history of Chabad
See Chabad#History

Dovber Schneuri moved the movement to the town of Lubavitch (Lyubavichi) in present-day Russia. A top follower of <mask> <mask>, Aharon HaLevi Horowitz, established a rival Chabad school in Strashelye, which did not last after his death.In 1940, under the leadership of the previous Rebbe, Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, the Chabad-Lubavitch movement moved its headquarters to Brooklyn, New York in the United States. Under the leadership of Menachem Mendel Schneerson, Chabad established branches all over the world staffed by its own Lubavitch-trained and ordained rabbis with their wives and children. The number of branches continues to grow to this day, and existing branches continue to expand. Many descendants of <mask> <mask> carry surnames such as <mask>, <mask>, Schneerson, and <mask>. Works

<mask> <mask> was a prolific writer. He produced works of both mysticism and Jewish law. Chabad tradition recasts his Yiddish name "Shneur" (שניאור) as the two Hebrew words "Shnei Ohr" (שני אור-Two Lights), referring to Schneur <mask>'s mastery of both the outer dimensions of Talmudic Jewish study, and the inner dimensions of Jewish mysticism.His works form the cornerstone of Chabad philosophy. His ability to explain even the most complex issues of Torah made his writings popular with Torah scholars everywhere. Tanya

He is probably best known for his systematic exposition of Hasidic Jewish philosophy, entitled Likkutei Amarim, more widely known as the Tanya, said to be first published in 1797. The legendary 1797 Tanya got lost in a fire and no copies survived. The extant version of this work dates from 1814. Due to the popularity of this book, Hasidic Jews often refer to Shneur Zalman as the Baal HaTanya (lit. "Master of the Tanya").The Tanya deals with Jewish spirituality and psychology from a Kabbalistic point of view, and philosophically expounds on such themes as the Oneness of God, Tzimtzum, the Sefirot, simcha, bitachon (confidence), among many other mystical concepts. Shulchan Aruch HaRav

Shneur <mask> is well known for the Shulchan Aruch HaRav, a collection of authoritative codes of Jewish laws and customs commissioned by Dovber of Mezeritch and composed at the legendary age of twenty-one. The Maggid of Mezeritch sought a new version of the classic Shulkhan Arukh for the Hasidic movement. The work states a selection of decided halakha, as well as the underlying reasoning, and common Hasidic customs. The Shulchan Aruch HaRav is considered authoritative by other Hasidim, and citations to this work are many times found in non-Hasidic sources such as the Mishnah Berurah used by Lithuanian Jews and the Ben Ish Chai used by Sephardic Jews. Shneur <mask> is also one of three halachic authorities on whom Shlomo Ganzfried based his Kitzur Shulkhan Arukh (Concise version of Jewish law). Siddur
He also edited the first Chabad siddur, based on the Ari Siddur of the famous kabbalist Isaac Luria of Safed, but he altered it for general use, and corrected its textual errors.Today's Siddur Tehillat HaShem is a later print of <mask> <mask>'s Siddur. Music
Shneur <mask> composed a number of Hassidic melodies. Some accompany certain prayers, others are sung to Biblical verses or are melodies without words. Depending on the tune they are meant to arouse joy, spiritual ecstasy or teshuvah. One special melody, commonly referred to as The Alter Rebbe's Niggun or Dalet Bovos, is reserved by Chabad Hassidim for ushering a groom and bride to their wedding canopy and other select occasions. Other
Shneur <mask>'s other works include:
 Torah Or and Likutei Torah, chassidic explanations of the weekly Torah portions, Shir HaShirim and the Book of Esther, drawn from his Hasidic Discourses and published by his grandson, the Tzemach Tzedek, who added his own glosses. Sefer HaMa'amarim, also known as Maamarei Admor HaZaken, Hassidic Discourses: Hanachot HaRaP; Et’haleich Lyozna; 5562- 2 vol.; 5563, 2 vol. ; 5564; 5565, 2 vol. ; 5566; 5567; 5568, 2 vol. ; 5569; 5570; 5571; Haketzarim; Al Parshiyot HaTorah VehaMoadim, 2 vol. ; Inyanim; Ma’amarei Razal; Nach, 3 vol. Hilchot Talmud Torah, on the study of Torah. Sefer She’elot Uteshuvot, Responsa.Siddur Im Dach, a prayerbook with Hasidic discourses
 Boneh Yerushalayim. Me'ah She'arim. Igrot Kodesh, 2 vol. References

External links

 Rabbi Schneur Zalman 1745–1812, chabad.org
 Founder of Chabad, chabad.org
 The Alter Rebbe, lessonsintanya.com
 Rabbi Schneur <mask> of Liadi, Adin Steinsaltz
 Rabbi Shneiur <mask> of Ladi (1746–1812), Prof. Eliezer Segal
 Shneor <mask> Ben Baruch, jewishencyclopedia.com
 Rabbi <mask> <mask> of Liadi 5505–5573 (1745–1812), asknoah.org
 What is Lubavitch Chasidism and Chabad?, scjfaq.org
 Family Tree
 Books by Rabbi <mask> <mask> From chabadlibrary.org

1745 births
1812 deaths
18th-century Jewish theologians
18th-century philosophers
18th-century rabbis
19th-century Jewish theologians
19th-century philosophers
19th-century rabbis
Belarusian Hasidic rabbis
Exponents of Jewish law
Hasidic rabbis in Europe
Jewish philosophers
Jewish theologians
Kabbalists
Panentheists
People from Liozna District
Philosophers of Judaism
Philosophers of religion
Rebbes of Lubavitch
Russian Hasidic rabbis
Authors of books on Jewish law
Hasidic writers
Students of Dov Ber of

masks: Shneur Zalman Shneur Zalman Shneur Zalman Shneur Zalman Shneur Shneuri Zalman Shneur Zalman Zalman Zalman Zalman Shneur Zalman Zalman Zalman Zalman Zalman Zalman Shneur Zalman Shneur Zalman


text_chunks:
<mask> or LJD (born July 29, 1946) is a Texas legal ethics attorney and former television star of the syndicated courtroom show Texas Justice. He was the Democratic candidate for the 10th Congressional District of Texas in 2008, unsuccessfully challenging incumbent Republican Michael McCaul. Born in Hillsboro, Texas, <mask> is married to <mask>. Legal career

