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<mask> (May 30, 1888 – June 9, 1976) was an American politician and Knight of Malta who simultaneously served as chairman of the New York State Democratic Committee, chairman of the Democratic National Committee, and Postmaster General under President Franklin Roosevelt, whose gubernatorial and presidential campaigns were run by <mask>. <mask> was commonly referred to as a political kingmaker, as he was responsible for Roosevelt's rise to the presidency. He was the campaign manager for New York State politician Alfred E. Smith's 1922 gubernatorial campaign and Roosevelt's 1928 and 1930 gubernatorial campaigns as well as Roosevelt's presidential campaigns of 1932 and 1936. <mask> predicted large landslides in both, and revolutionized the use of polling data. He was also a business executive and dignitary. As architect of the New Deal, <mask> was responsible for pulling together the New Deal Coalition of Catholics, labor unions, African Americans, and farmers. <mask> and the administration's patronage machine over which he presided helped to fuel the social and infrastructure programs of the New Deal.He handled most mid-level and lower-level appointments, in consultation with state and local Democratic organizations. He opposed Roosevelt for breaking the two-term tradition of the presidency; the two broke on that issue in 1940. As of 1942, <mask> was considered the supreme Democratic Party boss of New York. As dignitary, <mask> helped to normalize diplomatic relations with the Holy See and in 1933, he was the first high-ranking government official to travel to Rome, where he had an audience with Pope Pius XI and dinner with Cardinal Pacelli (future Pope Pius XII). In business, <mask> guided and remained at the helm of Coca Cola International as chairman for over 30 years and was responsible for the company's global expansion as a quasi-government agency in World War II. It was used as a boost to the morale and energy levels of the fighting men. Shipped with food and ammunition as a "war priority item", the deal spread Coke's market worldwide at government expense.Also at US expense, after the war, 59 new Coke plants were installed to help rebuild Europe. In 1947, President Harry S. Truman appointed Farley to serve a senior post as a commissioner on the Hoover Commission, also known as the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government. The landmark James A. Farley Building in New York City is designated in his honor and as a monument to his career in public service. Early life
He was born in Grassy Point, New York, one of five sons whose grandparents were Irish Catholic immigrants. His father, <mask>, was involved in the brick-making industry, first as a laborer and later as a part-owner of three small schooners engaged in the brick-carrying trade. His mother was the former Ellen Goldrick. After his father died suddenly, Farley helped his mother tend a bar and grocery store that she purchased to support the family.After graduating from high school, he attended Packard Business College in New York City to study bookkeeping and other business skills. After his graduation, he was employed by the United States Gypsum Corporation. Early political career
In 1911, <mask> officially began his service as a politician, when he was elected town clerk of Stony Point, New York. Despite Stony Point's Republican leanings, <mask> was reelected twice. He was elected chairman of the Rockland County Democratic Party in 1918, and he used the position to curry favor with Tammany Hall boss Charles F. Murphy by convincing him that Alfred E. Smith would be the best choice for governor. <mask> married the former Elizabeth A. Finnegan on April 28, 1920. They had two daughters and one son, Elizabeth, Ann, and <mask><mask> Jr.

Farley managed to secure the upstate vote for Smith north of the Bronx line, when he ran for governor the same year.The Democrats could not win north of the Bronx line before <mask> organized the Upstate New York Democratic organization. After helping Smith become Governor of New York State, <mask> was awarded the post of Port Warden of New York City. He was the last Democrat to hold the post, which was later taken over by the Port Authority of New York. <mask> ran for the New York State Assembly in 1922 and won in Rockland County, normally a solid Republican stronghold. He sat in the 146th New York State Legislature in 1923, but he lost it at the next election for having voted "wet," for the repeal of the Mullan–Gage Act, the state law to enforce Prohibition. <mask> was appointed to the New York State Athletic Commission at the suggestion of State Senator Jimmy Walker in 1923, and <mask> served as a delegate to the 1924 Democratic National Convention, where he befriended Roosevelt, who would give his famous "Happy Warrior" speech for Smith. Farley fought for civil rights for black Americans as chairman of the New York State Athletic Commission.In 1926, <mask> threatened to resign his post as Athletic Commissioner if boxing champion Jack Dempsey did not fight the mandatory challenger, African-American fighter Harry Wills. Farley banned Dempsey from fighting Gene Tunney and publicly threatened to revoke Tex Rickard's Madison Square Garden license if he ignored the ruling of the commission. Farley's public stand for black rights proved to be a valuable asset to the Democratic Party for generations, and it would sow the seeds of the black bloc of the New Deal. Meanwhile, <mask> merged five small building supply companies to form General Builders Corporation, which would become the city's largest building supply company. <mask>'s firm was awarded federal contracts under the Republican Hoover administration to supply building materials to construct buildings now considered landmarks, such as the Annex of the James A. Farley Post Office Building, in New York City. General Builders supplied materials for the construction of the Empire State Building as well. <mask> was an appointed official and resigned his post from General Builders when he joined Roosevelt's cabinet.Roosevelt's campaign manager

