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<mask> (born 1939) is a Belgian painter and writer, living in Uccle (Brussels), who has held exhibitions in Paris, New York City, Berlin, Düsseldorf, Amsterdam, London, Brussels and Antwerp. Life
Pevernagie has his background in Brussels, a bilingual city where Latin and Germanic cultures mix. He is the son and pupil of the expressionist painter, <mask> (1904–1970). From the start, he was interested in the Anglo-Saxon and Germanic cultural heritage and became a Master in Germanic Philology at the Free University of Brussels (1961). He took a postgraduate degree at Cambridge University (UK) and became a Professor at Erasmus University. A Master's degree Leisure Agogics (1971) motivated him to create a social & cultural non-profit located on two boats in Brussels Port: "Ric's River Boat" and "Ric's Art Boat", which allowed him to meet remarkable characters in the art world. He became an associated academician of Accademia Internazionale del Verbano di Lettere, Arti, Scienze.Work

The artist seems to get his inspiration from several aspects of the social fabric. Communication and in-communication are recurring central themes in his work. Topics like alienation, seclusion, unrest, insecurity appear to be starting points for visual productions. Viewing a painting becomes a semiotic experience, and words, titles, sentences, and graffiti should be extensions and elucidations of a visual effect. The creation of a work is, at the same time, plastic and literary. If "details" add to the structure of the work, the small items of life seem to be the cornerstones through which the viewer can comprehend the world. While particular events from the collective memory are translated into the canvas, the artistic approach consists of hiding the subject in a singular environment.The whole work is practically unclassifiable, as various currents seem to culminate in it. While the characters are integrated into their environment, through geometric lines and compositional planes, figuration and abstractionism are forced to a compromise, visibly with a view to generating a range of emotions and reflections. As the material on the canvas and the color process play an essential role, sand and metal filings are used to give a distinctive texture. The artist obviously has a dialectical approach towards "presence" and "absence," and towards the "painted" and "non-painted" matter in art, which seems to create a kind of tension, visually and mentally. Quotes

"<mask> is primarily known for combining both figurative and abstract elements in his works. Starting with a simple geometric sketch or "graffiti", he builds the surface with materials such as ashes, sand or metal chips." (Doyle New York)
"'Man' stands in the heart of his work: man integrated in his natural environment, sometimes even absorbed by it.On the other hand, he seems to deny it, as Pevernagie introduces graffiti in his paintings. So doing he gives evidence of the solitude of the human being, his alienation in the urban texture." (Benezit Dictionary of Artists, Paris)
"Bridging the gaps between generations, social strata and nationalities is a tricky business. However <mask> may have hit upon a workable formula to ease the alienation. " (International Herald Tribune)
"By denying any physical presence of the character and leaving simply dress evidence, the artist gives us a reproduction of the ground zero of the mind. His anti-hero has decided to make tabula rasa and get rid of all acquired alleged qualities." (Christie's, New York, Catalogue)
"His message, like a light beam across the fog of the human condition, calls our attention to the fragment, to help us to explore the universe.The detail is chosen as the starting point of the possible knowledge, deepening our perception and conscience. Pevernagie offers us the first pieces of a puzzle we have to assemble. He freezes the moment as a password to disclose the eternity. His philosophical approach of the "essence" is further materialized by the choice of the technical parameters: the flatness of the perspective, the geometrical shapes, the narrow chromatic range, the use of material elements such as sand and metal files...somehow recalling the Egyptian art, an art based on the language of icons and symbols, to explore and explain the mystery." (R.Puvia, London)
"Belgian artist, who adds geometrical colour surfaces in his work to characters or architectural spaces. In addition he uses material on his canvasses such as sand and metal chips, which grant to his pictures their special surface texture and which seem to submerge the separate entities into a refined moderate colouredness through the reflection of the light." (Ketterer, Hamburg)
"The human being who is present in all his work is reduced to a congruent portion.Some pale traits, bodies blend into the canvas leaving space to accessories, highlighted by the artist in a more figurative manner. The material is omnipresent in <mask>'s paintings and give to his work all the intensity of the messages he tries to transmit. Metal, aluminium, sand. The ruggedness of his canvasses is perfectly in tune with the long vanishing lines and the sharp angles of his paintings." (M. Ladaveze)
"Typical exponent of the contemporary artist who combines abstract and figurative elements in his work. He starts from an idea and expresses that idea in a plastic way. Thus he depicts a world which has become confused and insecure and asks questions which can be interpreted by the spectator."(Paul Piron, Brussels)
"Mixes figuration and abstraction with a poetic and philosophical key. Important are the framing, the intersections, the balance of the surfaces. Introduces extraneaous substances (ashes, sand, grit etc) which gives an aspect of strangeness and ruggedness as if he leaves traces of the past." (Arto)
"Always listening to the world around him <mask>nagie grants to our fellow man a dominating place in his paintings. The individual is replaced in his environment, which is sometimes evoked by graffiti, and seems to be absorbed, dissolved by the elements surrounding him. The subtle touches of color, the half-abstract, half-figurative shapes, and the specific framing lead to the dissolution of the individual whose life seems to be but superficiality. Pevernagie invites us to go beyond the superficial barriers in order to discover the mystery behind his characters who are in perpetual tension as if they were waiting for something else, for another life."(LeVif/l'Express)
"Always starting from an event of the collective memory Pevernagie paints a very insecure world in his very particular way. Half figurative, half abstract he mixes elements of earth, sand, metal cuttings on his canvas in sober beige, grey, velvet red tones. He starts with a simple graffiti, a sketch of a person or a detail from daily life. These are used as a pretext for a network of pure and well structured geometrical lines covering the whole surface of the canvas in order to bring about emotion. The titles are like twinklings in the eye.They are to be interpreted as one feels it. In the first degree or in the second degree. Astonishing in this work is the message that is brought to life.The artist asks questions. Life is seen by Pevernagie in different ways and painting is a way to express them. The paint brush is a means of evasion and the color a gate to reflexion." (Rey-Berthot)
"The figures of <mask>nagie are absorbed, integrated in their environment by the color, the lines and by the" idea", which is most important in his work. He starts from an idea and then he paints it. With him we find the problems which keep him busy, which haunt us and which he depicts. He paints the alienation, the loneliness, the unrest, the uncertainty.<mask> paints for a generation. Our world has been decomposed, fallen into pieces, become uncertain and unseizable. But art and poetry are ultimate recourses. <mask>'s work is a thrilling work. With him we enter a totally different universe than the recognizable and readable reality. It's a universe we can interpret.In his art questions are put. He has a vision on man and the world.This artist is captivating by his topics and by the way he is painting them. He brings about a change in our way of looking at the world. " (Professor W. Toebosch)
"For me it's even more the shape that one perceives than the idea of the painter which astonishes and alienates me. The painter obviously starts from a situation in everyday life. The shape, the structure impose themselves and create some disturbance. The canvas is almost empty. No cumbersome details.No technical tricks. I understand that it's the " details ", the small objects of the life which surround us and which form the framework through which we perceive the world, which stimulate and encourage the thought. These are the objects which often replace the interior world with many people." (L. Krasnova)

Bibliography
 The Dictionary of International Biography, Melrose Press Ltd, Ely, Cambridgeshire, UK, 20
 Dictionnaire de Référence, Bénézit, Paris, Gründ,1999
 Le Delarge, Le Dictionnaire des arts plastiques modernes et contemporains, 2009–2012
 Le Dictionnaire des artistes plasticiens en Belgique 1800-2002, Arto, 2003
 Dictionnaire des artistes plasticiens belges, P. Piron, 2003
 Beeldend Benelux, Petrus Maria Josephus Emiel Jacobs, Encyclopédie: (Le-Po), Tilburg, 2000, p. 603
 Guida Internazionale delle Belle Arti, 2015, MP PROGETTI, p. 109
 Belgian Journal of Philology and History 1962, Volume 40 - 40-2 Number pp. 540–692. <mask>nagie: Ivy Compton-Burnett "The children in her works"
 Goodreads: <mask>nagie Quotes
 Literary Quotes Pevernagie
 Erik Pevernagie: "Words of Wisdom" - 12 March 2020, ISBN139798611994962
 About the philosophy of the Painting of Pevernagie
 "Let Us Say More And Speak Less" - <mask>nagie, Kindle Edition-ASIN B08PNX1NTR Published 3 December 2020,
 "Stilling our Mind" - Erik Pevernagie, Independently published-ISBN13: B09BYDNP5H Published 4 August 2021,

References

External links

Erik Pevernagie Revisited
 Erik Pevernagie philosophy
  Artist's quotes

Belgian painters
1939 births
Living people
Free University of Brussels (1834–1969) alumni
Erasmus University Rotterdam faculty

masks:
Erik Pevernagie
Louis Pevernagie
Erik Pevernagie
Erik Pevernagie
Erik Pevernagie
Erik Pever
Erik Pever
Erik Pevernagie
Erik Pevernagie
Erik Pever
Erik Pever
Erik Pever


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<mask> (born 1943) is an American author, Professor Emeritus of Management, Entrepreneurship, and General Business at Hofstra University, and Leader Emeritus of the Ethical Humanist Society of Long Island. Prior to his career, <mask> served two years in the Peace Corps with his wife, Lyn, in Kenya. There he was in charge of the educational component of the Kisii District office of the Department of Cooperative Development. He has maintained his interest in Kenya since, having returned with his family and having led educational safaris to Kenya for Adelphi University School of Social Work. He has published two novels, a collection of short stories and a book of poems all set in Kenya. He and Lyn direct the Kenya Project, a program that provides funding for an elementary school in Kisii. Education
<mask> graduated attended the City College of New York graduating with a BA in History in 1964, received an MA from NYU in 1974, received a DSW from Adelphi University in 1988, and was a graduate of the Ackerman Family Institute's program in family therapy.Career
Upon returning home from Africa in 1967, <mask> joined the Ethical Movement and in 1968 became the Leader of the Ethical Humanist Society of Long Island and served in that position until 2001. Dobrin joined Hofstra University's faculty as an adjunct Associate Professor of Social Sciences in 1989 and taught classes in African literature, social work, moral education, religion and human rights in the New College. He joined the faculty of the School for University Studies as a full-time Professor of Humanities in 1989 and taught in the freshmen program. He retired from full professorship in December 2012. He teaches courses in business ethics in the MBA program in School of Business and journalism ethics in the School of Communication as an adjunct professor. Dobrin has also been a visiting scholar at Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China; Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Kisii College, Kisii, Kenya; the Gusii Technical College, Kisii, Kenya; and Claflin University in South Carolina. Dobrin was the co-founder of Amnesty International USA Group #74, the co-founder of the Long Island Interracial Alliance for a Common Future, and the director of the Encampment for Citizenship in Montana and Arizona.He is a member of the Ethics Committee at Winthrop-University Hospital and the Garden City Clergy Fellowship. He is also a member of the Nassau County District Attorney's Faith Leaders Advisory Council and the Nassau County Police Commissioner's Community Council. He is a member of the bioethics committee NYU Langone Hospital – Long Island (formerly Winthrop University Hospital) since 1997. Dobrin currently lives in Westbury, New York with his wife, Lyn. He has three children - Eric, Kori, and Millie - and three grandchildren - MacKenzie, Ryan, and Jordan. Author
<mask> has authored, co-authored and edited more than 20 books, including books in ethics and children's books including Spelling God with Two O's, Ethics for Everyone: How to Improve Your Moral Intelligence, and Business Ethics: The Right Way to Riches. He is also the author of more than 100 poems and articles that have appeared in journals, magazines and newspapers.He is also an expert and has a weekly blog on Psychology today called Am I right which explores thoughts and opinions on how to live an ethical life. Together with his wife Lyn, they also write about honeymoons and romantic travel. Awards
He is the recipient of Hofstra University's Scholar's Incentive Award, Hofstra University, Allison Kim Levy Continuing Acts of Kindness Memorial Award of the Psychology Department, and the Peter E. Herman Award, for creative work in the literary arts.

