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 Second impeachment

On January 11, 2021, an article of impeachment charging <mask> with incitement of insurrection against the U.S. government was introduced to the House. The House voted 232–197 to impeach <mask> on January 13, making him the first U.S. officeholder to be impeached twice.The impeachment, which was the most rapid in history, followed an unsuccessful bipartisan effort to strip <mask> of his powers and duties via Section 4 of the 25th Amendment. Ten Republicans voted for impeachment—the most members of a party ever to vote to impeach a president of their own party. Senate Democrats asked to begin the trial immediately, while <mask> was still in office, but then-Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell blocked the plan. On February 13, following a five-day Senate trial, <mask> was acquitted when the Senate voted 57–43 for conviction, falling ten votes short of the two-thirds majority required to convict; seven Republicans joined every Democrat in voting to convict, the most bipartisan support in any Senate impeachment trial of a president or former president. Most Republicans voted to acquit <mask>, though some held him responsible but felt the Senate did not have jurisdiction over former presidents (<mask> had left office on January 20; the Senate voted 56–44 the trial was constitutional). Included in the latter group was McConnell, who said <mask> was "practically and morally responsible for provoking the events of the day" but "constitutionally not eligible for conviction". Post-presidency (2021–present)

Since his term ended, <mask> has lived at his Mar-a-Lago club.As provided for by the Former Presidents Act, he established an office there to handle his post-presidential activities. Since leaving the presidency, <mask> has been the subject of several probes into both his business dealings and his actions during the presidency. In February 2021, the District Attorney for Fulton County, Georgia, announced a criminal probe into <mask>'s phone calls to Brad Raffensperger. Separately, the New York State Attorney General's Office is conducting civil and criminal investigations into <mask>'s business activities, the criminal investigation in conjunction with the Manhattan District Attorney's Office. By May 2021, a special grand jury was considering indictments. On July 1, 2021, New York prosecutors charged the Trump Organization with a "15 year 'scheme to defraud' the government". The organization's chief financial officer, Allen Weisselberg, was arraigned on grand larceny, tax fraud, and other charges.<mask>'s false claims concerning the 2020 election were commonly referred to as the "big lie" by his critics and in reporting. In May 2021, <mask> and his supporters attempted to co-opt the term, using it to refer to the election itself. The Republican Party used <mask>'s false election narrative to justify the imposition of new voting restrictions in its favor, and <mask> endorsed candidates such as Mark Finchem and Jody Hice, who tried to overturn the 2020 election results and are running for statewide secretary of state positions, which would put them in charge of the 2024 elections. On June 6, 2021, <mask> resumed his campaign-style rallies with an 85-minute speech at the annual North Carolina Republican Party convention. On June 26, he held his first public rally since the January 6 rally that preceded the riot at the Capitol. In February 2021, <mask> registered a company Trump Media & Technology Group (TMTG), for providing "social networking services" to "customers in the United States". In October 2021, <mask> announced the planned merger of TMTG  with Digital World Acquisition, a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC).A main backer of the SPAC is China-based financier ARC Group, who was reportedly involved in setting up the proposed merger. The transaction is under investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Public profile

Approval ratings

<mask> was the only president to never reach a 50% approval rating in the Gallup poll dating to 1938. The approval ratings showed a record partisan gap: 88 percent among Republicans, 7 percent among Democrats. Until September 2020, the ratings were unusually stable, reaching a high of 49 percent and a low of 35 percent. <mask> finished his term with a record-low approval rating of between 29 percent and 34 percent (the lowest of any president since modern polling began) and a record-low average of 41 percent throughout his presidency. In Gallup's annual poll asking Americans to name the man they admire the most, <mask> placed second to Obama in 2017 and 2018, tied with Obama for most admired man in 2019, and was named most admired in 2020.Since Gallup started conducting the poll in 1948, <mask> is the first elected president not to be named most admired in his first year in office. A Gallup poll in 134 countries comparing the approval ratings of U.S. leadership between the years 2016 and 2017 found that <mask> led Obama in job approval in only 29, most of them non-democracies, with approval of US leadership plummeting among US allies and G7 countries. Overall ratings were similar to those in the last two years of the George W. Bush presidency. By mid-2020, only 16% of international respondents to a 13-nation Pew Research poll expressed confidence in <mask>, a lower score than those historically accorded to Russia's Vladimir Putin and China's Xi Jinping. C-SPAN, which conducted surveys of presidential leadership each time the administration changed since 2000, ranked <mask> fourth–lowest overall in their 2021 Presidential Historians Survey, with <mask> rated lowest in the leadership characteristics categories for moral authority and administrative skills. Social media

<mask>'s social media presence attracted attention worldwide since he joined Twitter in 2009. He frequently tweeted during the 2016 election campaign and as president, until his ban in the final days of his term.Over twelve years, <mask> posted around 57,000 tweets, often using Twitter as a direct means of communication with the public and sidelining the press. In June 2017, a White House press secretary said that <mask>'s tweets were official presidential statements. <mask> often announced terminations of administration officials and cabinet members over Twitter. After years of criticism for allowing <mask> to post misinformation and falsehoods, Twitter began to tag some of his tweets with fact-checking warnings in May 2020. In response, <mask> tweeted that "Social Media Platforms totally silence conservatives [sic] voices" and that he would "strongly regulate, or close them down". In the days after the storming of the United States Capitol, <mask> was banned from Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and other platforms. Twitter blocked attempts by <mask> and his staff to circumvent the ban through the use of others' accounts.The loss of <mask>'s social media megaphone, including his 88.7 million Twitter followers, diminished his ability to shape events, and prompted a dramatic decrease in the volume of misinformation shared on Twitter. In May 2021, an advisory group to Facebook evaluated that site's indefinite ban of <mask> and concluded that it had been justified at the time but should be re-evaluated in six months. In June 2021, Facebook suspended the account for two years. Later in June, <mask> joined the video platform Rumble and began to post the messages of his website blog on the Twitter account of a spokesperson. <mask>'s attempts to re-establish a social media presence were unsuccessful. In May 2021 he launched a blog that had low readership and was closed after less than a month. Relationship with the press

<mask> began promoting himself in the press in the 1970s, and continued to seek media attention throughout his career, sustaining a "love–hate" relationship with the press.In the 2016 campaign, <mask> benefited from a record amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries. New York Times writer Amy Chozick wrote in 2018 that <mask>'s media dominance enthralled the public and created "must-see TV." As a candidate and as president, <mask> frequently accused the press of bias, calling it the "fake news media" and "the enemy of the people". In 2018, journalist Lesley Stahl recounted <mask>'s saying he intentionally demeaned and discredited the media "so when you write negative stories about me no one will believe you". As president, <mask> privately and publicly mused about revoking the press credentials of journalists he viewed as critical. His administration moved to revoke the press passes of two White House reporters, which were restored by the courts. In 2019, a member of the foreign press reported many of the same concerns as those of media in the U.S., expressing concern that a normalization process by reporters and media results in an inaccurate characterization of <mask>.The <mask> White House held about a hundred formal press briefings in 2017, declining by half during 2018 and to two in 2019. <mask> also deployed the legal system to intimidate the press. In early 2020, the <mask> campaign sued The New York Times, The Washington Post, and CNN for defamation in opinion pieces about Russian election interference. Legal experts said that the lawsuits lacked merit and were not likely to succeed. By March 2021, the lawsuits against The New York Times and CNN had been dismissed. False statements

As a candidate and as president, <mask> frequently made false statements in public speeches and remarks to an extent unprecedented in American politics. His falsehoods became a distinctive part of his political identity.<mask>'s false and misleading statements were documented by fact-checkers, including at The Washington Post, which tallied a total of 30,573 false or misleading statements made by <mask> over his four-year term. <mask>'s falsehoods increased in frequency over time, rising from about 6 false or misleading claims per day in his first year as president to 16 per day in his second year to 22 per day in his third year to 39 per day in his final year. He reached 10,000 false or misleading claims 27 months into his term; 20,000 false or misleading claims 14 months later, and 30,000 false or misleading claims five months later. Some of <mask>'s falsehoods were inconsequential, such as his claims of a large crowd size during his inauguration. Others had more far-reaching effects, such as <mask>'s promotion of unproven antimalarial drugs as a treatment for COVID‑19 in a press conference and on Twitter in March 2020. The claims had consequences worldwide, such as a shortage of these drugs in the United States and panic-buying in Africa and South Asia. Other misinformation, such as misattributing a rise in crime in England and Wales to the "spread of radical Islamic terror", served <mask>'s domestic political purposes.As a matter of principle, <mask> does not apologize for his falsehoods. Despite the frequency of <mask>'s falsehoods, the media rarely referred to them as lies. The first time The Washington Post did so was in August 2018, when it declared that some of <mask>'s misstatements, in particular those concerning hush money paid to Stormy Daniels and Playboy model Karen McDougal, were lies. In 2020, <mask> was a significant source of disinformation on voting and the COVID-19 pandemic. His attacks on mail-in ballots and other election practices served to weaken public faith in the integrity of the 2020 presidential election, while his disinformation about the pandemic delayed and weakened the national response to it. Some view the nature and frequency of <mask>'s falsehoods as having profound and corrosive consequences on democracy. James Pfiffner, professor of policy and government at George Mason University, wrote in 2019 that <mask> lies differently from previous presidents, because he offers "egregious false statements that are demonstrably contrary to well-known facts"; these lies are the "most important" of all <mask> lies.By calling facts into question, people will be unable to properly evaluate their government, with beliefs or policy irrationally settled by "political power"; this erodes liberal democracy, wrote Pfiffner. Promotion of conspiracy theories

Before and throughout his presidency, <mask> has promoted numerous conspiracy theories, including Obama birtherism, the Clinton Body Count theory, QAnon, the Global warming hoax theory, Trump Tower wiretapping allegations, a John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory involving Rafael Cruz, linking talk show host Joe Scarborough to the death of a staffer, alleged foul-play in the death of Antonin Scalia, alleged Ukrainian interference in U.S. elections, and that Osama bin Laden was alive and Obama and Biden had members of Navy SEAL Team 6 killed. In at least two instances <mask> clarified to press that he also believed the conspiracy theory in question. During and since the 2020 presidential election, <mask> has promoted various conspiracy theories for his defeat including dead people voting, voting machines changing or deleting <mask> votes, fraudulent mail-in voting, throwing out <mask> votes, and "finding" suitcases full of Biden votes. Racial views

