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<mask> (born February 20, 1947) is an American pastor at the ATLAH World Missionary Church. <mask> grew up in Red Springs, North Carolina, and has been with ATLAH since 1981. ATLAH stands for All The Land Anointed Holy, which is <mask>'s name for Harlem. Through the ATLAH church, <mask> hosts an online series called The Manning Report, which features criticism on such topics as the negative influence of black celebrities, homosexuality, and the alleged "criminal" acts of U.S. President Barack Obama. <mask>'s allegations and political views have made him highly controversial. Biography
<mask> was born on February 20, 1947, in Red Springs, North Carolina. He grew up in the town, which was then segregated.He picked cotton and pulled tobacco as a child, then took a bus to New York the day he graduated from high school. He became radicalized in the 1960s and said he was driven by his hatred of white people. As a younger man, <mask> burglarized homes, mostly on Long Island. Between 1969 and 1974, he said, he broke into as many as 100 houses and once threatened an associate with a loaded shotgun. He spent about  years in prison in New York and Florida for burglary, robbery, larceny, criminal possession of a weapon, and other charges before his release in 1978. While in prison, he became a devout Christian. <mask> has said that his past life of crime and then incarceration helped to shape his wider perspective on life and that he does not shy away from discussing it.After beginning study in 1982, <mask> graduated from Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York where he was awarded a Master of Divinity in 1985. During his graduate studies, <mask> went on a religious study tour to Latin America, and later to Africa. In his theological group study tour of Africa in 1985, he visited both Liberia in West Africa, founded by former African-American slaves and apartheid-era South Africa. He met his future wife on the tour. <mask> has said that his visit to Africa had an influence on his views about race, and that his witnessing of black societies other than African-Americans influenced his views on the nature of black people. <mask> claims to hold a Doctor of Philosophy degree from his own ATLAH Theological Seminary, an institution without educational accreditation. According to <mask> he attended the Oxford Round Table in 2004.Taxation controversies

New York City authorities claim that ATLAH owes $1.02 million in unpaid taxes and unpaid water bills. The city claims that because the church contains six residential apartments, the whole building is not tax exempt, only that portion used for the church. The Harlem church disagrees and has fought a long legal battle to assert its alleged right not to have to pay taxes or water bills for any portion of the church building. In 2016 the church was due to be sold at a public auction, and The Ali Forney Center, a nonprofit organization providing transitional homes for homeless LGBT youth raised money to purchase it, reaching its target of $200,000 to buy the church. The organization's founder, Carl Siciliano, wrote:

<mask> said at the time that the sale would not happen unless "men give birth through their anus", and that he and his congregation would barricade themselves inside the church and arm themselves to stop new owners taking possession of it. A stay was granted pending a full court hearing on June 1, which delayed the planned public auction. In September 2016, Judge Manuel J. Mendez vacated the foreclosure and sale order, ruling that as ATLAH may be found to be tax exempt, it cannot be forced to be sold until such time that ATLAH is found to actually owe the taxes the city claims it owes.After the court ruling, <mask> threatened to publicly burn the rainbow flag as a celebration, which caused the Ali Forney Center to organize a protest outside of the church. Following the ruling, Siciliano stated, "Rev. <mask>'s declaration of victory is premature" and, "All [Rev. <mask>] has won for now is the opportunity to incur many further legal costs as he tries to escape the consequences of decades of failure to pay ATLAH's water bills." On August 22, 2017, the Court ruled that the church did owe the unpaid water bills and taxes, but the church appealed the decision. According to Siciliano, this means that "the process could be delayed for approximately 18 months." Views

Criticism of homosexuality
<mask> has received some media coverage for his condemnations of homosexuality, which include calling for homosexuals to be stoned to death.He has referred to himself as "the sodomite slayer" and stated, "I do think that anyone who promotes [homosexuality] as a lifestyle and tries to make it a national and international event and create warfare upon everybody else, then the appropriate response would be to stone them back to the Stone Age, or stone them back to hell." <mask>'s views on homosexuality include the beliefs that "white homos are going to take the black woman's man" and that President Obama is going to "use gay people to destroy the black community." He calls for the stoning of gay people and for Harlem to be a "homo-free zone." In an interview with The Huffington Post, <mask> stated, "The homosexual activists are flat-out lying about what Jesus would do regarding the detestable, abominable, diseased practice and act of homosexuality. They have been lying and saying that Jesus would simply love." <mask> has stated that Starbucks will be "ground zero for Ebola" in the United States because homosexuals frequent the stores and "a lot of bodily fluids" are exchanged. <mask> has also stated that Starbucks puts semen in its coffees, and that millions of people around the world "really think that the taste of semen is quite a flavor."Criticism of Barack Obama

<mask> has expressed contempt for a range of American political leaders, stating that both George W. Bush and his father had anal sex with 100 men and likening Barack Obama to Hitler and one of the two beasts in Revelation. <mask> came to public attention during the 2008 presidential election after ATLAH posted several sermons of his on YouTube that were harshly critical of Obama. Among other accusations, he called Obama's mother "white trash" for becoming pregnant by a black man out of wedlock, an issue he discussed during a press conference at the National Press Club on December 8, 2008. It is common knowledge that African men, coming from the continent of Africa — especially for the first time — do diligently seek out white women to have sexual intercourse with. Generally the most noble of white society choose not to intercourse sexually with these men. So it's usually the trashier ones who make their determinations that they're going to have sex. <mask> defended his sermons in an interview on Fox News, saying that "we also have to talk about his character."The sermons drew the attention of Americans United for Separation of Church and State, which filed a complaint with the Internal Revenue Service objecting to alleged violations of laws granting tax-free status to churches on the condition that they refrain from certain forms of political activity. <mask> has continued his criticisms of Obama since the election, frequently calling him a criminal and "long-legged mack daddy." He produced a video in summer 2009 in which he predicted that there would be a white backlash against Obama, complete with riots, and he attended one of the first "birther" events. In an interview with the Israeli radio station Arutz Sheva, <mask> asserted that Obama had chosen to befriend Muslims instead of Jews; he also offered praise of Meir Kahane. After Bill O'Reilly, a commentator on Fox News, called birther lawyer Orly Taitz a "nut," <mask> and Taitz organized a protest outside Fox News headquarters in New York City in November 2009, which drew an estimated 15 to 20 attendees. In May 2010 <mask> staged a show trial of Barack Obama at ATLAH for wire fraud, with <mask> acting as prosecutor. Although the treason and sedition charges had been deleted from consideration at the trial, <mask> expressed the opinion that Obama should be hanged.In 2013, <mask> accused Obama of having a "love child" and then shooting the mother outside the White House. On August 4, 2014, he prognosticated that Obama and Vladimir Putin would be outed as gay within 100 days. Following the 2015 Charlie Hebdo shooting, <mask> suggested that Obama had cut a deal with terrorists to attack other Western countries. In early 2016, <mask> alleged that President Obama had murdered Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia. When <mask>'s missionary church faced foreclosure in 2016, <mask> alleged that President Obama had ordered for the church to be closed. Public image

<mask>'s claims and allegations through social media have made him the subject to much scrutiny. He has appeared on Fox News, The Young Turks, the Alex Jones  show, and a plethora of other social media entities.He formerly had a show on Republic Broadcasting Network, but is no longer  hosting a show on the network as of early 2018. Criticism of Ben Carson
In 2015, <mask> called presidential candidate Ben Carson a "pathetic nigga" and a "demon", and described all of Carson's supporters as "closeted sodomites, fags, lesbos, [and] buttlickers". Criticism of black leadership
In his sermons and in video messages posted on his church's website and on YouTube, <mask> has denounced the influence of Charles Rangel, Al Sharpton, Cornel West and Jay-Z. He has also had harsh words for black people in general, and black men in particular. Opposition to gentrification in Harlem
<mask> is fiercely opposed to the gentrification of Harlem and calls for its residents to boycott its shops, restaurants, doctors, banks and churches. That action, combined with a general rent strike, would force all property owners out of Harlem, he said, leaving the neighborhood to its rightful inheritors: black people. <mask> calls his plan "No Dew, Nor Rain", after Elijah's warning to Ahab, king of Israel, of a coming drought."When there's no dew, no rain, there's a drought — there's all kinds of suffering", <mask> said. The whole of Harlem, he said, is to be a "drought zone". <mask> said the intent of the boycott was to return Harlem to its pre-gentrification days of 1990, without the crack cocaine, crime, and boarded-up buildings. His hope, he says, is that declining property values will make housing affordable for black people. References

External links
 Website of ATLAH World Missionary Church

1947 births
Living people
American Christian clergy
American conspiracy theorists
American evangelists
American fascists
American Internet celebrities
American Kahanists
American people convicted of burglary
Christian conspiracy theorists
Christian fascists
American Christian Zionists
Discrimination against LGBT people in the United States
People from Red Springs, North Carolina
Politics and race in the United States
Union Theological Seminary (New York City) alumni

masks:
James David Manning
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James David Manning
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<mask> (born July 20, 1972), better known by her stage name Vitamin <mask>, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, and actress. She began her career as an Ivory soap baby and child actress, appearing in John Waters' film Hairspray (1988), and continued to appear in minor roles in films before starting the alternative rock band Eve's Plum in 1991. In 1999, Fitzpatrick embarked on a solo career under the name Vitamin <mask>, releasing her eponymous debut album Vitamin C (1999), which was certified Platinum by the RIAA. Singles from the record include "Graduation (Friends Forever)" and the Top 20 single "Smile". Her second album, More (2001) spawned the singles "As Long as You're Loving Me" and "The Itch". She appeared in the horror film Dracula 2000 (2000), and made cameo appearances in Get Over It (2001) and Scary Movie 2 (2001). She also appeared as a panelist on the spoof talent series The WB's Superstar USA in 2004.She was ranked No. 76 on the Maxim Hot 100 Women of 2001. In March 2012, Fitzpatrick was appointed as Vice President of Music at Nickelodeon. Since early 2019, Fitzpatrick has served as a music executive for Netflix. Early life
Fitzpatrick was born in Old Bridge, New Jersey, on July 20, 1972. She is the youngest of three children born to Vita, a legal secretary, and Gerard Fitzpatrick, a communications executive. She is of Irish descent.She graduated from Cedar Ridge High School in 1987, (now called Old Bridge High School) where she was a classmate of Junot Díaz. During her high school years she was a dancer who danced professionally in several TV ads, and also starred in her high school musical. She later attended New York University, graduating in 1991 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English. Career