masks:
Arthur Dobrin
Arthur Dobrin
Arthur Dobrin
Dobrin
Arthur Dobrin


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<mask> (also named Constantia and Constantiana; ; b. after 307/before 317 – d. 354), later known as Saint Constance, was the eldest daughter of Roman emperor Constantine the Great and his second wife Fausta, daughter of Emperor Maximian. Constantina may have received the title of Augusta by her father, and is venerated as a saint, having developed a medieval legend wildly at variance with what is known of her actual character. Life

Some time before mid 320s, <mask> was born to the emperor Constantine and empress Fausta. She was sister to Constantine II, Constans, Constantius II, Helena and half-sister to Crispus. In 335, <mask> married her cousin Hannibalianus, son of Flavius Dalmatius, whom Constantine I had created Rex Regum et Ponticarum Gentium, "King of Kings and Ruler of the Pontic Tribes". After Constantine died, great purges of the imperial family occurred and her husband was executed in 337. For the second time, Constantius II gave Constantina to Hannibalianus' cousin, and her own half cousin Gallus.Gallus was created a Caesar of the East and his name changed to Constantius Gallus to further his legitimacy around 349/350, which also presumably was the time of their marriage. Gallus was twenty-five or twenty-six at the time, whereas <mask> was substantially his senior. Her second marriage produced a daughter Anastasia, whose full name and fate are unknown. <mask> and Constantius Gallus were then sent from Rome to Syria at Antioch to govern that portion of the Eastern Roman Empire. She would not return to Rome until her death. In AD 354, when Constantius called for Gallus, the caesar sent Constantina to her brother, with the purpose to mitigate his position in Constantius' consideration. While on her way to meet with Constantius II, she died at Caeni Gallicani in Bithynia (Asia Minor).The cause of her death was a sudden high fever of unknown cause. Her body was sent back to Rome and entombed near Via Nomentana in a mausoleum her father, Emperor Constantine I, had started building for her. This mausoleum would later become known as the church of Santa Costanza, when Constantina was venerated as saint. Her porphyry sarcophagus is on exhibit in the Vatican Museums. Political role
Upon marrying Hannibalianus her father allegedly made her Augusta, however this claim is preserved only by Philostorgius among ancient sources. After her husband was executed in AD 337, Constantina disappeared from the imperial record until AD 350. This was when Magnentius revolted against her brother Constantius II which caused great political upheaval in the Western parts of the empire.This prompted her to become directly involved in the revolt. She encouraged Vetranio to challenge Magnentius, thereby hoping to protect her own interests and preserve her power. Not only did Constantina exercise influence on her own, she was inherently, as a female member of the imperial Roman family, a political tool. As a widow, she could be offered in marriage to secure political alliance. This happened twice. In AD 350, in order to attempt a peaceful compromise by arranging marriage, Magnentius offered to marry Constantina and have Constantius II marry his daughter. But Constantius II refused this offer.Shortly after, in AD 351, Constantius II used Constantina for a different political purpose and gave her in marriage to Constantius Gallus who was made Caesar in the Eastern Roman Empire and they moved to Antioch. The Passio Artemii (12) alleges that the marriage was meant to ensure Gallus' loyalty but it may have had at least as much to do with Constantina who, besides having known power as Constantine's daughter and Hannibalianus' wife, had prompted the opposition of Vetranio to Magnentius, and whose hand had been sought from Constantius by ambassadors of Magnentius himself. The marriage, besides benefiting Constantius, extricated her from a dangerous situation in the empire and placed her in a position from which she might control the younger and inexperienced Caesar, an interest she shared with Constantius. On the other hand, it is possible that Constantius saw the marriage as a way to remove his intrusive — perhaps treasonous — sister from the volatile west. If the mention in the Passio Artemii (11) of letters from Constantina to her brother preserves a genuine tradition, it is possible Constantina even initiated the proposal that she marry Gallus. Gallus ruled over the East from Antioch, and his purpose was to keep under control the Sassanid menace. Gallus, however, alienated the support of his subjects with his arbitrary and merciless rule.Constantina supported her husband. It is in Antioch that Constantina appeared to become politically active in the way typical of imperial Roman women. According to Ammianus Marcellinus, she largely operated hidden from the public view but was still was sinister, brutal and controlling. He suggests that she called for the murder of several people, "Gallus...had just enough strength to reply that most of them had been massacred at the insistence of his wife Constantina". She accepted a necklace as a bribe for securing the execution of a nobleman. In ancient historical sources, she was generally perceived as a cruel and violent but politically dynamic figure. When, after receiving the complaints of the Anthiocheans, Constantius II summoned both Gallus and Constantina, but according to Ammianus <mask>, in her last attempt at using her political power, journeyed ahead to meet with her brother the emperor to try to pacify him in his conflict with her husband Constantius Gallus, during which she died from illness.Character assessment

According to Ammianus Marcellinus, <mask> appeared to be extremely cruel and violent. He portrayed her as full of pride and disturbingly violent, "her pride was swollen beyond measure; she was a Fury in mortal form, incessantly adding fuel to her husband's rage, and as thirsty for human blood as he". Later in the 18th century, Edward Gibbon, influenced by Ammianus Marcellinus' rhetoric, likened Constantina to one of the infernal furies tormented with an insatiate thirst of human blood. The historian said that she encouraged the violent nature of Gallus rather than persuading him to show reason and compassion. Gibbon stated that her vanity was accentuated while the gentle qualities of a woman were absent in her makeup when she would have accepted a pearl necklace in return for consenting to the execution of a worthy nobleman. Medieval legend
In the Middle Ages, Constantina developed a legend, connected with the life of Agnes of Rome; the origins of this are unclear, though she was certainly buried in a mausoleum, Santa Costanza, attached to the large Constantinian basilica over the catacomb where Agnes is buried. The mausoleum survives largely intact, but now only parts of the wall of the basilica survive.In the version told by the Golden Legend, she caught leprosy, and was then miraculously cured when praying at Agnes' tomb, which is supposed to be at the site of the later Basilica of Sant'Agnese fuori le mura alongside the earlier basilica. (The Ethiopian Synaxarium describes Constantine I sending his sick daughter to Abu Mena to be cured, and credits her with finding Menas' body, after which Constantine ordered the construction of a church at the site.) Constantina took a vow of chastity, and converted her fiancé Gallicanus, and eventually left her wealth to her servants John and Paul for them to spend on Christian works. The story, with considerable elaborations, survives in various literary forms, and as a figure from the life of Agnes, <mask> appears in the late 14th enamelled scenes on the Royal Gold Cup in the British Museum. Cult and recognition of her holiness

Her relics were placed by Pope Alexander IV under a new altar. Today, the grave of Constantina is in the church of Santa Costanza, Rome. It was only in the 16th century that Constantina, Attica, and Artemia were placed for the first time in martyrologies.The feast day of <mask> is 18 February. Attica and Artemia are venerated, in addition, on 28 January and 17 February. Together, they are venerated on 25 February and 25 June. Notes

References

Primary sources
Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae Libri XXXI. Secondary sources

 Vols. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

300s births
310s births
354 deaths
Constantinian dynasty
Aurelii
Flavii
Valerii
4th-century Romans
4th-century Christian saints
Constantine the Great
Late Ancient Christian female saints
Saints from Roman Anatolia
4th-century Roman women
Augustae
Legendary Romans
Daughters of Roman emperors

masks: Constantina Constantina Constantina Constantina Constantina Constantina Constantina Constantina Constantina


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<mask> (October 14, 1859 – January 19, 1882) was a midshipman in the United States Navy and early player of American football. Born and raised in Central Virginia, he was appointed to the United States Naval Academy at the age of 16. At the academy, Cabaniss retained average-level grades and was a member of the school's first-ever football team. He graduated in 1880 and was appointed to the USS Swatara. Cabaniss was killed in an accident on the Swatara in 1882 which received coverage throughout much of the Eastern United States. Life

At the Naval Academy
<mask> was born on October 14, 1859 in Petersburg, Virginia. He grew up in Central Virginia until he was appointed to the United States Naval Academy at the age of sixteen years and eight months.He began classes at the academy on June 21, 1876 and was the only member of his class from Virginia. Cabaniss was an average student while at the Naval Academy; he finished 40th in his class of 69 in his second year, earning near-top marks in drawing and mathematics but very low marks in history and French language. He also spent the mandatory two months and eighteen days at sea. Cabaniss had the fewest demerits of any member of his sophomore class and earned a spot on the academy's summer cruise on the USS Constellation. Cabaniss's academic rankings remained generally the same in his following year at the academy. His scores in drawing, mathematics, and physics were above average, while his merits in French language and history were among the worst. He finished 33rd in the class of 66.He maintained his spot as the most disciplined in his class, earning fewer than half the demerits than the second-best. Cabaniss finished his final year at the Naval Academy ranking 25th out of 61 graduates. The course requirements changed that year; Cabaniss received poor marks in seamanship, tactics, naval tactics, astronomy, and French language, but very high marks in mathematics, electricity, and English composition courses. He maintained his good conduct, earning the second-fewest demerits of any cadet. His rank was Cadet Midshipman. That year, the academy fielded its first competitive football team. Although football had seen some popularity at the school, there had not been an organized effort to establish it.Two different teams were assembled in 1879; only first-classmen (final-year students) were allowed to join the teams. Cabaniss joined the second team as a rusher, the equivalent of a modern-day offensive lineman. He played alongside future admiral Hugh Rodman and eventual Governor of Guam William John Maxwell. The academy's team played one game, a scoreless tie with the nearby Baltimore Athletic Club. Navy's rushers forced the Baltimore A.C. backwards into their own end zone for safeties on three separate occasions, and generally outplayed and overpowered their opponents the entire game. Swatara and death

