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<mask>. (June 20, 1898 – January 11, 1984) was a four-star admiral in the United States Navy who served as superintendent of the United States Naval Academy from 1947–1950; as Chief of Naval Personnel from 1953–1957; and as commander in chief of all United States naval forces in the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean from 1957–1959, in which capacity he commanded the 1958 American intervention in Lebanon. As founder of the Holloway Plan, he was responsible for creating the modern Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps. <mask> was the father of four-star admiral and Chief of Naval Operations Admiral <mask><mask>. , they are the only father and son to both serve as four-star admirals in the United States Navy while on active duty, as opposed to being promoted to that rank posthumously or at retirement. Early career
<mask> was born on June 20, 1898, in Fort Smith, Arkansas to future centenarian <mask>. and the former <mask>. In 1904, his family moved to Dallas, Texas, where he was a varsity football tackle and a member of the debate team at Oak Cliff High School, from which he graduated in 1915. Unable to secure an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, his original ambition, he instead passed the entrance examinations for the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland and entered the Naval Academy as a midshipman in 1915.He graduated in June 1918 near the bottom of the accelerated class of 1919, ranked 149th out of 199, and later claimed that he had avoided flunking out of the Academy only because his class graduated early due to World War I. "I knew I would have bilged in mechanics." World War I
Commissioned ensign on June 7, 1918, <mask> was assigned to the destroyer , operating out of Brest, France as part of the destroyer force tasked with anti-submarine patrols against German U-boats in European waters. He made a poor impression almost immediately. "They never told me about the lack of space on destroyers. My baggage filled the whole wardroom. I was a very unpopular young officer for that."Nevertheless, he was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade) in September. In January 1919, <mask> was assigned to the battleship , a tour that included duty as aide and flag lieutenant to Rear Admiral Frederick B. Bassett Jr. As the admiral's aide, <mask> visited Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay when Florida carried Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby and his party on a diplomatic cruise to South American and Caribbean ports in 1920. Inter-war period

In August 1921, <mask> was assigned to destroyer duty, briefly commanding the destroyer  before serving as executive officer of the destroyer  until June 1922, when he was promoted to full lieutenant and assigned as executive officer of the destroyer  for two years of sea duty in the Far East with the Asiatic Fleet. Upon his return to the U.S. in July 1924, he served as an instructor at the Naval Academy in the Department of Ordnance and Gunnery from August 1924 – June 1926, under successive superintendents Henry B. Wilson and <mask>. Nulton. In 1926, <mask> began a two-year tour aboard the battleship , over the course of which he received several departmental commendations for "contribution to gunnery efficiency" and had under his command the highest scoring  gun turret in the Navy, which set a record in target practice that remained unbroken for several years. From August 1928 to June 1930, <mask> was aide and flag lieutenant on the staff of Rear Admiral <mask>, chief of staff of the Battle Fleet and subsequently Commander Battleship Division Two. He remained <mask>'s aide for the first two years of the admiral's next assignment as President of the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, then had duty as assistant gunnery officer aboard the battleship  from June 1932 – May 1933.In May 1933, he was again assigned as aide and flag lieutenant to now-Vice Admiral <mask>, Commander Cruisers Scouting Force. He was promoted to lieutenant commander in June. In June 1934, <mask> began a year in command of the destroyer , flagship of Commander, Destroyer Squadron Three in the Pacific Fleet. "I made a beauty out of the Hopkins. I brought her up in appearance and gunnery. A friend of mine, the first lieutenant of the , helped me. This boy gave me an extra 200 gallons of paint every month.I made her look like a yacht." <mask> was transferred to the Navy Department in June 1935 for three years of duty with the Gunnery Section of the Fleet Training Division, then was navigator of the battleship  from 1938 until July 1939, when he assumed command of the cargo ship  and was promoted to the rank of full commander. World War II
In September 1939, <mask> became chief of staff to Rear Admiral Hayne Ellis, commander of the Atlantic Squadron, in which capacity <mask> directed the expansion and deployment of the Atlantic Squadron for Neutrality Patrol operations after the outbreak of World War II in Europe. In October 1940, <mask> was assigned as officer in charge of the gunnery section of the Fleet Training Office in the office of the Chief of Naval Operations, where he was serving at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. "We were busy as bird-dogs in those weeks following the attack. It's hard to describe just how much the workload moved up. We stopped all routine computation of training and competitive exercises that Fleet Training had been responsible for, and we went into expediting production and perfecting the performance of weapons."In the weeks following the attack, <mask> was one of three duty officers selected to stand the night watch at the Navy Department, alternating four-hour shifts with Captain Cato D. Glover Jr. and Commander Forrest P. Sherman. "One night, we got a report that there was a dirigible off New York. I put out an emergency on the whole East Coast." The supposed enemy airship turned out to be an off-course American blimp, but <mask>'s superiors approved his decision anyway. "After what had happened at Pearl Harbor, we went to general quarters in case of doubt." Operation Torch

<mask> had applied for immediate sea duty after the Pearl Harbor attack and on 20 May 1942, he assumed command of Destroyer Squadron Ten (Desron 10), a newly built and newly commissioned member of the Atlantic Fleet. Promoted to captain in June, in November he led Desron 10 in screening the landings at Casablanca during the opening stages of Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of North Africa.As one of three principal destroyer commanders in this operation, he received a Navy Commendation Ribbon with the following citation: "<mask> prevented the many enemy submarines in the area from delivering effective torpedo fire and, by his aggressive fighting spirit and courageous leadership, contributed materially to the winning of a decisive victory over the enemy." DD-DE Shakedown Task Force

Having gained a reputation for "unusual capacity for imparting enthusiasm as well as for organization", he was relieved of the command of Desron 10 on 8 April 1943, to lead the new Destroyer and Destroyer Escort (DD-DE) Shakedown Task Force that was being organized at Bermuda to systematically work up newly built destroyers and destroyer escorts before they joined the Atlantic Fleet. Arriving at Bermuda on 13 April aboard the destroyer tender , <mask> quickly established an efficient arena for drilling untrained crews in operations at sea. When newly commissioned ships arrived at Bermuda, their officers and men debarked for training aboard Hamul and ashore while their vessels underwent inspection and repair by task force staff. Ships then returned to sea to practice tactics and the use of their equipment, in daylight and in darkness, against towed surface targets and "tame" submarines. Task force staff handled all repairs and logistics, freeing commanding officers to focus solely on training their crews. At first, <mask>'s training program only covered destroyer escorts and a few gunboats, but his "Bermuda college" was so successful that it was expanded in September to encompass all newly built destroyers, and would eventually be extended to Canadian and British vessels as well.By the time of his relief on 14 November, 99 destroyer escorts and 20 destroyers had already graduated from the program and 25 other ships were being trained. The shakedown period had been reduced from six to eight weeks of haphazard preparation to only four weeks for destroyer escorts and five weeks for destroyers, with vastly superior quality of training. For this success, <mask> was awarded the Legion of Merit, whose citation commended his having "built up an efficient organization, turning over to the Fleet competent seagoing vessels and thoroughly indoctrinated personnel. His conspicuous success in fulfilling this important assignment and his skill in collaboration with other commands have contributed vitally to the effective prosecution of the war." Bureau of Naval Personnel
<mask> became director of training at the Bureau of Naval Personnel in Washington, D.C. on November 15, 1943, where he earned a second Commendation Ribbon for having "integrated the various programs into one efficient organization with the bureau the center of all policies and procedures. His able directorship and foresight contributed greatly to the successful expansion of the naval training program during this crucial year of war." <mask>'s sheer efficiency in this role worked against him when his request for sea duty was rejected by Secretary of the Navy <mask>. Forrestal, who ruled that <mask> should continue in the training job, "where you are hitting your peak."Forrestal finally relented in late 1944 and released <mask> for duty in the Pacific theater. USS Iowa

Holloway assumed command of the battleship , flagship of Battleship Division 7, in November 1944. Under his command, Iowa took part in attacks on Luzon later that month, shooting down many enemy aircraft, and participated in strikes on the Japanese homeland from March–July 1945. For commanding Iowa during these operations, he received a Gold Star in lieu of a second Legion of Merit, with the following citation: "With his vessel operating as flagship of several important striking and covering forces...<mask> rendered distinguished service throughout the intensive actions and, by his brilliant leadership and outstanding skill, contributed materially to the extensive and costly damage inflicted on the enemy." <mask> operated his battleship with characteristic flair, recalled Rear Admiral Ralph Kirk <mask>, who had been the maintenance officer responsible for repair work on damaged ships at Manus when Iowa arrived at that base to fix shafting problems on 25 December 1944. "<mask> was charging up the harbor with this big battleship, the biggest I'd seen, and I was getting more and more nervous." Alarmed, <mask> warned <mask> to reduce his speed before entering the drydock."'Oh no,' [<mask>] said...He got the ship just about halfway into the dry dock when he ordered full speed astern. The Iowa shook like a damned destroyer and stopped just where she was supposed to be." Unfortunately, the backwash from the engine reversal swept away the drydock support blocks from underneath the ship, and <mask> and his crew had to spend an extra three hours resetting the blocks before Iowa could dock. Afterward, <mask> discovered a grey streak in his hair. "I can tell you the moment it was born: when <mask> pulled his high-speed throttle-jockey stunt on me." Despite being captain of the premier surface vessel in the U.S. Navy, <mask> recognized that naval aviation had become dominant. Soon after assuming command of Iowa, he wrote an urgent letter to his son, Lieutenant <mask><mask> III, who was following in his father's footsteps as a junior officer on a destroyer, to advise the young lieutenant to abandon his promising career in the surface Navy to become a naval aviator as soon as possible."The war in the Pacific is being won by the carriers. The future of the U.S. Navy lies in naval aviation." Lieutenant <mask> promptly applied for flight training and went on to captain the nuclear aircraft carrier , the premier aviation vessel of its era. Demobilization
Promoted to rear admiral, <mask> reported as Commander, Fleet Training Command, Pacific Fleet on 8 August 1945. He was detached from that command less than two months later, on 26 September, to take charge of the Navy's troubled postwar demobilization. Rear Admiral William M. Fechteler, Assistant Chief of Naval Personnel, informed <mask> that demobilization in the Pacific was "completely chaotic," and ordered <mask> to take charge of the effort with the hastily created title of Assistant Chief of Naval Personnel for Demobilization. <mask> immediately conducted a quick inspection tour of West Coast demobilization centers and concluded that the biggest problem was understaffing at the receiving facilities, which lacked the personnel to process the paperwork for the flood of returning servicemen.To alleviate this bottleneck, <mask> augmented the demobilization center staffs with yeomen, disbursing clerks, and anyone else who could read a form. However, after the Pacific returnees had been processed and discharged, they still had to be transported overland from their West Coast debarkation ports to their homes, the vast majority of which were located east of the Rocky Mountains. <mask> deputized subordinate Howard "Red" Yeager as director of rail transportation for the Navy, and Yeager worked with the Association of American Railroads to assemble the necessary rolling stock from scratch. "I think they reached as low as the Toonerville trolley," <mask> recalled. Under <mask>'s immediate direction, the task of demobilizing over three million men was completed by September 1, 1946. He won a Letter of Commendation for his skill as administrator and was officially praised for his skillful direction and supervision of the Navy's personnel demobilization plan. <mask> resisted pressure from various dignitaries to speed the homecoming of favored constituents.When a member of the United States Senate brought in a friend to ask a favor, <mask> appealed to the senator's better nature: "I look to you, Senator, to help me maintain my probity." Said <mask> later, "No Congressman ever failed to react to such a plea." Holloway Plan

