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<mask> (13 October 1923 – 4 June 2013), formally His Eminence and Most Reverend, Chief Apostle Dr. <mask>le was a Samoan minister from the early 1950s in the Assemblies of God movement. Dr Pulepule was also the Chief Apostle of the Samoan Assemblies of God in New Zealand for over 40 years and was elected as the World Chairman of the Samoan Assemblies of God International. Also the Tokelauan Assemblies of God and Tuvaluan Assemblies of God came under his leadership. He was the senior pastor for the Grey Lynn Samoan Assemblies of God congregation in Auckland. It was one of the fastest growing and largest Samoan congregations in the world. Pulepule also planted over 100 churches throughout New Zealand, and was a leading force in the establishment of the Samoan Assemblies of God around the world where Samoan communities were present. In Australia he planted over 60 Samoan Assemblies of God Congregations.He was heavily involved in mission work, especially in Samoa and American Samoa where almost 200 congregations make up the District Council of the Assemblies of God in Samoa. His leadership reached mainland USA which currently has over 90 Samoan congregations mainly in states along the west coast. Pulepule also administered the establishment of the Samoan Assemblies of God in Hawaii and Alaska where together over 50 congregations thrive. In the 1990s Pulepule assisted in the establishing of the Samoan Assemblies of God in England and Germany. The World Tongan Assemblies of God fellowship began when the Tongan leaders sought assistance from Pulepule who helped establish a worldwide movement. In 2005 the New Zealand Samoan movement he led went through a phase of division where 40 churches stayed under the Assemblies of God in New Zealand umbrella, and 45 churches left and became an autonomous fellowship under his direction. Since 2005 the church under his direction has grown from 45 to over 80 at this present time, and the church continues to grow and is still known to be the fastest growing Pentecostal movement in New Zealand.On 25 September 2011, Pulepule officially resigned from all his posts of chief apostle, general superintendent and world chairman in the Samoan Assemblies of God movement. In attendance were the former general superintendents of the Assemblies of God in New Zealand, Assemblies of God leaders around the world, the mayor of Auckland, the Auckland City Council and Members of Parliament as well as leaders of all the other Pentecostal denominations who all paid tribute to Pulepule and the First Lady. Since the beginning of the Samoan Assemblies of God in New Zealand, the church group have rejected many traditional Samoan cultural practices. Pulepule was known as one of the eldest serving pastors in the Southern Hemisphere. His wife, First Lady Sapapali'i Pulepule, died on 21 May 2013. Pulepule died two weeks later on 4 June 2013. Thousands attended both memorial services for two great pioneers in the Assemblies of God movement.The New Zealand Government also presented gifts, and the national flag of New Zealand was draped over their coffins. Early life and history
Pulepule was born on October 13, 1923, in the village of Solosolo, Samoa (formerly Western Samoa) to Tupolesava <mask> Matu'u II and Aimama Tuala Tagaloa of Saluafata who were members of the L.M.S. in Solosolo. He has 9 siblings and is the second eldest child. He became a teacher at Avele College, and later met his wife Sapapali'i, both were members of the CCCS (Congregational Christian Church of Samoa or L.M.S.). By then the Assemblies of God from American Samoa had already begun missions in the Samoan islands. In 1963, Makisua and Mauosamoa Fatialofa were holding revival meetings in Lotopa.It was at these meetings that <mask> and Sapapalii were saved. Barry Smith, a school teacher at that time who worked with <mask> at Samoa College, had brought them to the meetings, and it was from that day on, Pulepule decided to devote the rest of his life to the church and its purposes. (Pentecost to the uttermost: History of the Assemblies of God: Dr. Tavita Pagaialii, Pg.53)

In 1965 he was appointed to lead Faleasi'u Assembly of God (the first Assemblies of God church in Samoa). In 1967 he moved to New Zealand. In New Zealand, there were already a few Samoan Pentecostal churches, the first one starting in Wellington by the late Fred Ama. Pulepule and his wife planted a church in the Grey Lynn area in Auckland, and the church grew rapidly, having to extend their church more than 5 times just to cater to the 500 plus strong congregation. In 1967, Grey Lynn Samoan A/G was the first ethnic church to align with the Assemblies of God in New Zealand.The 20 or so Samoan Pentecostal churches thought their church would become more effective if they all came together, and at that time these Pentecostal churches had united and officially became the Samoan Assemblies of God in New Zealand under the leadership of Pulepule, there he was elected as the Superintendent of the Samoan movement in New Zealand, and it soon became the fastest growing church in New Zealand. In 1992 the Samoan Assemblies of God Convention Centre officially opened. The center was named the "Samani Pulepule Convention/Community Centre" and it seats up to 4,000 people. In 1999 the Grey Lynn church relocated to Mt. Roskill where it purchased an old factory building for NZ$1.6  million, and renamed their church from Grey Lynn to Auckland Samoan Assembly of God, which has been the church of the General Superintendent for over 40 years. In September 2011, Pulepule resigned as the Superintendent for the Samoan Assemblies of God fellowship around the World. Family and Heritage
During their time in ministry, Pulepule and his wife had 3 children, Onesemo, Sera and Talalelei.Onesemo moved to Australia and founded the Melbourne Samoan Assembly of God church, and in 2001 was elected as the General Superintendent of the Samoan Assemblies of God in Australia. All are Samoan-born. His brother Taulapapa Mama Pulepule is also currently Pastor for the Falefa Assembly of God in Samoa and has been for several years, His younger brother Ieti is also a Pastor for the Paraparaumu church. His other brother Tautiaga (who holds the Magele of Lufilufi & Lemusu of Solosolo titles) and sisters Masina, Tivalo & Lanuola. Other siblings who died at a young age were Niu, Levao, Momoemaluapia. Homegoing Celebration

A three-day homegoing celebration was held from 13–15 June 2013. The first celebration service was a Pastors celebration service held at the church he founded, Grey Lynn Auckland Samoan Assembly of God, eulogies were made by local pastors, as well as the Executive Council of the Samoan Assemblies of God in New Zealand.The second celebration service was held at the Samani Pulepule Convention Centre, a complex which seats 4,000 people, eulogies were made by family members, and a special musical from the Auckland Samoan A/G church. In attendance were the Tongan Assemblies of God, a church that Pulepule had helped with becoming a worldwide fellowship, also in attendance were the former Assemblies of God Leaders from around the world, local members of Parliament, and leaders of other major denominations. The third service was the Assemblies of God National/International service. This was held at the Auckland Samoan Assemblies of God, and a special presentation from the New Zealand Government, the National and Labour Parties were made to Pulepule's family. Tagata Pasifika, a well-known television news broadcast had special coverage of the homegoing services. Pulepule was buried next to his wife, who had died two weeks earlier. Thousands of people from all over the world gathered to celebrate a life of devotion and faithfulness.Sunday services the following day were spread out across the Auckland metropolitan area to cater to the thousands of dignitaries and pastors from around the world. Over 4,000 people gathered every night of the three-day celebration. Leadership
From between 1962 and 1963 Pulepule became the 3rd Pastor of Faleasi'u Assembly of God, he then moved to New Zealand in 1963 and founded the Grey Lynn Samoan A/G and in 1999  Pulepule founded the Auckland Samoan Assembly of God, a church that grew from 4 families to over 500 adherents in 10 years. Since 1967 he was elected as the General Superintendent at one of the Camp Meetings in Wellington, and recently resigned from this post in September 2011. He was also elected as Chairman of the Worldwide Fellowship following the death of Pastor Max Haleck, Jr. in 2006. From 2006 and 2011 Pulepule held the post of World Chairman, until he resigned in September 2011. Succeeding him on this role is his son, Onesemo <mask>, who was called into office at the resignation of his father.Cultural reformation
In an interview with ABC Australia presenter Geraldine Coutts, New Zealand MP William Sio said that Dr. Pulepule  had genuine concern for the people he led. In a question asked by Coutts mentioning the way the church went about things with traditional Samoan practices and the pioneering role he had had in the change, she asked about the practices in particular were rejected. Sio replied that in the case of weddings and funerals etc., it was the exchange of fine mats. And often money and food which puts a burden on the extended family. He found that even though the practice still exists, it has been somewhat modified without the extravagance they were accustomed to and making it more in line with what the communities could afford. This played a key role in the church's rapid growth. People were drawn to his genuine concern for their wellbeing spiritually and physically.His message to the worldwide fellowship was received with a rousing support. Dr. Pulepule will be remembered because he was simply a servant. The Samoan congregations will never forget the time where the Te Puke Samoan A/G church were preparing to bless their new church when a few members of the church were in a fatal car accident, a father and two sons died leaving a widow and their youngest child. During the service where a love offering was collected for Dr. Pulepule, he stopped the service and collected a love offering for the widow and her child. These were one of many great things Pulepule had done, and one of the many reasons he was admired and known as the spiritual father of the movement. References

Samoan expatriates in New Zealand
Samoan Assemblies of God pastors
1923 births
2013 deaths

masks:
Samani Pulepule
Samani Pulepu
Pulepule
Samani
Samani
Pulepule


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<mask> (also <mask>nfeld; February 25, 1591 – August 7, 1635) was a German Jesuit priest, professor, and poet, most well-known as a forceful opponent of witch trials and one who was an insider writing from the epicenter of the European witch-phobia. Spee argued strongly against the use of torture, and as an eyewitness he gathered a book full of details regarding its cruelty and unreliability. He wrote, "Torture has the power to create witches where none exist." Life

Spee was born at Kaiserswerth on the Rhine. On finishing his early education at Cologne, he entered the Society of Jesus in 1610, and pursued extensive studies and activity as a teacher at Trier, Fulda, Würzburg, Speyer, Worms and Mainz, where he was ordained a Catholic priest in 1622. He became professor at the University of Paderborn in 1624. From 1626 he taught at Speyer, Wesel, Trier and Cologne, and preached at Paderborn, Cologne and Hildesheim.An attempt to assassinate Spee was made at Peine in 1629. He resumed his activity as professor and priest at Paderborn and later at Cologne, and in 1633 removed to Trier. During the storming of the city by the imperial forces in March 1635 (in the Thirty Years' War), he distinguished himself in the care of the suffering, and died soon afterwards of a plague infection contracted while ministering to wounded soldiers in a hospital. His name is often incorrectly cited as "<mask> <mask>". Publications

