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<mask><mask> (born May 23, 1986) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Washington Nationals, Detroit Tigers, and Milwaukee Brewers. <mask> was a two-time MLB All-Star, and co-led the National League in wins in 2013. In 2014, <mask> pitched the first no-hitter in Washington Nationals history. <mask> was born in Auburndale, Wisconsin, where he played all four years of high school on the varsity team at Auburndale High School. He began his career as a catcher, then moved to multiple positions due to his versatility. He was used as a starting pitcher as well as a closer in tight games.Zimmermann attended the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, and was drafted by the Washington Nationals in the second round of the 2007 Major League Baseball draft as a compensation pick from the Chicago Cubs for the signing of Alfonso Soriano. In 2008, Zimmermann had a combined 10–3 record with a 2.89 earned run average (ERA) with the Potomac Nationals of the Class A-Advanced Carolina League and the Harrisburg Senators of the Class AA Eastern League, and in July was named to the Eastern League All-Star team. He finished the season leading the organization in wins, strikeouts, and earned run average, and was the MILB.com Nationals pitcher of the year. Washington Nationals

2009
Zimmermann was rated the Nationals' best prospect going into the 2009 MLB season, according to Baseball America. In 2009, Zimmermann made the Nationals' roster as the fifth starter; however, the Nationals did not need him in the rotation until mid-April, so Zimmermann opened the season with the Triple-A Syracuse Chiefs. <mask>'s contract was purchased on April 20, 2009, and he made his major league debut that night, after a two-plus hour rain delay, against the Atlanta Braves. He pitched six innings, allowing two runs on six hits, with three strikeouts and a walk, earning the victory.In his second game against the New York Mets, Zimmermann won his second game in as many starts, becoming the first Nationals/Expos pitcher to win his first two starts of his career since Randy Johnson did so in 1988. Coincidentally, <mask> was the losing pitcher in Johnson's historic 300th win on June 4, 2009. Zimmermann experienced elbow pain, and in July landed on the disabled list. After attempted rehab, in August 2009 <mask> was diagnosed with a torn ulnar collateral ligament and underwent Tommy John surgery, expecting to miss 18 months. He finished his rookie season of 2009 going 3–5 with a 4.63 ERA in 16 starts. 2010
In 2010, he made quick progress. Over four minor league levels, he started 10 games in limited play, racking up just 39.2 innings, but compiling a solid record: 1.59 ERA, 27 hits allowed, 31 strikeouts, and just six walks.On August 26 he was recalled to make his 2010 debut back in the big leagues, where Zimmermann got a no-decision in an eventual win by the Nationals over the Cardinals. On this same day, the Nationals learned that their other young pitching phenom, Stephen Strasburg, would need Tommy John surgery and would be out for 12–18 months. In <mask>'s second return start, however, five days later, he pitched six shutout innings, allowing only one hit, no walks, and striking out nine, a personal best. He also became the first National to get through six innings facing only 18 batters. <mask> finished the 2010 year 1–2 with a 4.94 ERA in seven starts. 2011
On May 6, 2011, Zimmermann pitched an immaculate inning versus the Florida Marlins at Sun Life Stadium. He finished the 2011 year 8–11 with a 3.18 ERA.2012
On May 28, 2012, <mask> hit his first career home run off of Miami Marlins pitcher Carlos Zambrano. <mask> became the third Nationals pitcher named NL Pitcher of the Month during the 2012 season when the selection was announced on August 2, 2012. During July he went 4–0 with an MLB-best 0.97 ERA. He gave up 27 hits in 37 innings and struck out 31 compared to 4 walks. He finished the 2012 season 12–8 with a 2.94 ERA. In Game 4 of the 2012 National League Division Series, Zimmermann made a relief appearance in the 7th inning, his first since 2008 at A-level Potomac. Entering a tie game, Zimmermann struck out the side.The Nationals would eventually lose the series to the St. Louis Cardinals after Game 5. 2013
<mask> hurled his first career shutout on April 26, 2013, with a one-hitter against the Cincinnati Reds. It was the second straight one-hitter by Nationals pitching in the series, marking the first occasion since 1917 that a Washington team achieved that streak, and the first time since 1900 that the Reds were victimized that way. In 2013, <mask> was named to his first All-Star Game, but chose not to play due to stiffness in his neck. He finished the season with a career high in wins, going 19–9, while also posting a 3.25 ERA and 161 strikeouts in a career-high  innings over 32 starts. His wins total tied with Adam Wainwright for the National League lead. 2014
On September 28, 2014, the last day of the regular season, Zimmermann threw the first no-hitter in Washington Nationals history, a 1–0 win over the Miami Marlins and Henderson Alvarez, the pitcher who threw the final no-hitter of the 2013 season.Zimmermann faced only one over the minimum in the game; only a fifth inning walk to Justin Bour and a seventh inning third strike wild pitch that allowed Garrett Jones (who was subsequently picked off) to reach first base separated him from a perfect game. This was also the first time in MLB history that a no-hitter had been thrown on the final day in two consecutive seasons. He finished the season with a 14–5 record and a 2.66 ERA, striking out a career-high 182 batters in  innings. 2015
Zimmermann finished the 2015 season with a record of 13–10 along with a 3.66 ERA, 1.205 WHIP and 164 strikeouts in 201 innings pitched. Following the season, he became one of a record 20 players to receive a qualifying offer. <mask> finished his tenure with the Nationals starting 178 games, sporting a 70-50 record, a 3.32 ERA, pitching 1094 innings, eight complete games (four shutouts) and striking out 903 batters. Detroit Tigers

2016
On November 30, 2015, the Detroit Tigers signed Zimmermann to a five-year, $110 million contract.Zimmermann was named the American League Pitcher of the Month for April. During the month of April, Zimmermann allowed just two earned runs in 33 innings pitched, for a 0.55 ERA. He was 5–0, becoming the sixth pitcher to finish April with five-plus wins, zero losses and a sub-1.00 ERA. He joins Fernando Valenzuela (1981), Randy Johnson (2000), Cliff Lee (2008), Zack Greinke (2009), and Ubaldo Jiménez (2010). <mask>'s 0.55 ERA is the third-best mark for April in Tigers history. The only two Detroit pitchers with better ERAs in April were Bernie Boland with a 0.30 ERA in 1915 and John Hiller with a 0.36 ERA in 1974. On July 4, he was placed on the 15-day disabled list due to a neck strain.2017
On May 23, <mask> recorded his 1,000th career strikeout in a game against the Houston Astros. On July 17, in a game against the Kansas City Royals, Zimmermann threw 79 strikes out of 97 pitches, an 81 percent strike rate that ranks as the best by a Tigers starter with 80 pitches or more since at least 1988, and was the best by a Major League starter since 2008. Overall, <mask> struggled throughout the 2017 season. In 29 starts, he went 8–13 with a 6.08 ERA and 1.55 WHIP. 2018
On April 11, <mask> was struck in the face by a line drive by Jason Kipnis. Zimmermann was taken to the hospital, and was diagnosed with a bruised jaw, but made his next start. On May 6, after making seven starts in the 2018 season, Zimmermann was placed on the 10-day disabled list with a right shoulder strain.He returned to the rotation on June 16. For the 2018 season, Zimmermann made 25 starts, compiling a 7–8 record with a 4.52 ERA and 111 strikeouts in  innings pitched. 2019
<mask> began the 2019 season as the Tigers Opening Day starter. He was placed on the disabled list on April 26 due to a UCL sprain. He returned to MLB action on June 19, starting and pitching four innings against the Pittsburgh Pirates. Zimmermann finished the 2019 season with a 6.91 ERA and a dismal 1–13 record, becoming the first Tiger pitcher since at least 1908 to post fewer than two wins in a season with at least 20 starts. 2020
Zimmermann began the 2020 season on the 45/60 day injured list due to a right forearm strain.With the 2020 Detroit Tigers, Zimmermann appeared in three games, compiling a 0-0 record with 7.94 ERA and six strikeouts in  innings pitched. Milwaukee Brewers
On February 18, 2021, Zimmermann signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers organization that included an invitation to Spring Training. On March 26, 2021, <mask> was released by the Brewers. On March 27, Zimmermann re-signed with the Brewers on a new minor league contract. On April 29, 2021, <mask> was selected to the active roster  Zimmermann recorded a 7.94 ERA in 2 games for the Brewers. On May 11, 2021, <mask> announced his retirement from professional baseball. Pitching style
Zimmermann was mainly a three-pitch pitcher.He threw a four-seam fastball at  that topped out at , a slider which he described as a "baby cutter" (), and a curveball (). On rare occasions, he also featured a circle change to left-handed hitters. References

