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 side.'" This story regarding Kinnick's statement about broken ribs and with Kinnick, not Couppee, coming up with the idea for the switch to right halfback is particularly enduring.It is unlikely that Reichardt's story is true. His story is refuted by almost everyone on the 1939 Iowa team. Couppee states in his autobiography that he was indeed in the game for <mask>'s touchdown. Couppee called a rare huddle, in which Couppee called the play shifting Kinnick to the right halfback position. Teammates Erwin Prasse and George "Red" Frye substantiate Couppee's version, but neither of them refute that Kinnick was injured on a previous play. Life after 1939

Plans
<mask> was elected student body president his senior year at Iowa. A member of the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity at Iowa, Kinnick also maintained a 3.4 GPA.As he neared graduation with a degree in economics, he was one of thirty students selected to the Phi Beta Kappa fraternity, and the university president informed him that he would graduate "with distinction", Iowa's equivalent to graduating cum laude. He gave the commencement speech for the University of Iowa's graduating class in 1940. <mask> was the leading vote-getter in the nation for the College All-Star Game, while his coach, Eddie Anderson, was voted in to coach the team against Iowa alum Joe Laws and the NFL champion Green Bay Packers. The Packers defeated the College All-Stars, 45–28. Kinnick scored two touchdowns and kicked four extra points. It was noted that the All-Stars scored four touchdowns while Kinnick was in the game; when he sat on the bench, they mustered just one first down. Kinnick rejected several lucrative offers to play professional football.He was drafted by the Brooklyn Dodgers, and the team owner offered to pay him a $10,000 annual salary or on a game-by-game basis for $1,000 a game. Instead of going into professional football, he entered the University of Iowa College of Law. After one year of law school, Kinnick ranked third in his class academically. He also had an interest in politics. <mask>, himself the grandson of a Governor, spoke before the Young Republicans and introduced 1940 presidential candidate Wendell Willkie at a campaign rally. Kinnick said, "When the members of any nation have come to regard their country as nothing more than the plot of ground on which they reside, and their government as a mere organization for providing police or contracting treaties; when they have ceased to entertain any warmer feelings for one another than those which interest or personal friendship or a mere general philanthropy may produce, the moral dissolution of that nation is at hand." The Marion Sentinel proposed in an article to endorse a presidential run for Kinnick in 1956, the first year in which he would be eligible.While at the University of Iowa he met sculptress Dora Eaton Mason and agreed to pose for a bust. <mask> had seen a bust of his grandfather in the state house and stated he hoped that some day he would merit the honor to be like his grandfather. While Kinnick took a year of law school in 1940, he also served as an assistant football coach for the Hawkeyes, aiding the freshman team and scouting upcoming opponents. He accompanied the team to South Bend to see Iowa upset the Irish for the second straight season. According to The Daily Iowans account, "<mask>ick, cool, calm, and collected while he's on a football team, pranced up and down the dressing room almost jabbering in his excitement." He was also an assistant football coach at Iowa in 1941. Naval service
Kinnick left law school after one year and enlisted in the Naval Air Reserve.After completing a speaking tour of Iowa communities and visiting his parents in Omaha, he reported for induction three days before the attack on Pearl Harbor. He wrote, "There is no reason in the world why we shouldn't fight for the preservation of a chance to live freely, no reason why we shouldn't suffer to uphold that which we want to endure. May God give me the courage to do my duty and not falter." Later, he added, "Every man whom I've admired in history has willingly and courageously served in his country's armed forces in times of danger. It is not only a duty but an honor to follow their example the best I know how. May God give me the courage and ability to so conduct myself in every situation that my country, my family, and my friends will be proud of me." Kinnick was able to return to Iowa one last time in 1942.He visited Adel and saw his father one final time. He then went to Iowa City and watched Iowa's football game against Washington University from the press box. When the Iowa crowd heard of his presence, they began a loud "We want Kinnick!" chant until he leaned out of the press box with an appreciative wave. Kinnick was training to be a fighter pilot. "The task which lies ahead is adventure as well as duty," <mask> wrote in his final letter to his parents before deploying with the  in late May 1943, "and I am anxious to get at it. I feel better in mind and body than I have for ten years and am quite certain I can meet the foe confident and unafraid.'I have set the Lord always before me, because He is at my right hand. I shall not be moved.' Truly, we have shared to the full life, love, and laughter. Comforted in the knowledge that your thought and prayer go with us every minute, and sure that your faith and courage will never falter, no matter the outcome, I bid you au revoir." Death
On June 2, 1943, Ensign <mask> was on a routine training flight from the aircraft carrier , which was off the coast of Venezuela in the Gulf of Paria. Kinnick had been flying for over an hour when his Grumman F4F Wildcat developed an oil leak so serious that he could neither reach land nor the Lexington, whose flight deck was in any case crowded with planes preparing for launch. Kinnick followed standard military procedure and executed an emergency landing in the water, but died in the process.Rescue boats arrived on the scene a mere eight minutes later, but they found only an oil slick. His body was never recovered. <mask> was the first Heisman Trophy winner to die; he was a month and seven days away from his 25th birthday. Iowa sportscaster Tait Cummins said, "Kinnick proved one thing, that college athletics could be beautiful. Everything that can be said that is good about college athletics he was. He didn't represent it ... he was it." In a letter to <mask>'s parents, Kinnick's lieutenant commander, Paul Buie, wrote, "Having lost all oil the engine, without lubrication, failed, forcing <mask> to land in the water."Kinnick's squadron mate, Bill Reiter, also confirmed that the oil leak was so bad that Kinnick was forced to land four miles before he could reach the Lexington. This varies slightly from the often-repeated legend that Kinnick could have made it back to the ship but instead chose to land in the water to spare the ship's crew from danger. While Kinnick gave his life for his country, the decision to land his plane in the water was standard military procedure, and a landing on the Lexington, given his situation, was an impossibility, not a deliberately bypassed option. There is also some uncertainty about exactly how Kinnick died. Reiter was the only person who claimed to have seen Kinnick clear of the plane and motionless in the water. Reiter died three months later. Since Kinnick's body was never found, it is possible that Kinnick was still tethered to the plane.Dick Tosaw, whose brother played high school football with Kinnick, has repeatedly pursued the idea of finding and salvaging Kinnick's plane, and making a monument at Kinnick Stadium or at Kinnick's high school alma mater, now known as Adel–De Soto–Minburn High School. But the possibility, however remote, that Kinnick's body is still with the plane led to overwhelming opposition to Tosaw's efforts. <mask> Sr. opposed the idea, saying that it would be like digging up his son's grave. Kinnick's teammates were also unanimously opposed to the idea. Such strong opposition from Kinnick's teammates, relatives, and fans scuttled Tosaw's plans. Legacy

Honors

Numerous honors for <mask> have been created since his death. When the United States occupied Japan, it renamed the site intended for the 1940 Summer Olympics "Nile Kinnick Stadium."A high school in Yokosuka, Japan, for dependents of military personnel is named <mask> C. Kinnick High School. The coin flipped at the start of every Big Ten football game bears his image, and each captain of a Big Ten team receives one such coin at the end of the year. Shortly after his death, a memorial fund was established at the University of Iowa in his honor. The <mask> Memorial Scholarship Fund is awarded annually to outstanding student-athletes at Iowa. His number #24 has been retired, one of only two Iowa football numbers so recognized (Cal Jones' #62 is the other). He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in the Hall's inaugural year in 1951, one of only two Hawkeye players so honored (Duke Slater was the other). In 1989, Iowa fans selected an all-time University of Iowa football team during the 100th anniversary celebration of Iowa football.<mask> was not only selected to the team as a halfback, he was voted the team's MVP, or the most valuable player in the first century of Iowa football. <mask> was one of just five football players inducted into the Iowa Sports Hall of Fame in the Hall's inaugural year in 1951, joining Duke Slater, Aubrey Devine, Jay Berwanger, and Elmer Layden. In 1999, Sports Illustrated selected <mask> as the third greatest sports figure in the history of the state of Iowa, behind only Dan Gable and Kinnick's youth baseball teammate, Bob Feller. College Football News ranked <mask> as the ninth greatest college football player of all-time. An Iowa City theater produced a play based on Kinnick's life. Four books have been written about <mask> and the 1939 Hawkeyes. Sports Illustrated chose Kinnick as a starting defensive cornerback on its all-20th century college football team (players in Kinnick's time played both offense and defense, and sometimes special teams as well).Deion Sanders was the other starting cornerback. The reserve cornerbacks were Rod Woodson, Charles Woodson, Jim Thorpe, and John Lattner. Renaming Iowa Stadium
In the spring of 1972, the Iowa Athletic Board voted to rename the stadium in honor of the school's only Heisman Trophy winner. The Hawkeyes' first home game that year was with Oregon State, and a pre-game ceremony on September 23 made it official: Iowa Stadium became known as Kinnick Stadium. Kinnick's father took part in the ceremony and seemed genuinely pleased. Kinnick Stadium is the only college football stadium named for a Heisman Trophy winner. In 2006, Iowa finished renovations on Kinnick Stadium.As part of those renovations, the school dedicated a  bronze statue of Kinnick in front of the stadium on September 1, the day before the opening game. Included in the ceremonies was a speech by head coach Kirk Ferentz, as well as a fly-over of a replication of the plane Kinnick flew in World War II. Iowa also placed a  bronze relief on the wall of the stadium, depicting Kinnick's 1939 game-winning touchdown run against Notre Dame. See also
 List of NCAA major college yearly punt and kickoff return leaders
 <mask> C. Kinnick High School in Japan

