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<mask>, Elector of Hesse (; 3 June 1743 – 27 February 1821) was the eldest surviving son of Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) and Princess Mary of Great Britain, the daughter of George II. Biography

Early life

Prince <mask> was born on 3 June 1743 in Kassel, capital of the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel in the Holy Roman Empire. Born into the House of Hesse, he was the second but eldest surviving son of Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel (the future Landgrave Frederick II), and his wife Princess Mary of Great Britain. A former heir to the landgraviate, also named <mask>, had died in infancy in 1742; therefore, hopes were high for the future of the new heir apparent. He had two younger brothers: Prince Charles and Prince Frederick. His father's marriage with the British princess was not a happy one, and Frederick abandoned the family in 1747 and converted to Catholicism in 1749. In 1755 he formally annulled his marriage.<mask>'s grandfather, Landgrave <mask>, granted the newly acquired county of Hanau to his daughter-in-law and grandsons. Technically, young <mask> became the reigning prince of Hanau, while under his mother's regency. The young prince <mask>, together with his two younger brothers, lived with their mother, the landgravine Mary. From 1747 they were supported by Protestant relatives and moved to Denmark. There they lived with Mary's sister, Louise of Great Britain, and her family; Louise died in 1751. Marriage
On 1 September 1764, <mask> married his first cousin, Wilhelmina Caroline of Denmark and Norway (1747–1820), who was the second surviving daughter of Frederick V of Denmark and Norway. They married at Christiansborg Palace and resided for two decades mostly in Denmark.In 1785 they moved to Kassel when <mask> succeeded to the landgraviate. During the lifetime of his father, <mask> had already received the Principality of Hanau, south of the Hessian territories near Frankfurt, as successor of its newly extinct princes. The Hanau people did not want to have a Catholic ruler. <mask>'s younger brother Charles in 1766 married another of their Danish first cousins, Princess Louise of Denmark. Reign
Upon the death of his father on 31 October 1785, he became <mask> IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel. He was said to have inherited one of the largest fortunes in Europe at the time. <mask> looked for help in managing his estate.He hired Mayer Amschel Rothschild as "Hoffaktor" in 1769, to supervise the operation of his properties and tax-gathering. The wealth of <mask>'s estate provided a good living for Rothschild and the men had a strong relationship; he founded the Rothschild family dynasty, which became important in financing and banking in Europe. Although they had been acquainted since 1775, <mask> did not formally designate Rothschild as his overseer until 1801. The early fortunes of the Rothschild family were made through a conjunction of financial intelligence and the wealth of Prince <mask>. During the Napoleonic Wars, <mask> used the Frankfurt Rothschilds to hide his fortune from Napoleon. This money then saw its way through to Nathan Mayer, (N.M.) in London, where it helped fund the British movements through Portugal and Spain. The interest made from this venture was reaped by the budding banker barons, who used it to swiftly develop their fortune and prestige in Europe and Britain.It was not long before their riches outweighed those of their benefactor, <mask> of Hesse-Kassel. In 1803, Landgrave <mask> was created His Royal and Serene Highness The Prince-Elector of Hesse. In 1807 his electorate was annexed by the Kingdom of Westphalia, ruled by Jérôme Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother. <mask> escaped to Denmark with his family and lived there in exile until the French were expelled from Germany. Following the defeat of the Napoleonic armies in the Battle of Leipzig, <mask> was restored in 1813. He was a member of the Tugendbund, a quasi-Masonic secret society founded after the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in June 1808 at Koningsberg. Several other prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire had been recognized as kings at the Congress of Vienna (1815), and <mask> attempted to join them by declaring himself King of the Chatti.However, the European powers refused to recognize this title at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) and instead granted him the grand ducal style of "Royal Highness." Deeming the title of Prince-Elector to be superior in dignity to that of Grand Duke, <mask> chose to remain an Elector, even though there was no longer a Holy Roman Emperor to elect. Hesse-Kassel would remain an Electorate until it was annexed by Prussia in 1866. He ruled until his death in Kassel in 1821. He was succeeded by his son <mask>. Issue

With his wife Wilhelmina Caroline of Denmark and Norway he had four children:

 Marie Friederike (14 September 1768 – 17 April 1839), married Alexius Frederick Christian, Duke of Anhalt-Bernburg on 29 November 1794, divorced 1817
 Karoline Amalie (11 July 1771 – 22 February 1848), married Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg on 24 April 1802. No issue
 Friedrich (8 August 1772 – 20 July 1784)
 Wilhelm (28 July 1777 – 20 November 1847), his successor

He had several mistresses and fathered over twenty recognized illegitimate children and provided some financial means to each of them.With his mistress Charlotte Christine Buissine:

 Wilhelm of Heimrod (1775–1811)
 Karl of Heimrod (1776–1827), married Charlotte von Stockhausen (1781–1855) in 1803 ; they had 7 children. Friedrich of Heimrod (b. & d. 1777)
 Friedrich of Heimrod (1778–1813) ; he had at least one son. With his mistress Rosa Dorothea Ritter (1759–1833):

 Wilhelm Karl of Haynau (1779–1856), married firstly Karoline von Schack (died 1807) in 1803, they had two children. Married secondly Luise Sophie Buderus von Carlshausen (1787–1813) in 1808, they had two children. Married thirdly Sophie Friederike von Lengerke (1798–1820) in 1818, no known issue survived to adulthood. Married fourthly Elisabeth Frn von Trott zu Solz (1793–1844) in 1822, they had three daughters.Georg Wilhelm of Haynau (1781–1813), married Charlotte Sophie von Wildungen (1782–1858) in 1808 ; they had 3 children. Philipp Ludwig of Haynau (1782–1843), married Wilhelmine von Zeppelin (1791–1872) in 1821 ; they had two children. Wilhelmine of Haynau (1783–1866), married Karl Frhr von Hanstein (1771–1861) in 1801 ; they had 9 children. Moritz of Haynau (1784–1812), married Anna Auguste von Wurmb (1789–1872) in 1809 ; they had 2 daughters. Marie Sophie Agnes Philippine Auguste of Haynau (1785–1865), married Wilhelm Frhr von Wintzingerode (1782–1819) in 1805 ; they had one son. Julius Heinrich Friedrich Ludwig of Haynau (1786–1853), married Theresia Weber von Treuenfels (1787–1851) in 1808 ; they had one daughter. Otto of Hanau (1788–1791)

With his mistress Karoline von Schlotheim (1766–1847):

 Wilhelm Friedrich of Hessenstein (1789–1790)
 Wilhelm Karl of Hessenstein (1790–1867), married Angelika von Osten-Sacken (1802–1852) in 1820 ; they had one daughter.Ferdinand of Hessenstein (1791–1794)
 Karoline Frederike Auguste of Hessenstein (1792–1797)
 Auguste Wilhelmine of Hessenstein (1793–1795)
 Ludwig Karl of Hessenstein (1794–1857), married Auguste von Pückler (1794–1861). Friederike of Hessenstein (1795–1855), married Wilhelm von Steuber (Kassel 29 Dec 1790-Kassel 6 Jun 1845) in 1824 ; they had 3 children. Wilhelm Ludwig Georg of Hessenstein (1800–1836), married Luise von dem Bussche-Hünnefeld (1804–1829) in 1827 ; they had one son. Married secondly Karoline Wolff von Gudenburg (1812–1836) in 1831 ; they had 2 sons. Friedrich Ludwig of Hessenstein (1803–1805)
 Karoline of Hessenstein (1804–1891), married Karl von Stenglin (1791–1871) in 1822 ; they had 6 children. stillborn child (1805)
 stillborn child (1806)
 stillborn child (1807)

See also
Rulers of Hesse

Ancestry

References

External links

 Article in the ADB
  The Jewish Encyclopedia

Landgraves of Hesse-Kassel
Prince-electors of Hesse
Hereditary Princes of Hesse-Kassel
People from the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
People from the Electorate of Hesse
1743 births
1821 deaths
Landgraves of Hesse
18th-century German people
19th-century German people
Knights of the Garter

masks:
William I
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William IX
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William
William


