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<mask> (11 December 1895 – 13 March 1961) was an Austrian and German Communist and a co-founder of the Austrian Communist Party in 1918. She later became a staunch anti-Stalinist activist. <mask> was born Elfriede Eisler in Leipzig in 1895, the daughter of <mask> and Rudolf Eisler, a professor of philosophy at Leipzig but of Austrian nationality. Her father was Jewish and her mother was Lutheran. She was the elder sister to noted film and concert composer Hanns Eisler and fellow communist activist Gerhart Eisler. She studied philosophy, economics and politics at University of Vienna, where her father was working. At an undisclosed time, before March 1921, she adopted her mother's maiden name as part of her writer's name, "<mask>."According to later records of the British Security Service (MI5), she also used the names of her partner Maslow and husband Pleuchot. Communism

The Austrian Communist Party was founded on 4 November 1918 by <mask> and Paul Friedländer, a medical student she married in 1917, who later died in a Nazi prison or concentration camp. She claimed in her memoir, Stalin and German Communism, that she was listed as member number one. Eight days later, she claimed, a crowd of rioters proclaimed her editor of Vienna's largest daily, the Neue Freie Presse, and she was arrested and charged with treason, but released under amnesty. She opposed the failed attempt to seize power in Austria in June 1919 instigated by the Hungarian communist Erno Bettelheim, and during the recriminations that followed, she left her husband and moved to Berlin. She visited the Comintern representative Karl Radek many times while he was interned in Moabit prison, acting as his contact with the German Communist Party. In a memoir of his year in Berlin, Radek commented: "She gave the impression of being a lively, if uneducated female ..I saw that she could grasp ideas easily, but that they didn't sink in very far, and she could easily fall under some other influence." In 1921, <mask> became leader of the Berlin branch of the Communist Party of Germany, and she and Arkadi Maslow emerged as leaders of the left of the communist party, who blamed the party's over-cautious leadership for the failure of the March Action in 1921, and opposed the tactic of a 'united front' with the German Social Democratic Party. The German authorities tried to forcibly repatriate her to Austria. Thus she married the fellow communist Gustav Golke (1889–1937, executed in the Soviet Great Purge), in order to be naturalised as a German. Heinrich Brandler was the national leader of the Communist Party of Germany. In the early months of 1923, <mask> and urged Brandler to organize an uprising on the model provided by the Bolsheviks in 1917. Together they developed the "theory of the offensive".<mask> denounced the leadership for "making concessions to social democracy", for "opportunism" and for "ideological liquidationism and theoretical revisionism". Chris Harman, author of The Lost Revolution (1982) has pointed out: "Articulate and energetic, they were able to gather around them many of the new workers who had joined the party." Although she appeared to represent a minority view in the German Communist Party at that time, Comintern ordered that she should be co-opted onto its Central Committee in April 1923. In 1923, <mask> appealed to a group of Nazi students, proclaiming that "Those who call for a struggle against Jewish capital are already, gentlemen, class strugglers, even if they don’t know it. You are against Jewish capital and want to fight the speculators. Very good. Throw down the Jewish capitalists, hang them from the lamp-post, stamp on them."<mask> argued that the Communist Party of Germany leaders were saying: "In no circumstances must we proclaim the general strike. The bourgeoisie will discover our plans and destroy us before we have moved. On the contrary, we must calm the masses, hold back our people in the factories and the unemployed committees until the government thinks the moment of danger has passed." When the leaders of the German communist party met leaders in Moscow in September 1923 to discuss the prospect of seizing power that autumn, Leon Trotsky was so disturbed by the antagonism between the different factions that, out of loyalty to Brandler, he proposed that Maslow and <mask> be ordered to stay in Moscow. In the event, it was agreed that Maslow would stay, but <mask> could return to Germany. After the failure of the Hamburg Uprising, and Maslow's return to Germany, <mask>, Maslow and Ernst Thälmann gained control of the German CP, at Brandler's expense. In April 1924, the 9th party convention elected her and Maslow co-chairpersons of the Communist Party of Germany.In May 1924, she travelled to the UK as a fraternal delegate to a sixth congress of the Communist Party of Great Britain, whom she accused of being too close to the Labour Party, and narrowly avoided being arrested in Manchester. She was elected to the Reichstag under her then legal name Elfriede Golke, and to the Prussian House of Representatives. In January 1925, she was arrested in Austria, after crossing the border illegally on a mission to revive the Austrian communist party. During the power struggle in the Soviet Union following the death of Lenin, the trio backed the Comintern chairman Grigory Zinoviev, who at that time was aligned with Joseph Stalin, against Trotsky and Radek. In June 1924, she led the German delegation to the Fifth Congress of Comintern, where she denounced Trotsky in public, in language not previously heard. At the sixth congress of the German CP, in 1925, she went on to attack the two most famous martyrs of German communism, Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht for having "burdened us with great errors which we must eradicate." Writing in a party journal, she likened Luxemburg's influence to a syphilis bacillus.By August 1925, Zinoviev and other soviet leaders had decided that <mask> and Maslow were unreliable, and the executive of Comintern passed a resolution attacking them by name, without mentioning Thälmann. She was ordered to stay in Moscow (while Maslow was in prison in Germany), and Thälmann took over the leadership of the German party. When the rift between Zinoviev and Stalin became public, she began meeting Zinoviev to settle their past differences. In February 1926, she was summoned by Stalin, who told her she could return to Germany and be readmitted to the party leadership if she submitted to the party line, which she refused to do. When the executive of Comintern held a special session, private letters she had written, which had been intercepted by the censorship were read out, including one to Maslow, in which she wrote "We are condemned to death, since terror reigns in Leningrad." From then, she was publicly linked to the anti-Stalinist left, despite her previous clashes with Trotsky. On 19 August 1926, she and Maslow were expelled from the German CP.Anti-Stalinism

In Germany, she and Maslow formed a splinter group to the left of the German CP, arguing that Stalin was the leader of a counter-revolution in the USSR, which was ruled by a new class of bureaucrats running a form of state capitalism. She lost her Reichstag seat in 1928, and fled to Paris in 1933 and in August the same year the Nazi government annulled her naturalisation of 1923. When Trotsky founded the Fourth International in 1938, he 'set great store' by the accession of <mask>, who visited him frequently in France, though her opposition to Stalinism went further than his. In 1941, <mask> left France for the United States. In 1947, she testified before HUAC against her brothers Gerhart and Hanns. Her testimony against Hanns resulted in his blacklisting and deportation. She testified that Gerhart was an important Comintern agent.In 1948, she published her memoir Stalin and German Communism - but the accuracy of her account of events that had happened a quarter of a century or more before she was writing has been challenged. Rosa Luxemburg's biographer, J.P.Nettl, described the book as "generally unreliable; in places deliberately so." E.H.Carr looked into one of the claims made in the book and concluded that it was "inaccurate in every particular that can be checked." Isaac Deutscher, a biographer of Trotsky and Stalin, described her as a "young, trumpet-tongued woman, without any revolutionary experience or merit, yet idolized by the Communists of Berlin." In 1955, <mask> returned to Paris and published her books Stalin and German Communism and Die Umformung der Sowjetgesellschaft. Death and afterwards

<mask> died in Paris in 1961, aged 65, from undisclosed causes. She had one child, Friedrich Gerhart Friedländer (F.G. Friedlander), born in Vienna 1917, later a mathematician, who died in the United Kingdom in 2001.The International Institute of Social History has an archive of her papers. See also
 Hanns Eisler
 Gerhart Eisler
 Arkadi Maslow

References

External links

Further reading
<mask> Papers, (International Institute of Social History)
Deutscher, Isaac, "The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky 1921–1929", Oxford University Press, 1980,

1895 births
1961 deaths
Politicians from Leipzig
People from the Kingdom of Saxony
Communist Party of Austria politicians
Communist Party of Germany politicians
Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
20th-century women politicians
Members of the Prussian House of Representatives
Jewish German politicians
Jewish socialists
American spies against the Soviet Union
German communists
Anti-Stalinist left

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Ruth Fischer
Background Fischer
Marie Edith Fischer
Ruth Fischer
Ruth Fischer
Fischer
Ruth Fischer
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Ruth Fischer
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<mask> FBA (26 April 1925 – 29 January 2013) was a British economist whose work focused on general equilibrium theory, monetary theory, Keynesian economics and critique of monetarism. A famous problem of economic theory, the conditions under which money, which is intrinsically worthless, can have a positive value in a general equilibrium, is called "<mask>'s problem" after him. One of <mask>'s main abiding concerns was the understanding of Keynesian (Non-Walrasian) outcomes in general equilibrium situations. Biography

Early life and education
<mask> was born on 26 April 1925 in Berlin to Arnold and <mask>, their roots in German and Czech speaking Jewish communities respectively. <mask> was a chemist by profession and a writer. Arnold and <mask> with their two sons, Peter and <mask>, moved to Prague in 1931 (or possibly 1934) and left for England in 1938. <mask>'s older brother was <mask> (8 Nov 1923-28 Aug 2007) who became an eminent Czech research physiologist who had returned to Czechoslovakia after the War but was compelled to flee to Canada after the Prague Spring in 1968 in which he was active.Peter and <mask> were educated at Bournemouth School from when they were 15, 13 respectively, a school for which <mask> retained an abiding enthusiasm. Peter started at Swansea University but joined the Czechoslovak squadron of the RAF during the War. <mask> too became a navigator in the RAF in the Second World War, then resumed his interrupted higher education, not reading Mathematics at Balliol College, Oxford, but instead reading Economics at the London School of Economics. He met at LSE and in 1946 married Dorothy Salter, also an economist and secretary to FA Hayek. <mask> started his teaching career with a lectureship at Birmingham in 1948. <mask> took his doctoral degree in 1951 at the London School of Economics (LSE) for the thesis The share of wages: an enquiry into the theory of distribution, where he was supervised initially by Nicholas Kaldor and later by Lionel Robbins. As a student, he had been part of the Hayek–Robbins seminar at LSE, and he once said his wife had been an original member of the Mont Pelerin Society.Academia

