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<mask>, 1st Viscount Norwich,  (22 February 1890 – 1 January 1954), known as <mask>, was a British Conservative Party politician, diplomat, military, and political historian. First elected to Parliament in 1924, he lost his seat in 1929 but returned to Parliament in the 1931 Westminster St George's by-election, which was seen as a referendum on Stanley Baldwin's leadership of the Conservative Party. He later served in the Cabinet as Secretary of State for War and First Lord of the Admiralty. In the intense political debates of the late 1930s over appeasement, he first put his trust in the League of Nations, and later realized that war with Germany was inevitable. He denounced the Munich agreement of 1938 as meaningless, cowardly, and unworkable, as he resigned from the cabinet. When Winston Churchill became prime minister in May 1940, he named <mask> as Minister of Information. From 1941, he served in numerous diplomatic roles.He also served an important role as representative to Charles de Gaulle's Free France (1943–44) and ambassador to France from 1944 to 1948. Background and education
<mask> (he was always known as "<mask>" rather than "Alfred") was born at Cavendish Square. He was the only son of fashionable society doctor Sir <mask> (1843–1908), a surgeon and specialist in the sexual problems of the upper classes, and Lady <mask>, daughter of <mask>, 5th Earl Fife. She had already eloped with two husbands, the first of whom she deserted and the second of whom died, before marrying <mask> in 1882. <mask> had three older sisters and one older half sister from his mother's first marriage. He had royal connections: his maternal uncle, the first Duke of Fife, was married to Louise, Princess Royal. <mask> enjoyed a typical gentleman's upbringing of country estates and London society.He attended two prep schools, including Wixenford School. He was unhappy at prep school, but was then very happy at Eton College. One of his maternal great-grandmothers was Lady Elizabeth FitzClarence, an illegitimate daughter of King William IV who fathered eight children with Dorothea Jordan. Oxford and early career
At New College Oxford (1908–11), his Eton friendship with John Neville Manners won him entry into a famous circle of young aristocrats and intellectuals known as the Coterie, including Patrick Shaw-Stewart, Raymond Asquith, Sir Denis Anson, Edward Horner and the celebrated Lady Diana Manners. He cultivated a reputation for eloquence and fast living and although he had established a reputation as a poet, he earned an even stronger reputation for gambling, womanizing, and drinking in his studied emulation of the life of the 18th and 19th century Whig statesman Charles James Fox. <mask>'s memory and gift for writing enabled him to do well at exams. He narrowly missed a first in Modern History.Following Oxford, <mask> entered the Foreign Service in October 1913, at the third attempt. During the war he worked in the commercial and the contraband departments. Owing to the national importance of his work at the cipher desk, he was exempted from military service until June 1917, when he joined the Grenadier Guards. He had not actively sought to join the Army but was happy to be "released" as a result of the manpower shortage, as he thought joining the Army the decent thing to do. To his surprise most of his fellow officer cadets were working class and lower-middle-class men, almost all of whom had already served in the ranks. He spent six months at the front in the Guards, where he proved himself to be both brave and a natural leader. He suffered a minor wound in the advance to the Albert Canal in August 1918, and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for conspicuous gallantry, a rare decoration for a junior officer.Almost all his closest friends, including Shaw-Stewart, Horner and Asquith were killed in the war, drawing him closer to Lady Diana Manners, an extremely popular social figure hailed for her beauty and eccentricities. Post-war and marriage
After demobilisation he returned to the Egypt Department, and was then Private Secretary to the Parliamentary Under-Secretary (i.e. assistant to the junior minister). He needed money to enter politics. He played a significant role in the Egyptian and Turkish crises in the early 1920s. On 2 June 1919, he married Lady Diana Manners, whose family were initially opposed to the match. Diana's mother in particular thought <mask> a promiscuous drinker and gambler, without title, position, or wealth.Diana was officially the daughter of the 8th Duke of Rutland, but was widely believed – including by herself – to be the natural daughter of Harry Cust, a Belvoir Castle neighbor, and MP. In 1923 Lady Diana played the Madonna in the Max Reinhardt play “The Miracle". The money enabled <mask> to resign from the Foreign Office in July 1924. Lady Diana tolerated <mask>'s numerous affairs. These included the Franco-American Singer sewing-machine heiress Daisy Fellowes, the socialite Gloria Guinness, the French novelist Louise Leveque de Vilmorin and the writer Susan Mary Alsop (then an American diplomat's wife, by whom he had an illegitimate son, William Patten Jr, who later fathered W. Samuel Patten). The polo player 'Boy' Capel's wife Diana and the Anglo-Irish socialite and fashion model Maxime de la Falaise were two more, although Lady Diana reportedly did not mind and loved him nonetheless, explaining to their son: "They were the flowers, but I was the tree". Political career 1924–39

1924–31: in and out of Parliament
Within weeks <mask> was selected for the winnable seat of Oldham, where he was elected at the General Election in October 1924, with a 13,000 majority over the sitting Labour member.He made a very successful maiden speech on Egypt, which was praised by H. A. L. Fisher who spoke next. The speech was also praised by several newspaper accounts. He was seen as a coming man within the party. <mask> was a stalwart supporter of Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin, and a friend of Chancellor of the Exchequer, Winston Churchill. In January 1928 he was appointed Financial Secretary to the War Office, not a job he would have chosen. The Secretary of State Sir Laming Worthington-Evans gave him a lot of responsibility. He very likely would have been promoted if the Conservatives had won the election in 1929, but they were defeated and <mask> lost his own seat.John Julius, his only legitimate child, was born in 1929. Out of Parliament, <mask> wrote a biography of the French statesman Talleyrand. He wrote slowly but seldom needed to revise his drafts. Philip Ziegler writes that "rarely can subject and author have been more satisfactorily matched" as both men were worldly and disliked cant. The book was eventually published in 1932 by his nephew Rupert Hart-Davis to critical praise and lasting success. 1931–1935: by-election and junior minister
The March 1931 by-election for the constituency of Westminster St George's (caused by the death of <mask>'s recent boss, Laming Worthington-Evans), saw Beaverbrook's Empire Free Trade Crusade party threatening the Conservative position at a time when satisfaction with Baldwin's leadership was at a low. When the original Conservative candidate stepped down, <mask> agreed to contest the election in what was regarded as a referendum on Baldwin's leadership.He won the seat with a majority of 5,710, thus returning to Parliament and serving until 1945. In August 1931, on the formation of the National Government, he was appointed Financial Secretary to the War Office under the elderly Lord Crewe, who left <mask> to do a great deal of the work. In June 1934 he was appointed Financial Secretary to the Treasury, a traditional stepping stone to the Cabinet. This brought him close to the Chancellor of the Exchequer Neville Chamberlain, who thought highly of him. He had been to Germany, and had seen and been appalled by a Nuremberg Rally. Chamberlain told him to tone down his criticisms of Hitler. <mask> urged rearmament, not then a fashionable view, and briefed Churchill, then on the backbenches, that Hitler was serious and wanted war.<mask> wrote the official biography of Field Marshal Haig, which appeared in 1935 and 1936. It was criticised for pro-Haig bias and what Ziegler calls "lack of consideration". 1935–1938: Cabinet and resignation

In November 1935, after the General Election, <mask> was promoted to the Cabinet as Secretary of State for War and appointed to the Privy Council. During the Abdication Crisis he was sympathetic to Edward VIII and to the possibility of a morganatic marriage, and in vain advised him to wait until after his coronation (due in 1937) before picking a fight with the government over his plans to marry Wallis Simpson. He felt out of kilter with the Conservative leadership and was surprised when the new Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain appointed him First Lord of the Admiralty in May 1937. Philip Ziegler writes that his tenure of office was "an unequivocal success". He enjoyed high living on board the Admiralty yacht HMS Enchantress, but fought Chamberlain and the Chancellor of the Exchequer Sir John Simon for more spending on the Royal Navy.Chamberlain saw him as indiscreet and as a firebrand. By the time of the Munich Agreement, <mask> was isolated in the Cabinet as the most public critic of Chamberlain's appeasement policy. On 3 October 1938, a few days after the Munich Agreement, he denounced it and resigned from the Cabinet. On doing so he said, "War with honour or peace with dishonour," he might have been persuaded to accept, "but war with dishonour – that was too much". Fellow

masks:
Alfred Duff Cooper
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James Duff
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 appeasement-critic and Conservative Party MP Vyvyan Adams described <mask>'s actions as "the first step in the road back to national sanity". As a backbencher, he joined the coterie around Anthony Eden (who had resigned as Foreign Secretary in February 1938), but made only muted criticisms of the Government. His main source of income was writing articles for the Evening Standard.He argued for an Anglo-French alliance. Second World War
By now German propaganda ranked <mask> with Churchill and Eden as Britain's most dangerous Conservative warmongers. Unlike the other two, <mask> was not offered a job on the outbreak of war in September 1939. He went on a lecture tour of the US, where he called for the democracies to stand firm against the dictatorships, and predicted that Churchill would become Prime Minister, which seemed an eccentric prediction at the time. From May 1940 he was Minister of Information under Churchill, but disliked the job. His son John Julius said that his father was "out of sympathy" with the job from the beginning because he was opposed to censorship. The press, led by the newspaper magnate Lord Beaverbrook and his Daily Express, portrayed <mask> as a spin doctor and as an enemy of a free press.His inquirers into the state of public morale were known as "<mask>’s snoopers". He authorised a strong denunciation of the author P. G. Wodehouse for making an ill-advised humorous broadcast from Berlin. He and Lady Diana sent their eleven-year-old son John Julius to the US in 1940, as they feared that <mask> being on Hitler's blacklist might lead to their son being killed or taken as a hostage in the event of a German invasion. This earned <mask> further criticism in the press and some hostile questioning from MPs in Parliament. John Julius returned two years later. In July 1941 he was appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, to his relief. He was sent to Singapore as Minister Resident, charged with reporting on the situation in the Far East and the state of British defenses.He had the authority to form a War Cabinet there, but both military and civil authorities were reluctant to cooperate with him. To his relief Archibald Wavell was appointed Supreme Commander ABDA. He was – unfairly in Philip Ziegler's view – blamed for the Fall of Singapore after his return to the UK. Eighteen months of underemployment followed. He chaired the Cabinet Committee on Security. He did a lot of writing and spent his weekends at Bognor where his wife had a smallholding. Ambassador to France
In December 1943 <mask> was appointed British Representative on the Free French Committee of National Liberation (FCLN).His remit included maintaining a working relationship between Churchill and de Gaulle, two men whom he found equally difficult. Paris was liberated in August 1944 and he moved there in September. On 18 November 1944 he formally presented his credentials as British Ambassador to France   He was to prove a very popular ambassador, with Lady Diana helping to make his term of office a great social success. Some contemporary eyebrows were raised at his willingness to entertain people with dubious records during the recent war, or his lack of interest at entertaining trade unionists. In the words of the British historian P. M. H. Bell, <mask> was such a "devoted Francophile" that during his time as ambassador to Paris he often tried the patience of the Foreign Office by going well beyond his instructions to maintain good relations with France by trying to create an Anglo-French alliance that would dominate post-war Europe. Despite being a Conservative, <mask> was not replaced as Ambassador when Labour won the 1945 election as Ernest Bevin, the new Foreign Secretary, valued an ambassador who was close friends with so many French politicians and even managed to have a friendship of sorts with the famously Anglophobic Charles de Gaulle. In January 1947, <mask>, acting without orders, began the process that led to the Treaty of Dunkirk when he suggested to the French Premier Leon Blum that there should an Anglo-French military alliance, an idea Blum took up thinking this was an offer from London.The Treaty, which fulfilled his long-held desire for an Anglo-French alliance, was signed on 4 March 1947.

