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<mask> (July 11, 1914September 21, 2008) was an American businessman and prominent philanthropist. Hired at Beatrice Foods Company in 1934 as an ice hauler, <mask> served as president and then chairman and chief executive officer of Beatrice from 1976 until his retirement in 1980. <mask> rose to the top of the business with just a high school diploma. Early life
<mask> was born in Nebraska on July 11, 1914. The son of a Danish immigrant, he was born to <mask> (1869–1953) and Millie Wallick (1888–1983) and raised on a dairy farm. Career
By the time <mask> graduated from high school at the age of 16, the Great Depression had ravaged the Rasmussen farm, leaving the family destitute. Working menial jobs, from delivering handbills door to door and cutting jigsaw puzzles to hiring himself out as a ranch hand, Rasmussen vowed "that if he ever landed work with a big company, he'd never let go of it."In 1934, <mask> landed a job as an ice hauler for Beatrice Creamery Company, in Lincoln, Nebraska. He rose through the ranks, landing positions from chief engineer and plant manager to various district and regional supervisory posts. <mask> says he studied on his own, mastering each new job: "'I only had a high school education, so I had to educate myself,' he said. 'Every time I got into something I might not know enough about, I'd go out and buy every book I could find on the subject.'" By the 1960s, he had landed at company headquarters in Chicago, Illinois, serving in several vice presidential positions. In 1976, <mask> became president and CEO. In 1977, he was named chairman and CEO of Beatrice Foods Co, which, by this time, had become America's largest food processing company and a multi-billion-dollar business.During <mask>'s tenure at Beatrice, he added many high-profile acquisitions to its portfolio, most notably the publicly-traded Tropicana Products, Inc., which was acquired for $490 million in cash and preferred stock." After 47 years with Beatrice, <mask> retired in 1980. Reputation
Although <mask> often described himself as a "country boy," he developed a reputation as a bold, tough, no-nonsense businessman, which spread in large part due to many media reports and his frequent stints as an interview subject of Pulitzer Prize-winning author and oral historian Studs Terkel, well known as a chronicler of the lives of ordinary Americans. On the day he took over in 1976, <mask> told his predecessor, "I'm the chief executive, and I'm going to run things." Soon after, his "pugnacious style" and "aggressive leadership ushered in a series of boardroom brawls" resulting in the "resignation of his designated successor," whom The Wall Street Journal described as "outflanked and outmuscled." When asked for a comment, <mask> told the Chicago Tribune "I'm dedicated to outshining the last management." <mask>'s "pugnacious style" led him to make enemies and friends alike.Cal Turner, Jr., former CEO of Dollar General Corp., once said about Rasmussen: "If you're trying to go into battle and do the right thing, he's the guy you want by your side." Described by oral historian Studs Terkel as "the boss," the chief executive officer of the corporation," "big boned and heavy-set, with calloused hands," "bluff and genial" and as having "the appearance of the archetypal elderly workingman in Sunday clothes," <mask> was prominently featured in several of his books, most notably American Dreams: Lost and Found (1980), My American Century (1997) and Hope Dies Last: Keeping the Faith in Difficult Times (2003). When Forbes named <mask> one of the toughest CEOs in the U.S., during his tenure at Beatrice Foods, <mask> used one of Terkel's interviews as a platform from which to issue his public response: "Forbes was listing the toughest CEOs in the country, and I was in that article. They had me saying, "Do unto others before they do unto you." [Laughs] I don't know whether I should have been happy with that, but I was OK. You have to show strength. Any sign of weakness and people are going to take advantage of you." Post-retirement
After his retirement from Beatrice, <mask> settled in Nashville, Tennessee, where he held seats on several corporate boards, including the boards of Dollar General, Clayton Homes, Shoney's and Commerce Union Bank.Governor Lamar Alexander appointed Rasmussen chairman of the Tennessee Board of Corrections Commission where he served a period of three years. Philanthropy
Although he achieved success with only a high school diploma, <mask> was a staunch proponent of higher education. After his retirement from Beatrice, Rasmussen devoted his philanthropic efforts to providing educational opportunities to hundreds of deserving students. Besides five annual scholarships that he sponsored at Belmont University and Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tennessee, he established the Rasmussen Foreign Student Exchange Program (now the Rasmussen Studies Abroad Scholarship) at Belmont University in 1994. In 1996, he funded and established another studies abroad program, the Wallace N. Rasmussen Scholarship at North Central College in Naperville, Illinois. Honors and Awards
<mask>'s lifetime achievements were recognized when he was awarded a 1978 Horatio Alger Award, an honor bestowed upon outstanding Americans who, similar to characters in stories by Horatio Alger, Jr., traditionally have started life in "humble circumstances" yet, "in spite of this early adversity, or many would say because of it, they have worked with great diligence to achieve success and the fulfillment of their dreams." In addition, he received the Golden Plate Award from the American Academy of Achievement., a non-profit educational organization that recognizes "exemplars of excellence," the highest achievers in public service, business, science and exploration, sports and the arts.Personal life and death
On December 17, 1936, <mask> married Grace Irene Moreland (1913–1993). They had two children, Ada and Walter. <mask> died after a long illness at his home in Nashville, Tennessee, on September 21, 2008. Writings and research
In 1994, Rasmussen and journalist Mike Haggerty released The Headline vs. the Bottom Line: Mutual Distrust Between Business and the News Media. Deemed a "landmark study" by Choice Reviews, the book was cited by Christopher R. Martin in his book, Framed! : Labor and the Corporate Media, and Jay William Lorsch, Leslie Boerlowitz and Andy Zelleke in their book, Restoring Trust in American Business. Based on interviews with more than 630 journalists and high level executives, the study was done while <mask> and Haggerty served as visiting professional scholars at the Freedom Forum First Amendment Center at Vanderbilt University.In 2002, <mask> published his life's story, The Ice Man's Life. References

External links

 www.horatioalger.org/members/member-detail/wallace-n-rasmussen

American businesspeople
American philanthropists
1914 births
2008 deaths

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Wallace Rasmussen
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Lars Berg Rasmussen
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<mask> (November 14, 1913 – February 21, 2011) was an American actress, producer, writer and director. During her career as an actress, Stoddard appeared in a number of plays, movies, and television series, including sixteen years as Pauline Rysdale in The Secret Storm from 1954 to 1970. Stoddard also worked as a producer, both independently and with her production company, Bonard Productions Incorporated, which Stoddard created with Helen Bonfils in 1960. In addition to adapting plays such as Come Play with Me and Men, Women, and Less Alarming Creatures, Stoddard also wrote plays, such as A Round With Ring (1969) and Zellerman, Arthur (1979). Personal life
Born in Great Falls, Montana, she moved from Salt Lake City to Los Angeles with her family at the age of eight, graduating from high school in 1930, married, and graduated Phi Beta Kappa from the University of Southern California in 1934 with a Bachelor of  Science degree in speech, while appearing in leading roles with the National Collegiate Players. In the mid-1930s, Stoddard was married to William Gude. In 1938 she married Jack Kirkland with whom she had two children.The couple divorced in 1947 and in the following year Stoddard married director-producer Harold Bromley with whom she had one child. In 1953 Stoddard was hired as the leading lady for the Elitch Theatre summer stock cast and would play opposite leading man Whitfield Connor. Stoddard divorced Bromley in 1954 and on January 26, 1956, she and Connor married in New York City and the couple remained married until his death in 1988. Career

