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Desiré Delano "<mask>" <mask> (; born 13 October 1945) is a Surinamese military officer, politician, and convicted murderer and drug trafficker who served as President of Suriname from 2010 to 2020. From 1980 to 1987, he was Suriname's de facto leader after conducting a military coup and establishing a period of military rule. In 1987, Bouterse founded the National Democratic Party (NDP). On 25 May 2010, <mask>'s political alliance, the Megacombinatie ("Mega combination"), which included the NDP, won the parliamentary elections, and on 19 July 2010, <mask> was elected as President of Suriname with 36 of 50 parliament votes. He was inaugurated on 12 August 2010. Bouterse is a controversial figure, held responsible by some for numerous human rights violations committed during his military rule in the 1980s. Most notable was the December murders in 1982 of 15 leading opposition figures.He was prosecuted for the murders, and a trial was initiated, but the National Assembly extended amnesty to him in 2012. After the trial was forced to continue, <mask> was sentenced to 20 years in prison on 29 November 2019. He is also suspected of having directed the Moiwana massacre in 1986 during the civil war by the Maroons, led by his former bodyguard, Ronnie Brunswijk. On 16 July 1999, Bouterse was sentenced in absentia in the Netherlands to 11 years' imprisonment after being convicted of trafficking  of cocaine. Bouterse always claimed innocence; he claimed that the star witness in the case, Patrick van Loon, was bribed by the Dutch government. According to WikiLeaks cables released in 2011, <mask> was active in the drug trade until 2006. Europol has issued a warrant for his arrest.At that time, he could not be arrested in Suriname, because he was still president. Because Bouterse was convicted of the drug offense before his election in 2010 as head of state, he risks arrest as soon as he leaves Suriname. In 2019, Bouterse was sentenced to 20 years in prison for his executions of 15 political opponents in 1982. Biography

Early years

<mask> was born on 13 October 1945 in Domburg, located in Suriname's Wanica District. His family were of multi-ethnic Amerindian, African, Dutch, French, and Chinese ancestry. As a young boy he moved from Domburg to the capital Paramaribo, where he was raised by an aunt. He attended the St Jozef boarding school and later the Middelbare Handelsschool (roughly equivalent to junior secondary general education), which he did not finish.In 1968, Bouterse moved to the Netherlands, where he was conscripted into the armed forces of the Netherlands (Nederlandse Krijgsmacht). After completing his military service, he signed up to train as a non-commissioned officer at the Koninklijke Militaire School in Weert. In this period, Bouterse became known as an athlete, and he was chosen as head of the basketball team. In 1970, Bouterse married Ingrid Figueira, whom he had known as a teenager in Suriname. They had two children: Peggy and Dino. Shortly after the marriage, Bouterse was assigned to the Dutch military base in Seedorf, Germany. On 11 November 1975, Bouterse returned with his family to Suriname after it gained independence from the Netherlands.He wanted to help establish the Surinamese army. In 1979, Bouterse accepted a request by Roy Horb to become chairman of a new Surinamese military union (union BoMiKa; Bond voor Militair Kader). Sergeants Coup

On 25 February 1980, <mask>, Horb and fourteen other sergeants overthrew the Henck Arron government with a violent military coup d'état, now known as the Sergeants Coup. This marked the beginning of the military dictatorship that dominated Suriname from 1980 to 1991. The sergeants who accomplished this coup were known as the Groep van zestien (Group of Sixteen). <mask> was the leader of the Groep van zestien. After the coup, he became chairman of the National Military Council of Suriname, which replaced the democratic government, and effectively ruler of the government.On the day of the coup, <mask>'s soldiers shot and burned down the Central Police Station of Suriname. The remains of this building now form the "monument of the Revolution." Annually on 25 February, the coup is commemorated. The military dictatorship imposed an evening curfew, and curtailed freedom of press (only one newspaper, de Ware Tijd, was allowed to continue publishing, but they were subject to heavy censorship). In 1985 it banned political parties and restricted freedom of assembly. It was characterized by a high level of government corruption and the summary executions of political opponents. After the 'December murders' of fifteen opposition leaders in late 1982, Bouterse closed the University of Suriname.From the beginning of the dictatorship until 1988, the titular presidents were essentially army-installed by Bouterse, who ruled as a de facto leader of Suriname. After the coup, Bouterse initially sought support from Cuba, Grenada, Nicaragua, and Venezuela, and, later, from Libya. December murders
On 7 and 8 December 1982, fifteen prominent Surinamese men who had criticized Bouterse's military dictatorship or were connected with the coup d'état attempt on 11 March 1982, were brought to Fort Zeelandia (then Bouterse's headquarters), where they were tortured and shot dead. These killings are known as the December murders. The 15 victims were:

John Baboeram, lawyer
Bram Behr, journalist
Cyrill Daal, union leader
Kenneth Gonçalves, lawyer
Eddy Hoost, lawyer
André Kamperveen, journalist and businessman
Gerard Leckie, university teacher
Sugrim Oemrawsingh, scientist
Lesley Rahman, journalist
Surendre Rambocus, military
Harold Riedewald, lawyer
Jiwansingh Sheombar, military
Jozef Slagveer, journalist
Robby Sohansingh, businessman
Frank Wijngaarde, journalist (with Dutch citizenship)

On 10 December 1982 Bouterse stated on STVS television channel that 15 arrested "suspects who were plotting to overthrow the government later in December were shot dead while trying to flee Fort Zeelandia". Years later <mask> said that he was not present at the killings. In 2000 he stated that the decision for these killings was made by the commander of the battalion, Paul Bhagwandas, who died in 1996.Bouterse accepted political responsibility as leader, but still denied any direct involvement. The trials for the December murders did not take place in Suriname until 30 November 2007. Among the 25 indicted suspects, Bouterse is the chief figure. Since the trial began, Bouterse never went to court. In an interview with Al Jazeera in 2009, Bouterse said that the trial was being used by his political opponents to prevent him from running for office again and for their own political gain. In April 2012, two months before the verdict in the trial was expected, <mask>'s party member Andre Misiekaba said, during a debate in the Surinamese parliament, that: "The December Murders trial is a political trial which has the purpose to eliminate Bouterse from the political arena and therefore the Amnesty Act is needed." Amnesty for December Murders

On 1 February 2012, Ruben Rozendaal, one of the military suspects, announced in local media that it was time for him to come forward with the truth about the December Murders because he wanted to clear his name before he died: he was suffering from a severe kidney disease, and the doctors had told him he did not have much time left to live.After consulting with his lawyer, Rozendaal decided to withdraw the testimony he had given in 2010. After the last suspects and witnesses in the December Murders case were heard, the court-martial decided to hear Rozendaal again, and this hearing was set for 23 March 2012. On 19 March, five members of Bouterse's political party Megacombinatie and one member of Paul Somohardjo's party Pertjajah Luhur proposed a law in the parliament which in effect would grant amnesty for the suspects in the December Murders, including <mask> Bouterse. The amnesty law would also cause immediate termination of the trial. The parliamentary voting was to be held on 23 March, the same day Ruben Rozendaal testified in court that Bouterse personally killed two of the fifteen men: union leader Cyrill Daal and military member Soerindre Rambocus. That day there was no quorum in the parliament, and the voting did not continue. On 4 April 2012, after three days of debate, the Assembly passed the amnesty law with 28 votes in favor and 12 votes opposed.The political parties Nieuw Suriname and BEP, both members of <mask>'s coalition, left the room when the voting started because they "did not believe that they should support a law which is being opposed by a large part of the Surinamese community." The chair of the Surinamese parliament, Jennifer Simons, who is also a member of Bouterse's party, voted for the law. The controversial law granted amnesty to Bouterse and the 24 other suspects. This could also mean that the ongoing December Murders trial will face an immediate stop. On 13 April 2012, the public prosecutor in the December Murders trial formulated the demanded sentence against five suspects, including the main suspect, Bouterse. His defense lawyer, Irwin Kanhai, requested that the trial would be declared moot because of the amnesty law. On 11 May 2012, the court decided whether the trial would continue or not.Edgar Ritfeld, one of the 25 suspects, said that he did not want amnesty because he knows he is innocent. He wanted the trial to be continued so that his innocence could be proven. Ruben Rozendaal and Wim Carbiere, both suspects, also asked for continuation of the trial. The controversial amnesty law was protested both nationally and internationally. Organizations such as the United Nations, Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, Reporters Without Borders and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights condemned the law and urged the Surinamese judges and the Public Prosecutor's Office to continue the trial. On 19 April 2012, Human Rights Watch demanded an immediate retraction of the law. Reaction from the Netherlands
After passage of the amnesty law, the Netherlands immediately stopped the 20 million euro aid set aside for Suriname.President <mask> was unmoved by this decision, saying, "I never asked you for 20 million euros. We have economic reserves of almost 800 million dollars". The Dutch Labour Party and the then ruling People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) believed that this sanction was not enough. They called for more penalties such as economic sanctions, expulsion of the Surinamese ambassador (who is the daughter of MP Rashied Doekhi, one of the 28 MPs who voted in favour of the law), and a ban on European travel for all the Surinamese parliamentarians who voted for the amnesty law. Dutch minister of foreign affairs Uri Rosenthal did not agree with these requests. On 8 April 2012, the Dutch prime minister Mark Rutte said it was "indigestible" that amnesty was granted to the suspects in this stage of the trial (the amnesty law was passed two months before the verdict in the trial). 2019 conviction by the military court
The amnesty law was later overturned by a court ruling, and in November 2019 the military court convicted Bouterse to 20 years imprisonment for the December killings.On 22 January 2020, <mask>

masks: Dési Bouterse Bouterse Bouterse Bouterse Bouterse Bouterse Bouterse Bouterse Bouterse Bouterse Bouterse Dési Bouterse Bouterse Bouterse


