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<mask> (born 10 September 1975 in Newport, Wales) is a retired British motorcycle speedway rider. He was the former Team GB Under 21 team manager. He was also the team manager of the Birmingham Brummies for two seasons. Speedway career

Early years
<mask> was the Welsh Schoolboy grasstrack champion at the age of nine and within two years was also the British Youth Grasstrack Champion, a title he won a total of five times. He was signed by the Reading Racers a few days before his 16th Birthday. Reading Racers
Plunged straight into first team action at the end of the 1991 season, the Welsh teenager was then named in the Racers starting line up for the 1992 season, and was part of the team that won the British League title that season. <mask> became a key part of the Reading side over the next five seasons and although the club didn't repeat the success of the 1992 season, the Welshman was firmly established in the sport.He spent the 1997 away from Reading, his home town club Newport Wasps look set to sign him but they changed their mind on a contract offer, so <mask> joined Stoke Potters on loan from Reading, before re-joining his parent club for the 1998 season. In 1999 <mask> proved himself as a force to be reckoned with in the Premier League and continued this form into the 2000 season, when he won the first speedway meeting of the year, at the New Year Classic on 2 January 2000 at Newport Speedway. The 2000 season was <mask>' tenth on the books of Reading Speedway and he was granted a testimonial meeting, which attracted over 3000 people to Reading's Smallmead Stadium. In 2001 and 2002 <mask> continued to prove he was one of the best riders in the Premier League, and he came third in the 2002 Premier League Riders' Championship at Belle Vue. A knee injury suffered in Sweden curtailed his 2003 season, but he was back in the saddle for 2004, and proved his fitness with a 12-point maximum in his first meeting back against King's Lynn Stars. Although 2004 was to be his last full-time campaign in Reading colours, he also achieved one of his finest moments in the sport, when he partnered Danny Bird to win the Premier League Riders Pairs Championship. Life after Reading
For the 2005 season <mask> signed with the Newcastle Diamonds.Niggling injuries meant <mask> did not quite live up to expectations. In 2006, he was signed by Elite League Belle Vue, where his long-time friend and multi-world champion Jason Crump was team captain. <mask> finished the season with a -point average. For the 2007 season, he received the offer to ride for his home town club Newport, some ten years after they had pulled the plug on his contract. Although <mask> was their highest scorer in most meetings, the team struggled badly and crowds dwindled, which led to the club cutting costs and <mask> agreeing to move on and join fellow Premier League side Birmingham. Birmingham Brummies
Morris was signed on a full transfer by the Birmingham Brummies in 2008. <mask> suffered serious internal injuries in a crash at Mildenhall in early April and on his return to action in late May he suffered another injury, a badly dislocated shoulder at Rye House.Final years
His injury problems were to have a lasting effect on the Welshman, and, although he returned to the saddle in 2009, signing to ride for the Stoke Potters in the Premier League and starting the season well with some good performances, problems with his shoulder meant his scoring slumped and he was axed from the side, going on to ride for the Workington Comets, where again he struggled for points. He also doubled up with the Lakeside Hammers in the Elite League, where he produced a number of good performances. However, he took a heavy fall at Workington in August, and once again the shoulder was badly dislocated. On the advice of medics he took the decision to retire from speedway to avoid permanent damage to the shoulder. <mask> announced his retirement from competitive Speedway at the age of 34 in September 2009. Two years later, in September 2011, <mask> staged his farewell meeting at Birmingham Speedway. Management
He was appointed as head coach of the 2010 Great Britain under 21 team.This proved so successful that he was tasked with responsibility for the management, development and co-ordination of activities with regards to the riders aged 21 and below in British Speedway a role he continued in for the next 4 seasons. In 2012 he was appointed Assistant Team Manager for the Senior Squad as well, a role he undertook for 2013 Speedway World Cup as well. <mask> also successfully lead Team GB to a series victory over Australia in a series of meetings held on Premier League tracks. In 2012 <mask> returned to the Birmingham Brummies to manage the team, alongside the incumbent manager and promoter Graham Drury. In their first year as joint team managers they led the Brummies to the Elite League play-off's, for the first time since the club's reformation in 2006. For the 2013 season <mask> took over the full team management duties, where he led the Brummies to the league's top slot at the end of the season, only to see them lose to Poole Pirates in the grand final. <mask> resigned from his position at the end of the campaign, revealing unrest behind the scenes as his main reasons.After playing a key role in the development of the newly formed Elite League Rider draft system, which saw young British riders fast tracked into the 2014 Elite League teams, <mask> decided to tender his resignation from the role of under 21 coach at the end of the season. In December 2014, he was named the new FIM Race Director for the Speedway Grand Prix World Championship series as well as the Speedway World Cup, following the retirement of Tony Olsson. Game show appearances
<mask> has appeared on a number of UK television game shows including The Weakest Link, Brainbox Challenge where he won several hundred pounds and Eggheads. References

1975 births
Living people
British speedway riders
Welsh motorcycle racers
Welsh speedway riders
Sportspeople from Newport, Wales
Belle Vue Aces riders
Reading Racers riders
Newport Wasps riders
Lakeside Hammers riders
Birmingham Brummies riders
Newcastle Diamonds riders
Stoke Potters riders

masks:
Phillip William Morris
Phil Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris


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Gnaeus <mask> (Peltuinum c. AD 7 – 67) was a popular Roman general, brother-in-law of the emperor Caligula and father-in-law of Domitian. The emperor Nero, highly fearful of Corbulo's reputation, ordered him to commit suicide, which the general carried out faithfully, exclaiming "Axios", meaning "I am worthy", and fell on his own sword. Ancestry
<mask> was born somewhere on the Italian peninsula into a senatorial family. His father, who shared the same name, entered the Senate as a formal praetor under Tiberius. His mother Vistilia came from a family which held the praetorship. Military and political career

Reign of Caligula
Corbulo's early career is unknown but he was suffect consul in AD 39 during the reign of Caligula, his brother-in-law through Caligula's marriage to <mask>'s half-sister Milonia Caesonia. In Germania Inferior

After Caligula's assassination, Corbulo's career came to a halt until, in AD 47, the new Emperor Claudius made him commander of the armies in Germania Inferior, with a base camp in Colonia (Cologne).The new assignment was a difficult one and <mask> had to deal with major rebellions by the Germanic Cherusci and Chauci tribes. During his stay in Germania, the general ordered the construction of a canal between the rivers Rhine and Meuse. Parts of this engineering work, known as Fossa Corbulonis or Corbulo's Canal, have been found at archaeological digs. Its course is about identical to the modern-day Vliet canal, which connects the modern towns of Leiden (ancient Matilo) and Voorburg (Forum Hadriani). Upon reaching lower Germania, <mask> employed both the army and naval squadrons of the fleet patrolling the Rhine and the North Sea, eventually expelling the Chauci away from the Roman Provinces and instituting a rigorous training program in order to ensure maximum effectiveness of his legions. He supposedly executed two legionaries after they were found to have laid aside their swords when labouring in the construction of fortifications on a marching camp. <mask> is said to have said, "You defeat the enemy with a pickaxe."In the east

<mask> returned to Rome, where he stayed until AD 52, when he was named governor of the province of Asia. Following Claudius' death in AD 54, the new emperor Nero sent him to the eastern provinces to deal with the Armenian question. After some delay, and reinforced by troops from Germania, in AD 58 he took the offensive, and attacked Tiridates, King of Armenia and brother of Vologases I of Parthia. Artaxata and Tigranocerta were captured by his legions (III Gallica, VI Ferrata, and X Fretensis), and Tigranes, who had been brought up in Rome and was an obedient servant of the government, was installed as king of Armenia. In AD 61 Tigranes invaded Adiabene, an integral portion of the Parthian Kingdom, and a conflict between Rome and Parthia seemed unavoidable. Instead, Vologases thought it better to come to terms. It was agreed that both Roman and Parthian troops should evacuate Armenia, that Tigranes should be dethroned, and the rule of Tiridates recognized.The Roman government declined to accede to these arrangements, and Lucius Caesennius Paetus, governor of Cappadocia, was ordered to settle the question by bringing Armenia under direct Roman administration. The protection of Syria claimed all of <mask>'s attention in the meantime. Paetus, a weak and incapable commander who "despised the fame acquired by <mask>", suffered a severe defeat at Rhandeia in AD 62, where he was surrounded and forced to capitulate to the Parthians and evacuated to Armenia. Command was again entrusted to <mask>. In AD 63, with a strong army, he crossed the Euphrates. Tiridates declined to give battle and arranged a peace. At Rhandea he laid down his diadem at the foot of the emperor's statue, promising not to resume it until he received it from the hand of Nero himself in Rome.Fall and death
After two failed plots by noblemen and senators, including <mask>'s son-in-law, the senator Lucius Annius Vinicianus, to overthrow Nero in AD 66, Nero became suspicious of <mask> and his support among the Roman masses. In AD 67 disturbances broke out in Judaea and Nero, ordering Vespasian to take command of the Roman forces, summoned <mask>, as well as two brothers who were the governors of Upper and Lower Germany, to Greece. On his arrival at Cenchreae, the port of Corinth, messengers from Nero met <mask> and ordered him to commit suicide. Undaunted, he strode forward to accept his fate, and fell on his own sword after exclaiming, "Axios! ", meaning "I am worthy!" Works
<mask> wrote a now-lost account of his Asiatic experiences. Marriage and issue
<mask> married Cassia Longina, the daughter of Gaius Cassius Longinus, consul of 30, and his wife Junia Lepida, a great-great-granddaughter of Augustus.Cassia bore <mask> two daughters. The elder daughter, Domitia, married the senator Annius Vinicianus, and their second daughter, Domitia Longina, married the future Emperor Domitian. In popular culture
 The 2012 historical novel, Avenger of Rome, by Douglas Jackson, deals with the fictional last battle of Corbulo. Two of Simon Scarrow's Eagles of the Empire series, The Blood of Rome (2018) and Traitors of Rome (2019) feature <mask>'s involvement in the East. Mickey Rourke plays <mask> in the 2020 film The Legion. In the live-action web series Halo 4: Forward Unto Dawn, the main setting is called the Corbulo Academy of Military Science. The main saying/mantra of the cadets there is "Axios".In addition, several statues of <mask> decorate the campus, and lessons are taught on <mask>'s life and accomplishments. Notes