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<mask> (February 6, 1978 in Montevideo, Uruguay) is an Uruguayan-US American operatic tenor. He is a winner of the Hans Gabor Belvedere Singing Competition in Vienna 2009, has appeared in many opera houses, including Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie Bruxelles, Arena di Verona, Teatro Regio Torino, Royal Opera House Muscat, Staatsoper Berlin, Opéra National de Paris Bastille, Opéra de Monte-Carlo, Deutsche Oper Berlin, New National Theatre Tokyo, Oper Leipzig, as well as on Broadway and off Broadway shows. Early years
<mask> was born in Montevideo, Uruguay, and raised in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He grew up in the Abasto (a district of the neighbourhood of Balvanera), in which the central fruit and vegetable market was located, where grew up Carlos Gardel the most prominent figure in the history of tango and the Carlos Gardel Museum is now. Rivero worked as an assistant for lawyers while studied at the National Conservatory of Music Carlos Lopez Buchardo in Buenos Aires. Upon his arrival in New York City <mask> received his education from conductor Eugene Kohn. During this period <mask> received training from several teachers and coaches from Juilliard School of Music and Manhattan School of Music.In the course of his studies he received grands from the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions, the Opera Orchestra of New York, the Opera Foundation, the Sergio Franchi Foundation and the Puccini Foundation among others institutions. During his professional career Mr. Rivero collaborated with renowned musicians such as Ulf Schirmer, Zubin Mehta, Daniel Barenboim, Gianandrea Noseda, Christoph Gedschold, Giacomo Sagripanti, Giuliano Carella, Fabrizio Maria Carminati, Oleg Caetani, Frederic Chaslin, Friedrich Haider, Massimo Zanetti, Balazs Kocsar and Daniel Oren among several others. Professional career
His international stage debut came when film director Baz Luhrmann selected him for his production of Puccini's La Bohème on Broadway in 2002. The same year <mask> made his solo concert debut at Carnegie Hall in New York City. Since then Mr. <mask> has been known worldwide for his skills and abilities representing the lead Tenor roles from the most demanding Italian Opera repertory in over 1000 performances while guesting worldwide. Made his European debut in 2005 while performing the role of B.F. Pinkerton in Madame Butterfly at the Staatstheater Nürnberg. Worked with Maestro Zubin Mehta and the Israel Philharmonic in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem performing the role of Alfredo in Verdi's La Traviata.Made his debut as Radames in Aida  and Manrico in Il Trovatore  in 2010 at the Stadttheater Klagenfurt. His roles and venues include: Don Jose in Carmen at Deutsche Oper Berlin, Tokyo National Theater and Teatro Massimo Bellini, the title role in Don Carlo at the Staatsoper Berlin, the Opéra National du Rhin  and the Hungarian State Opera Budapest, Ismaele in Nabucco at Teatro Massimo di Palermo and The Opéra de Monte-Carlo, the title role in Verdi's "Otello" and Rodolfo in "Luisa Miller" at Aalto Theater Essen, Des Grieux in Manon Lescaut and Mario Cavaradossi in Tosca at Oper Leipzig, Radames in Aida at Opéra national de Paris Bastille, Théâtre Royal de La Monnaie Bruxelles, Arena di Verona, the National Theater Prague and the Royal Opera House Muscat, Manrico in "Il Trovatore" at Oper Leipzig, Staatsoper Berlin and Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux and Calaf in Turandot at Teatro Regio Torino. Philanthropy and outreach
Mr. <mask> collaborates with several institutions worldwide visiting schools and hospitals with the purpose of introducing children to Opera, as well as sponsoring concerts for young talents and skilled professionals in renowned venues such as Carnegie Hall, the Schumannhaus in the city of Leipzig, the Konzerthaus in Berlin and the Dresdner Piano Salon Kerstin. Some of his protégés include Steinway & Sons's pianist Sandro Russo and pianist Miriam Gallego Lorente winner of the Lang Lang piano Competition in Berlin. In 2021 <mask> became a member of the voice teachers team of the Lotte Lehmann's Akademie in Perleberg, Brandenburg, Germany. The Academy each year transforms the German city into an international meeting point for Opera.This prestigious position allow Mr. Rivero to join a passionate community of mentors preparing emerging opera singers for professional work while sharing with them essential expertise, experience, support, and motivation for a lasting professional career in Opera. Rivero's career has also spanned several media and arts professions: actor, opera singer, producer, composer and music consultant.Recordings
<mask> is known for playing the role of Manrico in the Deutsche Grammophon DVD of Il Trovatore alongside Plácido Domingo, Anna Netrebko and Daniel Barenboim. He has worked with many different film-makers such as ; Philipp Stölzl, Johannes Schaaf and Baz Luhrmann among others.

masks:
Gaston Rivero
Rivero
Gaston Rivero
Gaston Rivero
Gaston Rivero
Rivero
Rivero
Gaston Rivero
Rivero


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<mask> of Hunthill FRSE FRCSEd (6 September 1749 – 5 April 1806) is considered to be the first Scottish scientific surgeon. He is commonly described as the father of the Edinburgh school of surgery, or the first of the Edinburgh scientific surgeons. He published medical works of significance, notably his surgical textbook A System of Surgery which became a best seller throughout Europe and in America. His treatise on venereal disease was one of the early works that suggested syphilis and gonorrhea were different diseases, a hypothesis which was not accepted by mainstream medicine until many decades later. <mask>'s main contribution to surgical practice was his adage 'save skin', which led to improved rates of wound healing in operations like mastectomy and limb amputation. He was also an early advocate of routine pain relief in surgery. Early life
<mask> was born in Dumfries on 6 September 1749, the eldest surviving child in a family of 15 children.His father <mask> (1722–1813) farmed at Woodhouselees, a mile south of the village of Canonbie in Dumfriesshire. In addition to farming, <mask> was involved in a series of business ventures which met with mixed success. This background of modest wealth was to prove important for <mask> in later life, allowing him to visit surgeons in London and Paris and enabling him to take time away from his surgical practice to write a major textbook. The family tradition in agriculture was to re-emerge towards the end of his life. They owned Blackett House in Middlebie Parish (Dumfriesshire), which was later sold to fund the education of the family. <mask>'s early education was at Dumfries Grammar school. Surgical training

He became an apprentice to James Hill (1703-1776), a surgeon in Dumfries, before moving to Edinburgh in 1766 to study medicine at Edinburgh University under the tutelage of some of the most inspiring medical teachers of the day, including Alexander Monro secundus (1733–1817) the anatomist, Joseph Black (1728–99) the chemist and John Hope (1725–86) the botanist.In November 1767 he was appointed dresser in the surgical wards of the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, and surgeons' clerk 2 years later. He visited London and Paris, writing to his father that had he been planning a career as a physician he would have been happy to stay in Edinburgh, "but for a surgeon I assure you Edinburgh comes greatly short of either Paris or London and for that reason Dr. Monro and any others that I have spoken to here upon the subject approve of the scheme [the Paris visit] very much". In 1770 after passing the necessary examinations, he was elected a freeman surgeon-apothecary of the Incorporation of Surgeons of Edinburgh later the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. In 1772 <mask> was in London from where he wrote to Dr. Cullen thanking him for his letter of introduction to John Hunter (1728–1793) whom he described as "the most agreeable and at the same time the most useful acquaintance I ever met with." He also visited and observed the London surgeon Percivall Pott (1714–1788) to whom he would later dedicate his treatise on ulcers. <mask>'s interest in science is evident from his description of a lecture which he attended at the Royal Society given by Joseph Priestley. Priestley's suggestion that atmospheric air contained fixed air (carbon dioxide) and dephlogisticated air (oxygen) clearly made an impression on <mask> who noted from the lecture that "air can be spoiled by one or more animals breathing it in a confined space and become unfit for purposes of life"

Practice
On return to Edinburgh he set up in surgical practice and within a year, at the age of 24, was elected one of four attendant surgeons to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh.Surgeons attended in rotation and <mask> managed to remain a surgeon to the Infirmary for eighteen years, an unusually long period. This may have been because of his lifelong friendship with James Gregory, the Professor of Physic, and the most influential member of the Infirmary Board of Management. In 1800 there was pressure from younger members of the Royal College of Surgeons to change the system of appointment of surgeons to the Infirmary, making shorter appointments so that more junior surgeons might gain Infirmary experience. At that time, now well established in practice, <mask> was content to step down, but he wrote to the College setting out the case for 'permanent appointments' to the Infirmary rotation, a view which had been also promoted by Gregory. Of the 23 members of the Royal College of Surgeons asked to vote on the matter, not one supported <mask>'s proposal. <mask> (1763–1820), a successful teacher of anatomy in his own extramural school and an accomplished Edinburgh surgeon (but not related to <mask>), failed to gain appointment to the Infirmary rota, and began to campaign against what he saw as the injustice of the rota system. As part of this he wrote criticising Gregory's views, and this brought the Bells, <mask> and John into conflict.This feud was at the heart of much of the criticism to which <mask> was subjected by his namesake. In 1775 <mask> fell from horseback and sustained injuries that were to force him to take an rest from surgical practice for some two years. This rest was to prove fortuitous, for it allowed him time to reflect and to write, and his relatively wealthy background enabled him to do this without financial concerns. To further develop his interest in farming during this period of recuperation, he took the lease of Liberton Farm situated some two miles south of the centre of Edinburgh. Returning to what was to prove a highly successful career as a surgeon in Edinburgh, <mask> went into practice with James Gibson (died 1815) who was to become president of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1778–79. Later he formed another surgical partnership with James Russell (1754–1836) and Andrew Wardrop (died 1823). Bell, Wardop and Russell became the leading surgical practice in Scotland with a wide referral base.Wardrop reckoned <mask> "… was a successful operator and during many years was more employed than any surgeon in Scotland". A fellow surgeon John Campbell, who had been apprenticed to <mask>, went so far as to suggest that "…no one could die contented without having consulted <mask>." On 17 November 1783 <mask> was one of the founding Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He died at Newington House in south Edinburgh. He is buried with other family members, including his wife Grizzel Hamilton, in the south-east corner of Canongate Churchyard in Edinburgh. <mask>'s contributions to surgery
<mask> is considered by many to have been the first Scottish scientific surgeon. This reputation was based largely on his influential textbook A System of Surgery.He can be regarded as a 'scientific' surgeon because of his rational thought processes which are apparent in his treatises, particularly his Treatise on Gonorrhoea virulenta and Lues venerea (1793). Another treatise, The Theory and Management of Ulcers, was first published in 1778 and is still considered one of the classics of 18th-century physiology. A System of Surgery
The System appeared in six volumes between 1783 and 1788. By 1801 no fewer than seven editions had been published, and it went on to Italian, French, Spanish, German and three American editions. It was popular because it was comprehensive; made use of up-to-date published material from all over Europe, and because of <mask>'s reputation as a surgeon. <mask> was an advocate of the routine use of opium to relieve post-operative pain, stating "to be able to alleviate the misery of those who are obliged to submit to dangerous operations must afford the biggest gratification to every practitioner." <mask> also credited his fellow Scot, James Moore, with developing a clamp to produce nerve compression in the arm or leg to provide analgesia for amputation.Farming

<mask>'s family background was in farming, and, during his two-year break from surgery after his accident in 1775, he rented Liberton farm two miles from central Edinburgh, and his interest in the subject was revived. He frequently wrote to his father for agricultural advice. Property dealings

