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<mask> (September 29, 1903 – August 22, 1989) was a French-American fashion columnist and editor. She worked for the fashion magazine Harper's Bazaar and as editor-in-chief at Vogue,  later becoming a special consultant to the Costume Institute of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. She was named on the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1964. She is also known for having coined the word "" in 1965. Early life
Born <mask> in Paris, France, she lived at 5 avenue du Bois-de-Boulogne (known as Avenue Foch post-World War I). <mask> was the eldest daughter of an American socialite mother, Emily Key Hoffman (1876–1928), and a British stockbroker father, Frederick Young Dalziel (1868–1960). Hoffman was a descendant of George Washington's brother, as well as a cousin of Francis Scott Key.She was also a distant cousin of writer and socialite Pauline de Rothschild (née Potter; 1908–1976). Vreeland had one sister, Alexandra (1907–1999), who later married Sir Alexander Davenport Kinloch, 12th Baronet (1902–1982). Their daughter Emily Lucy Kinloch married Lt.-Col. Hon. Hugh Waldorf Astor (1920–1999), the second son of John Jacob Astor, 1st Baron Astor of Hever and Violet Astor, Baroness Astor of Hever. <mask>'s family emigrated to the United States at the outbreak of World War I, moving to 15 East 77th Street in New York, where they became prominent society figures. Vreeland was sent to dancing school as a pupil of Michel Fokine, the only Imperial Ballet master ever to leave Russia, and later of Louis Harvy Chalif. She performed in Anna Pavlova's Gavotte at Carnegie Hall.In January 1922, she was featured in the pages of her future magazine, Vogue, in a roundup of socialites and their cars. The story read, "“Such motors as these accelerate the social whirl. Miss <mask>, one of the most attractive debutantes of the winter, is shown entering her Cadillac." On March 1, 1924, <mask> married Thomas Reed <mask> (1899–1966), a banker and international financier, at St. Thomas Church in New York. The couple had two sons: Tim (Thomas Reed <mask>, Jr.) born 1925, who became an architect, as well as a professor of architecture at the University of New Mexico and then UCLA, and Frecky (Frederick Dalziel <mask>), born 1927, who would become U.S. ambassador to Morocco). A week before <mask>'s wedding, The New York Times reported that her mother had been named co‑respondent in the divorce proceedings of Sir Charles Ross and his second wife, Patricia. The ensuing scandal estranged Vreeland from her mother, who died in September 1928 in Nantucket, Massachusetts.After the Vreelands' honeymoon, they moved to Brewster, New York, where they raised their two sons and remained until 1929, when they relocated to 17 Hanover Terrace, Regent's Park, London, previously the home of Wilkie Collins and Edmund Gosse. In London, she danced with the Tiller Girls and met Cecil Beaton, who became a lifelong friend. Like Syrie Maugham and Elsie de Wolfe, society women who ran their own boutiques, <mask> operated a lingerie business near Berkeley Square. Her clients included Wallis Simpson and Mona Williams. She often visited Paris, where she would buy her clothes, mostly from Chanel, whom she had met in 1926. She was one of fifteen American women presented to King George V and Queen Mary at Buckingham Palace on May 18, 1933. In 1935, her husband's job brought them back to New York, where they lived for the remainder of their lives.As Vreeland would later recall, "Before I went to work for Harper's Bazaar, in 1936, I had been leading a wonderful life in Europe. That meant traveling, seeing beautiful places, having marvelous summers, studying and reading a great deal of the time." A biographical documentary of Vreeland, The Eye has to Travel, debuted in September 2012 at the Angelika Theater in New York City. Career

Harper's Bazaar 1936–1962
<mask> began her publishing career in 1936 as columnist for Harper's Bazaar. Its editor, Carmel Snow, had been so impressed with Vreeland's style and attire that she asked her to work at the magazine. From 1936 until her resignation, <mask> ran a column for Harper's Bazaar called "Why Don't You...?,"full of random, imaginative suggestions. For example, she wrote, "Why don't you...Turn your child into an Infanta for a fancy-dress party?"According to <mask>, "The one that seemed to draw the most attention was [...] "[Why Don't You] [w]ash your blond child's hair in dead champagne, as they do in France?" <mask> says that S. J. Perelman's subsequent parody of it for The New Yorker magazine outraged her then-editor, Carmel Snow. <mask> "discovered" the then-unknown Lauren Bacall during World War II. The Harper's Bazaar cover for March 1943 shows the newly minted model (not yet a Hollywood star) Lauren Bacall, posing near a Red Cross office. <mask> directed the shoot, later describing the image as "an extraordinary photograph, in which Bacall is leaning against the outside door of a Red Cross blood donor room. She wears a chic suit, gloves, a cloche hat with long waves of hair falling from it". Ever focused on fashion, <mask> commented in 1946 that "[T]he bikini is the most important thing since the atom bomb".Disdainful of the typical approach to dressing in the United States in the 1940s, she detested "strappy high-heel shoes" and the "crêpe de chine dresses" that women wore even in the heat of the summer in the countryside. Until her resignation from Harper's Bazaar, she worked closely with Louise Dahl-Wolfe, Richard Avedon, Nancy White, and Alexey Brodovitch. She became the magazine's Fashion Editor. Richard Avedon recalled when he first met her, at Harper's Bazaar, she "looked up at me for the first time and said, 'Aberdeen, Aberdeen, doesn't it make you want to cry?' Well, it did. I went back to Carmel Snow and said, 'I can't work with that woman. She calls me Aberdeen.'Carmel Snow said, 'You're going to work with her.' And I did, to my enormous benefit, for almost 40 years." Avedon said at the time of her death that "she was and remains the only genius fashion editor". In 1955, the Vreelands moved to a new apartment, which <mask> had Billy Baldwin decorate entirely in red. She said, "I want this place to look like a garden, but a garden in hell". Regular attendees at the parties the Vreelands threw were socialite C. Z. Guest, composer Cole Porter, and British photographer Cecil Beaton.Paramount's 1957 movie musical Funny Face featured a character—Maggie Prescott as portrayed by Kay Thompson—based on Vreeland. In 1960, John F. Kennedy became president and <mask> advised First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in matters of style. "<mask> advised Jackie throughout the campaign and helped connect her with fashion designer Oleg Cassini, who became chief designer to the first lady". "I can remember Jackie Kennedy, right after she moved into the White House...It wasn't even like a country club, if you see what I mean--plain." <mask> occasionally gave Mrs. Kennedy advice about clothing during her husband's administration, and small advice about what to wear on Inauguration Day in 1961. In spite of being extremely successful, <mask> was paid a relatively small salary by the Hearst Corporation, which owned Harper's Bazaar. <mask> said that she was paid $18,000 a year from 1936 with a $1,000 raise, finally, in 1959.She speculated that newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst's castle in San Simeon, California, "must have been where the Hearst money went". Vogue 1963–1971 and the Metropolitan Museum of Art
According to some sources, hurt that she was passed over for promotion at Harper's Bazaar in 1957, she joined Vogue in 1962. She was editor-in-chief from 1963 until 1971. <mask> enjoyed the 1960s enormously because she felt that uniqueness was being celebrated. "If you had a bump on your nose, it made no difference so long as you had a marvelous body and good carriage." <mask> sent memos to her staff urging them to be creative. One said, "Today let's think pig white!Wouldn't it be wonderful to have stockings that were pig white! The color of baby pigs, not quite white and not quite pink!" During her tenure at the magazine, she discovered the sixties "youthquake" star Edie Sedgwick. In 1984, <mask> explained how she saw fashion magazines. "What these magazines gave was a point of view. Most people haven't got a point of view; they need to have it given to them—and what's more, they expect it from you. [...][I]t must have been 1966 or '67.I published this big fashion slogan: This is the year of do it yourself. [...][E]very store in the country telephoned to say, 'Look, you have to tell people. No one wants to do it themselves-they want direction and to follow a leader!'" After she was fired from Vogue, she became consultant to the Costume Institute of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 1971. By 1984, according to <mask>'s account, she had organized twelve exhibitions. Artist Greer Lankton created a life-size portrait doll of <mask> that is on display in the Costume Institute's library. Later years
In 1984, <mask> wrote her autobiography, D.V.In 1989, she died of a heart attack at age 85 at Lenox Hill Hospital, on Manhattan's Upper East Side in New York City. <mask>land Estate
The <mask>land Estate is administered by her grandson, <mask>, Frederick's son. The responsibility was given to him by her sons, Fredrick and Tim. The official <mask>land website was launched in September 2011. Created and overseen by her estate, DianaVreeland.com is dedicated to her work and career, presenting her accomplishments and influence, and revealing how and why she achieved her notoriety and distinction. Film portrayals
<mask> was portrayed in the film Infamous (2006) by Juliet Stevenson. She was also portrayed in the film Factory Girl (2006) by Illeana Douglas.Her life was documented in <mask>: The Eye Has to Travel (2012). <mask> Parfums is featured in the opening scene of Ocean's 8. References in film, television, theatre and literature
In the 1941 musical Lady in the Dark by Moss Hart, Kurt Weill and Ira Gershwin the character of Alison Du Bois was based on Vreeland. Maggie Prescott, a fashion magazine editor in Funny Face (1957) is loosely based on <mask>. In the 1966 film Who Are You, Polly Maggoo?, Miss Maxwell (Grayson Hall) portrays an extravagant American expatriate fashion magazine editor. The film's director, William Klein, worked briefly for Vreeland and has confirmed the outrageous character in Polly Maggoo was based on <mask>. In 1980, she was lauded in an article about social climbing in The New Yorker.In 1982, she met over dinner with author Bruce Chatwin, who wrote a touching memoir of their dinner conversation in a half-page slice-of-life, entitled "At Dinner with <mask>reeland". In the 1995 film To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar, Vida Boheme (Patrick Swayze) gives a copy of <mask>'s autobiography to a thrift-store clerk and tells him to "commit sections to memory". Later, the clerk quotes a passage that reads "That season we were loaded with pizazz. Earrings of fuchsia and peach. Mind you, peach. And hats.Hats, hats, hats, for career girls. How I adored Paris." In October 1996, Mary Louise Wilson portrayed <mask> in a one-woman play called Full Gallop, which she had written together with Mark Hampton. The play takes place the day after <mask>'s return to New York City from her 4-month escape to Paris after being fired from Vogue. It was produced at the Westside Theatre in New York City, and directed by Nicholas Martin. In the 2011 book "Damned" by Chuck Palahniuk, the main character (Madison Spencer) receives a pair of high heels from the character Babette. "In one hand, Babette holds a strappy pair of high heels.She says, "I got these from <mask>. I hope they fit...". See also
 Monk with a Camera, a film about <mask>, who is <mask>'s grandson. References

