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 and Chicago. This information was considered sufficient to keep an informal track of <mask>'s whereabouts but not to place him under full surveillance. FBI profile
At the request of the Central Indiana Multi-Agency Investigation Team, the FBI developed a psychological profile of the unknown killer, whom they predicted to be a white male in his late twenties or early thirties who worked in a menial profession and who presented a rough exterior in part due to his self-hatred regarding his sexual attraction to other males. The individual would project a macho image and seek the company and approval of other masculine males in order to feel a sense of belonging; as such, this individual would frequent "redneck bars" and be something of a night owl, yet live on the edge of homosexual panic; always fearful of being labeled by others as "queer". Because of this fear, this offender may express a hatred of homosexuals to mask his sexual attraction to those whom he sought the acceptance of.Furthermore, the FBI predicted that upon completion of a murder, the offender would symbolically erase the act by making a rudimentary effort to cover his victim with leaves or soil, and that this individual likely had a middle-aged, middle-class, and markedly more intelligent accomplice in several of his initial homicides. As many victims had been athletic and lithe in stature, this profile also predicted the offender to be a physically strong individual. The predictions within this profile regarding the offender's strength were supported by the presence of deep welt marks upon the wrists of many victims, suggesting they had struggled to resist being bound and handcuffed. Further murders
On July 2, the partially clad body of an unidentified Hispanic man was discovered in a field two miles from the city of Paxton in Ford County, Illinois. This victim had been deceased since June 27 or 28, and he had been repeatedly stabbed in the abdomen. Eight weeks later, on August 31, a tree-trimming crew discovered the body of a further victim in a field close to a tollway near Illinois Route 60. Lake County investigators quickly linked this murder to the stabbing deaths of two other young men whose bodies had been discovered close to this decedent earlier in 1983 (Ervin Gibson and Gustavo Herrera).The victim was a 28-year-old named Ralph Calise. He had been stabbed seventeen times with a butcher or hunting knife, with several wounds inflicted to his abdomen causing sections of his small intestine to protrude through his body. In early September, a Chicago-based reporter for WLS-TV named Gera-Lind Kolarik noted similarities between the August 31 murder of Calise and the two earlier deaths of young males within Lake County. Kolarik had also been familiar with other murders of young males committed in Indiana bearing similar signature knife mutilations and speculated the perpetrator of these earlier Indiana murders had begun to murder and/or dispose of his victims' bodies in Lake County. Conversing with Cook County investigators, Kolarik discovered that two further young male murder victims who had lived in or disappeared from Uptown in 1982 had also been discovered with multiple stab wounds to their body and their trousers and underwear pulled down to their ankles in Kankakee County, Illinois, and Lowell, Indiana. On September 8, investigators from all jurisdictions in both states where these additional bodies had been discovered convened with the senior task force representatives in Crown Point to discuss whether these additional five deaths were also linked to the same perpetrator. All five murders were added to the list of victims compiled by the task force, whom investigators now believed to have murdered up to seventeen young males.One month later, on October 4, two mushroom hunters discovered a human torso concealed inside a plastic bag in Kenosha County, Wisconsin. The victim was identified as 18-year-old Eric Hansen, who had last been seen alive on September 27 in St. Francis. Hansen's head, arms, and legs had been severed from his torso with a hacksaw, and the torso itself had been completely drained of blood. The skull and hands were never found. On October 18, the partially decomposed bodies of four further victims were discovered alongside an oak tree close to an abandoned farmhouse in Lake Village, Indiana. Each victim had been deceased for several months, and all four decedents had been partially buried, with sections of the body of each victim remaining exposed above ground, suggesting the murderer had made only rudimentary efforts to bury each victim. Three of these victims—all Caucasian—were buried at one side of the tree, three feet apart, with their heads facing north.A fourth victim—an unidentified African-American estimated to be aged between 15 and 18—was buried at the other side of the tree. All four victims had been stabbed more than two dozen times with a blade at least eight inches in length, and the trousers of each victim were discovered around their ankles. Two months later, on December 7, a hunter discovered the partially buried skeleton of a further victim in Hendricks County, close to U.S. Route 40. The victim was identified as 17-year-old Richard Wayne, who had disappeared on March 20 while traveling from California to his home in Montpelier, Indiana. The body of a second, less decomposed victim was discovered beneath the remnants of a burned mobile home a few feet from where Wayne had been buried. This decedent was determined to be an African-American, approximately  in height, although his remains were never identified. First arrest
On September 30, <mask> was arrested in Lowell, Indiana for a routine traffic violation.He had been in the company of a young hitchhiker at the time of his apprehension and both men were arrested and detained for questioning at a Lowell state police post, with <mask> initially being detained upon charges of soliciting a young male for sexual purposes after a sergeant named William Cothran—without <mask>'s consent and before informing him he was under arrest—had searched his Ford F-Series pickup at the roadside and discovered two sections of nylon rope. His vehicle was impounded. Shortly after 1:30 p.m., two investigators from the Central Indiana Multi-Agency Investigation Team conducted a formal interview with <mask>, whom they informed had become a suspect in the series of murders due to an anonymous phone call received from a former acquaintance of his. Although willing to discuss any other aspect of his life and their suspicions of his having committed murder, <mask> refused to discuss his sexuality. Questioned about the murders of John Roach and Daniel McNeive, <mask> claimed to have read press coverage of both murders in the Indianapolis Star, but he denied ever having committed murder. He consented to the investigators' request to conduct a forensic examination of his vehicle and also agreed to allow investigators to take his mug shot, copies of his fingerprints, and to subject him to a polygraph test at a later date. Evidence retrieval
A search of <mask>'s vehicle recovered a knife, two sections of nylon rope, handcuffs, a hammer, two baseball bats, a mallet, and surgical tape.An inspection of <mask>'s footwear and vehicle revealed the impressions of his boots to be a precise match to plaster casts taken of imprints discovered alongside the body of Ralph Calise. The pattern of his vehicle's tire tracks were also deemed similar. Moreover, blood was discovered beneath the handle of the knife found inside his vehicle, and he was known to have regularly commuted between three districts in Indiana and Illinois where several victims' bodies had been discovered: Greencastle, Terre Haute, and Chicago. In addition, <mask>'s lifestyle closely matched that predicted upon the psychological profile of the murderer earlier compiled by the FBI. Upon completion of the forensic examination of <mask>'s pickup, Indiana investigators informed <mask> he was free to leave custody and retain possession of his vehicle. Due to concerns regarding <mask>'s knowledge he was now a murder suspect may lead to his disposing of any potential evidence, in the early hours of October 1, investigators from the Central Indiana Multi-Agency Investigation Team obtained a search warrant authorizing their search of the Terre Haute home of Robert Little. This search was conducted at dawn on October 2 and revealed further circumstantial evidence, such as credit card receipts, indicating <mask>'s presence in jurisdictions within both Illinois and Indiana on dates identified victims linked to the Highway Murderer had been killed.An examination of phone bills retrieved from the property revealed <mask> had regularly placed collect calls to Little's home at antisocial hours shortly after identified victims were believed to have been murdered. One of these calls to Little's home had been placed from a payphone near the Cook County Hospital on April 8—the murder date of victim Gustavo Herrera. Hospitalization records revealed <mask> had received treatment for a deep cut to his hand on this date, which he claimed had been caused in a fall from his truck in which he had landed upon a glass beer bottle; receipts recovered from the property revealed he had purchased handcuffs and a knife the following day. Furthermore, investigators discovered <mask> and Little had recently spent several weeks on vacation in New York City, returning to Indiana shortly before Calise's murder. These revelations led a member of the Indiana task force named Cathy Berner to remark to her colleagues that if <mask> were not the murderer they were seeking, he was following the actual killer on a daily basis. As the tire impressions obtained by Indiana authorities were not suitable for comparison with the impressions obtained at the site of Calise's murder, Illinois investigators received approval from a state attorney to seize possession of <mask>'s truck. The vehicle was impounded at the Lake County sheriff's headquarters on the evening of October 2, and <mask> accompanied investigators to Waukegan to submit to further questioning by an investigator named Dan Colin.On this occasion, he admitted to Colin his penchant for being the dominant partner in bondage sessions, that his relationship with Dobrovolskis had been something of a love-hate one, that he and Dobrovolskis had frequently argued, and that his lover had occasionally struck him. He denied the tire tracks and boot impressions recovered at the Calise murder scene belonged to him, adding that he had never met the victim. Colin then stated to <mask>: "<mask>, we know something about you. You'd get into a fight with John and pick someone else and stab him because you think it's John." This accusation caused <mask> to visibly wince. Legal representation
Shortly after his release from custody on October 4, <mask> requested legal representation from a Chicago lawyer named Kenneth Ditkowsky. Having received confirmation from the Lake County Deputy Chief Investigator that police had insufficient evidence to formally charge his client with murder, Ditkowsky filed a civil suit against both the Lake County sheriff's police and the Indiana State Police on October 11, citing the harassment of his client and contending investigators in both states had violated the Fourteenth Amendment and <mask>'s civil rights by involving him in their collective investigation with insufficient evidence to formally charge him with murder.This suit sought $250,000 in damages against eleven named officers in both states. Evidentiary analysis
On October 6, the boot and tire imprints recovered at the murder scene of Ralph Calise were sent to the headquarters of the FBI in Washington, D.C., for further analysis and comparison with all physical evidence recovered by Indiana investigators in the task force's efforts to forensically link <mask> to this particular murder. Several days later, the FBI reported to investigators the boot impressions were a precise match, including four distinctive areas of wearing and damage upon the soles. Extensive bloodstains—determined to be type A-positive—were also discovered inside this footwear. Furthermore, the tires on <mask>'s vehicle were from two separate manufacturers, and the physical impressions recovered at the murder scene were determined to be from these two separate manufacturers. The tire impressions themselves were a perfect match in terms of grip depth. On October 27, investigators from the Central Indiana Multi-Agency Investigation Team and Lake County held a meeting to determine whether sufficient evidence existed to charge <mask> with murder.The outcome of this meeting convinced officers from the two jurisdictions that sufficient evidence existed to charge <mask> with the murder of Ralph Calise. The following day, investigators obtained a warrant permitting their retrieval of <mask>'s hair and blood samples for further comparison with evidence earlier retrieved from <mask>'s vehicle, to be served the following day—the date of Ditkowsky's civil suit. Ditkowsky's civil suit was heard at the Dirksen Federal Building on October 29, with Ditkowsky requesting permission to access the affidavit investigators had used to request a search warrant for <mask>'s vehicle. Although Ditkowsky argued before Judge Paul Plunkett that "not a scintilla of evidence" existed against his client, Judge Plunkett—having reviewed the investigators' collective affidavit—ruled Ditkowsky could not obtain access to the documents at the present date. As <mask> walked from this hearing, two Lake County investigators presented Ditkowsky with warrants authorizing their retrieval of <mask>'s blood and hair samples. A sample of <mask>'s blood revealed his blood type to be O-positive. Formal murder charge
<mask> was formally charged with Calise's murder on October 29, with his bond being set at $1 million, and an initial trial date set for December 19.He protested his innocence, adding in anonymous media interviews that the accusation had denigrated his reputation among his family and friends, and proclaiming that had he murdered any individual, real evidence would have existed. On November 1, Lake County investigators obtained a search warrant to conduct a second search of Robert Little's home. The primary purpose of this search warrant was to determine whether the victims' missing T-shirts and wallets had been retained as keepsakes. Although investigators retrieved 221 items of clothing, jewelry, pharmaceuticals, and Polaroid photographs, none of the items recovered depicted or belonged to any of the murder victims; however, a key recovered in this search was a precise match to a key found beneath the body of Steven Agan. This key was later determined to fit the door of an office where <mask> had worked in 1982. With the approval of his mother, as well as Little and Dobrovolskis, a criminal defense attorney named David Schippers was appointed to replace Kenneth Ditkowsky as <mask>'s legal representative on November 12. Schippers opted to reverse the defense strategy adopted by his predecessor, also forbidding his client to grant any further interviews to the media.Legality issues
Following a lengthy evidentiary hearing in December 1983, Lake County Circuit Judge William Block ruled that although <mask>'s initial arrest for the traffic violation had been legally valid, his subsequent detainment during which the evidence recovered by Indiana police and now presented before him had been obtained without probable cause, and that <mask>'s detention had been illegal. A further hearing to determine whether defense motions to suppress the physical and circumstantial evidence retrieved by investigators between September 30 and November 22 and to quash and nullify various warrants authorizing these searches and the seizure of property was scheduled for January 23, 1984. Release from custody
At the subsequent January 1984 hearing to determine whether the physical evidence recovered following <mask>'s arrest should be suppressed, a police sergeant named John Pavlakovic conceded the primary reason Lowell police had prolonged <mask>'s detainment on September 30 was to await the arrival in Lowell of members of the task force assembled to investigate the series of murders, and that <mask> had never formally been under arrest in relation to any offense other than soliciting a male for sexual purposes. Further testimony pertaining to the Lake County and Chicago officers' search of the Dobrovolski residence on October 3 revealed this search had been conducted without a search warrant. Following four days of testimony, Judge Block adjourned the hearing until January 27 to consider his ruling, informing the Assistant State's Attorney and David Schippers that sufficient precedents existed for both admitting and suppressing the evidence. On February 1, Judge Block ruled that although <mask> had signed a Miranda waiver upon being detained, he had been taken into custody for interrogation upon charges unrelated to the crime of murder and was only later detained on charges of soliciting. Citing the exclusionary rule as the basis for his decision, Judge Block ruled the physical evidence recovered by Illinois investigators in their comparison of his boot prints and tire tracks to the plaster casts recovered at the Calise crime scene had been tainted as the search had been prompted by <mask>'s initial illegal detainment by Indiana investigators, in violation of his constitutional rights.Furthermore, although Illinois investigators had obtained possession of <mask>'s boots from their Indiana counterparts through a subpoena, the boots had never been formally seized by Indiana authorities. Block further ruled the facts detailed in the police affidavit to search Robert Little's home were insufficient to obtain a search warrant. With the exception of the tire impressions and hair and blood samples obtained from <mask>, Block ordered all evidence obtained to be suppressed. Block also reduced <mask>'s bond sum to $10,000 on this date. As a result of this ruling, <mask> was freed from custody on February 6, 1984, his family and Robert Little having paid the reduced bond fee. Terms imposed upon <mask>'s bond stipulated he was unable to leave Illinois. In attempts to appeal this ruling, prosecutors submitted several legal challenges, including an appeal against the suppression of this evidence to the Supreme Court of the United States.These appeals were unsuccessful. Four weeks after his release from custody, <mask> permanently relocated to Chicago. He resided in an apartment complex in Rogers Park, with Robert Little purchasing the furniture within the property, paying the weekly rent, and purchasing a new set of tires for his pickup. At his lawyers' request, <mask> refused to provide John Dobrovolskis with his new address, although his lover soon discovered where <mask> lived. Murder of Daniel Bridges
At approximately 10:30 p.m. on August 19, 1984, <mask> lured a 16-year-old Uptown youth named Daniel Bridges to his apartment. The youngest of thirteen children, Bridges was

