text_chunks:
<mask> (;  – 24 February 1975) was a Soviet politician who served as Minister of Defense (1953–1955) and Premier of the Soviet Union (1955–1958) under Nikita Khrushchev, following service in the Red Army and as defence minister under Joseph Stalin. Early career
<mask>, born in 1895 in Nizhny Novgorod as the son of an office worker, was of Russian ethnicity. He joined the  Bolshevik Party in March 1917 and was recruited in 1918 into the Cheka, the Bolshevik regime's political police, where he served until 1922. During the summer of 1918 he worked with Lazar Kaganovich, the local communist leader, in imposing the Red Terror in Nizhny Novgorod. He worked with Kaganovich again in Turkestan in 1920. After the Russian Civil War of 1917-1923, he became an industrial manager and worked in the electricity administration until 1927. He was director of the Moscow electricity supply in 1927–1931.From 1931 to 1937 Bulganin served as Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Moscow City Soviet (i.e. as "Mayor" of Moscow'), coming into office soon after Kaganovich had been put in charge of the Moscow party organisation. In 1934 the 17th Congress of the Communist Party elected Bulganin as a candidate member of the  Central Committee. A loyal Stalinist, he was promoted rapidly as other leaders fell victim to Joseph Stalin's Great Purge of 1937–38. In July 1937 he was appointed Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Prime Minister) of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) after the arrest of the previous incumbent, Daniil Sulimov. He became a full member of the  Central Committee later that year. In September 1938 he became Deputy Prime Minister of the Soviet Union and head of the State Bank of the USSR (Gosbank).World War II
During World War II, <mask> played a leading role in the government and Red Army, although he was never a front-line commander. His first posting was as chief political commissar on the Western Front, which was commanded by Marshal Timoshenko. He held similar posts until July 1944, when he was appointed the Soviet representative on the Polish Committee of National Liberation. On 18 November 1944, he was given the rank of General, and three days later he replaced Marshal Voroshilov on the State Defence Committee. He was also appointed USSR Deputy Minister for Defence, the Minister being Joseph Stalin. In March 1946, <mask> became a candidate member of the 18th Politburo of the Communist Party. Later in March 1947, he succeeded Stalin as Minister for the Armed Forces, and was again Deputy Prime Minister of the Soviet Union, under Stalin, from 1947 to 1950.In November 1947, he was promoted to the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union. By February 1948, he became a full member of the 18th Politburo. Personality
<mask> reached the highest rank in the Red Army, despite only having served as political officer. His role was to ensure that none of the genuine wartime commanders, particularly Marshal Zhukov, became powerful enough to threaten Stalin. Pavel Sudoplatov, who participated in conferences in the Kremlin with Bulganin wrote contemptuously about how he failed to understand elementary military concepts. He added:

In March 1949, <mask> was replaced as Minister for Defence by a career soldier, Aleksandr Vasilevsky, after which he was responsible for the arms industry. Conversely, a 1955 report from the US Central Intelligence Agency suggests that <mask>'s tenure at the State Bank demonstrated high intelligence and his ability to learn quickly:

Premiership

After Stalin's death in March 1953, <mask> moved into sixth place in the Soviet leadership, when he was reappointed to the post of Defense Minister, but with Marshal Zhukov as his deputy.He was an ally of Nikita Khrushchev during his power struggle with Georgy Malenkov, and in February 1955 he succeeded Malenkov as Premier of the Soviet Union. He was generally seen as a supporter of Khrushchev's reforms and destalinisation. In July 1955, he attended the Geneva Summit, with U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, French Prime Minister Edgar Faure, and British Prime Minister Anthony Eden. He and Khrushchev travelled together to India, Yugoslavia and in April 1956 to Britain, where they were known in the press as "the B and K show" or "Bulge and Crush". In his memoirs, however, Khrushchev recounted that he believed that he "couldn't rely on [Bulganin] fully." During the Suez Crisis of October–November 1956, Bulganin sent letters to the governments of the United Kingdom, France, and Israel threatening rocket attacks on London, Paris, and Tel Aviv if they did not withdraw their forces from Egypt. In a letter to Israeli prime minister David Ben-Gurion, Bulganin wrote, "Israel is playing with the fate of peace, with the fate of its own people, in a criminal and irresponsible manner; [...] which will place a question [mark] upon the very existence of Israel as a State."Khrushchev, in his memoirs, admitted the threat was designed simply to divide Western opinion, especially since at the time he did not have enough ICBMs to launch the rockets, and in any case he had no intention of going to war in 1956. By 1957, however, <mask> had come to share the doubts held about Khrushchev's policies by the opposition group (which Khrushchev and his supporters labelled the "Anti-Party Group") led by Vyacheslav Molotov. In June, when the dissenters tried to remove Khrushchev from power at a meeting of the Politburo, Bulganin vacillated between the two camps. When the dissenters were defeated and removed from power, <mask> held on to his position for a while, but in March 1958, at a session of the Supreme Soviet, Khrushchev forced his resignation. <mask> was appointed Chairman of the Soviet State Bank, a job he had held two decades before, but in August was dispatched to Stavropol as Chairman of the Regional Economic Council, a token position, and on 12 November he was expelled from the Presidium (Politburo) of the Central Committee. In September he was removed from the Central Committee and deprived of the title of Marshal, and in February 1960 he was retired on a pension. Personal life
His wife was Elena Mikhailovna Korovina, an English teacher from a Moscow school.The couple had two children: son Leo and daughter Vera. Vera married the son of Admiral <mask>.

masks:
Nikolai Alexandrovich Bulganin
Bulganin
Bulganin
Bulganin
Bulganin
Bulganin
Bulganin
Bulganin
Bulganin
Bulganin
Bulganin
Nikolai Kuznetsov


text_chunks:
<mask> (25 February 1886 – 8 May 1965), known as <mask>, was an English professional sportsman who played both cricket and association football for England. His professional cricket career lasted from 1902 to 1933 during which he played first-class cricket for Kent County Cricket Club and made one Test match appearance for England. He was described as being "for years ... one of the leading opening batsmen in England". He played football at the top domestic level between 1905 and 1921 for Newcastle United, Sheffield United and Arsenal and also made a single international appearance for England in that sport. He briefly managed Tottenham Hotspur after he retired as a sportsman. Early life
<mask> was born in 1886 at Greenwich in Kent. He was the son of William and <mask>, his father being a seaman.Cricket career
In a first-class cricket career lasting 32 years from the age of 16, Hardinge scored 33,519 runs and made 75 centuries. He was coached by Captain William McCanlis at Kent's Tonbridge Nursery from the age of 13 and made his debut for the County in August 1902 against Lancashire at Tonbridge at the age of 16. He was the youngest player to make their first-class debut for Kent until 2006 and is still the second youngest debutant for the county. He became a regular in the side in 1907 when he was capped by the County. He played in the four Kent County Championship winning sides of the period between 1906 and 1913 and was named as one of Wisden's five Cricketers of the Year in 1915. Hardinge was considered a "reliable opening batsman" who became "one of the mainstays of the Kent eleven" by 1911. He passed 1,000 runs for a season 18 times and scored more than 2,000 runs five times, his best season being 1928 when, at 42 years of age, he scored 2,446 runs at an average of just under 60 runs per innings.He scored centuries in four consecutive innings in 1913 and four times scored centuries in both innings of a match. In 1921, he became only the third cricketer, after C. B. Fry and Warwick Armstrong, to score a double-century and a century in the same match. His one appearance in Test cricket came against Armstrong's touring Australian side in 1921 at Headingley in a match where Jack Hobbs had to withdraw on the opening day because of appendicitis. Hardinge scored 25 and 5 and was not picked again, although he did play twice in war-time matches for an England side against the Dominions in 1918. He was refused leave of absence to tour Australia in 1928–29 by his employer and had been unable to tour with England whilst he was playing professional football. As of 2017 his runs total puts him 46th on the all-time list of runs scored in first-class cricket. He is Kent's second leading run scorer after his contemporary Frank Woolley and second, also to Woolley, in the County's all time appearances list with 606, including a run of 101 consecutive County Championship appearances between 1924 and 1928.His 1928 run aggregate is the third highest in Kent's history and his highest score of 263 not out remains the ninth highest in the County's first-class history. In his early career <mask> was considered a more promising bowler than batsman. He bowled slow left arm spinners well enough to take 371 career wickets in a Kent side which featured great spin bowlers such as Colin Blythe and Tich Freeman as well as Woolley and Bill Fairservice. He took six wickets for nine runs on a turning pitch at the Nevill Ground in Tunbridge Wells in 1929 and had a career best return of 7/64 against the Marylebone Cricket Club at Lord's in 1932. He was described by Wisden as one of the "finest outfields in the world". As well as playing for Kent, Hardinge played in six Gentlemen v Players matches, scoring 127 at The Oval in 1921 for the Players. He made first-class appearances for a number of other teams, including the Royal Air Force, and made his final first-class appearance for Kent in 1933 aged 47.Football career
As a footballer, Hardinge played as an inside forward during the cricket off-season. He played for amateur clubs Eltham, Tonbridge and Maidstone United in Kent before signing for Newcastle United in 1905. After two and a half years there, mainly as a reserve, he moved to Sheffield United in 1907 for a fee of £350. There he flourished, playing 152 games in six seasons and scoring 46 goals, becoming one of the trickiest inside forwards in the game. Whilst at Bramall Lane he won one England cap in 1910 against Scotland at Hampden Park in the 1909–10 British Home Championship. In the summer of 1913 <mask> returned to the south, signing for Woolwich Arsenal (who had just moved into their new Highbury ground, and would drop the "Woolwich" from their name a year later), and played there either side of World War I. He made 70 wartime appearances for the team whilst serving as a mechanic during the war and played for an England side against Scotland in an RAF International match in 1919.He retired as a professional footballer in 1921, having played 55 times and scored 14 goals for the Gunners' first team. Military service
Hardinge served as a Special Constable and in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force as a mechanic in World War I. He joined the Royal Naval Armoured Car Division in 1915 before transferring to the Royal Naval Air Service as an air mechanic at Crystal Palace and Blandford, being promoted to Chief Petty Officer in 1915. In 1918 the RNAS was merged with the Royal Flying Corps and Hardinge transferred again to the newly formed Royal Air Force with the rank of Sergeant Major, first with the Cadet Brigade headquarters at Hastings and then at the Armament School. He transferred to the RAF Reserve in January 1919 and was discharged in 1920. After retirement
Whilst playing cricket Hardinge worked for John Wisden & Co, although his employment with the company ended when he finished his cricketing career in 1934, and for the Cement Marketing Board. For a short time he coached Leicestershire.He was an FA instructor for Kent Secondary Schoolboys, leaving the post in 1935. He had a spell as a coach of Tottenham Hotspur's reserve team in the 1930s and for a short period became caretaker manager of the first team in 1935 after the departure of Percy Smith. Hardinge died at Cambridge in 1965 at the age of 79 after a long illness. References

