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<mask> (; born 1931 in Tainan, Taiwan) is an American psychiatrist and Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego. He is considered a pioneering researcher in the genetic epidemiology of schizophrenia and other severe mental disorders. <mask> has authored and co-authored more than 600 publications and serves as founding and senior editor of the American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B. Education
<mask> received his medical degree from National Taiwan University in 1957. He received a PhD in psychiatric genetics in 1965 and a doctor of science degree in psychiatric genetics and epidemiology in 1981 from the University of London. <mask> received honorary master's degrees from Brown University in 1983 and Harvard University in 1987. Career
<mask> holds positions at the University of California, San Diego, as a Distinguished University Professor of Psychiatry and director of the Center for Behavioral Genomics.At Harvard University, <mask> directs the Harvard Institute of Psychiatric Epidemiology and Genetics, which he created. <mask>'s former positions with Harvard Medical School include: Stanley Cobb Professor of Psychiatry, chairman of the Department of Psychiatry and president and superintendent of Massachusetts Mental Health Center. He was the fourth president of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics (ISPG) and served from 2005 to 2010. Work
<mask>'s research interests include the effects of genetic and environmental risk factors on severe mental disorders. His work focuses on preventing the onset of severe mental disorders such as schizophrenia by determining which genetic and environmental traits can lead to their onset. After earning his doctorate degrees, <mask> began working in 1971 at Washington University's Department of Psychiatry. One year later, he transitioned to the University of Iowa, where he developed the Iowa 500, the first double-blind psychiatric study of families to follow up with as many index patients and their family members as possible.The preliminary results of the study suggested genetics can affect a person's liability to schizophrenia and mood disorders. The Iowa 500 and the Iowa non-500 (the study of the people excluded from the Iowa 500 sample) have informed subsequent work in psychopathology. In 1982, <mask> joined Brown University's medical program as a researcher and started a new stage of the Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP). The new stage, known as the New England Family Study, assessed and followed up with a large cohort of infants whose parents had both affective and non-affective psychotic disorders. The years-long study sought the psychological effect of prenatal and early life risk conditions on the infants and found that perinatal complications do not lead to an increased risk of psychological disorder; however, infants with chronic fetal hypoxia-like symptoms did show a higher risk of cognitive impairment and psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia. The study preceded future studies of the influence perinatal complications, infections during pregnancy and family history have on predicting neuropsychiatric outcomes, physical conditions and learning disorders. In 1985, <mask> began working at Harvard Medical School and the Harvard School of Public Health, for which he initiated an National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) training program in psychiatric genetics.During this time, <mask>ang partnered with colleague Michael Lyons to conduct the Harvard Twin Study of Substance Abuse. The study followed 1,874 identical and 1,498 male twin pairs who served in the U.S. military between 1965 and 1975 and sought the effects of genetic, shared environmental and unique environmental factors on their illicit drug use. The study was the first to use the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs’ Vietnam Era Twin Registry for research on illicit drug use. The results of the study suggested that genetics influence a shared vulnerability to illicit drug use and that the vulnerability varies by drug. In 2001, <mask> and his cohort published their findings on the connection between the study's data and interviews of the participants: in participants with major depression, they found a comorbidity of illicit drug abuse and the occurrence of the drug use was higher in participants with the mood disorder than those without. This study preceded the 2012 publication of the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VESTA), which considered the behavior and genetics associated with cognitive and brain aging in randomly-selected males who participated in Tsuang's 1985 study. Also during the 1980s, <mask>ang began researching endophenotypes.His and his colleagues' research on the neuropsychological dysfunction of people with schizophrenia and their non-psychotic family members helped shift psychiatry's formerly accepted view that dysfunction was related to the disease. After multiple studies found that non-psychotic family members of people with schizophrenia showed similar mild cognitive deficits, the view that neuropsychological deficits are a central characteristic of schizophrenia became widely accepted. In 1989, <mask>'s continued his work in genetics by co-founding the NIMH Molecular Genetics Initiative and piloting the 1991 Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS), which was designed to genetically assess major mood and psychotic disorders as well as their conditions. DIGS continues to serve as a benchmark assessment today. Beginning in the 1990s, <mask>'s research on non-psychotic adults related to people with schizophrenia lead to studies focused on the psychosis prodrome to inform the early prevention and diagnosis of schizophrenia as well as interventions for the disorder. Through functional neuroimaging studies, <mask> and his colleagues found that non-psychotic family members of people with schizophrenia showed brain activity deficits and determined that the abnormalities in the structure and function of the brain are endophenotypes for the disorder. In 1999, in an effort to make progress toward the most effective primary prevention of schizophrenia, <mask> and his colleagues published their discussion of schizotaxia, or liability to schizophrenia, because it is the antecedent of early symptoms of psychosis.The publication discusses the schizotaxia treatment protocol, or the evaluation of antipsychotics that may help prevent schizophrenia. The protocol, created by <mask>ang, was met with controversy. However, the participants—non-psychotic family members of people with schizophrenia—volunteered for the open-label trial. In the first trial evaluation, the small sample of participants showed reduced negative symptoms and neuropsychological deficits after several weeks of risperidone use. After additional trials, the companion discussion published in 2000 was released to discuss the etiology and development of schizotaxia, review its clinical and neuropsychological aspects and conclude that it become validated as a syndrome of schizophrenia. <mask>ang's cluster analysis of a larger sample of family members of people with schizophrenia proved its validity, which helped further progress toward preventing schizophrenia. In 2003, <mask>ang was appointed as University Professor at the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine and director of the university's Center of Behavioral Genomics, which he established.At this time, his research involved identifying genetic risk factors and biomarkers in order to determine the neurobiology of severe mental disorders. In 2005, <mask> and his colleagues published a discussion of their microarray analysis of the blood cells of RNA from participants with schizophrenia, with bipolar disorder and without either disorder. The results of the study showed unique gene expression patterns for all three groups of participants as well as changes in several specific biomarker genes for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder by RT-PCR. The study is considered innovative because <mask>ang created a framework for biologically diagnosing major mental illness antemortem. <mask>'s work led to further use of the biomarker strategy for research on treatment response in schizophrenia, risk state for schizophrenia in first-degree family members of people with schizophrenia and susceptibility to other disorders. In 2006, <mask> and his colleagues published research that furthered the understanding of  genetic risk factors for schizophrenia through a collaborative study of a large sample of Han Chinese families from Taiwan related to people with schizophrenia. Although the results of the exome sequencing study were similar to those of similar preceding studies, <mask> and his colleagues were unable to definitively identify susceptibility genes for schizophrenia.However, the study did help clarify the genetic structure of schizophrenia and supported the understanding of the significance of genetic variants on risk for the disorder. <mask> continued to pursue the identification of genetic risk factors for schizophrenia in later research. In 2014, <mask> and his colleagues published a discussion of the Marine Resiliency Study, which involved identifying diagnostic biomarkers that predict the appearance of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in deployed U.S. Marines. The pilot study was conducted to inform earlier diagnosis and prevention of the disorder. The investigators conducted a microarray analysis of the blood cells of RNA from U.S. Marines before and after they had returned from deployment in Iran and Afghanistan war zones. The results of the study showed the feasibility of the validation of blood-based biomarkers and helped further efforts to prevent and buffer against the effects of PTSD. Awards
For his work as a Chair, <mask> was awarded a Behavioral Genomics endowed chair by Harvard Medical School.In 1995, <mask> received the ISPG Lifetime Achievement Award, which is named after him. Among other awards, he also received the 2010 Lieber Prize for Outstanding Achievement in Schizophrenia Research. References

External links

Taiwanese emigrants to the United States
American psychiatrists
American geneticists
Genetic epidemiologists
Schizophrenia researchers
1931 births
Living people
Taiwanese psychiatrists
Scientists from Tainan
University of California, San Diego faculty
Harvard Medical School faculty
Psychiatric geneticists

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<mask> (born April 10, 1980) is a retired American professional mixed martial artist formerly competing in the Welterweight division. He formerly competed in the Ultimate Fighting Championship, the World Series of Fighting, the XFC, and was a contestant on The Ultimate Fighter 2. <mask> was born in Salt Lake City, Utah he attended Cottonwood High School. He was a three-sport star athlete for the Colts. He was a Class 5A All-State third baseman on the baseball team, and was captain of the football team, where he rushed for over 1,000 yards as a senior. As a member of the wrestling team, he finished second place in the state championships in the 171-pound division. <mask> played two seasons of college football before he began his career in mixed martial arts.He spent his freshman season at Snow College in Ephraim, Utah but he missed half the season with an injury. Then he transferred to Dixie State College in St. George, Utah. His sophomore season (2001) was spectacular: he rushed for 1,439 yards and 13 touchdowns for the Rebels, earning JUCO All-American honors. His team won the Dixie Rotary Bowl; for his performance, <mask> earned a scholarship offer from the University of Utah. Ultimately, he decided to drop football and pursue mixed martial arts. Mixed martial arts career

Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> was originally chosen to be on the inaugural season of The Ultimate Fighter, but he failed pre-show drug test failure and admitted to taking Winstrol. He was later a contestant on The Ultimate Fighter 2 as part of Team Hughes.<mask> was signed by the UFC and had his debut fight at The Ultimate Fighter 2 Finale; he defeated Sammy Morgan by knockout in 21 seconds of the first round. During his time with the UFC, <mask> earned wins over Drew Fickett, <mask>, and Forrest Petz, but was largely unsuccessful against the bigger names in the division. After three back-to-back losses in 2008, <mask> was cut from the UFC with a record of 5 wins and 5 losses. Showdown Fights
On November 20, 2009, <mask> faced Ultimate Fighter alumni Brandon Melendez defeating him by KO in round one at Throwdown Showdown 5. On April 9, 2010, <mask> took on Jake Paul at Showdown Fights – <mask> vs. Paul winning via unanimous decision. On September 24, 2010, <mask> faced undefeated Jordan Smith at Showdown Fights – Respect. <mask> won the fight via split decision.On April 2, 2011, <mask> faced Canadian prospect Jordan Mein at MMA: The Reckoning in Orillia, Ontario, Canada, <mask> lost via unanimous decision. On February 24, 2012, <mask> faced Koffi Adzitso at Showdown Fights – Breakout, <mask> won via unanimous decision. On August 25, 2012, <mask> faced Ultimate Fighter alumni Jamie Yager at Showdown Fights - <mask> vs. Yager. <mask> won via guillotine choke submission. World Series of Fighting
On September 6, 2012, it was announced that <mask> was one of many fighters to sign on with new MMA Promotion the World Series of Fighting. He faced Gerald Harris on November 3, 2012 at  WSOF 1 and won via unanimous decision. <mask> faced Aaron Simpson at World Series of Fighting 2 on March 23, 2013.He won the fight via KO due to a knee strike and punches in the first round. <mask> faced Jon Fitch on June 14, 2013, at World Series of Fighting 3 in a rematch of their first fight in which <mask> lost to Fitch due to a rear naked choke. <mask> avenged his loss, dropping Fitch with a series of punches before applying a guillotine choke submission and getting the win in just 41 seconds of round number one. <mask> faced Steve Carl on October 26, 2013 at WSOF 6 in the main event for the WSOF Welterweight Championship. He lost the fight via triangle choke in the fourth round. It was noted that <mask> did tap out from the choke but the ref ignored the tap, allowing Steve Carl to choke <mask> until he lost consciousness. <mask> faced Tyler Stinson at WSOF 9 on March 29, 2014.He won the fight via knockout in the first round. Return to the Ultimate Fighting Championship

<mask> signed a contract to return to the UFC for the first time since 2008 on October 3, 2014. <mask> faced Hector Lombard on January 3, 2015 at UFC 182. He lost the fight by unanimous decision. Subsequently, it was revealed that Lombard failed his post-fight drug test. On March 23, 2015 it was announced by the NSAC that the result of the fight had been overturned to a no contest. <mask> faced Dong Hyun Kim on May 23, 2015 at UFC 187.<mask> lost the fight via submission in the third round. <mask> faced Patrick Côté on August 23, 2015 at UFC Fight Night 74. He lost the back and forth fight via TKO in the third round and both participants were awarded Fight of the Night honors. For his next fight, <mask> dropped down to the lightweight division as he faced K.J. Noons on February 6, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 82. He won the fight by unanimous decision. <mask> next faced Paul Felder on May 29, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 88.He lost the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> was expected to face Bobby Green on October 1, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 96. However, Green pulled out of the fight citing an undisclosed injury. He was replaced by promotional newcomer Zak Ottow. As a result of the late notice opponent change, the bout was contested at welterweight. He lost the fight via split decision. <mask> faced Michel Prazeres on March 11, 2017 at UFC Fight Night 106.He lost the fight via submission in the first round. <mask> faced Drew Dober on July 29, 2017 at UFC 214. He lost the fight by knockout in the first round. <mask> faced Alex Morono on February 18, 2018 at UFC Fight Night 126 at the welterweight division. He lost the fight via a guillotine choke submission in the first round. Post-UFC career
After being released from the UFC for the second time, <mask> faced William Macário at LFA 66 on May 10, 2019. He lost the fight via split decision and announced his retirement from MMA.Championships & accomplishments
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Fight of the Night (One time)
MMAJunkie.com
2015 August Fight of the Month vs. Patrick Côté
Sherdog
2013 Submission of the Year  vs. Jon Fitch

Personal life
<mask> dated current UFC ring girl, Arianny Celeste. <mask> married Brandy Lyn Winfield, 2010 International Yoga Champion, on December 1, 2011. Together they have a son, <mask>, who was born in 2012 and had a second son Atlas born January 13, 2015. His older brother Jered was a star baseball player alongside Chris Shelton at both Cottonwood High School and Salt Lake Community College. |-
| Win
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| TKO (punches)
| IFC: Eve Of Destruction
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| Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
|Welterweight debut.

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Potamius (Greek: Ποτάμιος,  343–360), also known as Potamius of Lisbon, was the first recorded bishop of the city of Lisbon. He was possibly born in Lisbon, given that Iberian communities at the time usually chose their own citizens as bishops. He was part of the Council of Sirmium in 357, in which he defended Arianism. He is the second earliest Christian prose writer of the Iberian Peninsula, with Hosius of Corduba being the first. Context
The historical evidence on Christian presence in the Iberian Peninsula is scarce and lacking in detail. The Synod of Elvira attests Christian presence in Iberia somewhere between 295 and 314 and allows scholars to estimate the existence of 41 Christian communities in Iberian by the time, with Hispania Baetica and Carthaginiensis as the most Christianized provinces. Rodrigo da Cunha placed the first Christian communities in Lisbon between 36 and 106 CE and considered <mask> to be the fifth bishop (Mantius of Évora being the first), but this view failed to meet scientific rigor.The Holy Martyrs of Lisbon (303 CE), during the Diocletianic Persecution, may attest Christian presence in the beginning of the 4th Century CE, although the first documents regarding the events of the Holy Martyrs date only to the 9th Century. The Synod of Elvira mentions the presence of three Lusitanian dioceses: Ebora, Ossonoba, and Mérida. In 318 or 319, Arius had founded Arianism, denying Trinitarianism by positing that Jesus' existence was not eternal and that his substance was not equal to that of God. In 325, the Roman Emperor Constantine convened the First Council of Nicaea, led by Hosius of Corduba, in which Arianism was strongly rejected and Arius exiled by Constantine. Later, Arianism managed to regain some importance in the Roman Empire, mostly be the actions of Eusebius of Nicomedia and his (successful) attempts to exile the Nicean Athanasius of Alexandria. After the death of Constantine, in 337, the Roman Empire is split into his three sons Constantine II, Constans, and Constantius II, of which the latter was the most favorable to Arianism. Constantine II dies in 340 and Constans in 350, leaving the Roman Empire to Constantius II from 353 onwards.Arianism
Not much can be stated about Potamius before 355. At that date, it is known that Potamius was bishop of Lisbon and converted from Catholicism to Arianism. Scholars agree that Potamius was not present in the Council of Sirmium in 351, when the followers of Eusebius of Nicomedia issued a moderate Arianism profession, known as the First Formula of Sirmium. It is unknown whether he was present in the Council of Arles in 353 and the Council of Milan in 355. In 357, <mask>, along with Eusebius, condemned Pope Liberius' moderate position, wanting him to express an unambiguous pro-Arian position. In 357, Potemius participates in the Council of Sirmium. This council comes about at a time when there were two trends within Arianism, the homoiousian (which states that Jesus is of a similar substance as that of God) and the anomoean trend (which states that Jesus is neither of the same or similar substance as God).The Council of Sirmium in 357 strongly favored the anomoean trend, in line with the opinions of Ursacius, Valens, and Potemius. In fact, Potemius is reported to have played an important role in furthering Arianism in the 357 Council and in developing the pro-anomoean Second Formula of Sirmium that resulted from it. It is unknown whether <mask> was part of the Council of Ariminum (359), but his Epistula ad Athanasium is recorded as having been written after the council, in 360, and it contains a surprisingly strong anti-Arian message, only 5 years after his conversion to Arianism. A book published in 383 or 384 (Libellus precum ad Imperatores) by Luciferians states that Potamius received a villa from Constantius II as a reward for his adoption of Arianism but then died as he made his way to it. This account is not considered historically valid, but, along with the date of the Ad Athanasium, is used to construct a range of possible dates for <mask>' death, which is in this approach placed between 360 and 384. Many views exist about Potamius' Arianism:

 Some scholars, André Wilmart among them, posit that Potamius was first Catholic, and then, around 357, converted to Arianism. In this view, the date of Ad Athanasium has to be previous to 360.Others, among them Enrique Flórez, posit that <mask> was not Arian and was accused of converting to Arianism because he was merely present at the Council of Sirmium in 357. A moderate approach posits that Potamius did have an Arian phase, but reconverted to Catholicism around 360. Still others suggest Potamius only converted to arianism to avoid exile, which had happened to Hilary of Poitiers, Athanasius of Alexandria, and Pope Liberius. Works
The following are works by Potamius which have survived (all of a Catholic approach):

 De Lazaro
 De Martyrio Isaiae Prophetae
 Epistula ad Athanasium
 Epistula de Substantia Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti

These works were wrongly attributed to other writers. De Lazaro was attributed to John Chrysostom, as well as to Zeno of Verona (De Isaiae was also attributed to Zeno). The two Epistulae were attributed to Jerome. Luc d'Achery, in 1657, was the first scholar to identify Potamius' catholic writings when he attributed the Epistula ad Athanasium to Potamius.Girolamo and Pietro Ballerini, in 1739, noticed the similarities between De Lazaro and De Isaiae with Epistula ad Athanasium, but attributed them to a second Potamius that was not the bishop of Lisbon. Circa 1769, Andrea Gallandi finally attributed the two works to Potamius of Lisbon. The Epistula de Substantia would only be identified in 1912, by André Wilmart. The only surviving Arian writing of Potamius is a citation from Phoebadius of Agen's Contra Arianos. See also