Hairspray and Eve's Plum (1988–1998)

In 1988, while a student at New York University living in the same dorm as Sarah Silverman, John Fugelsang and Bridget Looney, Fitzpatrick made her screen debut under her real name in the John Waters feature film Hairspray as Amber Von Tussle, the bratty on-screen daughter of co-stars Debbie Harry and Sonny Bono. In the 1980s, she appeared on The Equalizer and on Saturday Night Live as an "Update Dancer" during Dennis Miller's news segment. She made her first musical outing as the lead singer of the alternative rock band Eve's Plum, named after The Brady Bunch actress Eve Plumb, formed in 1991. She formed the band with Michael Kotch in 1991, whom she met while studying at New York University.A year later the group signed a record deal with Epic Records in 1992, releasing two albums and seven singles between 1993 and 1995 before being dropped. The band continued to perform together until 1998. Vitamin C (1998–2000)
Following the group's breakup, Fitzpatrick launched a pop music solo project as "Vitamin C" and signed an album deal with Elektra Records in 1998. Her debut solo album, Vitamin C, peaked on the Billboard 200 at number 29 and was certified Platinum by the RIAA. The album's first single, "Smile", peaked at number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified Gold by the RIAA. The second single from the album, "Me, Myself & I", failed to chart. However, the third single "Graduation (Friends Forever)" was more successful, peaking at number 12 on the Top 40 Mainstream Chart and number 38 on the Billboard Hot 100.In Australia, the song peaked at number 2 on the ARIA Charts and was certified Platinum. In the summer of 2000, the song saw a resurgence in popularity in the Republic of Ireland, peaking at number 4 in the country. Vitamin C was marketed through collaborations with a number of prolific brands. In 2000, Mattel produced a Vitamin C doll which was retailed at approximately $16, and a Vitamin C lipstick shade was made by Tommy Hilfiger. Vitamin C's cover version of the Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons song "December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)" was used as a brand image theme by the American television network The WB during the 1999–2000 television season. She also wrote and recorded "Vacation", which became the opening theme to the short movie Pikachu's Vacation (from Pokémon: The First Movie). The 2001 video game EA Sports Triple Play featured Vitamin C as an animated baseball player.In 2000, she played the role of Lucy Westerman in the horror film Dracula 2000 and as herself in the spoof film Da Hip Hop Witch. More (2000–2001)
In late 2000, Vitamin C released "The Itch", the first single from her second album More. The song peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 45. "The Itch" was a much bigger success in Australia where it charted at number 6 on the ARIA Charts and was certified Platinum. More debuted at number 122 on the Billboard 200. "As Long As You're Loving Me" was released as the second single from the album, but failed to chart in the US and led to Vitamin C being dropped from Elektra Records. In 2001, Vitamin C made cameo appearances as herself in the films Get Over It, Scary Movie 2, and Rock Star.Vitamin C also made cameo appearances on Sabrina, the Teenage Witch, The Brothers Garcia, and The Sausage Factory. In the February 2001 issue of Cosmopolitan magazine, Vitamin C was voted as one of the "Fun and Fearless Females" of the year. That same year Vitamin C was ranked No. 76 on the Maxim Hot 100 Women of 2001. "Last Nite" and later activities (2001–2009)
Vitamin C signed with V2 Records in 2001 and began recording her third album over the course of 2002 and 2003. The first single, "Last Nite", was released in July 2003. It was a cover version of the hit song by The Strokes and sampled Blondie's "Heart of Glass".The single failed to chart in the US, and peaked at number 70 on the UK Top 75. Her third album under the Vitamin C name was subsequently shelved. Her subsequent television appearances included playing a judge in the American Idol spoof The WB's Superstar USA. She also appeared in an episode of MTV's The Andy Dick Show and the celebrity game show Celebrity Bootcamp. She was one of three judges on the Lifetime reality series Your Mama Don't Dance. In 2005, Vitamin C's cover of "Voices Carry" by 'Til Tuesday was included on the soundtrack for the Disney movie Sky High. The same year, she wrote the song "We Are Gonna Happen" for Emma Roberts on the Unfabulous and More album.She also co-wrote the song "Where Do We Go" with Scout Taylor-<mask>. In 2006, she assembled a Radio Disney-aimed group of four teenagers named The Truth Squad. Vitamin <mask> wrote and produced a number of song's for the group's debut album, which included a cover of "Graduation (Friends Forever)". The album was released on April 3, 2007, and made a brief appearance on the Top Kid Audio Chart, where it peaked at No. 23. During this time, Vitamin <mask> was reportedly working on two new albums, a children's world-music album and a pop album, neither of which were released. She also starred in the indie sitcom THE LEK, but only three episodes were released.In 2007, she assembled and produced the girl group the Stunners. The group was signed to Columbia Records and later Universal Republic Records. In the span of four years they released an EP, two singles, and four music videos. The group split in early 2011. In 2008, she wrote the single "Make Some Noise" for Krystal Meyers. In 2009, she wrote "Let's Get Crazy" for Miley <mask> as Hannah Montana. Vitamin C also wrote the song "One and the Same", a duet recorded by Demi Lovato and Selena Gomez for the Disney Channel Original Movie Princess Protection Program.Music executive (2012–present)
On March 21, 2012, Nickelodeon named Vitamin C as VP of Music. She oversees all music for Nickelodeon and its sister cable channels. In an interview for the We Are Netflix podcast with Lyle Troxell published in September 2021, she stated that she does not desire to return to performing. Discography

Studio albums
Vitamin C (1999)
More (2001)

Filmography

Film

Television

References

Notes

Sources

External links

 [ Vitamin C at All Music]
Vitamin C at Billboard

<mask> Fitzpatrick at the Internet Archive

1972 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American singers
21st-century American women singers
Actresses from New Jersey
American child actresses
American women pop singers
American women singer-songwriters
American film actresses
American people of Irish descent
American television actresses
American women in electronic music
Electropop musicians
New York University alumni
Old Bridge High School alumni
People from Old Bridge Township, New Jersey
Singer-songwriters from New Jersey

masks:
Colleen Ann Fitzpatrick
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Compton
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Cyrus
Colleen


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<mask> (23 May 1946 – 7 March 2007) was a British  heavyweight boxer, weightlifter, writer, prisoner, and debt collector. He spent much of his adult life in prison, where he became one of the UK's most notorious inmates. As a boxer he had success as an amateur in 1973, and in a brief professional career in 1979 fought John L. Gardner for the British and Commonwealth heavyweight titles. Early life
<mask> was born 23 May 1946 in Wakefield, West Yorkshire to <mask> and Betty Barlow. He grew up on the Lupset council estate and took up boxing at the age of 7 at the Robin Hood and Thorpe Amateur Boxing Club. <mask> displayed considerable talent at an early age which, with his size and ability to move, made him formidable. However, he also began drinking heavily at a young age.When he was 16 he went to Germany to fight and the night before was carried out of a bar. Unsurprisingly, he lost. His first prison sentence came at the age of 17. While in prison, in 1971 he sparred Roger Tighe. While serving a five-year sentence in HMP Walton, he was allowed to join the Maple Leaf Amateur Boxing Club in Bootle, run by a local magistrate, and was allowed out on licence to represent the North-Western Counties team in 1973, and was considered a potential ABA heavyweight champion, but lost in the semi-final of the championships that year to eventual winner Garfield McEwan. After his release from prison in 1973, he worked as a lifeguard on Blackpool Beach. Boxing career
<mask>'s adult life was peppered with alcohol abuse, petty robberies, mental health issues,violent crime and prison.Nonetheless, during a brief period of rehabilitation, he fought ten bouts as a professional boxer between 1978 and 1980. On his release from prison in 1977, at the age of 30, having unsuccessfully applied for a professional licence in 1973, he applied again, but the BBBofC, wary of licensing a man who had spent so much of his adult life in prison, insisted that he wait six months before receiving a licence. He finally made his professional debut in February 1978, beating Keith Steve Johnson via a first round retirement. In his second fight he challenged Neil Malpass for the BBBofC Central Area heavyweight title, losing via disqualification after he was judged to have deliberately headbutted Malpass in the seventh round. After wins over Tommy Kiely and Neville Meade, in July 1978 he again challenged Malpass for the Central Area title, the fight ending in a draw. In his sixth fight, <mask> knocked American David Wilson unconscious and continued to hit him relentlessly as he draped over the ropes, before the referee managed to pull him away. Wilson suffered a brain haemorrhage, was put on a life support machine and needed a month in hospital to recover.<mask>' career peaked in June 1979 when he challenged for John L. Gardner's British and Commonwealth titles at Wembley. <mask> prepared for the fight with three weeks of sparring with Leon Spinks in Michigan. This proved to be an evenly matched contest as it entered the sixth round, though the younger Gardner's stamina proved too much for the 33-year-old <mask>, and the fight was stopped when <mask> turned his back, clearly overwhelmed by Gardner's onslaught. Gardner was seven years younger than <mask> (Gardner referred to <mask> after the fight as "an old man"), and this was his thirty-first professional fight; in contrast, <mask> had entered the fight after just eight professional bouts. <mask> still holds the record for being the British Heavyweight title challenger with fewest professional fights, having effectively been fast tracked by people involved with the sport who had been convinced of his potential. Despite many years in prison, such was the level of interest that <mask> generated on starting his belated boxing career following his release in 1978, that he found himself in promotional photographs with Don King and Larry Holmes, and also travelled to the United States to stand in as a sparring partner for Leon Spinks. <mask> was a bodyguard to Alex Steene, and sparred the future champion David Pearce, <mask> said; David "Bomber" Pearce was the toughest and most ferocious fighter he faced during his boxing career based on the sparring that took place at the Waterloo Boxing Gym.<mask>, became good friends with Pearce and the Pearce boxing brothers. <mask>' manager, the highly respected Tommy Miller later said, "<mask> could have gone right to the top, quite easily .. he impressed everybody", but "he was always in trouble one way or another, he'd always loads of worry on his mind." <mask> said of his ring career: "Boxing has been my salvation. It's the only sport which could have rescued me from my background." His 'big chance' lost, <mask> was clearly demoralized and his professional career ended in March 1980 when Nigerian heavyweight Ngozika Ekwelum knocked him out in the first round of a fight in Lagos, Nigeria. It appeared that <mask> had been billed to fight Lenny McLean at London's Rainbow Theatre on 20 November 1979, but this fight never materialised. Lenny Mclean, in his autobiography, later explained: "A week before the off, <mask> went into a club in Wakefield where he lives, got well pissed and had a ruck with four doormen.He did them all but one of them got lucky and put a cut above his eye that took eight stitches to pull together". <mask> was jailed for five years in 1981 for taking out a contract on a union official from Blackpool. While in prison, he set records for lifting weights. An incredibly strong man, he was the holder of the British amateur weightlifting record (deep knee bend 500 lbs). Prison
<mask> was classed as one of the most difficult prisoners in the UK throughout the 1970s and 1980s. By 1990, he had spent 21 out of 26 years in 18 prisons for many violent acts against prison officers and police officers. <mask> committed violent offences all over the North of England and was very well known to locals and the police in Leeds, Liverpool, Blackpool, Hull, and Rotherham.<mask> was also known and respected by the hard cases in London, possibly as a result of <mask> having trained alongside and sparred with such notorious criminals as Roy Shaw during his lengthy prison career. Some apparently classed <mask> as one of the hardest men in Great Britain during the 1980s. <mask> is mentioned in the book, Legends by Charles Bronson, an A to Z guide of the men Bronson had regarded to be the toughest in Britain. Referring to him as '<mask>y', Bronson describes him as "a legend, born and bred" and writes: "I first met <mask> in Liverpool in the early 70s and at that time he was probably the fittest con in Britain. A hard man from Yorkshire, a fighting man in every sense. A lot of people never liked him, perhaps they even feared him but I respected the man for what he stood for". Bronson then goes on to relate an incident said to have taken place in HMP Liverpool, when <mask> allegedly killed the prison's cat and fashioned it into a 'Davey Crockett' hat.While in prison, <mask> earned a BA degree in Physical Sciences from the Open University and wrote a memoir, Sweet Agony, which won the Arthur Koestler Award for prison literature. Later Years
Following his release from HM Prison Hull in 1990, producer Roger Greenwood followed him in the course of filming the documentary <mask>: At Large. Greenwood described <mask> as "a fascinating character and incredibly intelligent". A further documentary explored <mask>'s brief post-release career as a debt collector, a business venture he dubbed the 'Last Resort Debt Collecting Agency... "threatenergrams" a speciality', and which was utilised by Wakefield businessman, Dennis Flint, who sent <mask> to collect debts in Spain in addition to funding his autobiography, 'Sweet Agony'. <mask> could not control his drinking, his life began to crumble and he became a notorious character in the city of Wakefield. In 2000, Wakefield Council secured a two-year ASBO banning him from the city centre after a string of aggressive drunken incidents including shouting abuse and urinating in public. He was arrested in August 2003 for violating the ban by making an appointment with an optician in Wakefield, but was released on his own recognisance.Death
<mask> died on 7 March 2007 at Pinderfields Hospital, Wakefield. His cause of death was noted as pneumonia and liver cirrhosis. His death certificate states his occupation as 'author (retired)' and the funeral service was held at Wakefield Baptist Church, which he regularly attended. He is buried in the Alverthorpe cemetery Wakefield

