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(born November 4, 1976 in Matsuyama, Ehime Prefecture, Japan) is a former Japanese professional motorcycle racer currently working as a rider instructor in Suzuka Racing School. He is one of the few riders to win races in both MotoGP and Superbike World Championship. Career

Early career
After a junior career in minibikes, he won a regional 250cc championship in 1994. He then spent 4 years in the main Japanese 250cc series, finishing 4th on a private bike in 1998. He entered the MFJ Superbike championship in 1999. He finished in the championship top 5 for the next 4 years, but came to international fame as a wild card in the Superbike World Championship round at Sugo, upsetting the regulars to win both races in 2001, and a further race in 2002, being the only rider other than Colin Edwards or Troy Bayliss to have won a race during the 2002 season. MotoGP World Championship
This helped earn him a call up to MotoGP in 2003, for Pramac Honda.The first season was a learning year, peaking with a 3rd place at Rio and two front row starts, finishing 11th overall. He joined Sito Pons' Camel Honda a year later. 2004 was his strongest MotoGP season to date, with wins at Rio and Motegi and 6th overall. He was the only Honda rider to use Bridgestone tyres, which appear to suit his style. The Konica Minolta Honda team was formed in late 2004 with him in mind, and he spent 2 years there using Michelin rubber. Unfortunately a broken wrist sustained early in the season prevented him from reaching the championship top 10, although he did finish 3rd at his home race. He was also short of top results in 2006.At the Sachsenring he ran 3rd early on, and was still in the top 6 when he went out wide to avoid Kenny Roberts, Jr. crashing, only to be hit by the American's riderless bike. In 2007 he joined the Tech 3 Yamaha team in MotoGP using Dunlop tyres, alongside French rider Sylvain Guintoli. He was generally outpaced by his rookie teammate and finished the season 18th. Superbike World Championship
He was left with no options in MotoGP so for  he turned his focus on the Superbike World Championship. Kawasaki expressed their desire to hire him, quoting: "<mask> has been a target for Kawasaki for some time and his signing consolidates the PSG-1 team and Kawasaki’s mutual commitment to gain success in the forthcoming season." He joins the Italian factory supported Kawasaki team, PSG-1 Kawasaki Corse, where he will pilot the all-new 2008 Kawasaki ZX-10R along with Frenchman Regis Laconi who rode for them in both  and . For 2009 he remained a factory Kawasaki rider, as they switched their support to the English Paul Bird Motorsport team, alongside Australian Broc Parkes.On October 6, 2009, Kawasaki announced that <mask> would not be offered a contract for 2010. His place will be taken by former MotoGP rider Chris Vermeulen. 2010
In 2010 <mask> returned to WSBK in a one-off outing for the Reitwagen BMW team at Portimao in Portugal. He retired from the first race and finished 19th in the second race. 2011
On July 31, 2011 <mask> competed in the Suzuka 8 Hour race for the Musashi RT Harc-Pro team. He rode alongside former 500cc racer Tadayuki Okada and Takumi Takahashi. The team eventually took third position in the race, roughly one and a half minutes after the winning team finished.In late August it was announced that <mask> will race in the Nurburgring round of the 2011 World Superbike Championship for the Castrol Honda team. He will replace Spaniard Ruben Xaus who is sitting out the race due to a back injury. 2012
<mask> was appointed official trainer of the inaugural Asia Dream Cup season by Honda in 2012. The Asia Dream Cup races with Honda CBR250R. Two riders from each Asian country is selected. <mask> was appointed to train the young riders to one day become a World Championship rider. In July, <mask> competed in the Suzuka 8 Hours with Honda Team Asia.Teammates were Malaysian rider, Azlan Shah Kamaruzaman and Japanese veteran, Chojun Kameya. They qualified 10th. Early mechanical problems forced them to a 25th finish. 2013
Honda and <mask>'s agency, Speed of Japan both announced <mask>'s full time ride in the Asia Road Racing Championship in the Supersports 600 class with MUSASHi Boon Siew Honda Racing, the factory team for Honda in the series. He is replacing in Ryuichi Kiyonari, who won the title in 2012 and has gone back to BSB in 2013. <mask>, stating that it took him more time to get used to a 600cc machine at the beginning of the season, actually made it fast. He got his first podium finish at Race 2 of Round 1 in Sepang.He then got his first win at Race 1 at Round 3, and went on winning Race 2. However, he suffered the later half of the season from injuries he got from a crash during the Suzuka 8 Hours practice. Fractures of the left clavicle and scapula, as well as fractures on the left ankle were found. Furthermore, a minor amputation of the left middle finger was found. This made <mask> pull out of the Suzuka 8 Hours race, as well as, Round 4 and 5 of the Asia Road Racing Championship.

masks: Tamada Tamada Tamada Tamada Tamada Tamada Tamada Tamada Tamada Tamada Tamada Tamada


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<mask> is an architect,  an architectural and cultural historian. He is an Associate Professor and the Chair of the department of Humanities and Social Sciences at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune. He is also a faculty member of the Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Data Sciences (CAIDS) at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune. Education

<mask> attended Loyola High School (Pune). After graduating with a Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch.) degree from the University of Pune in 1999, he attended the University of Pennsylvania School of Design (then known as the Graduate School of Fine Arts) to get a Master of Science (M.S.) in Historic Preservation.In 2002, he wrote a Master's Thesis under the guidance of Prof. Frank Matero on preservation policy for the city walls of Cairo. From 2002, he was in the Department of History of Art of the University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences while being a Graduate Advisor in Fisher-Hassenfeld College House. In 2010, he received his doctoral degree (Ph.D.) from the University of Pennsylvania for his dissertation on the architecture of the Nizam Shahi dynasty. He worked under the supervision of Prof. Michael W. Meister and Prof. Renata Holod. <mask> Sohoni was the post-doctoral fellow for Indo-Persian Studies in the Department of Asian Studies at the University of British Columbia in 2010-2011, where he was a resident of Green College. Experience
In October 2016, <mask> <mask> joined the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune as an Assistant Professor, and became an Associate Professor in 2019. Before that, he worked as the South Asia Bibliographer and Librarian at the University of Pennsylvania Libraries, and a lecturer in the Department of South Asian Studies from 2011 to 2016.In this period, <mask> <mask> was in charge of the South Asia Collection at the University of Pennsylvania Libraries, and wrote a "widely circulated blog post" on collecting practices for libraries. He was on the advisory board of the Title VI South Asia Center. <mask> <mask> Shahs has been cited in several popular and scholarly articles and essays. He has also written about language, scripts, numismatics, and material culture. <mask> <mask> often speaks at public events, and has led heritage walks.He often speaks on the local history of Pune. Dr. <mask> has lectured extensively on the architecture of the Deccan. He has lectured on several occasions at Jnanapravaha in Mumbai. He has also appeared in a documentary film Tales of Ahmednagar on historic Ahmednagar produced by Live History India, a portal for which he was one of the earliest contributors. He has also featured in other films on the kings of Ahmadnagar, such as The Mad King Murtaza. In January 2020, he was on a panel at the Kerala Literature Festival to discuss Tony Joseph's book Early Indians. He has taught at the University of Pennsylvania, the University of the Arts (Philadelphia), the University of British Columbia, and Comenius University in Bratislava, in addition to the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune.He has been a visiting critic at KRVIA. <mask> <mask> worked on conservation projects in Mesa Verde National Park and in the Saint Louis Cemetery in New Orleans, as part of the Centre for Architectural Conservation (then known as the Architectural Conservation Laboratory) at the University of Pennsylvania. He was a member of the archaeological expedition to Iran in 2004, to excavate sites of the Jiroft culture. In 2005, he worked for the Architectural Heritage division of INTACH, New Delhi, working on the documentation of Durbar Hall in Qila Mubarak, Patiala. Since 2015, he is an Associate Editor of South Asian Studies (Journal of the British Association for South Asian Studies (BASAS)). <mask> <mask> is on the Board of Studies for Architecture (Department of Science and Technology), Savitribai Phule Pune University since 2018 and the Board of Studies for Architecture at Vishwakarma University since 2019. Awards

The American Institute of Indian Studies (AIIS) awarded <mask> <mask> a Junior Research Fellowship in 2007-08.He was a member of the project Art Space and Mobility in the Early Ages of Globalization, organized by the Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz. While in residence at Green College, University of British Columbia, <mask> <mask> served on the executive board of the Dining Committee, Residents' Council, and the Membership Committee. Along with Lisa Mitchell and Raili Roy, he won a Penn Global Engagement Fund Award for the academic year 2013-14, for undergraduate research and cultural immersion experiences in India for students. In 2013, he was a sub-reviewer for projects that had received the Aga Khan Architectural Award. He is interested in numismatics, and has lent coins to exhibitions, including the show Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700: Opulence and Fantasy at the Metropolitan Museum in New York. In 2016-17, he and C. Ryan Perkins won an award from the American Institute of Pakistan Studies (AIPS) to conduct workshops for the cataloging and preservation of the Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu library in Karachi. <mask> <mask> was a non-residential visiting scholar of the Center for the Advanced Study of India at the University of Pennsylvania in the year 2016-17.He has received research grants from the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, and the Indian Council of Historical Research. Publications
In 2015, he authored a book, Aurangabad, with Daulatabad, Khuldabad, and Ahmadnagar, focused on the sultanate architecture in the region. The book was quoted in a Bombay High Court order in 2018. In 2017, he co-authored with Kenneth X. Robbins, a book on the Jewish heritage in the western Deccan, titled Jewish Heritage of the Deccan: Mumbai, the Northern Konkan and Pune. In 2018, his book on the Nizam Shahs of Ahmadnagar and their architectural legacy in 2018, called The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India was published. In 2021, he co-edited a book (with Torsten Tschacher) on the practices of Muharram across the world among South Asian communities. He has written extensively on the history of architecture, the Deccan sultanates, numismatics, socio-linguistics, and aspects of material culture.In 2017-2018, he wrote a fortnightly column called 'By the Wayside' for the Pune Mirror. He has been a consultant for the Sahapedia project on culturally mapping the city of Pune. Research Bibliography

