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<mask> (July 4, 1906 – July 25, 1993) was an American chemist and meteorologist who developed cloud seeding. On November 13, 1946, while a researcher at the General Electric Research Laboratory, Schaefer modified clouds in the Berkshire Mountains by seeding them with dry ice. While he was self-taught and never completed high school, he was issued 14 patents. Personal life
The <mask> family lived in Schenectady, New York, and due to his mother's health, starting in 1921 the family made summer trips to the Adirondack Mountains. <mask>er had a lifelong association with the Adirondacks, as well as interests in hiking, natural history, and archeology. In his youth he was the founder of a local tribe of the Lone Scouts and with some of his tribe mates wrote and printed a tribe paper called "Archaeological Research." Schaefer credited this publication with his introduction to many prominent individuals in the Schenectady area, including Dr. Willis Rodney Whitney of the General Electric Research Laboratory.During the late 1920s and early 1930s, Schaefer built up his personal library on natural history, science, and his other areas of interest and read a great deal. He also organized groups with those who shared his many interests — the Mohawk Valley Hiking Club in 1929, the Van Epps-Hartley Chapter of the New York Archaeological Association in 1931, and the Schenectady Wintersport Club (which established snow trains to ski slopes in the Adirondacks) in 1933-34. In 1931 Schaefer began work on creating the Long Path of New York (a hiking trail beginning near New York City and ending at Whiteface Mountain in the Adirondacks). During this period Schaefer also created adult education programs on natural history topics which gave him opportunities to speak in the community. Through these many activities Schaefer continued to expand his acquaintances, including John S. Apperson, an engineer at General Electric and a devout conservationist of the Adirondacks. Apperson introduced Schaefer to Irving Langmuir, a scientist at the GE Research Laboratory who was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1932 for his work in surface chemistry. Among other things, Langmuir shared Schaefer's love of skiing and the outdoors.During his retirement, Schaefer worked with photographer John Day on A Field Guide to the Atmosphere (1981), a publication in the Peterson Field Guide series. In addition to continuing his consulting work, Schaefer was in a position to devote much more of his time to some of his lifelong interests such as environmental issues, natural and local history. This included the writing of numerous articles and the delivering of many presentations concerning the natural environment of upstate New York and the human impact on it. He also devoted much of his time to the fight for the preservation of many wilderness areas and parks, such as the Mohonk Preserve, Vroman's Nose, and the Great Flats Aquifer. Schaefer's long-term interest in Dutch barns made it possible for him to assume the editorship of Dutch Barn Miscellany for a time and to build a scale model of a Dutch barn. He also did a lot of research on the original settler families of the Schenectady and Mohawk Valley areas. During his retirement, Schaefer reflected on his extraordinary life preparing timelines, an unpublished autobiography, and indexes to some of his research notebooks and film collections.Schaefer also attended to the disposition of his papers and library. He also worked on a project he entitled "Ancient Windows of the Earth." This involved the slicing of rocks thinly so as to create a translucent effect. When he mounted such pieces on lampshades or other objects, it created a stained-glass window effect from natural rock highlighting the rock's geologic history. As part of this project, Schaefer designed and built a 6' diameter window in memory of his parents for the Saint James Church in North Creek in the Adirondacks. Schaefer married Lois Perret on July 27, 1935. Until their deaths they lived on Schermerhorn Road in Schenectady, in a house Schaefer built with his brothers, which they called Woestyne South.Woestyne North was the name the Schaefers gave to their camp in the Adirondacks. The Schaefers had three children, Susan, Katherine, and James. Professional career

General Electric
In 1922, Schaefer's parents asked him to leave high school and go to work to supplement the family income. On the advice of his maternal uncles, Schaefer joined a four-year apprentice machinist course at General Electric. During the second year of his apprenticeship, Schaefer was granted a one-month leave to accompany Dr. Arthur C. Parker, New York State Archaeologist, on an expedition to central New York. As Schaefer was concluding the apprentice course in 1926 he was assigned to work at the machine shop at the General Electric Research Laboratory, where he worked for a year as a journeyman toolmaker. Somewhat discouraged by the work of a toolmaker, Schaefer sought to satisfy a desire to work outdoors and to travel by joining, initially through a correspondence course, the Davey Institute of Tree Surgery in Kent, Ohio, in 1927.After a brief period working in Michigan, Schaefer asked to be transferred back to the Schenectady area and for a while worked as an independent landscape gardener. Upon the advice of Robert Palmer, Superintendent of the GE Research Laboratory, in 1929 Schaefer declined an opportunity to enter into a partnership for a plant nursery and instead rejoined the machine shop at the Research Laboratory, this time as a model maker. At the Research Laboratory machine shop, Schaefer built equipment for Langmuir and his research associate, Katharine B. Blodgett. In 1932 Langmuir asked Schaefer to become his research assistant. Schaefer accepted and in 1933 began his research work with Langmuir, Blodgett, Whitney, and others at the Research Lab and throughout the General Electric organization. With Langmuir, Blodgett and others as well as by himself, Schaefer published many reports on the areas he studied, which included surface chemistry techniques, electron microscope techniques, polarization, the affinity of ice for various surfaces, protein and other monolayers, studies of protein films, television tube brightness, and submicroscopic particulates. An example of Scaefer's lasting contribution to surface science is the description in 1938 of a technique developed by him and Langmuir (later known as the Langmuir–Schaefer method) for the controlled transfer of a monolayer to a substrate, a modification of the Langmuir–Blodgett method.After his promotion to research associate in 1938, Schaefer continued to work closely with Langmuir on the many projects Langmuir obtained through his involvement on national advisory committees, particularly related to military matters in the years immediately before and during the Second World War. This work included research on gas mask filtration of smokes, submarine detection with binaural sound, and the formation of artificial fogs using smoke generators—a project which reached fruition at Vrooman's Nose in the Schoharie Valley with a demonstration for military observers. During his years as Langmuir's assistant, Langmuir allowed and encouraged Schaefer to carry on his own research projects. As an example of this, in 1940 Schaefer became known in his own right for the development of a method to make replicas of individual snowflakes using a thin plastic coating. This discovery brought him national publicity in popular magazines and an abundance of correspondence from individuals, including many students, seeking to replicate his procedure. In 1943, the focus of Schaefer's and Langmuir's research shifted to precipitation static, aircraft icing, ice nuclei, and cloud physics, and many of their experiments were carried out at Mount Washington Observatory in New Hampshire. In the summer of 1946 Schaefer found his experimental "cold box" too warm for some laboratory tests he wanted to perform.Determined to get on with his work, he located some "dry ice" (solid CO2) and placed it into the bottom of the "cold box." Creating a cloud with his breath he observed a sudden and heretofore unseen bluish haze that suddenly turned into millions of microscopic ice crystals that dazzled him in the strobe lit chamber. He had stumbled onto the very principle that was hidden in all previous experiments—the stimulating effect of a sudden change in heat/cold, humidity, in supercooled water spontaneously producing billions of ice nuclei. Through scores of repeated experiments he quickly developed a method to "seed" supercooled clouds with dry ice. In November 1946 Schaefer conducted a successful field test seeding a natural cloud by airplane—with dramatic ice and snow effect. The resulting publicity brought an abundance of new correspondence, this time from people and businesses making requests for snow and water as well as scientists around the world also working on weather modification to change local weather conditions for the better. Schaefer's discovery also led to debates over the appropriateness of tampering with nature through cloud seeding.In addition, the successful field test enabled Langmuir to obtain federal funding to support additional research in cloud seeding and weather modification by the GE Research Laboratory. Schaefer was coordinator of the laboratory portion of Project Cirrus while the Air Force and Navy supplied the aircraft and pilots to carry out field tests and to collect the data used at the Research Laboratory. Field tests were conducted in the Schenectady area as well as in Puerto Rico and New Mexico. When the military pilots working on Project Cirrus were assigned to duties in connection with the Korean War, GE recommended that Project Cirrus be discontinued after comprehensive reports were prepared of the project and the discoveries made. The final Project Cirrus report was issued in March 1953. Munitalp Foundation
While Project Cirrus was winding down, Schaefer was approached by Vernon Crudge on behalf of the trustees of the Munitalp Foundation to work on Munitalp's meteorological research program. For a time, Schaefer worked for both the Research Laboratory and Munitalp, and in 1954 he left the Research Laboratory to become the Director of Research of Munitalp.At Munitalp, Schaefer worked with the U.S. Forest Service at the Priest River Experimental Forest in northern Idaho with Harry T. Gisborne, noted fire researcher, on Project Skyfire, a program to determine the uses of cloud seeding to affect the patterns of lightning in thunderstorms (and the resulting forest fires started by lightning). Project Skyfire had its roots in an association between the Forest Service and Schaefer begun in the early days of Project Cirrus. While at Munitalp Schaefer also worked on developing a mobile atmospheric research laboratory and time-lapse films of clouds. Schaefer left Munitalp in 1958, turning down an offer to move with the Foundation to Kenya, but he remained an adviser to Munitalp for several years after that. Scientific education
After leaving Munitalp, Schaefer's career turned towards scientific education, and let him put his belief in the power of experimentation and observation over book-learning into practice. He worked with the American Meteorological Society and Natural Science Foundation on an educational film program and to develop the Natural Sciences Institute summer programs which gave high school students the opportunity to work with scientists and on their own to do field research and experimentation. From 1959 to 1961 Schaefer was director of the Atmospheric Science Center at the Loomis School in Connecticut.During the 1970s he organized and led annual winter expeditions for 8-10 research scientists to Yellowstone National Park where massive amounts of supercooled clouds were produced by the many geysers, including Old Faithful. There at negative 20-50 Fahrenheit conditions enabled the assembled researchers to perform numerous experiments using dry ice, silver iodide to convert the supercooled water to ice crystals at ground level. Temperature and ice crystal formations allowed first-hand observation of the full range of halo and corona optical effects. Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC), University at Albany, State University of New York
From 1962 to 1968 the NSI program was continued with Schaefer's directorship under the auspices of the Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC) at the State University of New York at Albany (as the University at Albany, State University of New York was then known). During this period Schaefer also continued his consulting work for many companies, government agencies, and universities. These consulting activities spanned most of Schaefer's career, and extended beyond his retirement from ASRC in 1976. Schaefer helped found ASRC in 1960 and served as its Director of Research until 1966 when he became Director.Schaefer brought highly qualified atmospheric science researchers to ASRC, many of whom he had met through his work at GE and Munitalp. Bernard Vonnegut, Raymond Falconer and Duncan Blanchard were all veterans of Project Cirrus who joined Schaefer at ASRC. During his years at ASRC, in addition to the NSI summer programs, Schaefer led annual research expeditions to Yellowstone National Park for atmospheric scientists to work in the outdoor laboratory it provided each January. In the 1970s Schaefer's own research interests focused on solar energy, aerosols, gases, air quality, and pollution particles in the atmosphere. His work in some of these areas culminated in a three-part report on Air Quality on the Global Scale in 1978. In addition, during the 1970s Schaefer was an instructor in the American Association for the Advancement of Science Chautauqua short courses for science teachers. Publications (selected)
The presence of ozone, nitric acid, nitrogen dioxide and ammonia in the atmosphere,  Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, 1978.The air quality patterns of aerosols on the global scale, Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, 1976. Hailstorms and hailstones of the western Great Plains, Smithsonian Institution, 1961. The possibilities of modifying lightning storms in the northern Rockies, Northern Rocky Mountain Forest & Range Experiment Station, 1949. Heat requirements for instruments and airfoils during icing storms on Mt. Washington, General Electric Research Laboratory, 1946. The Use of high speed model propellers for studying de-icing coatings at the Mt. Washington Observatory, General Electric Research Laboratory, 1946.The Liquid water content of summer clouds on the summit of Mt. Washington, General Electric Research Laboratory, 1946. The Preparation and use of water sensitive coatings for sampling cloud particles, General Electric Research Laboratory, 1946. A Heated, vaned pitot tube and a recorder for measuring air speed under severe icing conditions,  General Electric Research Laboratory, 1946. Fossilizing snowflakes, 1941. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, University at Albany Libraries. Our History, GE Global Research.Accessed February 14, 2006
Weather Services in the US: 1644-1970, National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office. <Serendipity in Science: Twenty Years at Langmuir University, and autobiography (1993), Compiled and Edited by Don Rittner, Square Circle Press, Voorheesville, NY>