After some convincing from <mask> and long time FDR confidant Louis McHenry Howe, Roosevelt asked <mask> to run his 1928 campaign for the New York governorship. <mask> orchestrated Roosevelt's narrow victory in the 1928 gubernatorial election. <mask> was named secretary of the New York State Democratic Committee and orchestrated Roosevelt's reelection in 1930. He was named chairman of the New York State Democratic Committee, which he held until his resignation, in 1944. <mask> helped bring to Roosevelt's camp the powerful newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst and helped Roosevelt win the 1932 presidential nomination and election. <mask>'s ability to gather the Catholics, unions, and big city machines, while maintaining the Solid South, into the New Deal Coalition greatly helped Roosevelt. <mask> would repeat the process in 1936 when he correctly predicted the states Roosevelt would carry and the only two states he would lose: "As Maine goes, so goes Vermont."That prediction secured <mask>'s reputation in American history as a political prophet. Time magazine said <mask>'s greatest feat of 1936 was pulling the black vote away from what had been a Republican stronghold since the time of Abraham Lincoln. New Deal
Known as the "muscle" of the New Deal   and one of the architects of the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933(NIRA). <mask>, in accordance with political tradition, was appointed by Roosevelt as Postmaster General, a post traditionally given to the campaign manager or an influential supporter, and Roosevelt also took the unusual step of naming him chairman of the Democratic National Committee in addition to the cabinet post in 1933. <mask> was constantly criticized by Roosevelt's opposition for insisting on keeping both posts simultaneously. <mask> worked hard to keep the Post Office going through the Depression. His expert stewardship made the once-unprofitable Post Office Department begin to turn a profit.<mask> was instrumental in revolutionizing transcontinental airmail service and reorganized the Post Office's airmail carriers. <mask> worked in concert with Pan American World Airways' (Pan Am) president, Juan Trippe, to see that the mail was delivered safely and cost-effectively. That was after a brief period of the Army carrying the mail, with servicemen killed flying in bad weather. <mask> oversaw and was responsible for the flight of the first China Clipper. In 1938, <mask> wrote his autobiography, Behind the Ballots. <mask> is remembered among stamp collectors for two things. One is a series of souvenir sheets that were issued at commemorative events and bore his name as the authorizer.The other is the 20 stamps, known as "Farley's Follies," which were reprints, mostly imperforate and ungummed, of stamps of the period: <mask> bought them at face value, out of his own pocket, and gave them to Roosevelt and Interior Secretary Harold Ickes, both collectors, and to members of his family and special friends of the Administration. (<mask> himself did not collect stamps.) Unfortunately, some of them reached the market, offered at the high prices commanded by rarities. When ordinary stamp collectors learned of that, they lodged strenuous protests, newspaper editorials leveled charges of corruption and a heated Congressional investigation ensued. Finally, in 1935 many more of the unfinished stamps were produced and made generally available to collectors at their face value. Today, the souvenir sheets and the single cutout reprints are not scarce. The original sheets were autographed to distinguish them from the reprints, and 15 were displayed in an exhibit at the Smithsonian's National Postal Museum in June 2009.<mask> controlled federal patronage in the new administration and was very influential within Roosevelt's Brain Trust and the Democratic Party throughout the United States. <mask> used his control of the patronage to see that Roosevelt's first 100 days of New Deal legislation was passed. <mask> masterfully used the patronage machine to line up support for the New Deal's liberal programs. He helped to bring about the end to Prohibition and the defeat of the Ludlow Amendment. The latter was an attempt by opponents of the war to limit the foreign affairs powers of the president by requiring a referendum for a declaration of war unless there was an attack. By swaying the votes of the Irish Catholic legislators in the Congress, <mask> was able to bring about a defeat for the amendment, which if passed, would have prevented the President from sending military aid to Britain. Many Irish legislators had refused to lend aid to the British because of the Great Famine.<mask>'s close relationship with Roosevelt deteriorated as 1940 drew closer. <mask> began seeking support for a presidential bid of his own after Roosevelt refused to publicly seek a third term but indicated that he could not decline the nomination if his supporters drafted him at the 1940 convention. As chairman of the Democratic National Committee, <mask> had no legitimate candidate. Roosevelt would publicly support Cordell Hull after privately telling <mask> and others that they could seek the nomination. <mask> also opposed the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 to "pack" the Supreme Court. In all other instances, however, he was continuously loyal and supportive of Roosevelt's policies. <mask> was asked by Roosevelt to seek the governorship of New York multiple times but always refused.Eleanor Roosevelt flew to the convention to try to repair the damage in the <mask> relationship. Although <mask> remained close to her and to <mask>, he felt betrayed by the President and refused to join his 1940 campaign team. Farley believed in fair play and Equal Rights and in 1940 as Postmaster General Farley authorized the first postage stamp featuring the likeness of a black American Booker T. Washington whom Farley publicly hailed as the "Negro Moses". This effort was spearheaded by Eleanor Roosevelt as well as others. The first Booker T. Washington stamp was sold by Postmaster General <mask> to George Washington Carver at Tuskegee (Ala.) Institute on April 7, 1940. <mask> also appeared as a featured speaker at the American Negro Exposition, also known as the Black World's Fair and the Diamond Jubilee Exposition,which was a world's fair held in Chicago from July until September in 1940, to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the end of slavery in the United States at the conclusion of the Civil War in 1865. <mask> resigned as postmaster general and party chairman after placing second in delegates at the 1940 Democratic National Convention in Chicago in which Roosevelt was "drafted" for a third term.<mask> is the second Irish-American Roman Catholic in American history to have his name placed as a candidate for nomination of the Presidency of the United States by a major political Party (Al Smith being the first) and was also the first Irish-American Roman Catholic to achieve success as a national figure when Roosevelt appointed <mask> to his cabinet as postmaster general and chairman of the Democratic National Committee with Postmaster General being at that time 5th in line to the Presidency as a Cabinet level official. Later life
After resigning from the Roosevelt administration in 1940, <mask> was named chairman of the board of the  Coca-Cola Export Corporation, a vehicle that was created exclusively for his talents. <mask> held this post until his retirement in 1973. <mask> defeated a Roosevelt bid to secure the nominee for New York governor in 1942. He received one ballot vote in the 1944 Democratic National Convention. <mask> once again became an important national political force when his old friend, Harry Truman, became president with the death of Roosevelt. During 1948, <mask>'s autobiography <mask>'s Story: The Roosevelt Years, was published by McGraw-Hill Publishers.In the book, <mask> praises his own view of his importance to the administration,  and was not at all kind to his former "boss," Roosevelt. He continues by describing, at length, his own weighty position and numerous responsibilities in Roosevelt's White House. However, according to Roosevelt's secretary, Grace Tully, in her book F.D.R: My Boss, published in 1949 by Scribner's Sons, "...aside from his role as a party leader, inside the cabinet, he [<mask>] contributed little or nothing to the shaping of Administration policies." She goes on to refer to <mask>'s book as "a hymn of hate against Roosevelt." In his book, he retrospectively over-estimated the likelihood of his ever having been considered as a possible successor to Roosevelt in 1940. Because he often received accolades as a member of the government, he tended to mistake those for proofs of his own popularity as an individual politician. In fact, as Tully acidly explained, "Jim made the mistake of thinking that the applause which greeted him at new post offices was an applause for him personally."On October 26, 1963, Tuskegee University conferred upon <mask> the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws for his "many contributions to public life" and for his "distinguished possession of the private personal virtues." In 1965 <mask> served as the campaign chairman for the failed first Mayoral bid of Abraham Beame who would go on to be the first practicing Jewish Mayor of New York in 1973. <mask> was given in 1974 the Laetare Medal by the University of Notre Dame, the oldest and most prestigious award for American Catholics. He remained vigorous, outspoken, and active in  politics until his death two years later, at 88, at his residence in the Waldorf Astoria in New York City where he was one of the landmarks most notable residents for many years. The last surviving member of Roosevelt's cabinet, he was interred at the Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Hawthorne, New York. Legacy

<mask>, the former chairman of Coca-Cola Export, was the only man to serve as National Party Chairman, New York State Party Chairman, and Postmaster General simultaneously. Farley's respect crossed party lines.Towards the end of his career, <mask> was an elder statesman and pushed for campaign finance reform and a reduction of the influence of special interest groups and of corporations in politics. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York named <mask> as one of its "Bicentennial People/Innovator" in commemoration of its 200-year anniversary in 2007. The <mask><mask> Award is the Boxing Writers Associations highest honor, awarded to those who exhibit honesty and integrity in the sport of boxing. <mask>'s Box is the name given to a group of front row seats along Yankee Stadium's first base line, which was frequented by <mask> and many famous VIPs and guests. In later years, <mask> would donate those tickets to Boys Clubs in New York City and the surrounding areas. <mask> was also the first guest on NBC's Meet the Press, the longest-running show in television history. <mask> is also known for his eponymous device, the <mask> file.In 1962, <mask> received The Hundred Year Association of New York's Gold Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York." <mask>'s Law is that it is by mid-October that voters will decide the presidential candidate they are most likely to vote for. As explained in the book How to Win Friends and Influence People, Farley was known for his ability to remember names and details of almost every person he met. Namesakes

<mask> Building, New York City Landmark, National Register of Historic Places
<mask><mask> elementary school, Stony Point, New York
<mask>. <mask> memorial bridge, Stony Point, New York
Farley file

See also
 Claude G. Bowers

References

Further reading
Scroop, Daniel "Mr. Democrat: <mask>, The New Deal, and The Making of Modern American Politics." Sheppard, Si. Buying of the Presidency?, The: Franklin D. Roosevelt, the New Deal, and the Election of 1936 (ABC-CLIO, 2014). Spencer, Thomas T. "'Old' Democrats and New Deal Politics: Claude G. Bowers, <mask>. <mask>, and the Changing Democratic Party, 1933–1940" Indiana Magazine of History 1996 92(1): 26–45.ISSN 0019-6673

Primary sources
 <mask>, <mask>. <mask>'s Story: The Roosevelt Years (1948)
 <mask>, <mask>. Behind the Ballots: The Personal History of a Politician (1938)

External links
USPS James A. Farley Bio. An Interview with Farley (1959) on Folkways Records
<mask> biography at the National Park Service website
Burial record for <mask><mask> at Findagrave.com
Bill designating Landmark General Post Office the "<mask> A. Farley Building"

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1888 births
1976 deaths
1940 United States vice-presidential candidates
20th-century American politicians
American autobiographers
American campaign managers
American people of Irish descent
Burials at Gate of Heaven Cemetery (Hawthorne, New York)
Candidates in the 1940 United States presidential election
Candidates in the 1944 United States presidential election
Catholics from New York (state)
Democratic National Committee chairs
Franklin D. Roosevelt administration cabinet members
Laetare Medal recipients
Members of the New York State Assembly
New York (state) Democrats
People from Stony Point, New York
United States Postmasters General
Writers from New York City
New York State Athletic Commissioners

