text_chunks:
<mask> (born May 13, 1937) is an American writer. With nearly 50 published works over a 50-year span, Charyn has a long-standing reputation as an inventive and prolific chronicler of real and imagined American life, writing in multiple genres. Michael Chabon calls him "one of the most important writers in American literature". New York Newsday hailed <mask> as "a contemporary American Balzac", and the Los Angeles Times described him as "absolutely unique among American writers". <mask>'s first novel, Once Upon a Droshky, was published in 1964. With Blue Eyes (1975), the debut of detective character Isaac Sidel, Charyn attracted wide attention and acclaim. As of 2017, Charyn has published 37 novels, three memoirs, nine graphic novels, two books about film, short stories, plays and works of non-fiction.Two of his memoirs were named New York Times Book of the Year. <mask> has been a finalist for the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction. <mask> was awarded a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship in Fiction, 1983. He received the Rosenthal Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters and has been named Commander of Arts and Letter (Ordre des Arts et des Lettres) by the French Minister of Culture. <mask> was Distinguished Professor of Film Studies at the American University of Paris until 2009, when he retired from teaching. In addition to his writing and teaching, <mask> is a tournament table tennis player, once ranked in the top 10 percent of players in France. Novelist Don DeLillo called Charyn's book on table tennis, Sizzling Chops & Devilish Spins, "The Sun Also Rises of ping-pong".<mask> lives in Paris and New York City. Early life
<mask> was born in the Bronx, New York City, to Sam and Fanny (Paley) <mask>. In order to escape its mean streets, Charyn immersed himself in comic books and cinema. Books were scarce in the Charyn household, save for volume "A" of the Book of Knowledge. After becoming all too well versed in astronomy and aardvarks, Charyn hungered for more. He attended The High School of Music and Art in Manhattan, majoring in painting. Turning from painting to literature, Charyn enrolled at Columbia University, where he studied history and comparative literature with a focus on Russian literature, graduating Phi Beta Kappa and cum laude (BA, 1959).Teaching career
From 1962 through 1964, <mask> taught at his alma mater, Manhattan's High School of Music and Art, and at High School of Performing Arts, popularized in the movie Fame. <mask> lectured in English at the City College of New York in 1965. He was assistant professor of English at Stanford University from 1965 to 1968. He served as a visiting professor in colleges across the country, including Rice University in 1979 and Princeton University, from 1981 until 1986. From 1988 to 1989, <mask> was Distinguished Professor at the City College of New York. From 1995 to 2008, <mask> taught film at American University of Paris, where he is Distinguished Professor emeritus. <mask> serves on the advisory board of the Laboratoire d'Études et de Recherche sur le Monde Anglophone (LERMA), a research centre at Aix-Marseille University.Literary career
<mask> often returns to his native Bronx in many of his writings, including a book appropriately named El Bronx. Michael Woolf, who wrote Exploding the Genre: The Crime Fiction of <mask>, says of <mask>: "Of all the novelists characterized as Jewish-American, <mask> is the most radical and inventive. There is in the body of his work a restless creativity which constantly surprises and repeatedly undermines the reader's expectation." One of Charyn's best-known protagonists is Isaac Sidel, a Jewish New York police detective turned mayor, who is the subject of eleven crime novels, including Blue Eyes and Citizen Sidel. <mask> became interested in writing a crime novel after discovering Ross Macdonald's The Galton Case (1959). What impressed Charyn most was the narrative voice of sleuth Lew Archer—at once sympathetic and detached, who "deliver[s] both a landscape and a past without least hint of sentimentality." The experiences of <mask>'s brother, Harvey, an NYPD homicide detective, added authenticity to this popular series, which attracted a cult following worldwide.After the limited success of his earlier works, <mask> considered publishing the first Sidel novel under what he described as the Marrano pen name of Joseph da Silva (i.e., to obscure his Jewish origins), but was convinced by his agent to use his birth name. The ten books were translated into seven languages and remained in print for three decades. In 1991, <mask> co-produced and co-wrote a TV pilot starring Ron Silver as The Good Policemen. More recently, in April 2012, Otto Penzler, founder of Mysterious Press, reissued the entire series as eBooks, co-published by Open Road Media. The October 2012, publication of Under the Eye of God, the first new Sidel thriller in a decade, rebooted the series ahead of a planned adult animated TV drama, to be titled Hard Apple. <mask>'s eight graphic novels were teamed him up with artists like Jacques de Loustal, José Antonio Muñoz and François Boucq, together with whom he won the 1998 Angoulême Grand Prix. Much of his writing in this genre was influenced by the comic books he devoured as a child.<mask> himself says comic books helped him learn to read. <mask>'s books have been translated into French, German, Italian, Spanish, Greek, Chinese and 11 other languages. <mask> served as judge for the 2011 National Book Awards in Fiction. He is represented by the literary agency headed by Georges Borchardt. <mask>'s personal papers are held by the Fales Library at New York University. The Secret Life of Emily Dickinson
The publication of his 2010 novel The Secret Life of Emily Dickinson (W.W. Norton) stirred a great deal of controversy. Some critics felt that Charyn was much too brazen in writing in poet Emily Dickinson's voice and surrounding her with invented characters.The New York Times said this "fits neatly into the flourishing genre of literary body-snatching". In the San Francisco Chronicle, the novel was called a "bodice-ripper". Other critics saw the work as a magical tour de force. Joyce Carol Oates, writing in The New York Review of Books, said: "Of literary sleights of hand none is more exhilarating for the writer, as none is likely to be riskier, than the appropriation of another—classic—writer's voice." In the Globe and Mail, reviewer William Kowalski wrote: "I had hoped that there was someone like Dickinson out there. My one regret, after finding her, was that I would never get to make her acquaintance. No doubt millions of others feel the same.It's for us that <mask> has written this book." In The Secret Life of Emily Dickinson, <mask> attempts to bring America's greatest female poet to life by transforming himself into Emily Dickinson. Assuming her voice, he narrates Dickinson's "secret life" to the reader, delving into her childhood, romantic involvements, even her final illness and death. On May 1, 2011, The Secret Life of Emily Dickinson was named a "Must-Read" book by the Massachusetts Center for the Book and selected as finalist for its annual book award in the fiction category. The French edition of his novel, titled la vie secrète d'emily dickinson, was released by Rivages in 2013,

<mask> says he drew inspiration for his novel from Emily Dickinson's letters and poems. He says of Dickinson: "I am fascinated by her writing and the kind of power she had. Where it came from, I don't think we'll ever know.""The Collagists"
In 2007 <mask> was asked by the literary website Smyles and Fish, along with lifelong friend, novelist Frederic Tuten, to write an essay about their former colleague and friend Donald Barthelme. The project evolved into a lengthy article, which offers a sort of collage of these three writers and the world of their influences. The work is divided into three parts - an introductory essay on the project by editor-in-chief Iris Smyles, <mask>'s essay on Barthelme, and Tuten's piece My Autobiography: Portable with Images. The work also features photos of the three writers and their work, as well as quotes from Barthelme himself. Advocacy and charity work
In 1968, <mask> joined Noam Chomsky, Dr. Benjamin Spock, Gloria Steinem, William Styron, Kurt Vonnegut, Joan Baez, Allen Ginsberg, Susan Sontag, Thomas Pynchon, Henry Miller, James Baldwin and more than 400 others in signing the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War. Personal life
<mask> has lived in Greenwich Village, the Bronx, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Palo Alto, California, Houston, Austin, Texas, Paris and Barcelona. He currently divides his time between New York and Paris.During 14 years living in Paris and teaching at the American University, he resisted mastering the French language, fearful of its effect on "the rhythm [of my native speech], even though French words creep into your vocabulary. I don't want my music interfered with." <mask> is married to Lenore Riegel, mother of actress Eden Riegel and voice actor Sam Riegel. Fine, 1985
Paradise Man, Donald I. Découvertes Gallimard (nº 204), Paris: Gallimard, 1994 (also translated into Spanish, Italian, Korean and simplified Chinese, as translated from the French version)Movieland: Hollywood and the Great American Dream Culture, Putnam's, 1989, New York University Press, 1996The Dark Lady from Belorusse, St. Martin's Press, 1997Hemingway : Portrait de l'artiste en guerrier blessé, coll. Découvertes Gallimard (nº 371), Paris: Gallimard, 1999
Trad. into traditional Chinese by Chʻên Li-chʻing – Hai Ming Wei: Shang hên lei lei tê wên hsüeh lao ping, collection "Fa hsien chih lü" (vol.New York, Collier, 1969
Editor, The Troubled Vision: An Anthology of Contemporary Short Novels and Passages. New York, Collier, 1970
Editor, The New Mystery. New York, Dutton, 1993

About <mask>The Review of Contemporary Fiction Summer 1992 issue, devoted to work of <mask> and José Donoso Polar (Paris) summer 1995 issue, devoted to <mask>rynAir France Magazine cover story on novel Citizen Sidel, August 1997
"Notes on the Rhetoric of Anti-Realist Fiction" by Albert Guerard, in Tri-Quarterly (Evanston, Finding the MusicIllinois), Spring 1974
"<mask>: Artist as Mytholept" by Robert L. Patten, in Novel (Providence, Rhode Island), Fall, 1984
"Exploding the Genre: The Crime Fiction of <mask>" by Michael Woolf, in American Crime Fiction: Studies in the Genre Brian Docherty (ed. ), New York, St. Martin's Press, 1988, p. 132 and p. 138. "Finding the Music: An Interview with <mask> on The Secret Life of Emily Dickinson"]https://journals.openedition.org/erea/1737, Richard Phelan and Sophie Vallas, E-REA 8-2, 2011. https://doi.org/10.4000/erea.1737
Vallas, Sophie. "The Bronx in Short Trousers: <mask>'s Mischievous Childhood Recollections in The Dark Lady from Belorusse", in Life Writing, Taylor & Francis Online (April 8, 2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/14484528.2021.1907890
Vallas Sophie, "La possibilité d'une île: la mythologie du Bronx, archipel enchanté, dans trois textes autobiographiques de <mask> Charyn", in Nathalie Cochoy et Sylvie Maurel (eds.): L'Art de la ville/ The Art of the City, Anglophonia/ Caliban (Université Toulouse-II-Le Mirail), n°25/2009, p. 75-85. Vallas Sophie, « D'autres vies dans la mienne : l'écriture (auto)biographique de <mask> », in Joanny Moulin, Yannick Gouchan et Nguyen Phuong Ngoc, Études biographiques. La biographie au carrefour des humanités, Paris, Honoré Champion, 2018, 135-144. Vallas Sophie, "Saturne et l'orphelin : les relations familiales dans le cycle Isaac Sidel de <mask>ryn", in Sylvie Crinquand et Mélanie Joseph-Vilain (eds. ), dossier « Le détective en famille », Textes & Contextes, 15-2, 2020. Literary archives
Charyn's archives and manuscripts are housed in the Fales Collection at Elmer Holmes Bobst Library of New York University, since 1993. References

SourcesJerome Charyn Biography - York, Press, London, World, American, and Arbor.<mask>'s introduction to The Isaac Quartet - Black Box edition of the first four Isaac Sidel books, Four Walls Eight Windows, New York and London, 2002Twentieth Century Crime and Mystery WritersExploding The Genre: The Crime Fiction of <mask> in American Crime Fiction, Ed. B. Doherty, St Martin's Press 1988 Neon Noir by Woody Haut, Chapter 6 "From Mean Streets to Dream Streets". Serpents Tail, 1999
<mask> Topics, The New York Times. <mask> Interview: bookreporter.com. <mask> Interview: IndieBound.org. Powell's Book Blog. Master of Mythologies: The Fictional Worlds of <mask>, Marvin Taylor, Curator, Fales Library.External links

 The Fales Library Guide to the Jerome Charyn Papers
 Official website
 "The Collagists" at Smyles & Fish
 : <mask> discusses chaos and the Bronx, and ping-pong, which inspired his Isaac Sidel crime novel series; the 11th is Under the Eye of God (Mysterious Press/Open Road Media, October 2012)
 : <mask> discusses Joe DiMaggio, Marilyn Monroe and his biographical study Joe DiMaggio: The Long Vigil (Yale University Press, March 2011)
 : <mask> discusses Emily Dickinson and critical reaction to his novel The Secret Life of Emily Dickinson (W. W. Norton, 2010). (TRT 3:09 min.)

masks:
Jerome Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Jerome Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Jerome Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Jerome Charyn
Charyn
Jerome Cha
Jerome Charyn
Jerome Charyn
Jerome Charyn
Jerome Charyn
Jerome
Jerome Charyn
Jerome Cha
Jerome Charyn
Jerome Charyn
Jerome Charyn
Jerome Charyn
Jerome Charyn
Jerome Charyn
Charyn
Charyn
Charyn


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 20 August 1956 in Koło, Poland) is a Polish-American scientist, PhD, and professor and chairman of the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Akron. Binienda's research includes impact simulation, fracture and damage of advanced composite materials, explicit and implicit finite element mechanics, smart materials, structural design and optimization, characterization and constitutive equation development for ceramic matrix, metal matrix and polymer matrix composites. He received the 2002 College of Engineering Outstanding Researcher Award in recognition of his research accomplishments. He has authored or co-authored 2 books, 46 journal papers and 73 conference publications and 70 presentations. Dr. <mask> was the lead scientist who questioned and then investigated the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash. His findings were in direct contradiction to the reports published by the official Russian and Polish air crash investigation bodies. Shortly after his findings were published, it was revealed that his simulation results were just a reprint of a paper by one of his students.After government change in 2007, the new Polish government - which previously openly promoted conspiracy theories regarding the crash - has opened a new investigation, inviting and hiring <mask> , despite him having no prior experience with air crash investigations. <mask> and his wife Maria Szonert-<mask> are also involved in research and education about war crimes committed by Soviet Army against Polish soldiers in Katyn massacre. Biography
<mask> received his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from Drexel University in 1987, his M.S. in Mechanical Engineering from Drexel University in 1985, and his M.S. in Motor Vehicles and Heavy Duty Machines from Warsaw Technical University in 1980. Binienda is also involved in research projects with NASA. Academic work
Professor and Chair Civil Engineering Department University of Akron
Expert of the Steering Committee of US President Council of Advisors of Science under Advanced Manufacturing Initiative AMP
Member of Supercomputing Committee, Ohio Supercomputer Center
Member of Resource Committee, Ohio Supercomputer Center
Member of Software Committee, Ohio Supercomputer Center

Current research
Analysis of the Polish Governmental Plane Crash in Smolensk, Russia, on 10 April 2010
Status Report on Smolensk Crash
High Velocity Impact on Composite Structures (Laminates, Braided Fabrics and Composites)
Characterization of Aging Influence on Braided Composites
Fracture mechanics and damage growth in composite materials
Stress and deformation analysis in FRP, MMC, BMC and rubber composite materials
Filament winding process development and analysis
Explicit FEA of Composite Structures – Impact Perforation Analysis
Nano-coating processing and analysis
Application of Advanced Composites for Retrofitting of Concrete Structures
Functionally Graded Layers Analysis
Research Facilities and Research Group
High Velocity Impact Lab (Gas Gun; Aramis System; Shearography Vacuum Chamber for NDE, Aging Chamber, MTS, etc.)Computing software (ABAQUS, ANSYS, LS-DYNA, PATRAN etc.) Publications
NASA Publications
W.K<mask>, D.N. Robinson, S.M. Arnold and P.A. Bartolotta, "A Creep Model for Metallic Composites Based on Matrix Testing: Application to Kanthal Composites," NASA TM 103172, 1989. D.N.Robinson, W.K<mask> and M. Miti-Kavuma, "Creep and Creep Rupture of Strongly Reinforced Metallic Composites," NASA TR 185286, 1989. W.K<mask>, S.M. Arnold and H.Q Tan, "Calculation of Stress Intensity Factors in an Isotropic Multi-C racked Plate: Part I – Theoretical Development," NASA TM 1 05766, 1992. S.M. Arnold, W.K.<mask>, H.Q. Tan and M.H. Xu, "Calculation of Stress Intensity Factors in an Isotropic Multi-Cracked Plate: Part II – Symbolic/Numeric Implementation," NASA TM 105823, 1992. W.K. <mask> and S.M. Arnold, "Driving Force Analysis in an Infinite Anisotropic Plate with Multiple Crack Interactions," NASA TM 106838, January 1995. Membership
 ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)
 ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers; Fellow)
 AIAA (American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics)
 SAMPE (Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering)
 Member of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Collaborator's Program
 Computational Mechanics (The University of Akron)

Bibliography
 Biografia na stronie Kolegium Inżynierii University of Akron uakron.edu
 Profil na stronach Wydziału Inżynierii Cywilnej (Department of Civil Engineering) Kolegium Inżynierii University of Akron ecgf.uakron.edu

References

External links

1956 births
People from Koło County
Polish emigrants to the United States
University of Akron faculty
Drexel University alumni
University of Warsaw alumni
Polish engineers
Living people

masks:
Wiesław Kazimierz Binienda
Binienda
Binienda
Binienda
Binienda
Binienda
. Binienda
. Binienda
. Binienda
Binienda
Binienda


text_chunks:
<mask> (6 January 1873 – 27 April 1950) was a German church musician, organist, and choral conductor, famous above all for championing the abundant organ music of Max Reger. Career
Born in Berlin, Straube studied organ under Heinrich Reimann there from 1894 to 1897 and became a widely respected concert organist. In 1897 he was appointed organist at Willibrordi-Dom (St Willibrord Cathedral) in Wesel, but left in 1902 to take up the position of organist at the Thomaskirche in Leipzig. He gave up his career as a performer relatively early in order to pursue teaching and publishing, particularly the music of Max Reger, though he still kept his position at the Thomaskirche. He was also appointed to the organ faculty of the Leipzig Conservatorium in 1907, receiving the title of "Royal Professor" in 1908. This most honorary title, which is seemingly astounding for a professor of only one year, reflects more on Straube's cleverness than his merit. Since he was offered a job in Berlin (that supposedly paid ℳ 6,000), he wrote a letter of requests to his superior.These subtle "demands" were cleverly wrought (so as not to come off poorly, as his tenure at this point was rather short). He, among other things, requested a raise from ℳ 1,000 to ℳ 5,000 and also requested that the Wilhelm Sauer organ of 1888 at the Thomaskirche be enlarged (not only in manual compass—an extension from f3-a3, but also in size—all done under his supervision by the firm of Wilhelm Sauer). He succeeded Gustav Schreck as cantor of the Thomasschule and director of the Thomanerchor in 1918 and held the post until 1939. His contribution to the history of organ performance was chiefly through his advocacy of the music of Reger and his many students, including Heinz Wunderlich. Having received the older tradition of organ playing from Reimann in Berlin, Straube revolutionized his technique in collaboration with the orchestral-style instruments of Sauer (and the encouragement from this mentor who spoke of the "unplayable" organ works of Reger). This allowed him to interpret music by using the full resources of Sauer's massive instruments, with their stop-change mechanisms and expressive divisions; however, he also performed on organs that contained no such devices as well and simply adapted the music accordingly (even Reger was played on purely mechanical instruments with no mechanisms to assist the player, though these were mid-period Romantic organs built by Haas, etc., i.e. not organs of the Orgelbewegung movement).Straube considered himself more of a historian than a musician, and changed opinions many times throughout his life. He edited editions of works by "old masters" (Buxtehude, Bach, etc.) and also editions of works by Reger (the latter of which differed highly from the composer's autographs). However, Straube compiled these editions "with the approval of the composer," regarding his many "subjective" editorial markings (most of which completely change the architectural concept of Reger's music). This is exactly how he performed and advocated his editions—he stated that his editorial markings were not dry thoughts made at a desk, but rather inspirations that came to him at the instrument itself. Many reviews comment on his obsession with the clarity of contrapuntal voices and variety and color of his creative registrations. Straube is a conundrum and the validity of his editions has been brought into question in most recent Reger scholarship.It has been presupposed by many that later in life he advocated the principles of the Orgelbewegung]movement, which looked to an "historically pure" interpretation of old music (especially Bach) and also looked back to the organ building principles of the Baroque period (which were largely misinterpreted). Nevertheless, Straube never advocated for this movement, though he did move away from the ideals of the Romantic organ to what the Germans called a compromise [Komprimiß] organ (in America, this style of organ is referred to as "eclectic", i.e. one that plays almost all of the organ repertory, but not necessarily well). This is demonstrated by his being responsible for the rebuild of the Leipzig Conservatory Sauer organ in 1927. However, he went back and forth between supporting the "eclectic" organ and the Romantic organ and certainly did not want Reger to fall out of fashion during this extreme shift in the organ world (i.e. the Orgelbewegung movement). Reger's music was not like that of Wagner, as he looked back to Bach for his highly contrapuntal writing (despite his "modern" harmonic—highly chromatic—language).This is precisely why Straube stated that even Reger can be performed on an organ lacking orchestral colors and the ability to employ these subtle color changes (i.e. one with only the ability to realize dynamic changes in a terraced manner, referring to the "Neo-Baroque" organs of the Orgelbewegung movement). He made this statement in the preface (1938) to his final Reger edition of Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott, op. 27 (not because he advocated this aesthetic change, but rather for the sake of his good friend and colleague's musical contributions). In his musical biography of Straube, musicologist Christopher Anderson writes: "As the eleventh successor to J. S. Bach in the cantorate of St. Thomas School, Leipzig, he focused the choir's mission as curator of Bach's works and, in the unstable political climate of the interwar years, as international emissary for German art. His fraught exit from the cantorate in 1939 bore the scars of his Nazi affiliations and issued in a final decade of struggle and disillusionment as German society collapsed." Straube was buried in the Südfriedhof, Leipzig in 1950.His grave was thoroughly restored on behalf of the Paul-Benndorf-Gesellschaft in 2021. References

Sources

 (also available in EPDF and EPUB format in April 2022)

1873 births
1950 deaths
German classical organists
German male organists
German musicologists
German choral conductors
German male conductors (music)
Bach conductors
German performers of Christian music
Thomaskantors
Nazi Party members


text_chunks:
<mask> is an American theoretical cosmologist, and is both an Assistant Professor of Physics and Astronomy and a Core Faculty Member in Women's and Gender Studies at the University of New Hampshire. From 2016 to 2018, she was the Principal Investigator on a Foundational Questions Institute (FQXI) grant titled "Epistemological Schemata of Astro | Physics: A Reconstruction of Observers." Early life and education
Prescod-Weinstein was born in El Sereno in East Los Angeles, California, and went to school in the Los Angeles Unified School District. She is of Barbadian descent on her mother's side and Russian-Jewish and Ukrainian-Jewish descent on her father's side. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Physics and Astronomy at Harvard College in 2003. Her thesis, "A study of winds in active galactic nuclei", was completed under the supervision of Martin Elvis. She then earned a master's degree in Astronomy in 2005 at the University of California, Santa Cruz, working with Anthony Aguirre.In 2006, Prescod-Weinstein changed research directions and ultimately moved to the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics to work with Dr. Lee Smolin. In 2010, Prescod-Weinstein completed her Ph.D. dissertation, titled "Cosmic acceleration as Quantum Gravity Phenomenology", under the supervision of Lee Smolin and Niayesh Afshordi at University of Waterloo, while conducting her research at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. Research
Prescod-Weinstein's research has focused on various topics in cosmology and theoretical physics, including the axion as a dark matter candidate, inflation, and classical and quantum fields in the early universe. From 2004 to 2007 Prescod-Weinstein was a named National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellow. After Prescod-Weinstein's Ph.D., she was a NASA Postdoctoral Fellow in the Observational Cosmology Lab at Goddard Space Flight Center. In 2011, she won a Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Postdoctoral Fellowship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she was jointly appointed to the Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research and the Department of Physics. At MIT, Prescod-Weinstein worked in Alan Guth's group in the Center for Theoretical Physics.In 2016, she became the Principal Investigator on a $100,522 FQXI grant to study “Epistemological Schemata of Astro | Physics: A Reconstruction of Observers” seeking to answer questions regarding how to re-frame who is an "observer", to acknowledge those existing outside of the European Enlightenment framework, and how that might change knowledge production in science. She is working on the NASA STROBE-X experiment. Prescod-Weinstein's research has been cited about 800 times with an h-index of 15. Awards
Prescod-Weinstein earned the Barbados House Canada Inc. Gordon C Bynoe Scholarship in 2007. In 2013 she won the MIT "Infinite Kilometer Award". In March 2017, Prescod-Weinstein won the LGBT+ Physicists Acknowledgement of Excellence Award "For Years of Dedicated Effort in Changing Physics Culture to be More Inclusive and Understanding Toward All Marginalised Peoples". Prescod-Weinstein was recognized by Essence Magazine as one of 15 Black Women Who are Paving the Way in STEM and Breaking Barriers.Prescod-Weinstein's personal story and ideas have been featured in several venues, including Huffington Post, Gizmodo, Nylon, and the African-American Intellectual History Society. She was named to Nature's list of "ten people who helped shape science in 2020" in January 2021, as well as one of VICE Motherboard's "Humans2020," "honoring scientists, engineers, and visionaries who are changing the world for the better." Prescod-Weinstein received the 2021 Edward A. Bouchet Award from the American Physical Society, in recognition "For contributions to theoretical cosmology and particle physics, ranging from axion physics to models of inflation to alternative models of dark energy, for tireless efforts in increasing inclusivity in physics, and for co-creating the Particles for Justice movement." Public engagement
Prescod-Weinstein is an advocate for increasing the diversity within science by considering intersectionality and proper celebration of  the underrepresented groups who contribute to scientific knowledge production. She has been a member of the executive committee of the National Society of Black Physicists. In 2017 she was a plenary speaker at the Women in Physics Canada meeting. Prescod-Weinstein has contributed popular science articles for Slate, American Scientist, Nature Astronomy, Bitch media,  and Physics World.She is on the Book Review Board of Physics Today and was editor-in-chief of The Offing. The American Physical Society described her as a "vocal presence on Twitter". Prescod-Weinstein maintains a Decolonising Science Reading List. Prescod-Weinstein has given several interviews and public talks. In October 2018, Prescod-Weinstein was one of 18 authors of a public letter titled "High Energy Physics Community Statement" hosted on a website called "Particles for Justice." The statement condemned Alessandro Strumia's controversial claim at CERN's first Workshop on High Energy Theory and Gender that male scientists were victims of discrimination. Within a day of publication, nearly 1,600 academics had signed the letter in support.As of October 13, it had received nearly 4,000 signatures, including those of  John Ellis, Howard Georgi and David Gross. In June 2020, in the wake of the murder of George Floyd, Prescod-Weinstein, Brian Nord, and the Particles for Justice group organized a global "Strike for Black Lives." Prescod-Weinstein authored a note on the Particles for Justice page titled "What I wanted when I called for a Strike for Black Lives." On June 10, the day of the strike, over 4,500 academics pledged participation in the strike. Additionally, numerous organizations including Nature, the American Physical Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the American Institute of Physics supported and/or participated in the strike. Prescod-Weinstein's book, The Disordered Cosmos: A Journey into Dark Matter, Spacetime, and Dreams Deferred, was published by Bold Type Books in March 2021 and draws from her experience and knowledge as a Black woman theoretical physicist. She is a monthly contributor to New Scientist, with a column titled "Field Notes from Space-time," and a contributing columnist for Physics World.Prescod-Weinstein was a founding member of the American Astronomical Society Committee for Sexual Orientation and Gender Minorities in Astronomy. Prescod-Weinstein has in the past also been a member of the Jewish Voice for Peace Academic Advisory council. Personal life
Prescod-Weinstein is queer and agender. She is married to a lawyer. Her mother Margaret Prescod emigrated from Barbados as a teenager, and in New York was a founder of International Black Women for Wages for Housework in 1974. Prescod-Weinstein is the grandchild of feminist Selma James and the step-granddaughter of Trinidadian writer and historian C.L.R. James.Prescod-Weinstein advocates for social justice issues on Twitter. References

External links

Activists for African-American civil rights
African-American Jews
African-American scientists
American astronomers
American astrophysicists
American cosmologists
American people of Barbadian descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
American science writers
Non-binary writers
Harvard University alumni
Jewish American scientists
Living people
LGBT academics
LGBT African Americans
LGBT people from California
LGBT scientists from the United States
LGBT writers from the United States
Theoretical physicists
MIT Center for Theoretical Physics alumni
Queer writers
University of California, Santa Cruz alumni
University of New Hampshire faculty
Writers from Los Angeles
Year of birth missing (living people)
Members of the National Society of Black Physicists
LGBT Jews
Jewish scientists
Science writers
21st-century African-American people
21st-century American Jews
21st-century LGBT people


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 2 April 1969) is a British media executive and was formerly chief executive of Dow Jones and Company and publisher of The Wall Street Journal. Earlier in his career he was known as a journalist and then editor. While Editor of  The Daily Telegraph, <mask> led the team that broke the story of the MPs' expenses scandal, which led to the resignations of six government ministers and Speaker of the House of Commons Michael Martin, and to the creation of Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority. From September 2010 to July 2011, <mask> worked as General Manager of the newspaper publisher News International, playing a role in the company's response to the phone hacking crisis. In July 2011, following the closure of the News of the World, <mask> left News International to join the Management and Standards Committee, an independent division led by Lord Grabiner QC, created by the News Corp board to orchestrate cooperation with multiple law enforcement investigations into News International. Early life and career

<mask> was born and raised in Hampstead Garden Suburb, North London, England. His father <mask> M.B.E, worked as a Managing Director of a packaging company and his mother Sally was a teacher.<mask>'s primary education was at Brookland Junior school in Hampstead Garden Suburb. His secondary education was at Whitefield school, a comprehensive school in the London Borough of Barnet. After achieving his A levels, <mask> studied for a BSc in Politics and Economics at Bristol University, where he wrote for the student newspaper, Epigram, and captained the University 1st football team. Following university <mask> completed a postgraduate diploma in Periodical Journalism at City University. In 1991, <mask> was hired as a finance reporter by The Mail on Sunday. In 1994 he left the tabloid to take a job in the Financial Times investigative unit. He later became fund management correspondent and then mergers and acquisitions correspondent.In 1999, while posted at the New York office he broke the story of the ExxonMobil merger, the biggest industrial merger in US corporate history. The scoop surprised the US business media and helped establish the Financial Times in the US. Following this <mask> was promoted to Global News Editor. He was then poached to become Business Editor at The Sunday Times, where he remained for three years, from 2002 to 2005. Telegraph Media Group

<mask> joined the Telegraph Media Group as city editor in August 2005 and was made deputy editor of The Telegraph while he was still working out his notice from The Sunday Times. In October 2006 he became The Daily Telegraph youngest ever editor. On joining The Telegraph, <mask> described the newspaper as a "shambles", with "no innovation, no culture of improvement, no understanding of the need to perform, of needing to work with your colleagues rather than be at war with them."As editor he took control of the newspaper during period of tumultuous change thanks to the decline in print sales and display advertising revenue. <mask> designed the layout of The Telegraph new Victoria newsroom and saw through the modernisation program which involved senior staff cuts. The move was initially felt to be in conflict with the newspaper's brand and aging readership. In 2007 he was made editor-in-chief of TMG. During his time as editor, he also attempted a broader debate at The Telegraph about the environment. While the newspapers and website continued to house global warming deniers such as Christopher Booker and James Delingpole, he also recruited Geoffrey Lean, the environmental commentator to write a weekly column and lead the Telegraph'''s global warming coverage. Role in the parliamentary expenses scandal

<mask>'s involvement in the scandal began when he was told by colleagues that they had been approached by an intermediary on behalf of a source who said that they had four years' worth of MPs' data copied onto a disk.After establishing that the paper would not be breaking the law by accepting the disc, and that the story was in the public interest, <mask> approved negotiation with the intermediary. In 2012, <mask> told the Leveson Inquiry: "the reason [the source] had come to the Telegraph was he wanted to ensure fair and balanced coverage. He wanted to be certain that the Labour MPs and the Conservative MPs all had their chance to have their day in the sun, as it were." The intermediary, a former SAS officer John Wick, had already offered the story to a number of other newspapers, all of whom had been reluctant to take the risk of publishing, or meet the price set by Wick. Once <mask>'s team concluded negotiations with the source,  the Telegraph team had only ten days to investigate the data on the disk which meant wading through more than a million documents. Once <mask> saw the information on the disc he realised that he had to run the story. <mask> told Lord Leveson:  "I became very aware that it was my responsibility to bring this to the public domain.It was no longer going to be a choice for me as editor." <mask> stressed to his colleagues that he wanted the Telegraph to be seen as be fair and balanced in their approach. They concluded that they should start with the government and then move into the opposition as it was then,the Conservative Party. The next stage involved the team writing to each MP to put them on notice that a story was being written, and then to wait for the replies. The first MP to revert to the Telegraph team was Secretary of State for Justice Jack Straw. Straw replied, confirming the information in the letter and explaining his expenses. <mask> told the Leveson enquiry: "Only then did I feel able to give the green light to publication that evening."He added, "I remain hugely proud of -- given the intensity with which the MPs' expenses team had to work, the incredible pressure they worked under, continual threat of trying to be stopped what they were doing, I think this record is one we should be proud of." He added: "I was also aware that this story was laced with risk all round, as the best and most important journalism tends to be. Aftermath of parliamentary expenses scandal

The publication of the story led to the resignation of the Speaker of the House of Commons, Michael Martin, a further six government ministers and the creation of the Independent Parliamentary Standards Authority. A police investigation into the leak was called off in May 2009. A statement issued by Scotland Yard said that although the unauthorised disclosure of information appeared to "breach public duty", much of the information was in the process of being prepared for release under the Freedom of Information Act. In 2009, <mask> spoke publicly for the first time about the scandal in a BBC Radio 4 Interview with the BBC Political Editor Nick Robinson. In the interview <mask> responded to claims by that his newspaper's coverage had irreparably damaged parliament and democracy as  "Absolute, complete rubbish."In the interview <mask> claimed: "It is going to open up parliament to a whole new generation of people who understand what it means to be a representative of British citizens," he said. He described the removal of criminal MPs from Parliament as "undeniably a good thing for the United Kingdom." In a 2017 in an interview with the Evening Standard, <mask> said: "I think MPs' expenses began that disgust with the political class. Brexit has to be seen within that context. If the House of Lords is our main defence against stupidity, that doesn't make me very happy." In 2019, <mask> appeared on BBC documentary marking the 10th anniversary of the scandal. <mask> talked about establishment hostility towards the Telegraph newsroom and mentioned a brief meeting with HM Queen wherein she indicated her support and sympathy for the story.<mask> has never disclosed the details of the conversation. In a 2019 New Statesmen article <mask> wrote that the scandal was a missed opportunity:  "The chance to make radical reforms to our political institutions and how they operate was, however, glaringly (and deliberately) overlooked…. Perhaps the fallout from Brexit will trigger the root-and-branch reform we need before these challenges can ever hope to be met with the sort of honesty, energy and imagination they demand. Optimistic, perhaps, but real change could be achieved if politicians from across the spectrum – or people from around Britain who have not previously been involved in politics – begin to share a proper understanding of where the national interest lies and where it will lie in the very near future." Departure from the Telegraph Group

In the summer of 2009, <mask> took a two-month sabbatical from TMG to attend the Advanced Management Program at Harvard Business School – a compressed version of the college's famed Masters in Business Administration. Towards the end of this period <mask> was joined by TMG chief executive Murdoch MacLennan who stayed to hammer out <mask>'s future at TMG. In November 2009, <mask> returned to the UK, and founded Euston Partners, a digital development division based in Euston, London, staffed by a team of Telegraph employees.The aim of the division was to find a way for newspapers to make money from the emerging App economy. In January 2010 <mask> took the title of Managing Director Digital, while retaining his position of group editor in chief. Shortly after this he gave up the daily running of Sunday and Daily Telegraph. He was succeeded in the editor's chair by Tony Gallagher in late 2009, but remained editor-in-chief. At the 2010 British Press Awards, The Telegraph was named the "National Newspaper of the Year" for its coverage of the MPs' expenses scandal (named "Scoop of the Year"), with <mask> winning "Journalist of the Year" for his role. Accepting his award <mask> said: "If there was ever a story that proved that news still sells newspapers I suspect this was it." Despite this success, all was not well within TMG.<mask> wanted to create a standalone business with a "start-up mentality" from the digital unit, whereas MacLennan wanted the Euston-based project to remain within his control at TMG. Unable to come to an agreement with MacLennan, <mask> departed on May 5, 2010, just six months. The split was described in the press as "amicable" but that Maclennan had been "impatient to see results". TMG said they would continue to maintain the digital division. News International

In September 2010 <mask> was hired by News International as group general manager. A key part of this new role was to modernise the company and create streamlined digital newsrooms as he had done at TMG. Almost immediately on joining, an article in The New York Times caused the ongoing issue of illegal phone message interception by the News of the World to flare up.Towards the end of 2010, <mask> was informed that the company was facing a large number of civil actions relating to phone hacking. On 10 January, <mask> sent out a formal instruction to the IT staff at News International that all evidence relevant to various civil and criminal actions was to be retained on News International's email servers. <mask> remained as general manager as the crisis grew. In the aftermath of revelations by The Guardian that News Of the World reporters had deleted voicemails of the murdered school girl, Milly Dowler, the News of the World was closed. He stepped down as group general manager in July 2011 to take a role as an executive member of the Management and Standards Committee, an independent division of News Corp mandated by the

masks:
William Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
William Lewis
David Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis


text_chunks:
 board to cooperate fully with all authorities investigating wrongdoing at News International. Management and Standards Committee

The formal establishment of the Management and Standards Committee was confirmed on July 18, 2011. The MSC was chaired by Lord Grabiner QC, a senior commercial lawyer, taking legal advice from the law firm Linklaters.The MSC reported directly to News Corp board members Joel Klein and Viet Dinh. Both Dinh and Klein were former US Assistant Attorney Generals<mask>, was named in the press release as a "full time executive member. The Terms of Reference were published on 21 July 2011. "The MSC was authorised to cooperate fully with all relevant investigations and inquiries in the News of the World phone hacking case, police payments and all other related issues across News International, as well as conducting its own enquiries where appropriate." The MSC included 100 legal staff from Linklaters, as well as forensic advisers from PricewaterhouseCoopers. Their role was to review all law enforcement requests for evidence and comply if those requests were relevant to the various ongoing investigations.Metropolitan Police Service investigations Operation Weeting (phone hacking) and Operation Elveden (corruption of public officials) resulted in a string of arrests of News International journalists from October 2011 to Mid 2012, prompting complaints from Sun staff that the paper was subject to a "witch hunt." Though no Sun journalists were successfully convicted by Operation Elveden, News of the World feature writer Dan Evans received a 10-month suspended sentence. Operation Weeting successfully convicted News of the World journalists Neville Thurlbeck and Greg Miskiw who were both sentenced to six months in prison. Former News of the World editor Andy Coulson received an 18-month sentence. As of 20 July 2012, <mask> began the process of departing the MSC. Vince Cable leak allegation

In December 2010, Daily Telegraph reporters secretly recorded the UK Business Secretary Vince Cable making a number of unguarded remarks about the UK government and also his view that "we have declared war on Murdoch". The Telegraph reported the remarks about government, but did not publish his views on Murdoch.These views were controversial, because Cable was overseeing in a sub-judicial role the bid by Murdoch's News Corporation for all of BSkyB. The remarks about Murdoch were leaked to the BBC's Business Editor, Robert Peston. He broadcast them, to the consternation of The Telegraph and of Cable who was forced to step aside from his oversight of the BSkyB bid. Despite the fact that the subject of the transcript was clearly in the public interest, Telegraph management hired the detective agency Kroll to find the source of the leak. In July 2011, Reuters reported that the corporate investigations firm Kroll had "strong reasons" to suspect that <mask> had been involved in the leak to Peston. The leaks took place three months after <mask> left the Telegraph. They were seen to be of commercial benefit to News Corporation, the parent company of News International, in relation to the News Corporation takeover bid for BSkyB.Kroll interviewed several Telegraph journalists, and examined their email and phone records, but was unable to determine which disgruntled journalists decided to blow the whistle on the Telegraphs decision not to publish the Cable comments on Murdoch. Reuters also reported that Kroll had identified that TMG's information security systems were porous and too many people had access to the relevant systems for the leaker to be pinpointed. Kroll advised The Telegraph that because of the number of people who had access to databanks (which included employees for telecoms giant BT) a continued investigation would be unlikely to produce a conclusive result. Kroll did not interview <mask> in the course of the investigation. Kroll's own admission the evidence they had gathered was circumstantial and pointed to 15 separate people at The Telegraph had access to the Cable audio file. Despite the inconclusive nature of the investigation, Telegraph editors flew out to America to brief The New York Times, a commercial rival of News Corp. On 22 July, a piece ran in The New York Times titled: "Suspicions About Former Editor in Battle Over Story Complicate hacking Scandal". The piece, carried the allegation, without evidence, that <mask> was behind the leak.<mask> responded to The New York Times: "This is a clear attempt to undermine the strong working relationship between News Corp.'s Management and Standards Committee and the Metropolitan Police Service. Nothing will prevent us from continuing to cooperate fully with Operation Weeting." Dow Jones and The Wall Street Journal

<mask> was appointed interim CEO of Dow Jones and Company on 21 January 2014. On 9 May 2014 <mask> was confirmed as CEO of Dow Jones and Company, and publisher of The Wall Street Journal, following the departure of previous CEO Lex Fenwick in 2014. <mask> had responsibility for the publication of the Wall Street Journal, America's largest newspaper by paid circulation; Factiva, the business information and research tool; Barron's, the weekly magazine and Dow Jones Financial News and Newswires. He has focused on modernising the Wall Street Journal newsroom, and developing the technology and data businesses. Since 2014 the company has experienced growth in readership and revenues, most recently Dow Jones reported 6% growth in 2019 News Corp results.Dow Jones Risk & Compliance data business reported 22% revenue growth in the third quarter of fiscal 2019. During his tenure, the WSJ won a Pulitzer Prize for uncovering President Trump's relationship with Michael Cohen and payoffs to the adult movie actress, Stormy Daniels. In an interview with The New York Times he commented on his leadership approach: "I think that the chief executive or leader should often be the agitator in chief as well... You constantly think about the next iteration of the model and structure." In 2017 the company announced a partnership with the UK's National Theatre to support international engagement for the Theatre company. Criticism of Google and Facebook
<mask> has regularly made the case for professional media and has criticised technology companies for contributing to the rise of fake news. In a panel at the Cannes Lions in 2015 he said that: "the issue for us, and I think the broader industry, is do we run headless chicken-like towards offers from companies like Apple and Facebook to put our content in their walled gardens?. Or do we pause and think together about what the most appropriate way of dealing with these opportunities are and make sure that we don't repeat the mistakes of the past?Professionally created news is of incredible importance in society and has deep moral purpose". In a 2016  interview with Ian Burrell of The Drum magazine, <mask> accused Facebook and Google of "killing news" commenting that he spent years "badgering away" at Google and Facebook, trying to persuade them to change their news distribution methods. "We kept warning them, saying 'This is an accident waiting to happen – you are treating fake news in the same way as you are treating Wall Street Journal news. This is going to end up biting you.' And so here it is, biting them! In an interview with the Evening Standard in 2017 he commented: "Everyone can now see very clearly the grave problem with fake news. Google has played an incredibly destructive role.And when professional media disappears, bad things follow". <mask> has since led negotiations with Apple and Facebook. In a newsroom meeting about the WSJ deal with Apple News plus <mask> said that the deal "will enable us to get our journalism in front of millions of people who may never have paid for our journalism before." In October 2019, News Corp signed a deal with Facebook who agreed to pay a licensing fee to carry WSJ news on its platform. Support for diversity

As part of a 2016 review into its hiring and compensation practices, Dow Jones retained an outside consultancy, Willis Towers Watson. <mask> vowed to address all pay disparities within the company. In an email to employees he wrote: "Any pay disparity relating to an employee's race or gender is troubling and inconsistent with the standards I strive to maintain at Dow Jones.We must, as a matter of urgency, address these issues head on." In a lecture to Cass Business School <mask> said: "Perhaps the most important role of being a good CEO is making sure you have the right people – with the most diverse backgrounds – in the most important jobs inside the company. I can tell you from personal experience that the more diverse a culture, the better the ideas and the increased likelihood of success." China tensions
In February 2020 China threatened that it would expel three Wall Street Journal staff following an opinion piece published on February 3 titled "The Real Sick Man of Asia”. The piece was critical of the Chinese government's secretive and slow response to the Coronavirus crisis. China's announcement that it would expel the three journalists followed one day after the Trump administration redesignated five major Chinese news organizations as government not journalistic entities. On February 19, <mask> responded, stating that while he regretted the upset caused, "The need for quality, trusted news reporting from China is greater than ever; today’s decision to target our News department journalists greatly hinders that effort."Following the expulsion threat, four dozen Wall Street Journal journalists based in China, under pressure from the Chinese authorities, wrote a letter to <mask> asking him to correct the headline and apologize to the Journal's readers as well as others who might be offended by it. Geng Shuang, a spokesman for China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, passed on a Chinese Government demand that the Wall Street Journal "recognize the seriousness of the error, openly and formally apologize, and investigate and punish those responsible, while retaining the need to take further measures against the newspaper.”

<mask> did not apologize. Resignation from Dow Jones

<mask> resigned as CEO on 8 April 2020. In an official company statement News Corp Chief Executive Robert Thomson said, "<mask> has overseen a remarkable period of growth and digital transformation at Dow Jones, making it the finest news and professional information business in the world." <mask> was quoted in the press coverage as saying that his departure from the company was amicable and that he was looking forward to spending more time with his family in London. He was replaced by Almar Latour. In May 2020 he appeared in a shortlist alongside three other candidates to become Director-General of the BBC in succession to Tony Hall, Baron Hall of Birkenhead.In May 2021, it was reported that <mask> joined former BBC newsman  Kamal Ahmed (journalist) in founding the News Movement, a digital news company aiming to counter misinformation. Ahmed will serve as its Editor-in-Chief. Recognition

 Journalist of the Year at the UK Press Awards, 2010
 Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws from Bristol University July 2010
 Honorary Degree of Doctor of Letters from the University of Lincoln September 2010
 Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from Cass Business School, 2019. References

1969 births
Alumni of City, University of London
Alumni of the University of Bristol
Financial Times people
The Sunday Times people
The Daily Telegraph people
British newspaper editors
News Corporation people
Living

masks:
. Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Will Lewis
Lewis
Lewis


text_chunks:
<mask> (born April 11, 1952) is an American biologist specializing in the reproductive biology, population biology, ecology, and evolution of butterflies. <mask> completed her BA in 1973 and her PhD in 1979 in zoology at the University of Texas at Austin. Since 2013, she has been a professor in the School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment and the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of South Carolina. <mask> is the author of more than 120 peer-reviewed articles and has served on editorial boards for several journals. She has been a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science since 2001. <mask> was a postdoctoral scholar at Stanford University from 1980 to 1985. Shortly after, Stanford hired her as a lecturer and consulting assistant professor in the Department of Biological Sciences (1986-1997).She was promoted to associate professor (teaching) (1997–2002), consulting professor (2002–2006), and finally, professor (teaching) (2006–2012). In parallel with these appointments, she was also a senior research scientist with Stanford University (1994–2006). <mask> also held administrative appointments at Stanford University such as the associate director (1994–1995) and director (1995–2006) of the Center for Conservation Biology, and the Bing Director for the Program in Human Biology (2006–2012). In 2013, <mask> moved to the University of South Carolina where she was hired as the director of the School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment (2013–2018) and as a professor in the School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment and the Department of Biological Sciences (2013–present). <mask> has served on several editorial boards, either as a founding member or as an associate editor, for journals including Functional Ecology, Ecological Applications, Evolution, and the Journal of Insect Conservation. She has also worked with the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL), serving on the board of trustees as a member for more than 13 years and as the president for 6 years. She has been a senior researcher with the RMBL since 1978.Research and contributions

<mask>' early research as a PhD student was influenced by her supervisor  who studied neotropical butterflies in Costa Rica and Trinidad. Gilbert was trained by another butterfly biologist, Paul R. Ehrlich, who specializes in population ecology and whom <mask> would eventually collaborate with at Stanford University in later years. <mask>' early work focused mainly on the reproductive biology, sexual selection, and resource allocation of butterflies. For instance, she was the first to show that male butterflies can donate nutrients to future offspring. Her articles on the subject of male nuptial gifts opened up a new research arena and remains some of her most highly cited work to date. Later, <mask>' research continued with her work on both lab-reared colonies (e.g., Colias eurytheme) and natural populations (e.g., Euphydryas editha) of butterflies. She has also done long-term studies on temperate montane species at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, including the locally introduced Gillette's checkerspot (Euphydryas gillettii) and the Mormon fritillary (Speyeria mormonia).Her research on S. mormonia in particular led to significant advancements in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying insect life history traits through the integration of knowledge on nutrient resource allocation. <mask>' research on S. mormonia in the Colorado Rocky Mountains garnered media interest in 2013 when she used over two decades of long-term data to show how climate change can affect pollinator populations, raising awareness of this important issue. She showed that a single climate driver, early snow melt, affected S. mormonia population dynamics in indirect and direct ways. First, earlier snow melts led to situations where developing nectar flowers were decimated by early season frost events. For S. mormonia, this meant increased competition for nectar and therefore fewer eggs laid at the end of the season. In the following year after the eggs overwintered, early snow melts and early season frost events impacted the population once again, but this time directly through mortality of post-diapause caterpillars. Combined, the effects of early snow melt in two consecutive years explained as much as 84% of the variation in the population growth rate.In a New York Times interview, her co-author on the paper, David W. Inouye, stated that, "It is very unusual for research to uncover such a simple mechanism that can explain almost all of the variation in growth rate of an insect population". At the time the article was published, very few studies existed that illustrated the mechanisms whereby climate change can affect species' life history traits and fitness. Overall, <mask>' work has mainly focused on determining how environmental variation affects individuals, populations, and species interactions. Honors and awards
<mask> became a fellow of the California Academy of Sciences in 2000 and the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2001. She also served as the Stanford Friends University fellow in Undergraduate Education (2010–2012). In 2012, <mask> was awarded the Lloyd W. Dinkelspiel Award for Distinctive Contributions to Undergraduate Teaching at Stanford University. Selected publications

Books
<mask>, C. L.; Watt, W. B.& Ehrlich, P. R., eds. (2003). Butterflies: Ecology and Evolution Taking Flight. University of Chicago Press. 736 pp. Selected papers
Boggs, C. L. & Gilbert, L. E. (1979). "Male contribution to egg production in butterflies: Evidence for transfer of nutrients at mating".Science. 206: 83–84. <mask>, J. F.; Hellmann, J.; <mask>, C. L. & Ehrlich, P. R. (2002). "Climate change hastens population extinctions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99: 6070–6074. Fleishman, E.; Ray, C.; Sjögren-Gulve, P.; <mask>, C. L. & Murphy, D. D. (2002)."Assessing the relative roles of patch quality, area, and isolation in predicting metapopulation dynamics". Conservation Biology. 16: 706–716. Morris, W. F.; Pfister, C. A.; Tuljapurkar, S.; Haridas, C. V.; <mask>, C. L.; Boyce, M. S.; Bruna, E. M.; Church, D. R.; Coulson, T.; Doak, D. F.; Forsyth, S.; Gaillard, J-M.; Horvitz, C. C.; Kalisz, S.; Kendall, B. E.; Knight, T. M.; <mask>, C. T. & Menges, E. S. (2008). "Longevity can buffer plant and animal populations against changing climatic uncertainty". Ecology. 89: 19–25.Chan, K. M. A.; Pringle, R. M.; Ranganathan, J.; <mask>, C. L.; Chan, Y. E.; Ehrlich, P. R.; Haff, P.; Heller, N. E.; Al-Khafaji, K. & MacMynowski, D. (2007). "When Agendas Collide: Human Welfare and Biological Conservation". Conservation Biology. 21: 59–68. <mask>, C. L. (1990). "A general model of the role of male-donated nutrients in female insects' reproduction". American Naturalist.136: 598–617. <mask>, C. L. & Ross, C. L. (1993). "The effect of adult food limitation on life history traits in Speyeria mormonia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)". Ecology. 74: 433–441. <mask>, C. L. (1981). "Nutritional and life history determinants of resource allocation in holometabolous insects".American Naturalist. 117: 692–709. Dunlap-Pianka, H.; <mask>, C. L. & Gilbert, L. E. (1977). "Ovarian dynamics in heliconiine butterflies: Programmed senescence versus eternal youth". Science. 197: 487–490. References

External links
 Faculty website

1952 births
20th-century American biologists
21st-century American biologists
American women biologists
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Living people
People associated with the California Academy of Sciences
Place of birth missing (living people)
Stanford University faculty
University of South Carolina faculty
University of Texas at Austin alumni
20th-century American women
American women academics
21st-century American women

masks:
Carol Linda Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Career Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
McLaughlin
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Lee
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs
Boggs


text_chunks:
<mask> (December 21, 1896 – September 9, 1989) was a highly successful American building contractor known as "The Man Who Built Washington". Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the son of Irish immigrants, <mask> graduated from St. Joseph's Preparatory School in 1918 after having attended La Salle College High School for several years. He later graduated from La Salle University, earning a bachelor's degree. Career
His father founded a successful construction company, which he was forced to take over at age twenty-one, when his father died in 1919. Under his management, the company became one of the leading builders in the United States. From the 1930s to the 1960s, McShain's company worked on more than one hundred buildings in the Washington, D.C. area. Most notably, the company built or was the prime contractor for a number of landmark structures including The Pentagon, the Jefferson Memorial, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, the Library of Congress annex, Washington National Airport, the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, and the 1949–52 reconstruction of the White House.Of his many construction projects, McShain also built the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library at Hyde Park, New York. His career as a building contractor garnered McShain significant wealth. He started the John McShain Charities as his philanthropy arm. McShain acquired the Barclay Hotel on Philadelphia's Rittenhouse Square and became part owner of the "Skyscraper By The Sea", the 400-room Claridge Hotel in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Thoroughbred racing

In 1952 <mask> established Barclay Stable in the United States and in 1955 expanded its operations to Ireland. Based in New Jersey, his racing stable met with reasonable success at New York State tracks and Monmouth Park in New Jersey, notably with Turbo Jet II. However, his greatest racing success came in Europe where in 1958 he was the British flat racing Champion Owner.McShain's colt Ballymoss won numerous prestigious races including Ireland's Irish Derby Stakes, England's St. Leger Stakes and France's Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. Ballymoss was voted 1958 European Horse of the Year honors and in 1981 the Republic of Ireland honored him with his image on a postage stamp. McShain also owned the filly Gladness who had victories in the Goodwood Cup and the Ascot Gold Cup. Philanthropy

A devout Roman Catholic, <mask> was a major benefactor to Wheeling Jesuit University. In 2000, the newly constructed admissions center was dedicated to the memory of him and his wife. McShain served on the Board of Directors of a number of major American corporations and educational institutions including St. Joseph's University, Catholic University, and Georgetown University. <mask> also attended St. Joseph's Preparatory School, an urban Jesuit high school in North Philadelphia.McShain was also a benefactor to his alma mater, La Salle University, in which he helped plan the construction of La Salle's original academic building, College Hall. McShain Hall was named after him. La Salle University also has a student award named after McShain, given out yearly. The <mask>n Charities, Sister Pauline McShain continued her parents' tradition of financial support for various Catholic organizations such as the Neumann College scholarship program. Personal life
In 1927 <mask>hain married Mary J. Horstmann (1907–1998). Over the years, the McShains began visiting Ireland and in 1956 acquired Kenmare House together with  in Killarney (County Kerry).He and his wife extensively renovated the building and renamed it "Killarney House". In 1973, they gave Innisfallen Island and the ruins of its historic abbey to the government of Ireland. Five years later, Mr. McShain sold Killarney House and the greater part of the estate to the Irish State for a price well below market value at the time, having been assured that the house and estate would be incorporated into Killarney National Park. Mr. and Mrs. McShain reserved the house and surrounding 52 acres to their use for their lifetime. Mr. McShain died in 1989 and Mrs. McShain lived in the house until her death in 1998, when the house and surrounding land reverted to the Irish State. They are buried together in Philadelphia and commemorated with medallions at the Cathedral-Basilica of Sts. Peter and Paul.Their only child, <mask>, became a Roman Catholic religious sister of the Society of the Holy Child Jesus. Having been empty for several years, the building fell into some disrepair. In July 2011 Leo Varadkar, the Irish Minister for Transport, Tourism and Sport, announced a €7 million restoration of the manor. In 2018, his nieces Mary Anne O'Donnell, Judy White and nephew Robert McShain, along with his wife Janet, eight of their nine children and assorted other cousins and distant relatives attended the grand opening of the new Killarney House National Park dedication ceremony. Pauline McShain died on March 8, 2019 due to complications of pneumonia. References

External links
 <mask>n papers  at Hagley Museum and Library
 <mask>n photograph collection  at Hagley Museum and Library
 Killarney House reference at the Parliament of Ireland
 National Building Museum, Washington, DC article: The Man Who Built Washington: <mask>n and The American Construction Industry
 National Building Museum, Washington, DC article: Building the Nation's Capital
 TIME magazine article November 14, 1949 titled White House Man
 Brauer, Carl M., The Man Who Built Washington: A Life of <mask> (1996) Hagley

1896 births
1989 deaths
American construction businesspeople
American racehorse owners and breeders
American Roman Catholics
British racehorse owners and breeders
Irish philanthropists
Knights of Malta
St. Joseph's Preparatory School alumni
La Salle University alumni
Businesspeople from Philadelphia
People from Washington, D.C.
Killarney
American people of Irish descent
20th-century American businesspeople
Owners of Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe winners
20th-century American philanthropists

masks:
John McShain
John McShain
John McShain
John McShain
John
John McShaihai
John McS
Pauline McShain
John McShai
John McShai
John McShai
John McShain


text_chunks:
<mask> (; 31 August 12 – 24 January 41), formally known as Gaius (Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus), was the third Roman emperor, ruling from 37 to 41. The son of the popular Roman general Germanicus and Augustus's granddaughter Agrippina the Elder, <mask> was born into the first ruling family of the Roman Empire, conventionally known as the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Germanicus's uncle and adoptive father, Tiberius, succeeded Augustus as emperor of Rome in AD14. Although Gaius was named after Gaius Julius Caesar, he acquired the nickname "Caligula" (meaning "little [soldier's] boot") from his father's soldiers during their campaign in Germania. When Germanicus died at Antioch in 19, Agrippina returned with her six children to Rome, where she became entangled in a bitter feud with Tiberius. The conflict eventually led to the destruction of her family, with <mask> as the sole male survivor. In 26, Tiberius withdrew from public life to the island of Capri, and in 31, Caligula joined him there.Following the death of Tiberius in 37, <mask> succeeded him as emperor. There are few surviving sources about the reign of <mask>, though he is described as a noble and moderate emperor during the first six months of his rule. After this, the sources focus upon his cruelty, sadism, extravagance, and sexual perversion, presenting him as an insane tyrant. While the reliability of these sources is questionable, it is known that during his brief reign, <mask> worked to increase the unconstrained personal power of the emperor, as opposed to countervailing powers within the principate. He directed much of his attention to ambitious construction projects and luxurious dwellings for himself, and he initiated the construction of two aqueducts in Rome: the Aqua Claudia and the Anio Novus. During his reign, the empire annexed the client kingdom of Mauretania as a province. In early 41, <mask> was assassinated as a result of a conspiracy by officers of the Praetorian Guard, senators, and courtiers.The conspirators' attempt to use the opportunity to restore the Roman Republic was thwarted, however. On the day of the assassination of Caligula, the Praetorians declared <mask>'s uncle, Claudius, the next Roman emperor. Although the Julio-Claudian dynasty continued to rule the empire until the fall of his nephew Nero in 68, Caligula's death marked the official end of the Julii Caesares in the male line. Early life
See Julio-Claudian family tree. Gaius Julius Caesar (named in honour of his famous relative) was born in Antium on 31 August 12 AD, the third of six surviving children born to Germanicus, a grandson of Mark Antony, and his second cousin Agrippina the Elder, who was the daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder, making her the granddaughter of Augustus. He was also a nephew of Claudius, Germanicus's younger brother and the future emperor. Gaius had two older brothers, Nero and Drusus, as well as three younger sisters, Agrippina the Younger, Julia Drusilla and Julia Livilla.As a boy of just two or three, Gaius accompanied his father, Germanicus, on campaigns in the north of Germania. The soldiers were amused that Gaius was dressed in a miniature soldier's outfit, including boots and armour. He was soon given an affectionate nickname, Caligula, meaning "little (soldier's) boot" in Latin, after the small boots (caligae) he wore. Gaius, though, reportedly grew to dislike this nickname. Suetonius claims that Germanicus was poisoned in Syria by an agent of Tiberius, who viewed Germanicus as a political rival. After the death of his father, Caligula lived with his mother until her relations with Tiberius deteriorated. Tiberius would not allow Agrippina to remarry for fear her husband would be a rival.Agrippina and <mask>'s brother, Nero, were banished in 29 on charges of treason. The adolescent <mask> was then sent to live with his great-grandmother (and Tiberius's mother), Livia. After her death, he was sent to live with his grandmother Antonia Minor. In 30, his brother Drusus was imprisoned on charges of treason, and his brother Nero died in exile from either starvation or suicide. Suetonius writes that after the banishment of his mother and brothers, <mask> and his sisters were nothing more than prisoners of Tiberius under the close watch of soldiers. In 31, <mask> was remanded to the personal care of Tiberius on Capri, where he lived for six years. To the surprise of many, Caligula was spared by Tiberius.According to historians, <mask> was an excellent natural actor and, recognising danger, hid all his resentment towards Tiberius. An observer said of <mask>, "Never was there a better servant or a worse master!" <mask> claimed to have planned to kill Tiberius with a dagger to avenge his mother and brother: however, having brought the weapon into Tiberius's bedroom he did not kill the Emperor but instead threw the dagger down on the floor. Supposedly Tiberius knew of this but never dared to do anything about it. Suetonius claims that Caligula was already cruel and vicious: he writes that when Tiberius brought Caligula to Capri, his purpose was to allow Caligula to live in order that he "prove the ruin of himself and of all men, and that he was rearing a viper for the Roman people and a Phaethon for the world." In 33, Tiberius gave Caligula an honorary quaestorship, a position he held until his rise to emperor. Meanwhile, both <mask>'s mother and his brother Drusus died in prison.<mask> was briefly married to Junia Claudilla in 33, though she died in childbirth the following year. <mask> spent time befriending the Praetorian prefect, Naevius Sutorius Macro, an important ally. Macro spoke well of Caligula to Tiberius, attempting to quell any ill will or suspicion the Emperor felt towards <mask>. In 35, <mask> was named joint heir to Tiberius's estate along with Tiberius Gemellus. Emperor

