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<mask> or Sydney (15 January 1623 – 7 December 1683) was an English politician, republican political theorist and colonel. A member of the middle part of the Long Parliament and commissioner of the trial of King Charles I of England, he opposed the king's execution. <mask> was later charged with plotting against Charles II, in part based on his most famous work, Discourses Concerning Government, which was used by the prosecution as a witness at his trial. He was executed for treason. After his death, <mask> was revered as a "Whig patriot–hero and martyr". The works of <mask>, along with those of contemporary John Locke, are considered a cornerstone of western thought. Discourses Concerning Government cost <mask> his life.However, the ideas it put forth survived and ultimately culminated in the Glorious Revolution in England and the founding of the United States. <mask> directly opposed the theory of divine right of kings by suggesting ideas such as limited government, voluntary consent of the people and the right of citizens to alter or abolish a corrupt government. Discourses Concerning Government has been called "the textbook of the American revolution." Early life
<mask>'s father was <mask>, 2nd Earl of Leicester, a direct descendant of John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland and the great-nephew of Sir <mask>. His mother was Dorothy Percy, daughter of Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland. <mask> was born at Baynard's Castle, London, and was raised at Penshurst Place in Kent. His mother wrote to her husband in November 1636 that she had heard their son "much comended by all that comes from you .. . [for] a huge deall of witt and much sweetness of nature". English Civil War and Republic
Despite having earlier vowed that only "extreme necessity shall make me thinke of bearing arms in England", <mask> served in the Army of the Eastern Association, becoming lieutenant colonel of the Earl of Manchester's regiment of horse (cavalry). He fought at the Battle of Marston Moor in 1644, where an observer wrote: "Colonel <mask> charged with much gallantry in the head of my Lord Manchester's regiment of horses, and came off with many wounds, the true badges of his honour". He was later appointed colonel of the regiment when it was transferred to the New Model Army, but relinquished the appointment due to ill health. In 1645 <mask> was elected to the Long Parliament as Member of Parliament for Cardiff where he opposed compromising with the King, Charles I. In 1648 he opposed the purge of moderates who had formed the Rump Parliament. Despite being a commissioner for the trial of Charles, <mask> opposed the decision to execute the king, believing it to be of questionable lawfulness and wisdom.He said in explaining his view:

By 1649 <mask> had changed his opinion, declaring the king's execution as "the justest and bravest act ... that ever was done in England, or anywhere". In 1653 when Cromwell's army entered Parliament to dissolve it after a Bill was introduced that would have made elections more free, <mask> refused to leave the House until threatened with physical removal. He regarded Cromwell as a tyrant. In retirement, <mask> was bold enough to outrage the Lord Protector by allegedly putting on a performance of Julius Caesar, and playing the role of Brutus. He was for a time the lover of Lucy Walter, later the mistress of Charles II. <mask> regarded the Republic as vigorously pursuing England's national interests (in contrast to the Stuarts' record of military failure), writing in his Discourses Concerning Government:

Baltic ambassador

After Cromwell's death in 1658, the army abolished the Protectorate in 1659 and reconvened the Rump Parliament, with <mask> taking up his seat in the Commons. During 1659–1660 he was part of a delegation to help arbitrate peace between Denmark and Sweden, as war would threaten England's naval supplies, as well as those of the Dutch.The delegation was commanded by Edward Montagu, with <mask> and Sir Robert Honeywood. The third planned plenipotentiary, Bulstrode Whitelocke, declined because: "I knew well the overruling temper and height of Colonel Sydney". <mask> discarded conventional diplomatic norms ("a few shots of our cannon would have made this peace") to impose a peace favourable to England. Due to the Swedish king Charles X being unable to immediately receive them, the delegation negotiated with the Dutch on forming a joint fleet to impose peace terms. Charles X complained that the English "wish to command all, as if they were masters". <mask> in person handed Charles the treaty proposal (already accepted by Denmark), threatening military action. He recorded that Charles "in great choler ... told us, that we made projects upon our fleets, and he, laying his hand upon his sword, had a project by his side".<mask> would not back down and an observer wrote: "Everyone is amazed how <mask> stood up to him". But, Montagu planned to go back to England with the fleet, leading <mask> to give "his opinion, [that] for sending away the whole fleet he thought he should deserve to lose his head". Despite this curtailment of England's influence, Denmark, Sweden, France, England and Holland signed a treaty on 27 May 1660. It was during this period that <mask> signed the visitor's book at the University of Copenhagen with: "PHILIPPUS SIDNEY MANUS HAEC INIMICA TYRANNIS ENSE PETIT PLACIDAM CUM  LIBERTATE QUIETEM" ("This hand, enemy to tyrants, by the sword seeks peace with liberty"). This expression was incorporated into the Great Seal of Massachusetts in 1780 by act of legislature during the American Revolutionary War. Exile

<mask> was abroad when the monarchy was restored in 1660. His first reaction to the Restoration of the Stuart monarchy was to write:

Because in 1659 he had defended the execution of Charles I, <mask> thought it wise to remain in exile in Rome.While he was prepared to submit he would not, he wrote, countenance "acknowledgement of our faults, in having bin against this king, or his father. ... I shall be better contented with my fortune, when I see theare was noe way of avoiding it, that is not worse than ruine". He was saved by a stranger from an assassination attempt. In 1663 during a trip to the Calvinist academy at the University of Geneva, <mask> wrote in the visitor's book: "SIT SANGUINIS ULTOR JUSTORUM" ("Let there be revenge for the blood of the just"). In Augsburg in April 1665, he was the target of another assassination attempt. When in Holland, Gilbert Burnet records, <mask> and other republicans:

In mid-1666 <mask> was in Paris, where he negotiated with the king, Louis XIV.Louis subsequently wrote that <mask> "promised me to produce a great uprising ... but the proposition he put to me to advance him 100,000 ecus ... was more than I wished to expose on the word of a fugitive [so] I offered him [initially] only 20,000". He remained in France until 1677, when he returned to England. Court Maxims
During 1665–66 <mask> wrote Court Maxims, in which he argued for a reversal of the Restoration of the monarchy: " ... as death is the greatest evil that can befall a person, monarchy is the worst evil that can befall a nation". <mask> also claimed that an English republic would have a natural "unity of interest" with the Dutch Republic in "extirpat[ing] the two detested families of Stuart and Orange". This manuscript was not widely known, and Court Maxims was not published until 1996. Restoration Crisis: 1677–1683
<mask> returned to England in early September 1677. On  his father's death, <mask> inherited £5,100,  but to obtain his inheritance was forced to bring  a lawsuit against his brothers, who  as executors of the estate  had refused to pay him  the money, in the Court of Chancery.Although he won the case the proceedings were lengthy and required him to remain in England for several years. He stayed at Leicester House in London. Here he became involved in politics, with the French ambassador, Paul Barillon writing on 6 October:

Due to his helping gain the fall of Danby in December 1678, <mask> received 500 guineas from the French, getting another 500 guineas the next year. <mask> wished for an alliance of English and Dutch republicans against the Stuart–Orange alliance and told Barillon "that it is an old error to believe that it is against the interest of France to suffer England to become a republic". <mask> believed that it was a "fundamental principle that the House of Stuart and that of Orange are inseparably united". After the dissolution of Charles II's last Parliament in 1681, <mask>, according to Burnet, helped write the answer to the king's declaration, entitled A Just and Modest Vindication of the Proceedings of the Two Last Parliaments: "An answer was writ to the king's declaration with great spirit and true judgment. It was at first penned by <mask>.But a new draught was made by Somers, and corrected by Jones". <mask> united with Lord Shaftesbury and others in plotting against the perceived royal tyranny, of a 'force without authority.' <mask> was later to be implicated in the Rye House Plot, a scheme to assassinate Charles and his brother James, who later became King James II. Trial and execution
On 25 June 1683 <mask>'s arrest warrant was issued. During his arrest his papers were confiscated, including the draft of the Discourses. He was tried on 7 November 1683. William Howard, 3rd Baron Howard of Escrick was the only witness, and since the law stated that two witnesses were necessary, the government used the Discourses as its second witness.Lord Chief Justice Jeffreys (whose conduct of the trial caused much criticism, then and later) ruled: "Scribere est agere" ("to write is to act"). Heneage Finch, the Solicitor General, described the Discourses as "An argument for the people to rise up in arms against the King". In response, <mask> said that it was easy to condemn him by quoting his words out of context: "If you take the scripture to pieces you will make all the penmen of the scripture blasphemous; you may accuse David of saying there is no God and of the Apostles that they were drunk." He argued that he was entitled to write what he chose, as long as he did not publish it. Jeffreys replied that no man has a right to curse the King, in public or in private. <mask> was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death on 26 November. Jeffreys, ill-tempered as ever, said  that he hoped God would put <mask> into a proper state to enter the next world "for I see you are not fit for this one".In The Apology of Algernon Sydney, in the Day of his Death, <mask> wrote that his life's work was to:

He petitioned the King for mercy on the grounds of Jeffreys' unprofessional conduct, and friends and relatives added their pleas: but the King was as implacable as he had been in the case of William Russell, Lord Russell. <mask>  now resigned himself to death, remarking coarsely that for all he cared "the King can make a snuffbox from my arse". On the scaffold, <mask> argued that his conviction was unlawful, disputing the quality of the evidence against him and pointing out various deviations from proper legal procedure at his trial. He also reiterated his objections to absolute monarchy from Discourses Concerning Government, arguing that these did not constitute treason. Still, he observed that he was abstaining from tackling truly "great matters" in this last speech of his, because "We live in an age that makes truth pass for treason". He concluded by declaring that he was dying for the Good Old Cause. He was beheaded on 7 December 1683, and his remains were buried at Penshurst.Discourses Concerning Government

For <mask> absolute monarchy was a great political evil. His Discourses Concerning Government (the text for which <mask> lost his life) was written during the Exclusion Crisis, as a response to Robert Filmer's Patriarcha, a defense of divine right monarchy, first published in 1680. The divine right of kings is a political system in which all powers of government are vested solely in the king and granted to him by God. Under this system, the king acts as God's hand on earth. His power extends beyond government into the private religious life of his subjects. Under this system, citizens were often persecuted and imprisoned for their religious beliefs. It is this divine right of kings government that <mask> strongly opposed.In 1698, his Discourses Concerning Government was published outlining what he believed constituted a valid civil government. <mask> believed that the individuals have the right to choose their own form of government and that, if that government became corrupt, the people retained the power to abolish it and form another. In his own words, "God leaves to man the choice of forms in government ... He who institutes, may also abrogate." <mask> also argued that for a valid civil government to exist, it must be formed by general and voluntary consent. <mask> states in his Discourses Concerning Government that, "General consent ... is the ground of all just governments." Furthermore, <mask> believed that civil government should have limited jurisdiction.He said the, "only ends for which governments are constituted and obedience rendered to them, are the obtaining of justice and protection." This suggests a limited civil government whose primary purpose is to 1) render legal justice through its court system and 2) provide for the safety of its citizens. We can also conclude from <mask> that, if a government fails to accomplish these basic components, obedience to that government is no longer required. <mask>'s Discourses Concerning Government along with Locke's Two Treatises on Government are recognized as critical works in the founding of the United States of America. The founding fathers read and studied these works during their years as students in the early colonial universities. Thomas Jefferson in particular, is known to have heavily studied and researched the works of Locke and <mask>. The Discourses Concerning Government has been called the "textbook of the American Revolution."Legacy
After his death, <mask> was revered as the "Whig patriot–hero and martyr". Burnet said of <mask>:

<mask>'s influence on political thought in eighteenth-century Britain and Colonial America was probably second only to that of John Locke among seventeenth-century political theorists. In his study of political theory in Britain from 1689 to 1720, J. P. Kenyon said that <mask>'s Discourses "were certainly much more influential than Locke's Two Treatises". The poet James Thomson, in his poem The Seasons, praised <mask> as "the British Cassius", the hero "warmed" by "ancient learning to the enlightened love/Of ancient freedom". <mask>'s reputation suffered a blow when Sir John Dalrymple published his Memoirs of Great Britain and Ireland in 1771, which exposed him as a pensioner of Louis XIV. Dalrymple, who had greatly admired <mask>, wrote that he would hardly feel more shame if he had seen his own son run away from a battle. The Whig MP Charles James Fox described <mask> and Lord Russell as "two names that will, it is hoped, be ever dear to every English heart" and predicted that "when their memory shall cease to be an object of respect and veneration ... English liberty will be fast approaching its final consummation".<mask> had a significant effect on the American conception of liberty. He was a hero of John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon, "the best-read and most widely regarded pamphleteers of prerevolutionary times." In their 1720-1723 essays Cato's Letters, they adopted <mask>'s argument that "free men always have the right to resist tyrannical government"; those essays, in turn, inspired the name of the modern libertarian think tank the Cato Institute. Thomas Jefferson believed <mask> and Locke to be the two primary sources for the Founding Fathers' view of liberty. John Adams wrote to Jefferson in 1823 on the subject of <mask>:

The Whig historian Thomas Babington Macaulay said of <mask> in 1828:

But in 1848, Macaulay wrote of the Whig opposition to Charles II:

The libertarian philosopher Friedrich Hayek quoted <mask>'s Discourses on the title page of his The Constitution of Liberty: "Our inquiry is not after that which is perfect, well knowing that no such thing is found among men; but we seek that human Constitution which is attended with the least, or the most pardonable inconveniences". <mask> <mask> is one of the namesakes for Hampden–Sydney College in Virginia. The College formerly used the original spelling of <mask>.He was chosen because of the role his ideas played in moulding the beliefs of the American Revolutionary thinkers. <mask> became widely used as a given name in the United States after the American Revolution due to admiration for <mask> <mask> as a martyr to royal tyranny. Works
  <mask>, <mask>: Discourses Concerning Government (London, 1698, and later editions);
  <mask>, <mask>: Apology in the Day of His Death;
  <mask>, <mask>: The Administration and the Opposition. Addressed to the Citizens of New-Hampshire (Concord, Jacob B. Moore, 1826, ASIN B000IUQ14Q)
  <mask>, <mask>: Algernon <mask>s Betrachtungen über Regierungsformen (Leipzig, Weygand, 1793: German translation of Discourses Concerning Government)
  <mask>, <mask>: Discourses Concerning Government, ed. Thomas G. West (Indianapolis, 1996, )
  <mask>, <mask>: Court Maxims, Cambridge University Press, in series Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought, 1996, )
  <mask>, <mask>: Discourses on Government. To Which is Added, An Account of the Author's Life (The Lawbook Exchange, New York, 2002 reprint, )

See also: Published literature from and about <mask> <mask>. Notes

Bibliography

 , with...

Further reading

 Everdell, Williams R. (2000).The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans. University of Chicago Press. External links

 "Colonel <mask>'s Speech – Delivered to the sheriff on the scaffold December 7th 1683"
 William F. Campbell: Classical Republicans, Whigs, and Tories, Louisiana State University
 Why did the Whigs fail to force exclusion on Charles II.? 1623 births
1683 deaths
17th-century English diplomats
17th-century philosophers
English republicans
British classical liberals
English political philosophers
Executed philosophers
Executed politicians
Executions at the Tower of London
Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports
Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for constituencies in Wales
People executed by Stuart England by hanging, drawing and quartering
Executed people from London
People of the Rye House Plot
Roundheads
Algernon
English politicians convicted of crimes
Politicians from London
Diplomats from London
Younger sons of earls

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Algernon Sidney
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Robert Sidney
Philip Sidney
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<mask> (; born 10 August 1988) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a forward for DVS '33. Career