Spee's literary activity was largely confined to the last years of his life, the details of which are relatively obscure. Two of his works were not published until after his death: Goldenes Tugendbuch (Golden Book of Virtues), a book of devotion highly prized by Leibniz, and Trutznachtigall (Rivaling the Nightingale), a collection of fifty to sixty sacred songs, which take a prominent place among religious lyrics of the 17th century and have been repeatedly printed and updated through the present. Cautio Criminalis
His principal work Cautio Criminalis is a passionate plea on behalf of those accused of witchcraft.The book was first printed anonymously in 1631 at Rinteln and attributed to an "unknown Roman theologian [Incerto Theologo Romano]." It is based on his own experiences in the time and place (along the Rhine) that experienced some of the most intense and fatal witch-hunts, notably the Würzburg witch trials, during which Spee was present. Spee was present as a Jesuit confessor during sessions of torture and executions. "If the reader will allow me to say something here, I confess that I myself have accompanied several women to their deaths in various places over the years and I am now so certain of their innocence that I feel there's no effort that would not be worth my undertaking to try to reveal this truth." Spee wrote in direct opposition to many of the most well-known witch-mongers of his time and, like those works and most others in the demonological lineage going back to the 15th century, Spee also wrote in Latin. "I pronounce from my soul that for a long time I have not known what trust I can place in those authors, Remy, Binsfeld, Delrio, and others... since virtually every one of their teachings concerning witches is based on no other foundations than fables or confessions extracted through torture." Spee pleaded for measures of reform, such as a new German imperial law on the subject, and liability to damages on the part of the judges.Cautio Criminalis contains 51 "doubts" [dubiorum] which Spee discussed and carefully de-constructed. Amongst his more notable conclusions were:

 (Dubium 17) That the accused should be provided a lawyer and a legal defense, the enormity of the crime making this all the more important. (Dubium 20) That most prisoners will confess to anything under torture in order to stop the pain. (Dubium 25) Condemning the accused for not confessing under torture (i.e. having employed the so-called "sorcery of silence") is absurd. (Dubium 27) That torture does not produce truth, since those who wish to stop their own suffering can stop it with lies. (Dubium 31) Documents the barbarous cruelty, and sexual assaults on women, brought on by the practice of strip- searching and fully shaving [tonderi] every part of prisoner's body prior to the first session of torture.(Dubium 44) That accusations against alleged accomplices stemming from torture were of little value: either the tortured person was innocent, in which case she had no accomplices, or she was really in league with the Devil, in which case her denunciations could not be trusted either. Spee was particularly concerned about cases where a person was tortured and forced to denounce (accuse) accomplices, who were then tortured and forced to denounce more accomplices, until everyone was under suspicion:

"Many people who incite the Inquisition so vehemently against sorcerers in their towns and villages are not at all aware and do not notice or foresee that once they have begun to clamor for torture, every person tortured must denounce several more. The trials will continue, so eventually the denunciations will inevitably reach them and their families, since, as I warned above, no end will be found until everyone has been burned." (Dubium 15)

Legacy
Cautio Criminalis helped bring an end to witch-hunting. The moral impact created by the publication was considerable. Already within the 17th century, a number of new editions and translations had appeared. Among the members of Spee's Jesuit order, his treatise found a favorable reception.Philipp van Limborch was a Dutch Protestant but his influential History of the Inquisition (1692) refers favorably to the work of the Jesuit Spee. Limborch was close with the Englishman John Locke as the two pushed for religious toleration. Hymns

Spee wrote the lyrics and tunes of dozens of hymns, and is still the most heavily attributed author in German Catholic hymnals today. Although an anonymous hymnist during his lifetime, today he is credited with several popular works including the Advent song "O Heiland, reiß die Himmel auf", the Christmas carols "Vom Himmel hoch, o Engel, kommt" and "", and the Easter hymn "Lasst uns erfreuen" widely used with the 20th-century English texts "Ye Watchers and Ye Holy Ones" and "All Creatures of Our God and King". See also
Other prominent contemporary critics of witch hunts:

Gianfrancesco Ponzinibio (fl. 1520)
Johannes Wier (1515–1588)
Reginald Scot (1538–1599)
Cornelius Loos (1546–1595)
Anton Praetorius (1560–1613)
Alonso Salazar y Frias (1564–1636)
Balthasar Bekker (1634–1698)
Robert Calef (1648–1719)
Francis Hutchinson (1660–1739)
Christian Thomasius (1655-1728)
Árni Magnússon (1633–1730)

References

Further reading

Cautio Criminalis, 2nd Edition, 1632

 Frank Sobiech: Jesuit Prison Ministry in the Witch Trials of the Holy Roman Empire. <mask> SJ and his Cautio Criminalis (1631), (Bibliotheca Instituti Historici Societatis Iesu, 80).Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu, Rome 2019, . 1591 births
1635 deaths
Critics of witch hunting
Demonologists
German Catholic poets
17th-century German Jesuits
German male poets
17th-century Jesuits
Witchcraft in Germany

masks:
Friedrich Spee
Friedrich Spee von Lange
Friedrich von
Spee
Friedrich Spee


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<mask>Bridget<mask> (17 June 1610 – 8 April 1662) was a Danish writer, scholar and feminist, known for her learning. She was fluent and literate in Latin (her main area of study) along with many other languages. She translated many published works into Danish, including a 1,000-page translation of Latin moral philosopher Seneca. Life
Birgitte was born in 1610 to the nobleman <mask> and Sophie Below in Turebygård. She was the sister of <mask> (1606–1676). Thott lost her father at only 6 years old. Her mother was a learned woman and educated her in language and literature.Being educated by learned parents was the only real way for young girls to receive any sort of education in Denmark at the time. Thott married Otto Giøe in 1632 at the age of twenty two, but he died ten years later due to illness surrounding a gunshot wound. The two did not have any children. Despite not having any biological children of her own, <mask> <mask> was responsible for fostering two children that we know of: Elisabeth and Sophie. Career

She is most famous for her translation of moral philosopher Seneca’s Philologus in 1658 from Latin to Danish. The enormous undertaking of the Seneca translation ended up being 1,000 pages. This translation was the first of its kind, and introduced a new cultural and religious conversation to the Danish audience.The translation also introduced new words into the Danish language. Though being proficient in Latin, <mask> <mask> did not write any Latin of her own, rather, she focused on translating. "Contemporary sources report that she before her death mastered Danish, German, Dutch, English, French, Italian, Spanish, Latin, Greek and Hebrew, of which her knowledge of German, English, French and Latin can be confirmed through preserved translations from her hand." She resumed and recommitted to her studies after her husband's death. In 1660, <mask> <mask> was given permission by the King to receive an annual grant from the Soro Academy to pursue her studies, expand her library, and research language. This was achieved with the assistance of Jørgen Rosenkrantz. Thott was part of a rather small European network of approximately 100–150 learned women including Christina Queen of Sweden, Marie le Jars du Gournay (in France), Bathsua Makin (in England) and Dorothea Moore (in Ireland), and Anna Maria van Schurman.She became a well respected woman in the Danish scholarly community, despite not having a public "profession". She was one of the first defenders of women's rights in Scandinavia. Tributes
Feminist artist Judy Chicago completed an installation art piece called The Dinner Party in 1979, currently on display at the Brooklyn Museum. There are 39 place settings around a table for 39 significant mythological and historical women. The porcelain tile floor; the Heritage floor, is inscribed in gold with 999 additionally notable women. <mask> <mask> is included among these women under the name <mask>. In translating Seneca, Thott praised the Romans for asserting that women, as well as men, should be honored and praised for their life accomplishments in funeral orations.In this vein, Professor Jørgen Rosenkrantz wrote Birgitte Thott a funeral address which has been preserved. It tells of her life and many achievements. Quote from Rozenkrantz’ funeral orations:So, at thirty-one years of age, guided by eminent teachers, she embarked upon learning the Latin language, which today is studied far and wide by scholars, and the result was so good that she could very soon express whatsoever thought she so wished in that language. In order to acquire the innermost meaning of the Holy Scripture she later worked – not without yield and exceptional progress – with the Hebrew language, which is the language employed by God to impart His Word to the patriarchs and the prophets, and in which the canonical writings of the Old Testament were originally rendered. She was perfectly aware that water has one taste at its source and another down the river.Anna Maria van Shurman wrote one of twelve introductory poems for Thott’s translation of Seneca’s Philologus in which she referred to Birgitte as the tenth muse, which was a praise-worthy term for learned women at the time. Unpublished achievements
Birgitte <mask> also wrote a personal manuscript or "treatise" of two hundred pages titled Om et lyksaligt liv (On a Happy Life). In this, she asserts that even if women are not exposed to learning other languages, they should have access to literary works from other cultures via translation.This was the driving force behind her life's work. Quotes from On a Happy Life:

On young girls not being encouraged to have an education: No one whets their appetite to the sweetness found there. No one tells them what delicious food there is for the soul, what effective remedy against all their frailties it is to have a little understanding of bad and good. There are many, and this I have heard often, who would rather impress upon young maidens that poring over books will make them objects of derision.On education for young boys:But young male children are treated completely differently. They are enticed into study by the reward and honour they are told they can thereby attain; [...] they are impelled to attend school by their parents or guardians whether they like it or not. There are so many learned men who sweat and toil to educate and teach them [...] neither exertion nor expense is spared at the institutions of education [...] in order to lead the students onwards. See also
 Anne Margrethe Bredal
 Anne Margrethe Qvitzow

