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<mask> (October 17, 1870February 23, 1942) was a Canadian ice hockey administrator and businessman. He concurrently served as president of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA), the Saskatchewan Amateur Hockey Association, and the Saskatchewan branch of the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada during the 1919–20 season. He sought regulations to govern amateur sport in Canada, which he felt was in a state of disrepute due to the lack of discussion and the postponement of meetings during World War I. He supported the reinstatement of former professionals as amateur athletes as favoured in Western Canada, despite the growing rift with delegates from Eastern Canada on the issue. He sought for the Allan Cup trustees to allow the CAHA to have more say into how the national playoffs were operated and argued for receiving an annual percentage of profits from gate receipts to allow the CAHA to govern effectively. <mask> rose to sporting prominence as the manager of senior ice hockey in Saskatoon, had established a clubhouse atmosphere to foster clean athletics in the city, and had hustled to get results and revive interest in amateur sport in Saskatchewan. He was named to the Canadian Olympic Association in preparation for the 1920 Summer Olympics, and later managed the Saskatoon Crescents Hockey Club in the Western Canada Hockey League for the 1922–23 season.By the end of his hockey career, <mask> was "noted for his genial and philosophical outlook upon life", and skilled as "the most prolific and entertaining author of hockey letters" that were "lengthy, profound, well-worded, interesting and to the point". <mask> was the Saskatoon dealer for the Scripps-Booth car and secretary of the Saskatoon Retail Merchants Association. He was hired by the Saskatchewan Motor League as an organizer and established 37 automobile clubs in Northern Saskatchewan within one year. He lobbied the provincial government for improvements to the highway network and succeeded in having uniform traffic signs and mileposts installed in Saskatchewan. He wanted more vehicle owners to install dimmers on headlights, and advocated for enforcement of no-glare laws for driving at night. He sought to increase membership in the motor leagues to fight against the rising cost of vehicle licence fees, and for any fees collected to be set aside for annual maintenance of roads. He was later contracted to organize clubs for the Alberta Motor League after the Saskatchewan Motor League had been the most active provincial league in Canada under his leadership.Early life and family
<mask> <mask> was born on October 17, 1870, in Nova Scotia, Canada, the son of <mask> and <mask> Sampson. His father was born in Nova Scotia with English heritage and his mother was born in the United States. During his younger years, Betts was an athlete who played football, baseball, bicycle racing and track and field sports in the eastern United States. He was a fan of baseball and attended home games for the Providence Grays and recalled seeing games at the Polo Grounds. His favourite player was Cap Anson, who he felt was one of the game's greatest first basemen. Betts later settled in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, and was married to Harriett B<mask> of Nova Scotia. Early hockey career

Betts was a recreational ice hockey player in Saskatoon, and served on the executive of the Saskatchewan Hockey League until his resignation in 1916.During the 1913–14 season, he was the secretary-treasurer of the Saskatoon R-Jay senior ice hockey team. Saskatoon Pilgrims
Betts was president of the Saskatoon Pilgrims from 1915 to 1917 season, and attracted record crowds to watch senior hockey under his leadership of the team. He led efforts to establish a clubhouse for the Pilgrims located on the top floor of the Royal Bank Building, which included a gymnasium with exercise equipment, a sitting area and a reading room. In addition to keeping the players in good shape, he wanted the clubhouse atmosphere to foster clean athletics for Saskatoon. In April 1916, Betts agreed to race a two-person  dash to raise funds for the Saskatoon Patriotic Fund during World War I, which the Saskatoon Daily Star stated would be a "great sporting race". His opponent was Roy "Tiny" Luck, a local gun club member and trap shooter who weighed in at , and vowed to win what he called a "fat man's race". Betts weighed in at  and promised to embark on a training regimen in the Pilgrims' team room in advance of the race.The Pilgrims won the northern division of the Saskatchewan Hockey League during the 1915–16 season, and travelled to Winnipeg in the following season to play the Toronto Dentals in a semi-final game for the fourth challenge of the 1917 Allan Cup playoffs. Betts was credited by The Leader for instilling a fighting spirit into the Pilgrims who challenged the Regina Victorias for the league's title, and was lauded by The Saskatoon Phoenix for turning the Pilgrims into "the biggest success of hockey that Saskatoon [had] ever known". Saskatchewan hockey
Betts served as vice-president of the Saskatchewan Amateur Hockey Association (SAHA) for the 1917–18 and 1918–19 seasons, and helped co-ordinate junior ice hockey teams in Saskatoon for the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League. In 1918, Betts and the SAHA approved the establishment of an intermediate level division, and the concept of reinstating former professionals as amateurs who were no longer playing sport for money. After being inactive during World War I, the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada (AAU of C) resumed meeting and governance of amateur sports in Canada. Betts was elected vice-president of the Saskatchewan branch of the AAU of C in December 1918. The branch favoured the principle of soldiers who were professional athletes before the war, could be reinstated as amateurs.The Regina Evening Post credited the SAHA for having revived interest in amateur sport in Saskatchewan, and described Betts as "the original 'ginger kid' of Saskatchewan athletics", one of the "live wires" of the province, and "a hustler ... who gets results [with] few equals". Betts supported a recommendation for Saskatoon City Council to takeover the lease and management of the Crescent Arena, and to provide necessary upgrades for senior and junior hockey teams to play in the provincial league. He reported that the alterations being made by the rink's operator would not provide an ice surface of regulation size and that Saskatoon would be without high level hockey for the season. Betts arranged a schedule for a Saskatoon league instead, without any teams in the provincial leagues. Amateur hockey president

In March 1919, the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) held its first annual meeting since 1915 due to World War I. The SAHA was given the turn to choose the president, and nominated <mask> to succeed James T. Sutherland. The CAHA adopted the rules of play used in the Ontario Hockey Association for Allan Cup for senior competition, assumed control of competition for the Memorial Cup and the Abbott Cup for junior competition, and agreed to form an alliance with the Amateur Athletic Union which oversaw ice hockey in the United States.<mask> was opposed to the continued postponement of the AAU of C annual meeting due to post-war economic reasons. He felt that amateur sport was in a state of disrepute by not discussing the issues, and wanted to see regulations to prevent disagreements. He was opposed to the mingling of professionals and amateurs on the same team, but supported exhibition games where amateur teams played against professional teams. He also supported the reinstatement of professionals as amateurs, but insisted on penalties for athletes who broke amateur eligibility rules. The first AAU of C annual meeting since 1914, was held at the Château Laurier in Ottawa in September 1919. <mask> spoke in favour of a motion by western delegates to allow the reinstatement of former professional athletes as amateurs, despite a growing rift in Canada on the proposal. Eastern delegates were firmly against the motion, and believed that "once a professional, always a professional".A compromise was reached when the AAU of C granted Western Canada branches temporary permission to reinstate professionals as amateurs for the upcoming hockey season, but that such players would be ineligible for the national Allan Cup playoffs. In November 1919, <mask> was elected as president of the SAHA for the 1919–20 season. He became president of the Saskatchewan branch of the AAU of C in December 1919, was named to the national committee for AAU of C championships, and set a deadline of December 31 for any former professional to apply for reinstatement as an amateur. Betts added another presidency to his responsibilities when chosen to lead the Saskatoon division of the Saskatchewan Intermediate Hockey League for the 1919–20 season. The SAHA sought the recognition of reinstated professionals in the Allan Cup playoffs, then withdrew from competition when the cup's trustees refused. <mask> resigned as president of the Saskatchewan branch of the AAU of C for personal health and business reasons on March 24, 1920. The next day, he submitted his resignation as president of the SAHA effective on April 15, and cited health reasons for wanting to reduce his travel.The Saskatoon Daily Star speculated that the disagreements and the indecision on the SAHA executive contributed to <mask>'s resignations. During the 1920 Allan Cup playoffs, <mask> expressed concerns that the Toronto Varsity Blues men's ice hockey team had violated the rules by participating in both the Ontario Hockey Association and the Canadian Interuniversity Athletics Union playoffs. At the 1920 general meeting, the CAHA decided that the team was eligible for the Allan Cup. Betts and Allan Cup trustee William Northey formed a committee to discuss the CAHA having more say into how the Allan Cup playoffs were operated. Betts sought to end the financial struggles of operating the CAHA and to receive adequate financial compensation. He argued that the Allan Cup playoffs were the primary source of income for the CAHA, and that the lack of working capital made it difficult to have meetings and govern effectively. He sought a provision that gave a set percentage of gate receipts to the CAHA annually, as opposed to funds being distributed solely at the discretion of the cup's trustees.Later hockey career
<mask> was named to the board of governors for the Canadian Olympic Association which prepared for the 1920 Summer Olympics in Belgium. He was succeeded by H. J. Sterling of the Thunder Bay Amateur Hockey Association as president of the CAHA on March 31, 1920. The AAU of C appointed a commission to investigate into the amateur status of hockey players in Canada in May 1921. Betts wrote to the commission and argued to resolved the disputes on amateurism for the sake of the fans, and wanted to see an end to hockey authorities ignoring the regulations if the local team had a chance to win the Allan Cup. <mask> was appointed as the western representative to the commission in June 1921, by then CAHA president W. R. Granger who was sympathetic to <mask>'s cause and wanted to end the differences between east and west. Betts was unable to travel to the commission's meeting in Toronto and recommended another representative from Saskatoon instead.At the general meeting of the SAHA in November 1921, northern and southern delegates disagreed on how to interpret the constitution, then passed a motion by <mask> to divide the SAHA in two pending approval by the CAHA. The SAHA later decided on operating as one association with separate divisions for the north and south. <mask> was named to the organizing committee for the north, which formed teams at the intermediate level. Saskatoon Crescents