External links

 England football profile

1886 births
1965 deaths
Footballers from Greenwich
Cricketers from Greater London
English cricketers
English cricketers of 1919 to 1945
Kent cricketers
England Test cricketers
Royal Air Force cricketers
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Players cricketers
English footballers
Association football forwards
England international footballers
Maidstone United F.C. players
Arsenal F.C. players
Newcastle United F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C.players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. non-playing staff
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. managers
North v South cricketers
L. G. Robinson's XI cricketers
English football managers
Royal Naval Air Service personnel of World War I
Royal Navy sailors
Royal Air Force personnel of World War I
Royal Air Force airmen

masks:
Harold Thomas William Hardinge
Wally Hardinge
Hardinge
Ellen Hardinge
Hardinge
Hardinge


text_chunks:
<mask> (, 29 November 1935 – 10 April 2014) was a Soviet and Russian physicist who made fundamental contributions to the development of the theory of waves and nonlinear interactions in optics, radiophysics, and acoustics. Biography
Graduated with honours from the Chair of Physics of Oscillations, MSU Faculty of Physics in 1961. He returned to this department in 1963 to do a PhD course after working for three years as a junior researcher at the Institute of computer control. In 1967 he defended a PhD thesis on the topic "Diffracting beams in nonlinear media" under the supervision of academician R. V. Khokhlov. In 1974 he has passed habilitation and received a doctoral degree in physical and mathematical sciences. The topic of his Doktor nauk work was "Wave beams and pulses in nonlinear media". In 1977 he received a professor title at the Chair of General Physics and Wave Processes.Since 1966, he had worked at the Faculty of Physics – first as a senior engineer, then assistant, senior lecturer, associate professor, and full professor (from 1976). In 1984–1989 he served as a head of Division of Radiophysics and Electronics. In 1989–1992 he worked as a dean of the Faculty of Physics. From 1988 till 2014 he was a head of the Chair of Photonics and Microwave Physics (previous department name until 2008 – Department of Radiophysics). Scientific achievements

<mask>. P<mask> has made fundamental contributions to the development of the theory of waves and nonlinear interactions in optics, radiophysics, and acoustics. Among his many achievements, the results discussed here were most valued by the scientist, as being most important and influential for the subsequent development of corresponding research fields.His scientific interests lied mainly in the area to nonlinear optics. He was one of the founders of modern theoretical nonlinear optics. He obtained, in particular, a number of pioneering results on self-focusing and parametric interactions, which were later confirmed in experiments. In a series of works on self-focusing (since 1966) he has developed for the first time the aberration-free theory of wave self-action, found exact solutions for ray patterns accounting for nonlinear aberrations, and numerically investigated different regimes of spatial resonant self-focusing. Many of his theoretical predictions have been confirmed in experiments: aberrational structures due to wave self-focusing in nematics, limited lifetime of spatial solitons in media with relaxation-type nonlinearity, dynamics of thermal defocusing in the presence of forced and free convection, self-deflection of beams in nonlinear moving media, laser-induced transparency of a cloudy medium and an ozone layer, adaptive compensation of beam distortions in nonlinear media. <mask> <mask> has derived the general paraxial equation describing beam diffraction in anisotropic crystals, and originated the paraxial theory for three-wave interactions of beams and pulses under the presence of phase- and group-velocity mismatches, diffraction, and group velocity dispersion. He has developed a spatio-temporal analogy between optical beams and pulses, and predicted the effect of diffraction-dispersion incoherence for modulated waves, which limits the efficiency of frequency conversion and results in parametric mutual focusing in quadratic media.He has also predicted the phenomenon of anomalous diffraction in the parametric amplifier, and determined the optimal conditions for high-efficiency generation of the second and third harmonics in focused laser beams. He has first investigated the possibility of total energy conversion in the process of double phase-matched interaction between three frequency harmonics. He has developed the theory of up- and down parametric frequency conversion under the presence of group velocity mismatch, described the formation of three-frequency optical dissipative solitons, parametric pi – pulses, a giant parametric pulse (confirmed experimentally), calculated the modes of the parametrical amplifier with a pulsed pump, developed the theory of stimulated Raman scattering taking into account the relaxation time and group velocity mismatch, found the quasi-phase-matching conditions for slow and fast modes in 3D photonic crystals. He has predicted the existence of a new class of localized structures – parametric three-frequency solitons in media with quadratic nonlinearity (results published in 1974, confirmed experimentally in 1995), also discovered a new type of wave self-focusing, namely, mutual – focusing of just three beams at different frequencies in quadratic media. He has investigated the walk-off effect on quadratic solitons, analyzed dynamics of spatial soliton trapping and interactions in bulk media, in cavities (based on the full round-trip model), in gratings (model for counter-propagating waves); proposed parametric soliton model based on the analogy with coupling of three quasi-particles; considered the tunneling of slow parametric solitons through a bounded grating. He has analyzed the quasi-phase-matched hybrid interactions in periodically polled crystals (layer model), asymmetric modes of parametric solitons, properties of ultra-narrow quadratic solitons, propagation of ultra-short optical pulses inducing plasma generation, and parametric interactions of two non-axial vortices, methods of spatio-temporal vortices generation and recording, all-optical switching with parametric refraction and reflection. He developed the theory of dispersion managed interactions of few-cycle pulses in quadratically nonlinear layered media.He has investigated the nonlinear refraction, total internal reflection and scattering of optical beams and pulses in defocusing media with Kerr, cascaded quadratic, photorefractive, and thermal nonlinearities. Educational activities

A. P<mask> devoted much efforts to educate students. He was one of the leading lecturers at the Faculty of Physics. He has developed and taught for over 40 years a one-year course on "Theory of waves". He has co-authored a textbook on the course subject, now in its 2nd ed., which became a reference book for students and researchers. Scientific school created by A. P<mask> on the topic of "Physics of wave interactions in inhomogeneous and nonlinear media" is building on traditions established at Lomonosov Moscow State University by academician R. V. Khokhlov. A. P<mask> has supervised more than 80 graduate students as the Faculty of Physics, 36 PhD students, and 8 habilitation works.Together with colleagues and students, he has successfully carried out multiple scientific projects. He has organized annual Russian schools-seminars on wave phenomena for students and young scientists during 1995–2014. Publications
A. P<mask> has published more than 400 scientific papers and several books, including two monographs:

and two textbooks:

Awards and prizes

 Commemorative badge "225 years of MSU" (1980)
 USSR State Prize in science and technology (1984), A series of works on "Highly efficient nonlinear frequency conversion in crystals and the development of tuneable sources of coherent radiation" (1963—1982)
 Lenin Prize in science and technology (1988), Discovery and investigation of the self-focusing effects of wave beams
 Medal "Veteran of Labour" (1988)
 Distinguished scientist of Russian Federation (1996)
 Medal "In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow" (1997)
 Distinguished professor of Lomonosov Moscow State University (2003)
 Commemorative badge "250 years of MSU" (2004)
 M. V. Lomonosov Prize by Lomonosov Moscow State University for scientific research of II degree (2006), – for a series of works on "Nonlinear wave phenomena in layered structures, media with spatial and temporal dispersion, and their applications in photonics"
 Order of Friendship (2013),  Achievements in education and productive work over many years

Footnotes

Soviet physicists
20th-century Russian physicists
Optical physicists
Theoretical physicists
Moscow State University alumni
Moscow State University faculty
Lenin Prize winners
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
1935 births
2014 deaths

masks:
Anatoly Petrovich Sukhorukov
Anatoly
. Sukhorukov
Anatoly
Sukhorukov
. Sukhorukov
. Sukhorukov
. Sukhorukov
. Sukhorukov


text_chunks:
<mask> (born December 29, 1963) is a former American football coach and quarterback. He served as the head coach of the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL) from 2006 to 2021, leading the franchise to its very first Super Bowl victory during the 2009 season. Payton was a quarterback at Naperville Central High School and Eastern Illinois University and played professionally in 1987 with Chicago Bears and 1988 overseas in Britain for the Leicester Panthers. He began his coaching career as offensive assistant for San Diego State University and had several assistant coaching positions on college and NFL teams before being named as the tenth full-time coach in Saints history in 2006. <mask> has always been known for his offensive prowess, having scored more points (2,804) and gained more yards (40,158) than any other team in a coach's first 100 games in NFL history. Payton had the second-longest NFL single-team tenure among active head coaches, behind New England Patriots head coach Bill Belichick, who has coached the Patriots since the 2000 season. Under Payton's leadership, the Saints made the 2006 NFL playoffs after a 3–13 season in 2005 and advanced to their first NFC Championship appearance in franchise history.Because of this effort, <mask> won the AP NFL Coach of the Year Award. Following the 2009 season, the Saints won their first Super Bowl championship in franchise history. In 16 seasons with the Saints as head coach, <mask> helped guide the team to three NFC Championship games (2006, 2009, and 2018), a victory in Super Bowl XLIV, and nine total playoff berths with seven division titles, making him the most successful coach in Saints franchise history. In April 2012 <mask> was suspended for the entire 2012 NFL season as a result of his involvement in the New Orleans Saints bounty scandal, under which "bounties" were allegedly paid for contact that would try to injure players on opposing teams. <mask> filed an appeal but was denied, with him remaining suspended until being reinstated in January 2013. Early life
<mask> was born in San Mateo, California, and raised in Naperville, Illinois, by parents Thomas and <mask>. <mask>'s parents were originally from Scranton, Pennsylvania; Thomas worked in the insurance industry.<mask> lived in Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, during his grade school and middle school years (1970–1978). <mask> attended Naperville Central High School in Naperville, Illinois, starting as quarterback his senior year before graduating in 1982. Winning a football scholarship, <mask> had a successful career playing quarterback at Eastern Illinois University, leading the Panthers to an 11–2 record and the quarter-finals of the Division I-AA Playoffs in 1986; while at EIU, he became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity with his close friend, Rick Henghold. Under coach Al Molde, Payton's Eastern Illinois teams were known as "Eastern Airlines" due to their prolific passing attack that frequently topped 300 yards per game (and had 509 passing yards in one game, still a school record). Playing career
Although he was not drafted in the 1987 NFL Draft, Payton tried out for the Kansas City Chiefs for one day. In 1987, he played quarterback for the Chicago Bruisers and Pittsburgh Gladiators during the inaugural season of the Arena Football League, before his rights were sold for $1,000.00 to the Ottawa Rough Riders of the Canadian Football League. He was also a member of the Chicago Bears squad of strikebreaking replacement players, known as the "Spare Bears", during the 1987 NFL players strike.In 3 games he completed 8 of 23 passes (34.8%), for 79 yards, no TDs, and 1 INT,  a passer rating of 27.3. He was also sacked 7 times for 47 yards and had one rush attempt for 28 yards. His one interception came against the New Orleans Saints, the team he would later go on to coach to a Super Bowl victory. In 1988, he played for the Leicester Panthers of the professional UK Budweiser National League. Payton landed the starting quarterback role for the Panthers. <mask> led the Panthers to a touchdown on their first possession. That same season saw the Panthers go to the Quarterfinals of the British League, eventually losing to the London Olympians.After <mask> returned to the US to take up a coaching position. Coaching career

