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<mask>  (born 25 July 1966) is a British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Kingston upon Hull North since the 2005 general election. <mask> was elected as Chair of the Home Affairs Select Committee on 15 December 2021, replacing Yvette Cooper. During the Brown ministry, she served as Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Schools in the Department for Children, Schools and Families, as well as being an Assistant Government Whip. Early life
<mask> was born in Northwich, Cheshire. After returning from wartime service in the Navy her father, <mask>, founded the Eric Johnson Electrical engineering (electricians) company in Little Leigh near Northwich, Cheshire (now continued by his son). She passed the Eleven plus and attended the Northwich County Grammar School for Girls (later the County High School Leftwich). At sixth form level she studied at Sir John Deane's College from 1982 to 1984 where she studied History, English and Economics.She gained an LLB in Law from Brunel University. She became a barrister in 1991. From 1999 to 2005, she was a Barrister in Law at Paddington Law Centre. <mask> was a councillor in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets from 1994 to 2002, serving as Chair of Social services. She became a member of the London Assembly on 1 March 2003 after the resignation of Trevor Phillips who became chair of the Commission for Racial Equality, having been next on the list of London-wide members at the 2000 election. She did not stand for re-election in 2004. Parliamentary career
She stood unsuccessfully in Brentwood and Ongar at the 2001 general election.At the May 2005 general election, she was elected Labour Member of Parliament for the Kingston upon Hull North constituency, succeeding veteran Labour MP Kevin McNamara. She is Hull's first female MP. In November 2005 <mask> was appointed as a Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of State for Pensions Reform, Stephen Timms. In 2007 she left this role to become an assistant Government Whip. She took on the additional role of Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Schools in the reshuffle of June 2009. During the scandal of MPs' expenses it was revealed that <mask> had claimed £987 in architects fees for her second home, which she voluntarily repaid, and had a £563 claim for crockery rejected as "excessive"

In the 2010 general election <mask> polled 39.2% of the vote and held onto the Hull North constituency for Labour with her majority reduced to 641 votes. In 2014, <mask> proposed a Bill under the Ten Minute Rule that would require sex and relationships education, including discussions around issues such as consent, to be made a compulsory part of the National Curriculum

<mask> was appointed in September 2015 by Jeremy Corbyn, shortly after he became Labour party leader, as a shadow minister in the Foreign and Commonwealth team.In late June 2016, along with colleagues, she resigned as a shadow minister, unhappy at Corbyn's leadership following the 'leave' vote in the European membership referendum. She supported Owen Smith in the 2016 Labour Party leadership election. She is co-chair of the APPG on Haemophilia and Contaminated Blood, campaigned on the Contaminated Blood Scandal and, in November 2018, received the Political Studies Association's 'Backbencher of the Year' award in recognition of her efforts. In September 2019, <mask> became the first Labour MP to face a full reselection process by her local party after members voted that she should face a challenge. On 25 October 2019, <mask>'s local party voted by 292 votes to 101 to reselect her as the candidate for the next election. She was re-elected in the 2019 general election. Political positions

Prostitution
On 9 December 2020, <mask> introduced a Ten Minute Rule bill that would introduce the Nordic model approach to prostitution, which would criminalise those paying for sex and criminalise websites which advertise prostitution.The bill was strongly criticised and opposed by sex workers including the English Collective of Prostitutes group, women's rights organisations, trade unions, Amnesty International and thousands of individuals, who argued that this legislation would push the industry underground and put sex workers in danger. Israel
In September 2020, <mask> was appointed a vice-chair of Labour Friends of Israel. In November 2021, <mask> in the Jewish News wrote an article supporting a speech by Keir Starmer that opposed the BDS of Israel. She said "Rejecting anti-Zionist antisemitism means opposing the BDS movement which demonises and delegitimises Israel, singling it out for boycotts and sanctions." Abortion

In July 2021, <mask> proposed an amendment that would liberalise abortion in England and Wales. Proponents of the amendment suggested this would bring English and Welsh law in line with recent legislative changes in Northern Ireland. However, <mask> was strongly criticised for not clarifying whether this would allow for abortion up until birth.It has also been suggested by self described pro-life organisations that this would have removed the requirement for a doctor to be involved, allow for sex selective abortion and removed conscience protections for those medical professionals who object to abortion. <mask> was also criticised by 800 medical professionals in a letter that suggested such an amendment would remove legal safeguards for both the mother and child and pointed out that extensions to the 24 week limit were only supported by 1% of the UK population according to a recent Savanta ComRes poll. <mask> received no support in Parliament for the amendment and was also criticised by pro-choice politicians. <mask> declined to take the amendment to a vote. Brexit
<mask> supported the indicative Parliamentary votes on Brexit and her local paper Hull Live reported that she had been threatened along with fellow Hull MP Emma Hardy on social media with being “shot and hanged” for this position. Votes at 16
In 2017, <mask> co-sponsored a Bill in Parliament that would have granted 16-year-olds the right to vote in Parliamentary elections. Honours
<mask> was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2020 New Year Honours for charitable and political service, in part for her campaigning on contaminated blood transfusions.She was appointed to the Privy Council on 10 March 2021. References

External links
  <mask> MP's website official site
 The Labour Party - <mask> MP official biography

 Guardian Unlimited Politics - Ask Aristotle: <mask> MP
 BBC Politics

News items
 Selected for the seat in February 2004

1966 births
Living people
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Female members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
Labour Members of the London Assembly
Councillors in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Alumni of Brunel University London
People from Northwich
21st-century British women politicians
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
21st-century English women
21st-century English people
Women councillors in England

masks:
Dame Diana Ruth Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Eric Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Diana Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Diana Johnson
Diana Johnson
Diana Johnson


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<mask> (, ; born 30 October 1958) is a Russian professor and political scientist. He is best known for predicting in 1998 that the United States would disintegrate by 2010. After the date came and went his claim was criticised. <mask>n has written 15 books and a number of articles on information warfare, psychology, and geopolitics. Panarin has his own weekly radio programme. He has led electoral campaigns in Russia and abroad, and his students have included parliamentary deputies, regional leaders, Kremlin officials, and Foreign Ministry spokespeople. Biography
Panarin graduated from the Higher Military Command School of Telecommunications of the KGB (now the Academy of Federal Security Guard Service of the Russian Federation) in Oryol and the Division of Psychology of the Lenin Military-Political Academy (with a gold medal).In 1993 he defended his thesis for Candidate of Psychological Sciences, titled "Psychological Factors of the Officer's Activity in Conditions of Innovations". His Doctorate in Political Sciences was awarded by the Russian Academy of Public Administration in 1997 for a thesis titled "Informational-Psychological Support of the National Security of Russia". Panarin began his career in the KGB of the Soviet Union in 1976. After 1991, he worked in the FAPSI, then the Russian equivalent of the U.S. National Security Agency, reaching the Colonel rank. His field of activity was strategic analysis and integration of closed and open information streams, information stream management in crisis situations, and situation modelling of global processes. He did strategic forecasts for the then President Boris Yeltsin. From 1999 to 2003, he worked as the Head of the Analytical Division of the Central Election Commission of Russia.From 2006 to 2007, Panarin was the Press Secretary of the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos). Prof. Panarin started his teaching career in 1989 and has taught in the Moscow State University (MGU), the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO-University), the Russian Academy of Public Administration, and the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, where he has worked since 1999. As of 2009, Panarin is the dean of the Russian Foreign Ministry's school for future diplomats and appears regularly on Russian television channels. Views and ideas
Panarin criticises Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky but recognizes Joseph Stalin for realizing a geopolitical project of his own – a synthesised historical Russian geopolitical idea of Joseph Volotsky, Philotheus, Nikolay Danilevsky and Konstantin Leontiev. In his view, after 1934 Stalin started a process of recreation of the Rus doctrine "Moscow – a Third Rome" in new historical conditions. On Panarin's initiative, an action called a Public Tribunal against Gorbachev for the downfall of the USSR and crimes against its peoples was carried out at the web portal KM.ru from 2 to 22 December 2005, resulting in 56,298 people condemning Gorbachev. Panarin opposes the Houston programme of 1990 and criticises the Russian finance minister Alexey Kudrin for following it, saying the 2008 financial crisis in Russia is a part of it.He recommends selling oil and gas to Ukraine only for roubles (which in his view would automatically block its process of integration in NATO) and withdrawal of all Russian funds from the American "financial Titanic", buying gold and creating powerful Russian banks. Prediction of the United States collapse in 2010