References

Military History, Vol. 23, Number 5, p. 47–53. External links
 Livius: Corbulo
 Livius: Fossa Corbulonis

AD 7 births
Year of birth uncertain
67 deaths
1st-century Romans
1st-century Roman governors of Syria
Flavian dynasty
Julio-Claudian dynasty
Corbulo
Suffect consuls of Imperial Rome
Roman governors of Germania Inferior
Roman governors of Asia
Ancient Romans who committed suicide
Forced suicides
People of the Roman–Parthian Wars
Roman governors of Syria
Senators of the Roman Empire
Suicides by sharp instrument in Greece
Generals of Nero
Ancient Roman proconsuls

masks:
Domitius Corbulo
Corbulo
Corbulo
Corbulo
Corbulo
Corbulo
Corbulo
Corbulo
Corbulo
Corbulo
Corbulo
Corbulo
Corbulo
Corbulo
Corbulo
Corbulo
Corbulo
Corbulo
Corbulo
Corbulo
Corbulo


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<mask> (1853–1924) was a French diplomat, bibliophile and art collector. He was a career French diplomat who served most of his working life in Korea and whose private collection of Far Eastern art and antiquities went on to form the core of the Korean collection at the Musée Guimet in Paris. <mask> served for nearly a decade starting in 1884 as French Minister to Korea. He was the first French Minister to Korea and published three volumes of "Joseon Seoji" while working as a French diplomat in Joseon. He was the first foreigner introducing the historical value of Jikji to the world through the Paris International Exposition(1900). At the suggestion of <mask>, Emperor Gojong, the king of Joseon Dynasty, participated in the Paris International Exposition(1900) and became an opportunity for Joseon's history and culture to be known to the world. <mask> set up an exhibition hall with hanok at the Paris International Exposition to display Korean traditional items and promote them to the world.At that time, one of the Korean books he displayed at the Korean Pavilion at the Paris International Exposition was "Jikji," the oldest existing metal type printed book. In addition, he accurately recorded the value of Jikji in  'Joseon Seoji'. His accumulated books became part of the core of the Korean collection of the French Bibliothèque Nationale, and his accumulated artworks became part of the core of the Musée Guimet in Paris. <mask> <mask> was born on November 22, 1853 in Plancy, a small town near Troyes in the Champagne region of eastern France, the son of <mask> <mask>, a Jesuit priest and prolific writer on the occult whose name is still much more familiar in France than that of his son. Despite the name, <mask> <mask> was not of noble pedigree. Against the strict laws of lineage <mask>'s father had illicitly added the "<mask> Plancy" to his family name of <mask> in a move that would later bring accusations against the son. As a very young man <mask> <mask> studied in Paris at the Ecole de l'Immaculée Conception before gaining entrance to the prestigious École des Langues Orientales Vivantes, where he trained in Chinese, graduating in 1877.Though he had ambitions for entering the diplomatic corps, he was posted instead to Peking as a junior interpreter, often a preliminary step to seeking consular duties. Prevented by his stationing in Peking from taking the requisite exam for consular assignment (administered only at Paris), it was 1883 before he finally received his coveted consular position, when he was named consul second class at Peking. In 1884 he was promoted to acting French consul at Shanghai, where he served during the Sino-French War, distinguishing himself by services rendered to a cholera-stricken French fleet harbored in Shanghai during the conflict for which he was made an Officer of the Legion of Honor. It was during this posting that <mask> <mask> served briefly as the first French consul to Korea, when relations were opened with that country in 1887. He would go on to serve as French consul in Japan before returning to Korea in 1896 as the resident French consul in that country. Except for extended sick leaves in 1899–1900 and 1905–1906, <mask> <mask> would spend the years from 1896 to 1906 in Seoul, where he would eventually be promoted full minister. He would serve only briefly as French minister to Bangkok in 1906 before requesting full retirement 1907.The young <mask> <mask> was described alternately as laborious, impartial and instructed, while being lauded as well for his more social qualities — charm, elegance of manners, impeccable taste and perhaps most importantly, amiability. The introduction to his collected papers in the French Foreign Ministry notes the qualities for which <mask> <mask> seemed best known, "his tact, courtesy, and refined manners" and as one who excelled in "issues of etiquette... but who rarely ventured into the realm of general ideas". In Seoul he became known for his charming garden parties. Particularly well-received were his "chrysanthemum festivals" held every autumn in the gardens of the French legation, during which guest strolled the peaceful grounds in the midst of the budding capital, admiring the park with its greenhouses of flowers. In 1896 <mask> had constructed an elegant European style compound for the French legation, filling it with antiques from the Château de Chenonceaux. He was himself a collector; his respectable assortment of Asian art and ceramics was eventually donated to the Musée Guimet in Paris where it forms a core part of the Korean collection. <mask> <mask> never married.<mask> <mask>'s diplomatic acumen proved a boon for French interests in Korea during the last decade or so of the 19th century. He became occupied in procuring the concession for of the Seoul-Uiju line for Five-Lilles, personally negotiating with the Korean foreign minister. Along with the above railway concession he also successfully petitioned for mining rights on behalf of French companies along the proposed railroad. However, other efforts spearheaded by <mask> <mask> to gain railway concessions to Mokpo and Wonsan were not so successful. <mask> <mask> was successful in raising the French visibility and prestige in other realms more successfully than in railroads and mining. As chief French diplomat in Korea, and enjoying a wide range of contacts, <mask> <mask> was the natural hinge for the expansion of French influence. <mask> <mask> helped a certain Mr. Saltarel establish official contacts in Seoul upon his arrival there as representative of several French companies in early 1898.Saltarel eventually gained a mining concession in Korea. In late 1899 a French military attaché in China, Commander Polyeucte Vidal, was also brought in through <mask> <mask>'s efforts to assess the state of the Korean arsenal and make recommendations as to its improvement and the establishment of a Korean arms industry. Eventually the French, represented by Vidal, would join with the Russians in a mutual campaign to reorganize the Korean arsenal. <mask> Plancy also brought in an expert from the Sèvres Ceramic Works to recommend ways of modernizing and expanding the Korean porcelain industry. But France's most visible representative, behind <mask> <mask> himself, was undoubtedly E. Clemencet, who had been brought to Korea in 1898, shortly after Korea's entrance into the International Postal Union, to organize a modern Korean postal service. Upon the bureau's opening in January 1900 Clemencet sent the first international letter to <mask> <mask> (then on leave in France), as the "only fitting homage" to the man who had contributed so much to making the service a reality. The French consul also proved instrumental in paving the way for Korea's participation at the Paris Universal Exposition of 1900.In 1906, shortly after Korea became a protectorate of Japan, <mask> <mask> left Korea for a posting in Bangkok, Thailand. He went into retirement the following year. After his death in 1924, a large part of his art and book collection made its way into the possession of the Musée Guimet, the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, and the Collège de France. <mask> <mask> was also an amateur naturalist and authored several texts on the insects and reptiles of his native France. See also
 France-Korea Treaty of 1886

References

 Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921–1922. (1922). Korea's Appeal to the Conference on Limitation of Armament.Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 12923609

French diplomats
Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
1853 births
1924 deaths

