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<mask> is an American computer scientist at Microsoft Research in Redmond, Washington. He is known for his research contributions to white space radio data networks, radio signal-strength based indoor positioning systems, multi-radio wireless systems, wireless network virtualization, and for bringing wireless links into the datacenter. He is also known for his leadership of the mobile computing community as the co-founder of the ACM Special Interest Group on Mobility of Systems, Users, Data, and Computing (SIGMOBILE). He is the founder of international conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services Conference (MobiSys), and the founder of ACM Mobile Computing and Communications Review, a quarterly scientific journal that publishes peer-reviewed technical papers, opinion columns, and news stories related to wireless communications and mobility. <mask> has received important awards; delivered dozens of keynotes and plenary talks at conferences and workshops; delivered over six dozen distinguished seminars at universities; written over hundred papers with more than 25,000 citations and awarded over 100 US and international patents. He is a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery, IEEE, and American Association for the Advancement of Science. <mask> is a Technical Fellow and Director of the Mobility & Networking Research group at Microsoft Research.Life in industry

<mask> began his professional career in 1988 as an engineer in the image processing research group at Digital Equipment Corporation in Maynard, Massachusetts. In 1990 he developed the computer industry's first video compression and image rendering software library that shipped with every Ultrix and VMS computer. Between 1990 and 1992, he worked on the Jvideo hardware prototype (and later the J300), a TURBOchannel based multimedia board for manipulating digital video on personal workstations. Following the success of these project, in 1993, he and his group shipped FullVideo and FullVideo Supreme, the IT industry's first multimedia hardware product for VAX-, Alpha-, and Pentium-based workstations. FullVideo used two C-Cube CL 550 chips for simultaneous compression and decompression of JPEG streams, a Motorola DSP5001 for CD quality audio, and a propriety blue noise based image renderer. In 1994, <mask> was awarded a two-year doctoral fellowship from DEC, which enabled him to complete his PhD degree at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. In 1997, he joined Microsoft Research in Redmond, Washington and developed the first Wi-Fi based indoor positioning system and the first public area Wi-Fi hot spot.In 2001 he formed the Networking Research Group and in 2010 the Mobility & Networking Research Group. <mask> advises Microsoft's CEO and senior leadership team on long-term vision and strategy related to networking technologies. He and his group execute on the strategy through research, technology transfers to product groups, industry partnerships, and associated policy engagement with governments and research institutions around the world. Over the years his group has developed technologies such as campus-wide white space networking, wireless zero-configuration, Native Wi-Fi, Virtual Wi-Fi, firmware TPM, and the Xbox wireless controller protocol. His group is also known for re-thinking data center networking by redesigning its architecture, load balancer, management systems, network virtualization, and cloud services. Research contributions

White space radio communications
As leader of Microsoft's Networking over White Spaces (KNOWS) project, <mask> led a worldwide effort to harness relatively unused spectra (TV white space) using a fundamentally different approach (opportunistic sharing of spectrum) from previous allocations. In 2007 he and his group built the first TV white space radio, tested by the Federal Communications Commission; in 2009, they carried out some of the first US tests of whitespace radio communications; on April 7, 2010, as part of the IEEE DySPAN conference keynote talk, he announced the free availability of a white space spectrum database for research.On August 14, 2010,  <mask> and Microsoft's Chief Research and Strategy Officer Craig Mundie hosted U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) chairman Julius Genachowski and FCC managing director Steven Van Roekei on Microsoft's Redmond campus. During this meeting, <mask> presented the details of the white space networking technology and his group demonstrated the world's first campus-wide TV white space network. One month later, on September 23, 2010, the FCC made a historic ruling that opened up over 180 MHz of spectrum for unlicensed use in the United States and another subsequent ruling that made spectrum sensing a non-mandatory requirement, a decision expected to be the key reason for the success of this technology. Following the FCC's lead, spectrum regulatory bodies of several other countries passed similar rulings. <mask>'s efforts were covered extensively by the mainstream media. He and his group published several seminal papers including a best paper in SIGCOMM 2009 titled “White Space Networking with Wi-Fi like Connectivity”. These publications triggered a wave of further research in dynamic spectrum access.Since then <mask> has continued to pursue this line of research, incorporating newer technologies such as smart antennas, MIMO, and software defined radios into wide area unlicensed networks. Indoor positioning

<mask> developed the RADAR Indoor positioning system, the world's first RF signal strength based indoor location determination system. The basic premise of operation is to record signal strength information from multiple Wi-Fi access points into a database during an initial training phase. These signal strengths from nearby access points (a fingerprint) are then stored in a database. During operation, the mobile makes the same AP signal strength measurements and then queries the database to find the closest location match. Further refinements combine these empirical measurements with environmental profiling, mobility modeling, and topographical constraints to locate and track mobiles. <mask> and collaborators were awarded 12 U.S. and international patents for this work.Wi-Fi public area hotspots
Bahl designed and deployed the world's first free public area Wi-Fi hotspot network in the Crossroads Shopping Center in Bellevue, Washington on 11 June 1999. The network known as CROWN, short for CROssroads Wireless Network, was operational for two years before being retired on 14 June 2001. At a time when the telecommunications industry was vigorously pushing 3G networks, CROWN demonstrated how Wi-Fi hotspots could be an inexpensive alternative to cellular Internet access. CROWN's edge server architecture supported important features such as network discovery, global authentication, differentiated services, last hop cryptographic security, and location-based services. The design and the accompanying protocols influenced Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) working groups and companies deploying Wi-Fi hot-spots. The centralized dumb access point and smart switch architecture deployed in enterprise Wi-Fi networks can also be traced back to CROWN. <mask> published influential papers and was awarded several US patents for his inventions (United States patents: 6,834,341, 7,032,241, 7,089,415, 7,085,924, 7,149,896, 7,313,237, 7,406,707, 7,444,510, 7,444,669, 7,500,263, 7,548,976).Wireless community meshes

Community-based  multi-hop wireless networking is a disruptive force on mainstream
DSL and cable modem wireline networks. In the true spirit of the Internet, it allows free flow of information without any moderation or selective rate control (see network neutrality). Between 2003 and 2007, <mask> and his team at Microsoft Research invented several important technologies that made wireless mesh networking feasible. Their research, which was highly publicized in mainstream press, popularized the idea of community networks that would grow organically when neighbors connect their home Wi-Fi networks together via wireless meshes. To mitigate the loss of throughput, which is fundamental in meshes with half-duplex radios, <mask> departed from the norm and became the first researcher to build wireless meshes with multi-radio nodes. Subsequently, his group developed multi-radio routing algorithms that took advantage of this to extract better performance. He also built networks that split the control and data plane into different frequencies  and developed troubleshooting technologies that enabled them to self-manage and self-stabilize.In 2005 and 2007 he developed and distributed open source academic toolkits that were used as a teaching and research aid in over 1200 universities worldwide. He published several scientific papers, gave tutorials and keynote talks, and Microsoft licensed the technology to start-ups. To speed up adoption and provide broadband Internet access in rural areas with poor connectivity, in 2006 he helped launch  Microsoft's Digital Inclusion Program that provided substantial funding for research and deployment of mesh networks. <mask> was awarded eight international patents pertaining to mesh networking. Wireless network virtualization
<mask> and his brother Pradeep <mask> and (then) PhD candidate Ranveer Chandra co-invented wireless hardware virtualization, which enables a Wi-Fi card to give the illusion that it is connected to multiple wireless networks. The virtualization software resides below the network layer of the OSI network stack. It switches the hardware configuration rapidly and automatically causing it to connect to different networks.Switching speeds of 1 to 2 milliseconds and demand driven switching creates the illusion that the device is connected to multiple networks simultaneously. The first prototype, developed in 2002 was called MultiNet. Seven years later, in 2009, Microsoft shipped the technology as Virtual Wi-Fi to millions of users of its Windows operating system. Virtual Wi-Fi brought to life new scenarios such as concurrent connection – allowing a device to communicate over an ad hoc network while being connected to the infra-structure network. This technique is now often used with the widely popular Wi-Fi Direct. Virtual Wi-Fi also enabled Wi-Fi networks to extend their range as intermediate node(s) served as relay device(s). A third popular scenario allows bridging ad hoc networks to the Internet for the purpose of providing a localized Wi-Fi hot-spot.Initially released as a research prototype, software download of Multinet exceeded several hundred thousand making it one of the most popular software downloaded in Microsoft Research's history. Virtual Wi-Fi received many accolades from mainstream media and copycat versions have been incorporated into several other commercial operating systems. Multi-radio wireless systems

In 2001, <mask> developed the first multi-radio personal digital assistant (PDA). This precursor to modern smart phones used two different radios collaboratively to dramatically improve its network performance and Voice over IP functionality compared to the popular commercially available single radio wireless PDAs. The significant new design concept of using multiple radios with different characteristics in the same device was described in a 2002 MobiCom paper, where he and his co-authors showed how a low power radio, an RF Monolithics TR1000 ASH Transceiver, connected to a low power microcontroller, a Microchip PIC16LF877, could be used to wake-up the high-power device, a Compaq  iPAQ H3650PDA equipped with a Cisco AIR-PCM350 802.11b wireless networking card, on a as needed basis. This configuration increased the overall battery lifetime of the iPAQ by up to 115% for typical users. Following this, between 2003 & 2005, <mask> wrote a series of research papers quantifying the advantages of using multiple radios in real-world wireless meshes and wireless LANs.In a 2004 paper titled, “Reconsidering wireless systems with multiple radios,” he proposed the design principle of separating control and data planes by assigning different radios to each. <mask>'s designs have proliferated deeply into the computer and telecommunication industry. His early work opened up a new threads of research and products and for this he was awarded at least five US patents (7,065,376, 7,099,689, 7,283,834, 7,610,057, 8,078,208). Also, as of 2014, five of his papers on this topic have been cited over 2,100 times. Millimeter wave networking in data centers