Notes

References

External links

 <mask>. <mask> Scholarship
 University of Iowa Athletics Hall of Fame profile
 The <mask><mask> Papers are housed at the University of Iowa Special Collections & University Archives. 1918 births
1943 deaths
All-American college football players
American Christian Scientists
American football halfbacks
American men's basketball players
United States Navy personnel killed in World War II
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Heisman Trophy winners
Iowa Hawkeyes football coaches
Iowa Hawkeyes football players
Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball players
Maxwell Award winners
Military personnel from Iowa
People from Adel, Iowa
Players of American football from Iowa
Players of American football from Nebraska
Sportspeople from Omaha, Nebraska
United States Navy pilots of World War II
University of Iowa College of Law alumni
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1943
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Venezuela
United States Navy

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<mask> (d. c. 1972) was a politician who was one of the leaders of the Liberal Party in Sudan in the years before and after independence in 1956. His party represented the interests of the southerners. Although in favor of a federal system under which the south would have its own laws and administration, <mask> was not in favor of southern secession. As positions hardened during the drawn-out First Sudanese Civil War (1955–1972) his compromise position was increasingly discredited. Early years

<mask> belonged to the Nuer people. He was born in Fangak in Southern Sudan. <mask> did not attend school, but managed to obtain a job as a houseboy of the British District Commissioner.He taught himself English and learned to read and write and type. With these skills, he became interpreter for the District Commissioner, an influential post. By 1947 he was a local government official. Southern representative

After the Second World War the mood in Britain was to give the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan independence of both Britain and Egypt. <mask> <mask> was one of the southern leaders who attended a conference held at Juba on 12–13 June 1947 to discuss the recommendations of an earlier conference held in Khartoum at which it had been decided that the south and north of Sudan should be united in one country. Southerners were (and are) very different ethnically and culturally from the people of northern Sudan, but the rationale was that Sudan was huge but poor, and if divided both parts would be extremely weak. No southerners had attended the Khartoum conference.At the Juba conference, <mask> <mask> said that although northerners claimed they did not want to dominate the South, there must be safeguards. Northerners should not be allowed to settle on land in the south without permission, should not interfere in local government in the south and should not be allowed in law to call a southerner a slave. However, <mask> was not in favor of separation. He said the government should select representatives from the south who would go to the North to study and to participate in legislation, finance, and administration. He said that Arabic should be introduced into southern schools without delay so they could catch up to the north. <mask> <mask> formed an "Upper Nile Political Association" in Upper Nile province. The Governor-General of Sudan announced the formation of the Constitution Amendment Commission in March 1951.<mask> <mask> was the sole southerner of the commission, which had 16 northerners and three British officials including the chairman. When the commission started work on 26 March 1951, <mask> <mask> called for a federal constitution. His proposals were persistently rejected by the northern members of the commission, and he resigned in disgust. The commission continued without southern representation. However, the British members of the commission did insist on some safeguards in the draft constitution to protect southern interests, including a special Minister for the southern provinces and an Advisory Board for southern affairs. The northerners managed to later remove this provision. Party leader

The Southern Sudanese Political Movement was founded in 1951 by Stanislaus Paysama, Abdel Rahman Sule and <mask> <mask>.As the Secretary General of the party, <mask> <mask> protested to the United Nations against the agreement that had been reached by the Constitution Amendment Commission. In 1952 the party changed its name to the Southern Party. As of 1953 the party leaders were Benjamin Lwoki, Chairman, Stanslaus Paysama, Vice Chairman, <mask> <mask>, Secretary General and Abdel Rahman Sule, Patron of the party. The objectives were to work for complete independence of Sudan, with special treatment for the south. The party was officially registered in 1953. At first it had widespread support from the southern intelligentsia and from the bulk of the people in the south of Sudan. In 1954 the party was renamed the Liberal Party to avoid any suspicion that it was working for independence of the south, but no northerners joined.<mask> <mask> toured the south in August 1954 at the expense of Sayyid 'Abd al-Rahman, patron of the Ummah Party, and in his speeches quoted the National Unionist Party (NUP) campaign promises. (The NUP had won the previous elections). Prime minister Ismael Azhari described this as seditious talk and threatened to use force to prevent secession. Ismael Azhari eliminated <mask> <mask> and Bullen Alier from his cabinet for their criticism of the policy of his government on Southern Sudan. The Sudanese parliament was dissolved in November 1958 after a military coup by General Ibrahim Abboud. Later years

In November 1964, General Ibrahim Abboud returned control to an interim civilian government. In 1965 a northern-dominated government was elected led by Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub.This government paid lip service to a peaceful solution to the southern problem, while waging an increasingly brutal war against the Anyanya rebels. The Southern Front withdrew its candidates for the Supreme Council and the Cabinet, saying that the government had violated its agreement that the Southern Front would be the sole representative of the south. The Sudan African National Union (SANU) had two members appointed to the cabinet, Alfred Wol Akoc and Andrew Wieu, and <mask> <mask> was appointed to the third seat reserved for a southerner in the cabinet. He was given the position of Minister of Animal Resources. The two SANU ministers resigned in protest after the Juba and Wau massacres. <mask> <mask> and Philimon Majok were now the only representatives of Southern Sudan in the government, both supporters of a unified Sudan. <mask> <mask> died soon after the 1972 Peace Accord was signed in Addis Ababa, ending the First Sudanese Civil War.He had tried to bridge the huge gap between the south and the realities of northern politics, and often failed to satisfy either camp. <mask> <mask> once said that Sudan was like an eagle with a broken wing, dragging itself along the ground, becoming weaker each day, longing to return to the freedom of the skies. References