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 appeared before the court, in military uniform, to appeal this decision. Moiwana massacre of 1986

Moiwana is a Maroon village in the Marowijne District in the east of Suriname. The Suriname Guerrilla War (1986–1990), also known as a civil war, was between the Surinamese military regime, headed by <mask> <mask>, and the Surinamese Liberation Army, a guerrilla Maroon group better known as the Jungle Commando, led by <mask>'s former bodyguard Ronnie Brunswijk. On 29 November 1986, members of the national military massacred at least 39 villagers of Moiwana, Brunswijk's home village, killing mostly women and children. The soldiers also burned down the village dwellings, including Brunswijk's house. The survivors fled as refugees with hundreds of other inland inhabitants across the Marowijne River to neighbouring French Guiana. The human rights organisation 'Moiwana '86' has committed itself to achieving justice with regard to this event.It is seeking to hold military officers and the government as responsible for the massacre. Herman Gooding, a chief inspector of the police, was assassinated in August 1990 during his investigation of the massacre. Reportedly he was forced out of his car near Fort Zeelandia and shot in the head. His body was left outside the office of Desi Bouterse. Other police investigators fled the country for safety, stalling the progress of the investigation. The government has stated that it is still continuing its investigation of the massacre. It claimed that prospective witnesses had either moved, died, or were uncooperative.It has also said that an investigation of the murder of Herman Gooding was continuing. In August 2005, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ordered Suriname to pay US$3 million in compensation to 130 survivors of the massacre, and to establish a US$1.2 million fund for the development of Moiwana. The Inter-American Court of Human rights has judged that the responsible persons have to be prosecuted and punished; however, previous governments, including Bouterse's government, have failed to do so. Drug trafficking
On 16 July 1999, Bouterse was convicted in absentia in the Netherlands to 11 years in prison for trafficking 474 kilograms of cocaine. Bouterse always proclaimed his innocence. He claimed that the star witness in his case, Patrick van Loon, was bribed by the Dutch government. Bouterse is believed by law enforcement officials to have been the leader of the so-called Suri kartel, which is held responsible for the trafficking and smuggling of large amounts of cocaine from Suriname and Brazil into Europe (especially into the Netherlands) in the 1980s and 90s.Since 1999 Europol has maintained an international warrant for his arrest. According to the United Nations Convention against illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, since Bouterse was convicted before his election as head of state in 2010, he has no immunity under international law. This was confirmed by various specialists in international law. In April 2012, Ruben Rozendaal, former fellow soldier of Bouterse and also a suspect in the December 1982 murders, said that in the 1980s and early 1990s, Bouterse supplied the FARC of Colombia with weapons in exchange for cocaine. A 2006 document from the American embassy (published by Wikileaks) reported a possible connection between Bouterse and the FARC. Bouterse's son Dino Bouterse was sentenced in 2005 to eight years' imprisonment in a Surinamese court for narcotics trafficking, weapons trafficking, and theft of luxury vehicles. He was released early for good behavior.The government's counter-terrorism department appointed him to a senior role. On 29 August 2013, Dino was arrested by the U.S. government's Drug Enforcement Administration in Panama while traveling on a diplomatic passport. He was extradited to the United States and taken to New York City. He was prosecuted and in March 2015, he was sentenced to a 16-year prison term on convictions of drug smuggling and trying to help Hezbollah set up a base in Suriname. In a letter, <mask> insisted he had no terrorist leanings and was motivated only to make several million dollars. Bouterse was arrested after an elaborate international sting in which he was recorded meeting in Greece and Panama with DEA operatives posing as Hezbollah and Mexican drug traffickers. President of Suriname (2010–2020)
After the return of democratic government, led in succession by Ronald Venetiaan, Jules Wijdenbosch, and Venetiaan again, Bouterse tried repeatedly to return to power through elections.In the 2010 Surinamese legislative election, <mask> and his coalition, the Mega Combination (Mega Combinatie) became the biggest party in Suriname, gaining 23 of the 51 seats in the parliament. The coalition failed to gain an absolute majority in the parliament by three seats (the half of 50 plus 1 was needed). In order to secure the votes necessary to become president, Bouterse cooperated with the party of his former opponent, Ronnie Brunswijk, which had 7 seats; and the Peoples Alliance party (Volks Alliantie) of Paul Somohardjo (6 seats), who had left the ruling New Front party before the election. On 19 July 2010, <mask> was elected as President of Suriname with 36 of the 51 votes; he assumed office on 12 August 2010. His running mate Robert Ameerali became Vice President of Suriname. His cabinet consisted of the following members:

The first minister of Spatial Planning Martinus Sastroredjo (KTPI) had been relieved of his duties at the end of 2010 due to his life partner asking for a piece of land with the help of a ministry official. He was succeeded by Simon Martosatiman, also a member of the political party KTPI.The second minister to leave office due to personal reasons was Miss Wonnie Boedhoe, the first minister of Finance & Planning of this cabinet. By the end of April 2011, several ministers had been dismissed due to political changes in the cabinet. They included Paul Abena (Sport- & Youth Affairs), Martin Misiedjan (Justice & Police), Celsius Waterberg (Public Health), Linus Diko (Regional Development), and Simon Martosatiman. The ministers Raymond Sapoen, Michael Miskin and Ginmardo Kromosoeto were assigned to new posts. In addition to the newly formed cabinet, two deputy ministers were installed. Mahinder Gopie had served as the secretary of the president and was made the deputy minister of Regional Development. Abigail Lie A Kwie, a loyalist of Pertjajah Luhur chairman Paul Somohardjo, started as the deputy minister of Public Works & Traffic, but was moved in October 2012 to the ministry of Agriculture.The president's four top advisors are Jules Wijdenbosch, who handles the country's administrative and constitutional affairs; Errol Alibux, who advises the president about foreign affairs and international laws; Eddy Jozefzoon, who deals with the country's social and educational issues; and Andy Rusland, who oversees the nation's economy. The president appointed Cliffton Limburg as his press secretary and cabinet's spokesman; he was a propagandist for Bouterse and a talkshow host. Bouterse installed Gillmore Hoefdraad, a former International Monetary Fund (IMF) official, as the new governor of the Central Bank of Suriname. After the 2015 Surinamese legislative election, <mask>'s NDP won 26 seats; he was reelected unopposed on 14 July 2015. On 23 June 2020, <mask> announced that he did not want to take his seat in the National Assembly even though he had been elected in the 2020 Surinamese general election. As such, Soewarto Moestadja, who was on seventh place on the NDP list, had become eligible for taking the seat in the National Assembly. Moestadja, being the oldest member, chaired the first meeting of the Assembly.Bouterse was not a candidate for the presidency in the 2020 elections, and as no other candidates other than Chan Santokhi had been nominated by the deadline of 8 July 2020 at 15:00 (UTC−3), Santokhi was elected as his successor on 13 July in an uncontested election. Bouterse announced his retirement from politics on 16 July 2020. Controversial honouring of the coup
After his inauguration as president, Bouterse immediately honoured the nine surviving conspirators, who together with him had conducted the violent 1980 Surinamese coup d'état; he awarded them the Grand Cordon of the Honorary Order of the Yellow Star, the highest honor of Suriname. This action was met with international outrage, all nine (and Bouterse) having been involved with the December murders. After becoming president, Bouterse designated 25 February, the anniversary of the coup d'état, as a national holiday. Former president Ronald Venetiaan has said that 25 February should not be a holiday, but a national day of mourning. Pardons
In December 2011, President Bouterse granted a pardon to his foster son Romano Meriba, who in 2005 was convicted to 15 years' imprisonment for the 2002 murder and robbery of a Chinese trader.Meriba was also convicted for throwing a hand grenade at the house of the Dutch ambassador. Judge Valstein-Montnor ruled that the evidence proved that Meriba tried to commit a robbery at the ambassador's house similar to that of the trader. After it was prevented by guards from the Dutch embassy, Meriba threw a hand grenade from a car at the ambassador's residence. The pardon was controversial, as it is the first time a Surinamese President has pardoned someone convicted of murder and robbery. "People that have committed such heavy offends should not get a pardon" said former justice minister Chan Santokhi. "Besides, the requirement that a thorough investigation must be conducted and that the decision should be based on the advice by the judge who passed the sentence was ignored." Bouterse's staff said that Meriba's status as the foster son of President Bouterse was not part of the decision, and that there were strong legal arguments for the pardon.According to rumors, after Meriba was released from jail, he was hired by the heavily armed Counter Terror Unit (CTU). <mask>, son of President <mask>, was appointed to head this unit. Bouterse has hired other convicts. His delegation that visited a South American summit had two members besides Bouterse who had criminal drug records: former military Etienne Boerenveen and Hans Jannasch. "Such people now circulate around the state power", said Ronald Venetiaan, former president of Suriname. Meriba was arrested again on 23 March 2012 in Paramaribo on charges of assaulting a citizen and police officer the night before in a nightclub. He was not long held in police custody because the complaint was retracted the following day.References

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1945 births
December murders
Leaders who took power by coup
Living people
National Democratic Party (Suriname) politicians
People convicted of drug offenses
People from Wanica District
Presidents of Suriname
Politicians convicted of murder
Royal Netherlands Army personnel
Surinamese drug traffickers
Surinamese military personnel
Surinamese people of Chinese descent
Surinamese people of Dutch descent
Surinamese people of French descent
Surinamese people of indigenous peoples descent
Surinamese Pentecostals
Surinamese politicians of Chinese descent
Politicide perpetrators
Surinamese

masks:
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Bouterse
Bouterse
Dino Bouterse
Bouterse
Bouterse
Bouterse
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Dino Bouterse
Bouterse


