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<mask> (born 8 February 1964) is an Indian cinematographer, film director, producer and actor known for his works in Malayalam cinema, Tamil cinema and Hindi cinema. <mask> graduated from the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII) and has to date completed 55 feature films and 50 documentaries. He is a founding member of the Indian Society of Cinematographers (ISC) and is the most awarded Director of Photography (DOP) in India. <mask> became the first Cinematographer in the Asia-Pacific region to join the American Society of Cinematographers (ASC) membership. As a cinematographer, he has won five National Film Awards – including four for Best Feature Film Cinematography. As of 2014, he has received eleven National Film Awards, and twenty one international awards for his works. He was awarded the Padma Shri for his contributions to Indian cinema in 2014.Early life and education

<mask> was born into a family of artists. His grandmother used to teach painting and music in the palace and as a child he accompanied her to the palace. These visits gave him an opportunity to become familiar with the paintings of Raja Ravi Varma, a nineteenth-century Indian painter whose renowned works were themes from Hindu history, and everyday life of his times. <mask> was educated at Loyola School, Thiruvananthapuram and at Mar Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram. His father <mask> used to make documentaries and during holidays <mask> helped with this. He is the younger brother of filmmaker Sangeeth <mask> and elder brother of Sanjeev <mask>. Career

<mask>, a founder member of the Indian Society of Cinematographers and the most awarded Director of Photography in India, graduated from the Film and Television Institute of India and went on to completing 45 features and 41 documentaries.He was awarded the National Award for best Cinematographer for the films Perumthachan (Malayalam/1991), Kalapani (Malayalam / 1996), Mohiniyattam (Malayalam / 1991), Iruvar (Tamil/1998) and Dil Se.. (Hindi/1999). <mask> was honoured by the Japanese Society of Cinematographers and has been on the Jury for the Busan Film Festival. He is a "mentor" to students for Mira Nair's "Maisha Film Lab: in Uganda and is a director to the Sivan Foundation of photography. He was also a governing council member at the Pune Film Institute. As a director, <mask> won his first National Award in 1988 for the film Story of Tiblu (1988). His film Halo was honoured at the 43rd National Film Awards as the Best Children's Film and Best Sound. Late 1999s and present

<mask> received worldwide accolades for The Terrorist (presented by John Malkovich), which won the Best Director, Best Actress Awards and the Golden Pyramid Award for The Best Film at the 23rd Cairo International Film Festival.It was awarded the National Award (1999) for The Best Tamil Film and was an Official Selection at the Sundance, Seattle and Toronto Film Festivals of that year. The film was also listed in Roger Ebert's 100 Best Films (1999). the film was Quoted as being "a film scripted by the camera"

Following the success of The Terrorist, <mask>'s film Malli won the National Award for Best Environmental Film in India (2000), the National Award in India for Best Child Artist (2000) and was honoured at the 18th International Festival of Film for Children in Poznan, Poland, where it won the Poznan Goat for Best Director, Best Child Actress, Best Music and the Best Film-Audience Award at the Indian Film Festival|Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles in Los Angeles. <mask>'s subsequent films include Asoka, which screened at the Venice and Toronto Film Festivals (2001) and Navarasa, which won the National Award for Best Tamil Film (2004) and the Monaco Award for Best Film & Best Supporting Actor awarded at the Lyons Film Festival. The latter also participated in the Pusan and Rotterdam Film Festivals. His debut Malayalam Language film as director, Anandabhadram (2005), went on to win several State Awards, including Best Director & Best Cinematographer. <mask> has worked as the Cinematographer in Gurinder Chadha's Bride & Prejudice (2004) and Paul Mayeda Berges' The Mistress of Spices (2005).<mask> directed Before the Rains, which is premiered as a Special Presentation at the Toronto International Film Festival (2007). In addition, his short film Prarambha, which was created for the Bill and Melinda Gates AIDS Foundation, also premiered at the Mavericks section of the Festival. It won the National Awards 2007 for Best Producer and Best Director in the Educational and Motivational Film category. His latest Malayalam film, Urumi (2011) was screened at the Indian Panorama of the International Film Festival of India to be held in Goa 2012, to Busan and NHK film festivals. He was also the cinematographer for the Tamil movie Thuppakki, starring Vijay and directed by AR Murugadoss. In an interview, he said that some films he chose, not mostly because of the story but due to the very fact that he was comfortable with the director, a bigger pay cut and friendship things. Production

In 2008, Santosh Sivan Films was formed, as a Pvt ltd concern, with Producer Mubina Rattonsey and Milind Verekar.The company has not only handled film ventures successfully but has to its credit numerous commercials, documentaries and music videos as well. Feature film credits include Terrorist, Malli, Navarasa, Anandabhadram, A Hollywood film "Before the Rains" for Echo Lake Productions, Prarambha, a short film for The Bill and Melinda Gates AIDS Foundation, Tahaan-A Boy with the Grenade, Urumi-Vasco Da Gama and more recently done Ceylon.Tahaan, won a High Commendation in Children's Feature Film section at the 2009 Asia Pacific Screen Awards and UNICEF Award at 11th Olympia International Film Festival for Children and Young People in 2008 held at Greece. It also won "The German Star of India award" at "Bollywood and Beyond" festival at Stuttgart Germany in 2009. Documentary
<mask>'s documentary Farmers Portrait is near completion. He makes films on health and environment issues, like the Polio campaign with Amitabh Bachchan. His 2007 release, Prarambha won the National Film Award for Best Educational/Motivational/Instructional Film at the 55th National Film Awards. The film dealt with the stigma attached to an HIV + person.It dealt with a little boy who had been ostracised from school only because he is diagnosed with HIV. This film highlighted the plight of the boy and highlighted the ignorance of the society towards this virus. This was produced by the Bill and Melinda Gates Aids foundation and was shot entirely in Mysore. International Young Audience Film Festival
2000 - The Terrorist – Panorama Jury Prize for Honorable Mention at Sarajevo Film Festival
2000 - Malli Emerging Masters Showcase Award at Seattle International Film Festival Awards
2004 - Malli – Audience Award for Best Feature Film at Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles
2005 - Navarasa-Monaco International Film Festival (Monaco)
 Won - Best Supporting Actor - Bobby Darling
 Won - Angel Independent Spirit Award - Navarasa - <mask> <mask>
2008 - Before the Rains - Grand Award for Best Theatrical Feature at WorldFest Houston International Film Festival
2008 - Before the Rains - Crystal Kodak award for best cinematography. 2009 - Tahaan won a High Commendation in Children's Feature Film section at the 2009 Asia Pacific Screen Awards.

masks:
Santosh Sivan
Santosh
Santosh
Santosh
Santosh
Sivan
Santosh
Sivan
Sivan
Santosh
Santosh
Santosh
Santosh
Santosh
Santosh
Santosh
Santosh
Santosh
Santosh
Sivan


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<mask> (1904–1979) was a German musicologist, collector, and classical music promoter in South Africa. Early life
He was born in Germany, into a family interested and involved in classical music. His mother, Johanna Nathan was a professional soprano, and performed for noted composers such as Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Busoni and Julius Stockhausen (who was her tutor). He studied music under Eduard Jung (a piano teacher from Dr Hoch's Conservatorium, Frankfurt, specialising in talented future prospects) and left Nazi Germany for South Africa in 1933. There he was employed by a hardware Wholesaler Corporation, and frequently performed keyboard works on air with the South African Broadcasting Corporation. Contact and interaction with the musical scene in Southern Africa
His passion for classical music grew as he matured, and fed his desire to offer South African music lovers the highest quality of international concert presence. He was Chairman of the Johannesburg Music Society (South Africa's oldest Musical Society, a registered non-profit organisation) from 1954 through till 1969, when he became honorary chairman.The Society was among the first to invite many international artists and groups to perform in South Africa, and quickly expanded. Johannesburg soon became the centre of performers' broad African tours, that included the large cities of South Africa (Pretoria, Durban, East London, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, recordings with the South African Broadcasting Corporation -SABC-) as well as visits to Kenya, the former Northern and Southern Rhodesia, Mozambique, the Islands of Mauritius and Reunion, the former South West Africa, Angola and sometimes the former Belgian Congo. Consequently, the quality and variety of concert life and classical music appreciation in Southern Africa improved vastly. For this achievement and the musical museum he had built up, a PhD(Hon) degree from the University of the Witwatersrand was conferred on him in 1978. The collection and museum

This passion for, and love of music consumed most of his spare time, and after World War II, he began expanding on the small library inherited from his father with classical music dictionaries, encyclopaedias, manuscripts, complete composer compendiums, etc. in many languages, and volumes of music scores. In addition, he acquired ancient and early keyboard instruments -a 1589 Clavicytherium, Clavichords, a Glasschord, Spinettino, Harpsichords, a Hammerklavier and early pianos (eventually comprising 19 instruments, plus 2 modern Steinway Grands)- depicting the development of the piano; the collection also included a Viola d'Amore.His library grew very comprehensive, especially in keyboard compositions and productions, and, together with the instrument collection, evolved into a museum housed in his Johannesburg home. Tours for University students were sometimes conducted, and the SABC periodically aired early composers' works which he would perform there, (often together with touring overseas performers) on authentic Harpsichord(s) or a Clavichord or Hammerklavier. Most of the musicians and groups touring Southern Africa through his invitation, between 1954 and 1978 were invited to browse in the Library and or try out the instruments. A number discovered interesting or little-known works. (See note 7 in: examples of unusual works referenced.) The Fine Arts Departments of South African Universities were very interested in the Museum (which was considered by some musicologists to be one of the more outstanding museums of this nature in private hands), and it was eventually willed to the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, who opened a "Hans Adler Memorial Museum" in their Arts Building in 1980. Examples of unusual works referenced
At one time he donated to the British Museum, who did not possess this, one of his two rare copies of Frontispice by Ravel, music which was unknown, as Ravel had violated his publisher's sole publishing rights when it appeared in the popular Paris magazine "Feuillets d'art" in 1919

Are there just 5 Beethoven piano concertos?H.A. has collection evidence of a 6th piano concerto of Beethoven's, and two other piano concertos that may be regarded as Beethoven's works
A violin & piano sonata with two movements by Robert Schumann, one by Brahms and one by Albert Dietrich, in honour of Joachim
A Schumann quartet for 4 horns and piano
A Schumann andante and variations for two pianos, two cellos and French Horn long out of print, as Schumann rearranged it for two pianos alone
Variations on a Russian theme, written by Artciboucheff, Wihtol, Liadov, Rimsky-Korsakoff, Sokolow and <mask>nov
An original Josef Suk (composer) string orchestra serenade
Leopold Mozart's 1st edition (1756) of a Violin Tutor book
A 1492 Incunabula by Boetius. Treatise: Arithmetica Geometria et Musica Boetii