 Arian controversy
 Romanization of Hispania
 History of Lisbon

References

4th-century Arian Christians
Arian bishops
Bishops of Lisbon
4th-century Romans
4th-century bishops in Hispania

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<mask> (April 5, 1900 – June 10, 1967) was an American actor, known for his natural performing style and versatility. One of the major stars of Hollywood's Golden Age, <mask> was the first actor to win two consecutive Academy Award for Best Actor from nine nominations. <mask> first discovered his talent for acting while attending Ripon College, and he later received a scholarship for the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. He spent seven years in the theatre, working in a succession of stock companies and intermittently on Broadway. His breakthrough came in 1930, when his lead performance in The Last Mile caught the attention of Hollywood. After a successful film debut in John Ford's Up the River (in which he starred with Humphrey Bogart), he was signed to a contract with Fox Film Corporation. <mask>'s five years with Fox featured one acting tour de force after another that were usually ignored at the box office, and he remained largely unknown to movie audiences after 25 films, nearly all of them starring him as the leading man.None of them were hits, although his performance in The Power and the Glory (1933) was highly praised at the time. In 1935, he joined Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, at the time Hollywood's most prestigious studio. His career flourished from his fifth MGM film Fury (1936) onwards, and in 1937 and 1938 he won consecutive Oscars for Captains Courageous and Boys Town. He teamed with Clark Gable, the studio's most prominent leading man for three major box office successes, so that by the early 1940s <mask> was one of MGM's top stars. In 1942, he appeared with Katharine Hepburn in Woman of the Year, beginning a professional and personal partnership, which led to nine films over 25 years. <mask> left MGM in 1955, and continued to work regularly as a freelance star, despite several health issues and an increasing weariness and irritability as he aged. His personal life was troubled, with a lifelong struggle against severe alcoholism and guilt over his son's deafness.<mask> and his wife Louise became estranged in the 1930s, but the couple never divorced; his 25-year long affair with Katharine Hepburn was an open secret. Towards the end of his life, <mask> worked almost exclusively for director Stanley Kramer. It was for Kramer that he made his last film, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967), completed just 17 days before he died. During his career, <mask> appeared in 75 films and developed a reputation among his peers as one of the screen's greatest actors. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked <mask> as the 9th greatest male star of Classic Hollywood Cinema. Early life

<mask> <mask> was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on April 5, 1900, the second son of Caroline (née Brown; 1874–1942) and truck salesman John Edward <mask> (1873–1928). His mother was from a wealthy, Presbyterian, Midwestern family, while his father was of Irish Catholic descent.He had a brother Carroll, who was four years older. <mask> was a difficult and hyperactive child  with poor school attendance. Raised Catholic, he was placed in the care of Dominican Order nuns at the age of nine in an attempt to transform his behavior. Later in life, he remarked that he "never would have gone back to school if there had been any other way of learning to read the subtitles in the movies". He became fascinated with movies, watching the same ones repeatedly and later re-enacting scenes to his friends and neighbors. He attended several Jesuit academies in his teenage years, which he claimed took the "badness" out of him and helped him improve his grades. At Marquette Academy, he began attending plays with lifelong friend and fellow actor Pat O'Brien, awakening his interest in the theatre.With little care for their studies and "itching for a chance to go and see some excitement", <mask> and O'Brien enlisted in the Navy together when <mask> turned 18. They were sent to the Naval Training Station in northern Illinois, where they were still students when World War I came to an end. <mask> achieved the rank of seaman second class, but never went to sea and was discharged in February 1919. His father's desire to see one of his sons gain a college degree drove <mask> back to high school to finish his diploma. Studies at two more institutions, plus the additional allowance of "war credits", won <mask> a place at Ripon College. He entered in February 1921, declaring his intention to major in medicine. <mask> was a popular student at Ripon, where he served as president of his hall and was involved in a number of college activities.He made his stage debut in June 1921, playing the male lead in The Truth. He was very well received in the role and quickly developed a passion for the stage; he was reportedly "obsessive about acting to the degree that he talked about little else". He and some friends formed an acting company called the Campus Players, which they took on tour. As a member of the college debate team, <mask> excelled in arguing and public speaking. It was during a tour with the debate team that he auditioned for the American Academy of Dramatic Arts (AADA) in New York City. He was offered a scholarship to attend the school after performing a scene from one of his earlier roles. <mask> left Ripon and began classes at AADA in April 1922.O'Brien was also enrolled there and the two shared a small studio apartment. Money was scarce, and the two often lived on meals of rice and pretzels and shared one decent suit between them. <mask> was deemed fit to progress to the senior class, allowing him to join the academy's stock company. He made his New York debut in a play called The Wedding Guests, which opened in October 1922. He made his debut Broadway appearance three months later, playing a wordless robot in R.U.R. He graduated from AADA in March 1923. Career

Stock theatre and Broadway (1923–30)
Immediately following graduation, <mask> joined a new stock company based in White Plains, New York where he was given peripheral roles.Unhappy there, he moved to a company in Cincinnati, but failed to make an impact. In November 1923, he landed a small part on Broadway in the comedy A Royal Fandango, starring Ethel Barrymore. Reviews for the show were poor and it closed after 25 performances; <mask> later said of the failure, "My ego took an awful beating." When he took a position with a struggling company in New Jersey, <mask> was living on an allowance of 35 cents a day. In January 1924, he played his first leading role with a company in Winnipeg, but the organization soon closed. <mask> finally achieved some success by joining forces with the notable stock manager William H. Wright in the spring of 1924. A stage partnership was formed with the young actress Selena Royle, who had already made her name on Broadway.It proved a popular draw and their productions were favorably received. One of these shows brought <mask> to the attention of a Broadway producer, who offered him the lead in a new play. The Sheepman previewed in October 1925, but it received poor reviews and closed after its trial run in Connecticut. Dejected, <mask> was forced back to Wright and the stock circuit. In the fall of 1926, <mask> was offered his third shot at Broadway: a role in a new George M. Cohan play called Yellow. <mask> swore that if the play failed to be a hit he would leave stock and work in a "regular" business instead. <mask> was nervous about working with Cohan, one of the most important figures in American theatre, but during rehearsals Cohan announced, "<mask>, you're the best goddamned actor I've ever seen!"Yellow opened on September 21; reviews were mixed but it ran for 135 performances. It was the beginning of an important collaboration for <mask>: "I'd have quit the stage completely," he later commented, "if it hadn't been for George M. Cohan." Cohan wrote a part specifically for <mask> in his next play, The Baby Cyclone. It opened on Broadway in September 1927 and was a hit. <mask> followed this success with another Cohan play, Whispering Friends, and in 1929 took over from Clark Gable in Conflict, a Broadway drama. Other roles followed, but it was the lead in Dread, written by Pulitzer Prize-winning dramatist Owen Davis that gave <mask> high hopes for success.The story of a man's descent into madness, Dread previewed in Brooklyn to an excellent reception, but on the next day—October 29—the New York stock market crashed. Unable to obtain funding, Dread did not open on Broadway. Following this disappointment, <mask> considered leaving the theatre and returning to Milwaukee for a more stable life. In January 1930, <mask> was approached about a new play called The Last Mile. Looking to cast the lead role of a murderer on death row, producer Herman Shumlin met with <mask>, and later recounted: "beneath the surface, here was a man of passion, violence, sensitivity and desperation: no ordinary man, and just the man for the part." The Last Mile opened on Broadway in February, where <mask>'s performance was met by a standing ovation that lasted 14 curtain calls. The Commonweal described him as "one of our best and most versatile young actors".The play was a hit with critics, and ran for 289 performances. Fox (1930–35)

In 1930, Broadway was being scouted to find actors to work in the new medium of sound films. <mask> was cast in two Vitaphone shorts (Taxi Talks and The Hard Guy), but he had not considered becoming a film actor: "I had no ambition in that direction and I was perfectly happy on the stage", he later explained in an interview. One person who saw <mask> in The Last Mile was director John Ford. Ford wanted <mask> for the lead role in his next picture, a prison movie. Production company Fox Film Corporation was unsure about <mask>, saying that he did not photograph well, but Ford convinced them that he was right for the role. Up the River (1930) marked the film debut of both <mask> and Humphrey Bogart.After seeing the rushes, Fox immediately offered <mask> a long-term contract. Knowing that he needed the money for his family, his young son was deaf and recovering from polio, <mask> signed with Fox and moved to California. He appeared on the stage only once more in his life. Winfield Sheehan, the head of Fox, committed to making <mask> a bankable commodity. The studio promoted the actor, releasing ads for his second film Quick Millions (1931) with the headline "A New Star Shines". Three films were made in quick succession, all of which were unsuccessful at the box office. <mask> found himself typecast in comedies, usually playing a crook or a con man.The mold was broken with his seventh picture, Disorderly Conduct (1932), and it was the first of his films since Up the River to return a profit. In mid-1932, after nine pictures, <mask> remained virtually unknown to the public. He considered leaving Fox once his contract was up for renewal, but a rise in his weekly rate to $1,500 convinced him to stay. He continued to appear in unpopular films, with Me and My Gal (1932) setting an all-time low attendance record for the Roxy Theatre in New York City. He was loaned to Warner Bros. for 20,000 Years in Sing Sing (1932), a prison drama co-starring Bette Davis. <mask> was hopeful that it would be his break-out role, but despite good reviews, this failed to materialize. Critics began to notice <mask> with The Power and the Glory (1933).The story of a man's rise to prosperity had a screenplay by Preston Sturges and <mask>'s performance as railroad tycoon Tom Garner received uniformly strong reviews. William Wilkerson of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "This sterling performer has finally been given an opportunity to show an ability that has been boxed in by gangster roles ... [the film] has introduced Mr<mask> as one of the screen's best performers". Mordaunt Hall of The New York Times stated: "No more convincing performance has been given on the screen than <mask>'s impersonation of Tom Garner." Shanghai Madness (1933), meanwhile, revealed <mask> to have a previously unseen sex appeal and served to advance his standing. Despite this attention, <mask>'s next two movies went largely unnoticed. Man's Castle (1933) with Loretta Young was anticipated to be a hit, but made only a small profit. The Show-Off (1934), for which he was lent to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, proved popular, but his subsequent outings continued to be unsuccessful.<mask> drank heavily during his years with Fox and gained a reputation as an alcoholic. He failed to report for filming on Marie Galante in June 1934, and was found in his hotel room, virtually unconscious after a two-week binge. <mask> was removed from the Fox payroll while he recovered in a hospital, and then sued for $125,000 for delaying the production. He completed only two more pictures with the studio. The details on how <mask>'s relationship with Fox ended are unclear: later in life <mask> maintained that he was fired for his drunken behavior, but the Fox records do not support such an account. He was still under contract with the studio when MGM expressed their interest in the actor. They were in need of a new male star, and contacted <mask> on April 2, 1935, offering him a seven-year deal.That afternoon, the contract between <mask> and Fox was terminated "by mutual consent". <mask> made a total of 25 pictures in the five years he was with Fox Film Corporation, most of which lost money at the box office. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (1935–55)

