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<mask>  (June 19, 1906 – August 28, 1995) was an American painter, printmaker, sculptor, cowboy, rodeo performer, inventor, and Hollywood actor. Raised in Canada, he portrayed in works of fine art his own experiences of cowboying and rodeoing across the American and Canadian West. Bascom was awarded the Pioneer Award by the ProRodeo Hall of Fame in 2016 and inducted into several halls of fame including the Canadian Pro Rodeo Hall of Fame in 1984. Bascom was called the "Cowboy of Cowboy Artists," the "Dean of Rodeo Cowboy Sculpture" and the "Father of Modern Rodeo." He was a participant member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Childhood
Bascom was born on June 19, 1906, in a sod-roofed log cabin on the Bascom 101 Ranch in Vernal, Utah, United States, the son of rancher and lawman John W<mask> and Rachel Lybbert. His father had been a Uintah County deputy sheriff and later a constable in the town of Naples in northeast Utah, who chased members of Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch Gang and other outlaws including Harry "Mad Dog" Tracy.Both of his grandfathers, Joel A<mask> and C. F. B. Lybbert, were Mormon pioneers, frontier lawmen and ranchers. <mask> was a member of the Nauvoo Legion (the Utah militia), serving in the Utah War of 1857 and the Utah Black Hawk War of 1865. He also served as Chief of Police in Provo, Utah, and as the first constable in Mona, Utah. Lybbert, who served in the Danish army before coming to America, was a blacksmith who served as constable of Levan, Utah and as Justice of the Peace in Naples, Utah. Members of <mask>'s family include his grand uncle Ephraim Roberts who was a pony express rider, and grand uncle <mask> who was a soldier in the Mormon Battalion – Army of the West 1846–1848. Another Bascom relative was Wyoming rancher and Wyoming Governor Bryant Brooks who served from 1905 to 1911. Also the Army Lieutenant George Bascom who arrested Apache Chieftain Cochise in 1861 which started the Apache Wars.Three famous mountain men, Jedediah Smith, Doc Newell, and J. T<mask>, were related to Bascom. Bascom's paternal ancestors were French Basque and Huguenot. Bascom's maternal family was of Norwegian, Danish, Dutch, and German ancestry. In 1912, when <mask> was six years old, his mother Rachel died of breast cancer, leaving five children – Raymond, Melvin, <mask>, Alice, and <mask> – ranging in age from 11 years to nine months. In 1913, <mask>'s father, who had cowboyed in Utah and Colorado and worked on ranches in Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana, went to Alberta, Canada, securing a job as a foreman on the Knight Ranch. In 1914, the Bascom family loaded their belongings into a covered wagon, traveled a week to the nearest railroad in Price, Utah, and rode the train to Canada. After working for the Knight Ranches headquartered on the Milk River Ridge in Alberta and managing Ray Knight's Butte Ranch north of the town of Raymond, Alberta, John W<mask> and his sons began ranching on their own using the Bar-B-3 brand.Over the following years, the Bascom family lived at Welling Station and ranched along Pot Hole Creek, ran cattle on the open range at New Dayton on the Fort Whoop-up Trail near Deadman Coulee, and Milk River Ridge, and ranched east of Lethbridge on the Old Man River and near Stirling east of Nine Mile Lake. By Canadian law, all minor children who immigrated to Canada before 1915 and whose parent became a naturalized citizens, automatically became Canadian citizens. <mask>'s father became a naturalized Canadian citizen. <mask> was an American Canadian. During the winter of 1916, the Bascom family moved back to Naples, Utah, returning to Canada in the spring of 1917. Schooled mostly in one-room schools, Bascom quit school while in grade three to work on the Hyssop 5H Ranch, east of Lethbridge. It was not long before a Canadian Mountie, who was visiting the Hyssop Ranch, thought that one of the cowboys was just too young looking to be a seasoned cowpuncher and bronc peeler.The Mountie asked <mask>m just how old he was – he was 13 years old. <mask> was returned to school. Attending school felt better after <mask>'s father, who had a school district transportation contract, gave him the job of driving an old stagecoach pulled by a team of Bascom horses each day to the surrounding ranches transporting fellow students to and from school. In 1918, Bascom gained a stepmother and a stepbrother, Frank, when his <mask>'s father married Ada Romeril Dawley. The couple had five children, making a total of eleven children in the Bascom family. Three of the children joined the Canadian military service during World War II. Charles was a member of the Royal Canadian Air Force, who died a hero during the war having saved two fellow soldiers before losing his own life.Cowboy career
Bascom was known as the Cowboy of Cowboy Artists due to his wide range of western experiences as a professional bronc buster, bull rider, cowpuncher, trail driver, blacksmith, freighter, wolf hunter, wild horse chaser, rodeo champion, cattle rancher, dude wrangler, and Hollywood actor. Bascom was among the last of those who experienced the Old West before the end of free-range ranching. Bascom reminisced:

For Bascom, ranch life and cowboy life was his life. "The life of a cowboy and the West, I know," he stated. Bascom worked on some of the largest horse and cattle ranches in the United States and Canada – ranches that ran thousands of cattle on a million acres (4000 km2) of land. He broke and trained hundreds of horses. He worked on ranches where he chased and gathered horses, cows and even donkeys in Utah, Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Wyoming, Montana, Texas, Mississippi, Washington, California and western Canada.He worked on cattle drives out of the Rockies and horse drives through the Teton Range. He took part on large roundups of horses and cattle, and brandings. He made saddles and stirrups, quirts, chaps, spurs, bridles and bits, ropes and hackamores, and even patched his own boots. <mask>'s brothers and their father, John W. Bascom, were all experienced ranch hands and professional horsemen who were known as the "Bronc Bustin' Bascom Boys." A professional rodeo cowboy, Bascom followed the rodeo circuit internationally, rodeoing from 1916 to 1940, where he won several all-around championships. He competed in the rough stock events of saddle bronc riding, bareback riding and bull riding, and in the timed events of steer decorating and steer wrestling. In 1933, he set a new arena record, a new world record time and won third place in the world standings in the steer decorating event.He also was a rodeo announcer, performed trick riding and competed in the rodeo events of wild cow milking and wild horse racing. Bascom has been inducted into several rodeo, cowboy and sports Halls of Fame in Canada and the United States. He received international publicity for his rodeo equipment inventions and designs. <mask>'s brothers – Raymond "Tommy" <mask>, Melvin "High Pockets" <mask> and <mask> "Preacher" <mask>, along with their father John W<mask> – were also professional rodeo cowboys and Hall of Fame inductees. Rodeoing financed <mask>'s college education at Brigham Young University where he was given the title of "Rodeo's First Collegiate Cowboy" and from which institution he graduated in 1940. Bascom has been honored as the "Father of Modern Rodeo" and known as "rodeo's greatest innovator and inventor." He is known in rodeo history for designing and making rodeo's modern bucking chute in 1916 and modified in 1919.He also made rodeo's first hornless bronc saddle in 1922 and rodeo's first one-hand bareback rigging in 1924, for which he has been called the "Father of the Modern-day Bareback Rigging" and the "Father of Rodeo Bareback Riding." In 1926, he designed and made the modern rodeo riding chaps, and then in 1928, a rodeo exerciser made of spring steel. Bascom has been recognized by rodeo associations around the world for his rodeo inventions. During his college years, <mask> and his brother <mask> produced the first rodeos in Columbia, Mississippi, in 1935, 1936, and 1937 while working for Sam Hickman's B Bar H Ranch near Arm, Mississippi. This first rodeo in Columbia is known in cowboy history as the first rodeo held outdoors at night under electric lights. In March 2019 as part of the 200th year celebration of Columbia's birth, an official Mississippi State Historical Marker was erected and dedicated, honoring the "Birthplace of Mississippi Rodeo." In 1936, under the direction of <mask>, using his designs, a new rodeo arena was built which was the first permanent rodeo arena constructed in Mississippi.The bucking horses used in the rodeo were shipped in from West Texas. Sam Hickman and <mask> went to New Orleans where they purchased brahma bulls for the rodeo bucking stock. This was the first recorded use of brahma bulls in rodeo. Sam Hickman financed these rodeos through his Wild West Rodeo Company. Between rodeos of 1936 and 1937, <mask> was a missionary for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Mississippi, serving under Mission President LeGrand Richards of the Southern States Mission. The Bascom brothers were honored fifty years later for being the "Fathers of Mississippi Rodeo" and given the "Key to the City of Columbia," along with a congratulatory telegram from President Ronald Reagan. In 2016, <mask> and his brother <mask> were officially recognized by the ProRodeo Hall of Fame as the "Fathers of Brahma Bull Riding."In 1939, Bascom married Nadine Diffey. She was of American Indian heritage, being a descendant of Pocahantas' sister. Her ancestors include Chief Powhatan of the Pamunkey Tribe, Chief Long Knife of the Mohawks, Chief Mattabesetts of the Montauketts, and Chief Tatobem of the Pequots. She also descends from the Croatan, Creek, and Catawba tribes. <mask> and Nadine met in Mississippi while he was cowboying and rodeoing there. They were married in Salt Lake City, Utah, in the Salt Lake LDS Temple, and raised five children. Nadine Bascom was an artist of floral arrangement, painting and sculpture, creating many bas-relief sculptures.Besides being a professional rodeo contestant, Bascom tried his hand as a rodeo clown and rodeo bullfighter during his rodeo career. Just after his 89th birthday, <mask> was honored as the oldest living rodeo clown in the world. At the age of 88, Bascom helped roundup longhorn steers on the Shahan Ranch in west Texas and received honors for his art during the 1994 Texas Longhorn Quincentennial Cattle Drive and Celebration. Bascom's bronze sculpture The American Longhorn, 1494–1994 was declared the most authentic example of a classical Texas longhorn steer. In 2014, Bascom was honored posthumously during the tenth anniversary celebration of the National Day of the Cowboy, for his international contributions to cowboy culture and the cowboy way of life. Artist