Children
<mask> has two children who are both serving life sentences for murder. <mask> <mask> is serving a life sentence for stabbing Michael Gallagher to death in a frenzied knife attack at his flat in Lupset, Wakefield in June 2004. In 2008, 25-year-old Michael Sharp became the second son of <mask> to be jailed for murder, when he was given a minimum 27-year sentence at Leeds Crown Court for killing 38-year-old David Ward, a former police officer, following a botched armed robbery at his home on Denby Dale Road in Wakefield. Books and film
Jamie Boyle wrote two books about <mask>, which were published in 2017.Boyle released a third book in 2020 to finish the series. The film rights to these and <mask>' book were acquired in 2017 by Western Edge Pictures, and as of 2019 the film is still in development. Professional boxing record

Published works
Sweet Agony (1988), Lofthouse Publications,

Biographies of <mask>, Jamie (2017) <mask>: Unfinished Agony, Warcry Press,
Boyle, Jamie (2017) Further Agony: One More Round with <mask>, Warcry Press,
Brenton, Rob (2018) ''It's...Sharks: <mask> & The Straits of Johor, Warcry Press,

Awards
1988: Koestler Award, Sweet Agony

References

External links

Alumni of the Open University
English male boxers
English criminals
Heavyweight boxers
Sportspeople from Wakefield
Sportspeople convicted of crimes
1946 births
2007 deaths
Criminals from Yorkshire

masks:
Paul Sykes
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Walter Sykes
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Paul Sykes
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Paul Leighton
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<mask> (; 15 November 1580 – 15 November 1629) was Prince of Transylvania from 1613 to 1629 and Duke of Opole from 1622 to 1625. He was also King-elect of Hungary from 1620 to 1621, but he never took control of the whole kingdom. <mask>, supported by the Ottomans, led his Calvinist principality against the Habsburgs and their Catholic allies. Early life

<mask> was the elder of the two sons of <mask>r and Druzsiána Lázár de Szárhegy. <mask> was born in his father's estate, Marosillye (now Ilia in Romania), on 15 November 1580. <mask> was a Hungarian nobleman who lost his ancestral estate, Iktár (now Ictar-Budinț in Romania), due to the Ottoman occupation of the central territories of the Kingdom of Hungary. Stephen Báthory, Prince of Transylvania, granted Marosillye to him and made him captain-general of the principality.Druzsiána Lázár was descended from a Székely noble family. Both Farkas <mask> and his wife died in 1591, leaving their two sons, <mask> and Stephen, orphaned. The brothers were put under the guardianship of their maternal uncle, András Lázár de Szárhegy. They lived in the Lázár Castle in Szárhegy in Székely Land (now Lăzarea in Romania) for years. <mask>'s court historian, Gáspár Bojti Veres, described Lázár as a "grumpy and fierce" soldier who did not care much about their formal education. According <mask>'s first extant letter (from 1593), Sigismund Báthory, Prince of Transylvania, seized the brothers' estates "at the word of many coaxing people" without paying a compensation to them in 1591 or 1592, but a "few primary kinsmen" convinced the prince to offer restitution or other landed property to them. <mask> also mentioned in the letter that he decided to visit the prince's court in Gyulafehérvár (now Alba Iulia in Romania).Career

Beginnings

Modern historians try to reconstruct the major events of <mask>'s youth based on sources (primarily memoirs and letters) completed decades later, because only two documents written between 1593 and 1602 mentioned him. One of the later sources is <mask>'s own letter from 1628, in which he stated that Stephen Bocskai had raised him and "placed great credence" in him. <mask> also stated that Bocskai was his "kin". Another important source was written by <mask>'s retainer, Pál Háportoni Forró, who stated that <mask> had held "great and honorable offices" and performed "the greatly laborious duties of emissary" in his youth. Based on these sources, modern historians assume that Bocskai boosted <mask>'s career in Sigismund Báthory's court, but no contemporaneous document mentioned his presence in the prince's retinue. Sigismund Báthory joined the anti-Ottoman Holy League of Pope Clement VIII and broke into Ottoman territory in the summer of 1595. According to historian József Barcza, <mask> gained his first direct experience of warfare fighting against the Ottomans in the Battle of Giurgiu in Wallachia in 1595.After a series of Ottoman victories, Báthory abdicated in return for the Silesian duchies of Opole and Racibórz in 1597, enabling the commissioners of the Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolph (who was also king of Royal Hungary) to take possession of Transylvania. Anarchy

Sigismund Báthory regretted his abdication and returned to Transylvania in August 1598. He sent Bocskai to Prague to start negotiations with Rudolph in January 1599. According to a scholarly theory, <mask> accompanied Bocskai to Prague. Historian József Barcza also says, <mask> must have realized around that time that the Habsburg monarchs were unable to defend Transylvania against the Ottomans. <mask> himself stated that he visited Prague in the retinue of Sigismund Báthory at an unspecified date. <mask> supported Andrew Báthory, who mounted the throne with Polish assistance after Sigismund again abdicated in 1599.Michael the Brave, Prince of Wallachia, broke into Transylvania and defeated Andrew in the Battle of Sellenberk (at present-day Șelimbăr in Romania) on 8 October 1599. <mask> received wounds in the battle and his wounds healed slowly. Michael the Brave was expelled from Transylvania by Rudolph's commander, Giorgio Basta. During the following years, Transylvania was regularly pillaged both by Basta's unpaid mercenaries, and by Ottoman and Crimean Tatar troops. <mask> and his brother, Stephen, divided their inherited estates, with <mask> receiving Marosillye. Their agreement also refers to the anarchic situation, mentioning the possibility that "either pagan or some godless prince or the governor" would seize <mask>'s property. <mask> joined the Transylvanian noblemen who rose up against Basta.Sigismund Báthory (who had again returned to Transylvania) granted <mask> and his brother landed property in Arad County in June 1602. The army of the rebellious noblemen was annihilated near Tövis (now Teiuș in Romania) on 2 July 1602. After the battle, he swam over the Maros River and fled to Temesvár in the Ottoman Empire (now Timișoara in Romania). He forged letters which suggested that the leading Transylvanian noblemen supported Moses Székely to persuade the Ottomans to support Székely, according to the contemporaneous Ambrus Somogyi. When Székely broke into Transylvania in March 1603, <mask> was the commander of his vanguard. Székelys' troops conquered most fortresses along the Maros and laid siege to Gyulafehérvár. During the siege, the princely palace burned.Székely was installed as prince in May, but Radu Șerban, Prince of Wallachia, annihilated his army near Barcarozsnyó (now Râșnov in Romania) on 17 July. Székely was killed in the battlefield, and his supporters (among them <mask>) fled to the Ottoman Empire. The Transylvanian refugees started to regard <mask> as their leader. They sent a delegation to Constantinople in August, asking the permission of the Ottoman grand vizier to elect <mask> prince and seeking Ottoman assistance to their return to Transylvania. The grand vizier granted the permission, but one of the refugees, Boldizsár Szilvási, prevented <mask>'s election, pointing out that a prince could not be elected by a group of refugees, but by the Diet of Transylvania. Bocskai's supporter

