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<mask> (7 February 1928 – 3 August 2021) was a Brazilian journalist, essayist, music critic, music historian and author of many books on Brazilian popular music. He was a lifelong detractor of the Bossa Nova movement, which he saw as pasteurized Jazz music assembled in the tropics. Early life

Born in Santos, in the state of São Paulo, <mask> was the eldest son of a family of Iberian immigrants (his father was Portuguese and his mother the daughter of a Spaniard). His father worked as a waiter, sold lottery tickets and had a laundry shop. After all, he was invited by a friend to work at Urca's casino, in Rio de Janeiro, where his family moved in 1937, when the boy was nine years old. Career

<mask> got a bachelor's degree in law at the University of Brazil and in journalism at the National Faculty of Philosophy (Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia). In 1951, while still an undergraduate student, he began working as a freelancer at Revista da Semana, a now-defunct Brazilian weekly magazine in Rio de Janeiro, where he signed his texts as J<mask>.In 1952, he was taken by Armando Nogueira, his college friend, to work as a copy editor at the Diário Carioca, one of the most popular newspapers in Rio at the time. It was there that <mask> earned his nickname "Tinhorão" ("Heart of Jesus", Caladium bicolor), which refers to the name of a toxic ornamental plant that was accidentally incorporated into his own name. The nickname was given by Everardo Guillon, the newspaper's editorial secretary, but the definitive baptism, in print, came from the editor-in-chief, Pompeu de Sousa. According to Instituto Moreira Salles, which keeps the Tinhorão archives, the first article signed by "J. <mask> Tinhorão", at the Diário Carioca, was published on December 25 of that year. The author was shocked when he read: "Report by J. <mask> for the Diário Carioca". Laughing, the boss replied: "J. <mask> is a name for pickpockets. There's a lot of them in the phone book.There will be only one Tinhorão!" <mask> stayed at the Diário Carioca until the end of 1958, when he went to Jornal do Brasil invited by fellow journalist Janio de Freitas to write for the Sunday supplement. Two years later, in the context of the creation of Caderno B, JB'''s cultural supplement, <mask> begins his activities as a researcher of popular music, commissioned by Reynaldo Jardim, creator of Caderno B, who asked <mask> to write a series of articles on the history of samba. Music critic and researcher

In the 1960s, he would start paving his reputation as a grumpy and relentless music critic. A fierce detractor of Bossa Nova, he therefore faced several enmities against his staunch opinions. His harsh style is illustrated by a 1963 article for Senhor magazine: "Daughter of apartment adventures with the American music, who is undeniably her mother, Bossa Nova suffers from the same affliction as do many children from Copacabana, the neighborhood where she was born: she doesn't know who the father is." In his standpoint, Bossa Nova represented, in urban popular music, the "sonic equivalent of the illusions of Brazilian socioeconomic 'updating' to the standards of the modern capitalism of the technological age".In the name of modernity, Brazil would reject popular forms and genres, with Bossa Nova representing a deaf class conflict, at the level of mass culture, which would result in the middle class being set apart from the working classes. He adds: "Bossa Nova was not a winning move for Brazilian music. Brazilians offered Americans a new outlook on their own music. It's easier for the average American to listen to it. Why does Frank Sinatra sing Tom Jobim and not Nelson Cavaquinho? Because it simply wouldn't match." With a Marxist background and labeled as a radical nationalist, <mask> introduced sociological analysis in his music reviews.Faithful to historical materialism and dialectical materialism, he understood history as the chronicle of men in the world — and of their relations with nature and with each other in society. Since in a class society each social class projects its ideology on culture and cultural production expresses the ideology of the class that engendered it, then every culture in a class society is class culture. Always based on the methodological approach proposed by Marx, he wrote for various media outlets in the 60s, in addition to JB itself: Tribuna da Imprensa, Jornal dos Sports, Agora, Jornal Rural, Singra, Revista Guaíra, Última Hora, Veja, Senhor, Diário Carioca, Jornal do Brasil, Cadernos de Estudos Brasileiros and O Globo. He collaborated with O Pasquim until 1989. In the 1990s, he definitively abandoned journalism and began to dedicate himself fully to historical research and book production. He obtained a master's degree in social history from the University of São Paulo in 1999. From his MD thesis, the book A imprensa carnavalesca no Brasil: um panorama da linguagem cômica (The Carnival Press in Brazil: an overview of the comic language) was born, published in 2000.<mask> also worked for several television networks (TV Rio, TV Excelsior, TV Globo). He remained as a journalist at Jornal do Brasil until 1963 and then collaborated as a critic between 1974 and 1982. Controversies and discoveries

During his career, he became involved in numerous disputes with Brazilian musicians such as Tom Jobim, Chico Buarque, Caetano Veloso and Paulinho da Viola. <mask> considered Jobim "not a creator, but an arranger". He wrote that Jobim's melody to the song Águas de Março would have been plain plagiarism of a macumba theme collected in 1933 by João Paulo Batista de Carvalho — which translates as "it's stick, it's stone, it's small pebble / Bahia rolls over everything". That was only one of several claims of plagiarism against Jobim and others made by <mask>. Talking about João Gilberto, he said: "He is a good malandro.He gave samba an original syncopated beat, in which he could place any jazz harmony he wished (nothing but a boring tap drip rhythm). He took advantage of all the folklore around his persona and was acclaimed as a genius. Poor guy, have you seen his voice? He can't even articulate right anymore. And the air conditioning is to blame. I really admire that smartass!" <mask> attacked the Brazilian movement Tropicália and recognized its delusions of grandeur to newspaper Folha de São Paulo in 2014: "The same Gilberto Gil whom now advocates nationalism in Brazilian art wore long negligees with a Rhodia print fifty years ago", he said.To him, Brazilian movement Jovem Guarda was "simplified Rock for suckers" and sertanejo music was "neither urban nor country music". He praised Brazilian rap, though, arguing it was a present-day recovery of the classic emboladas (improvised Brazilian songs sung by a duo in public places, accompanied by tambourines and guitars). He didn't spare even Portuguese-born Brazilian star Carmen Miranda, stating: "Carmen Miranda was a victim of Hollywood show business. She left for America beautiful and full of energy and returned inside a coffin, disfigured by tranquilizers". He recognized the talent of genuine samba and choro composers and singers such as Pixinguinha, Noel Rosa, Monarco and João Nogueira, as well as modern names like Elomar Figueira Mello, Vital Farias and Antonio Nóbrega. In his book Domingos Caldas Barbosa, the poet of the viola, modinha and lundu, he defends another controversial thesis — that the Portuguese genre fado was born in Brazil, not on the wharf of Lisbon, and values the influence of slaves in the Iberian culture, conversely to common Portuguese academic beliefs. According to <mask>, "fado arrived in Portugal at the end of the 18th century as the black dance of Brazil.It had a singing intermezzo. There are documents that show female fado singers in São Paulo as early as 1740, when people not even talked about it in Lisbon. Fado only became popular in Portugal because of Caldas Barbosa." In 1966, he published the first of more than twenty books he would bring out on the history of Brazilian popular music, Popular Music: a topic in debate. He was also an avid collector. During his lifetime, he amassed around six thousand 78 rpm records, commercially released between 1902 and 1964, and another four thousand LPs (33 rpm), launched between 1960 and the mid 1990s. In addition to audio files, the researcher kept more than 14,000 books on popular culture and over 35,000 documents, photos, films, sheet music, pianola rolls, leaflets, magazine and newspaper collections related to music.In 2001, <mask>'s collection was purchased and digitized by Instituto Moreira Salles, and it is now available on the internet.<mask> <mask>. Instituto Moreira Salles. Death

<mask> <mask> died on August 3, 2021,  in the city of São Paulo, aged 93. He had been hospitalized with pneumonia two months earlier and was weakened by a stroke he had suffered in 2018. He was buried in the Protestant's Cemetery, in the Higienópolis neighborhood of the city. Works
 A Província e o Naturalismo (1966)Música Popular: um tema em debate (1966)
 O samba agora vai: a farsa da música popular brasileira no exterior (1969)
 Música Popular: cinema e teatro (1972)
 Música Popular: os índios, negros e mestiços (1972)
 Pequena História da Música Popular: da modinha à canção de protesto (1975)
 Os sons que vêm da rua Os sons dos negros no Brasil: cantos, danças, folguedos: origens (1988) Os negros em Portugal: uma presença silenciosa (1988)
 Música Popular no Romance Brasileiro (1992):
Séculos XVIII e XIX - Vol. 1
 Século XX - Vol.2
 Século XX - Vol.

masks:
José Ramos Tinhorão
Tinhorão
Tinhorão
. Ramos
José Ramos
Ramos
Ramos Tinão
Ramos
Tinhorão
Tinhorão
Tinhorão
Tinhorão
Tinhorão
Tinhorão
Tinhorão
Tinhorão
Tinhorão
Tinhorão
José Ramos
Tinhorão
José Ramos
Tinhorão