<mask> began his teaching career in 1948 at the University of Birmingham, where he was subsequently elected Reader in Mathematical Economics. In 1960 he joined the University of Cambridge—as a Fellow of the new Churchill College and as University Lecturer in Economics. In 1967 he was appointed Professor at the London School of Economics (though he apparently continued to reside in Cambridge). Five years later he left the LSE appointment to become Professor at Cambridge. His inaugural lecture at Cambridge "On the notion of equilibrium in economics" was delivered on 28 February 1973. He remained Professor of Economics at Cambridge until his retirement in 1992, though he made near-annual visits to the US, especially as visiting professor at Harvard University, the MIT, and the University of California, Berkeley, as well as to Stanford's Institute of Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences. From 1990 to 1996 <mask> directed the PhD program of the Economics Department at the University of Siena.He eventually became emeritus professor at Cambridge. Famous letter
He gained widespread recognition and attention in 1981 as the co-instigator of a letter to The Times signed by 364 of Britain's best-known economists, questioning Margaret Thatcher's economic policy, with a warning that it would only result in deepening the prevailing depression. Influence and leanings
<mask>, by his own admission, was influenced in economics by John Hicks, W. M. Gorman, Takashi Negishi and Kenneth Arrow among others. He in turn influenced a large number of colleagues and students. Death

He died in Cambridge on 29 January 2013, following a short illness. He is survived by his wife Dorothy, née Salter, whom he had married in 1946. Major works
 "The Share of Wages in the Trade Cycle", Economic Journal, vol 60 (1950)."The Share of Wages in National Income", Oxford Economic Papers vol. 3 No. 2 (1951). "The Rate of Interest in General Equilibrium Analysis", Economic Journal (1955). "Gross Substitutes and the Dynamic Stability of General Equilibrium", Econometrica vol 26 (1958) pp. 169–70. "The Patinkin Controversy", Review of Economic Studies vol.19 (1960). "The Stability of Growth Equilibrium", Quarterly Journal of Economics vol. 74, pp. 206–26 (1960). "Money, Dynamic Stability and Growth", Metroeconomica vol. 13 No. 11 (August 1961)."A Stable Adjustment Process for a Competitive Economy", Review of Economic Studies vol 39 pp. 62–5 (1962). "A Theorem on Non-Tatonnement Stability" with T.Negishi, Econometrica vol. 30 No. 3 (1962). "On the Stability of a Pure Exchange Equilibrium", International Economic Review, vol. 3 (May 1962), 206–13."The Stability of the Cournot Oligopoly Solution", Review of Economic Studies vol. 29 pp. 329–33 (1962). "On the Disequilibrium Behavior of a Multi-Sectoral Growth Model", Economic Journal (1963)
 "The Theory of Economic Growth: A survey", with R.C.O.Matthews (1964), Economic Journal vol 74 pp. 779–902 (1964). "On Some Problems of Proving the Existence of an Equilibrium in a Monetary Economy" in Theory of Interest Rates (1965), edited by <mask> and Brechling. "Equilibrium Dynamics with Heterogeneous Capital Goods" Quarterly Journal of Economics vol.80 (1966) pp. 633–46. "On Warranted Growth Paths", Review of Economic Studies, vol. 35, pp. 175–84 (1968). "On Money and Growth", Journal of Money, Credit and Banking vol. 1 No.2 (1969). "Some Adjustment Problems", Econometrica vol. 38 No. 1 (January 1970). General Competitive Analysis (1971), with K.J. Arrow. "Equilibrium with Transactions Costs", Econometrica vol.39 No. 3 (1971). "The Winter of Our Discontent", Economica (1973). "On Some Equilibrium Growth Paths" in Models of Economic Growth (1973), edited by Mirrlees and Stern. "On Transactions Costs, Inessential Sequence Economics and Money", Review of Economic Studies vol. 40 No. 4 (October 1973).On the Notion of Equilibrium in Economics (1974). "Revival of Political Economy: The wrong issues and the wrong arguments", Economic Record vol. 51 pp. 360–4 (1975). "Keynesian Economics and General Equilibrium Theory: Reflections on some current debates" in Microeconomic Foundations of Macroeconomics (1977), edited by Harcourt. "Monetarism and Economic Theory", Economica Vol. 47 #185 (1980)."General Equilibrium Theory" in Crisis in Economic Theory (1981) edited by Bell and Kristol. Money and Inflation (1982). "Reflections on the Invisible Hand", Lloyd's Bank Review, April 1982. "The Neo-Ricardians", Cambridge Journal of Economics (1982). "Stability" in Handbook of Mathematical Economics (1982), edited by Arrow and Intriligator. "On some difficulties of the utilitarian economist" in
 Equilibrium and Macroeconomics (1984). Money, Growth and Stability (1985)."Liquidity" in Handbook of Monetary Economics (1988), edited by Friedman and <mask>. Critical Essay on Modern Macroeconomic Theory  (1995) with R. M. Solow. "A Remark on Incomplete Market Equilibrium" in Markets, Information and Uncertainty (1999), edited by Chichilnisky. "Notes on Sequence Economies, Transaction Costs and Uncertainty", with K.J. Arrow Journal of Economic Theory vol. 86 No. 2 (1999).References

1925 births
2013 deaths
Academics of the London School of Economics
Academics of the University of Birmingham
Alumni of the London School of Economics
British economists
Fellows of Churchill College, Cambridge
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Presidents of the Econometric Society
General equilibrium theorists
Mathematical economists
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Monetary economists
People educated at Bournemouth School
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II

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Frank Horace Hahn
Hahn
Hahn
Frank Hahn
Maria Hahn
Arnold Hahn
Maria Hahn
Frank
Frank
Peter Hahn
Frank
Frank
Frank
Frank
Frank Hahn
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<mask>, OBE (born 1 November 1963) is a Welsh football coach and former player who is the manager of Bradford City. During his playing career he usually operated as a forward or midfielder. He had two spells at Manchester United, and also played for Barcelona and Bayern Munich, as well as the English clubs Chelsea, Southampton, Everton and finally Blackburn Rovers. He made 72 appearances for Wales scoring 16 goals. He won a host of winners' medals during his playing career, including two Premier League titles, four FA Cups, three League Cups and two European Cup Winners' Cups. He also collected an FA Cup runners-up medal and a League Cup runners-up medal. <mask> was the first player to win the PFA Players' Player of the Year award twice, in 1989 and 1991.He retired from playing in 2002. His reign as Wales manager was his first managerial post; he was appointed in 1999 and remained in the role until 2004. He failed to qualify for a World Cup or European Championship during his five years in charge, although his reign coincided with a marked improvement in results. Wales came particularly close to securing 2004 European Championship qualification. <mask> then spent four years in charge of Blackburn, guiding them to sixth place in 2005–06. He took charge of Manchester City in June 2008 for a year and a half before spending the 2010–11 season at Fulham. He joined Queens Park Rangers in January 2012, helping them retain their Premier League status in 2011–12.Despite some high-profile signings in the summer of 2012, QPR began the 2012–13 season in very poor form, and <mask> was dismissed on 23 November 2012. <mask> was appointed manager of Stoke City on 30 May 2013. He guided the club to three consecutive ninth-place Premier League finishes in 2013–14, 2014–15 and 2015–16. Progress at Stoke stalled in the 2016–17 season, with the club finishing 13th in the table. Following a poor start to the 2017–18 season, with the club in the relegation zone heading into the new year, he was dismissed by Stoke on 6 January 2018, hours after an FA Cup third round exit to League Two side Coventry City. He was appointed manager of Southampton on 14 March 2018, signing a contract until the end of the season, with Southampton one point above his former club Stoke in 17th place at the time of his appointment. He guided the club to safety at the end of the 2017–18 season, but was dismissed in December 2018 with the club at 18th in the table.Club career

Manchester United
Born in Ruabon, Wrexham, <mask> joined Manchester United after leaving school in the summer of 1980, having been spotted by the team's North Wales talent scout Hugh Roberts. However, he did not make his first team debut for three years – scoring in a 1–1 draw away to Oxford United in the League Cup, in the 1983–84 season. When <mask> made his United debut, the club's forward partnership consisted of 27-year-old Irishman Frank Stapleton and 18-year-old Norman Whiteside from Northern Ireland, and breaking up that partnership would not be an easy challenge for <mask>. But <mask> quickly broke into the first team, partnering Frank Stapleton in attack while Norman Whiteside was switched to midfield to partner Ray Wilkins and stand in for the injury prone Remi Moses. The departure of Wilkins to Milan at the end of the season saw manager Ron Atkinson decide to stick to using Whiteside in the centre of midfield, enabling <mask> to keep his place in the first team ahead of new signing Alan Brazil, and he was rewarded handsomely as he scored 25 goals in 55 matches across all competitions as United achieved an FA Cup final victory over Everton. They also finished fourth in the league. <mask> managed a further 18 goals in the 1985–86 season, where they led until February having won their first ten league matches of the season, before a dismal second half of the season saw them slip into fourth place in the final table.That season saw him score 17 goals in the Football League First Division – it would remain the highest goals tally in a league season throughout his career. Barcelona
In the summer of 1986, <mask> was sold to Barcelona for £2 million. United announced on 21 March 1986 that <mask> would be heading for Spain at the end of the season, but the transfer had been agreed many weeks earlier. Manager Terry Venables signed <mask> at the same time that he signed Gary Lineker from Everton to form a new strike partnership at the Camp Nou, but <mask> was a disappointment in his only season at Barcelona, whereas Lineker did well in three seasons there. Bayern Munich (loan)
He was subsequently loaned out to German club Bayern Munich for the 1987–88 season, where he regained his form. On 11 November 1987, he played two competitive matches in one day, first for Wales against Czechoslovakia in Prague in a Euro 1988 qualifier, and second, after being flown across the border into Germany, appearing as a substitute for Bayern in their second round cup replay over Borussia Mönchengladbach. Return to Manchester United