External links

 <mask>reeland Estate
 <mask> Estate at Facebook

 Voguepedia <mask>
 The Lady in Red
 <mask>reeland papers, 1899–2000 (bulk 1930–1989), held by the Manuscripts and Archives Division, New York Public Library
 <mask>: The Eye Has to Travel (2012 film website). American magazine editors
American fashion journalists
American women journalists
1903 births
1989 deaths
Fashion editors
Vogue (magazine) editors
American socialites
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
French emigrants to the United States
People associated with the Metropolitan Museum of Art
People from Brewster, New York
20th-century American journalists
20th-century American writers
20th-century American Episcopalians
American people of English descent
Women magazine editors
Vreeland family
People from the Upper East Side

masks:
Diana Vreeland
Diana Dalziel
Vreeland
Vreeland
Diana Dalziel
Diana Dalziel
Vreeland
Vreeland
Vreeland
Diana
Diana
Vreeland
Diana Vreeland
Vreeland
Vreeland
Vreeland
Vreeland
Vreeland
Diana
Vreeland
Vreeland
Vreeland
Diana Vreeland
Vreeland
Vreeland
Vreeland
Vreeland
Vreeland
Vreeland
Vreeland
Diana Vree
Diana Vree
Alexander Vreeland
Diana Vree
Vreeland
Diana Vreeland
Diana Vreeland
Diana Vreeland
Vreeland
Diana V
Vreeland
Vreeland
Vreeland
Diana Vreeland
Nicholas Vreeland
Diana Vreeland
Diana V
Diana Vland
Diana Vreeland
Diana V
Diana Vreeland


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<mask> is an Indian American scholar and activist. She is a professor of Journalism and Media Studies at Rutgers University. <mask> has been referred to by the Media Education Foundation as one of the United States' "foremost scholars on Islamophobia" and by the New York Times as "a world-renowned scholar of Islamophobia and race". Education and career
<mask> has two master's degrees in Mass Communication, one at Bangalore University and another at Bowling Green State University. She earned her Ph.D. at the University of Pittsburgh. She is a professor of Journalism and Media Studies at Rutgers University where she teaches courses such as "Gender, Race, and Empire." In 2020, she was one of five female tenured professors to file a lawsuit against Rutgers accusing the university of paying them less than their male counterparts.Writings

Media Representations of Labor

Outside the Box: Corporate Media, Globalization, and the UPS Strike
<mask>'s 2008 book Outside the Box looks at the need for a critical analysis of how labor struggles are presented and packaged by the corporate media by examining the United Parcel Service strike of 1997, led by the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. Writings on Islamophobia, Political Islam, and Empire

Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire
Published in August 2012, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire makes the case that the Bush administration's "war on terror" ushered in an era of anti-Muslim racism, or Islamophobia, after the September 11 attacks. She argues that that tragedy did not create the image of the "Muslim enemy," and instead examines the 900-year historic relationship between anti-Muslim racism and the agenda of empire building. Beginning in the eleventh century and the context of the Crusades, <mask> <mask> offers a sweeping historical analysis of the changing views of Islam and Muslims in the West, examining the ways that ruling elites throughout history have used the specter of a "Muslim enemy" to justify their imperial projects. Danish cartoons
Following the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy which attempted to depict the Islamic Prophet Muhammed in a caricatural light, <mask> wrote an article against the publication of the cartoons titled "Danish Cartoons: Racism Has No Place on the Left," where she argues that the left's criticism of Muslim outrage is actually a form of anti-Muslim racism. The article attracted criticism, and in response <mask> wrote another article in the Monthly Review, titled "Fighting Islamophobia: A Response to Critics". Green Scare
<mask> coined the term "Green Scare" (where green refers to the color of Islam rather than environment activists) to talk about the process of fear mongering analogous to the Red Scare of the McCarthyite period.This was in response to the media portrayal of the "homegrown threat" of Muslim Americans after a 2009 small increase in the number of Muslim Americans expressing support for extremist Islamists or carrying out attacks; she noted that "there has been a steady and dramatic decline since 2004, with only a slight increase in this overall trend in 2009." Political Islam
<mask> takes a historical approach to her analysis of the parties of political Islam. She states that Islamist parties have risen to prominence over the last three decades of the 20th century for various reasons: "the active role played by the U.S. in posing Islam and political Islam as an alternative to secular nationalism and the left; persistent imperial intervention and domination; internal weakness that led to the decline of secular nationalist and various left parties, creating an ideological vacuum that Islamists were able to occupy; economic crises and its exacerbation under the neoliberal era, which present an economic opening for Islamists and their charitable networks." <mask> argues that Muslim majority societies do not automatically produce religious political parties but that they are the outgrowth of particular historical factors. She argues that progressives should view these parties, when they oppose imperialism, as potentially deserving support of the left. She gives the example of Hezbollah in Lebanon, which with the popular support from Lebanese people fought back against Israel's invasion in 2006. But she says that this support should be limited and context-based stating that "we often find that Islamist groups are self-serving entities that are not principled anti-imperialists," and are not absolved of criticisms on reactionary, anti-feminist, or anti-gay political positions they may hold.<mask> has criticized the automatic designation of Islamist groups like Hamas as Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) noting that it is a political party that has the support of Palestinians because it has taken up "the mantle of national resistance against Israeli occupation of Palestinian lands." While she critiques its "reactionary" politics and attitudes towards women as well as its policing of "immorality," she points out that it came to power through generally recognized free and fair elections in 2006. She argues that it is for the people of Palestine to decide who should govern them, not Israel or the United States. In 2017, <mask>'s lecture "Constructing the Terrorist Threat: Islamophobia, the Media & the War on Terror" was published by the Media Education Foundation as part of their series on media, culture, and the Middle East. Awards and recognition

In 2016 <mask> was recognized with the Dallas Smythe Award, presented by the Union for Democratic Communications "to an outstanding and influential scholar working in the critical political economic tradition of Dallas Smythe." She has also received two awards from the American Association of University Professors, the Georgina M. Smith Award in 2016, and the Marilyn Sternberg Award in 2020. References

External links
<mask> <mask> talks about her book "Outside the Box" from July 10, 2008 in Sacramento, CA
Trailer for "Constructing the Terrorist Threat" 2017 lecture by <mask>

Members of the International Socialist Organization
Rutgers University faculty
1968 births
Living people
Scholars of Islamophobia
Bangalore University alumni
Indian women historians
20th-century Indian historians
21st-century American historians
American people of Indian descent
20th-century Indian women scientists
20th-century Indian scientists
American women historians
21st-century American women

masks:
Deepa Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Deepa
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Kumar
Deepa
Kumar
Kumar


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<mask> "Howlin' Mad" <mask>, KCB (April 20, 1882 – January 12, 1967) was a general in the United States Marine Corps during World War II. He is sometimes called the "father" of modern U.S. amphibious warfare. His nickname, "Howlin' Mad" <mask>, had been given to him by his troops in the Dominican Republic in 1916. On the eve of World War II, General <mask> directed extensive Army, Navy, and Marine amphibious training, which was a major factor in successful U.S. landings in both the Atlantic and Pacific. He subsequently helped prepare U.S. Army and Canadian troops for the Kiska and Attu landings, then led the V Amphibious Corps in the assaults on the Gilbert Islands, the Marshall Islands, the island of Saipan, and Tinian in the Marianas. During the Marianas operation, besides the V Amphibious Corps, he commanded all Expeditionary Troops, including those that recaptured Guam. He then served as the first commanding general of Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, and headed Task Force 56 (Expeditionary Troops) at Iwo Jima, which included all the assault troops in that battle.Early life
<mask> was born on April 20, 1882, in Hatchechubbee, Alabama, to John V<mask> and his wife Cornelia Caroline McTyeire, both from Dutch ancestry. He received a Bachelor of Science degree from Auburn University (then known as Alabama Polytechnic Institute) in 1901. He had already decided on a military career and had become first sergeant of a cavalry company in the Alabama National Guard. However, he obtained his Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Alabama in 1903 and practiced law in Montgomery, Alabama, for a year. He then sought a commission in the Army, but as none were then open he was appointed a Marine second lieutenant on March 20, 1905. (He was later awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree by Alabama Polytechnic Institute.) In April 1906, after completing the School of Application at Annapolis, Maryland, <mask> sailed for the Philippines, where he served on expeditionary duty with the 1st Marine Brigade until September, 1908.He returned to the United States the following month and was stationed at the Marine Barracks, Annapolis, until December 1909, when he embarked for expeditionary duty in Panama. Returning from Panama in April 1910, he served at Annapolis, Puget Sound, Washington, San Diego, California, and the Recruiting Station, Seattle, Washington, before sailing in September 1912, to rejoin the 1st Marine Brigade in the Philippines. He remained with the 1st Brigade until April 1914, when he took command of the Marine Detachment aboard . He served in that capacity in Asiatic waters until July 1915. He returned to the United States the following month for duty at the Navy Yard, New Orleans, Louisiana. From there, he was ordered to the Dominican Republic in June 1916, as a member of the 4th Marine Regiment. During that unit's operations against native insurgents, he saw action in the march to Santiago and engagements at La Pena and Kilometer 29.Returning to the United States on May 30, 1917, he sailed for France and World War I just two weeks later as commander of the 8th Machine Gun Company, 5th Marines. World War I