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<mask> (; c. 1296 – 1357 or 1359) was a Byzantine Greek theologian and Eastern Orthodox cleric of the late Byzantine period. A monk of Mount Athos (modern Greece) and later archbishop of Thessaloniki, he is famous for his defense of hesychast spirituality, the uncreated character of the light of the Transfiguration, and the distinction between God's essence and energies (i.e., the divine will, divine grace, etc.). His teaching unfolded over the course of three major controversies, (1) with the Italo-Greek Barlaam between 1336 and 1341, (2) with the monk <mask> between 1341 and 1347, and (3) with the philosopher Gregoras, from 1348 to 1355. His theological contributions are sometimes referred to as Palamism, and his followers as Palamites. <mask> has been venerated as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church since 1368. Within the Catholic Church, he was also been called a saint, and repeatedly cited as a great theological writer, by Pope John Paul II. Since 1971, the Melkite Greek Catholic Church has venerated <mask> as a saint.Some of his writings are collected in the Philokalia, and since the Ottoman period, the second Sunday of Great Lent is dedicated to the memory <mask> in the Orthodox Church and Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. The Byzantine Synodikon of Orthodoxy also celebrates his memory and theology while condemning his opponents, including some anti-Palamites who flourished after <mask>'s death. Early life
<mask> was born in Constantinople around the year 1296. His father, Constantine, was a courtier of the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos (1282–1328), but died when <mask> was still young. The Emperor himself took part in the raising and education of the fatherless boy and hoped that the gifted <mask> would devote himself to government service, but Palamas chose monastic life on Mt. Athos. <mask>'s mother (Kalloni) and siblings (Theodosios, Makarios, Epicharis, and Theodoti) would also embrace monasticism, and the entire family was canonized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in 2009.Before leaving for Mt. Athos, <mask> received a broad education, including the study of Aristotle, which he would display before Theodore Metochites and the emperor. Monastic career
Despite the Emperor's ambitions for him, <mask>, then barely twenty years old, withdrew to Mount Athos in the year 1316 and became a novice there in the Vatopedi monastery under the guidance of the monastic Elder St Nicodemos of Vatopedi. Eventually, he was tonsured a monk, and continued his life of asceticism. After the demise of the Elder Nicodemus, <mask> spent eight years of spiritual struggle under the guidance of a new Elder, Nicephorus. After this last Elder's repose, <mask> transferred to the Great Lavra of St. Athanasius the Athonite on Mount Athos, where he served the brethren in the trapeza (refectory) and in church as a cantor. Wishing to devote himself more fully to prayer and asceticism he entered a skete called Glossia, where he taught the ancient practice of mental prayer known as "prayer of the heart" or hesychasm.In 1326, because of the threat of Turkish invasions, he and the brethren retreated to the defended city of Thessaloniki, where he was then ordained a priest. Dividing his time between his ministry to the people and his pursuit of spiritual perfection, he founded a small community of hermits near Thessaloniki in a place called Veria. He served for a short time as Abbot of the Esphigmenou Monastery but was forced to resign in 1335 due to discontentment regarding the austerity of his monastic administration. Hesychast controversy

Hesychasm attracted the attention of Barlaam, a man who either converted to Orthodoxy or was baptized Orthodox who encountered Hesychasts and heard descriptions of their practices during a visit to Mount Athos; he had also read the writings of Palamas, himself an Athonite monk. Trained in Western Scholastic theology, Barlaam was scandalized by hesychasm and began to combat it both orally and in his writings. As a private teacher of theology in the Western Scholastic mode, Barlaam propounded a more intellectual and propositional approach to the knowledge of God than the hesychasts taught. On the hesychast side, the controversy was taken up by Palamas who was asked by his fellow monks on Mt Athos to defend hesychasm from the attacks of Barlaam.<mask> was well-educated in Greek philosophy. <mask> wrote a number of works in its defense and defended hesychasm at six different synods in Constantinople ultimately triumphing over its attackers in the synod of 1351. Early conflict between Barlaam and Palamas
Although Barlaam came from southern Italy, his ancestry was Greek and he claimed Eastern Orthodoxy as his Christian faith. Arriving in Constantinople around 1330, Barlaam was working on commentaries on Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite under the patronage of John VI Kantakouzenos. Around 1336, <mask> received copies of treatises written by Barlaam against the Latins, condemning their insertion of the Filioque into the Nicene Creed. Although this condemnation was solid Orthodox theology, <mask> took issue with Barlaam's argument in support of it, namely that efforts at demonstrating the nature of God (specifically, the nature of the Holy Spirit) should be abandoned, because God is ultimately unknowable and undemonstrable to humans. Thus, Barlaam asserted that it was impossible to determine from whom the Holy Spirit proceeds.According to Sara J. Denning-Bolle, <mask> viewed Barlaam's argument as "dangerously agnostic". In his response titled "Apodictic Treatises", <mask> insisted that it was indeed demonstrable that the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Father but not from the Son. A series of letters ensued between the two but they were unable to resolve their differences amicably. Triads

In response to Barlaam's attacks, <mask> wrote nine treatises entitled "Triads For The Defense of Those Who Practice Sacred Quietude". The treatises are called "triads" because they were organized as three sets of three treatises. The Triads were written in three stages. The first triad was written in the second half of the 1330s and are based on personal discussions between <mask> and Barlaam although Barlaam is never mentioned by name.<mask>'s teaching was affirmed by the superiors and principal monks of Mt. Athos, who met in synod during 1340–1. In early 1341, the monastic communities of Mount Athos wrote the Hagioritic Tome under the supervision and inspiration of <mask>. Although the tome does not mention Barlaam by name, the work clearly takes aim at Barlaam's views. The tome provides a systematic presentation of <mask>' teaching and became the fundamental textbook for Byzantine mysticism. In response, Barlaam drafted "Against the Messalians", which attacked <mask> by name for the first time. Barlaam derisively called the hesychasts omphalopsychoi (men with their souls in their navels) and accused them of the heresy of Messalianism, also known as Bogomilism in the East.According to Meyendorff, Barlaam viewed "any claim of real and conscious experience of God as Messalianism". Barlaam also took exception to the doctrine held by the hesychasts as to the uncreated nature of the light, the experience of which was said to be the goal of hesychast practice, regarding it as heretical and blasphemous. It was maintained by the hesychasts to be of divine origin and to be identical to the light which had been manifested to Jesus' disciples on Mount Tabor at the Transfiguration. Barlaam viewed this doctrine of "uncreated light" to be polytheistic because as it postulated two eternal substances, a visible and an invisible God. Barlaam accuses the use of the Jesus Prayer as being a practice of Bogomilism. The second triad quotes some of Barlaam's writings directly. In response to this second triad, Barlaam composed the treatise "Against the Messalians" linking the hesychasts to the Messalians and thereby accusing them of heresy.In the third Triad, <mask> refuted Barlaam's charge of Messalianism by demonstrating that the hesychasts did not share the antisacramentalism of the Messalians nor did they claim to physically see the essence of God with their eyes. According to Fr. John Meyendorff "<mask> orients his entire polemic against Barlaam the Calabrian on the issue of the Hellenic wisdom which he considers to be the main source of Barlaam's errors." Role in the Byzantine civil war
Although the civil war between the supporters of John VI Kantakouzenos and the regents for John V Palaeologus was not primarily a religious conflict, the theological dispute between the supporters and opponents of Palamas did play a role in the conflict. Steven Runciman points out that "while the theological dispute embittered the conflict, the religious and political parties did not coincide." The aristocrats supported Palamas largely due to their conservative and anti-Western tendencies as well as their links to the staunchly Orthodox monasteries. Although several significant exceptions leave the issue open to question, in the popular mind (and traditional historiography), the supporters of "Palamism" and of "Kantakouzenism" are usually equated.Thus, the eventual triumph of Kantakouzenos in 1347 also brought with it the conclusive triumph of the Palamists over the anti-Palamists. Fifth Council of Constantinople

It became clear that the dispute between Barlaam and <mask> was irreconcilable and would require the judgment of an episcopal council. A series of six patriarchal councils were held in Constantinople on 10 June 1341, August 1341, 4 November 1344, 1 February 1347, 8 February 1347, and 28 May 1351  to consider the issues. Collectively, these councils are accepted as having ecumenical status by Orthodox Christians, some of whom call them the Fifth Council of Constantinople and the Ninth Ecumenical Council. The dispute over hesychasm came before a synod held at Constantinople in May 1341 and presided over by the emperor Andronicus III. The assembly, influenced by the veneration in which the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius were held in the Eastern Church, condemned

masks:
Gregory Palamas
Gregory Akindynos
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory Palamas
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Palamas
Gregory
Gregory
Palamas
Palamas
Palamas
Palamas
Palamas
Gregory
Palamas
Palamas
Gregory
Palamas
Gregory Palamas
Palamas


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 Barlaam, who recanted. The ecumenical patriarch insisted that all of Barlaam's writings be destroyed and thus no complete copies of Barlaam's treatise "Against Messalianism" have survived.Barlaam's primary supporter Emperor Andronicus III died just five days after the synod ended. Although Barlaam initially hoped for a second chance to present his case against <mask>, he soon realised the futility of pursuing his cause, and left for Calabria where he converted to the Roman Church and was appointed Bishop of Gerace. After Barlaam's departure, <mask> became the chief critic of <mask>. A second council held in Constantinople in August 1341 condemned Akindynos and affirmed the findings of the earlier council. Akindynos and his supporters gained a brief victory at a council held in 1344 which excommunicated Palamas. However, the last of these councils, held in May 1351, conclusively exonerated Palamas and condemned his opponents. This synod ordered that the metropolitans of Ephesus and Ganos be defrocked and jailed.All those who were unwilling to submit to the orthodox view were to be excommunicated and kept under surveillance at their residences. A series of anathemas were pronounced against Barlaam, Akindynos and their followers; at the same time, a series of acclamations were also declared in favor of <mask> and the adherents of his doctrine. One notable opponent of Palamism was Nicephorus Gregoras who refused to submit to the dictates of the synod and was effectively imprisoned in a monastery for two years. Gradual acceptance of the Palamist doctrine

Kallistos I and the ecumenical patriarchs who succeeded him mounted a vigorous campaign to have the Palamist doctrines accepted by the other Eastern patriarchates as well as all the metropolitan sees under their jurisdiction. However, it took some time to overcome initial resistance to his teachings. For example, the metropolitan of Kiev, upon receiving tomes from Kallistos that expounded the Palamist doctrine, rejected it vehemently and composed a reply in refutation. Similarly, the patriarchate of Antioch remained steadfastly opposed to what they viewed as an innovation; however, by the end of the fourteenth century, Palamism had become accepted there.Similar acts of resistance were seen in the metropolitan sees that were governed by the Latins as well as in some autonomous ecclesiastical regions, such as the Church of Cyprus. One notable example of the campaign to enforce the orthodoxy of the Palamist doctrine was the action taken by patriarch Philotheos I to crack down on Prochoros Kydones, a monk and priest at Mount Athos who was opposed to the Palamites. Kydones had written a number of anti-Palamist treatises and continued to argue forcefully against Palamism even when brought before the patriarch and enjoined to adhere to the orthodox doctrine. Finally, in exasperation, Philotheos convened a synod against Kydones in April 1368. However, even this extreme measure failed to effect the submission of Kydones and in the end, he was excommunicated and suspended from the clergy in perpetuity. The long tome that was prepared for the synod concludes with a decree canonizing <mask> who had died in 1357/59. Despite the initial opposition of some patriarchates and sees, over time the resistance dwindled away and ultimately Palamist doctrine became accepted throughout the Eastern Orthodox Church.During this period, it became the norm for ecumenical patriarchs to profess the Palamite doctrine upon taking possession of their see. Martin Jugie states that the opposition of the Latins and the Latinophrones, who were necessarily hostile to the doctrine, actually contributed to its adoption, and soon Latinism and Antipalamism became equivalent in the minds of many Orthodox Christians. According to Aristeides Papadakis, "all Orthodox scholars who have written on Palamas — Lossky, Krivosheine, Papamichael, Meyendorff, Christou — assume his voice to be a legitimate expression of Orthodox tradition." Later years