Influences
While working for the Nilsson Rafter-E-N Ranch, Bascom happened to read a story in a western magazine about Native American Jim Thorpe, who had excelled in sports and became an Olympic champion. Thorpe's life touched Bascom: "I felt like I had walked in his boots," <mask> said."Like Jim Thorpe, cowboy life was the only life that I knew. But what about my art, what about art school?" Wanting to be an artist since childhood, Bascom filled the pages of his school books in the one-room school house he attended with cowboy scenes. His desire to be a cowboy artist was greatly enhanced after seeing art works of the two great icons of Old West art, Charles M. Russell and Frederic S. Remington - both cousins to his father, John W<mask> (Remington and Russell were both related to Bascom through their mothers, Clarissa "Clara" <mask> Sackrider Remington and Mary Elizabeth Mead Russell, respectively). Both Remington and Russell were artists that spent time in Canada producing art. In the late 1920s, <mask> worked on a ranch south of the Sweetgrass Hills in Montana that was once owned by the artist Charlie Russell and only a few months after Russell's death. Russell was on the Knight Ranch when Bascom was working there, and had drawn a sketch on the bunkhouse wall and also finished a large oil painting of Raymond Knight on his favorite mount, Blue Bird, roping a steer.Although Bascom was educated in one-room school houses and only completed one full school year, never finishing high school, he never lost his desire to be an artist. He subscribed to a correspondence art course wherein both Russell and Remington gave instructions on their drawing techniques. "Through those art lessons these two masters of western art were my first real art teachers," Bascom recalled. "In fact the only instructions I ever had in western art were from Remington and Russell." Even though he had no high school diploma, the Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, accepted him as a student in the fall of 1933. "There I was a 27 years old college freshman who hadn't been to school in years," Bascom recalled. "I felt like a wild horse in a pen."But as a BYU student, he was persistence, taking every art course the college offered. He studied painting and drawing under

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 professors E.H. Eastmond and B.F. Larsen, and sculpture under Torleif S. Knaphus. In the summertime between school years, Bascom was a rodeo contestant where he gained notoriety as a cowboy artist and rodeo champion. He interrupted his college education in 1934 with the intent to compete, along with his three brothers, at the World Championship Rodeo in London, England. During his freshman year of 1933–34, Bascom won the Studio Guild Award for the best student art work of the year. He won that top art award again in 1936, as well as the Honorable Mention Award. He was a member of the BYU Art Club and the Canada Club as well as the Delta Phi fraternity.He was a popular entertainer with his cartoon drawings at the University Dames Club of which his wife Nadine was a member. He graduated from BYU with a degree in Fine Art in 1940. His fellow art students voted him "most likely to succeed" as an artist. He was a member of the Brigham Young University Alumni Association and elected to the BYU Emeritus Club in 1990. Later he attended classes at Long Beach City College, Victor Valley College, and the University of California Riverside. Employment
In 1917, Bascom saw his first Hollywood movie The Silent Man starring <mask>. Hart. <mask> and his older brother Melvin were extras in a silent movie in 1920 being filmed in Lethbridge, Alberta.In 1924, a team of palomino horses from the Bascom Ranch was used by Hoot Gibson in a Roman race in the movie The Calgary Stampede. <mask> later worked in the movie industry with his brother <mask> <mask> in the 1954 Hollywood western, The Lawless Rider, starring <mask>'s wife Texas Rose Bascom. <mask> was one of the outlaws in the movie. <mask> was the sheriff and one of the stuntmen. Bascom worked as a miner in the Old Gray Mine, digging coal, near Maeser, Utah, in the winter of 1930. After graduating from college, Bascom and his wife moved to Southgate, California. Retiring from rodeo after one last season, he pursued his art career and ranched.<mask> and his brother <mask> <mask> worked on a ranch in Perris, California, which was formerly owned by Louis B. Mayer of Hollywood's MGM Studios. <mask> worked on the Rex Ellsworth Ranch in Chino, California. <mask> was a distant cousin on the Bascom side to Mitch Tenney who was Ellsworth's horse trainer. <mask> worked on Al Hamblin's Flying V Ranch in the Beaumont area. <mask> had his own cattle ranch in Ontario in San Bernardino Valley using the Two Bar Quarter Circle brand, before moving to the high desert, living in Hesperia, Apple Valley and Victorville. His Diamond B Ranch on the Mojave River had buildings dating from the 1870s and was once the temporary residence of Albert Einstein in the mid 1930s. During World War II, Bascom was a member of the International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers and Helpers union and worked as a shipfitter in the Long Beach shipyards building ships for the war effort.Later, <mask> and his son-in-law Mel Marion worked with Roy Rogers being filmed for TV commercials for the Roy Rogers Restaurant chain. The restaurant chain was then owned by the Marriott Corporation. When the Roy Rogers Riding Stables operated in Apple Valley, California, managed by Mel Marion and later Billy Bascom, <mask> and his son John worked there wrangling horses and driving the hay wagon. <mask> and his son John were in the television documentary Take Willy With Ya, a tribute to the life of rodeo champion Turk Greenough and his rodeo riding siblings and family members. In 1966, after getting his teaching certificate from Brigham Young University and teaching art classes as a student teacher at the Springville (Utah) High School held in the Springville Art Museum, Bascom taught high school art classes in Barstow, California, at John F. Kennedy High School and at Barstow High School. He also served as president of the High Desert Artists (now Artists of the High Desert), and later as president of the Buckaroo Artists of America. With his classic cowboy look and dressed in his authentic cowboy attire, he was a popular art studio model.Other artists who associated with Bascom were Bill Bender, Charles LaMonk, Leslie B. DeMille, Glen Turner, Cecil Smith, Trevor Bennett, Ray Bennett, Hughes Curtis, Pete Plastow, and Grant Speed. <mask> was a published historian with his writings on cowboy and rodeo history printed in books, magazines and newspapers. He was a member of the Western Writers of America association. His first-known published writing was in 1926 for the Cardston newspaper, narrating a week-long trek into the Canadian Rocky Mountains that he and his friends took on horseback and pack horse. He was interviewed on radio and television. He was a popular lecturer on pioneer and cowboy history at schools and other academic centers. <mask> also assisted his nephew Billy Bascom in teaching horsemanship, as well as cowboy and rodeo history at the Victor Valley College in Victorville, California.<mask> was later inducted into the Victor Valley College Alumni Hall of Fame having taken art classes at the college when it first opened. International artist
<mask> became internationally known as a cowboy artist and sculptor with his art being exhibited in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Asia. Bascom rounded-up horses in the Sweetgrass Hills area of Montana along Kicking Horse Creek in the late 1920s. The Montana Historical Society Museum in Helena exhibited <mask>'s cowboy gear and his art work, along with Charlie Russell's art work, in two exhibits titled "Riders Under the Big Sky" and "The Horse in Art." In 1994, <mask> was commissioned by the Texas Longhorn Quincentennial Celebration Committee to produce his sculpture of what was deemed "the most authentic example of a classical Texas longhorn steer." He was honored by the Professional Rodeo Cowboy Artists Association as the first rodeo cowboy to become a professional cowboy artist and sculptor. He was the first cowboy artist to be honored as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts of London since the society's beginning in 1754.In the summer of 2005, the week-long <mask>. Bascom Memorial Rodeo was held in Berlin, Germany, during the German-American Heritage Celebration where his cowboy art was exhibited as an honor by the European Rodeo Cowboys Association for Bascom's worldwide influence upon the sport of rodeo. "It was an honor to memorialize <mask>m," said <mask>, vice-president of European Rodeo Cowboy Association. "The rodeo equipment he designed back in 1920s has had an influence on rodeo worldwide." Equestrian historian Kathy Young said, "<mask>m was noted for bridging two worlds, that of rodeo competition and western art." On July 24, 2014, Bascom was made the international honoree of the National Day of the Cowboy and given the "Cowboy Keeper" award. In June 2015, Bascom was inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame, as the first rodeo champion ever honored and given Canada's highest sports honor as a "Canadian Sports Legend." "As a Canadian rodeo athlete and cowboy artist, <mask>m is a national treasure," stated Helena Deng, senior curator of Canada's Sports Hall of Fame."Bascom's incredible achievements are now to be shared with all Canadians in perpetuity," said Mario Siciliano, president of Canada's Sports Hall of Fame, "inspiring generations of Canadians in sports and in life." In 2017, Canada's Sports Hall of Fame had an exhibit titled "The Horse in Sports" which included Bascom's cowboy gear and his cowboy art. Bascom's bucking chute is listed among famous moments in sports for the year of 1919 by sports history writer Marc Bona. <mask>m said of his own art work, "I've tried to portray the West as I knew it - rough and rugged and tough as a boot but with a good heart and honest as the day is long." Death
Bascom died on August 28, 1995, in Victorville, California. Tribute statements

The U.S. House of Representatives honored <mask>m as an "American Hero" in 1985 and gave tribute honor in the Congressional Record in 1995. United States Congressman, the Honorable Jerry Lewis, said in 1995 in "A Tribute to <mask> Bascom" as printed in the Congressional Record, that <mask>m was a "cowboy hero and a true inspiration...(who) lived one of the most interesting lives ever known in modern cowboy history."Bascom was listed in Who's Who in American Art, Who's Who in Western Writers of America, Who's Who in the West, Who's Who in California, Who's Who in America and Who's Who in the World. Paul de Fonville, curator of the Cowboy Memorial Museum, gave tribute to <mask>m as "one of the great pioneers of rodeo – a cowboy through and through." The American Cowboy magazine and others have called <mask> a "Renaissance Cowboy" – one who was a main contributor and participant in the renewed interest in cowboy life including the sport of rodeo and western art. Bascom is listed among the Famous Cowboys – Legends of the Old West. Cowboy celebrity Roy Rogers, who worked with <mask>m in TV commercials and was a collector of Bascom art, once said, "<mask>m is a walking book of history. His knowledge of the Old West was acquired the old fashioned way – he was born and raised in it." An Idaho newspaper had the quote, "<mask> is a cowboy legend and one of the most famous rodeo pioneers in the world.""<mask>'s 2013 induction into the Rodeo Hall of Fame is one of the top honors bestowed upon a cowboy," said Pam Minick, president of the Rodeo Historical Society. He is credited with designing the first side-delivery bucking chute in 1916, and then the first reverse-opening side-delivery chute, the first hornless bronc saddle, and the first one-hand bareback rigging. A member of the Cowboys' Turtle Association, he won bareback and saddle bronc titles across North America." <mask> was honored as the 2014 International Honoree of the National Day of the Cowboy with these words – "As a rodeo pioneer, an all-around champion, an internationally known artist and a cowboy, <mask>. Bascom has been inducted into more halls of fame than any cowboy in the world." The Guide to the Calgary Stampede published, "With the induction of <mask>. Bascom in 2015, Canada's Sports Hall of Fame welcomed its first Honoured Member known for Rodeo. With the help of innovators like Bascom, the modernized version of the sport features new methods and equipment which helped shape the face and spirit of the Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth (the Calgary Stampede)." In 2016, <mask> and his brother <mask> were the first rodeo cowboys to be given the ProRodeo Hall of Fame Ken Stemler Pioneer Award.At hall of fame ceremonies, director Kent Sturman declared <mask>m to be a "true rodeo pioneer." He recognized Bascom for "his complete dedication to the sport of professional rodeo spanning several decades; for his contributions as a rodeo equipment and gear inventor and designer; for his innovation and foresight as the 'Father of Modern Rodeo' and the 'Father of Brahma Bull Riding'; and for his contributions as a rodeo athlete and champion, producer, stock contractor, announcer, clown, trick rider, historian, author, artist and sculptor, and western movie actor that helped advance the development and success of professional rodeo." "<mask>m is the Michael Phelps of rodeo," stated Ken Knopp, historian of the Mississippi Rodeo Hall of Fame. Author of Rodeo History and Legends, Bob Jordan, said – "The Bascom boys helped shape the sport of rodeo more than any other family in the world." <mask>m was chosen by the Toronto Star as one of 150 of Canada's greatest athletes, including <mask> and Steve Nash, to represent Canada during its 150th year (1867–2017) of Confederation. Sports writer Kerry Gillespie wrote, "Angry bulls to wild horses, there wasn't anything on four legs that <mask>m couldn't get the better of..."

