text_chunks:
<mask> (February 14, 1874 – April 12, 1969) was an American educator, newspaper publisher-editor, and civil rights activist. She also focused on various other issues such as housing rights, voting rights, and labor rights, as well as police brutality and harassment. <mask> is believed to be the first African-American woman to own and operate a newspaper in the United States; she published the California Eagle from 1912 until 1951. In 1952, <mask> became the first African-American woman nominated for Vice President, as a candidate of the Progressive Party. Due to her activities, <mask> was repeatedly accused of being part of the Communist Party, for which there was no evidence and which <mask> herself repeatedly denied. She was monitored by the FBI, who continued to view her as a potential security threat up until she was in her nineties. Background

<mask> was born on February 14, 1874, to Hiram and Kate Spears.Some sources give her birthplace as in Sumter, South Carolina, while other sources suggest she was born in Little Compton, Rhode Island. She was the sixth child of eleven. She received an education from public schools and one semester at Pembroke College in Brown University. When she was twenty years old, she moved to live with her brother Ellis in Providence, Rhode Island, where she worked selling subscriptions for the Providence Watchman, a local Black newspaper. Spears worked for the Providence Watchman for about ten years. She moved to California at age 36 for her health and ended up working at the California Eagle. Her first job at the California Eagle consisted of selling subscriptions.When its founder John Neimore died, she assumed the role of editor for the paper. She later became the owner of the California Eagle after purchasing it in auction for fifty dollars. At this time she took courses at Columbia University and University of California. In 1912, a new editor, <mask> joined the Eagle. <mask> had been one of the founders of the Topeka Plaindealer. He shared his concern with Spears about the injustice and racial discrimination in society. Marriage and family

<mask> Spears married <mask>, and they ran the Eagle together.She had no children. California Eagle

The Eagle developed a large black readership. By 1925, the Eagle employed a staff of twelve and published twenty pages a week. The Eagles circulation of 60,000 made it the largest African-American newspaper on the West Coast. It is credited as pioneering multiethnic politics, advocating Asian-American and Mexican-American civil rights in the 1940s, during which time the California Eagle, along with other African-American presses, were under investigation by the Office of the Secretary of War, who viewed it as a threat to national security. The Department of Justice interrogated <mask> in 1942 over claims that the paper was funded by Japan and Germany. When the editor John J. Neimore became ill, he turned the operations of the Eagle over to Spears.After Neimore's death, "it turned out, this Black-founded newspaper was owned by a white man, who offered his support only if [Spears] would become his 'sweetheart.' 'Get out, you dirty dog!' she told him. She borrowed $50 from a local store owner to purchase the deed." She renamed the newspaper company to the California Eagle due to increasing social and political issues. Her purpose for the California Eagle was to write about the wrongs of society. The newspaper served as a source of both information and inspiration for the black community, which was often ignored or negatively portrayed by the predominant white press.As publisher, <mask> was committed to producing a quality periodical. In her weekly column "On the Sidewalk", begun in 1927, she drew attention to unjust social and political conditions for all Los Angeles minority communities and campaigned vigorously for reform. <mask> published the California Eagle from 1912 until 1951. <mask> and her husband combated such issues as the derogatory images in D. W. Griffith's film, The Birth of a Nation; Los Angeles' discriminatory hiring practices; the revival of the Ku Klux Klan; police brutality; and restrictive housing covenants. In her pursuit against the Ku Klux Klan <mask> received threatening phone calls and at one point was confronted by eight men robed in white, who she scared off after displaying a firearm. She was also unsuccessfully sued for libel by Klan leader G.W. Price after <mask> published a letter from the clan which detailed plans to exterminate black leaders.The <mask>es championed the black soldiers of the Twenty-Fourth Infantry who were unjustly sentenced in the 1917 Houston race riot. They also covered the case and supported the "Scottsboro Boys," nine young men who were framed and convicted of rape in Scottsboro, Alabama, in 1931. In 1934, <mask> died and <mask> <mask> assumed control of the paper. During this time period the California Eagle, along with other African-American presses, were under investigation by the Office of the Secretary of War, who viewed it as a threat to national security. The Department of Justice interrogated <mask> in 1942 over claims that the paper was funded by Japan and Germany. The FBI continued to monitor <mask>, as they deemed her actions as advocating the Communist Party despite a lack of evidence and <mask> herself denying any assertions of the kind. In 1943, the Department of Justice was asked by the Post Office Department to revoke her mailing permit.The Post Office Department argued that the newspaper could not be mailed due to sensitive and illegal material within the paper. <mask> again won the case, and the Department of Justice said her mailing permit would not be revoked. <mask> continued to use the paper as a way of raising awareness of various issues facing African-Americans and other minorities such as restrictive covenants in housing, which the United States Supreme Court found to be unconstitutional in 1948. <mask> continued to run the California Eagle on her own until selling it in 1951 and moving to New York City, where she focused on politics. Her activism and political activities would result in continued belief that she was a communist, which she continued to deny. Political activities

During the 1920s, <mask> became co-president of the Los Angeles chapter of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, founded by Marcus Garvey. <mask> formed the Home Protective Association to defeat housing covenants in all-white neighborhoods.She helped found the Industrial Business Council, which fought discrimination in employment practices and encouraged black people to go into business. As editor and publisher of the California Eagle, the oldest black newspaper on the West Coast, <mask> <mask> fought against restrictive covenants in housing and segregated schools in Los Angeles. She campaigned to end job discrimination at the Los Angeles General Hospital, the Los Angeles Rapid Transit Company, the Southern Telephone Company, and the Boulder Canyon Project. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, she continued to encourage black businesses with the campaign known as "Don't Buy Where You Can't Work". A longtime Republican, she voted for President Franklin D. Roosevelt, a Democrat, in 1936. As a leader of both the NAACP and the UNIA, <mask> spanned the divide between integrationist and separatist black politics. She was the director of the Youth Movement of the NAACP.It had 200 members, including some actors and actresses, such as Lena Horne, Hattie McDaniel, and Louise Beavers. In 1940, the Republican Party chose <mask> as western regional director for Wendell Willkie's presidential campaign. Three years later, she became the first African-American grand jury member for the Los Angeles County Court. Also in 1943, <mask> led a group of black leaders to the office of the Mayor of Los Angeles, Fletcher Bowron's office. They demanded an expansion of the Mayor's Committee on American Unity, more public mass meetings to promote interracial unity, and an end to the discriminatory hiring practices of the privately owned Los Angeles Railway Company. The mayor listened, but agreed to do no more than to expand his committee. Then later in the 1940s, <mask> left the Republican Party and joined the Progressive Party because she believed neither of the major parties was committed to civil rights.<mask> also ran for the Los Angeles City Council in the 1940s using the song-title slogan “Don’t Fence Me In” to highlight her condemnation of housing discrimination. <mask> served in 1952 as the National Chairman of the Sojourners for Truth and Justice, an organization of black women set up to protest racial violence in the South. That year, she was nominated for vice president of the United States by the Progressive Party. She was the running mate of lawyer Vincent Hallinan. <mask> became the first African-American woman to run for vice president of the United States. Her platform called for civil rights, women's rights, an end to the Korean War, and peace with the Soviet Union. <mask>'s slogan during the vice presidential campaign was, "Win or lose, we win by raising the issues."She was endorsed by Paul Robeson, W.E.B. DuBois and Ada B. Jackson in campaign material during her run. She began the campaign on her own as Hallinan served out a six-month contempt of court sentence arising from his legal defense of union leader Harry Bridges. <mask> worked on issues that also attracted Luisa Moreno, who was active in Afro-Chicano politics in Los Angeles during the 1930s-1950. No record shows that the two women ever met, but in 1943 both served on the Sleepy Lagoon Defense Committee, a multiracial group that fought for the release of several Chicanos convicted of murder by an all-white jury making <mask> and Moreno part of the same "constellation" of struggle. <mask> wrote her last column for the California Eagle on April 26, 1951, and sold the paper soon after. Considering the sum of her career as she was completing her autobiography, Forty Years (1960), <mask> wrote:

In 1966, <mask> had a stroke and afterwards retired to a Los Angeles nursing home.In 1967, at age ninety-one the FBI still classified <mask> <mask> as a potential security threat. During her years of retirement, she maintained a library in her garage for the young people in her neighborhood. It was a continuation of her long fight to give all people opportunities and education. She died in Los Angeles on April 12, 1969 from a cerebral hemorrhage. She is buried alongside her husband in Evergreen Cemetery, Boyle Heights, East Los Angeles, California. The grave marker only names her husband. Inter-racial political activities
Gaye Johnson's essay, Constellations of Struggle (2008) examines <mask> <mask> and Luisa Moreno's significance on political activism and how it relates to the history of struggle communities of color have faced.Both <mask> <mask> and Luisa Moreno shared a "mutual struggle" and were active in fighting for civil rights through organizations together and through their own pursuits. <mask> <mask> primarily focused on the African American community and Luisa Moreno on the Chicano community but both supported a variety of civil rights. Both women were active in the Sleepy Lagoon Defense Committee, labor rights, and civil rights throughout their lives. Both women also used a technique of influencing one community at a time, employing antiracist activism, and bringing awareness. Through the California Eagle <mask> <mask> was able to have readers recognize the struggles of communities of color. Even when <mask> <mask> was faced with her own struggles with United States officials she used it as opportunities to further the influence of her paper. This can be seen after her detainment by United States officials caused her to miss her flight to China for a conference, where afterwards she continued to work on the next issue of the paper.<mask> <mask> was able to strengthen the community by pointing out the issues in Los Angeles, bringing the African American community together. With the strategy of one community at a time she was able to publicize the unequal treatment in a majority of issues from housing to police brutality. Through the newspaper she was able reverse the long used tactic of blaming people of color to shift the blame onto white officials who were responsible for the unequal treatment continued to be perpetuated in various areas such as housing and police brutality. Gaye Johnson's book, Spaces of Conflict, Sounds of Solidarity (2013) furthers this concept of "constellations of struggle" by looking at the "history of resistance" where communities have fought back and how they have reclaimed space. The work of <mask> <mask> and Luisa Moreno represents an interracial struggle and moments of solidarity. These moments of solidarity between African Americans and Mexicans was a way of reclaiming space through not only political means but through leisure spaces like music. When communities of color were violently attacked by whites it brought these communities together to further resist by unifying their forces together.The California Eagle was utilized as a tool to change the communities ideology by challenging the police even comparing their tactics to Hitler's tactics, challenging the assumption criminal behavior was biological in people of color, and linked fascism to racism. The California Eagle was a way of reaching global attention to the issues of people of color. <mask> <mask> was able to promote the creation of "spatial entitlement" by bringing communities together through her work with organizations and the newspaper. Legacy
<mask> <mask> is known for her work as owner and editor of the California Eagle from the 1912 to 1951. The California Eagle was used as a platform for publicizing the issues of the African American community and later included the issues of a variety of civil rights. She worked to improve the conditions of people of color through a multitude of civil rights such as housing rights, labor rights, voting rights, and police brutality. She was the first African American woman to be a jury member in the Los Angeles County Court and to run for Vice President of the United States.See also
 List of Los Angeles municipal election returns, 1945, for the results of her bid for City Council