<mask>'s 8th Machine Gun company was assigned to the French Chasseurs Alpins to learn the tactics of the War from the experienced French troops. After this time the 8th was assigned to a camp to offload arriving American vessels, where <mask> became second in command of the camp. <mask> was detached from the 5th Marines and sent to the Army General Staff College at Langres, from which he graduated in February 1918. He was the first of only six Marines ever to complete this course. He was then named Adjutant of the 4th Marine Brigade, which was a part of the US Army's 2nd Infantry Division, serving in a relatively quiet sector southeast of Verdun. During the fighting in and around Belleau Wood, he played "a vital though undramatic" role as brigade liaison officer, overseeing internal communications within the brigade.Transferred to the I Corps, First Army, in July 1918, he served as assistant operations officer in charge of liaison during the Aisne-Marne, Oisne-Aisne Offensive, St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives. On 25 November 1918 <mask> was promoted to the temporary rank of major. After the Armistice he participated in the March to the Rhine through Belgium and Luxembourg as an assistant operations officer with the Third Army, and served with the General Staff, U.S. Army, during the occupation of Germany. For his service at Belleau Wood, <mask> was awarded the Croix de Guerre with palm by the French government. He also received a Meritorious Service Citation from General John J. Pershing, Commander in Chief of the American Expeditionary Forces, for which he was later awarded (in 1932) the Purple Heart, one of the first awarded for merit. Post-World War I
Returning to the United States in April 1919, <mask>'s assignments in the next four years included duty at Norfolk, Virginia, study at the Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, and service in Washington, D.C., with the War Plans Section of the Office of Naval Operations. There, he was the first Marine officer to serve on the Joint Army-Navy Planning Committee.Leaving Washington in May 1923, he served aboard the battleships  and  as Fleet Marine Officer, U.S. Scouting Fleet, until September of that year. In February 1924, after serving at Marine Corps Headquarters and in the West Indies in connection with joint Army-Navy maneuvers, <mask> joined the Marine Brigade on expeditionary duty in Haiti, serving as that unit's chief of staff and officer in charge of operations and training. He returned from that country in August 1925, to serve as chief of staff of the 1st Marine Brigade at Quantico, Virginia, until September 1926, as a student in the Marine Corps School, Quantico, from then until June 1927, and as post quartermaster of the Marine Barracks, Philadelphia Navy Yard, from July 1927 to March 1931. In April 1931, <mask> began another tour of sea duty, this time aboard the  as aide to the commander and Force Marine Officer of the Battle Force, U.S. Fleet. He served in those capacities until June 1933, commanded the Marine barracks at the Washington Navy Yard from then until January 1935, and served the following two years at San Francisco, California, as chief of staff, Department of the Pacific. From there he was ordered to Marine Corps Headquarters in March 1937, to serve two years as director of the Division of Operations and Training, after which he was assistant commandant of the Marine Corps under Major General Thomas Holcomb from April to September 1939.World War II

After the latter assignment, General <mask> assumed command of the 1st Marine Brigade at Quantico, taking that unit to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, for extended amphibious training in October 1940. In February 1941, when the brigade was redesignated the U.S. 1st Marine Division, he became that organization's first commander. He returned with the division to Quantico in April 1941, and in June of that year he was detached from it to take command of the organization that eventually became the Amphibious Force, Atlantic Fleet. Under this command, the 1st Marine Division and the 1st and 9th Army Divisions received their initial training in amphibious warfare. Moving to San Diego in August 1942, the general took command of the Amphibious Corps, Pacific Fleet, under which he completed the amphibious indoctrination of the 2d and 3d Marine Divisions before they went overseas, and the 7th Army Division and other units involved in the Aleutians operation. The Amphibious Corps, Pacific Fleet, was later redesignated the V Amphibious Corps, and in September 1943, as commander of that unit, General <mask> arrived at Pearl Harbor to begin planning for the Gilbert Islands campaign. He continued to head the V Amphibious Corps until August 1944, when he was named commanding general, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, at Pearl Harbor.Subsequently, he commanded the Fleet Marine Force. In addition to that post, he commanded Task Force 56 in the Battle of Iwo Jima before returning to the United States in July 1945, to head the Marine Training and Replacement Command at Camp Pendleton, California. <mask> was known for the quote "In our corps without responsibility and discipline we would not have won the Battle of Iwo Jima." U.S. Navy Admirals Raymond Spruance and Richmond Turner wanted General <mask> to command the Okinawa invasion forces. They were overruled by CinCPac, Admiral Nimitz because General <mask> had sacked a U.S. Army general, <mask>, during the Saipan campaign, and justifiable animosity between senior U.S. Army staff existed towards General <mask> due to his service chauvinism. U.S. Army general Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr. was appointed to command the Okinawa invasion in his place. Coincidentally, General Roy Geiger USMC, was placed in command of Tenth Army in June, 1945 when General Buckner was killed in action.Retirement
A lieutenant general when he was retired May 15, 1946, at the age of 64, he was promoted to general on the retired list for having been especially commended in combat. <mask> took up residence in La Jolla, California, where he pursued his hobby, gardening. Following a long illness, General <mask> died January 12, 1967, at the U.S. Naval Hospital in San Diego, California, aged 84. Funeral services were held on January 14, at the Marine Corps Recruit Depot Chapel. The general was interred with full military honors in Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery overlooking San Diego harbor and North Island. At the time of his death, General <mask> was survived by a son, Rear Admiral John V<mask>.General <mask>'s wife, the former Ada B. Wilkinson, had died in 1962. Military awards
General <mask> was awarded the following military decorations and awards:

Honors and recognitions

Camp H. M. <mask>, located on Oahu, Hawaii, is a Marine Corps base named after General <mask>. It is home to the Pacific Command, Marine Forces Pacific and other commands. There are two Marine Corps League Detachments in General <mask>'s name:
 Detachment #93 – Howlin Mad – Hobart, Indiana
  Detachment #592 – Howlin' <mask> – Birmingham, Alabama

In the film Flags of Our Fathers, General <mask> is portrayed by actor Gordon Clapp. In 1964, General <mask> received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. See also

List of 1st Marine Division commanders
Battle of Tarawa
Battle of Saipan

References

Further reading

  <mask>'s autobiography, online. Venzon, Anne Cipriano.From Whaleboats to Amphibious Warfare: Lt. Gen. "Howling Mad" <mask> and the U.S. Marine Corps (Praeger, 2003). 164 pp. External links

 Historical Marker Database - <mask> McTyeire <mask>

1882 births
1967 deaths
American military personnel of the Philippine–American War
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War I
Auburn University alumni
Battle of Iwo Jima
Burials at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Lawyers from Montgomery, Alabama
Military personnel from Alabama
Naval War College alumni
People from La Jolla, San Diego
People from Russell County, Alabama
American military personnel of the Banana Wars
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
United States Marine Corps World War II generals
United States Marine Corps generals
University of Alabama School of Law alumni
20th-century American lawyers
Military personnel from California

masks:
Holland McTyeire
Smith
Smith
Smith
Holland Smith
. Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Holland
Smith
Smith
Ralph Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
. Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Mad Smith
Smith
Smith
Holland Smith
Smith
Holland
Smith


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<mask> (1790–1867) was a United States general who fought during the War of 1812, and later joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. His military career began in 1814 when, as a captain, he raised a company of Maryland volunteers, leading them at both the Battle of Bladensberg and the Battle of North Point, where he was wounded. After the war he rose to become major general and commander-in-chief of the First Light Division, Maryland Militia. During John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859, <mask> personally led a detachment of militia, and, as the prospect of civil war drew closer, he was among those who lobbied unsuccessfully for Maryland to secede from the Union. In 1861, at the start of the Civil War, <mask> left his home state of Maryland and joined the Confederacy, though at 71 years of age he was by then considered too old for active service. This did not prevent him from personally riding with Lee's army and even being captured at the First Battle of Manassas. He is sometimes confused with his eldest son, Brigadier General <mask><mask>, who fought for the Confederacy at a number of major battles, eventually surrendering with General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox in 1865.<mask> died in 1867, his health and fortune ruined by his devotion to the Southern "lost cause". Early life

<mask> was born in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, on November 1, 1790, the eldest son of Dr <mask> of Annapolis (1755–1846), and Rebecca Sprigg, who were married on November 4, 1788. <mask> was a physician who served in the Revolutionary War, and was the son of <mask> <mask> (1700–1784), a Loyalist politician and tobacco planter who was colonel of the Maryland horse militia under Governor <mask> Sharpe. The young Steuart grew up partly at Sparrow's Point, his family's plantation in the Chesapeake Bay, and partly at their residence in West Baltimore, a substantial estate known as Maryland Square. Later he studied at and graduated from Princeton University. Steuart also had a younger brother, Richard Sprigg <mask>, who grew up to become a physician and was an early pioneer of the treatment of mental illness. War of 1812 - Bladensburg and North Point

When war broke out between the United States and Great Britain, <mask> (then Captain <mask>) raised a company of Maryland volunteers, known as the Washington Blues, part of the 5th Maryland Regiment  commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Sterett.They saw action at the Battle of Bladensburg (August 24, 1814), where the Americans, including the 5th Regiment, were routed by the British. Although the 5th had "evinced a disposition to make a gallant resistance", it was flanked by the redcoats and forced to retreat in some disorder. After the battle, British forces entered Washington, D.C., and set fire to a number of buildings in the city. <mask>'s regiment fought better at the Battle of North Point (September 12, 1814), where the militia were able to hold the line for an hour or so before making a fighting retreat during which <mask> was wounded.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SFrQAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA495&dq=steuart+wounded&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=1&ei=m8NQS--EKIr0ygTkkcCADA&cd=1#v=onepage&q=steuart%20wounded&f=false American Quarterly Review, Issues 35-36, by Robert Walsh, p.495 (1835)] Retrieved Jan 15 2010</ref> Some of the militia regiments, such as the 51st, and some members of 39th, broke and ran under fire, but the 5th and 27th held their ground and were able to retreat in reasonably good order having inflicted significant casualties on the advancing enemy. Corporal <mask> of the 5th Regiment wrote an account of the battle:
"Our Regiment, the 5th, carried off the praise from the other regiments engaged, so did the company to which I have the honor to belong cover itself with glory. When compared to the [other] Regiments we were the last that left the ground...had our Regiment not retreated at the time it did we should have been cut off in two minutes." Although North Point was a tactical defeat for the Americans, it would prove a turning point in the War of 1812.The British took significant losses, including their commanding officer Major General Robert Ross, and, lacking the strength to take the city of Baltimore, they eventually withdrew. Post-war career
<mask> was soon promoted to lieutenant-colonel of the 5th Regiment, and after the war he trained as a lawyer, being listed in the Baltimore City Directory of 1816 as Attorney-at-Law. He was a member of the Maryland House of Delegates for Baltimore in 1827 and 1828, serving two one-year terms, and in 1835 he stood unsuccessfully for election to Maryland's 4th congressional district, running as an independent candidate. In around 1827 or 1828 his portrait was painted by the Baltimore portrait painter Philip Tilyard. First Light Division formed