External links

1986 births
Living people
American people of German descent
Baseball players from Wisconsin
Detroit Tigers players
Hagerstown Suns players
Harrisburg Senators players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Milwaukee Brewers players
National League All-Stars
National League wins champions
People from Auburndale, Wisconsin
Potomac Nationals players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Vermont Lake Monsters players
Washington Nationals players
Wisconsin–Stevens Point Pointers baseball players

masks:
Jordan M
. Zimmermann
Zimmermann
Zimmermann
Career Zimmermann
Zimmermann
Zimmermann
Zimmermann
Zimmermann
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<mask> (23 January 1751, or 12 January in the Julian calendar – 4 June 1792, or 24 May in the Julian calendar) was a Baltic German writer of the Sturm und Drang movement. <mask> was born in Sesswegen (Cesvaine), Governorate of Livonia, Russian Empire, now Latvia, the son of the pietistic minister <mask> (1720–1798), later General Superintendent of Livonia. When Lenz was nine, in 1760, the family moved to Dorpat, now Tartu, where his father had been offered a minister's post. His first published poem appeared when he was 15. From 1768 to 1770 he studied theology on a scholarship, first at Dorpat and then at Königsberg. While there, he attended lectures by Immanuel Kant, who encouraged him to read Jean-Jacques Rousseau. He began increasingly to follow his literary interests and to neglect theology.His first independent publication, the long poem Die Landplagen ("Torments of the Land") appeared in 1769. He also studied music, most likely with either the Ukrainian virtuoso lutanist Timofey Belogradsky, then resident in Königsberg, or his student Johann Friedrich Reichardt. In 1771 Lenz abandoned his studies in Königsberg. Much against the will of his father, who on that account broke off contact with him, he took a position little better than that of a servant with Friedrich Georg and Ernst Nikolaus von Kleist (), barons from Courland and officer cadets about to begin their military service, whom he accompanied to Strasbourg. Once there, he came into contact with the actuary Johann Daniel Salzmann, around whom had formed the literary group of the Société de philosophie et de belles lettres. This was frequented also by the young Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who at this time happened to be in Strasbourg, and whose acquaintance Lenz made, as well as that of Johann Heinrich Jung-Stilling. Goethe now became Lenz's literary idol, and through him he made contact with Johann Gottfried Herder and Johann Kaspar Lavater, with whom he corresponded.In the following year, 1772, Lenz accompanied his masters to the garrisons of Landau, Fort Louis and Wissembourg. He also fell in love with Friederike Brion, once the beloved of Goethe, but his feelings were not reciprocated. In 1773 Lenz returned to Strasbourg and resumed his studies. The following year he gave up his position with the von Kleist brothers and lived as a freelance writer, earning his living by private tutoring. His relations with Goethe became friendlier: while the two of them were visiting Emmendingen, Goethe introduced Lenz to his sister Cornelia and her husband Johann Georg Schlosser. In April 1776 Lenz followed Goethe to the court of Weimar, where he was at first amicably received. But in early December, on Goethe's instigation, he was expelled.The exact circumstances are not recorded; Goethe, who broke off all personal contact with him after this, refers only vaguely in his diary to "Lenz's asininity" ("Lenzens Eseley"). <mask> then returned to Emmendingen, where the Schlossers took him in. From there he made a number of journeys into Alsace and Switzerland, including one to Lavater in Zürich in May 1777. The news of Cornelia Schlosser's death, which reached him there in June of that year, had a powerful effect on him. He returned to Emmendingen, and then went back to Lavater. In November, while staying in Winterthur with Christoph Kaufmann, he suffered an attack of paranoid schizophrenia. In January 1778 Kaufmann sent Lenz to the philanthropist, social reformer and clergyman Johann Friedrich Oberlin in Waldersbach in Alsace, where he stayed from 20 January to 8 February.Despite the care of Oberlin and his wife, <mask>'s mental condition grew worse. He returned to Schlosser at Emmendingen, where he was lodged with a shoemaker and then a forester. His younger brother Karl fetched him in June 1779 from Hertingen, where he was under treatment by a doctor, and brought him to Riga, where their father by this time had risen to the position of General Superintendent. <mask> was unable to establish himself professionally in Riga. An attempt to make him director of the cathedral school came to nothing, as Herder refused to give him a reference. Nor did he have any greater success in St. Petersburg, where he lived from February to September 1780. He then took a position as a private tutor on an estate near Dorpat, then, after another stay in St. Petersburg, he went to Moscow in September 1781, where initially he stayed with the historian Friedrich Müller and learned Russian.He worked as a private tutor, mixed in the circles of Russian Freemasons and authors, and helped produce a number of reformist schemes. He also translated books on Russian history into German. His mental condition however was steadily deteriorating all the while, and at last he became entirely dependent on the goodwill of Russian patrons for the means of living. In the early morning of 4 June 1792 (24 May in the Julian calendar) Lenz was found dead in a Moscow street. The place of his burial is unknown. Lenz as a literary figure
Lenz, a novella fragment by Georg Büchner, deals with Lenz's visit to the minister Friedrich Oberlin, in the Vosges. Lenz had visited Oberlin, on the suggestion of Kaufmann, because of his reputation as a pastor and psychologist.Oberlin's account of the events of Lenz's visit furnished Büchner with the source of his story, which in its turn was the source of Wolfgang Rihm's chamber opera <mask> Lenz. In Paul Celan's acceptance speech for the Georg Büchner Prize for Literature in 1960, both the historical man and the "Lenz" of Büchner's fragment figure heavily. In the first line of Büchner's novella, Lenz sets off for the mountains on 20 January. Celan relates this to the life of the poem, asking, "Perhaps one can say that every poem has its 20th of January?" He adds that the poem remains mindful of such dates. Celan also says of his work "Conversation in the Mountains," composed after a missed encounter with Adorno, that it was written from such a date: that he started writing from his own "20th of January." More recently the writers Peter Schneider, in his story Lenz (1973), and Gert Hoffmann, in his novella Die Rückkehr des verlorenen J.M.R.Lenz nach Riga ("The Return of the Lost J.M.R. Lenz to Riga", 1984), have given literary form to the events of his life. Also worth mentioning is Marc Buhl's novel of 2002, Der rote Domino ("The Red Domino"), which uses the friendship between Goethe and Lenz, and its abrupt end, as the inspiration for a detective story. Selected works
 Die Landplagen ("The Torments of the Land"). Verse epic, 1769
 Der Hofmeister, oder Vorteile der Privaterziehung ("The Tutor, or, The Advantages of Private Education"). Drama, 1774
 Der neue Menoza ("The New Menoza"). Drama, 1774
 Anmerkungen übers Theater ("Observations on the Theatre").Essay, 1774
 Meinungen eines Laien, den Geistlichen zugeeignet ("Opinions of a Layman, dedicated to the Clergy"). Essay, 1775
 Pandaemonium Germanicum. Drama, written in 1775, published posthumously 1819
 Die Soldaten ("The Soldiers"). Drama, 1776 (basis of the opera of the same name by Bernd Alois Zimmermann and a source of Büchner's drama Woyzeck)
 Die Freunde machen den Philosophen ("Friends Make the Philosopher"). Drama, 1776
 Zerbin. Novella, 1776
 Der Waldbruder ("The Friar of the Forest"). Unfinished novel, published posthumously in 1882

Editions
 Damm, Sigrid (ed.), 1987. Werke und Briefe, 3 vols. Leipzig [München/Wien]: Insel Verlag [Lizenzausgabe im Hanser Verlag]. Lauer, Karin (ed. ), 1992. Werke. Hanser Verlag, München/Wien: Hanser Verlag.Voit, Friedrich, (ed. ), 1997. Werke [selection]. Stuttgart: Reclam Verlag. Weiss, Christoph (ed. ), 2001. Werke: Faksimiles der Erstausgaben seiner zu Lebzeiten selbständig erschienenen Texte, 12 vols.St. Ingbert: Röhrig Verlag. Single works
 Weiss, Christoph (ed. ), 2003. Als Sr. Hochedelgebohrnen der Herr Professor Kant den 21sten August 1770 für die Professor-Würde disputierte (facsimile of the first edition, Königsberg 1770. Laatzen: Wehrhahn Verlag. See also
 <mask>z, a one-act chamber opera by Wolfgang Rihm

References

 Damm, Sigrid, 1992. Vögel, die verkünden Land.Das Leben des <mask> Reinhold Lenz. Frankfurt am Main: Insel Verlag. Hohoff, Curt, 1977. J. M. R. Lenz. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt. Luserke, Matthias, 1993. <mask> Reinhold <mask>: Der Hofmeister – Der neue Menoza – Die Soldaten.Munich: W. Fink. Meier, Andreas, 2001. <mask> <mask> <mask>: Vom Sturm und Drang zur Moderne. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C.Winter. Winter, Hans-Gerd Winter, 2000. <mask> <mask> <mask> (2nd ed). Stuttgart and Weimar: Verlag J.B. Metzler (=Sammlung Metzler, vol. 233). Lenz-Jahrbuch. Sturm-und-Drang-Studien. St. Ingbert: Röhrig Verlag. Filmography
 Günther, Egon (writer/director): Lenz, with Jörg Schüttauf as J.M.R. <mask> and Christian Kuchenbuch as Goethe, 1992, Federal Republic of Germany.External links

 J.M.R. Lenz at German Project Gutenberg

 J.M.R. Lenz Archive Heidelberg (former research project at the University of Mannheim)
 Lenz Forum
 Short introduction to Lenz
 Lenz film on IMDb

1751 births
1792 deaths
People from Cesvaine
People from the Governorate of Livonia
People with schizophrenia
Baltic-German people
German poets
German lutenists
German male poets
German male dramatists and playwrights
18th-century German dramatists and playwrights
German-language poets
Russian Freemasons
18th-century German male writers

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Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz
Life Lenz
Christian David Lenz
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Jakob Len
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<mask><mask> (born January 4, 1954) is a German-American academic. He is professor of sociology and past president of the Hertie School in Berlin. Until September 2019 he held a chair at the Max Weber Institute of Sociology, Heidelberg University, where he was also the Academic Director of the Center for Social Investment and Innovation. His research interests include civil society, social innovation, organizational theory, governance and policy research, social science methodology, including indicator models