Footnotes

Bibliography
 Alenius, Marianne."<mask>, <mask>." The History of Nordic Women's Literature. Accessed May 11, 2016. http://nordicwomensliterature.net/writer/thott-birgitte. Alenius, Marianne. "With One Foot in the Grave I Should Continue to Read." The History of Nordic Women's Literature. 2012.Accessed May 10, 2016. http://nordicwomensliterature.net/article/one-foot-grave-i-should-continue-read. Bech, Svend Cedergreen, Povl Engelstoft, Svend Dahl, and Carl Frederik Bricka. Dansk Biografisk Leksikon. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. København: Gyldendal, 1979.Beek, Pieta Van, and Anna-Mart Bonthuys. The First Female University Student: Anna Maria Van Schurman (1636). Utrecht: Igitur, 2010. Too, Yun Lee., and Niall Livingstone. Pedagogy and Power: Rhetorics of Classical Learning. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007. Further reading
 Rafky, Isabella."Judy Chicago's "The Dinner Party"" THINGS MAGAZINE. March 18, 2016. Accessed May 11, 2016. http://www.thingsmag.us/2016/03/judy-chicagos-dinner-party.html. Stevenson, Jane. "Women Writers' Network." In Brill's Encyclopaedia of the Neo-Latin World, edited by Phillip Ford, Jan Bloemendal, and Charles E. Fantazzi. Vol.2. Brill Publishing, 2014. 1610 births
1662 deaths
17th-century Danish nobility
Danish classical scholars
Danish feminists
17th-century Danish women writers
17th-century Danish writers
Thott family
Latin–Danish translators
17th-century translators

masks:
Birgitte (
) Thott
Christen Thott
Henrik Thott
Birgitte
Thott
Birgitte
Thott
Birgitte
Thott
Birgitte
Thott
Bridget Thott
Thott
Thott
Birgitte


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<mask> (born May 5, 1964) is an American author, historian, and journalist. He is the author of three nonfiction books, the latest of which is The Black Count: Glory, Revolution, Betrayal, and the Real Count of Monte Cristo (2012), which received the 2013 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography. His previous books are Führer-Ex: Memoirs of a Former Neo-Nazi (1996), the first inside exposé of the European neo-Nazi movement; and The Orientalist: Solving the Mystery of a Strange and Dangerous Life (2005), which became an international bestseller. As a journalist, <mask> has written for The New Yorker, The Wall Street Journal, and The New York Times. Early life and education
<mask> was born on May 5, 1964 in New York City, to Jewish parents. He spent his first years of his life in Washington Heights in Manhattan and then in San Antonio and Dallas, Texas, where his father worked as an Air Force neurosurgeon. After that, his family moved to western Massachusetts, and he spent the rest of his childhood and adolescence in New England.He attended the Hotchkiss School and then Harvard College, where he joined the writing and editing staffs of The Harvard Crimson newspaper and The Harvard Advocate magazine, graduating in 1987. In 1989, <mask> returned to Texas to study creative writing at the University of Houston, under the guidance of professor Donald Barthelme. Career
When Barthelme died in summer 1989, <mask> left Texas and traveled to Germany in order to begin researching his family history, and became fascinated by the rapidly changing political and social context in East Germany after the Berlin Wall fell. In order to effectively search documents and communicate with German citizens, he taught himself the German language. <mask> used his German to better understand members of his family, who had escaped Nazi Europe in the 1930s. His maternal grandparents had been murdered by the Nazis, after being deported from Paris to Auschwitz, but his mother survived as a hidden child in France during World War II. While in Germany, he also interviewed East German neo-Nazi youth, in an attempt to learn why they were embracing the political and sociological ideals of their ancestors.<mask> was influenced by various jobs he held, such as hospital orderly, bartender, small business entrepreneur, teacher, and, in Japan, rock band member and actor in television commercials and gangster films. Books

Führer-Ex
<mask> co-wrote the English version of Ingo Hasselbach's memoir Führer-Ex: Memoirs of a Former Neo-Nazi, published in 1996 by Random House. The German-language version, titled Die Abrechnung: ein Neonazi steigt aus, had been published in 1993 by Aufbau-Verlag and co-written with Winfried Bonengel, who subsequently co-wrote and directed the 2002 German film adaptation of the story, titled Führer Ex. The memoir was the first inside exposé of the European neo-Nazi movement, told from the perspective of a young East German coming of age in the extremist youth subcultures of the late 1980s and early 1990s. Hasselbach had been the leader of the East German neo-Nazis, and in 1993 had renounced the movement in a spectacular manner. For the English-language version of his memoir, during the summer of 1994 Hasselbach and <mask> stayed in an isolated cabin in Sweden where Hasselbach was in hiding, and <mask> interviewed him for the book. A 21,000-word excerpt of Führer-Ex appeared in The New Yorker magazine under the title "How Nazis Are Made".The Orientalist
In 2005, <mask> published The Orientalist: Solving the Mystery of a Strange and Dangerous Life. In the book <mask> details and analyzes the life of Russian Jewish-born Lev Nussimbaum (1905–1942), who as a teen fled the Bolshevik Revolution with his father in 1920. The Nussimbaums sought refuge in several locations, including Constantinople and Paris, and in 1922 ended up in Germany. There, Nussimbaum converted to Islam, disguised himself as a Muslim prince, and became an author, publishing prolifically under his new name "Essad Bey". In part of the early 1930s, Nussimbaum lived in New York City and Hollywood,  but was unable to immigrate to the U.S. and returned to Germany. In 1937, according to <mask>, he published the classic novel Ali and Nino: A Love Story, under the pseudonym "Kurban Said". In 1938 Nussimbaum fled Nazi Germany and went into hiding in Italy, where he died in 1942.<mask> traveled to ten countries to research the book, which details not only Nussimbaum's life, but also extensive local and historical background of the times, and also <mask>'s search to find and piece together Nussimbaum's biographical details. The Orientalist appeared on many "top ten" lists in 2005, and was shortlisted for the 2006 Samuel Johnson Prize for best nonfiction book in the English language. It has been translated into more than 20 languages. The Black Count

<mask>'s 2012 book, The Black Count: Glory, Revolution, Betrayal, and the Real Count of Monte Cristo, won the 2013 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography and the 2013 PEN/Jacqueline Bograd Weld Award for Biography. It is the biography of General Thomas-Alexandre Dumas, the mixed-race son of a French marquis and a Haitian slave, who became a swashbuckling swordsman in Paris and then a military hero of the French Revolutionary Wars, remaining the highest-ranking black military figure in a Western army until Gen. Colin Powell 200 years later. Dumas's rivalry with Napoleon caused him to leave the Egyptian campaign which Napoleon himself had already abandoned, and he was captured by enemy forces in Naples and thrown in a dungeon for two years. By the time he was released, Napoleon had risen to power and reinstated racism and slavery in France and its colonies, leaving Dumas with few recourses.The debilitation from Dumas's long imprisonment led to his early death, but his life inspired his son Alexandre Dumas to write books such as The Count of Monte Cristo and The Three Musketeers. The Christian Science Monitor called the book a "remarkable and almost compulsively researched account" and stated that "the author spent a decade on the case, and it shows." "To tell this tale", wrote The Boston Globe. "<mask> must cover the French Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and the rise of Napoleon toward Empire; he does all that with remarkable verve." The Black Count appeared on multiple "best of" lists since its publication in September 2012. The New York Times named it one of the 100 most notable books of 2012, and TIME included it in their list of Top 10 Nonfiction Books of 2012. Amazon.com chose it as one of the "10 Best Books of 2012" in the "Biographies and Memoirs" category.The book was chosen by BBC4 as the "Book of the Week" in November 2012 and was broadcast as a five-part radio series, and NPR listed it as one of the Best 5 Biographies of 2012. The Black Count was also a finalist for the National Book Critics Circle Award in the biography category, and it was nominated for an NAACP Image Award for "Outstanding Literary Work, Biography/Autobiography". References

External links

 "The Vanishing Fascination of Truly Anonymous Authors" in The Guardian

1964 births
Living people
Hotchkiss School alumni
American non-fiction writers
Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography winners
Jewish American writers
The New Yorker people
American male journalists
Harvard College alumni
The Harvard Crimson people
Harvard Advocate alumni
American male biographers
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Tom Reiss
Reiss
Reiss
Reiss
Reiss
Reiss
Reiss
Reiss
Reiss
Reiss
Reiss
Reiss
Reiss
Reiss
Reiss
Reiss
Reiss


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<mask> (born <mask> on March 27, 1983) is a DJ and music producer from Barcelona, Spain. Career

Early Influences
<mask>'s interest in music began at the young age of nine, making sounds on a small Casio PT1 keyboard that he attempted to plug into his father's Atari 1040ST computer. He also had musical influence from his father, who was working at a record shop in Barcelona during <mask>'s childhood. He obtained his first synthesizer, a Casio HT-6000, when he was eleven. He then took his musical involvement to the classical genre, studying solfège and piano at Conservatori Municipal de Mollerussa. At the age of thirteen, <mask>'s parents bought him an acoustic upright piano. He practiced the piano for seven years but instead of setting out on the path of classical music the young <mask> followed his initial interest in electronic music.His knowledge and training in the classical arts would create a foundation for his success as an artist in this realm of music. Musical Education
<mask> continued to acquire what he needed to make electronic music with a Pentium 200 mHz computer, the Cubase software and a CD player. With these, he played his first gigs as a DJ in small venues around Lleida, Spain when he was 15 years old. In this same year, 1998, <mask> visited the Sónar Festival for the first time, where he enjoyed the sounds of Laurent Garnier, Jay-Jay Johanson, and Jeff Mills. He left Sónar with his first sampler after winning an Akai hardware sampler in the Sonar Pro lottery. The following year, 1999, <mask> decided to expand his knowledge of the Cubase software by enrolling in a course at the University of Lleida, however, he was too young to enroll in the course himself so he signed up under his Mother's name. He also began giving electronic music lessons through various public programs in Lleida.In 2001 he began using the Reason software system by Propellerhead Software. So far he had not released any tracks, but was spending his time educating himself on equipment, sound and technique. The following year, at the age of 19, <mask> purchased his first laptop, an iBook G3 and played his first live set in Mollerussa, Spain. In 2003 <mask> moved back to Barcelona, where he studied for three years to obtain a bachelor's degree in Audio Engineering. While studying, he was also working as a sound engineer for the Teatre L'Amistat, the public theater in Mollerussa and continued teaching music production in the city of Lleida. His professional involvement allowed him to work in different musical themes in television and radio ads as well as several audio-visual projects. Building A Career
<mask>'s gigs became more consistent as he started playing at Club Zoreks about every two months.There he met other artists such as David Carreta, Funk D’void and Alex Under. On December 25, 2005, <mask>'s career took a turn when he played at club Florida 135, his biggest performance as a DJ thus far. The night was considered a success as it drew a large crowd and <mask> was soon after taken on by an international booking manager, Fran Balsa. Shortly after his performance at Florida 135, in April 2006, <mask> made his first international trip to play a set at the clubs Zurmöbelfabrik and Pulp Mansion in Berlin, Germany. While in Berlin, <mask> also met Xema Belmonte, Sergio Rodrigo, and Jordi Sansa, with whom he would soon form the music label Paradigma Musik. 2
 2007: Trozitos de Navidad Primavera Remix (Songbird) Tiësto - In Search Of Sunrise 6: Ibiza
 2007: Spheere (Renaissance) John Digweed - Transitions Vol. (Paradigma Musik)
 2008: Vancouver (<mask>zenit Remix) – Henry Saiz (Catalan!Personal interview. <mask>it Bio. (2011). Retrieved May 29, 2011, from http://www.marcmarzenit.com/biografia.html