<mask>'s term as ambassador ended at the end of 1947. He bequeathed a large part of his library to the British Embassy in Paris. To the dismay of his successor he remained in Paris, living at the Château Saint-Firmin in the Park of Chantilly. Family
<mask> was married to Lady Diana Manners from 1919 to his death. He was unfaithful to Diana throughout the marriage. <mask>'s only in-wedlock child, John Julius Norwich (1929–2018), whose godfather was Lord Beaverbrook, became well known as a writer and television host. His granddaughter <mask> has published several books, including A Durable Fire: The Letters of <mask> and <mask>, 1913–50.Another granddaughter is screenwriter Allegra Huston, the only child of Norwich and Enrica Soma Huston, estranged wife of the American film director John Huston. <mask>'s niece Enid Levita (daughter of his sister Stephanie), is the paternal grandmother of the Conservative Party leader David Cameron, who served as Prime Minister from 2010 to 2016. Retirement
<mask> was raised to the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) in 1948. He took on some company directorships, including that of the Wagons-Lits company, but essentially devoted the rest of his life to writing. During the war he had written a life of the Biblical King David, and in 1949 he published Sergeant Shakespeare, a book about Shakespeare's early life. The Cabinet Office tried in vain, on security grounds, to block publication of his only novel, Operation Heartbreak (1950), as it was based on the real Operation Mincemeat, a successful British deception operation of the Second World War to disguise the 1943 Allied invasion of Sicily. The book has recently been republished by Persephone Books.He was created Viscount Norwich of Aldwick in the County of Sussex, in 1952, in recognition of his political and literary career. The title was not popular with some of the local dignitaries. His wife refused to be called Lady Norwich, claiming that it sounded too much like "porridge" and promptly took out a newspaper advertisement declaring that she would retain her previous style of Lady <mask>. <mask>'s sixth and final book was his acclaimed memoirs, Old Men Forget, which appeared on 5 July 1953. The <mask> Cooper Diaries: 1915–1951, edited by his son John Julius Norwich, appeared posthumously in 2005. <mask> was intemperate in his drinking (and eating) habits throughout his adult life. As a result, in later life he developed cirrhosis of the liver, and oesophageal varices.This resulted in him suffering a fatal gastro-intestinal haemorrhage on 31 December 1953 when he was on board the French liner Colombie. The ship's doctor was unable to arrest the bleeding and he died suddenly, from hypovolaemic shock, on 1 January 1954 aged 63. The ship docked at the Spanish port of Vigo so his body could be flown back to England, where he was buried in the mausoleum of the Manners family at Belvoir Castle in the Vale of Belvoir, Leicestershire. His estate was valued for probate at £14,303 7s (). Legacy

After <mask>'s death, a British literary award, the Duff Cooper Prize, was established in his name. His biographer Philip Ziegler wrote that <mask> was "not totally successful in worldly terms but never dull". He was arrogant, self-indulgent and selfish, and devoted far too much time and energy to wine, women and gambling.However, he was "never mean or ignoble" and was "a proud patriot" who sometimes had "true nobility", although he was "too proud to court popularity" and too reserved to attract it readily. On 28 November 2021 <mask> was posthumously awarded with highest degree - Grand Cross - of the Order of the White Lion, the highest decoration of Czechoslovakia and Czech Republic for especially meritorious services to Czechoslovakia for his stand on and actions against the Munich Agreement. In popular culture
H. G. Wells, in The Shape of Things to Come which was published in 1934, predicted a Second World War in which Britain would not participate but would vainly try to effect a peaceful compromise. In this vision, <mask> was mentioned as one of several prominent Britons delivering "brilliant pacific speeches" which "echo throughout Europe" but fail to end the war; the other would-be peacemakers, in Wells' vision, included Leslie Hore Belisha, Ellen Wilkinson and Randolph Churchill. Arms

Ancestry

References

Bibliography

External links

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1890 births
1954 deaths
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to France
British Army personnel of World War I
British Secretaries of State
British people of World War II
Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster
Norwich, <mask>, 1st Viscount
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Norwich, <mask>, 1st Viscount
First Lords of the Admiralty
Grenadier Guards officers
Norwich, <mask>, 1st Viscount
Norwich, <mask>, 1st Viscount
Ministers in the Chamberlain peacetime government, 1937–1939
Ministers in the Churchill wartime government, 1940–1945
People educated at Eton College
People educated at Wixenford School
Politicians awarded knighthoods
Politics of the Metropolitan Borough of Oldham
UK MPs 1924–1929
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
UK MPs who were granted peerages
Norwich, Duff Cooper, 1st Viscount
Peers created by Elizabeth II
Recipients of the Order of the White Lion
Military personnel from

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<mask> (born August 25, 1979) is a retired American mixed martial artist. A professional from 2007 until 2015, he competed in 22 bouts with both the UFC and WEC. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
<mask> began training MMA when he joined the wrestling team at his high school in suburban Sacramento. His vice principal, who was also the wrestling coach, told <mask> that if he joined the team, he would not call his mother after seeing <mask> constantly in trouble. <mask> claims he was scared his first day at practice, "I got the [expletive] kicked out of me that day, but after that, I wasn't nervous at wrestling practice ever." After leaving private school, <mask> graduated from Laguna Creek High School (Elk Grove, CA) and attended Menlo College; becoming an NAIA All American in 2004. His nickname "Last Call" was given to him in college due to his ability perform very decently in his team's offseason morning runs albeit having been consuming massive amounts of alcohol until the last call.He made his professional debut in November 2007, fighting twice in the month, winning both fights via first round submission. After going 3-0, <mask> signed to fight on the Palace Fighting Championship's seventh card. He fought Andy Salazar winning via submission due to his tough ground and pound. He won his fifth straight fight after defeating Strikeforce veteran, Isaiah Hill. With the win, <mask> was signed with the WEC. World Extreme Cagefighting
<mask> made his debut against Donald Cerrone at WEC 34, replacing an injured Rich Crunkilton. Cerrone defeated <mask> via first round armbar submission.<mask> then fought Rafael Dias at WEC 36, winning via TKO in the second round. Four months later <mask> fought Phil Cardella at WEC 39. <mask> won the fight via split decision. <mask> then defeated Ricardo Lamas, winning his third straight WEC fight. <mask> was defeated by Shane Roller via third round submission at WEC 44. <mask> looked to rebound from his loss to Roller when he fought Anthony Pettis at WEC 47, but lost via KO after getting caught flush with a head kick. <mask> defeated WEC newcomer Dustin Poirier via unanimous decision on August 18, 2010 at WEC 50.<mask> next faced Will Kerr on December 16, 2010 at WEC 53. He won the fight via KO in the first round. In 2016 <mask> defeated Curtis Brown by rear naked choke in Cancun, Mexico at the ME resort. Ultimate Fighting Championship
In October 2010, World Extreme Cagefighting merged with the Ultimate Fighting Championship. As part of the merger, all WEC fighters were transferred to the UFC. On December 31, 2010, <mask> officially became a contracted UFC fighter, signing a four-fight deal with the promotion. In his UFC debut, <mask> fought Joe Stevenson on March 3, 2011 at UFC Live: Sanchez vs. Kampmann.<mask> controlled the entirety of the fight and won via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Jacob Volkmann on August 14, 2011 at UFC on Versus 5. He lost the fight via unanimous decision (29-28, 29-28, 29-28). <mask> faced Shamar Bailey on November 19, 2011 at UFC 139. Bailey came in 3 pounds over, which resulted being fined 20 percent of his earnings, and the bout took place at a catchweight of 158 lb. <mask> won the fight via TKO in the first round. <mask> faced Anthony Njokuani on December 30, 2011 at UFC 141 on five weeks notice, replacing an injured Ramsey Nijem.Throughout the fight <mask> scored several suplex takedowns and looked to smother his opponent on the ground. He won the fight via split decision. <mask> faced John Cholish on May 5, 2012 at UFC on Fox 3. He defeated Cholish via unanimous decision (30-27, 30-27, 30-27). <mask> was expected to face Michael Johnson on September 1, 2012 at UFC 151. However, after UFC 151 was cancelled, <mask> was rescheduled and took place on October 5, 2012 at UFC on FX 5. After a dominant first round put in by <mask>, where he nearly finished Johnson via strikes and then with a submission attempt, he was knocked out cold with a counter left at 1:06 of the second round.<mask> faced Paul Sass on February 16, 2013 at UFC on Fuel TV: Barão vs. McDonald. <mask> used a superior top game and ground and pound en route to a unanimous decision victory. <mask> was expected to face Bobby Green on July 27, 2013 at UFC on Fox 8. However, in mid-July, Green pulled out of the bout citing an injury and was replaced by Tim Means. He won the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Edson Barboza on December 14, 2013 at UFC on Fox 9. After a dominant first round by <mask>, Barboza was able to rally over rounds two and three, and defeated <mask> via majority decision in a bout that earned both participants Fight of the Night honors.<mask> was briefly linked to a bout with Isaac Vallie-Flagg on April 26, 2014 at UFC 172. However, the UFC removed Vallie-Flagg from the bout in favor of a match up with Takanori Gomi, while <mask> instead fought against Charlie Brenneman. <mask> won the fight via knockout in the second round. <mask> was expected to face Tony Ferguson on August 2, 2014 at UFC 176. However, after UFC 176 was cancelled, <mask> was rescheduled and took place on August 30, 2014 at UFC 177. <mask> lost the back and forth fight via split decision. <mask> was expected to face Rustam Khabilov on January 3, 2015 at UFC 182.However, Khabilov pulled out of the bout due to alleged visa issues and was replaced by Paul Felder. <mask> lost the bout via knockout due to a spinning backfist in the second round. A rescheduled bout with Rustam Khabilov was expected to take place on July 25, 2015 at UFC on Fox 16. However, for a second time, Khabilov was removed from the pairing due to alleged visa issues. <mask> faced Jim Miller at the event. He lost the fight by split decision. <mask> faced Nik Lentz on December 19, 2015 at UFC on Fox 17.He lost the fight by split decision. On January 29, 2016, <mask> was released from the UFC. Championships and accomplishments
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Fight of the Night (One time)