<mask> bought the lands of Newington in South Edinburgh in 1803 and was responsible for the development of the area. He built Newington House for himself just before his death. Although this house was demolished in 1966, the streets around where it lay include Blacket Avenue and Middleby Street named after the Dumfriesshire localities of <mask>'s youth. His son, <mask> FRSE (1777–1832) commissioned architect James Gillespie Graham (1776–1855) to prepare plans for housing and the subdivision of the land into plots. Family
Prior to marriage he lived as Gosford Close on the Royal Mile.<mask> married Grizel Hamilton, daughter of the Very Rev Prof Robert Hamilton FRSE (1707–1787), in 1774. After marriage he moved to a handsome house on Old Assembly Close. They had several sons who rose to prominence in Edinburgh society: <mask> FRSE (1777–1832), <mask> FRSE (1782–1861), <mask> FRSE (1783–1849)

<mask> was the progenitor of one of the great Edinburgh surgical dynasties. His son Joseph, grandson <mask> and great-grandson Joseph (1837–1911) were all surgeons in Edinburgh, and all became presidents of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. His son <mask> (1777-1832) was the official surgeon to H.M. King George IV when visiting Scotland in 1822. His great-grandson <mask> (1837–1911), was known for his diagnostic abilities, which depended on his ability to observe minute details. This inspired a young Edinburgh medical student Arthur Conan Doyle (1859–1930) to base the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes on <mask>.Further reading

 Kirkup, J '<mask>, <mask> (1749–1806)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2006

References

External links

1749 births
1806 deaths
People from Dumfries
18th-century Scottish medical doctors
Scottish anatomists
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons
Scottish surgeons
Scottish medical writers
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Scottish farmers
Burials at the Canongate Kirkyard
Members of the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh
Founder Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Enlightenment scientists
19th-century Scottish medical doctors
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh

masks:
Benjamin Bell
Bell
Benjamin Bell
George Bell
George Bell
Benjamin
Benjamin
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
John Bell
Benjamin Bell
Benjamin
Benjamin Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Benjamin Bell
Benjamin Bell
Bell
Benjamin Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
George Bell
Bell
George Bell
Robert Bell
William Bell
Dynasty Bell
Benjamin
George Bell
Joseph Bell
Joseph Bell
Bell
Benjamin


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<mask> (26 October 1885 – 31 January 1967) was a Belgian abstract and cubist painter and is recognized as one of the leading figures of Modernism. Donas worked under the androgynous pseudonyms Tour d'Onasky, <mask> and M. <mask>. Biography

Early life
Born on 26 October 1885, <mask> grew up in Antwerp as the daughter of a prosperous French-speaking bourgeois family. On her own initiative, she enrolled at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts Antwerp at the age of seventeen. Her authoritarian father, however, did not support her wish to become a painter, preventing her from going to drawing class and exhibitions and would not allow her being in contact with other students and artists in Antwerp. Donas´ paintings at that time were confined to still lifes and portraits of her family and friend circle. Against her father's will, she re-enrolled at the Higher Institute of Fine Arts in 1912 following the course for young ladies with Frans Van Kuyck.Beginning of her artistic career in Dublin
After the breakout of the First World War and the German invasion of Belgium, 4 August 1914, the <mask> family fled to Goes, Netherlands. Soon after, <mask> freed herself from the family pressure and moved with one of her sisters to Dublin. There, she continued perfecting her drawing, painting and print-making skills and followed a course in stained-glass art. At the end of 1915, she was taken on at Sarah Purser´s stained-glass art studio An Tur Gloine where she produced three large stained-glass windows for churches as well as some smaller works. Due to the political events surrounding the Easter Rising in Dublin in 1916, she once again was forced to leave her place of residence. While her sister sailed back to the family to the Netherlands, Marthe decided not to return to her old life but to head for Paris instead, at the time the artistic centre of Europe. Arrival in Paris

She settled in Montparnasse at the end of 1916 and rented a studio in a large complex at 9 Rue Campagne Première.It was in Paris where she got into touch with the latest artistic màovements. She continued her education at the Académies de la Grande Chaumière and Ranson. In January 1917 she discovered the work of André Lhote and Cubism, which left a deep impression on her. <mask> soon became Lhote's pupil and started to adapt a cubist style in her own paintings. With Archipenko in Nice

Due to her precarious financial situation <mask> accepted the offer of an aristocratic lady to join her to the South of France in exchange for painting lessons. In spring 1917 she moved to Nice where she met the Ukrainian sculptor Alexander Archipenko. They developed not only an intensive collaboration in their artistic work but also an intimate personal relationship.<mask>' paintings and drawings of that time show how skilfully she incorporated elements of Archipenko's sculpto-paintings in a highly personal way. She then worked fully in a cubist manner, further developing her remarkable sense of colour under Archipenko's influence. Her most recurring motive was the female figure and still lives. By including concave and convex forms, alternating between round, angular and blurred elements, she introduced energy and investigated movement in her paintings which became more and more abstract. Already in Paris, she had experimented with collage techniques, but in Nice regularly incorporated materials like cement, sand, different kinds of fabric and lace, sandpaper and wallpapers into her work. International career
At the end of the First World War, <mask> returned to Paris and rented a studio at a studio complex at 26 Rue de Départ. The studio was previously occupied by Diego Riviera.Also, Piet Mondrian rented a studio in the same complex at that time. <mask> joined the artist group Section d'Or which was revived after the war under the leading of Archipenko. Through this international group of connections and with the help of Archipenko who intensely promoted Donas, she was able to have her work published in several leading art magazines of the time: the Dutch De Stijl and the dadaist magazine Mécano, the German Der Sturm, the Italian Noi and the Belgian Sélection. In these years, <mask> started publishing her work under the pseudonyms 'Tour d'Onasky', 'M. Donas' and later exclusively 'Tour Donas' which disguised her gender. Especially cubist and abstract art were seen as too intellectual and rational for women. For a female artists to work under a male pseudonym secured considerably more respect within the art world, a higher chance of promotion and thus of commissions and sales.The network she had built up in Nice and Paris made one of her first participations in a mayor exhibition possible: The Exhibition of French Art 1914–19 in London compiled by Léopold Zborowski in which she was present with seven of her paintings alongside work by Othon Friesz, Vlaminck, Derain, Matisse, Picasso, Modigliani, Valadon, Kisling, Léger, Lhote, Utrillo and Dufy. Archipenko continued promoting <mask>' work internationally which lead to solo-exhibitions in Librairie Kundig in Geneva in December 1919 and the famous avant-garde gallery Der Sturm of Herwarth Walden in Berlin in Summer 1920 which would turn out to be the most important exhibitions in her entire career. Herwarth Walden most likely purchased many of her work which meant being recognized by one of the most influential dealers of that period. She also exhibited her work together with among other Gleizes, Férat, Villon, Natalia Goncharova, Léger, Braque, Irène Lagut, Archipenko and R. Duchamp in the Section d'Or-exhibitions in Paris in Galerie La Boétie and successively at different locations in the Netherlands organized by Theo van Doesburg with whom she had become close friends. <mask> visited him and his wife Lena Milis in Leiden during late spring 1920 to oversee the transportation of art works and to attend the opening in Rotterdam of the Section d'Or-exhibition. After her stay in the Netherlands, she went to visit her parents in Antwerp aiming to improve her financial situation by painting portraits of Jewish family friends. Following other commissions, which she all painted in a very traditional style and though herself to be conventional, she went to London in the late summer of 1920.Trying to make contact with the London art scene, as recommended by Van Doesburg, she met up with among other the Sitwells, C.R.W. Nevison, Jacob Epstein and Douglas Goldring. Although little is known about the details, her relationship with Archipenko must have come to an end at this point. Her work, too, developed further abstract and in line with the purist ideas of Amédeé Ozenfant and Le Corbusier with which she came in contact through the magazine L'Esprit Nouveau and through Van Doesburg and De Stijl. Donas returned to her studio in Paris in autumn 1920. For the first time, she exhibited her work in her home country in December 1920 in the gallery Sélection of André de Ridder and Paul-Gustave van Hecke in Brussels. From December 1920 until January 1921, her work was included as part of the Section d'Or group in an exhibition at the Palais électoral in Geneva.Organized by the Belgian artists Albert Daenens and the French sculptors Albert Gerbaud and Marcel Bourraine, the International Exhibition of Modern Art aimed to cover all new international artistic movements. Naturally, the exhibition was regarded as a very important event in contemporary art circuits and turned out to be an important networking event as well resulting in an exhibition of the Section d'Or in Rome in 1922. Walden once again organized a big group exhibition at the Sturm gallery in January 1921 including twenty-four paintings of Donas and the work of Albert Gleizes, Jaques Villon, Louis Marcoussis, Julius Evola, Sonia Delaunay and again in April 1921 with five of her paintings and among other work by Chagall, Evola, Fischer, Gleizes and Klee. Walden continued supporting Donas by frequently featuring her in his exhibitions and publications until at least September 1925. At one of these exhibitions, Donas work was certainly bought by American artist Katherine Dreier. In January 1920, she had founded the Societé Anonyme in New York together with Marcel Duchamp and Man Ray aiming to familiarize the American audience with the latest developments in European modern art. The Societé Anonyme showed Donas paintings and drawings alongside work by Campendonk, Klee, Schwitters, Molzahn and Stuckenberg in New York and later at a travelling group show at different other locations in the United States.Dreier continued to include <mask> work in numerous group exhibitions until 1940. The Societé Anonyme-collection, including <mask>' work, has later been donated by Dreier to the Yale University and are still kept at the Yale University Gallery in New Haven. In the meantime, <mask> continued working in Paris until she fell severely ill in the summer of 1921. The lack of savings forced her to leave her studio in Paris and return to her parents in Antwerp. In Antwerp, she must have been in contact with the Belgian art scene around Jozef Peeters seeing she participated prominently with twelve of her latest paintings and a portfolio of linocuts in a large-scale exhibition at El Bardo on Sint-Jacobsmarkt in Antwerp in January 1922 organized by Peeters in the framework of the Second Congress for Modern Art. By giving her exhibited paintings the title Composition with the Roman numerals I to VII, she clearly associated her work with that of the Belgian variant of international Constructivism 'plastique pure' (Pure plasticism), distancing herself even more from the movements in Paris. By January 1922, she was back in Paris to marry Henri Franke, an philosophy student from a Belgian family whom she still knew from her childhood.In February, she got sick again and was diagnosed with a form of hepatitis which made the couple move to the Paris suburb Fontenay-aux-Roses, a popular resort among artists. There, she continued drawing and painting and her work was featured in a number of exhibitions in Paris, Düsseldorf and Oslo in 1922/1923. Her paintings started developing away from the geometric abstraction towards a more figurative style. Due to her weak health however, <mask> and Franke permanently moved back to Belgium in July 1923. They settled in Ittre, a small village in Walloon Brabant where part of Franke's family lived already. Even though, her work appeared at several exhibitions in Brussels, Berlin and Paris, she was not very well known in Belgium and did not enjoy the fame she received in her years in Paris. The themes in her works became more traditional, she painted mainly still lives and landscapes, and she moved away completely from cubism and abstraction.In April 1926 however, the gallery A La Vierge Poupine of Paul van Ostaijen and Geert Van Bruaene organized the first large-scale retrospective of <mask> <mask>' oeuvre with seventy of her paintings. Through the renewal of her contacts in the avant-garde art scene in Belgium, <mask> decided to move back into the city of Brussels at the beginning of 1927. Her work was admired by many of the Belgian artists though just a few knew about her cubist work at the beginning of the 1920s and she was rather seen as an up-and coming artist in Brussels. Again, it was her colour palette which drew most attention and which was seen as highly refined. Being inside this urban artistic milieu again and able to participate in a number of exhibitions in Brussels and in Paris with the artists' group L’Assault, reinvigorated her artistic inspiration. In a softer palette this time, she picked up a neo-cubist style again and produced a great body of work in the year 1927. Hiatus from painting and second career
The renewed contact with the French and Belgian art scene and her rediscovered artistic energy did not last long though.Disheartened, she stopped painting entirely for 20 years. There was little appreciation for modern art in Belgium, additionally she experienced some personal setbacks. Her parents died shortly after another in 1927 and 1929 and financial straits further made life difficult forcing her and her husband to seek refuge once more in Ittre. At the age of forty-five, <mask> <mask> got pregnant and gave birth to her daughter Francine in January 1931. After having moved around again for some years with her husband in search for an income, they returned to Ittre at the outbreak of the Second World War in the year 1939. <mask> was now fully occupied with the household of Chateau Bauthier and the upbringing of her daughter, which proved not to be easy at her age. Significantly, when her daughter turned sixteen and independent, she started painting again.<mask> and Henri moved back the Brussels in 1948. Her paintings from that period expressed a sense of innocence and humour, <mask> herself called it "romantic with a Cubist tenor", found appreciation in exhibitions in Brussels and Antwerp. Starting from 1954, her paintings became again more abstract and finally entirely non-figurative starting from 1958 drawing inspiration from pure intuition. Around that period, she came into contact with Dutch gallerist Maurits Bilcke who promoted her work extensively in the 1960s. From the United States, too, came interest in especially her early work after Katherine Dreier had donated the collection of the Société Anonyme'''s collection to the Yale University's gallery. Also in Belgium, the interest grew into the pioneers of abstraction of the early 20th century. German art historian Herta Wescher included her work in her book about collages.Due to this upcoming attention towards her <mask> <mask> started composing her autobiography. In the following years, she was featured in a number of important exhibitions among them The First Abstract Artists in Belgium: Tribute to the Pioneers in 1959 in Antwerp, Salon de femmes peintres et sculpteurs at the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, a big overview of solely her work in two rooms at the Palais de Beaux-Arts in Brussels, both in 1960, and an exhibition dedicated to the influence of Herwarth Walden and his gallery Der Sturm at the Nationalgallerie in Berlin in 1961 alongside Archipenko, Chagall, Delaunay, Gleizes, Goncharova, Jawlenksy, Kandinsky, Klee, Kokoschka, Léger, Macke, Marc, Schwitters and Severini. Being included with these artists which have by then been acknowledged as the important avant-gardists of the 20th century, must have been especially gratifying for <mask>. While her work finally was internationally recognized, her health was declining and again she had financial struggles. She was forced to sell the majority of her work to Maurits and Suzanne Bilcke. Subsequently, a major Donas exhibition at the Schleiper gallery in Brussels was organized by the Bilckes in October 1961. This exhibition was a big success and received a lot of attention internationally by art critics and fellow artists alike.Maurits Bilcke further promoted her work and made sure it was included in important collections. In the 1960s, her work was purchased by the ministry of Belgium, the Museum of Fine Arts in Brussels, the Francophone Section of the Ministry of Education and the Royal Museum of Fine Arts in Antwerp. She was happy that towards the end of her life, she was finally recognized as one of the great pioneers of the avant-garde. <mask> <mask> died on 31 January 1967 in the company of her husband and her daughter in a nursing home in Audreignies, Belgium. Exhibitions
 1920: La Section d’Or, Galerie La Boétie, Paris, 5 march 1920. 2016: Donas. De Belgische avant-gardiste'', Museum voor Schoone Kunsten, Gent.References