Many of <mask>'s comments and actions have been considered racist. He repeatedly denied this, saying: "I am the least racist person there is anywhere in the world." In national polling, about half of respondents said that <mask> is racist; a greater proportion believed that he has emboldened racists.Several studies and surveys found that racist attitudes fueled <mask>'s political ascent and were more important than economic factors in determining the allegiance of <mask> voters. Racist and Islamophobic attitudes are a strong indicator of support for <mask>. In 1975, he settled a 1973 Department of Justice lawsuit that alleged housing discrimination against black renters. He has also been accused of racism for insisting a group of black and Latino teenagers were guilty of raping a white woman in the 1989 Central Park jogger case, even after they were exonerated by DNA evidence in 2002. As of 2019, he maintained this position. <mask> relaunched his political career in 2011 as a leading proponent of "birther" conspiracy theories alleging that Barack Obama, the first black U.S. president, was not born in the United States. In April 2011, <mask> claimed credit for pressuring the White House to publish the "long-form" birth certificate, which he considered fraudulent, and later saying this made him "very popular".In September 2016, amid pressure, he acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S. and falsely claimed the rumors had been started by Hillary Clinton during her 2008 presidential campaign. In 2017, he reportedly still expressed birther views in private. According to an analysis in Political Science Quarterly, <mask> made "explicitly racist appeals to whites" during his 2016 presidential campaign. In particular, his campaign launch speech drew widespread criticism for claiming Mexican immigrants were "bringing drugs, they're bringing crime, they're rapists". His later comments about a Mexican-American judge presiding over a civil suit regarding Trump University were also criticized as racist. <mask>'s comments on the 2017 far-right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, condemning "this egregious display of hatred, bigotry and violence on many sides" and stating that there were "very fine people on both sides", were widely criticized as implying a moral equivalence between the white supremacist demonstrators and the counter-protesters. In a January 2018 Oval Office meeting to discuss immigration legislation, <mask> reportedly referred to El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, and African nations as "shithole countries".His remarks were condemned as racist. In July 2019, <mask> tweeted that four Democratic congresswomen—all minorities, three of whom are native-born Americans—should "go back" to the countries they "came from". Two days later the House of Representatives voted 240–187, mostly along party lines, to condemn his "racist comments". White nationalist publications and social media sites praised his remarks, which continued over the following days. <mask> continued to make similar remarks during his 2020 campaign. Misogyny and allegations of sexual misconduct

<mask> has a history of insulting and belittling women when speaking to media and on social media. He made lewd comments, demeaned women's looks, and called them names, such as 'dog', 'crazed, 'crying lowlife', 'face of a pig', or 'horseface'.In October 2016, two days before the second presidential debate, a 2005 "hot mic" recording surfaced in which <mask> is heard bragging about kissing and groping women without their consent, saying "when you're a star, they let you do it, you can do anything... grab 'em by the pussy." The incident's widespread media exposure led to <mask>'s first public apology during the campaign and caused outrage across the political spectrum. At least twenty-six women, including his first wife, have publicly accused <mask> of sexual misconduct. There were allegations of rape, violence, being kissed and groped without consent, looking under women's skirts, and walking in on naked pageant contestants. In 2016, he denied all accusations, calling them "false smears" and alleging a conspiracy against him and the American people. Incitement of violence

Research suggests <mask>'s rhetoric caused an increased incidence of hate crimes. During his 2016 campaign, he urged or praised physical attacks against protesters or reporters.Numerous defendants investigated or prosecuted for violent acts and hate crimes, including participants of the January 6, 2021 storming of the U.S. Capitol, cited <mask>'s rhetoric in arguing that they were not culpable or should receive a lighter sentence. A nationwide review by ABC News in May 2020 identified at least 54 criminal cases from August 2015 to April 2020 in which <mask> was invoked in direct connection with violence or threats of violence mostly by white men and primarily against members of minority groups. Popular culture

<mask> has been the subject of parody, comedy, and caricature on television, in movies, and in comics. <mask> was named in hundreds of hip hop songs since the 1980s, mostly positive. Mentions turned largely negative and pejorative after he began running for

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Queen Sohye (舊1437-09-08 - 舊1504-04-27), of the Cheongju Han clan, was the only wife of Crown Prince Uigyeong. She never was the consort of a reigning king. Nevertheless, she was honored as Queen <mask> (인수왕후) and later as Queen Dowager <mask> (인수왕대비) during the reign of her son Yi Hyeol, King Seongjong. Moreover, she was later honored as Grand Queen Dowager <mask> (인수대왕대비) during the reign of her grandson Yi Yung, Prince Yeonsan. After her death, she was posthumously honored with the title Queen Sohye (소혜왕후). She is mostly known for her proficiency in the Chinese Classics, Confucian and Buddhist as well, and for her involvement in the political affairs of her time, from the accession of Prince Suyang to the throne to the reign of Yeonsangun. She authored the Naehun in 1475.Lady Han, the Crown Princess
The future Queen <mask> was born as a member of the Cheongju Han clan, a powerful yangban family with a long tradition of providing high-ranking officers and royal consorts as well. She was given a high education in Confucian values and the Chinese classics. Lady Han married to Yi Jang, Prince Dowon, during the reign of Munjong, the 5th Joseon ruler. Their families decided this union when Han Hwak, her father, was 4th Councilor (좌찬성) and Suyang, Dowon's father, a Grand Prince among the others. After the 1453 coup, aka Gyeyu Jeongnan (계유정난), Grand Prince Suyang became Chief State Councilor (영의정) and Minister of Personnel (이조 판서) as well. In the same move, Han Hwak became Third State Councilor (우의정). Moreover, Han Myeong-hoe (한명회 韓明澮), the organizer of the plot, was a third cousin (육촌오빠)  of Lady Han, while Han Myeong-jin (한명진 韓明溍), another cousin, was also enlisted as 3,17 in the reward list (정난공신) for the coup.This started the network of her political influence. In a second step, the 1455 coup deprived Danjong, the child King, of any power and instated Suyang to the trone, later honored with temple name Sejo. As a result, Dowon was elevated to the Crown Prince status as Crown Prince Uigyeong and Lady Han honored as Crown Princess Consort Su (수빈, Subin) on 舊1455-07-26. <mask>, the Queen Mother

In 1454, the Crown Princess bore Yi Jeong (Prince Wolsan), her first child, had a daughter (Princess Myeongsuk) the next year and gave birth to Yi Hyeol (Prince Jasan) in 1457. The same year, Uigyeong died on 舊1457-09-02. In the royal palace, the Crown Princess became known for her scholarly interest in Confucian education and she devoted herself to the education of the royal grandsons. She had a good relationship to King Sejo, who referred to her as a good daughter-in-law.At the death of Sejo, the 2nd son of the late King accessed to the throne and the influence of Lady Han waned. But the reign of Yejong only lasted 14 months. And then, Jasan, the second son of Lady Han  accessed to the throne in 1469. At this date, the status of Lady Han was not so clear, since Uigyeong never reigned. In a first step (1470), Uigyeong was elevated and
honored posthumously as king without a temple name, so he was addressed as King Uigyeong (의경왕), and Lady Han received the ambiguous title Queen  <mask> (인수왕비, Insu Wangbi). The next year, several of <mask>'s direct relatives were enlisted as meritorious subjects: Han Chi-hyeong (한치형, 淸城君) (2nd cousin 사천) as 3.17, together with her brothers Han Chi-in (한치인, 韓致仁), Han Chi-ui (한치의, 韓致義) and Han Chi-rye (한치례, 韓致禮) as 4.17, 4.23 and 4.26. Han Myeong-hoe himself was enlisted as 1.02.In any case, the regency (1469–1476) was exerted by Grand Queen Dowager Jaseong, the mother-in-law of Insu, so that <mask>'s political influence was constrained to the point of not receiving a title acknowledging her as the mother of the reigning king. After some time, <mask>'s title still became matter of debate because queen consort title was reserved for primary consort of the reigning king, while <mask> herself was the King's mother. But, in order to honour <mask> as queen dowager, there was a need to determine the rank between her and Queen Dowager Inhye (Yejong's widow). Jaseong, as grand queen dowager and the most senior elder in the royal family, solved this problem with her statement that <mask> had been entrusted with the task of protecting Yejong by the late King Sejo, implying her seniority above both the late Yejong and Queen Dowager Inhye. Thus, it was more appropriate to place <mask> above Inhye. So <mask> was honored as queen dowager in 1474 and had higher rank than Inhye, and her late husband received temple name Deokjong (덕종, 德宗), acknowledging them as Seongjong's formally recognized parents. The young Queen Consort of the King died in 1474 at the age 17 and was posthumously honored as Queen Gonghye.The Ksitigarbha Pranidahana Sutra (The Great Vows of Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva) was commissioned by the three queens dowager through the Royal Treasury Agency. This Sutra is now considered an important artifact for the study of printing and Buddhism during the Joseon Dynasty. Grand Queen Dowager Jaseong died in 1483 and was posthumously honored as Queen Jeonghui and <mask> became the most influent elder in the palace, exerting a large part of the royal power. With the death of Seongjong and the accession of her grandson Yeonsangun, she became the Grand Queen Dowager (인수대왕대비) and gathered even more power. At the end, this led to a brutal clash and she died in 1504 after an altercation with Yeonsangun. After her death, she was granted the posthumous name Queen Sohye (소혜왕후). Her tomb is at Gyeongneung Royal Tomb, Goyang (敬陵),  just beside Dowon's tomb.The later is a very simple one, since Dowon was only a Crown Prince at his death in 1457. On the other hand, Sohye's tomb was built in full regalia, and placed at the left of the Dowon's tomb since, in 1504, Sohye was deceased with the status of Grand Queen Dowager. Authorship