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 a neglected child and habitual runaway who, although heterosexual, had been a male prostitute since the age of twelve. Bridges had been a close acquaintance of victim Ervin Gibson, and is known to have been wary of <mask>, whom he had described to an NBC reporter (commissioned to film a documentary focusing on child exploitation in America two months before his murder) as a "real freak" who was well known to the male prostitutes of Uptown.Inside <mask>'s apartment, the youth was bound to a chair with clothesline before he was beaten, tortured, then stabbed to death. <mask> then dismembered Bridges' body in his bathroom. His body was cut into eight pieces; each of which was completely drained of blood before being placed inside six separate plastic bags. The dismembered body of Daniel Bridges was discovered by a janitor named Joseph Balla on the morning of August 21, 1984. His remains had been placed inside a garbage dumpster close to <mask>'s apartment and within a unit not intended for usage by tenants within <mask>'s apartment complex. Believing the bags to have been illegally dumped, Balla chose to remove the bags from the garbage receptacle to inspect the contents. Removing the first bag from the disposal unit caused the bag to split open and reveal the contents to be a severed human leg.Second arrest
Reporting his discovery to police, Balla stated that other janitors had observed a tenant named <mask> placing the bags in the dumpster the previous afternoon. Recognizing <mask>'s name, a police captain named Francis Nolan informed the four other officers present: "Detain anyone occupying [apartment] 106. I don't care who it is." Within minutes, <mask> was arrested within his apartment. Dobrovolskis was also taken into custody, although he was soon released without charge. A forensic examination of <mask>'s apartment conducted on August 21 and 22 revealed copious quantities of blood had recently been cleaned from his bedroom, which had recently been repainted, although extensive traces of blood spattering were located across the floor, walls, and ceiling. Numerous traces of blood later determined to belong to Daniel Bridges were also discovered upon a mattress, the seat of a chair, a leather belt, a sofa within this room, and beneath the floorboards of the doorway to the bathroom.Inside <mask>'s closet, investigators discovered the decedent's jeans, saturated with rivulets of bloodstains. Bridges' distinctive Duke University T-shirt—also extensively bloodstained—was discovered in a hamper, along with a leather vest belonging to <mask> that had recently been washed. Moreover, investigators discovered a hacksaw on the property. Blades for this tool, plus an awl, were also recovered from a drawer within the utility room. Receipts recovered from the property revealed <mask> had recently purchased several hacksaw blades. The forensic examination of the bags used to conceal Bridges' remains revealed several fingerprints determined to belong to <mask>. These fingerprints were discovered on both the internal and external surfaces of the bags.On August 24, investigators conducted a luminol test inside <mask>'s now empty apartment. This test revealed extensive traces of blood in the bedroom. Further markings across the floors indicated Bridges' body had been dragged from the bedroom into the bathtub, where the teenager's body had evidently been dismembered. Second murder charge
On August 22, <mask> was formally charged with Bridges' murder. He denied any knowledge of the crime, insisting his fingerprints must have been inadvertently placed upon the bags containing Bridges' body as he had moved them aside as he had placed other garbage bags within the dumpster. The same day, Cook County medical examiner Dr. Robert Stein conducted the autopsy upon Bridges' body. This autopsy determined death had been caused due to multiple wounds inflicted via a knife and an awl-like instrument.No facial fractures were evident, although the teenager had evidently been beaten around the right eye, also suffering numerous shallow cuts to his face before his death. Fourteen wounds likely inflicted with an ice pick or an awl were also evident upon and around Bridges' sternum; these wounds had also been inflicted prior to death. Moreover, five knife wounds to the abdomen were markedly deep and had caused sections of Bridges' intestine to protrude through the wounds. Three additional knife wounds to the teenager's back had been inflicted with such force the heart and left lung had been perforated. In order to legally seek the death penalty, the prosecutors at <mask>'s upcoming trial, Mark Rakoczy and Rick Stock, opted to charge <mask> with the felonies of aggravated kidnapping, unlawful restraint, and concealment of Bridges' body, in addition to the charge of murder. Trial
<mask> was brought to trial for the aggravated kidnapping, unlawful restraint, murder, and concealment of the body of Daniel Bridges on July 1, 1986. He was tried in Cook County, Illinois, before Judge Joseph Urso, and chose to enter a formal plea of not guilty to the charges against him.As <mask> was financially insolvent, he was defended by two public defenders named Claire Hilliard and Tom Allen, with David Schippers also informing Judge Urso of his intention to offer his legal services pro bono. <mask>'s attorneys instructed their client not to testify on his own behalf. In his opening statement to the jury on this date, Rakoczy outlined the physical and circumstantial evidence to be presented against the defendant, stating how close <mask> had been to eluding justice in this murder; had janitor Balla not suspected <mask> of simply illegally dumping trash, Bridges' body "would be buried in some landfill". Rakoczy also referenced a remark <mask> had made to a janitor who had asked him what he was disposing into the garbage receptacle as he had placed the bags into the disposal unit: "Just getting rid of some shit from my apartment." David Schippers delivered the opening statement on behalf of the defense, arguing the sole evidence proving <mask>'s involvement in the murder was that he had handled the bags containing Bridges' body, with eyewitnesses also having observed him disposing of the bags in the garbage receptacle, but that no witnesses could prove he had actually murdered the victim. Schippers asserted that two other men had alternately been within <mask>'s apartment between August 19 and 21, one of whom had spent a great deal of time there. Furthermore, in relation to the charge of aggravated kidnapping, Schippers stated no evidence existed attesting to Bridges having entered <mask>'s apartment involuntarily, adding that there was no evidence he had even been inside <mask>'s pickup truck, as a detailed forensic examination of the vehicle had yielded no fibers or fingerprints of the decedent.Witness testimony
The first prosecution witness to testify against <mask> was Robert Little, who testified to having been in <mask>'s company between 17 and 19 August, although he claimed to have returned to Terre Haute at approximately 10:15 p.m. on the evening of Bridges' murder. Dr. Robert Stein testified on behalf of the prosecution on July 2. Stein described the extensive torture and mutilation inflicted upon Bridges before and after his death as being "one of the worst cases" he had ever seen, adding the pattern and depth of the serrations discovered upon the decedent's body precisely matched the hacksaw blades recovered from <mask>'s apartment. Upon cross-examination, Stein admitted to Tom Allen he had discovered traces of alcohol and cocaine in the victim's blood, suggesting a possibility he had not been kidnapped and had willingly entered <mask>'s apartment. On July 4, a janitor named Al Burdicki testified to having witnessed <mask> make between eight and twelve trips to his communal storage locker on August 20, with <mask> explaining to him he was "getting tools for a job". Several hours later, Burdicki had also witnessed <mask> making three separate trips to the garbage receptacle. On July 7, John Dobrovolskis testified on behalf of the prosecution, stating he had telephoned <mask> on three occasions between 8:45 p.m. and 11:25 p.m. on the date of Bridges' disappearance, and again at 2:45 a.m. on August 20, only to be informed not to visit his apartment as <mask> was still in the company of Robert Little.Dobrovolskis stated this had been extremely unusual, as Little had typically returned to Terre Haute early on Sundays. Dobrovolskis further testified that in his final phone call, he had informed <mask> of his intentions to be at his apartment in fifteen minutes, only for <mask> to state: "No, don't do that." <mask> had then agreed to travel immediately to Dobrovolskis's home, and upon his arrival, Dobrovolskis noted he had evidently recently bathed or showered. He was disinterested in engaging in sex, at which point Dobrovolskis believed <mask> had been with another man. Little later confirmed sections of Dobrovolskis's testimony, although he insisted he had left <mask>'s apartment approximately fifteen minutes before Bridges is known to have last been seen alive. To support his assertion that he had left <mask>'s apartment late on August 19, Little's attorney introduced into evidence a tax receipt proving Little had paid property taxes on his Terre Haute condominium at noon on August 20. When questioned as to why he had paid the bill on this date despite the fact this tax bill was not due until October, Little claimed he had opted to do so as he