In 2008-09, concerned  about the rapidly growing demand for cloud computing, the IT industry was contemplating converting the prevalent multi-rooted tree based network topology, of oversubscribed data center networks, to a fat tree topology or to a non-blocking full bisection bandwidth clos topology. The difficulty was that re-hauling these networks with complex aggregate layer network switches, as required in a fat tree network topology, or with thousands of simpler commodity network switches inter-connected with miles of wires as required in a clos network topology, was very expensive. In a study of a production mega data center, published in Oct. 2009, <mask>, Kandula, and Padhye showed that barring a few outliers, traffic demands could be met in existing, slightly-oversubscribed data center networks.Then, to manage the outliers, they augmented the small (i.e. low port density) network switches, commonly referred to as top-of-the-rack or ToR switches, which connect the server racks to the rest of the network, with extremely high frequency point-to-point radio frequency links. Notwithstanding concerns about link reliability due to interference, they used these short range, highly directional links advantageously, exploiting frequency_reuse to light-up many links concurrently and interference-free at multi-Gbps rates. The steerable radio beams provided additional inter-rack capacity on an as needed bases thus relieving congestion hot-spots. By building such a network, they became the first researchers to introduce mm-wave (60 GHz) wireless communications in data centers. Three years later, their invention was covered by the New York Times in an article published on Jan. 14, 2012 titled “A wireless road around data traffic jams.”  Others have followed up on their seminal work by developing similar networks. Professional service contributions

Over the past 20 years, <mask> has been a keystone figure in the mobile computing research community, beginning with his 1995 co-founding (with Imrich Chlamtac) of ACM SIGMOBILE, the ACM's special interest group in mobility and tetherless ubiquitous connectivity.Under the auspices of SIGMOBILE, <mask> has served as steering committee chair of its flagship conference MobiCom, the International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, since 2001. In 2003, <mask> brokered a deal between the two largest computer systems organizations (ACM and USENIX) to found MobiSys, The International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services. MobiSys is now recognized as the most prestigious mobile systems venue in the world, evidenced by paper acceptance rates comparable to other top publication venues in computer science. In 1996, <mask> founded ACM Mobile Computing and Communications Review, a quarterly scientific magazine/newsletter that publishes peer-reviewed technical papers, standards reports, RF related health articles, conference and workshop reports, opinion columns, news stories, and interviews related to mobility and wireless communications. The first issue was published in April 1997. He served as its first editor-in-chief till June 2001. Education
 PhD, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.Thesis title: Real-Time Visual Communications over Narrowband Wireless Radio Networks. Doctoral fellow at Digital Equipment Corporation. Master of Science, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University at Buffalo. Thesis title: Recognition of Handwritten Script: A Hidden Markov Model Approach. Bachelor of Science, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University at Buffalo. Thesis title: Conic Shape Detection Using a Non-Linearized Iterative Approach.

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Victor Bahl
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<mask> (born January 12, 1947) is a retired basketball player from Puerto Rico. He is a former head coach of Puerto Rico’s men’s national basketball team, Argentina men's national basketball team, and Panama men's national basketball team. Currently, he coaches in the Baloncesto Superior Nacional as an assistant coach for Gigantes de Carolina. Biography

Early life
<mask> is the son of <mask> and Emilia Montañez. He grew up alongside seven brothers and three sisters. Two of his brothers, Jorge and Diego, also had notable careers as basketball players. <mask> enjoyed sports since a young age.He moved to Cantera, a San Juan area that is close to the childhood homes of salsa singer Andy Montañez and world boxing champion Ossie Ocasio, when he was still a child. At Cantera, he was enrolled at the Oratorio San Juan Bosco school, where he participated in one of Puerto Rico's best known Association football programs, the "Don Bosco" teams. He also enjoyed playing baseball. Although <mask> would have probably been chosen to play on Puerto Rico's Liga de Baloncesto Superior (Puerto Rico's professional basketball league) he decided to pursue basketball as a future career, playing in the YMCA before entering the Puerto Rico's professional basketball league in 1965, with San Juan's squad. Professional career
<mask> began his coaching career in 1967, coaching a youth team. In 1968, <mask> became a member of the Puerto Rican national basketball team that competed at the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City. He also represented the country in Spain, Venezuela and the Dominican Republic as a player with the national team.<mask> won four youth championships as head coach between 1967 and 1973, year in which he was traded from San Juan to the Gigantes de Carolina team in the BSN. <mask> became head coach of the Puerto Rican national women's basketball team in 1976. He helped the Gigantes reach the BSN finals in 1979, but they lost to Raymond Dalmau's Quebradillas Pirates for the championship. That year, <mask> retired as a player and decided to concentrate on his coaching career. In 1978, he stepped off as coach of the women's national team, having won two gold medals with the women's youth team and a bronze one with the veteran's team, earned at the Central American and Caribbean Games held in Medellín, Colombia. Upon retiring as head coach of the female national team, <mask>u led Piratas de Quebradillas, in 1978 and 1979.His first year as head coach of the Gigantes, <mask> won the BSN's coach of the year award. That same year, he became head coach of the men's national team, leading them to a gold medal in the Pre-Olympics. Because United States President Jimmy Carter announced a boycott of the 1980 Olympics in Moscow, <mask> was deprived of participating in his second Olympic Games. In 1981, <mask> returned to the finals, this time coaching the Bayamón Cowboys, who, helped by stars such as Rubén Rodríguez, Jose Sosa and Roberto Valderas, won the national championship by defeating Fico Lopez, Mario Morales and the Julio Toro coached Guaynabo Mets. <mask> and Toro sustained a coaching rivalry during the early 1980s that lasted a few years. In 1982, the Cowboys lost to the Mets in the tournament's semifinals. <mask> remained as head coach of the men's national team until 1983, when he retired as head coach of that organization, having led them to a silver medal at the 1979 Pan American Games held in San Juan, and at the 1981 Centrobasket tournament as well as the 1982 Central American and Caribbean games.In 1985, <mask> led José Ortiz and the Atleticos de San German to that franchise's first championship in 30 years. He then moved to Argentina, where he was named head coach of that country's national team. He coached in Argentina's professional league, and had a stint as head coach of a professional team in Venezuela. <mask> would later on move to Panama, where he also was head coach of the national team. In 1992, Melendez earned his second BSN coach of the year award, and he repeated it in 1993. Back at the helm of the Bayamón Cowboys, <mask> won his third national championship in 1995, leading the team to back to back titles when they also conquered the 1996 championship. In 1999, <mask> made history by taking Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama, the Brazilian basketball team to the McDonald's Cup final, facing NBA champion San Antonio Spurs.With Vasco, <mask> won the Brazilian Championship and South American basketball champion. <mask> was still coaching the Cowboys in 2004, when, as assistant coach, he finally attended his second Olympic Games, after Puerto Rico's national men's basketball team won a bronze medal at the 2003 pre-Olympic Games to qualify for the Athens sports celebration. <mask> has also coached the Ponce Lions in the BSN. He recorded his 600th career win on April 24th, 2017. As a basketball player, <mask> retired as one of only 65 players in history to reach the 5,000 points mark in the BSN, having scored 5,088 points during his career. In 2020 <mask> was managing the Indios de Mayagüez team until the season was postponed on account of a global pandemic. In 2021, Melendez began as the head coach of Mayagüez.He resigned in mid-August, and became an assistant coach at Carolina. Personal life
Melendez's grandson Jhivvan Jackson plays college basketball for UTSA. At the end of March 2020, Melendez was hospitalized after contracting the coronavirus during the 2020 pandemic. He recovered and tested negative by April. His wife who had also tested positive, recovered as well. References

External links
Statistics in BSN
Puerto Rican basketball federation's page about Meléndez

1947 births
People from Cidra, Puerto Rico
Living people
Puerto Rican men's basketball players
Baloncesto Superior Nacional players
BSN coaches
Sport Club Corinthians Paulista basketball coaches
Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama basketball coaches
Shooting guards

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<mask><mask> (24 October 1920 – 27 April 2017) was an American Distinguished Service Professor in the School of Medicine and Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics at University of Pittsburgh responsible for advances necessary for development of a vaccine for poliomyelitis and the first intranasal equine influenza vaccine. Youngner survived many infections as a young child which left him with a lifelong interest in infectious disease. After completing an undergraduate degree in English, he was trained in Biology at University of Michigan before being drafted into the Army. After the war, he joined the U.S. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health Cancer Institute before joining the Salk team responsible for polio vaccine. As a member of the Jonas Salk research team, <mask> contributed in the development of polio vaccine, including techniques for large scale production of poliovirus and the rapid color test measurement of polio virus in living tissue. He is considered "one of the seminal figures in contemporary virology and it's been that way for more than 50 years" by Arthur S. Levine, senior vice chancellor for the health sciences at University of Pittsburgh. Research by Youngner and colleague Samuel Salvin was also responsible for the discovery of gamma interferon.Youngner was an important early pioneer in vaccine development, testing, and government licensing of drugs before allowing them to market. He was critical of Cutter Laboratories virus manufacturing prior to deaths resulting from Cutter inactivated vaccine. He continued to promote research integrity and actions on misconduct until the end of his career. Early life
Younger was born in 1920 in Manhattan, New York, where his father was a businessman. When he was seven-years-old Youngner was nearly killed by lobar pneumonia. Education and Manhattan Project
Youngner graduated Evander Childs High School, when he was 15 years old, and received a B.A. in English from New York University in 1939.After completing a Sc.D. degree in microbiology at the University of Michigan, Youngner stayed on as a faculty member, and left in 1947 to join the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in Bethesda. Youngner was drafted into basic U.S. Army infantry training. Upon completion he screened at Oak Ridge, Tennessee and assigned to classified research at University of Rochester School of Medicine on uranium salts. The effects of inhaled uranium salts on human tissue was important to the war effort, related to purification of uranium for nuclear research and weapons. Youngner never knew the research was related to weapons until the end of the war. He thought nuclear energy would be used for planes or submarines for transportation.Career
In 1949, <mask> moved to the University of Pittsburgh to pursue virology at and, subsequently, to the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine for the rest of his career. In 1960 he was appointed Professor of Microbiology. Between 1985 and 1989, he was Chairman of the Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Working on polio prevention, he was responsible for three key advancements in poliomyelitis vaccine development. 1. He proved a method for separation of monkey kidney cells, which led to techniques for large scale production. 2.He developed a process to prevent infection while retaining ability to vaccinate, and 3. safety testing for batches of vaccine and anti-polio antibodies in test subjects. or in the words of his colleague: "“Juli figured out how to grow the virus, how to inactivate it, and then he figured how to test the immune response to see if it worked.”