In May 1988, <mask> returned to Manchester United, managed by Sir Alex Ferguson, for a then club record fee of £1.8 million.As he had done in his first spell at Old Trafford, <mask> proved to be a dynamic goalscorer and was a key player for the club over the next seven years. Alex Ferguson had been keen on re-signing <mask> for United soon after becoming manager in November 1986, but <mask> would have been liable for taxation on money earned playing overseas if he had returned to England before April 1988. In 1988–89, his first season back in England, United disappointed in the league and finished 11th after an erratic season. They had gone ten league matches without a win in the autumn but then went on a strong run after the turn of the new year to lift them to third place, only for a late season collapse to drag them down to mid-table. <mask> was voted PFA Player of the Year, the first Manchester United player to be credited with that award, in its 16th season. He was also United's joint top scorer that season, along with Brian McClair, on 16 goals. A year later, <mask> scored twice as United drew 3–3 with Crystal Palace in the FA Cup final, before a Lee Martin goal in the replay gave United their first major trophy in five years.He was United's top goalscorer that season, scoring 15 goals in all competitions; 13 of his goals had come in the league, where United finished a disappointing 13th. He scored his third United hat-trick in a September clash against Millwall in the league at Old Trafford, which United won 5–1. The following season, <mask> scored both goals against former club Barcelona as United lifted the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, winning the final 2–1 in Rotterdam. Once again, he was their top scorer, this time with 21 goals in all competitions, although his tally in the league was bettered by Brian McClair and Steve Bruce. They also reached the Football League Cup final that year, but United suffered a shock 1–0 defeat to a Sheffield Wednesday side managed by Ron Atkinson, who had been <mask>'s manager in his first spell at Old Trafford. <mask> was also voted PFA Player of the Year again this season. The 1990–91 season also saw <mask> score the last of his four hat-tricks for United, in a League Cup quarter-final replay against Southampton at Old Trafford, which United won 3–2.In 1991–92, <mask> suffered the disappointment of missing out on a league title medal as United were pipped to the title by Leeds United, but had some compensation in the form of a League Cup winner's medal. He found the net 11 times in the league and 14 times in all competitions. For much of the 1991–92 season, United had been linked with a move for the Southampton striker Alan Shearer, but the player chose to stay at the South Coast club until the season's end before making a decision about his future, before deciding to sign for Blackburn Rovers. Sir Alex Ferguson remained intent on signing a new striker for United that summer, although it was far from clear whether it was <mask> or his strike-partner Brian McClair who would lose his place in the first team or be switched to another position in order to accommodate a new signing. Ferguson's hunt for a new striker ended with the acquisition of Dion Dublin, although Dublin was injured after playing just a few matches for the club, and it was not long before United were in the hunt for another new striker, as a lack of goals were seeing them slip behind in the title race. Eric Cantona was eventually signed at the end of November, which prompted interest from Newcastle United manager Kevin Keegan, who had first asked Ferguson about <mask>' availability that summer. Ferguson, however, insisted that <mask> was not for sale, and he remained a regular choice in the first team, playing alongside Cantona while McClair was mostly selected in central midfield from then on.In May 1993, <mask> finally collected an English league title medal as United won the first-ever Premier League title; <mask> was United's top scorer with 15 goals in the league and a further goal in the League Cup. From December, he mostly played alongside new signing Eric Cantona in attack, with Brian McClair being switched to the centre of midfield. <mask> collected yet more silverware in 1994 as United won the league title as well as the FA Cup, with <mask> scoring in the final. He also scored Manchester United's consolation goal in their 3–1 defeat in the 1994 League Cup Final at the hands of Aston Villa at Wembley in that season. In so doing, he became only the second player (after Norman Whiteside in 1983) to score in the finals of both the domestic cups in the same season. This has since been achieved a third time by Didier Drogba in 2007. His partnership with Cantona in attack also went from strength to strength, as he found the net 22 times in all competitions as Cantona scored a further 25.In December 1994, with United second to Blackburn in the race for the league title, media reports were linking United with the signature of several highly rated strikers including Andy Cole and Stan Collymore, and there had already been some impressive performances in the first team from 20-year-old striker Paul Scholes. <mask> was now widely tipped to be the player most likely to lose his place to any new signing in the forward positions, and when United completed the £7 million signing of Cole on 10 January 1995, it was almost immediately reported that new Everton manager Joe Royle was tabling a £2.5 million bid for <mask>. Four days later, however, <mask> suffered a knee injury early in a match against Newcastle, colliding with opposition goalkeeper Pavel Srníček as he scored a goal. The injury was initially feared to be cruciate knee ligament damage, which would inevitably have put him out of action for at least the rest of the season, but it was instead revealed to be a serious gash, and he was back in action within a month, during which time United were left without the services of Eric Cantona, who attacked a Crystal Palace fan and was subsequently banned for eight months. <mask> now found himself with his first team place still looking secure, at least in the short term, and in partnership with Andy Cole. He even signed a new two-year contract. <mask> came close to winning both the Premier League and FA Cup again in 1995, but a failure to beat West Ham United on the final day of the season and the inability to score an equaliser against Everton in the FA Cup final a week later condemned United to their first trophyless season in six years.The FA Cup final was his last match in a United shirt. He had scored eight goals that season and 12 in all competitions. During two spells at the club, he had found the net a total of 163 times (116 of his goals coming during his second spell). Perhaps the most memorable of those goals came in April 1994, when he scored a spectacular equaliser in the final minute of extra time in the FA Cup semi-final against Oldham Athletic at Wembley. <mask> scored eight league goals in 1994–95 (two of them in the 9–0 defeat of Ipswich Town at Old Trafford on 4 March 1995) and managed a total of 12 in all competitions (two in the FA Cup and another two in the European Cup). By the time of his departure from Manchester United, he was the last player at the club to have been there before the appointment of Sir Alex Ferguson as manager in November 1986. <mask> left Old Trafford for the second and final time in June 1995 when he was sold to Chelsea for £1 million, in a summer that also saw the departures of players such as Paul Ince (to Inter Milan) and Andrei Kanchelskis (to Everton).Ironically, <mask> scored a consolation goal for Chelsea in the home Premier League fixture against Manchester United in 1995–96; a 4–1 win for United at Stamford Bridge in October. He was on the losing side again as United beat Chelsea 2–1 in the FA Cup semi-final that season, less than two years after he had scored one of United's goals in their FA Cup final triumph over Chelsea. <mask> was one of the key players in Chelsea's resurgence as a top club in the late 1990s, forming a potent strike partnership with Gianfranco Zola and helping to freeze out Gianluca Vialli (who became the club's player-manager in February 1998). He put in match-winning performances against Liverpool and Wimbledon in the FA Cup in 1997, and Vicenza in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup a year later, playing a big part in Chelsea's glory in both of these competitions. In winning the FA Cup, he became the only player in the 20th century to win the trophy four times. He ended his Chelsea career with 39 goals from 123 matches and was transferred to Southampton for £650,000 in July 1998. Southampton
In July 1998, <mask> was signed by Southampton for a fee of £650,000 by manager Dave Jones, as an alternative to injury-plagued David Hirst, who retired within 18 months of <mask>' arrival.Unfortunately, the goals failed to flow and <mask> was pushed back into midfield where his experience helped Southampton maintain their Premier League status. His two goals for Southampton came against Blackburn Rovers, who he was later to join, and a "memorable volley" at home to Newcastle on 15 August 1999. <mask> suffered with disciplinary problems throughout his career, and in his first season at The Dell he received 14 yellow cards, a total which has never been exceeded in the Premier League. Everton
When Glenn Hoddle arrived as Southampton's manager in January 2000, <mask> did not fit into his plans and he left for Everton in March 2000. He played 16 times over the course of seven months for Everton, scoring his only goal against Watford. Blackburn Rovers
<mask> left Goodison Park on a free transfer for Blackburn Rovers in October 2000, moving outside the top division for the first time in his playing career in 2000–01. He played a key role

masks:
Leslie Mark Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
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Chelsea Hughes
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 in getting Blackburn promoted from Division One in 2001.He also lifted the League Cup with Blackburn in February 2002, before finally hanging up his boots in July 2002 a few months short of his 39th birthday. <mask>' final career goal came in a 2–1 Premier League defeat to Leicester City on 30 March 2002. At the time, he was the second oldest player to score in the Premier League, behind Stuart Pearce. More than a decade on he is still ranked as third in this category following goals by Teddy Sheringham, who scored his final Premier League goal in December 2006 at the age of 40.

International career
<mask> scored just 17 minutes into his Wales debut, scoring the winning goal against England on 2 May 1984. He went on to play 72 times for his country, scoring 16 times. Managerial career