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<mask> (February 5, 1924 – 2014) was an American artist. Lidow was born in Kansas City, Missouri, United States. She was brought up in a creative and intellectual environment. Her father was a World War I pilot, who later found a career as a stunt pilot for film. Her mother, daughter of a Russian diplomat, was born in China, and was an avid collector of Asian art and translated Asian poetry. At an early age she showed a passion for painting. At 18 she married the composer Friedrich Hollaender, who wrote for Marlene Dietrich as well as for Hollywood films.Film studios were interested in her as a potential actress but she declined in order to paint. She had a daughter with Hollander but after three years the couple divorced. Her education in art was continued in Paris and Switzerland. In 1951, Lidow returned to Los Angeles and exhibited solo at Roperi's Gallery. Soon after, she married industrialist and founder of International Rectifier Corp, <mask>, and they had two sons together. In 2005, arthritis had complicated her ability to paint. She started to make short films to continue her artistic expression.She died in 2014 and is interred in Culver City, California. Exhibitions
2008-2009
Nanjing Museum of Modern Art, Nanjing, China (Selected Solo Exhibitions)
Hubei Museum of Art, Hubei, China (Solo)

2007
Shanghai Grand Theatre Gallery, Shanghai China (Selected Solo Exhibitions)
Beijing World Art Museum, Beijing, China (Selected Solo Exhibitions)

2006
The Academy of Fine Arts of St Petersburg (Selected Solo Exhibitions)

2004
Moscow Museum Of Contemporary History (Selected Solo Exhibitions)
"Cloning" La Roche-sur-Foron, Haute-Savoie, France (Selected Solo Exhibitions)

2003
"Cloning", Florence, Italy, Fortezza da Basso (Selected Solo Exhibitions)
BIAC Terza Biennale d'Arte Contemporanea. Arezzo, Italy, Galleria Transit (Selected Solo Exhibitions)
Montreux, Switzerland, Galerie Sabine Gonard (Theme Exhibitions)
Piombino, Italy Galleria comunale, Parfums de Femmes (Theme Exhibitions)
Paris, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Parfums de Femmes (Theme Exhibitions)
Perugia, Italy, Torre Strozzi, Centro per L'Arte contemporanea (Theme Exhibitions). Castiglione di Firenze, Italy, Chiesa San Lorenzo (Theme Exhibitions)
La Roche-sur-Foron, France, 5eme Festival de la Sculpture contemporaine (Theme Exhibitions)

2002
Serre di Rapolano, Italy, Museo comunale. En Cent Metamorphoses: La Femme (Theme Exhibitions)

2001
Geneva, Palexpo, Suisse Europ'Art. Hote d'honneur (Theme Exhibitions)
Gruyères, Switzerland, Centre international de L'Art fantastique (Theme Exhibitions). Neuchâtel, Switzerland, Hotel de ville, Festival international du film fantastique (Theme Exhibitions)
Reggio Emilia, Italy, Biennale Internazionale dell'Arte Contemporanea (Theme Exhibitions)

1998/1999.

masks:
Leza Lidow
Eric Lidow


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<mask> (; born 6 March 1949) is a Pakistani former banker and financier who served as 17th prime minister of Pakistan from 20 August 2004 to 15 November 2007, as well as the finance minister of Pakistan from 6 November 1999 to 15 November 2007. During his childhood he studied at St Patrick's High School, Karachi. <mask> graduated from the Institute of Business Administration in Karachi, and joined the corporate staff of the CitiBank Pakistan in 1969. He served in various countries' governments as CitiBank financier, and became executive vice-president of Citibank in 1999. After accepting a personal request by General Pervez Musharraf, <mask> returned to Pakistan from the United States to assume charge of the Finance Ministry as its finance minister while taking control of the country's economy. In 2004, <mask> was nominated by the Musharraf loyalist government led by Pakistan Muslim League (Q), to the position of prime minister after the resignation of Zafarullah Khan Jamali on 6 June 2004. <mask>'s macroeconomics policies oversaw political stability and economic progress in Pakistan, subsequently ending the "era of stagflation" in 2001.Intensified privatisation and economic liberalisation programmes were personally initiated by <mask>, privatising state-owned corporations and strengthening the country's economic base, which led to the improvement of the country's growth rate by 6.4% per year. Poverty and inflation rates dropped to 3.5% in the last 3 years, compared to 11–12% in the 1990s. For the first time in Pakistan's history, all goals and revenue collection targets were met in his tenure, and allocation for development increased by about 40%. Moreover, despite a series of internal and external distresses, the economic situation of Pakistan improved significantly and reserves increased to US$10.5 billion on 30 June 2004, compared to US$1.2 billion in October 1999. As prime minister, <mask> oversaw the large-scale expansion of military reforms, police reforms, and significant investment in the country that led to the boom of the automotive industry, energy megaprojects, nuclear industry, and the port industry, and presided over unprecedented GDP growth. <mask>'s policy expanded the internet and telecommunication services, and liberalised the private media of Pakistan as his vision to internationalise the image of the country. Education
<mask> <mask> was born in Karachi, Sindh Province of Pakistan on 6 March 1949.He studied at Saint Patrick's School, Karachi and Abbottabad Public School, Abbottabad, Pakistan. His father, S.A<mask> (sometimes <mask>) was a radio engineer employed in the state-owned Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) as chief engineer. His father, S.A<mask> was noted for making singular contributions in the development of Radio Pakistan and was the architect of its external services; for this his father was conferred with state honours by the government of Pakistan in the 1950s. S.A<mask> was one of the pioneers who nurtured Radio Pakistan in its days of infancy, and chartered the future roadmap for expansion of its network and technological advancement and growth. The PBC moved his family to Abbottabad, North West Frontier Province and attended the Abbottabad Public School, and later the family moving back to Karachi. <mask> matriculated and obtained high-school diploma from Saint Patrick's High School and proceeded Government College now GCU In Lahore where he passed his inter-level and ascended to attend the Gordon College of Rawalpindi, Punjab province in 1965. <mask> obtained a BS degree in Economics in 1967 from Gordan College and moved back to Karachi the same year to enroll in a master's programme.<mask> attended the master's programme of the Institute of Business Administration (IBA) in Karachi and obtained MBA in business administration in 1969. While at the IBA, <mask> secured the internship of U.S.-based Citibank, and after his master's degree, <mask> was called to join the executive senior staff of the Citibank, based in the United States. Career in Citigroup

Initially, <mask> joined the corporate branch of Citibank Pakistan as its credit officer in 1969. During his career, <mask> subsequently served in various countries including Pakistan, Greece, United States, United Kingdom, Malaysia, Philippines, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Singapore. After arriving to assume the charge of corporate assignment in the United States, <mask> settled in New York City and took over the office operations of Citibank at the Empire State Building. <mask> acquired permanent residence status, but did not acquire American citizenship, whilst continuing to upgrade his legal status. In the U.S., <mask> held numerous positions in Citibank across several divisions including Corporate and Investment Banking (CIB), Corporate Planning Officer (CPO), Chief Financial Officer of Citicorp and Managing Director of Citibank Singapore.He has been a board member of Citibank subsidiaries, including Saudi American Bank, Citicorp Islamic Bank, and of several non-profit organizations. <mask> played a pivotal rôle in expanding Citibank branches and corporate directive operations throughout the country and was instrumental in bringing multinational banking industries into Pakistan in the 1990s. At Citibank, <mask> served as the corporate director of Asia Pacific global finance operations and had been notable for financing and managing funds on behalf of Citibank and other financial corporations in global stock markets. He was also involved with Citi Private Bank, a subsidiary of Citigroup. <mask> regarded his career in Citigroup as "extremely helpful" in preparing him for the executive public office, in 2006. <mask> continued to visit Pakistan, working to expand Citibank's financial services and banking, overseeing the wide expansion of Citigroup's branches and its influence in Pakistan. In the 1990s, he worked closely with the governments of Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif to help negotiate economic relief packages and aid to Pakistan, while maintaining diverse relations with Pakistan's Armed Forces who would also visit the United States as part of Sharif's and Benazir Bhutto's state visits.By the 1990s, <mask> had established many notable contacts within the United States administration. In a book, Global Financial Warrior, written by John B. Taylor, <mask> had substantial access to the US Treasury, World Bank and many other world financial institutions. <mask> worked closely with the United States in order to finance U.S. war games and operations. <mask> knew the volumes of secretive methods of transferring funds in and out of South Asia, particularly clandestine financing of nuclear weapons programmes of India and Pakistan at its most, Taylor maintained. Finance Minister

