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<mask>, Baron Korff, Count Roehenstart ( – 28 October 1854) was the natural son of Prince Ferdinand of Rohan (1738–1813), Roman Catholic Archbishop of Cambrai, by Charlotte Stuart, Duchess of Albany, herself the natural daughter of <mask>, the "Young Pretender". She was legitimated after the birth of her children, and Roehenstart was later a passive Jacobite pretender to the British throne. The name of "Roehenstart" given to him in infancy combined the names of both of his parents, Rohan and Stuart, while failing to proclaim their identity, which at the time would have been a cause for scandal. Although he retired from military service as a lieutenant colonel, he is sometimes called "General" <mask>, and this title appears on his gravestone at Dunkeld. Life

Roehenstart was baptised into the Roman Catholic faith on 13 May 1784 at the parish church of Saint-Merry in the rue de Saint Martin, Paris, when he was described as a son of Maximilian Roehenstart and of Clementine Ruthven. He was named <mask> after his royal grandfather. The letters of Roehenstart's mother to her own mother, Clementina Walkinshaw, provide evidence that this was one of her children, two daughters and one son, all fathered by Ferdinand de Rohan.The daughters were Victoire Adélaïde ("Aglae"), who was baptised at the Château de Couzières on 19 June 1779, and Charlotte Maximilienne Amélie, born during the summer of 1780. The pregnancy with Roehenstart delayed Charlotte's plans to join her father in Florence, he having been kept in ignorance of all three children. On 23 March 1783, the ailing Prince <mask> had legitimised Charlotte, created her Duchess of Albany in the Jacobite Peerage, and made her heiress to some of his private property, but not his claim to the throne. She travelled to join him soon after the birth of Roehenstart, leaving her children behind in the care of her own mother, herself taking on the responsibility for nursing her father until his death on 31 January 1788. Less than two years later, on 17 November 1789, Charlotte herself died of cancer in Bologna. Roehenstart's grandmother Clementina Walkinshaw lived until 1802, in her later years taking up residence in Switzerland, and Roehenstart was raised in the reformed faith. During the years of the French Revolution, his father paid for his education in Germany.A substantial fortune should have come to Roehenstart from his grandmother, much of which on the recommendation of Thomas Coutts had been invested in London with Turnbull, Forbes & Co., but the firm had gone bankrupt in August 1802. Most of the remainder of his fortune, one hundred thousand roubles, was invested with a Russian banker named Sofniev. In later life, Roehenstart stated that in 1800 he had been commissioned as an artillery officer of the Imperial Russian Army and had been promoted by 1803. On 8 August 1804, in Paris, he signed his name as a witness at the marriage of his sister Charlotte de Roehenstart to Jean-Louis de la Morliere. By 1806, he was no longer in the army, having resigned his commission as a lieutenant colonel, and had taken service in the household of Duke Alexander of Wurttemberg, who was Tsar Alexander I's Governor of White Ruthenia. In Saint Petersburg, Roehenstart was presented to the Tsarina, who was impressed by him. In 1811, he was offered the hand of an heiress, Marianna Hurko, but made the mistake of falling in love with her sister, Evelina, who was promised elsewhere.Unhappily, at about the same time Roehenstart's banker Sofniev failed, and Roehenstart was advised that he would recover only about five thousand roubles from the disaster. To the distress and anger of the Wurttembergs, he fled Russia, sailing from Kronstadt and arriving in London by November 1811. From there, he set sail for North America, in pursuit of John Forbes, a partner in Turnbull, Forbes & Co. who after the firm's failure had absconded to the United States with money Roehenstart believed to be rightfully his. He lived in Philadelphia from 1811 to 1813. He remained in America until 1814. In 1822, Forbes was living in Demerara, British Guiana, and successfully defended a claim made against him based on his firm's bankruptcy in 1802. In 1816, after the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars, Roehenstart went to Scotland and again to England, unsuccessfully renewing the Stuarts' pursuit of their old claim on the dowry of Queen Mary Beatrice of Modena, his great-great-grandmother.In about 1820, Roehenstart married Maria Antonietta Sofia Barberini, the daughter of an exile said to be an Italian nobleman. She died the next year and on 20 July 1821 was buried under the name of "Countess Roehenstart" at Marylebone, London, her age at death being stated as thirty. On 13 December 1826, at St Pancras, London, he married secondly Louisa Constance Bouchier Smith, an Englishwoman possessing a modest fortune, the daughter of Joseph Bouchier Smith, sometime lord of the manor of Kidlington in Oxfordshire, who had recently died. Louisa Constance lived until 20 October 1853, dying at Paris, but there were no children of either marriage. Following his second marriage, Roehenstart returned to continental Europe and spent much of the next twenty-five years travelling, usually without his wife, but they were settled permanently in his native Paris. In later life, Roehenstart spoke openly of his royal descent, but he became so boastful of his origins and adventures that few believed him. In 1853, Roehenstart lost his wife, and in 1854 he revisited Scotland.While there he was fatally injured in a road accident, while travelling in a carriage which overturned. He was buried in the graveyard of Dunkeld Cathedral. His friends provided a modest headstone, with the inscription "Sacred to the memory of General <mask> <mask> Roehenstart who died at Dunkeld on the 28th October 1854 Sic transit gloria mundi". In the twentieth century Roehenstart's papers came into the hands of the American scholar George Sherburn, who produced a comprehensive account of him from them. Claims to the throne
In order to lay a claim of his own to the British throne, Roehenstart maintained consistently that his grandfather <mask> <mask> had married his grandmother, Clementina Walkinshaw, and also that his mother the Duchess of Albany had married a Swedish nobleman named Maximilian Roehenstart. The first is unlikely, although not an impossibility, but it lacks evidence; nothing has come to light to support the second claim, apart from Maximilian Roehenstart being named as Roehenstart's father when he was baptized in Paris; but there is no Swedish noble family named Roehenstart. On the contrary, Charlotte's relationship with Rohan is well evidenced.Although he laid claim to the Jacobite succession, Roehenstart made no practical attempt to regain the throne of his Stuart ancestors. He did seek to maintain links with leading Scots and at the time of his death was returning from a visit to the Duke of Atholl at Blair Castle in Perthshire. Ancestry

Notes

Bibliography
 Helen Agnes Henrietta Tayler, Prince Charlie's Daughter: Being the Life and Letters of Charlotte of Albany (London: Batchworth Press, 1950)
 George Sherburn, Roehenstart: A Late Stuart Pretender: Being an Account of the Life of <mask> August Maximilien Stuart, Baron Korff, Count Roehenstart (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960)
 Peter Pininski, The Stuarts' Last Secret: The Missing Heirs of Bonnie Prince Charlie (East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell Press, 2002)
 Peter Pininski, Bonnie Prince Charlie: A Life (Amberley Publishing, 2010, )

See also
Alternative successions of the English and British crown

External links

1784 births
1854 deaths
Charles <mask>
Military personnel of the Russian Empire
Jacobite pretenders
Road incident deaths in Scotland
French expatriates in the United States

masks: Charles Edward Augustus Maximilian Stuart


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<mask> (15 August 1935 – 14 October 2021), also known by the moniker "Y", was a musician, engineer, surfboard shaper, and surfer responsible for several technological innovations that have heavily influenced modern developments in surfing equipment design. Biography
<mask> was born in Detroit, Michigan in 1935. By 1944, he was living in Laguna Beach, California, and was avidly developing his talent for drumming. He became a professional musician in the 1950s. He was an avid performer of jazz. While surfing as a hobby he attended the University of Southern California and graduated with a B.A. in mathematics in 1957.He married Jolly Givens in 1958 and worked for Douglas Aircraft, as a process engineer in composites. After Douglas, he worked a series of jobs involving composite materials and processes, which he applied to his surf-related inventions. He left the corporate world for good in 1964, moved to Ventura and started a series of companies that served the surfing market. Morey also sponsored surfing competitions such as The <mask>y Invitational. Morey's marriage produced two daughters, Michelle (deceased) and Melinda (artist and surfer) before ending in divorce in the late 1960s. Morey was an adherent of the Baháʼí Faith from 1970 after he came across a 'unity feast' at a Kauai beach, where "whites, blacks and Hawaiians, mixed cordially". "After a couple of months of attending informal meetings on Baháʼí teachings - I realized this was something very important not to toy with; rather to become immersed in.""I withdrew immediately from alcohol, drugs and sexual promiscuity". Morey attributed inspiration for invention of the Boogie board (on 7 July 1971) to a particular Baha'i prayer he kept coming across which included the passage "confer upon me thoughts which may change this world into a rose garden.'" He founded the company Morey Boogie shortly thereafter. Morey later married Marchia Nichols, now Marchia <mask>, known as the "mother of bodyboarding", who bore them four sons: Sol, Moon, Sky, and Matteson. Morey sold Morey Boogie in 1977 and lived in Hawaii for a decade, working as a consultant by day, jazz musician by night. By 1977, he was producing 80,000 bodyboards per year. In 1985, the Moreys moved to Bainbridge Island, Washington, where Morey worked as an engineer for the Boeing Corporation.In 1992 he returned to southern California where he reentered the surf scene, consulting on the Wham-O Boogie®Board and with the new company Morey Bodyboards. Morey ended consulting in January 1999 founding his own company again - TomMorey.com - and changed his name to Y. From 1999 to 2007, Morey focused on developing new, soft-surfboard technology. He handmade these boards in a small workshop in Carlsbad, California. His most famous of these was the Swizzle, a parabolic-shaped longboard design. Morey marketed and sold the boards under the name Surfboards by Y. In late-2007, Morey joined forces with Catch Surf of San Clemente, California, to bring his new technology to the masses.His revolutionary new surfboard technology fused the safety and durability of soft surfboards with the performance of a hard surfboard. Morey died on 14 October 2021, as per a statement from his son Sol, at the age of 86. Musician
Morey honed his talent as a drummer and ukulele player from his early youth, working professionally by the age of 12. Subsequently he performed professionally with musicians such as Dizzy Gillespie, Stu Williamson, Bud Shank and Conte Candoli. He was an original member of the 'Sons of the Beach' ukulele 1948, then, over the years founded several other bands: 'Four Eyed Five' in 1950, the 'Tom Morey Quartet' in 1954, and URANIUM in 1969. He joined 'Brotherhood' at the Mauna Kea Beach Hotel in 1983, and played at Salt Creek Grill in Dana Point, California with his most recent ensemble, Laguna Jazz Quartet. He also played in with Dene Davidson's Cool Jazz quintet, with Keith Bishop on saxophone, Joey Carano on guitar, Davidson on electric bass, Leonard Thompson on keyboards, and <mask> on drums.Surfing
In 1946, at the age of 11, Morey came in second in the Green Valley Lake Paddle board Championships. He began board surfing in 1952. In April 1955 he wake-surfed (no towrope) behind an ocean-going yacht. From 1955 to 1963, Morey was a sponsored surfer for Dave Godart Surfboards, then Dave Sweet, Con, Velzy Jacobs, and finally Dewey Weber. In 1964 he began setting up businesses providing surf boards and inventing technologies for surf boards:
 1954 - created the first "concave nose pocket"
 1955 - invented something he called the "Wing Tip," a Coaund Lift nose. 1964 - created the first polypropylene fin and first commercial interchangeable fin system. 1965 - used resin-impregnated corrigated cardboard to make a "paper surfboard" for which there was a television commercial and an August 1966, full color, two page advertisement in Reader's Digest.1965 - created the <mask>y Invitational Nose Riding Championships, first professional surfing contest held at Ventura Point. 1971 - invented the bodyboard, called in those days a Boogie Board after Morey's love of music. 1974–1976 - engineered the essence of today's "soft board" manufacturing technology. Morey left commercial surfboarding interests in the late 1970s and returned to them in the 1990s. References