Mixed martial arts record

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|Nik Lentz
|Decision (split)
|UFC on Fox: dos Anjos vs.

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<mask> (; born October 22, 1959) is an American composer and lyricist for films, television, and theatre, best known for his collaborations with lyricist and director Scott Wittman. He wrote the music and co-wrote the lyrics for the Broadway musical version of the John Waters film Hairspray. He has won a Grammy, an Emmy, and a Tony, and been nominated for seven Oscars. Personal life
<mask> was born to a Jewish family in Newark, New Jersey, the son of Claire (née Goldfein) and <mask>. He grew up in Scotch Plains, New Jersey and attended Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School, but got his GED and left school at age 16 to start working in New York's theaters. He lives in both Manhattan and upstate New York. He is openly gay.Shaiman married Lieutenant Commander Louis Mirabal on March 26, 2016. Career
Shaiman started his career as a theatre/cabaret musical director. He started working at Saturday Night Live as an arranger/writer and also became vocal arranger for Bette Midler, eventually becoming her musical director and co-producer of many of her recordings, including "The Wind Beneath My Wings" and "From a Distance." He helped create the material for her performance on the penultimate The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. His work with both Bette Midler and Billy Crystal led to his involvement on their films. His film credits include Broadcast News, Beaches, When Harry Met Sally..., City Slickers, The Addams Family, Sister Act, Sleepless in Seattle, A Few Good Men, The American President, The First Wives Club, George of the Jungle, In & Out, Patch Adams, South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut, Team America: World Police, Hairspray, Flipped, Mary Poppins Returns and HBO's From the Earth to the Moon and 61*. He frequently works on films by Billy Crystal and Rob Reiner.He also appeared in many of these films. <mask> has earned seven Academy Award nominations, a Tony Award and a Grammy Award for his work on the musical Hairspray, and an Emmy Award for co-writing Billy Crystal's Academy Award performances. He has also been Grammy-nominated for his arrangements for Harry Connick Jr.'s recordings When Harry Met Sally... and We Are in Love as well as Hairspray and Smash and Emmy-nominated for his work on Saturday Night Live and Smash. In 2002, he was honored with the "Outstanding Achievement in Music-In-Film" award at The Hollywood Film Festival, and in 2007 he was honored with ASCAP's Henry Mancini Award in recognition of his outstanding achievements and contributions to the music of film and television. He is the first recipient of the Film & TV Music Award for Best Score for a Comedy Feature Film. On Saturday Night Live, <mask> portrayed Skip St. Thomas, the accompanying pianist for The Sweeney Sisters, a singing duo played by Nora Dunn and Jan Hooks, which earned him an Emmy nomination. He began his professional relationships with Billy Crystal and Martin Short during his tenure at Saturday Night Live.He wrote and sang the song "Yes" for his agent's film Finding Kraftland. He co-wrote (with partner Scott Wittman) songs for Neil Patrick Harris when Harris hosted the 63rd Tony Awards (2009) and the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards (2009), and was Emmy-nominated for musical directing and co-writing the 82nd Academy Awards (2010). Shaiman co-produced and co-wrote cuts on Mariah Carey's 2010 Christmas album Merry Christmas II You. <mask> & Wittman wrote original songs for the musical-based television show for NBC, Smash, and served as executive producers. For their song "Let Me Be Your Star," Shaiman and co-lyricist Wittman were nominated for both an Emmy Award and a Grammy Award, and as executive producers they were nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series - Comedy or Musical. Shaiman co-wrote Billy Crystal's farewell to Jay Leno which featured Carol Burnett and Oprah Winfrey among others. He collaborated on the final performances for Johnny Carson's Tonight Show (with Bette Midler), Conan O'Brien's Late Night (with Nathan Lane), both of Jay Leno's final Tonight Show broadcasts, and Nathan Lane's farewell to David Letterman called "Dead Inside."Shaiman & Wittman were honored on April 28, 2014, by The New York Pops Orchestra at Carnegie Hall. Shaiman produced Bette Midler's CD It's the Girls, which had the highest debut of Midler's recording career on the Billboard Album charts. Shaiman appeared on The Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary Special, having co-created Martin Short and Maya Rudolph's salute to musical sketch characters. Jennifer Hudson sang <mask> & Wittman's Smash song "I Can't Let Go" at the 87th Academy Awards, which they revised to fit the In Memoriam section. Shaiman & Wittman's latest Broadway musical Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ran on Broadway at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre, after finishing a four-year run on London's West End at The Royal Drury Lane Theater. Shaiman was Tony-nominated for his orchestrations for their previous Broadway musical Catch Me If You Can. In 2021, Shaiman & Wittman wrote a song titled "Save the City" for the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) in-universe Broadway production titled Rogers: The Musical featured in the first episode of Hawkeye, "Never Meet Your Heroes".It was released as a single on November 24, the day the episode became available on Disney+. Shaiman & Wittman are currently writing a new musical version of Some Like It Hot, coming to Broadway in 2022 with a book by Amber Ruffin and Matthew Lopez. Activism
In 2008, a controversy erupted nationwide when California Musical Theatre's then artistic director Scott Eckern resigned over the revelation of his personal donation of $1000 to a political campaign to support California Proposition 8, which was an amendment to change the California Constitution to eliminate the right of same-sex couples to marry in California. After the amendment was passed, donor information became public. <mask> and other Broadway artists who had previously worked with the director became critical and called for a boycott of the theatre by all gay artists and performers, ending in the director's resignation days later. To protest the passage of California Proposition 8 in November 2008, Shaiman wrote a satiric mini-musical called Prop 8 — The Musical. The 3-minute video was distributed on the internet at FunnyOrDie.com, beginning on December 3, 2008.It was written and produced in just a few days. The cast includes Jack Black (who plays Jesus), Neil Patrick Harris, John C. Reilly, Allison Janney, Andy Richter, Maya Rudolph, Margaret Cho, and Rashida Jones. <mask> plays the piano and appears briefly in the video. It received 1.2 million internet hits in its first day. Filmography

Films

Television

Theatre

Broadway
Peter Allen: Up in One (1979)
Bette! Divine Madness (1980)
André De Shields' Haarlem Nocturne (1984)
Leader of the Pack (1985)
An Evening with Harry Connick Jr. and Orchestra (1990)
Patti LuPone on Broadway (1995)
Hairspray  †# (2002)
The Odd Couple (2005)
Martin Short: Fame Becomes Me (2006)
Catch Me If You Can † (2009)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2017)
†  = Tony nominee†# = Tony winner

West End
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2013)

Off-Broadway
Dementos - The Production Company
Livin' Dolls - Manhattan Theatre Club
Legends -  Ahmanson Theatre
The Sound of Muzak - Club 82
Trilogy of Terror - Club 57
Non Pasquale - Delacorte Theatre

Internet
Prop 8 - The Musical (2008) (composer, lyricist, pianist) - 2009 "Webby" winner for Best Comedy: Short or Individual Episode
Soundtrack of Our Lives: A Celebration for the Film and TV Music Community ("The End Titles" song) † (2020)
† = Emmy nominee

Discography

Mariah Carey
Merry Christmas II You

Bette Midler
Thighs and Whispers
Mud Will Be Flung Tonight
Some People's Lives
Experience the Divine
Bette
Bathhouse Betty
It's the Girls! Harry Connick, Jr.
We Are in Love †
† = Grammy nominee

Peter Allen
Making Every Moment Count

Original Broadway cast recordings
Hairspray †#
Martin Short: Fame Becomes Me
 Catch Me If You Can
 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory the Musical (West End musical)
 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory the Musical (Broadway musical)
† = Grammy nominee†# = Grammy winner

Soundtracks
The Addams Family
The Addams Family Values
Beaches
When Harry Met Sally... †
 ‘’Heart and Souls’’
For the Boys
City Slickers
A Few Good Men
Sister Act
Sleepless in Seattle
North
The American President
The Out-of-Towners
South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut
Mr. Hankey's Christmas Classics
The Story of Us
Alex & Emma
Rumor Has It…
Hairspray  †
The Bucket List
Smash Season One †
Smash Season Two †
Bombshell
Hairspray Live!

masks:
Marc Shaiman
Shaiman
William Robert Shaiman
Shaiman
Shaiman
Shaiman
Shaiman
Shaiman
Shaiman


