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<mask>  (17 September 1796 – disappeared 26 April 1848) was an Irish officer of the Royal Navy and polar explorer who participated in six expeditions to the Arctic and Antarctic. In May 1845, he was second-in-command to Sir John Franklin and captain of  during the Franklin expedition to discover the Northwest Passage, which ended with the loss of all 129 crewmen in mysterious circumstances. Early life
<mask> was born in Banbridge, County Down, in Ulster, the northern province in Ireland. He was the eleventh of thirteen children, and the fifth son of solicitor <mask>, who named him after his friend <mask>, 2nd Earl of Moira. <mask> attended school locally in Banbridge, with his brothers William and Thomas, and lived with his family in Avonmore House which his father had built in 1792, in the centre of Banbridge. Naval service
At the age of 13, <mask> volunteered for the Royal Navy and joined HMS Hamadryad in June 1810. In 1812, he served on  and visited Pitcairn Island in 1814, where he met the last surviving mutineers from .In 1817, he received his certificate as mate; in 1818, he served on  during a trip to the Cape of Good Hope. <mask> joined Captain William Parry's second Arctic expedition to traverse the Northwest Passage in 1821. He served as midshipman on Parry's , which was accompanied by Captain Lyon's . He returned to the North with Parry a second time in 1824, this time on Hecla. The journey resulted in the sinking of Fury off Somerset Island. <mask> was promoted to lieutenant in 1826, and a year later, he once more joined Parry in his attempt to reach the North Pole; ultimately a futile endeavour. During his voyages, <mask> became a close friend and confidante of the explorer James Clark Ross.He was elected to become a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1827, after conducting valuable astronomical and magnetic studies on his three expeditions with Parry. He was appointed to the frigate  in 1831, and served off the coast of Portugal during the Liberal Wars, the country's civil war. <mask> joined Clark Ross as second-in-command of HMS Cove in 1835, to assist in the search for 12 lost British whaling ships in the Arctic. <mask> was appointed to the rank of commander in 1837. Ross expedition

In 1839, <mask> again joined James Clark Ross on the Ross expedition, as second-in-command of a four-year voyage to explore the Antarctic continent in the ships  and . <mask> commanded Terror, and was appointed to the rank of captain in 1841. Erebus and Terror returned in 1843, having made the most significant penetration of the Antarctic pack ice and discovered large parts of the continent—including the Ross Sea and Ross Island, Mount Erebus and the Ross Ice Shelf.<mask> was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1843, in recognition of his outstanding work on magnetism. Franklin expedition
In 1845, <mask> joined Captain Sir John Franklin as captain of the  on the Franklin expedition to traverse the last unnavigated section of the Northwest Passage. <mask> was considered to lead this expedition, but his Irish ancestry and humble birth counted against him. The privilege of selecting subordinating officers, almost always given to the second-in-command, was given to James Fitzjames. After Franklin's death in June 1847, he took command of the expedition, and his fate and those of the other expedition members remained a mystery until 1859, when a note written by <mask> and James Fitzjames, captain of the Erebus, was discovered on King William Island during an expedition led by <mask>. Dated 25 April 1848, the note indicated that the ships—stuck in thick pack ice—had been abandoned. Nine officers, including Sir John Franklin, and 15 crewmen had died.Also stated was their intention, on 26 April, to set out on foot for Back's Great Fish River on the Canadian mainland. Unverified Inuit reports collected between 1852 and 1858 indicate that <mask> and one other expedition member might have been seen in the Baker Lake area, about  to the south, where, in 1948, Farley Mowat found "a very ancient cairn, not of normal Eskimo construction," inside which were fragments of a hardwood box with dovetail joints. McClintock and later searchers found relics, graves, and human remains of the Franklin crew on Beechey Island, King William Island, and the northern coast of the Canadian mainland. Ships' location
In 2014, the Victoria Strait Expedition found two items on Hat Island, in the Queen Maud Gulf, near King William Island; part of a boat-launching davit bearing the stamps of two Royal Navy broad arrows, and a wooden object, possibly a plug for a deck hawse, the iron pipe through which the ship's chain cable would descend into the chain locker below. The expedition located one of Franklin's two ships, preserved in reasonably good condition. The wreck lies at the bottom of the eastern portion of Queen Maud Gulf, west of O'Reilly Island and has been confirmed to be that of the Erebus. In 2016, a well-preserved ship matching Terrors description was located in Terror Bay, off the southern coast of King William Island.The exploration of the wrecks continues. Legacy

In January 2008, <mask>'s home town of Banbridge hosted a memorial event, which included a service of remembrance and thanksgiving at the Church of the Holy Trinity, which was attended by more than a hundred descendants of Crozier and other officers of Franklin's lost expedition and those who searched for it, along with the chairman of Banbridge Council, and several Arctic historians, including Michael Smith and Russell Potter. A memorial to Sir John Franklin and his men was erected by order of Parliament in 1858, in the Painted Hall of London's Greenwich Hospital. It was moved to Greenwich Royal Naval College's chapel in 1937, and was re-erected in the entrance of the former college in late 2009. At the service of thanksgiving on 29 October 2009, polar travellers and descendants of the expedition's crew celebrated their contributions. Namesake
Geographical features named after Crozier include:
 Cape Crozier on the eastern side of Ross Island, Antarctica
 Cape Crozier on the western flank of King William Island, in the Canadian Arctic
 Cape Crozier at the western entrance of the Bay of Mercy on Banks Island, in the Canadian Arctic
 Crozier Strait which lies between Cornwallis and Bathurst Islands, in the Canadian Arctic
 Crozier River, near Fury and Hecla Strait in the Canadian Arctic
 Crozier Point on Spitsbergen, in the Arctic north of Norway
 Crozier Channel, to the north of Banks Island in the Canadian Arctic
 Crozier Island in the Kennedy Channel, between Greenland and Ellesmere Island
 The lunar crater Crozier, located at 13.5° S, 50.8° E on the Moon's near side
 Crozier Hill, Victor Harbor, South Australia
 Crozier Place, a street in Stanley, Falkland Islands
 The hydrographic survey vessel HMS Crozier was named after him in 1919. Popular culture
<mask>rozier appears as a character and the primary narrator of the 2007 best-selling novel, The Terror by Dan Simmons, a fictionalized account of Franklin's lost expedition, as well as the 2018 television adaptation, where Crozier is portrayed by Jared Harris.References

External links

19th-century explorers
19th-century Royal Navy personnel
1796 births
1840s deaths
Date of death unknown
Recipients of the Polar Medal
Fellows of the Royal Society
Irish Antarctic explorers
Irish Arctic explorers
Irish people of Norman descent
Lost explorers
People from Banbridge
Royal Navy officers
Franklin's lost expedition

masks:
Francis Rawdon Moira Crozier
Francis Crozier
George Crozier
Francis Rawdon Hastings
Crozier
Crozier
Crozier
Crozier
Crozier
Crozier
Crozier
Crozier
Crozier
Crozier
Crozier
Crozier
Crozier
Francis McClintock
Crozier
Crozier
Francis C


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<mask> (born Leipzig 5 September 1947) is a Berlin-based German singer and songwriter. She celebrated the fortieth anniversary of her first stage appearance in 2013. Life

Family background and early years
<mask> was born in Leipzig. Her father was a cultural administrator. He had also been a Communist who in 1933 had emigrated first to Africa and later to France. However, he was handed over to the Gestapo, and by May 1945 when Germany's Nazi years ended in military defeat, he had survived three years as a detainee in the Dachau concentration camp. When her parents married her father was 40 years old and her mother was 22.Her early schooling was in Leipzig, but after she was about 12 she attended school in Berlin where her grandmother still lived:  she was struck by the stark contrast between the dialects of her native Saxony and of Berlin. Dialect differences left her feeling out of place in both regions, as a result of which, she later stated that she had at that time "hated all her schools". When she was around 13 the entire family relocated to Berlin where she would later undertake her professional training and begin her career. <mask> was trained as a singer at the Central Studio for Entertainment Art. This was followed by further training, initially by correspondence course and later, between 1973 and 1976 in composition, under Wolfram Heicking at Berlin's "Hanns Eisler" Music Academy. Artistic career in the German Democratic Republic (East Germany)
Between 1970 and 1972 Thalheim sang in the "Berlin chanson group" ("Chansongruppe Berlin") During this time she released, through "Amiga", her first "single" (recording). Her next professional partner was a classical String quartet, with which she continued to work till 1980.Before that, however, from 1977 she was touring abroad, making regular guest appearances in West Germany, the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland and France. Despite the unusually wide range of foreign tours, she was also releasing further records in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Her first two LPs – "Lebenslauf" ("Resumé") and "Was fang ich mit mir an" ("Where do I begin?") – appeared under license in West Germany. Until 1993 the lyrics for her songs were written by the writer-journalist Fritz-Jochen Kopka, with whom she lived for 25 years, and who was the father of her two daughters. She made stage appearances with many of the international musical stars of the day, including Georges Moustaki, Konstantin Wecker, Herman van Veen, Hanns Dieter Hüsch, Marek Grechuta, Hana Hegerová, and Georg Danzer. Politics
Foreign travel was seen as a privilege conferred (or not) by state authorities in the countries ruled under Soviet direction at this time, and in 1980, following a change of policy by East Germany's ruling SED (party), <mask> went public with criticism of a newly imposed travel ban on East German artists wishing to tour in western Europe.Although the text could not be published in East Germany, its publication in West Germany meant that interested parties in the east quickly became aware of it. She was immediately deprived of her party membership and served with her own personal travel and recording ban. Eventually, however, she was permitted to renew her recording career with "Amiga", albeit with a different support band, and she was again able to take part in concerts and talk-shows in West Germany. In November 1989 major political changes appeared on the horizon when the Berlin Wall was breached and it quickly became clear that the fraternal Soviet troops in East Germany had no orders to crush the rising tide of political protest in the German Democratic Republic. With a Berlin-based rerun of the Prague Spring now seeming less likely than many had previously thought, this opened the way for a series of events leading to the end of the one- party dictatorship and then, formally in October 1990, political reunification. In 1990 Thalheim undertook a tour with the rockband, Pankow. Later she produced, with Pankow, the memorably entitled album "Ende Der Märchen " ("End of the Fairy-tale"), produced during December 1991/January 1992, and published later in 1992.Their last tour together took place in 2009. Since 2001 the lyrics to her songs have been produced in close collaboration with the Dresden poet, Michael Wüstefeld. In 1995, now in her 48th year, she announced that in future she no longer wanted to perform as a singer, and set off on a valedictory stage-tour. She then set up cultural management business organising, among other things, the summer festival "Schaustelle Berlin" for the city council. Then in 1999, following recovery from serious illness, she launched her "Retirement from retirement", and with a new collection of songs embarked on a series of further concert tours and theatre productions with Jean Pacalet and a backing band. Early in 2012 Thalheim received a part share in a scholarship awarded at the Künstlerhof Schreyahn by the Lower-Saxony Ministry of Culture. This resulted in more songs and more touring, including, in December 2012, a concert in Chile, a country still periodically featured in German news reports as the retirement destination of East Germany's former "first lady", Margot Honecker and, more briefly, of her late husband.Stasi collaboration
On 20 September 1972 <mask> signed a handwritten "Collaboration undertaking" with the Ministry for State Security (Stasi). She is listed as an informer in Stasi records between 1972 and 1979 under the code name "IM Elvira". Collaboration ended abruptly after her exclusion from The Party 1980, by which time the ministry had already launched one of their infamous career destruction ("Operativer Vorgang") operations against her. On 29 July 1996 Der Spiegel published a short report purportedly unmasking <mask> as "IM Elvia". By this time she had already made public her activities as a Stasi informant in a television interview, but at the time of the Spiegel report the television interview in question had not yet been transmitted. In addition, in various subsequent interviews she insisted that back in 1993 she had already asked the journalist Karl-Heinz Baum of the Frankfurter Rundschau to investigate and report on her Stasi-related activities. The Frankfurter Rundschau complied with her request, but published their own story only after Spiegel had broken the story, which for several years now took on a life of its own in the German media.A protracted public dispute ensued concerning how and when the story of "IM Elvira" had become public: one journalist allegedly stated he had discovered Thalheim's Stasi past by researching the Stasi archives, whereas Thalheim insisted that she had told him about it herself, and that in any case many of the files in question identified her not as a provider of reports to the Stasi but as the subject of reports provided to them. References

