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<mask> is an Indian Tabla player and composer currently based in Boston, MA. His collaboration with Yo-Yo Ma for The Silk Road Ensemble - Sing Me Home - won the Grammy award for Best World Music Album at the 59th Grammy Awards, 2017. He was previously nominated twice for the Grammy Award in 2005 and 2009. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Patna, Bihar, India. His family belonged to Chandannagar, West Bengal and shifted to Patna in the 70s. <mask> completed his schooling from St. Xavier's High School, Patna (1975–1985). He graduated in English Literature with gold medal from Banaras Hindu University.He first began learning Tabla under Pt. Shiv Kumar Singh at the age of 8. Benares Gharana
<mask> started learning from Kishan Maharaj, under the Indian Guru-shishya tradition, at the age of 9. <mask> would travel on weekends from his home in Patna, to Benaras, where his Guru lived. Later, his family shifted to Benares so that his musical education could continue unhindered. After 11 years of learning the Benaras Gharana style of Tabla playing, <mask> moved to Delhi in 1990, to pursue his career as a professional Tabla player. Career

Indian Classical Music
In 1986, <mask> made his stage debut in India (at the age of 15), with Sitar maestro Ravi Shankar.He was three times the national drumming champion. He was also, at the time, the youngest drummer to be graded by Akashvani (radio broadcaster) (All India Radio). <mask> moved to Delhi in 1990 to pursue his career as a professional Tabla player, and began playing with prominent musicians such as Shubha Mudgal, Amjad Ali Khan, Hariprasad Chaurasia, Shivkumar Sharma, and Shujaat Khan among others. World Music
In 1991, <mask> debuted outside India, with steel drum bands in Trinidad. In 2001, he performed with the New York Philharmonic, under the direction of Kurt Masur for a work composed by Kayhan Kalhor. In April 2012, he premiered a work written for him by eminent composer Evan Ziporyn, as a soloist with the Boston Modern Orchestra Project. His composition Tarang is the theme music for Blind Sight, a documentary about the first Mount Everest climb by six blind climbers.He has been nominated for the Grammy Awards twice. In 2003, his recording The Rain was nominated for a Grammy in the World Music category. In this album, <mask> <mask> collaborated with Shujaat Khan and Kayhan Kalhor. In 2009, a recording with Silk Road Ensemble got him a nomination for the Grammy in the Classical Crossover section for the album Off the Map. His track Sulvasutra, composed by Evan Ziporyn, features in this album. Silk Road Project
<mask> has composed for and performed internationally with the Silk Road Ensemble of Yo-Yo Ma since the group's founding in 2000. When he started playing with the Silk Road, Yo-Yo Ma was surprised to learn that, <mask> did not read music scores, but could memorize a piece.With the ensemble, he has performed extensively, including, the United Nations General Assembly Hall in New York in 2008, BBC Proms in 2004 and 2009, and the Opening Ceremony of the Special Olympic Games in Shanghai. His composition Mohini, is the theme music for a 10-episode documentary on the Silk Road, produced by Japanese TV channel NHK. Hum Ensemble
Also a cultural and educational entrepreneur, <mask> founded HUM (Harmony and Universality through Music) in 2009, an ensemble of world-class artists, to promote global understanding through musical performance and education. The ensemble was inspired by the Silk Road Project and Yo-Yo Ma's vision to connect the world through music. In March 2010, HUM presented its World Premiere Concert at Kamani Auditorium, New Delhi and Birla Sabhaghar, Kolkatta. In February 2011, the HUM Ensemble performed its Rhythm of Life Concert at Siri Fort Auditorium, New Delhi and NCPA, Mumbai. In November 2012, its World Harmony Concert was performed at the Kamani Auditorium in New Delhi, and the concert received critical acclaim in the Indian media.Through these concerts, HUM raises funds for its endeavors to support education in arts of differently-abled children. HUM also plans to provide health insurance for aging artists. Mentoring
In 2012, <mask> <mask> was invited by the Harvard Graduate School of Education to teach a course on Arts in Education. He has given masterclasses at Juilliard School of Music, Berklee College of Music, Rhode Island School of Design, Harvard University Academy of Music in Villecroze, France and Stanford University. Original compositions
<mask>'s compositions exhibit both the Western and Indian genres of music. He has composed multiple pieces over the years including Soul Mitra (2019),Vaishnavi (2018), Vairocana (2018) King Ashoka (2016), If You Shall Return (2016), Mohini (2006), Srishti (2005), and Tarang (2002). Vaishnavi (2018)
Vaishnavi was inspired by a ninth century statue of Queen Sembiyan Mahadevi as the Goddess Parvati on display at the Smithsonian Freer | Sackler galleries in Washington, D.C, and was commissioned by the Freer | Sackler from Silkroad in honor of Julian Raby through a generous gift from Jeffrey P. Cunard.The piece begins with an alap between the Sheng (Chinese Mouth Organ) and Bass that transitions to the rhythm cycle, Jhaptaal. Vaishnavi was originally performed as a trio of Tabla, Sheng, and Bass, but has been performed in several alternate instrumentations such as Tabla and Bass. The piece can currently be heard playing in the museum on its audio tour. Discography

 Delhi to Damascus, <mask> <mask> & the HUM Ensemble, 2020, Label: In a Circle Records
 Sing Me Home, Silk Road Ensemble, 2016, Label: Sony Masterworks
 Diva Girija Devi, Girija Devi, 2016, Label: Times Music
 A Playlist Without Borders, Silk Road Ensemble, 2013, Label: Sony Masterworks
 Big Grenadilla/Mumbai, with Evan Ziporyn, 2012, Label: Cantaloupe Music
 Off the Map, Silk Road Ensemble, 2009, Label: World Village
 New Impossibilities, Silk Road Ensemble, 2007, Label: Sony Classics
 My Inspirations, Amjad Ali Khan, 2006, Label: Navras Records
 Silk Road Journeys: Beyond the Horizon, Silk Road Ensemble, 2005, Label: Sony Classical Records
 Sonata, Ayaan Ali Bangash, 2005, Label: Studio Synthesis
 The Essential Yo-Yo Ma, 2005, Label: Sony Classical Records
 Enchantment, Silk Road Ensemble, 2004, Label: Sony Classical Records
 The Rain, Ghazal Ensemble, 2004, Label: ECM Records
 Indian Delta, Vishwa Mohan Bhatt, 2002, Label: Sense World Music
 The Taj Heritage Series: Pt. Vishwa Mohan Bhatt, Vishwa Mohan Bhatt, 2002, Label: Virgin Records
 Silk Road Journeys: When Strangers Meet, Silk Road Ensemble, 2002, Label: Sony Classical Records
 The Best of the Cord, Vishwa Mohan Bhatt, 1996, Label: Indian Music Club
 Maestros Mehfil, Various Artists, 1995, T-Series
 The Tradition of Khyal on Sitar, Shujaat Khan, 1995, Label: Makal Records
 Lure of the Desert, Vishwa Mohan Bhatt, 1994, Label: T-Series
 Raag Bilaskhani Todi, Shujaat Khan, 1994, Label: Young Spirit Records

Awards and recognition
John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellow, 2019
Live Arts Boston Grant Recipient, The Boston Foundation, 2018
Grammy Award, Best World Music Album, 2017, for the album Sing Me Home. Brother Thomas Fellow, The Boston Foundation, 2017
New England Choice Awards Artist of the Year, 2017
Grammy Nomination, Best Classical Crossover Album, 2009, for album Off The Map. Grammy Nomination, Best World Music Album, 2005, for the album The Rain.Awarded Chattra Vibhushan by Banaras Hindu University
Awarded Significant Achievement Award by St. Xavier's High School
Awarded Patna College Blue by Patna College

Personal life
<mask> <mask> resides in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. He met his future wife Tripti while they were cadets of the Nation Cadet Corps, at the 1985 Republic Day Celebrations of India. They have two daughters, Sakshi and Sonakshi. References

External links
 <mask> <mask> Official Site
Hum Ensemble
  Silk Road Project
 BMOP
 Ziporyn, Recordings

Living people
Tabla players
Indian drummers
Indian percussionists
World music musicians
1971 births
Musicians from Patna
St. Xavier's Patna alumni
20th-century Indian musicians
Banaras Hindu University alumni
21st-century drummers

masks:
Sandeep Das
Sandeep Das
Sandeep
Sandeep
Sandeep
Das
Sandeep
Das
Das
Sandeep
Das
Sandeep
Das
Sandeep
Sandeep
Das
Sandeep
Sandeep
Das
Sandeep
Das
Sandeep
Das