masks: Victor Émile Marie Joseph Collin de Plancy


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<mask> (born February 20, 1960) is an American writer, comedian and television actor. He is best known for creating Mystery Science Theater 3000 (MST3K) and starring in it as the character <mask>. In 2007, MST3K was listed as "one of the top 100 television shows of all time" by Time. From 2007 to 2013, <mask> was part of the "movie riffing" project Cinematic Titanic with several of his fellow MST3K alumni, performing live and producing content for DVDs and direct download. He has also served as Creative Lead for Media at Pennsylvania technology firm Cannae. Early life and career
<mask> was born on February 20, 1960 in Stevens Point, Wisconsin, and later moved to Green Bay, Wisconsin. He was raised in an Evangelical Christian upbringing, and later claimed that the various shows his church would put on had a profound influence on his desire to become an entertainer.<mask> began his career in seventh grade as a magician and ventriloquist. <mask> performed for local events in Green Bay, and attended Ashwaubenon High School. Upon graduation, <mask> moved to Minneapolis to attend Bethel University (Minnesota) to study Theatre and Mass Media. While there, <mask> further developed his magic act by adding comedy and began opening for musical acts at Bethel as well as performing in coffee houses and comedy clubs. <mask> cites a Theatre of the Absurd class at Bethel taught by Dr. David Horn for helping him crystallize the meaning of his comedy. In 1981 he won the Campus Comedy Contest and then the first annual Twin Cities Comedy Invitational in 1982. In November of the same year <mask> moved to Los Angeles where he became a regular performer at the Comedy Store and the Hollywood Magic Castle, as well as the Comedy Magic Club.At the Comedy Magic Club, <mask> was spotted by Late Night with David Letterman producer Barry Sand and three months later at age 22 had his network television debut. He later made four other appearances on the Letterman show, as well as four on Saturday Night Live as a guest act. <mask> also was a featured performer on HBO’s "Eighth Annual Young Comedians Special" hosted by John Candy along with Bill Maher, Paula Poundstone, and the Amazing Johnathan. He worked at the Comedy Store while in LA, also doing traveling stand-up in San Jose, San Francisco, Detroit, Kansas City and Minneapolis. <mask> left stand-up in 1985, citing the need for a creative sabbatical, and moved back to Minneapolis. Between 1984 and 1988 - <mask>'s 'official' return to comedy - he built and sold sculptures, worked at a T-shirt factory, designed toys, and began designing and building props (including robots) for other comedians. In 1986 he co-wrote an HBO special with Jerry Seinfeld.He was also considered for the role of Woody Boyd in Cheers. He met Jim Mallon in 1987, and Mallon became production manager at the St. Paul UHF station KTMA Channel 23 in 1988. <mask> was the first choice to portray "Philo" in the "Weird Al" Yankovic film UHF, but at the time of the filming in 1988, he had begun the production of a new form of television program for KTMA. Mystery Science Theater 3000
Building on his gift for designing toys and other gizmos, <mask> built three robot puppets and created MST3K in 1988. He starred as the show's long-suffering but inventive protagonist, <mask>, who in the backstory is responsible for creating his own robot companions. <mask> cites the 1972 film Silent Running influenced the premise of the show. MST3K originally aired on KTMA-TV, before becoming one of the first two shows to be picked up by the Comedy Channel, the forerunner of Comedy Central upon starting operations in 1989.The other show, also created and written by <mask>, was the short-lived Higgins Boys and Gruber, a sketch comedy program that starred Steve Higgins, David Anthony Higgins and Dave Allen. <mask> surprised many fans when he left MST3K after its 107th episode, Mitchell in 1993. <mask>'s departure was scripted into the episode with the robot, Gypsy, ejecting <mask> from the Satellite of Love in an escape pod after incorrectly believing <mask>'s captors were plotting to kill him. Michael J. Nelson replaced <mask> as host for the remainder of the series' run. In contemporary interviews, <mask> stated he was uncomfortable with acting and being in front of the camera. In 1999, he added that he and producer Jim Mallon had been fighting over creative control of MST3K. His departure allowed the show to continue and gave him the opportunity to focus on his preferred creation and production work rather than on performing, which he did only reluctantly.<mask> later made a surprise guest appearance in the season premiere for the final season of MST3K ("Soultaker", episode 1001). The original MST3K ended its run in 1999. <mask> said in 2008 that he felt leaving MST3K "was a bit of a personal tragedy" and that he had "...created the appearance to the press that I had other plans, but I didn't. It was all to keep [MST3K] alive." He also stated that he felt his run on MST3K "...was the perfect job." In a separate interview that year, <mask> said of his departure from MST3K, "I was, like, totally happy at Mystery Science Theater. I loved it.I wanted to stay, but I was basically having a fight with my partner, Jim Mallon. So we weren't getting along and so I just felt like — I thought it really could possibly jeopardize the show. It would have been easy to create factions out of the group. And by that time it would not have been a fun show to work on. And so, I felt like I saw it coming and I just thought [leaving] was the best thing at the time." Work after MST3K
After MST3K, <mask> formed Visual Story Tools (VST) with his brother <mask>. They created a special for an interactive sketch comedy program called The TV Wheel for HBO, which <mask> produced and hosted.It aired only once, on Comedy Central, after the last new Comedy Central episode of MST3K. Over the years <mask> and his brother Jim maintained a side project that utilized the repurposing of movie footage with digital effects; codenamed "jollyfilter." <mask>'s other post-MST3K projects and contributions include Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves, You Don't Know Jack, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, and Everything You Need to Know. In 1999, <mask> played a recurring role as a disco-loving clothing store salesman and DJ on the television show Freaks and Geeks. <mask> was featured as the cover story in the November 1996 issue of Genii magazine. In 2007, he portrayed Blackbeard the pirate in two episodes of The Radio Adventures of Dr. Floyd and recently joined fellow MST3K alum Frank Conniff's monthly comedy revue Cartoon Dump, helming his self-created puppet "Dumpster Diver Dan." He has since starred in the science fiction computer game Darkstar: The Interactive Movie as Scythe Commander Kane Cooper.<mask> also reunited with Jerry Seinfeld as a guest on his web show, Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee. In 2013, he reprised his role as <mask> for a brief cameo appearance in two episodes of the fourth season of Arrested Development, along with Trace Beaulieu as Crow. Since 2013, he has been voicing recurring character Mayor Bill Dewey in the Cartoon Network original animated series Steven Universe. In 2015, he appeared as Zalien Fletcher, a long-haired, laid-back, dim-witted engineer on the Paul Feig produced space comedy Other Space, which premiered on Yahoo! Screen on April 14, 2015. Fellow Mystery Science Theater 3000 alum Trace Beaulieu also appears as Zalien's robot pal Art, an homage to MST3K. Cinematic Titanic
On October 30, 2007, <mask> announced he was starting a new show with the same "riffing on bad movies" premise as MST3K called Cinematic Titanic, together with former MST3K cast and crew members Trace Beaulieu, J. Elvis Weinstein, Frank Conniff and Mary Jo Pehl.In 2012, he began touring a one-man show detailing his life and career through slides, video, and live interaction titled Riffing Myself. Cinematic Titanic completed the final tour on December 30, 2013. Mystery Science Theater 3000 revival
On November 10, 2015, <mask> launched a Kickstarter campaign to bring back MST3K for another season. The Kickstarter closed with over $6.3 million in funding (including "add-on rewards" offered through a separate site), allowing <mask> to plan to produce fourteen new episodes. The project was released on Netflix as Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Return in April, 2017, and stars comedian Jonah Ray as Jonah Heston, alongside original co-star robots (puppets voiced by actors) Tom Servo, Crow, and Gypsy, much like when <mask> hosted the show himself. <mask> himself makes an appearance on this series as "Ardy," although he is hidden under a HAZMAT suit in this character. The series was met with mainly positive reviews, and has been certified "Fresh" by Rotten Tomatoes, and featured a nationwide live tour, titled "MST3K Live!Watch Out for Snakes! Tour." <mask> was present for each show, marking the first time he's hosted the show in several years, and his first time hosting alongside Jonah Ray. The revived series ran for two seasons on Netflix, ending in November 2018. On April 7, 2021, <mask> launched a second Kickstarter campaign to make another revival of the series, intended for a new service called the Gizmoplex, with a possibility that he would host two episodes. The initial $2 million goal was met within the first 25 hours, with a total of $6.5 million at the end, enabling thirteen new episodes, two featuring <mask> as <mask>, a 3D film, and Halloween and Christmas specials. References

External links

 <mask>'s Inspirational Quotes

1960 births
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American comedy writers
American male comedians
American male television actors
American stand-up comedians
American television writers
Living people
Male actors from Wisconsin
American male television writers
People from Green Bay, Wisconsin
People from Stevens Point, Wisconsin
Prop comics
Male actors from Los Angeles
Writers from Los Angeles
Screenwriters from California
Screenwriters from Wisconsin
Comedians from California
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians

masks:
Joel Hodgson
Joel Robinson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Joel
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Joel Robinson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Joel
Joel
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Jim Hodgson
Joel
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Joel
Joel Robinson
Hodgson
Joel Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Hodgson
Joel Robinson
Joel Hodgson