In 1833 a number of Baltimore regiments were formed into a brigade, and <mask> was promoted from colonel to brigadier general. From 1841 to 1861 he was Commander of the First Light Division, Maryland Volunteer Militia.Sparks, Jared, and others, p.168, The American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge, Volume 10 Retrieved August 29, 2010 Until the Civil War he would be the Commander-in-Chief of the Maryland Volunteers. The First Light Division comprised two brigades: the 1st Light Brigade and the 2nd Brigade.The First Brigade consisted of the 1st Cavalry, 1st Artillery, and 5th Infantry regiments. The 2nd Brigade was composed of the 1st Rifle Regiment and the 53rd Infantry Regiment, and the Battalion of Baltimore City Guards. In 1843 <mask> reviewed his troops and those of a visiting regiment from Pennsylvania at Camp Frederick, accompanied by Governor David R. Porter of Pennsylvania and various senior officers. The event was attended by "an immense concourse of spectators", and was commemorated in a lithograph published in the same year. On July 19, 1844, the Boston City Greys visited Baltimore, and marched in parade with various companies of the 53rd Regiment. <mask> hosted a party for the visiting militia, which was held at his family estate in West Baltimore, known as Maryland Square. The event was celebrated by extensive coverage in the Baltimore American and, like the previous year's visit from Pennsylvania, was commemorated in a lithograph.<mask> also appears to have formed an acquaintance with the social reformer Dorothea Dix, who in July 1850 was his guest at Steuart's country residence Sparrow's Point on the Chesapeake Bay. Also a guest was the  Swedish feminist and activist Fredrika Bremer, who wrote in a letter to her sister Agathe: "Late in the evening I sat in the most beautiful moonlight with Miss Dix on the veranda of General Stuarts' [sic] house, looking towards the shining river and the wide Chesapeake Bay, listening to the story of her simple yet remarkable life". Dix was a campaigner for better treatment of the mentally ill, a subject which was also the life's work of Steuart's brother, the physician Richard Sprigg <mask>. Also among Steuart's social circle was the writer Washington Irving, who was a regular guest at Maryland Square. Know-Nothing elections

During the mid-1850s public order in Baltimore was threatened by the election of candidates of the Know Nothing party. In October 1856 the Know Nothing Mayor <mask> was pressed by Baltimorians to order Steuart's militia in readiness to maintain order during the mayoral elections, as violence was anticipated. <mask> duly gave Steuart the order, writing that he should "hold yourself with your command, or such portion thereof as you may deem necessary, in readiness to march at a moment's warning, fully armed and equipped for active service".In response, <mask> ordered his men to "assemble in marching order" on November 4 and await further orders. However, perhaps fearful of greater violence, the mayor soon rescinded his order. On October 31 he met with <mask> and requested that the general make his soldiers ready, but not assembled, and <mask> duly countermanded his original order. On polling day violence soon broke out, with shots exchanged by competing mobs. In the 2nd and 8th wards several citizens were killed, and many wounded. In the 6th ward artillery was used, and a pitched battle fought on Orleans St between Know Nothings and rival Democrats, raging for several hours. The result of the election, in which voter fraud was widespread, was a victory for the Know Nothings by around 9,000 votes.In 1857, fearing similar violence at the upcoming elections, Governor Thomas W. Ligon ordered <mask> to hold the First Light Division, Maryland Volunteers in readiness. Ligon carried a "painful sense of duty unfulfilled" owing to the violence of the previous year, and was determined to maintain order. However, Mayor Thomas Swann successfully argued for a compromise measure involving special police forces to prevent disorder, and Ligon once again balked at the use of military force. He did not formally rescind the order to <mask>'s militia, but rather proclaimed that he did not "contemplate the use, upon that day of the military force which I have ordered to be enrolled and organized." This time, although there was somewhat less violence than in 1856, the results of the vote were again compromised by the use of force and intimidation. Mayor Swann was duly re-elected, albeit in a heavily disputed ballot. Slavery and the coming of the Civil War

<mask>'s family were slaveholders and strong supporters of the South's "peculiar institution", although they supported the gradual abolition of slavery by voluntary means.In 1828 <mask> served on the board of managers of the Maryland State Colonization Society, of which Charles Carroll of Carrollton, one of the co-signers of the Declaration of Independence, was president. <mask>'s father, <mask>, was vice-president, and his brother Richard Sprigg <mask> was also on the board of managers. The MSCS was a branch of the American Colonization Society, an organization dedicated to returning black Americans to lead free lives in African states such as Liberia. The society proposed from the outset "to be a remedy for slavery", and declared in 1833:
"Resolved, That this society believe, and act upon the belief, that colonization tends to promote emancipation, by affording the emancipated slave a home where he can be happier than in this country, and so inducing masters to manumit who would not do so unconditionally...[so that] at a time not remote, slavery would cease in the state by the full consent of those interested." In around 1842 <mask> inherited from his uncle <mask> (1754–1838) "2,000 acres, in several tracts of land, the best of which was Mount Steuart; and 125 slaves", becoming himself a substantial landowner and slaveholder. In 1846 his father <mask> died, and he inherited Maryland Square, his family's mansion in the western suburbs of Baltimore. John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry

In 1859 <mask>'s militia participated in the suppression of John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, an abortive attempt to ignite a slave rebellion.<mask> personally led six companies of Militia: the City Guard, Law Greys and Shields Guard from Baltimore, and the United Guards, Junior Defenders and Independent Riflemen from the city of Frederick. The departing Baltimore militia were cheered on by substantial crowds of citizens and well-wishers. After Harper's Ferry, militias in the South began to grow in importance as Southerners began to fear slave rebellion inspired by Northern Abolitionists. The following year, in a letter to the National Intelligencer on November 19, 1860, Steuart congratulated the editors on their support for the Fugitive Slave Acts, and set out his own support for the Supreme Court's 1857 decision to uphold slavery in the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford. He also criticized the recent election of then President-elect Abraham Lincoln on a platform opposed to slavery. Steuart argued for "the invalidity of Lincoln's election, because of the negro votes cast and counted for him in the states of New York, Ohio, and Massachusetts". In 1861, as war grew closer, Steuart established a family trust, administered by four of his sons, in order to look after his large family.The trust income consisted chiefly of ground rents from his estates. Civil War

By April 1861 it had become clear that war was inevitable. On April 16 <mask>'s eldest son, <mask><mask>, then an officer in the United States Army, resigned his captain's commission to join the Confederacy. On April 19 Baltimore was disrupted by riots, during which Southern sympathizers attacked Union troops passing through the city by rail, causing what were arguably the first casualties of the Civil War. <mask> ordered his militia to assemble, armed and uniformed, to repel the Federal soldiers, as <mask> himself was strongly

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 sympathetic to the Confederacy, along with most of his senior officers. It is possible that he may even have contemplated an invasion of Washington DC. Perhaps knowing this, and no doubt aware that public opinion in Baltimore was divided, Governor <mask> <mask> refused to order out the militia.<mask>'s eldest son commanded one of the city militias during the disturbances of April 1861 and, in a letter to his father, the younger <mask> wrote:
"I found nothing but disgust in my observations along the route and in the place I came to – a large majority of the population are insane on the one idea of loyalty to the Union and the legislature is so diminished and unreliable that I rejoiced to hear that they intended to adjourn...it seems that we are doomed to be trodden on by these troops who have taken military possession of our State, and seem determined to commit all the outrages of an invading army." <mask>'s brother, the physician Richard Sprigg <mask>, was also in Baltimore during the riots and he held a somewhat different view of the state of public opinion in the city:
"I happened to be in Baltimore on the night of the 19th April 1861, and witnessed the outburst of feeling on the part of the people. Generally, when the Massachusetts troops were passing thru the city of Baltimore, it was evident to me that 75 p.c. of the population was in favour of repelling these troops. Instinctively the people seemed to look upon them as intruders, or as invaders of the South, not as defenders of the City of Baltimore. How or by whom the first blow was given can not be now ascertained, but the feeling of resistance was contagious and powerful. The Mayor of the City, nevertheless, though it his duty to keep the peace and protect these troops in their passage thru Baltimore."<mask> and his son made strenuous efforts to persuade Marylanders to secede from the Union, and to use the militia to prevent the occupation of the State by Union soldiers. But by April 25 his efforts had become largely defensive. In a letter of the same date he wrote to Governor of Virginia John Letcher stating that he was:
"very anxious to hold a strong position at or near the Relay House so as to guard and keep open [railway communications] and at the same time cutting it off from Washington"
<mask>'s efforts to persuade Maryland to secede from the Union were in vain. On April 29, the Maryland Legislature voted 53–13 against secession. and the state was swiftly occupied by Union soldiers to prevent any reconsideration. Flight to Virginia

The political situation remained uncertain until May 13, 1861 when Union troops occupied the state, restoring order and preventing any further move to secession, and by late summer Maryland was firmly in the hands of Union soldiers. Arrests of Confederate sympathizers soon followed, and General <mask> fled to Charlottesville, Virginia, after which much of his family's property was confiscated by the Federal Government.Maryland Square was seized by the Union Army and re-named Camp Andrew after Massachusetts Governor John Albion Andrew, a noted abolitionist. Union troops were quartered in <mask>'s mansion and Jarvis Hospital was soon erected on the grounds of the estate, to care for Federal wounded. <mask> was not alone in fleeing to Virginia to join the Confederacy. Many members of the newly formed Maryland Line in the Confederate army would be drawn from Steuart's Maryland militia, though at age 71 <mask> was personally judged too old for active service. Despite this, he spent much of the war following the Confederate army and was present at or near a number of battles, including Gettysburg, and the First Battle of Manassas, where he was so close to the fighting that he was actually captured by Union forces. Fortunately, when it was discovered he was not a serving officer in the Confederate army he was soon released. The cost of war
<mask> is often confused with his eldest son, Brigadier General <mask><mask>, who rose rapidly in the Confederate command, distinguishing himself at the First Battle of Manassas and fighting for the South at many battles including Cross Keys, Winchester and Gettysburg.Wounded, captured and exchanged, the younger <mask> would eventually surrender with General Lee at Appomattox. Local residents in Baltimore would come to know father and son as "The Old General" and "The Young General". <mask>'s third son, Lieutenant William James <mask> (1832–1864), also fought for the Confederacy. During the Battle of the Wilderness he was severely wounded in the hip, and was sent to Guinea station, a hospital for officers in Richmond, Virginia. There, on 21 May 1864, he died. A friend of general <mask> at the University of Virginia wrote to his bereaved father:
"You will not charge me, I trust, with intruding on the sacredness of your grief, if I cannot help giving expression to my deep, heartfelt sympathy with your great sorrow. You have sacrificed so much for the righteous cause already, that I know you will present this last and most precious offering also with the fortitude of your character and the submission of a Christian.Still, I know how valuable this son of yours had been to your interests, how dear to your heart, and I cannot tell you, with what deep and sincere grief I heard of your terrible loss." <mask>'s brother, the physician Richard Sprigg <mask>, chose not to leave Maryland, remaining in his home state throughout the war, though his open support for the Confederacy meant that he too became a fugitive from the federal authorities. Baltimore resident W W Glenn described him as living in constant fear of capture:
"I was spending the evening out when a footstep approached my chair from behind and a hand was laid upon me. I turned and saw Dr. R. S<mask>. He has been concealed for more than six months. His neighbors are so bitter against him that he dare not go home, and he committed himself so decidedly on the 19th April and is known to be so decided a Southerner, that it more than likely he would be thrown into a Fort. He goes about from place to place, sometimes staying in one county, sometimes in another and then passing a few days in the city.He never shows in the day time & is cautious who sees him at any time. He has several negroes in his confidence at different places." General <mask> corresponded regularly with a friend, Sally J. Newman, in Hilton, Va. during course of the war. In these letters, which are held by the Maryland Historical Society, Steuart deplores Negro suffrage and the general condition of the country. After the war
<mask>'s dedication to the "Lost Cause" of the Confederacy would prove a disaster for him and his family. Although Maryland Square was restored to him after the war, neither he nor his children would live there again. Jarvis hospital was closed in 1865, at the war's end, and in the summer of 1866 the buildings were auctioned off, permitting successful bidders 10 days from the date of auction in which to remove their purchases from the grounds.After the war <mask> travelled to Europe, but returned to Maryland in 1867, where he died on October 21, 1867, age 77. He is buried at Greenmount Cemetery, Maryland, along with his wife, eldest son and other members of his family. Family life