<mask> <mask> had been a president of Citi Private Bank in New York before returning to Pakistan in 1999. Shortly, General Pervez Musharraf arrived for a small personal trip to the United States after staging a coup d'état to deposed the people-elected prime minister Navaz Sharif on 12 October 1999. On 26 November 1999, while addressing a gathering of influential lobbyists of the Pakistani American community, a political lobbying sub-body of the Association of Pakistani Physicians of North America (APPNA), Musharraf stated that: "<mask> <mask> has come to Pakistan with forty other financial experts who have offered free service to revive Pakistan's national economy".After a brief session, Musharraf asked <mask> <mask> to stand up and introduce himself to the audience. <mask> reportedly returned with Musharraf in November 1999 and took charge of the Finance ministry as its Finance Minister. <mask> took control of the economy with responsibility for Finance, Economic Affairs, Statistics Division, Planning and Development, and revenue divisions. As Minister of Finance <mask> also headed the Economic Coordination Committee of the Cabinet, the Cabinet Committee on Investment, the Executive Committee of the National Economic Council, and the Cabinet Committee on Privatization. As Finance minister, all state-owned mega-corporations came under the government-ownership while restructuring each mega-corporation to set off to privatisation. During his first days, <mask> worked to control the economy in a difficult and hostile environment with then-President Muhammad Rafiq Tarar who called him "an alien", and many among those who were close to deposed prime minister Nawaz Sharif and Benazir Bhutto. Other politicians including Fazal-ur-Rehman and Ameen Faheem became hostile towards <mask> and his policies; and harboured grave doubts about him because <mask> was not like a traditional politician in the country, an accredited politician.Initially there was a decline in the economy, and <mask> attributes this as "state (Pakistan) unpleasant relations with international financial institutions. There was a ~70% decline in the national economy with the loss of $150 million (1999) to $600 million (2000), which constituted 0.21% of foreign direct investment (FDI) global flow. <mask> took initiatives for FDI offering incentives to foreign investors with his macroeconomic policies, taxation framework and a consistent investment policy. After the 11 September attacks in the United States and Pakistan's role in the War on Terror, <mask> travelled to the United States in order to negotiate a relief and U.S. aid to Pakistan. He closely worked with US Secretary of the Treasury on the detail of the devised plan on how to remove the Taliban from Afghanistan, cancellation and debt relief, loans from the World Bank, and direct support from U.S. Aid for national public development. <mask> recommended policies and new plan of economic reforms, including the improved budgetary transparency and spending controls— a plan that was widely accepted by the United States. With the help from United States Department of the Treasury, <mask> thwarted individuals, difficulties and obstacles to achieve success in his economic programmes.In 2002, <mask> worked with U.S. administration to help advise the United States to finance the war in Afghanistan. In the words of John B. Taylor, <mask> suggested that U.S. should call out for a meeting of finance ministers of the G7 member countries, where the illicit funding of money would become a great problem for G7 countries in the future. In April 2002, <mask> chaired a historical meeting on behalf of Pakistan and the United States, helping the G7 members to understand how the illicit money was transferred was shared with the finance ministers of G7 members and Pakistan on other side. In 2001, <mask> implemented and activated the Privatization Programme (first founded by former prime minister Nawaz Sharif in 1991) and opened all state-owned enterprises (SOEs) to private sector. This programme undertook the country into rapid economic growth and extreme level of industrialisation the country had for yet seen since 1972. After the 2002 general elections, <mask> intensified his programme and aggressively implemented economic liberalisation policies in the country. <mask>'s financial policies came under surrounding controversies, creating new problems for Prime minister Zafarullah Khan Jamali to counter who was forced to resign the office in his favour.His affordable real estate scheme encouraged common men to afford a house and a vehicle on low investment, but on the other hand, this scheme brought an increase violation of zoning regulations in construction companies. Although, Zafarullah Khan Jamali controlled the inflation at its low level, his deregulation policies of price control caused the oil and sugar prices to skyrocket. His public and liberalisation of economy policy expanded the political role of Supreme Court of Pakistan in a higher level of the government and to target high-level of government corruption independently without government interferences. By October 2007, at the end of Prime Minister <mask> <mask>'s tenure, Pakistan raised back its Foreign Reserves to $16.4 billion. Pakistan's trade deficit was at $13 billion, exports were $18 billion, revenue generation was $13 billion and attracted foreign investment was $8.4 billion. Pakistan's fiscal performance was praised by IMF and World Bank. The World Bank further reiterated that Pakistan's economic growth bolstered international confidence.IMF's new South Asia director Mr. George Abed, said he was "very pleased with the record of Pakistan in the past three years of continued macroeconomic and financial stabilisation and we have begun to think of Pakistan as a country of promise and a country of potentially high rate of growth". The Asian Development Bank also praised Pakistan's Micro-Finance. In 2001, Mr. <mask> was also named "Finance Minister of the Year" by Euromoney and Bankers magazines. Assassination attempt

While campaigning on 30 July 2004, <mask> survived an assassination attempt in the Attock District of Punjab, Pakistan. The suicide bomb attack was staged in Fateh Jang, a small town to the north of the capital, Islamabad, where <mask> was contesting an election. The attempt was made when <mask> was departing after meeting with constituents. A suicide bomber, who was travelling with the <mask> motorcade, detonated the device next to the car in which <mask> was travelling, killing himself and <mask>'s chauffeur, as well as six others.<mask> called the incident "tragic," and said it had claimed the lives of innocent people. He added that it had reinforced his resolve to serve Pakistan and the Islamic world. After safely reaching Islamabad, <mask> instigated a probe, while the foreign office contacted its mission in Egypt to try to determine the veracity of an Al Qaeda claim of responsibility. Ten suspected Al-Qaeda perpetrators were arrested in Egypt and later extradited to Pakistan for the crime. Prime minister
By 2004, <mask> had become a right hand of general Musharraf, as Musharraf described in his memoirs. The strong oligarch business class of Pakistan, notably Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain, had been impressed by <mask> <mask>'s performance as finance minister. Following the resignation of Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali on 26 June 2004, Hussain nominated <mask> for the office of prime minister and was also a top choice for the candidacy of prime ministerial post by Musharraf.However, <mask> was not a member of the National Assembly, although he was a Senator. As required by the constitution, the prime minister had to be a member of the National Assembly. <mask> was highly regarded as a "technocrat" and had gained the trust of the establishment, international institutions and public support. His nomination came after another technocrat-economist, Dr. Manmohan Singh, became the prime minister of India and <mask> was widely seen as compatible with his Indian counterpart. Having been described and labelled as an urban gentlemen and smartly dressed, <mask> was tasked with day-to-day running of the federal government and see that policies were more effectively executed while Musharraf handled the military issues. In Pakistan, it was also said that Musharraf blindly trusted <mask> and sometimes, Musharraf's approvals were not needed for the projects that normally required permission. <mask> quietly and more quickly undermined the elements seeking to undermine Musharraf which may have been a factor that Musharraf had blindly trusted <mask>.The post was held by Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain while <mask> fulfilled the constitutional requirement of securing a seat in the lower house of parliament. <mask> ran from two constituencies, Tharparkar-I in Sindh, and Attock District. Even after the assassination attempt, <mask> continued campaigning and won from both constituencies. Since he could retain only one seat, he immediately vacated his Tharparkar seat, preferring to represent Attock, where he had won by 76,156 votes to 29,497. <mask> was elected prime minister by parliament on 27 August 2004, by a vote of 191 to 151 in the National Assembly of Pakistan, and was sworn in on 28 August 2004. Pakistan Media labelled him as "Short Cut <mask>" because of lack of political background and hardly affiliation to any political party and still managed to land on the prime ministerial office. Whilst, international media labelled him Urban gentlemen, as he was soft-spoken and greeted his guests with great gesture and manners.He retained his position as Minister of Finance. His government introduced and featured extremely qualified and new faces in the political area of the country, including Hina Rabbani Khar (economic ministry), Hafeez Shaikh (investment ministry), Khurshid Kasuri (Foreign ministry), and Atta ur Rahman (as science adviser). Many of these technocrats ascended to join the successive governments and embark on successful career in the politics thereafter. <mask> left office on 16 November 2007, at the end of the parliamentary term and became the first prime minister of Pakistan who left seat after completion of parliamentary term of five years. Domestic reforms