<mask> received a J.D. (Juris Doctor) from the University of Houston in 1970. He is a member of the Houston Bar Association and the State Bar of Texas. <mask> is a senior partner in the Houston law firm Doherty, Long & Wagner.<mask> specializes in legal malpractice cases. <mask> is considered a pioneer in the field of legal malpractice, making a name for himself as the lawyer who sued other lawyers. He built a highly successful practice holding other attorneys accountable for misrepresenting their clients. As a senior partner in the law firm of Doherty, Long and Wagner, <mask> specialized in legal malpractice, because, as he explains, "people need to believe that the rule of law applies equally to everyone - and that no one, no matter how powerful, is beyond being held accountable for their actions." <mask> and his wife Joanne have endowed a Chair on Ethics at the University of Houston Law Center. Television show
<mask> starred in the show Texas Justice from 2001–2005. The court show is currently in syndication.<mask> judged cases in the show, making legally binding decisions. The series lasted for 5 seasons, from March 26, 2001, until November 14, 2005. It was officially cancelled in September 2005. <mask>'s style on the show drew a contrast with other TV court shows that emphasize conflict between parties. Instead, <mask> was known for focusing on the root causes of the personal conflicts and emphasizing the importance of litigants to accept responsibility for their actions. According to a piece in Slate by Virginia Heffernan, "In his questioning, he looks for signs of affection and agreement.... He orchestrates things so that each case imparts a small emotional lesson ("be kind," "lighten up")."A 2009 commentary on Texas Justice states, "Judge <mask>'s appeal lay in his accent, his double entendres, his ear for the rhythm of people's speech, his ability to rhyme on a dime, and the way he gently poked fun at the litigants. His lack of actual judicial experience might explain why ruling on the cases was not his strong suit." 2008 Congressional campaign

On April 4, 2007, <mask> announced his candidacy for the United States House of Representatives for the Tenth Congressional District of Texas, the seat currently held by Republican Michael McCaul. <mask> entered the race after McCaul's relatively low 2006 win percentage against Democratic opponent Ted Ankrum. The district had been designed to be safe for Republicans, but the Austin Chronicle noted:

Now, here we are five years down the road from Tom DeLay's infamous re-redistricting of Texas. DeLay is gone from Congress, disgraced. Nationally, voters swept the Republican "permanence" away in 2006.Even DeLay's seat is now held by a Democrat, one of the very politicians whose career he tried to end. And here in Austin, another of those supposedly safe seats is under serious threat. <mask>'s challenge generated intense interest among Texas and national political observers, as a seat previously thought to be "safe Republican" looked increasingly competitive. However, <mask> first had to survive the Democratic primary. Democratic primary

<mask> decisively defeated primary challenger Dan Grant on the March 4, 2008 primary, with 61% to 39% out of 85,000 votes cast. During the primary, <mask> was criticized by supporters of his primary opponent because his campaign treasurer, Houston philanthropist Jim "Mattress Mac" McIngvale, had participated in a fundraiser for Republican Mitt Romney's presidential campaign. <mask> used the criticism as an opportunity to point out his political independence."I'm not going to be anybody's rubber stamp, and my treasurer is free to support anybody he wants to," <mask> said. "This is an independent country, last time I checked." Campaign message
Focusing on his own record in legal ethics, <mask>'s critique of McCaul focused on the incumbent's association with former Republican Majority Leader Tom DeLay. One mail piece highlighted McCaul's vote to change House ethics rules in a way that would have allegedly benefited DeLay. <mask>'s campaign also aired a television ad titled, "The Code," attempting to tie McCaul to the unfolding financial crisis by highlighting McCaul's Wall Street contributions and his vote against capping CEO salaries. McCaul refused to face <mask> in a debate setting. According to the Houston Chronicle, "McCaul, an Austin Republican representing the district that includes a chunk of northwest Harris County, steadfastly refuses to debate his Democratic opponent, a colorful lawyer who once served as judge on the TV series Texas Justice."The Austin American Statesman provided three possible dates to McCaul's campaign, which were rejected. <mask> and McCaul are believed to have only met once during the campaign, at a Houston Chronicle interview. The Statesman later endorsed <mask>'s candidacy, citing McCaul's refusal to debate. National Democratic support
<mask>'s strong fundraising efforts and closing polling numbers elevated the race's national profile. Originally considered "Safe Republican" and a long shot at best for a Democratic challenger, the respected Cook Political Report eventually upgraded the race over time to "Leans Republican." In mid-October, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) designated the district a member of its "Red to Blue" program, directing additional funds and national support to <mask>'s campaign. Former U.S. President Bill Clinton also recorded a robocall urging support for <mask>Caul supporters criticized <mask>'s controversial comments on the Iraq War in an interview with the Austin Chronicle that, "We've killed children for oil [in Iraq]." An Iraq War veteran, James Crabtree, criticized <mask>'s comment in a letter, in online postings, on various radio programs, and eventually organized a protest at the <mask> for Congress campaign office. <mask>'s statement produced a stern response from various veterans, Vets for Freedom, and Gold Star parents that felt his quote was akin to calling troops "baby killers" during the Vietnam War. They called on <mask> to apologize or explain his remarks. <mask> and his campaign never responded to this controversy. Television show controversy

Attempting to generate press late in the campaign, <mask>'s opponent McCaul recycled attempts by supporters of <mask>'s primary opponent to insinuate <mask> was racially insensitive. McCaul's campaign released a series of clips from <mask>'s show, Texas Justice, claiming <mask> mocked African-American participants.Also, <mask> was endorsed early in his campaign by the Black Austin Democrats and the Houston Black American Democrats, and independent polling showed <mask> with a 7-to-1 advantage over McCaul among African-American voters. <mask>'s campaign spokesperson responded, "He gets a great response to it. People still identify him with it and they truly loved watching that show. What he always worked to do through each episode was to let people know what they did wrong and that there's hope." And one entertainment reviewer directly refuted McCaul's attack:

But, the criticism of a political opponent that he mocked African-Americans on the show was entirely undeserved. When it came to mocking litigants, <mask> was equal opportunity all the way. McCaul's use without permission of material from a blogger who supported <mask>'s primary opponent led to McCaul's website being blocked from the Internet.Election results

<mask> lost to McCaul by a 54% (179,493) to 43% (143,719) margin with the Libertarian, Matt Finkel, taking the remainder of the votes. McCaul won majorities in six of the eight counties in the district and overcame <mask>'s 77,043 votes (60%) in liberal Travis County by running up 98,122 votes (68%) in the conservative northwest portions of Harris County. <mask> would be named by the Austin Chronicle as the "biggest loser" for the fact that he received more votes than nine other candidates that won their congressional elections. Continued political activism

In December 2008 <mask> <mask> emailed his supporters and pleaded for them to support the runoff election of Chris Bell for a Houston, Texas area state senate seat. <mask> stated that, "I'm asking you to make a difference in another important battle: Chris Bell for Texas Senate.... This is the last battleground of 2008, and Chris's victory is important to all Democrats and Texans who want change in Austin.... My friend Chris is the type of Democratic leader Texas needs -- a true visionary who will fight for real reform in the Texas Senate." Bell would earn only 43% of the vote and lose the election on Tuesday, December 16, 2008.<mask> organized the South Central Texas Water Conservation Conference at Brenham, Texas, on October 3, 2009, under the auspices of the Texas Wildlife Association. On August 10, 2009, <mask> publicly endorsed Jack McDonald's Democratic candidacy for McCaul's congressional seat. McDonald would then quit before the election. Environmentalism
<mask> <mask> is a former president of the Washington County Wildlife Society and a former board member of the Texas Wildlife Association, as well as a past member of the Texas Quail Council, an official advisory group to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission. <mask> maintains the "Long Star Ranch," near Brenham, Texas, as a  wildlife habitat and native grass restoration project. References

External links
<mask> <mask> for U.S. Congress Official campaign website
Texas Justice TV show
<mask>, Long & Wagner
 <mask> for Congress, general election ad
 <mask> for Congress, Democratic primary ad
Pollster.com '2008 Texas CD-10 General Election'

Campaign contributions at OpenSecrets.org
The Man in the White Hat - Austin Chronicle - October 3, 2008
Interview with <mask> <mask> by Off the Kuff
KUT interview with <mask> <mask>

Texas lawyers
1946 births
Living people
University of Houston alumni
People from Houston
Texas Democrats
Television judges
People from Hillsboro, Texas

masks:
Larry Joe Doherty
Doherty
Joanne Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Larry Joe
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Larry Joe
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Dohertyc
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Larry Joe
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Larry Joe
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Larry Joe
Doherty
Doherty
Larry Joe
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Doherty
Larry Joe
Doherty
Larry Joe
Doherty


text_chunks:
<mask>  (; July 22, 1940 – November 8, 2020) was a Canadian-American game show host and television personality. He hosted the syndicated general knowledge quiz game show Jeopardy! for 37 seasons from its revival in 1984 until his death in 2020. <mask> also hosted a number of other game shows, including The Wizard of Odds, Double Dare, High Rollers, Battlestars, Classic Concentration, and To Tell the Truth. He also made appearances, usually as himself, in numerous films and television series. A native of Canada, <mask> became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1998. He received the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host eight times for his work on Jeopardy!<mask> died on November 8, 2020 at age 80, after a 20-month battle with stage IV pancreatic cancer. He had been contracted to host Jeopardy! until 2022. Early life
<mask> was born on July 22, 1940 in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, the son of George Edward Trebek (born Terebeychuk), a chef who had emigrated from Ukraine as a child, and Lucille Marie Lagacé (April 14, 1921 – 2016), a Franco-Ontarian. Trebek had roots in Renfrew County, Ontario, where his maternal grandmother was born in Mount St. Patrick near Renfrew. He grew up in a bilingual French-English household. Trebek almost got expelled from the boarding school his parents sent him to.Shortly after he attended military college but dropped out when he was asked to cut his hair. <mask>'s first job at age 13 was as a bellhop at the hotel where his father worked as a chef. <mask> attended Sudbury High School (now Sudbury Secondary School) and then attended the University of Ottawa. <mask> graduated from the University of Ottawa with a degree in philosophy in 1961. While a university student, he was a member of the English Debating Society. At the time, he was interested in a broadcast news career. Broadcasting career

CBC
Before completing his degree, <mask> began his career in 1961 working for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.According to <mask>, "I went to school in the mornings and worked at nights; I did everything, at one time replacing every announcer in every possible job." He would eventually read the CBC national radio news and cover a wide range of special events for CBC Radio and CBC Television, including curling and horse racing. <mask>'s first hosting job was on a Canadian music program called Music Hop in 1963. In 1966, he hosted a high school quiz show called Reach for the Top. From 1967 to 1970, he was a host for the CBC, introducing classical music programs including performances by Glenn Gould. For one or two seasons he hosted a weekly skating program. Starting in spring 1969, <mask> also hosted Strategy, a weekday afternoon game show.From 1971 until the end of 1972, <mask> hosted I'm Here Til 9, the local morning drive radio show on CBC Toronto. In 1971, <mask> was one of several to have been shortlisted to succeed Ward Cornell as host of Hockey Night in Canada. Although <mask> was the preferred choice of executive producer Ralph Mellanby, based on his audition and other CBC roles, Mellanby stated in 2020 that he ultimately chose Dave Hodge instead, because his boss did not want someone with a mustache to host Hockey Night. Game shows