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<mask> (July 17, 1957) is a Colombian writer. She has won several awards such as the Premio Fernando Lara de Novela in 2019 (Fernando Lara Novel Award), the Planeta-Casa de América Award (Premio Planeta - Casa de América) in 2009, the Azorín Prize (Premio Azorín) in 2005 and four Chicago Latin Literary Awards, as well as the Premio Iberoamericano Planeta-Casa de América de Narrativa. Her works have been translated into 23 languages and published in more than 50 countries. She is one of the most widely read Spanish-speaking authors, the most read Colombian writer after Gabriel García Márquez, and considered the creator of the Magical Idealism. First steps, life and years as a publicist
Born in the Colombian city of Cali, she is the daughter of <mask> and Cilia Acevedo, the fifth of seven children -5 women and 2 men. She read her first book when she was only 6, Peter and Wendy by J.M. Barrie, determining her fascination for literature.A combination of observation, silence and imagination led Becerra to write at an early age her first stories in which she created other worlds. Throughout her adolescence she writes many poems that later will be part of his collection Alma Abierta (Open Soul). At 17 she married Humberto Tellez. The result of this union is her first daughter <mask> (Cali, 1980). Once married Becerra begins Economics, career that she abandons in order to pursue Communication and Advertising Design from which she graduated with honors in 1982. By that time, she was serving as Creative Director at a major international advertising agency. In 1987, and after she is divorced, Becerra moved to Bogota where she continued her successful advertising career earning numerous awards for her creative work.In 1988, after meeting the advertiser and writer Joaquín Lorente -who will become her husband and the father of her second daughter María (Barcelona 1993)-, Becerra traveled to Barcelona and for thirteen years hold the Creative Vice Presidency of one of the most important advertising agencies Spain. In 2000, amidst her professional success, she abandoned her career as a publicist in order to devote herself entirely to her deepest passion: writing. Her work
Her first published work was Alma Abierta (Open Soul) (Planeta Group, 2001), a beautiful collection of poems that deals with the conflicts of the human being in maturity. De los amores negados (Of Useless Loves) (2003), her first published novel (Villegas Editores 2003, Grupo Planeta 2004), marks the beginning of a very personal style described by literary critics as Magic Idealism. This is a story set in the imaginary city of Garmendia del Viento, where time seems to accompany the anxieties of Fiamma and Martin. This work received a warm reception from critics and readers in both Spain and Latin America, obtaining the Chicago Latin American Literary Award for Best Sentimental Novel. The work that established her as a great novelist is El penúltimo sueño (The Penultimate Dream) (Planeta Group 2005, Villegas Editores, 2005), an immense love story that overcomes every obstacle.The story takes place between Barcelona and Cannes, where Joan and Soledad fall in love as teenagers. Throughout its pages, the two characters live a lengthy dream with a surprising ending. This book gets the Azorín Prize in 2005, the Prize for Best Colombian Fiction Book 2005 and the Latin American Literary Award in Chicago for Best Romantic Novel. In 2007, she published Lo que le falta al tiempo (What Time is Missing) (Planeta Group, Villegas Editores), a novel of mystery and love that takes place in the Saint-Germain-des-Prés quarter in Paris. The two main characters of the story are Cadiz, a sexagenarian painter in the twilight of his career, and Mazarine, a student in love of her professor who keeps at home a secret that can change the course of art. For this book she received the Chicago Latin American Literary Award 2007 in two categories: Best Mystery Novel and Best Romantic Novel. In 2008, Becerra published Amor con A (Villegas Editores) in Colombia, a collection of poems printed in a limited edition that gathers the beginning, life and death of love.Ella que todo lo tuvo (She, who had it all) (Planeta Group, 2009), a psychological novel, is the story of a writer who suffers an accident and never writes again. In her intention to feel alive again, the writer creates an enigmatic character, a Donna di lágrima, a silent woman adored by men. No one will recognize her as the sad and lonely writer who restores old books in Florence and falls in love with a mysterious book keeper. This book got the Planeta-Casa de America Award in 2009. In 2013 Becerra published Memorias de un sinvergüenza de siete suelas (Memoires of a Seven Soles Scoundrel) (Planeta Group), a novel full of emotional contrasts set in the most glamorous and traditional Seville. It is the story of Francisco Valiente, a casanova of the 21st century who dies suddenly. During his funeral, his wife and his lover will tell his scattered life; what they do not know is that the dead is also listening and will have much to say in that funeral.Her most recent novel Algún día (Someday, today) (Planeta Group, 2019), is based on a real event that took place in 1920 in Colombia, and in which she tells the story of Betsabé Espinal, who at the age of twenty-three becomes the heroine of one of the first feminist strikes in history. The book has been awarded with the XXIV Fernando Lara Novel Award. <mask> Becerra writes regularly for various international media and platforms. She has been guest speaker to events as relevant as Hay Festival. Very few people know her as an active creator in other fields. Some art curators value her approaches to photography, drawing, painting, sculpture and theater, recognizing a powerful aesthetic universe. Books
Alma Abierta (Open Soul), Collection of poems, 2001
 De Los Amores Negados  (Of Useless Loves), 2004
 El penúltimo Sueño  (The Penultimate Dream), 2005
 Lo que le falta al tiempo (What Time is Missing), 2007
 Alma abierta y otros poemas (Open Soul and Other Poems), 2008
 Amor con A, 2008
 Ella que todo lo tuvo (She, who had it all), 2009
 Memorias de un sinvergüenza de siete suelas (Memoirs of a Seven Soles Scoundrel), 2013
 Algún día (Someday, Today), 2019

Awards
De Los Amores Negados (Of Useless Loves), Latin American Literary Award 2004 at the BookExpo America (BEA) in the category of Best Romantic novel.El Penúltimo Sueño (The Penultimate Dream), Azorín Prize 2005. El Penúltimo Sueño (The Penultimate Dream), Latin American Literary Award 2005 at the BookExpo America (BEA) in the category of Best Romantic novel. El Penúltimo Sueño (The Penultimate Dream), Colombian Award for Best Fiction Book of 2005. Lo que le falta al tiempo (What Time is Missing), Latin American Literary Award 2008 at the BookExpo America (BEA) in the categories of Best Mystery novel and Best Romantic novel. Ella que todo lo tuvo (She, who had it all), Planeta-Casa de America Award 2009
Algún día, hoy (Someday, today), Fernando Lara Novel Award 2019

References

External links
 Ángela Becerra en Femenino
Tengo edad para ser lo que quiero
Traducida al rumano
En la ExpoMilan
Ángela Becerra en Escritoras.com
 Ángela Becerra en Grupo -Clarín Revista de Cultura
 Entrevista a Ángela Becerra por Santiago Cruz Hoyos
 Premio Casa de América - Ed. Planeta, 2009

1957 births
Colombian women writers
Living people

masks:
Ángela Becerra Acevedo
Marco Tulio Becerra
Ángela
Ángela


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<mask> (; born between 1532 and 1542 – August 5 or 6, 1585) was a Cossack ataman and is today a hero in Russian folklore and myths. In the reign of Tsar <mask> started the Russian conquest of Siberia. Russians' fur-trade interests fueled their desire to expand east into Siberia. The Tatar khanate of Kazan was established as the best entryway into Siberia. In 1552, Ivan the Terrible's modernized army toppled the khanate. After the takeover of Kazan, the tsar looked to the powerful and affluent Stroganov merchant family to spearhead the eastward expansion. In the late 1570s, the Stroganovs recruited Cossack fighters to invade Asia on behalf of the tsar.These Cossacks elected Yermak as the leader of their armed forces, and in 1582 Yermak set out with an army of 840 to attack the Khanate of Sibir. On October 26, 1582, Yermak and his soldiers overthrew Kuchum Khan's Tatar empire at Qashliq in a battle that marked the "conquest of Siberia". <mask> remained in Siberia and continued his struggle against the Tatars until 1584, when a raid organized by Kuchum Khan ambushed and killed him and his party. The specifics of Yermak's life, such as his appearance, background, and dates of events, remain points of controversy for historians because the texts that document his life are not reliable. However, his life and conquests had a profound influence on Siberian relations, sparking Russian interest in the region and establishing the Tsardom of Russia as an aggressive imperial power east of the Urals. Authenticity

There is less information about Yermak than most other notable explorers and historical figures. Much of what we know about Yermak is derived from folklore and legend.There are no contemporary descriptions of Yermak and all portraits are merely estimations. One of the Siberian chronicles, the Remezov Chronicle, written more than one hundred years after Yermak's death describes him as “flat-faced, black of beard with curly hair, of medium stature and thick-set and broad-shouldered,” but even this detailed account is not reliable because the narrator had never seen Yermak. In addition to his physical features' being unknown, the details of Yermak's life and the circumstances leading up to his excursion into Siberia are obscure. Russian writer Valentin Rasputin laments the lack of information that we have about Yermak considering the vast scope of his contributions to Russian society. Our knowledge of Yermak's upbringing and voyages pales in comparison to that of other renowned explorers such as Christopher Columbus. Historians encounter serious difficulties when attempting to piece together the specifics of Yermak's life and exploits because the two key, primary sources about Yermak may be biased or inaccurate. These sources are the Stroganov Chronicle, another one of the Siberian chronicles, and the Sinodik.The Stroganov Chronicle was commissioned by the Stroganov family itself, therefore it exaggerates the family's involvement in the conquest of Siberia. The Sinodik is an account of Yermak's campaign written forty years after his death by the archbishop of Tobolsk, Cyprian (Kipriyan). The text was formed based on oral tradition and memories of his expedition but almost certainly was affected by the archbishop's desire to canonize Yermak. The combination of forgotten details over time and the embellishment or omission of facts in order for Yermak to be accepted as a saint suggests that the Sinodik could be erroneous. Though Cyprian failed to canonize Yermak, he made an effort to immortalize the warrior, who he considered being the "Grand Inquisitor" of Siberia. These documents, along with the various others that chronicle Yermak's expeditions, are filled with contradictions that make the truth about Yermak's life difficult to discern. While the sources that exist on Yermak are fallible, those accounts, along with folklore and legend, are all that historians have to base their knowledge on; therefore, they are widely accepted and considered to reflect the truth.Early life

Ancestry
The Don Cossack warrior <mask> Timofeyevich was born by the Chusovaya River on the eastern fringes of the Muscovite lands. The only information about Yermak's upbringing comes from a source called the Cherepanov Chronicle. This chronicle, compiled by a Tobolsk coachman in 1760 - long after <mask>'s death - was never published in full, but in 1894 the historian Aleksandr Alekseyevich Dmitrieyev concluded that it probably represents a copy or paraphrase of an authentic 17th-century document. According to the section of the chronicle entitled "On Yermak, and where he was born", <mask>'s grandfather, Afonasiy Grigor'yevich Alenin, came from Suzdal, north-east of Moscow. To escape poverty, he moved south to Vladimir where he became a coachman in the Murom forests. In the Murom forests, the voyevoda arrested him for driving unscrupulous passengers - robbers who had hired him. Afonasiy's son  (<mask>'s father) Timofey relocated to the Stroganov lands on the Chusovaya in order to make money.There speculation locates the birthplace of Vasiliy <mask> Alenin, later known as "<mask>". Occupation
Yermak worked in the Stroganovs' river fleet as a porter and a sailor transporting salt along the Kama and the Volga rivers. Growing tired of his work, he assembled a gang, left his employment, and moved to the Don region to become a river pirate. Among his fellow Cossack bandits, he acquired the nickname Yermak. Prior to his conquest of Siberia, Yermak's combat experience consisted of leading a Cossack detachment for the tsar in the Livonian War of 1558-83 and plundering merchant ships. Based on legends and folk songs, for years, Yermak had been involved in robbing and plundering on the Volga with the hetman Ivan Kolzo and four other Cossack leaders. Historian Valerie Kivelson refers to Yermak's group as “his gang of thugs.”  Like many other Cossacks, Yermak's gang was involved in the “thieves” trade [“vorovskim” remeslom].It was typical of Cossacks to engage in piracy on the Sea of Azov or the Caspian Sea and to rob various envoys and Russian or Persian merchants. Though a bandit, <mask> earned a reputation as an eminent and loyal Russian fighter. Through his experience fighting in the Livonian War, he learned war tactics and excelled beyond the other hetmans in skill. Conquest background

