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<mask> (née Kronstein; April 30, 1920 – January 2, 2013) was an Austrian-born American historian and woman's history author. In addition to her numerous scholarly publications, she wrote poetry, fiction, theatre pieces, screenplays, and an autobiography. She served as president of the Organization of American Historians from 1980 to 1981. In 1980, she was appointed Robinson Edwards Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where she taught until retiring in 1991. <mask> was one of the founders of the academic field of women's history. In 1963, while still an undergraduate at the New School for Social Research, she taught "Great Women in American History", which is considered to be the first regular college course on women's history offered anywhere. She taught at Long Island University from 1965 to 1967.She played a key role in the development of women's history curricula and was involved in the development of degree programs in women's history at Sarah Lawrence College (where she taught from 1968 to 1979 and established the nation's first master's degree program in women's history) and at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where she launched the first Ph.D. program in women's history. She also worked at Duke University and Columbia University, where she was a co-founder of the Seminar on Women. Early life
She was born <mask> Hedwig Kronstein in Vienna, Austria, on April 30, 1920, the first child of Ilona Kronstein (née Neumann, 1897, Budapest1948, Zürich) and Robert Kronstein (1888, Vienna1952, Vaduz), an affluent Jewish couple. Her family are originating and relating to Breslau, Berlin,  (, ),  (Turdos, , ) (Upper Hungary), Helishoy (, ) (Moravia), and Reichenberg () (Bohemia). Her father was a pharmacist, and her mother an artist, with whom Gerda, according to her autobiography, had a strained relationship as a child. As an adult, Gerda believed that her mother Ilona struggled because she did not fit in the role of a Viennese wife and mother. Gerda had a younger sister, and they attended local schools and gymnasium.Following the 1938 Anschluss, Kronstein became involved with the anti-Nazi resistance. She and her mother were jailed that year after her father had escaped to Liechtenstein and Switzerland, where he stayed during the war. <mask> Kronstein occupied a cell for six weeks with two Christian women held on political grounds. They shared their prison food with her because Jews received restricted rations. In 1939, her mother moved to France, and <mask>'s sister relocated to Palestine. That year, <mask> immigrated to the United States under the sponsorship of the family of Bobby Jensen, her socialist fiancé. Career
Settling in New York, Kronstein married Jensen.She worked in a variety of jobs as a waitress, salesperson, office clerk, and X-ray technician, while also writing fiction and poetry. She published two short stories featuring first-person accounts of the Nazi annexation of Austria. Her marriage with Jensen was failing when she met <mask> (1912–1973), a married theater director who was a member of the Communist Party USA. They both established temporary residence in Nevada and obtained  divorces in Reno; the state offered easier terms for divorce than did most others. Kronstein and <mask> married and moved to Hollywood, where Carl pursued a career in film-making. In 1946, <mask> <mask> helped found the Los Angeles chapter of the Congress of American Women, a Communist front organization. The Lerners engaged in CPUSA activities involving trade unionism, civil rights, and anti-militarism.They suffered under the rise of McCarthyism in the 1950s, especially the Hollywood blacklist. The <mask>s returned to New York. In 1951, <mask> <mask> collaborated with poet Eve Merriam on a musical, The Singing of Women. <mask>'s novel No Farewell was published in 1955. <mask> returned to New York to study at the New School for Social Research, where she received a bachelor's degree in 1963. She has said that her frequent status made her think about "people who did not have a voice in telling their own stories. <mask>'s insights eventually influenced her decision to earn a Ph.D. in history and then to help establish women's history as a standard academic discipline."In 1963, she offered the first regular college course in women's history, which at the time had no status as a field of study in academia. In the early 1960s, <mask> and her husband coauthored the screenplay of the film Black Like Me (1964), based on the book by white journalist John Howard Griffin,, who had reported on six weeks of travel in small towns and cities of the Deep South passing as a black man. <mask> directed the film, starring James Whitmore. <mask> continued with graduate studies at Columbia University, where she earned both the M.A. (1965) and Ph.D. (1966). Her doctoral dissertation was published as The Grimke Sisters from South Carolina: Rebels Against Slavery (1967), a study of Sarah Moore Grimké and Angelina Grimké, sisters from a slaveholding family who became abolitionists in the North. Learning that their late brother had mixed-race sons, they helped pay to educate the boys.In 1966, <mask> became a founding member of the National Organization for Women (NOW), and she served as a local and national leader for a short period. In 1968, she received her first academic appointment at Sarah Lawrence College. There <mask> developed a Master of Arts Program in Women's History, which Sarah Lawrence offered beginning in 1972; it was the first American graduate degree in the field. <mask> also taught at Long Island University in Brooklyn. In the 1960s and 1970s, <mask> published scholarly books and articles that helped establish women's history as a recognized field of study. Her 1969 article "The Lady and the Mill Girl: Changes in the Status of Women in the Age of Jackson", published in the journal American Studies, was an early and influential example of class analysis in women's history. She was among the first to bring a consciously feminist lens to the study of history.Among her most important works are the documentary anthologies Black Women in White America (1972) and The Female Experience (1976), which she edited, along with her essay collection, The Majority Finds Its Past (1979). In 1979, <mask> chaired The Women's History Institute, a fifteen-day conference (July 13–29) at Sarah Lawrence College, co-sponsored by the college, the Women's Action Alliance, and the Smithsonian Institution. It was attended by leaders of national organizations for women and girls. When the Institute participants learned about the success of the Women's History Week celebrated in Sonoma County, California, they decided to initiate similar commemorations within their own organizations, communities, and school districts. They also agreed to support an effort to secure a "National Women's History Week". This helped lead to the national establishment of Women's History Month. In 1980, <mask> moved to the University of Wisconsin at Madison, where she established the nation's first Ph.D. program in women's history.At this institution, she wrote The Creation of Patriarchy (1986), The Creation of Feminist Consciousness (1993), parts one and two of Women and History; Why History Matters (1997), and Fireweed: A Political Autobiography (2002). From 1981 to 1982, <mask> served as president of the Organization of American Historians. As an educational director for the organization, she helped make women's history accessible to leaders of women's organizations and high school teachers. Selected works

Black Women in White America
<mask> edited Black Women in White America: A Documentary History (1972), which chronicles 350 years of black women's contributions to history, despite centuries of being enslaved and treated as property. It was one of the first books to detail the contributions of black women in history. The Creation of Patriarchy
In The Creation of Patriarchy (1986), volume one of Women and History, <mask> ventured into prehistory, attempting to trace the roots of patriarchal dominance. She concluded that patriarchy was part of archaic states forming in the 2nd millennium BCE.<mask> provides historical, archeological, literary, and artistic evidence for the idea that patriarchy is a cultural construct. She believed that the main strength of patriarchy was ideological and that in western societies it "severed the connection between women and the Divine". The Creation of Feminist Consciousness
The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to 1870 (1993) is her second volume of Women and History. In this book, she reviews European culture from the seventh century through the nineteenth centuries, showing the limitations imposed by a male-dominated culture. After the seventh century, more of women's writings began to survive, and <mask> uses these to show the development of what she defines as feminist thought. She demonstrates the numerous ways that women "have bypassed or redefined or undermined 'male thought'". She examines in detail the educational deprivation of women, their isolation from many of the traditions of their societies, and the expressive outlet many women have found through writing.Often beginning in religious or prophetic writing, this was a way for women to engage in what Lerner calls "ideological production", including defining alternative futures and "think themselves out of patriarchy". Fireweed: A Political Autobiography
Fireweed: A Political Autobiography (2003) is a detailed account of <mask>'s life from her childhood in Vienna through war and emigration, to 1958. That year, she began her formal studies at the New School for Social Research in New York, an institution established by numerous European refugees from the Nazi persecution. She believed that education and life work were critical to women's self-realization and happiness. Legacy and honors
In 1998, <mask> was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1986, <mask> won the American Historical Association's Joan Kelly Prize for her book The Creation of Patriarchy, on the roots of women's oppression. She received the Bruce Catton Prize for Lifetime Achievement in Historical Writing from the Society of American Historians, and the Berkshire Conference of Women Historians Special Book Award.In 1992, the Organization of American Historians established the annual Lerner-Scott Prize, named for her and Anne Firor Scott. It is awarded annually to the writer of the best doctoral dissertation that year in U.S. women's history. She is the subject of a full-length documentary film, Why Women Need to Climb Mountains (2016), by Renata Keller. <mask> died on January 2, 2013, in Madison, Wisconsin, at the age of 92. She was survived by her grown children Dan and <mask>. Other works

Musical
Singing of Women (1951, with Eve Merriam)

Screenplays
Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom (1957)
Black Like Me (1964)
Home for Easter (n.d.)

Books
No Farewell (1955) an autobiographical novel; originally in German under the pseudonym Margaret Rainer: Es git keinen Abschied (1953)
The Grimké Sisters from South Carolina: Rebels against Authority (1967)
The Woman in American History [ed.] (1971)
Black Women in White America: A Documentary History (1972)
The Female Experience: An American Documentary (1976)
A Death of One's Own (1978/2006)
The Majority Finds Its Past: Placing Women in History (1979)
Teaching Women's History (1981)
Women's Diaries of the Westward Journey (1982)
The Creation of Patriarchy (1986)
The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen-seventy (1994)
Scholarship in Women's History Rediscovered & New (1994)
Why History Matters (1997)
Fireweed: A Political Autobiography (Temple University Press, 2003)
Living with History/Making Social Change (2009)

References
Notes

Biographies
 Ransby, Barbabra.2002. "A Historian Who Takes Sides", The Progressive, September. <mask>, Gerda. 2005. "Life of Learning", Charles Homer Haskins Lecture for 2005. MacLean, Nancy. 2002."Rethinking the Second Wave", The Nation, October 14. Gordon, Linda; Kerber, Linda K.; Kessler-Harris, Alice. 2013. "<mask> <mask> (1920–2013). Pioneering Historian and Feminist", Clio. Women, Gender, History. Keller, Renata.2015. "Why Women Need to Climb Mountains - on a journey through the life and vision of Dr. <mask> <mask>"