Early coaching career
<mask> began his coaching career in 1988 as an offensive assistant at San Diego State University. He made a series of assistant coaching positions at Indiana State University, Miami University (offensive coordinator), Illinois, and again at San Diego State (running backs coach), before landing a job as the quarterbacks coach with the Philadelphia Eagles in 1997. He coached Marshall Faulk from 1992 to 1993 while working at San Diego State. As OC at Miami University, he helped RB Deland McCullough run for over 1,100 yards. In 1995, the team scored the most points in a season (326) since 1986 and finished 8–2–1. RB Deland McCullough ran for over 1,600 yards with 14 TD and QB Sam Ricketts also threw 14 TD.At the University of Illinois in 1996, he coached QB Scott Weaver, who completed 56% of his passes for over 1,700 yards and 7 TD. Philadelphia Eagles
From 1997 to 1998, <mask> was quarterbacks coach for the Philadelphia Eagles and worked with offensive coordinator Jon Gruden and offensive line coach Bill Callahan. In 1998, Gruden and Callahan left for the Oakland Raiders, and Eagles head coach Ray Rhodes and Payton were fired. The Eagles' quarterbacks passed for 4,009 yards in 1997. New York Giants
In 1999, <mask> was hired as the quarterbacks coach for the New York Giants and was promoted to the role of offensive coordinator in 2000. Under his guidance, the Giants would go on to represent the NFC in Super Bowl XXXV. During this time, he was known to lock himself in the stadium and sleep on the couches while studying plays during off-days.At around 6:45 a.m. on September 11, 2001, the New York Giants' flight from Denver, where the Giants played the Denver Broncos for the first Monday Night Football game of 2001, landed at the gate of Newark Liberty International Airport next to United Airlines Flight 93, the flight that was hijacked and eventually crashed in rural Pennsylvania. <mask> recalls this moment in his autobiography Home Team: Coaching the Saints and New Orleans Back to Life. During the 2002 season, after several poor showings by the Giants' offense, <mask>'s role in play-calling was taken over by then head coach Jim Fassel. Under Fassel the offense improved and propelled the team to a wild-card playoff berth. Dallas Cowboys
<mask> joined Bill Parcells and the Cowboys as an assistant head coach and a quarterbacks coach in 2003, where he helped coach Quincy Carter, Vinny Testaverde, and Drew Bledsoe to 3,000-yard seasons. He was a primary factor for the team to sign undrafted free agent Tony Romo. In 2005, he was promoted by Parcells to assistant head coach/passing game coordinator.New Orleans Saints

<mask> received his first head coaching job in 2006 with the New Orleans Saints. In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, in the 2005 season the Saints had finished with a 3–13 record, ranking as the second worst team in the league. However, Payton turned the struggling team around, and, with newly acquired free agent quarterback Drew Brees, led them to their first playoff appearance in 6 years. The team had one of the league's most productive offenses, ranking first in passing,  and fifth in points scored. The Saints won the NFC South with a 10–6 record, had a first round playoff bye and notched only the second playoff win in franchise history, giving them a berth in the NFC Championship Game against the top-seeded Chicago Bears. The Saints out-gained the Bears in total yards of offense, but lost the game by the lopsided score of 39–14. Receiving 44 out of 50 votes from a panel of sports journalists and broadcasters, <mask> won the AP NFL Coach of the Year Award in January 2007.In the 2007 season, the Saints tried to improve upon their 10–6 record from the previous season. They and the Pittsburgh Steelers opened the NFL preseason, playing the Hall of Fame Game on August 5, 2007. The Saints were 3–2 in the pre-season. The Saints also had the honor of opening the season against the defending champion Indianapolis Colts. The Saints finished the 2007 season 7–9. 2009 Season: Super Bowl Champs
In 2009, <mask> aggressively coached the Saints to their most successful season, with a 13–3 regular season, and a 31–17 victory over the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLIV. In June 2010, <mask> published a book (written with journalist Ellis Henican) entitled Home Team: Coaching the Saints and New Orleans Back to Life.The book opened at number 8 on the non-fiction bestseller list of The New York Times. <mask> described the concept of Home Team: "I didn't want to write another winning-on-the-field book or about modern-day leadership...I wanted to write a book about the stories, ones that you sit around and tell your friends." On October 16, 2011, while coaching against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, <mask> broke his tibia and tore his MCL in a collision with tight end Jimmy Graham's helmet after Graham was tackled on the sideline. Unable to stand on the sidelines, <mask> coached from the booth during rehabilitation. In a memorable moment the week after, <mask> was spotted eating a hot dog in a relaxed state while the Saints blew out the Indianapolis Colts 62–7. <mask> has agreed to a new multi-year contract extension as head coach of the Saints beginning in 2013. On January 6, 2016, he announced that he would stay with the Saints despite interest from other teams that had led to speculation that he would be traded.<mask> agreed to a new 5-year contract extension as head coach of the Saints on March 23, 2016. On Christmas Eve 2016, <mask> notched his 94th victory as Saints head coach, passing Jim E. Mora as the winningest coach in franchise history. <mask> and the Saints would endure some eventful seasons over the next three years. The 2017 season would see the Saints achieve their first winning season since 2013 with an 11–5 record. In the Wild Card round of the postseason, New Orleans defeated the division rival Carolina Panthers 31–26 to advance to the Divisional round against the second-seeded Minnesota Vikings. Against the Vikings, after falling behind 17–0, the Saints were able to crawl back and hold a 24–23 advantage in the final minute of the fourth quarter. On the last play of the game, Vikings quarterback Case Keenum threw a 27-yard pass to wide receiver Stefon Diggs, who evaded Saints safety Marcus Williams and ran to the end zone to complete a 61-yard touchdown pass as time expired to award Minnesota a 29–24 victory.This game was the first in NFL playoff history to end in a touchdown as time expired. The play would later be known as the Minneapolis Miracle. Recent years and Drew Brees retirement
In the 2018 season, the Saints attained the top-seed in the NFC after finishing with a 13–3 record. Upon eliminating the defending Super Bowl champion Philadelphia Eagles 20–14 in the Divisional round, the team advanced to the NFC Championship Game against the Los Angeles Rams for the right to represent the conference in Super Bowl LIII. The

masks:
Patrick Sean Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Jeanne Payton
Payton
Sean Payton
Sean
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton


text_chunks:
 game was marred with controversy after the referees missed a pass interference call of Nickell Robey-Coleman's hit on Tommylee Lewis on 3rd-and-10 with 1:45 remaining in the 4th quarter. The Saints would go on to lose 26–23 in overtime. Some fans, players, and analysts believe the missed call is among the worst in NFL history.The NFL admitted to missing the call soon after the game was over, but did not apologize for the situation until a week and a half later. They also did not overturn the result of the game. The fallout from the missed call was a factor in the NFL's decision to expand instant replay, making pass interference (including non-calls) reviewable. However, that ability to change PI calls would not last past the 2019 season. On September 15, 2019, the Saints and <mask> agreed to a 5-year contract extension. The Saints once again finished 13–3 in 2019. However, they would be upset in the Wild Card round by the Minnesota Vikings in overtime 26–20, a third consecutive disappointing playoff finish for the Saints.<mask> was fined  by the NFL for not properly wearing a face mask, as required for coaches during the COVID-19 pandemic, during a week 2 game in the 2020 NFL season on September 22, 2020. Following the 2021 NFL season, <mask> announced he would be stepping down as head coach. Bounty scandal

On March 2, 2012, the NFL concluded after a thorough investigation that from 2009 to 2011, the Saints implemented a bounty program that rewarded players for deliberately attempting to knock opposing players out of games. The slush fund was determined to be administered by defensive coordinator Gregg Williams, who joined the team in 2009. An extensive league investigation found that <mask> was implicated in the Bounty Scandal. The league determined <mask> went as far as to orchestrate a cover-up when the league first investigated it in the 2009-10 offseason. When informed that the league was investigating reports of a bounty program, Payton met with Williams and assistant head coach Joe Vitt and told them, "Let's make sure our ducks are in a row."According to a league memo, the NFL reopened its investigation late in the 2011 season. Just before the Saints' playoff game against the Detroit Lions, league officials alerted Saints owner Tom Benson that they had found irrefutable evidence of the Saints' bounty program. When general manager Mickey Loomis informed <mask> that the league had reopened its investigation, Payton failed to shut the alleged program down. On March 22, 2012, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell suspended <mask> for the entire 2012 season, effective April 1. <mask> became the first head coach in modern NFL history to be suspended for any reason. Goodell was particularly upset that <mask> and other Saints officials had lied to him about the scheme. For instance, during its investigation, the league uncovered an email that Michael Ornstein, the agent for former Saints running back Reggie Bush, had sent to Payton.In reality, the Ornstein email wasn't directly sent to <mask>, instead it came to team spokesman Greg Bensel, who then forwarded it to the coaching staff with this message:  "email from Orny (he asked that I send it) the dude is in prison so I told him I would." The email stated "put me down for $5000 on "Green Bay Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers". "It's a running joke going for three years," Ornstein said. "Ornstein's email is just another example of the speciousness of the quote-unquote evidence that Commissioner (Roger) Goodell claims to have to support his erroneous accusations against Jonathan and the other players," lawyer Peter Ginsberg said. "As more of the evidence is revealed in the media, it is becoming more and more apparent how irresponsible the NFL's actions have been." When confronted with the email, <mask> initially claimed he never read it, but subsequently admitted that he had. In an interview with ESPN's Adam Schefter, Goodell implied that <mask> would have faced significant punishment even if he'd been more forthcoming.In Goodell's view, <mask>'s contractual obligation to supervise his assistants meant that, at the very least, he should have known about the scheme and shut it down immediately. In the league's announcement of sanctions against the Saints, <mask> was faulted for violating a provision of the league constitution that requires coaches to inform their owners about team operations, as well as to "avoid actions that undermine or damage the club's reputation or operating success." On March 30, 2012, <mask> lodged a formal appeal of his suspension. Goodell held an expedited hearing on the matter and was expected to render a decision in "days, not weeks," according to ESPN's Schefter. <mask> also used the hearing as a chance to get clarification on the terms of his ban. Goodell turned the appeal down on April 9, meaning that <mask>'s suspension was set to begin on April 16. He was to remain suspended until the end of Super Bowl XLVII, which was held in New Orleans.According to ESPN's Chris Mortensen, <mask> was to forfeit $5.8 million of his $7.1 million salary. He was barred from even casual contact with anyone in the NFL; any such contact would have to be reported to NFL executive Ray Anderson. Soon after the suspension was announced, Payton began discussions with his mentor, Parcells, about serving as interim coach for the 2012 season. In September 2011, the Saints and <mask> agreed to extend <mask>'s contract through 2015. However, on November 4, 2012, the NFL revealed that it had disallowed the extension because it contained a clause the NFL deemed to violate its rules, which would have allowed <mask> to leave if Saints general manager Mickey Loomis were not with the team. The NFL's action left <mask>'s contract status in doubt beyond the 2012 season, although Payton said that he intended to return to the Saints. NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell reinstated <mask> on January 22, 2013.Liberty Christian Warriors (Argyle, TX)
During his 2012 suspension from the NFL, <mask> served as the offensive coordinator for his son Connor's sixth-grade team in Argyle, Texas. Payton used a simplified version of the Saints playbook, and the team went unbeaten until losing near the end of the regular season to a team that ran the single-wing, which his team was unable to stop. Since he believed he would face that team again in the league's playoffs, he obtained video that the father of one of his players recorded, and then contacted his mentor Bill Parcells to help him break down the opponent's offense. The teams indeed faced one another in the league finals; <mask>'s team lost a considerably closer game in which they were able to slow down the opposing offense. Head coaching record

