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 vote to O'Brien's 45%. Tenure

<mask> was sworn in as the 70th governor of Massachusetts on January 2, 2003. He faced a Massachusetts state legislature with large Democratic majorities in both houses, and had picked his cabinet and advisors based more on managerial abilities than partisan affiliation. He declined a governor's salary of $135,000 during his term. Upon entering office in the middle of a fiscal year, he faced an immediate $650 million shortfall and a projected $3 billion deficit for the next year.Unexpected revenue of $1.0–1.3 billion from a previously enacted capital gains tax increase and $500 million in new federal grants decreased the deficit to $1.2–1.5 billion. Through a combination of spending cuts, increased fees, and removal of corporate tax loopholes, the state achieved surpluses of around $600–700 million during <mask>'s last two full fiscal years in office, although it began running deficits again after that. <mask> supported raising various fees, including those for drivers' licenses and gun licenses, to raise more than $300 million. He increased a special gasoline retailer fee by , generating about $60 million per year in additional revenue. Opponents said the reliance on fees sometimes imposed a hardship on those who could least afford them. <mask> also closed tax loopholes that brought in another $181 million from businesses over the next two years and over $300 million for his term. He did so in the face of conservative and corporate critics who viewed these actions as tax increases.The state legislature, with the governor's support, cut spending by $1.6 billion, including $700 million in reductions in state aid to cities and towns. The cuts also included a $140 million reduction in state funding for higher education, which led state-run colleges and universities to increase fees by 63% over four years. <mask> sought additional cuts in his last year as governor by vetoing nearly 250 items in the state budget; the legislature overrode all the vetoes. The cuts in state spending put added pressure on localities to reduce services or raise property taxes, and the share of town and city revenues coming from property taxes rose from 49% to 53%. The combined state and local tax burden in Massachusetts increased during <mask>'s governorship. He did propose a reduction in the state income tax rate, but the legislature rejected it. <mask> sought to bring near-universal health insurance coverage to the state.This came after Staples founder Tom Stemberg told him at the start of his term that doing so would be the best way he could help people. Another factor was that the federal government, owing to the rules of Medicaid funding, threatened to cut $385 million in those payments to Massachusetts if the state did not reduce the number of uninsured recipients of health care services. Although the idea of universal health insurance had not come to the fore during the campaign, <mask> decided that because people without insurance still received expensive health care, the money spent by the state for such care could be better used to subsidize insurance for the poor. Determined that a new Massachusetts health insurance measure not raise taxes or resemble the previous decade's failed "Hillarycare" proposal at the federal level, <mask> formed a team of consultants from diverse political backgrounds to apply those principles. Beginning in late 2004, they devised a set of proposals that were more ambitious than an incremental one from the Massachusetts Senate and more acceptable to him than one from the Massachusetts House of Representatives that incorporated a new payroll tax. In particular, <mask> pushed for incorporating an individual mandate at the state level. Past rival Ted Kennedy, who had made universal health coverage his life's work and who, over time, had developed a warm relationship with <mask>, gave the plan a positive reception, which encouraged Democratic legislators to cooperate.The effort eventually gained the support of all major stakeholders within the state, and <mask> helped break a logjam between rival Democratic leaders in the legislature. On April 12, 2006, <mask> signed the resulting Massachusetts health reform law, commonly called "Romneycare", which requires nearly all Massachusetts residents to buy health insurance coverage or face escalating tax penalties, such as the loss of their personal income tax exemption. The bill also established means-tested state subsidies for people who lacked adequate employer insurance and whose income was below a threshold, using funds that had covered the health costs of the uninsured. He vetoed eight sections of the health care legislation, including a controversial $295-per-employee assessment on businesses that do not offer health insurance and provisions guaranteeing dental benefits to Medicaid recipients. The legislature overrode all eight vetoes, but the governor's office said the differences were not essential. The law was the first of its kind in the nation and became the signature achievement of <mask>'s term in office. At the beginning of his governorship, <mask> opposed same-sex marriage and civil unions but advocated tolerance and supported some domestic partnership benefits.A November 2003 Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court decision, Goodridge v. Department of Public Health, required the state to recognize same-sex marriages. <mask> reluctantly backed a state constitutional amendment in February 2004 that would have banned those marriages but still allowed civil unions, viewing it as the only feasible way to comply with the court's ruling. In May 2004 and per the court decision, he instructed town clerks to begin issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples. But citing a 1913 law that barred out-of-state residents from getting married in Massachusetts if their union would be illegal in their home state, he said no marriage licenses were to be issued to people not planning to move to Massachusetts. In June 2005, <mask> abandoned his support for the compromise amendment, stating that it confused voters who opposed both same-sex marriage and civil unions. Instead, he endorsed a ballot initiative led by the Coalition for Marriage and Family (an alliance of socially conservative organizations) that would have banned same-sex marriage and made no provisions for civil unions. In 2004 and 2006, he urged the U.S. Senate to vote for the Federal Marriage Amendment.In 2005, <mask> revealed a change of view regarding abortion, moving from the abortion rights positions expressed during his 1994 and 2002 campaigns to an anti-abortion one in opposition to Roe v. Wade. He attributed his conversion to an interaction with Harvard University biologist Douglas Melton, an expert on embryonic stem cell biology, although Melton vehemently disputed <mask>'s recollection of their conversation. <mask> subsequently vetoed a bill on pro-life grounds that expanded access to emergency contraception in hospitals and pharmacies; the legislature overrode the veto. He also amended his position on embryonic stem cell research. <mask> used a bully pulpit approach towards promoting his agenda, staging well-organized media events to appeal directly to the public rather than pushing his proposals in behind-doors sessions with the state legislature. He dealt with a public crisis of confidence in Boston's Big Dig project after a fatal ceiling collapse in 2006 by wresting control of the project from the Massachusetts Turnpike Authority. After two years of negotiating the state's participation in the landmark Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative that instituted a cap-and-trade arrangement for power plant emissions in the Northeast, <mask> pulled Massachusetts out of the initiative shortly before its signing in December 2005, citing a lack of cost limits for industry.In 2004, <mask> spent considerable effort trying to bolster the state Republican Party, but it failed to gain any seats in the legislative elections that year. Given a prime-time appearance at the 2004 Republican National Convention, he began to be discussed as a potential 2008 presidential candidate. Midway through his term, <mask> decided that he wanted to stage a full-time run for president, and on December 14, 2005, he announced that he would not seek reelection as governor. As chair of the Republican Governors Association, <mask> traveled around the country, meeting prominent Republicans and building a national political network; he spent more than 200 days out of state in 2006, preparing for his run. <mask> had a 61% job approval rating after his initial fiscal actions in 2003, but it subsequently declined, driven in part by his frequent out-of-state travel. It stood at 34% in November 2006, ranking 48th of the 50 U.S. governors. In the 2006 Massachusetts gubernatorial election, Democratic nominee Deval Patrick beat <mask>'s lieutenant governor, Kerry Healey, by 20 points, with the win partially due to dissatisfaction with <mask>'s administration and the weak condition of the state Republican party.<mask> filed to register a presidential campaign committee with the Federal Election Commission on his penultimate day in office as governor. His term ended on January 4, 2007. 2008 presidential campaign