Further reading
 Daum, Andreas W., "Refugees from Nazi Germany as Historians: Origins and Migrations, Interests and Identities," in The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians. With a Biobibliographic Guide, ed. Daum, Hartmut Lehmann, James J. Sheehan. New York: Berghahn Books, 2016 , 1‒52. Felder, Deborah G., and Diana Rosen. 2003.Fifty Jewish Women Who Changed the World. New York: Citadel Press (Kensington Publishing), pp. 216–220. Scanlon, Jennifer, and Shaaron Cosner. 1996. American Women Historians, 1700s–1990s: A Biographical Dictionary. Westport, Connecticut, and London: Greenwood Press, pp.144–146. Weigand, Kate. 2001. Red Feminism: American Communism and the Making of Women's Liberation. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. (Multiple references, indexed.) External links

Jewish Women and the Feminist Revolution from the Jewish Women's Archive
 <mask> <mask> - Corporatizing Higher Education
 Papers, 1950–1995.Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. Papers, 1924–2006. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. Additional papers of <mask> <mask>, 1916–2013. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. 1920 births
2013 deaths
American communists
American feminist writers
American socialist feminists
Columbia University alumni
Communist women writers
Duke University faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Feminist historians
Historians from New York (state)
Historians of the United States
Jewish American historians
Jewish emigrants from Austria to the United States after the Anschluss
Jewish feminists
Jewish socialists
Marxist feminists
Radical feminists
The New School alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Women historians
Women's historians
Writers from Wisconsin

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<mask>. Carey-Shuler, public servant, community activist and educator served as the first African American woman on the Board of County Commissioners for Miami-Dade County, Florida (formerly Metro-Dade County) when she was appointed by then-Governor Robert Bob Graham on December 10, 1979. She was elected to the Commission in 1982, 1986, 1996, 2000, and 2004 while serving as the Chairwoman of the Board of County Commissioners from 2002-2004, when she became the first African-American to hold the position in the 60 years of Miami-Dade County governance. Early life and education
<mask> was born and raised in the small coastal town of Fernandina Beach, Florida by her parents Wendell H. and <mask>. In 1957, she graduated as the valedictorian from Peck High School, a segregated school for African Americans. <mask> attended Florida A&M University, a historically Black university, where she graduated in 1961 with a Bachelor of Science degree in speech. In 1962, she earned a Master of Arts in speech and communications from Ohio State University. Furthering her education while working as a public-school teacher and later as an administrator for the Miami-Dade County Public Schools, <mask> earned a Master of Education in Guidance at the University of Miami in 1969.She also completed a Doctorate in Educational Supervision and Administration from the University of Florida in 1978. Appointment
As a civic activist, <mask> co-chaired the 1978 Dade County election campaign of Governor-to-be Robert Bob Graham. When sitting County Commissioner Neal Adams was removed from office, Governor Graham, announced on December 10, 1979 that he was appointing Carey as the first black female to sit on the nine-member Metropolitan Dade County Board of County Commissioners. At the time of her appointment <mask> was married to Archibald Carey, Sr. with a 12 year old son Archibald, Jr. Archibald Sr. later died in August 1981 after a long period of illness. Miami-Dade County Commission
Within days of Carey’s appointment, <mask>, an insurance agent, was killed by Metro-Dade Police Officers. On May 17, 1980 an all-white jury acquitted the officers, and after an initial non-violent protest, riots lasting three days broke out and caused 18 deaths and an estimated $100 million in property damage. The McDuffie Riot was the most destructive race riot at that time in the United States.Carey led the effort at the Metro-Dade County Commission to compensate the <mask>ie family, stating "We can never compensate a family adequately for the life of loved ones particularly in these circumstances. It is in the best interest of everyone to settle out of court. We can't open up these wounds in the community again". She additionally sought federal support for the rebuilding of the Liberty City community, while also advocating for police reforms, including a civilian-led police oversight panel and minority hiring

Before <mask> King Jr. Day became a federal holiday, Carey spearheaded a resolution designating the January 15th birthday of Dr <mask> King, Jr. as an official county holiday in Miami-Dade County. Carey authored and secured passage of legislation requiring every motorist to observe a 15-mph speed limit while driving in school zones. Her leadership also led to black employees of the County’s Solid Waste Department who only had been hired as part-time employees, being hired as full-time employees eligible for all benefits. In addition, Carey introduced and led the effort to pass the set-aside law and the affirmative action policy, which was argued all the way to the United States Supreme Court, resulting in creating more jobs and business opportunities for minorities and women than any other economic measure passed by the County Commission.Carey sponsored at the local level the State of Florida’s Affordable Housing Surtax program. At the time, it was the first in the nation to establish a funding vehicle to provide home ownership, housing rehabilitation and affordable rental options. By 2017, the program had created over 10,000 single family homeowners and exceeded 15,000 affordable rental units throughout Miami-Dade County, Florida. In 1990, Carey was defeated by Arthur Teele, Jr., who Carey had introduced to the Miami-Dade community. After reclaiming her Commission seat in the election of 1996, she married James Lamar Shuler in early 1999, the owner of Shuler's Memorial Funeral Home in Palm Beach County, FL. The newly married Carey-Shuler went on to win the elections of 2000 and 2004. She held the position of Chairwoman of the Board of County Commissioners from 2002-2004, one of the most powerful positions in Miami-Dade County.She was the first elected official to lead the 13-member Board through its inaugural session exercising the greater legislative powers as approved by the voters of Miami-Dade County in September 2002. Several of Carey-Shuler’s national award-winning programs were: Partners for Youth Program, Epilepsy Education for Minorities, Afrocentric Enhancement and Self-Esteem Opportunity Program (AESOP). She led the effort to implement and increase the development of transit-oriented developments along major transit corridors and high traffic community enclaves. Her leadership in the formation and chairing of the Transit Center Connections Committee developed a blueprint for multi-use transit villages along the northern leg of the Metrorail line in her commission district, including: the Martin Luther King Transit Station Complex, the Brownsville Transit Village, the Overtown Transit Village and the Seventh Avenue Transit Village, later renamed in 2016. Culturally, Carey-Shuler secured funding for the construction and renovation of Virginia Key Beach Park Civil Rights Museum and Cultural Center. A major restoration of The Historic Lyric Theater in Overtown was accomplished by the Black Archives through a continuing resolution of funding, sponsored by Carey-Shuler; becoming one of the first jewels of the Overtown renaissance. The Historic Hampton House Hotel was saved from demolition by a Carey-Shuler-led coalition of preservation activist.She steered the Performing Arts Center project through the County Commission during a difficult period of delayed construction and over-budget spending. Her efforts and leadership contributed to the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts becoming a financial success and a world renown facility of the arts. She was responsible for the concept and creation of Music Fest Miami, a multi-cultural festivity on Labor Day Weekend centered around the global music community of Miami and South Florida. The three-year event featured music, food and culture events in numerous neighborhood mini-festivals around Miami-Dade County. Local high school students were introduced to nationally known musicians during interactive presentations and in-school concerts. The culminating event was an all-day music festival of world music at Miami’s Bayfront Park, featuring artists Isaac Hayes, <mask>, Arturo Sandoval, Jonathan Butler, Inner Circle, Earth, Wind and Fire, Charlie Haden and Patti Labelle. After serving more than twenty years, on December 6, 2005 Carey-Shuler resigned from the Miami-Dade County Commission to care for ailing family members.Less than seven weeks later, her mother died on January 8, 2006; her husband, James Lamar Shuler, died on October 1 2006; and her mentor M. Athalie Range died on November 14th of the same year. Philanthropist, volunteer and civic activist
In 2017, Carey-Shuler was instrumental in advocating for the City of Delray Beach to rename a street after her late husband, James Lamar Shuler as an ode to his work in redeveloping the blighted areas of Delray Beach, FL. As Carey-Shuler has managed and maintained her husband’s legacy at the Shuler’s Memorial Chapel, she has continued her civic and social activism within the African American community of south Palm Beach County. Carey-Shuler, provided a gift to Palm Beach State College which afforded the college the opportunity to establish the Cross-Cultural Equity Institute to improve retention and graduation rates among minority students. Carey-Shuler adopted Inlet Grove Community High School and volunteers as President of the foundation and Vice President of the governing board. Inlet Grove High School is a training ground that educates students to be career or college ready upon graduation. Carey-Shuler serves as the Secretary on the Board of Trustees of Technology, Enterprise and Development Center, which provides business experience in its programming to clients and customers.She also serves as a member of the Board of Directors for Pathways to Prosperity, a non-profit organization based in Boynton Beach, Florida, which is dedicated to strengthening the communityby providing educational and social service resources. <mask> Carey-Shuler’s continued activism for history and community preservation is fulfilled by her service as a board member of the Spady Museum in Delray Beach, Florida. In 2013, Carey-Shuler was recognized for her business success and personal contributions to the Greater West Palm Beach community by Delta Sigma Theta sorority of West Palm Beach and the Delta Heritage Foundation. References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Fernandina Beach, Florida
County commissioners in Florida
People from Miami-Dade County, Florida