Personal life
<mask> met Beth Shuey, an Indiana State University graduate, while coaching there. The couple have two children, daughter Meghan (born 1997) and son Connor (born 1999). <mask> is Irish Catholic.<mask> and his family moved to a home in Mandeville, Louisiana when he became the Saints' head coach. The home, like many built on the Gulf Coast after Hurricane Katrina, later turned out to be constructed with defective Chinese drywall, and <mask> eventually became a named plaintiff in a widely reported class action lawsuit against the manufacturer, Knauf Plasterboard Tianjin Co. Ltd. In the wake of the issues with their home in Mandeville, the Paytons decided to move the family back to the Dallas area in 2011, when they purchased a home in the Vacquero Club, an upscale golf community in Westlake that is home to several PGA Tour professionals, as well as the Jonas Brothers and Josh Hamilton. Rumors swirled over the 2011 Super Bowl weekend that the move would coincide with <mask> returning to the Cowboys as the General Manager or in some other executive capacity, but these turned out to be groundless. At the time, he maintained a residence in the New Orleans area during the season, while his family resided full-time in Westlake, a 90-minute trip via a privately chartered flight. In June 2012, <mask> and his wife Beth filed for divorce. In 2014, after his suspension and the finalization of his divorce, he moved from the New Orleans suburbs where he had kept his in-season home to Uptown New Orleans, buying a condo in that neighborhood, and now lives there year-round.Shortly before the 2015 season, which coincided with the 10th anniversary of Hurricane Katrina, he hosted a dinner for the four coaches and four players who had continuously been with the Saints since he became head coach, and presented each of them with a Rolex watch. In January 2018 New Orleans musician Shamarr Allen dedicated a song to Payton entitled "Hit the <mask>ton" which he composed after watching an Instagram live video of Payton dancing in celebration with the Saints players after defeating the Carolina Panthers for the third time that season. Saints running back Alvin Kamara had recorded the locker room celebrations for his Instagram live feed and the video went viral on social media. On November 10, 2019, at the end of the Saints vs. Falcons games, it was announced that <mask> had gotten engaged two days prior on November 8 to his girlfriend, Skylene Montgomery. They married in a private ceremony on June 18, 2021 in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. The wedding was officiated by former NBA player and coach Avery Johnson.On March 19, 2020, it was reported that <mask> had tested positive for COVID-19. Payton became the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in the NFL. On March 26, <mask> announced that he tested negative and had been cleared from COVID-19. Honors and awards
 National Football League Coach of the Year Award—AP, SN, PFW, Maxwell (2006)
 Kansas City Committee of 101 NFC Coach of the Year (2006, 2009)
 ESPY Awards Outstanding Team—New Orleans Saints (2010)
 NCAA Silver Anniversary Awards (2012)

Selected works

In popular culture
 He is played by Kevin James in the 2022 film Home Team, a comedy based around <mask>'s suspension after the 2012 Bounty Scandal. He also had a cameo appearance in the film. References

External links

 New Orleans Saints profile

1963 births
Living people
American expatriate players of American football
American expatriate sportspeople in England
American expatriate sportspeople in the United Kingdom
American football quarterbacks
American players of Canadian football
National Football League replacement players
Canadian football quarterbacks
Chicago Bears players
Chicago Bruisers players
Dallas Cowboys coaches
Eastern Illinois Panthers football players
Illinois Fighting Illini football coaches
Indiana State Sycamores football coaches
Miami RedHawks football coaches
New Orleans Saints head coaches
New York Giants coaches
Ottawa Rough Riders players
People from Delaware County, Pennsylvania
People from Mandeville, Louisiana
People from San Mateo, California
People from Westlake, Texas
Philadelphia Eagles coaches
Players of American football from California
Players of American football from Illinois
San Diego State Aztecs football coaches
Sportspeople from Naperville, Illinois
Sportspeople from the Chicago metropolitan area
Super Bowl-winning head coaches
Catholics from Texas
Catholics from California
Catholics from Illinois
Catholics from Pennsylvania
Catholics from

masks:
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton
Sean Pay
Payton
Payton
Payton
Payton


text_chunks:
<mask>  is an international advisor, speaker, and company director. She is a founding member of the European Union's Global Tech Panel, and Chair of Treasury Corporation of Victoria. She is co-founder of Pottinger and Atomli Inc. Her thinking on disruption, diversity, philanthropy, and business leadership has been featured in articles, speeches and books. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Sydney, Australia. She attended the University of Sydney and received a Bachelor in Economics (Honours in Finance), with a major in Commercial Law / Accounting. Her Honours year focused on finance and the economics of developing nations and economics.Executive career
After working as a fund manager, she was hired by McKinsey & Company and moved to Johannesburg, where she was one of the early founders of the global risk management practice. Following that, she worked at HSBC in London and then Deutsche Bank where she was based in New York City, leading investment into early fintech/online platforms such as Tradeweb, Market Axess and Creditex. In 2001 she was hired as the Vice President of GMAC Commercial Mortgage Asia, based in Tokyo. She founded Pottinger in 2003, a global advisory business, with Nigel Lake. She was initially CEO and then became global chair of Pottinger. She developed Pottinger's proprietary "destination-led strategy" which is used by leaders in business and government. Business Spectator reported that <mask> drives a responsible and ethical business culture through recruitment of individuals "with a true understanding of what feels correct, ethical, decent, humane, authentic behaviour.People who have the courage to say 'no' to clients". Board appointments
In August 2017, <mask> was appointed as Chairperson of Treasury Corporation Victoria, the central financing authority for the State of Victoria, established by an Act of the Victorian Parliament, having previously been appointed as Deputy Chairperson in 2015. In early 2017, <mask> was appointed as Chair of the NYC-based technology startup Atomli Inc. Previous board appointments include:

2017 - Chair, Livetiles
2014 - Director of Flight Centre Travel Group
2014 - Chair, Allpress Espresso International
2010 - Director, University of New South Wales Foundation, the Fundraising Board of that university
2009 - Vice President, Women in Banking & Finance
2006 - Director,  Starlight Children’s Foundation Australia
2006 - Director, Children’s Cancer Institute of Australia & <mask> was also the Chair of the Audit & Risk Management Committee

A former member for the Australian Federal Treasury's Inclusive Workplace Committee

<mask> is also:

A member of the European Union's Global Tech Panel https://eeas.europa.eu/topics/sanctions-policy/50886/about-global-tech-panel_en</ref>, a member and Chair of the Global Council of Exponent https://exponent.org/ a global coalition that amplifies gender equity initiatives and partners to spark new ones, a member of The International Advisory Board for The Resolution Project, a member of the Global Leadership Council for MS Research Australia, an advisory council member for the Center for Universal Education at the Brookings Institution, and works with experts in access to global education including the former PM of Australia Hon. Julia Gillard. Recognition
<mask> is an advisor to the G20, as a member of the B20 Digitalization Taskforce and the Health Taskforce. Previously she was a member of the Infrastructure and Financing Taskforce.In 2014, <mask> spoke at the G20 Finance Ministers and Reserve Bank Governors Meeting, the B20 Summit on Financing Growth and the G(irls)20. In 2017 she was named one of Australia's Best Chairs. In 2015, <mask> was named a Director to Watch, by Directors & Boards, a quarterly US journal dedicated to the topics of leadership and corporate governance. The Australian has quoted her thoughts on business leadership: "we are now living in a world where managements and boards have to be more nimble and collaborative and curious, because we are in an environment where companies have to embrace uncertainty". At Daze of Disruption in 2015, she spoke about the importance of investing outside of core business operations in order that organisations remain vital in the future. In 2010 the Australian Financial Review article 'Women to Watch: Cultural Change' in 2010 featured her, as did the Australian Financial Review 100 Women of Influence Awards in 2012, where she was acknowledged as one of the top 10 women in management and on boards. In 2014 she was acknowledged as the Instyle magazine's and Audi's business-woman of style and has subsequently been on the judging panel.<mask> was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the 2019 Queen's Birthday Honours in recognition of her "significant service to business through executive roles, and as an advocate for gender equity". Community and philanthropy
In 2012, <mask> founded The Glass Elevator, a program designed to help connect, engage and inspire women in industry and government. <mask> has participated in the Vinnies CEO Sleepout, an annual Australian initiative raising awareness and raising funds to break the cycle of homelessness, and has been a member of the Vinnies' Advisory Board for the event. Thread Publishing has shared her thoughts on philanthropy and how Pottinger was created with the intention of being a social and commercial enterprise. Publications
The book Leadership Revelations III: How we Achieve the Gender Tipping Point by Avril Henry, published in 2015 featured her thoughts on gender equality. Aside from her public speaking engagements on matters of disruption and strategy, <mask> has presented at a number of forums focused on human rights and the issue of diversity. Examples include:
 2017 at the Global Summit of Women in Tokyo on a panel about how to accelerate women's access to board seats.2016 at the Global Summit of Women in Warsaw, Poland
 2015 at UN Women in Sydney
 2014 at All About Women held at the Sydney Opera House on the role that women need to play in each other's success, through mentoring, encouraging strength and courage, and by creating a workplace culture that is truly innovative, inclusive and caring. Leaders in heels features her speech, quoting "We need to start a tidal wave movement. One that supports and encourages other women and one that demands opportunities for women". 2014 at W21 on advancing women's leadership at the G20 summit. 2014 at the Global Summit of Women in Paris on the urgency for practical steps to close the gender gap. 2013 at the Global Summit of Women in Malaysia, debating the topic of quotas versus voluntary initiatives to achieve gender parity in corporate leadership, particularly the boardroom. <mask> has spoken in Australia, New Zealand, the UAE, Malaysia, Europe, the USA and Japan (by invitation from Shinzō Abe) on gender equality.References