Sources

1972 deaths
Year of birth missing
Liberal Party (Sudan) politicians

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<mask> (born 9 January 1974) is an Indian actor, director, screenwriter, playback singer, producer, and television host who works in Hindi films. Born in Mumbai to screenwriters <mask> and Honey Irani, he grew up under the influence of the Hindi film industry. <mask>, after establishing a production company named Excel Entertainment along with Ritesh Sidhwani in 1999, made his directorial debut with Dil Chahta Hai (2001) and received critical acclaim for portraying modern youth in the film, which won the National Award for Best Hindi Film. Following this, he directed the cult war film Lakshya (2004) and had his Hollywood debut through the soundtrack of Bride and Prejudice (2004), for which he and sister <mask> served as lyricists. Next came the commercially successful Don (2006), his third directorial venture, post which he directed a short film titled Positive (2007) to spread awareness on HIV-AIDS. Although he initiated his acting career with a delayed release in the drama The Fakir of Venice, <mask>'s official screen debut came with the musical drama Rock On!! (2008) for which he won a second National Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi as producer, he wrote the dialogues and produced for the critical and commercial success Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara (2011) which won him the Best Supporting Actor; the same year, he directed a sequel to Don titled Don 2 (2011), which remains his highest-grossing film till date.<mask> then played Milkha Singh in the biopic Bhaag Milkha Bhaag, earning him the Filmfare Award for Best Actor. Later, he received praise for starring in the ensemble comedy-drama Dil Dhadakne Do (2015) and the crime thriller Wazir (2016). He has since headlined the prison drama Lucknow Central (2017), The Sky Is Pink (2019) and Toofaan (2021). Early and personal life
<mask> <mask> was born in Mumbai, the second child of screenwriters Javed <mask> and Honey Irani. He has one elder sister, the writer–director Zoya <mask>. He was very young when his parents divorced; his father married actress Shabana Azmi in 1984. His mother retained the family home in Bandra bandstand and raised her children there.<mask> studied at Maneckji Cooper school in Mumbai and then pursued a law degree at HR College, also in Mumbai. <mask>'s father, a Muslim by birth, is a socialist and an atheist by belief; <mask>'s mother, born into an Irani Zoroastrian family, is indifferent to religion, and was content let her children grow up with no religion. <mask> has stated that he is an atheist. <mask>'s family hails from Khairabad in the Avadh region of present-day Uttar Pradesh, and he comes from a long lineage of Urdu poets. He is the grandson of Urdu poet Jan Nisar <mask> and great-grandson of urdu poet Muztar Khairabadi. On his mother's side, <mask> is the nephew of the child actress Daisy Irani and the first cousin of choreographer Farah Khan and Sajid Khan. <mask> married Adhuna Bhabani in 2000, after being in a relationship with her for 3 years.They first met during the filming of his directorial debut Dil Chahta Hai, which also marked Bhabani's debut as a Bollywood hairstylist. The couple have two daughters named Shakya and Akira. On 21 January 2016, they announced their separation after 16 years of marriage. Their divorce was finalized on 24 April 2017, with Bhabani having custody of their children. <mask> started dating VJ Shibani Dandekar in 2018. On 19 February 2022, they got married in a non-religious ceremony at his Khandala farmhouse. Career
<mask> worked as an apprentice in film distribution and direction for Yash Chopra's Lamhe (1991) when he was 17 years old and later moved to an advertisement production house named "Script Shop" to spend an approximate 3 years there.He also assisted Pankaj Parashar as a director in Himalay Putra (1997) before launching himself into direction and writing. Directing, writing and producing
<mask> made his writing and directorial debut with the critically acclaimed film Dil Chahta Hai (2001), produced by Excel Entertainment, a production company he established along with Ritesh Sidhwani in 1999. It was shot over a period of three months in Sydney, Goa and Mumbai. Due to its acclaim, he called it a "turning point" in his career. The film dealt with the lives of westernised urban youth in Mumbai. <mask> had written the script based on his trips to Goa and New York, as well as a narration of a story outline by a friend of his. It received international critical acclaim and attained an iconic status, with <mask> receiving credit for starting a "new wave" in Indian cinema.Critic Ziya Us Salam praised <mask>'s direction and commented for The Hindu: "In his maiden venture, Javed <mask>’s son shows enough glimpses of his pedigree to indicate that promise will attain fulfilment sooner than later." Various award shows conferred accolades on the film and nominated it for several categories. The year's National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi for 2002 was won by the film. It was also screened at the International Film Festival of India, the Palm Springs International Film Festival, and the Austin Film Festival. In the same year, he and his sister Zoya <mask> assisted their father in writing the English lyrics of a song in Lagaan, for which the soundtrack was scored by A. R. Rahman. <mask>'s next project was Lakshya (2004), a film about an aimless youngster finally setting a goal for himself, starring Hrithik Roshan and Preity Zinta. It was shot in Ladakh, Dehra Dun and Mumbai, and marked the beginning of the collaborations between <mask> and Hrithik.He had to research the army before writing the script and directing the venture. The theme of the film, as stated by <mask>, was about "finding oneself". He also believed that if the same characters and situation were set elsewhere, the main core of the story would remain the same as the film was not about war, as it had been reported. Post-release, the film failed to make a mark at the box office and became a commercial failure. Parul Gupta of The Times of India gave it a negative review and explained that "It's hard to reconcile to such triviality when it comes from <mask> <mask>, considered the ultimate symbol of cool in Hindi filmdom." On the contrary, Manish Gajjar from BBC wrote, in his positive review: "Young <mask> <mask>, proves yet again that he is one of the finest directors Bollywood has to date. He has paid full attention to the script and the technical aspects, giving rise to a polished product".Meanwhile, <mask> wrote the English lyrics of Gurinder Chadha's Hollywood film Bride and Prejudice (2004), along with his sister, Zoya <mask>, after being recommended by his father. The music for the film was composed by Anu Malik and consisted of a mixture of Hindi songs, West side story, Fiddler on the Roof and Grease. In 2006, <mask> directed, produced and wrote the screenplay of Don starring Shah Rukh Khan in the title role, a remake of 1978 film Don, starring Amitabh Bachchan. It marked his first project holding the status of a remake. The character of Don became iconic and popular. Despite this, he noted that he did not mean to be a "torchbearer of the remake brigade" and did not feel comfortable with being credited for the trend of remakes in the film industry. The film released on 20 October 2006 and was declared a "hit" at the box office, grossing around  worldwide.It became widely known for its script lines. However, critics predominantly condemned <mask>'s direction and screenplay. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama said <mask> had "climbed the ladder as far as craftsmanship is concerned [every frame is well decorated and makes a spellbinding impact] but despite a readymade classic at his disposal, the storyteller just doesn't get it right this time." In 2007, <mask> produced the film Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd., directed by debutant Reema Kagti and starring Abhay Deol, Minissha Lamba, Shabana Azmi and Boman Irani. The music for the film was composed by Vishal–Shekhar, marking their first collaboration with him. <mask> was supposed to make his acting debut with the project, but he had to be replaced by Abhay Deol as he was involved with Don.The film was financed and funded by Exim Bank. This was the first time Excel Entertainment collaborated with a different director as all their previous projects had been involving <mask> as a director. The story of the film revolved around six couples who went to Goa on a honeymoon. The film opened up on 23 February and received mixed reviews from critics, and ended up with an "average" box office result. In the same year, <mask> directed Positive, a film produced by Shernaz Italia and Frenzy Kodaiji, starring Boman Irani and Shabana Azmi. It was a short film running for 12 minutes. Dealing with a family's attitude towards a person suffering from HIV-AIDS, the film was shot in Mumbai and aimed at creating awareness about the problem.It also introduced Arjun Mathur in the film industry. Speaking about the purpose of the project, <mask> stated that "Just as a social stigma, many people believe that an HIV patient should be isolated. They also have certain misconceptions about dealing with the disease. And since India has a lot of joint families, it becomes very important for them to understand the value of support to the person who has acquired this disease. This is exactly what Positive talks about." The film had its background score composed by Ram Sampath but had no soundtrack. It was a part of the "AIDS JaaGo" ("AIDS Awake"), a series of four short films, directed by Mira Nair, Santosh Sivan, Vishal Bhardwaj and himself, in a joint initiative of Mira Nair's Mirabai Films, voluntary organisations Avahan and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.<mask>'s first project in 2011 was the drama thriller Game, directed by Abhinay Deo. The lead cast consisted of Abhishek Bachchan, Kangana Ranaut, Boman Irani and Jimmy Shergill. He wrote the script and produced the venture. The film received highly negative reviews after release, with critics panning almost all the aspects of it. At the box office, it had a poor opening, and later resulted in giving losses for the distributors, due to a heavily negative word-of-mouth. It was described as a "washout" by trade analysts. Later that year, <mask> wrote, produced and directed Don 2, a sequel to his 2006 Don.It marked his return to direction after a gap of nearly 5 years. His decision of making a sequel was explained by him in an interview: "I am wary of sequels having to be made. With Don 2 I could finally make an action thriller the way I wanted to. Good story, classic action and simple plot which has

