text_chunks:
<mask> (born 13 May 1951) is an English television presenter who co-hosted the first dedicated breakfast television programme in the UK before crossing the Atlantic to join West 57th, a prime-time current-affairs show broadcast from New York. <mask> continues to write, and run her lifestyle brand Naturally Selina <mask>. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Scarborough, North Riding of Yorkshire, in 1951. She read English and American studies at the University of East Anglia. Her secondary education was at Laurence Jackson School in Guisborough, North Yorkshire where she became Head Girl. Journalism
<mask> trained on D. C. Thomson's The Sunday Post newspaper in Dundee, Scotland, once lauded in Guinness World Records as having the "highest per capita readership in the world", before becoming press officer for the Highlands and Islands Tourist board on the Isle of Bute. She made her television debut on the weeknightly news programme for the regional ITV station Grampian Television, North Tonight in Aberdeen at the height of the North Sea oil boom.British television
Several months after North Tonight began, <mask>, aged 29, was headhunted by ITN, appearing as a newsreader on ITN's News at Ten. In 1982, at the outbreak of the Falklands War, <mask> became the Forces' pin-up. Eighteen months after she first anchored ITV's News at Ten, she was poached by the BBC to launch Breakfast Time in January 1983. In contrast to Alastair Burnet and Sandy Gall, who had welcomed her at ITN, she presented the new show with Frank Bough. In a 2020 interview <mask> said that Bough would deliberately undermine her by interrupting mid-question and in other ways; when she attempted to complain she said that senior management simply wasn't interested: "they seemed to have no emotional intelligence, and they let men like Frank Bough roam the BBC without any check on them". She said that there was a very sexist atmosphere at the BBC, "this malevolence". When she left Breakfast Time, she accepted the role as presenter of the BBC's The Clothes Show (1986–1988), and was guest host on the chat show Wogan.Here she interviewed, amongst many others, Ginger Rogers and Prince Andrew. In connection with interviewing Andrew, she says he asked her out, but she managed to ignore it. It was at this time that Albert Broccoli, the producer of the James Bond films, auditioned <mask> for the role of Miss Moneypenny in The Living Daylights. "He sat me on a high stool so he and his producer could get a good eyeful," <mask> told The Lady in 2013. <mask> appeared on Britain's first government-authorised satellite service, BSB, before Rupert Murdoch's Sky headhunted her when the two companies merged. There she co-anchored its 1992 election-night coverage with David Frost. <mask> has also produced independent documentaries on the Royals in Europe including A Prince Among Islands, a profile of Prince Charles which achieved 14 million viewers, the first in depth interview with King Juan Carlos of Spain, The Year of Spain (which also achieved record viewing figures for a documentary in Spain) and The Return of the King, returning to Greece with King Constantine and his family after 25 years of exile to which the Greek government reacted, menacing their journey by boat through the Greek islands with gunboats and aircraft.This dramatic intervention led not only to national headlines in the UK and Greece but ultimately to King Constantine appealing to the European Court of Human Rights to stop the Greek Government confiscating his passport and his Athens property. A settlement was eventually reached. In 2007, she took part in the BBC Two series: The Underdog Show to highlight the Dogs Trust Charity for rescued animals. After six weeks of intensive training she was voted the winner with an abandoned wolfhound cross Chump, beating singer Huey Morgan and actress Julia Sawalha in the final. In October 2008, <mask> presented a four-part series for the Sky Arts channel and ITV, Edward Seago — The Forgotten Painter, and included interviews with Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh; who described how he and Seago explored, on HMS Britannia, a pristine Antarctic soon after the first official royal tour to Australia. In 2018 <mask> appeared in 4 episodes of the BBC's The Real Marigold Hotel, shot in Rajasthan, which she had always wanted to visit as her great-great-grandfather (a soldier surgeon) survived the Siege of Lucknow. In December 2021, <mask> was one of the four walkers travelling with the BBC's 360 degree camera, in the first series of BBC Four's Winter Walks.<mask>'s episode featured a walk through Wharfedale in the Yorkshire Dales. America and Donald Trump
CBS in America hired her for their news show West 57th, which on one assignment took her to Kenya. For CBS, <mask> gained exclusive access and revealing interviews with, amongst others, George Harrison, Prince Charles, Bono of U2 and the world chess champion Garry Kasparov. Whilst in America, <mask> interviewed Donald Trump. Her 1995 documentary for ITV about Trump was the first investigation into his honesty. It exposed him as a liar who owed the banks hundreds of millions of dollars. Owing to a technical issue with the camera, <mask> interviewed Trump twice.In the two interviews he was found to have contradicted himself; the programme intercut them. When it aired on ITV, Trump was shocked by its critical tone and threatened <mask> with legal action and sent her numerous angry threatening letters, an issue which partly became public knowledge at the time. Trump warned ITV that if they sold the rights to any of the American television stations that were bidding for it, he would tie them up in the courts. ITV complied, meaning the US press and public were unable to see the documentary. It also started a long-running feud between Trump and <mask>. Shortly after the interview with Trump, <mask> signed a deal reportedly worth $200,000 to host her own talk show, The Selina <mask> Show for NBC Super Channel. By 1997, she was back in the UK, signing a contract with Sky reputedly for £1,000,000.She anchored the breakfast programme, later switching to the 5pm news. Personal life

<mask> lives on a  farm in a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty where she has created a "nature haven" for threatened species. She has established a natural fibres business, Naturally <mask> <mask>, sourcing sustainable cashmere from the Gobi Desert in Outer Mongolia (a journey she made in 2016 to see for herself how the fibre is produced, and animals raised). <mask> lived with the nomads in their Gers and traced the entire process from the rearing of the Cashmere goats to the making of the finished garment in Ulan Batar before launching to the public. She is the eldest of five children: her brother Robin is editor of Britain's best-selling shooting magazine, Sporting Gun and her sisters are Angela, Vanessa, and Fiona, the last a fine art portrait artist, who regularly exhibits at the Royal Society of Portrait Painters Exhibition in London. In April 2007 Fiona exhibited a long-awaited portrait of her eldest sister. <mask> purchased the painting.At the time when Princess Diana was, like <mask>, having problems with the press, Michael Shea, press secretary to the Queen, asked <mask> if she would befriend the princess. He thought that <mask> might be able to advise her on dealing with the press; <mask> commented "the trouble was I was going through just the same as she was". <mask> did befriend Diana, but they did not discuss the press. In a departure from broadcasting, <mask> wrote her first autobiographical book, A Long Walk in the High Hills: The Story of a House, a Dog and a Spanish Island, published in 2010. This book describes how Kendi, her rescued German Shepherd, came to live with her. <mask> also has another dog, Nip, a female Border collie cross. With her continuing interest in literature, <mask> became Patron of the Charles Dickens Society, based in Malton, North Yorkshire, raising a public appeal to buy a rare signed edition of A Christmas Carol at auction in New York.The story of the rescue of the book found in a refuse bin in New York, and its homecoming to the market town of Malton (where the character of Scrooge and his Counting House was reputedly based) made national headlines. In March 2012, <mask> was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Journalism degree from the University of Hull. Activism
<mask> is an active campaigner for causes such as animal welfare and wildlife conservation, spearheading a campaign to ban the live transportation of animals in Europe after Brexit, which achieved over 100,000 signatures to initiate a debate in Parliament. She supported Brexit because of this issue. In August 2008, <mask> announced her intention to sue Channel 5, a UK television station, for age discrimination. She claimed Five reneged on an agreement for her to return to News because she was "too old". <mask> hired Simon Smith of Schillings, and Five denied the claim.A preliminary hearing began on 24 September 2008 with a full five-day hearing scheduled for December 2008. On 5 December 2008 she won, with Five issuing a public apology and making a confidential out-of-court financial settlement. It was later reported that she accepted the offer, despite publicly declaring she would have her day in court, as her father had become seriously ill in December. He died on Christmas Eve and she wanted to be at his side and felt unable to continue the action as planned. Following her claim against ageism, Age UK and Equal Justice, a legal firm, commissioned <mask> to compile a report investigating the employment of women over 50 years old at the BBC. The report was delivered to Sir Michael Lyons, Chairman of the BBC Trust and Jeremy Hunt, the shadow Culture and Media Secretary in April 2010. The report accused the BBC of institutional ageism against older women.In 2014 the Telegraph newspaper reported that <mask> was considering standing for election to Parliament as a Conservative MP; <mask> commented that this was nonsense, she was not even a Tory. Charitable patronage
President: Malton Food Lovers Festival
Patron: Charles Dickens (Malton) Society
Patron: Animals Worldwide
Patron: National Star College

References

External links
 The Observer (Tim Adams) TV go home 27 August 2006

1951 births
Alumni of the University of East Anglia
BBC newsreaders and journalists
British radio journalists
British reporters and correspondents
British television newsreaders and news presenters
English radio personalities
English television journalists
English women journalists
ITN newsreaders and journalists
ITV regional newsreaders and journalists
Living people
People from Guisborough
People from Scarborough, North Yorkshire
Reality show winners
STV News newsreaders and journalists
Scottish television talk show hosts
British women television journalists
Women radio presenters

masks:
Selina Mary Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Selina
Scott
Scott
Selina
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott


text_chunks:
<mask> (; 17 August 1896 – 10 December 1972) was a Chinese communist revolutionary and one of the most influential leaders of the People's Republic of China during the 1940s and 1950s. He was one of the major military leaders of China during the Chinese Civil War along with Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Peng Dehuai and Lin Biao. <mask> was one of the initiators of the Central Rural Work Development that aimed on achieving agricultural growth. <mask> also had a close relationship to Mao Zedong on issues related to agricultural reforms, however he was purged from all positions due to the Cultural Revolution. Biography

Early life

<mask>, a native of Fujian, was born in 17 August 1896 in Longyan and he came from a family of impoverished rural scholars. After attending secondary school in China, he decided to study in Japan, however, after one year, he was forced to drop out due to lung disease and return to China. In September 1923, <mask> founded the Rock Sound newspaper which aimed to spread Marxist ideas.Between 1917-1928 he briefly worked as a teacher, but mostly as an employee, and then he began working as a salesman in his family's business. This experience is what made him familiar with market mechanisms and with the organic links between urban and rural economies. The revolutionary surge in the 1920s drew <mask> into political action. He initially joined the Kuomintang and then, in December 1926, he joined the Communist Party of China. He organised many guerrilla strikes in his home province, Fujian. <mask>jin soviet government of 1931–1933. After the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, in 1938, he became a major military leader of the newly created New Fourth Army.During the course of the wars <mask> participated in, he became a close associate of Mao Zedong and he belonged in the small circle of Mao's faithful comrades. Career