In 1998, based on classified data about the state of the U.S. economy and society supplied to him by fellow analysts at FAPSI, Panarin forecast the probable disintegration of the US into six parts in 2010 (at the end of June – start of July 2010), following a civil war triggered by mass immigration, economic decline, and moral degradation. He forecast financial and demographic changes provoking a political crisis in which wealthier states will withhold funds from the federal government, effectively seceding from the Union, leading to social unrest, civil war, national division, and intervention of foreign powers. Explaining his theory in an interview with Izvestia, Panarin stated that "The U.S. dollar isn't secured by anything. The country's foreign debt has grown like an avalanche; this is a pyramid, which has to collapse. ... Dissatisfaction is growing, and it is only being held back at the moment by the elections, and the hope [that President-elect Barack Obama] can work miracles.But when spring comes, it will be clear that there are no miracles." In an interview with The Wall Street Journal in 2008, Panarin said:
There's a 55–45% chance right now that disintegration will occur. ... One could rejoice in that process ... But if we're talking reasonably, it's not the best scenario – for Russia. Though Russia would become more powerful on the global stage, he says, its economy would suffer because it currently depends heavily on the dollar and on trade with the U.S. In March 2009, Panarin gave a speech at the Diplomatic Academy in which he stated that "There is a high probability that the collapse of the United States will occur by 2010" and predicted that Russia and China, which will soon become economic superpowers, will need to collaborate to rebuild the world economy with a new currency once the United States (and the U.S. dollar) cease to exist. This hypothesis gained world attention a decade after its initial announcement due to the 2008 financial crisis and has been widely criticised since.In October 2011, Panarin stated that Occupy Wall Street protests have "highlighted the ever-deepening split with America's ruling elite." He also cited several American professors and analysts who he claims support his view that the United States will soon collapse, including Gerald Celente, Stephen F. Cohen, and Thomas W. Chittum. Other ideas
Panarin conceived a number of other ideas, given below in chronological order, which also reflect his views on the respective subjects. One of them (the rouble-denominated oil-trading exchange) has already been implemented. Informational-psychological subunits in government and military directorates: proposed in 1997; would develop strategic and operational measures to prevent or neutralise attempts to control the psyche of Russian society (i.e. a strategy of psychological defence). A Chief Directorate in Support of Psychological Security would ensure the psychological component of Russian national security.Media and terrorism: In his view, the media are to a certain degree a catalyst for terrorism because terrorist acts of such a volume would be impossible without them; also, the press induces panic in the organs of state authority and affects the public negatively. Eurasian Union: proposed in January 2006 as Eurasian Rus – an interstate formation modelled after the European Union on the territory of the post-Soviet area headed by a Prince (after Machiavelli) that would restore and strengthen the economic integration, with gradual incorporation of a series of Balkan and other countries. He proposed Vladimir Putin as the first Prince of the formation, which he renamed in 2009 to Eurasian Union and proposed St Petersburg as its capital by 2012, when in his view only 3 planetary centres of force would exist – the European Union (EU-1), the Eurasian Union (EU-2), and the Chinese Commonwealth. In April 2009 he proposed a second, Southern capital – Alma-Ata. Rouble-denominated oil-trading exchange in Russia: proposed in February 2006. Such an exchange was opened in St Petersburg on 24 September 2008, and as soon as in March 2009, Rosneft (the leader in the Russian oil field and one of the largest public oil companies in the world) sold by auction 7.6 thousands of tonnes of oil products for 97 million roubles. For March, the auction volume amounts to 15–20 thousand tonnes of oil products monthly.Besides Rosneft, other major Russian oil companies like Gazprom Oil, Lukoil, Surgutneftegas, and TNK-BP also plan to go to the exchange, and crude oil trade is expected to start in a few months. Information-ideological geopolitical development concept: proposed in 2008 in his book Information warfare for the future of Russia, where he develops the basic ideas of Eurasian integration. In his view, by 2012 Russia will have made a transition from sovereign democracy to a geopolitical project of Eurasian Integration. New world currency – ACURE: proposed in March 2009. To be based on the three leading world currencies: the Asian Currency Unit (a regional currency basket that was first proposed in 2006 based on the currencies of Japan, China, and South Korea along with the ASEAN group), the rouble, and the euro. Bibliography

Books
 Psychological Security of the Army, Moscow, 1996
 Psychological Aspects of Ensuring the National Security of Russia, Moscow, 1995 (part I), 1996 (part II)
 Information Warfare and Russia, School aid of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2000,
 Information Warfare and Authority, Security World, 2001,
 Information. Diplomacy.Psychology, Izvestia, 2002,
 Information Warfare Technology, KSP+, 2003,
 Information Warfare and the World, OLMA-Press, 2003,
 Information Warfare and Elections, Gorodets, 2003,
 Information Warfare: Victory in Bashkiria, Gorodets, 2004,
 Information Warfare and Diplomacy, Gorodets, 2004,
 Information Warfare and the Third Rome, Cyril and Methodius, 2005, on-line book,
 Information Warfare, PR, and the World Politics, Hotline – Telecom, 2006,
 Information Warfare and Geopolitics, Generation, 2006,
 Information Warfare for the Future of Russia, Hotline – Telecom, 2008,
 The Crash of the Dollar and the Disintegration of the USA, Hotline – Telecom, 2009,
 World after Crisis, or What Is Next, Piter Publishing House, 2011,

Articles
 "Psychological security of military personnel", Landmark, issue No. 8, 1995
 "Information security problems in modern conditions", 1997
 "Strengthening of the role of the informational factors in Russia's national security system", Authority, issue No. 1, 1998,
 "Information warfare and financial crises", VIP, issue No. 1, 1999
 "Is a collapse of the USA in 2010 possible? ", Authority, issue No. 6, 1999,
 "Unoccupied heights: Public opinion as an object of influence and struggle in the contemporary armed conflict", Security World, issue No. 7, 1999,
 "Is Russia ready for the 21st century information warfare?", Authority, issue No. 2, 2000,
 "Nontraditional view on the problem of foreign debt", Banking in Moscow, issue No. 3, 2001
 "Information warfare: theory and practice", Human Resource Policies, issue No. 2, 2002
 "An instrument of foreign policy", Military-industrial courier, issue No. 32, 2008,
 "Secrets of 11 September", Military-industrial courier, issue No. 37, 2008,
 "A system of informational counteraction", Military-industrial courier, issue No. 41, 2008,
 "The Dollar as a world currency will vanish in the autumn of 2009", Metal Buildings, issue No.3, 2009,

See also
 Eurasianists

References

External links

Russian nationalists
Russian political scientists
Russian writers
1958 births
Living people
KGB officers
Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation faculty
Lenin Military Political Academy alumni

masks:
Igor Nikolaevich Panarin
Igor Panari


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Joseph Raymond "<mask>" <mask> (January 18, 1894 – June 11, 1976) was an American professional wrestler and promoter who revolutionized the wrestling industry in the early to mid-1920s and co-promoted the World Wide Wrestling Federation. Some of the stars <mask> helped create from the 1920s through the 1960s included Wayne Munn, Jim Londos, Antonino Rocca, Bruno Sammartino, Stu Hart and Cowboy Bill Watts. Early life
<mask> was born in Garden Grove, Iowa on January 18, 1894. Joseph (Joe) <mask> was his professional name. Toots' father, Frank, was a farmer and building contractor. The <mask> family moved to Weld County, Colorado in 1904. Professional wrestling career

Early wrestling career
<mask> made his wrestling debut in Greeley in 1912 at the age of 18 in a carnival/wrestling style match, a match he would wrestle in for many years.Stu Hart claimed he ran into Toots by chance while wrestling in New York City and that <mask> said he received his first wrestling lesson in 1916 from Jack Taylor, and <mask> tried to recruit Hart into a territory in Washington D.C.  Around this time, he also tried his hand at acrobatics. However, this was an unsuccessful move and Toots returned to wrestling matches. Toots received his big break when he was discovered by wrestling pioneer Farmer Burns during one of his scouting trips. The nickname ‘Toots’, had to do with either his small feet or his relative youth and baby face. <mask> was the youngest wrestler in Farmer Burns' camp. Gold Dust Trio

Until 1919, wrestling matches were slow-moving exhibitions mainly confined to the mat and lasting on an average 60 minutes. Crowds no longer found this to be suitable entertainment and accordingly, they began to dwindle.Wrestling matches slowly and eventually became pre-determined. <mask> <mask> joined the camp of Ed "Strangler" Lewis with the recommendation of Farmer Burns. Toots served in many capacities as a sparring partner, trainer, sometimes as an opponent and as a police officer. As a sparring partner and trainer, <mask> <mask> helped Ed Lewis develop new holds and counters. The working relationship and unity amongst wrestling promoters was beginning to wear thin and crowd attendance was still low. Toots conceived a solution and combined features of a boxing ring, Greco-Roman, freestyle wrestling, and the old-time lumber camp-style of fighting. Toots had called it ’Slam Bang Western Style Wrestling’.Toots <mask>'s second plan was to promote this new style of wrestling on a much higher scale. Toots convinced Ed Lewis and his manager Billy Sandow of forming their own promotion as opposed to having different promoters controlling them. The team of Mondt, Lewis and Sandow used their connections to convince many other wrestlers to sign up. Under the control of Mondt, Lewis and Sandow, they served as bookers and agents. Toots also instituted time limits as wrestling matches would often go three or four hours. Within six months, the "Gold Dust Trio" controlled the course of professional wrestling in North America. Their product was moved out from venues such as burlesque theaters and back alley halls to the major sports venue in each city.All new talent was tested in Billy Sandow's private ring while routines and finishes were carefully determined by Toots. The Gold Dust Trio later dissolved from a power struggle between <mask> <mask> & Billy Sandow's brother Max. <mask> then formed a partnership with Philadelphia promoter, Ray Fabiani. The new combination wasted little time and found their new title holder in Dick Shikat, a former circus strongman from Germany. Once Dick Shickat's title reign had run its course, <mask> and Fabiani made Jim Londos their new champion and continued their hold on the Northeast. They soon expanded onto New York City, Hartford, Baltimore, and Washington DC. Toots/Fabiani were unsuccessful because rival New York promoter Jack Curley prevented them from promoting in NYC for years, and it was during this time that he came around an up-and-coming Lou Thesz, with whom Mondt had a bad history.As Jack Curley was on his deathbed, Toots realized that New York wrestling would fall apart. So Toots & Fabiani immediately formed an alliance with fellow booking heavyweight Rudy Dusek. This formation to take over New York was kept a secret. At Curley's funeral, one of his sons approached Toots about taking over New York and was not aware that Toots had a plan. Toots also gained help from other bookers such as Jack Pfeffer, the Johnston Brothers and Jess McMahon. Jess McMahon worked for boxing promoter and New York Rangers hockey franchise founder Tex Rickard, who despised wrestling and prevented bookings in Madison Square Garden (MSG) from 1939 to 1948. Toots found former wrestler turned millionaire Bernarr McFadden, who gave Toots the financial backings.Bernarr McFadden helped Toots promote in NYC and gain access into Madison Square Garden. In 1948, in the main event of the first card held in MSG for 9 years, Gorgeous George defeated Ernie Dusek. In that same year <mask> <mask> was in search for another champion. After several failed attempts, <mask> Mondt found Antonino Rocca, who brought in more Latino fans to the matches which financially favored Toots. <mask>, however, was not able to keep Rocca happy and Vince McMahon Sr. was brought into the scene by Ray Fabiani. In 1954, <mask> signed up Rafael Halperin a rabbi from Israel who wrestled in a blue and white costume emblazoned with the Jewish star. Birth of the World Wide Wrestling Federation
In 1963, <mask> <mask> and Vince McMahon Sr. broke away from the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), renaming Capitol Wrestling Corporation to the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF).<mask> <mask> parted ways with NWA President Sam Muchnick on good terms so that the WWWF would not be seen as an enemy. <mask> and Vince were also in the middle of fighting off an invasion by Jim Crockett Promotions from promoting in the WWWF territories. When Buddy Rogers was crowned NWA World Heavyweight Champion, Toots controlled the bookings for Rogers’ title defenses. Toots would rarely allow Buddy Rogers to defend the title outside the Northeastern region. This would be one of the factors which led to the World Wide Wrestling Federation splitting from the NWA. In April 1963, Buddy Rogers was awarded the WWWF World Heavyweight title, supposedly for winning a  tournament for the title in Rio de Janeiro, a fictitious storyline created by <mask> <mask>. In 1965, <mask> <mask> stepped down as promoter at Madison Square Garden and Vince McMahon, Sr. took over.When Bruno Sammartino was brought into the WWWF, Vince Sr. predicted that he would be a midcarder for two or three years at best. Toots called Sammartino the future of the company because people instantly liked and responded to him. Toots convinced Vince McMahon Sr. to build the company around Bruno Sammartino. In a June 2012 Wrestling Observer Radio podcast, Bruno acknowledged that <mask> and Vince McMahon Sr. were not on the best of terms during his tenure with the company, with Bruno suggesting it was due to the fallout over the promotion's handling of Buddy Rogers. Changing times and the rise of television saw <mask>'s influence in the sport diminishing. <mask> was an arena booker and was never able to get a handle on television like McMahon. That fact coupled with <mask>'s gambling problems allowed his business-minded partner to muscle him out of ownership of the New York territory.<mask> sold off his share to McMahon in the mid-60s. McMahon reduced <mask> to salaried employee for Capitol. <mask> died on June 11, 1976 at the age of 82 after a long battle with an illness. Since then, he has been inducted into the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame in 1996, the Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum in 2008 and the WWE Hall of Fame in 2017 as a recipient of its Legacy Award. Accomplishments
Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
(Class of 2008)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame (1996)
 WWE
WWE Hall of Fame (Class of 2017)