The Saskatoon Crescents Hockey Club was reorganized in April 1922, and <mask> joined the team's board of directors. He was appointed chairman of the team's management committee, made the final decision on player contracts, and had a policy of not making statements to the media until a deal was final. He represented the Crescents at meetings of the Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL), and in joint meetings with the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) for a mutual working agreement and inter-league play. PCHA president Frank Patrick felt that the WCHL would have strong leadership for the season.He wrote that <mask> was "noted for his genial and philosophical outlook upon life", skilled at writing letters, and that "his name [was] likely to go down in hockey history as the most prolific and entertaining author of hockey letters". The Saskatoon Daily Star anticipated a successful season for the Crescents, and described <mask> as "an authority on hockey constitutions before and since his time", and that his letters were "lengthy, profound, well-worded, interesting and to the point". <mask> signed ten new players to contracts by November in addition to three players who returned from the previous season. He sought to sign Newsy Lalonde from the Montreal Canadiens, and was willing to buy Lalonde's release pending all other National Hockey League clubs waiving their right to claim him. <mask> later agreed to trade the rights to highly-touted prospect Aurèle Joliat to bring Lalonde to the Crescents as the team's player-coach for the season. The Crescents won eight of thirty games played, placed fourth during the 1922–23 WCHL season and did not qualify for the playoffs, despite that Lalonde led the league with 30 goals scored. <mask> retired as chairman of the management committee in May 1923, when new ownership assumed control of the Crescents.Motor leagues organizer
<mask> was the Saskatoon dealer for the Scripps-Booth car, and served as secretary of the Saskatoon Retail Merchants Association. He touted the Scripps-Booth as an energy efficient vehicle, and drove an 8-cylinder roadster. He was an enthusiast for fast cars and good roads, and was hired by the Saskatchewan Motor League as an organizer in winter 1916–17. He sought a co-ordinated effort by motorists to improve roads in Saskatchewan, mailed out letters to promote joining a motor league, and committed to making real progress within one year. He felt that by joining a motor league, vehicle owners would have strength in numbers and protect their investment. He wanted the province to assume maintenance of roads instead of the poor quality patchwork system kept by the municipalities. In less than one year by July 1917, Betts had organized the establishment of 37 automobile clubs in Northern Saskatchewan.He lobbied the provincial government for a better highway network between its borders with Manitoba and Alberta, and succeeded in having uniform traffic signs and mileposts installed in Saskatchewan. He arranged an inter-provincial motor league convention in February 1918 and invited delegates from Manitoba and Alberta to work together for better roads. He co-operated with the Manitoba Motor League to install signage on major routes between Saskatchewan and Manitoba in 1918. <mask> assumed organizing duties for the southern half of the Saskatchewan Motor League in April 1919, and opened an office in Regina in addition to Saskatoon. He wanted more vehicle owners to install dimmers on headlights, and advocated for enforcement of no-glare laws for driving at night. At the annual convention, he urged for local trail blazing associations to take advantage of government grants for signage, and continued input from members to pressure the government for regular improvements to the road network. He sought to increase membership in the motor leagues to fight against the rising cost of vehicle licence fees, and convinced the provincial government to have a portion of the fees collected set aside for the annual maintenance of roads in Saskatchewan.<mask>'s success in Saskatchewan led to him being contracted to organize clubs for the Alberta Motor League, to improve roads for the farmers, commercial travellers and tourists. He began working in Alberta while speaking at the Calgary Auto Club annual meeting in February 1920, and spent his winter vacation working from the Palliser Hotel in Calgary to complete the organization of the Alberta Motor League for 1921. The Saskatchewan Motor League had been the most active provincial league in Canada under <mask>'s organization until it broke down due to internal politics. The Northern Saskatchewan Motor League was organized in February 1925, with <mask> named to its board of governors to continue improving arterial roads and signage in Northern Saskatchewan. Later life and retirement
<mask> was the secretary-treasurer of the Saskatoon Lawn Bowling Club during the early 1920s, and played in doubles competitions in the Saskatchewan Lawn Bowling Association. He also played as a goaltender in a local broomball league, and was an officer of the Saskatoon Elks of Canada Lodge. Betts was president of the Saskatoon Kennel Club from 1926 to 1927, and grew the club's annual dog show to become a prominent part of the Saskatoon Exhibition by including international judges.He supported the use of dogs to protect personal property, and led opposition to a proposed city by-law which would have allowed for the destruction of dogs that bit or attempted to bite anyone. He was named an associate director of the Saskatoon Exhibition in June 1927, and was the manager of the Winter Fair Building which included an ice rink for the 1930–31 season. The CAHA awarded Betts a medal as its past president in 1925. When the CAHA held its silver jubilee and invited all past presidents as guests of honour in April 1939, <mask> was unable to attend due to illness. <mask> moved from Saskatoon to Chilliwack, British Columbia, in July 1939, and was confined to bed following a stroke in January 1942. He died at home on February 23, 1942, and was interred in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows Cemetery in Chilliwack. References

1870 births
1942 deaths
20th-century Canadian businesspeople
Businesspeople from Nova Scotia
Businesspeople from Saskatchewan
Canadian Amateur Hockey Association presidents
Canadian lobbyists
Canadian male bowls players
Canadian merchants
Canadian sports builders
Canadian sports executives and administrators
Canadian people of English descent
Ice hockey people from Nova Scotia
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan Amateur Hockey Association executives

masks:
Frederick Everett Betts
Betts
Betts
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Frederick Everett
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Robert Betts
Eliza Ann
. Betts
Betts
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<mask> (born 2 September 1978) is a former footballer who played as a striker. <mask> began his career with West Ham United in 1995, and progressed through the club's youth academy. He played one game for West Ham in the Premier League, as a substitute during the latter stages of the 1996–97 season. He was sent out on loan to Kingstonian in 1998, and was released on his return to his parent club in 1999. He had brief spells with Trelleborg in Sweden and with Exeter City, before rejoining Kingstonian on a permanent basis in 2000. He left the club in November 2000, and played for Hayes and Stevenage during the final months of the 2000–01 season. Ahead of the 2001–02 season, <mask> joined Canvey Island, where he played 210 games and scored 176 goals for the club during a five-year spell.When Canvey resigned from the Conference in 2006, he joined Grays Athletic on a one-year contract, but was later loaned to Chelmsford City after struggling for first-team appearances at Grays. <mask> joined Cambridge United on a free transfer shortly before the 2007–08 season, as Cambridge narrowly missed out on promotion to the Football League in May 2008. He joined Stevenage for an undisclosed fee in June 2008, scoring in the 2009 FA Trophy Final victory against York City at Wembley Stadium in May 2009. <mask> was also part of the Stevenage team that won promotion to the Football League the following season. <mask> left Stevenage in January 2011 and subsequently re-joined Chelmsford City in March of the same year. After just five appearances for Chelmsford, <mask> joined Thurrock for the rest of the 2010–11 season. He spent a further season at Thurrock, before leaving the club following their relegation.In July 2012, <mask> joined AFC Sudbury. Midway through the 2012–13 season, <mask> signed for divisional rivals Maldon & Tiptree, which would be his last club before retiring from playing. Early life
Born in Witham, Essex, <mask> attended John Bramston School. Club career