<mask> decided to persuade the wealthy Stephen Bocskai to rise up against Rudolph's commissioners. After royal troops attacked the refugees' camp near Temesvár on 13 September 1604, rumours about the capture of a secret correspondence between Bethlen and Bocskai began circulating.Fearing reprisals, Bocskai withdrew to his fortress at Sólyomkő (now Şoimeni in Romania) and make preparations to resist. He hired irregular Hajdú troops and defeated a royal army on 15 October. Bocskai took possession of Kassa (now Košice in Slovakia) on 11 November. Soon after, <mask> gave the ahidnâme (or charter) in which the Ottoman Sultan, Ahmed I, styled Bocskai as prince of Transylvania. The delegates of the noblemen and the Székelys elected Bocskai prince on 21 February 1605. According to a letter of Bethlen, Bocskai ordered him to capture "certain castles", for which he had to postpone his marriage in May. <mask> finally married his bride, Zsuzsanna Károlyi, in August 1605.Bocskai granted the domain of Vajdahunyad (now Hunedoara in Romania) to him. The prince also made him the perpetual ispán (or head) of Hunyad County. <mask> was a Calvinist. He helped György Káldy, a Jesuit, translate and print the Bible. He composed hymns and from 1625, employed Johannes Thesselius as kapellmeister. Prince of Transylvania

In 1605, <mask> supported Stephen Bocskay and his successor <mask> (1608–1613). <mask> later fell out with Báthory and fled to the Ottoman Empire.In 1613, after Báthory was murdered, the Ottomans installed <mask> as Prince of Transylvania and this was endorsed on 13 October 1613 by the Transylvanian Diet at Kolozsvár (Cluj-Napoca). In 1615, after the Peace of Tyrnau, Bethlen was recognised by Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor. <mask>'s rule was one of patriarchal enlightened absolutism. He developed mines and industry and nationalised many branches of Transylvania's foreign trade. His agents bought goods at fixed prices and sold them abroad at profit. In his capital, in Gyulafehérvár (Alba Iulia), Bethlen built a grand new palace. Bethlen was a patron of the arts and the Calvinist church, giving hereditary nobility to Protestant priests.<mask> also encouraged learning by founding the Bethlen Gabor College, encouraging the enrollment of Hungarian academics and teachers and sending Transylvanian students to the Protestant universities of England, the Dutch Republic, and the Protestant principalities of Germany. He also ensured the right of serfs' children to be educated. Anti-Habsburg insurrection

<mask> maintained an efficient standing army of mercenaries. While keeping relations with the Sublime Porte (the Ottoman Empire), he sought to gain lands to the north and west. During the Thirty Years' War, he attacked the Habsburgs of Royal Hungary (1619–1626). Bethlen opposed the autocracy of the Habsburgs; persecution of Protestants in Royal Hungary; the violation of the Peace of Vienna of 1606; and Habsburg alliances with the Ottomans and George Druget, the captain of Upper Hungary. In August 1619, <mask> invaded Royal Hungary.In September, he took Kassa (Košice) where Protestant supporters declared him the leader of Hungary and protector of Protestants. He gained control of Upper Hungary (present-day Slovakia). In September 1619, after refusing to convert to Calvinism, the Jesuits Marko Križevcanin, Stephen Pongracz and Melchior Grodeczki were martyred under Bethlen's authority." The three were later canonized by the Catholic Church. In October 1619, <mask> took Pressburg (Pozsony, today's Bratislava), where the Palatine of Hungary ceded the Holy Crown of Hungary. However, <mask>, together with Jindřich Matyáš Thurn, count of the Moravian and Czech estates, did not take Vienna and,  in November, the forces of George Druget and Polish mercenaries (lisowczycy) won the Battle of Humenné and forced Bethlen to leave Austria and Upper Hungary. Bethlen negotiated for peace at Pressburg, Kassa (now Košice) and Besztercebánya (now Banská Bystrica).In January 1620, without the Czechs, <mask> received 13 counties in the east of Royal Hungary. On 20 August 1620, he was elected King of Hungary at the Diet of Besztercebánya and in September 1620, war with the Habsburgs resumed. After defeating the Czechs on 8 November 1620 at the Battle of White Mountain, Ferdinand II persecuted the Protestant nobility of Bohemia. Between May and June 1621, he regained Pressburg and the central mining towns. <mask> again sued for peace and on 31 December 1621, the Peace of Nikolsburg was made. <mask> renounced his royal title on the condition that Hungarian Protestants were given religious freedoms and were included in a general diet within six months. <mask> was given the title of Imperial Prince (of Hungarian Transylvania), seven counties around the Upper Tisza River and the fortresses of Tokaj, Munkács (now Mukacheve), and Ecsed (Nagyecsed), and a duchy in Silesia.In 1623 - 1624 and 1626, <mask>, allied with the anti-Habsburg Protestants, made campaigns against Ferdinand in Upper Hungary. The first campaign ended with the Peace of Vienna (1624), the second by the Peace of Pressburg (1626). After the second campaign, <mask> offered as rapprochement to the court of Vienna an alliance against the Ottomans and his marriage to an archduchess of Austria, but Ferdinand rejected his overtures. On his return from Vienna, <mask> wed Catherine of Brandenburg, the daughter of John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg. His brother-in-law was Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. Death

<mask> died on 15 November 1629. His second wife, Catherine of Brandenburg, became Princess Regnant of Transylvania.His first wife, , had died in 1622. <mask>'s state correspondence survives as a historical document. See also
 Magna Curia

References

Citations

Sources

External links

 History of Slovakia: Part of Historic Hungary II - Modern Times (1526 - 1918). 1580 births
1629 deaths
People from Hunedoara County
Gabor
Monarchs of Transylvania
Dukes of Opole
Kings of Hungary
Hungarian nobility
Hungarian people of the Thirty Years' War
17th-century Hungarian people
People of the Long Turkish War

masks:
Gabriel Bethlen
Bethlen
Gabriel
Farkas Bethlen de Iktá
Gabriel
Farkas Bethlen
Bethlen
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel Bethlen
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Bethlen
Bethlen
Gabriel Báthory
Bethlen
Bethlen
Bethlen
Bethlen
Bethlen
Bethlen
Bethlen
Bethlen
Bethlen
Bethlen
Bethlen
Bethlen
Bethlen
Bethlen
Bethlen
Bethlen
Bethlen


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<mask>. (December 9, 1922 – September 16, 2000) was the first African American to win an election as judge for the Baltimore City Supreme Bench and was later appointed by President <mask> to be a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, becoming the first African American to serve on that bench as well. Early life

<mask> was born to <mask> and Maude L. (Lewis<mask> in Des Moines, Iowa. His parents were African-American. His father, a friend of civil rights leader Dr. Ralph Bunche, was a native of South Carolina, his mother has been described as Native American (Sioux). but was actually a daughter of Thomas D. Lewis (1846–1909) and Mary Adeline Tann (1855–1939) of Fayette, Iowa, both members of a farming colony of free people of color that settled in Northeast Iowa in 1853. <mask>'s grandfather Lewis had the distinction of being a private in the 38th Regiment USCT, one of four USCT units that were the first US troops to march into Richmond, Virginia when it fell in April, 1865. <mask>'s great-uncle Theodore Wright Lewis (1853–1922), an AME pastor who served churches in Iowa, Illinois and Kansas was one of the founding members of the NAACP in the Davenport, Iowa and Rock Island, Illinois area.His father was a lawyer and one of the original founders of the National Bar Association, an association of African-American attorneys. <mask> served in the U.S. Army from 1944 to 1946. During World War II, he commanded Filipino troops and ran a Japanese prisoner-of-war camp. He was honorably discharged with the rank of Captain. Education

After his discharge, <mask> resumed his education at the University of Iowa and graduated in 1950 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. Prior to the war, <mask> had tried out for and made the football team; he was the only black player on the team. During a 1944 game against the Indiana University, his coach yelled out to the Iowa defense: "We gotta stop that nigger", referring to the opposing team's running back.<mask> immediately walked up to his coach and asked him to apologize; he didn't, and <mask> quit the team. Later at the Drake University Law School, he became the first African-American student admitted to the Phi Alpha Delta legal fraternity. He earned his Bachelor of Laws in 1955 and was married to Gwendolyn Mae London that same year. <mask> received a Master of Arts from Drake University in 1957 and a Juris Doctor from Drake University Law School in 1968. Law practice

In 1959, after they moved to Baltimore, Maryland, <mask> passed the Maryland bar exam and then started a law firm (Howard & Hargrove) with his brother, <mask><mask>, and John R. Hargrove Sr. (who also went on to become a U.S. district judge). In 1964, <mask> became assistant state's attorney in Baltimore and later became the first African-American chief of the trial section of the state's attorney's office. Two years into the job, <mask> criticized his superiors and Baltimore police for pursuing harsher penalties against alleged black rapists when the victims were white than the penalties they sought when the victims were black.<mask> was ordered to issue a report to back up his allegations. In the report he cited that 30 black men had been executed for raping white woman, but no one, black or white, had been executed for raping a black woman. In 1967, he became assistant city solicitor. State judicial service

Prior to 1968, vacancies on the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City were filled by the Governor of Maryland with white males and usually confirmed by the voters of Baltimore. In 1968, 81 of the 82 judges on Maryland's appellate and circuit courts where white males. Maryland governors had been slow to appoint blacks to the bench, even though the city was majority African American. <mask> challenged the system and ran for judge without the blessings of the governor.He won by 8,000 votes over his nearest competitor, and became the first African-American to run for and win a seat on that bench. As a judge, he challenged the racial hiring practices of the supreme bench and helped racially diversify the offices and employ minorities at the circuit court as well. Federal judicial service

<mask> was nominated by President <mask> on May 22, 1979, to the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, to a new seat created by 92 Stat. 1629. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 4, 1979, and received his commission on October 5, 1979, becoming the first African-American judge of the District of Maryland. He assumed senior status on November 15, 1991. His service was terminated on September 16, 2000, due to his death.Death

In 1992, after <mask> was diagnosed with Shy–Drager syndrome, a progressive failure of the autonomic nervous system, he took a reduced case load. <mask> died on September 16, 2000, in Pikesville, Maryland at the age of 77. His funeral was held the following Friday at the Union Baptist Church in Baltimore. Written works
"Administration of Rape Cases in the City of Baltimore and the State of Maryland" (1968)
"Why We Organize," Journal of Public Law (1971)
"Employment Practices in the Administration of Justice Under the Supreme Bench of Baltimore City," (1975)
"Racial Discrimination in Sentencing," Judicature (1975)

See also
 List of African-American jurists
 List of first minority male lawyers and judges in Georgia