<mask> studied sociology and economics at the University of Trier in Germany (1976–80) and obtained a MA, MPhil and PhD at Yale (1981, 1982, 1986). At Yale University, he studied under Juan Linz, Paul DiMaggio, Walter Powell, Scott Boorman and Charles Perrow focusing on comparative sociology, social network analysis and organizational sociology. While being a research assistant at Yale's Program on Nonprofit Organizations, he wrote his dissertation on comparative institutional development in West Africa, which involved fieldwork in Nigeria, Senegal and Togo (1983-4), and constitutes one of the first applications of comparative blockmodel analysis. While in Africa, he also conducted research on informal sector economies, business innovation, land entrepreneurship in urban areas in Nigeria and Ghana as part of a project at the University of Cologne (1985).In 1986, Dr. Anheier became assistant professor for comparative sociology and methodology at Rutgers University, and in 1988 joined the United Nations International Narcotics Control Board  as a social affairs officer on a diplomatic track, where he worked on statistical estimates of the world supply and demand of controlled substances. In 1990, returning to Rutgers University, he also became co-director of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project, one of the largest social science projects of the 1990s, operating in over forty countries to measure the economic and social relevance of nonprofit organizations. In 1998, he moved to the London School of Economics, where Anheier held a Centennial Professorship (2001-2006) and, with Lord Dahrendorf and Anthony Giddens as mentors, founded and directed the Centre for Civil Society to focus on civil society in the context of European integration. He then moved back to the US as Professor of Public Policy and Social Welfare (2001–11) at the University of California (UCLA), where he established another Center for Civil Society, this time with a focus on Southern California, philanthropy and globalization. While on leave from UCLA, he founded the Center for Social Investment and Innovation at Heidelberg in 2006, later joining the Max Weber Institute of Sociology, before taking on the helm of the Hertie School of Governance in 2009. Initially, Anheier published mainly on comparative sociology, economic sociology, and social network analysis, and in the 1990s, increasingly on nonprofit organizations in an international perspective. In the 2000s, he published mostly on civil society and its comparative measurement as well as on nonprofit management and policy more generally.In the 2010s, he has so far largely focused on three areas: the role of philanthropic foundations in the U.S. and Europe; social innovations; and governance research, especially governance indicator systems. Overall, he has published over 450 academic publications, with articles in the top journals of sociological and policy research. His book Nonprofit Organizations has been described as the first fully comprehensive textbook in its field, and won a Best Book Award by the American Academy of Management. His work on civil society, too, did receive several awards. Not only these books but also "When Things Go Wrong" (Sage)  and the Global Studies Encyclopedia (with Mark Juergensmayer, Sage) as well as the Global Civil Society Yearbook (with Mary Kaldor; Oxford University Press, Sage) became reference books in graduate programs in North America and Europe. His recent publications include several special journal issues on hybrid organizations and social innovation, US philanthropy (Brookings Press), and the Hertie School Governance Reports (Oxford University Press). Anheier contributed to the conceptual and methodological foundations of nonprofit and civil society research in several ways, including the social origins theory (with Lester M Salamon), the Law on Nonprofit Complexity, and the term Creative Philanthropy (with Diana Leat).He was one of the founders of ISTR, the International Society for Third-Sector Research, initiated the United Nations Handbook on Nonprofit Institutions as part of the system of national accounts, founded two journals, Voluntas (journal) and the Journal of Civil Society, initiated several book series (amongst others: The Culture and Globalization Series Vol. 1-5 (Sage); the Global Studies Encyclopedia (Sage); the Global Civil Society Yearbook (Oxford)), pulled together a dictionary, the International Dictionary of Nonprofit and Nongovernmental Organizations with Regina List (Taylor & Francis); and co-edited the first international encyclopedia on civil society and nonprofits. He holds both US and German citizenship, and is married to artist-designer Emilie Birlo-<mask>. Selected bibliography
 <mask><mask>. Nonprofit Organizations: Theory, Management and Policy. 2nd edition, fully revised and expanded. New York, NY, London: Routledge (2014).David Hammack and <mask><mask>: A Versatile American Institution. Washington DC: The Brookings Institution Press (2013). <mask><mask> (ed. ): Governance Challenges & Innovations. Financial and Fiscal Governance. Oxford University Press (2013). Hertie School of Governance: The Governance Report.Oxford: Oxford University Press (<mask><mask>: Principal Investigator and Coordinator) (2013). <mask><mask> and Mark Juergensmeyer (eds. ): Global Studies Encyclopedia. 5 Volumes. London, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage (2012). <mask><mask> and Diana Leat: Creative Philanthropy. New York, London: Routledge (2006).<mask><mask> and Regina List: International Dictionary of Nonprofit and Nongovernmental Organizations. London: Taylor & Francis (2005). References

Academics of the London School of Economics
Living people
Public administration scholars
University of California, Los Angeles faculty
Heidelberg University faculty
Hertie School faculty
Yale University 1980s alumni
1954 births
German emigrants to the United States

masks:
Helmut K
. Anheier
Anheier
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Helmut K
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<mask> ( Moshe Kordovero ; 1522–1570) was a central figure in the historical development of Kabbalah, leader of a mystical school in 16th-century Safed, Ottoman Syria. He is known by the acronym the Ramak (). After the Medieval flourishing of Kabbalah, centered on the Zohar, attempts were made to give a complete intellectual system to its theology, such as by Meir ibn Gabbai. Influenced by the earlier success of Jewish philosophy in articulating a rational study of Jewish thought, <mask> produced the first full integration of the previous differing schools in Kabbalistic interpretation. While he was a mystic inspired by the opaque imagery of the Zohar, Cordoverian Kabbalah utilised the conceptual framework of evolving cause and effect from the Infinite to the Finite in systemising Kabbalah, the method of philosophical style discourse he held most effective in describing a process that reflects sequential logic and coherence. His encyclopedic works became a central stage in the development of Kabbalah. Immediately after him in Safed, Isaac Luria articulated a subsequent system of Kabbalistic theology, with new supra-rational doctrines recasting previous Kabbalistic thought.While Lurianism displaced the Cordoverian scheme and became predominant in Judaism, its followers read Cordoverian works in harmony with their teachings. Where to them, Lurianism described the "World" of Rectification, <mask> described the pre-Rectification World. Both articulations of the 16th century mystical Renaissance in Safed gave Kabbalah an intellectual prominence to rival Medieval Rationalism, whose social influence on Judaism had waned after the Expulsion from Spain. Biography