The Cardston Historical Society recorded, "<mask> and his brothers designed and built the first side-delivery bucking chute on the Bascom Ranch at Welliing Station. In 1922, <mask> made a hornless rodeo saddle, which the cowboys called the "mulee", and first used it at the Cardston Stampede.Bascom's rodeo innovations helped change rodeo from a cowboy's pastime to an international sport and placed him on the list of Canada's most famous inventors." Wyoming radio personality Rich Roddam named <mask>m in 2018 as one of 13 famous people from small Wyoming towns - "In a state full of cowboys, <mask>m may have been the best. Considered the "Father of Modern Rodeo", Bascom gained fame as an actor, artist, inventor, and writer." <mask>m is the only cowboy mentioned in the official Mississippi Encyclopedia, was the first inductee of the Mississippi Rodeo Hall of Fame and honored on a Mississippi State Historical Marker at the birthplace of Mississippi rodeo. Mississippi academicians consider Bascom to be one of the greatest cowboys in their state's history. The Fence Post magazine wrote, "Variations of Bascom’s rigging of 1924 and his bucking chute of 1919 have since become world-wide rodeo standards, used at rodeos in North America, Central America, and South America, from Hawaii to Japan to New Zealand and Australia, as well as in Europe and South

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Earl Wesley
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Wayne Gretsky
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Earl Bascom
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<mask> is a journalist, media consultant, and founder of the first languages training for the BBC Academy. She is well known for her work in BBC World Service as a journalist and as building training resources for journalists in the language they report in. She has founded BBC Academy International Languages websites and news style guides in more than 42 vernacular languages. She is also known for presenting for BBC Afghan service, in radio programmes Your Voice (2001-2007) and The Weekly Debate (2001-2007), and on TV in Path of Thoughts (2014-2019). She has created and presented Pashto children's stories, including the BBC series Lallo Lallo, which ran for 95 episodes. Her interview with Prime Minister Tony Blair in 2001 won a Sony Radio Award, and was described by the Guardian as having "a far-reaching effect on Blair's mindset." <mask> is fluent in Pashto, Persian, Russian and English and can speak Hindi and Urdu.Early years and Education
When <mask> was an 11-year-old child when her father was the Afghan Health minister, Dr Zeary. They were invited by Afghan President Hafizullah Amin, along with many other cabinet ministers, to a housewarming party of his new home, the Taj Beg Palace. On this night, on 27 December 1979, Russia invaded Afghanistan. The palace was attacked in Operation Storm-33, and a number of Afghan's were killed, including President Amin, and his two sons. The youngest son was 11-years old and died from shrapnel wounds. <mask> and her family survived the attack, although they were incarcerated in prison for some time directly after the attack. As a young adult <mask> moved from Kabul to Moscow in Russia, where she gained a master's degree in journalism from Moscow State University, and graduated in 1990.In 1991 she moved to London UK with her husband and started work at the BBC Pashto Service in London, UK. Journalism
<mask> <mask> Kasraee worked at the BBC World Service in London from 1992 - 2007. In that time she presented a monthly television news programme for BBC Pashto for over 60 episodes, that ran from 2014-2019. She produced and presented news current affairs programmes in Persian, Pashto, English and Russian. In <mask>'s position of Editor for current affairs, she managed the news coverage of the first Afghan election for the BBC, producing 18 hours of news output. She presented current affairs programmes on key moments in history such as 9/11 and the death of Princess Diana for BBC World Service. She presented and produced special features on women’s mental health, children and youth entertainment programmes.In leadership roles, she was part of  the expansion and digitalisation operation of BBC Persian and Pashto Service. <mask> was also a Planning Editor for BBC Central Asian Service. On 9 October 2001, <mask> <mask> Kasraee interviewed British Prime Minister Tony Blair in the Cabinet room, 10 Downing Street, London for the BBC World Service, BBC Pashto Service. Blair promised the international coalition would not walk away from Afghanistan after the immediate conflict with Osama bin Laden and the Taliban regime was over. She was later interviewed about her conversation with Blair for The Guardian, in which she revealed she had only 30 minutes to prepare for the interview. She said she took the opportunity to tell Blair about her homeland and to ask questions that would have been on the minds of the ordinary Afghan people: "The people who, in their millions, have struggled through two decades of war just to face another conflict." The interview appeared in CBS 60-Minutes programme.The interview won the "2001 Award" at the 2002 Sony Awards for BBC World Service along with her interview with Vice-President of United States Dick Cheney. Children's stories and programmes
During the 1990s Afghani civil war, <mask> Kasraee wrote and presented  a radio programme for Pashto children, which aired Wednesday's on BBC Pashto Radio. She told the stories along with the little rabbit Kharaki, whose questions and reactions were influenced by <mask>'s daughters responses: "I was trying to give them some moments of sparkle and happiness so they could forget, even if temporarily, the bombs, the hunger, the fear, and perhaps lose themselves in a place where good prevailed over evil, where darkness always gave way to sunshine." Lallo Lallo was inspired by the success of <mask>'s earlier children's radio programme developed and presented for BBC Pashto. She has written and presented 95 episodes of children's TV programme Lallo Lallo (Lullaby) for BBC Pashto and BBC World Service. The series was recorded from 2017 till 2019 and taught "children in Afghanistan, Pakistan – in fact, anywhere else in the world – fairytales in Pashto, about honesty, sharing, being safe in the street, the importance of brushing their teeth and washing their hands and many other things that help educate them about the world around them." She presented the series with character Warakai, the rabbit, who is the daughter of the earlier Kharaki.The stories cover a number of subjects, including the importance of honesty, sharing, coping with war and staying clear of landmines. Work as a Media Trainer

BBC Academy International Languages
<mask> <mask> <mask> is the founder of BBC Academy's International Languages. She identified the need to train BBC World Service journalists in the languages they reported in. The initiative led to training resources in more than 42 vernacular languages for BBC journalists, and available to the wider world. At the core of each languages training offer is an explanation of journalistic ethics and values, such as accuracy, impartiality and accountability, and how-to-guides for reflecting these values in the language used. In addition many languages contain training content and interviews about news journalism, multimedia content production, tv and radio and social media. The eleven year project covered more than 42 BBC World Service languages in online content and in style guides.<mask> presented an episode of the BBC Academy Podcast "Women in journalism: challenges and career development" in which she interviewed four female journalists from the BBC World Service about the challenges of being a woman in the newsroom and offer tips for women wanting to develop a career in journalism. In her work for BBC Academy she organised 7 world-wide conferences with BBC International partners. These advanced training in issues such as impartiality in language, fighting against fake news and creating content for a younger audience. She has been a keynote speaker at several international journalism events on original thinking and creativity, understanding audience growth and the fall of traditional radio and TV. <mask> was part of the BBC GWiN (Global Women in News) coaching and mentorship programme, run for and by women working in BBC News. Through involvement in GWiN events and being a mentor, she assisted women in more junior news roles to find their voice and build their careers. Laima International Training
In 2019 <mask> established London based media training consultancy Laima International Training, with the mission teaching journalistic practices, media skills and business leadership.Laima International Training's mission is "to teach journalists and associated media staff not only the latest technological innovations but also key skills such as verification, originality and good storytelling." Speaking

Interview Appearances
"Facing a soldier who had the mission to kill her": In 2009, on the 30th anniversary of the Russian invasion of Afghanistan, <mask> recounted how at the age of 11 years old, she was present in the Afghan Presidential Palace of Taj Beg the night President Hafizullah Amin was killed. In the interview she spoke to Rustam Tursunkulov, the then Soviet Army's Special Forces Commander that carried out orders as part of Operation Storm-33. The soldier who had been commanded to kill everything that moves asked for <mask>'s forgiveness. The interview made up a two-part series for Witness on BBC World Service and was available on BBC Russia. Outlook, in an episode for the World Service's 80th birthday, for BBC World Service broadcast on 29 February 2012, <mask> discussed her experience of witnessing the assassination of President Hafizullah Amin. "My Life in the Ghosts of Bush" Between the Ears, BBC Radio 3.Talking about her time at BBC Pashto Service, broadcast December 2012. The Fifth Floor for BBC World Service, in an episode broadcast 21 November 2015. In conversation about film 'He Named Me Malala', <mask> Kasraee discusses the historic significance of Malalai of Maiwand. Over to You for BBC World Service, in an episode broadcast 20 March 2017. <mask> <mask> appeared in the position of Editor of the BBC Academy International Language websites, to explain the reasons why training material for journalists has been made available in multiple languages. On BBC World Service programme The Fifth Floor, episode "Naming names on the fifth floor", <mask> discussed the issues and cultural sensitivities around the Korean language that have impacted building the BBC Korean service and style guide. Broadcast 12 December 2017.The Fifth Floor for BBC World Service, episode broadcast 12 January 2018, in which <mask> discusses her Pashto language children's programme Lallo Lallo. The Fifth Floor for BBC World Service, episode broadcast 14 September 2018, <mask> read an excerpt from the Pashto translation of Sea Prayer by Khaled Hosseini. She wrote the translation of the book into Pashto. Public speaking and conferences
20 November 2013, "Independent Journalism: Language and Impartiality" in Hong Kong. 2 day conference hosted by BBC Academy, BBC Chinese and School of Communication, Hong Kong Baptist University. 7 August 2014, Keynote speaker at Jinan University, China. 1 March 2018, Kadir Has University, in Istanbul.Keynote speaker on "The Importance of Correct Language in News". Translation work
<mask> edited the translation of Shahnameh, The Book of King, the long epic poem written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi between c. 977 and 1010. She also translated Sea Prayer by Khaled Hosseini into Pashto. References

