text_chunks:
 had been badly damaged by the earthquake that hit Constantinople in 740. The building preserves rare examples of iconoclastic church decoration. With the impetus of having fathered numerous offspring, <mask> codified the court titles given to members of the imperial family. He associated only his eldest son, Leo, with the throne as co-emperor, but gave his younger sons the titles of caesar for the more senior in age and nobelissimos for the more junior. Campaigns against the Arabs

In 746, profiting by the unstable conditions in the Umayyad Caliphate, which was falling apart under Marwan II, <mask> invaded Syria and captured Germanikeia (modern Marash, his father's birthplace), and he recaptured the island of Cyprus.He organised the resettlement of part of the local Christian population to imperial territory in Thrace, strengthening the empire's control of this region. In 747 his fleet destroyed the Arab fleet off Cyprus. The same year saw a serious outbreak of plague in Constantinople, which caused a pause in Byzantine military operations. <mask> retired to Bithynia to avoid the disease and, after it had run its course, resettled people from mainland Greece and the Aegean islands in Constantinople to replace those who had perished. In 751 he led an invasion into the new Abbasid Caliphate under As-Saffah. <mask> captured Theodosiopolis (Erzurum) and Melitene (Malatya), which he demolished, and again resettled some of the population in the Balkans. The eastern campaigns failed to secure concrete territorial gains, as there was no serious attempt to retain control of the captured cities, except Camachum (modern Kemah, Erzincan), which was garrisoned.However, under <mask> the Empire had gone on the offensive against the Arabs after over a century of largely defensive warfare. <mask>'s major goal in his eastern campaigns seems to have been to forcibly gather up local Christian populations from beyond his borders in order to resettle Thrace. Additionally, the deliberate depopulation of the region beyond the eastern borders created a no-man's land where the concentration and provisioning of Arab armies was made more difficult. This in turn increased the security of Byzantine Anatolia. His military reputation was such that, in 757, the mere rumour of his presence caused an Arab army to retreat. In the same year he agreed a truce and an exchange of prisoners with the Arabs, freeing his army for offensive campaigning in the Balkans. Events in Italy
With <mask> militarily occupied elsewhere, and the continuance of imperial influence in the West being given a low priority, the Lombard king Aistulf captured Ravenna in 755, ending over two centuries of Byzantine rule in central Italy.The lack of interest <mask> showed in Italian affairs had profound and lasting consequences. Pope Stephen II, seeking protection from the aggression of the Lombards, appealed in person to the Frankish king Pepin the Short. Pepin cowed Aistulf and restored Stephen to Rome at the head of an army. This began the Frankish involvement in Italy that eventually established Pepin's son Charlemagne as Roman Emperor in the West, and also instigated papal temporal rule in Italy with the creation of the Papal States. <mask> sent a number of unsuccessful embassies to the Lombards, Franks and the papacy to demand the restoration of Ravenna, but never attempted a military reconquest or intervention. Repeated campaigns against the Bulgarians

The successes in the east made it possible to then pursue an aggressive policy in the Balkans. <mask> aimed to enhance the prosperity and defence of Thrace by the resettlement there of Christian populations transplanted from the east.This influx of settlers, allied to an active re-fortification of the border, caused concern to the Empire's northern neighbour, Bulgaria, leading the two states to clash in 755. Kormisosh of Bulgaria raided as far as the Anastasian Wall (the outermost defence of the approaches to Constantinople) but was defeated in battle by <mask>, who inaugurated a series of nine successful campaigns against the Bulgarians in the next year, scoring a victory over Kormisosh's successor <mask> at Marcellae. In 759, <mask> was defeated in the Battle of the Rishki Pass, but the Bulgarians were not able exploit their success. <mask> campaigned against the Slav tribes of Thrace and Macedonia in 762, deporting some tribes to the Opsician theme in Anatolia, though some voluntarily requested relocation away from the troubled Bulgarian border region. A contemporary Byzantine source reported that 208,000 Slavs emigrated from Bulgarian controlled areas into Byzantine territory and were settled in Anatolia. A year later he sailed to Anchialus with 800 ships carrying 9,600 cavalry and some infantry, gaining a victory over Khan Telets. Many Bulgar nobles were captured in the battle, and were later slaughtered outside the Golden Gate of Constantinople by the circus factions.Telets was assassinated in the aftermath of his defeat. In 765 the Byzantines again successfully invaded Bulgaria, during this campaign both <mask>'s candidate for the Bulgarian throne, Toktu, and his opponent, Pagan, were killed. Pagan was killed by his own slaves when he sought to evade his Bulgarian enemies by fleeing to Varna, where he wished to defect to the emperor. The cumulative effect of <mask>'s repeated offensive campaigns and numerous victories caused considerable instability in Bulgaria, where six monarchs lost their crowns due to their failures in war against Byzantium. In 775, the Bulgarian ruler Telerig contacted <mask> to ask for sanctuary, saying that he feared that he would have to flee Bulgaria. Telerig enquired as to whom he could trust within Bulgaria, and <mask> foolishly revealed the identities of his agents in the country. The named Byzantine agents were then promptly eliminated.In response, <mask> set out on a new campaign against the Bulgarians, during which he developed carbuncles on his legs. He died during his return journey to Constantinople, on 14 September 775. Though <mask> was unable to destroy the Bulgar state, or impose a lasting peace, he restored imperial prestige in the Balkans. Assessment and legacy

<mask> was a highly capable ruler, continuing the reformsfiscal, administrative and militaryof his father. He was also a successful general, not only consolidating the empire's borders, but actively campaigning beyond those borders, both east and west. At the end of his reign the empire had strong finances, a capable army that was proud of its successes and a church that appeared to be subservient to the political establishment. In concentrating on the security of the empire's core territories he tacitly abandoned some peripheral regions, notably in Italy, which were lost.However, the hostile reaction of the Roman Church and the Italian people to iconoclasm had probably doomed imperial influence in central Italy, regardless of any possible military intervention. Due to his espousal of iconoclasm <mask> was damned in the eyes of contemporary iconodule writers and subsequent generations of Orthodox historians. Typical of this demonisation are the descriptions of <mask> in the writings of Theophanes the Confessor: "a monster athirst for blood", "a ferocious beast", "unclean and bloodstained magician taking pleasure in evoking demons", "a precursor of Antichrist". However, to his army and people he was "the victorious and prophetic Emperor". Following a disastrous defeat of the Byzantines by the Bulgarian Khan Krum in 811 at the Battle of Pliska, troops of the tagmata broke into <mask>'s tomb and implored the dead emperor to lead them once more. The life and actions of <mask>, if freed from the distortion caused by the adulation of his soldiers and the demonisation of iconodule writers, show that he was an effective administrator and gifted general, but he was also autocratic, uncompromising and sometimes needlessly harsh. All surviving contemporary and later Byzantine histories covering the reign of <mask> were written by iconodules.As a result of this, they are open to suspicion of bias and inaccuracy, particularly when attributing motives to the Emperor, his supporters and opponents. This makes any claims of absolute certainty regarding <mask>'s policies and the extent of his repression of iconodules unreliable. In particular, a manuscript written in north-eastern Anatolia concerning miracles attributed to St. Theodore is one of few probably written during or just after the reign of <mask> to survive in its original form; it contains little of the extreme invective common to later iconodule writings. In contrast, the author indicates that iconodules had to make accommodations with imperial iconoclastic policies, and even bestows on <mask> the conventional religious acclamations: 'Guarded by God' () and 'Christ-loving emperor' (). Family

By his first wife, Tzitzak ("Irene of Khazaria"), <mask> had one son:
 Leo IV, who succeeded as emperor. By his second wife, Maria, <mask> is not known to have had children. By his third wife, Eudokia, <mask> V had five sons and a daughter:
 Christopher, Caesar (title)
 Nikephoros, Caesar
 Niketas, Nobelissimos (title)
 Eudokimos, Nobelissimos
 Anthimos, Nobelissimos
 Anthousa (an iconodule, after her father's death she became a nun, she was later venerated as Saint Anthousa the Younger

See also

 List of Byzantine emperors

References

Sources
 Angold, M. (2012) Byzantium: The Bridge from Antiquity to the Middle Ages, Hachette UK, London
 Barnard, L. (1977) "The Theology of Images", in Iconoclasm, Bryer, A. and Herrin, J.(eds. ), Centre for Byzantine Studies University of Birmingham, Birmingham, pp. 7–13
 Bonner, M.D. (2004) Arab-Byzantine Relations in Early Islamic Times, Ashgate/Variorum, Farnham
 Brubaker, L. and Haldon, J. (2011) Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era, C. 680–850: A History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
 Bury, J.B. (1923) The Cambridge Medieval History, Vol. 4: The Eastern Roman Empire, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
 Constas, N. (trans.)(1998) "Life of St. Anthousa, Daughter of <mask> V", in Byzantine Defenders of Images: Eight Saints' Lives in English Translation, Talbot, A-M.M. (ed. ), Dumbarton Oaks, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA pp. 21–24

 Dagron, G. (2003) Emperor and Priest: The Imperial Office in Byzantium, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

 Finlay, G. (1906) History of the Byzantine Empire from 716 to 1057, J.M. Dent & Sons, London (Reprint 2010 – Kessinger Publishing, Whitefish Montana ). First published in 1864 as Greece, A History of, From Its Conquest by the Romans to the Present Time: 146 B.C.–1864 A.D. (Final revised ed. 7 vols., 1877)
 Freely, J. and Cakmak, A.(2004). Byzantine Monuments of Istanbul. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
 Garland, L. (1999) Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527–1204, Routledge, London

 Herrin, J. (2007) Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey
 Jeffreys, E., Haldon, J.F. and Cormack, R. (eds. )(2008) The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies, Oxford University Press, Oxford
 Jenkins, R.J.H.(1966) Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries, AD 610–1071, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London
 Loos, M. (1974) Dualist Heresy in the Middle Ages, Martinus Nijhoff NV, The Hague

 Magdalino, P. (2015) "The People and the Palace", in The Emperor's House: Palaces from Augustus to the Age of Absolutism, Fethersone, M., Spieser, J-M., Tanman, G. and Wulf-Rheidt, U. (eds. ), Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Göttingen