Groningen
Born in Hoogezand, Nĳland began his professional career during the 2007–08 season with Groningen and signed a contract with the club until 2009. <mask> made his Groningen debut, where he set up one of the goals, in a 3–0 win against NAC Breda in the opening game of the season on 18 August 2007. He also made his European debut, where he played the whole game, in a 1–1 draw against Fiorentina on 20 September 2007. He continued to make a handful of first team appearances and then scored his first goals for the club, in an 8–1 win over IJsselmeervogels in the second round of KNVB Cup on 26 September 2007. However, he suffered an injury, which he sustained in training and was sidelined for months. After two months on the sidelines, he made his first team return on 9 December 2007, coming on as a substitute in the second half, in a 4–2 loss against Heerenveen.Two weeks later on 22 December 2007, he scored his first Groningen league goal and set up one of the goals, in a 2–1 win over Heracles Almelo. Seven days later on 29 December 2007, <mask> scored a brace, in a 3–1 win over Sparta Rotterdam, followed up by setting up two goals, in a 3–2 win over Excelsior in the next game. For his performance, <mask> signed a contract extension with the club, keeping him until 2012 and revealed that he turned down a move to join Ajax in the January transfer window, where he could have joined alongside Bruno Silva and Rasmus Lindgren. <mask> then scored again on 24 February 2008, in a 3–1 win over VVV-Venlo. Despite suffering from ankle injury, <mask> finished his first season at Groningen, making twenty–three appearances and scoring six times in all competition. PSV Eindhoven
On 24 August 2008, <mask> left Groningen when he was transferred to PSV for a fee of €4 million, signing a five–year contract, keeping him until 2013. <mask> then made his PSV debut, where he made his first start for the club and played for 55 minutes before being substituted, in a 1–0 win over Sparta Rotterdam.After missing out one match, he returned and set up one of the goals, in a 3–2 loss against Roda JC on 25 October 2008. It wasn't until on 29 November 2008 when he scored his first goal for the club, in a 2–2 draw against Heerenveen. In his second meeting against his former club Groningen on 21 February 2009, <mask> came on as a late substitute in the second half and scored a winning goal, in a 1–0 win. However, as the 2008–09 season progressed, his first team opportunities was limited, as he appeared most of the time on the substitute bench before an injury forced him out for the rest of the season. In his first season at PSV, he went on to make nineteen appearances and scoring once in all competitions. In the 2009–10 season, <mask> made one appearance for PSV, where he came on as a substitute in the second half, in a 2–0 win over Roda JC in the third round of KNVB Cup. Following his loan spell at Willem II came to an end, he scored on his first appearance for the club in the 2010–11 season, in a 3–0 win over Sparta Rotterdam in second round of KNVB Cup.<mask> went on to make seven appearances in the 2010–11 season in all competition. After being told by the club's technical manager Marcel Brands that he would not be at the club next season, <mask> returned to the club at the end of the 2011–12 season and was linked with a move to German side 1860 Munich and even started a negotiation between the two parties, but remained at PSV Eindhoven after he rejected a move to the club. At the end of the 2012–13 season, <mask> was released by the club after being told that his contract would not be renewed. Loan spells
On 24 December 2009, PSV loaned <mask> to Willem II for the remainder of the 2009–10 season. <mask> made his Willem II debut on 13 January 2010 in a friendly match against UD Ojen, where he scored five goals, in a 9–1 victory for the club. Ten days later on 23 January 2010, he scored on his league debut for Willem II, in a 4–2 loss against Heerenveen, followed up by scoring his second on 29 January 2010, in a 2–1 win against RKC Waalwijk. He went on to score two more goals later in the season against NEC, Sparta Rotterdam and Eindhoven.At the end of the 2009–10 season, Nijland helped the club survive relegation to ensure that Willem II stayed in the top–flight football for another season and scored five times in twenty appearances. On 25 May 2011, PSV loaned Nijland to NEC Nijmegen for the 2011/12 season. <mask> scored on his debut in the opening game of the season, in a 2–2 draw against Heerenveen. He scored his second goal of the season, in the second round of KNVB Cup, in a 4–1 win over Fortuna Sittard on 20 September 2011. However, <mask> suffered injuries as the 2011–12 season and went on to make nineteen appearances and scoring two times in the 2011–12 season in all competition. On 28 January 2013, Nĳland went to Australian club Brisbane Roar on a four-month loan deal. <mask> made his debut for Brisbane in round 19 against Central Coast Mariners in a 2–2 draw.Despite keen on signing for the club on a permanent basis, <mask> failed to score a single goal in his ten appearances at the club and at the end of the 2012–13 season, he returned to his parent club. PEC Zwolle
After leaving PSV Eindhoven, <mask> signed for newly promoted side PEC Zwolle, signing a three–year contract, keeping him until 2016. Upon joining the club, <mask> re–joined Manager Ron Jans from his time at Groningen. <mask> made his PEC Zwolle debut, where he came on as a late substitute, in a 3-0 win over Hercales, It wasn't until on 1 September 2013 when he scored his first PEC Zwolle goal, in a 1–1 draw against Utrecht. His second goal then came on 8 December 2013, in a 4–1 loss against Go Ahead Eagles. However, his first season at PEC Zwolle was a disappointment for him, as his first team opportunities was limited and restricted into making twenty–five appearances and scoring two times in all competition. Frustrated with a lack of first team opportunities last season, <mask> considered leaving the club ahead of the 2014–15 season Despite this, <mask> was named in the starting eleven in the 2014 Dutch Supercup-game between PEC and Ajax, where he scored the winning goal in a 1-0 win, giving PEC its first ever Supercup win and himself his second major trophy at the club.Following the match, his performance was praised by the club's director Gerard Nijkamp. Niljand's season proved was an improvement for him, as he was given more first team opportunities and by the first half of the season, he scored five times in seventeen appearances against Vitesse (in addition to being named Man of the Match by Voetbal International, Heracles Almelo, Go Ahead Eagles and Excelsior (twice). At the start of 2015, he scored three more goals against Utrecht and Dordrecht before receiving a straight red card, in a 1–0 loss against Go Ahead Eagles on 15 February 2015. After serving a two match suspension, <mask> returned to the first team on 7 March 2015 and scored a hat–trick of his career, in a 6–1 win over Cambuur despite playing for twenty–one minutes during the match. Despite suffering an injury towards the end of the 2014–15 season, <mask> finished the 2014–15 season, making thirty–eight appearances and scoring thirteen times in all competitions, making him the club's topscorer. In the 2015–16 season, Niljand continued to be in the first team regular despite facing new competitions and it wasn't until on 7 November 2015 when he scored his first goal of the season, in a 1–1 draw against Heracules Almelo, followed up by scoring in a 5–0 win over Roda JC. As the 2015–16 season progressed, Niljand went on to score four more goals against Heerenveen, De Graafschap (twice) and Willem II.As a result, Niljand signed a contract extension with the club, keeping him until 2018. Despite suffering from injuries as the 2015–16 season progressed, <mask> finished the 2015–16 season, making twenty–seven appearances and scoring six times in all competitions. In the 2016–17 season, <mask> appeared in the first three matches to the season before a thigh injury, which he sustained during a 4–0 defeat to PSV Eindhoven. International career
In May 2008, <mask> was called up by the B Team. Personal life
He is the son of Hans Nĳland, the former Managing Director of FC Groningen. In addition to playing football, <mask> said he has been taking Spanish classes in an interview with Goal.com. <mask> also revealed that he's often being called <mask> than <mask>.Career statistics

References

External links

 Stef Nijland at Voetbal International  –

1988 births
Living people
Dutch footballers
FC Groningen players
PSV Eindhoven players
Willem II (football club) players
NEC Nijmegen players
PEC Zwolle players
De Graafschap players
DVS '33 players
Eredivisie players
Brisbane Roar FC players
A-League Men players
Eerste Divisie players
Derde Divisie players
People from Hoogezand-Sappemeer
Association football forwards
Dutch expatriate footballers
Expatriate soccer players in Australia
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Australia

masks:
Stefan Nĳland
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<mask> "Bud<mask>. (born  August 22, 1947) is an American politician and was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from 1991 to 2009, representing . On March 13, 2008, Cramer announced he would not seek re-election to a 10th term. Early life
Cramer was born and raised in Huntsville, Alabama. Known as Bud by his classmates, he earned a bachelor of arts in 1969 and law degree from the University of Alabama in 1972. After graduating, he joined the Army as a tank officer. He served at Fort Knox, Kentucky, and remained a member of the Army Reserve from 1976 to 1978. A widower, Cramer has a daughter, Hollan Lanier; two grandsons, Dylan and Mason; and a granddaughter, Patricia.He is a member of the United Methodist Church, and taught Sunday school classes to young people for many years. Early political career
In 1973, Cramer was appointed assistant district attorney in Madison County, a position he held until going into private practice in 1975. He remained in private practice until 1980, when he challenged the incumbent Madison County District Attorney and won at age 33. He was district attorney from 1981 to 1990, until Rep. Ronnie Flippo ran unsuccessfully for governor. Cramer ran for the vacant Congressional seat and won. In 1985, he founded the National Children's Advocacy Center, a child-friendly environment for abused children. He was briefly considered for a post in the Bush administration in 2001.Retirement
On March 13, 2008, <mask> surprised colleagues by announcing that he would not seek re-election in 2008 and would retire at the end of his term. Alabama State Senator and Democrat Parker Griffith defeated Republican Wayne Parker in the race to succeed Cramer. Griffith would announce on December 22, 2009 that he was switching parties to join the Republican caucus, becoming only the second Republican ever to represent the district. U.S. House

Elections
<mask> was handily reelected in 1992. However, he was nearly defeated in 1994 by Republican businessman Wayne Parker—the closest that a Republican had come to winning one of the few remaining districts (prior to 2010) in the former Confederacy to have never elected a Republican since Reconstruction. Cramer only held onto his seat by 1,770 votes. Cramer managed to defeat Parker with less difficulty in 1996 and never faced serious opposition again, winning five more terms by over 70 percent of the vote and running unopposed in 2006.Tenure
In the House, Cramer was a tireless supporter of the International Space Station and a leading advocate for spending increases in missile defense, as Huntsville has long been a center for research and development of these two projects, as Redstone Arsenal—located in the district—is home of the United States Army Aviation and Missile Command (AMCOM) and NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. A liberal in his early days, he largely supported the Democratic line for his first three terms. The 1994 near-defeat, however, led Cramer to move more to the right in his voting. He often broke with his party on issues such as abortion, gay rights, gun control, taxes, regulation of business, and the environment. Cramer was one of only four Democrats in the House to vote for the tax cut bill of 2003. However, unlike a few other conservative Democrats, he did not vote in favor of any of the articles of impeachment against President Bill Clinton. Cramer's voting record placed him near the center of the House; however, he was often cited as unpredictable in his votes.Child protection has long been a legislative project of <mask>'s pursuant to his work with the area prior to his ascent to the House. Cramer was a long-time member of the Blue Dog Democrats, a coalition of conservative and moderate House Democrats. Because of his largely conservative positions, he was encouraged by fellow Alabama politician Sen. Richard Shelby to make the same switch that he did and register as a Republican. Cramer has resisted these efforts, and won reelection easily in his increasingly conservative district despite his party affiliation. On October 10, 2002, <mask> was among the 81 House Democrats who voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq. He also voted in favor of some measures favored by the Republican majority, including the continued occupation of Iraq and re-authorization of the Patriot Act. However, Cramer joined fellow Democrats in opposing President Bush's plan to send 21,000 additional troops to Iraq.Committees
House Committee on Appropriations
 Subcommittee on Defense
 Subcommittee on Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies
 Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government
 The Select Intelligence Oversight Panel
Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence
 Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations (Chairman)
 Subcommittee on Technical & Tactical Intelligence
The Blue Dog Coalition, Co-Founder
The Congressional Missing & Exploited Children's Caucus, Co-Chairman and Co-Founder
The End the Death Tax Caucus, Co-Chairman and Co-Founder
The House Anti-Terrorism Caucus, Co-Chairman and Co-Founder
The Tennessee Valley Authority Caucus, Co-Chairman