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Vice-Admiral <mask>  (29 May 1874 – 27 May 1949) was a British Royal Navy officer. Biography
<mask> was born in New Zealand and educated there at Christ's College. In 1888 he joined the Royal Navy, being promoted to Lieutenant in 1896. He served in the South African war from 1899 to 1900 and the Ogaden Somali expedition from 1900-1901. In March 1902 he was appointed to serve at the Aboukir, deployed at the Mediterranean station. He was promoted to the rank of Commander in 1906, and was navigating commander of the Royal Yacht Victoria and Albert between 1911 and 1914. He became captain in 1913 and at the Naval Review of July 1914 served as master of the fleet.Battle of Jutland account
He came to the attention of the public in the aftermath of the Battle of Jutland; after World War I was over, the Admiralty decided to commission an official account of the battle, and <mask> was chosen to do this. The Harper Record was commissioned by First Sea Lord Rosslyn Wemyss and was completed during his term of office in 1919. <mask>, who was Director of Navigation, was to 'prepare a record, with plans, showing in chronological order what actually occurred in the battle'. The account was to be based solely on the written records available at the Admiralty, without commentary on the merits of what had taken place. An official report had by now been long expected by the public; questions had been asked in Parliament about when it would be completed. The First Lord, Walter Long advised the House of Commons of the United Kingdom on 29 October 1919 that the record would be printed once it was ready. It was not finally published until 1927, the matter being raised in the House 22 times during that time.Wemyss was replaced as First Sea Lord by David Beatty, who had commanded the detached battle cruiser Fleet at Jutland. Beatty shortly sought to make alterations to the record, initially by ordering that despatches made by himself, Scheer (the German commander) and <mask> (commanding the main British Fleet) be added, together with a list of all signals made during the battle. He also requested removal of a passage discussing the part of the battle which most concerned the battle cruisers, and other alterations which <mask> conceded to be minor. Beatty's reason was that the logs kept during battle had been inaccurate and consequently charts drawn up from them did not accord with the recollections of officers who had been present. In particular, Beatty objected to the record showing his own ship performing a complete circular turn, and insisted instead that it had manoeuvered through two 180 degree turns in an 's' shape. Beatty went so far as to produce a chart showing the turn as he described, signed by him and dated 1916. Inspection of the chart showed the signature to be similar to the form he customarily used in 1920, rather than the different form he used in 1916, while  other testimony supported the claim that the ship had indeed turned a full circle.<mask> was unwilling to put his name to a document he could not agree with, unless ordered in writing to do so. The Admiralty intended to publish much of the original source material, which would be available to others to judge the accuracy of his work. <mask> requested confirmation from Chatfield of the instructions to alter the record and received orders from Beatty to include them, 'in accordance with Board decision'. However, <mask> records that First Lord Walter Long asked him what was causing delay in publication, and was then unaware that Beatty had ordered changes. Shortly afterward Beatty withdrew his objections and a final version was agreed for publication on 14 May 1920, though still containing alterations from the original. Beatty continued objections, now addressing his requests for changes to Lord Long, and a preface was added as well as some more changes to the text. Jellicoe was invited to view the original version and the altered form, and produced his own objections to some of the alterations, going so far as to say he would not be able to take up his forthcoming appointment as Governor of New Zealand unless the matter could be settled satisfactorily.He objected that the preface gave the impression that the main battle fleet under his command  had arrived late and had little effect upon the battle. Negotiations continued, with <mask> gaining the impression that Beatty's intent was simply to delay publication indefinitely. A final decision not to publish was taken by Long on the grounds that an official account of the whole naval war was anyway to be published by Sir Julian Corbett. Corbett had been given a copy of the '<mask> record' to assist him in his task. <mask> was director of navigation at the admiralty from 1919 to 1921 and member of the Anglo-American Arbitration board from 1921 to 1922. The minutes of a Board of Admiralty meeting in March 1923, chaired by Beatty, noted that he should only be retained in the service if he received a favourable report from his commander in chief. He was naval aide de camp to King George V from 1923 to 1924, becoming Rear-Admiral in August 1924.In 1926 he was advised that he would probably be appointed commander of a dockyard, but the newly appointed Controller of the Navy, Chatfield, decided against the appointment. He was placed on the retired list in February 1927, though promoted to Vice Admiral in retirement in 1929. From 1934 to 1946 he was nautical assessor to the House of Lords

After his retirement, <mask> published another account of the battle, The truth about Jutland, in his own name. In this he commented about the battlecruiser engagement commanded by Beatty "it is an indisputable fact that, in the first phase of this battle, a British squadron, greatly superior in numbers and gun-power, not only failed to defeat a weaker enemy who made no effort to avoid action, but, in the space of 50 minutes suffered what can only be described as a partial defeat." <mask> died 27 May 1949 and the funeral took place at All Saint's church, Hawkhurst, Kent. His son, also <mask>, also became a commander in the Royal Navy. Filmography

Film

References
 Janus biography and index to collected papers

Publications
 "The Truth About Jutland" (1927)
 "The Riddle of Jutland" (1934) (with Langhorne Gibson)
 "The Royal Navy at War" (1941)

External links

 The Papers of Vice-Admiral <mask> held at Churchill Archives Centre

1874 births
1949 deaths
People educated at Christ's College, Christchurch
Royal Navy admirals
Royal Navy officers of World War I
Royal Navy personnel of the Second Boer War
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Members of the Royal Victorian Order
New Zealand emigrants to the United Kingdom

masks:
John Ernest Troyte Harper
Harper
Harper
Harper
John Jellicoe
Harper
Harper
Harper
Harper
Harper
Harper
Harper
Harper
Harper
John Harper
John Harper