Early career
<mask>'s first professional stage appearance was in San Francisco in 1934 as a walk-on/under-study in a production of Merrily We Roll Along, before she succeeded to the ingenue's leading role for opening night in Los Angeles. She appeared for 65 weeks in 1935-36 as the mute Pearl in the national touring company of Jack Kirkland's Tobacco Road. She arrived on Broadway in 1937, succeeding Peggy Conklin in Yes, My Darling Daughter. She subsequently starred in A Woman's a Fool – To Be Clever, I Know What I Like, and Kindred (all 1939), Susannah and the Elders (1940), Mr. and Mrs. North (1941), The Rivals (1942), The Moon Vine and Blithe Spirit (1943), Dream Girl (1945), and The Voice of the Turtle (1947).During World War II she toured the South Pacific as Lorraine Sheldon in a 1945 USO production of The Man Who Came to Dinner. She drafted a cookbook entitled Applause and produced a short-lived play called Dead Pigeon. In the late 1960s she opened Carriage House Comestibles, a popular gourmet restaurant off the Boston Post Road in Westport, Connecticut. She starred in Joan of Lorraine, The Trial of Mary Dugan, and The Voice of the Turtle (1947), Rip Van Winkle  (1947–48), Goodbye, My Fancy, and Her Cardboard Lover (1949), Affairs of State (1950), Springtime for Henry (1951), Twentieth Century, Glad Tidings, and Biography (1952), ten summer stock productions at Denver's Elitch Gardens Theatre, and The Frogs of Spring, a revival which she co-produced with husband Harold Bromley on Broadway (1953). She took over the leading role on opening night when illness struck Constance Ford in her own Broadway production of One Eye Closed, took over for Mary Anderson in Lunatics and Lovers in 1954, and directed the national touring production. She played in Ever Since Paradise (1957), Patate (1958), and Dark Corners (1964). <mask> and Jack Kirkland were original share-holders in the creation of the Bucks County Playhouse in 1938; she appeared there in a total of sixteen productions from 1939 to 1958, including The Philadelphia Story, Golden Boy, The Play's the Thing, Petticoat Fever, Our Betters, Skylark, and Mr. and Mrs. North.During five seasons, she was the Playhouse's leading lady to leading men Walter Slezak and Louis Calhern. She produced her husband's plays The Clover Ring and Georgia Boy in Boston, and The Secret Room on Broadway (all 1945). The Secret Storm and other television roles
On television Stoddard played Aunt Pauline from 1954 to 1970 on CBS-TV's The Secret Storm. In the early days of live dramatic television during the 1950s Stoddard appeared in over 100 teleplays in principal roles on CBS's Playhouse 90,  Studio One, The Web,  The United States Steel Hour, and Hallmark Hall of Fame, and on NBC's Goodyear Playhouse, Kraft Theatre, The Philco Television Playhouse, The Armstrong Circle Theatre and Robert Montgomery Presents. On radio she played the Little Sister with Orson Welles on Big Sister on CBS. From 1937-39 she simultaneously played Stella Dallas and three other day-time radio serials, then called washboard weepers, while appearing on stage in three different plays. Bonard Productions
Stoddard was the first to bring the work of James Thurber and Harold Pinter to Broadway.New York Times drama critic Brooks Atkinson called her 1960 adaptation of A Thurber Carnival "the freshest and funniest show of the year". Stoddard produced A Thurber Carnival, a Tony Award-winning musical, her first production on Broadway, with Colorado heiress and friend Helen Bonfils. A later production, at the Central City Opera House, featured Thurber himself, then blind, as narrator. (Their company, Bonard, took its name from the first three letters of Bonfils, and the last three letters of Stoddard). Combining her name with Bonfils as Bonard Productions, and associating with her New York theatrical attorney Donald Seawell, she brought to Broadway productions of Noël Coward's Sail Away (1962), The Affair by C.P. Snow (1962), her own adaptation of Thurber's The Beast In Me (1963), and the Royal Shakespeare Company's The Hollow Crown (1963), which went on to tour American colleges for four months in the spring of 1964. For Sail Away she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Producer of a Musical.In association with Kathleen and Justin Sturm she presented That Hat!, her adaptation of The Italian Straw Hat, in 1964. She often had to handle tensions between the conservative Bonfils and flamboyant figures in entertainment, including Coward. In 1962, Stoddard asked Andy Warhol to design costumes for Thurber's The Beast in Me, after learning of Warhol through choreographer John Butler. With Bonfils and Davis, Stoddard produced her co-adaptation, with dancer-actress Tamara Geva, of Marcel Achard's Voulez vous jouer avec moi? as Come Play with Me  starring Tom Poston and Liliane Montevecchi in 1960, and with Mark Wright and Leonard S. Field premiered Harold Pinter on Broadway in 1967 with The Birthday Party. She later offered Off-Broadway productions of Coward's Private Lives (1968), co-producing with Mark Wright and Duane Wilder; Lanford Wilson's Lemon Sky (1970) and The Gingham Dog (1971), and The Last Sweet Days of Isaac, a musical by Gretchen Cryer and Nancy Ford (1970) which won three Obie awards. With Neal Du Brock she produced The Survival of St. Joan (1971); and, with Arnold H. Levy, Lady Audley's Secret (1972) and Love, based on the play by Murray Schisgal, starring Nathan Lane (1984 Outer Critics Circle Award).Pursuing her interest in young playwrights, she produced off-Broadway productions of Glass House (1981),  Casey Kurtii's Catholic School Girls (1982 Drama Desk Award), Sweet Prince (1982), Marvelous Gray (1982), and John Olive's Clara's Play (1983). Bonard presented the RSC productions of King Lear and Comedy of Errors to open the Vivian Beaumont Theater at Lincoln Center in May 1964, and her London productions of A Thurber Carnival (1962) and Sail Away (1963) played  the Savoy Theatre in London's West End. Her dramatic adaptations of  Thurber material include Life on a Limb, and Men, Women, and Less Alarming Creatures, produced with The Last Flower on Boston WGBH-TV public television in 1965. In A Round with Ring she adapted Ring Lardner works which she directed in New York for the ANTA matinee series. She also directed the national touring production of Lunatics and Lovers, and she wrote original scripts entitled Abandoned Child and Bird on the Wing, and co-wrote Dahling – A Tallulah Bankhead Musical with composer-lyricist Jack Lawrence. Stoddard also served as understudy to such acclaimed actresses as Bea Lillie, Greer Garson, Betty Field, Rosalind Russell, Uta Hagen, Mercedes McCambridge, and Jessica Tandy, in various stage productions. As Russell's stand-by, she never played the part of Auntie Mame on Broadway in 1956.Russell, when feeling infirm, would request that Stoddard sit in the wings where she could see her: "So long as I can see you ... I will never let you get on that stage", Russell said, and never relinquished, once reportedly taking the stage with a 105 degree fever. Stoddard got her chance when Russell's replacement, Greer Garson, was indisposed after her first performance in the demanding part. Stoddard succeeded Elaine Stritch as the matinee Martha for in the original 1962 Broadway production of Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, playing the part each Wednesday and Saturday afternoon, and standing by in her dressing room each evening until the curtain rose for the second act with Uta Hagen safely in command on stage. When Hagen left the Broadway production to open the show in London, Stoddard performed the role of Martha  eight times a week until Mercedes McCambridge was ready to replace Hagen for the evening performances. She played with separate casts, opposite different actors. "After that stint, there was nothing more I could do on stage as an actress, so I turned to my greater fondness for writing, adapting, and producing."Later life
Following the death of Helen Bonfils in 1972, she incorporated with The Elitch Theatre Company, which produced 25 summer seasons in America's Oldest Summer Theatre in Denver, Colorado between 1962 and 1987. She simultaneously associated with Lucille Lortel to produce summer seasons at the White Barn Theatre in Westport, Connecticut, was on the Board of Directors of New Dramatists in New York City, and a Founding Member of  the Westport (CT) Theatre Artists Workshop. <mask> died at her home in Weston, Connecticut from cardiopulmonary arrest at age 97. References

External links
Haila Stoddard Playscript Collection is held at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University. American women dramatists and playwrights
American stage actresses
American theatre directors
Women theatre directors
American theatre managers and producers
Actresses from Los Angeles
1913 births
2011 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American women writers
People from Weston, Connecticut
21st-century American women

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Haila Stoddard
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<mask>'Urville (; 23 May 1790 – 8 May 1842) was a French explorer and naval officer who explored the south and western Pacific, Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica. As a botanist and cartographer, he gave his name to several seaweeds, plants and shrubs, and places such as d'Urville Island in New Zealand. Childhood
<mask> was born at Condé-sur-Noireau in Lower Normandy. His father, <mask>, sieur d’Urville (1728–1796), Bailiff of Condé-sur-Noireau, was, like his ancestors, responsible to the court of Condé. His mother Jeanne Françoise Victoire Julie (1754–1832) came from Croisilles, Calvados, and was a rigid and formal woman from an ancient family of the rural nobility of Lower Normandy. The child was weak and often sickly. After the death of his father when he was six, his mother's brother, the Abbot of Croisilles, played the part of his father and from 1798 took charge of his education.The Abbot taught him Latin, Greek, rhetoric and philosophy. From 1804 <mask> studied at the lycée Impérial in Caen. In Caen's library he began to read the Encyclopédistes and the reports of travel of Bougainville, Cook and Anson, and he became deeply passionate about these matters. At the age of 17 years he failed the physical tests of the entrance exam to the École Polytechnique and he therefore decided to enlist in the navy. Early years in the navy
In 1807 <mask> was admitted to the Naval Academy at Brest where he presented himself as a timid young man, very serious and studious, little interested in amusements and much more interested in studies than in military matters. In 1808, he obtained the grade of first class candidate. At the time the neglected French navy was of a much lower quality than Napoleon's Grande Armée, and its ships were blockaded in their ports by the absolute domination of the British Royal Navy.<mask> was confined to land like his colleagues and spent the first years in the navy studying foreign languages. In 1812, after having been promoted to ensign and finding himself bored with port life and disapproving of the dissolute behaviour of the other young officers, he asked to be transferred to Toulon on board the Suffren; but this ship was also blockaded in port. In this period <mask> built on his already substantial cultural knowledge. He already spoke, in addition to Latin and Greek, English, German, Italian, Russian, Chinese and Hebrew. During his later travels in the Pacific, thanks to his prodigious memory, he would acquire some knowledge of an immense number of dialects of Polynesia and Melanesia. Meanwhile, ashore at Toulon, he learnt about botany and entomology in long excursions in the hills of Provence and he studied in the nearby naval observatory. Finally in 1814, when Napoleon had been exiled to Elba, <mask> undertook his first short navigation of the Mediterranean Sea.In 1815, he married Adèle Pepin, daughter of a clockmaker from Toulon, who was openly disliked by <mask>'s mother, who thought her inappropriate for her son and refused to meet her and, later on, her grandsons from the marriage. In the Aegean Sea
In 1819 <mask> d'Urville sailed on board Chevrette, under the command of Captain Gauttier-Duparc, to carry out a hydrographic survey of the islands of the Greek archipelago. During a pause near the island of Milos, the local French representative brought to <mask>'s attention the rediscovery of a marble statue a few days before (8 April 1820) by a local peasant. The statue, now known as the Venus de Milo, dates from around the year 130 BC. <mask> recognised its value and would have acquired it immediately, but the ship's commander pointed out that there was not enough space on board for an object of its size. Moreover, the expedition was likely to proceed through stormy seas that could damage it. <mask> then wrote to the French ambassador to Constantinople about its discovery.<ref group="note">”... je fus le premier à en remettre une description détaillée à M. le marquis de Rivière, à Constantinople.Grâce à son empressement, à son amour pour les beaux arts et aux efforts de M. de Marcellus, la France n'a pas eu le regret de voir passer en mains étrangères ce précieux reste d'antiquité...” (“…I was the first one to supply a detailed description to the M. le marquis de Rivière, in Constantinople. Thanks to his enthusiasm, his love of fine arts and to the efforts of M. de Marcellus, France has been able to avoid the regret to see this precious piece of antiquity pass into foreign hands…”) Note on the underground galleries of the island of Milos, by J. <mask> d’Urville, in ‘’Nouvelles annales des voyages, de géographie et de histoire, volume XXVII. Paris: Gide, 1825. </ref>  Chevrette arrived in Constantinople on 22 April and <mask> succeeded in convincing the ambassador to acquire the statue. Meanwhile, the peasant had sold the statue to a priest, Macario Verghis, who wished to present it as a gift to an interpreter for the Sultan in Constantinople. The French ambassador's representative arrived just as the statue was being loaded aboard a ship bound for Constantinople and persuaded the island's primates (chief citizens) to annul the sale and honour the first offer. This earned <mask> the title of Chevalier (knight) of the Légion d'honneur, the attention of the French Academy of Sciences and promotion to lieutenant; and France gained a new, magnificent statue for the Louvre in Paris.Voyage of Coquille
On his return from the voyage of Chevrette, <mask> was sent to the naval archive, where he encountered Lieutenant Louis Isidore Duperrey, a past acquaintance. The two began to plan an expedition of exploration in the Pacific,  an area out of which France had been forced during the Napoleonic Wars. France considered it might be able to regain some of its losses by taking over part of New South Wales. On 11 August 1822, the ship Coquille sailed from Toulon with the objective of collecting as much scientific and strategic information as possible on the area to which it was dispatched. Duperrey was named Commander of the expedition because he was four years older than <mask>. <mask> discovered the Adélie penguin, which is named after his wife. René-Primevère Lesson travelled on Coquille as a naval doctor and naturalist.On the return to France in March 1825, Lesson and <mask> brought an imposing collection of animals and plants collected on the Falkland Islands, on the coasts of Chile and Peru, in the archipelagos of the Pacific and New Zealand, New Guinea and Australia. <mask> was now 35 and in poor health. On board Coquille, he had behaved as a competent official, but disinclined to military discipline and subordination. On the return to France, Duperrey and <mask> were promoted to commander. Collection
On Coquille, <mask> tried to reconcile his responsibilities as second in command with his need to carry out scientific work. He was in charge of carrying out research in the fields of botany and entomology. La Coquille brought back to France specimens of more than 3,000 species of plants, 400 of which were previously unknown, enriching moreover the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris with more than 1,200 specimens of insects, covering 1,100 insect species (including 300 previously unknown species).The scientists Georges Cuvier and François Arago analysed the results of his searches and praised <mask>. As a botanist and cartographer, <mask> d'Urville left his mark on New Zealand. He gave his name to the genus of seaweeds Durvillaea, which includes southern bull-kelp; the seaweed Grateloupia urvilleana; the species of grass tree Dracophyllum urvilleanum; the shrub Hebe urvilleana and the buttercup Ranunculus urvilleanus. First voyage of Astrolabe

