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<mask> (born 30 August 1958) is a British politician serving as Member of Parliament (MP) for Westminster North, previously Regent's Park and Kensington North, since 1997. A member of the Labour Party, she was Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Transport from 2005 to 2006 and has served as Shadow Minister for Social Security since 2020. Early life
Born in Castlederg, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, <mask> was educated at the Chelmsford County High School for Girls and the London School of Economics, from where she was awarded a BSc and a MSc in Economics, and an MA in Social Policy and Administration. She joined the Labour Party in 1978. The following year, she became a research and development worker with Outset, a charity working with disabled people, before joining Hackney London Borough Council in 1983, initially working for them as a senior disability officer, and from 1986 as a public health officer. <mask> first ran for election in 1986, aged 27, as one of the three Labour candidates in Westminster City Council's Cavendish ward, an area straddling Marylebone and the West End of London. Despite the large increase in the Labour vote, all three seats were narrowly retained by the Conservatives, in a tightly contested election which saw Labour come close to winning the council.She began working for the Labour Party in 1987 as a health directorate researcher, becoming a campaign strategy coordinator in 1992. She was elected to Westminster City Council in 1990, representing Queen's Park ward (situated around the area of that name) in a safe seat for her party. <mask> remained on the council until shortly after her election to parliament in 1997, when she stood down. Whilst a councillor, she was involved in exposing the fraudulent behaviour of council leader Shirley Porter and the homes for votes scandal. Parliamentary career
<mask> was selected to stand for election for Labour through an all-women shortlist. The seat was based largely on the former Westminster North constituency, which was held narrowly by the former Conservative minister John Wheeler. Wheeler retired, and <mask> was elected at the 1997 general election as the Labour MP for Regent's Park and Kensington North as part of the Labour landslide, with a majority of 14,657.She made her maiden speech on 17 June 1997, and has remained an MP since this time. Following her election to Parliament, <mask> joined the Social Security Select committee, and after the 2001 general election she joined the Work and Pensions Select Committee. In 2001, her appointment as an Assistant Government Whip was announced without her knowledge and consent. She declined to take up the post. However, she did become a member of Prime Minister Tony Blair's government in the wake of the 2005 general election, as the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department for Transport. At the 2010 general election she was elected MP for the newly recreated marginal seat of Westminster North, with a majority of 2,126 over Joanne Cash, the Conservative candidate, in a high-profile race. In the Labour leadership contest which resulted from Gordon Brown's resignation as party leader, and Labour going into opposition, <mask> nominated Ed Miliband to replace him.Following Miliband's election as Leader of the Labour Party, <mask> was made Shadow Minister for Work and Pensions, and then Shadow Minister for Education, before becoming his Parliamentary Private Secretary. In July 2015, she was elected as a member of the Work and Pensions Select Committee. Following Labour's defeat at the 2015 election, which saw <mask> re-elected with a slightly decreased majority, Miliband resigned as leader. <mask> nominated Yvette Cooper in the resulting leadership election. Cooper came third, with Jeremy Corbyn becoming party leader; <mask> did not serve in any posts during his leadership. In the 2016 Labour leadership election, when Corbyn was challenged by Owen Smith, <mask> nominated Smith. At the 2017 general election, <mask> increased her majority by 14.7%, from 1,977 (5.0%) to 11,512 (26.6%), representing a 10.8% swing to Labour in the constituency.In December 2018, <mask>'s Private Member's Bill received Royal Assent as the Homes (Fitness for Human Habitation) Act, coming into force on 20 March 2019. If a landlord failed to let and maintain a property that was fit for human habitation, the Bill would give tenants the right to take action in the courts. The Bill received cross-party support. She was re-elected in 2019, with a small swing away from Labour, again with a substantial majority of 10,759 (25.07%), suggesting that Westminster North is now a safe seat. Nationally, Labour were defeated for the fourth time in a row, and a leadership election was held in 2020 to replace Corbyn. <mask> nominated Sir Keir Starmer, who won and consequently became party leader. In July 2020, she was made a Shadow Minister for Social Security.Views
<mask> is concerned that homeless Londoners are forced to move out of London, stating "Losing your home is a deeply traumatic event and then being offered accommodation miles away from your community, your work, your children's school and your care responsibilities compounds all that trauma. People are struggling against the most appalling odds to hold their own lives together and above all to hold their kids' lives together." She has voted in favour of the hunting ban and gay marriage, whilst she has voted against the Iraq War and replacing Trident. Personal life
<mask>'s spouse is Barrie Taylor, a former Labour councillor in Westminster who was conferred with the title of Honorary Alderman in July 2018. From 1994 to 1997, <mask> and Taylor served together as councillors for Queen's Park ward in Westminster. The couple have a son. <mask> is a Roman Catholic.References

External links

 Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: <mask> MP
 CNN.com video segment on <mask>'s 2010 reelection campaign

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1958 births
Living people
People from Castlederg
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Councillors in the City of Westminster
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
Labour Party (UK) councillors
People educated at Chelmsford County High School for Girls
Politicians from County Tyrone
20th-century British women politicians
21st-century British women politicians
20th-century women from Northern Ireland
20th-century people from Northern Ireland
21st-century women from Northern Ireland
21st-century people from Northern Ireland
Women councillors in England

masks:
Karen Patricia Buck
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<mask> (real name Charles Mackenzie) (22 March 1805 – 15 September 1877) was an English actor best known for his Shakespearean comic roles. <mask> began his career in Shakespeare plays in the British provinces. He then began to specialize in low comedy roles in touring companies, where he played for over a decade. He first appeared in London in 1837 and joined the company at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane later that year, again playing in Shakespeare. Other notable roles that followed included Tony Lumpkin in She Stoops to Conquer, Gnatbrain in Black-Eyed Susan, Sir Peter Teazle in The School for Scandal and Foresight in Love for Love. By the early 1840s, <mask> had earned the reputation of being the best Shakespearian clown of his age both in London and in the provinces. He performed for three years at the Princess's Theatre, London, famously playing Touchstone in As You Like It in 1844.He also played at the Olympic Theatre for three years, then the Royal Strand Theatre. In 1853 he joined the company at the Haymarket Theatre, where he originated roles in important new plays. He also won praise as Mr. Cox in revivals of Box and Cox. In the 1870s, he played frequently at the old Globe Theatre. One of his most famous roles was the Gravedigger in Hamlet, which he played often, including at the Lyceum Theatre with <mask> in 1875. <mask>'s last role was in 1877 in Liverpool as Pangloss in The Heir at Law. After he became ill, his friends organised two star-studded benefit performances for him in March 1877.Biography
<mask> was born in Huntingdonshire the son of a minister of the Congregational church, St Neots. His parents were John Mackenzie and his wife, formerly Mrs Elizabeth Symonds, and he was the sixth of eleven children. Through both parents, <mask> was related to members of the medical profession. After being educated at Huntingdon and at a boarding school at Little Baddow in Essex, <mask> was apprenticed to his mother's brother, who was a cloth merchant in Aldermanbury, near London. <mask> was unhappy with a life in trade and, desiring instead a life on the stage, ran away twice but was returned to his family each time. However, after running away for a third time in 1826, his family finally accepted his wish to become an actor. He took his grandmother's maiden name, <mask>, as his stage name.Early career

<mask>'s first professional appearances were in Shakespeare plays in the provinces. He then began to specialize in low comedy roles in touring companies, where he played for over a decade. He moved from Jackman's Bedford company to Fanny Robertson's Lincoln company in 1832 before moving to York in 1835. He first appeared in London at the Theatre Royal Lyceum and English Opera House on 20 July 1837 as Tommy Tadpole in The Haunted Inn, followed, on 24 July 1837, as Robin in the musical farce The Waterman and as Paul Shack in Master's Rival. On the 27 July he was Frolick in The Mountain Sylph and as Simon in The Rendezvous. A Quarter to Nine by Peake was written to introduce <mask> (Frolick) as an imitator or personator, and performed on 5 August. On 17 August he played Jean Jachere in Blanche of Jersey.On 24 August, he was Tranquille in The Little Laundress and Alessio in La Sonnambula! He added Sampson in Guy Mannering on 27 September. After several further roles there, he joined the company at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in October 1837. His first appearance was as Master Slender in The Merry Wives of Windsor on 7 October. In December he was Tom in Peeping Tom of Coventry  Other roles included those of Tony Lumpkin in She Stoops to Conquer, Gnatbrain in Black-Eyed Susan, Silky in The Road to Ruin, Bailie Nicol Jarvie, Mawworm in Isaac Bickerstaff's The Hypocrite, Marrall in Philip Massinger's A New Way to Pay Old Debts, and Dr Ollapod in George Colman's The Poor Gentleman. In 1839 he returned to Robertson's company and performed at the Georgian theatre in Wisbech, and other theatres in Robertson's Lincoln Circuit in the role of Touchstone in As you like it and Paul Shack in Master's Rival and again as Mawworm. In August 1840 he distinguished himself as Lublin Log jnr in the new piece Like Father Like Son at the English Opera House.By the early 1840s, <mask> had earned the reputation of being the best Shakespearian clown of his age. He continued in seasons at Dublin, Ireland, at Drury Lane (playing Polonius, Sir Peter Teazle in The School for Scandal, Launcelot Gobbo in The Merchant of Venice, and Foresight in William Congreve's Love for Love), at Manchester and elsewhere. At the Princess's Theatre, London, where he performed for three years, he famously played Touchstone in Shakespeare's As You Like It in 1844. He was then at the Olympic Theatre, where he also remained three years. After the Olympic burned down, he moved to the Royal Strand Theatre. In 1853 he joined the company of John Baldwin Buckstone at the Haymarket Theatre, where he originated the role of Blenkinsop in An Unequal Match by Tom Taylor, Sir Solomon Frazer in Taylor's The Overland Route, De Vaudray in A Hero of Romance by Westland Marston, and Captain Mountraffe in Home by T. W. Robertson. He also played Mr. Cox in revivals of Box and Cox by John Maddison Morton with such success that W. S. Gilbert later wrote, "Mr. Morton's dialogue can only be properly given by Messrs. Buckstone and <mask>, and in the mouths of any other actors it is, to those who have seen Messrs. Buckstone and <mask> in the parts (and who has not?)a bore." In 1848 <mask> married the actress Emmeline Catherine Montague (1823–1911). They had seven children, all of whom had stage careers, including <mask>, <mask>  and <mask>. He was the grandfather of the actress <mask>. and the novelist <mask>. Later years