Research Resources
Cramer's Congressional Papers are held by Special Collections and Archives at the University of Alabama in Huntsville. Electoral history

Group ratings (2004)
National Journal
 Economic: 50% Liberal, 49% Conservative
 Social: 48% Liberal, 51% Conservative
 Foreign: 54% Liberal, 45% Conservative
Americans for Democratic Action: 75
American Civil Liberties Union: 25
Chamber of Commerce of the United States: 86
Christian Coalition: 58
American Conservative Union: 50
National Taxpayers Union: 26
League of Conservation Voters: 36

Notes

External links

 <mask> E. (Bud) Cramer Congressional Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections

|-

1947 births
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
Alabama Democrats
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
District attorneys in Alabama
Lawyers from Huntsville, Alabama
Living people
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama
Military personnel from Huntsville, Alabama
Politicians from Huntsville, Alabama
United States Army officers
University of Alabama alumni
American United Methodists
20th-century Methodists
21st-century Methodists

masks:
Robert Edward
" Cramer Jr
Cramer
Cramer
Cramer
Bud Cramer
Robert


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<mask> (born November 10, 1964) is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) pitcher, with a 20-year career (1989 to 2008) for six different teams. He won the 1996 World Series with the New York Yankees over his hometown Atlanta Braves, and played in the 2006 World Series with the Detroit Tigers. In addition to being known for his fielding (winning five Gold Glove Awards), he pitched the 14th perfect game in MLB history. In 2008, he was the oldest baseball player in the American League. <mask> is nicknamed The Gambler after a song made famous by the singer who shares his name. Biography
<mask> was born in Savannah, Georgia, and grew up on a  farm in Dover, Florida. <mask> and his wife, Rebecca Lewis, reside in Westlake, Texas, with their two children.He enjoys golf, fishing and building houses for Habitat for Humanity. Baseball career
<mask> graduated from Plant City High School in Florida in 1982, where he played baseball only during his senior season, hitting .375 as a right fielder (he played shortstop in his senior league). He was selected by the Texas Rangers in the 39th round of the 1982 Major League Baseball draft, and signed for $1,000. He was converted into a pitcher on the strength of his throwing arm and left-handedness. <mask> spent 7 years in the minor leagues before making it to the Rangers in 1989 as a reliever. He became a starting pitcher for the club in 1993. During <mask>' career, he played for the: Texas Rangers (1989–95, 2000–02, 2004–05), New York Yankees (1996–97), Oakland Athletics (1998–99), New York Mets (1999), Minnesota Twins (2003), and Detroit Tigers (2006–08).With the Detroit Tigers in 2006, he won 17 regular season games, and excelled in the post-season with 23 straight scoreless innings over his 3 starts. He's one of only 3 pitchers in Rangers history through 2009 to win at least 17 games in 31 starts or fewer (set back in 1995), along with Scott Feldman (also in 2009) and Ferguson Jenkins (18 wins in 30 starts in 1978). Oakland Athletics
On November 18, 1997, <mask> was acquired by the Oakland Athletics from the Yankees for third baseman Scott Brosius in Billy Beane's first trade as general manager. <mask> led the Oakland pitching staff in his first season in innings (238.7) and wins (16). The next season, he started 19 games, winning only 5 with a 4.30 ERA. He was traded at the deadline to the New York Mets for Terrence Long and a minor league player. New York Mets
<mask> was traded by the Athletics on July 23, 1999, in exchange for Leo Vazquez and Terrence Long.During his short tenure, <mask> started 12 games during the regular season, winning 5 and losing 1, compiling a 4.03 earned run average. He is best remembered in a Mets uniform for walking in the series winning run against the Atlanta Braves in Game 6 of the 1999 NLCS, giving the Braves the win on a walk-off walk, and costing the Mets the series. <mask> became a free agent following the 1999 season. Second Stint with Texas Rangers
After the 1999 season, <mask> signed with the Texas Rangers. Minnesota Twins
<mask> Signed with the Minnesota Twins in March of 2003, filing the rotation slot vacated by an injured Eric Milton. <mask> went 13-8 with a 4.57 ERA during the regular season, and made one appearance out of the bullpen in the ALDS against the New York Yankees. Third Stint With Rangers
<mask> Rejoined the Rangers as a free agent in 2004.On June 29, 2005, after walking out onto Ameriquest Field for a pre-game warmup against the LA Angels, <mask> shoved two cameramen, knocking one camera to the ground. One of the reporters resumed filming after picking up said camera, which angered <mask> into shoving him again, after grabbing and throwing the camera to the ground, kicking it. He was then led away by a teammate and later sent home by the Club. Larry Rodriguez (the assaulted cameraman) of Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex' Fox Network affiliate KDFW was taken to a local hospital, complaining of shoulder, arm and leg pain. While in the hospital, Rodriguez made an official complaint of assault against <mask>. Two days after the incident, Commissioner Bud Selig suspended <mask> for 20 games and fined him $50,000. While an appeal of his suspension was pending, <mask> appeared at the All-Star Game in Detroit.The suspension was subsequently upheld by Selig. The commissioner was later overruled by independent arbiter Shyam Das, allowing <mask> to return to play after sitting out 13 games. On July 18, 2005, <mask> was charged with a Class A misdemeanor assault charge with regard to Rodriguez and a Class C misdemeanor assault charge with regard to the second, FSN Southwest, cameraman David Mammeli. <mask> was cited and released on $1,500 bond. The Class A charge was later reduced to Class C following <mask>' completion of an anger management course. On August 11, 2005, <mask> returned to the mound against the Boston Red Sox in Fenway Park. <mask> allowed 5 runs and 7 hits during 5 innings, on the way to a 16–5 Boston victory.He finished 2005 with a 3.46 ERA in 195 innings. Shortly after the regular season ended, the Rangers announced <mask> would not return to the team. On October 5, 2005, Rodriguez filed a civil suit against <mask> and the Rangers, seeking an unspecified amount of monetary damages. Signing with Detroit

On December 8, 2005, <mask> signed a two-year, $16 million contract with the Detroit Tigers. <mask> ended the 2006 regular season with a record of 17–8 and a 3.84 ERA. "We've needed a guy like that for a long time. I'm glad we went out and got him...He means a lot to our team and to guys like me," said Tigers starter Jeremy Bonderman on <mask>.<mask>, on his first year in Detroit: "There's a lot of benefits here, by far, that you wouldn't know as a visiting player, and for me, I've been around quite a while, but I appreciate the town, the city, the people. The travel for a baseball player is very hard, but here it's not that difficult. It lends itself to being able to relax on certain days that you could get off. There's just more benefits, especially when you have the quality of people here like Dombrowski and like we have in Mr. Ilitch, those things that you can't take for granted. You add in Jim Leyland and the coaching staff here, and I just got lucky to choose this place...Right when I went in the door and met them, I knew. I knew where I was going to end up." On March 30, 2007, ESPN reported that <mask> would miss 3 months after undergoing surgery for a blood clot in his pitching shoulder.He made his return on June 22 against the Atlanta Braves, pitching 6 scoreless innings and allowing 2 hits while earning his first win of the season. 2006 postseason
On October 6, 2006, <mask> won his first postseason game, pitching 7 scoreless innings with 8 strikeouts in a 6–0 Tigers victory against the Yankees in Game 3 of the American League Division Series. At 41 years and 330 days old, he became the oldest starting pitcher to earn his first career postseason win. A week later on October 13, <mask> retired 9 batters in a row, in Game 3 of the American League Championship Series against the Oakland Athletics, allowing only 2 hits and 2 walks in 7 scoreless innings, while striking out 6 and pacing the Tigers to a 3–0 victory, leaving the Tigers 1 win away from their first World Series appearance since 1984. <mask> started Game 2 of the 2006 World Series on October 22, 2006. "We wanted <mask> to pitch 2 games at home," Leyland said. He left the game with the Tigers in the lead 3–0, pitching 8 shutout innings, retiring 10 straight batters, striking out 5, allowing only 2 hits and 3 walks, making him the oldest starting pitcher to win a World Series game, and 1 of only 2 pitchers over the age of 40 to do so (Curt Schilling would become the second in 2007).During the first inning, Fox cameras caught a smudge on <mask>' pitching hand. <mask> said it was dirt mixed with rosin from the rosin bag and wiped it off. MLB spokesperson Rich Levin said the incident was investigated, and the substance was described as dirt. Since it's not ruled a foreign substance, per Rule 8.02, <mask> remained in the game. In the process, <mask> extended his streak to 23 shutout innings. Examination of images from previous games revealed similar smudges in 2 other games. Retirement

