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<mask>. (born May 29, 1962 in Newnan, Georgia) was United States Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions) from 2001 to 2005 and Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics from 2007 to 2009. He is the founder and principal of JY Strategies, LLC. Early life and education
<mask><mask>. was educated at the Georgia Institute of Technology (bachelor's degree in Aerospace Engineering). Participating in Georgia Tech's cooperative education program, while in university, he worked for Lockheed Martin Aeronautics in Fort Worth, Texas, where his work included engineering work for the F-16 Fighting Falcon and advanced fighter technology. He next worked at the Braddock Dunn & McDonald facility in Huntsville, Alabama, where he provided engineering support for the United States Army's missile defense efforts. <mask> then returned to school, attending Stanford University, receiving a master's degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics.Early career
After earning his master's degree, he took a job with Rockwell International's Missile Systems Division in Duluth, Georgia. He joined Sandia National Laboratories in 1988, and his work at Sandia focused on hypersonic weapons, the aerodynamics of maneuverable reentry vehicles, and standoff bombs. <mask> won an American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Congressional Fellowship that took him to Washington, D.C. to work for the United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense; after his fellowship, he joined the professional staff of the United States Senate Committee on Appropriations as the staff analyst for United States Department of Defense procurement, research, development, test and evaluation (RDT&E). In this capacity, he was responsible for reviewing all Department of Defense aircraft procurement programs, the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. He also reviewed the science and technology budgets of the United States Navy, the United States Army, and the Office of the Secretary of Defense. Later career

On June 24, 2001, President of the United States George W. Bush nominated <mask> as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions) and he was sworn in on July 17, 2001. He served in this office until November 6, 2005.During his time as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions), <mask> sought to help contain the research and development and procurement costs of the United States Department of the Navy. A supporter of missile defense, he (along with Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Vern Clark and Lieutenant General Ronald T. Kadish), oversaw the transfer of the USS Lake Erie (CG-70) to the Missile Defense Agency; the procurement of the RIM-161 Standard Missile 3; and the modification of Arleigh Burke class destroyers to provide sea-based missile defense. <mask> began the RIM-174 Standard ERAM program and oversaw the addition of the AIM-120 AMRAAM to the Navy's Standard Missile. He also successfully earned Congressional approval for funding for the first Virginia class submarine. Other major initiatives included awarding contracts to begin construction of Zumwalt class destroyers, the P-8 Poseidon, the Lewis and Clark class dry cargo ships, the VH-71 Kestrel, and the Littoral Combat Ships. With his Air Force counterpart, he approved the Joint Tactical Radio System and the Distributed Common Ground System plan. Upon leaving the post of Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions) in 2005, <mask> became Director of Defense Research and Engineering for the United States Department of Defense.In addition to his duties as DDR&E, he successfully managed a task force that expanded the use of biometric systems to improve the security of U.S. forces and neighborhoods in Iraq. Defense Secretary Robert Gates then asked <mask> to lead a task for to expedite the production of Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles. Under his leadership, DoD ramped up production to over 1,000 MRAPs per month, delivering over 14,000 MRAPs in roughly 18 months. These vehicles saved the lives of many soldiers from improvised explosive devices (IEDs), becoming one of the hallmarks of Secretary Gates' tenure. In 2007, President Bush nominated <mask> as Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics and, after confirmation by the United States Senate on October 4, 2007, <mask> took up this post in November 2007. As Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics, <mask> was responsible for providing United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates and United States Deputy Secretary of Defense Gordon R. England with advice on all Department of Defense procurements, acquisitions, technological issues, and logistics. Notable work as AT&L included endorsing a remarkable swap of DDG-1000 and DDG-51 shipbuilding contracts between two industry teams and implementing new acquisition practices, management approaches and requirements reviews.He left this post in 2009 and founded JY Strategies, LLC, where he specializes in providing strategic insight to firms on defense programs, the Department of Defense, the Congressional authorization and appropriations process and change management. In addition to his work with JY Strategies, <mask> was VP of Business Development for E6 Partners, working with former Deputy Secretary of Defense, Gordon England. <mask> is a Board Member for SRI International. ; Saab-Sensis (Outside Board Director/SSA); Tenax Aerospace; HDT Global; Potomac Institute for Policy Studies and Georgia Tech Research Corporation (2010-2015).<mask> is  an Advisory Board member for Cubic Defense Applications. He is a Board of Regents Member and Senior Fellow for the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies. References

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United States Department of Defense officials
United States Assistant Secretaries of the Navy
Living people
1962 births
Georgia Tech alumni
Stanford University alumni
Directors of SRI International
Georgia (U.S. state) Republicans
George W. Bush administration personnel
United States Assistant Secretaries of Defense
Sandia National Laboratories people

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For the artist, see <mask>. <mask><mask> (also known as <mask>, with a slightly antiquated pet form of his given name; 2 November 1886 – 28 March 1957) was a Romanian politician who served twice as Prime Minister of Romania (1934–1937; 1939–1940), three times as Minister of Foreign Affairs (interim in 1934 and 1938, appointed to the office in 1945-1947) and once as Minister of War (1934). Representing the "young liberals" faction inside the National Liberal Party (PNL), <mask> began his political career as a collaborator of Ion G. Duca, becoming noted for his anticommunism and, in time, for his conflicts with the PNL's leader Dinu Brătianu and the Foreign Minister Nicolae Titulescu. During his first time in office, he moved closer to King Carol II and led an ambivalent policy toward the fascist Iron Guard and ultimately becoming instrumental in establishing the authoritarian and corporatist regime around the National Renaissance Front. In 1940, he accepted the cession of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union and had to resign. After the start of World War II, <mask> initiated a move to rally political forces in opposition to Ion Antonescu's dictatorship, and sought an alliance with the Romanian Communist Party (PCR). He was twice expelled from the PNL, in 1938 and 1944, creating instead his own group, the National Liberal Party-<mask>, and representing it inside the communist-endorsed Petru Groza cabinet.In 1946-1947, he was also the President of the Romanian Delegation to the Peace Conference in Paris. Then, relations between <mask> and the PCR began to sour, and he was replaced from the leadership of both his own party and the Foreign Ministry when his name was implicated in the Tămădău Affair. Following the Communist takeover, he was arrested and held as a political prisoner while being called to testify in the trial of Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu. He died soon after his release from prison. Elected an honorary member of the Romanian Academy in 1937, he was removed from his seat by the communist authorities in 1948. One of his brothers, Colonel Ștefan <mask>, was at some point the leader of a minor Nazi group, the National Socialist Party. Early life and politics
Born in Târgu Jiu, <mask> studied at Carol I High School in Craiova.He later went to France, where he was awarded a doctorate from the University of Paris in 1912, with a thesis on the Romanian parliamentary system (Le régime électoral et parlementaire en Roumanie). He subsequently worked as a lawyer in Bucharest. He fathered a son, Tudor, and a daughter, Sanda (married to the lawyer Ulise Negropontes in 1940). After joining the National Liberal Party (PNL), he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies for the first time in November 1919, representing Gorj County. Among his first notable actions as a politician was an initiative to interpellate Nicolae L. Lupu, the Minister of Interior Affairs Ministry in the Romanian National Party-Peasants' Party cabinet in answer to concerns that the executive was tolerating socialist agitation in the countryside. He stood among the PNL's "young liberals" faction, as they were colloquially known, supporting free trade and a more authoritarian rule over the country around King Carol II, and opposing both the older generation of leaders (who tended to advocate protectionism and a liberal democracy) and the dissident group of Gheorghe I. Brătianu (see National Liberal Party-Brătianu). The Undersecretary in the Interior Affairs Ministry under several PNL cabinets (beginning with that of Ion I. C. Brătianu in 1922–1926), he first became noted as a collaborator of Ion G. Duca.In 1924–1936, in contrast to his agenda after World War II agenda, <mask> was a noted anticommunist, and reacted vehemently against the Romanian Communist Party (PCdR, later PCR), recommending and obtaining its outlawing, based on communist adversity to the concept of Greater Romania, and notably arguing that the Comintern-supported Tatarbunary Uprising was evidence of "imperialist communism". First cabinet