In 1870, he was back at the Olympic in Taylor's Handsome is that Handsome Does, and in 1871 was in Partners for Life by H. J. Byron at the old Globe Theatre, where he performed in many plays thereafter. <mask>'s last role was in 1877 at the Prince of Wales's Theatre in Liverpool as Mawworm in The Hypocrite and Pangloss in George Colman's The Heir at Law.One of his most famous roles was as the Gravedigger in Hamlet, which he played often in his career, including at the Lyceum Theatre with <mask> in June 1875. <mask> was described as "an actor perfectly original in his style, and possessing a fund of dry, quiet humour that never failed to minister to the amusement of the playing public." He then joined the Vezin-Chippendale tour. He appeared at the Haymarket as Tony Lumpkin in the Alehouse scene for Edgar Bruce's benefit on 9 August. When <mask> became ill with cancer and was unable to work to support his family, his friends organised two benefit performances for him. The first was held at Drury Lane on 1 March 1877. This performance included scenes from Othello; Bulwer Lytton's comedy Money, featuring <mask>'s son, <mask>; Sheridan's The Critic with Charles Mathews as Mr.Puff; Morton's Lend me Five Shillings; Macklin's Man of World; and Trial by Jury. <mask>, Joseph Jefferson, Squire Bancroft, Ellen Terry, J. L. Toole, Nellie Farren and many other leading stars took part. In Trial by Jury, conducted by Arthur Sullivan, W. S. Gilbert appeared as the Associate, Pauline Rita was the Plaintiff, W. H. Cummings was the Defendant and Arthur Cecil was the Usher. The chorus comprised leading stars such as W. S. Penley, George Grossmith, Kate Bishop and Marion Terry. The benefit realised over £3250, a large sum by the standards of the day. The second benefit, which was held at Manchester on 27 March 1877, was nearly as successful. <mask> died in 1877 after a long struggle with cancer at the age of 72 at his home, Seaforth House, Stanford Road, St. Mary Abbotts in Kensington, London.His will was proved at the Principal Registry on 17 October by his widow. Notes

Sources

Further reading
<mask>, Charles and Edward. Memoir of <mask>, Tinsley Brothers, London, 1879

External links
<mask> on The Peerage website
Contemporary biography of <mask>
Memoir of <mask>
Portraits of <mask> at the National Portrait Gallery

English male stage actors
English male Shakespearean actors
19th-century English male actors
1805 births
1877 deaths

masks:
Henry Compton
Compton
Compton
Henry Irving
Compton
Compton
Compton
Compton
Compton
Compton
Compton
Compton
Compton
Compton
Compton
Compton
Charles Compton
Henry Compton
Katherine Compton
Fay Compton
Compton Mackenzie
Compton
Henry Irving
Compton
Compton
Compton
Edward Compton
Henry Irving
Compton
Compton
Henry Compton
Compton
Compton
Henry Compton
Compton


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<mask> (; born 10 April 1952) is a Russian economist and politician. He is best known as the author of the 500 Days Programme, a plan for the transition of the Soviet regime to a free-market economy, and for his leadership of the social-liberal Yabloko party. He ran twice for Russia's presidency – in 1996, against Boris Yeltsin, finishing fourth with 7.3% of the vote; and in 2000, against Vladimir Putin, finishing third with 5.8%. He did not run in 2004 or 2008, after his party failed to cross the 5% threshold in the 2003 Duma elections. In 2012 presidential election he was prevented from running for president by Russian authorities, despite collecting 2 million signatures of Russian citizens for his candidacy, as was demanded by law. <mask> was Yabloko's nominee for President of Russia in the 2018 presidential election. <mask> holds a PhD in economics from the Central Economic Mathematical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences; his doctoral dissertation was entitled "The socio-economic system of Russia and the problem of its modernization."He is a professor in the National Research University Higher School of Economics. Yavlinsky speaks Russian, Ukrainian and English. Life and career

Early life
<mask> was born in Lviv, Ukrainian SSR to a Jewish father and Russian mother. His father, <mask>, was an officer, and his mother, Vera Naumovna, who taught chemistry at an institute. Both his parents are buried in Lviv, and his brother Mikhail lives there. Natan <mask>, the nuclear physicist who invented tokamak, was related to him. In 1967 and 1968, he was the champion of the Ukrainian SSR in junior boxing.He decided to become an economist during his school years. From 1967 to 1976, he studied at the Plekhanov Institute of the National Economy in Moscow as a labor economist and took a post-graduate course there. As a kandidat (PhD student) of economics, he worked in the coal sector. After finishing his postgraduate studies he was employed by the All-Soviet Union Coal Mines Department Research Institute. His job was to compose new unified work instructions for the coal industry, and he was the first in the USSR to accomplish this assignment. To perform his duties, he had to go down into the mines. One of his shifts nearly ended tragically for him when the mine collapsed.Together with four workers, he spent ten hours waist-deep in ice-cold water, waiting for help. Three of his fellow sufferers died in a hospital after having been rescued. <mask> spent four years at this job. For him, it was an opportunity to see the world hidden behind the propaganda posters. He reported about the horrible conditions in which the coal miners lived and worked, but his reports changed nothing. In 1980, <mask> was assigned to the USSR State Committee for Labor and Social Affairs as the head of the heavy industry sector. At this position, he began to develop a project aimed at improving the USSR labor system.In his work he pointed out two possible ways of making the system more efficient: establishing total control over every move of every worker in the country or, as an alternative, giving more independence to the enterprises. <mask>'s work caused discomfort with the head of the State Committee for Labor, Yury Batalin. The KGB confiscated 600 draft copies of <mask>'s project and interrogated the author several times. When Brezhnev died in 1982, the KGB got off <mask>'s back, but he still had to stop working: he was diagnosed with an active form of tuberculosis and sent to a closed medical facility for nine months. The drafts of his project were burned together with his other personal belongings as contagious. It is still not exactly clear if he was ill or if his diagnosis was faked by the secret services. From 1984, he held a management position at the Labor Ministry and then the Council of Ministers of the USSR.In this capacity, he had to join Communist Party of the Soviet Union, of which he was a member in 1985–1991. He was head of the Joint Economic Department of the Government of the USSR. In 1989, he was made department head of Academician Leonid Abalkin's State Commission for Economic Reforms. Post-Soviet economic reforms
<mask>'s commitment to a market economy was established when in 1990 he wrote "500 Days" – a program for the Soviet Union promising rapid transition from centrally planned economy to a free market in less than 2 years. To implement the program, <mask> was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR and Deputy Chairman of the State Commission for Economic Reform. President of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev decided to combine Yavlinsky's program with another one which had been developed simultaneously. This other program, "The Main Directives for Development", was created by the chairman of the Council of Ministers Nikolai Ryzhkov, who threatened to retire if his project would be rejected.In October 1990, when it became clear that his program was not going to be implemented, <mask> resigned from the government. He then established his own think tank, EPICenter, which brought together many members of his 500 Days team who were to become his future associates in Yabloko (Sergei Ivanenko, Aleksei Melnikov, Aleksei Mikhailov et al.) In the summer of 1991, during his stay in Harvard, he co-authored a new reform program, jointly with Graham Allison, that offered a platform for Gorbachev's negotiations with the "G-7" over financial aid in support of transition to the market After the defeat of the hardline August 1991 coup against Gorbachev and Yeltsin, he was appointed Deputy Chairman of the Committee on Management of National Economy that acted in place of Soviet government. The new president of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin made Yavlinsky return to the government to work and even thought about making him Prime MinisterIn this role he successfully negotiated an economic union among Soviet republics. The agreement was signed by representatives of twelve republics in Alma-Ata on 18 October 1991. But when Yeltsin signed the Belavezha Accords, ending the Soviet Union and tearing up all the political and economic connections between the former Soviet republics, <mask> left again as a sign of protest against Yeltsin's actions. A year later, <mask> started his own political career.With the launching of the 'shock therapy' reforms by Yeltsin and Yegor Gaidar in January 1992, <mask> became an outspoken critic of these policies, emphasizing differences between his and Gaidar's reforms program (such as the sequencing of privatization vs. liberalization of prices and the applicability of his program to the entire Soviet Union). In 1992, <mask> served as advisor to Boris Nemtsov who at the time was Governor of the Nizhny Novgorod Region. <mask> developed a regional economic reform program for him. Later, however, their paths diverged, as Nemtsov sided with Yeltsin's government on most issues, eventually becoming deputy prime minister and one of the founders and leaders of the Union of Rightist Forces, while <mask> became the leader of liberal opposition to Yeltsin. Political activities