BBC people
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Najiba Laima Kasraee
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Laima
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Laima
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Laima
Kasraee
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Kasraee
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba
Najiba


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<mask><mask> () is a Turkish-born American businessman of Armenian descent. He is the co-founder of Agenus, Inc. and the founder of the Children of Armenia Fund (COAF), a non-profit organization which focuses on reducing poverty, through “education, healthcare, community and economic development”. History
He was born on January 31, 1953, in Turkey. He moved to New York City in 1970. According to the New York Times he became a messenger boy for a nonprofit Armenian organization. In the article <mask> stated, "I worked five hours a day, five days a week. I got two bucks an hour…and that was a lot of money for me."His second job was in the kitchen of the Lawyers’ Club but it only lasted a day. "I thought I’d learn to cook. Instead, they asked me to wash dishes. I had to climb into the soup bucket, which was huge, and clean it out. Shortly after, I got a job in a bank as a clerk." One night in 1978, in the middle of the energy crisis, <mask> was driving home when he stopped at a gas station. "I noticed that gas pumps only had two digits [for the per gallon price]," in an interview with The Scientist "Realizing that continued rising prices would force the pumps to be replaced in the near future, I borrowed $5,000 to invest in gas pumps."Soon enough, virtually every gas pump in America was replaced – and <mask> had made $20,000. His interest in business was piqued, and had already paid off. By 1979, he received his PhD in physical chemistry from the City University of New York. Armen served as Senior Vice President of Research for Dean Witter Reynolds (1986–1989), focusing on the chemical and pharmaceutical industries and with E.F. Hutton & Company as first Vice President (1981–1986). Before entering finance, Armen had been an associate professor at the Merchant Marine Academy and a research associate at the Brookhaven National Laboratory. Armen's journey into drug development began when his mother died from breast cancer in 1973. The two shared a one-room Brooklyn apartment where Armen administered her morphine shots until she died.In 1994, <mask> was approached by Pramod Srivastava, then a biochemist at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, about the possibility of developing oncophage from a clinical and commercial perspective. The treatment involved removing a patient's tumor cells, isolating and fortifying the cellular proteins that normally alert the immune system to disease, and re-injecting the proteins into the patient. In 1994, <mask> co-founded Antigenics with Srivastava. Career and business ventures
Agenus
Armen is chairman and chief executive officer of Agenus Inc., formerly known as Antigenics Inc., a biotechnology company that discovered Oncophage, a personalized cancer vaccine recently approved in Russia for patients with earlier-stage kidney cancer and currently under review with the European Regulatory Agency. The clinical history of Oncophage was described in detail in a story in the Wall Street Journal, August 2, 2007. In another interview with Business Week and CBS, <mask> described how the idea of personalized medicine tailored to the patient led to his launching Antigenics with $250,000 of his own money, plus the backing of a few friends. He was initially stirred by the results from animal testing; the vaccine cured 80% of mice in the early stages of cancer with virtually no side effects.By February 2000, Antigenics went public at $18 a share, raising $72.5 million. A few months later the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) agreed to review the vaccine on an accelerated schedule when the company filed for approval, and Antigenics began recruiting 728 patients with kidney cancer for the phase 3 trial, the largest study conducted in the world. Ultimately, 118 cancer centers participated in the trial, 63 of them outside the U.S.. The largest group of patients, 172, was treated in Russia. In April 2008, Oncophage was approved by the Russian Ministry of Health, making Russia the first country in the world to approve a personalized cancer vaccine in patients with earlier-stage kidney cancer. On the day Antigenics announced Oncophage's approval, CNBC ran a lead story on the personalized cancer vaccine as well as generating a debate on both television and their website on the regulatory landscape in Russia versus USA – the question posed to the audience was whether America had fallen behind the rest of the world in terms of approving innovative drugs? CNBC concluded with the following statement "The Antigenics story, of course, is making big news in Russia.It's the top story, for example, on this news web site. According to our Senior Economics Correspondent Steve Liesman--who used to live and work in Russia where he won a Pulitzer for his reporting--the headline says, Russia becomes the first country in the world to sell an American cancer vaccine." Armen is now focusing the company's efforts in Europe, and hopes to receive marketing approval for Oncophage in early 2010. Oncophage is currently in clinical development for brain cancer, a devastating disease with few treatment options and survival rates of between three and six months, according to the lead investigator, Dr. Andrew Parsa from UCSF. The study is showing encouraging results and the first patient who received the vaccine, Ms <mask>, was interviewed by Good Morning America describing her experiences of taking the vaccine. Elan
While retaining his position at Antigenics, Armen became chairman of the board of directors for the biopharmaceutical company Élan Corporation plc from mid-2002 through 2004. The company was on the brink of collapse brought down by an accounting scandal that earned it the label of "Europe's Enron".During his tenure, <mask> became the architect of the company's $1 billion restructuring program by strengthening Élan's finances, refocusing the group on its core clinical development business and returning shareholder value. On the day that <mask> assumed chairmanship, the Wall Street Journal and BBC discussed the restructuring plan in some detail. He said "(our) first task is clean house…the world is concerned we’ll file for bankruptcy". By 2004, the Sunday Times of London  hailed <mask> as the chairman that saved the company stating that “it is one of the great corporate recovery stories.” <mask> commented “ For about three months… every day, every hour was critical. Any one of many things could have made the company collapse. We were on the hook every single day until we had an agreement to sell our first major asset.”

Armen Partners
Prior to founding Antigenics in 1994, Armen established Armen Partners, a money management firm specializing in biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, and was the originator of the widely publicized creation of the Immunex Lederle oncology business in 1993. Humanitarian initiatives
<mask> is also the founder and chairman of the Children of Armenia Fund (COAF), a non-profit, non-governmental organization that aims to empower rural Armenians through child-centered community development programs.Working mainly with children and youth, COAF implements education, health, social, and economic development programs to comprehensively address rural poverty. It has also undertaken the improvement of more than 100 infrastructures in villages, including renovation of schools, health clinics, kindergartens, community centers, school cafeterias, creativity labs, roads, and irrigation systems. In 2014, COAF began developing a new strategy to address systemic gaps in rural Armenia- the COAF SMART Initiative. COAF SMART aims at further advancing rural communities by increasing accessibility to comprehensive programs, technology, and opportunities in a state-of-the-art hub. The first COAF SMART Center is located in Lori province, Armenia. It is open to the surrounding rural populations, with a SMART Curriculum beginning at age three. The Center provides education in communication, technology, arts, agriculture and entrepreneurship.COAF envisions the SMART Center as a model for rural development and the beginning of a mindset change for a whole generation. Since opening their first campus in Lori, COAF aims to launch a SMART Center in each region of Armenia. COAF Annual Holiday Gala & Awards dinner has become a premier event in New York raising millions of dollars from a diverse and committed community. Their contributions have affected more than 75,000 people and these project are highlighted in a video entitled "A Formula to Eliminate Global Poverty." A documentary charting COAF's revitalization of rural Armenia was broadcast in 2009 involved a film crew spending extensive time on the ground capturing the effect of these comprehensive programs. The Daily News under the headline “Celebrating New Yorkers Who Make A Difference” highlighted <mask> <mask>'s philanthropic achievements. The article quoted a report by Strategem Consulting International, an independent firm hired by the United Nations, which stated “between 2003 and 2005, life in Karakert, known as Children of Armenia’s first model village, improved dramatically.”

Honors
In 2004, <mask> became a recipient of the prestigious Ellis Island Medal of Honor for his humanitarian efforts in Armenia as well as his exceptional contributions to American society.In 2002, Ernst & Young recognized him as the NYC Biotechnology Entrepreneur of the Year. References

(10) Daily News, Big Town Big Heart, September 18, 2006

External links
 Garo Armen - Armeniapedia.org
 Children of Armenia Fund Video Library

1953 births
Living people
American people of Armenian descent
American technology chief executives
Armenian businesspeople
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
Cornell University alumni
Turkish businesspeople
Turkish people of Armenian descent
EF Hutton people
American physical chemists

masks:
Garo H
. Armen
Armen
Armen
Armen
Armen
Armen
Armen
Hammerman
Armen
Armen
Armen
Armen
Garo
Garo
Armen
Armen


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<mask> (; 1952 – 29 June 2017) was a politician and paramilitary leader in Serbia. He served two terms in the National Assembly of Serbia as a member of the far-right Serbian Radical Party. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Apatin, Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, in what was then the People's Republic of Serbia in the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. He was a construction technician in private life and lived in the village of Prigrevica (near Apatin). Paramilitary leader
Radical Party leader Vojislav Šešelj has said that Ostojić was involved in the formation, training, and oversight of "volunteer squads" of Serb paramilitaries in the early period of the 1991–95 war in Croatia, using his base in Prigrevica as a training centre. He saw action in Croatia during the conflict. Šešelj appointed him as a Chetnik voivode on 13 May 1993.Politician

