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<mask> (born 22 October 1987) is the former president of the National Union of Students (NUS) of the United Kingdom, elected at the National Conference in April 2016. She was the first female Black British and Muslim leader of the NUS. She attended the University of Birmingham. In March 2017, she was defeated in her attempt to run for a second term in office by NUS Vice-President Shakira Martin. Bouattia is a contributor to several news outlets, including The Guardian, Middle East Eye, The New Arab and the HuffPost. She is currently a presenter on the British Muslim TV panel show Women Like Us. Early life
Bouattia was born in Norwich, Norfolk, in October 1987.Her father is Brahim <mask>, an Algerian academic who now works for an international management consultancy, and her mother is Latifa Akhrouf. She has two younger sisters, Hannah and Yasmin. The family fled their home in Constantine during the Algerian Civil War, and moved to Birmingham in England, where Bouattia attended school. While at school, she began campaigning on social issues, and took part in protests opposing the Iraq War. Bouattia attended the University of Birmingham where she read cultural studies with French, followed by an MPhil in post-colonial theory. While studying for her MPhil, she began to be active in the NUS. In 2015 she talked about her early life in a speech titled "Against All Odds" at a MADE (Muslim Agency for Development Education) event.NUS career

NUS Black Students' Officership and racial identity
Bouattia served two years as Black Students' Officer of the National Union of Students (NUS). While in this position, she campaigned against the UK government's Prevent strategy which she describes as “toxic and unworkable.” Bouattia also pushed for greater ethnic diversity amongst NUS candidates and campaigned for the establishment of a permanent officer for transgender students. While a member of the NUS Executive Committee, Bouattia opposed a motion condemning the terrorist acts of ISIS as she considered the wording of the motion Islamophobic. She later supported a second motion condemning crimes by ISIS, as well as Islamophobia in general. Bouattia has spoken extensively about her North African (Algerian) ancestry and her racial identity as a black woman. Anandi Ramamurthy and Kalpana Wilson have contextualized Bouattia's views as belonging to a tradition of "political blackness" intended to unite anti-racist and anti-colonial movements which had been widely accepted in the 20th century, although this had declined since. They argued that Bouattia's awareness of the simultaneous struggle against racism among immigrants to the UK in the post-war period and movements against colonialism internationally provided a framework to understand opposition to Islamophobia and racism domestically as part of an international movement, and stressed that it was not "an attempt to homogenise identity and experience".In an article she wrote in 2015, Bouattia mentioned the British Black Panthers, the Organisation of Women of African and Asian Descent, the Southall Black Sisters and the United Black Youth League as organisations working in this tradition. In May 2016, Charlie Brinkhurst-Cuff in the New Statesman argued that Bouattia was not black, noting that that her self-identification as black was based on the concept of "political blackness", which Brinkhurst-Cuff defined as part of a tendency by some people of colour to adopt "blackness" as an inclusive term for nonwhites generally. Whilst acknowledging the value of Bouattia's anti-racist work, and the relevance of political blackness as a historical term, Brinkhurst-Cuff suggested that this conflation of the variety of racialised experiences was "unwise and outdated". Brinkhurst-Cuff nonetheless welcomed Bouattia's appointment, and distinguished her case from that of Rachel Dolezal on the grounds that Bouattia was a woman of colour who was honest about her ancestry. Election as NUS president
At the 2016 NUS conference Bouattia ran for the position of president against incumbent Megan Dunn with a campaign slogan of "For a strong transformative union". She opposed Dunn's plans to end the NUS' relationship with the human rights organisation CAGE, which Bouattia had defended in July 2015 against David Cameron's accusation that it is an "extremist" group. Bouattia has referred to the stance against CAGE as consisting of "baseless Islamophobic smears", while Dunn described its leaders as having "sympathised with violent extremism and violence against women."Bouattia won the 2016 election with 50.9% of the vote, pledging to oppose government cuts to bursaries and the NHS. Bouattia stated that she would place greater emphasis on global politics. Allegations of antisemitism
During her campaign attention was drawn to past comments she had made, that were criticised as antisemitic. In a co-written 2011 University of Birmingham Friends of Palestine blog post, she described the University as "something of a Zionist outpost in British Higher Education" which has "the largest JSoc [Jewish student society] in the country whose leadership is dominated by Zionist activists". For this she has been condemned by over 300 Jewish student leaders, the Union of Jewish Students and Oxford University Student Union. In her response to this criticism in April 2016, Bouattia rejected the accusation that she had a problem with Jewish societies on-campus. Daniel Clements, then president of Birmingham J-Soc, found her comments "completely unsatisfactory".Bouattia defended her comments claiming that they had been misrepresented and "that for me to take issue with Zionist politics is not me taking issue with being Jewish." An October 2016 report by the House of Commons Home Affairs Select Committee, described her comments as "outright racism" and said that she was not taking issues of anti-Semitism on university campuses seriously enough. However, a letter published in The Independent with signatories including Professor Norman Finkelstein and Professor Moshé Machover, defended Bouattia's record of fighting racism and anti-semitism. Critics of Bouattia also highlighted a video of her speaking at a conference on "Gaza and the Palestinian Revolution" in 2014, in which she said: "With mainstream Zionist-led media outlets ... resistance is presented as an act of terrorism." Any peace talks, in her opinion, are a "strengthening of the colonial project". Bouattia attracted criticism for appearing to suggest that non-violent resistance to Israeli occupation is a limited option. In January 2017, Al Jazeera broadcast footage purporting to show that the UJS (Union of Jewish Students) and the Israeli Embassy in London were involved in a campaign to discredit Bouattia with claims of antisemitism and of seeking to block her election and, later, attempting to remove her.The following month, an internal NUS inquiry concluded that Bouattia had made an antisemitic statement, although four other such claims were rejected. As she had expressed regret, the investigator said that Bouattia should not face any action so long as she apologised. Students' union disaffiliations
In response to her election, students at Durham, Loughborough, Hull, Aberystwyth, Oxford, Cambridge, Manchester, Essex, York, King's College London, Nottingham, Leicester, Queen Mary University of London and Reading University began campaigning to disaffiliate from the NUS. On 9 May 2016 the University of Lincoln disaffiliated from the NUS. Within the same week, Newcastle University followed. Hull University disaffiliated on 24 May 2016, followed by Loughborough University on 7 June. However, Queen Mary, Nottingham, Oxford, Surrey, Exeter, Warwick, Cambridge and Durham universities voted to remain affiliated to the NUS.Defeat in 2017 NUS election
On 13 March 2017, Bouattia announced that she was running for a second term as NUS President. The NUS Vice-President for further education Shakira Martin ran against her, as well as Durham student Tom Harwood, who stood on a conservative platform and lampooned the NUS and Bouattia's "irrelevant grandstanding" in his somewhat satirical campaign literature. Martin defeated Bouattia winning 56% of the vote in the election at the national conference in Brighton the following month. She gained 402 of the 721 votes cast by delegates, while Bouattia received 272 and Harwood 35. References

1987 births
Living people
Presidents of the National Union of Students (United Kingdom)
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Union leaders from Norwich
English people of Algerian descent
Black British activists

masks:
Malia Mazia Bouattia
Bouattia


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<mask> (born January 9, 1975) is a Canadian professional ice hockey forward. He is currently a free agent having last played with the Jonquière Marquis of the Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey. <mask> was selected by the Quebec Nordiques in the 7th round (179th overall) of the 1993 NHL Entry Draft. Playing career

<mask> played with the Charlottetown Abbies for three seasons (starting at age 14) and in his third season the MRJHL as a 17-year-old in 1991–92, as he scored 33 goals, 75 points and 270 PIM in only 30 games. <mask> also played eight games with the St. Michael's Buzzers of the OHA, earning 19 points. <mask> was drafted in the second round (18th overall) by the Kingston Frontenacs of the Ontario Hockey League. <mask> made his OHL debut during the 1992–93 season, as he had 17 goals, 63 points and 275 PIM in 64 games with the Kingston Frontenacs and was voted onto the second all rookie team.<mask> had a solid playoffs with Kingston, as he had 15 points in 16 games, helping the club to the third round of the post-season. In the 1993–94 season, <mask> improved his numbers, scoring 37 goals and 77 points in 61 games, as well as accumulating 254 PIM (led the league in PIMs). <mask> then chipped in with six points in six playoff games for the Frontenacs. <mask> saw his numbers explode during the 1994–95, as he finished second in the league with 135 points, as he scored an OHL high 61 goals, along with 74 assists, helping lead the Frontenacs to best record in the East Division. <mask> continued his dominance in the playoffs, scoring seven goals and 15 points in only six games despite playing with a broken thumb. In spite of his efforts, the Frontenacs were upset in the first round. <mask> was awarded the Red Tilson Trophy, awarded to the most outstanding player in the OHL, the Jim Mahon Memorial Trophy, which is awarded to the highest scoring right winger in the OHL, as well as CHL Player of the Year.<mask> would eventually see his number 17 raised to the rafters, as the Frontenacs honoured his number. Professional

