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 supremacy of the Islamic state. Through his success in suppressing the insurrections, <mask>r had in effect continued the political consolidation which had begun under Muhammad's leadership with relatively little interruption. By wars' end, he had established an Islamic hegemony over the entirety of the Arabian Peninsula. Battles against Tulayha

Few days after <mask>'s election, in July 632, Tulayha ibn Khuwaylid, from the Banu Asad tribe, was preparing to launch an attack on Medina. <mask> raised an army primarily from the Banu Hashim.He appointed Ali ibn Abi Talib, Talha ibn Ubayd Allah and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, each as commander of one-third of the newly organized force. Tulayha's forces was defeated and driven to Zhu Hussa. Though, few months after, Tulayha again launched an attack on the Muslim forces. <mask>r appointed Khalid ibn al-Walid as the main commander. Khalid had an army of 6,000 men whereas Tulayha had an army of 30,000 men. However, Tulayha's forces were crushed by Khalid ibn al-Walid and his forces. After the battle, Tulayha accepted Islam and asked forgiveness from <mask>.Though, <mask> forgave Tulayha, he refused to allow Tulayha to participate in wars on the Muslim side since Tulayha killed a Sahabi called Akasha ibn Mihsan in the battle. Battle of Yamama
Musaylimah, from the Banu Hanifa tribe, was one of the biggest enemies of <mask>r. He is denounced in Islamic history as "false prophet". Musaylimah, along with his wife Sajah from Banu Taghlib and Banu Tamim, claimed prophethood and gathered an army of 40,000 people to attack against <mask>. <mask>r appointed Khalid ibn al-Walid as the primary commander and appointed Ikrimah and Shurahbil as the commander of the corps. In the battle, Musaylimah's forces were crushed by Khalid and his forces. However, Musaylimah's forces killed about 360 huffaz (memorizers of the Quran) were killed.Hasan, Sayyid Siddiq; Nadwi, <mask> Hasan Ali; Kidwai, A.R.(translator) (2000). The collection of the Qur'an. Karachi: Qur'anic Arabic Foundation. pp. 34–5. Wahshi ibn Harb killed Musaylimah in the battle. After the battle, Musaylimah's wife Sajah became a devout Muslim.Preservation of the Quran

<mask>r was instrumental in preserving the Quran in written form. After the Battle of Yamama in 632, numerous memorizers of the Quran had been killed. Umar fearing that the Quran may become lost or corrupted, Umar requested that <mask>r authorise the compilation and preservation of the scriptures in written format. The caliph was initially hesitant, being quoted as saying, "how can we do that which the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless and keep him, did not himself do?" He eventually relented, however, and appointed Zayd ibn Thabit, who had previously served as one of the scribes of Muhammad, for the task of gathering the scattered verses. The fragments were recovered from every quarter, including from the ribs of palm branches, scraps of leather, stone tablets and "from the hearts of men". The collected work was transcribed onto sheets and verified through comparison with Quran memorisers.The finished codex, termed the Mus'haf, was presented to <mask>, who prior to his death, bequeathed it to his successor Umar. Upon Umar's own death, the Mus'haf was left to his daughter Hafsa, who had been one of the wives of Muhammad. It was this volume, borrowed from Hafsa, which formed the basis of Uthman's legendary prototype, which became the definitive text of the Quran. All later editions are derived from this original. Expeditions into Persia and Levant
With Arabia having united under a single centralized state with a formidable military, the region could now be viewed as a potential threat to the neighbouring Byzantine and Sasanian empires. It may be that <mask>r, reasoning that it was inevitable that one of these powers would launch a pre-emptive strike against the youthful caliphate, decided that it was better to deliver the first blow himself. Regardless of the caliph's motivations, in 633, small forces were dispatched into Iraq and Palestine, capturing several towns.Though the Byzantines and Sassanians were certain to retaliate, <mask>r had reason to be confident; the two empires were militarily exhausted after centuries of war against each other, making it likely that any forces sent to Arabia would be diminished and weakened. A more pressing advantage though was the effectiveness of the Muslim fighters as well as their zeal, the latter of which was partially based on their certainty of the righteousness of their cause. Additionally, the general belief among the Muslims was that the community must be defended at all costs. Historian Theodor Nöldeke gives the somewhat controversial opinion that this religious fervour was intentionally used to maintain the enthusiasm and momentum of the ummah:

Though <mask>r had started these initial conflicts which eventually resulted in the Islamic conquests of Persia and the Levant, he did not live to see those regions conquered by Islam, instead leaving the task to his successors. Death

On 8 August 634, <mask>r fell sick. He developed a high fever and was confined to bed. His illness was prolonged, and when his condition worsened, he felt that his end was near.Realizing this, he sent for Ali and requested him to perform his ghusl since Ali had also done it for Muhammad.On his deathbed, <mask>r nominated Umar as his successor. He gave the amount of six thousand dirhams and his personal assets to Umar. <mask>r divided his property among his children, in accordance with Sharia. <mask>r dictated his last testament to Uthman ibn Affan as follows:

On 23 August 634 (22 Jumada al-Thani), at the age of 63, <mask>r died. His death took place between Maghrib and Isha prayers. Two pieces of sheets were used for <mask>'s coffin. Ali performed the ghusl and Umar led the funeral prayer for him.<mask>r was buried beside the grave of Muhammad. During the reign of the Umayyad caliph al-Walid I, Al-Masjid an-Nabawi was expanded to include the site of <mask>'s tomb. The Green Dome above the tomb was built by the Mamluk sultan Al Mansur Qalawun in the 13th century, although the green color was added in the 16th century, under the reign of Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. Among tombs adjacent to that of <mask>, are of Muhammad, Umar, and an empty one reserved for Isa. "Isa", Encyclopedia of Islam

 Wives and children

<mask>r had four wives. His first wife Qutaylah bint Abd al-Uzza bore him a daughter Asma and a son Abdullah. Though Asma and Abdullah became Muslims, their mother Qutaylah didn't become a Muslim and <mask>r divorced her.<mask>'s second wife was Zaynab bint Amir, who bore him Abdul-Rahman and Aisha. Zaynab and her daughter Asma converted to Islam whereas Abdul-Rahman didn't convert until the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah in 628 CE.As-Suyuti, Tarikh al-Khulafa. Translated by Jarrett, H. S. (1881). The History of the Caliphs, p. 35. Calcutta: Asiatic Society. <mask>'s third wife was Asma bint Umais, who bore Muhammad ibn Abi <mask>. Before her marriage with <mask>r, Asma was a wife of Jafar ibn Abi Talib, and after <mask>'s death, Asma married Ali ibn Abi Talib.<mask>'s fourth wife was Habibah bint Kharijah. She bore Umm Kulthum, who was born after <mask>'s death. <mask>quis. The Sufi Naqshbandi spiritual order is believed to be originating from <mask>r.The Naqshbandiyya: orthodoxy and activism in a worldwide Sufi tradition by Itzchak Weismann, 2007, p24Islamic Sufism by Sirdar Ikbal Ali Shah, Tractus Books, 2000, p104 The Shia Imams Jafar al-Sadiq, Musa al-Kazim, Ali al-Reza, Muhammad al-Jawad, Ali al-Hadi, Hasan al-Askari and Muhammad al-Mahdi are all descended from <mask>. Appearance
The historian Al-Tabari, in regards to <mask>'s appearance, records the following interaction between Aisha and her paternal nephew, Abdullah ibn Abdul-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr:

When she was in her howdah and saw a man from among the Arabs passing by, she said, "I have not seen a man more like <mask>r than this one." We said to her, "Describe <mask>." She said, "A slight, white man, thin-bearded and bowed.His waist wrapper would not hold but would fall down around his loins. He had a lean face, sunken eyes, a bulging forehead, and trembling knuckles." Referencing another source, Al-Tabari further describes him as being "white mixed with yellowness, of good build, slight, bowed, thin, tall like a male palm tree, hook-nosed, lean-faced, sunken-eyed, thin-shanked, and strong-thighed. He used to dye himself with henna and black dye." Legacy

 Political legacy

Though the period of his caliphate covers only two years, two months and fifteen days, it included successful invasions of the two most powerful empires of the time: the Sassanid Empire and Byzantine Empire. <mask>'s reign lasted for 27 months, during which he crushed the rebellion of the Arab tribes throughout the Arabian Peninsula in the successful Ridda Wars. <mask>r's main objective was to extend the caliphate over the entire Arabia and defeat the rebel tribes, in which he succeeded.In the last months of his rule, he sent Khalid ibn al-Walid on conquests against the Sassanid Empire in Mesopotamia and against the Byzantine Empire in Syria. This would set in motion a historical trajectory, continued later on by Umar and Uthman, that in just a few short decades would lead to one of the largest empires in history. He had little time to pay attention to the administration of state, though state affairs remained stable during his Caliphate. On the advice of Umar and <mask> ibn al-Jarrah, he agreed to draw a salary from the state treasury and discontinue his cloth trade. <mask> had the distinction of being the first caliph in the history of Islam and also the first caliph to nominate a successor. He was the only caliph in the history of Islam who refunded to the state treasury at the time of his death the entire amount of the allowance that he had drawn during the period of his caliphate. He has the distinction of purchasing the land for Al-Masjid al-Nabawi.Religious legacy

Sunni Muslims view <mask> as the greatest Sahabah. They consider <mask>r as one of the ten to whom Paradise was promised () whom Muhammad had testified were destined for Paradise. <mask>r is regarded among the best of Muhammad's followers. Muhammad reportedly said: "If the faith of <mask>r was weighed against the faith of the people of the earth, the faith of <mask>r would outweigh the others." <mask>r used to solve disputes by looking at the Quran and Sunnah. He was also the most knowledgeable Sahabi regarding the genealogy of Arabs. Shia Muslims believe that Ali ibn Abi Talib was supposed to assume the leadership, and that he had been publicly and unambiguously appointed by Muhammad as his successor at Ghadir Khumm.Most Twever Shias (largest Shia branch) have a negative view of <mask>r because, after Muhammad's death, <mask>r refused to grant Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah, the garden of Fadak which she claimed her father had given to her as a gift before his death. <mask>r refused to give Fadak because he told that Muhammad had told him that the prophets of God do not leave as inheritance any worldly possessions. However, as Sayed Ali Asgher Razwy notes in his book A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims, Muhammad inherited a maid servant, five camels, and ten sheep. Shia Muslims believe that prophets can receive inheritance, and can pass on inheritance to others as well. In addition, Twelvers accuse <mask>r of participating in the alleged attack on Fatimah's house. Some Twelvers also believe <mask>r had no role in the preservation of the Quran, claiming that they should have accepted the copy of the book in the possession of Ali. Early sources report that Ali's compiled Quran was lost and he praised <mask>r for preserving the Quran.Zaydi Shias (second-largest Shia branch),Stephen W. Day (2012). Regionalism and Rebellion in Yemen: A Troubled National Union. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. .
Jump up believe <mask>'s caliphate to be legitimate. In the last hours of Zayd ibn Ali (the uncle of Jafar al-Sadiq), he was betrayed by the people in Kufa who said to him: "May God have mercy on you! What do you have to say on the matter of <mask> and Umar ibn al-Khattab?" Shia:
Incident of the cave
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<mask> (June 28, 1948 – July 5, 2013) was an American social psychologist. He was a professor of psychology at Harvard University and a fellow of both the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was known for applying experimental psychology to the topics of mental control (for example ironic process theory) and conscious will, and for originating the study of transactive memory and action identification. In The Illusion of Conscious Will and other works, he argued that the human sense of free will is an illusion. Early life and education
Wegner was born in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. When Wegner was 11 years old he developed an understanding of two types of scientists: "bumblers, who plod along, only once in a while accomplishing something but enjoying the process even if they often end up being wrong, and the pointers, who do only one thing: point out that the bumblers are bumbling." He enrolled in a physics degree at Michigan State University but changed to psychology, going on to an M.A.and then a PhD. Career
After gaining his doctorate in 1974, he spent sixteen years teaching at Trinity University, becoming a full Professor in 1985. From 1990 to 2000, he researched and taught at the University of Virginia, after which he joined the faculty at Harvard University. Awards
In 2011, Wegner was awarded the William James Fellow Award by the Association for Psychological Science, the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award by the American Psychological Association, and the Distinguished Scientist Award by the Society of Experimental Social Psychology. In 2012, he was awarded the Donald T. Campbell Award by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology (SPSP). Furthermore, shortly after <mask>'s death in 2013, SPSP announced that its annually awarded Theoretical Innovation Prize would henceforth be known as the Daniel M. Wegner Theoretical Innovation Prize to honor Wegner's memory and his innovative work. Research

Ironic process theory
Wegner and colleagues performed a series of experiments in which people tried to suppress thoughts, for example by attempting not to think of a white bear.That work revealed that attempting not to think of a topic often backfires, resulting in high rates of intrusive thoughts about the topic. Wegner coined the term "ironic mental processes" for this effect, which is also known more commonly as the "white bear phenomenon". The effect contributes to various psychological challenges and disorders. Smokers who try not to think about cigarettes find it harder to give up. People who suppress thoughts that may cause an anxiety reaction often make those thoughts more intrusive. Wegner found that the ironic effect is stronger when people are stressed or depressed. The illusion of conscious will
Wegner conducted a series of experiments in which people experience an illusion of control, feeling that their will shapes events which are actually determined by someone else.He argued controversially that the ease with which this illusion can be created shows that the everyday feeling of conscious will is an illusion or a "construction" and that this illusion of mental causation is "the mind's best trick". Wegner defined conscious will as a function of priority (the thought must come before the action), consistency (the thought must be consistent with the action), and exclusivity (the thought cannot be accompanied with other causes). He argued that, although people may feel that conscious intentions drive much of their behavior, in reality both behavior and intentions are the product of other, unconscious mental processes. Wegner's research agreed with previous findings by Benjamin Libet regarding brain readiness potential and concluded that his own findings were "compatible with the idea that brain events cause intention and action, whereas conscious intention itself may not cause action." Apparent mental causation
Wegner argued that the feeling of intention is something attributed "after the fact" according to three principles: consistency, exclusivity, and priority. The principle of consistency states that if the content of one's thoughts is relevant to one's action, then a feeling of control will occur. The exclusivity principle holds that one must not believe there to be an outside influence or cause to feel as though an action was intended.Finally, the priority principle requires the thought to occur right before the action to produce the illusion of free will. He did not claim that conscious thought cannot in principle cause action, merely that any connection between conscious thought and action should be determined by scientific enquiry, and not by unreliable introspection and feelings. Transactive memory

In 1985, Wegner proposed the concept of transactive memory. A transactive memory system is a system through which groups collectively encode, store, and retrieve knowledge. Transactive memory suggests an analysis not only of how couples and families in close relationships coordinate memory and tasks at home, but how teams, larger groups and organizations come to develop a "group mind", a memory system that is more complex and potentially more effective than that of any of the individuals that comprise it. According to Wegner, a transactive memory system consists of the knowledge stored in each individual's memory combined with metamemory containing information regarding the different teammate's domains of expertise. Just as the individual's metamemory allows him to be aware of what information is available for retrieval, so does the transactive memory system provide teammates with information regarding the knowledge they have access to within the team.Group members learn who knowledge experts are and how to access expertise through communicative processes. In this way, a transactive memory system can provide the group members with more and better knowledge than any individual could access on his or her own. Death
Trinity University announced <mask>'s death on Friday, July 5, 2013, at his home in Massachusetts, of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. He was survived by his wife and two daughters. Books
Author

 <mask>, D. M., & Vallacher, R. R. (1977). Implicit psychology: An introduction to social cognition. New York: Oxford University Press.Japanese translation by Sogensha, 1988. Vallacher, R. R. & <mask>, D. M. (1985). A theory of action identification. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. <mask>, D. M. (1989). White bears and other unwanted thoughts: Suppression, obsession, and the psychology of mental control. New York: Viking/Penguin.German translation by Ernst Kabel Verlag, 1992. 1994 Edition, New York: Guilford Press. Schacter, D. S., Gilbert, D. T., & <mask>, D. M. (2008). Psychology. New York: Worth. Schacter, D. S., Gilbert, D. T., & <mask>, D. M. (2011). Psychology: 2nd Edition.New York: Worth. <mask>, D. M., & Gray, K. (2016). The mind club: Who thinks, what feels, and why it matters. New York: Viking. Editor

 <mask>, D. M., & Vallacher, R. R. (Eds.). (1980).The self in social psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. <mask>, D. M., & Pennebaker, J. W. (Eds.) (1993). Handbook of mental control. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.References

External links
A copy of <mask>'s Personal Website has been preserved here
"<mask>r e l'illusione della volontà cosciente" (A very critical writing in Italian about the concept of 'free will' by Wegner)

1948 births
2013 deaths
American psychologists
Social psychologists
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<mask> (born 14 December 1960) is an English former professional football player and manager. He currently works as a commentator. Nicknamed "Magic <mask>", football journalist Luke Ginnell wrote that <mask> was "widely acknowledged as one of the finest attacking midfielders in Europe". During his professional career, which lasted from 1978 to 1998, he played for several clubs, including Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur, Olympique de Marseille and Sheffield Wednesday. In 1989, his transfer from Tottenham to Marseille for £4.5 million made him the third most valuable player in the world, and he won three successive Ligue 1 titles with the club and played in the 1991 European Cup Final. While playing for Wednesday he was voted FWA Footballer of the Year for his performances in the 1992-93 season. He also played in the Premier League for Sunderland, in the Scottish Premiership with Falkirk and in the Football League for Bradford City, Burnley and Torquay United.He finished his career in non-league football with Worksop Town, Glapwell and Stocksbridge Park Steels, later whilst in his fifties, he continued to play at semi-professional level for Northern Counties East League side Hallam. <mask> earned 62 caps for England between 1985 and 1991, which included being a member of the teams which reached the quarter-finals of the 1986 FIFA World Cup and the semi-finals of the 1990 World Cup. He also played for England at UEFA Euro 1988. He had a spell as Burnley managed during the 1997–98 season, but has not returned to coaching since. Largely since retiring he has worked in the media for BBC Radio 5 Live as part of their Premier League and Champions League team. Club career

Early career
<mask> began his footballing career with Pelaw Juniors, moving on to Whitehouse SC, Mount Pleasant SC, HMH Printing, Pelaw SC, Leam Lane SC and Clarke Chapman before joining Tow Law Town before the start of the 1978–79 season.<ref name="goal">"Top 50 English Players: <mask> (35)". Goal.com.12 May 2009.</ref>

Newcastle United
While working in food processing (a seasoning factory), <mask> had unsuccessful trials with Sunderland and Coventry City. He joined Newcastle United as a 19-year-old in July 1980 for £1,000. He made his Second Division debut for them in a 1–0 home win over Shrewsbury Town on 22 October 1980 and quickly established himself as an effective attacking midfielder, playing alongside Kevin Keegan and Peter Beardsley as Newcastle won promotion to the First Division at the end of 1983–84 season. In one of his first games in the top flight, against Queen's Park Rangers at Loftus Road on 22 September 1984, <mask> scored a first half hat-trick for Newcastle, who had a 4–0 lead at half time. However, a fight back by QPR saw the game end 5–5. Tottenham Hotspur
After 46 goals in 170 league games for Newcastle, <mask> joined Tottenham Hotspur on 1 July 1985 for a fee of £590,000 (decided by a transfer tribunal). He scored twice on his league debut, a 4–0 home win over Watford on the opening day of the league season, although Spurs had a disappointing season where they finished tenth a year after finishing third, resulting in the dismissal of Peter Shreeves as manager and the appointment of David Pleat from Luton Town as his successor.He won an FA Cup runners-up medal in 1987 when Spurs were beaten by Coventry, while they also finished third in the League and got to the semi-finals of the League Cup. Marseille
On 1 July 1989, after scoring 33 times in 138 league appearances for Tottenham, <mask> moved to French club Olympique de Marseille for a fee of £4.5 million; the third highest sum ever paid for a footballer at the time. During his time in France the club were French champions three times (1990, 1991 and 1992). They were also on the losing side to Red Star Belgrade in the 1991 European Cup Final. In 1991–92, he also played alongside fellow England midfielder Trevor Steven, who spent a year in France after signing from Rangers, only to return to Scotland after a single season there. During his years at Marseille, the fans gave him the nickname "<mask>". He was known as the successor to former Marseille player Roger Magnusson.<mask> was also voted second best OM player of the century behind Jean Pierre Papin for the club's century anniversary in 1998. <mask> and Marseille reached the 1991 European Cup Final. Although he did not take a penalty, <mask> ended up on the losing side in a penalty shoot-out once again, after the game had ended 0–0 in normal time. Sheffield Wednesday
Waddle returned to England in July 1992 in a £1 million move to Sheffield Wednesday, then managed by Trevor Francis. The club reached both domestic cup finals in the 1992–93 season (losing both to Arsenal – <mask> scored Wednesday's goal in the FA Cup final replay) and <mask> was voted the Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year in 1993. He helped Wednesday reach the semi-finals of the League Cup in the 1993–94 season, but this latest attempt at winning silverware was foiled by Manchester United, and the next two seasons brought bottom-half finishes in the league for Wednesday, with Francis being axed in 1995 and Waddle's former Tottenham manager David Pleat taking over. In January 1996, Kevin Keegan attempted to re-sign Waddle for Newcastle United as cover for David Ginola during a suspension, but Keegan's £500,000 bid to re-sign the player who had played alongside him in the Newcastle team more than a decade earlier was rejected and Keegan was unwilling to meet manager David Pleat's £1million asking price for the 35-year-old.Around this time, Celtic, Leeds United and Sunderland were also interested in signing Waddle, but none of these transfers ever happened. Burnley also expressed an interest in appointing him as their player-manager – a role he would finally take the following year – but <mask> saw out the season at Hillsborough. <mask>'s later career at Hillsborough was marred by injuries and he was released 5 games into the 1996–97 season (when the Owls were top of the premiership and having taken young sensation Ritchie Humphreys – 4 goals in 5 games – under his wing) after being frozen out of the team by David Pleat, having played 109 games and scored 10 goals with many more assists. Falkirk and Bradford City
Waddle joined Falkirk, in the Scottish First Division, in September 1996, but returned south of the border to play for Division One strugglers Bradford City the following month. Although short, his time at City was a success and he was a firm fans favourite. In a match away to Huddersfield Town he scored direct from a corner in a 3–3 draw live on TV. He also scored a goal in a 3-2 FA Cup win against Everton at Goodison Park which came second in the February 1997 Match of the Day Goal of the Month.His efforts with Bradford contributed to their survival in Division One, although he did not complete the season there. Sunderland
Waddle's moved to Sunderland, the side he had supported as a boy, for a nominal fee of £75,000 in March 1997, but could not help Sunderland from being relegated from the Premier League at the end of the season, despite scoring once against Everton and providing the assist for all other Sunderland goals scored in that period. Burnley
In May 1997 <mask>dle left Burnley in the summer, and in September 1998 joined Torquay United. He played just 7 times for Torquay, before returning to Sheffield Wednesday as a coach.He was appointed reserve team coach in July 1999, and played for a local pub side, but left in June 2000 on the appointment of Paul Jewell as manager, just after the club (now blighted by financial problems) suffered relegation from the Premier League. Non-league career
Following his departure from Torquay United, <mask> enjoyed two seasons with non-league Worksop Town making 60 appearances and scoring 3 goals. His most notable appearance was in a 12–0 Northern Premier League record win against Frickley Athletic. He also had a brief spell with Glapwell and one appearance for Stocksbridge Park Steels in the Northern Premier League First Division, continuing his playing career at non-league level into his early forties. Hallam
Having played at amateur level in the Sheffield Wragg Over-40s league for Hallam during 2012–13 season he came out of retirement after 11 years on the sidelines and signed for Sheffield based Non-league side Hallam on 22 July 2013. He made his debut against Chesterfield in a pre-season friendly, coming on as a substitute at half time. The game ended in a 6–2 defeat for Hallam FC.<mask> signed a one-year deal on 1 August 2013, committing to Hallam for the 2013–14 season promotion push while remaining part of the ESPN commentary team. International career
Despite being in his 25th year, he was called up for the England Under-21 side and made his full squad debut against Ireland in March 1985. On 26 March 1985, when still a Newcastle player, <mask> was capped at senior level by Bobby Robson's England for the first time in a 2–1 win over Republic of Ireland. He soon became a regular member of the England squad and on 16 October that year he scored his first England goal, on his tenth international appearance, in a 5–0 win over Turkey. <mask> was in England's squad at the 1986 and 1990 FIFA World Cup as well as UEFA Euro 1988. Although England were eliminated at the group stages of Euro 88 after losing all three games, they did reach the quarter-finals of the 1986 World Cup and the semi-finals in 1990, where <mask> missed the decisive penalty in the latter as he put it inches over the bar in the shootout defeat to West Germany. He says he only took the fifth penalty because Paul Gascoigne, who had been suspended from playing in the next game if England progressed, was too upset to take it.He subsequently blamed a chance meeting with Uri Geller and Michael Jackson prior to the tournament for missing his penalty. <mask>'s performances in the 1990 World Cup were described as "superb" by Rob Bagchi, writing for The Guardian in 2010. He won the last of his 62 England caps on 16 October 1991 in a 1–0 win over Turkey, more than six years after making his international debut, and having rarely missed an England game since then. He had scored six goals for England, the last against Scotland on 27 May 1989. When Terry Venables became the new England manager at the beginning of 1994, he was keen to include <mask> in the squad for his first game against Denmark. However, <mask> was injured at the time and unavailable for selection. Media career
In 1987, <mask> recorded the song "Diamond Lights" in a duet with Spurs and England teammate Glenn Hoddle.The song reached number 12 in the UK Singles Chart in May of that year and the pair appeared on Top Of The Pops. Whilst at Marseille he joined teammate Basile Boli in recording a song entitled We've Got a Feeling. Despite spending the 1997–98 season as a manager, <mask> never returned to the coaching side of the game following his retirement and became a TV football pundit, commentator and sports newspaper writer. He previously worked for Setanta Sports and ESPN, he currently works as an analyst for BBC Radio Five Live's Premier League football coverage. <mask> appeared on BBC Radio 5 Live as a summariser at Premier League matches and also writes a column in The Sun newspaper. <mask> signed a deal with Setanta Sports to commentate on all England away matches in 2008–09. <mask> then went on to co-commentate for ESPN's English Premier League football coverage and is a pundit on Showsports Arabia, covering the English Premier League, from the studio in Dubai, UAE.In 2003, Thierry Henry named <mask> in his all-time Dream Team Line up. Following England's heavy defeat to Germany in the second round of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, <mask> criticised the English Football Association, claiming: "The FA sit on their backsides and do nothing tournament after tournament after tournament. Why don't they listen? Why don't they look at other countries and ask 'how do they keep producing talent?' We coach talent out of players ... We lack so many ideas and it is so frustrating. The amount of money in our league is frightening and all we do is waste it on rubbish ideas ... We kid ourselves thinking we have a chance if we keep the tempo up. We can only play one way and it is poor.You can't go on playing football and hoping to win trophies playing a hundred miles an hour and putting teams under pressure for 90 minutes. You've got to be able to play slow, slow, quick and we can't do it." Personal life
<mask> has one daughter, Brooke, and a son, Jack. On 29 April 2012, Jack was given a one-year first-team contract at Chesterfield. His cousin, <mask>, played league football for Halifax Town, Liverpool, Leicester City, Swansea City, Newport County, Mansfield Town, Hartlepool United and Peterborough United. In 2005, he was arrested following claims he was involved in a brawl in a pub in Dore, Sheffield. No charges were brought due to lack of evidence.In popular culture
Waddle was a key part of the pool of popular culture references used in the BBC comedy The Fast Show''. References to, and photographs of, Waddle  made regular appearances during the "Chanel 9" news segment of the show. Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Marseille
Division 1: 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92
European Cup runner-up: 1990–91

Tottenham Hotspur
FA Cup runner-up: 1986–87

Sheffield Wednesday
FA Cup runner-up: 1992–93
Football League Cup runner-up: 1992–93

England
FIFA World Cup fourth place: 1990

Individual
First Division PFA Team of the Year: 1984–85, 1988–89
Tottenham Hotspur Player of the Year: 1988
Onze d'Argent: 1991
FIFA XI: 1991
FWA Footballer of the Year: 1992–93 (Sheffield Wednesday)
Premier League Player of the Month: January 1995
The Dream Team 110 years of OM: 2010

Bibliography

References

External links
 <mask>dle photos & stats at Sporting Heroes.net

1960 births
Living people
People from Felling
Footballers from Gateshead
Footballers from Sheffield
English footballers
Association football wingers
Association football midfielders
Tow Law Town F.C. players
Newcastle United F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Olympique de Marseille players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Falkirk F.C.players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Sunderland A.F.C. players
Burnley F.C. players
Torquay United F.C. players
Worksop Town F.C. players
Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C. players
Glapwell F.C.players
Hallam F.C. players
English Football League players
Ligue 1 players
Premier League players
Scottish Football League players
Northern Premier League players
Northern Counties East Football League players
England under-21 international footballers
England international footballers
1986 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 1988 players
1990 FIFA World Cup players
English expatriate footballers
English expatriate sportspeople in France
Expatriate footballers in France
English football managers
Association football player-managers
Burnley F.C. managers
English Football League managers
English association football commentators
FA Cup Final players

masks:
Christopher Roland Waddle
Chris
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Chris Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Magic Chris
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Waddlead
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Waddle
Alan Waddle
Chris Wad


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<mask>f (17 October 1680 – 31 March 1765), later the Countess of Cosel, was a German lady-in-waiting and noblewoman, and mistress of Augustus the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, in 1706–1713. Eventually he turned against her and exiled her to Saxony, where she died after 49 years of internal exile. Life
<mask> was born in Gut Depenau, today part of Stolpe, Holstein, the daughter of the Knight (Ritter) <mask> (1643–1719) and his wife <mask> (1648-1736), daughter of the rich Hamburg citizen Leonhard Marselis, owner of Gut Depenauborn. The Brockdorffs belonged to the Equites Originarii (knightly noble families) and gave their daughter an unusual education for that time: she learned several languages, received instruction in mathematics and classical education, including music (lute in particular) and passionately loved to hunt. However, her impetuous behavior worried her parents. Early adult life
In 1694, her parents sent <mask>ia to the Schloss Gottorf in Schleswig, the official residence of the Duke Christian Albrecht. The fourteen-year-old girl served the Duke's daughter, Sophie Amalie, as a lady-in-waiting.<mask>ia accompanied Sophie Amalie to Wolfenbüttel, where Sophie Amalie became the second wife of the Hereditary Prince August Wilhelm of Brunswick-Lüneburg, son and heir of the Duke Anton Ulrich. While in Wolfenbüttel, <mask>ia became pregnant, possibly by Ludwig Rudolf, younger brother of the Hereditary Prince. After the birth of her child in 1702, <mask>ia was expelled from the court and sent back to her parents in Gut Depenau. The fate of the child is unknown. Marriage
By 1699, <mask> was living openly in Castle Burgscheidungen with the director of the Saxonian Generalakzis Kollegiums, Adolph Magnus, Baron of Hoym, whom she met in Wolfenbüttel. After four years of cohabitation, they were married on 2 July 1703 but were divorced by 1706. When she arrived in Dresden, <mask>ia claimed that she was still married to the Baron in order to be able to appear at court.Royal mistress
In 1704, the King of Poland and Elector of Saxony Augustus the Strong met the vivacious Baroness <mask> and fell in love with her. The Baron of Hoym tried unsuccessfully to prevent the relationship, because he considered his former wife unsuitable for the role of official mistress. Augustus' pious wife, Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, refused to reign alongside her husband at the Catholic, scandalous Polish court, and had effectively exiled herself to the Schloss Pretzsch (Elbe). <mask> became close to Augustus, but he still had another mistress, Ursula Katharina, Princess of Teschen. Finally, in 1705, the Princess Teschen was banished from the court, and <mask> took her place as official mistress. In 1706, she was created the Imperial Countess (Reichsgräfin) of Cosel. Two years later, on 24 February 1708, she gave birth to August's daughter, named <mask> Constantia after both her parents.One year later, on 27 October 1709, the Countess <mask>sel bore a second daughter, Friederike Alexandrine, and three years later, on 27 August 1712, she had a son, Frederick Augustus, who was named after his father and eventually inherited Gut Depenau from his maternal grandparents. In the opinion of the court, <mask>ia interfered too much into politics, and in particular, her attempts to meddle in Augustus' Polish politics encountered strong resistance. The Protestant Electorate of Saxony was determined to turn the King's attention away from Catholic Poland, which he had lost after the defeat at the hands of Sweden's Charles XII in the Great Northern War. <mask>ia came to be considered increasingly dangerous to the Polish political interests, especially when it was rumoured that Augustus had written his mistress a secret promise to marry her. The Polish aristocracy tried to supplant the Countess <mask>sel with a Catholic mistress and thus eliminate her from the political scene. Augustus finally gave in to the charms of Maria Magdalena Bielinski, Countess <mask>önhoff. Exiled to Burg Stolpen
In 1713, <mask> was banished to the Pillnitz Castle, but in 1715 she managed to flee to Berlin, Prussia.For this, she was condemned in Saxony as a Landesverräter (state criminal). In Berlin, she hoped to get her hands on Augustus' secret written marriage promise, which was in the hands of her cousin, Count Detlev Christian zu Rantzau, held in the fortress of Spandau. However, the Countess failed to retrieve this important document and was arrested on 22 November 1716 in Halle an der Saale and exchanged for Prussian deserters in Saxony. Augustus exiled his former mistress on 26 December 1716 to Burg Stolpen, where she remained for the next 49 years until her death. Emancipated after August II's demise? After the death of August II (1 February 1733) and during the reign of his son and successor, August III there's differing views on to what extent the Countess' exile was lifted or not. Rumour has it she was not given freedom .Other rumours state, that the Countess did not use the opportunity to flee even though this was presented to her twice (1745 and 1756). In both cases the Saxon guards, according to rumour, fled before advancing Prussian troops . A documented view on her circumstances after August II comes from the Polish writer Józef Ignacy Kraszewski's historical novel Countess of Cosel ("Hrabina Cosel" 1873, later the feature movie Hrabina Cosel). The following quote is from the final chapter where the Countess has been offered freedom after 17 years of imprisonment;

The Countess passed away 31 March 1765 at Stolpen and is also buried there. References
Gabriele Hoffmann, <mask> <mask> und August der Starke − Die Geschichte einer Mätresse, 1984. Cornelius Gurlitt: August der Starke
Kosel oder Cosel, Cossel. In: Zedlers Universal-Lexicon.vol. XV, Leipzig 1737, column 1569 f.
Walter Fellmann: Mätressen
Heinrich Theodor Flathe, Cosel, <mask>stanze Gräfin von. In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Vol IV, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1876, p. 512. Oscar Wilsdorf, Gräfin Cosel – Ein Lebensbild aus der Zeit des Absolutismus. Verlag von Heinrich Minden, Dresden und Leipzig 1892 on-line
Thomas Kuster, <mask> Hoym: Reichsgräfin Cosel. In: Der Aufstieg und Fall der Mätresse im Europa des 18.Jahrhunderts. Eine Darstellung anhand ausgewählter Persönlichkeiten. Innsbruck 2001. 1680 births
1765 deaths
People from Plön (district)
People from the Duchy of Holstein
German countesses
Mistresses of Augustus the Strong
German ladies-in-waiting

masks:
Anna Constantia von Brockdorf
Anna Constantia
Joachim von Brockdorff
Anna Margarethe Marselis
Anna Constant
Anna Constant
Anna Constant
Anna Constant
Anna Constantia
Anna Constant
von Hoym
Anna Constantia
Anna Constantia
Augusta Anna
von Co
Anna Constant
Anna Constant
von Co
von D
Anna Constantia
Constantia
von Cosel
Anna Con
Anna Constantia


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<mask>  (born 20 December 1952) is a British actress. She began her career as a child actress in 1964, appearing in East of Sudan, Star!,  and two adaptations of The Railway Children—the BBC's 1968 television serial and the 1970 film version. She also starred in the critically acclaimed film Walkabout and the TV film The Snow Goose (both 1971), for which she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama. She relocated to the United States in 1974 to pursue a Hollywood career and subsequently appeared in Logan's Run (1976), Amy (1981), An American Werewolf in London (1981), and Child's Play 2 (1990). Parallel to her Hollywood film roles, Agutter continued appearing in high-profile British films such as The Eagle Has Landed (1976), Equus (1977), for which she won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role, and The Riddle of the Sands (1979). In 1981, she also co-starred in The Survivor, an Australian adaptation of the James Herbert novel, and was nominated for an AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role. After returning to Britain in the early 1990s to pursue family life, Agutter shifted her focus to television, and in 2000, she appeared in a television adaptation of The Railway Children, this time taking on the role of the mother.She has continued to work steadily in British television drama, and since 2012, she has starred in the BBC's primetime ratings hit Call the Midwife. She also made a return to Hollywood film-making in 2012, appearing in The Avengers, and reprised her role in Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014). Agutter is married with one adult son. She supports several charitable causes, mostly in relation to cystic fibrosis, a condition from which her niece suffers, and was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2012 Birthday Honours for charitable services. Early life
Agutter was born in Taunton, Somerset, England. She is the daughter of <mask> (an entertainments manager in the British Army) and Catherine, and was raised Roman Catholic. As a child, she lived in Singapore, Dhekelia (Cyprus) and Kuala Lumpur (Malaya).She was discovered at Elmhurst Ballet School, a boarding school she attended from ages eight to sixteen, when a casting agent looked for a young English-speaking girl for a film. She did not get the part, but he recommended her to the producers of East of Sudan (1964). Career

Television and film
Agutter came to television audiences as Kirsty in the twice-weekly BBC series The Newcomers. The character Kirsty was the daughter of the new managing director of Eden Brothers, the fictional firm that was at the centre of the series. Agutter could appear only during school holidays. At this stage of her career, she was listed in credits as Jennifer. In 1966, she portrayed a ballet pupil in Disney's film Ballerina.In 1968, she was featured in the lavish big-budget 20th Century Fox film musical Star! with Julie Andrews as Gertrude Lawrence. In that motion picture, Agutter played Lawrence's neglected daughter Pamela. Later, she played Roberta in a BBC adaptation of The Railway Children (1968) and played the same part in Lionel Jeffries's 1970 film of the book. She followed this with a more serious role in the thriller I Start Counting (1969). She also won an Emmy as supporting actress for her television role as Fritha, in a British television adaptation of The Snow Goose (1971). Agutter moved into adult roles, beginning with Walkabout (1971), playing a teenaged schoolgirl lost with her younger brother in the Australian outback.She auditioned for the role in 1967, but funding problems delayed filming until 1969. The delay meant <mask> was 16 at the time of filming, which allowed the director to include nude scenes. Among them was a five-minute skinny-dipping scene, which was cut from the original US release. She said at the 2005 Bradford Film Festival at the National Media Museum that she was shocked by the film's explicitness, but remains on good terms with director Nicolas Roeg. Agutter moved to Hollywood at 21 and appeared in a number of films over the next decade, including The Eagle Has Landed (1976), Logan's Run (1976), Equus (1977), for which she won a BAFTA as Best Supporting Actress), An American Werewolf in London (1981), and an adaptation of the James Herbert novel The Survivor (1981). Agutter has commented that the innocence of the characters she played in her early films, combined with the costumes and nudity in later adult roles such as Logan's Run, Equus, and An American Werewolf in London, are "perfect fantasy fodder". In 1990, Agutter returned to the UK to concentrate on family life and her focus shifted towards British television.During the 1990s, she was cast in an adaptation of Jeffrey Archer's novel Not a Penny More, Not a Penny Less and as the scandalous Idina Hatton in the BBC miniseries The Buccaneers, inspired by Edith Wharton's unfinished 1938 book, and made guest appearances in television series such as Red Dwarf and Heartbeat. In 2000, she starred in a third adaptation of The Railway Children, produced by Carlton TV, this time playing the mother. Since then Agutter has had recurring roles in several television series including Spooks, The Invisibles, Monday Monday and The Alan Clark Diaries. In 2012 Agutter resumed her Hollywood career, appearing as a member of the World Security Council in the blockbuster film The Avengers; she reprised her role in Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014). She currently plays Sister Julienne in the BBC television drama series Call the Midwife. Theatre
Agutter has appeared in numerous theatre productions since her stage debut in 1970, including stints at the National Theatre in 1972–73, the title role in a derivation of Hedda Gabler at the Roundhouse in 1980 and with the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1982–83. In 1987–88, Agutter played the role of Pat Green in the Broadway production of the Hugh Whitemore play Breaking the Code, about computer pioneer Alan Turing.In 1995 she was in an RSC production of Love's Labour's Lost staged in Tokyo. She is also a patron of the Shakespeare Schools Festival, a charity that enables school children in the UK to perform Shakespeare in professional theatres. Audio
In 2008, she also guest-starred in the Doctor Who audio drama The Bride of Peladon and played an outlawed scientist in The Minister of Chance. She has appeared as a guest star character ("Fiona Templeton") in the Radio 4 comedy Ed Reardon's Week. Music
Agutter appears on the 1990 Prefab Sprout song "Wild Horses", speaking the words "I want to have you". Personal life
At a 1989 arts festival in Bath, Somerset, Agutter met Johan Tham, a Swedish hotelier who was a director of Cliveden Hotel in Buckinghamshire. They married in August 1990, and their son Jonathan was born on 25 December 1990.Agutter lives in London, but has a keen interest in Cornwall and once owned a second home there on the Trelowarren Estate, in one of the parishes on the Lizard peninsula. She was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2012 Birthday Honours for charitable services. Agutter has been attached to several causes throughout her career. She has been involved in raising awareness of the illness cystic fibrosis, which she believes was responsible for the deaths of two of her siblings. Her niece has the disease. At Agutter's suggestion, an episode of Call the Midwife focused on cystic fibrosis. She has also worked in support of charities, in particular the Cystic Fibrosis Trust, of which she is a patron (she is also a carrier of the genetic mutation).Politics
In August 2014, <mask> was also one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to The Guardian expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September 2014's referendum on that issue. Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

 <mask>tter at the TCM Movie Database

Living people
1952 births
20th-century English actresses
21st-century English actresses
Actresses from Somerset
Best Supporting Actress BAFTA Award winners
English child actresses
English film actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
People educated at the Elmhurst School for Dance
People from Taunton
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners

masks:
Jennifer Ann Agutter
Derek Agutter
Agutter
Agutter
Jenny Agu


text_chunks:
Daniel J. "<mask><mask>, Sr. (born May 11, 1938) is an American disc jockey and television personality from Buffalo, New York. He is best known for a run of over 40 years as a morning disc jockey in Buffalo, including 25 years at heritage top-40 and oldies station WKBW/WWKB, another 15 years at oldies/classic hits WHTT-FM and a three-year run at WECK. Radio career
Neaverth recalled that his first radio work was as a young teenager, when he, his longtime friend and collaborator Joey Reynolds, WEBR jockey <mask>, and others set up a closed-circuit radio station at a Boys Club in Buffalo, under a sponsorship deal with a local pizzeria that "paid" the jockeys in free pizza. Neaverth was personally trained in the art of broadcasting by Jack Curran of Syracuse, New York and did not attend college. (As a running gag, Neaverth often claims he "went to Syracuse" when asked about his education.) began his career at WFRM in Coudersport, Pennsylvania in 1957, where he served as afternoon jock.In 1959, he went to WDOE and then on to WBNY in Buffalo, the city's first rock and roll station. By 1961, WKBW had lured him to host the afternoon drive time slot (he became the station's morning host in 1970). Becoming known for the tagline "<mask> moves your fanny in the morning!" and the catch phrase "I got up early so I could be the first kid on the block to say good morning to you" among many others, Neaverth spent 26 years at WKBW through top 40, adult contemporary and oldies formats before an ownership change and a format change to talk radio led to his termination in the late 1980s. During his time in Buffalo, he co-recorded a comedy record, "Rats in my Room" (an expanded and rearranged cover of a Leona Anderson song) along with fellow WKBW jock Joey Reynolds, that was a regional hit, in 1963. For his expansion and rearrangement work, Neaverth was required to join BMI and received $80 in royalties; he was disappointed to find that airplay of "Rats in my Room" had dropped off to zero after only two months and only once (when David Letterman played it on Late Night) did it ever get another spin; he never received the $7.69 royalty for Letterman's usage. Neaverth, on behalf of WKBW, was offered the chance to bring The Beatles to Buffalo Memorial Auditorium on February 10, 1964, the day after the band had appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show.It would have been the Beatles' first concert in North America. Neaverth, not willing to risk the $3500 appearance fee for a Monday night concert in the poor February weather for an unproven band he did not expect to sell out the auditorium declined the offer. It was not until after Beatlemania swept the nation that Neaverth acknowledged that his move was a mistake as the city would never again have the opportunity to bring the Beatles to Buffalo and it would be over five decades before Beatles co-founder Paul McCartney would perform in the city. His absence from radio in the late 1980s was short-lived, as he would quickly find his way to WHTT-FM, which was launching an oldies format of its own. Neaverth spent another decade at WHTT, again as morning jock, until being dismissed in a cost-cutting move in 2002. Shortly thereafter, he came out of retirement for another three year stretch at a revived "WKBW," where he (along with the oldies format in general) quadrupled the station's Arbitron ratings. After three years, WKBW's owner decided to pull the plug on oldies again, and Neaverth spent the next decade in semi-retirement.On May 4, 2017, Neaverth was added to the airstaff at WECK, hosting a weekly oldies program on Friday afternoons. Neaverth moved his show to Monday mornings in February 2019, reuniting him with Tom Donahue, his newsman at WWKB and WHTT. He was displaced from the Monday morning position in October 2019 after the station hired Roger Christian to fill the position. Neaverth was fired in April 2020 in a public argument with WECK owner Buddy Shula over how his co-workers were treated during the coronavirus outbreak. He has remained mostly in retirement since then but has been active on social media with his tongue-in-cheek production "Danny Needs a Job" and has hinted that he would not turn down another job offer in Buffalo if one were given. <mask> is a member of the Buffalo Broadcast Pioneers Hall of Fame and the New York State Broadcasters Association Hall of Fame. Other appearances
Neaverth also had a very long run as the public address announcer for the Buffalo Bills for 13 years.He also served as the public address announcer for the Buffalo Braves throughout the team's existence. As part of his work with WKBW, he and his fellow disc jockeys played as part of the "KB Yo-Yo Basketball Team," a Washington Generals-like sports entertainment squad that would travel to local schools and play charity games against teachers, deliberately losing every time. Neaverth has also been seen frequently on television. Neaverth, while still doing disc jockey work at WKBW, also served as noon weatherman for sister station WKBW-TV, despite taking all the forecasts from Accuweather and admittedly not knowing at all what he was doing. Later, in the 1980s, <mask> moved to WGRZ-TV and hosted the talk show Nearly Noon with <mask>, and in 2016, he began producing a series of segments called I've Been Thinking for WBBZ-TV. Neaverth can also occasionally be seen hosting infomercials and commercials. Personal life

<mask>, who originally came from South Buffalo, resides in Orchard Park, New York.He attended and graduated from Bishop Timon high school in South Buffalo, New York. His wife of 59 years, the former Marie Seifert, died August 17, 2017. Two of his four sons, Dan Jr. and Darren, have also worked in the radio industry (David and Dean did not); Dan Jr. was also a fire chief for Orchard Park. Neaverth is a registered Democrat but also identifies as a regular listener to conservative talk radio shows on WBEN. References

External links
Neaverth's bio at WECK

Radio personalities from Buffalo, New York
American radio personalities
Living people
1938 births
People from Orchard Park, New York
American sports announcers
New York (state) Democrats
National Football League public address announcers

masks:
Danny
" Neaverth
Danny McBride
Danny
Neaverth
Neaverth
Dan Neaverth
Neaverth


text_chunks:
Bernhardt "<mask><mask> ( (O.S. February 7, 1918) – ) was an American politician and white supremacist religious leader. He founded the Church of the Creator with the publication of his book Nature's Eternal Religion in 1973. Klassen was openly racist, antisemitic and anti-Christian and first popularized the term "Racial Holy War" within the White Power movement. At one point, <mask> was a Republican Florida state legislator, as well as a supporter of George Wallace's presidential campaign. In addition to his religious and political work, <mask> was an electrical engineer and he was also the inventor of a wall-mounted electric can-opener. Klassen held unorthodox views about dieting and health.He was a natural hygienist who opposed the germ theory of disease as well as conventional medicine and promoted a fruitarian, raw food diet. Early life

<mask> was born on February 20, 1918, in Rudnerweide (now Rozivka in Chernihivka Raion in Zaporizhzhia Oblast), Ukraine, to Bernhard and Susanna <mask> (née Friesen) a Ukrainian Mennonite Christian couple. He had two sisters and two brothers. When Klassen was nine months old, he caught typhoid fever and nearly died. His earliest memories were of the famine of 1921–22. He remembered his father rationing to him one slice of dark bread for dinner. Klassen was first introduced to religion at the age of "three or four".When he was five, the family moved to Mexico, where they lived for one year. In 1925, at age six, he moved with his family to Herschel, Saskatchewan, Canada. He attended the German-English Academy (now Rosthern Junior College). Entrepreneurship
<mask> established a real estate firm in Los Angeles in partnership with <mask>. Believing that his partner was prone to drinking and gambling, Klassen eventually bought him out and became sole proprietor. He hired several salesmen, including Merle Peek, who convinced him to buy large land development projects in Nevada. <mask> and Peek started a partnership called the Silver Springs Land Company, through which they founded the town of Silver Springs, Nevada.In 1952, <mask> sold his share of the company to Phillip Hess for $150,000 and retired. On March 26, 1956, Klassen filed an application with the U.S. Patent Office to patent a wall-mounted, electric can opener which he marketed as Canolectric. In partnership with the marketing firm Robbins & Myers, Klassen created Klassen Enterprises, Inc. In the face of competition from larger manufacturers that could provide similar products more cheaply, <mask> and his partners dissolved the company in 1962. Political career
Klassen served Broward County in the Florida House of Representatives from November 1966 – March 1967, running on an anti-busing, anti-government platform. He campaigned for election to the Florida Senate in 1967, but was defeated. That same year, he was vice chairman of an organization in Florida which supported George Wallace's presidential bid.<mask> was a member of the John Birch Society, at one point operating an American Opinion bookstore. But he became disillusioned with the Society because of what he viewed as its tolerant position towards Jews. In November 1970, <mask>, along with Austin Davis, created the Nationalist White Party. The party's platform was directed at White Christians and it was explicitly religious and racial in nature; the first sentence of the party's fourteen-point program is "We believe that the White Race was created in the Image of the Lord." The logo of the Nationalist White Party was a "W" with a crown and a halo over it, and it would be used three years later as the logo of the Church of the Creator. Less than a year after he created the Nationalist White Party, <mask> began expressing apprehension about Christianity to his connections through letters. These letters were not well received and they effectively ended the influence of the Nationalist White Party.Church of the Creator

In 1973 <mask> founded the Church of the Creator (COTC) with the publication of Nature's Eternal Religion. Individual church members are called Creators, and the religion they practice is called Creativity. In 1982, <mask> established the headquarters of his church in Otto, North Carolina. Klassen wrote that he established a school for boys. The original curriculum was a two-week summer program that included activities such as "hiking, camping, training in handling of firearms, archery, tennis, white water rafting and other healthy outdoor activities", as well as instruction on "the goals and doctrines of Creativity and how they could best serve their own race in various capacities of leadership." In July 1992 George Loeb, a minister in the church, was convicted  of murdering a black sailor in Jacksonville, Florida. Fearing that a conviction might mean the loss of 20 acres of land worth about $400,000 in Otto, North Carolina belonging to the church, Klassen sold it to another white supremacist, William Luther Pierce, author of the Turner Diaries, for $100,000.<mask> was Pontifex Maximus of the church until January 25, 1993, when he transferred the title to Dr. Rick McCarty. Racial holy war
<mask>en first popularized the term "Racial Holy War" (RaHoWa) within the white nationalist movement. He also consistently called black people "niggers" in public discourse as well as in the literature of the COTC, as opposed to many white nationalist leaders who use relatively more polite terms in public. Klassen wrote, "Furthermore, in looking up the word in Webster's dictionary I found the term 'nigger' very descriptive: 'a vulgar, offensive term of hostility and contempt for the black man'. I can't think of anything that defines better and more accurately what our position... should be... If we are going to be for racial integrity and racial purity... we must take a hostile position toward the nigger. We must give him nothing but contempt."In his 1987 book Rahowa – This Planet Is All Ours he claims that Jews created Christianity in order to make white people weaker, and he said that the first priority should be to "smash the Jewish Behemoth". Personal beliefs

Klassen was a natural hygienist who promoted a back to nature philosophy that espoused fresh air, clean water, sunshine and outdoor exercise. He recommended a raw food diet which consisted of fruits and vegetables and believed that medicine and processed foods create cancer inside the body. Klassen wrote that food must be "uncooked, unprocessed, unpreserved and not tampered with in any other way. This further means it must be organically grown without the use of chemicals." Klassen promoted "racial health" and natural hygiene principles, and he was influenced by the works of Herbert M. Shelton. Klassen believed that fasting would cleanse the body of toxins, and he also believed that a fruitarian raw food diet would cure disease.Klassen rejected the germ theory of disease and believed that modern medicine was a Jewish multi-billion-dollar fraud. Klassen contributed an introduction and a chapter on eugenics to Arnold DeVries' book Salubrious Living (1982). The book endorsed fasting, sunbathing, fruitarian and raw food dieting. Historian George Michael has written that "despite his advocacy of healthy nutrition, some of his associates claimed that in practice Klassen did not actually follow the "salubrious living" regimen, because he often ate red meat and ice cream." Klassen firmly opposed religion because he believed it was superstitious, and he described Christianity as a "Jewish creation" which was designed to unhinge white people by promoting a "completely perverted attitude" about life and nature. He rejected the afterlife as "nonsense". He argued that man's morality and sense of purpose is based on the laws of nature and racial loyalty.Klassen believed that the white race was the sole builder of civilization and all of the advanced civilizations which existed in antiquity were created by white people but they were destroyed because they practiced miscegenation. Death

Possibly depressed after the death of his wife, the failure of his church and a diagnosis of cancer and considering suicide a suitable way to end his life, Klassen took an overdose of sleeping pills either late on August 6 or early on August 7, 1993. Klassen was buried on his North Carolina property in an area which he had previously designated "Ben Klassen Memorial Park". Selected publications

Natures Eternal Religion (1973)
The White Man's Bible (1981)
Salubrious Living (with Arnold DeVries, 1982)
Expanding Creativity (1985)
Building a Whiter and Brighter World (1986)
On the Brink of a Bloody Racial War (1993)

References

Further reading

George Michael. (2009). Chapter 5: Groundbreaking in North Carolina. In Theology Of Hate: A History of the World Church of the Creator.University Press of Florida. 1918 births
1993 suicides
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
American city founders
American electrical engineers
American eugenicists
American fascists
American former Christians
American politicians who committed suicide
American real estate businesspeople
American white supremacists
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Creativity (religion)
Critics of Christianity
Drug-related suicides in North Carolina
Fascist politicians
Fasting advocates
Florida Republicans
Founders of new religious movements
Germ theory denialists
John Birch Society members
Members of the Florida House of Representatives
Orthopaths
People from Broward County, Florida
People from Chernihivka Raion
People from Macon County, North Carolina
Pseudoscientific diet advocates
Raw foodists
Soviet emigrants to Canada
Ukrainian people of German descent
University of Manitoba alumni
University of Saskatchewan alumni
20th-century American politicians
Critics of Judaism

masks:
Ben
" Klassen
Klassen
Klassen
Klassen
Klassen
Klassen
Ben Burke
Klassen
Klassen
Klassen
Klassen
Klassen
Klassen
Klassen
Klassen
Klassen
Ben Klass


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<mask> (born March 9, 1985) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Northern Arizona Suns of the NBA G League. He grew up in Rancho Cordova, California and played college basketball for Yuba College and Bradley University. Early life and high school
<mask> lived in poverty with his mother and three siblings in Oakland, California as a young child. He later grew up in foster homes for nearly a decade before reuniting with his biological mother to public housing in Sacramento, California as a teenager. <mask> graduated from Cordova High School of Rancho Cordova, California in 2003. At Cordova, <mask> lettered in both basketball and football. College career

Yuba (2003–2005)
<mask> enrolled at Yuba College, a junior college in Marysville, California.He helped its basketball program make the Elite Eight of the California Community College Athletic Association state tournament in 2004 with a program-best record of 24–7 and averaged 10 points and 9 rebounds as a freshman in the 2003–04 season. As a sophomore (2004–05), <mask> earned Bay Valley East All-Conference honors after leading the league with 10.5 rebounds and 2.2 blocked shots per game, finished second in the league in field goal percentage (.584), and was ninth in scoring (13.5 points). He earned the number-one spot on the "Top 10 Plays" of an edition of SportsCenter in 2005 after leaping over a player of the opposing team to slam an alley-oop. Bradley (2005–2007)
In 2005, <mask> transferred to Bradley University in Peoria, Illinois and played two seasons on the Bradley Braves men's basketball team. Twice the Missouri Valley Conference selected <mask> as Player of the Week (December 19, 2005 and November 20, 2006). <mask> played in two 22-win seasons. As a starter, <mask> averaged 9.3 points and 6.7 rebounds during his junior year (2005–06) and averaged 3.9 points and 4.2 rebounds as a reserve.On December 14, 2005 against Western Kentucky, <mask> had his second double-double of the season and tied a school record 11 offensive boards, 19 points, and 15 rebounds. Bradley advanced to the "Sweet 16" regional semifinal of the 2006 NCAA tournament. On 64% field goal shooting, <mask> averaged 11.1 points and 7.0 rebounds as a senior in 2006–07. For the spring 2007 semester, <mask> made the honor roll of the Bradley athletic director. Bradley made the second round of the 2007 National Invitation Tournament. Professional career
<mask> worked out with the Sacramento Kings in the summer of 2007 after going undrafted in the 2007 NBA draft. After an attempt to join Farho Gijón of Spanish third-tier LEB Plata fell through, <mask> signed with Costa Urbana Playas de Santa Pola of LEB Plata instead.After an injury, Santa Pola waived <mask>. In January 2008, <mask> signed with Genc Banvitliler of Turkish Basketball Second League and played the last 14 games of the season, averaging 11.6 points, 10.8 rebounds, and 2 assists. <mask> was an honorable mention all-league pick. He was the only American on the team. For the 2008–09 season, <mask> played for Rayet Guadalajara of Spanish fourth-tier LEB Bronce and averaged 12.1 points and 10.2 rebounds. Again, <mask> was an honorable mention all-league selection. He played for CB Peñas Huesca of third-tier LEB Plata the next season and averaged 11.9 points and 7.4 rebounds and was a 2010 second team all-LEB Plata selection and All-Import selection.In the 2010–11 season, <mask> played for Niigata Albirex of the Japanese Bj league and averaged 11.1 points and 10.8 rebounds. <mask> signed with the Los Angeles D-Fenders of the NBA Development League after a tryout before the 2011–12 season. <mask> signed with the D-Fenders' NBA parent team Los Angeles Lakers on December 9, 2011. Four days after the Lakers waived <mask>, the D-Fenders re-acquired <mask> on December 26. <mask> started 42 of 44 games for the D-Fenders and averaged 9.3 points on 64.7% shooting and 7.3 rebounds in 25.4 minutes per game. <mask> began the 2012–13 season playing two games for Sutor Montegranaro of Italian Lega Basket Serie A. On January 15, 2013, <mask> was reacquired by the Los Angeles D-Fenders.Later that year, he signed with Osaka Evessa of Japan for the 2013–14 season. After a one-game stint for Fuerza Regia in November 2014, <mask> was reacquired once again by the Los Angeles D-Fenders on December 20, 2014. On October 31, 2015, he was reacquired by the D-Fenders for the 2015–16 season. On January 29, 2016, he was traded to the Iowa Energy, along with two 2016 fifth-round picks, in exchange for Michael Holyfield and a 2016 fourth-round pick. The next day, he made his debut with the Energy in an 87–83 loss to the Canton Charge, recording two points and two rebounds in eight minutes. On February 19, he was waived by Iowa. <mask> competed for Team 23 in The Basketball Tournament.He was a center on the 2015 team who made it to the $1 million championship game, falling 67–65 to Overseas Elite. On October 24, 2017, <mask> was called up by the Northern Arizona Suns for training camp. He made their official roster at the start of the season. However, after playing in only three regular season games, <mask> was waived on November 12, 2017 in order to acquire forward Malik Dime on their roster. He was reacquired by Northern Arizona on February 2, 2018. References

External links
NBA D-League Profile
Bradley Braves bio

1985 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Japan
American expatriate basketball people in Lebanon
American expatriate basketball people in Mexico
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Oakland, California
Bradley Braves men's basketball players
CB Peñas Huesca players
Earth Friends Tokyo Z players
Fuerza Regia players
Iowa Energy players
Junior college men's basketball players in the United States
Los Angeles D-Fenders players
Niigata Albirex BB players
Northern Arizona Suns players
Osaka Evessa players
Power forwards (basketball)
People from Marysville, California
People from Rancho Cordova, California
Sportspeople from Sacramento County, California
Sagesse SC basketball players

masks:
Zachary Leon Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
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Andrews


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<mask> (July 5, 1976 – June 16, 1991) was a Canadian murder victim of killers Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka. At the time of her death, she was a resident of Burlington, Ontario and a Grade 9 student at M.M. Robinson High School. <mask>'s kidnapping was one in a series of disappearances of Ontario schoolgirls in the early 1990s, including Kristen French, also a victim of Bernardo and Homolka. Prior to killing <mask> in 1991 and French in 1992, the pair had raped and killed Homolka's teenaged sister Tammy in 1990. The disappearances, arrests, and convictions were widely covered in Canadian media, becoming one of the most notorious crimes in Canadian history. Family
<mask> was born July 5, 1976.Her brother Ryan was born some years later. Her father was an oceanographer for the Canadian federal Fisheries and Oceans department, and sometimes would be on assignments away from home for weeks at a time. Her mother was a teacher. Though she had been close to her family, when she turned fourteen, <mask> began to rebel and spend periods of time away from the family home but always phoned home during her absences and kept in touch with her younger brother Ryan, with whom she was very close. Shortly before her abduction, some friends had been killed in a car accident. The evening prior to her abduction, <mask> attended a memorial for one of the teens as well as an informal get-together and subsequently missed her Friday night curfew. Finding the door locked, <mask> traveled to a nearby plaza to use the pay telephone to ask a friend if she might spend the night at the friend's home but was refused.Returning home, she crossed paths with Bernardo who had been out looking into back yards, hoping to find a victim. Bernardo lured <mask> back to his nearby car and took her to the house he shared with Homolka. Later that day, <mask>'s friend telephoned the <mask> house to inquire about <mask>'s well-being and explained the call that <mask> had made after discovering that she had been locked out, prompting <mask>'s mother to start searching for <mask>. Finding no trace of her daughter, she eventually became concerned and contacted the police. When <mask> failed to phone home on her own birthday about two weeks later, her family was certain that she had not called them because she could not. Her mother Debbie would later become prominent in the struggle to maintain and enforce the judge's gag order about the trials of Mahaffy's killers and the videotapes they made of their own crimes, which were used as evidence against them. <mask>'s remains are interred under a family headstone at Burlington Memorial Gardens in Burlington, Ontario, Canada.There is also a heart-shaped garden with a plaque in <mask>'s honour at M.M. Robinson High School, and a memorial bench close to her family headstone. Kidnapping

At the time of her abduction and subsequent murder in mid-June 1991, a few weeks before her fifteenth birthday, <mask> was a Grade 9 student at M.M. Robinson High School in Burlington. Like many teens that age, she wore braces on her teeth. On the evening of June 14, 1991, <mask> went to a funeral home to attend a wake for her friend Chris Evans, a boy who had died in a car accident earlier that week. After the wake, a large group of teens met in the woods to drink and console one another.As the evening wound down, a couple of friends walked her home shortly before 2:00 AM, where they stayed with her while she found the side door locked. She told them the front door would surely be unlocked, and sent them home. After they left her, she found the front door was locked as well. Now alone, <mask> walked to a pay phone at Macs Milk and called a friend's house for permission to sleep over. Her friend told her no, and after a lengthy conversation that ended after 2:30 AM, <mask> said she would go back home and wake up her own mother to get in the house. When <mask> failed to appear later that day at the funerals for her friend Chris Evans and the three teens killed with him, her mother phoned the police. On June 18, <mask> filed the official paperwork to have her daughter sought and arrested as a runaway.Paul Bernardo eventually admitted he had been on Keller Court, where the <mask> home was located, to steal license plates. He saw <mask> alone. He claims he told her he was breaking into the house next door and then offered her a cigarette, which he said was back at his car. When she was close enough to the car, he said he wrapped his sweatshirt quickly around her head, forced her into the vehicle, and took her to the home he shared with Homolka. Homolka's version of the story is similar, but she claims that once he got <mask> to the car to fetch the cigarette, he pulled a knife on the girl to get her compliance. Both agree that Homolka was not present during the kidnapping. Murder
After 24 hours of rape and abuse by both of the killers, <mask> was murdered sometime on June 15, 1991.According to Homolka, Bernardo strangled <mask> with an electrical cord a second time when the first attempt left her unconscious for a few minutes. Homolka, a veterinary technician, had access to sedative drugs which were used to subdue <mask>, the same technique the pair used in the rape and inadvertent murder of Homolka's sister six months before. Bernardo stated that he was out of the room, preparing the car to transport <mask> to a location where she would be released, when the heavily-drugged <mask> died. He has claimed he did not even know she was dead until, after putting gas in the car and taking a shower, he tried to pick her up to carry her away. He said he and Homolka panicked, and that he tried to give <mask> artificial respiration. Both killers agree that they gave her a teddy bear to hold during breaks between assaults. On June 16, 1991, Bernardo and Homolka moved <mask>'s body from an upstairs bedroom to the basement.During this time, Bernardo and Homolka hosted Homolka's family for a Father's Day dinner on the main floor of the house, with Homolka making a special effort to keep her mother from going downstairs. When the family left, Bernardo and Homolka used his grandfather's circular saw to dismember <mask>'s body into pieces small enough to lift when covered with concrete. Later, in a confession to her aunt before revealing details to the police, Homolka claimed that Bernardo did this while she was at work on Monday. Bernardo's version asserts that she did not help him rinse and bag the body parts. <mask>'s body was found dismembered and encased in concrete on June 29, 1991 in Lake Gibson near St. Catharines, Ontario. The concrete block containing the torso weighed over 200 pounds. Her braces and dental records confirmed her identity.Investigators immediately believed she had been raped and tortured. This was confirmed when videotapes were discovered in the home of Bernardo and Homolka. The tapes show that she was held hostage for approximately 24 hours and repeatedly assaulted and sodomized. After Bernardo's final bid for an appeal before the Supreme Court was rejected, the tapes were all destroyed by the Ontario government. Bernardo's 2005 statements
Several days before Homolka's release from prison in 2005, Bernardo was interviewed by police and his lawyer, Tony Bryant. Bryant was subsequently interviewed by the media, providing Bernardo's thoughts about the release. According to Bryant, Bernardo claimed that he had always intended to free the girls he and Homolka had held captive.Bernardo claimed that Homolka was worried that <mask>'s blindfold had fallen off, and that she would be able to identify them. Further, Bernardo claimed that Homolka's plan was to murder <mask> by injecting an air bubble into her bloodstream, eventually causing an embolism. See also
List of solved missing person cases

Video and television accounts
 Dark Heart, Iron Hand. Documentary broadcast by MSNBC. Rebroadcast as an episode of the series MSNBC Investigates retitled "To Love and To Kill" May 31, 2002  and September 4, 2007. Karla starring Laura Prepon and Misha Collins. Monterey Video (2007) No ISBN available. .The premiere episode of Wicked Attraction, a television show which focuses on couples who commit heinous crimes, focuses on Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka. The episode, entitled "The Perfect Couple" first aired on August 7, 2008. References

Further reading
 Burnside, Scott and Alan Cairns. Deadly Innocence. Grand Central Publishing, Warner Books edition (1995) . Davey, Frank. Karla's Web.Viking Adult (1994) . O'Neill, Brian. A Marriage Made For Murder. O'Neill Enterprises (1995) . Pron, Nick. Lethal Marriage: The Uncensored Truth Behind the Crimes of Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka. Seal Books (2005). .
Williams, Stephen.Karla: A Pact with the Devil. Seal Books. (2004) . Williams, Stephen. Invisible Darkness: The Strange Case Of Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka. Bantam (1997) . External links

1990s missing person cases
1990s murders in Canada
1991 crimes in Canada
1991 in Ontario
1991 murders in North America
Child abduction in Canada
Formerly missing people
June 1991 events in Canada
Missing person cases in Canada
Murder in Ontario
Rape in Canada
Torture in Canada
Incidents of violence against girls

masks:
Leslie Erin Mahaffy
Mahaffy
Mahaffy
Leslie Erin Mahaffy
Mahaffy
Leslie
Leslie
Leslie
Leslie
Mahaffy
Leslie
Leslie
Leslie
Leslie
Mahaffy
Mahaffy
Leslie
Leslie Mahaffy
Mahaffy
Mahaffy
Mahaffy
Mahaffy
Debbie Mahaffy
Mahaffy
Leslie Mahaffy
Mahaffy
Mahaffy
Mahaffy
Mahaffy
Mahaffy
Mahaffy
Mahaffy
Mahaffy
Mahaffy
Mahaffy
Leslie Mahaffy
Mahaffy


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<mask> (born 11 March 1946) is a British writer who specialises in the study of antisemitism, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, multiculturalism, and the place of religion in society. From 2006 to early 2009, he was Director of the Institute for Jewish Policy Research, a think tank on issues affecting Jewish communities in Europe. From December 1999 to 2006, he was Chief Executive of the Hanadiv Charitable Foundation, renamed the Rothschild Foundation Europe in 2007. He is a founding member of the Jewish Forum for Justice and Human Rights, and a former editor of Patterns of Prejudice, a quarterly academic journal focusing on the sociology of race and ethnicity. <mask> served on the Runnymede Trust's Commission on Antisemitism in the early 1990s, and was appointed in 1998 to its Commission on the Future of Multi-Ethnic Britain. He also sits on the advisory committee of the Imperial War Museum's Holocaust exhibition. He has contributed to The Guardian.Biography
<mask> spent much of his early life within the Habonim, and trained to become a madrikh (youth leader) at the Jewish Agency's Jerusalem Institute for Foreign Leaders. He became Britain's first mazkir, (foreign youth leader) aged 22. He made aliyah to Israel in 1970, and stayed there until 1973. From 1979 to 2009, he worked for Jewish organisations, mainly as a researcher for the Institute of Jewish Affairs, but also worked as a director of the Rothchild's Hanadiv Charity. When <mask> became an outspoken supporter of a "one-state solution", his ties to mainstream Jewish organizations soured, while the IJPR leadership pursued its goals without his input or support until he came to a realization of the fact and resigned in 2009. Since then, <mask> has contributed to The Guardian "Comment is Free" section to advocate for the disavowal of Zionism and the "one-state solution", which has earned him support on the pro-Palestinian camp but also resulted in him being ignored by the UK Jewish community and its leadership. New antisemitism
In the Israeli newspaper Haaretz, <mask> argued that the concept of a "new antisemitism" has brought about "a revolutionary change in the discourse about anti-Semitism".He wrote that most contemporary discussions concerning antisemitism have become focused on issues concerning Israel and Zionism, and that the equation of anti-Zionism with antisemitism has become for many a "new orthodoxy". He added that this redefinition has often resulted in "Jews attacking other Jews for their alleged anti-Semitic anti-Zionism". While <mask> accepts that exposing alleged Jewish antisemitism is "legitimate in principle", he added that the growing literature in this field "exceeds all reason"; the attacks are often vitriolic, and encompass views that are not inherently anti-Zionist. <mask> argued that this redefinition has had unfortunate repercussions. He wrote that serious scholarly research into contemporary antisemitism has become "virtually non-existent", and that the subject is now most frequently studied and analysed by "people lacking any serious expertise in the subject, whose principal aim is to excoriate Jewish critics of Israel and to promote the "anti-Zionism = anti-Semitism" equation. <mask> concluded that this redefinition has ultimately served to stifle legitimate discussion, and that it cannot create a basis on which to fight antisemitism. When Yale decided to close the Yale Initiative for the Interdisciplinary Study of Antisemitism, many charged it was political in nature, owing to the Initiative's controversial focus on Muslim antisemitism.Abby Wisse Schachter, a commentator at the New York Post wrote that Yale "almost certainly" terminated the program because it "refused to ignore the most virulent, genocidal and common form of Jew-hatred today: Muslim anti-Semitism." But <mask> welcomed the decision, and argued that the organisation was politicised and that its demise should be welcomed by those who "genuinely support the principle of the objective, dispassionate study of contemporary antisemitism." <mask> believes claims that London is the "hub of international efforts to delegitimise Israel and that British Jews are subject to a constant barrage of media-driven anti-Zionist propaganda that borders on, or overlaps with, antisemitism" are grossly exaggerated. His concern has been to stimulate discussion about the impact of Israel on European Jewry, and on the extent to which the rise in anti-Semitism  is influenced by actions taken by the Israeli government. Anti-Muslim sentiment
<mask> sees links between the Israeli far-right and Islamophobic groups in Europe such as Geert Wilders and his anti-Islam Party for Freedom. Wilders and leaders of four other far-right parties have visited Israel, despite their antisemitic roots. <mask> has commented that since 9/11, Israel has sought to identify itself with the US as a "fellow victim of Islamist terror".As Al Qaeda demonised America and Israel, the "Zionist right" began to argue a "new antisemitism" was a rising threat, thus recasting antisemitism as principally anti-Israel rhetoric from Muslim groups. On gauging the threat of antisemitism, <mask> quoted Rabbi David Goldberg: "at the present time, it is far easier and safer to be a Jew than a Muslim, a black person or an east European asylum seeker." <mask> criticised an attack by The Jewish Chronicle on the Pears Foundation accusing them of "blindness towards jihadi propagandists". He considered obsessiveness against attempts to open a dialogue with Hamas as "actively encouraging their racism, antisemitism and terrorism", and regarded it as a generalised anti-Muslim discourse. The Making and Unmaking of a Zionist
In his 2012 book, The Making and Unmaking of a Zionist, <mask> analyses his positions over five decades, from early Zionist idealism to criticism of Zionism. He is not an 'anti-Zionist'. He argues that Zionism is a "done deal", like the French Revolution, something that occurred in the past.He contends that self-identifying Zionists in the diaspora are complicit in supporting an unjust occupation, and argues Israel must abrogate the Law of Return, change its Jewish character, and become a binational state for Jews and Palestinians. The diaspora must choose between universal values and multiculturalism, and Jewish exclusivity. In an op-ed for The New York Times after the 2014 Gaza Strip war, <mask> concluded that, “The only Zionism of any consequence today is xenophobic and exclusionary, a Jewish ethno-nationalism inspired by religious messianism. It is carrying out an open-ended project of national self-realization to be achieved through colonization and purification of the tribe.”

Selected publications
Books
 (ed.) Antisemitism World Report. Institute of Jewish Affairs/Institute for Jewish Policy Research, published annually from 1992 to 1998. (ed.)The Jewish Communities of the World. A Comprehensive Guide. Macmillan, 1989. The Making and Unmaking of a Zionist, Pluto Press, London 2012. Bad News for Labour: Antisemitism, the Party and Public Belief, Greg Philo, Mike Berry, Justin Schlosberg, <mask>, David Miller, Pluto Press, 2019. Papers
 with Kosmin, Barry and Goldberg, Jacqueline. "The attachment of British Jews to Israel," JPR Report No.5, Institute for Jewish Policy Research, 1997.
 with Miller, Stephen and Schmool, Marlena. Social and political attitudes of British Jews. Institute for Jewish Policy Research, 1996. "Fictive anti-Zionism: Third World, Arab and Muslim Variations," in Wistrich, Robert S. (ed.) Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism in the Contemporary World. Macmillan in association with the Institute of Jewish Affairs, 1990."The Art of Holocaust Remembering," in Jewish Quarterly, Autumn 1989. "Le Pen and LaRouche: Political Extremism in Democratic Societies" in Frankel, William. Survey of Jewish Affairs, 1987. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1988. Opinion pieces
 Legitimizing Lieberman, The Guardian, 4 August 2009. Must Jews always see themselves as victims?, The Independent, 7 March 2009. Misdirected passion, New Statesman, 11 December 2008.Jews attacking Jews, Haaretz, 7 October 2008. Sense on antisemitism, Prospect, issue 77, August 2002. References

External links
 Jewish Forum for Justice and Human Rights
 Institute for Jewish Policy Research
 CQ Global Researcher Anti-Semitism in Europe v.2–6, a 2008 report from Congressional Quarterly on anti-Semitism in Europe, contains a debate between <mask> and Ben Cohen. Hirsch, David. Do not confine Jews to the couch, The Jewish Chronicle'', 7 April 2009. Living people
British non-fiction writers
Scholars of antisemitism
Alumni of the University of Sussex
Academics of the University of Brighton
1946 births
British male writers
British Jewish writers
Anti-Zionist Jews
Jewish anti-Zionism in the United Kingdom
Male non-fiction writers

masks:
Antony Lerman
Lerman
Lerman
Lerman
Lerman
Lerman
Lerman
Lerman
Lerman
Lerman
Lerman
Lerman
Lerman
Lerman
Lerman
Lerman
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Antony Lerman
Lerman