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<mask>, 1st Baronet  (31 March 1831 – 15 May 1897), was an Australian businessman and philanthropist in the Colony of Victoria. He was raised to the baronetage in 1882, the first Victorian to be granted a hereditary honour. Clarke was born in Van Diemen's Land, the son of the pastoralist <mask>. He arrived in the Port Phillip District (the future Victoria) in 1850, where he managed many of his father's properties and acquired some of his own. Upon his father's death in 1874, he became the largest landowner in the colony. Clarke was made a baronet for his work as the head of the Melbourne International Exhibition, which brought Australia to international attention. He also served terms as president of the Australian Club, president of the Victorian Football Association, and president of the Melbourne Cricket Club, and was prominent in yachting and horse racing circles.Clarke gave generously to charitable organisations, and also made significant financial contributions to the Anglican Diocese of Melbourne and the University of Melbourne. He was a member of the Victorian Legislative Council from 1878 until 1897, although he was not particularly active in politics. Early life
Clarke was born at Lovely Banks (one of his father's properties, near Jericho) in Van Diemen's Land (later renamed Tasmania), the eldest of three sons of <mask> Turner Clarke and his wife Eliza (née Dowling). Clarke senior was an early Tasmanian colonist, who acquired large pastoral properties in Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia and New Zealand and settled afterwards in Victoria at Rupertswood, Sunbury. Clarke first arrived in Victoria in 1850, when he spent a couple of years in the study of sheep farming on his father's Dowling Forest station, and afterwards in the management of the Woodlands station on the Wimmera. For the next ten years he resided in Tasmania, working the Norton-Mandeville estate in conjunction with his brother, Joseph Clarke. Career

Clarke took some interest in local government and was chairman of the Braybrook Road Board.On the death of his father he found himself with a very large income, much of which he began to use for the benefit of the state. His largest gifts were £10,000 for the building fund of St Paul's cathedral and £7000 for Trinity College, Melbourne University. In 1862 Clarke stood against George Higinbotham in the Brighton by-election for the Victorian Legislative Assembly, but was not elected. He was elected a member of the Victorian Legislative Council for the Southern Province in September 1878, but never took a prominent part in politics. In 1862 Clarke assumed the management of his father's concerns in Victoria, and on the latter's death in 1874 succeeded to his estates in that colony. In the same year he was appointed president of the commissioners of the Melbourne international exhibition which was opened on 1 October 1880. In 1882 he gave £3,000 to found a scholarship in the Royal College of Music.For many years Clarke bore the full expense of the Rupertswood battery of horse artillery at Sunbury, Victoria. Amongst Sir <mask>'s other public donations are the gift of £2000 to the Indian Famine Relief Fund, of £10,000 towards building the Anglican Cathedral at Melbourne, and of £7000 to Trinity College, Melbourne University. Clarke also took interest in various forms of sport, his yacht, the Janet, won several races, but he was not very successful on the turf; the most important race he won being the V.R.C. Oaks. He was the inaugural president of the Victorian Football Association, presiding from 1877 until 1882. He was the patron of many agricultural societies and did much to improve the breed of cattle in Victoria. Before the Victorian department of agriculture was established he provided a laboratory for Ralph Waldo Emerson MacIvor,
and paid him to lecture on agricultural chemistry in farming centres.In 1886, he was a member of the Victorian commission to the Colonial and Indian exhibition, and in the same year Cambridge gave him the honorary degree of LL.D. Clarke was a very prominent Victorian Freemason and was elected provincial grand master of the Irish Constitution in 1881 and then district grand master of both the Scottish and English Constitutions in 1884. In 1889 he became the very first Most Worshipful Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of Victoria, an amalgamation of the three bodies that had operated at that time under their own constitutions. In 1885 he had largely financed the building of the Freemasons' Hall at 25 Collins Street. Later life
In Clarke's later years, although his interests lay principally in the country, he lived at his town house Cliveden in East Melbourne. He died suddenly at Melbourne on 15 May 1897. He was created a baronet in 1882, by Queen Victoria in recognition for his many donations and for his presiding over the Melbourne International Exhibition in 1880.He married twice, firstly in 1860 to Mary Walker, daughter of the Tasmanian businessman and politician John Walker. He was widowed in April 1871, and in January 1873 remarried to Janet Marian Snodgrass, the daughter of the Victorian pastoralist and politician Peter Snodgrass. He had two sons and two daughters by his first wife, and another four sons and four daughters by his second; he was survived by Janet and nine of his children. Clarke was a household name in Victoria. He made a few large donations but his help could constantly be relied on by hospitals, charitable institutions, and agricultural and other societies. He divided one of his estates into small holdings and was a model landlord, and he showed much foresight in allying science with agriculture by employing MacIvor as a lecturer. His second wife, Janet, who had been associated with him in philanthropic movements, kept up her interest in them, especially in all matters relating to women, until her death on 28 April 1909.One of their sons, Sir Francis Grenville Clarke, went into politics and was a member of several Victorian ministries. He became president of the Legislative Council in 1923 and held that position for almost 20 years and was created K.B.E. in 1926. His son Rupert succeeded him as the 2nd Baronet. The baronetcy of Clarke of Rupertswood is one of only two active hereditary titles in an Australian family. His second son, Ernest Edward Dowling Clarke (1869–1941), was a noted racehorse owner, closely associated with trainer James Scobie. Footnotes

References

Sylvia Morrissey, 'Clarke, Sir <mask> (1831 - 1897)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 3, MUP, 1969, pp 422–424.1831 births
1897 deaths
Australian philanthropists
Australian recipients of a British baronetcy
Members of the Victorian Legislative Council
VFA/VFL administrators
Australian Freemasons
Masonic Grand Masters
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
19th-century Australian politicians
People from Tasmania
Australian pastoralists
19th-century philanthropists
19th-century Australian businesspeople

masks:
Sir William John Clarke
William John Turner Clarke
William John
William Clarke
William John


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<mask> (November 8, 1838 – February 1868) was a French intersex person who was assigned female at birth and raised in a convent, but was later reclassified as male by a court of law, after an affair and physical examination. She is known for her memoir, Herculine Barbin, which was studied by Michel Foucault. Early life
Most of what is known about <mask> comes from her later memoirs. Herculine <mask> was born in Saint-Jean-d'Angély in France in 1838. She was assigned as a girl and raised as such; her family named her Alexina. Her family was poor but she gained a charity scholarship to study in the school of an Ursuline convent. According to her account, she was enamoured of an aristocratic female friend in school.She regarded herself as unattractive but sometimes slipped into her friend's room at night and was sometimes punished for it. Her studies were successful and in 1856, at 17, she was sent to Le Château to study to become a teacher. There, she fell in love with one of her teachers. Puberty
Although Barbin was in puberty, she had not begun to menstruate and remained flat chested. The hairs on her cheeks and upper lip were noticeable. In 1857 Barbin received a position as an assistant teacher in a girls' school. She fell in love with another teacher, Sara, and demanded that only Sara should dress her.Sara's ministrations turned into caresses and they became lovers. Eventually, rumors about their affair began to circulate. <mask>, although in poor health her whole life, began to suffer excruciating pains. When a doctor examined her, he was shocked and asked that she should be sent away from the school, but she stayed. Eventually, the devoutly Catholic <mask> confessed to Jean-François-Anne Landriot, the Bishop of La Rochelle. He asked <mask>'s permission to break the confessional silence in order to send for a doctor to examine her. When Dr. Chesnet did so in 1860, he discovered that although Barbin had a small vagina, she had a masculine body type, a very small penis, and testicles inside her body.In 20th-century medical terms, she had male pseudohermaphroditism. Reassignment as male
A later legal decision declared officially that <mask> was male. She left her lover and her job, changed her name to <mask> and was briefly mentioned in the press. She moved to Paris where she lived in poverty and wrote her memoirs, reputedly as a part of therapy. In the memoirs, <mask> would use female pronouns when writing about her life prior to sexual redesignation and male pronouns, including Alexina and Camille, following the declaration. Nevertheless, Barbin clearly regarded herself as punished, and "disinherited", subject to a "ridiculous inquisition". In his commentary to <mask>'s memoirs, Michel Foucault presented Barbin as an example of the "happy limbo of a non-identity", but whose masculinity marked her from her contemporaries.Morgan Holmes states that <mask>'s own writings showed that she saw herself as an "exceptional female", but female nonetheless. Death
In February 1868, the concierge of <mask>'s house in rue de l'École-de-Médecine found her dead in her home. She had died by suicide by inhaling gas from her coal gas stove. The memoirs were found beside her bed. Publication of memoirs

Dr. Regnier reported the death, recovered the memoirs and performed an autopsy. Later he gave the memoirs to Auguste Ambroise Tardieu, who published excerpts as "Histoire et souvenirs d'Alexina B." ("The Story and Memoirs of Alexina B.")in his book Question médico-légale de l'identité dans ses rapport avec les vices de conformation des organes sexuels, contenant les souvenirs et impressions d'un individu dont le sexe avait été méconnu ("Forensics of Identity Involving Deformities of the Sexual Organs, along with the Memoirs and Impressions of an Individual whose Sex was Misidentified") (Paris: J.-B. Ballière et Fils, 1872). The excerpts were translated into English in 1980. Michel Foucault discovered the memoirs in the 1970s while conducting research at the French Department of Public Hygiene. He had the journals republished as Herculine Barbin: Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth-century French Hermaphrodite. In his edition, Foucault also included a set of medical reports, legal documents, and newspaper articles, as well as a short story adaptation by Oscar Panizza. Modern commentaries and references
According to Morgan Holmes, the anthropologist Gilbert Herdt has identified Barbin as providing a crisis for "modern ideology" through an identification as neither male nor female, but Barbin's own writings describe a self-identification as female, albeit an exceptional female.<mask>'s memoirs inspired the French film The Mystery of Alexina. Jeffrey Eugenides in his book Middlesex treats concurrent themes, as does Virginia Woolf in her book, Orlando: A Biography. Judith Butler refers to Foucault's commentary on <mask> at various points in their 1990 Gender Trouble, including their chapter "Foucault, Herculine, and the Politics of Sexual Discontinuity." <mask> appears as a character in the play A Mouthful of Birds by Caryl Churchill and David Lan. <mask> also appears as a character in the play Hidden: A Gender by Kate Bornstein. Herculine, a full-length play based on the memoirs of <mask>, is by Garrett Heater. Kira Obolensky also wrote a two-act stage adaptation entitled The Adventures of Herculina.In 2014, a  manuscript entitled Dear Herculine by Aaron Apps won the 2014 Sawtooth Poetry Prize from Ahsahta Press. Commemoration
The birthday of <mask> <mask> on 8 November is marked as Intersex Day of Remembrance. See also
 Intersex in history
 Intersex rights in France
 Timeline of intersex history
 David Reimer