Borodin's almost forgotten piano quintet
A signed, numbered copy of Karlheinz Stockhausen's "Skizzen und Manuskripte" and one of Detlef Kieffer's "3 Pieces Breves" donated to him when they toured S.A.
A composition for him by John Ogdon and another by Julian Dawson-Lyell. Information and some photographs of the above examples can be seen on the H.A. "showcase of rare and unusual works" site. He also donated, to South African Composer/Conductor/SABC Head of Music <mask>r Music Collection" for which Mr. Fagan had been searching for a decade. Discoveries of unusual Cello Works by local cello enthusiast/journalist, Joe Sack, which he passed on to other professionals, works such as:
Theme and Variations on a Purcell Motif by von Weber
The Rheinberger Cello Sonatas
a little-known Concerto by Alcan
Over one hundred and twenty five Touring musicians' dedicated photographs, recital programs and music-room comments during their Southern Africa tours.

masks:
Hans Georg Adler
Alexander Glazu
Gideon Faganische


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<mask> (April 11, 1917 – September 6, 1996) was an outfielder in Major League Baseball. From 1939 through 1953, he played for the Detroit Tigers (1939–42, 1946), Philadelphia Athletics (1946–1948, 1950–1951), Cincinnati Reds (1951) and Cleveland Indians (1951–1953). <mask> batted left-handed and threw right-handed. <mask> played in 1170 games, 535 in center field and 477 in left field. He had a career batting average of .312. Early years
<mask> was born in Coal Run, Pennsylvania, the last of nine children. His mother died when he was one year old, and <mask> moved to Detroit at age 4 with his older brother <mask>.<mask> grew up in Detroit in the midst of the Great Depression. He later recalled: "Nobody had any money. We took mustard sandwiches and ketchup sandwiches to school." <mask> attended Southwestern High School in Detroit, where he was All-City and captain in both baseball and basketball. McCosky had a .727 batting average his senior year — a Detroit public school record. Professional baseball player

Minor leagues
In 1936, <mask> was signed out of high school by scout Wish Egan. In 1936, he hit .400 for the Charleston Senators and led the Mid-Atlantic League.He played next for the Beaumont Exporters from 1936 to 1938. He hit .318 in 1937 and .307 in 1938. Detroit Tigers
In 11 major league seasons, <mask> was a .312 hitter with 24 home runs and 397 RBIs in 1,170 games played. <mask> was a good contact hitter who hit over .300 in six of his first seven seasons. A fine outfielder with a strong throwing arm, he collected a .984 fielding average with only 41 errors in 2579 chances. In 1939, <mask>'s rookie season, he was an immediate success both at bat and in the field. He started 145 games in center field and hit for a .311 batting average — trailing only Hank Greenberg and his boyhood hero, Charlie Gehringer, among the Tigers' starters.With great range and speed in the outfield, he led all American League outfielders with 428 putouts and led the league's center fielders with a .986 fielding percentage. His 1939 Range factor of 3.00 was a career-high and 0.65 points above the league average. He was also near the top of the American League leaderboard in 1939 with 120 runs scored (fourth), 190 hits (fourth), 20 stolen bases (fourth),  262 times on base (fifth), 33 doubles (sixth) and 14 triples (second). He placed 27th in the American League Most Valuable Player voting. His most productive season came for the  Detroit Tigers American League champions, when he was among the AL league leaders with a .340 batting average (6th in the AL), 200 hits (tied for 1st in the AL), 19 triples (1st in the AL), 123 runs (3rd in the AL), 264 times on base (4th in the AL), and 39 doubles (7th in the AL). In the World Series, he hit .304 (7-for-23) with five runs as Detroit lost to the Cincinnati Reds in seven games. <mask> finished No.16 in the MVP voting for 1940. Since 1940, the only Tiger to exceed <mask>'s 19 triples is Curtis Granderson in 2007. <mask> had another solid season in 1941, as he hit .324 and finished No. 15 in the American League MVP voting. U. S. Navy
In December 1942, <mask> joined the United States Navy during World War II. <mask> lost three years in the prime of his career (at ages 26–28) to military service during World War II. He was discharged in October 1945.Philadelphia Athletics
<mask> returned to Detroit in 1946. After a disappointing .198 start in 25 games, he was traded to the Philadelphia Athletics in mid-May for George Kell. In his autobiography, Kell recalled being shocked that the Tigers would trade a "legitimate star" and "hometown boy" like <mask> for an "unknown third baseman." At the time of the trade, <mask> told Kell: "You'll be better off here in Detroit. You're going to love it here. I hate to leave because this is home. I've had good years here."Playing for manager Connie Mack, <mask> broke out of his early season slump and hit .354 for the A's. In 1947, <mask> batted .328 (2nd best in the AL) for the Athletics and finished a career-best No. 11 in the AL MVP voting. In 1948, he hit .326 (5th best in the AL), had a .405 on-base percentage (6th in the AL), and scored 95 runs. <mask> missed the entire 1949 season after a back injury, and was never the same batter afterward. He returned to the Athletics in 1950, but his average dropped 86 points from .326 in 1948 to .240 in 1950. On April 26, 1951, <mask> broke up a no-hitter bid of Washington Senators Connie Marrero with a home run.Cincinnati and Cleveland
One week later, <mask> was sold to the Cincinnati Reds. He was then released and picked up off waivers by the Cleveland Indians. He managed only 37 hits in 1951 for a .268 average. <mask> finished his career playing with the Indians, as his batting average dropped further to .213 in 1952 and .190 in 1953. Six times he was considered in the American League MVP vote (1939–42, 1947–48). In 1995, he was inducted into the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame. Later years
<mask> married his wife, Jane, in 1946.After his baseball career ended, he operated <mask>'s party store on Joy Road between Greenfield and Southfield in Detroit from 1953 to 1963. He then worked as an automobile salesman at Les Stanford Chevrolet in Dearborn, Michigan, until he retired in 1982. In 1982, <mask> and his wife moved in Venice, Florida, where they lived for 14 years. In 1996, <mask> died from jaw cancer at Bon Secour-Venice Hospital in Venice. He was buried at
Holy Sepulchre Cemetery in Southfield, Michigan. In 1957, a baseball little league was formed and named the <mask> Little League. See also
 List of Major League Baseball annual triples leaders

References

External links
Baseball Library

1917 births
1996 deaths
American people of Polish descent
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Beaumont Exporters players
Charleston Senators players
Cincinnati Reds players
Cleveland Indians players
Detroit Tigers players
Major League Baseball center fielders
Major League Baseball left fielders
Philadelphia Athletics players
Baseball players from Detroit
Southwestern High School (Michigan) alumni
United States Navy personnel of World War II

masks:
William Barney McCosky
McCosky
McCosky
McCosky
McCosky
Tony McCosky
McCosky
McCosky
McCosky
McCosky
McCosky
McCosky
McCosky
McCosky
McCosky
McCosky
McCosky
McCosky
McCosky
McCosky
McCosky
McCosky
McCosky
McCosky
McCosky
McCosky
McCosky
Barney McCosky
McCosky
McCosky
Barney McCosky


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<mask> (born 1926 - died 1991) was an Italian politician. He was a member of the Italian Communist Party and a leading figure in the city government of Reggio Emilia in northern Italy. In this position he promoted links between Reggio Emilia and southern African countries, in particular anti-colonial and anti-apartheid movements. For this work he was posthumously given the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo award by the South African presidency. Early life
He got a diploma as a factory designer; then he began working for the municipality of Reggio Emilia. From 14 June 1944, he took part in the Italian Resistance against Fascism and Nazism; in the same period he joined the Partito Comunista Italiano (PCI). At the end of the Second World War, he began working in the Officine Reggiane factory and, due to his organizational and managerial qualities, he was appointed Deputy Secretary of PCI Section Santa Croce “Reggiane-Officine Meccaniche Italiane” and member of the trade union inside the factory.He led the struggle against the shutdown of the factory but this caused him some periods of detention. Nevertheless, he continued defense of workers’ rights. In fact, along those years he was news editor of the magazine “La voce operaia”, an insert of magazine “La Verità”. Political activities

The period of PCI
After the shutdown of Officine Reggiane, <mask> went to Rome, where he attended the Istituto di Studi Comunisti (better known as Scuola delle Frattocchie) and passed a test to become journalist. This allowed him to work in the Press and Propaganda Section of the Party. In the late Fifties, he went to the USSR to attend a course about economic and political theories, while Nikita Khrushchev was leading the country. Here <mask> learned Russian language and got in touch with many students, some of them from Asian and African countries.After the Russian experience, by 1960, <mask> managed the "Ufficio Studi Provinciale" of PCI of Reggio Emilia: during the first half of Sixties, he published some reports and articles on economic, working and social conditions of Reggio Emilia district. The roles of Chairman of Reggio Emilia’s Hospital and of Deputy Mayor
In 1964, he served as a city councillor of Scandiano’s municipality; then in 1967, he served as board member of Hospital Santa Maria Nuova of Reggio Emilia. When the hospital became Ente Ospedaliero Provinciale, <mask> was appointed as Chairman. In 1970, <mask> Benassi became Mayor. The same mayor entrusted him as Deputy Mayor on International Relationships in 1977, and, in 1980 as Deputy Mayor on Finance Department.His presence in the city council was confirmed both in 1980 and 1985, but he decided to leave in 1986. He was politically active until 1990 when he became provincial Secretary of Local Autonomies League. International relationships