Wales
<mask> was appointed as head coach of the Wales national team in 1999. Initially appointed on a temporary basis alongside Neville Southall to replace Bobby Gould, <mask> had soon done enough to earn himself a long-term contract, with Southall eventually leaving the set-up.When he took over, Wales were going through a bad patch but in the five years with <mask> in charge, Wales came close to qualifying for UEFA Euro 2004. In their Euro 2004 qualifying group, Wales ended up second, beating Italy 2–1 in Cardiff in the process, but was denied a place in the final tournament after losing to Russia in the playoffs. Blackburn Rovers
<mask> quit the Welsh national side in September 2004 to take charge of Blackburn in the FA Premier League, the last club he had played for. His key aim was to keep Blackburn clear of relegation, which he succeeded in doing, while also taking the club to an FA Cup semi-final for the first time in over 40 years. In his second season, he helped Blackburn finish inside the top six of the Premier League and subsequently qualify for the UEFA Cup, beating teams such as Chelsea, Manchester United (twice) and Arsenal en route. After just missing out on the League Cup final, his team sealed their spot in Europe by defeating champions Chelsea 1–0 at home. On 4 May 2006, <mask> and assistant <mask> signed new three-year contracts to remain at Blackburn until the summer of 2009.<mask> then set about creating a formidable side at Ewood Park. He entered the transfer market, bringing in players such as Benni McCarthy (£2 million), David Bentley (£500,000), Ryan Nelsen (free), Stephen Warnock (£1.5 million), Roque Santa Cruz (£3.5 million), and Christopher Samba (£400,000). Rovers finished tenth in the Premier League in 2006–07, and reached the UEFA Cup round of 32, where they were knocked out by Bayer Leverkusen 3–2 on aggregate. Rovers faced Chelsea in the FA Cup semi-final, their third consecutive semi-final since <mask> took charge. The match ended in defeat, 2–1. He won the Premier League Manager of the Month award for October 2007, and eventually led Blackburn to a league finish of seventh in 2007–08, <mask>'s final season in charge at Ewood Park. During his spell in charge of Blackburn, <mask>' side was accused of being "over-physical" and "dirty" on multiple occasions and the club finished bottom of the Premier League disciplinary table in all four of <mask>' seasons in charge.Manchester City
On 2 June 2008, Manchester City sacked manager Sven-Göran Eriksson. Interest was also reported from Chelsea, however, who had recently sacked their manager, Avram Grant. Blackburn confirmed on 2 June that they had agreed to allow <mask> to talk to City. The following day, Blackburn agreed to a then-world record compensation package for <mask> to take over as manager of Manchester City, and he was appointed as head coach on 4 June 2008 on a three-year contract. Following the appointment, Manchester City's executive chairman Garry Cook stated, "The Club intends to invest in new players as well as securing the long term services of key members of the current first team squad. <mask> has already identified some of the players and backroom staff that he wants to see here at City, and we will begin the process of recruiting them immediately." The players who did arrive were Jô, Tal Ben Haim, Vincent Kompany, Shaun Wright-Phillips (returning from Chelsea) and Pablo Zabaleta.<mask>' first match in charge resulted in a 4–2 loss to Aston Villa at Villa Park but was followed up with 3–0 wins against West Ham and Sunderland. On 1 September 2008, Manchester City were taken over by the Abu Dhabi United investment group, who made large amounts of transfer funds available to <mask>, allowing City to break the British transfer record and sign Robinho from Real Madrid for £32.5 million. <mask> was very active in the January 2009 transfer window, signing Wayne Bridge from Chelsea, Craig Bellamy from West Ham and Shay Given from Newcastle, as well as Nigel de Jong from Hamburger SV. City finished tenth in <mask>' first season with the club, as well as reaching the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup. City's home form was among the best in the League, but their away form was among the worst. In the summer of 2009, <mask> added Gareth Barry from Aston Villa, Roque Santa Cruz from Blackburn, and Emmanuel Adebayor and Kolo Touré from Arsenal to his squad, while Carlos Tevez also joined after his two-year deal with Manchester United expired. In addition, <mask> signed defenders Joleon Lescott from Everton for a reported £22 million, and Sylvinho – a former Arsenal and double Champions League winner with Barcelona – on a free transfer.<mask> started the 2009–10 Premier League campaign with a 2–0 away win at former club Blackburn, followed by a 1–0 win over another former club, Barcelona, in the Joan Gamper Trophy at a capacity Camp Nou. City then won 1–0 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers at Eastlands, followed by Crystal Palace in the League Cup 2–0 and Portsmouth 1–0 to maintain a 100% clean sheet start to the season. City continued in good form, beating Arsenal 4–2 and West Ham 3–1 either side of a 4–3 derby day defeat to Manchester United. City would then, however, go on a run of seven-straight draws. Manchester City beat Scunthorpe United 5–1 and Arsenal 3–0 in the League Cup to reach their first semi-final since 1981. <mask> then led City to their first victory over his former club Chelsea for five years with a 2–1 victory. That last victory was one of only two wins in 11 successive Premier League matches, and <mask> left City before their League Cup two-legged semi-final against Manchester United; he was sacked on 19 December 2009 and replaced by Roberto Mancini.Fulham
On 29 July 2010, <mask> became the new manager of Fulham, following the departure of Roy Hodgson to Liverpool. <mask> agreed a two-year contract with the London side and was officially unveiled to the media on 3 August 2010, before his first match as manager on 7 August against Werder Bremen. <mask> was joined at Fulham by his backroom team of Eddie Niedzwiecki, <mask> and Kevin Hitchcock. His first league match in charge of the Cottagers came exactly a week later, when they drew 0–0 at Bolton Wanderers on the opening day of the Premier League season, followed by a resolute display against Manchester United in a 2–2 draw at Craven Cottage. Draws followed in four of Fulham's next five Premier League matches against Blackpool, Blackburn Rovers, Everton and West Ham, with a solitary 2–1 home win over Wolves. This meant that at that stage – including the seven-draw streak at Manchester City before his dismissal the season before – all but two (86%) of <mask>' last fifteen Premiership matches had been drawn. The bizarre run, exclusively made up of draws or 2–1 results, continued with 2–1 defeats to Tottenham Hotspur and West Bromwich Albion in the second half of October 2010.At the end of the 2010–11 season, <mask> led Fulham to an eighth-placed finish in the league and UEFA Europa League qualification through the Fair Play league. <mask> resigned as manager of Fulham on 2 June 2011, having spent less than 11 months at the club. Following his departure, he said, "As a young, ambitious manager I wish to move on to further my experiences." Fulham owner Mohamed Al-Fayed hit back at <mask> for questioning the club's ambition, calling him a "strange man" and a "flop" and said he rescued him from becoming a forgotten man after being sacked by Manchester City. In September 2013, <mask> said he made a mistake in leaving Fulham when he did. Queens Park Rangers
On 10 January 2012, <mask> agreed terms with Queens Park Rangers and signed a two-and-a-half-year contract as their new manager, replacing the recently sacked Neil Warnock. <mask>' first match in charge of QPR came on 15 January 2012, a 1–0 defeat away to Newcastle.<mask>'s first win as QPR manager came on 17 January 2012, a 1–0 victory over Milton Keynes Dons in a FA Cup third round replay at Loftus Road. His first Premier League victory was on 21 January 2012, QPR beating Wigan Athletic 3–1 at home. In January 2012, <mask> brought in two defenders in Nedum Onuoha and Taye Taiwo and two strikers in Djibril Cissé and Bobby Zamora. Cissé made an immediate impact scoring on his debut against Aston Villa. Defeats against Wolves, Blackburn and Fulham, however, prevented QPR from pulling themselves away from relegation trouble. Victories over Liverpool, Arsenal, Stoke City, Swansea City and Tottenham meant that they went into the final match of the season two points ahead of Bolton. They faced <mask>' former club Manchester City at the City of Manchester Stadium, who needed a win to secure the Premier League title.Despite scoring twice through Cissé and Jamie Mackie, two late goals from Edin Džeko and Sergio Agüero earned City a dramatic victory and championship title. Bolton's failure to beat Stoke, however, meant that QPR survived in the Premier League. In the summer of 2012, QPR brought in a large number of high-profile signings with the intent of establishing themselves as a Premier League club. In came Ryan Nelsen, Andrew Johnson, Robert Green, Samba Diakité, Fábio, Park Ji-sung and Junior Hoilett all before the start of the season. Rangers' new-look squad, however, got off to an awful start as they crashed to a 5–0 home defeat against Swansea on the opening day of the 2012–13 Premier League season. <mask> branded his players performance as "embarrassing". <mask> then signed José Bosingwa, Júlio César and Esteban Granero but saw no improvement in results, going 12 matches without victory.He was sacked as manager on 23 November 2012 after the team suffered a 3–1 home defeat to Southampton six days earlier and replaced by Harry Redknapp. Stoke City