Trypsinization

Youngner demonstrated the separation of monkey kidney cells using the pancreatic enzyme trypsin, a technique previously proven by the Rockefeller Institute could be applied to high titer virus stocks. Applying this method to a single kidney "could produce enough raw material for 6000 shots of polio vaccine." This advance in production of virus raw material directly led to vaccine viability. Titration
The measurement developed by Youngner for safely and quickly testing batches of vaccine and also antibodies to the virus after application were important advancements necessary for vaccine success. Youngner identified that a difference in pH, as indicated by metabolic activity by other researchers, could be used to identify cell cultures infected with virus and also cultures with antibodies to virus. This pH could be easily indicated by phenol red in a tissue-culture system.Inactivated poliovirus
The Salk vaccine is based upon formalin inactivated wild type virus. The key to effective inactivation depended upon a color test developed by Youngner, which allowed formalin induced viral protein degradation to be accurately plotted. From Youngner's work, formalin application for six days was projected to produce only "one live virus particle in 100 million doses of vaccine." By 1954, the first virus trials had immunized 800,000 children against polio. Temperature-sensitive virus

Youngner studied the role of in-apparent infections in an effort to link a selection of wild type virus to chronic and persistent infections. His team studied the mechanisms of these infections, and also infections of vesicular stomatitis virus, sendai virus, and persistent newcastle disease virus. First intranasal equine influenza vaccine
Youngner is responsible for the first equine influenza vaccine, based upon cold-adapted influenza virus.Previous methods of vaccination required treatment up to six times per year without adequate protection. In collaboration with Flu Avert I.N., approval was granted for the use of cold-adapted virus that only replicates at temperatures in the respiratory tract, offering "unprecedented level of protection in the prevention of equine flu" and offering protection for up to twelve months. Patents

Youngner has contributed patents on Lipid purification and concentration of viruses and vaccines, an important contribution to the reduction of egg protein and associated vaccine induced complications, antitumor processes of Brucella, and numerous contributions to cold adapted influenza virus. Personal life
<mask> met and married his first wife, Tula Liakakis, in Michigan, in 1943. They had a son, Stuart, and a daughter, Lisa. Tula died of Hodgkin's Disease in 1963. He married Rina Balter in 1964.They had no children together but were active in the Jewish community in Pittsburgh, PA. He died there after a brief illness. See also

 How A Pittsburgh-Made Polio Vaccine Helped Beat A Disease That Terrified A Nation on 90.5 WESA Pittsburgh's NPR News Station

References

American inventors
American medical researchers
American virologists
American epidemiologists
Vaccinologists
Polio
University of Pittsburgh faculty
1920 births
2017 deaths
University of Michigan alumni
Pittsburgh
University of Pittsburgh
New York University alumni

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Julius S
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<mask> (Russian: Элиас Бреескин; Ukrainian: Еліас Бреескін; 1896 – May 9, 1969) was a violinist, composer and conductor. <mask> was born on October 25, 1895 in Yekaterinoslav (now Dnipropetrovsk),  a small village in the Yekaterinoslav Governorate of the Russian Empire, now part of Ukraine, which has now morphed into the industrial city of Dnipropetrovsk, with over a million inhabitants. The dam on the Dneiper River, shown on the film Doctor Zhivago, is in this city. First years
<mask> was the youngest of three brothers. His older twin brothers were about ten years older than he, and were identified as potential classical musicians. The story has it that Boris and Daniel, at the age of 19, went off to the Caucasus Mountains to play a violin gig. Boris ran outside in the frigid air without his overcoat, caught pneumonia, and died.<mask> was profoundly affected by the death of his brother. Olga, <mask>' mother, realized that he had musical talent as well, and bent her strong will to providing him with the best musical education that could be obtained in Russia at the time. <mask>’ references to his mother were always curious in nature. He referred to her with a mixture of emotions, among them being strong love, fear, admiration, and wonder, all present in his face. <mask>' father was a quiet, dear man who had learned, appropriately, not to cross his indomitable wife, who was approximately 200 pounds in weight, and quite muscular. First successes
In 1903, shortly after <mask>’ seventh birthday, his mother turned him over to a professional violinist in the local Conservatory in Cracow, Poland, for lessons. At the age of 8, he played Bach's E major concerto, and was a sensation.During the next two years, he toured through Ukraine and western Russia, where he was also tutored by Leopold Auer, personal musician to the Czar. Young <mask> was met with overwhelming responses to his violin playing. He was hailed as one of the greatest child prodigies ever. The family left Russia because of the Jewish massacre. They came to America and settled in Washington, DC where they already had relatives established. Before he left Russia, <mask> in 1906 played for Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, with tremendous success. Family lore has it that the emperor gave him an enormous ring, with three rubies, directly from his finger.In the United States
When the family arrived in America, Olga sought funding for her son’s musical career. She ensconced herself in front of The White House, and asked to see Edith Roosevelt. The guards ignored her. She returned to the front gate day after day, until Mrs. Roosevelt asked for information about “the babushka lady.” Olga told the First Lady about <mask>, and asked if she and her friends could sponsor his musical education. After hearing him play, Mrs. Roosevelt agreed to do so, and got together a group of people, including Mr. Frank Damrosch, who sponsored <mask>’ education at the Juilliard School of Music, at that time called the Institute of Musical Arts. In the early part of the century, the best violin instructor in America was Franz Kneisel. Maestro Kneisel took on <mask> as a pupil, and had enormous influence on his subsequent career.After nine years at Juilliard, <mask> won the Loeb prize in 1915. A part of this prize was a concert at Carnegie Hall, which was extremely well received; the reviewers in the next day’s newspapers remarked on the warmth and purity of his tone, his technical abilities, and the sincerity and refinement of his playing. A wealthy patron, Edward Schafer, a member of the New York Stock Exchange, gave <mask> a Rougemont Stradivarius with a Tourte bow as a gift. Schafer had originally purchased the violin from the Rudolph Wurlitzer Company, of 113 West Fortieth Street, for $16,000 together with the bow for $850. <mask> and the violin were inseparable for the next ten years. When the stock market crashed in 1929, <mask> returned the violin to his benefactor to help him pay his debts. In 1917, <mask> became a member of the New York Symphony under Walter Damrosch.Others in the orchestra included future superstars Mischa Elman, Pablo Casals, and Joseph Hoffman. <mask> received great reviews for his performance at the Aeolian Hall in February 1918. <mask> won a place as Enrico Caruso’s accompanist for his tour in 1918. That year he made recordings for Brunswick Records, the first of which appeared on a rare vertically cut issue in Canada. He returned to Carnegie Hall again in April 1919 and was noted for his vigorous style. First health problems
In 1919, <mask> met Adelyn Dohme, the daughter of one of the wealthiest men in the country, the owner of the Dohme Chemical Company, which became Sharp and Dohme Pharmaceuticals, and in 1953 Merck Sharp & Dohme. Adelyn’s family was very much opposed to their marriage, which took place in June 1920.Together they parented three daughters, Jean Dorothy.and Gloria