Queen Insu authored of the Naehun (Instructions for women) in 1475. This books appears as a Confucian morality guidebook for women, describing appropriate behavior in accordance with Confucian ideals. It can also be read as a manifesto describing self-cultivation as the most appropriate behavior for a women, endorsing the political activities of the author. With the exception of a few poems, this book is the first known book written by a woman in Korea. 1470 - Queen <mask> (인수왕비, Insu Wangbi)
 1474 - Queen Dowager Insu
 1494 - During the reign of the King Yeonsangun
 Grand Queen Dowager <mask> (인수대왕대비)
Posthumous title
 Queen Sohye (소혜왕후).In popular culture
 Portrayed by Han Eun-jin in the 1988 film Diary of King Yeonsan. Portrayed by Ban Hyo-jung in the 1995 KBS TV series Jang Nok Soo. Portrayed by Chae Shi-ra in 1998–2000 KBS1 TV series The King and the Queen. Portrayed by Yoon So-jung in the 2005 film The King and the Clown. Portrayed by Jeon In-hwa in the 2007–2008 SBS TV series The King and I. Portrayed by Chae Shi-ra and Hahm Eun-jung in the 2011–2012 JTBC TV series Insu, The Queen Mother. Sources
  250 pages.viii+105 pages. References

External links

 Royal Ladies of Joseon Dynasty
 Royal Tombs of Joseon

1437 births
1504 deaths
Cheongju Han clan
15th-century Korean women writers
15th-century women rulers
Regents of Korea

masks: Insu Insu Insu Insu Insu Insu Insu Insu Insu Insu Insu Insu Insu Insu Insu Insu Insu


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was a Japanese Rinzai Zen master, and the abbot of the Ryōmon-ji and Nyohō-ji. He is best known for his talks on the Unborn as he called it. According to D. T. Suzuki, <mask>, together with Dogen and Hakuin, is one of the most important Japanese Zen masters and his Unborn Zen is one of the most original developments in the entire history of Zen thought. Biography

Early years
<mask>ku was born in 1622, in Harima Province to a samurai turned medicine man named Suga Dosetsu. His boyhood name was Muchi. <mask>'s mother bore the last name of Noguchi, and little more is known of her, other than that the society of the time extolled her as 'Maya who begot three Buddhas,' - Maya being the mother of the historical Buddha, Shakyamuni. <mask> had four brothers and four sisters.His eldest brother, Masayasu, was a skilled physician and his second eldest brother was a practitioner of the Pure Land school of Buddhism. Hence <mask>'s mother was likened to Maya, Masayasu to Yakushi - the Buddha of healing, his second eldest brother to the Buddha Amida, and <mask> himself to Shakyamuni Buddha. <mask> was a rebellious and mischievous child, though he showed remarkable intelligence. When <mask> was 11, his father died, and in the following year he entered school. Start of search
Here he was taught many of the Confucian texts. At this time, <mask> was young and full of questions and the Confucian classics he was being taught confused him greatly. One day, the teacher read the first line from 'Great Learning': "The way of great learning lies in clarifying bright virtue."<mask> entered a heated exchange with his teacher imploring them for the meaning of this. <mask> felt no satisfactory answers were given. This gap in <mask>'s understanding gave birth to many doubts and questions, and so he seized most every chance to question others on their knowledge. He would implore Confucian and Buddhist scholars and attend various religious gatherings in search of answers. All of this, however, proved futile for him. He became so distraught in his need to find answers that school was no longer a priority for him, and in 1633 he was kicked out of his family home. A family friend, Yūkan Nakahori, allowed <mask> to stay in a hut nearby.Being a bit eccentric, <mask> etched into a slat of wood "Practice hermitage" and placed it outside of his little hut. Buddhist training
It is likely that <mask> began practicing Shin Buddhism during this time. It is known that when <mask> was 15 he trained at a Shingon temple, where he apparently gained some footing in sutra study. However, <mask> was not satisfied with the Shingon approach and left that following year. At 16 he walked from Hamada to Ako to see a Rinzai Zen priest named Umpo Zenjo at Zuiō-ji. <mask> wasted no time with Umpo and implored him on the meaning of bright virtue, to which Umpo advised the only path toward such understanding could be had through the practice of zazen. <mask> was intrigued by this advice and ordained as a monk at Zuiō-ji under Umpo.It was here he received his Buddhist name Yōtaku (meaning 'Long Polishing of the Mind Gem'). When <mask> turned 19 he left Zuiō-ji shortly after and travelled through Kyoto, Osaka and Kyūshū in search for an answer to his question. During his travels he would stay over at temples or sleep in the open wilderness, scrounging by as a beggar. In 1645, at age 24, <mask> returned to Zuiō-ji no wiser than the day he left. At this time Umpo informs him that the answer which he seeks can only be found within, not through an intermediary. <mask> left shortly after his return and built a hut nearby and lived as a hermit. He would sit for hours practicing zazen.He had given up bodily comfort and had no other goal during this time aside from coming to a complete understanding of things. He practiced this way for many years, but eventually the bodily neglect caused him to contract tuberculosis. He sought the counsel of a doctor who gave the prognosis of death. Realizing the Unborn
It was during this near-death experience that <mask> realized the Unborn, later stating of the experience:

Following this breakthrough his doubt and questioning ceased while his physical condition ameliorated. Once strong enough, he travelled back to Umpo to relay his experience. Umpo confirmed his enlightenment, and sent him off to have his understanding further evidenced by Gudō Toshoku, another Rinzai master. Seeking confirmation
At the age of 26 <mask> went to Gifu Prefecture to Daisen-ji where Gudo was abbot.However, when he arrived Gudo was attending to another temple of his in the countryside. So <mask> visited the temples of other Zen teachers in the area, none of which had priests with the proper understanding themselves to confirm his understanding. After a year living in the countryside near Daisen-ji, again <mask> travelled back to Umpo. In 1651, <mask> heard that a Ch'an master had arrived in Nagasaki by the name of Dosha Chogen. Umpo advised he go see the Ch'an master, and <mask> set off for Nagasaki hoping to finally have his enlightenment confirmed. <mask> found Dosha Chogen at Sōfuku-ji, a Chinese style temple. On their first meeting, Dosha confirmed <mask>'s understanding but also informed him that it was incomplete.<mask> was offended by this initially and refused to accept it. Yet he lingered at that temple to observe Dosha's ways, eventually realizing what Dosha had pronounced was true. So <mask> stayed on at Sōfuku-ji practicing under Dosha. Final awakening
While <mask> lived among the other monks at the temple, he refused to chant the sutras with them in Chinese. In 1652, while meditating with the congregation, <mask> experienced final awakening. Dosha confirmed this the next day, stating <mask> had finally settled the Great Matter. <mask> then refused a senior position in the monastery, preferring his unassuming existence instead working in the kitchen.The following year <mask> returned to Harima for a short while, and then left for Yoshino in the Nara Prefecture to live again as a hermit. In the mountains of Yoshino, <mask> authored some Buddhist chants pertaining to the Unborn while living there in silent retreat. Teachings

The Unborn

The Unborn (Japanese fushō) is a Sanskrit term, anutpāda:
 "An" means "not", or "non"
 "Utpāda" means "genesis", "coming forth", "birth"

Taken together "anutpāda" means "having no origin", "not coming into existence", "not taking effect", "non-production". The Buddhist tradition uses the term "anutpāda" for the absence of an origin or sunyata. The term is also used in the Lankavatara Sutra, where it is equated with sunyata. According to D.T Suzuki, "anutpada" is not the opposite of "utpada", but transcends opposites. It is the seeing into the true nature of existence, the seeing that "all objects are without self-substance".The full phrase is fushō fumetsu, "unborn and undying", or "no creation and no annihilation", but in later years Bankei only used the term "unborn", since Bankei thought it logically impossible to say that something which has not been created is being destroyed, rendering the term "undying" redundant. However, it is not logically impossible for something which has always existed to cease existing, hence the utility of employing both terms. Attaining the Unborn
Although the Unborn is the natural state of man, "self-criticism" rather than zazen or koans are needed to liberate the self from illusion and dualistic thoughts and fixations (nen). According to Bankei, illusion arises through "selfish desire", and nen are "images of things seen and heard". By detaching from those illusions and fixations,

See also
Buddhism in Japan
 Index of Buddhism-related articles
List of Rinzai Buddhists
 Secular Buddhism
Ajatavada

Notes

References

Published references

Web-references

References

Further reading

External links
 Enlightened-Spirituality, Bankei Yōtaku. Zen Master of the "Unborn" — Fu-shō
 Dharmanet, Bankei. Excerpts from the Ashoka course "The Story of Zen"
 Colin Oliver, A View of Bankei

Zen Buddhist abbots
Japanese Buddhist clergy
Rinzai Buddhists
Beggars
1622 births
1693 deaths
Japanese Zen Buddhists
Edo period Buddhist clergy

masks:
Bankei
Bankei Yta
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei
Bankei


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<mask> (1920–1986) was a professor of philosophy at the University of Manitoba from 1949 until his death in 1986. He was an analytic moral philosopher, publishing several articles in the late 1950s and early 1960s. He was also known for his arguments against metaphysical materialism, and spent a year (1948–49) in the psychology department at the University of Saskatchewan. Early years
Born in Szeged, Hungary (then the Austro-Hungarian Empire) on October 19, 1920, <mask> emigrated with his parents to Toronto, Canada in 1929, residing on Gladstone Avenue in the city's west end. He graduated from Bloor Collegiate Institute in 1940. Among other academic awards, Glassen received the R.W. Leonard Entrance Scholarship for General Proficiency from the University of Toronto, valued at what was then the very substantial sum of $900.He graduated from the university with a B.A. in 1944 and an M.A. in 1945. Studies at Harvard

In 1945, <mask> entered Harvard University, having been awarded the Philip H. Sears scholarship. There he studied with Ralph Barton Perry, C. I. Lewis, Henry D. Aiken, W. T. Stace, Henry Austryn Wolfson and others. In October 1947 he qualified for the A.M. degree and, under Aiken's supervision, continued to work on his doctoral dissertation ("The Ethics of Shaftesbury and Hutcheson", later changed to "The Criterion of Rightness in Action") for several years, but never completed his Ph.D. due to his commitments as an assistant professor. Career at the University of Manitoba