While directing the navy's demobilization, <mask> also chaired an influential board that laid the foundation for the postwar Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC). Named for its chairman, the Holloway Board was charged with "the development of the proper form, system, and method of education of officers in the postwar United States Navy." Its members included Williams College president <mask>. Baxter III, Illinois Institute of Technology president Henry T. Heald, Cornell University provost Arthur S. Adams, Rear Admiral Felix L. Johnson, Rear Admiral Stuart H. Ingersoll, Captain Charles D. Wheelock, Captain John P. W. Vest, Commander Charles K. Duncan, and Commander Douglas M. Swift.

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 The report of the Holloway Board became known as the Holloway Plan, and it dramatically expanded the avenues by which officer candidates could enter the regular Navy. Described as one of the most attractive educational opportunities ever offered, the Holloway Plan broke the Naval Academy's monopoly as a source for naval officers by offering students at fifty-two colleges and universities the same opportunities for a commission in the regular Navy and free education at government expense that were provided to Naval Academy midshipmen, without requiring a hard-to-obtain Congressional appointment.In return for a three-year service commitment, the federal government paid for officer candidates to obtain undergraduate degrees at accredited institutions, commissioning them upon graduation into the Naval Reserve. Unlike previous reservists, NROTC graduates could transfer their commissions into the regular Navy, allowing them to compete on the same basis as Naval Academy graduates. NROTC was intended to provide about half of the Navy's new officers every year, with the other half coming from the Naval Academy. There were two main tracks: the standard four-year course for line officers, and a seven-year Naval Aviation College Program (NACP) for naval aviators. Submitted to Congress for approval, the Holloway Plan spent the summer of 1946 stagnating as draft legislation in the House Naval Affairs Committee. Finally, with only two months before colleges were scheduled to begin their autumn classes, <mask> made a pilgrimage to the Georgia farm of committee chairman Carl Vinson, and the bill was placed on the House Calendar the following week. It passed by unanimous vote and was signed into law by President Harry S. Truman on August 13, 1946.During its early years, critics complained that the Holloway Plan was a waste of taxpayer money because many reservists enrolled in the program only for the free college education, and quit the Navy after serving the minimum three-year commitment. <mask> himself anticipated that NROTC graduates would be less committed to a naval career than Naval Academy graduates, given that "The Naval Academy is an undergraduate institution which no man should enter unless he wishes to make the Navy a life career." He was convinced that Annapolis remained the surer but tougher path to a successful Navy career, but argued that the Navy should not risk "putting all our eggs in one basket insofar as methods of initial [officer] procurement are concerned." Annapolis loyalists objected that if NROTC graduates were given the same career opportunities and chances for promotion as Naval Academy graduates, there would be no advantage to attending the Naval Academy and the quality of its midshipmen would plummet because the better officer candidates could opt for an easy commission at a civilian university that lacked the rigor of Naval Academy discipline. A popular Annapolis chant went: "Keep your car, keep your gal, keep your pay—be an officer the '<mask>'!" Officers in the fleet quipped: "Did you get your commission the hard way or the <mask>?" Nevertheless, the Holloway Plan quickly became a popular and effective program, and within five years its major features had been copied by the Army and the Air Force.Early Holloway Plan alumni included future astronaut Neil A. Armstrong and future four-star admiral George E.R. Kinnear II. Forty years later, <mask>'s son was responsible for interviewing the eminent lawyers, businessmen, and government officials who applied for membership in the exclusive Metropolitan Club of the City of Washington between 1988 and 1992. "I was truly amazed at the number of these prospective members who asked if I were any relation to the admiral who founded the Holloway Plan," recalled the younger <mask>, by then a famous admiral in his own right. "When I answered yes, they would tell me that they wouldn't be sitting there today if it weren't for the Holloway Plan....It had put them through college—schools like Princeton, Duke University, Caltech, and Stanford. After the Korean War and Vietnam, the opportunities were so great on the outside that many of them left the service and became quite successful in their civilian careers." Superintendent of the U.S.Naval Academy

On January 15, 1947, <mask> became the 35th superintendent of the United States Naval Academy, succeeding Vice Admiral Aubrey W. Fitch. At 48, <mask> was the youngest superintendent in fifty years, having been handpicked by Secretary of the Navy Forrestal to implement the academic changes suggested by the Holloway Board, which had recommended that the Naval Academy curriculum move away from rote recitation and continuous crams "to give a stronger emphasis to basic and general education, rendering more fundamental and less detailed instruction in strictly naval material and techniques." In his first year as superintendent, <mask> revised the curriculum to promote a balanced program of mutually supporting courses, including a newly expanded leadership course on human relations problems, for which half of the textbook was written by psychology experts from Johns Hopkins University and the other half by <mask> himself. He also procured modern equipment for the ordnance, gunnery, and marine engineering departments and instituted annual faculty symposia to "explore and confirm methods employed in both education and training." Midshipmen were thoroughly indoctrinated "in all aspects of naval aviation" as a graduation requirement. To compensate for the increased academic expectations, <mask> loosened the regulations restricting midshipman activities, allowing first classmen to own cars, go on leave every other weekend, store civilian clothing in dormitory rooms, and stay up until 11:00 PM every night. Some of these liberties were later revoked by <mask>'s successor, Vice Admiral Harry W. Hill.The first class was also delegated greater responsibility for student governance, and attempted to purge "flagrant violations of mature personal dignity" from midshipman hazing rituals, with mixed success. Despite his energetic reforms and personal popularity among the midshipmen, <mask>'s three-year tour as superintendent ultimately was too brief to reverse the Naval Academy's entrenched cultural bias against academic achievement. A more durable legacy was the series of yawl races <mask> initiated to promote seamanship and competitive sailing, dubbed the <mask> trophy races after the award for the winning midshipman skipper. <mask> also addressed the dismal living conditions of the enlisted men based at the Academy by upgrading their quarters from trailer parks to a village of Wherry housing units on the north shore of the Severn River. He declared that a midshipman's first lesson must be concern for enlisted men's welfare and that Annapolis of all places must set the example. Educational unification

Throughout his career, <mask> vigorously defended the Naval Academy's special role as the preeminent source of naval officers in the U.S.

As chairman of the Holloway Board, <mask> helped fend off proposals to downgrade the importance of Annapolis by converting the Academy into a two-year postgraduate school for students who had already completed at least three years of college, a plan that would double the number of officers that could be produced by halving the time spent at the Academy. The Holloway Board also rejected another proposal, popular among local politicians, to expand enrollment by establishing satellite Naval Academies in other coastal cities."It was deemed wiser that the Naval Academy at Annapolis, with its history and traditions, be the single institution representing...the ultimate in personal and professional standards, and a principal binding force...in the Navy as a whole." In January 1947, less than two weeks after becoming Academy superintendent, <mask> rebuffed a proposal by Army Chief of Staff Dwight D. Eisenhower to essentially unify the Naval Academy with the United States Military Academy at West Point. Eisenhower believed the curricula of West Point and Annapolis should be as close to identical as possible and proposed a full-scale exchange program in which West Point cadets and Annapolis midshipmen would each spend their third year at the other service's academy. <mask>'s bluntly phrased rejection drove a furious Eisenhower to complain to Chief of Naval Operations Chester W. Nimitz that <mask> considered his idea "the ultimate in ridiculousness." In March 1949, <mask> was the junior member of the Stearns-Eisenhower Board, convened to consider the topic of educational unification among the services. Chaired by University of Colorado president Robert Stearns, the board was initially inclined to recommend that officer candidates from all services study the same core academic curriculum at a single unified academy, as favored by the new Secretary of Defense, <mask>, with Annapolis and West Point being reduced to specialized training campuses. To everyone's surprise, <mask> persuaded the other members to adopt the diametrically opposite recommendation that the existing service academy system be not only preserved but expanded by adding a new service academy for the Air Force.In 1954, <mask>'s loyalty to the Naval Academy landed him in professional trouble for the only time in his career. Testifying before a congressional committee in favor of the proposed creation of the United States Air Force Academy, <mask> declared that he was sick and tired of sending Naval Academy graduates to the Air Force and admitted that he did everything possible to prevent such "desertions." Called to account by an infuriated Deputy Secretary of Defense Roger M. Kyes, <mask> stood by his words. "What's wrong with that?" he demanded. "We don't want our boys going to the Air Force. We teach them things we don't want used against us later."Chief of Naval Personnel