Steuart married Ann-Jane Edmondson in Baltimore on May 3, 1836. They had 10 children:

 <mask><mask> (1828–1903), Confederate brigadier general during the American Civil War. Isaac Edmondson <mask> (1830–1891). Suffered from mental illness and was "in and out of mental institutions" for much of his life. Lieutenant William James <mask> (1832–1864), C.S.A.Killed at the Battle of the Wilderness, 1864. Thomas Edmondson <mask> (1834–1866)
 Dr <mask> <mask> (1835–1892)
 Mary Elizabeth <mask> (1837–1840)
 Ann Rebecca <mask> (1839–1865)
 Charles David <mask> (1841–1921). Like his older brother Isaac, suffered from mental illness and was "in and out of mental institutions" for much of his life. Margaret Sophia <mask> (1843–1860)
 <mask> <mask> (1846–1867)

Legacy
Perhaps not surprisingly, as Maryland had remained loyal to the Union, there is no monument to Steuart in his home state. Maryland Square was demolished in 1884, and little trace of his mansion, or Jarvis Hospital, remains today. However, in 1919 the Sisters of Bon Secours themselves opened a hospital, their first in the United States, at 2000 West Baltimore Street, very near the location of the former Jarvis Hospital. The Grace Medical Center continues to flourish today, and forms an important part of the modern neighbourhood, which still retains the name of Steuart Hill.Steuart, William Calvert, Article in Sunday Sun Magazine, "The Steuart Hill Area's Colorful Past", Baltimore, February 10, 1963

See also

History of the Maryland Militia in the Civil War
Maryland Line (CSA)

Notes

References
Andrews, Matthew Page, History of Maryland, Doubleday Doran & Co, New York City (1929).Brackenridge, <mask>, p.249, History of the Late War between the United States and Great Britain, Philadelphia (1836). Retrieved Jan 15 2010
Field, Ron, et al., The Confederate Army 1861-65: Missouri, Kentucky & Maryland Osprey Publishing (2008), Retrieved March 4, 2010
 <mask>, Christopher T Terror on the Chesapeake, The War of 1812 on the Bay, White Mane Books (2000). Goldsborough, W. W., The Maryland Line in the Confederate Army, Guggenheimer Weil & Co (1900), . Gurley, Ralph Randolph, Ed., p.251, The African Repository, Volume 3 (1827). Retrieved Jan 15 2010
 <mask>, <mask>olphus, Old Kent: The Eastern Shore of Maryland: Notes Illustrative of the Most Ancient Records Of Kent County, Maryland Published by John P. Des Forges (1876), ASIN: B0013KKEXE. Retrieved on Jan 11 2011
 <mask>, Bruce, The Family Forest Descendants of Lady Joan Beaufort Retrieved August 28, 2010
  <mask>, Donald R., The War of 1812, a Forgotten Conflict, University of Illinois Press (October 1, 1990)  Retrieved January 11, 2010
 <mask>, Nathaniel, p.100, The Citizen Soldiers at North Point and Fort McHenry, September 12 & 13 1814, published by James Young (1889). Retrieved Jan 14 2010
 Leventhorpe, Collett, p.110, The English Confederate - The Life Of A Civil War General, 1815-1889 McFarland & Company (2006) Retrieved Jan 11 2010
 Marine, William Matthew, The British Invasion of Maryland, 1812-1815 Nabu Press (2010)  Retrieved Jan 14 2010
 Melton, Tracy Matthew, Hanging Henry Gambrill - The Violent Career of Baltimore's Plug Uglies, Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore (2005)
 Mitchell, C. W., Maryland Voices of the Civil War, Johns Hopkins University Press (2007)
 Nelker, Gladys P., The Clan Steuart, Genealogical Publishing (1970).Papenfuse, Edward C. et al., Archives of Maryland, Historical List, new series, Vol. 1. Annapolis, MD: Maryland State Archives (1990). Richardson. <mask> Dorey, Side-Lights on Maryland History: With Sketches of Early Maryland Families, Tidewater Publishing, 1967. ASIN: B00146BDXW, , . Shirk, Ida M., p.160, Descendants of Richard & Elizabeth (Ewen) Talbott of Popular Knowle Retrieved January 2012
 Sjoberg, Leif, American Swedish (1973) Retrieved February 2011
 Sparks, Jared, and others, p.168, The American Almanac and Repository of Useful Knowledge, Volume 10 Retrieved August 29, 2010
 <mask>, <mask>., Letter to the National Intelligencer dated November 19, 1860, unpublished, Archive of the Maryland Historical Society.<mask>, James, Papers, Maryland Historical Society, unpublished. <mask>, William Calvert, Article in Sunday Sun Magazine, "The Steuart Hill Area's Colorful Past", Baltimore, February 10, 1963. Sullivan, David M., The United States Marine Corps in the Civil War: The First Year, White Mane Publishing, (1997) Retrieved Jan 13 2010
 White, Roger B, Article in The Maryland Gazette'', "Steuart, Only Anne Arundel Rebel General", November 13, 1969. External links
 Grave of Major General <mask><mask> at www.greenmountcemetery.com Retrieved on Jan 11 2010
 Archives of Maryland Historical List House of Delegates, Baltimore City (1790–1864) Retrieved on Jan 11 2010
 Letters of Major General <mask><mask> from the Archive of the Maryland Historical Society Retrieved on Jan 11 2010
 Account of the role of the Maryland Militia at the Battle of North Point, at National Guard website Retrieved on Jan 11 2010
The Huntingdon Library Quarterly, Volume 12 (1949). Retrieved Jan 13 2010
 Register of the Military Order of Foreign Wars of the United States, National Commandery (1900) Retrieved Jan 14 2010
Extra Globe dated Wednesday October 7 1835 Retrieved Jan 15 2010

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Maryland in the War of 1812
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<mask>, 1st Earl of Northampton KG (25 February 154015 June 1614) was an important English aristocrat and courtier. He was suspect as a crypto-Catholic throughout his life, and went through periods of royal disfavour, in which his reputation suffered greatly. He was distinguished for learning, artistic culture and his public charities. He built Northumberland House in London and superintended the construction of the fine house of Audley End. He founded and planned several hospitals. Francis Bacon included three of his sayings in his Apophthegms, and chose him as "the learnedest councillor in the kingdom to present to the king his Advancement of Learning." After his death, it was discovered that he had been involved in the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury.Early life
He was born at Shottesham, Norfolk, on 25 February 1540, the second son of <mask>, Earl of Surrey, the poet, and of his wife, the former Lady Frances de Vere, daughter of the 15th Earl of Oxford. He was the younger brother of the 4th Duke of Norfolk, and uncle of Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel. On the execution of his father in January 1547 he and his brother and sisters were entrusted to the care of his aunt, Mary FitzRoy, Duchess of Richmond and Somerset, who employed John Foxe as their tutor. With Foxe, Howard remained at Reigate, a manor belonging to the children's grandfather, Thomas Howard, the 3rd Duke of Norfolk, throughout Edward VI's reign. On Mary's accession the Duke of Norfolk was released from prison, and he dismissed Foxe. Afterwards <mask> studied with John White, Bishop of Lincoln; when White was translated to Winchester in 1556, <mask> went with him. While with White, Howard read largely in philosophy, civil law, divinity, and history, and seems to have acquired a strong sympathy with Roman Catholicism.On Mary's death and Queen Elizabeth's accession, White was deprived of his bishopric, and Elizabeth undertook the charge of Howard's education. He was restored in blood 8 May 1559, following a Bill in the House of Lords in April that year. At the queen's expense he proceeded to King's College, Cambridge, where he graduated M. A. in 1564. He afterwards joined Trinity Hall, read Latin lectures on rhetoric and civil law in public, and applied to a friend in London for a master to teach him the lute. Subsequently, in 1568 he was incorporated M.A., at Oxford. Under suspicion
He protested in 1568 to Lord Burghley that his religious views were needlessly suspected, and wrote a treatise on natural and moral philosophy for his youngest sister, Catharine, wife of <mask>, 7th Baron Berkeley, dated from Trinity Hall 6 August 1569; she supported him in some hard times. It was rumoured that he contemplated taking holy orders in the vague hope of succeeding Thomas Young as Archbishop of York.He came to court about 1570 at a low ebb, but the intrigues of which his brother, the Duke of Norfolk, was suspected at the time further depressed his prospects. When in 1572 Norfolk was charged with conspiring to marry Mary, Queen of Scots, Banister, Norfolk's confidential agent, declared in his confession that <mask> was himself first proposed as husband. He was arrested, but, after repeated examinations, established his innocence to Elizabeth's satisfaction, was readmitted to court, and was granted a yearly pension. It was generally reported, however, that he had by bad advice brought about his brother's ruin. After the execution of the Duke, Howard retired to Audley End, and directed the education of his brother's children. He tried by frequent letters to Burghley and to Christopher Hatton to keep himself in favour with the queen's ministers, and managed to offer satisfactory explanations when it was reported in 1574 that he was exchanging tokens with Mary, Queen of Scots. He supplied her for many years with political information, but, according to his own account, gave her prudent advice.Howard sought to regain Elizabeth's favour by grossly flattering her in long petitions. About 1580 he circulated a manuscript tract in support of the scheme for the marriage of Elizabeth with François, Duke of Anjou, in answer to John Stubbe's Discoverie of a Gaping Gulf (1579), and at Burghley's request began a reply to a pamphlet denouncing female government, which he completed in 1589. In 1582 his cousin Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford, quarrelled with him, and revived the charges of heresy and of treasonable correspondence with Mary. He was again arrested, and defended himself at length in a letter to Elizabeth, in which he admitted that he had taken part in Roman Catholic worship owing to conscientious difficulties on the sacramentary, but denied that he could win Mary Stuart's favour. He was soon set free, and, retiring to St. Albans, spent a year (1582–3) in writing his Preservative against the Poison of supposed Prophecies, a learned attack on judicial astrology, dedicated to Francis Walsingham, and said to have been suggested by the astrological exploits of Richard Harvey. The book was suspected of apparent heresies and concealed treason, and in 1583, after the discovery of the Throckmorton Plot, Howard was sent to the Fleet Prison. He complained to Hatton of harsh treatment.Mary, it was now asserted, had sent him a ring with a message. Burghley declined to intervene in his behalf, but by the favour of Burghley's son Robert Cecil he was sent on parole to the house of Sir Nicholas Bacon at Redgrave, Suffolk. On 19 July 1585 he wrote from there to Burghley, begging permission to visit the wells at Warwick for the benefit of his health. He was said to have travelled in Italy, visiting Florence and Rome. In 1587 his repeated requests to take an active part in resisting the threatened Spanish attack were refused. He was at the time without any means of livelihood, except his irregularly-paid pension. In favour under James I