External links

 <mask>'s Surfboards by Y and Catch Surf
 TomMorey.com

 <mask>y bio on surfline.com
 Comments of Mike Doyle 1
 HI Surf Advisory Tom Morey
 Industry News  The Birth Of The Bodyboard Industry: The <mask> Story
 Vagabond.com Response to the "What is killing Bodyboarding?" series by <mask>y
 A Malibu Surf Dog Barks
 LATimes.com Stoking the masses Once upon a time, folks rode waves on surfboards or air mattresses. Then <mask>y put an iron to a hunk of foam.<mask> = The Mad Scientist of Wave Riding
 The Hey Day.com Sultan of surf, baron of boogie

1935 births
2021 deaths
American inventors
American surfers
American Bahá'ís
Bodyboarders
University of Southern California alumni
Converts to the Bahá'í Faith
20th-century Bahá'ís
21st-century Bahá'ís

masks:
Tom Hugh Morey
Morey
Tom More
Morey
Morey
Tom More
Tom Morey
Tom More
Tom Morey
Tom More
Tom More
Tom Morey


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C. K<mask> (, 12 June 1915 – 10 April 1998) was an Indian writer, dramatist, stage artist, director, journalist and social activist, who wrote in Kannada. He was the first recipient of the Moortidevi Award instituted by Bharatiya Jnanpith for his magnum opus "Pattamahadevi Shantaladevi" in 1983. The same work received "Best Creative Literary Work" award by the Karnataka Sahitya Academy in 1978. Early life

C.K<mask> was born on 12 June 1915 in Challakere, Chitradurga district to C.S<mask> and Smt. Puttamma.His childhood was spent in various cities around India and he developed a keen interest in the rich art and cultural heritage of Karnataka, India. As a school boy, he volunteered to waited upon Mahatma Gandhi during his stay at Nandi Hills near Bangalore, India. The interaction with Gandhi and his close association with his uncle, Justice Nittoor Srinivasa <mask>, instilled in him devotion for India's freedom and welfare of its needy people. <mask>'s literary career began when he won a school competition for his short story "Kaadu Mallige" about a Dalit music lover who was not allowed to sit with patrons from the upper castes during concerts. He worked with Satya Shodhana Pustaka Bhandara, an Kannada book printer and publisher whose motto was the promotion of the rich cultural heritage of Karnataka. Under the guidance of his uncle Justice Nittor Srinivasa <mask>, C.K<mask> <mask> had the opportunity to mingle with leading writers and literati of Karnataka.After a few years of work at Satya Shodhana, he took over responsibilities as secretary of the Kannada Sahitya Parishath and worked with influential writers like Masti Venkatesha Iyengar, B. M. Srikantaiah and others which further strengthened his resolve to delve deeper into the heritage of Karnataka. Research: history and culture of Karnataka

The extensive research by C.K<mask> <mask> led to his publishing many research papers. Amongst his earliest research works was a book titled “Kavi Lakshmeeshana Kaala Mattu Sthala”, on the celebrated Kannada poet Lakshmeesha. The book won an award from the Karnataka Sahitya Academy for the research content. He also authored many research papers on the Chalukya, Ganga and Hoysala dynasties which were published in the journals of the Mythic Society and other journals and newspapers like Vani, Samyukta Karnataka, Praja Vaani etc. Historical novels

His research into the Hoysala period, regarded as one of the golden periods in the history of Karnataka, led to the unearthing of stone inscriptions that shed light into the motherhood of Hoysala Queen Shantaladevi, thus debunking the myth that she committed suicide for being childless.Through his research he was able to establish that Queen Shantaladevi was the mother of three sons and a daughter. In the year 1977, he self -published his magnum opus "Pattamahadevi Shantaladevi", a historical novel spanning 2162 pages. This work was hailed as "Gadya Mahakavya" by historians, critics and readers alike. Sri M.V<mask>, the editor of Illustrated weekly of India lauded the novel as the biggest literary work ever published. The Hindi translation of this novel translated by Sri P. Venkatachala Sharma and published by Bharatiya Jnanapith has been well received. C.K.<mask> <mask> wrote two additional novels "Veeraganga Vishnuvardhana" and "Dayada Daavanala?" that further chronicle the history and times of the Hoysala dynasty. These novels record the history through hundreds of characters, many historical, and some imaginary to strengthen the narration. He penned "Sri Pruthvi Vallabha", covering the Chalukya dynasty and the period of their famous King Tailapa. Theatre and radio plays

He formed his own troupe called United Artists in Bangalore. He directed plays of well-known Kannada playwrights like T.P<mask>, <mask> Venkatappagowda Puttappa and others.He developed his own style of makeup for theatre artists and was recognised as one of the best make-up artists of his times. He was closely associated with All India Radio Bangalore as an actor and producer of radio plays. Other activities

 C.K<mask> <mask> was closely associated with the Mythic Society and worked as its chief executive and editor of its journal. He also founded Karnataka Lekhakara Sangha and worked as its president for over three decades. He initiated many youngsters into creative writing by conducting monthly poet meet-ups called "Kaavyarama". He was closely involved in social activities as an active member of the Rotary Club of Bangalore.He was also editor of the journal of the Rotary Club for many years. He helped organise festivals such as Hoysalotsava and Gangasamrajyotsava and actively participated in the Chalukyotsava at Badami. He worked as the President of Jayanagar Housing Co-operation Society for many years. He served as the First Vice-Principal of Adarsha Film Institute. He was a member of P.E.N, a worldwide association of writers. Published works

Collection of stories
 1937  Kadumallige
 1944  Sangama
 1956  Drushti Mathana
 1982  Saavilladavaru

Plays
 1943  Shoodramuni
 1979  Sampanna Samaja
 1979  Sankole Basava
 1988  Ekalavya (Hindi)

Novels
 1957  Nambida Jeeva
 1978  Pattamahadevi Shantaladevi
 1992  Veeraganga Vishnuvardhana
 1994  Daayaada Daavaanala? 1983  Kuranganayani
 1995  ShriPruthvivallabha

Translations
 1938 Premayogini
 1940 Darpachoorna
 1941 ArakshaNeeya
 1946 Kaashinaatha
 1957 Vishweshwari
 1958 Mantradeekshe
 1959 Nanna Nechhina Naade
 1979 Thathamaavana Kanasu
 1970 Cambodia-Laos

Other works
 1942 Naayikode
 1950 Ekalavya Darshana
 1969 Mahakavi Lakshmeeshana Sthala Mattu Kaala

References

External links
  Mythic Society

Kannada-language writers
Kannada people
Dramatists and playwrights from Karnataka
Kannada dramatists and playwrights
1915 births
1998 deaths
People from Chitradurga district
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
Indian male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Indian male writers
Recipients of the Moortidevi Award

masks:
. Nagaraja Rao
. Nagaraja Rao
. Krishnamurthy Rao
Rao
Rao
Rao
. Nagaraja
Rao
. Nagaraja
Rao
. Kamat
Nagaraja
Rao
. Kailasam
Kuppali
. Nagaraja
Rao