In 1973, <mask> moved to the United States and worked for NBC as host of a new game show, The Wizard of Odds. A year later <mask> hosted the popular Merrill Heatter-Bob Quigley game show High Rollers, which had two incarnations on NBC (1974–76 and 1978–80) and an accompanying syndicated season (1975–76). In between stints as host of High Rollers, <mask> hosted the short-lived CBS game show Double Dare (not to be confused with the 1986 Nickelodeon game show of the same name). Double Dare turned out to be his only game show with the CBS network (he returned there in 1994 to host the Pillsbury Bake-Off until 1998), and the first show he hosted for what was then Mark Goodson-Bill Todman Productions, as well as the second season of the syndicated series The $128,000 Question, which was recorded in Toronto.Since the second incarnation of High Rollers premiered while The $128,000 Question was still airing and taping episodes, <mask> became one of two hosts to emcee shows in both the United States and Canada, joining Jim Perry, who was hosting Definition and Headline Hunters in Canada and Card Sharks, which coincidentally premiered the same day as High Rollers in 1978 in the United States. <mask>'s francophone side was put on display in 1978, in a special bilingual edition of Reach for the Top and its Radio-Canada equivalent, Génies en herbe. In this show, Trebek alternated smoothly between French and English throughout. Like other hosts of the day, <mask> made several guest appearances as a panelist or player on other shows. One of his guest appearances was on a special week of NBC's Card Sharks in 1980. He and several other game show hosts (Allen Ludden, Bill Cullen, Wink Martindale, Jack Clark, Tom Kennedy, Gene Rayburn, and Jim Lange) competed in a week-long round-robin tournament for charity. <mask> won the tournament, defeating Cullen in the finals.<mask> also appeared as a celebrity teammate on the NBC game show The Magnificent Marble Machine in 1975, and the Tom Kennedy-hosted NBC word game To Say the Least in 1978. Both of those shows were produced by Merrill Heatter-Bob Quigley Productions, which also produced High Rollers, the show Trebek was hosting during both of those guest appearances. <mask> also was a contestant on Celebrity Bowling in 1976, teamed with Jim McKrell. The duo won their match against Dick Gautier and Scatman Crothers. After High Rollers was cancelled in 1980, <mask> moved on to Battlestars for NBC. The series debuted in October 1981 and was cancelled in April 1982 after only six months on the air. In September 1981 <mask> took the helm of the syndicated Pitfall, which taped in Vancouver and forced him to commute, as he had done while hosting High Rollers and The $128,000 Question in 1978.Pitfall was cancelled after its production company, Catalena Productions, went bankrupt. As a result, he was never paid for that series. After both series ended, <mask> hosted a revival of Battlestars called The New Battlestars that ended after thirteen weeks, then shot a series of pilots for other series for producer Merrill Heatter, for whom he had worked hosting High Rollers and Battlestars, and Merv Griffin. The Heatter pilots were Malcolm, an NBC-ordered pilot featuring <mask> with an animated character as his co-host, and Lucky Numbers, an attempt at a revival of High Rollers that failed to sell. For Griffin, (who was ultimately encouraged to hire <mask> by Lucille Ball) he shot two pilots for a revival of Jeopardy! when original host Art Fleming (a friend of <mask>'s) declined to return to the role owing to creative differences. This revival sold; <mask> began hosting it in 1984 and remained the host until his death.His final episode hosting Jeopardy! was to air on Christmas Day 2020; however, Sony announced on November 23, 2020, that the air dates of <mask>'s final week would be postponed, with episodes scheduled for the week of December 21–25 being postponed to January 4–8, 2021. In 1987, while still hosting Jeopardy!, <mask> returned to daytime television as host of NBC's Classic Concentration, his second show for Mark Goodson. He hosted both shows simultaneously until September 20, 1991, when Classic Concentration aired its final first-run episode (NBC would air repeats until 1993). In 1991, <mask> made broadcast history by becoming the first person to host three American game shows at the same time, earning this distinction on February 4, 1991, when he took over from Lynn Swann as host of NBC's To Tell the Truth for Goodson-Todman, which he hosted until the end of the series' run on May 31, 1991. In 1994, <mask> returned to the CBS network for the first time since hosting Double Dare to host the Pillsbury Bake-Off, which he hosted until 1998. <mask> and Pat Sajak, host of Wheel of Fortune, traded places on April Fools' Day 1997.Pat Sajak hosted Jeopardy! and <mask> hosted Wheel of Fortune with Sajak's wife, Lesly, as <mask>'s co-host. Sajak and Wheel of Fortune co-host Vanna White played contestants at the wheel, with winnings going toward charities. <mask> appeared on Celebrity Poker Showdown in 2005 and came in second place in his qualifying game, losing to Cheryl Hines. On June 24, 2018, <mask> returned as a panelist on the ABC revival of To Tell the Truth. <mask> hosted a Jeopardy! primetime special event titled The Greatest of All Time on ABC in January 2020, pitting the highest money winners in the show's history, Brad Rutter, Ken Jennings, and James Holzhauer, against each other.Other appearances
<mask> made multiple guest appearances on other television shows, ranging from Jimmy Kimmel Live! in 2008 and 2011 to The Colbert Report series-finale. In August 1995 in a return to his broadcast-news roots, <mask> filled in for Charles Gibson for a week on Good Morning America. <mask> was a guest star in season 3 of The X-Files, playing one of two "Men in Black" (human agents charged with the supervision of extraterrestrial lifeforms on Earth, hiding their existence from other humans) opposite Jesse Ventura, in the episode "Jose Chung's From Outer Space", which first aired on April 12, 1996. On June 13, 2014, Guinness World Records presented <mask> with the world record for most episodes of a game show hosted, with 6,829 episodes at the time. <mask> also appeared in multiple television commercials. On October 1, 2018, Trebek moderated the only debate in the Pennsylvania governor's race, between Democrat Tom Wolf and Republican Scott Wagner.According to news outlets, he wanted to change the flow of the debate to be more conversational instead of the more traditional format. He dominated the debate and talked for 41% of it, often talking about himself without giving candidates time to discuss their stances on political issues. He also made remarks regarding the sexual abuse scandals in the Catholic Church. <mask> later apologized for his performance, stating that he was "naive" and "misunderstood" the role of a moderator. "I offer my sincere apologies to the people of Pennsylvania, a state I dearly love," he said. <mask> was interviewed by Michael Strahan for an ABC special chronicling Jeopardy! and his career (produced to promote Jeopardy!The Greatest of All Time), which aired January 2, 2020. On October 6, 2020, <mask> made a cameo appearance in the 2020 NHL Entry Draft, announcing the Ottawa Senators' third-overall draft pick, Tim Stützle, in the style of a Jeopardy! question. Personal life