Quebec Nordiques
<mask> was drafted by the Quebec Nordiques in the seventh round, 179th overall in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft. On June 21, 1995, <mask> would have his rights transferred to the Colorado Avalanche as the Nordiques relocated to Denver, Colorado to begin play in 1995–96. He would not stay in Colorado for very long, as on July 7, 1995, the Avalanche traded <mask> and Colorado's ninth round draft pick in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft to the Calgary Flames for the Flames' ninth round draft pick in the same draft. Calgary Flames
<mask> made his professional hockey debut with the Saint John Flames of the American Hockey League (AHL) during the 1995–96 season, scoring 24 goals and 56 points in 75 games with Saint John, while registering 179 PIM. <mask> then appeared in nine playoff games for Saint John, earning five assists. He began the 1996–97 season with Saint John once again, however, <mask> appeared in only five games, getting two assists.On October 24, 1996, Calgary traded <mask> and the Flames' sixth round draft pick in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft to the Montreal Canadiens for Scott Fraser. Montreal Canadiens
<mask> would continue the 1996–97 season with the Fredericton Canadiens of the AHL, where he scored 22 goals, 58 points and 240 PIM in 48 games. <mask> also made his National Hockey League debut during the season, going pointless in two games with the Montreal Canadiens. <mask> began the 1997–98 season with Fredericton once again, where in 67 games, he had 25 goals and 66 points. <mask> also appeared in one game with Montreal, where he did not earn a point. On March 14, 1998, the Canadiens traded <mask> to the Chicago Blackhawks for Martin Gendron. Chicago Blackhawks
<mask> finished out the 1997–98 season with the Indianapolis Ice of the International Hockey League (IHL), where he had 14 points in 12 games, then earning five points in five playoff games.On September 3, 1998, <mask> signed with the Kansas City Blades of the IHL, however, the Blackhawks retained his NHL rights. He had a very solid 1998–99 season in Kansas City, scoring 30 goals and 72 points in 82 games, however, he recorded only a goal in three playoff games with the Blades. <mask> returned to Kansas City for the 1999–2000 season, as he had an even better season with the Blades, recording 35 goals and 83 points in 82 games. On August 11, 2000, the Blackhawks traded <mask> to the Dallas Stars for future considerations. Dallas Stars
<mask> was sent to the Dallas Stars' IHL affiliate for the 2000–01 season, where he struggled offensively, as his numbers dropped to 15 goals and 43 points in 79 games with the Utah Grizzlies. On July 7, 2001, <mask> left the Stars as a free agent, as he signed with the Columbus Blue Jackets. Columbus Blue Jackets
<mask> spent most of the 2001–02 season with the Blue Jackets' AHL affiliate, the Syracuse Crunch, where he had 19 goals and 60 points in 71 games.In the playoffs, he had 10 points in 10 games. <mask> also returned to the NHL in 2001–02, where he played in five games with the Columbus Blue Jackets, earning no points while having seven minutes in penalties. <mask> played a majority of the 2002–03 season with Syracuse, as he had 41 points in 46 games. He was then called up to Columbus, where he finished the season with the Blue Jackets, earning five points in 35 games. The 2003–04 season was spent mostly in Columbus, where <mask> appeared in 50 games, earning three points and 98 PIM. <mask> also appeared in 14 games with Syracuse, where he had seven goals and 17 points, before adding an assist in seven playoff games. On July 29, 2004, <mask> signed with the Toronto Maple Leafs as a free agent.Toronto Maple Leafs
With the 2004–05 NHL lockout cancelling the NHL season, <mask> spent the entire season with the St. John's Maple Leafs of the AHL, where he had 28 goals and 88 points in 80 games good for third in the AHL scoring race behind only Mike Cammalleri and Jason Spezza. <mask> then added two points and 43 PIM in five playoff games. <mask> left the Maple Leafs organization after only one season, as he signed with Spartak Moscow of the Russian Super League (RSL). Russian Super League
<mask> played the 2005–06 season with Spartak Moscow of the RSL, where he led the team with 15 goals and 32 points in 50 games. He then added two goals and three points in three playoff games. In 2006–07, <mask> moved to HC Dynamo Moscow, where he had 26 points in 42 games, followed by three points in three playoff games. Toronto Maple Leafs
<mask> returned to North America on July 9, 2007, when he signed with the Toronto Maple Leafs once again.He spent the entire 2007–08 season with the Toronto Marlies of the AHL, where he scored 17 goals and 59 points in 71 games. <mask> had a solid playoff run with the Marlies, earning 14 points in 17 games. Europe
<mask> left for Europe for the 2008–09 season, as he played for EHC Biel of National League A, where he had 22 points in 33 games. <mask> then moved to Jokerit of the SM-liiga, as he earned 13 points in 23 games. He played for Jokerit in the playoffs, earning three points in five games. KHL

<mask> returned to Russia and played for two seasons with the KHL team Amur Khabarovsk. He led the team in scoring the first year and mid way thru the 2010-2011 year he returned to the AHL with the Boston Bruins farm the Providence Bruins.Europe

<mask> returned to Europe and headed to Italy with HC Pustertal and led the Italian league in scoring in 2011-12. The 2012-13 season saw <mask> head to England and won the triple with the Nottingham Panthers of the EIHL. <mask> took away the league MVP and top scorer that year, he also earned his MBA at Derby University. <mask> didn't start playing the 2013-14 season until January, where he went back to Italy, again with HC Pustertal and put impressive numbers in the remaining games and into the playoffs. ECHL

<mask> returned to North America for the 2014-15 season with the Brampton Beast of the ECHL at 40 years old. He was called up the Edmonton Oilers farm team, Oklahoma Barons of the AHL, where he scored 1 goal in 3 games. Europe

<mask> headed back to England to start the season with the Nottingham Panthers before returning to the ECHL and Brampton Beast in January of 2016.ECHL

<mask> played his final two seasons (2016-2018) of professional hockey in the ECHL with the Brampton Beast. He was the second oldest active professional player behind Jaromir Jagr. <mask> never formally retired but didnt play another pro game after the 2018, but he played senior with the Hamilton Steelhawks in search of an Allan Cup. Personal
<mask>'s brother, Jamie, played seven years of professional hockey. Career statistics

Awards and honours

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
Amur Khabarovsk players
Brampton Beast players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Columbus Blue Jackets players
EHC Biel players
Fredericton Canadiens players
HC Dynamo Moscow players
HC Spartak Moscow players
Ice hockey people from Nova Scotia
Indianapolis Ice players
Jokerit players
Kansas City Blades players
Kingston Frontenacs players
Maritime Junior Hockey League players
Montreal Canadiens players
Nottingham Panthers players
Oklahoma City Barons players
Providence Bruins players
HC Pustertal Wölfe players
Quebec Nordiques draft picks
Saint John Flames players
St. John's Maple Leafs players
Sportspeople from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Syracuse Crunch players
Toronto Marlies players
Utah Grizzlies (IHL) players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in England
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Finland
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Russia
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Switzerland
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States

masks:
David Gregory Ling
Ling
Junior Ling
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<mask> (born 1966, sometimes Jabateh), also known by his nom de guerre Jungle Jabbah, is a Liberian who was convicted in the United States of lying to immigration authorities about his role in the First Liberian Civil War (1989-1997) when he sought asylum in the late 1990s. He was arrested in April 2016. In October 18, 2017, <mask> was tried and convicted in Philadelphia of two counts of fraud in immigration documents and two counts of perjury stemming from statements he made when filing for asylum and permanent residence. He was sentenced to 30 years in prison the following April. He was the first person convicted of crimes stemming from war-related activities during the First Liberian Civil War. He lost his appeal in September 2020. Immigration to the United States
In December 1998, <mask> submitted his application for US asylum and later for US permanent residency.<mask> disclosed that he was a member of ULIMO and later ULIMO-K (Mandingo ethnic faction), but he did not reveal his alleged capacity. In January 1999, an immigration asylum officer interviewed Jabbateh to determine whether his asylum application should be granted. Jabbateh responded "no" to these two questions: 1. "[H]ave you ever committed a crime?" and 2. [H]ave you ever harmed anyone else?" In January 1999, <mask> received US asylum based on his answers to questions posed on his Form I-589 asylum application form.Jabbateh also applied for permanent residency (also known as a green card) using Form I-485. He responded "No" to these two questions: 1. "Have you ever engaged in genocide, or otherwise ordered, incited, assisted or otherwise participated in the killing of any person because of race, religion, nationality, ethnic origin or political opinion?" 2. "Are you under a final order of civil penalty for violating section 274C of the Immigration and Nationality Act for use of fraudulent documents of have you, by fraud or willful misrepresentation of a material fact, ever sought to procure or procured a visa, other documentation, or entry into the US or any immigration benefit?". Indictment and arrest
On March 10, 2016, Jabbateh was indicted and charged by the US Attorney's Office for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania with two counts of fraud in immigration documents in violation of the 18 U.S.C. § 1546 and two counts of perjury in violation of 18 U.S.C.§ 1621. The indictment was unsealed on April 13, 2016 and <mask> was arrested in his Delaware County home in Lansdowne, Pennsylvania. Trial
On October 2, 2017, Jabbateh was arraigned before the Honorable Judge Paul S. Diamond at the James A. Byrne Federal Courthouse in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Jabbateh pleaded not guilty on all counts. The jury, composed of eight women and four men, was selected the same day and opening arguments began the following day. The trial lasted for three weeks until October 18, 2017. Assistant United States Attorney Linwood C. Wright, Jr. and Assistant United States Attorney Nelson S.T.Thayer prosecuted Jabbateh. Thayer was previously a trial attorney at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and prosecuted the massacre in Srebrenica, Bosnia. The government stated that as a ULIMO-K commander in the late 1990s, Jabbateh either committed himself or ordered his troops to "commit crimes such as the murder of civilians, sexual enslavement of women, public rapes, conscription of child soldiers and maiming and torture of noncombatants." Twenty witnesses and victims were flown from Liberia to Philadelphia to testify in court against Jabbateh. Gregory J. Pagano was the attorney for Jabbateh. Pagano interrogated the credibility of the government's selection of the witnesses and their testimonies. The defense counsel presented their case on October 16, 2017.Verdict
On October 18, <mask> was convicted of two counts of fraud in immigration documents and two counts of perjury stemming from statements he made in connection with his applications for asylum and permanent residence. Jabbateh was sentenced to 30 years in prison on April 19, 2018. Although federal guidelines generally only call for 15 to 21 months in prison for the charges he was convicted, U.S. District Judge Paul S. Diamond instead sentenced him to the statutory maximum, saying it would be "not only unreasonable but outrageously offensive" in light of his past. "I want to be clear, I am departing not based on the horror of the atrocities the defendant committed abroad," Diamond said. "Rather, I am departing based on the egregiousness of his lies…and their effect on our asylum laws and immigration system." He said Jabbateh had made a "mockery" of the U.S. asylum system asylum system that had been established to protect people fleeing from human rights abusers like himself. Jabbateh was a commander or higher-ranking officer in ULIMO and ULIMO-K, and during that time he either personally committed, or ordered ULIMO troops under his command to commit the following list of acts:
 The murder of civilian non-combatants
 The sexual enslavement of women
 The public raping of women
 The maiming of civilian non-combatants
 The torturing of civilian non-combatants
 The enslavement of civilian non-combatants
 The conscription of child soldiers
 The execution of prisoners of war
 The desecration and mutilation of corpses
 The killing of persons because of race, religion, nationality, ethnic origin or political opinion