Early career
<mask> began his career with West Ham United in 1996, playing regularly in the club's youth team, as well as in the FA Youth Cup Final defeat at the end of the 1995–96 season, starting alongside Rio Ferdinand and Frank Lampard. <mask> made one Premier League appearance, as an 89th-minute substitute in a 5–1 victory over Sheffield Wednesday on 3 May 1997. After a loan spell with Kingstonian during the 1998–99 season, he joined Trelleborg in Sweden on a permanent basis in 1999, playing two games for the club and scoring one goal. He returned to England in November 1999, and signed for Exeter City.<mask> made his debut for Exeter in the club's 1–0 defeat to Halifax Town, coming on as a substitute in the 69th minute. He scored his first goal for the club in his third game, scoring Exeter's first goal in a 3–2 victory against Torquay United. It was to be <mask>'s only goal for Exeter, as he played eight times before leaving the club in January 2000. He signed for Kingstonian, who he had previously played for on loan, on a free transfer a month after leaving Exeter, signing a contract until the end of the season. He made his debut in Kingstonian's 1–0 win against Stevenage Borough. <mask> made 15 appearances for Kingstonian in all competitions without scoring. He was released at the end of the season.<mask> was without a club in the opening months of the 2000–01 season, before he joined Hayes in November 2000, making his debut in a 1–0 home defeat to Telford United. He scored his first goal for the club in a 3–1 away defeat to Dagenham & Redbridge in the FA Cup, scoring with a low shot from just inside the area. Despiting playing regularly, <mask> left Hayes in February 2001, and signed for another Conference National club in the form of Stevenage Borough two months later. He played one game for the club before being released, starting in Stevenage's 1–1 draw with Morecambe, playing 69 minutes before being substituted. Canvey Island
Ahead of the 2001–02 season, <mask> signed a part-time contract with Canvey Island, making his debut in Canvey's first game of the season, coming on as a 66th-minute substitute in a 5–1 away victory against Chesham United. Three days later, he started his first game in a 3–1 home defeat to Aldershot Town, scoring just before half-time. He scored four goals in a 6–1 victory against Heybridge Swifts.During his first season with Canvey, <mask> finished as the club's top goalscorer, scoring 44 times in all competitions. He opted to stay at Canvey for the 2002–03 season. <mask> scored his first goal of the season on 7 September 2002, scoring Canvey's sixth goal in the 88th-minute in a 6–1 victory against Aylesbury United. He ended the season by scoring six goals in two games, which included scoring four times against Enfield in a 10–1 victory. <mask> scored 45 goals in 52 appearances during the season as Canvey finished the Isthmian Premier season in second-place for the second season running. During the 2003–04 season, <mask> set a club and league record when he scored in 11 consecutive games, spanning from December 2003 to February 2004. Canvey also won all eleven matches.During the 11 games, <mask> scored 21 times, which included consecutive hat-tricks against Bishop's Stortford and Billericay Town, and braces against Ford Utd, Maidenhead United, Northwood, and Hayes. He scored a hat-trick, his third of the season, in Canvey's 3–2 victory against Hornchurch on the final game of the 2003–04 season, as Canvey finally won promotion to the highest tier in non-league football after winning the Isthmian Premier title. He also scored in the FA Trophy final as Canvey lost 3–2 to Hednesford Town at Villa Park on 24 May 2004, scoring from a header just after half-time. <mask> scored 57 goals in 53 appearances in all competitions. On Boylan playing in the Conference National, Canvey manager Jeff King said "I have no doubts about his ability to score goals in the Conference. It's a team effort which is why <mask> was happy to sign a new contract here last year". <mask> started in Canvey's first game back in the Conference National during the 2004–05 season, playing the whole match as the club drew 0–0 with Carlisle United at Brunton Park, with Boylan "carving out a number of opportunities".He scored his first goal of the season in a 1–1 draw against Gravesend & Northfleet on 17 August 2004. He scored a "clinical" hat-trick in Canvey's 3–1 away win against Farnborough Town at Cherrywood Road in September 2004. After scoring Canvey's second goal in a 4–1 away victory against Stevenage at Broadhall Way, <mask> was stretchered off after 27 minutes having suffered a fractured ankle. He was subsequently ruled out for three months after seeing a specialist to gauge the full extent of the injury. <mask> returned to first-team action in late December 2004, coming on as a 77th-minute substitute in a 2–2 draw with Woking. <mask> scored 16 goals in 31 games as Canvey avoided relegation to remain in the highest tier of non-league football. <mask> signed a one-year contract extension ahead of the 2005–06 season, and played in the club's opening game of the season, a 1–0 defeat to Accrington Stanley.He scored his first goals of the season in a 2–1 victory against Aldershot Town on 16 August 2005; both goals coming in the final four minutes of the match. He also scored twice in a 2–1 away win at Burton Albion, his second goal was a volley from 25 yards out. <mask>'s two goals also condemned Burton to their first ever defeat at the Pirelli Stadium, as well as becoming the first player to score two goals at the stadium. He scored in Canvey's FA Trophy victory against Kingstonian, but was taken to hospital shortly after scoring having collided with the goal post and suffered facial injuries. The injury subsequently ruled him out for up to three months, and he returned to the first-team on 11 March 2006, coming on as a 60th-minute substitute and marking his comeback with a goal, scoring an injury-time winning goal in a 1–0 victory against Altrincham at Moss Lane. He scored in the final game of the season in Canvey's 2–0 away win against Halifax Town, latching onto a through pass and scoring from just outside the box, having already assisted Jason Hallett's early goal. The goal proved to be <mask>'s last goal for the club, after Canvey announced that they would be resigning from the Conference National in May 2006, after manager Jeff King said he would withdraw his investment.<mask> ended the season having made 29 appearances, scoring 14 times. During his five years with the Essex club, <mask> made 210 appearances and scored 176 goals. Grays and Chelmsford
On his release from Canvey shortly after the club's resignation from the Conference, he joined Grays Athletic on a one-year contract, and made his debut in the club's first game of 2006–07 season, starting in a 1–1 draw against Stafford Rangers. <mask> scored his first goal for Grays in a 1–1 draw with Cambridge United on 4 November 2006, scoring with a "neat finish" from 12 yards. <mask> made 16 starting appearances for the club, scoring three goals, and a day after playing as an 88th-minute substitute in Grays' victory against Welling United, he joined Conference South club Chelmsford City on 26 February 2007 on loan for the remainder of the season. <mask> made his Chelmsford debut a day after joining the club, scoring in the club's 5–1 win against Carshalton Athletic, playing 76 minutes of the match. He played 12 games for Chelmsford, scoring eight times.After returning to Grays in May 2007, <mask> was released. Cambridge United
At the end of the 2006–07 season, he joined Cambridge United on a free transfer on 17 May 2007, and made his debut in the club's 2–1 away win at York City on 10 August 2007, scoring from the penalty spot as Cambridge came from a goal behind to win the game. Boylan did not score for four months and was used as a substitute throughout February 2008. He made the starting line-up against York City on 1 March 2008, and scored twice in a 2–0 victory. Boylan started in the club's 1–0 defeat to Exeter City in the play-off final at Wembley Stadium on 15 May 2008, playing the first 69 minutes of the match before he was substituted. <mask> played 38 times throughout the campaign, scoring 12 goals. After the defeat, <mask> was placed on the transfer-list by Cambridge United in May 2008, and despite placing him on the transfer list, the club made "late efforts to persuade him to stay".On being placed on the transfer list, Boylan said "as soon as Jimmy Quinn said to me that I was not in his plans for next year my heart just was not at the club any more". Stevenage
Boylan signed for fellow Conference Premier club Stevenage Borough for an undisclosed fee on 7 June 2008. After signing for the club, <mask> stated that manager Graham Westley had phoned him "five or six times a day and really wanted me at the club". He made his debut for the Hertfordshire club as a substitute in a 5–0 defeat against Wrexham at the Racecourse Ground on 9 August 2008, and scored his first goal for Stevenage in the 4–1 victory over Burton Albion on 6 September 2008. A brace against Kidderminster Harriers on 21 April 2009 ensured <mask> ended the season with ten league goals. He made 39 appearances during the 2008–09 campaign, scoring 14 times in all competitions. He also started in five of the club's successful FA Trophy campaign during the same season, scoring four times.This included scoring the second goal in Stevenage's 2–0 win against York City in the Final at Wembley Stadium on 9 May 2009, latching onto a through ball before hitting a "looping shot" over the goalkeeper to seal the victory in injury-time. <mask> remained at Stevenage ahead of the 2009–10 season, starting in the club's first game of the season at home to Tamworth on 8 August 2009, scoring a penalty in a 1–1 draw. The goal was also the first goal of the 2009–10 Conference National season. He scored twice against former club Cambridge United in Stevenage's 4–1 victory on 1 January 2010, a victory that meant Stevenage went top of the Conference Premier league table. He scored eight times in 26 appearances during the season, as Stevenage won the Conference Premier title and consequently earned promotion to the Football League for the first time in the club's history. <mask> left Stevenage when his contract expired on 13 January 2011. Return to non-League
After an unsuccessful trial at Southend United, <mask> signed for Conference South club Chelmsford City on a free transfer on 5 March 2011.He made his debut for Chelmsford on the same day as his signing was announced, replacing Wayne Gray as a 79th-minute substitute in Chelmsford's 2–1 away defeat at Eastleigh. <mask> made a further four appearances for Chelmsford, all of which were from the substitute's bench, before being released by the club on 30 March 2011. A day later, <mask> joined Conference South rivals Thurrock until the end of the 2010–11 season. He scored a hat-trick on his debut in a 3–0 win against Weston-super-Mare, a win that moved Thurrock four points away from the relegation zone. Boylan scored five goals in six matches for Thurrock, although the club were relegated as a result of finishing in 20th position, the final relegation place. However, they were later reprieved following the demise of Rushden & Diamonds, meaning Thurrock remained in the Conference South for the 2011–12 season. <mask> opted to stay at Thurrock for the 2011–12 campaign, scoring on the first day of the season in a 1–1 draw away at Salisbury City on 13 August 2011.He went on to score twelve times in 34 appearances for the club during the campaign, finishing as the club's top goalscorer. Thurrock were relegated from the Conference South after finishing in last place, and <mask> left the club in May 2012. <mask> joined Isthmian League Division One North club AFC Sudbury on 27 July 2012, taking on dual responsibilities as a player-coach. He made his debut for the club on the opening day of the 2012–13 season, a 3–1 home defeat to Cheshunt on 18 August 2012. Three days later, he scored his first goal for AFC Sudbury in a 3–1 away loss to Maldon & Tiptree — briefly restoring parity in the match when he scored from Michael Shinn's corner. In January 2013, <mask> joined divisional rivals Maldon & Tiptree, making his debut as a 61st-minute substitute in a 0–0 home draw with Waltham Abbey on 12 January. Two weeks later, in his second appearance for the club, he scored in a 2–2 draw against Redbridge.He added two further goals a month later in Maldon's 5–1 home victory over Brentwood Town. <mask> continued to play regularly for Maldon & Tiptree for the remainder of the 2012–13 season, and scored three times in their play-off campaign as they lost 4–1 on penalties to Thamesmead Town in the final. He made 21 appearances in all competitions for the club that season, scoring six goals. International career
<mask> played for the Republic of Ireland national under-19 football team in the 1997 UEFA European Under-18 Football Championship finals in Iceland scoring against Israel. He represented the Republic of Ireland under-21 team when he was contracted to West Ham United, making his debut in a 3–0 defeat to Czech Republic, a game in which he suffered an injury after just 20 minutes and was stretchered off. In 2004, he played for the England C team, earning a solitary cap. Personal life
<mask> was married in Watford, Hertfordshire, in May 2001.Career statistics