Books
 (edited with Torsten Tschacher) Non-Shia Practices of Muḥarram in South Asia and the Diaspora Beyond Mourning (New York: Routledge, 2021). The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India (London: I.B. Tauris, 2018). (with Kenneth X. Robbins) Jewish Heritage of the Deccan: Mumbai, the Northern Konkan, Pune (Mumbai: Jaico; Deccan Heritage Foundation, 2017). Aurangabad with Daulatabad, Khuldabad, Ahmadnagar (Mumbai: Jaico; Deccan Heritage Foundation, 2015).Research Essays and Articles
(with Torsten Tschacher) ‘Introduction’ in <mask> <mask> and Torsten Tschacher (eds. ), Non-Shia Practices of Muḥarram in South Asia and the Diaspora: Beyond Mourning (London: Routledge, 2021), pp. 1-11. ‘Visual language of piety and power: Ta’ziahs and temples in the Western Deccan’ in <mask> <mask> and Torsten Tschacher (eds. ), Non-Shia Practices of Muḥarram in South Asia and the Diaspora: Beyond Mourning (London: Routledge, 2021), pp. 41-52. (with John Mathew), ‘Teaching and Research in Colonial Bombay’ in Ku-ming Chang and Alan J. Rocke (eds.), A Global History of Research Education: Disciplines, Institutions, and Nations, 1840-1950 History of Universities Series, vol. XXXIV no. 1 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021), pp. 269-291. 'Postal Project: Rocket mail and the creation of the aero-philatelic market in India' in Culture, Continuity and Tradition: Disquisitions in Honour of Prof. Vasant Shinde (New Delhi: B.R. Publications, 2020), pp. 815-823, plates 934-938.'The Fort of Janjira' in African Rulers and Generals in India (Afro-South Asia in the Global African Diaspora, vol. 1) (Greensboro, NC; Ahmedabad: University of North Carolina Ethiopian and East African Studies Project; Ahmedabad Sidi Heritage and Educational Center, 2020) pp. 167-183. 'Memorials of Sovereignty: Funerary Architecture of the Siddis of Janjira at

masks:
Pushkar Sohoni
Pushkar Sohoni
Pushkar
Pushkar
Sohoni
Pushkar
Sohoni
Pushkar
Sohonizam
Pushkar
Sohoni
Sohoni
Pushkar
Sohoni
Pushkar
Sohoni
Pushkar
Sohoni
Pushkar
Sohoni
Pushkar
Sohoni
Pushkar
Sohoni
Pushkar
Sohoni


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 Khokri (Maharashtra)' in Arts Asiatiques, vol. 74 (2019), pp. 147–154. (with William Kwiatkowski), 'Notice: An Unpublished Inscription from the Fort of Ahmadnagar' in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol.29 no. 4 (Oct 2019), pp. 723–726. ‘Architectural Continuity across Political Ruptures: Early Marathas and the Deccan Sultanates’ in Laurie McMillin and Bina Sengar (eds. ), Spaces and Places in Western India: Formations and Delineations (New Delhi: Routledge India, 2019), pp. 107–114. ‘The Hunt for a Location: Narratives on the Foundation of Cities in South and Southeast Asia’ in Asian Ethnology, vol.77, nos. 1&2 (2018), pp. 215–233. ‘The Non-issue of Coinage: The Monetary Policies of the Post-Bahmani Sultanates’ in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 28, issue 3 (October 2018), pp. 645–659. ‘Building History: Historiography of Architectural History in South Asia’ in History Compass, vol.16, no. 5 (May 2018). ‘Imbrication and Implication: Early Maratha Architecture and the Deccan Sultanates’ in Archives of Asian Art, vol. 68, no. 1 (Apr 2018), pp. 33–46. ‘Translocated Animal Subjects in Collaboration: Animals and Human Knowledge’ in Transfers: Interdisciplinary Journal of Mobility Studies, vol.8 no. 1 (2018), pp. 1–14. (with Carmen Brandt), ‘Script and Identity - The Politics of Writing in South Asia: An Introduction’ to Languages and Scripts of South Asia: Special Issue of South Asian History and Culture, vol. 9, no. 1 (2018), pp. 1–15.‘Colonial and Post-colonial Debates about Polygraphia in Marathi’ in Languages and Scripts of South Asia: Special Issue of South Asian History and Culture, vol. 9, no. 1 (2018), pp. 38–46. ‘Old Fights, New Meanings: Lions and Elephants in Combat’ in Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics, vol. 67/68 (2016/2017), pp. 225–234.‘Marathi of a Single Type: the Demise of the Modi Script’ in Modern Asian Studies, vol. 51, issue 3 (May 2017), pp. 662–685. ‘Flushing out the Enemy: Revisiting the Battle of Bhatavadi’ in Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, vol. 76 (2016), pp. 15–22. ‘A Tale of Two Imperial Residences: Aurangzeb’s Architectural Patronage’ in Journal of Islamic Architecture, vol.4, issue 2 (Dec 2016), pp. 63–69. ‘Vernacular as a Space: Writing in the Deccan’ in South Asian History and Culture, vol. 7, no. 3 (Apr 2016), pp. 258–270. ‘Paper Documents and Copper Plates: Localization of Hegemonic Practices’ in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol.79, issue 1 (Feb 2016), pp. 87–101. ‘Continuities in the Sacred Landscape: Ellora, Khuldabad and the Temple of Ghrishneshwara’ in Syed Ayub Ali (ed. ), Studies in Medieval Deccan History: Dr. M.A. Nayeem felicitation volume (Warangal; New Delhi: Deccan History Society; Indian Council of Historical Research, 2015), pp. 56–68. ‘From Defended Settlements to Fortified Strongholds: Responses to Gunpowder in the Early Modern Deccan’ in South Asian Studies (British Association of South Asian Studies), vol.31, no. 1 (Jan 2015), pp. 111–126. ‘Gaining Pious Merit and Creating Images of Paradise: Gardens and Irrigation’ in K. Krishna Naik and E. Siva Nagi Reddy (eds. ), Cultural Contours of History and Archaeology: in honour of Snehasiri Prof. P. Chenna Reddy, vol. 2 (New Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation, 2014), pp.111–119. ‘Patterns of Faith: Mosque Typologies and sectarian affiliation in the kingdom of Ahmadnagar’ in David Roxburgh (ed. ), Seeing the Past—Envisioning Islamic Art and Architecture: Essays in Honor of Renata Holod (Leiden: Brill, 2014), pp. 110–127. ‘Medieval Chaul under the Nizam Shahs: an Historic and Archaeological Investigation’ in Laura E. Parodi (ed. ), The Visual World of Muslim India: The Art, Culture and Society of the Deccan in the Early Modern Era (London: I.B. Tauris, 2014), pp.53–75. (with Klaus Rötzer) ‘Nature, Dams, Wells and Gardens: The Route of Water in and around Bidar’ in Daud Ali and Emma Flatt (ed. ), Garden and Landscape Practices in Pre-Colonial India (New Delhi: Routledge, 2011), pp. 54–73. ‘Architecture of the Nizam Shahs’ in Helen Philon (ed. ), Silent Splendour: Palaces of the Deccan, 14th-19th Centuries (Mumbai: Marg Publications, 2010), pp. 56–65.(with Amol Kulkarni) ‘Index to the Annual Reports of the Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness The Nizam’s Dominions’ in Journal of Deccan Studies, vol. 6, no. 1 (Jan-Jun 2009), pp. 41–78. ‘Change and memory in Farah Bagh’ in Journal of Deccan Studies, vol. 4 no. 2 (Jul-Dec 2007), pp.59–77. Edited Journal Issue

 (with Carmen Brandt) Languages and Scripts of South Asia: Special Issue of South Asian History and Culture, (2018), vol. 9, no. 1. ISSN 1947-2501. Scholarly References and Textbook Chapters

'Architecture in South Asia' in Oxford Bibliographies in Architecture, Planning and Preservation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021). ‘Colonial and Modern Architecture in India’ in Oxford Bibliographies in Architecture, Planning and Preservation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021).‘Nizam Shahis art and architecture (Deccan dynasty)’ in The Encyclopaedia of Islam Three (Leiden; London: Brill, 2021), pp. 140-145. 'Regional Cities', Block 4 (2) Urbanisation in Medieval India-1, MHI-10, Urbanisation in India, IGNOU Study Material (2017), pp. 29–62. Academic Book Reviews

 REVIEW: Keelan Overton (ed. ), Iran and the Deccan: Persianate Art, Culture, and Talent in Circulation, 1400-1700 (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2020) in Bulletin of the School of the Oriental and African Studies, vol. 83 issue 3 (Oct 2020), pp.538-539.
 REVIEW: Shonaleeka Kaul, The Making of Early Kashmir: Landscape and Identity in the Rajatarangini (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2018) in LA Landscape: Journal of Landscape Architecture, issue 55 (2018), pp. 113–115. REVIEW: Richard M. Eaton and Phillip B. Wagoner, Power, Memory, Architecture: Contested Sites on India's Deccan Plateau, 1300-1600 (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014) on H-Asia, H-Net Reviews (May 2017). REVIEW: Thomas R. Trautmann, Elephants and Kings: an environmental history (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2015) in South Asian History and Culture, vol. 7, no. 4 (2016), pp. 434–436.REVIEW: Nile Green, Making Space: Sufis and Settlers in Early Modern India (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012) in International Journal of Islamic Architecture, vol. 5, no. 1 (Mar 2016), pp. 213–214. Academic blogs and online essays

 ‘Vāstuvicāra: pahāḍāpāsuna dhuḷīparyanta’ in Aisī Akśare (Divāḷī añka 2021). ‘Museums and Collections in Pune’ on Sahapedia / In Pune. ‘Educational and Research Institutes in Pune’ on Sahapedia / In Pune.‘Burhanpur: Gateway to the Deccan’ for Live History India. ‘Ahmadnagar: The Sultans’ Fading Legacy’ for Live History India. 'Of Elephants, Men, and Diplomacy Gone Wrong' for the site Live History India. 'Nizam Shahs of Ahmadnagar: First among Equals' for the site Live History India. ‘Primary Sourcing: Traveling for Collection Development’ for the site International and Area Studies Collections in the 21st Century. ‘Indian Diaries at Penn’ for the site Unique at Penn. ‘Collecting Unusual Material: Notes from the Field’ for the site Unique at Penn.‘Films in Press’ for the site Unique at Penn. Column for Pune Mirror: 'By the Wayside'