After injuries shortened his 2007–08 seasons, <mask> ceased playing at the end of 2008.With 219 career victories, he became the 7th 200-game winner who never won 20 games in any single season, joining Milt Pappas, Jerry Reuss, Frank Tanana, Charlie Hough, Dennis Martínez and Chuck Finley. Tim Wakefield joined the group with his 200th win in 2011. Mike Mussina reached 200 wins without having a 20-win season, but recorded a 20-win season afterward. On August 6, 2011, <mask> was enshrined into the Texas Rangers Hall of Fame. In 2010, <mask> served as a pitching coach for the Detroit Tigers during spring training. According to remarks by Justin Verlander and Jim Leyland, his ability to coach pitchers on fielding would be particularly of interest to the team. In 2011, <mask> threw out the ceremonial first pitch at Comerica Park in Game 3 of the ALDS.<mask> reportedly never formally retired from Major League Baseball. Accomplishments

Perfect game
<mask> pitched the 14th perfect game in baseball history on July 28, 1994 with the Rangers against the California Angels (the last no-hitter in Rangers history to date, and the only perfect game in franchise history). Soon after his feat, he appeared on ABC's Good Morning America on July 29, 1994, and on CBS's Late Show with David Letterman on August 1, 1994. He also met and appeared with musician <mask> at a function in Arlington, Texas on August 13, 1994. <mask>' 1994 perfect game was caught by Iván Rodríguez, who in June 2007 caught the no-hitter of Roger's future teammate Detroit Tiger  Justin Verlander. The game took place exactly three years to the day of the last perfect game, pitched by Dennis Martínez of the Montreal Expos on July 28, 1991. Gold Gloves
Known as one of the finest fielding pitchers in baseball, <mask> won 5 Gold Glove Awards at pitcher, including 4 with the Rangers and 1 with the Tigers.He was honored with a Fielding Bible Award in 2008 as the top fielding pitcher in MLB. Oakland Athletics general manager Billy Beane stated that <mask> "was the best fielding pitcher" he ever saw. "It's like having an extra infielder." 200 career wins
On June 18, 2006 <mask> won his 200th game (against the Chicago Cubs at Wrigley Field), during which Detroit set a club record with 8 home runs. Pickoffs
<mask> is second all-time in pickoffs with 93 in his career. On May 9, 2008 against the New York Yankees, <mask> picked off Wilson Betemit in the second inning for his 92nd pick-off, passing Mark Langston. See also
 List of MLB perfect games
 List of MLB career wins leaders
 List of MLB career hit batsmen leaders
 List of MLB career strikeout leaders

References

External links
, or Retrosheet

Articles
<mask> claims another 2006 honor: Detroit fans name pitcher King <mask> <mask> wins 5th overall Gold Glove
Re-inventing Kenny Rogers
Series win is last stop in great ride
<mask> morphs from postseason dud to stud at 41
At 41, <mask> tastes playoff champagne
Rangers gambled on <mask>; 190 wins later, he's a Tiger
Questions linger over substance on <mask>'s hand

Audio
<mask> de La Guaira players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Toledo Mud Hens players
Tulsa Drillers players
West Michigan Whitecaps players

masks:
Kenneth Scott Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Kenny
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Kenny Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Tiger Kenny
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Rogers
Kenny Rogersurones


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<mask> (28 January 1936 in Spencer, Iowa – 22 April 2013 in Williamstown, Massachusetts) was an American composer, conductor, and pianist. Biography
The son of a jazz trombonist, <mask> studied composition with Paul Fetler at the University of Minnesota, where he received a BA in 1957. He did post-graduate studies with Richard Donovan at Yale University (MM 1960), and with George Rochberg at the University of Pennsylvania, where he received his PhD in 1966 with a dissertation, "Tonal Cohesion in Schoenberg's Twelve-tone Music". After teaching at Bryn Mawr College, the Philadelphia Academy of Music, and the University of Pennsylvania, in 1966 he was appointed professor at the University of Washington in Seattle, where he also became associate director of the University of Washington's Contemporary Group, and taught there until 1974. From 1974 to 1984 he was chancellor of the North Carolina School of the Arts, and in 1985 joined the music faculty of Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts. He served as chair of the department from 1986 to 1995. In 1994 he was appointed to a named chair, and continued to teach until his retirement in 2001.<mask>'s compositions have been published by Theodore Presser and performed nationally and internationally by major orchestras, ensembles, and solo artists, including the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Seattle and North Carolina symphonies, and the Philadelphia String Quartet. His works and performances have been recorded by Columbia, Vox and Delfon, among others. <mask> taught music at Williams College beginning in 1985, became composer-in-residence  there in 1986, and served as Chair of the Music Department from 1986 to 1995. He retired in 2001. <mask> conducted and taught at Bryn Mawr, the Philadelphia Musical Academy, the University of Pennsylvania, and the City University of New York. He also served as Co-director of the Contemporary Group at the University of Washington (1966–74), and President of the Cornish Institute in Seattle (1984–85). He served on many boards and panels, including the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) Composers Panel from 1975 to 1981.He received fellowships, awards, and prizes including two Guggenheim Fellowships, two NEA Fellowships, numerous ASCAP awards, awards from the Rockefeller Foundation and the American Music Center, the USIA award, and others. Musical style
<mask>'s earlier compositions were serial, but in the late 1960s he abandoned twelve-tone technique and turned to a highly personal, lyrical, basically neoromantic style. His musical language is largely modal, with Phrygian and Lydian predominating, and occasionally adopts scale patterns characteristic of non-Western traditions, such as those of Japanese koto music. Rising major sevenths and minor ninths are favoured melodic intervals, and his harmonies frequently feature sounds derived from the major-seventh and major-seventh with added fourth chords. He tends to use moderate to slow underlying tempos, but with active and pliable surface rhythms, suggesting improvisation. Compositions (selective list)
 Concert Mass, for SATB choir (1960)
 Six Moments, for piano (1962)
 Cantata I (text: Revelations), for soprano and chamber orchestra (1963)
 Cantata II (text by the composer), for tenor and chamber orchestra (1964)
 Composition on Traditional Carols, SATB choir, congregation, brass choir (1965)
 Choruses on Poems of Yeats, soprano, tenor, SATB choir, and chamber orchestra (1966)
 Chamber Music I ("Entertainments"), for violin and cello (1967)
 Chamber Music II ("Dramatic Entertainments"), for string quartet (1967)
 Orchestra Music I (1969)
 Show, for child actor and orchestra (1970)
 Solo Music I, for violin (1971)
 Chamber Music III ("Night Set"), for trombone and piano (1972)
 Winds/Vents, for orchestra (1973)
 Concerto, Within the Mirror of Time, for piano and orchestra (1974)
 Chamber Music IV ("Ritual Series"), for percussion ensemble (1975)
 Chamber Music V ("Stevenson"), for solo voice, string quartet, and tape (1976)
 Percussion Concerto (1977)
 Voyage de nuit, concerto after Baudelaire, for solo voice and chamber orchestra (1978)
 Chamber Music VI ("Three Movements"), for violin and double bass (1980)
 Harp Concerto (1982, rev. 1989)
 Chamber Music VII ("Ceremonies"), for trumpet and piano (1984)
 Chamber Music VIII (Sonata for trumpet and piano) (1988)
 Solo Music II ("Ritual Cycle of Lyrics and Dances"), for viola (1989)
 Chamber Music IX ("Breath and Circuses"), for voice, trombone, and piano (1991)
 Chamber Music X ("Entertainment Sets"), for brass quintet (1992)
 Chamber Music XI ("Strophes of Night and Dawn after Baudelaire"), for brass quintet (1992)
 Ceremonial Music, for brass quintet (1993)
 Fanfare for Bowdoin, for brass quintet (1993)
 Solo Music III ("Bill at Colonus"), for clarinet (1997)
 Five Songs (Amerindian texts), for solo voice, children’s chorus, and piano (1997)
 Chamber Music XII ("Concerto Passages"), for brass quintet (1998)