Context
<mask> became leader of the cabinet in January 1934, as the fascist Iron Guard had assassinated Prime Minister Duca on 30 December 1933 (the five-day premiership of Constantin Anghelescu ensured transition between the two governments). His was the second PNL cabinet formed during Carol's reign, and the latter's failure to draw support from the mainstream group led to a tight connection being established between Carol and the young liberals, with Tătărescu backing the process leading to the creation of a royal dictatorship. One of <mask>'s first measures was a decisive move to end the conflict between the National Liberal executive and the Mayor of Bucharest, Dem I. Dobrescu (who was backed by the National Peasants' Party)—making use of his prerogative, he removed Dobrescu from office on 18 January. The brief period constituted a reference point in Romanian economy, as the emergence from the Great Depression, although marked by endemic problems, saw prosperity more widespread than ever before. This was, in part, the contribution of new economic relations which <mask> defended and encouraged: the state transformed itself into the main agent of economic activities, allowing for prosperous businesses to benefit from its demands, and, in time, leading to the creation of a camarilla dominated by the figures of industrialists such as Aristide Blank, Nicolae Malaxa, and Max Auschnitt. In this context, Tătărescu's allegedly subservient position in front of Carol was a frequent topic of ridicule at the time.According to a hostile account of the socialist Petre Pandrea:
"<mask> was ceremonious in order to cover his menial nature. When he was leaving audiences [with the King], he pressed forward on the small of his back and  returned facing backwards from the desk to the door, not daring to show his back. [...] Watching over the scene [...], Carol II exclaimed to his intimate assistants: — I don't have a big enough tooshie for all the politicians to kiss!" Among other services rendered, he intervened in the conflict between Carol and his brother, Prince Nicholas, asking the latter to renounce either his marriage to Ioana Dumitrescu-Doletti—considered a misalliance by Carol, it had not been recognized by Romanian authorities—or his princely prerogatives. Nicholas chose the latter alternative in 1937. Inside his party, <mask> lost ground to Dinu Brătianu, elected by the traditional Liberal elite as a compromise in order to ensure unity; upon his election in 1934, the latter stated:
"This time as well, I would have gladly conceded, if I were to believe that anyone else in the party could gather voter unanimity." The issue remained debated for the following two years.The party congress of July 1936 eventually elected <mask> to the second position in the party, that of general secretary. European politics
In his foreign policy, Prime Minister <mask> balanced two different priorities, attempting to strengthen the traditional military alliance with Poland which was aimed at the Soviet Union, and reacting against the growing regional influence of Nazi Germany by maintaining the relevancy of the Little Entente and establishing further contacts with the Soviets. In August 1936, he removed Nicolae Titulescu from the office of Foreign Minister, replacing him with Victor Antonescu. This caused an uproar, with most of Romania's diplomatic corps voicing their dissatisfaction. Over the following months, virtually all of Titulescu's supporters were themselves recalled (including, among others, Constantin Vișoianu, the ambassador to Poland, Constantin Antoniade, Romania's representative to the League of Nations, Dimitrie Ghyka, the ambassador to Belgium, and Caius Brediceanu, the ambassador to Austria) while Titulescu's adversaries, such as Antoine Bibesco, were returned to office. Bibesco subsequently campaigned in France and the United Kingdom, in an attempt to reassure Romania's main allies that the move did not signify a change in Romania's priorities. <mask> was later blamed by his own party for having renounced the diplomatic course on which Romania had engaged.In early 1937, <mask> rejected the proposal of Józef Beck, Poland's Minister of Foreign Affairs, to withdraw Romania's support for Czechoslovakia and attempt a reconciliation with Hungary (the following year, Romania withdrew its support for the former, indicating, just before the Munich Agreement, that it was not in a position to guarantee Czechoslovakia's frontiers). This was accompanied by Czechoslovak initiatives to establish close contacts between the Little Entente and the Soviets: a scandal erupted in the same year, when the country's ambassador to Romania, Jan Šeba, published a volume calling for Soviet-Entente military cooperation (despite the Soviet-Romanian conflict over Bessarabia) and expressing the hope that the Soviet state would extend its borders into West Belarus and Ukraine. Kamil Krofta, Czechoslovakia's Foreign Minister, received criticism for having prefaced the book, and, after <mask> paid a visit to Czechoslovak Prime Minister Milan Hodža, Šeba was recalled to Prague. Facing the Iron Guard
In combating the Iron Guard, <mask> chose to relax virtually all pressures on the latter (while mimicking some of its messages), and instead concentrated again on curbing the activities of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR) and outlawing its Popular Front-type organizations (see Amicii URSS). In April 1936, he and the Minister of the Interior Ion Inculeț allowed the a youth congress to gather in Târgu Mureș, aware of the fact that it was masking a fascist gathering; delegates to the congress, traveling in a special train commissioned by the government, vandalized Ion Duca's memorial plate in Sinaia train station, and, upon their arrival in Târgu Mureș, made public their violent anti-Semitic agenda. It was probably there that death squads were designated and assigned missions, leading to the murder of Mihai Stelescu, a former associate, in June of the next year. In February 1937, an intense publicity campaign by the Guard, begun with the ostentatious funerals of Ion Moța and Vasile Marin (killed in the Spanish Civil War) and culminating in the physical assaulting of Traian Bratu, rector of the University of Iași, by Guardist students, provoked the premier's order to close down universities throughout the country.Later in that year, the collaboration between monarch and premier, coupled with the fact that <mask> had successfully attracted nationalist votes from the Iron Guard, led to the signing of an electoral agreement between the latter, the National Peasants' Party (the main democratic opposition group), and the National Liberal Party-Brătianu—the pact was meant to prevent all attempt by Carol to manipulate the votes in elections. (A secondary and unexpected development was that the illegal PCR, which had decided to back the National Peasants' Party prior to the elections, eventually supported the electoral pact.) <mask>'s own alliance policy rose the anger of his opponents inside the PNL, as he signed collaboration agreements with the fascist Romanian Front and German Party. The 1937 elections led to an unprecedented situation: although the PNL and Tătărescu had gained the largest percentage of the vote (almost 36%), they fell short of being awarded majority bonus (granted at 40% of the vote). As the far right had gathered momentum (the Guard, running under the name of "Everything for the Fatherland Party", had obtained 15.6% of the vote), Carol was faced with the threat of an Iron Guard government, which would have been one deeply opposed to all of his political principles: he called on a third party, Octavian Goga's National Christian Party (coming from the anti-Semitic far right but deeply opposed to the Guard) to form a new cabinet in December of that year. Consequently, <mask> renounced his offices inside the party, and, while keeping his office of general secretary, he was surpassed by the readmitted Gheorghe I. Brătianu — who was elected to the new office of PNL vice president on 10 January 1938. After the failure of Goga's policies to curb the rise of their competitors, the king, backed by Tătărescu, resorted to dissolving all political parties on 30 May 1938, creating instead the National Renaissance Front.Rearmament
As Prime Minister, <mask> showed particular concern for the modernization of the Romanian Armed Forces. Almost immediately after becoming Prime Minister, he established the Ministry of Armaments, chaired by himself. This ministry lasted for over three years before being dissolved on 23 February 1937, during his third cabinet. Under Tătărăscu's premiership, Romania launched a ten-year rearmament program on 27 April 1935. Under this program, Romania acquired 248 Škoda 100 mm howitzers (delivered in the mid-1930s) and 180 Škoda 150 mm

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 howitzers (delivered between 1936 and 1939). In 1936, Romania ordered 126 LT vz 35 tanks and 35 R-1 tankettes. These acquisitions from Czechoslovakia were followed in 1937 by 12 Focke-Wulf Fw 58 aircraft, ordered from Germany and delivered between April and June that same year.Romania employed German technicians to build a shipyard at Galați using materials supplied by the Reșița works. There, two submarines would be built between 1938 and 1943, among others (Marsuinul and Rechinul). The resumed and much improved trade relations with Škoda, following the disastrous "Škoda Affair" of the early 1930s, were credited to the energy and ability of Tătărăscu, "the soldier-politician who reversed the usual order in Romanian politics by placing the welfare of the country superior to the lust for graft". It is worth noting, however, that of the 35 tankettes and 126 tanks ordered during <mask>'s premiership, only 10 of the former and 15 of the latter actually arrived in Romania before the end of his mandate at the end of 1937. Both of these orders were delivered in full during late 1938 and early 1939, respectively. In 1936, Romania also started producing the Polish PZL P.11 fighter aircraft, of which 95 were ultimately built by IAR. In 1937, Romanian production of the improved PZL P.24 also commenced, with 25 fighters being built until 1939.Second cabinet

In this context, <mask> chose to back the regime, as the PNL, like the National Peasants' Party, remained active in nominal clandestinity (as the law banning it had never been enforced any further). Having personally signed the document banning opposition parties, he was expelled from the PNL in April 1938, and contested the legitimacy of the action for the following years. Allegedly, his ousting was recommended by Iuliu Maniu, leader of the National Peasants' Party's and, for the following years, the closest of Dinu Brătianu's political allies. Soon after his second arrival to power, <mask> became noted for the enthusiastic support he gave to the modernist sculptor Constantin Brâncuși, and directed state funds to finance the building of Brâncuși's The Endless Column complex in Târgu Jiu (completed in October 1938). Alongside Alexandru Vaida-Voevod and Constantin Argetoianu (whom he succeeded as Premier), <mask> became a dominant figure in the group of maverick pro-Carol politicians. After a bloody crackdown on the Iron Guard, the Front attempted to reunite political forces in a national government that was to back Carol's foreign policies in view of increasing threats on Romania's borders after the outbreak of World War II. In 1945, <mask> stressed his belief that authoritarianism benefited Romania, and supported the view that Carol had meant to keep Romania out of the war.<mask>'s second cabinet was meant to reflect the latter policies, but it did not draw any support from traditional parties, and, in April 1940, Carol, assisted by Ernest Urdăreanu and Mihail Ghelmegeanu, began talks with the (by then much weaker) Iron Guard. <mask> remained in office throughout the rest of the Phony War, until the fall of France, and his cabinet signed an economic agreement with Nazi Germany (through which virtually all Romanian exports were directed towards the latter country) and saw the crumbling of Romania's alliance with the United Kingdom and France. The cabinet was brought down by the cession of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union (effects of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact), as well as by Carol's attempt to appease German hostility by dissolving it, replacing <mask> with Ion Gigurtu, and recreating the Front as the totalitarian Party of the Nation. World War