Trebek married broadcaster Elaine Callei in 1974. The couple had no children, although Trebek adopted Callei's daughter Nicky; they divorced in 1981. In 1990, he married Jean Currivan, a real estate project manager from New York. They had two children, Matthew and Emily.In 1996, <mask> ran the Olympic torch in Jacksonville, Florida, through a leg of its journey to Atlanta. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1998. On January 30, 2004, <mask> escaped major injury after falling asleep behind the wheel of his pickup truck while driving alone on a rural road in the Central Coast town of Templeton, California, returning from a family home in Lake Nacimiento. The truck sideswiped a string of mailboxes, flew 45 feet over an embankment, and came to rest against a utility pole in a ditch. <mask> was not cited for the accident and returned to work taping Jeopardy! four days later. <mask> owned and managed a 700-acre (283 ha) ranch near Paso Robles in Creston, California, known as Creston Farms, where he bred and trained thoroughbred racehorses.His colt Reba's Gold is the stakes-winning son of Slew o' Gold. <mask> sold the operation in 2008 and the property is now an event center called Windfall Farms. In a 2018 interview with Vulture, <mask> said he was a political moderate and registered independent, neither conservative nor liberal, with some libertarian leanings. <mask> stated he believed in God as a Christian. During a 2018 gubernatorial debate, he said he was raised Catholic during his childhood and adolescence. Health
On December 11, 2007, <mask> suffered a minor heart attack at his home, but returned to work as scheduled in January 2008. In July 2011, he injured an Achilles tendon while chasing a burglar who had entered his San Francisco hotel room, requiring six weeks in a cast.<mask> suffered another mild heart attack in June 2012, but was able to return to work the following month. On December 15, 2017, over the winter break of Jeopardy! taping, <mask> was admitted to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center after reportedly experiencing complications from a fall in October of that year. The incident resulted in a subdural hematoma. <mask> underwent surgery to remove blood clots from his brain the following day. On January 4, 2018, the verified Twitter account of Jeopardy! announced that <mask> had been suffering from the fall.<mask> required a short medical leave and returned to regular hosting duty in mid-January 2018. In 2018, while being interviewed by Harvey Levin on Fox News, <mask> floated the idea of retirement, saying the odds of his leaving Jeopardy! in 2020 were 50/50 "and a little less". He added that he might continue if he is "not making too many mistakes" but would make an "intelligent decision" as to when he should give up the emcee role. In October that year, he signed a new contract to continue as host through 2022, stating in January 2019 that although he was beginning to slow down due to his age, the show's work schedule, consisting of 46 taping sessions each year, was still manageable. Pancreatic cancer and death
On March 6, 2019, <mask> announced that he had been diagnosed with stage IV pancreatic cancer. He had been experiencing a persistent stomach ache before the diagnosis but did not recognize it as a symptom of the disease.In a prepared video announcement of the diagnosis, <mask> noted that his prognosis was poor but said that he would aggressively fight the cancer in hopes of beating the odds and would continue hosting Jeopardy! for as long as he was able, joking that his contract obligated him to do so for three more years. <mask> updated the situation in May 2019, stating that he was responding exceptionally well to treatment and that some of the tumors had shrunk to half their previously observed size; he credited the prayers and well wishes of his fans for the better-than-usual results and planned to undergo several more rounds of chemotherapy. <mask> finished that round of chemotherapy treatments in time to resume taping of the show in August 2019. Follow-up immunotherapy was ineffective, and <mask> resumed chemotherapy in September. On October4, 2019, in an interview with CTV's Chief Anchor and Senior Editor Lisa LaFlamme, <mask> said: "I'm not afraid of dying" and "I've lived a good life, a full life, and I'm nearing the end of that life... [I]f it happens, why should I be afraid [of] that?" In the same interview, <mask> noted that sores in his mouth, a side effect from the chemotherapy, were interfering with his ability to speak, noting that "there will come a point when they (fans and producers) will no longer be able to say, 'It's okay.'"On November

masks:
George Alexander Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek


text_chunks:
 11, 2019, during the Final Jeopardy! round, a player's response stated, "What is We ♡ you, <mask>! ", which caused <mask> to become emotional. Hours later, #WeLoveYouAlex was trending on Twitter. In a December 2019 interview with ABC News, <mask> stated that he would begin looking at experimental treatments and chemotherapies and that despite periods of severe pain and depression, he was still in good enough physical condition to handle construction projects. <mask> also stated that he had already prepared an on-air farewell statement before his cancer diagnosis. In March 2020, <mask> announced he had survived one year of cancer treatment (noting that his prognosis had given him only an 18% chance to survive that long) and that, though the chemotherapy treatments were often worse than the cancer symptoms themselves, he was confident that he would survive another year, saying that ending treatment would be a "betrayal" to his family, supporters, and to the God in whom he has faith.As a precautionary measure, Jeopardy! initially taped episodes without a studio audience, as protection from the COVID-19 pandemic; <mask>, because of both his age and his condition, was particularly at risk of death from the particular variant of SARS-CoV-2 circulating. Soon afterward, production of the show was suspended altogether. The show resumed taping in August, in time for the season 37 premiere. On July 16, 2020, <mask> gave an update regarding his cancer. He said that, while he still felt fatigued, the chemotherapy was "paying off." He also stated that he was looking forward to taping again.On July 21, 2020, he published his memoir The Answer Is...: Reflections on My Life. <mask> underwent surgery related to his cancer treatment in October. He returned to the show two weeks after the surgery, but was unable to handle his full workload because of pain from the surgery and had to split his usual five-episode taping session over two days; these five episodes would be his last. He taped his final episode on October 29, 2020. <mask> died at his home in Los Angeles on November8, 2020, at the age of 80, after 20 months fighting pancreatic cancer. His remains were cremated, and given to his wife. Posthumous recognition
Not long after his death, Jeopardy!contestant Ken Jennings, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, and Wheel of Fortune stars Pat Sajak and Vanna White were among those who paid tribute. On the November 9, 2020 episode of Jeopardy!, as a tribute to <mask>, then-executive producer of both Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune Mike Richards opened the show with this statement:
I'm Mike Richards, the executive producer of Jeopardy! Over the weekend, we lost our beloved host <mask>. This is an enormous loss for our staff and crew, for his family, and for his millions of fans. He loved this show and everything it stood for. In fact, he taped his final episodes less than two weeks ago.He will forever be an inspiration for his constant desire to learn, his kindness, and for his love of his family. We will air his final 35 episodes as they were shot. That's what he wanted. On behalf of everyone here at Jeopardy!, thank you for everything, <mask>. This is Jeopardy! The lights on the set then dimmed blue in remembrance. After each posthumous episode in season 37, the title card read, "Dedicated to <mask>.Forever in our hearts. Always our inspiration." On the one year anniversary of his death, which was also the day that the first episode Ken Jennings hosted in season 38 was aired, a different title card read, "<mask>bek, July 22, 1940 - November 8, 2020. You are missed every day." Since his death, various television networks aired their own tributes to <mask> such as MeTV (which played "What Is... Cliff Clavin?" and "Mama on Jeopardy! ", two episodes of the classic 1980s sitcoms Cheers and Mama's Family respectively in which Jeopardy!was a plot device), Buzzr (which aired episodes of shows Trebek guest starred in such as Card Sharks or hosted such as Classic Concentration and To Tell the Truth in the Fremantle library) and Game Show Network (which aired a Jeopardy! marathon). In 2021, the Jeopardy! stage was re-named "The <mask> Trebek Stage", with his family present at the dedication. Philanthropy and activism

