text_chunks:
<mask> (c. 1320/4 January 1341 – 15 June 1381) was a leader of the 1381 Peasants' Revolt in England. He led a group of rebels from Canterbury to London to oppose the institution of a poll tax and to demand economic and social reforms. While the brief rebellion enjoyed early success, <mask> was killed by officers loyal to King Richard II during negotiations at Smithfield, London. Early life
Not much is known of <mask>'s early life. There are varying sources of his birth. One claims that he was born on January 4, 1341, while another source claims he was born around 1320. Most historians agree that he was born around 1341.He was fascinated by John Ball, his group having broken the radical priest out of jail. He was probably born in Kent or Essex. “Wat” may have been his given name (derived from the Old English name <mask>), or a diminutive form of the name Walter; his original surname was unknown. It is thought that the name "<mask>" came from his occupation as a roof tiler, but this is not confirmed. Prior to the Peasants' Revolt, it is probable that he lived in Kent or Essex; he has variously been represented as coming from Dartford and Maidstone in Kent, from Deptford, which was in Kent at the time, and from Colchester in Essex. The Peasants' Revolt

The Peasants' Revolt began in May 1381, triggered by a recently imposed poll tax of 4 pence from every adult, whether peasant or wealthy. The revolt was not only about money, as the peasants also sought increased liberty and other social reforms.They demanded that each labourer be allowed to work for the employer of his choice and sought an end to serfdom and other rigid social demarcation. There were uprisings across England, with much of the unrest focused on Essex and Kent. The uprising was opposed by a significant part of English society in those regions, including nobility and wealthy religious establishments. Many peasants and labourers were inspired by the teachings of John Ball, a radical priest who preached that all humans should be treated equally, as descendants of Adam and Eve, and who asked: "When Adam delved and Eve span/Who was then the gentleman?" How <mask> <mask> became involved with the revolt is unknown, although a much later sixteenth-century source indicates that a man of a similar name, <mask>, was its initiator. This account suggests that a poll-tax collector had indecently assaulted <mask>'s daughter. It is suggested the poll tax collector "pulled up his daughter's clothes to see if she arrived at the age of puberty".In revenge he killed the miscreant and triggered the insurgency. Regardless of the basis of that story, by June 1381, when groups of rebels from across the country began a coordinated assault on London, <mask> <mask> had emerged as a leader of the Kentish forces. On 13 June, the rebels reached the capital and crossed London Bridge. Once in the city, they attacked civil targets, destroying legal records, opening prisons, sacking homes, and killing individuals they thought were associated with the royal government. In response, the king, Richard II (then 14 years old), met with the rebels on 14 June 1381 and agreed to make many concessions and to give full pardons to all those involved in the rebellion. While some of the rebels were satisfied by the king's promises and dispersed, <mask> and his followers were not. Death

On 15 June 1381, <mask> and his Kentish forces met King Richard at Smithfield, outside London.There, <mask> spoke personally with the king and put forward his demands. At first, the meeting seems to have gone well, with <mask> treating the king in a friendly, if overly familiar, manner, and Richard agreeing the rebels "should have all that he could fairly grant". However, tensions quickly rose. According to a contemporary chronicler, <mask> acted contemptuously, calling for a flagon of water to rinse his mouth "because of the great heat that he was in" and when he received the water "he rinsed his mouth in a very rude and disgusting fashion before the King's face". Sir John Newton (a servant of the king) insulted <mask> by calling him "the greatest thief and robber in all Kent". <mask> attacked Newton, but was restrained and arrested by the Lord Mayor of London, William Walworth. <mask> then attempted to stab the mayor, who was saved by his armour.Walworth slashed <mask> across the neck and head with his sword, and another of the king's servants, possibly Ralph de Standish, stabbed <mask> again, severely wounding him. <mask> managed to ride thirty yards before he fell from his horse. In the disorder that followed, he was taken to a hospital for the poor, but was tracked down by the mayor, brought back to Smithfield and publicly decapitated. <mask>'s head was placed atop a pole and carried through the city, then displayed on London Bridge. In the wake of their leader's death, his followers were driven from London and the movement was shattered. Subsequently, Richard II revoked all the concessions he had made to the rebels and many were hunted down and executed. That effectively ended the revolt.In popular culture
John Gower commented on <mask> <mask> in his 14th-century poem Vox Clamantis: "The jay's voice is wild and he has only learnt the art of speaking from the classes with whom the Latin poet is identified." A number of works in the post-medieval period have featured <mask> <mask> as protagonist. <mask> was the protagonist of the play <mask> <mask> and Jack Straw, or, The Mob Reformers (1730) first performed at Bartholomew Fair in 1730. <mask> <mask> is represented in Robert Southey's <mask> <mask>, A Dramatic Poem, which was written in 1794 but not published until 1813. The first novel to feature <mask> <mask> is Mrs O'Neill's The Bondman: A Story of the Days of <mask> <mask> (1833). He is the protagonist in Pierce Egan the Younger's novel Wat Tyler, or the Rebellion of 1381 (1841), a highly radical text published at the height of the second phase of the Chartist movement that argued for republican government in England. Egan's novel was subsequently abridged and plagiarised and published as The Life and Adventures of <mask> <mask>: The Good and the Brave (1851).<mask> <mask> is the protagonist of the penny dreadful serial novel <mask> <mask>; or, The King and the Apprentice which appeared in weekly parts in The Young Englishman's Journal in 1867, and appears as a main character in William Harrison Ainsworth's Merry England; or, Nobles and Serfs (1874). In Charles Dickens' Bleak House (1853), his name is invoked by Sir Leicester Dedlock as an example of what would happen if any concessions were made to "some person in the lower classes". <mask> features as a sympathetic hero in the novel A Dream of John Ball (1888) by William Morris. <mask> <mask> is also mentioned in Redburn by Herman Melville and in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court by Mark Twain. <mask> features briefly in the historical fiction The Mediation of Ralph Hardelot (1888) by William Minto. The juvenile novel A March on London (1897) by G. A. Henty, depicts <mask> briefly as a "sullen and resentful" demagogue. Henty's book was illustrated by W.H.Margetson. Long Will (1903), a novel by Florence Converse, depicts a meritorious <mask> <mask>. The 1921 play Wat Tyler by Halcott Glover interprets <mask> as a sympathetic protester against feudal tyranny, who is driven into violence by John Ball's preaching. Riot at Gravesend (1952), a novel by William Howard Woods, focus on the combats between the rebels and the authorities. Who Then Was The Gentleman? (1963) is a novel by Charles E. Israel, that renders a courageous and charismatic <mask> <mask>. A Summer Storm (1976), a novel by Jane Lane, depicts <mask> as a villain.The novel The Confession of Jack Straw (1991) by Simone Zelitch features <mask> as a central character. The children's novel Fire, Bed, and Bone (1997) by Henrietta Branford has <mask> <mask> as one of its characters. <mask> <mask> is the principal character in the historical novel, Now is the Time (2015) by Melvyn Bragg. English composer Alan Bush wrote an opera, <mask> <mask>, about <mask>'s life. Bush's opera was premiered at the Leipzig Opera in 1953. English folk singer-songwriter Frank Turner references <mask> <mask>'s negotiations at Smithfield in "Sons of Liberty" from the 2009 album Poetry of the Deed, and again mentions <mask> by name in "One Foot Before the Other" from 2011 album England Keep My Bones. Provisional IRA member and Irish political prisoner Bobby Sands referenced "Wat the Tyler" and his poor in one of his wider-known poems written while in prison, "The Rhythm of Time".A cultural history survey of <mask> <mask>'s portrayals in post-medieval literature down to the modern period has been written by Stephen Basdeo who argues that most of <mask> <mask> Way" in his honour. "<mask>'s Causeway" running from Newgatestreet Village towards the A1000 in Hertfordshire named for the route taken by some of his followers fleeing the capital following his death. A road on the western edge of Blackheath is called Wat Tyler Road