<mask>'s opponents in the hesychast controversy spread slanderous accusations against him, and in 1344 Patriarch John XIV imprisoned him for four years. However, in 1347 when Patriarch Isidore came to the Ecumenical Throne, <mask> was released from prison and consecrated as the Metropolitan of Thessalonica. However, since the conflict with Barlaam had not been settled at that point, the people of Thessalonica did not accept him, and he was forced to live in a number of places. It was not until 1350 that he was able to occupy the episcopal chair.In 1354, during a voyage to Constantinople, the ship he was in fell into the hands of Turkish pirates; he was imprisoned and beaten. He was obliged to spend a year in detention at the Ottoman court where he was well treated. Eventually his ransom was paid and he returned to Thessaloniki, where he served as archbishop for the last three years of his life. Death and canonization
<mask> died in 1357/59. His dying words were, "To the heights! To the heights!" He was canonized a saint of the Eastern Orthodox Church in 1368 by Patriarch Philotheos of Constantinople, who also wrote his Vita and composed the service which is chanted in his honour.His feast day is celebrated twice a year on November 14, the anniversary of his death, and on the Second Sunday of Great Lent. The reason for his commemoration on the Second Sunday of Great Lent is because <mask>'s victory over Barlaam is seen as a continuation of the Triumph of Orthodoxy (i.e., the victory of the Church over heresy) which was celebrated the previous Sunday. <mask>'s relics are kept in the Metropolitan Cathedral which is named after him. The Cathedral is in Thessaloniki. Hymns
Troparion (Tone 8)
O light of Orthodoxy, teacher of the Church, its confirmation,
O ideal of monks and invincible champion of theologians,
O wonder-working <mask>, glory of Thessaloniki and preacher of grace,
always intercede before the Lord that our souls may be saved. Kontakion (Tone 8)
Holy and divine instrument of wisdom,
joyful trumpet of theology,
together we sing your praises, O God-inspired <mask>. Since you now stand before the Original Mind, guide our minds to Him, O Father,
so that we may sing to you: "Rejoice, preacher of grace."Works
 Patrologia Graeca, vols. 150, 151
 Philokalia

Primary works translated into English
 The Triads (Classics of Western Spirituality Series) ()
Philokalia, Volume 4 ()
<mask> <mask>: The Homilies, (The Complete Homilies Translated into English - Published in 2009) ()
Homilies of Saint <mask>, Vol. 1 ()
Homilies of Saint <mask>, Vol. 2 ()
Treatise on the Spiritual Life ()
The One Hundred and Fifty Chapters ()
Dialogue Between an Orthodox and a Barlaamite ()

See also
Tabor Light
Mount Athos
Gregory Acindynus
Christian mysticism

References

Further reading

A Study of <mask>as () By John Meyendorff Translated by George Lawrence (1964)
St. Gregory Palamas and Orthodox Spirituality () by Fr. John Meyendorff
Saint <mask>as as a Hagiorite () by Metropolitan Hierotheos (Vlachos) of Nafpaktos
Introduction to St. <mask>as () by George C. Papademetriou
Triune God: Incomprehensible but Knowable—The Philosophical and Theological Significance of St <mask>as for Contemporary Philosophy and Theology edited by Constantinos Athanasopoulos, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015 ()
Orthodox Mysticism and Asceticism: Philosophy and Theology in St <mask>as’ Work ed. by C. Athanasopoulos, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2020. “The influence of Ps.Dionysius the Areopagite on Johannes Scotus Eriugena and St. <mask>as: Goodness as Transcendence of Metaphysics”, by C. Athanasopoulos,  in Agnieska Kijewska, ed., Being or Good?Metamorphoses of Neoplatonism, Lublin: Catholic University of Lublin Press (KUL), 2004, pp. 319–341. “Scholastic and Byzantine Realism: Absolutism in the Metaphysics and Ethics of Aquinas, Duns Scotus, Ockham and the critique of St. <mask>”, by C. Athanasopoulos, in Verbum (the official Journal of the Institute of Medieval Philosophy, Department of Philosophy, University of St. Petersburg, Russia), Vol. 6, Volume Topic: Aristotle in Medieval Metaphysics, January 2002, pp. 154–165. ‘St. <mask>, (Neo-)Platonist and Aristotelian Metaphysics: the response of Orthodox Mystical Theology to the Western impasse of intellectualism and essentialism’ by C. Athanasopoulos in Divine Essence and Divine Energies: Ecumenical Reflections on the Presence of God in Eastern Orthodoxy, edited by C. Athanasopoulos and C. Schneider, James Clarke & Co, April 2013.(), pp. 50–67. External links

 St Gregory Palamas Orthodox Icon and Synaxarion
 International Conference on St Gregory Palamas, Thessaloniki 2012 with links to abstracts and reports from the Conference
 Papers from the International Conference on St Gregory Palamas (Thessaloniki, Veroia and Mt Athos, 2012)
 Palamas Seminar Meetings
 Papers from the International Conference on Mysticism and Asceticism in St Gregory Palamas (Veroia 2015)
 Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes
 Light for the World: the Life of St. <mask> (1296–1359) by Fr. Bassam A. Nassif
 An Overview of the Hesychast Controversy
 Melkite Greek Catholic Information Centre on St. Gregory Palamas
 Excerpt from "Byzantine Theology, Historical trends and doctrinal themes" by John Meyendorff

1296 births
1359 deaths
14th-century Christian saints
14th-century Byzantine monks
14th-century Byzantine bishops
14th-century Byzantine writers
14th-century Christian mystics
14th-century Eastern Orthodox theologians
Athonite Fathers
Byzantine bishops of Thessalonica
Byzantine Christian mystics
Byzantine saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
Byzantine theologians
Eastern Catholic saints
Eastern Orthodox archbishops
Eastern Orthodox mystics
Eastern Orthodox saints
Eastern Orthodox theologians
Greek Christian monks
Greek Christian mystics
Greek theologians
Hesychasm
Medieval Athos
Medieval Thessalonica
People from Constantinople
Saints of medieval Greece
Saints of medieval Macedonia
14th-century Greek musicians
14th-century Greek writers
14th-century Greek educators
14th-century Greek

masks:
Palamas
Gregory Akindynos
Palamas
Gregory Palamas
Palamas
Palamas
Gregory
Palamas
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Saint Gregory
Palamas
Gregory Palamas
Gregory Palamas
Gregory Palam
Gregory Palam
Gregory Palam
Gregory Palam
Gregory Palam
Gregory Palam
Gregory Palamas
Gregory Palamas
Gregory Palamas


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<mask> (born 1961) is a British mathematician known for his contributions to geometry and topology, particularly in the areas of geometric group theory and low-dimensional topology. He is also known for solving the angel problem. <mask> holds a chaired Professor appointment in Mathematics at the University of Warwick. Biography
<mask> was born in 1961 in Neath, Wales. He obtained a B.A. degree from Cambridge University in 1983. He subsequently pursued doctoral studies in Mathematics at the University of Warwick under the supervision of David Epstein where he received a PhD in 1988.Bowditch then had postdoctoral and visiting positions at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, the University of Warwick, Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques at Bures-sur-Yvette, the University of Melbourne, and the University of Aberdeen. In 1992 he received an appointment at the University of Southampton where he stayed until 2007. In 2007 Bowditch moved to the University of Warwick, where he received a chaired Professor appointment in Mathematics. <mask> was awarded a Whitehead Prize by the London Mathematical Society in 1997 for his work in geometric group theory and geometric topology. He gave an Invited address at the 2004 European Congress of Mathematics in Stockholm. Bowditch is a former member of the Editorial Board for the journal Annales de la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse and a former Editorial Adviser for the London Mathematical Society. Mathematical contributions