<mask> successfully oversaw the rapid development of the local government system in Pakistan as part of his "Strengthening Decentralisation" program. His domestic initiatives including the decentralisation in the country, and termed the local government system as "more transparent and accountable". <mask> strengthened the policy formats and area of responsibility of National Reconstruction Bureau (NRB) after appointing Daniyal <mask> in 2005.<mask> carried out major reforms in Law enforcement agencies, Police forces, and court system in the country. In 2005, <mask>'s government installed 6,000 water supply and sanitation filter plants in entire, through the Khushal Pakistan (lit. Prospered Pakistan) programme, a scheme founded by Nawaz Sharif in the 1990s. As prime minister, <mask> took hard stance against rivals and took a hardline against his political challengers. <mask> thrashed the Alliance for Restoration of Democracy (ARD) led by conservative leader Javed Hashmi who was placed in military prison on treason charges, on a support provided by <mask>. His hardline and tough counter active measures forced Pakistan Peoples Party of Benazir Bhutto and Pakistan Muslim League-N of Nawaz Sharif to concede their defeat and took asylum in United Kingdom. In 2005, a non-partisan local government elections were decided to be held in entire country, starting first to hold the elections in Karachi, Sindh Province.Subsequently, <mask> supervised and presided the first free and fair local body elections with PML(Q) and its allied parties sweeping the election arena. Controversially, <mask> allocated Rs. 20 million to each district where PML(Q) candidates lost the National Assembly elections in order to secure its voting bank that was lost in 2002. In Sindh and Balochistan Province, <mask> presided the peaceful election held events and personally monitored the success of the local government body programme. Under his first few of years of government, the law and order situation remains under control and prosperity in Balochistan, and presided the completion the first phase of the Gwadar port. Problems began to mount with nationalist Akbar Bugti, an ally of Nawaz Sharif. Although, <mask> repeatedly and forcefully denied the knowledge of any military action against Bugti and, as prime minister, <mask> never released any information of any military action in Balochistan.However, <mask> appeared on television screens and stated that "Akbar Bugti died in a military operation during the night of August 25—26, 2008". <mask> was inflicted with the involvement in the killing of Akbar Khan Bugti, although he has denied any involvement in any manner. In Islamabad alone, <mask>'s government was forced to take military action, codename Silence after chairing a meeting with the President. In 2009, <mask> maintained that his government had tried at every level of extreme to resolve the Lal Masjid issue through talks to save lives. In a television interview, <mask> maintained that "We gave them time to leave the mosque and the Imam-e-Kaaba Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais also came to Pakistan on my request in connection with the issue.". One of the widely reported controversy took place in his government was the atomic proliferation scandal of Abdul

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 Qadeer Khan. <mask> remains supportive towards Khan and efficiently took matters of Abdul Qadeer Khan in 2006 from President Musharraf.On 10 September 2006, <mask> sent flowers and personally visited Khan when he was hospitalised and on 12 October 2007, Musharraf made it clear to United States and rest of the world that Khan "won't be handed over" at given any circumstances. On a television speech, <mask> paid a huge tribute to Abdul Qadeer Khan and while commenting on last part of his speech, <mask> stressed it:

Energy policy

After assuming the office, <mask> announced a controversial "New 25-year energy plan", aiming to raise Pakistan's dependence on imported oil for power generation to 50% by 2030. His government pushed for the renewable energy, and put efforts to established the solar energy and wind power sector in the country. Prime Minister <mask>'s "New 25-year energy plan" remains extremely controversial and met great public criticism by media and energy experts. Energy experts rendered <mask>'s programme as "bigger disaster" in a view when even oil rich Gulf countries were reducing their share of oil in their power production. Prime Minister <mask> approved the constructional, and approved the developmental work of CHASNUPP-II reactor at the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant in Chashma city, Punjab Province of Pakistan. A 325 MW commercial nuclear power plant was built with Chinese assistance at the close vicinity of Chashma nuclear power complex.<mask> termed this project as "milestone" in the history of nuclear technology in Pakistan. In 2007, <mask> approved the constructional development of KANUPP-II and the nuclear reprocessing site, the Nuclear Power Fuel Complex in Islamabad. <mask> oversaw to increase the capacity building of the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority, a governmental nuclear safety authority, to meet the safety requirement of nuclear power plants. In 2007, <mask> further diversified his nuclear energy policy, terming it as "criteria based nuclear technology" while continued financing the nuclear power projects. <mask> presided initial construction of major hydroelectric power plants project in Pakistan, such as approving the Diamer-Bhasha Dam. Its foundation was laid by his successor Yousaf Raza Gillani in 2011. In 2004, <mask> directed the Ministry of Water and Power and Planning Commission to prepare an integrated energy plan for the country.<mask> approved the "Vision 2025" programme" of Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) to produce power through water. The programme was intended to be launched with the help of private sector and private funding through the international megaproject. However all projects were cancelled or either put on hold by the upcoming government of Yousaf Raza Gillani due economic distress, lack of capital and investment and continuing economic declines, leading an increasing circular debt. Defence reforms
<mask> oversaw the successful development of the JF-17 Thunder fighter programme in record time, built with the close cooperation with China. In 2007, <mask> stressed that "Pakistan is not an offensive country and our defence doctrine is based on having minimum credible deterrence to maintain peace and stability in the region.". <mask> also successfully saw the technology transfer and contract development of first combatant frigate, the F-22P Zulfiquar. In May 2006, <mask> stressed that: "Pakistan's deep military and economic cooperation with China was one not based on "transient interest," but was "higher than Himalayas, deeper than oceans".In August 2006, <mask> visited the People's Republic of China, seeking Chinese cooperation in space technology. China expressed interest in helping Pakistan with developing and launching satellites. In a joint statement of Prime Minister <mask> <mask> and Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao, <mask> emphasised that: "both countries are determined to elevate their friendship and strategic partnership.". A contract was signed with China, <mask> authorized the development of the satellite, Paksat-IR. <mask> presided over the security, expansion, and modernization of the country's nuclear deterrence programme as part of his defence policy. <mask> oversaw the successful development of the Shaheen-II missile program and witnessed its first flight at an undisclosed location in April 2006. After witnessing the test, <mask> maintained that: "We will continue to pursue vigorously our security and energy needs from all sources including nuclear.".On 8 August 2005, <mask> issued directives to tightened the security and control and command of the National Command Authority and ordered strict monitoring of atomic assets and facilities at all levels of command. In 2004, <mask> stated and clarified Pakistan's nuclear policy to the world and India in an interview given to the Times of India:

From 2005 and onwards, <mask>'s government took major steps against atomic proliferation while also making several decisions to increase the capacity of nuclear deterrence and sufficient use of nuclear energy for the civil sector. Foreign relations