 Ostrogorsky, G. (1980) History of the Byzantine State, Basil Blackwell, Oxford
 Pelikan, J. (1977) The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 2: The Spirit of Eastern Christendom (600–1700), University of Chicago Press, Chicago
 Robertson, A. (2017) "The Orient Express: Abbot John's Rapid trip from Constantinople to Ravenna c. AD 700", in Byzantine Culture in Translation, Brown, B. and Neil, B. (eds. ), Brill, Leiden
 Rochow, I.(1994) Kaiser Konstantin <mask>. (741–775). Materialien zu seinem Leben und Nachleben (in German), Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
 Treadgold, W.T. (1995) Byzantium and Its Army, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California

 Treadgold, W.T. (2012) "Opposition to Iconoclasm as Grounds for Civil War", in Byzantine War Ideology Between Roman Imperial Concept And Christian Religion, Koder, J. and Stouratis, I. (eds. ), Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, Vienna
 Zuckerman, C. (1988) The Reign of <mask> V in the Miracles of St. Theodore the Recruit, Revue des Études Byzantines, tome 46, pp. 191–210, Institut Français D'Études Byzantines, Paris,  DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/rebyz.1988.2230

Literature
 The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, 1991.External links

8th-century Byzantine emperors
Isaurian dynasty
Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars
Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars
718 births
775 deaths
Byzantine Iconoclasm
740s in the Byzantine Empire
750s in the Byzantine Empire
760s in the Byzantine Empire
770s in the Byzantine Empire
Leo III the Isaurian
Sons of Byzantine

masks:
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine
Vinekh
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine V
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine
Constantine V
Constantine V
Constantine V
Constantine
Constantine
V
Constantine


text_chunks:
<mask> (21 February 1924 – 2 July 2017) was an Indian poet who wrote poetry in different forms such as Lyrics, Sonnets, Rubais (Quatrains), Dohas (Couplets), Odes, Elegies, Lyrical Ballads, Epics, Poetic Dramas, Ghazals, and Masnavi with equal felicity. He even introduced some of these forms into Hindi literature and, apart from Hindi, has also written poetry in Urdu and English. The span of his poetic language touches upon Sanskrit on one end and Urdu on the other. <mask> died in Ohio on 2 July 2017. Education
<mask> was born in the town of Navalgarh, Rajasthan (India). He spent his childhood and received his early education at Gaya, Bihar. He received his undergraduate education at the Banaras Hindu University, graduating with a BA in 1943.While in Banaras, his inborn poetic faculty matured when he came into contact with the great luminaries of Hindi Literature. He met poets such as Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala', Maithili Sharan Gupt, Ayodhya Prasad Upadhyay 'Hariaudh', Harivansh Rai Bachchan, and Bedhab Banarasi. He also met critics such as Pt. Ramchandra Shukla, Nand Dulare Bajpai, and Pt. ShriNarayan Chaturvedi. Further early influences include scholars such as Dr. Sampurnanand, Kamlapati Tripathi, and Sitaram Chaturvedi. Literary career
<mask> <mask> started writing poetry at an early age.His first volume of poems was published in 1941 with preface by the famous poet Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala'. Since then, 73 books have been published, including more than 50 volumes of poems and 2 dramatic works in prose, some of which have been digitized by the Digital Library of India. Six of his books have received awards from the Uttar Pradesh government and one has received an award from the Bihar government. Some of his books were selected as textbooks for colleges in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, with Alok Vritt used in the intermediate board in Uttar Pradesh, India, since 1976. Mahakavi <mask> translated some of his poems in English in Gulab Khandelwal: Selected Poems, which was published in 1986 with preface by Dr. Karan Singh, ex-Prince of Kashmir. In recognition of this and his achievements in his literary career, he was awarded honorary citizenship of Baltimore City, USA on 13th July, 1985. Furthermore, both the mayor of the City of Baltimore and the governor of Maryland state declared this day as Hindi Day.Mahakavi <mask> was the president of Archana, a literary society of Kolkata founded in the 1950s, and presided over many events organized by multiple literary organizations. He was the president of Akhil Bhartiya Hindi Sahitya Sammelan, Prayag, for 18 years. He was also the president of Bharati Parishad, an organisation founded by Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya. For 15 years, he was the senior member of the editorial board of Vishwa, a literary magazine by the International Hindi Association. He was also the president of the International Hindi Association. Mahakavi <mask> lived mostly in the USA, but visited India every year. Till his death, he was active in his literary pursuit.In addition to his involvement in the Indian literary organizations, he also worked extensively with Indian organizations in the United States. He presided on meetings in New York on Vishwa Hindi Sammelan, an organization which strives towards the firm establishment of the Hindi language. At the age of 82, he wrote his auto-biography ज़िन्दगी है कोई किताब नहीं (Zindagi Hai Koi Kitaab Nahi). Awards
Some of his books were presented awards by Hindi Sansthan (U.P. Government), India
  Usha – by U.P. Government in 1967
  Roop Ki Dhoop – by U.P. Government in 1971
  Sau Gulab Khile – by U.P.Government in 1975
  Kuchh Aur Gulab – by U.P. Government in 1980
  Ahalya – Vishisht Puraskar by U.P. Government in 1980
  Har Subah Ek Taza Gulab – Nirala Puraskar by U.P. Government in 1989
  Adhunik Kavi-19 – Akhil Bharatiya Granth Puraskar by Bihar Government
  Ahalya – Akhil Bharatiya Rambhakti Puraskar by Hanuman Mandir Trust, Kolkata, 1984

Some of his books were selected as textbooks for colleges:
 Kach Devyani – Had been in Intermediate in Magadh University, Bihar (India)
 Usha (Mahakavya) – Had been in B.A. in Magadh University, Bihar (India)
 Ahalya (Khand-kavya) – Had been subject for dissertation in Awadh University, U.P. (India)
 Ahalya (Khand-kavya) – Had been in B.A. in Magadh University, Bihar (India)
 Alok-Vritt (Khand-kavya) – Had been in B.A.in Magadh University, Bihar (India)
 Alok-Vritt (Khand-kavya) – Is in Intermediate Board in Uttar Pradesh (India) since 1976

Research
A Dissertation For M.A. was presented by Mukul <mask> under the guidance of Shri Shyam Nandan Singh in 1978 from Magadh University and two dissertations were presented under the guidance of Shri Hans Raj Tripathi from Awadh University. Degree of Ph. D has been awarded to the following persons on his literature:
 Sagar University, Madhya Pradesh to Yashvant Singh in 1966 (Hindi Ke Vaad-Mukt Kavi)
 Magadh University, Bihar to Ravindra Roy in 1985 (Gulab Khandelwal : Vyaktitva Aur Krititva)
 Meerut University, U.P. to Vishnu Prakash Mishra in 1992 (Gulab Khandelwal : Jeevan Aur Sahitya)
 Ruhelkhand University, U.P. to Poorti Avasthi in 1994 (Kavi Gulab Khandelwal Ke Sahitya Ka Alochnatmak Adhyayan)
 Mahatma Jyotiba Phule University, U.P. to Sneh Kumari Kanojiya in 2006 (Gulab Khandelwal Ke Kavya Ka ManoVaigyanik Adhyayan)
 Kurukshetra University, Haryana – Under the guidance of Shri Ramapati Singh in 2006
 Awadh University, Faizabad, U.P.to Ankita Mishra (Kavi Gulab Ki Kavya Drishti)
 Nagpur University, to Monika Vishnoi (Mahakavi Gulab Khandelwal Ki Kavya Bhasha Aur Shilp Vidhan)

Recognition
US and Canada
 <mask> <mask> was awarded the Honorary Citizenship of Baltimore City (USA) on 13 July 1985 "for his achievements and eminent gifts to our times.” This day was declared as Hindi Day in the entire state by the Governor of Maryland. The Mayor of Baltimore also declared this day as Hindi Day in the City of Baltimore. He was awarded the Vishisht Samman (Special Literary Award) by the Antar Rashtriya Hindi Samiti, Washington D.C. (USA) on 6 December 1986. On Republic Day celebration of India, 2006, he was honoured and the title of 'Kavi Samrat' was bestowed upon him by the Governor of Maryland, USA. He has been honoured by Hindi Parishad Toronto and Edmonton (Canada) and has been honoured by numerous literary and non-literary institutions in India and USA. The Mahakavi <mask> Khandelwal Smriti Scholarship was hosted by the Institute for South Asia Studies at University of California, Berkeley in 2018, in support of research in Hindi literature. The $2000 award was given to Anirudh Karnick (a PhD student in Comparative Literature and Literary Theory at the University of Pennsylvania) in April 2019.India
 <mask> was felicitated by Uttar Pradesh Hindi Sahitya Sammelan in 1979. He was conferred the highest honour of Sahitya Vachaspati (equivalent to the degree of PhD), by Akhil Bharatiya Hindi Sahitya Sammelan, under the president-ship of Padma Bhushan Dr. Ramkumar Verma, in 1989. His two books – Bhakti-Ganga and Tilak Kare Raghubeer, were released by the President of India, honourable Shri Shankar Dayal Sharma in 1997. He was felicitated jointly by the then Governor of U. P. Shri Vishnu Kant Shastri, Ex Chief Minister of U. P. Shri Mulayam Singh Yadav, Pujya Morari Bapu, and Ex Attorney General Shri Shanti Bhushan in Etawah, U.P, in 2001. Music

<mask> Ji's Bhakti Geet and Ghazals are sung by many artists in India as well as the USA. Works
Works of <mask> <mask>

References

External links
 <mask> <mask> at Kavita Kosh Hindi
 Gulab Khandelwal at Flickr Books
 Hail America by <mask> <mask>
Some Poems of <mask> <mask>
 Gulab Khandelwal in Open Library
 <mask> <mask> in Wikipedia Hindi गुलाब खंडेलवाल
 Watch Gulab Khandelwal Live
 Gulab Khandelwal Posthumous Site
 Mahakavi Gulab Khandelwal Smriti Scholarship
 Gulab Khandelwal Website