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<mask> (13 January 1913 – 16 August 1991)  was the Chief Minister of Kerala state for two terms. The first term was from 1 November 1969 to 1 August 1970 and the second 4 October 1970 to 25 March 1977. He was instrumental in starting number of institutions and development projects in Kerala. <mask> was the first  politician who adorned the chief ministership of Kerala for two consecutive terms. He led the then United Front to a thumping electoral victory in Kerala when Congress party was routed in elections in other parts of India. Personal life
He was born in a Hindu Nair family to <mask> (after whom he was named) and Lekshmykutty Amma at Puthukkad, Thrissur District on 13 January 1913. His brother-in-law V. V. Raghavan was also a Communist Party of India politician from Thrissur city.V. V. Raghavan was the Member of Parliament from Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency, in 1996 and 1998. He was married to Ammini Amma, and had three children including 2 daughters and V. Ramankutty. Education
Being a brilliant student, he studied on merit scholarship throughout his student life, and stood first in the SSLC examination in the then State of Kochi. He is a former student of Church Mission Society High School, Thrissur (CMSHSS, Thrissur) And after finishing the intermediate level in St. Thomas College, Thrissur, he continued his college education in the St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli Madras. There he won a gold medal for academic excellence and was a role model for other fellow students. Menon, then went on to study Law in Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram and scored the highest marks in Hindu Law. After the B.L.degree, he started legal practice in various courts of Thrissur, during which time he began to get involved in many social issues. Political life
<mask> <mask> started his political career by associating himself with the State Congress, and actively took part in the Congress meeting held at Thrissur. He subsequently became a member of the Kochi rajya prajamandalam. He joined the Communist Party of India in 1941 through his involvement in the "Labour Brotherhood" movement. <mask> became a Member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of India and a member of its Executive Committee and Central Secretariat. He continued his political activities, even when the Communist Party was banned. He was imprisoned for many years.The first imprisonment <mask> <mask> underwent was in 1940, for one year for making an anti-war speech; and the next in the wake of the "Quit India" movement of 9 August 1942 as a detainee for more than a year. He was forced to evade arrest and live "underground" for more than three years during the period 1948–51. Legislative career
<mask> <mask> was elected to the Travancore-Cochin State Legislature while "underground" in 1952. When Kerala became a separate state in 1956, <mask> <mask> prepared a pamphlet in which he beautifully expressed his dreams of future Kerala. The pamphlet titled "Towards a more prosperous and plentiful Kerala", became the manifesto of the Communist Party in the general elections held in 1957. The election witnessed the political victory of the Communist Party, and Kerala
became the second state in the world in which the communist party came to
power through the ballot paper. <mask> <mask> also became elected to the Kerala Legislative Assembly,  thus becoming the first Finance & Agricultural Minister of Kerala in the Ministry headed by E.M.S.Namboodirippad in 1957. He presented the first Budget of Kerala state on 7 June 1957. As the so-called Vimochanasamaram (Liberation Struggle) gained momentum the Home Minister was found unfit to handle the situation and was divested of the crucial portfolio which then was handed over to <mask>. He was again elected to the Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1960. <mask> also became a member of the Rajyasabha during 1968–69. Split of Communist Party
During the Communist Party split, he continued to remain with the CPI. The political instability during the late sixties had paved the way for a realignment in coalition politics, which had far reaching implication on the political history of the state.He was elected as the State Secretary of C.P.I. too, many times, and was also a member of the National Council of the C.P.I. Chief Minister of Kerala
In the 1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election, his party contested as part of a seven-party alliance named Saptakakshi Munnani. E. M. S. Namboodiripad was sworn in as the Chief Minister but had to resign in 1969 due to internal dissensions within the alliance. Following this, the CPI exited from the coalition and constituted a mini-front which formed government with the external support from Indian National Congress. <mask> <mask> was sworn in as Chief Minister on 1 November 1969. Noted as one of the best chief ministers Kerala has had, he continued till the dissolution of the third Kerala Legislative Assembly.The split in the Indian Socialist Party, a coalition partner and group politics within the Congress party led to the fall of his government on 1 August 1970. It was under his stewardship that Kerala signed on for continuing with the Mullaperiar Dam agreement with Tamil Nadu, as a part of reviewing the pre-independence agreement between the Kingdom of Travancore and the Madras Presidency. This agreement, experts on the subject believe, frittered away the interests of Kerala and became the prime reason for unenviable situation that Kerala finds itself today in the Mullaperiar issue. He was not a member of the Kerala Assembly then, but subsequently got elected from Kottarakkara (State Assembly constituency) in the by-election held in April 1970. In the mid-term poll conducted in 1970, he was again elected this time from Kodakara in Thrissur District and was sworn in as Chief Minister on 4 October 1970 and held office till 1977. Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum was set up during his period. His ministry continued in power for about seven years and implemented reform measures of basic importance such as the Land Reform Act, take-over of private forests without compensation, law on agricultural labour, gratuity of industrial workers, one-lakh housing scheme, etc., not to mention significant steps towards industrialization of Kerala.It was this ministry which enunciated a Science Policy and established a number of "Centres of Excellence" in Scientific research in the state. Many institutions like Keltron, NATPAC were started during his tenure. <mask> <mask> retired from active politics in 1977. He suffered multiple health problems during the final years of his life. He died on 16 August 1991, aged 78, at Sree Chithira Thirunal Hospital in Thiruvananthapuram after suffering from a massive heart attack. Incidentally, the place where he died was set up during his period. He was cremated with full state honours at Thrissur, his hometown.Developmental works
He started a lot of institutions for industrialization and inclusive development of Kerala. More than 50 institutions in the fields of science, technology, public health, planning, housing, education, social sciences,  geology, forest protection, water management, environment conservation and so on were started. In the fields of social sciences, research, environment and technology institutions such as Centre for Development Studies, Electronic Research and Development Center (C-DAC Trivandrum), Regional Research Laboratory, National Centre for Earth Science Studies, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (CWRDM) were set up during his tenure as chief minister of Kerala. He pioneered industrial development in Kerala by helping K. P. P. Nambiar set up Kerala State Electronics Development Corporation (KELTRON) in 1973. He was instrumental in bringing Apollo Tyres company to Kerala. The two specialized universities of the state namely the Kerala Agricultural University and Cochin University of Science and Technology were started during his tenure. In field of health care Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum was started during his ministry.The Kerala State Planning Board, constituted by Second Namboodiripad Ministry was strengthened during his period as the chairperson. In 1985, a non profit organisation named Centre of Science and Technology for Rural Development (COSTFORD) was formed by him along with K. N. Raj and Laurie Baker. Literary works
A talented writer, Shri. <mask> Menon had authored many books He wrote many books and articles, mostly related to Marxism, Communism and Indian History. He also translated H.G. Wells' "Brief History of the World" into Malayalam. "Soviet Land", "Kissan Padha Pusthakam", "Keralam – Prasnangalum Sadhyadhakalum", "Smaranayude Edukal", and "Manushyan Swayam Nirmikkunnu"(Translation) are his other famous works.Along with, he has contributed many noteworthy articles in newspapers and periodicals. See also

 K. P. P. Nambiar

References

Further reading

External links
Profile at keralacm.gov.in

1913 births
1991 deaths
Chief Ministers of Kerala
Malayali politicians
Politicians from Thrissur
St. Thomas College, Thrissur alumni
Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram alumni
Communist Party of India politicians from Kerala
Chief ministers from Communist Party of India
Kerala MLAs 1960–1964
Kerala MLAs 1967–1970
Kerala MLAs 1970–1977
Rajya Sabha members from Kerala
Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award
Indian independence activists from Kerala
Indian independence activists

masks:
Chelat Achutha Menon
Achutha Menon
Madathiveettil Achutha Menon
Achutha
Menon
Menon
Achutha
Menon
Achutha
Menon
Achutha
Menon
Achutha
Menon
Menon
Menon
Achutha
Menon
Achutha
Menon
Achutha


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<mask> (6 April 1912 – 16 March 2004) was an American professor of geography who taught at Johns Hopkins University and later Texas A&M University. <mask> had a background in anthropology and conducted archaeological excavations in Southern California. He is best known for supporting the theories of trans-cultural diffusion and early human settlement of the Americas. Early life and education
<mask> was born in San Diego, California on 6 April 1912. As a teenager, he expressed interest in anthropology and began to spend much of his free time at the San Diego Museum of Man. At the age of fifteen, <mask> befriended the archaeologist Malcolm Jennings Rogers, who was the museum's curator. Rogers allowed the young <mask> to volunteer at the museum, and in the summer of 1930, <mask> accompanied Rogers on a five-week expedition to San Nicolas Island, where they excavated numerous sites.The following autumn, <mask> began classes at San Diego State College. He would eventually transfer to the University of California at Berkeley and earn a B.A. in anthropology in 1934. While at Berkeley, <mask> was able to take classes with the noted cultural anthropologist Alfred L. Kroeber, who had been a student of <mask>. San Diego Museum of Man
Immediately after graduating, <mask> was hired by the San Diego Museum of Man and began working with his old mentor Malcolm Jennings Rogers. The two conducted field work on the coasts of Southern California and in the Mojave Desert. While surveying in 1937-1938 near Silver Lake in the Mojave, <mask> found a fluted projectile point which he recognized to be <mask>om tradition had been found in California, and <mask> wanted to document and publish the find at once. Rogers was not comfortable rushing the publication and preferred to gather as much data about the projectile point as possible. Aside from the publication issues, <mask> and Rogers soon found themselves at odds regarding the approximate dates of human occupation for the Silver Lake area. Rogers thought occupation dated back to only 4,000 years ago. <mask> pushed the date back to 40,000 years ago, using the geology of the area to support his estimation. This disagreement led to a rift between Rogers and <mask> which resulted in <mask>'s eventual dismissal from the Museum of Man. Later career and death
Bouncing back from his dismissal, <mask> was quickly hired by San Diego State College in 1939 as a part-time teacher before he returned to Berkeley to pursue a PhD in geography.He studied under Carl Sauer and completed his degree in 1941. During World War II, <mask> moved to Washington, D.C. to work as an analyst for the Office of Strategic Services. In 1943, he left the OSS to teach geography at Johns Hopkins University. Summers between the semesters, <mask> would return to San Diego to conduct archaeological excavations, seeking to prove that man had inhabited the Americas at a much earlier date than accepted by mainstream scholars. In 1957, <mask>'s findings were published in his book Pleistocene Man at San Diego, in which he describes the climate of Southern California during the Pleistocene and the accompanying archaeological sites, some of which <mask> dated to the upper Wisconsin glaciation. Critics dismissed much of <mask>'s claims for early inhabitance, questioning his dating techniques and the possibility that most of the lithic artifacts were actually geofacts. Throughout the 1960s to the 1980s, <mask> continued to publish papers and articles dealing with hyperdiffusionism and the early peopling of the Americas.In 1967, <mask> left Johns Hopkins for Texas A&M University, where he was a distinguished professor of geography until 1978, retiring to become a professor emeritus. <mask> died on 16 March 2004. Earlier Than You Think

In 1980, <mask> published Earlier than You Think: A Personal View of Man in America. The book describes <mask>'s evidence for humans arriving in North America approximately 100,000 years ago. Much of the information presented had already been published by <mask> in the past, but technological advances allowed for a new dating technique called amino acid racemization to be used on ancient human remains. Amino acid racemization was pioneered by Jeffry Bada, who at the time was a geochemist at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The new technique allowed bones to be dated by extracting their protein.Learning of this new means of dating, <mask> selected some skulls from the San Diego Museum of Man to be tested. The skulls were excavated on the California coast by M.J. Rogers in 1929, and the museum had them dated at 5,000 to 7,000 years old. Bada tested the specimens in 1974, and the dates came back ranging from 20,000 to 70,000 years ago. <mask> saw this as definitive proof of the early populating of the Americas. <mask> also attacks the mainstream archaeological establishment throughout the book, claiming that some scholars are closed-minded and too caught up in the generally accepted archaeological theories to accept his evidence. Criticism of dating
Critics quickly refuted Bada's results. When using amino acid racemization to date bones, one must know the approximate temperature the bones were exposed to while buried.Additionally, the stratigraphy of the bones suggested dates around 10,000 years ago rather than 70,000. In December 1984, Bada came forward and retracted all the dates of bones gleaned from amino acid racemization. Newer methods of dating, such as accelerator mass spectrometry gave the same bones dates of less than 10,000 years. Hyperdiffusionism