<mask> formally announced his candidacy for the 2008 Republican nomination for president on February 13, 2007, in Dearborn, Michigan. Again casting himself as a political outsider, his speech frequently invoked his father and his family, and stressed experiences in the private, public, and voluntary sectors that had brought him to this point. The campaign emphasized <mask>'s highly profitable career in the business world and his stewardship of the 2002 Olympics. He also had political experience as a governor, together with a political pedigree courtesy of his father (as well as many biographical parallels with him). <mask>, who had become an advocate for those with multiple sclerosis, was in remission and was an active participant in his campaign, helping to soften his political personality.Media stories called the  <mask> handsome; a number of commentators noted that with his square jaw and ample hair graying at the temples, he matched a common image of what a president should look like. <mask>'s liabilities included having run for senator and serving as governor in one of the nation's most liberal states and having taken positions in opposition to the party's conservative base during that time. Late during his term as governor, he had shifted positions and emphases to better align with traditional conservatives on social issues. Skeptics, including some Republicans, charged <mask> with opportunism and a lack of core principles. As a Mormon, he faced suspicion and skepticism by some in the Evangelical wing of the party. For his campaign, <mask> assembled a veteran group of Republican staffers, consultants, and pollsters. But he was little-known nationally, and hovered around 10% support in Republican preference polls for the first half of 2007.He proved the most effective fundraiser of any of the Republican candidates and also partly financed his campaign with his own personal fortune. These resources, combined with the mid-year near-collapse of nominal front-runner John McCain's campaign, made <mask> a threat to win the nomination and the focus of the other candidates' attacks. <mask>'s staff suffered from internal strife; <mask> himself was at times indecisive, often asking for more data before making a decision. During all his political campaigns, <mask> has avoided speaking publicly about Mormon doctrines, referring to the U.S. Constitution's prohibition of religious tests for public office. But persistent questions about the role of religion in his life, as well as Southern Baptist minister and former Governor of Arkansas Mike Huckabee's rise in the polls based on an explicitly Christian-themed campaign, led to <mask>'s December 6, 2007, "Faith in America" speech. In it, <mask> declared, "I believe in my Mormon faith and endeavor to live by it. My faith is the faith of my fathers.I will be true to them and to my beliefs." He added that he should be neither elected nor rejected because of his religion, and echoed Senator John F. Kennedy's famous speech during his 1960 presidential campaign in saying, "I will put no doctrine of any church above the plain duties of the office and the sovereign authority of the law." Instead of discussing the specific tenets of his faith, he said he would be informed by it, saying: "Freedom requires religion just as religion requires freedom. Freedom and religion endure together, or perish alone." Academics later studied the role religion played in the campaign. The campaign's strategy called for winning the initial two contests – the January 3, 2008, Iowa Republican caucuses and the January 8 New Hampshire primary – to propel <mask> nationally. But he took second place in both, losing Iowa to Huckabee, who received more than twice the evangelical Christian votes, and New Hampshire to the resurgent McCain.Huckabee and McCain criticized <mask>'s image as a flip-flopper and this label stuck to <mask> through the campaign (one that <mask> rejected as unfair and inaccurate, except for his acknowledged change of mind on abortion). <mask> seemed to approach the campaign as a management consulting exercise, and showed a lack of personal warmth and political feel; journalist Evan Thomas wrote that <mask> "came off as a phony, even when he was perfectly sincere." The fervor with which <mask> adopted his new stances and attitudes contributed to the perception of inauthenticity that hampered the campaign. His staff concluded that competing as a candidate of social conservatism and ideological purity rather than of pragmatic competence had been a mistake. McCain's win in South Carolina and <mask>'s in his childhood home Michigan set up a pivotal battle in the January 29 Florida primary. <mask> campaigned intensively on economic issues and the burgeoning subprime mortgage crisis, while McCain attacked <mask> on Iraq policy and benefited from endorsements from Florida officeholders. McCain won by five points.Although many Republican officials were now lining up behind McCain, <mask> persisted through the nationwide Super Tuesday contests on February 5. There he won primaries or caucuses in several states, but McCain won in more and in larger-population ones. Trailing McCain in delegates by a more than two-to-one margin, <mask> announced the end of his campaign on February 7. Altogether, <mask> had won 11 primaries and caucuses, receiving about 4.7 million votes and garnering about 280 delegates. He spent $110 million during the campaign, including $45 million of his own money. <mask> endorsed McCain for president a week later, and McCain had <mask> on a short list for running mate, where his business experience would have balanced one of McCain's weaknesses. Behind in the polls, McCain opted instead for a high-risk, high-reward "game changer", Alaska Governor Sarah Palin.McCain lost the election to Democratic Senator Barack Obama. Activity between presidential campaigns
<mask> supported the Bush administration's Troubled Asset Relief Program in response to the late-2000s financial crisis, later saying that it prevented the U.S. financial system from collapsing. During the U.S. automotive industry crisis of 2008–10, he opposed a bailout of the industry in the form of direct government intervention, and argued that a managed bankruptcy of struggling automobile companies should instead be accompanied by federal guarantees for post-bankruptcy financing from the private sector. After the 2008 election, <mask> laid the groundwork for a 2012 presidential campaign by using his Free and Strong America political action committee (PAC) to raise money for other Republican candidates and pay his existing political staff's salaries and consulting fees. A network of former staff and supporters around the nation were eager for him to run again. He continued to give speeches and raise funds for Republicans, but fearing overexposure, turned down many potential media appearances. He also spoke before business, educational, and motivational groups.From 2009 to 2011, he served on the board of directors of Marriott International, founded by his namesake J. Willard Marriott. He had previously served on it from 1993 to 2002. In 2009, the <mask>s sold their primary residence in Belmont and their ski chalet in Utah, leaving them an estate along Lake Winnipesaukee in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire, and an oceanfront home in the La Jolla district of San Diego, California, which they had bought the year before. The La Jolla home proved beneficial in location and climate for <mask>'s multiple sclerosis therapies and for recovering from her late 2008 diagnosis of mammary ductal carcinoma in situ and subsequent lumpectomy. Both it and the New Hampshire estate were near some of their grandchildren. <mask> maintained his voting registration in Massachusetts, however, and bought a smaller condominium in Belmont during 2010. In February 2010, <mask> had a minor altercation with LMFAO member Skyler Gordy, known as Sky Blu, on an airplane flight.<mask> released his book, No Apology: The Case for American Greatness, in March 2010, and undertook an 18-state book tour to promote it. In the book, he writes of his belief in American exceptionalism, and presents his economic and geopolitical views rather than anecdotes about his personal or political life. It debuted atop The New York Times Best Seller list. <mask> donated his earnings from the book to charity. Immediately after the March 2010 passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, <mask> attacked the landmark legislation as "an unconscionable abuse of power" and said it should be repealed. The antipathy Republicans felt for it created a potential problem for <mask>, since the new federal law was in many ways similar to the Massachusetts health care reform passed during his gubernatorial tenure; as one Associated Press article stated, "Obamacare ... looks a lot like <mask>care." While

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 acknowledging that his plan was an imperfect work in progress, <mask> did not back away from it.He defended the state-level health insurance mandate that underpinned it, calling the bill the right answer to Massachusetts's problems at the time. In nationwide opinion polling for the 2012 Republican presidential primaries, <mask> led or placed in the top three with Palin and Huckabee. A January 2010 National Journal survey of political insiders found that a majority of Republican insiders and a plurality of Democratic insiders predicted <mask> would be the party's 2012 nominee. <mask> campaigned heavily for Republican candidates in the 2010 midterm elections, raising more money than the other prospective 2012 Republican presidential candidates. Beginning in early 2011, he presented a more relaxed image, including more casual attire. 2012 presidential campaign