Wat Tyler Country Park in Essex is named after him. Swindon Borough Council's Offices are in Wat Tyler House. A memorial commemorating <mask> <mask> and the Great Rising of 1381 was unveiled on 15 July 2015 in Smithfield, London. See also
 John Ball and Jack Straw, co-leaders of the 1381 Peasants' Revolt
 Jack Cade, leader of the 1450 Kentish Revolt
 Michael An Gof, leader of the Cornish rebellion of 1497
 Robert Kett, leader of Kett's Rebellion in 1549 in Norfolk
 Bartholomew Steer, leader of the 1596 Oxfordshire Rebellion
 King Richard II of England

References

External links

 Wat Tyler Country Park
 Wat Tyler on historyguide.org — a description, from a chronicle of the time, which relates the final meeting between <mask> <mask> and King Richard II.<mask> <mask>'s Rebellion in Froissart chronicle. — excerpts, from a Full 12 volume edition of Froissart chronicle related to <mask> <mask>'s Rebellion. EASF radical history wiki An East Anglia-specific look at the rebellion
 The Peasants' Revolt, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Miri Rubin, Caroline Barron & Alastair Dunn (In Our Time, Nov. 16, 2006)

Year of birth unknown
14th-century births
1381 deaths
Place of birth unknown
English rebels
English revolutionaries
English tax resisters
Medieval Kent
Peasants' Revolt
People from Kent
Year of birth uncertain

masks:
Wat Tyler
Tyler
Wat Tyler
Watt
Tyler
Wat
Tyler
John Tyler
John Tyler
Wat
Tyler
Tyler
Tyler
Tyler
Tyler
Tyler
Tyler
Tyler
Tyler
Tyler
Tyler
Tyler
Tyler
Wat
Tyler
Wat
Tyler
Tyler
Wat
Tyler
Wat
Tyler
Wat
Tyler
Wat
Tyler
Wat
Tyler
Wat
Tyler
Wat
Tyler
Wat
Tyler
Tyler
Wat
Tyler
Tyler
Tyler
Wat
Tyler
Tyler
Wat
Tyler
Tyler
Tyler
Wat
Tyler
Wat
Tyler
Wat
Tyler
Tyler
Wat
Tyler
Tyler
Wat
Tyler
Tylerat
Tyler
Tyler
Wat
Tyler
Wat
Tyler
Wat
Tyler
Wat
Tyler


text_chunks:
<mask> (12 February 1909 – 25 May 2005), baptised as <mask>, was a Slovene painter, printmaker, and draughtsman. He was the only painter of Slovene descent who managed to establish himself in the elite cultural circles of Italy and France, particularly Paris in the second half of the 20. century, where he lived for most of his later life. He painted landscapes, still lifes, portraits, and self-portraits, as well as scenes of horror from the Dachau concentration camp and vedute of Venice. Life
<mask> was born in a Slovene-speaking family in Bukovica, a small village in the Vipava Valley near Gorizia, in what was then the Austrian County of Gorizia and Gradisca (now in Slovenia). <mask>'s father Anton was the headmaster of the local school, and his mother Marija (née Blažič) was a teacher there. Both parents were Slovenes from the Goriška region: his father was from the village of Šmartno in the Gorizia Hills, and his mother was born in the hamlet of Kostanjevica in the village of Lig. <mask>'s father was mobilized and served on various battlefields during the First World War.In 1915, during the Battles of the Isonzo, the family (his mother with two children) was forced to flee to Arnače, a village near Velenje in the Duchy of Styria, where <mask> attended elementary school. In the spring of 1918, toward the end of World War I, the family moved back to Gorizia, but they were expelled again in late August 1919 by the Italian authorities, which had occupied the region. They moved to Griffen in Carinthia, but were expelled once again by the Austrian authorities after the Carinthian Plebiscite in late October 1920. They finally settled in Lower Styria, then part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Mušič attended two high schools in Maribor till 1928. After, he visited Vienna for a short time. Between 1930 and 1935 he continued his studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in Zagreb.Mušič spoke Slovene, German, Croatian, Italian, French and some Friulian. After graduation in 1934, he travelled extensively around Europe. He spent three months (April to June 1935) in Spain, mainly Madrid. Later he served his obligatory army service in Bileća (1936) in Yugoslavia. He spent each summer in Dalmatia while being based in Maribor and nearest village Hoče. In 1940, he moved to Ljubljana permanently. During this period (1942), he painted in two churches in his native Goriška region, together with his friend, painter Avgust Černigoj (Drežnica, Grahovo) and one in village Gradno with another Slovenian painter Lojze Spacal.In October 1943, he moved to Trieste and later for the first time to Venice. He had his first one-man show (outside Yugoslavia) in Trieste and several months later in Venice. In early October 1944, he was arrested by the Nazi German forces because he was in a group of Slovene anti-fascists. The group had hidden transmitter and was connected with British IS. His drawing and painting in Venice raised suspicions that he was a spy, and a month later he was sent to Dachau concentration camp, where he made more than 180 sketches of life in the camp, some under extremely difficult circumstances. From the drawings, mainly executed in May 1945, he managed to save around one hundred (some more with his friends). After liberation by Americans on April 29, 1945, Mušič returned to his hometown Ljubljana in early June.There, he was sent to a hospital (Golnik). A month later he was subjected to the pressures by the newly established Communist regime and moved to Gorizia at the end of July 1945. In the following months he travelled in the area of Trieste and Istria, spending some time in Pinguente (Buzet). In October 1945 he settled in Venice with the help of family Cadorin and returned to the painting. In September 1949 he married the Venetian painter Ida Cadorin Barbarigo there. He also painted a room in Vila Dornacher near Zuerich at the same period. In 1950 he prepared huge tapestry: Marco Polo and his way to China for the passenger ship Augustus.At the same time he won the Gualino prize and in 1956 the Grand Prize for his printmaking at the Venice Biennale. In 1951 he was awarded the Prix de Paris, (jointly with Antonio Corpora) for his colorful paintings of Dalmatia. After 1952 he lived mainly in Paris, where the 'lyrical abstraction' of the French Informel determined the art world. Throughout this period he kept his studio in Venice and exhibited again at the Biennale in 1960, when he was awarded the UNESCO Prize. The much acclaimed series We Are Not the Last, in which the artist transformed the terror of his experiences in the concentration camp into documents of universal tragedy, was made in the 1970s. His last achievement were series of Selfportratis and Double portraits. He had problems with his eyesight.Partly blind he signed his last drawings in the year 2000. In 1981 <mask> was appointed Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres in Paris. <mask>'s work has been honoured in numerous international exhibitions, such as the large retrospective exhibition at the Grand Palais in Paris in 1995, opened by the French and Slovenian presidents François Mitterrand and Milan Kučan. At the same time Austrians promised him a permanent exhibition in Klagenfurt. It was never established. A huge part of his works was taken from his studio and never returned to the painter or his wife. In 1991, <mask> was given the Prešeren Award for lifetime achievement, the highest decoration in the field of the arts in Slovenia.Some of <mask>'s works have been featured at Piran Coastal Galleries. Gallery Zala from Ljubljana prepared 7 exhibitions (4 in Ljubljana, one in: Belgrade, Vienna and London). A big retrospective was prepared in Modern Gallery from Ljubljana in November 2009. Academy of Sciences from Slovenia published a monograph, written by 20 authors from Slovenia, Croatia, Austria, Italy and France (Vizije Zorana Mušiča) November 2012. First permanent exhibition of his prints was open in Dobrovo in 1991. Only permanent exhibition of his different works (paintings, prints, drawings) was open in National Gallery in Ljubljana in 2016. Bigger temporary exhibition of selected works was prepared in Lugano, Collezione Braglia in October 2016.Another exhibition was in Venice at Fortuny Museum in spring 2018: A Tribute to <mask> Music, The Zurich Room. The Leopold Museum in Vienna opened a bigger retrospective exhibition in April 2018 with 167 selected works. He died in Venice in 2005 at the age of 96. He is buried in the local St. Michele cemetery. Exhibitions (selection)