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<mask> (born <mask>; , 10 January 1897 – 27 November 1931) was a Hungarian film actress during the silent era. She was noted for her portrayals of vamp characters. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Vécse, Austria-Hungary on 10 January 1897 (however, the date of birth on her tombstone says 1899, and other sources say 1896). She was one of the four children of <mask> (, 1863–1901), a cavalry officer, and his wife, Mária Rozália Kamilla, Countess Hoyos Baroness to Stichsenstein (, 1868–1945). She had two brothers, Géza and Sándor, the latter serving as a first lieutenant in the Austro-Hungarian army, and a sister, Mária. She began her stage career on the Hungarian vaudeville circuit. She soon progressed to Berlin, where after performing in the ballet, she made her screen debut in 1918.She became the premiere danseuse at the Berlin Winter Garden in 1924. Around that time German film director Joe May noticed her and cast her in The Mistress of the World (1919), her first important film. She followed this success with noteworthy performances in Manon Lescaut and
Varieté (1925). The latter featured her opposite Emil Jannings and directed by E.A. Dupont. Both films are UFA productions. While in Germany, de Putti starred with such actors as Conrad Veidt, Alfred Abel, Werner Krauss, Grete Mosheim, and Lil Dagover and was filmed by directors F.W.Murnau and Fritz Lang. <mask> came to America in February 1926. At the time, she told reporters she was 22 years old but her ocean liner's records list her as having been 26. <mask> generally was cast as a vamp character, and often wore her dark hair short in a style similar to that of Louise Brooks or Colleen Moore. <mask> starred in D.W. Griffith's The Sorrows of Satan (1926). The film was released in two versions, one in the U.S. and the other in Europe. In the U.S. version, one scene had de Putti fully dressed whereas the same scene in the European release had de Putti topless.The following year, <mask> went to Hollywood but found little success. Despite working with distinguished actors such as Adolphe Menjou and Zasu Pitts, she failed to make it big and left the screen by 1929 to attempt to restart her career on Broadway. Later, she went to England to make silent movies and studied the English language. She then returned to the U.S. to attempt sound films. Alleged suicide attempts and death
On 5 March 1926 the Ogden Standard Examiner published a story alleging that <mask> had attempted suicide by jumping out of her apartment window at the Wilmersdorf quarters. She and her lover of one year, who was also an actor, had been arguing prior to the attempt. One of her arms and a foot was broken as a result of the fall.<mask> later claimed that she was saying goodbye to friends when she leaned too far over the railing and fell. In November 1927, <mask> was injured when she fell down the stairs and through a window. Some press accounts speculated that it was another suicide attempt, but <mask> denied this. <mask> nearly died in August 1930 when the small plane she was flying in crashed. In 1931, she was hospitalized to have a chicken bone removed from her throat. <mask> contracted a throat infection, and was taken to the Harbor Sanitarium, then located at 667 Madison Avenue, where reportedly she behaved irrationally and eluded her nurses. Eventually, she was found in a corridor.She developed pleurisy in her right side, followed by pneumonia in both lungs. <mask> <mask> died at 1:05 A.M. on 27 November 1931, aged 34, at the Harbor Sanitorium, leaving just $1,100 and a few bits of jewelry. She is interred in the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. Personal life

In 1913, she married Zoltán Szepessy de Négyes, a county magistrate who was 10 years her senior. The couple had two daughters, Ilona (born 1914) and Judit (born 1916). Upon divorcing in 1918, Szepessy told their two daughters that their mother had died; there was even a headstone in a Hungarian cemetery that bore the inscription 'Lya de Putti - died 1920'. On 8 March 1932, Szepessy committed suicide in a Budapest hotel due to financial difficulties and grief over <mask>'s death; it wasn't until his death that Ilona and Judit learned about their mother's true fate.She remarried in 1922 to Louis Jahnke, a Norwegian diplomat. Prior to Jahnke, she was married to the Norwegian merchant Ludwig Christensen, who left her widowed when he died of tuberculosis in 1922. In the late 1920s, <mask> met banker Walter D. Blumenthal. They began a relationship, and <mask> fell in love and wanted to marry him. His family did not allow the marriage, however, which resulted in <mask> going on a hunger strike in 1931. <mask> once was rumored to be engaged to Count Ludwig von Salm-Hoogstraeten, a former husband of oil heiress Millicent Rogers. She denied the engagement.<mask> de Putti in popular culture
 <mask> appears on the cover of Jessamine's 1995 self-titled album

 In the film Cabaret (1972), singer Sally Bowles (Liza Minnelli) tells a friend that <mask> <mask> is her "favorite screen siren". In a subsequent scene, Bowles dismisses de Putti, claiming that she "makes too many faces." <mask> <mask>'s life and work are dramatized in the novel Winter Under Water (Picador, 2007) by J.A. Hopkin. Filmography

Features
The Emperor's Soldiers (1918)
On the Waves of Happiness (1920)
Gypsy Blood (1920)
You Are the Life (1921)
The Indian Tomb (1921)
 The Love Affairs of Hector Dalmore (1921)
Driving Force (1921)
Ilona (1921)
Othello (1922)
The Burning Soil (1922)
Phantom (1922)
 The Three Marys (1923)
The Ravine of Death (1923)
Die Fledermaus (1923)
 The Island of Tears (1923)
Thamar, The Child of the Mountains (1924)
 Malva (1924)
 Claire (1924)
 In the Name of the Kaisers (1925)
 Comedians (1925)
Varieté (1925)
 Jealousy (1925)
Manon Lescaut (1926)
 Young Blood (1926)
The Sorrows of Satan (1926)
 Prince of Tempters (1926)
God Gave Me Twenty Cents (1926)
The Heart Thief (1927)
Buck Privates (1928)
Midnight Rose (1928)
Charlotte Somewhat Crazy (1928)
The Scarlet Lady (1928)
All About Love (1929)
The Informer (1929)

Short subjects
A Christmas Movie for Adults (1924)

Documentaries
Cinema Europe: The Other Hollywood (1995)
The Love Goddesses (1965)
Herrliche Zeiten (Wonderful Times) (1950)

References
Herzog, Peter and Roman Tozzi. Lya de Putti: Living Life and Not Fearing Death. Corvin: 1993.Los Angeles Times. "Film Star Succumbs." 27 November 1931, Page 1. New York Times. "<mask> de Putti Dead Here of Pneumonia." 27 November 1931, Page 20. External links

Lya de Putti Photo Gallery at silent-movies.org
Photographs of <mask> de Putti

1897 births
1931 deaths
Hungarian film actresses
Hungarian silent film actresses
Hungarian stage actresses
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
20th-century Hungarian actresses
Burials at Ferncliff Cemetery
Deaths from pneumonia in New York (state)

masks:
Lya de Putti
Amália Helena Mária Róza Putti
Amália Helena Mária Róza Putti
Gyula Julián Gábor József Putti
De Putti
De Putti
De Putti
de Putti
de Putti
de Putti
de Putti
de Putti
De Putti
De Putti
Lya
de Putti
de Putti
de Putti
de Putti
de Putti
De Putti
Lya
De Putti
Lya
de Putti
Lya
de Putti
Lya
Lya


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<mask> (4 April 1834 — 8 May 1905) was a Scottish sugar refiner and businessman, who then became a philanthropist and art collector. His house and grounds on the Cowal peninsula in Argyll became Benmore Botanic Garden, now managed by the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. Biography
<mask> was born on 4 April 1834 in Springburn, Lanarkshire. He was the son of a successful Glasgow bookseller. In the early 1850s, while studying Chemistry at Glasgow, <mask> took a boat trip from Greenock to the lochs and coastlines of Argyll. While on Loch Long, he conceived a unique method of refining sugar, a method which he then patented. Between 1858 and 1861, <mask> was a partner of the Greenock sugar refinery Duncan, Bell & Scott.In 1854, the refinery was producing up to 50,000 tons of sugar. In the mid-1860s, <mask> developed the Clyde Wharf Refinery in Silvertown, London, which became the largest and most profitable sugar refinery in London. <mask> constantly refined the process and learned different applications to keep Clyde Wharf at the top of the industry. At the peak of the business, Clyde Wharf was producing up to two thousand tons of sugar per week. In August 1885, <mask> published an article in the Sugar Cane Journal, titled 'The bounty on exportation of refined sugar from the United States'. In 1878, <mask> was elected Fellow of the Society of Chemical Industry, later becoming its Vice President. By 1879, he held the post of Chairman of the Sugar Refiners' Committee, and also became Chairman of the Railway and Canal Traders' Union.By the mid-1880s, cheaper German sugar imports led to the closure of Clyde Wharf in 1886. <mask> returned to Scotland, to manage the smaller refinery business in Greenock. After he retired, he spent time with his sister Mary Moubray in Strone, and spent the winter months in Italy. Philanthropy
<mask>'s charitable work was widely known throughout Britain. He gave twenty per cent of his annual £100,000 salary to a range of causes, making him one of the most committed philanthropists of the time. <mask> was known as a major collector of fine art and was also a lender of pictures to annual exhibitions, including the Royal Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts. In 1878, he was elected the Institute's Vice President.He regularly contributed works to European exhibitions, including to the Paris Salon, and to key international exhibitions of art and industry in France and Germany in the 1870s and 1880s. <mask> was the first Scottish collector of Impressionist works, including purchasing, in 1883, Renoir's The Bay of Naples (Morning) (1881). The painting was later lent to the Scottish National Gallery by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York (who now own it), for an exhibition about <mask>'s collection. <mask> was also one of the most valued and important clients of the influential French picture dealer Paul Durand-Ruel, regularly frequenting the studios of Europe's most famous painters. He collected works by the likes of Henry Raeburn and Camille Corot, including Eugène Delacroix's The Death of Sardanapalus (1827). <mask> had a varied circle of friends from different fields, including the chemist <mask> "Paraffin" Young who established the world's first commercial oil works; the pioneering ophthalmic surgeon Dr Neven Gordon Cluckie, whose work led to the establishment of eye surgeries in hospitals throughout Britain; the celebrated preacher Charles Spurgeon; the Rev. Henry Boyd (Principal of Hertford College, Oxford, 1878–1922), with whom <mask> had worked closely in the 1870s to improve working conditions in London's East End; and Gustave Doré, the French artist whose gallery, paintings and book illustrations were popular in Britain.Peter Baxter (a curator at Benmore House) noted that “<mask> also employed his significant wealth in helping the poor in Scotland and England and improving the working conditions of his workforce, building churches and schools, providing medical care and introducing an eight-hour working day." <mask> was a correspondent of the eminent botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker and of Henry Morton Stanley, the explorer and friend of David Livingstone, who visited <mask> some time in the 1870s or 1880s. <mask> also financed the building of two churches. A memorial to <mask> designed by A. Macfarlane Shannon was erected in 1906 at Graham's Point in Kilmun, Argyll. Benmore House
In 1870, <mask> purchased Benmore House near Dunoon, Argyll. He then commissioned the construction of a large gallery building to showcase his large collection of fine arts along with a fernery and one of the largest greenhouses in Scotland. The estates amounted to 12,260 acres of land.<mask> made extensive improvements to the land, on some of which he kept West Highland cattle and Scottish Blackface sheep. The sheep were first seen at the Paris International Exhibition of 1878. His flock of sheep gained awards at the annual exhibitions of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland. <mask> also had over six million trees planted as part of the large landscape alterations he had designed, including commissioning features such as the 'Golden Gates', which were earlier shown at the Paris International Exhibition. Following the introduction of sugar imports from Germany, <mask> suffered a massive loss of fortune and had to sell the estate in 1889. Benmore House was acquired by the Younger family and later gifted to Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. It is now the Benmore Botanic Garden.<mask>'s art collection at Benmore was split up and sold and the paintings are now housed in museums around the world, including the Louvre, the Belvedere in Vienna, the Art Institute of Chicago and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. The latter is home to four works from <mask>'s collection. Further reading
Watson, Andrew McDonald. 2010. <mask>: An Enlightened Victorian (Edinburgh: Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh). References