References

Sources and further reading

External links
  Adelaïde-<mask> <mask>, Mes-souvenirs. Commentary about the memoirs in the PubMed Central. Herculine Barbin. Hermafroditismo y condena. 1838 births
1868 deaths
French women memoirists
Intersex women
Intersex in history
Suicides by gas
Suicides in France
People from Charente-Maritime
French lesbian writers
19th-century French memoirists
19th-century LGBT people
1860s suicides
Intersex writers
LGBT memoirists

masks:
Herculine Barbin
Barbin
Adélaïde Barbin
Barbin
Barbin
Barbin
Barbin
Abel Barbin
Barbin
Barbin
Barbin
Barbin
Barbin
Barbin
Barbin
Barbin
Barbin
Herculine
Barbin
Herculine
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<mask> (September 9, 1921 – March 3, 2012) was an American artist-reporter. of The Sunday Telegraph of London:

His artistic output also included films and books. Other than in his very early years when he did illustrations "on spec", he was not an "after-the-fact" illustrator. In his own words, drawing from life made him an "artist-reporter" or a "reportorial artist." "That way," he said, "you can see around the corner." Biography

Early life

<mask> was born in Chicago, IL in 1921. He and his parents lived in Beverly Hills, CA for a time, returning to Chicago in his teens.He commuted to the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, IL to attend Fenwick High School, where his cartoon drawings were published in the school's newspaper, "The Wick." Collier's Weekly, a weekly national news magazine, noticed one of his cartoons. Thereafter, they paid him when they saw one they wanted to use. When he graduated in 1939, the Colliers connection helped land him his first job, as an apprentice in an art studio. During World War II, he was an Army Air Corps B-17 navigator, and was shot down in action in January 1945. He spent several months in a German prison camp. On occasion, when he could get hold of some paper, he drew his guards.Post-war years, family, and continuing life

After the war, he married high school sweetheart Irene Leahy and used the GI Bill to attend night classes at Chicago Academy of Fine Arts, American Academy of Art, Harrington College of Design, and the Art Institute of Chicago. <mask> and Irene had nine children. Inspired at a young age by <mask>'s work, his son <mask>, went on to continue creating work in the artist-reporter's style. Artistic output and areas of activity
<mask>'s overwhelming main artistic output was his 8,000-9,000 drawings. He also produced films and books. His films incorporate drawings (see Technique section), at a rate of 200–300 drawings per ½ hour of film. The books, although sometimes labelled as "illustrated" by <mask>, had the same kind of ["on site"] drawings as those from the courtroom, the political arena, and all his other spheres of activity.Even his commercial work had drawings mainly done on site, not after-the-fact illustrations for existing text. Civil Rights and the Space Race

<mask>'s work in both of these aspects of mid-20th Century American history helps illustrate his role as an artist-reporter. He began reporting from the courtroom in 1955, after some of his very early work came to the attention of Life magazine's editors. Because cameras were not allowed at the Mississippi trial of the suspected killers of Chicago teenager Emmett Till, Life commissioned him to go there to sketch courtroom events. His drawings, and in particular, one of Till's great-uncle, Moses Wright, standing to point at the accused men, were seen nationwide. From then on, on-site reporting with his drawings was a major part of his life work. The Emmett Till trial in September 1955 was the early catalyst for the civil rights movement.<mask>'s on-site and on-deadline images from Mississippi, published nationwide in Life magazine, provided the visualization that helped spur Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her seat on the bus in December 1955, which then led to the Montgomery bus boycott and to bringing Martin Luther King Jr. to national attention, along with fellow boycott leader Ralph Abernathy. <mask> was in attendance for King's "I Have a Dream" speech during the August 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. He also covered the two 1964 mistrials of the murderer of civil rights leader Medgar Evers. In March 1965, King's march for black enfranchisement was going from Selma to the Alabama Capital Montgomery. About that time, <mask> was returning from Cape Kennedy, Florida, after covering one of the U. S.'s manned space launches. He heard of the march on his car radio, and took a detour, arriving in time to document King's arrival in Montgomery. He also covered King in Chicago in 1966, the United Farm Workers protest in 1968, and the 1968 Chicago riots following King's death.In 1969-70, <mask> was courtroom artist at the infamous "conspiracy" trial of the eight (later just seven) defendants, resulting from protests during the 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago. The 8th defendant, Bobby Seale, was eventually bound, shackled, and gagged, then separated from the group and sentenced for contempt of court by the judge. The trial lasted 5 months, with <mask> producing almost 500 courtroom drawings. They were published across the nation, including an entire issue of the Chicago Tribune's Sunday magazine section. The Chicago History Museum currently owns both the collection of 483 drawings from that trial as well as that from the 1955 Emmett Till trial. In 1971, Marv Gold produced and directed the film 69 CR 180, an artist's report by <mask> featuring his courtroom drawings of the 1969 trial. The documentary animation was made, animated and narrated by <mask>, and edited by Ron Clasky.Civil rights was a continuing interest and vocation: he covered the presidential campaigns of black candidates Shirley Chisholm, U.S. House ('72) and the Reverend Jesse Jackson ('84, '88), and was at the 1995 Million Man March. During the Space Race of the '60s and '70s, <mask> was to return frequently to NASA's mission control, including his coverage of Neil Armstrong's walk on the moon. All would earn him a mention in NASA's book Eyewitness to Space. U.S. Politics

 He drew Democratic presidential candidate Governor Adlai Stevenson II ('52, '56) at his Libertyville, IL home. One of <mask>'s drawings of Stevenson hangs in that home, which is now a state historical site and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. He covered every Democratic and Republican campaign from 1960 through 2008, including attending a vast majority of the conventions, He made first-person drawings of the 1960 Kennedy-Nixon Debates (the first broadcast on live television) and later of Kennedy's funeral.During Richard Nixon's successful 1968 presidential run, <mask> also drew the "unelected White House guys" (H.R. Haldeman, John Ehrlichman and John N. Mitchell), that he correctly predicted would surround Nixon. His take on Nixon's 1974 resignation showed the disgraced ex-president escaping in a helicopter. There are <mask> drawings from the 1973 Watergate hearings, of Senator John McCain's "straight talk express" in New Hampshire in 2000, the stirring Barack Obama speech at the 2004 Democratic Convention, and on the 2004 presidential campaign trail with George W. Bush and Senator John Kerry. World religion

He was in Rome on October 11, 1962 for Opening Day of the Second Vatican Council, and went on to chronicle that major event through 1965. His film The World of Vatican II covers the opening and closing of Vatican II; and is a literal "travelogue in drawings" of many countries where Catholicism was facing new challenges at that time; and how and by whom they were being met. He followed Papal journeys, Council activations, and ministries in the Church world through the 1970s and 1980s.In the 1990s, he was in Chicago and South Africa with the Parliament of the World's Religions. Drawings he made in South Africa were published by Notre Dame Magazine and accompanied an article by Archbishop Desmond Tutu in U.S. Catholic Magazine. Culture and sports

<mask> accompanied conductor Sir Georg Solti and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra on their first European tour in 1971. The whimsical title (Real Violins) of his film describing that trip refers to Chicago's reputation as a city where gangsters once carried machine guns in violin cases. He worked for Sports Illustrated Magazine on assignments ranging from the 1959 American League champion baseball team Chicago White Sox and Goose Hunting in Cairo, IL to the Acapulco Yacht Race in Mexico. Corporate and industrial

<mask> also created artwork for corporations and businesses. A series of decorative plates which he designed with Chicago themes for Continental Illinois National Bank (1972–1982) were given out as premiums at that time.They have since become collectors items, and are still traded on eBay. He did other work for Continental, and also had commercial commissions for McDonald's Corporation, International Harvester, Marshall Field & Company and Borg-Warner, among others. He had been heard to say that his work for Continental put several of his children through college. Film productions
<mask> and wife, Irene, formed a film distribution company called Rocinante Sight & Sound. They produced several award-winning documentary films, some of which were shown on television (CBS and PBS) for a number of years. The Chicago Film Archives, a non-profit regional film archive, houses and manages the <mask> Collection. The collection contains audio reels and films made by <mask> between the years 1965-1998.Filmography

 An American City at Christmas Time: An Artist's View (Chicago, 1978)
 The Artist as Reporter (1977)
 Primary Colors, An Artist on the Campaign Trail., Peabody Award, 1976 (List of Peabody Award winners (1970–1979))
 Real Violins (1975)
 Portrait of an Election WTTW-TV (1972) 2 Chicago Emmys
 World City (1968)
 <mask>'s Politicians  WTTW-TV (1968) Chicago Emmy
 The World of Vatican II: An Artist's Report (1967)
 69 CR 180: An Artist's Report (1971)