After completing his tour as superintendent in 1950, <mask> served 30 months as Commander, Battleship-Cruiser Force, Atlantic (COMBATCRULANT) before being promoted to vice admiral on February 2, 1953, and appointed chief of the Bureau of Naval Personnel (BuPers). He served as Chief of Naval Personnel from 1953–1957, longer than any other BuPers chief in 75 years. Charged by statute with the selection and assignment of all naval personnel, his hiring philosophy was, "We should get the best people we can for these jobs and make them play over their heads." As Chief of Naval Personnel, <mask> managed a variety of personnel issues arising from the end of the Korean War, such as promotions for returned prisoners of war and improvement of housing facilities, as well as the desegregation of the Navy. He abolished the policy of separate recruitment of black and white sailors that had tended to channel white recruits into mainstream branches but relegate black recruits to menial commissary and steward functions. "Keeps a taut ship," remarked contemporaries at the Pentagon, but also "keeps a tight lip," despite a reputation for florid speech and unusually lengthy prepared statements before Congressional committees. For example, when asked by a House Appropriations subcommittee whether it was Navy policy to promote personnel on discharge even if they had been discharged because of Communist affiliations, a charge Senator Joseph R. McCarthy had leveled against the Army, <mask> replied, "It is not.I am not saying that in criticism of anyone else...Sometimes, in the best of families, the right hand does not know what the left hand doeth. But it is certainly not the policy in the Navy, and it is one we abjure." Hyman G. Rickover

<mask> was an early ally of Rear Admiral Hyman G. Rickover, the controversial father of the Navy's nuclear propulsion program. To induce promising line officers to submit to the rigors of nuclear training, Rickover insisted that only nuclear-qualified officers be allowed to command a nuclear vessel. <mask> agreed with Rickover's concept, and allowed Rickover to screen the candidate pool from which BuPers would select officers for nuclear training. Rickover retained this absolute control over nuclear candidate selection until his retirement in 1982. In June 1953, Rickover faced mandatory retirement after being passed over by the rear admiral selection board, and <mask> was one of the few flag officers to push for his promotion.Rickover was promoted to rear admiral by the next selection board in July. "This is the end of the selection system," mourned one of <mask>'s friends. "No, it isn't," <mask> replied. "It isn't the end...because we've used a law to promote him...to make the will of the Secretary felt. When we're too hidebound and reactionary, there's room in the law for the Secretary to get his way. If you don't do that, you'd have a special law in Congress which would really be the end of the selection system." Only a couple of weeks later, Congress proved <mask>'s point by attaching a provision to the annual defense appropriations bill that promoted Brigadier General Robert S. Moore to major general, after the Army had refused to advance him through the normal system."This sort of thing is what we must guard against," complained General Herbert B. Powell, <mask>'s counterpart in the personnel section of the Army staff at the time. "We must follow the system set up and prescribed by law.”

Commander in Chief, U.S. Naval Forces, Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean
On October 26, 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower named <mask> to succeed Admiral Walter F. Boone as Commander in Chief, U.S. Naval Forces, Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean (CINCNELM), <mask> assumed command in November 1957, and was promoted to full admiral on January 1, 1958. with additional duty as Commander, Subordinate Command U.S. Atlantic Fleet (COMSCOMLANTFLT), and later as U.S. Commander Eastern Atlantic (USCOMEASTLANT). As CINCNELM, <mask> commanded all U.S. naval forces in Europe, including the Sixth Fleet commanded by Vice Admiral Charles R. Brown. In November 1957, the Joint Chiefs of Staff instructed <mask> to establish a specified command, the first in Eisenhower's defense reorganization program.In the event of an emergency in the Middle East, he was to transfer his flag from London to the Mediterranean as Commander in Chief, Specified Command, Middle East (CINCSPECOMME). Lebanon crisis of 1958
On July 14, 1958, the Hashemite dynasty in Iraq was overthrown by a military coup d'état. Fearing that he would be next, Lebanese president Camille Chamoun appealed for American military aid within 48 hours to settle domestic unrest in his own country, invoking the Eisenhower Doctrine, which stated that the United States would intervene upon request to stabilize countries threatened by international communism. <mask>, who happened to be serving on a Selection Board in Washington at the time, promptly met with Chief of Naval Operations Arleigh A. Burke, who warned that a deployment order was imminent but that commitments in East Asia precluded any reinforcements from the Seventh

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 Fleet. Retorted <mask>, "I don't need any help. I can take over all of the Lebanon if you say the word." As one of Burke's few remaining peers in the Navy, <mask> took the opportunity to tease the CNO."But I've already had another proposition....From some Britisher. He thinks, if there's action, I should go up and take the port of Tripoli to protect their oil installations there." The famously mercurial Burke cursed him out. At 6:23 p.m. on July 14, President Eisenhower ordered that the American intervention force begin to arrive at Beirut by 9:00 a.m. on July 15, when he planned to announce the intervention on national television. Burke relayed the order to <mask> at 6:30 p.m., adding, "Join your flagship now. Sail all Sixth Fleet eastward." <mask> had been given less than fifteen hours to establish a beachhead.He immediately flew back to his London headquarters, where he stopped just long enough to assemble his staff and activate Operation Bluebat, a preplanned scenario for suppressing a coup d'état in Lebanon, before flying on to Beirut. On July 15, only four minutes behind schedule, the first wave of Marines landed on a tourist beach near Beirut. In one of the most colorful episodes in Marine Corps history, a delighted crowd of curious spectators and bikini-clad sunbathers waved and cheered as a battalion of Marines waded ashore in full battle gear and stormed the beach. Soft drink vendors and ice cream carts appeared playing nickelodeon music while small boys swam out to the landing craft and offered to help the Marines carry their equipment. After herding the civilians out of the way, the Marines secured the landing site and seized Beirut International Airport. <mask> flew into the airport from London at 4:00 a.m. on July 16 and boarded his flagship  in time to supervise the next wave of landings, which he summarized for Burke in one word: "Flawless." At 10:30 a.m. on July 16, as the Marines prepared to move into Beirut, it was discovered that Lebanese Army tanks had blocked the road from the airport, with orders to prevent the Marines from entering the city.<mask> raced to the scene, arriving at the roadblock at the same time as the American ambassador to Lebanon, Robert M. McClintock, and the general in chief of the Lebanese Army, General Fuad Chehab. Adjourning to a nearby schoolhouse for an impromptu conference, they devised a compromise whereby the Lebanese Army would escort the Marines into the city. <mask> insisted that they start moving right away, "tootey-sweetey". "We were really sitting on a powder keg," <mask> said later, "but fortunately there were no incidents. We just got in a car—Ambassador McClintock and I—and led the column straight through." Once the column entered the city, Chehab departed and <mask> "assumed personal tactical command," directing individual units to their respective billeting areas in the city—"my first and last experience in field officer grade with land forces." On July 17, Deputy Under Secretary of State Robert D. Murphy arrived in Beirut as President Eisenhower's personal representative, charged with resolving the political situation.Conferring daily with <mask>, Murphy quickly concluded that the decision to intervene had been based on faulty assumptions. "We agreed that much of the conflict concerned personalities and rivalries of a domestic nature, with no relation to international issues." In particular, <mask> and Murphy felt that the insurrection had nothing to do with international communism and that Chamoun's presidency was doomed for purely domestic reasons. Murphy decided that the only solution was to elect a new president who would ask that the American forces be removed as soon as possible. He brokered a deal between the dissident factions to allow a new presidential election, which General Chehab won on July 31. With the Lebanese government nominally stabilized, <mask> was directed on August 5 to begin planning a withdrawal schedule, which he submitted for approval on August 11. The first Marine battalion began reembarking immediately.United Nations diplomat Rajeshwar Dayal observed the Marines' departure, "a process which seemed more difficult of accomplishment than the landing. It was evident that the gallant Admiral <mask>, sceptical from the start about the wisdom of the whole exercise, felt an infinite sense of relief at the prospect of an early departure." President Chehab took office on September 23 and a unity government was formed on October 23. The last American troops left Lebanon two days later. In the end, Operation Bluebat sent nearly 15,000 American troops to Lebanon from commands in Europe and the continental United States, including 6,100 Marines and 3,100 Army airborne troops armed with nuclear artillery; the 76 ships of the Sixth Fleet; and a 200-plane Composite Air Task Force based out of Incirlik Air Base, Turkey. The intervention forces remained in Lebanon for 102 days, at a cost of over $200 million, acting as an urban security force and losing only one American soldier to hostile fire. <mask> professed satisfaction with the near-perfect outcome."The proof of the pudding is in the eating. The operation would appear to stand as an unqualified success." Nevertheless, Operation Bluebat came to be viewed as a case study in how not to plan an operation. According to one history, "Virtually every official report opens with the caveat that had Operation Bluebat been opposed, disasters would have occurred, and argues that problems encountered during the operation's course could have been solved well before the order to execute was given." <mask> inadvertently created one of these problems himself when he ordered Major General David W. Gray to establish an Army base in a large olive grove just east of the airport. Said Gray, "I asked, 'Isn't that private property? Whom should I see about it?'I shall never forget [<mask>'s] answer. Waving his arms in characteristic fashion, he replied, 'Matter of military necessity. Send the bills to the Ambassador.' Of course, it didn't work out exactly that way...." It turned out that the olive grove was the largest in Lebanon and vital to the local economy, but the Lebanese women who harvested the olives refused to enter the grove while American troops were present, risking the loss of the entire crop and severe unemployment. <mask> wryly observed that when his forces finally departed, they left behind a constitutionally elected president, a united army, peace in the area, and "a few legal beagles to pay for damage to the olive groves." <mask>'s superiors on the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) introduced complications of their own, recalled Gray. "One day I walked in on <mask> to find him sputtering.He said, 'Do you know what I just told the JCS? I am sixty-years old, I have thirty-five years of service, I have a physical infirmity that will allow me to retire tomorrow, and I will do it if you don't leave me alone and let me do my job.'" Retirement