had the sufficient finances and had simply "decided to pay off some bills".In efforts by the defense to cast a reasonable doubt in the minds of the jury as to who had committed Bridges' murder, Schippers succeeded in getting Dobrovolskis to concede that the reason <mask> had been "disinterested" in sex may have been that he had engaged in sexual activity with a consenting lover at his apartment, and that this could have been the reason <mask> had actively dissuaded him from visiting his apartment on August 19 and 20. Schippers also referenced the convenience in Little traveling from Rogers Park to Terre Haute to pay a tax bill not due for another two months on the morning after Bridges' murder, also adding that it was odd he had chosen to pay the bill in person, when he habitually paid his bills by mail. Schippers suggested the reason Little had paid this bill in person was an effort to construct an alibi. Supporting the prosecution's contention <mask> had lured Bridges to his home not to engage in sexual relations but simply to torture and murder the youth a forensic technician named Marion Caporusso testified on July 8 that no semen was found upon or within the victim's body. Upon cross-examination, Caporusso conceded some bloodstains found upon fingernails retrieved from an ashtray in <mask>'s apartment did not belong to either <mask> or the decedent, and that no other individual known to have been present in <mask>'s apartment between August 19 and 21 had had samples of his blood taken for comparison with these bloodstains. Closing arguments
Both prosecution and defense attorneys delivered their closing arguments before the jury on July 9. Deputy Prosecutor Rick Stock delivered the state's closing argument on behalf of the prosecution, outlining the injuries Bridges had received before his death, referencing the premeditated nature of the murder and <mask>'s efforts to conceal all evidence of the crime.Following Stock's closing argument, David Schippers began his own presentation before the jury, promising to "talk sense" regarding the case and the felony charges against his client, before stating: "Where is the evidence Danny Bridges was kidnapped by anyone?" Referencing the welt marks upon the decedent's wrists and ankles, Schippers speculated that as <mask> held a penchant for bondage, Bridges may have willingly submitted to this act. Speculating <mask> may not have been the actual murderer, Schippers hearkened to Dobrovolskis's testimony regarding Robert Little being at <mask>'s apartment as late as 2:45 a.m. on August 20 and the convenience in his choosing to pay a tax bill not due for two months later that day in a possible effort to build himself an alibi. Schippers then referenced the state's acceptance of Little's version of events and a lack of any investigation into his potential culpability, adding: "Well, if Little says it, it must be true." Mark Rakoczy delivered a brief rebuttal argument in which he argued the evidence presented overwhelmingly attested to <mask>'s guilt before the state rested its case. Judge Urso then informed the jury of the factors to consider in reaching their deliberations, adding they should allow neither prejudice or sympathy to influence their verdicts. The jurors then retired to consider their verdict.Conviction
The jury deliberated for three hours before returning their verdict. <mask> was found guilty of the aggravated kidnapping, unlawful restraint and murder of Daniel Bridges, in addition to the concealment of the teenager's body. His face displayed little emotion as the verdict was announced, although his hands clenched the legs of the attorneys sitting either side of him. Penalty phase
On September 30, both prosecution and defense attorneys outlined their arguments in relation to the sentence to be imposed upon <mask> before Judge Urso; these arguments concluded the following day. Prosecutor Richard Stock introduced four individuals who each testified to instances in which they had been assaulted and, in one case, left for dead by <mask> between 1978 and 1981. Outlining the similarities in <mask>'s restraining or immobilizing these individuals to the restraint and torture Bridges had endured before he was "finally put out of his misery", Stock added: "There is nothing, Your Honor, that can mitigate the tears and the agony that <mask> has caused in his entire life, thirty-three years, and he has caused more tears than anyone [...] a sentence other than death will be giving him his freedom." On October 1, David Schippers introduced four character witnesses (<mask>'s mother, stepfather, sister, and a Catholic chaplain) to testify to the kindness and decency they had observed in <mask>'s character, with <mask>'s mother, Shirley DeKoff, referencing her son's emotionally difficult childhood and her frequently marrying and divorcing a succession of abusive husbands as she constantly sought stability for her children.Both <mask>'s mother and sister wept as they pleaded with Judge Urso to spare <mask>'s life. Schippers outlined his belief the death penalty should be inappropriate by stating the evidence presented before the jury asserting his client had committed murder was based upon circumstantial evidence. He also referenced historical cases where witnesses had provided false testimony and cases where juries had incorrectly returned guilty verdicts against innocent defendants. Schippers closed his argument before Judge Urso by emphasizing the existence of mitigating factors regarding <mask>'s culpability in the actual act of homicide before requesting his client's sentence be life imprisonment. Death penalty
Upon hearing the counsels' closing arguments, Judge Urso announced he would return his decision at 10:00 a.m. on October 3. On this date, Judge Urso formally sentenced <mask> to death by lethal injection. Emphasizing his decision had been difficult for him to reach due to his religious beliefs, Urso explained: "The senseless and barbaric murder of a 16-year-old boy, a killing which was so brutal it defies description, shows me your complete disregard for human life.If there ever was a person or a situation for which the death penalty is appropriate, it is you. You are an evil person. You truly deserve to die for your acts. I thereby sentence you to death for the murder of Danny Bridges, committed during the course of his aggravated kidnapping." Following his sentencing, <mask> was transferred to the Pontiac Correctional Center, where he remained incarcerated on death row. Within this facility, <mask> underwent several psychiatric evaluations. These tests concluded <mask> suffered from a severe borderline personality disorder.Noting <mask>'s pathological sensitivity to feelings of abandonment, experts theorized <mask> had killed in response to real or perceived feelings of rejection from his lover, discharging his rage upon his victims. Furthermore, these experts believed he had also murdered in order to maintain a sense of control. Appeal
In May 1988, <mask> filed a formal appeal against his conviction, contending that although he had dismembered Bridges' body and disposed of the remains, the actual murder itself had been committed by Robert Little in his absence, and this contention had not been rebutted by the prosecution at his trial. This appeal further contended Bridges had been driven to <mask>'s apartment by Robert Little (whose vehicle had not been subjected to a forensic examination), and that his alibi had never been corroborated. This appeal was heard on May 10, 1989, and later dismissed on October 25. An initial execution date was set for March 14, 1990. On November 5, 1990, an attorney named Kathleen Zellner was appointed by the Illinois Appellate Defender's office to represent <mask>ion County prosecutor named <mask> obtained the physical evidence retrieved against <mask> in relation to the murder of Ralph Calise (previously ordered suppressed by Judge William Block) with the intention of presenting the evidence before an Indiana grand jury to determine whether sufficient evidence existed to charge <mask> with the December 1982 murder of Steven Agan. Upon being informed of his impending indictment in Agan's murder, <mask> agreed to voluntarily confess to his culpability, although he insisted this particular murder had been committed with the assistance of Robert Little. He agreed to confess to his guilt and testify against his alleged accomplice on the condition he be given a fixed term of imprisonment as opposed to a further death sentence. His offer was accepted, and <mask> provided his attorney with a seventeen-page confession on December 4. On December 13, <mask> pleaded guilty to the murder of Steven Agan before Judge Don Darnell, additionally testifying Robert Little had been a knowing and willing participant in this murder. (An independent polygraph test conducted prior to Little's trial indicated the authenticity of this assertion, and to <mask>'s further claim that Little had been the individual who had actually murdered Daniel Bridges.) <mask> received a sentence of 60 years' imprisonment on December 28, to be served concurrently with his existing sentence.Little (aged 53) was arrested on December 18 and formally charged with Agan's first-degree murder, facing a sentence of 60 years' imprisonment if convicted. The following month, Kathleen Zellner offered a deal on behalf of her client whereby <mask> would confess to his culpability in twenty further homicides committed across ten counties in Illinois and Indiana if the state of Illinois would commute his death sentence