1834 births
1905 deaths
19th-century Scottish businesspeople

masks:
James Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
James
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
James Duncan


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<mask><mask> (born April 5, 1938) is an American educator, physicist, and executive. President emeritus of the School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC) and of Morehouse College, he is chairman of the board overseeing construction of the Giant Magellan Telescope, and serves as trustee chair of the City Colleges of Chicago. During his career, <mask> has served as head of the National Science Foundation, director of Argonne National Laboratory, and chairman of Bank of America. He has also served in professorial and administrative posts at the University of California, University of Chicago, Brown University, and the University of Illinois. <mask> is the only individual to serve as both President and Chairman of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and as Chair of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design (AICAD). Additionally, <mask> is the only individual to have received both the Enrico Fermi Award for Science and Technology from the Chicago Historical Society and the Public Humanities Award from Illinois Humanities. Early life and education
Born on April 5, 1938 in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, <mask> displayed a gift for mathematics as a child, and by the middle of high school his academic achievements had earned him a Ford Foundation fellowship to Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia.There, he began studying theoretical physics, which he chose in part because it gave him the chance to rise above the discrimination he had witnessed as a youth in the segregated South of the 1940s and 1950s. <mask> graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1958. Mentors played an important role in <mask>'s academic life. Initially, he lacked direction at Morehouse until receiving the guidance of Sabinus H. Christensen, a white physics instructor teaching at the traditionally black college for men. Christensen's tutorials and support helped <mask> earn a bachelor's degree in physics and mathematics. Later, he continued his studies in physics under <mask> as a doctoral student at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. While finishing his doctoral studies, <mask> began working in 1966 as a member of the research staff at Argonne National Laboratory, which is operated for the U.S. Department of Energy by the University of Chicago.<mask>'s work at Argonne focused on the study of the many-body theory of liquids and solids, which attempts to explain the properties of systems of interacting particles in various states. He also continued his own research, applying correlated basic functions to both liquid and solid helium. Two years later, <mask> accepted an assistant professorship at the University of Illinois. Career

Academics and early advocacy
While continuing to pursue his own research, <mask>'s tenure at the University of Illinois was also defined by his commitment to achieving racial and social equality as well as to improving access to science and technology education. On his first night on campus, 264 black students who had protested racial discrimination at the university were arrested. This incident led him to become advisor to the Black Students Association and first chairman of the Black Faculty and Staff Association. In his teaching, meanwhile, <mask> found that many of his black students lacked the preparation in mathematics and the sciences necessary for success at the college level.This led to his interest in and commitment to the improvement of science teaching in high schools. In 1970, <mask> was offered an associate professorship at Brown University, which he accepted and would soon after complete some of his most significant academic research to date, collaborating with Humphrey Maris on the study of changes in sound waves in superfluid helium. By 1975, he had been appointed a full professor and dean of the college. Also at Brown, <mask> continued his efforts to support diversity in the sciences, developing and directing the Inner City Teachers of Science (INCTOS) program, through which Brown undergraduates studying to become science teachers served as mentors and tutors in urban high school science classes. The impact of this program earned <mask> the distinguished service citation of the American Association of Physics Teachers in 1975. In 1979, <mask>'s demonstrated success as a researcher and administrator at Brown led to his return to Argonne National Laboratory, this time as its director, in addition to which he was also appointed professor of physics at the University of Chicago. Argonne National Laboratory
At Argonne, <mask> assumed control of an annual budget of more than $250 million and a staff of almost four thousand.But he also assumed control of a nebulous public relations image. National laboratories at the time were highly suspect: their work was not being translated to industry. To the outside world, the laboratories lacked clear missions; on the inside, scientists and technicians lacked morale. To address these issues, <mask> reorganized the governance of the laboratory in the early 1980s, instituting what D. Allen Bromley, President George H.W. Bush's assistant for science and technology, referred to as "participatory democracy" among its scientists. At the same time, <mask> responded to the lack of outside connections by helping form the Argonne National Laboratory-University of Chicago Development Corporation (ARCH), an organization that expedited the transfer of technologies created in the laboratory to industry and the marketplace. Other initiatives <mask> undertook at Argonne include generating support for its nuclear energy programs in a time of drastic cutbacks and providing support and leadership for the funding of major research facilities at the laboratory, including the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS), the Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II), and the initial funding for the Advanced Photon Source (APS).While at Argonne and the University of Chicago, <mask> also continued his work as an advocate on behalf of science education and awareness. In 1982, he headed the Chicago Mayoral Task Force on High-Technology Development and was the founding chair of the Chicago High-Tech Association. He also served on the Illinois Governor's Commission on Science and Technology and was highly visible on two educational fronts, helping to organize the Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, one of the nation's first residential high schools devoted to science and math education, and serving as a trustee for the Academy for Mathematics and Science Teachers, which trained almost 17,000 Chicago public school teachers in those fields. National Science Foundation
In 1989, <mask> served as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. <mask>'s efforts to forge a more productive relationship between the scientific community, the U.S. government, and private industry culminated in 1990 with his appointment as director of the National Science Foundation (NSF) under President George H. W. Bush. In this role, <mask> embarked on a number of critical initiatives, including efforts to deepen the connection between academia and industry and the establishment of the Directorate for Social, Behavioral and Economic Sciences and the Commission on the Future of NSF. He also remained a strong proponent of basic research and science education, focusing on providing grants to university research centers and individuals and on upgrading pre-college science education, with an emphasis on attracting more women and minority groups to careers in science.In February 2016, it was announced that scientists at the advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) had observed gravitational waves for the first time ever, confirming <mask>'s 1915 general theory of relativity. Dr. France Cordova, current director of the NSF, credited <mask>'s role in securing both approval and funding for the project nearly 25 years before. <mask> was honored by LIGO scientist Kip Thorne, with an invitation to the Nobel Prize in Physics ceremony. Other domestic and international science policy
In concert with his roles at Argonne and the University of Chicago, in 1987 <mask> was named president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, after having served as a board member for a number of years. As president, he led an organization listing over 140,000 members and 285 scientific societies. In this position, <mask>—the first African American ever to hold that post—was able to shine a light on the problems of science education on a national level. Under <mask>'s leadership, the AAAS aimed to improve science education in grades K- 12 by sponsoring Project 2061, which attempted to structure curricula that would emphasize major scientific concepts.In doing so, <mask> and the AAAS hoped to address the loss of the United States' economic competitiveness in the world market beginning in the mid-1980s and to better prepare the nation to respond to the health and environmental crises that were afflicting the world at the time. Generally, <mask>'s aim at the AAAS was to instigate a shift in the national dialogue, in which science and technology had historically been emphasized only ever during times of war. In addition to his experience at the AAAS, <mask> has been involved as a member or chair of many other major scientific organizations, societies, and commissions. He was vice president of the American Physical Society; chair of the Secretary of Energy Advisory Board (SEAB); and a member of the President's Council of Advisors of Science and Technology (PCAST) in two presidential administrations. <mask> has also served as a member of the National Science Board, as well as on the Board of Trustees of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute and the Marine Biological Laboratory. <mask>'s service to the scientific community extends beyond domestic borders and is global in scope. He has served on the National Science Foundation's Advisory Committee for International Programs; was a member of the President's Advisory Board for the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; co-chaired the planning efforts on cooperative programs between the Soviet Academy of Sciences and the AAAS; co-chaired the AAAS project to strengthen Scientific and Technical Engineering Infrastructure in sub-Saharan Africa; and was a founding member of the African Academy of Sciences, an organization designed to promote the advancement of scientific research and science education in sub-Saharan Africa.<mask> was also founding chairman of the National Society of Black Physicists, an organization established to promote the professional development of black physicists and enhance the number of African Americans entering the field of physics, and an advisor for the formation of the Society of Black Physics Graduate Students. Return to academia
Following the completion of his tenure at the NSF, in 1993 <mask> became provost and vice president for academic affairs at the University of California system, the nation's largest and perhaps most prestigious. In this role, he held the number two position in the state's university system, overseeing academic concerns at all of its nine campuses and its three national laboratories: Lawrence Berkeley, Lawrence Livermore and Los Alamos. In 1995, he assumed the presidency of his alma mater, Morehouse College. As president of Morehouse, <mask> created a vision that would take the college into the new century, which involved reinvigorating its campus, refreshing its core curriculum, and reigniting its fundraising efforts. <mask> retired from Morehouse in 2007. From 2007 to 2010, he chaired the board for the Salzburg Global Seminar.In 2010, <mask> entered a new phase of his career, accepting the role of interim president, and later as full president, of the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, a leading school of art and design. He also served a term as chair of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design. In 2016, <mask> transitioned to his new role as chancellor of SAIC. Later that year, he also accepted the appointment to chair the board of the organization building the Giant Magellan Telescope in Chile. In 2017, <mask> was named to chair the board of trustees of the City Colleges of Chicago. Business, civic, and philanthropic career
In addition to his work as a scientist, college president, and leader in national and international science policy, <mask> has served on the boards of several major multinational corporations, including McDonald's, where he remains a director, and, previously, Bank of America, where he rose to Chairman, BP, Tribune Company, Motorola, First National Bank of Chicago, Continental Materials, Amoco, Research-Cottrell, and Analytic Services. In 2009, he headed Bank of America, as its Chairman of the Board.He has also served on the boards of numerous philanthropic organizations and foundations in the civic, social, cultural, and educational spaces, including the Mellon Foundation, the Commonwealth Fund, the MacArthur Foundation, the Rand Corporation, the National Center for Civil and Human Rights, the Smithsonian Institution, the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago, and many others. Awards and honors
<mask> has received forty-one honorary degrees during his career. He is a recipient of the Distinguished Service Citation of the American Association of Physics Teachers for his exceptional contributions to the teaching of physics, and was a member of the National Commission on Mathematics and Science Teaching for the 21st century, a commission established by Senator Glenn to recommend methods for improving science and math teaching in the United States. In 1987, <mask> was awarded the Order of Lincoln, the State of Illinois' highest honor. In 1992, <mask> received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member and Nobel Prize laureate Leon Lederman. In 1999, the Georgia State Senate passed resolution SR 113 "recognizing and commending Dr. <mask><mask>, President of Morehouse College." In May 2016, <mask> received Illinois Humanities' Public Humanities Award, which "recognizes individuals and organizations that have helped transform lives and have strengthened communities through the humanities."In 2012, he received the Chicago Historical Society, Making History–Enrico Fermi Award in science and technology. References