<mask> was a proponent of hyperdiffusionism, or the theory that all major inventions and cultures can be traced back to one original culture. For example, in Pleistocene Man at San Diego, <mask> proposes that the lithic technology found in Southern California was brought there from Asia. <mask> thought that ancient people had reached the New World by boat and spread their technologies and cultures to the Native Americans already living there. He cites Hannes Lindemann's solo crossing of the Atlantic in a dugout canoe as evidence that humans could in fact have made the same journey in past.<mask> also mentions the Polynesians' and Vikings' maritime abilities as support. <mask> believed that independent invention of the same item was a rarity. He claimed that the probability of something being independently invented was fifty percent. Therefore, the probably of the same thing being independently invented elsewhere was twenty-five percent. This meant that the probability of humans independently inventing the same tools all over the world was very low. Controversies

Artifacts vs. geofacts

Mainstream archaeology scholars dismissed many of <mask>'s lithic artifacts to be geofacts, rocks that have a similar appearance to human-worked stone tools due to natural weathering processes. <mask>'s theories about the early peopling of the New World could have been influencing his observations.Because of <mask>'s tendency to exhibit questionable artifacts as data, some scholars began to call any dubious artifacts "cartifacts". Hyperdiffusionism

Most anthropology scholars dismiss hyperdiffusionism for a variety of reasons. The theory assumes that humanity is singularly uninventive and can rarely create tools to meet the challenges of the environment. Hyperdiffusionism also assumes that if artifacts are similar in appearance, they must be related in some manner. Similarities between tool shape, size, and manufacturing processes could simply be coincidental, making it impossible to assume relatedness. <mask>'s theory that ancient people visited the New World by boat is possible, but there is no reasonable evidence to support it. For example, the Kensington Runestone, discovered in 1898 in Minnesota, was purportedly left by an exploratory party of Vikings.After many years of research and debates about the stone's authenticity, it was generally dismissed as a hoax. Gay and Marxist Geographers in the Association of American Geographers
Upon retirement, <mask> penned a short opinion piece in The Professional Geographer, arguing the AAG should not accept not Marxist and gay geography groups into the discipline. He claimed that allowing these groups to participate in the annual meeting opened the door to other groups such as "Whores in Geography, and Russian Communist Geography". See also
Trans-cultural diffusion
Pseudoarchaeology
<mask>
Calico Early Man Site

References

Further reading
[http://www.scahome.org/publications/proceedings/Proceedings.09Carter.pdf Overview of Pleistocene Man at San Diego]
Review of Pleistocene Man at San Diego in American Anthropologist
"<mask> on Diffusion"

1912 births
2004 deaths
American anthropologists
Archaeologists of California
American geographers
Johns Hopkins University faculty
Texas A&M University faculty
People from San Diego
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
San Diego State University alumni
Hyperdiffusionism in archaeology
20th-century anthropologists
20th-century geographers

masks:
George Francis Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Franz Boas
Carter
Carter
Folsols
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
Carter
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Barry Fell
George Carter


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<mask> (June 19, 1816 – October 30, 1899) was a 19th-century New York City shipbuilder and philanthropist, who has been called America's first true naval architect. Early life

<mask> was born in New York on June 19, 1816. His father Isaac trained at the shipyard of New York shipbuilder <mask> Eckford before opening his own shipyard, Isaac Webb & Co., near Corlears Hook in about 1818, later relocating to Stanton Street. Isaac eventually took on a partner and the firm was renamed Webb & Allen. <mask> was educated privately and at Columbia College Grammar School, demonstrating a natural aptitude for mathematics. He built his first boat, a small skiff, at the age of twelve, and in spite of his parents' wishes to the contrary, secured an apprenticeship at his father's shipyard at the age of fifteen. At twenty, he was awarded a subcontract for the New York-Liverpool packet ship Oxford, his first commercial contract.Career

After completing his six-year apprenticeship, <mask> decided to further his education by travelling to Scotland in 1840 to visit the famous shipyards of the Clyde. During this journey, however, his father Isaac died suddenly at the age of 46, and 23-year-old <mask> returned home to assume management of the shipyard. Upon examining the accounts, <mask> discovered that his father's business was technically insolvent, and thus one of his first duties was to settle his father's debts. Having done so, he set about reinvigorating the business. <mask> inherited his father's shipyard, Webb & Allen, in 1840, renamed it <mask> H. <mask>, and turned it into America's most prolific shipyard, building 133 vessels between 1840 and 1865. <mask> designed some of the fastest and most successful sailing packets and clipper ships ever built, and he also built some of the largest and most celebrated steamboats and steamships of his era, including the giant ironclad , in its day the world's longest wooden-hulled ship. After the American Civil War, the U.S. shipbuilding industry experienced a prolonged slump, and <mask>, having already made a considerable fortune, decided to close his shipyard and turn his energies toward philanthropic goals.He chaired an anti-corruption council, became a founding member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, and established the Webb Academy and Home for Shipbuilders, which today is known as the Webb Institute. William H. Webb shipyard

In later years, <mask> would sometimes be asked to what he attributed his reputation and success, to which he would typically reply "attention to detail". Born into an era when shipbuilding was considered as much an art as a science, <mask>, a "born mathematician", brought new levels of professionalism to the craft through his combining of the art of design with the discipline of careful mathematical calculation. For this reason, he has been described as America's first true naval architect. He was content to start small, however. For the first couple of years at the helm, the Webb & Allen shipyard, now located between Fifth and Seventh Streets on the East River, built a variety of mostly small sailing ships, including ferries, sloops and schooners. <mask> bought out his father's old partner John Allen in 1843 and subsequently renamed the business <mask> H. <mask>.Clippers and packets

<mask> soon began turning out larger and more ambitious vessels, including several sailing packets and clipper ships, types for which the yard would soon become famous. The 900-ton packets Montezuma and Yorkshire were built in 1843, along with the pre-clipper Cohota. By 1849, <mask>'s shipyard was at the cutting edge of sailing ship design. In that year, he built the packet ships Albert Gallatin and Guy Mannering. At 1435 and 1419 tons respectively, these ships were at time of completion the two largest merchant vessels in the world. Another packet built by <mask> was Harvest Queen. The California gold rush was by then in full swing, bringing with it strong demand for new ships to convey prospectors and supplies to and from the goldfields.Clipper ships were seen as ideal for the trade, and in 1851, <mask> built a number of them, including Gazelle, Challenge, Comet, Invincible and Swordfish. Comet and Swordfish, 1,836 and 1,036 tons respectively, were both to set sailing speed records. The Comet was represented by a half-model. The lines and sail plan are in the <mask><mask>'s Plans Of Wooden Ships. Freight rates to the goldfields had by this time skyrocketed to such an extent that a ship could pay for its construction with a single voyage. <mask>'s clipper designs "employed the most judicious use of timber of all the major shipbuilders." For the Challenge, <mask> relied on the hull planking as an integral part of the ship's structural strength, and increased the width between frames at the bow and stern of the ship, thus using four fewer frames for a 200 ft. hull, saving about 25,000 lbs.In 1853, <mask> built the 1,961-ton clipper Young America, considered by many to be the most beautiful clipper ship ever built, the "acme of perfection" in clipper design. In 1855, he built the 1,406-ton packet ship, the Neptune for the Black Ball Line. In 1856, he built the 2,145-ton packet ship Ocean Monarch, the largest sailing ship ever constructed at a New York shipyard. Steamboats and steamships

Though renowned for the beauty and speed of his packets and clippers, <mask> nevertheless built many steamboats and steamships through the course of his career. Notable steamships built by the <mask> shipyard include the 1,857-ton sidewheel steamer United States (1846), which became the first steamship to operate in the New Orleans trade; the 1,450-ton steamer Cherokee (1848), the first steamship to operate between New York and Savannah, Georgia; the <mask> (1850), a 1,500-ton ship that was in the Liverpool packet line; the California, the first steamer to enter the Golden Gate; and the first steamers built for the Pacific Mail Steamship Company. In the postbellum era, he also built the "floating palaces" Bristol and Providence (see below). Warships

By 1855, the gold rush was over, and <mask> began looking for new markets to keep his yard busy.In 1859, he completed the steam frigate General Admiral for the Imperial Russian government—the fastest steam frigate then afloat. In 1860 he contracted with the Italian government for the construction of two ironclads, Re d'Italia and Re Don Luigi di Portogallo, but because of the outbreak of the American Civil War, these vessels were not completed until 1863 and 1864 respectively. Both vessels were to participate in the Battle of Lissa between Italy and Austria in 1866. The most impressive warship built by the <mask> shipyard, however, was the giant ironclad . The vessel was not completed until shortly after the Civil War, but when launched was the longest wooden-hulled ship ever built, a record it held for many years. Postwar slump and closure

After the end of the Civil War in 1865, the U.S. government auctioned off the hundreds of ships it had requisitioned during the war at firesale prices, depressing the market and leaving American shipyards with no work. The result was that most American shipyards, along with marine engine specialists, went to the wall.The shipbuilding industry in New York was particularly badly affected by the slump, being practically wiped out in the ensuing years. <mask>'s shipyard suffered like all the rest. In 1867, the yard added one last distinction to its record with the completion of the twin sidewheel steamers Bristol and Providence—two of the largest and most lavish steamers of their era, which were to set new standards of comfort and luxury on Narragansett Bay. After this however, <mask> was able to secure only two further contracts over the next two years. The last ship built by <mask><mask> was the steamship Charles H. Marshall, fittingly named after <mask>'s most longstanding customer, who had awarded <mask> his first subcontract as an apprentice more than thirty years earlier. <mask>, who by this time had concluded that iron-hulled ships were the industry's future, closed his yard permanently in 1869. The yard had built 133 ships between 1840 and 1865—more than any other American shipyard over the same period—135 ships in total.Later career

Though <mask>'s shipbuilding career had come to an end, he was still only 53 years of age and had accumulated a large fortune. He now began to try his hand as a financier, helping to organize a successful South American guano company, and attempting less successfully to profit from a shipping line to Nicaragua, the Central American Transit Company. He also made considerable investments in real estate, one result of which was the construction of a Hotel, the Bristol, at 42nd Street and Fifth Avenue. Increasingly however he turned his hand to philanthropy. He took an interest in public affairs in his home city of New York, but eschewed the role of politician, turning down an offer of the Mayoralty on no less than three occasions. Instead, he accepted the role of Chairman of the New York City Council on Political Reform, an organization formed to combat political corruption. One of his most important achievements in this regard concerned his opposition to the Aqueduct Commission, by which he helped secure a safe and reliable water system for New Yorkers, which is still in operation today.In 1894 he built the Webb Academy and Home for Shipbuilders, in the Fordham section of the Bronx (now the site of Fordham Hill Apartments) and provided an endowment for its running estimated at $2,000,000. The main purpose of the Academy was in the words of its charter to "furnish gratuitous education in the art, science and profession of shipbuilding". Tuition for the students, who were carefully selected on the basis of aptitude and lack of means, was free. The facility also provided a free home to old shipbuilders, including a number of <mask>'s own former employees. By 1899 the Academy was providing facilities to about 400 students and retirees. The Academy is known today as the Webb Institute. <mask> was also a founding member of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, and was the first to sign his name on its charter.The organization today has branches worldwide. In addition, <mask> was a member of the New York Chamber of Commerce, the Union League, the Republican Club, National Academy of Design, Metropolitan Museum of Art, American Museum of Natural History, American Geographical Society, and the New England Society. Death