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Janie Lang McCollough
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Barbara McCollough Carey
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Arthur McDuffie
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<mask> (3 January 1780 – 29 July 1835) was a British Tory Member of Parliament (MP) whose Evangelical Anglicanism and prior experience as a Poor Law administrator in Leeds led him to oppose Malthusian theories of population and their use to decry state provision for the poor. Overview
<mask> entered the British House of Commons at the behest of the 4th Duke of Newcastle, returned by the pocket borough of Newark as an 'Ultra' opponent of Catholic emancipation, but he devoted much effort in Parliament to urging the extension of the Poor Law to Ireland. In 1832, in the last session of the unreformed House of Commons he brought forward a Bill to regulate the minimum age and maximum working hours of children (no more than ten hours for persons under eighteen) in the textile industry. He chaired a Select Committee on the Bill which heard evidence from witnesses on overwork and ill-treatment of factory children. No legislation had resulted before the Reform Act passed and in the election which followed <mask> stood for Leeds but failed to be elected. Parliamentary leadership of the factory reform movement passed to Lord Ashley. Publication of the evidence gathered by Sadler's Select Committee had a considerable effect on public opinion: the effect of Sadler's Bill and Committee on the Whig government was to persuade them that new factory legislation was required but that this should be based upon evidence gathered on a sounder basis.When he died, contemporaries mentioned his work on Ireland, population, and poverty as well as his ten-hour bill, but only the latter is now remembered. Early years
<mask> was born in Snelston, Derbyshire, on 3 January 1780, the son of <mask> a minor local squire ; according to tradition his family came from Warwickshire and was descended from Sir <mask>. He was educated at home; when newly elected an MP he was said to have a 'rather broad' Yorkshire accent. In 1800 on the death of his mother he moved to Leeds to work with an elder brother (Benjamin); his father died soon afterwards. <mask> and his brother were linen-drapers; in 1810 they gave up the retail trade and went into partnership with the widow of an importer of Irish linen (in 1816 he married her eldest daughter Anne), but his biographer comments that <mask> was lucky to have competent partners as his mind, nature, and habits were unfitted to business. His biographer reports that his family were Anglicans but his mother was sympathetic to Methodism adding that "He had always entertained a decided preference for the Church of England, but after his marriage he became more regular and undeviating in his attendance on her ordinances. "with no indication of the nature of the pre-marital irregularities and deviations.One of his earliest publications was An Apology for Methodists written in 1797 and in 1831 the Leeds Mercury published a letter from a Methodist dignitary to the superintendent of the Leeds circuit which advised Methodists not to vote for Sadler because he had been insufficiently active in the anti-slavery cause "to say nothing of the ambition which has made him court the High Church and despise us". A correspondent in the Leeds Intelligencer confirmed that <mask> (now an Anglican Alderman and J.P.) had once been a Methodist circuit-steward and <mask> had regularly gone to chapel with him, but denied that <mask> had ever been a Methodist. Religious affiliation was not merely a matter of private conscience (or social status) but also had political implications: Dissenters objected to paying for the Established Church, and were therefore favourable to any reform which might address this, and antagonistic to any steps which might increase the burden. A specific local instance of this arose in Leeds: additional Anglican churches were built in Leeds parish; Dissenters  passed a motion at the vestry meeting forbidding any expenditure by the parish on equipping the new churches, and then voted out (in the middle of his term in office) a churchwarden who ignored the motion (having legal advice that the parish was legally required to pay for the fitting out of the churches). Sadler attempted to dissuade the vestry meeting from this, but was shouted down. His interests lay largely outside business; he became a member of Leeds Corporation (soon after his marriage), contributed articles to the Leeds Intelligencer (the local Tory paper) and commanded a company in the local volunteers ; he also visited the sick and destitute as a member of the 'Stranger's Friend Society', was superintendent of a large Sunday School, and sat on the Poor Law board for Leeds, eventually becoming Poor-rates Treasurer. These latter activities, especially the last, gave him a familiarity with the habits, the wants, and the sufferings of the poor, and a concern with them which stayed with him for the rest of his days.He became active in politics; a supporter of the Tories and strongly opposed to Catholic Emancipation. In 1817, he wrote a pamphlet First Letter to a Reformer countering the argument of a recent MP for Yorkshire that corruption and the power of the Crown were increasing and should be decreased, and that this showed the necessity for Parliamentary reform. He was a founder member (and eventually President) of the Leeds Literary and Philosophical Society, and in 1825 delivered there a course of lectures on the Poor Laws. He disagreed strongly with the orthodox authorities of the age on economics and poverty such as David Ricardo and Malthus, believing that their views tended to a destruction of traditional society. As for his own views on these topics, he told a political dinner in 1826  " I .. simply sum them up in these terms, namely : – To extend the utmost possible degree of human happiness to the greatest possible number of human beings. To do this, seems to me to require far less of art than of benevolence ; our duties are sufficiently plain, and fortunately for mankind, duty and interest are at length always found inseparably connected." In 1828 he published an essay on Ireland; its Evils and their Remedies, in which he argued (against the conventional wisdom) for the establishment of poor laws there, and denied that the ills of Ireland were due to over population, since Ulster was both the most prosperous province and the most densely populated one.Election to parliament
Before the 1832 Reform Act Newark a borough in Nottinghamshire returned 2 MPs, chosen for it by a coalition of local landed interests; those of the Duke of Newcastle (the 'Reds') and other Tories chiefly Lord Middleton (the 'Yellows'). The vote for these candidates was supported by the 4th Duke of Newcastle's policy of unfailingly evicting any tenant who gave a vote to the 'Blues' (opponents of the Red/Yellow candidates); his allies took similar measures but less implacably. In 1829 one of Newark's MPs was General Sir William Henry Clinton GCB, a kinsman of the Duke of Newcastle. He held a minor post (Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance) under the Duke of Wellington, whom he had served under in the Peninsula. Wellington had formed a government from the opponents of Catholic Emancipation, but by 1829 the state of Ireland was such that – despite his previous strong opposition to Catholic Emancipation – Robert Peel, the leading MP in the government became convinced that granting it was the only safe way to defuse the situation. Wellington's government therefore brought in a Catholic Relief Bill. Since Clinton felt unable to vote against this Bill, and Newcastle was strongly opposed to it, Clinton offered to resign as MP for Newark.Without consulting his allies, Newcastle accepted Clinton's resignation ; he did not inform his allies of this. Again without consulting them, he searched for Clinton's replacement, eventually picking <mask> as a good public speaker with suitably hard-line views against Emancipation. In 1813 at a meeting in Leeds he had seconded a petition to be sent to Parliament against any relief of Catholic disabilities. Sir, the Protestant cause has long been identified with that of the British nation. May they never be separated ! But we are firmly convinced, that to concede to its grand adversary the power it seeks to recover, to resign that influence which it would infalllibly exert, would be to dilapidate the venerable fabric of that happy constitution erected by the wisdom and cemented by the blood of our ancestors ; would shake the very pillars on which the Protestant throne of these realms is founded ; would invalidate the title of the present Protestant royal family ; would threaten the existence of the Protestant establishment; would change many of our laws and subvert many of our sacred institutions; would extinguish the very spirit of the glorious revolution of 1688, and pour contempt on those great characters, who, under divine providence, brought about that happy event ; and in fine, would, in the present state of political parties, deliver up the country to Roman Catholic ascendancy. but his objections were not merely political or constitutional; he held – he said in his declaration speech in 1829 – that "No man is properly qualified to fulfil the duties of any important office whose religion is not founded upon the sacred book of God – who does not derive his faith from that only source -who is prevented from reading it in his native language – who is deprived of the translated Bible".In the by-election following Clinton's resignation, <mask> campaigned against Catholic Emancipation, but his Blue opponent campaigned against Newcastle's electoral tyranny as evidenced by <mask> being imposed on the borough without consultation: the candidate (or rather the selection process) had become the issue. <mask> was elected with a majority of 214, but at the General Election of 1830 was ahead of the Blue candidate by only 94 votes, the Blue cause having gained adherents and the Yellows having become less keen to enforce support of the Red candidate. In 1831, it was therefore thought prudent that <mask> should stand for Aldborough, rather than Newark where his election would be ensured as the borough, which had less than 80 electors, was securly under the control of the Duke of Newcastle. The Duke's candidates for Aldborough were always returned. In the 1831 election <mask>, and the man who stood with him Clinton James Fynes-Clinton, were therefore returned unopposed as the representatives for Aldborough. In parliament

Catholic relief
<mask>'s first major speech in the House of Commons was against the Second Reading of the Catholic Relief Bill. The speech was well received, but it was rapidly concluded that <mask> could never expect a government post under George IV (apparently because he lacked social polish).His speech against the Third Reading was less successful an opponent describing his performance as the most perfect specimen of a canting Methodist I ever saw. <mask>'s reputation as a Parliamentary debater declined; in March 1830, Hansard recorded mockery by a colleague which the House apparently thought a definite "hit""... he meant the able, the enlightened, the accomplished Member for Newark —able as a writer and as a reasoner, – striking in his eloquence, – well versed in ancient and modern learning, and accomplished in his mode of applying that learning." [The loud and general burst of laughter which followed this sentence prevented our hearing whether the hon. and learned Member finished the encomium here.] Irish Poor Laws
He took up in Parliament the argument he had already made outside it that the English Poor Law system should be extended to Ireland (which at that point had no Poor Laws), presenting a petition in 1829 and the next year making a long speech in favour on his own motion, which he then withdrew; it being clear from the debate that his motion would be defeated: there already being a Committee sitting on measures to be taken on Irish poverty. <mask> had been invited to serve on it, but declined because (he said) the selection of MPs for the committee had ensured a built-in majority for opponents of an Irish Poor Law: he also had declined to give evidence to it. In a speech in Leeds in 1831 he described the introduction of Irish Poor Laws as "not a measure of politics, but a measure of justice, policy and mercy"
It lies at the very foundation of all civil institutions that where property is appropriated there should be a reservation for those who are left without provision when their labour is no longer demanded, when sickness assails them, and when calamity overtakes them.Whoever the authority might be, you will find that these rights of human nature are clearly recognised, and it is not denied by any jurist in the world that every human being whom the Providence of God has placed upon earth has a claim to sustenation and relief when his honest labour will no longer afford him the necessities of life  He initiated a debate on a declaratory resolution that the Poor Laws should be extended to Ireland on 29 August 1831: the resolution was defeated 52–64, a margin so narrow as to be regarded as a moral victory, making it virtually inevitable that the Government would have to act. Reporting his final illness in 1835, the Yorkshire Gazette described him as "this philanthropic gentleman, whose great exertions to ameliorate the condition of the poor of the sister isle will never be forgotten". The Poor Law system was introduced to Ireland in 1838 (when <mask> was no longer in Parliament (or alive)) but this was based not upon the Elizabethan Poor Law system which Sadler knew, but upon the 'New Poor Law' of 1834. Work on population
His argument for a Poor Law supporting the poor ran entirely contrary to the advice of orthodox political economists of the day, who held with Malthus;