Notes

References

Further reading
John M. Findlay. Power and Place in the North American West by Richard White. University of Washington Press, 1999. Obituary: Los Angeles Sentinel, 17 April 1969

External links

 <mask> <mask> and the California Eagle, Southern California Library for Social Studies & Research
 "Charlotta A. <mask> Collection, 1924-77", Southern California Library for Social Studies & Research
 Charlotta <mask> / California Eagle Photograph Collection, 1870-1960 at the University of Southern California Libraries
 <mask> A<mask>, Black Past

 <mask> <mask> at the California Museum

1874 births
1969 deaths
African-American candidates for Vice President of the United States
American civil rights activists
Women civil rights activists
American newspaper publishers (people)
People from Sumter, South Carolina
Progressive Party (United States, 1948) politicians
1952 United States vice-presidential candidates
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League members
Women in California politics
Female candidates for Vice President of the United States
Burials at Evergreen Cemetery, Los Angeles
Writers from California
Writers from South Carolina
Activists from California
20th-century American women politicians
20th-century American politicians

masks:
Charlotta Amanda Spears Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Charlotta Amanda Spears
Joseph Bass
Bass
Charlotta
Joseph Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Joseph Bass
Charlotta
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Charlotta
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Bass
Charlotta
Bass
Charlotta
Bass
Charlotta
Bass
Charlotta
Bass
Charlotta
Bass
Charlotta
Bass
Charlotta
Bass
Charlotta
Bass
Charlotta
Bass
Charlotta
Bass
Charlotta
Bass
Bass
Bass
Charlotta
. Bass
Charlotta
Bass


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 18 July 1985) is an English actor. He is known for roles in the television series Happy Valley, Grantchester, War & Peace and McMafia. He earned a nomination for the British Academy Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2015 for his performance as ex-convict Tommy Lee Royce in Happy Valley. Early life
<mask> was born in Lambeth, London,<ref name=BMD>'Births, Marriages & Deaths Index of England & Wales confirms name and birthdate and lists birthplace as Lambeth. Publisher: General Register Office. Retrieved: 30 April 2021.</ref> the son of Lavinia Jane (Norman) and <mask>. His parents were both teachers; his father, who was born in Tanzania, was a lecturer at Hull School of Art and Design.Though originally from London, <mask>'s family lived in the town of Malton in the Ryedale district of North Yorkshire. <mask>, who grew up at the edge of the Howardian Hills in North Yorkshire, has described his childhood as "idyllic". <mask>'s ancestry is English, Irish, Scottish, German, Cornish, and Jewish. Education
<mask> was educated at Bramcote Prep School ( Scarborough College)  in Scarborough until age 13 and Ampleforth College, an independent Roman Catholic (Benedictine) boarding school in the village of Ampleforth in North Yorkshire. He did work experience at the Stephen Joseph Theatre in Scarborough when he was 15. Starting in 2004, <mask> read theology at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, graduating in 2007 with First Class Honours. <mask> received a Fitzwilliam Travel Grant to travel to Northern India, to teach and perform for schoolchildren at 16 schools.He has said his studies were principally focused on Hinduism and Buddhism. <mask> was a member of The Marlowe Society theatre club at Cambridge and, in 2007, he played Posthumus in a production of Cymbeline directed by Trevor Nunn for the society's centenary. <mask> has said that he performed in many theatre productions while at university. <mask> then attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London for three years, but left in 2010 six months before graduation to take an acting assignment. <mask> appeared as a classmate of Jenn in the film An Education, starring Carey Mulligan, in 2009. In 2010, he was an original cast member of Posh at the Royal Court Theatre. At the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield in 2010, <mask> starred in That Face as Henry, an 18-year-old who has dropped out of school to care for his mentally disturbed and drug-dependent mother, played by Frances Barber.Lynne Walker of The Independent wrote of his performance: "At the centre of it all is Henry who, in <mask>'s striking portrayal, is like a young caged animal". In 2011, <mask> starred as Captain Stanhope in the First World War drama Journey's End. The production toured the UK from March to June and transferred to the Duke of York's Theatre in the West End from July to September. <mask> then took the role of Geoffrey in The Lion in Winter at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket directed by Trevor Nunn, with whom <mask> had worked at Cambridge in Cymbeline. In the 2012 film Cheerful Weather for the Wedding, <mask> played Owen, the would-be groom of a conflicted bride. He appeared in the 2013 film Rush as Formula One driver Guy Edwards. In the 2013 film Belle, he played a suitor of the title character, a mixed-race woman in 18th century English society.<mask>'s television appearances include the Doctor Who episode "Cold War", in which he played a crewman on a Soviet submarine during the Cold War, and Death Comes to Pemberley, based on the P. D. <mask> novel involving characters from Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice caught up in a murder mystery. <mask> was acclaimed for his role as Tommy Lee Royce, the villain of the hit crime drama Happy Valley. Michael Hogan of The Telegraph wrote: "...the breakout star, seen in only a few small parts before this, has been the devilishly handsome <mask>, 29, as the heinous killer Royce, whom he has played with impressive depth". As the first series came to its dramatic conclusion, <mask> commented, "8 million people are currently wishing me dead". <mask> confirmed he would be appearing in the second series of Happy Valley at the 2015 BAFTAs. From 2014 to 2018, <mask> played crime-solving vicar Sidney Chambers alongside Robson Green as Police Inspector Geordie Keating in the ITV series Grantchester, based on the novels by <mask>. Grantchester was his first starring role.A second series was broadcast in early 2016. A third series went into production in autumn 2016, and aired in both the UK and the U.S. in late spring/early summer 2017. A fourth series began filming in June 2018, and it was confirmed that this would be <mask>'s final series. He also appears in the 2014 films Northmen: A Viking Saga and Mr. Turner, a biographical drama on the life of the artist J. M. W. Turner by director Mike Leigh. In 2015 <mask> played Duncan Grant in the BBC Two mini-series about the Bloomsbury Group, Life in Squares. In 2016, <mask> appeared as Prince Andrei Bolkonsky in the BBC miniseries of Andrew Davies' production of War & Peace. The mini-series, a co-production with The Weinstein Company, allowed the cast to film in Russia.Between March and May 2016, <mask> appeared in Tracy Letts’ Bug in London's West End. In 2016, he appeared in "Nosedive", an episode of the anthology series Black Mirror. Between December 2017 and February 2018 he appeared in Amy Herzog’s Belleville at the Donmar Warehouse Theatre. As part of his preparation for his role in McMafia, <mask> studied the Russian martial art and health system Systema. In 2019, <mask> portrayed John Brooke in Greta Gerwig's film adaptation of Louisa May Alcott's novel Little Women. Personal life
When asked if he was religious, in the context of portraying a vicar in Grantchester'', <mask> said, "Obviously I have a relationship with religion, because I went to a Catholic school and studied theology. I can't call myself religious, but I'm definitely fascinated by it".In 2015, <mask> was made a trustee of the Royal Theatrical Support Trust. <mask> has type 1 diabetes. He was in a relationship with actress Jessie Buckley between 2015 and 2017. <mask> has been in a relationship with actress Imogen Poots since 2018. They announced their engagement in 2022. Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Theatre

Awards and nominations

References

External links

21st-century English male actors
Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
English male actors
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
Living people
Male actors from London
Male actors from Yorkshire
People educated at Ampleforth College
People from Lambeth
People from Malton, North Yorkshire
People with type 1 diabetes
1985 births

masks:
James Geoffrey Ian Norton
Norton
Hugh Bidduph Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton
Career Norton
Norton
James Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton
James
Norton
James Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton
James Runcie
Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton
Norton


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 25 August 1979) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker. <mask> started his career at Nottingham Forest. During his career there, he had loan spells at Haka and Ipswich Town before joining West Ham United in 2003 and then Aston Villa in 2007. In 2009, he spent short periods on loan at Wolverhampton Wanderers and Newcastle United. In 2011, he was on-loan with Barnsley and completed a six-month contract with Guangzhou R&F in China League One. Club career