Early life
The name <mask> indicates that his family originated in Córdoba, Spain and perhaps fled from there during the expulsion of 1492 ensuing from the Spanish Inquisition. His Hebrew signature, however (Cordoeiro), strongly suggests a long-lasting residence in Portugal. The Ramak was either born in, or moved to Safed in the Land of Israel, the city that was soon to become famed as a center of Kabbalah and mystical creativity. Albeit not involved in mystical studies until his twentieth year,
Ramak soon after gained a reputation of an extraordinary genius and a prolific writer.Besides his knowledge in Kabbalah, he was a Talmudic scholar and a man of commanding mastery in Jewish philosophical thought who was respected in these fields. Contrary to popular belief, however, Ramak was not one of the rabbis who received the special semicha ("ordination") from Rabbi <mask> in 1538, alongside Rabbi Yosef Karo (Cordovero's teacher in Halakha), Rabbi Moshe of Trani, Rabbi Yosef Sagis, and Rabbi Moshe Alshich. As a whole, Ramak's contributions to posterity were in speculative and performative Kabbalah, but during his lifetime he was the renowned head of the Yeshiva for Portuguese immigrants in Safed. Scholarship
According to his own testimony in the introduction to "Pardes Rimonim", in 1542, at the age of twenty, Ramak heard a "Heavenly voice" urging him to study Kabbalah with his brother-in-law, Rabbi Shlomo Alkabetz, composer of the mystical song Lecha Dodi. He was thus initiated into the mysteries of the Zohar. The young Ramak not only mastered the text, but decided to organize the Kabbalistic themes leading to his day and present them in an organized fashion. This led to the composition of his first book, Pardes Rimonim ("Orchard of Pomegranates"), which was completed in 1548 and secured Ramak's reputation as a brilliant Kabbalist and a lucid thinker.The Pardes, as it is known, was a systemization of all Kabbalistic thought up to that time and featured the author's attempt at a reconciliation of various early schools with the conceptual teachings of the Zohar in order to demonstrate an essential unity and self-consistent philosophical basis of Kabbalah. His second work - a magnum opus titled Ohr Yakar ("Precious Light") - was a 16 volume commentary on the Zoharic literature in its entirety and a work to which Ramak had devoted most of his life (the modern publication of this great work has started during the mid 1960s and reached partial fruition in 2004 Jerusalem, though the 23-volume set left out about two-thirds of the Tikkunei Zohar; additional volumes are still being published). Some parts of Ohr Yakar have been published under separate titles, such as Shiur Qomah, Tefilah le-Moshe etc. Some other books for which the Ramak is known are Tomer Devorah ("Palm Tree of Deborah"), in which he utilizes the Kabbalistic concepts of the Sephirot ("Divine attributes") to illuminate a system of morals and ethics; Ohr Neerav, a justification of and insistence upon the importance of Kabbalah study and an introduction to the methods explicated in Pardes Rimonim; Elimah Rabbati, a highly abstract treatise on kabbalistic concerns revolving around the Godhead and His relationship to the Sefirot; and Sefer Gerushin, a short and intimate composition which features the highly devotional slant of Ramak, as well as his asceticism and religious piety. Certain parts of Ramak's works are still in form of manuscripts, whereas his existing writings suggest many other compositions which he either intended to write or had actually written - but were lost. Disciples
Around 1550, the Ramak founded a Kabbalah academy in Safed (then in Ottoman Syria), which he led for twenty or so years, until his death. According to Jewish legend, it was reported that the prophet Elijah revealed himself to him.Among his disciples were many of the luminaries of Safed, including Rabbi Eliyahu de Vidas, author of Reshit Chochmah ("Beginning of Wisdom"), and Rabbi Chaim Vital, who later became the official recorder and disseminator of the teachings of Rabbi Isaac Luria. Ramak was survived by a wife whose name remains unknown (it is known that she was Solomon Alkabetz' sister) and by a son named Gedaliah (1562–1625). Gedaliah was the impetus behind the publication of some of Ramak's books in Venice, Italy c. 1584–7. Gedaliah was buried in Jerusalem, where he had spent most of his adult life after returning from Venice. Succession of Kabbalistic interpretation after the Ramak
According to tradition, Isaac Luria (known by the acronym "Ari" or "Arizal") arrived in Safed on the exact day of the funeral of Moshe <mask> in 1570. When he joined in the funeral procession, he realised that only he saw a pillar of fire following the Ramak's presence. The Zohar describes this spiritual revelation as a sign to the individual who sees it, that he is meant to inherit the succession of leadership from the departed person.However, as Luria had been instructed to find his chosen disciple in Safed, Haim Vital, to reveal his new teachings to, he avoided accepting Kabbalistic leadership until six months later, when Rabbi Haim Vital approached him. The Ari only lived for two years after this, until 1572, but in those few months he revolutionised the conceptual system of Kabbalah, with his new doctrines and philosophical system. The two schools of Cordoveran and Lurianic Kabbalah give two alternative accounts and synthesis of the complete theology of Kabbalah until then, based on their interpretation of the Zohar. After the public dissemination of the Zohar in Medieval times, various attempts were made to give a complete intellectual system of theology to its different schools and interpretations. Influenced by the earlier rational success of Jewish philosophy, especially the work of Maimonides, in producing a systematic intellectual articulation of Judaism, the Ramak achieved the first accepted systemisation of Kabbalah, based on its rational categorisation and study. Subsequent followers of the Ari saw their teachings as harmonious with, and a deeper interpretation of the Zohar and the Ramak's system, but the new system of Isaac Luria revealed completely new doctrines, as well as new descriptions of the earlier ideas of Kabbalah. In time, Lurianic Kabbalah emerged as the dominant system; however, the works of the Ramak are still highly esteemed and widely studied, as well.Among the Ramak's most visible books
 Pardes Rimonim ("An Orchard of Pomegranates") - Ramak's first book, an encyclopedic synthesis of the main trends of kabbalistic thought, which secured his reputation as a mystical genius. Ohr Yakar ("A Precious Light") - a Magnum opus of some 16 volumes in its extant manuscript form, which had occupied Ramak throughout his adult life - a classic commentary on the Zohar, Sefer Yetzirah and the Zoharic literary offshoots. Its publication ended around 2005 in Jerusalem (some 22 volumes). Certain parts, such as Tefilah le-Moshe and Shiur Qomah, were previously published as separate works. Tomer Devorah ("Palm tree [of] Deborah") - a popular work of Musar Literature based on kabbalistic principles. It was translated into English by <mask> as "<mask>rdovero, The Palm Tree of Deborah", New York Sepher-Hermon Press, 1960,  BJ1287.C8T61J2; and later by Rabbi Moshe Miller (1993). First chapter was also translated with an extensive commentary by Henry Abramson under the title The Kabbalah of Forgiveness: The Thirteen Levels of Mercy in Rabbi Moshe <mask>'s Date Palm of Devorah (Tomer Devorah) (2014)
 Eilima Rabbati - of which 2/3 is still unpublished.Ohr Neerav ("A Pleasant Light" - can also mean "A Mixed Light" or "A Darkened
Light") - translated to English and annotated by Ira Robinson (1994). Sefer Gerushin ("The Book of Banishments") - a disclosure of Ramak's fellowship and their devotional piety in the Galilean outskirts of Safed. A highly informative text concerning Ramak's devotional piety and the use of landscape as the negotiator between heaven and earth. Teachings on meditation
The Ramak taught that when meditating, one does not focus on the Sefirot (Divine emanations) per se, but rather on the light from the Infinite ("Atzmut"-essence of God) contained within the emanations. Keeping in mind that all reaches up to the Infinite, his prayer is "to Him, not to His attributes." Proper meditation focuses upon how the Godhead acts through specific sefirot. In meditation on the essential Hebrew name of God, represented by the four letter Tetragrammaton, this corresponds to meditating on the Hebrew vowels which are seen as reflecting the light from the Infinite-Atzmut.The essential name of God in the Hebrew Bible, the four letter Tetragrammaton (Yud- Hei- Vav-Hei), corresponds in Kabbalistic thought to the 10 sefirot. Kabbalists interpret the shapes and spiritual forces of each of these 4 letters, as reflecting each sefirah (The Yud-male point represents the infinite dimensionless flash of Wisdom, and the transcendent thorn atop it, the supra-conscious soul of Crown. The first Hei-female vessel represents the expansion of the insight of Wisdom in the breadth and depth of Understanding. The Vav-male point drawn downward in a line represents the birth of the emotional sefirot, Kindness to Foundation from their pregnant state in Understanding. The second Hei-female vessel represents the revelation of the previous sefirot in the action of Kingship). Therefore, the Tetragrammaton has the Infinite Light clothed within it as the sefirot. This is indicated by the change in the vowel-points (nekudot) found underneath each of the four letters of the Name in each sefira. "Each sefira is distinguished by the manner in which the Infinite Light is clothed within it". In Jewish tradition, the vowel points and pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton are uncertain, and in reverence to the holiness of the name, this name for God is never read. In Kabbalah many spiritual permutations of different vowel notations are recorded for the Tetragrammaton, corresponding to different spiritual meanings and emanations. * Kubutz and Shuruk are pronounced indistinguishably in modern Hebrew and for this reason there is reason to be skeptical as far as the association of Kubutz with Hod rather than Yesod and vice versa. Notes

External links
 Rabbi Moshe <mask>
 Tomer Devorah (The Palm Tree of Deborah) - Cordovero's classic text
 <mask>'s Meditations for the Ten Days of Repentance
 The Ramak
 Jewish Encyclopedia article
 "The Unity of God" - from The Garden of Pomegranates
 Video Lecture on Rabbi Moshe Cordevero by Henry Abramson of Touro College South
 Translation of First Chapter of Tomer Devorah excepted from Henry Abramson's The Kabbalah of Forgiveness. 1522 births
1570 deaths
People from Córdoba, Spain
16th-century rabbis
Rabbis in Ottoman Galilee
Kabbalists
Rabbis in Safed
Sephardi rabbis
Sephardi rabbis in Ottoman Palestine
Authors of Kabbalistic works
Burials at the Old Jewish Cemetery, Safed
Hebrew-language writers

masks:
Moses ben Jacob Cordovero
Moshe Cordovero
Cordovero
Cordovero
Jacob Berab
Cordovero
Louis Jacobs
Moses Co
Cordovero
Cordovero
Moses Cordovero


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<mask> (born October 8, 1982) is an American mixed martial artist. A professional MMA competitor since 2007, <mask> had fought mostly in regional promotions on the east coast, before signing with Zuffa. Career

Background
<mask> wrestled collegiately at Bridgewater State University from 2001-2004. He began training in mixed martial arts in 2006 and turned professional the following year. He was an assistant coach for Holliston High Wrestling team from 2005-2007. Amateur career
Six years before turning professional, <mask> debuted in amateur MMA on August 24, 2001, facing Jeff Malki at Extreme Grappling Challenge 4. He won via submission, and would then take a long hiatus before making his professional debut in 2007.Early career
<mask> started his professional mixed martial arts career on the regional circuit winning his first eight professional bouts, finishing all of his opponents, before dropping a five-round split decision loss to Jason McLean, during which he suffered a broken foot in the second round. After fighting McLean, <mask> made a decision to move down from featherweight to bantamweight weight class division. World Extreme Cagefighting
In October 2010 <mask> signed with World Extreme Cagefighting. <mask> made his promotional debut against Eddie Wineland on November 11, 2010 at WEC 53, losing via KO (slam) in the first round. Ultimate Fighting Championship

In October 2010, World Extreme Cagefighting merged with the Ultimate Fighting Championship. As part of the merger, all WEC fighters were transferred to the UFC. <mask> faced Scott Jorgensen on June 4, 2011 at The Ultimate Fighter 13 Finale.<mask> was arguably winning the first round until he was knocked unconscious from his guard. <mask> fought Donny Walker on September 17, 2011 at UFC Fight Night 25. He won the fight via technical submission (rear naked choke) in the first round, earning his first UFC victory. <mask> was expected to face Mike Easton on January 20, 2012 at UFC on FX 1, but pulled out due to an injury. <mask> was expected to face Edwin Figueroa on June 22, 2012 at UFC on FX 4. However, Figueroa was forced out of the bout with an injury and replaced by Francisco Rivera. However, Rivera pulled out of the bout due to an injury and was replaced by Dustin Pague.<mask> defeated Pague via split decision. <mask> next faced Érik Pérez on August 11, 2012 at UFC 150. He lost the fight via TKO in the first round, and was subsequently released from the promotion shortly after.

masks:
Kenneth Alan Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Ken
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone
Stone


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<mask> (1560 – 6 December 1613) was a German Calvinist pastor who spoke out against the persecution of witches (witchhunts, witchcraft trials) and against torture. Life and writings

Praetorius was born in Lippstadt as the son of Matthes Schulze. He later changed his name to the Latin Praetorius. He studied theology and became principal of the humanistic Latin school in Kamen, Westphalia. There, he married, but his wife Maria died of the plague. They had one child, Johannes. As the first Calvinist pastor in the parish of Dittelsheim, he undertook a trip to Heidelberg, the centre of Calvinist theology in Germany.<mask> was so impressed by the Great Wine Barrel in Heidelberg Castle that he published a poem with the title "Vas Heidelbergense" in October 1595, praising its size as an apparent proof of the superiority of the Calvinist religion. In his poem on Wolfgang Ernst, Count of Ysenburg, Büdingen and Birstein ("De pii magistratus officio"), he asked the Christian governments for a reformation of nation and church along the principles of the Bible and the Calvinist faith. Subsequently, the count called him as a princely preacher to his castle in Birstein near Frankfurt. In the town of Birstein, Praetorius published church songs, a catechism, and a book for families about Christian education in 1597. In 1602, he made a contribution to the discussion about the interpretation of the Last Supper and the Sacraments in his book De Sacrosanctis novi foederis Jesu Christi. Fight against the persecution of witches