Growing reputation

In the 1930s, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer was the most respected movie production studio in Hollywood. When <mask> arrived there, he was all but unknown. Biographer James Curtis writes: "<mask> was scarcely a blip on the box office barometer in 1935, a critics' darling and little more". He was, however, well known for being a troublemaker. Producer Irving Thalberg was nevertheless enthusiastic about working with the actor, telling journalist Louella Parsons: "<mask> will become one of MGM's most valuable stars."Curtis notes that the studio managed <mask> with care, a welcome change from the ineptitude and apathy he had known while at Fox, which was like "a shot of adrenaline" for the actor. His first film under the new contract was the quickly produced The Murder Man (1935), which included the feature film debut of James Stewart. Thalberg then began a strategy of pairing <mask> with the studio's top actresses: Whipsaw (1935) co-starred Myrna Loy and was a commercial success. Riffraff (1936) put <mask> opposite Jean Harlow. Both films were, however, designed and promoted to showcase their leading ladies, thus continuing <mask>'s reputation as a secondary star. Fury (1936) was the first film to prove that <mask> could make a success on his own merit. Directed by Fritz Lang, <mask> played a man who swears revenge after narrowly escaping death by a lynch mob.The film and performance received excellent reviews. It made a profit of $1.3 million worldwide. Curtis writes: "audiences who, just a year earlier, had no clear handle on him, were suddenly turning out to see him. It was a transition that was nothing short of miraculous ... [and showed] a willingness on the part of the public to embrace a leading man who was not textbook handsome nor bigger than life." Fury was followed one month later with the release of the big-budget disaster movie San Francisco (1936). <mask> played a supporting role alongside Clark Gable in the film, allowing audiences to see him with the top male star in Hollywood. Taking on the role of a priest, <mask> reportedly felt a heavy responsibility in representing the church.Despite having only 17 minutes of screen time, <mask> was highly praised for his performance and received an Oscar nomination for Best Actor. San Francisco became the highest-grossing picture of 1936. Donald Deschner, in his book on <mask>, credits Fury and San Francisco as the "two films that changed his career and gave him the status of a major star". By this point, <mask> entered a period of self-imposed sobriety and MGM expressed pleasure with <mask>'s professionalism. His public reputation continued to grow with Libeled Lady (also 1936), a screwball comedy that cast him with William Powell, Loy and Harlow. According to Curtis, "Powell, Harlow and Loy were among the biggest draws in the industry, and equal billing in such a

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<mask> appeared in four films released in 1937. They Gave Him a Gun, a crime-drama, went largely unnoticed, but Captains Courageous was one of the major film events of the year. <mask> played a Portuguese fisherman in the adventure movie, based on the novel by Rudyard Kipling. He was uncomfortable feigning a foreign accent, and resented having his hair curled, but the role was a hit with audiences and <mask> won the Academy Award for Best Actor. Captains Courageous was followed by Big City with Luise Rainer and Mannequin with Joan Crawford, the latter of which performed well at the box office. With two years of hit movies and industry recognition, <mask> became a star in the United States. A 1937 poll of 20 million people to find the "King and Queen of Hollywood" ranked <mask> sixth among males.<mask> was reunited with Clark Gable and Myrna Loy for Test Pilot (1938). The film was another enormous commercial and critical success, permanently cementing the notion of Gable and <mask> as a team in the public imagination. Based on the positive response he had received in San Francisco, MGM again cast <mask> as a priest in Boys Town (also 1938). Portraying Edward J. Flanagan, a Catholic priest and founder of Boys Town in Nebraska, was a role <mask> took seriously: "I'm so anxious to do a good job as Father Flanagan that it worries me, keeps me awake at night." <mask> received strong reviews for his performance, and the movie grossed $4 million worldwide. For the second year running, <mask> received an Academy Award for Best Actor. He was humble about the recognition, saying in his acceptance speech: "I honestly do not feel that I can accept this award ...I can accept it only as it was meant to be for a great man—Father Flanagan". Although he did keep his Oscar, a second statuette was struck and immediately sent to Flanagan. <mask> was listed as the fifth biggest box office star of 1938. <mask> was absent from screens for almost a year before returning to Fox on loan and appearing as Henry M. Stanley in Stanley and Livingstone (1939) with Nancy Kelly. Curtis maintains that <mask>'s non-visibility did little to affect his standing with the public or exhibitors. In October 1939, a Fortune magazine survey of the nation's favorite movie actors listed <mask> in first place. Established star

MGM capitalized on <mask>'s popularity, casting him in four movies for 1940.I Take This Woman with Hedy Lamarr was a critical and commercial failure, but the historical drama Northwest Passage—<mask>'s first film in Technicolor—proved popular. He then portrayed Thomas Edison in Edison, the Man. Howard Barnes of the New York Herald Tribune was not charmed by the story, but wrote that <mask>, "by sheer persuasion of his acting", made the film worthy. Boom Town was the third and final Gable-<mask> picture, also starring Claudette Colbert and Hedy Lamarr, making it one of the most anticipated films of the year. The film opened to the biggest crowd since Gone With the Wind. <mask> signed a new contract with MGM in April 1941, which paid $5,000 a week and limited him to three pictures a year (<mask> had previously expressed a need to reduce his workload). The contract also stated for the first time that his billing was to be "that of a star".Contrary to popular belief, the contract did not include a clause that he receive top billing, but from this point onward, every film <mask> appeared in featured his name in pole position. <mask> returned to the role of Father Flanagan for the sequel Men of Boys Town (1941). It was followed by <mask>'s only venture into the horror genre, an adaptation of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (also 1941), co-starring Ingrid Bergman and Lana Turner. <mask> was unhappy with the film, disliking the heavy make-up he needed to portray Hyde. Critical response to the film was mixed. Theodore Strauss of The New York Times wrote that "Mr. <mask>'s portrait of Hyde is not so much evil incarnate as it is the ham rampant." The film was financially successful, however, taking in more than $2 million at the box office.<mask> Hepburn film, Woman of the Year (1942). Hepburn greatly admired <mask>, calling him "the best movie actor there was". She had wanted him for her comeback vehicle, The Philadelphia Story (1940). Hepburn was delighted that <mask> was available for Woman of the Year, saying "I was just damned grateful he was willing to work with me." The romantic comedy performed well at the box office and received strong reviews. William Boehnel wrote in the New York World-Telegram, "To begin with, it has Katharine Hepburn and <mask> in the leading roles.This in itself would be enough to make any film memorable. But when you get <mask> and Hepburn turning in brilliant performances to boot, you've got something to cheer about." Woman of the Year was followed by an adaptation of John Steinbeck's Tortilla Flat (also 1942) which met with a tepid response. MGM did not hesitate to repeat the teaming of <mask> and Hepburn and cast them in the dark mystery Keeper of the Flame (1942). Despite a weak critical reception the film out-grossed Woman of the Year confirming the strength of their partnership. <mask>'s next three appearances were all war-based. A Guy Named Joe (1943) with Irene Dunne surpassed San Francisco to become his highest-grossing film to date.The Seventh Cross (1944), a suspense film about an escape from a Nazi concentration camp, met with critical acclaim. It was followed by the aviation film Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo (1944). On the strength of these three releases, the annual Quigley poll revealed <mask> was MGM's biggest money-making star of 1944, His only film the following year was his third with Hepburn, Without Love (1945), a light romantic comedy that performed well at the box office despite muted enthusiasm from critics. Stage and screen