Nottingham Forest
<mask> is a product of the Nottingham Forest youth system, and made his league debut in 1998. In the same year, he acquired experience abroad with a successful loan spell at Haka of the Finnish Veikkausliiga, winning both the Finnish championship and the Finnish Cup.In 1999, he had a further loan spell with Ipswich Town, scoring one goal against Bury in six appearances. <mask> went on to forge a reputation as one of the most lethal strikers in the First Division. He scored 51 goals in 124 league games and 58 substitute appearances for Forest and also scored four goals in 23 cup appearances. He formed a brilliant attacking partnership with close friend David Johnson. They scored 50 goals between them, of which <mask> netted 21 goals including 4 in one game against Stoke City, to fire Paul Hart's Forest into the playoffs for the 2002–03 season. He caught the eye of West Ham fans when he scored for Forest in an FA Cup Third Round clash at Upton Park on 4 January 2003. However, <mask>'s contract was due to expire in summer 2004 and having been offered a worse contract than he was already on, rejected it and decided to leave.West Ham United
He joined West Ham United in November 2003 for a fee of £500,000. After signing for West Ham, new manager Alan Pardew hoped that the powerful striker could have a similar effect on the Hammers promotion hopes the following season. <mask> was the top scorer for West Ham in 2004–05 with 23 goals in all competitions. He returned to top flight football following West Ham's playoff victory at the end of the 2004–05 season, and the 2005–06 season saw <mask> spearheading Pardew's Premiership attack. He scored 14 league goals, including the first top flight hat-trick of the season in a 4–0 home victory against Aston Villa and also put West Ham in front after just 52 seconds against Manchester United also at Upton Park. <mask> became one of the top scoring strikers of the 2005–2006 season and after scoring the winning goal in the FA Cup semi-final against Middlesbrough, <mask> responded by saying, "I can't really describe how I felt at the time; you can't put something like that into words, it's a chapter in my career that I have dreamed about doing since I was a little kid. After making the big step-up from Nottingham Forest to West Ham, I knew I had to work hard if I wanted to get to where the top strikers in the country were."<mask> collected an FA Cup runners-up medal with West Ham that season, after they lost on penalties following a 3–3 draw with Liverpool. He was also the club's top Premier League goalscorer with 14 goals. Following a torrid run of results for West Ham, including a defeat to League 1 side Chesterfield in the League Cup, <mask> scored a dramatic last-minute winner against title-hopefuls Arsenal in November 2006. This subsequently resulted in a highly emotional confrontation between the two managers. In May 2007, <mask> confirmed that he would leave West Ham in the summer after falling out of favour at the club. In July, it was confirmed that <mask> was in talks at Aston Villa's training ground. Aston Villa
Harewood joined Aston Villa on 17 July 2007 for a fee of £4 million and signing a three-year deal.<mask> said, "I was all set to sign [for Wigan] on the Monday when I got a phone call saying Martin O'Neill wanted to speak to me. I might have had a better chance of getting into Wigan's first team, but, with no disrespect to them, when Martin O'Neill phones you up asking you to join a massive club like Aston Villa, and he's explaining what he wants to do and how he wants to go about it, that sold it to me.". <mask> scored his 100th career league goal as Aston Villa beat Blackburn Rovers 4–0 at Ewood Park on 28 November 2007. <mask> continued to be a fringe player at Aston Villa throughout the winter and eventually scored his second goal in the 2–2 draw with Liverpool in January. His spirited substitute appearances for the club often turned games around and lead to him becoming a fan favourite at Villa Park. The chant "Feed the Hare and he will score" rang around the Madejski Stadium after he scored Villa's second against Reading on 24 February 2008. Despite his good performances from the bench Martin O'Neill continued to use him as a "super-sub" (albeit he did start against Manchester United due to injury troubles).He scored his first goal at Villa Park in a 4–0 victory over Bolton and scored again the following week in a 6–0 win away to Derby County. His next Villa goal did not come until October when he scored in a 1–1 draw with Litex Lovech in the UEFA Cup. <mask> found his chances even more limited during the 2008–09 season. He did not start a single Premier League match, and of his fourteen appearances in all competitions, eight were as a substitute. The goal against Litex Lovech was the only time he scored that season. After the arrival of Emile Heskey at Villa Park in January 2009, newspapers started speculating that his time at the club was coming to an end, with rumours of a move to Stoke, Sheffield United and Middlesbrough. Loan to Wolverhampton Wanderers
He eventually left Villa on loan, joining Wolverhampton Wanderers of the Championship for the remainder of the season on 23 March 2009.He played five games for Wolves without scoring before returning to Villa Park. Loan to Newcastle United
On 24 September 2009, <mask> joined Championship side Newcastle United on a three-month loan until December. He made his debut on 26 September 2009 in a 4–0 win over Ipswich Town, coming on as a substitute for Nile Ranger in the 64th minute. His first goal for the Magpies came, in a 1–1 draw, against Queens Park Rangers on 30 September 2009 in the following game. He then scored a brace to help Newcastle win 3–0 against Swansea City on 28 November 2009 and keep the Magpies top of the table. He scored in a 2–2 away draw at Barnsley. His fifth of the season came on 20 December 2009, scoring the opening goal in the 2–0 win Tyne–Tees derby at St James' Park.Following his return to Villa from Newcastle, <mask> was injured and unable to play for the rest of the season. Aston Villa decided not to renew his contract at the end of the season. Blackpool
Harewood joined up with newly promoted Premier League side Blackpool in early August 2010 and soon entered talks with the club about a permanent deal. Phil Sproson, <mask>'s agent, later revealed that talks had broken down between the two parties and that <mask> would not be joining the club. Despite this, the player and agent re-opened talks with the club and on 11 August he signed a two-year deal with Blackpool. Two days later he scored twice as Blackpool marked their Premier League debut with a 4–0 win over Wigan Athletic at the DW Stadium – their first top division game since 1971. On 10 November, he scored on his return to Villa Park in a 3–2 defeat to Aston Villa.It was his fourth league goal of the campaign, which made him Blackpool's top scorer. He was released by the club on 25 May 2011. Loan to Barnsley
<mask> joined Barnsley on loan on 26 February 2011, until the end of the 2010–11 season. He scored his first goals for Barnsley in a 2–1 win over Scunthorpe United on 8 March 2011. Guangzhou R&F
On 8 July 2011, <mask> signed a six-month contract with China League One club Shenzhen Phoenix (the club's name later changed to Guangzhou R&F). He made his debut on 9 July in a 2–1 home victory against Yanbian Baekdu Tigers, coming on as a substitute for Wen Chao in the 55th minute. <mask> scored 4 goals in 10 appearances as Guangzhou R&F finished second place in the League One and won promotion back to the top flight at the first attempt.Return to Nottingham Forest
After trialling with his boyhood club, Nottingham Forest, <mask> signed a four-month contract and began his second stint with the club. <mask> played six games, none on the winning side, in all competitions for Forest without scoring before his contract ended. After his departure from Forest, <mask> trained with Sheffield Wednesday with a view to signing permanently. Return to Barnsley
On 14 August 2012, it was announced that <mask> would be returning to Barnsley on a one-year deal, following an injury to Egyptian striker Mido. On 17 May 2013, Barnsley manager David Flitcroft announced that <mask>'s contract would not be renewed with the club. Bristol City
On 20 July 2013, <mask> featured as a trialist for Bristol City in a pre-season friendly against Forest Green Rovers at The New Lawn. and featured again on 29 July against Weston Super Mare, scoring a first half brace in a 3–1 win.On 2 August 2013, Bristol City announced they had signed <mask> as a free transfer until the end of the 2013–14 season. He scored his first and only goal for the club in a 2–1 defeat to Brentford on 22 October 2013. Hartlepool United
Harewood signed for Hartlepool United on 13 January 2014 until the end of the season, following his release from Bristol City. On 1 March scored his first goal for Hartlepool United. Breaking from the halfway line, he scored their third goal in 3–0 win against Torquay United. In May 2015, Hartlepool announced that <mask> was being released by the club at the end of the 2014–15 season. Nuneaton Town
Harewood signed for Nuneaton Town on a one-year contract, on 10 July 2015.

International career
<mask> was born and raised in Hampstead, London, to parents that had emigrated from Barbados.In February 2008, <mask> rejected a call-up to Barbados for the two-legged 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Dominica, deciding to concentrate on his club football with Aston Villa. Coaching career
Following his playing career, <mask> obtained his coaching badges, taking up a role as an academy coach at Nottingham Forest. In November 2021, <mask> declared his desire to enter management, whilst at the same time expressing concern over player power in the dressing room. Personal life
Following the end of his footballing career, <mask> went into business designing and customising cars. Career statistics

Honours
West Ham United
Football League Championship play-offs: 2005
FA Cup runner-up: 2005–06

Newcastle United
Football League Championship: 2009–10

Guangzhou R&F
China League One runner-up: 2011

References

External links

1979 births
Footballers from Hampstead
English sportspeople of Barbadian descent
Living people
Black British sportspeople
Association football forwards
English footballers
English expatriate footballers
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
FC Haka players
Ipswich Town F.C. players
West Ham United F.C.players
Aston Villa F.C. players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Newcastle United F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Barnsley F.C. players
Bristol City F.C. players
Hartlepool United F.C.players
English Football League players
Veikkausliiga players
Premier League players
China League One players
Expatriate footballers in China
British expatriates in China
Guangzhou City F.C. players
Nuneaton Borough F.C. players
Association football coaches
Nottingham Forest F.C. non-playing staff
British automobile designers
FA Cup Final players

masks:
Marlon Anderson Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood
Harewood


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 1 March 1993) is a Welsh professional footballer who plays as a winger for Wigan Athletic. He is a former Wales Under-21 international. <mask> joined the Swansea City academy in 2007, having previously spent three years at Aberystwyth Town. He spent seven years at Swansea, having graduated from the club's academy. During his time at Swansea he spent two spells out on loan at Scottish side St Johnstone and one with English side Crawley Town, before joining the later permanently in 2014. He spent two years at Crawley before joining Peterborough United in 2016, where he spent two seasons. In 2018, <mask> signed for Ipswich Town.He has represented Wales at youth level, winning caps at U19 and U21 levels. He has been called up to the senior Wales squad in 2014 and 2018. Club career