References

1922 births
2000 deaths
Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland
United States district court judges appointed by <mask>
20th-century American judges
Maryland state court judges
African-American judges
United States Army officers
United States Army personnel of World War II
African-American military personnel
Morgan State University alumni
Drake University alumni
Iowa Hawkeyes football players
Lawyers from Baltimore
Politicians from Des Moines, Iowa
Neurological disease deaths in Maryland
Deaths from multiple system atrophy
20th-century American lawyers
United States Army reservists

masks:
Joseph Clemens Howard Sr
Jimmy Carter
Howard
Charles Preston Howard
) Howard
Joseph
Joseph
Howard
Howard
Howard
Howard
Howard
Howard
Howard
Charles P
. Howard
Howard
Howard
Howard
Howard
Howard
Jimmy Carter
Howard
Howard
Jimmy Carter


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<mask> (born 10 June 1964) is a New Zealand comedian, writer and actor living in Melbourne, who has had a successful TV, radio, stand-up and film career in Australia. Career

1980s
A former stand-up comedian and commercial voice-over-man, <mask> moved to Brisbane, Australia, from New Zealand when he was twenty-one to work as a radio copy writer. Having worked in radio and amateur theatre back in NZ, <mask> approached the ABCTV's The D-Generation in 1986 to work as a writer only to be told that filming on the first series had been completed. In the interim, he was invited to work as a researcher on ABC-TV's The Gillies Republic which was the follow-up to the highly successful political satire The Gillies Report (1984–85). The show was not a success but <mask> learnt a considerable amount from the production's mistakes, and made his Australian TV debut as 'Man in Bad Suit' in episode 4. He was also able to observe the production of the last few episodes of the 1986 ABC-TV live sketch-comedy show While You're Down There which starred Richard Stubbs and Glenn Robbins and it was on the set that he met D-Gen member Tom Gleisner. Following that, <mask> was employed for a short period as a puppeteer on the ABC-TV political satire Rubbery Figures which featured rubber puppet-caricatures of famous politicians created by artist Peter Nicholson (<mask> also did the voice of Joh Bjelke-Petersen).<mask> was on the verge of heading back home to New Zealand when he was invited to be a writer for the second series of The D-Generation in 1987. He also made short appearances on the show, and featured on the 1989 spin-off album, The Satanic Sketches. <mask> began to take on a more prominent role when the D-Generation produced four comedy specials for Network Seven in 1988–89, including doing one of the voices for 'DeGenocide' where clips of the old Australian TV crime series Homicide were dubbed over with funny lines. <mask> became a bona fide D-Gen member when he began writing and performing on the troupe's "Breakfast Show" on Triple M Melbourne radio (1987–1992), which led to the 1990 compilation album The Breakfast Tapes. On air, <mask> was frequently referred to by the other D-Gen members as "The Fat Man." Along with Rob Sitch, <mask> left the radio show a little earlier than the other members to prepare The D-Gen's next venture for ABC TV (although he did make time to host Bulltwang, a Sunday Night radio show on Triple M with Mick Molloy, which ran for sixteen weeks in 1990). 1990s
Instantly recognisable as the "tall skinny guy with glasses," <mask> was one of the most valuable members of the D-Gen as a writer and performer on The Late Show (1992–1993).His co-introductions to almost every episode and "Street Interviews" segment highlighted his effective comedic partnership with Mick Molloy. Noted for his quick wit and passion for mimicry, <mask> also appeared in countless Late Show sketches (including sleazy filmmaker Warren Perso in the classic sketch: The Last Australian Auteur), and provided the voices of Senior Sergeant Bargearse in the serial Bargearse (dubbed episodes of Bluey) and Governor Frontbottom and Judge Muttonchops in the serial The Olden Days (dubbed episodes of Rush). <mask> compiled all three volumes of The Best Bits of The Late Show with Santo Cilauro and Wayne Marx, and also co-produced the "dangerously overstuffed" double DVD set, The Best Bits of The Late Show: Champagne Edition, which was released in 2001. After The Late Show finished, <mask> and Mick Molloy went on to develop and perform their top-rating national radio programme Martin/Molloy, which produced three ARIA award winning compilation albums: The Brown Album (1995), Poop Chute (1996) and Eat Your Peas (1998). 2000s
<mask> made several guest appearances on Thank God You're Here, The Panel, The Mick Molloy Show (reprising his "Street Interview" skills), Kath & Kim (as Magda Szubanski's fiddle-playing boyfriend), and Welcher and Welcher. In 2004, <mask> and Shaun Micallef began work on a TV sketch comedy series for the ABC with the working title Mouse-Patrol but after they wrote enough material for the first three episodes, the project was cancelled by management, much to <mask>'s disappointment who commented in an interview in 2009 that the un-filmed scripts contained the best sketch stuff he had written for TV. On 3 April 2006, <mask> returned to the Austereo network to produce a nationally syndicated show with Ed Kavalee and Richard Marsland on Triple M named Get This.Although Get This was a ratings success and developed a dedicated legion of fans, on 16 October 2007 Triple M announced that the show would be axed, so the network could focus company attention and resources on new breakfast shows debuting across the country such as The Shebang in Sydney and a new, multimillion-dollar Melbourne-based show presented by Peter Helliar and Myf Warhurst, both of which were ironically also cancelled by Triple M over the next couple of years. Towards the end of the show's run, a gathering of about 170 devoted fans took place outside the Triple M studios in Melbourne on 5 November 2007 to protest against the cancellation of the program. The last episode was aired 23 November 2007. <mask> wrote an online column called "Scarcely Relevant" at The Scrivener's Fancy which was updated weekly 2009–2011. The website was placed on hiatus in June 2011 so <mask> could concentrate on his latest TV project. The site was closed in November 2011. As of June 2012, the archived columns are available to download as an ebook.<mask> has directed episodes of ABC TV's The Librarians, and, since 2008, has co-hosted shifts on 3RRR with <mask> as The Two Tones. 2010s
After a successful guest appearance on Sunday Arts (ABC-TV) in 2009 in which he interviewed US writer & lecturer Robert McKee, <mask> commenced working on a new program called A Quiet Word With ... which began airing on ABC1 on 28 September 2010. Rather than being a conventional celebrity-interview show, the program featured <mask> having relaxed and informal conversations with comedians and performers that he admired, and in some cases, had worked with during his own career. The first two episodes, featuring English comedian Bill Bailey and US actor and writer Carrie Fisher, were aired, respectively, in September and November 2010. The remaining ten episodes were screened weekly on ABC1 from 2 April 2011, beginning with British actor and comedian Alan Davies, and concluding on 4 June 2011 with British actor and writer Richard E Grant. In February 2011, <mask> appeared as one of the regulars on the radio-comedy program The Lonely Hearts Club which was broadcast weekly on ABC Radio National on Saturday nights from 10 pm to midnight. The show, delivered in a deadpan, straight fashion, featured an un-credited <mask> appearing under the pseudonym of 39-year-old Duncan Jardine, one of Australia's most successful second-unit directors.The first episode was broadcast on 12 February 2011 and the eighth and final episode was heard on 2 April 2011. In December 2010, the Nine Network announced that <mask> would be reunited with his former co-host on Get This, Ed Kavalee, for an upcoming comedy show entitled The Joy of Sets. This comedy television series looking at the elements used to construct television shows, commenced screening on 20 September 2011 in the 9:00 pm Tuesday timeslot on Nine. The debut episode rated well but audience figures declined for the subsequent episodes, prompting Channel 9 to move the show to a later timeslot of 10.30pm midway through the series. The eighth and final episode aired on 8 November 2011. In late 2012, <mask> co-directed (with Wayne Hope) episodes of a new eight-part comedy series Upper Middle Bogan, filmed on location in Melbourne and which aired on ABC-TV in August 2013. The series was created and written by Hope and Robyn Butler of Gristmill Productions who also created The Librarians and Very Small Business.<mask> later directed episodes of the second series of the show in 2014. In 2013, <mask> announced via Twitter that he was in the UK working as a co-writer on Ross Noble's new comedy-travelogue program Freewheeling which aired on the UK comedy channel Dave. Back home, <mask> made a return to live comedy with his show The Yeti opening at the Melbourne Fringe Festival in September 2013. In 2015, <mask> performed at the Melbourne Fringe with his show The Arse/Elbow Equation which he later performed at Brisbane Arts Theatre in early 2016. <mask> and writer & editor Sarina Rowell, in 2014, began writing a new sitcom Childproof about a young couple who decide not to have children. But after three years of pitching the idea, <mask> and Rowell were unable to sell the project to any of the TV networks. Instead in September 2017, <mask> and comedian Geraldine Quinn recorded the scripts as a live podcast at the Melbourne Fringe Festival and was later downloadable for free.In May 2016, <mask> joined the Breakfast show on Nova 100, initially as a temporary replacement for regular co-host Sam Pang, but he currently appears weekly as a guest co-host. Since 2017, <mask> has also appeared as a regular co-host on Ed Kavalee's T.E.A.M Effort podcast. and has been a guest vocalist for Damian Cowell's Disco Machine, appearing on both the latter's self-titled 2015 album and their 2017 album Get Yer Dag On. <mask>'s first novel Deadly Kerfuffle was published by Affirm Press in October 2017. In May 2018, <mask> & producer Matt Dower began releasing a new fortnightly comedy podcast Sizzletown which by mid-August had achieved over 160,000 downloads. Movies
<mask> played the part of "intrigued school child" in the 1977 movie Sleeping Dogs. <mask> wrote, produced and directed the 2003 comedy movie Bad Eggs (in which he also made a cameo appearance as a game show host), and wrote and directed the unreleased 2007 mockumentary BoyTown Confidential.He has also played minor roles in several films (mostly those of former Late Show colleagues), including The Castle (1997), Tackle Happy (2000), Crackerjack (2002) and  BoyTown (2006). More recently, he has had roles in two films made by his former Get This co-host Ed Kavalee:  Scumbus (2012) and Border Protection Squad (2012). Books
<mask>'s first book, Lolly Scramble, a collection of humorous autobiographical essays, was published in 2005. <mask>'s second book, A Nest of Occasionals, was released in October 2009. The latter book, re-printed in a second edition in April 2011, was voted as the best work of Australian comedy in any medium in 2009 by the comedy review website Australian Tumbleweeds
A third book was released online in 2012, downloadable as an ebook on tonymartinthings.com, called Scarcely Relevant, a collection of <mask>'s columns from the now closed Scriveners Fancy website. Deadly Kerfuffle, <mask>'s first novel, was published in 2017. Deadly Kerfuffle was shortlisted for the 2019 Russell Prize.Personal life
<mask> grew up in the small New Zealand towns of Te Kuiti and Thames. For two years as a child, he lived on a boat for five months of the year as his father was a part-time amateur marlin fisherman. Since there was no TV, he would listen to radio programs like The Goon Show and try to copy the voices. <mask> married Annie Maver, a floor manager on The Panel and RocKwiz, who has worked as an assistant director in Australian movies and television productions. He met her when she was a floor manager on The D-Generation. They are now divorced. In his spare time, <mask> is currently on a venture to walk every street in Melbourne which he embarked upon in 2009.Nine News aired a story on his project in August 2017. Filmography