External links
Finding Aid for the Papers of <mask> J. Schaefer, M.E. Grenander Department of Special Collections and Archives, University at Albany Libraries. Weather Modification: The Physical basis for Cloud Seeding
Manipulating the weather, CBC. 1906 births
1993 deaths
American people of German descent
20th-century American chemists
American meteorologists
General Electric people
Scientists from Schenectady, New York
University at Albany, SUNY faculty
Weather modification
Weather modification in North America

masks:
Vincent Joseph Schaefer
Schaefer
Vincent Schaef
Vincent


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<mask> (1881–1970) was an American cell biologist and embryologist who made contributions to cancer research and cell culture techniques, and was likely the first person to successfully grow mammalian tissue in vitro. She authored around 150 papers, many co-authored with her husband <mask>. The <mask>es developed a growth medium called the Locke-Lewis solution and jointly received the Gerhard Gold Medal from the Pathological Society of Philadelphia. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Kittanning, Pennsylvania, on November 9, 1881, to parents Joseph C. and Martha A. (Walker<mask>. From 1897 to 1901 she attended Goucher College (then known as Woman's College of Baltimore), where she earned an A.B. After graduation she studied at Bryn Mawr College, Columbia University, and the Universities of Zurich, Paris, and Berlin,  but never earned a graduate degree.At Bryn Mawr and Columbia she researched regeneration in amphibians and crayfish, and assisted noted embryologist Thomas Hunt Morgan. Career

Mammalian in vitro culture
In 1908, <mask> researched in Berlin in Max Hartmann's lab where she performed probably the first in vitro mammalian cell culture with guinea pig bone marrow by explanting the bone marrow and placing it into a nutrient-rich agar produced by fellow lab researcher Rhoda Erdmann and incubating the sample. A few days after doing so, she found that some of the nuclei exhibited characteristics of mitosis. This discovery was revisited by <mask> after she married <mask>, in 1910. In their combined efforts, the <mask>es found that cell proliferation with their media selection and methods seemed only to occur in tissues common to all organs, such as connective tissue and blood vessel endothelium. Since the <mask>es main interest was microscopic cell structures, their objective was to create optically clear media, which led to the creation of the Locke-Lewis solution. This medium is composed of salt solutions supplemented with bouillon and dextrose.The tissue grown in this medium was prepared in a method that become known as the “Lewis Culture” where the tissue bits were put into a hanging drop on the underside of a thin glass slip. In the Locke-Lewis solution, the more robust cells, such as fibroblasts and macrophages, had a tendency to migrate out of the explant and flatten, making them easy to observe under high magnifications. Cell biology
<mask> was among the first scientists to observe the dynamics of mitochondria in living cells. In 1915 <mask> and <mask> published a comprehensive analysis of the shapes and movements of mitochondria in cultured cells. <mask>'s pioneering time-lapse studies included observations of mitochondrial movement toward and away from the centrosome, mitochondrial fission, and mitochondrial fusion. In the same paper, <mask> presented perhaps the first descriptions of stress-induced mitochondrial fragmentation and mitophagy. Embryology
<mask> and her husband helped develop and put into practice the first experimental systems for observing and understanding somatic cell physiology in complex organisms, which demonstrated that the behavior of these autonomous cells had a significant relationship to the development, infection, immunity, physiology and development of cancer for the organism.As a result, their work served to establish the importance of cellular behavior. As a result, this couple's greatest impact on embryology and cell biology in the twentieth century was teaching later generations of biologists the basic factors involved in tissue culture based on what they had learned from their research. The <mask>es saw a place for the findings on the cell related to embryology as well, and expressed this perspective to the president of the Carnegie Institution of Washington when they wrote to him that knowing the extent of a cell's permanent individuality must be determined before it is possible to understand how they cooperate and are integrated into a tissue. This perspective is what gave <mask> and <mask> their place in the Department of Embryology at the Carnegie Institution. With so many avenues opened by cell culture to explore, <mask> and her husband diverged in their area of study, with <mask> choosing to focus on microbiological problems, which involved close observations of chick embryo intestines reacting to typhoid bacilli in the medium in which it was grown. Through the tissue culture techniques the <mask>es had developed, these studies showed that infections and diseases were cellular phenomena in that infection was observed in an isolated system but the events occurred in a way that would be observed in an organism as a whole. In her work with chick embryos, <mask> studied connective tissue formation within the tissues as well as outside of an environment where factors involved in coagulation are present.<mask> observed that the connective tissue fibrils resulted from the cytoplasmic transformations of the cells. In her studies of explanted tissue cultures, <mask> noted that the cells choose to migrate away from the tissue sample and divide as individual cells, resulting in loss of the tissue's characteristic appearance. However, she also made the distinction that the cells do not become more embryonic like Champy and others claimed, but instead lose their differentiated appearance as a tissue. This spreading of the cells and lack of characteristic tissue form caused fibril development in many tissue cultures to be lacking; however, there were a few cultures where connective tissue fibers did develop, and their progression could be tracked. She observed that fibrils start as delicate lines in the exoplasm and become bundles that are passed between cells. <mask> also found no evidence of vacuoles forming fibrils as was believed to be the case by other researchers. Cancer
In 1951, <mask> isolated a spontaneous epidermoid carcinoma in a mouse lung, which became known as a Lewis lung carcinoma.This carcinoma was one of the earliest tumors that could be transplanted and used to determine if a compound had potential as an anticancer agent. It has played a significant role in more recent tumor models used in metastatic and angiogenesis studies as it is a highly malignant carcinoma, producing tumors when it was transplanted and increasing metastatic growth after the subcutaneously implanted carcinoma is removed. Some of <mask> <mask>’ research in the mechanics of cancer included myeloid infiltration and strangulation-induced atrophy of tumors in rats. In her study on myeloid infiltration, <mask> found that this phenomenon occurred in the adrenals but was not common to all subjects tested with tumors. However, tumor growth seemed to be associated with the progression of neutrophilia in peripheral blood and myeloid hyperplasia in certain organs. In the tumor atrophy paper, <mask> showed that tumor tissue inactivated in environments devoid of sufficient circulation and continued to stay in this arrested state when transplanted to other rats. This led to absorption and resistance to viable tumor implantation.Teaching
Between 1901 and 1912, <mask> held several teaching positions. She was an assistant in zoology at Bryn Mawr College (1901–1902); a science teacher at Miss Chapin's School, lecturer in physiology at New York Medical College for Women (1904–1907); lecturer at Barnard College (1907–1909), and instructor of anatomy and physiology at the Johns Hopkins Hospital Training School for Nurses (1911–1912). Marriage
In 1910 she married Warren Harmon <mask>, also a cell physiologist. The <mask>es collaborated on many research projects over the years, including the discovery that macrophage cells derived from monocytes and were not separate cell types. Whether working on an independent or collaborative project, the couple worked alongside each other in lab and consulted with each other on their findings. Their children were <mask> <mask>, who became a physicist, Warren R<mask>, who worked as an engineer and atomic physicist, and Jessica H<mask>, who was an associate research professor. Later life, legacy and death
As a female scientist in the early twentieth century, <mask> <mask> was not able to push her own achievements in her field of work, but she with her husband was able to further develop tissue culturing techniques and demonstrate how single cells impacted the organism as a whole.In 1915 <mask> joined the Carnegie Institution of Washington. In 1940 she was elected to the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, and was an honorary life member of the Tissue Culture Society. <mask> with her husband was awarded a William Wood Gerhard Gold Medal by the Pathological Society of Philadelphia in 1958 because of their contributions to pathology. <mask> died on July 20, 1970, at the age of 88. References