Spanish DJs
Club DJs
Living people
Remixers
1983 births
Electronic dance music DJs

masks:
Marc Marzenit
Marc Martínez
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<mask> (17 April 1799 – 13 February 1859) was an English food writer and poet who produced one of Britain's first cookery books aimed at the domestic reader, Modern Cookery for Private Families. The book introduced the now-universal practice of listing ingredients and giving suggested cooking times for each recipe. It included the first recipes in English for Brussels sprouts and for spaghetti. It also contains the first recipe for what <mask> called "Christmas pudding"; the dish was normally called plum pudding, recipes for which had appeared previously, although <mask> was the first to put the name and recipe together. <mask> was born in 1799 in Sussex. She was raised in Suffolk where she ran a girls' boarding school before spending time in France. On her return to England in 1826 she published a collection of poetry and released her cookery book in 1845, aimed at middle class families.Written in an engaging prose, the book was well received by reviewers. It was reprinted within the year and several editions followed until 1918, when Longman, the book's publisher, took the decision not to reprint. In 1857 <mask> published The English Bread-Book for Domestic Use, a more academic and studious work than Modern Cookery. The work consisted of a history of bread-making in England, a study of European methods of baking and numerous recipes. In the later years of its publication, Modern Cookery was eclipsed by the success of Isabella Beeton's bestselling Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management (1861), which included several recipes plagiarised from <mask>'s work. Although Modern Cookery was not reprinted in full until 1994, the book has been admired by English cooks in the second part of the 20th century, and influenced many of them, including <mask>, Jane Grigson, Delia Smith and Rick Stein. Biography

Early life

<mask> was born on 17 April 1799 in Battle, Sussex, and was baptised at her local parish church on 5 June.She was the eldest of six sisters and three brothers born to <mask>, a brewer, and his wife <mask>,  Mercer. By 1800 the family had moved to Ipswich, Suffolk, where they lived in a house adjoining the St. Peter's Brewery, where John took employment running Trotman, Halliday & Studd, the company that owned the brewery. In 1811 Trotman died, and John was offered the opportunity to become the junior partner in the firm; he accepted and the business was renamed Studd, Halliday and Acton. Sheila Hardy, in her biography of <mask>, considers it likely that John would have borrowed heavily to buy himself into the business. In 1817 <mask>, with a Miss Nicolson—about whom no further information is known—opened a "boarding school for young ladies" in Claydon, just outside Ipswich. In 1819 Acton left the school and opened another in September with her sisters, this time at nearby Great Bealings; the school moved  to Woodbridge in 1822 and had probably closed by 1825. Early in her life Acton spent some time in France—either in Paris or the south of the country—but it is not known when she left England; Hardy considers it likely that she travelled in 1823.The food historian <mask>, writing in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, states that Acton travelled abroad for the good of her health, because she had a weak constitution. It is possible that she was pregnant when she left for Paris and that she went abroad to give birth to an illegitimate daughter. The food writers Mary Aylett and Olive Ordish theorise that <mask>'s child was raised by Sarah, <mask>'s sister. The two observe that "there is no evidence for this, other than family tradition". Hardy dismisses the theory, stating that Acton did not have a sister called Sarah, let alone one who was married (none of <mask>'s sisters were married); she also observes that she has found no baptismal or census record that would account for a child of the right age. While in France Acton had an unhappy relationship with a French army officer; it is possible there was an engagement, but if so it was broken off. She returned to England, probably in 1826.Poet

<mask> had been writing poetry since at least 1822, as she wrote that year on the bottom of one of her poems. She wrote at least one while in France, "On Approaching Paris", which she dated 1826. When she returned to England, she arranged for a collection to be published by Longman. As was the practice for publishers at the time, <mask> had to provide the names of subscribers—those who had pre-paid for a copy—who were listed inside the work; nearly all came from Suffolk. 328 copies were printed in October 1826 and a reprint was needed within a month. She subsequently wrote some longer poems, including "The Chronicles of Castel Framlingham", which was printed in the Sudbury Chronicle in 1838, and "The Voice of the North", which was written in 1842 on the occasion of Queen Victoria's first visit to Scotland. Other poems were published in a local periodical, the Sudbury Pocket Book.In 1827 <mask> was declared bankrupt, and the company in which he was a partner was dissolved; one of his business partners was involved in the claim against him. The Commissioner of Bankruptcy ordered John to surrender himself to the Office of the Commissioners to disclose his wealth, but he fled to France. In his absence his family moved into Bordyke House, near Tonbridge, Kent, where <mask>, <mask>'s mother, turned the large building into a boarding house for upper class guests, particularly for those who wanted to visit Royal Tunbridge Wells and enjoy the spa facilities there. It is likely that <mask> left Bordyke House around 1841, although her daughter remained in residence. Cookery writer

At some point—Hardy considers 1835; Aylett and Ordish consider 1837—Acton sent a further set of poems to Longman for publishing. The company reportedly declined the poems, and suggested that she write a cookery book instead; Hardy considers the story apocryphal. By her own account, Acton took ten years to develop her cookery book, which was published in January 1845 under the title Modern Cookery in all its Branches.The work was aimed at the English middle classes; in the preface she wrote:

The details of domestic economy, in particular, are no longer sneered at as beneath the attention of the educated and accomplished; and the truly refined, intelligent, and high-minded women of England have ceased, in these days of comparative good sense, to consider their acquaintance with such details as inconsistent with their dignity or injurious to their attractions. Modern Cookery consists of mainly English recipes, although <mask> labelled several of them "French". A chapter covers curries (and potted meats), and gives recipes for Eastern "chatneys" (chutney), treating them as a naturalised Anglo-Indian dish, rather than of solely Indian origin, according to the professor of English literature Susan Zlotnick. The book contains the first recipe for brussels sprouts, and the first use in an English cookery book of the word spaghetti—which she spelled . It also contains the first recipe for what Acton called "Christmas pudding"; the dish was normally called plum pudding, recipes for which had appeared previously, although <mask> was the first to put the name and recipe together. <mask>'s layout for each recipe was for the description of the cooking process followed by a list of ingredients and the total cooking time required for the preparation of the dish. With the inclusion of timings and ingredients, Modern Cookery differed from other cookery books, and was a development of <mask>'s own.<mask> wrote that each recipe had been cooked and "proved beneath our own roof and under our own personal inspection". The food historian Sarah Freeman describes the cooking instructions Acton produced as being written "so conscientiously, and with such gastronomic sensitivity, that ... [Modern Cookery] was as much a work of art on food as it was functional". The reviews for Modern Cookery were positive, and the critic from The Morning Post considered it "unquestionably the most valuable compendium of the art that has yet been published". The review in The Spectator stated that the order of the book was "very natural", while "the methods are clearly described, and seem founded on chemical principles"; the reviewer for the Kentish Gazette also commended the clarity of the instructions, and the inclusion of ingredients and timings. The unnamed critic for The Atlas described the layout for the recipes to be "excellent" and, in a positive review in The Exeter and Plymouth Gazette, praise was given to "the intelligibility of the instructions which are given", which contrasted with other cookery books. A second edition of Modern Cookery was released in May 1845, containing corrections and updates; Longmans also released this version in the US, through the Philadelphia company of Lea & Blanchard. The book sold well, and in June 1845 Longmans sent <mask> £67 11s 2d as her share of the profits.In subsequent years she earned £162 in 1846 and £189 in 1847, when she was being paid half the profits; in 1849 she dropped to quarter of the profits and received £83. Some time after Modern Cookery was published, <mask> moved from Tonbridge to Hampstead, north west London. She became the cookery correspondent for the weekly magazines The Ladies' Companion and Household Words, and began writing research for a book on nourishment for the ill, Invalid Cookery. She interrupted her research to write a new edition of Modern Cookery. This was published in 1855, and renamed as Modern Cookery for Private Families, the name by which it is best known. This version contains an additional chapter named "Foreign and Jewish Cookery"; the Jewish recipes are from Ashkenazi cuisine. Such was the success of <mask>'s first editions of the book, it was increasingly copied by other cookery writers.In the preface to the 1855 edition, <mask> wrote of "the unscrupulous manner in which large portions of my volume

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Elizabeth David
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John Acton
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Elizabeth Ray
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 have been appropriated by contemporary authors, without the slightest acknowledgement of the source from which they have been derived". She was in increasingly poor health during the 1850s and wrote in her preface that she was "suffering at present too severe a penalty for ... over-exertion"; this toil, she continued, was "so completely at variance with all the previous habits of my life, and ... so injurious in its effects". <mask> had been disappointed that she had not been able to add as much information into the 1855 edition about bread-making as she wanted to, but decided, despite her health, that she would take on the subject in a new work, The English Bread-Book for Domestic Use. Published in May 1857, this was not a recipe book along the same lines as Modern Cookery, but is described by Hardy as "a serious, scientific study ... much darker in tone than her previous work". It consists of a history of bread-making in England, improvements made to the bread-making process in Europe, an examination of the ingredients used and recipes of different types of bread. Acton also included information about the adulteration of bread by flour millers and bakers of the time, which included the addition of alum and what she called "other deleterious substances". The food writer <mask> observes that the book was less successful than Modern Cookery, and was not reprinted until 1990.<mask>, who suffered from poor health for much of her life, died at home on 13 February 1859, at the age of 59. She was buried four days later at St John-at-Hampstead church, London. Books