<mask><mask> died suddenly at his home, 415 Fifth Avenue, on 30 October 1899. He was survived by a son, <mask><mask>. Another son, Marshall, had died the previous year. <mask> is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx. <mask> was inducted into the National Sailing Hall of Fame in 2018.Publications
 Plans of Wooden Vessels Selected as Types from one hundred and fifty of various kinds and descriptions, from a fishing smack to the largest clipper ships and vessels of war, both sail and steam, built by Wm. H<mask>, in the city of New York, from the year 1840 to the year 1869; 2 volumes. <mask> H. <mask> Collection 1895 The <mask> H. <mask> collection consists of a selection of folio plates removed from a copy of the book "Wooden Vessels built by <mask><mask> in the City of New York, 1840-1869." Footnotes

References

Clark, <mask> (1910): The Clipper Ship Era: An Epitome of Famous American and British Clipper Ships, Their Owners, Builders, Commanders, and Crews 1843-1869, G.P. Putnam's Sons. Covell, <mask>: "Steamboats on Narragansett Bay", Bulletin of the Newport Historical Society, No. 90, January 1934.Cuneo, Joseph J. (2006-04-07): "Who Was <mask>?" - Webb Institute website. Dayton, Fred Erving (1925): Steamboat Days, Frederick A. Stokes, New York. Dunbaugh, Edwin L. and Thomas, <mask>arry (1989): <mask><mask>, Shipbuilder, Webb Institute. External links
<mask><mask>'s Splendid Gift -- The Sailor's Magazine and Seaman's Friend, 1899
<mask> H. <mask> yard list
<mask>. <mask>, New York NY

1816 births
1899 deaths
American shipbuilders
American naval architects
Defunct shipbuilding companies of the United States
Defunct companies based in New York (state)
19th-century American philanthropists
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
Fordham, Bronx

masks:
William Henry Webb
William Henry Webb
Henry
William
William
William
William
Webb
William
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Webb
Webb
Webb
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William
William
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William H
. Webb
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Isaac Webb
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William H
. Webb
Webb
Webb
Webb
Webb
Webb
Webb
Webb
William H
. Webb
William E
. Webb
Webb
Webb
. Webb
William
Webb
William
Webb
William H
. Webb
Arthur Hamilton
William King
William Webb
William duB
William H
. Webb
William H
. Webb
William
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William H
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<mask> (born May 29, 1968) is a Latine American writer, author, producer, and human rights activist. Viloria is intersex, nonbinary, and gender nonconforming, using they/them pronouns. They are known for their writing and their intersex and non-binary human rights activism and as one of the first people to come out in national and international media as a nonbinary intersex person. Viloria is Founding Director of the Intersex Campaign for Equality. Early life and education

Viloria was born in Jamaica, Queens, New York, to recently immigrated Colombian and Venezuelan parents. Their father, a physician, and mother, an ex-school teacher, chose to register and raise them as female without subjecting them to medically unnecessary genital surgeries that were routinely recommended for intersex children. Viloria attended Catholic schools in Queens, New York and Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut, from 1986 to 1988.They later transferred to the University of California, Berkeley and graduated in 1998 with an interdisciplinary studies degree in Gender and Sexuality with high honors and high distinction. Career

<mask> is author of the acclaimed Born Both: An Intersex Life (Hatchette Book Group, March, 2017), and co-author, with biologic sciences scholar Maria Nieto, Ph.D., of The Spectrum of Sex: The Science of Male, Female, and Intersex (Jessica Kingsley Publishers - Hatchette UK, February, 2020). Their essays on issues such intersex genital mutilation, discrimination against intersex women in sports, sexuality, legal gender recognition, and gender identity, have been published in venues such as The Washington Post, The Daily Beast, Huffington Post, The Advocate, Ms., The New York Times, The American Journal of Bioethics, the Global Herald, CNN.com, and more. <mask> is recognized as a leading human rights activist for intersex and was president elect of the Organisation Intersex International from 2011 to 2017. They are the founding director of the Intersex Campaign for Equality (formerly OII-USA) and have worked as a consultant with the United Nations OHCHR, United Nations Free & Equal Campaign, Lambda Legal, Human Rights Watch, Williams Institute, IOC. They've appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show, 20/20, Gendernauts, One in 2000, Intersexion, and "The General Was Female?". Born Both: An Intersex Life
In January 2017, Kirkus reviewed <mask>'s memoir, Born Both, saying: "Intelligent and courageous, [Born Both] chronicles one intersex person's path to wholeness, but it also affirms the right of all intersex and non-binary people to receive dignity and respect".In May 2017, Meghan Daum reviewed Born Both in The New York Times, saying: "Viloria does us the even greater service (it's more of a gift, really) of showing us what it means to live not just as both a man and a woman but also as a third gender that eventually emerges as the right one." Speaking on the LGBTQ&A podcast in December 2021, Viloria said, "The reason I did my memoir is because I felt like there's a story that we don't hear enough of about intersex people, which is that it's amazing and wonderful to be intersex. That's literally my experience." Born Both was nominated for a 2018 Lambda Literary Award for LGBTQ non-fiction. Opposing nonconsensual medically-unnecessary surgeries

In 1996, Viloria participated in the first international intersex retreat. They reported that, eager to meet people like themself, instead they "met people who'd been traumatized and physically damaged by cosmetic genital surgeries and hormone treatments they'd been subjected to in infancy and childhood, and it moved [Viloria] to become an intersex activist." Viloria has been advocating publicly against the use of medically unnecessary cosmetic surgeries and hormone therapy on intersex infants and minors, also known as intersex genital mutilation, since 1997, reaching audiences of over one hundred million via appearances in various documentaries about intersex people, including the first Hermaphrodites Speak!, and most notably on ABC's 20/20, The Oprah Winfrey Show, in Spanish on the Emmy nominated Spanish language show Caso Cerrado, and at the UN Headquarters in New York City for Human Rights Day 2013.In 2004, Viloria testified before the San Francisco Human Rights Commission on the need to ban medically unnecessary cosmetic genital surgeries on intersex infants and children. Between 2010 and 2017 Viloria published numerous essays speaking out against nonconsensual medically unnecessary surgeries in publications including CNN.com, The Advocate, The Huffingtion Post, and the Narrative Inquiry in Bioethics. Their memoir Born Both: An Intersex Life examines and critiques intersex genital mutilation extensively. Opposing "disorders of sex development"

In 2006, the international medical establishment replaced the terms "hermaphrodite" and "intersex" with the term "disorders of sex development". Viloria is among a handful of American intersex activists who opposed the use of the term "Disorders of Sex Development" since its introduction. In 2007, they publicly critiqued the label and the homophobic and transphobic reasoning behind the replacement of 'intersex' with DSD. They also argued that being raised to define oneself as disordered is psychologically harmful to intersex youth:

Addressing discrimination against intersex women in sports

In 2009, in response to the treatment of black South African track star Caster Semenya, who was rumored to be intersex, Viloria lobbied as an independent intersex activist for equal rights for intersex female athletes on television and in print on CNN.com.In February 2010, then as Human Rights Spokesperson of the Organisation Intersex International (OII), they authored a petition to the International Olympic Committee demanding that intersex women athletes to be allowed to compete as is, and be de-pathologized. The action resulted in <mask> being invited to participate in the International Olympic Committee's October 2010 meeting of experts on intersex women in sports, in Lausanne, Switzerland, where they lobbied against adopting regulations which require intersex female athletes to undergo medically unnecessary medical procedures in order to compete as women, and against athletes being referred to as individuals with "disorders of sex development". As a result of <mask>'s advocacy, the IOC and IAAF discontinued its use of "disorders of sex development" to describe the athletes in question, and replaced it with "women with hyperandrogenism". <mask> has argued since 2009 that Olympic sex testing is applied in a way that targets 'butch,' or masculine-looking, women. In 2012, <mask> co-authored an article in the American Journal of Bioethics, with intersex Spanish hurdler Maria José Martínez-Patiño, the athlete responsible for overturning the IOC's long-standing mandatory chromosome testing policies, which critiqued the IOC's proposed regulations for women with high levels of naturally occurring testosterone (aka hyperandrogenism). Upon the release of the IOC's final regulations for intersex women with hyperandrogenism in 2012, they collaborated on an opinion piece with scholar Georgiann Davis and also told The New York Times that the issues for intersex athletes remain unresolved: "Many athletes have medical differences that give them a competitive edge but are not asked to have medical interventions to 'remove' the advantage.... The real issue is not fairness, but that certain athletes are not accepted as real women because of their appearance."On Human Rights Day, 2013, Viloria became the first openly intersex person to speak at the U.N., by invitation, at the event "Sport Comes Out Against Homophobia", along with fellow "out" pioneers, tennis legend Martina Navratilova, and NBA player Jason Collins. In 2014, Viloria advocated against the IOC and IAAF's regulations for women with hyperandrogenism on a panel on the Al Jazeera television show The Stream. They also wrote about the interphobia and common misunderstandings around naturally occurring testosterone which drive sporting regulations for intersex women, in The Advocate. Birth registrations

With the advent of a new German law assigning visibly intersex infants to an 'indeterminate' gender, Viloria has argued that this approach to birth registrations fails to provide adequate human rights for intersex people, and fails to address the most critical need: for an end to normalizing surgical and hormonal interventions on infants and children. In April 2017, <mask> became the second American recipient of an intersex birth certificate, issued by the city of New York. National and global affiliations and activism