<mask> had an important role in leading Reggio Emilia into a network of international relationships, in particular with southern African countries. Mozambique
While <mask> was Chairman of AROER, after a visit of a FRELIMO delegation, he proposed a twinning agreement between Reggio Emilia’s Hospital and the Hospital Central of Cabo Delgado to help liberated zones of Mozambique. In 1970, a pact ratified this twinning agreement and a Committee for Medical aid to Mozambican people was established and <mask> was appointed Chairman. The aid project was developed with physician Silvio Pampiglione and FRELIMO's Direcçao de Saude (health care management): it was decided to send medicines, health facilities and Italian practitioners in order to assist injured people and to train local healthcare assistants. In 1972 <mask> visited Tanzania and liberated zones of Mozambique.On that occasion Franco Cigarini filmed a documentary. <mask> returned to Mozambique in 1975 to take part to celebrations of independence from Portugal and to sign a twinning agreement between Reggio Emilia and the city of Pemba, capital of Cabo Delgado, in order to improve technical and institutional collaboration and to reinforce the collaboration and friendship with Mozambican leaders such as Samora Machel, Joaquim Chissano and Marcelino dos Santos. In 1977 the “Comitato Unitario per l’amicizia, la cooperazione e la solidarietà con i popoli” was established. South Africa
In the same year, on 26 June, the "Pact of Solidarity between Reggio Emilia and the African National Congress" was approved and signed by the mayor Ugo Benassi and Oliver Tambo. The following year, which UN proclaimed “International Year against Apartheid”, the publication of Italian version of “Sechaba”, the official magazine of ANC, started. <mask> was managing editor of it until 1984 when the last issue was published. Sechaba helped to raise awareness of the international struggle against apartheid in Italy.In 1978, <mask> organized in Reggio Emilia the “National Conference of solidarity for independence and the sovereignty of Southern Africa Peoples against colonialism, racism and apartheid”, with the participation of delegates from ANC, Sof SWAPO, of Zanu-Zapu, of Mozambique and of other Southern African countries, as well as Italian leaders. On that occasion it was decided to organize a solidarity ship for southern Africa. In April 1979 the National Committee was established, with <mask> as Coordinator, with the purpose to realize initiatives and campaigns to help anti-colonialist movements in Africa. National and International institutions referred to this Committee during those years. The Committee organized both solidarity ships Amanda (in 1980 from Genoa) and Rea Silvia (in 1984 from Livorno), bound for Namibia and South Africa respectively, with aid and facilities. During the Eighties <mask> continued his activity of political and social commitment for African populations. He also promoted the conferring of honorary citizenship of Rome on Nelson Mandela in 1983.In 1987, <mask> was invited by Oliver Tambo, ANC’s Chairman, to participate at the Arusha International Conference in Tanzania, an important event dealing with democratic transition in South Africa. The last years
In the last years of his life <mask>, with his wife Bruna Ganapini, organized his personal archive, bearing witness to his role in Reggio Emilia’s community and his international solidarity work. <mask> died in Parma on 4 April 1991, after a heart surgery operation. Marcelino dos Santos delivered the funeral speech and Benny Nato, as delegate of ANC in Italy, took part in the ceremony. Awards
In April 2013, <mask> posthumously received the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo bronze award, an honour conferred by South Africa to people from other countries people who have been distinguished in the fight against apartheid and solidarity with liberation movements in Southern Africa. The award was delivered to his widow, Bruna Ganapini. The citation read:

Sources

 Biography of <mask> from Soncini-Cigarini Archive

1926 births
1991 deaths
Italian resistance movement members
People from Reggio Emilia
Italian Communist Party politicians

masks:
Giuseppe Soncini
Soncini
Soncini
Giuseppe Soncini
Giuseppe Soncini
SonciniUgo
Soncini
Soncini
Soncini
Soncini
Soncini
Soncini
Giuseppe Soncini
Soncini
Giuseppe Soncini
Soncini
Soncini
Giuseppe Soncini
Giuseppe Soncini
Giuseppe Soncini


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According to the Mahāvaṃsa chronicle, Prince <mask> (c. 543–505 BCE) was the first Sinhalese king. Legends say that he and several hundred followers came to Sri Lanka after they were banished from Sinhapura. In Sri Lanka, <mask> and his settlers defeated a yaksha near "Thammena" (Tambapaṇṇī, believed to be in the central or western part of the island), eventually displacing the island's previous inhabitants from their city of Sirisavatthu. <mask>'s marriage to Kuveni, a daughter of a yaksha leader, may have cemented his ability to reign the kingdom of Tambapanni. However, Kuveni's renunciation of her people for love did not last long; Vijay betrayed her for a princess from India. Kuveni had two children by Vijaya, whose fate is unknown. Sources and variations
Four versions of the legend explain the origin of the Sinhalese people.In all the versions, a prince comes to the island of Lanka and establishes a community which gives rise to the Sinhalese people. The Mahavamsa and Dipavamsa identify the prince as <mask>, and the other two legends have different names for the prince. Mahavamsa: In this version, <mask>'s grandmother is a princess whose ancestry traces to the Vanga and Kalinga kingdoms (present-day Bengal and Odisha). She bears two children with Sinha ("lion"), who keeps them in captivity in a forest. After the princess and her children escape their captivity, her son Sinhabahu kills Sinha. Prince <mask>, the son of Sinhabahu, founds the kingdom of Sinhapura. He becomes the prince-regent of Sinhapura, but is exiled with 700 followers to Lanka because of his evil deeds.The Mahavamsa version has a contradiction; the Buddha expelled all the yakkhas to the island of Giridipa during an earlier visit to Lanka, but <mask> later encounters yakkhas on Lanka and a yakkhini (a female yakkha) named Kuveni becomes his queen. Kuveni helps Vijaya destroy the yakkha city of Sirisavatthu, and has two children with him. However, <mask> must marry a Kshatriya princess to be a legitimate ruler; he marries the daughter of a Pandu king, who sends other women as brides for Vijaya's followers. Kuveni and her two children leave for the yakkha city of Lankapura, where she is killed by the yakkhas for betraying them. Vijaya dies without an heir; Panduvasudeva, the son of his twin brother Sumitta, arrives from India and takes charge of Vijaya's kingdom. The community established by Vijaya gives rise to the Sinhalese people. Dipavamsa: This version predates the Mahavamsa.It is similar to the Mahavamsa version, but omits Kuveni (and other yakkhas) and the South Indian princess. Xuanzang's account: The princess, abducted by the Sinha (lion), comes from South India. There is no mention of Vanga, Kalinga or Lala. She and her two children escape from Sinha's captivity to their native kingdom in South India. Her son, Chih-sse-tseu ("lion-catcher", or Sinhabahu) later kills his father Sinha. Although he is receives a reward, he is exiled by ship for the act of parricide. Chih-sse-tseu lands on Ratnadeepa (Lanka, the "island of gems"), and settles there.He begins attacking naval merchants who come to the island looking for gems. Chih-sse-tseu captures the merchants' children and spares their lives, creating a community. He has children with an unnamed woman and his descendants divide people into classes, giving rise to the caste system; they also wage wars, expanding their territory. Chih-sse-tseu's community gives rise to the Sinhalese people, and yakkhas are not mentioned in this version. Valahassa Jataka version: This Jataka version is depicted in the Ajanta cave paintings of India (Simhala Avadana in Cave 17). The prince who comes to the island is a merchant named Sinhala, the son of Sinha. He and 500 followers sail for the island of Ratnadeepa, where they hope to find gems in the city of Sirisavatthu.They are shipwrecked and saved by the Yakkhinis, who prey on shipwrecked merchants. The Yakkhinis pretend to be the widows of merchants who earlier visited the island. Sinhala marries the chief Yakkhini, but then discovers their true identity. He and 250 of his men escape from the island on a flying horse named Valahassa. The chief Yakkhini follows them to his paternal kingdom and presents herself to his father, Simha, as wronged by the prince. Simha gives her shelter, but she devours him and the rest of his family except for the prince. She then returns to Ratnadeepa, where she devours the remaining 250 of Sinhala's followers.Sinhala succeeds his father as king, and leads a military expedition to Ratnadeepa. He defeats the Yakkhinis, and establishes the Sinhalese kingdom. Ancestry
According to the Mahāvaṃsa, the king of Vanga (the historical Bengal region) married a princess named Mayavati  of neighbouring Kalinga (present-day Odisha). The couple had a daughter, Suppadevi, who was prophesied to mate with the king of beasts. As an adult, Princess Suppadevi left Vanga to seek an independent life. She joined a caravan headed for Magadha, which was attacked by Sinha ("lion") in a forest in the Lala (or Lada) region. The Mahavamsa calls the Sinha a lion; according to some modern interpreters, however, Sinha was a beastly outlaw human living in the jungle.Lala is identified as Bengal's Rarh region (part of the present-day Indian state of West Bengal) or Lata, part of present-day Gujarat. Suppadevi fled from the attack, but encountered Sinha again. Sinha was attracted to her and she caressed him, mindful of the prophecy. He kept Suppadevi in captivity in a cave, and they had two children: a son named Sinhabahu (or Sihabahu, "lion-armed") and a daughter named Sinhasivali (or Sihasivali). When the children grew up, Sinhabahu asked his mother why she and Sinha looked so different. After she told him about her royal ancestry, he decided to go to Vanga. While Sinha was out, Sinhabahu escaped from the cave with Suppadevi and Sinhasivali.They reached a village, where they met a general of the Vanga Kingdom. The general was a cousin of Suppadevi, and later married her. Sinha began ravaging villages to find his missing family. The king of Vanga announced a reward to anyone who could kill Sinha, and Sinhabahu killed his father to claim the reward. By the time Sinhabahu returned to the capital, the king of Vanga was dead. Sinhabahu was crowned the new king, but later passed the kingship to his mother's husband (the general). Returning to his birthplace in Lala, he founded the city of Sinhapura (or Sihapura).Sinhabahu married his sister, Sinhasivali, and they had 32 sons (16 pairs of twins). <mask> Singha ("the greatly victorious") was their eldest son, followed by his twin Sumitta. The location of Sinhapura is uncertain. It has been identified with Singur, West Bengal (in the Rada, or Rarh, region) or Singhpur, near Jajpur (Sinhapura, Odisha). Those who identify the Lala kingdom with present-day Gujarat place it in present-day Sihor. Another theory identifies it with the village of Singupuram, near Srikakulam in Andhra Pradesh. It has also been placed in present-day Thailand or on the Malay Peninsula.Arrival in Sri Lanka