External links

American medical researchers
Cell biologists
American embryologists
1871 births
1970 deaths
American women biologists
Women medical researchers
Goucher College alumni
People from Kittanning, Pennsylvania
Scientists from Pennsylvania
20th-century American biologists
20th-century American women scientists

masks:
Margaret Adaline Reed Lewis
Warren Harmon Lewis
Lewis
Margaret Adaline Reed
) Reed
Margaret Reed
Margaret Reed
Warren Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Margaret
Warren Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Margaret
Warren Lewis
Margaret Lewis
Margaret Lewis
Lewis
Margaret Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Margaret Reed
Lewis
Lewis
Margaret Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Margaret Nast
Lewis
. Lewis
. Lewis
Margaret Reed
Lewis
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<mask> (June 15, 1898 – September 25, 1986) was a German-born physiologist and prominent medical researcher. Beginning in 1935 he served as chief of aeromedical research for Hermann Göring's Ministry of Aviation, holding this position throughout World War II. In 1947 he was brought to the United States as part of Operation Paperclip and went on to serve in a number of high-level scientific posts with the US Air Force and NASA. For his role in pioneering the study of the physical and psychological effects of manned spaceflight he became known as "The Father of Space Medicine". Following his death, <mask>'s activities in Germany during World War II came under greater scrutiny in the media and allegations surrounding his involvement in Nazi-era human experimentation greatly damaged his legacy. Biography

Early life and academic career
<mask> was born in the town of Westtünnen-im-Hamm in the Prussian province of Westphalia on 15 June 1898. As a young man he studied medicine and the natural sciences at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and the Georg August University of Göttingen, where he received his doctorate (Dr. med.et phil.) in 1922. He later went on to obtain his medical degree (Dr. med.) from the University of Münster and completed his habilitation (Dr. habil.) at the Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg in 1927.<mask> also worked as a research assistant to the renowned German-Austrian physiologist Dr. Maximilian von Frey. He continued on at the University of Würzburg and pursued a career as a professor of physiology. During this time <mask>'s attention was increasingly drawn to the emerging science of aviation medicine and he collaborated with the famed World War I pilot Robert Ritter von Greim to study the effects of high-altitude flight on human biology. In 1928 <mask> traveled to the United States on a year-long research fellowship from the Rockefeller Foundation. He conducted specialized studies into aviation medicine and human physiology at the University of Chicago and Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. He also toured the medical laboratories at Harvard, Columbia and the Mayo Clinic. <mask> returned to Germany the following year and accepted a teaching position at the Würzburg Physiological Institute before eventually becoming a professor of physiology at Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin.Work for Nazi Germany
Through his association with Robert Ritter von Greim (now Adolf Hitler's personal pilot), <mask> became acquainted socially with Hermann Göring and other high-ranking members of the Nazi regime, though he never formally joined the Nazi Party. In April 1935, he was appointed director of the Berlin-based Research Institute for Aviation Medicine, a medical think tank that operated under the auspices of the Reich Ministry of Aviation. Under <mask>'s leadership, the Institute grew to become Germany's foremost aeromedical research establishment, pioneering the study of the physical effects of high-altitude and supersonic speed flight, along with establishing the altitude chamber concept of "time of useful consciousness". Though <mask> was ostensibly a civilian researcher, the majority of the studies and projects his institute undertook were commissioned and financed by the German armed forces (principally the Luftwaffe) as part of the Nazi's ongoing policy of re-armament preceding World War II. With the outbreak of war in 1939 the organization was absorbed into the German military and attached to the medical corps of the Luftwaffe where it was renamed the Air Force Institute for Aviation Medicine and placed under the command of Surgeon-General (Generaloberstabsarzt) Erich Hippke. <mask> himself was also commissioned as an officer in the German air force, eventually rising to the rank of Colonel (Oberst). Human experimentation
In October 1942, <mask> and Hippke attended a medical conference in Nuremberg where  SS-Hauptsturmführer Dr. Sigmund Rascher delivered a presentation outlining various "scientific" experiments he had conducted in conjunction with the Luftwaffe medical corps in which prisoners from the Dachau concentration camp were used as human test subjects.These experiments included physiological tests during which camp inmates were immersed in freezing water, placed in air pressure chambers and made to endure exploratory surgery without anesthetic. Many of the inmates forced to participate died as a result. What, if any, role <mask> himself may have had in Rascher's experiments remains a source of controversy. However several junior physicians who had participated in the medical atrocities had close personal and professional ties to <mask>, through both the Institute for Aviation Medicine and the Luftwaffe medical corps. Following the German surrender in May 1945, <mask> claimed to Allied authorities that, despite his senior position with the Luftwaffe medical corps and his attendance at the October 1942 Nuremberg conference, he had no knowledge of the atrocities committed at Dachau. He was never subsequently charged with any wrongdoing by the Allies. However, a 1946 memorandum produced by the staff of the Nuremberg Trials listed <mask> as one of thirteen "persons, firms or individuals implicated" in the war crimes committed at Dachau.In addition, several of <mask>'s wartime associates, including his former assistant Hermann Becker-Freyseng, were convicted of crimes against humanity in connection with the Dachau experiments at the 1946-1947 Nuremberg Doctor's Trial. During these proceedings, <mask> contributed several affidavits for the defense on behalf of his accused colleagues. Work for the United States
In October 1945 <mask> returned to academia, becoming director of the Physiological Institute at Heidelberg University. He also began working on behalf of the US Army Air Force, becoming Chief Scientist of its Aeromedical Center, located on the campus of the former Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research. In this capacity <mask> edited German Aviation Medicine in World War II, a book-length summary of the knowledge gained by German aviation researchers during the war. In 1947, <mask> was brought to the United States, along with many other highly valuable German scientists, as part of Operation Paperclip. With another former Luftwaffe physician, Richard Lindenberg, <mask> was assigned to the US Air Force School of Aviation Medicine at Randolph Field near San Antonio, Texas.It was while at Randolph Field that <mask> began conducting some of the first research into the potential medical challenges posed by space travel, in conjunction with fellow "Paperclip Scientist" Dr. Heinz Haber. <mask> coined the terms "space medicine" and "astrobiology" to describe this area of study in 1948. The following year he was appointed as the first and only Professor of Space Medicine at the US Air Force's newly established School of Aviation Medicine (SAM), one of the first institutions dedicated to conducting research on "astrobiology" and the so-called "human factors" associated with manned spaceflight. He first described "Mars jars", containers that simulate the atmosphere of Mars, that have now become an essential tool in astrobiological research. Under <mask>, the School of Aviation Medicine conducted pioneering studies on issues such as atmospheric control, the physical effects of weightlessness and the disruption of normal time cycles. In 1951 <mask> revolutionized existing notions concerning spaceflight when he co-authored the influential research paper Where Does Space Begin? in which he proposed that space was present in small gradations that grew as altitude levels increased, rather than existing in remote regions of the atmosphere.Between 1952 and 1954 he would oversee the building of the space cabin simulator, a sealed chamber in which human test subjects were placed for extended periods of time in order to view the potential physical, astrobiological, and psychological effects of extra-atmospheric flight. <mask> obtained US citizenship in 1956 and was appointed Chief Scientist of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Aerospace Medical Division in 1962. While at NASA, <mask> played a central role in designing the pressure suit and onboard life support systems used by both the Gemini and Apollo astronauts. He also directed the specialized training of the flight surgeons and medical staff of the Apollo program in advance of the planned mission to the Moon. <mask> retired from his position at NASA in 1968. Controversy
During his work on behalf of the US Air Force and NASA, <mask> was the subject of three different US government investigations into his suspected involvement in war crimes committed under the Nazis. A 1958 investigation by the Justice Department fully exonerated <mask>, while a second inquiry launched by the Immigration and Naturalization Service in 1974 was later abandoned due to lack of evidence.In 1983 the Office of Special Investigations reopened his case but withdrew from the effort when <mask> died in September 1986. Following his death, <mask>'s alleged connection to the Dachau experiments became more widely known following the release of US Army Intelligence documents from 1945 that listed him among those being sought as war criminals by US authorities. These revelations did significant damage to <mask>'s reputation and resulted in the revocation of various honors that had been bestowed upon him over the course of his career. In 1993, at the request of the World Jewish Congress, his portrait was removed from a mural of prominent physicians displayed at Ohio State University. Following similar protests by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), the Air Force decided in 1995 to rename the Hubertus Strughold Aeromedical Library at Brooks Air Force Base, which had been named in <mask>'s honor in 1977. His portrait, however, still hangs there. Further action by the ADL also led to <mask>'s removal from the International Space Hall of Fame in Alamogordo, New Mexico in May 2006.Later revelations
Further questions about <mask>'s activities during World War II emerged in 2004 following an investigation conducted by the Historical Committee of the German Society of Air and Space Medicine. The inquiry uncovered evidence of oxygen deprivation experiments carried out by Strughold's Institute for Aviation Medicine in 1943. According to these findings six epileptic children, between the ages of 11 and 13, were taken from the Nazis' Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre to Strughold's Berlin laboratory where they were placed in vacuum chambers to induce epileptic seizures in an effort to simulate the effects of high-altitude sicknesses, such as hypoxia. While, unlike the Dachau experiments, all the test subjects survived the research process, this revelation led the Society of Air and Space Medicine to abolish a major award bearing <mask>'s name. A similar campaign by American scholars prompted the US branch of the Aerospace Medical Association to announce in 2012 that it would also consider renaming a similar award, also named in <mask>'s honor, which it had been bestowing since 1963. The move was met with opposition from defenders of <mask>, citing his many notable contributions to the American space program and the lack of any formal proof of his direct involvement in war crimes. Awards and honors
Known as The Father of Space Medicine
Theodore C. Lyster Award, Aerospace Medical Association, 1958
Louis H. Bauer Founders Award, Aerospace Medical Association, 1965