Discography
 Chamber Music II ("Dramatic Entertainments for String Quartet").Philadelphia String Quartet. The Contemporary Composer in the USA. [U.S.]: Turnabout, 1974. LP, TV-S 34524. With George Rochberg: String Quartet No. 2. Chamber Music III ("Night Set"), for trombone and piano; Chamber Music IV ("Ritual Series"), for percussion ensemble; Chamber music V ("Stevenson"), for voice, string quartet, and tape.Stuart Dempster, trombone; <mask>, piano; <mask>, soprano; Ciompi String Quartet; University of Michigan Percussion Ensemble, cond. Charles Owen. Newark, N.J.: Delfcon Recording Society, 1990. CD, DRS 2127. Chamber Music III ("Night Set") for trombone and piano. Blues, Ballads and Beyond. Mark Hetzler, trombone; .Summit Records DCD 668, 2015. Chamber music IV ("Ritual Series"). First Construction. Winthrop University Percussion Ensemble, cond. Adam Snow. [Rock Hill, S.C.]: Eagle Editions, 2002. CD.With works by Ronald Lo Presti, John Cage, Bob Becker, Camille Saint-Saëns, Charles Gounod, Manuel de Falla, and David Rose. Chamber Music VII ("Ceremonies"), for trumpet and piano. Mixed Doubles. Michael Hilton Tunnell, trumpet; Meme Tunnell, piano. Columbus, Ohio: Coronet, 1990. LP, LPS 3210. With works by Donald H. White, David Liptak.Chamber Music VII ("Ceremonies", and Chamber Music VIII (Sonata for trumpet in C and piano). Trumpet Works. Charles Schlueter, trumpet; Deborah DeWolf Emery, piano. White Plains, N.Y.: Kleos Classics, 2003. CD, KL5126. With Jean Hubeau, Sonata for trumpet and piano; Paul Hindemith, Sonata for trumpet and piano. Chamber Music VII ("Ceremonies"), for trumpet and piano.The International Trumpet Guild Presents Terry Everson. Terry Everson, trumpet; Susan Nowicki, piano. International Trumpet Guild. CD, ITG 001. Issued with the Journal of the International Trumpet Guild 16, no. 1 (1991). With works by Peter Maxwell Davies, <mask>, Jacques Castérède, Fisher Tull, and Aaron Copland.Chamber Music VII: ("Ceremonies"), and Chamber Music VIII (Sonata for trumpet in C and piano). Bravura Trumpet. Charles Schlueter, trumpet; <mask>, piano. Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Vox Classics, 1995. CD, VOX 7513. Chamber Music VIII (Sonata for trumpet in C and piano). Parable.Terry Everson, trumpet; Susan Nowicki, piano. Heerenveen, Holland: De Haske Classical, 1997. CD, DHR 197.006. With music by Joseph Turrin, Norman Dello Joio, Vincent Persichetti, Jan Krzywicki, and Augusta Read Thomas. Chamber Music XI ("Strophes of Night and Dawn after Baudelaire"), for brass quintet. Strophes of the Night and Dawn. Florida State Brass Quintet.Camus, WA: Crystal Records, 1997. CD, 566. With music by J. S. Bach, Richard Peaslee,  John Cheetham, Gwyneth Walker, Steven Everett, and Jan Koetsier. Concerto Within the Mirror of Time, for piano and orchestra. Béla Siki, piano; Seattle Symphony Orchestra, cond. Milton Katims. New York: Odyssey, 1976.LP, Y 34140. With William Schuman: Symphony no. 8. “Sanctus”, from the Concert Mass. Portland State University Chamber Choir, cond. Bruce Brown. Albany Records.CD, TROY 243. With works by Bryan Johanson, Tomas Svoboda, Salvador Brotons, Vijay Singh, and Norman Dinerstein. Reissued online, New York: DRAM, 2007. Streaming audio, TR243. (Subscription access)
 Solo Music I, for unaccompanied violin, and Solo music II: Ritual Cycle of Lyrics and Dance, for unaccompanied viola. 20th Century Bravura Chamber Music. <mask>, soprano; Timothy Baker, violin;  Donald McInnes, viola;  Russell Miller, piano.Pleasantville, N.Y.: Kleos Classics, 2000. CD, KL 5106. With Charles Martin Loeffler: Quatre poèmes, for voice, viola and piano, op. 5; Paul Hindemith: Sonata for viola and piano, op. 11 no. 4. Voyage de nuit (Concerto d'après Baudelaire).<mask>, soprano; Piedmont Chamber Orchestra, cond. Nicholas Harsanyi. Turnabout, 1981. LP, TV 34776. With Benjamin Britten: Les illuminations, op. 18. Sources

Footnotes

External links
<mask>'s page at Theodore Presser Company
In Memoriam: Dr. <mask>, University of North Carolina School of the Arts
<mask><mask> papers at Williams College Archives & Special Collections

1936 births
2013 deaths
People from Spencer, Iowa
University of Minnesota alumni
Yale University alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
21st-century American composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians

masks:
Robert Charles Suderburg
Suderburg
Suderburg
Suderburg
Suderburg
Suderburg
Robert Suderburg
Elizabeth Suderburg
Robert Henderson
Robert Suderburg
Elizabeth Suderburg
Elizabeth Suderburg
Robert Suderburg
Robert Suderburg
Robert C
. Suderburg


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<mask> (born August 7, 1966) is an American singer-songwriter, musician and author, known for her solo work and with her rock bands Throwing Muses and 50FootWave. She has released eleven solo albums. Her guitar work and composition style ranges from jaggedly dissonant to traditional folk. Hersh's lyrics have a stream-of-consciousness style, reflecting her personal experiences. Early life
Hersh was born in Atlanta, Georgia and moved to Newport, Rhode Island when she was six years old. Her father was a professor at Salve Regina University in Newport and her mother a special educational needs teacher. She was interested in music at an early age and wanted to learn guitar chords; her father gave her a guitar when she was nine.Her parents separated when <mask> was 11, and her mother married the father of her best friend Tanya Donelly. <mask> talked Donelly into starting a band, then called The Muses, when they were 14. Musical career

Throwing Muses and early solo work

Throwing Muses was formed in 1981 when <mask> and Donelly were freshmen in high school. Friends from school, including Elaine Adamedes, Becca Blumen, Leslie Langston and David Narcizo, were part of the group with Narcizo becoming a long-term member. <mask> initially wrote and sang most of Throwing Muses' songs, often in changing tempos. Donelly also contributed songs and lead vocals. <mask> attended Salve Regina University, majoring in archetypal psychology and philosophy, and the Rhode Island School of Design, but dropped out shortly before graduating to establish the band in Boston, Massachusetts, where they had been playing on weekends.While at Salve, <mask> befriended film actress Betty Hutton, who was attending the school in her 60s; Hutton also attended several early Throwing Muses shows in Newport. The Throwing Muses were signed to 4AD, the first American group to be signed on the British label, and released the EP Chains Changed in 1987. Two releases followed, the mini-LP The Fat Skier and the album House Tornado. The 4AD Throwing Muses biography describes its sound at the time as "... joining the dots between elliptical post-punk, harmonious folk jangle and rockabilly thunder without ever settling into standard genre patterns." For the Throwing Muses 1986 UK tour, the Boston-based Pixies, embarking on their first European tour, was the opening band. The band signed a U.S. deal with Sire/Reprise Records in 1987 and began touring the U.S. and Europe while recording albums, with <mask> writing most of the songs. The band became a trio when Donelly left the group after 1991's The Real Ramona.In 1994, <mask> began a solo career on Sire/Reprise and 4AD as an acoustic performer, beginning with Hips and Makers, an album sparsely arranged around her vocals, guitar, and a cellist, in contrast to the volatile, electric sound of her band work. Michael Stipe of R.E.M. made an appearance on this first solo album. After receiving some airplay and major media coverage for the Throwing Muses album University in 1995, <mask> moved to Rykodisc for the band's 1996 album, Limbo, and released her solo album, Strange Angels in 1998. To better control her career and the distribution of her recorded material, she created the ThrowingMusic label with then-husband and manager Billy O'Connell in 1996. This enabled her to co-release some of her projects, including an ongoing download-subscription service called Works in Progress (WIP) for releases available through the label's website. <mask> continued to offer her solo releases online, releasing Sky Motel in 1999.Throwing Muses functions as a noncommercial musical enterprise, focusing on touring over record sales and airplay. In a 2014 interview, <mask> stated, "As far as I'm concerned, music is not a commodity. It's something that people have earned by being human. They have a right to hear it, and a right to share it, as they always have in churches and parties. That's how music happens." 2000 to present

In 2001, <mask> released the Sunny Border Blue solo album, on which she again played nearly all instruments. She described the album as having even more intensity than her previous works, as she continued her pursuit of songwriting as being in part a way to transform "ugly feelings" into art.She also collaborated further with like-minded alternative artists like Vic Chesnutt, Willard Grant Conspiracy, Grant Lee Phillips, and John Doe. In 2003, she released The Grotto, an acoustic solo album of song sketches with personal lyrics set in Providence, Rhode Island, with Andrew Bird on violin and Howe Gelb on piano. On the same date a self-titled album by Throwing Muses was also released, the first since Limbo. Both were recorded at Steve Rizzo's studio in Rhode Island. When Narcizo was unable to tour on a full-time basis due to other commitments, Hersh formed her power rock trio 50FootWave. Her touring appearances and recording efforts in 2004 and 2005 centered around both 50 Foot Wave and her solo career. Independent output
In 2007, Hersh released her first solo album in four years, entitled Learn to Sing Like a Star.NPR described <mask>'s "emotional and raw" pop songs as both "accessible and off-kilter." Concurrently she launched CASH Music, a subscription-based, direct-to-consumer website, that was formed along with fellow musician Donita Sparks. Fans can become "Strange Angels" and subscribe to her output to receive albums and print releases, downloadable content, and guest spots for live shows – packages ranging from $30 per quarter to $5,000 (executive producer credit on her next album) 50FootWave's EP Power+Light was released on CASH in 2009 and <mask> was involved in several projects—a second collection of Appalachian folk songs, The Shady Circle and a series of new free tracks. The album Crooked was released as a downloadable album and hardback book containing essays about each track. Throwing Muses reformed in 2013 and released Purgatory/Paradise, a 32-track album accompanied by a book designed by Narcizo, who works as a graphic designer. The book features photos, artwork and lyrics by <mask>. It was the band's first release in ten years.At this point in her career, <mask>'s output was independently released online. She expressed that she wanted a complete break with the music industry, stating, "Because we differ from the recording industry ethically, we had been asked to dumb down our product so many times. I have been asked to act and look like a bimbo so many times and I just decided, 'I'm not going to turn my back on my music. I'm not going to turn my back on women.' We're morally bound to not participate in the traditional recording industry because we disagree with it. So we continue to play music, which has nothing to do with the music business." In October 2016, she released the double album Wyatt at the Coyote Place and an accompanying book.<mask> embarked on a tour in support of the album. On June 12, 2018, <mask> announced on her website that she has signed with Fire Records. Her new record, Possible Dust Clouds, was released on October 5, 2018. She finished recording the album in May of the same year. In February 2020, it was announced that Throwing Muses would release a new album, Sun Racket, on May 22; the release was delayed to September 4. Themes and style