In 1597 Praetorius was appointed as pastor to the Count of Büdingen/ Ysenburg in Birstein and had to witness the torture of 4 women accused of witchcraft. According to the court records, Reverend Praetorius was so upset about the torture of the accused women that he pressed for a stop in the trial against the last surviving woman.His protest against the torture can be found in the record of the witch-trial of Birstein 1597: "As the pastor has violently protested against the torture of the women, it has therefore been stopped this time." As a consequence <mask> was dismissed by the count. In his new parochy in Laudenbach near Heidelberg he wrote the book Gründlicher Bericht über Zauberey und Zauberer (Thorough Report about Witchcraft and Witches) to protest against torture and the prosecution of witches. At first he published the book in 1598 under the name of his son Johannes Schulze ("Johannes Scultetus"). In 1602 he dared to publish the book under his own name. The book was published again in 1613 and posthumously in 1629. Praetorius was one of the first to describe the terrible situation of the prisoners and to protest against torture, and with his "Bericht" Praetorius publicly objected to the prevailing attitude in the church (a view held by Roman Catholics as well as Protestants such as Martin Luther and John Calvin) on the torture and burning of witches.<mask> died in Laudenbach. Publications (German and Latin)

 Vas Heidelbergense, Heidelberg, October 1595 (Poem about the 1. Great Wine Barrel in the Castle of Heidelberg. Only one remaining print, translated into German by Burghard Schmanck)
 De pii magistratus officio (Poem on Wolfgang Ernst, Earl of Ysenburg, Büdingen and Birstein). Heidelberg, Printed by Christoph Löw, 1596 (Only one remaining print, translated into German by Burghard Schmanck)
 Hauptstück (catechism) Christlicher Religion sampt den gemeinesten Gebetlein/ und etlichen Fragen. Printed in Lich by Nicolaum Erbenium. 1597.Only one remaining print, fragment
 Haußgespräch, darinn kurtz doch klärlich vnd gründlich begriffen wirdt, was zu wahrer Christlicher Bekanntnuß auch Gottseligem Wandel ... zu wissen von nöhten, (conversation in the family about Christian education) Printed in Lich 1597
 Gründlicher Bericht von Zauberey und Zauberern/ darinn dieser grausamen Menschen feindtseliges und schändliches Vornemen/ und wie Christlicher Obrigkeit ihnen Zubegegnen/ ihr Werck zuhindern/ auffzuheben und zu Straffen / gebüre und wol möglich sey... kurtz und ordentlich erkläret. (Thorough Report about Witchcraft and Witches) By Joannem Scultetum Westphalo camensem. (Johannes Scultetum is a pseudonym of <mask>torius) printed in Lich by Nicolas Erbenis. 1598
 Clarissimo juris utriusque Doctori Domino Jano Grutero Sponso. Poem for the wedding of Jan Gruter, (translated into German by Burghard Schmanck) 1601 (Only one remaining print)
 Gründlicher Bericht von Zauberey und Zauberern: kurtz und ordentlich erkläret durch Antonium Praetorium, (Thorough Report about Witchcraft and Witches) printed in Lich/ 1602
 De Sacrosanctis novi foederis Jesu Christi (about the sacraments) printed by Wolgangus Kezelius and Conradus Nebenius, Lich 1602
 Nemo Ad Desideratissimas 15. Iunii.,1613 (Poem for a wedding of a pastor) Lancellotus Heidelberg (only one remaining print)
 Von Zauberey und Zauberern/ Gründlicher Bericht, (Thorough Report about Witchcraft and Witches) printed 1613 in Heidelberg by Johann Lancellot/ Andreae Cambier. Gründlicher Bericht, (Thorough Report about Witchcraft and Witches) printed 1629 in Frankfurt am Main by Johann Niclas Stoltzenbergern/ Johann Carl Unckels
 several handwritten letters

Tributes

The church of Laudenbach displays a plaque in memory of Praetorius and on May 7, 2015 the city of Lippstadt named a path in his honor.References

Bibliography (in German)
 Hartmut Hegeler: <mask>, Kämpfer gegen Hexenprozesse und Folter, (fighter against the persecution of witches and against torture) Unna, 2002
 Hartmut Hegeler und Stefan Wiltschko: <mask> und das 1. Große Fass von Heidelberg, (the 1. Great Wine Barrel in the Castle of Heidelberg) Unna, 2003
 <mask>, De Sacrosanctis Sacramentis novi foederis Jesu Christi, Eine reformatorische Sakramentenlehre von 1602 über die hochheiligen Sakramente des Neuen Bundes Jesu Christi (teachings about the sacraments) Lateinische Originalschrift (the original writing in Latin with a translation into German, translated by Burghard Schmanck), herausgegeben und übersetzt von Burghard Schmanck, Bautz Verlag, Nordhausen 2010,

External links
 (Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon, Verlag Traugott Bautz)
 biography and literature about <mask>
 reprinted text of the "Bericht" of Praetorius 1613
 Biography including coloured pictures
 Praetorius as pastor in Dittelsheim (with pictures)
 biography
 (Latin texts of Praetorius)
 Latin text der Schrift von Praetorius Das 1. Große Fass von Heidelberg
 De sacrosanctis, Homilia quinta: De infantibus ante baptismum mortuis Latin text

1560 births
1613 deaths
16th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
16th-century German writers
16th-century German male writers
16th-century Latin-language writers
17th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
17th-century German Protestant theologians
17th-century German writers
17th-century German male writers
17th-century Latin-language writers
Calvinist and Reformed hymnwriters
German biographers
German Calvinist and Reformed theologians
German Calvinist and Reformed ministers
German Protestant hymnwriters
German Renaissance humanists
German male non-fiction writers
Male biographers
Penologists
People from Lippstadt
Critics of witch hunting
Witchcraft in Germany

masks:
Anton Praeius
Praetorius
Anton Praetorius
Praetorius
Anton Prae
Anton Praetorius
Anton Praeius
Anton Praetorius
Anton Praetorius


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<mask>, or <mask> (1738? – 8 October 1774 in Leipzig), was a German charlatan, independent Freemason and necromancer. He performed ghost-raising séances for which he secretly used special effects, possibly including magic lantern projections of ghosts on smoke, which inspired the phantasmagoria shows popular in Europe from the 1790s to the 1830s. Little is certain about Schrepfer's life. Many accounts stem from either adherent or opposing Freemasons and Schrepfer himself was an impostor who told many lies about himself. Biography

Schrepfer's year of birth is often stated to be 1730 and sometimes as 1739, but he was baptized in Nürnberg on March 26, 1738. He was listed as the eighth child of the host of "Zum Rothen Roße".Father Schrepfer later ran the "Goldenen Lamm" and seems to have gone bankrupt in 1753. <mask> reportedly served for some time as a hussar in the Prussian army at the start of the Seven Years' War. However, he also claimed to have been a cavalry commander with the imperial troops and to have received many wounds in battle (although his autopsy report clearly stated that no scars or signs of old injuries were found on his body). He came to Leipzig in 1759 and started as a "Küper" (controller of goods) in Hotel de Saxe. He became a citizen of the city in August 1761 and was registered as a waiter. September 20, 1761 he married <mask> Herr, the daughter of the quartermaster of the local tailors. She was already highly pregnant and soon gave birth to their first daughter.In 1769 they purchased the "Weisslederische Coffeé-Hauß" with <mask>'s money. It was a café with a billiard room in the very center of town (at the corner of Klostergasse and the Barfußgäßchen, the location of restaurant "Zill's Tunnel" since 1841). Saxony went through some hunger years in 1770-1771. Schrepfer had debts and his family seemed to live in relative poverty, but he reportedly maintained a frivolous lifestyle and often drank wine with his followers. It was thought he got some financial support from a French Masonic lodge or some Prince elsewhere in the country, often leaving Leipzig to visit them. He started his own Masonic lodge, probably to gain some power and to make money. He often promised people large sums of money and to make them happy.Among the many lies he told were claims that he was a Catholic priest and that he was the son of the French Prince von Conti. Schrepfer always carried loaded pistols, which he claimed were to shoot himself with in case he fell into the power of evil spirits and could not go on. Schrepfer was described as a big, subdued and handsome man, well educated, but with an inconsiderate and obtrusive behavior. Two of Schrepfer's older brothers also lived in Leipzig. <mask> Schrepfer became a respected wine merchant, banker and estate owner. <mask> Friedrich Schrepfer
was a restaurateur of bloated and questioning aspect in Leipzig between 1770 and 1776. <mask> Schrepfer apparently did not get along with his brothers, but he wrote a farewell letter shortly before his death to <mask> Friedrich: "My beloved brother.Hurry to my wife and support her, or God will punish you. May all be well for you and yours. I love you till death." Masonic necromantic sessions
Schrepfer had most likely never experienced a Freemason lodge meeting when he started his own lodge of "true Masonry". Nonetheless he claimed to be the sole person with knowledge of the real secrets of Masonry and to be able to communicate with the spirit world. He also claimed to be in touch with the true Masons in England. When asked about this, they wrote in reply: "Mr. Schrepfer is totally unknown in our grand Lodge, and indeed he has lately been represented to us from Berlin, as a very trifling ridiculous person, not worthy of any Notice or Countenance".He is thought to have gained most of his knowledge about Masonry from magazines, books and from listening to the many Freemason patrons he waited on, who spoke quite freely about their Freemason secrets, plans and activities. He reportedly stole some "magical" documents and Freemason scriptures of Duke Von Holstein-Gottorp during the Seven Years' War and learned more about magic from a merchant in Frankfurt am Main. This merchant would also have supported him financially and brought him into contact with Freemasons in Braunschweig. By the end of 1771 he had very good contacts with rich nobility and Catholic monasteries near the borders with Bohemia and Silesia. He performed "magical works" in Sorau (now Żary, Poland), before the Masons in Leipzig knew about him. For a typical night of necromantic activity Schrepfer's followers would fast for 24 hours and were served an Italian salad (possibly drugged) and much punch before the midnight start of séances in a darkened room with a black-draped altar. A robed Schrepfer performed the rituals and demanded his followers to remain seated at a table or face terrible dangers if they didn't.He made use of a mixture of Masonic, Catholic and Kabbalistic symbolism, including skulls, a chalk circle on the floor, holy water, incense and crucifixes. He started with a long prayer that addressed Jesus Christ, God and the Holy Trinity, asking for the protection of good spirits. He usually raised three different ghosts: one good soul in beautiful white, one neutral in subdued white and one evil in awful brown and black. The arrival of ghosts was mostly accompanied by a sound like that of wet fingers on glass, which sometimes grew louder and could continue for about an hour. The spirits he raised were said to be clearly visible with recognizable features, hovering in the air with their arms crossed in front of their chests. They seemed to be vaporous, not made of flesh, and at times they screamed terribly. Viewers agreed that these spirits were Gallic in origin as their shreiks were reminiscent of the ravings of those unfortunates suffering from the French disease.Ghosts could answer his questions and their voices sounded hollow. Apparitions reportedly raised by Schrepfer over the years included Frederick the Wise, August III, the beheaded Danish "traitors" <mask> Struensee and Enevold Brandt with their heads in their hands, Count Brühl, Maurice de Saxe and the Knights Templar's last Grand Master Jacques de Molay. During a séance in Dresden Schrepfer ordered a spirit to bring a letter to a companion in Frankfurt. The spirit obeyed and returned half an hour later with an answer signed in Frankfurt by the companion. Another spirit appeared engulfed in flames begging Schrepfer not to torture him so. Apart from raising ghosts, Schrepfer also demonstrated his powers by making a star shine much brighter at his command and by raising a storm in a forest. Most spectators of Schrepfer's séances were convinced that the apparitions they saw were real.No clear evidence of deceit seems to ever have been found, but critics have described several suspicions. A local merchant who frequented Schrepfer's lodge claimed in his diary that he once barred the door behind them before the seance had started. Consequently, the expected ghost was heard fiddling with the lock, but failed to enter. Another time he hid under the table and recognized the shoes of a ghost as the shoes he had sold the day before to Schrepfer's oldest marqueur. Schrepfer had once rather suspiciously refused to raise the spirit of the famous poet Christian Fürchtegott Gellert who had been known in person by some of the spectators. Among the techniques that Schrepfer reportedly used for his elaborate effects were actors performing as ghosts, ventriloquism, hidden speaking tubes, glass harmonica sounds, aromatic smoke, camera obscura projections, magic lantern projections on smoke, concave mirror projections and staged thunder. Schrepfer had been friends with pharmacist and Freemason <mask> Linck the Younger and regularly held lodge meetings in Linck's garden.Schrepfer even allowed Linck's wife into his lodge, while women were usually excluded from Freemason lodges. Linck was expelled from another lodge and probably told Schrepfer all he had learned there. Schrepfer needed materials that only a pharmacist could provide and Linck also knew a thing or two about optical and acoustic devices. A magic lantern and another type of projection box from his collection are now in the Museum Waldenburg. The projection box is decorated with a crucifix and a skull with wings. Conflicts with Masonic lodge Minerva
Schrepfer had several conflicts with the Leipzig Freemason lodge "Minerva zu den drey Palmen" of the Order of Strict Observance, whose members he tried to recruit for his own lodge. There are some indications that Schrepfer was connected to the secret Rosicrucian Order of the Golden and Rosy Cross, that wanted to infiltrate Freemason lodges to weaken them from within.Schrepfer claimed support of the Jesuits to hide this connection and to win people for his own lodge. After many dismissed attempts Minerva allowed Schrepfer to speak at a meeting on January 15, 1773. With much aplomb he declared himself the true Freemason of knowledge and power in front of the gathering. Minerva's leaders pleaded to show more respect for their lodge, as they had heard that he had accused them of being impostors. They reminded Schrepfer that Minerva had the protection of Prince Karl von Sachsen, former Duke of Kurland and said they would make a case of it if they heard more accusations, and then they let him go. In the summer of 1783 Schrepfer reportedly entered a conference of the Minerva lodge and threatened them with pistols to give up their untruthful system. Minerva send a letter to ask Karl von Sachsen's help.Schrepfer in the meantime went for the support of Saxon court member and Commander of the Infantry Albert Christian Heinrich von Brühl, who was also connected to the Rosicrucian order. One evening during this period, some of Schrepfer's men, probably drunk, had plagued Minerva further by loudly and repeatedly calling out the lodge's main secret password beneath the windows of two of Minerva's men. Karl von Sachsen reply to Minerva's cry for help was placatory and the lodge started to fear for their future, hid their secret documents