On foreign fronts, <mask> closely collaborated with Musharraf while working to develop the geostrategy in the region. <mask> took initiatives to strengthen the relations with the United States, European Union, Russia, India, China, and Saudi Arabia. Under his government, relations with the United States were extremely cordial and friendly. His foreign policy strictly pursued and followed a "Balance Foreign Policy (BFP)" programme with an initial goal to keen to forge robust friendly ties with international community, US and European Union (EU). Accompanied by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan of Turkey, <mask> travelled to Iran in 2006, and privately told Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad he must change course regarding its nuclear program, as the current direction was neither in Iran's nor the region's interest.<mask> urged Ahmadinejad to immediately place a moratorium on uranium enrichment, while on the other hand Erdoğan described the EU-3 proposal, with Russian enhancements, as a very attractive offer for Iran. Both <mask> and Erdoğan condemned Ahmedinejad's statements attacking Israel as completely unacceptable and serving no purpose. <mask>'s tenure saw considerable improvements in relations with Japan. After visiting Japan, <mask> welcomed investment in the manufacturing sector and Pakistani-Japanese joint ventures in steel manufacturing as an excellent symbol of cooperation in expanding steel production between the two countries. <mask> paid a farewell visit to South Korea to strengthen and enhance relations between the two countries. <mask> cautiously supported South Korea's stance while refraining to criticise North Korea. On a three-day state visit, <mask> and his counterpart Lee Hae Chan signed two agreements on cultural exchange and providing human resource management, and improving trade and cultural ties between South Korea and Pakistan.<mask> strongly allied with the United States in the fight against terrorism, and in a meeting with an American journalist, <mask> maintained that: "Pakistan is now ideally positioned to "work with cooperation rather than confrontation as a force for peace, stability, and prosperity..". During his tenure, relations with the United States strengthened and progressed. In 2006, <mask> quoted: "Pakistan-American relations are based on mutual trust and respect and are long-standing.". During his repeated visits to the United States, <mask> worked and deliberately approached the U.S. administration on building a strategic partnership with the United States, and made efforts to build a "robust-broad-based strategic relationship.". <mask>'s economic, domestic, and internal reforms focused on enriching a longer-term sustainable Pakistan-U.S. relationship and contributed immeasurably to both countries' joint struggle against extremism. Relations with Israel were considered important by <mask>'s government, and supported Musharraf's policy on Israel. At foreign fronts, <mask> maintained a "Telephone Policy" on diplomatic engagement with Israel, whilst keeping Saudi Arabia and Turkey in tacit contact.During his tenure, bilateral relations with the United Kingdom were enhanced and reached to a new level after meeting with British prime minister Tony Blair in 2005, and tightened the economic and defence relations with British counterpart Gordon Brown in 2007. Brown thanked <mask> for the successful launching of a $500 million Eurobond, which was oversubscribed four times. After assuming the office of prime minister, <mask> left for China, as his foreign state visit as prime minister in 2004. In 2007, <mask> made his final state visit as prime minister to China to sign a Free Trade Agreement with China, and regarded the country as a "strategic partner" and a "time-tested friend," whilst China regarded the FTA agreement as "a historic development". <mask> built closer economic ties with India while alleviating the territorial conflicts. After meeting with Indian counterpart Manmohan Singh, a confident measuring building process was initiated by <mask>. <mask> pushed his foreign policy to Russia, calling Russia a "global super power".In 2006, <mask> invited state-run and private-media of Russia where he repeatedly stressed for the need to enhance cooperation between Pakistan and Russia in the fields of education, science and technology, energy, defence and trade and investment. Finally, in 2007, Russian prime minister Mikhail Fradkov paid a three-day-long visit to Pakistan, becoming the first Russian prime minister and leader to visit the country in 38 years. During this trip, <mask> and Fradkov pledged to boost economic ties and signed two co-operation agreements . Economic policy

Under <mask> <mask>'s government, the country's national economic growth improved at the rate range by 6.4% to 9.0% a year. All revenue collection targets were met on time for the first time in the history of Pakistan, and allocation for development was increased by about 40%. However, this economic success is attributed largely to debt reduction and securing of the billion dollars worth US aid to Pakistan in return for the support in the US-led war on terror. Moreover, despite a series of internal and external distresses, economic situation of Pakistan improved significantly and reserves increased to US$10.7bn on 30 June 2004 as compared to US$1.2bn October 1999.Exchange Rate became stable and predictable; the inflation rate dropped to 3.5% last 3 years as against 11–12% in 1990. After taking control of the economy, <mask> aggressively promoted the privatisation, deregulation and economic liberalisation programme and open the large heavy mechanical industries, petroleum companies, electropetroleum and chemical enterprises and state-owned corporations to private sectors. His tenure as finance minister and prime minister, the agriculture production and construction well increased, whilst aggressively and forcefully implementing his policies to liberalise the trade, and eliminated the non-tariff barriers. Under his regime, the maximum bound tariffs were brought down to high as 300% to 25% whilst the applied tariff averages falls in the range of 5% to 10%. The GDP growth which was at 3.9% in October 1999, stood between 6.6%—9% and successfully privatised all state-owned corporations and state enterprises before completing his term. However, <mask>'s strategy failed deal with underlying problems deeply in country's economy. The global financial crises in 2008 led the sharp drop in the country's economy while an acute electricity shortage in the country revealed the incompetence by the Peoples Party's government, but also the failure of his government to develop the necessary energy infrastructure on time.Political economists, however, gave other side of story by arguing that his policies were not aimed at alleviating poverty as he seldom offered relief to the poor sections of the society. <mask> <mask> is roundly criticized for his policy of downsizing in the public sector and disintegrating the effects of nationalization policies of Benazir Bhutto as early as the 1990s but <mask> defended as he points out that his policies made these institutions viable while they were on the verge of collapse. Political economist dr. S. Akbar Zaidi argues that his policies mastered Pakistan's economy but such indicators are misleading and unsustainable because his policies do not examine or explain the particular, perplexing economy of Pakistan. Image and credentials
A banker and financier by training and extensive experience in the United States, <mask>'s credentials are extremely high and considered one of the successful finance minister of Pakistan. His credential records are similar to those of the successful US treasury secretaries such as Bob Rubin and Nicholas F. Brady who did well under Clinton and Reagan administrations. He understands the rôle of banking, finance, investment and consumer credit in economic growth of a nation. <mask> presided the strong banking sector, unprecedented investment and growth finance sectors in Pakistan to underpin its economy.He strengthened capital availability, an essential and increasingly important economic input, in addition to labour and land improvements. With higher education budget up 15-fold and overall education spending up 36% in two years, he focused on education to improve the availability of skilled labour to fill new jobs. <mask> aggressively pushed land development and public and private construction spending to improve infrastructure and facilities to attract greater business investment. The international communities regarded <mask> as a reformer, with Pakistan's structural reforms ranking high amongst emerging economies. <mask> co-chaired the Secretary-General's High Level Panel on the United Nations System-wide Coherence in the areas of development, humanitarian assistance and the environment. <mask> oversaw the success of the privatisation programme in Pakistan and most of the proceeds so far have come from the telecom and banking sectors, around 80% of Pakistan's banking sector was put under the private hands. The BBC noted that the privatisation programme, initiated by Nawaz Sharif in 1990, picked up from a jog to a sprint under watchful eyes of Prime Minister <mask> <mask>.The prime minister is considered the chief architect of privatisation and is widely respected among foreign investors. In an interview with BBC, <mask> mentioned Pakistan's economic growth as he puts it:

In 2008, <mask> participated in the Global Creative Leadership Summit, organised by the Louise Blouin Foundation. As a delegate, he delivered a keynote speech for the panel entitled "Economic Crisis, Economics of Change: Credit, Commodities, and Trade." Controversies and criticism
In spite of supervising and presiding the successful economic growth at an unprecedent level, his privatisation and energy policies remains extremely controversial in public circles. Critics argued that <mask>'s privatisation policies and privatised energy sector did not fully tackle with full force in country's economy. <mask> defended as he points out that his policies made these institutions viable while they were on the verge of collapse. An unsuccessful attempt to privatise the Pakistan Steel Mills was also thwarted by trade unions and pro-nationalization elements who took the case to Supreme Court of Pakistan in 2006.But <mask> said that his privatisation program produced "the second fastest growing economy in the world." On 30 October 2011, <mask> directed a letter sent from Dubai to the Provincial Police Office to Balochistan High Court stating "he had been mentioned in the FIR registered at the Dera Bugti Police Station on 13 October 2009, which alleged that then president Pervez Musharraf used him as part of Akbar Bugti case in which the latter committed suicide during a military operation.". <mask> maintained that he was informed of "unfortunate event" through the televised media. <mask> later stated in television that Akbar Bugti died in a military operation during the night of 25/26 August 2008. On 5 November 2017, <mask> appeared on the Paradise Papers leaks. The leaks claimed that he was linked with the Antarctic Trust, which was set up by <mask> himself. This trust was neither declared by him as prime minister nor as finance minister.<mask>, a former Citibank executive, told the ICIJ he had set the trust up for estate planning purposes and that the funds had come from his employment at Citibank. An internal Appleby document raised concerns about warrants issued for him in connection with the killing of a local leader. <mask> dismissed both the murder charge and the allegations of financial impropriety. Post-politics
<mask> <mask> currently resides in West London, United Kingdom. He serves on a number of boards and advisory boards including Millennium & Copthorne Hotels plc. and The Blackstone Group. According to <mask>, he has maintained good relations with several members of his government and the members of the Parliament including his former Foreign Minister Khurshid Kasuri and former railways minister Sheikh Rasheed and his party president Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain.In the midst of 2009, in polls performed by various news agencies, <mask>'s approval rating ranged from 30.7%, but ratings dramatically fell down to 17.3% in the end of 2009. In 2012, in polls managed by various news surveys, <mask>'s popularity approval ratings ranged at 20.5%. <mask> remained active in political arena of the country and has vigorously defended his financial policies. <mask> criticised the care-taker government of Muhammad Mian Soomro for the economic collapse, and predicted that, "the next elections will sweep, paving the way for a two-party system to emerge with the Pakistan Muslim League in the government and the Peoples Party in the opposition". He remains active on economic issues and harshly criticised the International Monetary Fund (IMF) of failing to show leadership during what he described as a "historic" global financial crisis. While attending the international business conference at Philippines, <mask> maintained that: "This global institution (IMF) which is supposed to look at everything going on was not even in the room where meetings are going on". In 2008, <mask> gave vehement criticism to IMF and according to him, the "IMF has played a very negative role" in global crises.Speaking at the Association of Southeast Asian Nations conference in 2008, <mask> maintains his views that the Financial crisis occurred due to financial mismanagement, lack of understanding the macroeconomics principles and fragmented regulatory regimes in the world. In an interview with CNN, <mask> remains pessimistic about Pakistan's approach to Free Trade Agreement with the United States in 2012 based on his judgment of the current relations with the United States and economic challenges faced by the country. See also
 List of prime ministers of Pakistan
 Government of <mask> <mask>
 Privatization in Pakistan
 Market corporatisation
 2008 Pakistani parliamentary election