In 1945, <mask> returned to the stage for the first time in 15 years. He had been through a dark patch personally—culminating with a hospital stay—and Hepburn felt that a play would help restore his focus. <mask> told a journalist in April, "I'm coming back to Broadway to see if I can still act." The play was The Rugged Path by Robert E. Sherwood.It first previewed in Providence on September 28, to a sold-out crowd and tepid response. It was a difficult production; director Garson Kanin later wrote: "In the ten days prior to the New York opening all the important relationships had deteriorated. <mask> was tense and unbending, could not, or would not, take direction". <mask> considered leaving the show before it even opened on Broadway, and lasted there just six weeks before announcing his intention to close the show. It closed on January 19, 1946, after 81 performances. <mask> later explained to a friend: "I couldn't say those goddamn lines over and over and over again every night ... At least every day is a new day for me in films ... But this thing—every day, every day, over and over again."<mask> was absent from screens in 1946, the first year since his motion picture debut that there was no <mask> release. His next film was The Sea of Grass (1947) a melodrama set in the American Old West with Hepburn. Similarly to Keeper of the Flame and Without Love, a lukewarm response from critics did not stop it from being a financial success both at home and abroad. He followed it later that year with Cass Timberlane, in which he played a judge. It was a commercial success, but Curtis notes that co-star Lana Turner overshadowed <mask> in most of the reviews. A fifth film with Hepburn, Frank Capra's political drama State of the Union, was released in 1948. <mask> played a presidential candidate in the movie, which was warmly received.He then appeared in Edward, My Son (1949) with Deborah Kerr. <mask> disliked the role, and told director George Cukor, "It's rather disconcerting to me to find how easily I play a heel." Upon its release, The New Yorker wrote of the "hopeless miscasting of Mr. <mask>". The film became <mask>'s biggest money-loser at MGM. <mask> finished off the 1940s with Malaya (1949), an adventure film with James Stewart, and Adam's Rib (also 1949), a comedy with <mask> and Hepburn playing married lawyers who oppose each other in court. <mask> and Hepburn's friends, Garson Kanin and Ruth Gordon, wrote the parts specifically for the two leads. The film received strong reviews and became the highest-grossing <mask> picture to date.Film critic Bosley Crowther wrote, "Mr. <mask> and Miss Hepburn are the stellar performers in this show and their perfect compatibility in comic capers is delightful to see." Final MGM years

<mask> received his first Academy Award nomination in 12 years for playing the role of Stanley Banks in Father of the Bride (1950). In the comedy film, Banks attempts to handle preparations for the upcoming wedding of his daughter (Elizabeth Taylor). "It's the second strong comedy in a row for <mask>, doing the title role, and he socks it", Variety commented. The film was the biggest commercial success of <mask>'s career to date, earning $6 million worldwide. MGM wanted a sequel, and while <mask> was unsure, he accepted. Father's Little Dividend (1951) was released ten months later and performed well at the box office.On the strength of the two movies, <mask> polled as one of the nation's top stars once more. <mask> portrayed a lawyer in The People Against O'Hara (1951) and re-teamed with Hepburn for the sports comedy Pat and Mike (1952), the second feature written expressly for them by Kanin and Gordon. Pat and Mike became one of the duo's most popular and critically acclaimed films. <mask> followed it with Plymouth Adventure (also 1952), a tedious historical drama set aboard the Mayflower, co-starring Gene Tierney. It met with poor critical and box office response and posted a loss of $1.8 million for MGM. <mask> returned to the role of a concerned father in The Actress (1953). Producer Lawrence Weingarten recalled: "That film ... got more [acclaim] from the critics than any film I ever made in all the years, and we didn't make enough to pay for the ushers in the theatre."For his performance in The Actress, <mask> won a Golden Globe Award and received a nomination for the British Academy Film Award. MGM lent <mask> to Fox for the well-received Western film Broken Lance, his only film released in 1954. In 1955, <mask> turned down William Wyler's The Desperate Hours because he refused to take second-billing to Humphrey Bogart. Instead, <mask> appeared as a one-armed protagonist who faces the hostility of a small desert town in Bad Day at Black Rock (1955), a film directed by John Sturges. For his work, <mask> received a fifth Oscar nomination and was awarded the Best Actor prize at the Cannes Film Festival. <mask> had personally been unhappy with the picture and threatened to leave during production. This behavior became a regular occurrence for <mask>, who was increasingly lethargic and cynical.He began production on Tribute to a Bad Man in the summer of 1955, but pulled out when he claimed that the shooting location in the Colorado mountains gave him altitude sickness. The problems caused by the picture fractured <mask>'s relationship with MGM. In June 1955, he was one of the two last remaining stars of the studio's peak years (the other being Robert Taylor), but with his contract up for renewal, <mask> opted to freelance for the first time in his movie career. Independent player (1956–67)
<mask>'s first post-MGM appearance was in The Mountain (1956) with Robert Wagner, who played his much younger brother (Wagner had earlier played his son in Broken Lance). The location filming in the French Alps proved a difficult experience, and he threatened to leave the project. His performance earned a BAFTA nomination for Best Foreign Actor. <mask> and Hepburn then paired together for the eighth time in the office-based comedy Desk Set (1957).He again had to be convinced to stay with the film which met with a weak response. <mask> appeared in The Old Man and the Sea (1958), a project that had been in development for five years. An adaptation of Ernest Hemingway's novella of the same title, Hemingway's agent, Leland Hayward, had previously written to the author: "Of all Hollywood people, the one that comes the closest to me in quality, in personality and voice, in personal dignity and ability, is <mask>." <mask> was delighted to be offered the role. He was told to lose some of his 210 pounds before filming began but failed to do so. Hemingway thus reported that <mask> was a "terrible liability to the picture", and had to be reassured that the star was being carefully photographed to disguise his weight problem. Appearing alone on screen for most of the film, <mask> considered The Old Man and the Sea the toughest part he ever played.In reviewing the performance, Jack Moffitt of The Hollywood Reporter said it was "so intimate and revealing of universal human experience that, to me, it almost transcended acting and became reality". <mask> received Oscar and BAFTA Award nominations for the work. After abandoning two projects, including a proposed remake of The Blue Angel with Marilyn Monroe, <mask>'s next feature was The Last Hurrah (1958). It reunited him with his debut director, John Ford, after 28 years and his childhood friend Pat O'Brien. <mask> took a year to commit to the project, in which he played an Irish-American mayor seeking re-election. The movie was favorably reviewed, but not commercially successful. At the end of 1958, the National Board of Review named <mask> the year's Best Actor.He nevertheless began to ponder retirement, with Curtis writing that he was "chronically tired, unhappy, ill, and uninterested in work". Stanley Kramer partnership

<mask> did not appear on the screen again until the release of Inherit the Wind (1960), a film based on the 1925 Scopes "Monkey Trial" which debated the right to teach evolution in schools. Director Stanley Kramer sought <mask> for the role of lawyer Henry Drummond (based on Clarence Darrow), from the outset. Starring opposite <mask> was Fredric March, a pairing Variety described as "a stroke of casting genius ... Both men are spellbinders in the most laudatory sense of the word." The film garnered <mask> some of the strongest reviews of his career—he was nominated for an Academy Award, BAFTA Award and Golden Globe Award for the performance—but it was not a commercial hit. In the volcano disaster movie The Devil at 4 O'Clock (1961), <mask> played a priest for the fourth time in his career.His co-star, Frank Sinatra, ceded top-billing to guarantee <mask> for the picture. Continuing his pattern of indecisiveness, <mask> briefly pulled out of the production before recommitting. Critics were unenthusiastic about the film, which was nevertheless <mask>'s most successful box-office outing since Father of the Bride. Inherit the Wind began an enduring collaboration between Stanley Kramer and <mask> directed <mask>'s three final films. Judgment at Nuremberg, released at the end of 1961, was their second feature together. The film depicts the "Judges' Trial", the trial of Nazi judges for their role in the Holocaust. Abby Mann wrote the role of Judge Haywood with <mask> in mind; <mask> called it the best script he had ever read.At the end of the film, <mask> delivered a 13-minute speech. He recorded it in one take and received a round of applause from the cast and crew. Upon seeing the film, Mann wrote to <mask>: "Every writer ought to have the experience of having <mask> do his lines. There is nothing in the world quite like it." The film met with positive reviews and a large audience; <mask> received an eighth Oscar nomination for his performance. <mask> turned down roles in Long Day's Journey into Night (1962) and The Leopard (1963), and had to pull out of MGM's all-star How the West Was Won (1962) when it clashed with Judgment at Nuremberg. He was, however, able to record the film's narration track.<mask> was in very poor health by this time, and working became a challenge. In 1962, he took the role of Captain T. G. Culpeper in Kramer's comedy It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), a small but

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 key part that he was able to complete in nine non-consecutive days. The film was released in November 1963. <mask>'s name topped the list of performers, and the comedy became one of the highest-grossing American films of the year. As his health worsened, he had to cancel commitments to Cheyenne Autumn (1964) and The Cincinnati Kid (1965). Film offers continued to come, but <mask> did not work again until 1967 when he took the starring role in Kramer's Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967), <mask>'s ninth and final film with Hepburn. Guess Who's Coming to Dinner explored the topic of interracial marriage, with <mask> playing a liberal-minded newspaper publisher whose values are challenged when his daughter wishes to marry a black man, played by Sidney Poitier.<mask> appeared happy to be working again, but he told journalists visiting the set that the movie would be his last for he would permanently retire after filming due to his health problems. To commence filming, <mask> had to be insured for the high premium of $71,000 if he died during filming; Hepburn and Kramer both put their salaries in escrow until <mask> completed his scenes. In poor health, <mask> could only work for two or three hours each day. He completed his last scene on May 24, 1967. <mask> died 17 days later from a heart attack on June 10. The film was released in December 1967, and although reviews were mixed, Curtis notes that "<mask>'s performance was singled out for praise in nearly every instance." Brendan Gill of The New Yorker wrote that <mask> gave "a faultless and, under the circumstances, heartbreaking performance".The movie became <mask>'s highest grossing picture. He received a posthumous nomination for Best Actor—his ninth—at the 40th Academy Awards, along with a Golden Globe Award nomination and a BAFTA win for Best Actor. Personal life