Swansea City
After spells with clubs including Aberystwyth Town and Cardiff City, <mask> joined Swansea City Football Club as an U15. Rising up through the Swansea youth system, <mask> signed his first professional contract, a 3-year deal, with Swansea City after a successful 2010–11 season. He went on to help Swansea win the FAW Welsh Youth Cup and was a permanent fixture in Swansea Reserve team, winning Reserve Team Player of the Year in 2011–12. On 9 May 2012, <mask> signed a new three-year contract with Swansea, keeping him at the club until June 2015. He featured on the bench for the first team on 13 May 2012, in a 1–0 win over Liverpool at the Liberty Stadium.He was called by Swansea manager Brendan Rodgers to be subbed on during stoppage time but did not make it onto the field due to the ball not going out of play before the final whistle. St Johnstone (loans)
On 31 January 2013, <mask> moved to Scottish Premier League side St Johnstone on loan for the remainder of the 2012–13 season. He made his professional debut by coming off the bench in the 72nd minute in a 2–0 defeat to St Mirren in the Scottish Cup. <mask> made his SPL debut by coming off the bench in a 1–1 draw with Celtic on 19 February. <mask> made a return to St Johnstone in July 2013, joining on loan until January 2014. <mask> made his Europa League debut in St Johnstone's 1–0 victory away vs Rosenborg on 18 July 2013 coming on in the 66th minute. In the third round of the second leg of the Europa League against Minsk, <mask> was among two players to see their penalty successfully converted, which Minsk won, eliminating St Johnstone from the competition.<mask> then scored his first professional goal in a 3–0 win for St Johnstone against Hamilton Academical in the Scottish League Cup. By the end of his second loan spell with St Johnstone, <mask> had made a total of 24 appearances in all competitions, scoring 1 goal. Crawley Town
On 27 March 2014, <mask> joined League One side Crawley Town on a one-month loan. On 15 April 2014, <mask> enjoyed a goalscoring-debut for Crawley as a 76th-minute substitute in their 2–0 win against Tranmere Rovers. In his second appearance, <mask> scored again for Crawley in their 2–1 victory against Leyton Orient. After impressing Crawley manager John Gregory, <mask>' loan was extended to the end of the 2013–14 season. On 11 July 2014, <mask> signed for Crawley Town on a two-year contract for an undisclosed fee.<mask>' first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came in the opening game of the season, as Crawley Town beat Barnsley 1–0. He went on to make 93 appearances in all competitions over three seasons at the Broadfield Stadium, scoring 15 goals. Peterborough United
On 24 June 2016, <mask> joined League One side Peterborough United on a three-year deal for an undisclosed fee. He scored the winner on his debut in a 3–2 win over Rochdale on 6 August 2016. He won the club's goal of the season award for the 2016–17 season for an individual effort in a 2–0 win over Charlton Athletic on 17 December. <mask> made 74 appearances for Peterborough during two seasons at the club, scoring 16 goals,

Ipswich Town
On 17 July 2018, he signed a two-year deal (plus an option for a further year) with Ipswich Town, for a reported fee of £700,000. <mask> scored his first goal for the club on his debut in a 2–2 draw with Blackburn Rovers at Portman Road, on the opening day of the season.<mask> went on to score 6 goals in 34 appearances in his debut season at Portman Road, including scoring in the East Anglian Derby at Portman Road on 2 September 2018. He scored his first goal of the 2019–20 season on 24 August, netting the second goal in a 0–5 away win against Bolton Wanderers at the University of Bolton Stadium. He featured regularly throughout the season, often filling in at right wing-back and right-back due to an injury to Kane Vincent-Young. On 18 May 2020, Ipswich took up the one-year option in his contract, extending his stay at the club until 2021. <mask> scored in the opening game of the 2020–21 season, scoring the second goal in a 2–0 home win over Wigan Athletic. He continued his goal scoring form throughout September and October, scoring 5 goals in the opening 6 games of the season, including a brace in a 4–1 away win over Blackpool on 10 October. With his contract set to expire at the end of the season, Ipswich reportedly entered negotiations to extend <mask>'s deal, but were unable to come to an agreement and he left the club.Wigan Athletic

On 10 June 2021, <mask> completed a move to Wigan Athletic, signing a two-year deal with the club. He scored on his debut for Wigan in a 2–1 defeat at Sunderland on 7 August 2021.

International career
<mask> has won 2 caps for the Wales under-19 team, featuring in matches against Scotland and Slovenia in 2011. In September 2012, he made his Wales under-21 debut in a 5–0 defeat by the Czech Republic. He scored his first international goal for the Wales under-21 team on 19 May 2014, in a 3–1 loss to England at the Liberty Stadium. <mask> won 6 caps for Wales' under-21 side between 2012 and 2014, scoring 1 goal. He received his first senior international call up in October 2014, being called into the Wales senior squad for the Euro-2016 qualifying matches versus Bosnia and Herzegovina and Cyprus. He was an unused substitute in both matches.On 12 October 2018, <mask> was called up by Wales manager Ryan Giggs for the squad to face the Republic of Ireland in the 2018–19 UEFA Nations League four days later. He was an unused substitute as Wales emerged 1–0 winners in Dublin. Career statistics

Honours
Individual
Peterborough United Goal of the Season: 2016–17

References

External links

1993 births
Living people
People from Ceredigion
Welsh footballers
Association football wingers
Wales youth international footballers
Wales under-21 international footballers
Swansea City A.F.C. players
St Johnstone F.C. players
Crawley Town F.C. players
Peterborough United F.C. players
Ipswich Town F.C.players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Scottish Premier League players
Scottish Professional Football League players
English Football League players

masks:
Gwion Dafydd Rhys Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards
Edwards


text_chunks:
<mask> (; ; party aliases: Пётрусь and Интеллигент, or Piotrus and Intelligent) ( – June 7, 1927) was a Ukrainian Bolshevik revolutionary and Soviet diplomat known as one of the participants in the decision to execute the former Russian Emperor Nicholas II and his family members. Minister Plenipotentiary of the Soviet Union to the Polish Republic (1924–1927), he was assassinated in Warsaw by a White émigré. The use of <mask>'s name in toponymy in modern Russia has been a cause of notable controversy. Early life
He was born August 13 [O.S. August 1] 1888 into a Ukrainian family in the city of Kerch, Taurida Governorate. His father, <mask>, was expelled from St. Petersburg Mining Institute, then graduated from teacher's seminary in Tiflis and worked as a mathematics teacher. Later he was forced to leave this post; he worked as a shop foreman at the metallurgical plant and worked as an engineer at various enterprises.His mother Alexandra Filippovna (née Ivanova, 1869–1953) received a good education, graduating from the Kerch Institute for Noble Maidens. The couple had three other children, son Pavel and daughters Valentina and Militsa. Militsa Lazarevna <mask> (1896-1966) later became an actress of the Central Children's Theater. Controversy exists as to whether <mask>'s family had Jewish origins, particularly among the far right. The vast majority of historians, however, deny these claims. Beginning of his revolutionary activity
<mask> became involved in revolutionary activity at a young age. He studied at the same Gymnasium from which Andrei Zhelyabov, one of the chief organizers of the assassination of Alexander II of Russia, graduated with a silver medal.Already in the gymnasium, <mask> thought about killing the Tsar. He was expelled from the sixth grade of the Kerch Gymnasium, but he managed to pass examinations for grade seven. His parents had to change their place of residence and work as a result of his underground activities. The family moved to Keukeneiz, where his father took on the position as a road master in the estate of the landowner Alchevsky. Thanks to the efforts of his mother, <mask> was accepted into the eighth grade of the Yalta Alexandrovskaya Men's Gymnasium, but he was soon expelled from there too. The exact date of <mask>'s accession to the RSDLP is not known, but a period between 1903-1905 is assumed. The Great Soviet Encyclopedia points out that he was a "Menshevik " since 1903.In 1905 <mask> was already a member of the Kerch Committee of the RSDLP and fought in the ranks of the self-defense squad. <mask> also was a member of the fighting squad of local social-democrats after moving to Yalta. The explosion in 1906
<mask> was one of the five organizers and participants in the terrorist attack on July 20, 1906 against the local police chief, M. M. Gvozdevich. According to the official Soviet biography of <mask>, the initial purpose of the operation was not a terrorist act, but the transportation of bombs, prepared for self-defense, from a cache to a place outside the city, where they were planned to be discharged. According to this version, the decision to attack the police chief was taken impulsively by the two other participants in the operation. The terrorist act was a complete failure, the two persons most responsible for it were heavily wounded and soon died, and M. M. Gvozdevich was not injured. It is known that Mensheviks were the least extremist of any of the groups within the RSDLP  and rejected terrorism as a method of a political struggle.But they prepared bombs for an armed uprising and the central leadership could not fully control the proliferation of weapons and the behavior of radical young people. <mask> fled first to Kekeneiz, to his father, and then to Sevastopol and St. Petersburg. Two other participants in the terrorist act, Dmitry Nashaburgsky and <mask> Koren, did not mention <mask>'s name. The fact of <mask>'s participation was established only in 1907. Assassination attempt on Dumbadze in 1907
From the autumn of 1906, the duties of the mayor in Yalta were performed by General Dumbadze. On February 26, 1907, a bomb was thrown from the balcony of Novikov's dacha at Dumbadze, who was passing by in a carriage. Dumbadze was bruised and scratched, while the driver and adjutant were injured.Even after the unfortunate terrorist shot himself, Dumbadze ordered his troops to burn down the dacha, and the soldiers additionally looted the adjacent house. <mask> (the militia fighter of the RSDLP) had no relation to the action on February 26, 1907, because it was organized by the one of the "flying combat units" of the Socialist Revolutionary Party. In addition, he left Yalta shortly after the unsuccessful explosion on July 20, 1906 and from the autumn of 1906 studied in St. Petersburg University. However, a assassination attempt on Dumbadze revived the investigation into the case on July 20. As a result, <mask> was forced to leave Petersburg; in summer 1907 he was hiding in Kharkiv for several months, and then emigrated. Emigration
In 1907 Voykov left Russia on the passport of his classmate. In March 1908 he arrived in Geneva, Switzerland.In September 1909 he entered the Physics and Mathematics Department of the University of Geneva. In Geneva he met Vladimir Lenin and, although he was not yet a Bolshevik, he remained a Menshevik-Internationalist during the First World War, actively spoke out against the "defencists", and was an active participant in the "1st Geneva Group of Assistance". In the spring of 1914 he married Adelaide Abramovna Belenkina, who studied medicine in Geneva. On April 24, 1915 their son Pavel was born. Following the February Revolution of 1917, he returned to Russia with his wife and son, though not in the same sealed carriage with Lenin, as it was often claimed, but together with Martov  and Lunacharsky in the next group, which arrived in Russia on May 9, 1917. Activities in the Urals
On returning to Russia, <mask> became a Commissar of the Ministry of Labor of the Provisional Government; he was responsible for resolving conflicts between workers and employers. After the July Days, when the Menshevik faction supported the repression against the rioters and Bolsheviks, Voykov left St. Petersburg for the Urals.There he soon joined the Bolshevik faction and was a member of Yekaterinburg Soviet and was engaged in trade union activities. After the October Revolution he joined the Yekaterinburg Military Revolutionary Committee. he was elected chairman of the Yekaterinburg City Duma. In January through December 1918 he was Commissar for Supply in the Ural Region Soviet. In this post, he directed transportation of precious metals from Yekaterinburg, successfully sought the supply of foodstuffs from the state reserves to the Urals and personally provided for its delivery. The Great War, two revolutions and the policy of nationalization of industrial plants led to the disintegration of normal economic ties. In order to supply the cities with food, the Soviets resorted to the brutal policy of prodrazvyorstka when armed prodotryads (food detachments) were sent to the villages.As a Commissar of Supply, <mask> also dealt with this. Soviet biographers also note that he managed to organize the exchange of Urals iron for Siberian grain and he dealt with the construction of a railroad between Yekaterinburg and Krasnoufimsk. Russian academic, publicist, and former Minister of Culture of Russia Vladimir Medinsky claimed that <mask>, in this position, was involved in repressions against the entrepreneurs of the Urals, stating:

Execution of the Romanovs
Informing the local Bolsheviks of the forthcoming arrival of Nicholas II and his family in Yekaterinburg, Sverdlov left it to them whether to imprison the family or offer them accommodations in a mansion. They chose a variant with a mansion turned into a prison. Voykov knew Nicholas Ipatiev, and had visited the Ipatiev House before it was selected as the final residence of Nicholas II of Russia and his family. It seems to have been on the basis of information supplied by <mask> that Ipatiev was summoned to the office of the Soviet at the end of April 1918 and ordered to vacate what was soon to be called 'The House of Special Purpose'. During the Imperial Family's imprisonment in late June, they received letters written in French.Their author was allegedly a monarchist officer, planning to rescue the Tsar and his family. In fact, these letters were composed at the behest of the Cheka. These fabricated letters, along with the Romanov responses to them, written either on blank spaces or on the envelope, were ultimately used by the Ural Soviet, and likely the Central Executive Committee in Moscow, to justify murdering the Imperial Family. It appears that these letters were not written by <mask> himself, but by one of the Chekists. Later in memoirs and interviews in the 1960s, two Chekists claimed that <mask>, who for a long time lived abroad and graduated from Geneva University, translated these letters into French. The researchers note, that the letters contained obvious oddities, including an incorrect

masks:
Pyotr Lazarevich Voykov
Voykov
Lazar Petrovich Voykov
Voykova
Voykov
Voykov
Voykov
Pyotr
Voykov
Voykov
Voykov
Voykov
Voykov
Voykov
Pyotr
Voykov
Voykov
Voykov
Voykov
Voykov
Voykov
Voykov
Voykov
Voykov
Voykov


text_chunks:
 address to the monarch using vous ("you") instead of Votre Majesté ("Your Majesty"). According to Richard Pipes, the letters were written by a man with a "poor knowledge of French".As a Commissar of Supply, <mask> signed orders for the distribution of sulfuric acid from the Yekaterinburg pharmacy. Yakov Yurovsky, the commandant of the Ipatiev House from 4 July and later chief executioner, was allegedly going to use sulfuric acid for the destruction of bodies. According to Yurovsky's memoirs of 1934, in addition to acid, he obtained gasoline (or kerosene) and shovels from Voykov. In an earlier testimony Yurovsky does not mention Voykov at all. None of the numerous eyewitnesses mentions <mask> as a direct participant in the murder and the concealment of bodies. On 16 July, Voykov attended a special session of the Ural Soviet at the Amerikanskaya Hotel, where it was decided the executions would have to be carried out that night. According to the memoirs of Grigory Besedovsky, a Soviet Diplomat who defected to France, <mask> and his accomplices used bayonets and pierced the breasts of the still living daughters of Nicholas II, as bullets ricocheted off from their corsets.After the killings, <mask> allegedly removed a ring from a corpse with a large ruby. <mask> himself claimed that the ring was taken from the hand of one of the Grand Duchesses and liked to show it off, though such a ring is not mentioned in any official documents or testimony given by the other executioners. Besedovsky also claimed that <mask> was one of the primary orchestrators of the killing of the Imperial Family, and insisted particularly to the Ural Soviet that the entire family, including all five of the Tsar's children, must be killed. The reliability of Besedovsky testimony is now seriously questioned. The official investigation, conducted in Russia after the discovery of the remains of the Imperial Family, showed that the picture painted by Besedovsky was not reliable. Later, Besedovsky became known for his wild fantasy and for the publication of forged documents (for example, "Notebooks" of Stalin's non-existent nephew), as even his friends recognized. The role of <mask> in the regicide was fully investigated by the commission set up after Admiral Kolchak's White Army captured Yekaterinburg from the Bolsheviks.In the materials of the investigator Sokolov, <mask> was mentioned only as a person related to the distribution of sulfuric acid. The actual disposal of the remains was rather left under the supervision of Yurovsky and Goloshchekin. Activities in Moscow
After the fall of Yekaterinburg on July 26, 1918 the Ural Soviet evacuated to Perm and <mask> continued his work there. Five months later, on December 25, the troops of admiral Kolchak captured Perm and drove the Soviet forces from there, too. <mask> was summoned to Moscow and worked in the distribution department of People's Commissariat for Food Supplies until July 1919, when he was sent to work in Central Union of Consumer Cooperatives (Tsentrosoyuz). October 26, 1920 <mask> was appointed a member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Foreign Trade. Together with Maxim Gorky, he drafted a work plan for the Export Commission.This commission was engaged in buying up and valuation of antiques and works of art and deciding whether they could be sold abroad. Contrary to the frequent claims, however, Voykov had nothing to do with sales from the Diamond Fund, the Kremlin Armoury or the Hermitage — the task of the commission was, on the contrary, to provide museums with appraisals. Stalin's massive sales from museums took place in 1929-1934, long  after <mask> left this post and died. The mass sale of 14 Fabergé Eggs occurred in 1930-1933. Assassination
On 7 June 1927  9:00 A.M., the Ambassador <mask>, accompanied by an official of the Embassy, Yurij Grigorowicz, arrived at the main station in Warsaw to meet Arkady Rosengolts, who had recently been relieved of his post as Ambassador of the Soviet Union to the United Kingdom and was returning from London via Berlin, having been summoned to Moscow. Having met Rosengolts, Voykov proceeded together with him to the railway restaurant to take some coffee, after which they went together out on the platform toward the express train scheduled to leave Warsaw at 9:55, from which Rosengolts was to continue his journey to Moscow. At the moment when <mask> and Rosengolts passed the sleeper of the train, a man fired a pistol shot at Voykov, who jumped aside and started to run.The assailant, who cried out "Die for Russia! ", pursued him with further shots, to which Voykov pulled a pistol out of his pocket and returned fire at his assailant, only to falter and collapse into the arms of a Polish policeman who had arrived on scene. The assailant, sighting the approaching police, surrendered himself voluntarily into police custody. The shooter identified himself as Boris Kowerda, and stated that he planned to kill Voykov in order to "Avenge Russia, to avenge millions of people". <mask>, having received emergency first aid at the station, was rushed to the nearby Hospital of the Child Jesus, where he died at 10:40 A.M. the same day. The autopsy performed on the same day by Professor Grchivo-Dombrowski revealed that Voykov had been shot twice: once fatally in the left side of the chest, and once in the left shoulder. The wound to the chest ruptured Voykov's left lung, causing an internal hemorrhage.<mask>'s body was transported from the hospital to the Soviet mission, which used the occasion to organize communist demonstrations in Warsaw. The coffin was exhibited in the mission hall for two days. The Polish government expressed its condolences to his widow and the government of the USSR and performed all formal duties. On June 10, the coffin was transported to the Warsaw railway station and from there by train to Moscow. In the streets of Warsaw, the coffin was followed by all the local communists, representatives of the diplomatic corps of Russia and Poland, the Polish government, as well as a department of the Polish Army, which gave signs of military respect and so strictly guarded order that the procession walked through the empty streets. Despite the official remorse, almost all the newspapers expressed the sympathy of Polish society that Boris Kowerda evoked with his youth and patriotism, and he was even forgiven for the political difficulties caused by his actions. The killing was later justified as vengeance for <mask>'s role in the killing of the Tsar and his family, and many people in Poland regarded Kowerda as a hero; public opinion was full of understanding, and even sympathy, for the assassin.A Polish court initially sentenced Kowerda to life imprisonment due to external pressure, but he was successful in petitioning President of the Republic Ignacy Mościcki to commute his sentence to 15 years. Kowerda was later amnestied and released after ten years on June 15, 1937. Legacy

The Soviet authorities cherished his memory, giving his name to the Voykovsky District, the Moscow Metro station Voikovskaya, several streets and plants, and a coal mine in Ukraine. After the canonization of the Imperial Family, the Russian Orthodox Church urged the authorities to erase the name of the "regicide and infanticide" from public objects. On July 17, 2007, the remembrance day of the Russian Royal Family, several Eastern Orthodox groups publicly prayed that the metro station in Moscow might be renamed. See also
 Alexander Griboyedov, Russian ambassador to Persia, assassinated in 1829
 Vatslav Vorovsky, Soviet envoy at the Conference of Lausanne, assassinated in 1923
 Andrei Karlov, Russian ambassador to Turkey, assassinated in 2016