Appeal
<mask>'s conviction and sentence were unprecedented, both as the first conviction connected to the First Liberian civil war and also for the length at 17 times the recommended sentence for such immigration offences, the longest ever sentence in the US for lying about war crimes on immigration forms.<mask> appealed to the US Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in January 2020 on the basis that his crimes in Liberia did not amount to genocide. Circuit Judge Thomas L. Ambro noted the unusual length of the sentence and that it could be viewed as being imposed for his war crimes rather than his immigration offences. Jabbateh lost his appeal in September 2020. Judges Ambro, Paul Matey, and Julio M. Fuentes noted that some of the charges he was convicted of should not have been applied, but allowed them to stand because his lawyer had not objected. The forms filed in 2002 were beyond the statute of limitations, but the charges related to lying in a 2011 immigration interview despite the law on applying to written documents. They ruled that Judge Diamond correctly used his discretion in imposing the long sentence. According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons website, Jabbateh is serving his sentence at Federal Correctional Institution, Allenwood Medium.He is scheduled for release on November 5, 2041. <mask>'s inmate number is 75217-066. Personal life
<mask> was granted US political asylum on December 23, 1999. He settled in Lansdowne, where he remained until his conviction in October 2017. <mask> has a wife and five children who live in Philadelphia. Jabbateh also has an ex-wife and at least seven children who live in Liberia or elsewhere on the African continent, who he attempted to sponsor to immigrate to the US. Jabbateh started a shipping company in 2008, Jabateh Brothers Loading Services, which packages and ships containers to Liberia.It remains in operation. Friends and family in his community around Philadelphia regarded him favorably. He does not hold a US passport and had not left the country since his arrival in 1998. References

External links
 Legal Monitoring of the Jungle Jabbah Case (Civitas Maxima, 2017)
 United States v. Jabateh, 974 F.3d 281 (3d Cir. 2020) - appeal verdict
 "Is ‘Jungle Jabbah’ a ruthless killer or vendetta victim? Two portraits emerge in Delco man’s trial" (WHYY, 2017)
 "Jurors begin deliberations in alleged warlord's trial" (WHYY, 2017)

1966 births
Living people
African warlords
Liberian emigrants to the United States
People convicted of making false statements
People from Delaware County, Pennsylvania
People convicted of immigration fraud
Liberian military personnel

masks:
Mohammed Jabbateh
Jabbateh
Jabbateh
Jabbateh
Jabbateh
Jabbateh
Jabbateh
Jabbateh
Jabbateh
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<mask>. (born April 26, 1973) is an American politician who served as the 13th borough president of The Bronx in New York City from 2009 to 2021. He was elected in April 2009 and reelected in 2013 and 2017. He previously served in the New York State Assembly. Early life and education
<mask>'s parents moved from Puerto Rico to New York, where he was born and received his primary and secondary education in the Bronx. He graduated first from LaGuardia Community College, then Lehman College with a bachelor's degree in political theory. <mask>'s father, <mask>, is a former New York City Councilman and a former member of the New York State Senate. Career

New York State Assembly
<mask> was elected to the New York State Assembly at the age of twenty-three, which made him the youngest person elected to the legislative body since Theodore Roosevelt.While in the Assembly, <mask> sponsored, co-sponsored and passed legislation addressing health care, public records access, minimum wage and overtime pay, environmental protection, equitable labor standards, insurance fraud, tenants rights, transparency and disclosure in all environmental impact statements, pedestrian safety, school bus safety, protection from tax preparers, Senior Citizens rights, wider access to the Senior Citizens Rent Increase Exemption (SCRIE) Program, and the regulation and accountability of gas and electric companies. A member of the Assembly Education Committee, <mask> has been outspoken on educational issues. He has addressed the International Democratic Education Conference (IDEC) and praised the Campaign for Fiscal Equity's (CFE) efforts to protect the constitutional right to a basic education. In 2003, when Governor George Pataki sought to cut the State's higher education budget, <mask> was a vocal critic of this plan and, together with other state legislators, was able to restore funding for some of the Governor's proposed cuts. <mask> has legislated on behalf of Brownfield Cleanup and Green Roof Tax Abatement, worked to restore the Bronx River which runs through the 85th Assembly District, and opposed environmental racism. In September 2007, he was named one of City Hall'''s "40 under 40" for being a young influential member of New York City politics. Amadou Diallo
On February 4, 1999, Amadou Diallo, a young African immigrant, was killed by four New York City police officers who fired 41 unanswered rounds at him.Since the shooting occurred in his South Bronx district, <mask> became an advocate and organizer for the Diallo family. Through a series of public appearances, hearings, press conferences and massive public demonstrations, <mask> led a citywide protest which drew national media attention. <mask> marched together with Rev. Al Sharpton, the Rev. Jesse Jackson, actress Susan Sarandon, dozens of rabbis and other clergy, and was arrested for his peaceful protest. As a result, <mask> became known for his support of civil and human rights. The Rainbow Rebels
In summer 2008, <mask> became a founding member of a progressive civic and political group known as the "Rainbow Rebels", who achieved sudden and widespread popularity throughout the Bronx County of New York.On August 22, 2008, the Rainbow Rebels made their first official announcement: <mask> joined with two of his Assembly colleagues Carl Heastie and Michael Benjamin, both Democratic African Americans, and with Assemblyman Jeffrey Dinowitz of Riverdale and his powerful Benjamin Franklin Reform Democratic Club, to promote the candidacy of Elizabeth Taylor for a Civil Court judgeship. On September 9, 2008, Taylor won the Democratic primary for the judgeship, despite opposition from the Bronx County Leader, Jose Rivera, and the Bronx political machine known as "County". On September 28, 2008, at the Bronx County Committee meeting, the Rainbow Rebels won another significant victory by replacing the Bronx County Leader José Rivera with Assemblyman Carl Heastie. Bronx Borough President
On February 18, 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama appointed Bronx Borough president Adolfo Carrión Jr. to the position of Director of the White House Office on Urban Affairs. When Mayor Michael Bloomberg declared a special election to choose his successor, <mask> was considered the leading candidate for the position. The special election was held on April 21, 2009. <mask> defeated the Republican Party candidate Anthony Ribustello with an overwhelming 87% of the vote, to become the 13th borough president of the Bronx.On July 1, 2009, <mask> appointed Delores Fernandez to the reconstituted New York City Board of Education. Fernandez is anticipated to be the sole member of the Board who will have a perspective independent of the mayor, Michael Bloomberg. <mask> ended his first summer as borough president by recommending that the New York City Council reject Related Companies' proposal to turn the Kingsbridge Armory into a shopping mall. In an editorial in the New York Daily News, <mask> wrote that he is "fighting to make sure that this development includes 'living wage' jobs that offer health insurance". Related's proposal is still going through the city's review process. In 2017, <mask> won the Democratic primary for borough president with 86% of the vote. On the same day, his father won the Democratic primary to return to the City Council from the Senate.In January 2020, <mask> announced that he would not seek re-election in 2021. New York City mayoral campaign

In 2018, Diaz was the first candidate to file to run in the 2021 New York City mayoral election. Diaz dropped out in January 2020, saying he wanted to spend more time with his family. Personal life
<mask> lives in the southeast Bronx. He and his wife Hilda have two adult sons. See also
 Timeline of the Bronx, 21st c.
 Paterson, David "Black, Blind, & In Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity. "''Skyhorse Publishing.New York, New York, 2020

References

External links

People for Diaz

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1973 births
2012 United States presidential electors
2016 United States presidential electors
2020 United States presidential electors
American politicians of Puerto Rican descent
Bronx borough presidents
Candidates in the 2021 United States elections
Hispanic and Latino American politicians
Hispanic and Latino American state legislators in New York (state)
Lehman College alumni
Living people
Members of the New York State Assembly
New York (state) Democrats
Politicians from the Bronx
Puerto Rican people in New York (state) politics