Poems

Lee Christine O'Brien, in her examination of 19th-century women's poetry, considers that Acton "participated in a poetic field the richness of which eclipsed her own output". O'Brien sees humour and humanity in some of <mask>'s poetry. Aylett and Ordish class <mask>'s poetry as being written in a romantic style; they consider the work to be "accomplished rather than inspired", although it is also "derivative and often banal" and clichéd. Hardy identifies themes repeated through Acton's poems of the praise of nature and a pleasure in twilight; most of them were on the theme of unrequited love and several may relate to her feelings towards her possible former fiancée. Hardy also sees in the poems an "almost masculine intensity and depth of feeling".O'Brien sees humour in some of <mask>'s poetry, and cites "Come To My Grave"—a work about "a mildly acerbic and witty potential revenant, musing on revenge"—as a parody of a love lyric with Gothic romantic overtones. Come to my grave when I am gone,
And bend a moment there alone;
It will not cost thee much of pain
To trample on my heart again–
Or, if it would, for ever stay
Far distant from my mouldering clay:
I would not wound thy breast to prove
E'en its most deep, 'remorse of love.' The grave should be a shrine of peace
Where all unkindly feelings cease;–
Though thou wilt calmly gaze on mine
I would not live the hour to see,
Which doom'd my glance to rest on thine:–
That moment's bitter agony
Would bid the very life-blood start
Back, and congeal around my heart!–

Cookery

O'Brien sees that, through the high quality of <mask>'s prose, Modern Cookery is a unique cultural document. As the food writer <mask> writes,

[<mask>'s] ... book was the final expression ... of pre-Industrial England's taste in food and attitude to cookery. The dishes she describes and the ingredients which went into them would have been familiar to Jane Austen and Lord Byron, to Fanny Burney and Tobias Smollett. Many of the dishes <mask> describes belong, according to David, to the 18th century and, with increasing industrialisation and urbanisation of the 19th century, the staple foods described were already being replaced. David cites the example of Bird's Custard Powder, launched in 1840, as an example of the radical changes being introduced to cooking.<mask> adopted some of the changes in food science into the 1855 re-write of the book, including the developments of Justus von Liebig—the developer of the Oxo brand beef stock cube—and William Gregory, Liebig's pupil and translator. <mask>, in her preface to Modern Cookery, writes that her "first and best attention has been bestowed on ... what are usually termed plain English dishes" for her recipes, and Christopher Driver, the journalist and food critic, considers the book "as English as ... [its] eighteenth-century predecessors". <mask> observes that while Acton "is basically a very English cook", many of the recipes are labelled as French dishes, and foreign food is given its own chapter. These are recipes from the cuisines of Indian, Syria, Turkey, Italy, Germany, Portugal, Mauritius, Switzerland and the West Indies. Acton was willing to learn from foreign food cultures, and wrote "Without adopting blindly foreign modes in anything merely because they are foreign, surely we should be wise to learn from other nations". Similarly, The English Bread Book was focused on British bread and, in her preface, Acton wrote "Bread is a first necessity of life to the great mass of the English people; being in part the food of all—the chief food of many—and almost the sole food of many more." She devotes a whole chapter to the approach to bread and bread-making in France, Germany and Belgium, and the book contains recipes for German pumpernickel, French baguettes, Italian polenta bread, Turkish rolls and Indian breads.The food historian Bob Ashley identifies that the strongest theme in Modern Cookery is economy in food, although this is also tempered by <mask>'s advice to reject dubious ingredients. In her preface to the book, <mask> writes that "It may be safely averred that good cookery is the best and truest economy, turning to full account every wholesome article of food, and converting into palatable meals what the ignorant either render uneatable or throw away in disdain". She provides a recipe for "Elegant Economist's Pudding", which uses left-over Christmas pudding; when giving a recipe for "Superlative Hare Soup", she also provides one for "A Less Expensive Hare Soup". The social historian John Burnet observes that although the dishes were supposedly aimed at middle-class families of modest income, the book contains recipes that include truffles in champagne, soles in cream and a pie of venison and hare. The food writer Alan Davidson considers Modern Cookery to be "among the most elegantly written (and practical) cookery books ever published". Nicola Humble, in her book on the history of British cookery books, writes that <mask> provides "the quirky, confident perspective of the expert" in text that is "alive with adjectives and opinions ... the prose enthuses and evokes". In 1968 <mask> wrote that <mask>'s recipes were both illuminating and decisive.Examining a 100-word paragraph in Modern Cookery for instructions on beating egg whites for a sponge cake, David considers it superior to an eight-page piece on the same topic in the 1927 work La bonne cuisine de Madame E. Saint-Ange. There is humour in <mask>'s work, particularly when reporting on a recipe going wrong. Her recipe for Publisher's Pudding, which contains cognac, macaroons, cream and almonds, "can scarcely be made too rich", while the Poor Author's Pudding is made with milk, bread, eggs and sugar, and is a more simple dish. Similarly, in her recipe for Superior Pine-Apple Marmalade, she writes that if the mixture is placed onto a direct heat it "will often convert what would otherwise be excellent preserve, into a strange sort of compound, for which it is difficult to find a name". Legacy

Modern Cookery remained in print until 1918, when its popularity waned in the face of competition from other books and Longmans took the decision not to republish. <mask>'s works remained out of print until 1968 when a selection of her recipes was collected into The Best of <mask>on, edited by <mask> and including an introduction by <mask>. Modern Cookery was not reprinted in full until 1994, although The English Bread Book was reprinted in 1990.In 1857, when Isabella Beeton began writing the cookery column for The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine, many of the recipes were plagiarised from Modern Cookery. In 1861 Isabella's husband, Samuel, published Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management, which also contained several of <mask>'s recipes. Isabella Beeton's biographer Kathryn Hughes gives as examples one third of Beeton's soup dishes and a quarter of her fish recipes, which are all taken from Acton. In her works, Isabella Beeton partly followed the new layout of <mask>'s recipes, although with a major alteration: whereas Modern Cookery provides the method of cooking followed by a list of the required ingredients, the recipes in The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine and Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management list the timings and components before the cooking process. The food historian Bee Wilson considers many modern cookery writers to be indebted to <mask> and her work. <mask> wrote in 1977 that The English Bread Book was a major influence on and source for her own English Bread and Yeast Cookery, and that she owes <mask> a debt for it; David also describes Modern Cookery as "the greatest cookery book in our language". The cook Delia Smith is of a similar opinion, and describes <mask> as "the best cookery writer in the English language".The cookery writer Jane Grigson was influenced by Acton, particularly when she wrote English Food (1974), while the chef Rick Stein included her "Soles Stewed in Cream" in his cookery book Seafood Lovers' Guide (2000). Notes and references

Notes

References

Sources

External links

 Poems by <mask>on

1799 births
1859 deaths
People from Battle, East Sussex
English chefs
English women poets
English food writers
Victorian women writers
Women food writers
19th-century English poets
People from Ipswich
People from Hampstead
Women cookbook writers
19th-century English women writers
History of British

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Elizabeth Ray
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Elizabeth David
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Elizabeth Ray
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<mask> is a Chinese-American actor and author. He was the voice of an animated Jackie Chan and several other characters in Jackie Chan Adventures, Master Monkey in Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness, taking over for Chan, and Eddy Raja in the Uncharted series. His debut novel, Still Life Las Vegas, was published in August 2015. Career
He is known as a "Jackie Chan impersonator" as his voice bears a strong resemblance to Chan especially in the Kids' WB animated television series Jackie Chan Adventures. He also voices Shendu in the same series. He is the voice of Master Monkey for Nickelodeon's Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness, replacing Jackie Chan from the movies (Sie voiced Monkey in all of the video games). Other popular roles include Chinese American footballer Kwan in Danny Phantom, Chen Lin in W.I.T.C.H., Fin Fang Foom and Radioactive Man in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance and Eddy Raja in Uncharted: Drake's Fortune, Sie did several voices for Avatar: The Last Airbender, guest-voiced as an Asian scientist named Jimmy in Regular Show and also voices Lord Taran Zhu in World of Warcraft: Mists of Pandaria.He had a brief role as a Buddhist Lama in the 2021 The Simpsons episode "Wad Goals". He starred on-camera, opposite Suzy Nakamura in Strawberry Fields. He also had roles in Chain Reaction. Sie wrote and performed the autobiographical one-person stage show, Talking With My Hands in 1999, about growing up in a Chinese/Italian household. His play, Island of the Blue Dolphins at the Lifeline Theatre in Chicago, Illinois was awarded the 1995 Joseph Jefferson Award Citation for New Work. <mask> has also garnered two Jeff Citation nominations for his Lifeline adaptations of Dracula and a Wrinkle in Time, which was produced at Lincoln Center Institute in New York. He has received an After Dark Award for The Road to Graceland.His other adaptations include Randy Shilts' Talking AIDS to Death and Daniel Pinkwater's The Snarkout Boys and the Avocado of Death, which was also broadcast on WFMT's "Chicago Theatres on the Air". Personal life
He is openly gay and is married to singer-songwriter Douglas Wood since 2008. They have one child, Benjamin, whom they adopted from Vietnam. Filmography