2013–14
<mask> was appointed manager of Stoke City on 30 May 2013, signing a three-year contract after taking over from fellow Welshman Tony Pulis. Speaking after being announced as Stoke's new manager, <mask> admitted that he had a point to prove following his disappointing spell at QPR. <mask>' first task was to release Rory Delap, Mamady Sidibe, Matthew Upson, Dean Whitehead, Carlo Nash and Matty Lund, at the same time giving Jermaine Pennant a new contract. He made his first signing on 28 June 2013 in Dutch international left-back Erik Pieters from PSV for a fee of €3.6 million (£3 million). <mask>' first match in charge of Stoke on 17 August 2013 ended in a 1–0 defeat at Liverpool. <mask>' first win as Stoke manager came in his next match as Stoke beat Crystal Palace 2–1 at the Britannia Stadium.This was followed up by a 1–0 win away at West Ham. On 2 September 2013, transfer deadline day, <mask> brought in Austrian forward <mask> Arnautović from Werder Bremen and Stephen Ireland on loan from Aston Villa. Meanwhile, Michael Kightly, Cameron Jerome and Ryan Shotton all departed the club on long-term loans. Stoke soon lost their early form, however, and went through September and October without a Premier League win, picking up just two points and scoring only three goals. Stoke improved in November and December, going a run of one defeat in seven matches, including a 3–2 win over Chelsea on 7 December 2013. December ended badly for Stoke and <mask>, however, as they were on the receiving end of a 5–1 defeat at Newcastle in which Stoke were reduced to nine men and <mask> himself was sent off. Stoke went through January 2014 in poor form and managed to pick up just a point and a 1–0 defeat at Sunderland on 29 January, leaving the club just above the relegation zone.The one piece of transfer activity <mask> did was to swap Kenwyne Jones for Peter Odemwingie in a player-exchange deal with Cardiff City. The arrival of Odemwingie enabled <mask> to alter his tactics and formation and it immediately paid off with a 2–1 victory over Manchester United. Stoke's form continued to improve and they went through March unbeaten with wins over Arsenal, West Ham, Aston Villa and Hull City. Stoke proceeded to end the season strongly with wins over Newcastle, Fulham and a 2–1 win against West Brom on the final day of the season, which saw Stoke finish in ninth position, their best finish since 1974–75. 2014–15
For the 2014–15 season, <mask> signed Sunderland full-back Phil Bardsley, Fulham midfielder Steve Sidwell and Senegalese striker Mame Biram Diouf on free transfers. Also arriving for small fees were Slovakian defender Dionatan Teixeira and Barcelona forward Bojan, while wingers Victor Moses and Oussama Assaidi joined on season-long loans. Departing were Matthew Etherington, Michael Kightly, Cameron Jerome and Ryan Shotton.Stoke had a mixed start to the 2014–15 season, losing 1–0 to Aston Villa on the opening day, drawing 1–1 with ten-men Hull City, yet defeating reigning Premier League champions Manchester City 1–0. Stoke's inconsistency continued through the autumn as Stoke managed just three wins beating Newcastle, Swansea and Tottenham. The club then suffered frustrating home defeats against newly promoted Burnley and Leicester City. Stoke found form in December beating Arsenal 3–2, Everton 1–0 and West Brom 2–0. In January 2015, <mask> began talks with the Stoke board of directors about extending his contract with the club. <mask>' only new arrival in January was that of German centre back Philipp Wollscheid from Bayer Leverkusen. Stoke suffered a number in injuries to key players in January and February, most notably to Shawcross and Bojan.In February, Stoke suffered back to back 4–1 defeats against Manchester City and then in the FA Cup against Blackburn. <mask> signed a new contract with Stoke in March 2015 to keep him contracted until the summer of 2019. City then went a run of three wins against Aston Villa, Hull and Everton and then three defeats against West Brom, Crystal Palace and Chelsea. Stoke ended the season strongly with victories over Southampton (2–1), Tottenham (3–0) and Liverpool (6–1), ensuring a second consecutive ninth-place finish. 2015–16
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 squad in preparation for the 2015–16 campaign. Leaving the club were the long-serving trio of Asmir Begović, Robert Huth and Steven Nzonzi, with Stoke receiving their record transfer fee in the process. With the money available, <mask> broke Stoke's transfer record by paying Inter Milan £12 million for Swiss winger Xherdan Shaqiri.<mask> also brought in Spanish striker Joselu for £5.75 million, Dutch midfielder Ibrahim Afellay, Shay Given, Jakob Haugaard, Glen Johnson and Marco van Ginkel. The club had a poor start to the season, failing to win any of their first six fixtures, losing three of them. Stoke recovered well, however, winning their next three matches against AFC Bournemouth, Aston Villa and Swansea. Stoke's improvement continued through November and December with victories against Premier League champions Chelsea, Southampton, Manchester City and Manchester United with the style of football being played by <mask>' team being praised by the national press. Stoke ended 2015 with a dramatic 4–3 win away at Everton, while they also reached the semi-final of the League Cup after defeating Luton Town, Fulham, Chelsea and Sheffield Wednesday en route. Stoke started 2016 poorly, falling to West Brom and then Liverpool in the first leg of the League Cup semi-final. The club endured a tough final week of January as they lost 3–0 to both Leicester and Manchester United and were knocked out of the League Cup by Liverpool after losing on penalties, and were also ousted from the FA Cup by Crystal Palace.In the January transfer window, <mask> let Steve Sidwell leave as well as cutting short Marco van Ginkel's loan, while he broke the club's transfer record he had set in the summer after signing French midfielder Giannelli Imbula from Porto for a fee of £18.3 million. Stoke's form improved in February and March as they defeated Bournemouth, Aston Villa, Newcastle, Watford and earned a first Premier League draw at Chelsea. Following a season-ending injury to goalkeeper Jack Butland while on international duty, however, Stoke lost their defensive organisation: They let a 2–0 lead slip against Swansea to draw 2–2 and then went and conceded four goals in three successive matches, against Liverpool, Tottenham and Manchester City. <mask>' team were able to end the season on a positive as they beat West Ham 2–1 on the final day of the season, enough to secure a third-straight ninth-place finish. 2016–17
<mask> spent £18 million in July 2016 to bring in Welsh midfielder Joe Allen and Egyptian winger Ramadan Sobhi, while defender Bruno Martins Indi and striker Wilfried Bony both joined on season-long loans on 31 August 2016 from Porto and Manchester City respectively. Departing the club were Joselu, Philipp Wollscheid and long-serving defender Marc Wilson, who left for Bournemouth after criticizing <mask>' defensive training on social media. Stoke began the 2016–17 season in poor form, drawing 1–1 away at Middlesbrough, then losing 4–1 to Manchester City, 1–0 to Everton and 4–0 to Tottenham, and 4–1 to Crystal Palace with chairman Peter Coates heavily criticising the team's performances.Results improved in October and November and by December Stoke had moved back into a mid-table position. However Stoke picked up just two points over the Christmas period and <mask> came under strong criticism from supporters after his side lost a 2–0 lead against 10-man Leicester City. In the January transfer window, <mask> brought in long term transfer target Saido Berahino from West Brom. Performances until the end of the season were underwhelming with six wins from 19, with Stoke securing their Premier League status with two matches remaining. A 1–0 win against Southampton on the final day of the season, meant that Stoke ended the campaign in 13th place, their lowest finish under <mask>. 2017–18
Stoke made a poor start to the new season, with <mask>' position coming under intense scrutiny by supporters throughout the season, particularly so after a 5–0 thumping by Chelsea, where <mask> rested several first team regulars to prepare for a home match against Newcastle United, however Stoke also lost this game which resulted in calls for him to be sacked. By January, Stoke had won only 5 of 22 games, occupying a place in the relegation zone with 20 points.Stoke's poor run of form included a demoralising 3–0 home defeat to West Ham United, where former player <mask> Arnautović scored and celebrated in front of the home fans after having been sold in the summer, as well as several heavy defeats to clubs challenging for the top six positions, including a 7–2 away defeat to Manchester City and a 5–1 home defeat to Tottenham Hotspur. After a 2–1 defeat in the FA Cup to League Two side Coventry City on 6 January 2018, <mask> was sacked. Stoke had the worst defensive record in the Premier League at the time of his sacking, having conceded a total of 47 goals, nine more than West Ham who had the second-worst record. This was in spite of several defensive signings being made in the summer of 2017, including the £18 million signing of Kevin Wimmer from Tottenham Hotspur, the £7 million permanent signing of Bruno Martins Indi, and the season-long loan of Chelsea defender Kurt Zouma. Southampton

On 14 March 2018, <mask> succeeded Mauricio Pellegrino as manager of relegation-threatened Premier League club Southampton, signing a short-term contract for the remainder of the 2017–18 season. His first game was a 2–0 win at Wigan Athletic in an FA Cup quarter final. On 25 May 2018, after a season that saw the Saints retain their Premier League status, the club announced that <mask> had signed a new three-year contract.His assistants, <mask> and Eddie Niedzwiecki, also signed long-term contracts with the club. Despite a number of positive signings in the summer transfer window, Southampton made a poor start to the 2018–19 season and on 2 December 2018, with the club 18th in the table, <mask> was dismissed. He was replaced by former RB Leipzig boss Ralph Hasenhüttl. Bradford City
On 24 February 2022 <mask> was appointed manager of Bradford City. Personal life
Throughout his career, <mask> has been known by the nickname "Sparky" which he took from the comic of the same name. <mask> grew up supporting his hometown club, Wrexham. He was awarded an OBE in 2004.<mask> has two sons, Alex and Curtis, and a daughter, Xenna, who plays hockey for Wales. <mask> wrote his autobiography in 1990 entitled Sparky – Barcelona, Bayern and Back. Career statistics

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A. The "Other" column constitutes appearances and goals in the European Super Cup, FA Charity Shield, Football League Centenary Trophy and Football League Super Cup. International
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<mask> known professionally as <mask> (born 29 September 1984) is a Welsh musician from Bridgend, South Wales. In 2009 his self-produced single titled "Icon" (also included on EMI Records' Smash Hits 2009 compilation) achieved a top-10 chart position alongside VH1/MTV Asia Viacom18 features. With strong industrial music and synthpop influences, his music has been described as alternative rock with electronica roots and "tribal percussion". <mask> has collaborated with acts such as Queen and synthpop icon Gary Numan, for whom <mask> has been a supporting act three times. Early years and influences
Growing up in Bridgend - Wales, <mask> began by learning to play guitar at the age of six. He was influenced by Brian May of Queen and Igor Cavalera of Sepultura. <mask> is a keen follower of dance and tribal music and incorporates this into his solo work.Career
Previously employed as a fabricator and welder, <mask> forged a professional music career following the release of his self-produced 2009 single "Icon", a hit in Asia and later well-received in Europe. He signed a five-year deal to EMI Records Europe and Asia on 4 September 2009, and counts cymbal manufacturer Paiste among his professional sponsors. With his long-time friend and promoter David Prowse (the actor who portrayed Darth Vader in the original Star Wars trilogy) as manager, <mask> formed a live touring band with a group of friends, and designed and manufactured his own live set production. "Icon", 2009
His self-produced solo single "Icon" was released in summer 2009, on EMI Records. It was heavily featured on VH1 and MTV Asia, resulting in him being artist of the month and becoming the headlining act of VH1 India Global Express Tour, covering four cities across India. "Icon" had a European release in 2010 and was also featured on Kerrang TV together with high rotations features on Scuzz's includeding a two-hour take over. The album's lyrics touch on several subject matters inspired by <mask>'s life experiences.In 2009 <mask> found success following air-time in Asian territories and his broader concert touring, including Europe and North America. In February 2010, he headlined the Rock 'N India festival, which hosted events in New Delhi and Bangalore, alongside popular artists such as the Backstreet Boys and Richard Marx. <mask> was presented a DNA Artist of the Festival award plaque by the event's founder, Venkat Vardhan. BBC 1 documentary
A BBC documentary covering <mask>'s journey to fame was shown on BBC One Wales on 10 March 2010 as part of a series called Planet Wales. The 40-minute documentary, titled "Big in India" was the first of the series and included live performances in Dubai, India, and Germany. The documentary was repeated three months later on BBC One Wales and North. The documentary covered <mask> and EMI working towards the release of his second single and album.A DVD released was planned and a few promo copies produced, but never came to fruition. Début album, 2010
After writing and recording since early 2009, with a working title of "Chapter", <mask> released his first album as the self-titled <mask> <mask>, on 11 October 2010. Although he only released two singles in 2010, <mask>'s album reached number 7 in the M-Music Asian charts, higher than those of Eminem and Bon Jovi, but was kept from the number 6 spot by Linkin Park. It's claimed; the wide diversity in the album attracted the broad interest in media and public. The album was recorded in three separate studios, one of which is the famous Nott-in-Pill Studios in Newport, with ex-Skindred duo Jeff and Ginge. The album's release was promoted by a succession of videos and singles and accompanying videos: "Icon", "Solitaire", "Passes II", and "Electric Medicine". The videos were directed and edited by <mask> with chosen production teams.He noted the "Electric Medicine" video as his proudest achievement to date, both on and off the screen. Hot 50 Sexiest men in Wales
In June 2010 the Welshman made the list in a public vote of Wales's top 50 sexiest men. <mask> was ranked at number 49. Gary Numan collaborations, 2011 onward