Early Career

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, <mask> suffered from hepatitis and diabetes, however he continued to work with these diseases. He dominated both the party's and the state's policies throughout the period 1953–1962 and he often came into various conflicts with Mao Zedong over agricultural issues. Following his appointment to head the party’s newfound Rural Work Department in early 1953,
<mask> became the Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China in 1954, overseeing agriculture, forestry, fisheries,
hydraulics, trade and finance in the rural sector. During the initial phases of agricultural collectivization, he supported proposals for the redistribution of lands to poor peasants from the wealthy peasants and landlords. However, during the mid-1950s he reverted his early support of moderate policies. Deng became a strong defender of peasant property rights, he started opposing the radical policies of forced agricultural collectivization pursued by Mao, especially after the Great Leap Forward.He relied on extensive investigations into the rural economy to support legal protection of peasant property rights while advocating against policies involving extreme egalitarianism, by opposing policies such as excessive government grain requisitions, state monopoly of agricultural pricing and the frequent and rapid transfer of property ownership. Deng's proposals inaugurated major agricultural reforms, such as the 'household contract system' (包产捣毁, baochan daohu) concerning the country's food crisis. In this system, Deng found an efficient means of resolving the recurrent difficulties that were being faced in the management of collective work. The system was supported by the chief members of the politburo, such as Tian Jiaying, Chen Yun and <mask> Xiaoping, however, when it was proposed to Mao Zedong, he refused to consider it because he believed that it pointed to the direction of capitalism. Late career and conflict with Mao Zedong
During the Central Committee Work Conference at Beidaihe (6 August 1962 - 24 August 1962) the agricultural questioned was placed first. After Mao Zedong's speech on a general leaders' meeting in the 6th of August, the themes of class struggle, criticism of the 'winds of individual farming' (单干风, danganfeng) and 'winds of darkness' (黑暗风, hei’anfang) dominated discussions in meetings held by regional groups. Mao used a central structure (中心小组, zhongxin xiaozu), comprising members of the politburo and a number of regional leaders, to centralize topics of discussion and channel the opinions expressed.<mask> now felt that he was being directly targeted and, on the 10th of August, he tried to defend himself against attacks by Li Jingquan, Chen Boda and Ke Qingshi. He reminded to them that the 'responsibility system for contracting work and output' (包产责任制, baochan zerenzhi) had been ratified by the Communist Party as early as 1957. This policy had been undermined after 1958, but its resumption would improve collective farming. <mask> stated that the 'farming responsibility system' (责任田, zerentian) could not be considered a form of individual farming. However, on the following day, Mao defamed <mask>, by describing him as an individual 'devoid of any intellectual predisposition in favour of the socialist revolution'. Later on, Mao’s attacks took the form of comments that he implanted into speeches by other leaders. He also distributed an old document from the Rural Work Department in order to stigmatise <mask>’s change of position.Additionally, in one harsh handwritten note, Mao recalled some supposed 'serious and historic errors' committed by <mask> at the beginning of the 1950s. Shortly after, the Rural Work Department which <mask> was in charge of, was accused by Mao of 'having done nothing useful for the past ten years' and dissolved. Death and legacy
<mask> was persecuted by Lin Biao and Jiang Qing and purged from all positions during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976). Beset with illness and bereft of official protection, <mask> died from an accident on 10 December 1972 in Beijing. He was posthumously rehabilitated and his reputation was restored. Because of his efforts to resist hasty collectivization and his pioneering advocacy of the responsibility system, <mask> became a 'hero before his time' in recent historical reconstructions. In 1987, the 'Deng Zihui Memorial Hall' was built in Dongxiao.A statue of <mask> was placed in the middle of the hall. A biography of him was written in 1996. Family

<mask> Zihui was born into a prosperous family and he was the second eldest out of eight children. His father was a businessman working in Ganzhou, while his mother was doing the housework. <mask>'s mother died from an illness when he was only thirteen years old. In the first month of 1915, <mask> fell in love with his future wife, Cao Quangdi (June 1899 – November 1954). Later, during the same year, he proposed to her and on the tenth day of the first lunar month of 1916, he married her.Deng taught her how to read and write, while explaining revolutionary concepts to her, which she slowly accepted. Soon, Cao gave birth to their eldest son, <mask> Yisheng. In April 1928, <mask> <mask> was labeled a criminal by the nationalist Kuomintang government and as a family member, his wife was also wanted along with him. Cao, who was pregnant at the time, was forced to hide in Tibet where she gave birth to the couple's daughter, <mask> Fangmei. During the Dragon Boat Festival, she secretly returned to China with his son and daughter, however she was caught by the  local security chief and was arrested along with her parents. The Kuomintang pressured Cao to reveal her husband's whereabouts, however she refused. She was imprisoned for two months and then she was let go under surveillance.In the autumn of 1934, the Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet was in a state of emergency and the Chinese Red Army was coming close to the historic Long March. <mask> <mask> was forced to divorce her, in order to not cause trouble for her and to protect her and the rest of his family against reprisals from the Kuomintang. In 1954, Cao suffered from uterine cancer and passed away. <mask> met and married his second wife, Huang Xiuxiang, in late 1934. Huang, was a native of Fujian and she lived very close to <mask> <mask>'s home. They had two children together (<mask> Xiaolan and <mask> Ruisheng). Three days after the birth of their eldest child, <mask> Huaisheng, they were forced to sent him to a farmer's home in Huichang along with the son of Lin Boqu, due to the consequences of the civil war.Later on, Huang was wounded, captured and executed during the breakout of the Long March. In 1936, during the Chinese New Year, <mask> remarried; this time with a woman named Chen Lan. Chen was born in 1913 but due to family poverty, she was sold to a mason's family as a child bride when she was only six years old. She joined the communist guerillas under the command of <mask> <mask> after the Kuomintang killed her family in late 1934 where she served as a mimeographer, intelligence agent, needlewoman, sentry and cook. The couple had seven children together (incl. <mask> Husheng and <mask> Hansheng). Chen died in Beijing, in 2005, at the age of 92.References

Further reading

1896 births
1972 deaths
Politicians from Longyan
Vice Premiers of the People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China politicians from Fujian
Victims of the Cultural Revolution
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Fujian
Vice Chairpersons of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference

masks:
Deng Zihui
Deng
Deng Zihui
Deng Zihui
Deng
Deng
Dengui
Deng
Deng
Deng
Deng
Deng
Deng
Deng
Deng
Deng
Deng
Deng
Deng
Deng
Deng
Deng
Deng
Deng
Deng
Deng
Zihui
Deng
Deng
Zihui
Deng
Deng
Zihui
Deng
Deng
Deng
Deng
Deng
Zihui
Deng
Deng


text_chunks:
<mask>. (December 1, 1920 – February 10, 1952) was a highly decorated fighter pilot and flying ace of the United States Army Air Forces in World War II, and later of the United States Air Force during the Korean War. <mask> rose to the rank of major, and was promoted posthumously to lieutenant colonel and awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in "MiG Alley" during the latter war. He was the only flying ace of the United States to be killed in action in Korea. Born in Dublin, Texas, <mask> joined the United States Army Air Corps in early 1942. He was sent to the Pacific Theatre after pilot training and flew in the New Guinea and Philippine campaigns, scoring seven victories over Japanese aircraft. He quickly gained a reputation as a skilled pilot and accurate gunner whose "daredevil" flying style contrasted with his reserved personality. <mask> did not see action in Korea until late 1951.In spite of this, he achieved considerable success flying the F-86 Sabre fighter jet, quickly rising to become the war's ace of aces and downing fourteen North Korean, Chinese, and Soviet aircraft before his death in February 1952. During his final combat mission in northwest Korea, <mask> surprised and attacked twelve Chinese MiG-15 fighter jets about to attack friendly aircraft in "MiG Alley", downing two of the MiG-15s before he was shot down and killed. Controversies arose surrounding the circumstances of his death. <mask> is the fourth-highest US scoring ace of the Korean War with a total of 14 victories added to the 7 he scored in World War II. He is one of seven US military pilots to become an ace in two wars, and one of 31 US pilots to be credited with more than 20 victories. Early life
<mask> was born in Dublin, Texas, on December 1, 1920. He was the seventh of nine children born to <mask> Sr. and Pearl Love <mask>.In his childhood, <mask> briefly lived in Maple, Texas. <mask> attended Morton High School in Morton, Texas. <mask> then attended Harding College in Searcy, Arkansas. After completing a degree, he returned to Texas. He took up farming for a time with his family before eventually deciding to join the military. Friends and colleagues would later describe <mask> as quiet, calm, and reserved as well as a natural leader. When flying, he would become "cool and calculating" in combat.He did not drink alcohol or smoke tobacco, unlike many other pilots, and he had a subdued personality in spite of his "daredevil" flying style. <mask> married Doris Lynn Forgason, and was survived by three children, Mary Margaret <mask> (born 1944) and <mask> III (born 1952). His wife was six months pregnant with their third child, Charles Lynn <mask>, at the time of his death in 1952. Military career