<mask> was a longtime philanthropist and activist. He was active with multiple charities, including World Vision Canada and United Service Organizations. For World Vision, <mask> travelled to many developing countries with World Vision projects, taping reports on the group's efforts on behalf of children around the world.<mask> and the Jeopardy! crew became involved with the United Service Organizations in 1995, appearing on several military bases throughout the world, both in an attempt to find contestants and as a morale booster for the troops. He donated 74 acres (30 hectares) of open land in the Hollywood Hills to the Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy in 1998. He was later awarded one of the American Foundation for the Blind's six yearly Access Awards for his role in accommodating Jeopardy! champion Eddie Timanus. <mask> hosted the annual The Great Canadian Geography Challenge in Canada. He hosted the National Geographic Bee in the United States for 25 years, stepping down in 2013.In 2016, Trebek donated $5 million to the University of Ottawa to fund the Alex Trebek Forum for Dialogue, the objective of which is "to expose students to a wide range of diverse views, through speeches, public panels, events and lectures by University of Ottawa researchers, senior government officials and guests speakers from around the world." <mask>'s gifts to the university, which at the time totaled $7.5 million, also fund a Distinguished Speaker Series, which has included a presentation by Nobel laureate Leymah Gbowee, introduced by Trebek. In 2017, Trebek funded the Alex Trebek Leadership Award at the University of Ottawa, an annual $10,000 award to a summa cum laude graduate who has also demonstrated community leadership. By October 2020, Trebek's contributions to the University of Ottawa totalled around $10 million. In March 2020, Trebek donated $100,000 to Hope of the Valley Rescue Mission, a homeless shelter in Los Angeles. Trebek owned his own wardrobe, consisting of dozens of outfits and hundreds of neckties. In February 2021, <mask>'s son Matthew donated the wardrobe to The Doe Fund, in keeping with a statement Trebek had made on his last day of taping.Awards and honours

In 1997, <mask> was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of the university (D.Univ) from the University of Ottawa. In addition to awards for Jeopardy!, <mask> received a great deal of recognition. He received a star on Canada's Walk of Fame in Toronto. He was awarded eight Outstanding Game Show Host Emmy Awards (1989, 1990, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2019, 2020, and 2021) and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (located at 6501 Hollywood Boulevard, near those for Ann-Margret and Vincent Price). On November 4, 2010, <mask> received the Royal Canadian Geographical Society's gold medal for his contribution to geographic education and the popular study of geography. Previous recipients of this award include the author and anthropologist Wade Davis (2009), Peter Gzowski (1997), and Mary May Simon (1998). In 2016, <mask> was named the Honorary President of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society; in that capacity, he was present at the opening of the RCGS's new headquarters in 2018.In 2011, it was announced that <mask> would be one of the recipients of the Lifetime Achievement Award at the Daytime Emmy Awards. That same year <mask> received an Honorary Doctorate from Fordham University. Since June 13, 2014, <mask> has held a Guinness World Record for "the most gameshow episodes hosted by the same presenter (same program)" for having hosted 6,829 episodes of Jeopardy!, overtaking previous record holder Bob Barker. On May 4, 2015, <mask>'s alma mater, the University of Ottawa, named its alumni hall in his honour, as a benefactor to the university. In May 2016, <mask> was given the Key to the City by the City of Ottawa. On June 30, 2017, he was named an Officer of the Order of Canada by then-Governor General David Johnston for "his iconic achievements in television and for his promotion of learning, notably as a champion for geographical literacy." On June 28, 2019, the Daughters of the American Revolution awarded the 2019 Americanism Award to Trebek.In December 2019, <mask> was named the winner of the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television's Icon Award for the 8th Canadian Screen Awards in 2020. Although the ceremony was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada, the award was presented to <mask> in a recorded acceptance speech, which the Academy released to social media platforms in January 2021 to coincide with the broadcast of <mask>'s last episode of Jeopardy! In July 2021, the Royal Canadian Geographical Society and the National Geographical Society announced a grant program named The Trebek Initiative whose goal is to promote emerging Canadian explorers, scientists, educators and photographers. In August, artist Kevin Ledo created a mural memorializing Trebek on the outer wall of Sudbury Secondary School, where Trebek had attended high school, as part of the Up Here Festival. On August 19, 2021, prior to the start of Jeopardy! season 38 taping, Sony Pictures Studios sound stage Studio 10 was officially renamed as "The <mask> Trebek stage". Television and film appearances