Hubertus Strughold Award
The Hubertus Strughold Award was established by the Space Medicine Branch, known today as the Space Medicine Association, a member organization of the Aerospace Medical Association.In 1962 the Award was established in honor of Dr. <mask> <mask>, also known as "The Father of Space Medicine". The award was presented every year from 1963 through 2012 to a Space Medicine Branch member for outstanding contributions in applications and research in the field of space-related medical research. Awardees

1960s
1963 Cpt. Ashton Graybiel, Cpt. M.D., USN
1964 Maj. Gen. Otis O. Benson, Jr., USAF, M.C. 1965 Hans-Georg Clamann, M.D. 1966 Hermann J. Schaefer, Ph.D.
1967 Charles Alden Berry, M.D.1968 David G. Simons, M.D. 1969 Col. Stanley C. White, M.D., USAF, M.C. 1970s
1970 RearAdm Frank Burkhart Voris, MC, USN
1971 Dr. Donald Davis Flickinger, M.D. 1972 Col. Paul A. Campbell, USAF (Ret.) 1973 Andres Ingver Karstens, M.D. 1974 Cdr. Joseph P. Kerwin, MC, USN
1975 Lawrence F. Dietlein, M.D.1976 Harald J. von Beckh
1977 William Kennedy Douglas
1978 Walton L. Jones, Jr., M.D. 1979 Col. John E. Pickering, USAF (Ret.) 1980s
1980 Rufus R. Hessberg, M.D. 1981 Maj. Gen. Heinz S. Fuchs, GAF, MC (Ret.) 1982 Sidney D. Leverett, Jr., Ph.D.
1983 Sherman Vonograd P., M.D. 1984 Arnauld E. Nicogossian, M.D. 1985 Philip C. Johnson, Jr., M.D.1986 Carolyn Leach Huntoon, Ph.D.
1987 Karl E. Klein, M.D. 1988 Anatoly Ivanovich Grigoriev, M.D. 1989 Brig. Gen. Eduard C. Burchard, GAF, MC

1990s
1990 Joan Vernikos-Danellis, M.D. 1991 Stanley R. Mohler, M.D. 1992 Roberta Lynn Bondar, M.D. 1993 George Wyckliffe Hoffler, M.D.1994 Emmett B. Ferguson, M.D. 1995 Mary Anne Bassett Frey, Ph.D.
1996 Norman E. Thagard, M.D. 1997 Shannon Matilda Wells Lucid, Ph.D.
1998 Valeri V. Polyakov, M.D. 1999 Sam Lee Pool, M.D. 2000s
2000 Franklin Story Musgrave, M.D. 2001 John B. Charles, Ph.D.
2002 Earl Howard Wood, M.D., Ph.D.
2003 Jonathan Clark (for STS 107 crew)
2004 No award
2005 William S. Augerson, M.D. 2006 Jeffrey R. Davis, M.D.2007 Clarence A. Jernigan, M.D. 2008 Richard Jennings, M.D. 2009 Jim Vanderploeg, M.D. 2010s
2010 Irene Duhart Long, M.D. 2011 Michael Barratt, M.D. 2012 Smith L. Johnston III, M.D. 2013 Award retired by the Space Medicine Association

See also
Aerospace Medical Association
Human factors and ergonomics
Nazi human experimentation
Sigmund Rascher

References

Bibliography

External links
Additional references and photograph at  and
 February 22, 1982, March 8, 1982, March 15, 1982, April 19, 1982, April 27, 1982, Interview with <mask> <mask>, May 23, 1982, University of Texas at San Antonio: Institute of Texan Cultures: Oral History Collection, UA 15.01, University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries Special Collections.1898 births
1986 deaths
People from Hamm
Physicians in the Nazi Party
People from the Province of Westphalia
Luftwaffe personnel of World War II
German military doctors
German physiologists
Rockefeller Fellows
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
University of Göttingen alumni
University of Würzburg alumni
Heidelberg University faculty
German emigrants to the United States
United States Air Force civilians
People from San Antonio
Early spaceflight scientists
NASA people
American physiologists
Operation Paperclip
United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

masks:
Hubertus Strughold
Strughold
Strughold
Strughold
Strughold
Strughold
Strughold
Strughold
Strughold
Strughold
Strughold
Strughold
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Hubertus
Strughold
Hubertus
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<mask> (born 1975) is a Nigerian artist, poet, writer, and a fellow at the National Museum of African Art, part of the Smithsonian Institution. Alatise received formal training as an architect at Ladoke Akintola University in Oyo State, Nigeria. She then went on to work for 20 years as a studio artist. Her work was exhibited at Venice Biennale’s 57th edition, themed Viva Arte Viva (Long Live Art). <mask>, along with two other Nigerian artists, Victor Ehikhamenor and Qudus Onikeku, were the first Nigerians to appear at the art exhibition. Her work was a group of life-size figures based on the life of a servant girl. Alatise was a recipient of the 2017 FNB Art Prize.Alatise cites artist David Dale, Bruce Onabrakpeya, Nike Monica Davies, Susanna Wenger, Nigerian and Yoruba culture as influences of her artwork. Early life
Alatise was born in 1975 in Lagos, Nigeria. She and her seven siblings grew up in a traditional Muslim family. Alatise first considered art as a career at age fifteen when she viewed an exhibit by Nigerian artist David Dale. When Alatise expressed her plan to become an artist, her father discouraged the idea, feeling that art was a waste of time. He wanted his daughter to choose an occupation that was more economically stable. Her mother, however, supported Alatise's artistic pursuits, as a spiritualist had foretold that Alatise would one day be wealthy.Despite his original disapproval, her father was eventually won over to the idea before he died. Before pursuing art, Alatise studied architecture at a university, valuing the way it taught her to see and think logically. During her college years Alatise began to explore her interests in art by visiting Jakande, a crafts market in Lagos. There, she practiced various media, including painting, sculpting, and jewelry making. Career
She began her art career with painting, then branched out to be a multimedia artist, using beads, cloth, resin and other materials. She now works in sculpture, using her art to make statements about social issues, while incorporating literature, symbolism and traditional Yoruba mythology into her works. Alatise also used media such as bead making, visual arts consultancy, creative writing, leather accessory designing, and interior designing.According to Vogue, “<mask> defines her artistic practice as a search for truth and to this end much of her work centres on women in Nigeria and on the political and religious issues at the heart of the country.” Strongly believing that an artist should depict the world she lives in, Alatise strives to visualize social issues of her country and personal experience. Considering the strongly held social views of gender roles in Nigeria, it is not surprising that much of Alatise's artwork focuses on gender inequality and women's rights. Using her art to make statements about social issues, Alatise acts as a creative social activist through art. Alatise's work expands on Afro-feminist views by fracturing the male mould of Modern African culture. Over the years, Alatise's work has put her on a pedestal with many other distinguished Nigerian female artists like Nike Davies Okundaye, Lara Ige-Jacks, and Ndidi Dike. Although Alatise started her artistic career by exploring three-dimensional illusions on two-dimensional surfaces, she also creates through literature. This combined love of art and literature is reflected in one of her most stunning pieces, "Flying Girls".Exhibited in Venice Biennale, this piece consisted of eight life-size girls with wings, and, according to fashion and entertainment website BellaNaija, is "based on the story of a ten-year-old girl who works as a housemaid in Lagos while dreaming of a realm where she is free, who belongs to no one but herself, and can fly." Bella also states that this piece "addresses the injustice of the present, but through a vision of a safer imaginary future, especially for little girls." Additionally, this work addresses the issue of child labor. <mask> more directly combines her multidisciplinary skills in her 2013 exhibition, titled Wrapture. This piece combined short stories with sculptures, creating a visual narrative. <mask> has authored two novels her debut novel called Orita meta and is a leading voice for contemporary African artists. She has used her work as a medium and voice to address societal ills and changing the stereotypical narrative and ideology.<mask> <mask> is a fellow at the National Museum of African Art, part of the Smithsonian Institution. Art auctions
<mask>'s 2011 work titled "Ascension" was sold at N4.4 million in Nigeria's Art Auction, this made her work the best priced among emerging artists. Awards
Alatise received the 2017 FNB Art Prize at the launch of the 10th installment of the FNB Joburg Art Fair. This art fair is located in Johannesburg, South Africa. Other accomplishments
Her most recent concerns include creating artist residencies in Morocco and Turkey. These are places where artists can live and work on their various art projects while being near other artists with similar interests. In this way, Alatise focuses on supporting up-and-coming artists.In an interview with Aljazeera, <mask> described her goals in these words: "When I look at the standard in which I want my work to be, I look at what is happening on a global scale. The artists who inspire me are [those] whose works engage in a way that either inform or inspire you, [that] talk to the true essence of the human in you and I want my work to do the same." <mask> founded the ANAI Foundationa non-profit foundation dedicated to the development of visual arts in Nigeria, offering sponsored training programs for artists. Exhibitions
She has exhibited her works in various countries including the 2014 Casablanca biennale in Morocco, Cooper gallery for African and African American art Harvard University-2017, Resignification of Black body 2016 in Museo Bardini – Florence. Familiar boundaries - Infinite possibilities exhibition, August Wilson centre, Pittsburgh,  USA. Curator- Kilolo Luckett, October 2018 to March 2019. EVA Ireland Biennial 2018.Curator- Inti Guerrero. Manifesta 12, Resignification of Black bodies. Palermo, Italy, Curator- Awam Ampka (New York University) June 2018. Péju Alatise 'Memoirs of the forgotten' 2019  Sulger Buel Gallery, London. Intricacies: Fragment & Meaning Aicon Gallery, New York 2019
Material Witness (2012): Nike Art Gallery, Lagos. Photography by Marc C and Yinka Akingbade
WRAPTURE: a Story of Cloth (Sept 12- Nov 16, 2013): Art Twenty-One, Lagos. Photography by Marc C and Yinka Akingbade
Casablanca Biennale 2014: Ifitry residency, Essaouira, 2013
1:54 CONTEMPORARY AFRICAN ARTFAIR (2014): Somerset House, London
57th Venice Biennale (2017): August Wilson Centre for Arts, 2018
Prelude, pretexts and presumptions (2018): Arthouse Contemporary, Lagos