In the late 1500s, prior to Yermak's expeditions, the Russians attempted to push eastward into Siberia in search of furs. Under Ivan the Great, the Russians entered northwest Siberia but “to approach Siberia from that direction proved too arduous and difficult, even in the best of times.” The Russians decided that taking a southern route through the Tatar khanate of Kazan would allow them to penetrate Siberia more easily, but Kazan would need to be overthrown first. Ivan the Terrible's first foreign objective upon rising to power was to take Kazan. Ivan the Terrible's modernized army proved successful at the beginning of October 1552 and Ivan proceeded to open up the east to enterprising Russian individuals, such as the Stroganovs.Anika Stroganov used the former khanate of Kazan as an entryway into Siberia and established a private empire on the southwest corner of Siberia. Following the Russian conquest under Ivan the Terrible, the Tatar khanate of Kazan became the Russian province of Perm. Ivan the Terrible had tremendous trust in the entrepreneurial prowess of the Stroganov family and granted them the province of Perm as a financial investment which would be sure to benefit Russia in the future. The tsar also gave the Stroganovs permission to expand into the territory along the Tobol and Irtysh Rivers which belonged to the Muslim leader Kuchum Khan. The Stroganovs proceeded to launch expeditions eastward into non-Russian territories. They pushed into the khanate of Sibir, the sister state of the former khanate of Kazan, because it maintained control over Siberia's fur in the west. During the time of the Russian conquest of Kazan in the 1540s and 1550s, Sibir had been undergoing conflicts of its own with rival clans.The khanate was on the precarious ground until the rise of Kuchum Khan, a descendant of the famed Chingis Khan, in the 1560s. Kuchum Khan built up allies among his neighbors and the Crimean Tatars in order to thwart the Stroganovs’ expansion across the Urals. In July 1572, Kuchum launched his first raid on Stroganov settlements, which resulted in almost one hundred deaths. In 1573, the Tatar army expanded and changed leadership. Kuchum's nephew, Mahmet-kul, assumed control of the Tatar army. The Stroganovs realized that they could no longer expect their settlers to remain in the lands around Perm if they only fought a defensive battle. The tsar granted the Stroganov family permission to invade Asia.However, the tsar soon changed his mind and told the Stroganovs to retract from Siberia, fearing that Russia did not have the resources or manpower to topple Kuchum Khan's empire. The Stroganovs decided to ignore the tsar's orders and, in the late 1570s, Anika Stroganov's grandsons Nikita and Maksim recruited Cossack fighters to wage war on their behalf. They elected the Cossack chieftain <mask> Timofeyevich as the leader of the Cossack brigades. According to the Stroganov Chronicle, on April 6, 1579, after hearing of Yermak's and his comrades’ “daring and bravery,” the Stroganovs sent a letter to the men asking them to come to their ancestral estates in Chusovaya and summoning them to fight against the Tatars in the name of the tsar. Since Yermak had been the most illustrious of the recruits, he became the captain (ataman) of the “conquest of Siberia.” However, there remains the question as to whether Yermak, in fact, decided to fight the war of his own accord without being pursued by the Stroganovs. This question arose due to the discrepancy between the narratives of the Stroganov Chronicle and a different Siberian chronicle, the Yespiov Chronicle. The Stroganov Chronicle portrays the family as the motivating force behind <mask>'s campaign while the Yesipov Chronicle fails even to mention the family.Perhaps the Stroganovs told the story in a way that would inspire the Russian people to feel just as indebted to them as to Yermak for the conquest of Siberia. Siberian historians are divided on the matter, some believing that the Stroganovs were behind Yermak's campaign and others believing that they played no part in it. Conquest of Siberia

Yermak was officially enlisted by the Stroganovs in the spring of 1582. His quest was “to take de facto possession of the country along the Tobol and the Irtysh, which was already de jure in the Stroganovs’ possession under the Tsar's charter of 1574.” The Stroganovs’ ultimate goal was to open up a southern passageway to Mangaseya to access its furs. The Khanate of Sibir blocked the road from the Urals to Mangaseya. After overthrowing the khanate, the intended final destination of Yermak's five thousand mile journey was the Bering Strait. <mask> led a small army of 840 men, made up of 540 of his own followers and three hundred supplied by the Stroganovs.His army was composed of “Russians, Tatars, Lithuanians, and Germans.” The Lithuanians and Germans of the crew came from the Lithuanian front. Nikita and Maksim Stroganov spent twenty thousand rubles of their riches to outfit the army with the best weapons available. This was especially to the advantage of the Russian detachment because their Tatar opponents did not have industrial weapons. According to Russian history specialist W. Bruce Lincoln, the Tatars’ “bows, arrows, and spears” went up against <mask>'s team's “matchlock muskets, sabers, pikes, and several small cannons.” However, according to the Russian author Yuri Semyonov, “Yermak had no cannon, and only a small number of his men carried firearms. The Cossacks had not a single horse, while Kuchum and his men were mounted. His cavalry could move quickly in any direction, while the Cossacks were tied to their rafts, which were laden with all their supplies.”

<mask> first embarked on his journey through Siberia from a frontier fort in Perm on the Chusovaya River on September 1, 1582, though other sources claim that he may have started his campaign in 1579 or 1581. When navigating down rivers, the crew used high-sided boats that originated in Russia.Throughout their journey, they encountered violent opposition from Kuchum Khan's native allies but the high sides of their boats acted as shields. When crossing the Urals, the Cossacks had to carry their possessions on their backs because they did not have horses. After two months, Yermak's army had finally crossed the Urals. They followed the river Tura and found themselves at the outskirts of Kuchum Khan's empire. Soon they reached the kingdom's capital city of Qashliq. On October 23, 1582, <mask>'s army fought the Battle of Chuvash Cape, which initiated three days of fighting against Kuchum's nephew, Mehmet-kul, and the Tatar army. <mask>'s infantry blocked the Tatar charge with mass musket fire, which wounded Mahmet-kul and prevented the Tatars from scoring a single Russian casualty.Yermak succeeded in capturing Qashliq and the battle came to mark the “conquest of Siberia.” The Stroganov Chronicle provides an account of Kuchum Khan's reaction to the attack on Qashliq and Yermak's success:
Khan Kuchyum, seeing his ruin and the loss of his kingdom and riches, said to all his men with bitter lamentation: ‘O murzas and princes, let us flee without delaying…The Stroganovs sent men of the common people against me from their forts to avenge on me the evil I had inflicted; they sent the atamans and Cossacks, Yermak and his comrades, with not many of their men. He came upon us, defeated us and did us such great harm.’

While Yermak had succeeded in taking Qashliq, the battle had reduced his Cossack force to 500 men. Yermak also now faced a supply problem. While the army had found treasures such as fur, silk, and gold in the Tatar city, no food or provisions had been left behind. The inhabitants had also fled the city, preventing their enlistment for aid. However, four days after Yermak claimed Qashliq the people returned, and Yermak soon befriended the Ostyak people. The Ostyaks would formally declare their allegiance to Yermak on October 30, complementing their pledge by delivering offerings of food to the city.Yermak used the Ostyak tributes to feed his band of Cossacks throughout the winter. However, these supplies proved to be

masks:
Yermak Timofeyevich
Ivan the Terrible Yermak
Yermak
Yermak
Yermak
Yermak
Yermak
Timofeyevich
Yermak
Yermak
Yermak
Yermak
Yermak
Yermak
Yermak
Yermak
Yermak