Marriage and family
<mask> met actress Louise Treadwell while they were both members of the Wood Players in White Plains, New York—the first stock company <mask> joined after graduating. The couple was engaged in May 1923, and married on September 10 of that year between the matinee and evening performances of his show. Their son, John Ten Broeck <mask>, was born in June 1924. When John was 10 months old, Louise discovered that the boy was deaf. She resisted telling <mask> for three months.<mask> was devastated by the news and felt lifelong guilt over his son's deafness. He was convinced that John's hearing impairment was a punishment for his own sins. As a result, <mask> had trouble connecting with his son and distanced himself from his family. Joseph L. Mankiewicz, a friend of <mask>'s, later theorized: "[<mask>] didn't leave Louise. He left the scene of his guilt." A second child, Louise "Susie" Treadwell <mask>, was born in July 1932. The children were raised in their mother's Episcopalian faith.<mask> left the family home in 1933, and he and Louise openly discussed the separation with the media, maintaining that they were still friends and had not taken divorce action. From September 1933 to June 1934, <mask> had a public affair with Loretta Young, his co-star in Man's Castle. He reconciled with Louise in 1935. There was never again an official separation between <mask> and his wife, but the marriage continued to be troubled. <mask> increasingly lived in hotels and by the 1940s, the two were effectively living separate lives. <mask> frequently engaged in extramarital affairs, including with co-stars Joan Crawford in 1937 and Ingrid Bergman in 1941. Katharine Hepburn

While making Woman of the Year in September 1941, <mask> began what was to become a lifelong relationship with Katharine Hepburn.The actress became devoted to him, and their relationship lasted until his death 26 years later. <mask> never returned to live in the family home, although he visited regularly. The MGM moguls were careful to protect their stars from controversy, and <mask> wished to conceal his relationship with Hepburn from his wife, so it was hidden from the public. The couple did not live together until the final years of <mask>'s life, when they shared a cottage on George Cukor's estate in Beverly Hills. In Hollywood, however, the intimate nature of the <mask> partnership was an open secret. Angela Lansbury, who worked with the pair on State of the Union, later said: "We all knew, but nobody ever said anything. In those days it wasn't discussed."<mask> was not someone to express his emotions, but friend Betsy Drake believed he "was utterly dependent upon Hepburn". <mask>'s infidelity apparently continued, however, and he is reported to have had an affair with Gene Tierney during the making of Plymouth Adventure in 1952. Neither <mask> nor his wife ever pursued a divorce, despite their estrangement. He told Joan Fontaine, "I can get a divorce whenever I want to, but my wife and Kate like things just as they are." Louise, meanwhile, reportedly commented, "I will be Mrs. <mask> until the day I die." Hepburn did not interfere and never fought for marriage. <mask> was an avowed Catholic, but his cousin, Jane Feely, said that he did not devoutly follow the religion: "he was often not a practical Catholic either.I would call him a spiritual Catholic." Garson Kanin, a friend of <mask>'s for 25 years, described him as "a true believer" who respected his religion. At periods in his life, <mask> attended Mass regularly. <mask> did not believe actors should publicize their political views, but in 1940 lent his name to the "Hollywood for Roosevelt" committee and personally identified as a Democrat. <mask> struggled with alcoholism throughout his adult life, an ailment that ran in his father's side of the family. Rather than being a steady drinker, as commonly thought, he was prone to periods of binging on alcohol. Loretta Young remarked that <mask> was "awful" when he was drunk, and he was twice arrested for his behavior while intoxicated.Because of this bad reaction to alcohol, <mask> regularly embarked on prolonged periods of sobriety and developed an all-or-nothing routine. Hepburn commented that he would stop drinking for "months, even years at a time" before falling off the wagon without warning. <mask> was prone to bouts of depression and anxiety: he was described by Mrs. <mask> as having "the most volatile disposition I've ever seen—up in the clouds one minute and down in the depths the next. And when he's low, he's very, very low." He was plagued by insomnia throughout his life. As a result, <mask> became dependent on barbiturates to sleep, followed by dexedrine to function. Hepburn, who adopted a nursing role towards <mask>, was unable to understand her partner's unhappiness.She wrote in her autobiography: "What was it? ... Never at peace ... Tortured by some sort of guilt. Some terrible misery." Illness and death

His adult life of alcoholism, smoking cigarettes, taking pills and being overweight left him in poor health by the time he reached age 60. On July 21, 1963, <mask> was hospitalized after a severe attack of breathlessness. Doctors found that he was suffering from pulmonary edema, where fluid accumulates in the lungs due to an inability of the heart to pump properly.They also declared his blood pressure dangerously high. From this point on <mask> remained very weak, and Hepburn moved into his home to provide constant care. In January 1965, he was diagnosed with hypertensive heart disease and also began treatment for a previously ignored diagnosis of Type II diabetes. <mask> almost died in September 1965: a stay in the hospital following a prostatectomy resulted in his kidneys failing, and he spent the night in a coma. His recovery the next day was described by his attending doctor as "a kind of miracle". <mask> spent most of the next two years at home with Hepburn, living what she described as a quiet life: reading, painting, and listening to music. On June 10, 1967, 17 days after completing what was his last film role in Guess Who's Coming to Dinner, <mask> awakened at 3:00 am to make himself a cup of tea in his apartment in Beverly Hills, California.Hepburn described in her autobiography how she followed him to the kitchen: "Just as I was about to give [the door] a push, there was a sound of a cup smashing to the floor—then clump—a loud clump." She entered the room to find <mask> lying dead from a heart attack. He was 67. Hepburn recalled, "He looked so happy to be done with living, which for all his accomplishments had been a frightful burden for him." MGM publicist Howard Strickling told the media that <mask> had been alone when he died and was found by his housekeeper. A Requiem Mass was held for <mask> on June 12 at the Immaculate Heart of Mary Catholic Church in East Hollywood. Active pallbearers included George Cukor, Stanley Kramer, Frank Sinatra, James Stewart, and John Ford.Out of consideration for <mask>'s family, Hepburn did not attend the funeral. <mask> is interred at Glendale's Forest Lawn Memorial Park, near his wife, Louise and son, John. Reputation and acting style
<mask> had a solid reputation among his peers and received considerable praise from the film industry. After his death, MGM head Dore Schary said that there "can be no question that [<mask>] was the best and most protean actor of our screen". He was referred to as the greatest actor of his generation by Clark Gable, James Cagney, Humphrey Bogart, John Ford, Garson Kanin, and Katharine Hepburn. Actor Richard Widmark, who idolized <mask>, called him "the greatest movie actor there ever was" and said that he had "learned more about acting from watching <mask> than in any other way". <mask> was particularly respected for his naturalism onscreen.Hume Cronyn, who worked with <mask> on The Seventh Cross, admired his screen presence: "His method appeared to be as simple as it is difficult to achieve. He appeared to do nothing. He listened, he felt, he said the words without forcing anything." Joan Crawford likewise expressed her admiration for <mask>'s seemingly effortless performances, stating that it was "inspiring" to co-star with him and that "his is such simplicity of performance, such naturalness and humor [...] he walks through a scene [and] makes it seem so easy". His four-time co-star Joan Bennett said that she "never had the feeling he was 'acting' in a scene, but the truth of the situation was actually happening, spontaneously, at the moment he spoke his lines". Cagney noted that <mask> was rarely the target of impressionists because "you can't mimic reserve and control very well [...] there's nothing to imitate except his genius and that can't be mimicked". <mask> was praised for his listening and reacting skills; Barry Nelson said that he "brought the art of reacting to a new height", while Stanley Kramer declared that he "thought and listened better than anyone in the history of motion pictures".Millard Kaufman noted that <mask> "listened with every fiber of his entire body". In his memoir, Burt Reynolds noted <mask>'s emphasis on naturalism when, as a rookie actor, he observed <mask> on the set of Inherit the Wind. Reynolds later introduced himself to <mask> as an actor and <mask> replied, "An actor, huh? Just remember not to ever let anyone catch you at it." Despite the perception that he was able to turn up to a shoot and perform effortlessly, <mask>'s acquaintances said that he would carefully prepare for each role in private. Joseph L. Mankiewicz lived with him during the production of Test Pilot, and recounted that <mask> would lock himself in his bedroom "working extremely hard" each night. Many co-workers commented on his strong work ethic and professionalism.However, he did not like to rehearse and would quickly lose his "effectiveness" after shooting two or three takes of the same scene. Kanin described him as "an instinctive player, who trusted the moment of creation". <mask>'s close friend Chester Erskine pinpointed his acting style as one of "selection", stating that he strove to give as little as was needed to be effective and reached "a minimum to make the maximum". <mask> disliked being asked about his technique or what advice he would give to others. He often belittled the profession of acting, once saying to Kanin, "Why do actors think they're so goddamn important? They're not. Acting is not an important job in the scheme of things.Plumbing is." He was also humble about his abilities, telling a journalist, "It's just that I try no tricks. No profile. No 'great lover' act ... I just project myself as I am—plain, trying to be honest." He was known to have enjoyed the quip once made by Alfred Lunt, "The art of acting is: learn your lines and don't bump into the furniture!" Hepburn, in an interview six years after <mask>'s death, suggested that <mask> wished he had held a different profession.Assessment and legacy