masks:
Johann Georg Schrepfer
Johann Georg Schröpfer
Johann Georg
Johanna Katharina
Johanna
Georg Wolfgang
Johann George
Johann Georg
Johann George
Johann Friedrich
Johann Heinrich


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 and tried to find some amicable agreement with Schrepfer. In the night of September 4, 1773 Schrepfer distributed 40 copies of a pamphlet stating that Minerva knew nothing of masonry and that people wouldn't get anything worth their money from their lodge. The flyer revealed the secrets of the first three degrees of Masonry and the high costs of membership. Schrepfer promised to reveal more secrets eight days later, but this never happened. At this stage Karl von Sachsen was offended by Schrepfer's conduct and ordered his arrest and sent an officer to Leipzig to chastise the culprit on September 17, 1773.Several conflicting accounts of the incident exist. According to some, Schrepfer received a flogging of 100 strokes with a stick and had to sign a confession about receiving this punishment. This confession was published in local newspapers. Schrepfer reacted with a statement in the Frankfurther Zeitung denying the existence of his confession, as well as the punishment itself or any reason for punishment. He stated to have filed a complaint about his arrest, which had lasted 20 hours, with the Counsel of Leipzig. He concluded with a subtle dig at "a society that under the cover of Freemasonry, sought to restore the Order of the Temple". Another account of his punishment claims that Schrepfer ran into a corner, threw himself on his knees and called out for spirits to help him.This evocation, and the idea of ghosts actually appearing, scared the officer away. Following this shameful incident Schrepfer left Leipzig for a while. Séance at the Dresden court
Schrepfer appeared in Dresden under a false name, pretending to be a French colonel. He asked to be presented to the Elector Friedrich August III, but this was refused by François Barbé-Marbois, Chargé d'affaires of the French convoy. Schrepfer's real name was soon found out and reports of his supernatural powers reached Karl von Sachsen. The Prince decided to seek reconciliation and personally visited Schrepfer to apologize for the chastising he had ordered not long before. Schrepfer accepted the apologies and reluctantly promised to come and summon a spirit at the palace at the Prince's repeated requests.The Prince chose the spirit of his uncle, Governor <mask>, Chevalier de Saxe to be evoked, partly in the hope that this would reveal where in the palace the Governor had hidden the large sums of money that he supposedly had amassed. At the appointed night a company of 19 witnesses had gathered in the great gallery of the palace. All windows and doors were secured and Schrepfer offered punch to strengthen the nerves. Some readily accepted the drink, while others declined in order to keep a clear mind. Schrepfer started the ceremony, kneeling in a corner of the gallery. It took a long time before anything happened and Schrepfer worked himself into a violent sweat and almost in convulsions. Then a loud clatter was heard outside all of the windows and a sound followed which resembled a glass harmonica.According to Schrepfer this announced the arrival of good, protecting spirits. Not long after frightful yelling was heard, which Schrepfer attributed to the malignant spirits necessary for the commencement of the séance. He continued his evocations until a door opened with violence and a black orb rolled into the room, invested with smoke. Amidst the smoke a human face could be seen, resembling the Chevalier de Saxe. It called out loudly and angry; "Karl, was wolte du mit mich?" (Karl, what do you want of me, why do you disturb me?"). The spectators were all petrified and nobody dared to check its incorporeal nature.The Prince threw himself on his knees and called on God for mercy. Others asked Schrepfer to make the appirition disappear. It seemed to take an hour before Schrepfer's invocations dismissed the spirit, only to burst back in when the spectators had just started to feel relieved of the horror. Schrepfer's reiterated exorcisms at last expelled the apparition for good and left the spectators in awe of Schrepfer's supernatural powers. The Elector soon heard about the event and forbade repetition. In secret Prince Karl and Schrepfer kept on having séances, with only one or two other Masons. Schrepfer returned to Leipzig, but kept on visiting Dresden regularly.The big swindle
Schrepfer gathered more support from clergy and nobility and by spring 1774 he was in touch with minister Friedrich von Wurmb who became the spill figure in Schrepfer's biggest scam. Schrepfer convinced Wurmb that he had access to a sealed treasure of securities deposited in Frankfurt am Main, which included a French Royal patent and would ensure Saxony millions of income and would help it recover from a crisis. Speculators gave Schrepfer large advances, amounting to circa one million euro in today's money. On September 15, 1774 Wurmb had the packages of treasure opened in Leipzig in attendance of lawyer <mask> Hoffmann, merchant François DuBosc and son. Schrepfer was not present; he apparently had urgent business to do near the Prussian border. The packages contained nothing of worth: mainly worthless paper, tin capsules and boxes filled with sand and stones, underwear and socks. They apparently didn't dare to take Schrepfer to court as too much was at stake; even Karl von Sachsen had been more or less directly involved with the dubious speculation and the secret Rosicrucian network that some of them belonged to could become exposed.Death
According to several witnesses Schrepfer had a cheerful dinner with friends on the evening October 7, 1774 that lasted until 1:00 AM and involved much punch. Schrepfer and five of his associates - including lawyer Hoffmann and Karl von Sachsen's chamberlains Hans Rudolph von Bischoffswerder and Christian Friedrich von Hopfgarten - agreed to have a stroll to the Rosenthal forest on the edge of town at 5:00 in the morning, when it was still very dark. After he woke at 4:00 Schrepfer wrote several farewell letters of which a few transcripts are kept at the Leipzig city archives. The letter to DuBosc says (translated from German): "My beloved friend. You and W. have made it happen that I'm now in the other life! The ones that I call shall follow me, hear my friend I will pray to God for you: but I advice you by your life, don't leave Bisschofswerter and help him. Before the coming new year's fair a strange hand will pay for me.May God make your ending as peaceful as mine! God will be the judge between us. I'm your friend until death. Two hours before my death. JGSchrepffer." He reportedly bid farewell to his youngest child in the sweetest way and put his purse and gold watch in his wife's skirt. Schrepfer gave his companions the sealed farewell letters and asked them not read these before they would have returned to the city.One of the witnesses did declare that Schrepfer had wanted to tell them something on the way. According to legend Schrepfer promised them an event like nothing they had ever seen before and probably would never witness ever again. Schrepfer disappeared from their sight for a moment, the sound of a gunshot was heard and Schröpfer was found dead. Some of the witnesses claimed he had magically disappeared or that only a necromantic ritual would be needed to resurrect him. Within half an hour after his death Schrepfer's body was brought to the nearby hospital where an autopsy was conducted. His remains were buried in silence on the hospital's burial ground for suicides on the same day. The apparent suicide has later often been described as the result of Schrepfer's supposed delusions about his necromantic abilities, possibly partly due to the drugs he may have vaporized at his séances and which he must have repeatedly inhaled himself.He would have been perpetually tormented by evil spirits rendering his life miserable, or either he would have been convinced that he could resurrect himself after shooting himself to death. There are several serious indications that Schrepfer was actually murdered or persuaded and helped to commit suicide. Important evidence for murder was found in the fact that the bullet went through the front of Schrepfer's mouth, as if the weapon was forced between his lips by another person and the victim resisted by pressing his jaws together. There were also some inexplicable conflicting aspects in the statements of the witnesses and there were many possible motives to why he would have been killed. It seems like the affair was covered up. Wurmb wrote a letter to Elector Friedrich August III, nephew of Karl von Sachsen, stating that juridical investigation was impossible without implicating the prince. No further investigation took place.Aftermath and legacy
Several of Schrepfer's associates – including Wurmb, DuBosc, Hoffman and Von Bischoffswerder – managed to become leaders of Rosicrucian circles a few years later and some of them were among the founders of the new Mason lodge Balduin in Leipzig in 1776. Von Bisschofswerder later had some influence on Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia through a Rosicrucian lodge and ghost-raising sessions. It has been suggested that he owned and used Schrepfer's optical apparatus to conjure up spirits. Soon after Schröpfer's death there was a plethora of polemic publications either attacking or defendeding his supposed abilities to raise ghosts, including writings by Moses Mendelssohn, Christian August Crusius, Balthasar Bekker and <mask> Wiegleb. Schrepfer became quite famous across Europe; several publications included explanations of techniques he might have used to conjure apparitions, which inspired several people to recreate Schrepfer's séances. In 1791 and 1792 phantasmagoria pioneer Paul Philidor advertised his shows under the title "Schröpferische Geister Erscheinungen" (Schröpferesque ghost appearances). Friedrich Schiller's unfinished novel The Ghost-Seer, of which installments were published between 1787–1789, is believed to have been inspired by Schrepfer.References