 1942: <mask> Mušič. Galerija Obersnel, Ljubljana, (February)
 1944: <mask> Music. 25 oeuvres exposées.Piccola Galleria, Venice (June 17 – July 8)
 1960: Music. Peintures et gouaches. Galerie_de_France, Paris (February 26 – March 20)
 1964: Music. Zeichnungen und Graphik. Kunstmuseum Basel (May 9 – June 14)
 1967: <mask> Anton Music. Retrospektivna razstava. Moderna Galerija, Ljubljana (April 14 – May 7)
 1978: Music, le temps d'une mémoire.Rétrospective: Toiles – Aquarelles – Gouaches – Dessins de 1951 à 1977. Galerie de France, Paris (April 4 – May 20)
 1992–93: Music, Arbeiten auf Papier von 1945 bis 1992. Graphische Sammlung Albertina, Vienna (November 25 – January 31)
 1995: <mask> Music. Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, Paris (April 4 – July 3)
 1995: <mask> Music. Nous ne sommes pas les derniers, Peintures, Dessins, Gravures. Musée des Beaux-Arts de Caen, Caen (May 18 – August 16)
 1995–96: <mask> Music: Die späten Jahre. Bayerische Akademie der Schönen Künste, Munich (November 24 – January 14)
 1997: Zoran Music.Schirn Kunsthalle Frankfurt, Frankfurt Main (April 24 – June 29)
 1997: <mask> Music. MMG Gallery, Tokyo (August)
 1998: <mask> Music: gli acquerelli veneziani 1947–1949. Museo Morandi – Instituzione Galleria d'Arte Moderna, Bologna (January 22 – April 13)
 2006: Music in Slovene private Collections (1935–1997). Galerija Zala, Ljubljana (November 24 – December 22)
 2009: A Spanish vision, February. National Gallery of Slovenia, Ljubljana (12. February – March)
 2009: <mask> Mušič in private and public collections, November 2009 – February 2010. Modern Gallery of Slovenia, Ljubljana
 2009: <mask> Mušič v slovenskih zasebnih zbirkah III.Galerija Zala, Ljubljana (February)
 2016: <mask> <mask>, Permanent collection. National Gallery of Slovenia, Ljubljana
 2018: Omaggio a Zoran Music. La Stanza di Zurigo. Museo Fortuny, Venezia (Febbraio)
 2018: Zoran Music. Poesie der Stille. Leopold Museum, Vienna (April 13 – August 6)
 2019: <mask> Music. Gallery W&K – Wienerroihter & Kohlbacher, Vienna (May 22 – September 13)
 2019: Music in Slovene private Collections VII.Galerija Zala, Ljubljana (June 6 – June 25)
 2019: <mask> Mušič. Galerija in antikvitete Novak, Ljubljana (October 24 – November 9)
 2020: <mask> Mušič. "The fascination of painting". Klagenfurt, (January 23 – March 1)
 2020: <mask> Mušič.111 catalogues for the 111 Anniversary. National Gallery, Ljubljana. (February 11 – May 30)
 2020: <mask> Mušič. "Drawings from Dachau," Modern Gallery, Ljubljana.Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
 Museum of Modern Art, New York
 Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia

Vatican
 Vatican Museums, Collection of Contemporary Art

References

Further reading

 <mask> KRŽIŠNIK, Tomaž BREJC, Ješa DENEGRI, Meta GABRŠEK PROSENC, Miklavž KOMELJ, Ivana SIMONOVIĆ ČELIĆ, Gojko ZUPAN, Jana INTIHAR FERJAN, Breda ILICH KLANČNIK, ZORAN MUŠIČ, V javnih in zasebnih zbirkah v Sloveniji, Moderna galerija Ljubljana, Ljubljana, 24. November 2009
 Nelida Silič NEMEC, Nace ŠUMI, <mask> KRŽIŠNIK, Galerija <mask> Mušiča, Grad Dobrovo, Stalna zbirka grafičnih del Zorana Mušiča, Goriški muzej, Nova Gorica, 1991. Ziva AMISHAI_MAISELS, Depiction and Interpretation, Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York, Seoul, Tokyo, 1993. <mask> Music, Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, Catalogue, Paris, 1995. Gojko ZUPAN, Zorenje Zorana Mušiča med 1909 in 1935, offprint, Ljubljana, 2006. Gojko ZUPAN, Umetnik na tujem : Zoran Mušič – slovenski izseljenec, Mohorjev koledar, Ljubljana, 2006. pp. 177–182.Gojko ZUPAN, <mask> <mask>, Iz slovenskih privatnih zbirk II, Grafika (1931–1984), Ljubljana, 2008. Gojko ZUPAN, Life and Work, <mask> <mask>, catalogue, Moderna galerija Ljubljana, 2009. Gojko ZUPAN, Dachauske risbe Zorana Mušiča, Zbornik za Staneta Bernika, Ljubljana, 2009. pp. 274–301. Lydia Harambourg, Dictionnaire des peintres de l'École de Paris, 1945–1965, Éditions Ides et Calendes, Neuchâtel, 1993 (); nouvelle édition, 2010, p. 39, 355–358 ()
 Gojko ZUPAN, Biography, Videnja Zorana Mušiča, SAZU, Ljubljana, 2012. Jean CLAIR, Vanda MUŠIČ, Gojko ZUPAN, <mask> MUŠIČ, From Ljuban, Milada and Vanda Mušič Collection, National Gallery, Ljubljana, 2016. English Edition,
 <mask> Music, Boualem Sansal, Pascal Bruckner, Michael Prazan, Skira, Applicat-Prazan, 2016.Hans-Peter WIPPLINGER, Ivan RISTIĆ, Gojko ZUPAN, Jean CLAIR, Marilena PASQUALI, <mask> Mušič : Poesie der Stille = poetry of silence : [Leopold Museum, Wien, 13. April bis 6. August 2018]
 Gojko ZUPAN, <mask> Mušič, Iz slovenskih privatnih zbirk VII / Music in Slovene private collections VII,, Catalogue, Ljubljana, 2019. External links

 A tribute to <mask> Music with photos and recent exhibitions
 <mask> Mušič web page
 <mask> Mušič biography on Widewalls

 Great works: Self-Portrait 1990 (48x38 cms (sic)), <mask> Music – Michael Glover, The Independent Venice Pays Homage to Zoran Music with Exhibition at Palazzo Franchetti – artdaily.org
 A life of wandering – Andrew Lambirth, The Spectator'', 29 July 2000

1909 births
2005 deaths
People from the Municipality of Renče-Vogrsko
Slovenian male painters
Slovenian printmakers
Members of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Prešeren Award laureates
Dachau concentration camp survivors
Academy of Fine Arts, University of Zagreb alumni
Burials at Isola di San Michele
Jakopič Award laureates
20th-century Italian painters
Italian male painters
21st-century Italian painters
Yugoslav artists

masks:
Zoran Mušič
Anton Zoran Musič
Zoran Mušič
Mušič
Mušič
Zoran
Mušič
Mušič
Mušič
Mušič
Zoran
Zoran
Zoran
Zoran
Zoran
Zoran
Zoran
Zoran
Zoran
Zoran
Zoran
Zoran
Mušič
Zoran
Zoran
Zoran
Zoran
Zoran
Zoran
Zoran
Zorana
Zoran
Zoran
Mušič
Zoran
Mušič
Zoran
Zoran
Zoran
Zoran
Zoran
Zoran
Zoran
Zoran


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 15 November 1977) is a British businessman and the son of Anne, Princess Royal, and Captain <mask>. He is the eldest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and is 18th in the line of succession to the British throne. <mask> attended University of Exeter before working at Jaguar Racing. He is currently working as a managing director for SEL UK, a boutique sports management company. He married Autumn Kelly, a Canadian management consultant, in 2008 in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. They have two children together, separated in 2019, and divorced in 2021. Early life and education