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 insufficient, and the Cossacks soon ventured into the wilderness to fish and hunt. The Cossacks’ task was not without trouble, as although Yermak had defeated the Tatars they continued to harass the Cossacks, preventing Yermak from establishing complete control over the region. The Tatars struck a decisive blow on December 20, when a Cossack party of twenty men were discovered and slain. Upon their failure to return, Yermak left the city to investigate, eventually finding that Mahmet-kul had recovered from their earlier battle and was responsible for the Cossacks’ murder. Yermak then entered into battle with Mahmet-kul and his forces, defeating him once again. The defeat of Mahmet-kul provided a brief respite to the Cossacks.However, in April 1583, he returned to the region. In an unfortunate twist of fate, Mahmet-kul was quickly ambushed and captured by a small party of Cossacks, whose numbers ranged from as little as 10 to as many as 50. A few days after his capture, Mahmet-kul sent a messenger to Kuchum stating that he was alive and in good health. He also requested that the Khan cease attacks on the Cossacks and those bringing tribute to Yermak. <mask>, taking advantage of this lull in hostilities, set out down the Irtysh and Ob to complete his subjugation of the local tribal princes. He soon encountered the Ostyak prince Demian, who had fortified himself in a fortress on the banks of the Irtysh with 2,000 loyal fighters. It is reported to have taken Yermak and his men considerable time to break through their defenses due to Demian's possession of a gilded idol.Yermak's forces eventually prevailed; however, upon entering the fort, no idol was found. After dispersing a group of priests and warriors by brandishing their firearms, Yermak determined to subdue the most influential Ostyak prince of the region, Samar, who had joined forces with eight other princes. Yermak, noting that Samar had failed to place guards around his encampment, launched a surprise attack, killing Samar and disbanding his forces. Yermak was then able to secure tribute from the eight other princes. After this conquest, he continued down the river, succeeding in capturing the key Ostyak town of Nazym. Yermak's friend, Ataman Nikita Pan, and several Cossacks lost their lives in the battle. Yermak then directed his forces down the river Ob, conquering several small forts.After reaching a point at which the river broadened to a point of three or four versts, Yermak halted the expedition and returned his forces to Qashliq. Upon returning to Qashliq, Yermak decided to inform the Stroganovs and the tsar of his conquests. While his reasons for this are unclear, experts believe that, in addition to wishing to clear his name of earlier misdeeds, Yermak also desperately needed supplies. To his end, he sent his trusted lieutenant Ivan Kolzo with fifty men, two letters (one each for the Stroganovs and Ivan the Terrible), and a large assortment of furs for the tsar. The exact amount sent to the tsar is disputed, as descriptions range from 2,500 to 5,000 to sixty sacks of furs. Kozo's arrival at the Stroganovs was well-timed, as Maksim Stroganov had just received a letter from Ivan denouncing Yermak and threatening him and his followers with death. Kolzo, bearing news of Kuchum's defeat, Mahmet-kul's capture, and the subjugation of Tatar lands, was thus well received by a relieved Maksim.Maksim provided Kolzo with lodging, food, and money before sending him on his way. Kolzo, upon reaching Moscow, was granted an audience with Ivan despite having a Muscovite bounty on his head. To the detriment of Moscow's interests, the Livonian War had just been ended and Ivan had begun receiving reports of local tribesman conducting raids in Perm, putting him in a foul mood. Upon reading the news born by Kolzo concerning the extension of his dominion, Ivan became overjoyed, immediately pardoning the Cossacks and proclaiming Yermak to be a hero of the first degree. The triumphant atmosphere extended across the city, as church bells were tolled throughout Moscow to glorify Yermak. Ivan then had many gifts prepared for Yermak, including his personal fur mantle, a goblet, two suits of armor emblazoned with bronze double-headed eagles, and money. Ivan also commanded that a band of streltsy be sent to reinforce Yermak.Reports differ on whether 300 or 500 men were sent. The Stroganovs were also ordered to support this group with an additional fifty men upon their arrival in Perm. <mask> was bestowed the title “Prince of Siberia” by Ivan, who also commanded that Mahmet-kul be sent to Moscow. Upon returning to Qashliq, Kolzo informed Yermak of the tsar's command that Mahmet-kul be delivered to him. Yermak, aware that doing so would eliminate Kuchum's only motive for peace, nonetheless obeyed the tsar and arranged for his transport. Unsurprisingly, Kuchum's forces began to increase the frequency of their raids. Yermak now found himself in a predicament, as a long winter had prevented the gathering of supplies and tributes and the tsar's reinforcements had not yet arrived.Under orders from the tsar, the Stroganovs had contributed fifty cavalries to the reinforcement party. However, the horses had slowed the party to a crawl across the Siberia landscape, and they did not even cross the Urals until the spring of 1584. In September 1583, a call for help from a Tatar leader named Karacha was delivered to Yermak begging for assistance against the Nogai Tatars. Yermak, wary of Karacha but nonetheless disposed to help, deployed Kolzo with a force of 40 Cossacks. Karacha, however, was not to be trusted, as Kolzo and his men walked into an ambush and were all killed. Now without Kolzo, Yermak was left with a little more than 300 men. Sensing Yermak's waning power, the tribes previously under his control revolted, and Qashliq soon came under siege by a collective army of Tatars, Voguls, and Ostyaks.Cleverly, they encircled the city with a line of wagons, both preventing passage to and from the city while protecting the attackers from the Russians’ firearms. Yermak, despite having limited supplies, was able to endure the blockade for three months. However, the Cossacks could not last forever, and on the cloudy night of June 12, 1584, Yermak decided to act. Stealthily penetrating the line of wagons, Yermak's men were able to surprise the gathered forces in their sleep, killing a large number. As Karacha's forces had been caught completely unaware, Yermak was able to recover a substantial amount of provisions from the barricade. Karacha, having failed in his mission, was punished by Kuchum, who sentenced Karacha's two sons to death. Karacha, fueled by the loss of his sons, regrouped the native tribes and returned to assault Yermak the next day.Karacha's forces, however, were soundly defeated, as the Cossacks were able to kill one hundred men with only two dozen deaths of their own. Defeated and disgraced, Karacha fled south to the steppes of the Ishim, where Kuchum waited. Freed from confinement, Yermak turned to the offensive, conquering many towns and forts to the east of Qashliq and extending the tsar's dominion. Having already regained the loyalty of the revolting tribes, Yermak continued sailing up the Irtysh throughout the summer of 1584 to subdue tribes and demand tribute. Although he attempted to search for Karacha, Yermak was ultimately unsuccessful in this venture. Also, while Yermak had succeeded in regaining the loyalty of the tribes, his men were now almost completely out of gunpowder. To make matters worse, while his reinforcements arrived, they did so utterly exhausted and depleted by scurvy.Indeed, many of the men, including their commanding officer, had not survived the journey. Thus, in addition to facing the problem of escalating hostilities, their food shortage was magnified by the arrival of more men. Eventually, it is reported the situation grew dire enough that Yermak's men turned to cannibalism, eating the bodies of the deceased. Yermak’s death
The precise details of Yermak's death are lost to history, but legend has preserved multiple variations of the account. With the onset and worsening of the food shortage, Yermak's people had now entered a time of famine. Kuchum, knowing this, set a trap. The most common account is that Kuchum purposely leaked information to Yermak, in which it was claimed that Bukharan merchants from Central Asia, traveling with large amounts of food, were being prevented from moving by Kuchum's men.In August 1584, Yermak set out with a band of men to free the traders. Finding the reports to be false, Yermak ordered a return to Qashliq. Whether because of an ongoing storm or because the men were tired from rowing upstream, Yermak's force stopped on a small island formed by two branches of the Irtysh and set up camp on the night of August 4–5, 1584. Convinced that the river offered protection, Yermak's men fell asleep with no guard. Kuchum, however, had been following Yermak's party and was lying in wait. Kuchum's forces forded the river around midnight; their approach was hidden by the loudness of the storm and the dark of night. Kuchum's Tatars were upon Yermak's men so quickly that they could not use either their guns or weapons, and a slaughter ensued.In the ensuing chaos, it is reported that all but three men on the Russian side were killed, including <mask>. Legend has it that after fighting through the invaders and being wounded in the arm by a knife, <mask>, finding that their boats had been washed away in the storm, attempted to cross the river. Due to the weight of the armor gifted to him by the Tsar, Yermak sank to the bottom and drowned. At least one survivor, unburdened by such heavy armor, was able to flee across the river and return to Qashliq with news of Yermak's death. <mask>'s body was borne down the river, where seven days later it is said to have been found by a Tatar fisherman named Yanish. Easily recognizable by the eagle on his armor, Yermak's corpse was stripped and hung on a frame made out of six poles, where for six weeks archers used his body for target practice. However, it is said that animals did not feed on him and his body produced no odor and that the corpse caused fear and nightmares in the people.Heeding these omens, the Tatars buried him as a hero, killing thirty oxen in his name. His prized armor was eventually distributed among the Tatar chiefs. Legacy
Upon receiving news of <mask>'s death, the Cossacks became immediately demoralized. The original band of men had dwindled to 150 fighters, and command now fell to Glukhoff, the leader of the initial group of reinforcements that the tsar had delivered to Yermak. The Cossacks soon decided to abandon Qashliq and to retreat to Russia. Before traveling a great distance, they ran into a group of one hundred reinforcements that had been sent as additional strength from the tsar. With this upturn in fortune, Yermak's band resolved to return to Qashliq and refortify their position in accordance with the tsar's will.The fast-acting and perceptive Tatars, however, had been informed of the group's flight and had retaken the city almost immediately, preventing any peaceful reoccupation of their former stronghold. Although the Tatar position appeared strong, they were no longer led by Kuchum, who had lost his power, and were thus not as stable as before. Furthermore, another three hundred reinforcements from the tsar soon arrived to join the Russians. Led by Tchulkoff, this new force provided a significant boost in fighting strength to the party. Despite the tumultuous state of the Tatar leadership and their newly received recruits, however, the Russians did not pursue another attempt on Qashliq. Instead, in a culmination of the events immediately following Yermak's fatal plunge, they founded a new settlement in 1587 on the site of what would become Tobolsk, a comfortable twelve miles from Qashliq. Although the Tatars quickly began raids against their familiar foe, after a short period they ceased, leaving the Russians to their new town.Yermak's heroic endeavors in the Russian East laid the groundwork for future Russian expansion and settlement. Soon after <mask> and his initial band set out for Siberia, merchants and peasants followed in their wake, hoping to harness some of the fur riches that abounded in the land. This trend grew exponentially after <mask>'s death, as his legend spread through the domain rapidly and, with it, the news of a land rich in furs and vulnerable to Russian influence. Colonization attempts soon followed, as Tyumen, the first known town after Yermak's death, was founded in 1586. The settling of this territory facilitated the establishment and development of Siberian agriculture. Most of these farmers were, in fact, soldiers, who grew their own sustenance out of necessity. Yermak had set a precedent of Cossack involvement in Siberian expansion, and the exploration and conquests of these men were responsible for many of the additions to the Russian empire in the east.After the initial return of the Cossacks shortly after Yermak's death, an ambitious project of fortification began under the direction of Boris Godunov. Its achievements, including the extension of protection for Russians in the region, would drive even greater numbers of entrepreneurs to Siberia. In 1590, Tobolsk received a significant boost in prominence as it was dubbed the principal city and administrative center of the region. The fur trade also continued to grow, aided by the Cossacks, who in 1593 established the trading center of Berezof on the Ob River at the sixty-fourth latitude. The practice of collecting tributes of fur from the natives continued to spread, and in the 17th century such furs made up 25-33 percent of the income to the tsar's treasury. Thus, as soon as fifteen years after Yermak's death, the basin of the Ob River had truly become a region of Russian influence. Even so, the Russians did not rest on their laurels, and the attitude and pace of expansion pioneered by Yermak continued well into the 17th century.Indeed, within the first half of the century the fort of Yeniseysk was established in 1619, the city of Yakutsk founded in 1632, and the important feat of reaching the Sea of Okhotsk on the Pacific coast in 1639. Throughout these campaigns, Yermak's influence was undeniable, as the pace he had established for achievement in his relatively short time in Siberia heralded a new age of Russian pioneering.