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 one goal and work towards it effectively and dramatically." The film was a major success in India and went on to become the year's highest-grossing Bollywood production abroad with a worldwide gross of . It received mixed to positive reviews from critics, with Khalid Mohammed stating: "Throughout, you can't help feeling that <mask> <mask> could have made three far more valuable films out of the budget squandered on this thriller where cars are smashed as if they were tea cups." Next year, Akhtar produced and wrote the script of the neo-noir thriller Talaash: The Answer Lies Within.His production work was followed by the comedy films: Fukrey (2013) and Bangistan (2015), Baar Baar Dekho (2016), Raees and Fukrey Returns (both in 2017). Acting and singing
In 2008, <mask> made his solo acting and singing debut in a musical film titled Rock On! !, for which he wrote the script and also produced. The film was directed by Abhishek Kapoor. Prachi Desai, Arjun Rampal and Purab Kohli co-starred along with him. As he had been learning guitar ever since the start of his directing career, he had been well-versed with it and used it for the film. The role played by him was that of Aditya, lead singer of the rock band "Magik".He sang five songs for the soundtrack album. The film was acclaimed by critics and received positive reviews upon release. Gaurav Malani of The Economic Times wrote that the film seemed to be "clearly designed by <mask> Akhar as his own acting debut and he doesn't let himself down. Lending voice to all his songs helps him to get into his character with effortless ease. One could certainly overlook the lisp in his dialogue delivery." Manish Gajjar of BBC wrote of his performance: "Director-turned-actor, <mask> Aktar surprises all with his superb, flawless performance, transforming from a hippy-style lead-singer to a subdued, dismal workaholic banker." <mask> received several accolades for his debut performance.The film, in addition won the National Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi. However, it did not create an impact at the box office and turned out to be an "average" grosser. After refusing an offer to sing a song for A. R. Rahman's album Blue, <mask> acted in, and produced his sister Zoya's directorial and written debut Luck By Chance, which had Hrithik Roshan and Konkona Sen Sharma in the lead roles. He was cast in the film after being deemed as a "perfect choice" for it. The story of the film revolved around a struggling actor who arrives in Mumbai to become a film star. It was released on 30 January 2009. Though failing to do well at the box office and being declared a "flop", the film received generally positive reviews from critics.Neil Genzlinger from The New York Times said: "It is Mr. Akhtar whose understated performance holds together this far-ranging, cameo-filled film. He manages to remain sympathetic even while wreaking romantic havoc." Rajeev Masand noted: "<mask> <mask> delivers a simple-enough likeable performance that is just what the film required — no showy flourishes, no loud outbursts, just a straight off spontaneous act that works like a dream." Following Luck By Chance, <mask> acted in a film titled The Fakir of Venice, which was initially scheduled to release before Rock on!! and was supposed to be his acting debut. Due to several delays, it was premiered at the 2009 Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles. It was written and directed by Anand Surapur, and accepted by <mask> after he described its script as "very powerful", while emphasising that it "touches upon weaknesses and confusions in all human beings."Before release, it premiered at the Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles, and the Venice Film Festival at the ArcLight Hollywood. Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter praised the film and felt that "<mask>, a producer, director and writer making his film debut here as an actor, is talented and handsome enough – and with looks that could translate into any number of ethnicities – to have a huge career ahead of him." The film was released theatrically in India on 8 February 2019. <mask> acted in, and produced his next film Karthik Calling Karthik (2010), a psychological thriller directed by Vijay Lalwani. He played Karthik, an introvert character, starring alongside Deepika Padukone for the first time. Preparation for the role involved working on the Rubik's Cube, which he learnt from the director. The film received mixed reviews and praise for <mask>'s acting from critics, with Sukanya Verma highlighting that "He conveys the anxiety, simplicity and frailty of Karthik even when the script isn't doing it for him.Perhaps it's his innate filmmaker instinct." The film had a good opening at the box office, as it was targeted towards the youth of the multiplexes. However, it failed to continue on its business and went on to become a "below average" grosser. <mask> produced and appeared as one of the three leads in his sister, Zoya <mask>'s coming-of-age film Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara along with Hrithik Roshan, Abhay Deol, Katrina Kaif and Kalki Koechlin. He was also credited as the scriptwriter for the film. He was the first actor to be cast in the film, and described his role as a "fun character" and a "guy who for the longest time takes nothing seriously." His real life father, Javed <mask> wrote poetry for the film, which he performs as a voice-over.His performance was favourably received by critics, with Shaikh Ayaz of Rediff.com highlighting his lines as "gentle, they won't make you ROFL; they are more like tender dig in the ribs." Kaveree Bamzai of India Today called his acting "sensitive, soulful", further saying that he was "perfectly capable of reading out his father's poetry." The film made  worldwide and was declared a commercial success at the box office. It also became one of the highest grossing Bollywood films overseas, earning around US$7.25 million. It won two National Awards, the Best Choreography and the Best Audiography. Following Don 2, His next, a biopic on Indian athlete Milkha Singh, popularly known as 'the Flying Sikh', was entitled 'Bhaag Milkha Bhaag'. He essayed the role with such integrity that it set the standard for other actors considering to play titular protagonists in biopics.<mask> swept all awards that year for 'Best Actor' as did the film for 'Best Film'. It also claimed the National award for 'Best Popular Film providing Wholesome Entertainment.'. He also had to prepare his looks to depict a 17-year-old army recruit and endure an on-the-spot preparation at an army cantonment. In 2014, <mask> acted for the romantic comedy Shaadi Ke Side Effects alongside Vidya Balan, a film directed by Saket Chaudhary and produced by Pritish Nandy. It was a sequel to Pyaar Ke Side Effects (2006). Next year, <mask> featured in the supporting role in his sister Zoya <mask>'s Dil Dhadakne Do, an ensemble comedy-drama starring Anil Kapoor, Shefali Shah, Priyanka Chopra, Ranveer Singh and Anushka Sharma. In 2016, <mask> played the lead role of an Anti Terrorist Squad officer in Bejoy Nambiar's Wazir.It was his first action role as an actor, and for which he went through intense physical training and put on eight kilograms of weight. Raja Sen in his review called him "pretty good [..] early on in the film, but his performance starts to unravel once the film hits hysterical gear and he is required to do more than frown." <mask> also sang the duet "Atrangi yaari" with Amitabh Bachchan for Wazir. The film was a box-office success. <mask>'s final release of the year was the rock musical drama Rock on 2, a sequel to the 2008 critically acclaimed Rock On!!. He reprised his role of Aditya Shroff, the lead singer of his band. The film was <mask>'s attempt to bring northeast India into popular culture.In 2017, <mask> essayed the role of a Dawood Ibrahim-alike mafia don Maqsood in Daddy, co-starring Arjun Rampal. His next release was the ensemble drama Lucknow Central, co-starring Diana Penty, Gippy Grewal and Deepak Dobriyal. The film was about a prison escape drama planned by a group of prisoners who also form a music band and was inspired by a real incident. Lucknow Central was released on 15 September 2017 and met with mixed reviews and financial failure. <mask>'s next release, The Sky Is Pink (2019), co-starring Priyanka Chopra, Zaira Wasim and Rohit Saraf, premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival and received a 15-minute standing ovation from the audience at the Roy Thomson Hall. The film received critical acclaim, but failed to do well commercially. <mask> received training for boxing for his next release Toofan, a sports drama, directed by Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra, which will premiere on 21 May 2021 on Amazon Prime Video.Toofan is receiving positive review, Bollywood Bubble gave <mask> <mask>, Mrunal Thakur starer and Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra directed Toofan, 4 stars saying the movie interlaces love and sport while throwing a flurry of punches on bigotry. The movie is released on Amazon Prime Video on 16 May 2021. Non-film work

<mask> appeared as one of the nine judges in the beauty pageant Femina Miss India (2002). He was the judge on the first season of the dance-reality show Nach Baliye (2005). He hosted a TV show on NDTV Imagine, called Oye! It's Friday! in the same year.He has endorsed several brands as a part of his career, especially after the release of Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara. These include Hindustan Unilever's water purifier product titled Pureit, Chivas Regal, Britannia Nutri Choice Biscuits, IndusInd Bank, Dulux Paint, Titan Industries and Crocin+2. Men Against Rape and Discrimination or MARD is a social campaign launched by <mask>. The idea came to the mind of <mask> when in August 2012, Pallavi Purkayastha, a lawyer by profession, was sexually assaulted by her watchman and then killed by him. Filmography

Discography
 2019 – Echoes (Album)
Songs from the album:-
Rearview Mirror,
Seagull,
Solitary Childhood,
My Friend Who Was,
Why Couldn't It Be Me?,
If Love Isn't Enough,
Pain Or Pleasure,
Bird On A Wire,
Be All You Can Be,
Let's Be Friends Again,
Don't Say It's The End,
Rearview Mirror- Ash Howes Mix,
Seagull- Ash Howes Mix. Playback singer

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 <mask> <mask> at BBC
 <mask> <mask> at The Times of India

1974 births
Living people
Film directors from Mumbai
Indian male screenwriters
Male actors in Hindi cinema
Indian male playback singers
Filmfare Awards winners
Musicians from Mumbai
Hindi-language film directors
Hindi film producers
Hindi-language lyricists
Indian lyricists
21st-century Indian film directors
Irani people
Indian

masks: Farhan Akhtar Akhtar Farhan Farhan Akhtar Akhtar Farhan Akhtar Akhtar Akhtar Akhtar Akhtar Akhtar Akhtar Akhtar Akhtar Akhtar Akhtar Akhtar Akhtar Akhtar Akhtar Akhtar Akhtar Akhtar Akhtar Akhtar Farhan Akhtar Akhtar Akhtar Akhtar Farhan Akhtar Farhan Akhtar