Film
 Chain Reaction (1996) – Ken Lim
 Strawberry Fields (1997) – Luke
 U.S. Marshals (1998) – Vincent Ling
 Bats (1999) – Sergeant James
 Ghost World (2001) – Steven
 Hero (2002) – Broken Sword (English dub, voice)
 Ice Age: The Meltdown (2006) – Freaky Male (voice)
 Chill Out, Scooby-Doo! (2007) – Pemba
 Back to the Sea (2012) – Cook Liu (voice)
 Secrets of the Furious Five (2008, Short) – Great Master Viper (voice)
 When Marnie Was There (2014) – Kazuhiko (English version, voice)
 Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Scroll (2016, Short) – Master Monkey / Great Master Viper (voice)
 How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World (2019) – Chaghatai Khan (voice)
 White Snake (2019) – Dark General (English dub, voie)

Television

 Family Law (2000) – Lana Dagchen
 Jackie Chan Adventures (2000-2005) – Jackie Chan / Shendu / Chow (voice)
 Time Squad (2001) – Confucius (voice)
 Even Stevens (2002) – Chemistry Teacher
 King of the Hill (2002-2008) – General Gum
 Without a Trace (2003) – Walter
 Game Over (2004) – Sam Chang (voice)
 Justice League (2004) – Wind Dragon / General Kwan (voice)
 Danny Phantom (2004-2007) – Kwan
 The Batman vs. Dracula (2005) - (voice)
 What's New, Scooby-Doo? (2005) – Louie Hong Fa (voice)
 The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius (2005) – Yoo Yee / Elderly Monk / Ninja (voice)
 Avatar: The Last Airbender (2005-2006) – The Cabbage Merchant / Oyaji (voice)
 Numbers (2005-2009) – ND FBI Agent / Lab Tech / FBI Tech / Technician
 The Emperor's New School (2006) - (voice)
 Shorty McShorts' Shorts (2006) – Cory (voice)
 Hellboy: Sword of Storms (2006, TV Movie) – (voice)
 Handy Manny (2006) – Mr. Chu (voice)
 W.I.T.C.H (2006) – Chen Lin (voice)
 The Replacements (2006-2008) – Master Pho (voice)
 Random!

masks:
James Sie
James


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<mask> (born 12 November 1941) is a Uruguayan novelist, poet, translator, and author of short stories. Considered a leading light of the post-1960s period of prominence of the Latin-American novel, she has written more than 37 works. She has been a pioneer and one of the female authors associated to the Latin American Boom. <mask> lives in Barcelona since 1972, after a civic-military dictatorship was established in Uruguay and censored her works. She has translated into Spanish authors such as Clarice Lispector and Monique Wittig. She has worked for several newspapers and media agencies such as Diario 16, El Periódico and Agencia EFE. <mask> won the Miguel de Cervantes Prize in 2021, the most prestigious literary award in the Spanish-speaking world.Life
She was born in Montevideo, Uruguay, November 12, 1941, but was exiled in 1972 after a civic-military dictatorship was established. She moved to Spain, where she became a citizen in 1975.  she lives in Barcelona, where she continues to write fiction and work as a journalist. She studied at the University of the Republic. Journalism
<mask> <mask> is active as a journalist and political commentator in Barcelona. She is a radio journalist for the public Catalan station Catalunya Radio. She was fired from this position in October 2007 and accused the station of 'linguistic persecution', claiming she was fired for speaking Spanish instead of Catalan. She was later re-instated to her post after an outcry.She is well known for her defense of civil liberties and freedom of expression. She has long supported gay marriage and welcomed Spain's decision to recognize it. In an El Mundo article in March 2006, she spoke out against the rise of religious extremism in Europe, and specifically the violence that followed the 'Danish Cartoons Affair'. In the article she expresses her support to the 'Together Facing the New Totalitarianism' Manifesto, which was published in the left-leaning French weekly Charlie Hebdo in March 2006. Literary criticism
She was part of the Latin American Boom, a movement associated with authors such as Gabriel García Márquez, Mario Vargas Llosa, Julio Cortázar and Carlos Fuentes. La nave de los locos (The Ship of Fools) (1984) is generally regarded by critics as <mask> <mask>'s most important work. It is an experimental novel which takes the form of a pastiche of travel writing.The protagonist, Equis, is a misfit who travels to a number of deliberately vague locations. By inviting the reader to see modern society through the eyes of Equis, <mask> <mask> is using the technique of defamiliarisation to produce a biting satire of today's world. This includes a strong dose of feminism: Equis eventually renounces his own sexuality, declaring that there is "harmony in impotence," which can be read as a denouncement of patriarchial and phallogocentric society. More generally, the work shows toleration and arguably even idealisation of sexualities that have been traditionally considered dissident, including gerontophilia and controversially, in the character Morris' love for a ten-year-old boy, pedophilia. The novel exposes the dangers of arbitrary dictatorial government in its inclusion an emotional depiction of a concentration camp in a country which remains unspecified, but which could be based on any of the various Latin American dictatorships of the latter half of the twentieth century. The title of the book is taken from the Ship of Fools legend, which is reworked by <mask> <mask> in the novel itself. The novel shows sympathy for those condemned to the ship of fools and there is a clear parallel between this medieval episode and the modern-day aforementioned concentration camp passage.The themes established in La nave de los locos are ones which <mask> revisits in other works. Her latest novels include Solitario de amor (Solitaire of Love) (1989), La última noche de Dostoievski (Dostoyevsky's Last Night) (1992) and El amor es una droga dura (Love is a hard drug) (1999). All of these novels are formally less experimental than Nave. They deal with male protagonists who, like Equis, gradually explore their sexualities, discovering that they have to renounce traditional gender roles both in sexual behaviour and in the real world to find fulfilment. However, there is little political commentary in these novels. <mask> <mask> has also produced an impressive amount of poetry, again covering many of the ideas outlined above. The lesbian eroticism of Evohé (1971) caused a scandal when first released.In 2004, <mask> <mask> published Por fin solos, a collection of short stories where love is a result of eroticism and frustration. The lovers, whatever their condition or sex, seek a reason in the beloved so that they may feel saved, as is the case in "Náufragos". <mask> <mask> also uses (determinedly) symbols that link with the deterioration of heterosexual relationships, such as the bottle of lye, the scarf, and flowers, among others. <mask> <mask>'s book Estrategias del Deseo, which was also published in 2004, was found so moving and inspiring by Latina lesbian writer Tatiana de la tierra that de la tierra decided to translate the book to English (Strategies of Desire). (English translations of poetry by <mask> <mask>, Gabriela Mistral, and Giannina Braschi).The Best of Review: Celebrating the Americas Society's 40th Anniversary,'' editors Tess O'Dwyer and Doris Sommer, Routledge, Francis & Taylor, London, 2005. (English translation excerpts of Latin American literary classics by <mask> <mask> and her contemporaries Luisa Valenzuela, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Derek Walcott, and Giannina Braschi). References

External links
 Official Web site in Spanish
 Cristinaperirossi.org (Unofficial Web site in English)
 Profile at escritoras.com (Google translation)
 Full text of her short story "Rumors" at WordsWithoutBorders.org

1941 births
Living people
Uruguayan expatriates in Spain
Uruguayan women novelists
Uruguayan novelists
Premio Cervantes winners
20th-century Uruguayan poets
Uruguayan women short story writers
Uruguayan translators
Uruguayan people of Italian descent
Uruguayan women poets
Uruguayan activists
Lesbian writers
LGBT writers from Uruguay
LGBT writers from Spain
20th-century novelists
20th-century translators
20th-century short story writers
20th-century Uruguayan women writers
21st-century Uruguayan women writers
21st-century Uruguayan writers
Portuguese–Spanish translators
Recipients of the Delmira Agustini Medal
21st-century LGBT people

masks:
Cristina Peri Rossi
Peri Rossi
Peri Rossi
Cristina Peri
Rossi
Peri
Rossi
Peri
Rossi
Peri
Rossi
Rossi
Peri
Rossi
Peri
Rossi
Peri
Rossi
Peri
Rossi
Cristina Peri
Rossi
Cristina Peri
Rossi


text_chunks:
<mask> (18 December 1918 – 7 March 1978) was a Papuan–Indonesian politician and guerilla leader who is a National Hero of Indonesia. Originating from the Yapen Islands, Papare trained and worked as a nurse prior to the Second World War, during which he organized local resistance and gathered intelligence against occupying Japanese forces. While he initially held pro-Dutch views after the war, this shifted after he was not delegated to the Malino Conference and he was influenced by Sam Ratulangi into founding the pro-Indonesian Indonesian Irian Independence Party. Following a failed uprising against the Dutch, he was imprisoned before he left Papua in 1949, only once returning in 1950. He became a legislator between 1954 and 1960 and had participated in the Round Table Conference and the New York Agreement. Papare then began criticizing the Indonesian government's actions in Papua throughout the 1960s and was briefly arrested, though he later returned to the legislative body. He died in 1979, and was made a National Hero in 1993.Early life and education
<mask> Donrai <mask> was born in the town of Serui, in the Yapen Islands, on 18 December 1918, from father <mask> and mother Dorkas <mask>. At the time, Serui was one of the most open parts of Papua to external influences and ideas. He enrolled at the local village school (Volkschool) at the age of nine and graduated in 1930, working at his parents' farm for a year before pursuing further education at a nurse school in Serui starting in 1931. <mask> was among some of the first to be educated in the Dutch civil servant schools in Papua, which were established in 1944. After he completed school in 1935, <mask> worked in Serui for some time before moving to work at the Dutch oil firm NNGPM's company hospital at Sorong in 1936, where he was a head nurse. Due to personnel shortages in Serui, <mask> was reassigned there in 1940. Wartime career
Since 1939, a Koreri movement was started by Angganita Manufandu from Sowak, this movement was formed in opposition to foreign occupation and Christianity which was replacing local religion centering on Biak.When Japanese forces arrived in New Guinea, Angganita was captured which resulted in a second iteration lead by Stefanus Simioparef. Open fighting against the Japanese forces started on 10 October 1942, on Manswan Beach South Biak, which resulted in about 2000 local casualties. This resulted in another Koreri rebellions in Yapen-Waropen, centering in East Yapen. During this time Papare as intelligence operative of NEFIS, made contacts with former Koreri rebels in the jungle. During the Pacific War, Papare became known as a middleman between Allied authorities and Papuans, and he sided with the Allies throughout the conflict. He organized local resistance against Japanese forces around the Cenderawasih Bay area and provided intelligence to allied forces there, particularly after the Battle of Hollandia. According to his diary, on 1 May 1944, an allied plane landed on Nau island, He swam toward it and was given map of American position as well as an American flag, which was important symbol for local cargo cult movement, as well as sign for allied planes of the area.On 1 June 1944, he was entrusted to lead a re-organised local guerilla forces against Japanese forces. He sent three papuans, Otniel <mask>, Abiatur, and Yehuda from Manokwari to allied position in Hollandia to report on Japanese position in Nabire and Manokwari. While <mask> and Eliezer Jan Bonai returned to their base in Nau island awaiting allied forces. Based on Papare reports, allied forces were able to sank Daito Maru, Japanese supply ship heading to Serui. Afterward local forces lead by him were able to take over weapons from Japanese forces. Papare headed back to Nau from Serui in torpedo boat to scout Japanese position in Warenai and Sorong and supervised the construction of local defense in 13 days. Attack by allied forces began on 10 August 1944, based on his report, they were able to bomb Japanese position, furthermore he was involved in attack on Japanese forces in Mugim, on 17 August 1944.He was also involved in the preparation of the last attack on leftover Japanese position in Cendrawasih Bay, in Post Mowari and Manokwari. The attack was initiated on 22 September 1944, at 4 am in the morning. In this attack, Markus Kaisiepo and Frans Kaisiepo were freed, even though they were members of Kenpeitai Auxiliary Forces. With the success of these attack, all Japanese forces in Cendrawasih Bay surrendered to Allied forces. After the war, he was awarded the Bronze Lion by the Dutch government, and was given the military rank of a sergeant. Anti-colonial struggle