Early notable results of Bowditch include clarifying the classic notion of geometric finiteness for higher-dimensional Kleinian groups in constant and variable negative curvature.In a 1993 paper Bowditch proved that five standard characterisations of geometric finiteness for discrete groups of isometries of hyperbolic 3-space and hyperbolic plane, (including the definition in terms of having a finitely-sided fundamental polyhedron) remain equivalent for groups of isometries of hyperbolic n-space where n ≥ 4. He showed, however, that in dimensions n ≥ 4 the condition of having a finitely-sided Dirichlet domain is no longer equivalent to the standard notions of geometric finiteness. In a subsequent paper Bowditch considered a similar problem for discrete groups of isometries of Hadamard manifold of pinched (but not necessarily constant) negative curvature and of arbitrary dimension n ≥ 2. He proved that four out of five equivalent definitions of geometric finiteness considered in his previous paper remain equivalent in this general set-up, but the condition of having a finitely-sided fundamental polyhedron is no longer equivalent to them. Much of Bowditch's work in the 1990s concerned studying boundaries at infinity of word-hyperbolic groups. He proved the cut-point conjecture which says that the boundary of a one-ended word-hyperbolic group does not have any global cut-points. Bowditch first proved this conjecture in the main cases of a one-ended hyperbolic group that does not split over a two-ended subgroup (that is, a subgroup containing infinite cyclic subgroup of finite index) and also for one-ended hyperbolic groups that are "strongly accessible".The general case of the conjecture was finished shortly thereafter by G. Ananda Swarup who characterised Bowditch's work as follows: "The most significant advances in this direction were carried out by <mask>ch in a brilliant series of papers ([4]-[7]). We draw heavily from his work". Soon after Swarup's paper Bowditch supplied an alternative proof of the cut-point conjecture in the general case. Bowditch's work relied on extracting various discrete tree-like structures from the action of a word-hyperbolic group on its boundary. Bowditch also proved that (modulo a few exceptions) the boundary of a one-ended word-hyperbolic group G has local cut-points if and only if G admits an essential splitting, as an amalgamated free product or an HNN extension, over a virtually infinite cyclic group. This allowed Bowditch to produce a theory of JSJ decomposition for word-hyperbolic groups that was more canonical and more general (particularly because it covered groups with nontrivial torsion) than the original JSJ decomposition theory of Zlil Sela. One of the consequences of Bowditch's work is that for one-ended word-hyperbolic groups (with a few exceptions) having a nontrivial essential splitting over a virtually cyclic subgroup is a quasi-isometry invariant.Bowditch also gave a topological characterisation of word-hyperbolic groups, thus solving a conjecture proposed by Mikhail Gromov. Namely, Bowditch proved that a group G is word-hyperbolic if and only if G admits an action by homeomorphisms on a perfect metrisable compactum M as a "uniform convergence group", that is such that the diagonal action of G on the set of distinct triples from M is properly discontinuous and co-compact; moreover, in that case M is G-equivariantly homeomorphic to the boundary ∂G of G. Later, building up on this work, Bowditch's PhD student Yaman gave a topological characterisation of relatively hyperbolic groups. Much of Bowditch's work in 2000s concerns the study of the curve complex, with various applications to 3-manifolds, mapping class groups and Kleinian groups. The curve complex C(S) of a finite type surface S, introduced by Harvey in the late 1970s, has the set of free homotopy classes of essential simple closed curves on S as the set of vertices, where several distinct vertices span a simplex if the corresponding curves can be realised disjointly. The curve complex turned out to be a fundamental tool in the study of the geometry of the Teichmüller space, of mapping class groups and of Kleinian groups. In a 1999 paper Howard Masur and Yair Minsky proved that for a finite type orientable surface S the curve complex C(S) is Gromov-hyperbolic. This result was a key component in the subsequent proof of Thurston's Ending lamination conjecture, a solution which was based on the combined work of Yair Minsky, Howard Masur, Jeffrey Brock, and Richard Canary.In 2006 Bowditch gave another proof of hyperbolicity of the curve complex. <mask>'s proof is more combinatorial and rather different from the Masur-Minsky original argument. Bowditch's result also provides an estimate on the hyperbolicity constant of the curve complex which is logarithmic in complexity of the surface and also gives a description of geodesics in the curve complex in terms of the intersection numbers. A subsequent 2008 paper of Bowditch pushed these ideas further and obtained new quantitative finiteness results regarding the so-called "tight geodesics" in the curve complex, a notion introduced by Masur and Minsky to combat the fact that the curve complex is not locally finite. As an application, Bowditch proved that, with a few exceptions of surfaces of small complexity, the action of the mapping class group Mod(S) on C(S) is "acylindrical" and that the asymptotic translation lengths of pseudo-Anosov elements of Mod(S) on C(S) are rational numbers with bounded denominators. A 2007 paper of Bowditch produces a positive solution of the angel problem of John Conway: Bowditch proved that a 4-angel has a winning strategy and can evade the devil in the "angel game". Independent solutions of the angel problem were produced at about the same time by András Máthé and Oddvar Kloster.Selected publications

See also
Geometric group theory
Geometric topology
3-manifolds
Kleinian groups

References

External links
<mask><mask>'s HomePage at the University of Warwick

Group theorists
Topologists
Differential geometers
Combinatorial game theorists
1961 births
Welsh mathematicians
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
People from Neath
Academics of the University of Southampton
Alumni of the University of Warwick
Academics of the University of Warwick
Living people
Whitehead Prize winners

masks:
Brian Hayward Bowditch
Bowditch
Brian Bowditch
Bowditch
Brian Bowdit
Bowditch
Brian H
. Bowditch


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<mask>-Wright (July 8, 1890 – August 22, 1973), was a modern American artist. He was a co-founder of Synchromism, an early abstract, color-based mode of painting, which was the first American avant-garde art movement to receive international attention. Early life
<mask>-Wright was born in Charlottesville, Virginia in 1890. His first name, <mask>, was chosen to honor the women's rights activist <mask>; he later hyphenated his last name after repeatedly being asked if he were related to the famed architect Frank Lloyd Wright. He spent his adolescence in Santa Monica, California, where his father ran a seaside hotel. An amateur artist as well as a businessman, Macdonald-Wright's father encouraged his artistic development from a young age and secured him private painting lessons. <mask>'s older brother, Willard Huntington Wright, was a writer and critic who gained international fame in the 1920s by writing the Philo Vance detective novels under the pseudonym S.S. Van Dine.Synchromism: Europe and New York

Married at the age of seventeen, Macdonald-Wright moved to Paris with his wife to immerse himself in European art and to study at the Sorbonne, the Académie Julian, the École des Beaux-Arts and the Académie Colarossi. He and fellow student Morgan Russell studied with Canadian painter Percyval Tudor-Hart between 1911 and 1913. They were deeply influenced by their teacher's color theory, which connected the qualities of color to those of music, as well as by the works of Delacroix, the Impressionists, Cézanne, and Matisse that placed a great emphasis on juxtapositions and reverberations of color. During these years Macdonald-Wright and Russell developed Synchromism (meaning "with color"), seeking to free their art form from a literal description of the world and believing that painting was a practice akin to music that should be divorced from representational associations. Macdonald-Wright collaborated with Russell in painting abstract "synchromies" and staged Synchromist exhibitions in Munich in June 1913, in Paris in October 1913, and in New York in March 1914. These established Synchromism as an influence in modern art well into the 1920s, though followers of other abstract artists (principally, the Orphists Robert and Sonia Delaunay) were later to claim that the Synchromists had merely borrowed the principles of color abstraction from Orphism, a point vehemently disputed by Macdonald-Wright and Russell. While in Europe, Macdonald-Wright met Matisse, Rodin, and Gertrude and Leo Stein, and Thomas Hart Benton, who called <mask> "the most gifted all-around fellow I ever knew".He and Russell returned to the United States hopeful of acclaim and financial success and were eager to promote their cause. In 1915, <mask>'s brother, by that time a respected editor and critic in the New York literary world, published one of the first and most comprehensive surveys of advanced art to appear in the United States. Secretly co-authored by <mask>, Modern Painting: Its Tendency and Meaning reviews the major art movements of the previous century from Manet to Cubism, praises the work of Cézanne (still largely unknown in the United States), and predicts a time, soon to come, when an abstract art of pure color will supplant realism. Synchromism itself, the subject of a lengthy, adulatory chapter, is presented as that desired end-point, the culmination of the modernist struggle, surpassing the work of "lesser Moderns" like Kandinsky and the Futurists; at no time does the author acknowledge his own brother as one of the two originators of that school of art. About his work in this period, Macdonald-Wright commented, "I strive to divest my art of all anecdote and illustration and to purify it to the point where the emotions of the spectator will be wholly aesthetic, as when listening to good music....I cast aside as nugatory all natural representation in my art. However, I still adhered to the fundamental laws of compsiition (placements and displacements of mass, as in the human body in movement) and created my pictures by means of color-form, which, by its organization in three dimensions, resulted in rhythm." Not long after returning to New York, Macdonald-Wright separated from Russell but both continued to work in the Synchromist style, or with Synchromist color effects, though Macdonald-Wright's painting came to include more vestiges of representational imagery.They held another Synchromist exhibition in New York in 1916 and received significant promotion and critical support from Willard. In 1916, Willard and <mask> were key organizers of the prestigious "Forum Exhibition of Modern American Painters" in New York. Macdonald-Wright exhibited his work at Alfred Stieglitz's famed 291 gallery in New York in 1917. Yet the sales and the renown that he had hoped for did not materialize, and his financial situation grew desperate. California and later life
Acknowledging that he would never be able to secure a living in New York, Macdonald-Wright moved to Los Angeles in 1918. In 1920, with Stieglitz's support, he organized the first exhibition of modern art in Los Angeles, "The Exhibition of American Modernists" at the Los Angeles County Museum of History, Science, and Art, showing his own large-scale abstract synchromies as well as works by John Marin, Arthur Dove, and Marsden Hartley. In 1922, he became the head of the Los Angeles Art Students League.He also became involved in local theater, serving as the director of the Santa Monica Theater Guild as well as writing and directing plays, designing sets, and acting himself. Macdonald-Wright was a significant presence and a charismatic personality in the Los Angeles art scene for the next several decades. He was the director of the Southern California division of the Works Project Administration Federal Art Project from 1935 to 1943, and personally completed several major civic art projects, including the murals in Santa Monica City Hall. After World War II, Macdonald-Wright became interested in Japanese art and culture, which led to the renewal of synchromist elements in his work. He taught art for many years at UCLA and also kept studios in Kyoto and  Florence. By the early 1950s, Macdonald-Wright's work had fallen into relative obscurity. A renewed interest in American modernism led to his gradual rediscovery and new scholarly attention, and he was given retrospectives at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 1956, at the Smithsonian National Collection of Fine Arts in Washington, D.C. in 1967, and at the Art Galleries of UCLA in 1970."Synchromism and American Color Abstraction: 1910–1925," a 1978–1979 six-museum traveling exhibition originating at the Whitney Museum of American Art, was a watershed event in a revival of interest in Synchromism. In 2001–2002, a major <mask>-Wright retrospective was shown at the North Carolina Museum of Art, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the Houston Museum of Fine Arts, curated by the Synchromist scholar and Macdonald-Wright biographer Will South. Married three times, Macdonald-Wright died in Pacific Palisades, California in 1973, at the age of eighty-three. His paintings are in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Brooklyn Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and the National Portrait Gallery, among other museums. References