masks:
Rubén Díaz Jr
Díaz
Díaz
Rubén Díaz
Díaz
Díaz
Díaz
Díaz
Díaz
Díaz
Díaz
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<mask>  (8 May 1879 − 22 July 1942) was an English philologist. A notable researcher of Viking activity in the British Isles, <mask> is best known as the founder of the English Place-Name Society, and as Provost of University College London from 1929 to 1942. Early life
<mask> was born at Bow, London, on 8 May 1879. He was born the second child and eldest son of five children, to <mask> of South Hackney and <mask>. His father was a commercial traveller in fancy trimmings and secretary of the Country Towns' Mission. <mask>'s parents were of strong religious feeling who valued education. Through them, he acquired an abiding love for literature and history, and early knowledge of Greek and Latin.Education
Mawer entered Coopers' Company Grammar School at the age of ten, where he won a scholarship at the end of his first term. In 1897 he sat as an external candidate for an Honours Degree in English at London University, obtaining a First Class in his examination. Mawer entered University College London in 1898 as a graduate, where he was the Morley Medallist. At University College London, Professor W. P. Ker had a particularly strong influence on him. <mask> entered Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, in October 1901 as a foundation scholar, residing there for three years, obtaining a double mark of distinction in the English sections of the Medieval and Modern Languages Tripos. Supported by a Research Studentship given to him by the College, he spent the next year studying Viking activity in England, in particular the subject of Old Norse place-names. Early career
In October 1905, <mask> was appointed Lecturer in English at the University of Sheffield.A few weeks later, after having his thesis on this subject examined by experts, he was elected to a fellowship by Gonville and Caius College, which he held until 1911. In 1908 he was elected to the Joseph Cowen Professorship of Language and Literature in Armstrong College, Newcastle, where he would remain for thirteen years. During his years at Armstrong College, <mask> continued his research on Viking influence and Old Norse place-names in England. In 1913, he published his celebrated The Vikings, which for many years served as the standard English-language work on Vikings. By this time, <mask> had become convinced that the place-names of England contained the key to understanding the extent of Scandinavian influence in medieval England. The same year as his publishing of The Vikings, he also published two papers on Scandinavian place-names in England. The year 1920 saw the publishing of his Place-Names of Northumberland and Durham, which was the product of eight years of research.It established him as one of the major experts in this field of study. In the preface to this work, <mask> laid down his principle that "no single county can be dealt with satisfactorily apart from a survey of the field of English place-nomenclature as a whole". Founding the English Place-Name Society
In 1921, <mask> became Baines Professor of the English Language at the University of Liverpool, succeeding Henry Cecil Kennedy Wyld. The Scandinavian countries had by this time conducted systematic surveys of their place-names, and English scholars were to do the same for their country. By then it had become obvious that <mask> was the right scholar to take the lead. Following a speech made to the British Academy in January 1921, the Academy sponsored the creation of the English Place-Name Society, of which <mask> was Honorary Director and Secretary, and the driving force. Under the leadership of <mask>, the Society began the gigantic undertaking of producing the Survey of English Place-Names.Drawing upon large support from the English public, the Society gained many members and plenty of funds, and its Survey came to be conducted by several scholars, including Eilert Ekwall, Frank Stenton, Percy Hide Reany, Albert Hugh Smith, John Eric Bruce Gover and <mask> himself. Four of the eight volumes of the Survey produced during <mask>'s lifetime were authored by him. The first volume, Introduction to the Survey of English Place-Names (1924), was written with Stenton, while the second volume, Chief Elements used in English Place-Names (1924), Mawer wrote by himself. <mask> was awarded the Biennial Prize for English Studies of the British Academy in 1929 in recognition of  his work for the Society. During this time, he also authored two chapters on early Scandinavian history for the Cambridge Medieval History (Vol. III, 1922), and the article "The Redemption of the Five Boroughs", which was published in the English Historical Review in 1923. In the latter article, which has been described as his most important work on history, <mask> convincingly argued that the ethnic distinction between Danes and Norwegians was a significant political factor in tenth-century England.His Place-Names and History (1922) and Problems of Place-Name Study (1929) gained a wide circulation. Provost at University College London
In 1929, <mask> was elected Provost of University College London. One of the best known scholars of his generation, he was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1930 and received the honour of knighthood in 1937. He was awarded an honorary D.C.L. from Durham University in 1937. <mask> was an honorary foreign member of the Royal Flemish Academy. Combined with his responsibilities at University College London, <mask> served as President of the Modern Language Association from 1929 to 1939, President of the Philological Society in 1936, and Vice-President of the Viking Society.He was a contributor to the Encyclopædia Britannica on articles about Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian subjects. With the outbreak of World War II, the College was dispersed to various parts of England and Wales. Although a man of great physical energy, <mask> suffered from an irregular heart. His strenuous efforts to hold the College together during wartime took a heavy toll on <mask>'s health, and on 22 July 1942 he collapsed and died suddenly on a train in Broxbourne while on his way to a meeting of a committee in London. Personal life
<mask> married Lettice Mona Kathleen Heath on 8 July 1909. She was the daughter of the Rev. Christopher Heath of Wellesley Court, Cheltenham, who was Vicar of Hucclecote, Gloucestershire.The couple had four daughters, and a son who died in infancy. Selected works
 The Vikings, 1913
 Place-Names of Northumberland and Durham (1920)
 Place-Names and History, 1922
 (With Frank Stenton) Introduction to the Survey of English Place-Names, 1924
 Chief Elements used in English Place-Names, 1924
 Problems of Place-Name Study, 1929

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1879 births
1942 deaths
Alumni of Durham University
Academics of Newcastle University
Academics of the University of Liverpool
Academics of the University of Sheffield
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of London
Alumni of University College London
English philologists
Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Fellows of the British Academy
Knights Bachelor
Old Norse studies scholars
People from Bow, London
Provosts of University College London

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<mask> (c. March 1473 – 29 November 1530) was an English statesman and Catholic bishop. When Henry VIII became King of England in 1509, <mask> became the king's almoner. <mask>'s affairs prospered and by 1514 he had become the controlling figure in virtually all matters of state. He also held important ecclesiastical appointments. These included the Archbishopric of York—the second most important role in the English church—and that of papal legate. His appointment as a cardinal by Pope Leo X in 1515 gave him precedence over all other English clergy. The highest political position <mask> attained was Lord Chancellor, the king's chief adviser (formally, as his successor and disciple <mask> was not).In that position, he enjoyed great freedom and was often depicted as an alter rex ("other king"). After failing to negotiate an annulment of Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, <mask> fell out of favour and was stripped of his government titles. He retreated to York to fulfil his ecclesiastical duties as archbishop, a position he nominally held but had neglected during his years in government. He was recalled to London to answer to charges of treason—charges Henry commonly used against ministers who fell out of his favour—but died on the way from natural causes. Early life
<mask> was born about 1473, the son of <mask> of Ipswich and his wife, Joan Daundy. Widespread traditions identify his father as a butcher; his modest origin became a topic of criticism later, when he amassed wealth and power that critics thought more befitting a member of the high nobility. Wolsey attended Ipswich School and Magdalen College School before studying theology at Magdalen College, Oxford.On 10 March 1498 he was ordained as a priest in Marlborough, Wiltshire, and remained in Oxford, first as the Master of Magdalen College School, and soon the dean of divinity. From 1500 to 1509 <mask> held a living as rector of St Mary's church, Limington, in Somerset. In 1502, he became a chaplain to Henry Deane, archbishop of Canterbury, who died the following year. He was then taken into the household of Sir Richard Nanfan, who made <mask> executor of his estate. After Nanfan's death in 1507, <mask> entered the service of King Henry VII. <mask> benefited from Henry VII's introduction of measures to curb the power of the nobility; the king was willing to favour those from more humble backgrounds. Henry VII appointed Wolsey royal chaplain.In this position <mask> served as secretary to Richard Foxe, who recognised <mask>'s ability, dedication, industry and willingness to take on tedious tasks. <mask>'s remarkable rise to power from humble origins attests to his intelligence, administrative ability, industriousness, ambition, and rapport with the king. In April 1508, <mask> was sent to Scotland to discuss with King James IV rumours of the renewal of the Auld Alliance. <mask>'s rise coincided with the accession in April 1509 of Henry VIII, whose character, policies and attitude to diplomacy differed significantly from his father's. In 1509 Henry appointed <mask> to the post of almoner, a position that gave him a seat on the Privy Council and an opportunity to attain greater prominence and establish personal rapport with the king. A factor in <mask>'s rise was the young Henry VIII's relative lack of interest in the details of government during his early years. Rise to prominence

The primary counsellors Henry VIII inherited from his father were Richard Foxe ( 1448–1528, Bishop of Winchester 1501–1528) and William Warham ( 1450–1532, Archbishop of Canterbury 1503–1532).They were cautious and conservative, advising the king to act as a careful administrator like his father. Henry soon appointed to his Privy Council men more sympathetic to his own views and inclinations. Until 1511, <mask> was adamantly antiwar, but when the king expressed his enthusiasm for an invasion of France, <mask> adapted his views to the king's and gave persuasive speeches to the Privy Council in favour of war. Warham and Foxe, who did not share the king's enthusiasm for the French war, fell from power (1515/1516), and <mask> took over as the king's most trusted advisor and administrator. When Warham resigned as Lord Chancellor in 1515, probably under pressure from <mask>, Henry appointed <mask> in his place. <mask> made careful moves to destroy or neutralise other courtiers' influence. He helped cause the fall of Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham in 1521, and in 1527 he prosecuted Henry's close friend William Compton and Henry's ex-mistress Anne Stafford, Countess of Huntingdon, for adultery.In the case of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, <mask> adopted a different strategy, attempting to win Suffolk's favour by his actions after the duke secretly married Henry's sister Mary Tudor, Dowager Queen of France, much to the king's displeasure. <mask> advised the king not to execute the newlyweds but to embrace them; whether this was out of care for the couple or because of the threat they posed to his own safety remains unclear. The bride, both as sister to Henry and as Dowager Queen of France, had high royal status that could have threatened <mask> had she so chosen. <mask>'s rise to a position of great secular power paralleled his increasing status in the church. He became a canon of Windsor in 1511. In 1514 he was made Bishop of Lincoln and then Archbishop of York in the same year. Pope Leo X made him a cardinal in 1515, with the titular church of St Cecilia in Trastevere.Following the success of the English campaign in France and the peace negotiations that followed, <mask>'s ecclesiastical career advanced further: in 1523 he became Bishop of Durham, a post with wide political powers, and thus became known as Prince-Bishop of Durham. Foreign policy

War with France
The Anglo-French War (1512–14) gave <mask> a significant opportunity to demonstrate his talents in foreign policy. A convenient justification for going to war came in 1511 in the form of a plea for help from Pope Julius II, who was beginning to feel threatened by France. England formed an alliance with Julius, King Ferdinand V of Spain, and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor against King Louis XII of France. The first English campaign against France proved unsuccessful, partly due to the unreliability of the alliance with Ferdinand. Henry learned from the mistakes of the campaign and in 1513, still with papal support, launched a joint attack on France with Maximilian, successfully capturing two French cities and causing the French to retreat. <mask>'s ability to keep a large number of troops supplied and equipped for the duration of the war proved a major factor in the English success.He also had a key role in negotiating the Anglo-French treaty of 7 August 1514, which secured a temporary peace between the two nations. Under this treaty, Louis XII would marry Henry's young sister, Mary. In addition England was able to keep the captured city of Tournai and secure an increase in the annual pension France paid. Meanwhile, a turnover of rulers in Europe threatened to diminish England's influence. With Henry's sister, Mary, married to Louis XII on 9 October 1514, an alliance was formed, but Louis was not in good health. Less than three months later, he died and was succeeded by the young and ambitious Francis I. Queen Mary had allegedly secured a promise from Henry that if Louis died, she could marry whomever she pleased.Following Louis's death, she secretly married Suffolk, with Francis I's assistance, which prevented another marriage alliance. As Mary was the only princess Henry could use to secure marriage alliances, this was a bitter blow. <mask> then proposed an alliance with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire against France. Papal legate