Two months after <mask> d'Urville returned on La Coquille, he presented to the Navy Ministry a plan for a new expedition, which he hoped to command, as his relationship with Duperrey had deteriorated. The proposal was accepted and La Coquille was renamed the  in honour of one of the ships of La Pérouse, and sailed from Toulon on 22 April 1826, towards the Pacific Ocean, for a circumnavigation of the world that was destined to last nearly three years. The new Astrolabe skirted the coast of southern Australia, carried out new relief maps of the South Island of New Zealand, including improved surveys of the Marlborough Sounds in which he navigated through the narrow and treacherous French Pass and mapped D'Urville Island, which James Cook had mapped as being part of the mainland.Astrolabe sailed up the east coast of the North Island, creating comprehensive coastline maps of New Zealand. The ship spent six days in the Bay of Islands taking on food and water before sailing for Tonga.Astrolabe visited Fiji, then <mask> executed the first relief maps of the Loyalty Islands (part of French New Caledonia) and explored the coasts of New Guinea.He identified the site of La Pérouse's shipwreck in Vanikoro (one of the Santa Cruz Islands, part of the archipelago of the Solomon Islands) and collected numerous remains of his boats. The voyage continued with the mapping of part of the Caroline Islands and the Moluccas. Astrolabe returned to Marseille on 25 March 1829, with an impressive load of hydrographical papers and collections of zoological, botanical and mineralogical reports, which were destined to strongly influence the scientific analysis of those regions. Following this expedition, he invented the terms Malaisia, Micronesia and Melanesia, distinguishing these Pacific cultures and island groups from Polynesia. <mask>'s health was by now weakened by years of a poor diet. He suffered from kidney and stomach problems and from intense attacks of gout. During the first thirteen years of their marriage, half of which passed far apart, Adélie and <mask> had two sons.The first one died at a young age while his father was aboard La Coquille and the second, also called <mask>, on the return of his father after four years away. <mask> d’Urville passed a short period with his family before returning to Paris, where he was promoted to captain and he was put in charge of writing the report of his travels. The five volumes were published at the expense of the French government between 1832 and 1834. During these years d’Urville, who was already a poor diplomat, became more irascible and rancorous as a result of his gout, and lost the sympathy of the naval leadership. In his report, he criticised harshly the military structures, his colleagues, the French Academy of Sciences and even the King – none of whom, in his opinion, had given the voyage of Astrolabe due acknowledgment. In 1835, <mask> was directed to return to Toulon to engage in "down to earth" work and spent two years, marked by mournful events (notably the loss of a daughter from cholera) and happy events (notably the birth of another son, Émile) but with the constant and nearly obsessive thought of a third expedition to the Pacific, analogous to James Cook's third voyage. He looked again at Astrolabes travel notes, and found a gap in the exploration of Oceania and, in January 1837, he wrote to the Navy Ministry suggesting the opportunity for a new expedition to the Pacific.Second voyage of Astrolabe

King Louis-Philippe approved the plan, but he ordered that the expedition aim for the South Magnetic Pole and to claim it for France; if that was not possible, <mask>'s expedition was asked to equal the most

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 southerly latitude of 74°34'S achieved in 1823 by James Weddell. Thus France became part of the international competition for polar exploration, along with the United States and the United Kingdom. <mask> was initially unhappy with the modifications made to his proposal. He had little interest in polar exploration and preferred tropical routes. But soon his vanity took over and he saw the opportunity for achieving a prestigious objective. The two ships, Astrolabe and Zélée, commanded by Charles Hector Jacquinot, were prepared for the voyage at Toulon. In the course of the preparation <mask> also went to London to acquire documentation and instrumentation, meeting the British Admiralty’s oceanographer, Francis Beaufort and the President of the Royal Geographical Society, John Washington, both strong supporters of the British expeditions to the South Pole.First contact with AntarcticaAstrolabe and Zélée sailed from Toulon on 7 September 1837, after three weeks of delay compared to <mask>'s plans. His objectives were to reach the most southerly point possible at this time in the Weddell Sea; to pass through the Strait of Magellan; to travel up the coast of Chile in order to head for Oceania with the objective of inspecting the new British colonies in Western Australia; to sail to Hobart; and to sail to New Zealand to find opportunities for French whalers and to examine places where a penal colony might be established. After passing through the East Indies, the mission would have to round the Cape of Good Hope and return to France. Early in the voyage, part of the crew was involved in a drunken brawl and arrested in Tenerife. A short pause was made in Rio de Janeiro to disembark a sick official. During the first part of the voyage there were also problems of provisioning, particularly rotten meat, which affected the health of the crew. At the end of November, the ships reached the Strait of Magellan.<mask> thought there was sufficient time to explore the strait for three weeks, taking into account the precise maps drawn by Phillip Parker King in  between 1826 and 1830, before heading south again. In the Strait of Magellan Dummont surveyed the coast trying to find out the ruins of Ciudad Rey Don Felipe, a city founded in 1584 as part of a failed Spanish colonization attempt to control the passage through the strait. Two weeks after seeing their first iceberg, Astrolabe and Zélée found themselves entangled again in a mass of ice on 1 January 1838. The same night the pack ice prevented the ships from continuing to the south. In the next two months <mask> led increasingly desperate attempts to find a passage through the ice so that he could reach the desired latitude. For a while the ships managed to keep to an ice-free channel, but shortly afterwards they became trapped again, after a wind change. Five days of continuous work were necessary in order to open a corridor in the pack ice to free them.After reaching the South Orkney Islands, the expedition headed directly to the South Shetland Islands and the Bransfield Strait separating them from Antarctica. In spite of thick fog they located some land only sketched on the maps, which <mask> named Terre de Louis-Philippe (now called Graham Land), the Joinville Island group and Rosamel Island (now called Andersson Island). Conditions on board had rapidly deteriorated: most of the crew had obvious symptoms of scurvy and the main decks were covered by smoke from the ships' fires and bad smells and became unbearable. At the end of February 1838, <mask> accepted that he was not able to continue further south, and he continued to doubt the actual latitude reached by Weddell. He therefore directed the two ships towards Talcahuano, in Chile, where he established a temporary hospital for the crew members affected by scurvy. Pacific
During months of exploration in the Pacific, the ship visited many islands in Polynesia. On their arrival in the Marquesas Islands, the crews found ways "to socialise" with the islanders.<mask>'s moral conduct was irreproachable, but he provided a highly summarised description of some incidents of their stay in Nuku Hiva in his reports. During the voyage from the East Indies to Tasmania some of the crew were lost to tropical fevers and dysentery (14 men and 3 officials); but for <mask> the worst moment during the expedition was at Valparaiso, where he received a letter from his wife that informed him of the death of his second son from cholera. Adélie's sorrowful demand that he return home coincided with a deterioration in his health: <mask> was more and more often hit by attacks of gout and stomach pains. On 12 December 1839 the two corvettes landed at Hobart, where the sick and the dying were treated. <mask> was received by John Franklin, Governor of Tasmania and an Arctic explorer who later perished on the infamous Franklin Expedition, from whom he learned that the ships of the American expedition led by Charles Wilkes were berthed in Sydney waiting to sail south. Seeing the consistent reduction of the crews, decimated by misfortunes, <mask> expressed his intention to leave this time for the Antarctic with Astrolabe only, in order to attempt to reach the South Magnetic Pole around longitude 140°. A deeply wounded Captain Jacquinot urged the hiring of a number of replacements (generally deserters from a French whaler anchored in Hobart) and convinced him to reconsider his intentions; Astrolabe and Zelée both left Hobart on 1 January 1840.<mask>'s plan was very simple: to head south, wind conditions permitting. Turning south
The first days of the voyage mainly involved the crossing of twenty degrees and a westerly current; on board there were further misfortunes, including the loss of a man. Crossing the 50°S parallel, they experienced unexpected falls in the air and water temperatures. After completing the crossing of the Antarctic Convergence, on 16 January 1840, at 60°S they sighted the first iceberg and two days later the ships found themselves in the middle of a mass of ice. On 20 January the expedition crossed the Antarctic Circle, with celebrations similar to crossing of the Equator ceremonies, and they sighted land the same afternoon. The two ships slowly sailed to the West, skirting walls of ice, and on 22 January, just before 9 in the evening, some members of the crew disembarked on the north-westernmost and highest islet Views of Débarquement Rock from north and south west, site of Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty, Documents, Historic Sites and Monuments, length 244 m, height 18.7 m of the rocky group of Dumoulin Islands, at 500–600 m from the icy coast of the Astrolabe Glacier Tongue of the time, today about 4 km north from the glacier extremity near Cape Geodesie, and hoisted the French tricolour. "J'envoyai aussitôt un de nos matelots déployer un drapeau sur ces terres qu'aucune créature humaine n'avait ni vues ni foulées avant nous".(I sent one of our sailors at once to deploy a flag on these lands which no human creature had seen nor trod before us) — from the Diary of Joseph Dubouzet, an officer on the Zélée). <mask> named the archipelago Pointe Géologie and the land beyond, Terre Adélie The map of the coast drawn under sail by the hydrographer  is remarkably accurate given the means of the time. In the following days the expedition followed the coast westward then led for the first time some experiments to determine the approximate position of the South magnetic pole. They sighted the American schooner Porpoise of the United States Exploring Expedition commanded by Charles Wilkes on 30 January 1840, but failed to communicate due to a misunderstanding. On 1 February, <mask> decided to turn to the north heading for Hobart, which the two ships reached 17 days later. They were present for the arrival of the two ships of James Ross’s expedition to Antarctica, HMS Terror and HMS Erebus. On 25 February, the schooners sailed towards the Auckland Islands, where they carried out magnetic measurements and they left a commemorative plate of their visit (as had the commander of Porpoise previously), in which they announced the discovery of the South Magnetic Pole.They returned via New Zealand, the Torres Strait, Timor, Réunion, Saint Helena and finally Toulon, returning on 6 November 1840, the last French expedition of exploration to sail. Return to France