A. The "League" column constitutes appearances and goals (including those as a substitute) in the Football League, Football Conference, Isthmian League and Swedish Superettan. B. The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals (including those as a substitute) in the FA Trophy, Football League Trophy and Isthmian League play-offs. Honours
Canvey Island
 Isthmian League Premier Division: 2003–04

Stevenage
 FA Trophy: 2008–09; runner-up: 2009–10
 Conference Premier: 2009–10

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
People from Witham
English footballers
England semi-pro international footballers
Republic of Ireland association footballers
Republic of Ireland youth international footballers
Republic of Ireland under-21 international footballers
Association football forwards
West Ham United F.C. players
Kingstonian F.C. players
Trelleborgs FF players
Exeter City F.C.players
Hayes F.C. players
Stevenage F.C. players
Canvey Island F.C. players
Grays Athletic F.C. players
Chelmsford City F.C. players
Cambridge United F.C. players
Thurrock F.C.players
A.F.C. Sudbury players
Maldon & Tiptree F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Allsvenskan players
English expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Sweden
British expatriates in Sweden

masks:
Lee Martin Boylan
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<mask> (September 6, 1795 – December 13, 1852), widely known as <mask>, was a Scottish-born lecturer, writer, freethinker, feminist, utopian socialist, abolitionist, social reformer, and Epicurean philosopher, who became a US citizen in 1825. The same year, she founded the Nashoba Commune in Tennessee, as a utopian community to demonstrate how to prepare slaves for eventual emancipation, but the project lasted only five years. In the late 1820s <mask> was the first woman lecturer to speak publicly before gatherings of men and women in the United States about political and social-reform issues. She advocated universal education, the emancipation of slaves, birth control, equal rights, sexual freedom, legal rights for married women, and liberal divorce laws. <mask> was also vocal in her opposition to organized religion and capital punishment. The clergy and the press harshly criticized <mask>'s radical views. Her public lectures in the United States led to the establishment of Fanny Wright societies and her association with the Working Men's Party, organized in New York City in 1829, became so strong that its opponents called the party's slate of candidates the <mask> ticket.<mask> also wrote about political and social reforms, which included Views of Society and Manners in America (1821), a memoir of her travels that provides her observations of early democratic political and social institutions in the United States. She also outlined her position on emancipation in A Plan for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery in the United States Without Danger of Loss to the Citizens of the South (1825). In addition, <mask> co-edited The New Harmony and Nashoba Gazette or Free Inquirer with Robert Dale Owen in New Harmony, Indiana, as well as the Free Enquirer in New York City in 1829, and, later, The Sentinel (renamed New York Sentinel and Working Man's Advocate). Among <mask>'s other published works is Course of Popular Lectures (1829), a collection of her speeches, and her final book, England, the Civilizer (1848). Early life and education

<mask> "Fanny<mask> was born at 136 Nethergate in Dundee, Scotland, on September 6, 1795, to Camilla Campbell and her husband <mask>. Their house was then a newly built house by the town architect, Samuel Bell on the recently widened Nethergate, close to Dundee harbour. Her father was a wealthy linen manufacturer, a designer of Dundee trade tokens, and a political radical.He corresponded with Adam Smith and was sympathetic to the American patriots and French republicans, including Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, and Thomas Paine. <mask>, or "Fanny" as she was called since childhood, was the second eldest of family's three children. Her siblings included an older brother, who died when <mask> was still young, and a sister named Camilla. <mask>'s mother also died young, and her father died in 1798, when <mask> was about the age of two. With support from a substantial inheritance, the orphaned <mask> sisters were raised in England by members of the Campbell family, who were relatives of their mother. A maternal aunt became <mask>'s guardian and taught her ideas founded on the philosophy of the French materialists. In 1813, when <mask> was sixteen, she returned to Scotland to live with her great-uncle, James Mylne, a philosophy professor at Glasgow College.<mask> spent the winter months in study and writing and the summer months visiting the Scottish Highlands. <mask> was interested in the works of Greek philosophers, especially Epicurus, who was the subject of her first book, A Few Days in Athens  (1822), which she had written by the age of eighteen. <mask> also studied history and became interested in the United States' democratic form of government. First visits to the United States and France

Twenty-three-year-old <mask> and her younger sister Camilla made their first trip to the United States in 1818. The sisters toured the country for two years before returning to England. While <mask> was visiting New York City, Altorf,  her play about the struggle for Swiss independence from Austria, was anonymously produced and performed beginning on February 19, 1819, but it closed after three performances. For its Philadelphia premiere on January 5, 1820, an advertisement noted that it was "performed in New York last season with distinguished success."Soon after her return to England in 1820, <mask> published Views of Society and Manners in America (1821). The book's publication was a major turning point in her life. It brought her an invitation from Jeremy Bentham to join his circle of acquaintances, which included economist James Mill, politician Francis Plore, and author George Grote, among others. The group's opposition to religious clergy influenced <mask>'s own emerging philosophy. In 1821 <mask> traveled to France at the invitation of the Marquis de Lafayette and met with him in Paris. Despite the differences in their ages, the two became friends. At one point <mask> encouraged him to adopt her and her sister.<mask>'s request put a strain on the relationship with General Lafayette's family and no adoption took place. <mask>'s friendship with the general continued after relations with his family were repaired. She also returned to Lafayette's home in France for a six-month visit in 1827 to work on a biography of him. Second visit to the United States

In 1824, <mask> and her sister returned to the United States to follow the Marquis de Lafayette and his entourage during much of his farewell tour of the United States. <mask> joined Lafayette for a two-week stay at Monticello, Thomas Jefferson's plantation in Virginia. In addition to Jefferson, Lafayette also introduced <mask> to Presidents James Madison and John Quincy Adams, as well as General Andrew Jackson. In February 1825, when Lafayette headed south, <mask> traveled northwest to visit Harmonie,  George Rapp's utopian community in Butler County, Pennsylvania.She also visited the Rappite colony established in Indiana, which was also named Harmonie. At that time the Indiana community was in a period of transition. It had recently been sold to Welsh industrialist and social reformer Robert Owen, who renamed his utopian community New Harmony. <mask>'s visits to these utopian communities inspired her to form her own experimental community, which she established in Tennessee. After leaving Indiana, she traveled along the Mississippi River to rejoin Lafayette's group in New Orleans in April 1825. When Lafayette returned to France, <mask> decided to remain in the United States, where she continued her work a social reformer. It was also in 1825 that <mask> became a U.S. citizen.Views
<mask> believed in universal equality in education and feminism. She opposed organized religion, marriage, and capitalism. Educational opportunities were a particular interest. Along with Robert Owen, <mask> demanded that the government offer free public education for all children after the age of twelve or eighteen months of age in federal government-supported
boarding schools. <mask> was a vocal advocate of birth control, equal rights, sexual freedom, legal rights for married women, liberal divorce laws, the emancipation of slaves, and the controversial idea of interracial marriages. She tried to demonstrate through her experiment project in Tennessee what the utopian socialist Charles Fourier had said in France, "that the progress of civilization depended on the progress of women." <mask>'s opposition to slavery contrasted with the views of many other Democrats of the era, especially those of the South.Her activism on behalf of working men also distanced her from the leading abolitionists of the day. Career

Early career
<mask>'s early writing career included her book, Few Days in Athens (1822), which was a defense of the philosophy of Epicurus, written before the age of eighteen. <mask>'s Views of Society and Manners in America (1821), a memoir of her first visit to the United States, enthusiastically supported the country's democratic institutions. This book provides early descriptions of American life that preceded later works such as Alexis De Tocqueville's Democracy in America (1835 and 1840) and Harriet Martineau's Society in America (1837). <mask>'s book is also an example of an early nineteenth-century humanitarian perspective of the new democratic world. Historian Helen Elliott also pointed out that <mask>'s travelogue was "translated into several languages and widely read by liberals and reformers" in Great Britain, the United States, and Europe. Nashoba experiment