In spring 2010, <mask> joined the Organisation Intersex International (OII), the first international intersex organization, was appointed Human Rights Spokesperson, and began lobbying against discriminatory regulations for intersex women athletes. In spring 2011, <mask> was voted Chairperson of OII, upon founder Curtis Hinkle's retirement.Viloria stepped down in November 2017, when Intersex Campaign for Equality left OII. In the fall of 2011, Viloria founded the Intersex Campaign for Equality, to work for equality and human rights for intersex Americans. Their first action, in December 2011, was contacting former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to request inclusion of intersex people in human rights protocols and protections. In early 2012, they received a response from the U.S. Department of State in early 2012 affirming the importance of including the intersex community in human rights work. In 2012, Viloria spearheaded the first unified, global call for human rights by and for intersex people, in a letter signed by thirty leading intersex advocacy organizations, to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. In 2013, Viloria served as one of three intersex co-organizers of the Third International Intersex Forum in November 2013, in Malta, which led to the creation of the Malta declaration, the most widely agreed upon statement of human rights' demands by the international intersex advocacy community. In 2016, Viloria became a board member of Genital Autonomy America (GA America), an advocacy organization working with groups worldwide who are seeking to end non-therapeutic genital cutting of all female, male, and intersex infants and children.Media
Viloria spoke about being non-binary, also known as genderqueer, in the award-winning 1999 documentary Gendernauts. In 2002, Viloria spoke about feeling blessed they did not experience forced infant genital surgeries on 20/20. In 2007, on The Oprah Winfrey Show, Viloria likened society's lack of understanding of non-binary people, and the pressure non-binary people experience to identify as men or women, to what people of mixed African-American and Caucasian race sometimes experience, saying, "Society pressures you to choose sides, just like they pressure mixed race people to decide, you know... 'Are you really black? Are you really white?'" Viloria went on to say "I have both [sides]". In September 2015, the UN's Free & Equal Campaign for Equality produced a video of Viloria in conjunction with the release of their groundbreaking resource the Intersex Fact Sheet, and in 2016 Viloria was one of the "Intersex Voices" featured in the Free and Equal Campaign for Equality's Intersex Awareness Campaign. Viloria has also advocated against intersex genital mutilation via essays, and in their 2017 memoir, Born Both: An Intersex LIfe.In 2019 <mask> was featured in the Smithsonian Channel documentary, The General Was Female?, which explores compelling evidence that General Casimir Pulaski, revered as the father of the American Cavalry, may have been intersex. Selected bibliography

Honors and awards

In April 2013, Viloria's intersex advocacy organization was selected as a finalist for the Kalamazoo College Global Prize for Collaborative Social Justice, administered by Kalamazoo College's Arcus Center for Social Justice Leadership. <mask>'s memoir Born Both: An Intersex Life was selected as one of six books in People magazine's "The Best New Books" list in April 2017, one of School Library Journal's Top Ten Adult Books for Teens, and was a 2018 Lambda Literary Award nominee for LGBTQ non-fiction. References

External links
Official website
Hida Viloria's Twitter
Born Both: An Intersex Life
Intersex Campaign for Equality

1968 births
Living people
Intersex non-binary people
Intersex rights activists
Intersex rights in the United States
Intersex writers
LGBT Hispanic and Latino American people
LGBT writers from the United States
Non-binary writers
Non-binary activists

masks:
Hida Viloria
Viloria
Viloria
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Viloria
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Viloria


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<mask> (born 18 August 1983) is a Scottish former professional footballer who played as a forward. <mask> grew up in the South Ayrshire village of Tarbolton and started his senior career with Kilmarnock. He transferred to Rangers in January 2006, and was their top goalscorer in each of his seasons at Ibrox. He is the top goalscorer in the history of the Scottish Premier League, with 167 goals in total. <mask> had a short spell in English football with Middlesbrough, during which time he was sent on loan to Nottingham Forest. He signed for Turkish club Eskişehirspor in 2011, but terminated his contract after five months and moved to the Portland Timbers of Major League Soccer in January 2012. He later returned to both Kilmarnock and Rangers.Having played several games for the Scotland U21 and Scotland B teams, <mask> received his first cap for the senior Scottish national team in 2006. He scored seven goals in eighteen appearances for the senior national side over four years. Early footballing life
As a youth, <mask> played in 17 matches as a full back for Rangers. He was let go, and became a striker when he joined the youth development program at Kilmarnock, ten miles from his home village, at the age of 12. Club career

Kilmarnock (first spell)
<mask> signed a senior contract with Kilmarnock at the age of sixteen on 25 August 1999, and made his debut for the club as a substitute on the last day of the 2000–01 season against Celtic. He was given his chance to stake a place in the team the following season with the departures of Ally McCoist (who finished his career the day of <mask>'s debut) and Christophe Cocard, scoring four goals in total. <mask> started the 2002–03 season, in "impressive" form and won the SPL Young Player of the Month award for August.In total he scored 12 times in the season and won Kilmarnock's Young Player of the Year award. His form attracted the interest of Wolverhampton Wanderers, and he had a trial with the Molineux club in August 2003. <mask> scored a total of fifteen goals in the 2003–04 season. In September 2004, he equalled a Scottish Premier League record when he scored all five of Kilmarnock's goals against Dundee United. He scored 19 goals in all competitions in the 2004–05 season, and was then linked with a move to Aberdeen. <mask>'s form during the 2005–06 attracted interest from Championship sides Cardiff City and Sheffield Wednesday had offers accepted by Kilmarnock, however, <mask> rejected the moves. Rangers (first spell)
Following speculation that he would sign in the January transfer window, <mask> officially joined Rangers on 1 January 2006.He was signed for a fee of around £500,000 on a contract lasting until the summer of 2009. He waived half of his £40,000 signing on fee, which Kilmarnock were due to pay him under the terms of his contract, to help fund the youth setup at Kilmarnock. He made his debut on 7 January 2006 against Peterhead in the Scottish Cup third round, in which he scored a hat-trick during a 5–0 win. He went on to score 20 goals in 17 starts for Rangers in the second half of that season, ending it with a total of 37 goals for Rangers and Kilmarnock. He became the first player to finish top scorer at two clubs in one season, having scored 17 goals for Kilmarnock before his move. After scoring a penalty against Motherwell in January 2007, <mask> was involved in controversy when he held up six fingers, reportedly in a show of solidarity for former club captain Barry Ferguson (who wore the number six shirt), who had been stripped of his position and dropped from the team following a dispute with Paul Le Guen. Le Guen left the club days later and was replaced by the then Scotland manager Walter Smith.By the end of that season, <mask> scored 25 goals for Rangers in all competitions. <mask> scored his 100th Scottish Premier League goal, and his first against Celtic on 5 May 2007, in a 2–0 victory for Rangers. The 2007–08 season saw <mask> score his 50th and 51st goals in all competitions for Rangers in a League Cup match against East Fife on 26 September 2007, 627 days after his debut. This made him the second fastest Rangers player ever to reach 50 goals for the club, behind Jim Forrest. <mask> won the first trophy of his career on 16 March 2008 when Rangers defeated Dundee United to win the 2008 League Cup. He scored both of Rangers' goals in the 2–2 draw and scored the winning penalty in the subsequent penalty shootout. He also scored a double in the 2008 Scottish Cup Final, a 3–2 win over Queen of the South.He finished that season with 25 goals in all competitions for Rangers. In January 2009, speculation surfaced about a possible move to Birmingham City to play for former Rangers manager, Alex McLeish. Rangers accepted a bid of nearly £4 million; however, <mask> could not agree personal terms and decided to stay at Rangers. In season 2008–09 <mask> won his first Scottish Premier League title and another Scottish Cup. Having also been linked to Lazio and sporting director Igli Tare being quoted as stating his admiration for the player, club president Claudio Lotito responded by claiming he did not know who <mask> was. He finished as top scorer again for Rangers with 31 goals in all competitions, his highest total yet, and was awarded the club's first Sam English Bowl for top Rangers scorer in a season. On 30 December 2009, <mask> scored five goals in a 7–1 victory over Dundee United; in doing so, he passed Henrik Larsson as the all-time leader in goals in the Scottish Premier League.On 1 May 2010, <mask> scored his 100th league goal for Rangers at Tannadice against Dundee United. In the 2009–10 season, <mask> was the top scorer with Rangers and the Scottish Premier League again with 26 goals in 40 games. With this return he won the Sam English Bowl for the second time and the Scottish Premier League and League Cup both for the second time. On 28 May 2010, Rangers admitted that <mask> would be leaving once his contract runs out. Middlesbrough
On 5 July 2010, <mask> signed a two-year contract with Championship side Middlesbrough, with a weekly wage estimated to be around £30,000. On 22 August 2010, he scored his first goal for Middlesbrough in a 1–0 victory against Sheffield United. His second followed on 28 September against Derby County.<mask> scored in a 2–1 defeat against Leeds United on 16 October 2010, which was Gordon Strachan's final game in charge of the club. He scored his fourth of the season against Bristol City in Tony Mowbray's first game as Boro boss. On 9 November 2010, <mask> scored the opener in Middlesbrough's 2–0 win over Scunthorpe. <mask> achieved his 200th club career goal on 1 February 2011, in scoring the first in Middlesbrough's 2–0 home victory over Scunthorpe by latching onto a long ball from Seb Hines before lobbing the goalkeeper. On 8 March 2011, <mask> joined Nottingham Forest on loan until the end of the 2010–11 season. Loan to Nottingham Forest
Despite speculation during the January transfer window, <mask> remained at Middlesbrough and had not started a match for a month by the time the loan deal was signed, having only started 19 games the whole season for Middlesbrough. <mask>'s loan deal was signed until the end of the 2010–11 season and <mask> was issued with the number 22 jersey.Nottingham Forest goalkeeper Paul Smith moved in the opposite direction because of injuries at Middlesbrough. The same day he made his move to Forest, <mask> debuted from the bench in a 2–1 defeat to Sheffield United. He scored six goals in ten league appearances for Forest, taking his total in the Football League Championship to twelve. Eskişehirspor