 Pioneer's Walkway (15 September 2018)
 At the City Square (1 September 2018)
 Raising the Bar (21 July 2018)
 Air Time (7 July 2018)
 Memories of Battle (12 May 2018)
 The Garpir Cantonment (27 April 2018)
 Inside the Deccan War Hospital (31 March 2018)
 In the Name of Nanacha Ghoda (17 March 2018)
 Sentinels of Chaturshringi (3 March 2018)
 Shimla Office in Pune (16 February 2018). The Progressive Stead (3 February 2018). Minimum Surveillance Plan (14 January 2018). Off the Press (30 December 2017). Inside Deccan College (2 December 2017). Taking the Museum to the Market (18 November 2017).Keeping the Faith (4 November 2017). The Lost Ensemble (7 October 2017). Planting the Roots of Empire (16 September 2017). A Controversy over Tea (2 September 2017). The Battle of WW I Memorials (19 August 2017). The Curious Case of the Chapekar Brothers (29 Jul 2017). The Tale of the Two Synagogues (15 July 2017).Checking into Napier Hotel (1 July 2017). References

1976 births
University of Pennsylvania School of Design alumni
 University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences alumni
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune faculty
Living


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<mask> (21 April 1896 – 1959), was an American professor in history and government, who is credited as the first serious researcher of the Nazca Lines in Peru. His work on the lines started in 1939, when he was doing field study related to the irrigation systems of ancient cultures. By the 1950s, he had completed extensive mapping of more than 300 ancient canals in Peru, in collaboration with archeologist Richard P. Schaedel. Kosok demonstrated the culture's sophisticated management of water to support their settlements. Observing the Nazca Lines, he recognized that some patterns represented living creatures, and some lines related to astronomical events. His study of archeo-astronomy aspects contributed to the recognition of the lines as an important archeological resource, which Peru has protected. The Nazca Lines were designated in 1994 as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.Early life and education
<mask> was born in Long Island City, New York, the son of August and <mask>, immigrants from Germany. He attended public schools before going to college. He earned a doctorate in history. Academic career
<mask> began as an assistant professor of history at Long Island University (LIU) in Brooklyn, where he taught several courses in history. His work, Modern Germany: A Study of Conflicting Loyalties, (1933), was written before the Nazis came to power and published by the University of Chicago Press as part of its "Studies of the Making of Citizens". One reviewer describe this as a "series on civic training in various countries and systems". Kosok's book was used by the State Department and others in training and preparing individuals for foreign service.It was reprinted in 1969. As part of his education, Kosok studied and traveled in Europe in 1928 and in 1937. His early teaching at LIU included classes in the history of science. In the 1930s, Kosok became interested in irrigation systems of ancient cultures, and their relation to patterns of settlement.<ref name="Murra">[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1525/aa.1966.68.5.02a00590/pdf John V. Murra, "Review: 'Life, Land and Water in Ancient Peru, by <mask>k"], American Anthropologist, Volume 68, Issue 5, accessed 28 January 2012</ref>  He devoted most of the next twenty years of research to that topic, during which he collaborated with the archeologist Richard P. Schaedel. For instance, together they identified and mapped more than 300 ancient canals of prehistoric Peru, and found that the people had built highly sophisticated systems for shifting water from one valley to another. Kosok did field studies in Peru in 1940-1941 and 1948-1949, becoming more involved in anthropology as a result of this direction of research. He went to Peru to study the ancient canal systems, "reconstruct the maximum areas of pre-Columbian cultivation, and assess the relation of irrigation to settlement patterns".He soon realized that the Nazca Lines were too shallow to have acted as part of the irrigation system. On a flight over them, Kosok realized that one pattern represented a bird. He also noticed that some of the lines converged on that date of the winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere. This inspired his study of the lines to assess if they were related to astronomy, as he knew that solar events were closely followed by ancient agricultural societies for their planting cycles. Following his field studies on the irrigation systems, Kosok planned two volumes: one of general interest and one more technical. He was working on the general interest book on the irrigation of ancient cultures when he died in 1959; it was published posthumously in 1965 with the support of Schaedel. His manuscript for a scholarly text needed work that was to be undertaken by the University of Texas.<mask>'s book included extensive mapping of canals through numerous valleys and innovative use of aerial photography. His work was praised posthumously as a "program of research about the significance of irrigation on the North Coast of Peru to both Andean and cross-cultural studies, a source-book of ideas and hypotheses for generations of field workers". Beginning in 1940, Kosok was aided in Peru by Maria Reiche, a German translator and mathematician from Lima. She spoke five languages and aided in mapping the lines, as well as assessing how the massive figures might have been scaled up from smaller drawings or patterns. After <mask> left Peru in 1949, Reiche continued to study the Nazca Lines, soon mapping 18 more figures. She worked for the rest of her life to preserve the Nazca Lines and have them recognized until her own death in 1998 in Peru. In 1994 they were designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.A musician, <mask> also conducted the Brooklyn Philharmonic at the Brooklyn Academy of Music. Inspired by his travels in Peru, he composed The Andean Rhapsody. He conducted its premiere by the Brooklyn Philharmonic. Dr. <mask> became chairman of the Department of History and Government at Long Island University, located in Brooklyn, New York. He was a respected scholar in history, anthropology, music and mathematics. Marriage and family
<mask> married Rose Wyler. She traveled and worked with him in Peru in 1941 when he was doing field studies there.Of their children, their son Michael accompanied his parents to Peru in 1948–49. WorksModern Germany: A Study of Conflicting Loyalties, University of Chicago Pres, 1933; reprint, Russell & Russell, 1969
"El Valle de Lambayeque" (Segundo Congreso de Hislmia del Perz2, tom0 1, 1959Life, Land, and Water in Ancient Peru'' (1965), Long Island University Press (includes photographs by Kosok)

References

External links
"The Nazca Lines", Peru Cultural Society

1959 deaths
20th-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
American anthropologists
People from Long Island City, Queens
1896 births
Historians from New York (state)
Long Island University faculty
20th-century anthropologists
American male non-fiction writers

masks:
Paul August Kosok
Kosok
Maria Kosok
Kosok
Paul Koso
Kosok
Kosok
Kosok
Kosok
Kosok


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<mask> (born October 4, 1989) is an American football coach and former player. He currently serves at the strength and conditioning coordinator and wide receivers coach for the Birmingham-Southern Panthers, an NCAA Division III program located in Birmingham, Alabama. He has served in that capacity since 2017. Prior to working as Birmingham-Southern's strength and conditioning coordinator, he was on the staff as the wide receivers coach since 2016. He previously was a graduate assistant at his alma mater, Huntingdon College, in Montgomery, Alabama, from 2014 to 2015. Before coaching college football he played wide receiver at the college level for the Huntingdon Hawks (2008-2011) also of the NCAA Division III. After graduating from Huntingdon College during the spring of 2012 he went undrafted in the 2012 NFL Draft.Shortly after he signed with the Atlanta Falcons. He was cut by the Falcons in August 2012 before the start of the 2012 NFL season. After he failed to sign with another National Football League team he signed and played for the Cleveland Gladiators of the Arena Football League for the 2013 season. He was cut following the season. He then signed with the Columbus Lions who were at the time a part of the Professional Indoor Football League (PIFL) in November 2013. He played for the Lions for the 2014 season. He was cut by the Lions in July 2014, ending his professional playing career and returning to Huntingdon College that same month as a graduate assistant.Early years
<mask> was born and raised in Phenix City, Alabama. He was the middle child and son of Mike and <mask>. He has an older brother, Clint, and a younger sister, Casey. <mask> attended Glenwood School where he lettered in football, golf, soccer, and basketball. He was member of back-to-back AISA State Championships in basketball his junior and senior years. His senior year he also helped lead the Glenwood men's soccer team to the 2008 AISA State Championship Game, while also earning Most Valuable Player honors on his soccer team his senior year. He also was named an honorable mention from the Alabama Sports Writer's Association for all-state honors in football his senior year and was by his team and coaches as the Best Defensive Player on his football team.College career
<mask> attended and played college football at Huntingdon College in Montgomery, Alabama. He played wide receiver and wore No. 1 for the Hawks' football program under head coach Mike Turk. In his freshman season in 2008, he saw action in seven varsity games and two junior varsity games. He caught two receptions for 19 yards and returned back five punts for 65 yards. In his sophomore season in 2009, he played in 11 games and started nine of them. He led the team with 48 receptions for 769 yards and five touchdowns.He returned 10 punts for 104 yards and 15 kickoffs for 354 yards. As a junior in 2010, <mask> played in 10 games, starting nine of them, and caught 51 passes for 1,078 yards with 12 touchdowns. He also had three rushing attempts for nine yards and returned three punts for 23 yards and nine kick returns for 121 yards. <mask> played in and started all 10 games of his senior season in 2011. He recorded 46 receptions for 766 yards and eight touchdowns receiving. He had two rushing attempts for -1 yards and one rushing touchdown. He also had five punt returns for 28 yards and seven kick returns for 135 yards.He ended his collegiate playing career as Huntingdon's all-time leading receiver. He was named as both Preseason All-American and All-Region in 2010 for his junior year. His senior year he was named a team captain and was named Male Athlete of the Year. College statistics