References

Further reading

External links

New York Pro Wrestling
Toots Mondt's Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame Page

1894 births
1976 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male professional wrestlers
Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame and Museum
Professional wrestling promoters
WWE Hall of Fame Legacy inductees

masks:
Toots
Mondt
Mondt
Joseph Raymond Mondt
Toots
Mondt
Toots Mondt
Mondt
Mondt
Mondt
Toots
Mondt
Toots
Mondt
Mondt
Toots
Mondt
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Toots
Mondt
Toots
Mondt
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Toots
Mondt
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Mondt
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<mask> (fl. 13 May 1780 – 29 December 1807) was an officer of the Royal Navy who served during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. <mask>'s origins are obscure, but he joined the navy in 1780 and rose through the ranks after distinguished service in the early years of the French Revolutionary Wars, particularly during the Siege of Toulon. He saw action in several engagements in the Mediterranean, and had a part in the defeat of a French frigate in 1795. The chance for promotion passed him by however when the French ship escaped. He again demonstrated his qualities on a cutting-out expedition under the guns of a French shore battery, and this time was successful in escaping with his prize. He was promoted and appointed to the command of his prize, and went on to be captain of several small vessels before a period of unemployment caused by his promotion to post-captain.He returned to active service in 1805 with command of the razee , in which ship he distinguished himself in a number of incidents in the West Indies, capturing a Spanish frigate, attacking a French ship of the line, and helping to capture the island of Curaçao. He returned to Britain after these exploits, but his ship was caught in a gale, and despite his best efforts, was driven ashore and wrecked. Lydiard did his utmost to save as many of his men as he could, before being swept away and drowned. Early life
<mask>'s origins are largely unknown, but his entry to the navy is recorded as being on 13 May 1780, when he joined the 100-gun  as a captain's servant. The Britannia was at this time the flagship of Vice-Admiral George Darby, commander of the Channel Fleet. Lydiard was appointed an able seaman on 25 July 1781, and on 27 May 1782 was transferred to the 44-gun , at first as an able seaman, but receiving a promotion to midshipman on 12 October that year. He went on to serve aboard the 74-gun  and , and passed his lieutenant's examination on 27 May 1791.He was serving with Lord Hood's fleet during the occupation of Toulon in the early months of the French Revolutionary Wars. Lydiard distinguished himself with his actions during the hard-fought defence of Fort Mulgrave, and received his commission on 25 November 1793. Lieutenancy
He then became first lieutenant of , one of the prizes from Toulon, under the command of Commander William Shield. Shield and Lydiard served along the French Mediterranean coast until October 1794, and were engaged in cutting-out enemy ships from French harbours. Sincere was then paid off and Lydiard transferred to the 74-gun , where he saw action at the Battle of Genoa on 14 March and the Battle of Hyères Islands on 13 July 1795. His former commander, William Shield, had received command of the 32-gun  by July 1795, and Lydiard transferred that month to serve as his first lieutenant. Lydiard remained with Southampton after Shield's replacement by Captain James Macnamara and in September 1795 they spent 15 days blockading a French grain convoy in the port of Genoa.Southampton and the French
The convoy was protected by two frigates, the Vestale and the Brun. The French finally came out on the evening of the fifteenth day, and were engaged by Southampton, despite the French possessing considerably more firepower. After a sustained engagement Southampton forced Vestale to strike her colours while the Brun escaped with the convoy, leaving Vestale to her fate. But as Southampton prepared to lower her boats to take possession of the French ship, her fore-mast, which had been damaged during the engagement, went by the board. Taking advantage of this, Vestale raised her colours and escaped from the scene. Victory over the Vestale should have brought promotions for Southamptons officers, including Lydiard, but her escape deprived them of this. <mask> now had to secure another triumph to ensure his promotion.Capture of Utile
<mask>'s next opportunity to distinguish himself came in June 1796. On 9 June a French corvette was sighted entering Hyères bay, and Vice-Admiral Sir John Jervis, commander of the Mediterranean Fleet, summoned Macnamara to his flagship, . He asked Macnamara to bring out the French ship if he could. Recognising the difficulty and risk that would be involved, he did not make it a formal written order, instead instructing Macnamara 'bring out the enemy's ship if you can; I'll give you no written order; but I direct you to take care of the king's ship under your command.' Macnamara promptly took his ship in under the guns of the batteries, and apparently having been mistaken for a French or neutral frigate, closed to within pistol shot of the French ship, and demanded her captain surrender. The captain replied with a broadside, and Macnamara brought Southampton alongside and sent <mask> over in command of the boarders. After subduing fierce resistance <mask> took possession of the French ship and together he and Macnamara escaped out to sea under heavy fire from the French shore batteries.Macnamara wrote in a letter to Jervis

The prize, a 24-gun corvette named Utile, was taken into service with the Royal Navy as HMS Utile and Lydiard was promoted and given command of her, a commission confirmed on 22 July 1796. Command
Lydiard spent some time in the Adriatic before returning to Britain in 1797 as a convoy escort, after which Utile was paid off. He was appointed to command the bomb vessel  in May 1798, followed by the sloop  in November that year. He served aboard Kite in the North Sea until his promotion to post-captain on 1 January 1801, at which point he was superseded in the command of the Kite. No further commands could be found for him, and the Peace of Amiens further lengthened his enforced retirement from active service. He went ashore during this time, and took the opportunity to marry. The couple had three sons together.<mask> finally returned to active service in December 1805, with an appointment to command the 38-gun . Anson had originally been a 64-gun third rate, but had been razeed in 1794. He sailed Anson to the West Indies in early 1806 and in August was sailing in company with Captain <mask>'s  when on 23 August they came across the 38-gun Spanish frigate Pomona off Havana, guarded by a shore battery and twelve gunboats. The Pomona was trying to enter the harbour, whereupon Lydiard and Brisbane bore up and engaged her. The gunboats came out to defend her, whereupon the two British frigates anchored between the shore battery and gunboats on one side, and the Pomona on the other. A hard-fought action began, which lasted for 35 minutes until the Pomona struck her colours. Three of the gunboats were blown up, six were sunk, and the remaining three were badly damaged.The shore battery was obliged to stop firing after an explosion in one part of it. There were no casualties aboard Anson, but Arethusa lost two killed and 32 wounded, with Brisbane among the latter. The captured Pomona was subsequently taken into the Navy as . Anson and Foudroyant
Lydiard remained cruising off Havana, and on 15 September sighted the French 84-gun Foudroyant. The Foudroyant, carrying the flag of Vice-Admiral Jean-Baptiste Willaumez, had been dismasted in a storm and was carrying a jury-rig. Despite the superiority of his opponent and the nearness of the shore Lydiard attempted to close on the French vessel and opened fire. Anson came under fire from the fortifications at Morro Castle, while several Spanish ships, including the 74-gun San Lorenzo, came out of Havana to assist the French.After being unable to manoeuvre into a favourable position and coming under heavy fire, <mask> hauled away and made his escape. Anson had two killed and 13 wounded during the engagement, while the rigging was badly cut. Foudroyant meanwhile had 27 killed or wounded. Capture of Curaçao

Anson was then assigned to <mask>'s squadron and joined Brisbane's Arethusa and James Athol Wood's . The ships were despatched in November 1806 by Vice-Admiral James Richard Dacres to reconnoitre Curaçao. They were joined in December by  and Brisbane decided to launch an attack on 1 January 1807. The British ships approached early in the morning of 1 January and anchored in the harbour.They were attacked by the Dutch, at which Brisbane boarded and captured the 36-gun frigate Halstaar, while Lydiard attacked and secured the 20-gun corvette Suriname. Both Lydiard and Brisbane then led their forces on shore, and stormed Fort Amsterdam, which was defended by 270 Dutch troops. The fort was carried after ten minutes of fighting, after which two smaller forts, a citadel and the entire town were also taken. More troops were landed while the ships sailed round the harbour to attack Fort République. By 10 am the fort had surrendered, and by noon the entire island had capitulated. Lydiard was sent back to Britain carrying the despatches and captured colours. The dramatic success of the small British force carrying the heavily defended island was rewarded handsomely.Brisbane was knighted, and the captains received swords, medals and vases. Wreck of Anson