Immediately after the war, once Dutch authorities took over Papua's administration from the Allies, <mask> became the head nurse in Serui. Although he was entrusted to be advisor to Sugoro Atmoprasojo Bestuur (civil servants) school set up by Resident Van Eeechoud.Notable students of these school included Markus Kaisiepo, Frans Kaisiepo, Nicolaas Jouwe, and Lukas Rumkorem. At that time, his anti-Indonesian views were known, stemming from his observations of Indonesian civil servants in Papua being submissive to Japanese authorities while being repressive against Papuans. Although he would also made contacts pro-Indonesian figures such as Marthen Indey from Papuan Batallion, as well as Corinus Krey, who was adjudant to Atmoprasojo, from his hospital work in Harapan village. He would be involved in the formation of student organization tasked of helping Sugoro Atmoprasojo, with other members including Lukas Rumkorem, Yan Waranu, G. Sawari, S.D. Kawab, and Corinus Krey. Harapan Village would be the basis of Pro-Indonesian movement at this time. In December 1945, Atmoprasojo alongside his students would launched an attempted rebellion alongside KNIL, former members of Kempeitai and Papuan Batallions, with the plan to be executed on 25 December 1945.Dutch authorities would be alerted by a member of Papuan Batallions on 14 December 1945, and in an attempt to split the potential rebel forces spread rumours that Muslim members attempted to attack Christian villages during this attack. KNIL forces from Kloofkamp, Hollandia who were predominantly Christians would mobilized and attack Harapan Villages located 40 km away. Utilising forces from Rabaul, Dutch authorities would also capture 250 people possibly involved in this attack. Atmoprasojo, Corinus Krey, Marthen Indey and eventually Papare would be captured and sent to prison in Hollandia. Due to these, Dutch authorities decided to send Frans Kaisiepo instead of Papare to the Malino Conference to represent Papua in the formation of the State of East Indonesia, to not alienate the Ambonese whose support were crucial for the formation of the pro-Dutch “State of East Indonesia,” a decision which slighted Papare. On 17 July 1946, coinciding with Malino Conference, Panggoncang Alam ( Hamid Siregar ) would lead a failed rebellion to free Atmoprasojo and other captured figures by disarming KNIL troops and attacking vital installations, because of Papare and Indey possible involvement, they were exiled to Serui. Earlier in June 1946, Sam Ratulangi (the Indonesian Republican Governor of Sulawesi) was already exiled to Serui, he would eventually made contact with both exiles.<mask>'s newfound dislike for the Dutch, coupled with Ratulangi's background as a medical practitioner by trade, resulted in <mask> developing pro-republican views, and by November 1946, <mask> had founded the Indonesian Irian Independence Party (Partai Kemerdekaan Indonesia Irian, PKII). Ratulangi became the general adviser to the party, which was then the largest and most active political party in West Papua. By 17 August 1947 (the second anniversary of the proclamation of Indonesian independence), <mask> had led an Indonesian flag-raising ceremony in Manokwari. Papare attained a sort of a messianic reputation locally, regarding being a savior from Dutch colonialism into an imagined utopia under Indonesian rule. Independent Indonesia
<mask> Rachman his deputy and Serui locals, though he was moved to Biak because the Dutch authorities claimed he suffered memory loss. Using this same reason, Papare tricked the Dutch authorities to fled to Java, in 1949, leaving PKII leaderless. Although on 16 March 1949, PKII released a motion that it still exist to support integration with Indonesia and asked to be involved in negotiation of Indonesia-Netherlands-UN (KTN).In Yogyakarta on October 1949, he founded the Irian Revolutionary Body (Badan Perjuangan Irian) and he later attended the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference as representative of PKII. He briefly returned to Papua in 1950 as the Indonesian delegation in the Dutch–Indonesian Commission surveying the region. <mask> would not return to Papua, though PKII remained the dominant party in Papua throughout the 1950s. Between 1951 and 1954, <mask> worked in hospitals in Jakarta, before he was appointed to the Provisional People's Representative Council on 24 March 1954 to replace the deceased Rajiman Wediodiningrat. In 1953, Indonesian government formed Irian Bureau, where <mask> became the first Commisioner, to fight for Indonesia integration and serve as embryo for governorship. He intended to become the future provincial government for Papua. Although these efforts would fail, which lead to the dissolution of Irian Bureau.The central government alongside Papare, would reform Irian Bureau to became Irian Barat Governorship in 1957. He was reappointed to the Provisional People's Representative Council in 1956, as one of the delegations from Papua. He maintained his parliamentary seat until his pensioning in 1960. Canadian researcher David Webster claimed that in 1961 <mask> told the American Ambassador to Indonesia at the time that he intended to return to Papua to support the growing independence movement, and that he was threatened with arrest for his criticism of Sukarno, despite <mask> being considered as the future Indonesian governor of Papua at that time. In 1962, he was sent to New York City as part of the Indonesian delegation lead by Subandrio alongside other Papuan representatives which include J.A. Dimara, Albert Karubuy, Frits Kiriheo, M. Indey, and Somisu, which culminated with the New York Agreement. <mask> was arrested in 1962 during UN administration, though he had been released by 1963 and he returned to the parliament.In 1966, he and other Papuan parliamentarians criticized the central government’s neglect of Papua and demanded that the "Act of Free Choice" to be held. Papare was particularly critical of government's military actions in the campaign against the OPM revolts in the mid-1960s. He died on 7 March 1978 in Jakarta, and he was buried in Serui. Legacy

<mask> was declared a National Hero of Indonesia in 1993. His name was given to a Parchim-class corvette of the Indonesian Navy, a political school in  Jayapura, and as a road name in Serui. Additionally, an Indonesian Air Force Base in Jayapura Regency is also named after him. References

Bibliography

1918 births
1972 deaths
National Heroes of Indonesia
Indonesian Christians
People from Papua (province)
Members of the People's Representative Council, 1950
Members of the People's Representative Council, 1955
Recipients of the Bronze Lion
People from Yapen Islands Regency

masks:
Silas Ayari Donrai Papare
Silas Ayari
Papare
Musa Papare
Papare
Papare
Papare
Papare
Papare
Silas Papare
Papare
Papare
Papare
Papare
Papare
Paparewi
Papare
Papare
Papare
Papare
Papare
Papare
Papare


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<mask> (1829 - 19 January 1864) was a journalist, owner and editor of the Ballarat Times during the 1854 Eureka Rebellion in Victoria, Australia. The newspaper was fiercely pro-miner, and he was responsible for a series of articles and several editorials that supported the Ballarat Reform League while condemning the government and police harassment of the diggers. After the Rebellion was put down, he was charged, found guilty of seditious libel, and imprisoned, becoming the only participant to receive jail time. After an embarrassingly public squabble with visiting actress Lola Montez and the court case that resulted from it, he sold The Times and left Ballarat. He died eight years later, aged only 35. <mask> is thought to have been born in 1829 in London, England, however some historians point to his surname being of German origin. After achieving a degree in Bachelor of Arts from an unknown university, and arriving in Victoria in 1852, he had reached the Ballarat goldfields by 1853.He tried prospecting for gold, presumably meeting with some success as he was able to afford a printing press and the not inconsiderable cost of its transport to Ballarat in 1854. During December 1853 he began living with another recent arrival, Irish born actress Clara Maria Duvall. She and two of her three children adopted his surname, but there is no record of a marriage. The Ballarat Times was run in their household, on Bakery Hill, close to Gravel Pits. The newspaper was successful, more land was purchased, and the small house they started with grew into a collection of buildings consisting of a printing office, stables, kitchen, separate residence, office and coach-house. He served as secretary to the committee that planned to build a hospital for the miners of Ballarat, and was a great supporter of The Ballarat Reform League in their lobbying to improve conditions for the men working at the diggings. He was also responsible for printing the Ballarat Reform Charter and the many flyers advertising speakers and dates for the "monster meetings" organising support prior to the rebellion.His fellow rebel, Raffaello Carboni described him as "a short, thick, rare sort of man, of quick and precise movements, sardonic countenance; and one look from his sharp round set of eyes, tells you at once that you must not trifle with him" commenting that he was; "Of a temper that must have cost him some pains to keep under control, he hates humbug and all sort of yabber-yabber". Writings

At first Seekamp was hopeful of change from new Victorian Governor Sir Charles Hotham, who had told the miners he would not neglect their interests, and wrote an approving editorial after the Governors visit to the goldfields. But by September 1854 he was suggesting that despite protestations, Hotham had secretly ordered the police to invigorate the search for unlicensed miners. (Ballarat Times, 30 September 1854)