1924 births
2017 deaths
Indian male poets
Poets from Rajasthan
Indian male composers

masks:
Gulab Khandelwal
Gulab Khandelwal
Gulab Khandelwal
Gulab
Khandelwal
Gulab
Gulab
Gulab
Khandelwal
Gulab
Khandelwal
Gulab
Gulabji
Gulab
Gulab
Khandelwal
Gulab
Khandelwal
Gulab
Khandelwal
Gulab
Khandelwal
Gulab
Khandelwal


text_chunks:
<mask> (born June 28, 1942) is an American politician and former Republican member of the United States House of Representatives for Arizona's 5th congressional district, 1985–2003 and 8th congressional district, 2003–2007. Personal life
<mask> was born in Evanston, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago, but when he was five, his family moved to a ranch in rural Santa Cruz County, Arizona. He attended Patagonia Elementary School and Patagonia Union High School, but graduated from the United States Capitol Page School in 1960 after serving for three years as a United States Senate Page for Barry Goldwater. He completed his higher education at Northwestern University in Evanston, where he was a member of Acacia fraternity and Stanford University in Palo Alto, California. He served in the United States Navy, including a year in Vietnam in the riverine, "Swift Boat," force. He was a special assistant to Illinois Republican Governor Richard B. Ogilvie. He then moved to Tucson, Arizona, where he was a business executive.In 1976, <mask> ran for the Arizona Senate in a Tucson-area district and defeated a one-term Democrat who had been elected in the national Democratic wave of 1974. He served three terms in that body, and was majority whip from 1979 to 1982. He and his wife were divorced in 1992. He is a member of Catalina United Methodist Church. In 2013 he married his partner, Hector Alfonso. Congressional career
In mid-1982, <mask> resigned from the state Senate to run in the newly created . He lost to Democrat <mask>, a member of the Arizona Board of Regents, by 2,400 votes.However, <mask> sought a rematch in 1984. Buoyed by Ronald Reagan's massive national landslide that year (Reagan carried the 5th with 60 percent of the vote), <mask> won by 6,000 votes, becoming the first—and until the 2014 elections, only—Republican to represent the Arizona-Mexico border region in the House. He was reelected 10 times, only facing serious opposition once. In 1998, former Tucson mayor Tom Volgy held <mask> to only 51 percent of the vote. The district was renumbered the  after the 2000 census. <mask> served as chair of the Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, Export Financing and Related Programs of the House Appropriations Committee. <mask> is a moderate Republican.This served him well; although his district included most of Tucson's Republican-leaning suburbs, the brand of Republican politics practiced in Southeast Arizona has traditionally been a centrist and independent-minded one. Like his mentor, Goldwater, he is pro-choice. He was generally more supportive of environmental legislation than most Republicans, especially those from the West. He is a member of various moderate Republican groups such as the Log Cabin Republicans, the Republican Main Street Partnership, the Republican Majority For Choice, Republicans for Choice, Republicans For Environmental Protection and It's My Party Too. He is one of the four Republicans who voted against the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act which was passed by the House of Representatives with 281–142 votes on October 2, 2003. In 2002, <mask> introduced the Legal Tender Modernization Act which would have ceased production of the U.S. one-cent piece (penny). In July 2006, Kolbe introduced the Currency Overhaul for an Industrious Nation (COIN) Act, which would round cash transactions to the nearest five cents.This act would effectively remove the penny from circulation. <mask> argues that, because of inflation, the penny is virtually worthless, and that the U.S. should stop using the penny now that the costs of penny production exceed its value. <mask> has received some media attention as one of the foremost promoters of eliminating the penny from circulation. In 2004, State House Majority Whip Randy Graf challenged <mask> for the Republican nomination. It was the first substantive primary challenge <mask> had faced since his initial run for the seat in 1982. Graf ran well to <mask>'s right, but was best known for his hardline approach to illegal immigration. In contrast, <mask> was a strong supporter of guest worker programs for immigrants.Immigration is a hot-button issue in the 8th, which takes up about half of Arizona's share of the Mexican border. <mask> managed to fend Graf off. He easily won an 11th term in November. Also in 2004, <mask> was among the 27 Republicans who voted against the Federal Marriage Amendment, a constitutional amendment intended to ban gay marriage. He voted against banning gay marriage again in 2006. On November 23, 2005, <mask> announced that he would not seek a 12th term in 2006. His exit left the district open.While <mask> had usually coasted to reelection, it had been expected to be very competitive if he ever retired. (Bill Clinton had narrowly won the district in 1996, and George W. Bush narrowly edged out Al Gore and John Kerry in both of his presidential bids.) Graf won the five-candidate primary on September 12, 2006. <mask> refused to endorse Graf, who lost to Democrat Gabby Giffords in the November 2006 election. <mask> endorsed State Senate President Tim Bee's bid to unseat Giffords in 2008. However, he withdrew his endorsement in July 2008. <mask> donated his congressional papers to the University of Arizona, Special Collections in 2006.Sexual orientation
<mask> came out as gay in August 1996 after his vote in favor of the Defense of Marriage Act spurred efforts by some gay rights activists to out him. He won re-election that year. In 2000, he became the first openly gay person to address the Republican National Convention, although his speech did not address gay rights. He was the second openly gay Republican to serve in Congress, the first being Steve Gunderson of Wisconsin. In 2013, <mask> was a signatory to an amicus curiae brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage during the Hollingsworth v. Perry case. Mark Foley scandal

In 2000, when <mask> found out about former Congressman Mark Foley's "Internet communications with teenagers" who were subordinate to Foley, he informed the office that oversaw the page program. He assumed the matter had been taken care of, although this was not brought to the public's attention until September 29, 2006, when it became public that Foley had sent sexually explicit and solicitative e-mails and instant messages to young adult male pages.Republican leaders had claimed that they had only recently been made aware of Foley's actions, despite <mask>'s actions. In January 2007, the Federal Election Commission committee ruled that <mask> could use campaign funds for legal expenses associated with the Foley scandal. Former Senator Larry Craig cited this ruling in 2012 in defense against a lawsuit by the FEC regarding Craig's use of campaign funds in his own legal defense. In October 2006, federal prosecutors in Arizona opened a preliminary investigation into a camping trip that Kolbe took in July 1996 that included two teenage former congressional pages, as well as National Park officials, then-current staff, and <mask>'s sister. During that trip to the Grand Canyon, he was accused of "acting inappropriately"; NBC News interviewed several people who were on the trip, and their accounts vary. On June 5, 2007, federal investigators absolved Kolbe of any wrongdoing in the case. In a statement released by the Justice Department, "investigators have completed their work on the preliminary inquiry opened by federal prosecutors last fall, and see no reason to pursue it further."After Congress

<mask> is now a fellow at the German Marshall Fund think tank and a consultant at Kissinger McLarty Associates. He focuses on issues that were his priorities when he was in Congress—trade, aid and migration. In the fall semesters 2007 to 2009, he taught a class on trade and globalization at the University of Arizona James E. Rogers College of Law in Tucson. He is a member of the board of directors of the International Republican Institute. During the 2010 election he broke from the Republican Party to endorse the candidacy of Democrat Andrei Cherny for state treasurer. He is also a member of Washington D.C. based think tank the Inter-American Dialogue. In September 2010, President Barack Obama appointed <mask> to the Advisory Committee for Trade Policy and Negotiations.<mask> currently serves on the Board of Advisors for International Relief and Development Inc. He is also a Co-Chairman of the dollar coin alliance. <mask> serves on the Board of Directors of the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget. In 2018, <mask> left the Republican Party. He endorsed Joe Biden for president in the 2020 presidential election. He currently sits on the Executive Advisory Board for autonomous trucking company TuSimple. After leaving office, he became involved in political reform efforts, including joining nine other former members of Congress to co-author a 2021 opinion editorial advocating reforms of Congress.See also

 List of LGBT members of the United States Congress

References

External links

 <mask> at the Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress

 Salon: A gay Republican talks about trade
 <mask> on the issues
 The Reluctant Warrior
 Voting record maintained by the Washington Post
 Article on the COIN Act
 Log Cabin Republicans
 <mask> Papers at the University of Arizona

|-

1942 births
21st-century American politicians
American LGBT military personnel
Arizona Independents
Arizona Republicans
Gay politicians
International Republican Institute
LGBT Christians
LGBT members of the United States Congress
LGBT people from Illinois
LGBT state legislators in Arizona
Living people
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Arizona
Northwestern University alumni
People from Evanston, Illinois
People from Santa Cruz County, Arizona
Politicians from Tucson, Arizona
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Stanford University alumni
United States Navy officers
Gay military personnel
LGBT conservatism in the United States
Members of the Inter-American Dialogue

masks:
James Thomas Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Jim McNulty
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Kolbe
Jim Kolbe
Jim Kolbe
Jim Kolbe


text_chunks:
<mask> (born November 24 in Newark, New Jersey) is an African-American novelist of both romance and mainstream fiction. She also writes urban fiction as Meesha Mink and young adult fiction as <mask>. Biography