<mask>'s vocal style ranges from softly melodic to impassioned screaming. She has an occasional vibrato that punctuates some of her more dramatic phrasing.Candid about her episodes of mental illness and despair, her songs cover a vast spectrum of topics, including childbirth ("Hysterical Bending"), love ("Tar Kissers", "Lavender"), surreal vignettes ("Delicate Cutters", "Fish"), death ("Limbo"), emotional anguish ("The Letter"), loss of custody of her first son ("Candyland"), and the shedding of a relationship's anxiety ("Snake Oil"). Simon Reynolds in The New York Times pointed to Hersh's "mesmerizing" explorations of "rage, aggression and mental chaos" as evidence of female rock artists of the early 1990s pushing against gender role boundaries to express "more than simply vulnerability or defiance" in their work. Ann Powers, also in the Times, wrote of Hersh's musical style: "Her plastic, sometimes obsessively circular song structures emphasize staggered rhythms and extreme dynamic shifts, and her voice, a carnal cry that pushes through her body gathering up air, lends her often oblique lyrics an oracular veneer." Influences
<mask> has said her parents' album collections, featuring Patti Smith, the Carter Family, Stevie Wonder, Robert Johnson, Talking Heads, The Clash, Steve Miller, The Beatles, Philip Glass, and traditional music all influenced her when she was growing up. Among her early contemporary musical influences are The Raincoats, The Pretenders, Talking Heads, Violent Femmes, Meat Puppets, Dead Kennedys, Hüsker Dü, Velvet Underground, R.E.M., and X. Author
<mask>'s illustrated children's book Toby Snax was published in 2007 and further developed in 2011 as an interactive app for children. The app allows children to hear her read the story out loud and features her recordings of lullabies that she learned as a girl in Tennessee.Her 2010 memoir Rat Girl (published in the UK as Paradoxical Undressing) is based on a diary she wrote when she was 18, touring with Throwing Muses, diagnosed with bipolar disorder and pregnant with her first child. Rob Sheffield in The New York Times called it an "uncommonly touching punk memoir," and named it #8 in Rolling Stones "25 Greatest Rock Memoirs of All Time." <mask>'s 2015 book Don't Suck, Don't Die: Giving Up Vic Chesnutt, is a rumination on her friendship with the late singer-songwriter Vic Chesnutt. She cites him as one of her songwriting influences with his "fluid timing and the grace of a melody that breaks the rules of meter." Personal life
<mask> was married to her former manager Billy O'Connell for 25 years until they divorced in 2013. She has four sons. , she is engaged to former Throwing Muses bassist Fred Abong.<mask> has talked openly about her bouts with mental illness and its role in her musical process. When she was 16, she was struck by a car while riding her bicycle, suffering a double concussion that affected the way she heard sounds. She described it as hearing ambient sounds continuously and "...the sounds would alter their sonic vocabulary until I was hearing syllables, and drums. And then all these words would come". She's stated that hearing "pieces of songs" in her mind compelled her to take the pieces apart and craft songs from them. She also claims that she doesn't remember writing her early songs—that "they wrote her". She has had more than one diagnosis (and misdiagnoses) for her condition, including schizophrenic disorder, bipolar disorder, and most recently post-traumatic and dissociative disorders, which she says have been successfully treated with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy.Hersh has synesthesia; she sees musical chords in colors. Solo works discography

Studio albums
 Hips and Makers (1994)
 Strange Angels (1998)
 Murder, Misery and Then Goodnight (1998)
 Sky Motel (1999)
 Sunny Border Blue (2001)
 The Grotto (2003)
 Learn to Sing Like a Star (2007)
 Speedbath (2008, under a Creative Commons License)
 Crooked (2010)
 Wyatt at the Coyote Palace (2016)
 Possible Dust Clouds (2018)

With Throwing Muses

With 50FootWave

Cover songs
 "Wave of Mutilation" (Pixies) – American Laundromat Records, High School Reunion: a tribute to those great 80's films!, 2005
 "Like a Hurricane" (Neil Young) – American Laundromat Records, Cinnamon Girl: Women Artists Cover Neil Young for Charity, 2008
 "Panic Pure" (Vic Chesnutt) – Columbia Records, Sweet Relief II: Gravity of the Situation, 1996

Books
Toby Snax. Delicate, 2007. .
Rat Girl. New York: Penguin, 2010. .
Paradoxical Undressing. Atlantic, 2011. .
Don't Suck, Don't Die: Giving Up Vic Chesnutt. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2015. .
Toby Snax. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2016. .
Don't Suck, Don't Die: Giving Up Vic Chesnutt.American Music Series. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2016. . With a foreword by Amanda Petrusich. Nerve Endings: Selected Lyrics. Unbound, 2018. . Seeing Sideways: A Memoir of Music and Motherhood. University of Texas Press, 2021. .

References

Sources
 Evans, Liz (1994). Women, Sex and Rock 'N' Roll: In Their Own Words.Pandora. .
 Post, Laura (1997). Backstage Pass: Interviews With Women in Music. New Victoria Publishers. .
 Shirley, David (November/December 1991). "Cracking Up Is Hard to Do: The Break-ups (and Breakdowns) of Throwing Muses". Option. External links

CASH Music
Kristin Hersh collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive
Interview on Boston Rock Talk
Interview with I Heart Noise
Performance, Reading and Q&A recorded on January 26, 2015 at the Arts & Entertainment Industry Forum at the Loyola University (LA). 1966 births
Living people
20th-century American women guitarists
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American women singers
4AD artists
American memoirists
American rock guitarists
American rock songwriters
American women guitarists
American women memoirists
American women pop singers
American women rock singers
American women singer-songwriters
Appalachian music
Fire Records (UK) artists
Guitarists from Rhode Island
Musicians from Appalachia
Musicians from Atlanta
Musicians from Newport, Rhode Island
People with bipolar disorder
Reprise Records artists
Rykodisc artists
Sire Records artists
Songwriters from Rhode Island
Throwing Muses members
Warner Records artists
Women rock singers
Writers from Providence, Rhode Island
Yep Roc Records artists