References

External links
 <mask> <mask>
 Economic Pakistan
 Profile by BBC dated 30 July 2004
 The Turnaround Wizard – Asia Inc. cover story, 4 March 2004
 Asiasource interview of <mask> <mask> dated 20 April 2004
 A conversation with Pakistan Prime Minister <mask> <mask> South China Morning Post dated 28 March 2007
 BOI Pakistan Economic indicators
 Pakistan's Former Prime Minister Defends His Country – The Daily Beast June 7, 2011
 Pakistan, China enjoy multi-faceted relationship: former Pakistani PM – June, 28, 2011

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1949 births
Citigroup people
Pakistani libertarians
Finance Ministers of Pakistan
Pakistani financiers
Institute of Business Administration, Karachi alumni
Living people
Pakistan Muslim League (Q) MNAs
Pakistani bankers
Pakistani MNAs 2002–2007
St. Patrick's High School, Karachi alumni
Prime Ministers of Pakistan
People of the insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Businesspeople from Karachi
Politicians from Karachi
Government Gordon College alumni
Pakistani emigrants to the United Kingdom
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Heads of government who were later imprisoned
People named in the Paradise

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<mask> (born 1948) is an American artist who took part in the Stonewall riots. History
Lanigan-Schmidt's artwork incorporates materials such as tinsel, foil, cellophane, saran wrap and glitter, embracing kitsch and intentionally tacky. His work has been compared to that of Florine Stettheimer, who used cellophane in her sets for the Gertrude Stein/Virgil Thomson opera Four Saints in Three Acts; his art was included in an exhibit of artists influenced by Stettheimer. His work has also been likened to the religious-themed tinfoil-covered thrones of art brut artist James Hampton. He is sometimes grouped with the Pattern and Decoration art movement, though he says that is "retrospective craziness". His art is noted for its incorporation of Catholic iconography. Joe Brainard is also cited as a forerunner with his use of decorative collage and queer and religious themes.Lanigan-Schmidt attended Pratt Institute in 1965-66, was rejected by Cooper Union, and attended School of Visual Arts. Lanigan-Schmidt began by exhibiting his art in his own apartment; an early major exhibit in 1969 was titled The Sacristy of the Hamptons. Another home exhibit was titled The Summer Palace of Czarina Tatlina. In these early home exhibits, and also in at least one later recreation of an early exhibit, he guided visitors through the exhibit in drag in character as art collector Ethel Dull. While Lanigan Schmidt's art is not widely known, he has received critical acclaim. He has been referenced as an antecedent to Jeff Koons in the intentional use of kitsch in art. Lanigan-Schmidt's work has been included in major art museum survey exhibits.His art was in the 1984 Venice Biennale, and his trip there inspired his 1985 Venetian Glass Series. His foil rats and drag queens produced in the 1970s were included in the 1995 exhibit  "In A Different Light" at the Berkeley Art Museum, which was curated by Lawrence Rinder and Nayland Blake. His art was included in the 1991 Whitney Biennial as well as the Whitney Museum's survey of 20th-century art, "The American century: art & culture 1900-2000." Lanigan-Schmidt was an associate of the underground filmmaker Jack Smith. He participated in at least one of Smith's performances, "Withdrawal from Orchid Lagoon". He was interviewed in the documentary Jack Smith and the Destruction of Atlantis. Another member of Lanigan-Schmidt's circle was Charles Ludlam.Lanigan-Schmidt, who is openly gay was present at the Stonewall riots, a seminal moment in gay history, and is one of the few recognized veterans still living. Shortly after the riot started, he was photographed with a group of other young people by photographer Fred W. McDarrah. Lanigan-Schmidt appears in the film Stonewall in a documentary segment. An installation art piece by Lanigan-Schmidt, Mother Stonewall and the Golden Rats commemorated the events at the Stonewall Inn. In recognition of the 40th anniversary of the Stonewall riots, Lanigan-Schmidt was among those invited to the White House to meet with Michelle and Barack Obama. He is on the faculty of the School of Visual Arts

Lanigan-Schmidt worked as a 1960s Linden youth doing "odd jobs to help support his family and was bullied by high school thugs," moving to New York City as a young man. As a child in 1950s Linden, after Lanigan-Schmidt was assigned to decorate the school bulletin board in his Catholic elementary school, he built a detailed model of a church altar.The impressive model was featured in a local paper while Lanigan-Schmidt was a student at St. Elizabeth School at 170 Hussa Street. The school closed in 2014; it is a part of the campus of St. Elizabeth of Hungary Roman Catholic Church in Linden. From November 18, 2012 to April 7, 2013, Lanigan-Schmidt's art was the subject of a retrospective at MoMA PS1. Exhibitions
"Pattern, Crime & Decoration", thematic exhibition at Le Consortium, France, Dijon, 2019.


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<mask> (born March 12, 1981) is an American football coach and former quarterback who is currently the senior offensive analyst at Clemson University. <mask> played in the National Football League for seven seasons, primarily with the Buffalo Bills. He played college football at UCLA and Tulane and was drafted by the Bills in the first round (22nd overall) in the 2004 NFL Draft. Intended to replace Drew Bledsoe as Buffalo's franchise quarterback, <mask> was plagued with inconsistent play, injuries, and consistent coaching turnover during his stint with the team, and he was eventually replaced by Trent Edwards. <mask>'s Bills career was considered a disappointment due to the fact he was taken in the same round of the draft as Eli Manning, <mask>, and Ben Roethlisberger, who all went on to have successful careers as franchise quarterbacks with their teams. Upon leaving the Bills, <mask> signed with the Las Vegas Locomotives in the upstart United Football League, leading the team to winning the inaugural UFL championship game before finishing out his career with stints with the Oakland Raiders, Seattle Seahawks, and Miami Dolphins. College career
After a notable high school career at Venice High School in Los Angeles, where he earned Parade All-American honors and was rated the No.3 quarterback in the nation by PrepStar magazine, <mask> accepted an athletic scholarship to attend college at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He enrolled early during the spring quarter of 1999, in order to compete for the starting quarterback position. Losman wanted to be named the starting quarterback. However, UCLA informed him that he would not be the starter, and he transferred. Losman eventually transferred to Tulane University in New Orleans to play for then-head coach Chris Scelfo, who had made a late recruiting run at him just prior to his committing to UCLA. After sitting out the 1999 season due to NCAA transfer rules, <mask> served as the backup quarterback for two seasons behind future NFL 1st round pick <mask>. Losman would see spot starter's duty in his first two seasons.He passed for 299 yards and 2 touchdowns in his first start against East Carolina during his freshman season. In 2002, his first year as a full-time starter, <mask> led the Green Wave to an 8-5 record and a 36-28 victory in the inaugural Hawaii Bowl against the host-team Hawaii Warriors. Following a 3-1 start in the 2003 season, Tulane suffered multiple injuries that depleted its already thin depth on defense, and slumped to a 5-7 finish. <mask> completed his collegiate career having completed 570 of 987 passes (57.7 percent) for 6,754 yards, 60 touchdowns, and 27 interceptions. He also ran for 241 yards, with 10 scores on 237 carries. While at Tulane, he earned a political science degree with a minor in media arts. Professional career