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<mask> (; born July 22, 1946) is an American screenwriter, film director, and film critic. He wrote or co-wrote screenplays for four Martin Scorsese films: Taxi Driver (1976), Raging Bull (1980), The Last Temptation of Christ (1988), and Bringing Out the Dead (1999). Schrader has directed 19 feature films, including his directing debut, the crime drama Blue Collar (co-written with his brother, <mask>), the crime drama Hardcore (a loosely autobiographical film also written by Schrader), the horror remake Cat People (1982), the crime drama American Gigolo (1980), the biographical drama Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters (1985), the true life biopic Patty Hearst (1988), the cult film Light Sleeper (1992), the drama Affliction (1997), the biographical film Auto Focus (2002), the erotic dramatic thriller The Canyons (2013), the dramatic thriller First Reformed (2017), which earned him his first Academy Award nomination, and  the crime drama The Card Counter (2021). Upbringing and critical writing
<mask> was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan, the son of Joan (née Fisher) and Charles A<mask>, an executive. <mask>'s family attended the Calvinist Christian Reformed Church. <mask>'s mother was of Dutch descent, the daughter of emigrants from Friesland, while Schrader's paternal grandfather was from a German family that had come to the U.S. through Canada. His early life was based upon the religion's strict principles and parental education.He did not see a film until he was seventeen years old, when he was able to sneak away from home. In an interview he stated that The Absent-Minded Professor was the first film he saw. In his own words, he was "very unimpressed" by it, while Wild in the Country, which he saw some time later, had quite some effect on him. Schrader attributes his intellectual rather than emotional approach towards movies and movie-making to his having no adolescent movie memories. Schrader earned his B.A. in philosophy with a minor in theology from Calvin College. He then earned an M.A.in film studies at the UCLA Film School upon the recommendation of <mask>. With Kael as his mentor, he became a film critic, writing for the Los Angeles Free Press and later for Cinema magazine. His book Transcendental Style in Film: Ozu, Bresson, Dreyer, which examines the similarities between Robert Bresson, Yasujirō Ozu, and Carl Theodor Dreyer, was published in 1972. The endings of his films American Gigolo, Light Sleeper, and The Card Counter bear obvious resemblance to that of Bresson's 1959 film Pickpocket. His essay Notes on Film Noir from the same year has become a much-cited source in literature on film. The September–October 2006 issue of Film Comment magazine published his essay Canon Fodder, which attempted to establish criteria for judging film masterworks. Other film-makers who made a lasting impression on Schrader are John Ford, Jean Renoir, Roberto Rossellini, Alfred Hitchcock, and Sam Peckinpah.Renoir's The Rules of the Game he called the "quintessential movie" which represents "all of the cinema". <mask> continues to share his impressions of contemporary films and filmmakers on Facebook, in addition to commentary on current events. His posts are notoriously provocative, at times causing public relations issues for his own films. Film career
In 1974, <mask> and his brother Leonard co-wrote The Yakuza, a film set in the Japanese crime world. The script became the subject of a bidding war, eventually selling for $325,000. The film was directed by Sydney Pollack and starred Robert Mitchum. Robert Towne, best known for Chinatown, also received a credit for his rewrite.Although The Yakuza failed commercially, it brought <mask> to the attention of the new generation of Hollywood directors. In 1975, he wrote the script for Obsession for Brian De Palma. <mask> wrote an early draft of Steven Spielberg's Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977), but Spielberg disliked the script, calling it "terribly guilt-ridden," and opted for something lighter. He also wrote an early draft of Rolling Thunder (1977), which the film's producers had reworked without his participation. He disapproved of the final film. <mask>'s script about an obsessed New York City taxi driver became Martin Scorsese's film Taxi Driver, which was nominated for the Oscar for Best Picture and won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. Besides Taxi Driver (1976), Scorsese also drew on scripts by Schrader for the boxing tale Raging Bull (1980), co-written with Mardik Martin, The Last Temptation of Christ (1988), and Bringing Out the Dead (1999).Thanks partly to critical acclaim for Taxi Driver, <mask> was able to direct his first feature, Blue Collar (1978), co-written with his brother Leonard. Blue Collar features Richard Pryor, Harvey Keitel, and Yaphet Kotto as car factory workers attempting to escape their socio-economic rut through theft and blackmail. He has described the film as difficult to make, because of the artistic and personal tensions between him and the cast. During principal photography he suffered an on-set mental collapse which led him to seriously reconsider his career. John Milius acted as executive producer on the following year's Hardcore, again written by Schrader, a film with many autobiographical parallels in his depiction of the Calvinist milieu of Grand Rapids, and in the character of George C. Scott, which was based on Schrader's father. Among <mask>'s films in the 1980s were American Gigolo starring Richard Gere (1980), his Cat People (1982) a remake of the 1942 film Cat People, and Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters (1985). Inspired by Japanese writer Yukio Mishima, the film interweaves episodes from Mishima's life with dramatizations of segments from his books.Mishima was nominated for the top prize (the Palme d'Or) at the Cannes Film Festival. Francis Ford Coppola and George Lucas served as executive producers. <mask> also directed Patty Hearst (1988), about the kidnapping and transformation of the Hearst Corporation heiress. In 1987, he was a member of the jury at the 37th Berlin International Film Festival. His 1990s work included the travelers-in-Venice tale The Comfort of Strangers (1990), adapted by Harold Pinter from the Ian McEwan novel, and Light Sleeper (1992), a sympathetic study of a drug dealer vying for a normal life. In 2005 Schrader described Light Sleeper as his "most personal" film. In 1997 he made Touch (1997), based on an Elmore Leonard novel about a young man seemingly able to cure the sick by the laying on of hands.In 1998, <mask> won critical acclaim for the drama Affliction. The film tells the story of a troubled small town policeman (Nick Nolte) who becomes obsessed with solving the mystery behind a fatal hunting accident. <mask>'s script was based on the novel by Russell Banks. The film was nominated for multiple awards including two Academy Awards for acting (for Nolte and James Coburn). The same year, <mask> received the Austin Film Festival's Distinguished Screenwriter Award. In 1999, <mask> received the Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement from the Writers Guild of America. In 2002, he directed the acclaimed biopic Auto Focus, based on the life and murder of Hogan's Heroes actor Bob Crane.In 2003, <mask> made entertainment headlines after being fired from The Exorcist: Dominion, a prequel film to the horror classic The Exorcist from 1973. The film's production companies Morgan Creek Productions and Warner Bros. Pictures greatly disliked the film <mask> had made. Director Renny Harlin was hired to then re-shoot nearly the entire film, which was released as Exorcist: The Beginning on August 20, 2004 to disastrously negative reviews and embarrassing box office receipts. Warner Bros. and Morgan Creek put over $80 million into the endeavor and Harlin's film only made back $41 million domestically. <mask>'s version of the film eventually premiered at the Brussels International Festival of Fantastic Film on March 18, 2005 as Exorcist: The Original Prequel. Due to extreme interest in Schrader's version from critics and cinephiles alike, Warner Bros. agreed to give the film a limited theatrical release later that year under the title Dominion: Prequel to the Exorcist. The film was only shown on 110 screens around the United States and made just $251,000.The critics liked <mask>'s version much better than Harlin's. However, <mask>'s film ultimately met with a generally negative reaction. After that, Schrader filmed The Walker (2007), starring Woody Harrelson as a male escort caught up in a political murder enquiry, and the Israeli-set Adam Resurrected (2008), which stars Jeff Goldblum and Willem Dafoe. <mask> headed the International Jury of the 2007 Berlin International Film Festival, and in 2011 became a jury member for the ongoing Filmaka short film contest. On July 2, 2009, <mask> was awarded the inaugural Lifetime Achievement in Screenwriting award at the ScreenLit Festival in Nottingham, England. Several of his films were shown at the festival, including Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters, which followed the presentation of the award by director Shane Meadows. After five years of trying and failing to find funding to make feature films, Schrader returned with The Canyons (2013) an erotic dramatic thriller written by Bret Easton Ellis and starring Lindsay Lohan and adult-film star James Deen.The film gained notability as it was one of the first films to use the website Kickstarter to crowd-source its funding. <mask> also used the website Let It Cast to have unknown actors submit their audition tapes over the internet. American Apparel stepped in to provide some wardrobe for the film. The film gained media coverage due to Lohan's notorious on-set behavior, as well as the film's unusual production route. The film was ultimately made for just $250,000 and had a limited theatrical release from IFC Films on August 2, 2013. The film was poorly received by general critics and audiences. The film only made $56,000 in theaters but found later success when released on various Video on Demand platforms.In 2014, Schrader directed The Dying of the Light, an espionage thriller starring Nicolas Cage as a government agent suffering from a deadly disease, Anton Yelchin and Irène Jacob. In post-production <mask> was denied final cut by the film's producers. The film was negatively received by many film critics and was a box-office bomb. Schrader later recut Dying of the Light into the separate, more experimental work Dark, which received more positive reviews. <mask>'s dramatic thriller First Reformed, starring Ethan Hawke, premiered at the 2017 Venice Film Festival and received critical acclaim. <mask> received his first Academy Award nomination for the film in the category Best Original Screenplay. In 2021, <mask> directed the crime drama film The Card Counter, starring Oscar Isaac and Tiffany Haddish.The film also premiered at the 2021 Venice Film Festival and was widely lauded by critics. Theatre career
<mask> has written two stage plays, Berlinale and Cleopatra Club. The latter saw its premiere at the Powerhouse Theater in Poughkeepsie, New York, in 1995 and its foreign language debut in Vienna in 2011. Themes
A recurring theme in <mask>'s films is the protagonist on a self-destructive path, or undertaking actions which work against himself, deliberately or subconsciously. The finale often bears an element of redemption, preceded by a painful sacrifice or cathartic act of violence. <mask> has repeatedly referred to Taxi Driver, American Gigolo, Light Sleeper, The Canyons and The Walker as "a man in a room" stories. The protagonist in each film changes from an angry, then narcissistic, later anxious character, to a person who hides behind a mask of superficiality.Although many of his films or scripts are based on real-life biographies (Raging Bull, Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters, Patty Hearst, Auto Focus), Schrader confessed having problems with biographical films due to their altering of actual events, which he tried to prevent by imposing structures and stylization. Personal life
Schrader battled a severe cocaine addiction that ruined his first marriage to art director Jeannine Oppewall. He then moved from Los Angeles to Japan in hopes of getting his life on track, finally quitting drugs around 1990. His second marriage is to actress Mary Beth Hurt, who has appeared in smaller roles in a variety of his films. In 2012, Schrader participated in the Sight & Sound film polls of that year. Held every ten years to select the greatest films of all time, contemporary directors were asked to select ten films of their choice. Schrader gave the following ten in alphabetical order.Citizen Kane (1941)
 The Conformist (1970)
 In the Mood for Love (2000)
 The Lady Eve (1941)
 Orpheus (1950)
 Pickpocket (1959)
 The Rules of the Game (1939)
 Tokyo Story (1953)
 Vertigo (1958)
 The Wild Bunch (1969)

<mask> was raised as a Calvinist but became an Episcopalian after the birth of his children. His films frequently feature religious themes. Notes on Film Noir, Film Comment, Vol. 8, No. 1, Spring 1972. External links

 Interview with <mask> from 1998 on 'Bringing Out the Dead' and his writing techniques by Mikael Colville-Andersen. 1946 births
American film critics
American male non-fiction writers
American male screenwriters
American people of Dutch descent
American people of German descent
AFI Conservatory alumni
Calvin University alumni
Christians from Michigan
English-language film directors
Film directors from Michigan
German-language film directors
Living people
Screenwriters from Michigan
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
Writers from Grand Rapids, Michigan

masks:
Paul Joseph Schrader
Leonard Schrader
Schrader
. Schrader
Schrader
Schrader
Pauline Kael
Schrader
Schrader
Schrader
Schrader
Schrader
Schrader
Paul Schrader
Schrader
Schrader
Schrader
Schrader
Schrader
Schrader
Schrader
Schrader
Schrader
Schrader
Schrader
Schrader
Schrader
Schrader
Schrader
Schrader
Schrader
Schrader
Schrader
Schrader
Religion Schrader
Schrader