World War II

On March 21, 1942, <mask> enlisted in the United States Army in Lubbock, Texas, just after the US entry into World War II. On June 3, he was appointed an aviation cadet in the Army Air Corps. He was moved to Kelly Field in San Antonio, Texas for pre-flight training, which he completed in August. He was then moved to Jones Field in Bonham, Texas for primary flight training.During this training, he got his first 60 hours of flight time aboard a Fairchild PT-19 trainer aircraft. Then, he flew for another 74 hours during Basic Flight Training in Waco, Texas and a final stint of training aboard the T-6 Texan at Aloe Field in Victoria, Texas. On February 16, 1943, <mask> completed his training and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the US Army Reserve, and immediately ordered to active duty with the Army Air Forces. By this time he had accrued 314 hours of flight time. <mask>' first assignment was the 312th Bombardment Group based at Bowman Field in Louisville, Kentucky. There, he was qualified to fly the P-40 Warhawk fighter plane. He was trained there until August 1943 when the group was ordered to the Pacific Theater of Operations.New Guinea
<mask> was flown to Port Moresby, New Guinea where he was quickly reassigned to the 342nd Fighter Squadron, 348th Fighter Group of the Fifth United States Air Force. The group flew the P-47 Thunderbolt fighter plane. By December, his unit moved to Finschhafen, where it could operate over the Solomon Sea against air forces of the Empire of Japan, and he quickly earned the nickname "Curly" because of his straight black hair. <mask> was also known among the pilots to be very confident of himself. <mask> served under the command of Colonel Neel E. Kearby, who himself would later receive the Medal of Honor. Many of the other pilots in the unit would become aces quickly in the conflict. In <mask>' first combat experience, his unit was sent on a patrol to Cape Gloucester on December 31, 1943, in support of the New Britain campaign as the Battle of Cape Gloucester began.However, the 15 aircraft were diverted to Arawe to the southwest. There, they were to counterattack Japanese aircraft which were targeting Allied convoys during the Battle of Arawe. En route, they encountered 11 Japanese D3A Val and A6M Zero aircraft attacking an Allied convoy from  to . They immediately ambushed the Japanese planes, catching them by surprise. <mask> quickly attacked a disorganized formation of the aircraft, downing a D3A Val as it completed a bombing run. By the end of the short battle, eight Japanese aircraft had been shot down and only one American plane had been damaged. The next combat mission came on February 3, 1944.Sixteen P-47s were on a mission escorting a flight of B-24 Liberators on a bombing mission over Wewak. When they were  west of the target area, they were ambushed by a flight of Nakajima Ki-43 Oscars and Kawasaki Ki-61 Tony aircraft at . As the American aircraft rushed to the defense of the bombers, <mask> managed to attack and shoot down a Ki-61 which had been attacking another P-47. In all, seven Japanese aircraft were destroyed in the attack. The next day, <mask> was promoted to first lieutenant. For the next several months, <mask>' unit undertook patrol and escort missions in the Cape Gloucester area and around the islands of Saidor, Manus, and Momote. Through May, these actions were relatively uneventful, except for one fighter sweep mission from Wewak.<mask> flew 69 missions from May to August, including several dive-bombing attacks on Japanese positions on Hansa Bay. <mask> then flew another 40 missions from September to November, including six patrols between Wakde Island and Hollandia. On November 14, <mask> was promoted to the temporary rank of captain. Philippines
Around December 1944, the unit began supporting missions in the Philippines, and was moved to Tacloban Airport on Leyte Island. On December 10, after five uneventful weather-probing missions, <mask> and the unit were assigned an escort mission. The aircraft were to cover a flotilla of troop transports moving from Baybay to Oromoc Bay. En route, they were attacked by four Ki-61 Tony aircraft at .After a quick series of maneuvers, <mask> climbed to  and used the glare of the sun to ambush two of the aircraft below him. He pursued them as far as Cebu Island. He closed to within  of the pair before destroying the first with his machine guns, and then the second near Negros Island as it attempted to dive for cover in a cloud. The unit undertook eight more patrol missions over Mindoro, covering Allied convoys. On December 20, <mask> was in one of twelve Thunderbolts patrolling Mindoro when eight A6M Zeroes were spotted attempting to ambush the flight from behind. <mask> managed to rake the cockpit of one Zero and kill the pilot, earning him his fifth victory to become a flying ace. Immediately after this, however, <mask>' P-47 was struck by machine-gun fire from another aircraft, damaging the propeller and left wing components.On December 24, on a mission to escort several B-24s on a bombing mission of the Japanese-held Clark Field at Manila, <mask> shot down two more Zeroes, part of a group of Japanese aircraft attempting to harass the bombers. <mask> was awarded a Silver Star for this action. Between this action and February 19, 1945, <mask> flew another 47 missions, most escorting bombers or ships, in addition to a few ground-attack missions, but saw little or no aerial combat in that time. On February 19, he was withdrawn from the front to begin certification on the P-51 Mustang, logging 45 hours of training time on the aircraft through the end of March. He returned to combat duty only briefly in April, flying in three combat missions as a copilot aboard a B-25 Mitchell bomber. On May 3, 1945, he was reassigned to Goodfellow Field at San Angelo, Texas, helping to train new pilots and serving as an operations officer for the base until the end of the war. During his World War II service, <mask> flew 266 missions, accruing a total of 705 combat hours and destroying seven Japanese aircraft.For these exploits, he was awarded the Silver Star, two Distinguished Flying Crosses and nine Air Medals. By the end of this war, <mask> had over 2,200 hours of flight time. Postwar
After the end of the war, <mask> served in a number of administrative positions in the United States. On August 10, 1945, he was assigned to the 556th Air Base Unit at Long Beach, California. On August 24, 1946, he was offered a commission as a first lieutenant in the active duty Army Air Corps, demoting him from his temporary rank but effectively allowing him to stay in the military in spite of the demobilization and downsizing of the US military. Several weeks later on September 7, <mask> was ordered to the 554th Air Base Unit in Memphis, Tennessee, where he served on one of the Army Air Corps aerobatic demonstration teams, the predecessors to the United States Air Force Thunderbirds. <mask> returned to front line units on January 6, 1947, when he was moved to the 71st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 1st Fighter Group.He remained with this formation for most of the year. On September 18, 1947, the United States Air Force was created as a separate branch from the US Army. <mask> was commissioned as a captain in the new branch. During his time with the 71st Squadron, <mask> attended Air Tactical School and Tyndall Air Force Base. He was also a flight commander and air inspector while with the unit. Korean War

Upon the outbreak of the Korean War, <mask> continued to serve in the 71st Squadron and did not see combat in the initial phase of the war. As it progressed, however, <mask> began training on the F-86 Sabre (Sabrejet), the latest jet engine-powered fighter.On February 15, 1951, he was promoted to major and in October 1951 he was assigned to the headquarters of the 4th Fighter-Interceptor Wing, which was based in Japan and operating aircraft throughout Korea. As such, <mask> was sent to the conflict as a fighter pilot. Command and success
During a patrol on November 4, 1951, <mask> was credited with a "probable" victory over a Russian-made MiG-15 fighter jet of the Soviet Air Force or Chinese Air Force, giving him his first victory of the Korean War. On November 10, <mask> was given command of the 334th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, a unit of the 4th Wing. <mask> and his squadron were relocated to Kimpo Airfield to allow them the best access to "MiG Alley" in North Korea, where much of the air-to-air combat took place. Of his leadership, subordinates often praised the quality of his training; <mask> spent a great deal of time training new and younger pilots in tactics during his command. Commanders noted he often led by example, and <mask> was known to be greatly respected, even among his rival ace pilots.He gained the nickname "One Burst <mask>" for his extremely accurate shooting. From November 1 to 26, he flew 17 missions in the Sinanju and Uiju areas, most resulting in no combat. On November 27, <mask> was leading a formation of eight F-86s on a patrol near Sinanju, when they spotted and attacked six MiG-15s. He immediately downed one of the MiGs, striking its fuselage and forcing the pilot to bail out. He pursued a second MiG-15 to Koch'ong-ni and damaged it, forcing its pilot to bail out, as well. In all, four of the MiG-15s were destroyed by <mask>' patrol. For several more days, <mask> led relatively quiet patrols, until November 30, <mask>' 22nd combat mission in Korea.Around 16:00, <mask>' flight of eight F-86s spotted a large group of nine Tupolev Tu-2 bombers from the Chinese 8th Bomber Division, escorted by 16 Lavochkin La-11 fighters from the Chinese 2nd Fighter Division near Sahol along the Yalu River. The force was en route to a bombing mission on Taehwado Island in the Pansong archipelago. <mask> maneuvered the patrol into position for a firing pass on the bombers. He completed four attack runs on the formation, being continuously attacked by the La-11 fighters, which were unable to hit his aircraft. In spite of being separated from his wingmen, he managed to destroy two of the bombers and cause the crew of a third to bail out. By this time, another group of F-86s arrived to continue the fight, as <mask>' aircraft were low on ammunition and fuel. As the flight attempted to withdraw, one of <mask>' pilots, Raymond O. Barton, called for help.<mask> flew to Barton's aid and found Barton's damaged aircraft under attack from 24 MiG-15s of the Chinese 3rd Fighter Division arriving as reinforcement. As two MiG-15s prepared a final attack on Barton, <mask> swooped through their pass and scored direct hits on one, killing the Chinese flight leader who commanded the MiG pack. The second broke off its attack. <mask> then escorted Barton's damaged aircraft back to base, landing with only  of fuel left in his tanks. For the day's actions, <mask> was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. The Taehwado bombing mission forced the Chinese Air Force to end all bombing missions for the rest of the war, while the "hat trick"-plus-one of downing four Chinese aircraft in the fight resulted in raising <mask>' confirmed victory count in Korea to six, making him the fifth jet ace of the war and the first man in the history of the US military to become an ace in two wars. At this point,

masks:
George Andrew Davis Jr
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
George Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
George Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis


text_chunks:
 <mask> wrote to his family that he expected to be home by Christmas, but then the Air Force extended his tour of duty.On December 5, <mask> flew his next combat mission, his 23rd of the war. While on a search-and-destroy patrol over Rinko-do, <mask> spotted two MiG-15s, shooting one down and forcing the other to withdraw. Ten minutes later, he spotted another MiG-15 preparing to attack near Haech'ang and destroyed it as well. On December 13, another group of MiG-15s attacked <mask> during a morning patrol near Yongwon. <mask> destroyed one MiG, and as a second MiG attempted to target his wingman, <mask> outmaneuvered it and shot it down. At the end of the patrol, <mask> had amassed 10 victories, making him the first double ace of the war. During an afternoon patrol commanding twenty-two F-86's, <mask> spotted fifty MiGs in the Sunchun, South Korea area heading further south towards the Taechon area.He surprised and destroyed one MiG, and then turned on another in an aggressive attack which forced the MiG pilot to bail out. After 30 combat missions in Korea, <mask> had 12 victories. After this successful series of patrols, <mask> was ordered to conduct only one patrol a day in order to minimize the risk to him. The order had previously been sent on December 1, but <mask> had apparently ignored it. Both the Air Force and <mask>' family had growing concerns that Chinese and Soviet pilots would be gunning for <mask>, given his success and fame. By this point, <mask> had 12 victories, and the second-highest scoring aces each had sixDavis was averaging one victory for three missions. In January, <mask> wrote home, expressing frustration at the slow logistics of replacement aircraft parts, claiming this was slowing down missions.He also began to express contempt for the F-86, feeling at times it was being outperformed by the MiG and that "something will have to be done" to give the UN pilots more of an advantage in combat. He also said that he had begun to grow tired of the constant publicity about him. "They're trying to make a hero of me and I find it rather embarrassing", he wrote in a letter. At other times, <mask> indicated he preferred to stay in combat. In late January 1951, the Air Force told <mask> it wanted to rotate him back to the United States. By this point, <mask> held every record for a jet pilot, including most victories in all types of aircraft, most MiGs destroyed and most victories over propeller-driven aircraft. However, the Air Force determined it had no capable replacement who could command <mask>' squadron, and other pilots indicated they wanted him to stay, considering him to be an able and effective leader.Medal of Honor action and death
On February 10, 1952, <mask> flew his 59th and last combat mission of the war in an F-86E Sabre (tail number 51-2752). That day, he led a flight of four F-86s on a patrol near the Yalu River, near the Manchurian border. <mask>' group was part of a larger UN force of 18 F-86s operating in the area. As <mask>' patrol reached the border, one of his F-86 pilots reported he was out of oxygen causing <mask> to order him to return to base with his wingman. As <mask> continued patrolling with one wingman, Second Lieutenant William W. Littlefield, and cruising at an altitude of , they spotted a flight of 12 MiG-15s of the Chinese 4th Fighter Division heading in the direction of a group of US F-84 Thunderjets conducting a low-level bombing mission on North Korean communication lines. The MiGs were  below <mask> and Littlefield and had not noticed them. Without hesitating, <mask> immediately flew behind the MiG-15 formation and attacked them from the rear.His surprise attack destroyed one of the MiG-15s, and he quickly turned to the next closest MiG and destroyed it before it could outmaneuver him. By this time, <mask> and Littlefield passed many of the MiGs and some that were behind them began firing. <mask> then moved to target a third MiG at the front of the formation, but as he was lining up his shot a MiG scored a direct hit on <mask>' fuselage, causing his aircraft to spin out of control. Littlefield said later, that he spotted <mask>' landing gear open, indicating hydraulic failure, and that he attempted to defend <mask>' aircraft as it lost altitude until <mask> crashed and died. Littlefield reported he did not see <mask> bail out of his aircraft. <mask> was declared missing in action and presumed killed. Intense aerial searches of the area later revealed no evidence that <mask> had survived the crash.In fact, a week after the incident, the Chinese military searched the region and recovered <mask>' body, still in the crashed aircraft. The Chinese never returned <mask>' body to the United States. In four months in Korea, <mask> had scored 14 confirmed victories, one probable victory and two aircraft damaged, bringing his career total victory count to 21. By the end of the war, he was ranked fourth among pilots, surpassed by Joseph C. McConnell, James Jabara, and Manuel J. Fernandez, after his death. Immediately following word of the mission, fellow ace Colonel Harrison Thyng, commander of the 4th Wing, recommended <mask> for the Medal of Honor. On April 15, 1953, <mask> was posthumously promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. <mask>' cenotaph is located in the City of Lubbock Cemetery in Lubbock, Texas.Also buried at this cemetery is musician Buddy Holly and Medal of Honor recipient Herman C. Wallace. In April 1953, <mask>' wife and family received his Medal of Honor from Air Force Chief of Staff, General Nathan F. Twining, at Reese Air Force Base in Lubbock. A number of controversies have since emerged surrounding the circumstances leading to <mask>' death in North Korea. His presence in Korea at the time, the necessity of his actions, and the identity of his assailant have all been in dispute. Length of tour

After <mask>' death, US Representative <mask>. Mahon (D-19) ordered an investigation into why <mask> had remained in Korea after he became a fighter ace. US military policy was to rotate pilots to stateside duty once they became aces, both so that they could train other pilots and so that they would not be killed in action. Mahon had been requesting <mask> be rotated back to the US up to a month before his death.<mask>' wife, <mask>, expressed anger toward the Air Force after his death, claiming that he had wanted to return to the United States after he became an ace but was not allowed to. She also claimed he was forced against his will into combat duty in Korea. Her complaints prompted media attention of the Far East Air Force and its policies regarding the rotation of troops and pilots into and out of duty in Korea. She became an outspoken critic of the entire war and publicly denounced it, something rarely done by widows of American soldiers during the war. She had been a vocal opponent of the war since its beginning, however. Necessity of action
Subsequent to <mask>' death, some historians have questioned if his actions were necessary given the situation. Barrett Tillman (author, military aviation) contended <mask>' Medal of Honor was merely a public relations move brought on by the US military to quell questions surrounding his death and draw attention away from his wife's vocal opposition to the war.The Medal of Honor citation credited <mask> with saving the F-84 formation, but the formation of F-86s that <mask> was leading actually outnumbered the MiG-15s and <mask> could easily have drawn them into the battle. Still, fellow pilots attested to <mask>' bravery. Fellow ace William T. Whisner said, "<mask> was the best fighter pilot I ever knew. The only thing he didn't have was concern of his own life." As the Korean War progressed, other pilots began to describe <mask> as "more brazen, more aggressive, and more willing to take risks in Korea than he was during World War II." He became increasingly contemptuous of the Soviet and Chinese MiG pilots he faced as time went on, leading to other pilots thinking he may have underestimated the skills of his opponents, contributing to his death. Conflicting claims

<mask>' death generated controversy between China and Russia, in which both Chinese MiG pilot Zhang Jihui and Soviet pilot Mikhail A. Averin () claimed credit for his downing.Although Zhang was credited by the Chinese for shooting down <mask>' F-86, Russian sources disputed his claim 40 years later by raising the possibility that Averin was the MiG pilot responsible. <mask> was the highest ranking American Korean War ace at the time and the only American ace killed in action during the war. His death would have been a huge propaganda victory for the nation whose pilot was responsible for shooting him down. <mask>' death at the hands of a Chinese pilot would also avenge the losses inflicted by him over Taehwado Island on November 30, 1951. About 36 MiG-15s from the Chinese 4th Fighter Division were involved in the February 10 engagement in which <mask> was killed, and Zhang was among the group. According to Zhang's own report after the battle, while the MiGs were en route to intercept <mask>' group, he and his wingman became separated from the main element. As Zhang was trying to rejoin his formation, he spotted a group of eight F-86s in the area between Taechon and Chongye at 07:40.Zhang and his wingman then swung down onto the tails of two Sabres and opened fire. Zhang claimed that he shot down both Sabres, but reinforcements soon destroyed his MiG while killing his wingman. The publicity of <mask>' death soon caught Chinese attention. To determine whether <mask> was killed by Zhang in the absence of gun camera footage, the 4th Fighter Division sent two search teams on February 16 and 18. They recovered the wreckage of an F-86E, along with <mask>' body and his belongings. His dog tag is currently on display at the Dandong Korean War Museum. The search team also discovered that the crash site was within  of where Zhang had ejected from his own aircraft, and Zhang's 12th Regiment was the only unit that operated near the area.In light of these findings and the testimonies from ground troops that had witnessed the battle, Zhang was credited by the Chinese military for shooting down <mask>' F-86. However, according to the recollections of the pilots of the Soviet 64th Aviation Corps, both Zhang and his wingman were probably shot down by <mask>, who was in turn surprised and shot down by Averin, who had been scrambling to save the Chinese MiGs. Lieutenant General Georgy Lobov (), commander of the 64th Aviation Corps, also noted in his memoir that <mask> was killed by a Soviet pilot. Both China and Russia have taken credit over <mask>' death, with no conclusive evidence for either side. Regardless of the controversy surrounding <mask>' death, Zhang became a household name in China. The Chinese military later awarded Zhang the title Combat Hero, 1st Class for this action. Aerial victories
Throughout his career, <mask> was credited with 21 confirmed victories, one probable victory and two aircraft damaged.This made him one of only 30 US pilots to gain more than 20 confirmed victories over their careers. He had been known to be an extremely talented pilot and was especially accurate at deflection shooting, even from long distances against moving targets. <mask> was one of 1,297 World War II aces from the United States, with seven confirmed kills during that war. He later became one of 41 Korean War aces from the United States, with 14 confirmed victories during that war. At the time of his death, he was the top-scoring ace from the US, making him the ace of aces. By the end of the war, he was the fourth-highest scoring ace. During the Korean War, <mask>' accomplishments were particularly noteworthy.He was the only F-86 pilot to be awarded the Medal of Honor, and he was one of very few pilots who were able to score multiple kills on a single patrol. This was an extremely rare feat, which <mask> accomplished on four occasions and which was rivaled only by fellow ace James Jabara who also scored a notable number of double victories. In shooting down four Chinese aircraft on November 30, 1951, <mask> scored the most kills in a single day of any pilot in the war. <mask> also took the shortest time to become a double ace; just 17 days in Korea. The next best pilot achieved the feat in 51 days. <mask> is one of six US Air Force pilots and seven US pilots overall who achieved ace status as both a piston-engined pilot in World War II and as a jet pilot in a later conflict. The others are Francis S. Gabreski, James P. Hagerstrom, William T. Whisner, Vermont Garrison and Harrison Thyng, as well as John F. Bolt of the US Marine Corps.Military awards
<mask>' military decorations and awards include:

Medal of Honor citation
<mask> was the third of four members of the US Air Force to be awarded the Medal of Honor in the Korean War, after Louis J. Sebille, John S. Walmsley Jr. and before Charles J. Loring Jr. All four Air Force recipients of the MOH were pilots who were killed in action and the only USAF members to be awarded the Army version of the medal. Distinguished Service Cross citation

See also
 List of Korean War air aces
 List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients
 List of World War II aces from the United States

Notes

References

Sources

External links

 Medal of Honor Society homepage

1920 births
1952 deaths
United States Air Force Medal of Honor recipients
American Korean War flying aces
American military personnel killed in the Korean War
American World War II flying aces
Aviators from Texas
Aviators killed by being shot down
People from Cochran County, Texas
People from Dublin, Texas
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Silver Star
United States Air Force officers
Korean War recipients of the Medal of Honor
American aviation record holders
Military personnel missing in action
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
Military personnel from

masks:
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
George H
Davis
Davis
Davis
Doris Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
George Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 9 December 1953) is a British singer, musician and composer, best known for being the lead voice of the English jazz-funk band, Shakatak. Career
She began her musical career at the age of 16, with the British progressive jazz rock band Fusion Orchestra, from 1969 to 1972. <mask> and the Fusion Orchestra gained a following of fans who secured a record deal with EMI music to produce their first album Skeleton in Armour, an album that immediately received critical acclaim upon its debut, and is now considered a collector's item which is highly sought after. After the band Fusion Orchestra split, <mask> became involved in a new all female group, called Brandy. The band, produced by Polydor, was active for about three years in the UK and Europe, before disbanding in 1976. Saward was spotted later by the band leader Nicky North who invited her to perform in the 'Cats Whiskers' with his own big soul funk band. She also made a name for herself as one of the UK's session singers at that time.<mask> also had a brief stint with a musical group of all women, called Citizen Gang, built by a French manufacturer of Orpheus Productions, and still managed to collaborate with the Nicky North Band. It was in this period she met band, Nigel Wright and Roger Odell, who are still components of jazz-funk band Shakatak. It was through Shakatak that <mask> was able to record some vocals on an experimental track of a song called "Steppin'", and after nine top ten hits <mask> was invited to be a permanent part of the group and started to tour worldwide. She became the leading voice of Shakatak sharing success for more than 35 years. The band is still touring and recording and still popular around the world, especially in Europe and the Far East. They usually publish a new album every two years for JVC Records and Secret Records. Despite constant touring and recording, <mask> has always managed to find time to develop new projects, and still continues to write and record new material.Private life
She has been married with the bass player George Anderson, also a member of Shakatak, with whom she had two sons, Luis and James. They divorced in 2001. In 2008 the Shakatak frontwoman starred in the reality TV show Living TV's Pop Goes The Band, a show which sees former musical stars such as Bucks Fizz, Bananarama, Visage, Cleopatra, 911, Chaka Khan and more, undergoing surgery in a bid to relaunch their careers. In addition to her music career, <mask> is an abstract impressionist artist who specializes in photographic prints. Discography