On June 10, 1880, Cabaniss graduated from the academy and was sent home to await his orders. He was assigned on August 17 of that year to the USS Swatara as a part of the Asiatic Squadron.For sixteen months, the ship was docked in Kobe, Japan, during which time Cabaniss earned himself a positive reputation with other sailors. Crew mates described him as always being happy, with an intimidating, six-foot-tall physique but a personality that did not match. His disciplined nature remained; he reportedly was one of the best-behaved sailors, who spent all of his time either carrying out his duties or practicing to be a better officer. Cabaniss was never admonished for shore misconduct, a considerable issue for most other new officers and sailors. He was reportedly a favorite of the superior officers stationed in Kobe, and was appointed to a spot on the admiral's staff as a reward for his conduct. Cabaniss was preparing for an examination for promotion early in February 1882. [[File:<mask>s death New York Times.jpg|thumb|left|The New York Times''' article about Cabaniss' death|alt=A short, one paragraph article written in old type font]]
Cabaniss was killed in an accident on board the Swatara on January 19, 1882.An official report of the incident was released on March 25 of that year. According to the report, before-noon exercises on board the ship had just been completed when an order was made to prepare rifles for target practice. At around ten in the morning, Cabaniss was assisting in the instruction of the ship's second group of sailors when he broke off and entered the ship's engine room to instruct a sailor on his duties. An experienced sailor, Ensign James P. Parker, was explaining to new sailors how to properly load their guns. He showed them how to load and discharge the weapons using a practice round. He then reloaded his gun with live rounds, but apparently forgot this and fired one of them. The bullet ricocheted off the ship's deck, struck one of the guns, ricocheted off the deck again, and struck Cabaniss, killing him instantly.The ball first entered through his left arm, impacting it so strongly that it broke every bone in his elbow. It then entered his side, tearing his latissimus dorsi muscle; went into his chest, severing every major artery; ricocheted up to near his shoulder, exited his right side, and struck the man he was instructing in the shoulder. Cabaniss was reported to have never made a sound as he fell. The other sailor recovered. Cabaniss' body was ordered to be embalmed but was not; the damage to his body was so severe that the embalming fluid would leak out. His body was buried in Kobe on February 24 with military honors. The entire crew of the Swatara attended, as well as the entire crew of HMS Flying Fish and many noted Japanese citizens.Ensign Parker reportedly suffered from depression following the accident. Cabaniss' death received significant media coverage in the Eastern United States. The New York Times published an article on its second page, and among other papers that carried the story were the Wilmington Morning Star and the Petersburg Index-Appeal''. References

Explanatory notes

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links

1858 births
1882 deaths
19th-century players of American football
American football offensive linemen
Navy Midshipmen football players
Sportspeople from Petersburg, Virginia
Players of American football from Virginia
United States Naval Academy alumni

masks:
Charles Cabaniss
Cabaniss
Charles Cabanis


text_chunks:
<mask> (born June 30, 1950) is an American politician, activist, and radio talk show host in the state of New York. <mask> is a former Democratic New York State Assemblyman representing Brooklyn's Assembly district 48, having held this position for 35 years – from January 1983 until December 2018. Background and family
<mask> grew up in a Haredi Jewish family in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, his father being a devout follower of the Vizhnitz Hasidic dynasty. He has a BA from Queens College, and a MA from Brooklyn College. <mask> is married, and has three children: Yoni, Shmuel, and Deena. Yoni and Shmuel both work as social workers in the Jewish community in Brooklyn. Politics
<mask> endorsed Michael Bloomberg the first two times he ran for mayor of New York City, then switched his endorsement to the challenger Bill Thompson in the 2009 election.<mask> had broken ranks with his party before, most notably in his endorsement of Republican candidates George Pataki for governor in 1994, George W. Bush, John McCain, Mitt Romney, Donald Trump for president, and Inna Vernikov for New York City Council. Described by the Jewish Telegraphic Agency and The New York Times as a conservative Democrat, <mask> believes that the national party has moved too far to the left, particularly on social issues, for the liking of many of his constituents. His district had long been one of the most conservative districts in New York City. For instance, it gave Donald Trump 69 percent of the vote in 2016, his second-best showing in the entire state; only the Staten Island-based 62nd Assembly District gave him a higher percentage of the vote. In 2012, it gave Romney 75 percent of the vote, his best showing in the state. <mask> expressed interest in the special election for the New York's 9th congressional district seat vacated by Anthony Weiner; <mask> did not expect the Democrats to nominate him, and considered running as a Republican. In 2017, <mask>'s son Yoni ran for the City Council in District 44 against Kalman Yeger, David Greenfield's hand-picked successor who was on the Democratic party line; in order to avoid a primary, the younger <mask> collected petitions to run on his own party line called "Our Neighborhood".In 2018, <mask> retired from the New York State Assembly, proclaiming support for his successor Simcha Eichenstein. <mask> hosts a weekly radio talk show in New York City. Views on issues

<mask> is a pro-Israel activist. In the 1980s he was  a member of the Jewish Defense League, and a follower of Meir Kahane. In an interview  with Robert I. Friedman, <mask> stated that he supported forming a group of "intelligent professionals" to assassinate Nazis and Arab-American supporters of the Palestine Liberation Organization. In 2001, he argued that the Madame Tussauds New York wax museum should remove its wax statue of the Palestinian leader Yassir Arafat, saying that he was a terrorist whose image should not be in New York. Profiling
<mask> has advocated for the profiling of Muslims of Middle Eastern and South Asian background as a response to terrorism.In 2005, he sponsored a bill to allow police to focus on Middle-Eastern men in subway bag searches. At a news conference, holding up photos of Muslim men, he said: "The individuals involved [in terrorism] basically look like this. Why must police think twice before examining people of a particular group?" He has described this as "terrorist profiling". Civil rights groups opposed <mask>'s proposal, and the New York City Police Department released a statement against it, saying that "Racial profiling is illegal, of doubtful effectiveness, and against department policy". Following the attempted bombing of Northwest Airlines Flight 253 in December 2009, <mask> introduced a similar bill that would allow law enforcement agencies to consider race and ethnicity as "one of many factors" in selecting persons for anti-terrorism stops and searches. Subway security
<mask> was instrumental in arranging for the allocation of $1.2 million in a project that helped to install 120 closed-circuit television security cameras in nine South Brooklyn subway stations that are located in Jewish neighborhoods such as Borough Park, Midwood, Kensington, and Parkville.He stated that the project was prompted by "concerns that the Jewish community would be targeted" by terrorists. <mask> encouraged politicians to do the same in other subway stations, which now lag behind those of his community. The New York Times revealed that the Metropolitan Transportation Authority had granted close to $600 million in funds for security to stations in New York City in late 2002; however, only a small fraction of it had been used productively by 2005. The Passion of the Christ
In 2003, <mask> and a group of supporters protested Mel Gibson's film The Passion of the Christ. He led about 50 Jewish leaders and supporters to the Fox News offices in Manhattan in a demonstration, chanting, "The Passion is a lethal weapon against Jews." <mask> was vocal in his anger against the movie, stating: "It will result in anti-Semitism and bigotry. It really takes us back to the Dark Ages ... the Inquisition, the Crusades, all for the so-called sin of the Crucifixion of Jesus."<mask> has commented about "The Passion of the Christ" that, "This is unhealthy for Jews all over the world." United Nations
Hikind is part of a group of New York state legislators that has consistently attempted to block plans to renovate the headquarters of the United Nations, calling the UN anti-American and anti-Israel. <mask> criticized President Barack Obama for abstaining on UN Security Council Resolution 2234, which criticized Israeli settlement activity in the occupied West Bank and East Jerusalem, calling the UN a "cesspool". Same-sex marriage
After voting against a same-sex marriage bill in the New York State Assembly, <mask> claimed that same-sex marriage can lead to the acceptance of incest, maintaining that, "If we authorize gay marriage in the state of New York, those who want to live and love incestuously will be five steps closer to achieving their goals as well." On June 15, 2011, after the New York State Assembly passed a bill to legalize gay marriage, <mask> said gay marriage is wrong in the eyes of God. David Irving letter
On October 20, 2009, at the insistence of <mask> and twelve other New York State and City officeholders in a letter to American Express CEO Kenneth Chenault, the company rescinded its Merchants Agreement with prominent Holocaust denier David Irving. Holocaust high school assignment
In response to what he deemed a "stab in the back to Holocaust survivors", <mask> called for the resignation of New York State Education Commissioner MaryEllen Elia on April 3, 2017, for her support of an Oswego High School assignment that asked students to put themselves in Adolf Hitler's shoes to argue for or against the "Final Solution".Elia had defended the assignment as one that allegedly fostered "critical thinking". Incidents involving Hikind

Corruption allegations
In 1997, <mask> was indicted by the U.S. Attorney for allegedly receiving $40,000 in funding from the Council of Jewish Organizations of Borough Park (COJO) in exchange for hundreds of thousands of dollars in state grant money. <mask> was acquitted, while his co-defendant, an official of the organization, Rabbi Elimelech Naiman, was found guilty. The former operations director of COJO, Paul Chernick, pled guilty in a plea agreement. In 2013, <mask> was alleged to have routinely failed to disclose payments he received from Maimonides Hospital for advertising on his syndicated show. The payments were subsequently investigated by Governor Andrew Cuomo's aborted Moreland Commission. <mask> was accused of arranging jobs in government for friends and family members.In response, <mask> told the New York Daily News that "I help strangers, and I certainly don't discriminate against members of my family". Blackface
<mask> wore blackface during the 2013 Purim celebration. He initially defended his costume decision, but eventually apologized. Lawsuit against Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez
<mask> filed a lawsuit against U.S. Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez for blocking him on Twitter. On November 4, 2019, it was announced that they settled the lawsuit, with Ocasio-Cortez issuing a statement apologizing for the block. References

External links
Assemblyman <mask> <mask>'s Official blog
"Same as the Old Dov"
"Hikind Stands By Call To Employ Racial Profiling In Subway Searches"
"Opinion Article About Israelis In School Paper Is Denounced"

1950 births
Living people
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
American Orthodox Jews
American talk radio hosts
American Zionists
Jewish American state legislators in New York (state)
Members of the New York State Assembly
New York (state) Democrats
People from Williamsburg, Brooklyn
Queens College, City University of New York alumni
Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty) members

masks:
Dov Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Israel Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Hikind
Dov
Hikind