Around the time of this marriage, <mask> became pathologically addicted to gambling. This malady was to plague him with horrendous consequences for both him and his family for the rest of his life. As a conductor
<mask> and Adelyn settled down, and he became concertmaster of the Capitol Theatre Orchestra in New York. In 1925, he became the conductor of the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra. Due to gambling debts, he had to leave Minneapolis, and ended up reestablishing the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra in 1927. After two years there, <mask> continued to run up enormous gambling debts, and Adelyn’s father was successful in getting his daughter to agree to end the marriage, effectively ending <mask>' career in Pittsburgh as well. Adelyn would later become Director of the Baltimore Museum of Art.As a composer
When <mask> returned in disgrace to New York, he composed Cosmopolis, a descriptive piece which somewhat resembles Ottorino Respighi’s The Fountains of Rome. At this time, <mask> found himself in the intensive care unit of a hospital, having suffered a ruptured appendix. Peritonitis had set in, and he was not expected to live. After considerable medical intervention, his life was saved, and he was due to be discharged from the hospital. He said goodbye to everyone, including Anna, the nurses’ orderly on the ward; he asked her in his typically dramatic way, “How can I possibly thank you for giving me back my life?” Anna looked him straight in the eye, and said, “You can marry me.” When <mask> told his son John this story, the night before John's marriage, he reached his hand across the table in the bar on Broadway, tousled John's hair, and said, “It’s a good thing too, because you were three months along the way.” Anna gave birth to <mask>' two sons, John first and Eugene (Gene) two years later. The Hollywood Bowl Symphony Orchestra
<mask> was the arranger and one of the performers for the Eddie Cantor show; when it moved to Hollywood, Anna, Gene and John moved there with <mask>. They arrived in Hollywood in 1937, and moved into a wonderful neighborhood where Bob Hope lived down the street.During this time, there were so many musicians who were out of work that <mask> formed what later became the Hollywood Bowl Symphony Orchestra, and began to write music for movies. It was also at this time that he embezzled the entire payroll of the orchestra, and left for Mexico City, on the run, because Mexico did not yet have an extradition treaty with the US. The musicians of the orchestra, knowing that <mask> had ripped them off, still prepared a scroll for him, testifying to his musicianship, and for giving them a step forward in their careers. <mask> kept that scroll on the wall for many years. In Mexico
In the 1940s he moved to Mexico and became an exclusive artist of the XEB Radio station in Mexico City, the oldest in the country composed scores for the Cinema of Mexico including the Cantinflas film Neither blood nor sand. He had a daughter there who became a famous entertainer and violinist herself, <mask>. In 1941, Anna, Gene, and <mask> joined <mask> in Mexico City, where he had become musical director for XEW, the most important radio station in the country.<mask> describes one Christmas sitting in box seat in the principal orchestra hall in Mexico City near the President of Mexico, and watching his father <mask> take the stage, lift his baton, and give the downbeat for Tchaikovsky’s The Nutcracker. <mask> also describes living in a mansion with several servants, including a chauffeur, a gardener, a bodyguard, a cook and two young maids. <mask> would come home from work, take off his suit jacket, and reveal a tiny Capuchin monkey tucked into his armpit. He would come home from the mercado with a parrot with violently colored feathers perched on his shoulder; this was typical. In prison
In May 1945, <mask> was arrested and taken to jail as a political prisoner due to his gambling debts and for being on the wrong side of the political process; he was sent to "las Islas Marías" (the equivalent of Devil’s Island), where his cellmate was Ramón Mercader, Leon Trotsky’s assassin. He was held there for almost a year. During this time his marriage ended.After <mask> got out of jail, he married his third wife Lena Torres, with whom he had a daughter Olga and son <mask>, also an accomplished violinist. While in prison, before he was pardoned by the president of Mexico, Manuel Ávila Camacho (1 December 1940 – 30 November 1946) <mask> wrote La Ciudad de Los Muertos based upon his experiences in prison. This was very favorably received when he performed it at The Palacio de las Bellas Artes in Mexico City. His death
<mask>, who never bothered to look about him when he was crossing the street, was hit by a car and broke his hip. The hip was replaced, but he broke it again. He died in his sleep of pneumonia on Friday May 9, 1969, at the age of 73. References

External links

Musicians from Dnipro
American male conductors (music)
American violinists
American male violinists
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
American emigrants to Mexico
Prisoners and detainees of Mexico
Recipients of Mexican presidential pardons
1896 births
1969 deaths
Brunswick Records artists
Mexican people of Russian descent
Mexican people of Ukrainian descent
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century violinists
20th-century American male musicians

masks:
Elias Breeskin
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
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Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias
Olga Breeskin
John Breeskin
Elias
John Breeskin
Elias
John Breeskin
Elias
Elias
Elias
Elias Junior
Elias
Elias


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<mask> (born in Le Mans, France, 1 November 1908 – died in Brisbane, Australia, 7 July 1995) was a French medieval architectural historian specialising in Gothic architecture. He was Slade Professor of Fine Art at the University of Cambridge from 1958 to 1961, Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, and Professor of Art at the University of California at Berkeley, from 1962 to 1980. Early life and education
His parents were <mask> and <mask>. He attended the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, Paris, before going to the University of the Sorbonne, in 1929, where he studied under Henri Focillon, receiving his first degree in History and Geography in 1933. In 1935 he changed his focus to art history under Focillon's influence, and received a two-year fellowship from the Sorbonne to carry out research. He began to travel throughout Europe, in particular in England, in order to write his doctoral thesis on the role of Norman architecture on gothic architecture. He found favourable ground for his research and spent all of his career in English-speaking countries.Professional work
<mask> taught French as an Assistant Master at Eton College from 1937 to 1939. On the outbreak of the Second World War he returned to France and served in the French Army; he was captured, and spent from 1940 to 1943 in prisoner-of-war camps, where he continued his interest in medieval architecture, writing articles, compiling notes, making detailed drawings, and giving educational talks to his fellow-prisoners. He left the French Army as a first lieutenant in 1944. Returning to the UK after the war, he taught briefly at Eton again (1945 to 1946), then became a Reader at the French Institute in London (1946-1961). In parallel with this he was a Visiting Lecturer (1948-1958) and external examiner (1950-1958) at the Courtauld Institute of Art, University of London. With George Zarnecki of the Courtauld he began a project in around 1960 to compile an exhaustive inventory of Romanesque sculpture in the British Isles, which Zarnecki eventually completed after <mask>'s death. No doubt through Zarnecki's influence, Bony contributed photographs to the Courtauld Institute's Conway Library, an extensive archive of architectural images currently undergoing a digitisation process.Bony has had a great influence on medieval scholarship within The Courtauld Institute, well beyond his time spent there, and still evident in the work of recent and current Courtauld scholars. He was Slade Professor of Fine Art at the University of Cambridge from 1958 to 1961). In the USA he was Focillon Fellow and visiting Lecturer at Yale University in 1949, and in 1962 he obtained a chair in the History of Art at the University of California at Berkeley, spending a great deal of his time building the department's collection of slides and photographs. He retired from Berkeley in 1980. In France he lectured briefly in the History of Art at the University of Lille (1961-1962), and in 1978 he was Visiting Fellow at the Humanities Research Centre of the Australian National University in Canberra. After his retirement he held the following positions:

 1982: Kress Professorship at the Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts at the National Gallery of Art
 1983: Visiting Mellon Professor at the University of Pittsburgh
 1984-1987: Meadows Professor at Southern Methodist University
 1988: Getty Lecturer at the University of Southern California

A member of the formalist tradition, Bony was the first historian to rigorously describe the structure of the “thick hollow wall”, the starting point of a general history of the constitution of the Gothic style in architecture where Norman works play a key role. Awards and recognitions

 Honorary MA from Cambridge in 1958
 Elected a Fellow of St John's College
 Guggenheim Fellowship in 1981
 Winner of the Haskins Gold Medal of the Medieval Academy of America, linked to the publication of his book, The English Decorated Style (1979)
 Awarded the gold medal of the Commonwealth Club of San Francisco in 1984, linked to the publication of his book French Gothic Architecture of the 12th and 13th Centuries (1983)
 Elected Honorary Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London
 Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy
 Vice-President of the Royal Archaeological Institute (Great Britain), 1955-1961
 Received a Distinguished Teaching Award in 1975
 First recipient of the Constantine Panunzio Distinguished Emeriti Award of the University of California in 1983

Memberships
Bony was a member of the following professional societies:

 Société Française d'Archéologie
 Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France
 British Archaeological Association
 College Art Association
 Society of Architectural Historians

Selected publications
La technique normande du mur épais à l’époque romane, Paris: Société Française d’Archéologie, 1939.Notre-Dame de Mantes, Paris: Editions du Cerf, 1947. French influences on the origins of English Gothic architecture, Worcester, London: Trinity Press, 1949. French Cathedrals (with Martin Hurlimann and Peter Meyer), London: Thames and Hudson, 1951. (Edited and with an Introduction by <mask>), Henri Focillon, The Art of the West in the Middle Ages, Volumes 1 and 2, London: Phaidon Press, 1963. The English decorated style: Gothic architecture transformed, 1250-1350. Oxford: Phaidon Press, 1979. French Gothic architecture of the 12th and 13th centuries.University of California Press, Berkeley, 1983. Family
<mask> married Clotilde Roure in 1936, and they had a daughter, Claire. Clotilde died in 1942. He married Elizabeth Mary England, an Australian, in Kensington, SW London, in 1953. References

1908 births
1995 deaths
People from Le Mans
French art historians
Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge
French Army officers
University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty
French architectural historians
Medieval historians
Sorbonne University
People associated with the Courtauld Institute of Art
Slade Professors of Fine Art (University of Cambridge)
Eton College
Institut Français
Yale University faculty
Australian National University faculty
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy

masks:
Jean Victor Edmond Paul Marie Bony
Henri Bony
Marie Normand Bony
Bony
Bony
Jean Bony
Bony