Biography

External links

 Marthe Donas Museum
 Marthe Donas Foundation

 https://www.coleccionrobertopolo.es/en/must-see-pieces/

Belgian artists
20th-century Belgian painters
Belgian women painters
1885 births
1967 deaths
Royal Academy of Fine Arts (Antwerp) alumni
<mask> <mask>

masks:
Marthe Donas
Tour Donas
Donas
Marthe Gabrielle Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Marthe
Donas
Donas
Marthe
Donas
Donas
Donas
Donas
Marthe
Donas
Donas
Marthe
Donas
Marthe
Donas


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<mask> ( – March ) was a Florentine Renaissance business and noblewoman known for her preserved correspondence which chronicled her financial and political struggles in Medici Florence. <mask> was largely family oriented and worked hard to place her sons in successful banking positions and all her children beneficial marriages. Seventy-three of her letters were preserved by her son Filippo and are now housed by the Archivio de Stato di Firenze. <mask>'s letters rank among the most significant primary sources from fifteenth-century Florence. Life

Early life
<mask> was born between 1406 and 1408 to <mask> and Caterina di Bernardo Alberti. The date of her birth is contested as the final entry in her book of accounts in 1471 gives her age as 63 but a tax document from 1427 claims her age to be 22 years and 2 months. Not much is known about <mask>'s childhood.The Macinghi family was a new elite family and thus lacked the social standing held by more established families such as the Strozzi. <mask>'s mother died while she was still a young child and her father remarried to Ginevra di Albertuccio Ricasoli. <mask> had 5 siblings. Her elder brother Berto was illegitimate and her only full sibling was her younger brother Zanobi. Filippo's marriage to Ginerva gave <mask> an additional 3 siblings, Caterina, Antonio, and Ginevra. <mask>'s father died in 1420 when she was around the age of 12. Analogous to women of similar social standing, <mask> received an education that covered the basics of reading, writing, and keeping accounts.Marriage
<mask> <mask> married Matteo di <mask> on June 10, 1422 bringing a dowry of 1,600 florins. Due to her father's death, <mask>'s marriage was negotiated by her stepmother and uncles. <mask> and Matteo had 9 children together, 8 of which survived infancy and 5 of whom survived to adulthood. Due to Matteo's involvement against the Medici in Florentine politics, in 1434 he was exiled to Pesaro for 5 years along with other male members of his extended family for considering violence against the Medici. Though she had the opportunity to remain in the family household in Florence and run it, <mask> only stayed long enough to put family affairs in order and followed Matteo into exile bringing along their children. The entirety of the <mask> family was blocked from prominent political offices while the Macinghi began to rise in political prominence as they supported the Medici beginning a rift between <mask> and her birth family. In 1435, the plague hit Pesaro and Matteo along with Andreuola Caterina, Simone, and Piero all perished.Widowhood
Following Matteo's death, <mask> returned her family to Florence. It was after this return that she had her final child who she named Matteo after his father. She chose not to remarry citing religious reasons which as in line with a majority of women. Additionally, she sought to remain a part of her children's lives which would have been impossible if she remarried. Due to patrilineal norms, children remained to be raised by their father's extended family upon the re-marriage of their mother; the mother was not involved in the lives of her children partially due to an inherent distrust of the mother's new husband. In Matteo the Elder named <mask> guardian of her children in his will so long as she did not remarry. Matteo the Elder's will also allowed <mask> to choose her male representative when handling family affairs.Much of Matteo the Elder's properties had been sold to pay off family debts, however, <mask> owned property that held a value equivalent to that of her dowry. The first many years of <mask>'s widowhood were spent with tight finances as she paid off debts and was taxed at a higher rate as a result of Matteo the Elder's poor relationship with the Medici. <mask> maintained close connections with her in-laws who helped ensure a stable upbringing for her children and their future success. <mask> arranged with relatives for her sons to be given banking positions in Naples so that they could contribute to family finances and live in a less precarious situation. To this end, <mask> made careful selections in matters such as where her family lived, who they rented property to, and what alliances and connections they made. <mask>'s life largely revolved around her children. For her daughters, she negotiated marriages she believed would be good.She did the same for her sons Filippo and Lorenzo after the exile order which had carried over from father to sons was lifted in 1466 by Piero di Cosimo de' Medici and their social standing increased. Matteo the Younger died prior to this at the age 23 in 1458. Several times during her sons' exile, <mask> considered joining them in Naples. In Florence, <mask> maintained a small household consisting of her ward <mask>, an illegitimate daughter of one of Matteo's relatives, whom she raised from age 8 until Isabella was married at age 16. Additionally, <mask>'s brother Zanobi came to stay with her as he had financial difficulties and both were on bad terms with a majority of their Macinghi relatives. Financial involvements
As head of household, <mask> controlled the family finances and worked through many challenges to keep the household stable. To this end, she was in charge of her children's education and steered her sons towards banking as a method of improving the family finances.All that <mask>'s children were set to inherit came from the property not sold to pay of Matteo the Elder's debts as it constituted a value equivalent to the 1,600 florins of <mask>'s dowry. Property <mask> was able to keep included the main family house in Florence as well as another, smaller house within the city and other properties and farms in the country. In the early years of <mask>'s widowhood, she had her family mainly reside in the smaller house in Florence as it cost less to maintain while she rented the family house out to one of Matteo the Elder's cousins for significantly more than she was spending maintaining the smaller home. Additionally, she rented out the farmlands to peasants who would in turn give her a share of the profits as if the land sat idle, she made nothing. When <mask>'s own finances stabilized with the success of her sons in Naples, she continued to look after much of her family's finances. <mask> assisted her brother Zanobi when he ran into financial troubles by buying some of his properties contradicting the will of their father and driving a deeper rift between <mask> and most of the Macinghi family. Death and legacy