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<mask> (August 11, 1888 – July 13, 1955) was a Professor of Biology at the University of Pennsylvania and an important figure in the history of plant physiology and plant cell biology. Personal life
<mask> was born on August 11, 1888 outside of Washington, D.C. to <mask> M.D. and his wife, both of whom emigrated from Germany in 1887. After <mask> died, <mask>' mother ran a boarding house for scientists from the United States Department of Agriculture. This association with botanists led the young <mask> to pursue the study of botany. After graduating McKinley Technical High School in 1907 as valedictorian, he worked as a laboratory assistant in the United States Department of Agriculture, working on experimental electroculture. After working as a laboratory assistant for three years, he spent one year as a practical student in a shipyard in Bremen, Germany.After returning to America, he spent one year studying law at Georgetown University. Realizing that science would be a worthwhile way for him to accomplish his life's work, he entered The Johns Hopkins University where he was awarded a B.S. honoris causa in 1917 and earned a Ph.D. in botany in 1920. After graduation, <mask> went to Geneva, Switzerland to study cell physiology with Robert Hippolyte Chodat. He continued to do research at Imperial College London and King's College London in England. Then <mask> joined Herbert Freundlich at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute to learn the techniques he would need to understand the physical properties of protoplasm. <mask> spent time with Ernest Rutherford, Jacobus van't Hoff, Svante Arrhenius, Niels Bohr, Max Planck, Walther Nernst and Max von Laue.In 1932 when he was head of the University of Pennsylvania botanical laboratories, he led an expedition to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountains in Colombia to collect and study flora there. <mask> held 'Philosophical Meetings' at his home Seifriziana to which he invited artists, musicians, scientists, medical doctors, psychologists, and other intellectuals. He loved animals and kept birds, monkeys, donkeys, cats, rabbits, peacocks and a dog. He also collected French porcelain and Italian bronze. He did not have a telephone. <mask> married Myra George when he was 64. <mask> died on July 13, 1955 while collecting botanical specimens near the Chesapeake Bay.<mask> was an Associate Editor for the journal Protoplasma from its founding in 1926 to his death in 1955. He was also an Associate Editor of Journal of Colloid Science and Biodynamica. University life

<mask> was a Seessel Fellow at Yale University from 1922 to 1923. He became an instructor at the University of Michigan in 1923 and came to the University of Pennsylvania as a National Research Fellow in 1924 and became a professor of protoplasmatology and plant geography in 1925. Research

<mask> was a naturalist and a laboratory scientist who studied the viscoelastic properties and microscopic structure of protoplasm. Using a micromanipulator and microdissection, <mask> showed that protoplasm was non-Newtonian, thixotropic and elastic. <mask> proposed that the physical properties of protoplasm were a consequence of long chain molecules attached to one another like a brush heap.<mask> studied the streaming protoplasm of the slime mold Physarum polycephalum and coined the word, protoplasmatologist for someone who studies the properties of living protoplasm. <mask>' expertise ranged from physics to philosophy. <mask>'s work appeared in Time Magazine. In a review of <mask>' book, Protoplasm, E. O. Kraemer wrote, "Professor <mask> is a versatile scientist. His work on emulsions, gels, and other colloid topics is well known among chemists and physicists, but they may not be aware that Professor <mask> is a member of a botany department and is an active investigator in botany and biology. Professor <mask>'s general attitude toward science, and, in particular, his point of view in his book is typified by the quotation from Descartes with which he introduces his preface: If, therefore, anyone wishes to search out the truth of things in serious earnest, he ought not to select one special science; for all the sciences are conjoined with each other and interdependent." In a review of <mask>' book, The Structure of Protoplasm, C. A. Shull described it as "One of the most important summaries of protoplasmic structure in the English language."Noburô Kamiya worked with <mask>, According to Time Magazine, "Unobtrusively last year into Dr. <mask>' laboratory glided a fragile, gracious, 27-year-old Japanese scientist, Noburo Kamiya. This gifted young man had done postgraduate work in botany at Tokyo's Imperial University, was studying at Giessen in Germany in the fateful summer of 1939. When Germany invaded Poland, the Japanese Government ordered Kamiya to get out. Not stopping for books or clothing, he left posthaste for the U. S. by way of Hamburg and Bergen. He wrote to Dr. <mask>, asking if he could go to work in his laboratory. <mask> welcomed him. "First thing I did," <mask> recalls, "was to lend him a raincoat."Kamiya still has it". Teaching

In his lectures in Physics and Chemistry of Protoplasm, <mask> gave not only the facts, but the background of the subject and the lines of thought by which the discoveries have come about. When he lectured on Plants and Climates, he showed slides of photographs that he took while on his many botanical trips throughout the world. Books

 <mask>, <mask> (1936) Protoplasm. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY
 <mask>, <mask> (1938) The Physiology of Plants. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY
 <mask>, <mask>, ed. (1942) A Symposium on the Structure of Protoplasm: A Monograph of the American Society of Plant Physiologists.Iowa State College Press, Ames IA

Film

Seifriz used cinematography to make a movie entitled, Seifriz on Protoplasm, which won prizes at several film festivals and was shown on television. Honors

Chamaedorea seifrizii, the Victorian Parlor Palm, was named after <mask>ifriz. References

Obituaries

External links
 Chamaedorea seifrizii is a palm native to Mexico and Central America. The specific epithet honors the collector of the type, <mask>. Seifriz on Protoplasm 1954
 Protoplasm at Biodiversity Library
 Protoplasm at archive.org

1888 births
1955 deaths
University of Pennsylvania
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Plant physiologists
Plant physiology
American botanists

masks:
William Seifriz
Seifriz
Paul Seifriz
Paul Seifriz
Seifriz
Seifriz
Seifriz
Seifriz
Seifriz
Seifriz
Seifriz
Seifriz
William Seifriz
Seifriz
Seifriz
Seifriz
Seifriz
Seifriz
Seifriz
Seifriz
Seifriz
Seifriz
Seifriz
Seifriz
Seifriz
Seifriz
Seifriz
Seifriz
Seifriz
Seifriz
Seifriz
Seifriz
William
Seifriz
William
Seifriz
William
William Se
William Seifriz


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<mask> (born 20 July 1964) is an Italian retired professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. During a 21-year professional career, he appeared in 346 Serie A games, most notably representing A.C. Milan (12 seasons) with which he won 12 major titles, including five national championships and the 1994 Champions League. Career

Cesena
<mask> joined his hometown's club, A.C. Cesena, in 1979, at the age of 15. In 1982–83, on loan, he made his senior debuts with A.C. Forlì in the Serie C1, being backup in a relegation-ending season. After two more loans, <mask> returned to Cesena for the 1986–87 campaign, only missing five games as the Emilia-Romagna club promoted to Serie A, and retaining first-choice status in the following three top division seasons, with the team finishing 12th in 1989–90; he made his debut in the competition on 13 September 1987, in a home match against S.S.C. Napoli. Milan
After his first season in Italy's top flight, <mask> was noticed by A.C. Milan, and joined the Rossoneri (also dubbed the Dream Team) that dominated Italian football for much of the 1990s.In his debut campaign he backed up Andrea Pazzagli, but the veteran left for Bologna F.C. 1909 in the ensuing summer. <mask> then briefly battled for starting duties with Francesco Antonioli, before becoming Milan's undisputed first-choice goalkeeper, being part of a defensive line that included, amongst others, Mauro Tassotti, Franco Baresi, Alessandro Costacurta and Paolo Maldini, regarded as one of the greatest defensive units of all time. However, unlike the aforementioned defenders, <mask> wasn't selected to represent Italy in the 1994 FIFA World Cup, since former Milan coach Arrigo Sacchi, who was the commissioner of the Italian national team during this time, assigned the three goalkeeping spots to Gianluca Pagliuca, Luca Marchegiani and Luca Bucci. Under Sacchi, <mask> received two international call-ups by the end of 1994, but failed to make a single appearance for his country, although several pundits regarded him as a viable alternative to the then first-choice keeper Pagliuca; he still managed to have a successful club career under the tutelage of Fabio Capello, as the Invincibles went on a 58-match unbeaten run and won four Scudetti in five seasons, as well as the UEFA Champions League in 1994. Following their 1996 Scudetto victory, Milan sharply declined thereafter, finishing 11th in 1997 and tenth in 1998, as <mask>'s own career declined and saw him battling Massimo Taibi for the top spot. During round 17 of the 1998–99 season, Milan were leading A.C. Perugia Calcio 2–0 when they conceded a late penalty.After Hidetoshi Nakata converted it, teammate Cristian Bucchi was struck from behind by <mask> while retrieving the ball from the back of the net. <mask> was sent off and later was punished with a five-match ban. After beating out newcomer Jens Lehmann (who would leave after playing only five matches) for the number-one jersey in 1998–99, <mask> was ultimately usurped by upstart Christian Abbiati, who had replaced him in the Perugia match. Perugia and retirement
After the 2001–02 campaign <mask> moved to Perugia, who were facing a goalkeeper crisis at the time. He contributed relatively as the team retained its top level status, then retired at the end of that sole campaign at the age of 39. <mask> made one final appearance for Milan at the San Siro, in a testimonial match for Demetrio Albertini, his teammate for eleven seasons. Subsequently, he worked as goalkeeper coach in the club's youth department.Style of play
<mask> was a tall, aggressive and physically strong goalkeeper, who was known mainly for his confidence and command of the area, as well as his handling and ability to come off his line to collect crosses and high balls, due to his height and goalkeeping technique. He was also known for his vocal presence in goal, and his ability to organise his defence. Due to his good reactions, agility, athleticism and solid positioning, he was also an effective shot-stopper, and, despite his height, was gifed acrobatically and capable of getting to ground quickly to parry shots, which made him adept at saving penalties. Despite his talent, he was at times criticised for his volatile, arrogant and controversial character, however, which led him to pick up several cards throughout his career, as well as his tendency to commit occasional costly mistakes, which, along with his height and athleticism, earned him the nickname "l'ascensore umano" (the human lift). Despite not being the most naturally gifted goalkeeper with the ball at his feet, <mask> possessed solid ball skills as well as a deep goal kick, and was also known for his distribution, as well as his pace when rushing off his line, which made him extremely effective in Milan's zonal marking system, and enabled his team to maintain a high defensive line. Records
<mask> held the record for the longest streak without conceding a goal in Serie A history. In an 11-match span, from 12 December 1993 to 27 February 1994, he kept a clean sheet for 929 consecutive minutes before being beaten by a long-range strike by U.S. Foggia's Igor Kolyvanov; he surpassed the previous mark set by Dino Zoff in 1972–73 by 26 minutes, and his own record of longest consecutive minutes without conceding was surpassed by Gianluigi Buffon on 20 March 2016, by 45 minutes.<mask> also holds the record for the fewest goals conceded by a goalkeeper during a single 34-match Italian league season, with 11. With 330 appearances for Milan, he is the club's second-most capped keeper of all time, behind only Christian Abbiati (380). Career statistics