Schlager musicians
East German musicians
20th-century German women singers
1947 births
Living people
German singer-songwriters
People of the Stasi

masks:
Barbara Thalheim
Barbara Thalheim
Barbara Thalheim
Barbara Thalheim
Barbara Thalheim
Thalheim


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<mask> (November 27, 1871 – January 14, 1955) was an American writer and the second wife of <mask>. Early life
"Clara" <mask> was born to poet and writer Dayelle "Daisy" Wiley and California hotelier Willard "Kitt" Kittredge at a railroad outpost south of Los Angeles. Her mother died in 1877 when Charmian was six years old. Charmian's father sent her to Oakland, California, where she was raised by her aunt, Ninetta "Netta" Wiley Eames and husband Roscoe Eames, who had no children of their own. A nationally acclaimed writer and editor, Netta Wiley taught Charmian at home, emphasizing literature, the fine arts, and piano. A business manager, Eames taught her shorthand, typing and accounting. When the Eames household moved to Berkeley, California, Charmian became exposed to leaders in the Arts and Crafts movement, which shaped her aesthetics.Lectures given by University of California professors introduced her to modern literature and philosophy. She also was a part of the intellectual circle that surrounded the Overland Monthly. In 1897, she participated in a three day horseback ride to Yosemite, where she joined a group of celebrated scientists, painters, photographers, political leaders, and founders of the Sierra Club. Believing in free love, the Eameses encouraged an attitude toward sexuality as pleasurable and guilt-free. By adolescence, Charmian was typical of the New Woman emerging to counter traditional feminine roles. Charmian inherited funds from both sides of her family. These enabled further education at Mills College, where she concentrated on a non-degree program of literature, the arts, and philosophy.She also worked as secretary to the school's co-founder and later president, Susan Tolman Mills. In the 1890s, she worked for Harding and Forbes, a shipping firm in San Francisco, California, during a time when middle-class women stayed at home and few women worked in offices. She learned photography and published some images. An avid horseback rider, she created a split skirt to ride astride, this during a time women rode sidesaddle. She also accompanied vocalists and string players at local concerts. She befriended Grace Hudson, and posed for some of her artwork. A European tour in 1901 furthered her appreciation of the fine arts and music.Before traveling to Europe, she visited Mt. Desert Island, to meet the Kittredge side of her family. Marriage and writing career
<mask> met <mask> in March 1900 during a luncheon at Young's restaurant with Netta Wiley Eames, who was working on an article for the Overland Monthly on <mask>. By this time, Charmian was now working for E. Mickle and Company, one of the largest shipping firms in San Francisco. She had an assistant who reported to her. Five years younger than Charmian, London found her literary knowledge impressive and admired her support for Socialism. They met on several occasions at <mask>'s home in Berkeley to discuss literature including the works Tess of the d'Urbervilles, The Forest Lovers, and Flood-Tide.A month later London married Elizabeth "Bess" Maddern, with whom he had two children. During this time Charmian began her own writing career. She published non-fiction essays, including a plea for women to quit riding sidesaddle. She also became part of Jack's social circle of Bohemian artists and writers known as The Crowd and started attending their weekly gatherings at the London's home. According to Joseph Noel, it was at one of these gatherings in 1902 that Jack first kissed Charmian. During this time Jack also became enamored of Anna Strunsky, a Socialist who co-authored his epistolary novel The Kempton-Wace Letters. In the summer of 1903, London took his family to a resort in Glen Ellen, California, Wake Robin then owned by Netta Wiley Eames.Jack left his family to take a short sailing trip but was injured in a buggy ride. Bess Maddern asked Charmian, living nearby, to look in on him. The result was a long secret love affair that led to divorce. The new couple married in Chicago on November 19, 1905. Charmian supported the honeymoon including Jack lecturing on Socialism. A trip to Jamaica and a recently independent Cuba followed, during which she photographed the island landscape. The couple settled at Wake Robin and developed a plan to buy land on Sonoma Mountain for ranching.Upon re-reading Joshua Slocum's Sailing Alone Around the World, they decided to repeat the journey. The trip on the Snark, designed by Jack, went only to Australia, yet provided the material for books by both writers. Charmian published articles for Mid-Pacific Magazine, along with The Log of the Snark (1915), and Our Hawaii (1917),  The Log was well received by reviewers, who described the book as "clever, lucid, conversational, emotionally revealing, and humorous." Our Hawaii reflected upon the changes in the island between 1907 and 1916 to deplore the rapid changes brought about by tourism. Charmian played a direct role in her husband's writings as well. First, she was the model for many of his fictional characters, such as Saxon in The Valley of the Moon, Lute in "Planchette," and Paula in Little Lady of the Big House. Although London portrayed New Women prior to marrying Charmian, these and other characters incorporated full dimensions of his wife's character.Latest scholarship reveals <mask> was a collaborator as well on many of Jack's books, including The Valley of the Moon and The Mutiny of Elsinore. Often described as London's typist, she was also his editor. In that regard, she shared his intentions, by deleting material inconsistent with his purpose and by suggesting changes in structure. Even more, she contributed passages, most notably descriptions, her forte. Both the original manuscripts and her diaries document her full involvement in many of his writings. She was an active partner in the Beauty Ranch, their spread on Sonoma Mountain in Glen Ellen. The intention was a self-sufficient and sustainable source of food products.Jack's stepsister, <mask> Shepard, managed activities under his direction. Charmian's main interest was animal husbandry. She participated in the choice of stock for breeding and was known for her intuitive eye, notably with regard to horses. The couple won top awards at the California State Fair for their breeds. Widowhood

Jack died of uremia in 1916, bequeathing nearly his entire estate to Charmian, while leaving token amounts to his first wife and their children. <mask> and Jack had no children who survived them. A daughter, Joy, died soon after birth and several other pregnancies ended in miscarriage.Following Jack's death, Charmian joined Eliza Shepard in saving their home the Beauty Ranch. She completed sales of screenplay rights with filmmakers. She also wrote prefaces to his writings that were published posthumously, including Dutch Courage and Other Stories (1922). She completed his unfinished novel Cherry for Cosmopolitan magazine. Perhaps her most significant activity to publicize London's works was trips abroad to arrange good translations and protect copyrights. As a result, she ensured his writings would become published worldwide and spread his reputation accordingly. As part of her marketing London's name, Charmian published The Book of Jack London (two volumes) (1921).Scholars consider the book to be an important if sometimes flawed source of biographical information. One biographer calls it "an uneven account that omits Jack's illegitimacy, yet has surprisingly frank information nonetheless concerning his personality." Charmian wrote nonfiction as well. Key themes were travel, animal protection and prisoner rights. Our Hawaii: Islands and Islanders updated her earlier version by including more of her husband's views, along with her praise for the original island culture. Aware her Book of Jack London was neither comprehensive nor unbiased, Charmian searched for an experienced biographer to prepare a comprehensive study. This led in 1935 to her inviting Irving Stone to the ranch to study the extensive collection of letters and documents needed for the work.Discovering he went into some of her hidden diaries and love letters, <mask> evicted him from the ranch. His Sailor on Horseback earned reviewer criticism for lifting material from London's fiction as fact, emphasis upon excessive womanizing, and failures as a writer and rancher. <mask> and Eliza Shepard were shocked to read the claim Jack had committed suicide. The publishers brought out the second edition with the subtitle "A Biographical Novel." In response to Stone's version, <mask> supported stepdaughter <mask>. Her Jack London and His Times emphasized her father's Socialist writings and activities. As a further block on Stone's book, <mask> arranged screenplay rights of her biography."Jack London" featured in 1943, starring Michael O'Shea as Jack and Susan Hayward as Charmian. Frank about sexuality, which she believed was a source of energy and transcendence, in widowhood Charmian sought brief encounters. Although most cited was her relationship with Harry Houdini,  she was not exclusive during the few periods they met. Her longest and most emotional relationship was with Frederick O'Brien, then a popular writer of South Sea travel accounts. She was discreet with her many lovers to protect her public reputation, and by implication, that of <mask>. Long afflicted by high blood pressure, by 1947 Charmian was often bedridden following repeated strokes. She died in 1955, at the age of 83.Her ashes rest beside her husband Jack's under the rock that marks their grave near Glen Ellen, California at Jack London State Historic Park. References

External links

 Brief biography
 London, Jack, Mrs., by the beach - loc.gov

20th-century American women writers
<mask>
1871 births
1955 deaths
Writers from Los Angeles
History of the San Francisco Bay Area
20th-century American biographers
American women biographers
20th-century sailors
Female sailors
Harry Houdini
Mills College alumni
People from Wilmington, Los Angeles
American socialists

masks:
Charmian Kittredge London
Jack London
Charmian Kittredge
Charmian
Jack London
Jack London
Charmian
Charmian
Eliza London
Charmian
Charmian
Charmian
Charmian
Joan London
Charmian
Jack London
Jack London


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<mask>-woon (; born March 22, 1994) is a South Korean singer and songwriter. He is best known as a member of South Korean boy group Wanna One, as a member of boy group Hotshot, and currently as a solo artist. In 2019, he began his solo music career with his first extended play My Moment. Career

Prior to 2017
<mask> joined Star Crew Entertainment (formerly known as Ardor&Able) and debuted with Hotshot as main vocalist on October 29, 2014, with a digital single "Take a Shot". 2017–2018: Produce 101 and Wanna One