In early 1825, after spending time at former President Jefferson's home in Virginia and Robert Owen's utopian settlement at New Harmony, <mask> began developing her plans for an experimental farming community.By the summer of 1825 she was seeking advice from Lafayette and Jefferson, among others, to begin implementing her ideas. Owen and Lafayette later became members of her project's board of trustees; however, Jefferson declined to participate. <mask> also published A Plan for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery in the United States Without Danger of Loss to the Citizens of the South (1825), a tract that she hoped would persuade the U.S. Congress to set aside federal land for the purpose of promoting emancipation. To demonstrate how slaves could be emancipated without their owners losing money, <mask> established a model farming community in Tennessee where slaves could work to earn money to purchase their own freedom and received an education. Taking inspiration from the New Harmony community in Indiana, <mask> traveled to Tennessee in the fall of 1825, and bought about  of land along Wolf River about thirteen miles from Memphis. <mask> founded a community at this wilderness site, which she named Nashoba. To demonstrate that her idea was a viable way to abolish slavery, she purchased about thirty slaves, nearly half of them children, to live in the experimental community.Her plan was for the slaves to gradually acquire their freedom through their labor on the property. <mask> also planned to eventually colonize the newly emancipated slaves to areas outside the United States. In addition to building cabins and farm buildings, <mask> planned to establish a school for black students, although many abolitionists criticized her idea of gradual emancipation and educational training for the former slaves. <mask> joined in the early efforts to clear land and build log cabins for its inhabitants, which included blacks and whites. Nashoba was, however, plagued with difficulties from the start. It was built on mosquito-infested land that was conducive to malaria and failed to produce good harvests. <mask> contracted malaria in the summer of 1826 and had to leave the property to recover her health in New Harmony, Indiana, and visits to France and England.While she was absent from Nashoba the community declined. Its interim managers began instituting a policy of harsher punishments toward the black workers. A scandal also erupted over the community's tolerance of "free love" and publicized accounts of an interracial relationship between James Richardson, a white supervisor of the community, and Josephone Lalotte, the mulatto daughter of a freed African American woman slave who had brought her family to live at Nashoba. <mask> returned to Nashoba in 1828 with her friend, <mask>, who spent ten days at the community, and found it in disarray and on the verge of financial collapse. Trollope's published descriptions of the area criticized its poor weather, lack of scenic beauty, and Nashoba's remoteness and desolation. In 1828, when Nashoba was rapidly declining, the New-Harmony Gazette published <mask>'s explanation and defense of the commune, as well as her views on the principles of "human liberty and equality." In January 1830, <mask> chartered a ship and accompanied the community's thirty slaves to Haiti, which had achieved independence in 1804, so that they could live their lives as free men and women.The failed experiment cost <mask> about US$16,000. Germantown, Tennessee, a present-day suburb of Memphis, was established on the land where Nashoba once stood. Newspaper editor
After <mask>'s failure at Nashoba in the late 1820s, she returned to New Harmony, Indiana, where she became the coeditor of The New Harmony and Nashoba Gazette (later renamed the Free Enquirer) with Robert Dale Owen, the eldest son of Robert Owen, the Owenite community's founder. In 1829 <mask> and Robert Dale Owen moved to New York City, where they continued to edit and publish the Free Enquirer. <mask> was also editor of The Sentinel (later titled New York Sentinel and Working Man's Advocate). Political and social activist

Beginning in the late 1820s and early 1830s, <mask> spoke publicly in favor of abolition and lectured in support of women's suffrage. She also campaigned for reforms to marriage and property laws.While residing in New York City, she purchased a former church in the Bowery area and converted it into what she called a "Hall of Science" for use as a lecture hall. From 1833 to 1836, her lectures on slavery and other social institutions attracted large and enthusiastic audiences of men and women in the eastern United States and the Midwest, leading to the establishment of what were called <mask> societies. Although her lecture tours extended to the principal cities of the United States, the enunciation of her views and publication of a collection of her speeches in her book, Course of Popular Lectures (1829 and 1836), met with opposition. The clergy and the press were critical of <mask> and her opinions on religion and social reform. The New York American, for example, called <mask> "a female monster" because of her controversial views, but she was undeterred. As <mask>'s philosophy became even more radical, she left the Democratic Party to join the Working Men's Party, organized in New York City in 1829. Her influence on the Working Men's Party was so strong that its opponents called its slate of candidates the <mask> ticket.<mask> was also an activist in the American Popular Health Movement in the 1830s and advocated for women being involved in health and medicine. Personal life
<mask> married French physician Guillaume D'Arusmont in Paris, France, on July 22, 1831. <mask> had first met him at New Harmony, Indiana, where he was once a teacher. D'Arusmont also accompanied her to Haiti in 1830, serving as her business manager. <mask>'s and D'Arusmont's daughter, Francès-Sylva Phiquepal D'Arusmont, was born on April 14, 1832. Later years
<mask>, her husband, and their daughter traveled to the United States in 1835 and made several subsequent trips between the United States and Europe. <mask> eventually settled in Cincinnati, Ohio, where she bought a home in 1844 and attempted to resume her career as a lecturer.<mask> continued to travel the lecture circuit, but her appearances and views on social reform issues were not always welcome. She also became a supporter of President Andrew Jackson. After the mid-term political campaign of 1838, <mask> suffered from a variety of health problems. She published her final book, England, the Civilizer in 1848. <mask> divorced D'Arusmont in 1850. She also fought a lengthy legal battle to retain custody of their daughter and control of her own personal wealth. The legal proceedings remained unsettled at the time of <mask>'s death.<mask> spent her last years in quiet retirement at Cincinnati, estranged from her daughter, Francès-Sylva D'Arusmont. Death and legacy
<mask> died on December 13, 1852, in Cincinnati, Ohio,  from complications resulting from a broken hip after fall on ice outside her home. She is buried at the Spring Grove Cemetery in Cincinnati. Her daughter, Francès-Sylva D'Arusmont, inherited the majority of <mask>'s wealth and property. <mask>, an early women's rights advocate and a social reformer, was the first woman to deliver public lectures to men and women on political social reform issues in the United States in the late 1820s. Her views on slavery, theology, and women's rights were considered radical for that time and attracted harsh criticism from the press and clergy. Honors and memorials

 <mask>'s name is included on the Reformers Memorial in Kensal Green Cemetery in London.A plaque was installed on a wall of her birthplace at 136 Nethergate in Dundee, Scotland. <mask> was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1994. Selected published works
 Altorf: A Tragedy (Philadelphia, 1819)
 Views on Society and Manners in America (London, 1821)
 A Few Days in Athens (London, 1822)
 A Plan for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery in the United States (1825)
 Lectures on Free Inquiry (New York, 1829; 6th ed., 1836)
 Address on the State of the Public Mind and the Measures Which it Calls For (New York, 1829)
 Course of Popular Lectures (New York, 1829 and 1836)
 Explanatory Notes Respecting the Nature and Objects of the Institution of Nashoba (1830)
 What is the Matter? A Political Address as Delivered in Masonic Hall (1838)
 Fables (London, 1842)
 Political Letters, or, Observations on Religion and Civilization (1844)
 England the Civilizer: Her History Developed in Its Principles (1848)
 Biography, Notes, and Political Letters of <mask> D'Arusmont (1849)

See also
Robert Owen
Robert Dale Owen
New Harmony, Indiana
Popular Health Movement
Working Men's Party
Fanny Trollope

Notes

References

 Via Gallica BnF. (Translated from the French text.) Further reading

 Connors, Robert J. (1999)."<mask>: First Female Civic Rhetor in America," College English 62 (1), pp. 30–57. Everett, L.S. (1831). An Exposure of the Principles of the "Free Inquirers." Boston: B. B. Mussey

 Schlereth, Eric R. (2013).An Age of Infidels: The Politics of Religious Controversy in the Early United States. University of Pennsylvania Press. Wilentz, Sean (2004). Chants Democratic: New York City and the Rise of the American Working Class, 1788-1850. Oxford University Press. External links

 <mask>, Woman's Advocate
 Biography with excerpt from Lectures
 The Germantown Museum. Andy Pouncey: <mask>.A Few Days in Athens

 Different sides of the picture. Four Women's Views of Canada (1816 - 1838). Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, by Susan Birkwood, Faculty of Graduate Studies, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, 1997 (Ann Cuthbert Knight; Anna Brownell Jameson; <mask>; <mask>)