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<mask> (born 10 June 1964) is an English actor. Initially a stage actor, <mask> was nominated for an Olivier Award for Best Supporting Actor for Never the Sinner (1991), the Evening Standard Award for Best Actor for 900 Oneonta (1994), Best Actor in the M.E.N. Theatre Awards for Martin Yesterday (1998), and won the 2001 Olivier Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in the Arthur Miller play All My Sons. In 2008, <mask> made his Broadway début in a revival of Les Liaisons Dangereuses, for which he was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play. <mask> has also appeared on popular television series including Cutting It (2002–04), The Virgin Queen (2005), Law & Order: UK (2009–11), The Paradise (2013), House of Cards (2013–14), and The Exorcist (2016–17). On 1 April 2018 he appeared in the NBC live televised concert rendition of Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice's rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar as Pontius Pilate. <mask> played Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon in the third season of Netflix series The Crown.Currently, <mask> stars in the role of Walter Sampson in the Netflix superhero series, Jupiter's Legacy. Early life
<mask> was born on 10 June 1964 in Nuneaton, Warwickshire. His father was an engineer at Rolls-Royce and later a grocer, while his mother owned a children's clothes shop. He has recalled: "I was quite a shy child, but quite disruptive as well. I was very sneaky and underhanded." <mask> was educated at Manor Park School, a state comprehensive school in Nuneaton, near Coventry, in Warwickshire (since closed). According to <mask>, drama lessons at O-levels gave him a voice, and when he attended sixth form studies at Stratford College between 1980 and 1982, doing A-levels in theatre studies and English literature, he attended Royal Shakespeare Company performances.A fellow student recalled that <mask>, whom he knew as Dave, "was very serious about his work, and struck me as incredibly intelligent... you got the sense his mind was working; the cogs were ticking over". <mask> subsequently trained at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) for three years. Career
One of <mask>' earliest roles was as Justin Hayward, the lead singer of the Moody Blues, as a teenager in two of the band's music videos, "Your Wildest Dreams" (1986) and "I Know You're Out There Somewhere" (1988). In 1992, he made an appearance in the infamous plane crash episode "Cascade" of the television show Casualty, playing the co-pilot of the doomed plane. He has taken on parts in many British television dramas, such as Robin in The Lost Language of Cranes (1991), the Biblical character Jonathan in the 1997 Emmy-nominated TV film David, the philandering Finn Bevan in Cutting It (2002–2005), and Nicholas Brocklehurst in the BBC television miniseries The State Within (2006). The latter role was notable for an unexpected same-sex kiss between <mask>' character and another person. In 2008 he appeared in Lark Rise to Candleford, a BBC production based on three semi-autobiographical novels about the English countryside written by Flora Thompson.<mask> has also played a number of real-life characters, such as German State Secretary Dr. Josef Bühler in Conspiracy, a 2001 dramatisation of the Wannsee Conference at which the Final Solution was endorsed. He also played the author and journalist Ian Fleming, creator of James Bond, in Ian Fleming: Bondmaker (2005), as well as Sir Francis Walsingham in The Virgin Queen (2005) and English writer Saki in Who Killed Mrs De Ropp? (2007). In addition, he has made guest appearances in a number of British TV drama series, including Soldier Soldier (1992), A Touch of Frost (1992), Outside Edge (1994), Spooks (2005), and Merlin (2011). In 2017, <mask> made a guest appearance in a Treehouse of Horror episode of The Simpsons as a priest. <mask> may be most recognisable to American audiences for appearing in the 1996 gay film Beautiful Thing. <mask> portrayed Tony, boyfriend of Sandra, the protagonist Jamie's mother.In an independent film directed by Lavinia Currier titled Passion in the Desert (1997), <mask> played a French soldier named Augustin Robert. The film was nominated for a Golden Seashell award. Other feature films that <mask> has starred in are The Bridge (1992), I Want You (1998), Madeline (1998), and Doom (2005). He was offered roles in the 2000 releases The Patriot and Vertical Limit, but turned them down and stated that "the money was good, but it wasn't for me". <mask> had a brief appearance as General Antoc Merrick in the Star Wars film Rogue One: A Star Wars Story. <mask> has said that he loves acting on stage because "it's tough and keeps you on your toes as an actor". He appeared in All's Well That Ends Well and As You Like It (1999–2000), and played Mercutio in a 1994 TV adaptation of Romeo and Juliet.Other theatre credits include Waiting for Godot (1994) and 900 Oneonta (1994), which earned him a nomination for Best Actor at the Evening Standard Awards. He also acted in Martin Yesterday (1998), for which he was nominated as Best Actor in the Manchester Evening News Theatre Awards, Naked (1998), Tales From Hollywood (2001), Three Sisters (2003), Iphigenia at Aulis (2004), The God of Hell (2005), and The Wild Duck (2005–2006). In 2006, <mask> appeared in Thérèse Raquin as Laurent, for which a reviewer labelled his performance "riveting". On 1 April 2018, <mask> appeared as Pontius Pilate in the NBC live musical, Jesus Christ Superstar Live in Concert!. <mask> won the Best Supporting Actor award at the Whatsonstage.com Theatregoers' Choice Theatre Awards and the 25th Laurence Olivier Awards in 2001 for his performance in the Arthur Miller play All My Sons. He was first nominated for the latter award earlier in his career, in 1991, for his performance as murderer Richard Loeb in the play Never the Sinner at the Playhouse Theatre. In 2008, <mask> fulfilled a lifetime ambition when he made his Broadway début, headlining as the Vicomte de Valmont in a revival of Les Liaisons Dangereuses.The show opened on 1 May 2008. <mask> was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play for his role. <mask> played a reoccurring role in the Netflix series House of Cards (2013-2014) as prominent photographer Adam Galloway. He also played the role of lawyer Rory Murray in the second season of "Passenger List", a fictional podcast produced by Radiotopia

Personal life
<mask> has been in a relationship with actor Ian Gelder since 1993. They met during the production of Joe Orton's Entertaining Mr Sloane. The couple resides in South London <mask> was already sure of his orientation in his teens (He once remarked: "Out? I've never been in.")although he did not discuss the matter with his parents because they did not have a very close emotional relationship. He was "cautious about mentioning it when I left drama school, because AIDS was terrifying everyone and there was a huge homophobic backlash". He decided to reveal his homosexuality at the age of 24, while appearing in an all-star benefit performance of Martin Sherman's <mask>t. <mask> said in an interview in 2001: "Homophobia is still shockingly prevalent in film and TV. I know I've lost work because of being gay, and it is always an issue. Even on a serious BBC Two drama, there will be some suit in some office going, "Hmmm, isn't he a poof?" I don't consider myself politically gay, but whenever I catch a whiff of that now, I'm on it like a ton of bricks."In 2007, <mask> was ranked number 79 in the annual Pink List of 100 influential gay and lesbian people in Britain published by The Independent on Sunday, down from number 47 in 2006. In his spare time, he is an amateur painter and a practitioner of Ashtanga yoga. From a young age to his early forties, <mask> suffered from sleep paralysis. Filmography

Film

Television

Theatre

Awards and nominations

Notes

External links

 <mask> at bbc.co.uk Drama
 <mask> at the Royal National Theatre
 "<mask> on IRC, the logfile..." – transcript of an online chat with <mask> from the Official Dutch Beautiful Thing Fanclub

1964 births
Living people
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
Actors from Warwickshire
Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art
English gay actors
English male film actors
English male stage actors
English male television actors
Laurence Olivier Award winners
People from Nuneaton
Theatre World Award winners

masks:
Ben Daniels
Daniels
Daniels
Daniels
Daniels
Daniels
Daniels
Daniels
Daniels
Daniels
Daniels
Daniels
Daniels
Daniels
Daniels
Daniels
Daniels
Daniels
Daniels
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Daniels
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Daniels
Ben
Daniels
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Daniels
Ben Daniels
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Ben Daniels
Ben Daniels


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<mask> (; born 16 April 1962) is an officer of the Russian Navy. He currently holds the rank of admiral, and is commander in chief of the Northern Fleet. After initially training in film repair, <mask> underwent military service, before studying at the navy's technical institute. From there he joined the Northern Fleet as a submariner. After starting in the engineering branch, he moved into specialising in combat and warfare control. Commended for his service and promoted, he took command of his own boat, from which he performed the first commercial space launch in the navy's history, as well as the first commercial payload that had ever been sent into orbit from a submarine. He undertook further study at the Naval Academy and the Military Academy of the General Staff, interspersed with the command of submarine squadrons.He received plaudits for his supervisory roles, and was awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation in 2011. In 2018 he took command of the Black Sea Fleet, and oversaw a period of expansion within the fleet. He has also courted controversy with regards to relations with Ukraine following the Russian military intervention in Ukraine from 2014 onwards, and the Kerch Strait incident in November 2018. In May 2019 he was appointed commander of the Northern Fleet. Early career
<mask> was born on 16 April 1962 in the settlement of , in the Gvardeysky District of Kaliningrad Oblast, in the Soviet Union. He attended high school and a specialist film school in Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast, and then worked as a technician in a film repair shop in the city of Berezniki, Perm Oblast. In 1981 he was called up for military service in the Ural Military District, and between 1982 and 1987 he studied at the  in Leningrad.He then joined the Northern Fleet, where he would spend the next 29 years, initially as an engineer on nuclear-powered submarines, and rising by the end to the post of commander of the fleet's submarine squadron. Submariner
From June 1987 he was part of the computer engineering division, and from September 1990, head of the electronic warfare division. In February 1992 he became senior assistant commander for combat aboard the K-117 Bryansk. From July to October 1994 he was senior assistant to the commander of the Project 667BDRM Delfin-class ballistic missile submarine K-18 Karelia. While serving in this post, he participated in a voyage to the North Pole, where the submarine surfaced and on Russia's Navy Day, raised the St. Andrew and Russian flags on the ice. For his part in this <mask> was awarded the Order of Courage. Between 1994 and 1995 he took the navy's Higher Special Officer Classes and later commanded the ballistic missile submarine K-407 Novomoskovsk.On 7 July 1998 the submarine launched two German commercial micro-satellites Tubsat-N and Tubsat-N1 using the Shtil' carrier rocket, while submerged in the Barents Sea. This was, according to Space Today Online, "the first time a commercial payload had ever been sent from Earth into orbit from a submarine and the first commercial space launch in the history of the Russian Navy". He entered the N. G. Kuznetsov Naval Academy in 2001, graduating with honours in 2003, and then served until 2007 as Chief of Staff of the  of the Northern Fleet, followed by commander of the division until 2009. In 2008 he was senior officer aboard the  during her transfer from the Northern Fleet to the Pacific Fleet, spending long periods submerged beneath the Arctic ice. For this feat he was awarded a second Order of Courage. He enrolled in the Military Academy of the General Staff in 2009, graduating in 2011 with first class honours and the distinction of a gold medal. On 14 February 2011 he was awarded the title of Hero of the Russian Federation.In the awards ceremony on 21 February, President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev announced  "The Gold Star of the Hero of Russia is awarded to Alexander Alekseevich <mask>, commander of the strategic division of submarines of the Northern Fleet. During his combat patrols, under his leadership, tests of the newest weapons were successfully conducted and a whole series of rocket launches were carried out. As Supreme Commander, I watched these exercises. And, indeed, everything was done to a very high standard." Flag rank and the Black Sea