<mask> and Roh Tae-hyun represented Ardor&Able Entertainment in the boy group reality survival show, Produce 101 Season 2 which aired on Mnet from April 7 until June 16, 2017. In the final concert that took place on July 1 and 2, 2017, at Olympic Hall in Seoul, <mask> managed to gain 790,302 votes and was announced as the final member of the project boy group Wanna One under YMC Entertainment. <mask> debuted with Wanna One during Wanna One Premier Show-Con on August 7, 2017 at the Gocheok Sky Dome with a mini-album 1×1=1 (To Be One).He was also in the sub-group Lean on Me with Hwang Min-hyun and Yoon Ji-sung, performing the song "Forever and a Day" produced by Nell. The subunit was announced on the first day of Wanna One Go: X-Con, and the song was included on Wanna One's album 1÷x=1 (Undivided). During his time with Wanna One, <mask> was invited to join several TV programs, such as the eighth episode of SBS variety show Master Key, Law of the Jungle Sabah, which aired from July 27 to September 21, 2018, and MBC singing competition program King of Masked Singer, in which he got to the third round with his rendition of "Smile Again" by Rumble fish, "Drifting Apart" by Nell, and "Appearance" by Kim Bum-soo. His contract with Wanna One ended on December 31, 2018, but he still appeared with the group until their final concerts (titled "Therefore") held across four days, ending on January 27, 2019 at the Gocheok Sky Dome in Seoul, where the group held their debut showcase. 2019: Graduation, solo debut, and solo activities
On January 28, <mask> unveiled his self-composed song "Don't Forget" featuring former Wanna One member Park Ji-hoon. "Don't Forget" was released as a pre-release track from his EP My Moment, with lyrics about wishing to cherish memories with loved ones. The singer began his solo activity by announcing his first two-day fan-meeting, "My Moment", which was held from March 8–9 at the SK Olympic Handball Gymnasium in Olympic Park, Seoul.The tickets went on sale on February 20 and sold out within two minutes of the pre-order becoming available. He was also scheduled to meet fans in six Asian cities including Tokyo on March 17, Osaka on the March 19, Taipei on March 23, Bangkok on March 30, Hong Kong on April 5, Macao on June 8, and Jakarta on June 22. While preparing for his solo debut, <mask> showed his bright side in the interview and pictorial with The Star Magazine. He also did a photoshoot with Allure magazine, where he mentioned the EP. In between his schedule, the singer attended his graduation ceremony at the Dong-ah Institute of Media and Arts on February 22, 2019. My Moment was released on February 28, 2019, featuring the upbeat lead single "Bird". The singer held a showcase at Live Hall in Gwangjin-gu, Seoul on February 27.The album consists of five tracks, which were all written and composed by <mask> himself. He also served as the executive producer and participated in the production process, such as mixing and mastering. <mask>o reported that 45,600 copies of the album were sold on the first day of release, making My Moment the third-highest first-day sales for an album. It also became the first number one on the Gaon retail album chart, which began on March 4. My Moment topped the ninth week (February 24 – March 2) of the main Gaon Album Chart, and ranked first on the daily charts of February 28, March 2, and March 3. On March 1, <mask> performed the songs "Bird" and "Tell Me I Love You" at One K Concert—a three-day music and art festival—at the Yeouido Parliament House grass field, which was held to commemorate the hundredth anniversary of the March 1 Movement and aims to spread the hopes of the reunification of the Korean Peninsula and peace in Northeast Asia and the world. He was also appointed as a guest MC for SBS Inkigayo on March 2 and on March 13, <mask> took the trophy on his first solo with the song "Bird" on Show Champion <mask> sang the Korean national anthem at the 17th KTMF 2019 (the annual K Pop Festival which was held by the Korea Daily) and also perform three songs ("Bird", "Tell Me I Love You", and "Magic Castle") in front of more than twenty thousands spectators at the Hollywood Bowl - Los Angeles.Beside his vocal and dance skills, <mask>  demonstrated his ability as a DJ in the MBC Radio program 'Idol Radio' on April 18, with JBJ95 as a guest. He also participated in several donation programs and projects. He became MC together with Kim Hee-ae, and former Wanna One member Lee Dae-hwi for MBC '2019 New Life for Children' on May 5 at Sangam MBC public hall, which has been held 29 times since the beginning of 1990. It is the best domestic donation program which aims to delivers hope to children suffering from diseases such as rare and incurable diseases <mask>'s fans hoped to convey their loves for children by donating KRW 27 million or US$27733 and became the highest donator during the event

In addition to his music related promotion and activities, <mask> also donated his voice in EBS literature program 'Linking Hearts through the Voices of Idol Stars', the first project to combine idol readings and donations which aims to raise interest in Korean literature and create a new reading culture through the public readings. <mask>was the second idol invited to join this special project after Chungha. He recited a novel written by Jun Sun-ok, "Ramen is cool" (라면은멋있다) and expressed his gratitude to be able to participate in such a meaningful project. On May 12, <mask> became a cast in SBS pilot program Bistro the noble (격조식당), a food variety program that sets the ultimate food with the finest ingredients which are produced by famous people from all over the country.He also became a line up in several concerts and festivals, such as: KCON 2019 Japan, Dream Concert 2019 which was held at the Seoul World Cup Stadium on May 18 (to promote 'dreams and hopes' to Korean youth), and the 13th Seoul Jazz Festival which was held at the SK Olympic Handball Gymnasium May 26. <mask> has sung several OSTs, including "Think of You" for tvN drama Her Private Life, "Immunity" for JTBC drama The wind blows, and "Because of You" for JTBC drama Flower Crew. On June 5, <mask> unveiled his self-composed song "Riding" featuring Dynamic Duo Gaeko, a pre-release track his second EP, BXXX, which was later released on July 8. The EP featured the medium tempo lead single "Blue" which shows a dramatic change in the song with an explosive vocal. The album consists of five tracks, of which four were written and composed by <mask>. "Blue" was composed by Joombas (Hyuk Shin, KYUM LYK, and JJ Evans), while <mask> gave his contribution as the lyricist. <mask>o reported that 66,056 copies of the album were sold on the first week of release.<mask>  held his very first solo concert 'Dive in Color' in Seoul's Jamsil Indoor Stadium, one of the five biggest concert halls in Korea, from July 26 to 27. The pre-sale tickets were sold out shortly after it opened. He also held his concert at Busan BEXCO 1st Exhibition Hall on August 3, and in Tokyo, Japan, from September 12 to 13. On October 5, Sungwoon partnered up with renowned producer and composer Yoon Sang and released a collaboration single "Dream of a Dream" as part of the Fever Festival. Since early November, he consistently ranks 1st in the top 10 most popular entertainer in non-drama TV field, for his variety show skill in SkyDrama - 'We Play'. 2020: OST release, Twilight Zone, Mirage, and other activities
UNICEF Korea Committee launched the campaign 'Safe Water, Save Lives!' from March 19 to 31 to support drinking water for children in developing countries.The campaign period coincides with World Water Day which also falls on the same day as <mask>'s birthday, March 22. <mask> actively sympathizes with the preciousness of water, and participated in the campaign video as a talent donation, appealing for warm interest and support for children suffering from contaminated drinking water. Lee Ki-chul, secretary-general of UNICEF's Korean Committee said, "I heard that <mask>'s name was made up of water and cloud. <mask>-woon, who has a special relationship with water in his birthday and his name, joined together to create a more special campaign. We ask that more people join us in this campaign to protect children's lives with clean water." The funds raised through the 'Safe Water, Save Lives!' campaign will be used to support drinking water purifiers, oral hydration supplements and hand pumps for children suffering from contaminated water.On April 30, it was announced that <mask> would be releasing an OST for the drama The King: Eternal Monarch  titled "I Fall In Love" on May 2. <mask> released his third EP, Twilight Zone, on June 8, featuring the lead single "Get Ready". For the second year now, Benefit Cosmetics Korea has announced that <mask> will be the product endorser for its Love & Summer campaign dedicated for its range of Lip Tint products following the success of the first HaSungWoon x Benefit campaign in 2019. Continuing his summer activities, <mask> participated in an online donation concert by MBC TV and World Vision to comfort people suffering from Coronavirus disease 2019. More recently, <mask> performed in the 26th Dream Concert (South Korea), one of the most anticipated concerts in Korea via livestream broadcast. On July 28, <mask> was featured in Ravi's Summer EP with the title track "Paradise". <mask> released his fourth EP, Mirage on November 9, featuring the lead single "Forbidden Island".2021: Sneakers, Select Shop, Electrified: Urban Nostalgia, and new agency
<mask> released his fifth EP, Sneakers on June 7, featuring the lead single of the same name. The repackaged version of his fifth EP, Select Shop was released on August 9, featuring the lead single "Strawberry Gum", featuring Don Mills. On November 2, it was reported that <mask> had ended his contract with Star Crew Entertainment starting from October 31 and he decided not to renew it. <mask> released his sixth EP, Electrified: Urban Nostalgia on November 19, as his last release under Star Crew Entertainment, featuring the lead single "Electrified". On December 24, <mask> signed a contract with BPM Entertainment. 2022: You
On February 9, <mask> released his special album, You,  featuring the lead single "Can't Live Without You". Discography

Extended plays

Reissues

Singles

Other charted songs

Soundtrack appearances

Other releases and collaborations

Filmography

Television and Radio shows

Songwriting and composing

Awards and nominations

Notes

References

1994 births
Living people
People from Goyang
Produce 101 contestants
Swing Entertainment artists
BPM Entertainment artists
South Korean television personalities
South Korean male idols
South Korean pop singers
South Korean singer-songwriters
South Korean dance musicians
21st-century South Korean singers
K-pop singers
Wanna One members
Reality show winners

masks:
Ha Sung
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Hante
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Hante
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha Sung
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha
Ha


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<mask> (; born 25 March 1986) is an Italian professional basketball player for Virtus Bologna of the Lega Basket Serie A (LBA). He was selected 18th overall in the 2007 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors. In 2014, he won the NBA championship with the San Antonio Spurs, becoming the first Italian player to do so. He won the Three-Point Contest during the 2014 NBA All-Star Weekend. He played in the 2007, 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 editions of the FIBA EuroBasket and the 2006 and 2019 editions of the FIBA World Championship with the Italian national basketball team. Professional career

Virtus and Fortitudo Bologna (2002–2007)
<mask> played in the Italian Serie A and the EuroLeague for Virtus Bologna and Fortitudo Bologna. In 2004, he lost the EuroLeague Finals against Maccabi Tel Aviv, and in 2005, he won the Serie A title with Fortitudo.NBA (2007–2020)