Publications
His book This Church, These Times contains more than 100 drawings, along with text by Father Francis X. Murphy and introduction by Father Theodore Hesburgh, then the head of the University of Notre Dame. He illustrated an essay on Richard Nixon's White House for World Book Encyclopedia and early in his career, illustrated a number of books for textbook publisher Scott Foresman and Company, including one on the Illinois Constitution, for which he traveled around the state. Other books with his drawings include Vittles and Vice (1952), You are Promise (1974) with Martin Marty, and From the land and back (1972) with Curtis Stadfeld . Also On The Spot Drawing (1969), American national government, Policy and politics, and Eyewitness to Space. In 1994, American Artist Magazine featured his article, "Reporting from Around The World" in their publication, Watercolor. Recognition

Museum and Collection holdings

<mask>'s work is in the permanent collections of the Library of Congress, the National Air and Space Museum (of the Smithsonian Institution), The University of Chicago, The Borg-Warner Corporation, Time Inc., Binghamton University, The New Britain Museum of American Art, George Washington University, the Lake County IL Discovery Museum as well as the already mentioned 500 + works in the Chicago History Museum. Many of <mask>'s works are represented in the Corbis Collection.Exhibitions (a brief list)

Works by <mask> have been exhibited at
 Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.
 Chicago History Museum in Chicago, IL
 New-York Historical Society Museum & Library in New York City
 Brooklyn Museum in Brooklyn, NY
 The John and Mable Ringling Museum of Art of Art in Sarasota, FL
 The Art Institute of Chicago
 Loyola University Museum of Art
 Lake County IL Discovery Museum
 The Mint Museum in Charlotte, NC
 Snite Museum of Art in Notre Dame, IN
 Chicago Botanic Garden in Glencoe, IL
 CNN Center in Atlanta. GA
 Park Avenue Atrium Gallery in New York City
 Kraushaar Galleries in New York City
 The Peace Museum in Chicago, IL (museum closed in 2007)
 Selma Performing Arts Center in Selma, AL
 Benedicta Arts Center in St. Joseph, MN

Honors and awards

<mask> won the Renaissance Prize of the Art Institute of Chicago. The Society of Illustrators elected him to its Hall of Fame in 2001, and the Artists Guild of New York chose him as "Artist of the Year" in 1963. His documentary films of several presidential campaigns earned him three Emmy Awards and a Peabody Award. He also received the Minority Economic Resources Corporation's Martin Luther King Jr. Award for Civil Rights Achievement (2000), and honorary degrees from Loyola University Chicago (1985) and Lake Forest College(1979). He was a part of the guiding faculty of the Famous Artists School and served as a guest instructor at Syracuse University, Rhode Island School of Design and The Smithsonian Institution. <mask> was a long-standing member of The Society of Typographic Arts (STA), Chicago of which he is an Honorary Member, and a thirty-six year member of the Twenty—Seven Chicago Designers (1950–1986).Technique
<mask>'s on-the-spot drawings were generally done with a charcoal pencil, then colored in his home studio afterwards, using acrylic watercolors. In the films for which he won the Emmy and Peabody awards, the process is similar to what is often done when scanning old daguerreotypes: using a moving camera to make more than a dry slideshow from a series of still images. However, in his films, the path of the camera is computerized, liberal use is made of zooming, and a carefully selected soundtrack accompanies all. The "digital age" equivalent is known as the Ken Burns Effect, but <mask>'s films were made decades before Burns' work, and the effect is somewhat different. The following is typical of the reaction when such films of his works are seen by viewers:

This ... motion picture is a film of drawings, but not of static drawings ... it seems to have been made by cameras moving seamlessly over hundreds of drawings. The overall effect is almost that it has been filmed live ... yet it is ... drawings. References

External links

 New York Times Obituary
 <mask> paintings in the Corbis Collection
 Web site created for the 1996 election cycle.A family Related Web site. Another family Related Web site

1921 births
American reporters and correspondents
2012 deaths
Artists from Chicago
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
American prisoners of war in World War II
United States Army Air Forces officers
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
Shot-down aviators
Military personnel from Illinois

masks:
William Franklin McMahon
Franklin McMahon
Franklin
Franklin
Mark McMahon
McMahon
Franklin McMahon
McMahon
McMahon
McMahon
Franklin
Franklin
McMahon
McMahon
McMahon
Franklin
McMahon
Franklin
McMahon
McMahon
McMahon
Franklin
Franklin McMahon
Franklin McMahon
McMahon
McMahon
McMahon
Franklin McMahon
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<mask> (August 19, 1920 – October 12, 1997) was a member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors for forty years, from 1952 to 1992. <mask> was on the Los Angeles City Council from 1947 to 1952. He was an ardent supporter of civil rights throughout the 1960s, and met Martin Luther King Jr. in 1961.<ref>"<mask><mask>, 77, Is Dead; Political Giant in Los Angeles", The New York Times',' October 14, 1997</ref>

Early life
<mask> was born August 19, 1920, in Los Angeles, the son of Hattie Louise (Wiggins) of Nottawa, Canada, and <mask>. The couple moved to Los Angeles in 1919, and <mask>'s father died just a few months later. The couple had seven sons—Henry, John, Allan, Louis, George, Gordon and <mask>. He went to public schools in Los Angeles, including John Muir Junior High School and Fremont High School, class of 1938. He graduated from Pepperdine College in 1942.He received a master's degree in education while he was on the City Council, earned after "Six years of study in summer and late afternoon sessions." He also had a secondary-school teaching credential.Los Angeles Public Library file B

<mask> began his working career as a partner in the Hahn Brothers' Service Station at 6300 South Main Street, at the foot of San Pedro Street in the South Park area. Before World War II he was a messenger for the County Probation Department and the Los Angeles Police  Department. Military service
<mask> entered the Navy as an enlisted man in 1942 and earned a commission after studying at naval schools at Northwestern and Notre Dame universities. He was a ship's pilot in San Pedro, the youngest pilot in the history of the Port of Los Angeles. He served with the U.S. Seventh Fleet in the South Pacific as the commanding officer of a supply ship and was discharged in 1946 as a lieutenant.After the war, in 1947, he taught American government and history at Pepperdine.Los Angeles Public Library file A

Career
<mask>'s first try for public office was as a candidate for the State Assembly in the 66th District in June 1946. <mask>, a Democrat, won the Republican nomination in the primary election but lost the Democratic nomination, and therefore he could not compete. Instead the Republicans were able to nominate another candidate at a convention. City Council

Elections
<mask> unseated Charles A. Allen, the incumbent in Los Angeles City Council District 8, in 1947. He was supported by students at Pepperdine College, which at that time was located in the 8th District: they circulated his nominating petitions and did house-to-house campaigning for him. At age 26 he was the youngest person elected to the City Council to that time. He was reelected in 1949 and 1951.In that era, the 8th District was bounded on the north by Vernon Avenue, on the west by Western Avenue, on the east by the city limits or Alameda Street and on the south by about Slauson Avenue. <mask> left the council on December 1, 1952, when he became a county supervisor. Positions
Jail, 1947. He urged a delay in the building of a new jail in Lincoln Heights until the council could hear from Assemblyman Vernon Kilpatrick, who declared in a letter that the proposed lockup represented "outmoded thinking concerning jail programs" and suggested that the money be spent for more "sunshine and fresh air" prison camps. His motion failed on a 6–6 vote. Smog, 1949. The council adopted <mask>'s resolution asking Air Pollution Control Director Gordon P. Larson to appear before it to report on the worsening smog situation in Los Angeles."The entire smog program seems to have bogged down," he said. "Yesterday it was almost impossible to breathe in my office, and I am informed that some places had to shut down completely." Feud, 1950. He and Councilman Harold Harby engaged in what was called a "feud" over various subjects, including their differences concerning the subject of continuing wartime rent control in Los Angeles, with <mask> favoring and Harby opposing. Harby also called a suggestion by <mask> for a pay raise for city employees "political prostitution in its lowest form." Harby used the same term, calling <mask> a "political prostitute" in a raucous debate over the fate of a $110-million-dollar public housing proposal for the city (<mask> in favor and Harby opposed). At one point, Harby "reached over" and shoved <mask> back into his seat.Birds, 1951. <mask> proposed a special police patrol to protect birds nesting on the City Hall grounds. The idea was referred to a committee. Un-American, 1952. <mask> and Council Members Harold A. Henry, Earle D. Baker and J. Win Austin attended a dinner meeting in South Gate to honor the House Committee on Un-American Activities. Board of Supervisors

<mask> was elected to the County Board of Supervisors for the first time in 1952.He was elected to his tenth term in 1988 with 84% of the vote. He was known  for his promotion of social causes, bringing the Los Angeles Dodgers to Los Angeles and putting emergency call boxes along freeways. In 1970 he joined with his personal physician, cardiologist Walter S. Graf, to establish the first system of emergency paramedic care in California; <mask> is credited with winning support for the then-radical idea from the Board of Supervisors and the state legislature, and persuading then-governor Ronald Reagan to sign the bill authorizing the provision of emergency medical care by trained personnel other than doctors and nurses. At the Board of Supervisors, <mask> designed the County Seal adopted in 1957, which was modified in 2004 due to the Christian cross on the seal. The American Civil Liberties Union had threatened a lawsuit if the county had not removed the cross. In 1961, <mask> was the only public official to greet Martin Luther King Jr. when he came to Los Angeles "after confronting the police dogs and water hoses of Birmingham".Simon, Richard; et al. (October 13, 1997), "People's Politician <mask> Dies", Los Angeles Times, p. B-1

At the Los Angeles County Transportation Commission, <mask> proposed and eventually achieved consensus in favor of putting a proposition on the ballot that not only included funding for a rail network (controversial in some suburban communities), but also funding for local transit to be spent by the local communities as well as lower bus fares for three years.While the two previous rail transit ballot measures were rejected by the electorate, the compromise Proposition A was approved at the November 4, 1980 election by 54% of voters and eventually led to the creation of the Los Angeles Metro Rail network. Death
<mask> died of heart failure on October 12, 1997, at the age of 77 in an Inglewood hospital. A funeral service was held at Faith Dome of Crenshaw Christian Center on Vermont Avenue, and interment followed at Inglewood Park Cemetery.Our Weekly