1795 births
1852 deaths
19th-century American philosophers
19th-century English women writers
19th-century Scottish writers
American abolitionists
American anti-capitalists
American birth control activists
American feminists
American social reformers
American socialist feminists
American women philosophers
American women's rights activists
Burials at Spring Grove Cemetery
Critics of religions
English expatriates in the United States
Founders of utopian communities
Freethought writers
People from Cincinnati
People from Dundee
People with acquired American citizenship
Philosophers from Tennessee
Scottish emigrants to the United States
Scottish expatriates in the United States
Scottish philosophers
Scottish socialist feminists
Scottish women philosophers
Tennessee Democrats
Utopian socialists

masks:
Frances Wright
Fanny Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Fanny Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Frances
" Wright
James Wright
Frances
Frances
Wright
Frances
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Frances Trollope
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Fanny Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Fanny Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Frances Wright
Frances Wright
Frances Wright
Frances Wright
Frances Trollope
Wright


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<mask><mask>el's and Buehler's (or Beeler's) congregations in Sullivan County, Tennessee. He was a leader in the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod from 1836 to 1861. He was instrumental in the leading the East Tennessee congregations to form the Evangelical Lutheran Holston Synod, and was a leading member of that synod from 1861 until his death. He published several of his sermons and essays, and was the president of the Diet of Salisbury in 1884, which oversaw the creation of the United Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the South. Birth to ordination
<mask> was born near Lincolnton, North Carolina on March 27, 1817. He was the son of Absalom and Elizabeth (Killian<mask>, and the first son and second child of a family of ten children.His paternal grandfather was an Englishman, who came to America when a boy, and was a soldier in the Revolutionary war. His maternal grandfather was of German extraction, a native of Pennsylvania but in early life came to North Carolina, where he lived in the balance of his days and died. <mask>'s parents and ancestors generally, so far as is known, belonged to the laboring classes,
and were distinguished for their industry, their frugality and thrift, and their moral integrity and religious worth. His mother was a woman of strong mind and of deep religious convictions, and eminently pious. His father was a man of superior native intellect, and of great firmness and decision and character. He was a farmer and mechanic and carefully trained up his children to manual labor, as well as "in the nurture and admonition of the Lord." He was a man of considerable prominence in the community in which he lived.For many years he held the office of magistrate, and was often solicited to run for higher offices, but always positively declined. <mask>'s primary education was received in a good country school. His academic studies, preparatory to entering college, were prosecuted principally in the Male Academy, at Lincolnton, N.C., and his collegiate course was taken in Emory and Henry College, Virginia, from which he was graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree, and which afterward conferred up on him the Master of Arts degree, not merely "in course," but because of his higher attainments in literature. After graduation <mask> engaged for a time in teaching. He first took charge of Jefferson Male Academy, in Blountville, Tenn., which he held for five or six years, when he accepted a professorship in Greenville College in Tennessee. At the end of two years he resigned his position in this institution and took charge of the academic department of Jefferson Male Academy, which, in the meantime, had been rebuilt and enlarger, and had had the sphere of its operations and usefulness greatly enlarged, and otherwise improved. He held this position till the outbreak of our late Civil War, since which he has devoted but little time to the business of teaching.During the time of which we have spoken he was offered a professorship in one college and the presidency of another, both of which he declined. He is regarded as an accomplished scholar and one of the best educators in the country. Quite a number of young men, who in after life made their mark in the learned professions, and in other departments of activity and usefulness, were educated by him. He first married <mask>, daughter of <mask> and Sophie (Speece) Teeters. However, she only lived one year into the marriage. After her death, he married her sister Emily Teeter in 1842. Their son, Charles Augustus <mask>, was a brilliant lawyer, and his grandson, <mask><mask>, was a prominent attorney in Bristol, Tenn.

Ordination until death
In 1836, at age 19, <mask> was ordained to the work or the ministry as a deacon in the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, and devoted his time and studies for six years exclusively to this work.In 1837 he was ordained as a pastor in the same body. He was elected secretary of the Synod six times as recorded in the Synod's minutes, and President in 1854 and 1858. His work during this time was principally in North Carolina, though he did a good deal of preaching in other states, particularly in South Carolina. While engaged in teaching, he preached regularly in the places of his location. His services were, however, for the most part, rendered gratuitously. In 1858 he took charge of Immanuel and Buehler's congregations, in Sullivan County, Tennessee, which he retained until his death in 1894. He owned property directly to the east of <mask> B. Hamilton's Farm, (which had been owned by the Snapp family) just west of Blountville.<mask> was voted President and Secretary of the Tennessee Synod often at its conventions. In 1861 he was instrumental in the organization of the Evangelical Lutheran Holston Synod of Tennessee, which separated from the Tennessee Synod due to difficulties in travel to synod conventions. He said in his 1886 discourse on the Holston Synod's founding, "The withdrawal of East Tennessee Lutherans from the Tennessee Synod was not a step taken hastily or rashly, but after long and deliberate and prayerful reflection. Nor was it taken because of dissatisfaction with the doctrinal position of the Synod, or because of any personal difficulties with any of its members, or for the accomplishment of any selfish or sinister ends; but solely because it was believed that the best interests of the Lutheran Church in East Tennessee imperatively demanded the formation of an independent Synod within its limits. Amongst the reasons assigned by the petitioners for the step which they proposed, were the inconvenience and expensiveness of attending the annual conventions of the Synod when it met in another State, which was here years in every four; the loss to the people of whatever advantages might result from the meeting of the Synod in the midst of them annually, the slowness of the process by which any measure for the good of the Church could be introduced, because the Synod was scattered over so vast an extent of territory, that it was difficult to get as full a meeting of the Synod as was necessary for the adoption of any important measure; and because all business transacted by the Synod could be just as well transacted by the new Synod comtempleated, as could be in the Tennessee Synod." <mask> continued to serve as a strong leader in the Holston Synod as much as in the Tennessee, if not more so. The actual ratification of the Holston Synod occurred in his congregation, Immanuel, in 1865.<mask> pushed for education in the Holston Synod, however because of financial hard times the Holston Synodical College was a short lived venture. <mask> served several terms as President and Secretary of the Synod. In former years <mask> took a very prominent and active part in the controversies which then agitated the Southern Lutheran Church. His "A Vindication of the Evangelical Tennessee Synod" in 1838 was a response to a sermon of Rev. <mask>. While still young, he wrote articles for The Lutheran Observer on the Lord's Supper. The views he expressed were criticized by its editor, Dr. Kurtz.Through his life he wrote much for the Lutheran Observer, the Lutheran Standard, Our Church Paper (from Henkel Press, a southern Lutheran newspaper), and literary magazines, besides publishing sermons and essays in separate form. Twice he was elected president of North Carolina college, but declined. He also declined editorship of the Lutheran Standard in Ohio. In later years he has been a regular contributor to the Lutheran, the Lutheran Home, and wrote one article for the Lutheran Quarterly. In consideration of his literary and theological attainments, Roanoke College, in 1873, conferred upon him the degree of D.D. In 1876 and 1877 he served as the Holston Synod's representative at the meeting of the Lutheran General Council. C. P. Krauth of the General Council would later describe <mask> as the leading proponent for historic Lutheranism in the South.In 1884, <mask> took a leading part in the formation of the United Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the South, and was president of the Diet of Salisbury at which it was formed. He then served as president of the Southern Lutheran United Synod. In this union he saw Southern Lutheranism as accepting the Lutheran identity he has fought for as a young man. In 1886, the 50th anniversary of his ordination (as a deacon, not his pastoral ordination), 8 years before his death, the synod presented him with a parchment containing the following:

"To Our Senior Pastor and President of the Evangelical Lutheran Holston Synod the Rev. <mask><mask>, Doctor of Divinity

At the Fiftieth Anniversary of his Ordination to the Holy Office of the Gospel Ministry, and the Twenty-Fifth Annual Convention of our Synod, which he helped to organize and of which he has ever been a faithful and zealous member, we his brethren and friends present this token of our affection and esteem, praying God and our Lord <mask> for His richest blessing upon him. Given this fourteenth day of August, 1886, at Immanuel Church, Sullivan County, Tennessee.– The Synod." Until his last days, he was still actively engaged in the ministry, and preached every Sunday with as much ease as ever. On July 17, 1894, he was preaching "Nightless Day in the Home of the Blest" for a funeral at Buehler's Church. He suddenly collapsed and died shortly afterwards. He is buried in Blountville, Tennessee. Published works
 Synodical sermon : the perfection of God's plan of human Salvation (New Market [Virginia] : Henkel, [1893])
 Portraiture of Lutheranism in its fundamental principles : and some of its distinctive doctrinal features : sermon, preached at the dedication of St. Mary's Lutheran Church, Monroe County, Tenn., October 26, 1879 (Bristol, Tenn. : Printed at the "Daily Argus" Office, 1880). Nightless day in the home of the blest : sermon, partly delivered in Weaver's Church, Sullivan County, Tennessee, Sunday morning, June 3, 1894 (New Market [Virginia] : Henkel, 1894).The Lutheran Church built on the only true foundation sermon (Philadelphia : Lutheran Book Store, [1870?]) The importance of divine truth in its integrity and purity
 The divine formula for the administration of the Lord's Supper : sermon, delivered in Immanuel and Buehler's Churches, Sullivan County, Tennessee, in April, 1883 (Bristol [Tenn.] : <mask>. King, 1883). The conflict and the crown : together with a tribute of respect to the late Rev. Alfred J. Fox, M.D., delivered at Salem Church, Cocke County, Tennessee, June 7, 1885 (Philadelphia : Lutheran Publication Society, 1885). The Christian minister delineated and moral influence exerted after death : sermon occasioned by the death of Rev.Adam Miller, Sen., delivered at Poor Valley and Zion's Churches, Washington Co., Virginia, August, 1844 (Knoxville : Brownlow & Haws, 1867). A vindication of the Evangelical Lutheran Tennessee Synod, on the Doctrine and Discipline of the Evangelical Lutheran Church (Salem, [Tenn.? ]: Blum & Son, 1838) in rare books at University of Tennessee. Numerous letters to the editor and opinion pieces in Our Church Paper, a Lutheran weekly publication from the Henkel Press in New Market, VA, which ran from 1873-1904 when it merged with The Lutheran Visitor to become the Lutheran Church Visitor. Footnotes