1938 births
Living people
African-American businesspeople
African-American educators
African-American scientists
Morehouse College alumni
Presidents of Morehouse College
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
Washington University physicists
People from Hattiesburg, Mississippi
BP people
Directors of Bank of America
American scientists
Clinton administration personnel
George H. W. Bush administration personnel

masks:
Walter E
. Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Eugene Feenberg
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Albert Einstein
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Massey
Walter E
. Massey
Massey


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<mask> (born May 24, 1972) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the 34th Attorney General of Nevada, since 2019. A  member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as a Nevada State Senator for the 11th district from 2013 to 2018, which encompasses parts of the Las Vegas Valley including portions of the communities of Spring Valley and Enterprise. Early life and education
<mask> was born and raised in Dallas, Texas. He is the oldest of three sons from a working-class African-American family. <mask> earned a scholarship and received his undergraduate degree from Texas A&M University in 1994. He was the first in his family to graduate from college. He earned a master's degree from George Washington University.He studied international education at George Washington University while teaching at a local high school. He also has  Master of Arts, Juris Doctor, and Ph.D. degrees from Ohio State University. In January 1991, <mask> was arrested and charged with public intoxication on his college campus. He was arrested a second time as a result of a payment plan dispute concerning a borrowed tire. The case was immediately dismissed when he agreed to accelerate his payment to the tire shop owner. <mask> was also arrested twice for failing to appear in court. He was also investigated for and cleared of charges of trespassing into his now ex-girlfriend's home, according to documents obtained by the Las Vegas Review Journal.<mask> was not arrested in that incident, and no charges were filed against him. Political career
<mask> ran for Nevada Senate from District 12 in 2010 and lost to Senator Joe Hardy by 19.23%. Having moved to Nevada Senate District 11 in 2011, he ran for the District 11 seat in 2012, defeating <mask> by 24.6%. Since November 5, 2014, <mask> has been the Democratic Leader of the Nevada State Senate. He served as the Assistant Majority Whip during Nevada's 77th Legislative Session. He also served as Chair of Senate Committee on Natural Resources, Vice Chair Senate Committee on Education, and as a Member of Senate Judiciary Committee. Subsequent to this first legislative session, <mask> was named Freshman Senator of the Year by both the Las Vegas Review Journal and the Reno Gazette Journal.<mask> was named Senator of the Year by Nevada Political Action for Animals and the Nevada Conservation League. During the 2016 interim, <mask> serves on the Legislative Commission, the Advisory Committee to Develop a Plan to Reorganize the Clark County School District, and the Legislative Commission's Subcommittee to Study Water. He also sits by designation on the Interim Finance Committee. During the 2014 interim, <mask> served as a Member of the Council to Establish Academic Standards; Technological Crime Advisory Board; Legislative Committee on Public Lands; Legislative Committee on Education; Legislative Commission on Energy; and the Advisory Council on Parental Involvement and Family Engagement. During the 2017 Nevada Legislative session, <mask> led the efforts requiring law enforcement agencies to turn over rape kits for testing within 30 days and require labs to test them within 120 days. The bill mandated the creation of a Nevada-wide sexual assault kit tracking program, which would allow victims to follow the status of their rape kits as they go through the criminal justice system. He also co-sponsored the Nevada Pregnant Workers' Fairness Act to provide protections to female employees and applicants for employment from discriminatory or unlawful employment practices based on pregnancy, childbirth, or any related medical conditions.Ford helped pass the nation's strongest pharmaceutical transparency legislation. The law requires that if pharmaceutical manufacturers for diabetes medication have increased medication prices by a certain amount, they must disclose information regarding cost of making and marketing drugs, in addition to rebates they may provide. The law also works to create more transparency around PBMs, compelling them to act in insurers' best interests and bans PBMs from forbidding pharmacists from discussing lower-cost options with patients, something called a gag clause. Ford passed a “fiduciary duty” bill which removed exemptions for broker-dealers and financial advisors from rules that applied to financial planners and held them accountable for meeting a fiduciary duty to their clients. <mask> said he proposed the rule because of concerns that President Trump was “trying to do everything to stop” the implementation of the fiduciary rule.” UNLV law professor Benjamin Edwards said Senator <mask>’s legislation would “return integrity to a dirty business” and “creates a level playing field for the firms that do things the right way.”

<mask> was the Democratic nominee for Nevada Attorney General in 2018. He defeated Republican <mask> on November 6, 2018. Personal life
Ford is a member of the I Have a Dream Foundation, Junior Achievement of Southern Nevada, Olive Crest of Nevada, Las Vegas Urban Chamber of Commerce, Clark County Justice of the Peace Selection Committee, Clark County Democratic Party, and National Bar Association (Las Vegas Chapter).<mask> is a member of Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity. He is also a member of Sigma Pi Phi fraternity. He is married to Berna Rhodes, an attorney. Berna Rhodes is a partner at Brown Law Group and is Partner in charge of the Nevada office. Prior to joining Brown Law Group, Rhodes founded Rhodes-Ford & Associates. On July 21, 2018, the Las Vegas Review Journal reported that <mask> "has a history of failing to fully pay his taxes." The IRS filed three tax liens against Ford for what amounted to more than $185,000 in unpaid taxes, interest and penalties from 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013, according to Clark County records.Those liens were cleared in 2016. Ford's campaign manager, Peggy Yang, told the Las Vegas Review Journal that Ford had "faced some financial difficulties" as a result of the recession and that those "difficulties" were further complicated upon being promoted to partner at his law firm. <mask> said that during the recession, his family had to take a pay cut, one of his sons started college and another son was hospitalized, explaining that they paid taxes every year but he was unable to pay the full amount due. On July 30, 2018, the Washington Free Beacon reported that <mask> purchased a new home for $468,138 in 2013, in the same year that he neglected to fully pay his income taxes. <mask> explained that he also "short-sold a house during that time period, trying to find the best way to handle the financial stresses and strains that the <mask> family encountered and endured during the recession as many other Nevadans had to do." References

External links

 Government website
 Campaign website

|-

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1972 births
21st-century American politicians
African-American state legislators in Nevada
George Washington University Graduate School of Education and Human Development alumni
Living people
Nevada Attorneys General
Nevada Democrats
Nevada state senators
Ohio State University Moritz College of Law alumni
People from Dallas
Politicians from Carson City, Nevada
Politicians from Las Vegas
Texas A&M University alumni

masks:
Aaron Darnell Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
John Drake
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Wes Duncan
Ford
Aaron Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford


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<mask> (30 March 1907 – 7 July 1994) was a German paratroop officer during World War II who later served in the armed forces of West Germany, achieving the rank of General. Following the war, Heydte pursued academic, political and military careers, as a Catholic-conservative professor of political science, a member of the Christian Social Union political party, and as a Bundeswehr reservist. In 1962, Heydte was involved in the Spiegel scandal. Early life
<mask> joined the Reichswehr in April 1925. In 1927, he was released from military service to attend Innsbruck University, receiving a degree in economics. In 1927, <mask> was awarded his degree in law at Graz University. He joined the NSDAP on 1 May 1933, obtaining membership number 2.134.193.He entered the SA the same year. In 1935 <mask> re-joined the Reichswehr where he attended staff training. World War II
Heydte took part in the invasion of Poland and the Battle of France as a junior commander. In May 1940, he was transferred to Luftwaffe's parachute arm; he commanded a battalion during the Battle of Crete in May 1941. In July 1942 Heydte was sent to Libya as commander of the Fallschirm-Lehrbataillon, part of the Ramcke Parachute Brigade. Heydte was an officer in the Ramcke Brigade in North Africa until February 1943 when he and several other officers were transferred to France to form the nucleus of the new 2nd Fallschirmjäger Division under command of major-general H.B. Ramcke.He was posted as an operations officer in the divisional HQ. After the fall of Sicily during the summer of 1943, the Germans grew wary of a potential Italian defection to the Allies. To counter this event the 2nd Fallschirmjäger Division was transferred from France to Rome on 6 August. Heydte gained audience with Pope Pius XII and befriended the Pope's "Throne Assistant", the theologian Alois Hudal, who would later become a key person in helping Nazi war criminals evade the courts of justice during the post-war war-crime trials. The division participated in taking Rome under German control as part of the German Operation Achse. Heydte was given command of a regiment of the 2nd Fallschirmjäger Division in January 1944. By the time of Operation Overlord, the 6th Fallschirmjäger Regiment had been detached to the 91st Luftlande Infantry Division.<mask>'s unit took part in the Battle of Carentan, Operation Lüttich, and in fighting against the Allied forces in Operation Market Garden. Operation Stösser