Shows hosted
 1963–1964: Music Hop (CBC)
 1964: Vacation Time – co-host (CBC)
 1966–1970: CBC Championship Curling – announcer (CBC)
 1966–1973: Reach for the Top (CBC)
 1969: Barris & Company – co-host/announcer (pilot) (CBC)
 1969: Strategy (CBC)
 1971: Pick and Choose (CBC)
 1972: Outside/Inside (CBC)
 1973: TGIF – announcer (CBC)
 1973: The Wizard of Odds (NBC)
 1974–1976, 1978–1980: High Rollers (NBC)
 1976–1977: Double Dare (CBS)
 1976–1980: Stars on Ice (CTV)
 1977–1978: The $128,000 Question
 1980–1981: Wall $treet
 1981–1982: Pitfall
 1981–1983: Battlestars
 1983: Malcolm (pilot)
 1983: Starcade (pilot)
 1984–2021: Jeopardy!1985: Lucky Numbers (pilot)
 1987: Second Guess (unsold pilot)
 1987: VTV-Value Television – co-host with Meredith MacRae
 1987–1991: Classic Concentration
 1989–2013: The National Geographic Bee national finals
 1990: Super Jeopardy! 1991: To Tell the Truth (1990–1991) – from February to May 1991
 1993: The Red Badge of Courage/Heart of Courage – Canadian-produced show highlighting brave individuals
 1996–1998: The Pillsbury Bake-Off
 1997: Wheel of Fortune – April Fools' Day episode (also a substitute host in August 1980)
 1999: Live from the Hollywood Bowl – annual live broadcast
 2017: Game Changers – host and executive producer
 2020: Jeopardy! The Greatest of All Time

Acting
 1987: Mama's Family – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 4.19 – "Mama on Jeopardy!") 1988: For Keeps – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! 1988: Rain Man – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! 1990: Cheers – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!(episode 8.14 – "What Is... Cliff Clavin?") 1990: Predator 2 – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (voice)
 1990: The Earth Day Special – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! 1991: WrestleMania VII – as himself, a ring announcer and interviewer
 1992: The Golden Girls – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 7.16 – "Questions and Answers")
 1992: White Men Can't Jump – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! 1993: Short Cuts – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! 1993: Groundhog Day – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!show #1656
 1993: The Larry Sanders Show – as himself, the minister who marries Hank Kingsley (episode 2.15 – "Hank's Wedding")
 1993: Rugrats – as Alan Quebec, the host of "Super Stumpers" (episode 2.37 – "Game Show Didi")
 1995: The Nanny – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 3.2 – "Franny and the Professor")
 1995: Beverly Hills, 90210 – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! 1995: Blossom – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 5.14 – "Who's Not on First")
 1995: Jury Duty – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! 1996: The X-Files – as a Man in Black who Agent Mulder thought looked "incredibly" like himself (episode: "Jose Chung's From Outer Space")
 1996: Seinfeld – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 8.9 – "The Abstinence")
 1996: The Magic School Bus – Announcer (voice) (episode 2.6 – "Shows and Tells")
 1996: Ellen's Energy Adventure – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! 1997: Ned and Stacey – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!1997: The Simpsons – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! in "Miracle on Evergreen Terrace" (Voice)
 1998: Baywatch – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (episode 9.8 – "Swept Away")
 1998: The Weird Al Show – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (voice)
 1998: Mafia! – himself, riding on a parade float
 2000: Finding Forrester – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! 2000: Charlie's Angels – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! 2000: Saturday Night Live – himself
 2000: Arthur – as <mask>, the host of Riddle Quest
 2000: Pepper Ann – as himself (2 episodes)
 2002: Saturday Night Live – himself
 2006: Family Guy – as himself, the host of Jeopardy!in "I Take Thee Quagmire" (voice)
 2007: The Bucket List – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (voice)
 2010: How I Met Your Mother – himself in "False Positive"
 2012: The Simpsons – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! in "Penny-Wiseguys" (Voice)
 2013: How I Met Your Mother – himself in "P.S. I Love You"
 2013: Delta Air Lines – as himself, answering a Jeopardy-like question in the final segment of Delta's Holiday-themed safety video. 2014: Hot in Cleveland – as himself and Park Ranger <mask>
 2014: Delta Air Lines – as himself, seen raising hand after being asked if the passengers have any questions toward the end of a Delta safety video. 2014: The Colbert Report (series finale) – as himself, "the man who knows all the answers", in Santa's sleigh. 2015: The Amazing Race Canada 3 – as himself/Greater Sudbury, Ontario Pit-Stop
 2018: Orange Is the New Black – as himself
 2018: RuPaul's Drag Race – as himself
 2020: Last Week Tonight with John Oliver  – as himself
 2020: 2020 NHL Entry Draft  – as himself
 2020: Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?- as himself, the host of Jeopardy! in "Total Jeopardy" (voice) (posthumous release)
 2021: Free Guy – as himself, the host of Jeopardy! (final film role)

References

External links

1940 births
2020 deaths
American game show hosts
American horse racing announcers
American male voice actors
American memoirists
American people of French-Canadian descent
American people of Ukrainian descent
American racehorse owners and breeders
American television sports announcers
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian game show hosts
Canadian horse racing announcers
Canadian male voice actors
Canadian memoirists
Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
Canadian radio news anchors
CBC Radio hosts
CBC Television people
Curling broadcasters
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host winners
Daytime Emmy Award winners
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Franco-Ontarian people
Jeopardy! Naturalized citizens of the United States
Officers of the Order of Canada
People from Greater Sudbury
People from Ottawa
Royal Military College of Canada alumni
University of Ottawa

masks:
Alex
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Alex Trebek
Alex
Alex Trebek
Alex Tre
Trebek
Alex
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Trebek
Alex
Alex Lebek
Alex Trebek


text_chunks:
<mask> (December 30, 1845 – January 3, 1931) was a prominent cattlewoman of the 19th century, once called the "Cattle Queen of New Mexico", and the widow of <mask>, a leading factor in the Lincoln County War, who was shot and killed by members of the Murphy-Dolan faction. Early life, Lincoln County War