Early reign
When Tiberius died on Monday the 16 March AD 37, his estate and the titles of the principate were left to <mask> and Tiberius's own grandson, Gemellus, who were to serve as joint heirs. Although Tiberius was 77 and on his death bed, some ancient historians still conjecture that he was murdered. Tacitus writes that Macro smothered Tiberius with a pillow to hasten <mask>'s accession, much to the joy of the Roman people, while Suetonius writes that Caligula may have carried out the killing, though this is not recorded by any other ancient historian.Seneca the Elder and Philo, who both wrote during Tiberius's reign, as well as Josephus, record Tiberius as dying a natural death. Backed by Macro, <mask> had Tiberius's will nullified with regard to Gemellus on grounds of insanity, but he otherwise carried out Tiberius's wishes. <mask> was proclaimed emperor by the Senate on 18 March. He accepted the powers of the principate and entered Rome on 28 March amid a crowd that hailed him as "our baby" and "our star", among other nicknames. <mask> is described as the first emperor who was admired by everyone in "all the world, from the rising to the setting sun." <mask> was loved by many for being the beloved son of the popular Germanicus and because he was not Tiberius. Suetonius said that over 160,000 animals were sacrificed during three months of public rejoicing to usher in the new reign.Philo describes the first seven months of <mask>'s reign as completely blissful. <mask>'s first acts were said to be generous in spirit, though many were political in nature. To gain support, he granted bonuses to the military, including the Praetorian Guard, city troops and the army outside Italy. He destroyed Tiberius's treason papers, declared that treason trials were a thing of the past, and recalled those who had been sent into exile. He helped those who had been harmed by the imperial tax system, banished certain sexual deviants, and put on lavish spectacles for the public, including gladiatorial games. Caligula collected and brought back the bones of his mother and of his brothers and deposited their remains in the tomb of Augustus. In October 37, <mask> fell seriously ill or perhaps was poisoned.He soon recovered from his illness, but many believed that the illness turned the young emperor toward the diabolical: he started to kill off or exile those who were close to him or whom he saw as a serious threat. Perhaps his illness reminded him of his mortality and of the desire of others to advance into his place. He had his cousin and adopted son Tiberius Gemellus executed – an act that outraged <mask>'s and Gemellus's mutual grandmother Antonia Minor. She is said to have committed suicide, although Suetonius hints that Caligula actually poisoned her. He had his father-in-law Marcus Junius Silanus and his brother-in-law Marcus Lepidus executed as well. His uncle Claudius was spared only because Caligula preferred to keep him as a laughing stock. His favourite sister, Julia Drusilla, died in 38 of a fever: his other two sisters, Livilla and Agrippina the Younger, were exiled.He hated being the grandson of Agrippa and slandered Augustus by repeating a falsehood that his mother was actually conceived as the result of an incestuous relationship between Augustus and his daughter Julia the Elder. Public reform
In 38, <mask> focused his attention on political and public reform. He published the accounts of public funds, which had not been made public during the reign of Tiberius. He aided those who lost property in fires, abolished certain taxes, and gave out prizes to the public at gymnastic events. He allowed new members into the equestrian and senatorial orders. Perhaps most significantly, he restored the practice of elections. Cassius Dio said that this act "though delighting the rabble, grieved the sensible, who stopped to reflect, that if the offices should fall once more into the hands of the many ... many disasters would result".During the same year, though, <mask> was criticized for executing people without full trials and for forcing the Praetorian prefect, Macro, to commit suicide. Macro had fallen out of favor with the emperor, probably due to an attempt to ally himself with Gemellus when it appeared that Caligula might die of fever. Financial crisis and famine
According to Cassius Dio, a financial crisis emerged in 39. Suetonius places the beginning of this crisis in 38. Caligula's political payments for support, generosity and extravagance had exhausted the state's treasury. Ancient historians state that Caligula began falsely accusing, fining and even killing individuals for the purpose of seizing their estates. Historians describe a number of Caligula's other desperate measures.To gain funds, <mask> asked the public to lend the state money. He levied taxes on lawsuits, weddings and prostitution. <mask> began auctioning the lives of the gladiators at shows. Wills that left items to Tiberius were reinterpreted to leave the items instead to Caligula. Centurions who had acquired property by plunder were forced to turn over spoils to the state. The current and past highway commissioners were accused of incompetence and embezzlement and forced to repay money. According to Suetonius, in the first year of Caligula's reign he squandered 2.7 billion sesterces that Tiberius had amassed.His nephew Nero both envied and admired the fact that Gaius had run through the vast wealth Tiberius had left him in so short a time. However, some historians have shown scepticism towards the large number of sesterces quoted by Suetonius and Dio. According to Wilkinson, Caligula's use of precious metals to mint coins throughout his principate indicates that the treasury most likely never fell into bankruptcy. He does point out, however, that it is difficult to ascertain whether the purported 'squandered wealth' was from the treasury alone due to the blurring of "the division between the private wealth of the emperor and his income as head of state." Furthermore, Alston points out that <mask>'s successor, Claudius, was able to donate 15,000 sesterces to each member of the Praetorian Guard in 41, suggesting the Roman treasury was solvent. A brief famine of unknown extent occurred, perhaps caused by this financial crisis, but Suetonius claims it resulted from Caligula's seizure of public carriages; according to Seneca, grain imports were disrupted because Caligula re-purposed grain boats for a pontoon bridge. Construction

Despite financial difficulties, <mask> embarked on a number of construction projects during his reign.Some were for the public good, though others were for himself. Josephus describes <mask>'s improvements to the harbours at Rhegium and Sicily, allowing increased grain imports from Egypt, as his greatest contributions. These improvements may have been in response to the famine. <mask> completed the temple of Augustus and the theatre of Pompey and began an amphitheatre beside the Saepta. He expanded the imperial palace. He began the aqueducts Aqua Claudia and Anio Novus, which Pliny the Elder considered engineering marvels. He built a large racetrack known as the circus of Gaius and Nero and had an Egyptian obelisk (now known as the "Vatican Obelisk") transported by sea and erected in the middle of Rome.At Syracuse, he repaired the city walls and the temples of the gods. He had new roads built and pushed to keep roads in good condition. He had planned to rebuild the palace of Polycrates at Samos, to finish the temple of Didymaean Apollo at Ephesus and to found a city high up in the Alps. He planned to dig a canal through the Isthmus of Corinth in Greece and sent a chief centurion to survey the work. In 39, <mask> performed a spectacular stunt by ordering a temporary floating bridge to be built using ships as pontoons, stretching for over two miles from the resort of Baiae to the neighbouring port of Puteoli. It was said that the bridge was to rival the Persian king Xerxes' pontoon bridge crossing of the Hellespont. <mask>, who could not swim, then proceeded to ride his favourite horse Incitatus across, wearing the breastplate of Alexander the Great.This act was in defiance of a prediction by Tiberius's soothsayer Thrasyllus of Mendes that Caligula had "no more chance of becoming emperor than of riding a horse across the Bay of Baiae". <mask> had two large ships constructed for himself (which were recovered from the bottom of Lake Nemi around 1930). The ships were among the largest vessels in the ancient world. The smaller ship was designed as a temple dedicated to Diana. The larger ship was essentially an elaborate floating palace with marble floors and plumbing. The ships burned in 1944 after an attack in the Second World War; almost nothing remains of their hulls, though many archaeological treasures remain intact in the museum at Lake Nemi and in the Museo Nazionale Romano (Palazzo Massimo) at Rome. Feud with the senate
In 39, relations between Caligula and the Roman Senate deteriorated.The subject of their disagreement is unknown. A number of factors, though, aggravated this feud. The Senate had become accustomed to ruling without an emperor between the departure of Tiberius for Capri in 26 and Caligula's accession. Additionally, Tiberius' treason trials had eliminated a number of pro-Julian senators such as Asinius Gallus. Caligula reviewed Tiberius' records of treason trials and decided, based on their actions during these trials, that numerous senators were not trustworthy. He ordered a new set of investigations and trials. He replaced the consul and had several senators put to death.Suetonius reports that other senators were degraded by being forced to wait on him and run beside his chariot. Soon after his break with the Senate, Caligula faced a number of additional conspiracies against him. A conspiracy involving his brother-in-law was foiled in late 39. Soon afterwards, the Governor of Germany, Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Gaetulicus, was executed for connections to a conspiracy. Western expansion

In 40, Caligula expanded the Roman Empire into Mauretania and made a significant attempt at expanding into Britannia. The conquest of Britannia was later achieved during the reign of his successor, Claudius. Mauretania
Mauretania was a client kingdom of Rome ruled by Ptolemy of Mauretania.Caligula invited Ptolemy to Rome and then suddenly had him executed. Mauretania was annexed by Caligula and subsequently divided into two provinces, Mauretania Tingitana and Mauretania Caesariensis, separated by the river Malua. Pliny claims that division was the work of Caligula, but Dio states that in 42 an uprising took place, which was subdued by Gaius Suetonius Paulinus and Gnaeus Hosidius Geta, and the division only took place after this. This confusion might mean that Caligula decided to divide the province, but the division was postponed because of the rebellion. The first known equestrian governor of the two provinces was Marcus Fadius Celer Flavianus, in office in 44. Details on the Mauretanian events of 39–44 are unclear. Cassius Dio wrote an entire chapter on the annexation of Mauretania by Caligula, but it is now lost.<mask>'s move seemingly had a strictly personal political motive – fear and jealousy of his cousin Ptolemy – and thus the expansion may not have been prompted by pressing military or economic needs. However, the rebellion of Tacfarinas had shown how exposed Africa Proconsularis was to its west and how the Mauretanian client kings were unable to provide protection to the province, and it is thus possible that <mask>'s expansion was a prudent response to potential future threats.

masks: Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula Caligula