Principal Sources
Hoopes, Donelson F.  <mask>-Wright: Paintings, 1903–1973. Los Angeles: Arco Center for Visual Art, 1979. Kushner, Marilyn.Morgan Russell. New York: Hudson Hills Press, 1990. Levin, Gail. Synchromism and American Color Abstraction, 1910–1925. New York: George Braziller, 1978. Loughery, John. Alias S.S. Van Dine.New York: Scribners, 1992. South, Will. Color, Myth, and Music: <mask>-Wright and Synchromism. Raleigh: North Carolina Museum of Art, 2001.  .
Synchromism: Morgan Russell and <mask>-Wright. New York: Hollis Taggart Galleries, 1999. Wright, Willard Huntington Wright. Modern Painting: Its Tendency and Meaning.New York: John Lane, 1915. External links

 <mask>-Wright at CGFA

20th-century American painters
American male painters
Abstract painters
Modern painters
Federal Art Project artists
American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
Alumni of the Académie Julian
University of Paris alumni
Académie Colarossi alumni
1890 births
1973 deaths
Painters from California
People from Charlottesville, Virginia
Works Progress Administration in California
Federal Art Project administrators
Public Works of Art Project artists

masks:
Stanton Macdonald
Stanton Macdonald
Stanton
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Stanton
Stanton Macdonald
Stanton Macdonald
Stanton Macdonald
Stanton Macdonald
Stanton Macdonald


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<mask> (September 21, 1967 – January 27, 2008) was an ordained pastor, a U.S. Army Major and Intelligence Officer, a civil rights activist in the gay, lesbian and bisexual military community and the first known gay combat fatality of Operation Iraqi Freedom. The subsequent coverage of his death in the media sparked a debate over the effect of the military's "Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell" (DADT) policy and what information should be included in the biography of a gay military person killed in action. Early life and education
At the age of 3, <mask> was adopted by <mask> and <mask> and was their only child. In 1977, the <mask> family moved from New York City to Hampton, Florida, near Gainesville. <mask> attended Hampton Elementary School, and ultimately graduated from Bradford County High School in Starke, Florida, in 1985. <mask> joined Ebenezer Missionary Baptist Church in Lincoln City, Florida, and was ordained a pastor as a young man. While in high school, <mask> was commander of the Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps program and elected by his classmates as the "most intellectual."Military career and adult life

After high school, <mask> joined the Reserve Officers' Training Corps program at the University of Florida and then accepted a commission in the United States Army upon graduation with a Bachelor of Arts degree in religion in 1995. <mask> later completed a Master of Arts degree in organizational management from the University of Phoenix through distance learning. <mask>'s father, <mask>, died of a heart attack in 2000, and his mother, <mask>, died of kidney-related problems two weeks later. <mask> preached at his mother's funeral. In 2001, <mask> commanded a military intelligence company based out of Waegwan, South Korea. During his tenure as company commander, <mask> emphasized unit morale and cohesiveness, often organizing company wide get togethers and functions. In 2004, <mask> moved to Washington, D.C. and, in 2005, earned a Master of Public Policy degree from Georgetown University.Only 25 Army officers were accepted into the program. <mask>'s thesis adviser was Mark Nadel, who described <mask> as "an officer with leadership qualities that made him think, 'This is a guy I'm going to hear from in 10 years, and he's going to be a general.'" <mask>'s thesis examined how the US military's DADT policy affected recruitment and retention for military officers. In recognition of his achievements at Georgetown, <mask> gained an internship at the Pentagon serving the deputy secretary of defense, <mask>. England. Beginning in October 2004, <mask> served as Treasurer of the Washington, D.C. chapter of the American Veterans for Equal Rights (AVER). On January 16, 2005, <mask> received an award from the organization for his service at a ceremony held at Dupont Grill. <mask> also attended events supporting the Servicemembers Legal Defense Network (SLDN), which works to end the DADT policy.<mask> expressed his opinion on the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" (DADT) policy in his Master's thesis, written in 2005 shortly before he was deployed to Iraq and reportedly killed by an improvised explosive device (IED) while on foot patrol: "Today’s current policy on gays in the military seems to rest on many faulty assumptions – namely that homosexuals will jeopardize unit cohesiveness. My research has been unable to justify that position and has found that the opposite is more true. Denying service members the right to serve freely and openly violates basic dignity and respect of the human experience and puts our national security at risk." In June 2006, <mask> provided the opening prayer for a same-sex wedding ceremony. <mask> reportedly expressed "an intensely deep loneliness that stemmed from his inability to have both a [same-sex] relationship ... and the military career he also loved so much." In July 2007, <mask> was deployed to Iraq. Friends organized a send-off party in his honor on July 14, 2007, held at the Fabulous Bed & Breakfast in Northwest Washington, D.C.

<mask>'s commanding officer in Iraq was Col. Thomas Fernandez.<mask> communicated via e-mail with many of his friends during his deployment, and two of his friends from AVER received e-mail from <mask> the day before he died. Death and afterward
According to an Army report, <mask> was killed by an improvised explosive device while on foot patrol in Baghdad, on January 27, 2008. On January 30, 2008, friends of <mask> established the <mask> G. <mask> Memorial Scholarship Fund. A funeral service was held for <mask> at Ebenezer Baptist Church on February 8, 2008. In honor of <mask>, Florida Gov. Charlie Crist ordered the Florida and U.S. flags be flown at half-staff at the Bradford County Courthouse, Hampton City Hall and the Florida State Capitol. Family members later expressed that "we really didn't know about [<mask> being gay] until after his death. "<mask>' beneficiary from Florida later stated that he knew <mask> was gay, but felt it had "no more relevance than I'm straight." <mask> was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery on March 14, 2008, in Section 60, at Gravesite 8558. About 200 people attended the service, including Deputy Secretary of Defense <mask>, Army Lt. Gen. John F. Kimmons, active duty military, both enlisted and officers, <mask>'s friends and family from Florida, and <mask>'s friends in northern Virginia, and Washington, D.C. Also in attendance were a dozen or more gay active duty military personnel. National media coverage of <mask>'s funeral
<mask>'s funeral gained national media publicity, initially on MSNBC, in The Washington Post'''' and on National Public Radio's Morning Edition. However, initial reports omitted <mask>'s sexual orientation or anything related to the subject. The Post and NPR reports coincided with the "grim milestone" that the U.S. Military death toll reached 4,000 dead. <mask>'s death and funeral gained further media attention when it was revealed that he was gay and worked to end the military's DADT policy.Initially, members of the national media were well aware of <mask>'s sexual orientation, yet it was widely reported that <mask> was not married and left no children. While technically accurate, some members of the LGBT community viewed the statement as an intentional distortion and dodge of <mask>'s sexual orientation. <mask>'s cousin, Cathy Long of Ocala, Fla., said, "The Post did a wonderful job. Personally, as far as the family is concerned, we really didn't know about this until after his death. It was in the back of our minds, but we didn't discuss it." Cathy Long accepted <mask>'s flag at the major's funeral. "I really feel <mask> was a lot more than that," said Cathy Long who called the Washington Blade story "self-serving whatever their cause is and that they're trying to use <mask> to do that."The Washington Post Ombudsman, Deborah Howell, stated that the editors of the Post deliberated the question of whether to disclose his sexual orientation and ultimately made a decision not to include such information. The Army asked that <mask>'s sexual orientation not be disclosed, and the Army presented it as a concern of the family. The Washington Blade reported on the Post's decision to change the story and included more details about <mask>'s activities and friends in the LGBT community. Subsequently, Howell of The Washington Post, citing <mask>'s apparent feelings on DADT, wrote a column admitting that the Post's article "would have been richer" had it disclosed his sexual orientation and activities in the GLBT community. On March 31, 2008, an anonymous attempt was made to remove information relating to <mask>'s sexual orientation from the present Wikipedia article. The IP address associated with the attempt corresponds with the IP address for the office of the Army Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence (G-2) at the Pentagon, currently headed by Lt. Gen. John Kimmons. Kimmons attended <mask>'s funeral and presented the U.S. flag from <mask>'s coffin to a family member.The Army subsequently denied that the IP address associated with the changes "necessarily belongs to any one specific office." The August 4, 2008, issue of The New Yorker magazine published a lengthy profile of <mask>, and the larger issues surrounding the DADT debate spurred on by his death. The story quotes Colonel Mike Hardy, who worked with Major <mask> at the Pentagon, as saying, "He did not make any moves to be remembered as a gay soldier. Nowhere in those phone calls home did he say, 'let everyone know that I died a proud gay officer.'" <mask>, the author of the article, then comments, "Of course, being a proud gay officer is tantamount, under the current military policy, to being a retired gay officer with no pension." In December 2010, the U.S. Congress passed a bill providing for the potential repeal of DADT pending certain conditions. Those were confirmed in July 2011 by  President Barack Obama, the Secretary of Defense, and Chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and repeal took effect on September 20, 2011.Awards
  Bronze Star (2)
  Purple Heart

References

External links
 A Soldier's Legacy An article from The New Yorker'' about <mask> and the debate over press coverage
 <mask>ed (Personal dedication from a close friend)
 In his own words: Maj. <mask> on the military's "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" (DADT) policy "Policy Management Project - Analysis of Department of Defense 'Don't Ask, Don't Tell,'" Personnel Policy, <mask>, Georgetown University, Master Policy Management (MPM) Capstone, PPOL 950–01, Dr. Mark Nadel, May 6, 2005. African-American military personnel
American LGBT military personnel
American military personnel killed in the Iraq War
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Georgetown University alumni
LGBT African Americans
LGBT Baptist clergy
LGBT rights activists from the United States
United States Army officers
University of Florida alumni
University of Phoenix alumni
1967 births
2008 deaths
United States Army personnel of the Iraq War
Gay men
20th-century Baptist ministers

masks:
Alan Greg Rogers
Rogers
George
Genny Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
George
Genny
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Gordon R
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Alan
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Gordon England
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Alan
Alan
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Ben McGrath
Rogers
Alan Remember
Alan Rogers
Alan Rogers