Buffalo Bills

2004
After the Buffalo Bills selected University of Wisconsin wide receiver Lee Evans with the 13th pick of the 2004 Draft, the Bills traded back into the first round by trading their second round pick to the Dallas Cowboys and selected <mask> with the 22nd pick in the first round of the NFL Draft.He was the first quarterback to be drafted by the Bills in the first round since 1983, when the team drafted <mask>. Like Kelly, <mask> was drafted in a quarterback-rich class, and was the fourth (and final) quarterback taken in the first round that year, following Eli Manning, <mask>, and Ben Roethlisberger. <mask>'s NFL career got off to a shaky start during his first training camp when teammate Troy Vincent ran into Losman and broke his leg in a freak accident. <mask> suffered a broken left fibula, which delayed his development as a rookie. He eventually recovered and saw limited action in the 2004 NFL season, appearing briefly in three games and completing 3-of-5 passes for 32 yards and 1 interception while backing up Drew Bledsoe. Following the Bills' February 2005 release of Bledsoe, <mask> was named the team's starting quarterback by head coach Mike Mularkey. He proceeded to say that Bledsoe was "unfit for the Bills".2005
In the first game of the 2005 season (<mask>'s first professional start), <mask> led the Bills to a 22-7 victory over the Houston Texans. <mask> subsequently struggled with his accuracy and, consequently, his confidence; with those struggles followed consecutive Bills losses. This eventually led the Bills to bench <mask> in favor of veteran quarterback Kelly Holcomb in the fifth game of the 2005 season. After Holcomb suffered a head injury in the first quarter of the Bills' Week 10 game against the Kansas City Chiefs, <mask> returned to the lineup and threw two quick touchdown strikes to Lee Evans, leading the Bills to a 14-3 victory. The Bills went on to lose all but one of their remaining games in 2005 with Holcomb and <mask> Levy, the team's new general manager and former Bills head coach, and <mask>, the new head coach, planned to have <mask> compete for the starting job against Holcomb and free-agent signee Craig Nall.<mask> won the job during the preseason. <mask> was considered by many to be a bust until his much-improved 2006 season, in which he threw 19 touchdowns and 14 interceptions in 16 games, with 300-yard games against the New York Jets and Houston Texans. <mask> led last-minute, fourth quarter scoring drives to beat the Texans and Jacksonville Jaguars. <mask> had a 62.5 completion percentage for the season, a record for Buffalo Bill quarterbacks in a full 16-game season. He was rated the 11th best passer in the NFL, with an 84.9 passer rating. <mask>'s performance over the last half of the 2006 season was greatly improved. However, the offense as a whole was hurt by a below-average rushing attack that created many third down and long situations.After the season, the Bills traded Willis McGahee to the Baltimore Ravens and drafted University of California running back Marshawn Lynch with the 12th overall selection of the 2007 Draft and Fresno State College running back Dwayne Wright in the 4th round. <mask> was also mired behind a sieve-like offensive line for most of the first half of the 2006 season; subsequent personnel changes made during the Bills bye week resulted in improved offensive line play and, consequently, more improved and consistent production from Losman. Following the season, the Bills further bolstered their offensive line in free agency, signing guard Derrick Dockery, right tackle Langston Walker, and guard/center <mask>. 2007

The Bills drafted Stanford University quarterback Trent Edwards with the 92nd overall pick in the 2007 NFL Draft. Edwards was considered by many to be the 3rd best available quarterback prospect in the draft (behind #1 overall <mask> Russell and #22 overall Brady Quinn), but waited until late in the 3rd round prior to the Bills selection. After the draft, statements from both Bills' coaching staff and management reaffirmed <mask>'s position as the starting quarterback. For 2007, Buffalo offensive coordinator Steve Fairchild indicated that with the improved offensive line he plans to employ a more wide-open offense utilizing multiple wide receiver sets and taking greater advantage of the running backs in the passing game.On September 23, <mask> suffered a grade one sprain of his left knee in the first series of plays in a game against New England. <mask> was hit late after completing a four-yard pass to Marshawn Lynch by New England Patriots nose tackle Vince Wilfork, who was assessed a 15-yard roughing the passer penalty. "It was just a simple swing pass to get an early completion. The guy came in, hit me in the knee," said <mask>, who stayed in the game for two plays "I knew something was wrong from the get-go, but I figured I'd play a few plays and maybe the pain would go away." <mask> was out for the next two games and was available for the October 21 home game against the Baltimore Ravens, but <mask> chose to give Edwards the nod, just for the week. Edwards performance impressed <mask>ron enough that on October 23, Trent Edwards was named the starting quarterback for the Bills, having won 2 of the 3 games he started. Reports surfaced, however, that many players on the team were unhappy about <mask> losing his job.The reports continued to allege that team owner Ralph Wilson<mask>. wanted <mask> benched so that he could not reach the statistical milestones needed for his bonus. In an October 28, 2007 game at the New York Jets, Edwards injured his wrist and was replaced by <mask>. <mask> led the Bills on two consecutive scoring drives, including one that ended with an 85-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Lee Evans. Starting the next game for injured Trent Edwards, <mask> threw for almost 300 yards and one touchdown to lead the Bills to a win. He started three more games before being benched again for Edwards. At the end of the season, <mask> was upset about losing his job to Edwards and wanted to be traded, but said he would play out the season if necessary. 2008
Though he wanted to be traded, <mask> continued playing for the Bills in 2008, filling in for an injured Trent Edwards intermittently throughout the season with limited success.The team did not win a game with <mask> as the starter, including a game in which he lost a fumble to the New York Jets defense that resulted in the Jets' game-winning touchdown. <mask>'s contract expired at the end of the 2008 season and the Bills made no effort to keep him, instead replacing him with Ryan Fitzpatrick. Looking back at <mask>'s stint with Buffalo, former Bills vice president of player personnel <mask> was quoted as saying "J.P. never had a fair chance. I'll never forget his first day of practice and they were blitzing him every which way. I remember saying, 'This isn’t the way to break in a quarterback.'" In his five-year stint with the team, <mask> had three different offensive coordinators. Las Vegas Locomotives
Losman was signed by the Las Vegas Locomotives of the UFL.He signed with the Locomotives on July 21, 2009. On November 27, 2009, he helped the Locomotives win the inaugural UFL Championship. <mask> recorded 9 touchdowns and two interceptions on 1,193 passing yards for the Locomotives in 2009. <mask> worked out for the Indianapolis Colts on December 4, 2009, after their backup quarterback <mask>i was injured in practice. Oakland Raiders
With injury to starting quarterback Bruce Gradkowski, the Oakland Raiders signed <mask> on December 15, 2009. <mask> made his first Oakland, California appearance against the Denver Broncos on December 20, 2009, throwing one incomplete pass after both QBs Charlie Frye and <mask> Russell suffered injuries and had to leave the game. Seattle Seahawks
On May 18, 2010, <mask> signed with the Seattle Seahawks.He was released on September 4. On November 10, 2010, Seattle Seahawks head coach <mask> reported on Sirius Radio that the Seahawks had signed <mask> again. <mask> participated in the January 8, 2011, playoff game between the Seahawks and the New Orleans Saints. Miami Dolphins
The Miami Dolphins signed <mask> on October 25, 2011. On December 11, he came in for injured quarterback Matt Moore in the third quarter. <mask> retired after the end of the season. Career statistics

NFL statistics

UFL statistics

Coaching career
Following his NFL career, <mask> became a volunteer coach with the New Canaan High School football team after settling with his family in the Connecticut suburbs of New York City.His wife encouraged him to pursue a full-time coaching career after two years. In 2017, <mask> joined Clemson as a coaching intern. He eventually became an offensive coach, and in March 2019, while taking part in throwing drills at Clemson's Pro Day, was asked by an NFL scout if he would consider returning to the league despite not having played since 2011; Losman declined. References

External links
Seattle Seahawks bio
Just Sports Stats

1981 births
Living people
Players of American football from Los Angeles
American football quarterbacks
Tulane Green Wave football players
Buffalo Bills players
Las Vegas Locomotives players
Oakland Raiders players
Seattle Seahawks players
Miami Dolphins players
UCLA Bruins football players
American sportspeople of Mexican descent
Clemson Tigers football coaches
Venice High School (Los Angeles) alumni
Sports coaches from Los Angeles

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