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
Yoruba women artists
Nigerian women artists
Artists from Lagos

masks:
Peju Alatise
Alatise
Alatise
Alatise
Peju
Peju
Alatise
Alatise
Alatise
Peju


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<mask> (born January 12, 1974) is an American professional boxer. Nicknamed "The Beast", <mask> was a moderately successful fighter who fought several other journeyman fighters of his era. <mask> has become something of a "comeback" opponent for veteran fighters such as Holyfield, Golota, and Meehan. Professional boxing career

Early career
<mask> turned professional in 1999 and fought mainly journeyman fighters, losing to prospect Andre Purlette in 2001. <mask> later lost to Sedreck Fields, Kirk Johnson, Leo Nolan, Brian Minto, and Ray Austin before his first retirement. The Evander Holyfield fight
<mask> was persuaded to postpone his retirement when he was given an opportunity to fight four-time heavyweight champion Evander Holyfield. On August 18, 2006, in a 10-round bout at the American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas, 44-year-old Holyfield dominated the fight which was stopped in the second round after he landed around 20 consecutive punches on <mask>.The events prior to, and the fight itself, are documented in Evander Holyfield's book 'Becoming Holyfield'. Retirement from boxing
<mask> retired with a record of 21 wins, 13 losses and 1 draw, with 18 wins by knockout. Post boxing, <mask> began a successful career as a full-time insurance sales professional. <mask> is currently employed at the United States Enrichment Corporation. (USEC) is a Uranium gaseous diffusion plant in Portsmouth OH. Coming out of retirement
<mask> would come out of retirement to face Guillermo Jones, Andrew Golota, Odlanier Solis, Kevin Rainey, and most recently Kali Meehan. All of those fights, with the exception of <mask>' bout with Kevin Rainey, would be losses.Currently, <mask>' record stands at 23 wins, 17 losses and 1 draw, with 19 wins by knockout. He defeated "The Driller" Eddie Browning on December 13 at OCW's Season's Beatings. <mask> got his third victory at OCW on January 10, 2009 at the New Year's Bash by defeating NWA All-Star Wrestling Heavyweight Champion "Pretty Boy" Stan Lee. <mask> made his wrestling debut at an arena where he is undefeated in the boxing ranks, the Veterans Memorial Fieldhouse in Huntington, West Virginia, at 304 Wrestling's Battlefront. He defeated Vinnie Viagra in that outing. <mask> is now in training to fight in the Ultimate Fighting Championship. His progress is being documented in a YouTube series called "Being the Beast".References

External links

ESPN Article on <mask>

1974 births
Living people
Boxers from Kentucky
Heavyweight boxers
American male boxers