During Yeltsin's presidency
In 1993, as conflict between Yeltsin and the parliament over shock therapy exacerbated, Yavlinsky had high ratings in the polls as a potential candidate for Russia's presidency, who had the image of an independent, centrist politician, untainted by corruption. He built close relations with many disaffected democrats and NGOs, as well as with Moscow Mayor Yury Luzhkov and rising financial and media magnate Vladimir Gusinsky. In September–October 1993, he joined a group of senior politicians who tried to mediate between Yeltsin and the parliament and was on a short list of compromise candidates for the post of the Prime Minister.However, with the outbreak of hostilities on the streets of Moscow on 3 October he unequivocally called upon Yeltsin to use force against violent supporters of the parliament. (He was later blamed for having abandoned neutrality in this situation.) When Yeltsin set the date for the elections to the new parliament and a constitutional referendum for 12 December 1993, <mask> had to cobble together an electoral bloc in haste, as he had no party of his own, and had to recruit existing parties as co-founders. His bloc was co-founded by three of them, Republican Party of the Russian Federation, Social Democratic Party of Russia and Christian Democratic Party of Russia, all three tilting on most issues toward the Yeltsin camp. However, they were soon marginalized within his bloc and RPRF was ousted from it 1994. The top three names on the slate – <mask>, Yury Boldyrev (former State Comptroller and a disaffected democrat) and Vladimir Lukin (at the time Russia's ambassador to the US) – gave the bloc its initial name, "Yavlinsky-Boldyrev-Lukin", abbreviated as YaBLoko. The bloc's leadership was divided over Yeltsin's constitutional project, but <mask> himself was openly critical of it.With no prior electoral experience, YaBLoko succeeded in winning 7.9% of the vote and forming the fifth largest faction in the Duma. After Boldyrev clashed with <mask> over the bill on production-sharing agreements and left the bloc in 1995, the name was retained but now reinterpreted as "Yavlinsky Bloc". In 1995, the Yabloko caucus in the Duma set up its own political association that in 2001 was reincorporated as a political party. Among the features of the new party that would distinguish it from other liberal parties was its critique of Yeltsin's policies, from economic "shock therapy" and the handling of the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis to First Chechen War and Russia's relations with the West. <mask> established himself as a permanent leader of "democratic opposition". In this capacity, he was a principled opponent of Gaidar's Russia's Choice and its successors in the parliament, such as the Union of Rightist Forces. In their turn, they charged him with being too inflexible and blamed his personality for a failure to merge with other democrats in order to mount a concentrated electoral challenge to the hardline forces.Others, however, admitted to philosophical differences between <mask>'s unspoken social democratic bent and the neoliberal orientation of his democratic opponents. In September 1998, after Russia's 1998 financial crash brought down Sergei Kirienko government, <mask> proposed the candidacy of Yevgeny Primakov who was elected Prime Minister in spite of resistance from Yeltsin, his family and entourage. This helped resolve the political stalemate and many credit Primakov with rescuing the economy from chaos and with the start of the recovery of the industrial production that continued under Vladimir Putin. However, <mask> declined Primakov's offer to join his Communist-dominated government as deputy premier for social policies and soon joined the ranks of his critics on the liberal side. Later in 1999 Yavlinsky criticized Primakov as a throwback to the stagnation days of Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev. "This Brezhnev style of the government absolutely does not suit us," he was quoted as saying by Interfax. Yavlinsky said Primakov relied too much on communists and other leftists who do not understand modern economics.Yet even <mask> warned Yeltsin against sacking the entire government. That, he believed, would have set up a showdown with the Duma of the kind that brought Primakov to the prime minister's chair in the first place. In May 1999 <mask> joined forces with the Communist Party in an attempt to impeach Yeltsin. The news media had been full of speculation that if the Duma goes ahead with impeachment, Yeltsin may retaliate by firing the communist-backed Cabinet of Prime Minister Yevgeny Primakov. That would precipitate a political crisis and possible dissolution of the Duma, threaten the political stability that Primakov has brought Russia since previous summer. Of the four items of impeachment, the article that got the most support from both parties was the one charging Yeltsin with abuse of power in connection with war in Chechnya. This was a warning, Yavlinsky said, to all politicians that they will be judged for their actions.Just as the Communists began to nod their assent, <mask> attacked them, dismissing the other charges as politically inspired. He said Yeltsin made very serious mistakes, sometimes fateful, in the course of reform, that led to the bankruptcy of the country, not out of a desire to destroy Russia but because he could not overcome his past and that he did not have the intent to destroy or liquidate anyone, he did not have such a conscious goal. In his final speech, <mask> declared:

Although <mask>'s repeated statements that his party's all forty-six Duma deputies would vote unanimously in favor of the Chechen war accusation, eight defected and sided with Yeltsin. The outcome was still 17 votes short of the two-thirds majority(300 votes) needed to start impeachment proceedings. The impeachment drive is largely a sideshow. Even if it clears the Duma, the effort is considered doomed because Russia's constitution strongly favors the presidency. Russia's vague 1993 constitution makes impeaching a president and removing him from office very difficult.If one of the charges musters the necessary support, the Duma has five days to submit the

masks:
Grigory Alexeyevich Yavlinsky
Yavlinsky
Yavlinsky
Yavlinsky
Alexei Yavlinsky
Yavlinsky
Yavlinsky
Yavlinsky
Yavlinsky
Yavlinsky
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 charges to the Supreme Court for examination and to the Constitutional Court to confirm that the procedure has not been violated. If both courts give a positive ruling, the accusations then go to the upper house, the Federation Council. A two-thirds council majority is then required to remove Yeltsin from office. In 1996 and 2000, <mask> ran for President with endorsement from his party and other organizations. In 1996, he came in fourth and received 7.3% of the vote. In the 2000 presidential elections, he finished third and received 5.8% of the vote. In both cases, he did not subsequently offer his support to either Yeltsin or Putin or their Communist opponent in both elections, Gennady Zyuganov.<mask> does not conceal his lukewarm view of the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 that occurred while he was negotiating an economic treaty among the republics. However, he never advocated a restoration of Soviet Union or a revision of post-Soviet borders. <mask> was at times critical of the US policies toward Russia, particularly under the Clinton administration. Some of the most trenchant of these criticisms are contained in his lecture at the Nobel Institute, delivered in May 2000. During Putin's presidency

Under the Putin presidency, <mask> remained an active opponent of military solution to the problems in Chechnya. In 2002, he took part in the unsuccessful negotiations during the Moscow theater hostage crisis and was praised by President Vladimir Putin for his role in the standoff. His party also campaigned against the imports of radioactive waste into Russia, thus building a crucial alliance with environmental NGOs, as well as with human rights organizations, labor unions, women associations, and ethnic minority groups.He was also an uncompromising critic of the Putin government's reforms of the housing and utilities sector and of the energy sector. A number of times, the Yabloko faction in the Duma initiated petitioning campaigns for the resignation of the government. At that time, he developed close relations with Mikhail Khodorkovsky, an oligarch who positioned himself as an autonomous economic and political player vis-a-vis the Kremlin. A number of Khodorkovsky's associates became Duma members on the Yabloko slate (as well as through the Communist Party). Yavlinsky had difficult relations with the authorities both under Yeltsin and under Putin (even though he was at times criticized by more radical groups for being a "house oppositionist"). While supporting many of the government's tax and budgetary reforms and aligning himself on many issues with Putin's reform czar Alexei Kudrin, as well as supporting Putin's early foreign policies of developing closer ties to the United States, he remained critical of domestic policies, particularly of the arrest of Mikhail Khodorkovsky in the fall of 2003. He became even more outspoken about what many saw as an assault on democratic freedoms in Russia.In distinction from the new oppositionists, such as Boris Nemtsov, Garry Kasparov et al., he insisted that Putin's policies were to be seen as a direct continuation of Yeltsin's. Nonetheless, he was repeatedly mentioned in media rumors as a possible candidate for Prime Minister, both under Yeltsin and Putin. In the 2003 elections to the Duma, Yabloko failed to cross the 5% threshold of Duma representation. Both vote-rigging and Yabloko's declining support may have been the primary factor. <mask> later recalled that Putin telephoned him early on election night to congratulate him, apparently believing – or pretending to believe – that Yabloko had succeeded in gaining representation. <mask> refused to run for president in 2004, claiming that Putin had rigged elections to the point of making them meaningless. <mask> remains a prominent critic of Putin and of Russia's leading United Russia Party.In a 12 January 2004 interview, he is quoted as saying:

We don't have an independent parliament any more. For the first time since the dissolution of the Soviet Union we again have a one-party parliament. There are no independent mass media of any significance any more. There is no public control over secret services and the law enforcement agencies, there is no independent legislature. The authorities considerably influence the elections. All elements of society are concentrated in the same hands which resemble the 1930s. This is a semi-Soviet system.After Yabloko again failed to secure representation in the 2007 Russian legislative election, there was some possibility of <mask> running again for presidency in 2008. However, most Yabloko members and <mask> himself supported the long-shot and largely symbolic candidacy of émigré dissident Vladimir Bukovsky who in the end failed to clear legal obstacles to his registration. <mask>'s leadership of Yabloko occasionally came under attacks from internal opponents, who eventually were defeated and not infrequently had to leave the party. The most prominent of them included Yury Boldyrev, Yabloko's vice-leader and member of the upper house, in 1995; Vyacheslav Igrunov, a left-wing intellectual and a campaign manager, who quit over the restructuring of the organization in 2003; and some of the younger members, such as Ilya Yashin and Maksim Reznik, who advocated for a closer alliance with other opposition groups (Yashin is no longer a Yabloko member, while Reznik stayed as a leader of its St. Petersburg branch, but later excluded from the party for supporting electoral fraud of St. Petersburg legislative election). <mask> became deputy of Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg and a head of Yabloko's fraction in it. On 22 June 2008, <mask> stepped down as party leader at Yabloko's 15th congress, proposing in his place the candidacy of Moscow City Duma deputy Sergey Mitrokhin who was elected the new party chairman. Yavlinsky remains a member of Yabloko's Political Committee (elected there with the largest number of votes) and a regular spokesman for the party, particularly in local election campaigns.Outside politics he is a professor of Moscow's Higher School of Economics. He is also a member of the Trilateral Commission. 2008 global financial crisis