Primary election

On April 11, 2011, <mask> announced, in a video taped outdoors at the University of New Hampshire, that he had formed an exploratory committee for a run for the Republican presidential nomination. Quinnipiac University political science professor Scott McLean said, "We all knew that he was going to run.He's really been running for president ever since the day after the 2008 election." <mask> stood to benefit from the Republican electorate's tendency to nominate candidates who had previously run for president, and thus appeared to be next in line to be chosen. The early stages of the race found him as the apparent front-runner in a weak field, especially in terms of fundraising prowess and organization. Perhaps his greatest hurdle in gaining the Republican nomination was party opposition to the Massachusetts health care reform law that he had shepherded five years earlier. As many potential Republican candidates with star power and fundraising ability decided not to run (including Mike Pence, John Thune, Haley Barbour, Mike Huckabee, and Mitch Daniels), Republican party figures searched for plausible alternatives to <mask>. On June 2, 2011, <mask> formally announced the start of his campaign. Speaking on a farm in Stratham, New Hampshire, he focused on the economy and criticized Obama's handling of it.He said, "In the campaign to come, the American ideals of economic freedom and opportunity need a clear and unapologetic defense, and I intend to make it – because I have lived it." <mask> raised $56 million in 2011, more than double the amount raised by any of his Republican opponents, and refrained from spending his own money on the campaign. He initially pursued a low-key, low-profile strategy. Michele Bachmann staged a brief surge in polls, which preceded a poll surge in September 2011 by Rick Perry, who had entered the race the month before. Perry and <mask> exchanged sharp criticisms of each other during a series of debates among the Republican candidates. The October 2011 decisions of Palin and Chris Christie not to run effectively settled the field of candidates. Perry faded after poor performances in those debates, while Herman Cain's "long-shot" bid gained popularity until allegations of sexual misconduct derailed it.<mask> continued to seek support from a wary Republican electorate; at this point in the race, his poll numbers were relatively flat and at a historically low level for a Republican front-runner. After the charges of flip-flopping that marked his 2008 campaign began to accumulate again, <mask> said in November 2011: "I've been as consistent as human beings can be." In the month before voting began, Newt Gingrich experienced a significant surge – taking a solid lead in national polls and most of the early caucus and primary states – before settling back into parity or worse with <mask> following a barrage of negative ads from Restore Our Future, a pro-Romney Super PAC. In the initial contest, the Iowa caucuses of January 3, election officials announced <mask> as ahead with 25% of the vote, edging out a late-gaining Rick Santorum by eight votes (Ron Paul finished third). Sixteen days later, however, they certified Santorum as the winner by 34 votes. A week after the Iowa caucuses, <mask> earned a decisive win in the New Hampshire primary with 39% of the vote; Paul finished second and Jon Huntsman Jr. third. In the run-up to the South Carolina Republican primary, Gingrich launched ads criticizing <mask> for causing job losses while at Bain Capital, Perry referred to <mask>'s role there as "vulture capitalism", and Palin pressed <mask> to prove his claim that he created 100,000 jobs during that time.Many conservatives rallied in defense of <mask>, rejecting what they took to be criticism of free-market capitalism. During two debates in the state, <mask> fumbled questions about releasing his income tax returns, while Gingrich gained support with audience-rousing attacks on the debate moderators. <mask>'s double-digit lead in state polls evaporated; he lost the January 21 primary to Gingrich by 13 points. Combined with the delayed loss in Iowa, <mask>'s poor week represented a lost chance to end the race early, and he quickly decided to release two years of his tax returns. The race turned to the Florida primary, where in debates, appearances, and advertisements, <mask> launched a sustained barrage against Gingrich's record, associations and electability. <mask> enjoyed a large spending advantage from both his campaign and his aligned Super PAC, and after a record-breaking rate of negative ads from both sides, <mask> won Florida on January 31, with 46% of the vote to Gingrich's 32%. Several caucuses and primaries took place during February, and Santorum won three in a single night early in the month, propelling him into the lead in national and some state polls and positioning him as <mask>'s chief rival.Days later, <mask> told the Conservative Political Action Conference that he had been a "severely conservative governor" (while in 2005 he had maintained that his positions were moderate and characterized reports that he was shifting to the right to attract conservative votes as a media distortion). <mask> won the other five February contests, including a closely fought one in Michigan at the end of the month. In the Super Tuesday primaries and caucuses of March 6, <mask> won six of ten contests, including a narrow victory in Ohio over a vastly outspent Santorum. Although his victories were not enough to end the race, they were enough to establish a two-to-one delegate lead over Santorum. <mask> maintained his delegate margin through subsequent contests, and Santorum suspended his campaign on April 10. Following a sweep of five more contests on April 24, the Republican National Committee put its resources to work for <mask> as the party's presumptive nominee. <mask> clinched a majority of the delegates with a win in the Texas primary on May 29.General election
Polls consistently indicated a tight race for the November general election. Negative ads from both sides dominated the campaign, with Obama's proclaiming that <mask> shipped jobs overseas while at Bain Capital and kept money in offshore tax havens and Swiss bank accounts. A related issue dealt with <mask>'s purported responsibility for actions at Bain Capital after taking the Olympics post. <mask> faced demands from Democrats to release additional years of his tax returns, an action a number of Republicans also felt would be wise; after being adamant that he would not do that, he released summaries of them in late September. During May and June, the Obama campaign spent heavily and was able to paint a negative image of <mask> in voters' minds before the <mask> campaign could construct a positive one. In July 2012, <mask> visited the United Kingdom, Israel, and Poland, meeting leaders in an effort to raise his credibility as a world statesman. Comments he made about the readiness of the 2012 Summer Olympics were perceived as undiplomatic by the British press.Israeli Prime Minister (and former BCG colleague) Benjamin Netanyahu embraced <mask>, though some Palestinians criticized him for suggesting that Israel's culture led to their greater economic success. On August 11, 2012, the <mask> campaign announced Representative Paul Ryan of Wisconsin as his running mate. On August 28, 2012, the 2012 Republican National Convention in Tampa, Florida, officially nominated <mask> for president. <mask> became the first LDS Church member to be a major-party presidential nominee. In mid-September, a video surfaced of <mask> speaking before a group of supporters in which he said that 47% of the nation pays no income tax, are dependent on the federal government, see themselves as victims, and will support Obama unconditionally. He went on to say, "And so my job is not to worry about those people. I'll never convince them that they should take personal responsibility and care for their lives."After facing criticism about the tone and accuracy of these comments, he at first characterized them as "inelegantly stated", then a couple of weeks later commented: "I said something that's just completely wrong." Exit polls published following the election showed that voters never saw <mask> as someone who cared about people like them. In an interview on CNN with Wolf Blitzer, <mask> called Russia "our number one geopolitical foe." At the time an innocuous response to a foreign policy question, it became a focal point for Democratic attacks on <mask> during the campaign. Hillary Clinton, then Secretary of State, called <mask>'s position "dated" and said Russia had been an ally in solving problems, while Joe Biden, then vice president, accused <mask> of having a "Cold War mentality" and being "uninformed" on foreign policy. John Kerry, then a senator, called <mask>'s comments "breathtakingly off target" and reiterated that position at the Democratic National Convention, saying, "He's even blurted out the preposterous notion that Russia is our number one political geopolitical foe." <mask> defended his remarks, saying, "The nation which consistently opposes our actions at the United Nations has been Russia...Russia is a geopolitical foe in that regard," and continued to defend his position in the presidential debates.The first of three 2012 presidential election debates took place on October 3, in Denver. Media figures and political analysts widely viewed <mask> as having delivered a stronger and more focused presentation than Obama. That debate overshadowed Obama's improved presentation in the next two debates later in October, and <mask> maintained a small advantage in the debates when seen as a whole. The election took place on November 6, and Obama was projected the winner at about 11:14 pm Eastern Standard Time. He won 332 electoral votes to <mask>'s 206. <mask> lost all but one of nine battleground states and received 47% of the popular vote to Obama's 51%. Media accounts described <mask> as "shellshocked" by the result.He and his senior campaign staff had disbelieved public polls showing Obama narrowly ahead and had thought they were going to win until the vote tallies began to be reported on election night. But <mask>'s get out the vote operation had been inferior to Obama's, both in person-to-person organization and in voter modeling and outreach technology (the latter exemplified by the failure of the Project Orca application). In his concession speech to his supporters, he said, "Like so many of you, Paul and I have left everything on the field. We have given our all to this campaign. I so wish that I had been able to fulfill your hopes to lead this country in a different direction, but the nation chose another leader." Reflecting on his defeat during a conference call to hundreds of fundraisers and donors a week after the election, <mask> attributed the outcome to Obama's having secured the votes of specific interest groups, including African Americans, Hispanic Americans, young people, and women, by offering them what <mask> called "extraordinary financial gifts." The remark drew heavy criticism from prominent members of the Republican party.Subsequent activities

During the first year after his defeat, <mask> generally kept a low profile, with his ordinary daily activities around San Diego captured via social media glimpses. In December 2012, he joined the board of Marriott International for a third stint as a director. In March 2013, <mask> gave a reflective interview on Fox News Sunday, saying, "It kills me not to be there, not to be in the White House doing what needs to be done." He again expressed regret at the "47 percent" remark, saying "There's no question that hurt and did real damage to my campaign." (He echoed both those sentiments a year later.) <mask> began working as executive partner group chairman for Solamere Capital, a private capital firm in Boston owned by his son Tagg. He was also involved in supporting several charitable causes.The <mask>s bought a home in the Deer Valley area of Park City, Utah, and a property in Holladay, Utah, where they planned to tear down an existing house and build a new one. They also gained long-sought permission to replace their La Jolla home with a much bigger one, including a car elevator that had brought some derision during the 2012 campaign. <mask> and his siblings continued to own a cottage in a gated community called Beach O' Pines south of Grand Bend, Ontario, which has been in the family for more than 60 years. With the new acquisitions the couple briefly had five homes, near each of their five sons and their families, and the couple continued to spend considerable time with their grandchildren, who by 2013 numbered 22. They then sold the condominium in Belmont and decided to make their main residence in Utah, switching their voter registration. The 2014 documentary film Mitt showed a behind-the-scenes, family-based perspective on both of <mask>'s presidential campaigns and received positive reviews for humanizing <mask> and illustrating the toll campaigning takes. <mask> thought he might be branded a "loser for life" and fade into an obscurity like Michael Dukakis (a similar figure with no obvious base of political support who had lost what his party considered a winnable presidential election) but, to the surprise of many political observers, that did not happen.<mask> reemerged onto the political scene in the run-up to the 2014 U.S. midterm elections, endorsing, campaigning, and fundraising for a number of Republican candidates, especially those running for the U.S. Senate. <mask> was treated for prostate cancer in summer 2017. 2016 presidential election

By early 2014, the lack of a clear mainstream Republican candidate for the 2016 presidential election led some supporters, donors, and pollsters to suggest that <mask> stage a third run. Regarding such a possibility, <mask> at first responded, "Oh, no, no, no. No, no, no, no, no. No, no, no." Nevertheless, speculation continued: Obama's declining popularity led to remorse among some voters; the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine made <mask>'s "number one geopolitical foe" remark look prescient; and an August 2014 poll of Iowa Republicans showed <mask> with a large lead there over other potential 2016 candidates.A July 2014 CNN poll showed <mask> with a 53% to 44% lead over Obama in a hypothetical election "redo". By early 2015, <mask> was considering the idea and contacting his network of supporters. In doing so he was positioning himself in the invisible primary – the preliminary jockeying for the backing of party leaders, donors, and political operatives – against former Florida governor Jeb Bush, who had already set a likely campaign in motion and would be a rival to <mask> for establishment Republican support. Despite support in some quarters for a third bid for the presidency, there was a backlash from conservatives who wanted a fresher face without a history of presidential losses, and many of <mask>'s past donors were not willing to commit to him again. On January 30, 2015, <mask> announced that he would not run for president in 2016, saying that while he thought he could win the nomination, "one of our next generation of Republican leaders" would be better positioned to win the general election. Relationship with Donald Trump
As the presidential election went into primary season, <mask> had not endorsed anyone but was one of the Republican establishment figures who were becoming increasingly concerned about the front-runner status of New York businessman Donald Trump. <mask> publicly criticized Trump for not releasing his taxes, saying there might be a "bombshell" in them.Trump responded by calling <mask> "one of the dumbest and worst candidates in the history of Republican politics." In a March 3, 2016, speech at the Hinckley Institute of Politics, <mask> made a scathing attack on Trump's personal behavior, business performance, and domestic and foreign policy stances. He said Trump was "a phony, a fraud ... He's playing members of the American public for suckers" and that "if we Republicans choose Donald Trump as our nominee, the prospects for a safe and prosperous future are greatly diminished." In response, Trump dismissed <mask> as a "choke artist." <mask>'s speech represented an unprecedented attack by a major U.S. party's most recent presidential nominee against the party's current front-runner for the nomination. <mask> encouraged Republicans to engage in tactical voting, by supporting whichever of the remaining rivals had the best chance to beat Trump in any given state.As such, <mask> announced he was voting for, although not endorsing, Ted Cruz for president in the March 22 Utah caucus. As the race went on, there was some evidence that tactical voting was occurring, and some partial arrangements were formed among candidates, but by May 3, Trump had defeated all his opponents and became the party's presumptive nominee. <mask> announced that he would not support Trump in the general election, saying, "I am dismayed at where we are now. I wish we had better choices." In June, <mask> said that he would not vote for Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton, saying: "It's a matter