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<mask> (born May 9, 1953) is an American politician and lawyer who was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Colorado from 1993 to 2005. In August 2010, McInnis lost his bid to become the Republican nominee for Governor of Colorado after a plagiarism accusation and apology hurt his standing. In November 2014, McInnis was elected a member of the Mesa County Board of County Commissioners—beginning term in office in January 2015. The McInnis Canyons National Conservation Area, west of Grand Junction, is named for him. Education and professional history
Born in Glenwood Springs, Colorado, <mask> graduated from Glenwood Springs High School and attended Mesa State College in Grand Junction, Colorado. He earned a B.A. from Fort Lewis College in 1975 and a J.D.from St. Mary's University in San Antonio, Texas, in 1980. He served as a police officer in Glenwood Springs, worked as a hospital director, and started a law practice in Colorado. McInnis is a member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) and is an honorary adviser for the National Student Leadership Conference. Political career

Colorado House of Representatives
From 1983 to 1993, McInnis served in the state house of representatives, where he was elected House Majority Leader and served as Chairman of the Agriculture and Natural Resources Committee. U.S. Congress
In 1992, McInnis was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives representing Colorado's 3rd district and served six terms, from January 1993 to January 2005. Following the Chandra Levy investigation, McInnis "proposed that the House of Representatives adopt strict rules prohibiting members from having romantic or sexual relationships with interns they supervise." While in Congress, McInnis held a position on the powerful Committee on Ways and Means.Along with former Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell, McInnis sponsored legislation to redesignate Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Monument as a national park in 1999. In 2000, McInnis and former Senators Ben Nighthorse Campbell and Wayne Allard authored the Great Sand Dunes National Park Act, and four years later the Great Sand Dunes became the country's 58th national park. While in office, McInnis received numerous awards. He was named "Person of the Decade" by The Glenwood Post in 1999 and "Best Local Government Official" by The Grand Junction Daily Sentinel from 1999–2003. Other awards <mask> has received include the Colorado Association of Homebuilders' Award for Government Service, the Legislator of the Year Award from the Colorado Wildlife Federation, the Golden Bulldog Award from Watchdogs of the Treasury, the National Security Leadership Award from the American Security Council, the Sound Dollar Award from the Free Congress Foundation, the Spirit of Free Enterprise Award from the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the Hero of the Taxpayer Award from The Americans for Tax Reform, the Taxfighter Award from the National Tax Limitation Committee and the Friend of Farm Bureau award from the American Farm Bureau Federation. McInnis once employed Josh Penry, who is now a former Colorado state senator, and McInnis has been described as Penry's political "mentor." Campaign Scrutiny
McInnis's Congressional campaign committee came under scrutiny in 2005 by the Federal Election Commission after Democrats filed a complaint alleging that the campaign improperly issued payments to McInnis's wife for her work as campaign manager in 2004 when <mask>is was not actively seeking office.McInnis's campaign explained that <mask> was employed by the campaign committee to maintain campaign archives, direct money to other campaigns, and act as liaison with the accounting firm retained by the campaign. McInnis's chief of staff stated that it was "naive to assume that simply because Congressman McInnis is not seeking re-election that we aren't participating in the election." The FEC ultimately dismissed the complaint and found no evidence of wrongdoing by the McInnis campaign. After being regarded as the early Republican frontrunner in Colorado's 2008 U.S. Senate election, McInnis decided not to enter the race, citing family reasons. 2010 gubernatorial election

McInnis had been mentioned as a possible candidate for either the United States Senate or the Colorado governorship in 2010. Although he stated that he was not planning to seek the Senate seat, he did indicate some interest in challenging incumbent Bill Ritter for Colorado's top executive office. Ritter later announced his retirement.On May 21, 2009, <mask> officially announced his candidacy for Governor. Though he did not gain the nomination at the party convention, he was widely considered the front runner for the Republican nomination until accusations of plagiarism gained attention. In the August 10 primary he lost the nomination by slightly more than 1 percent of the ballots cast to entrepreneur Dan Maes. Plagiarism story
In 2005, after leaving Congress, McInnis received a two-year fellowship at the Hasan Family Foundation. He was paid $300,000 to do speaking engagements and "research and write a monthly article on water issues that can be distributed to media and organizations as well as be available on the Internet." Soon after he started his fellowship, McInnis took a full-time job at the firm Hogan & Hartson (now Hogan Lovells). In 2010, <mask>'s work for the Hasan foundation, a total of 150 pages in 23 parts, was posted to the foundation's website.Teresa Fishman, director of the Center for Academic Integrity at Clemson University, reviewed McInnis's work and called several of the parts a clear case of plagiarism. "Both ... ideas and words [were] lifted" from a 20-year-old essay by now-Colorado Supreme Court Justice Gregory J. Hobbs. A McInnis spokesperson said that McInnis "relied on the research and expertise" of Rolly Fischer, a Glenwood Springs engineer who worked at the Colorado River Water Conservation District, and Fischer was the one who handled the parts that were accused of being plagiarism. "His GOP primary challenger, Dan Maes, says McInnis should 'man up' about the plagiarism" and "faulted McInnis for blaming a research assistant." Fischer himself rebutted any effort to blame him: '<mask>'s responsible for it,' he told the Glenwood Springs Post Independent and would not comment further. In a televised interview with KMGH-TV investigative reporter John Ferrugia, McInnis was asked several times who actually wrote the articles and he would not give a definitive answer. McInnis continued to evade the question until finally, in a written apology statement, McInnis said "I should have been more vigilant in my review of research material Rolly submitted."The 82-year-old Fischer subsequently told KMGH-TV investigative reporter John Ferrugia he had not known the articles were to be published; had not known McInnis had a foundation grant; had been paid a few hundred dollars for each article; had considered them private communications; and had been asked by the McInnis campaign as the story broke in July 2010 to sign a letter apologizing for his, Fischer's, failure to provide attribution. Fischer said he would never sign the letter, and felt that McInnis had lied to him. An aide said McInnis had offered an apology to the judge and said McInnis hoped to meet with the judge, and in his statement McInnis apologized to voters for his "mistake.... It's unacceptable, it's inexcusable, but it was also unintentional." The Hasan foundation chairwoman Seeme Hasan issued an initial statement saying in part, "We will conduct an independent, internal investigation and if the allegations are proven to be true, we will demand Mr. McInnis return all monies paid to him by the Foundation." Hasan's husband Dr. Malik Hasan, a foundation board member, said he had hired McInnis as a fellow. Speaking only for himself, he said he was "deeply disappointed by the quantity and quality of McInnis's work, [having among other things] ... expected it would be a full- or substantial-time job.... I am doubly disappointed since learning of the plagiarism. ... I'm going to suggest [he] return a substantial amount of the money to the foundation." McInnis's spokesperson said McInnis "was also calling to offer apologies" to the Hasan foundation. This report characterized the foundation as "right-leaning." Also in the 2010 election cycle, Dr. and Mrs. Hasan's son Ali failed to receive the nomination for the position of state treasurer, and did not receive endorsement from McInnis in his bid.Dr. Hasan said that "while he and his wife were upset that McInnis refused to endorse their son ..., it had nothing to do with asking McInnis for the foundation's money back." On Jan. 6, 2011, Hogan Lovells confirmed that McInnis would not return to its Denver office. As of May 20, 2011, McInnis has been cleared of any official ethics violations as an attorney by the Office of Attorney Regulation Counsel (OARC). Upon review of the evidence and interviews with key witnesses, the Attorney Regulation Counsel determined there was insufficient evidence to support a claim of a violation of the disciplinary rules. Additionally, "Regulation Counsel John S. Gleason says the Denver Post reported erroneous facts. 'While both Fisher  and [Hasan Family Foundation Chairwoman Seeme] Hasan provided contradictory accounts to the press at the time this issue was raised by the Denver Post, a more thorough review of their archived materials demonstrates that both had forgotten several specific communications with McInnis that had occurred several years before,' states Gleason." Various correspondences between Rollie Fischer and McInnis demonstrate that in 2005, McInnis instructed Fischer not to plagiarize any work in the articles he drafted because they would likely be published by the Hasan Family Foundation.Moreover, Fischer continues to claim that his use of Justice Hobbs’ article did not constitute plagiarism, because the article was part of the "public domain". Fischer also admits that he did not disclose to McInnis that he had imported the work of Justice Hobbs. "'Mr. Fischer alone chose to import large sections of text previously written by the Honorable Justice Gregory Hobbs into one of the articles drafted for Mr. McInnis, without credit citation,' states the results of the investigation." Additionally, as it turns out, in 2005, McInnis did disclose his retention of a research assistant to Ms. Hasan in writing, contrary to the Foundation's representation in its press release in 2010. Ms. Hasan was responsible for the daily care of her ill mother at the time of the correspondence, and claims she had simply forgotten by 2010. "McInnis and the Hasan Foundation last summer reached a settlement agreement to repay the organization, though McInnis maintained that his only error was trusting Fischer.""Jennifer Raiffie, who served as Tom Tancredo's communications director when he entered last year's gubernatorial race as a third-party conservative candidate, ... believes McInnis has now been publicly exonerated. ... Tancredo entered the race [after the plagiarism allegations were made against McInnis] because he felt conservatives had lost a viable candidate." Raiffie suggested that the Post should now subject to an ethics investigation. "I’m happy for <mask> and his family that his name can now be cleared," Raiffie said. "The Denver Post did a job on him with this story during the campaign. Their unfair and incomplete/biased reporting cost him personally and professionally. The Denver Post did a disservice to us all in Colorado and should be investigated by Ethics Watch … like that will ever happen."Reporting on the OARC ruling, the Post detailed how comments from the various parties in 2005, summer 2010 and in depositions with OARC as summarized by OARC varied. Fischer acknowledged his OARC deposition but declined further comment. Hasan and foundation officials questioned some of the OARC assertions and stood by their 2010 comments but also was "ready for the issue to be put to rest. Ethics Watch released a statement saying it considers the matter closed." OARC said it could not release the evidence on which it based its ruling under Colorado Supreme Court rules. McInnis did not return a phone message from the paper seeking comment. Electoral history

Write-in and minor candidate notes:  In 1992, write-ins received 2 votes.In 2002, Jason Alessio received 106 votes. References

External links
 McInnis for Colorado official campaign site

1953 births
Living people
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Colorado
Members of the Colorado House of Representatives
County commissioners in Colorado
Colorado lawyers
American municipal police officers
Colorado Republicans
Fort Lewis College alumni
St. Mary's University School of Law alumni
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
People from Glenwood Springs, Colorado
People associated with Hogan Lovells
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians

masks:
Stephen Scott Emory McInnis
McInnis
Scott
Scott McInn
Lori McInnis
McInnis
McInnis
Scott
Scott


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<mask>, Countess of Hereford, Countess of Essex and Countess of Northampton (1347 – 7 April 1419) was the wife of the 7th Earl of Hereford, 6th Earl of Essex and 2nd Earl of Northampton. She was the mother of Mary de Bohun, the first wife of Henry of Bolingbroke who later reigned as King Henry IV, and Eleanor de Bohun, Duchess of Gloucester. She was the maternal grandmother of King Henry V.