Professional career

Pre-draft
Huntindgon College did not host a pro day, so Pearcy attended the pro day hosted by Alabama State, a FCS University located less than one mile away in Montgomery, Alabama. He recorded a 4.31-second 40 yard dash time. He also recorded a 44-inch vertical jump and a 6.67-second time in the three-cone drill as well as a 3.76-second time in the short shuttle. Atlanta Falcons
Pearcy went undrafted at the 2012 NFL Draft but was immediately signed as an undrafted free agent by the Atlanta Falcons.He was released before the start of the 2012 NFL season. Cleveland Gladiators
<mask> signed with the Cleveland Gladiators of the Arena Football League in 2013. During the 2013 AFL season, <mask> played as a wide receiver as well as playing some defense. During the season he had nine receptions for 83 yards and three touchdowns as well as returning three kickoffs for 29 yards. On the defensive side of the ball, he recorded 7.5 tackles (seven solo and one assisted) and one fumble recovery. Following the end of the season which saw the Gladiators finish with a disappointing 4-14 record, <mask> signed with the Columbus Lions of the Professional Indoor Football League.He was cut following the 2014 PIFL season thus ending his playing career. Coaching career

Huntingdon Hawks
Following being released by the Columbus Lions and retiring from professional football, <mask> returned to Huntingdon College as a graduate assistant. He served in this role for two seasons. The 2015 season saw Huntingdon win a USA South Conference Championship and receive a playoff appearance (for just the second time in school history). Birmingham-Southern Panthers
In 2016, <mask> was hired to become the wide receivers coach at Birmingham-Southern. In 2017, he was promoted to strength and conditioning coordinator, while also retaining the position as their wide receivers coach. References

External links

Living people
1989 births
People from Phenix City, Alabama
Players of American football from Alabama
American football wide receivers
Huntingdon Hawks athletes
Atlanta Falcons players
Cleveland Gladiators players
Columbus Lions players
Huntingdon Hawks football coaches
Birmingham–Southern College faculty

masks:
Cody Michael Pearcy
Cody Pearcy
Cynthia Pearcy
Pearcy
Pearcy
Pearcy
Pearcy
Pearcy
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Pearcyearcy
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<mask> (born 1948 in Pistoia), is an Italian poet, philosopher, and translator, supported since the beginning from Piero Bigongiari, one of the major exponents of Florentine Hermeticism. Considered one of the most important poet and intellectual of his generation he has been influenced by having a very difficult illness to cope with. Biography
Since his university years Carifi was attracted by French and German philosophy, in his mature age he also crossed paths with Buddhist, getting influenced for instance in his collections, such as Tibet and The Secret.. Alongside philosophical studies, there are those of psychoanalysis, first carried out at L'École Freudienne in Paris, as an auditor at the lectures held by Jacques Lacan, and continued in Milan. Carifi poetic has been deeply influenced by the lyrical voices of Rainer Maria Rilke and Georg Trakl, on which he also practiced as a translator. In addition of being a poet, he plays the 'activity as a literary critic, attracted since his university years by French and German philosophy. In 2004 he got a stroke which affected and slow down his creativity. In 2019 he was awarded with the Cilento Poetry Prize at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Brera.Works

Poetry collections
Infanzia (Società di Poesia, Milan 1984 - rist. Raffaelli, Rimini 2012);
L’obbedienza (Crocetti, Milan 1986);
Occidente (Crocetti, Milan 1990);
Amore e destino (Crocetti, Milan 1993);
Poesie (I Quaderni del Battello Ebbro, Porretta Terme 1993);
Casa nell’ombra (Almanacco Mondadori, Milan 1993);
Il Figlio (Jaca Book, Milan 1985);
Amore d’autunno (Guanda, Parma-Milan 1998);
Europa (Jaca Book, Milan 1999). Il gelo e la luce (Le Lettere, Firenze 2003);
La pietà e la memoria (Edizioni ETS, Pisa 2003) ISBN 88-467-0782-6;
D'improvviso e altre poesie scelte (Via del Vento edizioni 2006);
Nel ferro dei balocchi (Crocetti, Milano 2008);
Tibet (Le Lettere, Firenze 2011);
Madre (Le Lettere, Firenze 2014);
Il Segreto (Le Lettere, Firenze 2015);

Essays
Il gesto di Callicle (Società di Poesia, Milano 1982);
Il segreto e il dono (EGEA, Milano 1994);
Le parole del pensiero (Le Lettere, Firenze 1995);
Il male e la luce (I Quaderni del Battello Ebbro, Porretta Terme 1997);
L’essere e l’abbandono (Il Ramo d’Oro, Firenze 1997);
Nomi del Novecento (Le Lettere, Firenze 2000);
Nome di donna (Raffaelli, Rimini 2010). Iacuzzi, Morte di madre. S. Ramat, Roberto Carifi nel nome della madre, "Il Giornale", 01 settembre 2007;

References

External links
Roberto Carifi nell'Enciclopedia Treccani
An interview in Italian
Roberto Carifi: Tre poesia (with brief biography) (in Italian)

20th-century Italian poets
Italian male poets
Italian philosophers
Living people
1948 births
20th-century Italian male writers


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Colonel <mask>  (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935) was a British archaeologist, army officer, diplomat, and writer, who became renowned for his role in the Arab Revolt (1916–1918) and the Sinai and Palestine Campaign (1915–1918) against the Ottoman Empire during the First World War. The breadth and variety of his activities and associations, and his ability to describe them vividly in writing, earned him international fame as <mask> Arabia, a title used for the 1962 film based on his wartime activities. He was born out of wedlock in August 1888 to Sarah Junner (1861–1959), a governess, and Sir <mask>, 7th Baronet (1846–1919), an Anglo-Irish nobleman. Chapman left his wife and family in Ireland to cohabit with Junner. Chapman and Junner called themselves Mr and Mrs <mask>, using the surname of Sarah's likely father; her mother had been employed as a servant for a <mask> family when she became pregnant with Sarah. In 1896, the <mask>s moved to Oxford, where <mask> attended the High School and then studied history at Jesus College, Oxford from 1907 to 1910. Between 1910 and 1914 he worked as an archaeologist for the British Museum, chiefly at Carchemish in Ottoman Syria.Soon after the outbreak of war in 1914 he volunteered for the British Army and was stationed at the Arab Bureau (established in 1916) intelligence unit in Egypt. In 1916, he travelled to Mesopotamia and to Arabia on intelligence missions and quickly became involved with the Arab Revolt as a liaison to the Arab forces, along with other British officers, supporting the Arab Kingdom of Hejaz's independence war against its former overlord, the Ottoman Empire. He worked closely with <mask> Faisal, a leader of the revolt, and he participated, sometimes as leader, in military actions against the Ottoman armed forces, culminating in the capture of Damascus in October 1918. After the First World War, <mask> joined the British Foreign Office, working with the British government and with Faisal. In 1922, he retreated from public life and spent the years until 1935 serving as an enlisted man, mostly in the Royal Air Force (RAF), with a brief period in the Army. During this time, he published his best-known work Seven Pillars of Wisdom (1926), an autobiographical account of his participation in the Arab Revolt. He also translated books into English, and wrote The Mint, which detailed his time in the Royal Air Force working as an ordinary aircraftman.He corresponded extensively and was friendly with well-known artists, writers, and politicians. For the RAF, he participated in the development of rescue motorboats. <mask>'s public image resulted in part from the sensationalised reporting of the Arab revolt by American journalist <mask>, as well as from Seven Pillars of Wisdom. In 1935, <mask> was fatally injured in a motorcycle accident in Dorset. Early life

<mask> <mask> was born on 16 August 1888 in Tremadog, Carnarvonshire, Wales, in a house named Gorphwysfa, now known as Snowdon Lodge. His Anglo-Irish father <mask> had left his wife <mask> after he had a first son with Sarah Junner who had been governess to his daughters. Sarah had herself been an illegitimate child, having been born in Sunderland as the daughter of <mask>, a servant employed by a family named <mask>; she was dismissed four months before Sarah was born, and identified Sarah's father as "John Junner, Shipwright journeyman".<mask>'s parents did not marry but lived together under the pseudonym <mask>. In 1914, his father inherited the Chapman baronetcy based at Killua Castle, the ancestral family home in County Westmeath, Ireland. The couple had five sons, <mask> (called "Ned" by his immediate family) being the second eldest. From Wales, the family moved to Kirkcudbright, Galloway, in southwestern Scotland, then to Dinard in Brittany, then to Jersey. The family lived at Langley Lodge (now demolished) from 1894 to 1896, set in private woods between the eastern borders of the New Forest and Southampton Water in Hampshire. The residence was isolated, and young <mask> had many opportunities for outdoor activities and waterfront visits. Victorian-Edwardian Britain was a very conservative society, where the majority of people were Christians who considered premarital and extramarital sex to be shameful, and children born out of wedlock were born in disgrace.<mask> was always something of an outsider, a bastard who could never hope to achieve the same level of social acceptance and success that others could expect who were born legitimate, and no girl from a respectable family would ever marry a bastard. In the summer of 1896, the family moved to 2, Polstead Road in Oxford, where they lived until 1921. <mask> attended the City of Oxford High School for Boys from 1896 until 1907, where one of the four houses was later named "<mask>" in his honour; the school closed in 1966. <mask> and one of his brothers became commissioned officers in the Church Lads' Brigade at St Aldate's Church. <mask> claimed that he ran away from home around 1905 and served for a few weeks as a boy soldier with the Royal Garrison Artillery at St Mawes Castle in Cornwall, from which he was bought out. However, no evidence of this appears in army records. Travels, antiquities, and archaeology