<mask> (solo albums)
 1999: Just for You
 2016: Just for You (remastered with three bonus tracks)
<mask>: all lead and BV voices
Jason Rebello, Neil Drinkwater, and Chris Ingham: keyboards
Snake Davis, Aaron Liddard, Matt Sibley, Derek Nash: saxophone
Fridrik Karlson: guitar
George Anderson: bass

 2016: M Is for Manhattan
 2016: Endless Summer
<mask>: lead voice
Aaron Liddard: saxophone
Chris Ingham: keyboard
Chris Johnson: vocals
George Anderson: bass
<mask> Anderson: vocals
Mornington Lockett: saxophone
Patrick Hartley: trombone
Roberto Tola: guitar
Simon Allen: saxophone
Steve Dee: bass
Teresa Green: backing vocals

With Fusion Orchestra
 1973: Skeleton in Armour – recorded at Abbey Road Studios

With Brandy
 1977: Ooh Ya

With Citizen Gang
 1979: Citizen Gang
 1979: "Womanly Way"

With Shakatak

Albums
 1981: Drivin' Hard
 1982: Night Birds
 1982: Invitations
 1983: Out of This World
 1984: Down on the Street
 1984: Shakatak Live in Japan (live)
 1985: Live!

masks:
Jill Saward
Jill Saward
Saward
Saward
Saward
Saward
Saward
Jill
Jill Saward
Jill Saward
Jill Saward
James Saward


text_chunks:
<mask> (, born 14 January 1952) is an Icelandic football coach. He is the older brother of Ólafur Þórðarson. Playing career

Club

Íþróttabandalag Akraness
Before coaching, Teitur playing as a striker for nearly two decades. He signed his first professional contract when he joined hometown club Íþróttabandalag Akraness in 1969. He scored 51 goals in 99 appearances, and won four championship titles with ÍA between 1969 and 1977. Sweden
After a season with Swedish second division club Jönköping in 1977, Teitur helped Öster to three league championships in Sweden's top-flight Allsvenskan between 1978 and 1981. France
In 1981, he moved to French club Lens where he scored 19 goals during the 1981–82 Ligue 1 season, finishing fourth in scoring.At Lens he played for former Liverpool, Lyon, and France manager Gérard Houllier. He then joined Cannes where Arsène Wenger was an assistant coach. Switzerland/Return to Sweden
Teitur then had a spell in Switzerland with Yverdon-Sport before returning to Sweden in 1985 to complete his playing career with Öster and Skövde. International
Teitur received 41 caps for Iceland between 1972 and 1985. He scored nine goals and captained the team in some of the matches. Coaching career

Skövde
Teitur's coaching career extends over two decades starting in Sweden in 1987 with the last club he played for, Skövde. Norway
In 1988, he landed his first head-coaching role in Norway's top-flight Tippeligaen when he joined Brann.He led the Bergen club to the 1988 Norwegian Football Cup Final and spent the following two seasons at Brann before ending his first spell by moving to Lyn for two seasons in 1991. After a season with Norwegian Second Division club Grei, Teitur took charge of Lillestrøm and led them to second- and fourth-placed Tippeligaen finishes in 1994 and 1995 respectively. Estonia
In 1996, Teitur moved to Estonia to become head coach of their national team and Estonian club Flora Tallinn. He led Flora Tallinn to 3 Meistriliiga championships in 1994–95, 1997–98 and 1998. He also led the club to the Estonian Cup and the Estonian SuperCup titles in 1998. Teitur helped the Baltic nation move up from 145th (January 1996) to 68th (November 1999) in the FIFA World Ranking. Though he was Estonia's first foreign coach since the country's independence in 1991, Teitur's efforts in developing Estonian football earned him the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (4th class) from the President of Estonia in February 2000.Return to Norway
The turn of the millennium saw <mask> return to the Norwegian game for a second spell with Brann. He led the club to a second-place finish in the 2000 Tippeligaen season, and spent two more seasons with the Bergen outfit before making a return to another former club, Lyn in 2003. His final two years in Norway saw him coach second division club Ull/Kisa in 2004 and 2005. KR Reykjavík
In 2006, Teitur returned to his native Iceland to coach KR Reykjavík to a second-place finish in Iceland's top-flight Landsbankadeild, as well as a spot in the 2006 Icelandic Cup final. Vancouver Whitecaps
With nearly four decades of experience in European football, Teitur became the sixth head coach in the history of the Vancouver Whitecaps after signing a two-year deal with the club on 11 December 2007. He was at the helm when the Whitecaps claimed their second United Soccer League First Division championship in three seasons after a 2–1 victory over Puerto Rico Islanders on 12 October 2008. The following season Teitur made key changes to the Vancouver squad, replacing several veterans with young and experienced players.Though the Whitecaps struggled in the later part of the season, they finished in the final playoff spot and reached the final, where they faced the Montreal Impact home and away in a two-legged affair. It was the first time in USL history that two Canadian clubs would meet for the league championship. The Caps lost both fixtures, home and away, 6-3 on aggregate. On 30 November 2009 Teitur signed a one-year contract extension with the club. On 1 September 2010, the Vancouver Whitecaps FC held a press conference where Teitur was named as the coach for the Vancouver Whitecaps' first season in Major League Soccer. After producing only one win in three months of action, Teitur was released from his contract on 30 May 2011 with Whitecaps Director of Operations Tom Soehn stepping in to replace him in the interim. Barasat Euro Musketeers
On 15 January 2012, Cassius Management announced that Teitur would be one of six foreign coaches hired for the new league Bengal Premier League Soccer, with group stages beginning 15 March 2012.He was subsequently bought by Basarat, under the ownership of Uro Infra Reality India Ltd., for  on 30 January 2012. After several delays due to lack of quality venues and government opposition, the project was cancelled in January 2013.

masks:
Teitur Thordarson
Teitur


text_chunks:
<mask> (March 2, 1926 – April 12, 1999) was a German-born Argentine astrophysicist who spent time in the United States, lived in Switzerland, settled in France, became a French citizen and worked to make astronomical data accessible to all nations. As the second Director of a new center in Strasbourg, France, designed to be a computerized repository for data about the stars, he was part of its early team who were determined, clearsighted decision-makers when its resources were limited. <mask> began in astronomy at La Plata, in South America, later directing its Astrophysics Department. He travelled and conducted research at many observatories along with his wife, the stellar astronomer and spectroscopist <mask>, with whom he spent a lifetime collaborating in research. They lived in Argentina from 1937 to 1973. With his wife and his other colleagues, Jaschek was involved with both stellar spectroscopy and photometry, the newly-accessible infrared(IR) and ultraviolet (UV) as well as visible light,  astronomical statistics and guidelines for designating stars, and with the chemically peculiar stars

In addition to his research discoveries, he co-created atlases and catalogues and published them. He was President of the International Astronomical Union's Commission 45 Stellar Classification.and was an early proponent of creating astronomical databases. He founded an organization to encourage research on the impact of astronomy on society, the SEAC. The Jaschek's retired in 1993 and moved to Spain, continuing to be active in scientific endeavors. <mask> died in 1995, and <mask> in 1999. Career

<mask> was born on March 2, 1926 in Brieg, Germany, (now Brzeg, Poland). His family moved to Argentina in South America when he was 11. In 1947, he was hired at La Plata Observatory.His wife, Mercedes Isabel Corvalán <mask>, was an Argentine stellar spectroscopist, who also began at the National University of La Plata in 1947. The pair collaborated throughout their lives. <mask> received his Ph.D. in astronomy in 1952. After a year in the United States, he became professor in astrophysics at La Plata University and the director of the Astrophysical Department in 1957. <mask>'s initial research at La Plata involved observing minor planets. He began programs in stellar spectroscopy and worked to develop equipment particularly in photoelectric photometry. He was also involved with Argentina's fledgling radio astronomy and space program.In 1972, he organized the first astrophysics conference in Latin America. From 1957 to 1973, <mask> made contacts with other spectroscopists, creating lifelong collaborations with astronomers in other nations when he travelled to observatories and astronomy departments including Yerkes Observatory, Perkins Observatory, Ohio State University, the University of Michigan and elsewhere. He was Invited Professor at Perkins Observatory in 1964 and 1967, and also at the University of Chicago (Yerkes) as a research associate in 1967. He was invited professor at the Argentine National Observatory at Córdoba in 1968. In 1970, he was invited professor at Cordoba, Ohio State University, and at Geneva University. <mask> also conducted research at Cordoba, Perkins, Yerkes, Michigan and Geneva. From 1970 to 1973, <mask> was the vice president of the International Astronomical Union's (IAU) Commission 45 Stellar Classification, and he became president of that commission in 1973.He moved from La Plata to Europe in 1973 due to the political situation. There was political instability at that time in Argentina. In 1973, <mask> was again at Geneva University as invited professor. He was then hired as an associate professor at Strasbourg University. He was at Strasbourg from 1974 to 1993, and he became a French citizen, as did his wife. He later became full professor, and supervised many students. Jaschek encouraged the development of automated methods for stellar classification classifying  stars.He also encouraged the development of astronomical data bases. He was "a force behind the development of the C.D.S," the Center de Données Stellaires (Center of Stellar Data). In 1968, <mask> had described the problem of the increasing volume of astronomical data without adequate means of collecting and distributing it:

After a year at Geneva, <mask> became Director of the Center de Données Stellaires(CDS) in Strasbourg. The CDS, begun in 1972, was an innovative but challenging project to create a central repository for astronomical data, an idea "even questioned by many French astronomers". In 1974, its first director, Jean Jung, changed careers. <mask> officially began as Director in 1975, and <mask> strengthened the Center's limited scientific staff. In 1977, Jaschek summarized the strengths and weakness of the world's astronomical data bases and noted that, with the exception of peculiar stars,  considerable advances were being made.<mask> noted:

<mask> directed the Center of Stellar Data (CDS) from 1975 to 1990, As Director, he was "instrumental in organizing world-wide access to astronomical data with special sensitivity to third-world countries. As the second director of CDS, <mask>'s 15-year term was said to have brought "spectacular progress for CDS" by increasing its international reputation as it was established as the leading astronomical data base. When it expanded its focus from stars to include other non-solar system astronomical objects, it changed its name from Center de Données Stellaires to the Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg (The Center of astronomical Data of Strasbourg). As Director, <mask> was concerned with improving astronomical naming conventions. In 1979 at an IAU meeting in Canada, over 100 astronomers from 15 Commissions met regarding the designation of objects, and before William P. Bidelman gave the report on their suggested reforms, <mask> began to introduce the need for them by saying:

In 1986, he listed the 10 different factors for which a star may be named, noting that the variety was for historical reasons and "It is certainly not very rational to have 10 different practices for the same operation", before suggesting some guidelines. <mask> was also interested in the Set of Identifications, Measurements and Bibliography for Astronomical Data (SIMBAD). SIMBAD became operational in 1990.In addition to working to make the CDS the world's largest astronomical database, Jaschek helped with the creation of astronomical data centers in China, Japan, India, Argentina and the U.S.S.R.