<mask> was relieved as CINCNELM by Admiral Robert L. Dennison in March 1959. Returning to Washington for his well-attended retirement ceremony a month later, <mask> declared that he definitely would not follow the example of other high-ranking military retirees in that he was actually going to retire, not start a second career in business. After his retirement from the Navy, he served as Governor of the United States Naval Home in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from 1964 until 1966. In later life, he moved to Carl Vinson Hall, a Navy retirement home in McLean, Virginia. He died on January 11, 1984, of an aortic aneurysm at Fairfax Hospital in Falls Church, Virginia.Personal life
<mask> was a husky, round-faced man with blue eyes and brown hair who stood six feet tall, weighed 190 pounds, and spoke in a light southern drawl. He was nicknamed "<mask>," as much for his reputation as a strict disciplinarian as for the aristocratic affectations that TIME Magazine dubbed "a suave, diplomatic air that sometimes spills over into pomposity":

United Nations diplomat Rajeshwar Dayal described <mask> as "a gentleman to the core" during his interactions with the United Nations Observation Group in Lebanon (UNOGIL) in 1958. "He was a man of impressive presence and courtly ways and fully deserved his sobriquet of '<mask>'....We found him a charming and engaging personality and a man of his word." Major General David W. Gray, who commanded the Army contingent during the initial stages of the Lebanon intervention, recalled:

<mask> was widely admired within the Navy, although he was identified so strongly as being a deskbound staff officer that when he assumed operational command of Operation Bluebat in 1958, other officers joked, "Oh, he's finally gone to sea." Los Angeles Times columnist Bill Henry observed, "When President Eisenhower announced that our leader of United States forces in the Middle East would be an officer named Adm. <mask>, there was a sort of 'Who dat?' reaction. <mask> <mask>. has not been a dashing, spectacular figure.He has, however, compiled a steady record of uncanny ability as an organizer which has overshadowed a fine combat record in two world wars." While chief of the Bureau of Personnel, <mask> summarized his philosophy to a group of young naval officers: "You men probably do not think of it in this way, but I do. To be commissioned in the Navy, you had to be appointed by the President with the approval of Congress. This is the procedure and requirement for the seating of a Supreme Court judge or an ambassador. This is why a naval officer must have his chin out at all times." Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt Jr., a lieutenant commander in BuPers from 1953–1955, remembered <mask> as "the superior who most impressed me when I was a young officer." Family

<mask> married the former Jean Gordon Hagood, daughter of U.S. Army Major General Johnson Hagood, of Charleston, South Carolina, on May 11, 1921.They had two children: son <mask> <mask>, who also attained the rank of four-star admiral as Chief of Naval Operations from 1974–1978; and daughter Jean Gordon <mask>, whose husband, Rear Admiral <mask> Jr., was the first commanding officer of the aircraft carrier  and briefly served as the 45th superintendent of the U.S. Naval Academy. <mask>'s wife Jean died of cancer in October 1956 after a three-year illness. After her death, he remarried to the former Josephine Cook Kenny, widow of a Navy captain who had served with him in BuPers, on January 16, 1958. Stepdaughter Josephine Cook Fraser married Mercury Seven astronaut Walter M. Schirra Jr.

<mask>'s father, <mask> <mask>., served as superintendent of schools in Fort Smith, Arkansas before entering Washington University in 1900 for training in osteopathy, which he practiced in Dallas, Texas for forty years. In 1952, at the age of 92, <mask>. wrote to the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to inquire whether <mask>. was falling short in his performance of duty as a rear admiral such that he might not be promoted to vice admiral; if so, he wanted to give his son some helpful advice. President Harry S. Truman wrote back to assure the worried father that his son was not neglecting his duties.In 1960, <mask>. celebrated his centennial in Dallas, having seen his son achieve the rank of four-star admiral. Fourteen years later, <mask>. would see his own son achieve the same rank when <mask> was sworn in as Chief of Naval Operations in 1974. (<mask> <mask>, son of <mask>, died in a car accident in 1964.) As of 2008, <mask>. and <mask> remain the only father and son to both serve as four-star admirals in the U.S. Navy while on active duty; the other two four-star admirals who fathered four-star sons were either promoted to that rank posthumously, in the case of Admiral John S. McCain Sr., or upon retirement, in the case of Admiral David W. Bagley. In his memoirs, <mask> complained that "there has often been a tacit presumption that my father was in a position to advance my career as I gained seniority in the Navy. On the contrary, as a retired officer he had little or no influence over his own future, much less mine." As an example of this presumption, when President Richard M. Nixon approved <mask>'s nomination to succeed Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt Jr. as Chief of Naval Operations, Zumwalt believed that Nixon acquiesced mainly to avoid overruling the recommendation of his secretary of defense, but that, "In addition, and I really think this was a factor, Mr. Nixon remembered Jimmy's father from his own period of naval service."Awards
<mask>'s decorations included the Legion of Merit, awarded for organizing the DD-DE Shakedown Task Force of the Atlantic Fleet operational training command, with Gold Star in lieu of a second award for commanding the battleship Iowa in the Pacific theater; the Navy Commendation Ribbon, awarded for leading Destroyer Squadron 10 during the landings at Casablanca, with star in lieu of a second ribbon for serving as director of training in the Bureau of Naval Personnel; the Victory Medal with Destroyer Clasp; the American Defense Service Medal with Fleet Clasp; the American Campaign Medal; the European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with star; the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with stars; the World War II Victory Medal; and the Philippine Liberation Medal. He was appointed Grand Officer of the Order of Leopold by the government of Belgium. <mask> received the honorary degrees of Doctor of Laws from Muhlenberg College in 1944, and later from the University of Notre Dame; and Doctor of Humane Letters from Villanova College in 1948. The Admiral <mask><mask> Jr. Award is presented annually by the Navy League of the United States to the outstanding NROTC midshipman in the nation, and consists of an engraved watch and a certificate. The RADM <mask> L. <mask>. Trophy honors the Naval Academy midshipman who has contributed the most to Varsity Offshore J/24 sailing through his leadership, dedication to the team, and sailing skills. <mask> recorded an oral history that is archived at the Columbia University Oral History Research Office. Dates of rank
Midshipman – 1915 (class rank 149/199)
Ensign – June 7, 1918
Lieutenant, Junior Grade – September 21, 1918
Lieutenant – June 3, 1922
Lieutenant Commander – June 30, 1933
Commander – July 1, 1939
Captain – June 17, 1942
Rear Admiral – September 4, 1945
Vice Admiral – February 2, 1953
Admiral – January 1, 1958

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Notes

References

External resources
<mask> L. Holloway Papers at Syracuse University
TIME Magazine cover, August 4, 1958
United States Naval Aviation: The Brown Shoes Project – The Holloway Plan
 (includes photo of Holloway and Ambassador McClintock negotiating with General Chehab at the roadblock near Beirut)

United States Navy admirals
United States Naval Academy alumni
1898 births
1984 deaths
People from Fort Smith, Arkansas
Military personnel from Arkansas
Deaths from aortic aneurysm
Burials at the United States Naval Academy Cemetery
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Superintendents of the United States Naval

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Major-General <mask> (September 14, 1809 – September 29, 1867) was a United States General and senior officer of the Confederate States Army who fought in both the Western and Trans-Mississippi theaters of the American Civil War. He rose to prominence during the Mexican–American War and served as governor of Missouri from 1853 to 1857. He is remembered today for his service in Arkansas (1862–1865) and for his defeat at the Battle of Westport on October 23, 1864. Early life and entrance into politics

<mask> was born in Prince Edward County, Virginia, near Farmville, to a family of planters of Welsh origin. His parents, Pugh and <mask>, owned 12 slaves and have been described as "moderately wealthy". Sources disagree as to <mask>'s date of birth. The historian Albert E. Castel states that <mask> was born on September 11, 1809, a date that the State Historical Society of Missouri agrees with.The historian Ezra J. Warner provides the date of birth as September 20, 1809. <mask>'s father and older brother fought in the War of 1812. <mask> attended a now-unknown grammar school and worked on his father's tobacco plantation before entering Hampden–Sydney College in the fall of 1826. <mask> did not return for the 1827-1828 session for unknown reasons (<mask>'s biographer Robert E. Shalhope speculates that poor examination grades or financial problems could have been the cause), and instead went to study law in Cumberland County, Virginia, under the jurist Creed Taylor. Records do not indicate that Taylor's law school was in operation for the 1828-1829 term, and <mask> became an assistant to a court clerk in Prince Edward County in 1828. According to Shalhope, <mask> did not receive "more than a minimal legal education". Shalhope attributes the political climate of Prince Edward County at that time to lasting political beliefs of <mask>, including support for slavery, a dislike of debt, and tendency to oppose change; the region politically supported John Randolph of Roanoke.The decade of the 1820s saw economic troubles in Virginia, with a mid-1810s surge in tobacco prices being followed by a collapse in prices which ruined many merchants and shippers. Poor economic conditions persisted through the 1820s, and Pugh <mask> decided to move his family to the state of Missouri, where tobacco production competed with Virginia's tobacco and slavery was legal. The <mask> family reached Missouri in either 1830 or 1831 and temporarily settled near Fayette. Missouri
The stay in Fayette was designed solely to give Pugh time to select good tobacco-farming ground, and the family moved to the Keytesville vicinity in Chariton County in the summer of 1831. The area was part of a region known as the Boonslick, which contained a number of other former Virginia planters. On May 14, 1833, <mask> married Martha Head, the daughter of a local judge; the couple would have five sons, one daughter, and several children who did not survive childhood. Having entered into a business partnership with one Walter Chiles, <mask> worked as a merchant, served in the local militia, and began to purchase land both at a nearby river landing and on the prairie in the area.<mask> was selected as the area's representative to a Democratic state convention in January 1835. The convention was strongly Jacksonian, and nominated Martin Van Buren for the Democratic presidential nominee, Thomas Hart Benton for vice presidential nominee, and a slate of state-level candidates. Later that year, Pugh deeded <mask> most of the land of the <mask> family farm, making him one of the largest landowners in Chariton County. <mask> was appointed postmaster for Keytesville in April, and began campaigning for election to the Missouri General Assembly in August. <mask> was elected to the Missouri House of Representatives, and was placed on two committees. After the session began on November 21, 1836, <mask> put forth a resolution calling for action on a bill to charter a state bank in Missouri. While a state bank was against Jacksonian principles, a bill chartering a state bank with limits on its powers was passed in January 1837, having been supported by <mask> and the other politicians from the Boonslick area.Also passed was a bill criminalizing actions that encouraged a slave rebellion. <mask>, who viewed slavery as a necessary component of Southern aristocracy, viewed this positively and also added an amendment requiring governmental compensation for slaves executed by the state to another bill. The session adjourned on February 6, and <mask> returned home. Missouri Mormon War