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 to one of life imprisonment without parole. According to Zellner, her client had offered until the end of January for this deal to be accepted or he would "take his secrets to the grave". Although authorities in eight of these ten jurisdictions readily agreed to offer <mask> a lengthy prison sentence in exchange for his confession, and a ninth jurisdiction indicated a potential willingness but awaited the official response from Cook County, the Cook County State's Attorney, Jack O'Malley, ultimately rejected <mask>'s offer. Trial of Robert Little

<mask>'s testimony
Robert Little was brought to trial on April 11, 1991. He was tried in Vermillion County before Judge Don Darnell, and entered a formal plea of not guilty on this date. <mask> testified against his alleged accomplice at this trial; claiming he and Little had both committed the murder of Agan on December 19, 1982.According to <mask>, the two had regularly socialized within Indianapolis's gay community, occasionally bringing young men to Little's home to engage in sex, with Little frequently photographing the sexual acts. Testimony from <mask> asserted that on the date of the murder, Little had suggested the two "do a scene", which he had understood to mean commit a murder for sexual pleasure as Little photographed the event with a Polaroid camera. He and Little had lured Agan—whom <mask> had vaguely known through frequenting the car wash where Agan had worked—into Little's vehicle in Terre Haute, initially with the promise of Agan simply drinking with the two. Although Agan was heterosexual, he agreed to participate in a bondage and photography session for money. The two men had initially driven Agan to a location close to the Terre Haute Regional Airport, where a guardsman ordered the three off airport grounds. <mask> then drove toward an abandoned shed close to Indiana State Road 63. At this location, Agan's hands were tied above a beam before he was gagged and bound.According to <mask>, Little then shouted, "Get out the knife" before he had proceeded to stab Agan. <mask> further testified Little had repeatedly masturbated while photographing him as he had bound and repeatedly stabbed Agan, and that Little had also stabbed the young man before stating to <mask>, "Okay, kill the motherfucker." Little had taken Agan's undershirt from the crime scene, and had later complained to <mask> the overall murder ritual had been too fast for his liking. Cross-examination
Upon cross-examination, one of Little's defense attorneys, Dennis Zahn, asserted that because Little had appeared as a witness for the prosecution at <mask>'s earlier trial for the murder of Daniel Bridges, he was simply implicating Little in a further murder he had committed as a form of revenge. In support of this contention, Zahn questioned <mask> in regard to fifteen other alleged victims of his; on each occasion, <mask> exercised his Fifth Amendment rights and suggested Little's attorneys could ask their client about those homicides. When questioned as to whether he had dismembered the body of Daniel Bridges, <mask> admitted that he had committed this act, although he denied responsibility for the teenager's actual murder. Further questioned as to why no photographs had been found depicting Agan's restraint and murder in police searches of Little's home in either 1983 or 1990, <mask> stated Little had disposed of the photographs following the 1983 search of his home, adding the pictures had been inside a closet in Little's bedroom, which had not been searched.On April 12, Dr. John Pless recounted the autopsy he had performed upon Agan's body on December 28, 1982. Dr. Pless testified as to having viewed several eviscerated bodies in his career, before stating: "This is the [most extensively mutilated body] I've seen without the body being cut into pieces." Pless testified that many of the beating, stabbing, and slashing injuries had been inflicted after Agan was already deceased, although numerous deep wounds to the neck and groin had been inflicted while the young man was still alive. He further testified that he could not conclusively pinpoint the actual time of Agan's death, but stated his belief the young man had been killed prior to December 21. Defense attorney James Voyles claimed his client had not been in Indiana in the week before Christmas on any year between 1958 and 1989. To support this contention, Little's mother testified she had relocated from Indiana to Florida in 1958; that her son had first visited her home approximately a week before Christmas that year; and that he had "never missed a Christmas" at her home on any year since. Furthermore, he had invariably stayed at her home until New Year's Day.However, this claim had earlier been discredited by prosecutor Mark Greenwell, who had introduced into evidence ledger records proving Little's vehicle had been brought to a Terre Haute garage for minor repair work on December 21, 1982, and a phone bill proving a call had been made from Little's home on the same day before the prosecutors had rested their case on April 15. Although Little had been prepared to testify in his own defense, his attorneys advised him not to do so on April 16; explaining their belief his mother's testimony had made an impression on the jurors' minds and that if he testified, his sexuality would largely be on trial. Closing arguments
Both prosecution and defense attorneys delivered their closing arguments before the jury on April 17. Mark Greenwell described the murder as being "a performance" orchestrated at Little's instruction, adding that the murder had been committed to satisfy the defendant's lust for sado-masochistic bondage. Greenwell also inferred <mask> had nothing to personally gain by asserting Little had actively participated in this murder, adding <mask> had readily admitted to physically taking the decedent's life. Dennis Zahn described his client as an individual victimized because of his sexuality and portrayed <mask> as a convicted murderer cynically fabricating accusations against his client in a "last ditch" effort to have his death sentence commuted. Referencing the twenty-four occasions in which <mask> had exercised his Fifth Amendment rights in response to questioning by the defense, Zahn ended his closing argument by asking the jurors: "Would you convict an honorable man on the word of <mask>?"Acquittal
After deliberating for over seven hours, the jury found Little not guilty of all charges on April 17. Little grinned as the verdict was read before hugging his attorney as Steven Agan's brother and parents ran out of the courtroom. Following his acquittal, Little held a press conference in which he informed reporters: "I'm just so happy the ordeal is over", before stating his intentions to return to his teaching position at the Indiana State University. Death
<mask> died in the infirmary of the Pontiac Correctional Center on March 6, 1994. His death was due to AIDS-related complications; he had been seriously ill for approximately ten days prior to his death. At the time of <mask>'s death, his attorney, Kathleen Zellner, had prepared a further appeal disputing her client's conviction in the Bridges murder. This appeal was pending in the Illinois Supreme Court, and Zellner remained confident <mask>'s conviction would have been overturned.The appeal itself maintained that one of <mask>'s defense attorneys, David Schippers, had a conflict of interest as he had received a payment of $16,875 from Robert Little to assist in <mask>'s defense at his trial for the murder of Daniel Bridges, although Little had appeared as a witness for the prosecution. Schippers had informed Judge Urso he was offering his legal services free of charge; adding he would inform the court if these circumstances changed. As such, the appeal contended Schippers had been guilty of attorney misconduct and that <mask>'s conviction had therefore been unsafe. Zellner maintained her conviction that a conflict of interest of this magnitude would undoubtedly have resulted in <mask> securing a retrial. This appeal further claimed that Little had been the individual who had actually murdered Daniel Bridges. Shortly after her client's death, Zellner confirmed that she would proceed with filing the appeal to clarify various outstanding legal issues pertaining to a lack of police investigation into Robert Little as a potential culprit in Bridges' abduction and murder and regarding documents negating her client's aggravated kidnapping conviction, which had not been made available to <mask>'s defense attorneys either prior to or after his trial. Posthumous confession
Two days after <mask>'s death, Kathleen Zellner called a press conference in which she revealed the names and/or descriptions of seventeen individuals whom her client confessed to having personally murdered, and naming four other individuals—Steven Crockett, Steven Agan, an unidentified Caucasian murdered in late-May 1983, and a further unidentified Caucasian male murdered in April 1984—whom <mask> claimed had been murdered with the assistance of Robert Little (who Zellner referred to in this press conference as "an unnamed individual still living in Indiana").Zellner emphasized her client's insistence Little had been the individual who had actually murdered Daniel Bridges. According to Zellner, her client had been an emotionally insecure individual who had viewed Robert Little as something of the father figure he had never had in his life, and this had left <mask> vulnerable to manipulation, with Little using him as a means of facilitating his own access to young males for sexual purposes in return for the financial support he provided. Zellner further asserted <mask>'s paraphilia had inadvertently increased his penchant for violence and that Little had begun to encourage her client to project his extreme self-hatred regarding his homosexuality and the conflict between his sexual preference and his religious beliefs onto other males approximately six months before the two had abducted and murdered Steven Crockett. Furthermore, <mask> had been actively encouraged, aided and abetted in all his subsequent murders by Little, who had known of all of his crimes. Emphasizing her belief in <mask>'s confessions, Zellner elaborated that her client had been formally diagnosed with AIDS in March 1991 and therefore "knew when he testified at [Little's] trial in the Steven Agan murder that he was dying. I believe <mask> was truthful. <mask> had no incentive to lie to anyone."In his posthumous confession, <mask> stated he had typically lured his victims—who had been both heterosexual and homosexual—with promises of drugs, alcohol, money, or transport and that, immediately prior to stabbing several of his victims, he had pressed the blade of his knife against their abdomen before informing his victim to "make peace with God". Furthermore, <mask> claimed he had never engaged in sex with any of his victims, and he had frequently given his victims' T-shirts to Robert Little to use in masturbatory fantasies. Zellner stated <mask> had begun compiling a list of his victims shortly after she had been appointed as his legal representative in November 1990 in an effort to obtain a plea bargain whereby his sentence would be commuted to one of life imprisonment. With his health in gradual decline, <mask> had authorized his attorney to publicly release his confessions after his death, with his explanation being that the families of his victims would know he had confessed to the murders of their relatives. Victims
<mask>'s posthumous confession revealed he had murdered twenty-one teenage boys and young men between 1982 and 1984, being assisted by his alleged accomplice Robert Little in four of these murders. He denied any culpability in the physical murder of Daniel Bridges, although he admitted to the dismemberment and disposal of the teenager's body. Investigators strongly believe <mask> is also responsible for two further homicides committed in Wisconsin and Kentucky in 1983.In his formal confession, <mask> claimed to have committed his murders in part as a means of relieving internal frustrations frequently triggered by fights with his lover, and to his achieving a sense of relief after the act. His victims were hitchhikers, male prostitutes, or individuals he had generally encountered by happenstance. Each victim would be plied with alcohol and sedatives and driven to a remote area where <mask> would typically wait for an opportune moment to handcuff his victim. He would then overpower, gag, blindfold, and bind his victim hand and foot before proceeding to bludgeon and lash his victim before murdering him. Of these twenty further victims to which <mask> posthumously confessed, ten had been committed in Indiana, and ten in Illinois. Furthermore, according to <mask>, the body of one of these victims—an Uptown male prostitute known as "Cowboy" killed in his Rogers Park apartment in April 1984—had never been found. In April 2021, one of the four victims discovered alongside an oak tree close to an abandoned farmhouse in Lake Village, Indiana on October 18, 1983 was positively identified using DNA and genetic genealogy as John Brandenburg Jr. of Chicago.One victim recovered from this location remains unidentified. A further victim, discovered in Jasper County, Indiana on October 15, 1983, was identified in December 2021 as William Lewis of Peru, Indiana. October 23, 1982: Steven Crockett (19). October 30, 1982: Edgar Underkofler (26). November 1982: John Johnson (25). November 20, 1982: William Lewis (19). December 19, 1982: Steven Agan (23).December 22, 1982: John Roach (21). December 30, 1982: David Block (22). January 24, 1983: Ervin Gibson (16). March 2, 1983: John Bartlett (19). March 8, 1983: Michael Bauer (22). March 20, 1983: Richard Wayne (17). March 22, 1983: Jay Reynolds (29).*
 April 8, 1983: Gustavo Herrera (28). May 4, 1983: Jimmie Roberts (18). May 7, 1983: Daniel McNeive (21). May 18, 1983: Richard Bruce (25). c. May 29, 1983: John Brandenburg Jr. (19). August 31, 1983: Ralph Calise (28). September 27, 1983: Eric Hansen (18).*
 August 19, 1984: Daniel Bridges (16). Footnote
 Although <mask> did not confess to the murders of Jay Reynolds and Eric Hansen, he is considered a strong suspect in both homicides. Unidentified victims
Four of <mask>'s victims still remain unidentified, the body of one of whom has never been found. The bodies of two of these unidentified decedents were discovered in Indiana, with one further victim discovered in Illinois. Each unidentified decedent is listed below in order of body discovery, with the final entry being an entry within <mask>'s posthumous confession to one further murder he claimed to have committed with the assistance of Robert Little in 1984. July 2, 1983. Ford County, Illinois.Hispanic, aged 20–25. October 18, 1983. Newton County, Indiana. African-American, aged 15–18. December 7, 1983. Hendricks County, Indiana. African-American, aged 25–39.c. April 1984. Cook County, Illinois. Caucasian, aged 16–19. Aftermath
Following <mask>'s arrest and subsequent conviction for the murder of Daniel Bridges, Lake County Circuit Judge William Block suffered political repercussions as a result of his decision to suppress evidence pertaining to <mask>'s guilt in the murder of Ralph Calise and to reduce his bond sum to $10,000. Block later unsuccessfully bid to be appointed to the Illinois Appellate Court. He remained a circuit court judge in Waukegan. <mask>'s lover, John Dobrovolskis, relocated to California shortly after his arrest.He later returned to live with his wife, Sally, in Chicago. Dobrovolskis died of AIDS in January 1990 at the age of 29. Shortly after his 1991 acquittal of the murder of Steven Agan, Robert Little returned to the teaching position he had held at the Indiana State University since 1971, and continued to maintain his lack of knowledge of and innocence in any murders <mask> had committed. On the day <mask>'s posthumous confession was revealed by his attorney, a spokesman for the Cook County State's Attorney stated to the media that despite <mask>'s claims to have been assisted by Little in four murders, and that Little had actually murdered Daniel Bridges, insufficient real evidence existed to substantiate <mask>'s admissions and that no further investigation into Little's alleged participation in <mask>'s murders would ensue. Kathleen Zellner continues to practice law in Downers Grove, Illinois. Her firm specializes in the overturning of wrongful convictions. Shortly after <mask> confessed his guilt in twenty-one homicides to her in 1990, Zellner resolved she would never again knowingly defend another guilty individual.Media