Personal life
<mask> was married to Ramona <mask>. They had two children, James and Janice. They lived at 833-1/2 West 69th Street in the Vermont-Slauson district. He was a "deeply religious man who often quoted Scripture". <mask> was reported to have suffered a stroke in 1987, from which he recovered over a lengthy period of time.His recovery did not substantially affect his popularity or reelection. <mask> belonged to an influential Los Angeles political dynasty: One brother, <mask>, replaced him on the Los Angeles City Council, while another, John, was assistant county clerk. His son, <mask>, was Los Angeles city attorney from 1985 to 2001 and mayor from 2001 to 2005. <mask> is now a judge on the Los Angeles County Superior Court. <mask>'s daughter, <mask>, was on the Los Angeles City Council and was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives; she is now on the County Board of Supervisors. A nephew, <mask>, was a Superior Court judge (in San Mateo County) until retiring in 2004. <mask> is memorialized in the name of the main county building in Downtown Los Angeles as the <mask> Hall of Administration.He is also remembered in the naming of a large park in Baldwin Hills, the <mask> State Recreation Area. The 103rd Street/Kenneth Hahn station on the A Line of the Los Angeles County Metro Rail is named in his honor. For his contribution to sports in Los Angeles, he was honored with a Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum "Court of Honor" plaque by the Coliseum commissioners. References
Access to the Los Angeles Times'' links may require the use of a library card. External links
  "<mask>'s Career Highlights", Los Angeles Times, Rasmussen, Cecilia (October 31, 1991)

1920 births
1997 deaths
Los Angeles City Council members
Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors
Politicians from Los Angeles
Military personnel from California
American members of the Churches of Christ
American people of Canadian descent
Burials at Inglewood Park Cemetery
California Democrats
Pepperdine University alumni
20th-century American politicians
<mask> family
John C. Fremont High School alumni

masks:
Kenneth Hahn
Hahn
Kenneth F
. Hahn
Hahn
John Heinrich Hahn
Hahn
Kenneth
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
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Hahn
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Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
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Gordon Hahn
James Hahn
James Hahn
Hahn
Janice Hahn
Dale Hahn
Legacy Hahn
Kenneth Hahn
Kenneth Hahn
Hahn
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<mask> (); (born 1957) is a multidisciplinary Lebanese artist and architect who fuses his artistic output with his background in architecture to create large-scale urban art projects in different cities of the world. He uses his vocabulary of forms in urban settings to narrate stories and evoke collective memory with a very particular whimsical, often absurdist approach; seeking to 'create moments of dreams' in different cities of the world. Early life and education

<mask> grew up in Beirut. He received a Bachelor of Architecture from the American University of Beirut in 1982, at the height of the Lebanese civil war, and left the same year to study in Japan on a Monbusho scholarship. At the University of Tokyo he developed an interest in Japanese philosophy of space, which he studied under Hiroshi Hara, and was also taught by Fumihiko Maki and Tadao Ando. He created several solo art performances and exhibitions in Tokyo while completing master and doctorate degrees in architecture. Teaching

<mask> taught at the Shibaura Institute of Technology in Tokyo in 1992 with Riichi Miyake and then returned to Beirut to create his experimental group, Atelier Hapsitus.The name, derived from the combination of Hap (happenings) and Situs (situations), comes from <mask>'s enjoyment of the fact that the encounter of these two factors often gives rise to the unexpected. He taught architectural design at the American University of Beirut (1993-5, 2003–4), and was Dean of the Faculty of Architecture, Art and Design at Notre Dame University in Lebanon from 2000–2003. He co-chaired in 2002 the UN/New York University conference in London for the reconstruction of Kabul and was selected as the curator for Lebanon by the first Rotterdam Biennale. From 2006–7 he served on the Moutamarat Design Board for Dubai and regularly gives lectures at universities and conferences worldwide. Urban art projects

With Atelier Hapsitus, the pluri-disciplinary company he founded in Beirut, he created large-scale urban art projects in different cities including Beirut, Prague, London, Tokyo, Nara and Melbourne. His project for Prague's Manes Bridge in the spring of 1997 was both a commemoration of the city's post-communist liberalization and an echo of its history, with the placement of his works in parallel to the baroque sculptures on the Charles Bridge. The post-civil war 1997–2000 itinerant urban art project he created for central Beirut was one of five worldwide selected by the Van Alen Institute in New York in 2002 to highlight the role they played in the rejuvenation of city life and morale after a disaster.In Japan, 'The Three flowers of Jitchu' realized at Tōdai-ji Temple in Nara in 2004, was a temporary installation commemorating the achievements of a Middle Eastern monk, Jitchu, whose performance is still enacted yearly since the year 752 in the temple he designed for it. <mask>'s project took 20 years to gain acceptance from the Tōdai-ji Temple authorities. His 2006 Victoria State commission'The Travellers' a permanent art installation of ten sculptures which travel across Melbourne's Sandridge Bridge three times daily, tells the story of Australian immigrants and creates an urban clock in the city. Selected public art installations

2020 On Parade: Desert X, AlUla
2020 Politics of Dialogue: The Merry-Go-Round, United World College Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
2017		Trio Elephants- Lovers’ Park, Yerevan, Armenia
2017		Wheels of Innovation- Nissan Headquarters, Tokyo, Japan
2016		Stretching Thoughts: Shepherd and Thinker- UWC Atlantic College, Wales, UK
2014	Wishing Flower- Zaha Hadid's D’Leedon residential project, Leedon Heights, Singapore

Architectural work

<mask> <mask> is mainly known for his conceptual work, like 'Hilarious Beirut', the 1993 post-war anti-establishment project for the reconstruction of Beirut city centre, and 'The Cloud', a huge public garden resembling a raincloud that stands at 250m above ground. Inspired by the city of Dubai, it proposes a visual and social alternative to the exclusivity of the skyscrapers in Gulf cities. <mask>'s signature un-built projects include the 'Net Bridge' a pedestrian bridge conceived as a gateway to Beirut city centre from the marina with five lanes that playfully intersect and interweave. Similarly, his winning design of a competition for the BLC Bank headquarters for Beirut features the new headquarters straddling the old.<mask> collaborates closely with Arup Engineers in London, who give structural and technical reality to his most unusual ideas. Ongoing projects

The Dialogue of the Hills is an urban art project conceived to invigorate the historic core of Amman through a series of public gardens and sculpture for each hill community. The sculptures are designed to create a dialogue with the others on the surrounding hills of the city, physically and visually linking diverse socio-economic communities. The Wheels of Chicago is a project inspired by the city where the Ferris wheel was invented. 1996: Venice Biennale of Architecture, South Korean Pavilion
1996: Erotisches Museum Berlin, Aedes Gallery, Berlin
1995: Kwangju Biennale of Art, Korea

Awards

10th FEA Distinguished Alumnus Award
ASI steel Award 2008
Urban Design Award 2006
Melbourne Prize 2007

Publications

2013	: ‘Stretching Thoughts’, Booth-Clibborn Editions, London
2007: ‘The Cloud, the Desert and the Arabian Breeze’, Booth-Clibborn Editions, London
2006: ‘Urban Toys’, Booth-Clibborn Editions, London, with introduction by Paul Virilio
2000: VOYAGE, Booth-Clibborn Editions, London

Further reading

Arkimeet 2013 "ARCHITECTS MEET in ISTANBUL"
“Shooting the cloud”
Interview with Ricardo Karam Domus
Curve Magazine
Pearl Elephant
Urban Design

References

External links

American University of Beirut alumni
Lebanese painters
Lebanese sculptors
Lebanese architects
1957 births
Living people
Lebanese emigrants to Senegal
Lebanese contemporary artists