Honours
Milan
UEFA Champions League: 1993–94
UEFA Super Cup: 1990, 1994
Intercontinental Cup: 1990
Serie A: 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1995–96, 1998–99
Supercoppa Italiana: 1992, 1993, 1994

Individual
A.C. Milan Hall of Fame

Notes

References

External links
Stats at Lega Serie A
Tutto Calciatore profile

1964 births
Living people
People from Cesena
Italian footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Serie A players
Serie B players
Serie C players
A.C. Cesena players
Forlì F.C. players
Empoli F.C. players
A.C. Milan players
A.C. Perugia Calcio players
UEFA Champions League winning players

masks:
Sebastiano Rossi
Rossi
Rossi
Rossi
Rossi
Rossi
Rossi
Rossi
Rossi
Rossi
Rossi
Rossi
Rossi
Rossi
Rossi
Rossi
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<mask> (in Ukrainian: Ярослав Олександрович Галан, party nickname Comrade Yaga; 27 July 1902 – 24 October 1949) was a Ukrainian Soviet anti-fascist writer, playwright, publicist, member of the Communist Party of Western Ukraine since 1924, killed by nationalist insurgents in 1949. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born on 27 July 1902 in Dynów to the family of <mask>, a minor post-office official. As a child he lived and studied in Przemyśl. He enjoyed a large collection of books gathered by his father, and was greatly influenced by the creativity of the Ukrainian socialist writer Ivan Franko. At school, <mask>'s critical thoughts brought him into conflict with priests who taught theology. At the beginning of the First World War his father, along with other "unreliable" elements who sympathized with the Russians, was placed in the Thalerhof internment camp by the Austrian authorities. Eventually Galitzia was taken by the Russians.During the next Austrian offensive, in order to avoid repressions, his mother evacuated the family with the retreating Russian army to Rostov-on-Don, where <mask> studied at the gymnasium and performed in the local theatre. Living there, <mask> witnessed the events of the October Revolution. He became familiar with Lenin’s agitation. Later these events formed the base of his story Unforgettable Days. While in Rostov-on-Don, he discovered the works of Russian writers such as Leo Tolstoy, Maxim Gorky, Vissarion Belinsky, and Anton Chekhov. <mask> often went to the theatre. Thus his obsession with this art was born, which in the future determined his decision to become a playwright.Student years
After the war <mask> returned to Galitzia (annexed by Poland), where in 1922 he graduated from the Peremyshl Ukrainian Gymnasium. He then studied at the Triest Higher Trade School in Italy, and in 1922 enrolled in the University of Vienna. In 1926 he transferred to the Jagiellonian University of Kraków, from which he graduated in 1928 (according to some sources he didn't pass the final exams). <mask> then began working as a teacher of the Polish language and literature at a private gymnasium in Lutsk. However, ten months later he was banned from teaching due to political concerns. In his student years <mask> became active in left-wing politics. While at the University of Vienna he became a member of the workers' community Einheit (Unity), overseen by the Communist Party of Austria.From 1924 he proactively participated in the underground national liberation movement, which in the Ukrainian lands of the Second Polish Republic (except of Glitzia being under OUN influence) was headed by the Communist Party of Western Ukraine (CPWU). He joined the CPWU when he was on vacation in Peremyshl. Later, while studying in Kraków, he was elected a deputy chairman of the legal student organization Życie (Life) ruled by the Communist Party of Poland. Creativity and political struggle in Poland

In the 1920s, <mask>'s creative activity also began. In 1927 he finished work on his first significant play, Don Quixote from Ettenheim. For the first time he revealed the venality of nationalistic and chauvinistic parties in his play 99% (1930). The theme of class struggle and condemning segregation were actualized in the plays Cargo (1930) and Cell (1932), calling for united actions and class solidarity of Ukrainian, Jewish and Polish proletarians.<mask>'s play 99% was staged by the semi-legal Lviv Workers’ Theatre. On the eve of the premiere, Polish authorities launched a campaign of mass arrest against Western Ukrainian communists, sending them to the Lutsk prison. As the theatre's director and one of the key actors were arrested, the premiere was on the verge of failure. Despite risks of being arrested, the workers continued rehearsing, so that the play was presented with a delay of only one day. About 600 workers attended the premiere; for them, it was a form of protest mobilization against repression and nationalism. <mask> was one of the founders of the Ukrainian proletarian writers’ group Horno. From 1927 to 1932, along with other communist writers and members of the CPWU, he worked for the Lviv-based Ukrainian magazine Vikna, being a member of its editorial board, until it was closed by government censors.Living in the Polish-controlled city of Lviv, <mask> frequently had to earn money by translating novels from German into Polish. In 1932 he moved to Nyzhniy Bereviz, the native village of his wife, located in the Carpathian mountains, close to Kolomyia, and kept working on his own plays, stories and articles there. In the village he spread communist agitation among peasants, creating cells of the International Red Aid and the Committee for Famine Relief. Without opportunities to find work, he lived in the countryside until June 1935, when he was summoned by the CPWU to return to Lviv. <mask> was denied Soviet citizenship in 1935. In 1935, <mask> traveled extensively around Prykarpattia, giving speeches to peasants. He became an experienced propagandist and agitator.Addressing the city workers, <mask> explained to them the main points of Marxist theory. In particular, he held lectures on Friedrich Engels's Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, and Karl Marx's Wage Labour and Capital. Together with the young communist writer Olexa Havryliuk, <mask> organized safe houses, wrote leaflets and proclamations, and transferred illegal literature to Lviv. Throughout his political career the writer was repeatedly persecuted, and twice imprisoned (for the first time in 1934). He was one of the organizers of the Lviv Anti-Fascist Congress of Cultural Workers in May 1936. <mask> also took part in a major political demonstration on 16 April 1936 in Lviv, in which the crowd was fired on by Polish police (in total, thirty workers were killed and two hundred injured). <mask> devoted his story Golden Arch to the memory of fallen comrades.Participation in the Anti-Fascist Congress forced him to escape from Lviv to Warsaw, where he eventually found work at the left-wing newspaper Dziennik Popularny, edited by Wanda Wasilewska. In 1937, the newspaper was closed by the authorities, and on 8 April <mask> was accused of illegal communist activism and sent to prison in Warsaw (later transferred to Lviv). Released in December 1937, <mask> lived in Lviv under strict supervision by the police, and remained unemployed until 1939. In 1937, his elder brother, a member of the CPWU, died in Lviv. After the Communist Party of Poland and the Communist Party of Western Ukraine, as its autonomous organization, were dissolved by the Comintern on trumped-up accusations of spying for Poland in 1938, <mask>'s first wife Anna Henyk (also a member of the CPWU), who was studying at the Kharkiv Medical Institute, USSR, was arrested by the NKVD and executed in the Great Purge. In the Soviet Lviv
After the USSR annexed Western Ukraine and Western Belarus in September 1939, <mask> <mask> worked for the newspaper Vilna Ukraina, directed the Maria Zankovetska Theatre, and wrote more than 100 pamphlets and articles on changes taking place in the reunified lands of Western Ukraine. «A group of writers such as <mask> <mask>, Petro Kozlaniuk, Stepan Tudor and Olexa Havryliuk [...] treated the liberation of Western Ukraine [by the Red Army] as a logical conclusion of the policy of the Communist Party, which fought for the reunification of the Ukrainian people.In this, they actively helped the party in word and deed. In return, they have already had experience with Polish prisons and oppression from their fellow countrymen. Now [after it happened] they could breathe a sigh of relief. That is why their smiles were so sincere and celebratory.»

Petro Panch, Lviv, Kopernyka str., 42, Vitchyzna, 1960, issue No 2, 172

In November 1939 <mask> went to Kharkiv to try to locate his vanished wife Anna Henyk. Together with the writer Yuri Smolych he came to the dormitory of the

masks:
Yaroslav Olexandrovych Halan
Yaroslav Halan
Olexandr Halan
Yaroslav
Yaroslav
Halan
Halan
Halan
Halan
Halan
Halan
Halan
Halan
Halan
Halan
Halan
Halan
Halan
Halan
Halan
Halan
Halan
Halan
Yaroslav
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Yaroslav
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 Medical Institute, and asked the porter for any information about her fate. The porter only gave him back a suitcase with Anna's belongings and said that she had been arrested by the NKVD, in response to which <mask> burst into tears. In June 1941, being a journalist of the newspaper Vilna Ukraina, he took his first professional vacation, in Crimea, but didn't manage to rest for long, as on 22 June Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union.War period
When the war on the Eastern Front began, <mask> arrived in Kharkiv and went to the military commissariat having a big desire to become a volunteer of the Red Army and to go to the frontline but was denied. He was evacuated to Ufa. In September 1941, Alexander Fadeyev summoned him to Moscow for working at the Polish-language magazine Nowe Horyzonty. In the days of the Battle for Moscow, on 17 October, he was evacuated to Kazan. Later the writer arrived in Saratov, where he served as a radio host at the Taras Shevchenko Radio Station. Then he was a special front-line correspondent of the newspaper Sovietskaya Ukraina, and then Radianska Ukraina. «The majority of his radio-comments have been born spontaneously.He listens to the enemy's radio shows, thinks for a while, then goes to the studio with an open microphone and without any preparations responds, expressing everything what he feels. That was a true radio-battle with all Hitler's propagandists starting from Goebbels, Dietrich, and others. The opportunity to fight like this – immediately, without paper [and censorship] – demonstrates a high confidence given to him by the Government and the Central Committee of the CPSU(b).»

Volodymyr Beliayev, Literaturna Ukraina, 1962In 1943, in Moscow, he met his future second wife Maria Krotkova, who was an artist. In October 1943, the publishing house Moscovskiy Bolshevik released the collection of 15 Halan's war stories Front on Air. At the end of the year, <mask> moved to the recently liberated Kharkov and worked there on the frontline radio station Dnipro. During and after the war he was sharply condemning the Ukrainian nationalists – banderivtsi, melnykivtsi, bulbivtsi – as accomplices of the Nazi occupiers. Post-war times
In 1946 <mask> <mask> as a correspondent of the Radianska Ukraina newspaper represented the USSR at the Nuremberg trial of Nazi military criminals.<mask> <mask> wrote much about Ukrainian nationalists. In his story What Has No Name he described the OUN crimes:

«Fourteen-years-old girl can’t calmly look at meat. She trembles if someone is going to cook cutlets in her presence. A few months ago, on Easter Night, armed people came to a peasant house in a village close to the town of Sarny, and stabbed its inhabitants with knives. The girl having the eyes widened of fear was looking at the agony of her parents. The girl with horror in her eyes was looking at the agony of her parents. One of the gangsters put a knife blade to the child’s neck, but at the last moment a new “idea” came to his mind: “Live in glory to Stepan Bandera!And to avoid you being starved to death we will leave you some food. Guys, slice pork for her!" The "guys" liked such a proposal. In a few minutes a mountain of meat made from the bleeding father and mother grew up in front of the horror-struck girl...»

In <mask>'s tragedy Under the Golden Eagle (1947) the writer harshly criticizes the American occupation administration in Western Germany for its rude attempts to prevent Soviet soldiers interned in special camps to return to their homeland. In his play Love at Dawn (1949, published in 1951) he described the triumph of Socialism in the rural areas of Western Ukraine. Often he was focused on counteracting the nationalistic propaganda. Nevertheless, <mask> complained that these "Augean stables" were not his vocation but it had to be done by someone:

«I understand: the asenisation work is a necessary and useful work, but why only me?Why should I be the only cesspool cleaner? The reader of our periodicals will involuntarily have the thought that there is only "maniac" <mask>, who has clung to Ukrainian fascism like a drunk clings to the raft, [while] the vast majority of the writers ignore this issue. It isn't needed to be explained what further conclusions the reader will make from this.»

From Halan's letter to his friend Yuri Smolych, on 2 January 1948. In his last satirical pamphlets <mask> <mask> criticized the nationalistic and clerical reaction (particularly, the Greek Catholic Church and the anti-Communist doctrine of the Holy See): Their Face (1948), In the service of Satan (1948), In the Face of Facts (1949), Father of Darkness and His Henchmen (1949), The Vatican Idols Thirst for Blood (1949, in Polish), Twilight of the Alien Gods (1948), What Should Not Be Forgotten (1947), The Vatican Without Mask (1949) etc. When the Vatican had discovered that <mask> is going to publish his new anti-clerical pamphlet Father of Darkness and His Henchmen, in July 1949 the Pope Pius XII excommunicated him. In response to this, <mask> wrote a pamphlet I Spit on the Pope, that caused a significant resonance within the Church and among believers. In the pamphlet he ironized on the Decree against Communism released by the Vatican on 1 July, in which the Holy See had threatened to excommunicate all members of the Communist parties and active supporters of the Communists:

«My only consolation is that I am not alone: together with me, the Pope excommunicated at least three hundred million people, and with them I once again in full voice declare: I spit on the Pope!»

Assassination

Yaroslav Halan was assassinated on 24 October 1949 in his home office, which was situated at Hvadiyska street in Lviv.He received eleven blows to the head with an axe. His blood spilled on the manuscript of his new article, Greatness of the Liberated Human, which celebrated the tenth anniversary of the annexation of Western Ukraine with the Ukrainian SSR. The killers – two students of the Lviv Forestry Technical Institute, Ilariy Lukashevych and Mykhailo Stakhur – committed the assassination after receiving the appropriate order from the OUN leadership. On the eve of the murder Lukashevych gained the writer's confidence, so the students were let into the house. They came to the apartment under the pretext of being discriminated against at the university and seeking his help. When Lukashevych gave a signal, Stakhur attacked the writer with the axe. After Stakhur was convinced that <mask> was dead, they tied up the housekeeper and escaped.The Ministry of the State Security (MGB) accused the Ukrainian nationalists of his murder, while the OUN claimed that it was a Soviet provocation in order to start a new wave of repressions against locals. Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of the Ukrainian SSR at that time, took personal control of the investigation. In 1951, the MGB agent Bohdan Stashynsky infiltrated into the OUN underground network and managed to find Stakhur, who himself bragged about the assassination of <mask>. He was arrested on 10 July, and afterwards fully admitted his responsibility for the crime during the trial. According to Stakhur, he did that because of the writer's critical statements on the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the Vatican. On 16 October 1951 the military tribunal of the Carpathian Military District sentenced Mykhailo Stakhur to death by hanging: the court hall applauded the announcement of the verdict. The verdict was enforced on the same day.Some contemporary Ukrainian historians and journalists put forward the hypothesis that <mask> was killed by the Soviets. However, nowadays the fact of the OUN guilt proved with the numerous pieces of evidence is widely recognized by the vast majority of historians. The assassination of <mask> caused tightening of measures against the nationalist Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), which continued insurgent activities

masks: Halan Halan Halan Yaroslav Halan Yaroslav Halan Halan Halan Halan Yaroslav Halan Halan Halan Halan Halan Halan Halan


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 against the Soviet power in Western Ukraine. All the leadership of the MGB arrived in Lviv, Pavel Sudoplatov himself worked there for several months. One of the consequences of the murder of <mask> was the elimination of the UPA leader Roman Shukhevych four months later. Evaluations by contemporaries

«<mask> <mask> is a talented publicist, was a progressive writer in the past. Nowadays he still is the most advanced one among [local] non-party writers.But he's infected with the Western European bourgeois "spirit". Has little respect for Soviet people. Considers them not civilized enough. But just inwardly. In general terms, he understands the policy of the party, but in his opinion, the party makes great mistakes with regards to peasants in Western Ukraine. <mask> places responsibility for these mistakes on the regional committee of the CPSU(b), local institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the local Soviet authorities. Believes in Moscow.Doesn't want to join the party (he was advised to) due to being an individualist, and also in order to keep his hands, mind, and words free. He thinks if he joins the party, he will lose this [freedom].»

Extract from the report of the literary critic G. Parkhomenko to the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolshevik) of Ukraine, 15 December 1947. In 1962, in Toronto, Olexandr Matla, aka Petro Tereschuk, a pro-nationalist historian from the Ukrainian diaspora in Canada, published the brochure History of a Traitor (Yaroslav Halan), in which he accused Halan of being an informer of both Polish and Soviet intelligence services, and of helping them to oppress nationalists and even some pro-Soviet writers from Western Ukraine such as Anton Krushelnytsky, who moved from Lviv to Kharkiv in the 1930s and was killed during the Great Terror. «[<mask>] has used his undeniable publicistic talent to serve the enemy, thereby placing himself outside the Ukrainian people. He has directed his energy and creative mind against his own people and their interests. An outrageous egoist, egocentrist, money lover, slanderer, cynic, provocator, agent of two intelligence services, misanthrope, falsificator, speculator, and an informer are all the characteristics of <mask> <mask>.»

Petro Tereschuk, History of a Traitor (Yaroslav Halan), Canadian League for Ukraine's Liberation, Toronto, 1962. «<mask> is an erudite, artist, polemicist, politician and undoubtedly an international-level journalist.I was amazed at his knowledge of the languages: German, French, Italian, Polish, Jewish, Russian. Picking up any newspaper or document he leafs through, reads it and writes something down. I was also surprised by his efficiency in work, interest in everything, an exceptional ability to "seek" and "raise" topics, problems, his persistent work on processing the material.»

Yuri Yanovsky, a Ukrainian Soviet writer, who worked with <mask> at the Nuremberg Trial in 1946. «In 1949 I witnessed an unusual event. On October 2 <mask> <mask> spoke in Lviv University. It turned out to be his last speech. We condemned him but his presentation surprised me.He spoke as an intelligent person defending Ukrainian culture. It had nothing to do with the series of his pamphlets “I spit on Pope!” <mask> turned out to be a totally different man. Several days later he was killed.»

Mykhailo Horyn, a Ukrainian anti-Communist dissident. Homage
 In 1954, the movie It Shouldn't Be Forgotten, based on <mask> <mask>'s life events, with Sergei Bondarchuk in the main role was filmed. In 1973, another movie based on the biography of <mask> Until the Last Minute with Vladislav Dvorzhetsky in the main role was released. In 1969, the studio Ukrkinokhronika filmed the documentary Yaroslav Halan about the life of the writer. The Dovzhenko Film Studios, in 1958, filmed <mask>'s work Under the Golden Eagle, but the film wasn't released as "too anti-American".Writer's work The Mountains are Smoking was filmed in 1989 by the Ukrtelefilm studio. In 1962, 1970 and 1976, the USSR Post issued postal envelopes with a portrait of <mask> <mask>. A huge monument to <mask> <mask> was installed in Lviv in 1972. Besides, the square where the monument was situated was named after <mask>. In 1992, on the eve of the Vatican officials’ visit, the local authorities demolished the monument, and its metal was used for constructing a monument to the Prosvita, a nationalist organization which Halan fought with. There was another monument to the writer in the city Park of Culture installed in 1957 and demolished in the 1960s. A monument to Halam also existed in Drohobych, Lviv Region.Demolished in the 1990s. In 1960, <mask>'s personal apartment at Hvardiyska street, 18, where he lived in 1944-1949, was turned into his personal museum. The museum stored writer's personal belongings, documents, and materials about his literary and social activity, publications of his works. In the 1990s, it was under threat of closure, but eventually, it was transformed into the museum Literary Lviv of the First Half of the XX Century. From 1964 to 1991, the Yaroslav Halan Prize was awarded by the Writers' Union of Ukraine for the best propagandistic journalism. In 1979, the Council of Ministers of the Ukrainian SSR established the Yaroslav Halan Scholarship for talented students of the Taras Shevchenko Kyiv State University and Ivan Franko Lviv State University. In the 1970s, in Lviv Region, there was a network of 450 atheist clubs named after <mask> <mask>.<mask>'s works in three volumes were published in Kyiv in 1977–1978. From 1967 to 1987, the Lviv-based publisher Kameniar issued the anti-fascist and anti-clerical almanac Post Named After <mask> <mask>. In total, 22 issues were published. The streets named after <mask> <mask> existed in Kyiv, Kharkiv, Kryvyi Rih, Odesa, Chernihiv, Dnipro, Lviv, Khmelnytskyi, Poltava, Cherkasy, Chernivtsi, Kalush, Nikopol, Uzhgorod, Mukachevo, Berzhany, Korosten, and Novograd Volynskyi but they were renamed within the campaign against the Soviet memorial legacy. In Soviet times, in Saratov, the name of <mask> <mask> was given to the street where he worked at the Taras Shevchenko Radio Station. After the USSR collapsed, the street recovered it historical name Proviantskaya. In Donetsk, Luhansk, Enakievo, Torez, Shostka, and Rostov-on-Don, there are still the streets bearing the name of Halan.The Lviv Regional Theatre of Drama (Drohobych) and Kolomyia Regional Theatre of Drama (Kolomyia) received the name of <mask> <mask>. Renamed in the 1990s. The Ternopil Pedagogical Institute and Lutsk Pedagogical College received the name of Yaroslav Halan. Renamed in the 1990s. The Lviv Regional Library for Adults, established by the Soviet authorities in the Besyadetski Palace building, and Kyiv Regional Library for Youth received the name of <mask> <mask>. Renamed in the 1990s. One of the district libraries in Kharkiv still bears the writer's name.In 1954, the Yaroslav Halan Cinema was built in Lychakiv district, Lviv. Renamed in the 1990s, nowadays abandoned. Halan's name was given to kolkhozes in the following villages: Vuzlove (Radekhiv Raion, Lviv Oblast), Dytiatychi (Mostyska Raion, Lviv Region), Mistky (Pustomyty Raion, Lviv Oblast), Turynka (Zhovkva Raion, Lviv Oblast) Volodymyrivka (Domanivka Raion, Mykolaiv Oblast), Seredniy Bereziv (Kosiv Raion, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast), Hnylytsi (Pidvolochysk Raion, Ternopil Oblast). The name of Yaroslav Halan was given to a passenger steamer of the Belsky river shipping company, which operated on the Moscow-Ufa line. Currently out of use. In 2012, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted the resolution About the celebration of the 110th anniversary of the birth of the famous Ukrainian anti-fascist writer <mask> Oleksandrovych <mask>. Moscow: Novosti Press Agency Publishing House, 1975
 Reports from Nuremberg.Kyiv: Dnipro Publishers, 1976
 People Without a Homeland: Pamphlets. Kyiv: Dnipro Publishers,