Literature

Television
 The crime documentary series The New Detectives has broadcast an episode focusing upon the murders committed by <mask>. This episode, titled Body Count, was first broadcast on December 22, 1998. The true crime series Mark of a Killer has broadcast an episode focusing upon the murders committed by <mask>. This 45-minute episode, titled The Interstate Killer, was first broadcast on October 17, 2021. See also
 Exclusionary rule
 Newton County John Does

General:
 List of serial killers in the United States
 Most prolific murderers by number of victims

Notes

References

Cited works and further reading

External links
 August 24, 1984 Gainesville Sun news article detailing <mask>'s arrest for the murder of Daniel Bridges
 Plaintiff-Appellant v. <mask>. <mask>: Details of <mask>'s appeal pertaining to the legality of his September 30, 1983 arrest and subsequent seizure and inspection of personal property ultimately leading to charges being filed pertaining to the murder of Ralph Calise. Filed April 26, 1985
 People v. <mask>: Details of <mask>'s appeal against his conviction for the aggravated kidnapping and murder of Daniel Bridges. Rejected October 25, 1989
 Contemporary news article detailing <mask>'s death
 Chicago Tribune news article detailing <mask>'s posthumous confession
 <mask>'s confession to the murders of the Newton County John Does
 Persuading a Serial Killer to Confess as broadcast upon BBC World Service
 Crimelibrary.com entry pertaining to the case of <mask>

1952 births
1982 murders in the United States
1984 murders in the United States
1994 deaths
20th-century American criminals
20th-century LGBT people
AIDS-related deaths in Illinois
American male criminals
American murderers of children
American people convicted of kidnapping
American people convicted of murder
American people who died in prison custody
American prisoners sentenced to death
American serial killers
Crime in Illinois
Crime in Indianapolis
Crimes in Chicago
Criminals from Indiana
Criminals from Chicago
Deaths by stabbing in the United States
Gay men
LGBT people from Indiana
Male serial killers
People convicted of murder by Illinois
People with borderline personality disorder
Prisoners sentenced to death by Illinois
Prisoners who died in Illinois detention
Serial killers who died in prison custody
Torture in the United States
Violence against men in North

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is a Japanese erotic actress, singer, writer, and AV and film director. She has been called "the first hard-core porn actress in Japan". Life and career

Early life
<mask>zome was born in Noda Chiba Prefecture. She grew up in a troubled household, her father was a police officer who beat his wife, and her parents divorced about 1974, when Aizome was 16 years old. Soon after graduation from high school, Aizome was scouted in Tokyo's Shinjuku neighborhood by a photographer for nude magazines. She saw nude modeling as a stepping-stone into a career in entertainment. Daydream
Pioneer pink film director Tetsuji Takechi noticed Aizome in one of her nude photo magazine appearances.Pinku eiga, or "pink films", are the softcore genre of sex-film which dominated Japan's domestic cinema during the 1960s and 1970s. Tetsuji had made Daydream (1964), the first big-budget pink film. He chose <mask> to star in his hardcore remake of this film, also called Daydream (1981), giving the actress her leading-role debut. Japan's first theatrically released film featuring hardcore sex, Aizome added to the controversy surrounding the film by admitting to having performed actual sexual intercourse on camera. Though, as Japanese law required, sexual organs and pubic hair were fogged on screen, the Asahi Shimbun calls it Japan's first hardcore pornographic movie. By 1981, hardcore AVs (adult videos) were already starting to win over the adult entertainment audience in Japan, but the film became a hit with theatrical audiences. Uncensored copies of the film were also circulated illegally.After Daydream
After Daydream, Aizome became active in Japan's prolific adult video and pink film industries. She made her debut in the still-young AV industry in November 1981 with April of Lust for director Tadashi Yoyogi, making her one of Japan's earliest AV idols. Her name became a marketing tool and was used in the titles of such later theatrical releases as Yoyogi's <mask> Aizome's Somber Reminiscence (Aizome Kyōko Kareinaru Tsuioku) (1983) and Shin'ya Yamamoto's <mask> Aizome's Widow's Boarding House (Aizome Kyōko no Mibōjin Geshuku) (1984). Aizome's fame also led her to embark on a successful live-performance career in striptease, which lasted until her retirement in July 1994. While engaged in stripping, she was arrested twice in 1983 for indecent exposure. She used her jail time to review her career and rededicate herself to a life in adult entertainment. She also resolved to build a two-story, six-bedroom house in Chiba Prefecture, which she gave to her mother.About 1986, in one of her more remarkable performances, Aizome had her hymen surgically restored so that it could be broken during the film. Previously a common procedure, hymen restorations went out of favor in Japan about the time of Aizome's use of it. The doctor who performed the restoration reports that the last time he did this surgery was on a couple in their 50s who, after seeing Aizome's film, wished to undergo the operation for their second honeymoon. In an article on the procedure, Aizome told Shukan Bunshun, "They strung a thread almost like a piano wire through the entrance to my vagina and pulled it like a drawstring to recreate the hymen. They give your privates a local anesthetic, so the operation itself doesn't really hurt. I really felt like a virgin again." Aizome gained an international audience in the 1986 Traci Lords film, Traci Takes Tokyo.With her name mis-credited as "Kyōko Izoma", the porn-video was shot in Tokyo before Lords' scandal, and is therefore now illegal in the U.S.