In 1836, the state of Missouri had established Caldwell County specifically for settlement by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons). As additional Mormons settled in the area, they began to expand from Caldwell County. Tensions rose over time, and a riot occurred in Gallatin on August 6, 1838, when Mormons attempted to vote outside of Caldwell County. After the riot, Mormon leaders Joseph Smith and Sidney Rigdon led 150 armed citizens, including a number of Danites, to the Mormon settlement of Adam-ondi-Ahman in Daviess County.Two days later, part of the group visited a local judge, asking him to sign a statement disavowing support for any anti-Mormon violence and containing a promise to uphold the law. The judge considered the statement a violation of his judicial oath not to favor special interest groups, and refused to sign, later traveling with a few others to Richmond, where he issued a complaint against the Mormons for starting frontier war. Arrest warrants were issued for three key Mormon leaders, but they refused to enter custody. During the election campaign before the Gallatin riot, <mask> had heard from Josiah Morin, a judge and Missouri State Senate candidate who was on friendly terms with the Mormons, that Morin would likely be forced from his home if he lost his electoral campaign. Represented by Alexander Doniphan and David Rice Atchison, the Mormon leaders stood trial before judge Austin A. King on a farm near the Daviess County line on September 7. King determined that there was enough evidence to warrant a trial before a grand jury, and set the defendants under bail.Doniphan, Atchison, and the defendants returned to the Mormon settlement of Far West. The citizens of Chariton County sent a delegation led by <mask> to investigate the situation. Along with Edgar Flory, <mask> attended the trial and then met with Atchison and the Mormon leaders in Far West. Flory and <mask> wrote a letter back to Chariton County stating that they believed that the actions of the Mormons had not been as reported, and that the legal action had been started by the Daviess County citizens to stir up trouble. Things appeared to be trending peaceably, but an incident in which Mormon militiamen in Daviess County captured three anti-Mormons and a cache of weapons resparked violence. A force of 400 militiamen under the command of Doniphan was mustered, and the three prisoners were taken back on September 12. Violence recurred in early October, and Doniphan and some militia from neighboring counties were called out again.Before Doniphan's men arrived, the Mormons abandoned the settlement of DeWitt, but then attacked and burned Gallatin and the community of Millport on October 18. Mormon forces and Missouri militia fought the Battle of Crooked Creek on October 25. Exaggerated reports reached Missouri political authorities, and two days later, Governor of Missouri Lilburn Boggs issued the Mormon Extermination Order, which included the statement that "The Mormons must be treated as enemies and must be exterminated or driven from the state". Boggs also ordered the state militia to deal with the situation; <mask> commanded the militia from Chariton County. In early November, militia forces took control of Far West, and under the command of John Bullock Clark, Mormons considered to be guilty were rounded up for trial. <mask> commanded a force that escorted captured Mormon leaders from Independence to Richmond. The men under <mask>'s command treated their prisoners poorly during the movement; <mask> did not intervene.When the residents of Keytesville met in January 1839, <mask> was part of a four-person group that drafted a resolution describing their thoughts about the conflict. The resolution supported Boggs's actions and approved of the measures taken to respond to the violence. Return to the legislature
Due to his involvement in the conflict with the Mormons, <mask> did not serve a second term in the state legislature. The mercantile business with Chiles had struggled, so <mask> dissolved the entity, paid off his share of its debts, and formed a new enterprise with Lisbon Applegate. He was also appointed to a position with the Fayette branch of the recently-approved state bank. By 1840, his farming endeavors had become prosperous, and <mask> had several dozen slaves. In August 1840, he was elected to another term in the Missouri House of Representatives.Despite his lack of experience in the legislature and young age, there was talk of making <mask> Speaker of the Missouri House of Representatives, and after the legislature convened in November, he was elected unanimously to that position. The Boonslick faction was strong in Missouri politics at that time. In January 1841, <mask> was part of a Democratic Party majority that voted against a bill that would have allowed limited partnerships, despite <mask> having suffered in business ventures previously due to unlimited liability. As Speaker, <mask> introduced a series of resolutions about slavery. Governor Thomas Reynolds had sent a letter to the House after receiving communication from the governor of Virginia asking for legal cooperation from the other states that allowed slavery after Governor of New York William H. Seward stated that he would not allow the return of escaped slaves to the south. The resolutions accused Seward of violating the Constitution of the United States, stated that Missourians would make "common cause with the said slaveholding States [sic]", and suggested a boycott of products from New York. While the proposed boycott was struck, the rest of the resolutions passed.<mask> was reelected to the legislature in 1842, but the Democratic Party in Missouri was losing internal solidarity, with splits over hard money and soft money currency policies and a feeling in other parts of the state that central Missouri held too much power. A soft money advocate from St. Louis nominated Jesse B. Thompson to run against the hard-money <mask> in the speaker's election, but <mask> was elected 72–11. According to Shalhope, <mask> was "only an adequate parliamentarian and a poor orator", and Claiborne Fox Jackson served as floor leader. <mask>'s role was more to convince legislators to tow the party line and create support for controversial bills. Shalhope writes that <mask> elicited an "almost blind loyalty among many Missourians"; <mask> was becoming charismatic in the legislature, although his opponents considered him to be vain. In 1844, <mask> campaigned for Benton's reelection to the United States Senate, and then headed the Missouri Democratic Party's nominating convention for major elected offices. <mask> and his associated bloc were able to influence control over the convention, which eventually supported hard money principles, with the Boonslick faction compromising on the issue of election via districting instead of a general slate by supporting the successful nomination of John Cummins Edwards for governor.However, soft money Democrats would later run their own candidates as independent Democrats, outside of those chosen by the convention. In the end, Benton was reelected and <mask> was elected to a seat in the United States House of Representatives, with Jackson succeeding him as Speaker. United States House of Representatives

<mask> arrived in Washington, D.C., where the United States House met, in November 1845, and the 29th United States Congress convened on December 1, with <mask> in attendance. One of <mask>'s first votes was in favor of an unsuccessful attempt to revive the previously-revoked Gag Resolution. He also voted to table a bill that would have banned slavery in the District of Columbia, and was part of the majority that voted to admit Texas into the United States. In early 1846, <mask> voted against a major internal improvements bill, the Rivers and Harbors Bill, despite agreement with some portions of it, as he felt that it unduly benefited special interests. <mask>'s initial position on the Oregon boundary dispute was that the boundary of the United States in the Oregon Country should extend to 54 degrees and 40 minutes north ("54-40 or Fight!"), a position that was popular in Missouri. However, Benton convinced him to support having the boundary at the 49th parallel north, which hurt <mask>'s standing in Missouri. After the United States' admission of Texas, tensions between the United States and Mexico grew and evolved into small military clashes. On May 11, 1846, President James Knox Polk submitted a message Congress suggesting war with Mexico; <mask> was part of the majority that voted for it. At the same time back in Missouri, a nominating convention selected James S. Green as the Democratic candidate, rather than renominating <mask>. <mask>'s opposition to the Rivers and Harbors Bill and his stance on the Oregon boundary had hurt his chances of renomination. Upset at not being renominated, <mask> resigned his seat in August; he was appointed colonel in one of the Missouri regiments being formed for the war with Mexico, having been suggested for the position by Benton.<mask> had only introduced two bills during his time in Congress: one related to determining the feasibility of establishing a mail route, and the other calling for Missouri soldiers to be compensated for horses they had lost while serving during the Seminole Wars. Mexican–American War