In June 2011 <mask> was appointed Deputy Commander of the Northern Fleet's submarine forces, and in April 2012 he became their commander. Promoted to rear admiral on 20 February 2013, he served as a deputy to the Council of Deputies of Alexandrovsk, Murmansk Oblast, and on 5 April 2016 he was appointed Chief of Staff of the Northern Fleet. On 22 November 2017 he was appointed Deputy Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, and on 14 May 2018 he became Acting Commander of the Black Sea Fleet, succeeding Admiral <mask>.He was confirmed in his post on 26 June 2018. He has been awarded the Order of Courage twice, as well as the Order of Military Merit and the Medal of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", second class. The Black Sea Fleet is currently undergoing expansion, and in 2019 he announced that six new combat ships and six support vessels would enter service with the fleet that year. On 16 February 2019 <mask> was one of seven Russian personnel notified by investigators of Security Service of Ukraine of suspicion of "engaging in an aggressive war or aggressive military actions", relating to the Kerch Strait incident in November 2018. Colonel-General <mask>, Commander of the Southern Military District, was also one of those notified. By a presidential decree on 3 May 2019, <mask> was appointed commander of the Northern Fleet, succeeding Admiral Nikolai Yevmenov, who has been appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy. <mask> was promoted to the rank of admiral on 10 December 2020.References

External links

1962 births
Living people
People from Gvardeysky District
Soviet Navy personnel
Russian admirals
Heroes of the Russian Federation
Recipients of the Order of Courage
Recipients of the Order of Military Merit (Russia)
Recipients of the Medal of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" II class
N. G. Kuznetsov Naval Academy alumni
Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia alumni

masks:
Aleksandr Alekseyevich Moiseyev
Moiseyev
Moiseyev
Moiseyev
Moiseyev
Moiseyev
Aleksandr Vitko
Moiseyev
Aleksandr Dvornikov
Moiseyev
Moiseyev


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<mask> is an American feature film director and screenwriter. A member of the Directors Guild of America, and an activist for parity for women directors in Hollywood, she writes and lectures about the under-representation of women filmmakers in the United States. Early life
She has an associate degree from Bard College at Simon's Rock, a bachelor's degree from Wellesley College and a Masters of Fine Arts in film directing from the University of California, Los Angeles's Graduate School of Film and Technology. While at UCLA, she wrote, directed, and produced the student film A Dry Heat, for which she won a CINE Golden Eagle Award. Career
Giese wrote and directed the 1996 British film When Saturday Comes, produced by Capitol Films, UK, starring Sean Bean, Pete Postlethwaite, and Emily Lloyd. She also wrote, directed, and co-produced Hunger, based on Knut Hamsun's 1890 existentialist novel of the same title. Hunger was the first digital film made based on a classic work of literature.It starred Joseph Culp and Robert Culp and received two Best Film Awards and a Best Underground Film award. <mask>'s other directing work includes the short doc A Lotta Lambada and the short film A Dry Heat, which won a UCLA Spotlight award, a Cine Golden Eagle, and was a finalist for the 1991 Student Academy Awards. She also directed the short film Take Your Seat (aka Jewish Water) which also won a Cine Golden Eagle, and an episode of the TV sitcom Solo En America for Columbia TriStar. She did uncredited rewrites on the 1996 film North Star. She has taught film & TV production at UCLA Extension, lectures regularly, and writes extensively. <mask> is an active member of the Directors Guild of America since 1999 and currently serves as the Women's DGA Director Category Rep.

Giese and her successful activism for women directors in US entertainment media are the subject of two feature documentary films. This Changes Everything (2019) , directed by Tom Donahue, starring Geena Davis and <mask>e, and featuring Meryl Streep, Shonda Rhimes, Natalie Portman, and Reese Witherspoon was released worldwide in 2019 after premiering at Toronto International Film Festival in 2018 .Half The Picture (2018), directed by Amy Adrion and featuring Giese along with Miranda July and Ava DuVernay, premiered with Giese in attendance at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival. Awards
Giese is the recipient of numerous awards including 2016 Equity Award from Stanford University, two Golden Cine Eagles, a Kovler Writing Award, a Spotlight Award, First Prize at the American International Film Festival, a Charles Speroni Scholarship, and an MPAA Award of Excellence. Activism
Giese is an activist for women directors. She is a member of the Director's Guild of America where she is an active member of the Women's Steering Committee and where she served as the inaugural “Women Directors Category Representative” and the inaugural co-chair of the DGA-WSC Proposals Subcommittee, the first ever conduit between the Women's Steering Committee and the DGA National Board. On this committee, she and co-chair, Melanie Wagor, were able to move proposals for women DGA members into the 2014 DGA-studio Collective Bargaining Negotiations. She is also a member of the Alliance of Women Directors. She co-founded, and frequently writes for, the advocacy website Women Directors in Hollywood.Her articles have appeared in Ms., Elle, Film Inquiry, and IndieWIRE. Giese herself has recently been profiled in Bloomberg TV, ABC Live, The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, Forbes, Fortune, and The Hollywood Reporter, among others. Her writings have also appeared in Ms. magazine and Indiewire. In 2011 Giese turned her attention to the underrepresentation of women directors in United States media. She began researching and writing about viable legal strategies to remediate illegal discrimination against women in Hollywood, citing Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Finally, in 2015 after four years of activism in the Directors Guild of America, Giese became the person who instigated the biggest industry-wide Federal investigation for women directors in Hollywood history, going on now. In The New York Times, Manohla Dargis referred to her work as “a veritable crusade.” And in 2016, Philadelphia Inquirer writer, Carrie Rickey, wrote, "So allow me to introduce real-life female crusader <mask>e, whose fact-finding led to the ACLU findings that prompted the current EEOC investigation.”  According to The Los Angeles Times in October 2016, the EEOC ”is now widening its circle of interview subjects to include studio executives, producers, agents, actors and male directors, according to multiple sources familiar with the investigation who declined to be identified because they were not authorized to speak publicly."In POV Magazine, Maya Gallous described Giese's work as portrayed in This Changes Everything as “...a Herculean effort (scratch that, an Amazonian effort) [...] making the industry accountable for what are, essentially, illegal discriminatory hiring practices." [32] Film Inquiry  referred to Giese in This Changes Everything as "the most striking subject [...] Giese sacrificed her directing career for this cause. She essentially banded the women directors together – since there was no change coming from within Hollywood, she decided to take the problem to the federal level. Because of her plea, the ACLU took on the case and has convinced the EEOC (who initially didn't want anything to do with it) to investigate the systemic discrimination in Hollywood.”

Personal life
Giese lives in Venice, CA and Stonington, CT with her husband and two children. Filmography
 A Dry Heat (1991)
 When Saturday Comes (1996)
 Hunger (2001)

References

External links

 On Many Fronts, Women Are Fighting for Better Opportunity in Hollywood, By MANOHLA DARGIS, 2015-01-21 The New York Times
 Hollywood's gender inertia: Why there are so few female directors, By Hayley Krischer, 2014-10-03, Salon.com

American film directors
American women film directors
Living people
American women screenwriters
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women