External links
 Pottinger website
 The Glass Elevator website
 <mask> website

Living people
Australian women in business
Year of birth missing (living people)
Members of the Order of Australia

masks:
Cassandra Kelly
Cassandra
Cassandra
Cassandra
Cassandra
Cassandra
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Cassandra
Cassandra
Cassandra
Cassandra
Cassandra Kelly


text_chunks:
<mask> (1717–1769) was a prominent Virginia educator and Anglican cleric during the American Colonial period and the progenitor of the prominent <mask> political family. The Reverend <mask> was a figure in the notable lawsuit that became known as "The Parson's Cause" in 1763, in which the young attorney Patrick Henry argued that the colony had the right to establish its own method of payment to clergy (which had been vetoed by the Crown). Born in Dublin of French Protestant "Huguenot" descent, <mask> came to the Virginia colony as an infant with his parents. He became educated and attended The College of William and Mary. He went to England to become ordained as an Anglican minister in 1741. He established his own classical school for boys, where he taught the young Thomas Jefferson among others. In February 1742, <mask> went to England and was ordained as an Anglican cleric of the established Church of England.Returning to Virginia, The Reverend <mask> was in charge for one year of a parish in King William County and then served for 18 years in Louisa County at Fredericksville Parish. He was highly regarded for his piety and learning. <mask> was in charge of his parish until his death on June 9, 1769. Early life and education
He was the son of <mask>, a French Huguenot, who was born in Castel Mauron, in Gascony, and his wife, Mary Anne Fontaine, daughter of Rev. <mask> and Anne Elizabeth Boursiquot. <mask> was born per his tombstone, April 8, 1717, in Dublin. Shortly after his birth, the family emigrated to the Virginia colony, where hundreds of Huguenot refugees had settled above the falls of the James River in the early 1700s.<mask> was tutored and attended The College of William and Mary. After ordination to the Anglican ministry on July 31, 1742, he was appointed usher of its grammar school. Career

Educator
<mask> had a private school where he taught the classics, manners and morals, mathematics, literature, history and geography. Most of Reverend <mask>'s pupils boarded at his school. Thomas Jefferson became one of his pupils for two years after the death of his father Peter Jefferson in 1757 and is said to have learned more about the classics from <mask> than from any other instructor. Reverend <mask>'s school is memorialized in a historical marker located near Gordonsville in Albemarle County, Virginia. Ordained ministry
Ordained in 1742, The Reverend <mask> first served for a year in King William County, then was called to Louisa County and Fredericksville Parish.Loyal Land Company
In 1749 <mask> became enthusiastic about expeditions to the west and, together with Peter Jefferson, Dr. Thomas Walker, Joshua Fry, and others founded the Loyal Company of Virginia. They planned an expedition up the Missouri River to be led by Walker, but it was forestalled by the outbreak of hostilities between England and France in the Seven Years' War in 1753 (called the French and Indian War in the colonies). In a 1756 letter <mask> described the proposed expedition, which foreshadowed the Lewis and Clark Expedition:

"Some persons were to be sent in search of that river Missouri, if that be the right name of it, in order to discover whether it had any communication with the Pacific Ocean; they were to follow the river if they found it, and exact reports of the country they passed through, the distances they traveled, what worth of navigation those rivers and lakes afforded, etc." Family
Rev. <mask> married Mary Walker (born November 22, 1724, in King and Queen County, Virginia), on November 11, 1743, in Louisa County, Virginia. Mary was the daughter of Anne and Captain <mask>. Their children were:
<mask>, b. September 10, 1744, d. May 6, 1801
"Consul" <mask>, b. February 3, 1746, d. February 23, 1840
<mask>, b. June 3, 1747, d. 1747
<mask>, b. November 16, 1748, d. January 8, 1822
<mask>, b. September 17, 1750
<mask>, b. July 21, 1752, d. October 11, 1788
<mask>, b. July 15, 1754, d. July 26, 1786
<mask>, b. April 1, 1756
Abram <mask>, b. April 28, 1758
Fontaine <mask>, b. February 3, 1761, d. February 1824
Benjamin Maury, b. January 17, 1763
Richard Maury, b.May 19, 1766, d. January 31, 1843 father of Matthew Fontaine <mask>
Matilda Hite <mask>, b. October 28, 1769, d. November 7, 1821

The Parson's Cause
<mask> opposed the colony's passage of the Two Penny Act of 1757, which proposed to pay clergy a set amount in cash rather than in tobacco, as had been the rule. The Crown had vetoed the colony's act and asserted clergy must be paid in tobacco. <mask> sued the parish collectors, who gathered required payment for clergy, for the full amount of his salary in tobacco. This suit, known in American history as the Parson's Cause, was an important legal and political dispute in the Colony of Virginia as it involved the question of taxation, and whether it was controlled by the colony or the Crown. It is considered an important event contributing to the American Revolution. The case was defended by Peter Lyons, afterward president of the Virginia Supreme Court, and opposed by Patrick Henry. He denounced the interference of the King in setting aside the colony's law as treason to the people of Virginia.<mask> won the lawsuit but the jury awarded him only one penny in damages. He continued to hold the esteem of the people of Virginia. Afterward <mask> wrote a letter discussing the case, which became known as "The Parson's Opinion of 'The Parson's Cause'". Rev. <mask> and Patrick Henry had no animosity as a result of the case. Later Martha Henry, the attorney's eldest daughter, married John Fontaine, a near relation of Rev. <mask>, and whose ancestor was Rev.Peter Fontaine. They had the common ancestor of John de la Fontaine. (John Fontaine (6 Aug 1750, Hanover Co., Va; d. 14 Apr 1792, Henry Co., Va.) married Martha Henry 1774, Hanover Co., Va. (b. Jun 1755, Hanover Co., Va; d. 1818, Charlotte Co., Va.) They managed the Henry plantation of Leatherwood after her father was elected a second time as governor of Virginia. issue:

 Martha Henry Fontaine b. 4 Jul 1781; d. 12 Sep 1845, Ponotoc, MS.
 William Winston Fontaine b. 25 Nov 1786, Henry Co., VA; d. Nov 1816. Patrick Henry Fontaine
 Charles B. Fontaine
 John J. Fontaine b.1788; d. 3 Jan 1852. Descendants
<mask>'s eldest son, <mask> (1746–1840), was appointed as the United States' first overseas consul. Thomas Jefferson petitioned then US President George Washington for his appointment. <mask> became America's first consul to Liverpool, England, a position which he held from 1790 to 1829. He resigned due to Jacksonian politics. During this overseas appointment, both he and his nephew Matthew Fontaine <mask> (born in 1806) had opportunities to discuss and study the natural philosophy lectures (mainly physics) of Thomas Young, published in 1807. "Consul" <mask>'s portrait still hangs today in Liverpool Town Hall.Notes

References
 Jacques de la Fontaine, (translated by <mask>), A Tale of the Huguenots or Memoirs of a French Refugee Family, John S Taylor, 1839. ASIN: B002L40ZEY
Memoirs of a Huguenot Family by Jacques de la Fontaine, at wikisource.org
 The Maury Family Tree, compiled by Sue C. West-Teague
Scott, Arthur P. "The Parson's Cause Case" "The Constitutional Aspects of the Parson's Cause," Political Science Quarterly 31 (Dec. 1916): 558-77
McCants, David A., "The Authenticity of <mask>'s Account of Patrick Henry's Speech in the Parsons' Cause", Southern Speech Communication Journal, 42 (1976). Article on the Reverend <mask>, Virginia center for Digital History
Biography of <mask>, Virginia center for Digital History]
The Parson's Opinion of the Parson's Cause

External links

Maury's School historical marker

American people of French descent
Irish people of French descent
1718 births
1760 deaths
Maury family of Virginia
Kingdom of Ireland emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
College of William & Mary alumni
British North American Anglicans
18th-century Anglican priests
Virginia colonial people
Educators from Virginia
People from Louisa County, Virginia
People from King William County, Virginia

masks:
James Maury
Maury
James Maury
James Maury
Maury
James Maury
Maury
Matthew Maury
James Fontaine
James Maury
Maury
Maury
Maury
Maury
Maury
Maury
Maury
Maury
James Maury
James Walker
Matthew Maury
James Maury
Leonard Maury
Anne Maury
Mary Maury
Walker Maury
Catherine Maury
Elizabeth Maury
Maury
Maury
Maury
Maury
Maury
Maury
Maury
Maury
James Maury
James Maury
Maury
James Maury
Maury
Maury
James Maury
Ann Maury
James Maury
James Maury
James Maury


text_chunks:
<mask> is an Indian scientist currently serving as a SERB-DST  National Science Chair Professor and Honorary Professor at the Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit of the Indian Institute of Science. He is a Theoretical Physical Chemist and Biophysicist known for his research in the area of statistical mechanics; particularly in the study of phase transition and nucleation, solvation dynamics, mode-coupling theory of electrolyte transport, dynamics of biological macromolecules (proteins, DNA etc. ), protein folding, enzyme kinetics, supercooled liquids and protein hydration layer. He is an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy, the Indian Academy of Sciences, The World Academy of Sciences and an International honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Along with several scientific articles, he has authored two books, Molecular Relaxation in Liquids and Water in Biological and Chemical Processes: From Structure and Dynamics to Function

Biography

<mask> was born in 1954 to Binay K<mask>, a school principal and his homemaker/part-time teacher wife, Abha, in Kolkata in the Indian state of West Bengal. He graduated in chemistry from Presidency College, Kolkata (present-day Presidency University) in 1974 and obtained a master's degree from Rajabazar Science College, Calcutta University in 1976. Moving to the US, he did his doctoral studies at Brown University, an Ivy League institution from where he secured a PhD in 1980 working with Prof. Julian Gibbs and did his post-doctoral studies at James Franck Institute of the University of Chicago as a research associate.Here, he had the opportunity to work with renowned chemists such as David W. Oxtoby, Graham Fleming and Stuart Rice till 1983 when he shifted to the laboratory of Robert Zwanzig of the University of Maryland for a one-year stint. <mask> returned to India in 1984 and joined Indian Institute of Science (IISc) at their Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit as a lecturer where he has established Bagchi research group. Research
In an academic career spanning over more than three decades in which <mask> has travelled over a wide landscape of physical chemistry, chemical physics, and biophysical chemistry where his contributions often helped build up an area from its foundations. This was done by maintaining a close collaboration with experimental research groups both in India and abroad. He often developed theories that combined sophisticated theoretical approaches (such as mode coupling theory) to extend traditional and established theories and methods (like Kramers’ theory of barrier crossing dynamics, FRET, and electrochemistry) to explain emerging experimental and simulation results. Professor <mask> has published more than 480 articles and received more than 24000 citations. His work has been published in reputed journals such as Nature, PNAS, PRL, JACS, JPC and Chemical Reviews.He has also authored two well-known monographs published by the Oxford University Press (NY) [Molecular Relaxation in Liquids]  and Cambridge University Press (UK) [Water in Biological and Chemical Processes: From Structure and Dynamics to Function]. And a third major text on Statistical Mechanics published by Francis-Taylor & CRC Press. <mask> has conducted lectures at national and international levels. He is also associated with a number of science journals as a member of their editorial boards. He has authored 22 major review articles that are partly pedagogical and influenced generations of physical and theoretical chemists. Some representative examples of his seminal contributions are discussed below:

(i)  In the 1970s and 1980s, it was realized that a large number of ultrafast processes could show the usual dynamical characteristics of an activated reaction but occur in the absence of any activation barrier to their reactive motion. Prof. <mask> developed the first and till to date the most successful theory of barrierless chemical reactions.This theory explained how we can speak of a reaction rate even in the absence of a barrier. (ii)  Solvation dynamics of polar solutes in dipolar liquids (like water, ethanol) was a topic of huge contemporary interest from mid-eighties to late nineties. A continuum model of the solvent with a frequency dependent dielectric function was developed by <mask> that predicted a relaxation time, later called the longitudinal relaxation time, which was faster than the dielectric relaxation time of the solvent, thus providing a first-time explanation of the experimentally observed fast relaxation of the time dependent solvation energy. However, the continuum model could not explain the ultrafast sub-100 fs solvation observed by Fleming et al. Bagchi explained this by developing a microscopic theory which included intermolecular correlations and also the contribution of translational contributions of solvent molecules. (iii)  The dielectric relaxation theories prior to mid-eighties considered primarily rotational modes. <mask> and co-workers came up with a microscopic theory of frequency and wave vector dependent dielectric function which included both rotational and translational degrees of freedom.Translational modes were shown to play a hidden role in dielectric relaxation. Due to the presence of orientational correlations, the longitudinal and transverse dielectric functions exhibit vastly different relaxation times at finite wave vectors. This was indeed an important result because, in many dynamical processes, it is the finite wave vector response of the solvent that matters the most. A self-consistent theory was developed for the dielectric friction and dielectric relaxation. It was shown that the presence of translational contributions can make dielectric relaxation more Debye-like for cases where only rotational contributions give rise to a highly non-Debye form of dielectric relaxation. Awards and honors
The Indian National Science Academy awarded <mask> the INSA Medal for Young Scientists in 1986; the Academy would honor him again in 1990 with A. K. Bose Memorial Medal and with an elected fellowship in 1995. He received the Homi Bhabha fellowship in 1989 before the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1991.The same year, the Indian Academy of Sciences elected him as their fellow and he became an elected fellow of The World Academy of Sciences in 2004. In between, he received the G. D. Birla Award in 1997, TWAS Prize in 1998, the Alumni Excellence Award in Research of the Indian Institute of Science in 2002 and Goyal Prize in Chemistry in 2003. He was selected as J. C. Bose National Fellow in 2006 and the several award orations he has delivered include B. C. Laha Memorial Lecture of 2001, conducted by Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science and Mizushima-Raman Lecture of 2006, jointly organized by the Department of Science and Technology and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. The Journal of Physical Chemistry published a festschrift on <mask> by way of their August 2015 issue. He has been selected as the 2021 recipient of the Joel Henry Hildebrand Award in the Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry of Liquids, by the American Chemical Society (ACS). He was also selected for the prestigious Alexander von Humboldt Foundation’s Humboldt Science Research Award (2019) in recognition of his work in chemical sciences. Selected bibliography

Books

Chapters

See also

 David W. Oxtoby
 Graham Fleming
 Stuart A.Rice
 Robert Zwanzig

Notes

References

External links

Further reading

Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science
1946 births
Indian scientific authors
Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
20th-century Indian chemists
Scientists from Kolkata
Bengali scientists
Indian theoretical chemists
TWAS fellows
Presidency University, Kolkata alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
Brown University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Living people
TWAS laureates

masks:
Biman Bagchi
Biman Bagchi
. Bagchi
Bagchi
Bagchi
Bagchi
Bagchi
Bagchi
Bagchi
Bagchi
Bagchi
Bagchi


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 7 November 1965) is an English former professional footballer and manager, who is assistant manager at Wrexham. He played for Mansfield Town, Stoke City and West Bromwich Albion and has been manager of Barnsley, Mansfield Town and Rochdale (two spells). Playing career
<mask> was born in Mansfield and began his career with Stoke City, captaining the youth team to the final of the FA Youth Cup in 1984 where they lost out to Everton. He made his senior debut against Nottingham Forest in 1982–83 and was part of the defence which kept a clean sheet in a 1–0 victory. He played 16 games in 1984–85 in which was an awful season for Stoke as they suffered an embarrassing relegation, going down with a then record low points tally of 17. Parkin played 18 games in 1985–86 under new manager Mick Mills and fully established himself in the side in 1986–87 making 46 appearances as Stoke missed out on the play-offs by six points. He played in 50 matches in 1987–88 before a groin injury restricted him to only four appearances in 1988–89.<mask> then moved on to West Bromwich Albion where he spent three seasons making 54 appearances scoring twice. He joined his home-town club Mansfield Town in July 1992 and was a player at Field Mill for four seasons making 96 appearances scoring four goals before retiring to become manager of the club. Managerial career

Mansfield Town
Parkin started his managerial career at Mansfield Town at the start of the 1996–97 season after Andy King was sacked. <mask>, only 30 at the time, and club captain, took over as a caretaker manager, but went to last three seasons with the Stags, missing out closely on the play-offs in two of his three seasons. <mask> left Mansfield after his position became untenable due to a transfer embargo on the Nottinghamshire club, and joined Rochdale in the summer before the 1999–2000 season. Rochdale
Parkin's first spell at Rochdale was a great success, and he lifted the Lancashire club from the depths of the league to an 8th-place finish in his first season. The team's success paved the way for big money signings like Paul Connor and Clive Platt.Barnsley
On 9 November 2001 <mask> left Spotland and joined Barnsley. <mask>'s spell at Barnsley was not a productive or a successful one. Barnsley were in the relegation place at the time of his take over in Division One and with a small transfer budget, Parkin could not improve their position and Barnsley were relegated in April 2002. With debt-ridden Barnsley struggling to stave off a second successive relegation, on 15 October 2002, the club went into administration and <mask> along with his assistant Tony Ford both lost their jobs. <mask> did not find a managerial position for 14 months after his departure from Barnsley, although he expressed an interest in taking over at Colchester United. He became assistant manager at Notts County shortly after his sacking. Return to Rochdale
In December 2003, <mask> went back to his former job at Rochdale, where Ford had already been re-employed as assistant-manager to <mask>'s predecessor Alan Buckley.His first duty was to save Rochdale from relegation that season, which he did with a few games to spare, adding talent such as Grant Holt to the ranks, although Rochdale's final position was lower than when he took over. His second season saw Dale nearly reach the play-offs, but stumble late in the season. In the 2005–06 season, <mask> guided the club to what many saw as a backward step, only narrowly avoiding relegation. Both <mask> and Dale were under an increasingly significant amount of pressure following a poor start to the 2006–07 season, which saw Rochdale gain only six points from eight matches. During the course of the season Dale lost arguably one of their best players of recent years. Rickie Lambert, an Attacking Midfielder/Striker who was sold to Bristol Rovers for £200,000 on transfer deadline day in August 2006. <mask>'s position became untenable and he was sacked shortly before Christmas.Coaching career
In January 2007 he was installed as the first-team coach for Championship side Hull City, working alongside Phil Brown and Brian Horton. On 15 March 2010 he took over as joint caretaker manager with Brian Horton after Phil Brown was put on gardening leave. In June 2010 Nigel Pearson was appointed at the full-time successor to Phil Brown, and opted to bring his own backroom staff with him from his previous position at Leicester City, bringing to an end <mask>'s association with the club. On 6 October 2010, it was announced that <mask> would be swapping the north for the south bank of the Humber, joining newly appointed manager Ian Baraclough at Scunthorpe United. <mask> joined Bradford City as assistant manager to <mask> on 22 September 2011. On 10 June 2016, he linked up with <mask> once again as the Assistant Manager of Bolton Wanderers, signing a two-year contract at the Macron Stadium. On 2 November 2019 <mask> once again followed <mask>, and became Sunderland's Assistant Manager.But on 28 November 2020, Sunderland “parted ways” with their then manager <mask>, as <mask> also departed. On 1 July 2021, Parkin again followed <mask> to National League side Wrexham. Career statistics

As a player
Source:

A. The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals in the Football League Trophy, Football League play-offs and Full Members Cup. As a manager

Honours
 Stoke City
 Stoke City player of the year: 1988

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Mansfield
English footballers
England under-21 international footballers
Stoke City F.C. players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C.players
English football managers
Mansfield Town F.C. managers
Rochdale A.F.C. managers
Barnsley F.C. managers
Hull City A.F.C. non-playing staff
Scunthorpe United F.C. non-playing staff
Bradford City A.F.C. non-playing staff
Bolton Wanderers F.C.non-playing staff
Sunderland A.F.C. non-playing staff
Wrexham A.F.C. non-playing staff
English Football League players
Association football defenders

masks:
Stephen John Parkin
Parkin
Parkin
Parkin
Parkin
Parkin
Parkin
Parkin
Parkin
Parkin
Parkin
Parkin
Parkin
Parkin
Parkin
Parkin
Parkin
Phil Parkinson
Parkinson
Parkin
Parkinson
Phil Parkinson
Parkin
Parkinson