<mask>'s final preserved letter was written in 1470.She died of old age in March of 1471 and her death was recorded by her son Filippo in her book of accounts as occurring at the age of 63. She was entombed within the Strozzi Chapel at what was then the Church of Santa Maria Novella. No portraits of her exist. Letters
Letters written by <mask> dating from August 24, 1447 until April 14, 1470 detail aspects of <mask>'s life. Additionally, they provide an insight into the life of a widow in fifteenth century Florence and detail additional aspects of culture and family life that provide valuable information to historians. These letters were preserved by her eldest surviving son, Filippo <mask> the Elder, most likely as they contained details about financial transactions and negotiations that pertained to the family. All of the letters were written in Strozzi's hand and all except one of the seventy-three are addressed to either Filippo, Lorenzo, or Matteo as <mask> updates them on the events in Florence involving family members and general major occurrences.References

Sources

 Brucker, Gene (2005). Living on the Edge in Leonardo's Florence. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 151-168. .
 Ann, Crabb (1992). "How Typical Was <mask> Macinghi <mask> of Fifteenth-Century Florentine Widows?". In Mirrer, Louise. Upon My Husband's Death: Widows in the Literature and Histories of Medieval Europe.Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 47–61. .
 Crabb, Ann (2000). The Strozzi of Florence: Widowhood and Family Solidarity in the Renaissance. University of Michigan Press. .
 Gregory, Heather (1997). Selected Letters of <mask> <mask>: Bilingual Edition. Berkeley: University of California Press. .
 Klapisch-Zuber, Christiane (1985).Women, Family, and Ritual in Renaissance Italy. London: The University of Chicago Press. . External links

1407 births
1471 deaths
Nobility from Florence
Italian Renaissance writers
Italian letter writers
Women letter writers
Businesspeople from Florence
15th-century people of the Republic of Florence
15th-century Italian women
Medieval letter writers
Medieval businesswomen
15th-century Italian businesspeople

masks:
Alessandra Macinghi Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Alessandra di Filippo Macinghi
Filippo di Niccolò Macinghi
Strozzi
Alessandra
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Alessandra
Macinghi
Simone Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Isabella Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Strozzi
Alessandra
Strozzi
Alessandra
Strozzi


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<mask> (; born October 11, 1996) is an Armenian-Russian mixed martial artist who competes in the lightweight division. He is currently signed with the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). As of February 28, 2022, he is #12 in the UFC lightweight rankings. Background
<mask> was born to an Armenian family in Akhalkalaki, Georgia. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
<mask> made his professional debut in mixed martial arts on September 25, 2015 against Shamil Olokhanov and won by technical knockout in the first round. He lost his next fight against Alexander Belikh by first-round knockout. <mask> continued fighting for mixed martial arts promotions in Russia and Asia, winning his next 12 fights with 9 finishes, including a first round submission victory against Belikh to avenge his first loss.He compiled a 13–1 record prior to signing a four-fight contract with the UFC. Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> made his UFC debut against Islam Makhachev, one of the main training partners of Khabib Nurmagomedov, on April 20, 2019 at UFC Fight Night: Overeem vs. Oleinik. It was a fast-paced fight with high level wrestling exchanges, and <mask> lost the fight via a unanimous decision. This fight earned him the Fight of the Night bonus. <mask> faced Olivier Aubin-Mercier on 27 July 2019 at UFC 240 and won the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> was expected to face Davis Ramos on April 11, 2020 at UFC Fight Night: Overeem vs. Harris. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the event was eventually postponed.The bout eventually moved to UFC Fight Night 172 on July 19, 2020. He won the fight via unanimous decision. <mask> was expected to face Nasrat Haqparast on January 24, 2021 at UFC 257. However, on the day of the weigh ins, Haqparast pulled out of the fight citing an illness. As a result, the promotion negotiated a matchup between <mask> and Matt Frevola. Subsequently, <mask> forfeited 20% of his purse as a result of missing weight, which went to Frevola. <mask> won the fight via unanimous decision.<mask> faced Christos Giagos on September 18, 2021 at UFC Fight Night 192. He won the fight via technical knockout in round one. This win earned him the Performance of the Night award. <mask> faced Joel Álvarez on February 26, 2022 at UFC Fight Night 202. He won the bout via ground and pound TKO in the second round. The win also earned <mask> his second consecutive Performance of the Night bonus award.

masks:
Arman Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan
Arman
Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan
Tsarukyan


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<mask> (born July 27, 1957 in Mexico City) is an author, entrepreneur, inventor, and former union organizer. He is best known as the inventor of InstaBook, a digital printing technology. He lives and works in Gainesville, Florida. Inventions

InstaBook

As an inventor, Celorio obtained patents for the technology popularly known as InstaBook or Book On Demand, as well as that of distributed printing technology in which a digital file is distributed among as many printing centers as required for immediate production and delivery. (US PATENTS 6012890, 6213703, Chinese Patent 97705, Mexican Patent 241092, others). In regards to patent 6213703, on 2013 the Federal Court of Appeals affirmed the USPTO decision in full and ruled that the patent was valid and adopted all allowed claims. https://cases.justia.com/federal/appellate-courts/cafc/13-1194/13-1194-2013-10-22.pdf?ts=1411173123.The full text of the patent may be found at: https://patents.justia.com/patent/6213703-

In the late eighties, <mask> created a digital network of print on demand centers around Mexico City, and in the nineties he founded InstaBook Corporation, a company to market the technology that became known as Print on Demand or Book on Demand. Kinetic Lung
In 2019 he received patent US 10406466, for a technology that uses kinetic energy to process massive amounts of urban air, to locate and separate the toxic particles known as PM2.5 and PM10 which have been found to be poison for every living being. In 2018 he founded the nonprofit organization Pulmón Urbano AC (Urban Lung Inc. In US) to deploy his technology in cities with contaminated urban air. After an initial test in 2017 in the city of León, in México, in June 2019 his foundation installed in Mexicali, Baja California, -the worst contaminated city in Mexico- the first network of Urban Lungs in the world. That network is composed of 300 Residential Lungs -hosted by volunteers at their homes-, and 10 Solar Lungs, hosted by 10 of the most prestigious universities and colleges of the city. Since June his organization self proclaimed this Urban Lung Network has been cleaning 3 million cubic meters of air each day, for a total of hundreds of millions of cubic meters of contaminated air to date and an effective reduction of a 35% in the amount of toxic particles PM2.5 and PM10 floating in the air of Mexicali at the end of October 2019, as was reported in a study presented to the California Air Resources Board by the head of the local nonprofit EconCiencia y Salud AC.The nonprofit Pulmon Urbano AC relied on independent and internationally well known companies such as PurpleAir  and VisualAir, to show, in real time, the daily reduction of polluted air in Mexicali achieved by the Urban Lung Network. Celorio is also a writer and publisher of several books. In an interview published in The Seybold Report, written by George A. Alexander, (2002) <mask> described his love affair with books since he was a child. He knew he wanted to be a writer from the time he was 10 years old and he published his first short story at the age of 14 in a magazine called Al Sur del Sur. Bibliography