At age 15, <mask> and his schoolfriend Cyril Beeson cycled around Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, and Oxfordshire, visiting almost every village's parish church, studying their monuments and antiquities, and making rubbings of their monumental brasses.<mask> and Beeson monitored building sites in Oxford and presented the Ashmolean Museum with anything that they found. The Ashmolean's Annual Report for 1906 said that the two teenage boys "by incessant watchfulness secured everything of antiquarian value which has been found." In the summers of 1906 and 1907, <mask> toured France by bicycle, sometimes with Beeson, collecting photographs, drawings, and measurements of medieval castles. In August 1907, <mask> wrote home: "The Chaignons & the Lamballe people complimented me on my wonderful French: I have been asked twice since I arrived what part of France I came from". From 1907 to 1910, <mask> read history at Jesus College, Oxford. In July and August 1908 he cycled 2,200 miles (3,500 km) solo through France to the Mediterranean and back researching French castles. In the summer of 1909, he set out alone on a three-month walking tour of crusader castles in Ottoman Syria, during which he travelled  on foot.While at Jesus he was a keen member of the University Officers' Training Corps (OTC). He graduated with First Class Honours after submitting a thesis titled The Influence of the Crusades on European Military Architecture—to the End of the 12th Century, partly based on his field research with Beeson in France, and his solo research in France and the Middle East. <mask> was fascinated by the Middle Ages; his brother Arnold wrote in 1937 that "medieval researches" were a "dream way of escape from bourgeois England". In 1910, <mask> was offered the opportunity to become a practising archaeologist at Carchemish, in the expedition that D. G. Hogarth was setting up on behalf of the British Museum. Hogarth arranged a "Senior Demyship" (a form of scholarship) for <mask> at Magdalen College, Oxford, to fund his work at £100 a year. He sailed for Beirut in December 1910 and went to Byblos, where he studied Arabic. He then went to work on the excavations at Carchemish, near Jerablus in northern Syria, where he worked under Hogarth, R. Campbell <mask> of the British Museum, and Leonard Woolley until 1914.He later stated that everything which he had accomplished he owed to Hogarth. <mask> met Gertrude Bell while excavating at Carchemish. He worked briefly with Flinders Petrie in 1912 at Kafr Ammar in Egypt. At Carchemish, <mask> was frequently involved in a high-tension relationship with a German-led team working nearby on the Baghdad Railway at Jerablus. While there was never open combat, there was regular conflict over access to land and treatment of the local workforce; <mask> gained experience in Middle Eastern leadership practices and conflict resolution. Military intelligence

In January 1914, Woolley and <mask> were co-opted by the British military as an archaeological smokescreen for a British military survey of the Negev Desert. They were funded by the Palestine Exploration Fund to search for an area referred to in the Bible as the Wilderness of Zin, and they made an archaeological survey of the Negev Desert along the way.The Negev was strategically important, as an Ottoman army attacking Egypt would have to cross it. Woolley and <mask> subsequently published a report of the expedition's archaeological findings, but a more important result was updated mapping of the area, with special attention to features of military relevance such as water sources. <mask> also visited Aqaba and Shobek, not far from Petra. Following the outbreak of hostilities in August 1914, <mask> did not immediately enlist in the British Army. He held back until October on the advice of S. F. Newcombe, when he was commissioned on the General List. Before the end of the year, he was summoned by renowned archaeologist and historian Lt. Cmdr. David Hogarth, his mentor at Carchemish, to the new Arab Bureau intelligence unit in Cairo, and he arrived in Cairo on 15 December 1914.The Bureau's chief was General Gilbert Clayton who reported to Egyptian High Commissioner Henry McMahon. The situation was complex during 1915. There was a growing Arab-nationalist movement within the Arabic-speaking Ottoman territories, including many Arabs serving in the Ottoman armed forces. They were in contact with Sharif Hussein, Emir of Mecca, who was negotiating with the British and offering to lead an Arab uprising against the Ottomans. In exchange, he wanted a British guarantee of an independent Arab state including the Hejaz, Syria, and Mesopotamia. Such an uprising would have been very helpful to Britain in its war against the Ottomans, greatly lessening the threat against the Suez Canal. However, there was resistance from French diplomats who insisted that Syria's future was as a French colony, not an independent Arab state.There were also strong objections from the Government of India, which was nominally part of the British government but acted independently. Its vision was of Mesopotamia under British control serving as a granary for India; furthermore, it wanted to hold on to its Arabian outpost in Aden. At the Arab Bureau, <mask> supervised the preparation of maps, produced a daily bulletin for the British generals operating in the theatre, and interviewed prisoners. He was an advocate of a British landing at Alexandretta which never came to pass. He was also a consistent advocate of an independent Arab Syria. The situation came to a crisis in October 1915, as Sharif Hussein demanded an immediate commitment from Britain, with the threat that he would otherwise throw his weight behind the Ottomans. This would create a credible Pan-Islamic message that could have been very dangerous for Britain, which was in severe difficulties in the Gallipoli Campaign.The British replied with a letter from High Commissioner McMahon that was generally agreeable while reserving commitments concerning the Mediterranean coastline and Holy Land. In the spring of 1916, <mask> was dispatched to Mesopotamia to assist in relieving the Siege of Kut by some combination of starting an Arab uprising and bribing Ottoman officials. This mission produced no useful result. Meanwhile, the Sykes–Picot Agreement was being negotiated in London without the knowledge of British officials in Cairo, which awarded a large proportion of Syria to France. Further, it implied that the Arabs would have to conquer Syria's four great cities if they were to have any sort of state there: Damascus, Homs, Hama, and Aleppo. It is unclear at what point <mask> became aware of the treaty's contents. Arab Revolt

The Arab Revolt began in June 1916, but it bogged down after a few successes, with a real risk that the Ottoman forces would advance along the coast of the Red Sea and recapture Mecca.On 16 October 1916, <mask> was sent to the Hejaz on an intelligence-gathering mission led by Ronald Storrs. He interviewed Sharif Hussein's sons Ali, Abdullah, and Faisal, and he concluded that Faisal was the best candidate to lead the Revolt. In November, S. F. Newcombe was assigned to lead a permanent British liaison to Faisal's staff. Newcombe had not yet arrived in the area and the matter was of some urgency, so <mask> was sent in his place. In late December 1916, Faisal and <mask> worked out a plan for repositioning the Arab forces to prevent the Ottoman forces around Medina from threatening Arab positions and putting the railway from Syria under threat. Newcombe arrived and <mask> was preparing to leave Arabia, but Faisal intervened urgently, asking that <mask>'s assignment become permanent. <mask>'s most important contributions to the Arab Revolt were in the area of strategy and liaison with British armed forces, but he also participated personally in several military engagements:

 3 January 1917: Attack on an Ottoman outpost in the Hejaz
 26 March 1917: Attack on the railway at Aba el Naam
 11 June 1917: Attack on a bridge at Ras Baalbek
 2 July 1917: Defeat of the Ottoman forces at Aba el Lissan, an outpost of Aqaba
 18 September 1917: Attack on the railway near Mudawara
 27 September 1917: Attack on the railway, destroyed an engine
 7 November 1917: Following a failed attack on the Yarmuk bridges, blew up a train on the railway between Dera'a and Amman, suffering several wounds in the explosion and ensuing combat
 23 January 1918: The battle of Tafileh, a region southeast of the Dead Sea, with Arab regulars under the command of Jafar Pasha al-Askari; the battle was a defensive engagement that turned into an offensive rout and was described in the official history of the war as a "brilliant feat of arms".<mask> was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his leadership at Tafileh and was promoted to lieutenant colonel. March 1918: Attack on the railway near Aqaba
 19 April 1918: Attack using British armoured cars on Tell Shahm
 16 September 1918: Destruction of railway bridge between Amman and Dera'a
 26 September 1918: Attack on retreating Ottomans and Germans near the village of Tafas. The Ottoman forces massacred the villagers and then Arab forces in return massacred their prisoners with <mask>'s encouragement. <mask> made a 300-mile personal journey northward in June 1917, on the way to Aqaba, visiting Ras Baalbek, the outskirts of Damascus, and Azraq, Jordan. He met Arab nationalists, counselling them to avoid revolt until the arrival of Faisal's forces, and he attacked a bridge to create the impression of guerrilla activity. His findings were regarded by the British as extremely valuable and there was serious consideration of awarding him a Victoria Cross; in the end, he was invested as a Companion of the Order of the Bath and promoted to Major. <mask> travelled regularly between British headquarters and Faisal, co-ordinating military action.But by early 1918, Faisal's chief British liaison was Colonel Pierce Charles Joyce, and <mask>'s time was chiefly devoted to raiding and intelligence-gathering. Strategy
The chief elements of the Arab strategy which Faisal and <mask> developed were to avoid capturing Medina, and to extend northwards through Maan and Dera'a to Damascus and beyond. Faisal wanted to lead regular attacks against the Ottomans, but <mask> persuaded him to drop that tactic. <mask> wrote about the Bedouin as a fighting force:
The value of the tribes is defensive only and their real sphere is guerilla warfare. They are intelligent, and very lively, almost reckless, but too individualistic to endure commands, or fight in line, or to help each other. It would, I think, be possible to make an organized force out of them.… The Hejaz war is one of dervishes against regular forces—and we are on the side of the dervishes. Our text-books do not apply to its conditions at all.Medina was an attractive target for the revolt as Islam's second holiest site, and because its Ottoman garrison was weakened by disease and isolation. It became clear that it was advantageous to leave it there rather than try to capture it, while continually attacking the Hejaz railway south from Damascus without permanently destroying it. This prevented the Ottomans from making effective use of their troops at Medina, and forced them to dedicate many resources to defending and repairing the railway line. It is not known when <mask> learned the details of the Sykes-Picot Agreement, nor if or when he briefed Faisal on what he knew, However, there is good reason to think that both these things happened, and earlier rather than later. In particular, the Arab strategy of northward extension makes perfect sense given the Sykes-Picot language that spoke of an independent Arab entity in Syria, which would only be granted if the Arabs liberated the territory themselves. The French, and some of their British Liaison officers, were specifically uncomfortable about the northward movement, as it would weaken French colonial claims. Capture of Aqaba

In 1917, <mask> proposed a joint action with the Arab irregulars

masks:
Thomas Edward Lawrence
Lawrence of
Thomas Chapman
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Thomas
Emir
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lowell Thomas
Lawrence
Thomas Edward
Lawrence
Thomas Chapman
Edith
Elizabeth Junner
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Thomas
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Thompson
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
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Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
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Lawrence
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Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
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Lawrence
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 and forces including Auda <mask>, who had previously been in the employ of the Ottomans, against the strategically located but lightly defended town of Aqaba on the Red Sea.Aqaba could have been attacked from the sea, but the narrow defiles leading through the mountains were strongly defended and would have been very difficult to assault. The expedition was led by Sharif Nasir of Medina. <mask> carefully avoided informing his British superiors about the details of the planned inland attack, due to concern that it would be blocked as contrary to French interests. The expedition departed from Wejh on 9 May, and Aqaba fell to the Arab forces on 6 July, after a surprise overland attack which took the Turkish defences from behind. After Aqaba, General Sir <mask>, the new commander-in-chief of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, agreed to <mask>'s strategy for the revolt. <mask> now held a powerful position as an adviser to Faisal and a person who had Allenby's confidence, as Allenby acknowledged after the war:

Dera'a
<mask> describes an episode on 20 November 1917 while reconnoitring Dera'a in disguise, when he was captured by the Ottoman military, heavily beaten, and sexually abused by the local bey and his guardsmen, though he does not specify the nature of the sexual contact. Some scholars have stated that he exaggerated the severity of the injuries that he suffered, or alleged that the episode never actually happened.There is no independent testimony, but the multiple consistent reports and the absence of evidence for outright invention in <mask>'s works make the account believable to some of his biographers. Malcolm Brown, John E. Mack, and Jeremy Wilson have argued that this episode had strong psychological effects on <mask>, which may explain some of his unconventional behaviour in later life. <mask> ended his account of the episode in Seven Pillars of Wisdom with the statement: "In Dera'a that night the citadel of my integrity had been irrevocably lost." Fall of Damascus

<mask> was involved in the build-up to the capture of Damascus in the final weeks of the war, but he was not present at the city's formal surrender, much to his disappointment. He arrived several hours after the city had fallen, entering Damascus around 9 am on 1 October 1918; the first to arrive was the 10th Australian Light Horse Brigade led by Major A. C. N. "Harry" Olden, who formally accepted the surrender of the city from acting Governor <mask> Said. <mask> was instrumental in establishing a provisional Arab government under Faisal in newly liberated Damascus, which he had envisioned as the capital of an Arab state. Faisal's rule as king, however, came to an abrupt end in 1920, after the battle of Maysaloun when the French Forces of General Gouraud entered Damascus under the command of General Mariano Goybet, destroying <mask>'s dream of an independent Arabia.During the closing years of the war, <mask> sought to convince his superiors in the British government that Arab independence was in their interests, but he met with mixed success. The secret Sykes-Picot Agreement between France and Britain contradicted the promises of independence that he had made to the Arabs and frustrated his work. Post-war years
<mask> returned to the United Kingdom a full colonel. Immediately after the war, he worked for the Foreign Office, attending the Paris Peace Conference between January and May as a member of Faisal's delegation. On 17 May 1919, a Handley Page Type O/400 taking <mask> to Egypt crashed at the airport of Roma-Centocelle. The pilot and co-pilot were killed; <mask> survived with a broken shoulder blade and two broken ribs. During his brief hospitalisation, he was visited by King <mask> III of Italy.In 1918, <mask> went to Jerusalem where he met <mask>, "whose enigmatic figure in Arab uniform fired his imagination", in the words of author Rex Hall. <mask> and his cameraman Harry Chase shot a great deal of film and many photographs involving <mask>. <mask> produced a stage presentation entitled With Allenby in Palestine which included a lecture, dancing, and music and engaged in "Orientalism", depicting the Middle East as exotic, mysterious, sensuous, and violent. The show premiered in New York in March 1919. He was invited to take his show to England, and he agreed to do so provided that he was personally invited by the King and provided the use of either Drury Lane or Covent Garden. He opened at Covent Garden on 14 August 1919 and continued for hundreds of lectures, "attended by the highest in the land". Initially, <mask> played only a supporting role in the show, as the main focus was on Allenby's campaigns; but then <mask> realised that it was the photos of <mask> dressed as a Bedouin which had captured the public's imagination, so he had <mask> photographed again in London in Arab dress.With the new photos, <mask> re-launched his show under the new title With Allenby in Palestine and <mask> in Arabia in early 1920, which proved to be extremely popular. The new title elevated <mask> from a supporting role to a co-star of the Near Eastern campaign and reflected a changed emphasis. <mask>' shows made the previously obscure <mask> into a household name. <mask> worked with <mask> on the creation of the presentation, answering many questions and posing for many photographs. After its success, however, he expressed regret about having been featured in it. <mask> served as an advisor to Winston Churchill at the Colonial Office for just over a year starting in February 1920. He hated bureaucratic work, writing on 21 May 1921 to Robert Graves: "I wish I hadn't gone out there: the Arabs are like a page I have turned over; and sequels are rotten things.I'm locked up here: office every day and much of it". He travelled to the Middle East on multiple occasions during this period, at one time holding the title of "chief political officer for Trans-Jordania". He campaigned actively for his and Churchill's vision of the Middle East, publishing pieces in multiple newspapers, including The Times, The Observer, The Daily Mail, and The Daily Express. <mask> had a sinister reputation in France during his lifetime and even today as an implacable "enemy of France", the man who was constantly stirring up the Syrians to rebel against French rule throughout the 1920s. However, French historian Maurice Larès wrote that the real reason for France's problems in Syria was that the Syrians did not want to be ruled by France, and the French needed a scapegoat to blame for their difficulties in ruling the country. Larès wrote that <mask> is usually pictured in France as a Francophobe, but he was really a Francophile. Having seen and admired the effective use of air power during the war, <mask> enlisted in the Royal Air Force as an aircraftman, under the name John Hume Ross in August 1922.At the RAF recruiting centre in Covent Garden, London, he was interviewed by recruiting officer Flying Officer W. E. Johns, later known as the author of the Biggles series of novels. Johns rejected <mask>'s application, as he suspected that "Ross" was a false name. <mask> admitted that this was so and that he had provided false documents. He left, but returned some time later with an RAF messenger who carried a written order that Johns must accept <mask>. However, <mask> was forced out of the RAF in February 1923 after his identity was exposed. He changed his name to T. E. Shaw (apparently as a consequence of his friendship with G. B. and Charlotte Shaw) and joined the Royal Tank Corps later that year. He was unhappy there and repeatedly petitioned to rejoin the RAF, which finally readmitted him in August 1925.A fresh burst of publicity after the publication of Revolt in the Desert resulted in his assignment to bases at Karachi and Miramshah in British India (now Pakistan) in late 1926, where he remained until the end of 1928. At that time, he was forced to return to Britain after rumours began to circulate that he was involved in espionage activities. He purchased several small plots of land in Chingford, built a hut and swimming pool there, and visited frequently. The hut was removed in 1930 when Chingford Urban District Council acquired the land; it was given to the City of London Corporation which re-erected it in the grounds of The Warren, Loughton. <mask>'s tenure of the Chingford land has now been commemorated by a plaque fixed on the sighting obelisk on Pole Hill. <mask> continued serving in the RAF based at RAF Mount Batten near Plymouth, RAF Calshot near Southampton, and RAF Bridlington, East Riding of Yorkshire. He specialised in high-speed boats and professed happiness, and he left the service with considerable regret at the end of his enlistment in March 1935.In late August or early September 1931 he stayed with Lady Houston aboard her luxury yacht, the Liberty, off Calshot, shortly before the Schneider Trophy competition. In later letters Lady Houston would ask <mask>'s advice on obtaining a new chauffeur for her Rolls Royce car ('Forgive my asking, but you know everything') and suggest that he join the Liberty, for she had discharged her captain, who had turned out to be a 'wrong 'un.' In the inter-war period, the RAF's Marine Craft Section began to commission air-sea rescue launches capable of higher speeds and greater capacity. The arrival of high-speed craft into the MCS was driven in part by <mask>. He had previously witnessed a seaplane crew drowning when the seaplane tender sent to their rescue was too slow in arriving. He worked with Hubert Scott-Paine, the founder of the British Power Boat Company (BPBC), to introduce the  long ST 200 Seaplane Tender Mk1 into service. These boats had a range of 140 miles when cruising at 24 knots and could achieve a top speed of 29 knots.<mask> was a keen motorcyclist and owned eight Brough Superior motorcycles at different times. His last SS100 (Registration GW 2275) is privately owned but has been on loan to the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu and the Imperial War Museum in London. He was also an avid reader of <mask>'s Le Morte d'Arthur and carried a copy on his campaigns. He read an account of <mask>'s discovery of the Winchester Manuscript of the Morte in The Times in 1934, and he motorcycled from Manchester to Winchester to meet Vinaver. Death

On 13 May 1935, <mask> was fatally injured in an accident on his Brough Superior SS100 motorcycle in Dorset close to his cottage Clouds Hill, near Wareham, just two months after leaving military service. A dip in the road obstructed his view of two boys on their bicycles; he swerved to avoid them, lost control, and was thrown over the handlebars. He died six days later on 19 May 1935, aged 46.The location of the crash is marked by a small memorial at the roadside. One of the doctors attending him was neurosurgeon Hugh Cairns, who consequently began a long study of the loss of life by motorcycle dispatch riders through head injuries. His research led to the use of crash helmets by both military and civilian motorcyclists. The Moreton estate borders Bovington Camp, and <mask> bought it from his cousins the Frampton family. He had been a frequent visitor to their home Okers Wood House, and had corresponded with Louisa Frampton for years. <mask>'s mother arranged with the Framptons to have his body buried in their family plot in the separate burial ground of St Nicholas' Church, Moreton. The coffin was transported on the Frampton estate's bier.Mourners included Winston Churchill, E. M. Forster, Lady Astor, and <mask>'s youngest brother Arnold. Writings
<mask> was a prolific writer throughout his life, a large portion of which was epistolary; he often sent several letters a day, and several collections of his letters have been published. He corresponded with many notable figures, including George Bernard Shaw, <mask>, Winston Churchill, Robert Graves, Noël Coward, E. M. Forster, Siegfried Sassoon, John Buchan, Augustus John, and Henry Williamson. He met Joseph Conrad and commented perceptively on his works. The many letters that he sent to Shaw's wife Charlotte are revealing as to his character. <mask> was a competent speaker of French and Arabic, and reader of Latin and Ancient Greek. <mask> published three major texts in his lifetime.The most significant was his account of the Arab Revolt in Seven Pillars of Wisdom. Homer's Odyssey and The Forest Giant were translations, the latter an otherwise forgotten work of French fiction. He received a flat fee for the second translation, and negotiated a generous fee plus royalties for the first. Seven Pillars of Wisdom