Golden State Warriors (2007–2009)
After being selected #18 in the first round of the 2007 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors, <mask> scored 37 points in his first NBA Summer League game against the New Orleans Hornets, going 14-on-20 from the field, including 5-on-7 from behind the arc, adding 5 boards, 2 assists and 1 steal to help the Warriors earn a 110–102 win. His performance is tied for second for the highest scoring game ever in Vegas summer league history, behind Keith Bogans' 38 scored as a member of the Orlando Magic in 2004. <mask> finished his Summer League scoring an average of 22.8 points per game in 4 games with the Warriors, before returning to Italy to be part of the Italian national team for EuroBasket 2007. On 19 December 2008, he scored 27 points, in a game the Warriors lost to Atlanta Hawks. Toronto Raptors (2009–2010)

On 30 July 2009, he was traded to the Toronto Raptors for Devean George, joining Italian national squad teammate Andrea Bargnani. He played his first NBA game as a starter for Toronto on 2 February 2010 against the Indiana Pacers. New Orleans Hornets (2010–2012)
On 11 August 2010, he was traded to the New Orleans Hornets for Julian Wright.After the 2010–11 season, he became a restricted free agent. On 13 December 2011, he signed the $3.4 million qualifying offer to stay with the Hornets for one more year. Chicago Bulls (2012-2013)
On 24 July 2012, <mask> signed with the Chicago Bulls. Since joining the Bulls, <mask> developed a reputation of being a clutch player, hitting shots that include a game winning shot against the Celtics in overtime while falling down, a go-ahead layup against the Detroit Pistons after Joakim Noah saved the ball from going out of bounds, a game-winning lay-up with 20 seconds remaining against the Brooklyn Nets, and a 3 pointer to give the Bulls a 1-point lead with 5 seconds remaining in a game vs. the Utah Jazz. <mask> and Joakim Noah each scored 24 points in a game 7 victory over the Brooklyn Nets in the first round of the 2013 NBA Playoffs. San Antonio Spurs (2013–2015)
On 11 July 2013, <mask> signed with the San Antonio Spurs. On 2 January 2014, <mask> scored a career-high 32 points in a 101-105 loss to the New York Knicks.<mask> also won the Three-Point Contest at the 2014 NBA All-Star Weekend in New Orleans, beating Bradley Beal of the Washington Wizards at the second attempt in the final after Beal equaled <mask>'s score in the initial final round. In the tiebreaker, <mask> made six straight shots at a single point, sweeping his fourth rack. In his first season with the Spurs, <mask> posted career-highs percentage-wise on field goal percentage, three-point percentage, and free-throw percentage. In Game 3 of the 2014 NBA Finals against the two-time defending champion Miami Heat, <mask> hit a crucial 3 pointer in the third quarter that increased San Antonio's lead back to double digits. The Heat had rallied, cutting the Spurs' half-time lead of 21 points to just seven, before <mask>'s three-pointer. Upon winning the 2014 Finals, he became the first Italian player to win an NBA championship. Sacramento Kings (2015–2016)
On 13 July 2015, <mask> signed with the Sacramento Kings.On 30 December 2015, he scored a season-high 28 points in a loss to the Philadelphia 76ers. Charlotte Hornets (2016–2017)
On 7 July 2016, <mask> was traded to the Charlotte Hornets in exchange for the draft rights to Malachi Richardson. Atlanta Hawks (2017–2018)
On 20 June 2017, <mask> was traded, along with Miles Plumlee and the 41st pick which became Tyler Dorsey in the 2017 NBA draft, to the Atlanta Hawks in exchange for Dwight Howard and the 31st overall pick (Frank Jackson) in the 2017 NBA draft. On 9 February 2018, he was waived by the Hawks. Philadelphia 76ers (2018)

On 12 February 2018, <mask> signed with the Philadelphia 76ers. In Game 3 of the Eastern Conference Semi-Finals against the Boston Celtics, <mask> made a two-point corner shot to send the game to overtime, 89-89. However, the 76ers would lose to the Celtics, 98-101.Second stint with the San Antonio Spurs (2018-2020)
On 20 July 2018, <mask> signed with the San Antonio Spurs, returning to the franchise for a second stint. Virtus Bologna (2020–present)
On 26 November 2020, <mask> left the NBA and returned to Italy signing a three-year deal, until June 2023 with Virtus Bologna. In April 2021, despite a winning record of 19–2, Virtus was defeated in the EuroCup's semifinals by UNICS Kazan. However, the season ended with a great success. In fact, after having knocked out 3–0 both Basket Treviso in the quarterfinals and New Basket Brindisi in the semifinals, on 11 June Virtus defeated 4–0 its historic rival Olimpia Milano in the national finals, winning its 16th national title and the first one after twenty years. On 21 September 2021, the team won its second Supercup, defeating Olimpia Milano 90–84. National team career

<mask> made his debut with the Italian national team in the 2006 FIBA World Championship.In that tournament, he scored 25 points against the United States national team, including a dunk on Carmelo Anthony. In that tournament, he averaged 13.5 points per game, being the best scorer of his team. He averaged 15.5 points per game at the 2007 EuroBasket, 12.0 points per game at the 2011 EuroBasket, 13.6 points per game at the 2013 EuroBasket, 16.3 points per game at the 2015 EuroBasket and 17.9 points per game at the 2017 EuroBasket.

masks:
Marco Stefano Belinelli
Belinelli
Belinelli
Belinelli
Belinelli
Belinelli
Belinelli
Belinelli
Belinelli
Belinelli
Belinelli
Belinelli
Belinelli
Belinelli
Belinelli
Belinelli
Belinelli
Belinelli
Belinelli
Marco
Belinelli
Belinelli
Belinelli


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Gerald Ellis "<mask>" <mask> (born September 2, 1993) is an American professional basketball player for the Adelaide 36ers of the Australian National Basketball League (NBL). He played college basketball for Texas Tech and Arkansas. Early life and high school
<mask> was born and raised in Little Rock, Arkansas and attended high school at Pulaski Academy. He was a three-time All-District selection and was named first team 4A All-State in his junior and senior seasons with the Bruins. He committed to Texas Tech University after his junior season after averaging 26.2 points per game and shooting 51 percent from three. In his senior season, Hannahs averaged 20 points per game and led Pulaski to the 4A state championship game and scored 43 points in a loss to Clarksville High School. College career

Texas Tech
Hannahs began his collegiate career at Texas Tech.He averaged  6.9 points as a freshman and 7.7 points per game as a sophomore while appearing mostly as a three-point specialist and sixth man off the bench. He set the Texas Tech season record for free throw percentage with 92.3 in his sophomore season. Following the end of the season, <mask> announced that he would be transferring to the University of Arkansas. Arkansas
Hannahs played for the Arkansas Razorbacks for the final two seasons of his eligibility after sitting out one year due to NCAA transfer rules. In his first season with the team, Hannahs led the Razorbacks with 16.5 points per game and lead the Southeastern Conference (SEC) with 81 three pointers made and a .433 three point percentage. He was named to the Jerry West Award watchlist going into his redshirt senior season. Hannahs again led Arkansas in scoring in his final season with 14.4 points per game and led the SEC with a 90.8 free throw percentage (10th-best in the nation) and was named second team All-SEC by NBCSports.com.He scored 1,047 points for the Razorbacks, becoming the fifth Arkansas player to score 1,000 points in two seasons, and finished ninth in school history with 155 three pointers made and with the third-best free throw percentage at .889. Professional career

Memphis Hustle (2017–2019)
Hannahs originally committed to play overseas for AZS Koszalin of the Polish Basketball League but ultimately opted to sign with the Memphis Hustle of the NBA G League on October 6, 2017. In his first professional season, Hannahs appeared mostly as the Hustle's sixth man and averaged 9.2 points per game while shooting 44.1 percent on three point shots and  90.5 percent from the free throw line. He returned to the Hustle for a second season and was the only player on from the previous year's team on the roster. He averaged 14.5 points, 1.8 rebounds and 1.4 assists in 49 games, again as the Hustle's primary option off the bench, and led the G League with a 92.6 free throw percentage. Following the end of the season, Hannahs participated in the 2019 G-League Elite Camp along with other top G League players and college prospects. Memphis Grizzlies (2019)
On March 30, 2019, the Memphis Grizzlies signed Hannahs to a 10-day contract.<mask> made his NBA debut on March 31, 2019 in a 113-96 loss to the Los Angeles Clippers, scoring four points on 2-of-7 shooting with four assists and one rebound in 13 minutes of play. He was waived by the Grizzlies on April 4, 2019 after appearing in two games, scoring eight total points with a rebound and five assists. Following the end of the NBA season, <mask> was named to the Grizzlies roster for the 2019 NBA Summer League. <mask> was named to the NBA G League Elite Team for the G League International Challenge in Montevideo, Uruguay. He averaged 14 points per game in the tournament, including a 21-point performance off the bench in the quarterfinals against the Urugayan League Elite team, as the G League Elite eventually fell in the final to Bayern Munich of the EuroLeague. <mask> was re-signed by the Grizzlies on October 14, 2019, but was waived the next day. Second stint with Memphis Hustle (2019–2020)
On October 27, 2019, <mask> returned to the Hustle for a third season.<mask> was named the G League Player of the Week on December 2, 2019 after scoring 28 points against the Oklahoma City Blue and 32 points against the Maine Red Claws. He scored 30 points and had six rebounds, two assists and one steal in a 128-113 victory over the Rio Grande Valley Vipers on January 1, 2020. Hannahs was named Midseason All-NBA G League for the Western Conference. Hannahs averaged a team-leading 21.4 points per game on the season and was named third team All-NBA G League. Second stint with Memphis Grizzlies (2020)
Hannahs was signed to a second 10-day contract on February 21, 2020. <mask> was later waived by the Memphis Grizzlies on February 27, 2020. Kolossos Rodou (2020)
On November 27, 2020, <mask> signed with Kolossos Rodou of the Greek Basket League.On December 22, 2020, Hannahs parted ways with the Greek club citing family matters overseas. Santa Cruz Warriors (2021)
On January 11, 2021, the Memphis Hustle announced that they had acquired the returning right to David Stockton from the South Bay Lakers in exchange for the returning right to Hannahs. This returning right was later traded by the South Bay Lakers to the Santa Cruz Warriors for a first round pick in 2022 NBA G League draft. The next day, Hannahs was included in the roster of Santa Cruz Warriors. Adelaide 36ers (2021–present)
On July 20, 2021, Hannahs signed with the Adelaide 36ers for the 2021–22 NBL season. Personal life
Hannahs is the son of former Arkansas and MLB pitcher <mask>. Hannahs' father nicknamed him "<mask>" after former Los Angeles Dodgers teammate <mask>.players
Memphis Grizzlies players
Memphis Hustle players
Santa Cruz Warriors players
Shooting guards
Sportspeople from Little Rock, Arkansas
Texas Tech Red Raiders basketball players
Undrafted National Basketball Association players

masks:
Dusty
Hannahs III
Hannahs
Hannahs
Hannahs
Hannahs
Hannahs
Hannahs
Hannahs
Hannahs
Hannahs
Hannahs
Gerry Hannahs
Dusty
Dusty Baker