After the Second Vienna Award (when Northern Transylvania was lost to Hungary), confirming Carol's failure to preserve both the country's neutrality and its territorial integrity, Romania was taken over by an Iron Guard dictatorial government (the National Legionary State). Speaking five years later, Dinu Brătianu placed the blame for the serious developments on <mask>'s own actions, addressing him directly:
"I remind you: [...] you have contributed directly, in 1940, in steering the country towards a foreign policy that, as one could tell even then, was to prove ill-fated and which led us to the loathsome Vienna settlement, one which you have supported inside the Crown Council [...]." On 26 November 1940, the Iron Guard began a bloody retaliation against various political figures who had served under Carol (following a late investigation into the 1938 killing of Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, the movement's founder and early leader, by Carol's authorities). Tătărescu and Constantin Argetoianu were among the second wave of captured politicians (on 27 November), and were destined for arbitrary execution; they were, however, saved by the intervention of regular police forces, most of whom had grown hostile to the Guardist militias.Retired from political life during the war, he was initially sympathetic to Ion Antonescu's pro-German dictatorship (see Romania during World War II)—Dinu Brătianu, who remained in opposition to the Antonescu regime, made mention an official visit to Bessarabia, recovered after the start of Operation Barbarossa, when <mask> had accompanied Antonescu, "thus making common cause with his warmongering action". At the time, his daughter <mask> Negropontes worked as an ambulance driver for the Romanian Red Cross. In the end, <mask> became involved in negotiations aimed at withdrawing Romania from the conflict, and, while beginning talks with the Romanian Communist Party (PCR), tried to build foreign connections to support Romania's cause following the inevitable defeat; he thus corresponded with Edvard Beneš, leader of the Czechoslovak government in exile in England. Beneš, who had already been discussing matters involving Romania with Richard Franasovici and Grigore Gafencu, and had agreed to support the Romanian cause, informed the Allied governments of <mask>'s designs. <mask> later contrasted his diplomatic approach with the strategy of Barbu Știrbey (who had only attempted an agreement with the Western Allies in Cairo, instead of opening relations with the Soviets). Initially meeting with the refusal of Iuliu Maniu and Dinu Brătianu (who decided to invest their trust in Știrbey), he was relatively successful after the Cairo initiative proved fruitless: the two traditional parties accepted collaboration with the bloc formed by the PCR, the Romanian Social Democratic Party, the Ploughmen's Front, and the Socialist Peasants' Party, leading to the formation of the short-lived and unstable National Democratic Bloc (BND) in June 1944. It overthrew Antonescu in August, by means of the successful King Michael Coup.Alliance with the Communists
<mask> returned to the PNL later in 1944—after the Soviet Red Army had entered Romania and the country had become an Allied state, political parties were again allowed to register. Nevertheless, <mask> was again opposed to the party leaders Dinu and <mask> I. Brătianu, and split to form his own group in June–July 1945. Dinu Brătianu convened the PNL leadership and formally excluded <mask> and his partisans, citing their support for dictatorial regimes. As the PCR, which was growing more influential (with the backing of Soviet occupation) while generally lacking popular appeal, sought to form alliances with various forces in order to increase its backing, <mask> declared his group to be left-wing and Social liberal, while attempting to preserve a middle course in the new political setting, by pleading for close relations to be maintained with both the Soviet Union and the Western Allies. N. D. Cocea, a prominent socialist who had joined the PNL, represented the faction in talks for an alliance with the Communists. The agreement, favored by Ana Pauker, was vehemently opposed by another member of the Communist leadership, Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu, who argued in favor of "making a distinction inside the bourgeoisie", and collaborating with the main PNL, while calling <mask>'s faction "a gang of con artists, blackmailers, and well-known bribers". <mask> became Foreign Minister and vice president of the government in the cabinet of Petru Groza when the latter came into office after Soviet pressures in 1945; his faction had been awarded leadership of four other ministries—Finance, with three successive office-holders (of whom the last was Alexandru Alexandrini), Public Works, with Gheorghe Vântu, Industry (with Petre N. Bejan), and Religious Affairs, with Radu Roșculeț.He indirectly helped the PCR carry out an electoral fraud during the general election in 1946 by failing to reply to American proposals for organizing fair elections. At the Paris Conference, where he was accompanied by the PCR leaders <mask> Gheorghiu-Dej and Pătrășcanu, he acknowledged the dissolution of Greater Romania under the provisions of the new Treaty (1947). 1947 and after
Tensions between his group with the PCR occurred when the former founded itself as a party under the name of National-Liberal Party (commonly known as the National Liberal Party-<mask>), and, in June–July 1945, proclaimed its goal to be the preservation of property and a middle class under a new regime. Of himself and his principles, <mask> stated:
"I am not a communist. Taking in view my attitudes towards mankind, society, property, I am not a communist. Thus, the new orientation in external politics which I demand for my country cannot be accused of being determined by affinities or sympathies of doctrine." Speaking in retrospect, Gheorghiu-Dej indicated the actual relation between his party and <mask>'s: "we have had to tolerate by our side a capitalist-gentry political group, <mask>'s group".<mask> himself continued to show his support for several PCR policies: in the summer of 1947, he condemned the United States for having protested against the repression of forces in the opposition. Nevertheless, at around the same time, he issued his own critique of the Groza government, becoming the target of violent attacks initiated by Miron Constantinescu in the PCR press. Consequently, he was singled out for negligence in office when, during the kangaroo trial of Iuliu Maniu (see Tămădău Affair), it was alleged that several employees of his ministry had conspired against the government. Scînteia, the official voice of the PCR, wrote of all National Liberal Party-<mask> offices in the government: "The rot is all-encompassing! It has to be removed!". <mask> resigned his office on 6 November 1947, and was replaced by the Communist Ana Pauker. For the following two months, he was sidelined in his own party by PCR pressures, and removed from its leadership in January 1948 (being replaced with Petre N. Bejan—the party was subsequently known as National Liberal Party-Petre N. Bejan).One of his last actions as cabinet member had been to sign the document officially rejecting the Marshall Plan. After the proclamation of the People's Republic of Romania on 30 December 1947, the existence of all parties other than the PCR had become purely formal, and, after the elections of 28 March the one-party state was confirmed by legislation. He was arrested on 5 May 1950, and held in the notorious Sighet prison (alongside three of his brothers—Ștefan Tătărescu included—and his former collaborator Bejan). His son Tudor, who was living in Paris, suffered from schizophrenia after 1950, and had to be committed to an institution (where he died in 1955). <mask> Negropontes was also imprisoned in 1950, and released three years later, upon the death of Joseph Stalin. One of Gheorghe <mask>'s last appearances in public was his stand as one of the prosecution's witnesses in the 1954 trial of Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu, when he claimed that the defendant had been infiltrated into the PCR during the time when he had been premier (Pătrășcanu was posthumously cleared of all charges). Released in 1955, <mask> died in Bucharest, less than two years later.According to Sanda <mask> Negropontes, this came as a result of tuberculosis contracted while in detention. Notes

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1886 births
1957 deaths
People from Târgu Jiu
Prime Ministers of Romania
Deputy Prime Ministers of Romania
Romanian Ministers of Defence
Romanian Ministers of Foreign Affairs
Romanian Ministers of Industry and Commerce
Romanian Ministers of Interior
Honorary members of the Romanian Academy
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
National Liberal Party (Romania) politicians
National Renaissance Front politicians
Romanian people of World War II
World War II political leaders
Romanian delegation to the Paris Peace Conference of 1946
Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church
Carol I National College alumni
University of Paris alumni
Romanian lawyers
Inmates of Sighet prison
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in Romania
20th-century

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<mask> (August 22, 1926 – September 23, 2010) was an American psychologist who served on the faculty of Harvard University from 1963 until his retirement in 1998. <mask> was one of the chief advisers to the Children's Television Workshop (CTW, later known as the Sesame Workshop) in the development and content of the educational programming included in the children's television program Sesame Street. At Harvard, he was chair of the university's Human Development Program for 20 years, which focused on cross-cultural studies of child rearing, and studied the effects of media on young children. In 1974, he wrote Children and Television: Lessons From Sesame Street, which chronicled how Sesame Street was developed and put on the air. <mask> developed many of the research methods the CTW used throughout its history and for other TV shows. In 1968, before the debut of Sesame Street, he led a series of content seminars, an important part of the "CTW Model", which incorporated educational pedagogy and research into TV scripts and was used to develop other educational programs and organizations all over the world. He died in 2010, at the age of eighty-four, and was survived by his wife, a daughter, a son, and a grandchild.Early life and professional career
<mask> was born on August 22, 1926 in Queens. The younger of two children, he grew up in the Jamaica neighborhood of Queens and graduated from Jamaica High School. After two years at Columbia University, he served in the United States Navy during World War II and returned to finish his undergraduate degree and earn a master's in psychology at Columbia. He earned a Ph.D. from Yale University in child development and psychology in 1952, studying the effects of visual media on children and the design of educational programming. He married <mask> in 1953. <mask> taught education at Adelphi University and Hunter College, until hired by the Harvard School of Education (HSE) in 1963, where he taught developmental psychology and its application to education. He was also chair of Harvard's Human Development Program for 20 years, which focused on cross-cultural studies of child rearing and was responsible for recruiting developmental psychologists and cultural anthropologists who influenced the studies of child development and education in the U.S.The HSE honored <mask> with a professorship, the <mask><mask> Professor in Early Childhood Development; former Harvard dean Kathleen McCartney was a recipient. <mask> retired in 1998, and was a professor emeritus at Harvard until his death. <mask>'s colleagues reported that he had a big impact on his students and colleagues. Even though he worked all over the world, he remained dedicated to his students and "remained an integral presence in the lives of his graduate students". <mask> was one of the first scholars to study the effect of television on young children. He was hired in 1961 by NBC as an educational consultant for the TV show Exploring, which was created in response to Federal Communications Commission (FCC) chairman Newton Minow's charge to the networks to create more quality shows for children. <mask> studied how Exploring helped children learn in order to help the producers improve it, observed children while they watched it, and was able to see how TV shows were produced.<mask>'s experiences at NBC led to his involvement with the development of Sesame Street. In 1964, <mask> wrote, with Gordon Fifer and Donald H. Clark, Mental Abilities of Children in Different Social and Cultural Groups. Random House published his 1974 book Children and Television: Lessons From Sesame Street, which was called a "how-to" in creating and producing a children's television show, and was an account of the hard work and dedication required to put Sesame Street on the air. Sesame Street
In 1967, <mask> was asked to help develop and lead the research department of the newly formed Children's Television Workshop (CTW, later the Sesame Workshop), the organization responsible for the production of Sesame Street and other educational television programs. He was invited by Carnegie Foundation vice-president and Sesame Street co-creator Lloyd Morrisett, whom he had met while they were both psychology students at Yale. At first, <mask> was skeptical about the new show's potential and its ability to teach children; according to Morrisett, "he took some convincing". As <mask> later reported, he would be involved only if he was able to make a real contribution.When he saw that Morrisett and his co-creator, Joan Ganz Cooney, were serious about developing goals and a curriculum for the new show, and that it would be an "experimental venture in education by television", he became the first chairman of the CTW's advisory board, a position he held from 1967 to 1997. <mask> was skeptical about Cooney's qualifications as CTW's first CEO, although by the time he wrote Children and Television in 1974, she stated in the book's foreword, "...I couldn't begin to measure how proud I am to be <mask>'s colleague and how happy I am to know the pleasure of his company". According to The New York Times, <mask> "poured the pedagogy into [Sesame Street], helping ensure from the start that the new, experimental venture in education by television would be both enjoyable and instructive". Fellow CTW researchers Edward Palmer and <mask> M. Fisch credited <mask>, along with Cooney and Morrisett, as a main architect of the show, and stated that "its extensive use of innovative television techniques meant that it would be highly experimental in nature". <mask> and Palmer developed many of the research methods used to study the show's impact on children throughout the show's history. According to Sesame Workshop CEO Gary Knell, <mask> "trail blazed a path for an entire industry" and "set the standard for education's intersection with media". Knell also stated that <mask> challenged the conventional wisdom of the time that television could not teach young children, and proved that "TV was something organic in itself; it was a technological species that lived under its own rules of engagement".Beginning in June 1968, the CTW conducted a series of seminars at Harvard and in Manhattan, which were led by <mask>. These seminars became an important aspect of "the CTW model", which incorporated educational pedagogy and research into TV scripts and was used to develop other educational programs and organizations all over the world. The purpose of the seminars was to expose the production team and other filmmakers and illustrators involved in the creative aspects of the new show to scholars, educators, and experts, and to encourage that both groups work together to create a curriculum and goals for the new show. The production team was skeptical regarding the place of research and objective analysis in the production of a television show, but <mask>'s previous experience in television, his warm, informal, unpretentious, and collaborative manner, and his proficiency in leading the meetings, convinced them. CTW researcher Keith Mielke stated, "He was masterful at running meetings. He was never stiff and formal, but casual and friendly". According to producer <mask>, despite the participants' personalities, experiences, and dispositions, <mask> was the only reason the seminars were successful.<mask> set the meetings' tone and agenda, and recruited the participants. He stated, "The message was clear; we were there to work. No pretension was going to be allowed". <mask> never appeared on Sesame Street, but he did appear in the promotional films the CTW created to persuade television stations to air the program. He worked on other CTW shows, including 3-2-1 Contact, Square One TV, and Ghostwriter, and was involved in developing versions of Sesame Street created in other countries. Death
A resident of Lexington, Massachusetts, <mask> died at the age of 84 on September 23, 2010, in Burlington, Massachusetts due to a cerebral hemorrhage. He was survived by his wife, a daughter, a son, and a grandchild.Awards
 1970: Guggenheim Fellow
 1974: Distinguished Contribution Award, the American Psychological Association
 1986: Visiting professor, the Institute for Communications Research, Keio University
 1988, 1990: Senior fellow, Gannet Center for Media Studies

Works
 Wittenborn, J. R., Elaine G.Bell, and <mask><mask> (1951), "Symptom patterns among organic patients of advanced age". Journal of Clinical Psychology, 7, pp. 328–331. doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(195110)7
 Wittenborn, J.R. and <mask><mask> (October 1951). "Biographical factors and psychiatric symptoms". Journal of Clinical Psychology, 7 (4), pp. 317–322.doi: 10.1002/1097-4679
 <mask>, <mask>. (September 1957)."The relationship between overt and fantasy aggression as a function of maternal response to aggression". The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55 (2), pp. 218–221. doi: 10.1037/h0042743
 _ (1958). "Conflict analysis of fantasy aggression". Journal of Personality, 26, pp. 29–41.doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1958.tb01568.x
 _ (1958). "Application of Guttman's scaling method to aggressive fantasy in children". Educational and Psychological Measurement, 18, pp. 543–551. doi: 10.1177/001316445801800308
 Abelson, Robert P. and <mask><mask> (1959). "The Measurement of Persuasibility in Children". In Personality and Persuasibility, Irving L. Janis, ed.New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, pp. 141–166
 _ (1959). "A Developmental Theory of Persusibility". <mask>, <mask>. and Robert P. Abelson (1959). "Personality Correlates of Persuasibility in Children". _ (February 1959). "The relationships between various forms of aggression and popularity among lower-class children".Journal of Educational Psychology, 50 (1), pp. 20–25. doi: 10.1037/h0040182
 _ (February 1959). "Population differences in construct validity". Journal of Consulting Psychology, 23 (1), pp. 60–65. doi: 10.1037/h00434853
 _ (1959)."Religion and the Defensive Responses in Children's Fantasy", Journal of Projective Techniques, 23 (1), pp. 64–68. doi: 10.1080/08853126.1959.10380897
 _ (1961). "Custom-Making Projective Tests for Research". Journal of Projective Techniques, 25 (1), pp. 21–31. doi: 10.1080/08853126.1961.10381002
 _ (July 1962)."The Identification of Gifted Elementary School Children with Exceptional Scientific Talent", Educational and Psychological Measurement, 22, pp. 349–364. doi: 10.1080/0020486640020305
 <mask>, <mask>., Rhoda N.Krawitz, and Rita Packard (January 1963). "Experimental arousal of achievement motivation in adolescent girls". The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66 (1), pp. 59–66. doi: 10.1037/h0042942
 <mask>, <mask>., Kristine M. Rosen‐thai, <mask>. Polkoff and Marjorie B. Pfankuch (1963)."Some Effects of Segregation in the Schools", Equity & Excellence in Education, 2 (3), pp. 20–26. doi: 10.1080/0020486640020305
 French, Elizabeth and <mask><mask> (February 1964). "Some characteristics of the achievement motive in women." The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68 (2), pp. 119–128. doi: 10.1037/h0041417
 <mask>, Nathan, <mask><mask>, and Philip I. Freedman (Summer 1964)."A comparison of methods of observation in preservice teacher training". AV Communication Review, 12 (2), pp 177–197
 <mask>, <mask>., Gordon Fifer, and Donald H. Clark  (1965). "Mental Abilities of Children from Different Social-Class and Cultural Groups". Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 30 (4), pp. 1–115
 <mask>, <mask>. and <mask> (Fall 1966). "New media research in teacher education". AV Communication Review, 14 (3), pp.318–361
 <mask>, <mask>.and <mask><mask> (Winter 1967). "Learning Patterns in the Disadvantaged". Harvard Educational Review, 37 (4), pp. 546–593
 Fort, Jane G., Jean C. Watts, and <mask><mask> (March 1969). "Cultural Background and Learning in Young Children", The Phi Delta Kappan, 50 (7), pp. 386–389
 Kandel, Denise B. and <mask><mask> (April 1969). "Parental and Peer Influences on Educational Plans of Adolescents".American Sociological Review 34 (2), pp. 213–223
 _ (May 1969). "Parent-Adolescent Relationships and Adolescent Independence in the United States and Denmark". Journal of Marriage and Family 31 (2), pp. 348–358
 _ (February 1972). "Marital Decision-Making in American and Danish Urban Families: A Research Note". Journal of Marriage and Family 34 (1), pp.134–138
 _ (Summer 1972). "Learning, Teaching, and Television Production for Children: The Experience of Sesame Street", Harvard Educational Review, 42 (2), pp. 232–272
 _ (1974). Children and Television: Lessons From Sesame Street. New York: Vintage Books. Palmer, Edward L., Milton Chen, and <mask><mask> (1976). "Sesame Street: Patterns of International Adaptation".Journal of Communication, 26, pp. 108–123. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1976.tb01389.x
 _ (Feb 1976). "Applications of psychology to television programming: Formulation of program objectives". American Psychologist, 31 (2), pp. 135–136. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.31.2.135
 <mask>, <mask>. and <mask> (2001)."Creation and Evolution of the Sesame Street Curriculum". In "G" is for Growing: Thirty Years of Research on Children and Sesame Street. Mahweh, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers, pp. 25–38. ReferencesCitationsWorks Cited'''
 Blatt, Joe (moderator) (February 2011). "Celebrating <mask>: From Appian Way to Sesame Street and the World" (YouTube clip). Harvard School of Education
 Davis, Michael (2008).Street Gang: The Complete History of Sesame Street. New York: Viking Penguin. <mask>, <mask>. (1974). Children and Television: Lessons From Sesame Street''. New York: Vintage Books. 1926 births
2010 deaths
Adelphi University faculty
United States Navy personnel of World War II
American psychologists
Columbia University alumni
Harvard Graduate School of Education faculty
Hunter College faculty
Jamaica High School (New York City) alumni
People from Lexington, Massachusetts
People from Jamaica, Queens
Yale University alumni

masks:
Gerald Samuel Lesser
Lesser
Lesser
Lesser
Stella Scharf
Lesser
Lesser
Gerald S
. Lesser
Lesser
Lesser
Lesser
Lesser
Lesser
Lesser
Lesser
Lesser
Lesser
Lesser
Gerry Lesser
Lesser
Shalom
Lesser
Lesser
Lesser
Lesser
Lesser
Lesser
Sam Gibbon
Lesser
Lesser
Lesser
Lesser
Gerald S
. Lesser
Gerald S
. Lesser
Lesser
Gerald S
Gerald S
. Lesser
Lesser
Gerald S
Lesser
Gerald S
Lesser
Gerald S
Sally E
Gerald S
. Lesser
Stoller
Gerald S
. Lesser
Lesser
Gerald S
Lesser
Gerald S
Herbert Schueler
Stodolsky
Susan S
Gerald S
. Lesser
Gerald S
. Lesser
Gerald S
. Lesser
Gerald S
. Lesser
Lesser
Gerald S
Joel Schneider
Gerry Lesser
Lesser
Gerald S


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<mask> "Tony" <mask> (September 26, 1856 – July 13, 1926) was a career officer in the United States Marine Corps, who served in the Spanish–American War, the Caribbean and Asia. He was court martialled and acquitted for actions during the Philippine–American War where he led an ill-fated expedition across the island of Samar. He retired from the Marines holding the rank of major general. Early life and career
<mask>") <mask> was born in York County, Virginia on 26 September 1856. He was appointed as a second lieutenant of Marines on 24 June 1880 at the age of 23 and served initial tours of successive shore duty at the Marine Barracks in Norfolk, Virginia, and Washington, D.C. Ancestors
Both of <mask>'s ancestral families enjoyed wealth and political distinction in England and America. The <mask>s were high sheriffs of Kent, where the family owned Groombridge Place, and judiciaries in Buckinghamshire.<mask> <mask>'s ancestor Col. <mask> came to Virginia about 1635. He trained as an attorney at the College of William and Mary and founded a family that included several members of the Virginia House of Burgesses, a justice of the Virginia Supreme Court, and a member of Virginia's delegation to the committee that adopted the Declaration of Independence. <mask> <mask>'s ancestor <mask> was a noted colonial attorney of Williamsburg, Virginia. The Tazewells of Dorset county were churchmen and scholars of the law. William Tazewell, attorney, born in 1691, emigrated to Virginia in 1715. His descendants include members of the House of Burgesses, the U.S. House of Representatives, the Senates of both Virginia and the United States, and the Virginia Supreme Court. <mask>'s maternal grandfather <mask> <mask> was, in turn, a U.S.Congressman, a U.S. Senator, and Governor of Virginia. He built the family home, Wishing Oak, on Granby Street in Norfolk in 1802 and died there on May 6, 1860. The general's mother, <mask> Tazewell, was born at Wishing Oak in 1822. In 1848, she married Matthew Page <mask>, her third cousin four times removed. Their children included a daughter and two sons older than Tony, and three sons younger. <mask> <mask> <mask> was born on September 26, 1856.His father, who was a doctor, died of typhoid during an epidemic on December 11, 1861. Mary remained a widow until her death on December 20, 1889. She is buried with her husband in Elmwood Cemetery in Norfolk, Virginia. The family's extensive public service is exclusively civilian. In 1920, when <mask> Jr.  joined the Sons of the American Revolution, his application was based on his ancestor's participation in the Committee of Independence. The <mask> family website says little about the Civil War years, and the associated Tazewell website says even less. The <mask>s and Tazewells seem to have had no military members prior to Tony's commissioning.His decision to become an officer must have surprised his family, but they were supportive of his ambition. In his teens, Tony was a corporal in the Norfolk Light Artillery Blues, a local militia unit. Turned down for a commission in the cavalry (at 5' 4" he was too short), he was accepted into the Marines. Early years
<mask> was bright, but indifferent to education. He was an outdoorsman, fond of hunting, fishing and riding, and uncomfortable in the classroom. Historian David McCulloch noted that, in the nineteenth century, every literate person in the English-speaking world was familiar with three books – the King James Bible, the works of Shakespeare, and John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress. <mask>'s writing shows the influence of all three.His report from Peking compares the condition of the Marines to Falstaff's army, in reference to Shakespeare's Henry IV. He uses the Biblical phrase "the peace of God which passeth all understanding" in his letter to the Marines in France in 1918. In reporting the death in action of one of his officers in China, <mask> expressed confidence that "all the trumpets will sound for him upon the other side", a phrase taken from Bunyan's description of the death of Faithful. In their ghostwritten memoirs Smedley Butler and Frederick C. Wise remember him as an eloquent speaker and fascinating storyteller. Yet he apparently never considered the study of law or a career in politics. Early Marine career

<mask> first went to sea as the Executive Officer of the Marine Detachment aboard the sloop-of-war , the flagship of the European Squadron and a veteran of the Civil War, in 1881. The Commanding Officer of the Detachment, also a veteran of the Civil War, was the legendary Captain Henry Clay Cochrane.The following year, <mask> was present at the British Naval bombardment of Alexandria, Egypt during a serious local uprising in the summer of 1882. He participated in the landing of a mixed bluejacket and Marine force during the operation. The Naval landing force of sixty-nine sailors and sixty-three Marines was formed, with Lieutenant Commander Charles Goodrich in command and Captain Cochrane as executive officer. The force comprised two companies, the sailors under Navy Lieutenant Frank L. Denny and the Marines under <mask>. The timely arrival of the ships of the European Squadron and their landing force gave protection to the American consulate and to American citizens and interests caught up in the fighting, and also afforded a refuge for the citizens of other nations, who had been displaced from their homes or businesses. Advancing cautiously through the burning and rubble strewn streets, the Americans reached the Grand Square of Mehmet Ali, at the heart of the city. The American Consulate was there, and it became the headquarters of the force.Although the French troops had abandoned the city and cautiously returned to their ships, the Marines secured the Grand Square and began to patrol the streets of the European Quarter, as the international business and consular area was named. Cochrane, <mask> and their Marines were assigned to Lord Charles Beresford's British force for the protection of the European Quarter. The anticipated rebel counterattack never came, and a ten-day standoff ended with the arrival of the four thousand-man British relief force. According to the Times of London:

Lord Charles Beresford states that without the assistance of the American Marines he would have been unable to discharge the numerous duties of suppressing fires, preventing looting, burying the dead, and clearing the streets. As there was no wireless radio in those days, and the telegraphic cable office in Alexandria was not functioning, the Squadron Commander had approval to land the naval force, but once ashore Goodrich had been on his own. It was he who made the decision to stay with the British rather than leave with the French. <mask>, as one of only four officers in the landing force, would have been present when the decisions were made.He learned, as a 24-year-old lieutenant, the habits of independence in command that he would exercise throughout his career. The Spanish–American War

Following tours of shore duty at Norfolk and Washington; and at sea in , , and Lancaster — Captain <mask> served in the battleship , lead ship of the new   during the Spanish–American War and was in that vessel as Commander of its Marine detachment during the Battle of Santiago on 3 July 1898. During this naval engagement, Spanish Admiral Pascual Cervera's fleet was chased down and totally destroyed by the American fleet waiting just outside the harbor. Due to her position at the extreme eastern end of the blockade, the Indiana could not participate in the initial chase after the enemy cruisers made their sortie without cutting across the bow of the , which Captain Taylor, the ship's commander, wisely decided not to do. The battleship and the Marines manning her secondary batteries were, however, able to engage and aid in the destruction of the Furor and the Pluton, the fifth and sixth ships bringing up the rear of Spanish line, as they left the bay. Still too close to his squadron to risk using his big guns, Taylor called on <mask> and his Marines to take the destroyers under fire with the six-inch batteries. Captain <mask> ran from gun to gun, shouting orders and encouragement, as his Leathernecks pulverized the Spanish ships."The only trouble experienced at that time was the difficulty in keeping the men not actually engaged under cover", <mask> Oquendo. The bombardment disabled many of the Spanish cruiser's guns and triggered the detonation of some of its shells. Wreathed in flame, Oquendo ran aground. By now the rest of the Spanish ships had also fallen to American fire.The fighting was over, and it was one of the most lopsided victories in naval history. Every Spanish ship was destroyed and no American vessel had suffered more than token damage. <mask>'s gun crews reportedly fired 500 rounds from their 6-inch guns during the 61-minute melee. In their moment of triumph, the Americans now performed an act of mercy. Captain Taylor directed <mask> to launch the Indiana's whaleboats and pick up as many of the shipwrecked Spanish sailors as possible. With sailors at the oars and Marines in bow and stern to haul the swimmers aboard, <mask>'s detail worked all day. Men who were already weary from passing ammunition, now sunburned and with hands swollen and cracked from salt water, saved their enemies from death.Admiral Sampson  described the service of <mask> and his men in his after-action report to the Secretary of the Navy:

<mask> himself later remembered it:

After the destruction of the three largest ships and two torpedo-boat destroyers, I was sent to pick up the wounded and bring off prisoners from the beaches where they were huddled and in constant danger from the exploding magazines. ... After working for hours with the wounded, we took the prisoners on board ship; there were on board my ship, two hundred and forty-three in all. We issued clothes to the naked men, and the officers gave up their clothes and beds to the Spanish officers. Only a few months ago I received a letter from the widow of one of the officers of Admiral Cervera's staff, telling me of her husband's death, and saying that it was his wish that she should thank me for all that I had done for him; and I have received many tokens and letters besides this in grateful acknowledgement of the mercy shown. Formal recognition of that action at Santiago would come to <mask> sometime later. <mask>'s was one of only ninety-three known awards of this medal, and is believed to be the only one awarded to a U.S. Marine. Because it recognizes heroism not in direct combat, the Specially Meritorious Service Medal can be considered a predecessor of today's Navy and Marine Corps Medal.Boxer Rebellion

While stationed at the naval station at Cavite early in 1900, <mask>, now a major, was ordered to command a detachment of Marines, assigned to take part in the expedition mounted to relieve the siege of Peking, the Imperial Capital of China. This city, with its enclave of foreign Legations, was besieged by a mixed force of "Boxers" and Chinese Imperial troops supporting them. Accordingly, <mask> and his men arrived at Taku, China, on 19 June 1900, soon moved inland, and linked up with a Russian column of 400 men. At 02:00 on June 21, this small combined force set out for Tientsin, a large enemy held city along the route to Peking, arrayed against a Chinese contingent of some 1,500 to 2,000 men. Outnumbered from the start, the column came under heavy enemy fire and was forced to retreat, with the Russians in the lead. In a desperate rearguard action, <mask> and his marines—leaving their dead behind and dragging their wounded with them—fought off the numerically superior (but less aggressive) Chinese forces and reached safety. <mask>'s detachment immediately returned to duty, attached to a British column led by Commander Christopher Craddock.At 04:00 on June 24, an international army—consisting of Italian, German, Japanese, Russian, British, and American forces—set out again for Tientsin. After participating in the final fighting for the city of Peking on July 13–14, <mask> and his men took possession of the American sector and brought order out of the havoc caused by the Chinese retreat. Promoted by brevet to lieutenant colonel and advanced two numbers in grade for his performance of duty at Tientsin and Peking, <mask> <mask> was commended in 1903 by Brigadier General Aaron S. Daggett, U.S. Army, Ret., in his book, America in the China Relief Expedition. He recalled that the marine had

"... participated willingly and energetically ..." with the Allies "... in all movements against the enemy ..." and that "... he and his officers and men ... reflected credit upon American valor. ..."

For his service, Major <mask> received a brevet promotion, along with several of his fellow officers, who had also distinguished themselves, to lieutenant colonel. He would later become one of only 20 Marines to be awarded the USMC Brevet Medal when the decoration was created in 1921. During his service in China, <mask> also began a long-running friendship with then Lt. Smedley Butler.<mask> served as Best Man at Butlers' wedding in June 1905 and the two remained close for the rest of <mask>s' life. Philippine–American War and war crimes acquittal

After the Balangiga massacre, U.S. Army Brigadier General Jacob H. Smith asked for Marine Corps assistance to help subdue the Philippine population on the island of Samar. Major <mask> and his Marine Battalion were given this assignment. Prior to proceeding, Major <mask> had had this conversation with General Smith:

<mask> largely ignored these illegal orders. <mask> and his battalion of 315 Marines departed Cavite on 22 October 1901 and landed at Catbalogan, Samar, on 24 October. In the southern half of Samar, <mask> ran patrols, amphibious operations, and led a detachment of marines which defeated Philippine insurgents in a battle at Sohoton cliffs on 5 November 1901. He was having some success in registering the inhabitants and pacifying the Philippine towns.General Smith ordered <mask> to scout a possible telegraph route across the island from Lanang on the east coast to Basey on the west coast – straight across trackless, uninhabited jungle. <mask>'s March across Samar began from Lanang on 28 December 1901 with 60 Marines, including Sgt. John H. Quick, two Philippine scouts and 33 Philippine porters. In terrible physical conditions, most of the men were soon sick and running out of food. To stave off disaster, Major <mask> divided his force on 3 January 1902. Leaving Marine Captain David D. Porter in charge of a group remaining in the jungle, <mask> and 14 others went for help at Basey, arriving there on 6 January. On 7 January, <mask> led a relief operation back to Porter, but for nine days could not find them.Growing more desperate for food, Captain Porter left the sick and dying behind, under the command of Marine Lieutenant A.S. Williams, and set out with 7 Marines and 6 porters to Lanang. Having arrived at Lanang on 11 January, Cpt. Porter then sent out a relief column to pick up his own stragglers and rescue Lt. William's command. By 18 January, when Williams was rescued, 10 marines had died, one had gone insane and the porters had mutinied. Williams later testified that their mutinous behavior left the Marines in daily fear of their lives; the porters were hiding food and supplies from the Marines and keeping themselves nourished from the jungle while the Marines starved; then three porters attacked and wounded Williams with a bolo knife. The other 11 porters were placed under arrest when Williams' command reached Lanang. After an investigation, <mask> ordered the summary execution, without trial, of the eleven Filipino porters for treason, theft, disobedience and general mutiny.Ten were shot in groups of three (one had been gunned down in the water attempting to escape) The bodies were left in the square as an example, until one evening under cover of darkness, some townspeople carried them off for a Christian burial. <mask>'s Marine Battalion on Samar was relieved by U.S. Army units on 26 February 1902. He and his Battalion left Samar on 28 February, returning to Cavite on 2 March 1902. <mask> reported the executions to Smith, as he had reported every other event. "It became necessary to expend eleven prisoners. Ten who were implicated in the attack on Lieutenant Williams and one who plotted against me." Smith passed <mask>'s report to General Adna Chaffee.For some reason, Chaffee decided to investigate these executions, despite General J. Franklin Bell and Colonel Jacob H. Smith having carried out similar executions on a much larger scale months before with no subsequent investigations. <mask> was tried for murder in ordering the execution of the eleven Filipino porters. A court martial began on March 17, 1902. The court-martial board consisted of 7 Army officers and 6 Marine Corps officers, led by U.S. Army General William H. Bisbee. Major Henry P. Kingsbury, USA, the prosecutor, read the charge and specification. <mask>'s attorneys, Commander Adolph Marix, USN, and Major Edwin Glenn, USA, first argued, unsuccessfully, that the Army had no jurisdiction over him, as he was still under Marine Corps command. From the court martial transcript:

General Bisbee decided that the court was without jurisdiction in the case, but left open the possibility of reversing himself if instructions were received from the office of the Adjutant General of the Army.On 21 March, the instructions arrived. The Assistant Adjutant General noted that the Commanding General of the Philippine Department (General Arthur MacArthur) had ordered a preliminary examination of the case, with a view to legal action, before <mask> was relieved of duty with the Army. <mask> assisted in Major Getty's investigation, and was questioned by him, so he had to know that he was a party to the proceedings. Besides, a "brief lapse of jurisdiction" cannot mitigate a murder charge. General Bisbee "now decides that (the court) has jurisdiction and directs that the case proceed to trial." <mask> enters his plea:

To the specification – Guilty, except to the words "willfully and feloniously and with malice aforethought, murder and" – to those words, not guilty. To the charge – Not Guilty

<mask> did not use Smith's orders "I want all persons killed" to justify his deed, instead relying on the rules of war and provisions of a Civil War General Order

masks:
Littleton Tazewell
Waller
Littleton ( Tony
Waller
Waller
Waller
Littleton
Waller
John Waller
Littleton
Waller
Benjamin Waller
Tony Waller
Littleton
Waller Tazewell
Mary Waller
Waller
Littleton
Waller Tazewell
Waller
Tony Waller
Waller
Waller
Tony Waller
Waller
Waller
Waller
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Waller
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Wallerante
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Waller
Waller
Waller
Littleton
Waller
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Waller
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Waller
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Waller
Waller
Waller
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Waller
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 Number 100 that authorized "exceeding force", much as J. Franklin Bell had successfully done months before.<mask>'s counsel had rested his defense. The prosecution then decided to call General Smith as a rebuttal witness. On April 7, 1902, in sworn testimony, Smith denied that he had given any special verbal orders to <mask>. <mask> then produced three officers, who corroborated <mask>'s version of the <mask> conversation, and copies of every written order he had received from Smith, <mask> informed the court he had been directed to take no prisoners and to kill every male Filipino over age 10. During the trial, American newspapers, including his hometown newspaper in Philadelphia, nicknamed <mask> the "Butcher of Samar". The court martial board voted 11–2 for acquittal of <mask>. Later, the U.S. Army Judge Advocate General dismissed the entire case, agreeing that a Marine Corps officer was not subject to an Army court.As a result of evidence introduced at the <mask> trial, General Smith was then court martialed, convicted, and admonished; President Roosevelt personally ordered his dismissal from the army. Return to America, military excursions into Central America
Returning to the United States soon thereafter, <mask> served in charge of recruiting in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and western New Jersey into 1903 and commanded, in succession, the Provisional Regiment of Marines on the Isthmus of Panama in 1904; the expeditionary forces on the island of Cuba from 1906 and rose to command the Provisional Brigade in Cuba by 1911. He later commanded the Marine Barracks at the Mare Island Navy Yard from 1911 to 1914 and the First Brigade of Marines during action at Veracruz in Mexico in 1914, before being appointed to command marines in Haiti in 1915. Under Colonel <mask>'s command, his troops successfully crushed most armed resistance to the American occupation of the country and restored Pax Americana in Haiti. Later years
Conventional wisdom holds that the Manila court-martial cost <mask> the post of Commandant of the Marine Corps. Most sources claim that his career was stunted, but an extract from his Officer's Qualification Record tells a different story. <mask>'s acquittal is dated April 28, 1902.He had been "promoted MAJOR August 28, 1899, to take rank from July 25, 1899". He is "promoted LIEUTENANT COLONEL, U.S.M.C., by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, March 23, 1903, to rank as such from March 3, 1903", and then "promoted COLONEL, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, March 21, 1905, to rank from March 11, 1905". On March 28, 1901, appointed Lieutenant-Colonel by brevet, in the Marine Corps of the United States, for distinguished conduct and public service in the presence of the enemy near Tientsin, China, from the 13th day of July, 1900. On March 28, 1901, advanced two (2) numbers in rank on the list of Majors, in the Marine Corps, for eminent and conspicuous conduct in battle on June 21, & 23, and July 3, and 9, 1900, at Tientsin, China, from March 8, 1901. Under suspension for ten days (10) from September 18, 1901, for being under the influence of liquor, and thereby unfit for the proper performance of duty. Suspended from duty for being drunk, with an official entry made of the event, <mask> was still promoted from captain to full colonel in less than six years. This is hardly indicative of a stalled career, especially in the early twentieth century.It becomes hard to believe that the court-martial prevented <mask>'s appointment to the commandancy, especially since he is promoted less than a year afterward. But if it was not  the reason, it may have been the excuse. Captain Archibald Butt, U.S. Army, military aide to Presidents Roosevelt and Taft, recalls a White House meeting in March 1910. The subject was the next Marine Commandant. Secretary of the Navy George Meyer had the necessary papers to appoint <mask>, and President Taft agreed. Then, according to Butt:

(<mask>'s) name was practically written, when Senator Penrose of Pennsylvania called on the President, and in five minutes <mask> was sidetracked and Biddle elevated to the place in command. (Biddle) happened to be a cousin of the junior Senator from Pennsylvania, George T. Oliver.With no love for the Marines and no reason to care who their Commandant was, Butt had no reason to lie. Nor is he alone in giving this version of events. In the Proceedings of the U. S. Naval Institute, November 1986, Lieutenant Colonel Merrill L. Bartlett, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired), discusses the career of <mask>'s protege Smedley D. Butler. Like <mask>, Butler was the choice for Commandant among the rank-and-file of the Corps. Butler, too, was denied the position, because of the influence of politics. Col. Bartlett writes:

In 1910, following a spate of in-house acrimony between the CMC, Major General George F. Elliott, and the Adjutant and Inspector, the colorful Colonel Charles H.  Lauchheimer, Elliott opted for retirement. Most observers -- including Butler -- assumed that the venerable <mask> would  gain the Corps' highest post.However, in a private meeting with Secretary of the Navy  George von Meyer, President William H. Taft bowed to pressure from the powerful Pennsylvania Senator Boies Penrose and appointed his constituent, Philadelphia's  William A. Biddle, to the post. Political influence was even more pronounced in the selection of the next Commandant. Col. Bartlett continues:

The passage of legislation in 1913 that  limited the tenure of each CMC to four years -- unless reappointed -- ended the traditional system of appointment until retirement, which had  been in effect since 1798. Instead Josephus Daniels, the new Secretary of the Navy . . .[sent] Biddle into retirement and began the search for a new CMC. Excitedly, Butler assumed that <mask> would win this time. He generated a flurry of correspondence knowing full well that every letter would be read by his congressman father ... Much to Butler's dismay -- and despite whatever political leverage his father  applied -- stronger forces determined the selection of a new CMC in 1913-14.Biddle had hoped to slide in the veteran campaigner, Colonel Lincoln Karmany, before sufficient political forces could be organized to oppose this handpicked successor. But Secretary Daniels eliminated Karmany from the running when he learned of his messy divorce in order to marry another woman. <mask> had  the endorsement of all 21 Democrats in the Senate, but carried the unacceptable baggage of  Samar  with him. Secretary Daniels reasoned that it made no sense to appoint an officer with a reputation for callous and inhumane treatment of  the Filipino people, just when the Wilson Administration promised a more enlightened and humane government of the Philippines. Several key points are evident here. <mask> had the endorsement of  "all 21 Democrats in the Senate", but in 1913 the U.S. had forty-eight states, for a total of  ninety-six senators. The Democrats were not only a minority, they were all Southerners.<mask>'s chances were hardly helped by the small number of Democratic senators or by the fact that his grandfather L.W. Tazewell was the former Democratic governor of Virginia. Col. Bartlett speaks of "the unacceptable baggage of Samar", but as we have seen this did not seem to hamper <mask>'s rise from captain to colonel. <mask>'s "reputation for callous and inhumane treatment of the Filipino people" was based almost entirely on the editorials in the anti-imperialist press, but these views had been rejected by the public long before. The elections of Roosevelt in 1904 and Taft in 1908 came long after the courts-martial not only of <mask> and Day, but also of the Army officers Smith and Glenn. <mask> was also frustrated at being sidelined, as he saw it, from the fighting in France. Relatively few senior Marine officers saw active duty in France, all of them a generation younger than <mask>.On March 22, 1920, <mask> appeared before the Retirement Board at Marine Corps Headquarters. The board found that he was "incapacitated for active service by reason of arterial sclerosis, general, and that his incapacity is the result of an incident of the service." On March 27 the finding was made official:

THE WHITE HOUSE

WOODROW WILSON

The last entry in his Officer's Qualification Record reads:

Continued on active duty at Headquarters, Advanced Base Force until June 16, 1920, on which date relieved from all active duty. Three of <mask>'s sons would go on to serve their country as Officers in the Marines and Navy. <mask> W. T<mask> Jr. served as a major in the Marine Corps during World War I and saw extensive action on the Western Front. <mask>. alternately commanded the 81st Company, First Machine Gun Battalion;  the Sixth Machine Gun Battalion, Second Division, the Eighth Machine Gun Battalion, Third Division; and served as the Division Machine Gun Officer of the Second Division. During his service he participated in the following operations: the Toulon-Troyon Sector; in action with 47th French Infantry at Julgonne; in action on the Marne River; in action at Belleau Wood; in action in the Aisne-Marne Offensive; Marbache Sector; St. Mihiel Sector; and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive.<mask>. later participated in the march to the Rhine and served with the Army of Occupation. He was awarded the Croix de Guerre for action in the Champagne Sector; made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor for action in the Aisne-Marne Offensive; and was cited in General Orders, No. 88, Headquarters, Second Division, dated December 31, 1918. He also received letters of commendation from the Commanding Officer, Second Battalion, Sixth Regiment, Commanding General, Fourth Brigade and Commanding General, Second Division. <mask>. was also awarded the Navy Cross by the Secretary of the Navy and would go on to serve a full career in the Corps, eventually rising to the rank of major general just as his Father had. Having been promoted to brigadier general on 29 August 1916 and to major general on 29 August 1918, <mask> W. T<mask> Sr. closed out his active duty in the Marine Corps as Commander of the Advanced Base Force at Philadelphia Navy Yard from 8 January 1917 until his retirement in June 1920. According to the entry in Webster's American Military Biographies,  L.W.T.<mask> was "reputed to have taken part in more actions than any other Marine officer of the period." Major General <mask> lived in retirement in Philadelphia until his death on 13 July 1926 at the age of 69. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. In 1942, the destroyer  (DD-466) was named in his honor. <mask> Drive in Huntingdon Valley, PA is named after him. A residential cul-de-sac, the street and all of the properties along it were originally part of the estate surrounding the house he had built in 1916, in suburban Philadelphia. Memberships
General <mask> was a member of the Military Order of Foreign Wars, Military Order of the Dragon and the Military Order of the Carabao.The decorations and medals of General <mask>
General <mask> was one of the very few recipients, possibly the only, of both the Brevet Medal and Specially Meritorious Service Medal. With only 23 and 93 total awards respectively, they are two of the rarest decorations in American military history. (By way of comparison, there have been over 3,000 awards of the Medal of Honor and over 600 of the Gold Lifesaving Medal.) Marine Corps Brevet Medal
<mask> was one of only twenty living Marine officers whose gallantry in action during the Civil War, Spanish–American War, Philippine Campaign and the Boxer Rebellion had been recognized by a brevet commission. <mask>'s medal recognized his promotion to the brevet rank of lieutenant colonel, "for distinguished conduct and public service in the presence of the enemy near Tientsin, China", on 13 July 1900. He had retired prior to the creation of the medal, but went to Washington to receive it. Specially Meritorious Service Medal
The letter of August 3, 1904, awarding this medal to <mask>  "in recognition of your gallant conduct in assisting in rescuing crews from the burning Spanish ships after the battle of Santiago de Cuba on July 3, 1898"  is reproduced above.This is one of only 93 known awards of the decoration, given for "specially meritorious service, otherwise than in battle, during the Spanish–American War". It was not awarded before the war with Spain, nor since. Because it recognizes heroism not in direct contact with the enemy, it may be considered a forerunner to the present-day Navy and Marine Corps Medal. The decoration is a bronze cross pattee, with an anchor in its center encircled by a wreath of oak and laurel and the inscription "U.S. Naval Campaign West Indies". The arms of the cross are inscribed "Specially Meritorious Service 1898", and it is suspended from a bright red ribbon. Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal
Originally authorized in 1919 as a ribbon-only award.The medal was authorized in 1929, three years after <mask>'s death. It is not known if his survivors received the medal posthumously. At the time, numerals were worn on the ribbon to show total awards. <mask> was authorized the ribbon with numeral "4" in recognition of the following service:
Egypt, 1882
Panama, 1903–04
Cuba, 1911–12
Haiti, 1916–17

Sampson Medal
Properly speaking, the "Commemorative Medal for Naval Engagements in the West Indies", it took its popular name from the fact that its obverse shows a portrait of Rear Admiral William T. Sampson. The ribbon, red with a wide central blue stripe, is suspended from a bronze pin bearing the name of the ship on which the individual served. Bronze bars are pinned to the front of the ribbon for each engagement with the enemy. No attachments were worn on the ribbon bar.<mask>'s medal had a ship's pin inscribed "USS Indiana", and four engagement bars - "San Juan Porto Rico", for the occupation of that city, and three bars inscribed "Santiago", for the siege, for the great battle of July 3, 1898, and for the occupation of the city. It was awarded in 1901. Spanish Campaign Medal
Awarded to all members of the Navy and Marine Corps who served between 20 April and 10 December 1898. Philippine Campaign Medal
For service ashore in the Philippine Islands between 4 February 1899 and 4 July 1902. China Relief Expedition Medal
For service ashore in China between 24 May 1900 and 27 May 1901. Cuban Pacification Medal
For service ashore in Cuba between 12 September 1906 and 1 April 1909. Mexican Service Medal
For service at Vera Cruz from 21 April to 23 April 1914.Haitian Campaign Medal
For service ashore in Haiti between 9 July and 6 December 1915. World War I Victory Medal
For service during the period 6 April 1917 to 11 November 1918, both dates inclusive. Photos of <mask>, and other Marine officers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, also show the wearing of numerous unofficial medals awarded by fraternal and patriotic societies. The Freemasons, Sons of the American Revolution, Society of the Cincinnati, Grand Army of the Republic and United Spanish War Veterans were some of the more common ones. As military decorations and medals were uncommon prior the First World War, military regulations permitted the wearing of the insignia of societies and organizations composed of service members and/or their descendants. There are photographs of <mask> wearing the distinct triangular medal which represents the Military Order of the Carabao, an association of officers with service in the Philippines which was founded in 1900 as well as the insignia of the Military Order of Foreign Wars, which was founded in 1894 as a military society of officers and their descendants and the Military Order of the Dragon, a military society of officers who served in China during the Boxer Rebellion. See also

Jacob H. Smith
John H. Quick
Smedley Butler

Notes

  Benevolent Assimilation: The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899–1903, Stuart Creighton Miller, (Yale University Press, 1982).p. 220; PBS documentary "Crucible of Empire";  Philippine NewsLink interview with Bob Couttie author of "Hang the Dogs, The True and Tragic History of the Balangiga Massacre"  Ten days after President McKinley's death, the residents of Balangiga, a tiny village 400 miles southeast of Manila, attacked the local U.S. garrison. While U.S. soldiers ate breakfast, the church bells rang a signal. Filipinos brandishing machetes emerged from their hiding places. Forty-eight Americans, two-thirds of the garrison, were butchered, in what is called the Balangiga massacre. On the orders of General Jacob H. Smith, U.S. troops retaliated against the entire island (600 square miles) of Samar where Balangiga is located. The exchange is known because of two courts-martial: one was of <mask> who was later court-martialed for ordering or allowing the execution of a dozen Filipino bearers, and the court-martial of Gen. Jacob H. Smith who was actually court-martialed for giving that order. They jury is out to the extent that order was carried out, because <mask> <mask> actually countermanded it to his own men and said "[Captain David] Porter, I've had instructions to kill everyone over ten years old.But we are not making war on women and children, only on men capable of bearing arms. Keep that in mind no matter what other orders you receive." Undoubtedly, some men did atrocities regardless of <mask>'s commands. Miller, pp. 226–8
  Miller, p. 228; Philadelphia North American, March 16 and 17, 1902
  Miller, p. 230–232; Before the "Howling Wilderness": The Military Career of Jacob Hurd Smith, 1862–1902 David L. Fritz Military Affairs Vol. 43, No. 4 (December, 1979), p. 187; "Most of the material for this article is derived from The Adjutant General's Office (AGO) 1890–1917, National Archives (NA), record group (RG) 94, File 309120 "Considerable older material is filed under the same numerical file number, but has the additional designation of S293CB1867."References

External links

1856 births
1926 deaths
American military personnel of the Boxer Rebellion
American military personnel of the Philippine–American War
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
American military personnel of the Banana Wars
United States Marine Corps generals
United States Marine Corps personnel who were court-martialed
United States Distinguished Marksman
Sons of the American Revolution
People from York County, Virginia
Burials at Arlington National

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