Bibliography
Friedrich Kittler, Optical Media, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2010, pp. 98–101. 1738 births
1774 deaths
German magicians
People from Leipzig
Suicides by firearm in Germany
Phantasmagoria
Criminals from

masks:
Johann Georg
Johann Heinrich
Johann Christian


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<mask> (June 10, 1941 – February 7, 2018) was an American musician and actor. He played drums with acts such as Trini Lopez and Bob Dylan, with whom he played on his 1966 world tour. He became a founding member of The First Edition with singer Kenny Rogers, and played on all of their albums. Overall, <mask> played on 17 gold records from his musical career of over two decades. After the break-up of The First Edition in 1976, <mask> concentrated on his career as a character actor, where he made many appearances on film and television. Early life and career

<mask> was born on June 10, 1941, in Houston, Texas, to <mask>, a U.S. Navy officer, and Frances Marie (née Vieregge) <mask>, a homemaker. His sister, Cheryl Marie, died in 2006.<mask> attended Sunset High School in the Oak Cliff neighborhood of Dallas. It was during this time that he obtained and learned to play his first set of drums. After sitting in with several local bands, <mask> and four schoolmates formed their own band, called The Catalinas. Although the band saw some local success, he was replaced by a new drummer, as <mask> was only sixteen at the time, and the band wanted someone who was of legal age. Sideman drumming

After working as a freelance drummer with various acts, <mask> was introduced to Trini Lopez. When Lopez's drummer became ill, he was asked to take his place and eventually became the band's new permanent drummer. In 1959, <mask> left Lopez's band to pursue a degree in business administration at North Texas State College (now University of North Texas).After college, he took a job at Rohr Aircraft in San Diego. Seeing that the life of a factory worker was not for him, <mask> moved to Los Angeles to get back into the entertainment industry. He landed a job as a page at the NBC studios, while re-establishing his friendship with Lopez, who had moved to Los Angeles as well. <mask> would again become Lopez's drummer, while Lopez would see much success with hits such as "If I Had A Hammer", "La Bamba" and "America". In 1966, <mask> was made an offer by Bob Dylan to join him as his back-up drummer. Replacing Levon Helm, who had quit, <mask> would accompany Dylan with the other members of what would become The Band, on his world tour of Australia and Europe. It was during this tour while performing at the Free Trade Hall in Manchester, England, on May 17, 1966, that the audience jeered Dylan for playing the electric guitar during the latter half of the show.<mask>' career with Dylan would be cut short when Dylan had to temporarily stop performing in order to recover from a motorcycle accident. At this time, <mask> had decided to pursue a career in acting. He had landed jobs as an extra, when in 1967 he was approached to be the drummer for a new group called The First Edition, with lead singer Kenny Rogers. With hits such as "Something's Burning", "Ruby, Don't Take Your Love to Town" and "Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)", The First Edition would see much success over the next ten years, even having their own television variety show, Rollin' on the River (later shortened to Rollin), in the early 1970s. Acting career
After the breakup of The First Edition in 1976, <mask> pursued a full-time career in acting. As a character actor, he would make many appearances on television and film, such as being part of the cast of Flo, the short-lived spin-off to the CBS sitcom Alice, his role as a crooked mechanic/sheriff in National Lampoon's Vacation and his role as Chris Farber, the buddy of Ham Tyler (Michael Ironside) in the miniseries and weekly television series, V.

Later, <mask> would have a cameo in Ironside's film Total Recall (1990). <mask> had no scenes with Ironside - he played a Martian miner on a train with Doug Quaid (Arnold Schwarzenegger).In 1992, he played a small but memorable role in the television show Northern Exposure episode "Heroes" as Chris Stevens’ (John Corbett) deceased mentor, Tooley O'Toole, who is delivered to Chris in a wooden box. He appeared as the subway riding biker in a Breath Savers commercial and had a recurring role as Pete Bilker on the ABC sitcom Home Improvement. In 1996, he appeared in Sling Blade as the drummer in the band (a prominent speaking part in the band scenes), and Tin Cup, with fellow character actor Dennis Burkley. He and Burkley were commonly mistaken for each other. In 2005, he contributed to the documentary, No Direction Home: Bob Dylan. From 2011 to 2014, he had a recurring role on the television show Justified, as Rodney "Hot Rod" Dunham, a marijuana distributor who ran a small band of criminals. Author
In 2009, <mask> published his autobiography That Would Be Me, the title based on the catchphrase often used by his character on Home Improvement.<mask> died from complications of diabetes on February 7, 2018, aged 76. He is survived by his wife, Phyllis Jean Starr, and their two children, and three step children. Davenport
 Galactica 1980 (1980) - (Pilot Episode: Donzo)
 CHiPs (1980) Satin's Angels (Big Daddy)
 Flo (1980–1981) - Chester
 M*A*S*H (1981) - M.P.

masks:
Mickey Jones
Jones
Jones
Mickey Jones
Fred Edward Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Death Jones


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<mask> "Keshie" <mask>, ORTT (born 2 April 1993) is a Trinidadian track and field athlete who competes in the javelin throw. He is an Olympic champion, having won gold in 2012. He is the first Caribbean male athlete, as well as the first of African descent, to win the gold medal in a throwing event in the history of the Olympics. He is also the holder of the North, Central American and Caribbean junior record. <mask> is the youngest Olympic gold medallist in the men's javelin (19 years 131 days), and the first athlete in any track and field event to win World Junior and Olympic titles in an individual event the same year. Career

Early life and medals
Born the third child of <mask> and Endy King, <mask> grew up playing football and cricket, striving to keep up with his athletically talented older brother Elton. He was raised in the fishing village of Toco, in north-east Trinidad.He did not take up the javelin until the age of 15, but found immediate success. By April 2009, one week after his 16th birthday, he was the Caribbean youth (under-17) champion. In 2010 he stepped up to the standard regulation javelin (800-gram), and he continued his domination of the Caribbean junior division, as the three-time winner in the Junior (under-20) javelin throw at the CARIFTA Games in 2010 to 2012, setting a new NACAC North, Central American and Caribbean junior record in 2012. 2012 World Junior Champion
He began the Olympic year in April with his fourth-consecutive victory at CARIFTA Juniors. A record throw of  earned him the distinction of competing unbeaten throughout his CARIFTA career. In late May 2012 he twice improved his personal best, breaking through the 80-meter mark (262 feet) for the first time. At the Quantum Classic in Trinidad and Tobago he threw , breaking Trinidad's national javelin record of , set in 1996 by Kurt Thompson.It was also a NACAC junior record as well. One week later he reset all those marks, while competing at the IAAF International Centennial Meet in Havana, Cuba. He extended the records with a winning throw of . 2012 London Olympic Champion