Prior to the  Ardennes Offensive, the Germans planned Operation Stösser to drop paratroopers behind the American lines  north of Malmédy and to seize a key crossroads leading to Antwerp. To conceal the plans from the Allies and preserve secrecy, <mask> wasn't allowed to use his own, experienced troops. Most of the new paratroops had little training. The Luftwaffe assembled 112 Ju 52 transport planes; they were manned by inexperienced pilots. It was the German paratroopers' only nighttime drop during World War II. While the aircraft took off with around 1,300 paratroops, the pilots dropped some behind the German front lines, others over Bonn, and only a few hundred in widely scattered locations behind the American lines.Some aircraft landed with their troops still on board. Only a fraction of the force landed near the intended drop zone. The  was tasked with dropping at night onto a strategic road junction 11 kilometers north of Malmédy and to hold it for approximately twenty-four hours until relieved by the 12th SS Panzer Division, with the aim of hampering the flow of Allied reinforcements and supplies. The planes that were relatively close to the intended drop zone were buffeted by strong winds that deflected many paratroopers and made their landings far rougher. Since many of the German paratroopers were very inexperienced, some were crippled upon impact and died where they fell. Some of their bodies were found the following spring as the snow melted. Heydte broke his arm upon landing from his jump.Initially, only 125 men made it to the correct landing zone, with no heavy weapons. By noon on 17 December, <mask>'s unit had scouted the woods and rounded up a total of around 300 troops. With only enough ammunition for a single fight, the force was too small to take the crossroads on its own. But because of the dispersal of the drop, German paratroops were reported all over the Ardennes, and the Allies believed a division-sized jump had taken place. This caused much confusion and convinced them to allocate men to secure the rear instead of facing the main German thrust at the front. Because all his radios had been destroyed or lost in the jump, Heydte didn't know the 12th SS Panzer Division failed to defeat the Americans at the Battle of Elsenborn Ridge, and was unable to relieve his forces. Cut off, without supplies and pursued by the U.S. forces, Heydte ordered his men to break through Allied lines and reach the German lines.Heydte arrived in Monschau on 21 December and surrendered on 23 December. He was held as a prisoner of war in England until July 1947. Post-war career
After his release as a POW, <mask> returned to his academic career, completing his dissertation in 1950. In 1951, he became professor of constitutional and international law at the University of Mainz. From 1954 he served as Professor of International Law, General Administrative Law, German and Bavarian State Law and Political Science at the University of Würzburg. He also headed the Institute for Military Law at University of Würzburg. From 1956 to 1971 he was a member of the Institut de Droit International.From 1961 to 1965 he served as a member of the board of the German Society for International Law. Parallel to his academic occupation, Heydte resumed his military career with the West German ; in 1962 he was promoted to Brigadier General in the Reserves, and in 1967 he retired, concluding 30 years of military service. In 1947 Heydte joined the Christian Social Union (CSU), where he was chairman of the Christian Democratic Higher Education Association. From 1966 to 1970 he was a member of the constituency for Lower Franconia at the Bavarian Parliament. He was also a member of the Committee on Cultural Policy issues and in 1967, he joined the Bavarian State Office for Political Education and the State Compensation Office. He was a supporter of the theological ideas of natural law and as a conservative Christian he supported the Catholic Church's principles of justice. Controversies

Flick affair
In 1985, Heydte became one of the central figures in the Flick affair, a serious party funding scandal in which Heydte allegedly had, as the director of the Würzburg Institute of Political Science and Policy Association for many years, helped to launder money for political donations to the CDU/CSU and FDP.He had to appear before the Federal Constitutional Court on the issue of party funding through tax-deferred contributions. Spiegel affair

In 1962, as head of the Institute for Military Law at University of Würzburg, Heydte challenged the weekly magazine Der Spiegel over an article it published claiming a "scandalous" state of affairs in the . Specifically, <mask> Heydte accused the editors of high treason because they had revealed the military weaknesses of the new  to the public and thus to the Soviets. Because of that accusation and Heydte's position as an expert in military law, the issue was brought to a federal court, triggering what was to be known as the Spiegel affair, with many arrests of journalists and others connected to that publication. The police raid on Der Spiegel was forcefully led by Theo Saevecke, the  at Sicherungsgruppe Bonn. Saevecke's wartime past was soon revealed. He had achieved the rank of  and served with SS-Einsatzgruppe IV in Poland (1939–40), the SS-Sicherheitsdienst in North Africa (1942–43) and commanded the Gestapo and Italian fascist police in Milano (1943–45).All these associations marked him as a potential war criminal. <mask>'s and Saevecke's conduct in the Spiegel affair caused a public outcry followed by demonstrations and public debates. The Spiegel affair was the first sign of a change in the popular beliefs in West Germany and the progenitor of all the protest later in that decade against all former Nazi German officials still in office. Heydte was heavily criticised for his actions by several prominent West German politicians, and in 1965, a court cleared the editors of Der Spiegel on all charges. Death
Heydte died in Aham, Landshut, in 1994 after a long illness. Works
 Daedalus Returned (Hutchinson, 1958) - An account of the Battle of Crete. Der moderne Kleinkrieg als wehrpolitisches und militärisches Phänomen (Modern Irregular Warfare as a Phenomenon of Military Policy); Executive Intelligence Review, Nachrichtenagentur GmbH, Wiesbaden, Neuausgabe 1986  (Erstausgabe: Holzner-Verlag, Würzburg 1972)

Awards
 Iron Cross (1939)  2nd Class (27 September 1939) & 1st Class (26 September 1940)
 German Cross in Gold on 9 March 1942 as Hauptmann in the I./Fallschirmjäger-Regiment 3
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 Knight's Cross on 9 July 1941 as Hauptmann and commander of the I./Fallschirmjäger-Regiment 3
 Oak Leaves on 30 September 1944 as Oberstleutnant and commander of Fallschirmjäger-Regiment 6
 Bavarian Order of Merit (21 May 1974)
 Grand Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (17 March 1987)

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Leigh–Fermor, Patrick."A Time Of Gifts"  Chapter 7 – Vienna
 Lucas, James. "Hitler's Enforcers (Leaders of the German War Machine 1939–1945)"  Chapter Paratrooper with a prayer beads – Arms and Armour Press, London
 Heydte, <mask> <mask>, Modern Irregular Warfare,  Biographical notes

1907 births
1994 deaths
Military personnel from Munich
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
University of Innsbruck alumni
Bundeswehr generals
German Christians
Fallschirmjäger of World War II
Barons of Germany
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Silver Medal of Military Valor
Operation Overlord people
Brigadier generals of the German Army

masks: Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte


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<mask> (born 17 February 1992) is an English vocalist, multi-instrumentalist and songwriter. She is considered to fall within the alternative and English-folk genres, and is noted for her dark, melancholic lyrics. Hackman has released a mini-album, That Iron Taste (2013), and four full-length albums: We Slept at Last (2015); I'm Not Your Man (2017); Any Human Friend (2019) and Covers (2020). She has also released four EPs: Free Covers (2012), Sugar Blind (2013), Deaf Heat (2014), and Wonderland (2016). Early life
<mask> was born in Hampshire, England and raised in Selborne and Devon. Her mother and Finnish father met during their work as animators. Hackman watched little television as a child.She and her older brother, Ben, a dance music producer who releases material under the name "<mask>", were instead encouraged to find other creative outlets. <mask> is a self-taught guitarist and began learning when she was 12. She had lessons in piano from the age of 4, and lessons in the bass guitar and drums from the age of 10. She received a scholarship to attend Bedales School as a day pupil from ages 11 to 17, where she met and befriended model Cara Delevingne. Together, they formed a short-lived cover band called "The Clementines", with <mask> playing drums and Delevingne playing guitar and singing. <mask> performed at Mulberry's Park Lane launch dinner, celebrating the release of Delevingne's collection in February 2014. At 18, she moved to Brighton, England, where she studied art foundation for a year and planned on earning a degree in fine arts.Instead, she later chose to pursue music full-time. Music career

Early career (2012–2013)

<mask>'s first release was an EP of covers, which was available for digital download in October 2012. The following February, she released her first mini-album, That Iron Taste, featuring songs of her own composition. The album was released in physical formats and as a digital download. It was produced by alt-J's Charlie Andrew. In 2013, she toured Australia and Europe as an opening act for Laura Marling, to support the release of That Iron Taste. The music video for her song "Cannibal" was filmed at Bedales School in March 2013.She later released two more EPs, Sugar Blind on 9 December 2013 and Deaf Heat on 4 April 2014, via iTunes. Both EPs contain songs written by <mask> as well as one cover song. Debut album: We Slept at Last (2014–2017)
<mask> began recording her full-length debut album in 2014 with producer Charlie Andrew. She debuted new material from the album, including the songs "Skin" and "Ophelia", while on tour in 2013 with Laura Marling. In late September 2014, the album's title was announced as We Slept at Last and was released on 16 February 2015. The album features 12 new songs written by <mask> and does not feature any material from her previous EPs. <mask> embarked on a headlining solo tour throughout the UK in support of the album in November 2014.The album's lead single, "Drown", premiered in mid-October and was officially released on 8 December 2014. On 17 November 2014, "Drown" was announced as a shortlisted contender for DJ Zane Lowe's "Hottest Record of 2014" on BBC Radio 1. It ranked No. 89 out of 100 songs. She also appeared as a featured vocalist on alt-J's song "Warm Foothills", from their second album "This Is All Yours". On 8 January 2015 she premiered the album's second single, "Animal Fear", for DIY Magazine. On 13 January 2015, "Before I Sleep", another track from her debut album, was streamed exclusively on the website Earmilk, as well as her SoundCloud account.<mask> previewed material from the album in the days leading up to its release. The album is available to stream in its entirely on her official SoundCloud account, and features a distinctive blue colour scheme. The deluxe edition of the album includes all of the songs from <mask>'s EPs. "Animal Fear" was released as the album's second single on 16 February 2015, the same day as the release of We Slept at Last. On 18 February 2015, <mask> played material from her debut album at The Cob Gallery in Camden, London. An art exhibit, featuring the album's artwork of 24 photographs, was displayed during the show. She embarked on a solo headlining tour throughout the UK during March and April 2015.Fenne Lily provided support to <mask> during these dates, which were generally well received by the press The tour continued with shows throughout Europe during the spring and summer of 2015. On 25 June 2015, Laura Marling announced that <mask> and Johnny Flynn would join her on tour for a series of concerts in North America during July and August 2015. The concerts would be <mask>'s first time performing material in North America. <mask>'s fourth single, "Next Year", was released on 14 August 2015. The album was generally well-received, with The Guardians review rating it four out of five stars, and calling <mask>'s work "superbly understated and atmospheric", noting that the "unsettling quality" was a distinguishing factor. Second album: I'm Not Your Man (2017)
<mask> signed with Sub Pop for her second album, I'm Not Your Man. "Boyfriend", the first single from the album, debuted on <mask>'s VEVO channel on 22 February 2017 in the form of a music video.The album features the London band The Big Moon as backing vocalists and instrumentalists. The cover art was designed by Tristan Pigott. The album was released 2 June 2017. The Guardians four-star (out of five) review praised <mask>'s "sweetly sung cut-glass vocals" and for having "risen from the alt-folk scene". The Observer's review (rating 3/5 stars) called the album "witty, raucous and honest", noting that <mask>, despite a new sound, "keeps the best of her former incarnation", adding to the "balance and variety" of the album. Pitchfork declared the album "bracing" and "darkly funny", "melodically strong" and "full of surprises", giving a rating of 7.5/10. Third album: Any Human Friend (2019)
On 23 April 2019, <mask> shared a teaser video with the caption "A _ _  H _ _ _ _  F _ _ _ _ _", hinting at the title of her upcoming third album.The following day, she released the lead single, "I'm Not Where You Are". On 22 May, the album's title was revealed to be Any Human Friend, and it was made available to pre-order. It was released on 9 August 2019. The album was produced by <mask> and David Wrench, and significantly features synthesizers. <mask> has described the lyrical content of the album as "quite sexual" and "blunt, but not offensive". She wanted to write about sexuality in a "unifying and sexy" way, in contrast to sexual lyrics that objectify the subject. The second single from the album, "The One", was released on 13 June 2019.<mask> has described it as "probably the poppiest song I’ve ever written". The Guardian, in a four-star review, observed that, on <mask>'s "most accomplished record to date", she "flits between self-reflection and self-loathing" in "glorious songs" characterised by "a general wry frankness". Pitchfork called the album "a singular, extraordinarily horny, and occasionally bleak pop record", about "those quiet moments of reckoning with what it means to be alive, young, and cautiously enamoured of it all", also observing <mask>, with her "coolly unimpressed alto" as "not interested in being coy or mincing words". The Independent's review calls the album "blunt and bold" with a "dark sexual energy" on which "<mask>’s beatific voice sits atop methodically messy instrumentals". For this album cycle, <mask> toured in the United Kingdom, Europe and the United States. Fourth album: Covers (2020)
This album of covers was produced during <mask>'s time in lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic, including songs from Beyoncé, The Shins, and Elliott Smith. Released on 13 November 2020, the album was noted by NME in its four-star review to be "intimate and inventive", representing "soothing familiarity with the excitement of the new".<mask> "straddles the line between... well-known tunes and something fresher", the reviewer observing that "the results are gorgeous". Personal life
<mask> currently resides in the East End of London. She was in a four-year relationship with musician Amber Bain until 2018. Discography