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Martha Kristin Hersh
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<mask> (born March 31, 1987) is an American former professional baseball outfielder. He played for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim / Los Angeles Angels, St. Louis Cardinals, Philadelphia Phillies, Tampa Bay Rays and Atlanta Braves. The Angels selected him in the tenth round of the 2005 amateur draft from Notre Dame Preparatory High School in Scottsdale, Arizona. He made his MLB debut for the Angels in 2010. The Cardinals obtained him in a trade with the Angels after the 2013 season. <mask> has gained considerable attention for his defensive skills, including his range, speed and ability to make what are deemed difficult catches. After bouncing around a variety of different clubs over the next six years (including the Philadelphia Phillies, Tampa Bay Rays, Atlanta Braves), <mask> ended his career with the Angels before joining the Colorado Rockies front office as an advance scout.Career
<mask> attended Desert Mountain High School for his freshman year and later transferred to Notre Dame Preparatory High School in Scottsdale, Arizona. He also played football at Notre Dame High as wide receiver and kickoff returner. Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim selected <mask> in the 10th round of the 2005 Major League Baseball draft, signing him on August 18, 2005. In 2008, <mask> registered 50 stolen bases (SB) and a .295 batting average (AVG) with the Rancho Cucamonga Quakes. <mask> spent 2009 with the Arkansas Travelers. In 110 games, he batted .281, scored 72 runs, hit 16 doubles, 14 triples, six home runs (HR) and drove in 51 runners (RBI). In 109 games in the outfield, he recorded 294 putouts, five double plays and seven assists in 302 total chances with only one error for a .997 fielding percentage.He led the Texas League (TL) in triples and led the Travelers in runs. In May, he was selected as the Angels' Defensive Player of the Month and as a TL All-Star. He was also recognized as the Angels minor league system's Defensive Player of the Year in 2009. In the offseason after 2009, the Angels bought his contract and added him to their 40-man roster to prevent him from being selected by another team in the Rule 5 draft. Going into the 2010 season, Baseball America named him the second-best prospect in the Angels system, the "fastest baserunner", and "best defensive outfielder." Through the first three months of the 2010 season, he batted .314 with 12 triples and 27 stolen bases with the Salt Lake Bees. In 487 games and seven minor league seasons in the Angels system, <mask> batted .291 with a .345 on-base percentage, .455 slugging percentage, 88 doubles, 54 triples, 41 HR, 225 RBI and 141 SB.<mask> made his Major League debut on August 3, 2010. In an August game against the Toronto Blue jays, he nearly robbed Adam Lind of a triple when he ran so fast into the wall that the ball caromed off his forearm. That same game, he made a diving catch in shallow left-center field to rob Aaron Hill of a hit, caught Yunel Escobar's deep fly ball on the warning track at the 400-foot mark on the wall in center field and took away a hit from José Bautista on a rocket line drive in the ninth. <mask> appeared in 51 games that year, batting .204 with six doubles, four triples, six home runs and ten SB. He played 450 innings in the outfield and recorded ten assists, which placed second among all American League (AL) center fielders. In 2011, he, along with Austin Jackson, led the AL with 11 triples. It was an overall breakout season for <mask> with a .271 batting average, 26 doubles, 12 HR, 49 extra base hits and 22 stolen bases in 147 games.He also registered seven assists, fifth among AL center fielders. The next season, he lost most of his playing time as heralded prospect Mike Trout emerged and the Angels continued playing Vernon Wells and Torii Hunter. His three-run, inside-the-park home run on April 11 erased a two-run deficit to the Minnesota Twins in the fifth inning on April 11, but the Angels were eventually defeated 6–5. It was the first such HR for an Angel since Gary Matthews, Jr., did so June 17, 2007 at Dodger Stadium. In September, Bourjos suffered wrist soreness in the aftermath of being hit by a pitch. He appeared in 101 games and totaled just 195 plate appearances. In  innings on defense, he made just one error for a .994 fielding percentage.The Halos won 64 of his 95 appearances (.674 winning percentage) in center field. His final batting line included a .220 batting average, .291 on-base percentage and .315 slugging percentage, three HR, seven doubles, and three stolen bases. After the season, Hunter signed with the Detroit Tigers as a free agent, clearing an opportunity for <mask> regain regular playing time. To increase his production at the plate, <mask> began taking batting practice off a tee before the 2013 season. His strategy was to change his approach by hitting more ground balls and line drives, and fewer fly balls. In 2011, he had posted a ground ball rate of 46.8 percent. In 2013, he had raised that total to 58.7 percent, which was top-ten for hitters with at least 170 plate appearances.The extra practice and change in approach showed improved results. As of June 29, he had carried a .333 batting average, .392 on-base percentage and .457 slugging percentage and started to recoup a regular role. However, in August, <mask> took another pitch off his wrist from Jordan Lyles of the Houston Astros. He attempted to rehabilitate it without surgery, but produced just five hits in 46 PA in August and September. Surgery was required to repair the wrist. His final 2013 batting line included a .274 AVG, .333 OBP, .374 SLG, three doubles, three triples and three home runs with six stolen bases in 55 total games and 196 PA.

St. Louis Cardinals

On November 22, 2013, the Angels traded <mask> and Randal Grichuk to the St. Louis Cardinals for third baseman David Freese and relief pitcher Fernando Salas. With the previous season's starting center fielder Jon Jay producing a decline in offensive performance and below average defense, acquiring Bourjos allowed the Cardinals to offset some defensive inconsistency.On January 17, 2014, <mask> and the Cardinals avoided arbitration by agreeing to a one-year, $1.2 million contract, with a plate appearance-based performance incentive worth $150,000. <mask>' first three-hit game for the Cardinals occurred on May 7, 2014, against the Atlanta Braves. He also hit his second home run of the season as the Cardinals prevailed, 7–1. During a May 29 game against the San Francisco Giants, he advanced from first base to third on pitcher Jaime García's sacrifice bunt. The Giants had optioned for an infield shift, leaving third base without a stationed fielder. The play also occurred without the benefit of an error. <mask>' first home run at Busch Stadium gave the Cardinals the go-ahead run against the Kansas City Royals on June 4.<mask>' fourth home run of the season came in the ninth inning against the Baltimore Orioles' Zach Britton on August 10, to opposite field over the right field scoreboard in Oriole Park at Camden Yards. Playing in 119 games, <mask> batted .231 with a .294 on base percentage in 2014. A slow start to the season caused him to lose playing time to Jay. <mask> made his first career playoff appearance against the Los Angeles Dodgers in the National League Division Series (NLDS) and the Giants in the National League Championship Series (NLCS), playing in five games and batting twice. The Giants eliminated the Cardinals from postseason play. On October 21, 2014, <mask> had surgery to repair hip impingement. He stated that it had affected his swing, contributing to lower offensive production, including his batting average.<mask> and the Cardinals avoided arbitration for the second consecutive season by agreeing to a one-year, $1.65 million contract, on January 15, 2015. He began the season as the fourth outfielder, with most of the playing time in center field going to Jay. His speed impacted both offense and defense in the April 29 win against the Philadelphia Phillies. He collected two hits, including an RBI triple, and covered long range to snare Chase Utley's fly ball at the warning track. Philadelphia Phillies

On December 2, 2015, the Philadelphia Phillies claimed Bourjos off of waivers. <mask> spent the entire season with the Phillies, hitting .251/.292/.389 with 5 home runs and 23 RBIs. Tampa Bay Rays
On January 27, 2017, Bourjos signed a minor league deal with the Chicago White Sox.On March 28, 2017, he was traded to the Tampa Bay Rays for cash considerations or a player to be named later. He played in 100 games for the Rays, hitting .223/.272/.383 with 5 home runs. Chicago Cubs
On February 1, 2018, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Chicago Cubs. He was released on March 23. Atlanta Braves
On March 26, 2018, the Atlanta Braves signed <mask> to a one-year contract worth $1 million. He was designated for assignment on April 25, and later released on April 29. He resigned a minor league deal on May 1, 2018.He had his contract purchased for the second time on May 31, 2018. In 2018 with Atlanta he batted .205/.239/.364. On July 2, 2018, <mask> elected free agency after being designated for assignment and subsequently clearing waivers. San Francisco Giants
On July 13, 2018, the San Francisco Giants signed <mask> to a minor league deal. Second stint with Angels
On November 14, 2018, <mask> signed a minor league deal with the Los Angeles Angels. <mask> made the team in Spring Training and was selected to the Opening Day roster on March 27, 2019. Bourjos hit .091/.109/.114 in 26 games with the team before being designated for assignment on May 7.On May 10, 2019, <mask> was released by the Angels. Post-Playing Career
On January 30, 2020, <mask> was hired as an advance scout for the Colorado Rockies, effectively ending his playing career. On November 11, 2021, <mask> was hired by the Arizona Diamondbacks to serve as the team's roving minor league outfield and baserunning coordinator. Skills profile
<mask> was prized mainly for his speed and defense. According to Fangraphs in 2013, he "rate(d) as one of the very best defensive center fielders in baseball", and also noted his base running. Baseball Prospectus noted that he "covered so much ground as a center fielder that it sometimes backfired early in the season. His corner outfielders (Hunter and Wells), unaccustomed to flanking a player with such range, sometimes weren't giving way to <mask>, while other times they flinched or back away at his mere approach."Even after Trout became a full-time player for the Angels in 2012, <mask> exclusively played center field when he was in the game, pushing Trout into left field. Through 2013, center field was the only position <mask> had played in 341 Major League games, aside from five as a designated hitter. As a hitter, <mask> was mainly a ground ball hitter, posting a 50.5% ground ball rate over his career as of 2013. In 2011, he posted his lowest career ground ball rate at 46.8%. Every other season, it has been above 50%. In 2013, it was 58.7%. According to former Cardinals pitching coach Dave Duncan's anecdotes, <mask>' batted-ball style is one that allows little margin for extra base hits.Personal
<mask> is the son of former San Francisco Giants outfielder <mask>, who played in the famous 33 inning minor league baseball game between the Pawtucket Red Sox and Rochester Red Wings in 1981. <mask> and his wife, Ashley, have a son and a daughter. See also

 List of second-generation Major League Baseball players

References

External links

<mask> at SABR (Baseball BioProject)

1987 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Park Ridge, Illinois
Baseball players from Illinois
Major League Baseball outfielders
St. Louis Cardinals players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Tampa Bay Rays players
Atlanta Braves players
Los Angeles Angels players
Orem Owlz players
Arizona League Angels players
Cedar Rapids Kernels players
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players
Arkansas Travelers players
Salt Lake Bees players
Leones del Escogido players
American expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino players
Lehigh Valley IronPigs players
Charlotte Stone Crabs players
Gwinnett Stripers players
Sacramento River Cats players

masks:
Peter Christopher Bourjos
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