In an interview at HSE's conference <mask> stated that common disease for all states in the late 20th early 21st century is states' merger with the business. Largely that's what resulted in economic crisis in the US. A fusion of Wall Street and White House paralyzed all possibilities of Barack Obama other than to inject fresh money in the old economy. Which doesn't have any prospect because of the level of public debt and poor quality of the state in decision making. According to Yavlinsky the global financial crisis of 2008-09 happened because of the appearance of insurance issued loans, that dramatically increased their number and volume.Since once you prove to be insolvent, your creditors will be paid the insurance. So it created an impression that the loans were safe. But the reliability of borrowers declined. When too many extremely unreliable loans were issued in the United States, at some point a lot of borrowers proved to be insolvent at the same time, so it was impossible to pay the insurance, and money no longer could return to its lenders. Thus the biggest banks and investment companies became bankrupt. To explain it in simple terms, all that is a gigantic "financial pyramid" (Ponzi scheme). It's when you take money from someone, and for some reason it doesn't work for you, but you need to pay for it, to pay interest.You borrow from someone else paying interest, then, to pay it, you borrow more, and so on and so on until it ends in failure. The enormous scale of the "financial pyramid" became possible because of too soft financial regulation on the part of the government. In his opinion, the way to resolve the crisis was to bankrupt all the financiers and bankers who led to it. But since there was too many of them, and in many respects the economy is dependent on them, it might lead to greater social problems. In addition, they are very much integrated into the US power elites. Therefore, and because of fears of social unrest, the US government saved them by giving them tax payers' money, helping those who were actually responsible for creating the crisis. Doing it, officials hoped that the economy would work and would start to grow after receiving a huge infusion.But despite Bush's administration 750 billion and Obama's 800 billion dollars investments nothing changed, economic activity wasn't growing because of markets' distrust. In his recent book Realeconomik: The Hidden Cause of the Great Recession (and How to Avert the Next One), the internationally respected economist makes a powerful case that without a commitment to established social principles in business and politics, a stable global economy will be impossible to achieve:

<mask> argues against viewing the world of money as separate from culture and society: he believes the financial crisis was merely a symptom of a wider moral collapse, and that it is time to examine the way we live. 2012 presidential election

<mask> attempted to run for president again in the 2012 election. Days after <mask>'s candidature was endorsed by Gorbachev, the National Electoral Commission (NEC) declared 20% of the signatures collected in support of the leader of Yabloko invalid. Commenting on the incident at a news Conference <mask> said: 'I consider the decision of the NEC as politically motivated. They aren't letting me join the race, because they don't want to allow an alternative - political, economic and moral.' He also cautioned that such refusal to allow him to join the race would undermine the vote's legitimacy and could lead to unrest and instability in the country.<mask> needed to collect and submit at least 2,000,000 votes in order to register since he was nominated by a non-parliamentary party. ALDE-PACE (Liberal International Cooperating Organisation) issued a statement condemning the situation as 'another sign of the limitation of political competition and expression in the country.' The group also expressed concern that the latest developments in Russia severely compromise the possibility for free and fair presidential elections on 4 March 2012. After 2012

In 2021 <mask> criticised Alexei Navalny's investigations and political views. Many Yabloko members and other opposition politicians in turn criticised Yavlisky for expressing these views while Navalny was in jail after having been poisoned. Some commentators said that Yavlinsky thus assisted government propaganda against Navalny. Personal life
Yavlinsky met his wife, Yelena, while studying at the Plekhanov Institute, and the couple have two children.Their son Mikhail was born in 1971 and currently works for the BBC Russian Service in London. Their other son, Alexei, was born in 1981 and works as a computer programmer in Moscow. A recent interview revealed that during the turbulent times of Russia's politics in the 1990s <mask>'s opponents had his 23-year-old piano-playing son kidnapped, and his fingers cut off and mailed to him. He declined to reveal who he thinks is behind the attack saying he "was receiving corresponding letters" prior to the incident. Books

Transition to a Market Economy (500 Days Program) St.Martin's Press, New York, 1991)
G<mask>. Economics and Politics in Russia: Diagnosis. Harvard, 1992.Laissez-Faire versus Policy-Led Transformation (lesson of the Economic Reforms in Russia) EPIcenter-NikaPrint, 1994
The Inefficiency of Laissez-Faire in Russia: Hysteresis Effects and the Need for Policy-Led Transformation Journal of Comparative Economics. Volume 19, N 1. 1994. G<mask> and S. Braguinsky. G. <mask>. An Uncertain Prognosis // Journal of Democracy, Vol. 8, No.1, January 1997, pp. 3–11. Russia’s Phony Capitalism // Foreign Affairs, 1998. Vol. 77, No. 3. Braguinsky S., <mask> G. Incentives and Institutions: The Transition to a Market Economy in Russia.Princeton University Press, 2000, 280 pp. G. A<mask>. Ten years after the Soviet breakup – Going backwards // Journal of Democracy, 2001. Vol. 12, No. 4, p. 79-86. G. A<mask>.Peripheral Capitalism Review By Lilia Shevtsova; 159 pages, Moscow: Integral-Inform, 2003
G. A<mask>. Realeconomik. The Hidden Cause of the Great Recession (And How to Avert the Next One) / Пер. с рус. : A. W. Bouis. L., New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011. G. A<mask>, A.Kosmynin.Peripheral Authoritarianism What Russia Has Achieved and Why. G. A<mask>, A.Kosmynin. Notes on History and Politics: the People, the Country, and the Reforms. See also
1995 Russian legislative election
1999 Russian legislative election
2003 Russian legislative election

References

External links

Official Yavlinsky website

1952 births
Living people
Moscow theater hostage crisis
Yavlinsky
Yavlinsky
Politicians from Lviv
Plekhanov Russian University of Economics alumni
Russian anti-communists
Russian economists
Russian Jews
Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe)
Higher School of Economics faculty
2011–2013 Russian protests
21st-century Russian politicians
Yavlinsky
Yabloko politicians
First convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
Second convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
Third convocation members of the State Duma (Russian

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Yavlinsky
Yavlinsky
Yavlinsky
Yavlinsky
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Yavlinsky
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. Yavlinsky
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. Yavlinsky
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<mask> (died 388 AD) was a Roman bureaucrat and close confidant of the emperor Theodosius I. He held the offices of praetorian prefect of the East (384–388) and consul (388), and has been widely blamed by historians for instigating the widespread destruction of pagan temples and shrines throughout the eastern Roman provinces. Some recent authors, however, have questioned his role in events and his overall reputation as a Christian fanatic and temple destroyer. Biography
<mask>us is usually thought to be a native of Hispania, deduced from the fact that his body was sent there to be buried. He also seems to have belonged to the extended circle of relatives and intimates of the emperor Theodosius I, who was likewise a Spaniard. All of Cynegius's recorded career shows him holding the highest court rank () and offices under that emperor, which has led scholars to deduce that his connection to Theodosius earned him a quick promotion to these honors. On the other hand, a dedicatory inscription records that Cynegius held all grades of honors in the civil hierarchy, which led historian McLynn to infer that he had some experience under previous emperors, and that it was this which recommended him to Theodosius.Cynegius is first securely attested in the spring of 383 serving as Theodosius's treasurer (). Within a few months, he was appointed to the office of  and, shortly afterwards (January 384), praetorian prefect of the East, with the task of replenishing the undermanned municipal councils () of the eastern provinces, as well as, according to the 6th-century historian Zosimus, closing pagan temples and suppressing worship of the gods therein. Cynegius's ensuing tour of the east brought him to Egypt, probably in late 386, where he announced at Alexandria that Theodosius had recognized the military usurper Maximus as a legitimate emperor. Rewarded by his services with the consulship in 388, Cynegius died early in the same year, either at Constantinople or on the return journey there from Egypt. He was interred at the Church of the Holy Apostles on 19 March 388, but his widow, named Achantia, sent his body to Hispania a year later. Known administrative measures which Cynegius helped implement while in office include laws aimed at filling vacant seats in city councils and punishing the neglection of curial duties by local officials, as well as the building of city walls and other public works at Antioch. He is also the nominal addressee, and thus probable instigator, of a decree that renewed a prohibition on the pagan practice of haruspicy, as well as several laws against heretics and Jews.Those in the latter group, in particular, have been said to display a conspicuous 'anti-Jewish tendency contrary to Theodosius's usual policy'. Cynegius has been identified with the high official who received the Missorium of Theodosius I and was probably depicted on it. A country house found by archaeologists near Carranque in Spain has been attributed to Cynegius. Anti-pagan activities and reputation
Maternus Cynegius has received widespread attention and notoriety in scholarship due to evidence that he instigated numerous acts of vandalism against pagan shrines throughout the east. The evidence from ancient sources is listed as follows. The 6th-century Greek historian Zosimus, a pagan, blames Cynegius for the systematic closure of temples and suppression of traditional rituals throughout the east while en route to, and then in, Egypt. A similar story is told by the Consularia Constantinopolitana, a Latin-language almanac issued at Constantinople.The Antiochene rhetor Libanius, a pagan and contemporary of events, reports a series of outrages committed against pagan shrines in Syria during Cynegius's term of office, and specifically denounces an unnamed official (usually identified as Cynegius himself) who, at his wife's instigation, destroyed a temple in Osroene (likely at Carrhae or perhaps Edessa) without the emperor's permission. The 5th-century ecclesiastical historian Theodoret reports an unidentified eastern governor's attempt to demolish a temple of Zeus at Apameia, Syria, with the aid of the local bishop, Marcellus. Zosimus's explicit mention of Cynegius and the contemporary actions reported by Libanius and Theodoret have led many authors, like Otto Seeck, John Matthews and those of the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, to attribute the main responsibility for the disturbances to Cynegius. Paul Petit, following Libanius, portrays Cynegius as encouraging bands of monks to destroy rural shrines across the east, coordinating operations while based at Antioch in 385–386, though Petit identifies the vandal of Theodoret as a different, lower ranking official instead. In 1982, Polish archeologist Barbara Gassowska tentatively ascribed the demise of the temple of Al-Lat in Palmyra to Cynegius. Olszaniec takes for granted that Cynegius was the official described by Libanius and that he was acting at the behest of emperor Theodosius. In 2005, Neil McLynn cast doubt on Cynegius's reputation as a destroyer of temples, arguing that the accounts of Zosimus, Libanius and Theodoret are too disparate or unreliable for them to be securely conflated into a single narrative.McLynn takes Theodoret's anecdote to be highly rhetorical and unreliable, and also believes that Libanius's narrative is inconsistent with the zealot official, who is never explicitly named, being Cynegius or any other of such high rank. Furthermore, whereas Libanius has his unnamed subject destroy shrines throughout Syria, Zosimus reports that Cynegius merely closed temples, and that his actions climaxed instead at Alexandria, Egypt. McLynn gives reasons to believe that Zosimus's account, along with the similar notice in the Latin almanac titled Consularia Constantinopolitana (which was probably Zosimus's own source), overstate Cynegius's role, which in the end may have been very minor or even symbolic. McLynn's conclusions have been endorsed or at least positively acknowledged by a number of scholars. Family
A sepulchral monument at Raphanea, Syria, was set up to one woman named Materna Cynegia, her sister Antonia Cassia and daughter Herennia. Judging by the name of the former, they must have been related to Maternus Cynegius, and are perhaps his daughters. He was also probably related to Aemilius Florus Paternus, governor of Africa in 393, who had a son called Cynegius, as well as with Aemilia Materna Thermantia, grandniece of the emperor Theodosius and wife of Honorius.The praetorian prefect, furthermore, was presumably related to the Cynegius whom the empress Aelia Eudoxia sent against the temple of Zeus Marnas at Gaza in 401. Notes