text_chunks:
<mask>III<mask> (; died 1375) was a Hungarian prelate in the 14th century. He served as Bishop of Csanád from 1350 to 1358, Archbishop of Kalocsa from 1358 to 1367, then Archbishop of Esztergom from 1367 until his death. Early life and career
<mask>di was born into the ancient Hungarian gens (clan) Csanád in the early 14th century, as one of the two sons of Pancras; his only brother was Clement (fl. 1336–1366). Originating from the rich and powerful Telegdi branch, he had several influential relatives, including his uncle <mask>, the Archbishop of Esztergom from 1330 to 1349, and cousin Nicholas Vásári, who held the same dignity between 1350 and 1358. The Telegdis rose to prominence during the reign of Charles I of Hungary. <mask> and his brother Clement were first mentioned by contemporary records in 1336 on the occasion of a land exchange contract.Under the patronage of his uncle, <mask> studied in an Italian universitas, obtaining the degree of decretorum doctor, which indicated his competence in science and canon law. Entering ecclesiastical career, <mask>di was first referred to as archdeacon of Nyitra (Nitra) in 1341. Due to the intervention of his uncle Csanád, he was elected to the collegiate chapter of Esztergom in 1343. With that step, the archbishop caused controversy, because he increased the strictly hierarchical staff (38 members) of the collegiate chapter with one person, for the sake of his nephew. He was made lector of the cathedral chapter still in that year. Simultaneously, he was also a member of the collegiate chapter of Győr in the 1340s. Pope Clement VI created Telegdi papal chaplain and "Auditor of the Sacred Apostolic Palace" ().In that capacity, he represented the Apostolic Tribunal of the Roman Rota in legal procedure in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, as he never resided in Rome. Upon his request, the pope appointed him grand provost of Esztergom sometimes after 28 January 1350, replacing Nicholas Apáti. He held the office for a brief time, as Pope Clement made him Bishop of Csanád on 31 May 1350. Telegdi sent Conrad Skultéti, the archdeacon of Nyitra to Avignon for his pallium. The bishop paid 20 golds to Skultéti for his service; one-third of his bishopric's annual income. Telegdi appointed his cousin Nicholas as his general and spiritual vicar. Telegdi was a faithful confidant of Louis I of Hungary.His high level qualification made him fit to mediate between the Hungarian royal court and the Holy See. For instance, when Pope Clement handed over the tenth of church income in Hungary to Louis for four years in 1352, Telegdi was entrusted to implement the provision. Telegdi served as representative of Pope Innocent VI in several inaugurations of church benefices at the royal court of Hungary. Archbishop of Kalocsa
Telegdi's cousin Nicholas Vásári died in mid-1358. Shortly thereafter, Cardinal Guillaume de la Jugée arrived to Hungary with the message of Pope Innocent, who intended to transfer Nicholas Apáti from the Archdiocese of Kalocsa to Esztergom, while wished to appoint <mask>di as the new Archbishop of Kalocsa, the second most prestigious ecclesiastical dignity in Hungary. However Louis I was reluctant to accept the pope's endeavor, especially with regard to Telegdi, probably not because of his person, but because of the way of his selection, which threatened his right of patronage. Finally, yet, Pope Innocent reached his goal, as he translated Telegdi from the bishopric of Csanád to the see of Kalocsa without any conflict on 25 August 1358.Telegdi again commissioned his confidant Conrad Skultéti to bring his pallium from Avignon to Hungary. Finally, royal envoy Nicholas Zsigrai brought the insignia to the archiepiscopal court of Kalocsa in early 1359. Pope Innocent VI appointed him patron of the Poor Clares' monastery of Óbuda on 30 July 1360. In the next year, the pope entrusted Telegdi to chair that judicial body, which investigated and ruled the numerous lawsuits relating the estates of the cathedral chapter of Transylvania. When Louis I and Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria prepared a war against Bohemia, Pope Urban V sent a letter to 23 January 1363 to over persuade his monarch to conclude a peace with Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor. Louis was finally reconciled with Charles IV at their meeting in Uherské Hradiště on 8 May 1363. The pope again wrote a letter to Telegdi to ensure the support of his return to Rome by the Kingdom of Hungary on 18 November 1366.In 1360, the cathedral chapter of Várad divided 53 estates of the Csanád kindred between the family members; the land located in Csanád, Arad and Bihar counties. Archbishop of Esztergom
At the end of 1366, Nicholas Apáti died after eight-year archiepiscopate. <mask> was elected as his successor still in that year. He was first mentioned as archbishop-elect in a donation letter of the Heiligenkreuz Abbey on 2 January 1367. Pope Urban translated him from Kalocsa and confirmed his election on 10 February and sent his pallium on 1 May. As a customary law after election of a new archbishop, Louis I confirmed the landholdings and other income of the Archdiocese of Esztergom in 1369, upon the request of Telegdi. Archbishop <mask>di was an apolitical and low-profile office-holder, compared with his predecessors, including his uncle Csanád Telegdi.He functioned as an ad litem judge in several lawsuits in the upcoming years; for instance, he acted as an appeal court during a trial between the burghers of Győr and the cathedral chapter of Esztergom. He remained a confidant of Louis I. He supported his military campaigns in Bosnia and Serbia. When Casimir III of Poland died in November 1370, Louis arrived after his uncle's funeral and was crowned king of Poland. in the absence of the monarch, Telegdi acted as royal governor (viceroy) in Hungary. When a war broke out between the Republic of Venice and Francesco I da Carrara, Lord of Padova, who was an ally of Louis, in the summer of 1372, the Hungarian king sent reinforcements to Italy to assist Francesco da Carrara. Telegdi was one of the leaders of the Hungarian auxiliary troops.<mask>di was still alive, when Louis I invaded Wallachia in May 1375, because the new prince of Wallachia, Radu I, had formed an alliance with the Bulgarian ruler, Ivan Shishman, and the Ottoman Sultan Murad I. During the summer, Wallachian troops stormed into Transylvania and Ottomans pillaged the Banat, devastating several lands of the Telegdi family. Archbishop <mask> died sometime in the second half of 1375; his successor John de Surdis was transferred from Győr to Esztergom by Pope Gregory XI on 23 January 1376. References

Sources

|-

|-

|-

1375 deaths
Archbishops of Esztergom
Archbishops of Kalocsa
Bishops of Csanád
14th-century Hungarian people
Thomas
14th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Hungary

masks:
Thomas (
) Telegdi
Thomas Teleg
Csanád Telegdi
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas Teleg
Thomas Teleg
Thomas Telegdi
Thomas Teleg
Thomas Teleg
Telegdi


text_chunks:
<mask>, S.J. was a Roman Catholic Latin Rite bishop from France who was appointed as the first Vicar Apostolic in the Syro-Malabar Catholic Vicariate of Kottayam on 20 May 1887. After shifting the seat of Kottayam Vicariate to Changanacherry on 16 September 1890, his term ended on 28 July 1896. He later served as the first Bishop of Trincomalee, Sri Lanka from 27 August 1898 until his death at Marvejols in France on 11 July 1913. Early life
<mask> was born in the Lavigne family on 6 January 1840 at Marvejols in France. His father was a farmer and an employee in a weaving mill. <mask>' mother Louie Gordon was a convert from Protestantism.<mask> was the youngest of the 12 children in the family. After his primary education at the school of Christian Brothers and higher education at a Jesuit college at the City of Mend in France, he joined seminary for priestly formation. Though his intention was to become a Jesuit priest, he first became a diocesan priest respecting the wishes of his parents. <mask>' priestly ordination was on 17 December 1864 at Mend by the imposition of hands by Msgr. Flockier. <mask> was professor at Mend Diocesan Minor Seminary at the time of his ordination and he continued that for two more years. He joined the novitiate house of the Society of Jesus at Toulouse in France and did his religious profession on 27 December 1866.Then he served as prefect of the seminarians and teacher and prefect of studies in the minor seminary at Monbana in France for five years. Afterwards, he taught Mathematics and Physics at Kausia College. Since Jesuits were expelled from France in 1880, he moved to Spain and worked as Science Professor at Uclés College. He was then transferred to Rome as assistant to Fr. Buck S.J., the general secretary of the Society of Jesus. After the death of Fr. Buck, Fr.<mask> returned from Rome to France. Vicar Apostolic of Kottayam
The Syrian Catholics, who were part of the Vicariate of Verapoly along with the Latin Catholics, had been writing to Vatican seeking the establishment of Syrian dioceses and appointment of eparchs from their own rite and community. Though Bishop Mercellinus OCD, the co-adjutor bishop of Verapoly, was in charge of the Syrians, majority of them believed that their development would happen only under the leadership of their own bishops. Considering the wishes of the Syrian faithful in Kerala, Pope Leo XIII separated the Syrians from the Archdiocese of Verapoly and established the Syrian Vicariates of Kottayam and Trichur. Msgr. Adolphus Edwin Medlycott was appointed as the Vicar Apostolic of Trichur and <mask>, the Vicar Apostolic of Kottayam and Titular Bishop of Milevum on 20 May 1887. Their role was to pave the way for transition from the governance of  foreign hierarchs to local bishops as head of the Syrian Catholics.Reception and setup
Within a few months after <mask> returned from Rome to France, he was appointed as Vicar Apostolic of Kottayam, in Kerala state, India on 23 August 1887. His episcopal ordination as Titular Bishop of Milevum was on 13 November 1887 by Cardinal Borse. He started his journey to Kerala on 15 March 1888. He reached Trichy on 5 April 1888. At the request of Apostolic Delegate Msgr. Andrew Aiuti, Fr. Mani Nidhiri, Fr.Louis Pazheparambil, and Fr. Alexander T. OCD went to receive the bishop at Trichy. They, along with the bishop, went to Ootty to meet the Apostolic Delegate. Then they proceeded to Ernakulam which was also part of Kottayam Vicariate. After the reception at Ernakulam on 1 May 1888, Bishop <mask> travelled to Mannanam via Vaikam by waterway. The reception at Mannanam on 9 May 1888 was a grant one. Bishop Lavinge took charge reading his Papal bull at St. George Church Edacat on 10 May 1888.That church became the first Cathedral of Vicariate of Kottayam. Honoring the instruction from Rome, Bishop <mask> appointed four Syrian priests as his consultors. Fr. Mani Nidhirikkal, Fr. Alexander Kattakkayath, Fr. Louis Pazheparambil were the consultors from the Northists and Fr. Joseph Tharayil was from the Southists.Bishop first lived at Mannanam Carmelite House and later moved to Kottayam town. According to the letter from the Apostolic Delegate on 6 May 1889 from Ootty, Bishop <mask> appointed Fr. Mani Nidhiriakkal as Vicar General in charge of the Northists and Fr. Mathew Makil as Vicar General for Southists on 8 September 1889. These Vicar Generals from the local priests had some privileges including dressing like a bishop,  right to offer Pontifical Mass, administer the Sacrament of Confirmation, and giving minor orders for seminarians. Though Bishop <mask> made attempts to construct his residence and an educational institution in Kottayam town, he could not do them because of the ongoing disagreements with non-Catholics during that time. So, with the permission from ecclesiastical authorities, he moved his seat to Changanacherry that had a bigger church than Edacat and had a higher Catholic population.While maintaining the name, Vicariate of Kottayam, he moved to Changanacherry after two years on 16 September1890. Contributions in Kerala
Considering the ardent desire of the Syrian Christians, Bishop <mask> worked hard for the development of his vicariate. He trained the clergy for their future pastoral leadership. He appointed vicar generals from Northists and Southists of his diocese and administered the vicariate through them. Instead of the traditional system of training candidates for priesthood by individual priests, Bishop <mask> sent seminarians from his vicariate to seminaries in Verapoly, Mangalapuram, Papal Seminary in Kandy, and Propaganda Seminary in Rome. Bishop <mask>e held a Synod at the Church in Changanacherry from 18–20 December 1888 to discuss and decide on the details of pastoral arrangements in his vicarate. Vicars of parishes, superiors of religious congregations, and rectors of seminaries attended in the Changanacherry synod that made several pastoral decisions.Bishop <mask> established new churches. He elevated eight parishes of the Northists and two parishes of Southists as foranes on 10 October 1891. He codified regulations for church administration, introduced catechism classes in parishes and schools, and showed his interest in administering first Holy Communion to children. He promoted the use of scapular and devotion to the souls in purgatory. He gave importance to evangelization among the low casts and established churches for the new converts. He, along with Fr. Mani Nidhirikkal, promoted reunion of Jacobites to Catholic faith.There were schisms against Catholic faith in the community. Bishop <mask> tried to convince their leaders and followers to keep up the Catholic doctrines. He could win some of them. Bishop <mask> was the pioneer in establishing English educational institutions for the Syrians. The first school he established was St. Berchmans English High School in Changanacherry. He also started schools in other places including Brahmamangalam for the Southists, and supported school at Mannanam established by Carmelite priests. He established Girls Schools at Mutholy, Changanacherry, and Alappuzha.Along with convents, Bishop <mask> started Job training centers for women. Bishop <mask> started or approved the establishment of religious congregations for men and women in the vicariate. He approved the desire of eight pious women from Pala and neighboring places, who were members of the Secular Franciscan (Third) Order to start a religious community. Thus, the Franciscan Clarist Congregation (FCC) was started at Changanacherry. Bishop <mask> started an orphanage and entrusted that to the Clarist sisters. He started four religious communities for Carmelite Sisters. They were at Mutholay, Changanacherry, Vaikom, and Arakkuzha.He also promoted the establishment of the Visitation Congregation for the Southists at Kaipuzha. Succession Plan