Podcasts
 Tribute to Richard Marsland (Triple M Network) December 2008
 Summer Lovin' (Nova) 2010 – 2012
 I Love Green-Guide Letters (episodes 21 & 65) (iTunes & www.ilovegreenguideletters.com) April 2012 & March 2013
 The Little Dum Dum Club (episodes 131, 158 & 233) (www.dumdumclub.libsyn.com) March 2013, October 2013 & March 2015
 Dumbed down atheist (episode 36d) ( http://www.spreaker.com/user/4582839/dumbed_down_atheist_36d_melb_comedy_fest  & iTunes )
 Can You Take This Photo Please? (with Justin Hamilton)
 T.E.A.M Effort (Triple M Network) 2016- 2017. (iTunes)
 Chat10Looks3 (October 2017)- (www.chat10looks3.com)
 Childproof (2017)- (co-written with Sarina Rowell)
 SizzleTown (2018-2021)

Discography

Albums

Awards

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. <mask> has been part of four winning ensembles, all in the category of ARIA Award for Best Comedy Release. |-
|colspan=4|as part of The D-Generation
|-
|  1990
| The Satanic Sketches
| rowspan="2"| ARIA Award for Best Comedy Release
|
|-
|  1991
| The Breakfast Tapes (1988-90)
|
|-
|colspan=4|as part of <mask>lloy
|-
|  1996
| The Brown Album
| rowspan="3"| ARIA Award for Best Comedy Release
|
|-
|  1997
| Poop Chute
|
|-
|  1999
| Eat Your Peas
|
|-

Books
 Lolly Scramble (Pan Macmillan 2005)
 A Nest of Occasionals (Picador 2009)
 Scarcely Relevant (ebook 2012)
 Deadly Kerfuffle (Affirm Press 2017)

References

External links

 <mask> Martin at Pan Macmillan
 Champagne Comedy: The Late Show fan site and forum. Tony Martin interview at Shaun Micallef's Online World Around Him
 Tony <mask>'s ebooks.1964 births
Australian male film actors
Australian stand-up comedians
Living people
Logie Award winners
ARIA Award winners
New Zealand emigrants to Australia
People educated at Hamilton Boys' High School
People from Te Kuiti
Triple M presenters

masks:
Anthony Francis Martin
Tony Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Tony Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Tony Wilson
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin Mo
Tony
Martin


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<mask>. Bergo (born March 27, 1981, in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist. He is a member of the Brazilian Top Team, and is currently a full-time instructor at Brazilian Top Team-Jacksonville in Jacksonville, Florida. Biography

<mask> was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on March 27, 1981, to Silvia Helena Mousinho, of Portuguese ancestry and <mask>, of Italian ancestry. At the age of 8, <mask> learned Brazilian Jiu Jitsu from Coach Juarez Soares, a methodological specialist in training children. In 2004, <mask> received his black belt at the age of 24 from Brazilian Top Team founders and head coach Murilo Bustamante and Mario Sperry who received their black belts from the legendary Carlson Gracie. After conquering various national and international titles in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu, and over 300 submission grappling and wrestling matches to his credit, <mask> made the decision to undertake and compete in MMA. His professional MMA record currently stands at 8 wins and only 1 loss, and avenged that loss in a rematch.For fun and entertainment he surfs with friends; enjoys playing chess with members of his family, and reading political science articles and books in his spare time. Mixed martial arts career
In his second to last fight he avenged his only professional loss after defeating Alex Cook at the IFL World Grand Prix Finals. The fight went all 3, 4 minute rounds ending in a Unanimous Decision in favor of <mask>. <mask> dominated the entire fight with relentless takedowns and GnP, but was unable to finish. <mask> has dedicated himself to and represented the Brazilian Top Team with major international success. <mask> has won the Brazilian and Rio de Janeiro State Championships of Jiu Jitsu, the European Submission Wrestling Championship, and—three times—the Brazilian Circuit Championship of Submission Wrestling. He represented Brazil on their Olympic Free Style and Greco Roman Wrestling Teams.Three times he was the Brazilian National Champion of Greco Roman Wrestling; four times the Free Style Wrestling Champion. And in the US, he has won the American Nationals NO-GI in 2008, and took 3rd in the [BJJ World Championships] in 2008. He was undefeated in MMA as an Amateur, and, as a Professional Fighter, he has lost only once— and avenged that loss in a rematch. He has also competed in an 8-man tournament where he finished all three of his fights by submission in the first round to win the tournament. The event was held on September 23, 2006, in Foz do Iguacu, Brazil, under the International Challenge Championship (ICC) banner. Sport accomplishments
(<mask> often competes at 82 & 88 kg)

BJJ and Grappling

ADCC PRO North American BJJ Championship Gi 2009 (ADCC) - First Place
World Grappling Championship Gi 2008 (FILA) - First Place
World Grappling Championship No Gi 2008 (FILA) - Second Place
World BJJ Championship No Gi 2008 (IBJJF) - Third Place
Pan American BJJ Championship No Gi 2008 (IBJJF) - Third Place
American BJJ Championship No Gi 2008 (USBJJF) - First Place
North American Grappling Championship No Gi 2008 (NAGA) - First Place
European Grappling Championship No Gi 2006 (FFG) - First Place
Brazilian Grappling Circuit No Gi 2004 / 2005 (SETE/RJ) - First Place
Abu Dhabi Trials No Gi 2004 (ADCC) - First Place
BJJ Championship Gi 1999 (CBJJ) - Third Place
RJ State BJJ Championship Gi 1999 (FJJ/RJ) - First Place
BJJ Championship Gi 1998 (CBJJ) - First Place

1. ADCC (Abu Dhabi Combat Club)
2.FILA (Fédération Internationale des Luttes Associées)
3. IBJJF (International Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Federation)
4. USBJJF (United States Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Federation)
5. NAGA (North American Grappling Associations)
6. FFG (Fédération Françoise de Grappling)
7. SETE/RJ (Secretaria Estadual de Turismo e Esporte do Rio de Janeiro)
8. CBJJ (Confederação Brasileira de Jiu Jitsu)
9.FJJ/RJ (Federação de Jiu Jitsu do Rio de Janeiro)

Wrestling

RJ State Freestyle Championship 2004 / 2005 / 2006 (LWERJ) - First Place
RJ State Greco Roman Championship 2004 / 2005 / 2006 (LWERJ) - First Place
Greco Roman Olympic Circuit 2003 (COB) - First Place
Freestyle Olympic Circuit 2003 (COB) - First Place
Brazilian Greco Roman Championship 2003 (CBLA) - First Place
Brazilian Freestyle Championship 2002 / 2003 (CBLA) - First Place
Brazilian Freestyle Jr Championship 2001 (CBLA) - First Place
RJ Greco Roman Championship 2001 (FLOAERJ) - First Place
RJ Freestyle Championship 2001 (FLOAERJ) - First Place

1. LWERJ (Liga de Wrestling do Estado do Rio de Janeiro)
2. COB (Comitê Olímpico Brasileiro)
3. CBLA (Confederação Brasileira de lutas Associadas)
4. FLOAERJ (Federação de Lutas Olímpicas e Associadas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro)

MMA (Mixed Martial Arts)

World Grand Prix Finals 2007 (IFL) - Winner
Shoot Revolution 2007 - Winner
Eight Men Grand Prix 2006 (ICC) - Winner Three Times
Staredown City 2006 - Winner
Conquista Fight 2003 - Winner

1. IFL (International Fight League)
2. In 2008, his daughter, Katarina Gruenzner Bergo, was born in Portland, Oregon (USA).In 2011 his son Olav Gruenzner Bergo was born in San Antonio, Texas (USA).In 2019, his daughter Helena Kay Bergo, was born in Jacksonville, Florida (USA). In 2007, <mask> <mask> earned a bachelor's degree in History from UGF University, Rio de Janeiro. He is currently the head instructor at Brazilian Top Team Jacksonville and is a police officer/SWAT officer for the Jacksonville Sherriff's Office. References

External links

 http://www.btt-texas.com/instructors.html

1981 births
Living people
Brazilian male mixed martial artists
Middleweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Brazilian practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
People awarded a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Sportspeople from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Brazilian people of Portuguese descent
Brazilian people of Italian descent
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in the United States

masks:
Marcello Salazar M
Marcello Salazar Bergo
Victor Salazar Bergo
Marcello
Marcello Salazar
Marcello
Salazar
Marcello
Marcello
Marcello
Marcello
Marcello
Salazar