Citations

References

388 deaths
4th-century Roman consuls
Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles
Comites sacrarum largitionum
Praetorian prefects of the East
Roman consuls who died in office
Romans from Hispania
Year of birth unknown

masks:
Maternus Cynegius
Maternus Cygi


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<mask> (born March 20, 1993) is an American professional tennis player. She achieved a career-best ranking of No. 3 in the world after Wimbledon in 2018. <mask> was the 2017 US Open champion, and has won seven WTA singles titles in total. Born to athletic parents with backgrounds in collegiate swimming and professional American football, <mask> was introduced to tennis at the club across the street from her house in Fresno, California. Her stepfather was a competitive recreational tennis player and was her primary inspiration for beginning to play the sport. <mask> moved to Florida to train at a tennis academy, ultimately working with Nick Saviano.She became a promising junior player, reaching an ITF junior ranking of world No. 5 and winning three out of four Grand Slam girls' doubles titles in 2010 with her partner Tímea Babos. While 19 years old, <mask> rose to prominence at the 2013 Australian Open with a semifinal run beating world No. 3, Serena Williams. Although she reached No. 11 towards the end of 2013, she regressed and stayed outside the top 25 to the end of 2015. She switched to a new coach, Kamau Murray, under whom she returned to elite level and won three WTA titles in the first half of 2016.Her successful year was cut short by a foot injury that kept her out for months. She returned from injury in the middle of 2017 and won the US Open singles title in her fifth tournament back. She was also awarded WTA Comeback Player of the Year for her successful season. In 2018, she continued her success by winning her first Premier Mandatory title at the Miami Open, reaching a second Grand Slam singles final at the French Open, entering the top 10 for the first time, and finishing runner-up at the WTA Finals. Early life and background
<mask> was born on March 20, 1993 in Plantation, Florida to Sybil Smith and <mask>, both of whom were accomplished athletes. Her mother was the first African-American woman to be named a first-team All-American swimmer in Division I history. She is enshrined in the Boston University Athletic Hall of Fame and recognized as the greatest swimmer in the history of the university.<mask>'s father was a Pro Bowl running back for the New England Patriots in the National Football League. Pro Football Hall of Famer Raymond Berry regarded him as the best athlete he had ever seen. Smith left <mask>'s father after his multiple arrests in 1994. <mask> was raised by her mother and her stepfather, Sheldon Farrell, who married Smith in 1997 and worked as a business consultant. She has a younger half-brother, Shawn Farrell, who played baseball and football at Notre Dame High School outside of Los Angeles. <mask> did not talk with her biological father until she was 13 years old, when he expressed interest in getting to know her after being diagnosed with degenerative bone disease. Even though they only met a few times in person, the two of them developed a close relationship remotely.<mask>'s stepfather died from cancer in 2007, while her biological father died in a car crash in 2009. <mask> moved to her mother's hometown of Fresno in California at the age of two. She started playing tennis at the age of nine at the Sierra Sport and Racquet Club, a tennis facility located across the street from her house where her stepfather regularly played and her mother was taking lessons. Former top 100 player Francisco González, the head of tennis at the club, recognized <mask> had impressive ability given her limited experience and recommended her to pursue more rigorous training opportunities. Two years after she started playing tennis, <mask> relocated to Boca Raton in Florida. She began training at the Evert Tennis Academy founded by John Evert and also run by his sister, International Tennis Hall of Famer Chris Evert. The following year at age 12, <mask> switched to the Nick Saviano High Performance Tennis Academy, and also began online homeschooling.After her stepfather's death, <mask> and her family moved back to their hometown of Fresno where her grandparents and other members of her mother's family still lived. From then on, she split time living in both California and Florida. Junior career

<mask> began competing in low-level events on the ITF Junior Circuit in 2006 at the age of 13. Her first breakthrough result came at the US Open in 2008, where she reached her first doubles final at a Grand Slam with Mallory Burdette. She then finished the year with a semifinal appearance at the high-level Orange Bowl tournament, a Grade A event. <mask> began 2009 by winning her first two tournaments of the year, the Grade 1 USTA International Spring Championships and the Grade A Italian Open. Following these big titles, she only played in the remaining junior Grand Slam events in 2009 and 2010, while also skipping the Australian Open.At the French Open, <mask> extended her main-draw win streak to 16 matches in a row to start the season, despite needing to qualify for the main draw, before losing to French junior Kristina Mladenovic in the semifinals. Mladenovic ended up winning the tournament, and would also defeat <mask> in their next encounter at the Wimbledon quarterfinals. These results brought her to a career-high junior ranking of No. 5 in the world. During the US Open, she left New York after her first match to attend her biological father's funeral in Louisiana. She returned to play and win her next match, but ultimately lost in the third round. In 2010, <mask> partnered with Tímea Babos to win the doubles title at all three majors in which they participated.They became just the second pair of girls to win three Grand Slam tournament doubles titles in one season after Corina Morariu and Ludmila Varmužová in 1995. <mask> also reached at least the quarterfinals in each of the singles events. Her best singles result that year was a Grand Slam semifinal at the US Open, where she lost to Daria Gavrilova in a third set tiebreak. Professional career

2007–11: Tour debut, entering the top 100

<mask> played her first professional events on the ITF Women's Circuit in late 2007. In the spring of 2008, she received a qualifying wildcard into her first WTA Tour event, the Miami Open, where she lost her opening round match. She would lose in qualifying the next two years as well. <mask> also received wildcards into the US Open qualifying rounds for three consecutive years.In her first appearance in 2008, she defeated world No. 109, Melinda Czink, while still only 15 years old, but was unable to advance to the main draw in any of these appearances. During the summer of 2008, <mask> won her first professional title in doubles at a low-level $10K event in Wichita alongside partner Christina McHale. In the middle of 2009, <mask> participated in World TeamTennis as a member of the New York Buzz. Although she seldom played on the pro tour that year, <mask> decided to turn pro in October following a strong junior season. In March 2010, <mask> qualified for the Indian Wells Open to make her WTA debut a week before turning 17. She defeated Lucie Hradecká in her first career main-draw match before losing to the defending champion, 12th-seeded Vera Zvonareva.Her only other WTA Tour win that year came at the Swedish Open in July. After starting the year ranked No. 802, she finished the 2010 season just inside the top 200 at No. 198. <mask> continued to climb the WTA rankings during the 2011 clay-court season. She won her first professional singles title at the Camparini Gioielli Cup, a $50K event in Italy. She then made it through qualifying at the French Open to make her Grand Slam main-draw debut in singles.Although she lost to Elena Baltacha, she rose to a career best No. 128 in the world. In August, <mask> entered the Southern California Open as a wildcard and defeated No. 20, Julia Görges, en route to her first WTA quarterfinal. Later that month, she was awarded a wildcard into her first US Open main draw. In the opening round, she defeated Réka Luca Jani for her first Grand Slam tournament match win. She then backed up that win by beating 23rd seed Shahar Pe'er.With this third-round appearance, <mask> made her debut in the top 100 of the WTA rankings and also became the youngest player in the top 100 at 18 years old. 2012: Teenage success, top 50

With an improved ranking, <mask> was able to play WTA Tour-level events the entire season. Early in the year, she played in her first Australian Open main draw and made it to the second round. <mask> then closed out the winter hardcourt season by qualifying for the Miami Open. Having played there every year since 2008, she picked up her first two main draw wins at the tournament, including the second one over No. 30 Sara Errani. In late April, <mask> made her Fed Cup debut in an away playoff tie against Ukraine.She won her only match, a doubles dead rubber with partner Liezel Huber, as the United States won the tie 5–0 to return to the top-level World Group in 2013. After early losses at her first few clay-court events of the year, <mask> finished this part of the season with three impressive results. First, she qualified for the Premier-5 Italian Open and advanced to the second round. She then reached her first WTA semifinal at the Internationaux de Strasbourg. Finally, she produced her best result at a Grand Slam tournament to date by reaching the fourth round at the French Open. <mask> built on this momentum with a third-round appearance in her Wimbledon main-draw debut, which was highlighted by an upset of 23rd seed Petra Cetkovská. This string of performances brought her into the top 50 of the WTA rankings for the first time.Back in the United States, <mask> played at the Citi Open in late July and made it to her second career WTA semifinal. She also reached the third round at the Premier 5 Cincinnati Open, where she lost a tight match to world No. 3, Agnieszka Radwańska. Her final tournament of the year was the US Open. She lost in the third round to No. 13 Ana Ivanovic after struggling with a torn abdominal muscle, which was initially injured during her fourth-round loss at the French Open a few months earlier. <mask> later stated, "I kept playing when I shouldn't have," as part of an effort to try to qualify for the Olympics.She ended up taking the rest of the year off to recover. Nonetheless, she finished the year as the youngest player in the top 50 at No. 38. 2013: Major semifinal, Serena upset, world No. 11
<mask> was ready to return for the Australian hardcourt season. In her first tournament back, she made it to the quarterfinals at the Brisbane International to set up an encounter with world No. 3, Serena Williams.Although Williams won the match in straight sets, she praised <mask>, saying she could be "the best in the world one day." <mask> improved on that result the following week with a semifinal at the Hobart International. She entered the Australian Open seeded 29th, her first Grand Slam tournament as a seeded player. She defeated four unseeded players to make her first Grand Slam tournament quarterfinal and set up her second clash with Williams that month. Williams entered the semifinal on a 20 match win streak, while multiple betting websites listed the 19-year-old <mask> as at least an 11-to-1 underdog. <mask> was down a set and a break early in the second set, but came from behind to pull off a huge upset. This was the first top-ten victory of <mask>'s career and made her much more prominent.Although <mask> would lose her next match to world No. 1, Victoria Azarenka, she rose to a career-high ranking of No. 17 after the tournament. Following the Australian Open, <mask> was forced to miss the United States' quarterfinal Fed Cup tie after aggravating her abdominal injury during her deep run at the tournament. When she returned to the court, this injury continued to hinder her performance as she did not defeat another top 50 opponent until after the clay-court season. She played in the Fed Cup playoff tie in April and lost her only match against Sweden's Sofia Arvidsson. Nonetheless, the United States won the tie 3–2 to secure a place in the 2014 World Group.Despite these struggles, <mask> produced another good Grand Slam tournament result at the French Open, where she defeated three unseeded opponents – none ranked higher than No. 92 – to reach the fourth round. She then lost to world No. 2, Maria Sharapova. <mask> continued her Grand Slam tournament success at Wimbledon by making it to the quarterfinals, again without defeating a seeded opponent. She lost to the eventual champion Marion Bartoli. Her best win at these two majors came in the first round of Wimbledon against world No.25, Jamie Hampton. At the Cincinnati Open in August, <mask> scored her second big upset of the year when she knocked out Sharapova, the No. 3 player in the world, in the second round. She lost in the next round to No. 15, Jelena Jankovic. Two weeks later, <mask> entered the US Open as the 15th seed, where she faced Williams again in the fourth round. This time, Williams avenged her Australian Open loss in straight sets and went on to win the tournament.Although <mask> continued to struggle outside of the majors after the US Open, she was named the second alternate for the WTA Tour Championships. She finished the year at world No. 12 and was one of only three players to make it to the second week of all four Grand Slam tournaments in 2013, along with Williams and Agnieszka Radwańska. <mask> also reached a career-high ranking of No. 11 in October and became the second-highest ranked American. 2014: Inconsistency