During the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s
<mask> was a Radical Party candidate in the May 1992 Yugoslavian parliamentary election, running in the single-member division of Sombor. He was defeated by Milorad Vlahović of the Socialist Party of Serbia. He received the seventh position on the Radical Party's electoral list for Novi Sad in the 1992 Serbian parliamentary election. The party won ten mandates in the division, and <mask> was subsequently included in its assembly delegation. (From 1992 to 2000, Serbia's electoral law stipulated that one-third of parliamentary mandates would be assigned to candidates from successful lists in numerical order, while the remaining two-thirds would be distributed amongst other candidates on the lists by the sponsoring parties. It was common practice for the latter mandates to be awarded out of numerical order. <mask>'s position on the list did not give him the automatic right to a mandate, but he was nonetheless included in the party's delegation and took his seat when parliament met in early 1993.)The governing Socialist Party of Serbia won the largest number of seats in this election, but with 101 mandates out of 250 fell short of a majority; the Radicals finished in second place with seventy-three seats. Although the Radicals were technically an opposition party in the sitting of the assembly that followed, they initially worked with the Socialists in an informal coalition. By late 1993, however, the two parties had turned against each other and new elections were called. <mask> was promoted to the fourth position on the Radical Party's list for Novi Sad in the 1993 parliamentary election. The party won seven seats in the division. <mask> did not receive an automatic mandate and was not included in his party's delegation for the parliament that followed. Warrant for arrest and return to the National Assembly
<mask> later left the Radical Party.He sought election to the Assembly of Vojvodina in a 2013 by-election with a Citizens' Group called the Movement for Vojvodina and finished seventh in a field of eight candidates. In January 2015, <mask> and two other members of the Radical Party (Petar Jojić and Vjerica Radeta) were charged with contempt of court by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) for having allegedly "threatened, intimidated, offered bribes to, or otherwise interfered with" witnesses in the trial of party leader Vojislav Šešelj. <mask> was specifically accused of having assisted Jojić in dictating a statement for a prosecution witness that was untruthful "in that it contained false allegations against the prosecution and misrepresented the role and responsibilities of Šešelj during the war." The three accused declined to go to The Hague to face the charges. In an interview from this period, <mask> said that he had previously been detained in Belgrade for five days in 2002 and "harassed" by an ICTY prosecutor. In <mask>'s accounting of events, the prosecutor sought to persuade him to make false statements about Šešelj and Slobodan Milošević at the tribunal, at one point offering him money. (The article in which this interview appeared described <mask> as living in "extreme poverty" with his family in Prigrevica and noted that he had not been active with the Radical Party in several years.It also indicated that he had become an amateur historian and had written extensively on the military history of Kupres in World War II). Against the backdrop of the arrest warrant, <mask> became active with the Radical Party again and received the twentieth position on its electoral list in the 2016 Serbian parliamentary election. By this time, the entire country had been restructured as a single electoral division and all mandates were awarded to candidates on successful lists in numerical order. The party won twenty-two mandates, and <mask> was accordingly elected to a second term in the national assembly. The election was won by the Serbian Progressive Party and its allies, and the Radicals again served in opposition. A Serbian court subsequently ruled that the country was not obligated to extradite the three accused; the ruling indicated that Serbian law only requires the extradition of persons accused of serious offences such as war crimes, not those accused of contempt of court or other comparatively minor crimes. The ICTY continued to demand that the accused be extradited, arguing that Serbia's existing legislation could not be used as an excuse for non-compliance and urging the country to change its legislation to comply with the arrest warrants.Foreign affairs minister Ivica Dačić responded in August 2016 that Serbia's law on extraditions had been adopted by the Serbian parliament in cooperation with international agencies, that no objections were raised at the time, and that the tribunal had no authority to propose changes. In March 2017, Interpol issued high-priority red notices for the arrests of <mask> and his two colleagues. Rasim Ljajić, a deputy prime minister of Serbia, responded by stating that, "There is a Serbian court ruling that they will not be surrendered. There is no legal ground for this, and we have to respect the conclusions of the independent judicial authorities." <mask> died before the matter was resolved. Death
<mask> died on 29 June 2017 after a short illness. Electoral record

Provincial

Federal (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia)

References

1952 births
2017 deaths
People from Apatin
Members of the National Assembly of Serbia
Serbian Radical Party politicians

masks:
Jovo Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić
Ostojić


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<mask> () (born 12 March 1933) is a Brazilian archaeologist known for her work in pre-historic archeology of South American civilizations and her efforts to secure the conservation of the World Heritage Site Serra da Capivara National Park. Educated in Brazil and France, she worked in Paris for most of her career. She was the founding president of the Fundação Museu do Homem Americano (American Man Museum Foundation), a non-profit organization created to support the Serra da Capivara National Park, a World Heritage Site. In 2005, she was one of the 1000 women nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. Since the early 1970s, Guidon has conducted archeological research in Southeast Piauí, where thousands of archeological sites have been discovered. Her dates from those sites indicate that human settlement preceded North America's Clovis people by tens of thousands of years. In the late 1980s, these findings challenged the mainstream theory of Clovis First and have generated debate in the academic archeology community.Guidon has won several national and international awards, including the Prince Claus Award, and the Ford conservation and Environment award. Career
Guidon was born in 1933 in Jaú, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. She moved to São Paulo, where she studied Natural History at the University of São Paulo and subsequently worked for the Ipiranga Museum. In 1964, she was targeted by the Brazilian military dictatorship, which persecuted and tortured alleged communist scholars and students. To escape persecution, she moved to France, where she completed a Ph.D. in prehistory at the Sorbonne University with André Leroi-Gourhan and Annette Laming-Emperaire, became a researcher at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) in Paris from 1966 to 1977, and a professor at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences in Paris. Association with Serra de Capivara

Archaeological activities
In 1963, Guidon organized an exhibition of prehistoric paintings at the Ipiranga Museum. She was approached by a visitor from Serra da Capivara, who showed her photographs of rock art from rock shelters in the area.Guidon recognized that the paintings were significantly different from any known at that time, and was struck by their diversity and abundance. A few years later, Guidon visited the rock shelters at Piauí herself, and began research in the area in 1973. In 1978, she convinced the French government to establish an archeological mission to study prehistory in Piauí. Guidon led a mission composed of national and international researchers and local field assistants until her retirement, at which point Eric Boëda, a researcher at the CNRS and professor at the Université Paris, took over at her invitation. In 1978, Guidon and other researchers petitioned the Brazilian government to create a protected area in the Serra da Capivara region. The Serra da Capivara National Park was created in 1979, encompassing an area protected by UNESCO, but the legislation has received little investment for its implementation. As the head archaeologist at the park, Guidon was responsible for the preservation, development and management of archaeological projects in the park.She and her colleagues have discovered more than 800 pre-historic sites revealing occupation of the Americas by human beings, of which more than 600 are accompanied by paintings. In Pedra Furada, Guidon and her colleagues excavated an archaeological rock art site to uncover evidence of a Paleoindian culture they believe to be as old as c. 30,000 years B.P., significantly predating previous theories of the first habitation of the area by early Americans. She has recorded over 35,000 archaeological images and published multiple papers and books. Her findings were first brought into the spotlight in 1986 with a publication in the British magazine Nature, in which she claimed to have discovered 32,000-year-old hearths and human artifacts. Although such early dates have not been generally accepted, Guidon and her colleagues have shown that the area was occupied by Paleoindian and Archaic rock art cultures subsisting on broad-spectrum hunting and gathering. In 1988 she began a partnership with the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA), to facilitate the continuation of her excavations. Pedra Furada

Guidon's most famous prehistoric site is the Toca do Boqueira de Pedra Furada, located near São Raimundo Nonato in the Serra de Capivara park.Pedra Furada is a rock shelter 55 feet (17 m) deep; its walls are painted with more than 1,150 pre-historic images. Guidon has found thousands of artifacts here that could suggest human handiwork, and discovered a structure resembling a bonfire equipped with arranged logs and stones that she believes date back 48,700 years. She has suggested that humans reached Brazil about 100,000 years ago, probably by boat from Africa. The plant and animal remains recovered from the c. 10,000-year-old levels of this site and from comparable levels of another rock shelter in the Serra, the Perna site, show that the area was more humid and more forested than today. Michael R. Waters, a geoarchaeologist at Texas A&M University, noted the absence of genetic evidence in modern populations to support Guidon's claim. Community work
In response to the growing threat to the integrity of local ecosystems and rock art, the same group of researchers founded the non-profit organization Fundação Museo do Homem Americano (FUMDHAM) (American Man Museum Foundation) to manage and protect the National Park and develop its surrounding rural communities. Guidon was the president of FUMDHAM from its creation in 1986 until 2020.In 1990, Guidon moved from Paris to São Raimundo Nonato, Piauí, the gateway community of the Serra da Capivara National Park, where she has lived since. As president of FUMDHAM, she was involved in creating two museums, the American Man Museum and Nature's museum, a research center, and several social projects in education, health care, and sustainable economic activities in rural communities, offering training in ecology, prehistory, and the restoration of archaeological artifacts. Guidon has also led petitions to build schools, successfully establishing five new schools in local communities with a teaching faculty from the University of São Paulo, which have since declined in activity due to the lack of governmental structure. She also started a ceramics business, Cerâmica de Capivara, which she turned over to local entrepreneurs when it began making a profit. See also
Toca da Tira Peia
Pedra Furada

References

External links
Biography
Interview
The Rock Art of Pedra Furada - Archaeological research by Niède Guidon

Brazilian archaeologists
Living people
1933 births
University of Paris alumni
Recipients of the Great Cross of the National Order of Scientific Merit (Brazil)
People from São Paulo (state)
University of São Paulo alumni
Brazilian women archaeologists