Bibliography
Several sentences above are extracted verbatim from these works

 J. C<mask>. American Lutheran Biographies (Milwaukee: A. Houtkamp & Son, 1890) pp. 114–15.Lutheran Cyclopedia (St. Louis: Concordia Pub. House, 1975) under "<mask>, <mask>." C.W. Cassell, W. J. Finck, and Elon O. Henkel, eds. History of the Lutheran Church in Virginia and East Tennessee (Strasburg VA: Shenandoah Publishing House, 1930). Life Sketches of Lutheran Ministers: North Carolina and Tennessee Synods 1773-1965, North Carolina Synod of the Lutheran Church in America, 1966, p. 30
 Our Church Paper (New Market, Shenandoah County, Va: Henkel & Calvert, 1873–1904). Weekly newspaper for Lutherans in the Southeast, containing many editorials and sermons by <mask>.Oliver Taylor. Historic Sullivan; A History of Sullivan County, Tennessee, with Brief Biographies of the Makers of History (Bristol, Tenn: King Print. Co, 1909) under "<mask>. <mask>" in Biographies section. Goodspeed's History of Sullivan County
 The Sullivan County Historical Commission and Associates. Historic Sites of Sullivan County.. Compiled by Mrs. Muriel C. Spoon (Kingsport 1976), pp.21, 116-17, 133, 142, 225. Minutes of the Lutheran General Council, 1874-1886. External links
 Biography of <mask> <mask>

1817 births
1894 deaths
American Lutherans
American people of English descent
People from Sullivan County, Tennessee
People from Lincolnton, North Carolina
19th-century Lutherans

masks:
Abel J
. Brownnu
Brown
) Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Julian Teeter
Jacob
Brown
Joseph K
. Brown
Brown
John
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
John Bachman
Brown
Brown
Abel J
. Brown
Jesus Christ
J L
. Jensson
Brown
Abel J
Brown
Abel J
Brown
Abel J
Brown


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<mask> (; May 3, 1913 – June 10, 1973) was an American playwright and novelist, whose works typically feature solitary protagonists encumbered with strained sexual relations. In the early 1950s he had a string of memorable Broadway productions, including Picnic, which earned him a Pulitzer Prize. With his portraits of small-town life and settings rooted in the American heartland, Inge became known as the "Playwright of the Midwest". Early years
Inge was born in Independence, Kansas, the fifth child of Maude Sarah Gibson-Inge and <mask>. <mask> attended Independence Community College and graduated from the University of Kansas in 1935 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Speech and Drama. At the University of Kansas he was a member of the Nu chapter of Sigma Nu. Offered a scholarship to work on a Master of Arts degree, Inge moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to attend the George Peabody College for Teachers, but later dropped out.Back in Kansas, he worked as a laborer on state highways and as a Wichita news announcer. From 1937 to 1938 he taught English and drama at Cherokee County Community High School in Columbus, Kansas. After returning and completing his Master's at Peabody in 1938, he taught at Stephens College in Columbia, Missouri, from 1938 to 1943. Career
<mask> began as a drama critic at the St. Louis Star-Times in 1943. With <mask>'s encouragement, <mask> wrote his first play, Farther Off from Heaven (1947), which was staged at Margo Jones' Theatre '47 in Dallas, Texas. As a teacher at Washington University in St. Louis between 1946 and 1949, he wrote Come Back, Little Sheba. It ran on Broadway for 190 performances in 1950, winning Tony Awards for Shirley Booth and Sidney Blackmer.(The 1952 film adaptation won both an Oscar and a Golden Globe for Shirley Booth. Willy van Hemert directed a 1955 adaptation for Dutch television, and NBC aired another TV production in 1977.) During his time teaching at Washington University, <mask>'s struggles with alcoholism became more acute; in 1947, he joined Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). It was through AA that <mask> met the wife of a member of his AA group whose name was Lola and, who through name as well as personal characteristics, was the person upon whom one of the lead characters in Come Back, Little Sheba, "Lola", was based. Even as Come Back, Little Sheba was in a pre-Broadway run in early 1950, <mask> was filled with some doubt as to its success. He expressed in a letter to his sponsor in Alcoholics Anonymous, "If Sheba makes it in Hartford I guess it will go on to Broadway and if it doesn't I suppose I'll be back in St. Louis. If it does make it to Broadway, I don't know when I'll be back."<mask> never had to return to St. Louis. In 1953, <mask> received a Pulitzer Prize for Picnic, a play based on women he had known as a small child:
When I was a boy in Kansas, my mother had a boarding house. There were three women school teachers living in the house. I was four years old, and they were nice to me. I liked them. I saw their attempts, and, even as a child, I sensed every woman’s failure. I began to sense the sorrow and the emptiness in their lives, and it touched me.Picnic had a successful Broadway run from February 19, 1953, to April 10, 1954. A film adaptation made in 1955 was directed by Joshua Logan and won two Academy Awards. In 1953, <mask>'s short play Glory in the Flower was telecast on Omnibus with a cast of Hume Cronyn, Jessica Tandy, and James Dean. In 1955 his play Bus Stop premiered. <mask>'s inspiration of boy-pursuing-girl came from a similar situation he'd seen on a bus trip to Kansas City. Nominated for four Tony Awards including Best Play, it was made into a 1956 film starring Marilyn Monroe. In 1957 he wrote The Dark at the Top of the Stairs, an expansion of his earlier Farther Off from Heaven.The play was nominated for five Tony Awards, including Best Play, and was adapted as a film in 1960. His 1959 play A Loss of Roses, with Carol Haney, Warren Beatty, and Betty Field, was filmed as The Stripper (1963), with Joanne Woodward, Richard Beymer, and Claire Trevor, and a popular Jerry Goldsmith score. Natural Affection had the misfortune to open on Broadway during the 1962 New York City newspaper strike, which lasted from December 8, 1962, until April 1, 1963. Thus, few were aware of the play, and fewer bought tickets. It lasted only 36 performances, from January 31, 1963, to March 2, 1963. What theatergoers missed was a drama exploring themes of fragmented families and random violence. As with Truman Capote's In Cold Blood, the inspiration for Natural Affection came from a newspaper account of a seemingly meaningless and unmotivated murder.The play centers on a single mother, Chicago department store buyer Sue Barker (Kim Stanley). While troubled teen Donnie (Gregory Rozakis), Sue's illegitimate son, has been away at reform school, she has entered into a relationship with Cadillac salesman Bernie Slovenk (Harry Guardino). With Donnie's unexpected return to her Chicago apartment, conflicts escalate, and Donnie finds himself on an emotional precipice. The closing five minutes of the play introduces a new character, a young woman Donnie meets in the apartment hallway. He invites her into the apartment and, without warning, kills her as the curtains close. The Broadway production, directed by Tony Richardson, benefited from composer John Lewis's made-to-order background music, which was provided via tape recordings, rather than live performance, and worked in the same fashion as a film score. A highly successful revival of Natural Affection was mounted in 2005 at Chicago's The Artistic Home.Directed by John Mossman, it was named by the Chicago Tribune one of the year's best productions. <mask>'s The Last Pad premiered in Phoenix, Arizona, in 1972. Originally titled The Disposal, the world premiere of The Last Pad was produced by Robert L. "Bob" Johnson and directed by Keith A. Anderson through the Southwest Ensemble Theatre. The production starred Nick Nolte with Jim Matz and Richard Elmore (Elmer). The production moved to Los Angeles and opened just days after <mask> died by suicide. The original production in Phoenix was proclaimed the Best Play of 1972 by the Arizona Republic, while the Los Angeles production brought awards to Nolte and helped introduce him to the film industry and catapult his subsequent film career. The Last Pad is one of three of <mask>'s plays that either have openly gay characters or address homosexuality directly.The Boy in the Basement, a one-act play written in the early 1950s, but not published until 1962, is his only play that addresses homosexuality overtly, while Archie in The Last Pad and Pinky in Where's Daddy? (1966) are gay characters. <mask> himself was closeted. Summer Brave, produced posthumously on Broadway in 1975, is <mask>'s reworking of Picnic, as he noted:
It would be fair to say that Summer Brave is the original version of Picnic. I have written before that I never completely fulfilled my original intentions in writing Picnic before we went into production in 1953, and that I wrote what some considered a fortuitous ending in order to have a finished play to go into rehearsal. A couple of years after Picnic had closed on Broadway, after the film version had made its success, I got the early version out of my files and began to rework it, just for my own satisfaction. Summer Brave is the result.I admit that I prefer it to the version of the play that was produced, but I don't necessarily expect others to agree. Summer Brave might not have enjoyed any success on Broadway whatever, nor won any of the prizes that were bestowed upon Picnic. But I feel that it is more humorously true than Picnic, and it does fulfill my original intentions. About two dozen unperformed plays by <mask> began receiving wider attention in 2009. They were available for viewing, but not copying or borrowing, in the collection of his papers at Independence Community College. One, a three-act play titled Off the Main Road, was read at the Flea Theater in New York City on May 11, 2009, with Sigourney Weaver, Jay O. Sanders, and Frances Sternhagen in the cast. Another, The Killing, a one-act play, directed by José Angel Santana, and starring Neal Huff and J.J. Kandel, was performed at the 59E59 Theater, in New York City, through August 27, 2009.It is not yet known how many of these additional plays are complete. Besides Off the Main Road and The Killing, six others were performed in April 2009 at the William Inge Theater Festival, in Independence, Kansas. These six were published in A Complex Evening: Six Short Plays by <mask>. Television and film
In 1961 <mask> won an Academy Award for Splendor in the Grass (Best Writing, Story and Screenplay – Written Directly for the Screen). He made his film debut as a reverend in the film. John Frankenheimer directed All Fall Down (1962), <mask>'s screenplay adaptation of the novel by James Leo Herlihy. <mask> was unhappy with changes made to his screenplay for Bus Riley's Back in Town (1965), so at his insistence, the writing credit on the film is "Walter Gage".During the 1961–62 television season, <mask> was the script supervisor of ABC's Bus Stop TV series, an adaptation of his play. With Marilyn Maxwell as Grace Sherwood, the owner of Sherwood's Bus Station and Diner in a fictitious Colorado town, the series presented dramas about the townspeople and travelers who passed through the diner in 25 one-hour episodes. The sixth episode, "Cherie", with Tuesday Weld, Gary Lockwood and Joseph Cotten, was an abbreviated version of the original Bus Stop play. Robert Altman directed eight episodes, and one of these, "A Lion Walks Among Us", led to a Congressional hearing on violence. The episode, which starred Fabian Forte as a maniacal axe-wielding serial killer, was adapted from Tom Wicker's novel Told By an Idiot. In 1963 <mask> met with CBS to consider a one-hour filmed television drama about a family in a Midwestern town. The series, with six continuing characters, had the tentative title All Over Town, and was planned for the 1964–65 season.Instead, <mask> did a play, Out on the Outskirts of Town, which was seen November 6, 1964, on NBC as part of the Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre series. It starred Anne Bancroft and Jack Warden with <mask> taking the role of the town doctor. NBC gave the play a repeat on June 25, 1965. Novels