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 30 January 1974; known as <mask> for work) is a British screenwriter, television, film and documentary producer and the founder of Instinct Productions, a television production company. She was formerly a journalist and associate editor of The New Statesman, a British political and cultural magazine, and served as the European editor-at-large for the American magazine Vanity Fair. Early life and education
Born at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital in London, England, <mask> is the eldest child of Lady Annabel Vane-Tempest-Stewart and financier Sir <mask> (1933–1997). Her mother, from an aristocratic Anglo−Irish family, is the daughter of the 8th Marquess of Londonderry. <mask>'s father was the son of a luxury hotel tycoon and former Conservative Member of Parliament (MP), Major <mask>, who was a member of the <mask> family of German−Jewish descent. Her paternal grandmother was French. <mask>'s parents were married to different partners at the time of her birth, but they married each other in 1978 in order to legitimize their children.She has two younger brothers, Zac <mask> and <mask>, and five paternal and three maternal half-siblings, including Robin Birley and India Jane Birley. <mask> grew up at Ormeley Lodge and attended the Old Vicarage preparatory school, then Francis Holland Girls School. From age 10 to 17, she was an equestrian in London. In 1993, <mask> enrolled at the University of Bristol and studied English, but she dropped out when she married Imran Khan in 1995. She eventually completed her bachelor's degree in March 2002 with upper second-class honours. She later studied at the School of Oriental and African Studies and was awarded a master of arts degree in Middle Eastern Studies, focusing on Modern Trends in Islam. from University of London in 2003.Film, television and theatre
In 2015, <mask> Khan founded Instinct Productions, a London-based content company specializing in television, documentaries and film with former Princess Productions managing director, Henrietta Conrad. Through Instinct Productions, Khan was the executive producer for the Emmy-nominated six-part documentary series The Clinton Affair, alongside Alex Gibney and Emmy-winning director Blair Foster, for the A&E Network. She was the executive producer of Emmy-nominated The Case Against Adnan Syed, a TV documentary series for Sky Atlantic and HBO about the Adnan Syed case, which inspired the popular 'Serial' podcast which Academy Award nominee Amy Berg ("Deliver Us from Evil") directed. She was a producer on the Golden Globes nominated Impeachment, Ryan Patrick Murphy's FX American Crime Story Season Three, a 10 part drama series about the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal. Khan wrote and produced What's Love Got to Do With It?, a cross-cultural romantic comedy for Working Title Films and Studio Canal, starring Lily James and Emma Thompson due to air in 2022. Previously, she was the executive producer for the BAFTA nominated documentary film We Steal Secrets: The Story of WikiLeaks by Alex Gibney, released in 2013. She was also the co-executive producer for the documentary films Unmanned: America's Drone Wars (released in 2013) and Making A Killing: Guns, Greed and the NRA (released in 2016), both directed by Robert Greenwald.She co-produced the play Drones, Baby, Drones at the Arcola Theatre, directed by Nicolas Kent and Mehmet Ergen, that premiered in November 2016.Khan is also the executive producer of a TV drama series about the Rothschild banking dynasty written by Julian Fellowes. She was also a contributor to the fifth season of the historical drama series The Crown, which would depict the final years of Diana, Princess of Wales; however, she asked for her contributions to be removed as she felt the "storyline would not necessarily be told as respectfully or compassionately" as she had hoped. Journalism career
Although <mask> had written articles when she lived in Pakistan, she started contributing op-eds to the United Kingdom's newspapers and magazines including The Independent, The Sunday Times, The Evening Standard and The Observer. In 2008, she was granted an exclusive interview with Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf on the eve of the elections for The Independent. She was a Sunday Telegraph columnist from 21 October 2007 to 27 January 2008. She was a feature writer and a contributing editor for British Vogue from 2008 to 2011. In 2011, she was appointed Vanity Fair'''s new European editor-at-large.She was also associate editor at The Independent. In April 2011, she guest-edited the New Statesman and themed the issue around freedom of speech. She interviewed the deputy prime minister Nick Clegg and included contributions from Russell Brand, Tim Robbins, Simon Pegg, Oliver Stone, Tony Benn, and Julian Assange, with cover art by Anish Kapoor and Damien Hirst. According to Nick Cohen in The Observer, "<mask> Khan was by a country mile the best editor of the New Statesman that the journal has had since the mid-1970s". The magazine issue included "an unexpected scoop" from Hugh Grant who went undercover to hack Paul McMullan, a former News of the World journalist, who had been involved in hacking as a reporter. In November 2011, she joined as an associate editor of the New Statesman. Fashion
In 1998, <mask>ro Couture fragrance and was a guest co-designer of a Spring 2009 collection for Azzaro, with her fee reportedly donated to UNICEF. As voted by Daily Telegraph readers, she won the Rover People's Award for the best dressed female celebrity at the 2001 British Fashion Awards. She was also featured on Vanity Fair's Annual International Best-Dressed List in 2004, 2005 and 2007, the last of which she was inducted into their Best Dressed Hall of Fame. Philanthropy
During her marriage, <mask> established the Jemima Khan Afghan Refugee Appeal to provide tents, clothing, food, and healthcare for Afghan refugees at Jalozai camp in Peshawar. She became an Ambassador for UNICEF UK in 2001, and made field trips to Kenya, Romania, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and Pakistan, the last of which she later helped victims of the 2005 Kashmir earthquake by raising emergency funds.She has promoted UNICEF's Breastfeeding Manifesto, Growing Up Alone and End Child Exploitation campaigns in the UK. In 2003, she visited Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon, Jordan, the West Bank and Gaza to promote the charity Hope and Optimism for Palestinians in the Next Generation (HOPING). She also supports the Soil Association and the HOPING foundation for Palestinian refugee children. Politics and social action
In addition to her charitable work, <mask> campaigns for various social and political causes. She has campaigned against the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan as well as for freedom of information; she attended Assange's extradition hearings and gave a speech at the Stop the War Coalition's rally in defence of Wikileaks alongside Tony Benn and Tariq Ali. Along with John Pilger and Ken Loach, she was part of the six-member group in Westminster Magistrates Court willing to post bail for Julian Assange when he was arrested in London on 7 December 2010. However, she later changed her mind about Assange, questioning his unwillingness to answer the sexual misconduct allegations which led to his arrest and what she described as his demand for "cultish devotion" from his supporters.In 2014, she publicly backed the Hacked Off campaign group which advocates reform of British press regulation. In August 2014, she was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to September's referendum on that issue. On 3 November 2018, <mask> criticised the fact that the Government of Pakistan was considering putting the Christian woman, Asia Bibi, on the exit control list despite the fact that she was acquitted by the Supreme Court, in order to compromise with the Islamist political party Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan. Personal life
In 1995, <mask> married Imran Khan, a cricketer (and future Prime Minister of Pakistan), with whom she had two sons. The couple divorced in 2004. <mask> was a close friend of Diana, Princess of Wales, who visited her in Lahore in 1996. On 29 December 2000, <mask> and her family were on a British Airways jet to Kenya which was temporarily knocked off course and dived thousands of feet after a mentally ill passenger tried to seize controls in the cockpit.Her mother later said, "Jemima was frightened of flying even before the incident; she's petrified [now]". In 2002, she was listed at number 18 with £20m on the Evening Standard's young millionaires list. Following her divorce in 2004, she returned to London and later became involved in a romantic relationship with Hugh Grant. A 2005 article in the Evening Standard noted that "<mask>'s profile" changed from "high during her first marriage" to "soaring since she became involved with Hugh Grant". Her relationship was scrutinised extensively by the tabloids, but a 2005 survey of London visitors favoured them as "the celebrity couple people would most like to show them round London". In February 2007, Grant announced that the couple had "decided to split amicably". Grant's spokesman added that he "has nothing but positive things to say about Jemima."In September 2013, The Daily Telegraph reported that she was dating British activist and actor Russell Brand. In September 2014, she and Brand separated.Eizabeth Beynon "No Khan do: <mask> and Russell Brand ‘split after a year’", The Sunday Times, 21 September 2014

Marriage to Imran Khan
On 16 May 1995, <mask> and Imran Khan were married in a Nikah ceremony in Paris. They also had a civil ceremony on 21 June 1995 at the Richmond Register Office, followed by a midsummer ball at Ormeley Lodge. A few months before her wedding, she converted to Islam, citing the writings of Muhammad Asad, Charles le Gai Eaton and Alija Izetbegović as her influences. After her marriage to Khan, she relocated to his hometown, Lahore, Pakistan, where she learned to speak Urdu and also wore traditional Pakistani clothes. She wrote in a 2008 article for The Times'' that she "over-conformed in [her] eagerness to be accepted" into the "new and radically different culture" of Pakistan. <mask> stated that prior to her conversion to Islam she was technically Anglican but "was made familiar with Jewish traditions", since her paternal grandfather <mask> was German Jewish.During her marriage, her Jewish heritage was used by Khan's political opponents to question their credibility in Pakistani politics, especially concerning accusations that they supported the Jewish lobby. <mask> has two sons from her marriage to Khan: Sulaiman Isa (born 1996) and Kasim (born 1999). In 1999, she was charged in Pakistan with illegally exporting Islamic era antique tiles. She said that the charge was a fabrication to harass and damage her husband, but nevertheless left Pakistan to stay with her mother for fear of incarceration. After General Pervez Musharraf overthrew elected Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in a coup d'état in 1999, the Ministry of Culture and Archaeology verified the tiles were not antiques, and the court dropped the charges, allowing her to return to Lahore. <mask> supported her husband as he became more involved in his Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf party. On 22 June 2004, it was announced that the couple had divorced ending the nine-year marriage because it was "difficult for Jemima to adapt to the political life of Imran Khan in Pakistan".The marriage ended amicably. Khan has said the six months leading to the divorce and the six months after were the hardest year of his life. After the divorce, <mask> returned to Britain with the former couple's two sons. According to the divorce settlement, Khan's boys visit him in Pakistan during their school holidays, and when he comes to London to see them he stays with his former mother-in-law, Lady Annabel <mask>. According to <mask> <mask>, she and Khan remain on good terms. While she was married, she was described as being shy, but also modest, stylish and levelheaded. <mask> retained "Khan" as her family name until December 2014, when Imran Khan married news anchor Reham Khan, but she has continued to be credited as <mask> Khan on work projects.References

External links
 Instinct Productions

 UNICEF UK Ambassador <mask> Khan, official homepage at UNICEF.org.uk
 Journalisted
 IMDB

1974 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of London
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Alumni of the University of Bristol
British women journalists
British former Christians
British people of French descent
British people of German-Jewish descent
British people of Irish descent
British emigrants to Pakistan
Charity fundraisers (people)
Converts to Islam from Protestantism
Daughters of knights
Former Anglicans
Jemima
Jemima
Naturalised citizens of Pakistan
Pakistani former Christians
Pakistani people of Anglo-Irish descent
Pakistani people of English-Jewish descent
Pakistani people of German-Jewish descent
Pakistani people of French descent
Pakistani women journalists
People educated at Francis Holland School
People from Westminster
UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors

masks:
Jemima Marcelle Goldsmith
Jemima Khan
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<mask> (born October 6, 1959) is an American politician serving as the U.S. representative for , serving since 2005. The district, numbered as the 27th district from 2005 to 2013, includes Buffalo and Niagara Falls. He is a member of the Democratic Party, and is a member of several congressional committees and caucuses. <mask> was born and raised in Buffalo, and graduated from college in Buffalo, later obtaining graduate degrees from Buffalo State College and Harvard University. Self-described as both an independent and conservative Democrat, <mask> is also considered a centrist. He supports the strengthening of Social Security, and has been a proponent for a public option for health insurance. He further supports national and regional economic development.Previously anti-abortion, <mask> now supports abortion rights. He has also supported efforts for peace in many areas of the world, and has been actively involved in the Northern Ireland peace process. Early life, education, and career

<mask> was born on October 6, 1959, in Buffalo, New York. A native of South Buffalo, <mask> served on the Buffalo Common Council (city council) from 1988 to 1993, representing the South District. <mask>'s grandparents were from Ireland. In 1993, during his final year on the Council, <mask> was rated "Buffalo's Best Lawmaker" in a 1993 Buffalo News Survey of Western New York business and community leaders. Responding to the survey were 158 business, community, and government leaders in Western New York.<mask> earned the highest rating of any political leader, with a 3.81 out of a possible score of 5. The Buffalo News wrote of <mask>: "During his 5 1/2 years on the Council, he has earned a reputation as a thoughtful, soft-spoken law-maker who has paid attention to both district and citywide concerns." One community leader said, "<mask> is a very bright, responsible public official", while a government leader said of <mask>, "The best Councilman in Buffalo. Has great vision." <mask> graduated from Buffalo State College with a B.A. in political science in 1984. He received an M.A.in history from Buffalo State College in 1995, and an M.P.A. from Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government in 1996. <mask> has taught courses on state and local government, and the economic history of Buffalo and Western New York, in Buffalo State College's history and economics departments. He served as the 145th district representative to the New York State Assembly from 1999 to 2004. U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