<mask>'s command, the 2nd Missouri Mounted Infantry Regiment, was assigned to serve under the command of Brigadier General Stephen Watts Kearny. Kearny wanted the unit to be raised as infantry, but <mask> decided on his own to form it as a cavalry unit, a move Shalhope describes as displaying "a certain vanity". The 2nd Missouri left Fort Leavenworth for Santa Fe in the summer of 1846 and arrived on September 28. <mask>, who had been ill with cholera during the movement, commanded United States forces in Santa Fe, where, according to Castel, he displayed a quarrelsome attitude, a tendency to make decisions so independently that they bordered on insubordination, and a laxness in keeping his troops disciplined. He became quite ill in November and December due to a recurrence of the cholera. <mask> suffered intestinal problems for the rest of his life, and Shalhope attributes this to the bout with cholera.Kearny's plan had been for <mask>'s arrival in Santa Fe to allow the 1st Missouri Regiment, under the command of Doniphan, to move to Chihuahua, but Doniphan instead was sent on a reprisal mission after the town of Pulvidera was raided by Apaches. In January 1847, the Taos Revolt occurred, and Charles Bent, the United States Governor of New Mexico, was killed. <mask> mobilized troops against the revolt, but as had to keep a garrison in Santa Fe, was initially only able to move towards Taos with 353 men and four mountain howitzers, leaving on January 23. On January 24, <mask>'s men defeated a superior enemy force at the Battle of Cañada, and then received reinforcements which brought his strength to 479 men. After winning the Battle of Embudo Pass, <mask>'s column reached Taos on February 2. The revolters had taken up positions in several buildings at the Taos Pueblo complex, and <mask> ordered an artillery bombardment of February 3, which was followed by a successful attack the next day. Two leaders of the Taos Revolt were captured: one was executed later in the year, and the other was murdered in prison.According to Shalhope, <mask> "displayed considerable skill" over the source of the Taos campaign. Once the Missourians returned to garrison duty, morale and discipline began to fall apart, leading to criticism of <mask> in the Missouri press. In July, <mask> received a promotion to brigadier general and became the military governor of Chihuahua, with Benton likely playing a role in the promotion. The enlistment periods for most of his men elapsed in August and September, and they returned home, along with <mask>. He visited his family and made trips to Jefferson City and St. Louis before returning to Fort Leavenworth in order to return to Santa Fe. After leaving the fort on November 10, <mask> arrived at Santa Fe in January 1848, where the garrison troops had been better-behaved in his absence. <mask> quickly sent out new orders to try to prevent discipline from cratering again, although these were not entirely successful.While in Missouri, <mask> had been in communication with Adjutant General Roger Jones about leading an expedition into Chihuahua and Durango. After consulting with United States Secretary of War William L. Marcy, Jones replied that such a movement would be more effectively started from elsewhere, although <mask> was given permission to conduct demonstrations if a Mexican force occupied Chihuahua

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 and threatened New Mexico. After hearing that Mexican General José de Urrea with a large force was threatening American control of the city of El Paso, <mask> traveled to El Paso on February 23, but learned that the reports were false. Despite his orders to not attack Chihuahua and the lack of a threat to Santa Fe, <mask> decided to invade Chihuhua anyway. Benton promised to politically shield him from any backlash from the movement. When his supply train ran late, <mask> decided to begin the advance anyway, and was met by a delegation from the Mexican governor informing <mask> that the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had been signed and that hostilities were over. <mask> did not believe the information, and continued on, pursuing a Mexican force that had abandoned Chihuahua City.Many of <mask>'s men's horses began to wear out, and <mask> was only able to take 250 men to Santa Cruz de Rosales, where the Mexicans had retreated to. After being idle from March 9 to 16 while small parties of reinforcements arrived, <mask> attacked on March 16. His men were victorious in close-quarters combat that saw the Mexicans suffer heavy losses. The war had effectively ended well over a month before the battle, but <mask> received praise in the press and from President Polk despite having ignored the orders to not make the campaign. <mask> left Chihuahua in July, and was back in Missouri in October, where he had gained sizable political capital. Shalhope writes that <mask>'s success in Mexico led to a willingness to disobey orders, experience with handling volunteer soldiers, and a tendency to ignore logistical matters, all three traits that would extend into a later conflict. Governor of Missouri
<mask> became a slave owner and planter, cultivating tobacco on the Bowling Green prairie.Popular because of his war service, he was easily elected Governor of Missouri in 1852, serving from 1853 to 1857. During his tenure, Washington University in St. Louis was established, the state's public school system was restructured, the Missouri State Teachers Association was created, the state's railroad network was expanded, and a state geological survey was created. Although the state legislature passed an act to increase the governor's salary, <mask> refused to accept anything more than the salary for which he had been elected. <mask> was appointed as the state's Bank Commissioner, serving from 1857 to 1861. He also secured a rail line through his home county, which became part of the Norfolk and Western Railway. American Civil War

Struggle for Missouri

<mask> was initially a strong supporter of the Union. He backed Stephen A. Douglas for president in 1860.When the states of the Deep South seceded and formed the Confederate States of America, <mask> opposed secession by Missouri. He was elected presiding officer of the Missouri State Convention on February 28, 1861, which voted against the state leaving the Union. The situation changed markedly, however, when pro-Union Francis Preston Blair, Jr. and Capt. Nathaniel Lyon seized the state militia's Camp Jackson at St. Louis. Outraged by this virtual declaration of war against the state, <mask> gave his support to the secessionists. Pro-Confederate Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson appointed him to command the newly reformed Missouri State Guard in May 1861, and <mask> led his recruits (who nicknamed him "Old Pap") in a campaign to expel Lyon's troops. By then Lyon had seized the state capital and pushed through a bill to remove Governor Jackson from office and replace him with an unelected Union governor.The climax of the conflict was the Battle of Wilson's Creek, fought on August 10, where <mask>'s Missouri State Guard, supported by Confederate troops led by Brigadier General Benjamin McCulloch, soundly defeated Lyon's Army of the West; the Union general was killed during the battle. <mask>'s troops launched an offensive into northern Missouri, defeating the Federal forces of Colonel James Mulligan at the First Battle of Lexington. However, the Union Army soon sent reinforcements to Missouri, and forced <mask>'s men and Governor Jackson to fall back to the Arkansas border. The Union retained control of most of Missouri for the remainder of the war, although there were frequent guerrilla raids in the western sections. Still operating as a Missouri militia general (rather than as a commissioned Confederate officer), <mask> was unable to agree with his Wilson's Creek colleague, Brigadier General Benjamin McCulloch, as to how to proceed following the battle. This resulted in the splitting of what might otherwise have become a sizable Confederate force in the West. <mask> and McCulloch became such bitter rivals that the Confederacy appointed  Major-General Earl Van Dorn as overall commander of the Trans-Mississippi district.Van Dorn reunited <mask>'s and McCulloch's formations into a force he named the Army of the West, and set out to engage Unionist troops in Missouri under the command of Brigadier-General Samuel R. Curtis. Now under Van Dorn's command, <mask> was commissioned in the Confederate States Army as a Major-General on March 6, 1862. Outnumbering Curtis's forces, Van Dorn attacked the Northern army at Pea Ridge on March 7–8. Although wounded in the fray, <mask> pushed Curtis's force back at Elkhorn Tavern on March 7, but the battle was lost on the following day after a furious Federal counterattack. Western Theater
<mask>, now serving under Van Dorn, crossed the Mississippi River to reinforce Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard's army in northern Mississippi following Beauregard's loss at the Battle of Shiloh. Van Dorn's army was positioned on the Confederate right flank during the Siege of Corinth. During Braxton Bragg's Confederate Heartland Offensive, Van Dorn was sent to western Mississippi, while <mask> given command of the District of Tennessee.As Bragg marched his army into  Kentucky, Bragg urged <mask> to make some move to assist him. Not waiting to re-unite with Van Dorn's returning forces, <mask> seized the Union supply depot at nearby Iuka, but was driven back by Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans at the Battle of Iuka on September 19, 1862. A few weeks later, on October 3–4, <mask> (under Van Dorn's command once more) was defeated with Van Dorn at the Second Battle of Corinth. Van Dorn was replaced by Maj. Gen. John C. Pemberton, and <mask>, who had become thoroughly disgusted with Van Dorn and was eager to return to Missouri, obtained a leave to visit Richmond, the Confederate capital. There, he obtained an audience with Confederate President Jefferson Davis to discuss his grievances, only to find his own loyalty to the South sternly questioned by the Confederate leader. <mask> did secure Davis's permission to return to Missouri—minus his troops. Unimpressed with the Missourian, Davis pronounced him "the vainest man I ever met."Trans-Mississippi Theater
<mask> was not finished as a Confederate commander, however. He contested Union control over Arkansas in the summer of 1863, and while he won some of his engagements, he was not able to dislodge Northern forces from the state, abandoning Little Rock for southern Arkansas. Camden Expedition
In early 1864, Confederate General Edmund Kirby-Smith, in command of the Western Louisiana campaign, ordered General <mask> in Arkansas to send all of his infantry to Shreveport. Confederate forces in the Indian Territory were to join <mask> in the endeavor. General John B. Magruder in Texas was instructed to send infantry toward Marshall, Texas, west of Shreveport. General St. John R. Liddell was instructed to proceed from the Ouachita River west toward Natchitoches. With a force of five thousand, <mask> reached Shreveport on March 24.However, Kirby-Smith detained the division and divided it into two smaller ones. He hesitated to send the men south to fight Union General Nathaniel P. Banks, who he believed outnumbered the Confederate forces. This decision was opposed by General Richard Taylor. <mask> marched back into Arkansas to oppose General Frederick Steele's Camden Expedition but was defeated at the Battle of Prairie D'Ane and the Battle of Jenkin's Ferry. By this time, the western campaign was nearing its conclusion. Missouri Expedition