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading
Большая советская энциклопедия / гл. ред.О. Ю. Шмидт. - Москва : Советская энциклопедия, 1926-. - 26 см. Т. 12: Воден - Волховстрой. - 1928. - 416 с., 29 л.ил., портр., цв. ил., карты, портр. : ил., карты, портр., табл. / стр. 232
Victor Alexandrov, The End of the Romanovs, English edition, Hutchinson, London, 1966. Edvard Radzinsky. The Last Tsar: the Life and Death of Nicholas II, Doubleday, 1992. .
Robert K. Massie.Nicholas and Alexandra, reprint, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, 2005. .
 75 rocznica podpisania w Moskwie polsko-sowieckiego paktu o nieagresji, PAP, 2007-07-23
Helen Rappaport, Ekaterinburg: The Last Days of the Romanovs, 2008, . 1888 births
1927 deaths
People from Kerch
People from Taurida Governorate
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
Mensheviks
Old Bolsheviks
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Russian revolutionaries
People of the Russian Revolution
People of the Russian Civil War
People of the Polish–Soviet War
Regicides of Nicholas II
Execution of the Romanov family
Russian mass murderers
Russian murderers of children
Poland–Soviet Union relations
Deaths by firearm in Poland
People murdered in Poland
Russian people murdered abroad
Assassinated diplomats of the Soviet Union
Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Poland
Naming controversies
Soviet people murdered abroad
Male murder

masks: Voykov Voykov Voykov Voykov Voykov Voykov Voykov Voykov Voykov Voykov Voykov Voykov Voykov Voykov Voykov Voykov Voykov


text_chunks:
<mask><mask> is an environmental sociologist known for her work on both environmental justice and racism in the environmental movement. She is the Senior Associate Dean of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion at Yale School of the Environment, as well as a Professor of Environmental Justice. Prior to this, she was the Director of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion at the University of Michigan’s School of Environment and Sustainability (SEAS), where she also served as the James E. Crowfoot Collegiate Professor of Environmental Justice. <mask>'s research has ranged over environmental history, environmental justice, environmental policy, leisure and recreation, gender and development, urban affairs, race relations, collective action and social movements, green jobs, diversity in the environmental field, food insecurity, and urban agriculture. A scholar of environmental justice, <mask>'s work has garnered numerous awards. Her 2009 book, The Environment and the People in American Cities: 1600s-1900s, was the first history of environmental injustice in America. Her 2014 book Toxic Communities has been hailed as a "standard-bearer" for environmental justice scholarship.Her book, The Rise of the American Conservation Movement is a "sweeping social history" that challenges narrative of environmental history and inspires readers to "reconsider nearly everything". Early life and education

<mask> was born and raised in rural Jamaica. She earned a bachelor's of arts in Environmental Science and Biology (with honors) from Northeastern Illinois University in Chicago in 1983. She obtained a master's of forest science from Yale University in 1985. She followed with a master's of art and a master's of philosophy in 1988. She received a joint doctoral degree in sociology and forestry and environmental studies from the School of Forestry and the Department of Sociology at Yale University 1991. She was the first African American woman to earn a doctoral degree from Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies.Academic career

<mask> received a National Science Foundation Minority Post-doctoral Fellowship in 1991 to study ethnic minority environmental activism in Britain. She affiliated with the University College of London's Department of Geography while she conducted her research. In 1992 she obtained a Ford Foundation/Rockefeller Foundation Poverty and the Underclass Post-doctoral Fellowship at the University of Michigan. The appointment was jointly held between the Ford School of Public Policy and the School of Social Work. In 2010, she won the Allan Schnaiberg Outstanding Publication Award for the book, Environment and the People in American Cities, 1600s-1900s: Disorder, Inequality, and Social Change  (Duke University Press, 2009). <mask> was the chair of the Environment and Technology Section of the American Sociological Association from 2012-2013. In 2012 <mask> became the principal investigator of a five-year United States Department of Agriculture grant  to study racial and class disparities in food access in
the state of Michigan.In 2014, she was celebrated by the city of San Francisco as one of 29 black environmentalists who have made “real and lasting change”. In 2015, <mask> became the James E. Crowfoot Collegiate Professor of Environmental Justice and the Director of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion at the University of Michigan's School for Environment and Sustainability (SEAS). In 2018, she was celebrated by a wide range of the world's most prominent environmental organizations. She was awarded the Women in Conservation Rachel Carson Award from the National Audubon Society, the Freudenburg Lifetime Achievement Award from the Association of Environmental Science and Studies, the National Science Foundation's Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics & Engineering, Mentoring (PAESMEM), the University of Michigan Distinguished Faculty Achievement Award, and the President's Award from the Detroit Audubon Society. In 2021, <mask> became the first Senior Associate Dean of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion at Yale School of the Environment. Work on diversity in environmental organizations

<mask>'s work on racial exclusion in the environmental movement began in 1989, with her article "Blacks and the Environment: Toward an Explanation of the Concern and Action Gap between Blacks and Whites", and she authored numerous articles on the subject in the early 1990s. In 2014, <mask> authored a groundbreaking report on diversity in environmental organizations.The report's findings, that environmental organizations were failing to represent the diverse American population in their leadership, aroused a firestorm of controversy. The report was commissioned by the Green 2.0 diversity initiative, which continues to track diversity data for the 40 largest environmental organization. To expand on this work, in 2018, <mask> published an updated report that examined the status of diversity in over 2,000 American environmental nonprofits and the extent to which they report their demographic characteristics and diversity activities on the GuideStar reporting system. In 2019, <mask> published new research on the lack of diversity reporting in environmental organizations. Minority Environmental Leadership Development Initiative (MELDI)

With funding from the Joyce Foundation, <mask> founded the Multicultural Environmental Leadership Development Initiative (MELDI) in 2003. In 2005 she organized a national conference and in 2007 an international one for the purpose of assessing the status of diversity in the environmental field and to plan for enhancing diversity in the future. Several papers presented at the 2007 conference were published in the book, Environment and Social Justice:  An International Perspective.<mask> also conducted four studies of diversity, funded by the Joyce Foundation, the Ford Foundation, and the National Science Foundation, and published in BioScience, Journal of Environmental Education,  Research in Social Problems and Public Policy, and Environmental Practice. Environmental Fellows Program (EFP)
In 2015, <mask> launched the Environmental Fellows Program (EFP) in partnership with the Environmental Grantmakers Association. The Environmental Fellows Program (EFP) is a national program that seeks to diversify the environmental and conservation philanthropic field through 12-week paid summer internships for graduate students at partner foundations and nonprofit organizations. Funders of the program include C.S. Mott, Island Foundation, New York Community Trust, Pisces Foundation, and more. The program aims to reduce barriers to entry for mid-level and senior-level jobs in environmental organizations and foundations for professionals from underrepresented backgrounds by connecting them to mentors and giving them experience in the field. Doris Duke Conservation Scholars Program (DDCSP YSE)
Also in 2015, <mask> began the Yale School of the Environment branch of the Doris Duke Conservation Scholars Program (DDCSP), funded by the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation.In 2020, the program moved to Yale School of the Environment with <mask>. This program is a 2-summer internship aimed at diversifying the conservation sector by giving opportunities to students from underrepresented backgrounds in the field and those committed to diversity, equity, and inclusion. Through this experience, approximately 20 undergraduates gain experience each summer through one summer of lab research and an additional summer of an internship with environmental groups. Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Conferences
In 2018, the New Horizons in Conservation Conference - spearheaded by <mask> - took place in Washington, DC. More than 200 students, faculty, Environmental Program and Doris Duke Conservation Scholars Program alumni, and conservation professionals—the majority of them people of color—gathered to "celebrate and assess" diversity, equity, and inclusion in the environmental sector, marking a milestone in conservation history. "The students and young professionals who attended this conference represent the future of conservation," <mask> said of the conference, "They are multicultural, multi-faceted, and talented, and they are poised to take on leadership roles in this sector. Diversity benefits us all, and there is strength in it."Programming included an extensive speaker series, community building, and career and academic development for program alumni. The New Horizons in Conservation Conference is now an annual gathering for people who are from underrepresented backgrounds in the conservation field and those who are committed to the principals diversity, equity, and inclusion. The event draws attendees from across the nation, in varying professions and career stages, including but not limited to undergraduate and graduate students, academics, environmental professionals, policy advocates, and elected officials. New Horizons also works to bolster the critical pipelines built by diversity pathway programs across the nation by providing spaces for participants to connect with peers, network, engage in hands-on professional development workshops and training, attend local field trips, and hear from a diverse range of leaders and visionaries in the field. The second annual New Horizons in Conservation Conference to took place in Chicago, Illinois in April 2019. The third annual conference was planned to take place in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in April 2020 but was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The conference was virtually hosted by Yale School of the Environment in 2021, with over 800 participants from multiple countries.The 2022 conference will be hosted in New Haven, Connecticut. Justice, Equity, Diversity and Inclusion Initiative (JEDSI)

In 2021, <mask> began the Justice, Equity, Diversity, and Sustainability Initiative (JEDSI) at Yale School of the Environment. JEDSI seeks to examine the relationship between social inequalities, lived experiences, and environmental outcomes. JEDSI currently focuses on eight primary areas of research, teaching, and practice: Environmental History
Nature, Outdoor Experiences, Attitudes, and Perceptions
Environmental Inequalities, Resilience, and Sustainability
Food and Farming:  Access, Sovereignty, Food Justice
Institutional Diversity, Transparency, and Workforce Dynamics
Diversity Pathway Programming
New Horizons in Conservation Conference
Mentoring and Profiles of Environmental Professionals of Color. Work on environmental justice

<mask>'s award-winning book, The Environment and the People in American Cities (Duke University Press, 2009), focused on the environmental challenges American cities faced in the 17th through 20th centuries. She documented the race, class, and gender dynamics that arose as urban dwellers tried to deal with environmental problems. The book also demonstrated that from the outset environmental inequalities arose in American cities and were perpetuated in deliberate and unintentional ways.An "ambitious" and 'impressive" work covering 500 years of history, The Environment and the People in American Cities is the first of three books, while the second of the series, The Rise of the American Conservation Movement (Duke University Press), was released in 2016. In it, she examines the emergence and rise of the American conservation movement from the mid-1800s to the early 1900s, demonstrating how race, class, and gender influenced every aspect of the movement from the establishment of parks to outdoor recreation and forest conservation; and the movement's links to nineteenth century ideologies. "Far-ranging," "nuanced," and "comprehensive," one scholar suggested that The Rise of the American Conservation Movement documents the movement in ways that will inspire readers to reconsider what they have been previously taught about environmental history. <mask>'s second book and third piece of her series, Toxic Communities:  Environmental Racism, Industrial Pollution, and Residential Mobility (New York University Press, 2014) chronicles the contamination of minority and low income communities in the U.S. It examines seven different theories that have been used to explain why racial minorities and the poor are often found living adjacent to toxic facilities or undesirable land uses, and particularly challenges the assumption that minority communities have the requisite mobility to move away from such facilities. Grounded in practical examples, the book documents how the history of racially discriminatory housing policies has effectively forced minorities into proximity with polluting industries. The book incorporates insights from sociology and the study of urban development that had previously been ignored in environmental justice scholarship.One scholar suggested that, in view of <mask>'s comprehensive treatment of the early history of the American environmental justice movement, her book should be "the last" to review that history in such detail, as future writers could simply refer parenthetically to her work. Work on food insecurity