<mask> was made the prince regent by his father, but he and his band of followers became notorious for their violent deeds. After their repeated complaints failed to stop him, prominent citizens demanded that <mask> be put to death. King Sinhabahu then expelled <mask> and his 700 followers from the kingdom. The men's heads were half-shaved, and they were put on a ship that set out to sea. The wives and children of the 700 men were sent on separate ships. <mask> and his followers landed at a place called Supparaka; the women landed at a place called Mahiladipaka, and the children landed at a place called Naggadipa. <mask>'s ship later reached Lanka, in the area known as Tambapanni, on the day that Gautama Buddha died in northern India.Those who think that Vijaya set out from the west coast of India (Sinhapura was in Gujarat) identify present-day Sopara as the location of Supparaka. Those who think that Sinhapura was in the Vanga-Kalinga region identify it with locations off the east coast of India; S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar speculates that Supparaka might have been Sumatra. According to the Mahavamsa, Gautama Buddha asked the lord of gods (identified as Indra) before he attained Nirvana to protect Vijaya in Lanka so Buddhism could flourish there. Indra gave the guardianship of Lanka to the lotus-colored god (Upulvan), who came to Lanka in the guise of an ascetic to protect Vijaya. Wilhelm Geiger identifies the lotus-colored god as Vishnu; uppala is the blue lotus. Senarath Paranavithana identifies him with Varuna. Vijaya tied a protective (paritta) thread on the hands of his followers.Later, a Yakkhini appeared before them in the form of a dog. One of the followers thought that a dog indicated habitation, and followed her. After some time, he saw a Yakkhini named Kuveni (or Kuvanna) who was spinning thread. Kuveni tried to devour him, but <mask>'s magical thread protected him. Unable to kill him, Kuveni hurled the follower into a chasm; she then did the same thing to all 700 followers. <mask> went to Kuveni's place, looking for his men; he overpowered her, and forced her to free them. Kuveni asked Vijaya to spare her life, swearing loyalty to him.She brought food and goods from the ships of the traders she had devoured for Vijaya and his followers, and <mask> took her as his consort. Kingdom of Tambapanni

Vijaya woke up to the sounds of music and singing. Kuveni told him that the island was home to Yakkhas, who would kill her for sheltering Vijaya's men, and the sound was from wedding festivities in the Yakkha city of Sirisavatthu. With Kuveni's help, <mask> defeated the Yakkhas. <mask> and Kuveni had two children: Jivahatta and Disala. Vijaya established a kingdom which was named Tambapanni ("copper-red hands"), because the men's hands were coloured by the area's red soil. Members of <mask>'s community were called Sinhala, after Sinhabahu.Vijaya's ministers and other followers established several villages; Upatissa established Upatissagāma on the bank of the Gambhira river, north of Anuradhagama. <mask>'s followers decided to crown him king, but for this he needed a queen of Aryan (noble) descent. His ministers sent emissaries with gifts to the city of Madhura, which was ruled by  a Pandava king. (Madhura is identified with Mathura, a city in North India). The king agreed to send his daughter as Vijaya's bride, and asked other families to offer their daughters as brides for Vijaya's followers. Several families volunteered, and were rewarded by the king, who sent a hundred noble maidens, craftsmen, a thousand families from 18 guilds, elephants, horses, wagons and other gifts. The group landed in Lanka at a port known as Mahatittha.<mask> then asked Kuveni, his Yakkhini consort, to leave the community because his citizens feared supernatural beings like her. He offered her money, asking her to leave their two children behind, but Kuveni brought the children along to the Yakkha city of Lankapura. She asked her children to remain behind as she entered the city, where other Yakkhas saw her as a traitor; suspected of spying, she was killed by a Yakkha. On the advice of her maternal uncle, the children fled to Sumanakuta (identified with Adam's Peak). In the Malaya region of Lanka, they married and began the Pulinda race (identified with the Vedda people, not to be confused with the Pulindas of India). <mask> was crowned king. The Pandava king's daughter became his queen, and other women were married to his followers according to their rank.Vijaya bestowed gifts on his ministers and his father-in-law; he abandoned his evil ways, and ruled Lanka in peace and justice. Final days
<mask> had no other children after Kuveni left. Concerned in old age that he would die without an heir, he decided to bring his twin brother Sumitta from India to govern his kingdom. <mask> sent a letter to Sumitta, but died before receiving a reply. His ministers from Upatissagāma then governed the kingdom for a year while they waited for a reply. In Sinhapura, Sumitta had become king and had three sons. His queen was a daughter of the king of Madda (possibly Madra).When Vijaya's messengers arrived, Sumitta asked one of his sons to go to Lanka because he was too old; Panduvasdeva, his youngest son, volunteered. Panduvasdeva and 32 sons of Sumitta's ministers reached Lanka, where he became the new ruler. Significance
In Sri Lanka, the legend of <mask> is political rhetoric used to explain the origin and genetics of the Sinhalese; it is often treated as an account of historical events. Sinhalese scholars such as K. M. de Silva have used the legend to confirm the Indo-Aryan origin of the Sinhalese, distinguishing them from the Dravidians; some Sinhalese authors have used the myth to oppose Tamil secessionism, arguing that the Sinhalese and the Tamils are one race because their ancestors included the maidens sent by the Pandyan king of Madurai. Some Tamil nationalists, on the other hand, have claimed that their ancestors were the Yakkhas massacred by Vijaya. Tamil authors such as Satchi Ponnambalam have dismissed the legend as fiction aimed at justifying Sinhalese territorial claims in Sri Lanka. Genetic studies
Genetic studies on Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Tamils have led to different conclusions.R. L. Kirk (1976) concluded that the Sinhalese are genetically closest to the Bengalis. N. Saha (1988) disagreed with Kirk's findings, however, and concluded that the Sinhalese have a close genetic relationship to the Tamils. See also
 Tomb of Vijaya
 Sri Lankan place name etymology
 List of Sri Lankan monarchs
 History of Sri Lanka

References

Further reading

External links
 Codrington's Short History of Ceylon: The Beginnings
 Mahavamsa chapters: The coming of Vijaya and The Consecrating of Vijaya. 500s BC deaths
6th-century BC Sinhalese monarchs
Year of birth unknown
House of Vijaya
Monarch of Tambapanni
Sinhalese kings
People from Odisha

masks: Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya Vijaya


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Professor <mask><mask> (March 9, 1933 – December 6, 2012) was a management scholar and a pioneer in the field of entrepreneurship and strategic management. During his academic career, that spanned over 40 years, <mask> made several contributions to the overall knowledge in the field of entrepreneurship. He also played a significant part in organizing the research field and he helped the elevation of entrepreneurship research to a higher academic level. Early life
<mask> was born in Chicago in 1933. His father worked as a railway postal clerk on the train line between Chicago and Cincinnati, where the family moved when <mask> was three years old. They then moved again, to New Castle, Indiana where he grew up. <mask> went to New Castle High School from where he graduated 1951.In the fall that same year, he went to college at Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, as a chemical engineering major. Career
<mask> received his degree in chemical engineering from Purdue University in 1955. After six months serving as a second lieutenant in the Army Chemical Corps, in 1956, he enrolled in the newly started Industrial Management MBA (Master of Business Administration) program at Purdue University, in what later became the Krannert School of Management. After graduating The MBA program at Purdue University in 1957, <mask> worked for a year at Procter & Gamble in Cincinnati, but then he got accepted as a PhD student at Harvard Business School, Boston, where he went in the fall of 1958. At Harvard, <mask> started working with Professor W<mask> Hosmer who studied small growing technological firms in the Boston area. <mask> did his doctoral dissertation under the supervision of Hosmer, after he was finished he stayed on as a teacher at Harvard Business School between 1961 and 1963. In 1963, <mask> returned to Purdue University and the Krannert School of Management, as an Assistant Professor.In 1970 he became Professor at the same faculty. <mask> stayed at Purdue University for the rest of his career, although he held visiting faculty positions at Stanford University, Manchester Business School in England, the Management Development Institute in Switzerland and the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. Research
<mask> is considered to be one of the pioneering scholars in the field of entrepreneurship as well as strategic management. In his doctoral dissertation, <mask> studied the growth of small firms in the Boston area and in 1962 he presented his thesis Practices and Problems in the Development of Technically Advanced Products in Small Manufacturing Firms. Based on the findings from this study, <mask> published two articles in the Harvard Business Review, one in 1964 and one in 1966. In the articles, <mask> argued against the idea that larger companies enjoyed many advantages over smaller ones, especially in R&D, which was the prevailing view of the time. A few years later (1968), while working as a visiting professor at Stanford University, <mask> conducted a groundbreaking study of spin-offs in technology-based firms in Silicon Valley.Looking at over 250 firms, <mask> found that the Spin-off rate in smaller firms was approximately 10 times higher than for larger companies. During the 1970s, <mask> published several articles based on his spin-off study, mainly focusing on the questions: why do new technological firms start where they do and what influence does already established firms in the geographical area have on the birthrate of new firms. <mask> found that the established firms or incubator organizations, has a major influence on the location of new firms. In the 1980s <mask> conducted a major study of entrepreneurial diversity together with William Dunkelberg. A questionnaire was sent to over 6000 members of the National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB), with a response rate of 29% it was one of the largest and most diverse samples of small business owners studied at the time. In 1985 <mask> and William Dunkelberg, together with William Dennis and <mask>, conducted an even larger study of NFIB members. This time the goal was to answer questions about the entrepreneurial process, and the focus of the study was newly started firms.The main question was: Why do some new firms succeed whereas others fail? During the late 1980s and the 1990s <mask> analyzed the collected data and co-authored several articles based on the study, articles that are frequently cited in later entrepreneurial research. Awards
<mask> received the 1987 Distinguished Scholar Award from the International Council of Small Business, the 1997 International Award for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research (today known as the Global award for Entrepreneurship Research), and numerous best paper awards. He has won five teaching awards from Purdue University, the 1999 Richard D. Irwin Outstanding Educator Award, and the 1993 Coleman Entrepreneurship Mentor Award. Early articles
<mask>, <mask>. (1964) R&D Is More Efficient in Small Companies. Harvard Business Review. May –June.p. 75-83.

<mask>, <mask>. (1966) Small Companies can Pioneer New Products. Harvard Business Review. September–October. p. 162-179. Influential articles
<mask>, A.C., Gimeno-Gascon, F.J. & Woo, C.Y. (1994) Initial Human and Financial Capital as Predictors of New Venture Performance. Journal of Business Venturing.9. p. 317-395.

<mask>, A.C. & Woo, C.Y. & Dunkelberg, W.C., 1988, Entrepreneurs’ Perceived Chances of Success, Journal of Business Venturing. 3. p. 97-108. Gimeno, J., Folta, T.B., <mask>, A.C. & Woo, C.Y. (1997) Survival of the Fittest? Entrepreneurial Human Capital and the Persistence of Underperforming Firms. Administrative Science Quarterly.42. p. 750-783. Books
Hosmer, Windsor, Tucker & Cooper (1966) Small Business Management: A Casebook. Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin, Inc.

<mask>, A. (1971)The Founding of Technologically Based Firms. MI: The Center for Venture Management. <mask>, A. & Komives, J.(ed) (1972) Technical Entrepreneurship: A Symposium. MI: The Center for Venture Management. Hosmer, Larue, Cooper & Vesper (1977) The Entrepreneurial Function: Text and Cases in the Management of Smaller Firms. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice–Hall, Inc.