On his return <mask> d'Urville was promoted to rear admiral and was awarded the Gold Medal of the Société de Géographie (Geographical Society of Paris), later becoming its president. He then took over the writing of the report of the expedition, Voyage au pôle Sud et dans l'Océanie sur les corvettes l'Astrolabe et la Zélée 1837–1840, which was published between 1841 and 1854 in 24 volumes, plus seven more volumes with illustrations and maps. Death and legacy
On 8 May 1842, <mask> and his family boarded a train from Versailles to Paris after seeing water games celebrating the king. Near Meudon the train's locomotive derailed, the wagons rolled and the tender’s coal ended up on the front of the train and caught fire. <mask>'s whole family died in the flames of the first French railway disaster, generally known as the Versailles rail accident. <mask>'s remains were identified by Pierre-Marie Alexandre Dumoutier, a doctor on board the Astrolabe and a phrenologist.<mask> was buried in the cemetery of Montparnasse in Paris. This tragedy led to the end of the practice in France of locking passengers in their train compartments. He is the author of The New Zealanders: A story of Austral lands – likely to be the first novel written about fictional Maori characters. Later, in honour of his many valuable chartings, the D'Urville Sea off Antarctica; D'Urville Island in the Joinville Island group in Antarctica; D'Urville Wall on the David Glacier in Antarctica, Cape d'Urville, Irian Jaya, Indonesia; Mount D'Urville, Auckland Island; and D'Urville Island in New Zealand were named after him. The Dumont d'Urville Station on Antarctica is also named after him, as is the Rue Dumont d'Urville, a street near the Champs-Élysées in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, and the Lycée Dumont D'Urville in Caen. <mask> d'Urville himself named Pepin Island and Adélie Land in Antarctica after his wife, and Croisilles Harbour for his mother's family. A French naval transport ship employed in French Polynesia is named after him; as was a 1931 sloop which served in World War II.Sources and references
 Notes

 Citations

 References

Edward Duyker <mask> d’Urville: Explorer and Polymath, Otago University Press, Dunedin, 2014, pp. 671, , University of Hawai’i Press, Honolulu, 2014, . External links

Adorning the world: art of the Marquesas Islands, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on <mask> d'Urville (figs. 2,3,4)
<mask> (1833) Voyage de la corvette L'Astrolabe...Atlas – digital facsimile from the Linda Hall Library. The library's collection also includes a number of high-resolution images from Voyage de la corvette l'Astrolabe'' here. 1790 births
1842 deaths
People from Condé-sur-Noireau
Explorers of Oceania
French explorers
French explorers of the Pacific
19th-century explorers
French Navy admirals
Railway accident deaths in France
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery
Graham Land
French military personnel of the

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Dumont
Dumont
Dumont
Dumont
Dumont
Dumont
Dumont
Dumont
Dumont
Dumont
Dumont
Dumont
Dumont
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Jules Dumont
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<mask>, baron de Carbonnières (4 January 1755 Strasbourg – 14 May 1827), was a French politician, geologist and botanist. He is regarded as one of the first explorers of the high mountains of the Pyrenees who can be described as a pyreneist. Life

<mask> was born in Strasbourg, to Pierre-<mask> (1715–1796), treasurer of war, and Rosalie-Reine Eisentrand (1732–1762). He studied law at the University of Strasbourg in 1775 and became a lawyer in February 1777. In Strasbourg he became friends with another student, Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz (1751–1792), a writer belonging to the then-fashionable Sturm und Drang movement. During this period Ramond discovered German Romantic literature, in particular Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther; this book inspired him to become a writer and in 1777 he published the Werther-influenced Les Dernières aventures du jeune d’Olban (The Last Adventures of Young Olban). Ramond undertook a voyage to Switzerland in May 1777 where he met writers and poets, as well as scientists: the theologian Johann Kaspar Lavater (1741–1801), and the zoologists Albrecht von Haller (1708–1777) and Charles Bonnet (1720–1793); he also came across his friend Lenz there.The two men shared what was by all accounts an ecstatic experience contemplating the valley of the Rhine. Ramond also caught the passion for high mountains. A few days later, Lenz suffered his first bout of insanity. In 1778, Ramond published Élégies, impressions inspired by his love for nature. Extracts from this work were published the same year in the Journal de Dames of <mask>-Joseph Dorat (1734–1780). In 1779, <mask> and his father settled in Paris. In 1780, Ramond published La Guerre d’Alsace pendant le Grand Schisme d’Occident (The War of Alsace during the Great Western Schism), a romantic and historical epic.But the French capital was not yet ready for German Romanticism and the book was not received as well as he had hoped. Leaving Paris he returned to Strasbourg, where he placed himself at the service of cardinal <mask> Édouard <mask> (1734–1803), prince of Rohan-Guemenée and cardinal-archbishop of Strasbourg, celebrated for his role in the affair of the diamond necklace. In the company of the prince, Ramond travelled widely and met many of the personalities of the age. The cardinal was sent in exile to La Chaise-Dieu in June 1786, and he left for Auvergne accompanied by his faithful secretary. That summer, the cardinal wished to stay in a thermal town in the Pyrenees and Ramond departed to reconnoitre the area. The two men spent the summer and the autumn of 1787 in  Barèges. Ramond started to explore the nearby mountains above Gavarnie and in the Maladetta Massif, to get a better acquaintance with their geological formations – these were the subject of a topical controversy, fed in particular by the limestone theories of Déodat Gratet <mask>u (1750–1801) – and to see whether the mountains were granite or limestone, which was believed to be older rock.When the cardinal was authorized to return to Strasbourg in December 1788, Ramond settled in Paris, where in 1789 he published his  Observations faites dans les Pyrénées, pour servir de suite à des observations sur les Alpes (Observations Made in the Pyrenees, To follow some Observations of the Alps). To improve his knowledge of natural history, he followed the courses of Jussieu (1748–1836) and René Desfontaines (1780–1831) in the Jardin des Plantes. He also launched himself into politics, being elected a deputy of Paris in September 1791 and joining the Club des Feuillants. In 1792 he defended the refractory priests whose deportation had been voted for. Ramond passionately supported the action of La Fayette, who tried to temper the over-enthusiasm of the Jacobins. His life in danger, Ramond decided to flee Paris in August and seek refuge in the Pyrenees. Under surveillance and regarded as suspect, he left for Barèges, where he was able to indulge in his botanizing and mountain observations to his heart's content.He was arrested in 1794 and accused of being an enemy of the Revolution. Imprisoned in Tarbes for seven months, his was a lucky escape from the guillotine. From 1796 he devoted himself exclusively to natural history. He corresponded with Philippe Picot of Lapeyrouse (1744–1818) and various botanists such as René Desfontaines, Jean Thore (1762–1823) and Domenica Villars (1745–1814). From 1796, he taught as professor of natural history at the new Central School of Tarbes, where his courses were an immediate success, and he soon became a specialist in the botany and geology of the central Pyrenees. In 1797, he was finally able to concentrate on a project which had long intrigued him: to reach the top of Monte Perdido (3,355 m) to counter the theories of Dolomieu and Lapeyrouse on the 'early era' of the limestone of the central chain. The expedition, which comprised about fifteen people, including Picot of Lapeyrouse and several of Ramond's pupils, found many fossils, but did not reach the top.The account of the expedition appeared in 1797 under the title of Voyage au Mont-Perdu et dans la partie adjacente des Hautes-Pyrénées (Voyage to Monte Perdido and the neighbouring parts of the High Pyrenees). On 7 September the same year, again accompanied by his pupils and Charles-François Brisseau <mask> (1776–1854), <mask> made a second attempt. The administrator and forester Étienne-François Dralet (1760–1844) also took part in the expedition. But it was only in 1802 that he reached finally the top. Ramond reported this ascent in the Journal de Mines (in Thermidor year XI). He corresponded in particular with René Just Haüy (1743–1822), Alexandre Brongniart (1770–1847) and Jean Florimond Boudon <mask>-Mercy (1748–1831). After the Central School of Tarbes closed, he returned to Paris in 1800 as a member of the Constitutional Council.From  1800 to 1806, he worked with the Parliament, as well as taking part in the work of the Société des observateurs de l'homme and becoming a member of the French Academy of Sciences in January 1802. He married Bonne-Olympe in 1805, widow of General <mask> Chérin and the daughter of his friend Bon-Joseph Dacier (1742–1833). As a friend of Napoleon, <mask> was named vice-president of the Corps législatif, then in 1806 he became prefect of Puy-de-Dôme. He spent more time, however, botanizing and making weather measurements than occupying himself with administration. This did not prevent his being made baron d'Empire in December 1809. In 1815 he published Nivellement des Monts Dorés et des Monts Dômes disposé par ordre de terrains, (Stratification of the Monts Dorés and the Monts Dômes). The same year, he was elected deputy of Puy-de-Dôme.In 1818 he was elected to the Conseil d'État and did not leave Paris again except to go to Auvergne. In 1821, he spent the summer in Auvergne with René Desfontaines and two young naturalists, Victor Jacquemont (1801–1832) and Count Hippolyte Jaubert (1798–1874). He published finally, in 1825, Sur l’état de la végétation au sommet du Pic du Midi, (On the Condition of the Vegetation on the Summit of the Pic du Midi), this being the Pic du Midi de Bigorre, not its more shapely namesake. On his death in 1827 Ramond was buried in the cemetery of Montmartre. Commemoration