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 of personal conscience. I can't vote for either of those two people." He suggested that he might vote for a third-party candidate, or write in his wife's name, saying she would be "an ideal president."When pressed on which of Trump and Clinton was more qualified to be president, <mask> quoted P. J. O'Rourke: "Hillary Clinton is wrong on every issue, but she's wrong within the normal parameters." <mask> considered voting for the Libertarian ticket of former Republican governors Gary Johnson and Bill Weld (the latter, like <mask>, also a former governor of Massachusetts), saying that he would "get to know Gary Johnson better and see if he's someone who I could end up voting for," adding that "if Bill Weld were at the top of the ticket, it would be very easy for me to vote for Bill Weld for president." In September, he called for Johnson to be included in the presidential debates and in October it emerged that Independent candidate Evan McMullin was using an email list of 2.5 million <mask> supporters to raise money. McMullin's chief strategist said that it was purchased from <mask> for President and that "we'll let other folks discuss what that may mean and certainly never speak for [<mask>]." A spokeswoman for <mask> said that the list had been "rented by several political candidates in the presidential primary, and by countless other political and commercial users in the time since the 2012 campaign" and <mask> made no public comment on McMullin's candidacy. <mask> and his wife cast early ballots in Utah, but he declined to say who he voted for. In May 2018, <mask> revealed that he had cast a write-in vote for his wife Ann.After Trump won the election, <mask> congratulated him by phone and on Twitter. On November 19, <mask> met with him at the Trump National Golf Club in Bedminster, New Jersey, reportedly to discuss the position of Secretary of State, which ultimately went to Rex Tillerson. In February 2017, <mask> said that Trump was "off to a very strong start" in fulfilling his campaign promises, although he had "no regrets" about his anti-Trump speech. The next year, Trump endorsed <mask>'s 2018 senate campaign. U.S. Senate

Elections

2018

September and October 2017 press reports said that should U.S. Senator Orrin Hatch retire, <mask> would run for that seat in 2018. On January 2, 2018, after Hatch announced that he would retire, <mask> changed his Twitter location from Massachusetts to Holladay, Utah, contributing to speculation that he was considering a run for Senate.On February 16, 2018, <mask> formally launched his campaign with a video message posted on Facebook and Twitter. At the state Republican nominating convention held on April 21, 2018, <mask> received 1,585 delegate votes (49.12%), finishing narrowly second to State Representative Mike Kennedy, with 1,642 delegate votes (50.88%). Since neither <mask> nor Kennedy garnered 60% of delegate votes to claim the endorsement, the two candidates competed in a June 26 primary election. In the primary, <mask> defeated Kennedy, 71.7%–28.3%. <mask> was elected U.S. Senator from Utah on November 6, winning 62.6% to 30.9% over Democratic nominee Jenny Wilson. The other 6.5% of the vote went to nominees of the Constitution, Libertarian, and Independent American parties.With his election, <mask> became the third person to have served as governor of one state and senator from another state. (The other two were William W. Bibb, who served as a U.S. senator from Georgia and then the first governor of Alabama, and Sam Houston, who was the sixth governor of Tennessee before becoming a U.S. Senator from Texas.) Tenure

Shortly before assuming office, <mask> wrote a Washington Post editorial strongly criticizing Trump's character. Ronna McDaniel, <mask>'s niece and the chair of the Republican National Committee, called his comments "disappointing and unproductive," while Trump wrote that he "[w]ould much prefer that <mask> focus on Border Security and so many other things where he can be helpful." By November 9, 2019, <mask> was just one of three Republican senators, along with Susan Collins of Maine and Lisa Murkowski of Alaska, who declined to co-sponsor a resolution opposing the impeachment inquiry process into Trump. He was one of two Republicans (with Collins) who joined all Democrats voting to allow impeachment witnesses.<mask> condemned the 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings, saying: "As we celebrate the miracle of Easter, we hold in our hearts the victims of the senseless violence in Sri Lanka and their loved ones." First impeachment of Donald Trump (2019–2020)

On February 5, 2020, after <mask> read a prepared text on the Senate floor decrying "corrupting an election to keep oneself in office" as "perhaps the most abusive and destructive violation of one's oath of office that I can imagine," he broke ranks with the Republican majority as the sole Republican senator to vote to convict Trump in his first impeachment trial, thereby becoming, according to press reports, the first U.S. senator in United States history to vote to convict a president of the same political party. <mask> voted in favor of the first of the two articles of impeachment, which charged Trump with abuse of power, but against convicting him on obstruction of Congress. He was the only Republican in the Senate to vote for any of the articles. Fallout from the vote included <mask>'s being formally censured by various Republican organizations outside of Utah; in comparison, anger against <mask> among Republicans within Utah was more muted, and his impeachment vote, according to opinion polling, was supported by Utah Democrats. Jason Perry, director of the University of Utah's Hinckley Institute of Politics, said, "Democrats in Utah were more excited about <mask> <mask>’s vote than [Utah] Republicans were disappointed." Republicans for the Rule of Law ran various ads thanking <mask>.<mask> was praised by many for voting not by his party allegiances, but by his belief about whether Trump abused his power. March with Black Lives Matter
On June 7, 2020, in response to the murder of George Floyd and the worldwide protests against police brutality, <mask> became the first Republican senator to participate in a protest alongside Black Lives Matter. He said, "We need many voices against racism and against brutality, and we need to make sure that people understand that Black Lives Matter." This act drew praise and admiration from the left and right, with some Republicans questioning why other congressional Republicans weren't showing support for the movement. On Twitter, Senator Kamala Harris praised <mask>'s actions, saying, "We need more of this." Trump attacked <mask>, saying, "Tremendous sincerity, what a guy. Hard to believe, with this kind of political talent, his numbers would 'tank' so badly in Utah!"2020 presidential election

<mask> did not endorse Trump's 2020 reelection campaign and told reporters that he did not vote for him. In a Washington Post op-ed, <mask> wrote that Trump "has not risen to the mantle of the office." After the victory of Joe Biden and his running mate, Kamala Harris, <mask> was the first Republican senator to extend his congratulations to them. 2021 storming of the U.S. Capitol

On the morning of January 5, 2021, <mask> was heckled and harassed at the airport on his way to Washington D.C. to certify Joe Biden's election win in the Senate. He was attacked by Trump supporters for not backing Trump's unverified conspiracy theories regarding inconsistencies in the election. On the morning of January 6, protesters assembled at the "Save America" rally on the Ellipse, where Trump, Donald Trump Jr., Rudy Giuliani, and several members of Congress addressed the crowd fueling the conspiracy theories about election fraud. Trump said, "We will never give up, we will never concede.You don't concede when there's theft," and encouraged his supporters to "fight like hell" to "take back our country" and to march to the Capitol. Later that day, while the Senate was in session certifying the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count within the United States Capitol, hundreds of Trump supporters violently stormed the capitol, where they looted senators' offices and broke into the chamber of the United States Senate. Police evacuated the senators and Vice President Mike Pence to an undisclosed area. As they were evacuating <mask>, he yelled at Ted Cruz and other Republican congressmen, "This is what you’ve gotten, guys!" According to New York Times reporter Jonathan Martin, <mask> told him with "fury in his voice," "This is what the president has caused today, this insurrection." <mask> fully rebuked Trump, and condemned the actions of the domestic terrorists. <mask> stated on the Senate floor later that night, when Congress had reconvened:

Second impeachment of Donald Trump (2021)

On January 13, 2021, the House voted to impeach Trump a second time for incitement of insurrection.On January 26, Republican Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky introduced a motion to dismiss the impeachment charge. The objection was defeated on a 55–45 vote; <mask> was one of the five Republicans to vote against it, along with Susan Collins, Lisa Murkowski, Ben Sasse and Pat Toomey. On February 10, 2021, new video was released during the Trump's second impeachment trial, which showed capitol police officer Eugene Goodman saving <mask> from running into the Capitol rioters. During a break in the hearing, <mask> said, "It was very troubling seeing the great violence the capitol police were subjected to. It tears at your heart and brings tears to your eyes. It was overwhelmingly distressing and emotional." <mask> also stated he didn't know how close he was and he didn't know it was Goodman who diverted him away from the rioters but he looked forward to thanking Goodman.On February 13, 2021, <mask> and five other Republican senators voted to allow other witnesses in the impeachment trial. Republican Senator and Trump ally Ron Johnson, who was "visibly upset," got in a heated exchange with <mask> for his vote, saying, "We never should've had this impeachment trial." Later that day <mask> voted to convict Trump for the second time along with six of his Republican colleagues. The final vote was 57 to convict and 43 to acquit. He wrote a statement that read in part:

Commission to investigate attack on Capitol
On May 27, 2021, along with five other Republicans and all present Democrats, <mask> voted to establish a bipartisan commission to investigate the January 6 storming of the U.S. Capitol. The vote failed for lack of 60 required "yes" votes. Committee assignments

Current
 Committee on Foreign Relations
Subcommittee on East Asia, the Pacific and International Cybersecurity Policy (Ranking Member)
Subcommittee on Europe and Regional Security Cooperation
 Subcommittee on Near East, South Asia, Central Asia and Counterterrorism
 Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
 Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Spending Oversight
 Subcommittee on Governmental Operations and Border Management
 Committee on Budget (2021–present)
 Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions
 Subcommittee on Children and Families
 Subcommittee on Employment and Workplace Safety
Source:

Previous
 Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship (2019–2021)