masks:
Nadim Karam
Nadim Karam
Nadim Karam
Karam
Karam
Nadim
Karam
Karam
Karam


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<mask>. (November 18, 1940 – August 4, 2003), who grew up within the Blackfeet and A'aninin cultures of his parents, was a Native American novelist and poet, considered a founding author of the Native American Renaissance. His novel Fools Crow (1986) received several national literary awards, and his debut novel Winter in the Blood (1974) was adapted as a film by the same name, released in 2013. In 1997 <mask> received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Native Writers' Circle of the Americas. Early life
<mask> was born in Browning, Montana on November 18, 1940. His father, <mask>. (June 3, 1914 – May 23, 2006), a welder and rancher, was a member of the Blackfeet tribe. His mother, Rosella Marie (née O'Bryan) <mask> (December 14, 1914 – July 3, 2003), a stenographer for the Bureau of Indian Affairs, was a member of the Gros Ventre (A'aninin). Both also had Irish ancestry but had grown up within Native American cultures.As a child, <mask> attended schools on the Blackfeet and Fort Belknap reservations. Because <mask> was raised in an American Indian setting, the traditions and religion, specifically from the Blackfoot history, were the sources of his writing. Education
In 1958, <mask> graduated from Washburn High School in Minneapolis. Post high school he worked as a firefighter for the U.S Forest Service, as a laborer and as an Upward Bound counselor. Eventually, <mask> began a master of fine arts degree program at  the University of Montana. It was there that he studied under the poet Richard Hugo, who told him that "his poetry needed roots, so he should write what he knew about. Write about Indians and Indian culture.Write about home" he said. He graduated in 1965 with a B.A. in liberal arts. Shortly after, <mask> published his first poem in the "Montana poet" issue of Visions International in 1967. He also briefly attended Northern Montana College. Career
He began his writing career  publishing poetry and fiction. His novels established his place in the Native American Renaissance literary movement.<mask> also taught at the university. He also received Honorary Doctorates from Rocky Mountain College (1993) and the University of Montana (1997). <mask> was an internationally acclaimed writer and had a faithful following in Europe. In 1995, <mask> was given the Chevalier de l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Knight of the Order of the Arts and Letters) by the French Cultural Ministry. His novels were translated into nine foreign languages. <mask>'s work was collected in Nothing but the Truth, an Anthology of Native American Literature. He is one of the early authors of what became called the Native American literary renaissance.He wanted to explore Native American life in his writing, both its good and bad aspects as people struggled with modern United States culture. He based his rich landscape imagery on lands he knew in Montana. In his writing, the landscape was featured as a character. <mask> had a unique style of writing from "'an outside observer with an insider's understanding' of Native American experience." Although he was raised on the reservation as a young boy, he lived most of his life off of it. He said that he felt a lack of close connection with the tribal community. In 1968, <mask> married Lois Monk, a comparative literature professor at the University of Montana.She was head of the English Department there until her retirement. During her sabbaticals, they traveled internationally and lived in France, Greece, Italy, and Mexico. <mask> often used these periods to help finish his novels, taking advantage of the relative isolation. The couple donated regularly to the Piegan Institute's language immersion program, dedicated to restoring use of the native Blackfeet language. <mask> briefly attended Northern Montana College. In her introduction to the 2007 reprint of Winter in the Blood, fellow writer Louise Erdrich said: "It is a central and inspiring text to a generation of western regional and Native American writers, including me." In addition to his novels, <mask> co-wrote with Paul Stekler the screenplay for Last Stand at Little Bighorn, the Emmy Award-winning documentary that was part of the American Experience, shown on PBS.<mask> served on the Board of Directors of the D'Arcy McNickle Center of the Newberry Library in Chicago. Death
<mask> died at the age of sixty-two in Missoula, Montana, on Monday, August 4, 2003. His death was preceded by a struggle with lung cancer. Poetry and Novels
When he began his writing, Indian authors were unknown. "Kind of growing up around the reservations, I just kept my eyes open and my ears open, listened to a lot of stories. You might say my senses were really brought alive by that culture. I learned more about it than I knew I did.It was only after I began writing about it that I realize that I had learned. I knew quite a bit, in certain ways, about the Blackfeet and Gros Ventre ways of life." (<mask>)

His poems are alert, sorrowful, and true. His only collection of poetry,  Riding the Earthboy 40 (1971), is deeply ingrained in the steppe of Montana. Shortened but expressive, the poems arrive in an instant of thought or experience that handles seasons, animals, and the stories that reservation Native Americans tell. After writing poetry "exclusively for seven or eight years," <mask> turned his attention towards fiction and his first novel, Winter in the Blood, a severe narrative about a nameless character from northern Montana who drank too much and cared too little. Winter in the Blood (1974) attracted immediate critical interest, in result to a seminar on that novel in 1977 at the Modern Language Association Convention happened.The notes from the session were released a year after the seminar in a special symposium issue of American Indian Quarterly, edited by Peter G Beidler. <mask>'s promise was understood in his first novel, Winter in the Blood, the story of an Indian American youth living on a reservation in Montana. The narrator that is without a name is, just like <mask>, a mix of Blackfoot and Gros Ventre Indian. He calls himself a "servant to a memory of death." (<mask>) Both his father and brother are dead; in the midst of the novel, his deeply loved grandmother also dies. In Winter in the Blood (1974), <mask> presents a nameless protagonist who feels displaced, caught between two worlds, helpless in a world of stalking white men, but unaccepted by Indians—a stranger to both. Similarly, in The Death of Jim Loney (1979), <mask> portrays a half-blood who is unable to find a place in either world

Unlike <mask>'s first two novels, Fools Crow (1986) is a bygone novel set in the 1870s which depicts Fools Crow, strive to live a classic Blackfoot life in the background of the white settlement and the U.S. government's war against Plains Indians.<mask> writes part of his own family's history into his third novel, Fools Crow. Critics frequently write about how to describe <mask>. Whether to describe him as a Native American storyteller or an American author. The truth is that <mask>'s work exceeds such categorization; he joins Native American traditions and concepts with Western literary conventions to form compelling narratives. Much of <mask>'s fiction pivots on the interaction between the American Indian and white America. Adaptations
Winter in the Blood (1974) was adapted as a 2012 feature film by the same name by filmmakers Alex and Andrew Smith, who knew <mask> growing up in Montana. Native American writer Sherman Alexie helped produce the film.Accolades
 American Book Award, Los Angeles Times Book Prize and the Pacific Northwest Book Award. Fools Crow (1986)
 Emmy Award. Last Stand at Little Bighorn. Documentary. 3rd Annual Native American Literature Prize (1991)
 Spur Award from Western Writers of America for Best Television Documentary Script (1992)
 John Dos Passos Prize for Literature (1994)
 Western Literature Association's Distinguished Achievement Award (1994)
 Chevalier de l'ordre des Arts et des Lettres (Knight of the Order of the Arts and Letters) by the French Cultural Ministry (1995)
 Native Writers' Circle of the Americas Lifetime Achievement Award (1997)
 Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters medal by the FBI
 Montana Governor's Humanities Award

Tribute
On November 18, 2016, Google celebrated his 76th birthday with a Google Doodle. Publications

Novels
 Winter in the Blood (1974)
 The Death of Jim Loney (1979)
 Fools Crow (1986)
 The Indian Lawyer (1990)
 The Heartsong of Charging Elk (2000)

Nonfiction
 Killing Custer: The Battle of Little Bighorn and the Fate of the Plains Indians (1994)

Poetry
 Riding the Earthboy 40 (1971 rpt. 1975)
 Last Stand at Little Bighorn
 Christmas Comes to Moccasin Flat
 Surviving
 Snow Country Weavers
 Thanksgiving at Snake Butte
 Dreaming Winter
 Harlem, Montana: Just off the Reservation

See also
 List of writers from peoples indigenous to the Americas
 Native American Studies

References

Further reading
 Wild, Peter (1983).<mask>. Boise, Idaho: Boise State University "Western Writers Series" (#57). pp. 49. External links
 Bibliographical essay on <mask>, Dancing Badger
Western American Literature Journal: <mask>
James <mask> Papers. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. 1940 births
2003 deaths
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
20th-century American poets
American people of Irish descent
Blackfoot people
Gros Ventre people
Native American novelists
Native American poets
University of Montana alumni
Writers from Montana
21st-century American poets
American male poets
People from Browning, Montana
American Book Award winners
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
American historical novelists
Writers of historical fiction set in the modern age

masks:
James Phillip Welch Jr
Welch
James Welch
James Phillip Welch Sr
Welch
Welch
Welch
James Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
James Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
James Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
James Welch
James Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
James Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
James Welch
Welch
Welch
Welch
James Welch
Welch
James Welch
Welch


text_chunks:
<mask> is the principal songwriter, guitarist, and lead vocalist for The Bye Bye Blackbirds, an Oakland, California-based indie rock and power pop band. Skaught's vocals have been called "distinctive and lovely," "a unique drawl reminiscent of Tom Petty", and likened to John Lennon. The San Francisco Chronicle described his band's work as "British Invasion guitar-pop with a twinge of country and roots," in which "disparate rock influences – '60s rock, '70s power pop, '80s college radio and indie rock – come together for catchy, harmony-laden songs." Musical career

Early years
<mask> is originally from Tacoma, Washington. He began taking drum lessons while in second grade, and took up guitar in sixth grade. Later, he moved to Oakland, California, where his musical career included a stint as drummer for Yuji Oniki. Belle Da Gama
<mask> became better known as a guitarist and vocalist when he founded the Oakland-based band Belle Da Gama, which included Ian Robertson.The name Belle Da Gama was taken from the Salman Rushdie novel The Moor's Last Sigh. Belle Da Gama recorded one album, Garden Abstract, released in 2001 on 125 Records. In 2005, Skaught and Robertson disbanded Belle Da Gama and formed The Bye Bye Blackbirds. The Bye Bye Blackbirds