<mask> began 2014 at the Hopman Cup with John Isner. The two Americans finished the round-robin in third place in their group, with only one rubber win against Spain.<mask> also withdrew from her last match with a wrist injury. She was able to recover in time to open her WTA season at the Australian Open. A year after her breakthrough, she reached the fourth round and was again defeated by world No. 2, Victoria Azarenka, for the second consecutive year. Her next successful tournament came in March at the Indian Wells Open. Here, <mask> upset No. 13 Ana Ivanovic in the third round and went on to reach her first quarterfinal at a Premier Mandatory event.<mask> returned to the United States Fed Cup team in April for their home playoff tie against France. She played two singles matches and the decisive doubles rubber. After losing to an up-and-coming Caroline Garcia and picking up a win against Virginie Razzano, <mask> and her partner Madison Keys lost to the two of them in the final doubles match to relegate the United States into World Group II the following year. Once again, <mask> did not have a good clay-court season, winning multiple matches in just two out of six tournaments. Nonetheless, her best result of the season came at the French Open, where she lost to No. 4 Simona Halep in the fourth round. In the grass-court season, <mask> was seeded 18th at Wimbledon, but suffered a first round loss to world No.109, Maria Kirilenko. This loss snapped her streak of reaching the second week of every major since a third-round loss at the 2012 US Open. <mask> did not do well at the US Open either, losing in the second round to world No. 96, Johanna Larsson, while committing 63 unforced errors. After playing in one more tournament in September, she ended her season early to recover from a wrist injury. By the end of the year, she fell to No. 37 in the world.2015: First WTA title

<mask> returned from injury to start the season at the Auckland Open and the Hobart International, but lost in the second round at both tournaments. She entered the Australian Open unseeded and faced a difficult draw against Victoria Azarenka in the first round. Azarenka eliminated <mask> for the third consecutive year. Her first two successful tournaments of the year