Takechi Tetsuji filmed Daydream for the third time in 1987, as Daydream 2 (Hakujitsumu Zoku), and again hired <mask> for the lead role. According to the Weissers, each filming of Daydream had become progressively more exploitive, with the last, imported to the United States under the title Captured For Sex having the lowest production values and focusing most on sex and a torture orgy. Later career
She retired from regular performances in pornography in 1994, but continued to act in erotic films occasionally in later years. She would also work behind the camera in the industry in various capacities including writing and directing. In 2001 Aizome was writing a sex- and health-advice column for women in Japan, titled "Auntie Agony". She teamed up with "AV Queen" Hitomi Kobayashi in the February 2001 theatrical release, <mask> Aizome vs. Hitomi Kobayashi: Sexual Excitement Competition (愛染恭子ＶＳ小林ひとみ　発情くらべ). Aizome both starred in and directed the film, which was released by Nikkatsu's post-Roman porn distributor of theatrical pornography, Excess films.An adult video starring the two actresses and also directed by Aizome followed in March. Entitled Lesbian Wives, the video had <mask> and Kobayashi playing the wives of two yakuza bosses who become engaged in a lesbian relationship. Two years later, she directed the AV Lesbian Politicians (2003), in which she also co-starred with the popular award-winning AV actress Ai Kurosawa. In late 2003, she directed and co-starred with another "mature" AV actress, Eri Kikuchi, in the softcore film Double G-Spot: Kyôko Aizome vs. Eri Kikuchi. In October 2005, she starred in the Madonna hardcore AV Widow's Obscene Desire (愛欲の未亡人) which won her a Madonna Best Actress Award at the 2005 Moodyz Awards. She also appeared in a further video for Madonna, Mother and Son Incest (近親相姦 母と息子) with Yume Imano in May 2006 when Aizome was 48 years old. Aizome's name was in the news again in 2007 when she was arrested for beating her niece.Aizome admitted to the allegations and was fined 500,000 yen. She explained, "I hit my niece to punish her for dating my boyfriend. But it went too far." Co-directing with Shinji Imaoka, Aizome filmed a fourth version of Tanizaki and Takechi's Daydream, which was released on September 5, 2009. In March 2010, she played the female lead as Kikue, a masochistic elderly woman in The Slave Ship, an adaptation of Oniroku Dan novella Dorei-bune (奴隷船). Six months later she starred in her retirement adult video Retirement, the Last Production for Moodyz at age 52. Selected filmography

Sources

 description of Hakujitsumu and Aizome – cult-films review site

References

External links
 <mask> Aizome's personal website (in Japanese)

Living people
1958 births
People from Noda, Chiba
Women pornographic film directors
Japanese female adult models
Japanese pornographic film actresses
Japanese women pop singers
Japanese people of Canadian descent
Japanese pornographic film directors
Japanese women writers
Actors from Chiba Prefecture
Pink film actors
Pink film directors
20th-century Japanese actresses
21st-century Japanese actresses
Models from Chiba Prefecture
Musicians from Chiba Prefecture

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<mask> (born 10 June 1965) is an English actress, comedian, businesswoman, and model. As an actress, her best-known film roles to date have been as Vanessa Kensington in Mike Myers' hit spy comedy, Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (1997) and as the Devil in Bedazzled (2000). In 2015, <mask> began starring in the E! original series The Royals. Her first role in a big budget film was in Passenger 57 (1992). In 1994, <mask> accompanied Hugh Grant to the London premiere of his film Four Weddings and a Funeral, in a plunging black Versace dress held together with gold safety pins, which gained her instant media attention. She has been associated with the cosmetics company Estée Lauder since the company gave <mask> her first modelling job at the age of 29.They have featured her as a representative and model for their products, especially perfumes such as Sensuous, Intuition, and Pleasures, since 1995. <mask> owns an eponymous beachwear line. Early life
<mask> was born on 10 June 1965 in Basingstoke, Hampshire, as the younger daughter of Angela Mary (née Titt) and Roy Leonard <mask> (8 June 192917 November 1996). She is half Irish. Her father was a major in the Royal Army Educational Corps; her mother was a teacher at Kempshott Junior School. She has an older sister, Kathleen ('Kate'), and a younger brother, <mask>. Hurley attended Harriet Costello School, a mixed secondary  in Basingstoke, and, while in her teens, she became involved with punk fashion, dyeing her hair pink and piercing her nose."When I was 16 – this was about 1981, 1982 – the thing to be in Basingstoke, the suburb I grew up in, was punk," she explained. She also reportedly associated with New Age travellers in her youth. Aspiring to be a dancer as a young girl, she enrolled in ballet classes. <mask> continued in the sixth form and took A-levels in English, Sociology and Psychology in 1983 before spending three years studying dance and theatre at the London Studio Centre. She was expelled from the school in 1986 after going AWOL to a Greek island. Career

Film
<mask> made her first film appearance in Aria (1987). She subsequently appeared in the movies Passenger 57, EDtv, Bedazzled,  Serving Sara and Dangerous Ground.In 1997, she received her first and only acting award, the ShoWest Supporting Actress of the Year, for her performance in the spy spoof Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery. When Hugh Grant founded and became the director of Simian Films in 1994, <mask> was credited as one of the producers for the company's two Grant vehicles, Extreme Measures (1996) and Mickey Blue Eyes (1999). In 2000, she was publicly criticised for breaking a five-month acting strike to film an Estée Lauder advertisement, for which she was fined $100,000 (£70,000 in 2000) by the Screen Actors Guild and labelled "<mask>" by protesters. Television

In 1988, <mask> appeared briefly in a speaking part as a schoolgirl in "Last Seen Wearing", an episode of the detective series Inspector Morse, which was partly filmed at a real school, Reading Blue Coat, Sonning, Berkshire. This is believed to have been her first television role. In the same year she also played Rosie Japhet in an episode of  Rumpole of the Bailey (Rumpole and the Barrow Boy). In the late 1980s, <mask> portrayed the title character in a five-part television drama, Christabel.After appearing in John Cleese's The Human Face (2001), she hosted the inaugural series of the British reality show Project Catwalk on Sky 1 in 2006. <mask> was criticised as a presenter by Marcelle D'Argy Smith, a former editor of Cosmopolitan magazine, who said: "<mask> has no fashion experience whatsoever. She wore a dress and has appeared at premieres." GQs Dylan Jones defended her as someone "immersed in the fashion world as a celebrity." She was dropped after one series because her bosses reportedly believed she was too wooden. In 2011, <mask> filmed a guest star role in the series pilot of NBC's Wonder Woman as the villain Veronica Cale. The network decided not to pick up the series.In July 2011, it was announced that <mask> would join the fifth season of Gossip Girl for a multi-episode arc. Her character, Diana Payne, was described by the series' executive producers as "a sexy, smart, self-made media mogul and all-around force to be reckoned with", whose "entrance on the Upper East Side will change the lives of all our characters—including, and especially, Gossip Girl herself." In September 2013, she was cast in one of E! 's first two scripted pilots, The Royals, which was picked up in March 2014 and aired in 2015. The drama series, revolving around a fictional British Royal Family and set in modern London, stars <mask> as the matriarch Queen Helena. <mask> played Marvel Comics villain Morgan le Fay in the final season of the Hulu show Runaways, released in 2019. In January 2021, <mask> appeared as a guest judge in the first episode of the second series of RuPaul's Drag Race UK.Fashion

In 1995, with no prior modelling experience, <mask> was introduced as an Estée Lauder spokesmodel. She later recounted, "I was far from an ingénue, having had my first modelling job at 29." <mask> has since featured in ads for Lauder's 'Pleasures', 'Beautiful', 'Dazzling', 'Tuscany per Donna', and 'Sensuous' fragrances as well as participated in campaigns for the company's other cosmetics. She was replaced as the face of Estée Lauder by Carolyn Murphy in 2001. However, she continues to work with the company non-exclusively, signing a contract for the 16th year with Lauder in 2010. In 2005, she modelled for Saloni, Liverpool Department Stores of Mexico, and Lancel. She was part of the seasonal advertising campaigns for Jordache, Shiatzy Chen, Got Milk?, Patrick Cox, MQ Clothiers of Sweden, and Lancel in 2006 and Monsoon in 2007.In 2008, <mask> was unveiled as the seasonal campaign face for Blackglama mink. <mask> has appeared three times on the cover of British Vogue. She is signed to TESS Management in London. In April 2005, <mask> Beach, her beachwear line that she also models every summer, was launched at Harrods in the UK. It debuted later that year in select Saks Fifth Avenue stores in the United States and other European countries. She told Tatler magazine, "I was on Necker Island for a fashion shoot and even as Richard Branson was lying back in a hammock, he was on the phone, doing deals, managing his empire. But then I thought I am never going to have even a holiday home, let alone an island, unless I start a business that I can do without disrupting Damian's school days."In May 2008, <mask> designed and modelled a capsule collection of 12 swimsuits for the Spanish clothes brand MANGO. <mask> has been active in Estée Lauder's Breast Cancer Awareness Campaign, as part of which the company created an "Elizabeth Pink" lipstick whose sales benefit the Breast Cancer Research Foundation. <mask>'s grandmother died of breast cancer. <mask> supported The Prince's Trust by co-presenting the 2003 Fashion Rocks event in its aid and helping launch the Get Into Cooking youth initiative in 2004. She has also helped raise funds for End Hunger Network, ARK children's charity, and the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre. She is a patron of the Elton John AIDS Foundation. She is also patron of the City Veterans Network, a charity based in the City of London that links former members of the Armed Forces to opportunities for rehabilitation and employment.Politics
In June 2016, <mask> expressed her support for the United Kingdom leaving the European Union and urged the public to vote in the 2016 European Union membership referendum. Personal life