masks:
Jeremy Bates
Bates
Bates
Bates
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Bates
Bates
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<mask> (January 29, 1878 – January 19, 1966) was an American explorer, author, mountaineer, and photographer. She undertook expeditions in the Canadian Rockies and in the Belgian Congo. She worked at the American Museum of Natural History creating exhibits featuring taxidermy animals in realistic natural settings. She worked on behalf of conservation efforts, including being one of the first advocates for the creation of game preserves. She also founded Camp Mystic, an outdoor camp for girls. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born <mask> on January 29, 1878, in Tappan, Harrison County, Ohio; the town was submerged below Tappan Lake in 1938. (Although several printed sources, including her death certificate, give <mask>'s birth year as 1888, the 1880 census and records at the Bryn Mawr College Archives confirm the 1878 date.)Both of her parents were of English descent; her father was a veteran of the American Civil War. Jobe attended Scio College from 1893–1897, graduating with a bachelor's degree, after which she taught at the elementary and high school level in Uhrichsville, Ohio. She went on to study at Bryn Mawr College from 1901–1903, while teaching at Temple University (1902–1903). She taught history and civics at the normal school in Cortland, New York from 1903–1906, and then taught history at the Normal College of the City of New York (now Hunter College) from 1906–1916. She earned a master's degree in History and English from Columbia University in 1909. During her time at Bryn Mawr, Jobe had her first opportunity to join a scientific expedition, joining a botanical expedition to the Selkirk Mountains in British Columbia. It was the first of many expeditions to the mountains of British Columbia.Mountaineering
Jobe was an accomplished mountain climber and was a member of the Alpine Club of Canada (ACC) and the American Alpine Club. From 1905 to 1918 she made ten expeditions to the Canadian Rockies. In 1913, she left her teaching job at Hunter to undertake an ethnographic expedition to study and photograph the Gitksan and Carrier Indians living between the Skeena River and the Peace River. Jobe concluded the summer of 1913 by meeting up with the annual camp of the ACC. There she heard of a distant mountain northwest of Mount Robson that had been glimpsed by members Samuel Prescott Fay and Donald 'Curly' Philips. In 1914, she returned to the Canadian Rockies in search of the mountain, hiring Philips as her guide. At the time, Jobe called their destination "Big Ice Mountain," but in her later reports she referred to the peak as Mount Kitchi (from a Cree word meaning "mighty"); the mountain was officially named Mount Sir Alexander in 1916.Joining <mask> and Philips on the expedition were Margaret Springate and Philips's assistant (and brother-in-law), Bert Wilkins. From their starting point near Mount Robson, the trip to and from Mount Sir Alexander took six weeks on foot and on horseback, during which time they saw very little evidence of prior human activity along the route. They reached the base of the peak on August 21, 1914, and reached their highest point on the mountain on August 25, stopping at about  above sea level, well short of the summit, which Jobe estimated to be between  and . She took about 400 photographs on the trip. Upon her return, the New York Times hailed her as "the first white person and probably the first human being" to explore the remote mountain. The Times article overstated some of Jobe's accomplishments on the expedition, and she wrote a letter to the editor a few days later to correct the errors. Jobe reported on the expedition in both scholarly and popular publications after her return home.In 1915, she took a commission from the Canadian government to explore and map the Fraser River in British Columbia and the Mount Sir Alexander glaciers. She was joined by fellow ACC member Caroline Hinman; they again hired Curly Philips as a guide, as well as several of his staff as cooks and porters. Jobe and Philips became romantically involved during that summer. The expedition made another attempt to climb Mount Sir Alexander, and came within about  of the summit. In honor of Jobe's work in the Rockies, the Geographic Board of Canada renamed one of the south-eastern peaks of Mount Sir Alexander as Mount Jobe () in 1925. Camp Mystic
In 1914, Jobe purchased 45 acres near Mystic, Connecticut, and in 1916 she founded there the Mystic Camp for girls aged eight to eighteen. Campers typically numbered "over 80 or more" at any one time, and were mainly from  wealthy and influential families.Campers included Hawai'ian princesses Abigail Kapiolani Kawānanakoa and Lydia Liliuokalani Kawānanakoa, as well as the daughters of artist Howard Chandler Christy, radio sportscaster Grantland Rice, cookbook author Ida Bailey Allen, and publisher Bernarr Macfadden. Advertisements for the camp appeared in popular magazines such as Vogue and St. Nicholas. A 1916 advertisement in Scribner's Magazine promised campers experience with backcountry camping, boating, swimming, horseback riding, dancing, music, drama, and field athletics. Jobe owned a  boat that she used to take campers to Mystic Island (now called Ram Island (Connecticut)) in Fishers Island Sound. In 1921, Jobe purchased the southern half of Mystic Island, and later bought the rest of the island. In addition to giving girls first-hand experience with the outdoors, the camp was visited by famous explorers and naturalists of the day such as VIlhjalmur Stefannson, Herbert Spinden, George Cherrie, and Martin and Osa Johnson. The fee for campers in 1923 was $375.In a brochure for the camp, Jobe wrote that "girls find health, happiness and their highest development out-of-doors, where they leave behind them the artificialities of towns and cities for the joyous realities of the wooded hills and seashore." Another stated that "girls of today have a right to freedom, health, and happiness." Although she did not describe herself as a feminist or suffragist, she has been so identified by others, and she declared herself to be "very much in sympathy with the [suffrage] movement." The camp closed in 1930 due to the Great Depression. She remained the camp's director throughout its existence. Marriage and African expeditions
In 1920, fellow explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson introduced <mask> to naturalist and taxidermist <mask>. <mask> was married to Delia <mask> at the time, but <mask> and Carl began an affair.Delia and Carl concluded a bitter divorce in 1923, and <mask> married Akeley on October 28, 1924, at All Souls Episcopal Church in New York City. He was deeply involved with a project to collect specimens for a new Africa exhibit at the American Museum of Natural History, and she wrote later that he expected <mask> to abandon her own work and devote her time to his African project. Although she described this as "startling," she largely complied. In 1926, she accompanied him on his fifth expedition in Africa (and her first) to collect specimens. On the trip, known as the Akeley-Eastman-Pomeroy Expedition, he became sick on Mount Mikeno of the Belgian Congo and died of a fever. She completed the expedition, mapping parts of the Belgian Congo as well as Kenya and Tanzania, and collecting plant specimens, taking hundreds of photographs. Upon her return to the United States, the museum named her to be her husband's successor as the Special Adviser to the development of their African Hall, a role she held until 1938.In that role, she lectured, wrote, and raised funds for the hall. The hall was renamed in <mask>'s honor in 1936. (Upon her death, the New York Times incorrectly stated that the hall was named after <mask>.) Part of the purpose of the 1926 expedition was to map the area around the new Belgian game preserve Parc National Albert. Following the end of the expedition, <mask> collaborated with Belgian zoologist Jean Marie Derscheid to complete a report on the park. She was awarded the Cross of the Knight, Order of the Crown by the Belgian king for her efforts. From 1929–1936, <mask> also served as the American secretary for an international committee organized to preserve the Park.<mask> returned to Africa in 1935 to Transvaal Province, Southern Rhodesia, and Portuguese East Africa, as well as Kruger National Park in South Africa. There she photographed Zulu people and Swazi people. She returned again in 1947 at the behest of the Belgian crown to inspect the wildlife reserves in the Congo, and to film endangered species. Photography
<mask> began her photographic work in the Canadian Rockies on a 1909 expedition led by Herschel C. Parker for the Canadian Topographical Survey. The results of her early work are preserved on hand-colored lantern slides she used when lecturing about her expeditions. Her ethnographic work records people and their customs, including ceremonial objects. Her work in Africa focused on wildlife, as well as on their environment.On the 1926 trip to the Congo, her husband Carl was in the process of developing a gorilla scene for the American Museum of Natural History. Carl died before completing the research for the exhibit, so <mask> used his reference photos to identify the particular spot he was trying to re-create, taking hundreds of photos of the scene, both of individual plant species and the larger scene. She also collected specimens of the plants. She also took a side-trip to Lake Hannington in Kenya to photograph flamingos. Her photos were used in the Akeley African Hall of the American Museum of Natural History. Over 2000 of Akeley's lantern slides survive. Her photographic output is preserved at the American Museum of Natural History and the Mystic River Historical Society.Biographer Dawn-Starr Crowther describes Akeley's photography as representing an important period for women, revealing Akeley to be "resolving for herself  the dilemma of many women who were struggling to shake off the tenets of Victorianism and find meaningful ways through which to express themselves." She describes Akeley's photographic style as "straight-forward... direct and powerful," as well as "stable and balanced," documenting the people and places she encountered on her expedition. Authorship and public life
Akeley spoke frequently about her work. In 1912, she is reported to have given over 40 lectures about her early expeditions. Following her return from Africa in 1927 and throughout much of the rest of her life, Akeley worked for conservation causes, lectured extensively, and appeared on the radio. She dined at the White House with first lady Eleanor Roosevelt, who noted Akeley's conservation and education work in Roosevelt's daily syndicated newspaper column, "My Day." Akeley was the author of seven books, some of them posthumously co-authored with her husband by making use of materials he had written before his death.The first book, <mask>'s Africa (1929), was <mask>'s account of the expedition that cost <mask> his life, documenting the animals and native peoples encountered on the expedition to the Congo. The following year, she published Adventures in the African Jungle (1930), with Carl listed as a co-author, in keeping a plan they had made while both were still alive. Chapters are signed either by <mask> or Carl; <mask> assembled Carl's chapters from his field notes and from stories related by his friends. Her chapters include her accounts of experiences from their journey to the Congo, both before and after his death on the expedition. Lions, Gorillas, and their Neighbors (1932) also lists Carl as a co-author and also covers their expedition, using the story to convey a message of conservation, noting the decline in large animal populations over the previous 30 years. A review in the Times of London of the book tells a thrilling tale of the hunt, but emphasizes that their purpose was scientific, not thrill-seeking. The reviewer writes, "they show how greater and more lasting pleasure [can] be had by restrained and intelligent hunt than by indiscriminate killing... the big game of Africa is presented as something of real value to the human race."In The Wilderness Lives Again, <mask> recounts her late husband's work as a taxidermist, including his expeditions in Africa. A review in The New York Times calls particular attention to the story of development of the gorilla exhibit for the American Museum of Natural History, describing both the taxidermy process and the moving effect of the life-like exhibit. Congo Eden (1950) was published following Akeley's final trip to Africa in 1947, and relates the story of that journey. Historian Jeannette Eileen Jones identifies the "Eden" of the book's title as part of Carl and <mask>ey's campaign to challenge the public perception of Africa as "hellish" or "dark." Death
<mask>'s health declined toward the end of her life, with Akeley suffering from hip problems and arthritis. She was in and out of hospitals and nursing homes from 1959 to 1966. Akeley lived her last years at the former site of Camp Mystic, decorated with souvenirs of her African adventures, retaining an independent spirit despite illness and a "failing mind."She died of a stroke in 1966 at the Mary Elizabeth Convalescent Home in Mystic, Connecticut Although she had expressed a wish to be cremated and buried next to her late husband on Mt. Mikeno, she was buried in Deersville, Ohio near where she was born, in the same cemetery as her parents. Following her death, the former camp became the Peace Sanctuary under the stewardships of the <mask> L. Jobe Akeley Trust & Peace Sanctuary. It is now maintained by the Denison Pequotsepos Nature Center. <mask> left an extensive record of her work. Her papers are held in the <mask> L. <mask> <mask> Collection at the Mystic River Historical Society, the American Museum of Natural History, and at Connecticut College. Books

<mask>'s Africa; the account of the Akeley-Eastman-Pomeroy African Hall Expedition of the American Museum of Natural History (1929)
Adventures in the African Jungle (1930)
Lions, Gorillas, and their Neighbors (1932)
The Swan Song of Old Africa (1932)
The Restless Jungle (1936)
The Wilderness Lives Again (1940)
Rumble of a Distant Drum: a True Story of the African Hinterland (1946)
Congo Eden (1950)

Awards and honors

 Knight of the Order of the Crown by King Albert of Belgium for work in the Congo
Mount Jobe  in the Canadian Rockies named in her honor by the Canadian government
Honorary Doctorate from Mt.Union College in 1930
Inducted into the Ohio Women's Hall of Fame in 1979
Inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame, 1994

Memberships

Royal Geographic Society, Fellow, 1915
American Alpine Club
Alpine Club of Canada
French Alpine Club
 Society of Women Explorers

References

External links
 Peace Sanctuary at the site of Akeley's former home and camp

Explorers
American women photographers
American mountain climbers
American naturalists
1878 births
1966 deaths
American ethnographers
People from Mystic, Connecticut
People from Harrison County, Ohio
American women anthropologists
Writers from Ohio

masks:
Mary Jobe Akeley
Akeley
Mary Lenore Jobe
Akeley
Jobe
Jobe
Carl Akeley
Akeley
Akeley
Mary
Jobe
Mary
Carl Akeley
Mary
Akeley
Akeley
Akeley
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Mary
Carl Akeley
Mary
Carl Akeley
Mary
Mary
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Mary Akel
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<mask><mask> (born September 14, 1944) is the President Emerita of Southwest Airlines, and an influential figure in the founding and development of the company. In 2001 she became the first woman to serve as president of a major airline. Personal life
<mask> was born in 1944 to a lower-income family in Bellows Falls, Vermont. She attended the Worcester campus of Becker College, where she graduated in 1964 with a two-year degree to become a legal secretary. In 2015, she donated US$1 million to her alma mater for the founding of a center for innovation and entrepreneurship. The center opened in April 2018. <mask> has one son.Her marriage ended in divorce, leaving her to raise her son alone. While president of Southwest Airlines, <mask> was diagnosed with breast cancer, which was successfully treated with surgery and radiation treatment. <mask> is a devout Christian, and cites her faith as a major influence on her leadership style and career. Career