As an author, <mask> has published six books, both in Spanish and in English. His titles include one of the first books ever distributed through the Internet. The book was entitled Proyecto Mexico (Blue Unicorn Editions Florida, 1995, ).This work is a political essay published in 1995 in which the author proposes that Mexico, his country of origin, lacks a long-term project as a country. Therefore, all political remedies to the problems affecting that country will lack a global goal and will be short term in nature. Thus, Mexico as a country will go from one short-term solution to the next short-term solution until a true national project is negotiated among all political parties. Further reading
There have been about 200 articles about <mask> and his book-printing invention, written by, among others, The New York Times, Forbes, Seybold Report, Publishers Weekly, Chicago Tribune, and the Rochester Institute of Technology; and interviews in National Public Radio; etc. This short list includes a few  of the US published articles as a sample. There have been articles written in many other countries (Canada, Mexico, Germany, Italy, India, China, etc.). Alexander, George A."The InstaBook Maker: book printing eases into the bookstore", The Seybold Report: Analyzing Publishing Technologies, Seybold Publications. Callea, Donna. "E-publisher Makes Mark" Daytona Beach Press. Available online at Archives
 Edwards, Steve. "InstaBook Launches 'Books-On-Demand'", May 26, 2004, The Seybold Report: Analyzing Publishing Technologies, Seybold Publications. Available online at
 Haack, Douglas F. "The Simpleton Author's Guide to"Self-Book Publishing and Printing", 04, 2000. Available online at
 Kleper, Michael L. "The Handbook of Digital Publishing".Vol. II. By, Rochester Institute of Technology. Page 565, Published by Prentis Hall, 2000,  Encyclopedia of Printing Technologies in 2 Volumes. Available online at
 Lapidus, Paul. "Helping authors get into print"  The Record, North Jersey News, July 12, 2006. Available online at
 Lerner, Michael, "New technology prints books while you wait", Forbes Magazine, 06.04.99
 Mutter, John ."U.S. Debut for In-Store, On-Demand Machines" Publishers Weekly. 5/17/2004. Available online at
 Nishi, Dennis. "Publishing turns page with print on demand" Chicago Tribune Feb 14, 2004. Available online at
 Taub, Eric A. "For Budding Authors, a Rapid-Fire Publisher", New York Times, June 10, 2004.Available online at
 Zeitchik, Steven. "Jersey Bookseller Becomes Publisher, Too" Publishers Weekly Daily for Booksellers – 4/29/2004. Available online at
 Zeitchik, Steven, "When We Are All Publishers" by Publishers Weekly NewsLine—4/28/2004. Available online at
 Zelchenko, Peter, "Book-on-Demand Market Pursues Affordable Run of One," Seybold Report on Publishing Systems, vol. 30, no. 5 (Nov. 20, 2000), p. 8. Available online at

References

External links
 InstaBook official website
Pulmón Urbano AC official website

Living people
1957 births
Mexican company founders
Mexican inventors
Mexican male writers
Mexican emigrants to the United States
Writers from Mexico City
Businesspeople from Mexico City

masks:
Víctor Celorio
Celorio
Victor Celorio
Celorio
Celorio


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<mask> is Professor Emerita at the University of California, Los Angeles. <mask>' main fields of research are psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics. Her 1976 UCLA PhD dissertation centered on the study of the grammatical development of Genie, a famous feral child. Her subsequent work has been on grammatical development in children with SLI; maturational constraints on first-language development ("Critical period" effects); hemispheric specialization for language and language acquisition; and the cognitive modularity of grammar. Biography
<mask> received her undergraduate degree from the University of California, Berkeley. She attended the University of California, Los Angeles where her doctoral advisor was Victoria Fromkin. There, she studied Genie, the feral child.Curtiss wrote her doctoral thesis on Genie. Curtiss’ dissertation is now regarded as the most significant research that addressed Genie’s acquisition of language. After receiving her PhD, she continued to study critical periods, modularity, and grammatical development at UCLA. She is married and has two daughters. Work with Genie
In November 1970, the child welfare authorities of Los Angeles discovered a young girl who had been subject to extreme isolation and abuse. At the time of her discovery, the girl, who was given the pseudonym “Genie,” was approximately 13 years and 7 months old, and it was determined that her isolation began at around 20 months of age. Many people were involved in Genie’s case including social workers, psychologists, and linguists.In May 1971, <mask>, alongside a team of researchers, began researching Genie. At the time of Genie’s discovery, there was little evidence that she had acquired any language, and so the team of researchers aimed to determine whether Genie was capable of comprehending or producing language. They were able to find that Genie could understand far more than she was able to produce, and from there, the team tried to both teach Genie facets of the English language as well as test her understanding of how to employ those features. <mask>, specifically, set out to teach Genie the difference between singular and plural count nouns. Curtiss developed a game to help Genie understand the plural construction rule—Curtiss would say a noun phrase such as “four horses,” and Genie would find the index card that had the number 4, the index card that had a picture of horses, and the index card that had the letter “s” to construct that phrase. Using this game, Genie was able to learn regular English pluralization in 3 weeks. Over the course of study, Genie’s language developed in several ways.The researchers noted, however, that there were significant differences between Genie’s language development and that of a normal child—surprisingly, considering her limited exposure to language at the time she was placed into custody, Genie’s vocabulary rapidly grew very large. For example, after 7 months in the hospital, Genie could produce about 200 words whereas a child at the equivalent linguistic stage can produce about 50 words. To contrast, her syntax was quite limited. Genie acquired few syntactic rules, and she produced few sentences longer than 3 words. <mask> and her research team found that despite Genie’s limited acquisition of syntax, she had relatively advanced cognitive abilities. Curtiss observed isolated incidents in which she believed Genie showed evidence of using recursion, a complex feature of human language. Genie’s linguistic development was seen as an opportunity to research critical periods.Prior to the research done on Genie, it was hypothesized that the critical period to acquire a first language would end when the brain lateralized, meaning the tendency for certain functions of the brain to be localized to one hemisphere as opposed to the other. Language is typically localized to the left hemisphere. It is widely held that process of lateralization of the brain ends during puberty, typically around the age of 13. Curtiss and her team determined that Genie was most likely right-handed, but on dichotic listening tests they discovered that Genie, unlike most right-handed people, was right-hemisphere dominant for language; she had normal results for environmental sounds, proving that her brain was not simply reversed in dominance for language. Curtiss and her team hypothesized that the critical period may not end with the lateralization of the brain. If that were the case, Genie would have acquired no language as the left hemisphere of her brain could not be responsible for the language she had acquired thus far. Curtiss’ work with Genie has been frequently cited as evidence for the critical period for syntax.In 1976, Curtiss completed her doctoral thesis and received her PhD from UCLA. Curtiss’ thesis is the most significant research that has been published on Genie. In 1977, Academic Press published her thesis as a book titled Genie: A Psycholinguistic Study of A Modern-Day “Wild Child." As part of her work with Genie, Curtiss was featured in the 1994 Nova documentary Secret of the Wild Child and the 2003 "Wild Child" episode of the television series Body Shock. She was a script consultant for the movie Mockingbird Don't Sing (2001). Controversy
Genie’s case has been a source of controversy. During the years in which Genie was studied, Jean Butler (who later began using her married name, Ruch), Genie’s former teacher and foster parent, argued against the research.Ruch claimed that David Rigler, principal investigator of the Genie case, was putting the research ahead of Genie’s best interests and that Curtiss was a hindrance around the home that Ruch and Genie lived in. She further accused Rigler and Curtiss of disregarding data from the two months Ruch’s own home as it did not align with the goals of their research. The Riglers, who became Genie's foster parents immediately afterwards, and Curtiss said that Ruch's writing about Genie's social and linguistic development were highly inconsistent with their observations from immediately after her removal from Ruch's home. In the years following Curtiss’ work with Genie, some scholars have cast doubt on her research. It has been suggested that Curtiss’ findings were inconsistent, stating that there was not enough evidence to support the claim that Genie was not acquiring significant syntax, and rather that Curtiss presented examples to the contrary. Others have suggested that studying Genie and administering tests was unethical. Genie’s mother argued that Genie was over-tested and that the research team violated confidentiality rules.As a result, she filed a lawsuit in 1979 against those who researched Genie. Some scholars argued that the team put the research ahead of Genie’s best interests. Jay Shurley and David Elkind, who were involved in the early phases of Genie's case study, left the research team over these concerns. Additionally, people believe that members of the research team took on too many roles in an attempt to study, befriend, and parent Genie. Each of the researchers hold that they never put their work ahead of Genie’s wellbeing, and there are several scholars who support them, stating that they treated Genie as a human rather than a test subject. Other Major Accomplishments

Critical Periods
<mask>s’ work with Genie lent itself greatly to her research on critical periods. As the case study of Genie demonstrated, reaching puberty without having had significant exposure to language does not mean that an individual will be unable to communicate for the remainder of their life.Rather, it means that while the individual can learn vocabulary but will be extremely unlikely to learn the syntax of the language. In 1980, Curtiss began research on a woman who was given the pseudonym “Chelsea.” Chelsea, 32, had been born deaf, but in childhood was not diagnosed as such. This misdiagnosis led to Chelsea never receiving any language input from American Sign Language (ASL) nor any auditory input. Additionally, no system of home-sign ever arose in her home. Local social services requested an examination of Chelsea when she was 32, leading to the discovery that she was deaf. At that time, she was fitted with her first pair of hearing aids, and began working with <mask>. Curtiss observed that Chelsea was able to learn new vocabulary quickly, similarly to Genie.Chelsea showed strength in regard to semantics and