Anson was sent back to Britain shortly afterwards, and Lydiard rejoined his ship at Plymouth. After a period refitting Anson was assigned to the Channel Fleet and ordered to support the blockade of Brest by patrolling off Black Rocks. She sailed from Falmouth on 24 December, and reached Ile de Bas on 28 December. With a gale blowing up from the south west, <mask> decided to return to port. He made for the Lizard, but in the poor weather, came up on the wrong side and became trapped on a lee shore, with breakers ahead. Anson rolled heavily in rough seas, having retained the spars from her days as a 64-gun ship after she had been razeed.Lydiard's only option was to anchor, but early on the morning of 29 December the rising storm caused the anchor cables to part and she was driven onto the shore. Lydiard ordered the ship to be run onto a beach in the hope of saving as many lives as possible, and resolved to remain aboard to oversee the evacuation. The pounding surf prevented boats from being launched from the ship or the shore, and a number of the crew were swept away. Some managed to clamber along the fallen main-mast to the shore, while Lydiard clung to the wheel to encourage them on. Eyewitnesses recorded that Lydiard had exhausted himself with the effort of organising the evacuation and clinging to the wreck in the violence of the storm. He attempted to leave the ship, but became distracted by trying to help a boy. In doing so <mask> was washed away and drowned.The Naval Chronicles account of the wreck recorded that

A total of sixty of Ansons crew were lost, including her captain and her first-lieutenant. Lydiard's body was recovered and a funeral service was held at Falmouth, attended by Admiral Sir <mask> and large numbers of army and navy officers, as well as the local dignitaries. The body was later interred in the family vault at Haslemere, Surrey. In fiction
Lydiard is briefly mentioned in the 1946 novel Lord Hornblower by C. S. Forester. The opening scene is a church service for members of the Order of the Bath, at which a number of prominent naval officers are present. This includes <mask>, Samuel Hood, James Lucas Yeo and the fictional Horatio Hornblower. However the novel is set in 1813, six years after <mask>'s death.Notes

References

18th-century births
1807 deaths
Royal Navy officers
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Deaths due to shipwreck at sea

masks:
Charles Lydiard
Lydiard
Lydiard
Lydiard
Lydiard
Lydiard
Lydiard
Lydiard
Charles Brisbane
Lydiard
Charles Brisbane
Lydiard
Lydiard
Charles Cotton
Lydiard
Lydiard


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<mask> is a German creator and producer. He is most known for his Game Concerts series, initiated in 2003 as Symphonic Game Music Concerts and continued with the world tours Symphonic Fantasies, Final Symphony and Final Symphony II, historical for being the longest running and the first of their kind outside Japan. He produced the first live performance of video game music by the London Symphony Orchestra, and was presented with the national Cultural and Creative Pilots Award by the German Federal Government, which recognises outstanding entrepreneurs within Germany’s cultural and creative industries. Early life

<mask> spent his childhood growing up in the small mountain town of Lauenstein. Coming from a family of teachers, he developed an appreciation for Classical music from a young age and regularly attended symphonic concerts. Like many others in Europe, he grew up playing the Commodore 64 and Commodore Amiga computers. Soon enough, he developed a passion for video game music and became especially fond of Chris Huelsbeck’s works on the Turrican series.<mask>’s love for both video game music and Classical artists would soon come together, as he realised the potential for scores and concerts to feature orchestral game music. Concert productions

In 2003, <mask> produced the opening ceremony of the Leipzig Games Convention with the First Symphonic Game Music Concert. The event at the sold-out Gewandhaus concert hall was the first of its kind outside Japan and received ten minutes of standing ovations. His annual follow-up concerts gained even more popular and critical appraise with their numerous innovations, expansive programs, refined performances, and special guest appearances. In conjunction with this work, he brought orchestral game music around the world with leading roles on the highly successful concert tours PLAY! A Video Game Symphony and Distant Worlds: Music From Final Fantasy. He also inspired the use of game music for educational purposes, through creating the series of school concerts Heroes of our Imagination in 2006, with Super Mario Galaxy – A Musical Adventure being its latest instalment in 2010.<mask> has since developed a long-standing relationship with the London Symphony Orchestra,  Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra and  WDR Radio Orchestra in Cologne. This culminated in the best-selling concert performances Symphonic Fantasies – music from Square Enix (2009, 2012, 2016), LEGENDS - music from Nintendo (2011) and the Final Symphony concerts (2013-). As a world's first, <mask>’s productions have been broadcast live to radio listeners worldwide by the WDR and have even been enjoyed internationally through live video streams. In 2012, the Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra performed two Symphonic Fantasies concerts at the Tokyo Bunka Kaikan concert hall in Tokyo, Japan, produced by <mask>, with more than 4,600 people in attendance. In May 2012, <mask> announced his tenth major concert production entitled Final Symphony, featuring music from Final Fantasy VI, VII and X. The world premiere of the performance took place on 11 May 2013 and was presented by the Sinfonieorchester Wuppertal. Another performance of the concert took place on 30 May 2013: The first live performance of video game music by the London Symphony Orchestra.Final Symphony had follow-up performances in Japan, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, the Netherlands, the USA, New Zealand, China, Austria and Australia. Final Symphony Tokyo was the first video game music concert ever to be greeted with standing ovations in Japan. In March 2015, Final Symphony II saw its first announcement. Featuring music from Final Fantasy V, VIII, IX and XIII, the world premiere took place on 29 August 2015, presented by the Beethoven Orchester Bonn, followed by four performances in September and October 2015 by the London Symphony Orchestra in London, Osaka and twice in Yokohama. The performances in Japan marked the first time a foreign orchestra ever performed a video game concert in Japan. Next to concerts in Germany, the UK and Japan, Final Symphony II also got presented in Finland, Sweden and the Netherlands. Final Symphony and Final Symphony II mark <mask>'s most successful concert productions to date.<mask>'s latest venture is the school and family concert Merregnon: Land of Silence. <mask> is the creator, director and producer of this project, its music was written exclusively by Japanese game composer Yoko Shimomura. The world premiere took place with the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra in June 2021, and a concert film of the performance was released the same year in September, worldwide free to watch on demand. Orchestra recordings

Beyond game music concerts, <mask> is the creative mind behind the Merregnon project, a series of albums that tell a fantasy story through music. With their legendary composers, rich performances, and elaborate presentation, these albums have proved influential in East and West alike. <mask> has also accepted executive roles on numerous other album productions, including the Amiga’s Immortal series, Masashi Hamauzu’s Vielen Dank, Yoko Shimomura’s drammatica as well as Chris Huelsbeck's two live orchestra albums featuring music from the Turrican series. He has also supervised the studio recordings of the concerts Distant Worlds and Distant Worlds II.On 13 December 2014, Final Symphony the album was announced. Produced by <mask>, the album is based on the sell-out Final Symphony concert tour, and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra in the presence of composer Nobuo Uematsu at Abbey Road Studios. Before the album's release part of it was broadcast by the UK radio station Classic FM. <mask> has been extensively involved in studio recordings of game music scores. He has attended the recording sessions of numerous Eastern and Western game scores. In addition, his own artists at Merregnon Studios have been commissioned to compose and arrange for titles such as THQ’s S.T.A.L.K.E.R., Namco Bandai’s Mobile Suit Gundam Battlefield Record U.C. 0081 and Mobile Suit Gundam: Side Stories, Sega’s World Club Championship Football  and Capcom's Dragon's Dogma.The producer currently represents Merregnon Studios' award-winning composer and arranger Jonne Valtonen on a range of score and concert productions.

masks:
Thomas Böcker
Thomas Böcker
Böcker
Thomas Böcker
Thomas Böcker
Böcker
Thomas Böcker
Thomas Böcker
Thomas Böcker
Thomas Böcker
Böcker
Thomas Böcker
Böcker
Thomas Böcker
Thomas Böcker


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<mask> (; born September 3, 1975) is a French-Swiss former professional ice hockey goaltender who is currently a goalie coach for Lausanne HC of the National League (NL). He previously played for HC Lugano and HC Fribourg-Gottéron and within the Chicago Blackhawks, Los Angeles Kings, Montreal Canadiens, and Washington Capitals organizations in the National Hockey League (NHL). He is the first French netminder and second French-trained player overall (after Philippe Bozon) to play in the NHL. <mask> won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks during the 2009–10 NHL season, and became the first Frenchman to win the Stanley Cup as a player. He currently co-hosts hockey TV show, Le Repas d'équipe, with fellow French-born Swiss former player Laurent Meunier on MySports. Playing career