<mask> signed a three-year contract with Turkish Süper Lig club Eskişehirspor on 8 July 2011. <mask> terminated his contract on 19 December 2011 and started legal proceedings against Eskişehirspor claiming he had never been paid during his stay at the club. He played just 76 minutes of league football for Eskişehirspor. Portland Timbers
On 23 January 2012, <mask> declined a contract offer from Major League Soccer side Houston Dynamo.<mask> instead signed with Portland Timbers of MLS on 30 January 2012, becoming the club's second Designated Player. As Houston held exclusive rights within MLS to negotiate with <mask>, Portland were forced to trade a first-round pick in the 2013 MLS SuperDraft to the Dynamo for the right to sign him. <mask> scored his first goal for the Timbers on 4 March 2012 during a pre-season exhibition against AIK of Sweden. Eight days later, <mask> made his league debut in their season opener, where he scored Timbers' second goal of a 3–1 victory against Philadelphia Union. <mask> featured less frequently, however, after head coach John Spencer was fired. He scored seven goals in 26 appearances for Portland in the 2012 Major League Soccer season. On 31 January 2013, the Timbers announced that they had mutually agreed to end <mask>'s contract.Kilmarnock (second spell)
<mask> signed a short-term deal until the end of the 2012–13 season with Kilmarnock in February 2013. <mask> was given the number eleven shirt. In 2013–14, <mask> went on to have his most prolific season for Kilmarnock, scoring 22 goals in 37 matches. His success in front of goal garnered a Scotland recall and a Player of the Year nomination. Rangers (second spell)
<mask> signed a one-year contract with Rangers, of the Scottish Championship, on 27 June 2014. He made his first competitive appearance of his second spell at Ibrox on 5 August 2014; playing in Rangers' 2–1 win over Hibernian in the first round of the Challenge Cup. A fortnight later, <mask> scored his first goals of the season; netting a hat-trick in an 8–1 rout of Clyde in the second round of the Challenge Cup.<mask> was released by Rangers at the end of the season, along with several other players, after the club failed to gain promotion to the Scottish Premiership. Kilmarnock (third spell)
<mask> signed a three-year contract with Kilmarnock in June 2015. On 13 August 2016, <mask> scored his 100th goal for Kilmarnock, in a 2–1 win away to Hamilton Academical. He scored the fastest goal in Scottish Premiership history after just 10 seconds on 28 January 2016, in a 3–2 home defeat of Ross County. <mask> scored his 200th top flight league goal, in a 2–1 home defeat to Motherwell on 6 March 2017, becoming the fifth post-war player to reach that milestone. In December 2017, <mask> scored both Kilmarnock goals in a 2–1 win against Rangers. <mask> enjoyed a renaissance in his fortunes in the 2017–18 season, under the management of Steve Clarke.He finished as the top goalscorer in the 2017–18 Scottish Premiership with 18 goals, and was nominated for both the PFA (Players') and SWFA (Writers') Player of the Year awards. On 6 April 2019, <mask> scored from the penalty-spot in a 2–0 victory over St Johnstone. With the goal, <mask> became the club's joint-second league goalscorer of all time, level with Eddie Morrison on 121 goals. It was also <mask>'s 300th goal in his professional football career across his various clubs and with Scotland. He announced his retirement from professional football in June 2019.

International career
<mask> was regularly selected for the Scotland under-21 team, winning eight caps and scoring once. On 11 May 2006, he made his debut for the Scotland national team and scored twice in a 5–1 win over Bulgaria in the Kirin Cup. <mask> then took part in European Championship qualifying, scoring twice against the Faroe Islands in a 6–0 win and also against Georgia in a 2–1 win, his fifth goal in six games.On 11 October 2008, <mask> stated that he would not play international football again under manager George Burley. His decision came after Burley had left <mask> on the substitute bench in a 0–0 World Cup qualifying match against Norway, opting to bring on debutant Chris Iwelumo instead. When asked about the decision, Burley stated that <mask> had "to establish himself in the Rangers team, which he hasn't done". After hearing those comments, <mask> contacted Burley to inform him of his decision, and confirmed his decision with Gordon Smith, the chief executive of the Scottish Football Association. At a press conference on 13 October 2008, Burley hinted that the door might not be closed should <mask> reconsider, stating that <mask>, rather than he, had "made the decision", and that "... if [<mask>] is totally committed, that's what the country needs". On 16 November 2009, Burley was sacked as manager of Scotland after winning just three out of fourteen games as manager. After Craig Levein was appointed manager of Scotland in December 2009, <mask> stated that he was "ready and willing" to play for Scotland again.He was called up to the Scotland squad to play against the Czech Republic in a friendly on 3 March, and he received his sixteenth cap in the second half of the game. His most recent international appearance was in a Euro 2012 qualifier against Liechtenstein on 7 September 2010. <mask> was recalled to the squad for a friendly match with Norway in November 2013, but he did not play. His performances for Kilmarnock during the 2017–18 season led to suggestions that <mask> could be recalled to the national squad, aged 34. <mask> said that he was open to a recall, but also stated his belief that the national team needed to develop younger players. Style of play
<mask> is typically defined as a goal poacher, whose key attribute is his strike rate. He scored an average of two goals for every three games when he arrived at Rangers; many of which came from the substitute bench, making his goals-to-games ratio even more impressive.He prefers to play in the penalty box, where he can play off the shoulder of defenders who are close to their goals. Former Rangers manager Alex McLeish compared him to rival Ally McCoist in goalscoring ability. When he fails to score, however, his overall contribution to the team is sometimes questioned. Manager Walter Smith occasionally chose not to play him owing to his lack of contribution to the overall team performance. With Smith's common 4–5–1 formation, <mask> was not seen to be an effective lone striker. Personal life
In 2016, <mask>'s younger brother Scott took his own life aged 27 without explanation. 16 months later, the <mask> Charity was established with the aim of assisting persons with mental health problems and to encourage discussion of the issues causing them.Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each <mask> goal. Honours

Club
Rangers
 Scottish Premier League: 2008–09, 2009–10
 Scottish Cup: 2007–08, 2008–09
 Scottish League Cup: 2007–08, 2009–10

International
Scotland
Kirin Cup: 2006

Individual
 Scottish league top goalscorer (5): 2005–06, 2006–07, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2017–18
Scottish Premier League Golden Boot (broke SPL goalscoring record): January 2010
 PFA Scotland Players' Player of the Year (shortlisted): 2005–06, 2009–10, 2013–14, 2017–18
 PFA Scotland Young Player of the Year (shortlisted): 2005–06
 SFWA Footballer of the Year (shortlisted): 2005–06. Scottish Premier League Player of the Month (3): November 2005, January 2006, December 2009
 Scottish Premiership Player of the Month: December 2017
 Scottish Premier League Young Player of the Month: August 2002, January 2003

See also
List of footballers in Scotland by number of league goals (200+)

References

External links

Rangers F.C. profile

1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Irvine, North Ayrshire
Association football forwards
Scottish footballers
Scottish expatriate footballers
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Scotland international footballers
Scotland B international footballers
Scotland under-21 international footballers
Scottish Premier League players
English Football League players
Kilmarnock F.C. players
Rangers F.C. players
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C.players
Eskişehirspor footballers
Expatriate footballers in Turkey
Süper Lig players
Portland Timbers players
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Major League Soccer players
Designated Players (MLS)
Scottish Professional Football League players
Scottish league football top scorers
Sportspeople from South Ayrshire
People from Tarbolton

masks:
Kris Boyd
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<mask> (4 January 1893 – 18 February 1967) was a Spanish composer and teacher in Valencia Conservatory. He wrote a large number of symphonic, band (wind orchestra), choral and chamber works. He was one of the most popular and important composers of his time. He received the Spanish National Music Award (Premio Nacional de Música) twice, first in 1927 and again in 1945. His music is known within the Spanish classical music for being a representative of what it has been called “Mediterranean” style, like other Spanish musicians such as Vicente Asencio or Oscar Esplá. The cities of Valencia, Alfara del Patriarca, Llíria, Alaquàs and Xirivella named streets after him. There is a Spanish choir called <mask> in his honor.Biography

<mask> lived some of the sweetest and most bitter moments of art in Spain. He had the good fortune to be a contemporary of a large number of artists (painters, poets, musicians) and scientists who had achieved international significance. However, he also had the misfortune of living through the horrendous events of the military insurrection against the legitimate government of the country and suffered the post-war horrors that severely impeded artistic production. But the Valencian musician composed until the end of his days, motivated by the satisfaction that his own creative activity gave him. Born in Alfara del Patriarca (Valencia) on 4 January 1893, he started his musical education at the Conservatory of Music in Valencia. He studied composition with Charles Koechlin and Ravel and many of his compositions are influenced by the impressionism. In 1927 and 1945 got the Premio Nacional de Música (Spanish National Music Award).He was a teacher in the Conservatory of Valencia and became principal in 1951. Among his students there are international musicians such the conductor <mask>, the professor Salvador Seguí, etc. <mask> Boix died in Valencia on 18 February 1967. Style

<mask> looked into the French musical mirror, where he found some of his more important musical influences. The artistic currents that coexisted at that moment influenced his music to a greater or lesser degree. An review of some of those styles, <mask>’s sources of inspiration, bring us closer to the European musical environment of that time. But, without doubt, one of the elements that marked his music in a definite way, was to be Valencian folklore.Originally from a small village in the Valencian countryside (Alfara del Patriarca), the music that he heard sung at parties, weddings, etc., were to become his constant inspiration. Sometimes, he recreates a given popular themes, other times he invented melodies himself in the style of folk music, giving his compositions a peculiarity that differentiates his music from other Spanish music of the time (that often looked to the South of Spain for its inspiration) that had become popular towards the end of the 19th century. <mask> looks for the Valencian’s colour: at a time in which Andalusian regionalism was dominant, the maestro sought inspiration in his own cultural roots. Recordings

Orchestras as the ONE (National Orchestra of Spain), ORTVE (Spanish Radio TV Orchestra) Joven Orquesta de la Generalitat Valenciana, have recorded his music, including soloists such Narciso Yepes, Bertomeu Jaume, Rafael Serrallet and <mask>, etc. Legacy

In 2013 <mask>’s heirs donated their musical material to the Valencian Library and IVM (Valencian Musical Institute). 3.069 books and scores from his personal library, 196 recordings, 109 publications, and 1.242 documents from his personal archive (840 manuscripts of his works). Works

Despite his prolific musical production, <mask> is relatively unknown in the music world.<mask> left a very interesting collection of music, including guitar works and, additionally, he wrote a substantial concerto that is almost forgotten today and has been barely performed since his composition. <mask> wrote more than hundred Lieder, one guitar concerto (Concert of Valencia or Concierto Levantino), two piano concerti, three symphonies, choral music, ballet, the opera Maror. Here a list of works. Andante cantabile
        Animato. Scherzo
        Allegro. Finale
    1942 Salve for choir and orchestra
    1944 Simfonia núm. 2 en re major - Murciana
        Largo.Allegro energico
        Lento. Tiempo de parranda. Lentamente
        Presto
        Allegro giocoso
    1946 Dramatic Concerto for piano and orchestra
        Lento. Allegro non tanto
        Lentamente
        Allegro deciso
    1947/1959 Concert of Valencia (Concierto Levantino) for guitar and orchestra
        Allegro non tanto. Allegro deciso
        Larghetto. Animado. Larghetto
        Presto
    1950 Simfonia number 3
    1950 Salmantinas for female choir and orchestra.1951/1955 Escena y danza de Omar
    1953 Two aquarelles for string orchestra
    1956 Tríptico catedralicio (There is also a wind orchestra version)
    1963 Heráldica
    Anthem for nuevo al Santísimo Cristo Verdadero for choir and orchestra. Criatura dolcíssima for voice and orchestra. Texts by  Joan Fuster
    Suite in old stile