2012

Jack Quinn, a moderate Republican who had represented the heavily Democratic 27th since 1993, unexpectedly announced his retirement in 2004. In April 2004, <mask> entered the race, and narrowly defeated then-Erie County Comptroller Nancy Naples. Even after redistricting following the 2000 census, the district was made slightly friendlier for Quinn (in part, by adding mostly rural Chautauqua County), but was still at the time the most Democratic district in the country represented by a Republican.The district has since reverted to form, and <mask> was reelected three times without serious difficulty, never receiving less than 60% of the vote. He easily dispatched his 2008 and 2010 opponents even after they posted six-figure fundraising numbers. In 2006 and 2008, <mask> garnered more than 70% of the vote. For his first four terms, <mask> represented the southern two-thirds of Buffalo, as well as Chautauqua County. After the 2010 census, his district was renumbered as the 26th, and a special master redrew it to be much more compact and Democratic. He picked up the rest of Buffalo, as well as several inner-ring suburbs that used to be in the territory of Louise Slaughter, while losing Chautauqua County to its traditional Southern Tier district. He also picked up a large slice of Niagara County, including all of North Tonawanda and Niagara Falls.<mask> has received financial contributions for his campaigns from many business executives in Western New York throughout his tenure in Congress. In 2012, his reelection committee raised more than $1,000,000, with approximately 2/3 coming from individual donors, representing major businesses in Western New York. Tenure

<mask> has positioned himself as a centrist. He has called himself "the most independent and conservative Democrat in [the] New York" delegation. He ran for the Assembly on both the Democratic and Conservative party lines, and in the House, he often agrees with Republicans on issues of national security, immigration, and gun control. <mask> is a member of the New Democrat Coalition. He describes himself as a pro-union moderate who wants to spur job growth.He has said he supports allowing seniors to buy prescription drugs from Canada, and one of his priorities in Congress is legislation allowing the government to negotiate for volume discounts on drugs. He has also said he wants Congress to repeal President George W. Bush's tax cuts for the wealthiest individuals. <mask> procured $279 million over 50 years for Erie County's various governments and agencies from the New York Power Authority as part of the Niagara Power Project 50-year relicensing agreement. He is an advocate for economic development and job creation, and played a pivotal role through his membership on the House's Transportation and Infrastructure Committee in securing approval for the construction of a new federal courthouse in downtown Buffalo. <mask> strongly advocates for increased federal funding for cancer research, as Buffalo is home to Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, the nation's first major medical facility devoted exclusively to treating cancer, with cancer research as its main mission. In 2006, <mask> and Representatives James T. Walsh and Tim Murphy met with several government leaders in Ireland and announced confirmation of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) weapons decommissioning. Government leaders with whom the three met included Irish Foreign Minister Dermot Ahern, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Peter Hain, US Ambassador to Ireland James C. Kenny, US Ambassador to the United Kingdom Robert H. Tuttle, and the leadership of each of the main political parties involved in the process for peace.<mask> has also supported efforts for peace in South Asia and Africa, and the Middle East, including Iraq, Afghanistan, and Darfur. In 2007, <mask> reportedly played a pivotal behind-the-scenes role in saving St. Joseph's Hospital in Cheektowaga from closure as proposed by the New York State Commission on Health Facilities in the 21st Century. <mask> received an "A+" on the 2007 Congressional Scorecard on middle-class issues from the Drum Major Institute, which describes itself as "providing the ideas that fuel the progressive movement." Several media outlets named <mask> as one of the leading candidates to succeed Hillary Clinton in the United States Senate after she became Secretary of State in an Obama administration. He was one of six candidates on New York Governor David Paterson's "short list" for the position; a WKBW-TV poll showed 75% of respondents on the station's website would support <mask>'s nomination. In the end, Paterson appointed Representative Kirsten Gillibrand. On January 31, 2009, <mask> led a delegation of Western New York elected leaders in welcoming Gillibrand to the region, moderating an economic roundtable discussion held at the Bioinformatics Center of Excellence, on the Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus.In December 2008, after only two terms in the House, <mask> secured a spot on the United States House Committee on Ways and Means, considered one of the most important and powerful committees in Congress due to its wide jurisdiction. <mask> was subsequently appointed to serve on the Ways and Means Committee's subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures and its subcommittee on Oversight. After the GOP takeover of the House following the 2010 elections, <mask> left the Ways and Means Committee (while maintaining a right to return) and became a member of the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs and the United States House Committee on Homeland Security. On the latter, <mask> quickly rose to the position of Ranking Member of the United States House Homeland Security Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence. Committee assignments

Committee on Foreign Affairs
Subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia
United States House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Middle East and North Africa
Subcommittee on Terrorism, Non-Proliferation, and Trade
Subcommittee on Europe, Eurasia, and Emerging Threats
Committee on Homeland Security
Subcommittee on Border and Maritime Security
Subcommittee on Counter-Terrorism and Intelligence, Ranking Member
Subcommittee on Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Communications
Ad Hoc Committee on Irish Affairs

Caucus memberships
Co-chair, Revitalizing Older Cities Task Force
Former co-chair, member, Great Lakes Task Force
Former co-chair, member, House Cancer Caucus
Former co-chair, Historic Preservation Caucus
Former co-chair, member, Northeast-Midwest Congressional Coalition
Former co-chair, Northern Border Caucus
Member, New Democrat Coalition
Member, House Steel Caucus
Member, China Caucus
Member, Arts Caucus
Medicare for All Caucus
Congressional Arts Caucus
Afterschool Caucuses
Blue Collar Caucus

Political positions

Social Security
On a previous policy position from his website, <mask> said: "For too long, the Social Security Administration has under-funded and under-staffed hearing offices in Western New York ... Citizens who have contributed to the Social Security system throughout their lives should have proper customer service when their benefits come due." In 2010, <mask> and many other congressional members sent President Barack Obama a letter, encouraging him to keep Social Security and make it stronger, saying: "We write today to express our strong support for Social Security and our view that it should be strengthened. We oppose any cuts to Social Security benefits, including raising the retirement age.We also oppose any effort to privatize Social Security, in whole or in part ... Cutting Social Security benefits beyond the already scheduled increase in the retirement age from 65 to 67 would create even more needless hardship for millions of vulnerable Americans." This was in response to Obama giving the task of cutting government spending to the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform on October 15, 2010. The letter also stressed that Social Security is "prohibited by law from adding to the national budget deficit". <mask> opposes privatizing Social Security. He "support[s] full funding for the Social Security Administration to process checks on time; fight against waste, fraud, and abuse; and combat unacceptable claims backlogs". His district includes nearly 150,000 senior citizens.<mask> introduced related legislation, House Resolution (HR) 3997, in February 2014. The bill aims requires the Social Security Commissioner to submit an estimated annual budget, and to submit the estimated budget to Congress before submitting it to the President; prohibits the closing or limitation of field offices and hearing offices without justification; and mandates particular procedures related to closings, consolidations, and/or public limitations. Abortion
While serving in the New York State Assembly from 1999 to 2004, <mask> consistently voted anti-abortion. Since running for Congress in 2004, <mask> identifies himself as pro-choice. In 2006, <mask> was given a rating of 9% by the NRLC, which indicates a pro-choice stance. <mask> received a score of 100% (a perfect score) from Planned Parenthood in 2012, and from NARAL Pro-Choice America in 2011. Health care
<mask> voted for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, also known as "ObamaCare".In June 2012, <mask> said he believed that health care providers will have to embrace "Accountable Care Organizations, comparative effectiveness research — which studies various treatments to determine what works best — and other changes". He believed that this should have been done decades ago. On his congressional website, <mask> has stated that "there is no question that [the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act] was needed". He added that it is a beginning of health care reform in the United States. <mask> strongly believes in a national health care program, with a "public option", whereby the government provides health insurance that would compete with other businesses' plans. A letter <mask> signed from a group of representatives to Senator Harry Reid, then the Senate Majority Leader, stated: "As the Senate continues to work on health reform legislation, we strongly urge you to consider including a public option." The American Public Health Association gave <mask> a perfect rating of 100% in 2009.Stimulus spending
It was reported that <mask> was "proposing something unprecedented in this era of $1.3 trillion annual deficits: a $1.25 trillion, five-year plan to rebuild the nation's roads, bridges, railroads, ports, and airports". <mask>'s website gives the cost of these endeavors as $1.2 trillion. The bill, the Nation Building Here at Home Act, based on research by the New America Foundation, would cost significantly more than Obama's $787 billion stimulus package. <mask> said that he wants to rebuild the US, "as we've rebuilt other countries — Iraq and Afghanistan — in recent years". He also said that it is not a stimulus bill, but a "nation-building bill". Education
<mask> is a supporter of education, including early education through higher education. He has said, "Every child has a right to a quality education."Ensuring that young people have a quality early education, and that legislators are supportive of education for individuals in primary, elementary, secondary, and higher educational institutions, are among <mask>'s aims. He is a proponent of congressional support for measures that increase student achievement, but that also reward success, rather than punish failure, as the No Child Left Behind Act has done. <mask> further believes that financial barriers to education should not hinder anyone from pursuing higher education. Student loan interest rates
<mask> supports maintaining lower interest rates on loans incurred by college and university students. He co-sponsored two bills — H.R. 3826, and H.R. 4816 — in efforts to extend the period of time in maintaining the reduced 3.4% interest rate on student loans.In 2007, <mask> supported The College Cost Reduction and Access Act, a bill passed into law that included the reduced 3.4% interest rate on subsidized Stafford student loans through the end of the 2012 academic year. Personal life
<mask> resides in South Buffalo. He has two adult children, Maeve and John. References

External links

Congressman <mask> official U.S. House website
<mask> for Congress

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1959 births
21st-century American politicians
American people of Irish descent
Buffalo Common Council members
Buffalo State College alumni
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Living people
Members of the New York State Assembly
Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
New York (state) Democrats