Jaschek worked in spectroscopy, photometry, and classification of stars and in statistical astronomy. <mask> and Mercedes Jaschek worked on stars, making spectral classification catalogs and atlases of spectral atlases in visible, ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) wavelengths. They worked on the first classification schemes for the ultraviolet spectrum  They collaborated with Yvette Andrillat on stars in the near-infrared, and <mask> had a long-term collaboration with the Marcel Golay group in Switzerland to make comparisons between photometry and spectroscopy. The Jascheks collaborated on Be, Ae, shell, Ap, and other peculiar stars. They produced a catalogue and bibliography of 2,000 Be stars for the period from 1950 to 1970 based on Mercedes Jaschek's survey of the Southern Celestial Hemisphere. They were the first to introduce the gallium stars subgroup and to discover the ApSi4200 stars. They were the first to find the rare CNO stars which are O- or B- B-type stars where some of the elements C, N and O show spectral lines that are weaker or stronger than would be expected.They also identified the presence of rare-earth elements in stars of Mn and SrCrEu groups. <mask> helped create the Catalog of Bright Stars (fourth edition). Together the Jascheks wrote The Classification of Stars, which had 20 editions published, The Behavior of Chemical Elements in Stars (1995), and Spectroscopic Atlas for the Southern Sky Stars and other books. Their reference works were incorporated into the Strasbourg Centre of Stellar Data (CDS). <mask> also wrote Data in Astronomy in which he noted he became involved with data at La Plata in the early 1960s, when he was compiling a catalogue with a student for their own use and the student suggested publishing it. He authored or co-authored ~250 refereed publications and over 15 books and was noted for "precise observation and careful classification of peculiar stars" using the MK classification system. Jaschek was Invited Speaker at ~15 international meetings.He helped organize 14 scientific meetings, and frequently edited or co-edited the proceedings. In 1992, <mask> founded the Société Européenne pour l' Astronomie dans la culture (European Society for Astronomy in Culture), a cultural astronomy organization which holds yearly conferences and is open to all nations. Retirement

In 1993, the Jascheks retired from Strasbourg Observatory. Due to poor health, they moved to Salamanca (Spain) to live with their daughter's family, and continued their scientific activities from their new location. The couple has been described as "inseparable in their life and in their work". <mask> died on November 21, 1995, and he was deeply impacted by the loss. <mask> continued making public presentations, and in 1998 he published a book on ethno-astronomy.He was remembered as someone who loved his family, astronomy and its impact on culture, teaching and history books, and was regarded as kind, optimistic, upright, and helpful. <mask> died April 12, 1999, in Salamanca, Spain. Memberships and honors
The <mask>k Award was created in his honor in 2006 by the Société Européenne pour l' Astronomie dans la culture (European Society for Astronomy in Culture). The minor planet (2964) <mask> was named after him. It was discovered July 16, 1974 at the Carlos U. Cesco Observatory at El Leoncito. Received the 1955 John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation fellowship. "<mask>ton Rüdiger Jaschek".Astronomy and Astrophysics; Latin America & Caribbean competition. Member of the National Center for Scientific Research in France
Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Argentina. Member of the Royal Argentine Astronomical Society
Member of the Astronomische Gesellschaft, the German Astronomical Society. Member of  the International Astronomical Union (IAU) Organizing Committee of Commission 33 Structure & Dynamics of the Galactic System from 1964 to 1967. Member of the Organizing Committee of Commission 45 Stellar Classification from 1967 to 1970, <mask> became Vice-President from 1970 to 1973, was President from 1973 to 1976, and was on the Organizing Committee from 1976 to 1979. He was on the Organizing Committee of Commission 29 Stellar Spectra from 1973 to 1985, and on the Organizing Committee of Commission 5 Documentation and Astronomical Data from 1982 to 1991. Select bibliography

Hoffleit, D.; <mask>, C. (1982).The Bright Star Catalogue. Fourth revised edition. (Containing data compiled through 1979) Yale University Observatory, New Haven, CT, USA. Cowley, Anne, Cowley, Charles, <mask>, Mercedes & <mask>, <mask>. "A study of the bright A stars. I. A catalogue of spectral classifications".Astronomical Journal, 74(3):375 – 406. April, 1969. <mask>, <mask>; <mask>, Mercedes. (1987). The Classification of stars. Cambridge University Press. 1987. .

<mask>, M.; <mask>, C.; Hubert-Delplace, A.-M.; Hubert, H. "A classification of Be stars".Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series, 42:103–114. October, 1980. <mask>, <mask>; Conde, Horacio; de Sierra, Amelia C. "Catalogue of stellar spectra classified in the Morgan-Keenan system". Serie Astronomica, La Plata: Observatorio Astronomico de la Universidad de la Plata. 1964. See also

Peculiar stars
Stellar classification

Notes

References

Further reading
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Stars by James B. Kaler (2006). Cambridge University Press. .External links
 European Society for Astronomy in Culture (SEAC: Societe Europeenne pour I'Astronomie dans la Culture). Strasbourg astronomical Data Center. SIMBAD Astronomial Database. VizieR Service. Aladin Sky Atlas. 1926 births
1999 deaths
German emigrants to Argentina
Spectroscopists
20th-century Argentine astronomers
National University of La Plata alumni
National University of La Plata faculty
University of Strasbourg faculty
20th-century French astronomers
French astrophysicists
Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg

masks:
Carlos Jaschek
Jaschek
Mercedes Jaschek
Mercedes Jaschek
Carlos Jaschek
Jaschek
de Jaschek
Carlos Jaschek
Jaschek
Jaschek
Mercedes Jaschek
Jaschek
Jaschek
Jaschek
Jaschek
Carlos Jaschek
Mercedes Jaschek
Jaschek
Jaschek
Jaschek
Jaschek
Carlos Jaschek
Jaschek
Carlos
Carlos Jaschek
Carlos Jaschek
Jaschek
Jaschek
Mercedes Jaschek
Jaschek
Carlos Jaschek
Carlos Jasche
Jaschek
Carlos O
Jaschek
Jaschek
Jaschek
Jaschek
Carlos
Jaschek
Carlos
Jaschek
Jaschek
Jaschek
Jaschek
Carlos


text_chunks:
<mask> (December 1803 – 4 April 1871) (Tubiya, Tobias, Tubiyya, Aun, Awn) was an Assistant to the Pontifical Throne, Archbishop of Beirut, Count of Rome, Bishop of Saint-John-Acre, Knight of the French Legion of Honour, Knight of the Ottoman Order of the Medjidie, and Council Father of the First Vatican Council. He was the first Archbishop of the Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Beirut and a much respected leader of the Maronites during the 1859–1860 conflict in Mount Lebanon. Life
<mask> was born in December 1803 in a small village along the banks of the Damour River in Lebanon, under the Maronite Patriarchy of Joseph VII Peter Tyan. In 1815, at the young age of 12, he joined the Congregation of the Virgin Mary. Three years later, at the age of 15, he joined the monastic order of the Antonins "Lebanese Maronite Order", vowing chastity, poverty, and obedience. On 30 September 1823, upon the recommendation of the monks of the monastery, he was ordained a priest by Maronite Patriarch Joseph VIII Peter Hobaish. In 1827, the same Maronite Patriarch called upon him to become his personal secretary.Satisfied with his hard work and dedication, the Maronite Patriarch requested that Aoun manage the finances of the Maronite Patriarchy, including the administration of the Maronite colleges and orphanages. On 13 March 1841, Patriarch Hobaish nominated him Maronite Bishop of Saint-John-Acre in partibus infidelium and Vicar General of the Patriarchy. Bishop Boutros Abu Karam, Maronite Bishop of Beirut since 18 November 1819, had died on 15 January 1844 thus leaving the Archbishopric of Beirut vacant. On 31 December 1844, <mask> was elected Archbishop of Beirut and installed in this archeparchy on February 9, 1845. The Maronite Patriarch's representative in Rome and Constantinople, Bishop Nicolas Murad, had been actively lobbying to become the new Archbishop of Beirut, but the Maronite Patriarch clearly confirmed Aoun as the new Archbishop. The Pope, however, suspended this confirmation upon the advice of the Apostolic Delegate, believing that neither Murad nor Aoun were suitable candidates for the Archbishopric of Beirut. A petition signed by 519 Maronite dignitaries protested the appointment of Aoun as Archbishop of Beirut, especially since Murad, they argued, had received a two-thirds majority.The French Consul in Beirut believed that the major Maronite families "favoured Murad because of his patriotism and devotion to the cause of his coreligionists". Bishop <mask> finally took possession of his chair on June 10, 1847. He would remain Archbishop of Beirut until his death. Bishop <mask> participated in two Maronite synods in electing the Patriarchs of the Maronite Church. According to Maronite procedures, the Patriarch is elected by the Maronite archbishops and bishops reunited in a synod, whereby a two-thirds majority is needed for the election to be validated. With the death of Patriarch Joseph Peter Hobaish on 23 May 1845, a synod was convened but did not meet until August due to the sectarian violence destabilizing Mount Lebanon in the early stages of the Double Qaimaqamate government. Bishop Joseph Ragi El Khazen was elected Patriarch on 18 August 1845 in Dimane and confirmed by Pope Gregory XVI on 19 January 1846.Nine years later, with the death of Patriarch Joseph IX Ragi El Khazen on 3 November 1854, Bishop <mask> participated in the synod of 12 November 1854 which elected Paul Peter Massad as Patriarch. This election was confirmed on 23 March 1855 by Pope Pius IX. Eugène Poujade, the French Consul of Beirut in the 1840s, writes the following description of Bishop <mask> in his memoirs: "The Bishop of Saint-John-Acre, Mautran <mask> (Mautran is the name the Maronites give to their bishops), was a man of roughly forty years, of an imposing figure. His eye was small but full of finesse, softness, and sincerity. He is one of the most distinguished men that I have met in the Near-East. He only speaks Arabic but his superior spirit has him realize the genius of Europe, and it is he who has played the most important role in the political affairs of Lebanon. He had once been a monk and led a rebellion against the abbot of the Convent of Saint Anthony.For his actions, he was exiled to the Isle of Cyprus by the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith. Since then, his exemplary conduct has allowed him to successively be named Bishop of Saint-John-Acre in partibus and Bishop of Beirut, one of the most important diocese of Lebanon due to it being the residence of the muchir (governor) and the European general consuls. I've rarely seen in a man the same high degree of simplicity, gentleness, firmness, wisdom, the elevation of the soul and genuine Christian humility". The British envoy to Lebanon Sir Hugh Rose made the following description of <mask> Aoun on 9 September 1844: "Bishop Tubia is a violent, ambitious person of a Fellah family in the mixed district. He has strong anti-Druze and Ottoman feelings...at one time I thought that he had patriotic feelings; but if he has them, they are strongly mixed up with self-interest". This of course did not stop Rose in supporting Aoun over Murad as Archbishop of Beirut; writing to Aoun upon his nomination: "I was greatly pleased to hear you have been appointed over the bishopric of Beirut". Rose, writing  to Bishop Aoun, expressed the desire that "we will always be friends".An 1862 publication on the history of Lebanon describes <mask> as "pretentious and arrogant with some people, clever and shy with others". He is described as "a real tyrant with small feet, who appears strong only when shielded far away from his enemy". Bishop <mask>n had five brothers: Abboud, Sleiman, Nasr, Shehdan, Salhab. Travels to Rome, Paris, Constantinople