<mask> was born and raised in the Central Ward of Newark, New Jersey to Letha and Ernest. She has one brother, Caleb. <mask> was raised in a single-parent home and credits her mother for introducing her to books at an early age. <mask> was educated in the Newark Public Schools system and graduated from University High School, eventually earning a Bachelor of Science in Nursing and a Bachelor of Arts in Social and Behavioral Science with an accompanying Psychology minor from Seton Hall University in South Orange, New Jersey. <mask> finished her first book, an African-American romance she entitled Down Home Girl in 1999 and submitted it to several publishers.After offers from two publishing houses, she accepted the deal with BET Book/Arabesque. The title was changed to Admission of Love and her debut was released August 2000 to rave reviews. Her second book from BET Books, Three Times a Lady (2001), became her first national bestseller. In 2003 Three Times a Lady was selected by the Books for the Blind (Talking Books) program to be transcribed into an audio recording supplied free of charge to people who are blind or visually impaired. Her romances, "Make You Mine" and "Red Hot" won for the 2009 and 2013 Romantic Times Best African-American Romance Awards, respectively. In 2007, her first mainstream Live and Learn was published by Kensington Publishing. In her mainstream books the subject matter steered away from the happily ever after of romance and took on more complex and darker themes like adultery, drug addiction, and domestic violence.Since Live and Learn <mask> has written several mainstream novels that have showcased her diverse writing ability, including her bestselling Mistress series (Message from a Mistress, Mistress No More, Mistress, INC., The Pleasure Trap, and the upcoming Mistress for Hire). The Pleasure Trap was nominated for a 2014 RT Award for Best Multicultural Fiction. In 2017 Message from a Mistress was made into a TV movie broadcast on Centric. In 2008, <mask> teamed up with a fellow romance author to write the urban fiction Hoodwives series for Simon & Schuster/Touchstone. Writing as Meesha Mink and De'Nesha Diamond, their first collaboration, Desperate Hoodwives, was released in January 2008, followed by Shameless Hoodwives in August 2008, and the highly anticipated The Hood Life in January 2009. The books have been featured in many national publications and have received critical praise for the writers' skill at storytelling and character development. The New York Post listed Desperate Hoodwives as Required Reading and Essence magazine listed Shameless Hoodwives as one of their "Top Ten Summer Sizzlers" in 2008.In 2011 she released her first solo project as Meesha Mink for Simon & Schuster/Touchstone, the "Real Wifeys" trilogy (Real Wifeys: On the Grind, Real Wifeys: Get Money, and Real Wifeys: Hustle Hard). Mink's Kiss the Ring, the first book in the author's on-going urban fiction/ mystery "Queen" series centered on a modern-day Foxy Brown-like character, received rave reviews from Ebony Magazine, The Library Journal, and Publishers Weekly. The second book, All Hail the Queen, was released February 2015. After a six-year hiatus, the third book, Street Queens, was released independently. The Meesha Mink website credits the author with saying:

The stories about inner cities need to be as diverse as the people who live in these environments. Growing up on 16th Ave in Newark all my life, I knew in a one block radius you could either have: a single mother or a married couple raising their family; dope dealers or people working forty hours a week; a homeowner or someone renting a low income apartment. For me, urban fiction isn't about glorifying the negatives in the 'hood, but simply telling the real stories that do exist.As a writer and a reader I can always respect the gift of storytelling of ALL stories. Since her 2000 debut, <mask>'s books have consistently received top reviews; hit bestseller lists; been released as audiobook, book club and large print editions; and garnered award nominations/wins. Two of her books, "Real Wifeys: On The Grind" and "Mistress No More", simultaneously made the list of Black Expressions’ Best Books of 2011. Her books have appeared in many national publications including Ebony Magazine, Essence Magazine, The New York Post, Star Ledger, The Huffington Post, USA Today, Dallas Morning News, Upscale, Smooth Magazine, Juicy Magazine, The Library Journal, Publishers Weekly, Black Hair Magazine UK, and Parle Magazine. Currently <mask> writes full-time and lives in South Carolina. Bibliography

Writing as <mask> <mask> (romance mass-market paperbacks)
 Admission of Love (2000) BET Books/ Arabesque (Reissued as eBook and paperback with new cover)
 Three Times a Lady (2001) BET Books/ Arabesque Reissued as eBook with new cover)
 Heavenly Match (2004) BET Books/ Arabesque (Reissued as eBook with new cover)
 Can't Get Next to You (2005) BET Books/Arabesque (Reissued as eBook with new cover)
 Let's Do it Again (2005) Harlequin/Arabesque (Reissued as eBook with new cover)
 Heated (2006) Kensington/Dafina Romance
 Could It Be? (2006) Harlequin/Arabesque (Novella in the anthology You Never Know)
 Count on This (2006) Harlequin/Arabesque (Reissued as eBook with new cover)
 Hot Like Fire (2007) Kensington/Dafina Romance
 More and More (2009) (Novella in a charity anthology)
 Make You Mine (2009) Kensington/ Dafina Romance
 Give Me Fever (2010) Kensington/Dafina Romance
 The Hot Spot  (8/2011) Kensington/Dafina Romance
 One Hot Summer (7/2011) Kensington/Dafina (Novella in the anthology Heat Wave)
 Red Hot (9/2012) Kensington/Dafina Romance
 Strong Heat (12/2013) Kensington/Dafina Romance
 Want, Need, Love (12/2014) Kensington/Dafina Romance
 Just Say Yes: A Strong Family Novella (10/2016) Infinite Ink Presents...
 Love Without Limits (7/2017) Infinite Ink Presents...
 A Billionaire Affair (4/2018) Harlequin Kimani Romance
 Welcome Back, My Love: A Strong family Novella (6/2018) Infinite Ink Presents...

masks:
Niobia Bryant
Simone Bryant
Niobia Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Bryant
Niobia
Bryant


text_chunks:
<mask> (May 19, 1931 – April 27, 2011) was an American Christian evangelist, best known for his book The Cross and the Switchblade. He was the founder of the addiction recovery program Teen Challenge, and founding pastor of the non-denominational Times Square Church in New York City. Wilkerson's widely distributed sermons, such as "A Call to Anguish", are known for being direct and frank against apostasy and serious about making the commitment to obey Jesus' teachings. He emphasized such Christian beliefs as God's holiness and righteousness, God's love toward humans and especially Christian views of Jesus. Wilkerson tried to avoid categorizing Christians into distinct groups according to the denomination to which they belong. Wilkerson was killed in a head-on car crash in Texas on April 27, 2011. He was 79.Early years
<mask> was born in 1931 in Indiana. He was the second son of a family of Pentecostal Christian preachers, and he was raised in Barnesboro, Pennsylvania, in a house "full of Bibles". His paternal grandfather and his father, Kenneth, were ministers. According to Wilkerson's own testimony, he was baptized with the Holy Spirit at the age of eight. The young Wilkerson began to preach when he was about fourteen. After high school, he entered the Central Bible College in Springfield, Missouri. The school was affiliated with the Assemblies of God.In 1952, he was ordained as a minister. Ministry
Wilkerson married Gwendolyn Rose "Gwen" Carosso in 1953. He served as a pastor in small churches in Scottdale and Philipsburg in Pennsylvania, until he saw a photograph in Life Magazine in early 1958 of seven teenagers who were members of gangs in New York known as "Egyptian Kings" and the "Dragons" which had merged into a single gang called the "Egyptian Dragons". He later wrote that he felt the Holy Spirit move him with compassion and was drawn to go to New York, in order to preach to them. On his arrival, Wilkerson went to the court in which teenagers were being prosecuted. He entered the room and asked the judge for permission to tell them something, but the judge ejected him. Upon leaving, someone took a photo of Wilkerson, who then became known as the Bible preacher "who had interrupted the gang trial".Soon after this, he began a street ministry to young drug addicts and gang members, which he continued into the 1960s. He founded Teen Challenge in 1958, an evangelical Christian addiction recovery program  in Brooklyn affiliated with the Assemblies of God, with a network of Christian social and evangelizing work centers. <mask> gained national recognition after he co-authored the book The Cross and the Switchblade in 1962 with John and Elizabeth Sherrill about his street ministry. The book became a best-seller, with over 50 million copies in over thirty languages, and is included in Christianity Today'''s "Top 50 Books That Have Shaped Evangelicals". In the book, Wilkerson tells of the conversion of gang member Nicky Cruz, who later became an evangelist himself and wrote the autobiographical Run Baby Run. Nicky had been the leader of the "Mau Maus" gang, and he and his friend Israel Narvaez became Christians after hearing Wilkerson preach. The 1970 film The Cross and the Switchblade, starring Pat Boone as Wilkerson and Erik Estrada as Cruz, was adapted from the book of the same name.In 1967, Wilkerson began Youth Crusades, an evangelistic ministry aimed at teenagers whom Wilkerson called "goodniks"—middle-class youth who were restless and bored. His goal was to prevent them from becoming heavily involved with drugs, alcohol, or violence. Through this ministry, the CURE Corps (Collegiate Urban Renewal Effort) was founded. In 1971, <mask> moved his ministry headquarters to Lindale, Texas. On September 22 he founded World Challenge, an organization seeking to promote and spread the Gospel throughout the world. Wilkerson claimed that in 1986, while walking down 42nd Street in New York City at midnight, the Holy Spirit called him to return to New York City and to raise up a ministry in Times Square. He founded and became the pastor of Times Square Church, which opened its doors in October 1987.The church first occupied rented auditoriums in Times Square (Town Hall and the Nederlander Theater), before moving to the historic Mark Hellinger Theatre in 1989, in which it has operated ever since. Wilkerson did not preach in the name of any specific denomination. Instead, he focused on biblical preaching with the aim of encouraging people to seek God through a personal and deeper knowledge of Jesus Christ and the experience of the Holy Spirit. He said:

Throughout his ministry, Wilkerson had contact with many other prominent Christian ministers, including Leonard Ravenhill, who was his friend, and Ray Comfort, whom Wilkerson met in 1992 after listening to a message called Hell's Best Kept Secret. From the 1990s, Wilkerson focused his efforts on encouraging pastors and their families throughout the world to "renew their passion for Christ". <mask> and his wife Gwen moved to New York City at the inception of Times Square Church in 1987, and in 2006 began splitting their time between New York and Texas. They had four children and eleven grandchildren.Visions
Wilkerson claimed to have received a vision in 1973 regarding the future of the United States, subsequently published in a book called The Vision. Some of the subject areas of this prophecy were: "Worldwide recession caused by economic confusion"; "Nature having labor pains"; "A flood of filth and a baptism of dirt in America"; "Rebellion in the home"; and "A persecution madness against truly Spirit filled Christians who love Jesus Christ". On March 7, 2009 Wilkerson posted a message to his personal blog titled 'An Urgent Message' in which he re-stated an earlier prophecy he had made concerning New York City: "For ten years I have been warning about a thousand fires coming to New York City. It will engulf the whole megaplex, including areas of New Jersey and Connecticut. Major cities all across America will experience riots and blazing fires". Wilkerson indicated that this would be part of a "earth-shattering calamity" affecting the whole earth, brought on by the wrath of God in judgement against "the raging sins of America and the nations". Regarding the timing of these events, he said: "I do not know when these things will come to pass, but I know it is not far off."Death
On the afternoon of April 27, 2011, Wilkerson died when he collided head-on with an 18-wheeler in East Texas. He was pronounced dead at the scene, less than a month from his 80th birthday. His wife Gwendolyn was seriously injured. Gwendolyn <mask> died a year later, on July 5, 2012 from cancer, at the age of 81. BibliographyEnd Times New Testament Jesus Person Maturity ManualMy Bible Speaks to MePromises To Live By, Twelve Angels from Hell (1965), Born Old (1966) original title The Little People, I'm Not Mad at God (1967), Parents on Trial (1967)Hey, Preach . . . You're Comin' Through! (1968) I've Given Up On Parents (1969), Man, Have I Got Problems (1969) Purple Violet Squish (1969), Rebel's Bible (1970), Get Your Hands Off My Throat (1971), The Untapped Generation (with Don Wilkerson) (1971), What Every Teenager Should Know About Drugs (1971), Jesus Person Pocket Promise Book (1972)The Jesus walk: Selected "why's" and "how-to's" for a closer walk with Christ (A Regal Jesus Person Maturity book) (1972), Life on the Edge of Time (1972) One Way To Where?(1972), Pocket Promise Book (1972), This Is Loving? (1972), When In Doubt, Faith It! (1972), <mask> Speaks Out (1973), Jesus Christ Solid Rock: The Return Of Christ (with Kathryn Kuhlman, Hal Lindsey and W. A. Criswell) (1973)The Vision (1973), .Beyond The Cross and the Switchblade (1974), Racing Toward Judgment (1976), Suicide (1978), Victory Over Sin and Self (1980) Originally titled Two of Me, Rock Bottom (pamphlet) (1981)Pocket Proverbs (1983), Set the Trumpet to thy Mouth (1985), <mask>on Exhorts the Church'' (1991)

References

External links

Web Page on Egyptian Kings Gang
Photos of the Car accident
<mask>on: Pentecostal Evangelist, Prophet, and Pastor

1931 births
2011 deaths
20th-century apocalypticists
21st-century apocalypticists
American Christian writers
American evangelicals
American evangelists
American Pentecostals
American Protestant ministers and clergy
Arminian ministers
Arminian writers
Central Bible College alumni
People from Hammond, Indiana
Prophets in Christianity
Road incident deaths in Texas
Street ministry
Writers from Indiana
Writers from New York City
Writers from Texas

masks:
David Ray Wilkerson
David Wilkerson
Wilkerson
Wilkerson
Wilkerson
Wilkerson
David Wilkerson
David Wilkers
David Wilkers


text_chunks:
Sir <mask>SI CIE JP ICS (13 April 1881 – 14 June 1956)
 was a British administrator in India. He twice served as Governor of the United Provinces. <mask> was an opponent of Mohandas Gandhi's campaign for Indian independence, describing it as a "menace". "We can do without the goodwill of Congress and in fact I do not believe for a moment that we shall ever have it, but we cannot afford to do without confidence of those who have supported us in the long struggle against the Congress." <mask> remained a staunch critic of the Mahatma's policy of attacking British rule while at the same time negotiating with the government. In his position as Home Member on the Council he was responsible for overseeing Civil Martial Law. On 5 December 1934 he succeeded the Labour supporter, Sir Malcolm Hailey at Allahabad as the new governor of United Provinces.They feared a reaction against a Swarajist Party success at the polls would spark rioting and violence against landlords. Family
<mask> was born at 43 Kensington Gardens, Kensington, London to Henry Alexander <mask>, a City merchant, and his wife Agnes Catherine Pollock. His family were wealthy upper-middle class that originated in trade from Scotland. <mask> was educated at Winchester College. He won a scholarship to go up to New College, Oxford in 1900. Two years later he took a second in Mods (classical moderations) and after four years at Oxford he achieved a first in Literae humaniores. That autumn 1904 he was third place in the national examinations for the Indian Civil Service (ICS).He was appointed to the officer cadre of United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh) then considered the most senior civil service province in British India. He returned to England, but on 25 August 1908 he married Violet May, daughter of Joseph Deas of the Indian Civil Service. In 1910 he was appointed to be an Under-secretary to the government of United Provinces, yet only for two years. Career

Haig liked India, and so resolved to remain there during World War One. He joined the Indian Army Reserves Corps of officers. In 1920 he resumed a civil service career in finance. Appointed a deputy secretary in the department of the Government of India.Now at the heart of Indian power, he was soon promoted to be Secretary to the Fiscal Commission, where he had a knowledge and understanding of taxation. The government in London was attempting to make savings by imposing more of the financial burden upon India for its own service upkeep. In 1923 he was attached to the Royal Commission on superior civil services. Two years later he became private secretary to the new Liberal Viceroy, the Marquess of Reading. In 1926 he was appointed secretary of the home department in India. His record of service, fifteen years at the top of the Indian service was only equalled by Sir Malcolm Hailey. Haig became expert in policing and home affairs.He was resolved to prevent Gandhi's non-cooperation movement from breaking up British rule, and yet knew how alarmist tactics could ignite an orgy of violence. Recommending a new Intelligence-led police operation to track rebels, Gandhi made a personal plea to end the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) feared for its rigorous methods of arrest and detention. By 1933 the civil disobedience movement had calmed down, its leaders in prison or disarmed. Gandhi was sentenced to six years in prison. In 1929 <mask> was instrumental in the defeat of the Communist-inspired Meerut Conspiracy Case, in which violent revolutionaries aimed to disrupt Congress peaceful demonstrations, yet they were far from that, as <mask> found out from the Nainital proceedings in his capacity as Secretary to the government. Leaving the British India leaders to cajole Gandhi into attending the Second Round Table Conference in London. <mask> attended both conferences in 1930-31.  he was in the chair of the committee that expanded the jurisdiction of the North-West Frontier Province with full governor and provincial legislature powers.Emergency powers were in full operation throughout India invoking martial law in a region where many Muslims and Sikhs joined the British Indian Army. When Sir James Crerar retired in 1932 he was asked to become home member on Lord Willingdon's Council and appointed Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire. Haig encouraged the London drafters of Government of India bill in 1934 to make special constituency reserved seats in the North-West for Muslims and the other minorities that predominated in the province. He recognised the security and safety issues by pursuance of a dual policy during the negotiations with Gandhi-Dr. Ambedkar. At once the home department deployed a tough policy of detention against the Congress while being on the telegraph hotline to London in conversation with the cabinet. Gandhi was an old man incapable of defeating the British forces, so they were happy for the policy to be to decline his position. Gandhi would later praise <mask>'s "rearguard action" which was conducted with firmness but fairness.Britain pursued a managed withdrawal from the 1930s onwards, offering concessions for "responsive government" within the Imperial federation. <mask> had long worked with Hailey, becoming well acquainted with the United Provinces; he succeeded a mentor as governor at Allahabad on 6 December 1934. The Government of India Act 1935 was bitterly opposed by Conservatives, and <mask> was fearful that Indians would become uncontrollable. In 1937 Congress won a landslide election victory. G B Pant was appointed President but resigned when the new Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, a less tolerant aristocrat refused. on the home member's advice, to release the last of the political prisoners. <mask> remained courteous and was thanked by the Congress, but it could be the end of his career in India.Chatari tried to form his own government, but failed when even his own brother refused a post in the new cabinet. In October 1939, war already declared police arrested a gang of Khaksars. They were taken to Bulandshahr district jail where five were shot dead and twenty wounded. The British security were on red alert during wartime, but Justice Hunter of Allahabad was appointed to investigate. Haig was sanguine about the situation in a secret report to the Viceroy Lord Linlithgow, that is said to vindicate surrender of arms. When war broke out in Europe he returned to England. In 1940 he was appointed Regional Commissioner for Civil Defence in Manchester.<mask> was an Anglican, and regularly attended church. He was appointed Chairman of the Indian Church Aid Association under the diocesan control of his brother-in-law, Bishop Eyre Chatterton. He became an active member of the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London. In 1952 he was invited to the silver jubilee of Agra University in the province he once governed. Sir <mask> died at home, Valelands, Oxted, Surrey. References

Bibliography

 D.A. Low, Britain and Indian nationalism: the imprint of ambiguity 1929-1942 (1997)
 D.A.Low, Congress and the raj: facets of the Indian struggle, 1917-1947 (1977) chap.4
 J.B. Wainewright, Winchester College 1836-1906: a register (1907)
 Peter D Reeves, The Landlord's Response to Political Change in the United Provinces of Agra & Oudh, India, Australian National University, 1963. 1881 births
1956 deaths
Indian Civil Service (British India) officers
Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India

masks:
Harry Graham Haig KC
Haig
Haig
Harry
Haig
Harry
Haig
Haig
Haig
Haig
Haig
Haig
Haig
Haig
Harry


text_chunks:
<mask>  (November 8, 1927 – March 28, 2018) was a Hungarian-Canadian businessman, investor, and philanthropist. He was the founder and chief executive officer of a number of high-profile business ventures, including the hi-fi electronics company Clairtone, real estate company Trizec Properties, and Barrick Gold, the world's largest gold-mining corporation. <mask> is known for his philanthropy, as a donor to Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto and the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at the Toronto General Hospital. He is also well known for supporting the Munk Debates. Early years and family

<mask> was born in Budapest, into a prosperous Hungarian-Jewish family, the son of <mask> and Lajos "Louis" <mask> (1898–1977). His grandfather, Gábor "Gabriel" <mask>, had descended from a family of rabbis, was a brother of the noted linguist and ethnologist <mask> (né Munk), and uncle of the Hungarian jurist and writer <mask>i. Gábor became wealthy via Austro-Hungarian distribution rights for the popular Viennese chocolate brand, Manner, invested in real estate, then, during World War II, used what remained of his fortune to buy safe passage out of Hungary to neutral Switzerland for members of his immediate family, including his grandson <mask>.Hungary was occupied by Nazi Germany in March 1944, when <mask> was aged 16; along with 14 members of his family, he escaped on the Kastner train, which carried 1,684 Jews to safety in Switzerland. The journey had been arranged by Rudolf Kastner of the Zionist Aid and Rescue Committee, as a result of secret negotiations with Adolf Eichmann—the high-ranking Nazi had allowed some Jews to leave in exchange for money, gold, and diamonds, part of a series of so-called "blood for goods" deals. <mask>'s mother, who divorced his father when he was four, was deported from Budapest to Auschwitz concentration camp in 1944. She survived, but later died by suicide. <mask> arrived in Canada in 1948, via Switzerland, initially on a student visa, then graduated from the University of Toronto, in 1952, with a degree in electrical engineering. Decades later, he praised Canada: "I arrived in this place not speaking the language, not knowing a dog... This is a country that does not ask about your origins; it only concerns itself with your destiny."Career