 One endemic Pyrenean species, Ramonda pyrenaica in the family Gesneriaceae – a remnant of the flora of the Tertiary – was dedicated to him by the botanist Jean Michel <mask> (1787–1868). It grows between an elevation of 1,200 m and 2,500 m in the cracks of schist rocks. There are two other species in the genus Ramonda, R. nathaliae and R. serbica, both of which are found in the Balkans; the genus is the only one in the Gesneriaceae found outside the tropics or the sub-tropics.The Soum de Ramond (3,263 m) (known in Spanish as Pico Añisclo) in the Monte Perdido massif is named after him. (See photograph above left.) His name is also given to Pic Ramougn (3,011 m), a steep, rocky peak in the Néouvielle massif. Ramougn is the pronunciation of Ramond in the Gascon language. Bory <mask> Vincent gave Ramond's name to a chain of craters (Puy Ramond) on the Piton de la Fournaise in Réunion: they are regularly visited by walkers on the GR route which crosses Réunion from north to south, and by the thousands of runners who take part in the Diagonale des Fous each year. The Société Ramond (Ramond Society) was formed in 1865 in Bagnères-de-Bigorre, by Henry Russell (1834–1909), Émilien Frossard (1829–1898), Charles Packe (1826–1896) and Farnham Maxwell-Lyte. It wanted to distinguish itself from traditional academic societies, while still being devoted primarily to the scientific and ethnographic study of the Pyrenees and to the dissemination of knowledge.<mask>, who had excelled in these disciplines, was the best symbol for the new society. The Ramond Society still publishes an annual bulletin. <mask>'s herbarium can be seen at the Muséum de l'histoire naturelle in Bagnères-de-Bigorre. References

Works

Bibliography
Benoît Dayrat, Les Botanistes et la Flore de France, trois siècles de découvertes, 2003, Publication scientifiques du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 690 pp. Henri Béraldi, Cent ans aux Pyrénées, Paris, 1898–1904, seven volumes in octavo. Reissued by Les Amis du Livre Pyrénéen, Pau, 1977, then by the Librairie des Pyrénées et de Gascogne, Pau, 2001. External links
Ramond and the Pic du Midi
Site of the Ramond Society

1755 births
1827 deaths
People from Strasbourg
Barons of the First French Empire
Feuillants
Members of the Legislative Assembly (France)
Members of the Corps législatif
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of the Bourbon Restoration
French botanists
French explorers
French geologists
French mountain climbers
Pyrénéistes
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Burials at Montmartre Cemetery

masks:
Louis François Élisabeth Ramond
Louis Ramond
Bernard Ramond
Claude
Ramond
Louis René
de Rohan
de Dolomie
de Mirbel
Ramond
de Saint
Louis Nicolas
Ramond
Claude Richard
de Saint
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<mask>, Duke of Gloucester,  (Henry William Frederick Albert; 31 March 1900 – 10 June 1974) was the third son and fourth child of King George V and Queen Mary. He served as Governor-General of Australia from 1945 to 1947, the only member of the British royal family to hold the post. Henry was the first son of a British monarch to be educated at school, where he excelled at sports, and went on to attend Eton College, after which he was commissioned in the 10th Royal Hussars, a regiment he hoped to command. However, his military career was frequently interrupted by royal duties, and he was nicknamed "the unknown soldier". While big-game shooting in Kenya, he met the future pilot Beryl Markham, with whom he became romantically involved. The court put pressure on him to end the relationship, but he had to pay regular hush-money to avert a public scandal. In 1935, also under parental pressure, he married Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott, with whom he had two sons, Princes William and Richard.From 1939 to 1940, Henry served in France as a liaison officer to Lord Gort. He performed military and diplomatic duties during the rest of the war, then in 1945 was appointed as Australia's governor-general at the request of Prime Minister John Curtin. The post had originally been offered to his younger brother, the Duke of Kent, who died in an air crash. Henry attended the coronation of his niece Queen Elizabeth II in 1953 and carried out several overseas tours, often accompanied by his wife. From 1965, he became incapacitated by a number of strokes. Upon his death, he was succeeded as the Duke of Gloucester by his only living son, Richard. Prince Henry was the last surviving child of King George V and Queen Mary.His widow, who died at the age of 102, became the longest-lived ever member of the British royal family. Early life

Prince Henry was born on 31 March 1900, at York Cottage, on the Sandringham Estate during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria. His father was the Duke of York (later King George V), the eldest surviving son of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra). His mother was the Duchess of York (later Queen Mary), the only daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Teck. At the time of his birth, he was fifth in the line of succession to the throne, behind his grandfather, father and two elder brothers. He was baptised at the private chapel of Windsor Castle on 17 May 1900, by Randall Thomas Davidson, Bishop of Winchester, and his godparents were: Queen Victoria (his great-grandmother); the German Emperor (his first cousin once removed, for whom <mask> of Prussia stood proxy); Princess Beatrice of Battenberg (his paternal great-aunt); the Duchess of Cumberland (his paternal great-aunt, whose sister, his grandmother the Princess of Wales represented her); <mask> of Greece (his first cousin once removed, for whom Prince Henry's paternal grandfather the Prince of Wales stood proxy); Princess Carl of Denmark (his paternal aunt, for whom her sister Princess Victoria of Wales stood proxy); <mask> of Teck (his maternal uncle, for whom Prince Henry's great-uncle the Duke of Cambridge stood proxy); and Field Marshal The Earl Roberts (for whom General Sir Dighton Probyn stood proxy). He was informally known to his family as Harry.Childhood and education

As a young boy, <mask> suffered from ill health very much like his older brother Albert. He also had knocked knees, and had to wear painful leg splints. He was an extremely nervous child, and was often victim to spontaneous fits of crying or giggling, and also like his brother, Henry had a combination of speech disorders. They both had rhotacism, which prevented them from pronouncing the sound r, but while Albert's pronunciation was slightly reminiscent of the "French r", Henry was completely unable to pronounce it, causing the intended r to sound like [w]. On top of this, Henry also had a nasal lisp and an unusually high-pitched tone, resulting in a very distinctive voice. By 1909, Henry's poor health had become a serious concern for his parents. He was very small for his age and was prone to get very aggressive colds."You must remember that he is rather fragile and must be treated differently to his two elder brothers who are more robust", wrote Prince George to Henry's tutor, Henry Peter Hansell. On 6 May 1910, Prince George ascended the throne as George V, and Henry became the third in line to the throne. The King was persuaded by Hansell that it would be good for Henry's character to attend school, where he could interact with boys his age. The King, having previously rejected this proposition for his two elder sons, agreed on the basis that it would help him "behave like a boy and not like a little child". Prince Henry thus became the first son of a British monarch to attend school. After three days at St Peter's Court in Broadstairs as a day boy, Hansell, noticing he liked it, asked the King to send him as a boarder, to which he agreed. Henry spent three years at St Peter's Court.Academically, he was not very bright, although he did show a particular aptitude in mathematics, Henry's sole interest became sports, particularly cricket and football. "All you write about is your everlasting football of which I am heartily sick", wrote his mother, answering a fully detailed letter from Henry about a match. In September 1913, Henry started at Eton College. During the First World War, Crown <mask> of Belgium, later Leopold III, was a member of his house (Mr Lubbock's). His studies did not improve, but his nerves and disposition did. He made friends through his enthusiasm for sports, and his masters were very pleased with him, noting in his report that he was "thoroughly willing, cheerful, modest & obedient". To his father, these values were the most important, having no time or interest in what he called "intellectuals".By the time he went up to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1919 with his brother Albert, Henry had outgrown all his brothers, both in height and size, and enjoyed very good health. Their stay at Cambridge lasted just one year and was very uneventful for both of them, as they were not allowed to live in college with the other undergraduates, due to their father's fear of their mixing with undesirable company. Military career
Unlike his brothers, <mask> joined the Army rather than the Royal Navy. He attended the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, in 1919, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the King's Royal Rifle Corps on 16 July 1919. On 16 July 1921 he was promoted to lieutenant in the 10th Royal Hussars, with whom he continued to serve. Though he desired to serve in more active roles as a soldier, his position as a senior member of the royal family effectively ruled out any such options. He retained an interest in sport and The Cricketer reported in August 1921 that the touring Philadelphians had had the honour of being presented to <mask> at The Oval.<mask> was promoted to captain on 11 May 1927, and was appointed a personal aide-de-camp to his father on 2 August 1929. On 3 March 1931, he was appointed a staff captain and was seconded for service with the 2nd Cavalry Brigade. He was brevetted to major on 2 August 1934, and upon his father's Silver Jubilee the following May, was appointed Colonel-in-Chief of the Gloucestershire Regiment. On 6 July 1935, he was promoted to the substantive rank of major, his final rank as an actively serving officer. On 23 June 1936, he was appointed a personal aide-de-camp to his eldest brother, Edward VIII. Following his brother's abdication and the accession of his brother the <mask> of York as George VI, <mask> was effectively retired from active duty, and received a ceremonial promotion to major-general on 1 January 1937, skipping three ranks. He continued to serve as a personal aide-de-camp to the new King, receiving this appointment on 1 February.On 12 March, he received the colonelcy of his former regiment, the 10th Royal Hussars, along with the colonelcies of the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers and the Gordon Highlanders. On 28 May, he received an honorary appointment as a captain in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNVR), followed by his appointment on 10 November to the honorary colonelcies of the Ceylon Planters' Rifle Corps and the Ceylon Light Infantry (now the Sri Lanka Light Infantry). Following the outbreak of the Second World War, he joined the British Expeditionary Force, and was appointed as a Chief Liaison Officer on 4 September 1939. In January 1940, he was appointed to the colonelcies of the Ulster Anti-Aircraft Regiments, the Royal Artillery and the Territorial Army. He was slightly wounded in 1940 when his staff car was attacked from the air. In August 1940, he was appointed Chief Liaison Officer, GHQ Home Forces. He also became second-in-command of the 20th Armoured Brigade that year, and was promoted to lieutenant-general on 17 September 1941.On 27 October 1944, he was promoted to the rank of full general. He was appointed a Field Marshal in 1955 and a Marshal of the Royal Air Force in 1958. Duke of Gloucester