The 1516 death of Ferdinand II of Aragon, Henry VIII's father-in-law and England's closest ally, was a further blow. Ferdinand was succeeded by Charles V, who immediately proposed peace with France. After Maximilian I's death in 1519, Charles was elected in his stead; thus Charles ruled a substantial portion of Europe and English influence became limited on the continent. But <mask> managed to assert English influence by other means.In 1517, Pope Leo X sought peace in Europe to form a crusade against the Ottoman Empire. In 1518 <mask> was made Papal Legate in England, enabling him to realise Leo's desire for peace by organising the Treaty of London. The treaty showed <mask> as the arbiter of Europe, organising a massive peace summit involving 20 nations. This put England at the forefront of European diplomacy and drew her out of isolation, making her a desirable ally. This is well illustrated by the Anglo-French treaty signed two days afterwards. It was partly this peace treaty that caused conflict between France and Spain. In 1519, when Charles V ascended to the throne of the Holy Roman Emperor, King Francis I of France was infuriated.He had invested enormous sums in bribing the electorate to elect him emperor, and thus used the Treaty of London as a justification for the Habsburg-Valois conflict. <mask> appeared to act as mediator between the two powers, both of which were vying for England's support. Field of the Cloth of Gold
Another of <mask>'s diplomatic triumphs was the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520. <mask> organised much of this grandiose meeting between Francis I and Henry VIII, accompanied by 5,000 followers and involving court activities more than military discussion. Though it seemed to open the door to peaceful negotiations with France if the king wished, it was also a chance for a lavish display of English wealth and power before the rest of Europe, through flamboyant celebrations and events such as jousting, with the two kings competing, though not against each other. With France and Spain vying for England's allegiance, <mask> could choose the ally that better suited his policies. <mask> chose Charles mainly because England's economy would suffer from the loss of the lucrative cloth trade industry between England and the Netherlands had France been chosen instead.Under <mask>'s guidance, Europe's chief nations sought to outlaw war among Christian nations. Garrett Mattingly, who has studied the causes of wars in that era, found that treaties of non-aggression such as this one could never be stronger than their sponsors' armies. When those forces were about equal, the treaties typically widened the conflict. That is, diplomacy could sometimes postpone war, but could not prevent wars based on irreconcilable interests and ambitions. What was lacking, Mattingly concludes, was a neutral power whose judgements were generally accepted either by impartial justice or by overwhelming force. Alliance with Spain
The Treaty of London is often regarded as <mask>'s finest moment, but it was abandoned within a year. <mask> developed links with Charles in 1520 at the Field of the Cloth of Gold.At the Calais Conference <mask> signed the Secret Treaty of Bruges (1521) with Charles V, stating that England would join Spain in a war against France if France refused to sign the peace treaty and ignored the Anglo-French treaty of 1518. <mask>'s relationship with Rome was also ambivalent. Despite his links to the papacy, <mask> was strictly Henry's servant. Though the Treaty of London was an elaboration on Pope Leo's ambitions for European peace, it was seen in Rome as a vain attempt by England to assert her influence over Europe and steal some papal thunder. Furthermore, <mask>'s peace initiatives prevented a crusade to the Holy Land, which was the catalyst for the Pope's desire for European peace. Cardinal Lorenzo Campeggio, who represented the Pope at the Treaty of London, was kept waiting for many months in Calais before being allowed to cross the Channel and join the festivities in London in what may have been a display by <mask> of his independence of Rome. An alternative hypothesis is that Campeggio was kept waiting until <mask> received his legacy, thus asserting <mask>'s attachment to Rome.Though the English gain from the wars of 1522–23 was minimal, their contribution certainly aided Charles V in his defeat of the French, particularly in 1525 at the Battle of Pavia, where Charles's army captured Francis I. Henry then felt there was a realistic opportunity for him to seize the French crown, to which the kings of England had long laid claim. Parliament, however, refused to raise taxes. This led <mask> to devise the Amicable Grant, which was met with even more hostility, and ultimately led to his downfall. In 1525, after Charles V had abandoned England as an ally, <mask> began to negotiate with France, and the Treaty of the More was signed, during Francis I's captivity, with the Regent of France—his mother, Louise of Savoy. The closeness between England and Rome can be seen in the formulation of the League of Cognac in 1526. Though England was not part of it, the League was organised in part by <mask> with papal support. <mask>'s plan was that the League of Cognac, an alliance between France and some Italian states, would challenge Charles's League of Cambrai.This was both a gesture of allegiance to Rome and an answer to growing concerns about Charles's dominance over Europe. The final blow to this policy came in 1529, when the French made peace with Charles. Meanwhile, the French also continued to honour the "Auld Alliance" with Scotland, stirring up hostility on England's border. With peace between France and the Emperor, there was no-one to free the Pope from Charles, who had effectively held Pope Clement VII captive since the Sack of Rome (1527). There was thus little hope of securing Henry VIII an annulment from his marriage to Charles's aunt Catherine of Aragon. Since 1527, <mask>'s desire to secure an annulment for his master had dictated his foreign policy, and by 1529 none of his endeavours had succeeded. Annulment

Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon had produced no sons who survived infancy; the Wars of the Roses were still within living memory, leading to the fear of a power struggle after Henry's death.Henry felt the people would accept only a male sovereign, not his daughter Mary. He believed God had cursed him for the sin of marrying the widow of his elder brother, and that the papal dispensation for that marriage was invalid because it was based upon the claim that Catherine was still a virgin after her first husband's death. Henry argued that Catherine's claim was not credible, and thus the dispensation must be withdrawn and the marriage annulled. His motivation has been attributed to his determination to have a son and heir, and to his desire for Anne Boleyn, one of his wife's maids-of-honour. Catherine had no further pregnancies after 1519; Henry began annulment proceedings in 1527. Catherine, however, maintained that she had been a virgin when she married Henry. Because she opposed annulment and a return to her previous status as Dowager Princess of Wales, the annulment request became a matter of international diplomacy, with Catherine's nephew Charles V pressuring Clement not to annul the marriage.Clement faced a dilemma: he would anger either Charles or Henry. He delayed his decision as long as possible, infuriating Henry and Anne Boleyn, who began to doubt <mask>'s loyalty to the Crown over the Church. <mask> appealed to Clement for an annulment on three fronts. First, he tried to convince the Pope that the dispensation was void as the marriage clearly disobeyed instructions in the book of Leviticus. Second, <mask> objected to the dispensation on technical grounds, claiming it was incorrectly worded. (Shortly afterwards, a correctly worded version was found in Spain.) Third, <mask> wanted Clement to let the final decision be made in England, which, as papal legate, he would supervise.In 1528 Clement decided to allow two papal legates to decide the outcome in England: <mask> and Campeggio. <mask> was confident of the decision, but Campeggio took a long time to arrive, and when he finally did, he delayed proceedings so much that the case had to be suspended in July 1529, effectively sealing <mask>'s fate. Domestic achievements

During his 14 years as chancellor, <mask> had more power than any other Crown servant in English history. This led to his being hated by much of the nobility, who thought they should have the power. The king protected him from being attacked. Sara Nair James, a professor at Mary Baldwin College, says that in 1515–1529 <mask> "would be the most powerful man in England except, possibly, for the king". As long as he was in the king's favour, <mask> had great freedom in domestic matters, and had his hand in nearly every aspect of them.For much of the time, Henry VIII had complete confidence in him, and as Henry's interests inclined more towards foreign policy, he was willing to give <mask> free rein in reforming the management of domestic affairs, for which <mask> had grand plans. Historian John Guy explains <mask>'s methods:

Operating with the king's firm support, and with special powers over the church given by the Pope as legate, <mask> dominated civic affairs, administration, the law, the church, and foreign policy. He was amazingly energetic and far-reaching. He built a great fortune for himself and was a major benefactor of arts, humanities and education. He projected numerous reforms, with some success in areas such as finance, taxation, educational provision and justice. From the king's perspective, his greatest failure was an inability to get a divorce when Henry wanted a new wife to give him a son who would be the undisputed heir to the throne. Historians agree that <mask> was a man dogged by other men's failures and his own ambition.In the end, abandoned by the king, <mask> was charged with treason, but died of natural causes before he could be beheaded. Taxation
<mask> made changes to the taxation system, devising, with treasurer of the Chamber John Heron, the "Subsidy". This form of tax was based upon accurate valuations of the taxpayer's wealth, where one shilling was taken per pound from the income. The old fixed tax of 15ths and 10ths meant that those who earned very little had to pay almost as much as the wealthy. With the new income tax the poorer members of society paid much less. This more progressive form of taxation enabled <mask> to raise enough money for the king's foreign expeditions, bringing in over £300,000. He also raised considerable capital through other means, such as "benevolences", and enforced loans from