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 Yermak's life and conquests had a significant impact on Russian policy towards Siberia and the colonization attempts that followed this shift. Prior to Yermak's agreement with the Strogonovs, the Russian attitude towards the Siberian expanse had been one preoccupied primarily with defense, not aggression. The top priority was the repelling of the Tatar hordes, and, as shown by Ivan's letter to the Strogonovs, the central government rarely involved itself unless the tribes succeeded in entering Russian territory. This, of course, changed with Yermak, whose triumphs showed that the Tatars could be put on the defensive and that Russia could now establish itself as an aggressive power in the East. Yermak also changed the involvement of the tsar in Siberian affairs.In reaching out to the tsar for assistance, Yermak gained the support of the government; indeed, it was reinforcements from the tsar that solidified the Russian presence in the region immediately after Yermak's death. This newfound commitment and involvement in the area is best summarized by Ivan's acceptance of the title bestowed upon him by Yermak: “Tsar of Sibir.” Yermak's pioneering further enabled this system to exist because it depended on the success he achieved in gaining tribute from conquered peoples. Much like Yermak, future troops were sent with the understanding that it would be necessary to supplement their base payment with treasures and tributes gained from conquest. Without this system in place, it is unlikely such an arrangement would have come to fruition. Future explorers would also take notice of Yermak's strategy in approaching the Siberian lands, which, unlike those in many other colonization attempts, already had an established imperial power. However, Yermak wisely recognized that Kuchum's territories were not unified. Yermak noted that many of these peoples were nothing more than vassals and that they were quite diverse in terms of race, language, and religion.Unlike Kuchum and his Mohammedan Tatars, many of these groups were pagan. Due to the sum of these differences, many simply paid tribute to avoid trouble, and it mattered little to whom the tribute was paid. Yermak's unique strength was thus in recognizing the bigger picture and playing it to his advantage, first identifying and then executing quick, efficient ways to establish influence in the region. The actions of Yermak also redefined the meaning of the word Cossack. While it is uncertain whether Yermak's group was related in any way to the Yaik or Ural Cossacks, it is known that their company was previously outlawed by the Russian government. However, in sending his letter and his trusted lieutenant Ivan Kolzo to Ivan the Terrible, Yermak transformed the image of the Cossack overnight from a bandit to a soldier recognized by the Tsar of Moscow. Now, Yermak's Cossacks had effectively been incorporated into the military system and were able to receive support from the tsar.This new arrangement also acted as a sort of pressure-relief valve for the Cossacks, who had a history of being troublesome on the Russian frontier. In sending as many of them as possible further east into unconquered lands, the burgeoning and extremely profitable lands on the borders of Russian territory were given respite. Yermak's call for aid thus spawned a new type of Cossack which, by virtue of its link to the government, would enjoy significant favor from future Russian rulers. Despite this new shift in orientation, it is worth noting that the Cossack name remained in place in Siberia and that soldiers sent as reinforcements often adopted this title. Furthermore, this realignment was not without criticism, however, and some saw <mask> as a traitor to the Cossack name. Such detractors saw Yermak's death as punishment for turning away from the Cossack code and becoming a pawn of the tsar. Fittingly, then, it was his armor, the very symbol of the tsar, that dragged him down to his fate.Relics of Yermak also continued to command significant power and prestige years after his death. In particular, the search for his armor affected at least one element of Siberian relations. Decades after <mask>'s death, a Mongol leader who had assisted the Russian government approached the voyevoda of Tobolsk and asked for his assistance in obtaining an item in the Tatar's possession, believed to be Yermak's armor. The reason he approached the voyevoda was that he had previously been denied a trade by the Tatars after offering them ten slave families and a thousand sheep. The Tatars, despite being convinced that the armor had divine properties, agreed to the sale upon the involvement of the voyevoda. Soon after, the Mongol, convinced of the power of Yermak's armor, refused to service the Russian government because he no longer feared their might. Commemoration
 The Russian people pay tribute to the legend of Yermak in a variety of ways.Multiple statues and monuments have been erected in his honor throughout Russia. V. A. Beklemishev began his construction project for a monument dedicated to <mask> in 1903 in the Cathedral Square of Novocherkassk, the capital of the Don Cossack country. On the monument <mask> is shown holding his regimental banner in his left hand and the ceremonial cap of his rival Kuchum Khan in his right hand. The back of the monument reads: “To the Don Cossack Ataman Ermak <mask>, the Siberia conqueror from the grateful posterity. In honor of Don Cossack Army 300th Anniversary. He passed away in Irtysh waves on August 5, 1584.” Some believe that <mask> was born in the village of Kachalinskaya on the Don. Though this region has long claimed Yermak to be one of its own, there is no evidence that he was born there or ever visited.There is also a statue of <mask> at Tobolsk and one in the State Russian Museum in Saint Petersburg designed by Mark Antokolsky. Two icebreakers have been named after Yermak. The first, built in Newcastle, England, in 1898, was one of the first major vessels of that type ever built and the second, which entered the service in 1974, was the first of an impressive new type of ship. In commemoration of Yermak, there is a town named after him on the upper Irtysh. Similarly, a mountain in the Perm Region made up of three cliff stacks is called the Yermak Stone after Yermak. Legend has it that Yermak and his brigade passed one of the harsh Siberian winters on the cliff side. In popular culture
Yermak is an important heroic figure in Russian history, depicted in film, literature, poetry, song, and paintings.Film
<mask> makes an appearance in the 1947 film Tale of the Siberian Land (Skazanie o zemle sibirskoi) directed by Ivan Pyryev. The movie tells the story of a pianist named Andrei who moves to Siberia to work at a paper-processing plant after being wounded in World War II and losing his faith in music. Once in Siberia, Andrei reunites with a female singer with whom he had been in love in Moscow. When nothing comes of their second encounter, he heads far north in Siberia and becomes so enamored with the might of Soviet construction projects that he composes a choral symphony entitled the ‘Tale of Siberian Land.’ Andrei is then reunited with his beloved who finds him in the depths of Siberia. The two travel to Moscow where Andrei's symphony is performed in the Conservatory. The symphony tells his life story while presenting the “mysterious, wild, silver grey” landscape of Siberia to the audience. In displaying the “extreme might of the land,” he conveys “the extreme heroism of the Russian and Soviet conquest of Siberia.” The symphony introduces <mask> as a mighty figure who “made his way through the fog and mist to do battle with Siberia.” The film then begins a visual montage which traces Russian history and the representation of the Russian landscape over time.<mask> is shown as a “pantomime hero” leading his forces into battle. Simon Franklin and Emma Widdis describe that “here, the director taps into the folk imagination and the landscape that he evokes is plainly the landscape of the epic. As the battle ends, the natural world itself expresses the majesty of Yermak’s achievement. Fire turns into lightning, and then the rain begins: the conquest of the elements is complete, as nature bows down in the face of Russian strength, and Siberia is conquered.” The montage then shifts to show the landscape as softer, flatter, and gentler. Andrei proceeds to describe the process through which Yermak's descendants continued to dominate Siberia. Ultimately, <mask> is portrayed as the hero who launched the conquest that shaped the whole of Russia. In 1996, directors Vladimir Krasnopolsky and Valeri Uskov produced the film Yermak, a historical drama about the conquest of Siberia which starred Viktor Stepanov, Irina Alfyorova, and Nikita Dzhigurda.Literature
 Yermak, the Conqueror of Siberia (1899) - by Leo Tolstoy
 <mask>, the Conqueror (1930) - a novel by Pyotr Nikolayevich Krassnoff
 Gulyai-Volga (1930) - a novel by Artem Vesely
 The Cossacks (1969) - by Philip Longworth, a historical account of the Cossack experience in Russia which provides portraits of famous Cossack leaders <mask>, Bogdan Khmelnitski, and Stepan Razin
 <mask>'s Campaign in Siberia (1974) - translated from Russian by Tatiana Minorsky and David Wileman and edited, with an introduction and notes, by Terence Armstrong
 In addition to his nonfiction portrayals in the books listed above, Yermak and his expeditions of conquest are mentioned in The Zombie Survival Guide by Max Brooks, as well as being featured in its accompanying tie-in comic Recorded Attacks, wherein an expeditionary party of Yermak seizes a Siberian settlement of an unknown Asiatic tribe, engaging in slaughter and cannabalism, before themselves succumbing to a revived, apparently zombified woman whom they had dug up, leaving only one survivor. Folk songs and poetry
There are many folk songs and much poetry about Yermak which contribute to our vision of the hero. By tracing the transformation of folk songs and poetry about Yermak since his death, it is possible to see how his status as a legendary figure has evolved over time. Over 150 songs about Yermak's exploits have been collected and spread throughout all of Russia since the 18th century. As many as 35 of these songs have been collected in a text by V. Th. Miller entitled “Historical Songs of the Russian People of the XVI-XVII Centuries.” One song describes how “Yermak’s men kill the Muscovite ambassador to Persia named as Semen Konstantinovich Karamyshev” while others speak of Yermak's acts of piracy and pillaging with his Cossack brigade. Though most folk songs are not entirely consistent with the historical accounts of Yermak's life, there are many similarities and much overlap among the different songs.There are often several versions of the same song that share certain details but differ on others. I. I. Dmitriyev (1760–1837) wrote the dramatic poem “Yermak” and K. P. Ryleyev (1795–1826) in 1821 wrote a poem entitled “The death of Yermak.”