masks:
Maria Giese
Giese
Giese
Maria Gies
Maria Gies


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<mask> (26 November 1899 - 1980) was a Rolls-Royce executive involved in the development of Rolls-Royce cars, during World War II of tanks and tank engines, and post-war of Rolls-Royce and Bentley cars complete with bodies and then of industrial petrol and diesel engines. Early career
<mask> "Rm" <mask> was born at Shardlow, Derby,   <mask> (1863-1943), his father, was a solicitor and twice Mayor of Derby. Robotham joined Rolls-Royce as a premium apprentice in 1919. In four years the apprentices went to every department of the factory; although they did not have to undertake any study at a technical college, Robotham went to night school two or three evenings a week studying mathematics and engineering drawing. They were paid 5s per week. He had an "old and slow" Rover motorcycle, and in weekends played golf, tennis  or went on Sunday motorcycle outings with other apprentices. Rolls-Royce cars
In 1923 after finishing his apprenticeship he became a junior technician in the Experimental Department at Derby under Ernest Hives: Hives was also in charge of production at the Derby Works.Designing was done at West Wittering, Sussex or Le Canadel in France, and at London were Sales (Conduit Street), the London Service and Repair Department (Cricklewood) and all the directors except Royce. Experience from 1933 on showed that sales averaged about 1,500 cars per year as Rolls-Royce or Bentley with the price about twice that of the best quantity-produced car, all with a 6-cylinder engine cars with 8 or 4-cylinder models were not required unless volume production of more than 10,000 cars a year was proposed. Most of their cars then had custom bodies by coachbuilders in London, the provinces or Paris. Up to 25 bodies were to the same specification. Some cars were built for foreign potentates under instruction for the Government. After an official visit from <mask> Khan, the King of Afghanistan, he was shown at the Derby works an open tourer with a body by Barker's which was sold to him. Robotham was disgusted when Barker's got the order, until hearing that they had "great problems" in collecting payment.Another foreign  buyer "which could not be refused" was for two limousines and a saloon; to be immune from a Mauser bullet fired at ten paces. The three Rolls-Royce Phantom IVs were for Generallisimo Franco of Spain. He recommended a body from Mulliner's of Chiswick who "had many satisfied customers among the more unpopular rulers of the world". A mission to Mulliner's of Army officers required glass one and three quarters of an inch thick, and armour plate. The large floor area required armour plate almost half an inch thick, and this would make the completed weight of the cars over three and a half tons which would overstress the wheels and gearbox on Spain's main roads. Some years later when holidaying there he inspected the cars; the brigadier in charge of the garage praised them and said they were used frequently. The speedometers only showed less than 2,000 km but "they were taken by train and only driven for the actual inspections and processions".Tanks and tank engines
In 1940 he was asked to concentrate on armoured fighting vehicles, and found the research facilities of the British motor-car industry "disappointingly meagre" apart from Vauxhall Motors (part of GM). In December 1940 Henry Spurrier of Leyland Motors and Robotham agreed British tanks were underpowered, and decided to develop at Belper a new tank engine based on the Rolls-Royce Merlin aero engine; to be called Meteor. The team at Clan Foundry, Belper included three of Spurrier's best designers, and also developed the Rolls-Royce B range engines. He wrote of the chaos in British armoured fighting vehicles as for twenty years between the wars as  "the design and development of British tanks had been shamefully neglected ... with ill-informed criticism of the politicians, the kaleidoscopic changes in policy by the General Staff, and the relentless pressure for output regardless of quality". In November 1941 he was appointed Chief Engineer of Tank Design in the Ministry of Supply by Beaverbrook despite his lack of experience in tank design. He continued to direct the Meteor design team at Belper. He found that the Tank Board had no experienced mechanical engineers and that the War Office General Staff had no clear conception of their requirements.Beaverbrook wanted output at any cost, and he once told the Beaver that they "had enough unreliable tanks to last the rest of the war!" He "stuck his toes in" and demanded sound products e.g. manganese steel castings for tank tracks as a broken track could be a death warrant for the crew. In the Ministry of Supply the answer to problems was to "shoot the messenger" and outsiders he was dealing with had the attitude that he would be gone tomorrow, so he resigned, leaving in August 1943 and returning to Belper. He thought (which turned out to be true) that any improvements would not reach the firing line before the end of the war. Postwar
By 1943 the Belper team had progressed a post-war range of 4, 6 and 8-cylinder car engines with parts in common. They had run many hundreds of thousands of miles in experimental cars, including the very fast but smooth Scalded Cat a Bentley with a 6-litre 8-cylinder engine and capable of over 100 mph, which <mask> liked for his commuting.The Duke of Edinburgh borrowed it for a week, and it was dismantled to avoid further requests. Major-General Charles Dunphie (later chairman of Vickers) agreed it would be an ideal engine for a post-war replacement for the Universal Carrier, though this project was dropped. But by 1948 it was clear that the Army would standardise on the Rolls-Royce B range engines for post-war combat vehicles. The eight-cylinder engine had too high fuel consumption for haulage work, but got a major market share where performance was important e.g. fire engines. Robotham realised that post-war complete Rolls-Royce cars including bodies would be needed and should cost 30% less than a coach-built body, with the same body shell for Rolls-Royce and Bentley. He doubted if enough experienced tradesmen would be available to restart custom body building firms.After discussions with <mask> of Rover on the course to be followed, he went to the Pressed Steel Company in 1944 and asked whether they could make the tools for a body shell and the cost per shell; they were nonplussed at the small number of bodies required even though he stretched it to 2000 per year or a third above the total pre-war average. The tooling would cost at least £250,000 and would require production of at least 5,000 bodies. Hives agreed with a "fully tooled" body but when <mask> heard of the cost he insisted on a full-scale mock-up for the Board. Some board members objected to sinking the headlamps into the wings, but changing the design might lose their place in the queue at Pressed Steel with perhaps twelve months delay. But the body shell would cost about half of what a post-war Park Ward body would cost, and as the surface of the pressings was so good less work would be required on them before painting. The body, used for the  Rolls-Royce Silver Dawn and Bentley Mark VI, stayed in production for nine years and 6,500 bodies; a further 3,200 were made with an alteration increasing the size of the boot (luggage compartment; the Bentley R Type or later Silver Dawn). After VE day in May 1945 the Crewe factory went from Merlins to motor cars, and a body production line was created "from nothing".The first post-was car went to the Gaekwar of Baroda on 23 October 1946. In 1945 he was disappointed when Dr Lewellen Smith who had been at the Glasgow factory was made managing director of the newly formed Motor Car Division and a member of the main board. Robotham was given the title of "Chief Engineer of Cars", his first title after 25 years. In 1949 he was appointed to the main board of Rolls-Royce Limited, to his surprise, and perhaps to convince Vickers they were giving top priority to supplying them with tractor diesel engines. Rolls-Royce Industrial engines

In 1947 a survey of the diesel market showed that there were no British lightweight engines in the 200 to 300 bhp range, a gap with the increasing size of trucks and the advent of diesel railcars which was to be filled by the new Rolls-Royce C range engines. The first engine ran in September 1948 and developed 190 bhp without supercharging, close to their target. Deciding most diesel engines were too heavy they (rashly) decided to use aluminium where possible, although the prototype light-alloy crank case had problems and they reverted to cast-iron.Then Hives became interested as Vickers-Armstrongs (the Vickers Viscount used Rolls-Royce engines) were proposing to enter the crawler tractor market in competition with Caterpillar; starting with the Vickers VR180 Vigor the largest machine in the range with a 190 bhp engine, and supercharged to give the optimum low speed "lugging" characteristics. So they had a customer, and by August 1949 parts were released for production. John Read was the division chief engineer at Belper. The Diesel or Oil Engine Division was a new field for Rolls-Royce, and for Vickers. Unlike Rolls-Royce cars sold on the “magic of a name”, an engine would not pay more than a 10% premium above competitors like Cummins, Caterpillar, Deutz, G.M., International Harvester or Allis Chalmers; and price largely depends on volume. Initially the Diesel Division headquarters was at Derby. Jack Olding was the largest Caterpillar dealer in England, which they had relinquished to be the sales and service organisation for the new tractor throughout the world.So "the heat was on". Production tractors were shipped out all over the world (Africa, Australia, Canada, Ceylon, New Zealand and South America) before all the faults (few in the engines; they fitted a device that prevented the clutch being slipped while the engine was running fast) had been fixed. Vickers had the expense of flying heavy replacement parts to remote corners of the earth. Like a tank the crawler tractor engine does not work hard all the time, and the need is to keep the dirt out. Robotham did not want to have only one customer for the division, although Hives thought he should have concentrated on Vickers. Other potential customers were Scammel, Petbow (generating sets), and Vospers and Trinity House (marine engines), but most of their production went to Vickers. Big engine components were made 200 miles away in Glasgow.By 1957 they were supplying parts to over 100 countries. Then Vickers decided to stop making tractors after making about a thousand tractors, and the Odling worldwide service organisation disappeared. Rolls-Royce diesel output was low, and of short runs of over 50 varieties of power unit. He discussed with Sir Percy Lister a merger with Listers, who had a quality product, with a complementary range of engines below 100 hp, some larger slow-speed engines and similar problems of service and spare parts worldwide. The chairman agreed, but the board were against further diversification or going into truck manufacture. So Robotham was left with the rail and marine fields. Rail was losing ground to road, and they were engineering railcar applications which required much design work for a small volume of orders.For marine generator applications shipbuilding firms favoured larger slow-speed engines. He eventually got, via John Vestey and his Blue Star Line, some higher-speed marine generating sets installed, although there were problem on one of their ships when the R-R engine was connected to the fuel lines of the heavy oil used for the main engines! Then Hives asked Robotham whether he wanted to move to the Motor Car Division at Crewe or develop diesel engines for Vickers. Belper was to close down as it was isolated from Crewe 50 miles away, and more factory floor space would be required. The (profitable) B range petrol engines were to be made at Crewe as they had much (e.g. major components) in common with the car engines. In 1958 the Sentinel Waggon Works at Shrewsbury was taken over by Rolls-Royce Limited for the manufacture of their range of diesel industrial engines, so that the factory at Derby could concentrate on aero engines.The factory which manufactured steam and later diesel locomotives had come on the market in 1956; a large factory employing 2,000 people and with room to spare for the Diesel (Oil Engine) Division. But he had not run a large works, and did not realise that the firm were losing money with steam locomotives and machine tools about which he knew nothing – so the firm "really had no viable product whatever". Their range of diesel engines suited the Sentinel range of diesel shunting locomotives, and after trying to reduce weight of the product, the problem in his last four years in the industry was to get enough weight in the available space to produce enough grip on the rails! Some equipment to machine large castings was moved from the Glasgow factory. He found the Sentinel staff were demoralised with frequent changes in policy and management since 1946, so put money into items like a new welfare hall on the sports ground and purchasing a stretch of salmon fishing river on the Severn a mile from the factory which had been rented by the works fishing club for several years; to improve the espirit de corps (he and directors played in the cricket team for interdepartmental matches!). In 1962 the Meteor was superseded for new tanks, but the British government enquired about spare parts.. As the Land Rover was so successful and Rover wanted more manufacturing capacity, they transferred the manufacture of Meteor spare parts back to Rolls-Royce, a welcome addition at Shrewsbury. By 1969 Rolls-Royce at Shrewsbury had a seven-figure unfulfilled order for Meteor spares from the British and other governments.His farewell retirement party was at Shrewsbury in January 1963. Personal
He was from Derby, where Rolls-Royce was a major employer, where his father and grandfather were solicitors and where his grandfather had built two streets of Victorian houses. From a remark he made about wine, Henry Royce referred to him as "the gentleman who likes wine" and usually produced something drinkable at lunch. His surname was generally pronounced as if it was spelt "Robottom", and he gave up trying to convince people otherwise. He was known at Rolls-Royce by the abbreviation "Rm". His parents paid £250 for him to be indentured as a "premium apprentice" to Rolls-Royce for four years. Most of them had joined direct from a public school, but Robotham had attended Repton School (where his form-master was Mr Snape) and then spent nine months in 1918 training for a commission in the artillery at Lydd Camp, Dungeness.Although he was not gazetted out of the Army for six months after Armistice Day, he got leave to look for a career. His brother went to Shrewsbury School. He married <mask>, a daughter of Henry Thompson (a Phantom I owner), in 1928/29. The couple's son and daughter were born in 1926 and 1929. His second marriage, in 1946, was to Jeanne Ekins a pianist, who had accompanied the famous tenor Gigli. While working at Derby they lived in nearby Etwall. He bought a farm of 300 acres in Engeham, Kent for a retirement career in June 1945, with advice from his brother-in-law Jack Thompson.He harvested corn, clover seed, potatoes, hops (hops were regulated and profitable), and fruit (apples, plums and greengages). By 1970 the annual fruit harvest (apples and pears) was over 100 tons. Notes