On 8 June 1862, Archbishop <mask> Aoun travelled to Rome and joined over 4000 Catholic priests in the canonization ceremony of the twenty-six Catholic martyrs of Japan. He was personally received by Pope Pius IX who named him Assistant to the Pontifical Throne, awarding him a gold and silver medal. In becoming Assistant to the Pontifical Throne, <mask> <mask> immediately entered the Papal nobility as Count of Rome. In 1862, Bishop Aoun was received by Emperor Napoleon III in Paris and awarded the French Legion of Honour.That same year, he was received by Sultan Abdul-Aziz in Constantinople and awarded the Ottoman Empire's Order of Medjidjie (Nishan-i-Majidia). In 1869, <mask> <mask> returned to Rome as Council Father of the Vatican Council called upon by Pope Pius IX. The Council had just met when King Victor Emmanuel II attacked Rome and deposed Pope Pius IX. Pius IX suspended the Council indefinitely on October 20, 1870. <mask> eventually returned home, dying on Holy Week April 4, 1871. Role in 1840–41, 1845 Civil Wars

Concerning the 1840–1841 and 1845 civil conflicts in Mount Lebanon which followed the Crisis of 1840, the British envoy to Lebanon Sir Hugh Rose declared to Her Majesty's Secretary Lord Aberdeen on 17 May 1845 : "As regards the Maronite clergy, it is sufficient to say that they have organized the war...Your Lordship is already acquainted with the pecuniary aid given by Bishop Tubia for the purchase of arms. Indeed, when it is known that the Maronite Patriarch threatens to excommunicate those who do not obey the summons to go to war, all is said".On 4 May 1845, Sir Hugh Rose wrote to the British Ambassador in Constantinople, Sir Stratford Canning, stating that "the Maronite Patriarch, Bishop Tubia, and the clergy have taken a most decided line to induce the Christians to take arms". He states in the same letter that "Bishop Tubia gave 3000 piastres the other day to a village now burnt to purchase arms", as well as "a bond for 9000 piastres more for the same purpose". Aoun was responsible for drawing up a petition, signed by the Maronites, that "stated that under no circumstances whatever, would they, the Christians, ever voluntarily consent to be governed by a Turkish governor". Sir Hugh Rose explains on 12 January 1842 that "Bishop Tubia assembled the Christian deputies, both lay and clerical, and made them sign on the 10th ultimo a "Hedjé", a writing by which they bound themselves to petition the Porte for a Prince of the House of Shehab, taking, moreover, an oath, that whoever violated it should be answerable both with his life and his property to the remainder (an Arab formula)". As attested by the British Consul in Beirut Mr. Wood to Her Majesty's Secretary Henry John Temple Viscount Palmerston, Bishop Tobia played an active diplomatic role in establishing a new governing body for Lebanon following the 1840–1841 Civil War. In a letter dated 7 September 1841, Mr. Wood states: "Soon after my arrival, I received the visit of the Maronite Bishop Tubia, who was sent by the Patriarch to felicitate me, and to communicate to me the prelate's sentiments respecting the new arrangement to be made and the concessions granted by the Sublime Porte to the inhabitants of Lebanon". On 2 September 1841, the Maronite Patriarch wrote to Mr. Wood: "I send you Monsignor Tubia to converse with you, and to discuss this matter...I have again written to him, recommending him to communicate to you the impossibility of accomplishing your wishes".On 27 March 1842, Sir Hugh Rose wrote to Lord Aberdeen that "Bishop Tubia, in January, on an alarm of his arrest by the Turks, requested an asylum in my house, should it prove to be correct". Further proof of <mask> <mask>'s role as diplomatic representative of the Maronite nation is attested by Sir Hugh Rose in a letter to Lord Aberdeen dated 7 June 1844 in which Rose states that Aoun is "the agent of the Patriarch and the real agent of the Maronite people, recognized as such by his Patriarch and the Turkish authorities in the important matters of the Government of the Mountain and the indemnities". In working towards the creation of a viable government for Mount Lebanon, Bishop <mask> declared to the Ottoman authorities on 20 March 1844 that the Christian deputies he represented would never "accept the Druze government, that they would rather that their heads should be cut off than accept that Government". The British Ambassador to the Ottoman Porte Sir Stratford Canning was satisfied by the diplomatic efforts of Bishop Aoun, stating on 17 September 1843 that "the moderation of the Christian party, as expressed by Bishop Tubia, is highly gratifying to those who take a real interest in the pacification of Mount Lebanon". Bishop Aoun had also served as the Patriarch's representative in the 'Indemnity Divan' which sought to restitute financial losses and offer compensation to all claimants who had suffered material losses during the 1840–1841 Civil War. Sir Hugh Rose confirms on 28 April 1844 that "Bishop Tubia (he is not himself a claimant) and those claiming compensation in and about Djouni deny strongly that any indemnity whatever has been paid for shops or coffee-shops in Djouni". On 10 August 1843, Bishop Aoun assured Sir Hugh Rose that "it was not his wish to ruin the Druzes by any excessive payment, but they should give a reasonable satisfaction to the Christians".Sir Hugh Rose states that Bishop <mask> declared: "Let the Druze, as a first step, restore at once all the plundered personal and moveable property still in their hands; and, secondly,  let them engage to aid the building of such houses as were burnt by them. Let them do this; let them give this proof of atonement, and I will engage that the indemnification in money shall not be made a matter of difficulty by the Christians". Due to the various misunderstandings that arose during these meeting, Bishop Aoun decided to resign from his position at the Divan. Sir Hugh Rose states that both he and Mr. d'Adelbourg, the Austrian consul in Beirut, approved the Bishop's decision to resign. Though the deputies of the Divan requested that Aoun be "re-appointed, stating that he had great influence over them, and was devoted to their interests", the Ottoman authorities refused this option altogether. Sir Hugh Rose applauded this refusal, believing that "the absence of a political and violent bishop, possessing entire influence over a number of political agitators, was certainly, in the present state of affairs, much more desirable than his presence". In conclusion, it cannot be said that Sir Hugh Rose esteemed Bishop Tobia or the Maronites very much.On 9 August 1844, Rose deplored to Lord Aberdeen the "want of principle of all Arabs, both clergy and laity", stating that "they all, nearly without exception, have their price; if it is not money, it is something else". Rose affirmed in the same letter that "Bishop Tubia has given indication that his sternness is pliable; there have been secret requests on his part for permission to import corn duty free for his own house". Role in 1860 Civil War