<mask>, A., Dunkelberg, W., Woo, C. & William Dennis Jr. (1990) New Business in America: The Firms and their Owners. Washington, DC: The NFIB Foun¬dation. <mask>, A., Alvarez, S., <mask>, A., Mesquita, L. & Vassolo, R. (ed) (2006) Entrepreneurial Strategies. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.<mask><mask> and Shailendra Mehta (2006): Preparation for Entrepreneurship – Does it Matter? Journal of Private Equity. Fall 2006, Vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 6–15. References

1933 births
2012 deaths
Harvard Business School alumni
Purdue University faculty
Purdue University College of Agriculture alumni

masks:
Arnold C
. Cooper
Arnold Cooper
Arnold Cooper
Arnold
Arnold Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
. Arnold
Cooper
Cooper
Arnold Cooper
Arnold Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Arnold Cooper
Cooper
Carolyn Woo
Cooper
Arnold Cooper
Cooper
Arnold C
Cooper
Arnold C
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Carrera
Arnold C
. Cooper


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<mask>, (born 9 February 1965) is a Nigerian politician who is currently serving as the governor of Ekiti State and chairman of Nigeria Governors' Forum (NGF) in office since 16 October 2018. He previously served in office between 2010 and 2014 before losing re-election to Ayodele Fayose. He was also the Minister of Solid Minerals Development in President Muhammadu Buhari's cabinet from 11 November 2015 to 30 May 2018, when he resigned to contest for a second time as Governor of Ekiti State. Early life
<mask> was born in Ibadan on 9 February 1965 to an Ekiti parentage from  Isan-Ekiti in Oye Local Government of Ekiti State. Education
Fayemi had his primary education at ICC Primary School, Agodi, Ibadan, Oyo State between 1970-1975 and attended Christ's School Ado Ekiti from 1975 to 1980. He later went on to receive degrees in History, Politics and International Relations from the University of Lagos and University of Ife (now Obafemi Awolowo University). From 1989 to 1992, he earned a Doctorate  in War Studies from King's College London, specializing in civil-military relations.Career
After his first degree in 1984, he proceeded on the mandatory one year National Youth service Corps from 1985 to 1986, during which he was a lecturer at the Nigeria-Police Training College in Sokoto. After his service year, he served as a Research Officer at Development & Management Consultants in Ikeja between 1987-1989. When he moved to the UK to pursue his doctoral studies between 1991 to 1993 he worked as a Research Officer at the African Research and Information Bureau in London. In 1992, he was a Tutorial Fellow at the War Studies Department at Kings College, London during his doctoral studies. Later between 1993 to 1995, he was the Strategy Development Adviser of Deptford City Challenge in London and later served as the Secretary General of the Media Empowerment for Africa (The Radio Foundation) in London between 1995-1997. He was also a journalist with The Guardian and City Tempo; and the Editor of Nigeria-Now, a defunct political monthly magazine. In 1997, <mask> returned to Nigeria where he established the Centre for Democracy and Development Centre for Democracy & Development, a research and training institution dedicated to the study and promotion of democratic development, peace-building and human security in Africa, where he served as Director from 1997 to 2006.☃☃

<mask> <mask> has taught in Africa, Europe, the Americas and Asia.He has also served as an adviser on transitional justice, regional integration, constitutionalism, security sector reform and civil-military relations issues to various governments, inter-governmental institutions and development agencies. He was the main technical adviser to Nigeria’s The Human Rights Violations Investigation Commission (Oputa Panel), which investigated past abuses and served on the Presidential Implementation Committees on Security Sector Reform, NEPAD and the Millennium Development Goals. He was technical expert to the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) on small arms and light weapons and United Nations Economic Commission for Africa on governance issues. At other times he has served as a consultant to the OECD on Security Sector Reform and chaired the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative’s Committee of Experts on developing guiding principles and mechanisms of constitution making in Commonwealth Africa. Elections
In 2006, <mask> made his entry into partisan politics ahead of the 2007 election during which he contested for Governor of Ekiti State under the defunct Action Congress. After three and a half years fighting through the legal system, on 15 October 2010 the appeal court sitting in Kwara state declared Fayemi the duly elected Governor of Ekiti State, and marked the end of Olusegun Oni's administration as the then Governor of the state Daily Trust, a national daily, captured the electoral journey in its editorial, published on Friday, 22 October 2010 under the title, Closure to Ekiti 2007 Governorship Saga. Governor of Ekiti State
In April 2014, <mask> was endorsed as the governorship candidates of the All Progressives Congress in the state's gubernatorial elections slated for 21 June 2014.The emergence of Fayemi was preceded by congress held before the governor who had no contestant was endorsed as the flag bearers of their state in the governorship elections. <mask> <mask> was defeated at the polls on 21 June 2014 by previous governor Ayodele Fayose. Fayemi recontested for second term as Ekiti state governor under the platform of the All Progressive Congress in the 14 July 2018 governorship election after resigning as the Minister of Solid Minerals Development. He was officially declared the winner of the 2018 Ekiti State gubernatorial election by the Independent National Electoral Commission on 15 July 2018. He won by 19,345 votes against the Peoples Democratic Party's Kolapo Olusola Eleka who was second. In October 2018, <mask> was sworn in as Ekiti State governor for the second time. Fayemi was elected chairman of the Nigeria Governors’ Forum.This announcement was made by the immediate past chairman, Abdulaziz Yari on Wednesday evening. He said Fayemi was unanimously elected by the governors to lead the forum till 2021. Controversies

Corruption
The Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC) in 2016 investigated <mask>'s tenure as Governor of Ekiti State from 2010 to 2014, for an alleged misappropriation of over N25 billion infrastructure bond by his government. In July 2020, he was accused of "financial impropriety" relating to the Ajaokuta Steel Mill during his tenure as Minister of Solid Minerals from 2015 to 2018. All charges were later dropped and he was found innocent. However, several petitions have been filed against him at EFCC based on various corruption allegations ranging from misappropriation of public funds and gross high handedness during his first tenure as Governor. Electoral fraud
In January 2022, <mask> was accused of bribery and electoral fraud surrounding the 2022 Ekiti APC gubernatorial primary.Reports that Fayemi had bribed the APC primary committee and INEC officials in the days before the primary led to the withdrawal of all candidates aside from the Fayemi-supported Abiodun Oyebanji. Oyebanji emerged victorious from the primary, receiving nearly 97% of the vote with a margin of over 100,000 votes. Such extreme efforts were speculated to be connected to Fayemi's desire to have an ally as his successor to give a boost to his likely 2022 presidential candidacy. EndSars protest
in October 2020 during the nationwide #EndSars protest he joined the protesters at the protest grounds to express his support for their demand but advised on the need for them to have an exit strategy and on the need to create a window of dialogue with the Federal Government on their demands before the protest was hijacked. He narrated his experience as one of the notable faces of the anti-military and protesters that facilitated the current democratic order. He said his group knew when to pause to negotiate with the government and that made them successful. He said this at a virtual symposium held by the Harvard Kenny Alumni Association of Nigeria with the theme :The Africa Policy Dialogue Series: Harnessing Africa’s Demographic Dividend for Peace, Security and Productivity through Investments in Youth.He admitted that the youths, who were actively participating in the #Endsars protest at the time, had a right to demand for good governance and an end to police brutality, saying the government owes that to them. Fellows and membership
 <mask> <mask> is a Fellow of the Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Ibadan
 Adjunct Professor of Security Studies at the African Centre for Strategic Studies, National Defense University, Fort McNair, Washington, D.C., USA. He was also a Visiting Professor in the African Studies Programme at Northwestern University, Evanston, USA in 2004. Dr <mask> serves on numerous Boards including the Governing Board of the Open Society Justice Institute, Baobab for Women’s Human Rights, African Security Sector Network, and on the Advisory Board of the Global Facilitation Network on Security Sector Reform and on the Management Culture Board of the ECOWAS Secretariat. Member, Africa Policy Advisory Panel of the British Government. Writings
<mask> has written on governance and democratization, civil-military relations and security sector issues in Africa. Among his recent books are: Deepening the Culture of Constitutionalism: The Role of Regional Institutions in Constitutional Development in Africa (CDD, 2003), Security Sector Governance in Africa: A Handbook (edited with Nicole Ball, CDD, 2004) and Out of the Shadows: Exile and the Struggle for Freedom and Democracy in Nigeria (CDD, 2005).See also

List of Governors of Ekiti State

References

External links
<mask>, Kayode. A Manifesto for Ekiti Transformation
<mask>, Kayode. Security Challenges

1965 births
Living people
Yoruba politicians
Governors of Ekiti State
Alumni of King's College London
University of Lagos alumni
Action Congress of Nigeria politicians
All Progressives Congress politicians
Yoruba academics
Nigerian expatriate academics in the United States
Obafemi Awolowo University alumni
University of Ibadan faculty
National Defense University faculty
Christ's School, Ado Ekiti alumni

masks:
John Olukayode Fayemi
John Olukayode Folorunso Fayemi
Fayemi
Kayode
Fayemi
Fayemi
Fayemi
Kayode
Fayemi
Fayemi
Fayemi
Fayemi
Kayode
Fayemi
Fayemi
Fayemi
Fayemi
Fayemi


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<mask> (née Webber; November 1, 1850June 24, 1922) was an American businesswoman and inventor. She invented clothes irons with detachable wooden handles, and they were exhibited at the 1876 Philadelphia Exposition World's Fair and the 1893 Chicago World's Fair. Her inventions were prominent throughout North America and the European continent in the 20th century and became the most popular heavy metal irons ever made. <mask> received her first patent of an improved clothes iron at the age of 19. Her next patented invention was an improvement on that model a year later which featured a detachable wooden handle. It was produced and sold by American Machine Company as a four piece kit package of interchangeable parts. Her products were distributed through Montgomery Ward and Sears, Roebuck and Company, and were manufactured until 1951.Biography

<mask> <mask> was born in Ottumwa, Iowa on November 1, 1850 to Jacob Hanec Webber (from Pennsylvania) and Anna Nancy McGinley (from Pennsylvania). She married Joseph Hunt <mask>, a man 17 years older than she, at the age of 17 on June 7, 1868 in Ottumwa, Iowa. Her first child was born in 1869, a son she named Oscero. <mask> and her family moved from the Iowa town to Philadelphia in 1873. There are two known children born to <mask> and Joseph  <mask>, a son, Oscero and a daughter, Leona born in 1874 in Philadelphia Pennsylvania. By 1890, they had moved to Camden, New Jersey, where her husband and Oscero worked as chemists. Her husband predeceased her in 1901, and she became the co-owner of Potts Manufacturing Company—which produced optical goods—with Oscero by 1910.She died in Baltimore on June 24, 1922 and was buried at the New Camden Cemetery, Camden, New Jersey. Inventions