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<mask><mask> (born in 1962) is the George & Frances Ball Distinguished Professor of Economics and director of the Center for Business and Economic Research and Professor of Economics at Ball State University. Early life and military career
<mask> graduated from Langley High School in McLean, Virginia and the Virginia Military Institute. He served as an active duty infantry officer with the 26th Infantry Regiment, 7th Infantry Regiment and Division Tactical and Assault Command Posts of the 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized). He left active duty as a captain and served as a reserve officer, retiring as a lieutenant colonel. Major General <mask>, USAF is his brother. Academic career
In 1998, he received a Ph.D. from University of Tennessee. <mask> held academic positions at the University of Tennessee, Marshall University and the Air Force Institute of Technology.Appalachian coal and environment
<mask> authored several studies of the coal industry and the impact of federal environmental policy on coal production and the West Virginia economy. <mask> and two other co-authors developed a clean water financing plan for West Virginia which ultimately became the Special Reclamation Fund. This fund was financed by a combination of a 7 cent tax per ton of coal, with a secondary 7 cent phase-out tax. This was designed to provide water treatment funds for abandoned coal mines. This remains the largest state level water treatment trust fund in the United States. Governor Bob Wise (D) appointed <mask> to the Fund commission, where, after approval by the West Virginia State Senate he served from 2003–2006. In 2002 <mask> testified in a court case in Boone County, West Virginia that would eventually culminate in one of the most celebrated recent cases before the U.S. Supreme Court Caperton v. Massey.This case became inspiration for the John Grisham Novel "The Appeal." Burton and <mask> also provided testimony to the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, Subcommittee on Clean Air, Wetlands and Climate Change, regarding the fiscal and economic effects of mining restrictions. This committee meeting also featured an appearance by one of the Backstreet Boys which prompted several committee members to walk out of the hearing. Burton and <mask> also served as consultants to the National Academies of Science review of the economic consequences of the coal slurry spill in eastern Kentucky. West Virginia Workers' Compensation controversy
A 2001 study co-authored by <mask> found little negative economic consequences of West Virginia's Workers' Compensation rates on the overall economy. This report sparked much criticism from the West Virginia Chamber of Commerce and unleashed a series of op-Ed pieces and a letter writing campaign to state newspapers. The public debate culminated in an editorial in the Charleston Gazette criticizing the Chamber's attack on the Marshall University research team.However, the chair of the West Virginia Chamber of Commerce wrote to Marshall University President Dan Angel, demanding that Dr. <mask>' tenure be revoked as a consequence of this study. <mask> was not tenured at the time. He received tenure in 2004. Hurricane and flood damages
Mark Burton and <mask> developed models of flood damages from data collected on the Great Flood of 1993. These were used to simulate flood damages on the Mississippi and Tennessee Rivers. In September 2005, Burton and <mask> used this model to estimate damages from Hurricane Katrina. Subsequently, both participated in the Interagency Performance Evaluation Task Force which reviewed the response to the Hurricane.In 2008 Ball State University released studies onfloods in Indiana and Iowa. In 2010 Burton and <mask> were asked by the Army Corps of Engineers to provide an estimate of flood damages for the Pakistan Flood of 2010. Local government consolidation
<mask> is co-author with Dagney Faulk of a book on local government consolidation. This book developed from work on local government consolidation study teams authored by former governor <mask> and Supreme court Justice Randy Shepard. The book was published in January 2011. Indiana's governor Mitch Daniels wrote the foreword to the book. In 2011 Faulk and <mask> completed two studies on government consolidation (local governments and school districts in New Jersey).Wal-Mart and local economies
<mask> was an early researcher of Wal-Mart's impact on communities, and since 1999 has published several papers and a book on the economic impact of Walmart. Along with Kristy Wilburn, <mask> published the first econometric study to address the endogeneity of firm location decision related to Wal-Mart. Subsequent to this, <mask> appeared in a November 2005 Global Insight conference on Wal-Mart's impact which received significant national attention. These papers were later published, along with a book. <mask>' work has been frequently cited in the academic literature, media and advocacy groups. Economic columnist
<mask> writes a weekly economics column, which is syndicated in more than two dozen Indiana newspapers,. Awards
Marshall University's Distinguished Artist and Scholar Award (with Mark L. Burton), as well as the Graduate Student Teaching Award at Tennessee's College of Business, and awards from the Air Force Institute of Technology's student association and Ball State's Miller College of Business.In 2008 the Center for Business and Economic Research at Ball State University received the Association for University Business and Economic Research Award for its Manufacturing Scorecard. In 2009 the Center won a then-unprecedented three awards from AUBER for a research study, county profiles and promotional materials. The United States Army Corps of Engineers awarded <mask> the Commander's Award for Civilian Service for his efforts in support of the Interagency Performance Evaluation Team (IPET) and Task Force Guardian, Task Force Hope and the New Orleans District following Hurricane Katrina. Bronze Star Medal, Army Commendation Medal, Southwest Asia Service Medal with two Battle Stars

References

1962 births
21st-century American economists
Regional economists
Living people
United States Army officers

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<mask> (born 16 July 1971) is an Irish Fine Gael politician who has served as Chair of the Committee on European Union Affairs since September 2020. He has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Donegal constituency since 2016, and previously from 2007 to 2016 for the Donegal North-East constituency. He served as Minister for Education and Skills from 2018 to 2020 and as a Minister of State from 2014 to 2018, including as Government Chief Whip from 2017 to 2018. He was a Senator for the Administrative Panel from 2002 and 2007. Early life
Born in Carrigart, County Donegal, in 1971. <mask> was educated at Umlagh National School and the Loreto Convent, Milford. He attended the National University of Ireland, Maynooth, where he received an honours degree in economics and sociology, and a higher diploma in education.A keen sportsman, <mask> has been a member of the Carrigart Boxing Club, has played soccer in the Donegal League with Cranford F.C. and Bonagee United F.C., and has also been a Gaelic footballer. <mask> taught geography and mathematics at the Loreto Convent Secondary School, Letterkenny, from 1993 to 1995. From 1995 to 1996, he taught A-level economics in Dubai, during which time he helped establish the first GAA club in the United Arab Emirates. In 1996, he returned to Ireland and became a youth worker in the Ballyboe area of Letterkenny. Political career

Donegal County Council
Brought into Fine Gael by Eddie McGinley from  Kilmacrennan, <mask> won a  seat in the Milford local electoral area on 11 June 1999. In 2001, he introduced a motion to establish a youth council for the county, which led to the formation of the Donegal Youth Council, the first democratically elected youth forum in Ireland.He also worked closely with Young Fine Gael, helping to establish the first branch in the county in March 2004. While a member of the council, he was appointed chairman of the cross-border body ERNACT (European Region Network for the Application of Communications Technology), where he made the provision of broadband in border areas a priority. Seanad Éireann
He was elected to Seanad Éireann as a Senator for the Administrative Panel in 2002, where he served as Fine Gael Spokesperson on Community, Rural, Gaeltacht and Marine Affairs. <mask> set up a full-time constituency office in Letterkenny. When he was selected as the Dáil candidate for Donegal North-East, he moved into a new constituency office, which was officially opened by Fine Gael party leader Enda Kenny on 6 October 2006. Dáil Éireann
<mask> topped the poll Donegal North-East at the 2007 general election with 22.6% of the first preference vote. His wife Olwyn Enright also won re-election to the Dáil, making them the third married couple to sit in the same Dáil.<mask> was appointed party deputy Spokesperson for Foreign Affairs and the Department of the Taoiseach, with special responsibility for North-South Co-operation in October 2007. <mask> was re-elected to the Dáil at the 2011 general election, attaining 19.3% of the first-preference vote. In January 2011, <mask> called for a monument, funded by the government, in Donegal, dedicated to the founding of the Ulster Volunteer Force in 1912. <mask> was criticised by Eileen Doherty, a sister of Donegal County Councillor and Provisional IRA member Eddie Fullerton, who was assassinated by loyalists in 1991. Doherty claimed <mask> and other Fine Gael councillors in Donegal had snubbed a number of commemorative events and opposed the building of a monument in Fullerton's memory in Buncrana. Fullerton was the third elected official in the Republic of Ireland to be assassinated. In Manchester in October 2011, <mask> became the first Fine Gael TD to address delegates from the British Conservative Party.He described it as an "opportunity." On 15 July 2014, he was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources and at the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht with responsibility for Gaeltacht Affairs and Natural Resources. His appointment was met with criticism as his knowledge of the Irish language was at a basic level, although he subsequently received praise for his efforts to improve his language skills to the point where he could conduct lengthy interviews in the language. RTÉ Radio 1 produced the radio documentary Fine Gaeilgeoir, narrated and produced by Máire Treasa Ní Cheallaigh, following McHugh's efforts to improve his Irish over the course of a year. Shane Ross later wrote of his fear of having what he described as a "<mask> moment", meaning being a non-Irish speaker to a Gaeltacht ministry. In February 2016, <mask> was heavily criticised for allocating 93% of Gaeltacht grants to the Donegal Gaeltacht, which is located in and beside his constituency. This revelation led to calls for McHugh to appear before the Dáil Public Accounts Committee to explain such a disproportionate allocation of funding.<mask> subsequently denied the claims. At the 2016 general election, <mask> was elected to the new five-seater Donegal constituency on the 11th count. The following May, he met Charles, Prince of Wales, and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, during their day visit to the county. The couple's visit to Glenveagh National Park during the trip is accredited with driving up visitor numbers to record levels in 2017. He was appointed as Minister for Education and Skills on 16 October 2018. He was not re-appointed to the Government of the 33rd Dáil in June 2020, and declined the offer of appointment as a Minister of State. In September 2020, <mask> became Chair of the Committee on European Union Affairs.Personal life
In July 2005, <mask> married Olwyn Enright, who served as a Fine Gael TD for Laois–Offaly from 2002 to 2011. They have three children. See also
Families in the Oireachtas

References

External links

<mask>'s page on the Fine Gael website

1971 births
Living people
Alumni of Maynooth University
Fine Gael TDs
Fine Gael senators
Irish schoolteachers
Local councillors in County Donegal
Members of the 22nd Seanad
Members of the 30th Dáil
Members of the 31st Dáil
Members of the 32nd Dáil
Members of the 33rd Dáil
Ministers of State of the 31st Dáil
Ministers of State of the 32nd Dáil
Politicians from County Donegal
Association footballers from County Donegal
Spouses of Irish politicians
Donegal Gaelic footballers
Association footballers not categorized by position
Ministers for Education (Ireland)
Government Chief Whip (Ireland)
Association football players not categorized by nationality

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