Glassen's first set of publications consisted in eight papers published in major philosophical journals in 1957, 1958 and 1959.These reflected his core interests: analytic moral theory (where he was a cognitivist and champion of ordinary language analysis), value theory (particularly the classification of, and distinctions among, moral and non-moral varieties of normative judgment), and epistemology (notably the question of the possibility of synthetic a priori knowledge). There followed a period of reduced activity, with two papers on cognitivism in 1962 and 1963, several reviews for Dialogue from 1963 to 1970, and finally a series of papers on another subject of enduring interest—the refutation of arguments against dualism—between 1976 and 1984. <mask> also authored a number of conference papers, including two that were published in the proceedings of the 12th and 13th meetings of the International Congress of Philosophy, in 1958 and 1963 respectively. Several other papers were unpublished and—with one or two exceptions—are likely lost. In 1961, Glassen travelled to England on a Canada Council grant, meeting with many leading moral philosophers of the time, including Sir David Ross, H. B. Acton and others. Glassen's early promise was not entirely realized. This was at least partly due to the lasting effects of a personal tragedy.While returning from Toronto to Winnipeg for the beginning of the 1965–66 school year, <mask> was involved in a car accident that took the life of the other driver. Though not ultimately found at fault, <mask> never fully recovered from the shock. His scholarly output declined and he turned down an opportunity to move to the more prominent department at the University of Toronto in 1967. His career might have faded into complete obscurity had it not been for the development of eliminative materialism by fellow University of Manitoba philosophers Paul Churchland and Patricia Churchland in the 1970s. This aroused his vehement opposition and revived his interest in writing and publishing. After several years of good health, a series of illnesses in 1985-86 brought on a recurrence of depression and alcoholism, leading to his death by suicide on or about March 24, 1986 in Winnipeg. List of known writings

Synopses of major articles

Some Questions about Relations (1957) is an analysis of the ontology of relations.<mask> argues that a relation has both properties (e.g. reflexivity (R), symmetry (S), transitivity (T)) and content. There must be content because many relations share the same set of properties while not being the same relation (e.g. "to the left of" and "before" are both [-R, -S, T]). Thus a relation "r" may be defined in terms of content and properties, e.g. as {r =df con, p1, p2, p3}. Glassen proceeds to point out several troubling questions that arise when we try to understand whether the relationship between content and properties is necessary or accidental.He admits in his conclusion that, "given the Bradleyan flavour of the problems to which it gives rise", there may be something wrong—and perhaps quite importantly wrong—with the initial distinction between content and properties. This paper was reviewed by Alonzo Church in The Journal of Symbolic Logic 32:3 (Sept. 1968), p. 408. A Fallacy in Aristotle's Argument about the Good (1957) is a close analysis of a crucial paragraph in Book I, chapter 7 of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics. <mask> argues that Aristotle fails to show (or even to attempt to argue) that it follows from the fact that the function of a good man is activity of the soul in accordance with virtue that the good of man—his final goal—is precisely that function. This reflects <mask>'s attention to the distinction between morality and the broader theory of value. <mask>'s argument has been referred to in a number of subsequent papers. Aurel Kolnai, referring to the same problem although not specifically to Glassen's paper, called this the "Aristotelian Equivocation".Are There Unresolvable Moral Disputes? (1962) was influential in the field of ethical objectivism in its introduction of subjective bases of approval on top of the objective bases for approval outlined in emotivist theory - an introduction which made possible the resolution of moral disputes theoretically unresolvable under the emotivist theory. In a way, his work can be seen as straddling the line between emotivism and ethical objectivism. References

1920 births
1986 deaths
Moral philosophers
Metaphysicians
University of Toronto alumni
Harvard University alumni
20th-century Canadian philosophers
20th-century Hungarian philosophers
1986 suicides
Hungarian emigrants to Canada
Canadian expatriates in the United States

masks:
Peter Glassen
Glassen
Glassen
Glassen
Glassen
Glassen
Glassen
Glassen
Glassen
Glassen


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<mask> (; ; , ; born July 22, 1959) is a Moroccan-born Belgian-American researcher who served as the Head of Operation Warp Speed (OPWASP) under President Donald Trump from 2020 to 2021. <mask> is the former head of the vaccines department at GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). He worked at the company for thirty years, retiring in 2017. On May 15, 2020, President Donald Trump announced that Slaoui would manage the U.S. government's development of a vaccine used to treat coronavirus disease in OPWASP; <mask> resigned on January 12, 2021 after successfully having helped introduce a number of vaccines to the US and global markets. Early life and education
<mask> was born on July 22, 1959, in Agadir, Morocco. The city was evacuated in February 1960 after an earthquake, and <mask> was raised in Casablanca. His father worked in the irrigation business and died when Slaoui was a teenager, leaving his mother to raise him and his four siblings.<mask> graduated from Mohammed V High School in Casablanca. In 1976 at age 17, Slaoui left Morocco to study medicine in France but missed the registration deadline due to new registration procedures and his mother being ill. He enrolled at the Université libre de Bruxelles, where he received a BS and MS in biology. During this time he was very politically active. In 1983, <mask> earned a PhD in molecular biology and immunology from the Free University of Brussels. His thesis was titled Etude de la diversité et de la sélection des répertoires idiotypiques dans le système immunitaire. <mask>'s doctoral advisor was immunologist Jacques Urbain.Slaoui took postgraduate courses at Harvard Medical School and the Tufts University School of Medicine without earning degrees. In 1998, he received an accelerated MBA from the International Institute for Management Development (IMD) in Lausanne, Switzerland. Career
Slaoui and his wife lived in the United States from 1983 to 1985 while each did post-doctoral research at Harvard. When she was recruited to continue research on influenza at SmithKline-RIT in Belgium (which would later become part of GlaxoSmithKline (GSK)), Slaoui got a job teaching immunology at the University of Mons in Belgium. <mask> has co-authored more than 100 research papers. GlaxoSmithKline

In 1988, after consulting for SmithKline-RIT for three years, <mask> joined the company as a vaccine researcher. In 2006, he was appointed head of research and development at GlaxoSmithKline, succeeding Tachi Yamada.In 2007, he announced plans to establish a neurosciences research group in Shanghai that would employ a thousand scientists and cost $100 million; it ceased operations in August 2017. In 2008, <mask> led the $720 million acquisition of Sirtris Pharmaceuticals, which folded amidst turmoil in 2013. In 2012, he oversaw GSK's purchase of Human Genome Sciences for over $3 billion. He "sold off GSK’s entire oncology business, which Novartis turned into a 'cancer heavyweight'" One "pharma industry veteran" told a reporter in 2020 that "those are three of the worst deals in drug industry history." Slaoui spent thirty years working at GSK. During his time there, Slaoui oversaw the development of numerous vaccines, including Cervarix to prevent cervical cancer, Rotarix to prevent gastroenteritis in children, and an Ebola vaccine. He also spent 27 years researching on a malaria vaccine, Mosquirix, that was approved by the European Medicines Agency in 2015 and touted as the first in the world.In April 2013, he co-wrote a paper with several other GSK heads that introduced the term "electroceutical" to broadly encompass medical devices that use electrical, mechanical, or light stimulation to affect electrical signaling in relevant tissue types. Over the next several years, he attempted to sell a public audience on GSK's development of bioelectronic medicine, with appearances on YouTube and at futurist conferences. In July 2013, he wrote an op-ed in the Huffington Post entitled "It’s Time to Further Incentivize Medical Innovation", in which he outlined three recommendations to improve the effectiveness of the pharmaceutical industry. The Slaoui Center for Vaccines Research in Rockville, Maryland—named after Slaoui and GSK's first research and development institute in the United States—was opened on December 14, 2016. As of 2016, <mask> was on the board of directors of the PhRMA lobby. In 2016 he was named to the inaugural board of directors of Galvani Bioelectronics, the joint venture between GSK and Alphabet Corporation subsidiary Verily Life Sciences. <mask> retired from GSK on June 30, 2017.Corporate directorships
In July 2017, he joined Moderna's Board of Directors. In September 2017, he joined European venture capital firm Medicxi. COVID-19 pandemic and OPWASP

On May 15, 2020, President Donald Trump officially announced OPWASP, a project to develop and deliver 300 million doses of a vaccine for the coronavirus disease 2019 by January 2021. <mask> was named to lead the project, working alongside chief operating officer and four-star general Gustave F. Perna. Other candidates for <mask>'s position reportedly included Elias Zerhouni and Arthur Levinson. President Trump described Slaoui as "one of the most respected men in the world in the production and, really, on the formulation of vaccines", while Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar praised him as "arguably the world’s most experienced and successful vaccine developer". To avoid a conflict of interest, <mask> resigned from the board of the Massachusetts-based biotech firm Moderna, which had been developing a vaccine for the coronavirus.Slaoui faced criticism, particularly from Senator Elizabeth Warren, for continuing to have Moderna stock options worth over $10 million. On May 18, 2020, <mask> resigned from the board of manufacturing firm Lonza, which Moderna had partnered with to develop a coronavirus vaccine. On May 19, after initially denying a conflict of interest, Slaoui divested his Moderna stock and donated the value it had gained from May 14 onwards to cancer research. On May 20, The New York Times reported that Slaoui had also resigned as an adviser to Brii Biosciences, a firm with sizeable Chinese investments, and would be resigning from Artizan Biosciences and Clazado. According to Michael Caputo, Slaoui's decision to retain his GSK stock, even after being announced as OPWASP's chief adviser, was cleared by the Department of Health and Human Services. Slaoui was scheduled to speak at the annual Biotechnology Innovation Organization (BIO) conference on June 9, 2020, but ultimately pulled out, citing his failure to brief Congress beforehand. <mask> resigned from OPWASP on January 12, 2021.After OPWASP
On March 24, 2021, <mask> was fired as Chairman of the board of directors of Galvani Bioelectronics—a medical research firm owned mostly by GSK—over historical sexual harassment allegations. Personal life
<mask> is Muslim. He is fluent in Arabic, English, and French. He is a citizen of Morocco, Belgium, and the United States. <mask> has three sons and is married to <mask> (née Belmonte), a 1992 graduate of Gettysburg College. <mask>'s younger sister died at a young age from pertussis. One of his two younger brothers, a pediatrician, Amine, died from pancreatic cancer.His other brother, Mohamed, is a specialist in gastroenterology and his older sister, Hadia, is a university professor of French literature in Morocco. Memberships