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<mask> is a British Professor of International education and Development at the University of Sussex and Director of the Consortium for Research on Educational Access, Transitions and Equity (CREATE). He is known for his work in educational planning, economics and finance of education, teacher education, assessment, science and technology education policy in developing countries, educational aid and program evaluation. He has been adviser to various governmental, multilateral and non-profit organisations on education planning and policy, including the World Bank, DFID, UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning, UNICEF, UNDP, AusAID and others. His country experience includes projects in Ghana, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mauritius, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Malaysia, and China. From 1995–2011 he was the Director of the Centre for International Education (CIE), at the University of Sussex, which he developed as an internationally recognised centre for research on education and development in low income countries. <mask> has supervised more than 40 Doctoral students and was the founding Director of the master's degree program in International Education and Development at the University of Sussex which is now in its thirty third year with over 500 alumni. He has been grant holder for over £4.5 million worth of research and development projects and has been a top ten grant holder at the University of Sussex for most of the last 15 years.<mask> is an honorary professor at Hangzhou University and Beijing Normal University. He is the author of numerous books, journal articles and reports on education and development. Biography
<mask> was born in Kent in the United Kingdom. He attended school in Kent and South London. From 1968 to 1971 he read physics at Manchester University where he graduated with a first class honours degree. He then went on to complete a Masters in Innovation and Science Policy jointly taught with Manchester Business School and wrote a thesis on the scientific research organisations that were supported by British aid. He then moved to the Institute of Development Studies in Sussex as one of its first graduate students.He joined a large multi-country project on education and development across six countries focusing on the "Diploma Disease" and the interface between education systems and labour markets. His thesis explored science education in Malaysia and Sri Lanka and the impact of externally supported innovations to improve access, quality and outcomes linked to development. In 1973/74 he took time out from his Doctorate to work with Voluntary Service Overseas teaching physics and maths in Kelantan, Malaysia. In 1977 he was appointed to a tenured post at the University of Sussex. He was appointed Reader in 1986 and Professor in 1995 when he became Director of the Centre for International Education. He is a chartered physicist and an Academician of the Academy of Social Sciences. South and South East Asia
<mask> has worked extensively in South East Asia with a special focus on Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and most recently in India.In Malaysia he was a visiting lecturer at University Malaya whilst completing his doctorate working closely with colleagues in the Pusat Perkembangan Kurrikulum (PPK). Subsequently, he co-authored a major report on science education in Malaysia published by the Malaysian Ministry of Education and the UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning and has worked with many students and officials from the Ministry. In Sri Lanka <mask> initially worked with the national curriculum centre and was then an advisor for the establishment of the National Institute of Education (NIE) for UNDP. He also contributed to the development of the Sri Pada College of Education for UNDP. Subsequently, he has organised programs for high level Ministry officials and assisted with the development of the Education Sector Development Framework Programme (ESDFP) which is coordinated by the World Bank. In India <mask> has worked closely with the National University of Educational Planning (NUEPA) on a large scale program of research on access and equity using household surveys and child tracking to understand more about why more than half the children in North Indian states fail to reach secondary school. CREATE, a research consortium that Lewin helped develop, has designed and developed an extensive programme of empirical research involving large scale household suirveys and village level school based data collection.In addition Lewin has worked closely with teams from Bihar, Tamil Nadu, and Madhya Pradesh and with the Ministry of Human Resource Development and NUEPA to develop state level framework plans for Rastriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) with the aim of progressing towards universal access of quality secondary education across India. These plans project participation, activities and costs forward and identify bottlenecks and critical constraints on expanded access. China
Lewin established the first educational link programs in China with a UK university in the early 1980s after the end of the Cultural Revolution and the fall of the "Gang of Four". Hangzhou University in Zhejiang provided a centre for UK-China education links under the leadership of Professor Wang Chengxu. After the links were established, which provided for exchange visits by students and staff, the first phase of work centred around evaluating the impact of the 1986 Basic Education Law. This anticipated the global commitments made at the World Conference on Education for All (WCEFA) in Jomtien to universalise access to primary schooling, and followed from China's "Four Modernizations" drive to develop. In parallel with the work in Zhejiang a similar exchange was established with Beijing Normal University and Professor Wang Yingjie.This led to a UNICEF supported program to research educational reform in three different districts – one rich, one poor, and one with a national minority population. This was consolidated into a book published by the UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning. The study was replicated in 2009–2011 after twenty years of development had transformed many parts of urban and rural China. The new study show dramatic changes in all the case study areas and draws attention to changing patterns of horizontal and vertical equity and to large scale demographic changes related to internal migration. <mask> was made an Honorary professor at Hangzhou University (now Zheijiang University) in 1993 and at Beijing Normal University in 1994. Sub Saharan Africa
<mask> has worked in many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. For ten years he worked with Dr Ude Bude and colleagues on a network to support development for environmental science and agriculture programs across fourteen Sub Saharan African countries.The network engaged national examination boards and curriculum developers and was supported by the German Foundation for International Development (DSE). Over the period there were clear improvements in the quality of national assessments which determine the outcomes from learning and teaching. <mask> was also Special Advisor to the Minister of Education in Mauritius on financing and the implementation of the Education Masterplan, supported by UNDP. <mask> started working in post apartheid South Africa in 1994. He has been involved in a range of work with national departments including sitting on the panel which reconfigured the national research funding system for science and technology. Lewin developed a link program with the University of Durban-Westville (UDW) and was instrumental in locating the Rockefeller Foundation funded African Children's Literacy in Science and Technology programme at UDW. He subsequently developed a close partnership with the University of the Witwatersrand to undertake research on access and equity in Gauteng and Eastern Cape.He was also the director of the Mpumalanga Primary School Initiative (MPSI), the first post apartheid DFID education programme in South Africa. Lewin developed and co-directed the Multisite Teacher Education Research Project (MUSTER) with Dr Janet Stuart. This was the largest DFID funded education research project in the 1990s. It undertook empirical work in South Africa, Lesotho, Malawi, Ghana, and Trinidad and Tobago in initial teacher education and newly qualified teachers and created a collection of six books, over thirty working papers and a special edition of the International Journal of Educational and Development. In 2001 <mask> was invited to be a senior consultant to the Government of Uganda and DFID to develop the national framework for Post Primary Education and Training (PPET). Subsequently, he was also senior consultant to the Government of Tanzania and the World Bank on finance for the Secondary Education Development Programme (World Bank) and for Planning Nine Year Basic Education in Rwanda, funded by DFID and the CfBT Education Trust. In each case he developed software for national projection models for recurrent and capital financing to shape sustainable Medium Term  expenditure Frameworks, inform Sector Reviews leading to budget support, and focus policy dialogue on key issues.His work in Ghana includes planning and financing teacher education and the extensive program of research of CREATE. In Malawi he has worked closely with the Centre for Educational Research and Training (CERT) in Zomba on secondary school financing and non-state schooling. 2012 he gave the opening plenary at a national research workshop in Ethiopia focused on education access, equity and quality supported by the Ministry of Education, DFID and the British Council designed to support the development of the Education Sector Development Programme. Currently he is undertaking research on low price private schools in Malawi

Bilateral and Multilateral Organisations
<mask> has acted as an advisor to many multi and bi-lateral development partners. After presenting to the Bellagio Group of development partners in Mt St Marie, Quebec in 1981 he became increasingly involved in educational planning working closely with the UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP) in Paris where he developed approaches to planning in financial austerity and to planning science education. The latter developed over time and led to seminars on the development of science education at the World Bank and a book. Lewin's interests in financing led to an invitation from UNICEF to co-convene the Round table on "Educating all the Children: The Financial Challenge for the 1990s" at the World Conference on Education for All (WCEFA) at Jomtien, Thailand in 1990 and to the first estimates of the costs of Education for All and the reforms needed to create affordable systems.Downstream this resulted in a flow of activities related to addressing problems of sustainable financing for the expanded access to secondary schooling critical for development dependent on more knowledge intensive production and competitive service sector industries. This was the subject of a Round Table at the World Education Forum in Dakar in 2000 hosted by IIEP. <mask>'s work on secondary school financing and development was presented in plenary to the Commonwealth Education Minister's Conference (CCEM 16) in Cape Town and to the Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA) biennial meeting in Maputo. In the recent past UNICEF's program to undertake research on out of school children has drawn on models of educational exclusion developed by Lewin for CREATE. These models have also been used by DFID in its 2010 Strategy paper, and by AusAID in its 2011 Thematic Strategy for Education. They were recently presented in the opening plenary of the ninth meeting of the Forum of Education Minister's (FEdMM) in Vanuatu. Lewin gave the plenary address to the Commonwealth Minister's meeting in Mauritius in 2012 on the post 2015 development agenda for education.As a result, a Ministerial Committee was established with Lewin as technical advisor. The resulting matrix of goals, targets and indicators was published in January 2013. Consortium for Research on Educational Access, Transitions and Equity (CREATE)
Lewin's main research commitment since 2005 has been to develop the parallel program of work within the framework of the CREATE partnerships. Lewin established this research consortium with initial funding from DFID of £2.5 million. The consortium has undertaken research on access, equity and learning in basic education (including lower secondary schooling) in Bangladesh at BRAC University, India at National University of Educational Planning and Administration (NUEPA), Ghana at University of Education, Winneba and at University of Cape Coast, South Africa at the University of the Witwatersrand and with the Institute of Education, University of London, and the Centre for International Education, University of Sussex on a large scale with high level partners over five years. The research has also taken place on a smaller scale in Kenya, Malawi, China, and Sri Lanka in partnership with national teams of researchers. It has produced over 150 research products, including five books, 75 research monographs and four special editions of journals working with over 100 researchers.The research is summarised in the CREATE publication Making Rights Realities and all other research products are available at the CREATE website. Multi-country research and development programs
In addition to the CREATE consortium for Research on Educational Access, Transitions and Equity, Lewin has directed several multi-country research and development programs that include:

 The Multisite Teacher Education Research Project (MUSTER) exploring teacher education in Ghana, Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago (funded by DFID). The Mpumalanga Primary School Initiative support program, the first major DFID project in education in South Africa. Financing Secondary Education in Africa. A World Bank Secondary Education in Africa (SEIA) Program. Financing Secondary Education in Developing Countries (funded by IIEP) in Malawi, Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka, China, Costa Rica and Francophone West Africa. Science Education and Development (funded by IIEP and World Bank) exploring

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 curriculum, pedagogy, planning and financing across a range of countries.Non Government Providers of Education in Malawi and South Africa. Contributions to education and development

Planner's Paradox
Lewin has made several contributions to thinking and to the literature on education and development. He has explored the systemic aspects of educational innovation in low income countries. This generated the "Planner's Paradox". Simply put innovation is needed where education systems fail to deliver quality learning equitably. Although innovation is needed, it can be disruptive, resource consuming, and may be unevenly implemented. As a result, innovation may adversely affect quality learning and equity.If the result is another innovation, the anticipated upward spiral to greater effectiveness and efficiency may become a downward spiral