Since population increased by geometrical progression whilst production increased by arithmetical progression, population was only held in check by the want and distress of the poor; hence to relieve that want and distress whether by charity or by the poor-rates was (however kind-hearted) wrong-headed since it would artificially sustain a greater number of the poor (and hence increase the number of those in distress). <mask> scrutinised Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population and became convinced that the statistics it quoted in support were unsound (or where sound mis-used). From his own studies of census data for England in 1810 and 1820  he concluded that the birthrate per hundred marriages was lower in the more densely populated counties; he went on to argue that this was because the more densely populated counties enjoyed a higher standard of living, and that prosperity, not poverty, was the more effective check on population growth. Sadler published (1830) the Law of Population which he derived from this detailed examination of available population statistics (The Prolificness of human beings, otherwise similarly circumstanced, varies inversely as their numbers) in a large book of the same name "more than thirteen hundred closely-printed pages, crowded with an hundred-and-four statistical tables" which left most reviewers at a loss for words.However, <mask> Macaulay writing in the Edinburgh Review, was neither daunted nor impressed, beginning his review
We did not expect a good book from Mr <mask> ; and it is well that we did not ; for he has given us a very bad one. The matter of his treatise is extraordinary ; the manner more extraordinary still. His arrangement is confused, his repetitions endless, his style every thing which it ought not to be. Instead of saying what he has to say with the perspicuity, the precision, and the simplicity in which consists the eloquence proper to scientific writing, he indulges without measure in vague, bombastic declamation, made up of those fine things which boys of fifteen admire, and which every body, who is not destined to be a boy all his life, weeds vigorously out of his compositions after five-and-twenty. going on to point out that even <mask>'s analysis did not support an inverse relationship in the technical/accurate meaning of the term, but rather a mild tailing off of fecundity at higher population densities which did not invalidate Malthus, attacking various details of <mask>'s analysis, and ending 25 pages later:
We have shown that Mr <mask> is careless in the collection of facts, — that he is incapable of reasoning on facts when he has collected them, — that he does not understand the simplest terms of science, — that he has enounced a proposition of which he does not know the meaning,— that the proposition which he means to enounce, and which he tries to prove, leads directly to all those consequences which he represents as impious and immoral, — and that, from the very documents to which he has himself appealed, it may be demonstrated that his theory is false. <mask> replied in a pamphlet showing that Macaulay had indulged in considerable misrepresentation of the content of the book. In June 1832, Sadler was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.Defence of his patron
Newcastle's intimidatory power in Newark was strengthened by his holding (on -it was alleged – advantageous terms) the lease of Crown lands in the neighbourhood ; the leases had come into his family by being granted by a previous Duke of Newcastle (when Prime Minister) to a close relative. A public meeting was held in Newark against these leases: Newcastle responded to an invitation to the meeting in a letter in which he asked "Is it presumed, then, that I am not to do what I will with my own ?". Newcastle meant the properties he leased to his tenants, but it did not take too much ill-will to take him to mean his tenants' votes; and the phrase was widely quoted on that basis. In a Commons debate on the Crown leases <mask> spoke in defence of his patron, effusively and not entirely accurately. John Cam Hobhouse claimed that <mask> had admitted in his speech that he owed his return for Newark to the Duke (it was contrary to the privileges of the House of Commons for a member of the House of Lords to procure the election of an MP); <mask> rapidly denied he had said this, or that it was true. 1831; parliamentary reform
The Catholic Relief Bill duly passed, but the Tory Ultras (those – such as <mask> – irreconcilably opposed to Catholic Relief) withdrew their support from the Wellington administration, which then fell. Their Whig opponents came to power, committed to Parliamentary Reform ( sweeping away many of the 'rotten boroughs', creating new borough constituencies for unrepresented towns

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 like Manchester and Leeds, and equalising the franchise).The 'Reform Bill' introduced in 1831 in fact consisted of separate Bills for England, for Scotland, and for Ireland. The English Bill went first; it passed its Second Reading, but upon it entering Committee stage, the first amendment to the Bill (a wrecking one, deploring the reduction in the number of English MPs, seconded by <mask>("Mr <mask>, in seconding the amendment, inflicted upon the house a most discursive speech of three closely printed columns, amid general yawning and coughing") was carried by a majority of 8. The Government then withdrew the Bill and called a General Election. <mask> (having been burnt in effigy at Newark) was now returned for Aldborough; the Whigs retained power and introduced a revised Reform Bill, which eventually passed the House of Commons. <mask> voted against the Reform Bill; he spoke at Committee stage when boroughs in schedule B (those formerly returning two MPs, but now to return one: Aldborough was to be one of these, but with revised boundaries, and hence no longer in the pocket of the Duke of Newcastle) were under consideration His main contribution was to (like a few Radicals such as Henry Hunt) deplore the introduction of a uniform qualification for the vote sweeping away much wider "scot & lot" franchises in the few boroughs where they existed. Otherwise he spoke rarely on the Reform Bill; during its passage through the Commons he made more speeches on Irish poverty and Irish Poor Laws. The debate he initiated on Irish Poor Laws (29 August 1831) was held on the next sitting day after Sir Robert Peel had supported ministers by appealing to members to "avoid every other business which should interfere with the progress of the Reform Bill".In October he moved the First Reading of a Bill to improve the lot of the (agricultural) labouring poor (by Government building respectable cottages with land attached and letting them at an economic rent.) Both sides of the House agreed that in any reformed House of Commons Manchester Birmingham and Leeds should be represented, and in September 1831 <mask> was approached (and agreed) to stand as the Tory candidate for Leeds in the election that would follow passage of the Bill. However, in October 1831 the second Reform Bill was rejected by the Lords; Parliament was prorogued and <mask>'s 'labouring poor' Bill lost. Sadler gave advance notice of three further Bills he might wish to bring in in the next session; for the relief of the Irish poor, for bettering the condition of the manufacturing poor, and for regulating the labour of Children in Factories. Attempts to form a Tory government failed, and Parliament reassembled before Christmas, still with a Whig government committed to the early passage of a Reform Bill. <mask> did not revive his 'labouring poor' Bill; instead he announced his intention to bring in a Bill regulating the Labour of Children in Mills and Factories. 1832: The Ten Hour Bill
Parliamentary time in 1832 was largely taken up with passage of the third Reform Bill.<mask>'s only recorded speech in the Reform Bill debates was a short one on Hunt's amendment for a 'scot-and-lot' franchise "That all householders paying taxes, shall have a vote for the respective Members to be chosen in the next, and every succeeding Parliament. ": <mask> supported an even wider 'pot-walloper' franchise ("Every one above the rank of a pauper was entitled to the elective franchise.") and did not vote for Hunt's amendment. His efforts were concentrated upon a Bill extending the existing Factory Acts (which gave some protection to children working in the cotton industry) to other textile industries, and reducing to ten per day the working hours of children in the industries legislated for. In 1815 Sir Robert Peel (father of the Sir Robert Peel leading the Tories in the Commons when <mask> was an MP) had introduced a Bill which was to apply to all children in textile mills and factories. Children under ten were not to be employed; children between ten and eighteen could work no more than ten hours a day, and nightworking by them was banned. After four years and three Committees taking evidence, Peel got an Act passed in 1819 which only applied to children in cotton mills and factories.Children under nine were not to be employed; children between nine and sixteen could work no more than twelve hours a day; the ban on nightworking remained. In 1825 John Cam Hobhouse had introduced a Bill to reduce the working day for children in cotton mills to eleven hours, but in face of organised opposition had settled for a three-hour reduction in their working week by a short Saturday. In 1831 Hobhouse introduced a Bill to consolidate the cotton mills Factory Acts and apply them to all textile mills; again there was considerable opposition and the Act passed applied only to cotton mills (and banned nightworking up to the age of 21). <mask> had been absent from Parliament because of ill-health, but attended specifically to speak on the Third Reading of Hobhouse's Bill, regretting its reduced scope (and referring to a petition in its favour from Dundee spinners to whom it was now irrelevant). A network of 'Short Time Committees' had grown up in the textile districts of Yorkshire and Lancashire, working for a 'ten-hour day Act ' for children, with many millhands in the Ten Hour Movement hoping that this would in practice also limit the adult working day. Witnesses to one of the Committees taking evidence on Peel's Bill had noted that there were few millworkers over forty, and that they themselves expected to have to stop mill work at that age because of 'the pace of the mill' unless working hours were reduced. Hobhouse advised Richard Oastler, a Yorkshire supporter of <mask>, that Hobhouse had got as much as he could, given the opposition of Scottish flax-spinners and 'the state of public business':  if Sadler put forward a Bill matching the aims of the Short Time Committees “he will not be allowed to proceed a single stage with any enactment, and … he will only throw an air of ridicule and extravagance over the whole of this kind of legislation”.Oastler responded that a failure with a Ten Hour Bill would "not dishearten its friends. It will only spur them on to greater exertions, and would undoubtedly lead to certain success "

<mask>'s Bill when introduced indeed corresponded closely to the aims of the Short Time Committees. Hobhouse's ban on nightwork up to 21 was retained; no child under nine was to be employed; and the working day for under-eighteens was to be no more than ten hours (eight on Saturday). These restrictions were to apply across all textile industries. The Second Reading debate on <mask>'s bill did not take place until 16 March 1832, the Reform Bill having taken precedence over all other legislation. Meanwhile, petitions both for and against the Bill had been presented to the Commons; both Peel and Sir George Strickland had warned that the Bill as it stood was too ambitious: more MPs had spoken for further factory legislation than against, but many supporters wanted the subject to be considered by a Select Committee. <mask>  had resisted this  "if the present Bill was referred to one, it would not become a law this Session, and the necessity of legislating was so apparent, that he was unwilling to submit to the delay of a Committee, when he considered they could obtain no new evidence on the subject".In his long Second Reading speech, <mask> argued repeatedly that a Committee was unnecessary, but concluded by accepting that he had not convinced the House or the Government of this, and that the Bill would be referred to a Select Committee. (Lord Althorp, responding for the Government, noted that <mask>'s speech made a strong case for considering legislation, thought it did little to directly support the details of the Bill; the Government supported the Bill as leading to a Select Committee, but would not in advance pledge support for whatever legislation the Committee might recommend). This effectively removed any chance of a Factories Regulation Act being passed before Parliament was dissolved. <mask> was made chairman of the committee, which allowed him to make his case by hearing evidence from witnesses of <mask>'s selection, on the understanding that opponents of the Bill (or of some feature of it) would then have their innings. <mask> attempted (31 July 1832) to progress his Bill without waiting for the committee's report; when this abnormal procedure was objected to by other MPs, he withdrew the Bill. <mask>, as chairman of the committee, reported the minutes of evidence on 8 August 1832, when they were ordered to be printed. Parliament was prorogued shortly afterwards: <mask> gave notice of his intention to reintroduce a Ten-Hour Bill in the next session

Leeds Election 1832

At the 1832 election <mask> stood for the newly enfranchised seat of Leeds.His rival candidates were <mask> Macaulay a Whig politician of national standing (as well as a prolific reviewer for the Edinburgh Review) and John Marshall. Marshall's father had been a Leeds linen-draper and had become a millionaire by developing the spinning of flax by machinery, but as a Dissenter (Unitarian) had been excluded from Leeds Corporation (a'close corporation') – and hence prevented from becoming a magistrate – by the Anglican Tory circles which the Sadlers had joined. By 1832, the Marshalls were members of the Church of England, and Marshall's father had been Sheriff of Cumberland and MP for Yorkshire. Sadler's Committee had taken testimony from multiple Leeds-based witnesses who as children two decades before had been ill-treated at a mill in Shrewsbury owned by the Marshalls, and then employing children as young as six, but in 1832 Marshall's Mill in Leeds (although outside the existing Factory Act as it span flax, not cotton) normally worked the 69-hour week specified by the Factory Act; from information given by the younger Marshall at a public meeting in Leeds it voluntarily complied with the age limit as well:

The campaign began with a boisterous public meeting at which all three candidates spoke. Sadler was escorted to the meeting by a procession organised by the local Short-Time Committee, and all the candidates declared their views on factory legislation. Sadler was for a ten-hour bill; Marshall held that no great injury would come to children working cotton-mill hours in a well-regulated mill, but that it would be well for Parliament to reduce the working week to 65 or 66 hours; it was not necessary to set a 58-hour limit. Macaulay supported regulation in principle; he had not yet seen enough evidence for him to come to a view on the appropriate limits, but he would support "any system of legislation which shall secure the children against the rapacity either of officers of the parish or of their parents".These exchanges (together with a prolonged scuffle at the meeting over a Ten-Hour banner depicting small ragged children entering Marshall's mill at 5 am on a winter morning) have sometimes been taken to show the Leeds campaign was "a hard fight which hinged largely on the factory question" but (if the newspapers supporting the rival parties reported the campaign with any accuracy) after this meeting factory reform was never a major campaign issue; in its account of the next week's canvassing the Intelligencer noted Sadler to have raised the issue, but reported in detail only his denial that he had taken up the issue for electioneering purposes – no millchild had a vote, nor did their mothers, nor (as the Whigs had been careful to ensure) did any but a handful of their fathers: its report of the following week has nothing on the subject. Equally, if not an issue, it may have been a factor: Richard Oastler later said that Sadler's efforts on behalf of the factory children had "offended some of the Tory party of Leeds" and the contemporary papers give no indication of support for Sadler by the Gotts, leading millowners and prominent supporters of the Tory candidate in the 1834 elections. Sadler's previous speeches and actions meant that there were substantive differences between the candidates on church rates, the Corn Laws and close corporations; these were supplemented by repeated claims by Whig supporters that Sadler's declared views on other issues were not his real views; he pretended to be the friend of the poor so that he could return to being the lackey of the Duke of Newcastle. Macaulay called Sadler 'a convenient philanthropist' and likened him to 'the Hyaena who, when it wishes to decoy the unwary into its den, has a singular knack of imitating the cries of little children . . .'. The 'hard fight' descended further into personalities; the accusation that Sadler had deserted Methodism for Anglicanism from worldly motives and now despised Methodists was repeated; countered by Sadler's supporters by an assertion that no orthodox Christian should vote for Marshall or Macaulay as they were both Socinians, which accusation the Whigs met with the revelation that Sadler was "sadly addicted to PROFANE SWEARING" and had "attended the SUNDAY parties of a certain Dowager not noted for keeping all the Ten Commandments"
When the result was declared, Marshall had 2012 votes, and Macaulay 1984; Sadler failed to be elected, trailing badly with 1596 votes

Final years

Fate of the Ten Hour Bill
Extracts from 'the report of Mr Sadler's Committee' began to appear in newspapers in January 1833 and painted a picture of the life of a mill-child as one of systematic over-work and systematic brutality. The conclusion many papers drew was that Sadler's Bill should be revived and passed.Lord Ashley, eldest son of the 6th Earl of Shaftesbury, took <mask>'s place as the leading spokesman in Parliament for the factory reform movement, and reintroduced the Bill. However MPs criticised both the report (since the only witnesses heard had been <mask>'s, the report was unbalanced; since witnesses had not testified on oath, doubts were expressed about the accuracy/veracity of the more lurid accounts of factory life) and <mask>'s conduct. 'An air of ridicule and extravagance' had been thrown not upon factory legislation, but upon the use of Select Committees for fact-finding on factory conditions. A Factory Commission was set up to investigate and report. <mask> and the Short Time Committees objected to any further fact-finding and attempted to obstruct the work of the Commissioners. Ashley's Bill proceeded to a Second Reading in early July 1833 (when the likely main recommendations of the commission were known, but its report was not yet available to MPs); Ashley wanted the Bill to then be considered by a Committee of the whole House and defeated Lord Althorp's amendment to refer the Bill to a Select Committee. However at Committee stage the first point considered where the Bill differed from the commission's was the age up to which hours of work should be limited Ashley lost (heavily) the vote on this, and left it to Althorp to pilot through a Factory Act based upon the commission's recommendations.Huddersfield by-election 1834
In the autumn of 1834, it became clear that a by-election at Leeds was imminent as Macaulay intended to resign his seat in Parliament. It was widely assumed that <mask> would be the Tory candidate. However, there was an unexpected by-election at Huddersfield. The Whig MP elected in 1832, had been opposed only by a Radical (Captain Wood) : since then Wood had converted to Catholicism and felt (or was advised) that this made it unlikely that he would win the by-election. Wood therefore advised his supporters to invite <mask> to stand as a Tory with Radical support. Whig papers then publicised allegations by John Foster, a former editor of the Leeds Patriot. The Patriot had been a Radical paper supporting the Ten-Hour movement which had been bankrupted by the legal costs of preparing to defend a libel action.Foster said that he had been promised that the Ten-Hour committee would pay all his legal costs and hadn't done so; that <mask> had promised before the Leeds election to pay a handsome price for the Patriot and reneged on the agreement post-election; that money collected for the Ten-Hour campaign had been misappropriated by Oastler; and that <mask> had been evasive and duplicitous. This mud-slinging aside, there were also underlying policy differences between the Tories and the Radicals (e.g. attitude to the Corn Laws) and the passage of Althorp's Factory Act had for the moment removed the Ten-Hour Bill as a cause behind which they could easily unite. For whichever reason, the Huddersfield Radicals refused to support <mask> (whose campaign was already well under way) and persuaded Wood to stand as their candidate. At the election, <mask> came second with 147 votes, Wood third (108), behind the successful Whig candidate (234 votes). This was the last election at which he stood: requisitioned to stand at the Leeds by-election, he declined the invitation. He and his family moved in July 1834 to Belfast, where he died in 1835 and was buried in Ballylesson churchyard.There is a Grade II listed statue of <mask> in St George's Fields (the former Woodhouse Cemetery) in Leeds. Major works
 Ireland, Its Evils and their Remedies(first published 1828)
 The Law of Population: A Treatise, in Six Books; (first published 1830)
 Report of the Select Committee on his Factory Regulation Bill, 1832

Minor works
 A refutation of an article in the Edinburgh Review (1830 : the article was the review by <mask> Macaulay of Sadler's Law of Population)
 The Factory Girl's Last Day a poem

Notes

References

External links

  (This gives only partial coverage: the electronic Hansard does not cover 1829 and therefore misses – amongst other things – his speeches against Catholic Relief; for other years the speeches are there, but the Hansard search engine does not find all of them : for example his speech on the need for a Poor Law for Ireland 3 June 1830 is there, but not flagged up)
British Anti-classical economists at the History of Economic Thought website. Aspects of the Industrial Revolution in Britain : Working Conditions and Government Regulation – a selection of primary documents
The Factory Girl's Last Day

1780 births
1835 deaths
People from Derbyshire Dales (district)
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Tory MPs (pre-1834)
UK MPs 1826–1830
UK MPs 1830–1831
UK MPs 1831–1832
Fellows of the Royal Society
British reformers
Ultra-Tory