Bishop <mask>'s role in the 1860 Civil War and its aftermath were much spoken of in the press and memoirs of the European diplomats who witnessed these events. In genuine calculated colonial strategy, their sentiments often shifted according to geopolitical alliances, with the Protestant British often at odds with the Bishop, and the Catholic French applauding his humanitarian and diplomatic efforts. The Franco-Maronite alliance, over a thousand years old, reached a culminating point in 1860 when Napoleon III dispatched 6000 French soldiers to Beirut in protection of the Maronites, essentially occupying Mount Lebanon with the approval of the Ottoman authorities. Though the French military presence would not last very long, it heightened tensions in London where British politicians were seeing the direct dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire to their geopolitical disadvantage. The possible colonization of Mount Lebanon by the French, applauded by the local Maronite clergy, was obviously contrary to British interests in the area.Khurshid Pasha, the Ottoman governor of Sidon, claimed "that at the beginning of the war, Maronite priests stirred up their parishioners by promising them that the French fleet would come to their assistance". For the Ottomans, European agents and local Maronites were responsible for enticing the war, with the ultimate goal of re-establishing a strong pro-European Christian government for Lebanon. Ultimately, the Ottomans would have no choice but to work with <mask> <mask> and the Maronite clergy in solidifying their rule over Mount Lebanon. This is best exemplified by the fact that <mask>, though attacked by the British as the prime instigator of the war,  was immediately sent to the warring villages of Mount Lebanon by the Ottoman Porte's envoy, Fuad Pasha, to restore absolute peace and order in his name. In Bishop <mask>'s archdiocese, a total of 67 churches were destroyed and 3 priests murdered in the 1860 Civil War. According to American Protestant missionary Henry Harris Jessup in Fifty-Three Years in Syria, Bishop <mask> was "the man who next to the Patriarch had done more than any other Maronite to precipitate this awful civil war". He writes of him numerous times as the "notorious Maronite Bishop Tobia".In the Missionary Herald, the official paper of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Jassup writes of Aoun on 14 March 1865 : "The Notorious Maronite Bishop came to (Baabda) with a swarm of priests, dispensing indulgences in accordance with the Pope's encyclical letter". Lord Dufferin, the United Kingdom's extraordinary envoy to Lebanon in 1860–1861, wrote to Her Majesty's Secretary of State Lord John Russell in his Correspondence Relating to the Affairs of Syria: "With regard to Bishop <mask>, who may be considered one of the chief causes of all the misery and bloodshed which has existed in the Lebanon, I would only say that his removal from the country is an absolute necessity. Unfortunately, it will be difficult to discover any direct evidence against him...(His) ambition and passion for intrigue verify one's conception of the worst specimen of a medieval ecclesiastic". Lord Dufferin, writing to Her Majesty's Secretary of State Lord Russell on 19 December 1860, stated that <mask> Aoun exercised a "sinister influence" in Lebanon, and that his "withdrawal from Beirut was insisted upon as a necessary preliminary to all chance of peace". In this dispatch, Lord Dufferin insinuates that <mask> Aoun is responsible for the 20,000 pistols imported directly into Lebanon between 1857 and 1860. He refutes the notion that the Maronites are "saintly martyrs" but rather "as savage and bloodthirsty in their traditional warfare as their pagan neighbours". On 18 January 1861, Lord Dufferin wrote Henry Bulwer, British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, that during the Civil War the rebel Maronite leaders "were encouraged and countenanced in their excesses by Bishop Tobia and some of his brother ecclesiastics".In the British "Journal of the Foreign Affairs Committees" dated 4 December 1861, <mask> Aoun and the Maronite bishops are described as "unprincipled, ambitious priests", guilty of "wickedness and audacious treason". The same journal states that "It is really humiliating to hear men who call themselves the servants of Christ bellow forth the first principle of the devil: murder!". On 16 September 1860, the French general Auguste-Alexandre Ducrot wrote of Aoun: "I received today the visit of a figure who has, for many years, played a great role in all the affairs of Lebanon: it is Mgr. Tobie, Bishop of the Diocese of Beirut". An 1862 publication on the history of Lebanon states that Bishop <mask> was responsible for the conversion to Catholicism of Medjid Shehab, grandson of the famed Prince Beshir II. Having gone into exile to Constantinople with his grandfather Bashir II, Medjid had returned to Lebanon and was supported by <mask> and the Maronites as a possible candidate for governor of Mount Lebanon. In 1876, the French author and diplomat Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé wrote of "the savage and heroic figure of Bishop <mask> leading his flock to combat".References

External links
 Eintrag auf Entry at catholic-hierarchy.org
 Bishop <mask>
 Monseigneur Aoun
 Bishop <mask> and the Civil War

Lebanese Maronites
19th-century Maronite Catholic bishops
Participants in the First Vatican Council
Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
1871 deaths
1803 births

masks:
Tobia Aoun
Tobia Aoun
Tobias Aoun
Aoun
Tobia
Tobia
Tobias
Tobia
Tobia
Aoun
Tobias Aou
Tobia
Tobia
Aoun
Tobia
Aoun
Tobias Aoun
Tobia
Aoun
Tobia
Tobia
Aoun
Tobia
Aoun
Aoun
Aoun
Tobia
Tobia
Tobia
Tobia
Tobia
Tobia
Aoun
Tobias
Aoun
Aoun


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 14 July 1985) is a Senegalese professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Scottish League One club Clyde. Starting his career in France, <mask> spent most of his early career in English non-League football before moving to Scottish Football League side Cowdenbeath. His performances earned him a move to Dundee United in January 2007, where he exceeded expectations and was young player of the year for 2007–08. He was part of the Dundee United side that won the Scottish Cup in 2010 and was the first African to have played 100 times for the club. He left the club when his contract expired at the end of the 2010–11 season to join Football League Championship side Birmingham City. <mask> left Birmingham City in July 2013, having made 43 appearances for the club. He then rejoined Dundee United for a season before signing for Hearts in 2014.In 2016, he was loaned to Motherwell and made 10 appearances for the club before joining Kelantan in July 2016. After spending time with Omani club Sur SC in 2018, he returned to Scotland in January 2019 for a third spell with Dundee United, and joined Falkirk for the 2019–20 season. Following his release from Falkirk in May 2021 he signed for fellow Scottish League One club Clyde. Although born in Paris and self-identifying as French, <mask> represented Senegal at international level, for whom he qualified through his Senegalese parents. Career

Early career
<mask> was at Montpellier in his youth and had unsuccessful trials with Chelsea, Freiburg and Lausanne-Sport. England
<mask> spent several years playing in English non-League football. In 2004, he signed for Windsor & Eton and featured in 18 league matches, scoring once.In January 2005, <mask> moved to Dagenham & Redbridge but the move quickly became controversial after an agent became involved in a contract row with the club. <mask> left in March 2005 without making an appearance and rejoined Windsor, playing in five matches before the end of the season. <mask> had a short stay with Barnet at the start of the 2005–06 season – where he featured in a matchday squad once as an unused substitute – but his month-to-month contract was not renewed and he moved to Lewes. He made his league debut in a 5–2 defeat of Weston-super-Mare on 15 Octoberthe club website's match report suggested that manager Steve King "may well have unearthed another little gem in <mask> <mask>, whose contribution after arriving on the field as a 55th minute substitute was key to the eventual success. "and played in fourteen Conference South matches, scoring once, during the season. Cowdenbeath
In July 2006, <mask> moved to Scotland and joined Cowdenbeath who at the time were managed by Mixu Paatelainen. While at the Central Park club, <mask> scored twice: he "floated home a delightful shot from 20 yards high into the visitors' net" in a 4–2 win against Peterhead and a stoppage-time header to secure a 3–2 win at home to Forfar Athletic.Dundee United

On 8 December, just four months after his Cowdenbeath debut, <mask> agreed a move to Scottish Premier League side Dundee United and joined in January 2007, signing until the end of the following season. Such was <mask>'s earlier-than-expected impact – manager Craig Levein had said upon signing him that he would not go straight into the first team – that he was given a two-year extension to his contract in September 2007. In January 2009, <mask> received a further extension to his contract. <mask> received the first winner's medal of his senior career as a member of the Dundee United squad that won the 2010 Scottish Cup Final against Ross County. In April 2011, manager Peter Houston indicated that he expected Gomis to leave at the end of the season because the club was unable to match the player's demands. Birmingham City
On 16 June 2011, Championship club Birmingham City completed the signing of free agent <mask> on a two-year deal. He made his debut in the Football League on the opening day of the 2011–12 season, playing the whole of a 2–1 defeat at Derby County.At home to Millwall, <mask>, described by the Telegraphs reporter as "combin[ing] industry with silky passes from his deep-lying central midfield position", played a "deliciously weighted pass" behind the defence from which Jean Beausejour crossed for Chris Wood to open the scoring. In May 2013, Birmingham confirmed that they were not going to take up their option to extend <mask>' contract, so he was to leave the club at the end of the season when his existing deal expired. Return to Dundee United
After training with the club for several weeks, <mask> rejoined Dundee United on 10 October 2013; he signed a contract until the end of the 2013–14 season. He made his first appearance on 26 October, in a 4–0 victory against St Mirren. On 12 April 2014, he came on as a substitute in the Scottish Cup semifinal at Ibrox as United defeated Rangers 3–1, progressing to the final, in which he was an unused substitute as Dundee United lost 2-0 to St Johnstone. With John Rankin and Paul Paton an established pairing in midfield, <mask> struggled for game time. He made only five starts and sixteen substitute appearances in all competitions, and was among nine players to be released by the club when their contracts expired at the end of the season.Heart of Midlothian
On 12 June 2014, <mask> signed for Heart of Midlothian on a three-year contract. He was the first signing under the management of Robbie Neilson, as well as the first signing since Hearts came out of administration. On 30 November, he was sent off in the eighth minute of Hearts' Scottish Cup fourth-round match at home to Celtic for a two-footed challenge on Scott Brown; Hearts lost the match 4–0. In February 2016, <mask> moved on loan to fellow Scottish Premiership club Motherwell until the end of the season. Kelantan
On 11 July 2016, <mask> signed for Kelantan on a one-year contract, becoming the second signing of Kelantan for second transfer window under the new head coach, Velizar Popov. On 3 December 2017, <mask> extended his contract with Kelantan for another year. Third spell at Dundee United
Gomis spent time with Sur SC of the Oman Professional League in 2018 before returning to Scotland where he trained with Dundee United.On 11 January 2019, he signed for his third spell with the club, saying that he "[was looking] forward to playing in front of the United fans again." Towards the end of his first league appearance of the new spell, a 1–0 defeat to Ayr United, he was sent off for a second yellow card. <mask> was released by United on 6 May, before the play-offs. Falkirk
On 18 June 2019, <mask> signed for Falkirk on a one-year contract. International career
In March 2009, <mask> received his first international call-up, being named in Senegal's squad for friendly matches against Oman and Iran. Having been born in France of Senegalese parents, <mask> had always considered himself to be French, but was reportedly "flattered and surprised" by the call-up. Having initially said he would consider carefully whether to accept, he later announced his decision to play for Senegal.He made his debut that week in the starting eleven against Oman, a 2–0 defeat, and played as a substitute in the 1–1 draw with Iran. Career statistics

HonoursLewesSussex Senior Challenge Cup: 2005–06Dundee UnitedScottish Cup: 2010Heart of Midlothian'
Scottish Championship: 2014–15

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Paris
French footballers
Citizens of Senegal through descent
Senegalese footballers
Senegal international footballers
Association football midfielders
Montpellier HSC players
Windsor & Eton F.C. players
Dagenham & Redbridge F.C. players
Barnet F.C. players
Lewes F.C. players
Cowdenbeath F.C. players
Dundee United F.C.players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Heart of Midlothian F.C. players
Motherwell F.C. players
Sur SC players
Kelantan FA players
Falkirk F.C. players
Isthmian League players
National League (English football) players
Scottish Football League players
Scottish Premier League players
English Football League players
Malaysia Super League players
Scottish Professional Football League players
French people of Senegalese descent
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in Scotland
Expatriate footballers in Malaysia
Expatriate footballers in Oman
Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in England
Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in Scotland
Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in Malaysia
Senegalese expatriate sportspeople in Oman
Clyde F.C. players

masks:
Morgaro Lima Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
Morgaro
Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
Gomis
Gomis