In September and December 2011, Gary Numan confirmed <mask> as main support on his Dead Son Rising UK tour, covering 12 shows across the country. In an online interview, Numan hailed <mask> to being one of the best supporting acts to ever tour with him. Numan documented the DSR tour in a published diary, praising <mask> further. Numan publicly invited <mask> to tour America together in 2012.Later, in 2014, both Numan collaborated with <mask> on "Redesign", which featured on <mask>'s Nemesis album (under the project name Protafield). Both Numan and <mask> toured once again later in 2017, confirming <mask> as main support for Gary Numan's UK and European leg of the Savage (Songs from a Broken World) tour promoting his 18th studio solo album. To date, <mask> <mask> is the only live act to have ever tour with Gary Numan twice. Protafield Nemesis, 2014

Appearing in an interview on Sky TV's The Moore Show, <mask> discussed working on second album, although not naming the title; he described as "a huge step forwards" from the first release. Early in 2014 <mask> announced his new project, Protafield, after agreeing a record contract with Caroline International (Universal Music Group) with his new album 'Nemesis'. It's reported that the Protafield name was created between <mask> and Fear Factory front man Burton C. Bell

Guest appearances
The Nemesis album had guest-performer involvement, including Roger Taylor of Queen (providing the drum track for "Wrath"), Gary Numan (guest vocals on "Redesign"), and actor Lance Henriksen (best known for Aliens and two follow-on films, and the TV series Millennium). Million (Part 1) 2017
In 2017, <mask> released his third studio album, titled Million.Unlike previous releases, Million was released in a series of two parts, both on the label Universal. In total, the album consisted of seven tracks, and featured a collaboration with Queen guitarist Brian May. Million (Part 2) 2018
On October 12, 2018, Million (Part 2) was announced for release. The second part of the double album concept featured another special guest, the celebrated atheist Professor Richard Dawkins, who recorded a spoken word contribution for the track 'Exhale'. Steve Strange (Visage)
Steve Strange's admiration for <mask> was commonly known following the "Big in India" BBC documentary. Strange, of the 1980s new romantic band Visage, promoted their collaboration with the release of a live recording of them performing the 1980s hit "Fade to Grey" together. Strange later recorded his final ever recordings with <mask> shortly before his death on 12 February 2015 at his studio in Bridgend, South Wales.<mask> dealt with Strange's funeral arrangements and was a pallbearer, alongside other 1980s stars such as Boy George, Martin Kemp, Gary Kemp and Steve Norman. For a short time <mask> was also the live drummer in Visage on their 'Hearts and Knives' tour in 2013, the Welshman's been quoted in describing pallbearer duties for Strange as 'The most overwhelming experience of his life'. David Prowse

David Prowse was an active manager of Jayce from 2005 to 2010. In 2009, Prowse agreed to handle all PR for <mask> following a long term friendship since 2001. On 1 October 2015, the two filmed a mini-documentary, The Force's Mouth, a short studio tutorial video demonstrating a recording process with Prowse and effecting his voice as the famous villain Darth Vader, a welcomed piece of film by the Star Wars community after 37 years of debate about the voice casting choices of the original production. Prowse and <mask> retained a close friendship and business partnership lasting over 19 years. Northstone Studios

In October 2016 <mask> announced the opening of his newly built recording studio, Northstone Studios.The studio was renovated from a disused outbuilding connected to the Court Colman Manor in Bridgend, South Wales. It took <mask> a total of nine months to build at a cost of £60,000 with an undisclosed investment from local government; Creative Industry Wales. In several interviews <mask> mentions the workings of his new album along with a collaboration with Queen guitarist; Brian May. Ascension of The Watchers
In 2020 <mask> become a member of the American gothic rock band Ascension of The Watchers, formed by Fear Factory front man Burton C. Bell and Ministry band keyboardist John Bechdel. <mask> was initially involved as producer and mixer for their 2020 album Apocrypha, but his full-time role as drummer and programmer became clear during the album's creative process. Discography
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<mask> (26 March 194619 May 2020), better known as <mask>, was an Indian-born Canadian-American Christian evangelical minister and apologist who founded Ravi Zacharias International Ministries (RZIM). He was involved in Christian apologetics for a period spanning more than forty years. Zacharias was the author of more than thirty books on Christianity, He also hosted the radio programs Let My People Think and Just Thinking. He belonged to the Christian and Missionary Alliance, the Keswickian Christian denomination in which he was ordained as a minister. Multiple sources have posthumously accused Zacharias of serious sexual misconduct. In February 2021 Miller & Martin, the law firm hired by RZIM to look into these allegations, confirmed their veracity. As a result, RZIM issued an apology and subsequently announced that it would undergo a name change and remove all material related to Zacharias.The Christian and Missionary Alliance posthumously revoked his ordination after conducting their own investigation. HarperCollins, which owns the Christian publishers Zondervan and Thomas Nelson, also confirmed that it would take his books out of print and remove him from other published works. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 26 March 1946 in Madras, British India, and grew up in Delhi. He spoke Hindi fluently, the only Indian language that he knew. Zacharias' family was Anglican, but he was a "skeptic" until the age of 17 when he tried to commit suicide by swallowing poison. While he was in the hospital, a local Christian worker brought him a Bible and told his mother to read to him from John 14, which contains Jesus' words to Thomas the Apostle. Zacharias said it was John 14:19 that touched him as the defining paradigm, "Because I live, you also will live", and that he thought, "This may be my only hope: A new way of living.Life as defined by the Author of Life." Zacharias committed his life to Christ, praying that "Jesus if you are the one who gives life as it is meant to be, I want it. Please get me out of this hospital bed well, and I promise I will leave no stone unturned in my pursuit of truth." In 1966, Zacharias emigrated with his family to Canada, earning his undergraduate degree from the Ontario Bible College in 1972 (now Tyndale University) and his M.Div. from Trinity International University in 1976. In 1990 he participated in guided study at Ridley Hall, a Church of England theological school in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England. Career

Ministry

Zacharias spent the summer of 1971 in South Vietnam, where he evangelized U.S. soldiers as well as imprisoned Viet Cong members.After graduating from Ontario Bible College, he began an itinerant ministry with the Christian and Missionary Alliance (C&MA) in Canada. In 1974 the C&MA sent him to Cambodia, where he preached only a short time before its fall to the Khmer Rouge. He was later ordained by the C&MA in 1980, and between 1980 and 1984 he taught at the C&MA-affiliated Alliance Theological Seminary, where he was a professor of evangelism. In 1983, Zacharias spoke in Amsterdam at the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association's first International Conference for Itinerant Evangelists. After Amsterdam, he spent the summer evangelizing in India, where he continued to see the need for apologetic ministry, both to lead people to Christ and to train Christian leaders. In August 1984, Ravi Zacharias International Ministries (RZIM) was founded in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, to pursue his calling as a "classical evangelist in the arena of the intellectually resistant." Later its headquarters were located in the suburbs of Atlanta, Georgia, United States.In 1989, shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Zacharias spoke in Moscow with students at the Lenin Military-Political Academy as well as political leaders at the Center for Geopolitical Strategy. This was the first of many evangelism events in the political sphere. Future events included one in Bogotá, Colombia, in 1993, where he spoke to members of the judiciary on the importance of having a solid moral foundation. The following year, Zacharias wrote his first book, A Shattered Visage: The Real Face of Atheism. In 1992, Zacharias spoke at his first Veritas Forum at Harvard University, and later that year was one of the keynote speakers at Urbana. He continued to be a frequent guest at these forums, both giving lectures and answering students in question-and-answer sessions at academic institutions including the University of Georgia, the University of Michigan, and Penn State. In 2004, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) opened its signature pulpit at the Salt Lake Tabernacle to Zacharias for a series of messages.He delivered a sermon on "Who Is the Truth? Defending Jesus Christ as The Way, The Truth and The Life" to some 7,000 lay-persons and scholars from both LDS and Protestant camps in an initiatory move towards open dialogue between the groups. Some evangelicals criticized Zacharias' decision not to use this opportunity to directly address the "deep and foundational" differences between the traditional Christian faith and the teachings of the LDS Church. He responded by asserting that Christians should not immediately condemn so-called the LDS Church's theological differences but "graciously build one step at a time in communicating our faith with clarity and conviction", stating that this would be just as effective as showing someone the faults of their faith. The speaking engagement was nearly sabotaged by an allegation by event organizer Greg Johnson, president of Standing Together, that Zacharias had nothing to do with editing the book The Kingdom of the Cults and had only loaned his name to the latest edition; Johnson later apologized for his comment. Zacharias was a frequent keynote lecturer within the evangelical community at events including the Future of Truth conference in 2004, the National Religious Broadcasters' Convention and Exposition in 2005, and the National Conference on Christian Apologetics in 2006. On successive nights in October 2007, he addressed first the students and faculty of Virginia Tech, then the community of Blacksburg, Virginia, on the topic of evil and suffering in the wake of the Virginia Tech massacre.Zacharias represented the evangelical community at occasions such as the National Day of Prayer in Washington, D.C., the Annual Prayer Breakfast at the United Nations, the African Union Prayer Breakfast in Maputo, Mozambique, and was named honorary chairman of the 2008 National Day of Prayer task force. He also participated in the ecumenical Together 2016 meetings, which Pope Francis addressed, describing the event as a valiant effort. In 2006, <mask> along with Wycliffe Hall established the Oxford Centre for Christian Apologetics (OCCA) in Oxfordshire, England though it is now entirely separate from Wycliffe. In November 2009, Zacharias signed the ecumenical Manhattan Declaration which affirms the sanctity of human life, the dignity of marriage as a union of husband and wife, and freedom of religion as foundational principles of justice and the common good. In 2016, Republican presidential candidate Marco Rubio appointed Zacharias to his pro-life "Dignity of Life" advisory panel. In 2015, according to RZIM's public Form 990 tax return, Zacharias and his wife earned a combined total of $523,926 from the ministry. Worldview
Zacharias argued that a coherent worldview must be able to satisfactorily answer four questions: that of origin, meaning of life, morality, and destiny.He said that while every major religion makes exclusive claims about truth, the Christian faith is unique in its ability to answer all four of these questions. He routinely spoke on the coherence of the Christian worldview, saying that Christianity is capable of withstanding the toughest philosophical attacks. Zacharias believed that the apologist must argue from three levels: from logic to make it tenable; from feelings to make it liveable; and from whether one has the right to use it to make moral judgments. Zacharias' style of apologetics focused predominantly on Christianity's answers to life's great existential questions with defense of God. He argued that the dominance of the visual in modern communication systems has impacted people's capacity for abstract reasoning altering their way of perceiving things; however, the integration of abstract reasoning into one's worldview is important to have its base grounded in absolutes rather than on relative feelings and fads. Academic credential controversies
In an earlier edition of his biography and in other literature, Zacharias claimed to have studied at the University of Cambridge and was a visiting professor at the University of Oxford. In multiple speaking engagements he said that he had taken a class in quantum mechanics under John Polkinghorne and while a visiting scholar at Cambridge had heard Stephen Hawking lecture, seeing him struggle between agnosticism and theism.Zacharias often claimed in books and sermons that he was invited to be a visiting scholar at Cambridge, where he focused his studies on Romantic writers and moralist philosophers. The veracity of Zacharias's purported academic positions at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge was questioned. Christian academic Warren Throckmorton stated that Zacharias "wasn't being truthful" in his claims, pointing out that he had been a visiting scholar at Ridley Hall, a theology school in the city of Cambridge which is unaffiliated with the university. Atheist commentator Steve Baughman also ran a website exposing how Zacharias exaggerated his qualifications. In 2017, Christianity Today reported accusations that Zacharias had exaggerated his academic credentials; for instance that he had referred to himself in multiple articles and videos with the title "Doctor" or "Dr.", despite lacking a PhD qualification. In response, Zacharias said he had been "conferred ten honorary doctorates" and said further that "in <mask>'s homeland of India… honorific titles are customary and are used frequently out of respect for elders, including by the RZIM India team when addressing <mask>." In a statement, RZIM indicated that "[in] earlier years, 'Dr.'did appear before <mask>'s name in some of our materials, including on our website, which is an appropriate and acceptable practice with honorary doctorates. However, because this practice can be contentious in certain circles, we no longer use it." Christianity Today reported that Zacharias' online biography was edited following the accusations regarding his credentials. Sexual abuse
Both before and after his death in May 2020, allegations were put forth by multiple women that Zacharias had engaged in habitual sexual misconduct and/or abuse. Ruth Malhotra, a former member of RZIM, claims that suspicions regarding Zacharias' behavior had existed