Political positions

In addition to calling for cuts in federal government spending to help reduce the national debt, <mask> proposed measures intended to limit the growth of entitlement programs, such as introducing means testing and gradually raising the eligibility ages for receipt of Social Security and Medicare.He supported substantial increases in military spending and promised to invest more heavily in military weapons programs while increasing the number of active-duty military personnel. He was very supportive of the directions taken by the budget proposals of Paul Ryan, though he later proposed his own budget plan. <mask> pledged to lead an effort to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare") and replace it with a system that gives states more control over Medicaid and makes health insurance premiums tax-advantaged for individuals in the same way they are for businesses. He favored repeal of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the Sarbanes–Oxley Act and intended to replace them with what he called a "streamlined, modern regulatory framework." He also promised to seek income tax law changes that he said would help to lower federal deficits and would stimulate economic growth. These included reducing individual income tax rates across the board by 20%, maintaining the Bush administration-era tax rate of 15% on investment income from dividends and capital gains (and eliminating this tax entirely for those with annual incomes less than $200,000), cutting the top tax rate on corporations from 35% to 25%, and eliminating the estate tax and the Alternative Minimum Tax. He promised that the loss of government revenue from these tax cuts would be offset by closing loopholes and placing limits on tax deductions and credits available to taxpayers with the highest incomes, but said that that aspect of the plan could not yet be evaluated because details would have to be worked out with Congress.<mask> opposed the use of mandatory limits on greenhouse gas emissions to deal with global warming. He stated that he believed climate change is occurring, but that he did not know how much of it could be linked to human activity. He was a proponent of increased domestic oil drilling, hydraulic fracturing ("fracking"), building more nuclear power plants, and reducing the regulatory authority of the Environmental Protection Agency. He believed North American energy independence could be achieved by 2020. <mask> called Russia America's "number one geopolitical foe", a position many ridiculed him for, including former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, who later publicly apologized to him. He has asserted that preventing Iran from obtaining nuclear capability should be America's "highest national security priority." <mask> stated his strong support for Israel.He planned to formally label China a currency manipulator and take associated counteractions unless China changed its trade practices. <mask> supported the Patriot Act, the continued operation of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, and use of enhanced interrogation techniques against suspected terrorists. He described same-sex marriage as a "state issue" while running for Senate in 1994 and opposed a constitutional ban on same-sex marriage in 2002. <mask> opposed same-sex marriage and civil unions, but favored domestic partnership legislation that gives certain legal rights to same-sex couples, such as hospital visitation. In 2011, he signed a pledge promising to seek passage of an amendment to the U.S. Constitution to define marriage as the union of one man and one woman. Since 2005, <mask> described himself as "pro-life." That year, he wrote: "I believe that abortion is the wrong choice except in cases of incest, rape, and to save the life of the mother."During his 1994 Senate campaign, <mask> had said, "I believe that abortion should be safe and legal in this country", a stance he reiterated during his 2002 campaign for governor. While <mask> would prefer to see passage of a constitutional amendment that would outlaw abortion, he did not believe the public would support such an amendment; as an alternative, he promised to nominate Supreme Court justices who would help overturn Roe v. Wade, allowing each state to decide on the legality of abortion. His earlier pro-abortion rights stance in particular and support for some gay rights and gun restrictions as governor of Massachusetts earned him the criticism of some conservatives; the conservative magazine Human Events labeled him one of the top ten RINOs in 2005. <mask> said he would appoint federal judges in the mold of U.S. Supreme Court justices John Roberts, Clarence Thomas, Antonin Scalia, and Samuel Alito. He advocated judicial restraint and strict constructionism as judicial philosophies. <mask> declared his support for the Black Lives Matter international human rights movement by attending the rally, and then joining the Faith Works march, on June 7, 2020, from southeast Washington, past the Trump International Hotel, and Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool, over the murder of George Floyd. In July 2020, <mask>, along with Pat Toomey, was one of two Republican U.S.Senators who condemned Trump's decision to commute the sentence of Roger Stone, which <mask> described as “Unprecedented, historic corruption: an American president commutes the sentence of a person convicted by a jury of lying to shield that very president.”

Social media
In the October 2019 issue of The Atlantic, <mask> revealed that he used a secret Twitter account to keep tabs on the political conversation, saying, "What do they call me, a lurker?" Shortly thereafter, Slate found a Twitter account with the name Pierre Delecto. The account was registered in July 2011, followed about 700 people and had eight followers at the time it was discovered. It had tweeted 10 times in total, and always in reply to other tweets. <mask> later confirmed that the account belongs to him. Electoral history

U.S. senator from Massachusetts

Governor of Massachusetts

2012 Republican nominee for President of the United States

U.S. Senator from Utah

Awards and honors

Honorary degrees

Non-Academic Awards and Honors

People magazine included <mask> in its 50 Most Beautiful People list for 2002, and in 2004, a foundation that promotes the Olympic truce gave him its inaugural Truce Ideal Award.The Cranbrook School gave him its Distinguished Alumni Award in 2005. In 2008, he shared with his wife Ann the Canterbury Medal from The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, for "refus[ing] to compromise their principles and faith" during the presidential campaign. In 2012, Time magazine included <mask> in their List of The 100 Most Influential People in the World. In 2021, <mask> received the Profile in

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<mask> (10 May 1872 – 21 February 1962) was a prolific British marine artist and illustrator. Life and works

<mask> was born in Chelsea in 1872. His father Herbert A. K<mask> ARIBA was an architect known for his design of the Brompton Oratory. <mask> was set to follow in his father's footsteps but instead elected to become a full-time painter in oils and watercolours. He was educated at the College of St Francis Saviour, Bruges, Belgium; South Kensington Art School; and under Albert Toft. He married Eleanor Mabel Clunn (nicknamed "Nellie"). They settled in Poole, Dorset, sometime between 1915 and 1924 (or perhaps in the 1930s), living at 3 Springfield Crescent, Parkstone.He became a member — along with Henry Lamb and Augustus John — of the Poole and East Dorset Art Society. Although his work included landscapes of Poole and portraits, <mask> was best known as a painter of historical (and often romanticised) maritime scenes. It was once suggested that he had painted "almost every historic event that took place on water, from the landing of William the Conqueror to the Scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow in 1919". Spanish galleons and treasure vessels are well represented in his work, and one critic described him as a "specialist in burning ships". Others compared his paintings to the fine marine vistas of the late 19th-century seascape artist, Henry Moore, acknowledging <mask>'s skill in the accurate portrayal of costume and technical detail and his ability to convey an authentic period atmosphere. (1)

In his preparatory sketches of ships, <mask> made notes on the precise structure and names of sails, masts, and rigging. He had studied the movement of water closely, and made highly technical analyses of the construction of rigging and sails to a level where it naturally informed his naval subjects.He also paid close attention to the detail of costume. The evident quality of <mask>'s marine pictures lies in the artist's mastery of the oil painting medium adapted to a profound understanding of his chosen subject. (2)

<mask> exhibited regularly at the Royal Academy and the Paris Salon, and his paintings were widely sought after. <mask>. Roosevelt was one of many celebrity owners of Gribble paintings. He purchased a painting showing the arrival of American destroyers at Queenstown in Ireland, during World War I. It hung in the Oval Office of the White House when Roosevelt became United States President in 1933. The President reputedly suggested the painting's name —The Return of the Mayflower — to the artist.Roosevelt also purchased Surrender of the German Fleet to the Grand Fleet at Scapa Flow. <mask> had been one of the few civilian witnesses to this event in 1918; in his capacity as Official Maritime Painter to the Shipwrights' Company. Both works are believed to have been painted in 1919. (3)

Other notable purchasers of Gribble paintings included Queen Mary, the German Kaiser, and Jackie Onassis. The Kaiser was so impressed by <mask>'s work that King George V summoned the artist to a royal residence to meet him. <mask> was in demand as an illustrator, and his work appeared in many leading magazines, including The Illustrated London News and The Graphic. He illustrated numerous books and other items, including royal postcards and chocolate boxes.After his death in 1962, his widow donated many of his works to Poole Museum, which now possesses the world's largest collection of Gribbles. The collection numbers 250 paintings, drawings, prints and photographs. Typical paintings in the Poole collection are The Plague Ship, The Whelp of the Black Rover and The Return of the Argosy Galleons, but there are also some local topographical works such as depictions of the Guildhall, the Custom House, views of the Quay and harbour, a portrait of former Mayor of Poole, Herbert Carter, in civic regalia, and one of a woman believed to be <mask>'s wife Nellie. Although <mask>'s work has been out of fashion for some decades, Poole Museum has taken the opportunity provided by the First World War Centenary to reassess <mask>'s art by staging an exhibition of his marine paintings, based on its collection and focusing on his war paintings. Part of the national centenary programme led by Imperial War Museums, the exhibition also includes loans from private and public collections, including the National Maritime Museum, and the highlight of these is a painting of the scuttling of the German Fleet at Scapa Flow, of which <mask> was an eye witness, from the Harris Museum and Art Gallery, Preston. The exhibition, titled Painting Drama at Sea, continued until February 2014. Personal life and burial
<mask> is buried with his wife in Parkstone Cemetery, Poole, Dorset.They had no children.