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<mask> (4 February 1945, Bucharest – 13 March 2014, Galda de Jos) was a Romanian theatre director, actor, and writer. Life
<mask> studied theatre directing under Radu Penciulescu (1930–2019) at the Caragiale National University of Theatre and Film in Bucharest, graduating in 1968. The same year, he made his debut as a director with a highly original production of Henrik Ibsen's Rosmersholm at the State Theatre of Sibiu. He went on to stage a large number of productions, including works by Shakespeare, Sophocles, Seneca, Chekhov, Arnold Wesker, Jean Racine, Jean Cocteau, and Georg Büchner, as well as Romanian classics, such as Ion Luca Caragiale's A Stormy Night and Tudor Mușatescu's Titanic Waltz, and plays by contemporary Romanian dramatist Teodor Mazilu (1930–1980). Suffering from ill health, <mask> withdrew from theatre life in 1991 and was a patient at the Neuropsychiatric Recuperation and Rehabilitation Centre, Galda de Jos, Alba County, until his death in 2014. He is buried at the Hajongard Cemetery in Cluj-Napoca. In 1993, he was awarded the UNITER (Uniunea Teatrală din România) Prize for Lifetime Achievement.In 2014, the Turda Municipal Theatre was renamed the Aureliu Manea National Theatre in honour of the director, who staged many of his productions there. Work as a director
Franco-Romanian theatre critic  likens <mask> to Argentinian director "maudit" Victor Garcia, an exponent of "absolute theatre, incandescent theatre," whose genius was recognised and admired at the time by Jean Genet and Peter Brook. Banu followed <mask>'s career from the very beginning, writing a review of his debut production, Rosmersholm, staged at the State Theatre of Sibiu in 1968. According to Banu, <mask>'s production succeeded in creating an intense sense of unease in both cast and audience by embodying Ibsen as a ghostly presence moving among the actors on stage. Similarly, Pastor Rosmer's wife, who commits suicide before the play begins, is present during the performance as a ghostly figure hovering above the stage, as if directing and influencing the actors' actions. In The Energies of Performance, <mask> recounts that his reading of Rosmersholm was as a drama that went against nature and life, which prompted him to have the cast appear dressed all in black sackcloth. The only moment relieving the blackness came in Pastor Rosmer's monologue, which the actor spoke while biting the cloth of a white flag, with the resultant tortured delivery conveying how the character's rage for purity had become his own torture.Around this time, <mask> staged a production in Timișoara of angry young man Arnold Wesker's Four Seasons, in which he tried to convey the idea of a "failed construction", with lead actors Ovidiu-Iuliu Moldovan and Florin Cercel interrupting their performance to sit down on the stage to rest for two minutes whenever the dramatic situation became false, ridiculous, or unrealistic. Wesker saw the production when it was staged in Bucharest and enjoyed it, but felt it was a performance of someone else's play. The year before Rosmersholm, in 1967, <mask> had been due to stage a production of Sophocles' Philoctetes at the Iași National Theatre, but the premiere was suspended for three years after Teofil Vâlcu, in the lead role, seriously injured himself in a fall from a rope he was climbing onstage during rehearsals. The production featured an Elizabethan-style set intended to convey an aesthetic of brutal, bloody acts that are inherent to an ineluctably violent history and costumes designed to suggest both savagery and a technologically advanced civilisation. After Rosmersholm, Manea continued to stage innovative, visually arresting productions at theatres around Romania, His production of Racine's Britannicus at the Piatra Neamț Youth Theatre in 1969 featured scenes of highly aestheticised, ritualistic torture, which director Liviu Ciulei likened to Japanese Noh theatre, although <mask> was unfamiliar with this tradition at the time. In 1972, <mask> staged a production of Jean Cocteau's The Typewriter at the State Theatre, Turda, which employed as its visual metaphor B movies and the blurring of cinema and real life, with Solange portrayed as a narcissist who steps onto the stage from a white screen at the beginning of the performance and acts out the final suicide scene as if she were on the big screen. In Manea's 1973 production of Marivaux's Le Jeu de l'amour et du hasard at the National Theatre, Cluj, he imagined the action as a game presided over by Orgon as both master of ceremonies and ideal audience, in which the action is a dialogue between costumes rather than characters.In 1975, <mask>'s production of Twelfth Night, which he conceived in the manner of what he called a "philosophical variety show", staged at the Cluj National Theatre, with sets by Paul Salzberger, drew standing ovations. The following year, hisMacbeth, staged at the Ploiești Theatre in 1976, drew on Japanese Kabuki theatre, with a stark set that evoked a desolate, snowy landscape, dominated by a wooden throne symbolising Macbeth's barbarous, brutal power, "adorned with furs and animal heads, which were trophies of earlier conquests and omens of the death that was to come." A contemporary reviewer saw the production as a "cosmic" clash "between Good and Evil, between Life and Death, between order and chaos, or between nature and the human being as a representative of social convulsion." During his career, <mask> staged only one production in Bucharest, however, since he saw the actors there as "too big" and preferred to work with lesser-known actors, who were not given to displays of ego and did not contest his direction: As a director, he saw theatre not as a vehicle for individual actors, but rather as the "art of solidarity", "a ritual of togetherness" uniting actors and audience. Produced by <mask> Samson, the production in question, for which <mask> came out of retirement after two decades in the Galda de Jos Neuropsychiatric Recuperation Home, was a dramatisation of the letters of Mariana Alcoforado, staged at the Metropolis Theatre, Bucharest, with sets by Paul Salzberger. Sîrbu, The Ark of Good Hope, National Theatre, Craiova
 1990
 Georg Büchner, Woyzeck, Municipal Theatre, Ploiești
 2012
 The Portuguese Letters of Mariana Alcoforado, Metropolis Theatre, Bucharest

Writing
In 1983, Manea published Energiile spectacolului (The Energies of Performance), a series of short meditations on directors (Liviu Ciulei, Jerzy Grotowski, Peter Brook) and directing; playwrights (Sophocles, Gogol, Shakespeare, Aristophanes, Racine, Strindberg, Carlo Goldoni, Brecht, Chekhov, Molière, Marivaux); actors and acting; the ritual and psychological laws governing stage properties; the mechanisms of attention during performance (the director is an "engineer of attention"); theatre as officiation of a sacral rite; directorial intention, improvisation, chance, and the "entropic phenomenon" in theatrical performance; and the fundamental enigma and ephemerality of the theatrical act. In Spectacole imaginare, published in 1986, Manea takes nineteen plays by Shakespeare (Richard II, The Merchant of Venice, The Tempest, As You Like It, Two Gentlemen of Verona, Julius Caesar, Much Ado About Nothing, The Comedy of Errors, Love's Labours Lost, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Romeo and Juliet, King John, Richard III, The Taming of the Shrew, Titus Andronicus, Twelfth Night, Othello, Macbeth, Hamlet) and imagines a production that might penetrate the enigma of each play, its timeless human mystery.The "Imaginary Performances" are followed by a series of "Confessions", in which <mask> meditates on his work as a director, on his past productions and work with specific actors and playwrights, on the puppet theatre, on performance as a ritual of profound communion between audience and actors, on the giants of universal drama (Aeschylus, Goethe). In 2012, Viorica <mask>, the director's sister, edited and published a collection of <mask>'s writings: the trilogy of plays Penelope Falls to Thinking, The Theatre Rehearsal, and The Fairy from the East, short stories, and an essay ("Man's Solitude, or Narcissus"). Penelope Falls to Thinking was presented in the Reading Performances section of the Sibiu International Theatre Festival in 2012. In 2013, the Cluj National Theatre staged a production of <mask>'s trilogy of plays, directed by Gábor Tompa. Sources
 Georges Banu, "Un meteorit." In Manea (2012, 5-10)
 Monica Matei-Chesnoiu, Shakespeare in the Romanian Cultural Memory, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, Madison, Teaneck, 2006 . <mask> <mask>, Energiile spectacolului, Editura Dacia, Cluj, Socialist Republic of Romania, 1983.<mask> <mask>, Imaginary Performances in Shakespeare, trans. Alistair Ian Blyth, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2020 . <mask> <mask>, Texte regăsite, ed. Viorica <mask>, Casa Cărții de Știință, Cluj, 2012  . <mask> <mask>, Spectacole imaginare, 2nd edition, Editura Eikon, Bucharest, 2018 . Ștefan Oprea, "Cazul Filoctet", Cronica Veche, No. 3 (62), March 2016.Nicolae Prelipceanu, "Teatrul Globus al lui <mask> Manea." In Manea (2018, 13-16)
 Paul Salzberger, "Creion." In Manea (2012, 11-12)
 Viorica Samson <mask>, "Foreword." In Manea (2020, xi-xii)
 Sibiu International Theatre Festival 2012, Antologia, ed. Alina Mazilu, Editura Humanitas, Bucharest, 2012 . References

1945 births
2014 deaths
Theatre people from Bucharest
Romanian theatre directors
Male actors from Bucharest
Caragiale Academy of Theatrical Arts and Cinematography alumni

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Aureliu Manea
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<mask> (楊素 died August 31, 606), courtesy name Chudao (處道), formally Duke Jingwu of Chu (楚景武公), was a Chinese military general and politician of the Sui dynasty whose authority eventually became nearly as supreme as the emperor's. Traditional sinologists generally believed that he was involved in the suspected murder of Emperor Wen in 604, at the behest of Emperor Wen's son <mask> (the later Emperor <mask>). His son <mask>n later rebelled against Emperor <mask> in 613 but was defeated and killed, and <mask>'s other sons were also executed. During Northern Zhou
It is not known when <mask> was born. His grandfather <mask> (楊喧) was a mid-level official under the Northern Wei or its branch successor state Western Wei. <mask>'s father <mask> (楊敷) served as a general for Western Wei's successor state Northern Zhou, but in 571, while defending Dingyang (定陽, in modern Linfen, Shanxi), <mask> was defeated and captured by the Northern Qi general Duan Shao (段韶). <mask> refused to surrender and was kept in captivity for the rest of his life, but it is not known when he died.After <mask>'s death, <mask>, who was considered highly talented in his youth, repeatedly sought posthumous recognition for his father from Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou. Eventually, Emperor Wu was so pestered that he ordered that <mask> be killed—perhaps stating the order publicly to scare <mask> so that he would relent. Instead of begging for forgiveness, however, <mask> yelled out, "I serve a ruthless emperor, and it is proper for me to die!" Emperor Wu, impressed with <mask>'s fortitude, released him and gave <mask> posthumous honors, including the title of Duke of Linzhen. He made <mask> an official in his administration, and once, when he had <mask> draft an edict for him and was impressed by both the fast speed that <mask> wrote the edict and the beauty of the language, he commented, "Just work hard. Honor and wealth will come to you." <mask> responded, "I am worried that I will be forced to accept honor and wealth, as I have no desire for them."In 575, when Emperor Wu launched a major attack on Northern Qi, he granted <mask>'s request to lead the remains of <mask>'s old army. While Emperor Wu was soon forced to abandon the campaign, <mask> was, for his contributions, created the Viscount of Qinghe. When Emperor Wu relaunched the attack on Northern Qi in winter 576, <mask> served under Emperor Wu's brother and major general Yuwen Xian the Prince of Qi, and during a battle, when Yuwen Xian was ambushed by forces under Northern Qi's emperor Gao Wei, it was <mask> who fought hard to save Yuwen Xian. Thereafter, he continued to make contributions under Yuwen Xian during the campaign against Northern Qi. After Emperor Wu conquered Northern Qi in 577, he promoted <mask>'s title to Duke of Chen'an. In 578, he served under the general Wang Gui (王軌) in defeating the Chen Dynasty general Wu Mingche, and for this contribution, Emperor Wu created his brother <mask> (楊慎) the Marquess of Yi'an. After Emperor Wu's death later in 578 and succession by his son Emperor Xuan, Emperor Xuan conferred the title of Duke of Linzhen, which Emperor Wu had posthumously created <mask>, on <mask>, transferring <mask>'s title of Duke of Cheng'an to his brother <mask>ē (楊約).<mask> subsequently served under the general Wei Xiaokuan in capturing the region between the Yangtze River and the Huai River from Chen. In 580, Emperor Xuan, who had by that point become retired emperor, died, and Emperor Xuan's father-in-law <mask> seized power as regent over Emperor Xuan's son Emperor Jing. <mask> became close to <mask>, and <mask> made him the governor of the important Bian Province (汴州 roughly modern Kaifeng, Henan). However, before <mask> could report to Bian Province, the general Yuchi Jiong, suspicious of <mask>'s intentions, rose against him. One of Yuchi's supporters, Yuwen Zhou (宇文冑) the governor of Ying Province (滎州 roughly modern Zhengzhou, Henan) defended Hulao Pass against <mask>'s forces, and <mask> sent <mask> against Yuwen Zhou. <mask> was able to defeat Yuwen Zhou, and after Yuchi had been defeated and had committed suicide, <mask> made <mask> the commandant at Xu Province (徐州 roughly modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu) and promoted his title to Duke of Qinghe, transferring his title of Duke of Linzhen to his brother <mask>è (楊岳 note different tone and character than the other brother). During Emperor Wen's reign
In 581, <mask> had Emperor Jing yield the throne to him, ending Northern Zhou and establishing Sui Dynasty as its Emperor Wen.<mask> continued to serve in Emperor Wen's administration including a spell helping prepare the Kaihuang Code on which Emperor Wen's legal reforms were based. In 584, during an argument with his wife Zheng Qiye (郑祁耶), he angrily stated, "If I become emperor, you will not be empress!" Zheng Qiye, in anger, reported the comment to Emperor Wen, who removed <mask> from his post as a punishment. In 585, Emperor Wen restored him and made him the commandant at Xin Province (modern eastern Chongqing) to prepare an attack against Chen down the Yangtze River. While at Xin Province, he built large ships in anticipation of the attack. In winter 588, Emperor Wen launched the attack, commissioning his sons <mask> the Prince of Jin and <mask>, along with <mask>, to command the three main prongs of the attack, with <mask> in overall command of the operations. <mask>'s responsibility was to take his forces down the Yangtze and attack cities on the river.He passed through the Three Gorges and defeated the Chen general Qi Xin (戚昕). He soon ran into heavy resistance by the Chen general Lü Zhongsu (呂忠肅) and initially was repelled, but eventually was able to defeat Lü. With Chen Shubao's cousin Chen Huiji (陳慧紀) abandoning the region to make one last-ditch attempt to reach the Chen capital Jiankang to help defend it against <mask>'s attack, <mask> encountered no further resistance, and soon news that Jiankang had fallen arrived, and the local provinces all surrendered to him or <mask>, whom he met at Hankou (漢口 in modern Wuhan, Hubei). Emperor Wen subsequently promoted <mask> to the greater title of Duke of Yue and transferred his title of Duke of Qinghe to his son <mask> (楊玄獎), while making his heir apparent <mask>n a mid-level official. He was briefly made the commandant at Jing Province (荊州 roughly modern Jingzhou, Hubei), but in summer 588 was recalled to the capital to be the head of the examination bureau (門下省 Menxia Sheng) -- one of the most important officials in the imperial government. In 590, he was made the head of the legislative bureau (內史省 Neishi Sheng). Later in 590, with Chen's former territory up in rebellions against imposition of Sui laws, <mask> was put in command of a large army to attack the various rebel leaders.He defeated Shen Xuanhui (沈玄懀) and Gao Zhihui (高智慧), eventually quelling much of the former Chen territory. Emperor Wen awarded him with many gifts. Based on <mask>'s conduct during the campaign, the historian Sima Guang, in his Zizhi Tongjian, commented:

When <mask> commanded large armies, he showed flexibility and much tactical capability. His military discipline was harsh, and before each battle, he always sought out soldiers who had faults to execute in order to show his power -- sometimes more than a hundred, and sometimes no less than 20. As their blood flowed before him, he treated as if it were nothing, and continued to smile and talk. When it came time for battling, he would send out somewhere between 100 to 200 soldiers as a forward corps to attack first. If they were unsuccessful in penetrating the enemy lines and returned, regardless of how many survived, they would all be executed.He would then repeat the process, but with 200 to 300 soldiers. All officers and soldiers tremored with fear, and all fought with resolution to fight to the death. Therefore, he was always victorious and considered a great general. At that time, <mask> was powerful and favored by the emperor. Whatever he suggested was not refused, and so <mask>'s followers, even if their contributions were small, would be rewarded for their contributions. The soldiers under the other generals often had their contributions denied by the civilian officials and not rewarded. Therefore, even though <mask> was cruel, his soldiers were willing to follow him.Around the new year 593, <mask> was made a co-head of the executive bureau (尚書省 Shangshu Sheng) with Gao Jiong, effectively serving as co-prime ministers, replacing <mask> in that role. It was said that by this point, <mask> had become very arrogant, and among the officials, he only respected Gao, Niu Hong (牛弘), and Xue Daoheng (薛道衡), looking down at and bullying the rest. It was commented by traditional historians that he was more talented and had more

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 foresight than Gao, but that he was not as fair-minded or well-behaved as Gao. In spring 593, Emperor Wen commissioned <mask> to oversee the building of his vacation palace, Renshou Palace (仁壽宮 in modern Baoji, Shaanxi). <mask> spent much effort building it to be a luxurious palace, needing not much architectural work but landscaping of the nearby hills and valleys. Much human life was lost—numbering in the tens of thousands. The palace was completed in spring 595, and when Emperor Wen inspected it, he, by nature frugal, was initially displeased and stated, "<mask> expended money and effort to build this palace, and he made the people hate me."<mask> was fearful of punishment, but when Emperor Wen's wife Empress Dugu arrived, she pointed out to Emperor Wen that <mask> knew that they had little other pleasures, and therefore built the palace in this manner. She gave <mask> awards in both money and silk. In 598, both Empress Dugu and <mask>'s wife Zheng Qiye were ill, and suspicions came on the official Dugu Tuo (獨孤陀)--who was Empress Dugu's half-brother and whose wife was <mask>'s half-sister. Dugu Tuo was accused of having his servant girl Xu Ani (徐阿尼) employ cat spirits to curse Empress Dugu and Zheng Qiye, and was nearly executed, but at Empress Dugu's urging was spared and only reduced to commoner rank. In spring 599, <mask> was one of the major generals commissioned to attack Tujue's Dulan Khan, Ashina Yongyulü, along with Gao Jiong and Yan Rong (燕榮). He encountered Ashina Yongyulü's subordinate khan, the Datou Khan Ashina Dianjue. Contrary to prior strategies to first protect his army before engaging, he quickly engaged Ashina Dianjue and defeated him, forcing Ashina Dianjue to flee.Sometime around that time, Emperor Wen and Empress Dugu, who generally had a loving relationship, had a major conflict—over an affair by Emperor Wen (who otherwise did not have any concubines, in contrast with nearly every other emperor in Chinese history) with Yuchi Jiong's granddaughter, who had become a servant in the palace. Empress Dugu killed Lady Yuchi, and in anger, Emperor Wen rode away from the palace. <mask> and Gao had to track him down and persuade him back to the palace. <mask> and Gao subsequently held a banquet for them to allow them to reconcile. In winter 599, Emperor Wen sent <mask> again to attack Ashina Yongyulü, but before his army could depart, Ashina Yongyulü was assassinated and replaced by Ashina Dianjue (as Bujia Khan), and so <mask> did not launch his army. In 600, when Ashina Dianjue attacked, Emperor Wen sent <mask> and Shi Wansui (史萬歲), along with his sons <mask> and <mask>, to resist, and Ashina Dianjue was fought off. (The historians had much to say as to Shi's success during this campaign, but not <mask>'s, suggesting that <mask> was not involved in major engagements during this campaign.)By 600, Emperor Wen's crown prince <mask> had lost the favor of Emperor Wen and Empress Dugu, over his wastefulness (which displeased Emperor Wen) and having many concubines (which displeased Empress Dugu). <mask>, whom Emperor Wen and Empress Dugu, had for some time plotted to replace <mask>, sent his associate Yuwen Shu to persuade <mask>'s brother <mask>ē that, as <mask> did not have a good relationship with <mask>, that if Emperor Wen died, <mask> and his brothers would soon be in danger under <mask>'s rule. Rather, Yuwen suggested, <mask> should form a pact with <mask> and try to have <mask> made crown prince. <mask> agreed, and began to discuss with Empress Dugu in earnest the possibility of replacing <mask> with <mask>. Empress Dugu was pleased, and requested <mask> to persuade Emperor Wen as well. By fall 600, <mask> had <mask>'s associate Ji Wei (姬威) falsely accuse <mask> of plotting treason. Emperor Wen commissioned <mask> to investigate, and <mask> intentionally misinterpreted evidence and manufactured additional evidence, causing Emperor Wen to believe that <mask> was indeed plotting treason.Emperor Wen deposed <mask> and created <mask> crown prince instead. In winter 601, Emperor Wen commissioned <mask> to command an army, in association with Qimin Khan Ashina Rangan (who had surrendered to <mask>i and whom Emperor Wen had created khan), to attack Ashina Dianjue. In spring 602, <mask> achieved a great victory, and for his victory, <mask>n's post was upgraded, and another son of <mask>, <mask> (楊玄縱), was created the Duke of Huainan. By 602, <mask> was concerned that his brother, <mask> the Prince of Shu, who as the commandant at Yi Province (roughly modern Chengdu, Sichuan) was in control of the modern Sichuan and Chongqing region, would eventually make trouble for him. He had <mask> collect evidence of <mask>'s wastefulness and inappropriate behavior. Emperor Wen summoned <mask> back to the capital, and had <mask> investigate. Both <mask> and <mask> manufactured additional evidence against <mask>, and <mask> was reduced to commoner rank and put under house arrest.Also in 602, Empress Dugu died. <mask> was in charge of the funeral arrangements, and in appreciation, Emperor Wen created yet another son of <mask> the Duke of Yikang. Upon accusations by the official Liang Pi (梁毗) that <mask> was becoming overly powerful and abusive, Emperor Wen began to distance himself from <mask>, although he continued to confer honors on <mask>. The actual authority over the executive bureau was instead exercised by <mask> and Emperor Wen's son-in-law Liu Shu (柳述). In summer 604, while at Renshou Palace, Emperor Wen became ill.  <mask>, Liu, and Yuan Yan (元儼) attended to him. Emperor Wen soon died, and <mask>, after ordering <mask>'s brother <mask>ē to have <mask> killed, announced Emperor Wen's death and took the throne as Emperor <mask>. Traditional historians, while admitting a lack of direct evidence, largely believed an account that Emperor Wen's death was a murder ordered by <mask>, with <mask> in cooperation.This account alleged that <mask> attempted to rape Emperor Wen's concubine Consort Chen (Chen Shubao's sister), and when Consort Chen reported the attempted rape to Emperor Wen, Emperor Wen tried to depose <mask> and sent Liu and Yuan to summon <mask>. <mask> arrested Liu and Yuan, and then <mask> sent his associate Zhang Heng (張衡) to kill Emperor Wen. During Emperor <mask>'s reign
Upon hearing Emperor <mask>'s ascension, <mask>, then the commandant at Bing Province (并州 roughly modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) and in control of the territory north of the Yellow River, rebelled—inexplicably declaring, as his reason for rebelling, that <mask> had committed treason. Emperor <mask> sent <mask> to attack <mask>, and <mask>, after capturing <mask>'s general Xiao Mohe, forced <mask>'s surrender. For <mask>'s contributions, Emperor <mask> gave his sons <mask>n (楊萬石), <mask> (楊仁行), and <mask>ng (楊玄挺) all mid-level imperial posts and much treasure, previously owned by <mask>. In spring 605, Emperor <mask> began to expand Luoyang to serve as the eastern capital. <mask> was commissioned to head the project.It was said that although <mask> had much contributions for him, Emperor <mask> actually was very suspicious of <mask>. When imperial astrologers informed Emperor <mask> that the Sui region (central Hubei) would have a major funeral, Emperor Wen created <mask> the Duke of Chu, technically a greater title—believing that the Chu and Sui regions were close enough that he could use <mask> to deflect the ill fortune. When <mask> grew ill in 606, <mask> sent the imperial physicians, along with the most precious medicines, to treat <mask>, but closely monitored <mask>'s conditions, hoping that <mask> would die. <mask> himself knew of Emperor <mask>'s intentions, and therefore refused all treatment and did not take good care of his own body, stating to <mask>e, "Why should I want to live?" He died in fall 606, and Emperor <mask> honored him with a magnificent funeral. After <mask>n rebelled in 613, all of <mask>'s sons were killed. <mask>'s tomb was destroyed, and <mask>'s body was burned by the general Wei Wensheng (衛文昇).But one daughter of his would later become a concubine of Emperor Gaozu of Tang and bear him a son named Li Yuanxiang (李元祥) and titled Prince of Jiang, while his granddaughter through his son <mask>jing would become a concubine of Emperor Taizong of Tang and bear him a son named Li Fu (李福) and titled Prince of Zhao. It was said that one of <mask>'s favorite dishes was fried rice and that he popularized the dish. In the Book of Sui, <mask> was described as a man with imposing look and a shiny long beard. Notes and references