Despite his disappointments in Arkansas and Louisiana, <mask> convinced his superiors to permit him to invade Missouri in the fall of 1864, hoping yet to seize that state for the Confederacy or at the very least imperil Abraham Lincoln's chances for reelection that year. Confederate General Kirby Smith agreed, though he was forced to detach the infantry brigades originally detailed to <mask>'s force and send them elsewhere, thus changing <mask>'s proposed campaign from a full-scale invasion of Missouri to a large cavalry raid.<mask> amassed 12,000 horsemen for his army, and fourteen pieces of artillery. The first major engagement in <mask>'s Raid occurred at Pilot Knob, where he successfully captured the Union-held Fort Davidson but needlessly subjected his men to high fatalities in the process, for a gain that turned out to be of no real value. From Pilot Knob, <mask> swung west, away from St. Louis (his primary objective) and toward Kansas City, Missouri and nearby Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Forced to bypass his secondary target at heavily fortified Jefferson City, <mask> cut a swath of destruction across his home state, even as his army steadily dwindled due to battlefield losses, disease, and desertion. Although he defeated inferior Federal forces at Boonville, Glasgow, Lexington, the Little Blue River and Independence, <mask> was ultimately boxed in by two Northern armies at Westport, located in today's Kansas City, where he had to fight against overwhelming odds. This unequal contest, known afterward as "The Gettysburg of the West", did not go his way, and he was forced to retreat into hostile Kansas. A new series of defeats followed, as <mask>'s battered and broken army was pushed steadily southward toward Arkansas, and then further south into Texas.<mask>'s Raid was his last significant military operation, and the last significant Confederate campaign west of the Mississippi. Notable battles
Some of <mask>'s notable battles during the American Civil War are listed here in order of occurrence, and indicating whether he was in overall command and whether the battle or engagement was won or lost:

Immigration to Mexico
Rather than surrender, <mask> emigrated to Mexico, where he and several of his former compatriots attempted to start a colony of Southerners. He settled in a Confederate exile colony in Carlota, Veracruz. There <mask> unsuccessfully sought service with the Emperor Maximilian. When the colony failed, he returned to Missouri. Death and legacy
While in Mexico, <mask> started having severe intestinal problems, which grew worse in August 1866 when he contracted typhoid fever. Impoverished and in poor health, <mask> died of cholera (or "cholera-like symptoms") in St. Louis, Missouri.The death certificate listed the cause of death as "chronic diarrhea". <mask>'s funeral was held on October 3, 1867, in St. Louis, at the First Methodist Episcopal Church (on the corner of Eighth and Washington). His body was carried by a black hearse drawn by six matching black horses, and his funeral procession was the largest to take place in St. Louis up to that point. He was buried in Bellefontaine Cemetery. In his paper "Assessing Compound Warfare During <mask>'s Raid", written as a thesis for the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Major Dale E. Davis postulates that <mask>'s Missouri Raid failed primarily due to his inability to properly employ the principles of "compound warfare". This requires an inferior power to effectively use regular and irregular forces in concert to defeat a superior army. He also blamed <mask>'s slow rate of movement during his campaign, and the close proximity of Confederate irregulars to his regular force, for the defeat.Davis observes that by wasting valuable time, ammunition and men in his relatively meaningless assaults on Fort Davidson, Glasgow, Sedalia and Boonville, <mask> offered Union General Rosecrans time he might not otherwise have had to organize an effective response. Furthermore, he says, <mask>'s insistence on guarding an ever-expanding wagon train of looted military supplies and other items ultimately became "an albatross to [his] withdrawal". <mask>, said Davis, ought to have used Confederate bushwhackers to harass Federal formations, forcing the Unionists to disperse significant numbers of troops to pursue them over wide ranges of territory—which in turn would have reduced the number of effectives available to fight against <mask>'s main force. Instead, <mask> kept many guerrillas close to his army, even incorporating some into his ranks, largely negating the value represented by their mobility and small, independent formations. This in turn allowed Union generals to concentrate a force large enough to trap and defeat <mask> at Westport, effectively ending his campaign. While the scope of Davis' research is limited to <mask>'s Missouri expedition, it provides some insight into <mask>'s tactical and strategic mindset, together with a sense of some of his strengths and weaknesses as a general. While devoted to the Southern cause, <mask>'s goals in his Confederate military operations were directed to liberating his home state of Missouri.Although he achieved victories during all phases of the war, his strategically most important battles (other than Wilson's Creek) all ended in defeat. Honors

 During the American Civil War, a wooden river steamer built at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1856 as the Laurent Millaudon was taken into Confederate service and renamed the CSS General Sterling Price. Participating in actions near Fort Pillow, Tennessee on May 10, 1862, she damaged two Federal gunboats before being temporarily put out of action. The <mask> was sunk during the Battle of Memphis, raised, repaired, and served in the Union Navy under the name USS General Price although she was still referred to as the "General Sterling Price" in Federal dispatches. As a Union ship, she served in the Vicksburg and Red River campaigns. The General Price was sold for private use after the war. Camp No.31 (organized October 13, 1889) of the United Confederate Veterans (UCV) in the city of Dallas, Texas, was named after him. A monument to <mask> stands in the Springfield National Cemetery (Springfield, Missouri). Dedicated August 10, 1901, the bronze figure honors all Missouri soldiers and General <mask>. It was commissioned by the United Confederate Veterans of Missouri. A statue of <mask> stands in Price Park, Keytesville, Missouri, which is also the location of the Sterling Price Museum in his honor. The United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) commissioned Jorgen Dreyer in 1939 to create a bust of <mask>. It is in the Visitor Center of the Battle of Lexington Missouri Historic Site.Camps No. 145 (St. Louis) and Camp No. 676 (Littleton, Colorado) of the Sons of Confederate Veterans (SCV) are named after him. See also
 List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)
 List of governors of Missouri

References

Sources

 Davis, Dale E. Assessing Compound Warfare During Price's Raid. Ft. Leavenworth, KS: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 2004. .

 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .

 Gifford, Douglas L. The Battle of Pilot Knob: Staff Ride and Battlefield Tour Guide. Winfield, MO: D.L.Gifford, 2003. .

 Lexington Historical Society. The Battle of Lexington, .... Lexington, MO: Lexington Historical Society, 1903. .

 Rea, Ralph R. <mask>, the Lee of the West. Little Rock, AR: Pioneer Press, 1959. .

 Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 Twitchell, Ralph Emerson. The History of the Military Occupation of the Territory of New Mexico from 1846 to 1851. Denver, CO: Smith-Brooks Company Publishers, 1909. .

Further reading

 Forsyth, Michael J.The Great Missouri Raid: <mask> Price and the Last Major Confederate Campaign in Northern Territory (McFarland, 2015) viii, 282 pp. Sinisi, Kyle S. The Last Hurrah: <mask>'s Missouri Expedition of 1864 (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015.) xviii, 432 pp. External links

 Sterling Price at The Historical Marker Database (HMdb.org)
 Sterling Price at the National Governors Association

1809 births
1867 deaths
19th-century American politicians
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
American expatriates in Mexico
American people of Welsh descent
American refugees
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Confederate expatriates
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Democratic Party state governors of the United States
Governors of Missouri
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Missouri Democrats
Missouri State Guard
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People from Keytesville, Missouri
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People of Missouri in the American Civil War
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Price's Missouri Expedition
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<mask> (1115–1184), courtesy name Renfu or Zizhen, art name Xunyan, was a Song dynasty historian and scholar-official who devoted four decades of his life compiling Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian, a monumental reference book chronicling the history of the Northern Song (960–1127). Early life
<mask> was a direct descendant of <mask> (李偲), Emperor Taizong of Tang's grandson who narrowly escaped from the persecution of Empress Wu Zetian to settle in Danleng, Mei Prefecture, in 8th-century Tang dynasty. <mask>'s father <mask> (李中), a 15th-generation descendant of <mask>, passed the imperial examination in 1109 during the Song dynasty. He was well known for his knowledge in history and the classics. <mask> read widely from a young age, not only Confucian classics but also history, medicine, agriculture, cosmology and divination. A believer of I Ching, he made an effort to modify his daily conduct and learning to its teachings. But his greatest passion was in the field of history: he devoted himself to the learning of The Spring and Autumn Annals, looked up to Sima Guang and strongly believed that history should be written as a guide for Confucian ethics.In 1132 he scored first in the local examination in Mei Prefecture, and six years later he passed the imperial examination. In between, he wrote two historical essays "The Mirror of Both Han Dynasties" (兩漢鑑) and "The Discussion about the Restoration of Righteousness" (反正議), focusing on the morality lessons of his historical subjects. Official career