masks:
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<mask>  (born 9 July 1963) is an English lyric tenor. Known for his supple voice, <mask> is particularly admired for his interpretations of baroque music and the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. In the course of his career, he has gravitated towards 20th-century music, singing in operas by Henze, Janáček, and Britten. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Crewe, Cheshire, the son of an Anglican priest and a teacher. He spent most of his childhood in Worcester and was educated at the Royal Grammar School Worcester (singing in the Worcester Cathedral Voluntary Choir), and Magdalen College, Oxford. He studied privately with <mask> for five years and went to sing as a lay clerk at Christ Church. He later spent some time in Chicago where he studied with Diane Forlano, who remains his teacher to this day.Career
<mask> made his official solo debut in 1987 when he sang in Stravinsky's Mass under Simon Rattle. After further engagements with Gothic Voices and other groups he made his professional opera debut in 1988 as Armindo in Scarlatti's Gli equivoci nel sembiante at Innsbruck's Early Music Festival. This was followed by his debut with English National Opera the following year as Eurimaco in Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria, and his United States debut in 1990 in a series of concerts in Boston and New York. He has subsequently performed all around the world in operas and concerts. In 1992 he made his debut with the Berlin Philharmonic under Haitink and created the tenor part in the world premiere of <mask>'s We shall see Him as He is. The following year he made his debut in the Vienna Musikverein, singing the Evangelist in Bach's St Matthew Passion and tenor solos in the St John Passion under Peter Schreier. Other notable concert appearances include performances with the London Philharmonic under Roger Norrington, the London Symphony under Sir Colin Davis, Mstislav Rostropovich and André Previn, Les Musiciens du Louvre under Marc Minkowski, the Cleveland Orchestra under Franz Welser-Möst, the New York Philharmonic under Kurt Masur, the Boston Symphony under Seiji Ozawa, the San Francisco Symphony under Jeffrey Tate, the Vienna Philharmonic under Trevor Pinnock, the Academy of St Martin in the Fields under Neville Marriner, and both the Orchestra of the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino and the Orchestre de Paris under Carlo Maria Giulini among many others.His opera appearances include the role of Idamantes in Idomeneo with Welsh National Opera, the title role in La clemenza di Tito with Opera Australia, Fenton in Falstaff with Scottish Opera, the title role in Monteverdi's Orfeo with Netherlands Opera, and Don Ottavio in Don Giovanni at numerous houses and festivals including Covent Garden and the San Francisco Opera and both the Aix-en-Provence and Glyndebourne festivals. Other roles have included Lensky in Eugene Onegin, Lysander in Britten's A Midsummer Night's Dream, David in Carl Nielsen's Saul og David, and Jupiter in Semele, the latter of which he performed to acclaim at the English National Opera in 1999. At the 2003 Salzburg Festival, he created the role of 'Der Daemon' in the world premiere of Hans Werner Henze's L'Upupa und der Triumph der Sohnesliebe, which he later reprised at the Teatro Real in Madrid. More recently, <mask> has sung the roles of Soliman in Zaide and Belfiore in La finta giardiniera at the Salzburg Festival (2006), The Madwoman in Britten's Curlew River with Oper Frankfurt (2006), Pelléas in Pelléas et Mélisande with the Deutsche Oper Berlin (2006), Skuratov in Janáček's From the House of the Dead with both the Amsterdam and Vienna Festivals (2007), Hippolyt in the world premiere of Henze's Phaedra with the Berlin State Opera (2007) and La Monnaie (2007), Vere in Billy Budd with Oper Frankfurt (2007), Chevalier de la Force in Dialogues des Carmelites with the Hamburg State Opera (2008), and both Bajazete in Tamerlano and the title role in Idomeneo  with the Bavarian State Opera (2008). Ainsley sung the role of Emilio in Partenope with the English National Opera in the autumn of 2008 and returned for performances at the Bavarian State Opera and Berlin State Opera in 2009. In 2010 his performance in the role of Captain Vere in Billy Budd was filmed by the Glyndebourne Festival for release in August 2010, and is streaming on Medici.tv. Awards
He was awarded the Munich Festival Prize for his performance as Orfeo, and in 2007 won the 2007 Royal Philharmonic Society Singer Award.He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2020 Birthday Honours for services to music. Personal life
In 2007 <mask> entered into a civil partnership with organist William Whitehead. <mask> was diagnosed with leukaemia in 2016, and took the decision to retire from public performance, although he continues to work in music education. Recordings
<mask> has made numerous recordings that range from Monteverdi to Britten. He regularly appears on radio and in the BBC Proms. Amongst other recordings are Rameau's Dardanus, Monteverdi's L'Orfeo (he is generally regarded as the world authority on this character's role), Britten's Serenade for tenor, horn and strings, the role of Frederic in the Sir Charles Mackerras recording of The Pirates of Penzance and lieder by Mozart, Beethoven and Schumann. <mask> has also become particularly associated with Handel's music and has recorded over ten of his oratorios including Jephtha, La Resurrezione, Messiah, Joshua and Saul.He has also recorded numerous English and French songs including works by Ralph Vaughan Williams, Peter Warlock, Herbert Howells, Gerald Finzi and Gabriel Fauré among others. References

Sources
 James Jolly: "John Mark Ainsley", Grove Music Online ed. L. Macy (Accessed 3 October 2008), (subscription access)
 AINSLEY, John Mark International Who's Who. accessed 1 September 2006. External links

 <mask> Ainsley Operabase

1963 births
Living people
People from Crewe
Musicians from Cheshire
English operatic tenors
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at the Royal Grammar School Worcester
20th-century British male  opera singers
21st-century British male  opera singers

masks:
John Mark Ainsley
Ainsley
Ainsley
Anthony Rolfe Johnson
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John Taer
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<mask> (November 9, 1809 – December 8, 1877) was an American Episcopal priest, attorney, professor of mathematics, and officer in the Confederate army and was best known as a staunch defender of slavery and, after the South lost the American Civil War, an architect of the Lost Cause. He was the author of Liberty and Slavery (1856), "the most extensive philosophical treatment of slavery ever produced by a Southern academic", which defended slavery laws as ensuring proper societal order. Early life and education
<mask> was born on November 9, 1809, in Frankfort, Kentucky, the oldest of five children of <mask> and <mask> (who was a relative of President <mask>). He was a cadet at the United States Military Academy at West Point from 1825 to 1830, where he was a fellow cadet of Jefferson Davis and Robert E. Lee. After serving two years in the United States Army, he studied law and theology at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, and received his M.A. and LL.M. In 1836. he married Harriet Coxe of Burlington NJ, and they had seven children, four of whom survived childhood.His daughter was the author <mask> Herrick. College professor and mathematician
 Adjunct Professor of Mathematics and French, Kenyon College, (OH) 1833–1834. Professor of Mathematics, Miami University (OH), 1834–1835. Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy, University of Mississippi, 1848–1854. Professor of Mathematics, University of Virginia, 1854–1861. Bledsoe in his lectures at the University of Virginia would frequently "interlard his demonstration of some difficult problem in differential or integral calculus—for example, the lemniscata of —with some vigorous remarks in the doctrine of States' rights". His book The Philosophy of Mathematics was one of the earliest American works on mathematics and includes chapters on Descartes, Leibnitz, and Newton.Bledsoe is perhaps best remembered for his treatise An Essay on Liberty and Slavery, which presented an extended proslavery argument. Bledsoe argued that the natural state of humans was in society, not in nature, and that humans in society needed to have restraints on their actions. That is, he argued that liberty was greatest when humans were allowed to exercise only the amount of freedom they were naturally suited to. Some had to be restrained; others were entitled to freedom. Clergyman
In 1835, Bledsoe became an Episcopal minister and became an assistant to Bishop Smith of Kentucky. He abandoned his clerical career in 1838 because of his opposition to infant baptism. Later in life, he was ordained a Methodist minister in 1871, but he never took charge of a church.He was a strenuous advocate of the doctrine of free will and his views are set forth in his book Examination of Edwards on the Will (1845). Lawyer
In 1838, Bledsoe moved to Springfield, Illinois, where he was a law partner of Edward D. Baker, and where he practiced law in the same courts as Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas. He practiced before the United States Supreme Court in Washington DC from 1840 to 1848. Confederate official
In 1861, Bledsoe received a commission as a colonel in the Confederate army, and later became Acting Assistant Secretary of War. In 1863 he was sent to London for the purpose of researching various historical problems relating to the North-South conflict, as well as guiding British public opinion in favor of the Confederate cause. Southern apologist
In 1868 he moved back to the United States and published the Southern Review. He was the "epitome of an unreconstructed Southerner" and published articles defending slavery and secession.Death
<mask> died on December 8, 1877 in Alexandria, Virginia. Writings
 Examination of Edwards on the Will (1845). A Theodicy, or Vindication of the Divine Glory (1853). Essay on Liberty and Slavery (1856). Is Davis a Traitor? or Was Secession a Constitutional Right previous to the War of 1861? (1866).The Philosophy of Mathematics, with Special Reference to the Elements of Geometry and the Infinitesimal Method (1868). References

Further reading

 Barnhart, Terry A. (2011). <mask> Bledsoe: Defender of the Old South and Architect of the Lost Cause. Louisiana State University Press (the standard scholarly biography). Freeman, Douglas Southall (1939) The South to Posterity: An Introduction to the Writing of Confederate History. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.Herrick, Sophia Bledsoe (1907). "<mask> Bledsoe (1809–1877)." In: Library of Southern Literature, ed. Edwin Andersen Alderman and Joel Chandler Harris, Vol. I. New Orleans/Atlanta/Dallas: The Martin and Hoyt Company, pp. 395–399.Hubbell, Jay B. (1954). The South in American Literature, 1607–1900. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. McCorkle, William P. (1891). "Bledsoe's Theory of Moral Freedom," The Presbyterian Quarterly, Vol. V, pp.229–242. Steel, Samuel Augustus (1925). "<mask> Bledsoe." In: Eminent Men I Met Along the Sunny Road. Nashville: Cokesbury Press, pp. 30–55. Tillett, Wilbur F. (1893)."<mask> <mask>," The Methodist Review, Vol. XIV, No. 2, pp. 219–242. Weaver, R. M. (1944). "<mask> <mask>," The Sewanee Review, Vol. LII, No.1, pp. 34–45. Woodworth, Stephen E. (1999). "Bledsoe, <mask>." In: American National Biography, Vol. III, pp. 11–12.External links