He attached himself both to Lord Essex and to Robert Cecil, and through the influence of the latter was in 1600 again received by Elizabeth.At the close of the Queen's reign he joined with Cecil in courting James VI, the heir to the English throne who was reigning in Scotland (in fact James suggested Howard as a trusted intermediary with Cecil). James sent him a jewel with three precious stones including a ruby. Howard sent long letters of advice, which James termed "Asiatic and endless volumes". He had success in intriguing against Sir Walter Raleigh and other rivals. On James's accession in 1603, Howard received a multitude of favours. In 1603 he was made a Privy Counsellor, on 1 January 1604 Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, and on 13 March Earl of Northampton and Baron Marnhull, of Marnhull in the County of Dorset; on 24 February 1605 he was given the Garter and on 29 April was appointed Lord Privy Seal. In 1609 he was elected High Steward of the University of Oxford, and in 1612 Chancellor of the University of Cambridge.The same year he was appointed one of the Commissioners of the Treasury. He was one of the judges at the trials of Walter Raleigh and Lord Cobham in 1603, of Guy Fawkes in 1605, and of <mask> in 1606, in each case pressing for a conviction. In 1604 he was one of the commissioners who composed the treaty of peace with Spain, and from that date he received from the Spanish Court a pension of £1000. In 1604, Howard called playwright Ben Jonson before the Privy Council, accusing him of popery and treason in Sejanus. In 1610 he received a royal grant of territory in Newfoundland, and the London and Bristol Company (Newfoundland Company) was set up around him for its commercial exploitation. However, In January 1608 Northampton was out of favour with Anne of Denmark and sought a recipe from the <mask> of Mar to restore his position. The Overbury case

He assisted his great-niece, Lady Essex, in obtaining her divorce from her husband (son of the 2nd Earl of Essex whom <mask> had followed in the 1590s) in order to marry the favourite Somerset, whose mistress she already was.While Northampton may have treated this as routine intrigue, the outcome was a major murder scandal. Both <mask> and her father Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk represented her in an interview with Essex held at Whitehall in May 1613, in the hope of obtaining his assent to a divorce. Essex proved uncompliant, and Northampton contrived that the case should be brought before a special commission. When, however, the divorce was obtained, Somerset's intimate acquaintance, Sir Thomas Overbury, dissuaded him from pursuing the project of marriage with Lady Frances. Northampton recommended, on slender grounds, Overbury's imprisonment in the Tower of London, and contrived that a friend of the Howard family, Sir Gervase Helwys, should be appointed Lord Lieutenant of the Tower. Helwys frequently wrote to Northampton about Overbury's conduct and health. In his extant letters to Helwys <mask> writes with contempt of Overbury and expresses a desire that his own name should not be mentioned in connection with his imprisonment, but he introduced to Helwys John Craig, one of the royal physicians, to report on the prisoner's health.Overbury died in September, 1613. When the matter was judicially investigated, after Northampton too had died, his political enemies credited him with a direct hand in the murder. Overbury had died from the effects of poison administered by the direction of Lady Essex. Last days
He advised against the summoning of Parliament in 1614, and then fomented disputes to compel James to dissolve it. He died unmarried on 15 June 1614 and was buried in the chapel of Dover Castle; the monument erected above his grave was subsequently removed to the chapel at Trinity Hospital, Greenwich. His title became extinct at his death. His will, in phrasing that has been considered equivocal, can be reasonably interpreted to imply that he died a Roman Catholic.Works
He was the author of:
A Treatise of Natural and Moral Philosophy (1569; manuscript in the Bodleian Library)
A pamphlet supporting the union between Elizabeth and the duke of Anjou (1580; Harleian MSS. 180)
A Defensative against the Poyson of supposed Prophecies (1583)
A reply to a pamphlet denouncing female government (1589; Harleian Manuscript 7021)
Duello Foiled, printed in Thomas Hearne's Collection of Curious Discourses (1775), ii.225, and ascribed there to Sir Edward Coke
Translation of Charles V's Last Advice to Philip II, dedicated with a long epistle to the queen (Harl. 836, 1506 and elsewhere in Stowe 95, Kings Manuscripts 106)
Devotional writings (Arundel Manuscripts 300)
Speeches at the trials of Guy Fawkes and Garnet in State Trials, vol. I. In Somers' Tracts (ed. 1809), ii.136, his opinions on the union between England and Scotland are recorded. Building
He enlarged Greenwich Castle (on the site of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich), and his London residence, afterwards Northumberland House, was built at his cost from the designs of Moses Glover.He supervised John Thorpe's designs for Audley End, the residence of his nephew Suffolk. He planned and endowed three hospitals: Trinity Hospital at Clun, Shropshire; Trinity Hospital at Castle Rising, Norfolk, for twelve poor women; and a third Trinity Hospital at Greenwich, later called Norfolk College, for twelve poor natives of Greenwich, and for eight natives of Shottesham, Northampton's birthplace. He laid the foundation-stone of the college at Greenwich, 25 February 1614, and placed its management under the Mercers' Company. His connection to the Mercers was principally through Lionel Cranfield. During the funeral of Anne of Denmark in May 1619, a large stone letter 'S' fell from the battlements of the frontispiece of Northampton House on the procession, killing one William Appleyard. According to Nathaniel Brent, the stone was "thrust down by a gentlewoman who put her foot against it, not thinking it had been so brickle [brittle]". References
George Frederick Nott (1815), life in Surrey's and Wyatt's Poems
Anne Somerset (1997), Unnatural Murder: Poison at the Court of James I
Alan Stewart (2004), The Cradle King: A Life of James VI and I

Notes

Attribution

External links
Lord <mask> (1540-1614): an Elizabethan Life, by D.C. Andersson, D. S. Brewer, Woodbridge, Suffolk, 2009
Mercer Connections (PDF)

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Earls of Northampton
English courtiers
<mask>, 01st Earl of Northampton
1540 births
1614 deaths
Howard, <mask>
Knights of the Garter
Lord-Lieutenants of Norfolk
Lords Privy Seal
Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports
Members of the Spanish Company
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
Chancellors of the University of Cambridge
16th-century English nobility
17th-century English nobility
People from Shotesham
Monarchs of the Isle of Man
Court of Elizabeth I

masks:
Henry Howard
Henry Howard
Henry Howard
Henry
Henry Berkeley
Henry Howard
Henry Garnet
Earl
Northampton
Northampton
Northampton
Henry Howard
Henry Howard
Henry


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<mask> (May 21, 1921 – April 7, 1991) was an American songwriter, arranger, record producer and trumpet player. In the music industry of the time, <mask> was one of the most successful and influential black executives. He gained eminence in the late 1940s, primarily working for the independent (and white-owned) King label. His duties included operating as a producer, arranger, songwriter (occasionally utilizing the alias of <mask>), engineer, trumpet player, talent scout, A&R man, studio constructor, while later in his career he became an owner of his own label. <mask> worked with country, blues, R&B, pop, rock, and jazz musicians, and he helped King Records to become one of the largest independent labels of its time. Thanks to the efforts of family, friends and fans, <mask>'s hometown of Hot Springs, Arkansas celebrated the 100th anniversary of his birth by inducting him into the downtown "Walk of Fame," the Mayor's "Proclamation," "Key to the City," and named a parklet "<mask> Way," along Black Broadway after him. In 2018, <mask> was recognized with a Lifetime Achievement Award by the King Records 75th Anniversary.In 2013, he was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame. Career
<mask> was born in Hot Springs, Arkansas. As a youngster, he listened to various genres of music on local radio, and learned to play the trumpet. Following high school and college, he joined Buddy Johnson's big band in 1944, and Lucky Millinder's orchestra the following year. In the latter capacity <mask> met Syd Nathan, who hired <mask> as an A&R man at King Records. As well as A&R duties, <mask> helped to construct King's first recording studio. He went on to produce sessions for the label's established roster of country musicians, including The Delmore Brothers, Hawkshaw Hawkins, Cowboy Copas, Moon Mullican, Grandpa Jones, and The York Brothers.<mask> co-wrote "Blues Stay Away from Me" with the Delmore Brothers. <mask>'s work with Bull Moose Jackson's on his 1945 cover of Joe Liggins' "The Honeydripper" followed, opening up success with a black audience. Further releases produced by <mask> appeared in the next couple of years on King's subsidiary label, Queen Records. In 1947, Queen merged with King Records, heralding further racial integration. <mask>'s understanding of jump blues and rhythm and blues led to him signing Lucky Millinder plus Tiny Bradshaw, and he went on to produce both Bill Doggett and Wynonie Harris. <mask> later produced or wrote music for Hank Ballard & the Midnighters ("Teardrops on Your Letter"), Little Willie John ("Fever"), James Brown, and The Swallows. <mask>'s own song "Drown in My Own Tears", originally recorded by Lula Reed, was later successfully covered by Ray Charles.<mask> split with King Records in 1958, and joined the Roulette label. He subsequently worked with Sarah Vaughan, Dinah Washington, Sonny Stitt and Ronnie Hawkins. <mask> also encouraged the latter's backing band, the Hawks, with their own ambitions. <mask> later organised the release of an early single of theirs, when they were billed as The Canadian Squires, prior to their becoming known as The Band. In 1960, Billy Bland recorded his version of "Let the Little Girl Dance" with <mask>, and it was released as a single. It was a hit in the US, peaking at #11 on the Black Singles chart and #7 on the Billboard Hot 100. In early April 1961, Roulette Records president Morris Levy reactivated New York-based American record label Gee Records as a division of Roulette Records and appointed <mask> artist and repertoire chief of Gee Records.<mask>'s first release was "Heart and Soul," a 1961 rhythm and blues rearrangement of the 1938 romantic-pop standard of the same name. "Heart and Soul" (1961) reached No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 popular chart in July of that year and appeared in the 1973 American comedy-drama film, American Graffiti. <mask> had further success in 1961 in co-writing Joey Dee & the Starliters' number one "Peppermint Twist"; and two years later, The Rivieras recorded <mask>'s song "California Sun" resulting in a Top 5 hit. <mask> worked with Louisiana Red during the early 1960s, and also created for a short period his own record label. On it <mask> recorded both Larry Dale and Titus Turner. <mask> also produced The Essex in 1963 and 1964.<mask> later returned to King Records and briefly acted as label head until it was bought by Starday. In 1975, Levon Helm and <mask> co-founded a new label, RCO Productions, which released two of Helm's solo projects. The same year <mask> produced The Muddy Waters Woodstock Album, which won a Grammy, and the following year Paul Butterfield's, Put It in Your Ear. Also in 1976 <mask> partly arranged with Garth Hudson, Howard Johnson, Tom Malone, John Simon and Allen Toussaint the horn section on The Band's concert, The Last Waltz, and thus subsequent album, The Last Waltz. In 1986 <mask> was inducted into the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame. Death
He died of a heart attack in April 1991, in St. Albans, New York, at the age of 69. He was survived by his wife, Doris, and a son, Ware and two daughters, Sherry and Leslie.Songwriting credits
"All My Love Belongs to You" – recorded by Bull Moose Jackson and The Platters
"Annie Had a Baby" – recorded by Hank Ballard (as The Midnighters)
"Baby, I'm Doin' It" – recorded by Annisteen Allen
"Baby, You're Driving Me Crazy" – recorded by Joey Dee and the Starliters
"Blues So Bad" – recorded by Levon Helm
"Blues Stay Away from Me" – recorded by B. B. King, Merle Haggard, Harry James, k.d.