In 1892 Bishop <mask> got sick. He had a surgery done in St. Martha's Hospital Bangalore by a French doctor. He did not fully recover from the sickness. He and the Vicar Apostolic of Trichur Msgr. Adolphus Edwin Medlycott recommended to Propaganda Fide, the reconstitution of the Kottayam and Trichur vicariates as Vicariates of Trichur, Ernakulam, and

masks:
Bishop Charles Lavigne
Louis Charles Lavigne
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles Lagne
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles Laving
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles


text_chunks:
 Changanacherry. The prefect of Propaganda Fide in Rome Mieczysław Halka-Ledóchowski asked Bishop <mask> in 1895 to recommend the names of priests who could be his successors of the Vicariate of Kottayam.He recommended Vicar General Mar Mathew Makil and his secretary Fr. Louis Pazhiparambil as the eligible candidates in his reply to the prefect dated 22 February 1895. Since Bishop <mask>' health was worsening, he went to Europe  with his secretary Fr. Luis Pazheparambil on 30 September 1895. His intention was to seek better medical treatment, visit the Pope to present the report of his vicariate, and to raise funds for the upgrading of St. Berchmans School in Changanacherry. In January 1896, he had another surgery at his native Toulouse, and recovered from his sickness after this surgery. According to the recommendation of the Apostolic Vicars of Kottayam and Trichur, the Holy See reconstituted the two vicariates as three with local priests as bishops.Thus, Mar Mathew Makil was appointed for Changanacherry, Mar Aloysius Pazheparambil for Ernakulam, and Mar John Menachery for Trichur on 28 July 1896. Bishop of Trincomalee

Transition to Sri Lanka
After his apostolic visit, he stayed at Uclés school in Spain and later at Balardi College in France. While in Europe, Bishop <mask> came to know that he was relieved from his position of Vicar Apostolic of Kottayam. So he did not return to Kerala to accept any gratitude from the people he served for eight years. During his stay in France, he was appointed as the Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of Madagascar, France with effect from 8 May 1897. Bishop Jean-Baptiste Cazet, S.J. was the Vicar Apostolic of Madagascar at that time.The French government did not agree with <mask>' appointment. So, he helped the local bishops in their pastoral ministry. Soon, Bishop <mask> was appointed as the first bishop of the newly established Diocese of Trincomalee in Sri Lanka on 27 August 1898. He reached the new diocese in November 1898 and took charge. Contributions in Trincomalee
Bishop <mask> converted many to Catholic faith. He opened a public library at Batticaloa in 1907 to keep communication with the non-Christians. He constructed many churches and reconstructed the old ones.The bishop promoted  education of children. He started orphanages and schools. He established a collage in Trincomalee with the support of missionaries. To overcome the shortage of teachers, bishop started a  teachers' training school. He started orphanages and schools for girls and entrusted their management to religious congregations. Bishop <mask> promoted vocations to priesthood and religious life. He established a minor seminary in his diocese.Candidates to priesthood were sent to different seminaries for formation. He welcomed missionaries from Europe including nuns and religious brothers. He promoted establishing religious congregations in his diocese. The bishop trained foreign missionaries in Tamil language for preaching to the local people. He established retreat centers in his diocese. Silver Jubilee
Trincomalee Diocese celebrated the Episcopal Silver Jubilee of Bishop <mask>e on 13 November 1912. Besides the large attendance in the jubilee celebration, greetings and gifts came to the jubilarian from different countries and people of different religions including Kerala where he served before.Pope Pius X honored him with the title, "Domestic Prelate and Assistant to the Pontifical Throne." End Times
Bishop <mask> went to Europe in 1913. He visited Marseille in France and then went to the Vatican to visit the Pope. He visited France, Belgium, and Holland. He took rest at his native place, Marvejols in France. While taking part in a reception in his honor at Montpellier Charity School, he became ill and contracted pneumonia. His sickness got verse.He received Sacrament of the Sick from the Superior of the Society of Jesus. He died on 11 July 1913 at the age of 73, and buried in the cathedral there. The Archeparchy of Kottayam has installed a monument at his first Cathedral St. George's Church Edacat in Kottayam where he was installed as the Vicar Apostolic of Kottayam on 10 May 1888. The Visitation Congregation's convent in Edacat and the Vallambrosian Benedictine Minor Seminary near Kottayam are established in the name of Bishop <mask>e. Timeline

 1840 January 6: Birth at Marvejols in France. 1864 December 17: Priestly Ordination
 1864 - 1866: Professor at Diocesan Minor Seminary
 1866 December 27: Religious Profession in the Society of Jesus
 1866 - 1871: Trainer and professor in the Minor Seminary
 1871 - 1880: Taught Mathematics an Physics at Kausia College
 1880: Professor of Science at Uclés College in Spain. 1887 August 23: Appointment as Vicar Apostolic of Kottayam.1887 November 13: Episcopal Ordination
 1888 March 15: Bishop <mask> started his journey to Kerala. 1888 April 5: Bishop <mask> reached Trichy. 1888 May 1: Reception at Ernakulam
 1888 May 9: Reception at Mannanam
 1888 May 10: Bishop <mask> took charge by reading the bull at Edacat church, Kottayam. 1888 December 14: Establishment of Franciscan Clarist Congregation (FCC) at Changanacherry. 1888 December 18–20: Changanacherry Synod to coordinate pastoral arrangements of the vicariate. 1889 September 8: Appointment of Fr. Mani Nidhiriakkal and Fr.Mathew Makil as Vicar Generals with special privileges. 1890 September 16: Seat of Kottayam Vicariate was moved to Changanacherry. 1891 October (Thulam) 10: Organized parishes under eight foranes and two foranes for the Southists. 1892 June 24: Foundation of Sisters of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary (SVM) at Kaipuzha, Kottayam. 1895 February 22: Bishop <mask> recommended to Rome Fr. Mathew Makil and Fr. Louis Pazheparambil as eligible successors for him.1895 September 30: Bishop <mask> went to Europe with his secretary Fr. Luis Pazheparambil. 1896 July 28: The term of Bishop <mask> ended when Pope Leo XIII reconstituted the Syrian Vicariates as Changanacherry, Trichur, and Ernakulam with Malayalee bishops. 1897 May 8: Appointed as Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of Madagascar, France
 1898 August 27: Appointment as the first Bishop of Trincomalee, Sri Lanka
 1907 Started a public library at Batticalo in Sri Lanka. 1912 November 13: Episcopal Silver Jubilee celebration at Trincomalee. 1913: Visit to Vatican and Europe
 1913 July 11: Death at Marvejols in France. See also

 Knanayology
 Archeparchy of Kottayam
 Archeparchy of Changanacherry
 Diocese of Trincomalee

Bibliography
 Choolaparambil, Mar Alexander (Ed)., Pastoral Letters, കാലം ചെയ്ത ഡോക്ടർ ലവീഞ്ഞ്, ഡോക്ടർ മാക്കീൽ എന്നീ വന്ദ്യ പിതാക്കന്മാർ തങ്ങളുടെ ഭരണകാലത്തു പ്രസിദ്ധപ്പെടുത്തിയിട്ടുള്ളത്.Kottayam: The Catholic Diocese of Kottayam. 1925. Koottummel, Joseph (1998). "മാർ ചാറൽസ് ലവീഞ്ഞ്," ചങ്ങനാശേരി അതിരൂപത ഇന്നലെ, ഇന്ന്. Changanacherry: Archeparchy of Changanacherry. pp. 122–159.Kottoor, Dr. Thomas (2012). "ബിഷപ്പ് കാർലോസ് ലവീഞ്ഞ് കോട്ടയം അതിരൂപതയ്ക്ക് വഴികാട്ടി" കോട്ടയം അതിരൂപത ശതാബ്ദി സ്മരണിക 1911- 2011. Kottayam: Archeparchy of Kottayam. 2012, pp. 22–23. Makil, Mathew (2001). കോട്ടയം മിസത്തിന്റെ സ്ഥാപന ചരിത്രം.Kottayam: Bishop Makil Foundation. Moolakkatt, Archbishop Mathew (2006), "കോട്ടയം അതിരൂപത: ഉത്ഭവവും വളർച്ചയും" സുവർണ്ണസ്മൃതി, Golden Jubilee Souvenir, Changanacherry: Archeparchy of Changanacherry, pp. 389–392. Mutholath, Fr. Abraham (Ed.) Dr. <mask> S.J. (1986).The Diocese of Kottayam Platinum Souvenir 1911-1986. Kottayam: Jyothi Book House. pp. 79–81. Pallath, Paul & George Kanjirakkatt. Origin of the Southist Vicariate of Kottayam, Acts and Facts. Vadavathoor, Kottayam: Oriental Institute of Religious Studies India.ISBN 978-81-88456-71-0. Perumthottam, Dr. Joseph (Ed.) (1999). മാർ ചാൾസ് ലവീഞ്ഞ്, ജീവചരിത്രവും ഇടയലേഖനങ്ങളും. Changanacherry: HIRS Publications. ശാന്തിതീർത്ഥം, വിസിറ്റേഷൻ സഭാചരിത്രം (History of the Visitation Sisters). Kottayam: Visitation Congregation, Kottayam.1997. pp. 92–95. External links
 Knanayology
Expired Bishops of the Archdiocese of Kottayam
Diocese of Trincomalee
 Biodata from Catholic Hierarchy website

References

1840 births
1913 deaths
19th-century Eastern Catholic bishops
20th-century Eastern Catholic bishops
French Jesuits
Archbishops of Changanassery
Christian clergy from Kottayam
French Roman Catholic

masks:
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles Laving
Charles
Charles Laving
Charles
Charles
Charles Lagne
Charles
Charles
Charles
Charles Lavigne