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<mask> (March 21, 1741June 1, 1790), also known as <mask>, Jr., was an American slave owner, planter, physician, soldier, and politician from Prince George County, Virginia. He became a major figure in the formation of the new United States government, representing Virginia in both the Continental Congress and the United States House of Representatives (until his death in office), as well as serving multiple terms in the Virginia House of Delegates representing Prince George County, which he also represented in the Virginia Ratification Convention. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Prince George County in 1741 to a prominent planter family in colonial Virginia. His parents were <mask> of Cawsons and Frances Elizabeth (Bolling) Bland. His mother was the only child and heir of Captain Drury Bolling and Elizabeth Meriweather of "Kippax," which plantation the younger <mask> subsequently inherited and operated. His ancestors had settled in Virginia years earlier, became civic leaders (hence sometimes referred to as the First Families of Virginia) and prospered by operating plantations using enslaved labor. Like his father (who served in the initial Virginia Senate during the American Revolutionary War representing Prince George County and nearly Isle of Wight and Surry Counties, he was named after <mask> of Westover, who had served as Speaker of the House of Burgesses in 1660 and also represented Charles City County then new Henrico County) from 1661 until his death, probably in 1672.His grandfather, <mask>, had married Elizabeth Randolph, daughter of William Randolph of Turkey Island. His uncle, <mask>, his father's first cousin Peyton Randolph, and his second cousin Thomas Jefferson would precede him in being elected to state legislative posts as well as Congress. At age 11, after being tutored at home as was customary for his class, he was sent to Great Britain for his education, accompanied by an enslaved boy, Tom, as his body servant. <mask> studied first in Yorkshire. Next he went to Scotland to study medicine at the University of Edinburgh, graduating as a doctor in 1763. Early career and marriage
<mask> then returned to Virginia and began a medical practice, as well as followed family traditions of political involvement and farming using enslaved labor. He married Martha Daingerfield in 1768 and they likely settled at Kippax about that time.(His parents had moved to Cawsons.) Thus <mask> became a planter and major slaveholder. <mask> retired from medical practice in the late 1760s, "in favor of farming and politics". He became active in politics before the war, serving as the Clerk of Prince George County. Revolutionary War
As the Revolution neared, <mask>'s Whig views aligned him with the rebels. He or his father published letters criticising Lord Dunmore in the Virginia Gazette under the pseudonym "Cassius", and in 1775 joined the local "Committee of Intelligence" as well as helped locate arms and munitions for the patriot cause. In June 1776, <mask> accepted a commission as captain in Virginia's cavalry.He rose quickly to Colonel and commanded the 1st Continental Light Dragoons, often cited as "<mask>'s Virginia Horse" in Revolutionary dispatches and correspondence. (see The Bland Papers and correspondence between him and George Washington). In the latter capacity <mask> reported directly to General Washington. He would retire in 1779 from active cavalry service due to poor health, which he had suffered from his youth. <mask>'s observations at Brandywine supplied General Washington with the correct location of Lord Cornwallis's and Howe's main armies; <mask> wrote two separate dispatches, and Col. James Ross of the 8th Pennsylvania wrote another dispatch reporting on British troop movements. Both men's dispatches supported that of Col. Hazen. However their dispatches were initially misinterpreted, until it was almost too late.Without the accurate contributions of <mask>, Ross, and Hazen, a worse result might have befallen Washington's army at Brandywine. Some later accounts have <mask>'s Virginia Horse subsequently assigned to scouting duty. In his 1922 biography of John Randolph, the historian William Cabell Bruce suggested that the Brandywine incident encouraged Washington to use his cavalries more for scouting rather than sitting in formation on the front lines, as they had at Brandywine. However, the lack of scouting had led to the Brandywine errors. At Gen. Washington's request, when <mask> returned to Virginia to recuperate in 1779, he also served as Warden at Charlottesville over British officers taken prisoner. He also worked to keep Washington's officers and cavalry supplied with quality horses both from his own stables and from others. As a participant in the early American horse-racing community, Bland owned a large stable and had access to other horses through relatives and friends.<mask> had earlier retired from his active medical practice for the same health issues in the late 1760s, nearly a decade before the war had begun, and finally was allowed to retire from the military for health reasons in late 1779. He did, however, in 1785, accept a commission from Gov. Patrick Henry as the Prince George County Lieutenant, with military responsibilities. Politician and planter
<mask>'s political career had begun before the Revolution, when he served as the Clerk of Prince George County, and had a great deal of contact with the House of Burgesses. As a planter like his father, and grandfather, he cultivated tobacco, indigo and wheat. Following the war, <mask> continued as the county's Clerk, which caused him to communicate with the Virginia General Assembly, in which his father served in the Virginia Senate and <mask> served in the Virginia House of Delegates. In 1780, the General Assembly named <mask> as one of Virginia's delegates to the Continental Congress, where he served until 1783 and thus helped form the new United States government.After his father moved to Amelia County, <mask> took over Cawsons (apparently about 1783-1784 after his return to Virginia from the Continental Congress and his father's death.) <mask> then operated Kippax as an out-plantation. In 1786, <mask> wa elected to the Virginia House, where he served until 1788. In 1788, Prince George voters elected <mask> and Ruffin as their delegate to the Virginia Convention called to ratify the United States Constitution. <mask> voted against ratification, as he believed it yielded too much power to a central government. After the constitution was adopted, Virginia legislators elected to <mask> the First United States Congress (he ran unopposed). He served in the House of Representatives from March 4, 1789, until his death in 1790 at the age of 49.He died while attending the Congress in New York City, and William B. Giles of Amelia County was selected as his successor. <mask> was the first member of House of Representatives to die in office. William Branch Giles completed his term. Death and legacy

<mask> was originally buried in New York's Trinity Churchyard in Lower Manhattan. (Trinity Church was designated in the late 20th century as a National Historic Landmark). In 1828, his remains were moved and reinterred in the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C.

His wife Martha Bland survived him and married two more times. She was an independent woman, maintaining the Bland holdings by executing marriage contracts to control her own lands.<mask> bequeathed 2 acres of land on Blandford Hill next to the church to create a school to educate youth, but insisted that it be established within 15 years of his death, which bequest lapsed because no school was constructed. Although the buildings of Kippax Plantation are long gone, and the town of Hopewell grew on the site, it has recently been purchased by the Archeological Conservancey, and archeological excavations are ongoing. See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)

References

External links

1741 births
1790 deaths
People from Prince George County, Virginia
American people of English descent
American slave owners
Continental Army officers from Virginia
Continental Congressmen from Virginia
18th-century American politicians
Delegates to the Virginia Ratifying Convention
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia
Burials at the Congressional Cemetery
Theodorick
18th-century American physicians
Physicians from Virginia

masks:
Theodorick Bland
Theodorick Bland
Bland
Theodorick Bland
Theodorick
Theodorick Bland
Richard Bland
Richard Bland
Bland
Bland
Bland
Bland
Bland
Bland
Bland
Bland
Bland
Bland
Bland
Bland
Bland
Bland
Bland
Bland
Edmund Bland
Bland
Bland
Bland
Bland
Bland
Bland
Bland
Bland
Bland
Bland


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<mask> (born 3 August 1972), known professionally as <mask>, is an Australian/American singer-songwriter, poet, and writer of creative non-fiction from Fremantle, Western Australia. Through fronting the Perth-based ensemble Flavour of the Month, she was a forerunner in the emergence of alternative country music within Australia and was the winner of the 2018 Bruce Dawe National Poetry Prize. Music
<mask>'s emergence upon the Western Australian music scene came via fronting the alternative pop band Bloom. In 1997 Bloom won the Western Australian Music Industry Award for Most Promising New Act. Following the demise of Bloom, D-Napoleon, along with Month of Sunday's guitarist Grant Ferstat, formed an alternative country ensemble Flavour of the Month. The band's name was taken from the title of a song by The Posies from their album Frosting on the Beater. Flavour of the Month subsequently supported Ken Stringfellow of The Posies on one of his first solo tours of Australia.The band toured nationally in Australia as well undertaking tours of the United States and Europe. During this period D-Napoleon also contributed backing vocals to several independent recordings including Road to Rome by DM3, which was one of the first solo albums by Dom Mariani after the hibernation of The Stems, and former Stonemason's frontman, Joe Algeri's, solo debut Everything Under The Sun, along with singing with alternative-country band, The Jayco Brothers, on their release Asbestos Fibro. After the demise of Flavour in the Month in 2005, D-Napoleon started performing solo and in November 2007 released her debut solo recording, a five-track EP titled "After The Flood". In 2009, D-Napoleon undertook two further solo recording. In April 2009 she collaborated with Santa Barbara-based musician and producer Jesse Rhodes on a six-track EP of cover versions. Titled Here in California the release features three songs from Australian composers and three songs from Americans. The recording features the collective talents of D-Napoleon, Rhodes, Kenny Edwards, Dan Phillips, Phil Parlapiano, and Sally Barr.In May 2009, D-Napoleon started work on her debut solo album. Partly funded by a Western Australia Department of Culture and the Arts Music Production Grant, the album was recorded at Sound Design Studios in Santa Barbara and produced by David Piltch. The recording features the collective talents of Kenny Edwards, Dan Phillips, Aaron Sterling, Greg Leisz, Victoria Williams, Phil Parlapiano, Jesse Rhodes, and Melanie Robinson. Prior to returning permanently to Australia in 2019, D-Napoleon recorded a new album of material titled You Wanted To Be The Shore But Instead You Were The Sea. Produced by James Connolly and featuring Dan Phillips and Doug Pettibone, the album was recorded with a single microphone in a historic chapel nestled in the hills behind Santa Barbara. You Wanted To Be The Shore But Instead You Were The Sea was released in Australia on October 1, 2020 and debuted on the Australian Independent Record Labels Association (AIR) 100% Independent Chart at No. 5 for the week beginning October 6 and reached No.1 on November 16. In the live arena, D-Napoleon has performed in a number of different solo configurations. She formed a Santa Barbara-based trio with Dan Phillips on piano and percussion and Kenny Edwards on electric guitar and mandolin in 2007, pairing back to duo with Phillips after Edwards' passing in 2010. In 2014 D-Napoleon expanded the ensemble to a four-piece with the addition of James Connolly on bass and David Cowan on guitar with Doug Pettibone taking over on electric guitar and mandolin in 2019. In Australia D-Napoleon originally performed as a trio with Richard Lane on guitar and Cathi Olivieri on viola and recruited established bands, such as The Justin Walshe Folk Machine, to back her on tour. Since returning to Australia in 2019 D-Napoleon has performed as a trio with Olivieri on viola and piano and Michael Lane on banjo and mandolin, a quartet with the addition on Ben Franz on upright bass and pedal steel, and a full band with Dave Brewer on electric guitar and Andy Pearson on drums and percussion. Writing and poetry
Having had poetry and creative non-fiction work published in journals such as Westerly, Meanjin, Southerly, and Australian Poetry Journal, D-Napoleon was a finalist for the Penelope Niven Creative Nonfiction Award in the 2018 and 2017 International Literary Awards through the Salem College Center for Women Writers.In 2018 D-Napoleon was awarded the Bruce Dawe National Poetry Prize for her poem "First Blood: A Sestina" and in 2019 her most recent book, First Blood, was released through Ginninderra Press. The book includes a collection of poems-as-memoir that challenge the preconceptions of girlhood. In 2019 D-Napoleon was the International Guest Poet at the 2019 Perth Poetry Festival and won the 2019 Katharine Susannah Prichard Poetry Award for her poem, "If There is a Butterfly That Drinks Tears." Personal life

Resides in Santa Barbara, California and Fremantle, Western Australia.