References

Further reading

1899 births
1980 deaths
Rolls-Royce people
20th-century English businesspeople
People from Derby
People educated at Repton School

masks:
William Arthur Robotham
William Arthur
Robotham
William Blews Robotham
Amanullah
Robotham
Spencer Wilks
Arthur Sidgreaves
Winred


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<mask> (born 24 July 1953) is a Swedish composer, musician, and multimedia artist noted for his acoustic and electronic works, which have been performed mostly in Europe, Mexico, and Canada. He is also noted for the design of stage and acoustics as well as interactive media and software. He has received recognition for his work from a number of festivals in Europe and has won two Swedish Grammis awards. He has been a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music since 1998. Biography

<mask> was born in Lidköping, Sweden. After working as a photographer from 1972 to 1974, <mask> began his music studies in 1978 at the Högskolan för Scen och Musik (Conservatory of Theatre and Music) at the University of Gothenburg, where his teachers included the electronic-music composer and visual artist Rune Lindblad. He also studied with electronic-music pioneer Lars Gunnar Bodin Electronic Music Studio (EMS) in Stockholm (Peterson 2001; Parmerud n.d.).Career
<mask> has been active since the 1970s in music (instrumental and electro-acoustic), multimedia and interactive art and music for videos, dance and cinema (Anon. 2011a). He has been commissioned to write works for institutions in Canada, the Netherlands, France, Germany, Norway and Denmark. His music represented Swedish radio at the Prix Italia on two occasions (Parmerud n.d.; Anon. 2011b). As a stage performer, Parmerud does electro-acoustic music alone or with other artists, mostly in Europe, Mexico, and Canada (Parmerud n.d.). His performances includes music, video, and performance, with his narratives often ending without a conclusion, leaving that up to the audience (Anon 2011a; Parmerud n.d.).During the late 1980s and 1990s he worked extensively together with composer Anders Blomqvist, with whom he wrote the music for a two-hour documentary on Greta Garbo, which in turn produced Strings and Shadows, in which the harp's sounds are transformed electronically (Peterson 2001). Their live performances, sometimes including fireworks, toured several countries in Europe (Parmerud n.d.; Anon. 2011b)

Appearances in Mexico include participation in the Visiones Sonores event in Morelia in 2010 to present “Hyperspace, a presentation of new 3D sound software” and a composition called “Crystal Counterpoint.” He presented a piece called “BlowUp” in Mexico City, a piece commissioned by Espacio de Experimentación Sonora of the Museo Universitario de Arte Contempóraneo (Anon. 2010a; Anon. 2010b). His most recent performance in Mexico is at the Festival Internacional Cervantino in Guanajuato in 2011 (Anon. 2011a).<mask> has had some performances in the United States. In 1997, “Grains of Voices” was performed on United Nations Day at the organization's New York headquarters (Parmerud n.d.; Anon. 2011b). At the Other Minds Festival he performed a piece called "La vie mécanique" ("The Mechanical Life") generated entirely from machine sounds which include  electronically generated sounds of planes taking off, humming refrigerators, clanking brakes and the release of steam from a train (Scheinin 2008). For the last decade, <mask> has been dedicated to acoustic design, designing facilities in Berlin, Paris, Mexico City and Reykjavík (Anon. 2011a). He has designed concerts and has been the artistic director of large indoor and outdoor audio-visual events (Parmerud n.d.; Anon.2011b). He founded AudioTechture with Olle Niklasson, a company which specializes in acoustic interior design from homes to public spaces. He has worked as a sound and software designer for interactive audio-visual installations. Works such as “The Fire Inside,” “The Living Room” and “Lost Angel”  have been shown in Berlin, Paris, Mexico City, Leon, Gothenburg and Reykjavík (Anon. 2011b). From 1999 to 2006, he worked with the Danish group Boxiganga to develop new interactive video installations and stage design. From 2000 to 2002, he worked with Canadian choreographer Pierre-Paul Savoi composing as well as designing software and sound.A work called the  “Seventh Sense” was developed with Canadian choreographer Mireille Leblanc (Parmerud n.d.; Anon. 2011b). Musical style
Although he has written instrumental and multimedia music, he is most noted for his electro-acoustic music, which often combines tapes with instruments or voices. This characteristically results in processes of interaction and transformation between the different sound sources, as well as within one voice, instrument, or chord. Examples include Remain, for orchestra and tape, Alias (based on vocal sounds and quotations from John Dowland and Carlo Gesualdo), and Retur, for saxophone quartet and tape (Peterson 2001). One of his works, called Grains of Voices, is based on recordings made in various parts of the world, examining the human voice in various states. The texts of its various sections are based on the Biblical Creation story, nursery rhymes, prayers, and poems (Peterson 2001).This includes indigenous chants, opera, protests, improvisation, prayer and recordings from television, radio and other media, as well as poetry from Hemingway, Hesse, and Joyce. It focuses on language, the role of voice, and how it relates to music. The piece was first performed live at the United Nations headquarters due to its international nature (Anon 2011a). <mask> is one of Sweden's best-known musicians outside of the country. His first major recognition was in 1978 when his piece “Proximities” received first prize at the international music festival in Bourges, France, since then receiving twelve more from the same festival (Anon. 2011b). He has received honors from the Prix Ars Electronica in Linz, Austria, Metamorfosis  in Belgium, Electronic Arts Award  in Sweden, Noroit Prize in France, and the ICMA Prize for Composition.More recent awards include the Gigahertz Preis in Germany in 2008 and the Qwartz Pierre Shaeffer Prize in France in 2009 (Anon. 2011b). He has received two Swedish Grammis awards for best classical album of the year (Parmerud n.d.; Anon. 2011b). He has been a member of The Swedish Royal Academy of Music since 1998 (Parmerud n.d.). Recordings
His work has been issued on two vinyl albums and two CDs, appearing on many more as a contributor (Anon. 2011b).2010a. (press release, 1 November). Swedish Embassy in Mexico (Accessed 13 September 2011). Anon. 2010b. "Continúa Festival Internacional de Música y Nuevas Tecnologías" (press release). Mexico City: Notimex (6 November), 2010.(Press release)
 Anon. 2011a. "Domingo 10 de julio de 2011: <mask> <mask>: Una transformación de impulsos, frecuencias y tonalidades" (Press release). Cervantino 2011 festival website (Accessed 13 September 2011). Anon. 2011b. "Invitados de honor Cervantino 2011: Música electroacústica de <mask> <mask>".Países nórdicos • Dinamarca • Finlandia • Noruega • Suecia website. (Accessed 13 September 2011). [<mask>, <mask>]. n.d. "<mask> <mask>" (biography). <mask> <mask> website (Accessed 13 September 2011). Copyedited reprint: "<mask> Parmerud ", London Sinfonietta website (Accessed 13 September 2011). Peterson, Hans-Gunnar.2001. "<mask>, <mask>". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers. Scheinin, Rich. 2008. "Inventive Cellist Captures Festival's Spirit".San Jose Mercury (March 8). Further reading
 Bergendal, Göran. 2001. 33 nya svenska komponister. Stockholm: Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien. .
 Brech, Martha. 1993. Analyse elektroakustischer Musik mit Hilfe von Sonagrammen (PhD diss., Technische Universität Berlin).Europäische Hochschulschriften, XXXVI: Musikwissenschaft, no. 118. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. . Reviewed by Pascal Decroupet, in Die Musikforschung 53, no. 3 (July–September 2000): 352–53. Brech, Martha. 1995."Möglichkeiten und Grenzen sonagraphischer Partituren für die Hörinterpretation". In Der Hörer als Interpret, 195–210. Schriften zur Musikpsychologie und Musikästhetik, no. 7. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. .
 Emmerfors, Fredrik. 2008. "<mask> Parmerud".Nutida Musik 51, no. 3:77–81. Kothman, Keith. 1992. "Dealing with Rock: How the Contemporary Composer Deals with Cultural Background". In Proceedings of the Bowling Green State University New Music & Art Festival. XIII, edited by William Eastman Lake, 17–26.Contemporary Music Forum 4. Bowling Green: Bowling Green State University. Reimers, Lennart. 1979. "Neue Musik in Schweden". Neue Zeitschrift für Musik 140, no. 1: 28–30.Thoresen, Lasse, and Andreas Hedman. 2009. "Sound-Objects, Values and Characters in <mask> <mask>'s Les objets obscurs, 3rd Section". Organised Sound 14, no. 3 (December): 310–20. Thoresen, Lasse. 2010."Form-Building Patterns and Metaphorical Meaning". Organised Sound 15, no. 2 (August): 82–95. Westman, Lennart. 1997. "Beyond the Machine". Nordic Sounds, no.1: 19–22. External links
 Composer's website
 Composer's website

Living people
Electroacoustic music composers
Swedish composers
Swedish male composers
1953 births

masks:
Åke Parmerud
Education Parmerud
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Honours Parmerud
Åke
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