GSK-related
 2006–2015: Global Research & Development of GSK PLC, chairman
 2006–2017: GSK PLC, board member
 2009–2017: Global Vaccines of GSK PLC, chairman

Voluntary positions
 2009–2020: Qatar Foundation, advisory board member
 Hamad Bin Khalifa University, board member
 2015-2017: International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, board member
 2018: Human Vaccines Project, board member
 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Forum on Medical and Public Health Preparedness for Disasters and Emergencies, member

After GSK
 2016–2021: Galvani Bioelectronics, board member; chairman
 August 2017: Intellia Therapeutics, board member for two weeks before resigning for undisclosed conflict of interests
 2017: SutroVax, board member; chairman
 2017: Divide & Conquer LLC, director
 2018: Monopteros LLC, chairman
 2020–2020: Lonza Group, board member
 2017–2020: Moderna, board member
 Until 2020: Artizan Biotechnology, board member
 Until 2020: Brii Biosciences, scientific and strategic advisor
 Until 2020: Clasado Biosciences, chairman

Trade-related
 Biotechnology Innovation Organization (BIO), Health & Regulatory Affairs Committee, member
 PhRMA Foundation, board member

Recognition
Gettysburg College awarded Slaoui an honorary Doctor of Science in May 2017. In 2012, Slaoui was named as one of the "25 most influential people in biopharma today" by FierceBiotech. In 2016, Fortune ranked him among "The World's 50 Greatest Leaders". The Medicine Maker included Slaoui in its 2018 list of "World’s Top 100 Medicine Makers". Slaoui was cited as one of the Top 100 most influential Africans by New African magazine in 2020. Selected works and publications

Works

Publications

References

Further reading

External links

1959 births
Living people
Moroccan Muslims
American Muslims
Belgian Muslims
20th-century American scientists
21st-century American scientists
20th-century Belgian scientists
21st-century Belgian scientists
20th-century Moroccan people
21st-century Moroccan people
American immunologists
Belgian immunologists
COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
GlaxoSmithKline people
Moroccan emigrants to the United States
Moroccan scientists
People from Agadir
Trump administration personnel
Université libre de Bruxelles alumni

masks:
Moncef Mohamed Slaoui
Slaoui
Slaoui
Slaoui
Slaoui
Slaoui
Slaoui
Slaoui
Slaoui
Slaoui
Slaoui
Slaoui
Slaoui
Slaoui
Slaoui
Slaoui
Slaoui
Slaoui
Slaoui
Slaoui
Slaoui
Kristen Slaoui
Slaoui


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Fazl-e-<mask> (1796/1797 – 19 August 1861) was a Hanafi jurist, rationalist scholar, Maturidi theologian, philosopher and poet. He was an activist of the Indian independence movement and campaigned against British occupation. He issued an early religious edict in favour of doing military jihad against British colonialism during 1857 and inspired various others to participate in the 1857 rebellion. He wrote Taḥqīqulfatvá fī ibt̤āl al-t̤ug̲h̲vá in refutation of  Ismail Dehlvi's Taqwiyat al-Imān and authored books such as al-S̲aurah al-Hindiyah. Life
Fazl-e-Haq was born into a family of Indian Muslims. He was born in 1796 or 1797 in Khairabad, Sitapur. His father was sadr-ul-sadur, the chief advisor to the Mughals regarding religious matters.He became a teacher by the age of 13. In 1828, he was appointed to the position of mufti in the Department of Qaza. Besides being a scholar of Islamic studies and theology, he was also a literary persona, especially of Urdu, Arabic and Persian literature. More than 4,00 couplets in Arabic are attributed to him. He edited the first diwan of Mirza Ghalib on his request. He followed the Hanafi school of thought and was a theologian of the Maturidi school. He was also a poet.He had a phenomenal memory and memorized the Qur'an in a little over four months. He has also completed the curriculum in Arabic, Persian and religious studies by the age of thirteen. On account of his deep knowledge and erudition, he was called "Allama" and later was venerated as a great Sufi. He was also bestowed with the title imam hikmat and kalaam (The imam of logic, philosophy and literature). He was considered by scholars, the final authority on issuing fatwas or religious rulings. He possessed a great presence of mind and was very witty. There are many stories about his repartee with Mirza Ghalib and other contemporary eminent poets, writers and intellectuals.He and his son Abdul al-Haq <mask> established Madrasa Khairabad in northern India, where many scholars got educated. He wrote Risala-e-Sauratul Hindia in Arabic language and wrote an account of the rebellion called As-Saurat al Hindiya. Fatwas against Wahhabi/ Deobandi theories
<mask>, in his career, had written various Masnavis against Wahhabis. In 1825, <mask> issued fatwas against Ismail Dehlvi for his doctrine of God's alleged ability to lie (Imkan-e-Kizb). Ismail is considered as an intellectual ancestor of Deobandis. Darul Uloom Deoband, founder Rashid Ahmad Gangohi later accepted Dehlvi's doctrines of Imkan e kizb by stating that God has the ability to lie. This doctrine is called Imkan-i Kizb.According to this doctrine, because God is omnipotent, God is capable of lying. Gangohi supported the doctrine that God has the ability to make additional prophets after Muhammad (Imkan-i Nazir) and other prophets equal to Muhammad. Allama Fazle Haq <mask> refuted these theories and wrote that, according to the Qur’an and Hadith, the prophet Muhammad is the final prophet, and there can be no other prophet or "messenger" after him. To believe that there can be another Muhammad would necessitate that Allah did something apart from what he has stated in the Qur’an, that is, that Allah has lied. Lying is a flaw and it is impossible for Allah to have a flaw. This reflects his deep insight into the political, social and religious environment which was emerging with the growing influence of Englishmen and at last capture of Delhi by them. Jihad against British governance
As the Indians started to struggle against British occupation, <mask> conducted several private meetings with the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar, which continued until May 1857.On June 26th, 1857, when General Bakht Khan along with his army of 14000, reached Delhi from Bareilly, Khairabadi gave a Friday sermon, attended by a plethora of Muslim scholars and issued a religious edict supporting jihad against the colonial government. The fatwa was signed by Sadruddin Aazurda, Abdul Qadir, Faizullah Dehelvi, Faiz Ahmed Badayuni, Wazir Khan, and Syed Mubarak Shah Rampuri. Through this edict, he inspired people to participate in 1857 rebellion. Subsequently, the Britishers deployed an army of some 90,000 around Delhi to protect its interests and to curb spread of jihad, following the issuance of <mask>'s edict. Later, he was sent into exile to Kalapani jail in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. He was arrested by the British authorities on January 30th, 1859 at Khairabad for inciting violence. He was tried and found guilty of encouraging murder and role in the 'jihad'.The authorities considered him "extraordinary intelligence and acumen who should be reckoned as the most dangerous threat to the British presence in India, and therefore must be evicted from the Indian main soil. He was accused of being the major force behind the mutiny, persuading masses to rise in revolt against the authority of the Company, campaigning and motivating masses to join the mutiny by calling it war of independence and Issuing Fatwas, inciting violence and making instigating speeches. He had chosen to be his own counsel and defended himself utilising arguments and a manner in which he defended his case that was so convincing that the presiding magistrate was writing a judgement to exonerate him, when he confessed to giving the fatwa, declaring that he could not lie. He was sentenced to life in prison in Kalapani (Cellular Jail) on Andaman Island, and his property was confiscated by the judicial commissioner of Awadh court. He reached Andaman Island on October 8th, 1859 aboard the steam frigate "Fire Queen". He would remain imprisoned there until his death in 1861. One of the major reason for the outbreak of war was the fear among the people that the Christian British government was going to destroy their religion and convert Indians to Christianity.Literary works
<mask> wrote Taḥqīqulfatvá fī ibt̤āl al-t̤ug̲h̲vá refuting Ismail Dehlvi's Taqwiyat al-Imān. His other works include:
 al-H̲adiyat al-saʻīdīya
 Alroẓ al-majūd : masʼlah-yi vaḥdat al-vajūd kī buland pāyah tak̲h̲līq
 al-Ḥāshiyah lil-Mawlawī Faḍlḥaq al-Khayrābādī ʻalá Sharḥ al-Sallam lil-Qāḍī Mubārak
 al-S̲aurah al-Hindiyah

Personal life
He was Farooqui. His father was Imam Fazl-e-Iman. One of his sons, Abdul Haque, was also a leading and respected scholar and was given the title of Shamsul Ulema. His grandson was Muztar <mask> Nisar Akhtar was his great-grandson and Javed Akhtar, Farhan Akhtar and Zoya Akhtar all are his descendants. Among his sons, Abdul Haq <mask> was a rational scholar and a teacher of Majid Ali Jaunpuri.Death
He stayed for 22 months in captivity at Andaman, Allama wrote a number of eyewitness accounts in the form of verses in Arabic (Qaseeda), apart from a book Alsoorat-ul- Hindia which is a critical analysis of the war and events of 1857. This is also the first ever book on the events of 1857. Fazl-e-Haq <mask> died on August 19th, 1861 in exile on the Andaman Islands. Notes

See also
Islam in India
Shah Abdur Rahim
Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
Muntakhib al-Haqq
Ahmadullah Shah

References

Further reading
Fazle Haq <mask> Qadri Shattari Silsila's online Platform. Retrieved 23 February 2022. 19th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Indian Sufi religious leaders
Sunni Sufis
Indian Sufis
1797 births
1861 deaths
Indian people who died in prison custody
Prisoners and detainees of British India
Revolutionaries of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
19th-century Indian judges
Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh
Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
Hanafis
Maturidis

masks:
Haq Khairabadi
Khairabadi
Khairabadi
Khairabadi
Khairabadi
Khairabadi
Khairabadi
Khairabadi
KhairabadiJan
Khairabadi
Khairabadi
Khairabadi