Legal secretary
In 1968, several years after graduating from Becker, <mask> got a job as a legal secretary working for Herb Kelleher when he was a young lawyer at Wilbur Matthews’ law firm in San Antonio. Kelleher had a reputation as a skilled, but chronically disorganized lawyer, whose office was in such disarray that a night guard at the firm once called the police assuming a break in had occurred. <mask>'s first duty was to set up a filing system to organize ten years-worth of his case files. She grew to play a pivotal role in keeping Kelleher organized, setting him up for his eventual success as both a lawyer and businessman over their 51-year working relationship.Despite the title of secretary, <mask> was treated as an equal and trusted advisor who regularly joined Kelleher in court. When Kelleher left Matthews’ law firm to help found the law firm of Oppenheimer, Rosenberg, Kelleher & Wheatley in 1970, <mask> moved with him. In 1967, Kelleher had met with Rollin King, who had pitched the initial business plan for Southwest Airlines and the two had begun their efforts to begin the company. Kelleher's role was largely focused on serving as legal counsel to the new airline during the many early court battles the airline faced before beginning service. <mask> was closely involved with every step of the legal process. After four years of court battles they succeeded and the first Southwest Airlines flight finally took off June 18, 1971. For the first seven years of operation, Kelleher and <mask> supported Southwest through continued legal support as Kelleher remained an active lawyer, though also with a seat on the Southwest board.However, after a leadership restructure in 1978, Kelleher became chairman of the board and temporary CEO (becoming full-time CEO in 1981). Kelleher brought <mask> with him once again and she remained his secretary and advisor. When they transitioned to Southwest full-time, they both took a leave of absence from the Oppenheimer law firm that technically was never cancelled the remainder of their careers. Early leadership at Southwest
Barrett's level of authority at the airline quickly grew. At first this authority came simply from the high level influence she had with Kelleher as his secretary, though she eventually gained more formal recognition as Vice President of Administration in 1986 and a position on the Executive Planning Committee. She was promoted to Executive Vice President of Customers in 1990. <mask> described her transition to true leadership as a gradual process, and for several years even after she had been promoted beyond an assistant to Kelleher she had to occasionally remind board members and other senior leaders at the company that she was a distinct leader and not "just a parrot of what Herb thinks".Despite Kelleher's role as the more public face of the company, employees universally referred to "Herb and Colleen" together as the leaders of the company. <mask> has been credited with helping fundamentally shape Southwest's customer service strategy, employee culture, and leadership philosophy. She is commonly referred to as the airline industry's "Queen of Hearts" for her focus on corporate values and service. During her time in leadership she made an effort to personally respond to correspondence from every customer who wrote to the company. She also contributed to the airline's fuel hedging strategy. President of Southwest
In March 2001 Kelleher, who had been serving as Chairman, CEO, and President, retired from the latter two positions, passing the CEO role to James Parker and the president role to <mask>, who was also made chief operating officer. With this promotion, she became the first and then-only woman to hold the office of president at a major airline, and the highest ranking woman in the world of aviation.<mask>'s term as president was met with immediate challenges. She started by inheriting a difficult labor dispute with the Transport Workers Union of America representing Southwest ground operations agents. Later during her first year the airline industry was largely crippled by the effects of the September 11 attacks. <mask>'s leadership at this time was crucial. She decided to immediately pull Southwest's light-hearted television advertisements and replace them with patriotic-themed ads in which she personally starred to reassure the public; Southwest was the only major airline to be profitable in the fourth quarter of that year and did not lay off any employees in the wake of the 9/11 attacks. <mask>'s leadership was not without some missteps along the way. She has acknowledged the failure of her effort to create bereavement fares at the airline.She generated some criticism for the airline in 2007 when she publicly defended an employee's decision to forbid a customer from boarding a flight for wearing a mini-skirt. Overall, <mask>'s tenure as president was very successful. While most of Southwest's competitors faced service cuts, bankruptcy, or ceased operations during her term of leadership, Southwest remained profitable and grew to the largest carrier of domestic passengers. The airline also consistently had the fewest complaints according to the Department of Transportation, an accomplishment largely credited to <mask>'s focus on customer service. President emerita
In 2008, <mask> stepped down as president of the airline, passing the title to then-CEO Gary C. Kelly. Kelleher passed his title as Chairman to Kelly at the same time. <mask> and Kelleher were titled, respectively, President Emerita and Chairman Emeritus.They both chose to remain with the company. <mask> enjoyed returning to a regular employee role and continued to work in customer service and employee development roles for the next 5 years. Though she and Kelleher stepped away from day-to-day involvement in 2013, she remains involved with the airline in her emeritus role. Leadership style
<mask> is well known for her focus on servant leadership. She focuses on egalitarian principles and treating all employees equally. Her general philosophy is that if you treat your employees well, they will treat your customers well, who in turn will come back and treat your share-holders well. She is a strong believer in the Golden Rule, and had it posted visibly in all Southwest locations.She has focused on hiring for fit over skill. <mask> has written a book with Ken Blanchard on her leadership philosophy titled Lead with LUV. Awards and recognitions
<mask> has stated, "You can't do things to get accolades; you do things because they are the right thing to do." Nonetheless, she has been the recipient of numerous honors throughout her career, including the following:

 2004 and 2005: Ranked by Forbes as one of the 100 most powerful women
 2007: Recipient of the Outstanding Women in Aviation award
 2007: Recipient of the Tony Jannus Award, the first woman to receive this recognition
 2015: The Colleen Barrett Center for Innovation and Entrepreneurship at Becker College named in her honor
 2016: Recipient of the Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy
 The Colleen <mask> Award for Administrative Excellence is named in her honor
 Listed by Women in Aviation as among the 100 most influential women in aviation

References

External links

Articles by and about <mask> <mask> at FT Press
Executive profile at Bloomberg Businessweek
Executive profile at Forbes
#52 <mask> <mask>, Most Powerful Women 2005

The Importance of Culture, Gary Kelly, Southwest Airlines, September 2011, on <mask>'s founding of their Culture Committee
Profile at LeaderNetwork.org

1944 births
Living people
People from Bellows Falls, Vermont
Southwest Airlines people
Becker College alumni
American women in business
Businesspeople from Vermont
Writers from Vermont
American women writers
21st-century American women

masks:
Colleen C
. Barrett
Barrett
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<mask> (born 31 May 1976) is a Scottish-American writer and fashion designer. His debut novel, Shuggie Bain, was awarded the 2020 Booker Prize. Early life
<mask> was born in Sighthill, a housing estate in Glasgow, Scotland. He was the youngest of three siblings. His father left him and his family when he was young, and he was raised by a single mother battling alcoholism and addiction. His mother died from alcoholism-related health issues when he was 16. Subsequently, when he would go on to write his debut Booker Prize-winning novel, Shuggie Bain, the book would be inspired by his struggles, his mother's struggles as she battled alcoholism and his relationship with his mother.Speaking about his mother, he says: "My mother died very quietly of addiction one day." After his mother's death, he lived with his older brother before moving into a boarding house when he was 17. Writing on Lithub about working-class living in the late 1970s and 1980s, <mask> notes that he grew up in a house without books and surrounded by poverty. This was the time when Thatcher-era economic policies had "decimated the working man," moving industry away from the west coast of Scotland, leaving behind mass unemployment, alcoholism, and drug abuse. He received a bachelor's degree from the Scottish College of Textiles (now Heriot-Watt University) and a master's degree from the Royal College of Art in London. He had no formal education in literature and notes that while he wanted to study English literature in college, he was discouraged from choosing the subject by a teacher who mentioned that it would "not suit someone from his background," resulting in <mask> subsequently studying textiles instead. Career
<mask> moved to New York City at the age of 24 to begin a career in fashion design.He worked for many brands, including Calvin Klein, Ralph Lauren, Banana Republic and Jack Spade, for more than 20 years. <mask> balanced his writing with his design job. It is noted that he started writing his first novel when he was balancing 12-hour shifts as a senior director of design at Banana Republic. Prior to his first novel being published, his works were featured on The New Yorker and on LitHub. His first novel, Shuggie Bain, won the 2020 Booker Prize, chosen by a judging panel comprising Margaret Busby (chair), Lee Child, Sameer Rahim, Lemn Sissay, and Emily Wilson. <mask> is the second Scottish author to win the Booker Prize in its 51-year history, after it was awarded in 1994 to James Kelman for How Late It Was, How Late, which book <mask> has credited with changing his life, since it was "one of the first times he had seen his people and dialect on the page". <mask> said: "When James won in the mid-90s, Scottish voices were seen as disruptive and outside the norm."Shuggie Bain was also longlisted for the 2021 Andrew Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Fiction, shortlisted for the 2020 Center for Fiction First Novel Prize, and was a finalist for both the 2020 Kirkus Prize and the 2020 National Book Award for Fiction. However, when <mask> wrote the novel, responses from publishers were not as encouraging, with the book being rejected by 32 US publishing companies (as well as a dozen in the UK), before it was finally sold to American independent publisher Grove Atlantic, who published it in hardcover on 11 February 2020. Shuggie Bain was later published in the United Kingdom by the Picador imprint of Pan Macmillan. The novel received generally favourable review coverage once it was published, including in The Observer, The New York Times, The Scotsman, the TLS, The Hindu, and elsewhere. The book was praised for its authentic portrayal of post-industrial working-class Glasgow of the 1980s and early 1990s, and also for his capture of the "wry, indefatigable Glaswegian voice in all its various shades of wit, anger and hope." Speaking at the Booker Prize award ceremony, Margaret Busby, chair of the panel, noted that the book was destined to be a classic, and went on to describe the work as a "moving, immersive and nuanced portrait of a tight-knit social world, its people and its values." In November 2020, <mask> revealed that he had finished his second novel, tentatively titled Loch Awe, also set in mid-1990s Glasgow.The book is a love story between two young men, set against the backdrop of post-industrial Glasgow, with its territorial gangs, and divisions across sectarian lines. In his words, the book is about "toxic masculinity" and the violence that can stem from pressures on working-class boys to "man-up". The novel, titled Young Mungo, is scheduled to be published by Grove Press on 5 April 2022, and by Picador on 14 April 2022. In a conversation with 2019 Booker winner Bernardine Evaristo on 23 November, livestreamed as a Southbank Centre event, <mask> said: "One of my biggest regrets I think is that growing up so poor I almost had to elevate myself to the middle class to turn around to tell a working-class story." Discussing the "middle-class" publishers' rejections he had received for Shuggie Bain, he told Evaristo: "Everyone was writing these really gorgeous letters. They were saying 'Oh my god this will win all of the awards and it's such an amazing book and I have never read anything like that, but I have no idea how to market it'." <mask> said in a 2021 conversation with the Duchess of Cornwall that winning the Booker Prize transformed his life.<mask>'s second novel, Young Mungo, prior to its 2022 publication was described by Oprah Daily as "a beautiful novel about family love and the dangers of being different in a violent, hyper-masculine world". Personal life
<mask> holds dual British and American citizenship. He is gay and lives in East Village, Manhattan, with his husband, Michael Cary, an art curator at the Gagosian Gallery. Selected awards and honours
 2020: Booker Prize for Shuggie Bain
 2020: Waterstones Scottish Book of the Year (Shuggie Bain)
 2021: American Academy of Arts and Letters: Sue Kaufman Prize for First Fiction
 2021: British Book Awards: Overall Book of the Year (Shuggie Bain)
 2021: British Book Awards: Debut Book of the Year (Shuggie Bain)
 2021: Independent Publisher Book Awards: Europe Best Regional Fiction (Bronze)
 2021: Honorary degree from Heriot-Watt University for services to fashion and literature