In a project running from 2012 to 2018, <mask> collaborated with researchers from Grand Valley State University, Michigan State University, University of Michigan-Flint, Lake Superior State University, and the University of Wisconsin-Madison to work on a project that examines food insecurity in Michigan. A website known as Food Access in Michigan or FAIM, launched in August 2018. The study examines the relationship between demographic characteristics and the distribution of food outlets in 18 small and medium-sized cities in the state. It also examines effective nutrition and behavioral interventions, and mechanisms for enhancing access to food and participation in local food initiatives. These issues are being studied in Sault Ste. Marie, Brimley/ Bay Mills, and St. Ignace - towns in the Upper Peninsula; Holland, Muskegon, Benton Harbor, and Grand Rapids in the west; Flint, Saginaw, Lansing, and Kalamazoo in the central part; and Ypsilanti, Taylor, Southfield, Warren, Pontiac, Inkster, and Dearborn in the southeast.These cities have large populations of one or more of the following racial and ethnic groups: Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, Asians, and Arabs. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 2010
 Edward P. Bass Distinguished Visiting Environmental Scholars Program fellowship, Yale University, 2005
 Biography included in the Directory of American Scholars, 11th ed., Gale Group, MI:  Farmington Hills, 2001
 Recognition of Leadership in the Yale Forest Forum and the Seventh Forest Congress, Forest Congress Board,1996
 Profiled in the National Research Council's Excellence Through Diversity: Profiles of Forty-Two Ford Foundation Fellows, Washington, D.C., 1996
 Recognition for Outstanding Environmental Achievement, Northeastern Illinois University,1993
 Recognition for Distinguished Service to the University and to Higher Education, Northeastern Illinois University, 1993

Selected publications

Books
<mask>, D.E. (2016). The Rise of the American Conservation Movement: Power, Privilege, and Environmental Protection. Duke University Press. <mask>, D.E. (2014).Toxic Communities: Environmental Racism, Industrial Pollution, and Residential Mobility. New York University Press. <mask>, D.E. (2010). Environment and Social Justice: An International Perspective Vol: 18. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. <mask>, D.E.(2009). The Environment and the People in American Cities, 1600s-1900s: Disorder, Inequality and Social Change. Durham Duke University. Reports

Articles

<mask>.E. (2008). Diversity and the Environment: Myth-Making and the Status of Minorities in the Field. Research in Social Problems and Public Policy 15, pp.89–148. <mask>.E. (2002). Race, Class, Gender and Environmentalism. U.S.D.A., Forest Service, PNW-GTR 534, Washington: Seattle. <mask>.E. ed (2000).Advances in Environmental Justice: Research, Theory and Methodology, American Behavioral Scientist 43. <mask>.E. and Winter P. (1995). Environmental Values, Ethics, and Depreciative Behavior in Wildland Settings. U.S.D.A. Pacific Southwest Research Station. General Technical Report PSW-156.References

External links
Official faculty page

Living people
Environmental sociologists
African-American social scientists
Jamaican emigrants to the United States
1957 births
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people

masks:
Dorceta E
. Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor D
Taylor D
Taylor D
Taylor D


text_chunks:
<mask> (; born February 19, 1949), is an Italian composer. Biography

Training and debut
<mask> studied at the Conservatorio Giovanni Battista Martini of Bologna with Giacomo Manzoni and Tito Gotti. In 1974 he participated in the courses of the Tanglewood Festival in the United States, where he was awarded the Koussevitzky Prize in Composition. In 1976 he won first prize at the Gaudeamus Composition Competition in the Netherlands, with the work Les soupirs de Geneviève for 11 string soloists, and in the same year he wrote Sinfonia in quattro tempi, conducted by Giuseppe Sinopoli for the Venice Biennale Festival, which thereafter dedicated to him two monographic concerts in 1979 and 1981. In Venice, where he lived from 1984 to 1992, he met and was supported by Luigi Nono, who invited him at the Experimentalstudio der Heinrich-Strobel-Stiftung, Freiburg. From the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino to the Vienna Philharmonic, the Berliner, the Gewandhaus and the Carnegie Hall
He made his debut at the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino Festival in 1982 with Girotondo, an opera whose libretto was adapted from Arthur Schnitzler. Following this opera came Il Viaggio (Teatro Comunale di Bologna, text by Tonino Guerra), – in the same year, 1990, when he attended the New York Festival of Contemporary Music with L'usgnol in vatta a un fil - then La station thermale, with a libretto by Myriam Tanant from Goldoni - produced at Opéra de Lyon (1993), afterwards at La Scala and Opéra Comique de Paris (1995).He also wrote Sacer Sanctus (1997) for chorus and instruments, text by Giuseppe Pontiggia, "a work commissioned by La Scala (1997) and repeated at the Festival of Ravenna (1998), the Festival Présence 2002 in Paris and S. Cecilia in Rome in 2003", En Vinternatt (for a  tournée - October–November  2001 -  of  the Gustav Mahler Chamber Orchestra conducted by Sir Neville Marriner). For the musical theatre he has subsequently written Les oiseaux de passage (Opéra de Lyon, Teatro Comunale di Bologna, 1998–2001) and, in 2003, Il letto della Storia, with a libretto by Franco Marcoaldi and stage direction by Giorgio Barberio Corsetti. For this opera he received the Abbiati Prize from the National Association of Italian Critics for the best new work of the year. The partnership with Marcoaldi has continued, bringing about such works as Terra comune (which, at the request of Luciano Berio, inaugurated Rome's Auditorium Parco della Musica in 2002), Tre Veglie commissioned by the Salzburg Festival (conducted in 2000 by Ivan Fischer, with Anna Caterina Antonacci), and the second opera for the Teatro alla Scala, Teneke (2007, chosen for the That's Opera event, on the occasion of the bicentennial of Ricordi, curated by Jean-Jacques Nattiez) conducted by Roberto Abbado, stage direction by Ermanno Olmi, with set design by Arnaldo Pomodoro. <mask>'s music was again heard at the Salzburg Festival in 2006, during the celebrations of the 250th anniversary of Mozart’s birth, with a performance by Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra under Riccardo Muti of La giusta armonia, a melologue with narrator and orchestra based on a text by the proto-socialist Franz Heinrich Ziegenhagen, who was a friend of Mozart. Worthy of mention is Voci di notte (2006), commissioned by the Orchestra of the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, on the occasion of the 70th birthday of their conductor Zubin Mehta. Mehta is one of many conductors, such as Berio, Chung, Harding, Marriner, Pappano, and, as already mentioned Muti and Abbado, who have conducted Vacchi's music a number of times.In 2009 Riccardo Chailly conducted the symphonic melologue Prospero o dell’Armonia (by Shakespeare, Filarmonica della Scala) and in 2011 Tagebuch der Empörung (Leipzig, Gewandhaus Orchestra). Both the symphonic Mare che fiumi accoglie, conducted by Antonio Pappano at the Parco della Musica in Rome, and the opera La madre del mostro, based on a libretto by Michele Serra, date back to 2007. Amos Oz wrote the libretto of the opera The Same Sea for <mask>, from the novel of the same name, staged at Teatro Petruzzelli in Bari, with scenery by Gae Aulenti, in 2011. Again in collaboration with Amos Oz, he composed the melologue D’un tratto nel folto del bosco, based on a text by Michele Serra from the novel of the same name (Nestled deep in a thick forest) by the Israeli writer, for the Festival Mito (which dedicated a monograph - the first Italian - to Vacchi, in 2014) of 2010. The melologue also travelled to Paris, in 2014 and in a French version (Soudain dans la forêt profonde, Comédie française, Salle Pleyel), with a CD by the Ministère de l'Éducation Nationale, designed for schools in France. In 2015, he composed a symphonic poem, Der Walddämon, again inspired by Nestled Deep in a Thick Forest by Amos Oz and commissioned by Riccardo Chailly, who conducted it at the Gewandhaus in Leipzig. In the same year, <mask> directed the Atelier Opéra en création at the Aix-en-Provence Festival, where his works were performed between 2014 and 2015, among which Dai calanchi di Sabbiuno conducted by P.Järvi in a concert dedicated to the memory of P.Chereau.In 2016 his ninth opera came out, Lo specchio magico, based on a text by Aldo Nove (staged at the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, conducted by John Axelrod) and Vencidos for voice and orchestra commissioned by the Festival Internacional Cervantino, in Mexico, for the Miguel de Cervantes celebrations. In 2018 the Teatro San Carlo put on Eternapoli, at the request of Toni Servillo. Again in 2018, after the Concerto for violoncello at Petruzzelli di Bari, the Concerto for violin Natura naturans had its European première at the Opera of Budapest and its American première at the Carnegie Hall in New York, (conductor Balázs Kocsár, soloist Haruka Nagao). In February 2019 the Orchestra laVerdi of Milan devoted four monographic concerts to him, including the Italian première of Natura naturans. Works of social commitment
Riccardo Muti conducted Diario dello Sdegno (Teatro alla Scala, 2003), written by Vacchi in the emotional aftermath of 11 September 2001 and the international conflicts that followed. After its première in Milan (2002), this piece was performed in Paris (2003) and Bruxellels, during Italy's turn of holding the presidency of the European Union. Ethical themes have great significance for <mask> and they are evident in other compositions of his, such as Irini, Esselam, Shalom (2004) for voice, violin and orchestra, which deals with the theme of religious tolerance.Another similar piece was Dai calanchi di Sabbiuno for chamber ensemble, which was composed for the Commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Italian Resistance (Teatro alla Scala, 1995) and which has been performed more than 100 times around the world, also in the version for full orchestra requested by Claudio Abbado. Ethical themes are still central in other recent works. In 2017 was performed at Teatro la Fenice in Venice the melologue Veronica Franco, about  the great Venetian poetess and courtesan, proto-feminist who defeated the Inquisition of the 16th century with her free spirit. The Teatro alla Scala will be staging in May 2020 the premiere of Madina, Theater-Dance (whose text of Emmanuelle de Villepin focuses on the theme of terrorism), for actor, soprano, tenor, choir, orchestra and dance troupe with Roberto Bolle étoile, Was Beethoven African?, inspired by Nadine Gardimer's anti-racism novel and commissioned by the Philharmonie de Paris and the Paris Mozart Orchestra had been performed at the Philharmonie, Paris, on 18, 19, 20 September 2020, obligatory piece in the international competition La Maestra. The mock-heroic opera Jeanne Dark, from Voltaire's Pucelle d’Orléans, that will be staged at Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, 22–26 May 2021, reflects his rebellion against dogmatic thinking. Again in May 2021, the melologue Beethoven l’Africain. Lettres de Prison de Nelson Mandela, commissioned by PMO, will be performed at Philharmonie de Paris and then at Festival Internacional Cervantino, in Mexico