Clairtone
In 1958, with $2,800 from his father-in-law, Webber Pharmaceuticals (now Webber Naturals) founder William Jay Gutterson, he co-founded Clairtone with Scandinavian furniture importer David Gilmour. Clairtone manufactured high-end console stereos, and later televisions, which were recognizable icons of their day. The most celebrated Clairtone designs were the striking "Project G" series, introduced in 1964, composed of sleek rosewood cabinets with cantilevered black aluminum "sound globes" (speakers). The Project G and G2 were seen in the films Marriage on the Rocks and The Graduate, awarded a silver medal for excellence at the Milan Triennial design exhibition, and endorsed by Frank Sinatra and <mask>. Fans of the Project G included Hugh Hefner. Clairtone's downfall began with "an ill-advised plan to build a plant in Nova Scotia." The plant, built in Stellarton, opened in 1966 with funding from the province's Industrial Estates Limited (IEL).According to William Mingo, chief counsel for IEL, as quoted in his daughter <mask>'s book about Clairtone, "Munk was too good a salesman for his own good. He could sell anything to anyone, including himself. My, he was a promoter. My, he had energy. My, he had charm. My, he had imagination." In 1967, as a result of mounting losses and in order to try to recoup its multi-million dollar investments, the Government of Nova Scotia took over Clairtone and fired Munk and Gilmour.Munk faced accusations of insider trading "that were eventually settled out of court." A report commissioned by Clairtone in the aftermath of the factory's failure found that one of the main issues was the local workforce. "The general population is basically not geared to the manufacturing frenzy and especially the five-day workweek... The welfare situation is such that it has created conditions similar to Appalachia in the United States where the third generation is already on relief." Hospitality and real estate
After the collapse of Clairtone, Munk and Gilmour invested in a plot of ocean-front land in Fiji which they soon developed into a hotel and resort. This venture grew into the Southern Pacific Hotel Corporation, which at its peak consisted of 54 resorts in Australia and the South Pacific. In 1978, the firm signed a deal with the President of Egypt to build a resort near the Great Pyramids.When Anwar Sadat cancelled the project, <mask> sued the Egyptian government, eventually winning the arbitration case at the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes. In 1979, <mask> returned to Canada to start a new venture called Barrick, which he would eventually build into the world's largest gold company. At the time, bankers and the establishment viewed him as "a fugitive and a loser," according to <mask>. <mask> was also founder, chairman, and CEO of Trizec Properties (formerly TrizecHahn Corporation), one of the largest American real estate investment trusts. In 2006, Trizec Properties was sold to Brookfield Properties in a transaction valued at approximately $9 billion. In 2007, <mask> invested with partners in Porto Montenegro, a former naval base on the Adriatic Sea, turning it into a superyacht destination to rival Cannes and Monte Carlo. He was the majority shareholder of Montport Capital, which owned the centrepieces of the complex, Porto Montenegro Marina and Resort.He developed the site on the Bay of Kotor, putting Montenegro on the map for high-end tourism. In 2016 <mask> sold the marina and hotel to Investment Corporation of Dubai, a sovereign wealth fund, for an undisclosed amount, believed to be about 200 million euros. Barrick Gold

In 1980, <mask> created Barrick Petroleum to invest in the oil sector, but he quickly realized that investments in this sector were ruinous. After the acquisition of a small company, Camflo Mines, Barrick left the oil sector and became overnight a mining company. In 2011, Munk planned to merge with Glencore, Ivan Glasenberg's company, to create one of the world's largest commodities giants on par with BHP and Rio Tinto. The gold market was not aligned with Glencore's other activities, however, and the deal did not go through. In 2008, <mask>, as the chair of Barrick Gold, intervened at the shareholder meeting to block a proxy shareholder, who had travelled from Papua New Guinea for the meeting, from speaking about her reports of deadly violence and sexual violence perpetuated by Barrick Gold's security contractors at Porgera Gold Mine.By 2016, Barrick had proven and probable reserves of two billion tons (1.33 grams of gold per tonne of ore). It is the world's largest gold mining company and the largest Canadian company by capitalization. <mask> retired from the day-to-day management but he remained the founder and President Emeritus. "Barrick is my legacy," <mask> said. Charitable contributions
In 1992, the <mask> and Melanie Munk Charitable Foundation was founded. It has disbursed more than $300 million to a variety of organizations that work to improve the health, education and international reputation of Canadians. In a speech he delivered in September 2017, on announcing a $100 million donation to the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at the Toronto General Hospital, <mask> spoke of his philanthropy in the context of his gratitude to the country that saved his life: "You opened the door.You gave us everything," he added, referring to Canada as "paradise." Education
<mask> was a major donor to the University of Toronto, his alma mater. Beginning with a gift of $35 million in 2010, the Munk Foundation enabled the establishment of the Munk School of Global Affairs and Public Policy at the University of Toronto. In total, Munk gave $51 million to his alma mater. The <mask> Professor of Entrepreneurship at the Joseph L. Rotman School of Management is named after him. <mask> also made a substantial donation of $43 million to Technion – Israel Institute of Technology to establish that university's Peter Munk Research Institute. Public policy
In 2016, <mask> made a $5 million donation to the Fraser Institute, a think tank, to launch the Peter Munk Centre for Free Enterprise Education.As well, with a $12 million donation from Aurea Foundation, a sub-division of his primary charitable foundation, <mask> established the semi-annual Munk Debates in 2008. Health
In 1997, Munk helped create the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre at the Toronto General Hospital with an initial donation of $6 million. In May 2006, he announced that he would donate another $37 million, at the time the largest gift ever made to a Canadian medical institution. In September 2017, he donated another $100 million. As well, <mask> and <mask> established University Health Network’s first endowed chair for the cardiac program: the Melanie Munk Chair in Cardiovascular Surgery. Controversy
A contract between the Munk Foundation and the University of Toronto came under criticism due to the secrecy that shrouded its approval, and the fact that Munk's contribution of $35 million were conditional on $25 million contributions each by the federal government and the university. Coming at a time of downsizing and threats to the funding of other academic units, critics charge that these decisions are emblematic of the government's and the University's ceding of academic resource allocation decisions to the corporate sector.According to Linda McQuaig's book, The Trouble with Billionaires, <mask>'s donation to the University of Toronto came with strings attached to ensure that the school would "fit with the political views and sensitivities of <mask>." McQuaig writes that "according to <mask>'s written agreement with the university, the Munk donations will be paid over an extended time period, with much of the money to be paid years from now – and subject to the <mask> family's approval of the school. For that matter, the school's director will be required to report annually to a board appointed by <mask> 'to discuss the programs, activities and initiatives of the School in greater detail.'" University president David Naylor rejected personal attacks on donors as "a deplorable affront to the values of rational and respectful discourse that are supposed to characterize a university" and stated "I later served on the board of the University Health Network, in the years when Dr. Munk made two gifts exceeding $40 million to support the cardiovascular program at that hospital. There was not a single instance where <mask>nk interfered with the educational, research or clinical priorities of the institution." Personal life
On September 3, 1956, <mask> married Linda Joy Gutterson, the daughter of a Forest Hill pharmaceutical entrepreneur who gave Munk the start-up capital to fund his first company. Linda was 19, not long out of Havergal College; he was 10 years older."'Linda tracked me down with a laser beam,' said <mask>. 'I was a curiosity; I was different. Not because I was so great, let me tell you, I was fat, bald, poor, a boring engineering student.'" The couple separated and reunited more than once in the 1960s, having three children and divorcing in 1970 but staying on very good terms. After the marriage was over, she pursued an academic career, becoming a professor of English at the University of Toronto. On June 26, 1973, <mask> married his second wife, Melanie Jane Bosanquet, in London with whom he had two more children. She is the cousin of Charles Palmer-Tomkinson, a British land-owner and Olympic skier.<mask> skied for 71 years, and built with his wife in 1972 a ski chalet called Viti Levu in Klosters, which they consider home. It overlooks the mountain of Gotschnagrat. His children are: <mask>, a senior managing director at Onex private equity; <mask>, a journalist and contributing editor for Vanity Fair; Marc-David <mask>, a physician and healthcare executive; Natalie; and Cheyne. In his late 70s <mask> was fitted with a pacemaker. Views
In 2008, Munk praised Canada for being a where he could come as an immigrant, without wealth, knowledge, language skills or a network can come and set up a successful business and grow it into an empire. <mask> died in Toronto on March 28, 2018, at the age of 90. The cause of death was not disclosed, but Munk had been dealing with heart problems for several years and wore a pacemaker.The Financial Post posthumously lauded him as "An entrepreneur with a Midas touch, he was one of Canada's most high-flying, international deal makers, with friends ranging from Brian Mulroney and Prince Charles to the arms dealer Adnan Khashoggi and French billionaire Bernard Arnault, as well as one its most generous benefactors." In 2022, Richard Poplak reflected on the lack of critical reflection on the Munk's corporate legacy of harm in the places where Barrick Gold mines operated and the degree to which that cannot be separated from Munk, who micromanaged the corporation. In the same podcast, Canadaland stated the Munk was fortunate to escape criticism during the global increased focus on sexual violence in 2018 in the context of the hundreds of rapes Barrick Gold security staff perpetuated at Porgera Gold Mine. Honours
He received several honorary degrees:
 Doctorate from Upsala College, New Jersey in 1991
 Doctorate from Bishop's University, Quebec in 1995
 Doctor of Laws from Trinity College, University of Toronto in 1995
 Doctorate from Concordia University, Montreal in 1999
 Doctorate from Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel in 2001
 Doctor of Sacred Letters from Trinity College, University of Toronto in 2004, jointly with his wife Melanie Munk