On 31 March 1928, his father created him Duke of Gloucester, Earl of Ulster, and Baron Culloden, three titles that linked him with three parts of the United Kingdom, namely England, Northern Ireland and Scotland. Prince Henry visited Canada in 1928. Before his marriage, Prince Henry's greatest ambition was to someday command his regiment, the 10th Royal Hussars, or at least spend as much time in the army as possible. Although he was a capable soldier, as the King's son he was prevented from joining his regiment abroad, and this meant he was generally seen as an outsider to his fellow officers. To his increasing despair, he had to fulfill the many royal duties his father assigned him.In September 1928, Henry left England with his brother Edward, <mask> of Wales, to shoot big game in Africa. The brothers parted in Nairobi, where Henry was to stay for a while. There, he was entertained by Mansfield Markham and his wife Beryl Markham. Beryl and Henry soon started an affair (though sources differ over when the affair started; many say it was not until her visit to England). In November, the brothers were recalled to England due to their father's worsening health, and soon after Beryl returned too. At the Grosvenor Hotel, close to Buckingham Palace, the affair continued with Prince Henry openly hosting parties with her in her suite and drinking too much. The affair, widely known by the London society, shocked the Queen, to the delight of the <mask> of Wales who remarked that "for once, Queen Mary's blue-eyed boy was in trouble instead of himself".The King stepped in, thinking that keeping Henry busy would be the best way to end the affair, as would keeping him from drinking too much, too often. That year, he arranged a series of tours for his son to undertake. In 1929, he went to

masks:
Prince Henry
Prince Albert
Prince George
Prince Alexander
Prince Henry
Prince Leopold
Prince Henry
Prince Henry
Prince Henry
Duke
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Prince
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 Japan to confer the Garter on the Emperor, and a year later he attended the coronation of Haile Selassie of Ethiopia in Addis Ababa. In 1934 George V made him a Knight of St Patrick, Ireland's chivalric order. It was the second to last time this order was awarded (the last appointment being the Duke of York, later George VI, in 1936); at the time of his death, the Duke of Gloucester was the only remaining knight. In 1934, he went to Australia and New Zealand where the people received him with overwhelming enthusiasm that one journalist wrote, "(amounted) to something very near adoration". Marriage and family

When he returned from his trip to Japan in 1929, the affair with Markham ended.Her husband wanted a divorce and threatened to disclose <mask>'s private letters to his wife if he did not "take care of Beryl". The <mask> and Beryl never met again, although she did write to him when he visited Kenya in 1950 with his wife, but he did not write back. <mask>'s solicitors paid out an annuity until her death in 1985. After his tour of Australia and New Zealand, and pressured by his parents, <mask> decided it was time to settle down and proposed to Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott, sister of one of Henry's best friends Lord William Montagu Douglas Scott. The proposal, wrote Lady Alice many years later, was not at all romantic as "it was not his way", instead he just "mumbled it as we were on a walk one day". They were married on 6 November 1935. The marriage was originally planned to take place at Westminster Abbey, but was moved to the more modest Private Chapel at Buckingham Palace due to the death of Lady Alice's father, on 19 October 1935, barely a fortnight before the wedding.After suffering two miscarriages, the Duchess of Gloucester gave birth to two sons:
 Prince William of Gloucester (18 December 1941 – 28 August 1972)
 Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester (born 26 August 1944). He married a Danish commoner, Birgitte van Deurs, on 8 July 1972. The couple later had three children. The couple lived first at the Royal Pavilion in Aldershot, near the barracks of the Duke's regiment. "It was a very simple cabin" recalled the Duchess of Gloucester, and "the only royal thing about it was my husband's presence". After his father's death, the Duke bought Barnwell Manor in 1938. As their London seat, they were given York House in St James's Palace.Abdication of Edward VIII
In December 1936, Henry's brother Edward VIII abdicated the throne to marry divorcée Wallis Simpson. His brother, <mask>, ascended the throne as King George VI. Although third in line to the throne, following his two nieces Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret, Henry became the first adult in line, meaning he would act as regent if anything were to happen to the King before Princess Elizabeth came of age on 21 April 1944, her 18th birthday. Because of this, Prince Henry could not leave the UK at the same time as the King. Furthermore, he and his younger brother, the Duke of Kent, had to increase their royal engagements considerably to support the new King. Edward VIII, who became Duke of Windsor after abdicating, recalled that it was Henry who reacted least to the news of his abdication. The brothers had never been close and, apart from horses, they had not much in common.But Edward did admit regretting the implications the abdication would have on "The Unknown Soldier", a nickname he teasingly used to refer to Henry, owing to his low profile. The abrupt change in Prince Henry's somewhat carefree life up to that point was made clear by the new King on the very first evening of his reign. "If you two think that, now that I have taken this new job on, you can go on behaving just as you like, in the same old way, you are very much mistaken! You two have to pull yourselves together", the King warned his two younger brothers at dinner. Although the Duke of Gloucester supported his brother, and later his niece, tirelessly and dutifully, he had a fondness for whisky. On one occasion, Queen Mary wrote to the Duchess suggesting that if they were planning to visit, the Duke should bring his own supply of whisky, "as we have not got much left, and it is so expensive". Even Noble Frankland, who wrote the Duke's biography after his death at the request and under the supervision of the Duchess, wrote that: "He did not eschew a glass of whisky ... or the occasional blasphemous oath."King George VI had great affection for his younger brother. Circumstances had made them closer following the abdication, and the King trusted Prince Henry with important matters, which he dutifully undertook. Sometimes, though, the organised King found his brother's less systematic manner irritating. On one occasion after a day of shooting at Balmoral Castle, the King found a mistake on his shot-game record, where there seemed to be a pair of grouse missing. A member of staff suggested that the King call and ask the Duke of Gloucester, who was staying at Birkhall. When the Duke confirmed he had taken the birds, the King's gruff warning to his brother that he should never again take birds without telling him surprised the member of staff. Second World War
After the outbreak of the Second World War, the Duke of Gloucester, as Chief Liaison Officer to Lord Gort, spent almost the entire first year of the war in France.Besides boosting the troops' morale, he was useful as a first-hand witness of the situation; he reported to government officials and to the King, to whom he continually wrote detailed and objective accounts of what was happening. Always eager to get involved, the Duke often found himself in dangerous situations, but did not seem overly worried. "Motoring about is not nice as many villages are being bombed," he wrote to his wife in his usual straightforward and dismissive manner. The Duke's two narrowest escapes both came in May 1940. Having known King Leopold III of Belgium from school days, the Duke wanted to meet him personally to offer support after rumours began circulating that Belgium would surrender to Germany. On 14 May, he and his brother-in-law, Lord William Scott, drove from Hotel Univers in Arras into Belgium to see the King of the Belgians at a secret location. That night, Hotel Univers was bombed, resulting in several deaths, including those staying in the rooms next to the Duke's.The Duke wrote to his brother that King Leopold was "very depressed". As the Duke and Lord William Scott drove back, they were caught up in heavy enemy bombing in Tournai, where their car caught fire. They managed to get out and dive into an alleyway, although not unscathed as the Duke needed medical attention for a profusely bleeding wound. Although generally optimistic, Prince Henry did sometimes suffer from bouts of depression during his service in 1940, especially at the end of his occasional leaves. "My beloved Alice, I did hate leaving you yesterday so very much that I could hardly keep a straight face", he wrote to his wife after reporting back. The strains of living at the French front also diminished his resolve at times: "I think I hate this country and war more than ever... it is such an awful waste of everything," he told the Duchess. In June, after the fall of Dunkirk, the Duke was ordered back to England by an embarrassed General Headquarters, which had not been able to assure the King's brother's safety."Wherever I went or had been, I was bombed" the Duke explained to his mother, amused. In early 1942 the King arranged a four-month-long military and diplomatic mission for the Duke to the Middle East, India, and East Africa. The mission came just after Prince Henry had become a father for the first time, and it was considered a dangerous trip, as the Germans were rapidly advancing toward some of the territories the Duke would visit. The King even wrote to his sister-in-law that he would act as guardian of the newly born Prince William if anything should happen to his brother. After Prince Henry's younger brother, the Duke of Kent, died in a plane crash in Scotland in August 1942, it was decided that the <mask> of Gloucester would not be sent on any further missions that could prove dangerous. Governor-General of Australia

In late 1944 the Duke was unexpectedly appointed Governor-General of Australia after the death in 1942 of his younger brother, the Duke of Kent, who had previously been offered the position. The Duke had made a successful visit to Australia in 1934.Because the Duke was shy, he sometimes appeared stiff and formal, but he and the Duchess travelled widely in Australia using his own plane during their time in office. When Prime Minister Curtin died in 1945, the Duke appointed Frank Forde as prime minister. <mask> left Australia in March 1947, after two years in the post, due to the need to act as Senior Counsellor of State during a visit by George VI and Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret to South Africa. As a parting gift, he left his own plane for use by the government and people of Australia. Later life

In May 1949, May 1961, May 1962, and May 1963, the Duke served in the office of Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, which temporarily afforded him precedence in Scotland immediately below the King and Queen. The Duke attended the coronation of his niece Elizabeth II in 1953. Both the Duke and Duchess carried out royal engagements, including several overseas tours.In 1954 the Duke served as the Treasurer of the Honourable Society of Gray's Inn. He suffered a series of strokes in later years; his first was in 1965 while he and his wife, Alice, were returning from Sir Winston Churchill's funeral ceremony in their vehicle, which resulted in a car crash. This, together with later strokes, left him dependent on a wheelchair, and he was unable to speak in his last remaining years. His last public appearance was at the unveiling of Queen Mary's plaque at Marlborough House in 1967, where he appeared weak and considerably older than the Duke of Windsor. By 1972, he was too ill to attend the funeral of the Duke of Windsor in May or the wedding of his younger son, Prince Richard, in July. In August, the Duke's elder son, <mask>, died in a plane crash; by that point, he was in such poor health that his wife hesitated about whether to tell him. She later admitted in her memoirs that she did not, but that he may have learned of their son's death from television coverage.Death
He died on 10 June 1974 at the age of 74. He was the last surviving child of King George V and Queen Mary. His body was buried in the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore. His second son, <mask>, inherited the title of Duke of Gloucester. The Duke's widow, Alice, received permission from Queen Elizabeth II to be styled Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, to distinguish herself from Prince Richard's wife. She survived until 2004, becoming the longest-lived member of the British royal family in

masks:
Prince Henry
Duke
Prince Henry
Prince Henry
Prince Albert
Duke
Gloucester
Prince William
Prince Richard