Amateur
As a youth, Huet played in the 1988 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a team from Grenoble. HC Lugano
Huet played for HC Lugano from the 1998–99 season to 2001–02.His career took a significant turn in these years. He won the National League A Championship in his first year, and reached the European Hockey League final four the next year. Los Angeles Kings
<mask> was drafted by the Los Angeles Kings as their seventh-round pick, 214th overall, in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. He played for the Kings in the 2002–2003 and 2003–2004 seasons. He was traded to the Montreal Canadiens in a three-team deal that sent Mathieu Garon to Los Angeles and Radek Bonk from Ottawa to Montreal. During the 2004–05 lockout <mask> played for the Adler Mannheim in the Deutsche Eishockey Liga. He led the team to the finals, where the Eagles lost in three straight games to Eisbären Berlin.Montreal Canadiens
During the 2005–06 season, <mask> eventually won the starting job in goal for the Canadiens at the expense of José Théodore, who was subsequently traded to Colorado in exchange for goaltender David Aebischer. He also won the Molson Cup in February 2006. He won the Best Defensive Player award from the NHL during the first week of March, ousting goaltenders such as the Ottawa Senators' Ray Emery and the New Jersey Devils' Martin Brodeur, with a 3–0–0 record and a 1.67 GAA. For the second time of the year, he was named NHL Best Defensive Player on April 3 with a 3–0–0 record, a 0.65 GAA and 0.979 SV%, ousting goaltenders Martin Brodeur, Flames goalie Miikka Kiprusoff and Detroit's Manny Legace. On April 23, in his first NHL playoff start, <mask> starred in a 6–1 win against the 2nd seeded and eventual Stanley Cup champion Carolina Hurricanes. <mask> stopped 42 of 43 shots in the contest to put the Canadiens up 1–0 in the seven-game series. Two days later, <mask> recorded his first overtime playoff win, when the Canadiens beat the Hurricanes 6–5 in double overtime to take the lead 2–0 in the series.However, <mask> and the Canadiens lost the next four games and the series in goaltender duels with rookie Cam Ward, who had taken Martin Gerber's starting spot in the series, and who would later go on to win the Conn Smythe Trophy. The Canadiens re-signed <mask> in the 2006 off-season to a two-year deal at $5.75 million total, earning $3 million the first season and $2.75 million in the second year. On January 13, 2007, <mask> was announced as one of the three goalies of the Eastern Conference All-Star Team in the 55th NHL All-Star Game in Dallas. A month later, however, he suffered a left hamstring injury that caused him to miss most of the final two months of the season. In his absence, the Canadiens struggled, and the team missed the postseason. Washington Capitals
On February 26, 2008 Montreal Canadiens general manager Bob Gainey traded the French netminder to the Washington Capitals for a 2009 second-round draft pick. The Canadiens decided to trade <mask> because of highly touted prospect, Carey Price.In Washington, he took over the starting position from Olaf Kölzig, pushing incumbent backup Brent Johnson to the pressbox, and his exceptional play helped lead Washington to secure a playoff berth, where they lost the opening round series against the Philadelphia Flyers in seven games. Chicago Blackhawks
On July 1, 2008, the first day of unrestricted free-agency, <mask> agreed to terms on a new 4-year contract with the Chicago Blackhawks worth a total of $22.4 million or $5.625 million per season. Following the signing, Blackhawks general manager Dale Tallon announced the team would enter the season with a tandem of <mask> and Nikolai Khabibulin. Unable to win the starting job over Khabibulin to start the season, <mask> found himself on the bench more often than not. Gradually, he earned back his playing time and both alternated every game for almost 3 months until Khabibulin went down with a groin injury in early February. The tandem, however, earned praise around the NHL. A second Khabibulin injury in early February thrust <mask> in the spotlight once again, and he was named the NHL's 3rd star of the week for Feb 15–21, posting a 3–0–0 record and allowing just five goals on 72 shots.In the end however, Khabibulin was named the playoff starter for the Blackhawks, and they defeated the Calgary Flames in the first round as well as the Vancouver Canucks in the second round. <mask> made his next appearance for the Blackhawks during game three of the 2009 Western Conference Finals, where he was called to replace an injured Khabibulin. He made six saves, and allowed the Blackhawks to collect an overtime win. With Khabibulin still recovering from a lower body injury, Joel Quenneville named <mask> the team's starting goalie for the fourth game against Detroit. <mask> allowed five goals on 21 shots, and was temporarily replaced by Corey Crawford. During the final game of the series, <mask> stopped 44 shots en route to a 2–1 overtime loss. For the first time in his career, <mask> started a season as the undisputed number one goaltender, but as the 2009–10 campaign wore on, Antti Niemi eventually replaced <mask> as Chicago's starter going into the playoffs.<mask> played only twenty minutes in the 2010 Stanley Cup Playoffs, which the Blackhawks won with Niemi in net and with an overall playoff record of 16–6. With the Hawks victory, <mask> became the first native of France to get his name engraved on the Stanley Cup. On September 27, 2010, Chicago loaned <mask> to HC Fribourg-Gotteron of the Swiss National League A in order to stay within the salary cap. Fribourg-Gotteron
In his first year with Fribourg-Gotteron, <mask> played in 41 games but struggled in the second half of the season, accumulating a 2.84 goals against average as the team finished 8th. Fribourg qualified for the playoffs only to be swept by HC Davos. The following season he improved to a goals against average of 1.99 in 39 games, third best in the league that year. The team defeated HC Lugano in the quarterfinals in 6 games but lost to SC Bern in the semifinals in 5 games.<mask>'s loan and his contract with the Blackhawks expired when the playoffs ended, thus making him a free agent. Lausanne HC

Failing to sign with an NHL team, he returned to the National League and signed a 4-year deal with Lausanne HC of the National League B. His first season in Lausanne was a success, as the team won the National League B title and went on to win promotion to the National League by defeating SC Langnau in the qualification round. Retirement from the French national team
In May 2017, <mask> played at the 2017 IIHF World Championship, in Paris, representing France. He played his last game at the final round robin game of France, against Slovenia, with a win, and ended with a standing ovation, retiring with France's Team Captain Laurent Meunier. Team France (Les Bleus) did not advance to the medal round, but was not relegated. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Honours
French Elite League Champion with the Brûleurs de loups of Grenoble, 1997/98
Albert Hassler Trophy (Most Valuable Domestic Player in the French Elite League), 1997/98
Jean Ferrand Trophy (Most Valuable Goaltender in the French Elite League), 1996/97 and 1997/98
Swiss National A League Champion with HC Lugano, 1998/99
European Hockey League Final Four with HC Lugano, 1999/00
Jacques Plante Trophy (Best GAA in the Swiss National A League), 1999/00 and 2000/01
Roger Crozier Saving Grace Award (Best Save% in the NHL – National Hockey League), 2005/06
Nominee for Bill Masterton Trophy (Awarded to the player who best exemplifies the qualities of perseverance, sportsmanship, and dedication to ice hockey.), 2005/2006
NHL Defensive Player of the Week 3–5–06
NHL All Star Team roster – 2007
Nominee for NHL All Star team – 2008
NHL 3rd star for January 2008
NHL 3rd star of the week (Feb 15–21 2009)
NHL 1st star of the week (Dec 14–21 2009)
NHL 2010 Stanley Cup Champion (Season 2009–2010)

References

External links

 <mask> <mask> biography, including game-by-game results, at The Goaltender Home Page
 <mask> Huet at Yahoo! Sports
 <mask> Huet receives Roger Crozier award

1975 births
Living people
Adler Mannheim players
Brûleurs de Loups players
Chicago Blackhawks players
French ice hockey goaltenders
Hamilton Bulldogs (AHL) players
HC Fribourg-Gottéron players
HC Lugano players
Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Lausanne HC players
Los Angeles Kings draft picks
Los Angeles Kings players
Manchester Monarchs (AHL) players
Montreal Canadiens players
National Hockey League All-Stars
Olympic ice hockey players of France
People from Saint-Martin-d'Hères
Stanley Cup champions
Washington Capitals players
Sportspeople from Isère

masks:
Cristobal Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Huet
Cristobal
Huet
Cristobal
Cristobal


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<mask> is an Indian development economist. Khera is Associate Professor (Economics) at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (IIT Delhi). She was Associate Professor (Economics and Public Systems group) at the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIM Ahmedabad) from 2018-20. Early life and education
<mask> received a B.A. in economics from Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, an M.A. in economics from the Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi and an M.Phil. in development studies from the Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex in Brighton, England.<mask> completed a Ph.D. in economics at the Delhi School of Economics. She did her schooling from Convent of Jesus and Mary, Baroda
 and collaborates often with noted economist and activist, Jean Drèze. She has received fellowships from the Institute for Economic Growth, the Commonwealth Scholarship Scheme, King's College London, and from Princeton University (for a project with Nobel laureate Sir Angus Deaton). Career
<mask> <mask> is a development economist. She was Associate Professor (Economics and Public Systems Group) at the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, on leave from her post as Sulaiman Mutawa Associate Chair Professor in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. <mask> is an advocate for improved welfare programs in the country and actively helped to implement India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA). She has worked with the G. B. Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad University and is a visitor at the Centre for Development Economics at the Delhi School of Economics.She has published several research papers analyzing NREGA, the Public Distribution System (PDS) and other programs that affect India's most vulnerable citizens. One of her most important projects is the "Group Measurement," which evaluated the impact the NREGA project had on India's citizens—that effort is titled, "The Jalore Experiment". In October 2017, she was in residence as an External Faculty Fellow at the Stanford Humanities Center and was nominated for the post (by the Center for South Asia) to edit a book on India's Aadhaar program. Khera had penned columns and been profiled in the mainstream media in India—for outlets such as NDTV, Scroll.in, Wire.in, Outlook India, Financial Times, Reuters, Bloomberg Quint, Quartz, Magnum Foundation, Indian Express, Business Standard, Business Line, Economic Times, Frontline (she wrote the Nov 2016 cover feature), Business Today (she wrote the Jan 2016 cover feature) and the BBC. She is frequently interviewed on Indian television in English and Hindi and in alternative Indian media (such as Newslaundry, Counterview.org (she wrote a feature piece on Aadhaar), Deccan Herald, Livemint, South Asia Citizens Web, Countercurrents, India Together and India Spend (she wrote a cover story on NREGA)). In January 2018, her NYT editorial, "Why India's Big Fix is a Big Flub," was one of the most comprehensive public arguments ever made on the limitations of Aadhaar. Khera describes how the program aimed to biometrically register India's 1.3 billion residents in an even-handed, judicious way.But although millions enrolled, the program remains riddled with colossal privacy and corruption challenges. In November 2017, Khera filed a "Right to Information" (RTI) request with the Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) to solicit public data on how much the agency spent to advertise and promote Aadhaar, since the program started in 2009. UIDAI has not commented or responded to the RTI request. In her January New York Times editorial, <mask> argues:Aadhaar was supposed to showcase the government’s forward thinking about efficient administration; it has only exposed the state’s coerciveness. It was supposed to ease the poor’s access to welfare; it has hurt the neediest. It was supposed to harness technology in the service of development; it has made people’s personal data vulnerable. One of the Indian government’s biggest banner projects has become a glaring example of all that can go wrong with policy making in this country.As part of an April 2018 story in the New York Times, <mask> highlights how India's poorest classes are among those Aadhaar has harmed the most.Rather than being aided by the program, <mask> states that, "This is the population that is being passed off as ghosts and bogus by the government." Publications