In 1400, she gave the order for the beheading of the Earl of Huntingdon in revenge for the part he had played in the execution of her brother, the 11th Earl of Arundel. The estates which comprised <mask>'s large dowry made her one of the principal landowners in Essex, where she exercised lordship, acting as arbitrator and feoffee in property transactions. Family

Lady <mask> was born in 1347 at Arundel Castle, Sussex, one of seven children, and the eldest daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel and his second wife Eleanor of Lancaster. Her paternal grandparents were Edmund FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Arundel and Alice de Warenne, and her maternal grandparents were Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster and Maud Chaworth. List of siblings
 Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel (1346 - 21 September 1397, Tower Hill, Cheapside, London, England), married firstly Elizabeth de Bohun, sister of Humphrey de Bohun, by whom he had seven children, and secondly Philippa Mortimer.He was beheaded on charges of high treason against King Richard II of England. John Fitzalan 1st Baron of Arundel, 1st Baron Maltravers (1351 - 16 December 1379), married Eleanor Maltravers, by whom he had issue. He drowned in the Irish Sea, having been shipwrecked after defeating the French off the Cornish coast. Alice FitzAlan (1350 - 17 March 1416), married Thomas Holland, 2nd Earl of Kent, by whom she had issue. Thomas Arundel Archbishop of Canterbury (1352 - 19 February 1414)
 Mary FitzAlan (died 29 August 1396), married John Le Strange, 4th Baron Strange of Blackmere, by whom she had issue, including Ankaret Le Strange who married Richard Talbot, 4th Baron Talbot. These were the parents of John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury (It is possible that she was, however, only a half-sister, having Isabel (le Despenser) FitzAlan as her mother instead of Eleanor of Lancaster.) Eleanor FitzAlan (1356 - before 1366)
<mask> had a half-brother from her father's first marriage to Isabel le Despenser:
 Edmund of Arundel (1327 - after 1377), he was bastardised by his parents annulment December 1344.He married 1347 Sybil de Montacute, daughter of William de Montacute, 1st Earl of Salisbury, by whom he had three daughters. <mask> had two uterine half-siblings from her mother's first marriage to John de Beaumont, 2nd Lord Beaumont (died 14 April 1342):
 Henry de Beaumont, 3rd Lord Beaumont (4 April 1340 – 17 June 1369), married as her first husband Margaret de Vere (died 15 June 1398), by whom he had issue. Matilda de Beaumont (died July 1367), married Hugh de Courtney. Marriage and issue
Sometime after 9 September 1359, <mask> married Humphrey de Bohun, one of the most powerful noblemen in the realm. His titles included 7th Earl of Hereford, 6th Earl of Essex, 2nd Earl of Northampton, and he was the hereditary Constable of England. He was the son of William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton and Elizabeth de Badlesmere. Their marriage united two of the most prominent noble families in the kingdom; an alliance which was further strengthened by her elder brother Richard's marriage to Humphrey's sister, Elizabeth.Together Humphrey and <mask> produced two daughters, who upon the death of their father divided his vast estates between them:
 Eleanor de Bohun (c.1366- 3 October 1399), co-heiress of her father. In 1376 she married Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, the youngest son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. The marriage produced five children, including Anne of Gloucester. Eleanor died as a nun at Barking Abbey. Mary de Bohun (1369/70- 1394), co-heiress of her father. On 27 July 1380 she married Henry of Bolingbroke, who would later be crowned King Henry IV. She died before he ascended the throne.The marriage produced six children including King Henry V of England. Widowhood
<mask> was left a widow in January 1373 at the age of about 25 or 26, and she chose not to remarry. Her two daughters were made wards of Edward III. Sometime after her husband's death, she received from King Edward the manor of Langham, which she held until her own death, among the numerous other manors she owned. The numerous estates which comprised <mask>'s large dowry ensured that she was one of the principal landowners in Essex. This placed her at the hub of a powerful structure of landed country gentry, who acted as her advisers and officers; <mask> in turn acted as "arbitrator, feoffee in property transactions, and intercessor with the royal government". During the Peasants' Revolt in 1381, some of <mask>'s manors were sacked by the rebels; this did not deter <mask> from expanding and industrialising her lands after the uprising had been put down, having done much to encourage the dyeing and fulling of woollen cloth on some of her estates such as Saffron Walden.In the Public Record Office, London, there is an extant document, written in Latin, which records the payment to <mask> by <mask> Gaunt for the maintenance of her younger daughter Mary after the latter's marriage until she came of age in 1384. A member of St. Helen's religious guild in Colchester, <mask> founded chantries and was also a patron of Walden Abbey, having donated money for relics, vessels, vestments, and the construction of new buildings. She is described in the State Rolls as having been a "great benefactress" to the monasteries of Essex. Execution of John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter
In 1397, <mask>'s brother Richard Fitzalan, 11th Earl of Arundel and a Lord Appellant was executed on Tower Hill for his opposition to King Richard II of England. The king's half-brother John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter, Earl of Huntingdon accompanied him to the scaffold, as one of King Richard's representatives. Less than three years later in 1400, when Holland joined a conspiracy to murder the new king Henry IV (<mask>'s former son-in-law), and was captured near <mask>'s principal residence Pleshy Castle in Essex, he was turned over to her for punishment. Described as having possessed a "stern character", she showed him no mercy, and promptly gave orders for his decapitation, after having summoned the children of her dead brother to witness the execution.Following the beheading, which was performed without benefit of a trial, she ordered that Holland's severed head be raised on the end of a pike, which was placed upon the battlements of Pleshy Castle. Henry IV rewarded <mask> for her services on behalf of the Crown, by granting her custody of forfeited lands and properties. When Henry died in 1413, <mask>'s grandson Henry V followed suit; therefore up until her death in 1419, a large number of forfeited estates had come under her control. Death
Lady <mask>lan died on 7 April 1419 and was buried with her husband in Walden Abbey, which she had previously endowed. In fiction
<mask> appears as a character in Georgette Heyer's last book My Lord John, which is set in the reign of King Henry IV. Ancestry

References

People from Arundel
Hereford
Daughters of British earls
14th-century English people
15th-century English people
1347 births
1419 deaths
14th-century English women
15th-century English women

masks:
Joan FitzAlan
Joan
Joan FitzAlan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
John of
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan
Joan FitzA
Joan


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<mask> is an American indigenous rights activist, from Oregon. McDaniel is a former carpenter working to improve human rights for the Akha people of Thailand and Laos. He is the founder of the Akha Heritage Foundation. He lived in Thailand from 1991 to 2004. Background
On April 18, 2004, <mask> was arrested at Thailand's border with Burma by Thai immigration authorities, jailed for nine days, and then deported. In July 2005 he moved from the USA back to Laos. His Thai Akha wife and children left Thailand and went to Laos to be with him.After his wife and children received visas, the family relocated to the United States in May 2006. A December 22, 2005 Keizertimes article reported on the difficulty in getting the visas. McDaniel is opposed to what he claims are missionary efforts to rewrite Akha history and eradicate their culture. This includes a language and oral history, which he says are critical components to their unique identity. He opposes coercive missionary conversion tactics, and the removal of Akha children from their families and villages. He has frequently questioned why charities such as Rotary International support certain missionary groups. <mask> has asserted that Rotary International has since pulled their web pages supporting the funding of the Children of the Golden Triangle Mission.<mask> also asserted that UNESCO was working with US missionaries who were "destroying Akha culture". A May 15, 2004 Asia Times article reported:

<mask> estimates that more than 100 organizations are proselytizing. "There's way too many missionaries coming. It's become a free-for-all. They come in with money from their home churches, with four-wheel drives, living like kings, like they never would back home," said <mask>, whose forthright campaign upset many people, spurring whispers about his motives. <mask> was reportedly deported by Thai authorities after being interviewed for this article; the reasons for the deportation are unclear. A January 2003 Village Voice article described him as "the evangelicals' fiercest critic in Chiang Rai."Since moving to Thailand 15 years ago, McDaniel has started a small nongovernmental organization called the Akha Heritage Foundation. With an annual budget of $6000, the group provides services that range from the establishing of fish farms and publishing books in the Akha language to documenting human rights violations. Half Moon Bay Review reported in a May 2009 article:

Bruno, a San Francisco resident, teamed up with McDaniel on what she calls "guerilla aid style" missions to usher medical supplies across the Thai-Burmese border to Akha people. Both were fighting a common enemy – exploitation and oppression – one with a knapsack full of medicine, the other with a video camera. She remembers watching McDaniel motorbike across the border alongside black market traders and sex traffickers, wearing a leather cowboy hat and shouldering a knapsack packed with bandages and ointments for homeless Akha. Motivations
The following is from an interview with <mask>el reported in the November 12, 2007 edition of the Statesman Journal:

Drug war

McDaniel accuses the "US Drug War" and the UN Office of Drugs and Crime for helping cause the arrest, forced dislocation, prosecution, starvation, death and extrajudicial killings of Akha people in Thailand and Laos. McDaniel has filed reports with the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, and the International Criminal Court.He documented extrajudicial killings during the anti-drugs push of Thailand's prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra in 2003. For example, <mask> and three of his associates (Itaru Furuta, Katharine Ricke, and Lisa Friedland) documented the June 20, 2003 killing of Leeh Huuh. <mask> reported:

TODAY. Two days ago Leeh Huuh, other son of Ah Nah Burh Chay and Loh Pah Ah Sauh were called to the Phrao police station. The police left a notice with Loh Pah's wife which she had to sign. TODAY at 8am these two men left for the police station. They were ambushed on the road and shot to death.We saw the bodies which we photographed. Police at Phrao police station denied knowledge of the details of the case that we already knew. "Akha Slaughter, Two more Akhas killed today, Thailand". June 21, 2003. fPcN interCultural. Friends of Peoples close to Nature. The first photo below is of Leeh Huuh and his wife in 2002. The next three photos are of Leeh Huuh's body on June 20, 2003.The last photo is of two Akha wives whose husbands had been killed earlier the same day. Leeh Huuh's wife is on the right side. <mask> took the photos. Thailand's English-language newspaper The Nation reported on the drug war in November 2007:

Of 2,500 deaths in the government's war on drugs in 2003, a fact-finding panel has found that more than half were not involved in drugs at all. At a brainstorming session, a representative from the Office of Narcotics Control Board (ONCB) Tuesday disclosed that as many as 1,400 people were killed and labeled as drug suspects despite the fact that they had no link to drugs. Prosecutor Kunlapon Ponlawan said "it was not difficult to investigate extra-judicial killings carried out by police officers as the trigger-pullers usually confessed." The January 24, 2008 edition of The Economist reported that

over half of those killed in 2003 had no links to the drugs trade.The panel blamed the violence on a government 'shoot-to-kill' policy based on flawed blacklists. But far from leading to the prosecutions of those involved, its findings have been buried. The outgoing interim prime minister, Surayud Chulanont, took office vowing to right Mr Thaksin's wrongs. Yet this week he said there was insufficient evidence to take legal action over the killings. It is easy to see why the tide has turned. Sunai Phasuk, a researcher for Human Rights Watch, a lobbying group, says that the panel's original report named the politicians who egged on the gunmen. But after the PPP won last month's elections, those names were omitted.The New York Times reported on April 8, 2003:

Since the death of 9-year-old Chakraphan, there have been frequent reports in the Thai press of summary executions and their innocent victims. There was the 16-month-old girl who was shot dead along with her mother, Raiwan Khwanthongyen. There was the pregnant woman, Daranee Tasanawadee, who was killed in front of her two young sons. There was the 8-year-old boy, Jirasak Unthong, who was the only witness to the killing of his parents as they headed home from a temple fair. There was Suwit Baison, 23, a cameraman for a local television station, who fell to his knees in tears in front of Mr. Thaksin and begged for an investigation into the killing of his parents. His stepfather had once been arrested for smoking marijuana, Mr. Suwit said. When the police offered to drop the charge if he would admit to using methamphetamines, he opted instead to pay the $100 fine for marijuana use.Both parents were shot dead as they returned home from the police station on a motorbike. Mr. Suwit said 10 other people in his neighborhood had also been killed after surrendering to the police. On March 4, 2008 the Asia Sentinel reported:

The first war on drugs, as it was known, pretty much evolved into a war on anybody the police decided to shoot. Under former premier Thaksin Shinawatra, more than 2,800 people were killed over a three-month period five years ago —about twice the normal murder rate of about 500 per month. Appointed Premier Surayud Chulanont half-heartedly set up a commission to investigate the drugs war nearly a year after the coup, but it had the effect of absolving the Thaksin administration. The committee found that about 1,370 of those deaths were related to drugs, while 878 were not. Another 571 people were killed for no apparent reason, according to the panel, and police investigated just 80 of those cases.United Nations

On May 18, 2006 <mask> and his Akha wife, Michu Uaiyue, presented a statement at the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. The full Michu Uaiyue statement (translated by <mask>) is here:

From the description page for the May 26, 2006 United Nations satellite television feed is this info about the statement:

Below are some photos taken by <mask> in May 2006 at the United Nations. Click to enlarge them, and to see the captions. Click again to enlarge further. Horseback ride across USA

A November 30, 2007 Keizertimes article reported that <mask> would ride by horseback across the USA to raise awareness of the Akha. The article reported: "He plans to start his journey in Lincoln City, making his way to Los Angeles and New Orleans before finally ending up at the United Nations headquarters in New York City. All told he plans to travel some 4,500 miles.He said the ride could take seven months or more." Here follows a quote from a November 30, 2007 Salem Monthly article (in Salem, Oregon):

The effort is "a commitment to the Akha people to protect their lands, to send a message to the Thai government that the Queen of Thailand needs to give back the land of the Akha, to raise public awareness and end the removal of children from their villages and families by missionaries," he said. The <mask> family's "Ride for Freedom" via horseback and bus began in Oregon March 6, 2009. On riding days McDaniel rode the horse, Hampton. He then hitchhiked back to a large touring-size bus where his family was located. There were found his Akha wife, Michu Uaiyue, and their 5 children aged 8 to 2. McDaniel then drove the bus to the horse.Then when ready he rode the horse another day. By May 5, 2009 the family had arrived in Half Moon Bay, California (20 miles south of San Francisco). Hampton the horse is 17.2 hands high and eats 20 pounds of feed a day. A daily ride was around 20 to 25 miles, although they did 60 miles one day. <mask> mapped the route with his iPhone. Concerning Hampton, he stated: "You have to make a deal with a horse. You can't fake it."A May 13, 2009 Santa Cruz Sentinel article reported that McDaniel's web site included a journal of the trip. The article also stated:

Using her husband as a translator, Michu declares: "Until the queen gives our land back, people should keep talking about this." The Akha Heritage Foundation web site links to McDaniel's official YouTube channel that has many videos of the ride. On day 300 (Dec. 30, 2009) McDaniel was in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, and had Hampton's horseshoes replaced again. On day 382 (Monday, March 22, 2010) McDaniel arrived in New York City. The Keizertimes reported: "By noon he had hit Times Square, Rockefeller Center, the United Nations and finally Central Park, where he had arranged for someone to pick up him and his horse for a respite in rural New Jersey." The next step is the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues in New York City in April 2010.References

External links
The Akha Heritage Foundation

Living people
Akha
American human rights activists
Indigenous rights activists
Place of birth missing (living people)
People from Keizer, Oregon
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Matthew Duncan McDaniel
McDaniel
McDaniel
McDaniel
McDaniel
McDaniel
McDaniel
Matthew McDani
Matthew McDaniel
McDaniel
Matthew McDaniel
Matthew McDaniel
Matthew McDaniel
Matthew McDaniel
Matthew McDaniel
McDaniel
McDaniel


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<mask> (born 30 August 1988) is a Spanish professional basketball player for Valencia Basket of the Liga ACB and the EuroCup. Professional career

Valencia (2006–2012)
Claver began his playing career with the youth teams of his school, Sagrado Corazón HH. Maristas de Valencia, in Spain. He made his professional debut with Valencia during the 2006–07 season. He played in Europe's second-tier level competition, the EuroCup, for the first time during the 2007–08 season, and won it in the 2009–10 season. He also played in the European top-tier level, EuroLeague, during the 2010–11 season, and averaged 10.9 points and 4.9 rebounds, over 14 games. Portland Trail Blazers (2012–2015)
Claver was drafted 22nd overall by the Portland Trail Blazers in the 2009 NBA draft.On 12 July 2012, <mask> signed a three-year deal with the Trail Blazers. He was assigned to the NBA D-League's Idaho Stampede on 7 December 2012, and recalled on 9 December 2012. The following day, he made his first NBA start, scoring 4 points in 25 minutes with 5 rebounds and 2 assists. <mask> was reassigned to the Idaho Stampede on 14 December 2012, and recalled on 16 December 2012. He played 80 games for the Trail Blazers over the next three years. On 19 February 2015, <mask> was traded, along with Will Barton, Thomas Robinson and a lottery-protected 2016 first-round pick, to the Denver Nuggets in exchange for Arron Afflalo and Alonzo Gee. Three days later, he was waived by the Nuggets before playing in a game for them.Khimki Moscow (2015)
On 1 March 2015, Claver signed with BC Khimki of Russia for the rest of the season. On 17 July 2015 Claver and Khimki parted ways. Attempt to return to Spain
In August 2015, he had a deal with Baskonia, but Valencia using the right of first refusal, matched the offer, and kept his rights in Spain. Baskonia obviously was not eager to pay a buy out to Valencia, but the Spanish forward did not want to play in his old team. According to reports, he did not want to play in a team which in the next season was going to compete in the second-tier level EuroCup, which led to Claver signing with a team outside the Spanish borders. Lokomotiv Kuban (2015–2016)
On 2 September 2015, the Russian team Lokomotiv Kuban announced a one-year deal with Claver for the 2015–16 season. FC Barcelona (2016–2021)
On 20 July 2016, he signed a three-year deal with FC Barcelona Lassa, after his new team reached an agreement with Valencia for acquiring his rights.On 2 July 2019, he extended his contract with FC Barcelona through 2022. On July 12, 2021, Claver officially parted ways with the club after five years. Return to Valencia (2021–present)
On 13 July 2021, he signed a three-year deal with Valencia and he plays again for his hometown Valencia. National team career
He was on Spain's junior national teams that won bronze medals at the 2006 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship, and at the 2008 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship. He has also played with the Spain men's national basketball team. Spain's medal cache included: gold medals at the EuroBasket 2009, EuroBasket 2011 and at the EuroBasket 2015, and a bronze medal at the EuroBasket 2013. He also played at the 2010 FIBA World Championship, the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup, at the 2012 Summer Olympics, where Spain won a silver medal, and at the 2016 Summer Olympics, where Spain won a bronze medal.

masks:
Víctor Claver Arocas
Claver
Claver
Claver