masks:
Henry Bernard Glover
Glover
Henry Bernard
Glover
Glover
Henry Glover
Glover
Glover
Glover
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Glover
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<mask>  (9 January 1916 – 29 October 2004) was a British mathematician, Second World War codebreaker and entomologist. The first professional mathematician to be recruited to GC&CS. Head of ISK from 1943, the unit responsible for decrypting over 100,000 Abwehr communications. Early life and education
Born in Streatham, South London, Twinn was the son of a senior General Post Office official. After attending Manchester Grammar School and Dulwich College, he graduated in mathematics at Brasenose College, Oxford. He won a scholarship to pursue postgraduate studies in physics. Cryptography

Twinn was the first professional mathematician to join GC&CS.In early 1939, he applied after seeing an advertisement, working first in London before moving to Bletchley Park. He worked with Dilly Knox and Alan Turing on German Enigma ciphers. In early 1942, he became the head of the Abwehr Enigma section. Recruitment to GC&CS

He was in the middle of a postgraduate scholarship studying Physics when he saw an advertisement for a job with the government. "I was a bit unsettled," he remembered. "I'd finished my university degree and I didn't quite know what to do." The advertisement indicated that they were looking for mathematicians, but was unclear about what else was involved.In that unsettled period after the Munich Agreement, international relations between the major European powers were tense and getting tenser.

" They offered me this job at the princely salary of, I think, £275 a year," he said, "which sounded all right to me, and I was taken along on the first day to be introduced to Dilly Knox." He began as an assistant to Alfred Dilwyn ("Dilly") Knox, who headed a team of codebreakers at GC&CS. An eccentric but brilliant character, Dilly Knox was the first British codebreaker to work on the Enigma cipher. Like most GC&CS experts, he was a classicist. But, as war loomed, GC&CS began employing mathematicians, as well as chess players and crossword experts. Twinn was in fact the first mathematician to join the team.Knox believed in throwing his new recruits in at the deep end. He gave Twinn a mere five minutes' training before telling him to go and get on with it. On the eve of war

Twinn was the first British cryptographer to read a German military Enigma message, having obtained vital information from Polish cryptanalysts in July 1939. Twinn said that "It was a trifling exercise, but I repeat for the umpteenth time, no credit to me." In July 1939 GC&CS moved from London to Bletchley Park. The mansion in the park was used by the staff, but many other buildings had to be constructed to accommodate the large number of people who worked for GC&CS during the war. These temporary buildings were known as the "huts".World War II

Enigma

The Enigma machine dated back to 1919, when Hugo Alexander Koch, a Dutchman, patented an invention that he called a secret writing machine. A little later, Arthur Scherbius, an engineer, was experimenting with this and similar machines and became enthusiastic about encryption machines that used rotors. He recommended them to Siegfried Turkel, the director of the Institute of Criminology in Vienna, who also became interested in them. In the meantime, Koch had set up a company with the hope of selling his encryption machine for commercial use. But industry was not interested. However, in 1926 the German Navy looked at the Koch machine. Senior officers were impressed with it and ordered a large number.The purchase of the device – called Enigma – was kept strictly secret. The Enigma machine was a very complicated instrument. It had a keyboard, like the ones used on a typewriter, containing all the letters of the alphabet. Each of the 26 letters was connected electrically to one of three rotors, each provided with a ring. Each ring also held the 26 letters of the alphabet. Further electrical connections led from the rotors to 26 illuminated letters. When an operator, enciphering a message, pressed a key, an electric current passed through the machine and the rotors turned mechanically, but not in unison.Every time a key was pushed, the first rotor would rotate one letter. This happened 26 times until the first rotor had made a complete revolution. Then the second rotor would start to rotate. And so on. When a key was pressed, a light came on behind the cipher text letter, always different from the original letter in the plain text. The illuminated letters made up the coded message. The system worked in reverse.The person decoding a cipher message would use an Enigma with identical settings. When he pressed the cipher text letter, the letter in the original plain text message lit up. The illuminated letters made up the original message. To make the codes more difficult to break, each of the rotors could be taken out and replaced in a different order. Also, the rings on the rotors could be put in a different order each day – for example, on one day the first rotor could be set at B, the next day at F, and so on. The military version of Enigma was provided with a plug board, like an old telephone switchboard. This allowed an extra switching of the letters, both before they entered the rotors and after leaving them.The plug board had 26 holes. Connections were made with wires and plugs. With three rotors and, say, six pairs of letters connected with the plug board, there would be 105,456 different combinations of the alphabet. In December 1938 the Germans added additional rotors (up to six) and the number of combinations increased dramatically. The Germans believed that messages sent on their most sophisticated Enigma machines were so well coded that they could not be decoded. But Twinn and his colleagues proved them wrong. About 10,000 people worked at Bletchley.The core group was the small number of cryptanalysts trying to crack the Enigma machine; at the beginning, this group consisted of no more than ten people, with Knox and Twinn in charge. The British codebreakers had been working on the commercial version of Enigma, the easier of the two to break, during the 1920s and 1930s, and they had made much progress in breaking the military version. But Twinn and his colleagues were stymied because they could not work out the order in which the Enigma keys were wired up. In July 1939, a month or so before the war started, Knox and some others travelled to Poland. Polish cryptologists, some of whom were brilliant, handed over to their British colleagues key information about Enigma, including replica machines. The British discovered that Enigma machines were wired alphabetically: A to the first contact, B to the second, and so on. This was the order given in the diagram attached to the patent application.But Twinn and his colleagues thought it such an obvious thing to do that nobody considered it worth trying. In early 1940 Twinn made the first break into Enigma. This could have been done much earlier if only they had tried the alphabetical system detailed in the patent application. The ability to read German encoded military messages was of inestimable help to the Allies in winning the war. It was achieved largely because of the efforts of Twinn, Knox, Alan Turing (who later became the father of artificial intelligence) and others at Bletchley Park. Turing, a brilliant mathematician, developed a machine called the “bombe”, which speeded up the deciphering process by trial and error — a crucial development for the codebreakers. German Naval Enigma

Twinn worked with Turing on breaking the German Naval Enigma.Their success helped allied convoys to avoid German U-boats. Intelligence Services Knox

In October 1941, Dilly Knox solved the Abwehr Enigma. Intelligence Services Knox (ISK) was established to decrypt Abwehr communications. In early 1942, with Knox seriously ill, Twinn took change of running ISK and was appointed head after Knox's death. By the end of the war, ISK had decrypted and disseminated 140,800 messages. Intelligence gained from these Abwehr decrypts played an important part in ensuring the success of Double-Cross operations by MI5 and M16, and in Operation Fortitude, the Allied campaign to deceive the Germans about D-Day. Post-war career
Twinn's carried on government work after the war in a number of departments, including, in the late 1960s, as Director of Hovercraft in the Ministry for Technology.Later he became Secretary of the Royal Aircraft Establishment in Farnborough. In the early 1970s, he was the second secretary of the Natural Environment Research Council. He was appointed CBE in the 1980 Birthday Honours. Twinn became interested in entomology, gaining his doctorate from the University of London in the jumping mechanism of click beetles. He co-authored A Provisional Atlas of the Longhorn Beetle (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) (1999), a study of the distribution of a number of beetle species. Twinn had an interest in music and played the clarinet and viola. Twinn married Rosamund Case, whom he had met at Bletchley Park through his interest in music, in 1944; they had a son and three daughters.Publications
 <mask>. G. Twinn and P. T. Harding, "Provisional atlas of the longhorn beetles (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) of Britain", Huntingdon: Biological Records Centre, 1999. Notes