Studio albums

Extended plays

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

Promotional singles

Guest appearances

Music videos

As lead artist

As featured artist

Guest appearances

Awards and nominations

References

External links
 Website
 Primary Talent Profile
 Sub Pop Records Artist Profile
 Transgressive Records Publishing Profile

1992 births
Living people
English women singer-songwriters
English folk singers
English women guitarists
English guitarists
People educated at Bedales School
English people of Finnish descent
Lesbian musicians
LGBT singers from the United Kingdom
LGBT songwriters
LGBT musicians from England
Dirty Hit artists
21st-century English women singers
21st-century English singers
People from Selborne
20th-century LGBT people
21st-century LGBT people
Virgin EMI Records artists

masks:
Marika Louise Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Marika
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman
Hackman


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<mask> (born <mask>; February 5, 1953 – March 4, 2017) was an American singer-songwriter. Biography
<mask> began her career singing in coffeehouses as a teenager, she eventually became one-third of a country-folk band "Howdy Moon". Though they debuted at the legendary Troubadour in Los Angeles in 1974, their one album is now fairly obscure. It is notable, however, for the <mask>-penned song "Cook With Honey", later a hit for Judy Collins, and for the introduction of <mask> to Lowell George, who produced the next album. He would be a mentor to her till his death in 1979 and introduced her to Jackson Browne, James Taylor, and many of the artists she would work with throughout her career. Her first solo album, "Just A Stone's Throw Away" featured an impressive array of guests artists from the 1970's Southern California music scene including Maurice White, Lowell George, Linda Ronstadt, Jackson Browne, and Deniece Williams. The album was well received and garnered favorable reviews and placed her as the opening act for the Eagles in Europe.Two years later she released another album "Wild Child", and began touring with various artists primarily James Taylor, Jackson Browne, and Linda Ronstadt. <mask> then released another solo album "The Way It Is" with guest artists including Phoebe Snow, Lyle Lovett, Edwin McCain, James Taylor, Linda Ronstadt, and Jackson Browne. Japan released a limited edition of this CD with an additional song by Tom Snow. She followed two years later with EPs "Find a River", Vanilla Grits, and a compilation CD "Midnight Over Honey River". She died from a heart attack on March 4, 2017. After her passing, her sister and longtime friend, Kathy Kurasch, found tapes of songs <mask> had recorded but were never released. The tapes were largely unfinished and on all different formats from 24 track masters, 1/4" masters, ADATs, and cassette.They featured an array of guest artists, musicians, and composers including Prince, Lowell George, Little Feat members, Linda Ronstadt, Nicolette Larson, Steve Tyrell, David Lasley, Will Jennings, Tom Snow and more. Overdubs, re-mixing, and mastering was done by Kurasch and in December 2018 "The Lost Tapes" was released on Cowboy Angel Records. Other work
<mask> worked as a back-up vocalist for a number of famous recording artists. These included Linda Ronstadt, Don Henley, Christopher Cross, Little Feat, Jackson Browne, the Outlaws and James Taylor. <mask> wrote the song "Cook with Honey" which was a hit for Judy Collins on her 1973 album True Stories and Other Dreams. <mask> also co-wrote the Jackson Browne track "Love Needs a Heart" that was featured on his 1977 album Running on Empty. She also co-wrote "It is One" and "Nino" on Browne's Looking East album.She worked as a writer for The Brothers Johnson on the track "Deceiver", Earth, Wind & Fire's "Turn It into Something Good", featured on the band's 1980 album Faces, and Cher's Black Rose band's "Never Should've Started". In 1978, she performed the singing voice of the character Jan Mouse in the animated Halloween special "The Devil and Daniel Mouse" produced by Canadian animation studio Nelvana. She was credited under the pseudonym Laurel Runn, likely inspired by living in Laurel Canyon at the time. She sang several songs in the special, including a duet with the songwriter John Sebastian of The Lovin' Spoonful fame. The following year, in 1979, her cover of "O-o-h Child" was featured in Matt Dillon's film debut in Over the Edge. In 2018 her sister <mask> and her friend Kathy Kurasch assembled The Lost Tapes; the first posthumous stand-alone album of previously unreleased material by <mask>. It includes unreleased tracks recorded during her career including "I Got Over It", co-written by Prince.Personal life
In the December 11, 1999, issue of Billboard, a marriage was announced between <mask> and Seth Katz, a television executive with Sony, taking place on November 26, 1999, in Montclair, New Jersey. In August and October 2009, <mask> was arrested in St. Petersburg, Florida, for possession of drugs. She completed all of the court's requirements on May 25, 2011. American singer-songwriter James Taylor appeared at her drug court graduation ceremonies in a congratulatory effort on behalf of all of the graduates. <mask> died of a heart attack on March 4, 2017, at the age of 64. The song "Valerie" recorded by Steve Winwood was reportedly about her, as was Jackson Browne's song "That Girl Could Sing". Discography

As member of the group Howdy Moon
 Howdy Moon — 1974

Solo albums
 Just a Stone's Throw Away (single "O-o-h Child") — 1977 Nr 182 Billboard 200.2" — (1994)
 In My Lifetime — (1996)
Nicolette Larson:
 Nicolette — (1978)
 All Dressed Up and No Place to Go — (1982)
Ofra Haza — Kirya — (1992)
Jack Wagner — Love Can Take Us All The Way — (1986)
Randy Newman — Born Again — (1979)
Rick Derringer — Free Ride — (2002)
Ringo Starr — Time Takes Time — (1992)
Shawn Colvin — Fat City — (1992)
Tom Jans — Eyes of an Only Child — (1975)
Tom Kell — Dove — (2012)
Vonda Shepard — Songs from Ally McBeal — (1998)
Willie Nelson — Healing Hands of Time — (1994)

Song-writing credits (select)
 "Cook With Honey". Recorded by Judy Collins (released on the LP True Stories and Other Dreams, 1973)
"Love Needs a Heart". Recorded by Jackson Browne (released on the LP Running on Empty, 1977)
"Turn It into Something Good". Recorded by Earth, Wind & Fire (released on the LP Faces, 1980)
"Never Should Have Started". Recorded by Black Rose (released on Black Rose, 1980)
 "Deceiver". Recorded by The Brothers Johnson (released as B-side of 7" single "You Keep Me Coming Back", 1984)
 "It is One". Recorded by Jackson Browne (released on Looking East, 1996)
"Nino".Recorded by Jackson Browne (released on Looking East, 1996)

References

External links
 Official website
 Archive of old website (archived from September 2013)

1953 births
2017 deaths
American women singers
Songwriters from Florida
People from Winter Haven, Florida
American women songwriters
21st-century American women

masks:
Valerie Carter
Valerie Gail Zakian Carter
Valerie Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Valerie
Carter
Carter
Carter
Jan Carter
Valerie Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter


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<mask> (born April 22, 1957) is an American college basketball coach who is the current women's basketball head coach at NC State. A head coach at all three levels of NCAA women's college basketball since 1987, <mask> has been named Coach of the Year eight times by three conferences and over 20 regular season or conference tournament championships. <mask> grew up in Dallas and played college basketball at Johnson Bible College. He began his coaching career as a men's basketball coach at Johnson Bible in 1984. Then in 1987, <mask> became head coach for a struggling women's basketball program at Maryville College and instant turned the program into a winner, with five NCAA Division III Tournament appearances and over 130 wins in six seasons. The Women's Basketball Coaches Association awarded <mask> three regional Coach of the Year honors. From 1993 to 1995, <mask> was a women's basketball assistant coach at NC State under Kay Yow.Then from 1995 to 1998, <mask> was head coach at Francis Marion, where he achieved an appearance in the 1998 NCAA Division II Final Four. In his first NCAA Division I head coaching position, <mask> was head coach at Chattanooga from 1998 to 2013, during which he led the Mocs to 12 Southern Conference (SoCon) regular season championships and nine NCAA Division I Tournament appearances. With over 350 wins at Chattanooga, <mask> has the most career wins in program history and won five Coach of the Year honors from the SoCon. <mask> returned to NC State in 2013, this time as head coach. In his first seven seasons, <mask> led NC State to four NCAA Tournament appearances, and the 2020 and 2021 ACC Tournament titles. He was the Atlantic Coast Conference's 2017 Coach of the Year in women's basketball. Early life and education
Born in Texas City, Texas, <mask> grew up in Dallas.At Johnson Bible College (now Johnson University) in Knoxville, Tennessee, <mask> played at point guard and graduated in 1984 with a degree in religious studies. <mask> then enrolled at the University of Tennessee, where he earned a bachelor's degree in physical education in 1986 and master's in the same subject in 1987. Coaching career

Early coaching career (1984–1995)
From 1984 to 1987, <mask> was a men's basketball assistant coach at Johnson Bible College. After completing graduate school, <mask> became women's basketball head coach at Maryville College in 1987. <mask> inherited a Maryville team that won only a single game the previous season. He immediately turned around the program to a 15–12 record in his debut season and would have winning records in all of his six seasons as head coach, with five straight appearances in the NCAA Division III Tournament from 1989 to 1993 and three Converse/Women's Basketball Coaches Association District 5 Coach of the Year honors in 1990, 1992, and 1993. <mask>'s cumulative record at Maryville was 131–36.From 1993 to 1995, <mask> was an assistant coach for NC State women's basketball under Kay Yow. During those two seasons, NC State went 34–24 and qualified for the Sweet 16 round of the NCAA Division I Tournament. <mask> also directed Yow's basketball camp in the summer of 1994. Francis Marion (1995–1998)
In his second head coaching job, <mask> was head women's basketball coach at Francis Marion College from 1995 to 1998, during which he went 69–20. Following a 21–8 season in 1996–97, <mask> was the Peach Belt Conference Coach of the Year. The 1997–98 Francis Marion team finished 30–3, advanced to the Final Four round of the 1998 NCAA Division II Tournament, and was ranked fifth in the final coaches' poll. Chattanooga (1998–2013)
In 1998, <mask> took his first NCAA Division I head coaching job at Chattanooga.After a 10–17 debut season, <mask> led Chattanooga to the Southern Conference regular season title and Women's National Invitation Tournament (WNIT) appearance in 1999–2000. <mask> served as head coach at Chattanooga for 15 seasons and ended his tenure there with the most career wins in program history at 358. In the 2003–04 season, Chattanooga set a school record for wins with a 29–3 record and had a historically best 27-game winning streak that included an NCAA Tournament first round win over Rutgers. On April 26, 2010, <mask> accepted a job offer to be head coach at East Carolina. However, three days later, <mask> reversed his decision in order to stay at Chattanooga. Under <mask>, Chattanooga won 12 SoCon regular season titles, including 11 straight from 2000 to 2010 and in his final season in 2013. Chattanooga also won nine SoCon Tournament titles (2001–04, 2006–08, 2010, and 2013) and appeared as an automatic qualifier to the NCAA Tournament in those years.<mask> won six SoCon Coach of the Year honors in 2000, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, and 2013. Chattanooga also had four WNIT appearances in 2000, 2005, 2009, and 2012. NC State (2013–present)
On April 5, 2013, <mask> resigned from Chattanooga to become head coach at NC State, 20 years after he first was an assistant coach there. In <mask>'s debut season, NC State finished 25–8 and fourth in the ACC standings with an appearance in the NCAA Division I Tournament. Then in 2014–15, NC State finished 18–15 and advanced to the third round of the WNIT. The 2015–16 team finished 20–11 with no postseason tournament appearance. In 2016–17, NC State improved to 23–9 and appeared in the second round of the NCAA Tournament.The ACC named <mask> Coach of the Year in women's basketball on March 1, 2017. Appearing in that round for the first time since 2007, NC State qualified for the NCAA Tournament Sweet 16 in 2018 and 2019. In the 2019–20 season, NC State finished 29–4 and won the ACC Tournament for the program's first conference tournament title since 1991. However, due to COVID-19, the 2020 NCAA Tournament was canceled. <mask>'s 2020-2021 NC State continued the success of the previous seasons success by repeating as ACC tournament champions, and earning road wins against two teams ranked No. 1 in the regular season (South Carolina and Louisville). The Wolfpack earned a top seed in the 2021 NCAA tournament, a program first.Through the 2019–20 season, <mask> had a 168–62 overall record including 77–37 in Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) play, with five NCAA Division I Tournament appearances. Head coaching record

References

1964 births
Living people
American women's basketball coaches
Chattanooga Mocs women's basketball coaches
NC State Wolfpack women's basketball coaches
People from Texas City, Texas
University of Tennessee alumni
Basketball coaches from Texas
Francis Marion Patriots
Maryville Scots
Sportspeople from Dallas

masks:
Frank Weston Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
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Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
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Moore
Moore


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<mask> (14 July 1903 – 3 March 1992) was an English economist. He made a practical attempt to challenge classical rational choice theory and has been characterised as a "post-Keynesian", though he is influenced as well by Austrian economics. Much of his work is associated with the Dempster–Shafer theory of evidence. Life
He was born in Cambridge, son of a mathematics-teacher father who had coached John Maynard Keynes to an Eton scholarship. <mask> attended The Perse School but his parents could not afford to support him through university so he started work as a bank clerk. Later becoming a teacher, he studied in his own time for a University of London BA degree which he took in 1931. He started work on a PhD under the supervision of Friedrich Hayek at the LSE but switched to an interpretation of Keynes's General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money.He obtained his doctorate in 1937. At LSE he became good friends with German born economist <mask>, who was inspired by Shackle's own work on uncertainty; and developed his own theory of divergent expectations and uncertainty which was influenced highly by Shackle. Following a number of academic posts, at the outbreak of World War II in 1939, <mask> was appointed to S-Branch, Sir Winston Churchill's inner office of economists. There he served along with Donald MacDougall and Helen Makower under the leadership of <mask>. Following the war, a short spell at the Cabinet Office under James Meade and at the University of Leeds led to appointment as Brunner Professor of Economics at the University of Liverpool, a post he held until his retirement in 1969. Overview
<mask>le was influenced by Keynes and <mask> Myrdal and challenged the conventional role of probability in economics, contending that it failed adequately to deal with "surprising" events. The grounds of his thinking can be seen in Keynes's remark:

Though technical in nature, <mask>le's work took economics into novel territory such as the importance of imagination in economic decisions to assess the plausibility of alternative outcomes.Though <mask>'s work has had a limited impact on mainstream thought within economics, it continues (perhaps increasingly) to attract interest. Among <mask>'s contributions to decision making theory, his potential surprise theory of economic decisions was the most formidable. Abandoning the probability theory foundations of most of modern economics, <mask>le proceeded to focus on plausibility or a possibility analysis of economic decisions. To <mask>le, economic agents did not make decisions based on probability distributions and consequently derive rational expectations from the "hard data" as New Classical economists such as <mask> support, to <mask>le, the crucial element in economic decision making was imagination, which consequently factors into decision making. <mask>'s considerations of imperfect knowledge's role in economics foresaw many of the advances in psychological economics, particularly from <mask>'s bounded rationality theory. When realizing that economic decision makers lack the knowledge necessary for probabilistic analysis, the ability to consequently make rational expectations off of said data is almost impossible. To make matters even more complicated for the New-Classical economists, <mask> proceeded with his analysis, already attacking one of the core foundations of modern Mainstream economics, perfect knowledge.To <mask>le, economic decision making was not derived from probability and frequency, it was based on the imagination's role in comprehending the possibility of economic decisions. If probability analysis held true for most economic decisions, most of modern economies would not exist. In this idealized state in which rational expectations could be generated, entrepreneurs simply would not exist. Entrepreneurship is probabilistically irrational, it makes little sense to embark upon an economic decision in which its fate is determined by millions of other contingent human beings and their subjective needs and preferences. The probabilistic analysis of such a situation would be strongly biased in favor of refraining from engaging in entrepreneurship; it simply makes little sense to engage in such a process for the economic statistician when the odds of such a situation being a success are immensely minute. It would then follow that in a world in which individuals interpreted probability before making economic decisions, individuals would refrain from entrepreneurship, for such a risky endeavor to be successful is such a situation in which the outcome depends on subjective preferences of unknown individuals. Entrepreneurs, then, are truly irrational in a probabilistic evaluation of economic decisions.Understanding such a peculiar situation to the statistician, <mask> proceeded to develop his potential surprise theory of economic decision making. Rather than weighing entire frequencies of outcomes for a certain situation, economic decision makers would weigh only a few outcomes and possibilities before making a real economic action; <mask>le proposed only two possible outcomes for economic decision makers to weigh, rather than the frequency of an entire probability distribution. <mask>le's potential surprise theory was fundamentally based on the role of imagination in economics, bridging the great asymmetry of knowledge of entrepreneurs to make actions which consequently determine the future:

"At the heart of Shackle’s theory of choice is the idea that, when people consider the possible consequences of taking a decision, they give their attention only to those outcomes that they (a) imagine and (b) deem, to some degree, to be possible. This set of outcomes is not guaranteed to include what actually happens, which may be an event they had not even imagined and which comes as a complete surprise to them"