<mask>'s major work is Seven Pillars of Wisdom, an account of his war experiences. In 1919, he was elected to a seven-year research fellowship at All Souls College, Oxford, providing him with support while he worked on the book. Certain parts of the book also serve as essays on military strategy, Arabian culture and geography, and other topics. He rewrote Seven Pillars of Wisdom three times, once "blind" after he lost the manuscript.There are many alleged "embellishments" in Seven Pillars, though some allegations have been disproved with time, most definitively in Jeremy Wilson's authorised biography. However, <mask>'s own notebooks refute his claim to have crossed the Sinai Peninsula from Aqaba to the Suez Canal in just 49 hours without any sleep. In reality, this famous camel ride lasted for more than 70 hours and was interrupted by two long breaks for sleeping, which <mask> omitted when he wrote his book. In the preface, <mask> acknowledged George Bernard Shaw's help in editing the book. The first edition was published in 1926 as a high-priced private subscription edition, printed in London by Herbert John Hodgson and Roy Manning Pike, with illustrations by <mask>, Augustus John, Paul Nash, Blair Hughes-Stanton, and Hughes-Stanton's wife Gertrude Hermes. <mask> was afraid that the public would think that he would make a substantial income from the book, and he stated that it was written as a result of his war service. He vowed not to take any money from it, and indeed he did not, as the sale price was one third of the production costs, leaving him in substantial debt.As a specialist in the Middle East, Fred Halliday praised <mask>'s Seven Pillars of Wisdom as a "fine work of prose" but described its relevance to the study of Arab history and society as "almost worthless." Revolt in the Desert

Revolt in the Desert was an abridged version of Seven Pillars that he began in 1926 and that was published in March 1927 in both limited and trade editions. He undertook a needed but reluctant publicity exercise, which resulted in a best-seller. Again he vowed not to take any fees from the publication, partly to appease the subscribers to Seven Pillars who had paid dearly for their editions. By the fourth reprint in 1927, the debt from Seven Pillars was paid off. As <mask> left for military service in India at the end of 1926, he set up the "Seven Pillars Trust" with his friend D. G. Hogarth as a trustee, in which he made over the copyright and any surplus income of Revolt in the Desert. He later told Hogarth that he had "made the Trust final, to save myself the temptation of reviewing it, if Revolt turned out a best seller."The resultant trust paid off the debt, and <mask> then invoked a clause in his publishing contract to halt publication of the abridgement in the United Kingdom. However, he allowed both American editions and translations, which resulted in a substantial flow of income. The trust paid income either into an educational fund for children of RAF officers who lost their lives or were invalided as a result of service, or more substantially into the RAF Benevolent Fund. Posthumous
<mask> left The Mint unpublished, a memoir of his experiences as an enlisted man in the Royal Air Force (RAF). For this, he worked from a notebook that he kept while enlisted, writing of the daily lives of enlisted men and his desire to be a part of something larger than himself. The book is stylistically very different from Seven Pillars of Wisdom, using sparse prose as opposed to the complicated syntax found in Seven Pillars. It was published posthumously, edited by his brother Professor A. W<mask>.After <mask>'s death, A. W<mask> inherited <mask>'s estate and his copyrights as the sole beneficiary. To pay the inheritance tax, he sold the US copyright of Seven Pillars of Wisdom (subscribers' text) outright to Doubleday Doran in 1935. Doubleday still controls publication rights of this version of the text of Seven Pillars of Wisdom in the US, and will continue to until the copyright expires at the end of 2022 (publication plus 95 years). In 1936, A. W<mask> split the remaining assets of the estate, giving Clouds Hill and many copies of less substantial or historical letters to the National Trust, and then set up two trusts to control interests in his brother's residual copyrights. He assigned the copyright in Seven Pillars of Wisdom to the Seven Pillars of Wisdom Trust, and it was given its first general publication as a result. He assigned the copyright in The Mint and all <mask>'s letters to the Letters and Symposium Trust, which he edited and published in the book T. E. <mask> by his Friends in 1937. A substantial amount of income went directly to the RAF Benevolent

masks:
Abu Tayi
Lawrence
Edmund Allenby
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Emir
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Victor Emmanuel
Lowell Thomas
Lawrence
Thomas
Lawrence
Thomas
Lawrence
Thomas
Lawrence
Lawrence
Thomas
Lawrence
Lawrence
Thomas
Lawrence
Lawrence
Thomas
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Thomas Malory
Eugene Vinaver
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Edward Elgar
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Eric Kennington
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence
. Lawrence
Lawrence
. Lawrence
Lawrence
. Lawrence
Lawrence
Lawrence


text_chunks:
 Fund and to archaeological, environmental, and academic projects.The two trusts were amalgamated in 1986, and the unified trust acquired all the remaining rights to <mask>'s works that it had not owned on the death of A. W<mask> in 1991, plus rights to all of A. W<mask>'s works. The UK copyrights on <mask>'s works published in his lifetime and within 20 years of his death expired on 1 January 2006. Works published more than 20 years after his death were protected for 50 years from publication or to 1 January 2040, whichever is earlier. Writings
Seven Pillars of Wisdom, an account of <mask>'s part in the Arab Revolt. ()
Revolt in the Desert, an abridged version of Seven Pillars of Wisdom. ()
The Mint, an account of <mask>'s service in the Royal Air Force. ()
Crusader Castles, <mask>'s Oxford thesis.London: Michael Haag 1986 (). The first edition was published in London in 1936 by the Golden Cockerel Press, in 2 volumes, limited to 1000 editions. The Odyssey of Homer, <mask>'s translation from the Greek, first published in 1932. ()
The Forest Giant, by Adrien Le Corbeau, novel, <mask>'s translation from the French, 1924. The Letters of T. E. <mask>, selected and edited by Malcolm Brown. London, J. M Dent. 1988 ()
The Letters of T. E. <mask>, edited by David Garnett.()
T. E<mask>. Letters, Jeremy Wilson. (See prospectus)
Minorities: Good Poems by Small Poets and Small Poems by Good Poets, edited by Jeremy Wilson, 1971. <mask>'s commonplace book includes an introduction by Wilson that explains how the poems comprising the book reflected <mask>'s life and thoughts. Guerrilla Warfare, article in the 1929 Encyclopædia Britannica
The Wilderness of Zin, by C. Leonard Woolley and T. E<mask>. London, Harrison and Sons, 1914. Sexuality
<mask>'s biographers have discussed his sexuality at considerable length and this discussion has spilled into the popular press.There is no reliable evidence for consensual sexual intimacy between <mask> and any person. His friends have expressed the opinion that he was asexual, and <mask> himself specifically denied any personal experience of sex in multiple private letters. There were suggestions that <mask> had been intimate with Dahoum, who worked with him at a pre-war archaeological dig in Carchemish, and fellow serviceman R. A. M. Guy, but his biographers and contemporaries found them unconvincing. The dedication to his book Seven Pillars is a poem titled "To S.A." which opens:

<mask> was never specific about the identity of "S.A." Many theories argue in favour of individual men or women, and the Arab nation as a whole. The most popular theory is that S.A. represents (at least in part) his companion Selim Ahmed, "Dahoum", who apparently died of typhus before 1918. <mask> lived in a period of strong official opposition to homosexuality, but his writing on the subject was tolerant. He wrote to Charlotte Shaw, "I've seen lots of man-and-man loves: very lovely and fortunate some of them were."He refers to "the openness and honesty of perfect love" on one occasion in Seven Pillars, when discussing relationships between young male fighters in the war. He wrote in Chapter 1 of Seven Pillars:

There is considerable evidence that <mask> was a masochist. He wrote in his description of the Dera'a beating that "a delicious warmth, probably sexual, was swelling through me," and he also included a detailed description of the guards' whip in a style typical of masochists' writing. In later life, <mask> arranged to pay a military colleague to administer beatings to him, and to be subjected to severe formal tests of fitness and stamina. John Bruce first wrote on this topic, including some other statements that were not credible, but <mask>'s biographers regard the beatings as established fact. French novelist André Malraux admired <mask> but wrote that he had a "taste for self-humiliation, now by discipline and now by veneration; a horror of respectability; a disgust for possessions". Biographer <mask> wrote that the evidence suggested a "strong homosexual masochism", noting that he never sought punishment from women.Psychologist John E. Mack sees a possible connection between <mask>'s masochism and the childhood beatings that he had received from his mother for routine misbehaviours. His brother Arnold thought that the beatings had been given for the purpose of breaking his brother's will. Angus Calder suggested in 1997 that <mask>'s apparent masochism and self-loathing might have stemmed from a sense of guilt over losing his brothers Frank and Will on the Western Front, along with many other school friends, while he survived. Aldington controversy
In 1955 Richard Aldington published <mask> of Arabia: A Biographical Enquiry, a sustained attack on <mask>'s character, writing, accomplishments, and truthfulness. Specifically, Aldington alleges that <mask> lied and exaggerated continuously, promoted a misguided policy in the Middle East, that his strategy of containing but not capturing Medina was incorrect, and that Seven Pillars of Wisdom was a bad book with few redeeming features. He also revealed <mask>'s illegitimacy and strongly suggested that he was homosexual. For example: "Seven Pillars of Wisdom is rather a work of quasi-fiction than history.", and "It was seldom that he reported any fact or episode involving himself without embellishing them and indeed in some cases entirely inventing them." It is significant that Aldington was a colonialist, arguing that the French colonial administration of Syria (strongly resisted by <mask>) had benefited that country and that Arabia's peoples were "far enough advanced for some government though not for complete self-government." He was also a Francophile, railing against <mask>'s "Francophobia, a hatred and an envy so irrational, so irresponsible and so unscrupulous that it is fair to say his attitude towards Syria was determined more by hatred of France than by devotion to the 'Arabs' - a convenient propaganda word which grouped many disharmonious and even mutually hostile tribes and peoples." Prior to the publication of Aldington's book, its contents became known in London's literary community. A group Aldington and some subsequent authors referred to as "The Lawrence Bureau", led by B. H. Liddell Hart tried energetically, starting in 1954, to have the book suppressed. That effort having failed, Liddell Hart prepared and distributed hundreds of copies of Aldington's 'Lawrence': His Charges--and Treatment of the Evidence, a 7-page single-spaced document. This worked: Aldington's book received many extremely negative and even abusive reviews, with strong evidence that some reviewers had read Liddell's rebuttal but not Aldington's book.Aldington wrote that <mask> embellished many stories and invented others, and in particular that his claims involving numbers were usually inflated - for example claims of having read 50,000 books in the Oxford Union library, of having blown up 79 bridges, of having had a price of £50,000 on his head, and of having suffered 60 or more injuries. Many of Aldington's specific claims against <mask> have been accepted by subsequent biographers. In Richard Aldington and <mask> of Arabia: A Cautionary Tale, Fred D. Crawford writes "Much that shocked in 1955 is now standard knowledge--that TEL was illegitimate, that this profoundly troubled him, that he frequently resented his mother's dominance, that such reminiscences as <mask>. <mask> by His Friends are not reliable, that TEL's leg-pulling and other adolescent traits could be offensive, that TEL took liberties with the truth in his official reports and Seven Pillars, that the significance of his exploits during the Arab Revolt was more political than military, that he contributed to his own myth, that when he vetted the books by Graves and Liddell he let remain much that he knew was untrue, and that his feelings about publicity were ambiguous." This has not prevented most post-Aldington biographers (including Fred D. Crawford, who studied the Aldington claims intensely) from expressing strong admiration for <mask>'s military, political, and writing achievements. Awards and commemorations