Books

 Dissent on Aadhaar, Big Data Meets Big Brother
Drèze, Jean and Khera, Reetika (2015), [null Readings in Social Policy and Public Action], unpublished compilation. De, Anuradha, <mask>, <mask>, Kumar, AK Shiva, Samson Meera (2011), PROBE Revisited (New Delhi: Oxford University Press). Battle for Employment Guarantee (2011), (New Delhi: Oxford University Press). Edited. Citizen's Initiative for Right of Children Under Six (2006), Focus On Children Under Six, Abridged Report (New Delhi: Right to Food Campaign). Contributor.Dey, Nikhil, Drèze, Jean and <mask>, <mask> (2006), Employment Guarantee: A Primer (New Delhi: National Book Trust). Articles

 Impact of Aadhaar on Welfare Programmes, Economic and Political Weekly, 16 December, Vol 52, No. 50. Special Article. Aadhaar and Food Security in Jharkhand, Pain Without Gain?, With Jean Drèze, Nazar Khalid and Anmol Somanchi. Economic and Political Weekly, 16 December, Vol 52, No. 50.Special Article. Recent Social Security Initiatives in India, With Jean Drèze. World Development, Vol 98, October 2017, pp. 555–572. Children's Development: Baby Steps in Odisha, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 50, No. 40. Special Article.Clarification on PDS Leakages, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 50, No. 39. With Jean Dreze, Himanshu and Abhijit Sen. Discussion. Food Security: Bihar on the Move, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 50, No. 34.With Jean Dreze and Jessica Pudussery. Special Article. UID: From Inclusion to Exclusion, Seminar, August 2015. Public Health in North India, An Exploratory Study in Four States Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 50, No. 21, pp. 53–58.With Kritika Goel. Insight. Understanding Leakages in the Public Distribution System, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 50, No., February 2015. With Jean Drèze. Insight. UID project: Does Evidence Matter, Yojana, July 2014.Cash vs. In-kind Transfers: Indian Data Meets Theory, Food Policy, 46, pp. 116–128, 2014. Rural Poverty and the Public Distribution System, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 48, No 45&46, 16 November 2013. With Jean Drèze. Special Article. Mid-Day Meals Looking Ahead, Economic and Political Weekly, August 2013. On the NIPFP Response, Economic and Political Weekly, Discussion, Vol.48, No. 10, 9 March 2013. Discussion. A Cost-Benefit Analysis of UID, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 48, No. 5, 2 February 2013. Commentary.Regional Patterns of Human and Child Deprivation, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 47, No. 39, 29 September 2012. With Jean Drèze. Special Article. Food Security Act: One Step Forward, One Step Back?, Seminar, No. 634, 2012. Revival of the Public Distribution System: Evidence and Explanations, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 46, No.44-45, November, 2011. Special Article. Trends in Diversion of Grain from the Public Distribution System, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 46, No. 26, 21 May 2011. Special Article. India's Public Distribution System: Utilization and Impact, Journal of Development Studies, Vol 47, No. 3, pp.1–23, 2011. The UID Project and Social Welfare, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 46, No. 9. 2011. Perspectives. The BPL Census and A Possible Alternative, Economic and Political Weekly, Volume 45 (No. 9), 27 February 2010.With Jean Drèze. Special Article. Women Workers and their Perceptions of National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, Economic and Political Weekly, Volume 44 (No. 43), 24 October 2009. With Nandini Nayak. Special Article. Right to Food: Beyond Cheap Promises, Economic and Political Weekly, Volume 44 (No.29) 18 July 2009. Insight. Starvation Deaths and "Primitive Tribal Groups, Economic and Political Weekly, Volume 43 (No. 52), 27 December – 2 January 2008. Commentary. Self-Targeting on Employment Programmes, Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Volume 51, No. 2, 2008.Access to the Targeted Public Distribution System: A Case Study in Rajasthan, Economic and Political Weekly, Volume 43 (No. 44), 1–7 November 2008. Special Article. Empowerment Guarantee Act, Economic and Political Weekly, Volume 43 (No. 35), 30 August – 5 September 2008. Commentary. The State of India’s Children (with Jean Drèze and Sudha Narayanan), Indian Journal of Human Development, Volume 1, No.2, July–December, 2007. Political Economy of State Response to Drought, Economic and Political Weekly, 16 December 2006. Special Article. Mid-Day Meals in Primary Schools: Achievements and Challenges, Economic and Political Weekly, 18 November 2006. Perspectives. Bringing Grassroots Democracy to Life: The MKSS Campaign in the Rajasthan Panchayat Elections, Economic and Political Weekly, 19 February 2005. Commentary.Monitoring Disclosures, Seminar, February 2004. Crime, Gender and Society in India: Insights from homicide data, Population and Development Review, Volume 30, No. 2, 2000. With Jean Drèze. Popular media (print)

 Aadhaar's $11-billion question, Economic Times, 7 February. With Jean Drèze. Why India's Big Fix is a Big Flub, New York Times, 22 January.Aadhaar's Twin Existential Crisis, Business Standard, 18 January. Aadhaar has no role in plugging leakages’, Hindu Business Line, 10 January. Mind you, data security isn't the worst thing about Aadhaar ’, ThePrint.in, 8 January 2018. PDS ko khatam kar dega DBT', Prabhat Khabar, 8 January 2018. None of the problems in the implementation of NREGA can be fixed by Aadhaar. On the contrary, Aadhaar

masks:
Reetika Khera
Reetika Khera
Khera
Reetika
Khera
Khera
Khera
Khera
Khera
Khera
Reetika
Khera
Reetika