Chamber works and soundtracks
On a commission from Abbado, <mask> composed Briefe Büchners, a Lieder cycle which was performed by the Berliner Philharmonie in 1998.For the Hilliard Ensemble and the Barrow River Art Festival, he composed Memoria italiana in 2013. Luoghi immaginari were composed between 1987 and 1992 for various instrumental formations - performed many times, conducted also by Daniel Harding in Salzburg Mozarteum or in the Festival of Italian Contemporary Music in Beijing - and was included, along with other works by <mask>, in the soundtrack to Il Mestiere delle Armi (The Profession of Arms) by Ermanno Olmi. For this movie <mask> was awarded the David di Donatello prize in 2002. 2005 saw him honoured again at The Albo D'Oro RDC Awards, for his music in Patrice Chéreau’s film Gabrielle. Also by <mask> is the soundtrack to Olmi's latest works One Hundred Nails (2007), and Vedete, sono uno di voi (2017). The Quartetto di Cremona has performed his four String Quartets many times. The Third String Quartet (2002), written for the Tokyo String Quartet, was awarded the Annual Lully Award in 2003 for the best new work of the year performed in the United States, and the Fourth Quartet (2004), was commissioned by RAI Radio for the 80th anniversary of Italian radio) and asked him to write the sixth, which will be performed at Società del Quartetto di Milano, 9 February 2021.Other news
Worthy of mention is the recent Voci di notte (2006), commissioned and performed by the Orchestra of the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, on occasion of the 70th birthday of their conductor Zubin Mehta. For Beethoven celebrations of 2020, <mask> has written Beethoven e la primavera ritrovata for orchestra, commissioned from Maggio Musicale Fiorentino and conducted by Zubin Mehta. Poetics

As Peter Korfmacher wrote in the Lepiziger Volkszeitung about his Tagebuch der Empörung at Gewandhaus, focusing on the events of 11 September 2001, "Vacchi does not describe any attack, nor war. His metaphysical approach is certainly comparable to that of Gustav Mahler: very diverse material is inserted into a broad range, so that meanings which may be felt on an emotional level but not expressible with words are revealed". Style
Claudio Abbado defines his style "complex and not derivative, and capable of reaching the listener" and Jean Jacques Natties declares that his music "can furnish a sense of direction for composers in this new century. Thanks to <mask> <mask> for having known how to chart – for the music enthusiast and the composer alike – an innovative course». So, "<mask>’s music is characterized in particular by its quality of sound; fluid, refined and shimmering, subtly nuanced and suggestive of echoes and reverberations.The rigour of compositional procedures is tied to a concern to create a communicative idiom which takes into consideration the listener’s perceptive ability".

masks:
Fabio Vacchi
Fabio Vacchi
Vacchi
Vacchi
Vacchi
Vacchi
Vacchi
Vacchi
Vacchi
Vacchi
Vacchi
Fabio
Vacchi
Vacchi


text_chunks:
<mask> (Russian: Елена Костюченко; born 25 September 1987, Yaroslav, Russia) is a Russian journalist and gay-rights activist. She is an investigative reporter for the newspaper Novaya Gazeta. <mask> was the first journalist to write about the punk protest band Pussy Riot and about the Zhanaozen massacre in 2011. She covered protests against the construction of a controversial 12-lane highway through the Khimki Forest, and exposed the presence of Russian fighters in the breakaway republics of Donestk and Luhansk in Eastern Ukraine. She has been assaulted and arrested on several occasions in retribution for her journalism and activism. Career
<mask> is from the town of Yaroslav, not far from Moscow. By age 16, she was already working on the local paper in Yaroslav.She later said that “when I started working as a journalist, I had no lofty aspirations.... I just wanted to buy winter boots with buckles; my family was poor. I had the option either to clean the school for six months, or to try to write something in the local paper. I decided to try to write something in the local paper.” Then she read an article about Chechnya by Anna Politkovskaya in Novaya Gazeta, described by the Guardian as “the last major publication consistently critical of Kremlin power” and as a newspaper “dedicated to real journalism, unlike Russian television and most other newspapers, all under [President Vladimir] Putin's thumb.” The article proved revelatory to <mask>: “I was shocked. I realised that everything I knew about this country, about what was happening, was wrong,”. <mask> then moved to Moscow, studied journalism at Moscow State University, and at age 17 was taken on as an intern at Novaya Gazeta. She later became a full staffer, and was the newspaper's youngest staff member ever.When Politkovskaya was assassinated in October 2006, said Kostyuchenko two and a half years later, “I realized I had never told her she was my idol.” Now, she stated, she praised all her colleagues, because “You come to work, see your colleagues and think: 'Who's next? '”

Kostyuchenko was beaten and hospitalized at the 2011 Gay Pride parade. Kostyuchenko was the first journalist to break the information blockade around the city of Zhanaozen during the massacre of December 2011. Filipp and Tikhon Dzyadko interviewed her for the TV Rain program “The Dzyadko Three” on January 24, 2013, the day before the Duma passed its first reading of the law banning the promotion of homosexuality. Kostyuchenko discussed a “Day of Kisses” in which she had taken part earlier that week. The action involved “just going to the Duma with a mixed group of people, homosexuals, heterosexuals, couples, singles, and, for those who have them, significant others. If a person doesn’t have anyone to kiss, they just hug whoever is standing next to them.” The result had been violence by Russian Orthodox activists and others against the participants: “Two of my friends got their noses broken,” she said, “and they beat up my girlfriend.” Asked about the demonstration, she said that “doing something is always better than sitting at home and waiting around for Duma deputies to declare you a second-class citizen.” She underscored that “I am not the center of LGBT activism in Russia.I actually don’t do that much activism: I have a lot of other work. It’s just that I’ve been focusing on it this past week because I know that my life specifically will be severely affected for a long time, as will the lives of millions of gays and lesbians in Russia.”

In May 2013, <mask> was arrested for taking part in a gay-pride rally in Moscow. In September 2013, Kostyuchenko threatened on Twitter to “out” closeted Russian politicians who voted for a bill that equated homosexuality with alcoholism and drug abuse and that would remove children from gay parents. “This is a warning,” she wrote. “They want to destroy our lives, and we will destroy them.” She said that publicly revealing the private same-sex activities of Russian members of parliament was a “nuclear bomb” that should be used only as a “last resort,” but that given the proposed bill that would remove children from the homes of gay and lesbian parents, she said that “such a time has come.” She promised to publish a report outing closeted Duma members on the day the bill had its first reading in the State Duma. In February 2014, <mask> was one of about ten LGBT activists who were arrested during a protest in Red Square in Moscow. While the opening ceremonies of the Sochi Olympics were taking place, they sang the Russian national anthem as they displayed a rainbow flag.After her release, <mask> said she suspected police had known in advance about the protest by tapping her phone and had been waiting for them. She said she changed the location a half-hour prior to the protest, and had only communicated the new location through phone calls and text messages, which she believed were intercepted. In June 2014, <mask> reported on apparent efforts by Russian authorities to cover up the return of Russian militia's bodies to Russia after being killed in battle at the Donetsk Airport in Ukraine. A November 2014 report by Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty described the support group Children-404 (“Deti-404” in Russian) on the Russian social networking site Vkontakte, which “aims to provide a safe virtual space” for LGBT teens. The report quoted Kostyuchenko as calling it “the best and most humanistic project working for Russia’s LGBT community at the moment,”because under the new Russian law banning pro-gay “propaganda,” “the most vulnerable section of society are LGBT teenagers.” She added: “According to this law, LGBT teenagers do not exist.”

In 2018, <mask> was the Paul Klebnikov Russian Civil Society Fellow at Columbia University's Harriman Institute. Views on journalism
<mask> has said that “if we can say that the new social journalism has a purpose, this purpose is to give a voice to everyone.” She has also said that Russians “absolutely do not know what is happening in our country... because the regional press has been almost completely destroyed by the local authorities, we know nothing about what is happening in the regions.” In addition, she has complained that there are few realistic TV reports about events in the provinces. Only the Internet, she has added, provides some degree of valuable regional reportage.Honors and awards
In May 2013, she was one of seven persons to win the “Freedom” award for her reportage about the Zhanaozen protests. She won the 2013 Fritt Ord (Free Word) Prize in Norway. <mask> was a speaker at the 2015 Oslo Freedom Forum. In 2015, she was awarded with the Distinguished Writing Award by the European Press Prize. References

1987 births
Living people
LGBT rights activists from Russia
Russian activists
Russian women activists
Russian journalists
Russian women writers
Free Media Awards winners
European Press Prize winners
Women civil rights activists
Journalism as a Profession Awards winners

masks:
Elena Kostyuchenko
Kostyuchenko
Kostyuchenko
Kostyuchenko
Kostyuchenko
Kostyuchenko
Kostyuchenko
Kostyuchenko
Kostyuchenko
Kostyuchenko
Kostyuchenko
Kostyuchenko