In the stadium on Saturday evening 11 August, made conditions for the javelin throw less than ideal, and worse than during Wednesday's qualifying rounds. <mask> responded to the pressure of the Olympic finals by throwing a personal best distance on his first throw, giving him the lead, and then exceeding that distance on his second throw. He won the Olympic javelin gold medal with a throw of 84.58m (277 ft 6 in). He defeated a string of top athletes to win the competition including 90-metre thrower Tero Pitkämäki and two-time defending Olympic champion Andreas Thorkildsen, as well as Veselý, Oleksandr Pyatnytsya and Antti Ruuskanen.This made <mask> the youngest-ever Olympic champion in javelin throw and the second non-European to win the Olympic gold in men's javelin throw since American thrower Cy Young in Helsinki in 1952. Steve Backley, a former three-time Olympic medalist in the javelin remarked that it was a "surprise win for <mask> <mask>. Everyone else struggled with the wind". Following his Olympic victory, <mask> was hailed as a national hero. On 13 August, the day of his arrival back in Trinidad, was declared a national holiday. He was awarded $150,000 in cash and given land near his hometown of Toco, as well as a luxury home in Port of Spain. In addition, both the Toco lighthouse, (in north-east Trinidad) and the Toco Secondary School were renamed in his honour.<mask> has been coached since 2009 by Cuban-born Ismael Lopez Mastrapa. 2013 to 2014
<mask>'s 2013 season was hampered by injury. In his first competition since his Olympic victory, he "opened big", nearly matching his personal best with an opening round throw of  at a hometown meet in Hasely Crawford Stadium in Port of Spain, Trinidad, on Friday 3 May. In an early March 2014 interview with BBC Scotland, <mask> said that after some rest his ankle "is back to normal". With no World or Olympic competitions to aim for, his 2014 season will be targeted on the 2014 Commonwealth Games, to be held in Glasgow, Scotland. He had a six-week training camp in Cuba in March and planned to compete at a few events in May 2014, before taking part in another training camp in Europe so he can adjust to Glasgow's climate. He said, "My coach likes me to get away from a lot of distractions and just focus on training and being healthy."In the qualifying round of the 2014 Commonwealth Games, Kershorn threw a new personal best of  on 1 August, but in the finals on 2 August he finished second with a throw of 82.67m, trailing Julius Yego of Kenya's winning 83.87m. At the IAAF Diamond League's final meeting, the Weltklasse in Zurich, Switzerland on 28 August 2014, he set a new personal best/national record of 85.77m (281 ft 4in) in the opening round, finishing second behind Germany's Thomas Rohler's toss of 87.63m. Tokyo Olympics 2020
The 2012 London Olympic champion <mask> <mask> did not qualify for the men's javelin throw final after finishing 7th in Group B in the qualification phase. Throwing in Group B, Walcott's best throw of 79.33 on his third throw placed him 7th in that group which was not good enough to qualify him for his third straight Olympic javelin final. Competition record

Seasonal bests
2010 –
2011 –
2012 –
2013 –
2014 –
2015 –  NR
2016 –
2017 –

See also
 Trinidad and Tobago at the 2012 Summer Olympics
 List of javelin throwers

References

External links

T&T Native Enjoys 2nd Gold in Nation's History
 Games 2012 JAVELIN Men Final; YouTube video shows <mask> in comparison to his fellow competitors in London, not simply his Gold medal-winning throw. London 2012 - Event Report - Men's Javelin Throw Final; detailed results of London 2012 Finals. <mask> <mask>'s Career Highlights and Honors; The National Sports Archives of Trinidad and Tobago lists the astonishing number of national awards and honors bestowed on <mask> following his 2012 Olympic victory.1993 births
Living people
Trinidad and Tobago male javelin throwers
Olympic athletes of Trinidad and Tobago
Olympic gold medalists for Trinidad and Tobago
Olympic bronze medalists for Trinidad and Tobago
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Trinidad and Tobago
Athletes (track and field) at the 2015 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2019 Pan American Games
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Trinidad and Tobago
Pan American Games gold medalists for Trinidad and Tobago
Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Trinidad and Tobago
Competitors at the 2018 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in athletics
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2019 Pan American Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Olympics

masks:
Keshorn
Walcott
Walcott
Beverly Walcott
Walcott
Walcott
Walcott
Keshorn
Walcott
Walcott
Walcott
Walcott
Walcott
Keshorn
Walcott
Walcott
Keshorn
Walcott
Walcott


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is a member of the Imperial House of Japan and the elder daughter of Prince Tomohito of Mikasa and Princess Tomohito of Mikasa (Nobuko). Biography

Education

Princess <mask> graduated from Gakushuin University in Tokyo with a bachelor's degree in History. While she was at Gakushuin, she spent the 2001–2002 academic year studying abroad at Merton College, Oxford to major in Japanese art history. In 2004, she returned to the University of Oxford as a doctoral student at the Faculty of Oriental Studies. Her research topic was William Anderson Collection at the British Museum – Western Interest in Japanese Art in the Nineteenth Century. William Anderson (1842–1900) was an English surgeon who taught anatomy and surgery in Japan and became an important scholar and collector of Japanese art. In December 2006, Princess <mask> assisted the University of Tokyo in opening a special exhibition on the 19th-century art movement known as Japonism.In July 2007, she participated in a symposium at Ochanomizu University on the art collection of William Anderson. From January to May 2008, she was at the Clark Center for Japanese Art and Culture in Hanford, California doing research for her thesis. <mask> became a doctoral student at Merton College in the United Kingdom from October 2004 till January 2010 when she passed her final examination. In 2011, she was awarded a D.Phil. degree from the University of Oxford, thereby becoming the second member of the Japanese imperial household to achieve a doctorate (Fumihito, Prince Akishino, was the first who earned a PhD degree in Ornithology from the Graduate University for Advanced Studies in October 1996). Career
Princess <mask> had been working as a postdoctoral fellow at the Kinugasa Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University in Kyoto from October 2009 to March 2012. She was appointed as a Special Invited Associate Professor at the Kinugasa Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, from April 2012 to March 2013, and was also appointed as a visiting associate professor at the same organization from April 2013 to March 2014, and again as a visiting researcher in May 2014.<mask> was inaugurated as the visiting researcher at the Hosei University Research Center for International Japanese Studies in May 2012. She was inaugurated as the president of Shinyusha, General Incorporated Association in April 2013. She was appointed as a Guest Research Fellow at the Archival Research Center of Kyoto City University of Arts in April 2014 and was inaugurated as the president of the Ski Instructors Association of Japan in the same month. She is also the president of the Middle Eastern Culture Center in Japan. Princess <mask> has also worked as a guest professor in Kyoto City University of Arts. Other positions held by her include: research fellow at the Institute of Japanese Culture in Kyoto Sangyo University, visiting fellow at the Global Exchange Organisation for Research and Education (GEORE) of Gakushuin University, and special guest professor in Kokugakuin University. Public appearances

In July 1998, Princess <mask> paid a visit to Turkey for the first time.The trip was done under the arrangement of the Middle Eastern Culture Center, an organisation associated with her grandfather. During the trip the Princess viewed the remains of Kaman-Kalehöyük alongside many other sites. Princess <mask> came of age in December 2001 and started attending official ceremonies and events in Japan with the other members of the Imperial Family. In June 2003, Princess <mask> went on a tour of the heritage of Turkey that her father had planned. In July 2010, she also visited "the Dedication Ceremony of the Museum of Archaeology Kaman-Kalehöyük, Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology". In January 2011, she went to Austria. The main purpose of this trip was attending the 19th INTERSKI Congress held in St. Anton.On 4 September 2013, Princess <mask> departed for Argentina to meet with members of International Olympic Committee, where members wanted to elect the host city for the 2020 Summer Olympics, with candidates being Madrid, Istanbul and Tokyo. Princess <mask> and Princess Takamado were part of the Japanese delegation, supporting Tokyo's successful Olympic bid. On 6 September, Princess <mask> toured a Japanese garden in Buenos Aires with the president of Argentina's Japanese Cultural Foundation, Kazunori Kosaka. She also made an official visit to Chile from 7 to 12 September 2013. During her stay, Princess <mask> of Mikasa met with President Sebastián Piñera and toured Easter Island. Princess <mask> visited University of Santiago for a conference and conversation with the students of Japanese translation and linguistics. She visited Valparaíso Viña Viu Manent to learn more about Chilean wine, which is popular in Japan.From 23 to 30 April 2014, Princess <mask> visited Turkey. On 27 April, the Princess attended the memorial concert for Prince Tomohito held by the Turkish government. Princess <mask> was named president of the Japan-Turkey Society, a post formerly held by Prince Tomohito. In May 2016 Princess <mask> made a public appearance at the Fifth World Butoku Sai in Kyoto, Japan sponsored by the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai martial arts organization. This was notable as it was the first time in the event's 121-year history that she had attended. In September 2018, the Princess undertook a tour of Turkey, during which she met with Turkish officials and visited archaeological sites and museums in Istanbul, Ankara, and Kırşehir. She was also appointed as the honorary president of Prince Mikasa Foundation, an institution founded in 2017 to provide support for the Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology.Prince Tomohito's death
On 6 June 2012, Prince Tomohito died from multiple organ failure. His funeral and ceremony was hosted by Princess <mask>. In June 2013 in a statement about the Prince's household, it was announced by the Imperial Household Agency that "it [had] reduced the number of households in the Imperial family by one", integrating it into the household led by his father. According to the agency's officials the household integration won't have any effect on the lives of the widow and daughters of Prince Tomohito. Health
On 6 December 2013, Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko returned from their visit to India. The Imperial Family gathered at Haneda Airport to greet them. At the airport, Princess <mask> suddenly collapsed.She was taken to Keio University Hospital and was diagnosed with cerebral anemia. In 2017, she was reported to have visited Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine's hospital in Kyoto due to asthma and high fever. Titles and styles

<mask> is styled as Her Imperial Highness Princess <mask>. Honours

National honours
 Member 2nd Class (Peony) of the Order of the Precious Crown –

Footnotes

External links

 Their Imperial Highnesses Prince and Princess Mikasa and their family at the Imperial Household Agency website

Japanese princesses
Japanese art historians
1981 births
Living people
Japanese women historians
Women art historians
People from Tokyo
Gakushuin University alumni
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
Order of the Precious Crown members
20th-century Japanese women
21st-century Japanese women

masks: Akiko Akiko Akiko Akiko Akiko Akiko Akiko Akiko Akiko Akiko Akiko Akiko Akiko Akiko Akiko Akiko Akiko Akiko Akiko Akiko Akiko