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 the nobility, which yielded £200,000 in 1522..Ultimately, <mask>'s fiscal policy became increasingly disliked- his forced loans and benevolences culminated in the Amicable Grant (1526). This was met with hostility as the Amicable Grant provoked 'full-scale revolt in Suffolk... the most serious rebellion since 1497' (Cornish rebellion). Justice
As a legal administrator, <mask> reinvented the equity court, where the verdict was decided by the judge on the principle of "fairness". As an alternative to the Common Law courts, <mask> re-established the position of the prerogative courts of the Star Chamber and the Court of Chancery. The system in both courts concentrated on simple, inexpensive cases, and promised impartial justice. He also established the Court of Requests (although this court was only given this name later on) for the poor, where no fees were required. <mask>'s legal reforms were popular, and overflow courts were required to attend to all the cases.Many powerful men who had felt invincible under the law found themselves convicted; for example, in 1515, the Earl of Northumberland was sent to Fleet Prison and in 1516 Lord Abergavenny was accused of illegal retaining. <mask> also used his courts to tackle national controversies, such as the pressing issue of enclosures. The countryside had been thrown into discord by the entrepreneurial actions of landlords enclosing areas of land and converting from arable farming to pastoral farming, requiring fewer workers. The Tudors valued stability, and the resulting mass urban migration represented a serious crisis. <mask> conducted national enquiries into enclosures in 1517, 1518 and 1527. In the course of his administration, he used the court of Chancery to prosecute 264 landowners, including peers, bishops, knights, religious heads, and Oxford colleges. Enclosures were seen as directly linked to rural unemployment and depopulation, vagrancy, food shortages and, accordingly, inflation.This pattern repeated in many of <mask>'s other initiatives, particularly his quest to abolish enclosure. Despite spending significant time and effort investigating the state of the countryside and prosecuting numerous offenders, <mask> freely surrendered his policy during the parliament of 1523 to ensure that Parliament passed his proposed taxes for Henry's war in France. Enclosures remained a problem for many years. <mask> used the Star Chamber to enforce his 1518 policy of Just Price, which attempted to regulate the price of meat in London and other major cities. Those found to be charging too much were prosecuted by the Chamber. After the bad harvest of 1527, <mask> bought up surplus grain and sold it off cheaply to the needy. This greatly eased disorder and became common practice after a disappointing harvest.Church reforms
In 1524 and 1527 <mask> used his powers as papal legate to dissolve 30 decayed monasteries where monastic life had virtually ceased in practice, some in Ipswich and Oxford. He used the income to found a grammar school in Ipswich (The King's School, Ipswich) and Cardinal College in Oxford (in 1532, after <mask>'s fall, the king renamed it King Henry VIII's College; it is now known as Christ Church). In 1528 he began to limit the benefit of clergy. He also attempted, as legate, to force reform on monastic orders like the Augustinian canons. <mask> died five years before Henry's dissolution of the monasteries began. Relationships
<mask>'s power depended on maintaining good relations with Henry. He grew increasingly suspicious of the "minions"—young, influential members of the Privy chamber—particularly after infiltrating one of his own men into the group.He attempted many times to disperse them from court, giving them jobs that took them to the Continent and far from Henry. After the Amicable Grant failed, the minions began to undermine him again. Consequently, <mask> devised a grand plan of administrative reforms, incorporating the notorious Eltham ordinances of 1526. This reduced the members of the Privy Council from 12 to six, removing Henry's friends such as Sir William Compton and Nicholas Carew. One of <mask>'s greatest impediments was his lack of popularity amongst the nobles at court and in Parliament. Their dislikes and mistrusts partly stemmed from what they saw as <mask>'s excessive demands for money in the form of the Subsidy or benevolences. They also resented the Act of Resumption of 1486, by which Henry VII had resumed possession of all lands granted by the crown since 1455.These lands had passed onto his heir, Henry VIII. Many nobles resented the rise to power of a low-born man, whilst others simply disliked that he monopolised the court and concealed information from the Privy Council. When mass riots broke out in East Anglia, which should have been under the control of the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, Henry was quick to denounce the Amicable Grant, and began to lose faith in <mask>. During the relatively peaceful period in England after the War of the Roses, its population increased. With more demand for food and no additional supply, prices increased. Landowners were forced to enclose land and convert to pastoral farming, which brought in more profit. <mask>'s quest against enclosure was fruitless in terms of restoring economic stability.The same can be said for <mask>'s legal reforms. After he made justice accessible to all and encouraged more people to bring cases to court, the system was abused. The courts became overloaded with incoherent, tenuous cases, which would have been far too expensive to have rambled on in the Common Law courts. <mask> eventually ordered all minor cases out of the Star Chamber in 1528. The result of this venture was further resentment by the nobility and the gentry. Art patronage
From 1515, when he became cardinal, until his death, <mask> used art and architecture to underpin his positions. He initiated a building campaign on a scale not only unprecedented for an English churchman and Lord Chancellor, but also exceeded by few English kings.In so doing, he brought Italian Renaissance ideas, classical embellishments, and architectural models into English architecture. Scholars generally cite Somerset House in London (1547–52) as the first classical building in England, built for Edward Seymour, the first Duke of Somerset and Lord Protector to King Edward VI. But <mask> embraced Italian-inspired classicism nearly half a century before Seymour, though more theoretically than visually. <mask>'s subsequent disgrace over his failure to garner papal approval of an annulment of Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon has clouded the fact that he was not only the first high-profile patron in England to seek out and promote Italian classicism in art, architecture, and magnificence, but also that his contributions endured. Among <mask>'s projects were lavish, classically inspired additions to York Palace in London, the Archbishop of York's residence. He supervised the grandiose temporary buildings at the Field of Cloth of Gold and renovated Hampton Court, which he later relinquished to the king. <mask>'s use of architecture as a symbol of power, along with his introduction of Italian classical ornamentation, set a trend continued by Henry VIII and others.<mask> oversaw tombs for Henry's VIII's parents at Westminster Abbey and negotiated contracts for Henry VIII's tomb as well as one for himself. If these works had been completed as planned, they would be among Europe's largest, most elaborate, and grandest tombs. The college originally founded and planned by <mask> and refounded by Henry VIII (Christ Church) remains the largest and grandest of all Oxford colleges. Failures with the Church
As well as his State duties, <mask> simultaneously attempted to exert his influence over the Church in England. As cardinal and, from 1524, lifetime papal legate, <mask> continually vied for control over others in the Church. His principal rival was William Warham, the Archbishop of Canterbury, who made it more difficult for Wolsey to follow through with his plans for reform. Despite making promises to reform the bishoprics of England and Ireland, and, in 1519, encouraging monasteries to embark on a programme of reform, he did nothing to bring about these changes.Downfall and death
In spite of having many enemies, <mask> retained Henry VIII's confidence until Henry decided to seek an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so that he could marry Anne Boleyn. <mask>'s failure to secure the annulment directly caused his downfall and arrest. It was rumoured that Anne Boleyn and her faction convinced Henry that <mask> was deliberately slowing proceedings; as a result, he was arrested in 1529, and the Pope decided that the official decision should be made in Rome, not England. In 1529 <mask> was stripped of his government office and property, including his magnificently expanded residence of Hampton Court, which Henry took to replace the Palace of Westminster as his own main London residence. <mask> was permitted to remain Archbishop of York. He travelled to Yorkshire for the first time in his career, but at Cawood in North Yorkshire, he was accused of treason and ordered to London by Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland. In great distress, he set out for the capital with his personal chaplain, Edmund Bonner.He fell ill on the journey, and died at Leicester on 29 November 1530, around the age of 57. Just before his death he reputedly spoke these words:

In keeping with his practice of erecting magnificent buildings at Hampton Court, Westminster and Oxford, <mask> had planned a magnificent tomb at Windsor by Benedetto da Rovezzano and Giovanni da Maiano, but he was buried in Leicester Abbey (now Abbey Park) without a monument. Henry VIII contemplated using the impressive black sarcophagus for himself, but Lord Nelson now lies in it, in the crypt of St. Paul's Cathedral. Henry often receives credit for artistic patronage that properly belongs to <mask>. Mistress and issue
Wolsey lived in a "non-canonical" marriage for around a decade with a woman called Joan Larke of Yarmouth, Norfolk. The edict that priests, regardless of their functions or the character of their work, should remain celibate had not been wholeheartedly accepted in England. <mask> subsequently had two children, both before he was made bishop: a son, <mask> (born circa 1510), and a daughter, Dorothy (born circa 1512), both of whom lived to adulthood.The son was sent to live with a family in Willesden and tutored in his early years by Maurice Birchinshaw. He later married and had children of his own. Dorothy was adopted by John Clansey, and was in due course placed in the convent at Shaftesbury Abbey. Following the dissolution of the monasteries under <mask> she was awarded a pension. Following his rapid promotion, Larke became a source of embarrassment to <mask>, who arranged for her marriage to George Legh of Adlington, in Cheshire, circa 1519. He provided the dowry. Henry VIII had a mansion built for Legh at Cheshunt Great House.Fictional portrayals
 <mask> plays a major role in the early stages of the Autobiography of Henry VIII by Margaret George. <mask> is the primary antagonist of William Shakespeare's Henry VIII, which depicts him as an arrogant power-grabber. Henry Irving, Walter Hampden and John Gielgud were well known for their stage performances of the role, and Timothy West played him in the 1979 BBC Television Shakespeare production of that play. Henry Irving's reading of <mask>'s Farewell survives on a rare wax cylinder recording. <mask> is a minor but important character in Robert Bolt's play A Man for All Seasons; he was played in the two film versions of the play by Orson Welles (1966) and John Gielgud (1988), respectively. <mask> was portrayed somewhat more sympathetically in the film Anne of the Thousand Days (1969), a performance that earned Anthony Quayle an Academy Award nomination. <mask> was played by John Baskcomb in The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1970) and by John Bryans when the series was made into the film Henry VIII and His Six Wives (1972).David Suchet plays <mask> in the 2003 two-part television serial Henry VIII with Ray Winstone. Terry Scott portrayed a comical <mask> in Carry On Henry (1970). William Griffis played <mask> in the Broadway musical Rex (1976), which starred Nicol Williamson as Henry. In the Showtime series The Tudors (2007), Sam Neill plays <mask>. This production interprets his death as suicide by cutthroat, covered up by the king and Cromwell out of residual affection for him. <mask> is one of the main characters in Hilary Mantel's novel Wolf Hall (2009), played by Paul Jesson in the RSC production and by Jonathan Pryce in the television serial. He is portrayed through Cromwell's eyes as a mentor and a ruthlessly loyal statesman.A desire to avenge <mask>'s downfall and ignominious death fuels many of Cromwell's actions through the latter half of Wolf Hall and its sequel Bring Up the Bodies, which was incorporated into the stage and television adaptations. In the TVE series Carlos, rey emperador (2015), he is portrayed by Blai Llopis. <mask> appears in The White Princess, STARZ, Season 1, Episode 8 (2017), played by Mark Edel-Hunt. Philip Cumbus portrays <mask> in The Spanish Princess, a sequel to The White Princess. Memorials
Before <mask> was removed from power, he planned to make his home town of Ipswich a seat of learning. He built a substantial college, which for two years, 1528–1530, was parent of the Queen Elizabeth School or Ipswich School, which today flourishes on another site. All that remains of Wolsey's structure is the former waterside gate, figured by
Francis Grose in his Antiquities, which can still be seen on College Street.In 1930 <mask> was commemorated in Ipswich with a substantial Pageant Play.He is far from forgotten in the town of Ipswich, an appeal having been launched in October 2009 to erect a statue there as a permanent commemoration. Arising from this project, a more-than-life-sized bronze statue to <mask>, shown seated facing south towards St Peter's Church (the former mediaeval Augustinian Priory Church of St Peter and St Paul, which <mask> annexed as the chapel of his College of Ipswich), teaching from a book, with a familiar cat at his side, was unveiled from beneath a covering flag on 29 June 2011 near the site of the <mask> home on St Nicholas Street, Ipswich. After a civic procession from the Tower Church, the image, created by sculptor David Annand, was dedicated by blessing in the name of the Holy Trinity by the Bishop of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich, and launched in the civic capacity by the Mayor of Ipswich, in the presence of a crowd of onlookers. A statue of <mask> stands in Leicester's Abbey Park close to the site of his burial. It was donated by the Wolsey hosiery company, a major employer in the city and also named after the cardinal. The Wolsey Place shopping centre and Woking F.C. 's nickname The Cardinals commemorate the fact <mask> was visiting Henry VIII at Woking Palace when the news arrived that he had been made a cardinal.Other
Cardinal <mask>'s bust was used in the 1980s above the London Transport roundel on London's buses in west and south-west London as the symbol of the Cardinal bus district, which was named after him and his residence at Hampton Court. Arms