<mask> was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 7 August 1917, appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order on 10 May 1918, awarded the Knight of the Legion of Honour (France) on 30 May 1916 and awarded the Croix de guerre (France) on 16 April 1918. King George V offered <mask> a knighthood on 30 October 1918 at a private audience in Buckingham Palace for his services in the Arab Revolt, but he declined.He was unwilling to accept the honour in light of how his country had betrayed the Arabs. A bronze bust of <mask> by <mask> was placed in the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral, London, on 29 January 1936, alongside the tombs of Britain's greatest military leaders. A recumbent stone effigy by Kennington was installed in St Martin's Church, Wareham, Dorset, in 1939. An English Heritage blue plaque marks <mask>'s childhood home at 2 Polstead Road, Oxford, and another appears on his London home at 14 Barton Street, Westminster. <mask> appears on the album cover of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band by The Beatles. In 2002, <mask> was named 53rd in the BBC's list of the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote.In 2018, <mask> was featured on a £5 coin (issued in silver and gold) in a six-coin set commemorating the Centenary of the First World War produced by the Royal Mint. In popular culture

Film
 Alexander Korda bought the film rights to The Seven Pillars in the 1930s. The production was in development, with various actors cast as the lead, such as Leslie Howard. Peter O'<mask> was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of <mask> in the 1962 film Lawrence of Arabia. <mask> was portrayed by Robert Pattinson in the 2014 biographical drama about Gertrude Bell, Queen of the Desert. Peter O'<mask>'s portrayal of <mask> inspired behavioural affectations in the synthetic model called David, portrayed by Michael Fassbender in the 2012 film Prometheus, and in the 2017 sequel Alien: Covenant, part of the Alien franchise. Literature
 T.E.<mask> (T.E.ロレンス) is a seven-volume manga series by <mask> Kosaka, which retells <mask>'s life story from childhood onward. The Oath of the Five Lords tells a fictional story including several references to T.E<mask> and his memoirs in which he describes how the United Kingdom did not honour its promises to the Arab nation. The comic is the twenty-first book in the Blake and Mortimer comic series. The story was written by Yves Sente and drawn by André Juillard and was released in 2012. The T.E. <mask> Poems was published by Canadian poet Gwendolyn MacEwen in 1982.The poems rely heavily, and quote directly from, primary material including Seven Pillars and the collected letters. Television
 He was portrayed by Judson Scott in the 1982 TV series Voyagers! Ralph Fiennes portrayed <mask> in the 1992 British made-for-TV movie A Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia. Joseph A. Bennett and Douglas Henshall portrayed him in the 1992 TV series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. He was also portrayed in a Syrian series, directed by <mask> Mousa, called <mask> Al Arab. The series consisted of 37 episodes, each between 45 minutes and one hour in length. Theatre
<mask> was the subject of <mask>'s controversial play Ross, which explored <mask>'s alleged homosexuality.Ross ran in London in 1960–61, starring Alec Guinness, who was an admirer of <mask>, and Gerald Harper as his blackmailer, Dickinson. The play had originally been written as a screenplay, but the planned film was never made. In January 1986 at the Theatre Royal, Plymouth, on the opening night of the revival of Ross, Marc Sinden, who was playing Dickinson (the man who recognised and blackmailed <mask>, played by Simon Ward), was introduced to the man on whom the character of Dickinson was based. Sinden asked him why he had blackmailed Ross, and he replied, "Oh, for the money. I was financially embarrassed at the time and needed to get up to London to see a girlfriend. It was never meant to be a big thing, but a good friend of mine was very close to <mask>gan and years later, the silly devil told him the story." Alan Bennett's Forty Years On (1968) includes a satire on <mask>; known as "Tee Hee Lawrence" because of his high-pitched, girlish giggle."Clad in the magnificent white silk robes of an Arab prince ... he hoped to pass unnoticed through London. Alas he was mistaken." The character of Private Napoleon Meek in George Bernard Shaw's 1931 play Too True to Be Good was inspired by <mask>. Meek is depicted as thoroughly conversant with the language and lifestyle of the native tribes. He repeatedly enlists with the army, quitting whenever offered a promotion. <mask> attended a performance of the play's original Worcestershire run, and reportedly signed autographs for patrons attending the show. <mask>'s first year back at Oxford after the War to write was portrayed by <mask> in a play, The Oxford Roof Climbers Rebellion, written by Canadian playwright Stephen Massicotte (premiered Toronto 2006).The play explores <mask>'s reactions to war, and his friendship with Robert Graves. Urban Stages presented the American premiere in New York City in October 2007; <mask> was portrayed by actor Dylan Chalfy. <mask>'s final years are portrayed in a one-man show by Raymond Sargent, The Warrior and the Poet. His 1922 retreat from public life forms the subject of Howard Brenton's play Lawrence After Arabia, commissioned for a 2016 premiere at the Hampstead Theatre to mark the centenary of the outbreak of the Arab Revolt. A highly fictionalised version of <mask> featured in the 2016 Swedish-language comedic play Lawrence i Mumiedalen. Video games

 A fictionalized <mask> is an NPC who assists the party in Shadow Hearts: Covenant (2004). A fictionalized <mask> is an NPC who appears in cutscenes and guides the player through missions in Battlefield 1 (2016).<mask> and his work are referenced multiple times throughout the video game Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception (2011). See also

 Hashemites, ruling family of Mecca (10th–20th century) and of Jordan since 1921
 Kingdom of Iraq (1932–1958)
 Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorised Biography of T. E<mask> by Jeremy Wilson (1989)
 The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones, US TV series (1992–1993) with episodes depicting moments from <mask>'s life
Related individuals
 Richard Meinertzhagen (1878–1967), British intelligence officer and ornithologist, on occasion a colleague of <mask>'s
 Rafael de Nogales Méndez (1879–1937), Venezuelan officer who served in the Ottoman Army and was compared to <mask>
 Suleiman Mousa (1919–2008), Jordanian historian who wrote about <mask>
 Oskar von Niedermayer (1885–1948), German officer, professor and spy, sometimes referred to as the German <mask>
 Max von Oppenheim (1860–1946), German-Jewish lawyer, diplomat and archaeologist. <mask> called his travelogue "the best book on the [Middle East] area I know". Wilhelm Wassmuss (1880–1931), German diplomat and spy, known as "Wassmuss of Persia" and compared to <mask>

References

Citations

Sources

External links

Digital collections

T. E<mask>'s Original Letters on Palestine Shapell Manuscript Foundation
Works by T. E. <mask> at Wikilivres

Physical collections
T. E<mask>'s Collection at The University of Texas at Austin's Harry Ransom Center
"Creating History: <mask> and <mask> of Arabia" online history exhibit at Clio Visualizing History. Europeana Collections 1914–1918 makes 425,000 World War I items from European libraries available online, including manuscripts, photographs and diaries by or relating to Lawrence
T. E. Lawrence's Personal Manuscripts and Letters

News and analysis
The Guardian 19 May 1935 – The death of Lawrence of Arabia
The Legend of Lawrence of Arabia: The Recalcitrant Hero
T. E. Lawrence: The Enigmatic Lawrence of Arabia article by O'Brien Browne
Lawrence of Arabia: True and false (an Arab view) by Lucy Ladikoff

Documentaries
Footage of Lawrence of Arabia with publisher FN Doubleday and at a picnic
Lawrence of Arabia: The Battle for the Arab World, directed by James Hawes. PBS Home Video, 21 October 2003. (ASIN B0000BWVND)

Societies
T. E. Lawrence Studies, built by Lawrence's authorised biographer Jeremy Wilson (no longer maintained)
The T. E. Lawrence Society

1888 births
1935 deaths
20th-century archaeologists
20th-century British writers
20th-century translators
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Arab Bureau officers
Arab Revolt
British archaeologists
British Army General List officers
British Army personnel of World War I
British guerrillas
British people of Irish descent
Castellologists
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
French–English translators
Greek–English translators
Guerrilla warfare theorists
Motorcycle road incident deaths
People educated at the City of Oxford High School for Boys
People from Caernarfonshire
People of Anglo-Irish descent
Road incident deaths in England
Royal Air Force airmen
Royal Garrison Artillery soldiers
Royal Tank Regiment soldiers
Welsh people of Irish descent
Translators of

masks:
Lawrence
. Lawrence
. Lawrence
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T E
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Eric Kennington
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Toole
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Toole
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Tomoko
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. Lawrence
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Thaer
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Terence Rattigan
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Terence Ratti
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Tom Rooney
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Lowell Thomas
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