<mask>le's theory of choice is a theory that is incredibly odd to most mainstream economists dealing with choice theory, primarily due to the fact potential surprise theory is not a theory of probability and knowledge, it's a theory of imagination and possibility. Potential surprise theory is based on the entrepreneur, or economic decision maker, who weighs two different possible choices based on tolerable levels of potential surprise. The economic decision maker first distinguishes between the possible and the impossible outcomes and proceeds to eliminate this from their considerations. An outcome that happens to be subjectively terrible and implausible by the economic decision maker can be represented by a variable R , and an outcome that is subjectively amazing but also implausible by the economic actor will be assigned the variable U.Anything better than U and worse than R are eliminated from the view of the economic decision maker and the focus of the two values to be chosen by the economic decision maker is to be in-between these two maximum points. The focus two points for the economic actor that are in between these two values are then weighed by their level of potential surprise, whether or not they are subjectively tolerable to the economic actor. A recurring theme throughout <mask>le's work is the subjective use of the imagination to guide economic decisions. Rather than weighing every possible function, or at least a majority of the functions in a probability distribution, a Shackleian economic actor proceeds to make their economic decisions based on subjective dual decisions and simply weighs the two against one another before proceeding with a course of action. The economic actor is in a way keeping his options open, a possibility that does not occur for the Savage expected utility hypothesis economic actor who takes the "Look before you jump expression" to its logical extremities; a notion untenable for the real economic world. At the centre of Shackle's kaleidic vision was the ability for economic actors to keep their options open and due to imperfect knowledge and the nature of imagination, proceed with the dual analysis of possibilities rather than entire probability distributions. <mask>le had, for a period of time had captured the attention of economists, however this slowly waned as economics moved away from <mask>le's theory and towards the foundations of the rational expectations hypothesis, consequently leading to the rational expectations revolution, even capturing the attention of Kenneth Arrow, a renowned Mainstream economist:

"The reason for the current lack of interest is probably not any denial that <mask>le’s position is fundamentally correct; it is the absence of the analytic tools needed to make the exceptional approach capable of generating operationally meaningful conclusions."Despite the latter iterations of <mask>'s economic theory of decision making, there still has been little change to the economic consensus on probability theory, although <mask>'s potential surprise theory bears a remarkable similarity with scenario planning of the Royal Dutch Shell, a peculiarity even <mask> noticed. On further contributions outside of decision making theory, he also claimed the importance of <mask> Myrdal's analysis by which saving and investment are allowed to adjust ex ante to each other. However, the reference to ex ante and ex post
analysis has become so usual in modern macroeconomics that the position of Keynes to not include it in his work, is
currently considered as an oddity, if not a mistake. As <mask> put it:

<mask> has also made important contributions to the history of economic thought, especially with regard to twentieth century economic schools of thought. Expansion on Keynes' economics

While <mask> thought that Keynes' work provided the best basis on which to construct a new type of economics he thought that Keynes had not fully understood the importance of the revolution that he had undertaken when he had written his key works. <mask> said that Keynes' work must be understood as having taken three steps until it finally arrived at a new revolutionary method of economic analysis. The first of these three steps was to be found in Keynes' Treatise on Money."Before the Treatise", <mask> wrote, "the interest rate was determined by tastes and objective circumstances, by the persuadibility of income-earners to transfer consumption from the present into the future, and the desire of business men to transfer the means of free enterprise from the future to the present, thus altering the productive possibilities and enlarging the prospective income of the society including themselves". <mask> wrote that already in his Treatise on Money Keynes was attacking this conception of the interest rate. <mask>le maintained that Keynes had not yet in the Treatise understood "the meaning of the great undermining which had thus happened to the theory of value". But on <mask>'s reading Keynes abandoned this "great undermining" of the "theory of value"—by which he meant any economics based on market equilibrium—in his General Theory instead falling back on a "curious methodology... where what is displayed to the reader is a range of 'equilibria' of the most precarious and ephemeral kind". <mask> writes that Keynes only really arrived at the true meaning of the revolution he had undertaken in Chapter 12 of the General Theory and then, more forcefully, in his 1937 article in the Quarterly Journal of Economics entitled The Theory of Employment. In these writing Keynes formulated a theory of uncertainty about the future that exploded the entire edifice of traditional economics which rested, implicitly, on the notion of timeless equilibrium conceptions which implied full access to knowledge on the part of all actors. In outlining this <mask>le sought to marry what he considered Keynes' best insights in the Treatise on Money with his later notion of liquidity preference in the General Theory.In doing so <mask>le formed a coherent, speculative theory of interest rates in which interest rates are set in line with financial speculators' expectations in the face of an uncertain future. <mask> wrote:

This complimented Keynes' own idea in the General Theory that investment is ultimately set in line with the animal spirits of those investment and was thus not subject to rational calculation, as that term is understood by most economists. These two points render <mask>'s expansion of Keynes' economics inherently indeterminate. For Keynes and <mask>le a market economy need not arrive at any particular destination. It is to be seen as an entity in continuous flux that will only generate sufficient investment to ensure full employment by an unlikely fluke. Equilibrium versus time

The essence of <mask>'s radical reevaluation of economic theory was primarily epistemic. He thought that neoclassical economics and other forms of economics that use equilibrium methods ignored the dimension of time.Neoclassical economics relies on the idea that agents will act rationally; but this rationality is effectively synonymous with saying that agents know the future. <mask> pointed out that in order for agents to act "rationally"—in the sense that neoclassical economists understood that word—they would have to logically know what actions all other agents were going to undertake. This, <mask>le claimed, was effectively the same as assuming that they knew the future. <mask>le maintained that the way that neoclassical economics had smuggled in this strong assumption was in its use of simultaneous equations. When they tried to justify this method neoclassical economists, beginning with <mask> and Francis Ysidro Edgeworth invoked the principle of tâtonnement or "groping". They assumed that agents would continuously test out different bids and prices until the series of bids and prices that produced equilibrium was reached. This implied that the system of simultaneous equations was being used as a sort of shorthand for a result that was actually reached dynamically through a series of trials and errors.But <mask>le claimed that this type of reasoning based on an analogy between a static system of simultaneous equations and a dynamic process of tâtonnement was extremely misleading. <mask>le claimed that the entire market equilibrium construct could not deal with time and could thus not deal with the actual material which the economist must study, which was inherently historical by nature. What is more <mask> was extremely dismissive of attempts to relax the strong assumptions of market equilibrium theory to render it more realistic. He thought that the foundations were too at odds with the nature of the material being dealt with to salvage it by relaxing some of the stronger assumptions as, for example, Neo-Keynesian and New Keynesian economists try to do. He wrote:

<mask>le went on to write that what the market equilibrium conception showed was a world of perfect knowledge frozen in time. It thereby negated itself as being of any use in a world where knowledge of the future is impossible and time moves in one direction. In such a world the action of human beings must be in part based on reason and in part on imagination—specifically, imagination with respect to what various individuals imagine the future might be or even should be.<mask> wrote that neoclassical economics rested on a teleological or pre-determined future and thus left no space for human choice which was inherently tied up with a human being's capacity to freely imagine what might be in store in the future. <mask>le wrote:

For <mask> this was the correct path for a serious economics that purported to deal with the real world should take. It should move away from abstractions that could not account for time or proper, free choice and instead should try to make sense of a world where both imagination and reason played a role in determining economic outcomes. <mask>le called this type of reasoning kaleidics. Others commenting on <mask>le
In 'The Black Swan', Nassim Nicholas Taleb writes about <mask> (emphasis added):

Hayek is one of the rare celebrated members of his "profession" (along with J. M. Keynes and <mask>.S. <mask>) to focus on true uncertainty, on the limitations of knowledge, on the unread books in Eco's library. [...]
Tragically, before the proliferation of empirically blind idiot savants, interesting work had been begun by true thinkers, the likes of J. M. Keynes, Friedrich Hayek, and the great Benoit Mandelbrot, all of whom were displaced because they moved economics away from the precision of second-rate physics.Very sad. 'One great underestimated thinker is G.L.S<mask>, now almost completely obscure, who introduced the notion of "unknowledge"', that is, the unread books in Umberto Eco's library. It is unusual to see <mask>'s work mentioned at all, and I had to buy his books from secondhand dealers in London. Bibliography

 <mask>, <mask>.S (1938) Expectations, Investment and Income

 – (1983). "The Bounds of Unknowledge". In J. Wiseman (ed), Beyond positive economics.New York: St. Martin's Press. References

Further reading

 Arrow, Kenneth J., and Hurwicz, L. et al. (1972) in Charles Frederick Carter and J.L. Ford (eds. ), Uncertainty and Expectations in Economics. Essays in Honour of <mask>.S<mask>.Oxford: Basil Blackwell, New York: Augustus M. Kelley. Frowen,S.F. (2004) "<mask>, <mask> <mask>n (1903–1992)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, , accessed 3 April 2006
 Earl, Peter E. and <mask>, Bruce (2014) G.L.S. <mask> (Great Thinkers in Economics), Palgrave Macmillan. External links

 An interview with GLS Shackle, by Richard Ebeling, 1981, Ludwig von Mises Institute
 Bibliography from the New School for Social Research website
 "Reflections on <mask> – Three Excerpts from the Shackle Collection", by <mask><mask>, Review of Austrian Economics, 16:1, 113–117, 2003
 Great Thinkers: John Kay FBA on G. L. S. Shackle FBA podcast, The British Academy

1903 births
1992 deaths
English economists
Post-Keynesian economists
Historians of economic thought
People educated at The Perse School
20th-century historians
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Academics of the London School of Economics

masks:
George Lennox Sharman Shackle
Shackle
Ludwig Lachmann
Shackle
Frederick Lindemann
Shack
Gunnar
Shack
Shackle
Shackle
Shack
Shack
Leonard Savage
Shack
Shackle
Herbert Simon
Shackle
Shack
Shackle
Shack
Shack
Shack
Shack
Shack
Shack
Shack
Shackle
Shackle
Shackle
Gunnar
Shackle
Shackle
Shackle
Shackle
Shackle
Shackle
Shack
Shackle
Shackle
Shack
Shack
Shackle
Shackle
Shack
Shackle
Shackle
Shack
Shack
Léon Walras
Shack
Shack
Shackle
Shack
Shackle
Shack
Shackle
Shack
Shack
Shackle
G L
Shackle
. Shackle
Shackle
Shackle
G L
G L
. Shackle
Shackle
George Lennox
Sharma
Littleboy
Shackle
George Shackle
Stephen C
. Littlechild