<mask> was a relatively unknown actress when she met Hugh Grant in 1987 while working on a Spanish production called Remando Al Viento. In the 1990s, <mask> became known as the girlfriend of Hugh Grant. In 1994, as Grant became the focus of international media attention due to the success of his film Four Weddings and a Funeral, <mask> accompanied him to the film's London premiere in a plunging black Versace dress held together with gold safety pins, which gained her instant media attention. While dating <mask>, Grant gained international notoriety for soliciting the services of a prostitute in 1995. <mask> stood by him and accompanied Grant to the premiere of his movie Nine Months. After 13 years together, <mask> and Grant announced an "amicable" split in May 2000.On 4 April 2002, <mask> gave birth to a son, Damian Charles <mask>. The baby's father, American businessman Steve Bing, denied paternity by alleging that he and <mask> had a brief, non-exclusive relationship in 2001. A DNA test, however, established Bing as the child's father. Hugh Grant is Damian's godfather. <mask> is godmother to Patsy Kensit and Liam Gallagher's son Lennon and two of David and Victoria Beckham's sons (Brooklyn and Romeo). In late 2002, <mask> started dating Indian textile heir Arun Nayar, who has run a small software company since 1998. They married in 2007.<mask> lived on a  organic farm in Barnsley, Gloucestershire, with her son and husband. In December 2010, <mask> announced that she and her husband had separated several months earlier. <mask> filed for divorce on 2 April 2011, citing as the cause Nayar's "unreasonable behaviour", grounds for divorce under English law. The divorce was granted on 15 June 2011. In late 2011, three months after her divorce, <mask> and Shane Warne, a former Australian cricketer, were engaged. On 16 December 2013, Hello magazine reported that the couple had decided to split. In 2012, <mask> and Warne bought the Grade II listed mansion Donnington Hall, near Ledbury, Herefordshire as their main home.She has remained living there since their separation. In March 2018, her nephew <mask> was stabbed repeatedly in the back by a group of men in Wandsworth, south London. She described it as an "appalling" time for the family, stating: "The deepest wound just missed severing his spine. By some miracle no vital organs were damaged." Filmography

Film

Television

Theatre

 The Cherry Orchard – A Jubilee (Russian & Soviet Arts Festival)
 The Man Most Likely To (Middle East tour)

References

External links

1965 births
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Actresses from Hampshire
English businesspeople in fashion
English female models
English film actresses
English film producers
English people of Irish descent
English television actresses
Living people
Participants in British reality television series
People from Basingstoke
English soap opera actresses
English stage actresses
English voice actresses

masks:
Elizabeth Jane Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Elizabeth Hurley
Hurley
Michael Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Elizabeth Scably
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Liz Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Elizabeth Hurley
Hurley
Charity Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Hurley
Miles Hurley


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Joseph M<mask>. (born April 12, 1960) is an American Republican Party politician and businessman from New Jersey. Kyrillos served in the New Jersey State Senate from 1992 to 2018, where he represented the 13th Legislative District, and in the General Assembly from 1988 to 1992. Kyrillos started the consulting firm SK partners and is employed with Newport Capital Group, Red Bank, a financial services firm. He is affiliated with Woodmont Properties, a regional real estate development company and is senior managing director of Newmark Grubb Knight Frank, a commercial real estate services firm. From 2001 to 2004, Kyrillos served as Chairman of the New Jersey Republican State Committee and a member of the Republican National Committee. In that role, he facilitated the logistics and implementation of the 2004 Republican National Convention in New York City and read the delegate count for President George W. Bush’s nomination for re-election on the convention floor. <mask> was the New Jersey Chairman of Mitt Romney’s campaign in 2008, and in 2009, he served as the Chairman of Governor Christie's successful campaign and as a member of the transition team.He served as a close advisor to former Florida Governor Jeb Bush in the 2016 Republican presidential campaign. Early life and education
Joseph M<mask>, Jr. was born April 12, 1960, in Kearny, New Jersey, the son of a pediatrician. <mask>'s father and his mother's parents immigrated to the United States. His grandfather worked as a tool and die maker at Thomas Edison's factory in West Orange. His father was a doctor and his mother raised four children and graduated from college at age 50. Kyrillos graduated from Rumson Country Day School and the Lawrenceville School. He received a B.A.degree from Hobart College in Political Science and was awarded an M.S. from Boston University in Communications. After graduating from college, Kyrillos worked for Vice President George Bush during the 1984 Reagan-Bush campaign. Following the campaign, he served as Special Assistant to Secretary of the Interior Donald Hodel from 1985 to 1987. Kyrillos has served on the Executive Committee of the National Conference of State Legislatures and as a trustee of the American Council of Young Political Leaders. New Jersey Assembly (1988–1992)

Elections
<mask> was first elected to the New Jersey General Assembly in 1987, together with his incumbent running mate Joann H. Smith, with both candidates receiving more than $25,000 each in campaign funding from the $1.1 million spent by the New Jersey Republican State Committee to support candidates statewide. In 1989, he won re-election to a second term.After spending two terms in the Assembly, he retired to run for the seat in the New Jersey Senate in 1991. Tenure
<mask> strongly opposed Democratic Governor Jim Florio's tax increases, citing his opposition to "the Florio tax plan" repeatedly in his campaign advertising. He also opposed the Abbott districts. Committee assignments
Assembly Education Committee

New Jersey Senate (1992–2018)

Elections
In 1991, <mask> decided to run for the 13th District seat in the New Jersey Senate. He defeated incumbent appointed Senator James T. Phillips 68%-32%. In 1993, after redistricting, he won re-election to a second term with 64% of the vote. In 1997, he won re-election to a third term with 63% of the vote.After redistricting, the 13th district became more competitive. In 2001, he won re-election to a fourth term (two-year term) with 64% of the vote. He won re-election to a fifth term in 2003 against former State Assemblyman Bill Flynn 54%-41%. In 2007, he won re-election to a sixth term with 61% of the vote. In 2011, he won re-election to a seventh term, defeating Hazlet Mayor Chris Cullen, 60%-37%. Tenure
When Republicans held the legislative majority in the Statehouse, Kyrillos served as Majority Conference Leader and chaired standing committees on economic development and coastal resources. Kyrillos was ranking member of the Economic Growth, Judiciary and Legislative Oversight committees.On October 25, 2016, <mask> told Observer.com that he would not seek a re-election for the 2017 State Senate elections. He was succeeded by Assemblyman Declan O'Scanlon in 2018. Committee assignments
Senate Natural Resources and Tourism Committee (Chairman)
Senate Economic Growth Committee
Senate Judiciary Committee
Senate Oversight Committee

Other positions
Senate Majority Conference Leader
New Jersey Republican State Committee (Chairman)

District 13
Each of the forty districts in the New Jersey Legislature has one representative in the New Jersey Senate and two members in the New Jersey General Assembly. The Assembly representatives from the 13th District for the 2014–2015 Legislative Session were:
Assemblywoman Amy Handlin, and
Assemblyman Declan O'Scanlon

Other political activities

1992 congressional election
In 1992, <mask> ran for the United States House of Representatives but was defeated by incumbent Democrat Frank Pallone in a competitive race, falling short by about 10 points. 2001–2004: Chairman, New Jersey Republican State Committee
From 2001 to 2004, <mask> served as Chairman of the New Jersey Republican State Committee and a member of the Republican National Committee, where he worked to elect Republicans who shared his vision. In that role, he facilitated the logistics and implementation of the 2004 Republican National Convention in New York City and read the delegate count for President George W. Bush's nomination for re-election on the convention floor. 2008 Romney presidential campaign
Kyrillos was the New Jersey Chairman of Mitt Romney's 2008 presidential campaign.2009 Christie gubernatorial campaign
In 2009, Kyrillos served as chairman of Chris Christie's successful gubernatorial campaign and was a member of the Governor's Transition Committee, serving as the liaison to all transition sub-committees. 2012 U.S. Senate election

In June 2011, Kyrillos filed an exploratory committee for a potential race in either 2012 or 2014. On January 19, 2012, <mask> officially decided to run for the U.S. Senate, citing unemployment, housing prices and the national debt as issues he would tackle in the Senate. <mask> won the Republican nomination on June 5, 2012. He opposed Democratic incumbent Bob Menendez in the November 6th general election, in which he was defeated 58.4% to 40%. Memberships
Kyrillos has served on the boards of the American Council of Young Political Leaders, National Conference of State Legislatures Foundation, Bayshore Senior Day Center, Count Basie Theatre, Garden State Arts Center Foundation, Monmouth County Historical Association, New Jersey Historical Society, Prevention First, Rainbow Foundation, and the Two River Theatre Company. Personal life
Kyrillos is married to Susan Doctorian <mask> and has two children, Max and Georgia.Election history

References

External links
 Senator <mask>'s Official Site
<mask> for Senate

 Senator <mask>' legislative web page, New Jersey Legislature
 New Jersey Legislature financial disclosure forms
 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004
 Senator Joseph M. '<mask><mask> Jr., Project Vote Smart

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1960 births
21st-century American politicians
American politicians of Greek descent
Boston University College of Communication alumni
Chairmen of the New Jersey Republican State Committee
Hobart and William Smith Colleges alumni
Lawrenceville School alumni
Living people
Members of the New Jersey General Assembly
New Jersey Republicans
New Jersey state senators
People from Kearny, New Jersey
People from Middletown Township, New Jersey
Candidates in the 2012 United States elections

masks:
. Kyrillos Jr
Joe
. Kyrillos
Joe
Kyrillos
Kyrillos
Kyrillos
Kyrillos
Kyrillos
Kyrillos
Kyrillos
Kyrillos
Kyrillos
Kyrillos
Joe Kyrillos
Kyrillos
Joe
' Kyrillos