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<mask> (18 August 1937 – 11 December 1996) was an English cartoonist, satirist, comedian, actor and performer who co-founded the satirical magazine Private Eye. Early life
<mask> was born 18 August 1937 in 3 Wilbraham Place, Chelsea, London, the only child of publisher <mask> (1908-1958) and his Welsh wife Veronica (née James, 1910-1977). He was educated at Shrewsbury School, where he was not academically successful but met his future Private Eye colleagues Richard Ingrams, Paul Foot and Christopher Booker. He also contributed to the satirical magazine The Wallopian, (a play on the school magazine name The Salopian) mocking school spirit, traditions and the masters. Later, he said he recalled little of his schooldays, except that "it was Blandings country. The sort of place you go to die, not to be educated". After school Rushton had to perform two years of national service in the army, where he failed officer selection.He later commented, "The Army is, God bless it, one of the funniest institutions on earth and also a sort of microcosm of the world. It's split almost perfectly into our class system. Through serving in the ranks I discovered the basic wit of my fellow man – whom basically, to tell the truth, I'd never met before." On leaving the army, he worked in a solicitor's office for a short period. Private Eye and the satire boom
Rushton remained in contact with his Shrewsbury friends, who had added John Wells to their number and were now running their own humour magazines at Oxford, Parsons Pleasure and Mesopotamia, to which Rushton made many contributions during his frequent visits. A cartoon of a giraffe in a bar saying "The high balls are on me" was not met with approval by everyone in the university administrative quarters. Rushton suggested that Mesopotamia could continue after they left university.During his time as a clerk he had been sending his cartoons out to Punch but none had been accepted. After being knocked over by a bus, he gave up his job as a clerk, determined not to waste another day. After almost but not quite being accepted by Tribune (a Labour-supporting newspaper edited by Michael Foot, Paul's uncle), Rushton found a place at the Liberal News, which was also employing Christopher Booker as a journalist. From June 1960 until March 1961, he contributed a weekly strip, "Brimstone Belcher", following the exploits of the titular journalist (a fore-runner of Private Eyes Lunchtime O'Booze), from bizarre skulduggery in the British colonies (where the soldiers holding back the politicised rabble bear a strong resemblance to privates <mask> and Ingrams), travelogues through the US, and the hazards of by-electioneering as the independent candidate for the constituency of Gumboot North. After the strip folded, Rushton still contributed a weekly political cartoon to the Liberal News until mid-1962. The Salopians finally found a financier for their magazine and the first issue of Private Eye was published on 25 October 1961. Rushton put it together in his bedroom in Scarsdale Villas using Letraset and cow-gumming illustrations onto cards which were taken away to be photo-lithographed.He also contributed all the illustrations and the mast-head figure of Little Gnitty (who still appears on the cover, a blended caricature of John Wells and the Daily Express standard-head). One critic described the original lay-out of the magazine as owing much to "Neo-Brechtian Nihilism", although Rushton thought it resembled a betting shop floor. One feature in the early issues was the "Aesop Revisited", a full-page comic strip which let him work in a wealth of puns and background jokes. With Private Eye riding the satire boom, Peter Cook soon took an interest and contributed two serials recounting the bizarre adventures of Sir Basil Nardly-Stoads and the Rhandi Phurr, both of which were illustrated by Rushton, as was "Mrs Wilson's Diary". In the early days the team also worked on two books, Private Eye on London and Private Eye's Romantic England that make heavy use of his cartooning talents. One of the first Private Eye-published books was <mask>'s first collection of cartoons, <mask>'s Dirty Weekend Book (banned in Ireland). Reuniting with his Salopian chums had also reawakened Rushton's taste for acting.After they had finished university, he had accompanied his friends in a well-received revue at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. (Richard Burton even appeared one night in their parody of Luther.) In 1961, Richard Ingrams directed a production of Spike Milligan's surreal post-nuclear apocalypse farce The Bed-Sitting Room, in which Rushton was hailed by Kenneth Tynan as "brilliant". But it was a cabaret at the Room at the Top, a chicken-in-a-basket nightclub at the top of a department store in Ilford, that really launched his career. Rushton recalled meeting the Kray twins in the audience one night and that fellow performer Barbara Windsor "wouldn't come out for a drink that night". The revue also starred John Wells. Rushton's impersonation of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan caught the attention of Ned Sherrin, a young BBC producer searching for talent to appear in a forthcoming TV satire series.That Was the Week That Was (aka "TW3") ran from November 1962 until December 1963. It drew audiences of up to 13 million, making stars of its cast, particularly David Frost. Rushton became known for his impersonation of the Prime Minister, a daring novelty in those respectful days. "It's the only impersonation that people have ever actually recognised – so I'm very grateful to the old bugger ... But then I had voted for him, so he owed me something." Rushton also appeared on the original flexi-discs of skits, squibs and invective that Private Eye gave away, having success with two self-penned songs: "Neasden" ("you won't be sorry that you breezed in ... where the rissoles are deep-freezed-en") and the "Bum Song" ("if you’re feeling glum / stick a finger up your bum / and the world is a happier place"). He also wrote songs for TW3, many of which were revisited on later solo albums like Now in Bottles and The Complete Works.In the autumn of 1963, a health scare led Macmillan to resign and Sir Alec Douglas-Home became Prime Minister. It was necessary that Douglas-Home resign his peerage to find a safe Parliamentary seat. The Private Eye team were so disgusted by the Conservative Party's machinations that they decided to stand their own protest candidate in the Kinross and Western Perthshire by-election. Since he was the most well-known member of the team, <mask> was the obvious choice to stand. Rushton gained much attention from journalists, since he stood under the slogan "Death to the Tories". He polled only 45 votes, having advised his supporters at the last minute to vote Liberal, the Conservatives' only credible challenger. Douglas-Home won.Films, television and radio
When TW3 was cancelled in anticipation of the 1964 election, <mask> and some of the cast, as well as some of the members of the Cambridge University revue Cambridge Circus (including future Goodies Tim Brooke-Taylor and Bill Oddie), went on tour in America as David Frost Presents TW3. <mask> and Barry Fantoni (another Private Eye contributor) entered a painting titled Nude Reclining, a satirical portrait of three establishment types, for the 1963 Royal Academy Summer Exhibition under the name of Stuart Harris, which excited much controversy. He also began a career as a character actor for films in 1963. In late 1964 <mask> was involved as one of the hosts in the early episodes of another satirical programme, Not So Much a Programme, but drifted away as it became the vehicle that launched David Frost as a chat show host. In 1964 he appeared as Richard Burbage in Sherrin and Caryl Brahms' musical of No Bed for Bacon, while his early stature as a personality was confirmed by a cartoon advert he devised for the Brewers' Society proclaiming the charms of the local pub. Rushton did his own host duties for New Stars and Garters, a variety entertainment show in 1965, where he first met Arlene Dorgan. He also appeared as a guest in programmes including Not Only...But Also with Peter Cook and Dudley Moore. During the late 1960s, Rushton spent much of his time in Australia, following Dorgan back to her homeland. He married her in 1968. He also had several series of his own on Australian television, Don’t Adjust Your Set – The Programme is at Fault and From Rushton with Love. He said of Australia, "They've got their priorities right, they're dedicated to lying in the sun, knocking back ice-cold beer". During this period he found time to model for She magazine and also appear in a 1967 stage production of Treasure Island as Squire Trelawney, alongside Spike Milligan and Barry Humphries, at the Mermaid Theatre in London. It was on one of his return visits to the UK in 1968 that he also brought back the late Tony Hancock's ashes to the UK in an Air France bag – "My session with the Customs was a Hancock's Half Hour in itself."He appeared in cameo roles in films, including Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines (1965), Monte Carlo or Bust (1969), The Best House in London (1969) and The Adventures of Barry McKenzie (1972). He played Tim Brooke-Taylor's gay husband in Sharon Tate's last film before her murder, The Thirteen Chairs (1969), and Tobias Cromwell in Flight of the Doves (1971), as well as appearing in sex comedies such as Keep It Up Downstairs (1976), Adventures of a Private Eye (1977) and Adventures of a Plumber's Mate (1978). His final film appearance was as Big Teddy in Consuming Passions released in 1988. As a TV actor in the 1970s he appeared in episodes of popular programmes as different as The Persuaders!, Colditz (episode: "The Guests" – Major Trumpington in a kilt) and Up Pompeii! as the narrator Plautus. He was Dr Watson to John Cleese's Sherlock Holmes in N. F. Simpson's surreal comedy Elementary, My Dear Watson. In 1975 and 1976 he appeared in well-received pantomimes of Gulliver’s Travels; in 1981 in Eric Idle's Pass the Butler; and in 1988 as Peter Tinniswood's irascible Brigadier in Tales from a Long Room.<mask> also wrote two musicals:
 Liz of Lambeth in 1976. Tallulah Who? in 1991, with Suzi Quatro and Shirlie Roden. In this period, he also found time to contribute seven humorous, spoken word pieces for the double LP, Tale of Ale. His last major solo TV project was Rushton's Illustrated (1980; partially wiped by ATV which often did not keep programmes considered of no international sales value). By now he was an established guest on quiz shows and celebrity panel games: Celebrity Squares, Blankety Blank, Countdown and Through the Keyhole. When asked why he appeared on these "ludicrous programmes", his answer was simple: "Because I meet everybody there".For 22 years until his death, he was a panellist in the long-running BBC Radio 4 panel comedy game show I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue, which he joined as a regular team member in the third series in 1974. In its later years, the show's wealth of silliness, smut and punning was drawing audiences of up to a thousand people for its recordings. In 1990 he teamed up with his co-panellist Barry Cryer in their own show Two old Farts in the Night, performing to full audiences at the Edinburgh festival, the Royal Albert Hall and the Festival Hall, touring the country irregularly until Rushton's death. He played a recurring character as a policeman in Southern Television's 1970–73 children's show Little Big Time with Freddie Garrity; his policeman's helmet bore a

masks:
William George Rushton
Rushton
John Atton Rushton
Rushton
Rushton
Willie Rushton
Rushton
Rushton
Rushton
Rushton
Rushton


text_chunks:
 blue flashing light. His manner and voice meant Rushton was in constant demand for adverts, voice-overs and presenting jobs. In the mid-1970s, his reading of Winnie the Pooh for the BBC's Jackanory was particularly popular. He also provided all the voices for the claymation animated series The Trap Door in the late 1980s.He was a popular choice for narrating audio books, especially those for children. In particular he recorded 18 of the books by the Rev. W. Awdry for The Railway Stories series. He also recorded adaptations of Asterix books and Alice in Wonderland, and provided the voice of the King in the early animated Muzzy films. In the early 1980s he wrote and illustrated a series of children's books about "The Incredible Cottage", and provided illustrations for many children's books. <mask> had not been involved in Private Eye since the latter part of the 1960s, other than a brief stint illustrating "Mrs Wilson's Diary" when the Labour Party came back into power in the mid-1970s. He returned to Private Eye in 1978 to take over the task of illustrating "Auberon Waugh's Diary", which continued until 1986.The cartoons perfectly complemented Auberon Waugh's scabrous and surreal flights of invective, and when Waugh moved his column to The Daily Telegraph as the "Way of the World" in 1990, Rushton followed, drawing at Waugh's instruction such surreal concepts as Richard Ingrams pretending to be a seven-year-old choirgirl, the head of a dead cow coming out of a computer connected to the then-new (in common usage) internet and a nude statue of Benjamin Britten with a bird bath discreetly covering its private parts. The Victoria and Albert Museum, recognising his accomplishments, commissioned 24 large colour illustrations which were collected as <mask>'s Great Moments of History. (<mask> had previous experience with the V&A when he had pulled a prank on the institution by labelling an electric plug socket in one of the galleries: "Plug hole designed by Hans Plug (b. 1908)", which remained for a full year – to the great annoyance of a cleaner who had to use a hefty extension lead for 12 months so as not to damage the exhibit.) This large-scale excursion into the use of colour was good practice for the monthly colour covers he created for the Literary Review when Waugh became its editor in 1986. <mask> drew these covers along with the fortnightly caricatures for Private Eyes literary review page until he died. <mask> had always been conscious of his weight, listing his recreations in Who's Who as "gaining weight, losing weight and parking", and in 1973 he had been the host of a slimming programme, Don't Just Sit There.His first major health scare had been the onset of diabetes (the cause of his father's death in 1958). Having to give up beer, Rushton became, according to Ingrams, "quite grumpy as a result, but his grumpiness had an admirable and jaunty quality to it." A sudden loss of three stone had prevented him from playing in Prince Rainier's XI at Monte Carlo, Monaco. Rushton was always passionate about cricket. His father had sent him for coaching at Lord's before he went to Shrewsbury. His cricket and general knowledge were called upon in his role as a regular team captain on BBC Radio 4's quiz show Trivia Test Match with Tim Rice and Brian Johnston, which ran from 1986 to 1993. Rushton was always an enthusiastic cricketer, playing in the Lord's Taverners, a charity celebrity cricket team.In 1989 he performed in The Secret Policeman's Biggest Ball. His act consisted of singing "Top Hat, White Tie and Tails" and acting out the lyrics, which left him standing in a top hat, white tie, and tails – but no trousers. In his later years his cartoons were part of an exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery. Death and memorials
<mask> died of a heart attack at Cromwell Hospital, Kensington, in 1996, aged 59. He had predicted this ten years earlier, presumably in jest, on I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. In the first episode of Series 13, which aired on 26 July 1986, Chairman Humphrey Lyttelton asked the panellists to "gaze into their crystal balls" and make predictions for 1996. Rushton said, "I'm sorry you introduced this round, because I just spotted a memorial service for myself in Westminster Abbey".Among his last words was the advice, "Tell Bazza he's too old to do pantomime", meant for his long-time friend Barry Cryer. Rushton is honoured by a Comic Heritage blue plaque at Mornington Crescent tube station, a reference to the game Mornington Crescent on I'm Sorry I Haven't A Clue. BBC7 showcased his contribution to I'm Sorry I Haven't A Clue – in the week of the 10th anniversary of his death – by rebroadcasting five episodes of the show, one on each weekday night (11–15 December 2006). The broadcasts chosen included the last shows he recorded for the programme. According to the autobiography of Nicholas Parsons, <mask>'s ashes were buried by the boundary at The Oval Cricket Ground. Filmography

