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<mask> (born 25 January 1955) is a French film director, screenwriter and film critic. <mask> is known for his slow-burning period pieces, psychological thrillers, neo-noirs and French comedies. His work has become synonymous with the film movement known as the New French Extremity and has collaborated frequently with Juliette Binoche and Kristen Stewart. The son of filmmaker Jacques Rémy, <mask> began his career as a critic for influential magazine Cahiers du Cinema. Here he wrote about the World Cinema and its film auteurs who would later influence his own works. <mask> made several shorts, and then made the leap from writer to screenwriter. He made his directorial film debut with Disorder in 1986.He continued directing films, with Cold Water (1994) becoming a breakthrough film in his career. It would be his first film to be screened at the Cannes Film Festival. His follow up films Sentimental Destinies (2000), Demonlover (2002), and Clean (2004) all officially competed for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. In 2006, he contributed a short film to the anthology film Paris, je t'aime (2006) with fellow directors such as Alexander Payne, Coen Brothers and Alfonso Cuarón. He gained acclaim with his dramas Summer Hours (2008), Clouds of Sils Maria (2014) and Personal Shopper (2016); the latter won him the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director. He has also directed the comedy Non-Fiction (2018) and the spy thriller Wasp Network (2019). Life and career
<mask> was born in Paris, France, the son of French director/screenwriter <mask>, alias Jacques Rémy (1911–1981).His father was of Turkish-Jewish origin who had settled in Italy, while his mother was of Protestant Hungarian origin. Assayas started his career in the industry by helping his father. He ghostwrote episodes for TV shows his father was working on when his health failed. In a 2010 interview, <mask> stated that his main political influences when growing up were Guy Debord and George Orwell. Speaking of the 1968 May uprising to overthrow General de Gaulle, <mask> in the same interview stated: "I was defined by the politics of May '68, but for me May '68 was an anti-totalitarian uprising. People seemed to forget that at the occupied Odéon theater, you had crossed flags-black and red, and I was on the side of the black element." He made his debut in 1986, after directing some short films and writing for the influential film magazine Cahiers du cinéma.<mask>, starring Hong Kong star Maggie Cheung, which manages to be a tribute both to French director Louis Feuillade and to Hong Kong cinema. While working at Cahiers du cinéma, Assayas wrote lovingly about European film directors he admires but also about Asian directors. One of his films, HHH: A Portrait of Hou Hsiao-hsien, is a documentary about Taiwanese filmmaker Hou Hsiao-hsien. He married Cheung in 1998. They divorced in 2001, but their relationship remained amicable, and in 2004 Cheung made her film Clean with him. He met actress-director Mia Hansen-Løve when Hansen-Løve, seventeen at the time, starred in Assayas's 1998 feature Late August, Early September, but "[they] didn't get together until [she] was 20".They separated in 2017. In 2009, <mask> signed a petition in support of film director Roman Polanski, calling for his release after Polanski was arrested in Switzerland in relation to his 1977 charge for drugging and raping a 13-year-old girl. He directed and co-wrote the acclaimed 2010 French television miniseries Carlos, about the life of the terrorist Ilich Ramírez Sánchez. Venezuelan actor Édgar Ramírez won the César Award for Most Promising Actor in 2011 for his performance as Carlos. In April 2011, it was announced that he would be a member of the jury for the main competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival. His 2012 film, Something in the Air, was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 69th Venice International Film Festival. <mask> won the Osella for Best Screenplay at Venice.His 2014 film Clouds of Sils Maria was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival. Sils Maria won the Louis Delluc Prize and garnered six César Award nominations including Best Film, Best Director, and Best Original Screenplay. The film won a César Award for Best Supporting Actress for American actress Kristen Stewart. In 2016, <mask> won Best Director Award (Cannes Film Festival) for Personal Shopper, which also starred Kristen Stewart. In June 2017, it was announced that <mask> would preside over the 2017 70th anniversary Locarno Film Festival. Style and influences
In an interview with Nick Pinkerton of Reverse Shot, Assayas talked about his influences:

Assayas participated in the 2012 Sight & Sound directors' poll, where he listed his ten favorite films as follows: 2001: A Space Odyssey, The Gospel According to St. Matthew, Ludwig, A Man Escaped, Mirror, Napoléon, Playtime, The Rules of the Game, The Tree of Life, and Van Gogh. Filmography

Film

As a writer only
Passage secret (1985)
Rendez-vous (1985)
L'Unique (1986)
Scene of the Crime (1986)
Avril brisé (1987)
Filha da Mãe (1990)
Alice and Martin (1998)
Based on a True Story (2017) - Co-written with Roman Polanski

Television

Short films

Awards and nominations

References

Further reading
 <mask>, A Post-May Adolescence.Letter to Alice Debord, FilmmuseumSynemaPublikationen Vol. 17, Vienna: SYNEMA - Gesellschaft für Film und Medien, 2012,
 Kent Jones (Ed. ), <mask>, FilmmuseumSynemaPublikationen Vol. 16, Vienna: SYNEMA - Gesellschaft für Film und Medien, 2012,

External links

 New York Times article on Assayas
 Bringing Down the House: A Conversation with <mask>, The Notebook, mubi.com

1955 births
Living people
Film directors from Paris
University of Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3 alumni
Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Director winners
Georges Delerue Award winners
French people of Greek-Jewish descent
French people of Turkish-Jewish descent
French screenwriters
French film critics

masks:
Olivier Assayas
Assayas
Assayas
Assayas
Assayas
Raymond Assayas
Assayas
Assayas
Assayasep
Assayas
Assayas
Assayas
Assayas
Olivier Assayas
Olivier Assayas
Olivier Assayas


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<mask>, 1st <mask> of Sleaford (sometimes spelled Hosey, Husey, Hussie, Huse; 1465/1466 – 29 June 1537) was Chief Butler of England from 1521 until his death. He was a member of the House of Lords, and a Chamberlain to King Henry VIII's daughter, Mary I of England. Early years
Hussey was born in Sleaford, Lincolnshire, England, son of Sir <mask>, an English judge and Chief Justice of the King's Bench. His mother was the former Elizabeth Berkeley. Hussey's siblings included Sir <mask> (d. 1546), the father of <mask>, the 'Mistress Crane' at whose home at East Molesey the first of the Marprelate tracts, Martin's Epistle, was printed in October 1588; <mask>, who married Richard Grey, 3rd Earl of Kent; and <mask>, who married William Willoughby, 11th Baron Willoughby de Eresby. In 1497, at the Battle of Blackheath, Hussey was knighted. Six years later, he was made "Knight of the Body", bodyguard to King Henry VII, followed by an appointment as "Master of Lyfield Forest", Rutland in 1505 and Comptroller of the Household in 1509.On 16 August 1513, at Tournai, after the Battle of the Spurs, he and his brother William were promoted to Knights Banneret by Henry VIII. Career
In 1493 <mask> was appointed Sheriff of Lincolnshire and by 1513 he was custos rotulorum for the county. In June 1520 he travelled to France to take part in the Field of the Cloth of Gold meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I, King of France. On 6 July 1523, he was elected Member of Parliament as a knight of the shire for Lincolnshire. Three years later, 5 February 1526, he was appointed a judge. He was created <mask>, of Sleaford, by King Henry VIII in 1529. On 3 November 1529 he was re-elected to Parliament as knight of the shire for Lincolnshire but received a Writs of Summons on 1 December 1529 to the House of Lords as 'Johannes Hussey de sleford, chivaler'.In June 1530, Hussey was named Lincolnshire Castle's Commissioner for Gaol Delivery, and later that same year, Hussey sold some of his large holdings (the Somersetshire manors of Batheaston, Bathampton, Bathford, Twerton; the Wiltshire manors of Compton Bassett, Comerwell, and North Wraxall). Henry VIII "lodged" at Hussey's Sleaford estate where he held court the next morning before venturing to York to meet with the King of Scotland. On 10 September 1533, Lord Hussey attended the christening of Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, and carried the canopy over the three-day old child with George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford, Lord Thomas Howard, and William Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Effingham. Hussey was Chamberlain to King Henry's daughter, Mary, while Hussey's second wife, Lady Anne, was one of Mary's attendants. Though King Henry forbade anyone from calling his daughter, Mary, by the title of Princess, Lady Anne did do so, after which she lost her attendant position around June 1534 and was imprisoned in the Tower of London in August. Asking for the King's pardon, she was released before the end of the year. In addition to his responsibilities at Court and Parliament, Hussey was steward to <mask>, the conservative Bishop of Lincoln, and King Henry's confessor.Downfall

Hussey was implicated along with his cousin Lord Darcy  as complicit in the 1536 uprising known as the Pilgrimage of Grace. Though Hussey denied participation in the rebellion, he was accused of conspiring to change laws and depose the king, and that he abetted those who made war on the king in October 1536. The charges may have been levied in part because of Hussey's Catholic sympathies, and because Hussey and his wife, having served 'Princess' Mary, were partisans on her behalf. Hussey was indicted and tried for treason, and found guilty by the House of Lords. He was beheaded in Lincoln on 29 June 1537, while his cousin, Thomas Darcy, was executed on Tower Hill. Hussey's statement ("confession") survives. Family
<mask>y firstly married Margaret Barr (née Blount), widow of Sir <mask> and daughter of Sir Simon Blount, around 1492 at Keynsham, Gloucestershire, by whom he had issue:
 Sir <mask> (c. 1493 – 19 January 1556)
 <mask> (c. 1495)
 <mask> (c. 1499)

<mask> secondly married Lady Anne Grey in 1509 at Sleaford, Lincolnshire.According to historian Sir William Dugdale, in the documents written by Hussey, shortly before his death in 1537, he speaks of his wife as 'Anne'. She was the  daughter of George Grey, 2nd Earl of Kent – by his second wife, Catherine Herbert. Lady Anne's paternal grandmother was Lady Katherine Percy, the great-great-granddaughter of King Edward III of England. <mask> and Lady Anne Grey had issue, including:
 Sir <mask> (c. 1495/1505) – Knighted by the Earl of Surrey at the Sacking of Morlaix in France in 1522, who married Jane Pigot, and had issue. <mask> (c. 1497)
 <mask> (c. 1501)
 Thomas Hussey
 Joan <mask>, wife of Sir Roger Forster. <mask>, second wife of Sir Robert Throckmorton of Coughton, Warwickshire (d. 1586), and had four daughters and two sons. <mask> (c. 1526 – 13 January 1600/1601), married successively: Sir Richard Morrison of Cashiobury, Hertfordshire (d. 17 March 1556); Henry Manners, 2nd Earl of Rutland before 1563; and Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford on 25 June 1566, as his second wife, and had no issue.Anne (or Agnes<mask>, married to Sir Humphrey Browne, Justice of the Common Pleas, by whom she was the mother of Christian Browne, wife of Sir <mask>, 1st Baronet. <mask>, who married three times, thirdly to Thomas Pallister, and had issue. Mary Hussey

After his execution, Hussey's home in Sleaford, as well as his other estates, were confiscated by the crown. In 1563, his children were restored to Parliament during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England, but Hussey's title was forfeited, and the estates were not returned. Claim of Hussey Barony
Lord Hussey's brother – Sir Robert Hussey and his son Sir Charles Hussey – adapted to the political requirements of  the recently established  Church of England;  both serving in  the office of sheriff. However, the descendants of the anti-Church of England Lord Hussey, whose barony and estates were forfeited, were left in far less secure positions, both regarding their financial and social status; by 1633, the descendants of Lord Hussey's son, Sir Giles Hussey, had left England to freely practice their non-conformist religion in New England. Lord Hussey's descendants who remained in England included Molineux Disney, a direct descendant of Sir William Hussey,  who was  the "Son and Heir to the said <mask> Hussey."On 21 March 1680, Molineux Disney  made a claim to King Charles II   that as, "son and heir, in the direct line to Lord Hussey"  he was entitled to  claim the Hussey barony. However, W. B. Turnbull noted in 1836 that "no entry occurs in the Lords' Journal relative to any proceedings upon it". Molineux had apparently withdrawn his application. Honours
 6 December 1533, <mask>, Confessor-General of Syon Abbey, dedicated his book, The myrrour or glasse of Christes passion, to "the Honorable 'Lord Husey', from Syon". References

External links
Will of Sir William Hussey, PROB 11/10/592, proved 4 July 1496, National Archives 11 December 2013
Will of Dame <mask>, widow, PROB 11/14/415, proved 11 December 1504, National Archives 11 December 2013

1465 births
1537 deaths
People from Sleaford, Lincolnshire
Barons in the Peerage of England
English judges
People executed under the Tudors for treason against England
Executed people from Lincolnshire
15th-century English people
High Sheriffs of Lincolnshire
Knights Bachelor
John
People executed by Tudor England by decapitation
People executed under Henry VIII
English MPs 1515
English MPs 1523
English MPs 1529–1536
Knights banneret of England
16th-century English judges
16th-century English lawyers
English politicians convicted of crimes

masks:
John Hussey
Baron Hussey
William Hussey
Robert Hussey
Elizabeth Hussey
Elizabeth Hussey
Mary Hussey
Hussey
Lord Hussey
John Longland
John Husse
John Barr
William Hussey
Thomas Hussey
Gilbert Hussey
John Hussey
John Hussey
Giles Hussey
Elizabeth Hussey
Reginald Hussey
Hussey
Elizabeth Hussey
Bridget Hussey
) Hussey
John Tufton
Dorothy Hussey
John Lord
John Fewterer
Elizabeth Hussey


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<mask>, also known as <mask> (German; also <mask>, ; 15 December 1879 – 1 July 1958), was an Austro-Hungarian dance artist, choreographer and dance theorist. He is considered one of the pioneers of modern dance in Europe and the "Founding Father of Expressionist dance". His work laid the foundations for Laban Movement Analysis, Labanotation (Kinetography Laban), other more specific developments in dance notation and the evolution of many varieties of Laban movement analysis. After preparing the choreography for the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, <mask> fled from Nazi Germany to Manchester, England in 1937. With the support of the Ministry of Education in England, <mask> founded a dance movement studio near London, where he worked until his death. Laban is considered to be one of the most important figures in the history of dance. Life and work

Laban was the son of <mask> senior (1843–1907), a military governor in Pressburg (Pozsony) and (from 1899) field marshal in the Austro-Hungarian Army in the provinces of Bosnia-Herzegovina, and his wife Marie née Bridling (1858–1926).In 1897, <mask> senior was ennobled by the Hungarian monarchy in recognition of his military merit and received the nobiliary predicate "de" to his family name (choosing Laban de Váralja; a place name associated with the <mask> family), whereupon <mask> junior was rightly entitled to use "<mask>" in his family name in the German-speaking world. <mask> grew up in the courtly circles of Vienna and Sarajevo. At a young age, <mask> joined a csárdás dance group. At age 15 <mask> entered the Theresian Military Academy, but later turned his back on military service. In 1899, <mask> moved to Munich and began studying at the Academy of Fine Arts (Akademie der bildenden Künste). There <mask> met the painter Martha Fricke from Hanover, whom he married on 15 December 1900. They moved to Arcisstr 44, where their daughter Azraela was born in 1901.Parallel to <mask>'s studies at the art academy, he took courses at the newly opened teaching and experimental studio for free and applied art (Lehr- und Versuchsatelier für Freie und Angewandte Kunst). There Laban met his future friend Hermann Obrist, who ran the nature studies course. In 1904 <mask> decided to leave Munich to visit the most famous art school in Europe, the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris to study architecture. <mask>'s son Arpad was born in Paris in 1905. After three years of a fulfilled bohemian lifestyle with his wife, Martha Fricke died suddenly. Barely two months after the death of <mask>'s wife, his father also died, who had made it possible for Laban to lead an independent life with substantial financial support. From then onwards, <mask>'s two children grew up with their maternal grandparents.In the years that followed, <mask> led an unsteady life between Paris and Vienna, Sanremo and Nice. Financially bankrupt, <mask> completed an apprenticeship as an accountant in Nice, from which he also successfully graduated. That was to be <mask>'s only encounter with a regular working life. Living with his mother in Vienna, <mask> made a living as a graphic artist and caricaturist. <mask> drew for the magazines Simplicissimus and Jugend and continued the studies he had begun in Paris on historical dance forms. At a cultural event, <mask> met the singer Maja Lederer from Munich and married her on 8 May 1910 in Pressburg. In the same year, they moved to Munich.With his second wife, <mask> moved into a dwelling in Schwabing at Hohenzollernstraße 120. In 1911 <mask> rented a room in a rear building in Munich's Theresienstraße, which he set up as a makeshift movement studio. Laban couldn't make a living with his school; he had to continue working as a commercial artist and caricaturist. Overworked to the point of exhaustion, Laban collapsed in 1912 and went to the  near Dresden for a cure, where patients were cared for according to the life-reform (Lebensreform) principles. In this natural healing institution, <mask> met and fell in love with Suzanne Perrottet, who was also a patient there. In the years that followed, a largely harmonious triangular relationship developed between Perrottet, <mask> and his wife. Perrottet was to become <mask>'s most important collaborator (along with Mary Wigman and Katja Wulff), lover and mother of his child Allar Perrottet (later André Perrottet <mask>) in Ascona and Zurich.During the First World War, <mask> created a school on the natural healing colony Monte Verità in the Swiss canton of Ticino, in the municipality of Ascona, which soon attracted many followers of the new dance art. It was here that <mask> conducted his famous summer dance courses from 1913 to 1919. Here the students also strived to live in harmony with nature by growing their own food, vegetarianism, weaving cloth and making their own reform-style clothing, and dancing in the great outdoors nature often nude experimenting with dynamic improvisations. Here <mask> experienced his intellectual and artistic breakthrough, celebrating the "neuen Menschen", "Fiur-Menschen", "Anarchos", and "Orgiastos" in expressionist dance dramas. In 1915 <mask>, his wife and their two children and Perrottet and son Allar moved to Hombrechtikon near Zurich. There, the extended family lived a self-sufficient lifestyle similar to that on Monte Verità, growing their own food, doing a lot of manual work and sewing their own clothes (e.g. Perrottet developed comfortable clothing for everyday work and dance, which can be attributed to the dress reform movement).At the same time, <mask> founded a school for the art of movement (Schule für Bewegungskunst) in Zurich. It included interdisciplinary dance art, pantomime, improvisation and experiments with the body, voice, instruments, texts and even drawing. Later <mask> only mentioned the terms: form, sound, word. The conclusion of a large vegetarian and pacifist congress at the end of summer 1917 on Monte Verità in Ascona was the three-part dance drama  to a text by Otto Borngräber. It began with the setting of the sun, which was followed by the dance of the demons of the night. This part was staged at midnight high in the mountains in front of poet-prophet Gustav Gräser's rock grotto. The face masks were created by the Dadaist Marcel Janco.Early in the morning the rising, "victorious" sun was greeted as an expression of the hope of overcoming the war and a utopian higher development of mankind. At these performances worked also Mary Wigman, Sophie Taeuber and Suzanne Perrottet. Freemasonry
<mask> had been a member of a Freemason association since 1913, and had founded his own masonic lodge "Johannis lodge of ancient Freemasons of the Scottish-and-Memphis-and-Misraim-Rites in the valley of Zurich" which had six brothers and ten sisters. Whilst on Monte Verità, Laban met the occultist Theodor Reuss, who had been on Monte Verità for some time and had established a local Freemason lodge. On 24 October 1917, Reuss issued a charter to Laban and <mask> Hilfiker-Dunn (1882-1955) to operate a III° Ordo Templi Orientis Lodge in Zurich called Libertas et Fraternitas. Weimar Germany

After the end of World War I, <mask> returned to Germany. The Zurich Laban School was taken over and continued by Perrottet.After an interlude in Stuttgart, where <mask> worked with the painter Max Ackermann, <mask> founded the Tanzbühne Laban (Dance Stage Laban) in Hamburg, Weimar Germany in 1922. The first public performance of a dance poem by Laban took place in Lübeck in the autumn of 1922 in the State Theatre. They called the performance poster by Karl Gatermann the Elder Der schwingende Tempel (The Swinging Temple), archived under the number PLK-Laban 29 in the Dance Archive Leipzig. In 1923 the first Laban school was founded, which had its own movement choir. The numerous graduates of the Hamburg School successfully carried <mask>'s method on to various cities in Germany and Europe. In the years that followed, 24 Laban schools were set up across Europe. In addition, Laban built up a "Choreographic Institute" in Würzburg (1926/27) and Berlin (1928/29).Together with Dussia Bereska, <mask> also directed the Chamber Dance Stage (Kammertanzbühne) (1925-1927). Bereska from the Laban School in Hamburg features in the popular 1925 German cultural silent film Wege zu Kraft und Schönheit (Ways to Strength and Beauty) performing Die Orchidee (The Orchid); also featuring in the same film is Mary Wigman and her dance group and the end scene from <mask>'s dance drama Das lebende Idol (The living Idol) where <mask> himself makes an appearance. From 1930 to 1934 <mask> took over the direction of the ballet of the Berlin State Opera. Laban integrated the ideas of psychologist Carl Jung, and in Laban's warm up program the practices of Joseph Pilates, whom according to Pilates, Laban had observed whilst Pilates was working with patients in Hamburg. Laban under National Socialism
Laban directed major festivals of dance under the funding of Joseph Goebbels' propaganda ministry from 1934 to 1936. Laban even wrote during this time that "we want to dedicate our means of expression and the articulation of our power to the service of the great tasks of our Volk (People). With unswerving clarity our Führer points the way".In 1936 <mask> become the chairman of the association "German workshops for dance" and received a salary of 1250 ℛℳ per month, but a duodenal ulcer in August of that year bed bound him for two months, eventually leading him to ask to reduce his responsibilities to consultancy. This was accepted and his wage reduced to 500 ℛℳ, Laban's employment then ran until March 1937 when his contract ended. Several allegations of Laban's attachment to Nazi ideology have been made, for instance, as early as July 1933 Laban was removing all pupils branded as non-Aryan from the children's course he was running as a ballet director. However, some Laban scholars have pointed out that such actions were necessary for survival in Nazi Germany at that time, and that his position was precarious as he was neither a German citizen nor a Nazi party member. In fact, the seizure of power by the National Socialists in 1933 had an immediate effect on Laban's work through the new law passed against racial overcrowding in German schools and universities of 25 April 1933 (), Laban was thus bound by this new law of vetting students with the racial characteristic of a "non-Aryan" descent. His work under the Nazi regime culminated in 1936 with Goebbel's banning of Vom Tauwind und der Neuen Freude (Of the Spring Wind and the New Joy) for not furthering the Nazi agenda. England
After preparing the choreography for the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, <mask> fled from the Nazis to Manchester, England, in 1937.With the support of the Ministry of Education in England, <mask> founded a movement studio near London, where he worked until his death. <mask> was allowed to travel to Paris in 1937 and from there he went to England. Laban joined the Jooss-Leeder Dance School at Dartington Hall in the county of Devon where innovative dance was already being taught by other refugees from Nazi Germany. Laban was greatly assisted in his dance teaching during these years by his close associate and long-term partners Lisa Ullmann and Sylvia Bodmer. Their collaboration led to the founding of the Laban Art of Movement Guild (now known as Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance) in 1945 and The Art of Movement Studio in Manchester in 1946. In 1947, together with management consultant Fredrick Lawrence, Laban published a book Effort, Fordistic study of the time taken to perform tasks in the industrial workplace and the energy used. Laban tried to provide methods intended to help eliminate "shadow movements" (which he believed wasted energy and time) and to focus instead on constructive movements necessary to the job at hand.<mask> published Modern Educational Dance in 1948 when his ideas on dance for all including children were taught in many British schools. <mask> died in England in 1958.

Notable Laban dance students and associates
Among <mask>'s students, friends, and associates were Mary Wigman, Suzanne Perrottet, Katja Wulff, Kurt Jooss, Lisa Ullmann, Albrecht Knust, Dussia Bereska, Lilian Harmel, Sophie Taeuber-Arp, Hilde Holger, Gertrud Kraus, Gisa Geert, Warren Lamb, Elizabeth Sneddon, Dilys Price, Yat Malmgren, Sylvia Bodmer, and Irmgard Bartenieff. Legacy
The Laban Collection in the Laban Archive at Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance documents <mask>'s life and work in the 1920s-1950s. The Rudolf Laban Archive at the National Resource Centre for Dance documents his educational work in the UK and contains many of his original drawings. The John Hodgson Collection in the Brotherton Library at Leeds University holds original documents relating to <mask>'s career in Europe in the early twentieth century. Other archives holding material about <mask> include the Tanzarchiv Leipzig, Dartington Archive, and the German Dance Archives, Cologne. <mask>'s students went on to found their own schools of modern dance, influencing their own pupils through the 20th century:

<mask> Laban
Kurt Jooss (Ausdruckstanz)
Pina Bausch (Tanztheater)
Mary Wigman (Expressionist dance)
Ursula Cain
Heike Hennig (see Dancing with Time)
Hanya Holm
Valerie Bettis
Alwin Nikolais—decentralization
Murray Louis
Beverly Schmidt Blossom

Works and publications
 (Undated).Harmonie Lehre Der Bewegung (German). (Handwritten copy by Sylvia Bodmer of a book by <mask>) London: Laban Collection S. B. 48. (1920). Die Welt des Taenzers [The world of Dancers] (German). Stuttgart: Walter Seifert. (3rd edition, 1926)
 (1926).Choreographie: Erstes Heft (German). Jena: Eugen Diederichs. (1926). Gymnastik und Tanz (German). Oldenburg: Stalling. (1926). Des Kindes Gymnastik und Tanz (German).Oldenburg: Stalling. (1928). Schriftanz: Methodik, Orthographie, Erlaeuterungen (German). Vienna: Universal Edition. (1929). "Das Choreographische Institut Laban" in Monographien der Ausbildungen fuer Tanz und Taenzerische Koeperbildung (German). Edited by Liesel Freund.Berlin-Charlottenburg: L. Alterthum. (1947). with F. C. Lawrence. Effort: Economy of Human Movement London: MacDonald and Evans. (4th reprint 1967)
 (1948). Modern Educational Dance. London: MacDonald and Evans.(2nd Edition 1963, revised by Lisa Ullmann)
 (1948). "President’s address at the annual general meeting of the Laban art of movement guild". Laban Art of Movement Guild News Sheet. 1 (April): 5–8. (1950). The Mastery of Movement on the Stage. London: MacDonald and Evans.(1951). "What has led you to study movement? Answered by R. Laban". Laban Art of Movement Guild News Sheet. 7 (Sept.): 8–11. (1952). "The art of movement in the school".Laban Art of Movement Guild News Sheet. 8 (March): 10–16. (1956). Laban’s Principles of Dance and Movement Notation. London: MacDonald and Evans. (2nd edition 1975, annotated and edited by Roderyk Lange)
 (1960). The Mastery of Movement.(2nd Edition of The Mastery of Movement on the Stage), revised and enlarged by Lisa Ullmann. London: MacDonald and Evans. (3rd Edition, 1971. London: MacDonald and Evans) (1st American Edition, 1971. Boston: Plays) (4th Edition, 1980. Plymouth, UK: Northcote House)
 (1966). Choreutics.Annotated and edited by Lisa Ullmann. London: MacDonald and Evans. (1974). The Language of Movement; A Guide Book to Choreutics. Annotated and edited by Lisa Ullmann. Boston: Plays. (American publication of Choreutics)
 (1975).A Life For Dance; Reminiscencs. Translated and annotated by Lisa Ullmann. London: MacDonald & Evans. (Original German published 1935.) (1984). A Vision of Dynamic Space. Compiled by Lisa Ullmann.London: The Falmer Press. References

External links

Guide to the Rudolf Laban Icosahedron. Special Collections and Archives, The University of California Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California
<mask> - biography from Trinity Laban site
Limsonline Laban/Bartenieff Institute of Movement Studies - LIMS NYC
Short biographies of Laban and some leading Laban practitioners - website of Laban Project
EUROLAB - European Association of Laban/Bartenieff Movement Studies
EUROLAB Certificate Programs in Laban/Bartenieff Movement Studies

1879 births
1958 deaths
People from Bratislava
People from the Kingdom of Hungary
Hungarian nobility
French untitled nobility
19th-century Hungarian people
20th-century Hungarian people
19th-century Austrian people
20th-century Austrian people
Dance research
Dance notators
Dance teachers
Hungarian male dancers
Austrian male dancers
Austrian dancers
Austrian choreographers
Hungarian choreographers
Hungarian people of French descent
Hungarian people of British descent
Austrian people of French descent
Austrian people of Hungarian descent
Laban movement analysis

masks:
Rudolf von Laban
Rudolf Laban
Rudolph von Laban
Laban
Laban
Rudolf Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
von
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
von Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
Hans Rudolf
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
Laban
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<mask> (1744–1804) was an early Massachusetts physician and inventor. Possessed of an early love for mechanical movements and for music, Dr. Leavitt eventually gave up his medical practice and moved to Boston, where he became one of the earliest manufacturers of pipe organs in the United States. Early life

<mask> was born October 21, 1744, in Hingham, Massachusetts, the son of Hezekiah and Grace (Hatch) <mask>. <mask> was a prosperous Hingham merchant who owned one of the town's largest warehouses on the harbor, a large wharf and a share of the town's gristmill and fisheries business. <mask>'s father was a close friend and business associate of Rev. Ebenezer Gay, third minister of Old Ship Church, Hingham's Meetinghouse. Following his education at Harvard College, Dr. <mask> became a practicing physician at Hingham.On the side, the mechanically-inclined Leavitt tinkered with inventions and mechanical movements. One of the first products of Leavitt's sideline was a large clock, manufactured in 1772–73, which was subsequently hung in a dormer window on the southwesterly slope of the roof of Old Ship Church, so that the clock's dial could be seen by townspeople. Leavitt's clock, the first built in Hingham, was probably the only clock he ever built. Where Dr. Leavitt garnered his expertise is unknown, although contemporaries noted his mechanical aptitude, as well as the fact that his sister Hannah was married to Hingham watchmaker Joseph Lovis. In 1774, Dr. Leavitt built a large Colonial clapboard home  at 93 Main Street, two blocks from the Meetinghouse. But shortly afterwards, Leavitt moved to Sterling, Massachusetts, where he built another Colonial home, and then a few years later to Boston, where he gave up his medical practice, embraced his affinity for music and mechanics and began manufacturing organs. Organ-making in the American Colonies

The first organ in America had been manufactured earlier in the eighteenth century.Most American churches, especially Anglican, often purchased their organs from London builders. Boston's Trinity Church purchased an organ from London builder Abraham Jordan in 1744; by 1756 Boston's King's Chapel had replaced a primitive early organ with one by London manufacturer Richard Bridge, whose organ of 1733 was still in use at Trinity Church in Newport, Rhode Island. Boston's Brattle Street Church finally purchased an elaborate English organ in 1790 manufactured by Londoner Samuel Green. But the rise of native-born organ builders, as well as a backlash against English imports, began to stimulate a demand for American-born instruments. In 1790, for instance, on the eve of the arrival of Brattle Square Church's London organ, the congregation went into an uproar. "So bitterly had this most liberal of Boston congregational churches been divided over the issue that even as the ship bearing the organ hove into view, a conservative member of the congregation offered to reimburse the church its cost if the instrument were thrown overboard outside Boston harbor." As a consequence of the increasing prosperity in the former English colony, the relaxation of Puritanism's formal rigors (the church had an historic aversion to organs), a dislike of purchasing English products and the emergence of American organ builders, a small market began to develop in New England for homegrown organs.Previously, Boston's Park Street Church had a 50-voice choir – but no organ. And of the region's host of Congregationalist churches, only First Church in Providence, Rhode Island, dared used an organ in worship prior to the Revolutionary War. Most houses of worships made do with a pitch pipe, or with a cello or bass viol. But following the Revolutionary War, demand for organs, previously limited to more progressive Anglican churches, began to take off. Edward Bromfield Jr. of Boston, Massachusetts is generally credited with having built America's first organ in 1745. (Indications are that a Philadelphia craftsman, Mathias Zimmerman actually built an earlier organ prior to 1737). Because of the limited demand, Blomfield built most of his organs for amateur (and not ecclesiastical) use.Of all Boston's churches, by 1753 only one – Christ Church (Old North Church) – had an American-made organ, built by Thomas Johnston, a local craftsman, in 1753. A year later, Johnston built an organ for Salem's Christ Episcopal Church containing one manual and six stops. At the time, Bromfield and Johnston were the only active American organ builders. Dr. Leavitt embarks on a new career

Because of his musical interests, Dr. Leavitt had corresponded with organ builder Bromfield, and was also acquainted with craftsman Johnston, who died in 1768. Shortly afterwards,  Leavitt himself relocated to Boston. "Once a practicing physician", noted a report by the United States Centennial Commission in 1876, "[Dr. Leavitt's] strong taste for the mechanics of music induced him to relinquish his profession and devote himself to organ-building, which he continued for many years." In Boston, the former physician set about creating a workshop where he and several assistants began building organs for New England churches.On February 8, 1792, an advertisement appeared in The Columbian Centinel announcing that Leavitt had finished an organ destined for the Universalist Religious Society of Boston. "For compass and sweetness of sound and elegance of construction", the newspaper noted, "it is exceeded by but a few imported Organs." By the following November, <mask>, who had entirely given up his medical practice in favor of producing organs, had completed a new instrument for the Congregationalist Meetinghouse in Worthington, Connecticut. He was soon building other organs to satisfy the burgeoning demand. The arrival of one of Leavitt's creation at the Worthington meeting house was an event of enough import that The Hartford Courant ran a story about it:

"The public are hereby notified", wrote The Courant, "that Mr. <mask>tt of Boston, organ builder hath lately been employed to construct an ORGAN for the Worthington parish, which is completed and set up in the Meeting-house. The Organ will be opened by said Leavitt on Thursday the 8th of November instant, at which time a sermon will be preached on the occasion, and Music will be performed. After the exercises there will be a collection for the benefit of said builder."Other churches, now freed from the old Puritan strictures against musical instrument accompaniment, were soon ordering Leavitt's organs. The church of Newburyport, Massachusetts, in 1794 set up Leavitt's creation in the gallery of the meeting house, and subsequently showed off its acquisition. "This organ (which is certainly the most elegant of any in New England", noted the town's newspaper the Morning Star, "is about fifteen feet high, ten feet in breadth, and seven feet from front to rear, was built by Dr. <mask>, an ingenious organ builder of Boston, for whose benefit there will be a contribution after service is over." Among other churches which ordered Leavitt organs were the Episcopal church of Dedham, Massachusetts, and TK. His business, though, was still spotty enough that he sometimes advertised his half-completed instruments for sale in regional newspapers. One 1793 ad in the Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Oracle of the Day noted that Leavitt had on hand "a Church-Organ nearly completed, (except the Case and Pipes)", which he would finish building to the buyer's specifications. Another instrument on hand in the former physician's workshop was "an elegant House-Organ with a Mahogany case, and which might be sufficient for a small Church or Society."Should the instrument prove inadequate, Leavitt's ad noted, he would take it back within one year in trade for a larger one. Later life and legacy

"It was a particular accomplishment that <mask>, a Congregationalist, was able to place instruments in dissenting churches", writes Orpha Caroline Ochse in The History of the Organ in the United States. "Many of these churches were still violently opposed to the use of the organ, an attitude that some of them retained through much of the next century." Leavitt also trained other later organ builders. Among his pupils were William M. Goodrich, a native of Templeton, Massachusetts, born in 1777. Goodrich himself became an active organ-builder in Boston beginning in 1803. It was Goodrich whom many consider the first advanced American organ manufacturer.In addition to sending out his elegant creations to churches throughout the region, Goodrich trained a number of other makers, including Thomas Appleton, as well as his own brother Ebenezer Goodrich, who later went into business for himself. Dr. <mask> died at his Boston home on February 26, 1804. The golden age of American organ building was still ahead, as New England's increasing prosperity and growing know-how, fostered in part by the early physician turned manufacturer, gave rise to such accomplished organ builders as Hook & Hastings, and the ateliers of Erben, Jardine, and Roosevelt, many of which thrived in Boston and its vicinity, and whose trade was fueled in part by the profits of the large trading firms of Salem and the state capitol. Dr. <mask>, descended from an early Puritan early settler of Hingham, was buried at Hingham, Massachusetts. Leavitt's second wife Azubah  died at Boston in November 1803 at age 44. The Hingham meeting house Old Ship Church did not purchase an organ until 1869. Prior to that the congregants sang unaccompanied.References

See also
John Leavitt
List of pipe organ builders
Old Ship Church
E. and G.G. Hook Organ
Pipe organs

1744 births
1804 deaths
Leavitt family
Harvard College alumni
American Congregationalists
People from Boston
18th-century American physicians
18th-century American inventors
American pipe organ builders
People of colonial Massachusetts
People from Hingham, Massachusetts

masks:
Josiah Leavitt
Josiah Leavitt
Leavitt
Hezekiah Leavitt
Josiah Leavitt
Josiah Leavitt
Leavitt
Josiah Leavi
Josiah Leavitt
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<mask> (born <mask>; June 17, 1960) is an American actor. After appearing in the 1990s sitcom Wings and playing the lead for two seasons in Ned & Stacey (1995–1997), <mask> became known for his film work, including his Academy Award-nominated performance in Sideways (2004), his role as the villain Sandman in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man 3 (2007), which he reprised in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) and his role of Lyle van de Groot in George of the Jungle (1997). He also made his directorial debut with Rolling Kansas (2003). Early life
<mask> was born as <mask> in Woodland, Yolo County, California, the son of Maxine (née Sanders; born 1936) and Carlos "Carl" Richard McMillen (1936–2008), who served for eight years in the Marines and who was on active duty at the end of the Korean War; after 1962, Carlos worked as a surveyor. <mask>'s parents divorced and his mother moved to Texas. She remarried in 1969, to widower George A. Quesada, a veteran of an Army Air Forces reconnaissance unit which served in Guam in World War II. <mask> took his stepfather's surname for a time but changed it to 'Haden <mask>', extracted from the names of other relatives, when people found 'Quesada' difficult to pronounce.He left high school in 1977 to work in the oil fields of Louisiana, but he returned to graduate from Harlingen High School in 1979. He attended the University of North Texas while living in Dallas. <mask> started in the entertainment business as a radio personality and doing voice-over work. He changed his name to '<mask> <mask>', taking 'Haden' and '<mask>' from his ancestry. After appearing in an independent film, he moved to California to pursue an acting career. His character delivers a love letter to Carla Tortelli (Rhea Perlman) from her deceased former lover, Eddie LaBec, in the Cheers episode, "Death Takes a Vacation on Ice". He played the part of slow-witted aircraft mechanic Lowell Mather for six seasons (1990–95) on the NBC sitcom Wings.He worked in television for two more seasons, with a lead role in Ned & Stacey opposite Debra Messing. He has had supporting roles in films such as Tombstone, George of the Jungle, The Specials, and Demon Knight. <mask> bought a ranch in Texas in 1998. In late 2000, he took a break from films. After having small roles in films such as Monkeybone and 3000 Miles to Graceland, he made his directorial debut with Rolling Kansas in 2003. He has voiceover work in commercials, such as for Merrill Lynch and Icehouse beer. In 2003, director Alexander Payne called him regarding the role of Jack, the selfish best friend of Paul Giamatti's character, in Sideways.During the audition, <mask> stripped naked to read the audition scene, later saying "To me, it was painfully obvious... I was reading the scene where Jack comes in naked and there has to be in-born vulnerability in the scene." (He later found that he was the only actor to strip down for the audition). Sideways earned acclaim for <mask>; he  won an IFP Independent Spirit Award and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He has since appeared in films such as Idiocracy, done voice-over work on films such as Over the Hedge and starred in one of AMC's highest rated television productions, Broken Trail, with Robert Duvall, in 2006, for which he won an Emmy. In 2007, he appeared as the villain Sandman in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man 3 starring Tobey Maguire and Kirsten Dunst. He received praise for his portrayal of the character.Although he was not present on set he lent his voice to Sandman (digitally created) for the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Spider-Man: No Way Home, released in 2021 and linked both the Raimi and Marc Webb franchises to the MCU. Archival footage from Spider-Man 3 was used to show his human form at the end of the film. In 2005, he was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. In October 2008, <mask> appeared as "Joe Six-Pack" in a video on funnyordie.com, challenging Joe the Plumber to a beer-drinking contest. <mask> starred in the FEARnet webseries, Zombie Roadkill, alongside David Dorfman. He also appeared in the HBO original series Divorce. In December 2021, <mask> was announced to be starring alongside Toni Collette and Anna Faris in the comedy film The Estate, directed by Dean Craig.Personal life
<mask> lives on his  ranch in Kerrville, Texas. During the filming of Divorce, he rented a house in New Rochelle, New York. He has two children from a former relationship with Mia Zottoli, but was never married to her or anyone else despite a 2008 article in the Los Angeles Times incorrectly claiming he was married to his partner. <mask>'s father, Carl, died in 2008, and his stepfather, George, died in 2012. Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Awards and nominations
<mask> has received multiple awards and nominations for his roles in both television and film. He earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor in 2005 for his role as Jack in Sideways (2004), two Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Supporting Actor in 2004 for the film Sideways (2004) and Best Supporting Actor in 2007 for the miniseries Broken Trail (2006), won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie in 2007 for Broken Trail (2006), and won one of three Screen Actors Guild Award nominations in 2005 for Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture for Sideways (2004). References

External links

1960 births
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male winners
Living people
Male actors from Texas
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
People from Harlingen, Texas
People from Laredo, Texas
University of North Texas alumni

masks:
Thomas Haden Church
Thomas Richard McMillen
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Church
Thomas Richard McMn
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Career Church
Thomas Haden
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<mask>. (December 18, 1912 – July 4, 2002) was a United States Air Force (USAF) general and commander of the World War II Tuskegee Airmen. He was the first African-American brigadier general in the USAF. On December 9, 1998, he was advanced to four-star general by President Bill Clinton. During World War II, <mask> was commander of the 99th Fighter Squadron and the 332nd Fighter Group, which escorted bombers on air combat missions over Europe. <mask> flew sixty missions in P-39, Curtiss P-40, P-47 and P-51 Mustang fighters and was one of the first African-American pilots to see combat. <mask> followed in his father's footsteps in breaking racial barriers, as <mask><mask>. was the first black general in the United States Army. Early life
<mask>. was born in Washington, D.C., on December 18, 1912, the second of three children born to <mask><mask>. and Elnora <mask>.His father was a U.S. Army officer, and at the time he was stationed in Wyoming serving as a lieutenant with an all-white cavalry unit. <mask><mask> Sr. served 41 years before he was promoted to brigadier general in October 1940. Elnora <mask> died from complications after giving birth to their third child (Elnora) in 1916. At the age of 13, in the summer of 1926, the younger <mask> went for a flight with a barnstorming pilot at Bolling Field in Washington, D.C. The experience led to his determination to become a pilot himself. In 1929 at the beginning of the Great Depression, <mask> graduated from Central High School in Cleveland, Ohio. That same year, <mask> attended Western Reserve University (1929–1930).Early military career
After attending the University of France and the University of Chicago, <mask> entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in July 1932. He graduated from West Point in 1936 and became the first black man to graduate from the school since 1889. He was sponsored by Representative <mask> Priest (R-IL) of Chicago, at the time, the only black member of Congress. During the four years of his Academy term, <mask> was racially isolated by his White classmates, few of whom spoke to him outside the line of duty. He never had a roommate. He ate by himself. His classmates hoped that this would drive him out of the Academy.The "silent treatment" had the opposite effect. It made <mask> more determined to graduate. Nevertheless, he earned the respect of his classmates, as evidenced by the biographical note beneath his picture in the 1936 yearbook, the Howitzer:

The courage, tenacity, and intelligence with which he conquered a problem incomparably more difficult than plebe year won for him the sincere admiration of his classmates, and his single-minded determination to continue in his chosen career cannot fail to inspire respect wherever fortune may lead him. <mask> graduated in June 1936, 35th in a class of 276. He was the academy's fourth black graduate after <mask> Flipper (1877), John Hanks Alexander (1887), and Charles Young (1889). When he was commissioned as a second lieutenant, the Army had only two black officers who weren't chaplains – <mask><mask> Sr. and <mask><mask> Jr. After graduation he married Agatha Scott whom he met while a cadet at West Point. At the start of his junior year at West Point, <mask> had applied for the Army Air Corps but was rejected because it did not accept African Americans.In 1936, the U.S. Army assigned <mask> to the all-black 24th Infantry Regiment (one of the original Buffalo Soldier regiments) at Fort Benning, Georgia. He was not allowed inside the base officers' club based on his race. In June 1937, <mask> attended the U.S. Army Infantry School at Fort Benning. He was later assigned to teach military tactics at Tuskegee Institute, a historically black college in Tuskegee, Alabama. This was something his father had done years before, as a way for the Army to avoid having a black officer in command of white soldiers. World War II

Early in 1941, the Roosevelt administration, in response to public pressure for greater black participation in the military as war approached, ordered the War Department to create a black flying unit. Captain <mask> was assigned to the first training class at Tuskegee Army Air Field (hence the name Tuskegee Airmen).In July 1941, <mask> entered aviation cadet training with the Tuskegee Airmen's first class of aviation cadets, Class 42-C-SE. On March 6, 1942, <mask> graduated from aviation cadet training with Captain George S. Roberts; 2nd Lt. Charles DeBow Jr. (Feb 13, 1918 – April 4, 1968), 2nd Lt. Mac Ross (1912–1944), and 2nd Lt. Lemuel R. Custis (1915–2005). <mask> and his four classmates became the first African American combat fighter pilots in the U.S. military. <mask> was the first African American officer to solo an Army Air Corps aircraft. In July that year, having been promoted to lieutenant colonel, he was named commander of the first all-black air unit, the 99th Pursuit Squadron. The squadron, equipped with Curtiss P-40 fighters, was sent to Tunisia in North Africa in the spring of 1943. On June 2, they saw combat for the first time in a dive-bombing mission against the German-held island of Pantelleria as part of Operation Corkscrew.The squadron later supported the Allied invasion of Sicily. In September 1943, <mask> was deployed to the United States to take command of the 332nd Fighter Group, a larger all-black unit preparing to go overseas. Soon after his arrival, there was an attempt to stop the use of black pilots in combat. Senior officers in the Army Air Forces recommended to the Army chief of staff, General George Marshall, that the 99th (<mask>'s old unit) be removed from combat operations as it had performed poorly. This infuriated <mask> as he had never been told of any deficiencies with the unit. He held a news conference at The Pentagon to defend his men and then presented his case to a War Department committee studying the use of black servicemen. Marshall ordered an inquiry but allowed the 99th to continue fighting in the meantime.The inquiry eventually reported that the 99th's performance was comparable to other air units, but any questions about the squadron's fitness were answered in January 1944 when its pilots shot down 12 German planes in two days while protecting the Anzio beachhead. Colonel <mask> and his 332nd Fighter Group arrived in Italy soon after that. The four-squadron group, which was called the Red Tails for the distinctive markings of its planes, were based at Ramitelli Airfield and flew many missions deep into German territory. By summer 1944 the Group had transitioned to P-47 Thunderbolts. In the summer of 1945, <mask> took over the all-black 477th Bombardment Group, which was stationed at Godman Field, Kentucky. During the war, the airmen commanded by <mask> had compiled an outstanding record in combat against the Luftwaffe. They flew more than 15,000 sorties, shot down 112 enemy planes, and destroyed or damaged 273 on the ground at a cost of 66 of their own planes and losing only about twenty-five bombers.<mask> himself led 67 missions in P-47s and P-51 Mustangs. He received the Silver Star for a strafing run into Austria and the Distinguished Flying Cross for a bomber-escort mission to Munich on June 9, 1944. Freeman Field Mutiny 1945
<mask> was one of ten officers to preside over the Freeman Field mutiny Court-martials; appointed by General Frank O'Driscoll Hunter. They were: Colonel <mask><mask> Jr., Captain George L. Knox II, Captain James T. Wiley, captain John H. Duren, Captain Charles R. Stanton, captain William T. Yates, Captain Elmore M. Kennedy, Captain Fitzroy Newsum, 1st Lieutenant William Robert Ming Jr. and 1st Lieutenant James Y. Carter. Trial Judge Advocates were: Captain James W. Redden and 1st Lieutenant Charles B. Hall. United States Air Force

In July 1948, President Harry S. Truman signed Executive Order 9981 ordering the racial integration of the armed forces.Colonel <mask> helped draft the Air Force plan for implementing this order. The Air Force was the first of the services to integrate fully. In 1949, <mask> attended Air War College. He later served at the Pentagon and in overseas posts over the next two decades. Noteworthy is that during his time at the Pentagon, he drafted the staffing package and gained approval to create the Air Force Thunderbird flight demonstration team. He again saw combat in 1953 when he assumed command of the 51st Fighter-Interceptor Wing (51 FIW) and flew an F-86 Sabre in Korea. He served as director of operations and training at Far East Air Forces Headquarters, Tokyo, from 1954 until 1955, when he assumed the position of vice commander of Thirteenth Air Force, with additional duty as commander of Air Task Force 13 (Provisional), Taipei, Taiwan.During his time in Tokyo, he was temporarily promoted to the rank of brigadier general. In April 1957 General <mask> arrived at Ramstein Air Base, West Germany, as chief of staff of Twelfth Air Force, U.S. Air Forces in Europe (USAFE). When the Twelfth Air Force was transferred to James Connally Air Force Base, Texas in December 1957, he assumed new duties as deputy chief of staff for operations, Headquarters USAFE, Wiesbaden Air Base, West Germany. While in West Germany he was temporarily promoted to major general in 1959, and his promotion to brigadier general was made permanent in 1960. In July 1961, he returned to the United States and Headquarters U.S. Air Force, where he served as the director of womanpower and organization, deputy chief of staff for programs and requirements, having his promotion to major general made permanent early the next year; and in February 1965 he was assigned as assistant deputy chief of staff, programs and requirements. He remained in that position until his assignment as chief of staff for the United Nations Command and U.S. Forces in Korea (USFK) in April 1965, at which time he was promoted to lieutenant general.He assumed command of the Thirteenth Air Force at Clark Air Base in the Republic of the Philippines in August 1967. <mask> was assigned as deputy commander in chief, U.S. Strike Command, with headquarters at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida, in August 1968, with additional duty as commander in chief, Middle-East, Southern Asia and Africa. He retired from active military service on February 1, 1970. On December 9, 1998, <mask>. was promoted to general, U.S. Air Force (retired), with President Bill Clinton pinning on his four-star insignia. In the late 1980s he began to work on his autobiography, <mask>. <mask>.: American: An Autobiography. Dates of rank

General <mask>' effective dates of promotion are:

Decorations and honors
At the time of <mask>'s retirement, he held the rank of lieutenant general, but on December 9, 1998, President Bill Clinton awarded him a fourth star, raising him to the rank of full general. After retirement, he headed the federal sky marshal program, and in 1971 was named Assistant Secretary of Transportation for Environment, Safety, and Consumer Affairs.Overseeing the development of airport security and highway safety, <mask> was one of the chief proponents of the 55 mile per hour speed limit enacted nationwide by the U.S. government in 1974 to save gasoline and lives. He retired from the Department of Transportation in 1975, and in 1978 served on the American Battle Monuments Commission, on which his father had served decades before. In 1991, he published his autobiography, <mask><mask> Jr.: American (Smithsonian Institution Press). He is a 1992 recipient of the Langley Gold Medal from the Smithsonian Institution. Military decorations
His military decorations included:
  Air Force Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster
  Army Distinguished Service Medal
  Silver Star
  Legion of Merit with two oak leaf clusters
  Distinguished Flying Cross
  Air Medal with four oak leaf clusters
  Army Commendation Medal with two oak leaf clusters
  Philippine Legion of Honor
 1992 Langley Gold Medal
 Congressional Gold Medal awarded to the Tuskegee Airmen in 2006

Creator of the Davis Line/Median line
Historically, both the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan espoused a One-China Policy that considered the strait part of the exclusive economic zone of a single "China". In practice, a maritime border of control exists along the median line down the strait. In 1955, <mask> defined this median line by drawing a line down the middle of the strait,.The US then pressured both sides into entering into a tacit agreement not to cross the median line. Honors
 In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed <mask> on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans. <mask> O. <mask> Jr Aerospace Technical High School Detroit, Michigan, and Benjamin O. <mask> Jr. Middle School in Compton, California, as well as the former Gen. <mask>. <mask> Aviation High School in Cleveland, Ohio, are all named in his honor. <mask> O. Davis High School of the Aldine Independent School District in Houston, Texas, opened in 2012. The <mask> O<mask> Jr. Award is presented to senior members of the Civil Air Patrol – United States Air Force Auxiliary who successfully complete the second level of professional development, complete the technical training required for the Leadership Award, and attend Squadron Leadership School, designed "to enhance a senior member's performance at the squadron level and to increase understanding of the basic function of a squadron and how to improve squadron operations." In 2015, West Point named a newly constructed barracks after him. He was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum in 1996.On November 1, 2019, the airfield at the United States Air Force Academy, in Colorado Springs, Colorado, was renamed Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. Airfield. Death

<mask>'s wife Agatha died on March 10, 2002. (Aged 94) <mask>, who had been suffering from Alzheimer's disease, died at age 89 on July 4, 2002, at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C. He was interred with Agatha on July 17, at Arlington National Cemetery. A Red Tail P-51 Mustang, similar to the one he had flown in World War II, flew overhead during his funeral service. Bill Clinton said, "General <mask> is here today as proof that a person can overcome adversity and discrimination, achieve great things, turn skeptics into believers; and through example and perseverance, one person can bring truly amazing change". See also

 Davis line
 Executive Order 9981
 List of Tuskegee Airmen
 List of Tuskegee Airmen Cadet Pilot Graduation Classes
 Military history of African Americans

References

Further reading
 Applegate, Katherine.The Story of Two American Generals <mask><mask> Jr. and Colin L. Powell, Gareth Stevens Pub., 1995
 Sandler, Stanley. Segregated Skies: All-Black Combat Squadrons of WW II, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992. External links

 <mask><mask>, Jr. Collection Archives Division, National Air and Space Museum
 American History: <mask>
 A Tribute to <mask><mask> Jr.
 African Americans in the U.S. Army – army.mil

1912 births
2002 deaths
Aviators from Washington, D.C.
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Case Western Reserve University alumni
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Air Medal
United States Military Academy alumni
Recipients of the Philippine Legion of Honor
Tuskegee Airmen
United States Air Force generals
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
United States Army Air Forces officers
Recipients of the Order of the Sword (United States)
Military personnel from Washington, D.C.
African-American aviators
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
21st-century African-American people
United States Air Force personnel of the Korean War

masks:
Benjamin Oliver Davis Jr
Davis
Davis
Davis
Benjamin O
. Davis Sr
Benjamin Oliver Davis Jr
Benjamin O
. Davis Sr
Dickerson Davis
Benjamin O
. Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Oscar De
Davis
Davis
Davis
Henry Ossian
Benjamin O
. Davis
Benjamin O
. Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Benjamin O
. Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis Jr
Benjamin O
Davis Jr
Davis
Davis
Davis
Benjamin O
. Davis
Davis
Davis
Benjamin
Davis
Davis
Benjamin O
Davis
Benjamin
Benjamin
. Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Benjamin O
. Davis
Benjamin O
. Davis
Benjamin Davis
Benjamin O
. Davis


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<mask> (born November 12, 1973) is an American motivational speaker, former professional soccer player, and reality television series contestant who won Survivor: Africa, the third season of the reality TV series Survivor. He went on to compete in Survivor: All-Stars and Survivor: Winners at War, where he placed 11th and 18th, respectively. After winning Survivor: Africa, Zohn co-founded Grassroot Soccer, which uses soccer to raise money and awareness to fight HIV/AIDS. In 2010, he ranked 14th in USL Second Division's Top 15 of the Decade list as one of the most influential players of the United Soccer League Second Division in the previous decade. Soccer
Zohn was a soccer goalkeeper at Lexington High School and Vassar College, and played professionally for the Hawaii Tsunami and Cape Cod Crusaders of the United Soccer Leagues and in Zimbabwe for Highlanders F.C. He donated some of his winnings from Survivor to starting Grassroot Soccer, an organization whose goal is to "mobilize the global soccer community to combat the AIDS epidemic in Africa". Shortly after winning Survivor Africa, <mask> was hired by ESPN to serve as a sideline reporter for the US National Team's matches in the 2002 FIFA World Cup.In 2005, Zohn began to co-host the Metro Soccer Report (later renamed MSG Soccer Report) on the MSG Network, a weekly show dedicated to New York Red Bulls (formerly MetroStars) of Major League Soccer. As of April 2006, Zohn hosts FC Fox on the Fox Soccer Channel. For his combined humanitarian efforts to spread HIV education throughout Africa via soccer teams for youth and young adults, Zohn received the Courage of Conscience Award from The Peace Abbey in Sherborn, Massachusetts. Survivor

Africa
As part of the Boran tribe, Zohn did not become an immediate target in the game; he was seen as a strong player who could potentially help to win many tribal immunities. When his tribe lost two back-to-back immunity challenges, he joined the majority to vote off Diane Ogden and Jessie Camacho in episodes one and two. Over the next few days, <mask> would form a long-term alliance with Lex Van den Berghe and Tom Buchanan from his Boran tribe. But a twist in episode five saw both of Zohn's alliance members and Kelly Goldstein switch from Boran to the Samburu tribe, leaving <mask> alone with fellow Boran members Kim Johnson and Clarence Black.Two of the new Boran members from the Samburu tribe, Teresa Cooper and Frank Garrison, had an old misunderstanding with another former Samburu member, Silas Gaither. So, by consensus, after Zohn's tribe lost the immunity challenge Gaither was voted out. Both of Zohn's alliance members Buchanan and Van den Berghe remained safe on the Samburu tribe, carrying all three into the merge. Zohn's alliance soon began to control the game, with other members Johnson and Goldsmith. They immediately targeted Black due to his physical strength, among other events that had occurred earlier in the game, and he was voted out. But Van den Berghe had received another vote at tribal council, a vote he believed had come from Goldsmith, but which actually came from Cooper. This led Van den Berghe on a witch-hunt against Goldsmith which almost led to the demise of Zohn's alliance when Goldsmith possessed the power with the other four ex-Samburu members, Cooper, Garrison, Kim Powers and Brandon Quinton.But at the last minute, Quinton switched his vote, saving Van den Berghe, and voting out Goldsmith. But this move came back to haunt Quinton when Zohn's alliance saw him as untrustworthy and voted him out at the next tribal council. Zohn, Van den Berghe, Buchanan, and Johnson regained control of the game, outing previous Samburu members Garrison, Powers and Cooper in the next three tribal councils, carrying them into the final four. At the next immunity challenge, Johnson, the next target to be voted out, won immunity, leading to the alliance having to resort to voting one of their own out, despite the fact that the challenge contained some controversy. At any rate, Zohn joined Van den Berghe and Johnson in voting out Buchanan, carrying them into the Final Three. At the final three immunity challenge, older tribe member Johnson outlasted the two young, fit men to win immunity in an endurance challenge. With Johnson holding the power to choose who she would sit next to in the Final Two, she chose Zohn.In the end, Zohn beat out Johnson in a 5-2 vote to become the Sole Survivor, gaining the votes of Goldsmith, Garrison, Cooper, Buchanan, and Van den Berghe. All-Stars
Zohn was invited to participate in Survivor: All-Stars, which he gladly accepted. Originally part of the Saboga tribe, Zohn was immediately targeted as a previous winner, along with Survivor: The Australian Outback winner Tina Wesson. When Saboga lost immunity, the rest of the tribe decided to vote out Wesson first, needing Zohn's strength to win future challenges. When Saboga lost immunity once again, Zohn was spared once more over physical liability Rudy Boesch, who had hurt his ankle previously. In Episode 5, Zohn and the rest of the Saboga tribe were disbanded after losing a challenge. <mask> and Jerri Manthey joined the Mogo Mogo tribe, while Jenna Lewis and Rupert Boneham joined Chapera.Later in that episode, Zohn joined the rest of his new tribe to vote out Survivor: Borneo winner Richard Hatch. In Episode 7, Zohn was on the outs when the alliance of Manthey, Lex Van den Berghe, and Shii Ann Huang left him out in their decision to vote out Colby Donaldson. Zohn was shocked at the decision, feeling betrayed by old Survivor: Africa alliance member Van den Berghe. In Episode 8, Mogo Mogo lost immunity once again, and Zohn, the last former winner, was the sixth person voted out in 11th place, and the eighth person eliminated overall, by a vote of 4-1. He was the most successful of the four previous winners who competed on All-Stars, lasting longer than Wesson, Hatch, and Jenna Morasca, who quit the game on day 9 to be with her ailing mother. Winners at War
Zohn returned as a contestant on the fortieth season of Survivor, Survivor: Winners at War, where he was a member of the Sele tribe. Along with All-Stars castmate Amber Mariano, Zohn broke Kelly Wiglesworth's record for the longest gap between seasons.He was placed on the Sele tribe, where he joined an alliance of "Old-School" players formed by Rob Mariano and Parvati Shallow. Zohn was targeted by Jeremy Collins and Michele Fitzgerald shortly after as a ploy to weaken Mariano and Shallow, and he was the 4th person voted out. Zohn remained at the Edge of Extinction for the remaining duration of the season, during which he openly spoke out about his health issues and his drive to never give up. He was defeated by Tyson Apostol and Natalie Anderson respectively at the two Edge return challenges and became a permanent member of the jury on day 35. He later voted for Anderson to win the season, although she finished second to Tony Vlachos. Other media appearances
Zohn was a contestant on a February 28, 2005, episode of Fear Factor, in which he competed against other reality TV competition winners, including his then-girlfriend Jenna Morasca, who was the winner of Survivor: The Amazon. He finished second, losing to former Bachelorette winner Ryan Sutter.Later that year, he appeared on Kill Reality, which followed various reality television personalities as they filmed a horror movie called The Scorned. In October 2006 Zohn appeared on an episode of the VH1 series Celebrity Paranormal Project. He and his team investigated alleged paranormal activity at the Warson Asylum for the Criminally Insane. In 2008 Zohn hosted Earth Tripping, a six-episode TV series, in which he demonstrated how to be "an earth-friendly traveler", and shows viewers "how to employ new, natural and environmentally conscious methods when they travel". During the series Zohn visited New York City, Mexico City, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Santiago, Chile, and Buenos Aires, Argentina. In 2011, Zohn and his longtime girlfriend and fellow Survivor winner Jenna Morasca participated in the 19th season of The Amazing Race. They were one of the two teams eliminated in the double-elimination leg, and finished 10th for the season after two legs.Zohn appeared in the 11th episode of the Discovery Channel show PitchMen, in which he presented the EZ Crunch Bowl, a cereal bowl he designed to in which the cereal is kept in the shallow end and the milk in the deeper end in order to keep the cereal "crunchy" and not soggy. The bowl was picked by the show's co-stars, Billy Mays and Anthony Sullivan, for manufacturing and marketing by Telebrands. The EZ Crunch Bowl was sent to Telebrands product engineers for improvement before being made available to the public. Zohn has co-hosted Outside Today on the cable TV network Outside Television. Personal life

Zohn is Jewish. His father passed away from cancer when he was 14 years old. On April 30, 2002, Zohn called into the Howard Stern Show and shared he was working as a motivational speaker, often in Jewish venues where he shared how Judaism helped him achieve success.He also revealed he had gone on five dates with Jennifer Love Hewitt after meeting her back stage at the Live With Regis and Kelly show, and the two were regularly in touch by telephone (at the time). Zohn began dating fellow Survivor champion Jenna Morasca after her victory on Survivor: The Amazon in 2003. They both lived in Manhattan. In an interview on Rob Has a Podcast, it was revealed that Zohn and Morasca were considered to return in Survivor: South Pacific, after applying for The Amazing Race. The couple declined the offer, saying they were not interested in competing against each other. In February 2013, Zohn and Morasca confirmed that they had amicably ended their relationship. On July 21, 2015, Zohn announced his engagement to New York City interior designer Lisa Heywood.They were married on July 16, 2016 in North Bennington, Vermont in a Jewish ceremony. On April 30, 2009, Zohn was diagnosed with a rare type of cancer called CD20-positive Hodgkin's lymphoma. He started chemotherapy in May 2009. On September 14, 2009, he disclosed that after three months of intensive chemotherapy, his cancer returned. He underwent a new treatment, including a stem-cell transplant, to battle the rare form of Hodgkin's disease. Zohn received a "clean CT scan" in late April 2010 and remained in remission for nearly 20 months. In September 2011, Zohn confirmed that the cancer had returned in his chest.In early March 2013, Zohn announced via The Jeff Probst Show that he was cancer-free due to two rounds of stem cell transplants that he received from his brother. Filmography

Television

References

External links
 Official website
 <mask> biography for Survivor: Africa at CBS.com
 <mask>n biography for Survivor: All-Stars at CBS.com

1973 births
The Amazing Race contestants
Jewish American sportspeople
American soccer players
Association football goalkeepers
Cape Cod Crusaders players
Hawaii Tsunami players
Highlanders F.C. players
Lexington High School alumni
Living people
People from Lexington, Massachusetts
Sportspeople from Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Survivor (American TV series) winners
USISL players
Vassar College alumni
Soccer players from Massachusetts
American expatriate soccer players
Expatriate footballers in Zimbabwe
American expatriates in Zimbabwe

masks:
Ethan Zohn
Ethan
Ethan
Ethan
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Ethan Zoh


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<mask>, FRS (formerly <mask>, 14 June 1812 – 21 January 1888) was a British colonial official who served twice as Acting Administrator of Hong Kong from 1841 to 1842. He also served in the Executive and Legislative Councils of Hong Kong. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1845 for his work on the natural history of China. Early life
<mask> was born on 14 June 1812 in Colombo, Ceylon, as the third son of Sir <mask>, who was Chief Justice of Ceylon. He began his career in the Colonial Office as a writer in Mauritius in 1828, and shortly after became a clerk in the Colonial Secretary's department. He remained in the Mauritius civil service until 1833, when he returned to England after economic conditions in the colony forced him to leave his post. China

In 1833, <mask> became Private Secretary to his cousin Lord Napier, who was sent to Canton as Chief Superintendent of Trade after the abolition of the East India Company's monopoly of the China Trade.After Napier died in October 1834, he was replaced by John Francis Davis, and <mask> became Secretary and Treasurer of the Commission. After Davis' retirement in January 1835, <mask> became Third Superintendent of Trade. In November 1836, he was promoted to Second Superintendent. In 1837, after the Commission abolished the offices of Second and Third Superintendent, he became Deputy Superintendent of Trade under Captain Charles Elliot, who was both Chief Superintendent and Plenipotentiary. During the First Opium War, he served on board the steamship Nemesis in the expedition up the Broadway River from Macao to Canton on 13–15 March 1841. On 22 June, when Elliot prepared to join the British expeditionary force in the north during the war, he appointed <mask> as acting Administrator of Hong Kong. On 10 August, Sir Henry Pottinger arrived in China to replace Elliot as plenipotentiary.Pottinger, who arrived in Hong Kong on 22 August while on his way to the expedition, kept <mask> as acting administrator. Acting on Elliot's policy of encouraging a growing settlement, <mask> disposed land lots for development, which he classified into marine, town, and suburban. In November 1841, he sent Pottinger an account of the settlement's progress, such as the development of Queen's Road, the Magistracy, the Record Office, and a prison. Barracks were built in Stanley and a bridle path was laid towards Aberdeen. He reported that houses were being built and that many people were making applications for land. However, Pottinger criticised <mask> for granting land without elaboration of Hong Kong's future from the British government. He returned to Hong Kong on 1 February 1842.Historian Frank Welsh wrote, "He got few thanks for it, then or later, but it is largely due to <mask>'s initiative that Hong Kong was allowed to develop". When Pottinger left Hong Kong on 13 June to rejoin the expedition, <mask> was again left in charge and was told not to grant land except for barracks and the troops' families who began to arrive from Britain. In October 1842, he informed Pottinger of the crime and disorder in the colony. Piracy was frequent and isolated houses were attacked, often by gangs who landed from boats. The jail was full, but <mask> said he lacked the authority to impose sentences on the inmates awaiting trial. Such conditions helped the Colonial Office be aware of the importance of establishing full control of law and order, and the danger of allowing the Chinese to share this responsibility. On 2 December, Pottinger returned from the north, and <mask> remained Deputy Superintendent of Trade, which was changed in 1843 to the Assistant and Registrar to the Superintendent of Trade.After Pottinger became the first Governor of Hong Kong on 26 June 1843, he appointed <mask> as a member of the Executive and Legislative Councils on 21 August. <mask> returned to England on sick leave in October 1843. He received a medal for his services on board the Nemesis during the war. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 5 June 1845 for his contributions to the natural history of China. He returned to Hong Kong in September 1845 as Secretary and Registrar to the Superintendent of Trade. In June 1846, <mask> was made a member of the Executive Council in place of Colonial Secretary Frederick Wright-Bruce who went on leave before being appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Newfoundland. After the abolition of the office of Secretary and Registrar on 25 September 1852, he obtained a compensation allowance, and retired to England in March 1853.Later life

On 30 September 1856, <mask> married Frances Ellen Palliser at St George's, Hanover Square, London. They had eight sons and two daughters, including Conway Campbell-<mask> (1859–1915), who died with his wife in the sinking of the Lusitania, and Malcolm Campbell-<mask>, who was Conservative Member of Parliament for East Ham South. <mask> resided in Suffolk, where he was a justice of the peace, and in London. In 1883, <mask> and his wife travelled to the United States, where they visited the small town of Garvanza, California. They purchased over  of the Rancho San Rafael from Victor Beaudry (brother of businessman Prudent Beaudry) for agricultural and real estate development, and named it the San Rafael Ranch. They returned to England while their sons operated the ranch and then visited again in 1888. The ranch was used for cattle grazing and many buildings were constructed.<mask> died there on 21 January 1888. His widow accompanied his remains back to England, being buried in Brompton Cemetery, London. She hired Arthur Edmund Street (son of architect George Edmund Street) to design the Church of the Angels as a memorial. Street's design was based on Holmbury St Mary's Church in Surrey and later modified by architect Ernest Coxhead in Los Angeles. Built in 1889, it became a registered historic landmark in Pasadena. It is the most prominent remaining structure from the Campbell-Johnston Ranch. Namesakes
Johnston House, present-day known as the Former French Mission Building, 1, Battery Path, Central, Hong Kong
Johnston Road, Wan Chai, Hong Kong
Mount Johnston, Ap Lei Chau, Hong Kong
Johnston Lake, Pasadena, California, United States

Notes
Footnotes

Citations

References
The Chinese Repository.Volume 11. Canton. 1842. Endacott, G. B. (2005) [1962]. A Biographical Sketch-book of Early Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press. .
Wordie, Jason (2002).Streets: Exploring Hong Kong Island. Hong Kong University Press. . External links
Records of <mask> at The National Archives

1812 births
1888 deaths
19th-century British politicians
19th-century Hong Kong people
British people of the First Opium War
<mask>
Governors of Hong Kong
Members of the Executive Council of Hong Kong
Members of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong
People from Colombo
People of British Ceylon
Sri Lankan people of British descent

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Alexander Robert Johnston
Campbell Johnston
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<mask>, 1st Baronet,  (26 April 1856 – 8 July 1930) was a New Zealand politician who served as the 17th prime minister of New Zealand from 1906 to 1912 and from 1928 to 1930. He was a dominant figure in the Liberal and United ministries of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. <mask> was born into an Irish Catholic family in Melbourne, Victoria. In 1863, financial hardship forced his family to move to New Zealand, where he completed his education. <mask> established a successful grain trade in Invercargill in 1877 and soon became prominent in local politics. He became a Member of Parliament in 1887. Following the election of the Liberal Government in 1891, <mask> was appointed as Postmaster-General under John Ballance; he was promoted to Minister of Finance in the succeeding ministry of Richard Seddon.<mask> became Prime Minister on 6 August 1906, following Seddon's death two months earlier. In his first period of government, <mask> advocated greater unity within the British Empire, led New Zealand to Dominion status, and increased New Zealand's contribution to the Royal Navy. His government faced strong opposition from the Reform Party and the newly formed socialist parties. He led the Liberal Party to two election victories, in 1908 and 1911, albeit with a one-seat majority in the latter. He resigned as head of government on 28 March 1912. During the First World War, <mask> led his party in a coalition with the Reform Party. As co-leader of the government, <mask> had a strained working relationship with Prime Minister William Massey.The coalition was dissolved in 1919 and <mask> resigned as Liberal leader. After a six-year absence from national politics, <mask> returned to parliament in 1925. He became Prime Minister on 10 December 1928, as leader of the United Party, which had formed from the remnants of the former Liberal Party. <mask> attempted to rejuvenate liberal support in New Zealand but his party lost ground to the New Zealand Labour Party. Failing health forced his retirement from leadership on 28 May 1930. Early life

<mask> was born in Melbourne on 26 April 1856 to a Roman Catholic family of Irish descent. His father, William, died in 1860, aged 31 – <mask> was raised by his mother was successful businesswoman <mask> Barron.In 1863, the family moved to Bluff (then officially known as Campbelltown), in New Zealand's Southland region, seeking better financial security – <mask> Barron established a shop and a boarding house. <mask> received his formal education at primary schools in Melbourne and Bluff. He did not go to secondary school. He did, however, read extensively, and also picked up a good understanding of business from his mother. In 1869, <mask> found a job at the Post Office, and later as a clerk. Later, with the help of a loan from his mother, <mask> began to work as a freelance trader, selling supplies to the newly established Southland farming community. Early political career

<mask> became involved in local politics very quickly.He was elected to the Campbelltown (Bluff) Borough Council in 1878, despite being only 21 years old – at age 25 he became Mayor, the youngest in New Zealand. He also served on the Bluff Harbour Board, eventually becoming its chairman. In 1887, <mask> stood for Parliament, winning the seat of Awarua. Politically, <mask> was a supporter of politicians such as Julius Vogel and Robert Stout, leaders of the liberal wing of Parliament – <mask>'s support was unusual in the far south. <mask> became known as a strong debater on economic matters. In 1891, when the newly founded Liberal Party came to power, the new Prime Minister, John Ballance, appointed <mask> as Postmaster General. Later, when Richard Seddon became Prime Minister after Ballance's death, <mask> became Treasurer (Minister of Finance).<mask>'s basic political outlook was that the state existed to support and promote private enterprise, and his conduct as Treasurer reflects this. <mask>'s increasing occupation with government affairs led to neglect of his own business interests, however, and his personal finances began to deteriorate. In 1896, a judge declared <mask> "hopelessly insolvent". This placed <mask>, as Treasurer, in a politically difficult situation, and he was forced to resign his portfolios on 16 June. In 1897, he was forced to file for bankruptcy, which legally obligated him to resign his seat in Parliament. A loophole meant that there was nothing to stop him contesting it again, however. In the resulting by-election he was elected with an increased majority.<mask> gained considerable popularity as a result of his financial troubles – he was widely seen as a great benefactor of the Southland region, and public perceptions were that he was being persecuted by his enemies over an honest mistake. Gradually, <mask> rebuilt his businesses, and paid off his creditors. Seddon, still Prime Minister, quickly reappointed him to Cabinet where he served as Minister of Railways and Postmaster-General. On 19 June 1901, on the occasion of the visit of TRH the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York (later King George V and Queen Mary) to New Zealand, he was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) for overseeing the introduction of the Penny Post throughout New Zealand. <mask> gradually emerged as the most prominent of Seddon's supporters, and was seen as a possible successor. As Seddon's long tenure as Prime Minister continued, some suggested that <mask> should challenge Seddon for the leadership, but <mask> was unwilling. In 1906, Seddon unexpectedly died.<mask> was in London at the time. It was generally agreed in the party that <mask> would succeed him, although the return journey would take two months – William Hall-Jones became Prime Minister until <mask> arrived. <mask> was sworn in on 6 August 1906. First premiership

<mask> was not seen by most as being of the same calibre as Seddon. The diverse interests of the Liberal Party, many believed, had been held together only by Seddon's strength of personality and his powers of persuasion – <mask> was not seen as having the same qualities. Frequent internal disputes led to indecision and frequent policy changes, with the result being paralysis of government. The Liberal Party's two main support bases, left-leaning urban workers and conservative small farmers, were increasingly at odds, and <mask> lacked any coherent strategy to solve the problem – any attempt to please one group simply alienated the other.<mask> increasingly focused on foreign affairs, which was seen by his opponents as a sign that he could not cope with the country's problems. In 1901, <mask> established the world's first Ministry of Health and Tourism, and became the British Empire's first Minister of Public Health. On 26 September 1907, <mask> proclaimed New Zealand's new status as a Dominion. In the 1908 election the Liberals won a majority, but in the 1911 election Parliament appeared to be deadlocked. The Liberals survived for a time on the casting vote of the Speaker, but <mask>, discouraged by the result, resigned from the premiership in March the following year. The party replaced him with Thomas Mackenzie, his Minister of Agriculture, whose government survived only a few more months. <mask>, who most believed had finished his political career, returned to the back benches and refused several requests to resume the leadership of the disorganised Liberals.He occupied himself with relatively minor matters, and took his family on a visit to England, where he was created a baronet by King George V on 20 June 1911. Leader of the Opposition

On 11 September 1913, however, <mask> finally accepted the leadership of the Liberal Party once again. <mask> extracted a number of important concessions from the party, insisting on a very high level of personal control – he felt that the party's previous lack of direction was the primary cause for its failure. He also worked to build alliances with the growing labour movement, which was now standing candidates in many seats. <mask> lead the Liberals into the 1914 election and gained two seats. Despite the gains the Reform government was reduced to a bare minimum majority and when a by-election in Dunedin Central was triggered early the next year there was much at stake. The Liberal Party chose not contest the election themselves but <mask> actively toured the electorate holding meetings to encourage the electors to vote for the Labour candidate Jim Munro.In the event of a Labour victory it was conceivable for <mask> to form a minority government with Labour support. <mask> had made preparation for a return to power, but the Reform Party managed to hold the seat. On 12 August 1915, <mask> and accepted a proposal by William Massey and the governing Reform Party to form a joint administration for World War I. <mask> became deputy leader of the administration, also holding the Finance portfolio. Relations between <mask> and Massey were not good – besides their political differences, <mask> was an Irish Catholic, and Massey was an Irish Protestant. The administration ended on 21 August 1919 following a decision made by caucus to do so two months earlier. In the 1919 election <mask> lost the seat of Awarua, and left Parliament.In 1923, he contested a by-election in Tauranga, but was defeated by a Reform Party candidate, Charles MacMillan. <mask> was largely considered a spent force. In the 1925 election, however, he narrowly returned to Parliament as MP for Invercargill. <mask> contested the seat under the "Liberal" label, despite the fact that the remnants of the Liberal Party were now calling themselves by different names – his opponents characterised him as living in the past, and of attempting to fight the same battles over again. <mask>'s health was also failing. In 1928 the remnants of the Liberal Party reasserted themselves as the new United Party, focused around George Forbes (leader of one faction of the Liberals), Bill Veitch (leader of another faction), and Albert Davy (a former organiser for the Reform Party). Forbes and Veitch both sought the leadership, and neither gained a clear advantage.Davy invited <mask> to step in as a compromise candidate, perhaps hoping that <mask>'s status as a former Prime Minister would create a sense of unity. Second premiership

<mask> accepted an offer from Albert Davy and became leader of the new United Party, fighting off three other contenders. His health, however, was still poor, and he found the task difficult. In the 1928 election campaign, <mask> startled both his supporters and his audience by promising to borrow £70 million in the course of a year to revive the economy – this is believed to have been a mistake caused by <mask>'s failing eyesight. Despite the strong objections his party had to this "promise", it was sufficient to prompt a massive surge in support for United – in the election United gained the same number of seats as Reform. With the backing of the Labour Party, <mask> became Prime Minister again, 22 years after his original appointment. He also briefly served as Minister of External Affairs in 1929.<mask> was also attempting to rejuvenate liberal support in New Zealand. His cabinet was rather youthful, with only two members (Thomas Wilford and Āpirana Ngata), other than himself, having held ministerial portfolios before. <mask>, as Finance Minister, passed a mini-budget at the end of 1928 appropriating £1,175,000 for public works construction. In 1929 the government reneged on the £70 million borrowing promise and introduced a watered down land tax. In October, under increasing pressure from Labour, <mask> made moves to reduce the growing unemployment numbers. Health and death

<mask>'s health continued to decline. From late-September 1929 <mask> seldom attended debates in the House and from March 1930 <mask> was too ill to even hold meetings of the Cabinet.He suffered a number of heart attacks, and soon it was Forbes who was effectively running the government. <mask> was determined not to resign, and remained Prime Minister until well after he had lost the ability to perform the role effectively. On 28 May 1930, <mask> succumbed to strong pressure from his colleagues and his family, and passed the premiership to Forbes. <mask> had been promoted to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in the 1930 New Year Honours. <mask> remained a member of the cabinet as a Minister without Portfolio, but died shortly afterwards, on 8 July. He was given a state funeral with a Requiem Mass celebrated on 9 July  at the Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Hill St, Wellington. <mask> had been an active worshipper there (and at its destroyed predecessor, St Mary's Cathedral) for all of his thirty-seven years as an MP.The Mass was celebrated by Bishop O'Shea (the Coadjutor Archbishop of Wellington), and Archbishop Redwood, 1st Archbishop of Wellington, delivered the panagyric. <mask> was buried with considerable ceremony in Bluff. His son Vincent was elected to replace him as MP for Invercargill. Arms

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1856 births
1930 deaths
Australian emigrants to New Zealand
Australian people of Irish descent
Australian Roman Catholics
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
New Zealand people of Irish descent
New Zealand defence ministers
New Zealand finance ministers
New Zealand foreign ministers
New Zealand Liberal Party MPs
Leaders of political parties in New Zealand
New Zealand Roman Catholics
Politicians from Melbourne
Prime Ministers of New Zealand
Leaders of the Opposition (New Zealand)
United Party (New Zealand) MPs
Independent MPs of New Zealand
People from Bluff, New Zealand
Mayors of places in Southland, New Zealand
New Zealand MPs for South Island electorates
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1919 New Zealand general election
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Colonial Secretaries of New Zealand
19th-century New Zealand politicians
New Zealand members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
New Zealand recipients of British titles

masks:
Sir Joseph George Ward
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