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Dame <mask>  (born 28 December 1934) is an English actress. With an extensive career on screen and stage beginning in the mid-1950s, <mask> has appeared in over 60 films and 70 plays. The recipient of several accolades, including two Academy Awards, a Tony Award and four Primetime Emmy Awards (making her one of few artists to achieve the "Triple Crown of Acting") in addition to seven BAFTA Awards, three Golden Globe Awards and five Screen Actors Guild Awards, she is one of Britain's most recognisable and prolific actresses, and was made a Dame by Queen Elizabeth II in 1990 for contributions to the Arts, and a Companion of Honour in 2014 for services to Drama. <mask>a Gabler (1970), Virginia (1981), The Way of the World (1984), Three Tall Women (1994), and A German Life (2019). She received Tony Award nominations for Private Lives (1975) and Night and Day (1979), before winning the 1990 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for Lettice and Lovage. She appeared in Stratford Shakespeare Festival productions of Antony and Cleopatra (1976) and Macbeth (1978), and West End productions of A Delicate Balance (1997) and The Breath of Life (2002).She received the Society of London Theatre Special Award in 2010. On screen, <mask> first drew praise for the crime film Nowhere to Go (1958), for which she received her first nomination for a British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) award. She has won two Academy Awards, winning Best Actress for The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1969) and Best Supporting Actress for California Suite (1978). She is one of only seven actresses to have won in both categories. She has won a record four BAFTA Awards for Best Actress, including for A Private Function (1984) and The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne (1988), a BAFTA Best Supporting Actress for Tea with Mussolini (1999), and three Golden Globe Awards. She received four other Oscar nominations for Othello (1965), Travels with My Aunt (1972), A Room with a View (1985), and Gosford Park (2001). <mask> played Professor Minerva McGonagall in the Harry Potter film series (2001–2011).Her other films include Love and Pain and the Whole Damn Thing (1973), Murder By Death (1976), Death on the Nile (1978), Clash of the Titans (1981), Evil Under the Sun (1982), Hook (1991), Sister Act (1992), Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit (1993), The Secret Garden (1993), The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2012), and The Lady in the Van (2015). She won an Emmy Award in 2003 for My House in Umbria, to become one of the few actresses to have achieved the Triple Crown of Acting, and starred as Violet Crawley, Dowager Countess of Grantham, on Downton Abbey (2010–2015), for which she won three Emmys, her first non-ensemble Screen Actors Guild Award, and her third Golden Globe. Her honorary film awards include the BAFTA Special Award in 1993 and the BAFTA Fellowship in 1996. She received the Stratford Shakespeare Festival's Legacy Award in 2012, and the Bodley Medal by the University of Oxford's Bodleian Libraries in 2016. Early life
Margaret Natalie <mask> was born in Ilford, Essex, on 28 December 1934. Her mother, Margaret Hutton (née Little; 1896–1977), was a Scottish secretary from Glasgow, and her father, <mask> (1902–1991), was a public-health pathologist from Newcastle upon Tyne, who worked at the University of Oxford. During her childhood, <mask>'s parents told her the romantic story of how they had met on the train from Glasgow to London via Newcastle.She moved with her family to Oxford when she was four years old. She had older twin brothers, Alistair (died 1981) and Ian. The latter went to architecture school. <mask> attended Oxford High School until age 16, when she left to study acting at the Oxford Playhouse. Career

Theatre

1952–1969: Theatre debut and National Theatre
 In 1952, aged 17, under the auspices of the Oxford University Dramatic Society, <mask> began her career as Viola in Twelfth Night at the Oxford Playhouse. She continued to act in productions at the Oxford Playhouse including, Cinderella (1952), Rookery Nook (1953), Cakes and Ale (1953), and The Government Inspector (1954). In 1956 <mask> made her Broadway debut playing several roles in the review New Faces of '56, at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre from June to December 1956.In 1957, she starred opposite Kenneth Williams in the musical comedy Share My Lettuce, written by Bamber Gascoigne. In 1962, <mask> won the first of a record six Best Actress Evening Standard Awards for her roles in Peter Shaffer's plays The Private Ear and The Public Eye, again opposite Kenneth Williams. After seeing <mask> in The Double-Dealer at The Old Vic, she caught the eye of Laurence Olivier, who invited her to become part of his new National Theatre Company soon after it was formed at The Old Vic in 1962. She soon became a fixture at the Royal National Theatre in the 1960s. British theatre critic Michael Coveney wrote that during her eight years in the company, <mask> developed a fierce rivalry with Olivier writing, "He knew immediately he’d met his match – that she was extraordinary. He said that anyone who can play comedy that well can also play tragedy and he offered her the likes of Desdemona in Shakespeare’s Othello. But having got her into the company they became not enemies, but professional rivals.Never before had anyone on stage been quicker than him and now, it seemed, there was a contest." On The Graham Norton Show in 2015 <mask> admitted that Olivier has slapped <mask> across the face during a production of Othello in 1964. She appeared opposite Olivier in Ibsen's The Master Builder, and played comedic roles in The Recruiting Officer and Much Ado About Nothing all in 1964. <mask> started with the company at its inception in 1962 with Derek Jacobi and Michael Gambon and continued acting with the company for eight years. 1970–1979: International acclaim and awards success
In 1970, she played the title role in Ingmar Bergman's London production of the Henrik Ibsen play Hedda Gabler, winning her second Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Actress. From 1976 to 1980, she appeared in numerous productions at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in Stratford, Ontario, to acclaim; her roles included: Cleopatra in Anthony and Cleopatra (1976), Queen Elizabeth in Richard III (1977), and Lady Macbeth in Macbeth (1978). In 1975 she starred in the Noël Coward comedy Private Lives as Amanda Prynne on Broadway at the 46th Street Theatre.The play directed by John Gielgud received positive reviews. The New York Times theatre critic praised <mask>'s physical comedic skills writing, "Miss <mask>'s body spins, lurches, misses yards at a time before another foot comes down, ends in a paralysis that will require hypnosis to undo. The effect, because Noel Coward's situation is funny and because Miss <mask> sends off that one little extra signal that spells extravagance, is hilarious, explosively so." <mask> received her first Tony Award nomination and a Drama Desk Award nomination. A few years later she would return to Broadway in Tom Stoppard original play Night and Day as Ruth Carson in 1979. The play concerns a confrontation between British diplomat and an African leader over a local uprising that has attracted much media coverage. The diplomat's wife observes everyone else's behavior throughout.The play received mixed reviews with Walter Kerr of The New York Times praising <mask>'s performance while critiquing the characters writing, "Which leaves us, theatrically and dramatically, where we began, with <mask>. The actress can, and does, do wonders. But she can't single‐handedly turn night into day." <mask> received her second Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play nomination. 1980–1999: Tony win and further acclaim on stage
She won her third and fourth Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Actress, for her role as Virginia Woolf in Virginia (1981) and as Millament in The Way of the World (1984) respectively. She starred in the 1987 London production of Lettice and Lovage alongside Margaret Tyzack, receiving an Olivier Award nomination. She reprised the role in 1990, when it transferred to Broadway, and won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play.The play was written specifically for her by the playwright Peter Shaffer. "There is only one <mask>, but audiences get at least three of her in Lettice and Lovage, the Peter Shaffer comedy that has brought this spellbinding actress back to Broadway after an indecently long absence and that has the shrewd sense to keep her glued to center stage." In 1993, she portrayed Lady Bracknell in Oscar Wilde's comic play The Importance of Being Earnest at the Aldwych Theatre in the West End, receiving her fourth Olivier Award nomination. The following year she starred in Edward Albee's Three Tall Women for which she garnered critical acclaim. Theatre critic Paul Taylor for The Independent wrote, "<mask> has to be seen to be believed. The sudden subsidings into wretched senile tears; the frustrated, dismissive flappings of her arm as her mind gropes impotently for a mislaid fact; the comic cunning with which she tries to cover over her patches of blankness; the beadily aggressive suspicion and the moments of alert cackling triumph - <mask>'s performance which, at the moment, is firmly on the right side of caricature, captures all this and more. She received her record fifth Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Actress for her performance.In 1997 <mask> starred in another Albee play A Delicate Balance opposite Eileen Atkins. She received her fifth Olivier Award nomination for her performance as the witty, alcoholic Claire. Matt Wolf of Variety wrote, "This actress [<mask>] continues to get laughs where no one else ever would...but she can be as revealing when quiet: admitting, sad-eyed, that "time happens" or sending the audience out for the first intermission on a note of doomy suspense." In 1999 she gained critical acclaim for her performance as Miss Mary Shepherd in Alan Bennett's drama The Lady in the Van. For her performance, she received her sixth Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress nomination. 2002–2019: Return to theatre
In 2002, <mask> reunited with Dame Judi Dench for David Hare's stage play The Breath of Life. She toured Australia in Alan Bennett's Talking Heads in 2004.During 2007, <mask> had a productive year appearing in films, television, and the stage. In March she starred in a revival of Edward Albee's stage play The Lady from Dubuque which ran at the Theatre Royal Haymarket in the West End. David Benedict of Variety criticized the production with however praising <mask> writing, "The exception is <mask>, who arrives in the last minute of the first act and then dominates the second. Yet even the magnetically watchable <mask> cannot save the evening as a whole." In April 2019, after an eleven-year absence from theatre, <mask> returned to the stage in Christopher Hampton's play A German Life as Brunhilde Pomsel at the Bridge Theatre in London. The new play by Christopher Hampton is a one-woman solo play consisting of <mask> giving an extended monologue as Pomsel, an elderly German woman who, in her youth, wound up working as a secretary for Joseph Goebbels at the Ministry of Propaganda. Jonathan Kent took the directorial role.Variety theatre critic praised <mask>'s performance writing, "It’s a performance that combines the knowingness of hindsight with the naivety of youth, blasé enough to catch you off-guard when the magnitude of events suddenly cuts through". Matt Wolf of The New York Times wrote, "[<mask>'s performance] represents a new high in a six-decade career with no shortage of peaks", and added "The audience knows it is witnessing something special". Her performance won her a record sixth Best Actress Evening Standard award. Television