categorizing words according to their meanings. However, she was unable to develop her syntactic abilities in any significant way. Curtiss noted that Chelsea was unable to consistently produce utterances that were well-formed. Chelsea struggled to generate sentences that followed the Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) word order of English. Curtiss notes that Chelsea was able to grasp many of the non-verbal characteristics of conversation, such as turn-taking, conversational fillers, and facial expressions. Curtiss compares Genie and Chelsea, offering both cases as supporting evidence for a critical period for syntax. Neither of these two individuals had significant exposure to language prior to reaching puberty, and despite attempts to teach them English, neither of them was able to grasp syntax.Curtiss notes that Genie was able to grasp certain facets of the English language, such as phrasal categories, whereas Chelsea was only able to enlarge her lexicon and understand discourse. Modularity
Curtiss has also done research on the modularity of grammar, exploring syntax and semantics are separate faculties of human language. In pursuit of this, Curtiss has conducted research on children who show evidence of dissociating different faculties of language from one another. This research has also served as evidence for the modularity of grammar. In her 1981 article titled Dissociations Between Language and Cognition: Cases and Implications, Curtiss explores the language systems of three children: Genie, Antony, and Marta. The data Curtiss collected from Genie’s case allowed her to conclude that not only were Genie’s syntactic and semantic faculties modular, but also that Genie’s cognitive abilities were not sufficient for further syntactic development. Antony, a mentally retarded 6 year old, was able to produce syntactically well-formed sentences, but they were semantically incorrect.His speech contained the very features that Genie’s speech lacked, further demonstrating the modularity of syntax and semantics as well as showing that there isn’t an innate preference towards one or the other. Marta, later referred to by her real first name, Laura, had a testable IQ between 41 and 48. From an early age she showed strength regarding the syntactic and morphological features of language, but her speech was frequently neither semantically correct nor fully intelligible. These cases serve as evidence supporting Curtiss’ commitment to the modularity of syntactic and semantic faculties. In addition to her research on children who dissociate various language faculties, Curtiss researched the language of elderly adults with Alzheimer’s disease and compared the results to that of elderly adults with unimpaired mental status. The 1987 study was titled Syntactic Preservation in Alzheimer's Disease. Both the group of Alzheimer’s patients and the normal control group were recorded speaking in regular conversation; 50 utterances were transcribed from each participant to determine the number of errors made.The errors were then classified as either syntactic errors or semantic errors. She found that the patients with Alzheimer’s made significantly more semantic errors than syntactic errors. The control group made few errors, with a greater tendency towards syntactic errors. Similar results were produced from a written trial, wherein the Alzheimer’s patients made more semantic errors than syntactic errors. These data supported Curtiss’ belief that syntax was preserved to a greater degree than semantics in Alzheimer’s patients. Curtiss also determined that the number of errors made by each Alzheimer’s patient correlated with the severity of the disease. Curtiss has also helped develop several key language tests for use by clinicians and researchers to diagnose language development.The CYCLE (Curtiss Yamada Comprehensive Language Evaluation) Test is widely used to diagnose language development and language impairments in children and adults. Another test, the CYCLE-N (Curtiss Yamada Comprehensive Language Evaluation—Neurological), was designed specifically for adults and for mapping grammar in the brain. These tests are administered to children and adults with various conditions including autism, Specific Language Impairment (SLI), and dementia to determine which language faculty has been affected so that clinicians can determine the best course of treatment. Language Impaired (LI) Children

<mask>s has performed significant research in the field of language development in children with various language impairments compared to normal children. In 1987, Curtiss provided a report to the US Congress. This report offers data pertaining to the phonology, morphology, syntax,

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 semantics, and pragmatics of both language impaired (LI) and normal English-speaking children as well as provides different subcategories of language impairment. Curtiss notes that LI children understand phonological rules, but that their language system allows for errors in phonology that a normal child’s language system would not.Additionally, there is no data to show that LI children do not grasp morphological rules of their language. Indeed, normal children and LI children learn the same morphemes in the same order, but LI children begin to use those morphemes earlier though they take longer to master the appropriate usage. Curtiss notes that LI children often make syntactically unacceptable utterances, although they have the same syntactic categories. She suggests that these children may be creating sentences outside the rules of grammar. The semantics of LI children were the same as normal children of the same stage of language, meaning they created utterances of the same mean length (MLU). The data regarding the pragmatics of LI children were inconsistent. Although each of these areas is in need of further research, it is clear that pragmatics remains the most unclear.Curtiss suggested that not all LI children show the same performance abilities and deficits. Therefore, she classified LI children into the following four subcategories:

1. Receptively Impaired, meaning that the receptive language was in greater deficit

2. Expressively Impaired, meaning that the expressive language was in greater deficit

3. Severely Impaired, meaning that both receptive and expressive language were more than a year below the cognitive age

4. Mildly Impaired, meaning that both receptive and expressive language were more than a year below the cognitive age when averaged together

Researchers observed that receptively impaired children demonstrated conversational initiative that was not reflected by any of the other subcategories of LI children or normal children. Several differences were noted in the syntactic abilities among the four subcategories of LI children at the age of 4.Expressively impaired children used the narrowest range of syntactic structures when compared with the other subcategories of LI children, and both expressively impaired and severely impaired children had difficulty mastering syntactically complex structures. Interestingly, these differences were no longer apparent in the children by age 5. Curtiss concluded from these data that the subcategories of LI children highlight “psycholinguistic and neuropsychological impairments” in the children rather than linguistic deficits. Specific Language Impairment (SLI)
In 1989, Curtiss published a study titled Familial Aggregation in Specific Language Impairment, in which she examined the concurrence of language impairments within family units. Specific Language Impairment (SLI) is a language impairment in which a child’s language develops atypically, but their difficulties cannot be attributed to factors such as autism or slow development. Curtiss’ study aimed to determine if there was a probable genetic factor involved in SLI. The researchers collected data from 76 SLI children, as well as 54 control children who were matched for age, ethnicity, and IQ.Data was also collected from the family of each child. Researchers found that the parents of SLI children were significantly more likely to report having had language impairments of their own than the parents of normal children. The siblings of impaired children were also more likely to have language impairments than the siblings of normal children. Furthermore, for families that had two language impaired parents, siblings were 52.6% more likely to have language impairments. In families where only one parent had a language impairment, the rate of sibling impairment was 31.6%. Families in which neither parent was language impaired showed a 25% rate of siblings being language impaired. Indeed, this study showed that SLI children are far more likely to have parents or siblings that are language impaired than normal children.The researchers observed that “most families reported either several [SLI] cases in the same family or no [SLI] cases at all.”

Selected Publications
Each of the following publications can be found on Curtiss' website: https://linguistics.ucla.edu/person/susan-curtiss/

Caplan, R., <mask>, S., Chugani, H. and Vinters, H.V. 1996. Pediatric Rasmussen Encephalitis: Social communication, language, PET, and pathology before and after hemispherectomy. Brain and Cognition, 32, 45-66. Curtiss, S. 1978. A New “Wild Child”? [Review of the book The Wild Boy of Burundi: A Study of an Outcase Child by H. Lane & R. Pillard].Contemporary Psychology, vol. 25, 4, 337. Curtiss, S. 1981. Dissociations between language and cognition. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, vol. 11, 1, 15-30. Curtiss, S. 1982.Developmental dissociations of language and cognition. In L. Obler and L. Menn (Eds.) Exceptional Language and Linguistics (Perspectives in Neurolinguistics, Neuropsychology, and Psycholinguistics). New York, NY: Academic Press, 285-312. Curtiss, S. 1982. The special talent of grammar acquisition. In L. Obler and L. Menn (Eds.)Exceptional Language and Linguistics (Perspectives in Neurolinguistics, Neuropsychology, and Psycholinguistics). New York, NY: Academic Press, 364-386. Curtiss, S. 1983. Genie. In Reynolds, C.R. and Fletcher-Janzen, E. (Eds.)Concise Encyclopedia of Special Education: A Reference for the Education of the Handicapped and Other Exceptional Children and Adults. New York: NY, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 709-710. Curtiss, S. 1985. The development of human cerebral lateralization. In D. Frank Benson and E. Zaidel (Eds.) The Dual Brain. New York, NY: The Guillford Press, 97-116.Curtiss, S. 1987. Interagency committee on learning disabilities report to the U.S. Congress: Developmental language disorders

Curtiss, S. 1988. Abnormal language acquisition. In F.J. Newmeyer (Ed.) Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey, Volume II Linguistic Theory: Extensions and Implications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 96-116. Curtiss, S. 1990.What happens if you are raised without language?. Curtiss, S. 1995. Language as a cognitive system. In N. Chomsky (Ed.) Critical Assessment. Routledge, 211-255. Curtiss, S. 2000.Acquisition of word and sentence structure. In V. Fromkin (Ed.) Linguistics: An Introduction to Linguistic Theory. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. Curtiss, S. 2013. Revisiting modularity: Using language as a window to the mind. In M. Piatelli-Palmarini and R.C.Berwick (Eds.) Rich Languages from Poor Inputs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 68-90. <mask>, S. and de Bode, S. 1998. Language outcomes for hemispherectomized children. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual BUCLD, vol. 1, 121-133.<mask>, S. and de Bode, S. 1999. Age and etiology as predictors of language outcome following hemispherectomy. Developmental Neuroscience, vol. 21, 174-181. <mask>, S. and de Bode, S. 2003. How normal is grammtical development in the right hemisphere following hemispherectomy? The root infinitive stage and beyond.Brain and Language, vol. 86, 193-206. <mask>, S. and Schaeffer, J. 2005. Syntactic development in children with hemispherectomy: The I-, D-, and C-systems. Brain and Language, vol. 94, 2, 147-66.<mask>, S. Krashen, S., Fromkin, V., Rigler, D. and Rigler, M. 1973. Language acquisition after the critical period: Genie as of April, 1973. 98-103. <mask>, S., de Bode, S., and Mathern, G.W. 2001. Spoken language outocmes after hemispherectomy: Factoring in etiology. Brain and Language, vol.79, 3, 379-96. <mask>, S., Fromkin, V., Krashen, S., Rigler, D. and Rigler, M. 1974. The linguistic development of Genie. Language, vol. 50, 3, 528-554. <mask>, S., Fromkin, V., Rigler, D., Riger, M. and Krashen, S. 1975. An update on the linguistic development of Genie.In Dato, D.P. (Ed.) Developmental Psycholinguistics: Theory and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 145-153. <mask>, S., Fromkin, V.A. and Krashen, S.D. 1978.Language development in the mature (minor) right hemisphere. ITL: Review of Applied Linguistics 39-40, 23-37. <mask>, S., Jackson, C.A., Kempler, D., Hanson, W.R. and Metter, E.J. 1986. Length vs. structural complexity in sentence comprehension in aphasia. Clinical Aphasiology, vol. 16, 45-55.Curtiss, S., Katz, W. and Tallal, P. 1992. Delay versus deviance in the language acquisition of normal and language-impaired children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, vol. 35, 2, 373-383. <mask>, S., MacSwan, J., Schaeffer, J., Kural, M. and Sano, T. 2004. GCS: A grammatical coding system manual. <mask>, S., MacSwan, J., Schaeffer, J., Kural, M. and Sano, T. 2004.GCS: A grammatical coding system for natural language data. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, vol. 3, 459-480. Curtiss, S., Prutting, C.A. and Lowell, E.L. 1979. Pragmatic and semantic development in young children with impaired hearing. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, vol.22, 534-552. <mask>, <mask>. "The Case of Chelsea." UCLA Working Papers in Linguistics, vol. 18, pp. 115–46. de Bode, S. and Curtiss, S. 1999.Neurobiological mechanisms of language acquisition in Sturge Weber Syndrome. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual BUCLD, vol. 1, 150-161.