Paintings
 “The Conquest of Siberia by Yermak” (1895) by Vasily Surikov, located in the State Russian Museum in St. Petersburg
 various paintings by Semyon Remezov in the Remezov Chronicle

See also

Icebreaker Yermak
History of Siberia
Exploration of Siberia
Exploration of Asia
Russian conquest of Siberia
Conquest of the Khanate of Sibir

Notes

References
This article incorporates text from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia

 Armstrong, Terence E. <mask>'s Campaign in Siberia: A Selection of Documents. London: Hakluyt Society, 1975. Baikalov, Anatole V.. The Conquest and Colonisation of Siberia. The Slavonic and East European Review 10, no. 30 (1932): 557-571.Bisher, Jamie. White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian. London: Frank Cass, 2005. Cresson, W. P.. The Cossacks: Their History and Country. New York: Brentano's, 1919. Czaplicka, Miss, and Leslie Urquhart.The Future of Siberia: Discussion. The Geographical Journal 51, no. 3 (1918): 159-164. Feodoroff, Nicholas V. Soviet Communists and Russian History: A Frame in Time. Commack, NY: Nova Science, 1997. Franklin, Simon, and Emma Widdis. National Identity in Russian Culture: An Introduction.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Haywood, A. J.. Siberia: A Cultural History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Howe, Sonia E.. Some Russian Heroes, Saints and Sinners, Legendary and Historical. London: Williams and Norgate, 1916. Kerner, Robert Joseph.The Russian Eastward Movement: Some Observations on its Historical Significance. Berkeley: Pacific Historical Review, 1948. Kivelson, Valerie A. Cartographies of Tsardom: The Land and Its Meanings in Seventeenth-Century Russia. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2006. Landers, Brian. Empires Apart: A History of American and Russian Imperialism. New York: Pegasus Books :, 2010.Lincoln, W. Bruce. The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians. New York: Random House, 1994. Longworth, Philip. The Cossacks. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969. Manning, Clarence Augustus."<mask> <mask> in Russian Folk Poetry." Journal of the American Oriental Society 43 (1923): 206-215. https://www.jstor.org/stable/593339 (accessed January 13, 2012). March, G. Patrick. Eastern Destiny: Russia in Asia and the North Pacific. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1996. "Monument to the legendary Cossack Ermak - Sights." The Official Website of the City of Novocherkassk.http://www.novochgrad.ru/en/sights/id/1873.html (accessed January 14, 2012). Naumov, I. V., and David Norman Collins. The History of Siberia. London: Routledge, 2006. Perkhavko, Valery. Soft Gold. Science in Russia 4 (2008): 50-56.Rasputin, Valentin. Siberia, Siberia. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1996. Semyenov, Yuri. The Conquest of Siberia. Ed. E. W. Dickes.London: G. Routledge & Sons, Ltd., 1944. Stites, Richard. Russian Popular Culture: Entertainment and Society Since 1900. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Print. Wright, G. Frederick. Asiatic Russia,.New York: McClure, Phillips & co., 1902. "Yermak (1996) - IMDb." The Internet Movie Database (IMDb). https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0126894/ (accessed January 17, 2012). External links

1585 deaths
Cossack explorers
Explorers of Asia
Explorers of Siberia
Russian explorers
Don Cossacks
Russian folklore characters
Characters in Bylina
History of Siberia
Deaths by drowning
16th-century Russian people
Russian folklore
Russian knights
Year of birth unknown
History of

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<mask> (born July 14, 1945) is an American musician, songwriter, and convicted felon. <mask> was a popular session drummer in the late 1960s and 1970s and was the drummer in the blues rock supergroup Derek and the Dominos. In 1983, in a psychotic episode associated with undiagnosed schizophrenia, <mask> murdered his mother and was sentenced to 16 years to life in prison. As of 2021, he remains incarcerated at the California Medical Facility. Music career
<mask> was raised in the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles and attended Grant High School. He passed up a music scholarship to UCLA in order to begin his professional career in 1963, at age 17, backing the Everly Brothers. He went on to become one of the most sought-after recording session drummers in Los Angeles.The protégé of studio drummer Hal Blaine, <mask> performed on many notable recordings in the 1960s, including Pet Sounds, by the Beach Boys (1966); Gene Clark with the Gosdin Brothers, by Gene Clark (1967); The Notorious Byrd Brothers, by the Byrds (1968); and the hit "Classical Gas", by Mason Williams (1968). At the height of his career <mask> was reportedly so busy as a studio musician that he flew back to Los Angeles from Las Vegas every day to do two or three recording sessions and then returned in time to play the evening show at Caesars Palace. In 1969 and 1970 <mask> toured as part of the backing band for Delaney & Bonnie, which at the time included Eric Clapton. Clapton subsequently took over the group's rhythm section — <mask> (drummer), Carl Radle (bassist), Bobby Whitlock (keyboardist, singer, songwriter) — and they formed a new band, later called Derek and the Dominos. The band's first studio work was as the house band for George Harrison's three-disc set All Things Must Pass (1970). <mask> then played on Derek and the Dominos' 1970 double album, Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs and also played with the band on subsequent U.S. and UK tours. The group split in spring 1971 before they finished recording their second album.In addition to his drumming, <mask> was credited with contributing the elegiac piano coda for the title track, "Layla". In later years, Whitlock claimed that the coda was not actually written by <mask>: "<mask> took that piano melody from his ex-girlfriend Rita Coolidge. I know because in the D&B days I lived in John Garfield's old house in the Hollywood Hills and there was a guest house with an upright piano in it. Rita and <mask> were up there in the guest house and invited me to join in on writing this song with them called "Time". (Her sister Priscilla wound up recording it with Booker T. Jones) <mask> took the melody from Rita's song and didn't give her credit for writing it. Her boyfriend ripped her off". Graham Nash (who later dated Coolidge) substantiated Whitlock's claim in his memoir."Time" was not released by Priscilla Coolidge and Booker T. until 1973, on their album Chronicles. In 1970 <mask> was part of Joe Cocker's Mad Dogs & Englishmen tour and played on Dave Mason's album Alone Together. In 1971, he toured with Traffic and appeared on two of their albums, including The Low Spark of High Heeled Boys. That same year he played on Harry Nilsson's album Nilsson Schmilsson, contributing the drum solo to the track "Jump into the Fire". <mask> was the drummer on the Incredible Bongo Band's album Bongo Rock, released in 1972, and his drum break on the LP version of "Apache" has been frequently sampled by rap music artists. In 1972, <mask> was also part of Frank Zappa's 20-piece 'Grand Wazoo' big band and the subsequent 10-piece 'Petit Wazoo' band. Perhaps his best-known recording with Zappa is the title track of the 1974 album Apostrophe ('), a jam with Zappa and Tony Duran on guitar and Jack Bruce on bass guitar, for which both Bruce and <mask> received a writing credit (Zappa, when introducing <mask> onstage, frequently referred to him as "Skippy", because of his youthful appearance).Also in 1972, <mask> played drums on Helen Reddy's Top 20 US album I Am Woman. In 1973 <mask> played on Johnny Rivers' Blue Suede Shoes as well as on Art Garfunkel's Angel Clare albums, and toured with Rivers through 1974 appearing on the Last Boogie in Paris live album. Also in 1974, <mask> played on most of the tracks on Steely Dan's album Pretzel Logic, including the single "Rikki Don't Lose That Number". He again worked with Chris Hillman of the Byrds as the drummer in the Souther–Hillman–Furay Band from 1973 to 1975. He also played drums on three tracks on Alice Cooper's 1976 album, Alice Cooper Goes to Hell. Mental health
<mask> developed schizophrenia and began to hear voices (including his mother’s) which compelled him to starve himself and prevented him from sleeping, relaxing or playing drums. His physicians misdiagnosed the problems and instead treated him for alcohol abuse.While on tour with Joe Cocker in the early 1970s, <mask> reportedly punched his then-girlfriend Rita Coolidge in a hotel hallway, thereby ending their relationship. Murder of mother, conviction and incarceration
On June 3, 1983, <mask> attacked his 72-year-old mother, Osa <mask>, with a hammer before fatally stabbing her with a butcher knife; he claimed that a voice told him to kill her. Only after his arrest for murder was <mask> properly diagnosed with schizophrenia. At his trial, the court accepted that he had acute schizophrenia, but he was not allowed to use an insanity defense because of changes to California law due to the Insanity Defense Reform Act. On July 10, 1984, <mask> was sentenced to 16 years to life in prison. He was first eligible for parole in 1991, but parole has been denied several times as he has never attended a parole hearing. In 2014, he declined to attend his hearing and was denied parole until at least 2018.A Los Angeles deputy district attorney stated at the hearing that he was still "seriously psychologically incapacitated" and "a danger when he is not taking his medication". In November 2017, <mask> was rediagnosed with schizophrenia. On March 7, 2018, <mask> was denied parole for the tenth time and was tentatively scheduled to become eligible again in March 2021. , he was serving his sentence at the California Medical Facility, a medical and psychiatric prison in Vacaville, California. King: B.B.

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Jim
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