masks: Halan Yaroslav Halan Halan Halan Yaroslav Halan Yaroslav Halan Yaroslav Halan Halan Yaroslav Halan Halan Halan Yaroslav Halan Yaroslav Halan Halan Halan Yaroslav Halan Halan Yaroslav Halan Yaroslav Halan Yaroslav Halan Yaroslav Halan Yaroslav Halan Yaroslav Halan


text_chunks:
 1974
 Lest People Forget: Pamphlets, Articles and Reports. Kyiv: Dnipro Publishers, 1986
Spanish
 Reportajes de Nuremberg. Kyiv: Dnipro Publishers. 1976
German
 "Nürnberg 1945 : Pamphlete". Kiew: Dnipro, 1975. Russian
 Favorites.Translation from Ukrainian. Moscow: publishing house Sovetskiy Pisatel, 1951. Favorites. Translation from Ukrainian. Moscow: publishing house Sovetskiy Pisatel, 1952. The Vatican Without a Mask. Translation from Ukrainian.Moscow, publishing house Literaturnaya Gazeta, 1952. Plays. Moscow: Iskusstvo. 1956. With Cross or With Knife: Pamphlets. Moscow: 1962
 Light from the East. Translation from Ukrainian.Moscow, publishing house Molodaya Guàrdia, 1954. Favorites. Translation from Ukrainian. Moscow, Goslitizdat, 1958. Ukrainian
 Favorites. Kyiv: publishing house Radianskyi Pysmennyk, 1951. Works.In 2 volumes. Kyiv: Derzhlitvidav, 1953. Works. In 3 volumes. Kyiv: Derzhlitvidav, 1960. Unfinished Song. Kyiv: Dnipro Publishers.1972. Favorites. Lviv: Shkilna Biblioteka. 1976
 Works: Pamphlets and Fayletons. Kyiv:Naukova Dumka. 1980. Works.Kyiv: Naukova Dumka. 1980. Dramas. Lviv: Kameniar. 1981
 Favorites. Lviv: Kameniar. 1987.Azerbaijani
 Ukrainian Stories. Azərnəşr. 1954

External links

(English translation) <mask>, <mask>. Reports from Nuremberg. Kyiv: Dnipro Publishers, 1976

(English translation) <mask>. <mask>. I Spit on the Pope!<mask> <mask> on the Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine
 <mask> <mask> on the IMDb
 <mask> <mask> on the WorldCat Identities – books publication statistics and other data
 <mask> <mask> (as <mask> Galan) on the Google Books Ngram Viewer – frequency of mention in English-language books

Bibliography

 Беляев В., Ёлкин А. Ярослав Галан. – М.: Молодая гвардия, 1971. – (Жизнь замечательных людей)
 Галан Ярослав: Енциклопедія історії України: Т. 2. Редкол. : В. А. Смолій (голова) та ін. НАН України.Інститут історії України. – Київ 2004, "Наукова думка". .
 Терещенко Петро. Історія одного зрадника (Ярослва Галан). Торонто: Канадаська ліга за визволення України, 1962. Галан Ярослав, Спогади про письменника, Львiв, вид-во "Каменяр", 1965. Вальо М. А. Ярослав Галан (1902—1949): до 80-річчя з дня народження. Бібліографічний покажчик.– Львів, 1982. Про Ярослава Галана: Спогади, статті. – К., 1987. Ярослав Галан – борець за правду і справедливість: Документи // Український історичний журнал. – 1990. – No. 2—3.Рубльов О. С., Черченко Ю. А. Сталінщина й доля західноукраїнської інтелігенції (20—50-ті роки XX ст.) – К., 1994. Бантышев А. Ф., Ухаль А. М. Убийство на заказ: кто же организовал убийство Ярослава Галана? Опыт независимого расследования. – Ужгород, 2002. Цегельник Я. Славен у віках. Образ Львова у спадщині Я. Галана // Жовтень.– 1982. – No. 3 (449). – С. 72—74. – . "Боротьба трудящихся Львівщини проти Нiмецько-фашистьских загарбників".Львів, вид-во "Вільна Україна", 1949. Буряк Борис, Ярослав Галан. В кн. : Галан Я., Избранное. М., Гослитиздат, 1958, стр. 593–597. Даниленко С., Дорогою ганьби і зради.К., вид-во "Наукова думка", 1970. Довгалюк Петро, В кн. : Галан Я., Твори в трьох томах, К., Держлітвидав, 1960, стр. 5–44. Добрич Володимир, У тіні святого Юра. Львiв, вид-во "Каменяр", 1968. Евдокименко В. Ю., Критика ідейних основ украінського буржуазного націоналізму.К., вид-во "Наукова думка", 1967. Ёлкин Анатолий, Ярослав Галан в борьбе с католической и американской реакцией. "Вестник Ленинградского университета", 1951, No. 10, стр. 85–100. Елкин Анатолий, Ярослав Галан. (Новые материалы.)"Звезда", 1952, No. 7, стр. 163–172. Елкин Анатолий, Библиография противоватиканских работ Я. А. Галана. В кн. : "Вопросы истории религии и атеизма". М., изд-во АН СССР, т.2, 1954, стр. 288–292. Елкин Анатолий, Ярослав Галан. Очерк жизни и творчества. М., изд-во "Советский писатель", 1955. Елкин Анатолий, Степан Тудор. Критико-биографич.очерк. М., изд-во "Советский писатель", 1956. Замлинський Володимир, Шлях чорної зради. Львів, вид-во "Каменяр", 1969. Косач Юрий, Вид феодалізму до неофашизму. Нью-Йорк, 1962. "Людьскоі крові не змити".Книга фактів. К, 1970. Мельничук Ю., Ярослав Галан. Львівске кн. – журн. вид-во, 1953. Млинченко К. М., Зброєю полум'яного слова.К., вид-во АН УССР, 1963. Млот Франтишек, Мешок иуд, или Разговор о клерикализме. Краков, 1911. На польском языке. Полевой Борис. В конце концов. М., изд-во "Советская Россия", 1969."Пост имени Ярослава Галана". Сборник. Львів, вид-во "Каменяр", 1967. "Правда про унію". Документи і матеріяли. Львiв, вид-во "Каменяр", 1968. Терлиця Марко, "Правнуки погані".Киев, изд-во "Радянський письменник", 1960. Терлиця Марко. Націоналістичі скорпіони. Киев, изд-во "Радянський письменник", 1963. "Ті, що канули в пітьму". Львів, вид-во "Каменяр", 1968. Ткачев П. И., Вечный бой.Минск, изд-во БГУ, 1970. Цегельник Яків, В кн. : Галан Ярослав, Спогади про письменника. Львів, вид-во "Каменяр", 1965. Чередниченко В., Націоналізм против націі. К., 1970. References

1902 births
1949 deaths
People from Dynów
Journalists from Lviv
20th-century Ukrainian writers
20th-century Ukrainian journalists
20th-century Polish dramatists and playwrights
20th-century translators
Ukrainian male writers
Polish-language writers
Ukrainian dramatists and playwrights
Soviet dramatists and playwrights
Polish male dramatists and playwrights
Socialist realism writers
Pamphleteers
Ukrainian translators
Polish translators
German–Polish translators
Polish publicists
Soviet journalists
Ukrainian satirists
Polish satirists
Ukrainian radio journalists
Soviet propagandists
Stalin Prize winners
Ukrainian Austro-Hungarians
People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Jagiellonian University alumni
University of Vienna alumni
Ukrainian radio presenters
Burials at Lychakiv Cemetery
Assassinated Ukrainian journalists
Assassinated Soviet people
Assassinated Ukrainian politicians
Anti-fascists
Communist Party of Western Ukraine members
Ukrainian communists
Polish communists
Victims of OUN-B killings
People murdered in the Soviet

masks: Halan Yaroslav Halan Yaroslav Yaroslav Halan Yaroslav Halan Yaroslav Halan Yaroslav Halan Yaroslav


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<mask> (born Florence Brunet; May 27, 1890 – September 28, 1943) was an American actress. Early years
<mask> was born Florence Brunet in Savannah, Georgia, although some sources list her birthname as Florence Simone. She was educated in New York City. Career
Brunette made her film debut in the 1912 short A Waiter of Weight, followed by The Joy Ride (1912), and His Neighbor's Wife (1912). Brunette appeared in films such as Unto Those Who Sin (1916), in which she played a working girl of squalor, lured by wealth and luxury, The Woman Thou Gavest Me (1919), While Satan Sleeps (1922), Bells of San Juan (1922), and Camille of the Barbary Coast (1925). In the 1930s and 1940s, Brunette mainly acted in uncredited roles, with her final screen appearance being in You're Telling Me (1942). Personal life
Brunette was the third wife of William Robert Daly, a silent film actor and director.Daly, who died around 1935, directed <mask> in many films. After Daly's death, she married Louisville, Kentucky, real estate operator John E. Kley. They resided at 712 North Mansfield Avenue in Los Angeles, California. Brunette possessed one of the most detailed wardrobes in the movie industry. She wore eighteen gowns in Unto Those Who Sin. Death
<mask> died after an extended illness at the Motion Picture Country Home at the age of 53 in 1943. Funeral services were conducted from Pierce Brothers Hollywood Chapel, 5959 Santa Monica Boulevard.She was cremated. Filmography

 The Joy Ride (1912) (as Miss <mask>)
 His Neighbor's Wife (1912) (as Miss Fritzie)
 For the Good of All (1912) (as Miss <mask>)
 Babies Three (1912)
 Mates and Mis-Mates (1912) .... Mabel Wentworth
 Her Life's Story (1912) .... Lucy Allen
 Dora (1912) .... Mary
 As the Wind Blows (1912) .... The Summer Girl
 Two Women (1912) .... The Wife
 On the Danger Line (1912)
 Was Mabel Cured? (1912)
 It Happened Thus (1912) .... (1917) .... Kate Taylor
 And a Still Small Voice (1918) .... Mary Singleton
 The City of Purple Dreams (1918) .... Esther Strom
 The Still Alarm (1918) .... 1]
 This Is the Life (1935) (uncredited)
 San Francisco (1936) (uncredited)
 Maid of Salem (1937) (uncredited) ....Bit Part
 Way Out West (1937) (uncredited) .... Audience at saloon
 Make Way for Tomorrow (1937) (uncredited) .... Bit Role
 Souls at Sea (1937) (uncredited) .... Bit Role
 Wells Fargo (1937) (uncredited) .... Pioneer Woman
 Disbarred (1939) (uncredited) .... Maid
 Persons in Hiding (1939) (uncredited) .... Automobile Passenger
 Stagecoach (1939) (uncredited) .... Bit part
 The Star Maker (1939) (uncredited)
 Honeymoon in Bali (1939) .... Secretary
 $1000 a Touchdown (1939) (uncredited) .... McGlen Wife
 Edison, the Man (1940) (uncredited)
 Meet John Doe (1941) (uncredited) ....Bit part
 You're Telling Me (1942) (uncredited)

References

Fort Wayne, Indiana Journal-Gazette, Jack O' Diamonds Best On The Card, Tuesday Morning, May 12, 1914, Page 13. Lima, Ohio Times-Democrat, <mask> <mask> Makes Debut Soon, Thursday Evening, March 2, 1916, Page 7. The Los Angeles Times, <mask> <mask>, September 30, 1943, Page A12. The New York Times, <mask> Brunette, September 30, 1943, Page 21. External links

1890 births
1943 deaths
American silent film actresses
American film actresses
Actresses from Georgia (U.S. state)
Actors from Savannah, Georgia
20th-century American actresses

masks:
Fritzi Brunette
Fritzi Brunette
Brunette
Brunette
Fritzi
Fritzie
Fritzi
Brunette
Fritzi
Brunette
Fritzi


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<mask> (born September 22, 1952) is an American archaeologist and paleoanthropologist. He is a Professor in the Cognitive Science Program at Indiana University and is a founder and co-director of the Stone Age Institute. Toth's archaeological and experimental research has focused on the stone tool technology of Early Stone Age hominins who produced Oldowan and Acheulean artifacts which have been discovered across Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. He is best known for his experimental work, with Kathy Schick, including their work with the bonobo (“pygmy chimpanzee”) Kanzi who they taught to make and use simple stone tools similar to those made by our Early Stone Age ancestors. Early life and education
Toth was born and grew up in Cleveland, Ohio. He graduated from Brooklyn High School in 1970 and in 1974 earned a B.A. with distinction in Liberal Arts and Anthropology from Western College in Oxford, Ohio.Toth attended Oxford University, England where he obtained a Post-graduate Diploma with distinction in Prehistoric Archaeology in 1975. From there he went on to study at the University of California, Berkeley, where he obtained an M.A. in Paleoanthropology in 1978, and a Ph.D. in Paleoanthropology in 1982. While at Berkeley he studied with professors Glynn Isaac, J. Desmond Clark, F. Clark Howell, Tim White, Garniss Curtis, and Richard Hay. Toth completed the Flintknapping Field School at Washington State University in 1978, attended the Lithic Microwear Workshop at the University of Chicago in 1980, and received training in Forensic Science at the University of California in 1981. In 1983 he obtained a certificate in Scanning Electron Microscopy from the Royal Microscopial Society, Cambridge University, England. In 2004 Toth completed a course in start-up companies through the Kelly School of Business at Indiana University/Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) and in 2005 he obtained a certificate from the Fundraising School at IUPUI.Marriage to Kathy Schick
In the summer of 1976, <mask> met Kathy Schick while the two were working together on an archaeological dig in Ohio. With similar interests and both attending graduate school in Anthropology, they soon began collaborating on their research. <mask> and Schick went on to attend graduate school at the University of California, Berkeley and were married during that time. Their marriage was followed by extended periods of fieldwork at Koobi Fora (East Lake Turkana), Kenya where they conducted research for the next four years under the direction of Berkeley professor Glynn Isaac and Richard Leakey of the National Museum of Kenya. This period was the beginning of a long-term research collaboration between <mask> and Schick which has continued for decades. Academic career
Between 1981 and 1984 Toth served as a visiting professor in the Anthropology Departments at Stanford University, the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Capetown, South Africa. From 1982 to 1986 he was a post-doctoral research scientist at the Institute of Human Origins in Berkeley, Ca., directed by paleoanthropologist Donald Johanson.From 1986 to the present he has been a faculty member in the College of Arts and Sciences at Indiana University, Bloomington, in the Anthropology Department and the Cognitive Science Program, and has served as an adjunct professor in the Biology Department and the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Science. In 1986 he co-founded, with Kathy Schick, the Center for Research into the Anthropological Foundations of Technology (CRAFT) at Indiana University, and together they continue as co-directors of CRAFT. In 2003, the couple founded the Stone Age Institute, a non-profit education and research facility located in Indiana and dedicated to research into human origins. <mask> and Schick continue as co-directors and executive board members of the Stone Age Institute. Over the course of his career Toth has participated in public education programs which help provide children and adults access to educational materials and related media on subjects such as human evolution, archaeology, anthropology, and big history. One such program is a big history project with Kathy Schick titled "Origins: From the Big Bang to the World Wide Web" which began in 2010 with a multi-year museum installation at the Mathers Museum of World Cultures as well as the permanent, multifaceted educational website which has been running since 2010. Another example of Toth's public education projects are the video courses he created for the Big History Project, which is a public education program created by Bill Gates and David Christian.Toth's courses for the project include one titled Introduction to Archaeology and another titled Making Stone Tools, both of which can be viewed free of charge on YouTube or Khan Academy. In addition to participation in programs such as these, Toth and Schick, as directors of the Stone Age Institute, have made pdf files of the research volumes published by the Stone Age Institute Press available as free downloads. Field and laboratory research

Toth has engaged in field and laboratory research since the late 1970s, resulting in scientific publications on a variety of topics including human evolution, African prehistory, Paleolithic studies, the evolution of human intelligence, lithic technology, raw materials of antiquity, experimental archaeology, microscopic approaches to archaeology, faunal analysis, and taphonomy, geoarchaeology, ethnoarchaeology, primate studies, history of evolutionary thought, and Big History (studying and teaching history from the Big Bang to recent times). Toth has conducted archaeological field research and studied the lithic assemblages from Oldowan and Acheulean sites including Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, Dmanisi in the Republic of Georgia, Gona in Ethiopia, Middle Awash in Ethiopia, Nihewan Basin in China, Lake Natron in Tanzania, Ambrona in Spain, and Koobi Fora in Kenya. During investigations at Gona, Ethiopia in 1999, Toth discovered the fossil cranium of a Homo erectus individual which dates to about 1.2 million years ago. In his decades of experimental research into the manufacture and use of early stone tools, Toth has replicated thousands of Oldowan and Acheulean artifacts, many of which he has used in controlled experiments involving such things as cutting through thick hides and the butchering of large animals (all animals used in these studies had died of natural causes, no animals were killed for the purposes of this research). This research revealed that the most important tools to the early stone tool makers may have been the sharp-edged flakes that were removed from the choppers and pebble tools, rather than the choppers and pebble tools themselves, as had been previously supposed.Flake assemblages had been a largely ignored part of archaeological collections from sites of this time period because they were thought to have been a by-product of the manufacture of the more formal choppers and other pebble tools. <mask>’s research supported the idea that these flakes were the simple, highly effective base of early stone tool technology. Research with Kanzi
In 1990, <mask> began a long-term collaborative research project, along with Kathy Schick and psychologist Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, to observe the bonobo Kanzi as he learned to make and use stone tools. Over the course of this research, <mask> and Schick worked together to teach Kanzi, by example, to flake stone and use the sharp flakes produced to cut a length of rope that would allow access to a desired food reward. The goal of this research was to compare the products of human tool makers to those of our prehistoric counterparts (which we can see archaeologically through the tools they produced), as well as to those of non-human primates who have not evolved to make stone tools. This research would allow the scientists to investigate what, if any, cognitive and biomechanical adaptations required for stone tool technology may be present in modern day primates. Given a supply of chert for flaking and stone to use as a hammerstone, Kanzi was able to learn to flake stone, yielding sharp flakes that he was able to use to cut through rope and obtain his edible reward.The flakes and cores produced by Kanzi’s efforts were less sophisticated than the earliest stone tools recognized by archaeologists, suggesting that there is probably an earlier stone tool technology that is not recognized archaeologically. Olduvai Gorge Coring Project
In 2014, Toth, along with three other principal investigators including Kathy Schick, Jackson Njau, and Ian Stanistreet, began the Olduvai Gorge Coring Project to extract geological cores around the gorge in order to increase our knowledge of the geological history of the Olduvai Gorge area. This coring project is the first of its kind to take place at Olduvai and the project has resulted in the extraction of more than 600 meters of geological cores from 3 different locations around the gorge, with the deepest core resulting in 236 meters of recovered core material. This project more than doubles the known stratigraphic sequence at Olduvai, adding 400,000 years of deposits dating as far back as 2.4 million years ago. The coring project is ongoing, with further coring planned and a variety of researchers analyzing the extracted core material. Honors and distinctions

 In 1990, <mask>, Kathy Schick, and J. Desmond Clark became the first foreign archaeologists invited to excavate in China since the Peking Man excavations in the 1930s. Toth received Indiana University's annual Outstanding Faculty Award in 1997.Toth was honored with the invitation to deliver the annual Memorial Lecture for the L.S.B. Leakey Foundation in San Francisco in 2001. In 2003 Toth became an Elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). In 2019 Toth received an Honorary Doctorate from Tbilisi State University, Republic of Georgia for his contributions to Georgian archaeology. Bibliography

 Broadfield, D., Yuan, M., Schick, K., & Toth, N. (Eds.). (2010).The Human Brain Evolving: Paleoneurological Studies in Honor of Ralph L. Holloway. Stone Age Institute Press. .
 Schick, K. D., & Toth, N. P. (Eds.). (2008). The cutting edge: new approaches to the archaeology of human origins. Stone Age Institute Press. .
 Pickering, T. R., Schick, K. D., & <mask>, N. P. (Eds.).(2007). Breathing life into fossils: taphonomic studies in honor of CK (Bob) Brain. Stone Age Institute Press. .
 Toth, N. P., & Schick, K. D. (Eds.). (2006). The Oldowan: case studies into the earliest stone age. Stone Age Institute Press. .
 Schick, K. D., & <mask>, N. P. (1994).Making silent stones speak: Human evolution and the dawn of technology. Simon and Schuster. .

References

American archaeologists
Human evolution theorists
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
Paleoanthropologists
Indiana University Bloomington faculty
1952 births
Living people
Scientists from Cleveland
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
Western College for Women alumni

masks:
Nicholas Patrick Toth
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