Bibliography

Novels
The Day of the Grocer <mask> (Andre Deutsch, 1971)
W. G. Grace's Last Case <mask> (Methuen, 1984)
Spy Thatcher; The Collected Ravings of a Senior MI5 Officer <mask> (Pavilion, 1987)

Solo works
<mask>'s Dirty Book <mask> (Private Eye Productions, 1964)
The 'I Didn’t Know The Way To Kings Cross When I First Came Here But Look at Me Now' Book By <mask>, Author, Artist And Beer-Drinker Extraordinary <mask> (New English Library, 1966)
Sassenach's Scotland <mask> (Seagram, 1975)
Superpig: A Gentleman's Guide To Everyday Survival <mask> (Macdonald And Janes, 1976)
The Reluctant Euro – Rushton Versus Europe <mask> (Queen Anne Press/Macdonald Futura 1980)
The Filth Amendment <mask> (Queen Anne Press, 1981)
Think of England. An Identikit Preview of the New Heir to the Throne William Rushton (Penguin Books, 1982)
The Naughty French Wine Book William Rushton (G & J Greenall, 1983?)Queen's English: High Taw Tawk Prawpah-leah (Pelham Books, 1985)

On sport
How To Play Football <mask> (Margaret & Jack Hobbs, 1968)
Pigsticking – A Joy For Life <mask> (Macdonald, 1978)
Marylebone Versus The World <mask> (Pavilion Books, 1987)
The Thoughts of Trueman Now Fred Trueman, Eric Morecambe, and Fred Rumsey (Rushton illustrations only) (Macdonald & Janes, 1978)
The Lord's Taverners Sticky Wicket Book with Tim Rice (eds.) (Queen Anne Press/Macdonald & Jane's: 1979)
The Compleat Cricketer Jonathan Rice (Rushton illustrations only) (Blandford Press, 1985)
Cricket Balls Rory Bremner (Rushton illustrations only) (Robson Books, 1994)

Children's books
Ebbledum E. Elephant Iris Degg (Rushton illustrations only) (George G. Harrap, 1961.) Sunny Bell and The Shrimp Street Gang Iris Degg (Rushton illustrations only) (George G. Harrap, 1962)
The Geranium of Flüt William Rushton (Andre Deutsch, 1975)
Jubilee Jackanory (Rushton story with illustrations) (BBC, 1977)
The Discontented Dervishes And Other Persian Tales From Sa'di Arthur Scholey (Rushton illustrations only) (Andre Deutsch, 1977)
Elephant on the Line! Talbot Jon (Rushton illustrations only) (Kaye And Ward, 1979)
Wild Wood Jan Needle (Rushton illustrations only) (Andre Deutsch, 1981)
The Stupid Tiger And Other Tales Raychaudhuri, Upendrakishore (Translated By William Radice) (Rushton illustrations only) (Andre Deutsch, 1981)
Ancient George Gets His Wish William Rushton (Golden Acorn Pub, 1981)
The Story of the Incredible Cottage William Rushton (Golden Acorn Pub, 1981)
The Incredible Cottage Goes to the Moon William Rushton (Golden Acorn, 1981)
Waldo Meets The Witch William Rushton (Golden Acorn Pub, 1981)
The Incredible Cottage Annual William Rushton (Grandreams Ltd, 1982)
A Cat And Mouse Story. An Old Tale Michael Rosen (Rushton illustrations only) (Andre Deutsch, 1982)
Losers Weepers Jan Needle (Rushton illustrations only) (Magnet Books, 1983)
How To Keep Dinosaurs Robert Mash (Rushton illustrations only) (Penguin Books, 1983)
The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen Terence Blacker (Rushton illustrations only) (Hodder Stoughton, 1989)

Books illustrated by Rushton
The Stag Cook Book: Being a Low Guide to the High Art of Nosh Peter Evans (Four Square, 1967)
This England – Selection of Pieces from the New Statesman Michael Bateman (ed). (Penguin, 1969)
Comic Cuts: A Bedside Sampler of Censorship in Action Richard Findlater (ed) (Andre Deutsch, 1970)
Practical Decorating for Practically Everyone (essay and illustrations by Rushton) (Polycell, 1976, 1977?) Duckworth Vedah Hamon Moody (World's Work.1977)
Unarmed Gardening Frank Ward (Macdonald & Janes, 1979)
I'm Sorry I Haven't A Clue with Tim Brooke-Taylor, Barry Cryer, Graeme Garden, and Humphrey Lyttelton (Robson Books, London, 1980)
The First Impossible Quiz Book Ian Messiter (Star, 1980)
Bureaucrats. How To Annoy Them! R.T. Fishall (Sidgwick & Jackson. 1981)
Health for Hooligans Sandy Fawkes (John Pascoe, 1982)
I Could Have Kicked Myself David Frost and Michael Deakin (Andre Deutsch, 1982)
Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? Frost David And Michael Deakin (Andre Deutsch Hutchinson, 1983)
Molesworth Rites Again Simon Brett (London: Hutchinson, 1983)
1956 And All That :A Memorable History of England Since The War To End All Wars (Two) Ned Sherrin and Neil Shand (Michael Joseph, 1984)
Animal Quotations G. F. Lamb (ed) (Longman, 1985)
Adam And Eve Willie Rushton ; And The Artists of the Portal Gallery (Bell & Hyman, 1985.) If You'll Believe That... David Frost (ed) (Methuen, 1986)
Nudge Nudge, Wink Wink : A Quotebook of Love And Sex Nigel Rees (Javelin Books, 1986)
Scenes From Hysterical Life: Diary of a Mad Housewife Dorothy Baker Tarrant (Sidgewick And Jackson, 1986)
World’s Shortest Books David Frost (Collins/Fontana, 1987)
Please Give Generously Anthony Swainson (David & Charles, 1987)
A Family at Law Douglas Stewart and Gavin Campbell (Fourmat, 1988)
Dear Pup Letters to a Young Dog Diana Pullein-Thompson (Barrie & Jenkins, 1988)
Bad Behaviour Guy Philipps (ed.) (Elm Tree, 1988)
You Might As Well Be Dead Richard Ingrams (Quartet, 1988)
But I Digress: The Collected Monologues of Ramblin' Ronnie Corbett David Renwick (New English Library, 1989.)Agreeable World of Wallace Arnold Craig Brown (Fourth Estate, 1990)
Soft Targets From The Weekend Guardian: Poems Simon Rae (Bloodaxe Books, 1991)
Thatcher's Inferno Simon Rae (Smith/Doorstop, 1992)
A Burning Candle, The Literary Review Anthology of Poetry Edited By Dariane Pictet, Introduced By Auberon Waugh (Peterborough, Uk: Poetry No, 1993)
Happy Families: An Old Game With New Faces (Mandarin, 1993)
The Mad Officials Christopher Booker and Dr. Richard North (Constable, 1994)
When the Lights Went Out Wanda Anderson (ed) (Friends of St. Helena Hospice, Colchester, 1995)
Gullible's Travails Brian Rix (ed) (André Deutsch, 1996)

References

 Pigs Can Fly. Barry Cryer, 2003. (Several references to some items in this article.) External links

 BBC biography
 gallery of <mask> cartoons
 British Cartoon Archive, University of Kent

1937 births
1996 deaths
20th-century British Army personnel
20th-century English comedians
20th-century English male actors
Audiobook narrators
English cartoonists
English illustrators
English male comedians
English male voice actors
English male radio actors
English male television actors
English male film actors
English people of Welsh descent
English radio personalities
English satirists
English television personalities
I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue
Independent British political candidates
People educated at Shrewsbury School
People from Chelsea, London
Private Eye contributors
Writers who illustrated their own

masks:
Rushton
Willie Rushton
Rushton
Rushton
Rushton
Rushton
Rushton
William Rushton
William Rushton
William Rushton
William Rushton
William Rushton
William Rushton
William Rushton
William Rushton
William Rushton
William Rushton
William Rushton
William Rushton
William Rushton
William Rushton
Willie Rushton


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<mask>,  Emilio Giordana  (27 July 1913 – 13 March 1998) was an Italian actor and film director. He was particularly prolific, making some 155 appearances in film and television over nearly 60 years (from 1939 to 1997). In the 1950s he did dabble with directing and screenwriting and directed the film Three Strangers in Rome in 1958 which was incidentally the first leading role by Claudia Cardinale. Some of his notable roles includes Adua e le compagne, directed by Antonio Pietrangeli, Tutti a casa by Luigi Comencini, and Dino Risi's  A Difficult Life and Il Sorpasso. Selected filmography