References

External links
 Telegraph obituary

1916 births
2004 deaths
People educated at Dulwich College
Bletchley Park people
English entomologists
Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford
Alumni of the University of London
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Manchester Grammar School
20th-century British zoologists

masks:
Peter Frank George Twinn
Peter F


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<mask> (November 13, 1922 – July 18, 1982) was a professional baseball player whose career spanned 10 seasons, including two in Major League Baseball with the St. Louis Browns (1948–1949). Over his major league career, <mask> compiled a batting average of .184 with 23 runs, 41 hits, eight doubles, one triple, two home runs and 17 runs batted in (RBIs) in 122 games played. <mask> also played in the minor leagues with the Class-D Paragould Browns (1941), the Class-B Springfield Browns (1942), the Double-A San Antonio Missions (1946–1947, 1950–1951), the Class-B Longview Cherokees (1952), the open-class Los Angeles Angels (1952), the Class-A Spokane Indians (1953) and the Class-A Yakima Bears (1953). <mask> also served in the United States Army during World War II. During his service, he was captured by German soldiers and held as a prisoner of war. He was later freed and resumed his baseball career. Professional career

Early career
<mask> was born on November 13, 1922, on Bremerton, Washington.He attended Silverdale High School and after graduation, was signed by St. Louis Browns scout Jack Fournier. In 1941, <mask> began his professional career with the Class-D Paragould Browns of the Northeast Arkansas League. He batted .259 with 112 hits, 15 doubles, five triples and one home run in 114 games played. On defense, <mask> played 64 games at shortstop, committing 24 errors in 252 total chances. During the 1942 season, <mask> played with the Springfield Browns of the Class-B Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League. In 109 games played that season, he batted .302 with 111 hits, 19 doubles, seven triples and 14 home runs. In the field, <mask> played 108 games at second base, committing 37 errors in 547 total chances.Amongst Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League batters, <mask> was fourth in home runs, behind Ducky Detweiler with 16 home runs, Tom Jordan with 22 home runs and Pat Seerey with 33 home runs. World War II
On November 28, 1942, <mask> entered service in the United States Army. Although out of the professional circuit, <mask> did play amateur baseball in his home state of Washington before deploying. Holding the rank of Private First Class, <mask> fought in Europe during World War II. On November 21, 1944, <mask> was captured by German soldiers and was held as a prisoner of war at Stalag IX-B in Bad Orb, Germany. <mask>, whose weight had dropped from  to , was rescued on May 4, 1945. To rehabilitate, <mask> was sent to Santa Barbara, California.Jack Fournier, the scout who originally signed <mask>, visited him when he was in Santa Barbara and told him that when he was ready, he could resume his job in the Browns organization. Return to baseball
In 1946, a year after being rescued from a German prisoner of war camp, <mask> returned to the St. Louis Browns organization with the San Antonio Missions of the Double-A Texas League. With San Antonio that season, <mask> batted .246 with 126 hits, 24 doubles, three doubles and one home run in 142 games played. On defense, <mask> played shortstop and second base. He continued playing with San Antonio in 1947, playing in 147 games that season. In those games, <mask> batted .250 with 138 hits, 20 doubles and six home runs. <mask> again played both shortstop and second base in the field.<mask> joined the St. Louis Browns during spring training in 1948, making the team going into regular season as a back-up infielder. <mask> made his Major League Baseball debut on May 10, 1948, against the Washington Senators, going hitless in one at-bat. His first major league hit came on May 19, against the New York Yankees. Against the Philadelphia Athletics on June 11, <mask> hit his first major league home run. During the 1948 season, <mask> batted .276 with 13 runs, 24 hits, five doubles, one triple, one home run and 12 runs batted in (RBIs) in 51 games played. On defense, <mask> played 21 games at second base, 10 games at shortstop and two games at first base. In 1949, <mask> again made the Browns major league roster.That season, he batted .125 with 10 runs, 17 hits, three doubles, one home run and five RBIs in 71 games played. In the field, <mask> played 44 games at shortstop, eight games at second base and eight games at third base. Later career
In 1950, <mask> returned to the minor league and spent the season with the Double-A San Antonio Missions. He played 90 games that season, and batted .247 with 66 hits, nine double and five home runs. <mask> played third base and second base with the Missions that season. During the 1951 season, <mask> played just three games with the Missions, getting no hits. In those games, <mask> played shortstop.<mask> split the 1953 season with the Class-B Longview Cherokees and the open-class Los Angeles Angels. With the Cherokees, who played in the Big State League, <mask> batted .284 with 19 hits and five doubles in 20 games played. <mask> played 10 games with the Angeles, who were members of the Pacific Coast League and affiliated with the Chicago Cubs, he batted .227 with one run, five hits and one double. <mask> played with two teams in the 1954 season, the Class-A Spokane Indians and the Class-A Yakima Bears, both of the Western International League. Combined between the two teams, <mask> batted .234 with 71 hits, 12 doubles and one home run in 88 games played. In all of his 65 games in the field, <mask> played second base. That season would prove to be <mask>'s last in professional baseball.<mask> was born on November 13, 1922, in Bremerton, Washington. He died on July 18, 1982, in Seattle, Washington, and was buried at Evergreen Washelli Memorial Park. References
General reference

Inline citations

External links

1922 births
1982 deaths
Major League Baseball infielders
St. Louis Browns players
Longview Cherokees players
Los Angeles Angels (minor league) players
Paragould Browns players
San Antonio Missions players
Spokane Indians players
Springfield Browns players
Yakima Bears players
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army soldiers
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
Baseball players from Washington (state)
People from Bremerton, Washington
American prisoners of war in World War II

masks:
Andy Holm Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
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<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (born 1968) is an Italian-American bassist and record producer, who rose to fame when several of the bands he produced experienced huge gains in popularity during the pop-punk boom of the mid-‘90s. Among these bands was Giorgini's own Squirtgun, which received minor MTV rotation and several soundtrack appearances in major films in the 1990s. <mask> is also the son of renowned Italian artist <mask>. Music career
<mask> has played bass guitar, alto and tenor saxophones, and sung backing vocals for a number of punk rock bands including Screeching Weasel, Common Rider, Squirtgun, Rattail Grenadier, The Mopes, Teeth and the Man, Torture the Artist, and Sweet Black And Blue. As a composer, <mask> has written songs primarily for his band Squirtgun, but in addition has lent writing assistance to several bands he has produced. His songwriting work also appears in the films Mallrats (Gramercy Pictures) and Bubble Boy (Disney). As a producer, he has worked in conjunction with leading punk rock figures such as Billie Joe Armstrong of Green Day and Kris Roe of the Ataris, and produced music by bands such as Rise Against, Anti-Flag, and Alkaline Trio.Since 1990, he has owned and operated Sonic Iguana Studios in Lafayette, Indiana. He has been involved in creating the recordings of many bands (sometimes recording, mixing, mastering, and producing). His production work has taken him all over the globe, including production stints in Australia, Spain, Canada, and the Cayman Islands, as well as in numerous states of the United States. Discography

Screeching Weasel- Ramones (1992)
The Queers- Love Songs for the Retarded (1993)
Screeching Weasel- Wiggle (1993)
Smoking Popes- Get Fired (1993)
Screeching Weasel- How to Make Enemies and Irritate People (1994)
The Queers- Beat Off (1994)
The Fighters - Breaking Bones for Laughs (1994)
The Fighters / Winepress - The Rambling Boys of Pleasure (1994)
The Bollweevils – Stick Your Neck Out! (1994)
The Queers- Move Back Home (1995)
The Riverdales- The Riverdales (1995)
Squirtgun- Squirtgun (1995)
88 Fingers Louie- Behind Bars (1995)
Starbilly - BUZZ Records (1995)
The Crumbs- The Crumbs (1996)
The Queers- A Day Late And A Dollar Short (1996)
Cub- Box of Hair (1996)
Screeching Weasel- Bark Like a Dog (1996)
The Queers- Don't Back Down (1996)
Beatnik Termites - Bubblecore (1996)
The Riverdales- Storm the Streets (1997)
Squirtgun- Another Sunny Afternoon (1997)
Groovie Ghoulies- Re-Animation Festival (1997)
The Huntingtons- Fun and Games (1997)
Beatnik Termites - Pleasant Dreams (1996)
The Queers- Punk Rock Confidential (1998)
Parasites (band) - Rat Ass Pie (1998)
The Connie Dungs - Earthbound for the Holiday (1999)
Groovie Ghoulies- Fun in the Dark (1999)
The Lillingtons- Death By Television (1999)
Dead Letter Dept. (Formally: The Stiffs)  - Forever in a Day (2000)
Groovie Ghoulies- Travels with my Amp (2000)
Anti-Flag- Underground Network (2001)
Rise Against- The Unraveling (2001)
Caulfield - ...Sleep Tight, Ya Morons (2001)
The Real Swinger - Back from Nowhere (2001)
Ded Bugs - Planet of Blood (2001)
Common Rider- This is Unity Music (2002)
Justin Sane- Life, Love and the Pursuit of Justice (2002)
Groovie Ghoulies- Go! Prior to his career in music, Giorgini earned a degree in Psychology from Purdue University and began a course of graduate study in that same field.When his father became terminally ill with a form of brain cancer, Giorgini suspended his studies in order to care for his ailing father. Following his father's death, Giorgini abandoned his doctorate studies in psychology, and dedicated himself to music. A pair of articles co-authored by Giorgini were published in respected psychology academic journals from Giorgini's period prior to his departure from the field. Giorgini later returned to academics in the area of Spanish Literature, in which he earned both a Master's and Ph.D. degree from Purdue University in Cervantes Studies at the same university. He has published several articles in academic journals and chapters in book-length studies on literature and film. Most of his research has been on the investigation of encoded messages protesting the Inquisition written between the lines of the novel Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes. In March 2014, Giorgini delivered a TEDx Talk at Purdue University summarizing some of his research on the same topic.<mask> was the model for the fictional character "Max" in the novel Weasels in a Box by John Jughead. In the novel, the character "Max" is a punk rock producer who also studies the literary figure Don Quixote. Giorgini has taught Audio Production Techniques in the Theatre Department at Purdue University, as well as Italian and Spanish in the Foreign Language Department of the same institution. In addition to his ongoing research on Cervantes and his production work, Giorgini presents at symposia on forensic techniques in the analysis of coded language. Footnotes

External links
Sonic Iguana Studios
Official Squirtgun site
Mass Giorgini's Blog

An article by <mask> for an academic psychology journal:
Response Time Distributions: Some Simple Effects of Factors Selectively Influencing Mental Processes (1999) by Richard Schweikert & <mask>i, from the Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, Volume 6, Issue 2, pages 266-288. Living people
1968 births
Purdue University faculty
American punk rock bass guitarists
American male bass guitarists
American people of Italian descent
American audio engineers
American record producers
20th-century American bass guitarists
Screeching Weasel members
20th-century American male musicians

masks:
Massimiliano Adelmo
Mass
Giorgini
Mass Giorgini
Aldo Giorgini
Giorgini
Giorgini
Giorgini
Mass Giorgini
Massiorgin