This is related to the result of "planning in terms of what ought to be rather than what is." This is also tied to the concept of  "Zones of Improbable Progress (ZIPS), which Lewin developed, that characterise the pursuit of goals long after it has become clear they are unattainable in the time available. Balanced development strategies
<mask> was one of the first analysts to consistently argue for balanced development strategies during and after the Jomtien World Conference on Education for All. Jomtien set the scene for an over emphasis on bi-lateral and multi-lateral support for primary schooling at the expense of investment in other education sub-sectors. This became evident as patterns of disbursement under Education for All programs shifted over the next decade. Lewin's work on financing secondary expansion at IIEP (UNESCO), with the Secondary Education in Africa programme of the World Bank and in DFID advisor's retreats made a substantial contribution to shifting the emphasis to more balanced patterns of investment consistent with what many recipients of development assistance had long argued was needed. Multi Site Teacher Education research Programme
The Multi Site Teacher Education research Programme, which <mask> co-directed, remains one of the few cross national studies of initial teacher education with an African focus.It explored in depth what happens to trainees before, during and after training in traditional college based programs and in more innovative distance delivery training. It provided a grounded insight into teacher education curricula and practicums and identified many aspects of more and less effective practice. In particular it drew attention to the importance of matching the duration and costs of training with likely career futures and the "half life of a trained teacher". In high turnover systems long periods of residential pre-career training often favoured by teacher educators can be very expensive and inefficient if many graduates do not become career teachers. Lewin showed it is better to rebalance investment between initial training and continuous professional development which delivers more training "just in time" to those who need it when they need it. Consortium for Research on Educational Access, Transitions and Equity (CREATE)
Lewin's work in the CREATE consortium, with its extensive network of partners, has made a significant contribution to redefining policy dialogue around access, equity and learning outcomes. The "Zones of Exclusion" approach, developed within CREATE, has been used widely to unpack different aspects of exclusion and inclusion and has been used by DFID, AusAid, UNICEF, ADEA, UNESCO, and the World Bank.The "expanded vision of access" which includes enrolment and progression on schedule, high levels of attendance and time on task, and learning achievement consistent with grades, redefines access and is a reminder that it is not 65 million children who have no access to basic education as may be true in enrolment terms, but over 200 million who are unlikely to complete basic education successfully. Its insights into the extent and consequences of over-age enrolment, which is endemic in many parts of Sub Saharan Africa and South Asia, are critical to the achievement of universal access – through to successful completion of – basic education, especially for girls. The findings illustrate how increased participation as a result of massive investments in Education for All programs have yet to provide as much benefit to the poorest as the middle poor. It also lead to confirmations that relate to the role of the state as "the provider of last resort" to the poorest, which provides a counterpoint to the arguments of those who believe that the role of the state in providing public goods like basic education to the poorest can and should be reduced. The country research reports of CREATE have all been launched at national level meetings attended by Ministers and development partners. Indicators of progress
<mask>'s work on indicators of progress has also been influential. His work provides insights into the issue that surround the distance between "target setters and target getters" and the risks that performance targeting leads to "gaming" the systems used to evaluate outcomes.It also highlights the "moral hazards" embedded in systems that reward progress by withdrawing support when goals are achieved, and the difficulties when performance asymptotically approaches a limit. He also highlights the difficulties of interpreting composite indices, such as Gross enrolment rates (GERs), net enrolment rates (NERS), gender parity indices (GPIs), and Education Development Indices (EDI), when changes in values in the same direction could indicate improvement or deterioration in performance. Publications
<mask> has been the author of numerous books, journal articles and reports on education and development. These include works on educational innovation in developing countries, educational planning and finance, science education and development, access to basic education, non-state providers of education, and teacher education. Selected books

 2011, Making Rights Realities: Researching Educational Access, Transitions and Equity. Research Report of the Consortium for Research on Educational Access, Transitions and Equity. Brighton: University of Sussex.2008, Strategies for Sustainable Financing of Secondary Schooling in Sub Saharan Africa. Secondary Education in Africa (SEIA): Africa Human Development Series; World Bank, Washington DC. 2005, Non State Secondary Schooling in Sub Saharan Africa? Exploring the Evidence in South Africa and Malawi, with Yusuf Sayed. DFID, London. 2003, Researching Teacher Education: New Perspectives on Practice, Performance and Policy, with Janet Stuart, DFID Research Series 49a. 2003, Changing Patterns of Teacher Education in South Africa: Policy Practice and Prospects, edited with Yusuf Sayed and Michael Samuel, Heinemann.2003, Primary Teacher Education in Malawi: Insights into Practice and Policy, with Janet Stuart and Demis Kunje, DFID Research Series 49c. 2001, Financing Secondary Education in Developing Countries; Strategies for Sustainable Growth, with F. Caillods, International Institute for Educational Planning, Paris. 1997, Science Education and Development; Planning and Policy Issues at Secondary Level. Pergamon/International Institute of Educational Planning, with F. Caillods and Gottelmann-Duret, Paris. 1996, Educational Innovation in Developing Countries; Case Studies of Change Makers, with Janet S Stuart (eds. ), MacMillan. 1994, Insights into Science Education; Planning and Policy Priorities in Malaysia, with S. Maimunah (eds.), International Institute for Educational Planning, Paris. 1994, Implementing Basic Education in China: Progress and Prospects in Rich, Poor and National Minority Areas, with Wang Ying Jie, International Institute for Educational Planning, Paris. 1994, Educational Innovation in China; Tracing the Impact of the 1985 Reforms, with A. W. Little, Xu Hui and Zheng Ji Wei, Longman. 1993, Educating All the Children; Strategies for Primary Education in Developing Countries, with C. Colclough, Oxford University Press. 1992, Science Education in Developing Countries; Issues and Perspectives for Planners, International Institute for Educational Planning, Paris. 1990, Doing Educational Research in Developing Countries: Qualitative Strategies, with G. Vulliamy and D. Stephens, Falmer Press. 1987 Education in Austerity; Options for Planners.Fundamentals of Educational Planning Series, International Institute for Educational Planning. Selected book chapters

 2012, "Nine Year Compulsory Education in China: What can be Learned from Two Decades of Development?" in Hangyin Qin (ed. ), The Experience of Nine Year Compulsory Education in China, pp. 1–22 UNESCO Publishing, Beijing. 2011, "Four Decades of Educational Planning – Retrospect and Prospect", in N V Varghese and M Bray (eds. ), Directions in Educational Planning: International Experiences and Perspectives, International Institute of Educational Planning, UNESCO Publishing, Paris
 2007, "Why Some EFA and Millennium Development Goals Will Not Be Met: Difficulties with Goals and Targets", in L Chisholm, G Bloch G and B Fleisch (eds.), Education, Growth Aid and Development: Towards Education for All. Comparative Education Research Centre, University of Hong Kong. 2007, "The Limits to Growth of Non-Government Private Schooling in Sub-Saharan Africa" in G Walford and P Srivastava, Private Schools in Developing Countries, Symposium Books. 2006, "Costs and Finance of Multigrade – How Do the Books Balance?" in A W Little (ed. ), Education for All and Multigrade Teaching: Challenges and opportunities, Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands. 2005, "Seeking Secondary Schooling in Sub-Saharan Africa: Four Fallacies, Four Foresights and Four Freedoms" in K King (ed.), Reintegrating Education, Skills and Work in Africa: towards informal or Knowledge Economies? Towards Autonomy or Dependency in Development?, Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh. 2004, "Planning Post Primary Education: A New Priority" in The Blackboard Jungle, South African Institute of International Affairs, Johanesburg. 2003 "Science Teacher Education Policy in Developing Countries" in K. O-saki, K. Hosea, and W. Ottevanger (eds. ), Science Teacher Education in Africa, Ways Forward, Free University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 2003, "An International Perspective on Teacher Education Across the MUSTER Countries" in K. M. <mask>, M. Samuel M and Y. Sayed (eds. ), Changing Patterns of Teacher Education in South Africa: Policy Practice and Prospects, Heinemann.2001, "The Status of Secondary Schooling in Developing Countries" in K. M<mask> and F. Caillods (eds. ), Financing Secondary Education in Developing Countries; Strategies for Sustainable Growth. International Institute for Educational Planning, Paris. 2000, "The Cost of Culture: Some Dilemmas for Educational Investment in Mauritius" in F. Leach and A. W. Little (eds.) Education, Culture and Economics: Dilemmas and Prospects. Garland, New York 25pp. 2000, "Educational Development in Asia; Prospects, Problems and Priorities" in L. E. Malberg, S. E. Hansen and K. Heino (eds.), Basic Education for All: A Global Concern for Quality, Abo Akademi University, Sweden. Selected articles in journals