 The Southern Review, at Hathi Trust
Biography of <mask> Bledsoe at Answers.com
Biography of <mask> <mask> at the University of Virginia
Biography of <mask> Bledsoe from the Encyclopedia of World Biography
Biography on <mask> <mask> from the Kentucky Historical Society
Fact sheet on <mask> Bledsoe from the United States Military Academy
Entry on Bledsoe, <mask> at the New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge

1809 births
1877 deaths
People from Frankfort, Kentucky
Kenyon College alumni
Confederate States Army officers
Illinois lawyers
American magazine publishers (people)
United States Army officers
United States Military Academy alumni
American proslavery activists
Kenyon College faculty
19th-century American mathematicians
Miami University faculty
University of Mississippi faculty
University of Virginia faculty
19th-century American Episcopalians
American Methodist clergy
Lost Cause of the Confederacy
American Episcopal clergy
19th-century American lawyers
19th-century Methodists
19th-century American clergy

masks:
Albert Taylor Bledsoe
Bledsoe
Moses Owsley Bledsoe
Sophia Childress Taylor
Zachary Taylor
Sophia Bledsoe
Bledsoe
Albert Taylor
Albert Taylor
Albert Taylor
Albert Taylor
Bledsoe
Albert Taylor
Bledsoe
Albert Taylor
Albert Taylor
Albert Taylor
Bledsoe
Albert Taylor
Albert Taylor
Bledsoe
Albert Taylor
Albert Taylor


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<mask> (December 19, 1925 – March 6, 2012) was an American songwriter, best known for his work in musical films with his brother, Richard M<mask>. The <mask> brothers produced more motion picture song scores than any other songwriting team in film history. Some of their songs were incorporated into live action and animation musical films including Mary Poppins, The Happiest Millionaire, The Jungle Book, The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, The Slipper and the Rose, and Charlotte's Web. Their best-known work is "It's a Small World (After All)," possibly the most performed song (in public) in history. Early life
<mask> was born on December 19, 1925, in New York City, to Russian Jewish immigrants, Rosa (Dancis) and <mask>. <mask>, a songwriter, paid for his son's hospital delivery costs with a royalty check that arrived that day for the song "Save Your Sorrow". His brother and songwriting partner, Richard, was born in 1928.<mask>'s father was a well-known Tin Pan Alley songwriter. In his youth, <mask> excelled in violin, piano, painting and poetry. Following seven years of cross-country moves, the <mask>s settled down in Beverly Hills, California. Some of the primary schools <mask> attended in Manhattan included PS 241 and the Ethical Culture Fieldston School, and in California, the El Rodeo School. At Beverly Hills High School, <mask> wrote and produced radio and stage programs for which he won much acclaim. At age 16, <mask> wrote Armistice and Dedication Day, a stage play showing how American life was changed following the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. The play yielded thousands of dollars for war bonds and earned a special citation from the War Department.World War II
In 1943, <mask> obtained permission from his parents to join the army at age 17. <mask> was awarded the Purple Heart medal after being shot in the knee on April 12, 1945, an injury which forced him to walk with a cane for the rest of his life. on April 29, 1945, <mask> was among the first soldiers who entered the Dachau concentration camp. Other medals received by <mask> for service in the war were the Combat Infantryman Badge, two Battle Stars for his European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal, an American Campaign Medal, a World War II Victory Medal, and a Good Conduct Medal, and several Army Weapons Qualifications badges. While recuperating from his knee injury in Taunton and Bournemouth in England, <mask> became familiar with the United Kingdom and its culture. Awards and decorations
During World War II <mask><mask> received these awards:

Education
Upon his return to the United States, <mask> attended Bard College in upstate New York where he majored in English literature and painting. <mask> served as editor-in-chief of Bard College’s campus newspaper, The Bardian.At Bard, <mask> completed his first two novels, The Best Estate and Music, Candy and Painted Eggs. He graduated in 1949. On May 12, 1990, <mask> received an honorary doctorate from Lincoln College. Songwriting career
<mask> and his brother, Richard, began writing songs together on a challenge from their father, <mask>, who was a Tin Pan Alley songwriter ("No! No! A Thousand Times No!! ", "You Gotta Be a Football Hero").In 1958, <mask> founded the music publishing company, Music World Corporation, which later worked with Disney's BMI publishing arm, Wonderland Music Company. That same year, the <mask> brothers had their first Top 10 hit with "Tall Paul", sung by Annette Funicello. The success of this song attracted the attention of Walt Disney, who hired the <mask> Brothers as staff songwriters for Walt Disney Studios. While at Disney, the <mask> Brothers wrote their most-recognized song, "It's a Small World (After All)" for the 1964 New York World's Fair. In 1965, the <mask> brothers won two Academy Awards for Mary Poppins, Best Original Score and Best Original Song, "Chim Chim Cher-ee". Since Mary Poppins premiere, <mask> earned nine Academy Award nominations, two Grammy Awards, four Grammy Award nominations and 23 gold and platinum albums. <mask> and <mask> worked for Walt Disney until Disney's death in 1966.After leaving the company, the brothers worked freelance as songwriters on scores of motion pictures, television shows, theme park exhibits and stage musicals. Their first non-Disney assignment was in 1968 in Albert R<mask>'s motion picture Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, which garnered the brothers their third Academy Award nomination. In 1973, the <mask> brothers made history by becoming the only Americans ever to win first prize at the Moscow Film Festival for Tom Sawyer, for which they authored the screenplay. In 1976, The Slipper and the Rose was picked to be the Royal Command Performance of the year, attended by Queen Elizabeth. A musical adaptation of Cinderella, The Slipper and the Rose features both song, score and screenplay by the <mask> brothers. That same year the <mask> brothers received a star on the Hollywood "Walk of Fame" across from Grauman's Chinese Theater. Other box office film credits for the <mask> brothers include The Jungle Book (1967), The Aristocats (1970), The Parent Trap (1961), The Parent Trap (1998), Charlotte's Web (1973), The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977), Snoopy, Come Home (1972), Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971) and Little Nemo: Adventures In Slumberland (1992).In 1974, the <mask> brothers’ Tony-nominated Over Here! (1974) was the highest-grossing original Broadway musical of that year. The <mask> brothers wrote popular songs, including "You're Sixteen", which reached Billboard's Top 10 twice, with <mask>e in 1960 and with Ringo Starr 14 years later, "Pineapple Princess" and "Let's Get Together". In 2000, the <mask> brothers wrote the score for Disney's blockbuster film The Tigger Movie, their first major motion picture for Disney in more than 28 years. In 2002, the stage musical Chitty Chitty Bang Bang became the most successful stage show produced at the London Palladium. In 2005, it premiered on Broadway at the Foxwoods Theatre (then the Hilton Theatre). The <mask> brothers wrote an additional six songs for the new stage productions.In 2002, <mask> moved from Beverly Hills to London, England, where he continued to write and paint. In 2003, four <mask> brothers' musicals ranked in the "Top 10 Favorite Children's Films of All Time" in a British poll reported by the BBC. The Jungle Book (1967) ranked at No. 7, Mary Poppins (1964) ranked at No. 8, The Aristocats (1970) ranked at No. 9 and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968) ranked at No. 1.A Disney and Cameron Mackintosh production of Mary Poppins: The Stage Musical that premiered at the Prince Edward Theatre in December 2004 featured the <mask> brothers’ classic songs. In June 2005, <mask> was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame with his brother, Richard. Also in June 2005, a tribute was paid to <mask> at the Théâtre de Vevey in Vevey, Switzerland by the Ballet Romand. In 2006, Mary Poppins opened on Broadway and embarked on a world tour beginning in Göteborg, Sweden in 2008. Chitty Chitty Bang Bang embarked on a tour of 29 cities in the U.S., ending in 2009. Personal life

Marriage and family
<mask> married Joyce Ruth Sasner in 1953. Their first child, Laurie (b.1955) was followed by Jeffrey (b. 1957), Andrea (1960-2019) and <mask> (b. 1968). with five grandchildren: Joshua Kirshbaum (1990), <mask> (1991), Amelia and Sarah Kirshbaum (1993) and <mask> (1995). After <mask>'s 2002 relocation to London, he and his brother, Richard, continued to collaborate on various musical plays, as well as a feature, animated, film musicals which incorporates their original story, song score and screenplay. The brothers traveled between Los Angeles, New York and London to facilitate their work. <mask> died in London on March 6, 2012.His wife preceded him in death by 11 years. A public memorial service and funeral was held for <mask> on March 9, 2012, at Hillside Memorial Park and Mortuary in Culver City. Painting and other artistry