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 is the source of some problems", Invisible Lawyer, 18 December. It is time for judiciary to call out the Indian government's lie on ‘voluntary Aadhaar’, Scroll.in, 7 December.Why ABBA must go The Hindu, 13 November. आधार पर अदालत की सुनें Amar Ujala, 13 November. Why govt-subsidized Amma, Indira canteens are life-saversHindustan Times, 25 August 2017. Maut aur taqleef se jhoojhti janata Prabhat Khabar, 20 August. आधार: जीवन के अधिकार पर प्रहार Prabhat Khabar, 2 August. The Government is speaking in two tongues on the right to privacy Interview, Business Standard, 23 July. The Different Ways in Which Aadhaar Infringes on Privacy, The Wire, 2 June.Digital India: Ek Nazar, Prabhat Khabar, 18 July. The Real Beneficiaries, Indian Express, 2 June. िनजता दायरे में आधार, Amar Ujala, 16 May. हानिकर है आधार की अनिवार्यता, Prabhat Khabar, 11 May 2017. आधार को पैन कार्ड से जोड़ना कितना ख़तरनाक है?, BBC Hindi, 26 April 2017. Tamil. आधार - निजता और लोकतंत्र पर प्रहार, Navbharat, 9 April 2017.Evidence No Bar, Indian Express, 5 April 2017. Feeding Insecurities, Hindu Business Line, 31 March 2017. मिड-डे मिल में आधार अवैध Prabhat Khabar, 29 March 2017. No Good Will Come from Linking Aadhaar to Mid-Day Meals | आधार को मिड डे मील से जोड़ने पर नुकसान के सिवा कुछ हासिल नहीं होगा, The Wire, 24 March 2017. Four videos that show why Rajasthan needs to desperately fix its public distribution system, Scroll.in, 9 March. What Explains The Popular Support for Demonetization. In Hindi.नोटबंदी को मिले जनसमर्थन के पीछे क्या कारण है? The Wire, 27 February 2017. Ten Things We Need to Change, Livemint, 4 February 2017. Nice to See NREGA Trending. But Urgent Fixes Required, NDTV, 3 February 2017. मनरेगा में कैसे फूंकी जाए जान?, Rashtriya Sahara, 4 February 2017. यूबीआई कितना व्यावहारिक, Amar Ujala, 31 January 2017.After many u-turns, has Modi finally recognised the importance of social security measures?Scroll.in, 8 January 2017. एक अच्छी पहल की खामियां, Amar Ujala, 6 January 2017. A Phased Approach Will Make a "Basic Income" Affordable for India, The Wire, 20 December 2016. Why We Need to Open ‘Amma Canteens’ All Over India, The Wire, 8 December 2016. Amma's canteens, baby care kits most significant additions to Tamil Nadu welfare schemes: <mask> <mask>, Catch News, 7 December 2016. Aadhaar-enabled Exclusion and Corruption, Deccan Herald, 27 November 2016. निन्यानबे फीसदी बनाम एक फीसदी, Amar Ujala, 22 November 2016.The Good, Bad, and Ugly of Modi's 'surgical strike' on Black Money, NDTV, 14 November 2016. Policy Disaster, Frontline, 11 November 2016. कुपोषण से कैसे लड़ सकते हैं, Amar Ujala, 19 October 2016. Big Media's Take on the Aadhaar-LPG Savings Saga Highlights Why We Can't Trust It, The Wire, 7 October 2016. Could the virtual world of Pokémon Go be used to help rich Indians see real struggles of the poor?, Scroll.in, 30 July 2016. क्या 'आधार' लोगों का अधिकार छीन रहा है?, BBC Hindi, 27 July 2016. On Aadhaar Success, Its All Hype - That Includes the World Bank, NDTV.com, 23 July 2016.Food Security Act: How are poor states doing?, Ideas for India, 29 June 2016. Jean Dreze & Reetika Khera: Any state can reform PDS if it has political willInterview, Catch News, 17 June 2016. Five Aadhaar Myths that Don't Stand Up to Scrutiny, The Wire, 23 March 2016. मजदूरों के हक में मनरेगा, Amar Ujala, 4 February 2016. Digging holes, filling them up, Indian Express, 3 February 2016. "For NREGA, Tamil Nadu is the only hope", NDTV.com, 2 February 2016. Community kitchens: An idea whose time has come, Scroll.in, 22 January 2016.The Right(s) Perspective on Populism, Business Today, 17 January 2016. Child Development: Kerala tops, Gujarat flops, Bihar hops, NDTV 24x7 | बाल विकास - केरल टॉप, गुजरात फ्लॉप, बिहार हिट NDTV India, 18 November 2015. With Jean Drèze. "Child Development: How are Indian states faring?" Ideas for India. PDS in Bihar, The Road Ahead Live Mint, 3 November 2015. "A Nobel for the idea of well-being", The Hindu, 17 October 2015."Against the tide: Deaton's economics" Ideas for India. गरीबी के बारे में डीटन ने बढ़ाई है अर्थशास्त्र की समझ, Outlook Hindi, 15 October 2015. Five Myths About Aadhaar, Outlook, 18 September 2015. Thought for Food, खाद्य सुरक्षा: सुधर सकते हैं फिसड्डी राज्यों के भी हालात Outlook, 21 August 2015. With Jean Dreze. आधार: ज़िंदगी में तांकझांक का तर्क कितना सही?, BBC Hindi, 17 August 2015. गरीबी से जंग के भोथरे हथियार, Amar Ujala, 31 July 2015.Nurture Mission, Frontline, 24 July 2015. With Rajkishor Mishra. Seven reasons why India needs eggs, Scroll.in, 10 June 2015. Eggs and Prejudice, Indian Express, 6 June 2015. And the Unique Identification juggernaut keeps rolling, The Wire, 3 June 2015. नकद हस्तांतरण से क्या हो पाएगी खाद्य सुरक्षा, Amar Ujala, 26 April 2015. Whose Bharat is it?, Outlook, March 2015.Ending the APL Scam, LiveMint, 3 March 2015. With Jean Dreze. The Meaning of Vikas, Outlook, February 2015. Fiscal Attention Deficit, HuffPost, February, 2015. Kaise Pahuche Garibon Tak Anaaj, Amar Ujala, February 2015. Social Welfare: India is trailing among the BRICS, The BRICS Post, 1 December 2014. The Whys and Whats of NREGA, Indiaspend.org, 4 November 2014 | मनरेगा से क्या है मोदी को दिक्कत?, BBC Hindi, 25 November.'विकास मॉडलों' के बीच ओडिशा से सबक, BBC Hindi, 17 November 2014. With Jean Dreze and Rajkishor Mishra. माई-बाप सरकार' की वापसी, Amar Ujala, 15 October. | Mai-Baap Sarkar Returns, scroll.in
 Bitter Pill to Swallow, Indian Express, 2 September 2014. The Hills Aim Higher, Outlook, 24 August 2014. | हिमाचल को भी देखिए, Amar Ujala, 14 July 2014. Aadhaar-enabled DBT is more demanding than DBT, Business Standard, 28 June 2014.मेरे गुजरात की कहानी, Amar Ujala | Growing up in Gujarat, NDTV, 8 April 2014. UID project: Does Evidence matter?, Ideas for India, 5 February 2014. सामाजिक सुरक्षाः अपने ही क़ानून मरोड़ती सरकार, BBC Hindi, 19 November 2013. Do Government Schemes Ever work?, Yahoo News 22 October. A Welcome Intervention, Deccan Herald, 29 September 2013. Five Misconceptions about the Food Security Bill, Reprinted in LiveMint, 8 August 2013. Ideas for India version.The Devil is in the detail, The Hindu, 6 August. | व्यक्ति नहीं परिवार अहम, Amar Ujala, 3 August 2013. Don't crunch this lunch, Times of India, 21 July 2013. Hindi translation published in Dainik Jagran. Food Security is Affordable, Hindu Business Line, 14 April 2013. Lessons from the East Godavari Pilot, The Hindu, 11 April 2013. Cash for Vote, Frontline, Volume 30, No.4, March 2013. | Malayalam translation, published in Mathrubhumi. | DBT par Sanshay, Hindi translation, published in Rashtriya Sahara, 24 February 2013
 Working Things Out, Hindustan Times, 20 February 2013. Is UID Linked Cash Transfer a Good Idea, Business Standard, 10 January 2013. Food Security Act: Should the Centre Emulate Chhattisgarh?, Hindu Business Line, 28 December 2012. Benefit Transfer or Vote Transfer, Deccan Herald, 16 December 2012. Long Road to Cash Transfers, Financial Express, 4 December 2012.खरा नहीं है नकद का सौदा, Amar Ujala, 28 November 2012. Tamil Nadu's Striking Progress in Welfare, India Together, 10 September 2012. A Bill that asks too much of the poor, The Hindu, 5 September 2012. With Jean Drèze. Putting Kerala to Work, The Hindu, 1 August. Experiments with Aadhaar, The Hindu, 27 June 2012, with Jean Drèze and Bharat Bhatti. | Response to the Minister's response, The Hindu, 4 July 2012, with Jean Drèze and Bharat Bhatti.Adhaar se Kiska Uddhar, Amar Ujala, 28 February 2012
 UID: Road to Exclusion?, The New Indian Express, 16 February 2012
 Ghere Se Bahar, Amar Ujala, 31 December 2011
 Lessons from Brazil, Frontline, 17–30 December 2011
 PDS Leakages: The Plot Thickens, The Hindu, 12 August 2011
 Signs of Revival, The Hindu, 12 June 2011. Going Against the Grain, Hindustan Times, 27 January 2011. Biscuits, Tehelka, Volume 7, Issue 52, December, 2010. Chhattisgarh Shows the Way, The Hindu, 14 November 2010. With Jean Drèze. Not all that Unique, Hindustan Times, 30 September 2010. Wages of Delay, Frontline, Volume 27.Slow but Steady Success, The Hindu, 25 April 2010. With Karuna Muthiah. Incentives that work, The Hindu, 10 May 2009. With Meera Samson and Anuradha De. Lok Adalat or Joke Adalat, The Hindu, 22 February 2009. With Jean Drèze. Pati Experience, Frontline, Volume 26, No.1, 2009. Battle for Employment Guarantee, Frontline, Volume 26, No. 1, 2009. With Jean Drèze. Banned but still there, Frontline, Volume 26, No. 1, 2009. With Jean Drèze.Rajasthan Way Ahead, Frontline, Volume 26, No. 1, 2009. With Anish Vanaik. From accounts to accountability, The Hindu, 6 December 2008. With Jean Drèze
 The Black Hole of NREGA Records, Yojana, August, 2008. Glucose for the Lok Sabha?, Hindustan Times, April 2008. With Jean Drèze.Rajniti ko Badalti Rozgar Garanty, Hindustan, March 2008. With Jean Drèze. Corruption in NREGA: Myths and Reality, 22 January, The Hindu, 2008. With Jean Drèze and Siddhartha. Employment Guarantee and Migration, 18 July, The Hindu, 2006. India's Right to Food Campaign, Just Change, October 2005. Beasts in Uniform, Tehelka, 18 June 2005.Not everybody loves a good drought, The Hindu Magazine, 2 January. With Aruna Roy. Using your Illusions, Hindustan Times, 18 February 2004. With Jean Drèze. Mid-Day Meals in Rajasthan, The Hindu, 13 November 2002. Poverty of Policy, Scarcity of Will, The Times of India, 17 May 2001. With Jean Drèze.References

External links
 Interview with <mask> <mask>
 Column in The Hindu

  at 17:45 mins
  IIT Delhi Webpage

Living people
Indian women economists
Indian women activists
21st-century Indian economists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Women scientists from Delhi
People from New Delhi
Women writers from Delhi
Educators from Delhi
Women educators from Delhi
Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni
Delhi School of Economics alumni
Delhi University alumni
21st-century women

masks: Reetika Khera Reetika Khera


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<mask> (31 October 1847 – 7 February 1897) was an Italian university professor, physicist and electrical engineer, one of the pioneers of AC power system and an inventor of the Two-phase induction motor although he never patented his work. Many newspapers touted that his work on the induction motor and power transmission systems were some of the greatest inventions of all ages. He published an extensive and complete monograph on the experimental results obtained with open-circuit transformers of the type designed by the power engineers Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs. Biography

Born at Livorno Vercellese (Kingdom of Sardinia), Ferraris gained a master's degree in engineering and became an assistant of technical physics near the Regal Italian Industrial Museum. Ferraris independently researched the rotary magnetic field in 1885. Ferraris experimented with different types of asynchronous electric motors. The research and his studies resulted in the development of an alternator, which may be thought of as an alternating-current motor operating in reverse, so as to convert mechanical (rotating) power into electric power (as alternating current).On 11 March 1888, Ferraris published his research in a paper to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Turin (two months later Nikola Tesla gained , application filed October 12, 1887. Serial Number 252,132). These alternators operated by creating systems of alternating currents displaced from one another in phase by definite amounts, and depended on rotating magnetic field for their operation. The resulting source of polyphase power soon found widespread acceptance. The invention of the polyphase alternator is key in the history of electrification, as is the power transformer. These inventions enabled power to be transmitted by wires economically over considerable distances. Polyphase power enabled the use of water-power (via hydroelectric generating plants in large dams) in remote places, thereby allowing the mechanical energy of the falling water to be converted to electricity, which then could be fed to an electric motor at any location where mechanical work needed to be done.This versatility sparked the growth of power-transmission network grids on continents around the globe. In 1889, Ferraris worked at the Italian Industrial Institution, a school of electrical engineering (the first school of this kind in Italy, subsequently incorporated in the Politecnico di Torino). In 1896, Ferraris joined the Italian Electrotechnical Association and became the first national president of the organization. <mask> did not confine his research interests to electricity. He also researched the fundamental properties of dioptric instruments and made elementary representation of the theory and its applications. His work contains a detailed description of the geometric dioptrics for uncentered systems. He provided a greater generality as previously found in the telescopic system treatments, with less emphasis on applications.In the second main sections, the results obtained are applied to optical instruments. The magnification, field of view, and the brightness of the instrument were dealt with in great detail. The field denned as the author of the cone opening angle, the tip of the first main points of the lens, and its base formed by the parts of the object in view, will possess the same brightness. The eye is not treated. Memorials

The city of Turin honored the contributions that Ferraris made to science. A general committee proposed an addition to the Royal Industrial Museum of Turin with a permanent monument commemorating his scientific and industrial achievements. Additionally, an avenue was named in honor of Ferraris.In January 2021 Ferraris was honored by the IEEE Milestones program for his contribution to "the technological innovation and excellence for the benefit of humanity", namely for his “Rotating Fields and Early Induction Motors, 1885-1888”. The according plaque carries the inscription:<mask>, professor at the Italian Industrial Museum (now Polytechnic) of Turin, conceived and demonstrated the principle of the rotating magnetic field. Ferraris’ field, produced by two stationary coils with perpendicular axes, was driven by alternating currents phase-shifted by 90 degrees. Ferraris also constructed prototypes of two-phase AC motors. Rotating fields, polyphase currents, and their application to induction motors had a fundamental role in the electrification of the world. Publications