de Bode, S. and Curtiss, S. 2000. How the brain copes with a phantom hemisphere and supports language development. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual BUCLD, vol. 1, 232-41.

de Bode, S. and Curtiss. S. 2000.Language after hemispherectomy. Brain and Cognition, vol. 43, 135-205. Fromkin, V., Krashen, S., <mask>, S., Rigler, D. and Rigler, M. 1974. The development of language in Genie: A case of language acquisition beyond the “Critical Period”. Brain and Language, vol. 1, 81-107.Gilkerson, J., Hyams, N., and <mask>, S. 2002. ‘No I Understand Negation’: A preferential looking paradigm study of early knowledge of sentential and anaphoric negation. Gilkerson, J., Hyams, N., and <mask>, S. 2003. On the scope of negation: More evidence for early parameter setting. To appear in Proceedings of Generative Approaches to Language Acquisition. Utrecht, The Netherlands. Grinstead, J., MacSwan, J., <mask>, S. and Gelman, R. 1998.The independence of language and number. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual BUCLD, vol. 1, 303-313. Grinstead, J., MacSwan, J., <mask>, S., and Gelman, R. 2004. The independence of language and number. Jackson, C.A., Kempler, D., Hanson, W.R., <mask>, S., Metter, E.J. and Van Lancker, D. 1988.Syntactic facility in fluent aphasia. In T. Prescott (Ed. ), Clinical Aphasiology, 1988 (Conference on Clinical Aphasiology//Clinical Aphasiology). Cape Cod, MA: College Hill Press, 357-367. Katz, W., Tallal, P., and Curtiss, S. 1992. Rapid automatized naming and gesture by normal and language-impaired children. Brain and Language, vol.43. 623-641. Kempler, D., <mask>, S. and Jackson, C. 1987. Syntactic preservation in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, vol. 30, 343-350. Kempler, D., <mask>, S., Metter, E.J., Jackson, C.A., and Hanson, W.R. 1991.Grammatical comprehension, aphasic syndromes and neuroimaging. Journal of Neurolinguistics, vol. 6, 3, 301-318. Krashen, S.D., <mask>, S., Fromking, V., Rigler, D. and Rigler, M. 1974. Lateralization in the case of Genie. From: BRI, CEREBRAL DOMINANCE, Conference Report #34. University of California, Los Angeles, 13-14.Połczyńska M, Japardi K, <mask> S,  Moody 1, Benjamin C, Cho A, Vigil C1, Kuhn T, Jones M, Bookheimer S. 2017. Improving language mapping in clinical fMRI through assessment of grammar. Neuroimagg Clin. 15:415-427. Połczyńska M., Kuhn T., You S.C., Walshaw P., <mask> S., Bookheimer S. 2017b. Assessment of grammar optimizes language tasks for the intracarotid amobarbital procedure. Epilepsy & Behavior.76:89-100. Polczynska, M., <mask>, S.,  Walshaw, P., Siddartha, P., Benjamin, C., Moseley, BD., Vigil, C., Jones, M., Eliashiv, D. and S, bookheimer. Grammar tests increase the ability to lateralize language function in the Wada test. Epilepsy Res. 108, (10), 1865-1873. S<mask> and J. Yamada. The Curtiss-Yamada Comprehensive Language Evaluation for Neurosurgy (The CYCLE-N)

Tallal, P., <mask>, S. and Kaplan, R. Curtiss, S. 1988.The San Diego Longitudinal Study. In S.E. Gerber & G.T. Mencher (Eds.) International Perspectives on Communication Disorders. Washington D.C.: Gallaudet University Press, 86-126. Tallal, P., Ross, R. and Curtiss, S. 1989.Familial aggregation in Specific Language Impairment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, vol. 54, 167-173. Tallal, P., Ross, R. and Curtiss, S. 1989. Unexpected sex-ratios in families with language learning-impaired children. Neuropsychologia, vol. 27, 7, 987-998.Tallal, P., Townsend, J., <mask>, S. and Wulfeck, B. 1991. Phenotypic profiles of language. Brain and Language, vol. 41, 81-95. See also
 Linguistic development of Genie

References

Linguists from the United States
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<mask> (born 15 May 1990) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for  club Rotherham United. <mask> was a regular for the Leicester under-18 side (playing alongside the likes of Ashley Chambers, Max Gradel, Andy King and Eric Odhiambo) as well as England U17s. He was part of the U18 squad that won the FA Premier Academy League by beating Sunderland U18s 4–3 on penalties in the 2006–07 season, and was voted Leicester's academy player of the season. He made his senior debut for Leicester in a 2–1 home defeat to Norwich City on 14 April 2007, replacing Gareth McAuley in the 78th minute at left back. He was given the number 30 shirt worn the year before by another promising youngster, James Wesolowski. <mask> went on to start three games against Birmingham City, Preston North End and Barnsley during the close of the 2006–07 season.On 9 November 2007, during the 2007–08 season, <mask> signed a new three-year contract with Leicester. The club rejected a bid from an unnamed Premier League club for <mask> on 14 January 2008 (later revealed to be West Ham United). Following Leicester's relegation in the 2007–08 season, Aston Villa became interested in <mask> and then-teammate Richard Stearman. While Stearman left for Wolves in the July transfer window, <mask> remained at the club for another year. He did, however, hand in a transfer request during pre-season, but was unable to secure a deal with any club. <mask> suffered ligament damage to his left ankle in a 1–0 League Cup win over Stockport County on 12 August 2008. Fortunately, there was no fracture, meaning he would be out for several weeks instead of months.On 28 August, three days before the close of the transfer window, Leicester rejected seven-figure offers from two unnamed clubs for <mask>. He scored his first and only goal for Leicester in a 2–0 win over Yeovil Town on 19 January 2009. Leicester went on to regain promotion to the Championship by finishing the season as league champions. West Bromwich Albion
On 6 August, while away on international duty, <mask> was ecstatic when informed by his agent that West Bromwich Albion were interested in him. Eager to leave Leicester, he submitted his transfer request to chairman Milan Mandarić. The manner in which <mask> made the request infuriated manager Nigel Pearson. He signed a three-year contract with West Brom four days later for a fee of £1 million, citing Richard Stearman as his motivation for leaving Leicester.The comment angered many Leicester fans and he was booed upon his return to the Walkers Stadium in November. <mask> made his debut for Albion in the 2–0 League Cup win over Bury. In January 2011, he joined Sheffield United on loan until end of the 2010–11 Football League Championship season making his first start for the Blades away at Coventry City a couple of days later. He went on to make 13 appearances for the Yorkshire club but was unable to help prevent them from being relegated at the end of the season. In November of the same year, <mask> joined Championship team Portsmouth on a loan deal lasting until 2 January 2012, alongside George Thorne. He made his debut two days later, starting in the 1–1 draw against Leicester City. On 31 January 2012, <mask> signed for Championship side Brighton & Hove Albion on a loan deal lasting until the end of the season.On 17 March, he scored in a 3–1 away defeat to Blackpool. In total, <mask> made 15 league appearances for the Seagulls during his loan spell. On 16 May 2012, <mask> was released by West Bromwich Albion after his contract was not renewed. Sheffield Wednesday
In June 2012, <mask> was expected to complete a permanent transfer to Brighton following his successful loan spell, but instead agreed a three-year contract at newly promoted Championship side Sheffield Wednesday. At the end of the 2014–15 season, <mask> was one of eleven players released from their contracts by the club. Rotherham United
On 12 June 2015, <mask> signed for Championship club Rotherham United. He made his debut in a 2–1 defeat against Nottingham Forest on 15 August 2015 and scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 defeat to Brentford on 17 October 2015.On 24 May 2017, <mask> signed a two-year extension to his contract, keeping him at the club until June 2019.

International career
After making his first team debut, <mask> was named in the England squad for the U17 Championships in Belgium. On 3 October 2007, <mask> was called up to the England U19 squad for the 2008 European U19 Championship. On 12 November, <mask> was called up to the England U21 squad alongside former clubmate Richard Stearman for the 2009 European U21 Championship qualifiers, making his debut in a 2–0 win over Bulgaria U21 on 16 November. In doing so he became the second youngest player to represent the England U21, behind Theo Walcott. However, he did not make the final squad for the tournament and instead played at the U19 European Championships. He scored his first ever international goal in the group stage and helped England to the final where they lost out to the hosts, Ukraine. Personal life
<mask> grew up in the Eyres Monsell area of Leicester.On 2 September 2009, he was charged with assaulting four people in the Churchgate area of Leicester. In July 2011, <mask> pleaded guilty to a charge of affray and on 23 October 2011 he was sentenced to ten months in prison, suspended for two years, and ordered to complete 150 hours of unpaid work and pay £1,500 costs. Career statistics

Honours
Leicester City
Premier Academy League: 2006–07
Football League One: 2008–09

West Bromwich Albion
Football League Championship runner-up: 2009–10

Rotherham United
EFL League One play-offs: 2018

England U19
UEFA European Under-19 Championship runner-up: 2009

Individual
Leicester City Academy Player of the Year: 2006–07

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Leicester
English footballers
England youth international footballers
England under-21 international footballers
Association football defenders
Leicester City F.C. players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Portsmouth F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Rotherham United F.C. players
English Football League players

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