Skaught and Robertson, both guitarists, named the new group after the 1926 jazz standard Bye Bye Blackbird. They recruited drummer Lenny Gill and bass player William Duke online. In forming the new band, Skaught and Robertson decided on a "back-to-basics approach" based on "fundamental things we loved as listeners – songwriting, harmony, cool guitar parts and sounds." The group's debut recording, an EP called Honeymoon, was released in 2006.Skaught later referred to Honeymoon as "a bit embarrassing to me, although I like a couple songs and I love the sound... It works to me as a kind of statement of intent, but it makes me squirm to hear it." In 2008, the group released their first full-length album, Houses and Homes, on the American Dust label in 2008. Rock critic Richie Unterberger likened Houses and Homes to British Invasion bands, with "tunes and [Skaught's] upper-register vocals [that] often echo some of the poppier Beatlesque groups of yore," praising the album's sensitive lyrics and "upbeat guitar-oriented pop/rock with a tinge of the bittersweet." Skaught called Houses and Homes "satisfyingly better than Honeymoon to me.... We experimented a lot – goofy stuff with tape echoes and lots of layers." The bluegrass-tinged song "The Ghosts Are All Right" was featured in the book Music: What Happened?, which named it as a favorite for that year, describing the song as "a Byrds-worthy meditation on history and responsibility in a local community." Apology Accepted, a download-only EP released in 2008, included "Monster Eyes," a song that was co-written by Skaught with novelist Jonathan Lethem.Based upon "lyrical fragments" of Lethem's novel You Don't Love Me Yet, the song was performed by the band, with Lethem, at a reading from the book. The title track of Apology Accepted was a cover of a song by The Go-Betweens. Before recording 2011's Fixed Hearts, bass player William Duke, who had previously shared songwriting responsibilities with Skaught, left the band. Skaught stated that writing all of the songs on Fixed Hearts was "liberating" and that the album benefited from his resulting confidence, and from the contributions of new bass player Aaron Rubin and producer Paul Tyler. The title was a reference to drummer Lenny Gill's then-recent heart surgery, as well as to the protagonists of the songs, who emerge from heartbreak with their own hearts repaired. Reviewing Fixed Hearts, AllMusic's Jack Rabid wrote that the album had the "brightly ringing, polished/unthreatening, anodyne" 1960s pop vibe of a "groovy guitar pop party" where "nice guys finish first and get the girl in the finale." The review cited Skaught's "easy sincerity and the group's harmonic gifts," embracing a "Panglossian panoply of this period from when they were pups, cutting in country-pop, folk, and—heck yeah—a horns-laden opener with bits of Memphis soul."A review in The Aquarian Weekly cited the "general giddiness of the album," moving from a "nostalgic and swinging vibe" through songs with a "country-pop sound" and "pulsing drums," to the "peaceful" final tracks. In 2013, the group released We Need the Rain, which was named one of the "Top 20 Releases of 2013" by Goldmine. Critic John M. Borack cited Skaught's contributions on guitar that "jangle, strum and get muscular when they need to." Skaught dedicated We Need the Rain to Scott Miller, his "musical mentor." Miller was not involved with the album, but Skaught told the San Francisco Chronicle that Miller's death in April 2013 was "the most painful and devastating blow," leading Skaught to consider the album "a kind of anchor, something to channel all that chaos through ... It's the first record we've made that we couldn't take to him and get that final vote of confidence on." The San Francisco Chronicle described the album as having "sweetly melancholy jingle-jangle and satisfyingly gutsy guitar and bass parts" with "soulful crunch."Reviewer Bill Kopp wrote in Musoscribe that "chiming guitars, ear candy hooks, punchy guitar riffage, tight vocal harmonies" provide the emotional and "visceral punch" of power pop. In Dirty Impound, Dennis Cook wrote, "Every tune practically shimmies out of the speakers, cool small details etched into ceaselessly ear-snagging melodies as sweet, gently yearning voices sing about love and the weather in ways that make both seem brand new." According to Tris McCall of the Newark Star-Ledger, the album took a new and "more aggressive approach" in which "guitars still twinkle and shimmer, on occasion, but this time around, they growl, twist, stutter and snap, too." McCall wrote, "Although Skaught's essential optimism is always visible," this "isn't always a happy album," with songs "both more direct and more discontented" than Skaught's prior work. "Yet it is the deepest, gutsiest and most rewarding set in the band's discography, and it points the way forward for a project that once felt like a formal exercise in songcraft." Other projects
Skaught received a production credit for his assistance on the Omnivore Recordings 2014 reissue of Game Theory's 1984 album Dead Center. He appeared as a featured artist on Big Cinnamon (2013) by the Agony Aunts, and played acoustic guitar on Alison Faith Levy's solo CD World of Wonder (2012).Discography

With Belle Da Gama
 Garden Abstract (2001)

With The Bye Bye Blackbirds
Albums & EPs:
 Honeymoon (2006)
 Apology Accepted (EP, 2008)
 Houses and Homes (2008)
 Fixed Hearts (2011)
 We Need The Rain (2013)
 Take Out the Poison (2017)

Singles:
 "Let Your Hair Fall Down" b/w "These Blues" (2015)
 "Even Hitler Had A Girlfriend" b/w "Population: Us"  (7" single, 2014) (as Dr. Frank & The Bye Bye Blackbirds)

Various artist compilations:
 Crayon Angel: A Tribute to the Music of Judee Sill (2009)

Notes

External links

 The Bye Bye Blackbirds (official site)

Musicians from Oakland, California
American pop guitarists
American indie rock musicians
American indie pop musicians
American male singer-songwriters
American male pop singers
Singer-songwriters from California
1976 births
Living people
Guitarists from California
American male guitarists
21st-century American singers
21st-century American guitarists
21st-century American male singers

masks:
Bradley Skaught
Skaught
Skaught


text_chunks:
<mask> (July 9, 1901 – December 25, 1991), nicknamed "The Shawville Express", was a Canadian ice hockey professional forward who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1923 to 1937. During this time, he played for the Ottawa Senators, Toronto Maple Leafs, and St. Louis Eagles, and was nicknamed the "Shawville Express." His younger brother <mask> also played in the NHL. His daughter <mask> became a published writer. He was the last surviving member of the 1927 Stanley Cup champion Senators. Personal life
<mask> was born in 1901 in Clarendon, Quebec, but grew up in Shawville, Quebec, a primarily anglophone town in the province of Quebec, located northwest of Ottawa along the Ottawa River. He retained a home in Shawville after becoming a professional hockey player.He married Maye Horner (1901–1992) and the couple had four children, Joan (1925–2007), <mask>., Norma and Ross. <mask> suffered a heart attack on December 18, 1991 and he died on Christmas Day in 1991 in Shawville Hospital. He was survived by his wife and children and several grandchildren. Playing career
<mask> learned at an early age that there was money to be made in hockey. He received his first fee for playing hockey when he was 13, playing for Quyon against Fitzroy Harbour, for which he received $10. <mask> first played senior-level hockey for the University of Ottawa in the Ottawa City Hockey League (OCHL) in nearby Ottawa in 1921–22. According to <mask>, he was paid to play for the University and did not have to submit any assignments.As he had to take the train from Shawville to Ottawa, he picked up the nickname "Shawville Express." He played two more seasons for teams in the OCHL, with Ottawa Collegiate and Ottawa Montagnards before joining the Ottawa Senators in the 1923–24 season. <mask> was an integral member of the 1927 Stanley Cup champion Senators team, playing on a line with Hec Kilrea and <mask>. He later served as the Senators captain from 1930–1933, and scored a high of 21 goals in the 1929–30 season. When the Senators suspended operations for the 1931–32 NHL season, <mask> played for the Toronto Maple Leafs, winning the Stanley Cup for a second time, returning to the Senators the following season. <mask> scored the final Senators goal in the final season that the NHL Senators played in Ottawa. He scored an unassisted goal at the 1 minute, 7 second mark of the second period on March 15, 1934.The following season, he moved with the other Senators players to play for the transferred franchise in St. Louis, Missouri known as the St. Louis Eagles in the 1934-35 season. He was sold by the Eagles to the Maple Leafs before the season's end in February 1935 and he finished his career with several seasons with the Maple Leafs as a "defensive specialist." Retirement
In 1937, <mask> retired from the NHL. He returned to Ottawa and played ice hockey for various amateur teams, including the Ottawa RCAF Flyers while he was in the Air Force. After retiring from professional hockey, <mask> went into private business in the Ottawa area. He managed the Olde Colonial Hotel at the corner of O'Connor and Queen Streets in Ottawa. <mask> sold his shares of the hotel and became head of sales for Brading's Brewery.It was while working at Brading's that <mask> developed alcoholism and lost his job. He found a job in the federal government through <mask>, former owner of the Senators, and later Member of Parliament in Ottawa. During World War II, <mask> joined the Canadian Air Force, and was a member for seven years. <mask> then owned and managed the Merrickville Hotel in Merrickville, Ontario. <mask> moved to Shawville and bought the Clarendon Hotel. <mask> eventually overcame his problems with alcohol and sold the hotel and retired, remaining in the Shawville area. The 'Bring Back The Senators' campaign
When the NHL planned to expand in 1989, the consortium to obtain a franchise for Ottawa signed Finnigan to be part of the 'Bring Back The Senators' campaign team.<mask> along with his son <mask>., made public appearances on behalf of the campaign. <mask> was also part of the presentation team to the NHL expansion committee in December 1990. The group was successful and the new Ottawa Senators team began play in the 1992–93 NHL season. <mask> died before the new team played its first game in 1992, for which he was scheduled to drop the puck for the ceremonial face-off. Instead, on opening night the honour went to his son, <mask>. to drop the puck. On that night, the team honoured him by retiring his #8 jersey, making him one of three players in NHL history to have his uniform retired by a team for which he never actually played. <mask>'s number was retired 55 years after he finished his NHL career - the longest wait for a player to have his number retired.The street in front of the main entrance to the Ottawa Senators' arena, Canadian Tire Centre, is named <mask> Way in his honour. A banner honouring his retired number hangs from the rafters with Daniel Alfredsson's number 11 and Chris Phillips’ number 4. At the time of his death, <mask> was the last surviving member of the Senators Stanley Cup-winning team from the 1926–27 season, the final season of the original Ottawa Senators (1919–1927) dynasty and one of only a handful of players still alive from the NHL Senators' days. He was also the oldest living NHL player and appeared at various NHL functions. Career statistics

Awards
1927 Stanley Cup Champion

1932 Stanley Cup Champion
 Played in NHL All-Star Game (1934). This was the NHL's first all-star game, held as a benefit for Toronto player Ace Bailey. The first official NHL All-Star Game was held in 1947.References

External links

 Legends Of Hockey page
 Sports Encyclopedia

1901 births
1991 deaths
Anglophone Quebec people
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Canadian people of Irish descent
Ice hockey people from Quebec
National Hockey League players with retired numbers
Ottawa Senators (1917) players
Ottawa Senators (original) players
People from Outaouais
St. Louis Eagles players
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs players

masks:
Francis Arthur Clarence Finnigan
Eddie Finnigan
Joan Finnigan
Frank Finnigan
Frank Jr
Finnigan
Finnigan
Finnigan
Finnigan
Finnigan
Frank Nighbor
Finnigan
Finnigan
Finnigan
Finnigan
Finnigan
Finnigan
Frank Ahearn
Finnigan
Finnigan
Finnigan
Finnigan
Finnigan
Frank Jr
Finnigan
Finnigan
Frank Jr
Finnigan
Frank Finnigan
Finnigan