1954–1993: Television debut and early roles
In 1954, she appeared in the television programme Oxford Accents produced by Ned Sherrin. In the mid-1970s, she made several guest appearances on The Carol Burnett Show. For her role on television as Mrs Silly in All is Love (1983) she received the first of her four Best Actress BAFTA TV Award nominations. In 1987, she starred as Susan in A Bed Among the Lentils, part of Alan Bennett's Talking Heads series, receiving a second BAFTA TV nomination.<mask> also received a third British Academy Television Award nomination for her role as Mrs. Mabel Pettigrew in the 1992 TV film Memento Mori, and her first Primetime Emmy Award nomination for her role as Violet Venable in the 1993 PBS television film Suddenly, Last Summer. 1999–2007: Limited series and HBO projects
In 1999, <mask> starred in the BBC television adaptation of the Charles Dickens' novel David Copperfield alongside Daniel Radcliffe. <mask> portrayed Betsey Trotwood for which she received a British Academy Television Awards and her second Primetime Emmy Award nominations. In 2003, <mask> received her first Primetime Emmy Award in the Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie category for her role as Mrs. Emily Delahunty in the HBO Television film My House in Umbria. She also received her 8th Golden Globes nomination for her performance in the television movie. In 2007 she starred in another HBO television movie, Capturing Mary alongside Ruth Wilson for which she was nominated for her fourth Primetime Emmy Award. 2010–2015: Downton Abbey and awards success
From 2010 to 2015, <mask> appeared as Violet Crawley, Dowager Countess of Grantham, in the British period drama Downton Abbey.The show became a cultural phenomenon, with her performance becoming a fan favourite. This role won her three Primetime Emmy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, and four Screen Actors Guild Awards. In a March 2015 interview with Joe Utichi in The Sunday Times, <mask> announced that the sixth season of Downton Abbey would be her last (it was in fact the last to be produced). <mask> participated in the filmed event National Theatre Live: 50 Years On Stage (2013) along with many actor of the stage including Michael Gambon and Judi Dench. The program features a variety of live performances from productions by the Royal National Theatre from the past five decades: The programme features a clip from the 1964 production of Hay Fever by Noël Coward starring <mask> and Anthony Nichols which introduces her giving a live monologue from The Beaux' Stratagem by George Farquhar featuring <mask>. Michael Billington of The Guardian wrote of the event, "Obviously it was moving to see legendary actors, either through archival footage or live performance, repeating past successes." On 30 October 2015, <mask> appeared on BBC's The Graham Norton Show, her first appearance on a chat show in 42 years.During the show, <mask> discussed her appearance in the comedy-drama film The Lady in the Van alongside Alex Jennings, which was directed by Nicholas Hytner. 2018: Nothing Like a Dame documentary
In 2018, <mask> starred in a British documentary titled Nothing Like a Dame, directed by Roger Michell, which documents conversations between actresses <mask>, Judi Dench, Eileen Atkins, and Joan Plowright, which were interspersed with scenes from their careers on film and stage. The film was released in the United States as Tea with Dames. Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film a five out of five star rating, declaring it an "outrageously funny film". Guy Lodge of Variety called the film a "richly enjoyable gabfest" but that the film was "hardly vital cinema". Film

1956–1968: Film debut and early roles
She appeared in her first film in 1956, in an uncredited role of a party guest in the British drama Child in the House, In 1959, she received the first of her eighteen British Academy Film Award nominations for her role as Bridget Howard in the film Nowhere to Go, her first screen credit. In 1963 she appeared in a supporting role as Miss Dee Mead in the British drama film The V.I.P.s starring Richard Burton, Elizabeth Taylor, and Orson Welles.She earned her first Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the film adaptation of Othello (1965) as Desdemona acting alongside Laurence Olivier, Derek Jacobi, and Michael Gambon. During this time she also appeared in the British comedy, Go to Blazes (1962), Jack Clayton's The Pumpkin Eater (1964) with Anne Bancroft, and Young Cassidy (1965) directed by Jack Cardiff and John Ford. She also appeared in Joseph L. Mankiewicz's crime comedy The Honey Pot (1967) starring Rex Harrison
and Hot Millions (1968) opposite Peter Ustinov, and guest-starred as Music Hall Star in Richard Attenborough ensemble comedy and musical Oh! What A Lovely War (1969). 1969–1987: Oscars wins and widespread acclaim
<mask> won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in the title role of the 1969 film The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie. Vanessa Redgrave had originated the role on stage in London, and Zoe Caldwell won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play, when she played the role in New York City. <mask> was singled out for her performance in the film.Dave Kehr of Chicago Reader said that <mask> gives "one of those technically stunning, emotionally distant performances that the British are so damn good at." Greg Ferrara wrote that the film "is one of the best British films of the decade. It is as captivating today as it was upon its release and its two central performances by <mask> and Pamela Franklin are both stirring and mesmerizing. The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie is the crème de la crème." The role also won <mask> her first BAFTA Film Award for Best Actress. In 1972, she starred as the eccentric Augusta Bertram in George Cukor's film Travels with My Aunt. She received her third Academy Award nomination for Best Actress for her performance.She also appeared in the film Love and Pain and the Whole Damn Thing (1973) directed by Alan J. Pakula. In 1978, <mask> played opposite Michael Caine in Neil Simon's California Suite, playing an Oscar loser, for which she received the 1978 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She is, to

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 date, the only person to win an Oscar for portraying a fictional Oscar nominee. For this role, she also won her first Golden Globe Award. Afterward, upon hearing that Michael Palin was about to embark on the film The Missionary (1982) with <mask>, her co-star Michael Caine is supposed to have humorously telephoned Palin, warning him that she would steal the film. Her other films at this time include Murder by Death (1976) with Vincent Canby of The New York Times writing, that the film had one of Simon's "nicest, breeziest screenplays" with David Niven and <mask> "marvelous as Dick and Dora Charleston, though they haven't enough to do." <mask> also starred as Miss Bowers in Death on the Nile (1978) alongside Angela Lansbury, Bette Davis, Peter Ustinov, and David Niven.1981–1987: Merchant Ivory films and other roles
In 1981, <mask> starred in the Merchant Ivory film Quartet alongside Alan Bates and Isabelle Adjani. The film premiered at the 34th Cannes Film Festival where it received positive reviews. <mask> received her sixth BAFTA Award nomination for Best Actress for her performance as Lois Heidler. <mask> also played the goddess Thetis in Clash of the Titans (1981). In 1982, she starred as Daphne Castle in the locked-room mystery film Evil Under the Sun opposite Peter Ustinov, Jane Birkin and Diana Rigg. The following year, she appeared in the film Better Late Than Never alongside David Niven and Art Carney. She won her second Best Actress BAFTA Film Awards for her role as Joyce Chilvers in the 1984 black comedy A Private Function with Michael Palin.Three pigs were used in the filming of A Private Function all named Betty. Producer Mark Shivas was advised by Intellectual Animals UK, that the pigs used should be female and six months old, so as to not be too large or aggressive. However, the pigs were "unpredictable and often quite dangerous". During the filming of one of the kitchen scenes, <mask> was hemmed in by one of the pigs, and needed to vault over the back of it in order to escape. She also starred in the 1984 Hungarian-American film Lily in Love with Christopher Plummer. According to <mask>'s biographer, she referred to the film as "the ghoulash" and admitted to not understanding the Hungarian director's direction. She also called her co-star "Christopher Bummer".In 1985 <mask> appeared as Charlotte Bartlett in the Merchant Ivory Production of A Room with a View. The film received universal acclaim earning 8 Academy Award nominations including Best Picture. The film starred Helena Bonham Carter, Daniel Day-Lewis, Judi Dench, Simon Callow, and Denholm Elliott. For <mask>'s performance she earned her fifth Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress, and won her second Golden Globe Award and her third British Academy Film Award for Best Actress. <mask> won her fourth BAFTA Film Awards for Best Actress for the title role in the 1987 film The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne. Pauline Kael wrote: "Clayton is a felicitous choice to direct a character study film about a woman's rage against the Church for her wasted life. His first feature was Room at the Top with Simone Signoret and he made The Innocents with Deborah Kerr and The Pumpkin Eater with Anne Bancroft – he knows how to show women's temperatures and their mind-body inter-actions.<mask> becomes the essence of spinster – she makes you feel the ghastliness of knowing you're  a figure of fun." 1990–1999: Dramas, comedies, and studio films
In the early 1990s, <mask> appeared in various box office comedies. In 1991, <mask> appeared as Granny Wendy in Steven Spielberg's 1991 hit movie Hook, a fantasy adventure film based on the Peter Pan character. The film starred Robin Williams as Pan, Dustin Hoffman as Hook, and Julia Roberts as Tinker Bell. The film was a financial success making $300 million at the box office. In 1992, <mask> starred as Mother Superior in the Whoopi Goldberg comedy film Sister Act and its sequel, Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit (1993). In 1996, <mask> appeared in the comedy film The First Wives Club alongside Goldie Hawn, Diane Keaton and Bette Midler.In 1993, <mask> appeared in the film adaptation of The Secret Garden directed by Agnieszka Holland. The film was a critical success, <mask> in particular was praised for her performance as Mrs. Medlock earning a British Academy Film Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress. In 1995, <mask> portrayed the Duchess of York in another film adaptation this time of William Shakespeare's Richard III (1995) starring Ian McKellen in the titular role. The film adapts the play's story and characters to a setting based on 1930s Britain, with Richard depicted as a fascist plotting to usurp the throne. The film also starred Annette Bening, Jim Broadbent, Robert Downey Jr., Nigel Hawthorne, and Kristin Scott Thomas. <mask> also starred in another film by Holland titled Washington Square (1997), playing the incurably foolish Aunt Lavinia Penniman. She won her fifth BAFTA Film Awards, this time for Best Supporting Actress, for the 1999 film Tea with Mussolini, in which she played  Lady Hester Random opposite Cher, Joan Plowright and Judi Dench.She also starred in The Last September opposite Michael Gambon and the film Curtain Call with Michael Caine in the same year. 2001–2011: Harry Potter and other roles