<mask> was born at 10:46 am on 15 November 1977, in the Lindo Wing of St Mary's Hospital, London.He was the first child of Princess Anne and <mask>, who had married in 1973. At the time of his birth, there was a 41-gun salute from the Tower of London. He was christened on 22 December 1977 by the Archbishop of Canterbury Donald Coggan in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace. His godparents were his maternal uncle, the Prince of Wales, Geoffrey Tiarks, Captain Hamish Lochore, Lady Cecil Cameron of Lochiel and Jane Holderness-Roddam. <mask> was fifth in line to the throne at birth and remained so until the birth of his cousin Prince William in 1982. His parents were said to have refused offers from his grandmother Queen Elizabeth II that would have led to his being born in the peerage. <mask> was the first legitimate grandchild of a monarch in more than 500 years to be born without a title or courtesy title.<mask> has a younger sister, Zara Tindall (née <mask>; born 1981), and two younger half-sisters, Felicity Wade (née Tonkin; born 1985), the daughter of <mask> and his former mistress Heather Tonkin; and <mask> (born 1997), the daughter from his father's second marriage to Sandy Pflueger. <mask> went to Port Regis Prep School in Shaftesbury, Dorset before following some of his family by attending Gordonstoun School in Moray, Scotland. Whilst at Gordonstoun, he was chosen to be head boy. During his gap year, he went to Sydney and worked for Sports Entertainment Limited (SEL), a company to which he would later return; he also worked for Jackie Stewart's Formula One racing team during that time. He attended the University of Exeter and graduated with a degree in sports science. He played for the Exeter University rugby league team. Career
After his graduation in 2000, <mask> worked for Jaguar as corporate hospitality manager and then for Williams racing team, where he was sponsorship accounts manager.In 2004, while working for Williams, <mask> was in a van in China with three other employees when the van was hit by a car. <mask> was uninjured. He left Williams in September 2005, for a job as a manager at the Royal Bank of Scotland in Edinburgh. In March 2012, he left RBS to take on a role as managing director at SEL UK. In August 2012, he was guest of honour at the Rugby league Challenge Cup Final between Warrington Wolves and Leeds Rhinos at Wembley. In the year leading up to June 2016, <mask> was responsible for organising the "Patron's Lunch", in celebration of the Queen's 90th birthday. It included a parade down The Mall and a hamper picnic for 10,000 guests.In January 2020, <mask> appeared in an advertisement for Chinese company Bright Food. In the video, he uses his status as a "British royal family member" to promote the company's milk, while surrounded by luxury. Personal life

<mask> dated Elizabeth Lorio, a cod liver oil heiress from the United States, for two years; in 2001, they lived together for eight months. Later, he had a four-month relationship with Tara Swain, a flight attendant. In 2003, <mask> met Autumn Kelly, a Canadian management consultant, at the Formula 1 Canadian Grand Prix in Montreal. Their engagement was announced on 28 July 2007. Kelly, who was raised in the Catholic Church, was received into the Church of England before her marriage.If she had been Roman Catholic at the time of the marriage, <mask> would have lost his place in the line of the succession to the throne because of since-repealed terms of the Act of Settlement 1701. Shortly before their wedding, the couple were interviewed and photographed by Hello! magazine, and were reported to have been paid £500,000, resulting in some concern in royal circles. They married on 17 May 2008 at St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle. The service was conducted by David Conner, the Dean of Windsor. The couple lived in Hong Kong after <mask> changed positions within the Royal Bank of Scotland and became head of their sponsorships activities in the region. Their first child, and the Queen's first great-grandchild, a daughter named Savannah Anne Kathleen, was born on 29 December 2010 at Gloucestershire Royal Hospital.On 23 April 2011, the Queen was present for the baby's baptism, which took place at Church of the Holy Cross in Avening, Gloucestershire, near Gatcombe Park, the home of <mask>' mother. Savannah is 19th in line to the throne. On 29 March 2012, the couple's second daughter, Isla Elizabeth, was born at Gloucestershire Royal Hospital. She is 20th in line to the throne. On 11 February 2020, <mask> and his wife confirmed that they had separated in 2019 and announced they were planning to divorce. The divorce was settled on 14 June 2021. In March 2021, <mask> was questioned by the police for travelling by car from Gloucestershire to Aberdeenshire to see a friend, despite restrictions on movement during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom.The trip was found by the police to be not in violation of any COVID-19 lockdown rules and a spokesperson for <mask> said he was "on a business trip in relation to a company called XL Medical". Arms

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Exeter
Anne, Princess Royal
British expatriates in Hong Kong
English Anglicans
People educated at Gordonstoun
People educated at Port Regis School
People from Paddington
NatWest Group people
British people of Danish descent
People from Gloucestershire

masks:
Peter Mark Andrew Phillips
Mark Phillips
Phillips
Peter Phillips
Mark Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Mark Phillips
Stephanie Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips
Phillips


text_chunks:
<mask> (1948 – October 26, 2014), commonly referred to as <mask>, was an American sound engineer, music producer and inventor. He was also the owner of Bay Sound Records. In 1969 <mask> invented the Quadraplex system of single station, discrete, compatible four-channel FM broadcasting. He founded Quadracast Systems, Inc. (QSI) of Palo Alto, California, United States to license his patents to RCA and others. <mask> was awarded more than a dozen patents in the radio communications field, many of which are still in use today. History and background
Dorren's recording experience was starting to develop when at the age of 15 he was recording a local group. Years later, in the 2000s he would produce and work on recordings for The Beau Brummels and actor / singer Ronny Cox.In the 1970s <mask> was the director of research for Quadracast Systems, located in San Mateo, California. While in that position he made a prediction of sorts that with Discrete CD-4 records that only a single inventory would be required. He was the inventor of the QSI system that sparked up interest in quadraphonic broadcasting. <mask> was well known to the organizers of the Westcoast Songwriter's Conference, with him and his company sponsoring and supporting the event for years. At the 26th annual conference, he hosted a segment in the Xytar room on how to make home recordings sound professional. At the same event he brought actor / singer Ronny Cox to appear at the Xytar Room. News of death
Dorren died on October 26, 2014, from complications of heart and kidney problems.He was 66 years old. His remains were interred at the Salem Memorial Park cemetery in Colma, California. Companies

Bay Sound Records
Bay Sound Records was a label that Dorren started in the 1960s. In later years, well in to the 2000s the label would release a recording by The Beau Brummels. Other recordings released in later years were by Canvas with Storyteller, Ragtimers Nan Bostick and Tom Brier with Missing You at the McCoys Bay Sound Records BSR6945, and their other album Dualing at the McCoys. Xytar Digital Systems
In the 2000s he was the CEO of Xytar Digital systems, a company located on Taylor Boulevard in Millbrae, California. Xytar handled remastering of soundtracks, and had done work for Ballet San Jose.Albums such as Dualing at the McCoys by Nan Bostick & Tom Brier were recorded with its technology. As well as being a sponsor of the  Westcoast Songwriter's Conference for years, Xytar was the main or sole sponsor of the WCS International Song Contest in 2004. It was also one of the sponsors for the International Songwriting Competition (ISC) the following year. Two examples of Xytar recording equipment were the Xytar ADMS 32HD "studio-in-a-box" system and the DMS4848 CDR system that provided simultaneous recording on 48 tracks. Music production

Early years
Around 1964 when he was 15 years old, Dorren was friendly with some guys at his high school who had a band called The Banshees. He produced two singles for them. The first single was "They Prefer Blondes" bw "Take a Ride with Me".The second was  "Never Said I Loved You" / "So Hard to Bear. Both singles were released on the SOLO label. Later with Kensington Forest which was a Banshees incarnation of sorts, he produced another single called "Movin’ On" bw "Bells". This was released on the Bay Sound label in 1967.

later years
In 1995, Slyest Freshest Funkiest Rarist Cuts by Sly & The Family Stone was released on the Magical Mystery label. Produced by Leo De Gar Kulka and co-produced by Michael Briggs, it featured four songs plus outtakes recorded by Kulka in August 1967. Dorren handled the transferring of the material. In 2006, Dorren co-produced actor / singer Ronny Cox's live album Ronny Cox At the Sebastiani Theatre.In addition to the production chores, he mixed the album. Later, he worked on another Ronny Cox album, How I Love Them Old Songs..., as Engineer and handling the Mastering and Mixing. Decades later after The Beau Brummels had broken up, remaining members of the band got together with Dorren and recorded a new album that was released on his Bay Sound label in 2013. The album was called Continuum. Sadly Dorren's wishes for all the original members to record weren't possible as the drummer  John Petersen died in 2008. They had found three drum tracks of Peterson that had been recorded in 1965. One of them was used and  Ron Elliott wrote the words to it and it was made into a song called "She Is.".Further recordings were made and the CD that was released contained 18 tracks. The album was recorded over a period of a year and a half. It was recorded with his own designed equipment at his studio in Alameda, California. Quadraphonic

Broadcasting
Hi system helped radio station KIOI FM make broadcasting history when the station did the first discrete quadraphonic broadcast. In 1974, <mask> who was still a college student at the time assisted radio station owner Jim Gabbert in the broadcast. Along with Gabbert's home made equipment and Gabbert's station manager Mike Lincoln, they conducted the experimental broadcast. As a result of the tests, an application for discrete quad broadcasting was made to the (FCC) Federal Communication Commission.Assistance was sought from the Electronics Industries Association by the FCC to help just as was done with stereo broadcasting. A National Quadraphonic Committee was formed. On the 22nd of September that year, further on air tests were conducted at KIOI-FM. Along with radio engineers there were people from companies such as General Electric, Zenith, Nippon Columbia and RCA, and Quadracast Systems. As of October, 1974, the company was headed by Dorren. Between the 23rd and 27th of that month, guideline tests were conducted. Following that, the quad tests were launched.CD-4 1970s
In 1973, Dorren was working with Jac Holzman, president of Elektra Records, in relation to the CD-4 system and its relationship to the records. In an interview Holzman said that Lou had built him a demodulator, and Holzman who had previewed others said that Lou's was the best he'd heard. In the mid 1970s, CD-4 demodulator kit was offered by Southwest Technical Products. It was designed by Dorren. Also offered was an optional Technics" EPC-451C cartridge and a test record he had recorded for Southwest Technical Products. Readers of the Popular Electronics magazine in which the items were advertised could send away for them. Products Corp.In 1974, Dorren was at a party with his fiancé Nancy Bostic. Other guests included Claude Hall from Billboard Magazine, Casey Casem, and Tom Rounds. Dorren had a chance to demo his IC chip CD-4 Discrete Quadracast Systems demodulator. At that time there were only two of them in existence. And only a few people had heard them in action. CD-4 2000s
In 2007, 33 years after his first CD-4 demodulator, Dorren designed a new one with the technology of the day in mind. Discography list as producer

Discography list as technician, engineer, mastering etc

Further reading
 High Performance 2007 CD-4 Demodulator By Lou Dorren Installment IV

References

External links
 Patents by Inventor <mask> at Justia Patents
 AMStereo.org: High Performance 2007 CD-4 Demodulator By <mask>, Installment IV
 Lou Dorren interview by Claude Hall

Discussions in the 2000s in anticipation of Lou's new CD-4 demodulator
 Quadraphonic Quad: Lou Dorren: A new CD-4 Demodulator!!!by loudorren, Dec 29, 2007
 Audio Circle: New Lou Dorren Phono Stage - CD-4 demodulator & Strain Gauge  3 Mar 2011, 03:54 pm
 The Secret Society of Lathe Trolls: CD-4 (Quadradisc) software demodulator project by TimDog73 » Thu Nov 14, 2013 11:32 am

American acoustical engineers
American audio engineers
Record producers from California
2014 deaths
1948 births

masks:
Louis Dorren
Lou Dorren
Dorren
Dorren
Dorren
Dorren
Dorren
Louis Dorren
Lou Dorren


text_chunks:
<mask> (April 11, 1919 – August 7, 2011) was an American politician and attorney who served as a seven-term U.S. Representative from 1961 to 1974 and the 51st Governor of New York from 1975 to 1982. He was a member of the Democratic Party. Early life
<mask> was born in New York City, the son of Margaret (née Collins) and <mask>. Among his siblings were brothers Edward M<mask> (former president of Carey Energy Corporation) and Martin T<mask> (an entrepreneur who owned Winfield Hall and Bogheid in Glen Cove and Seaview Terrace in Newport). Education and military service
In 1939, <mask> enlisted in the New York National Guard as a private in C Squadron, 101st Cavalry. Later, he served as a major in the 104th Infantry Division, known as the
"Timberwolves". He served in the 415th Infantry Regiment of the 104th Division as the Regimental S-3, operations officer.<mask> was with the 104th Division throughout its 10-month campaign in the European Theater of Operations, which included the fighting in Northern France, Holland and Germany. His awards include the Combat Infantryman Badge, the Bronze Star with Oak Leaf Clusters, and the Croix de Guerre with Silver Star. He was discharged in 1946 at the rank of colonel. He received his B.A. from St. John's University in 1942. Following his military service, he enrolled at the institution's law school, where he earned his J.D. in 1951.He was admitted to the New York state bar that same year. Career
<mask> was a partner in the law firm of Finley, Kumble, Wagner, Underberg, Manley, Myerson & Casey. U.S. House of Representatives

In 1960, running as a Democrat, <mask> was elected to the United States House of Representatives, unseating Republican incumbent Francis E. Dorn. <mask>'s seven terms in office coincided with major demographic changes in his district, as exemplified by deindustralization and the decline of the Brooklyn waterfront's longstanding breakbulk cargo businesses; concomitant gentrification in several neighborhoods; the emergence of a nascent Puerto Rican community; and the opening of the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge (which spurred migration by working-class whites to the more suburban borough of Staten Island) in 1964. Although he has been erroneously characterized as the first congressman to oppose the Vietnam War (a stance actually taken by Morningside Heights-based congressman William Fitts Ryan), he may have been the first member of the Brooklyn congressional delegation to speak out against the conflict. In 1966, he was appointed Chairman of the Adhoc Subcommittee on the Handicapped by Adam Clayton Powell, then Chairman of the House Education and Labor Committee. The sub-committee held hearings in Washington and New York City and <mask> introduced HR 14.The "Carey Bill" provided, for the first time, a program of grants to the states for "initiating, expanding or improving education for children with disabilities. It also included other titles mirroring the structure of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, PL 89-10, which <mask> had assisted Powell in passing as part of the Lyndon Baines Johnson initiative. Three parts of the Bill were picked up by the Senate: the grants to states, a new Bureau of Education for the Handicapped in the U.S. Office of Education and a National Advisory Committee. <mask>'s friend and mentor, John Fogerty of Rhode Island, the powerful Chairman of the Appropriations Subcommittee which provided funding for all Health, Education and Welfare programs, backed his legislation. The bill became Title VI of the ESEA, as Public Law 89-750, in 1966. <mask> also sponsored and saw passed that year The Model Secondary School for the Deaf Bill, to be established on the campus of the world's only liberal arts college for the deaf. In 1965, he and Fogerty had sponsored The National Technical Institute for the Deaf, which was awarded to the Rochester Institute of Technology.The Carey Bill and its grant program to the states began with a $2.5 million appropriation, to provide each state with $50,000 to plan for its implementation. The second year, the appropriation was $12.25 million, distributed to the states in proportion to their population. In 1975 Congress passed the Education for All Handicapped Children Bill, PL 94-142 which today distributes approximately $11 billion to the states for this purpose. He served on the House Ways and Means Committee and led the effort to pass the first Federal Aid to Education program. He was elected Governor of New York in 1974 and resigned his Congressional seat on December 31, 1974. City politics
In 1969 <mask> ran briefly for the Democratic nomination for Mayor. He then agreed to run for City Council President on the ticket led by former Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. <mask> narrowly lost the primary to incumbent City Council President Francis X. Smith.Then he briefly mounted an independent bid for Mayor, from which he withdrew after the death of his two eldest sons in a car accident. Governor of New York

In the state election of 1974, <mask> became New York's first Democratic governor in 16 years, defeating Howard Samuels for the Democratic nomination and then unseating incumbent Republican Malcolm Wilson, who had assumed the office after Nelson Rockefeller resigned in December 1973 to serve on the Commission on Critical Choices for Americans. Nationally, the 1974 election was dominated by the Watergate scandal, which had destroyed President Richard Nixon's presidency and hurt Republicans nationwide. In 1974, Democrats also recaptured the New York State Assembly. <mask> is best remembered for his successful handling of New York City's economic crisis in the mid-1970s. <mask> came into office with New York City close to bankruptcy and is credited with bringing business and labor together to help save New York City from the fiscal crisis. <mask> managed to keep the growth of state spending below the rate of inflation through his frequent use of line-item vetoes and fights with the New York State Legislature, which was at the time divided between a Republican-controlled Senate and a Democratic-controlled Assembly.Upon taking office, <mask> cut taxes significantly, reducing corporate taxes from 14% to 10%, and capping personal income tax at 9%, and reducing capital gains taxes as well. His administration also offered tax credits to encourage new investment. As governor, he was responsible for building the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center; Battery Park City; the South Street Seaport and the economic development of New York City's outer boroughs. He also helped provide state funding for the construction of the Carrier Dome at Syracuse University. He is also remembered for preventing conservative legislators from reinstating the death penalty and preventing such legislators from taking away state abortion laws. <mask> signed the Willowbrook Consent Decree, which ended the warehousing of the mentally ill and developmentally disabled. His vision and leadership led to the community placement of the mentally ill and developmentally disabled.He also made major strides in community programs for the mentally ill. <mask> also pardoned Cleveland "Jomo" Davis, one of the leaders of the Attica prison riots. <mask>'s tenure in office was marked by a growing awareness of the environmental consequences of New York's strong industrial base, including the designation by the federal government of the Love Canal disaster area. <mask> made environmental issues a priority of his administration. Along with Senators Edward Kennedy and Daniel Patrick Moynihan and U.S. House Speaker Tip O'Neill, <mask> led efforts to end the violence in Northern Ireland and support peace in the region. The four Irish-American politicians called themselves "The Four Horsemen." <mask> considered running for president in 1976 and 1980. <mask>'s first wife had died in 1974, and <mask> later attributed his decision not to seek the Democratic nomination for president in 1976 to her death.In 1978, he was challenged for re-election by State Assembly Minority Leader and former Assembly Speaker Perry Duryea. After a competitive, sometimes negative campaign, <mask> was the first Democrat re-elected in 40 years. <mask> decided against seeking a third term as governor in 1982 and returned to private law practice. On January 1, 1983, he was succeeded by his lieutenant governor, Mario Cuomo. Later career
In 1989, <mask> announced that he was no longer pro-choice and regretted his support for legalized abortion and public financing of abortion as governor. In 1992, he joined other pro-life leaders in signing the anti-abortion document "A New American Compact: Caring About Women, Caring for the Unborn." Later in his life, he was of counsel at the law firm of Shea & Gould.He continued to practice law as a member of the Harris Beach law firm and sat on the board of  Triarc Cos., the Nelson Peltz controlled holding company. Personal life
In 1947, <mask> married Helen Owen (1924–1974). The two had a very happy marriage, and they became the parents of Alexandria, Christopher, Susan, Peter, <mask>, Jr., Michael, Donald, Marianne, Nancy, Helen, Bryan, Paul, Kevin, and Thomas. Beginning in 1961, the family resided at 61 Prospect Park West, a 1910 Park Slope mansion built for the daughter of Bon Ami Company chairman and Progressive Era philanthropist William H. Childs; a decade later, <mask> sold the home to journalist Pete Hamill. His wife, Helen, died of breast cancer in 1974. Peter and <mask>, Jr. died in an automobile accident in 1969. <mask> was devastated by the death of his wife and laid to rest any plans for the White House.Paul, who served as White House Special Assistant to President Bill Clinton as well as 77th Commissioner of the Securities and Exchange Commission, died of cancer in 2001. In 1981, <mask> married Evangeline Gouletas, a Chicago-based real estate mogul, just three months after meeting her. This marriage proved controversial and a political liability. The marriage generated controversy due to false statements Gouletas made about her marital history. Initially, Gouletas claimed that she was a widow of a single marriage but later affirmed on the marriage license that she had two ex-husbands. Gouletas also said that her first husband, with whom she had a daughter, was dead, but he was still alive at the time. In reality, she actually had three previous marriages, and all three of her former husbands were still living at the time.The marriage also caused trouble for <mask> with the Catholic Church, since he married a thrice-divorced woman in a Greek Orthodox Church; the church, which does not recognize civil no-fault divorce, refused to perform communion. To an extent, the marriage also hurt his public reputation. <mask> and Gouletas divorced in 1989. <mask> later described this marriage as "his greatest failure. "<mask> died surrounded by his family on August 7, 2011, aged 92. He was at his summer home on Shelter Island, New York. Legacy
On October 22, 2009, he was named as the recipient of University at Albany Foundation's Citizen Laureate Award.On October 22, 2012, the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel was officially renamed the "<mask> L. Carey Tunnel". Building 14 at the Rochester Institute of Technology was named for <mask> in 1984. References

Bibliography

 Paterson, David "Black, Blind, & In Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity. "Skyhorse Publishing. New York, New York, 2020

Primary sources
 Almeida, Linda Dowling, Peter Quinn, and <mask>. "Oral History: Governor <mask> Interviewed by Peter Quinn." American Journal of Irish Studies (2012): 179–190.in JSTOR

External links

 "New York's Forgotten Governor" through the University at Albany, SUNY. |-

1919 births
2011 deaths
Politicians from Brooklyn
Governors of New York (state)
Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
St. John's University (New York City) alumni
St. John's University School of Law alumni
Candidates in the 1976 United States presidential election
Candidates in the 1980 United States presidential election
20th-century American politicians
New York (state) Democrats
United States Army officers
United States Army personnel of World War II
American anti-abortion activists
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
Activists from New York (state)
Catholics from New York (state)

masks:
Hugh Leo Carey
Carey
Dennis Joseph Carey
. Carey
. Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Hugh
Carey
Hugh
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Carey
Hugh
Carey
Hugh Carey
Hugh Carey


text_chunks:
<mask>, later <mask> (12 November 1912 – 25 January 2003) was a British ballerina and occasional actress and singer, who is best remembered as the second wife of the violinist Yehudi Menuhin. As a dancer, however, she was described by Anna Pavlova as the only English dancer she'd seen who "had a soul", and by Arnold Haskell as "the most musical dancer the English have yet produced". Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Belgravia, London in 1912. Her father was <mask>, a civil servant with the Foreign Office, and her mother was the pianist Evelyn Suart. She had an older brother, Gerard, and a younger sister, Griselda. Her father was of Irish descent but had been brought up in Paris; and her mother had studied in Brussels and Paris. Consequently, <mask> was imbued with French culture and language from an early age.Her father died of typhoid fever in 1916, when <mask> was aged only three. In 1920, when she was seven, her mother married again, to Cecil Harcourt, a naval officer who eventually became Second Sea Lord and was knighted as Admiral Sir Cecil Harcourt in 1945. Ballet career
<mask>'s first taste of the excitement of the dance came when she danced an Irish jig for a school concert, when she was eight. Her mother took her to study with Lubov Egorova in Paris but she returned to London to join Marie Rambert's school at the age of nine, and studied with her for ten years. She was tall for a ballerina of that time  (, and a tendency to clumsiness led to the nickname "Clumsina". When she was 14, she partnered Frederick Ashton and danced the premiere of his first ballet, Leda and the Swan. Sergei Diaghilev noticed her and invited her to join his company, but he died before that plan could come about.These events were said to have been fictionalized in the movie The Red Shoes. The same bad luck happened with Anna Pavlova, who said that <mask> was the only English dancer she'd seen who "had a soul". She was engaged to dance with Pavlova's troupe, but Pavlova died before it got off the ground. She continued to dance at Rambert's Ballet Club, and created roles in some Frederick Ashton ballets, including Capriol Suite. She appeared with Antony Tudor in Atalanta of the East and The Planets, and with Ninette de Valois in Bar aux Folies-Bergère. She also danced with Colonel de Basil's Ballets Russes. She was a leading dancer in Marie Rambert's early seasons in the early 1930s, in such roles as Chiarina in Michel Fokine's Le Carnaval and the Chief Nymph in Vaslav Nijinsky's L'Après-midi d'un faune.She danced briefly in leading roles with George Balanchine's company Les Ballets 1933 in London and Paris, but declined his offer to join his new school in the United States (which became the New York City Ballet). She also turned down Léonide Massine's invitation. In 1933 she danced in the premiere of Frederick Ashton's Pavane pour une infante défunte. Her other roles included the title role in Antony Tudor's Lysistrata. Having closed the door on international opportunities, she worked for a time with the Alicia Markova-Anton Dolin company in 1935. She also worked in theatre and made some films as a straight actress. She became the leading dancer of the Arts Theatre Ballet in 1940 and became prima ballerina of Jay Pomeroy's Russian Opera and Ballet Company at the Cambridge Theatre until 1944.She also became one of the first dancers to model for Fortnum and Mason's and fashion magazines. From 1944 to 1946 she acted, danced and sang the role of Frou Frou in The Merry Widow in London and on tour. Marries Yehudi Menuhin
<mask> met Yehudi Menuhin in 1944 and he was immediately struck by her beauty. He declared on the spot that they would one day marry, but she told him that that was 'nonsense' and reminded him his daughter had just turned five. He was still married to his Australian wife, Nola (née Nicholas), but that marriage had collapsed. He had two children (a son Krov and a daughter Zamira) and he was four years younger than <mask>. He courted her for three years before she finally accepted his proposal.It also appears that the attraction was mutual, as she often seemed to appear wherever he was. They married at the Chelsea Registry Office on 19 October 1947, seventeen days after his divorce from Nola had become final. They had no time for a honeymoon as he had a concert to perform that night. Yehudi's career became <mask>'s main purpose from then on, although she often experienced "agonising nostalgia" for her life as a dancer. As she wrote in Fiddler's Moll, "If one performing artist marries another, it is obvious that one of the two must dissolve his or her persona in the other". He regarded her loyalty as unquestionable. They jointly signed their names "Yehudiana".She was very protective of him (she was known for her sharp tongue), and devoted her life to creating a perfect environment for the expression of his talent. She accompanied him on all his many international tours. They had two children who survived, Gerard and Jeremy, and another died shortly after birth. Although it was difficult to leave their children in the care of others, she felt her duty to be with Yehudi and organise his affairs was more important. His appearances were planned two years in advance, and <mask> would spend up to 17 hours a day organising his paperwork and travel arrangements. She pulled no punches, referring to herself as "the awfully frank and frankly awful <mask>". He referred to her as "my heavenly host on this earthly way" and "the ever-trustworthy and inspired companion of a lifetime".Yehudi Menuhin was made an honorary knight in 1965, but not being a British subject, he was not entitled to be known as Sir Yehudi, and neither did <mask> become Lady Menuhin. That changed in 1985, when he adopted British citizenship, and his knighthood became substantive. In 1993 Sir Yehudi was made a life peer, as Baron Menuhin of Stoke d'Abernon, Lord Menuhin died in Berlin in 1999, and Lady Menuhin in London in 2003, aged 90. She was survived by her two sons and her two stepchildren. She wrote two autobiographies: Fiddler's Moll (1984) and A Glimpse of Olympus (1996). These display a gift with words and a blunt, self-deprecating wit. Lady Menuhin's sister Griselda became the second wife of the pianist Louis Kentner.Bibliography
 Fiddler's Moll, 1984 autobiography
 A Glimpse of Olympus, 1996 autobiography

Sources
 The Independent, Obituaries

References

1912 births
2003 deaths
20th-century English women writers
British ballerinas
Menuhin
British autobiographers
People from Belgravia
Prima ballerinas
Rambert Dance Company dancers
Spouses of life peers
Women autobiographers
Writers from London
20th-century British ballet dancers

masks: Diana Rosamond Constance Grace Irene Gould


text_chunks:
<mask>, FBA (born <mask>; 17 January 1881 – 24 October 1955) was an English social anthropologist who developed the theory of structural functionalism and coadaptation. Biography
<mask> was born <mask> in Sparkbrook, Birmingham, England, the second son of <mask> (d.1886), a manufacturer's clerk, and his wife Hannah (née Radcliffe). He later changed his last name, by deed poll, to Radcliffe-Brown, Radcliffe being his mother's maiden name. He was educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham, and Trinity College, Cambridge (B.A., 1905; M.A., 1909), graduating with first-class honours in the moral sciences tripos. While still a student, he earned the nickname "Anarchy Brown" for his close interest in the writings of the anarcho-communist and scientist Peter Kropotkin. "Like other young men with blood in their veins, I wanted to do something to reform the world – to get rid of poverty and war, and so on. So I read Godwin, Proudhon, Marx and innumerable others.Kropotkin, revolutionary, but still a scientist, pointed out how important for any attempt to improve society was a scientific understanding of it." He studied psychology under W. H. R. Rivers who, with A. C. Haddon, led him toward social anthropology. Under the latter's influence, he travelled to the Andaman Islands (1906–1908) and Western Australia (1910–1912, with biologist and writer E. L. Grant Watson and Australian writer Daisy Bates) to conduct fieldwork into the workings of the societies there. His time in the Andaman Islands and Western Australia were the basis of his later books The Andaman Islanders (1922) and The Social Organization of Australian Tribes (1930). At the 1914 meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, in Melbourne, Bates accused him of plagiarising her work, based on an unpublished manuscript she had sent him for comment. Before departing for Western Australia, Brown married Winifred Marie Lyon in Cambridge; they had one daughter, Mary Cynthia Lyon Radcliffe. The couple became estranged by about 1926.They may have divorced in 1938 (sources disagree on whether a divorce was completed). In 1916 Brown became a director of education in Tonga. In 1921 he moved to Cape Town to become professor of social anthropology, founding the School of African Life. Further university appointments were University of Cape Town (1921–25), University of Sydney (1925–31) and University of Chicago (1931–37). Among his most prominent students during his years at the University of Chicago were Sol Tax and Fred Eggan. After these various far-flung appointments, he returned to England in 1937 to take up an appointment to the first chair in social anthropology at Oxford University in 1937. He held this post until his retirement in 1946.He died in London in 1955. While Radcliffe-Brown founded the Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology at Oxford, according to Rodney Needham his absence from the Institute during the war years prevented his theories and approach from having a major influence on Oxford anthropology. Work
He has been described as "the classic to Bronisław Malinowski's romantic". Radcliffe-Brown brought French sociology (namely Émile Durkheim) to British anthropology, constructing a rigorous battery of concepts to frame ethnography. Greatly influenced by the work of Émile Durkheim, he saw institutions as the key to maintaining the global social order of a society, analogous to the organs of a body, and his studies of social function examine how customs aid in maintaining the overall stability of a society. Concept of function
Radcliffe-Brown has often been associated with functionalism, and is considered by some to be the founder of structural functionalism. Nonetheless, Radcliffe-Brown vehemently denied being a functionalist, and carefully distinguished his concept of function from that of Malinowski, who openly advocated functionalism.While Malinowski's functionalism claimed that social practices could be directly explained by their ability to satisfy basic biological needs, Radcliffe-Brown rejected this as baseless. Instead, influenced by the process philosophy of <mask> Whitehead, he claimed that the fundamental units of anthropology were processes of human life and interaction. Because these are by definition characterised by constant flux, what calls for explanation is the occurrence of stability. Why, Radcliffe-Brown asked, would some patterns of social practices repeat themselves and even seem to become fixed? He reasoned that this would at least require that other practices must not conflict with them too much; and that in some cases, it may be that practices grow to support each other, a notion he called 'coadaptation', deriving from the biological term. Functional analysis, then, was just the attempt to explain stability by discovering how practices fit together to sustain that stability; the 'function' of a practice was just its role in sustaining the overall social structure, insofar as there was a stable social structure (Radcliffe-Brown 1957). This is far from the 'functional explanation' later impugned by Carl Hempel and others.It is also clearly distinct from Malinowski's notion of function, a point which is often ignored by Radcliffe-Brown's detractors. "Malinowski has explained that he is the inventor of functionalism, to which he gave its name. His definition of it is clear; it is the theory or doctrine that every feature of culture of any people past or present is to be explained by reference to seven biological needs of individual human beings. I cannot speak for the other writers to whom the label functionalist is applied by the authors, though I very much doubt if Redfield or Linton accept this doctrine. As for myself I reject it entirely, regarding it as useless and worse. As a consistent opponent of Malinowski's functionalism I may be called an anti-functionalist." Concept of social structure
While Lévi-Strauss (1958) claimed that social structure and the social relations that are its constituents are theoretical constructions used to model social life, Radcliffe-Brown only half-agreed