Reading
Book of Sui, vol. 48. History of Northern Dynasties, vol. 41.Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 170, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180. 606 deaths
6th-century births
Northern Zhou generals
Sui dynasty generals
Sui dynasty

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<mask> (also known as Prosper Alpinus, <mask> and Latinized as Prosperus Alpinus) (23 November 15536 February 1617) was a Venetian physician and botanist. He travelled around Egypt and served as the fourth prefect in charge of the botanical garden of Padua. He wrote several botanical treatises which covered exotic plants of economic and medicinal value. His description of coffee and banana plants are considered the oldest in European literature. The ginger-family genus Alpinia was named in his honour by Carolus Linnaeus. Biography

Born at Marostica, a town near Vicenza, the son of Francesco, a physician, Alpini served in his youth for a time in the Milanese army, but in 1574 he went to study medicine at Padua. After taking his doctor's degree in 1578, he settled as a physician in Campo San Pietro, a small town in the Paduan territory.But his tastes were botanical and influenced by Melchiorre Guilandino, and to extend his knowledge of exotic plants he travelled to Egypt in 1580 as physician to George Emo or Hemi, the Venetian consul in Cairo. The position was obtained with help from Antonio Morosini. From 1587 to 1590 he worked in Venice, Bassano and then at Genoa as physician to Giovanni Andrea Doria. In Egypt he spent three years, and from a practice in the management of datepalms, which he observed in that country, he learned of sexual difference in plants, which was later to become important in the foundation of the Linnaean taxonomy system. He says that "the female date-trees or palms do not bear fruit unless the branches of the male and female plants are mixed together; or, as is generally done, unless the dust found in the male sheath or male flowers is sprinkled over the female flowers". On his return, he resided for some time at Genoa as physician to Andrea Doria, and in 1593 he was appointed professor of botany at Padua. In 1603, following the death of Giacomo Antonio Cortuso (1513-1603), he was appointed prefect for the botanical garden at Padua.His knowledge of medicinal plants made him a much sought after physician consulted by others such as Fabrici of Acquapendente and Alessandro Massaria. Towards the end of his life he suffered from arthritis, skin inflammation and receptive aphasia. He died on 6 February 1617 and is buried in the Basilica of Saint Antonio. He was succeeded in the botanical chair by his son Alpino <mask> (died 1637). Books

<mask>'s best-known botanical work is De Plantis Aegypti liber (Venice, 1592). This work introduced a number of plant species previously unknown to European botanists including Abrus, Abelmoschus, Lablab, and Melochia, each of which are native to tropical areas and were cultivated with artificial irrigation in Egypt at the time. Other species included Sesban Sesbania sesban and the baobab tree (which he spelled bahobab).Early adopters of <mask>'s new botanical names included the botanists Carolus Clusius (died 1609), Johann Bauhin (died 1613), Caspar Bauhin (died 1624) and Johann Veslingius (visited Egypt in the 1620s; died 1649). <mask> <mask>'s  was published in 1629 after his death. It has an expansion of the material in  plus some other material. His De Plantis Aegypti liber is said to contain the first account of the coffee plant published in Europe although the German traveller Leonhard Rauwolf tasted coffee at Aleppo in 1573 and described its effects in 1582. His book De balsamo dialogus (1581, 1592) was among the first books to specialize on a single group of plants. He wrote on the prognosis of diseases in his De praesagienda vita et morti aegrotanti (1601) which led Kurt Sprengel to consider him as a modern father of diagnostic science. Another work that took nearly a decade was  the De medicina methodica libri tredecim (1611) which sought a revival of the Methodic school of medicine.His works De plantis exoticis and the Rerum Aegyptiarum libri IV were published posthumously. The genus Alpinia, belonging to the order Zingiberaceae (ginger family), was named after him by Linnaeus. Works
 De balsamo dialogus, 1581, 1592. De medicina Aegyptiorum, 1591. De plantis Aegypti, Venice, 1592. De praesagienda vita et morte aegrotantium, 1601. De medicina methodica, 1611.
, 1629.Rerum Aegyptiarum libri IV, 1735. References

External links

 Prosperi Alpini De Balsamo dialogus . Franciscus de Franciscis, Venitiis 1591 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 Prosperi Alpini De medicina Aegyptiorum : libri quatuor ; in quibus Multa cum de vario mittendi Sanguinis Usu per Venas, Arterias, Cucurbitulas, ac Scarificationes nostris inusitatas, deq[ue] Inustionibus, & alijs chyrurgicis Operationibus, tum de quamplurimis Medicamentis apud Aegyptios frequentioribus, elucescunt . Franciscus de Franciscis, Venetiis 1591 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 Prosperi Alpini De Plantis Aegypti liber : in quo non pauci, qui circa Herbarum Materiam irrepserunt, Errores, deprehenduntur, quorum Causa hactenus multa Medicamenta ad Usum Medicinae admodum expetenda, plerisque Medicorum, non sine Artis Iactura, oculta, atque obsoleta iacuerunt. Franciscus de Franciscis, Venitiis 1592 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
 De Plantis Exoticis, by Prosperi Alpini, year 1629, in Latin. De Plantis Aegypti liber, by Prosperi Alpini with comments by Johann Vesling, published year 1640, in Latin. Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of Prospero Alpini in .jpg and .tiff format.Includes some pages from the 1592 edition of De Plantis Aegypti liber. De praesagienda vita et morte aegrotantium libri septem (1754)
 De Plantis Aegypti, by Prosperi <mask>, Latin transcription and English translation with notes on the grammar and the orthography of the text, by Ian L. Plamondon, published 2016. Barrett, The Honors College Thesis/Creative Project Collection, Arizona State University. 1553 births
1617 deaths
People from Marostica
Botanists active in Egypt
Italian botanists
16th-century Italian physicians
Pre-Linnaean botanists

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Prospero Alpini
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<mask> (17 May 1911 in Barcelona – 19 May 1985 in Palma de Mallorca) better known as <mask> was a Spanish actor. Biography
After studying medicine, in 1929 <mask> made his debut in the theatre with the company of Ernesto Vilches. He fought for Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War in aviation. He starred in propaganda films such as  Escuadrilla (1941), Harka (1941), A mí la legión (1942) but is perhaps best known for Raza,  written by Francisco Franco under the name of Jaime de Andrade. He became a major star in comedies, dramas and historical films such as  Malvaloca (1942), by Luis Marquina; Deliciosamente tontos (1943), by Juan de Orduña, or La leona de Castilla (1951). In the 1950s he acted in supporting roles in such films as El último cuplé (1957),  Una muchachita de Valladolid (1958) and 55 Days at Peking (1963), directed in Spain by Nicholas Ray. His career had a second golden age during his collaborations with Carlos Saura in La Caza (1966) and Peppermint Frappé (1967).He appeared in more than 175 other films until his death. He acted in El bosque del lobo (1970), by Pedro Olea, Patrimonio Nacional (1980), by Luis García Berlanga. In Paul Naschy's Los cántabros (1980), he played a druid. He was also in Bearn o la sala de las muñecas (1982), by Jaime Chávarri and starred in the TV series Cañas y barro for Televisión Española. Selected filmography
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 El ciento trece (1935) - Marcelo
 Las tres gracias (1936)
 The Queen's Flower Girl (1940)
 ¡Harka! (1970) - Pedro Astófano
 In the Folds of the Flesh (1970) - André
 El mejor del mundo (1970) - Doctor Márquez
 Sabata the Killer (1970) - Garfield
 El bosque del lobo (1970) - Don Nicolás de Valcárcel
 Los gallos de la madrugada (1971) - Padre de Paco
 La red de mi canción (1971) - Don Manuel Duval
 My Dear Killer (1972) - Beniamino
 Monta in sella, figlio di… (1972) - André, Agnes' Uncle
 Un dólar de recompensa (1972) - John Wolley
 Marianela (1972) - D. Francisco
 Entre dos amores (1972) - Duque de Agramonte
 Trop jolies pour être honnêtes (1972)
 The Call of the Wild (1972) - Judge Miller
 Those Dirty Dogs (1973) - General Müller, El Supremo
 The Scarlet Letter (1973) - Gov. Fuller
 La llamaban La Madrina (1973) - Don Ramón
 The Bell from Hell (1973) - Don Pedro
 Volveré a nacer (1973) - Oscar
 Storia di karatè, pugni e fagioli (1973) - Colonel Randolf Quint
 Vida conyugal sana (1974) - Don Alfonso
 Proceso a Jesús (1974) - Profesor Bellido
 Vera, un cuento cruel (1974) - D. Juan Manuel
 El calzonazos (1974) - Héctor Goizueta
 Voodoo Black Exorcist (1974) - Dr. Kessling
 Los caballeros del Botón de Ancla (1974) - Morales
 Chicas de alquiler (1974) - Don Carlos
 Doctor, me gustan las mujeres, ¿es grave?Sindicato Nacional del Espectáculo in (1973) for La campana del infierno''. External links

1911 births
1985 deaths
Male actors from Barcelona
Spanish male stage actors
Spanish male film actors
20th-century Spanish male actors

masks:
Alfredo Fernández Martínez
Alfredo Mayo
Mayo