He became Officer of The Order of Canada (the country's highest civilian honour) in 1993 and was promoted to Companion in 2008; received The Woodrow Wilson Award for Corporate Citizenship in 2002 (the first time awarded outside the U.S.); was inducted into the Canadian Business Hall of Fame, and the Canadian Mining Hall of Fame. In 2012 Munk was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal. His homeland awarded him the Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary in 2016. Notes

External links

 Biography of <mask>nk
 Citation for <mask> and Melanie Munk
 Archival photographs and documents concerning <mask> Munk's early life in Hungary, Munk-Munkácsi Family Collection, Magyar Zsidó Múzeum és Levéltár(Hungarian Jewish Museum and Archives, Budapest)
 Cumming, John "The Northern Miner's video tribute to <mask> Munk," The Northern Miner, April 25, 2018.Retrieved May 3, 2018. Interview with Kenneth Whyte, 2013, at The Canadian Encyclopedia

1927 births
2018 deaths
Barrick Gold
Blood for goods
Businesspeople from Ontario
Canadian billionaires
Canadian mining businesspeople
Canadian electrical engineers
Canadian manufacturing businesspeople
Canadian people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Canadian real estate businesspeople
Canadian technology chief executives
Companions of the Order of Canada
Hungarian emigrants to Canada
Hungarian Jews
Jewish Canadian philanthropists
Jewish engineers
People from Budapest
University of Toronto alumni
Kastner train

masks:
Peter Munk
Munk
Munk
Katharina Adler Munk
Munk
Munk
Bernát Munkácsi
Erno Munkacs
Peter
Munk
Munk
Munk
Oscar Peterson
Nina Munk
Munk
Munk
Munk
Munk
Munk
Munk
Munk
Munk
Munk
Munk
Peter
Munk
Munk
Peter Munk
Peter Munk
Munk
Peter Munk
Peter
Melanie Munk
Munk
Peter Munk
Munk
Munk
Munk
Peter Mu
Munk
Munk
Munk
Munk
Anthony Munk
Nina Munk
Munk
Munk
Death Munk
Peter Mu
Peter
Peter
Peter


text_chunks:
<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (born September 6, 1956) is an American businessman and former member of the Senate of Virginia as a Republican. He represented the 8th district, which includes a portion of Virginia Beach. He was first elected in a special election in January 2010, and re-elected the following year. He left office after the 2015 elections, serving six years. <mask> is the founder and former CEO of Amerigroup, a managed health care organization launched out of Virginia Beach. Early life
<mask>'s father, <mask> worked as a plant superintendent in a car radiator plant, and his mother <mask> worked as a school teacher and medical office manager. McWaters attended Paducah Tilghman High School and continued on to Paducah Community College before he enrolled at the University of Kentucky, where he pursued a degree in accounting.He joined the Kentucky Wildcats football team as a walk-on, but a knee injury prevented him from playing. <mask> met his wife Cindy when they both attended Paducah Tilghman High School. They married in 1981. <mask> and <mask> moved to Virginia Beach where he started Amerigroup, which would become one of the nation's largest healthcare organizations, with revenues exceeding $6 billion (as of 2011). <mask> was inducted into the University of Kentucky's Gatton College of Business and Economics Hall of Fame in 2003.

Business career

Ernst & Young
In the Spring of 1979, <mask> graduated with a B.S. in accounting from the University of Kentucky, and accepted a job at Ernst & Young Nashville. CIGNA
In 1980, he joined CIGNA subsidiary 'Hospital Affiliates International', a company that acquired managed care health plans.He opened the first Dallas, Texas office for CIGNA Health Plans. Options Mental Health
In 1986, <mask> co-founded the Norfolk-based company Options Mental Health. Options Mental Health customized plans and programs for mental health and substance abuse recovery for National Employers, State Government, and Tricare

Amerigroup Corporation
<mask> started Americaid Community Care (Amerigroup) in 1994 in Virginia Beach. The company focused on meeting the healthcare needs of low-income families and individuals who relied on pre-existing state programs such as Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program. Americaid Community Care focused on disease management programs for diseases and conditions such as prenatal care, asthma, diabetes, and sickle cell anemia. San Francisco-based venture capital firm, Acacia Venture Partners, lead the initial funding of the company, closely followed by co-investors Sutter Hill Ventures and New Enterprise Associates (NEA). The first operations of Americaid Community Care took place in New Jersey in 1996, quickly followed by Illinois and Texas.As Americaid Community Care launched a family of related products and gained a wider membership base, McWaters decided to give the company a more inclusive name, which resulted in the launch of Amerigroup Corporation in 1996. Starting out

Amerigroup membership exceeded 100,000 in 1998. New Jersey membership increased as a result of Amerigroup's first acquisition; the Medicaid business from Oxford Health Plans. This was the first of about 14 future acquisitions Amerigroup would make. Following the purchase of Oxford Health Plan's Medicaid business, Amerigroup turned its first profit of about $3.5 million. In 1999, Amerigroup acquired Prudential HealthCare's Medicaid business, and in July of the same year opened an additional location in Dallas, where 34,000 members were added. Memberships reached 268,000 by the end of 1999, and the company more than doubled in size the following years.Initial public offering and development of new programs

In 2000, Amerigroup launched a range of new programs, including Amerikids in Dallas and Houston, as well as Ameriplus in New Jersey. In the same year Amerigroup saw memberships increase across its programs, resulting in a total revenue of $646.4 million and a net income of $26 million. In the spring of 2000, Amerigroup filed for an initial public offering (IPO) with Deutsche Banc Alex Brown as lead underwriter. However, the stock market began to see declines and IPOs proved difficult to execute. In the summer of 2001, with Banc of America Securities and UBS Warburg as the new underwriters, a September date was set for the public offering to take place. Amerigroup's management was scheduled to be in New York's World Trade Center on September 10 and 11. However, by request from Bank of America, the IPO was moved to San Francisco for the morning of September 11, 2001.Following the September 11 attacks, Amerigroup discontinued the Public Offering, and stayed in registration for over a year. The IPO was complete on November 6, 2001, after submitting ten amendments since 2000. Amerigroup debuted on November 6, 2001, with 4.4 million shares of common stock (NASDAQ: AMGP) According to an article from Investor's Business Daily, "The shares were priced at $17, within the expected range of $17 to $19 Amerigroup jumped as high as $22.55 before closing up $3.90 at $20.90, a 23% gain." Amerigroup netted $68.7 million from the IPO, most of which was earmarked for general corporate needs as well as further acquisitions. Amerigroup acquired MethodistCare Inc. in Houston, Texas, which resulted in another 18,000 members. By the end of 2001 the company had a membership base of 472,000, 150,000 of those memberships being brought on directly from acquisitions. At the year-end, premiums reached $889.5 million and net revenue had grown by 31% from the previous year.Amerigroup added another 6,000 members through the acquisition of the D.C Medicaid business of Capital Community Health. Continuing in the year of 2002, the company saw significant growth in various markets – this included 7,000 new memberships in Maryland, 11,000 in New Jersey, 20,000 in Dallas, 23,000 in Fort Worth, and 39,000 in Houston. Amerigroup saw an overall growth with nearly 600,000 members, premiums exceeding 1 billion, and a net income of $47 million. In 2003, Amerigroup moved from NASDAQ to the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) followed by a second offering of stock. Amerigroup continued to expand through the purchase of Physicians Healthcare Plans, adding an additional 190,000 members in Florida. As a result of the acquisitions, Amerigroup expanded into the Tampa, Orlando, and Miami/ Fort Lauderdale markets. Right before 2003 year-end, Amerigroup acquired St. Augustine Medicaid, resulting in an added membership base of 28,000.The company saw growth beyond the Florida market with 47,000 members acquired from its other markets. 2003 year-end results showed premiums topping $1.6 billion with a net income of $67.3 million. In 2004, Amerigroup entered the New York City market with plans to acquire CarePlus Health Plan. The $125 million purchase would open doors to about 1.3 million people eligible for Medicaid. Amerigroup reached a point of memberships beyond the million mark. Lawsuits and Challenges

In July 2005, Amerigroup's annual revenue had grown to $1.8 billion with a stock price of $46.92 per share. In September 2005, Amerigroup missed the analysts' estimated earnings for the second quarter, meaning they would fall short in the third quarter and have to report a loss of $2.3 million as opposed to a profit of $24.7 million.The Medicaid managed-care market in Fort Worth, Texas had slowly diminished to Amerigroup and one other competitor. When the competitor's plan failed, Amerigroup took on its remaining members at the state's request. The patients in question needed more care than Amerigroup had expected, and the company had updated its computer processing systems which resulted in expenses hitting the books earlier than anticipated. On September 28, 2005, Amerigroup announced its loss, and by October 27, the company's stock price had dropped to $15.45 per share. The company performed better in the fourth quarter of 2005, but it took several months for Amerigroup to fully recover. In 2007, Amerigroup settled a lawsuit brought on by shareholders who claimed to have been defrauded following the company's drop in share price as a result of the money lost in the third quarter of 2005. Amerigroup paid $5 million in settlements.Amerigroup became subject to a second lawsuit lead by an ex-employee along with the state of Illinois and the Federal Government. The False Claims Act stated that Amerigroup had defrauded the government by discouraging women with advanced pregnancies as well as other high-cost patients from signing up for care under Amerigroup. However, Amerigroup argued that the state had previously agreed it was unwise for these patients to switch care provider. A federal jury ruled against the company, and Amerigroup settled the lawsuit in 2008 with $225 million. The National Advisory Board and further expansion

Amerigroup formed the National Advisory Board (NAB) in 2007 which focused on healthcare services for seniors and people with disabilities. The board was made up of community advocates, national healthcare experts, and stakeholder groups. In 2007 Amerigroup entered the Tennessee market with programs intended to cover two different groups of low-income people.The twofold Medicaid programs were created to serve mothers and children through the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) program and people with long-term illnesses and disabilities eligible for Medicaid's Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program. The Tennessee subsidiary became the 10th state in which Amerigroup operated. The following fall, Amerigroup also acquired business in South Carolina, covering those eligible for certain Medicaid services. McWaters retires as CEO