Bibliography

Novels
  UK, Picador. UK, Picador. Short fiction

Essays

References

External links

 Cressida Leyshon, "<mask> on Growing Up Queer Before the Internet", The New Yorker, 6 January 2020. "Interview | Booker winner <mask>: 'I owe Scotland everything'", The Guardian, 21 November 2020.1976 births
Living people
Writers from Glasgow
Writers from New York City
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
21st-century American novelists
21st-century Scottish novelists
American male novelists
Scottish male novelists
Scottish emigrants to the United States
Scottish fashion designers
Booker Prize winners
American gay writers
American LGBT novelists
LGBT writers from Scotland
LGBT people from New York (state)
21st-century American male writers
21st-century LGBT people

masks:
Douglas Stuart
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Douglas Stuart
Douglas Stuart


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<mask> (1889 – 10 February 1958) was a Turkish women's rights activist, suffragette, journalist, writer and political leader. In the 20th century Ottoman Empire, Nezihe <mask> was a pioneer of the women's movement who fought to ensure the recognition of women's political rights after declaration of republican regime. She became one of leading names of the First Wave Republican feminists. Even before the establishment of the Republican People's Party, <mask> completed the formation of Women's People's Party (KHF) in 1923 and became the founder of the first political party in Turkey. She also served  as a president of the Women's Union between 1924-1927 and helped the founding process of the journal named Turk Kadin Yolu. She is a writer who has written 20 novels, 300 stories, playings, screenplays, operettas. Life

Early life and education
She was born in Kandilli, Istanbul in 1889.She’s the daughter of a prosecutor and criminal judge Mr. <mask>. She completed her education with lessons from private teachers and did not receive higher education. She studied privately at home and learned Persian, Arabic, German, French. From her early teenage years, she grew up liable to political and social issues and the state of being a woman. <mask> <mask>’s cousin and her mother’s debates and discussion on literature and social problems led the way of Muhiddin’s ideology. She expresses that she sees the greatest contribution in terms of education from her cousin Nakiye Hanım. According to her, Nakiye Hanım is an exemplary Turkish woman who has experienced the modern type of woman, so her thoughts carry a lot of traces from her.She kept using her father’s surname, <mask>, in her literary works instead of the surname of his second husband. Career and literary works
She is the founder of the first party of the Republic of Turkey, Kadınlar Halk Fırkası (People's Party for Women or Women's People Party) in July 1923. KHF was founded for the political and social rights of women. Due to the political situation during the time, it was not recognized officially by the modern Turkish state. <mask> then founded Türk Kadınlar Birliği (Turkish Women's Union). Türk Kadınlar Birliği continued to press for political equality. In 1927 the Union decided to promote a feminist male candidate to champion women's rights in the parliament, but he was unsuccessful.She spent her life working to improve the quality of the lives of Turkish women. Nezihe <mask> wrote novels that studied women's problems and criticized men's attitudes in marriages. Her first novel, "Şebâb-ı Tebah” (Disappearing Youth), was published in 1911. <mask> started her career at the age of twenty and served many duties. She wrote articles in magazines and newspapers, one of the most important works among them was Kadın Yolu Dergisi between 1925-1926. Throughout her life, she wrote 20 novels, 300 stories, play, operettas, screenplays. She translated works of world writers such as Goethe and Edgar Allan Poe.In 1913, she took part in the establishment of the charity named "Turkish Ladies Protection Association” and also became the secretariat of the association. Moreover, she was one of the founders of the Women's Branch of the “Donanma Cemiyeti” which was established to support the Ottoman navy. However, when she was doing charity work, the main issue on her mind was unity of women and their participation in political life. <mask>, in her work called Turkish Women, states that she learned the notion of femininity from the women she grew up within the same environment and her actions were shaped by feeding on their ideas. She worked as a Directorate of İttihad ve Terakki Kız Sanayi Mehteb and published many novels and stories. She took important positions in associations, congregation, and communities that were founded by women. In 1927, the Union chose to advance a male contender for parliament, which ended up being ineffective.That very year, <mask> <mask> was accused of debasement as the seat of the Union and had to leave her position. The Turkish Women's Union disbanded in 1935, and it was invited to join the semi-official People's Houses, like many similar autonomous organizations. Nezihe <mask> was threatened, disregarded, and discarded by a series of prosecutions, both by the state authorities and by her female companions. As a result of the intimidation and deletion policies of that period, she did (could) not engage in political activity after the 1930s and focused on her author identity. She wrote many stories and novels. On February 10, 1958, she died in a mental hospital located in İstanbul. Publications

Books
 Şebab-ı Tebah (The Lost Youth)
 Benliğim benimdir (My Ego is Mine)
 Güzellik Kraliçesi (The Beauty Queen)
 Boz Kurt (The Grey Wolf)
 İstanbul'da Bir Landru (A Landru in Istanbul)
 Ateş Böcekleri (Fire Flies)
 Bir Aşk Böyle Bitti (This is How A Love Ended)
 Çıplak Model (The Naked Model)
 İzmir Çocuğu (The Child of Izmir)
 Avare Kadın (Wastrel Woman)
 Bir Yaz Gecesiydi (It Was a Summer Night)
 Çıngıraklı Yılan (The Rattlesnake)
 Kalbim Senindir (My Heart Belongs To You)
 Sabah Oluyor (Turning Out to be Morning)
 Gene Geleceksin (You Will Come Back)
 Sus Kalbim Sus!(Shush, My Heart, Shush!) Türk Kadını (Turkish Woman)

References

Further reading
 " Nezihe Muhitin ve Türk Kadini, by Ayşegül Baykan & Belma Ötüş Baskett. Published by Iletisim, 1999
 Nezihe Muhiddin: an Ottoman Turkish women's rights defender" by Yaprak Zihnioglu. Kadınsız İnkılap/ Nezihe <mask>, Kadınlar Halk Fırkası, Kadın Birliği. by Yaprak Zihnioğlu, Metis Yayınları 2003
  Nezihe Muhiddin külliyatı by Yaprak Zihnioğlu
 Osmanlı Kadın Hareketi'' by Serpil Çakır

External links
 Historical Roots of the Turkish Women's Movement
 Late Ottoman and Early Turkish women activists. Yeni Şafak Newspaper Article in Turkish. Ottoman Women's Movement, Turkish article in Radikal Newspaper
 Muhiddin, life and books.Radikal Newspaper Article in Turkish. Bir milletin nisvânı, derece-i terâkkisinin mizânıdır. SesOnline Article by Ayse Hur in Turkish
 Kadın Olmanın Günahı [The Sin of Being a Woman] Documentary

Feminist writers
1889 births
1958 deaths
Turkish writers
Turkish activists
Turkish women activists
Turkish feminists
Multicultural feminism
Feminism and history
20th-century Turkish women politicians
Leaders of political parties in Turkey
People of the Ottoman Empire
Turkish women writers

masks:
Nezihe Muhiddin Tepedelengil
Muhiddin
Nezihe Muhiddin
Muhiddin
Nezihe
Muhiddin
Muhiddin
Muhiddin
Muhiddin
Muhiddin
Muhiddin
Nezihe
Muhiddin
Muhiddin
Muhiddin