 Sulle differenze di fase delle correnti e sulla dissipazione di energia nei trasformatori, by Prof. <mask> (Turin, 1887). Online texts : vol.1 vol. 2 vol. 3

References

Further reading

External links
 B. Bowers, "Scanning our past from London: <mask>s and alternating current" in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 89, no. 5, pp. 790–792, May 2001, doi: 10.1109/5.929656. M. Mitolo and M. Tartaglia, "<mask> Farraris - A Life Dedicated to the Electric Sciences [History]" in IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, vol.22, no. 5, pp. 8–11, Sept.-Oct. 2016, doi: 10.1109/MIAS.2016.2574223. Raffaella Gobbo, L'archivio di Galileo Ferraris, Roma, Amministrazione degli Archivi di Stato, 2005. Estratto da: Rassegna degli Archivi di Stato, n. s., 1 (2005), n. 1-2, 9–169 p. Chronology of <mask>rarris, 24-33 p.
 Museo Ferraris
 Opere di Galileo Ferraris Vol. 1. Opere di Galileo Ferraris Vol.2. <mask>: Inventor of an induction motor. <mask>s - "Father of three-phase current" - Electrotechnical Congress, Frankfurt 1891,  Who Invented the Polyphase Electric Motor? M. Mitolo, M.Tartaglia, <mask>s: A Life Dedicated to the Electrical Sciences, IEEE Industry Appl. Magazine, 2016, pp 8-11
 Power Electric Circuits: Pacinotti and Ferraris The pioneering age of power circuits, pp. 51-58 in A Short History of Circuits and Systems
 Silvanus Phillips Thompson: Polyphase electric currents and alternate current motors
Univ.Prof. Dr.Ing.Martin Doppelbauer: The invention of the electric motor,  Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - KIT
   The History of Alternating Current
  Brian Bowers, <mask>s and Alternating Current, IEEE Proc, vol. 89, n.5, May 2001, pp. 790-792
   <mask>, Rotazioni elettrodinamiche prodotte per mezzo di correnti alternate (Electrodynamic rotations by means of alternating currents), memory read at Accademia delle Scienze, Torino, March 1888 in Opere di Galileo Ferraris, Hoepli, Milano,1902 vol I pp 333-348
WilliamStanley: Alternating-current development in America
  Katz, Eugenii, "<mask>s". Biosensors & Bioelectronics. Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale Galileo Ferraris (IEN) – Official web site (English)
 Alternating Current Development in America by William Stanley
 <mask>s, Britannica

1847 births
1897 deaths
Italian electrical engineers
19th-century Italian physicists
19th-century Italian inventors
People from the Province of Vercelli
19th-century Italian engineers

masks:
Galileo Ferraris
Galileo Ferraris
Galileo Ferraris
Galileo Ferraris
Galileo Ferrari
Galileo
Galileo Fe
Galileo Ferraris
Galileo Ferrari
Galileo Ferrari
Galileo Ferrari
Galileo Ferraris
Galileo Ferrari
Galileo Ferrari


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<mask> (January 18, 1907 – January 26, 1982) was the first African American librarian in Raleigh, North Carolina and the founder of Raleigh's Richard B. Harrison Public Library, the first library in Raleigh to serve African Americans. Her greatest achievement was developing, maintaining, and increasing public library service to the African American people of Raleigh and Wake County, North Carolina while striving to achieve equal library service for the entire community. Personal life

<mask> was born in Columbus, Ohio on January 18, 1907 to <mask> and <mask>, a private business owner and politician. As the only child of "learned parents," there were always books around the family home and growing up, <mask> developed an interest in public affairs. She married Dr. James S<mask> in 1935 and had one son, James S<mask>.

Education and early career

While attending Howard University, <mask> worked as a student library assistant under the direction of A.C. Williams, the man she described as the first black librarian to ever receive a library degree in this country. <mask> acknowledged A.C. Williams as the inspiration for her future efforts as a pioneering librarian. After earning an A.B.from Howard University, <mask> received a scholarship to attend library school at Columbia University. Upon earning a bachelor of library science from Columbia University, <mask> returned to North Carolina in 1930 and began working as a librarian at Shaw University. During her five-year employment at the Shaw University Library, <mask> recognized the need among blacks in the surrounding community for a special African-American literature collection. She recognized that this need could be met through the services of a public library. Library leader and pioneer

In 1905 public library service was extended to blacks in Charlotte, North Carolina but Raleigh had to wait another thirty years. By 1935 there were only twelve black public libraries in North Carolina, however little action was taken in most areas of North Carolina to open libraries to blacks. <mask> <mask> <mask> was an advocate for bringing a library that would serve African Americans to Raleigh.<mask> and a group of community members met in 1935 with the white mayor, George A. Isley, to discuss the creation of a public library that would serve blacks. Fulfilling a goal to establish a black literary collection at a library, the Richard B. Harrison Public Library opened on November 12, 1935. <mask> valued community outreach and frequently brought the library to patrons when they were unable to visit the library themselves. Her actions encouraged community members to use the library and its resources. Despite trying economic conditions, the library's resources continued to expand due to <mask>'s efforts. In addition to establishing a library and services for African Americans in Raleigh, <mask> also assisted in the training of future librarians. Library science students from Atlanta University, North Carolina Central University, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill learned from firsthand experiences at the Harrison Library under the direction of <mask> <mask> <mask>.She served as the supervisor of Negro School Libraries in North Carolina from 1946 to 1953. <mask> was known as a "librarian's librarian." Reflecting on her career as a librarian, <mask> expressed, "I don't know of anything else that can help anyone grow more than working in a library." <mask> <mask> <mask> told a radio audience in 1951, "a public library is the recorded memory of mankind, serving the community. Its function is to make available to all, information and thought in all fields of human knowledge and experience and to help each person, whatever his interest may be, to find and use the books and other library facilities and material which best serve his needs." During her thirty-seven year career at the Harrison Library, she saw the library evolve from a tiny, one-room storefront library on Hargett Street to a $300,000 structure on New Bern Avenue. She retired from a forty-two year library career on June 30, 1972 to "have fun and do some of the things I have not had time for."<mask> <mask> <mask> Collection of Black Literature

<mask>'s dedication to the African American populations in Raleigh, Wake County, and North Carolina are best evident in the extensive collection of books and other resources by and about African Americans she established, making the Harrison Library groundbreaking. It was her hope and desire that the African American community would know and be proud of their African American heritage. <mask> established this quality collection as a result of meticulous efforts to collect publications about African Americans. In an interview, <mask> stated, "I felt there was a need to emphasize black books. Black collections were not popular then like they are today. I felt more people should know about black history, black authors, and the contributions of black people." Commonly, publications about African Americans were only in print for two years, as a result, <mask> attentively monitored publishers and vendors of African American books.She would even visit the University Place Book Shop in New York City to select and purchase rare items for the collection. This collection of over 5,000 volumes ranging from adult and children's fiction and nonfiction, serials, pamphlets, and vertical file materials grew gradually but slowly during the thirty-eight years <mask> Huston <mask> Collection of Black Literature. Emphasis on community outreach and programming

<mask> <mask> <mask> viewed the civic education of community members as essential and she created a well-defined philosophy of community affairs that is evident throughout her career. <mask> stated: "If you're a public librarian, you have to be with the people to find out their wants and needs and supply them with the materials to give them the insight to a more wholesome life through reading materials.You can't just sit behind a desk and issue books." Programming at the Harrison Library included lectures featuring black and white speakers, children's authors, and an expanded story time. An emphasis was placed on adult education, "[teaching] them how to live better, longer, fuller and more enjoyable lives." Educational programs directed to residents of the rural Raleigh area provided instruction in the development of reading and writing skills. Discussion groups on relevant topics were also created for patrons of all ages with the idea of keeping community members informed and aware of current news issues. The Harrison Library was well known regionally and nationally for providing services and programs for the aged, blind, disadvantaged, and illiterate. Programming at the Harrison Library fulfilled a need within the community.Children were provided with educational and recreational tools to assist with their formation as good citizens and adults were provided with materials to aid with their wholesome and useful life within their community. Membership and honors

The esteem to which <mask> <mask> <mask> was held is indicated by her selection as a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) library delegate and her appointment as a trustee of the State Library of North Carolina. <mask> also was instrumental in the foundation of the North Carolina Negro Library Association (NCNLA) which dissolved once the American Library Association (ALA) and the North Carolina Library Association opened membership to African Americans. She was the second African American elected at-large to the ALA council, serving from 1950 to 1954 and in 1971 <mask> represented ALA at the White House Conference on Aging. In 1971, <mask> was the first African American woman elected "Tar Heel of the Week" as a result of her numerous professional and civic contributions to the state of North Carolina. Publications
<mask> <mask> <mask>'s contributions to the field of library science include the following:
<mask>, <mask> <mask>. 1944.Development of Negro Libraries in North Carolina. North Carolina Libraries. 3(2):4. <mask>, <mask> <mask>. 1955. North Carolina Negro Library Association, 1935-54. Library Service Review.2(1):10-32. References

External links
 Richard B. Harrison Library Mollie <mask> <mask> Collection

American librarians
American women librarians
African-American librarians
Howard University alumni
Columbia University School of Library Service alumni
Shaw University faculty
People from Raleigh, North Carolina
1982 deaths
1907 births

masks:
Mollie Huston Lee
Mollie Huston Lee
Corrina Smith Huston
Rolla Solomon Huston
Lee
. Lee
. Lee Jr
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Mollie
Huston
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Mollie
Huston
Lee
Lee
Lee
Mollie
Huston
Lee
Mollie
Huston
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Leellie
Lee
Mollie
Huston
Lee
Lee
Mollie
Huston
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Mollie
Huston
Lee
Lee
Mollie
Huston
Lee
Mollie
Huston
Huston
Lee