 2011, "Access to Education Revisited: Equity, Drop out and Transitions to Secondary School in South Asia and Sub Saharan Africa", International Journal of Education and Development, 31 (4). pp. 333–338. 2011, "Expanding Access to Secondary Education: Can India Catch Up?" International Journal of Education and Development, 31 (4). pp.382–394. 2011, "The Policies, Politics and Progress of Access to Basic Education", Journal of Educational Policy, 26 (4). 477:483. 2011, "Policy Dialogue and Target Setting: Do Current Indicators of Education for All Signify Progress?" Journal of Educational Policy, 26 (4). pp. 571–589.2009, "Access to education in sub-Saharan Africa: patterns, problems and possibilities." Comparative Education, 45 (2). pp. 151–174. 2009, "Education in Sub Saharan Africa: Researching Access, Transitions and Equity". Comparative Education, 45 (2). pp.143–151. Recent CREATE Publications

 2012, Access, Transitions and Equity in Education in Ghana: Researching Practice, Problems and Policy, Kwame Akyeampong, Caine Rolleston, Joseph Ghartey Ampiah, <mask> <mask>. 2011, Participation and Performance in Education in Sub-Saharan Africa with special reference to Kenya: Improving Policy and Practice, K. M<mask>, P. Wasanga, E. Wanderi, A. Somerset. 2011, The Role of Maternal Education During Educational Expansion for Children in Sub-Saharan Africa, Ricardo Sabates, Jimena Hernandez Fernandez, <mask> <mask>. 2011, Education and Change in Rich, Poor and National Minority Areas in China: Two Decades of Transition, <mask> <mask>, Wang Lu. 2011, Taking Targets to Task Revisited: How Indicators of Progress on Access to Education can Mislead, <mask> <mask>. 2011, Beyond Universal Access to Elementary Education in India: Is it Achievable at Affordable Costs?, <mask> <mask>.2011, Changing Patterns of Access to Education in Anglophone and Francophone Countries in Sub Saharan Africa: Is Education for All Pro-Poor?, <mask> <mask> and Ricardo Sabates. 2010, School Drop Out in Bangladesh: New Insights from Longitudinal Evidence, Ricardo Sabates, Altaf Hossain, <mask><mask>. 2007, Expanding Access to Secondary Schooling in Sub-Saharan Africa: Key Planning and Finance Issues, <mask> <mask>. 2007, Long Term Planning for EFA and the MDGs: Modes and Mechanisms (Summary), <mask> <mask>. 2007, The Limits to Growth of Non-Government Private Schooling in Sub Saharan Africa (Summary), <mask> <mask>. 2007, Improving Access, Equity and Transitions in Education: Creating a Research Agenda (Summary), <mask> <mask>. Selected articles in popular press

 "Pacific: Parents must send children to school at right age", Pacific.Scoop, May 2012

References

External links
 <mask>'s personal website
 Profile page at University of Sussex
 Consortium for Research on Educational Access, Transitions and Equity (CREATE)

Living people
Development specialists
People educated at Beckenham and Penge County Grammar School
People in international development
Alumni of the University of Sussex
Alumni of the University of Manchester
British educational theorists
Academics of the University of Sussex
Year of birth missing

masks:
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. Lewin
Keith M
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. Lewin
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<mask> (1826 – 26 April 1905) was a pioneer pastoralist and pearler in colonial Western Australia. He was a member of the Western Australian Legislative Council in 1874 and 1875. In 2009, he was recognised as one of Western Australia's 100 most influential citizens. Early life in Britain and Victoria

Born in Manchester, England in 1826, <mask> was born into the Tootal, Broadhurst and Lee textile empire, but in being a younger son, emigrated to Victoria in 1843 where he joined his elder brother <mask> on his sheep station. Until 1860, he was a pastoralist at Swinton in partnership with his brother. On 22 June 1860, <mask> married Eliza Howes, a talented teacher, singer and musician with whom he would have seven children. He then commenced operating on his own at Wallan exporting horses to India.Denison Plains Company

In 1864, <mask> became involved in the Denison Plains Company's plans to transport and establish Victorian settlers to the fabled  Denison Plains, near present-day Halls Creek via the new settlement at Camden Harbour, Western Australia. Appointed manager, he sailed with settlers and stock on the Warrior in May 1865. On hearing in Fremantle of the failure at Camden Harbour, they decided to sail for the settlement at Roebuck Bay instead, but after failing to enter the bay due to adverse winds, the settlers were disembarked at Tien Tsin, later to be called Cossack the chief port and landing at Nickol Bay. The company suffered heavy financial losses when news of the difficulties being experienced in the north-west eventually filtered back to Melbourne and was eventually bankrupted. The settlers who had landed with him  blamed <mask> for the failure, and criticised him for refusing to share out the stock until the company's affairs were settled. This was to be the first of many controversies that dogged his life and career from that time on. His role in the development of Roebourne

In June 1866, <mask> was a member of an exploring party under Trevarton Sholl, son of the Government Resident Robert Sholl, which searched for good pasture and a good harbour in Exmouth Gulf.The expedition was absent for 49 days, and covered 1,000 miles of terrain, but found nothing of value. Partly as a result it was decided to establish a townsite at Roebourne and make this the administrative base for what was then called the 'North District'. This occurred in August 1866. Later <mask> was Acting Government Resident when Sholl took leave of absence. <mask>

<mask> and the children, (the two boys <mask>., Florance and a newly-born  daughter Sarah)  left the north soon after the disappearance of the schooner Emma, a  tragedy which claimed the lives of  Trevarton Sholl, W.F. Tays, the then leading pearler in the district and a third of the entire European population of the North District in 1867. In her husband's absence, she established a day and boarding school in Perth and taught English, maths, music and languages in order to make ends meet.Her home also became a focal point for  young society women, though she was never able to take her rightful place in society due to the scandals surrounding her husband. Career and roles
<mask>  <mask> remained in the north west of Western Australia for many years  maintaining pastoral runs on what was to become the Karratha Station  on the Maitland River on the Ashburton River. From 1866, he was also involved in the pearling industry at Nickol Bay where 'naked diving' (that is, without any aids including goggles) became the norm. In 1868, in partnership with Dempster, Barker and Gull, he introduced the 'hard hat' to the pearling industry a full twenty years ahead of its time, only to fail. When the demands on the native divers became untenable, he  was also one of the first settlers to import what were then generally, but incorrectly, called Malay pearl divers. In 1871, <mask>  travelled to England, where he bought the  for use as a transport for shell and labourers and as a mother boat  in the pearl industry. It was also to be the first steamship to trade on the coast of Western Australia, carrying over 140 Malays to the coast and taking goods, passengers and shell to the Straits Settlements.The loss of the Xantho  after only a few voyages caused <mask> substantial financial difficulties. Unable to continue as a pearler in the north west,  he  took his men to Shark Bay, there joining Francis Cadell as the two leaders in the industry. Initially very successful, being lauded as a "man in 10,000" due to his great successes, on 6 July 1874, <mask> was nominated to the Western Australian Legislative Council. He then moved to Perth leaving his nephew <mask> in charge. A severe downturn in the industry saw reports that the Malays employed by <mask> and Cadell were unpaid, unable to return home and some had starved to death. In 1875 magistrate Robert Fairbairn was sent to investigate pearling conditions at Shark Bay. Fairbairn held that <mask> had not paid 18 Malays a total of £183.4s. 2d. recovering £11. 12s. 5d. from the sale of Broadhurst's property at Shark Bay. Cadell was also found to have underpaid 10 Malays £198.14s. 4d. from which they recovered just £16. 16s. <mask> resigned from the Legislative Council on 24 November 1875. He then sought a writ of certiorari and the judgement was set aside by the Supreme Court in January 1876 on the technicality that the notice had been given to his nephew Daniel and not to <mask> personally. <mask> experimented with the sale of Shark Bay shell in London 1878, but failed.He pioneered fish-canning at Mandurah with considerable success, but soon sold the enterprise. By 1884, he had established the guano industry at the Houtman Abrolhos; though he worked energetically in the industry until 1890 he did not prove a success. In that year, he retired in favour of his son, Florance <mask>, who with his mercantile education proved enormously successful. In excavating the Gun Island guano deposits,  F.C. <mask>'s men unearthed relics from the Dutch East India Company ship . He catalogued these finds and presented them to the State of Western Australia. Initially thinking the relics were from the , <mask> arranged for the purchase and translation of an original account of its loss.This led to its eventual discovery after Henrietta Drake-Brockman, a playmate of his children, became interested in the story and as an adult conducted her own research into the tragedy. Retirement in England

After Florance <mask>  took over the guano industry, <mask> and <mask> returned to England and they purchased a home in Bournemouth they called Karrakatta. One daughter, Katherine Elime <mask>, followed her mother's interests (as evidenced by entries in Eliza's scrapbook since donated to the Western Australian Museum) in the 19th century feminist movement. She subsequently became a suffragist. On her return to Western Australia  'Kitty' <mask> was one of the 12 women who formed the St George Reading Circle, which became the Karrakatta Club. It became a leading force in making Western Australian the second state in Australia to grant women the vote. Predeceased by Eliza, <mask> died on 26 April 1905 at Bournemouth.References