From 2001 to 2011, <mask> gained great acclaim and international recognition for playing Professor Minerva McGonagall in the Harry Potter movies. <mask> reunited with Daniel Radcliffe with whom she recently starred in David Copperfield from 1999. <mask> appeared in seven of the eight films. The series was known for hiring legendary and iconic British actors, including Michael Gambon, Alan Rickman, Robbie Coltrane, Emma Thompson, Ralph Fiennes, Helena Bonham Carter and Julie Walters. Without inflation adjustment, it is the third-highest-grossing film series with $7.7 billion in worldwide receipts. In 2016, while promoting, The Lady in the Van, <mask> shared her experiences working on the Harry Potter films and working with the late Alan Rickman."He [Rickman] was such a terrific actor, and that was such a terrific character that he played, and it was a joy to be with him. We used to laugh together because we ran out of reaction shots. They were always – when everything had been done and the children were finished, they would turn the camera around and we'd have to do various reaction shots of amazement or sadness and things. And we used to say we'd got to about number 200-and-something and we'd run out of knowing what to do when the camera came around on us. But he was a joy." In 2001, <mask> appeared in the British ensemble murder mystery Gosford Park, which was directed by Robert Altman. The film's cast included Michael Gambon, Helen Mirren, Kristin Scott Thomas, Eileen Atkins, Emily Watson, Charles Dance, Richard E. Grant, Derek Jacobi, and Stephen Fry.Her portrayal as the haughty Constance, Countess of Trentham earned <mask> her sixth Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress alongside Mirren. The film premiered at the 2001 London Film Festival, where it received critical acclaim from critics including Roger Ebert, who awarded it his highest rating of four stars, describing the story as "such a joyous and audacious achievement, it deserves comparison with his [Robert Altman's] very best movies." In 2002, she starred in the film Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood alongside Sandra Bullock and Ellen Burstyn. She also acted with Judi Dench in the film Ladies in Lavender (2004) directed by Charles Dance. In 2005, she starred as Grace Hawkins alongside Rowan Atkinson and Kristin Scott Thomas in the black comedy Keeping Mum. <mask> also appeared in the British costume drama Becoming Jane (2007), a film that centres around the life of Jane Austen, played by Anne Hathaway. She appeared in Julian Fellowes's fantasy drama film From Time to Time in 2009.In 2010, she played Mrs. Docherty in  period fantasy comedy film Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang opposite Emma Thompson. 2012–present: Independent films and further roles
In 2012, she played Muriel Donnelly in the British comedy The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel alongside Judi Dench, Dev Patel, Bill Nighy, Tom Wilkinson, and Penelope Wilton. The film was distributed by Fox Searchlight and received positive reviews. She received a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for the role. The film became a surprise box-office hit following its international release and was such a financial success, it spawned a sequel, The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2015). Also in 2012, <mask> starred in Dustin Hoffman's directorial debut, Quartet, based on Ronald Harwood's play. The film co-starred Tom Courtenay, Pauline Collins, Billy Connolly, and Michael Gambon.The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival to positive reviews and garnered her a 10th Golden Globe nomination. The following year, <mask> starred in the romantic comedy My Old Lady (2014) alongside Kristin Scott Thomas and Kevin Kline. The film received modest critical praise according to Rotten Tomatoes, with <mask>'s performance being a standout. The film The Lady in the Van (2015) which debuted at the Toronto International Film Festival, received critical acclaim, with Kate Muir of The Times praising <mask>'s performance by writing, "<mask> delivers a compelling performance in The Lady in the Van, as Alan Bennett's play comes to the big screen 15 years after it premiered at the Royal National Theatre." <mask> received a Golden Globe Award and British Academy Film Award nominations for her performance. In September 2019, a continuation of the Downton Abbey series in form of a feature-length film was in theaters entitled simply, Downton Abbey. The film was a financial success, and earned $194.3 million at the box office.She is also set to reprise her role as Violet Crawley, Dowager Countess Of Grantham in Simon Curtis's 2022 historical-drama Downton Abbey: A New Era alongside Hugh Bonneville, Elizabeth McGovern and Michelle Dockery. In 2019, it was announced that <mask> will be starring in the Netflix adaptation of the children's book by Matt Haig of the same name, A Boy Called Christmas. The film will be directed by Gil Kenan and will also star Sally Hawkins, Kristen Wiig, Jim Broadbent, and Toby Jones. In 2020, it was reported that <mask> would be starring in an Irish drama film, The Miracle Club, with Kathy Bates and Laura Linney. The film's plot is being described as a "joyful and hilarious" journey of a group of riotous working-class women from Dublin, whose pilgrimage to Lourdes in France leads them to discover each other's friendship and their own personal miracles." <mask> was announced as starring in the film version of Christopher Hampton's A German Life, reprising the role she originated onstage in 2019 in London. Acting credits, awards and legacy

<mask> was appointed a CBE in the 1970 New Year Honours, and was made a Dame (DBE) in the 1990 New Year Honours, for services to the performing arts.<mask> was made a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) for services to drama in the 2014 Queen's Birthday Honours, becoming the third actress to receive the honour, after Dame Sybil Thorndike (1970) and Dame Judi Dench (2005).In 1971, <mask> was conferred an honorary doctor of letters (DLitt) by the University of St Andrews. In 1986, she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters (DLitt) from the University of Bath. In 1994, <mask> received an honorary Doctor of Letters (DLitt) from the University of Cambridge. In October 2017, <mask> (1965)
42nd Academy Awards: Best Actress in a  Leading Role, win, The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1969)
51st Academy Awards: Best Actress in a Leading Role, nomination, Travels with My Aunt (1972)
54th Academy Awards: Best Actress in a Supporting Role, win, California Suite (1978)
59th Academy Awards: Best Actress in a Supporting Role, nomination, for A Room with a View (1986)
74th Academy Awards: Best Actress in a Supporting Role, nomination, for Gosford Park (2001)

She has also received a Tony Award, four Primetime Emmy Awards, five British Academy Film Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, and five Screen Actors Guild Awards. In 1993, she was awarded with the BAFTA Special Award by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. In 1996, the British Academy of Film and Television Arts presented her with the BAFTA Fellowship, the highest honour the Academy can bestow.At the 2010 Laurence Olivier Awards, she was celebrated with the Society of London Theatre Special Award. In 2013, she was awarded with the Evening Standard Icon Award. She was awarded the Shakespeare Prize by the Hamburg Alfred Toepfer Foundation in 1991. <mask> was made a Fellow of the British Film Institute in recognition of her outstanding contribution to film culture in 1992. She was elected to the American Theatre Hall of Fame in 1994. On 10 April 1999, <mask> received the William Shakespeare Award for Classical Theatre (The Will Award) presented by the Shakespeare Theatre Company in Washington, D.C. in recognition of her significant contribution to classical theatre in the US. On 9 February 2014 she was inducted into the Actors Hall of Fame.<mask> had a star on the London Avenue of Stars until all of the stars were removed in 2006. In September 2012, she was honoured with the Stratford Shakespeare Festival's Legacy Award. She accepted the award, presented to her by Christopher Plummer, in a ceremony at the Fairmont Royal York Hotel. In March 2016, <mask> was awarded the Critics' Circle Award for Distinguished Service to the Arts. In April 2016, she was awarded the Bodley Medal by the University of Oxford's Bodleian Libraries in recognition of her outstanding contribution to the performing arts. Personal life

Marriages
<mask> married actor Robert Stephens on 29 June 1967. They had two sons, actors Chris Larkin (born 1967) and Toby Stephens (born 1969), and were divorced on 6 April 1975.<mask> married playwright Beverley Cross on 23 June 1975, at the Guildford Register Office, and they remained married until his death on 20 March 1998. When asked in 2013 if she was lonely, she replied, "it seems a bit pointless, going on one's own, and not having someone to share it with". <mask> has five grandchildren. Health
In January 1988, <mask> was diagnosed with Graves' disease, for which she underwent radiotherapy and optical surgery. In 2007, the Sunday Telegraph disclosed that <mask> had been diagnosed with breast cancer. In 2009, she was reported to have made a full recovery. Charity work
In September 2011, <mask> offered her support for raising the NZ$4.6million needed to help rebuild the Court Theatre in Christchurch, New Zealand, after the earthquake in 2011 that caused severe damage to the area.In July 2012, she became a patron of the International Glaucoma Association, hoping to support the organisation and raise the profile of glaucoma. She is also a patron of the Oxford Playhouse, where she first began her illustrious career. <mask> is a vice-president of the Chichester Cinema at New Park and a vice-president of the Royal Theatrical Fund which provides support for members of the entertainment profession that are unable to work due to illness, injury or infirmity. On 27 November 2012, she contributed a drawing of her own hand to the 2012 Celebrity Paw Auction, to raise funds for Cats Protection. In May 2013, <mask> contributed a gnome which had been personally decorated by her, for an auction to raise money for the Royal Horticultural Society Campaign for School Gardening. In November 2020, <mask> joined Kenneth Branagh, Judi Dench, Derek Jacobi, and Ian McKellen for a conversation on Zoom entitled For One Knight Only, for the charity Acting for Others. Branagh described the group as "the greatest quartet of Shakespearean actors on the planet" as they talked about the highs and lows of their careers.In April 2021, <mask> appeared in a streaming event alongside Kathleen Turner. The event was in support of The Royal Theatrical Fund, which provides support to those who have worked in the industry. See also
 List of Academy Award records
 List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories
 List of Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
 Tale Spinners for Children
 University College Players

References

Further reading
 <mask>: A Bright Particular Star by Michael Coveney, Victor Gollancz Ltd, September 1992, . Later revised as <mask>: A Biography, 2015. <mask>. A View From The Stalls by Caroline Février, The Book Guild Ltd, released 28 March 2018, 330 pages, . External links

 <mask> at Emmys.com

1934 births
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Actresses awarded British damehoods
Audiobook narrators
BAFTA fellows
Best Actress Academy Award winners
Best Actress BAFTA Award winners
Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners
Best Supporting Actress BAFTA Award winners
Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (television) winners
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
English film actresses
English people of Scottish descent
English Shakespearean actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
Helpmann Award winners
Laurence Olivier Award winners
Living people
Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
People educated at Oxford High School, England
People from Ilford
People from Oxford
Tony Award

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