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

 Bernard, G. W. "The fall of <mask> reconsidered." Journal of British Studies 35.3 (1996): 277–310. Cavendish, George. The Life and Death of <mask>, 1611. (Cavendish was gentleman usher to <mask>.) <mask>, “'The Repository of Our English Kings': The Henry VII Chapel as Royal Mausoleum.” Architectural History, Vol.44, Essays in Architectural History Presented to John Newman. (2001), 212–220
 Ferguson, Charles W. Naked to Mine Enemies: The Life of <mask>. (2 vol 1958). online vol 1;  online vol 2
 Jonathan Foyle, “A Reconstruction of <mask>’s Great Hall at Hampton Court Palace,” Architectural History, vol. 45 (2002), 128–58. Gunn, S. J. and P.G. Lindley.<mask>: Church, State & Art (1991) 329pp. Steven Gunn, “Anglo-Florentine Contacts in the Age of Henry VIII,” in Cinzia Sicca and Louis Waldman, eds. The Anglo-Florentine Renaissance: Art for the Early Tudors (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012), 19–48. Gwyn, Peter. "<mask>'s foreign policy: the conferences at Calais and Bruges reconsidered." Historical Journal 23.4 (1980): 755–772. * Sara Nair James, Art in England: the Saxons through the Tudors: 600–1600.Oxford [UK]: Oxbow/Casemate Publishing, 2016. P. G. Lindley, “Introduction” and “Playing Check-mate with Royal Majesty? <mask>'s Patronage of Italian Renaissance Sculpture,” in <mask>: Religion, State and Art, S. J.Gunn and P. G. Lindley eds., (Cambridge, 1991), 1–53 and 261–85. Pollard, A. F. <mask>. (1929). online
 Ridley, Jasper. Statesman and Saint: <mask>, Sir <mask> and the Politics of Henry VIII.Viking, 1983. online
 Schwartz-Leeper, Gavin. From Princes to Pages: The Literary Lives of <mask>, Tudor England's 'Other King'. Brill, 2016. online
 Tim Tatton-Brown, Lambeth Palace: A History of the Archbishops of Canterbury and their Houses (London: SPCK, 2000)
 Williams, Robert Folkestone. Lives of the English Cardinals..., 2006. Simon Thurley, “The Domestic Building Works of <mask>,” in <mask>: Religion, State and Art, ed. S. J. Gunn and P. G. Lindley (Cambridge University Press, 1991), 76–102. Simon Thurley, The Lost Palace of Whitehall (London: The Royal Institute of British Architects, 1998).Neville Williams, The Tudors: A Royal History of England, Antonia Fraser, ed (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000). Neville Williams, Henry VIII and His Court (1971). William E. Willkie, The Cardinal Protectors of England. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1974)

External links

1473 births
1530 deaths
15th-century English people
16th-century English politicians
16th-century English cardinals
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Archbishops of York
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Male Shakespearean characters
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People educated at Ipswich School
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Court of Henry

masks:
Wolsey
Wolsey
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Wolsey
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Thomas Wynter
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<mask> (31 March 1878 – 10 January 1943) was an Irish hurler who played as a full-back for the Cork senior team. Born in Dungourney, County Cork, <mask> first arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of twenty-three when he first linked up with the Cork senior team. He made his senior debut during the 1900 championship. <mask> immediately became a regular member of the starting team, and won two All-Ireland medals and seven Munster medals. He was an All-Ireland runner-up on four occasions. At club level <mask> was a three-time championship medallist with Dungourney. Throughout his career <mask> made 47 championship appearances.He retired from inter-county hurling following the conclusion of the 1914 championship. <mask> was posthumously honoured by being named in the right corner-back position on the Cork Hurling Team of the Century. Playing career

Club

<mask> was just fourteen-years-old when he first played for Dungourney in 1892 and immediately became a regular member of the team. After defeat by Redmonds in the 1900 championship decider, <mask> was captain of the team two years later when they faced Shanballymore in the final. A 3-10 to 2-5 victory gave <mask>, and his club, their first championship title. In 1907 <mask> was captain of the Dungourney team that faced Castletownroche in the county decider. A comprehensive 5-17 to 0-3 victory gave him a second championship medal.Back-to-back titles eluded Dungourney once again, however, the club was back in the decider again in 1909. Sarsfield's provided little opposition as Dungourney powered to a 6-10 to 1-8 victory. It was <mask>'s third championship medal. Inter-county

Beginnings

<mask> made his senior championship debut on 3 November 1901 in a delayed 0-12 to 0-9 Munster semi-final defeat by Tipperary. Early successes

The 1901 championship was also delayed due to organisational difficulties, however, <mask> found himself to be a regular on the team. He was at centrefield that year as Cork defeated Clare by 3-10 to 2-6 in the provincial decider. It was his first Munster medal.On 2 August 1903 Cork faced London in what was the 1901 All-Ireland final. Kellher's side were the overwhelming favourites against a team of exiles which was made up of nine Cork men. A downpour made the underfoot conditions difficult as London settled better and Cork floundered. A goal for London with ten minutes left in the game sealed Cork’s fate and <mask> ended up on the losing side by 1-5 to 0-4. <mask> was captain of the Cork team for the 1902 championship. He added a second Munster medal to his collection following a 2-9 to 1-5 defeat of Limerick. On 11 September 1904 Cork faced London in the delayed 1902 All-Ireland decider, in what was also the official opening of the Cork Athletic Grounds.Cork made no mistake on this occasion, and powered to a 3-13 to 0-00 victory. It was <mask>'s first All-Ireland medal. Cork made it a three-in-a-row of provincial titles in 1903. A 5-16 to 1-1 defeat of Waterford gave <mask> a third successive Munster medal. On 12 November 1905 Cork faced London in the All-Ireland decider for the third successive year. Cork were well on top for the entire game and secured a 3-16 to 1-1 victory. It was <mask>'s second consecutive All-Ireland medal.<mask> won a fourth successive Munster medal in 1904 following a 3-10 to 3-4 defeat of Tipperary. The subsequent All-Ireland final was delayed until 24 June 1906, Kilkenny providing the opposition. It was the beginning of a hugely successful era for "the Cats" as Cork were heading into decline. A first half goal by Dick Doyle put Kilkenny in the driving seat, while goalkeeper Pat "Fox" Maher made a save in the dying moments of the game to help Kilkenny to a 1-9 to 1-8 victory. In 1905 Cork set the all-time record by winning a fifth successive provincial title. The 7-12 to 1-4 trouncing of Limerick gave <mask> his fifth Munster medal overall. The subsequent All-Ireland final on 14 April 1907 saw Kilkenny provide the opposition once again.The game was a high-scoring affair with Cork winning by 5-10 to 3-13. The game, however, had to be replayed as Cork goalkeeper Daniel McCarthy was a British army reservist and Kilkenny’s Matt Gargan had earlier played with Waterford in the Munster championship. The replay was another high-scoring one, with Jimmy Kelly scoring 5-2 for Kilkenny. A puck-out by <mask> is said to have bounced and hopped over the Kilkenny crossbar. Kilkenny won the game by 7-7 to 2-9, with all seven of their goals coming in a thirty-minute spell. Decline

Six-in-a-row of provincial titles proved beyond Cork, however, the team bounced back in 1907 with <mask> taking over as captain for a second time. A 1-6 to 1-4 defeat of Tipperary gave <mask> a sixth Munster medal.On 21 June 1908 Cork faced Kilkenny in the All-Ireland decider for the third time in four years. A high-scoring, but close, game developed between these two rivals once again. As the game entered the final stage there was little to separate the two sides. Jimmy Kelly scored three first-half goals while Jack Anthony scored Kilkenny's winning point at the death. Cork went on two late goal hunts, however, the final score of 3-12 to 4-8 gave Kilkenny the win. The game became the benchmark by which all subsequent All-Ireland performances were judged. Cork went through a period of transition over the next few years and it was 1912 before the team bounced back.A 5-1 to 3-1 defeat of Tipperary that year gave <mask> a seventh and final Munster medal. On 17 November 1912 Cork were scheduled to face Kilkenny in the All-Ireland decider, however, <mask> had to withdraw from the team due to injury. Kilkenny won the game by 2-1 to 1-3. <mask> retired from inter-county hurling following Cork's exit from the 1914 championship. Personal life