masks:
Natalie Damjanovich Napoleon
Natalie D Napoleon
Natalie D Napoleon


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<mask> (; ; May 21, 1923 – August 2, 2017) was an American football player and coach who guided the University of Notre Dame to national championships in 1966 and 1973. He is noted for bringing Notre Dame's Fighting Irish football program back from years of futility into national prominence in 1964 and is widely regarded alongside Knute Rockne and Frank Leahy as a part of the "Holy Trinity" of Notre Dame head coaches. <mask> grew up in Akron, Ohio and played football beginning in his junior year of high school. He enrolled at the University of Akron, but soon quit to join the U.S. Navy for two years during World War II. After the war, he finished his college career at Miami University in Ohio and went on to play halfback for the Cleveland Browns of the All-America Football Conference in 1948 and 1949. Cleveland won the league championship both of those years. <mask>'s playing career was cut short by a hip injury.He left the Browns and took a job as an assistant coach at Miami of Ohio. When head coach Woody Hayes left in 1951 to coach at Ohio State University, Parseghian took over his job. He stayed in that position until 1956, when he was hired as head coach at Northwestern University in Illinois. In eight seasons there, he amassed a win-loss-tie record of 36–35–1 and helped turn a perennial loser into a consistent contender in the national polls. <mask>'s success attracted the interest of Notre Dame, which had not posted a winning record in five straight seasons. He was hired as coach in 1964 and quickly turned the program around, coming close to capturing a national championship in his first year. He proceeded to win two national titles in 11 seasons as coach of the Fighting Irish, a period often referred to as "the Era of Ara".During that span, <mask>'s teams placed in the top ten of the final AP poll nine times and never finished lower than 14th. He never had a losing season at Notre Dame and posted an overall record of 95–17–4, giving him the fourth-most wins of any coach in school history after Rockne (105), Brian Kelly (101) and Lou Holtz (100). Parseghian's .836 winning percentage while at Notre Dame ranks behind only Rockne's .881 and Leahy's .855, leading to his inclusion in the "Holy Trinity" of Fighting Irish coaches. <mask> retired from coaching in 1974 and began a broadcasting career calling college football games for ABC and CBS. He also dedicated himself to medical causes later in life after his daughter was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis and three of his grandchildren died of a rare genetic disease. <mask> was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1980. His career coaching record is 170–58–6.Early life and high school
Parseghian was the youngest of three children born to an Armenian father and a French mother in Akron, Ohio. His father Michael had come to the United States from the Ottoman Empire in 1915, fleeing the Armenian genocide during World War I and settling in Akron where there was a large Armenian population. Despite his mother's protectiveness, Parseghian became involved in sports from an early age and developed a reputation as the toughest kid in his class. He was hired by Akron's Board of Education in the eighth grade to patrol his school's grounds at night to deter vandals. Parseghian played basketball at the local YMCA but did not play organized football until his junior year at South High School in Akron because his mother would not allow him to participate in contact sports. He joined his high school team, coached by Frank "Doc" Wargo, initially without his parents' permission. College and professional career
After graduating in 1942, Parseghian enrolled at the University of Akron.American involvement in World War II began after the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, however, and he quit school to join the U.S. Navy. The Navy transferred him for training to Naval Station Great Lakes near Chicago, where Paul Brown was coaching a service football team. Brown was a well-known high school coach in Ohio, having led his Massillon Washington High School teams to a series of state championships. Parseghian was named the team's starting fullback before the 1944 season, but he was sidelined with an ankle injury and did not play in any games as Great Lakes amassed a 9–2–1 record and was ranked 17th in the nation in the AP Poll. Parseghian later said that despite not playing, watching Brown's methodical and strict coaching methods – and the ease with which he commanded players much larger than he was – was a "priceless" experience. After his military service, Parseghian enrolled at Miami of Ohio and played halfback on the school's football team in 1946 and 1947 under coach Sid Gillman. As with Brown, Parseghian paid close attention to Gillman, a post-war football pioneer who helped popularize deep downfield passes as the T formation came into vogue.He was named an All-Ohio halfback and a Little All-American by sportswriters in 1947. Parseghian was selected by the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League in the 13th round of the 1947 draft. He was also selected by the Cleveland Browns of the rival All-America Football Conference (AAFC), a team coached by Paul Brown, his old Great Lakes coach. Parseghian left Miami with six semester credit hours remaining and signed with the Browns. Parseghian played halfback and defensive back for the Browns starting in 1948. While he only started one game that season, he was part of a potent offensive backfield that featured quarterback Otto Graham and fullback Marion Motley. The Browns won all of their games and a third straight AAFC championship in 1948.<mask> suffered a serious injury to his hip in the second game of the 1949 season against the Baltimore Colts, however, ending his playing career. He stayed with the Browns for the rest of the season, and the team went on to win another AAFC championship. With the Browns, he had 44 carries for 166 yards, three receptions for 33 yards, scored two touchdowns, and intercepted one pass. Coaching career

Miami (Ohio)
<mask>'s injury and the end of his professional playing career were a source of frustration, but he soon got the chance to move into the coaching ranks. Woody Hayes, the head coach at Miami of Ohio, contacted him about a job as coach of the freshman team. He was recommended for the position by athletic director John Brickels, who had been an assistant coach with the Browns in 1948. Parseghian led the freshmen to a 4–0 record in the 1950 season and was chosen the following year as Hayes's successor when Hayes departed to become head coach at Ohio State University.<mask>'s teams at Miami consistently did well in the Mid-American Conference, posting a 7–3 record in 1951 and improving to 8–1 the following year. Miami's Redskins (now known as RedHawks) were conference champions in 1954 and in 1955, when they went undefeated. Parseghian's success, which included two wins over larger Big Ten Conference schools, raised his profile nationally as a head coaching prospect. In late 1955, he was hired to coach at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, one of the Big Ten schools Miami had beaten. Parseghian compiled a 39–6–1 record in five seasons at Miami. Northwestern
Northwestern's football program was in transition when Parseghian arrived in 1956 to take over the coaching reins. Bob Voigts had quit as head coach in February 1955, leaving his assistant Lou Saban to guide the team.Under Saban, a former Browns teammate of <mask>'s, Northwestern finished at 0–8–1, the worst-ever record in its history at the time. Ted Payseur, the school's athletic director, resigned after the season under pressure from alumni and was replaced by Stu Holcomb. One of Holcomb's first moves was to fire Saban and replace him with Parseghian. <mask> was the 20th head coach of the Northwestern Wildcats football team and was the youngest coach in the Big Ten when he took the job at 32 years old. His Northwestern career began in 1956 with just one win in his first six games. The Wildcats put together three wins at the end of the season, however, and finished with a 4–4–1 record. Northwestern proceeded to lose all nine of its games in the 1957 season.Bo Schembechler—a member of the 1957 Northwestern staff and teammate of Parshegian's at Miami—called Parshegian's performance during the 1957 season the best job of coaching Schembechler ever witnessed. Despite the losses (many of them by close margins), Parshegian kept his team united and focused. That crucible set the stage for a much more successful campaign in 1958, when Northwestern finished with a 5–4 record that included victories over conference rivals Michigan and Ohio State. Northwestern began the 1959 season in the top ten in the AP Poll and started with a 45–13 win over Oklahoma, then the top-ranked team in the country. It was the first of a string of victories that propelled Northwestern to the number-two spot in the AP Poll. Led by quarterback John Talley and star halfback Ron Burton, the team beat Michigan again and won a match-up in October against Notre Dame, a school Northwestern had not played since 1948. Three straight losses at the end of the season ended the team's run at the conference championship, however.The following four seasons brought a mix of success and challenges. <mask>'s best year at Northwestern was in 1962, when the team finished at 7–2. Parseghian was a shrewd recruiter, using Northwestern's small budget to find versatile players overlooked by the bigger rival programs. In 1962, he put his faith in sophomore quarterback Tom Myers to guide the team. Myers, aided by a big offensive line and by star receiver Paul Flatley, led a passing attack that helped Northwestern to the top of the AP Poll in the middle of the season following wins against Ohio State and Notre Dame. <mask> called the close win against Hayes and Ohio State "one of Northwestern's greatest victories". The following week's Notre Dame game drew a 55,752 people, which remained the largest crowd ever to see a home game at Northwestern as of 2005.Despite those wins, late-season losses to Michigan State and Wisconsin cost the team a chance at the Big Ten championship. At Northwestern, Parseghian developed a reputation as an affable, down-to-earth coach. While he took his job seriously, he cultivated an informal rapport with players, who called him "<mask>" rather than "coach" or "Mr. Parseghian". Given his closeness in age to many of the players, he "empathizes with us well", Northwestern tackle Andy Cvercko said in 1959. Parseghian occasionally joined in practices with the players and organized games of touch football. He had other quirks, like lowering the intensity of practices as game day approached to let the players "build up psychologically", something he learned from Paul Brown. Parseghian remained at Northwestern for eight seasons until 1963.His career coaching record there was 36–35–1. This ranks him third at Northwestern in total wins and ninth at Northwestern in winning percentage. <mask>'s teams beat Notre Dame four straight times after their annual series was renewed in 1959 following a decade-long hiatus. Toward the end of his tenure at Northwestern, Parseghian grew frustrated by the school's limited financial resources, curbs on football scholarships, and academic standards for athletes that were more stringent than at other Big Ten schools. He also clashed with athletic director Holcomb, who told him in 1963 that his contract would not be renewed after that season despite coaching the team to within two wins of a national championship the previous year. "I took them to the top of the polls in 1962, and that was not good enough for Northwestern", Parseghian said many years later. Notre Dame
Parseghian's coaching career at Northwestern was approaching its end in 1963.In November of that year, he called Father Edmund Joyce, the vice president and chairman of the athletics board at Notre Dame, a Catholic university near South Bend, Indiana. He asked whether interim head football coach Hugh Devore was going to be given the job on a longer-term basis. When Joyce said the university was searching for a new coach, Parseghian expressed an interest in the job. Joyce did not immediately seem warm to the idea, however, and Parseghian explored an offer to coach at the University of Miami in Florida, where his old friend Andy Gustafson had been promoted from head coach to athletic director. Notre Dame was also considering Dan Devine for its coaching job but ultimately offered it to Parseghian. Parseghian waffled at first, recalling his father's misguided anti-Catholicism, but accepted in December and was given a salary of about $20,000 a year ($ today). Parseghian's candidacy for the head coaching job at Notre Dame was unusual because he was not a Notre Dame graduate, as every head coach since Knute Rockne had been.Parseghian was also an Armenian Presbyterian, making him the first non-Catholic coach since Rockne, who converted in 1925. Before hiring Parseghian, Joyce made it clear that he did not care about

masks:
Ara Raoul Parseghian
Parseghian
Parseghian
Parseghian
Parseghian
Parseghian
Parseghian
Parseghian
Parseghian
Parseghian
Parseghian
Parseghian
Parseghian
Parseghian
Ara
Parseghian