Potts is associated with improvements to the sadiron that she started making from the age of 19. The old English word of sad before the "iron" meant heavy, dense, and solid. She had her first patent in 1870 for a wooden handle clothes iron of unique construction. Its design focused on convenience of use by replacing the metal handle which was prone to getting hot with a cool wooden one that was more comfortable to hold. The iron shape was double-pointed for operating in both directions and was made of hollow rather than solid metal. The flat bottom had a thick iron layer and the sides had thin sheets of iron.The hollow iron was to be filled with material that was a poor conductor of heat, such as cement or clay. Since her father was a plasterer by trade she experimented on filling some with a type of plaster of Paris. The advantage of these materials was that they did not radiate heat up to the user like its predecessor conventional solid metal iron did. The conventional solid metal clothes iron of the 19th century weighed around  and had to be heated on a stove. It was so hot, that often a thick cloth mitt or rag was used to touch the metal handle to prevent burned fingers. A disadvantage of the conventional all-metal iron was that ironing had to stop when it would cool down and it had to be reheated. <mask> made improvements to her 1870 invention and devised a mechanism to work around this problem.It was United States patent #113,448. It consisted of a detachable wooden handle and three iron bases of different sizes that could be connected to the handle. The advantage of Potts's 1871 universal standard system was that a used up cooled base could be switched out with a waiting heated base and the ironing could resume immediately. The concept for the different sizes of the base was for the purpose of a specific ironing task. The most pronounced feature of Potts's clothes iron was the detachable rounded wooden handle. That allowed the iron base to be placed on a heated stovetop and the handle removed at that time to stay away and cool while the base heated up. This prevented burned fingers, that often happened with the conventional all-solid-metal clothes iron of the 19th century.The design of the handle and bases were standard and could be easily reattached to various sizes after they were heated for a little delay in ironing. <mask> termed herself as an "inventress" — a Victorian expression. Initially, she sold her innovative clothes iron herself; it was later franchised out and manufactured by the American Machine Company of Philadelphia. The company marketed the clothes iron in a kit package that contained one wooden handle mechanism that attached to three iron bases. The handle could only connect to Potts's iron bases, in effect tripling sales of clothes irons over that of conventional solid metal irons. The kit also contained a trivet for placing a hot base on for times of rest. The Montgomery Ward catalog of 1894 offered a gift box of the Potts mechanism package for 90 cents.The Potts iron package was sold for 70 cents in 1896, and could be bought out of the Sears & Roebuck catalog for 78 cents in 1908. The mechanism was manufactured until 1951. Legacy
Potts' double-pointed clothes iron became a standard household appliance widely used in the 20th century throughout North America and the European continent. Her patents of various styles of clothes irons were the most popular heavy metal irons ever made. The 1876 Philadelphia Exposition World's Fair displayed Potts's cold-handled sadiron. She lectured all throughout the United States promoting her cold-handled clothing iron mechanism. Her style of clothing irons became so popular that by 1891 special manufacturing machines were made that could mass produce thousands of semicircular wood handles in one day.Her innovative clothes iron was also a favorite item at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair. The Pott's iron mechanism was used worldwide through the 20th century where electricity was not available. Her innovation of a removable handle mechanism in 1871 was later implemented by Gillette in 1901. Gillette applied the concept in the form of a removable and disposable blade, with the option to reinsert a sharper blade; this was a spin-off of Potts's removable cooled clothes iron base that could be reattached to a preheated base ready to go for ironing. This concept preceded the 20th century construction industry concept of portable hand tools with removable exhausted battery packs that could be reattached to fully charged batteries. References

Bibliography

External links

1850s births
1922 deaths
People from Ottumwa, Iowa
Businesspeople from Iowa
Women inventors
19th-century American businesspeople
19th-century American businesswomen

masks:
Mary Florence Potts
Potts
Mary Florence
Potts
Potts
Potts
Mary
Potts
Potts
Potts


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<mask> (born 12 May 1940, in Hamilton, Ohio) is a political scientist and professor at Harvard University, where he founded the university-wide Center for Ethics and the Professions (now the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics). <mask> is known for his pioneering work in the fields of both political ethics and democratic theory. According to a recent appraisal, he has become “influential within the world of political theory" by offering “greater concrete political thought than Rawls” and by showing “an atypical grasp, for a political theorist, of the real political world.”

<mask> is a leading proponent of the institutional approach to political ethics, which gives less attention to individual vices (such as greed and sexual misconduct) and more to institutional ones (such as abuse of power and neglect of accountability). His approach has stimulated new work on institutional corruption. <mask>'s proposal to establish an independent body to regulate congressional ethics has been widely endorsed, though not by many members of the United States Congress. However, in March 2008, the U.S. House created a pared down version of such a body--the Office of Congressional Ethics. <mask>’s first book on democratic theory, The Democratic Citizen: Social Science and Democratic Theory in the 20th Century, published in 1970, was one of the first to relate contemporary social science to theories of democracy.His much-cited 1996 book, Democracy and Disagreement, co-authored with Amy Gutmann, has been influential in promoting the idea of deliberative democracy, which calls for more reasoned discourse in public life. It is still stimulating discussion and controversy, and has led to the publication of an entire book devoted to its criticism and defense (Deliberative Politics, edited by Stephen Macedo). Some critics object that deliberative democracy is biased in favor of political elites. Defenders argue that more and better political deliberation can help all citizens. <mask> has worked to apply the ideas of deliberative democracy to such institutions as the U.S. electoral process, the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission, the British Columbia Citizens’ Assembly on Electoral Reform, and healthcare organizations in the United Kingdom. About his most recent book, The Spirit of Compromise: Why Governing Demands It and Campaigning Undermines It (also co-authored with Amy Gutmann), Judy Woodruff of the PBS NewsHour commented: "a clear-eyed examination of the forces that bring warring political leaders together or keep them apart. I wish every policymaker would read it."Biography
<mask> graduated summa cum laude from the College of William and Mary in 1962 and won a Fulbright Fellowship to Oxford University, where he took a “first” in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics. He went on to earn a Ph.D. in political science from Harvard in 1968. He taught for 18 years at Princeton University before returning to Harvard as the Alfred North Whitehead Professor in 1986. With the support of then President Derek Bok, <mask> created the university-wide Ethics Center to encourage more and better teaching and research in ethical issues in the professions and public life. Its mission and influence broadened over the years. More than 800 Fellows—faculty, practitioners, and students selected from universities throughout the nation and several foreign countries—have completed a year at the Center. Many went on to establish similar programs at other universities (including the University Center for Human Values at Princeton, the Centre for Ethics at the University of Toronto, and the Kenan Institute for Ethics at Duke), and assume important roles in government and public life (including the United Nations and the Israeli cabinet).<mask> has served as a consultant to the Joint Ethics Committee of the South African Parliament, the American Medical Association, the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Ethics, the Office of Personnel Management, and the Department of Health and Human Services. In 1990-91, he worked closely with Robert S. Bennett, then the Special Counsel for the Senate Ethics Committee in the investigation of the so-called “Keating Five.” In 1990 he helped found the Association for Practical and Professional Ethics, from which he received a lifetime achievement award in 2010. In 1994 he was elected to membership in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Starting in 1994, <mask> served for ten years as a member of the Board of Trustees of Smith College, the last five as vice-chair. He is a founding member of the editorial boards of Philosophy and Public Affairs and Political Theory. He was a member of the Institute of Medicine's national committee that published the influential report on "Conflict of Interest in Medical Research, Education, and Practice" in 2009. At Harvard, <mask> served as Associate Provost (1996–2001) and as the Senior Adviser to the then President Lawrence Summers (2001–04).He also twice acted as Provost (1998, 2001–02). In these roles, he chaired groups that formulated the original plans for the development of the new campus in Allston, created a new policy on intellectual property to deal with digital works, wrote the first policy to regulate the university’s relationships with outside commercial enterprises, and revised rules that govern the outside activities of faculty members, including their participation in online educational ventures. He also played a key role in the negotiations that led to the creation of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study in 2000. In 2007, <mask> stepped down as director of the Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics. He left the Center with one of the largest endowments of any center at Harvard. His successor was Lawrence Lessig, a prominent law professor who had been a Fellow at the Center ten years earlier. In 2015 Danielle Allen, a distinguished scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, replaced Lessig.In 2013, <mask> retired from Harvard, but he continues his work and association with the Center as an emeritus professor. Published books
The Democratic Citizen: Social Science and Democratic Theory in the 20th Century (1970)
John Stuart Mill and Representative Government (1976)
Political Ethics and Public Office (1987)
Ethics in Congress: From Individual to Institutional Corruption  (1995)
Democracy and Disagreement [with Amy Gutmann] (1996)
Redeeming American Political Thought: Collected Essays of Judith Shklar [with Stanley Hoffman] (1997)
Truth versus Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions [with Robert Rotberg] (2000)
Just Elections: Creating a Fair Electoral Process in the U.S. (2002)
Why Deliberative Democracy? [with Amy Gutmann] (2004)
Restoring Responsibility: Ethics in Government, Business and Healthcare (2004)
Ethics and Politics: Cases and Comments [with Amy Gutmann] (fourth edition, 2005). The Spirit of Compromise: Why Governing Demands It and Campaigning Undermines It [with Amy Gutmann] (2012; paperback edition with new preface, 2014)

References

External links
Government Department, Harvard University
Kennedy School, Harvard University
Edmond J. Safra Center for Ethics, Harvard University