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Sloane Stephens
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John Stephens
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 came at the Premier Mandatory events in March. She reached the fourth round at Indian Wells, where she lost a three-set match to world No. 1, Serena Williams, who was returning from her long boycott of the tournament. <mask> then improved on that result with a quarterfinal appearance at the Miami Open, which included a win over rival Madison Keys in their first encounter.Despite these good results, <mask> got off to a slow start in the clay-court season. She did not return to form until late May when she reached her second semifinal at Strasbourg. Having struggled at the last three Grand Slam events, <mask> managed to upset world No. 15, Venus Williams, in the first round of the French Open in their first ever meeting. Serena then defeated her in the fourth round, which turned out to be <mask>'s best Grand Slam tournament result of the year. In her only grass-court tune-up, <mask> made it to the semifinals at the Eastbourne International. She notably defeated world No.9, Carla Suárez Navarro, in the second round for her first top-ten victory in almost two years. <mask> closed the European season with a third-round appearance at Wimbledon. <mask> did not play again until the Washington Open in August. She won the tournament without dropping a set for her first career WTA title. She defeated No. 21 Sam Stosur in the semifinals and won the final against Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova while only dropping three games. The title brought <mask> back into the top 30.At the US Open, she was seeded at a Grand Slam tournament for the first time that year but lost in the first round to compatriot CoCo Vandeweghe. She maintained a steady ranking all year, dropping no lower than No. 45 while rising no higher than No. 28, finishing the season at No. 30 in the world. 2016: Three WTA titles, foot injury
In the off-season, <mask> hired Kamau Murray to be her new coach. Their partnership proved successful immediately.At the Auckland Open, <mask> won her first tournament with the two of them together. Due to a rain suspension, she was forced to play the end of her semifinal match against No. 17, Caroline Wozniacki, as well as the entire final against Julia Görges on the same day to claim the title. <mask> would win two more WTA titles during the season. Her second title of the year also came on hardcourt at the Mexican Open. Her third and last title of the year came on clay at the higher-level Charleston Open, a low-level Premier event. During the semifinals of this tournament, she defeated No.2 Angelique Kerber, who needed to retire in the second set due to an illness. Part of her prize in Charleston included a car from the title sponsor Volvo, which <mask> was unaware of until after the tournament. In contrast to previous years where <mask> struggled at smaller tournaments while still doing well at bigger tournaments, she struggled at the Grand Slam tournaments and high-level Premier events in 2016. Her best Grand Slam tournament results of the year came at the French Open and Wimbledon, where she reached the third round at both events. She also lost in the first round of the Australian Open for the second consecutive year, this time to a qualifier. Her last tournament of the year was the 2016 Rio Olympics, which ended with a first round loss to Eugenie Bouchard. After the Olympics, <mask> revealed she had been hindered by a left foot injury for most of the year, for which doctors recommended time off to recover.She finally did end her season upon being diagnosed with a stress fracture. Although she was initially expected to only miss several months, it was later discovered that she would need surgery that would keep her out for the first half of 2017 as well. At the time of her last WTA event of the year at the end of July, <mask> was ranked No. 22 in the world. 2017: Comeback, US Open title, year-end struggles
She had foot surgery in January and could not walk again without a boot until the middle of April. While unable to play on the tour, <mask> was granted the opportunity to be a broadcaster for the Tennis Channel. She attended several WTA events in the United States including Indian Wells, the Miami, and Charleston, where she interviewed fellow tennis players and also provided analysis.<mask> returned to the WTA Tour in July for Wimbledon, about eleven months after her last match and with her ranking having dropped to No. 336. She lost her first two matches back, one to compatriot Alison Riske at Wimbledon, and the other to No. 2, Simona Halep, at the Washington Open. However, she showed some signs of improvement by reaching the doubles final at Washington with Eugenie Bouchard. By August, <mask>'s ranking had continued to fall to as low as No. 957.But she was able to reach the semifinals of both Premier 5 tournaments that month, the Canadian Open and the Cincinnati Open. During each tournament, she defeated four top 50 players including Lucie Šafářová and 14th-seed Petra Kvitová at both events, and also No. 3 Angelique Kerber. <mask> was defeated by a top ten player in both semifinals, No. 6 Caroline Wozniacki in Canada, and No. 2 Halep again in Cincinnati. <mask> had entered the month having never reached a semifinal at a high-level Premier tournament.With these results, <mask> climbed back into the top 100 of the WTA rankings. <mask> entered the US Open at No. 83 in the world, and still needed to use a protected ranking to be accepted into the main draw due to the entry deadline being over a month before the event. Her first upset of the tournament came in the second round over No. 10 Dominika Cibulková. In the fourth round, she defeated No. 33 Julia Görges to advance to her first US Open quarterfinal and her first major quarterfinal since Wimbledon in 2013.She then defeated No. 17 Anastasija Sevastova to set up the first all-American semifinals at a major since Wimbledon in 1985, and the first at the US Open since 1981. Her semifinal was against No. 9 Venus Williams. After two lopsided split sets, <mask> won a tight third set to reach her first Grand Slam singles final. Madison Keys won the other semifinal against CoCo Vandeweghe. <mask> closed out the tournament by defeating Keys in straight sets to win her first Grand Slam tournament title.She became the first American woman other than the Williams sisters to win a major title since Jennifer Capriati won the Australian Open in 2002 and the first to win the US Open since Lindsay Davenport in 1998. She also became the lowest-ranked US Open champion ever, and the fifth-lowest at any Grand Slam tournament. After the US Open, <mask> did not win another match the rest of the season. This stretch notably included two matches at the year-end Elite Trophy as well as two singles rubbers in the Fed Cup final against Belarus. Nonetheless, the United States won the tie 3–2 to give <mask> her first Fed Cup crown. This was the first title for the United States since 2000. <mask> finished the season ranked No.13 and was named WTA Comeback Player of the Year. 2018: French Open finalist, WTA Finals runner-up, world No. 3
<mask> extended her losing streak to eight matches at the Australian Open. She dismissed concerns about her form from the media, saying, "Everything's good. Just relax, everybody. It'll be okay, don't worry." In the coming months, she would prove to be correct, first by snapping her losing streak at her next tournament in Acapulco.In March, <mask> returned to form and won the Miami Open, her first Premier Mandatory title. She defeated three top-ten players at the event, including No. 3 Garbiñe Muguruza, and No. 10 Angelique Kerber in the fourth round and quarterfinals, and No. 5 Jeļena Ostapenko in the final. With this performance, she also cracked the top 10 for the first time. Despite winning the second biggest title of her career, <mask> was unable to make the quarterfinals in any of her French Open preparation tournaments.The highlight of her clay-court season in the lead up to the French Open was the Fed Cup semifinals on the road against France, where she won both of her singles rubbers over Pauline Parmentier and Kristina Mladenovic to lead the United States to a 3–2 victory. <mask> entered the French Open having never reached the quarterfinals. However, she was able to produce her best result at the tournament, making it to the final. In the semifinals, <mask> won a rematch of the 2017 US Open final against Madison Keys, the first all-American semifinal there since 2002. Despite going up a set and a break, <mask> lost the final to world No. 1, Simona Halep, her first loss in a WTA singles final. Nonetheless, this run catapulted her to a career-high ranking of No.4 in the world, making her the first American woman other than the Williams sisters to be ranked in the top 5 in singles since Lindsay Davenport in 2006. <mask> did not carry any momentum into the grass-court season, losing at Wimbledon in the first round in her only event. Nonetheless, she moved up to No. 3 in the singles rankings after the tournament. With a higher seed, <mask> had a strong US Open series for the second consecutive year. She finished runner-up at the Canadian Open to Halep, her second high-level Premier final of the year. At the US Open, <mask> was unable to defend her title, losing to Anastasija Sevastova in the quarterfinals in a rematch of last year's meeting at this tournament in the same round.For the second straight year, <mask> began the Asian hardcourt season with multiple losses. However, unlike the previous year, <mask> was able to win two matches on the continent at the China Open. She then closed out the season by participating in her first WTA Finals in Singapore. In the round robin stage, <mask> swept her group of Naomi Osaka, Kiki Bertens, and Angelique Kerber to advance to the knockout stage. After a dismal start in the semifinals where she lost the first eight games of the match against Karolína Plíšková, she recovered and won the match in three sets. In her final match of the season, <mask> was able to win the first set against Elina Svitolina, but ultimately lost the match. She finished the season ranked No.6 in the world, her best year-end ranking to date. 2019: Out of the top 20
<mask> struggled throughout the 2019 season. Although she remained in the top 10 for the majority of the year in large part due to ranking points she was defending from the previous year's WTA Finals, she could not match her best performances at the Grand Slam tournaments or other higher-level events. Two of her biggest improvements came at two Grand Slam events. <mask> reached the fourth round at the Australian Open, securing her first match wins at the tournament since 2014. She also reached the third round at Wimbledon, despite having lost her previous two opening round matches there. Her best Grand Slam performance was a quarterfinal loss to Johanna Konta at the French Open, where she could not defend her runner-up finish from the previous season.Konta also defeated her at Wimbledon. <mask> ended her Grand Slam season with an opening-round loss at the US Open to qualifier Anna Kalinskaya. Outside of the majors, <mask> best performance also came on clay at the Madrid Open, a Premier Mandatory event. During the tournament, she reached the semifinals, where she lost to No. 7 Kiki Bertens. Aside from this tournament and the French Open, the only other event where she reached the quarterfinals was the Charleston Open at the start of the clay court season. <mask> fell out of the top 10 shortly before the US Open, and again afterwards.She fell out of the top 20 upon losing her 2018 WTA Finals rankings points near the end of the season. 2020: Continued struggles with form
<mask> started her 2020 season at the Brisbane International. She lost in the first round to qualifier Liudmila Samsonova in three sets. At the first edition of the Adelaide International, she was defeated in the first round in straight sets by world No. 201, Arina Rodionova. This was her first loss to a player outside the top 200 since 2011. Seeded 24th at the Australian Open, she was eliminated in the first round by Zhang Shuai, despite serving for the match in the second set.As the top seed in Acapulco, <mask> was beaten in the first round by world No. 270, Renata Zarazúa. Seeded fifth at the Monterrey Open, she got her first victory of the year by beating compatriot, Emma Navarro, in the first round. She fell in the second round to Leylah Fernandez. After Monterrey, the WTA tour was suspended from the rest of March through July due to the COVID-19 pandemic. When the WTA Tour resumed tournament play in August, <mask> competed at the first edition of the Top Seed Open. Seeded seventh, she lost in the first round to qualifier Leylah Fernandez.At the Cincinnati Open, she was defeated in the first round by Caroline Garcia. This loss brought her record for the year to 1-7. She showed an improvement in form at the US Open. Seeded 26th, she won her opening two matches in straight sets before losing in the third round to third seed and six-time champion Serena Williams. This match garnered a lot of praise from tennis experts. After the US Open, <mask> competed at the Italian Open. She was eliminated in the first round by ninth seed Garbiñe Muguruza.Seeded eighth in Strasbourg, she was beaten in the first round by Nao Hibino. Seeded 29th at the French Open, she lost in the second round to Paula Badosa. <mask> ended the year with a 4–11 record and ranked 39. 2021: French Open fourth round, out of top 60
<mask> started her season at the first edition of the Grampians Trophy. She lost in the first round to Leylah Fernandez. At the Australian Open, she was defeated in the first round by 26th seed Yulia Putintseva. Seeded ninth at the first edition of the Phillip Island Trophy, she suffered a first round upset at the hands of Varvara Gracheva.<mask> losing streak continued at the Monterrey Open. As the top seed, she was eliminated in the first round by lucky loser Kristína Kučová. In Miami, she earned her first win of the season by defeating qualifier Océane Dodin in the first round. She was beaten in her second-round match by 28th seed and compatriot, Amanda Anisimova. <mask> began her clay-court season at the Charleston Open. She upset eighth seed and 2019 champion, Madison Keys, in the second round. She ended up losing in the quarterfinals to 15th seed and eventual champion, Veronika Kudermetova.In Madrid, she was defeated in the second round by Ons Jabeur. At the Italian Open, she fell in the final round of qualifying to Tamara Zidanšek. However, she got a lucky loser spot into the main draw. She was eliminated in the first round by Madison Keys in three sets. At the first edition of the Emilia-Romagna Open, she reached the semifinals where she was beaten by sixth seed Wang Qiang. At the French Open, she stunned ninth seed Karolína Plíšková in the second round. She lost in her fourth-round match to eventual champion Barbora Krejčíková.Competing at Wimbledon, <mask> upset tenth seed and two-time champion, Petra Kvitová, in the first round. She was defeated in the third round by up-and-coming wildcard Liudmila Samsonova. In August, <mask> played at the Silicon Valley Classic. She was eliminated in the second round by compatriot, seventh seed, and eventual champion, Danielle Collins. In Montreal, she was beaten in the second round by top seed Aryna Sabalenka. At the Cincinnati Open, she lost in the first round to qualifier Caroline Garcia. At the US Open, she won a tight three-set first-round match over 2017 finalist Madison Keys.She was defeated in the third round by 16th seed and 2016 champion, Angelique Kerber. At the first edition of the Chicago Fall Classic, <mask> was eliminated in the first round by 13th seed Tamara Zidanšek. In Indian Wells, she was beaten in the second round by 19th seed and

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 compatriot, Jessica Pegula. In November, she played for the U.S. team at the Billie Jean King Cup Finals. In the first tie, Slovakia beat the USA 2–1. She beat Nuria Párrizas Díaz during the tie against Spain. The USA won the tie over Spain 2-1 to advance to the semifinals.In the semifinals tie against Russia, she lost her match to Liudmila Samsonova. In the end, Russia beat the USA 2–1 to advance to the final. <mask> ended the year ranked 64. 2022: First title since 2018
At the 2022 Australian Open, <mask> lost in the first round to Emma Raducanu. She won her following tournament and secured her 7th title at the Abierto Zapopan. World TeamTennis
<mask> has played five seasons with World TeamTennis starting in 2009 when she debuted in the league with the New York Buzz, followed by a season with the Washington Kastles in 2014, the Philadelphia Freedoms in 2017 and 2018, and the New York Empire in 2019. It was announced that she will joining the Chicago Smash for their debut season, during the 2020 WTT season set to begin July 12 at The Greenbrier.<mask>