Wind orchestra (Banda de música)

    1920 Himne a la bandera for choir and wind orchestra. 1921 Marxa valenciana n. 2
    1922 Himne a Bétera for choir and wind orchestra. 1922 La cançó del poble
    1923 Marxa valenciana n. 4
    1923 Pasodoble andaluz
    1924 Penya truquera
    1924 ¡Vaya lo fino! 1924 Danza mora
    1925 Soc de Moncà
    1925 Poemas de juventud
    1929 Marcha n. 13
    1930 Cançó de renaixença for choir and banda. 1936 Two school songs for children's choir and wind orchestra.1946 Manises Anthem
    1947 Blayo
    1956 Marcha solemne
    1961 Riberas del Jiloca
    1961 Rumores del Genil
    Himne escolar for choir and wind orchestra

Theatre

    1917 Farandulerías
    1918 Beniflors, Valencian zarzuela in one act
    1920 Amor torna, Dramatic  Valencian zarzuela in 2 acts
    1922 A vora mar Valencian zarzuela in one act
    1938 Lliri blau Ballet in two acts
    1938 Sino Ballet in one act
    1946 Joyel Ballet
    1956 Maror, opera. The irresistible call of music. Biography (in Spanish)
 <mask> and the guitar (in Spanish)
 Concierto Levantino (In Spanish)

Spanish classical composers
20th-century classical composers
Spanish male classical composers
People from Horta Nord
Composers from the Valencian Community
1893 births
1967 deaths
20th-century Spanish musicians
20th-century Spanish male musicians

masks:
Manuel Palau Boix
Manuel Palau
Palau
Manuel Galduf
Manuel Palau
Palau
Palau
Manuel Palau
Manuel Galduf
Palau
Manuel Palau
Palau
Manuel Palau
Manuel Palau


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<mask> (born 14 December 1973) is a Scottish football player and coach, who was most recently the manager of Queen of the South. <mask> started his professional playing career with Heart of Midlothian and then followed on to French club Rennes before a spell in English football with Sunderland before returning to Scotland with Rangers. <mask> then returned to England with Middlesbrough and Sheffield Wednesday. <mask> returned to Scotland and played out his playing career with Kilmarnock, St Mirren and Queen of the South. <mask> played for Scotland 18 times in full internationals, and also played for the Scotland under-21 and B international teams. <mask> started his managerial career in 2012, as player-manager of Queen of the South. <mask> won the Second Division championship in his first season as a manager, then moved to Kilmarnock.<mask> departed Rugby Park after 18 months after a dispute with the club's board about the sale of a player. <mask> was appointed manager of Dunfermline Athletic in 2015, where he won the League One Championship in his first season. Playing career

Club

Heart of Midlothian
<mask> began his career with Heart of Midlothian, becoming a first-team regular in the mid-1990s. In January 1996, <mask> scored his first career hat-trick, scoring all three goals in a 3–0 win against Rangers at Ibrox. <mask> picked up a Scottish Cup runners-up medal that season in the defeat to Rangers where Brian Laudrup dominated the final. Rennes
During the summer of 1996, <mask> moved to French club Rennes (Aberdeen defender Gary Smith making the same move), but he left after less than one season. Sunderland
<mask> finished the season with FA Premier League side Sunderland as they were relegated to the Football League First Division.Although Sunderland were defeated in the 1998 play-off final, the club won the title the following season. During the summer of 1999, with just one year left on his contract, <mask> began negotiations about an extension. During this time, interest in <mask> was expressed by Rangers and after negotiations broke down with Sunderland, <mask> stated his desire to move to Glasgow. Despite previously being a first-team regular he never appeared for Sunderland in 1999–2000 season and was subsequently loaned to Birmingham City and Bolton Wanderers, the latter with whom he appeared in the FA Cup semi-final. However in the semi-final versus Aston Villa he was one of two Bolton players to have their penalty saved by David James as they crashed out in a shoot-out. <mask> was the scorer of the final competitive goal at Roker Park in a 3–0 win over Everton in the final home game of the 1996/97 season. Rangers
At the end of the 1999–00 season, having not featured for Sunderland in the entire campaign, <mask> moved to Rangers on a free transfer, scoring on his debut in a Champions League qualifying match against FBK Kaunas.He scored twice more for Rangers, his strikes coming against Herfolge in another Champions League qualifier and Brechin in the Scottish Cup. Middlesbrough
Little over twelve months later, in late August 2001 and with the FA Premier League season already underway, <mask> moved to Middlesbrough in a £600,000 deal, making his debut in the derby defeat to Newcastle United the following weekend. <mask> scored in his second match against West Ham but failed to score again all season, missing February and March due to injury. The following season, <mask> spent much of the season on loan with Sheffield Wednesday, scoring twice, having only played in two League Cup matches for Boro, subsequently missing the entire 2003–04 season. Kilmarnock
<mask> signed for Kilmarnock in August 2004, reuniting him with former Hearts management team Jim Jefferies and Billy Brown. In April 2007, with his contract about to expire, <mask> agreed a new two-year deal, which wasn't extended upon its expiry in June 2009, resulting in his release from Rugby Park. St Mirren
On 8 August 2009, <mask> played in a trial match for St Mirren against Wigan Athletic.After the match, manager Gus MacPherson said that he would love to sign him, but felt he might be out of their price range. After making 10 appearances for St Mirren, he was released at the end of the season. Queen of the South
In July 2010 <mask> played as a trialist in four games for Dumfries club Queen of the South. <mask> was then confirmed on the club's website as having signed a one-year contract on 16 July 2010. <mask>'s competitive league debut for Queens was on 22 August 2010 when he played in central midfield during a 3–1 away win at Cowdenbeath. <mask> scored his first Queens goal in a league win at Palmerston Park versus Partick Thistle on 18 September 2010.

International
<mask> made 18 appearances for Scotland between 1998 and 2002, and was also capped at under–21 level. Coaching career

Queen of the South (first spell)
Queen of the South announced on 21 June 2011 that <mask> had signed a contract as player coach.On 3 May 2012, <mask> was appointed as Queens new player-manager. <mask> led Queens to a historic double in his first full season in management, winning the Scottish Second Division Championship and the Scottish Challenge Cup. Kilmarnock
<mask> and his assistant, Sandy Clark both signed two-year contracts to join Kilmarnock as the club's new management team on 24 June 2013. Queen of the South receive around £30,000 in compensation. Kilmarnock narrowly avoided relegation in <mask>'s first season in charge, winning their last two games to finish above the relegation play-off position. The club performed better in the league during his second season, but in February 2015 <mask> announced his intention to leave the club at the end of the season. He had been upset by the sale of Robbie Muirhead, which <mask> said had only been advised to him after the transfer window had closed.The Kilmarnock board then decided to remove <mask> from his position immediately. Dunfermline Athletic
On 8 May 2015, after three months out of work, <mask> was appointed manager of Scottish League One side Dunfermline Athletic on a one-year contract. His first season with the club saw him twice named Scottish League One Manager of the Month, guide the Pars to the league title and promotion to the Scottish Championship, and additionally, saw the side compete well against Scottish Premiership opposition in both the Scottish Cup and Scottish League Cup. In April 2016, <mask> was rewarded for his achievements with a new two-year contract, keeping him at East End Park until Summer 2018. <mask>'s first season in the championship saw the club finish in fifth place, four points off the play-off positions. The following season, Dunfermline finished one place better off which saw them contest the quarter-final play-off against Dundee United. After a goalless first leg, the Pars lost the return leg 2–1 at Tannadice.On 22 May 2018, <mask> signed a new two-year contract. In January 2019 Dunfermline were not in contention for a play-off spot. On 9 January the club announced <mask> had been relieved of his duties 4 days after Alloa Athletic scored a 94th minute equaliser against Dunfermline after Dunfermline having been 2-0 ahead. Queen of the South (second spell)
On 5 May 2019, soon after Queens ended their league campaign in the 2018–19 Scottish Championship relegation play-off position, the Doonhamers appointed <mask> and his assistant, Sandy Clark on a two-year contract for their second spell at the Dumfries club ahead of the play-off matches versus Montrose. On 16 April 2021, <mask> and Clark signed a contract extension to remain as the Queen of the South management team until May 2023. On 13 February 2022, <mask> and Clark departed the Doonhamers by mutual consent (4 wins in 24 matches) as the Dumfries club languished in the automatic relegation place in the Scottish Championship. Personal life
His son <mask> is also a footballer (a Motherwell youth product, he made his senior debut in 2021); elder brother <mask> also played professionally for St Johnstone and Partick Thistle among others.Career statistics

International appearances

Scores and results list Scotland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each <mask> goal. Managerial record

Honours and achievements

Player
Sunderland
Football League First Division: 1998–99

Queen of the South
Scottish Second Division: 2012–13
Scottish Challenge Cup: 2012–13

Manager
Queen of the South
Scottish Second Division: 2012–13
Scottish Challenge Cup: 2012–13
Scottish Championship play-offs: 2018–19

Dunfermline Athletic
Scottish League One: 2015–16

Individual
Queen of the South
PFA Scotland Manager of the Year: 2012–13
Scottish Second Division Manager of the Year 2012–13

Dunfermline Athletic
SPFL Championship Manager of the Month: August 2017
SPFL League One Manager of the Month: December 2015, March 2016

References

External links

1973 births
Association football midfielders
Birmingham City F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Dunfermline Athletic F.C. managers
Expatriate footballers in France
Heart of Midlothian F.C. players
Kilmarnock F.C. managers
Kilmarnock F.C.players
Ligue 1 players
Living people
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Premier League players
Queen of the South F.C. managers
Queen of the South F.C. players
Rangers F.C. players
Scotland B international footballers
Scotland international footballers
Scotland under-21 international footballers
Scottish expatriate footballers
Scottish Football League managers
Scottish Football League players
Scottish football managers
Scottish footballers
Scottish Premier League players
Scottish Professional Football League managers
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Footballers from Glasgow
St Mirren F.C. players
Stade Rennais F.C.players
Sunderland A.F.C. players
English Football League players

masks:
Allan Johnston
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Max Johnston
Sammy Johnston
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