<mask> was born in Clonmult near Dungourney, County Cork, the second of seven children of William and Johanna (née Cronin). After completing his education, he worked as a farmer and also bred and trained many first class horses and won several cross-country and steeplechase trophies. <mask> married Ina Cronin in September 1927 and together they had one child, a daughter, Hannah, born in 1928.After the death of his first wife from salpingitis aged 33 in 1930, <mask> married Bridget McCarthy in April 1935. On 10 January 1943, <mask> died from Weils Disease aged 64. References

1878 births
1943 deaths
Dungourney hurlers
Cork inter-county hurlers
All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners

masks:
Jamesy Kelleher
Kelleher
Kelleher
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<mask> (February 1426 – 21 May 1481) was a Scandinavian monarch under the Kalmar Union. He was king of Denmark (1448–1481), Norway (1450–1481) and Sweden (1457–1464). From 1460 to 1481, he was also duke of Schleswig (within Denmark) and count (after 1474, duke) of Holstein (within the Holy Roman Empire). He was the first king of the House of Oldenburg. In the power vacuum that arose following the death of King Christopher of Bavaria (1416–1448) without a direct heir, Sweden elected <mask> of Sweden (14081470) king with the intent to reestablish the union under a Swedish king. Charles was elected king of Norway in the following year. However the counts of Holstein made the Danish Privy Council appoint <mask> as king of Denmark.His subsequent accessions to the thrones of Norway (in 1450) and Sweden (in 1457), restored the unity of the Kalmar Union for a short period. In 1463, Sweden broke away from the union and <mask>'s attempt at a reconquest resulted in his defeat by the Swedish regent Sten Sture the Elder at the Battle of Brunkeberg in 1471. In 1460, following the death of his uncle, Duke Adolphus of Schleswig, Count of Holstein, <mask> also became Duke of Schleswig and Count of Holstein. Biography

Early years
<mask> I was born in February 1426 in Oldenburg in Northern Germany as the eldest son of Count Dietrich of Oldenburg by his second wife, Helvig of Holstein (died 1436). <mask> had two younger brothers, Maurice (1428–1464) and Gerhard (1430–1500), and one sister Adelheid. Through his father, he belonged to the House of Oldenburg, a comital family established since the 12th century in an area west of the River Weser in north-western Germany. Based on the two strongholds of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst, the family had gradually expanded its rule over the neighbouring Frisian tribes of the area.<mask>'s father was called the Fortunate as he had reunited and expanded the family's territory. <mask>'s mother, Helvig, was a daughter of Gerhard VI, Count of Holstein, and a sister of Adolphus, Duke of Schleswig. Through his mother, <mask> was also a cognatic descendant of King Eric V of Denmark through his second daughter Richeza (died 1308) and also a cognatic descendant of King Abel of Denmark through his daughter Sophie. Through his father, <mask> was a cognatic descendant of King Eric IV of Denmark through his daughter Sophia. <mask> thus descended from the three surviving sons of Valdemar II and his second wife Berengaria of Portugal. At the death of their father in 1440, <mask> and his brothers jointly succeeded Dietrich as Count of Oldenburg and Delmenhorst. <mask> was raised by his uncle, Duke Adolphus of Schleswig, Count of Holstein (1401–1459) as the childless duke wished for his young nephew to become his heir, and also succeeded in having <mask> elected as his successor in the Duchy of Schleswig.King of Denmark

In January 1448, King Christopher of Denmark, Sweden and Norway died suddenly and without natural heirs. His death resulted in the break-up of the union of the three kingdoms, as Denmark and Sweden went their separate ways and Norway's affiliation was unclear. The vacant Danish throne was first offered by the Council of the Realm to Duke Adolphus of Schleswig, being the most prominent feudal lord of Danish dominions. The duke declined and recommended his nephew, Count <mask> of Oldenburg. Before being elected, <mask> had to promise to obey to the Constitutio Valdemariana, a provision in the ascension promissory of King Valdemar <mask> of Denmark, that promised that in the future, the same person could never be both ruler of the Duchy of Schleswig and Denmark simultaneously. The council also demanded that <mask> should marry dowager queen Dorothea of Brandenburg (ca 1430–1495), widow of his predecessor King <mask>. On 1 September 1448, after signing his ascension promissory, count <mask> was elected to the Danish throne as king <mask> at the assembly in Viborg.His coronation was held on 28 October 1449, in the Church of Our Lady in Copenhagen, at which occasion his marriage with dowager queen Dorothea was also celebrated. King of Sweden and Norway

Meanwhile, Sweden had on 20 June 1448 elected Charles (VIII) as king of Sweden. Norway was now faced with the choice between a union with Denmark or Sweden, or electing a separate king. The latter option was quickly discarded, and a power-struggle ensued between the supporters of <mask> of Denmark and Charles of Sweden. The Norwegian Council of the Realm was divided. In February 1449, a part of the Council declared in favour of Charles as king, but on 15 June the same year, a different group of councillors paid homage to Christian. On 20 November, Charles was crowned king of Norway in Trondheim.However, the Swedish nobility now took steps to avoid war with Denmark. In June 1450, the Swedish Council of the Realm forced Charles to renounce his claim on Norway to King <mask>. In the summer of 1450, <mask> sailed to Norway with a large fleet, and on 2 August he was crowned king of Norway in Trondheim. On 29 August, a union treaty between Denmark and Norway was signed in Bergen. Norway had of old been a hereditary monarchy, but this had become less and less a reality, as at the last royal successions, hereditary claims had been bypassed for political reasons. It was now explicitly stated that Norway, as well as Denmark, was an elective monarchy. The treaty stipulated that Denmark and Norway should have the same king in perpetuity, and that he would be elected among the legitimate sons of the previous king, if such existed.Charles Knutsson became increasingly unpopular as king of Sweden, and was driven into exile in 1457. <mask> achieved his aim of being elected as king of Sweden, thus re-establishing the Kalmar Union. He received the power from temporary Swedish regents Archbishop Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna and lord Erik Axelsson Tott. However, Sweden being volatile and split by factions (benefits of union being against nationalistic benefits), his reign there ended in 1464 when Kettil Karlsson Vasa, Bishop of Linköping was installed as the next regent. Charles Knutsson was recalled as King of Sweden, although he was later exiled a second time, recalled again and died during his third term as king. <mask>'s final attempt at regaining Sweden ended in a total military failure at the Battle of Brunkeberg (outside Stockholm) October 1471 where he was defeated by forces on Swedish regent Sten Sture the Elder (). <mask> maintained his claim to the Swedish kingdom up to his death in 1481.Duke and Count
In 1460 King <mask> also became Duke of Schleswig, a Danish fief, and Count of Holstein-Rendsburg, a Saxe-Lauenburgian subfief within the Holy Roman Empire. <mask> inherited Holstein-Rendsburg and Schleswig after a short "interregnum" as the eldest son of the sister of late Duke Adolphus <mask>, Duke of Schleswig (Southern Jutland) and Count of Holstein, of the Schauenburg fürst clan, who died 4 December 1459, without heirs. <mask>'s succession was confirmed by the Estates of the Realm (nobility and representatives) of these duchies in Ribe 5 March 1460 (Treaty of Ribe). In 1474 Lauenburg's liege lord Emperor <mask> elevated <mask> I as Count of Holstein to Duke of Holstein, thus becoming an immediate imperial vassal (see imperial immediacy). Later reign

<mask>'s personal territory was at its largest in 1460–1464, before the loss of Sweden. However, many parts of his realm wanted to govern themselves locally, and there were constant struggles. Denmark was his most important center of power.In 1474 <mask> travelled two times: in April he went to Milan (his stay in Lombardy is celebrated by frescoes by <mask>no in the Malpaga Castle) and Rome, in Italy, where he met Pope Sixtus <mask>. In the autumn same year he visited Charles of Burgundy, acting as intermediary between him and future emperor <mask>. He stayed in Burgundy for several months, moving to the Netherlands in the early 1475. Acting on a permission from Pope Sixtus IV in 1475 to establish a university in Denmark, the University of Copenhagen was inaugurated by <mask> on 1 June 1479. Death and burial

King <mask> died at Copenhagen Castle on 21 May 1481 at the age of 55. He was interred at the Chapel of the Magi at Roskilde Cathedral, a richly decorated chapel he and Queen Dorothea had erected to serve as a family sepulchral chapel for the House of Oldenburg. The burials of <mask> I and Queen Dorothea are marked with a pair of simple stones, as the chapel itself was to be considered their sepulchral monument.Legacy
The dynasty he founded, the House of Oldenburg, remains on the throne of Denmark. It was on the throne of Norway until 1818, returning there again from 1905, and also on the throne of Sweden during <mask>'s reign there and those of his son and grandson, but also 1751–1818. Arms

Ancestry

Danish royal descent

Issue

See also
 List of Danish monarchs
 Danish monarch's family tree

References

Bibliography

External links

 The Royal Lineage at the website of the Danish Monarchy

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1426 births
1481 deaths
15th-century Swedish monarchs
15th-century monarchs of Denmark
15th-century Norwegian monarchs
Rulers of Finland
Kalmar Union
Dukes of Schleswig
Dukes of Holstein
Counts of Holstein
Christian 06
Burials at Roskilde Cathedral
Swedish monarchs of German descent

masks:
Christian I
Charles VIII
Christian
Christian
Christian
Christian
Christian
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III
Christian
Christopher III
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Frederick III
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Maximilian I
Christian
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