<mask> wrote two novels, both set in the fictional town of Freedom, Kansas. In Good Luck, Miss Wyckoff (Atlantic-Little, Brown, 1970), high-school Latin teacher Evelyn Wyckoff loses her job because she has an affair with the school's black janitor. The novel's themes include spinsterhood, racism, sexual tension and public humiliation during the late 1950s. Polly Platt wrote the screenplay for the 1979 film adaptation starring Anne Heywood as Evelyn Wyckoff.The film was released under several titles: The Shaming, The Sin, Secret Yearnings and Good Luck, Miss Wyckoff. My Son Is a Splendid Driver (Atlantic-Little, Brown, 1971) is an autobiographical novel that traces the Hansen family from 1919 into the second half of the 20th century. The novel received praise from Kirkus Reviews:
Mr. <mask>'s novel, told in the form of a memoir, is a little more extended than Good Luck, Miss Wyckoff and though there's a slackening of structure and splintering of content towards the second half, the first part is immaculate in both design and focus. It features the early years of Joey, the narrator here, and there are lovely scenes, as clear as the summer sunlight, with his family and on visits to assorted relatives. The time lag between Joey and his older brother Jule—his mother's favorite, my son the splendid driver, and an attractive playboy of this midwestern world—will never be reconciled. Even long after Jule's early death from a wanton incidental. Here Act I breaks away from Act II, a whole psychic anatomy of Joey's years as a young man in compressed and fractured incidents—one replayed from Miss Wyckoff and one which seems unnecessary (his parents' syphilis).Thus Joey grows up impaired, never resolving his relationship with his absentee father or insufficiently loving mother, and ends up with his "aloneness like a corridor that has no end". <mask> has told his story of life and death and all those spaces in between with a gentleness and probity which gives his novel a persistence few writers achieve. During the early 1970s <mask> lived in Los Angeles, where he taught playwriting at the University of California, Irvine. His last several plays attracted little notice or critical acclaim, and he fell into a deep depression, convinced he would never be able to write well again. Death and legacy

<mask> died of suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning on June 10, 1973, at the Hollywood home he shared with his sister, Helene. He was 60 years old. <mask> is buried at Mt.Hope Cemetery in his hometown of Independence, Kansas. <mask> has a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame. Beginning with the premiere of Come Back, Little Sheba in 1950, <mask> became wealthy from the success of his plays and movies. On the advice of his financial advisors, he began to buy works of contemporary art so he could reduce his taxes by donating them to museums. According to his biographer, “He bought only what he liked, but had excellent fortune in choosing what was going to become valuable...” [e.g. works by de Kooning, Pollock, and Modigliani]. <mask> liked the modern art he bought because, “...in its abstractions and distortions” he saw “a reflection of the distorted times in which he...lived, the times he...tried to portray” in his written work.He donated a total of ten contemporary paintings to the Nelson Gallery in Kansas City, Missouri. There is a black box theater named for <mask>ge in Murphy Hall at the University of Kansas. <mask> is a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame, inducted posthumously in 1979. Since 1982, Independence Community College's William Inge Center for the Arts in his hometown, has sponsored the annual William Inge Theatre Festival to honor playwrights. The <mask> Collection at the college is the most extensive collection of Inge material, including 400 manuscripts, films, correspondence, theater programs, and other related items. The March 2008 issue of The Brooklyn Rail featured interviews by playwright Adam Kraar of former Inge House resident playwrights Marcia Cebulska, Catherine Filloux, Caridad Svich, Lydia Stryk, and Alice Tuan, relating how Inge's life and work has influenced them. Works

Plays
1950: Come Back, Little Sheba
1953: Picnic
1955: Bus Stop
1957: The Dark at the Top of the Stairs
1959: A Loss of Roses
1962: Summer Brave (a reworking of Picnic)
1963: Natural Affection
1966: Where's Daddy?1973: The Last Pad
Off the Main Road

Short Plays
 To Bobolink, for Her Spirit
 People in the Wind
 A Social Event
 The Boy in the Basement
 The Tiny Closet
 Memory of Summer
 Bus Riley's Back in Town
 The Rainy Afternoon
 The Mall
 An Incident at the Standish Arms
 The Strains of Triumph
 1953: Glory in the Flower
 The Killing
 The Love Death
 The Silent Call
 Bad Breath
 Morning on the Beach
 Moving In
 A Murder

Film and TV
1952: Come Back Little Sheba
1955: Picnic
1956: Bus Stop
1960: The Dark at the Top of the Stairs
1961: Splendor in the Grass - Reverend Whitman (uncredited)
1963: All Fall Down
1964: Out on the Outskirts of Town (a reworking of Off the Main Road) - Doctor (final appearance)
1965: Bus Riley's Back in Town (as Walter Gage)

Novels
1970: Good Luck, Miss Wyckoff
1971: My Son Is a Splendid Driver

See also

References

Further reading

 Johnson, Jeff. <mask> and the Subversion of Gender: Rewriting Stereotypes in the Plays, Novels, and Screenplays. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, 2005. Radavich, David. "<mask>ge's Dramatic Mindscape." South Dakota Review 42:3 (Fall 2004): 49–69. Voss, Ralph F. A Life of <mask>ge: The Strains of Triumph.Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2000. Listen to
Natural Affection audio scenes and interview

External links

William Inge Center for the Arts, at Independence Community College, in Independence, Kansas. <mask> Inge Collection at Pittsburg State University (Pittsburg, Kansas)
St. Louis Walk of Fame
<mask> Inge Collection at the Kenneth Spencer Research Library at the University of Kansas
 New York Public Library Blog about <mask> and Barbara Baxley

1913 births
1973 suicides
20th-century American novelists
American male novelists
American male screenwriters
Best Original Screenplay Academy Award winners
American gay writers
Writers from Kansas
Novelists from Missouri
People from Independence, Kansas
Pulitzer Prize for Drama winners
Stephens College faculty
Suicides by carbon monoxide poisoning
Suicides in Kansas
University of Kansas alumni
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
Independence Community College alumni
LGBT dramatists and playwrights
American LGBT novelists
LGBT people from Kansas
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
American male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters

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