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<mask> (March 20, 1911 – November 30, 1995), born Sylvia Demitz, was a German yogini who emigrated to Canada and founded Yasodhara Ashram in British Columbia. She established a Western-based lineage in the Sivananda tradition and published books on several branches of Yoga, including Kundalini Yoga for the West and Mantras; Words of Power. She was a member of the California Institute of Transpersonal Psychology and developed transpersonal psychology workshops to help students prepare for intense spiritual practice. Teachers trained at Yasodhara Ashram can now be found across North America and in Europe, the Caribbean, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. Biography

Early life

<mask> (born as Sylvia Demitz, and during her marriage known as Ursula Sylvia Hellman) was born in Germany on March 20, 1911. She became a creative writer, photographer and a solo concert dancer early in life. She lived through both wars in Berlin but learned from her experiences that life can be cruel and came to question the existence of God.Her first marriage ended when her husband, Wolfgang, was executed at Buchenwald for helping Jewish friends leave Germany. She married again in 1947. Albert Hellman was a composer and violinist, but he died after one year of marriage. She also lost both parents in the war. "Thoroughly sick at heart with the brutality and stupidity of the world", she survived and, in 1951, emigrated to Canada settling in Montreal, finding work in the advertising department of a chemical firm, and becoming a Canadian citizen. Spiritual life

A search for the meaning of life through yoga and meditation took her to India to <mask> <mask> of Rishikesh. Sivananda challenged her to think deeply about the purpose of life.‘He used every moment to teach you something’. His commitment to selfless service made a deep impression on her and Karma Yoga became a key practice in her own life and subsequently in the running of her Ashram. She was initiated into sanyas and given the name <mask> <mask> <mask> on 2 February 1956. In her publications she described extraordinary events that followed her initiation: she writes that she met the legendary yogi Babaji, the deathless avatar described by Paramahansa Yogananda in Autobiography of a Yogi, the first time in a visionary experience in Montreal. Upon return to Canada, interpreting her initiation into sanyas as a commitment to abstain "from all actions which arise from ambition and selfish desire … giving up mental and emotional attachment to life in this world" she began a new life in Montreal with no money or employment, learning to live on the charity of others. However, she quickly attracted attention in her orange sari, with her unconventional life-style, and through her willingness to speak publicly about her experiences in India. Within a few months, she was offering yoga classes, had been interviewed on CBC radio, travelled to Ottawa to speak, and been sponsored by the Canadian-India Association to fly to Vancouver to lecture on Indian philosophy.Within a year, in 1957, in Burnaby, British Columbia, she founded Sivananda Ashram, in an old ten-roomed house, where she offered classes, meditation and satsangs. She also opened the Yoga Vedanta Bookstore on Robson Street in downtown Vancouver. In 1963, the Ashram moved to its present location and was renamed Yasodhara Ashram. <mask> <mask> also gave sanyas initiations to the young men who accompanied her and worked with her to establish the Ashram, beginning a new, Western based lineage, honouring the traditions of the Saraswati Order. For many years she focussed on establishing the Ashram, making forest cabins habitable, constructing new buildings, corresponding with students, establishing yoga teaching programs and publishing a newsletter to raise funds and draw people to the Ashram. ‘In the early years of the Ashram … traveling … was necessary to give workshops and lectures to “put the ashram on the map” as she called it.’  She visited England, the Netherlands and Germany, and frequently toured throughout North America. She lectured in many North American universities and, in 1976, co-led a conference with Herbert Guenther at Yasodhara Ashram on the role of gurus in the West.At a time when understanding of the relationships between Yoga, science and psychology were in their infancy, <mask> took an active interest. In Minneapolis, she participated in biofeedback experiments with Dr. Jose Feola, exploring the nature of the effects of spiritual practices, and she contributed to Scientific Conferences, such as the Council Grove Conference in Kansas. Discovering the need for students to deal with their psychological and emotional obstacles before embarking on intense spiritual practice, she also embraced transpersonal psychology, becoming a faculty member and graduate teacher at California Institute of Transpersonal Psychology, and developing a course on ‘Psychology towards Higher Consciousness’ that she taught at Antioch College, Seattle. In the 1980s and early 1990s her organizational legacy took shape. Sivananda <mask> opened yoga centres  in North America, Mexico and England where classes and satsangs were offered by teachers trained at Yasodhara Ashram. A Temple, dedicated to the Light in All Religions, was opened at her Ashram in 1992. She died peacefully at her teaching centre in Spokane, in Washington State, in the early morning, 30 November 1995.Her teaching

<mask> <mask>'s aim was to interpret the ancient yogic teachings of the East so that they could be understood and applied in the West. She presented yoga as a philosophical and spiritual system in a way that accessible to anyone willing to make a commitment to their own development. She welcomed students from all cultures and spiritual traditions and helped people discover the purpose of their lives. Her teachings integrate yoga practices with personal development. They include personal exploration workshops developed by <mask> <mask> – Life Seal, Straight Walk, Ideals, Two Selves and Identification. Self-inquiry and reflection are foundations, with questions such as: 'Who am I?' 'What is life all about?''What makes my life worthwhile?' 'How do I prepare for the rest of my life?' <ref>M. Robinson, ‘Seekers after Truth: Knowledge Goal of Kootenay Bay Retreat’, Vancouver Sun (Dec 31, 1965);  <mask>, Carried by a Promise’' (Spokane, WA, 2011), 31-2, 35-6, 42-3.</ref>  In 1988 in an interview with Hinduism Today Magazine, <mask> <mask> explained, ‘The main thing I try to do is have my students bring quality into their lives. To me, people are not spiritual if this quality is not there in their lives - even if they meditate six hours a day. By quality I mean that which comes from deep inside and shows up in their actions, their treatment of others and the way they do their jobs.’

For over 40 years, in addition to many shorter workshops and other programs, the Ashram has been offering an intensive three-month program called the Yoga Development Course (YDC). This introduces students to the major branches of yoga and provides a foundation in personal and spiritual development for potential yoga teachers and anyone wishing to deepen their yoga practice or change their life.A program of study under the personal direction of one of the Ashram’s resident teachers is subsequently completed before students progress to teacher certification courses in Hidden Language Hatha Yoga, Kundalini and Dream Yoga. Teachers are required to renew their certification frequently and are encouraged to donate the proceeds from classes so that the Teachings can be offered as a form of Karma Yoga practice. <mask> <mask>’s teachers can now be found offering classes in communities, across North America, in Europe, the Caribbean, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. Legacy

<mask> <mask> was among the prominent disciples of Sivananda who developed new organizations that are not affiliated to the original ashrams run by the Divine Life Society. <mask> established an independent and primarily female, Western lineage as part of the Saraswati Order. This is now led by <mask> <mask>, spiritual director of Yasodhara Ashram. She initiates aspirants and has oversight of the work of non-profit organizations supporting teachers in different countries.<mask> has described her spiritual training at the feet of <mask> <mask> in her memoir, Carried by a Promise: a Life Transformed by Yoga. <mask> <mask> formed the Timeless Books  imprint in 1978 and wrote many books of yoga, including Kundalini Yoga for the West, Hatha Yoga: The Hidden Language, The Divine Light Invocation and Mantras: Words of Power. Her memoirs are published in Radha: Diary of a Woman's Search and her experiences with gurus and other spiritual teachers are reported in In the Company of the Wise. Her books have been translated into 5 languages. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, Vol. 7:1 (1975)
 Krishnananda, S., Gurudev Sivananda: Pictorial Volume (Tehri-Garhwal, Uttar Pradesh, India, 1987)
 May, A., "In Quest of a Slim Waist", Psychic (Jan/Feb 1977)
 May, A., "Profile: <mask> <mask>, the Feminine Mystic", Psychic (Jan/Feb 1977)
 McKay, J., Glimpses of a Mystical Affair: Spiritual Experience of Swami <mask> <mask> (Spokane, Washington, 1997)
 McKay, J., "Swami Sivananda Radha: On Spiritual Leadership". The Quest Magazine (Summer 1993)
 Paul, R., "Portrait of Swami Radha", Yoga Journal (October 1981)
 <mask>, S., Carried by a Promise: A Life Transformed by Yoga (Spokane, Washington, 2011)
 Rawlinson, A., The Book of Enlightened Masters: Western Teachers in Eastern Traditions (Chicago and La Salle, Illinois, 1997)
 Robinson, M., "Seekers after Truth: Knowledge Goal of Kootenay Bay Retreat", Vancouver Sun (Dec 31, 1965)
 Sivananda, S., "Farewell to Swami Sivananda Radha", Yoga Centre of Victoria (December 1995-January 1996)
 White, J."An Interview with Swami <mask> <mask>: Portrait of a Yogini: A Woman's Experience of the Spiritual Life", Science of Mind (September 1985)
 Yogananda, P. Autobiography of a Yogi'' (New York, 1946)

External links

 Ascent magazine
 The Divine Life Society, our Heritage, Swami <mask> <mask>
 Friends of Radha Foundation (Canada)
 Radha House Association (England and Wales)
 <mask>'s blog at Timeless Books
 Yasodhara Ashram
 Yoga Journal, Luminaries, 'Swami Radha', Jeanne Ricci

1911 births
1995 deaths
German yogis
German emigrants to Canada
Yoga teachers

masks:
Sivananda Radha Saraswati
Sivananda Radha
Sivananda
Saraswati
Sivananda
Radha
Saraswati
Sivananda
Radha
Radha
Radha
Sivananda
Radha
Sivananda
Radha
Radhananda
Sivananda
Radha
Sivananda
Radha
Sivananda
Radha
Radha
Radhananda
Saraswati
Radhananda
Sivananda
Radha
Sivananda
Radha
Swami Sivananda
Radha
Sivananda
Radha
Radhananda
Sivananda
Radha
Sivananda
Radha
Swami Radha