Born <mask> in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania from a German Baptist (Dunkard) background, she left home at an early age after her mother had died and her father remarried. She married <mask> on August 23, 1873 in Atchison, Kansas and they settled in Eureka, Kansas. In 1875, the couple moved to Lincoln, New Mexico, where her husband had accepted a job with the company of Lawrence Murphy. Working alongside James Dolan, McSween soon lost his desire to work for the company, and had by that time become friends with John Tunstall, a wealthy English rancher. Through Tunstall, the couple met John Chisum, and by 1877 the three men had established a rival business to the Murphy-Dolan businesses who had completely monopolized  every business transaction in Lincoln. The Murphy-Dolan faction was backed by the infamous Santa Fe Ring.Problems between the two factions began there, and on February 18, 1878, outlaw Jesse Evans and members of his gang working with "the boys" from the rival faction of James Dolan also known as The Santa Fe Ring, shot and killed Tunstall, which sparked the Lincoln County War. By that time, Tunstall and McSween had hired gunmen to counter those hired by Murphy-Dolan. While the latter had hired outlaw gangs like the Seven Rivers Warriors, John Kinney Gang, and the Jesse Evans Gang, Tunstall hired individuals, to include Billy the Kid, Chavez y Chavez, Dick Brewer, Charlie Bowdre, Doc Scurlock and others. The two factions clashed over Tunstall's death, with numerous people being killed by both sides culminating in the Battle of Lincoln, in which <mask>en was present. Her husband was killed at the end of that battle, despite his being unarmed and attempting to surrender. <mask>en hired attorney Huston Chapman to pursue charges against those responsible for her husband's death and had him assist in negotiating with Governor Lew Wallace on amnesty for the Lincoln County Regulators who had defended her husband and sought vengeance for Tunstall's death. Colonel Nathan Dudley was one of her main targets, and he did stand trial, but was acquitted.Lawrence Murphy had died before the end of 1878, and James Dolan was charged in Tunstall's murder, but acquitted, and could never be linked directly to Alex McSween's murder. Jesse Evans killed Chapman, then fled the territory, after which eventually the whole matter simply went away. After the range war
<mask> struggled in the aftermath of the Lincoln County War to make ends meet in New Mexico Territory. She sought and received help from John Tunstall's family in England. She served as executor of John's estate and that of her husband, managing to free herself of their accrued debts by liquidating the estate assets. In 1880 she married George Barber a young law clerk and later attorney who aided in her recovery. Barber's work as a surveyor for John Chisum resulted in Chisum gifting 40 head of cattle to <mask> worth about $400 to start her into the cattle business.Later the couple divorced. <mask> took over 1,158 acres of land on the West side of the Mescalero Apache Indian Reservation in the years after the Lincoln County War ended. By 1890 <mask> ran at least 5,000 head of cattle on her 1,158-acre ranch under the Three Rivers Cattle Company brand in Three Rivers. By some estimates she owned upward of 8,000 By the mid-1890s her ranch holdings were some of the largest in the territory. She became extremely wealthy through cattle sales and mining a small silver vein on the property. She was also known for the fruit orchards she planted with trees she obtained from John Chisum. On April 21, 1892, the Old Abe Eagle of Lincoln reported that she had driven 700 to 800 cattle from her ranch to Engle, the most accessible railroad point, from which place they were shipped "in 38 foot New England Cars" to the Jones and Nolan feed lots in Grand Summit and Strong City, Kansas.The New York Commercial Advertiser said: " Near the town of White Oaks, New Mexico, lives one of the most remarkable women of this remarkable age, at the present time a visitor in this city (New York). The house in which she lives ; a low, whitewashed adobe building, is covered with green vines and fitted out with rich carpets, artistic hangings, books and pictures, exquisite china and silver, and all the dainty belongings with which a refined woman wishes to surround herself. The house was built with her own hands. The huge ranch on which it is located with its 8,000 cattle, is managed entirely by her. It is she who buys or takes up the land, selects and controls the men, buys, sells and transfers the cattle. She is also a skillful and intelligent prospector, and found the valuable silver mine on her territory in which she now holds a half interest." Last years/death

In 1902 she sold her ranch holdings (with the exception of the Ranch house) to Monroe Harper moving to a nice house and later a cottage in  White Oaks, New Mexico, by that time a declining boomtown.Over time she went through the money she had accrued making frequent trips to El Paso to divest herself of the lavish jewelry she had acquired in order to support herself. She died from pneumonia, an impoverished woman in White Oaks, on January 3, 1931, aged 85, and is buried there in the Cedarvale Cemetery. She was supported in later life by her nephew Edgar Shields. He sent her monthly checks and paid her funeral expenses. Ultimately she left New Mexico as she had entered it, penniless after having cut a wide swath. In popular culture and media
 She is portrayed by Sharon Thomas in the 1988 movie Young Guns. The epilogue states that following the death of her husband she became a prominent cattlewoman; however she was not depicted in the film's sequel.She is portrayed by Lynda Day George in the 1970 John Wayne film, Chisum. In the Shadow of Billy the Kid: <mask>en and the Lincoln County War (2013) by Kathleen P. Chamberlain, a professor of history at Eastern Michigan University. Violence in Lincoln County 1869-1881, William A. Kelleher, University of New Mexico Press 1957
 McSween is mentioned in the 2019 semi-biographical novel of John Chisum's life, by Russ Brown, titled Miss Chisum. References

Bibliography

External links
<mask> McSween
Angelfire.com: The McSween's
Whiteoaksnewmexico.com: White Oaks, New Mexico — ghost town history. Nmia.com: Friends of Billy the Kid
Desertusa.com: Billy the Kid country

Ranchers from New Mexico
People of the New Mexico Territory
1845 births
1931 deaths
Lincoln County Wars
American women in business
Businesspeople from New Mexico
People from Lincoln County, New Mexico
People from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
People of the American Old West
American cattlewomen

masks:
Susan McSween
Alexander McSween
Susan Hummer
Alexander McSween
Susan McSwe
Susan McSwe
Susan
Susan
Susan
Susan
Susan McSwe
Susan Hummer