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<mask>n (born 1962) is a German poet and essayist. Life and career
<mask>n was born in Dresden. He studied Theater Studies in Berlin, where he has been living and working as a freelance writer since 1985. Since 1989, he has traveled widely in Europe, South-West Asia, and North America, and sojourned in various places, including Amsterdam, Paris, London, Vienna, Toronto, Los Angeles, New York City, and St. Louis. He lives in Berlin and, since 2013, in Rome. His production comprises numerous collections of poetry and prose—essays, short narrative-reflexive prose, aphorisms, fragments, diary annotations and philosophical meditations—as well as three librettos for opera. He has translated classic texts from Aeschylus and Seneca, and a variety of authors, including John Ashbery, Samuel Beckett, Wallace Stevens, Henri Michaux, and Tomas Venclova.His works have been translated into many languages, including Russian, Italian, English, French Spanish, Swedish and Japanese. His book Ashes for breakfast: Selected poems, translated by Michael Hoffmann, was shortlisted for the Griffin Poetry Prize in 2006. Grünbein was awarded numerous national and international awards, including the Georg Büchner Prize (Germany's most prestigious literary recognition, which he received in 1995, aged thirty-three), the Friedrich Nietzsche Prize, the Friedrich Hölderlin Prize, the Berlin Literature Prize, the Premio Internazionale di Poesia Pier Paolo Pasolini and the Tranströmer Prize. Grünbein holds the Chair of Poetik und künstlerische Ästhetik (Poetics and Artistic Aesthetics) at the Kunstakademie of Düsseldorf. In 2009, he was awarded the Order Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts as well as the Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. He is a member of various Academies of Arts and Sciences, including the Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung, the Academy of Arts, Berlin, and the Sächsische Akademie der Künste, Dresden. In 1997, he was a Fellow at the Villa Aurora in Los Angeles.In 2005, he held the position of Max Kade Distinguished Visiting Professor at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire, US. Since 2006, Grünbein is a visiting professor at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf and at the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland. In 2009, he was a poet in residence at the Villa Massimo in Rome. He has been a regular contributor to Frau und Hund – Zeitschrift für kursives Denken, edited by the academy's rector, the painter Markus Lüpertz. Grünbein's third opera, Die Weiden, had its premiere on 8 December 2018 at Wiener Staatsoper, which commissioned the opera from Austrian composer Johannes Maria Staud and Grünbein. Following Berenice in 2004 for the Munich Biennale and Die Antilope in 2014 for Lucerne Festival, Die Weiden is the third opera Grünbein has written in collaboration with Staud. Staud and Grünbein were booed at the premiere.Critical reception
Since the publication of his first collection of poems in 1988, <mask> Grünbein has emerged as "Germany's most prolific, versatile, successful and internationally renowned contemporary poet and  essayist", a "poet of world significance" and one of "the key figures shaping the contemporary scene", alongside, for instance,  Ulrike Draesner, Raul Schrott, and Marcel Beyer. Conceiving poetry as a means of memorial, historical, and aesthetic exploration, Grünbein arguably, draws not only on his biography, but on a deep sense of history and far-ranging erudition to produce sardonic poems and essays, bristling with unusual perceptions and inventive expressions". Whereas the intersection of literature and science, aesthetics and evolution, as well as the poetic elaboration of the existential experience in the GDR were the main focus of the critically acclaimed first collections of poetry,  Grauzone morgens (1988),  Schädelbasislektion (1991), Falten und Fallen (1994), since the middle 1990s, and especially since the collection Nach den Satiren (1999), classical antiquity figures prominently in Grünbein's poems and essays. "As in his poetry, in his essays, too", observes Michael Eskin, "Grünbein succeeds in artfully interweaving autobiography and memoir with a host of broader concerns ranging from questions of history, science, and medicine, to question of ethics, aesthetics, and politics, with special attention to the continued relevance of the past – Greek and roman antiquity in particular – in and to the contemporary world, as well as the inevitable interpretive malleability of the past in the light of our ever-evolving present". The poet's dialogue with the ancient legacy is more complex even than his own reflection suggests and most scholars assume. Besides interviewing past and present, some poems also engage with the gap between the past and its poetic figuration. Grünbein's works on Descartes' philosophy and its significance for the poetic subjectivity have been praised by prominent critics and thinkers for their depth and remarkable style, "one capable of conducting powerful and original thought with no loss of lyric intensity", notices Don Paterson.George Steiner's opus magnum The Poetry of Thought (2011) is dedicated to "<mask> Grünbein, poet and Cartesian". Postskriptum. Die Kürze des Lebens (2004)
 Der Misanthrop auf Capri (2005),
 Porzellan. Poem vom Untergang meiner Stadt (2005),
Strophen für Übermorgen (2007),
Liebesgedichte (2008)
Lob des Taifuns. Reisetagebücher in Haikus (2008)
Der cartesische Taucher. Drei Meditationen. Suhrkamp Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2008, .Libellen in Liberia. Gedichte und Berichte (2010)
 Aroma  (2010),
 Koloss im Nebel (2012 ),
Cyrano oder Die Rückkehr vom Mond. Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2014,
Die Jahre im Zoo. Ein Kaleidoskop. Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2015,
Zündkerzen. Gedichte. Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2017,
Oper.Libretti. Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin 2018
Contributor to A New Divan: A Lyrical Dialogue Between East and West
Il bosco bianco. Mimesis, Sesto San Giovanni 2020,

Prose
 Galilei vermisst Dantes Hölle und bleibt an den Maßen hängen. Aufsätze 1989–1995 (1996),
 Das erste Jahr. Berliner Aufzeichnungen (2001),
 Warum schriftlos leben. Aufsätze (2003),
 Antike Dispositionen (2005)
 Die Bars von Atlantis. Eine Erkundigung in vierzehn Tauchgängen (2009),

Books in English translation
 Ashes for Breakfast: Selected Poems, (translated in 2005 by Michael Hofmann) (shortlisted for the 2006 International Griffin Poetry Prize)
 Descartes' Devil: Three Meditations (translated by Anthea Bell; published by Upper West Side Philosophers, Inc., New York, 2010)
 The Bars of Atlantis: Selected Essays.(edited and with an introduction by Michael Eskin; published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 2010)
 The Vocation of Poetry (translated by Michael Eskin; published by Upper West Side Philosophers, Inc., New York, 2011)
 Mortal Diamond: Poems (translated by Michael Eskin; published by Upper West Side Philosophers, Inc., New York, 2013)
 Porcelain: Poem on the Downfall of my City (translated by Karen Leeder; published by Seagull Books, Calcutta, New York, London, 2020)

Further reading

 Michael Eskin: Poetic Affairs: Celan, Grünbein, Brodsky. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008. Michael Eskin/Karen Leeder/Christopher Young (eds. ): <mask> Grünbein. A Companion. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter 2013. Kai Bremer/ Fabian Lampart, Jörg Wesche, (eds.): Schreiben am Schnittpunkt. Poesie und Wissen bei Durs Grünbein. Freiburg: Rombach 2007
Sonja Klein: "Denn alles, alles ist verlorne Zeit". Fragment und Erinnerung im Werk von Durs Grünbein. Bielefeld: Aiesthesis 2008
Hinrich Ahrend: "Tanz zwischen sämtlichen Stühlen". Poetik und Dichtung im lyrischen und essayistischen Werk Durs Grünbeins. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann 2010

See also
 Wolfgang Weyrauch Prize

References

External links
 Griffin Poetry Prize shortlist 2006 Biography, including audio and video clips
 Profile on Germany – Poetry International Web site
 <mask> Grünbein at the complete review
 Why Live Without Writing: Unpopular answers to poetry questions Essay, February 2010 at the Poetry Foundation website
 The Doctrine of Photography by <mask> Grünbein Doctrine of Photography, translated by Karen Leeder 2017 at the Poetry Foundation website

1962 births
Living people
20th-century German poets
Dartmouth College faculty
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)

masks:
Durs Grünbei
Durs Grübei
Durs
Durs
Durs
Durs
Durs


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Rear Admiral <mask> '<mask><mask>, PVSM (1917-1999) was a Flag Officer in the Indian Navy. He was the first Sikh Admiral in the Indian Navy. He was the commissioning Commanding Officer of the Indian Navy's first aircraft carrier . He later served as the Chief of Materiel and as the Director General Naval Dockyard Expansion Scheme before retiring in 1972. Naval career
<mask> was in the seventh batch of Indian cadet-entry officers to join the Indian Mercantile Marine Training Ship Dufferin, in 1933. After graduating from the Dufferin in December 1935, he joined the mercantile marine. World War II
In September 1939, with the outbreak of the World War II, he joined the Royal Indian Naval Reserve (RINR) as an acting Sub-lieutenant.He was initially denied entry since he refused to cut his hair, but later was accepted as the first turbaned officer in the navy. He first served on the Cornwallis-class sloop HMIS Pansy. After about two years on the sloop, he was transferred to the auxiliary patrol vessel HMIS Sonavati in December 1941. On 4 April 1942, he was made temporary Lieutenant. Mahindroo was then transferred to the Bangor-class minesweeper  in December 1942. On 22 June 1943, the Black Swan-class sloop  was commissioned in Woolston, Southampton. The ship was in command of Commander James Wilfred Jefford, who later became the first Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Pakistan Navy.<mask> was the navigator and the only Indian among 14 British officers on board. The Godavari was deployed in the UK-Gibraltar route till the end of 1943, after which she was transferred to the East Indies Fleet. In December 1944, he was transferred to HMIS Akbar, the RIN training establishment in Bombay. He served in this appointment until the end of the war. He then led the parade of the Indian Naval contingent at the London Victory Celebrations of 1946. Post-Independence
In 1949, India acquired three destroyers from the UK - ,  and  which were being renamed to ,  and . <mask> was appointed Executive Officer of the Rajput.In 1955, <mask> was promoted to the acting rank of Captain and appointed Chief Instructor at the Defence Services Staff College (DSSC), Wellington. The Naval wing at DSSC was established in 1949-50 and <mask> was the first Indian chief instructor. On 2 July 1956, he was promoted substantive Captain. After a stint of about three years at DSSC, he was appointed Commanding officer of the navy's flagship - the . He took over from Captain Benjamin Abraham <mask>. The Flag Officer Commanding Indian Fleet Rear Admiral Ram Dass Katari flew his flag on the Delhi. In June 1957, the Indian fleet called on ports in Africa with <mask> as the flag captain.After the Africa visit, the fleet sailed for Trincomalee for the annual joint commonwealth exercises with the Royal Navy, Royal Ceylon Navy and the Pakistan Navy. <mask> was in command of the Delhi during these exercises as well. In March 1960, <mask> was summoned by the Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) Vice Admiral Ram Dass Katari and told that he was selected to command the Indian Navy's first aircraft carrier - . In June, he embarked for Belfast where the ship was berthed. He then attended refresher courses at various training establishments and spent a week aboard . The ship was commissioned on 4 March 1961 at 1000 hours by Vijaya <mask>, the High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom. <mask> took the Vikrant from Belfast for Portsmouth in March 1961 and then to Portland for sea trials.Under him, in May, she embarked the Bréguet 1050 Alizés of INAS 310 in Toulon, France and then sailed for Malta for an intensive work-up. In August, Hawker Sea Hawks of INAS 300 also embarked in the English Channel. During the work-up and the trials, <mask> received kudos from the Commander-in-Chief Mediterranean Fleet for the carrier's excellent performance. He then brought the carrier home to India, calling on multiple ports on the way like Alexandria, Port Said and Aden, with INS Rajput as escort. Vikrant reached home waters by 3 November, where the two squadrons disembarked and she was welcomed by the flagship  and aircraft of the Indian Air Force. The same day, Vikrant was welcomed by the Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, CNS Vice Admiral Katari and Flag Officer Bombay Rear Admiral S. G. Karmarkar. In June 1962, Mahindroo led the Vikrant in exercises in the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal and off Malaya.After commanding the carrier for over two years, he relinquished command, handing over to Captain Nilakanta Krishnan in April 1963. He swapped places with Krishnan and was appointed Commanding Officer of the Navy's Engineering College INS Shivaji in Lonavala. After a short stint at Shivaji, in March 1964, <mask> was promoted to the rank of Commodore and appointed Commodore Superintendent Naval Dockyard, Mumbai. Flag rank
In February 1965, <mask> was appointed Chief of Materiel (COM) at Naval HQ and took over from Commodore <mask> Nath Kohli. In August, the appointment was upgraded to flag rank and he was promoted to the rank of Rear Admiral. He served as the COM for about three years. In December 1967, he was appointed Director General Naval Dockyard Expansion Scheme (DG-NDES).He served in this appointment for long tenure of about six years. On 26 January 1972, he was awarded the Param Vishisht Seva Medal for distinguished service of the most exceptional order. Later life and death
<mask> moved to Chandigarh after his retirement and was an avid golfer, playing seven days a week. His son also joined the Navy and had a short stint. On 31 January 1997, INS Vikrant was decommissioned at the Naval Dockyard, Mumbai. The decommissioning ceremony was performed by <mask>, the carrier's first captain. He died in the Military Hospital, Chandimandir on 8 October 1999.See also
 INS Vikrant (R11)
 Chief of Materiel