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 during his lifetime but that RZIM employees were not allowed to investigate. Lori Anne Thompson's lawsuit
In April 2017, Canadians Lori Anne and Brad Thompson sent a demand letter to Zacharias requiring him to pay $5 million in exchange for them refraining from filing a lawsuit that would have accused him of impropriety. Their evidence included text exchanges, which included nude photos sent by Thompson to Zacharias.In response, Zacharias filed a RICO lawsuit against accusing the couple of extortion. The case was settled in November 2017 with a non-disclosure agreement. In a statement issued on December 3, 2017, Zacharias said, "Let me state categorically that I never met [Thompson] alone, publicly or privately. The question is not whether I solicited or sent any illicit photos or messages to [her]—I did not, and there is no evidence to the contrary—but rather, whether I should have been a willing participant in any extended communication with a woman, not my wife. The answer, I can unequivocally say, is no, and I fully accept responsibility." He added that he had been "absolutely faithful" to his wife throughout their marriage, but acknowledged that he "failed to exercise wise caution and to protect [himself] from even the appearance of impropriety". 2020 abuse allegations and preliminary report
Four months after Zacharias' death in 2020, three women who worked at two day spas he had co-owned in the Atlanta area came forward alleging that he had sexually harassed multiple massage therapists over the course of five years.According to Christianity Today, Zacharias masturbated in front of one of the women more than fifty times, requested explicit photos of her, and asked for sex on at least two occasions. Other women claimed that Zacharias had inappropriately groped or fondled them. A former business partner, Anurag Sharma, expressed regret at not stopping Zacharias and issued an apology to one of the alleged victims in the Christianity Today article. RZIM initially denied the claims, but subsequently hired the law firm Miller & Martin to conduct an investigation. Miller & Martin engaged the services of a private investigation firm consisting of former federal law enforcement officers. The investigators interviewed more than fifty people, including more than a dozen massage therapists, and accessed data from four mobile devices used by Zacharias. On December 23, 2020, RZIM confirmed that the allegations were true and released a preliminary report from the investigation, which concluded:

Full report and subsequent allegations
On 11 February 2021, RZIM released the full results of its investigation, concluding that there was credible evidence that Zacharias had engaged in sexual misconduct.Accordingly, it was found that Zacharias solicited and received sexually explicit photos from more than 200 women who were in their early twenties until a few months before his death in 2020. According to investigators, Zacharias also used thousands of dollars of ministry funds which had been dedicated to a "humanitarian effort" to pay for massage therapists, providing them housing, schooling, and monthly support for extended periods of time. In an article on the report, The Gospel Coalition noted that,

On Zacharias' financial irregularities, The Gospel Coalition further reported that RZIM would pay rent for Zacharias to stay at his own apartment while in Bangkok. They wrote,

Christianity Today while reporting on the findings wrote that,

Vicki Blue maintains that Zacharias threatened to make her and her daughter Becca (who was also abused) miserable if she disclosed abuse. She stated,  “<mask> kept talking about an anonymous donor that he could get limitless money from,” Blue said. “He said, ‘I can keep it going and make your life miserable until you die.’”  Blue said initially Zacharias helped a great deal over her spiritual confusion and she thought he was, “the closest person to God other than Jesus.”  Later Zacharias maintained his marriage was unsatisfactory and maintained Blue was “his soulmate” and he, “couldn’t survive without (her),”  Blue maintains Zacharias put his hand into her groin and continued sexual advances after she said, “no”. Zacharias exposed himself and masturbated in front of her 50 to 100 times, he twice asked her to have sex but she refused.At the time Blue believed Zacharias was in love with her. She claims she was confused and vulnerable, stating, “It’s hard to explain. When someone gives you spiritual advice and you know everything he says about God is true, yet he’s also doing these things to you—it took years of therapy to realize I didn’t do anything wrong.”  Blue was persuaded to open a spa with Zacharias as a co-owner and it failed financially. Blue maintains her daughter Becca said Zacharias molested her and six other spa therapists also complained he had done something perverted or molested them. “I realized then how much I had been used and manipulated,” Blue stated. In an interview, Shirley Steward, a retired Ontario Provincial Police Officer, recounts that <mask>, who was already a Christian minister at the time, pressured her to have an abortion after she became pregnant as a teenager by his brother Ramesh. Repercussions
In their release of the full report, the board of RZIM stated that it was "shocked and grieved by <mask>'s actions", and apologized to his victims: "Words cannot come close to expressing the sorrow that we feel for what you have been through or the gratitude we feel for the bravery with which you have responded."Carson Weitnauer, a former RZIM employee, referred to Zacharias "one of [his generation's] greatest frauds," a "sexual predator", and a "uniquely charismatic manipulator." On 12 February 2021, Zacharias Trust, the UK branch of RZIM, decided to change its name and cut ties to the parent ministry, criticizing their response to the scandal as inadequate. By 24 February, RZIM Africa had suspended its operations while RZIM itself scaled back its website. On 8 March, RZIM stated it would alter its name and remove all material related to Zacharias. As a result of falling donations, RZIM decided to make 60% of its workforce worldwide redundant and changed from running evangelists and apologists to making grants to other organizations, supporting evangelism and "the prevention of and caring for victims of sexual abuse." In addition, RZIM Canada began winding down operations. On 19 February 2021, the Alliance World Fellowship revoked Zacharias' ordination after its own investigation confirmed a "pattern of predatory behaviour."HarperCollins Christian Publishing, which includes Zondervan and Thomas Nelson, confirmed that it would no longer sell books by Zacharias and that it was working with Christian author Lee Strobel to remove Zacharias from other works. In early August 2021, the Brad Sohn Law Firm filed a lawsuit on behalf of several former RZIM donors, including NFL player Derek Carrier and his wife Dora, seeking the return of donations they had given to RZIM between 2004 and 9 February 2021. The plaintiffs asserted that they donated to RZIM believing it was to finance spreading the Christian message when in fact the money financed Zacharias' predatory behavior. Personal life
On 7 May 1972, Zacharias married Margaret "Margie" Reynolds, whom he met at his church's youth group. They had three children, Sarah, Nathan, and Naomi. He lived in Atlanta, Georgia. In March 2020, Zacharias was diagnosed with a malignant and rare cancer in his spine, and on 19 May 2020, he died at his home in Atlanta at the age of 74.Following his death, a number of high-profile Christians posted messages online detailing Zacharias's influence upon them. White House press secretary Kayleigh McEnany and U.S. Vice President Mike Pence were among many who expressed their sympathies for Zacharias following his death. Bibliography
A Shattered Visage: The Real Face of Atheism (1994, 2004)
Can Man Live Without God? (1994, 1996)
 Deliver Us from Evil (1996, 1998)
Cries of the Heart (1998, 2002)
The Merchant and the Thief (1999; children's)
The Broken Promise (2000; children's)
Jesus Among Other Gods (2000, 2002)
Jesus Among Other Gods (youth ed., 2000)
The Lotus and the Cross: Jesus Talks with Buddha (2001)
Sense and Sensuality: Jesus Talks with Oscar Wilde (2002)
Light in the Shadow of Jihad: The Struggle For Truth (2002)
Recapture the Wonder (2003)
Is Your Church Ready? : Motivating Leaders to Live an Apologetic Life (2003) (Editor, with Norman Geisler)
Who Made God? And Answers to Over 100 Other Tough Questions of Faith (2003) (General editor, with Norman Geisler)
The Kingdom of the Cults (2003) (Editor)
I, Isaac Take Thee, Rebekah: Moving From Romance to Lasting Love (2004)
The Prince and the Prophet: Jesus Talks With Mohammed (copyright 2004, to be released posthumously)
The Lamb and the Führer: Jesus Talks with Hitler (2005)
 , 205 pp. The Grand Weaver: How God Shapes Us Through the Events of Our Lives (2007)
Beyond Opinion: Living the Faith We Defend (2008)
The End of Reason: A Response to the New Atheists (2008)
Is There Not a Cause (2008; National Day of Prayer Feature Book) ; Audio CD .New Birth or Rebirth: Jesus Talks with Krishna (2008)
There is a Plan (2009) (excerpts from The Grand Weaver)
Has Christianity Failed You? (2010)
The Lotus and the Cross: Jesus Talks with Buddha (2010)
Why Jesus? Rediscovering His Truth in an Age of Mass Marketed Spirituality (2012)
The Lamb and the Führer (graphic novel, 2014)
Why Suffering? Finding Meaning and Comfort When Life Doesn't Make Sense (2014)
 with Vince Vitale, Jesus Among Secular Gods: The Countercultural Claims of Christ (2017)
The Logic of God: 52 Christian Essentials for the Heart and Mind (2019)
 with Abdu Murray, Seeing Jesus from The East: A Fresh Look at History's Most Influential Figure (2020)