In the 21st century, <mask> is best known to general audiences for his association with Katharine Hepburn. He continues to receive praise from film scholars: critic Leonard Maltin calls <mask> "one of the 20th century's finest actors", while film historian Jeanine Basinger describes his career as a "golden record of movie achievement". Charles Matthews, writing for The Washington Post, argues that "<mask> deserves to be remembered for himself, as a master of acting technique". An award for excellence in film acting is bestowed in <mask>'s name at the University of California, Los Angeles. Past recipients of the UCLA Spencer Tracy Award include James Stewart, Michael Douglas, Denzel Washington, Tom Hanks, Anthony Hopkins, Kirk Douglas and Morgan Freeman. A 1986 PBS documentary titled The Spencer Tracy Legacy was hosted by Hepburn. It includes clips from <mask>'s films, and behind-the-scenes archival footage and home movies of <mask>'s private life and career, as well as newly filmed interviews with many of his former co-stars, and with his daughter <mask>.In 2009, <mask> provided inspiration for the character Carl in Pixar's Oscar-winning film Up. Director Pete Docter explained that there is "something sweet about these grumpy old guys". In 2014, a film about <mask>'s relationship with Katharine Hepburn was announced to be in development. Several of <mask>'s films, particularly his comedies, are regarded as classics of American cinema. He starred in four of the titles on the American Film Institute's list of "100 Years ... 100 Laughs": Adam's Rib, It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World, Father of the Bride and Woman of the Year. Guess Who's Coming to Dinner was included on AFI's list of the 100 greatest American movies, while Captains Courageous was featured on their list of America's most inspiring movies. Awards and nominations

<mask> was nominated for nine Academy Awards for Best Actor, a category record he holds with Laurence Olivier.He was the first of nine actors to win the award twice, and is one of two actors to receive it consecutively, the other being Tom Hanks. <mask> was also nominated for five British Academy Film Awards, of which he won two, and four Golden Globe Awards, winning once. In addition, he received the Cannes Film Festival award for Best Actor and was once named Best Actor by the National Board of Review. Stars in Blue: Movie Actors in America's Sea Services. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. External links

 Profile at Turner Classic Movies
 Genealogical Profile at TraceyClann
 Chang, David A. "<mask>'s Boyhood: Truth, Fiction, and Hollywood Dreams," Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol.84, no. 1 (Autumn 2000)

1900 births
1967 deaths
20th-century American male actors
Male actors from Milwaukee
American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni
American male film actors
United States Navy personnel of World War I
Military personnel from Wisconsin
American people of Irish descent
American male stage actors
American male radio actors
Best Actor BAFTA Award winners
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (film) winners
Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor winners
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
David di Donatello winners
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
Ripon College (Wisconsin) alumni
United States Navy sailors
Wisconsin Democrats
20th Century Fox contract players
Catholics from New York (state)
Marquette University High School alumni
Members of The

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<mask> (15 April 1928 – 12 February 2018) was an Indian politician from the Communist Party of India (Marxist), the largest communist party in India. He was a Vice President of the Centre of Indian Trade Unions. He was a member of the Parliament of India representing West Bengal in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament from 1988-1994. He was also the All India General Secretary of the Centre of Indian Trade Unions, the workers union politically affiliated to the Communist Party of India (Marxist). Early life
He was born to an Urdu-speaking family at Shibpur in April 1928. His grandfather Abdur Rehman hailed from Varanasi District and was a farmer, who had left for Karachi and had then settled at Shibpur. <mask>'s father was brought up by a vindictive step-mother.<mask>'s mother hailed from Bhagalpur District. When <mask> was 8 years, he was one of two boys in his neighbourhood who survived an epidemic of smallpox. He had no formal education. He became a jute mill worker in 1942 at a time when Calcutta was experiencing regular bombardments during the World War II. His wage was then Rs. 7 and 13 annah per 1100 yards of jute. He worked entire day, and had some English education at a night school.He became a member of the Bengal Jute Mill Mazdoor Union at that time. After the end of World War II in 1945, he left his job and entered politics. Career

Introduction to politics
In 1946 when he was only 18, he had earned the membership of Communist Party of India on the same day along with Chandra Roy. On 29 July 1946, he attended a huge rally at Maidan on the call of Bengal Provincial Trade Union Congress (BPTUC), a state wing of All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC), on a day when a successful strike was organised under the call of BPTUC. He had also experienced the riots of Calcutta in 1946-47 till independence. He had married in March 1948. His father-in-law died of cholera after 6 months, and after another 6 months his mother died of tetanus.Riots of 1950, migration to East Pakistan, imprisonment & return to India
On 29 March, Alambazar of Kolkata experienced another bloody riot following massive influx of refugees from East Pakistan after 1950 Barisal Riots. Within hours of an attack on a Bengali Hindu by a Muslim whose family was slaughtered by Hindus on previous night, riots spread and around 5000 Muslims had taken refuge on the roof of Baranagar jute mill. Ten Muslims were murdered including a woman. At that point, the Communist Party of India (CPI) leadership had instructed the party members to move to East Pakistan. On 7 April, <mask> along with his family boarded a special train from Dakshineswar towards Gede via Ranaghat and then reached Darshana by walking 12 km across the border. From there, they took a train to reach Parbatipur in Dinajpur district. They had stayed as refugee in Dinajpur till October 1950, and had even organised a mass rally there and was subsequently warned by police.He came back to India, but was again re-instructed by his party in March 1951 to organise the party at Saidpur in East Pakistan. In September, he was arrested in Badarganj for being a Communist under Section 7/3, Public Safety Act. On 12 November 1953 he was released from Rangpur jail after 20 months of detention. He returned to Titagarh immediately. He was made a member of Titagarh Local Committee of the CPI. He started movement with the Beedi Mazdoor Union at Titagarh and then as the organiser at a jute mill at Khardaha. While organising trade union in Britannia Engineering Ltd. in Titagarh, he was assisted by Suren Dhar Chowdhury, Sunil Roy, Dr. Girijamohon Chatterjee (an influential MBBS doctor).In 1957 assembly elections, <mask> was entrusted by his party to Bhatpara and ensured that CPI's candidate Sitaram Gupta defeated Indian National Congress candidate by 240 votes. In 1962 assembly elections, Suren Dhar Chowdhury was the CPI's candidate & he lost the elections by around 2000 votes to Krishnakant Shukla who became MLA for 3rd time. In 1964, when the communist party split, <mask> joined the newly formed Communist Party of India (Marxist) CPI(M) with most of the workers though Suren Dhar Chowdhury and Sunil Roy stayed loyal to the CPI. Introduction to legislative politics
In 1967 assembly elections, <mask> was made the CPI(M) candidate at Titagarh and though Promode Dasgupta campaigned for him, yet <mask> lost the election due to cross-voting between the Communists. Suren Dhar Chowdhury, the CPI's candidate got 11000 votes, <mask> got 17400 & Indian National Congress candidate Krishnakant Shukla won by 700 votes. On the request of Dasgupta, <mask> left his job of Rs. 1000 salary & became a party whole-timer.In 1969, <mask> won the assembly elections from Titagarh and in February 1970, he was made the Minister of Transport to the United Front government led by Ajoy Mukherjee. After 13 months of the 1969 assembly elections, the government was disbanded and in the 1971 assembly elections, <mask> won beating horrific semi-fascist terror as administration had turned deaf & dumb. His residence was bombarded. In 1971, in the West Bengal State Conference of CPI(M) at Midnapore, he was elected as a member of the West Bengal State Committee. 1972 assembly elections in West Bengal can be described as a farce and a mockery of democracy as terror of unforeseen proportions were unleashed. <mask> lost elections by 40,000 votes and Jyoti Basu lost by 50,000 votes. <mask> kept his family at Ranchi and returned to Calcutta.Kishan Mazdoor, the Urdu weekly of CPI(M) resumed its publication under his patronage. He brought back his family to Calcutta. In 1969 8th party congress at Cochin, he was a delegate. In 1977 assembly elections, CPI(M) won with a sweeping majority and formed the Left Front government led by Jyoti Basu. <mask> was re-elected from Titagarh defeating municipal Chairman Gangaprasad Show by a margin of 13000. <mask> the Minister of Transport in this 1st Left Front government. As a minister, he had sold an eight-seated helicopter owned by the West Bengal Govt, and with that money bought double-decker buses to improve public transport in Calcutta.He gave permit to several new routes for SBSTC, private bus, minibus & long-route buses. He had also successfully implemented the launch & steamer service in the Hooghly Riverways whose initiative was taken in his early stint during the United Front government. As an MLA, he made sure that the state government acquisitioned the Britannia Engg. Ltd. at Titagarh and re-instate all its workers with less than 58 years age. The Kennison Jute Mill at Titagarh was also acquisitioned by the Govt. of India after it was shut down by the Bard & Co. In 1982 assembly elections, <mask> was however defeated at Titagarh by 132 votes.In the same year,  he was co-opted into the Central Committee of the party. In 12th party congress at Calcutta in 1985, he was elected as a member of the Central Committee along with Anil Biswas, Biman Bose and Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee. In 1984 parliament elections, he was launched as a candidate from Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency). However, he lost as Indian National Congress gained sympathy votes following the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. He lost assembly elections from Titagarh again in 1987 as Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi declared that if Congress wins at Titagarh, he would ensure that all the closed mills & factories would be re-opened. In 1988, he was nominated as a candidate by his party into the Rajya Sabha and remained as an MP till 1994, and re-located to New Delhi. In 1996, <mask> was made a CPI(M) candidate from Garden Reach, a constituency which has deluded the Left Front candidate thrice in a row.<mask> won the seat by a whopping 14,000 votes and was made a Minister of Minorities Affairs & Development. After Rekha Bera, the Minister of Employment & E.S.I died, <mask> was given additional charge of that ministry. In 1998, <mask> was made a Secretariat member of CPI(M) West Bengal State Committee. In 2001 assembly elections, <mask> was re-elected from Garden Reach by a margin of 32,000 votes. He was made a Minister of Labour to the 6th Left Front government led by Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee as his predecessor Shanti Ghatak became ill before the elections, and died soon after. In 2005, his wife Moimunnisa died. In 2006 assembly elections, though Left Front increased the seats & votes, yet <mask> lost surprisingly from Garden Reach.In 2007, he was elected General Secretary of the Centre of Indian Trade Unions from the 12th Conference at Bangalore held from 17–21 January. M. K. Pandhe was re-elected as the President. In March 2010, at the 13th Conference of Centre of Indian Trade Unions, <mask> was succeeded by Tapan Sen as the General Secretary as <mask> was becoming increasingly ill. <mask> was made the Vice President. At the 2012, in the 20th party congress at Kozhikode (4 April-9 April), he was made a Special Invitee to the Central Committee. Death
He died on February 12, 2018 at the age of 89 at his home in Kolkata. References

Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal
Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal
West Bengal MLAs 1969–1971
West Bengal MLAs 1971–1972
West Bengal MLAs 1972–1977
West Bengal MLAs 1977–1982
Indian Muslims
1928 births
2018 deaths
Trade unionists from West Bengal

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<mask> (January 10, 1843 – February 18, 1915) was a Confederate soldier and guerrilla; in the post-Civil War period, he was an outlaw. The older brother of outlaw <mask>, <mask> was also part of the James–Younger Gang. Childhood
<mask> was born in Kearney, Missouri, to Baptist minister Reverend <mask> and his wife Zerelda (Cole) <mask>. The couple came from Kentucky. He was of English, Welsh and Scottish descent. <mask> was the oldest of three children. His father died in 1851 and his mother remarried Benjamin Simms in 1852.After his death, she married a third time to Dr. Reuben Samuel in 1855, when <mask> was 13 years old. As a child, <mask> showed interest in his late father's sizable library, especially the works of William Shakespeare. Census records show that <mask> attended school regularly, and he reportedly wanted to become a teacher. Civil War

The American Civil War began in 1861, when <mask> was eighteen years old. The secessionists in Missouri, including Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson, attempted to drive the Union army out of the state, but were eventually defeated. The <mask> family was from the heavily Confederate western portion of the state. On September 13, 1861, the Missouri State Guard, including private <mask>, besieged Lexington, Missouri.<mask> fell ill and was left behind when the Confederate forces retreated. He surrendered to the Union troops, was paroled, and was allowed to return home. On his arrival, however, he was arrested by the local pro-Union militia and was forced to sign an oath of allegiance to the Union. After the withdrawal of regular Confederate troops in the fall of 1861, a bitter guerrilla conflict soon began between bands of pro-Confederate irregulars (commonly known as bushwhackers) and the Union homeguards. By early 1863, <mask>, ignoring his parole and oath of allegiance, had joined the guerrilla band of Fernando Scott, a former saddler. He soon switched to the more active command led by William Clarke Quantrill. Union militiamen searching for Fernando Scott raided the Samuel farm and hanged Dr. Reuben Samuel (though not fatally), <mask>'s stepfather, torturing him to reveal the location of the guerrillas.Shortly afterward, <mask> took part with Quantrill's company in the August 21, 1863 Lawrence Massacre where approximately 200 mostly unarmed civilians were killed. in Nelson County, Kentucky. There is a report that after his parole, <mask> was involved in a gunfight in Brandenburg, Kentucky with four soldiers that resulted in two soldiers killed, one wounded, and <mask> wounded in the hip. However, there is an alternative account that claims in the  of 1865, <mask>, who was in Kentucky going to Missouri, was suspected of stealing horses in Ohio and that <mask> shot two members of a posse and escaped. Outlaw/criminal years and retirement

During his years as a bandit, <mask> was involved in at least four robberies between 1868 and 1876 that resulted in the deaths of bank employees or citizens. The most famous incident was the disastrous Northfield, Minnesota, raid on September 7, 1876, that ended with the death or capture of most of the gang. Five months after the killing of his brother Jesse in 1882, <mask> boarded a train to Jefferson City, Missouri, where he had an appointment with the governor in the state capitol.Placing his holster in Governor Crittenden's hands, he explained,

Accounts say that <mask> surrendered with the understanding that he would not be extradited to Northfield, Minnesota. He was tried for only two of the robberies/murders: one in Gallatin, Missouri, for the July 15, 1881, robbery of the Rock Island Line train at Winston, Missouri, in which the train engineer and a passenger were killed, and the other in Huntsville, Alabama, for the March 11, 1881, robbery of a United States Army Corps of Engineers payroll at Muscle Shoals, Alabama. Among others, former Confederate General Joseph Orville Shelby testified on <mask>'s behalf in the Missouri trial. He was acquitted in both Missouri and Alabama. Missouri accepted legal jurisdiction over him for other charges, but they never came to trial. He was never extradited to Minnesota for his connection with the Northfield Raid. His New York Times obituary summarized his arrest and acquittal:

In the last thirty years of his life, <mask> worked a variety of jobs, including as a shoe salesman and then as a burlesque theater ticket taker in St. Louis.One of the theater's spins to attract patrons was their use of the phrase "Come get your ticket punched by the legendary <mask>." He also served as an AT&T telegraph operator in St. Joseph, Missouri. <mask> took up the lecture circuit, while residing in Sherman, Texas. In 1902, former Missourian Sam Hildreth, a leading thoroughbred horse trainer and owner, hired <mask> as the betting commissioner at the Fair Grounds Race Track, in New Orleans. He returned to the North Texas area where he was a shoe salesman at Sanger Brothers in Dallas. The  Tacoma Times reported in July, 1914, that he was picking berries at a local ranch in Washington state, and planned to buy a farm nearby. He was also part of a Chicago investment group which purchased the Fletcher Terrell's Buckskin Bill's Wild West Show, third in size after the Buffalo Bill and Pawnee Bill shows.In his final years, <mask> returned to the James Farm, giving tours for the sum of 25 cents. He died there at age 72 on February 18, 1915. He left behind his wife Annie Ralston <mask> and one son. He is interred in Hill Park Cemetery, in the western portion of Independence, Missouri. Portrayals

 1939, Henry Fonda in the film Jesse James as well as the 1940 sequel The Return of Frank James. 1941, Al Taylor in Jesse James at Bay. 1949, Tom Tyler in I Shot Jesse James, an account from Robert Ford's viewpoint, and the first western directed by Samuel Fuller.1950, Richard Long in Kansas Raiders, about his time spent with Quantrill's Raiders. 1954, Richard Travis in an episode of Jim Davis's syndicated western television series, Stories of the Century. Lee Van Cleef played <mask> in the same episode. 1957, Jeffrey Hunter in  The True Story of Jesse James. 1959, Jim Davis in Alias Jesse James
 1960, Robert Dix in Young Jesse James. 1965–66, Allen Case in The Legend of Jesse James. 1972, John Pierce in The Great Northfield Minnesota Raid.1977, John Bennett Perry in an episode of Little House on the Prairie. 1980, Stacy Keach in The Long Riders, which featured four sets of real brothers playing sets of brothers in the gang. 1980, country singer Johnny Cash in the concept album, The Legend of Jesse James. 1984, Nick Benedict in an episode of The Dukes of Hazzard. 1986, country singer Johnny Cash in The Last Days of Frank and Jesse James, directed by William A. Graham. 1992, Jamie Walters in the American Western TV show, The Young Riders. 1994, Bill Paxton in Frank & Jesse.1995, Leonard Nimoy in the made-for-TV movie Bonanza: Under Attack. 2001, Gabriel Macht in American Outlaws. 2007, Sam Shepard in The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford
 2018, Robert Carradine in Bill Tilghman and the Outlaws. References

Further reading

Copland, Aaron and Perlis, Vivian: Copland - 1900 Through 1942, St. Martin's/Marek, 1984. Settle, William A., Jr.: <mask> Was His Name, or, Fact and Fiction Concerning the Careers of the Notorious <mask> of Missouri, University of Nebraska Press, 1977
Yeatman, Ted P.: <mask> and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend, Cumberland House, 2001
Stiles, T.J.: <mask>: Last Rebel of the Civil War, Alfred A. Knopf, 2002
Wellman, Paul I. A Dynasty of Western Outlaws. 1961; 1986.External links

Official website for the Family of Frank & <mask>: Stray Leaves, A James Family in America Since 1650
John Koblas, author of several Jesse James books
A short profile of the <mask> brothers
Biographical information for the <mask> Family
The <mask> brothers' familiar connection to other notorious outlaws
An examination of the James Legend
Summary of the Battle of Wilson's Creek where <mask> fought
Summary of the Battle of Lexington where <mask> fought
A history of Missouri during the Civil War
A site devoted to the Missouri Partisan Rangers and their history
A description of the raid at Lawrence, Kansas

1843 births
1915 deaths
People from Kearney, Missouri
American people of English descent
American people of Scottish descent
American people of Welsh descent
People of Missouri in the American Civil War
Outlaws of the American Old West
American bank robbers
Confederate States Army soldiers
Bushwhackers
<mask> Gang
Missouri State Guard
American folklore
Gunslingers of the American Old West
Train robbers
19th-century American criminals

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Jesse James
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Frank
Frank
James
Frank James
James
James
James
Frank James
James
James
James
James
Jesse James
Jesse James
James Brothers
Frank
Jesse James
Jesse James
James
James
James
Frank
Frank
James Younger