 Torna, caro ideal! (1939) - Francesco Paolo Tosti
 Wealth Without a Future (1940) - Giovanni Di Cora
  (1940) - Il fidanzato della segretaria
 Il Bazar delle idee (1940)
 Love Me, Alfredo! (1940) - Il compositore Giacomo Varni
 Eternal Melodies (1940) - L'imperatore Giuseppe
 Amore imperiale (1941) - Alessio Romowski
 A Woman Has Fallen (1941) - Mario
 Document Z-3 (1942) - Paolo Sullich
 Quarta pagina (1942) - <mask>, l'avvocato
 Signorinette (1942) - Marco Lancia, lo scrittore
 Dove andiamo, signora?(1942) - Rudi Lindt, conte di Lerchmann
 Mater dolorosa (1943) - Giorgio della Valle
 L'amico delle donne (1943) - Il conte De Simerose
 La storia di una capinera (1943) - Nino Valentini
 National Velvet (1944) - Andrea
 Squadriglia Bianca (1944) - Alessandro, il pilota istruttore
 Resurrection (1944) - Dimitri Neklindoff
 Il fiore sotto gli occhi (1944) - Silvio Aroca
 Nessuno torna indietro (1945) - Andrea
 The Ten Commandments (1945) - (segment "Non dire falsa testimonianza")
 Il fabbro del convento (1945) - Des Measures
 I Met You in Naples (1946)
 The Models of Margutta (1946) - Andrea Saveri
 Trepidazione (1946)
 Fatal Symphony (1947)
 Preludio d'amore (1947) - Giovanni
 The Charterhouse of Parma (1948) - Le marquis Crescenzi
 Veglia nella notte (1948)
 L'isola di Montecristo (1948) - Dott. Paolo Fabbri
 I contrabbandieri del mare (1948) - Petropoulos
 The Enchanting Enemy (1953)
 Finishing School (1953) - Professor Charpentier
 Marie Antoinette Queen of France (1956) - Kreutz
 Il canto dell'emigrante (1956) - Il giudice
 The Goddess of Love (1957) - Armodio
 Tempest (1958) - Ministro di Caterine II
 The Facts of Murder (1959) - Il Marito
 Silver Spoon Set (1960) - Ridolfi
 Adua and Her Friends (1960) - Ercoli
 Via Margutta (1960) - Pippo Contigliani
 Sweet Deceptions (1960) - (scenes deleted)
 Everybody Go Home (1960) - Colonnello
 Love in Rome (1960) - Engineer Curtatoni
 Sword Without a Country (1961) - Duca di Belvarco
 A porte chiuse (1961) - Il presidente del tribunale
 Ghosts of Rome (1961) - Ingegner Tellandi
 Le Pavé de Paris (1961) - Agostino
 Gioventù di notte (1961) - Padre di Marco
 Les hommes veulent vivre (1961) - Rossi
 A Difficult Life (1961) - Commendator Bracci
 Ultimatum alla vita (1962) - Cap. It's Free (1968) - The Primary
 L'età del malessere (1968)
 Catch As Catch Can (1968) - Cabinet Minister
 Temptation (1969) - Cesare Veraldi
 Zingara (1969) - Camillo Ricci
 The Five Man Army (1969) - Esteban
 Il Prof. Dott. Rossini! (1991) - Dott. Bardos
 Vacanze di Natale '91 (1991) - Onorevele Mariotti

External links

1913 births
1998 deaths
Actors from Genoa
Italian male film actors
Italian film directors
Nastro d'Argento winners
20th-century Italian male actors

masks:
Claudio Gora
Claudio


text_chunks:
Ṭāriq ibn Ziyād (), also known simply as Tarik in English, was a Berber Umayyad commander who initiated the Muslim Umayyad conquest of Visigothic Hispania (present-day Spain and Portugal) in 711–718 AD. He led a large army and crossed the Strait of Gibraltar from the North African coast, consolidating his troops at what is today known as the Rock of Gibraltar. The name "Gibraltar" is the Spanish derivation of the Arabic name Jabal Ṭāriq (جبل طارق), meaning "mountain of Ṭāriq", which is named after him. Origins
Medieval Arabic historians give contradictory data about Ṭāriq's origins and nationality. Some conclusions about his personality and the circumstances of his entry into al-Andalus are surrounded by uncertainty. The vast majority of modern sources state that Ṭāriq was a Berber mawla of <mask>, the Umayyad governor of Ifriqiya. History

According to Ibn Abd al-Hakam (803–871), <mask>yr appointed Ṭāriq governor of Tangier after its conquest in 710-711  but an unconquered Visigothic outpost remained nearby at Ceuta, a stronghold commanded by a nobleman named Julian, Count of Ceuta.After Roderic came to power in Spain, Julian had, as was the custom, sent his daughter, Florinda la Cava, to the court of the Visigothic king for education. It is said that Roderic raped her, and that Julian was so incensed he resolved to have the Muslims bring down the Visigothic kingdom. Accordingly, he entered into a treaty with Ṭāriq (Mūsā having returned to Qayrawan) to secretly convoy the Muslim army across the Straits of Gibraltar, as he owned a number of merchant ships and had his own forts on the Spanish mainland. On or about April 26, 711, the army of Ṭāriq Bin <mask>, composed of recent converts to Islam, was landed on the Iberian peninsula (in what is now Spain) by Julian. They debarked at the foothills of a mountain which was henceforth named after him, Gibraltar (Jabal Tariq). Ṭāriq's army contained about 7,000 soldiers, composed largely of Berber stock but also Arab troops. Roderic, to meet the threat of the Umayyads, assembled an army said to number 100,000, though the real number may well have been much lower.Most of the army was commanded by, and loyal to, the sons of Wittiza, whom Roderic had brutally deposed. Ṭāriq won a decisive victory when Roderic was defeated and killed on July 19 at the Battle of Guadalete. Ṭāriq Bin <mask> split his army into four divisions, which went on to capture Córdoba under Mughith al-Rumi, Granada, and other places, while he remained at the head of the division which captured Toledo. Afterwards, he continued advancing towards the north, reaching Guadalajara and Astorga. Ṭāriq was de facto governor of Hispania until the arrival of Mūsā a year later. Ṭāriq's success led Musa to assemble 12,000 (mostly Arab) troops to plan a second invasion, and within a few years Ṭāriq and Musa had captured two-thirds of the Iberian peninsula from the Visigoths. Both Ṭāriq and Musa were simultaneously ordered back to Damascus by the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I in 714, where they spent the rest of their lives.The son of Musa, Abd al-Aziz, who took command of the troops of al-Andalus, was assassinated in 716. In the many Arabic histories written about the conquest of southern Spain, there is a definite division of opinion regarding the relationship between Ṭāriq and Musa bin Nusayr. Some relate episodes of anger and envy on the part of Mūsā that his freedman had conquered an entire country. Others do not mention, or play down, any such bad blood. On the other hand, another early historian, al-Baladhuri, writing in the 9th century, merely states that Mūsā wrote Ṭāriq a "severe letter" and that the two were later reconciled. Speech
The 16th-century historian Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari, in his The Breath of Perfume, attributes a long speech by Ṭāriq to his troops before the Battle of Guadalete. Notes

References

Sources

Primary sources

Pascual de Gayangos y Arce, The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain.vol. 1. 1840. English translation of al-Maqqari. al-Baladhuri, Kitab Futuh al-Buldan, English translation by Phillip Hitti in The Origins of the Islamic State (1916, 1924). Anon., Akhbār majmūa fī fath al-andalūs wa dhikr ūmarā'ihā. Arabic text edited with Spanish translation: E. Lafuente y Alcantara, Ajbar Machmua, Coleccion de Obras Arabigas de Historia y Geografia, vol.1, Madrid, 1867. Anon., Mozarab Chronicle. Ibn Abd al-Hakam, Kitab Futuh Misr wa'l Maghrib wa'l Andalus. Critical Arabic edition of the whole work published by Torrey, Yale University Press, 1932. Spanish translation by Eliseo Vidal Beltran of the North African and Spanish parts of Torrey's Arabic text: "Conquista de Africa del Norte y de Espana", Textos Medievales #17, Valencia, 1966. This is to be preferred to the obsolete 19th-century English translation at: Medieval Sourcebook: The Islamic conquest of Spain
 Enrique Gozalbes Cravioto, "Tarif, el conquistador de Tarifa", Aljaranda, no. 30 (1998) (not paginated).Muhammad al-Idrisi, Kitab nuzhat al-mushtaq (1154). Critical edition of the Arabic text: Opus geographicum: sive "Liber ad eorum delectationem qui terras peragrare studeant." (ed. Bombaci, A. et al., 9 Fascicles, 1970–1978). Istituto Universitario Orientale, Naples. French translation: . Ibn Taghribirdi, Nujum al-zahira fi muluk Misr wa'l-Qahira.Partial French translation by E. Fagnan, "En-Nodjoum ez-Zâhîra. Extraits relatifs au Maghreb." Recueil des Notices et Mémoires de la Société Archéologique du Département de Constantine, v. 40, 1907, 269–382. Ibn Khallikan, Wafayāt al-aʿyān wa-anbāʾ abnāʾ az-zamān. English translation by M. De Slane, Ibn Khallikan's Biographical dictionary, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland, 1843. Ibn Idhari, Kitāb al-bayān al-mughrib fī ākhbār mulūk al-andalus wa'l-maghrib. Arabic text ed.G.S. Colin & E. Lévi-Provençal, Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord et de l'Espagne intitulée Kitāb al-Bayān al-Mughrib, 1948. Secondary sources

External links

 Pascual de Gayangos y Arce, The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain. vol. 1. 1840. Authoritative English translation of al-Maqqari available from Google eBooks.This is the translation still cited by modern historians. Tarik's Address to His Soldiers, 711 CE, from The Breath of Perfumes. A translation of al-Maqqari's work included in Charles F. Horne, The Sacred Books and Early Literature of the East, (New York: Parke, Austin, & Lipscomb, 1917), Vol. VI: Medieval Arabia, pp. 241–242. Horne was the editor, the translator is not identified. NB: the online extract, often cited, does not include the warning on p. 238 (download the whole book from other sites): "This speech does not, however, preserve the actual words of Tarik; it only presents the tradition of them as preserved by the Moorish historian Al Maggari, who wrote in Africa long after the last of the Moors had been driven out of Spain.In Al Maggari's day the older Arabic traditions of exact service had quite faded. The Moors had become poets and dreamers instead of scientists and critical historians." Ibn Abd al-Hakam, rather outdated English translation in Medieval Sourcebook: The Islamic Conquest of Spain

7th-century births
720 deaths
Generals of the Umayyad Caliphate
8th-century Al-Andalus people
Berbers in Gibraltar
7th-century Berber people
8th-century Berber people
Islam in Gibraltar
Military history of Gibraltar
Umayyad governors of Al-Andalus
8th-century Muslims
7th-century Muslims
Umayyad conquest of Hispania
Al-Andalus military personnel

masks:
Musa ibn Nusayr
Musa ibn Nusa
Ziyad
Ziyad