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<mask> (; born September 23, 1958) is an economist and a former chair of the political science department at Duke University, where he continues to teach political science, public policy, and economics. He is a prolific writer, and his book Analyzing Policy: Choices, Conflicts, and Practices is now a standard work in the field of policy analysis. In 2008 he was the Libertarian candidate for Governor of North Carolina. Biography
Munger studied economics at Davidson College, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in 1980. He then did graduate study in economics at Washington University in St. Louis, earning an Master of Arts in 1982 and a Ph.D. in 1984 with a dissertation entitled "Institutions and Outcomes: Two Essays on the Importance of Legislative Structure for Understanding Public Policy". He is a past president of the Public Choice Society and (since 2013) a co-editor of The Independent Review, a publication of the Independent Institute, where he is a senior fellow. He has been published in the American Political Science Review, the American Journal of Political Science, and the Journal of Politics and has had books published with the Cambridge University Press and the University of Michigan Press.Since March 2012 he has been a member of the Board of Visitors of Ralston College. He also serves as an Adjunct Scholar at the Cato Institute and as a member of the Academic Council of the Jack Miller Center. He writes for the Bleeding Heart Libertarians blog and the Learn Liberty blog. Career
Munger has worked as a staff economist for the Federal Trade Commission and taught at Dartmouth College, the University of Texas at Austin, and UNC-Chapel Hill before becoming a political science professor at Duke University in 1997. In 2000, he became the head of Duke's political science department. His research centers around elections and campaign finance. At Duke, Munger says he works "across the aisles – there aren't a lot of other Libertarians there."Three scholars, namely Melvin Hinich, Douglass North and Barry Weingast, were reported to be heavily influential to <mask>. In 2011, Munger portrayed a security guard at the beginning of a video titled "Fight of the Century", featuring a rap battle between actors portraying economists John Meynard Keynes and Friedrich Hayek, discussing the effects of government spending on the economy. As of December 2017, the video has amassed over 3.8 million views. Gubernatorial campaign
Feeling that North Carolina voters needed an alternative to the two party duopoly, <mask> ran as a Libertarian candidate for Governor of North Carolina in 2008. Early in the year, Munger said that Democratic gubernatorial challenger Bev Perdue was a "Stepford Wife" and the Republican nominees were "circus clowns." Prior to May 2008, the North Carolina Libertarian Party and Munger gathered 100,000 signatures of voters in order to qualify to appear on North Carolina's ballot. They, along with the Green Party, sued the state unsuccessfully over the ballot access rules.Munger appeared as an expert witness in other cases on behalf of the Green Party and the ACLU. Munger appeared as one of two keynote speakers at the national Libertarian convention in Denver in May 2008. He later made history as the first third-party candidate to participate in a live, televised gubernatorial debate in North Carolina. The progressive Independent Weekly said of Munger: "Were there no substantive differences between the major-party candidates, we'd be recommending a protest vote for Libertarian Party candidate <mask><mask>, based on the elements of his platform that make him the self-proclaimed 'liberal in the race.'" On election day Munger received 121,585 votes for 2.85% of the total vote. Following the election, Nick Gillespie of Reason magazine wrote: "I humbly submit that Duke University political science professor <mask>, who ran a strong bid as a Libertarian Party candidate for governor in North Carolina, set his eyes toward an even bigger and remote target in 2012, that stationary Death Star known as the White House." Political positions
Munger made education a centerpiece of his gubernatorial campaign, saying that allowing more charter schools is the first thing he would do: "Rich people have choices now.I want everyone to have a choice." He would give $1,500 education vouchers to low-income students in the poorest 40 counties of North Carolina; since most would stay in public school, this would have the effect of increasing aid to poor schools. Munger has taken more socially liberal positions on many issues than the Democratic candidate for governor, Bev Perdue. "One reason I haven't been allowed in all the debates is that I'm taking votes from the Democrats. Sixty percent of my supporters are voting for Obama. I'll talk about gay marriage, and Perdue isn't, or doesn't want to." While Democratic candidate Perdue has taken a hard line on illegal immigration similar to that of Republican Pat McCrory, Munger has a position more aligned with Barack Obama.Munger opposes the death penalty, and believes children of illegal immigrants should be allowed into University of North Carolina System schools and community colleges. He believes that the government should do what it can to prevent illegal immigrants from entering the country, but once they are here, they should be treated fairly and given access to education or an "apartheid" will result "with fertile pickings for gang recruitment and exploitation by unscrupulous employers." He believes that more rural roads should be built rather than "urban highways." Publications
 Tomorrow 3.0: Transaction Costs and the Sharing Economy (2018). Cambridge University Press. .
Ideology and the Theory of Political Choice (1996). University of Michigan Press. Co-authored by Mel Henich.Ebook

See also
 Libertarianism in the United States
 List of economists
 Neoclassical liberalism

References

External links
 Munger's Academic Website (Duke University)
 Duke University PPE Program C.V.
 Weigel, David (2008-10-27) The Third Man, Reason
 News & Observer: Professor seeks ballot spot
 Munger Campaign website
 Short Essay by <mask> in Imagineer magazine on the 2008 housing collapse. 1958 births
Living people
American political scientists
Cato Institute people
Davidson College alumni
Duke University faculty
Left-libertarians
Libertarian economists
North Carolina Libertarians
People from Orange County, Florida
Writers from Raleigh, North Carolina
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
Economists from Florida
Economists from North Carolina
21st-century American economists

masks:
Michael Curtis Munger
Munger
Munger
Michael C
. Munger
Michael Munger
Michael Munger


text_chunks:
<mask> (17 July 1942 – 1 October 2019) was an English journalist and broadcaster. He was a newscaster for ITN, providing bulletins on ITV and Channel 4, before becoming the presenter of the BBC's Question Time between 1989 and 1993, and a presenter of the BBC Nine O'Clock News and Ten O'Clock News between 1993 and 2003. He retired from the BBC in 2009 and died in 2019 from leukaemia. Early life
Born at Smithdown Road Hospital in Liverpool, Sissons was the third of four brothers, sons of Merchant Navy officer <mask> and his wife Elsie Emma (Evans). He attended Dovedale Junior School with John Lennon and Jimmy Tarbuck, passed the eleven-plus and attended the Liverpool Institute for Boys from 1953 to 1961 with the theatre producer Bill Kenwright, the politician Steven Norris, and George Harrison and Paul McCartney from the Beatles. He studied philosophy, politics and economics at University College, Oxford, where he was treasurer of the University College Players, with whom he also acted, produced, directed and organised. Career

ITN
Sissons joined ITN in 1964, working his way up to the role of journalist.He was wounded by gunfire whilst covering the Biafran War in 1968, sustaining severe nerve damage in his left leg. After recovering from his injuries, he became ITN's Industrial Editor, covering many high-profile disputes during the 1970s. On 6 September 1976, Sissons joined the list of presenters of ITN's lunchtime ITN News at One bulletin, alternating with Leonard Parkin. He also co-presented ITN's 1983 General Election Night programmes (with Sir Alastair Burnet and Martyn Lewis) and in 1987 (with Burnet and Alastair Stewart). In 1982, <mask>, along with Trevor McDonald and Sarah Hogg, presented the first edition of Channel 4 News. He remained on the programme for seven years, anchoring the only debate between National Union of Mineworkers leader Arthur Scargill and National Coal Board leader Ian MacGregor during the 1984–85 miners' strike. He was also the presenter on the night of the Lockerbie bombing in December 1988.In early 1989, Sissons received a death threat following his interview of an Iranian representative as part of the reaction surrounding the publication of The Satanic Verses, with the fatwa covering Salman Rushdie extended to cover him as well. <mask> left ITN in 1989 to join the BBC. BBC
In June 1989, <mask> took over from Sir Robin Day as the presenter of Question Time. He continued until December 1993, when he was followed by David Dimbleby. He co-presented BBC's 1992 General Election Night coverage with Dimbleby and <mask>. He worked for ITN, Channel 4 News and BBC News, where he hosted the BBC Nine O'Clock News and the Ten O'Clock News. He was dropped from this position in January 2003.Sissons reportedly accused the BBC of ageism in response to its decision to remove him from the bulletin. In 2002, Sissons announced the death of the Queen Mother on the BBC. This broadcast created controversy and criticism from some newspapers as he wore a burgundy tie and not a black one, deemed more appropriate for such news. He later defended his choice and a senior BBC source said: "We thought if the newsreader suddenly rushed off screen to change into a black tie for the announcement it would be a distraction for viewers." Sissons subsequently presented weekend afternoons on BBC News, the corporation's 24-hour rolling news channel, although until 2004 he still occasionally appeared on the Ten O'Clock News when Huw Edwards, Fiona Bruce and Darren Jordon were unavailable. Sissons also presented News 24 Sunday, the replacement for Andrew Marr's BBC One programme The Andrew Marr Show when it was off air during the summer. He also occasionally presented weekend bulletins on BBC One.He retired from the BBC in 2009, announcing on 12 June his intention to retire in the summer in order to write his memoirs. Sissons cited a 2009 interview he conducted with Harriet Harman as the final catalyst for his decision to leave the BBC. He noted how producers seemed "twitchy" about leaving him to interview the Labour politician unsupervised, and that those producers contacting him with advice "seemed to be fully paid-up members of her fan club." Sissons noted his shock at being urged not to raise the issue of a breaking controversy surrounding Gordon Brown failing to invite the Queen to a D-Day commemoration event, because it was "only a campaign being run by the Daily Mail". He asked the question anyhow, and upon arriving home afterwards decided he no longer wished to work for the organisation. Autobiography
Following his retirement, Sissons published his 2011 autobiography When One Door Closes, in which he was highly critical of his former employer, the BBC. He argued that the organisation had a left-wing mindset "in its very DNA" and that BBC News had a bias towards New Labour, the United Nations, the European Union, environmental groups, Islam, ethnic minorities, and women.He wrote, "I am in no doubt that the majority of BBC staff vote for political parties of the Left". Sissons also highlighted the BBC's corresponding bias towards the Independent and Guardian newspapers, stating "producers refer to them routinely for the line to take on running stories, and for inspiration on which items to cover." Personal life

Sissons had three children, one of whom, <mask>, is an actress. Sissons lived in Sevenoaks, Kent, with his wife Sylvia (), and had a second home on the island of Barbados. Sissons was a Liverpool John Moores University Honorary Fellow and delivered a lecture on 19 June 2008 speaking about the city of Liverpool. He was a lifelong supporter of Liverpool Football Club. Death
<mask> died at the age of 77 on 1 October 2019 at the Maidstone Hospital in Kent from leukaemia.The Director-General of the BBC, Tony Hall, hailed him as "one of the great television figures of his time". Other tributes to Sissons were paid by Huw Edwards, Tony Blair, Piers Morgan, Simon McCoy and Jon Snow. Sissons' former classmate Paul McCartney posted a tribute on his website. References

External links

   Nigeria-Biafra War, Road to Umuahia, British TV Reporter <mask>s Shot & injured, Oct. 1968