In increasingly strident editorial tone the four-page weekly broadsheet newspaper criticised the Government and supported the diggers movement. On the Ballarat reform movement Seekamp wrote:

"This league is nothing more or less than the germ of Australian independence. The die is cast, and fate has cast upon the movement its indelible signature. No power on earth can now restrain the united might and headlong strides for freedom of the people of this country ...The League has undertaken a mighty task, fit only for a great people – that of changing the dynasty of the country." (Ballarat Times 18 November 1854). His writing has been described as "flowery", to the point of causing some courtroom amusement at police difficulty in translating what they actually considered "sedition" from the somewhat florid language, but Geoffrey Blainey considers that while "extravagant at times... many of his sentences were compelling, eloquent and even pithy." Much later in life, <mask> was quoted as saying "If Peter Lalor was the sword of the movement, my husband was the pen." Arrest and trial
On the day after the massacre at the Eureka Stockade, on 4 December 1854, Governor Hotham declared Martial law in Ballarat. <mask> was arrested in his office, all copies of the newspaper were confiscated, and he was charged with sedition for a series of articles published in the Ballarat Times. The articles may actually have been written by George Lang, son of prominent politician the Reverend John Dunmore Lang, or James Manning; historian Clare Wright theorizes that his wife Clara may have been the author.Certainly <mask> claimed that he had not written them, and had been away from Ballarat on business when they were printed as part of his defence. He was tried and convicted of seditious libel on 23 January 1855, after the judge directed the jury that as a point of law, an editor was liable for the contents of his newspaper and stated that in his opinion, the articles were seditious. After a series of appeals, the Chief Justice, Sir William à Beckett, sentenced him to six months imprisonment on 23 March 1855. The thirteen men brought to trial after him were found either not guilty, or had their charges dropped. He was released from prison on 28 June 1855, three months early, after public outcry and a 3,000 signature petition organised by <mask>. He was the only man to spend time in prison as a result of actions during the rebellion. During his imprisonment, his wife took over the editorial duties on the newspaper and proved similarly outspoken.He returned to Ballarat after he was released and continued to edit the Ballarat Times. Later life

In 1856 <mask> wrote a scathing review in the Ballarat Times of visiting actress Lola Montez and her erotic Spider Dance, criticizing her for immorality. After taunting him onstage, Montez accosted him while he was drinking at a local hotel, chasing and beating him with her riding whip; Seekamp responded in kind, and the pair had to be separated by onlookers. Montez sued him for slander, and he sued her for assault. Both of these claims were dismissed, but Mr. Lewis, solicitor to Montez, personally sued for libel and was awarded 100 pounds. This widely publicized, embarrassing incident and the consequent loss of popularity combined with <mask>'s failing health, led to the final sale of the Ballarat Times in October 1856. Although present at the 2nd-anniversary celebrations of the Eureka Stockade in 1856,  by 1860 he was editor of The Telegraph in Twofold Bay, although that position ended in charges of embezzlement which were later dismissed.<mask> eventually moved to Brisbane, where he advertised under the name "Mons. <mask>, formerly Professor in the Institut Chatelain, Paris" as a French language teacher in 1862. Clara and the children remained in Melbourne. He died of  'natural causes accelerated by intemperance'  at the Clermont gold diggings in Queensland on 19 January 1864, at the age of 35. He was inducted into the Melbourne Press Club's Hall of Fame in 2012. See also
 Eureka Rebellion
 Australian sedition law
 Ballarat

References

External links
 Brief for the Prosecution against <mask> (Seditious libel) - Public Records Office
 Poem published by Melbourne Punch satirizing the fight between Lola Montez and <mask>. <mask>'s advertisement in The Courier 16 September 1862

1829 births
1864 deaths
People from Ballarat
People convicted of sedition
19th-century Australian journalists
Male journalists
19th-century male writers
Australian rebels

masks:
Henry Erle Seekamp
Life Seekamp
Clara Seekamp
Seekamp
Seekamp
Clara Seekamp
Seekamp
Seekamp
Seekamp
Henri Seekamp
Henry Seekamp
Henry Seekamp
Henry Seekamp


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<mask> (born 21 July 1962) is the fifth and current President of Botswana, serving since 2018. He served as the 8th Vice President of Botswana from 12 November 2014 to 1 April 2018. He was a Member of Parliament in the National Assembly for the Moshupa-Manyana constituency from 2009 to 2018. Early life and education
<mask> is the son of <mask> (1923–2003), the long-time MP for Moshupa and many-time cabinet member. The younger <mask> grew up in Gaborone, attending Thornhill Primary School and Maru A Pula School. One of his three brothers, Tshelang, was the MP for Francistown West for many years, while another is a retired army general. He also has a sister, Phadi.In school, Masisi competed in soccer and tennis, but ultimately found acting to be his calling. In 1984, he won acclaim for his portrayal of the lead role in a Gaborone production of Cry the Beloved Country. He has taken part in several South African films. In the 1980s, Masisi became a high school social studies teacher after graduating from the University of Botswana in 1984 in English and History. He taught at Mmanaana Secondary School in 1984 in Moshupa village before moving on to the University of Botswana in 1987 as a curriculum development specialist. In 1989, he went to Florida State University to obtain a Master's degree in social sciences education, after Masisi met some FSU faculty members working in Botswana for the Junior Secondary Education Improvement Project. Following graduation, he was employed by UNICEF in Botswana.Career
<mask> unsuccessfully sought the nomination of the ruling Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) to stand in Moshupa constituency in the 2004 general election. However, he obtained the BDP nomination for the same seat prior to the 2009 general election and won the seat. He was promptly appointed as Assistant Minister for Presidential Affairs and Public Administration in October 2009. After a little more than a year as an assistant minister, he was appointed as Minister for Presidential Affairs and Public Administration in January 2011. <mask> became Minister of Education and Skills Development in an acting capacity in April 2014. He was re-elected to his seat in Parliament in October 2014, and was appointed as Minister of Education and Skills Development on 28 October 2014. <mask> was appointed as Vice President of Botswana by President Ian Khama on 12 November 2014 while remaining in his post as Minister of Education.President Khama appointed <mask> as the Chancellor of the University of Botswana on July 5, 2017. The appointment, which was in consonance with Section 7 of the University of Botswana Act of 2008, was for a period of five years. It followed the death of former President Quett Masire, who served as the Chancellor until he died on June 22, 2017. On April 1, 2018, he was sworn in as the 5th President of Botswana. After he ascended to the presidency, his predecessor Ian Khama left the ruling Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) to found the Botswana Patriotic Front (BPF). Khama criticized <mask> for lifting the ban on elephant hunting and called his decision to appoint Masisi as his successor a "mistake". On October 13, 2018, Masisi received an honorary doctorate from the University of Botswana.Some commentators have criticized this decision, and claimed that the correct process was not followed. 2019 elections
In October 2019, <mask> was re-elected as Botswana's president after the BDP faced the biggest threat to its unity in more than five decades, following Khama's move to the opposition, accusing Masisi of authoritarianism. In the 2019 Botswana general election, Masisi received a 52.65% majority of the vote and received a majority of seats in the National Assembly. The 2019 Botswana elections were hotly contested, and the main opposition, the Umbrella for Democratic Change lodged a litany of court challenges alleging irregularities and electoral fraud. The High Court ruled against the allegations and the elections were deemed credible by international observers. Amongst his election pledges, he proposed lifting the ban on elephant hunting and decriminalising homosexuality. When Botswana's Attorney General appealed a court decision decriminalising homosexuality later that year, <mask> (then president) spoke out in favour of the court order.COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic occurred during <mask>'s time in office. The President responded to the pandemic by declaring a state of emergency on March 31st, 2020. After the declaration, emergency powers allowed <mask> to rule by decree for a period of 18 months to September 2021, despite protests from some opposition parties. In December, Botswana found evidence of a new strain, leading to a curfew being enforced from December 24, 2020 to January 3, 2021. After nearly two years of the State of Public Emergency, and threats of protests from the public and opposition parties, <mask> announced he would not renew the State of Public Emergency, which saw him rule by decree for this period, also bringing an end to the curfews that had been in place by the end of September 2021. On 3 January 2022, it was announced that Masisi was in mandatory self-isolation after testing positive for COVID-19 during routine testing. Vice President Slumber Tsogwane would assume the president's responsibilities while Masisi was in isolation.Political opinions
<mask> has been accused by some of having authoritarian views, and contributing to undermining democracy in Botswana. Former President Ian Khama, who has fallen out with Masisi since his election, alleged that Masisi "stifled dissent". In an interview with the Financial Times, and that Botswana's reputation was being undermined locally and internationally, and that democracy was in decline. Masisi is in support of elephant hunting in Botswana, and believes that allowing some ivory trading would allow more funding for conservation. In 2019, he presented stools made from elephant feet to the national leaders of Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe, a move that received some criticism from international media outlets. Masisi reversed the ban on elephant hunting put in place by his predecessor, and removed Botswana's "Shoot to Kill" anti-poaching policy. Personal life

In 2002 Masisi married Neo Maswabi, an accountant who later worked for the United Nations in New York and in Addis Ababa.They have a daughter. <mask> is a noted fan of the Rutgers Scarlet Knights football program. While visiting the United Nations on 22 September 2018, he and his family attended the Rutgers vs. Buffalo game at SHI Stadium in Piscataway, New Jersey. <mask> is colloquially referred to as "Sisiboy" among the population, a play of words on his family name. References

External links

1961 births
Botswana Democratic Party politicians
Botswana educators
Florida State University alumni
Living people
Members of the National Assembly (Botswana)
Presidents of Botswana
University of Botswana alumni
Vice-presidents of Botswana
People from Moshupa
People from Gaborone

masks:
Mokgweetsi Eric Keabetswe Masisi
Mokgweetsi Masisi
Edison Masisi
Masisi
Masisi
Masisi
Masisi
Masisi
Masisi
Masisi
Masisi
Masisi
Masisi
Masisi
Masisi
Masisi
Masisi