A lesser-known aspect of <mask>'s life was his painting which he had done since 1941 and kept private, except from his family and friends, until 2002. <mask> studied painting while attending Bard College, receiving a double degree in both Painting and English Literature. <mask> worked in various visual arts media, including clay and metal sculpture, but his focus was oil painting throughout the 1940s-1960s, when he switched to acrylics. In April 2002, an exhibition of <mask>'s paintings was held in London, England, at Thompsons' Gallery on Marylebone High Street. This marked the first public exhibition of his paintings since he started painting in 1941.<mask> exhibited his paintings in Florida and California. A series of Limited Edition Giclées of <mask>'s art were published on canvas and paper. <mask>'s paintings which have appeared at the various exhibitions include: "On Route 9G" (c. 1949), "Self Portrait" (1970), "San Francisco (1970)", "Moses" (1977), "Carousel In The Country" (1982), "From the Dining Room (1982)", "Sacrifice" (1983), "Florid Window" (1984), "Geisha (1986)", "Fine Four Fendered Friend (2002)" and "Park Lane" (2003). On March 4, 2007, <mask> and his son, Robbie, donated limited edition prints of "Moses" and "Sacrifice" to the Giffnock Synagogue in Glasgow, Scotland. <mask> worked in metal sculpture, wrote poetry and short stories from an early age. Later life achievements, autobiography, honors, tributes

 In 2000, the Sherman Brothers wrote the award-winning score to The Tigger Movie which achieved number one status in both theatrical box office and video sales. The Sherman Brothers' classic motion picture, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, was adapted into a London West End Musical in 2002 and premiered at the London Palladium on April 16, 2002, featuring many new songs and a reworked score by both Sherman Brothers.It was nominated for a 2003 Laurence Olivier Theatre Award for Best New Musical. The Sherman Brothers each received the "Musical Theatre Award" from the Variety Club of Great Britain that year as well for Chitty. Chitty finished a record breaking, three and a half year run at the Palladium becoming the longest running show in the theatre's century long history. 2004 saw the premiere of Mary Poppins on the stage. In 2005, Poppins was nominated for nine Olivier Awards. In 2005 Chitty went to Broadway and was nominated for 9 Tonys and also began its nationwide (UK) tour. On June 9, 2005, <mask> was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame alongside <mask>, Steve Cropper, John Fogerty, Isaac Hayes, David Porter and his brother, Richard M<mask>.On November 16, 2006, the Cameron Mackintosh/Disney production of Mary Poppins made its Broadway premiere at the New Amsterdam Theater featuring the Sherman Brothers’ classic songs. During a London press junket promoting the 40th anniversary DVD rerelease of The Jungle Book, <mask> and <mask> were witnessed by press working on a new song for Inkas in the same <mask>'s Hotel room where The Jungle Book was originally penned by the British writer, Rudyard Kipling, over a hundred years earlier. In February, 2008 Chitty Chitty Bang Bang began a second UK tour. In 2008 and 2009, Poppins premiered in numerous cities throughout the world including: Stockholm, Copenhagen, Budapest, Toronto, Shanghai, Sydney, Johannesburg, Amsterdam, Buenos Aires, São Paulo and Helsinki. Full UK and US tours of Poppins are also scheduled to commence in 2008 and 2009 respectively. On November 17, 2008, <mask> and <mask> were awarded the National Medal of Arts at the White House by President George W<mask> in the East Room. The National Medal of Arts is an award and title created by the Congress of the United States in 1984, for the purpose of honoring artists and patrons of the arts.It is the highest honor conferred to an individual artist on behalf of the people. Honorees are selected by the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), and ceremoniously presented the award by the President of the United States. In May 2009, a documentary called The Boys: The Sherman Brothers' Story was released. In October 2009, Disney released The Sherman Brothers Songbook, a 59-track, two-CD compendium of their work for the studio spanning 42 years. On March 11, 2010 the <mask> Brothers were presented with a Window on Mainstreet Disneyland in Anaheim, California in honor of their contribution to Disney theme parks. On May 17, 2010 the "Career Achievement Award" at The Theatre Museum's 2010 Awards Gala. On May 21, 2011, the <mask> Brothers were each awarded honorary doctorate degrees in Fine Arts from their alma mater, Bard College.This was <mask>'s second honorary doctorate. His first was granted by Lincoln College on May 12, 1990. <mask><mask> Scholarship
In 2005, <mask> established an annual scholarship award in his name through the BMI Foundation. The awardee is chosen by BMI's Lehman Engel program with some consultation with <mask>. The first awardee was announced in November 2006. Awardees are chosen for their excellence in musical comedy songwriting with an emphasis on lyric writing. Following is a list of the annual winners since the award's inception:

 2006 - Andrew Nellessen
 2007 - Michael Mitnick
 2008 (no award this year)
 2009 - Jeffrey Simno
 2010 - Andy Roninson

Moose: Chapters From My Life
 In 2013, Moose: Chapters From My Life, <mask>'s autobiography, was edited by his son <mask><mask> and published by AuthorHouse Publishers.The book was acknowledged in the credits of the film Saving Mr. <mask> which also features actors playing the <mask> Brothers. B. J. Novak portrayed <mask> in the film. Artistic tributes
 Marking the official UK book launch for Moose, <mask><mask> wrote and emceed a two-night cabaret called A Spoonful of Sherman which premiered at the St. James Theatre in London, England on January 6, 2014. The show was billed as "A Celebration of the Life, Times and Songs of <mask><mask>" and was received extremely well by the crowd and critics alike. The show took on a life of its own, subsequently enjoying a "sold out" return engagement later in the year at the same venue. The Original Cast Recording, double CD was produced by Nicholas Lloyd Webber and released by SimG Records in 2015. In 2017 A Spoonful of Sherman was revived, playing at the venue, "Live At Zédel" in London.On July 31, 2018, the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California renamed Soundstage A the Sherman Brothers Stage. In 2018 the first A Spoonful of Sherman UK/Ireland Tour began with previews on February 14, 2018, at the EM Forester Theatre in Tonbridge, Kent. The tour played in 28 cities in England, Scotland, Wales and the Republic of Ireland. Cast members for the tour included Sophie-Louise Dann, Mark Read, Glen Facey, Jenna Innes and <mask>. "Miracles from Molecules" for Adventure Thru Inner Space
"One Little Spark" for Journey Into Imagination
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (attraction)
"it's a small world (after all)" for the 1964 New York World's Fair attraction Pepsi Presents WALT DISNEY'S "it's a small world" - a Salute to UNICEF and the World's Children, then adapted to each Disney Park installation of "it's a small world". "The Astuter Computer Revue" for the 1982 premiere of the CommuniCore Exhibit at EPCOT. "Magic Highways" for Rocket Rods
"Makin' Memories" for Magic Journeys
The Tiki, Tiki, Tiki Room for Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room
"We Meet the World with Love" and "Meet the World" for the same exhibit in Tokyo Disneyland

Autobiographic booksWalt's Time: From Before to Beyond A joint autobiography by both <mask> and <mask> published in 1998.Moose: Chapters From My Life  <mask><mask>'s official memoirs posthumously released in 2013.Window presented at Disneyland in Anaheim, California in honor of the Sherman Brothers' contribution to Disney theme parks. for That Darn Cat!Moscow Film Festival
1973 First Place Award in the category of "Best Music" for Tom SawyerNational Medal of Arts
2008 National Medal of Arts awarded to Richard and <mask> on November 17, 2008, at the White House by President George W<mask>. This is the highest honor the United States Government bestows on artists. Olivier Awards
2002 Nominated "Best Musical" for Chitty Chitty Bang Bang]Songwriters Hall of Fame
2005 induction at the Marriott Hotel on Times Square in New York City

Theatre Museum Award
2010 Career Achievement Award presented on May 17, 2010, at the Players Club in New York City

Variety Club Awards
2003 Won "Best Musical" for Chitty Chitty Bang BangWalk of Fame
1976 A star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame awarded to "Richard & Robert Sherman" on November 17, 1976, located at 6914 Hollywood Boulevard

See also
Music WorldArmistice and Dedication DayWalt's Time: from before to beyondMoose: Chapters From My LifeReferences

Further reading
 <mask>, <mask>. Moose: Chapters From My Life. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse Publishers, 2013. <mask>, <mask>. Walt's Time: from before to beyond. Santa Clarita: Camphor Tree Publishers, 1998.Greene, Katherine and Richard. Inside The Dream: The Personal Story of Walt Disney. New York: Disney Editions, 2001. Peterson, Monique. Disney's The Little Big Book of Pooh. New York: Disney Editions, 2002. Tietyen, David.The Musical World of Walt Disney''. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Hal Leonard Publishing Corporation, 1990.

masks:
Robert Bernard Sherman
. Sherman
Sherman
Robert Bernard Sherman
Al Sherman
Al Sherman
Sherman
Sherman
Sherman
Sherman
Sherman
Sherman
Sherman
Sherman
Sherman
Sherman
Sherman
Robert B
. Sherman
Sherman
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Sherman
Sherman
Sherman
Al Sherman
Sherman
Sherman
Sherman
Sherman
Sherman
Sherman
Robert
Richard Sherman
. Broccoli
Sherman
Sherman
Sherman
Sherman
Sherman
Sherman
Johnny Burnett
Sherman
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Sherman
Sherman
Sherman
Sherman
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Robert
Alex Sherman
Ryan Sherman
Sherman
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Sherman
Sherman
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Sherman
Sherman
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Sherman
Bill Withers
. Sherman
Robert
Richard Sherman
Brown
Robert
Richard Sherman
. Bush
Sherman
Sherman
Robert
Robert B
. Sherman
Robert Sherman
Sherman
Sherman
Robert J
. Sherman
Banks
Sherman
Robert Sherman
Robert J
. Sherman
Robert B
. Sherman
Ben Stock
Robert
Richard Sherman
Robert B
. Sherman
Robert Sherman
. Bush
Sherman
Robert B
Sherman
Robert B