References

External links

 Official RZIM website
 Defending Ravi

1946 births
2020 deaths
20th-century American philosophers
20th-century Canadian philosophers
20th-century Indian philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
21st-century Canadian philosophers
American evangelicals
American male writers of Indian descent
American people of Indian Tamil descent
Arminian writers
Canadian evangelicals
Canadian non-fiction writers
Canadian people of Indian descent
Christian apologists
Christian writers
Christians from Georgia (U.S. state)
Converts to Protestantism from atheism or agnosticism
Critics of atheism
Deaths from cancer in Georgia (U.S. state)
Former atheists and agnostics
Indian emigrants to Canada
Indian emigrants to the United States
Indian evangelicals
Members of the Christian and Missionary Alliance
Protestant philosophers
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School alumni
Tyndale University College and Seminary alumni
Writers from Atlanta
Writers from Chennai
Keswickianism
Religious scandals
Male non-fiction

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<mask> (1922 – January 26, 1990) was a Canadian religious leader. He served as the Anglican Bishop of Toronto from 1972 to 1989 and was the Archbishop of the ecclesiastical province of Ontario from 1979 to 1985. Early life

<mask> was born in Edmonton, Alberta, the son of an unemployed carpenter. Raised in a non-religious environment, he became a practising Christian after being taken to Bible class at age seventeen. He received a Bachelor's Degree at the University of Alberta in 1943 and later earned a theological degree from Wycliffe College in Toronto. He spent twenty-two years as a priest in the city before being elected as an assistant bishop in 1968. Bishop of Toronto

In 1972, he was chosen as the ninth Bishop of Toronto.In this capacity, he presided over a diocese of 160,000 people, the largest in Canada. He became an archbishop in 1979. When the Anglican Diocese of Toronto was divided into five regions in 1980, <mask> himself was given charge of the downtown division. <mask> was a frequent guest at official state functions, and in October 1982 he conducted the funeral ceremonies for former premier John Robarts. Views on the Church in Canadian society

<mask> argued in 1982 that the Anglican Church should stop performing civil marriage ceremonies. Saying that the church should not act as a "cheap auxiliary to the state," he called for Canadian marriages to consist of a civil marriage performed by the state with the additional option of a "service of blessing" for those who wish it. At the time, <mask>'s views were considered controversial.He acknowledged in 1986 that the Anglican Church had only limited influence in Canada's "comfortable" society, saying that it had more authority in places like South Africa where it was the victim of persecution. He rejected the suggestion that the church could rebrand itself in the manner of American televangelists, saying "I don't think you can sell religion like soap." In 1988, he accepted a court ruling that ended compulsory recitations of the Lord's Prayer in Ontario public schools. In 1983, Garnsworthy and Community and Social Services Minister Frank Drea signed an agreement for the Government of Ontario and various churches to provide housing, meals, and day programs for poor and mentally ill individuals. The role of women within the Church

<mask> initially opposed the ordination of women, but later reversed his position and became a proponent of the policy. LGBT issues

In 1979, <mask> defended the Anglican Church's decision to accept openly gay priests on condition that such individuals not participate in same-sex sexual activity. He argued that the decision was not a change of policy for the church and that equivalent restrictions existed for heterosexual priests in relationships out of wedlock.Brent Hawkes of the Metropolitan Community Church of Toronto cautiously accepted the Anglican Church's decision as a step forward, although he added that the requirement for celibacy would still result in gay priests being closeted. Separate school funding

<mask> took part in a high-profile dispute with the Government of Ontario from 1984 to 1986, after Progressive Conservative premier Bill Davis made a surprise decision to fund Ontario's public and Catholic high schools on an equal footing. (The province had previously funded Catholic education only as far as Grade Ten.) <mask> strongly opposed the decision and wrote an article complaining that the religious and moral values of the Roman Catholic Church had in effect been given official state sanction. In particular, he wrote that he did not accept the Catholic positions on family planning, contraception, and abortion, nor did he accept the church's claim to be the sole arbiter of religious truth. Some believe that this intervention had the effect of dividing the funding issue along religious lines. <mask> responded that he was not anti-Catholic and did not want to revive sectarian conflicts from the nineteenth century, but that he believed in and wanted to defend Ontario's public education system.During the 1985 provincial election, <mask> accused Davis of changing the province's education system in the same manner as Adolf Hitler in 1930s Germany. He declined to withdraw the analogy, saying "This is how Hitler changed education in Germany, by exactly the same process, by decree. I won't take that back." (He later clarified that he was not comparing Davis with Hitler in a more general sense.) Frank Miller, who had by this time succeeded Davis as premier and was continuing his funding policy, described the comment as "odious" and "totally unfounded." Many believe this controversy caused significant damage for the Progressive Conservatives in the 1985 election, costing them support among their historically strong constituency of Anglican voters. David Rotenberg, a cabinet minister defeated in his bid for re-election, remarked, "I think [<mask>] would probably get the Ian Paisley award of the year because his speech certainly made it respectable to be anti-Catholic."The Progressive Conservatives actually won the election by a narrow margin and formed a minority government afterwards, but lost power two months later after being defeated on a confidence vote in the legislature. The new government of Liberal premier David Peterson continued Davis and Miller's support for full Catholic school funding, and <mask> continued his battle against the legislation. In 1986, <mask> argued that teachers applying for positions in the Catholic system should not be required to have a letter of recommendation from a priest; his position was that this requirement prevented non-Catholics from seeking a publicly funded office. Despite his efforts, full funding was extended to Catholic schools by the Peterson government. Other views

<mask> defended Ontario's Sunday shopping laws in 1986 and argued that store owners who violated the laws were exploiting their non-unionized employees. In 1987, he spoke against a proposal to re-institute the death penalty in Canada. <mask> spoke in support of AIDS victims in 1987, saying that they have a right to pastoral care within the church community and expressing concern at "fear and ignorance abroad about AIDS."Final years

<mask> did not seek re-election to his provincial office in 1985. He retired as Bishop of Toronto in 1989; in his last address, he called on the various churches of Toronto to work together and take a greater role in combatting social ills. <mask> underwent surgery to remove a cancerous lung in July 1983. He died in January 1990. The <mask> Residence on Toronto's Dufferin Street is named in his honour. References

1922 births
1990 deaths
20th-century Anglican archbishops
20th-century Anglican Church of Canada bishops
Anglican bishops of Toronto
Metropolitans of Ontario
People from Edmonton
University of Alberta alumni

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Lewis Samuel Garnsworthy
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<mask>k-cheung, GBM, GBS JP (; born 27 June 1945) is a Hong Kong doctor and politician. He is currently member of the Executive Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the chairman of the Council of the University of Hong Kong (HKU). He was Vice-Chancellor of the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) from 1996 to 2002 and Secretary for Education and Manpower from 2002 to 2007. <mask>’s dictatorial and ruthless leadership style led some to refer to him as "King <mask>" and even "the Tsar". He is the grandson of the co-founder of the Bank of East Asia, <mask>un, and brother of its current chairman, <mask>. He was awarded the Grand Bauhinia Medal (GBM) by the Hong Kong SAR Government in 2017. Life and career
<mask> was born into the prominent <mask> family.His grandfather, <mask>-chun, was the founder of the Bank of East Asia. His father, <mask>-shu, was the unofficial member of the Executive Council and Legislative Council. His brother, <mask> Kwok-po, succeeded his father to become the chairman of the Bank of East Asia and member of the Legislative Council. An alumnus of St. Paul's Co-educational College and a classmate of Professor Lawrence J. Lau, <mask> received his medical training at the University of Cambridge. He was subsequently trained at Middlesex Hospital Medical School and Harvard Medical School, before returning to Hong Kong to become the founding chairman of the Department of Surgery and Dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. <mask>'s tenure as Secretary for Education and Manpower was marked by an era of education reforms that included the School-Based Management Policy. Since 2000, the Education and Manpower Bureau has implemented a number of mandates, including having teachers spend more time with students outside the classroom, adding exams for subjects such as English and history, and ordering that teachers take benchmark assessments to prove their language abilities.<mask> ostensibly retired from public service in 2007. In the role, he caused controversy by proposing mergers first between Chinese University and Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and later between Chinese University and the Hong Kong Institute of Education. <mask>'s appointment by CY Leung to the governing board of the University of Hong Kong in 2015 has been met with strong criticism, particularly from academic staff (mostly pro-democrats): a poll has shown most to have little to no confidence that <mask> will uphold academic freedom. Further, <mask>'s general attitude towards staff has been said to be 'hostile' and 'critical'. Six months later, when it became known that <mask> was likely to take over the chairmanship of the Council upon the expiry of the term of Edward Leong on 6 November, there was further strong opposition, with 87 percent of members of HKU Academic Staff Association and almost three-quarters of members of the Professional Teachers Union opposed, due to his stance during the University of Hong Kong pro-vice-chancellor selection controversy. In December 2018, <mask> was reappointed for a second three-year term to the Council. His reappointment elicited criticism from the Hong Kong University Students' Union.Academic Staff Association chairman William Cheung Sing-wai expressed that "there has been a chilling effect" during <mask>'s tenure. In December 2021, <mask> criticized Hong Kong's Pillar of Shame, calling it a lie and claiming it was not built to honour those killed in the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre. Reputation
His leadership style has seen him being referred to as "King <mask>" or even "the Tsar". Personal life
He was married to Diana Chester, a registered nurse and graduate of New Hall College, Cambridge University who died in 2013.

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Arthur Li Kwo
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Arthur
Li Koon ch
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Li Fook
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