1826 births
1905 deaths
Explorers of Western Australia
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Council
Settlers of Western Australia
Politicians from Manchester
British emigrants to Australia
Pearlers
19th-century Australian politicians

masks:
Charles Edward Broadhurst
Broadhurst
Robert Henson Broadhurst
Broadhurst
Broadhurst
Broadhurst
Broadhurst
Broadhurst
Eliza Broadhurst
Eliza Broadhurst
Charles Jr
Charles
Broadhurst
Broadhurst
Broadhurst
Broadhurst
Daniel Broadhurst
Broadhurst
Broadhurst
Broadhurst
Broadhurst
Broadhurst
Broadhurst
Broadhurst
Broadhurst
Broadhurst
Charles
Eliza Broadhurst
Broadhurst
Broadhurst
Charles Broadhurst


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<mask> (2 August 1889 - 7 April 1975), informally known as “the Mama of Dada,” played a significant role in the history of art on a number of levels: in the creation of her own art works, as a preserver and collector of the art of her times (the European Bauhaus and Dadaist movements of the early 20th century), as a promoter of art and artists, and, for the last thirty years of her life, as a librarian of the Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana, first when the library was based in the collector's medical offices in downtown Los Angeles, and later as honorary curator when the collection was given to UCLA in 1961. <mask> is especially remembered for collaborative work with the artist Kurt Schwitters, and, in later life, her scholarship on Leonardo da Vinci. Life
<mask> (at first called Käte or Käthe) Traumann was born into an upper-middle-class family in Beuthen, Upper Silesia (now Bytom, Poland). In 1899, her father, Judge Arnold Traumann, was transferred to Berlin, where she was educated. She attending drawing classes with Käthe Kollwitz and later the "Malschule für Frauen" (Women's Painting School) run by the artist Lovis Corinth. She also attended the Academie und Studienateliers fuer Malerei und Plastik (connected with the Berlin Secession art association), and at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière and the Sorbonne in Paris. In 1912 or 1913, after returning from a study visit in Paris, she married a physician, Dr<mask> (March 25, 1881 - Feb 1, 1942).With the outbreak of war in 1914, her husband joined the army as a military physician. In 1917, he was called to the front, and in 1918 the <mask> family, which now included daughters Ilse and Lotti, relocated to Hanover. A third daughter, Beate, was born in 1920. While in Hanover, <mask> painted portraits of her daughters. Other favored subjects for her drawings and paintings included dancers, entertainers, and other performers. She became highly involved in the local art scene, including the burgeoning Dada movement. <mask> collaborated with her friend, the artist Kurt Schwitters on several projects, including children's books, opera librettos, books, and festivals.Together with Theo van Doesburg, Schwitters and <mask> produced several children's fairy-tale books that featured unusual typography, including Hahnepeter (Peter the Rooster, 1924), Die Märchen vom Paradies (The Fairy Tales of Paradise, 1924–25), and Die Scheuche (The Scarecrow, 1925). For the publication of their work, the artists founded their own publishing house, which they called APOSS, an acronym that stood for "A=active; P=paradox; OS=oppose sentimentality; S=sensitive." <mask> also began to write for the newspaper the Hannoverscher Kurier, and in various journals of the Berlin publisher Ullstein Verlag, using her own name as well as under the pseudonyms "Annette Nobody" and "Mia Meyer." In 1936, the <mask> family immigrated to New York City to escape Nazi persecution, after having been told by government authorities that she could no longer write for German publications. While in New York <mask> continued to paint, and to  augment the family's income by doing freelance commercial art work and research assignments. She also began working as a book scout for Los Angeles-based antiquarian book dealer Jake Zeitlin, who was helping collector Elmer Belt build his Leonardo da Vinci collection. In 1941, <mask>'s youngest daughter Beate, age 20, died in Palestine of an illness.This loss was followed on February 1, 1942, by the death of her husband Dr. <mask> under unusual circumstances. He was found dead on the floor of his consulting room at 147 East 50th St. at 11:00 p.m. by his wife. He had written a note to her in German in which he described a variety of symptoms and had decided from them that he was suffering from coronary thrombosis. The note said he was in great pain and intended to take morphine by injection, but there was no mention of suicide in the note and there was no evidence that the hypodermic syringe that was found on a desk near him had been used. This caused police who investigated the death to believe that he might have died of a heart attack before he could use the morphine. In August 1942, <mask> moved to San Francisco, California to be closer to her daughter Ilse. In 1944, she became an American citizen and relocated to Los Angeles.She consulted Dr. Belt about a medical problem, and he recognized her attraction to and interest in his Leonardo collection. And though she had no formal academic credentials or training in librarianship, he appreciated her sophistication, intelligence, language skills, wide network of friendships abroad, and knowledge of art and books. Grateful to Dr. Belt for steady and fulfilling work, <mask> threw herself into the job, transforming herself into a serious Leonardo scholar. In 1958, she published an important bibliography of the Treatise on Painting and in 1969 she was invited to deliver the annual Lettura Vinciana in Vinci, Italy, the highest honor for contributors to the field of Leonardo studies. In 1961, when the collection was transferred to UCLA, by which time she was 72, she was appointed Honorary Curator of the Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana by Librarian Lawrence Clark Powell and Chancellor Franklin D. Murphy and continued to be a regular presence in the Library. Despite her professional turn towards scholarship, <mask>'s artistic, bohemian, and fun-loving side remained fully intact during her Los Angeles years. Both European and American art world figures called on her in her West Los Angeles apartment, where she had important work created by the artistic luminaries of her youth including El Lissitzky, Kurt Schwitters, László Moholy-Nagy, Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, Auguste Rodin, Otto Nebel, Franz Marc, and others.Her friends in Los Angeles included members of the German-Jewish émigré community, contemporary innovators like Buckminster Fuller, and people across the spectrum of the art world. On the occasion of her 80th birthday in 1969, the Los Angeles County Museum of art organized an exhibition consisting of both her own work and art from her personal collection. For the opening, <mask> wore a silver lamé sheath and a headband with antennae-like bobbling balls and declared to friends that she was “Ready for the Space Age.”

Some of <mask>'s art collection went to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, but most of it was placed by <mask>'s daughter Ilse Berg at the Vincent Price Art Museum at East Los Angeles College. In 1963, she published a book on Kurt Schwitters in German, with an English edition being published in 1968. <mask> died on April 7, 1975, Los Angeles. In 1994, a retrospective of her work was held at Severin Wunderman Museum, a private museum in Irvine, California which existed from 1985 to 1995. Further reading
<mask>, <mask>n, and William A. Emboden.1994. <mask><mask>: art into life into art : a retrospective of the life and work of one of the most diverse Bauhaus and Dada artists. Irvine, Calif: The Museum. <mask>: Art and Collection: Avant-Garde Art in Germany in the1920s and 1930s. San Bernardino, CA: The Art Gallery, California State College San Bernardino, April 10 - May 14, 1982. "<mask>, Librarian, Artist, Scholar: Being a Thirteen-Part Tribute to One Whose Verve Has Enlivened Some Eight Decades on Two Continents." Wilson Library Bulletin, 44, no.5 (January 1970): 512–537. Contributions by Elmer Belt, Justin Bier, Bates Lowry, Jacob Zeitlin, Peter Selz, Jean Sutherland Boggs, Ladislao Reti, Weiland Schmeid, Robert Haas, Walter Hopps, J.M. Edelstein, and William A. Emboden, Jr.

Archival sources
Steinitz (<mask>n) Papers, (Collection 1770). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles. http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8d79hxc/admin/?query=steinitz#aspace_4eb2d304ff7b831120cd3e010da45e67 Processed and opened for research 2017–18. A Finding Aid to the <mask>itz Papers, circa 1910–2002, in the Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. https://sova.si.edu/record/AAA.steikate?s=90&n=10&t=C&q=Poems&i=92 Processed and opened for research 2016.Schwitters-Steinitz Collection, National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C libraryimage.nga.gov/doc/pdf/schwitters_steinitz.pdf  Processed in 1993; with additional items purchased in 1997 and processed in 2007. Notes

External links
 Photograph of <mask>, 1928, Hanover, Germany, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution
Photograph of Ilse, Beate, and Lotti <mask>, daughters of <mask>, circa 1930, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution
Backstroke, 1930, Photograph by <mask>, Steinitz-Berg Family Art Collection, MoMA
Photograph of <mask> in the da Vinci library, Ottonebel.org

1889 births
1975 deaths
People from Bytom
American art historians
People from the Province of Silesia
Women art historians
German emigrants to the United States
Dada
American women historians

masks:
Kate Steinitz
Steinitz
Kate
. Ernst Steinitz
Steinitz
Steinitz
Steinitz
Steinitz
Steinitz
Steinitz
Steinitz
Steinitz
Ernst Steinitz
Steinitz
Steinitz
Steinitz
Steinitz
Steinitz
Steinitz
Steinitz
Steinitz
Kate Trauman
Kate T
. Steinitz
Kate Steinitz
Kate Steinitz
Kate Trauman
Kate Stein
Kate Steinitz
Steinitz
Kate Steinitz
Kate Steinitz
Kate Steinitz