References

Bibliography

Indian Navy admirals
Royal Indian Navy officers
1917 births
1999 deaths
Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal
Chiefs of Materiel (India)

masks:
Pritam Singh
Peter
' Mahindroo
Mahindroo
Mahindroo
Mahindroo
Mahindroo
Mahindroo
Samson
Mahindroo
Mahindroo
Mahindroo
Lakshmi Pandit
Mahindroo
Mahindroo
Mahindroo
Mahindroo
Sourendra
Mahindroo
Mahindroo


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<mask> (born 21 May 1969) is a Welsh former professional footballer and manager. He is the elder brother of <mask>. A forward, he began his career at Oxford United in 1987. He spent four years at the club, and also had loan spells at Brentford and Southend United. He was sold on to Watford for £350,000 in December 1991, where he would remain for another four years. He lost his first-team place after a change of manager in 1993, and again joined Southend United on loan. He was sold to Reading for £250,000 in January 1995, and played in the club's defeat in the 1995 First Division play-off final at Wembley Stadium.He spent time on loan at Notts County, before he joined Grimsby Town for a £170,000 fee in August 1997. He helped the club to win the Football League Trophy in 1998 and then to win promotion out of the Second Division via the play-offs at the end of the 1997–98 season. He moved on to Luton Town in 2000, before signing with York City in February 2001. He was also instated as assistant manager in May 2003, and left the club two years later. He scored a total of 139 goals in 673 league and cup appearances during a 19-year professional career, and also won two caps for Wales. He was appointed manager at Whitby Town in June 2006, before resigning in October 2007. He remained on at the club as a player and assistant manager, before joining F.C.Halifax Town as an assistant to Neil Aspin. He followed Aspin to Gateshead in November 2015, and then Port Vale in October 2017. Club career

Oxford United
Nogan turned professional at Oxford United under Maurice Evans. He joined Brentford on loan in March 1987, and spent the remainder of the 1986–87 season at Griffin Park, scoring two goals in 11 Third Division games for Steve Perryman's "Bees". He then played four matches and scored one goal as the "U's" were relegated out of the First Division at the end of the 1987–88 season under the stewardship of Mark Lawrenson. He also played nine games on loan at Third Division Southend United, scoring one goal for the "Shrimpers". He made only occasional appearances for Oxford in the 1988–89 and 1989–90 campaigns, playing just eight first-team games under new manager Brian Horton.He established himself as a regular first-team player at the Manor Ground during the 1990–91 campaign, scoring seven goals from 40 appearances. He scored five goals from 25 games in the first half of the 1991–92 season. Watford
Nogan joined Second Division rivals Watford for a £350,000 fee in December 1991, who were managed by former Brentford boss Steve Perryman. He ended the 1991–92 campaign with five goals from 23 games, helping the "Hornets" to a tenth-place finish. He scored 12 goals from 49 appearances in the 1992–93 season as Watford slipped to 16th-position. He lost his first-team place under new manager Glenn Roeder in the 1993–94 season, and scored only four goals from his 30 matches as Watford narrowly avoided relegation. He also returned to Southend United on loan, now in the First Division and under the stewardship of Peter Taylor.Again his stay at Roots Hall was brief however, and he played just five games for the "Seasiders". He returned to Vicarage Road and scored nine goals from 15 appearances in the first half of the 1994–95 campaign. Reading
Nogan was sold on to Reading for £250,000 in January 1995. He scored 12 goals in 23 appearances, including a hat-trick in a 3–3 draw with Port Vale at Elm Park, to help the "Royals" to secure a second-place finish in the First Division at the end of the 1994–95 season. A reduction in the size of the Premier League denied the club automatic promotion however, and though they eliminated Tranmere Rovers in the play-off semi-finals, they lost out to Bolton Wanderers in the play-off final at Wembley Stadium. Nogan had put Reading ahead in the fourth minute with the first goal of the game, and by half time they were 2–0 up, but two goals in the final 15 minutes saw Bolton force extra-time and go on to claim a 4–3 victory. Reading then struggled in the 1995–96 campaign, only managing a 19th-place finish, with Nogan contributing 11 goals from his 45 appearances.He went on to score a further six goals across 25 appearances in the 1996–97 season, as joint-managers Mick Gooding and Jimmy Quinn led the club to an 18th-place finish. Nogan also enjoyed a spell on loan with Notts County, playing six games during his short stay at Meadow Lane as the "Magpies" struggled at the foot of the Second Division. Grimsby Town
Nogan signed with Grimsby Town for a £170,000 fee in August 1997, with manager Alan Buckley looking to replace Clive Mendonca. He formed effective partnership with Jack Lester, and scored 13 goals in 54 appearances across the 1997–98 season to help the "Mariners" to reach the Second Division play-off final at Wembley Stadium. There they defeated Northampton Town 1–0 to secure promotion. He also played in the 1998 Football League Trophy final, as Grimsby won the Football League Trophy for the first time with a 2–1 extra-time victory over AFC Bournemouth. However he struggled back in the First Division, scoring just three goals in 42 matches across the 1998–99 campaign, as he failed to adapt to the pace and physicality of the higher division.A lack of other options at Blundell Park left him unable to be replaced up front and caused him to receive criticism from some supporters as his confidence dipped. Darlington
Nogan joined Darlington on a free transfer in July 1999. A strike partnership with veteran forward Marco Gabbiadini failed to materialise however, as loan signings such as Craig Russell were preferred by "Quakers" manager David Hodgson, though Nogan still featured 39 times in the 1999–2000 season, contributing five goals. He came on as an 84th minute substitute for Peter Duffield in the Third Division play-off final, as Darlington lost 1–0 to Peterborough United. Shortly after Gary Bennett took charge at Feethams at the start of the 2000–01 season, Nogan was allowed to leave the club on a free transfer. Luton Town
Nogan moved back up to the Second Division to Luton Town as one of manager Lil Fuccillo's first signings at Kenilworth Road. On 19 December, he opened the scoring as Luton defeated his former club Darlington 2–0 in the second round of the FA Cup.He scored against another former club four days later, though this was during a 4–1 defeat at Reading. He played just 11 times for the "Hatters" and scored just the two goals, as Luton suffered relegation at the end of the 2000–01 season under the stewardship of Joe Kinnear. York City
Nogan signed with York City in February 2001; manager Terry Dolan said that "we needed a striker... with Chris Iwelumo finishing his time here it would have left us with just David McNiven and Scott Emmerson... <mask> is experienced and hopefully that will help David McNiven and it also gives Alex Mathie a lot more breathing space to fully recover before he comes back." He proved to be a key player in the club's upturn in form in the second half of the 2000–01 season, displaying hunger and a high work-rate as he scored six goals from 16 appearances. He scored 13 goals from 49 appearances for the "Minstermen" throughout the 2001–02 season, and made a further 50 appearances in the 2002–03 campaign, scoring six goals. He was released in May 2003 following what were described as "drastic cost-cutting measures", though he ended up staying on at the club as a player and assistant manager to rookie manager Chris Brass. He finished as York's top-scorer in the 2003–04 season with nine goals, although he was unable to prevent them from suffering relegation out of the Football League to the Conference.He remained at Bootham Crescent after relegation, and scored three goals from 24 games in the 2004–05 season, before leaving the club when caretaker-manager Viv Busby was succeeded by Billy McEwan in February. He went on to join Conference North side Harrogate Town in March 2005 after being signed by manager Neil Aspin, his former teammate at Darlington. He later played for  Pickering Town, who were managed by former York teammate Alex Mathie. International career
Nogan won caps for the Wales under-21 and B team, before he won his first senior Wales cap in 1992. He picked up his second and final cap three years later. Coaching career