Under Emperor Gaozong
Having passed the imperial examination in 1138, he was appointed Assistant Magistrate (主簿) of Huayang (華陽; in modern Chengdu) in Chengdu Prefecture, but he with permission postponed the appointment to pursue further studies at home, assuming office only in 1142. When chief councilor Qin Hui heard of <mask>'s literary fame, he offered <mask> a position in the central government, but <mask> rejected the offer on the grounds that their views differ. This directly prevented him from entering the central bureaucracy for the next 20 years. At the local post, <mask> spent his time collecting and arranging historical sources. He went home to mourn his late father in 1147 and became the Prefectural Judge (推官) of Ya Prefecture three years later.This was when he started working on Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian, an annalistic work intended to follow Sima Guang's monumental Zizhi Tongjian. Like Sima Guang before him, he began gathering the veritable records (實錄), the reign histories (國史) and biographies for his project. In 1159, when he worked under the Sichuan Military Commissioner (四川制置使) Wang Gangzhong (王剛中), he published an article titled "Ten Comments on <mask>e and Others" (李悅等十事) which denounced Qin Hui and Cai Jing. A year after he was appointed Prefect (知州) of Rong Prefecture. Under Emperor Xiaozong
In 1163, <mask> finished the first 17 chapters of Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian, which covers the reign of Emperor Taizu of Song. In 1167 he was recommended by the new Sichuan Military Commissioner Wang Yingchen (汪應辰) and went to the capital Lin'an Prefecture to serve as Assistant Official (員外郎) in the Ministry of War (兵部). He was concurrently appointed Official of the Bureau of Compilator of the Reign History (國史院編修官), and his unfinished Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian was included in the Palace Library.In 1168, he presented his unfinished book, now covering Song history from 960 to 1067 in roughly 108 chapters, to Emperor Xiaozong of Song. In 1169 he became Vice Director of the Palace Library (秘書少監) and concurrently an Imperial Diarist (起居舍人). He proposed to recompile the veritable records for Emperor Huizong of Song because of their "partiality and carelessness". In 1170, he was made the Examining Editor (檢討官) of the newly established Bureau of Compilation of Veritable Records (實錄院). When Wang Yingchen suffered a political setback, <mask> as his protégé was ousted from the central government. He served as Vice Fiscal Commissioner (轉運副使) of Jinghu North Circuit and concurrently Fiscal Governor-General of Jinghu and Guangnan Circuits. Before long he was summoned back to Lin'an and restored to his ranks and titles.Later, chief councilor Yu Yunwen feared <mask>'s opposition to his plans to attack the Jin dynasty, so he made <mask> the Military Intendant of Tongchuan (潼川; in modern Sichuan) and the Administrator of Lu Prefecture (in modern Sichuan). Thereafter <mask> served as Vice Fiscal Commissioner of Jiangnan West Circuit. By 1174 he had finished 280 chapters of Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian. <mask> came back to the central government for the third time in 1176, when he assumed the posts of Director of the Palace Library, Provisional Associate Compiler of the Bureau of Compilation of Reign History (國史院) and Associate Compiler of Bureau of Compilation of Veritable Records. In 1177 he finished the last part of Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian and was honored as a Vice Minister (侍郎) of the Ministry of Rites. He was also joined in the Palace Library and the historical bureaus by his son <mask> (李垕), who worked with him in the compilation of historical materials. But when <mask> was impeached for an allegedly blasphemous exam question which he used on university students, <mask> was also demoted to Administrator of Changde Prefecture.In 1181 he was transferred to Administrator of Suining Prefecture. In 1180, the Bureau of Compilation of Reign History finished the treatise chapters of its Sichao Guozhi (四朝國志; "The Reign History of Four Thrones"), with <mask> authoring the chapters on geography. Much information of the other chapters was taken from Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian, and <mask> continued to write the biography chapters. He also edited Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian into a 980-chapter book, and wrote the summary (68 chapters), the general catalogue (5 chapters) and  the compilation accounts (10 chapters). The finished book was finally presented to Emperor Xiaozong in 1183. He was summoned back to the central government the 4th time and rewarded the posts of Auxiliar-Academician (直學士) of Fuwen Pavilion (敷文閣), Lecturer-in-Waiting (侍講) of Hanlin Academy and Intendant of Youshen Temple (佑神觀). He continued to contribute to Sichao Guozhi until his death in 1184 in Lin'an.(The book was finished by Hong Mai in 1186.) His sons <mask> and <mask> (李𡌴) were also notable historians, and another son <mask> (李壁) became Assistant Executive of the Secretariat-Chancellery during Emperor Ningzong's reign. Bibliography
Xu Zizhi Tongjian Changbian, a history book on the Northern Song dynasty
Liuchao Tongjian Boyi (六朝通鑑博議), a history book on the Six Dynasties period

References

Song dynasty historians
1115 births
1184 deaths
People from Danleng County
Song dynasty politicians from Sichuan
Politicians from Meishan
Historians from Sichuan
Political office-holders in Sichuan
12th-century Chinese historians
Writers from Meishan

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<mask> "Marco" <mask> (born 14 January 1966) is a Finnish heavy metal vocalist, bassist and songwriter. Internationally, best known as the former bassist, male vocalist and secondary composer to Tuomas Holopainen, of the symphonic metal band Nightwish. He was also the vocalist and bassist as well as composer and lyricist for the heavy metal band Tarot. He was also a member of the supergroup Northern Kings, and portrayed one of the main characters in Ayreon's 2013 album The Theory of Everything. Biography
<mask> was born in Kuopio, and is the youngest child of the Hietala family. Hietala lived in Tervo until the age of 15, after which he moved to Kuopio to study classical guitar, vocals and musical theory in high school. In 1984, he and his brother, <mask>, formed heavy metal band Tarot under the name Purgatory.In 1986, Tarot received a deal for their first album and went on tour. Before becoming a full-time musician, he worked as a live and studio sound engineer. While on tour with Tarot in 1998, <mask> had met the members of the band Nightwish in Siilinjärvi as they were an opening act for his band. <mask> recalled having watched their performance: "I watched their show and thought their music was actually quite good at times. They had all this force and drama, so maybe some day they would successfully combine the two. But goddamn, they looked absolutely horrible on stage. Shorthaired guys just standing there – Tarja was a pretty girl but just as petrified, shrieking in the middle of the stage in her leather pants.Honestly, I assumed them to be just a momentary fad and thought they will fade away after six months or so. Luckily, of course, I was so wrong." <mask> joined Nightwish in 2001 when Tuomas Holopainen and the band's manager called him and said that there would be a place in the band for a vocalist and a bass player. Century Child was his first Nightwish album, following the departure of previous bassist Sami Vänskä. He was a prominent guest musician in Delain, a project involving many members of the gothic and symphonic metal community. He also participated in the recording of Invitation, by Altaria, providing backing vocals. <mask> has also been part of the bands Sinergy and Northern Kings.Upon his arrival to Nightwish, several songs were written to contain duets with then Nightwish vocalist Tarja Turunen, allowing songwriter and band leader Tuomas Holopainen to take advantage of Hietala's distinctive raucous voice to add a new dimension to the band. A famous example is Nightwish's cover of "The Phantom of the Opera," from the album "Century Child." During Nightwish's shows, Turunen would take a break halfway through the set. Before Hietala joined the band, the band would perform an instrumental song during this time. After Hietala joined the band, they performed covers of well-known songs, with Hietala singing the lead vocal part in this break. The band has performed Ozzy Osbourne's "Crazy Train", W.A.S.P. 's "Wild Child", Dio's "Don't Talk to Strangers", Megadeth's "Symphony of Destruction" and Pink Floyd's "High Hopes".Some of these songs have been put up for sale as well on various Nightwish album releases. Following Turunen's departure from Nightwish, <mask> was much more involved with the production of Dark Passion Play, which was released in September 2007. He sang some songs, completely, and wrote the music for the song "The Islander", on which he also plays acoustic guitar instead of bass. <mask> is also credited alongside Holopainen for co-writing the song "The Crow, the Owl and the Dove" from Nightwish's 2011 album, Imaginaerum. In Delain, Hietala played bass for the album Lucidity and was also the main male vocalist on the album with featured vocals on the song The Gathering. He is also featured as vocalist in two of the songs on Delain's second album April Rain and two songs from Delain's fourth album The Human Contradiction. In March 2009, <mask> joined the band Sapattivuosi.They cover Black Sabbath songs in Finnish. In this band, however, Hietala does not play bass; he only performs vocals. On 1 April 2010 it was said that Hietala would leave the band to concentrate on a choir career. This was identified as an April Fool's joke, but was also a reference to his participation in Kuorosota (the localized Finnish version of Clash of the Choirs) in 2010. <mask> was the master of the Kuopio choir in the program's second season. He came second in the contest, losing in the finals to the Joensuu choir, headed by pop rock singer Ilkka Alanko. Tarot's single "I Walk Forever," from the Gravity of Light album, was performed for the first time by Hietala, Tommi Salmela and the Kuopio choir during Kuorosota 2010; other songs performed included "The Phantom of the Opera," which Hietala has covered with Nightwish as well.In June 2010, <mask> joined the heavy metal supergroup HAIL! on two occasions, performing Black Sabbath's Neon Knights with Ripper Owens, Andreas Kisser, James LoMenzo and Paul Bostaph at two of their shows in Finland. On 14 August 2013 <mask> was the first singer to be confirmed by Arjen Lucassen to guest on Ayreon's new album The Theory of Everything. In 2017 he joined Ayreon on stage for three shows at 013
Poppodium in Tilburg, the recording of these shows was later released as Ayreon's live album Ayreon Universe – The Best of Ayreon Live. <mask> released his first solo album Mustan sydämen rovio in May 2019. He released the album under his birthname <mask> <mask> and will be using the name also in his other projects in the future. <mask> has described his solo material as "hard prog".An English version of the album, titled Pyre of the Black Heart (Nuclear Blast), followed in January 2020. Joining him on the albums are drummer Anssi Nykänen, keyboardist Vili Ollila and guitarist Tuomas Wäinölä with whom he also toured in Finland in the summer and autumn of 2019. The band embarked on a European tour in February 2020. In 2020 he participated in and won the Finnish edition of Masked Singer. On January 12, 2021, <mask> announced his withdrawal from the public eye and departure from Nightwish. On January 22, 2021, Swedish symphonic metal band Therion released a music video for the song "Tuonela" that features Hietala. Influences

<mask> has stated that the biggest influence on him as a bassist is Geezer Butler and Bob Daisley, while Ronnie James Dio and Rob Halford are his biggest influence as a vocalist.He has also stated that he listens to wide array of music ranging from "really sensitive stuff to a lot of really hard stuff", saying that he "tend[s] to soak up almost everything" which "somehow ends up being used" when he writes his own music. Personal life
<mask> has two children with his ex-wife Manki, twin boys Antto and Miro. He and his family currently live in Kuopio, Finland. When he is not touring, he enjoys reading books, playing video games, and watching movies. He especially likes fantasy, horror and science fiction books. In 2016, a Finnish newspaper reported that <mask> had filed for divorce. In August 2018 he married Camila Cavalcanti.Born "<mask>", <mask> has been regularly credited throughout his career as "Marco". He said he adopted the version with "c" when he was young and trying to sound "cool", but that now it doesn't matter to him anymore. Starting from Mustan Sydämen Rovio, he intends to be credited as <mask> in all his future projects. He also referred to the "Marco" spelling as "the last lie I had constructed about myself". Discography

Solo
 Mustan sydämen rovio – 2019 (re-released in English in 2020 as Pyre of the Black Heart)

Nightwish

 Century Child – 2002
 Once – 2004
 Dark Passion Play – 2007
 Imaginaerum – 2011
 Endless Forms Most Beautiful – 2015
 Human. :II: Nature.

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