<mask> vs. <mask>'s biggest rivalry is with her close friend and compatriot Madison Keys. Keys has said, "<mask> and I, since we were 12 and 14, have constantly been compared to each other." Both players have been ranked in the top 10 by the WTA. They have also both been labelled as leaders of the next generation of American women's tennis.In spite of their rivalry, the two have looked forward to their matchups, with <mask> saying, "Every time I get to play Maddy is great. Another opportunity for the both of us." Keys has said, "I always want to see <mask> do well. I'd love for both of us to be able to be in the position to play each other multiple times. ... I'm always cheering for her." <mask> has a 5-2 record against Madison Keys, winning their first three matches in straight sets.After their first meeting in the second round of the 2015 Miami Open, their next two encounters were both two of the most important matches of their careers. In 2017, <mask> defeated Keys in the final of the US Open to win her first major title. She then won their next meeting in the semifinals of the 2018 French Open to reach her second Grand Slam singles final. Keys defeated <mask> for the first time in the quarterfinals of the 2019 Charleston Open. <mask> avenged her Charleston Open defeat in 2021, beating Keys in straight sets in the 2nd round. But Keys prevailed at the 2021 Italian Open a month later. They played for a third time in 2021 at the US Open and <mask> prevailed in a third set tiebreak.<mask> vs. Serena Williams
<mask> had frequently been regarded as a potential successor to Serena Williams to become the next top American women's tennis player, if not the best in the world. She grew up as a fan of the Williams sisters, but had lost some of her interest in them after they did not sign autographs at a Fed Cup tie that <mask> attended at age 12. She considered them to be friends when she was starting out on the pro tour, but described Serena as simply a colleague in early 2015. Her relationship with Serena became strained after their match at the 2013 Australian Open. After <mask>'s victory against her at the tournament, Serena commented, "I made you," in a tweet believed to be directed at <mask> and did not speak to her younger compatriot until at least May. Nonetheless, <mask> has said the two of them still had a good relationship. <mask> has a 1–6 record against Serena Williams, with three of their matches coming in 2013, other three in 2015 and one in 2020.Her only victory against Serena came at the 2013 Australian Open when she was still relatively unknown as a 19-year-old. The match win and her run into a Grand Slam singles semifinal garnered international attention and put her on the cusp of cracking the top 10 of the WTA rankings later in the season. With Serena entering the match in excellent form and also having defeated her much younger opponent earlier that month, <mask> was listed as high as a 16-to-1 underdog. All of their matches since have been contested at high-level Premier tournaments or Grand Slam tournaments. In 2015, <mask> won the first set of their encounters at the Indian Wells Open and the French Open, but ultimately lost in three sets in both instances. <mask> vs. Halep
<mask> and Halep have built a rivalry centered around their highest profile matches in 2018. Because Halep has dominated their matches, <mask> has downplayed their rivalry, saying, "It's not a rivalry if you don't beat the person."International Tennis Hall of Famer Chris Evert has praised their rivalry, saying, "I liked [their match in the 2018 Canadian Open final] a lot, because that is a contrast in personalities and styles, in moods, in coaches. That is a definite contest." <mask> has a 2–7 record against Halep. Halep won their first encounter in 2012 at the Barcelona Ladies Open. <mask> then won their next two meetings in early 2013, including a first round match at the Australian Open as part of her breakthrough semifinal run at the event. Both of these wins came before Halep entered the top ten in 2014. Since then, Halep has won all six of their encounters.Their two biggest matches came in 2018, both of which were three set finals. In the first such match, the French Open final, Halep came from a set down to defeat <mask> for her first Grand Slam title. This was only the fourth time in the previous 47 Grand Slam singles finals where the winner of the first set was unable to win the match. Their next big match, the final at the Canadian Open, was ranked as the match of the year by the WTA. Halep won the first set of the match after saving four set points, two while serving at 6–5 and two more in the tiebreak. After <mask> was able to push the match to three sets Halep was able to regroup and win the match. Prior to these finals, <mask> had never lost a final on the WTA Tour.Playing style

<mask> is an all-court player, having reached the quarterfinals or better at all four majors. Her favorite surface is clay, on which she was a finalist at the French Open. However, most of her best results have come on hard courts, including her US Open and Miami Open titles, as well as six of her seven titles in total. She has never won a professional title on grass, and Wimbledon is the only Grand Slam event where she has not made it to at least the semifinals. <mask> often plays behind the baseline, relying on her athleticism to defend against her opponent's shots. She excels at countering powerfully-hit shots, and is capable of turning defense into offense. <mask>' game is commonly referred to as possessing "easy power" due to the seemingly casual nature in which she injects pace into her shots.She sometimes flattens out her shots, even on the run, and goes for stinging winners. <mask> has the ability to hit powerful winners as she takes large swings with her forehand. In contrast, she has a more compact swing with her two-handed backhand. She favors her forehand, and will run around her backhand at times to play her stronger groundstroke. <mask> excels in point construction, and varies patterns of hitting in order to confuse opponents. <mask> has an uncharacteristic style of play compared to her fellow top-ranked American contemporaries. Whereas the other leading Americans are some of the most aggressive players on the WTA Tour, <mask> has a more passive approach.According to the Aggression Score Metric, which measures a player's aggression based on how quickly they end points — either through a winner, an unforced error, or an opponent's forced error, <mask> has a score of 19.4% — which implies that 19.4% of her shots lead to one of those three outcomes. This score is average compared to other women's tennis players, and rates similarly to fellow Grand Slam tournament winners Justine Henin and Victoria Azarenka. In contrast, Venus Williams is amongst the top 20% of most aggressive players, while Serena Williams, Madison Keys, and CoCo Vandeweghe are all in the top 10% with aggression scores above 25%. <mask> has been perceived as having a nonchalant attitude towards losing matches and striving to meet expectations. Her former junior coach Chris Evert has questioned her motivation on multiple occasions and attributed stretches of inconsistency at various times in her career to her mentality. On the contrary, <mask> has also shown the ability to use her mindset of not worrying about disappointing outcomes to bounce back from injury and poor tournaments. She demonstrated this type of mindset after her early 2014 US Open loss, saying, "I'm not gonna dwell on this.I'm just gonna keep improving and getting better and looking forward to the next tournaments." Coaches

When <mask> was just starting to play tennis at the Sierra Sport and Racquet Club, one of her first instructors was Francisco González, a retired professional tennis player once ranked in the top 50. Upon his recommendation, <mask> moved to Florida to train at an elite junior tennis academy. Although she started out at the Evert Tennis Academy for a year working with John and Chris Evert, she then moved to the Nick Saviano High Performance Tennis Academy, where she stayed for several years. Roger Smith began coaching <mask> in early 2009 and worked with her for several years. With Smith as her coach, she became a top-ranked junior with three Grand Slam tournament doubles titles and also cracked the top 100 of the WTA rankings. In June 2012, <mask> switched coaches to David Nainkin in order to try to qualify for the 2012 Olympics.Although her ranking was high enough to qualify, she narrowly missed out on that goal as she was the fifth-highest ranked American with each country only being allotted at most four players in each draw. Nonetheless, under Nainkin, <mask> had her breakthrough tournament at the 2013 Australian Open and reached a career-best ranking of No. 11 in the world. She parted with him after the 2013 season in order to find a full-time coach. Nainkin had also been working with fellow American Sam Querrey that year. <mask> replaced him with Paul Annacone, who is better known for coaching two of the greatest players in tennis history in Pete Sampras and Roger Federer. She became the first woman to be coached by Annacone.Although the pair worked well together, <mask> split with Annacone in late 2014 after not matching the success from her previous year that season. <mask> briefly worked with Thomas Högstedt in late 2014. At the start of 2015, she returned to her longtime junior coach, Nick Saviano. While working with Saviano, <mask> won her first WTA title, but did not manage to ascend back up the WTA rankings. In the 2015 offseason, she replaced him with Kamau Murray. With Murray as her coach, <mask> established herself as one of the best players in women's tennis. She has since won five of her six titles, including three in 2016, her first major at the 2017 US Open, and her first Premier Mandatory title in 2018.She has also reached a new career-high ranking at No. 3 in the world. <mask> split with Murray during the 2018 offseason before reuniting with him in August 2019 shortly before the US Open. In Murray's absence, <mask> had worked with Sven Groeneveld for three months. She split with Murray in 2021 before the Miami Open and is working with ATP tennis player Darian King who is also her practice partner. Endorsements
<mask> is represented by GSE Worldwide. Her clothing sponsor from 2010 was Under Armour and in early 2018 she signed with Nike.At the 2021 French Open, she wore a striking all-black outfit, despite the heat. <mask> uses Head rackets, specifically the Graphene XT Radical Pro model as of 2018. After her US Open victory, <mask> accrued several new sponsors, including Mercedes-Benz. She has  appeared in television advertisements for Built with Chocolate Milk, a campaign to encourage chocolate milk as a recovery drink. Her other health-related endorsements include doTerra, Precision Nutrition, and Colgate. doTerra is a company that primarily sells essential oils, while Precision Nutrition provides coaching for diet and exercise. With Colgate, <mask> is a part of their Bright Smiles, Bright Futures campaign that focuses on educating children about oral hygiene.<mask> has previously signed a deal with the American Express credit card company and was formerly an endorser of the Listerine mouthwash product. She was also a brand ambassador for USANA, a nutrition company. Moreover, <mask> has worked with Time Warner Cable as part of their Connect a Million Minds campaign to motivate the importance of education in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields. Personal life
<mask> credits her mother for supporting her career as a tennis player since she was very young. When she won the 2017 US Open, she recalled an instance at age 11 when her mother believed <mask> had high upside in spite of being told by an instructor at a junior tennis academy that she would be lucky to get a tennis scholarship to a Division II college. <mask> is of Trinidadian descent through her maternal grandfather Noel Smith, who came to the United States from Trinidad to pursue a career as a doctor. She has cited her grandfather as her hero and one of her biggest influences growing up.Her favorite player growing up was Kim Clijsters, who congratulated <mask> in person after her 2017 US Open title. She was also a fan of the Williams sisters and kept a poster of Serena in her bedroom as a kid. Although she disliked that they were uninterested in signing autographs at a match she attended and has also commented that neither of them tried to serve as one of her mentors, <mask> has stated she developed a good relationship with the Williams sisters. She also noted that she has read Serena's autobiography and respects her strong personality. <mask> has worked with Soles4Souls, a charity that collects new and used shoes to give to children in poverty. She also started the Sloane Stephens Foundation, which helps build tennis courts and set up after-school tennis programs for underserved students in conjunction with supplemental tutoring. The foundation is run by <mask>, her mother, and her uncle Ronald Smith.They have organized programs in Compton, Fresno, and Fort Lauderdale. <mask> is married to United States national soccer team player Jozy Altidore, who was also one of her childhood friends from living in Florida. She had previously dated fellow American tennis player Jack Sock for over a year. In late 2017, <mask> graduated from Indiana University East with a bachelor's degree in communications studies. She finished her degree while recovering from foot surgery earlier in the year. She credits her time away from playing tennis that was spent on her studies and her job with the Tennis Channel for improving her perspective on being a professional tennis player. Career statistics

Grand Slam tournament finals

Singles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up)

WTA Championships finals

Singles: 1 (runner-up)

Singles performance timeline

References

External links

1993 births
Living people
African-American female tennis players
American female tennis players
American people of Trinidad and Tobago descent
Association footballers' wives and girlfriends
French Open junior champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in girls' doubles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in women's singles
Hopman Cup competitors
Indiana University alumni
Olympic tennis players of the United States
People from Plantation, Florida
Sportspeople from Coral Springs, Florida
Sportspeople from Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Tennis people from Florida
Tennis players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
US Open (tennis) junior champions
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon junior champions
21st-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century

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