Whitby Town
Nogan was appointed as manager of Whitby Town in June 2006. He led the club to an 11th-place finish in the Northern Premier League Premier Division at the end of the 2006–07 season, though they did suffer early cup qualification exits to Frickley Athletic and Woodley Sports.The "Blues" suffered a poor start to the 2007–08 campaign, and <mask> resigned on 22 October 2007 following an FA Trophy defeat at Ossett Town. Despite being a former manager, he continued to play for the club, helping them to avoid relegation at the end of the season. He served as assistant manager to manager Graeme Clark during the 2008–09 season, and continued to make first-team appearances. Assistant to Neil Aspin
<mask> went on to work as assistant to F.C. Halifax Town manager Neil Aspin. On 1 October 2014, now aged 45, he came on as a 7th-minute substitute in a 3–0 defeat at Guiseley in the first round of the West Riding County Cup, and was taken off to be replaced by Aspin on 69 minutes. Aspin was appointed as Gateshead manager on 27 November 2015, and the following day he hired Nogan to again work as his assistant.Having been recruited by League Two club Port Vale, Aspin again took Nogan with him to work as a coach on 6 October 2017. He departed Vale Park alongside Aspin on 30 January 2019. Personal life
Nogan has worked as a PE teacher in primary schools since ending his playing career. His younger brother, <mask>, is also a former professional footballer. Statistics

Club statistics
Source:

International playing statistics

Managerial statistics

Honours
Grimsby Town
Football League Second Division play-offs: 1998
Football League Trophy: 1998

References

External links

1969 births
Living people
Footballers from Cardiff
Welsh footballers
Wales under-21 international footballers
Wales international footballers
Association football forwards
Oxford United F.C. players
Brentford F.C. players
Southend United F.C.players
Watford F.C. players
Reading F.C. players
Notts County F.C. players
Grimsby Town F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Luton Town F.C. players
York City F.C.players
Harrogate Town A.F.C. players
Pickering Town F.C. players
Whitby Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Northern Premier League players
Welsh football managers
Whitby Town F.C. managers
Association football coaches
York City F.C. non-playing staff
Gateshead F.C. non-playing staff
Port Vale F.C.non-playing staff
Welsh schoolteachers

masks:
Lee Martin Nogan
Kurt Nogan
Lee
Nogan
Nogan
Kurt Nogan


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<mask>  (; 11 December 1942 – 1  or 2 January 2017) was a British philosopher who specialised in personal identity, rationality, and ethics. He is widely considered one of the most important and influential moral philosophers of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Parfit rose to prominence in 1971 with the publication of his first paper, "Personal Identity". His first book, Reasons and Persons (1984), has been described as the most significant work of moral philosophy since the 1800s. His second book, On What Matters (2011), was widely circulated and discussed for many years before its publication. For his entire academic career, Parfit worked at Oxford University, where he was an Emeritus Senior Research Fellow at All Souls College at the time of his death. He was also a visiting professor of philosophy at Harvard University, New York University, and Rutgers University.He was awarded the 2014 Rolf Schock Prize "for his groundbreaking contributions concerning personal identity, regard for future generations, and analysis of the structure of moral theories." Early life and education
Parfit was born in 1942 in Chengdu, China, the son of Jessie (née Browne) and Norman Parfit, medical doctors who had moved to Western China to teach preventive medicine in missionary hospitals. The family returned to the United Kingdom about a year after Parfit was born, settling in Oxford. Parfit was educated at Eton College, where he was nearly always at the top of the regular rankings in every subject except maths. From an early age, he endeavoured to become a poet, but he gave up poetry towards the end of his adolescence. He then studied Modern History at Balliol College, Oxford, graduating in 1964. In 1965–66 he was a Harkness Fellow at Columbia University and Harvard University.He abandoned historical studies for philosophy during the fellowship. Career
Parfit returned to Oxford to become a fellow of All Souls College, where he remained until he was 67, when the university’s mandatory retirement policy required him to leave both the college and the faculty of philosophy. He retained his appointments as regular Visiting Professor at Harvard, NYU, and Rutgers until his death. Ethics and rationality

Reasons and Persons

In Reasons and Persons, Parfit suggested that nonreligious ethics is a young and fertile field of inquiry. He asked questions about which actions are right or wrong and shied away from meta-ethics, which focuses more on logic and language. In Part I of Reasons and Persons Parfit discussed self-defeating moral theories, namely the self-interest theory of rationality ("S") and two ethical frameworks: common-sense morality and consequentialism. He posited that self-interest has been dominant in Western culture for over two millennia, often making bedfellows with religious doctrine, which united self-interest and morality.Because self-interest demands that we always make self-interest our supreme rational concern and instructs us to ensure that our whole life goes as well as possible, self-interest makes temporally neutral requirements. Thus it would be irrational to act in ways that we know we would prefer later to undo. As an example, it would be irrational for fourteen-year-olds to listen to loud music or get arrested for vandalism if they knew such actions would detract significantly from their future well-being and goals (such as having good hearing or an academic career in philosophy). Most notably, the self-interest theory holds that it is irrational to commit any acts of self-denial or to act on desires that negatively affect our well-being. One may consider an aspiring author whose strongest desire is to write a masterpiece but who, in doing so, suffers depression and lack of sleep. Parfit argues that it is plausible that we have such desires which conflict with our own well-being, and that it is not necessarily irrational to act to fulfill these desires. Aside from the initial appeal to plausibility of desires that do not directly contribute to one's life going well, Parfit contrived situations where self-interest is indirectly self-defeating—that is, it makes demands that it initially posits as irrational.It does not fail on its own terms, but it does recommend adoption of an alternative framework of rationality. For instance, it might be in my self-interest to become trustworthy to participate in mutually beneficial agreements, even though in maintaining the agreement I will be doing what will, other things being equal, be worse for me. In many cases self-interest instructs us precisely not to follow self-interest, thus fitting the definition of an indirectly self-defeating theory. Parfit contended that to be indirectly individually self-defeating and directly collectively self-defeating is not fatally damaging for S. To further bury self-interest, he exploited its partial relativity, juxtaposing temporally neutral demands against agent-centred demands. The appeal to full relativity raises the question whether a theory can be consistently neutral in one sphere of actualisation but entirely partial in another. Stripped of its commonly accepted shrouds of plausibility that can be shown to be inconsistent, self-interest can be judged on its own merits. While Parfit did not offer an argument to dismiss S outright, his exposition lays self-interest bare and allows its own failings to show through.It is defensible, but the defender must bite so many bullets that they might lose their credibility in the process. Thus a new theory of rationality is necessary. Parfit offered the "critical present aim theory", a broad catch-all that can be formulated to accommodate any competing theory. He constructed critical present aim to exclude self-interest as our overriding rational concern and to allow the time of action to become critically important. But he left open whether it should include "to avoid acting wrongly" as our highest concern. Such an inclusion would pave the way for ethics. Henry Sidgwick longed for the fusion of ethics and rationality, and while Parfit admitted that many would avoid acting irrationally more ardently than acting immorally, he could not construct an argument that adequately united the two.Where self-interest puts too much emphasis on the separateness of persons, consequentialism fails to recognise the importance of bonds and emotional responses that come from allowing some people privileged positions in one's life. If we were all pure do-gooders, perhaps following Sidgwick, that would not constitute the outcome that would maximise happiness. It would be better if a small percentage of the population were pure do-gooders, but others acted out of love, etc. Thus consequentialism too makes demands of agents that it initially deemed immoral; it fails not on its own terms, for it still demands the outcome that maximises total happiness, but does demand that each agent not always act as an impartial happiness promoter. Consequentialism thus needs to be revised as well. Self-interest and consequentialism fail indirectly, while common-sense morality is directly collectively self-defeating. (So is self-interest, but self-interest is an individual theory.)Parfit showed, using interesting examples and borrowing from Nashian games, that it would often be better for us all if we did not put the welfare of our loved ones before all else. For example, we should care not only about our kids, but everyone's kids. On What Matters

In his second book, Parfit argues for moral realism, insisting that moral questions have true and false answers. Further, he suggests that the three most prominent categories of views in moral philosophy—Kantian deontology, consequentalism, and contractarianism (or contractualism)—converge on the same answers to moral questions. In the book he argues that the affluent have strong moral obligations to the poor:

"One thing that greatly matters is the failure of we rich people to prevent, as we so easily could, much of the suffering and many of the early deaths of the poorest people in the world. The money that we spend on an evening’s entertainment might instead save some poor person from death, blindness, or chronic and severe pain. If we believe that, in our treatment of these poorest people, we are not acting wrongly, we are like those who believed that they were justified in having slaves.Some of us ask how much of our wealth we rich people ought to give to these poorest people. But that question wrongly assumes that our wealth is ours to give. This wealth is legally ours. But these poorest people have much stronger moral claims to some of this wealth. We ought to transfer to these people [...] at least ten per cent of what we earn." Criticism

In his book On Human Nature, Roger Scruton criticised Parfit's use of moral dilemmas such as the trolley problem and lifeboat ethics to support his ethical views, writing, "These 'dilemmas' have the useful character of eliminating from the situation just about every morally relevant relationship and reducing the problem to one of arithmetic alone." Scruton believes that many of them are deceptive; for example, he does not believe one must be a consequentialist to believe that it is morally required to pull the switch in the trolley problem, as Parfit assumes.He instead suggests that more complex dilemmas, such as Anna Karenina's choice to leave her husband and child for Vronsky, are needed to fully express the differences between opposing ethical theories, and suggests that deontology is free of the problems that (in Scruton's view) beset Parfit's theory. Personal identity
Parfit was singular in his meticulously rigorous and almost mathematical investigations into personal identity. In some cases, he used examples seemingly inspired by Star Trek and other science fiction, such as the teletransporter, to explore our intuitions about our identity. He was a reductionist, believing that since there is no adequate criterion of personal identity, people do not exist apart from their components. Parfit argued that reality can be fully described impersonally: there need not be a determinate answer to the question "Will I continue to exist?" We could know all the facts about a person's continued existence and not be able to say whether the person has survived. He concluded that we are mistaken in assuming that personal identity is what matters in survival; what matters is rather Relation R: psychological connectedness (namely, of memory and character) and continuity (overlapping chains of strong connectedness).On Parfit's account,


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 individuals are nothing more than brains and bodies, but identity cannot be reduced to either. (Parfit concedes that his theories rarely conflict with rival Reductionist theories in everyday life, and that the two are only brought to blows by the introduction of extraordinary examples, but he defends the use of such examples on the grounds that they arouse strong intuitions in many of us.) Identity is not as determinate as we often suppose it is, but instead such determinacy arises mainly from the way we talk. People exist in the same way that nations or clubs exist. Following David Hume, Parfit argued that no unique entity, such as a self, unifies a person's experiences and dispositions over time. Therefore personal identity is not "what matters" in survival. A key Parfitian question is: given the choice between surviving without psychological continuity and connectedness (Relation R) and dying but preserving R through someone else's future existence, which would you choose?Parfit argues the latter is preferable. Parfit described his loss of belief in a separate self as liberating:

Criticism of personal identity view
Fellow reductionist Mark Johnston of Princeton rejects Parfit's constitutive notion of identity with what he calls an "Argument from Above". Johnston maintains, "Even if the lower-level facts [that make up identity] do not in themselves matter, the higher-level fact may matter. If it does, the lower-level facts will have derived significance. They will matter, not in themselves, but because they constitute the higher level fact." In this, Johnston moves to preserve the significance of personhood. Parfit's explanation is that it is not personhood itself that matters, but rather the facts in which personhood consists that provide it with significance.To illustrate this difference between himself and Johnston, Parfit used an illustration of a brain-damaged patient who becomes irreversibly unconscious. The patient is certainly still alive even though that fact is separate from the fact that his heart is still beating and other organs are still functioning. But the fact that the patient is alive is not an independent or separately obtaining fact. The patient's being alive, even though irreversibly unconscious, simply consists in the other facts. Parfit explains that from this so-called "Argument from Below" we can arbitrate the value of the heart and other organs still working without having to assign them derived significance, as Johnston's perspective would dictate. The future
In part four of Reasons and Persons, Parfit discusses possible futures for the world. Parfit discusses possible futures and population growth in Chapter 17 of Reasons and Persons.He shows that both average and total utilitarianism result in unwelcome conclusions when applied to population. In the section titled "Overpopulation," Parfit distinguishes between average utilitarianism and total utilitarianism. He formulates average utilitarianism in two ways. One is what Parfit calls the "Impersonal Average Principle", which he formulates as "If other things are equal, the best outcome is the one in which people's lives go, on average, best." The other is what he calls the "Hedonistic version"; he formulates this as "If other things are equal, the best outcome is the one in which there is the greatest average net sum of happiness, per life lived." Parfit then gives two formulations of the total utilitarianism view. The first formulation Parfit calls the "Hedonistic version of the Impersonal Total Principle": "If other things are equal, the best outcome is the one in which there would be the greatest quantity of happiness—the greatest net sum of happiness minus misery."He then describes the other formulation, the "non-Hedonistic Impersonal Total Principle": "If other things are equal, the best outcome is the one in which there would be the greatest quantity of whatever makes life worth living. Applying total utilitarian standards (absolute total happiness) to possible population growth and welfare leads to what he calls the repugnant conclusion: "For any possible population of at least ten billion people, all with a very high quality of life, there must be some much larger imaginable population whose existence, if other things are equal, would be better, even though its members have lives that are barely worth living." Parfit illustrates this with a simple thought experiment: imagine a choice between two possible futures. In A, 10 billion people would live during the next generation, all with extremely happy lives, lives far happier than anyone's today. In B, there are 20 billion people all living lives that, while slightly less happy than those in A, are still very happy. Under total utility maximisation we should prefer B to A. Therefore, through a regressive process of population increases and happiness decreases (in each pair of cases the happiness decrease is outweighed by the population increase) we are forced to prefer Z, a world of hundreds of billions of people all living lives barely worth living, to A.Even if we do not hold that coming to exist can benefit someone, we still must at least admit that Z is no worse than A. There have been a number of responses to Parfit's utilitarian calculus and his conclusion regarding future lives, including challenges to what life in the A-world would be like and whether life in the Z-world would differ very much from a normal privileged life; that movement from the A-world to the Z-world can be blocked by discontinuity; that rather than accepting the utilitarian premise of maximizing happiness, emphasis should be placed on the converse, minimizing suffering; challenging Parfit's teleological framework by arguing that "better than" is a transitive relation and removing the transitive axiom of the all-things-considered-better-than relation; proposing a minimal threshold of liberties and primary social goods to be distributed; and taking a deontological approach that looks to values and their transmission through time. Parfit makes a similar argument against average utilitarian standards. If all we care about is average happiness, we are forced to conclude that an extremely small population, say ten people, over the course of human history is the best outcome if we assume that these ten people (Adam and Eve et al.) had lives happier than we could ever imagine. Then consider the case of American immigration. Presumably alien welfare is less than American, but the would-be alien benefits tremendously from leaving his homeland.Assume also that Americans benefit from immigration (at least in small amounts) because they get cheap labour, etc. Under immigration both groups are better off, but if this increase is offset by increase in the population, then average welfare is lower. Thus although everyone is better off, this is not the preferred outcome. Parfit asserts that this is simply absurd. Parfit then discusses the identity of future generations. In Chapter 16 of Reasons and Persons he posits that one's existence is intimately related to the time and conditions of one's conception. He calls this "The Time-Dependence Claim": "If any particular person had not been conceived when he was in fact conceived, it is in fact true that he would never have existed".Study of weather patterns and other physical phenomena in the 20th century has shown that very minor changes in conditions at time T have drastic effects at all times after T. Compare this to the romantic involvement of future childbearing partners. Any actions taken today, at time T, will affect who exists after only a few generations. For instance, a significant change in global environmental policy would shift the conditions of the conception process so much that after 300 years none of the same people that would have been born are in fact born. Different couples meet each other and conceive at different times, and so different people come into existence. This is known as the 'non-identity problem'. We could thus craft disastrous policies that would be worse for nobody, because none of the same people would exist under the different policies. If we consider the moral ramifications of potential policies in person-affecting terms, we will have no reason to prefer a sound policy over an unsound one provided that its effects are not felt for a few generations.This is the non-identity problem in its purest form: the identity of future generations is causally dependent, in a very sensitive way, on the actions of the present generations. Personal life

Parfit met Janet Radcliffe Richards in 1982, and they then began a relationship that lasted until his death. They married in 2010. Richards believes Parfit had Asperger syndrome. Parfit supported effective altruism. He was a member of Giving What We Can and pledged to donate at least 10% of his income to effective charities. Parfit was an avid photographer who regularly traveled to Venice and St. Petersburg to photograph architecture.Selected works
1964: Eton Microcosm. Edited by Anthony Cheetham and <mask>. London: Sidgwick & Jackson. 1971:  "Personal Identity". Philosophical Review. vol. 80: 3–27.1979: "Is Common-Sense Morality Self-Defeating?". The Journal of Philosophy, vol. 76, pp. 533–545, October. 1984: Reasons and Persons. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1992: "Against the social discount rate" (with Tyler Cowen), in Peter Laslett & James S. Fishkin (eds.)Justice between age groups and generations, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 144–161. 1997: "Reasons and Motivation". The Aristotelian Soc. Supp., vol. 77: 99–130. 2003:
2006: "Normativity", in Russ Shafer-Landau (ed.).Oxford Studies in Metaethics, vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2011: On What Matters, vols. 1 and 2. Oxford University Press. 2017: On What Matters, vol. 3.Oxford University Press. References

Further reading
 Jussi Suikkanen and John Cottingham (Editors), Essays on <mask>'s On What Matters (Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell, 2009). External links

Profile, All Souls College, Oxford
<mask>rfit: a bibliography. A complete bibliography of writings. Parfit's Climbing the Mountain reading group on PEA Soup

1942 births
2017 deaths
20th-century English philosophers
21st-century English philosophers
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Analytic philosophers
British ethicists
Columbia University alumni
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
Harkness Fellows
Harvard University staff
Meta-ethics
New York University faculty
People associated with effective altruism
People educated at Eton College
Philosophers of identity
Rolf Schock Prize

masks:
Derek Parfit
Derek Parfit
Derek Pa


text_chunks:
<mask> (born Henry Olaf Hansen, October 9, 1887 – September 4, 1960) was an American film actor. Henry Olaf Hansen was born in Christiania (now Oslo), Norway. His family migrated to the United States in 1892.′′ Under the stage name, <mask>, he appeared in more than 330 films between 1911 and 1960. A favorite of John Ford, <mask> was a prominent member of the John Ford Stock Company. Only four actors appeared in more Ford films than <mask>. He died in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles from lung cancer. He was interred at the Pierce Brothers Valhalla Memorial Park in North Hollywood, California.(1932) - Bill - Henchman
 The Fourth Horseman (1932) - Henchman (uncredited)
 Scarlet Dawn (1932) - Revolutionary (uncredited)
 Air Mail (1932) - Airport Worker Yelling 'Crash Wagon' (uncredited)
 Speed Demon (1932) - Bull
 The Lost Special (1932, Serial) - Henchman (uncredited)
 20,000 Years in Sing Sing (1932) - Convict (uncredited)
 King Kong (1933) - Member of Ship's Crew (uncredited)
 The Little Giant (1933) - Mr. Pulido - a Mug (uncredited)
 The Cohens and Kellys in Trouble (1933) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 Song of the Eagle (1933) - Worker (uncredited)
 The Silk Express (1933) - Silk Loader (uncredited)
 The Woman I Stole (1933) - Oil Worker (uncredited)
 Pilgrimage (1933) - Soldier on Train (uncredited)
 Baby Face (1933) - Laborer (uncredited)
 Gordon of Ghost City (1933, Serial) - Bushwacker (Ch. 9) (uncredited)
 Skyway (1933) - Truck Driver (uncredited)
 Lady for a Day (1933) - Reception Guest (uncredited)
 Penthouse (1933) - Customer at Crelliman's Place (uncredited)
 The Wolf Dog (1933, Serial) - Sailor (uncredited)
 The Bowery (1933) - Fireman (uncredited)
 Lady Killer (1933) - Monkey Delivery Man (uncredited)
 Son of Kong (1933) - Tommy, a Sailor (uncredited)
 Fugitive Lovers (1934) - Policeman (uncredited)
 Palooka (1934) - McSwatt's Handler (uncredited)
 Pirate Treasure (1934, Serial) - Train Man (Ch. 4) (uncredited)
 Gambling Lady (1934) - Funeral Attendee (uncredited)
 Lazy River (1934) - Search Officer on Coast Guard Ship (uncredited)
 The Countess of Monte Cristo (1934) - Man in Bar (uncredited)
 Come On Marines! 11] (uncredited)
 Each Dawn I Die (1939) - Convict (uncredited)
 Our Leading Citizen (1939) - Workman (uncredited)
 Daughter of the Tong (1939) - Sam - Henchman (uncredited)
 Blackmail (1939) - Truck Driver at Gas Station (uncredited)
 Oklahoma Frontier (1939) - Henchman Grimes
 Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939) - Bodyguard (uncredited)
 The Marshal of Mesa City (1939) - Townsman (uncredited)
 Chip of the Flying U (1939) - Foreign Agent's Henchman (uncredited)
 Destry Rides Again (1939) - Stage Shotgun Rider (uncredited)
 Swanee River (1939) - Jim, Saloon Waiter (uncredited)
 The Shadow (1940, Serial) - Henchman Adams (uncredited)
 The Green Hornet (1940, Serial) - Meadows' Garage Lookout [Ch. 5] / Policeman [Ch. 9] (uncredited)
 The Grapes of Wrath (1940) - Deputy / Troublemaker (uncredited)
 I Take This Woman (1940) - Taxi Driver (scenes deleted)
 Black Friday (1940) - Cabbie (uncredited)
 Johnny Apollo (1940) - Guard Escorting Apollo (uncredited)
 Winners of the West (1940, Serial) - Rooney [Ch.

masks:
Harry Tenbrook
Harry Tenbrook
Tenbrook
Tenbrook