In August 2007, at age 51, <mask> retired as CEO of Amerigroup, but remained chairman of the board for one year. On July 9, 2007, a press release was published announcing the transition and change of upper management as founder and CEO <mask> retired from his role after 13 years. During a conference call conducted the same day, McWaters and his staff answered questions from analysts regarding the timing of his retirement as well as Amerigroup's future. McWaters responded with a recap of the company's achievements over the last 13 years, saying "The issue we set out to address at the state level in 1994—access, quality, and cost containment remain the central challenges facing our nation's overall healthcare system.The time is now for those of us in healthcare to take some lessons we've learned in Medicaid and apply them in a broad, more comprehensive way, ensuring access for all Americans." In January of 2005, Forbes magazine placed Amerigroup on its list of America's Best Managed Companies. In 2010, Amerigroup broke into the Fortune 500 list, debuting at number 404. Amerigroup created over 4,600 jobs nationwide with 1,700 positions located in Virginia Beach. Amerigroup was recognized as one of the World's Most Admired Companies by Fortune Magazine in 2011. Sale of Amerigroup

In July 2012, WellPoint (now Anthem), a commercial health insurance company acquired Amerigroup for approximately $4.9 billion. Upon completion of the transaction, Amerigroup operates as a wholly owned subsidiary of Anthem.Political career

Overview

<mask> ran to replace outgoing Republican and sheriff-elect Ken Stolle in a special election held on January 13, 2010. He defeated city councilwoman Rosemary Wilson in the Republican primary, and Democrat Bill Fleming in the general election with 8,051 votes to Fleming's 2,184. He took office in 2010 with a focus on healthcare, military, education, and transportation in the Virginia Beach and Hampton Roads area. In 2004, McWaters served on the Presidential Healthcare Transition team for the Bush administration. During that time, he pushed for coverage of prescription drugs for seniors under Medicare. 2011 Re-election

Senator <mask> was re-elected in November, 2011. His campaign focused on issues like ensuring in-state tuition eligibility for enlisted military who had applied for Virginia residency.McWaters served on several committees, including Commerce and Labor, Transportation, Education and Health, as well as the Privileges and Elections committee. Along with ten other legislative members, McWaters served alongside Governor McDonnell's transportation work group. Retirement from the Virginia Senate

In February 2015, after six years in office, Senator McWaters announced he would not seek re-election the following November. McWaters did not rule out the possibility of seeking another elected post in the future. Political Positions
Jobs and the Economy

McWaters campaigns focused on local job creation[26] and is outspoken about his opposition to outsourcing. Healthcare

Healthcare was a focus of McWaters 2010 campaign for senate,[26] during which he pushed for a competitive bidding process for Medicaid. Taxes and Spending

McWaters believes in a smaller government and a robust private sector.[26]

Transportation and education were also main focuses of McWaters 2010 campaign for senate. [26]

Trinity Church
In 2007, <mask> and Cindy McWaters helped found Trinity Church in Virginia Beach. Trinity Church operates five campuses; Virginia Beach Oceanfront, Princess Ann Road, Virginia Beach Town Center, Downtown Norfolk inside Nauticus and Stuttgart (Germany). Writings by McWaters

 The conservative case for expanding health coverage in Virginia
 Courts put insurance tax credits in limbo

Awards and Honors

 In 2003, McWaters was inducted into the University of Kentucky's Gatton College of Business and Economics Hall of Fame. In November 2018, McWaters was inducted into the Old Dominion Strome Entrepreneurial Hall of Fame at Old Dominion University. See also

 AMERIGROUP Corporation

References

1956 births
American chief executives
Kentucky Wildcats football players
Living people
Paducah Tilghman High School alumni
People from Paducah, Kentucky
Politicians from Virginia Beach, Virginia
Virginia Republicans
Virginia state senators
University of Kentucky alumni
Ernst & Young people

masks:
Jeffrey Linde
Jeff
McWaters
McWaters
Jeff
Joe McWaters
Patsy McWaters
Jeff
Jeff
Cindy McWaters
Jeff McWaters
McWaters
Jeff McWaters
Jeff McWaters
Jeff McWaters
Jeff McWaters
McWaters
McWaters
Jeff


text_chunks:
Amanda Lee Williford (born January 22, 1981), known by her stage name <mask>, is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, model, television personality and film actress. She released her debut album, Willa Was Here, in 2001. <mask> also has appeared in movies such as Friday the 13th (2009), hosted several reality television shows, posed for Playboy and competed on ABC's Dancing with the Stars. Early life
<mask> was raised in Ruskin, Florida. She began singing with the Tampa Bay Children's Choir at age eight. At age 11, she started singing with the Tampa-based children's performing arts troupe, Entertainment Revue. She attended East Bay High School in Gibsonton, Florida.Career

Music career
In 1999, the 18-year-old <mask> started performing under the stage name Mandah and was signed to MCA. <mask> was later dropped from MCA and signed by Atlantic Records. Atlantic placed one of <mask>'s songs, "Lullaby," on the soundtrack for Pokémon: The First Movie. <mask> changed her stage name from Mandah to <mask> <mask> to avoid confusion with Mandy Moore. In 2000, she was one of the opening acts on the Backstreet Boys' "Into the Millennium" tour. In 2001, <mask> signed on to a new label, Lava Atlantic Records, while on a mall tour for Nautica Kids. <mask> wrote most of her own lyrics and served as executive producer for most of her first album.On July 17, 2001, she released Willa Was Here. The album included the single "I Wanna Be Bad" which featured rapper Royce da 5'9". Willa Was Here reached 56 on the Billboard 200 and sold approximately 200,000 copies. <mask> went on to release a second single from the album, "Did Ya' Understand That," which failed to garner much attention. Later she explained the reason as the song was released on September 11, 2001 and ruined by the terrorists' attack. "Ooh Ooh" was released as a promotional single, but also failed to find success. <mask> was a spokesperson for Pantene Pro-V's ProVoice campaign while promoting the album.She also appeared in Uncle Kracker's video for "In A Little While." <mask> also went on to guest-host MTV's TRL and Say What Karaoke, which led to a hosting contract with Viacom. <mask> hosted the MTV reality shows The Morning After and I Bet You Will. In 2001, <mask> also co-wrote and recorded a duet with South Korean pop star Park Ji-yoon. The song, titled "Nastified," appeared on Park's fifth album, Man. In 2003, <mask> released a song titled "A Toast to Men." The song, which featured guest rapper Lady May, was featured in daytime promotional ads for soap operas.The single came from her unreleased second album Sexysexobsessive, which was previously titled Porn Poetry. The title track, "Sexysexobsessive," was to be the second single, but it was only released through Ford's official website. From 2005 to 2006, she appeared as a guest doll in Pussycat Dolls' show at the club in Las Vegas. In 2010, she released the first song since 2003 "All This Time" online, collaborated with Riley Smith. In 2011, <mask> resumed her music career with a performance at The Viper Room in LA. In the performance, she revealed her first solo song since 2003, "Back Back Back." In 2014, she was featured in the song "Rock Tonight" by <mask> <mask>, Eve Nelson and Ray Cervenka.Television, film, and magazine appearances
In 2002, <mask> appeared in an episode of the short-lived television sitcom Raising Dad, playing a bully named Edie. In 2005, <mask> hosted the first season of the reality show The Ultimate Fighter on Spike TV. After the show's finale, <mask> was contracted as a summer's guest doll performer for the Las Vegas shows of The Pussycat Dolls. <mask> was later featured as the June celebrity on FHM'''s 2005 pin-up calendar. In early 2006, <mask> played as one of the four celebrity quarterbacks for the Lingerie Bowl, which was shown during the half-time of Super Bowl XL. Later that year, she was featured in a nude pictorial in the March 2006 issue of Playboy. Stuff magazine ranked her No.48 in the 101 Sexiest Online Women supplement later that year. In fall 2006, <mask> competed on the third season of Dancing with the Stars. <mask> and her partner, Maksim Chmerkovskiy, were eliminated in the fifth week of competition. She talked about her experience with Maxim in its January 2007 issue. <mask> appeared on an episode of My Celebrity Home on the Style Network, which aired on January 31, 2007 She also hosted the third season of Pants-Off Dance-Off on Fuse TV. On August 23, 2007, <mask> and her then-husband, NHL hockey player Mike Modano, were featured in an episode of MTV Cribs. <mask> appeared in the 2009 slasher film Friday the 13th.<mask> played Becca in the direct-to-video Universal Squadrons, which was first shown at the Comic-Con International Independent Film Festival in 2010. <mask> appeared in a 2011 episode of The Glades. In 2012, she appeared in 4 episodes of the Magic City and an episode of Leverage season five. In June 2014, it was announced that she was working on four films: Submerged, Any Day, The Nurse, and Checkmate. <mask> was also cast in the film Assassin's Fury, but was later dropped. In an interview with BZFilm.com, producer Fabio Soldani said that <mask> was replaced after five days of shooting and that Willa was "a nightmare to be around" and "shooting was a really sad place to be for those 5 days". In 2019, <mask> appeared on an E!'s reality show Flip It Like Disick. Personal life
<mask> and hockey player Mike Modano married in a small, private ceremony on August 25, 2007, in Athens, Texas. In August 2012, <mask> and Modano announced that they were divorcing. In April 2015, <mask> married former NFL linebacker Ryan Nece. In March 2016, it was announced that the couple was expecting their first child. On September 7, 2016, <mask> gave birth to a son. Discography

Albums

Singles

Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos

Other
Television live performances
 Teensasion Hard Rock Live Total Request Live The Tonight Show with Jay Leno Live with Regis and Kelly Nickelodeon''

Television commercials
 Six Flags Magic Mountain

Events
 Pantene Pro-Voice Live
 Guavaween

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
21st-century American women singers
American dance musicians
American women pop singers
American film actresses
American women record producers
Record producers from Florida
Entertainers from Florida
Actresses from Tampa, Florida
Musicians from Tampa, Florida
People from Ruskin, Florida
Atlantic Records artists
Participants in American reality television series
21st-century American singers

masks:
Willa Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Willa
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Willa
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford