text_chunks:
<mask> (Bengali: পৃথ্বীন্দ্রনাথ মুখোপাধ্যায়; born 1936), retired in 2003 from a career as a researcher in the Human and Social Sciences Department (Ethnomusicology) of the French National Centre of Scientific Research in Paris, is an author of a number of books and other publications on various subjects. He is the recipient of India's highly prestigious award Padma Shri 2020 for his work in the field of literature and education. Early life
<mask> was born in Kolkata, India, in 1936, and educated at the Sri Aurobindo Ashram School (at present, the Sri Aurobindo International Centre of Education) in Pondicherry. He is the grandson of the Bengali revolutionary <mask> (Bagha Jatin). Professional and academic life
<mask> began his working life as a teacher of Bengali, French and English languages and literature in Pondicherry. He was mentioned by the Sahitya Akademi (New Delhi) manuals and anthologies as a poet before he attained the age of 20. As a specialist in the French language and literature, he translated works by such French authors as Albert Camus, Saint-John Perse, and René Char.He moved to Paris with a French Government Scholarship (1966–70). He prepared and defended a thesis on Sri Aurobindo at Sorbonne. Later he served as a lecturer on Indian civilization and philosophy, producer of several radio features on Indian culture and music for Radio France, and he was also freelancing as a journalist for the Indian and French press. His next thesis for Doctorat d'Etat (Ph.D.), was supervised by Raymond Aron in University Paris IV, on the pre-Gandhi a phase of India's freedom fight. His thesis discussed this movement from 1893 to 1918 and its spiritual roots. In 1977, invited by the National Archives of India as a guest of the Historical Records Commission, he presented a paper on Jatindra Nath <mask> and the Indo-German Conspiracy in the presence of personalities like Arthur L. Basham and Professor S. Nurul Hasan. Prithwindra's original contribution in this area has been recognized by Professor Amales Tripathi, Bhupendrakumar Datta, Dr. Jadugopal Mukhopadhyay, Dr. M.N.Das (Utkal University),¨Professor A.C. Bose, Samaren Roy, Bhupati Majumdar, Basudha Chakravarty. Quite a few of his papers on the subject have been translated into major Indian languages. Life after reaching France
Since his reaching Paris, for a number of years, invited by the literary magazine Desh of Calcutta he published his impressions of Paris life (Paris'ér chithi – Letters from Paris), as well as several cover features including Jatin <mask> alias Bagha Jatin, M.N. Roy, Tarak Nath Das, Dhan Gopal Mukerji, French Revolutionary and the Bengali intelligentsia and the poetry-cum-dance genre of the kîrtana (on which he has also produced a documentary film). He went to the USA as a Fulbright scholar and discovered, especially in the Wilson Papers, scores of files covering the Indian revolutionaries. On returning to France in 1981, he joined the French National Centre of Scientific Research in 1981. He was also a founder-member of the French Literary Translators' Association .He retired from there a few years back. He has published as much in Bengali as in French. One of his recent contributions is a documentary film on the musical pillars in the temples of South India (CNRS-Audiovisual, Paris). Since 1981, <mask> <mask> joined the LACITO of the CNRS (Department of Ethnomusicology) working on a comprehensive cognitive study of scales of North and South Indian music. The eminent author Jacques Attali in his French biography of Gandhi (Fayard, 2007) mentions his debt to PM for having revised the manuscripts and collaborated actively. Later, Mr. Attali has qualified <mask> <mask> as "the man of Franco-Indian Renaissance". On 1 January 2009, the Minister of Culture of France has appointed <mask> <mask> to the rank of chevalier (Knight) of the Order of Arts and Letters.The French Academy (Belles Lettres) selected <mask> <mask> for its Hirayama Award (Prix Hirayama) 2014. On 1 January 2015, the French Prime Minister, requested by the Minister of Education, has appointed <mask> <mask> to the rank of chevalier (Knight) of the order of Palmes académiques (Academic Laurels). Selected bibliography
Danse cosmique – (trilingual collection of selected poems, published on the occasion of the creation of  Correspondances for soprano and orchestra (Dawn Upshaw with the Berliner Philharmoniker, conducted by Sir Simon Rattle) by the senior French composer Henri Dutilleux: it contains as the first movement PM's 'Danse cosmique', in homage to Shiva Nataraja; foreword by Jean Biès, éd. Le Décaèdre/ Findakly, 2003
Sri Aurobindo, 'Biographies', Desclée de Brouwer, 2000
Nandî le Fou et autres nouvelles de Banaphul. Selection of texts, translation, introduction and notes. Gallimard, 1994. Anthologie de la poésie bengalie, choix de textes, traduction, introduction et notes, 1991.301p. Repr. in pocket book, 1992, L'Harmattan. Les écrits bengalis de Sri Aurobindo. Foreword by Olivier LACOMBE of the French Academy. Dervy-Livres, 1986. Chants bâuls, les Fous de l'Absolu, selection of texts, translation in French and English, introduction, notes on esoteric symbols.éd. Findakly/ Ministry of Culture, 1985. Maître Camkara, discours sur le bouddhisme, éd. Trédaniel, 1985
 Le sâmkhya, essai philosophique. Foreword by Professor Guy BUGAULT (University Paris IV). Epi/DDB, 1983. Serpent de flammes, poèmes.Foreword G. MOURGUE. éd. Estienne, 1981
Chants Caryâ, a collection of Bengali sahaj-yâna texts, with introduction and notes, Le Calligraphe, Paris, 1981
Poèmes du Bangladesh, a selection of poems, Publications Orientalistes de France, Paris, 1975 (with LP containing some poems recited by Madeleine Renaud, Jean-Louis Barrault and PM)
Thât/Mélakartâ : The Fundamental Scales in Indian Music of the North and the South, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, New Delhi, 2004; foreword by Pandit Ravi Shankar
Prasanga bâul: kichhu durbhâvanâ  ('About the Bâuls : Some Questions') in Ebong mushâyérâ, Kolkâtâ
Sri aurobindo ki samasâmayik ? ('Is Sri Aurobindo our contemporary ?') in Vasudhârâ, Kolkâtâ,
Sri Aurobindo (biography), Sri Aurobindo Institute of Culture, Kolkâtâ, 2003 [Sri Aurobindo Award]
Cognitive Prototypes in Râgas of Indian Music .in Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Linguists, Palais de Congress, 1997, Elsevier Science, Oxford, 1998
"Rabindranâth Tagore" in Les Prix Nobel de Littérature, éd. L'Alhambra, Paris, 1992, pp. 185–191."Rabindranath Tagore" in Encyclopédie Universalis (several editions since 1982)
"Rabindranath Tagore" in Dictionnaire des littératures, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris
Vishvéra chokhé Rabindranath, tributes to the Poet, Rupa & Co, Calcutta, 1991
Undying Courage : Biography of Jatindranath <mask> (one of the founders of the Freedom Movement in India), Academic Publishers, Calcutta, 1992
Sâdhak biplabi jatîndranâth : a comprehensive biography of Jatindranath <mask>, West Bengal Board of Books, Calcutta, 1991
Bâghâ Jatîn, an abridged biography, Dey's Publishing, Calcutta, 4th Edition. Mélakartâ, <mask>, Prithwindra (auteur), Préface de Ravi Shankar, Editions Publibook Université, 2010,
Les racines intellectuelles du mouvement d'indépendance de l'Inde (1893–1918), Préface de Jacques Attali, Editions Codex, 2010

References

 "Prithwindra <mask>" in Translation & Translators: An International Directory and Guide (ed.) Stefan Congrat-Butlar, R.R. Bowker Company, New York & London, 1979, pp153–154, 173, 174
 "<mask> <mask>" in International Who's Who in Translation & Terminology, Union Latine, Paris, Nottingham, Viena, 1995, pp262–3
 "Prithwindra <mask>" in bangiya sahityakosha,(ed.) Ashoke Kundu, Vol. XI,1979, p230
 "Prithwindra Mukherjee" in The Golden Treasury of Indo-Anglian Poetry, (ed.) V.K.Gokak, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, pxxi, p261

1936 births
Bengali writers
Living people
University of Paris alumni
Indian emigrants to France
French people of Indian descent
Writers from Kolkata
Bengali people
French Hindus
Sri Aurobindo
20th-century Indian translators
Bengali Hindus
20th-century Indian biographers
Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature & education

masks:
Prithwindra Mukherjee
Prithwindra
Jatindranath Mukherjee
Prithwindra
Mukherjee
Mukherjee
Prithwindra
Mukherjee
Prithwindra
Mukherjee
Prithwindra
Mukherjee
Prithwindra
Mukherjee
Prithwindra
Mukherjee
Mukherjee
Mukherjee
Mukherjee
Mukherjee
Prithwindra
Mukherjee
Mukherjee


text_chunks:
Rubén Doblas Gundersen (; born 13 February 1990), better known as elrubiusOMG or simply <mask>ubius (), is a Spanish-Norwegian YouTuber whose channel primarily consists of gameplays and vlogs. He has the most subscribers in Spain and is among the 50 channels with the most subscribers of the platform in the world. In 2014 he published El Libro Troll (English: The Troll Book). During 2015 and 2017 he published a total of three comics from his Virtual Hero series. He also participated in an anime series based on the comics. A tweet from his official Twitter account was the most retweeted tweet in the world since 2016. The tweet was often retweeted.In 2016, Time magazine included him in its list of "next generation leaders" and named him an "online conqueror". In 2018, he obtained the world record of viewers live during an online YouTube broadcast for an tournament of the Fortnite video game. He is one of the most popular streamers on Twitch, with the third-most-followed Twitch channel in the world. Early life
Rubén Doblas Gundersen was born on 13 February 1990 in Mijas, Málaga, Andalusia, Spain. He is the son of a Norwegian mother named Bente and a Spanish father, with a younger sister named Liv on his mother's side and two brothers on his father's side. When he was three years old, his parents divorced; he and his mother moved to Bergen, where she became a partner with another Spanish person named Héctor, to whom <mask> often refers as "The Godfather" in his videos. He moved back to Madrid because of this.He went through primary and secondary school there. His first console was an SNES, to which he admitted that it was essential to develop his love for video games and geek culture and that if it hadn't been for that he would never have reached where he was. In his high school stage, his parents separated again when aged 16. He relocated to Norway again and finished his studies and returned to Spain with his godfather. He worked as an intern and in a supermarket there. He later entered to study 3D modelling and animation in Arteneo School in Madrid. Career

First channel and beginnings (2006-2011)
Rubén Doblas Gundersen created his first YouTube channel on 2006 under the name of "elrubius".He claimed this channel to be a play on words referring to his name and the fact that he had blonde hair when he was little. His first video "The audience" was uploaded on 8 December 2006. His video was a montage of the video game Grand Theft Auto IV in English. During 2011, he began regularly uploading videos of montages of the newer video game Skyrim, to which Rubius commented on unusual and humorous situations. In January 2012, despite the growing popularity of his videos, he announced that he would change his channel because the one he had at that time could not be associated with a contract with Machinima Network, Inc. This was due to uploading three copyright infringement complaints on YouTube. Growth and popularity (2012-2013)
On 19 December 2011, El Rubius created another channel under the name of "elrubiusOMG".In January, he began to reupload his old Skyrim montages, in addition to other montages in which he commented on situations of various video games such as Battlefield and Happy Wheels. At this time, it was a very popular format on the platform. <mask> was one of the pioneers in making this type of videos known in the Spanish-speaking community. Its popularity began to increase dramatically. On 28 January 2012, he created the video "MI CARA". He revealed his identity for the first time on YouTube there. At this time, he created a segment on his channel called "(X video game) in 1 minute".He tried to summarise a video game in an ironic and humorous way there. This section became one of the most viral sections on YouTube in Spain at this time. On 14 March 2012, he uploaded a parody of Chayanne's song "Torero", to which he modified its title and lyrics to "Minero", alluding to the Minecraft video game. The song was based on the parody. Because the popularity of the video game was emerging at that time, the video became extremely viral. Today, it is the most viewed video in the channel's history, with almost 100 million views. The popularity of the channel and Rubius continued to rise and rise.On 27 April 2012, the channel reached 100,000 subscribers, to which <mask> celebrated by streaming on YouTube, answering questions from his followers. On 22 July 2012, his channel reached 200,000 subscribers. On 29 July, he uploaded a vlog where he met for the first time in-person with Mangel (Miguel Ángel Rogel). He is another Spanish YouTuber who <mask> had met on internet forums when both were teenagers. <mask> and Mangel announced that both would move to live together in Madrid when they got a contract with a production company called BGames. There, they had to dedicate themselves to creating videos for the platform. On 16 September 2012, his channel reached 300,000 subscribers.On 7 October, <mask>  uploaded a video of him in Chatroulette. Chatroulette is a video conference website. There, Rubius showed situations in his conversations with strangers on which the website had. Three days later, he uploaded a collaboration with Willyrex. He remained the largest YouTuber in Spain until 2012. A week later, his channel reached 400,000 subscribers. In December, his channel reached 500,000 subscribers, to which <mask> announced by uploading a montage of himself.Rubius became the most subscribed Spanish channel in November 2012 by surpassing fellow YouTuber Willyrex. In January 2013, he started another segment called "Meet The Rubius" (an allusion to a popular video game series Team Fortress 2 on YouTube). Rubius recounted anecdotes from his personal life there. In a period of two months, on 18 February 2013, his channel reached one million subscribers to enter the 10 Spanish-speaking channels that had that brand (or more) at that time. Two months later, his channel reached two million subscribers. In June 2013, he was invited by Ubisoft Spain as a content creator for E3. In July, he attended the Gamepolis event in Malaga, alongside Mangel and other famous YouTube content creators.10 million subscribers, media appearances and other projects (2014-2015)
In 2014, El Rubius published an interactive book full of challenges titled El Libro Troll (English: The Troll Book). The book reached number one in sales in Spain for eight weeks and was a bestseller at the Madrid Book Fair 2014. The Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio deemed it unsuitable for children and teenagers. It was described by parents as a sexual book. He also made a cameo appearance, this being in Torrente 5, a Spanish comedy film by Santiago Segura. On 25 September, he announced via video that Microsoft would contact him to participate in the Spanish dub for the video game Sunset Overdrive. In February 2015, he became the first Spanish YouTuber whose channel reached 10 million subscribers.In April 2015, he participated in the first edition of the Club Media Fest in Argentina. On 2 June, he participated in an interview on Antena 3 in the Spanish programme Al rincón de pensar. The programme's journalist was Risto Mejide. Rubius agreed to cry after telling Mejide that he was suffering from depression due to the burden of fame and distance from his relatives there. Spanish publishing group Planeta published <mask>' first comic, titled El Rubius: Virtual Hero, in September 2015. In October 2015, he received the Diamond Play Button at the YouTube 10th Anniversary Party in Madrid, along with fellow Spanish YouTuber Vegetta777. During this month, he participated in the second edition of the Club Media Fest in Argentina and Chile.In December, he made a collaboration in a video with the Spanish singer Edurne dancing in the video game Just Dance. Problems with the press and censorship, direct and hiatus (2016-2018)
In February 2016, El Rubius denounced through a video that the Spanish newspaper El Mundo had distorted and manipulated an interview that he himself granted, in order to "sell more". He announced that he would not give any more reports or interviews for the press. In April, <mask> participated in the Colombian edition of the Club Media Fest, where he made a presentation mixing live electronic music, and received the "Youtuber of the Year" award at the 1st Play Awards ceremony held in Palma de Mallorca. In May he participated in a YouTube event in New York with the most famous YouTubers in the world, in which he met PewDiePie in-person. During the event, he organised an event for people over 18 years of age in Barcelona where he performed a concert mixing music. The second part of Virtual Hero, whose title is Virtual Hero II: La torre imposible, was published in June 2016.After surpassing 20 million subscribers in August 2016, <mask> made a big draw with a tweet reading "Limonada". As of September 2019, it is the fifth most-shared tweet in history. In September, he uploaded a video criticising YouTube's system of new anti-censorship rules. There Rubius joked that he was going to have to change his style as "he didn't want to lose his partner and that he loved his money". However, during the video, he went on to break all the new rules imposed, with the video being demonetised and having an age restriction. A couple of weeks later, he uploaded another video denouncing that a new magazine dedicated to gossip about YouTubers he had leaked photos of himself and his partner on their vacations, declaring "I can't believe how this shit of continuing to invade people's privacy is still legal in the middle of 2016". In 2016, the HeYou Games company launched the YouTurbo video game for iOS and Android.There <mask> is a playable character along with other YouTubers, such as Willyrex, DaniRep, iTownGamePlay, TheGrefg, and more. In December 2016, he was part of the promotion of the film Passengers, making a video in collaboration with Jennifer Lawrence and Chris Pratt, protagonists of the film. Later, during an interview with Lawrence on Jimmy Kimmel's late night show, he and the video were mentioned. During 2016 and 2017 he participated in Spanish advertising campaigns of Fanta. In June he participated in the edition of the Club Media Fest in Mexico. In October he participated in the edition of the Club Media Fest in Peru. The third and last part of his comic series Virtual Hero was published in April 2017.It was entitled Virtual Hero III: La máscara del troll. In October 2017, El Rubius announced the production of Virtual Hero, an animated television series produced by Motion Pictures from Barcelona and Jaruyi studio from South Korea, together with Movistar+ and Zeppelin TV, based on his comic series. The plot follows the adventures of <mask>, who must free the 100 best gamers of Trollmask, a vengeful enemy, in a virtual world. Platform switch to Twitch (2018-present)
At the beginning of March 2018, Rubius released a video called La verdad sobre Rubius (English:The Truth About Rubius). There he made an analogy of his personality in his videos on YouTube and in real life introducing a "twin" of his named Gundersen. The video was well-received by its followers. It had many likes.In March 2018, <mask>us broke his world record during a live broadcast of Fortnite, having more than a million viewers tuning in. In this way, he destroyed the record that the streamer had until then. Ninja, on the other hand, said it directly had more than 100 Spanish-speaking streamers. On May 25, he announced that he would withdraw from YouTube for a time due to the fact that in the previous months he began to feel stress, anxious and nervous when recording videos and doing live shows. Rubius later reached 30 million subscribers in July. On 3 October 2018, <mask> uploaded a documentary about his life on his YouTube channel. It was released on Movistar+ on 11 October 2018.It was titled De Rubén a Rubius: un viaje de un Virtual Hero. On 12 October 2018, Virtual Hero, the first anime series released in Spain, premiered on Movistar+. It is directed by Alexis Barroso, illustrated by Lolita Aldea, written by Juan Torres, and based on Rubius' eponymous comic. After his return, <mask> announced that he would start directing on Twitch and prioritise that platform over YouTube, which he would take more as a secondary job. He also resumed the activity of his old original channel elrubius to reupload his content on Twitch there. Because of this, he renamed it to "Rubius Z". In May 2019 he announced that Epic Games contacted him to hold a competition in Fortnite.There players had to speedrun a map of his and the winner took 3 million euros. In mid-2019 he made a cameo in the movie Father There Is Only One. During January 2020, he carried out a promotion for the film Bad Boys for Life. There he uploaded a video together with the protagonists of the film Will Smith and Martin Lawrence. In February, he made a transmission on YouTube where he counted down to the Season 2 premiere of the Virtual Hero anime. In July, he uploaded a teaser on Twitter where he was going to make an announcement in response to various rumors about the renewal of his contract with Amazon. On July 15, he uploaded a video to YouTube called "The Final Decision".He imitated the video of the announcement of the signing of streamer Ninja to the streaming platform Facebook Gaming there. In reality, he announced that he was staying. Watch Dogs: Legion, a video game developed by Ubisoft and released on October 29, 2020, has <mask>us as a playable character. In October and November 2020, he was one of the coaches in Atresmedia's Top Gamers Academy video game talent show. On 7 November 2020, Rubius uploaded a video on his YouTube channel where he commented on the massiveness of his community and the negative effects this has on social networks to celebrate reaching 39 million subscribers on his channel. Rubius also participated in another promotion with Sony to announce his new ninth-generation video game console the PlayStation 5, along with other YouTubers and popular people from Spain such as Josep Pedrerol, Michelle Jenner, Santiago Segura, Joaquín Reyes, David Broncano, Koke, Carolina Marín, Amaya Valdemoro, Marc Gasol, etc. In December 2020, Rubius uploaded a video to his main YouTube channel, announcing that he was opening a Pokémon card box valued at $20,000 on his Twitch channel.On December 23, he performed the promised opening and the livestream reached 350,000 viewers, achieving the fifth most viewed Spanish-speaking broadcast. On January 2, Rubius announced via Twitter that ,together with Alexby11, they created a Rust series called Egoland that brought together 70 streamers. In their debut they achieved 1.2 million viewers. It was one of the biggest events of 2021 on Twitch and this led to many more series being created with content creators. In October 2021, he announced that he would be part of the movie Uncharted, posting a photo on social media with actor Tom Holland. On the occasion of the tenth anniversary of his first video on YouTube, Amazon Prime Video announced through the Jove Orquestra Simfònica from Barcelona playing the theme Minero the premiere of Rubius X, a documentary about the YouTuber for the 'streaming' platform at the beginning of next year in more than 240 countries. Content and reception style
The content of El Rubius' channels are primarily gameplays, sketches, vlogs, and montages, mostly related to video games, with the particularity that they are made with humour, satire, and sarcasm.One of the most notorious points of its success and virality in his videos is due to the charisma, naturalness, simplicity, and direct language that he has, in addition to connecting with his audience and establishing a strong connection with the people (in average between 14 and 23 years old) who identify with him. Unlike other television personalities or content creators, he does not play a character, but only shows himself naturally, leading to greater acceptance from the masses. When he first appeared on YouTube trending in 2012, the public was used to commentators like Willyrex, who sought to highlight the details of a video game, in addition to summarising plays in various online games. <mask> offered a change of fresh air, with a more dynamic and more edited content, in addition to performing it with acid, black, absurd, and surreal humour. GQ magazine described him as "the throbbing incarnation of a generation gap", in addition to commenting: "His videos encapsulate a high school mentality that we would never, ever think would be legitimized within such a massive platform. That has been his true triumph: turning something as fleeting as adolescent immaturity, or the clumsy search for identity through the outburst or bullshit, into pure spectacle". The New York Times wrote that "in the videos it is always clear that he lives between two dimensions, that of the screen with its massive audience and that of his room (in a hotel when he travels), his cat and his friends.This double reality leads in The Troll Book, the comics and the anime series". Controversies
During January 2021, <mask> announced via a Twitch broadcast that he was going to move to Andorra to live closer to his friends and avoid the public recognition that he had while living in Madrid. This caused controversy in social networks since several YouTubers and streamers had taken this initiative due to the lower tax burden in that country. During the same statement, he denounced that a Spanish Treasury official charged him in the media for the decision he had made, taking it as unethical. The vice president of the government of Spain Pablo Iglesias criticised this decision through his Twitter account, retweeting a tweet where former athlete Juanma López Iturriaga explained that YouTubers moved to avoid paying taxes. Awards and nominations

See also
 List of most-followed Twitch channels

Notes

References

1990 births
Comedy YouTubers
Spanish-language YouTubers
Gaming YouTubers
Living people
People from Bergen
People from Málaga
Spanish people of Norwegian descent
Spanish YouTubers
Male YouTubers
YouTube vloggers
Twitch (service) streamers
20th-century Spanish people
Spanish emigrants to Andorra

masks:
El R
Rubius
Rubius
Rubius
Rubius
Rubius
Rubius
Rubius
Rubius
Rubius
Rubius
Rubius
Rubius
El Rubi
El Rubius
Rubius
El Rubi
Rubius
El Rubius


text_chunks:
<mask> ( early 1st century BC) was a Roman general, politician and statesman. He was consul of the Roman Republic in 93 BC and a provincial governor in the late-90s and throughout the 80s. He is notable for his balanced stance during the Sullan civil wars, the longevity of his term as governor, and his efforts to extend citizenship to non-Romans. He followed a normal course of magisterial roles in his younger years, culminating in his consulship, the highest civil rank in republican Rome. In 92 he was appointed governor of one or both of the Roman provinces in Hispania, inheriting a bloody insurrection. He suppressed it and governed for a lengthy period, with noted punctilio to legal procedures. At some point in the 80s Flaccus was appointed governor of Gallia Transalpina (southern France); it is possible that at the same time he was also governor of Gallia Cisalpina (northern Italy).It is not known whether he retained his governorships in Hispania at the same time. Flaccus remained neutral in the series of conflicts between the Marius-Cinna faction and that of Sulla, until his brother Lucius Flaccus was killed by a supporter of Marius and Cinna. He then shifted towards supporting Sulla, without overtly declaring for him. Sulla triumphed in 82 and Flaccus celebrated a triumph under his dictatorship. Life and career
<mask> Flaccus was praetor, a senior administrative and judicial position, sometime before 95 BC, most probably in 96. An inscription from Claros (in modern Turkey) indicates that following his praetorship and before 95 he held a promagisterial, or senior military, command in the Roman province of Asia. Both he and his brother Lucius, who was a governor of Asia in the late 90s and again for 85, are honored as patrons of the city of Colophon in Ionia.The two are the first Roman governors known to be addressed as patrons of a free city, a practice that became common in the 60s BC. <mask> may have been a candidate for the consulship of 94, losing to the novus homo ("new man") <mask> Caldus, ran against two highly distinguished candidates and beat one of them. It was not unusual for a defeated candidate to run again the following year, as Flaccus did, often with success. <mask> was successful in being elected as a consul in 93; his colleague was M. Herennius. Proponent of citizenship
In 96, while praetor urbanus, the senior magistrate of the city of Rome, Flaccus sponsored legislation to grant citizenship to Calliphana of Velia, a priestess of Ceres. Julius Caesar, in his account of the Gallic Wars, identifies the Helvian Celt Caburus as another recipient of citizenship from Flaccus, during his time as governor of Gallia Transalpina. Caburus followed custom in assuming his patron's gentilic name <mask>.This interest in expanding citizenship may be viewed in the context of the family's moderate popularism and their relations with social inferiors. Modern historian Ernst Badian has pointed out that the Valerii Flacci "were given to taking up new men and families: inscriptions (Inschr. V. Magn. 144f.) reveal a policy of low-class connections." Hispania

Flaccus succeeded Titus Didius as proconsul of Hispania Citerior, a province in north east Hispania, in 92, and assumed his post before the conclusion of his consulship in order to deal with an uprising among the Celtiberi, the major native group of the central-eastern Iberian Peninsula. The historian Appian says the revolt was motivated by the exceptional cruelty and treachery of Didius, who had dealt with unrest and crime among the poor by promising them land to live on and then luring them into a trap.When the families had assembled within a Roman fort for the required registration, Didius slaughtered them all. While implying that the revolt against Didius was justified, Appian's account of the subsequent actions of Flaccus is not overtly critical. In an attempt to restore order, Flaccus engaged in armed conflicts that left 20,000 Celtiberi dead. At Belgida, however, the local senate refused to issue an official declaration of war against Rome, or were perhaps still deliberating. The rebels set fire to the structure and burned their own senators alive. The local reaction to the mass murder of their governing class was no doubt mixed. Flaccus appears to have been successful in halting large-scale violence, perhaps because he capitalized on any outrage or ambivalence within the community at the deaths of their senators and executed those responsible.Flaccus remained in Hispania longer than any other Roman governor had up to that time, and he seems to have been in charge of Hispania Ulterior as well as Citerior. His extended command probably resulted from the disruptions of the Social War and its aftermath, and the civil wars of the 80s. After stabilizing the region, Flaccus appears to have governed prudently and with respect to legal authority. Contrebian water rights
Flaccus remained in Hispania as governor at least until 87, as evidenced by the Tabula Contrebiensis, a bronze tablet on which are inscribed his civil laws pertaining to boundaries and water-rights arbitration. The document is written in Latin and based on Roman legal formulae, but the judges are the local senate of Contrebia Balaisca (near present-day Botorrita). Flaccus understood the legal issue as a distinction between ager publicus and ager privatus, publicly held and private land. He used a legal fiction to show how the principles of the two communities involved in the dispute could be applied mutually, and provided a Roman legal framework within which the Contrebians could cite precedent from Celtiberian law.Gaul

At some point in the 80s Flaccus was appointed governor of Gallia Transalpina (Transalpina). The other Gallic province was Gallia Cisalpina (Cisalpina), the ethnically Celtic north of Italy. The two Gallic provinces were often governed jointly, and no other promagistrate is recorded for Cisalpina, for the period 87–82, so Flaccus may well have governed both provinces jointly. Scholars have been unable to determine the extent to which Flaccus's terms as governor in Hispania and Gaul were overlapping or sequential, as a continuous line of succession can rarely be traced for any province. A dual governorship of both provinces has been disparaged as "unprecedented", but no other promagistrate is documented for Hispania in this period, and since the senate only began assigning Transalpine Gaul as a regular provincia in the mid-90s, administrative arrangements were still evolving. By 85, Flaccus was "firmly installed" in Transalpina, though Cicero, as Badian notes, refrains from calling him the lawful governor there. He was acclaimed imperator and retained his province until he celebrated a triumph over Celtiberia and Gaul in 81.It is possible to argue that by the mid-80s, Flaccus was responsible for both Gallia Transalpina and Cisalpina, as well as Hispania Ulterior and Citerior. The longevity of Flaccus's command has been cited as evidence that the prolongment of Julius Caesar's term in Gaul in the 50s, and the five-year proconsular commands granted to Pompeius Magnus and Marcus Crassus after their joint consulship in 55, were less exceptional than has sometimes been thought. The case of Quinctius
In 83 BC, Flaccus was brought into a property dispute between Publius Quinctius and Naevius. Quinctius had inherited land in Transalpina from his brother, <mask>, along with attached debts. Naevius, who had been the brother's business partner, tried to foreclose on the property, and ejected Quinctius by force. Flaccus ruled that Naevius had seized the property improperly and ordered restitution. Two years later, the case, still dragging on, helped launch the career of Cicero, who in 81 was a young advocate in his mid-twenties arguing on behalf of Quinctius: the speech survives as the extant pro Quinctio.Role in civil war
If Flaccus governed both Hispanias and both Gauls, or any combination of the four provinces, the armed forces at his disposal were unmatched in the western empire. "The loyalty of these armies," it has been noted, "was crucial to the State." Until 85 BC or later, Flaccus either supported or acted in no way contrary to the interests of the Marian and Cinnan faction, which held the consulship from 87 to 82 BC. He appears to have been attempting to preserve legitimate authority while remaining neutral in the factional conflict, though the Valerii Flacci were generally popularist in their politics and had strong ties to <mask>. The death of Flaccus's brother, Lucius, marks a turning point. <mask> Flaccus was the suffect consul who completed Marius's term after his death in 86. He was sent as governor to the Roman province of Asia, where he was murdered in 85 by the mutinous <mask> Fimbria, who then took command of the troops assigned to Lucius.The Cinnan government failed to take action against Fimbria, who had been a particularly partisan supporter of the Marian faction. Lucius's son, also named Lucius, fled Asia and sought refuge with his uncle in Massalia (present-day Marseille), then still an independent Greek city-state. This nephew was the <mask> Flaccus defended by Cicero in his speech Pro Flacco two decades later. No replacement for Flaccus was sent from Rome, but doubts about his allegiance were perhaps raised. Cinna was assassinated in 84; Sulla returned to Italy in 83, stormed and captured Rome and had himself declared dictator. The Marian-Cinnan faction, now led by the son of <mask>, set about securing Hispania, which Flaccus, given the vastness of his command, could only have been administering through legates, high ranking, semi-autonomous, military officers, such as the disreputable Marcus Fonteius. That the armed forces of Hispania might ally with the Sullan forces now in Italy was a dangerous possibility for the besieged government.When the young Marcus Crassus, the future triumvir, had raised Spanish troops for Sulla in 84, Flaccus did nothing to stop him. Quintus Sertorius, impeccably loyal to the anti-Sullan cause, was sent overland to the Iberian peninsula with a relatively small force in late 83 or early 82. Flaccus allowed Sertorius to march through Transalpina, and Sertorius likewise took no action against the authority of Flaccus. The Marians may have wished to secure their interests in the west without requiring Flaccus to take sides in a direct confrontation: "The government could ill afford to alienate the man even further when he had shown no actual sign of disaffection." Sertorius was a logical successor to govern Hispania because he had served there earlier, and to relieve Flaccus after such a prolonged term was reasonable rather than provocative. No sources identify Flaccus as a Sullan, but the governor could have signalled his displeasure by withholding tax revenues. Flaccus tilts observably only after Sulla gained control of Cisalpine Gaul.Flaccus's cousin, the princeps senatus named <mask> Flaccus (also the name of his brother), may have been an influence in <mask>'s shift toward Sulla. He sponsored the Lex Valeria, the legislation that made Sulla dictator at the end of 82 or the beginning of 81. Flaccus had his triumph under the dictatorship, an honor Sulla would hardly have permitted had Flaccus not supported his regime. Flaccus was in his mid-50s or older at the time. Coinage

After Sulla emerged victorious, the senate authorized Flaccus to strike coinage to cover expenses for his final months in command. Many examples of this military issue have survived. In 82, to commemorate his victories, the mint in Massalia issued a denarius depicting a winged bust of Victory and a caduceus on the obverse.The reverse shows a legionary aquila flanked by military standards. The one on the left is marked with an H (for Hastati, spearmen), the one on the right P (Principes, also a term for spearmen). Below is , for ex senatus consulto, "by decree of the senate". On the left appears , for the name Caius Valerius Flaccus, with IMPERAT (for imperator) on the right. Flaccus's coin is modeled after a Sullan type, and the symbolism of coins minted in Hispania and Gaul during the period frequently advertised "legitimacy and military success". The output has been estimated at 540,000 denarii coins. References

Selected primary sources
Cicero Pro Balbo 24
Schol.Bob. ad Cic. p. Flacc. p. 233, ed. Orelli
Appian, The Spanish Wars 100

Selected bibliography
 Badian, E. "Notes on Provincial Governors" and "Waiting for Sulla." As reprinted in Studies in Greek and Roman History. New York 1964.Brennan, T. Corey. The Praetorship in the Roman Republic. Oxford University Press, 2000. Limited preview online. Frier, Bruce W. "Sulla's Propaganda: The Collapse of the Cinnan Republic." American Journal of Philology 92 (1971) 585–604. Konrad, Christoph F. Plutarch's Sertorius: A Historical Commentary.University of North Carolina Press, 1994. Limited preview online. Lovano, Michael. The Age of Cinna: Crucible of Late Republican Rome. Franz Steiner Verlag, 2002. Limited preview online. Roman patricians
1st-century BC Roman consuls
Ancient Roman generals
<mask>, <mask>

masks:
Gaius Valerius Flaccus
Valerius
Flaccus
Gaius Coelius
Flaccus
Gaius Valerius
Gaius Quinctius
Gaius Marius
Lucius Valerius
Gaius Flavius
Lucius Valerius
Gaius Marius
Lucius Valerius
Gaius
Flaccus
Gaius


text_chunks:
<mask> is an Italian classicist and academic. She is Professor of Classics at Princeton University. Her interests lie in ancient Greek literature, and the way in which readers make it their own. She has written extensively on the subject of Homeric literature, in particular the Iliad, and more generally on the transition of the Twelve Olympians from antiquity to the Renaissance. Her most recent research was a project entitled 'Living Poets: A New Approach to Ancient Poetry, which was funded by the European Research Council. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Trieste, Italy, and lived there until she was 17. She attended a local liceo classico, and then the United World College of the Adriatic.Having been granted a local government scholarship, she studied Literae Humaniores at Corpus Christi College, Oxford in England. She graduated from the University of Oxford with a first class Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in 1995. She remained at Oxford and completed a Master of Studies (MSt) degree in 1996. Having been granted a graduate scholarship, Graziosi moved to the University of Cambridge to undertake postgraduate research at Magdalene College, Cambridge. She completed her Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree in 1999. Her doctoral supervisor was P. E. Easterling, and her thesis was titled "Inventing the poet: a study of the early reception of the Homeric poems". Career
After a brief spell back in Oxford, as a Cox Junior Research Fellow at New College, and then in Reading, as a Lecturer in Greek Literature, she settled in Durham in 2001, first as a Lecturer, and then as a Senior Lecturer in Classics.She is also a doctorate supervisor for the university. In 2003, she was awarded a National Teaching Fellowship. Also in 2003, she was a Summer Fellow at the Center for Hellenic Studies, Washington, D.C. (under the umbrella of Harvard University). In 2018 she joined the classics faculty at Princeton University. She has also been consulted on her work on a number of popular radio stations and television shows, including: discussing the Iliad with poets Carol Ann Duffy and Ruth Padel (BBC Radio 3, Proms Interval Talks), assessing the discovery of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri together with a team of classicists, scientists and journalists (on BBC Channel 4 and Channel 2); arguing about the location of Ithaca with Quentin Cooper and John Underhill (Material World, BBC Radio 4), discussing her work with Bill Buschel on US Public Radio, and talking about Homer and Sappho on BBC Radio 3 (The Essay: Greek and Latin Voices). Publications

Author
 Homer. (Oxford University Press: 2016).The Gods of Olympus: A History. (Profile Books: 2013). (with Johannes Haubold) Homer: Iliad Book VI. Cambridge University Press: 2010). (with Johannes Haubold) Homer: The Resonance of Epic. (Duckworth: 2005)
 Inventing Homer: The Early Reception of Epic. Cambridge University Press: 2002)

Chapter in book
 Theologies of the family in Homer and Hesiod.In Theologies of Ancient Greek Religion. Eidinow, Esther, Kindt, Julia & Osborne, Robin Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 35–61 (2016). Vivere da poeti. In L'esilio della bellezza. Camerotto, A. & Pontani, F. Mimesis.125-38 (2014). 'The poet in the Iliad'. In The author's voice in classical and late antiquity. Hill, J. & Marmodoro, A. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 9–38 (2013). 'Hesiod in Classical Athens: Orators and Platonic Discourse'.In Plato and Hesiod. Boys-Stones, G. & Haubold, J. H. Oxford: 111–132 (2010). 'Commentaries'. In The Oxford Handbook of Hellenic Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 788–801 (2009). 'Horace, Suetonius and the Lives of the Greek Poets'.In Perceptions of Horace: A Roman Poet and His Readers. Houghton, L. & Wyke, M. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 140–160 (2009). (with Johannes Haubold) . 'Greek Lyric and Early Greek Literary History'. In The Cambridge Companion to Greek Lyric Poetry. Budelmann, F. Cambridge University Press.95–113 (2007). 'Homer in Albania: the geography of literature'. In Homer in the Twentieth Century: Between World Literature and the Western Canon. Graziosi, <mask> & Greenwood, Emily Oxford: Oxford University Press (2007). 'The ancient reception of Homer'. In The Blackwell Companion to Classical Receptions. Hardwick, L. & Stray, C. Oxford (2007).'L'autore e l'opera nella tradizione biografica greca'. In L'autore e l'opera nella Grecia antica. Lanza, D. & Roscalla, F. Pavia (2006). 'Homer: Die Erfindung des Autors'. In Mythen Europas: Schluesselfigurern der Imagination. Hartmann, A. & Neumann, M. Regensburg: Pusted Verlag.44–65 (2004). 'La definizione dell'opera omerica nel periodo arcaico e classico'. In Momenti della ricezione omerica: poesia arcaica e teatro. Zanetto, G., Canavero, D., Capra, A. & Sgobbi, A. Milan: Cisalpino. 2–17 (2004). 'Competition in Wisdom'.In Homer, tagedy and beyond essays in honour of P.E. Easterling. Budelmann, F. & Michelakis, P. London: Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. 57–74 (2001). Edited book
 Boystones, George, <mask>, <mask> & Vasunia, Phiroze. The Oxford Handbook of Hellenic Studies. (Oxford University Press: 2009).Graziosi, <mask> & Greenwood, Emily. Homer in the Twentieth Century: Between World Literature and the Western Canon. Classical Presences. (Oxford University Press: 2007). Journal articles
 ‘On Seeing the poet: Arabic, Italian and Byzantine portraits of Homer’. Scandinavian Journal of Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 1: 25–47 (2015). ‘Homer: from reception to composition’.Letras Clássicas 14: 21–33 (2014). (With Carol Ann Duffy) Homeric encounters. Omnibus 6–8 (2005). (With Johannes Haubold) 'Homeric Masculinity: ΗΝΟΡΕΗ and ΑΓΗΝΟΡΙΗ'. Journal of Hellenic Studies 123: 60–76 (2003). Gods and poets in the Odyssey. Omnibus 43: 4–6 (2002).Homer, espionage and Albanian complexities. Omnibus 41: 6 (2001). P.Oxy.4569. 'Demosthenes XIX 1–7, 9–13, 208–22, 309–10, 314–15'. Papyri of Oxyrhynchus 67: 66–80 (2001). Per uno studio di Omero tra il sesto e il quarto secolo. Posthomerica 3: 7–22 (2001).References

Living people
Writers from Trieste
Italian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
Classical scholars of the University of Durham
Year of birth missing (living people)
People educated at a United World College

masks:
Barbara Graziosi
Barbara
Barbara
Graziosi
Barbara
Barbara


text_chunks:
<mask> (born June 8, 1971) is a retired American professional mixed martial artist and kickboxer. A professional MMA competitor from 2000 until 2013, he competed in K-1, the UFC, World Fighting Alliance, Maximum Fighting Championship, Shooto, and King of the Cage, where he was Super Heavyweight Champion. A talented athlete, he also played football in the CFL for the Calgary Stampeders. Background

<mask> was born and raised in Merced, California, where he grew up wrestling and playing American football. <mask> began wrestling with his older brother's junior varsity team at an early age, going on to dominate for the Merced High School wrestling team, going undefeated (42-0) in his senior year and winning the California State Wrestling Championship at the 86.6 kilogram/191 pound weight-class. <mask> then continued in college for the now-defunct Merced College team, where he was a two-time NJCAA All-American, in his two years at the school. He was then offered a full scholarship to play football for the University of Washington but ultimately decided to sign with University of Nevada, Las Vegas, where he excelled in two seasons as a running back and fullback for the Running Rebels, and then played for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League.<mask> then decided that he wanted to challenge himself in the rising world of mixed martial arts, and began training in Muay Thai. Career
<mask> made his MMA debut with King of the Cage in June 2000. He won three straight, including a win over future UFC champion Quinton "Rampage" Jackson before losing to Vernon White. Following his loss to White, <mask> fought future UFC Middleweight Champion Rich Franklin at the World Fighting Alliance's first event, Franklin won by armbar in the first round. <mask> rebounded in the next two WFA events with wins over Alex Stiebling and Tommy Sauer. On August 17, 2002, he caused an upset by defeating four-time world champion Duke Roufus in his first foray into K-1 kickboxing on the K-1 World Grand Prix 2002 in Las Vegas undercard. Roufus was dominant for the first two rounds although <mask> did score a flash knockdown when he caught a low kick and countered with a right cross in the second.Then, in the third and final round, <mask> completed the comeback, landing two knees to Roufus' body and putting him away for good. <mask> made his Ultimate Fighting Championship debut at UFC 43 against another future UFC Light heavyweight titlist Vitor Belfort, Belfort delivered a knee to <mask>'s forehead that dropped him resulting in quite possibly the largest cut in recorded mixed martial art history, thus losing via technical knockout due to strikes in just 1 minute 7 seconds of the very first round. He then returned to King of the Cage to defeat Vernon White via unanimous decision in a rematch. He also made a return to K-1 and competed in the K-1 World Grand Prix 2004 in Las Vegas I tournament on April 30, 2004. Against Michael McDonald in the quarter-finals, he dropped the Canadian in round one but was then floored three times himself in round two to lose by TKO. In his third and final outing in the promotion, <mask> fought Ray Sefo in a non-tournament bout at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2004 in Las Vegas II on August 7, 2004. Both men traded heavy leather early on and <mask> took a time out after being poked in the eye by Sefo's toes during a high kick attempt.Immediately following the restart, Sefo swarmed on <mask> and forced the referee to call off the fight. The crowd in attendance booed the stoppage and <mask> himself protested, apparently seeing Sefo's quick attack as sucker punching. Both fighters traded verbal insults and <mask> then attacked Sefo only to be punched to the canvas. As both sets of cornermen got caught up in the ruckus, Nevada Athletic Commission officials were needed to break up the brawl. Late in 2004, <mask> was given another shot in the UFC against Travis Lutter at UFC 50. After a fairly uneventful first round, Lutter caught <mask> with an overhand right, knocking <mask> out cold 43 seconds into the second round. Shortly after his second UFC defeat, <mask> lost a split decision to Jason Lambert at KOTC's Mortal Sin event.He then went 6–1 in smaller shows, with victories over fighters such as Jason MacDonald, Alan Belcher, and Jason Guida in a rematch. In 2006, <mask> became the Elite Fighting Championships (EFC) Light heavyweight Champion with a majority decision win over UFC and PRIDE veteran Travis Wiuff. On July 22, 2006, the WFA reemerged with King of Streets featuring Quinton Jackson, Matt Lindland, Bas Rutten, and Lyoto Machida, among others. <mask> fought to a draw against Jorge Oliviera. <mask> made his third appearance in the UFC at UFC 67, losing a hard fought rematch with Quinton Jackson by knockout in the second round. <mask> won a unanimous decision over Rob Kimmons at IFO: <mask> vs. Kimmons, claiming the IFO's middleweight title. He returned to the Ultimate Fighting Championship at UFC 81 on February 2, 2008, defeating "Dangerous" Terry Martin in a dominant unanimous decision.At The Ultimate Fighter 7 Finale, <mask> was defeated by Drew McFedries in the first round via knockout. In October 2008, <mask> lost to PRIDE and Spirit MC veteran Denis Kang by knockout 48 seconds into the opening round. <mask> was set to fight PRIDE veteran Ricardo Arona in late December but pulled out of the fight due to a knee injury suffered during training. <mask> defeated Aaron Lofton at MFC 21, winning by technical knockout. <mask> lost to Ricardo Arona by unanimous decision in the long-awaited fight at Bitetti Combat MMA 4. A month after his loss to Arona, <mask> fought up and coming Canadian prospect Ryan Jimmo at MFC 22 on October 2. Twenty six seconds into the round, <mask> dropped and almost finished Jimmo with a straight right hand and hammer fist afterward but Jimmo weathered the storm and was able to out strike <mask> for the remainder of the round.In the second round Jimmo kept <mask> at bay with punches and kicks, midway through the second round Jimmo landed an elbow from the clinch that opened a significant gash under <mask>'s left eye; the doctor checked on <mask> and let him continue. With only thirty seconds remaining in the second round <mask> was wobbled by a short uppercut from Jimmo but was able to clinch with the Canadian and survive the round. In the final round <mask> was able to land more clean strikes than he did in the first two rounds, <mask> also managed to take Jimmo down twice; seconds before the final bell Jimmo sent <mask> crashing to the mat with a stiff jab. Jimmo defeated <mask> by split decision. As a result, <mask> had lost five out of his last eight bouts. <mask> faced former professional boxer Dwayne Lewis at MFC 23 on December 4, 2009. Lewis was the aggressor in the fight continually attacking <mask> with punch combinations to the head and body.With only two seconds left in the round, Lewis connected with an uppercut directly to the chin that sent "The Beastman" pummeling to the mat and followed up with three clean shots to the chin of an unconscious <mask> before the referee could pull him off the unconscious <mask> thus giving Lewis the KO win at 4:58 of the first round. Next he fought Steve Bossé, the only significant action in the fight took place in the 1st round where Bossé knocked <mask> down with a left hook. <mask> lost the mediocre bout by unanimous decision. <mask> had lost 8 out of his last 14 fights. He then faced Api Hemara, winning by TKO in the third round and snapping his four fight losing streak but soon lost his next fight he was KO'd by Glover Teixeira. <mask> faced Dmitry Zabolotny at Lou Neglia's Ring of Combat XL in Atlantic City, New Jersey on April 27, 2012, he won the fight via unanimous decision. Making his return to Muay Thai, <mask> was initially set to fight Ricardo van den Bos for the vacant WPMF World Super Heavyweight (+95.454 kg/210.4 lb) Championship at Muaythai Superfight in Pattaya, Thailand on May 13, 2013.The event was pushed back to June 14, 2013, however, and he lost by TKO midway through the second round. On September 28, 2013, <mask> faced Sean O'Connell at SHOWDOWN FIGHTS: XII Buchholz vs. Collard II. <mask> lost via unanimous decision. Personal life
Aside from his fighting career, <mask> also works as a retired corrections officer in Las Vegas. Championships and awards

Amateur wrestling
California Interscholastic Federation
California State Wrestling -86.6 kg/191 lb Championship
National Junior College Athletic Association
NJCAA All-American out of Merced College

Mixed martial arts
Elite Fighting
Elite Fighting Light heavyweight (-92.9 kg/205 lb) Championship
International Fighting Organization
IFO Middleweight (-83.9 kg/185 lb) Championship
King of the Cage
KOTC Super Heavyweight (+120.2 kg/265 lb) Championship
World Extreme Fighting
WEF Light heavyweight (-92.9 kg/205 lb) Championship

Submission grappling
Grapplers Quest
Grapplers Quest Heavyweight (-94.8 kg/209 lb) Championship

Kickboxing record

|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2013-05-13 || Loss ||align=left| Ricardo van den Bos || Muaythai Superfight || Pattaya, Thailand || TKO (punches) || 2 || 1:25 || 17-9
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="background:#fbb;"
| 2011-11-18 || Loss ||align=left| Randy Blake || Xtreme Fight Night 5 || Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA || KO (left high kick) || 1 || || 17-8
|-
!

masks:
Marvin Lee Eastman
Marvin Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman
Eastman


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 15 October 1995) is an English professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Wingate & Finchley. Early life
<mask> is from the Brixton district of Lambeth, London. He began playing sunday league football with local club Afewee Urban before joining the London County team. In 2008, <mask> joined the academy of English League Two side Wycombe Wanderers. He left Wycombe in 2012 after the club shut down its academy programme. Club career

West Ham United
In 2012, <mask> joined the academy of Premier League side West Ham United. After completing his two-year scholarship, <mask> signed his first professional contract with West Ham in 2014.2014–15
On 15 January 2015, <mask> was sent on a one-month loan to Football Conference North side Wealdstone after playing only 65 minutes for West Ham's U-21s that season. On 17 January 2015, he made his senior debut as a starter in a 4–2 win over Chelmsford City. His loan was subsequently extended for an additional month and <mask> went on to make a total of eight appearances for Wealdstone that season. 2015–16
On 6 August 2018, <mask> was named to the West Ham 18 for the first time, in a UEFA Europa League match against Romanian side Astra Giurgiu, but did not appear in the match. On 9 October 2015, <mask> joined National League side Aldershot Town on a one-month loan as a replacement for previous loan player Nick Anderton. He appeared on the bench for Aldershot on five occasions, but failed to make an appearance. On 10 March 2016, <mask> rejoined Wealdstone until the end of the season and made ten appearances, including three starts.At the end of the season, <mask> was released by West Ham. In April 2016, <mask> went on trial with Italian Serie B side Perugia. He later spent time on trial with several different league clubs in England, including League One side Charlton Athletic. Maidstone United
On 3 September 2016, <mask> signed with National League side Maidstone United. He made six league appearances for the Stones before being released in October of that year. Cambridge City
On 5 December 2016, <mask> signed for Southern Football League side Cambridge City. In early January, <mask> left the club after having difficulties commuting to matches from his home in London.<mask> received the Black Youth Awards Achievements Sportsman Of The Year in December 2016. Third spell at Wealdstone
On 4 January 2017, <mask> rejoined Wealdstone on a permanent basis until the end of the season. He made thirteen league appearances that season, including five starts, and had another two substitute appearances in the FA Trophy. Wingate & Finchley
On 7 August 2017, <mask> signed with Isthmian League side Wingate & Finchley. In November 2017, he went on trial with EFL Championship side Cardiff City. When <mask> left Wingate in February 2018, he had made 43 appearances in all competitions, more than any other player in the squad. Leyton Orient
On 9 February 2018, <mask> joined National League side Leyton Orient until the end of the season.He was released at the end of the season without making an appearance for the club. Hampton & Richmond Borough
After leaving Leyton Orient, <mask> joined National League North side Hampton & Richmond Borough in summer 2018. He made nineteen league appearances for Hampton that season and also played 90 minutes in two of the club's FA Cup ties, including a 1–2 loss to League Two side Oldham Athletic. Dulwich Hamlet
In January 2019, mavila signed with National League North side Dulwich Hamlet. While at Dulwich, he made five league appearances, all of which were starts. Cavalry FC

2019
On 20 February 2019, <mask> made his first move overseas, signing with Canadian Premier League side Cavalry FC, where he reunited with former West Ham United U-21 teammate Jordan Brown. On 8 May 2019, <mask> made his professional debut as a starter in a 1–0 win over Valour FC.That season, he made 23 league appearances, seven in the Canadian Championship and played both legs of the Canadian Premier League Finals. 2020
On 12 February 2020, <mask> re-signed with Cavalry for the 2020 season. He scored his first goal for Cavalry in the first game of the 2020 Canadian Premier League season, a penalty in stoppage time tie the game 2-2 against Forge FC. After the 2020 season, <mask> and the club would mutually agree to part ways, as <mask> would move back to England to be closer to family. Brage
On 25 January 2021, <mask> joined Superettan side Brage on a two-year deal. After appearing in 6 matches, <mask> would leave the club midway through the 2021 season. Return to England
In November 2021, he returned to England and re-signed for Isthmian League Premier Division side Wingate & Finchley.Honours

Club
Calvary FC
Canadian Premier League (Regular season):
Champions: Spring 2019, Fall 2019
 Canadian Premier League Finals
Runners-up: 2019

Individual

 Black Youth Awards Achievements - Sportsman Of The Year: 2016

Personal life
<mask> was born and raised in Brixton, Lambeth, London to parents from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In autumn 2018, he studied Sport and Exercise at the University of East London with the aim of becoming a sport psychologist after his retirement from football. On 7 August 2017, <mask> was arrested at a police checkpoint for using forged documents during his automobile insurance application, which stated he was twenty years older and lived in Kent, in an attempt to have to pay fewer premiums. He pleaded guilty to one count of fraud by false representation and one count of using a motor vehicle without third party insurance, and was sentenced to 40 hours of community service. References

External links

Profile at Football Web Pages

Living people
1995 births
Association football defenders
English footballers
Footballers from Brixton
Black British sportspeople
English sportspeople of Democratic Republic of the Congo descent
Alumni of the University of East London
English expatriate footballers
Expatriate soccer players in Canada
English expatriate sportspeople in Canada
Expatriate footballers in Sweden
English expatriate sportspeople in Sweden
West Ham United F.C. players
Wealdstone F.C. players
Aldershot Town F.C.players
Maidstone United F.C. players
Cambridge City F.C. players
Wingate & Finchley F.C. players
Leyton Orient F.C. players
Hampton & Richmond Borough F.C. players
Dulwich Hamlet F.C. players
Cavalry FC players
IK Brage players
National League (English football) players
Southern Football League players
Isthmian League players
Canadian Premier League players

masks:
Nathan Mabi Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila
Mavila


text_chunks:
Dr<mask> (born 1975) is an American poet, editor, and former literature professor at Central Connecticut State University and City University of Hong Kong and Chairman of the Asia Pacific Writers & Translators (APWT). He is the founding editor of online literary journal Drunken Boat. He has been called "a diaspora icon" by The Hindu and "one of America's finest younger poets" by former Connecticut poet laureate Dick Allen. Career
<mask> received his bachelor's degree from the University of Virginia, his M.F.A. in poetry from the Columbia University School of the Arts and his PhD as an international research fellow at the University of Sydney. He moved to Chester from Brooklyn, and joined the Central Connecticut State University (CCSU) as a faculty member in 2002. He was also a guest teacher of the masters program at Fairfield University.He was elected Chairman of the Connecticut Young Writers Trust in 2011. In 2014, he was promoted from the rank of associate professor to professor at CCSU. He also served as co-director of the creative writing minor at CCSU. He has appeared on PBS  and on National Public Radio. He received the University-level Trustees Research Award as a faculty member at CSUS in 2009. In the same year, he also received a fellowship award from The Connecticut Commission on Culture and Tourism and Summer Literary Seminars fellowship to Kenya. He has taught around the world including at Wesleyan University Summer Writing Conference, City University of Hong Kong, Eastern Mediterranean University in Cyprus, Sun Yat Sen University in China and his poetry has been translated into over a dozen languages, including French, German, Spanish, Hindi, Italian, Bengali, Urdu, Tamil, Slovenian, Russian, Greek, Mandarin, and Japanese.In 1999, he founded Drunken Boat. As of 2018, he was a teacher at the New York Writers Workshop and City University of Hong Kong. He is Chairman of the Asia Pacific Writers & Translators Organization . and a Board Member of the New York Writers Workshop. He has held fellowships from Yaddo, the MacDowell Colony, Djerassi Artists Residency, Ragdale, the Blue Mountain Center, the Jentel Foundation, iPark, and he received the prestigious University of Sydney International Research Fellowship to complete work on his memoir "Correctional" and to do research on the Puritanical roots and racial demographics of mass incarceration in the United States of America. Literary career
<mask>'s collections of poetry include A Field Guide to Southern China (2019) written with T. S. Eliot Prize winner George Szrites, The Many Uses of Mint (2018), What Else Could it Be (2015), Instrumentality (2004), a finalist for the 2005 Connecticut Book Awards, and Deepening Groove (2011), winner of the National Poetry Review Prize. He has also served as an editor for other works such as Language for a New Century (2008), which was hailed as "a beautiful achievement for world literature" by Nobel laureate in Literature Nadine Gordimer.He won a Rhode Island State Council on the Arts Individual Artist Fellowship in 2017  His translations with Priya Sarukkai Chabria of the 8th century Tamil poet/saint Andal won the 2016/2017 Muse India Translation Award at the Hyderabad Literary festival. He also appeared as a guest speaker at the Jaipur Literature Festival in January 2018. His literary works appeared in Paris Review, Fulcrum, McSweeney's, the AWP Writer's Chronicle, and Scribner's Best American Erotic Poems. In 2014, he won Glenna Luschei Award from Prairie Schooner. Controversies
<mask> became the subject of several controversies during 2010. He won a settlement against the NYPD, after being racially profiled under the stop-and-frisk policies later found illegal by New York Superior Court Judge Shira Scheindlin, and appeared on NPR to discuss his wrongful arrest. He was later arrested and convicted in a few public cases including driving under the influence.He served 90 days in Hartford Correctional Center as a pretrial confinement, an experience which he wrote about in The Hartford Courant. In 2015, <mask> resigned from teaching at Central Connecticut State University. He also filed multiple charges against the public university system of Central Connecticut. All of the pending cases filed by both parties were dismissed with a settlement of $60,409, paid by the college authority to <mask>, in exchange for his resignation. He has a forthcoming memoir about his experiences entitled  "Correctional," excerpts from which have been published in The New York Times, the Hartford Courant, The Common (magazine)  and the Michigan Quarterly Review.

masks:
. Ravi Shankar
Shankar
Shankar
Shankar
Shankar
Shankar


text_chunks:
<mask> (11 March 1821 - 7 December 1900), in French Jean-<mask>, was a Paris-based composer and organist, originally from the Prussian Lower Rhine province. He was only 14 when he took over as organist at Trier Cathedral:  the position had fallen vacant three years earlier through the early death of the previous incumbent, his father. Life
<mask> was born at Zurlauben, a riverside fishing hamlet on the northern edge of Trier (into which it has subsequently been subsumed). His birth took place in the little hotel run by his parents, <mask> (1787-1832) and his wife, born Catharina Marx  (1809-1868). Two hundred years later, there is still a hotel on the site:  it is now named "Gasthaus Mosellied", after a song which during the nineteenth century became one of <mask>'s more widely appreciated compositions. The elder <mask> combined his business as an hotelier with the post of cathedral organist between 1810 and his death in 1832. During his final illness his son frequently deputised for him, despite being aged only 11 at the time of the father's death.Over the next two years the boy, whose early music lessons had been provided by his father, was sent to Münster in order to master the craft of a cathedral organist, studying with the Münster organist and choirmaster, Franz Joseph Antony (1790–1837). His study was funded by the Trier Cathedral chapter. On 1 March 1835, still not quite fifteen years old, <mask> was officially appointed to his father's old job of cathedral organist. In 1836 he accepted a teaching appointment at the adjacent cathedral music school. It was a most promising start. However, difficulties soon emerged in terms of his relationship with the cathedral chapter. The young man was unreliable:  he arrived late for services, or failed to turn up at all.Worse still, he took to incorporating folksy and frivolous elements in the improvised organ passages played before and after services or while the priests celebrated and administered the Eucharist. The cathedral administrators reacted by forfeiting amounts from his salary. He even found himself threatened with the sanction of a "Drillarrest". Matters took a turn for the worse in 1838 when the cathedral chapter appointed a "Director of Cathedral Music". It seems to have been a newly created position. Johann Baptist Schneider (1801-1864) arrived with his own ideas on church music. Inspired by Cäcilian ideas which were by now spreading north across Germany, he almost immediately, in 1839, arranged for the cathedral to incorporate orchestral music in worship.He promoted the incorporation of sixteenth century masses and motets by Palestrina and Lassus as well as contemporary works by Mendelssohn. <mask> was involved in exploiting and reworking much of the old music, and quickly became a prolific adaptor of existing works. The period was important for his development as a composer, but there was much scope for differences of approach, interpretation and opinion. When Schneider reacted to these "artistic differences" by complaining to the cathedral authorities he generally found them supportive, and in 1842 it was <mask> whom the cathedral chapter summarily dismissed. In 1844 <mask> moved to Paris. It is far from clear whether, at this stage, he intended for this to be the start of a permanent emigration. He took charge of the music at a succession of churches including, eventually, St-Joseph-des-Allemands, known at that time as the church of the city's growing German expatriate community.There are indications that alongside his skills as an organist, <mask> was an outstanding pianist. During his early years in Paris he supported himself by giving piano lessons. According to one source he was also taking lessons himself, during this period, from the Paris-based composers Fromental Halévy and Louis Niedermeyer. He and they were in any events part of a network in Paris of music professionals whose family origins went back to German-speaking central Europe. It was not till 1846 that, after two years away, <mask> undertook his first visit back to Trier. He was still enjoying his break in the Mosel region when he composed his "Mosellied" ("Mosel Song"). The song is a setting of "Im weiten deutschen Lande" (loosely, "In the far German lands"), a poem by Theodor Reck (1815–1873), which amounts to a hymn celebrating the beauty of the Mosel valley and the people living there.It was written in response to a competition organised by the casino at the health resort of Traben-Trarbach which attracted 171 entries. <mask>'s submission only came second in the competition, and the prize of 1350 bottles of local wine was accordingly shipped to Dresden, home of Julius Otto, the composer of the winning melody (which according to one possibly scurrilous suggestion he had "borrowed" from his father). In Trier and the surrounding countryside the "Mosellied" established <mask> as a composer of note, the composer's reputation being no doubt enhanced by the song's inclusion in the school song book used in the region. The song has also served to ensure that the composer continues to enjoy a significant posthumous reputation with Schlager fans in Germany. It seems not to have resonated in the composer's adopted home city of Paris, however. Back in Paris, in 1847 <mask> married the pianist Léontine Aline Pau who came from a family of painters. She, like him, was also a piano teacher.Three of the couple's five children would become painters-artists. Revolution returned to the streets of Paris early in 1848:  in August 1848 <mask>, whose studying and teaching work had been disrupted by the political developments of the time, set off for the America. He would be away from Paris for more than a year. He settled, briefly, in Louisiana and was employed for a time as the organist or the assistant organist (sources differ) at the St. Louis Cathedral in New Orleans. He remained at the cathedral for long enough to supervise the installation of a new three manual organ at the cathedral, build and installed by  Matthias Schwab (1808-1862) of Cincinnati. Towards the end of 1849 <mask> returned to Paris, "lured", according to one source, by the offer of the organist's post at Saint-Sulpice, filling the position vacated through the death earlier that year of Louis-Nicolas Séjan. <mask>'s incumbency commenced, formally, on 1 January 1850 and lasted slightly more than 13 years.It was at <mask>'s instigation that between 1857 and 1862 the organ was greatly enlarged by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, a celebrity among nineteenth century organ builders among. The resulting 100 register instrument was sufficiently impressive to persuade one of <mask>'s most illustrious successors at Saint-Sulpice, Charles-Marie Widor, to remain in post for more than 60 years, and can still be enjoyed today (2021):  it has "never been electrified", though necessary maintenance has been undertaken during the intervening century and a half: most notably a meticulous and "respectful" dusting exercise was performed between 1988 and 1991. When <mask> left his job at Saint-Sulpice at the end of April 1863, the move was made at the instigation of Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, who indicate that he would prefer that his "masterwork of an instrument" should be entrusted to the hands (and feet) of his friend Louis James Alfred Lefébure-Wély. There were suggestions that <mask>'s style was considered too classical-contrapuntal (so "too German"?) for the "operatic" style that had by this time become fashionable in "post-revolutionary" Paris under France's new dictatorship. <mask> seems to have had no difficulty in finding alternative work as choirmaster and organist at other Paris churches. He was also employed for a number of years at the prestigious Church Music Academy of Louis Niedermeyer.A number of <mask>'s pupils from that time went on to occupy important organist posts across France. <mask> was particularly influential in terms of his own influence in support of the church music reform movement. He rejected the use in churches of what he regarded as "secular" music, and backed a return to the old "real" church music repertoire. He was able to pursue these objectives in "Musée de musique religieuse", a religious music compilation containing 48 organ pieces which he published. A number of friends and colleagues among the leading Paris church organists of the time contributed, including César Franck, Alexis Chauvet, Charles Colin and Camille Saint-Saëns. Schmitt was also one of the organisers of the "Congress of the restoration of plain-chant and church music" held in November/December 1860, thereby increasing the level of his own networking and that of colleagues among church musicians in the city. He also contributed numerous articles to "Revue de musique sacrée religieuse", a specialist periodical publication on sacred and religious music, in which he expounded on his vision of the "Cäcilianism" movement which, throughout the nineteenth century, was becoming more influential in respect of church music selection and performance.He thereby became a mediator between the differing music cultures on each side of the Rhine. As a leading Paris church organist and as an effective proponent of the Cäcilian reforms, <mask> enjoyed a successful career. A side of his musical personality that failed to resonate on the same scale involved his determination to master the light-opera genre. He was persistent. And he did succeed in having his four act comic opera "La belle Madeleine" produced at the (private) "Théâtre Déjazet". There were also small-scale productions of some of his other operettas, in several cases with the active support of his compatriot Jacques Offenbach. But a breakthrough into the world of the French musical stage nevertheless eluded him, while the continuing success in western Germany of the "Mosellied" always remained something of a "one-off".Commercial success for a man whose name and demeanour marked him out as a "German" composer became harder after the humiliation of military defeat at Sedan and the ensuing four month Siege of Paris. <mask> himself had managed, with his family, to escape the brief but brutal civil war that erupted in Paris during 1870/71 by fleeing to Brittany. With a French-born wife and five French born children in the process of transferring to adulthood, <mask> formally - and perhaps belatedly - took French citizenship only in 1872, but audiences for his operettas for the most part nevertheless stayed away. He submitted, in the end, three great choral symphonies (all evoking the great choral-orchestral traditions associated with Berlioz) for Paris composition contests, as well as several cantatas, but - possibly unfairly - he failed to win prizes with them. There was, perhaps, consolation to be had for the composer in him from the fact that during his lifetime a number of his piano pieces and songs for piano accompaniment found publishers and were sold commercially. "Le Sinai", a "dramatic symphony" composed by Schmitt in 1879, was re-discovered performed at Trier in 2014 as part of the Mosel Music Festival. Death and celebration
<mask> died in Paris on 7 December 1900.His body was buried in what would become a family grave in the city's Père Lachaise Cemetery. An organ recital was given at Saint-Sulpice on October 2000 by Josef Still, the organist from the Cathedral at Trier / Trèves in order to celebrate the (then imminent) centenary of <mask>'s death. The programme included three pieces by Schmitt and two more by Eugène Gigout and Théodore Dubois, two of Schmitt's pupils. For most purposes, however, <mask> is little remembered in France. His name resonates more powerfully in Germany, and especially in and around Trier, where his  "Mosellied" ("Mosel Song") continues to feature in Schlager performances. The renaming of his parents' hotel, in which Schmitt was born, as the "Gasthaus Mosellied" ("Mosel Song Hotel") encourages recognition of the ballad. Close to the hotel is the Georg-Schmitt-Platz (loosely, "Georg Schmitt Square"), a piece of open ground by Trier's principal road bridge across the river.For two decades, starting in the early 1950s, Georg-Schmitt-Platz accommodated the "Tankhaus Ernst Schwickert", a BP filling station. Today the address is used for a small adjacent shopping area and car park. Scores

Notes

References

1821 births
1900 deaths
People from Trier
Musicians from Paris
German Romantic composers
19th-century German composers
Classical composers of church music
German classical organists
Cathedral organists

masks:
Johann Georg Gerhard Schmitt
Georges Gérard Schmitt
Johann Georg Gerhard Schmitt
Johann Georg Schmitt
Schmitt
Johann Georg Schmitt
Georg Schmitt
Schmitt
Georg Schmitt
Schmitt
Schmitt
Georg Schmitt
Schmitt
Schmitt
Schmitt
George Schmitt
Schmitt
Schmitt
Schmitt
Schmitt
Schmitt
Schmitt
Schmitt
Schmitt
Georg Schmitt
Schmitt
Schmitt
Georges Schmitt
Georges Schmitt
Schmitt
Georges Schmitt


text_chunks:
<mask> (April 13, 1889 – March 22, 1944) was a professional baseball pitcher who played in the National League for the Pittsburgh Pirates (1911–13) and Chicago Cubs (1916–20) and in the Federal League with the Chicago Whales (1914–15). He pitched a no-hitter in 1915 and was the first pitcher to record a victory at Wrigley Field, then named Weeghman Park. In 1921, he was accused of tipping off a gambler to a possibly fixed game in 1920; an allegation that, while not proven, likely ended his career in baseball. Biography
<mask> was born in Olathe, Kansas. His father was a banker who had also served as the Johnson County sheriff. In 1908, he attended and played baseball for Fairmount College, the predecessor to Wichita State University. After college, he played for Lincoln in the Western League.In 1909, he played for the Salina Trade Winners of the Central Kansas League. He had a good season in 1910 with an independent minor league team in Cheyenne, Wyoming with a record of 17 wins and four losses with 208 strikeouts. The season earned him a contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates for 1911. His second season in Pittsburgh was a breakout year where <mask>, a spitballer, went 24-9 with a 2.59 earned run average. As a 23-year old player, he was second in strikeouts, behind only Grover Cleveland Alexander and received a few votes for Most Valuable Player. In 1913, his win-loss record was only 14-15, but he had a good ERA of 2.84 with 138 strikeouts. In 1914, <mask> sought an increase in his salary to $7,500 per season.After manager Fred Clarke offered him a contract with a lesser increase, <mask> failed to provide Pittsburgh with an answer and owner Barney Dreyfuss rescinded the contract and offered him one with no increase instead. He instead sighed with the Chicago Whales of the new Federal League. On April 23, 1914, <mask> pitched in the first game at Wrigley Field, now Wrigley Field and became the first pitcher to record a win in the stadium with a five-hitter against the Kansas City Packers. That season, he went 29-10 for Chicago, leading the league in wins, ERA and complete games. On May 15, 1915, <mask> pitched a no-hitter against the Pittsburgh Rebels, allowing only three batters to reach base on walks. However, his 1915 campaign was more pedestrial with only 16 victories and a 3.00 ERA. Still, the Chi-Feds captured the Federal League pennant in 1915.In 1916, <mask> signed a contract with the Chicago Cubs in the wake of the Federal League's collapse. <mask> started the first game for the Cubs at Wrigley Field, which Chicago won 7-6 in 11 innings. His first two seasons in Chicago, he posted ERA of 2.68 and 2.60 but had an record of 18-28 as the Cubs struggled. In 1918, the team and <mask> had a resurgence. <mask> went 20-7 with a 2.78 ERA and the Cubs won the National League Pennant. <mask> helped clinch the league title on August 24 winning the first game of a doubleheader against the Brooklyn Robins. <mask> did not start in the 1918 World Series against the Boston Red Sox, the first to feature Babe Ruth.The left-handed Ruth was notoriously tough on right-handed pitchers and the Cubs started only Hippo Vaughn and Lefty Tyler to try and hold Ruth in check. In his only appearance of the series, he singled off Ruth and then was replaced by Bill McCabe aftger reaching second. After the season, <mask> went to work at a shipyard in Superior, Wisconsin. The Secretary of War Newton D. Baker issued a "work-or-fight" order that required baseball players to work in essential industries during World War I for face the draft. Baker allowed the baseball season to continue until September, after which, players like <mask> had to begin working toward the war effort. Toward the end of the 1920 season, <mask>, who had a record of 9-12 with a 3.58 ERA, was scheduled to start on August 31 against the Philadelphia Phillies, who were in last place. The Cubs were informed that money had been bet heavily against the Cubs in that game.The Cubs replaced <mask> with Grover Cleveland Alexander who lost 3-0. With a grand jury investigating the Black Sox scandal in the 1919 World Series, the media paid great attention to rumors of potential game fixing. The Kansas City Times reported that $10,000 had been wagered on Philadelphia in the game. Immediately after the grand jury indicted the Black Sox, The New York Times reported that American League president Ban Johnson had obtained evidence against <mask> regarding the Philadelphia game. A Kansas City sportswriter, Otto Floto, learned of a telegram sent to a local gambler named H.A. "Frock" Thompson (which was misprinted as "Frog" by The New York Times) saying "Bet $5,000 on opposition" and claimed to recall that <mask> had sent the telegram. <mask> did not testify before the grand jury, but told reporters that he had never met Thompson and Thompson stated that he did not know <mask>.On February 7, 1921, <mask> received his release from the Cubs. The next day, <mask> told reporters that he would no longer pitch in the majors, but would continue his career in semi-pro baseball back in the Midwest. Cubs owner Bill Veeck stated that <mask>'s release had nothing to do with the allegations but was moving away from older veterans. Later articles did indicate that <mask> was forced out. <mask> himself said that he had already planned to leave the Cubs after the 1920 season as he had a good job as a car salesman. later, <mask> and his father purchased the Liberty Theater in Kansas City. He continued to work in Kansas City until 1923 when his wife Mabel died.The following year, he moved to Pennsylvania, playing baseball in Emmaus. In 1924, Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis communicated that <mask> was free to play baseball after fans of other teams called him an "outlaw". He played for the Allentown Dukes with other former major leaguers. <mask> died on March 22, 1944 in Allentown, Pennsylvania at the age of 54. See also

 List of Major League Baseball annual ERA leaders
 List of Major League Baseball no-hitters

References

External links

1889 births
1944 deaths
Allentown Dukes players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Chicago Cubs players
Chicago Whales players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Lincoln Railsplitters players
Salina Trade Winners players
Wichita State Shockers baseball players
Baseball players from Kansas
People from Olathe, Kansas
Sportspeople from Allentown, Pennsylvania

masks:
Claude Raymond Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix
Hendrix