1942 births
2019 deaths
Alumni of University College, Oxford
BBC newsreaders and journalists
British television newsreaders and news presenters
English reporters and correspondents
English television journalists
English television presenters
ITN newsreaders and journalists
People educated at Liverpool Institute High School for Boys
Question Time (TV programme)
Television presenters from Liverpool

masks:
Peter George Sissons
George Robert Percival Sissons
Sissons
Sissons
Sissons
Peter Snow
Kate Sissons
Peter Sissons
Peter Sisson


text_chunks:
<mask> is an American lawyer, law professor, and officer in the United States Air Force Reserve. Education
Frakt is a 1987 graduate of the University High School, Irvine, California and a 1990 graduate of the University of California, Irvine, where he was named "Outstanding Senior" of his graduating class, and a 1994 honors graduate of Harvard Law School. Career
Frakt is notable for his appointment to defend Guantanamo detainee <mask>, an alleged combatant facing charges for events that took place when he was a minor. Jawad is one of two detainees, along with Omar Khadr, to be prosecuted for acts they allegedly committed while juveniles. Frakt also represents another Guantanamo detainee who faced a military commission, Ali Hamza al-Bahlul, the alleged Al Qaida propaganda chief from Yemen. Frakt retired in 2018 as a Lieutenant Colonel after 23 years in the U.S. Air Force Reserve JAG Corps. He previously was a law professor at several law schools including Western State University College of Law in California, the Barry University Dwayne O. Andreas School of Law in Orlando, Florida, and the University of Pittsburgh School of Law.He was also an adjunct at the Georgetown Law Center. In April 2014, Frakt was a candidate for the deanship of Florida Coastal School of Law. In the middle of giving a presentation where he described his ideas for addressing major problems at the school such as declining enrollment, reduced admission standards, and low morale, he was reportedly stopped by the school's president, told to stop "insulting" the faculty, and was then asked to leave. This episode was later dramatized in the 2017 documentary film Law School Confidential. Challenged Brigadier Thomas Hartmann's role

On June 19, 2008 Frakt challenged the role of Brigadier General Thomas W. Hartmann in choosing his client <mask> for trial. Frakt argued that Hartmann had "...exercised unlawful command influence." Hartmann had been appointed the legal advisor to the convening authority—the number two in the Office of Military Commissions, in the summer of 2007, and had immediately overrode the decisions of Colonel Morris Davis, who was then the Chief Prosecutor, when Davis was on leave.Hartmann was widely quoted as saying the Prosecution should choose to charge captives based on whether their trials would: "...capture the imagination of the American people." In May 2008 Captain Keith Allred, the Presiding Officer of Salim Ahmed Hamdan's Military Commission, ruled that Hartmann could no longer play any role in Hamdan's Commission process because of the appearance of impropriety shown by his participation to date. <mask> argued to Colonel Stephen R. Henley, the Presiding Officer of Jawad's military commission, that Hartmann should be barred from any further participation in Jawad's Prosecution because of his exercise of "unlawful command interference." The June 19, 2008, hearing where Frakt challenged Hartmann's participation and argued for dismissal of the charges based on torture and outrageous government conduct lasted 14 hours. According to <mask>, of the Miami Herald, Frakt argued that Jawad had been subjected to: "...pointless and sadistic treatment [in a] bleak underworld of barbarism and cruelty, of anything goes, of torture." <mask>'s closing argument has been widely praised in the media. <mask> Dakwar, Director of the Human Rights Program for the ACLU called the argument "an historic closing argument that should be taught in every military academy across the country."Deborah Colson, of Human Rights First, in a report in the Huffington Post, called the argument a "most powerful indictment of Bush administration policies." Michael Winship, of Bill Moyer's Journal, called the argument "an unusual and especially fine expression of American patriotism." Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist Anthony Lewis described the argument as "a remarkable display of legal and moral courage." <mask> also argued, during his challenge of Hartmann's unlawful influence, that the Prosecution had failed to release important records to the Defense, and that this showed that the process through which <mask>d was charged was rushed and without proper preparation. On August 14, 2008 Henley barred Hartmann from future participation in <mask>'s commission. According to Mike Melia, writing for the Associated Press, Henley ruled that Hartmann: "...compromised his objectivity in public statements aligning himself with prosecutors and defending the Pentagon's system for prosecuting alleged terrorists." However, Henley chose not to dismiss the charges against <mask>d because of Hartmann's controversial conduct.He did rule that <mask> was authorized to submit arguments for dropping the charges against Jawad directly to Susan J. Crawford, the Convening Authority, as to whether charges against Jawad were justified. On September 12, Hartmann was removed from his position as Legal Advisor, and three days later Frakt submitted a plea to the Convening Authority to dismiss the charges, which included matters in mitigation and extenuation, legal arguments, and letters and a petition from concerned citizens. On September 23, Crawford rejected this appeal and reaffirmed her earlier decision to refer charges against <mask> to trial. Comments on Frakt's efforts to have the charges against Jawad dismissed due to abusive conduct, including the "frequent flyer program"

In June 2008, prosecutor Lt Col Darrel Vandeveld turned over detention records which had been previously withheld to the defense. These records demonstrated that <mask> had been subjected to the controversial "frequent flyer program" a euphemistic term used by Guantanamo detention officials to describe a frequent cell movement program which resulted in sleep disruption and deprivation. These records were made available to Frakt shortly before <mask>'s first hearing before his Military Commission. Based on these records, Frakt sought to have the charges against <mask>d dismissed on the grounds of torture and "outrageous government conduct."Frakt reported at <mask>'s June 19, 2008 Commission hearing that those records showed that <mask>d had been moved 112 times in a two-week period in May 2004. Following previous inquiries into abusive treatment of detainees, this technique had reportedly been ordered discontinued two months prior to its use on Jawad by the then Commanding Officer of JTF-Guantanamo, Brig Gen <mask>. On July 11, 2008, in another filing submitted to the Military Commission Frakt reported that the Prosecution had withheld evidence of the medical effects on his client of the two weeks of sleep deprivation. Frakt reported that Jawad's medical records, which had only recently been made available to him, contradicted the Prosecution's claims that Jawad had suffered "no ill effects" from the sleep deprivation. Frakt reported that the medical records showed that <mask>d had lost ten percent of his body weight during his sleep deprivation, and that he had told doctors he had been urinating blood. On August 7, 2008 an article in The Washington Post reported that newly published documents showed that the prohibited sleep deprivation technique had been in wider use than had previously been known.The Washington Post report quoted Frakt's response to the news of this violation:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|
"...no one actually knows the full scope of the abuses at Guantanamo." "...all of these allegedly comprehensive investigations were whitewashes.This is only the tip of the iceberg." "This program was approved at the highest levels. ... It suggests that people had simply lost their ability to distinguish right from wrong." |}

Additional hearings were held on August 13–14 and September 26–27, 2008. At the August 13–14 hearing, an intelligence officer formerly stationed at Guantanamo testified that the frequent flyer program was "standard operating procedure" and was used on dozens of detainees until at least April 2005. On September 24, Col. Henley ruled that the frequent flyer program was cruel, abusive and inhumane treatment, and recommended those responsible be punished.However, he declined to dismiss the charges against <mask>, ruling that other lesser remedies were adequate to address the abuse. The next hearing is scheduled for December. Comments on Lt Col Darrel Vandeveld's resignation

On September 9, 2008, former lead prosecutor Lieutenant Colonel Darrel Vandeveld, an Army Reserve JAG, requested to be reassigned to other duties rather than continue to serve as prosecutor on the <mask> case. On September 24, 2008 Frakt commented on Lt Col Darrel Vandeveld's recent resignation,
He said Vandeveld, whose resignation document has not yet been released: "could no longer continue to serve ethically as a prosecutor." According to The New York Times, Frakt said Vandeveld had been "troubled" by the orders he had been given. Frakt told The New York Times that Vandeveld had recommended a plea bargain and early release for Jawad, and had been overruled. Vandeveld later testified in a hearing on September 27, 2008 at Guantanamo that exculpatory evidence had been withheld from the Jawad defense, and that he had resigned because of concerns about the discovery process and his inability to determine whether all relevant discovery had been disclosed to the defense due to "systemic problems" with discovery at the Office of Military Commissions.<mask>'s noncombatant status

In July 2009 US District Court Judge Ellen Huvelle ruled <mask>d was a noncombatant. On July 28, 2009 <mask> filed a motion in Mohammed's military commission following Huvelle's ruling. He argued that the military commissions were only authorized to try illegal enemy combatants, and since he was officially a noncombatant his military commission lacked jurisdiction. Efforts to support <mask>'s re-integration into Afghan society

On September 21, 2009 historian Andy Worthington, author of The Guantanamo Files, published a letter from Frakt that documented the role he and his colleagues had hoped to play in <mask>'s re-integration into Afghan society. Frakt had argued to Susan Crawford that while civilian Defense attorneys didn't traditionally play a role in the lives of their clients, after their trials, the tradition for military Defense counsel was the opposite. Further, he argued that, as a child captive the literature strongly recommended the released captive be in the company of trusted adults—and the only trusted adults in his life recently had been his Defense counsel. Frakt also described, at length, the significant role played by his colleagues on "Team Jawad", Commander Katharine Doxakis, Major Eric Montalvo USMCR, Captain Chris Kannady, USMC, civilian counsels Hina Shamsi, <mask>, Art Spitzer, military and civilian paralegals, a team of law students from Duke University, and a law student named <mask>, from Yale Law School.Publications

Frakt is the author of dozens of law review articles, book chapters, essays and op-eds. CNN published an Op-ed by Frakt, on March 17, 2010. Frakt argued that those Guantanamo captives who were to be tried, should be tried in a regular court of law, not the irregular military commissions. He congratulated Attorney General Eric Holder for his plans to try the most senior suspects in civilian court. But he criticized Holder for planning to continue to try other suspects in the military commission system, writing:

He wrote that Ali Al Bahlul and Salim Ahmed Hamdan's convictions were being appealed, and he warned that it was not clear that their convictions would be upheld by the Court of Military Commission Review, due to many procedural errors. In the winter of 2012 Frakt published a one hundred and twenty page article in the University of Pittsburgh Law Review, entitle: Prisoners of Congress: The Constitutional and political clash over detainees and the closure of Guantanamo''. References

External links

Guantanamo Bay attorneys
Harvard Law School alumni
University of California, Irvine alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
David Frakt
Mohammed Jawad
Mohammed Jawad
Frakt
Carol Rosenberg
Frakt
Jamil
Frakt
Jawa
Mohammed Jawad
Jawa
Frakt
Mohammad Jawad
Mohammed Jawad
Mohammed Jawad
Jawa
Jawad
Jawa
Jay Hood
Jawa
Jawad
Jawad
Mohammed Jawad
Mohammed Jawa
Frakt
Mohammed Jawad
Mohammed Jawad
Jonathan Hafetz
Joe Pace