1940 births
Living people
College of William & Mary alumni
Harvard University alumni
Princeton University faculty
Harvard Kennedy School faculty
American political scientists
Hastings Center Fellows
Alumni of the University of Oxford
American expatriates in the United Kingdom

masks:
Dennis Frank Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
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Thompson
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<mask> (; born 28 August 1968) is a Spanish-Argentine lawyer and politician. Secretary General of Vox, the second most prominent position in the Spanish party after its president Santiago Abascal, he serves as a member of both the Congress of Deputies and the Madrid City Council since 2019. Biography
<mask> was born on 28 August 1968 in Madrid. His father, <mask>, is Spanish, and a lawyer by training. His mother, <mask>, is an Argentine, of English and Italian descent. She was born to a well-off Porteño family enriched through building trade. He holds dual Spanish and Argentine citizenship.Son and grandson of lawyers, he is cousin of Juan Chicharro <mask>, general in reserve duty and chief executive officer of the Francisco Franco National Foundation, whom <mask> <mask> keeps a close relationship with. His three brothers have had business careers, becoming business owners.Despite his family living in the Arturo Soria area of Madrid (in Ciudad Lineal), he studied at the San Agustín School at Padre Damián Street, Chamartín. He later took studies in Law in an educational centre in Toledo dependent of the Complutense University of Madrid, finishing his degree at the University of Alcalá. Collaborator in Así, theoretical bulletin of Falange Española de las JONS of Ciudad Lineal, in 1986 he signed in this journal the article «No olvidar» (Do not forget), where <mask> <mask> extolled the figure of José Antonio Primo de Rivera and glorified the interwar Falange party. He reportedly spent 9 months fulfilling the mandatory military conscription within the COE 13, part of the Special Operations Groups (GOE), located in the San Pedro Base, Colmenar Viejo. He was a keen practitioner of martial arts until a knee injury prevented him from continuing. He stood in the 1994 European Parliament election as candidate of the Foro-CDS coalition headed by science popularizer Eduard Punset.Settled in Chamberí, <mask> <mask> started a professional career as lawyer. In 2012 he was hired as lawyer of Santiago Abascal during a trial at the Audiencia Nacional against some individuals who had allegedly verbally abused Abascal in the Basque Country years ago; accompanied in the trial by Iván Espinosa de los Monteros, this trio, along the wife of the later, Rocío Monasterio, became close acquaintances. He worked in the judicial department of the DENAES Foundation ("for the Defence of the Spanish Nation"), also serving as spokesman of the organisation. Founding member of Vox, he was included in 2013 as provisional Vice-President of the organisation in the procedure for the registration of the political party in the Ministry of the Interior required for its legalisation. He headed the Vox electoral list for the 2015 municipal election in Madrid. He also bid for a seat of senator representing Madrid in the 2015 and 2016 general elections, failing to become a member of the Upper House after receiving, respectively,  and  votes, well short of the  and  votes obtained by the last elected senator in each election. In June 2016 he took part in a propaganda stunt along with other Vox members in Gibraltar, spreading a Spanish flag in the British overseas territory.He fled swimming away from the Rock. Tasked with managing the judicial strategy of Vox, he played a role in the popular accusation exerted by Vox in the judicial proceedings at the High Court of Justice of Catalonia, the Audiencia Nacional and the Supreme Court against Catalan separatist leaders facing criminal charges, including the televised oral trial. After the 2018 Andalusian regional election, he was the national delegate of the party signing the accord with the People's Party for the composition of the Board of the Parliament of Andalusia that ultimately gained Vox a seat in it, thereby rapidly frustrating the attempt to establish a cordon sanitaire around the far right party by the rest of parliamentary forces. <mask> <mask>, who ran second in the Vox list in Madrid for the Congress of Deputies vis-à-vis the 28 April 2019 general election, was elected member of the 13th term of the Congress of Deputies. He also ran first in the Vox list in the 26 May 2019 Madrid municipal election, and became municipal councillor. In October 2019 Ortega <mask> accused Las Trece Rosas (thirteen young female members of the Unified Socialist Youth executed by a Francoist firing squad shortly after the end of the Spanish Civil War), of having been "torturers", "murderers" and "rapists" providing no evidence of it. Not even the Francoist regime itself accused them of any such crimes, having sentenced them to death merely on the basis of the generic "adhesion to the rebellion".On 10 March 2020, during the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, Vox confirmed that <mask> <mask> had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. <mask> <mask>, who had travelled to Lombardy in February, showed symptoms similar to those of the Coronavirus two days before during a party convention celebrated at Vistalegre attended by 9,000 party sympathizers, where he visibly hugged, shook hands and kissed plenty of people. On 7 March he had also reportedly greeted the 1,100 guests to a dinner in Jaén one by one. He opposes Santiago Abascal within Vox. Abascal intervened to oust supporters of his rival from the leadership of provincial sections of the party. Stances
<mask> <mask> is a staunch militarist. He argues that the History of Spain is "inalienable" and defines it as inextricably "linked to the sword and the cross".According to Guillermo Fernández, the 2018 Vistalegre bullring speech by <mask> <mask>—that started by praising the "leading" role of Spanish forces in the 1571 victory of the Battle of Lepanto over "barbarism", the aim being to fuel a sense of the Nation's historical destiny–was an attempt to connect with the discursive and ideological ideas of the Spanish extreme right. As guest at the demonstration of the policial association Jusapol in Barcelona on 29 September 2018, his speech during the event included a diatribe against the European Union. He has scorned illegal immigrants as alleged "carriers of serious infectious diseases". He has defended José Antonio Primo de Rivera to be "one of the great men in history". In October 2019, he provoked a controversy by accusing "Las Trece Rosas" (thirteen young women executed by the Franco regime in August 1939) of having been 'torturers', 'murderers' and 'rapists'. The Franco regime itself accused them only of having defended the Spanish Republic during the Civil War. He defends aspects of Argentina's military junta at a conference in Buenos Aires in August 2019.In 2012, he organised demonstrations in front of the Argentinean embassy against President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, whom he accused of supporting Venezuela and Iran, and called for Argentina's expulsion from the G201. He defends pro-Israeli positions. Ancestry

References

1968 births
Living people
Spanish nationalists
Spanish anti-communists
Vox (political party) politicians
Spanish lawyers
Male critics of feminism
Spanish people of Argentine descent
Members of the 13th Congress of Deputies (Spain)
Madrid city councillors (2019–2023)
Members of the 14th Congress of Deputies (Spain)

masks:
Francisco Javier Ortega Smith Molina
Ortega Smith
Víctor Manuel Ortega Fernández Arias
Ana María Smith Molina Robbiati
Ortega
Ortega
Smith
Ortega
Smith
Ortega
Smith
Ortega
Smith
Smith
Ortega
Smith
Ortega
Smith
Ortega
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Ortega
Smith


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Nestor Hippolyte Antoine L’Hôte (24 August 1804 – 24 March 1842) was a French Egyptologist, painter and graphic artist. He published hundreds of sketches and drawings of Egypt and its monuments, a body of work mainly executed during the Franco-Tuscan Expedition with Champollion, and during two following missions in Egypt. Most of his originals were bought by the Louvre Museum in 1957, after having disappeared for over a century. The Unknown Nestor L'Hôte
In the book Travellers in Egypt, Diane Harlé (in charge of Egyptian antiquities at the Louvre Museum) publishes a nine-page article with this title: The Unknown Nestor L'Hôte, maybe the only one readable in English at that time (1998). "(...) Both parents, of modest origin, could hardly imagine that their son would become one of the companions of Jean-François Champollion, the ‘Father of Egyptology‘ and that three times he would travel in Egypt: once with Champollion (1828-30), and twice on his own (1838-39 and 1840-41). For those two trips he had been asked by the French Government to finish the recording of Egyptian temples started by Champollion. Yet that bright, talented and industrious young man died in Paris on 24 March 1842, poor and forgotten.""(...) L'Hôte was not the only painter of the Franco-Tuscan Expedition whose name has fallen into the depths of oblivion. Others include Alexandre Adolphe Duchesne (b.1797), François-Edouard Bertin (1791-1871) and Pierre-François Lehoux (1803-83). It is with these three artists that L'Hôte became friendly in Egypt. (...) In Paris, L'Hôte probably wandered often through the Louvre Museum since he was living just on the other side of the Seine at 15, quai Malaquais. During his trip in Egypt, he spoke as a connoisseur when he wrote about Le Lorrain, Poussin, Cimabue, Giotto, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphaël, and made pertinent analogies between their works and the landscape and the people he saw in Egypt." "(...) Just by looking at L'Hôte's watercolours one can understands that he is a professional - little or no pencil tracing beforehand, little or no gouache. A transparency linked to the boldness of the colours demonstrates the mastery with which L'Hôte used this medium.The drawings of L'Hôte kept at the Louvre show the same mastery of the watercolours. Drawn on all kind of papers and in different scales, they are of a remarkable quality. The use of criss-crossed lines gives power as well as foreground framing to the views, and suggests the zoom of a camera." In his notebooks and in numerous letters (mainly sent to his parents), <mask> L'Hôte describes his fascination for Egypt, but also the very hard working conditions of his three expeditions. Diane Harlé translates some of them, focussed on the Panorama of Cairo, seen from the Citadel, and on the Portrait of the Pasha. L'Hôte's style can be appreciated through these few lines, written on September 23, 1828:

"(...) Nothing that we know in Europe, either by description or by painting, could give an idea of that extraordinary view. Never had my admiration so deeply excited.I thought I was dreaming Aladdin and the marvelous tales of A Thousand and One Nights, I thought I saw an idea world, unknown. In front of me, in a single frame, I had all that my imagination for ten years had imagined as most magical and sublime. It was the time of the day when the sun, having lost his greatest power, still threw a bright light and enveloped the atmosphere with a vague hue, a luminous and speckled mist which appears in certain regions of the globe. Imagine, beyond this sparkling gauze, an unlimited plain crossed by a large river which, like a silver blade, appears out of the haze along the horizon and on your right bathes the walls of twenty palaces; beyond the river, on this side, are the Pyramids of Giza whose proud mass has braved centuries and survived destruction; in front and towards the background are the Pyramids of Sakkarah, much older; a girdle of sand surrounds them and cuts off the horizon on that side; beyond the Pyramids is a pleasant plain, intersected by numerous divisions of the river into so many ribbons, from which rise minarets, villages and thick woods. (...) Nearer to you, these ruins appear in their actual dimensions and form pleasant groupings detached in their semi-tints against the background. Nearer yet is the necropolis of the califs, the city of tombs, and an immense vaulted aqueduc; then minarets, domes, platforms and at last the town of Cairo at your feet, so elegant, its bold minarets, its thousands of terraces, and its enormous mosques of which a vivid colour brings out the entire picture and makes remote the entire perspective. That is a detail of the tableau we have before our eyes, but the general effect, the grandeur, the harmony of this magnificent tableau, is what strikes us with a kind of stupor; but to depict it words fail, and it would be necessary in order to render the magic of this marvel, to borrow the sun's rays and trace the painting with gold and azure."Works
 Notice historique sur les obélisques égyptiens, et en particulier sur l'obélisque de Louqsor, rédigée d'après les meilleurs documents, et offrant les noms et époques des rois qui ont fait ériger ces différens monolithes. 1836. Leleux, Paris, col. : Musée des Antiquités Égyptiennes. Online version
 Lettres écrites d'Égypte, en 1838 et 1839 : contenant des observations sur divers monuments égyptiens nouvellement explorés et dessinés, avec des remarques de M. Letronne. 1840. Firmin-Didot, Paris. Online version
 Lettre sur les monuments qui entourent les pyramides de Ghizé.1841. Le Journal des Scavans. Online version
 Lettres sur l'Egypte en 1841. 1841. Revue des Deux Mondes, Paris. Online version

