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<mask>, 1st Baronet,  (10 May 1915 – 26 June 2003) was an English businessman and the husband of <mask>, who served as the first female British prime minister from 1979 to 1990; in turn, he became the first male prime ministerial spouse. <mask> was granted the <mask> baronetcy in 1990 and remains the most recent commoner to have been awarded a hereditary title. Early life
<mask> was born in Lewisham, London, as the first child of New Zealand-born British businessman Thomas Herbert "Jack<mask> (15 October 1885 – 24 June 1943) and Lilian Kathleen Bird  At age eight, <mask> entered a preparatory school as a boarder in Bognor Regis, following which he attended the nonconformist public school Mill Hill School in north London. At school he excelled at cricket, being a left-handed batsman. <mask> left Mill Hill at age 18 to join the family paint and preservatives business, Atlas Preservatives. He also studied accountancy to improve his grasp of business, and in 1935 was appointed works manager. He joined the Territorial Army shortly after the Munich crisis, as he was convinced war was imminent a view reinforced by a visit he made to Nazi Germany with his father's business in 1937.War record

During the Second World War, <mask> was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the 34th Searchlight (Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment) of the Royal Engineers. He transferred to the Royal Artillery on 1 August 1940. During the war he was promoted to war substantive captain and temporary major. He served throughout the Allied invasion of Sicily and the Italian campaign and was twice mentioned in dispatches, and in 1945 was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE). The first mention in dispatches came on 11 January 1945, for service in Italy, and the second on 29 November 1945, again for Italian service. His MBE was gazetted on 20 September 1945, and was awarded for his efforts in initiating and supporting Operation Goldflake, the transfer of I Canadian Corps from Italy to the north-west European theatre of operations. By this time, <mask> was based in Marseille, attached to HQ 203 sub-area.In the recommendation for the MBE (dated 28 March 1945), his commanding officer wrote: "Maj. <mask> set an outstanding example of energy, initiative and drive. He deserves most of the credit for [...] the excellence of the work done." <mask> also received the French approximate equivalent of a mention when he was cited in orders at Corps d'Armée level for his efforts in promoting smooth relations between the Commonwealth military forces and the French civil and military authorities. He was promoted to substantive lieutenant on 11 April 1945. Demobilised in 1946, he returned to run the family business his father having died (aged 57) on 24 June 1943, when <mask> was in Sicily. Because of army commitments, <mask> was unable to attend the funeral. He remained in the Territorial Army reserve of officers until reaching the age limit for service on 10 May 1965, when he retired, retaining the honorary rank of major.On 21 September 1982 he was awarded the Territorial Decoration (TD) for his service. Marriages

<mask> married twice, during wartime to Margot Kempson in 1942 (divorced in 1948), and in 1951 to Margaret Roberts. Margot Kempson
On 28 March 1942, <mask> married Margaret Doris "Margot" Kempson, the daughter of a businessman, at St Mary's Church in Monken Hadley. They met at an officers' dance at Grosvenor House the year before. Although initially very happy, <mask> and his first wife never lived together. Their married life became confined to snatched weekends and irregular leaves as <mask> was often abroad during the war. When <mask> returned to England after being demobilised in 1946, his wife told him she had met someone else and wanted a divorce.<mask> was so traumatised by the event that he completely refused to talk about his first marriage or the separation, even to his daughter, as she states in her 1996 biography of him. <mask>'s two children found out about his first marriage only in 1976, by which time their mother was Leader of the Opposition, and only when the media revealed it. <mask>

In February 1949, at a Paint Trades Federation function in Dartford, he met Margaret Hilda Roberts, a chemist and newly-selected parliamentary candidate. When she met <mask> for the first time she described him as "not a very attractive creature" and "very reserved but quite nice". They married on 13 December 1951, at Wesley's Chapel in City Road, London; the Robertses were Methodists. <mask> was elected Leader of the Conservative Party in 1975 and went on to win the 1979 general election to become the first female prime minister in British history. <mask> became the first husband of a British prime minister.In 1953, they had twin children (Carol and Mark), who were born on 15 August at Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital in Hammersmith, seven weeks premature. <mask> was watching the deciding Test of the 1953 Ashes series at the time of the twins' birth. Not long after the 1964 general election, <mask> suffered a nervous breakdown which put a severe strain on his marriage. The breakdown was probably caused by the increasing pressure of running the family business, caring for his relatives, and his wife's preoccupation with her political career, which left him lonely and exhausted. <mask> sailed to South Africa and stayed there for two months to recuperate. His wife's biographer David Cannadine described it as "the greatest crisis of their marriage", but immediately after, he recovered and returned home, he maintained a happy marriage for the rest of his life. This second marriage for <mask> led to the future prime minister being sometimes referred to as "Mrs <mask>" in such sources as selection minutes, travel itineraries, and society publications such as Queen, even after her election as a Member of Parliament.As Margaret's political career progressed, she preferred to be known only as "Mrs <mask>". According to John Campbell, a biographer of his wife, "their marriage was more a partnership of mutual convenience than a romance", quoting their daughter Carol in her biography of <mask>:

Business career

<mask> was already a wealthy man when he met Margaret and financed her training as a barrister, and a home in Chelsea, London; he also bought a large house in Lamberhurst, Kent, in 1965. His firm employed 200 people by 1957. <mask> became managing director of his family's firm Atlas in 1947 and chairman in 1951, and led its overseas expansion. By the early 1960s he found being in sole control of the family company difficult; this, his wife's political career, and their desire for financial security caused <mask> to sell Atlas to Castrol in 1965 for £530,000 (£ today). He continued to run Atlas and received a seat on Castrol's board; after Burmah Oil took over Castrol in 1966, <mask> became a senior divisional director, managing the planning and control department. He retired from Burmah in June 1975, four months after his wife won the Conservative Party leadership election.In addition to being a director of Burmah Oil, <mask> Hazell from 1968 to 1998, and a consultant to AMEC and CSX. He was also a non-executive director of retail giant Halfords during the 1980s. His wife's biographer Robin Harris concludes:

Public life and perceptions

<mask> refused press interviews and made only brief speeches. When he did speak to the press, he called his wife "The Boss". Margeret <mask> often acknowledged her husband's support. In her autobiography, she wrote: "I could never have been Prime Minister for more than 11 years without <mask> by my side." <mask> saw his role as helping her survive the stress of the job, which he urged her to resign on the tenth anniversary of her becoming prime minister in 1989, sensing that otherwise she would be forced out.In an interview with The Times in October 1970, <mask> said: "I don't pretend that I'm anything but an honest-to-God right-wingerthose are my views and I don't care who knows 'em." His public image was shaped by the satirical "Dear Bill" columns appearing since 1979 in Private Eye, which portrayed him as a "juniper-sozzled, rightwing, golf-obsessed halfwit", and <mask> found it useful to play along with this image to avoid allegations of unduly influencing his wife in political matters. Given his professional background, <mask> served as an advisor on financial matters, warning Margaret about the poor condition of British Leyland after reviewing its books. He often insisted that she avoid overwork, to little avail, sometimes pleading, "Bed, woman!" They otherwise usually kept their careers separate; an exception was when <mask> accompanied his wife on a 1967 visit to the United States sponsored by the International Visitor Leadership Program. <mask> was consistent in his strong opposition to the death penalty, calling it "absolutely awful" and "barbaric", as well as saying that he was against because of innocent people being wrongly hanged and because juries could also be afraid to convict for fear of making a mistake. Like his wife, <mask> was consistently anti-socialist.He told his daughter in 1995 that he would have banned trade unions altogether in Britain. He had low regard for the BBC, thinking it was biased against his wife and her government, as well as unpatriotic. In his most famous outburst about the corporation, he claimed his wife had been "stitched up by bloody BBC poofs and Trots" when she was questioned by a member of the public about the sinking of the  on Nationwide in 1983. <mask> was reported by New Zealand (NZ) broadcaster and former diplomat Chris Laidlaw—at the time NZ High Commissioner to Zimbabwe—as leaning towards him during a Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, asking "So, what do you think the fuzzy wuzzies are up to?" In December 1990, following the resignation of his wife as prime minister, it was announced that <mask> would be created a baronet (the first such creation since 1964). The award was gazetted in February 1991, giving his title as Sir <mask>, 1st Baronet, of Scotney in the County of Kent. Thus his wife was entitled to style herself <mask>, while retaining her seat in the House of Commons; however she made it known that she preferred to remain addressed as "Mrs <mask>", and would not use the style.She was created a life peeress as Baroness <mask> (Lady <mask> in her own right) shortly after she retired from the Commons in 1992. In July 1991, <mask> was created a Commander of the Order of St John; his wife was also made a Dame of the order. <mask>'s baronetcy was a hereditary title that was to be inherited by his son on his death. The first British baronetage to be granted since 1964, there have been no baronetages created thereafter. Illness and death

In the autumn of 1992, <mask> was diagnosed with prostate cancer but it was caught early. He responded well to treatment. On 17 January 2003, <mask> underwent a six-hour heart-bypass operation and aortic valve operation at a Harley Street clinic.He had complained of breathlessness for several weeks before Christmas 2002, and the problem was diagnosed in early January. He left the clinic on 28 January 2003, and after recuperation, appeared to have made a full recovery. <mask> returned home on 14 February and visited his son Mark in South Africa in April, but in early June, he again complained of breathlessness and listlessness. Lady <mask>'s staff also thought he also looked unwell, and on 13 June he was admitted to the Royal Brompton Hospital for further tests. Nothing wrong was found with his heart but terminal pancreatic cancer was diagnosed, along with fluid in his lungs. He was told nothing could be done for him, and after seven days there, on 20 June he was transferred to the Lister Hospital. He lost consciousness on 24 June and never regained it.He died on the morning of 26 June. His funeral service took place on 3 July 2003, at the chapel of the Royal Hospital Chelsea in London, followed by a cremation at Mortlake Crematorium in Richmond, London. On 30 October, a memorial service was held at Westminster Abbey. His ashes were buried under a white marble marker just outside the Royal Hospital in Chelsea. His wife's ashes were later buried near his following her death in 2013. Profiles

Married to Maggie
Produced by his daughter Carol, <mask>'s single public interview  was made into a documentary film titled Married to Maggie, broadcast after his death. In it he revealed that the spouses he liked were Raisa Gorbacheva, Nancy Reagan and Barbara Bush.He called his wife's successor, John Major, "a ghastly prime minister", saying that "[i]t would have been a [...] very good thing" had he lost the 1992 general election. He added that he thought his wife was "the best prime minister since Churchill." Below the Parapet
 (1996) is the biography by his daughter Carol. In it he said that politics as a profession or way of life did not appeal to him. World leaders he got on with included George H. W. Bush, F. W. de Klerk, Hussein of Jordan and Mikhail Gorbachev, whilst he disliked Indira Gandhi and Sir Sonny Ramphal. <mask> admitted that he was not sure where the Falkland Islands were until they were invaded in 1982. Medals and honours
<mask> was awarded the following British medals and honours:

References

Works cited

External links

British Army Officers 1939−1945

1915 births
2003 deaths
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
British Army personnel of World War II
Deaths from cancer in England
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Mill Hill School
People from Lewisham
Royal Artillery officers
Royal Engineers officers
Spouses of life peers
Spouses of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
Burmah-Castrol
English Anglicans
British people of New Zealand descent
Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment officers
Husbands of national leaders
People from Lamberhurst

masks:
Sir Denis Thatcher
Margaret Thatcher
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<mask> (born Felicia Miriam Ursula Herold; 7 June 1915 – 30 December 2003) was an English film actress, popular in the Gainsborough melodramas such as Madonna of the Seven Moons (1945) and The Wicked Lady (1945), though she only made one film in Hollywood, Canyon Passage (1946). She also appeared in Millions Like Us (1943), Jassy (1945), The Brothers (1947) and When the Bough Breaks (1947). She was employed by the studio of J. Arthur Rank, who called her "the archetypal British beauty". She achieved her greatest level of popularity in British films during the Second World War in escapist melodramas for Gainsborough Studios. She did little acting work after the death of her second husband in 1954, making only a few television appearances including the first episode of The Saint. Early life
Born in Hampstead, London, to Felix Herold, a paper merchant, and his wife (or possibly mistress), Miriam (née Angell). In 1922, her half-French mother Miriam married Dutch-Belgian stockbroker, André Magnus Riese, who legally adopted young Felicia and her sister Barbara (1919 - 2016, later the wife of Fred Perry) and she became known as Felicia Riese and didn't discover her adoption until 1949.She was educated at private schools in London and Paris, then was accepted into the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in 1937. West End theatre producer Sydney Carroll discovered her and cast her in The Mask of Virtue at the Ambassadors Theatre in London. When Carroll thought Felicia Riese sounded "too foreign" and without character, he suggested she change her name to something short and memorable. As there was then a Rock Film Studios Carroll suggested "<mask>" as a surname. She agreed but she suggested dropping the "k" to make the surname more memorable and shorter and "<mask>" was the nearest name to "Felicia". Film career
Roc began her career as a stage actress, debuting in the 1938 London production of Nuts in May, in which she was seen by Alexander Korda, who gave her an uncredited bit in The Divorce of Lady X (1938) and then a leading role as a Polish princess in The Rebel Son. She had roles in The Gaunt Stranger (1939), The Mind of Mr. Reeder (1939), and The Missing People (1940).She had a bigger part in A Window in London (1940), the comedy Pack Up Your Troubles (1940), Dr. O'Dowd (1940), Three Silent Men (1940), It Happened to One Man (1940), and The Farmer's Wife (1941). Her parts grew bigger: My Wife's Family (1941), Suspected Person (1942), Let the People Sing (1942), and We'll Meet Again (1943) with Vera Lynn. Stardom
<mask> was top-billed in Millions Like Us (1943) from Gainsborough Studios. It was a success, and Gainsborough gave her another lead, as a nun interned by the Germans in Two Thousand Women (1944). According to one writer these movies "established her as a symbol of war's transformative effect upon the status of women." She appeared alongside two of Gainsborough's biggest stars, Margaret Lockwood and Stewart Granger, in Love Story (1944), a big hit. <mask> played the jealous rival of Margaret Lockwood.She later commented that although they were required to slap each other's faces, she and Lockwood were always the best of friends. Madonna of the Seven Moons (1945), with Granger and Phyllis Calvert, was another success. Neither of them, however, did as well as The Wicked Lady (1945), where <mask> played Lockwood's best friend. It was the most successful movie at the British box office in 1946. <mask>'s more overt bisexuality in such films as The Wicked Lady was downplayed for the American market (even her décolletage led US censors to call for retakes to de-emphasise it) and "the Goddess of Odeons", whilst Noël Coward said she was "a phenomenon" and "an unspoiled film star who can act". She was also in Johnny Frenchman (1945). Co-starring in that film was Ralph Michael, who soon after divorced his wife Fay Compton; <mask> was named in proceedings.Her brief move to Hollywood to film Canyon Passage (1946), a Western in Technicolor, was a lend-lease agreement between Rank Pictures and Universal Studios of British in return for American film actors. During filming, <mask> was romantically linked with Ronald Reagan, while her US co-star Susan Hayward stated "that Limey glamour girl is a helluva dame." Despite good reviews and a remarked likeness to Deanna Durbin, she didn’t click with the American filmgoing public. <mask> returned to Britain to make The Brothers (1947), a melodrama that was a commercial disappointment. She was in an expensive British-US co production So Well Remembered (1947), which was a hit in Britain but failed to recoup its cost. Jassy (1947), a melodrama with Lockwood, was a big hit. When the Bough Breaks (1947), another melodrama, performed reasonably well.In 1947 British exhibitors voted <mask> the sixth-most-popular British star in the country. The following year she was 9th. She walked out of London Belongs to Me claiming she was miscast. After making a cameo as herself in Holiday Camp (1947), <mask> was in One Night with You (1948), a musical comedy with Nino Martini. France
She made two films film in France, Return to Life (1949) and The Man on the Eiffel Tower. She returned to Britain to appear in a comedy The Perfect Woman (1949) then walked out on her contract with Rank in March 1949. In August 1949 she married French cameraman Andre Thomas.In Paris she made Black Jack (1950). She also appeared in Fugitive from Montreal (1951), a French-Canadian co production. <mask> returned to Britain for the first time in 18 months to make Circle of Danger (1951) with Ray Milland. She then returned for Something Money Can't Buy (1952). Later films
<mask>'s later films included The Widow (1955) and The Hypnotist (1957). <mask> returned to Britain later in the decade following the death of husband, André Thomas. She  produced only 3 more films and made a few television appearances (including the first episode of The Saint).Later life and death

In 1964 she married businessman Walter Reif and retired from acting. She was all but forgotten until 1975 when she made the headlines for being fined £25 for shoplifting from Marks & Spencer in Oxford Street. It is thought that this was a means of regaining attention from the public. Soon after, she and her husband retreated to Switzerland, Reif died in 1986, <mask> died 17 years later in 2003. Filmography

References

External links

Photographs of <mask> film.virtual-history.com

1915 births
2003 deaths
Deaths from kidney failure
English adoptees
English film actresses
20th-century English actresses
Actresses from London
People educated at Francis Holland School
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art

masks:
Patricia Roc
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<mask> (born 23 January 1946) is a Nicaraguan politician who served as the 81st president of Nicaragua from 10 January 1997 to 10 January 2002. In 2003, he was convicted of corruption and sentenced to a 20-year prison term; the conviction was overturned by the Supreme Court of Nicaragua in 2009. Early life
<mask> was born in Managua and received his early education at the La Salle institute in Managua. His father was a prominent lawyer who was an associate of the 1970s Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle and served as Somoza's minister of education for a period, and the family owned a large coffee plantation south of Managua. In 1967 he graduated with a law degree from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua-León with specializations in regional economic integration and financial law. Between 1968 and 1979, he worked as a lawyer in the commercial and banking world. He became an official in the government of Anastasio Somoza Debayle.In 1980 he was arrested by the Sandinista junta, had some of his property seized and spent nine months in prison. The period of his arrest coincided with the death of his father. This kept him from attending his father's funeral. After he was released from prison, he spent some time in the United States. Upon his return to Nicaragua, <mask> became heavily involved in business, political, and academic activities. He was a member of the Consejo Superior de la Empresa Privada (COSEP, 1988–1990), vice-president of the Unión de Productores Agropecuarios de Nicaragua (UPANIC, 1986–1990). He was president of the Asociación de Cafetaleros de Managua (1983–1990); the Unión de Cafetaleros de Nicaragua (UNCAFENIC, 1986–1990); the Federación de Municipios de América Central (1992–1993) and of the Federación Municipal de Ciudades de Centroamérica (1993–1995).He also imparted conferences at Tulane University and at Florida International University in the United States. Political career
In the early 1990s he became mayor of Managua after serving for two months as a councillor in Managua. He was popular due to his urban renewal projects which helped spruce up the city, severely damaged and never rebuilt after a 1972 earthquake. He became known as "El Gordo" ("The Fat Man"). <mask> became president of the Liberal Alliance and helped to resurrect it. Besides the PLC, other members of this alliance were the Partidos Neoliberal (PALI), Liberal Independiente de Unidad Nacional (PLIUN) and the Liberal Nacionalista (PLN). On 1 September 1995 he resigned as mayor in order to be able, under Nicaraguan law, to stand as a candidate in the forthcoming presidential election.In 1996 he campaigned for president as the Liberal Alliance's candidate under a strong anti-Sandinista platform. It is reported that unidentified individuals attempted to shoot Alemán, killing one of his bodyguards in the process. He defeated Daniel Ortega, the Sandinista leader, by 48% of the vote to Ortega's 40%. Many claimed widespread election fraud and Ortega refused to concede. <mask> was successful in promoting economic recovery with reduced inflation and growth of GDP. Foreign investment grew during his administration, which helped to improve Nicaragua's infrastructure. Under his slogan of "Obras, no palabras!"("Actions, not words"), <mask> directed a comprehensive reconstruction of the roadway system throughout Nicaragua. In the 1980s roads had deteriorated to the point that many were little more than sparsely paved dirt trails. <mask> also created a program to build schools throughout Nicaragua in some of the poorest regions. He has participated in international conferences and awards given to him include the Orden Nacional al Mérito of the Colombian government and the Orden de Isabel la Católica of the Spanish government. His first wife, Maria Dolores Cardenal Vargas died of cancer in 1989. <mask> has two sons and two daughters by his first wife. On 23 October 1999, ten years after the death of his first wife, he married Maria Fernanda Flores Lanzas, with whom he has two daughters and a son.Electoral history

Elections for mayor of Managua 1990

Managua mayor elected by acclamation of the Managua City Council 26 April 1990. <mask> Aleman Lacayo, a lawyer by profession, was one of the 20 councilors of the National Opposition Union (UNO), elected for a term of six years in general elections and municipals of 25 February 1990, these 20 councilors, 16 belonged for the UNO, and the other 4 the Sandinista National Liberation Front. Subsequently, at its first session, the city council chose from among its members the mayor of Managua in the person of Dr. <mask> Aleman Lacayo and mayor substitute functions of vice mayor, in the person of Roberto Cedeño Borgen engineer. Presidential election results, 20 October 1996

Presidential election results, 6 November 2011

Corruption charges and conviction

<mask>, constitutionally barred from another term, was succeeded by his vice president, Enrique Bolaños. Allegations emerged that <mask> had concealed massive corruption in his administration. At the end of his presidency, public information about alleged corruption committed under his government became available. Bolaños accused <mask> of widespread corruption in the <mask> administration.The scheme was reported to have involved several members of <mask> <mask>'s closest family, including a brother and sister. Ex–ministers and close friends were also charged, some of whom fled the country. However, one of the central figures in the corruption plot, the former chief of the Department of Taxes Byron Jeréz, was imprisoned "on the basis of another charge of corruption. All in all, fourteen persons were charged." Several foreign governments froze <mask>'s bank accounts in their countries and threatened to confiscate the funds. In such cases, his defense has been to claim that the funds were not stolen, but that they came from his coffee plantations. <mask> was formally charged in December 2002, and on 7 December 2003 he was sentenced to a 20-year prison term for a string of crimes including money laundering, embezzlement and corruption.During his trial, prosecutors produced evidence showing that he and his wife had made extremely large charges to government credit cards, "including a $13,755 bill for the Ritz Carlton hotel in Bali and $68,506 for hotel expenses and handicrafts in India." In addition prosecutors allege that on top of the $30,878 he spent at the Taj Mahal Hotel in India during a vacation, in Cairo in 1999, he charged $22,530 at a carpet shop, and in August that year, charged $3,867 at the Biltmore Hotel in Coral Gables, Florida, for his engagement party. He also used $25,955 for a honeymoon trip to Italy after his wedding. All of these expenses, along with others, have contributed to the growing concerns about the political corruption scandals in Nicaragua, a nation where the average citizen earns about $430 a year. Because of health problems, he had been serving his prison term under house arrest. He was also barred from entering the United States. In 2004, Transparency International named him the ninth most corrupt leader in recent history, estimating that he had looted the country of $100 million in state funds to Panamanian bank accounts controlled by him and his family and then funneled some of the money to his party's candidates affiliates.Meanwhile, following his presidency, <mask> developed a strategic alliance with Daniel Ortega to rule without effective opposition by offering employment in public offices and other privileges to key members of the Sandinista party, in order to stabilize the country. There are those who claim that the main purpose of this agreement, which led to a constitutional reform, was to distribute the institutions of the state in proportion to the power managed by the two main political parties of the country. On 16 January 2009, Nicaraguan Supreme Court justices and Chief Justice Manuel Martinez overturned the 20-year corruption sentence against former President <mask> <mask>. The decision generated some controversy: "stunned opposition lawmakers immediately suspected a secret deal between Mr. <mask>, ranked one of the world's 10 most corrupt leaders ever by Transparency International, and Daniel Ortega, President of Nicaragua and leader of the Sandinista Party, who wields considerable influence and control over the courts. "He's handing over the National Assembly in exchange for his personal liberty", said Congressman Enrique Saenz. Mr. <mask>, who denies the allegation, said, "Justice has finally been served"." The following president, Enrique Bolaños, who served under Aleman as his vice president, succeeded him in January, pledging to clean up the corruption in the nation's government, which put him at odds with his predecessor and his administration.On 9 November 2020, the United States Department of State put <mask> on a list of corrupt foreign officials and also barred his family from entering the country. Bibliography
Anderson, Leslie "The Authoritarian Executive? Horizontal and Vertical Accountability in A New Democracy: A Nicaraguan Perspective," Latin American Politics and Society Vol. 48, No. 2 (Summer 2006), 141-69. Close, David and Kalowatie Deonandan. eds.2004. Undoing Democracy: The Politics of Electoral Caudillismo. Lanham: Lexington Books. Kampwirth, Karen. 2003. "<mask> <mask> Takes on the NGOs: Antifeminism and the New Populism in Nicaragua" Latin American Politics and Society Vol. 45.No. 2. (Summer). pp. 133–158. McConnell, Shelley A. "Nicaragua's Turning Point," Current History (February 2007), 83-88.References

External links
Biography by CIDOB

Presidents of Nicaragua
1946 births
People from Managua
Living people
Presidents of the National Assembly (Nicaragua)
Nicaraguan money launderers
Nicaraguan prisoners and detainees
Heads of government who were later imprisoned
Prisoners and detainees of Nicaragua
Mayors of Managua
Constitutionalist Liberal Party politicians
Nicaraguan politicians convicted of crimes

masks:
José Arnoldo Alemán Lacayo
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<mask> "Mike" <mask>  (23 April 1897 – 27 December 1972) was a Canadian scholar, statesman, diplomat, and politician who served as the 14th prime minister of Canada from 1963 to 1968. Born in Newtonbrook, Ontario (now part of Toronto), <mask> pursued a career in the Department of External Affairs. He served as Canadian ambassador to the United States from 1944 to 1946 and secretary of state for external affairs from 1948 to 1957 under Liberal Prime Ministers William Lyon Mackenzie King and Louis St. Laurent. He narrowly lost the bid to become secretary-general of the United Nations in 1953. However, he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 for organizing the United Nations Emergency Force to resolve the Suez Canal Crisis, which earned him attention worldwide. After the Liberals' defeat in the 1957 federal election, <mask> easily won the leadership of the Liberal Party in 1958. <mask> suffered two consecutive defeats by Progressive Conservative Prime Minister John Diefenbaker in 1958 and 1962, only to successfully challenge him for a third time in the 1963 federal election.<mask> would win re-election in 1965. <mask> ran two back-to-back minority governments during his tenure, and the Liberals not having a majority in the House of Commons meant he needed support from the opposition parties. With that support, <mask> launched progressive policies such as universal health care, the Canada Student Loan Program, and the Canada Pension Plan. <mask> also introduced the Order of Canada and the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, and oversaw the creation of the Maple Leaf flag that was implemented in 1965. His government unified the Canadian Armed Forces and kept Canada out of the Vietnam War. In 1967, Canada became the first country in the world to implement a points-based immigration system. After half a decade in power, <mask> resigned as prime minister and retired from politics.With his government programs and policies, together with his groundbreaking work at the United Nations and in international diplomacy, which included his role in ending the Suez Crisis, <mask> is generally considered among the most influential Canadians of the 20th century and is ranked among the greatest Canadian prime ministers. Early life, family, and education

<mask> was born in Newtonbrook (now a part of Toronto) in the township of York, Ontario, the son of Annie Sarah (née <mask>) and Edwin Arthur <mask>, a Methodist (later United Church of Canada) minister. <mask> was the brother of Vaughan Whitier <mask> and Marmaduke (Duke<mask>. When <mask> was one month old, his family moved to 1984 Yonge Street. <mask>'s father moved the young family north of Toronto to Aurora, Ontario, where he was the minister at Aurora Methodist Church on Yonge Street. <mask> spent his early years in Aurora and attended the public school on Church Street. The family lived at 39 Catherine Avenue.<mask> was a member of the Aurora Rugby team. <mask> graduated from Hamilton Collegiate Institute in Hamilton, Ontario, in 1913 at the age of 16. Later that same year, he entered Victoria College at the University of Toronto, where he lived in residence in Gate House and shared a room with his brother Duke. He was later elected to the Pi Gamma Mu social sciences honour society's chapter at the University of Toronto for his outstanding scholastic performance in history and psychology. Just as Norman Jewison, E. J. Pratt, Northrop Frye and his student Margaret Atwood would, <mask> participated in the sophomore theatrical tradition of The Bob Comedy Revue. After Victoria College, <mask> won a scholarship to study at St John's College, Oxford, from 1921 to 1923. Sporting interests
At the University of Toronto, <mask> became a noted athlete, excelling in rugby union and also playing basketball.He later also played for the Oxford University Ice Hockey Club while on a scholarship at the University of Oxford, a team that won the first Spengler Cup in 1923. <mask> also excelled in baseball and lacrosse as a youth. His baseball talents as an infielder were strong enough for a summer of semi-pro play with the Guelph Maple Leafs of the Ontario Intercounty Baseball League. <mask> toured North America with a combined Oxford and Cambridge Universities lacrosse team in 1923. After he joined the University of Toronto History Department as an instructor, he helped to coach the U of T's football and hockey teams. He played golf and tennis to high standards as an adult. First World War

During World War I, <mask> volunteered for service as a medical orderly with the University of Toronto Hospital Unit.In 1915, he entered overseas service with the Canadian Army Medical Corps as a stretcher-bearer with the rank of private, and was subsequently promoted to corporal. During this period of service, he spent nearly two years in Southern Europe, being shipped to Egypt and thereafter served on the Salonika Front. He also served alongside the Serbian Army as a medical orderly. On 2 August 1917, <mask> was commissioned a temporary lieutenant. The Royal Canadian Air Force did not exist at that time, so <mask> transferred to Britain's Royal Flying Corps, where he served as a flying officer. It was as a pilot that he received the nickname of "Mike", given to him by a flight instructor who felt that "<mask>" was too mild a name for an airman: "That’s a sissy’s name. You’re Mike," the instructor said.Thereafter, <mask> would use the name "<mask>" on official documents and in public life, but was always addressed as "Mike" by friends and family. <mask> learned to fly at an air training school in Hendon, England. He survived an airplane crash during his first flight. In 1918, <mask> was hit by a bus in London during a citywide blackout and he was sent home to recuperate, but then he was discharged from the service. Immediate post-war years
After the war, he returned to school, receiving his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Toronto in 1919. He was able to complete his degree after one more term, under a ruling in force at the time, since he had served in the military during the war. He then spent a year working in Hamilton, Ontario, and in Chicago, in the meat-packing industry, which he did not enjoy.Oxford
Upon receiving a scholarship from the Massey Foundation, he studied for two years at St John's College at the University of Oxford, where he received a B.A. degree with Second-Class honours in modern history in 1923, and the M.A. in 1925. After Oxford, he returned to Canada and taught history at the University of Toronto. Marriage, family
In 1925, he married Maryon Moody, from Winnipeg, who had been one of his students at the University of Toronto. Together, they had one son, Geoffrey, and one daughter, Patricia. Although Maryon was confident and outspoken, she supported her husband in all his political endeavours.Diplomat, public servant

In 1927, after scoring the top marks on the Canadian foreign service entry exam, he then embarked on a career in the Department of External Affairs. Prime Minister R. B<mask> was a noted talent spotter. He took note of, and encouraged, the young <mask> in the early 1930s, and appointed <mask> to significant roles on two major government inquiries: the 1931 Royal Commission on Grain Futures, and the 1934 Royal Commission on Price Spreads. <mask> saw that <mask> was recognized with an OBE after he shone in that work, arranged a bonus of $1,800, and invited him to a London conference. <mask> was assigned to the High Commission of Canada to the United Kingdom in 1935, and he served there during World War II from 1939 through 1942 as the second-in-command at Canada House, where he coordinated military supply and refugee problems, serving under High Commissioner Vincent Massey. <mask> returned to Ottawa for a few months, where he was an assistant under secretary from 1941 through 1942. In June 1942 he was posted to the Canadian Embassy in Washington, D.C., as a ministerial counsellor.He served as second-in-command for nearly two years. Promoted minister plenipotentiary in 1944, he became the second Canadian Ambassador to the United States on 1 January 1945. He remained in this position through September 1946. <mask> had an important part in founding both the United Nations and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. <mask> nearly became the first Secretary-General of the United Nations in 1946, but he was vetoed by the Soviet Union. He was also the leading candidate for Secretary-General in the 1953 selection, when the British conducted a vigorous campaign on his behalf. He placed first with 10 out of 11 votes in the Security Council, but the lone negative vote was another Soviet veto.The Security Council instead settled on Dag Hammarskjöld of Sweden; all UN Secretaries-General would come from neutral countries for the rest of the Cold War. The Canadian Prime Minister, Mackenzie King, tried to recruit <mask> into his government as the war wound down. <mask> felt honoured by King's approach, but he resisted at the time, due to his personal dislike of King's poor personal style and political methods. <mask> did not make the move into politics until a few years later, after King had announced his retirement as the Prime Minister of Canada. Early political career

In 1948, before his retirement, Prime Minister King appointed <mask> secretary of state for external affairs (foreign minister) in the Liberal government. Shortly afterward, <mask> won a seat in the House of Commons, for the federal riding of Algoma East in Northern Ontario. <mask> then served as Secretary of State for External Affairs for Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent, until the defeat of the St. Laurent government in 1957.Nobel Peace Prize

In 1957, for his role in resolving the Suez Crisis through the United Nations, <mask> was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. The selection committee argued that <mask> had "saved the world", but critics accused him of betraying the motherland and Canada's ties with the UK. <mask> and UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld are considered the fathers of the modern concept of peacekeeping. Together, they were able to organize the United Nations Emergency Force by way of a five-day fly-around in early November 1956. His Nobel medal was on permanent display in the front lobby of the Lester B. Pearson Building, the headquarters of Global Affairs Canada in Ottawa. Until, in 2017, the medal was loaned to the Canadian Museum of History, to be displayed in the 'Canadian History Hall'. Party leadership

St. Laurent was defeated by the Progressive Conservatives under John Diefenbaker in the election of 1957.After just a few months as Leader of the Opposition, St. Laurent retired, and he endorsed <mask> as his successor. <mask> was elected leader of the Liberal Party at its leadership convention of 1958, defeating his chief rival, former cabinet minister Paul Martin Sr.

At his first parliamentary session as opposition leader, <mask> asked Diefenbaker to give power back to the Liberals without an election, because of a recent economic downturn. This strategy backfired when Diefenbaker showed a classified Liberal document saying that the economy would face a downturn in that year. This contrasted heavily with the Liberals' campaign promises of 1957. Consequently, <mask>'s party was routed in the federal election of 1958. The Liberals lost more than half their seats, while Diefenbaker's Conservatives won the largest majority ever seen in Canada to that point (208 of 265 seats). Furthermore, the election cost the Liberals their stronghold in Quebec.This province had voted largely Liberal in federal elections since the Conscription Crisis of 1917, but Quebec had no favourite son leader, as it had had since 1948. <mask> convened a significant "Thinkers' Conference" at Kingston, Ontario in 1960. This event developed many of the ideas later implemented when he became the Prime Minister. In the federal election of 1962, the Liberals, led by <mask>, and the surprise election of 30 Social Credit MP's, deprived the Tories of their majority. As a consequence, Diefenbaker now had to preside over a minority government. Not long after the election, <mask> capitalized on the Conservatives' indecision on accepting American nuclear warheads on Canadian BOMARC missiles. Defence Minister Douglas Harkness resigned from Cabinet on 4 February 1963, because of Diefenbaker's opposition to accepting the warheads.On the next

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 day, the government lost two nonconfidence motions on the issue, forcing a national election. In that election, the Liberals took 129 seats to the Tories' 95. Despite winning 41 percent of the vote, the Liberals came up five seats short of a majority largely because of winning just three seats on the Prairies. With the support of six Social Credit MPs from Quebec, <mask> was able to guarantee stable government to the Governor-General, and Diefenbaker resigned, allowing <mask> to form a minority government. He was sworn in as prime minister on 22 April 1963. Prime Minister (1963–1968)

Domestic policy and events
<mask> campaigned during the 1963 election promising "60 Days of Decision" and supported the Bomarc surface-to-air missile program. <mask> never had a majority in the House of Commons, but he brought in many of Canada's major updated social programs, including universal health care (though that credit should be shared with Tommy Douglas, who as premier of Saskatchewan had introduced the country's first medicare system), the Canada Pension Plan, and Canada Student Loans.<mask> instituted a new national flag, the Maple Leaf flag, after a national debate known as the Great Canadian flag debate. He also instituted the 40-hour work week, two weeks vacation time, and a new minimum wage for workers in federally-regulated areas. <mask> also started a number of royal commissions, including the Royal Commission on the Status of Women and the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism. These suggested changes that helped create legal equality for women and brought official bilingualism into being. After <mask>'s term in office, French was made an official language, and the Canadian government provided services in both English and French. <mask> himself had hoped that he would be the last unilingual Prime Minister of Canada and fluency in both English and French became an unofficial requirement for candidates for Prime Minister after <mask> left office. In 1967, <mask>'s government introduced a discrimination-free points-based system which encouraged immigration to Canada, making it the first country in the world to do so.<mask> oversaw Canada's centennial celebrations in 1967 before retiring. The Canadian news agency, The Canadian Press, named him "Newsmaker of the Year" that year, citing his leadership during the centennial celebrations, which brought the Centennial Flame to Parliament Hill. Foreign policy

On 15 January 1964, <mask> became the first Canadian Prime Minister to make an official state visit to France. In 1967, French president Charles de Gaulle made a visit to Quebec. A staunch advocate of Quebec separatism, de Gaulle went so far as to say that his procession in Montreal reminded him of his return to Paris after it was freed from the Nazis during the Second World War. President de Gaulle also gave his "Vive le Québec libre" speech during the visit. Given Canada's efforts in aiding France during both world wars, <mask> was enraged.He rebuked de Gaulle in a speech the following day, remarking that "Canadians do not need to be liberated", and made it clear that de Gaulle was no longer welcome in Canada. <mask> signed the Canada–United States Automotive Agreement (or Auto Pact) in January 1965, and unemployment fell to its lowest rate in over a decade. While in office, <mask> declined U.S. requests to send Canadian combat troops into the Vietnam War. <mask> spoke at Temple University in Philadelphia on 2 April 1965 and voiced his support for a pause in the American bombing of North Vietnam, so that a diplomatic solution to the crisis might unfold. To President Lyndon B. Johnson, this criticism of American foreign policy on American soil was an intolerable sin. Before <mask> had finished his speech, he was summoned to Camp David, Maryland, to meet with Johnson the next day. Johnson, who was notorious for his personal touch in politics, reportedly grabbed <mask> by the lapels and shouted, "You pissed on my rug."Text of his Philadelphia speech, however, showed that <mask> in fact supported President Johnson's policy in Vietnam, even stating "The government and great majority of people of my country have supported wholeheartedly the US peacekeeping and peacemaking policies in Vietnam." After this incident, LBJ and <mask> did have further contacts, including two more meetings together, both times in Canada. The United States relied on Canada's raw materials and resources to fuel and sustain its efforts in the Vietnam War. Military

<mask>'s government endured significant controversy in Canada's military services throughout the mid-1960s, following the tabling of the White Paper on Defence in March 1964. This document laid out a plan to merge the Royal Canadian Navy, the Royal Canadian Air Force, and the Canadian Army to form a single service called the Canadian Forces. Military unification took effect on 1 February 1968, when The Canadian Forces Reorganization Act received Royal Assent. Retirement

After his 14 December 1967 announcement that he was retiring from politics, a leadership convention was held.<mask>'s successor was Pierre Trudeau, whom <mask> had recruited and made justice minister in his cabinet. Two other cabinet ministers <mask> had recruited, John Turner and Jean Chrétien, served as prime ministers following Trudeau's retirement. Supreme Court appointments
<mask> chose the following jurists to be appointed as justices of the Supreme Court of Canada by the Governor General:
 Robert Taschereau (as Chief Justice, 22 April 1963 – 1 September 1967; appointed a Puisne Justice under Prime Minister King, 9 February 1940)
 Wishart Flett Spence (30 May 1963 – 29 December 1978)
 John Robert Cartwright (as Chief Justice, 1 September 1967 – 23 March 1970; appointed a Puisne Justice under Prime Minister St. Laurent, 22 December 1949)
 Louis-Philippe Pigeon (21 September 1967 – 8 February 1980)

After politics

From 1968 to 1969, <mask> served as chairman of the Commission on International Development (the Pearson Commission), which was sponsored by the World Bank. Following his retirement, he lectured at Carleton University in Ottawa while writing his memoirs. From 1970 to 1972, he was the first chairman of the Board of Governors of the International Development Research Centre. From 1969 until his death in 1972, he was chancellor of Carleton University. Illness and death
In 1970, <mask> underwent a surgery to have his right eye removed to remove a tumor in that area.<mask> had planned at the time to write a three-volume set of memoirs, and published the first volume in 1972. He had finished a few chapters of the second volume when, in November 1972, it was reported that he was admitted to the hospital for further unspecified treatment, but the prognosis was poor. He tried to write at this juncture the story of his prime ministerial career, but his condition, which was already precarious, deteriorated rapidly by Christmas Eve. On 27 December 1972, it was announced that the cancer had spread to the liver and <mask> had lapsed into a coma. He died at 11:40 pm ET on 27 December 1972 in his Ottawa home. <mask> is buried at Maclaren Cemetery in Wakefield, Quebec (just north of Gatineau), next to his close External Affairs colleagues H. H. Wrong and Norman Robertson. Honours and awards

 Elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1957.The Canadian Press named <mask> "Newsmaker of the Year" nine times, a record he held until his successor, Pierre Trudeau, surpassed it in 2000. He was also only one of two prime ministers to have received the honour both before and when prime minister (the other being <mask>). <mask> was inducted into the Canadian Peace Hall of Fame in 2000. The Pearson Medal of Peace, first awarded in 1979, is an award given out annually by the United Nations Association in Canada to recognize an individual Canadian's "contribution to international service". A plaque at the north end of the North American Life building in North York, placed by the Willowdale Federal Liberal Party Association commemorates the location where the manse in which <mask> was born previously stood. Another plaque, placed by the Ontario Heritage Trust, is on the grounds of Newtonbrook United Church, the successor congregation to the one that owned the manse. In a survey by Canadian historians of the first 20 Prime Ministers through Jean Chrétien, <mask> ranked No.6. In a survey by Canadian historians of the Canadian prime ministers who served after World War II, <mask> was ranked first "by a landslide". Order of Canada Citation
<mask> was appointed a Companion of the Order of Canada on 28 June 1968. His citation reads:

Former Prime Minister of Canada. For his services to Canada at home and abroad. Educational and academic institutions
 The Lester B. Pearson United World College, opened in 1974 as the second United World College, near Victoria, British Columbia. The Pearson Peacekeeping Centre, established in 1994, is an independent not-for-profit institution providing research and training on all aspects of peace operations.The Lester B. Pearson School Board is the largest English-language school board in Quebec. The majority of the schools of the Lester B. Pearson School Board are located on the western half of the island of Montreal, while a few of its schools located off the island. Lester B. Pearson High School lists five so-named schools, in Burlington, Calgary, Montreal, Ottawa, and Toronto. There are Lester B. Pearson elementary schools in Ajax, Ontario; Aurora, Ontario; Brampton, Ontario; London, Ontario; Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; Waterloo, Ontario and Wesleyville, Newfoundland. Mike's Place, the Graduate Student Pub at Carleton University was named in 1973 in honour of <mask><mask> with permission of his estate. Civic and civil infrastructure
 Toronto Pearson International Airport, first opened in 1939 and re-christened with its current name in 1984, is Canada's busiest airport. The Lester B. Pearson Building, completed in 1973, is the headquarters for the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, a tribute to his service as external affairs minister.Lester B. Pearson Civic Centre in Elliot Lake, Ontario was heavily damaged in February 2019. Lester B. Pearson Garden for Peace and Understanding, E.J. Pratt Library in the University of Toronto, completed in 2004
 Lester B. Pearson Place, completed in 2006, is a four-storey affordable housing building in Newtonbrook, Toronto, near his place of birth, and adjacent to Newtonbrook United Church. Lester B. Pearson Park in St. Catharines, Ontario. Pearson Avenue is located near Highway 407 and Yonge Street in Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada; less than five miles from his place of birth. Pearson Way is an arterial access road located in a new subdivision in Milton, Ontario; many ex-prime ministers are being honoured in this growing community, including Prime Ministers Pierre Trudeau and Wilfrid Laurier. Pearson Plaza, a mall being developed in Elliot Lake to replace the Algo Centre Mall.Pearson Park, a playground built in 2013 in Wesleyville, Newfoundland. Sports
 The award for the best National Hockey League player as voted by members of the National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA) was known as the Lester B. Pearson Award from its inception in 1971 to 2010, when its name was changed to the Ted Lindsay Award to honour one of the union's pioneers. <mask> was inducted into the Sports Hall of Fame at the University of Toronto in 1987. <mask> was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in 1983. The Pearson Cup was a baseball competition between the Toronto Blue Jays and Montreal Expos. <mask> also served as Expos' Honorary Club President from 1969 to 1972. Honorary degrees

Honorary Degrees

Freedom of the City
  1967: London

Electoral record

See also

 List of prime ministers of Canada
 Canada and the Vietnam War
 Great Canadian Flag Debate
 <mask>
 Canada and the United Nations

References

Bibliography

 Archives
<mask><mask> fonds at Library and Archives Canada
 Works by <mask>
  [ online free]
 online free
 Mike: The Memoirs of the Rt.Hon. <mask><mask>: 1957–1968 vol 3  online free
Works about <mask>
 <mask>, R<mask> (1978)
 Canadian Encyclopedia. "<mask> B. <mask>"  (2015)online
 English, John. Shadow of heaven : the life of <mask>: Volume 1 1897–1948 (1990) online free

  Also  and  online free. Also .

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<mask> (born October 13, 1964) is an American actor best known for playing Teal'c in the Canadian-American military science fiction television series Stargate SG-1; Kratos in the 2018 video game God of War, replacing long-time voice actor Terrence C. Carson; and King T'Challa/Black Panther in the August 2021 War for Wakanda DLC expansion of the Marvel's Avengers video game by Square Enix and Crystal Dynamics. He attended the University of Oregon on a football scholarship and was a Pacific-10 Conference player. Early life
<mask> was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. He has one younger brother, <mask>, also an actor. <mask> wanted to be an actor from an early age, and studied drama in high school. "The television set was my babysitter growing up. I can remember wanting to invoke the feelings that I was getting from television—I wanted to be the one who was the catalyst for those feelings in other people.Performing was something I've always known I was going to do." He always knew that sports would be a stepping stone to an acting career. <mask> was an All-L.A. City football player at Carson High School and graduated from Carson in 1982. He played for Coach Gene Vollnogle. <mask> received a scholarship from the University of Oregon and played defensive back and safety for the Ducks from 1982 to 1985. He led in kickoff return yardage for 1983-84 and interceptions in 1984, and earned the Casanova Award in 1982, given to the freshman or newcomer of the year. While at Oregon, <mask> was a Pacific-10 Conference Selection in 1984 and played in the 1985 Hula Bowl.<mask> won a contest to host a radio show in Oregon, and in his senior year he won a regional contest to host the West Coast FOX KLSR Morning Show, an "MTV talk show type thing"; he used this experience to get an agent and move to Los Angeles. Career

Acting

In 1989 <mask> began studying at the Howard Fine Studio in LA. A few of his early roles were in the 1990s Bird on a Wire, Cadence, Neon Rider and MacGyver with future Stargate SG-1 star Richard Dean Anderson. In the ensuing years, <mask> had small parts in various television shows and movies such as 21 Jump Street (with future SG-1 director Peter DeLuise), The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, and House Party 2, and as a regular on Sirens from 1994 to 1995. <mask>'s largest role came in 1997 with Stargate SG-1. While at a friend's house, he saw his friend's roommate practicing for an audition for the show and was intrigued. While the roommate was away, <mask> looked at the audition notes, then called his agent, insisted he get him an audition, or lose him as a client.At the audition there were three actors trying out for each of the other principal roles, but eight or ten for the role of Teal'c. <mask> was confident that he had acquired the part when they dismissed everyone who had read for the part except him. <mask>'s subsequent work includes guest spots on Andromeda, Stargate Atlantis, The Mentalist, the television movie Personal Effects, and the films Snow Dogs and A Dog's Breakfast, the latter written and directed by fellow Stargate actor David Hewlett. <mask> appeared in "Anonymous", the October 26, 2010 episode of NCIS: Los Angeles, and as one of Bane's henchmen in the 2012 film The Dark Knight Rises. Writing
<mask> wrote four Stargate SG-1 episodes: season five's "The Warrior", season six's "The Changeling", season seven's "Birthright", and season eight's "Sacrifices". After Stargate SG-1 was cancelled, <mask> began writing a script for a show called Rage of Angels that would have enabled him to play "the lead in an hour formatted show and prove that a black lead can be commercially viable and sustainable in overseas markets." The script was marketed as a two-hour, back door pilot with MGM, but is now apparently with Direct TV and Starz Media.Voice work
<mask> has also done voice acting for  animated series and video games, including the voice of Piccolo on Dragonball: Evolution, Magneto on X-Men: Evolution, and the canceled Stargate SG-1: The Alliance. In the season eight episode, "Avatar", Teal'c informs SG-1 that he plays Def Jam Vendetta, alluding to the fact that <mask> had provided the voice of D-Mob, the main antagonist in that game. He once again appeared as D-Mob in the sequel, Def Jam: Fight for NY, this time as a good guy and as the boss for your main character/hero. He is also known for voicing Jericho in Turok. <mask> provided the voice of Zodak on the revived He-Man and the Masters of the Universe cartoon as well as Coach Grey in the Action Man CGI series. On June 14, 2016, <mask> confirmed he was the voice actor for Kratos in the 2018 God of War, replacing long time Kratos voice actor Terrence C. Carson. He reprises the role in the upcoming God of War Ragnarök.Personal life

<mask> is involved with the Boys & Girls Clubs of Canada and is an avid golfer. <mask> married Margaret Schinke, with whom he has three children: <mask>, Cameron, and
Catrina Jasmine. <mask> and Margaret separated in 2001 and finalized their divorce in 2011. <mask> married Gianna Patton on December 28, 2011. They have one child named Chloe. His son Cameron is a professional Canadian football linebacker for the Calgary Stampeders. Cameron played college football for UCLA and was drafted 2nd overall in the 2017 CFL Draft; <mask> played college football for Cal Poly and was drafted 71st overall in the 2019 CFL Draft.Awards and nominations
In 2002, <mask> was nominated for a Saturn Award in the category of Best Supporting Actor in a Television Series for his work on Stargate SG-1. On February 13 at the 2019 D.I.C.E. Awards, <mask> accepted the award for Outstanding Achievement in Character for his work as Kratos in God of War. In 2019, <mask> was nominated for the British Academy Games Award for Performer at the 15th British Academy Games Awards but he lost to his co-star Jeremy Davies. Filmography

Film

Television

Video game

Writing

References

External links

Unofficially and Unequivocally <mask>
<mask> Interview with Blockbuster UK
 http://stargate.mgm.com/specialops/link.php?urlid=9&id=6595
 http://stargate.mgm.com/specialops/link.php?urlid=10&id=6595

1964 births
Living people
African-American male actors
American expatriates in Canada
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male video game actors
American male voice actors
Black Canadian male actors
Oregon Ducks football players
University of Oregon alumni
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people
Male actors from Los Angeles

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<mask> (born May 14, 1984) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the San Diego Padres, Oakland Athletics, Houston Astros and St. Louis Cardinals. He set the major league record for holds in a single season with 40, until Joel Peralta of the Tampa Bay Rays broke the record with 41 holds in 2013. He attended J. Sterling Morton High School West in Berwyn, Illinois, and Saint Xavier University. Professional career

Minor Leagues
<mask> was drafted by the St. Louis Cardinals in the 28th round of the 2006 MLB draft out of Saint Xavier University. He spent his first professional season between the Rookie-Level Johnson City Cardinals and the Short-Season State College Spikes in 2006.He went 0–1 with a 3.86 ERA in 15 games with Johnson City and 6–1 with a 1.72 ERA in 12 games with State College. In 2007, <mask> split the season between the Advanced-A Palm Beach Cardinals and the Double-A Springfield Cardinals. With Palm Beach he went 3–4 with a 1.97 ERA in 53 games and with Springfield he was perfect in his only inning of work. <mask> spent the entire 2008 season with Double-A Springfield of the Texas League. He went 7–6 with a 3.35 ERA, 10 saves in 75 innings pitched in 57 games. San Diego Padres
Before the 2009 season, <mask> was traded to the San Diego Padres along with Mark Worrell for Khalil Greene. <mask> spent the entire season with the Padres, going 2–4 with a 3.24 ERA with one save in seven save opportunities in 72 games and striking out 93 in 75 innings.On June 16, <mask> was placed on the 15-day disabled list for tendinitis in his right shoulder and missed about a month of the season. On September 24, 2009, he picked up his first MLB save against the Colorado Rockies. In 2010, <mask> solidified his role as the regular seventh-inning relief man for the Padres, appearing before Mike Adams and Heath Bell in close games. He temporarily moved to the eighth inning in late July and early August while Adams was on the disabled list. On September 23, 2010, <mask> worked a perfect seventh to set the major league record for holds in a single season with 37. He extended the record to 40 by the end of the season. <mask> finished the season with a 3.22 ERA and 89 strikeouts against 18 walks in 78 innings.<mask> again began 2011 as the Padres regular seventh-inning man. He was 2–1 with a 2.63 ERA on June 7 when he was sidelined for a month with a strained right oblique. On July 9, 2011, against the Los Angeles Dodgers, <mask> entered the game in the ninth inning after Aaron Harang, Josh Spence, Chad Qualls, and Mike Adams combined to pitch eight innings without allowing a hit. <mask> retired the first two hitters before a double by Juan Uribe on a one ball and two strike count broke up the no hitter. Dioner Navarro then hit a single off <mask> to score the winning run for the Dodgers. This was the closest the Padres have come to pitching a no-hitter since Steve Arlin in 1972. When Mike Adams was traded to the Texas Rangers at the end of July, <mask> temporarily moved into the eighth-inning role of set-up man for Bell, but in September he returned to the seventh-inning slot as Qualls took on set-up man duties.<mask> finished the season with 16 holds and a 2.75 ERA, but there was some concern that his strikeouts dropped to 34 over 55 innings. <mask> had an excellent 2012 with the Padres, including a 23 scoreless inning streak in July and August. He began the year as the seventh-inning man, and then moved to the eighth-inning when Andrew Cashner was converted to starter. He moved into the closer's role in August when Huston Street was injured, picking up nine saves. <mask> finished the season with a 2.39 ERA and 72 strikeouts versus 21 walks in 71 innings. <mask> retained the eighth-inning role in the Padres' 2013 season, appearing there in 49 games. He also served as closer for a short stretch in early June when Street was on the disabled list.<mask> finished the season with a 2.71 ERA and 64 strikeouts in 66 innings. Oakland Athletics
On December 3, 2013, <mask> was traded to the Oakland Athletics for outfielder Seth Smith. <mask> would start his first season with the A's as the teams set up man. However, after multiple poor April outings by A's closer Jim Johnson, <mask> would begin sharing the A's closing duties with fellow pitcher Sean Doolittle. On April 16, <mask> blew the save in a 2 inning outing against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. The Angels would go on to win 5-4. <mask> would redeem himself on April 20, pitching a hit-less inning and earning his 3rd save of the season in a 4-1 against the Houston Astros.On April 22, <mask> blew another save and took the loss in a 5-4 defeat to the Texas Rangers, further clouding the future of the A's closer role. Houston Astros
On December 12, 2014, <mask> signed a three-year, $18.5 million contract with the Houston Astros. The Astros announced <mask>'s signing at the same time as the signing of one of <mask>'s former Padres and Athletics teammates, relief pitcher Pat Neshek. Incentives could boost <mask>'s earnings to $21 million over the three years of the contract. <mask> had a 3.10 ERA in 2015 and a 3.28 in 2016. <mask> and teammate Alex Bregman both won the WBC participating with team USA is 2017. Several months later, <mask> won the 2017 World Series, marking the first time the Astros won the series.St. Louis Cardinals
On December 13, 2017, <mask> signed a two-year, $11 million contract with the St. Louis Cardinals. The contract includes a vesting option for the 2020 season. He began the season on the DL due to a pulled hamstring. He was activated off the disabled list but after struggling through 12 appearances, he landed back on the disabled list with right shoulder and elbow soreness. On June 12, 2018, <mask> underwent surgery on his right knee for a torn meniscus, putting his setback even further. In 2018, <mask> made 17 relief appearances for St. Louis, compiling a 7.11 ERA. <mask> began 2019 on the 10-day injured list due to right shoulder impingement.He was designated for assignment on May 17, 2019. He was released on May 20. See also

 List of Major League Baseball single-inning strikeout leaders

References

External links

Venezuelan Professional Baseball League statistics

1984 births
Living people
Baseball players from Illinois
Bravos de Margarita players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Houston Astros players
Johnson City Cardinals players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Mesa Solar Sox players
Oakland Athletics players
Palm Beach Cardinals players
Saint Xavier Cougars baseball players
San Diego Padres players
Sportspeople from Park Ridge, Illinois
Springfield Cardinals players
St. Louis Cardinals players
State College Spikes players
Tucson Padres players
World Baseball Classic players of the United States
2013 World Baseball Classic players
2017 World Baseball Classic players

masks:
Lucas John Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Gregerson
Luke Gregerson
Gregerson
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<mask>, also known as <mask> and <mask> (c. 1517 – 1577), was a Netherlandish portrait painter, much in demand by the courts of Europe. He has also been referred to as Antoon, Anthonius, Anthonis or <mask>, and as <mask>, António Mouro, <mask>, etc., but signed most of his portraits as Anthonis Mor. Mor developed a formal style for court portraits, largely based on Titian, that was extremely influential on court painters across Europe, especially in the Iberian Peninsula, where it created a tradition that led to Diego Velázquez. It can include considerable psychological penetration, especially in portraits of men, but always gives the subject a grand and self-possessed air. Early life and education
Mor was born in Utrecht, Netherlands, by some estimation between 1516 and 1520. Little is known about his early life, except that his artistic education commenced under Jan van Scorel. His earliest known work is a portrait which is now in a collection in Stockholm, dated 1538.Painting career

A group of Knights of St. John at Utrecht, supposed to have been painted about 1541; and a picture of two pilgrims at the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin, dated 1544; and the portrait of an unknown woman, in the Lille gallery, were probably among his earliest works. Their authenticity has not been established. Antwerp

In 1547 Mor was received as a member of the Venerable Guild of St. Luke at Antwerp, and shortly afterwards (about 1548) he attracted the attention of Cardinal Granvelle, Bishop of Arras, who became his steady patron. Of the portraits executed during the early period of his career as Granvelle's protege, two are especially notable: one of the bishop himself (in the imperial gallery in Vienna), and one of the Duke of Alba, which now belongs to the Hispanic Society of New York. Between 1549 and 1550 Prince Philip II of Spain (1527–1598) traveled around the Netherlands to present himself as the future ruler. Mor painted his portrait in Brussels in 1549. He probably visited Italy (when exactly is not known), where he copied some works by Titian, notably the Danaë.Portugal
In the middle of 1550 Mor left for Lisbon with a commission from Mary of Hungary to portray the Portuguese branch of the family. Mor probably traveled via Valladolid, where he painted the portraits of Maximilian II and his wife Maria of Austria, their daughter Anna and the son of Philip II of Spain, Don Carlos. In Lisbon, Mor portrayed King John III, Queen Catharine, Prince João Manuel and Philip II’s future wife, Princess Maria of Portugal. Little more is known about Mor's stay in Portugal, but he was definitely back in Brussels by November 1553. England
After the sudden death of the king of England, Edward VI, in July 1553, the Spanish king Charles V now saw the possibility of an alliance between Spain and England. The engagement between Philip and his Portuguese princess was broken and negotiations started for a marriage with the successor to the English throne, Mary Tudor. During these negotiations, Mor was sent to England to paint a portrait of Mary, but the exact date of the painting is unknown.This portrait was much appreciated in England and Mor made at least three versions, which became much the best-known likeness of the queen (Prado, Marquess of Northampton). On 20 December 1553, Philip officially appointed Mor as painter in his service. Brussels / Utrecht
In October 1555, Charles V abdicated from the throne. During the ceremonies and festivities surrounding the coronation of his son Philip as king of Spain, Mor would have received many commissions for paintings. Unfortunately, many of these paintings are lost or only known through copies. Mor was very productive after Philip's ascension to the throne, and produced some of his most important portraits in this period, such as the portrait of Prince William I of Orange (William the Silent) (1555), the portrait of Alessandro Farnese (1557) and a new portrait of Philip II. Other important works from this period include the portrait of Jane Dormer (1558), the portraits of Jean Lecocq and his wife (1559), and the portrait of Jan van Scorel (1559), which was at a later time to be hung at his tomb and now belongs to the Society of Antiquaries (London).Following the death of Mary Tudor in 1558, King Philip was remarried in June 1559 to Isabella de Valois, whom Mor portrayed ca. 1561. This portrait appears to have been lost. Also from this period dates the only known self-portrait of Mor, now in the Uffizi Gallery, and one of his (presumed) wife, now in the Prado (see image gallery below). The Spanish Court
It seems likely that Mor accompanied King Philip on his return to Spain in 1559. That Mor stayed at the Spanish court is confirmed by the letters which Philip regularly sent to Mor after he had left again in 1561. In his letters, Philip requested Mor's return to court several times, but the painter never complied with his repeated requests.Among the works which Mor supposedly painted in Spain are the Portrait of Juana of Austria and the Portrait of Don Carlos. A much-praised work from this period is the Portrait of Pejerón, the fool of the Earl of Benavente and the Duke of Alba. There has been extensive speculation about the reason for Mor's departure from the Spanish court. According to Carel van Mander, Mor became too confidential with the king and this aroused the suspicion of the Inquisition. He may also have been alarmed by the increasingly repressive Counter-Reformation tenor of the Spanish court. Mor's pupil Alonso Sánchez Coello continued to work in his master's style, and replaced him as the Spanish court painter. Return to the Netherlands

On his return to the Netherlands, Mor probably traveled back and forth between Utrecht, Antwerp and Brussels.In this period he was in regular contact with Granvelle and also worked at the Dutch court, where he portrayed Margaretha of Parma. After his return, Mor focused on the portrayal of citizens, especially of merchants and their wives in Antwerp. In addition to portraits like these (which included the Portrait of Thomas Gresham), he also painted artisans, such as the goldsmith Steven van Herwijck (1564). These works are markedly different from the paintings Mor produced for the court, showing off another side of his talent. When Granvelle returned to France and the Netherlands showed increasing social and political unrest, Mor experienced some financial hardship. His financial problems were partially solved when the Duke of Alba granted him commissions and favors. He is not known to have been in Utrecht after 24 July 1567 and from 1568 onwards Mor lived in Antwerp where, in 1572, he registered as a master with the Antwerp guild.At Antwerp he painted a Venus and Adonis for the new Stadhuis. It is possible that he visited England once again in 1568, judging from the Portrait of a Nobleman with Dog and of the Portrait of Sir Henry Lee, which have been attributed to him. In 1559 and 1562 Mor painted two portraits of Margareta of Parma. On her way to Spain, Anne of Austria spent some time in Antwerp, where she was painted by Mor in 1570. Mor's portrait of Anna is his last-known court painting, although he was still being referred to as Philip II's court painter in 1573. Little is known about Mor's life and career after 1570. It seems likely that he lost custom, maybe as result of competition by painters such as Adriaen Thomasz.Key, Frans Pourbus the Elder (1545–1581) and Frans Floris (1519/20-1570). The last portrait attributed to Mor is the Portrait of Hubertus Goltzius, dated 1576. Toward the end of his life, Mor focused on history paintings of religious and mythological subjects, but in this field of work he would never equal his earlier success as a portrait painter. He is believed to have been working on a Circumcision for the Cathedral of Antwerp when he died in 1576. Main works

Many of Mor's portraits were copied by others. Among those whose works have been confused with Mor's are Alonso Sánchez Coello, Francisco de Holanda, and Cristóvão <mask> Lopes. A large number of engravings based on his work also circulated.NB: Some attributions and locations may be out of date. Portrait of Philip II (c. 1549-1550) - Oil on oak, 107.5 x 83.3 cm, Bilbao Fine Arts Museum
Portrait of Cardinal Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle (1549) - Oil on panel, 107 x 82 cm, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. See image above
Cardinal Granvelle's Dwarf with a Dog (1549–1553) - Oil on canvas, 126 x 92 cm, Musée du Louvre, Paris
Portrait of a Man Pointing at a Table Clock (c. 1550) - Oil on canvas, 100 x 80 cm, Musée du Louvre, Paris
Portrait of a Giovanni Battista di Castaldo (c. 1550) - Oil on panel, 107.6 x 82.2 cm, Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid
Portrait of John III of Portugal (c. 1550) - Oil on canvas, 101 x 81 cm, Fundación Lázaro Galdiano, Madrid; see image gallery below. Portrait of Catherine of Austria (c. 1552) - Oil on panel, 107 x 84 cm, Museo del Prado, Madrid, inv. 2109; see image gallery below. Portrait of João Manuel, Prince of Portugal (c. 1552) Oil on panel, 107 x 84 cm, Hampton Court Palace. Portrait of Infanta Maria, Lady of Viseu (c. 1552) - Oil on canvas, 100 x 87 cm, Convent of Las Descalzas Reales, Madrid, inv.PN822. Portrait of Isabel, Duchess of Guimarães (1552) - Oil on panel, 55 x 50 cm, Private collection, Germany.Portrait of Prince William I of Orange/Nassau (c. 1554) - Oil on panel, 105 x 81.5 cm, Staatliche Museen, Kassel; see image gallery below.Portrait of a Man (c. 1555-1560) - Oil on wood, 97.8 x 71.2 cm, National Gallery of Canada, OttawaPortrait of Philip II of Spain in Armor (c. 1557) - Oil on canvas, 186 x 82 cm, Monasterio de San Lorenzo, El Escorial, inv. 1653; see image gallery below.Portrait of a Man in Armor (1558) - Oil on canvas, 111 x 80 cm, J. Paul Getty Museum, Los AngelesPortrait of a Young Man [by an anonymous follower of Mor] (1558) - Oil on panel, 97.5 x 69.9 cm, National Gallery of Art, WashingtonSelf-portrait (1558) -Oil on wood, 113 x 84 cm, Uffizi, Florence; see image abovePortrait of Simon Renard (1560) - Oil on canvas, Musée du Temps, Besançon.Portrait of a Lady (c. 1560) - Oil on oak, 116.8 x 86.9 cm, National Gallery of Canada, OttawaPortrait of Philip de Montmorency, Count of Hoorn (c. 1560) - Oil on panel. Present location not known.Portrait of Sir Thomas Gresham (1560–1565) - Oil on panel, 90 x 75.5 cm, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam; see image abovePortrait of Lady Gresham (Anne Femely) (1560–1565) - Oil on oak, 88 x 75.5 cm, Rijksmuseum, AmsterdamPortrait of Metgen, wife of the artist (also known as Portrait of a married woman) (c. 1560-1565)- Oil on panel, 100 x 80 cm, Museo del Prado, Madrid, inv. 2114; see image gallery below.Portrait of Spanish Nobleman, (c. 1560) - National Museum of Serbia, Belgrade, Oil on canvas 130 x 90 cm Portrait of a Man (1560–1577) - Oil on oak, 49.5 x 40.6 cm, National Gallery, LondonPortrait of a Nobleman, said to be Hernán Cortés (date unknown) - Lobkowicz Palace, PraguePortrait of Margaret, Duchess of Parma (c. 1562) - oil on canvas, Stiftung Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Gemäldengalerie, Berlin, inv. L310A; see image gallery below. Portrait of Jeanne Lullier (1563) - Oil on canvas, Musée du Temps, Besançon.Portrait of Maria of Portugal, Princess of Parma (c. 1565) - Oil on panel, 35 x 15 cm, Museo del Prado, Madrid, inv.2117.Portrait of Sir Henry Lee of Ditchley (1568) - Oil on panel, 64.1 x 53.3 cm, National Portrait Gallery, London; see image gallery below.Portrait of a Gentleman (1569) - Oil on canvas, 119.7 x 88.3 cm, National Gallery of Art, WashingtonPortrait of Hendrik Goltzius (c. 1570) - Oil on wood, 66 x 50 cm, Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, BrusselsPortrait of a Gentleman (c. 1570) - Oil on panel, 122 x 98.5 cm, North Carolina Museum of ArtPortrait of Mary I of England (date unknown - Oil on wood, 109 x 84 cm, Museo del Prado, Madrid; see image abovePortrait of a Lady - Oil on wood panel, 107 x 72.1 cm, National Gallery of Victoria.Portrait of Margaret, Duchess of Parma (date unknown) - oil on panel transferred on canvas, 97.8 x 71.7 cm, Philadelphia Museum of Art. Portrait of Jane Dormer (?) - Museo del Prado, Madrid; see image above. Portrait of Jan Scorel (1559-1560), oil on panel. Society of Antiquaries of London, UK

Gallery

See also
Artists of the Tudor court

References and sources
References

Sources
 Annemarie Jordan, Retrato de Corte em Portugal. O Legado de António Moro (1552-1572, (Lisbon: Quetzal Editores, 1994)
 Annemarie Jordan, La Reina María de Inglaterra, segunda mujer de Felipe II, <mask>, Museo del Prado, Enciclopedia Online
 Annemarie Jordan, Antonio Moro. Anton van Dashort Mor, Museo del Prado, Enciclopedia Online
 Georges Marlier, Anthonis Mor van Dashorst (Antonio Moro), Académie royale de Belgique, Classe des beaux-arts, Mémoires (Brussels: M. Hayez, 1934).Trevor-Roper, Hugh; Princes and Artists, Patronage and Ideology at Four Habsburg Courts 1517-1633, Thames & Hudson, London, 1976,
 Joanna Woodall, Anthonis Mor; Art and Authority (Zwolle: Waanders Publishers, 2008). Marieke van Wamel Pictor regis. Anthonis <mask> van Dashorst and his position as painter at the Habsburg court., Thesis BA University of Amsterdam, June 2009 Pictor regis - Van Wamel
 Marieke van Wamel Plumas y pinceles / Pennen en pinceelen. The portraits by Anthonis <mask> van Dashorst and the treatises by Francisco de Holanda and Felipe de Guevara; a study into the mutual influences and the exchange of ideas on sixteenth century painting and portraiture''. University of Amsterdam, thesis Researchmaster June 2011

External links

Portrait by <mask> Mor at National Gallery, London
Portrait of a man in armour at the Paul Getty Museum

1520s births
1570s deaths
Artists from Utrecht
Dutch portrait painters
Painters from Antwerp
Dutch Renaissance painters
Painters at the Portuguese royal court

masks:
Anthonis Mor
Anthonis Mor van Dashorst
Antonio Moro
Mor van Dashorst
Antonio Moro
Anthony More
de Morais
Antonio Moro
Mor
Mor
Antonis


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<mask> (1743–1799) was an Imperial Russian lieutenant-general and count of the Holy Roman Empire, born in Serbia, who served Imperial Russia against the Prussians and Turks. A member of the Russian court, he was presented to Empress Catherine the Great by Grigory Potemkin and, after having been tested by Praskovja Bruce and doctor Rogerson, became the Empress' lover. He was most influential in the commercial development of Shklov and Mogilev. Early life
Simeon (Sima) Gavrilović Zorić (), a Serb, was born in Čurug, a village at the time part of the Military Frontier of the Austrian Empire (now Žabalj municipality, South Bačka, Serbia). His exact date of birth is unknown, though on 11 May 1754 he signed up for the Hussar regiment in Slavo-Serbia, citing his birth year as 1743 (which would make him 11 at the time). His Serbian name Simeon (<mask> in Russian), customarily indicates that he was born on 1 September, the date Serbs venerate Saint Simeon Stylites. <mask>'s father was Gavrilo Nerandžić and his mother was Stefanija, the daughter of Jovan Zorić, a military officer from the Potisje region (Tisa river basin), in the province of Vojvodina located in Serbia.The river Tisa flows between Banat and Bačka regions and was a strategic military frontier where the famed Šajkaši in their armed vessels patrolled the major rivers (Danube, Tisa, Drava, Sava) keeping the Ottomans at bay. <mask> had a brother, David Nerandžić, who later on served in the Imperial Russian army with him. Both the Nerandžić and Zorić families were close and lived in the Potisje military frontier of the Austro-Hungarian Empire before settling in Russia. Jovan Zorić's wealthy nephew Maksim Zorić had no male heir (only a daughter named Juliana) and in this customary way, <mask> was adopted by his older cousin. The Russian government appealed in early 1750 to Serb settlers, creating two settlements in New Russia, called New Serbia and Slavo-Serbia. The region became a staging area and chief supply depot for troops intended for operations against the Turks. Slavo-Serbia was strategically located, bound by a line running from Dniepr along the middle course of the Samara to the Luganchik river.It became the new home of the Zorić and Nerandžić families, first settled by Maksim Zorić in 1752 and two years later by his brother Vasilije and Simeon, Maksim's adopted son from the Nerandžić family. Simeon who joined a cadet school in Slavo-Serbia as soon as he arrived in 1754, began showing great promise. He graduated from a cadet academy at St. Petersburg (1757), but his bent was decidedly towards his soldiering, and in 1757 he obtained a commission in the Hussar regiment. Military career
Simeon first joined the Hussar regiment when he was only fourteen years old in 1756, at the start of the Seven Years' War, and four years later (1760) he had distinguished himself on the front as a daring soldier still in his teens who won a reputation of valour in the wars against Prussia. And, for the next decade Zorich continued to build, during these troubled times, a reputation as a brave and distinguished cavalry officer. Zorich served in the light cavalry in the Russo-Turkish Wars, and distinguished himself by his daring and resourcefulness, even during capture. But in spite of a long record of excellent service under Rumyantsev, Suvorov and Krechetnikov, and of his aristocratic connections, his promotion was slow, until he was introduced by his stepfather to Catherine the Great and Potemkin, her lover of long standing.In the interval between the Polish-Lithuanian and Turkish wars, <mask>, who combined military gifts and courage, was also employed in an unofficial mission to Stockholm, and from then on became a paramour of Catherine II for almost a year until he came to loggerheads with Prince Potemkin. From 1760 to 1774, Zorich served against the Polish rebels under Pyotr Krechetnikov, sent by Peter the Great to intervene against the Bar Confederation, an association of Polish nobles formed at the fortress of Bar in Podolia, Prussia in the Seven Years's War (1756-1763) under Count Pyotr Saltykov, and participated in the Russo-Turkish War (1768-1774) under Pyotr Rumyantsev, distinguishing himself in nearly every important action, and quickly gained the reputation of being the bravest man there, winning engagement after engagement by sheer dash and daring. He was only seventeen when he earned the rank of lieutenant for bravery. He was attached to Field Marshal Rumyantsev's army where he won his colonelcy (Polkovnik) by his ability and valour leading up to the Battle of Larga and the Battle of Kagul in 1770. He was present at the Battle of Riabaia Mogila (Battle of Speckled Tomb) when Rumyantsev, commanding the First Army, decided to carry out his mission with aggressive actions. <mask>'s fame reached its culmination when he cut his way through a greatly superior Turkish-Tatar detachment of Kaplan Giray II, the khan of Crimea, at Riabaia Mogila on 17 June (Old Style) or 28 June (New Style). He was captured, however, because he would not surrender any ground when his regiment was besieged by Turks and Tatars.Prisoners were often decapitated in the exuberance of the moment, but noblemen were preserved for ransom—so it was with Zorich. The Turks, who were eventually forced to abandon the territory and retreat, marched Zorich to the Crimea, made him a galley slave for a while, and in Constantinople the infamous dungeons of Yedikule Fortress became his "home" for the next five years. In captivity he remained until the war ended in 1774, when he was released after the final exchange of prisoners in Constantinople. He went back to Russia where he was immediately made Brigadier for his past war services, and Prince Potemkin recommended him to his sovereign as the best hussar commander under fire. In the following year (1775) Catherine sent General Alexander Suvorov to suppress the rebellion of Pugachev. Again <mask>'s most brilliant work as a Hussar commander was done there. He was then immediately sent on a diplomatic mission to Stockholm.Upon his return he was invited to the Russian court to meet Catherine II who conferred upon him the coveted Order of St. George on the recommendation of Field Marshal Rumyantsev for his valour and bravery. For his war activities he was made adjutant to Potemkin and aide-de-camp, and then aide-de-camp of Catherine II herself. Every step of his promotion was gained in the field of battle, and after he came back from quelling the Pugachev rebellion Prince Potemkin himself asked for <mask>'s promotion to the rank of Major-General and aide-de-camp. In the meantime, he held various district commands in New Russia (Novorosiiskaia guberniia) where Catherine was determined to reorganize the borderlands between Russia and Poland and to prevent future revolts among the Cossacks. In late 1776, he was recalled to the court at St. Petersburg. On the anniversary of the Coronation day Zorich was officially awarded the rank of Major General, and he was made Cornet of the Horse Guard Corps, then he received a diamond star, aglets, a sword, plumes, studs and buckles, an enormous house near the Winter Palace, three hundred thousand roubles, the magnificent Shklov estate with its sixteen thousand inhabitants that had once belonged to Prince Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski, and an estate in Poland, in the Vitebsk province of the Polotsk Government. Foreign monarchs also did not leave the services of <mask> <mask> without recognition: the King of Poland bestowed on him the Order of the White Eagle, and the Swedish monarch gave him the Order of the Sword.Russian Court
In 1777 the handsome, brave 34-year-old officer <mask>, who had been a prisoner of war of the Turks for five years, four-times wounded, was introduced into the Russian court by Grigory Potemkin as a counterpoise against Pyotr Zavadovsky, who deposed Potemkin as Catherine's favourite the previous year. This was done only when Zorich had received his due recognition for his services to the state and the title of Count. <mask> speedily became the recognized lover of Catherine the Great. Soon, <mask> <mask> thought himself influential enough to attempt to supersede Potemkin himself, and openly opposed Potemkin by challenging him to a duel. Common sense, however, prevailed and the duel was cancelled and hatchets buried and forgotten. His blunt manners, his unconcealed scorn of other favourites (that disgraced the court), and perhaps also his sense of unrequited merit, produced an estrangement of sorts between him and the empress. It appears that his stepfather, Maksim <mask>, must have acted as an intermediary between <mask> and Potemkin when they were not on speaking terms.In 1778 <mask> was superseded in the empress's graces by Ivan Rimsky-Korsakov; but the relationship between Catherine and Potemkin continued to be most friendly, and <mask>'s influence with Empress Catherine and Prince Potemkin never wavered and was never seriously disrupted. He eventually retired to his estate in Shklov. During the succeeding years of peace he disappeared from the public view. He resumed his functions as general, but his ardent ideas for reforming the army came to nothing in the face of the general war-weariness with the Second Russo-Turkish War on the horizon. His zeal added to the number of his enemies, and in 1784 after he had been soldiering for three decades, it was proposed to place him on the retired list. The empress, unwilling to go so far as this, ennobled him, gave him an estate, and shelved him by making him a governor of Shklov in the Mogilev district, next to the estate of Potemkin. There Zorich would entertain many of his Serbian countrymen who were visiting Russia for the first time such as Gerasim Zelić, Marko Zannović (brother of Stefano Zannowich), Simeon Piščević and Dositej Obradović.After Catherine's death, Emperor Paul I of Russia called him for service, raised a Lieutenant General and given command of the regiment Izums'kyi. But he was dismissed once again in 1797 when irregularities were found in the financial affairs of his regiment. He returned to his estate where he did good service in the reorganization of the Mogilev district, and founded the cadet corp school for the children of former veterans, now impoverished and in need of assistance.

masks:
Semyon Zorich
Semyon
Semyon
Semyon
Semyon
Zorich
Zorich
Zorich
Zorich
Semyon
Zorich
Zorich
Semyon
Semyon
Zorich
Zorich
Semyon
Zorich
Semyon