Bibliography

 Harlé, Diane (1998). The Unknown Nestor L'Hôte in Travellers in Egypt edited by Paul Starkey and Janet Starkey.I.B.Tauris Publishers pp. 121-129. Online version
 Harlé, Diane; Lefebvre Jean (1993). Sur le Nil avec Champollion, Lettres, journaux et dessins inédits de Nestor L'Hôte, Premier Voyage en Égypte - 1828-1830. Éditions Paradigme. Harlé, Diane (1990/91). Le Ramesseum de Nestor L'Hôte.Memnomia n° 1, 67-69. Online version
 Vandier d'Abbadie, Jeanne (1963). Nestor L'Hôte (1804-1842). ZJ Brill, Leiden. Online version
 Horeau, Hector (1843). Notices biographiques Nestor L'Hôte. Revue de l'Orient, vol.1, pp. 225–230. Online version
 L'Hôte, Édouard (1842). "Nestor L'Hôte, ses voyages et ses travaux". Revue de Paris, vol. 9, pp. 108–121 Online version

References

French Egyptologists
1804 births
1842 deaths


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<mask> (4 November 1985) is a Polish contemporary painter. Biography
<mask> was born in Kraków to <mask> (maiden name Wiejak) and <mask>(1952-2001), both painters. Her father was a professor of art at Cracow Academy of Fine Arts. Parents, together with their daughters Joanna and Katarzyna lived and painted in the studio on Piłsudzkiego Street previously owned by Olga Boznańska. In 2005 she graduated from art high school Państwowe Liceum Sztuk Plastycznych and began her studies at National School of Fine Arts in Cracow. Until 2008, she studied under Grzegorz Bednarski. She graduated with honors in 2010 under Leszek Misiak.<mask> <mask>’s works can be found in collections in Poland and abroad, as well as in the collection of the Museum of Contemporary Art in Gdansk. She lived and painted in Budapest (2013-2015) and later in England (2015-2016) in Pangbourne. She is a figurative painter. In 2019 she was awarded Anna Maria Siemieńska Grazella Foundation’s artistic scholarship for young artists. She gave several interviews discussing her artistic heritage and musical taste. In an interview in Magyar Nemzet a Hungarian art critic talks about influences of Budapest on <mask>'s art. Critical reception
Between 2017-2019 she placed in top three of young Polish painters in a prestigious competition Young artist compass.Her art received positive comments from several independent art critics. Art critic Małgorzata Czyńska mentions  that her paintings combine childlike beauty and somewhat naïve trust, but are streaked with fear and the experience of the cruelty of fate. The same critic
writes that <mask> <mask>’s works are deeply universal and existential,
revolving around relationships, expectations, hope and fears. Samanta Belling indicates that <mask>'s works prove that there are still young artists who live for art and are able to create an atmosphere that evokes past memories. She states that "<mask> <mask> seems to be out of this epoch, as if she were living beyond the time, just like her paintings. By deliberately simplifying the form of her work, she gives us room for impressions, guesses and personal interpretations." Kama Wróbel opines that each new series of <mask>'s work has deep meaning and provides a point of departure for multi-faceted consideration of the human condition.Art historian Stanisław Tabisz writes about <mask>'s fascinations with the circus in Budapest, solar eclipse observed with her father in their hometown of Szczebrzeszyn and youthful influences in her paintings. He goes on to state that "<mask> <mask>'s paintings express, in their sincere and straightforward message, the connection of each of us with the world, of experiencing everything in a unique and exceptional way." Daniel Czepiński writes that one finds oneself in <mask>'s studio surrendered by magical trees, doors and openings which all lead to new worlds. Adam Szczuciński finds captivating charm of the unknown in her paintings. He also writes in his essay A physician's viewpoint
that <mask>'s "powerful talent makes it truly impossible to
remain indifferent to her small-sized images" and he concludes that "they infect the memory and stay like afterimages on the retina after we close our eyes." Ewa Ogłoza in art journal artPaper writes that she is enchanted with Katarzyna <mask>'s paintings and delighted with her life attitude and art "characterized by gratitude, kindness, humility, seriousness, mindfulness and tenderness towards the world, people and culture". She states that <mask> loves to paint and looks for consolation and hope in art "by designing her own fears, hopes, dreams, she gives comfort to others".

masks:
Katarzyna Karpowicz
Karpowicz
Anna Karpowicz Westner
Sławomir Karpowicz
Katarzyna
Karpowicz
Karpowicz
Katarzyna
Karpowicz
Karpowicz
Katarzyna
Karpowicz
Karpowicz
Karpowicz
Katarzyna
Karpowicz
Karpowicz
Karpowicz
Karpowicz
Karpowicz


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<mask> () (died 621) was an agrarian rebel leader during the disintegration of the Chinese dynasty Sui Dynasty. He was particularly noted for his cruelty and his penchant for favoring cannibalism, and he, while not having a set base of operation, generally roved with his army in the modern southern Henan area, claiming for himself the title of Emperor of Chu. He also at times submitted to Li Mi the Duke of Wei, the Sui emperor Yang Tong, Emperor Gaozu of Tang, and Wang Shichong the Emperor of Zheng. After finally breaking with Tang, he fled to the Zheng capital Luoyang, and after Luoyang fell to Tang in 621, he was executed. Initial uprising

<mask> was from Bo Province (毫州, roughly modern Bozhou, Anhui), and he was initially a minor official with his local county government. He joined the military when men were sought to combat the agrarian rebels at Changbai Mountain (長白山, in modern Binzhou, Shandong, not the mountain range in Jilin), but in or before 615 he defected and led a group of rebels himself, which became known as the Kedahan Bandits (). He declared himself the Prince of Jialouluo (), and he eventually crossed the Huai River south to attack the various commanderies of modern southern Henan, northern Hubei, and southern Shaanxi.It was said that <mask> was very cruel, and that wherever he went, he often massacred the population. Vacillation between independence and submission to various contenders
Although <mask> claimed for himself a princely title, he was also communicating with other rebel leaders, and in 617, he sent messengers to submit to Li Mi the Duke of Wei, who was then trying to capture the Sui eastern capital Luoyang. Li created him the Duke of Deng. In winter 617, he suffered a defeat at the hands of Li Xiaogong, the son of a cousin of Li Yuan the Prince of Tang (who had risen against Emperor Yang earlier that year and declared Emperor Yang's grandson Yang You the Prince of Dai emperor, as Emperor Gong), but Li Xiaogong spared his soldiers. In spring 618, after Li Mi achieved a great victory over the Sui general Wang Shichong, <mask> was one of the agrarian leaders who sent messengers to Li Mi, urging him to take imperial title, but Li Mi declined. Meanwhile, he continued to roam in southern Henan, despite defeats by Li Yuan's generals Ma Yuangui () and Zhou Chao (). In fall 618, after Li Mi was defeated by Wang and submitted to Li Yuan (who established Tang Dynasty after hearing of Emperor Yang's death earlier that year, at the hands of Yuwen Huaji), <mask> sent messengers to nominally submit to Emperor Yang's grandson Yang Tong, who had been declared emperor at Luoyang but who by this point was under Wang's control.Yang Tong created <mask> the Prince of Chu. In winter 618, the Tang generals Ma Yuangui and Lü Zizang () again defeated <mask>, but when Lü suggested making one final assault against <mask>, Ma disagreed, and <mask> was able to regroup. He declared himself the Emperor of Chu, and put Ma and Lü under siege at Nanyang (南陽, in modern Nanyang, Henan), capturing the city and killing Ma. Lü died in the siege. It was said that, at this point, <mask> had some 200,000 men, and he roamed in the region, capturing cities and taking their food storage. Even before he finished consuming the food, however, he would leave, and before doing so would burn the remaining food. As a result, people in the region suffered from starvation.Eventually, food supplies in the region ran low, as <mask>'s troops also did not plant crops or grow them. <mask> then encouraged his soldiers to eat women and infants, stating, "Human flesh is the most delicious flesh. As long as there are people around, we need not worry about hunger." He also ordered the cities under his control to deliver old people and children to his camps to be consumed. The cities could not accept these orders and rebelled against him. In spring 619, Yang Shilin () and Tian Zan (), leaders of the gentry at Huai'an (淮安, in modern Zhumadian, Henan), attacked him, and the other cities joined them. They defeated <mask>, who then gathered his remaining troops and fled to Jutan (菊潭, in modern Nanyang).He subsequently sent messengers to submit to Tang. Emperor Gaozu created him the Prince of Chu, and subsequently sent his official Duan Que () to greet <mask>. Defeat and death
Duan Que, who was known for binge drinking, arrived in Jutan in summer 619. One day, after a feast where both he and <mask> were drunk, Duan, intending to insult <mask>, asked, "I heard that you liked to eat human flesh. What does human flesh taste like?" <mask> responded, "An alcoholic human's flesh tastes like wine-marinated pork." Duan, insulted by the response, cursed <mask>, "You bandit!Once you get to the capital [i.e., the Tang capital Chang'an], you will be just a slave; how can you commit cannibalism then?" <mask> responded by arresting Duan and his followers, cooking them and eating their flesh. After he woke from his drunkenness, however, he realized that he had effectively broken with Tang, and he fled to Luoyang, where Wang Shichong made him a general. He continued to serve Wang after Wang seized the throne from Yang Tong later that year, ending Sui and establishing a new state of Zheng. In 620, Tang's emperor Gaozu commissioned his son Li Shimin to attack Zheng, and by 621, Wang was forced to surrender. Li Shimin spared Wang, but put a number of his high-level officials, including <mask>, to death. It was said that the people of Luoyang despised <mask> for his cruelty, and after his death threw rocks at his body in such great numbers that they soon piled up like a tomb.References
 Old Book of Tang, vol. 56. New Book of Tang, vol. 87. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 182, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189. Sui dynasty generals
Chinese emperors
6th-century births

Year of birth unknown
621 deaths
7th-century Chinese monarchs
Sui dynasty politicians
Politicians from Bozhou
Tang dynasty generals from Anhui
Transition from Sui to Tang
Executed people from Anhui
People executed by the Tang dynasty by decapitation

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