"to say we are studying social structures is not exactly the same thing as saying that we study social relations, which is how some sociologists define their subject.A particular social relation between two persons (unless they be Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden) exists only as part of a wide network of social relations, involving many other persons, and it is this network which I regard as the object of our investigations. "I am aware, of course, that the term "social structure" is used in a number of different senses, some of them very vague. This is unfortunately true of many other terms commonly used by anthropologists. The choice of terms and their definitions is a matter of scientific convenience, but one of the characteristics of a science as soon as it has passed the first formative period is the existence of technical terms which are used in the same precise meaning by all the students of that science. By this test, I regret to say, social anthropology reveals itself as not yet a formed science.''" In addition to identifying abstract relationships between social structures, Radcliffe-Brown argued for the importance of the notion of a 'total social structure', which is the sum total of social relations in a given social unit of analysis during a given period. The identification of 'functions' of social practices was supposed to be relative to this total social structure.Lévi-Strauss saw social structure as a model. Evolutionism, diffusionism, and the role of social anthropology
A major view in the study of tribal societies had been that all societies follow a unilineal path ('evolutionism'), and that therefore 'primitive' societies could be understood as earlier stages along that path; conversely, 'modern' societies contained vestiges of older forms. Another view was that social practices tend to develop only once, and that therefore commonalities and differences between societies could be explained by a historical reconstruction of the interaction between societies ('diffusionism'). According to both of these views, the proper way to explain differences between tribal societies and modern ones was historical reconstruction. Radcliffe-Brown rejected both of these views because of the untestable nature of historical reconstructions. Instead, he argued for the use of the comparative method to find regularities in human societies and thereby build up a genuinely scientific knowledge of social life. "For social anthropology the task is to formulate and validate statements about the conditions of existence of social systems (laws of social statics) and the regularities that are observable in social change (laws of social dynamics).This can only be done by the systematic use of the comparative method, and the only justification of that method is the expectation that it will provide us with results of this kind, or, as Boas stated it, will provide us with knowledge of the laws of social development. It will be only in an integrated and organised study in which historical studies and sociological studies are combined that we shall be able to reach a real understanding of the development of human society"

To that end, Radcliffe-Brown argued for a 'natural science of society'. He claimed that there was an independent role for social anthropology here, separate from psychology, though not in conflict with it. This was because psychology was to be the study of individual mental processes, while social anthropology was to study processes of interaction between people (social relations). Thus he argued for a principled ontological distinction between psychology and social anthropology, in the same way as one might try to make a principled distinction between physics and biology. Moreover, he claimed that existing social scientific disciplines, with the possible exception of linguistics, were arbitrary; once our knowledge of society is sufficient, he argued, we will be able to form subdisciplines of anthropology centred around relatively isolated parts of the social structure. But without extensive scientific knowledge, it is impossible to know where these boundaries should be drawn.Ethnography

Radcliffe-Brown carried out extensive fieldwork in the Andaman Islands, Australia, and elsewhere. On the basis of this research, he contributed extensively to the anthropological ideas on kinship, and criticised Lévi-Strauss's Alliance theory. He also produced structural analyses of myths, including on the basis of the concept of binary distinctions and dialectical opposition, an idea later echoed by Lévi-Strauss. Criticisms
Radcliffe-Brown was often criticised for failing to consider the effect of historical changes in the societies he studied, in particular changes brought about by colonialism. Nevertheless, he is now considered, along with Bronisław Malinowski, as one of the fathers of modern social anthropology. Selected publications
 1912, "The Distribution of Native Tribes in Part of Western Australia", Man, 12: 143-146. 1913, "Three Tribes of Western Australia", The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 43: 143-194.1922, The Andaman Islanders; a study in social anthropology. 1926, 'Arrangements of Stones in Australia', Man, 26: 204-205. 1931, Social Organization of Australian Tribes. 1935, Structure and Function in Primitive Society, American Anthropologist, Vol. XXXVII. 1940, "On Joking relationships": Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 13, No.3 (Jul. 1940), pp. 195–210
 1948, A Natural Science of Society'': based on a series of lectures at the University of Chicago in 1937 and posthumously published by his students

References

External links

On the concepts of function and social structure in social science

English anthropologists
University of Cape Town academics
Social anthropologists
Functionalism (social theory)
People educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
1955 deaths
1881 births
Fellows of the British Academy

masks:
Alfred Reginald Radcliffe Brown
Alfred Reginald Brown
Alfred Reginald Radcliffe Brown
Alfred Reginald Brown
Alfred Brown
Alfred North


text_chunks:
<mask> is a Walkley Award winning Australian journalist author and Brisbane Bureau Chief for Sky News Australia. He was also a political adviser to former New South Wales Premier, Morris Iemma. Journalistic career

Early career
<mask>' first job was at The Daily Advertiser, in his home town of Wagga Wagga. In 1985 he moved to Sydney, working as a reporter and newsreader for radio 2WS, 2CH and Triple M Sydney. In 1989 he joined The Daily Telegraph. Television journalism

In 1990, <mask> made the transition to television, as a crime reporter for the Seven Network. In 2000, he switched to the Nine Network, continuing in the role of crime reporter.He shared a Walkley Award for the Nine News team's coverage of the 2002 Bali bombings - also nominated in the Logie Awards of 2003. In 2006, <mask> became the Nine Network's NSW State Political Correspondent, and went on to earn Walkley and Logie award nominations for most outstanding television news reporting in 2007 after a series of stories which led to the resignation of the NSW Police Minister. Seven Network

On 20 May 2010, <mask> broke a story on Seven News in Sydney about the resignation of New South Wales Transport and Roads Minister David Campbell. The story used hidden camera footage of the Minister leaving a sex club in Sydney's eastern suburbs. Upon being told the story would air, Campbell resigned as Minister an hour prior to the news bulletin, and his resignation was accepted by Premier Kristina Keneally. Although former NSW Labor Premier Barrie Unsworth said Campbell's actions were "deplorable" for exposing himself to "blackmail and compromise" the story was criticized by other sections of the media and by politicians. Despite the criticism the Australian Communications & Media Authority (ACMA) ruled Seven's Campbell story was in the public interest.After Labor's 2011 election defeat Fairfax Media's The Sun-Herald State Political editor reported that the story about the former Police Minister and Chair of the NSW Crime Commission was a critical setback for former NSW Premier Kristina Keneally. In 2012 <mask> and Seven News colleagues Lee Jeloscek, Sharri Markson and Michael Mckinnon won the Walkley Award for Television News Reporting for reports demonstrating that the NSW Government had disregarded departmental advice against a ban on regular unleaded petrol. Ten Network
<mask> joined Network 10 as a reporter in mid-2015. On 9 and 10 February 2016, Ten Eyewitness News broadcast a two-part story by <mask> concerning an inquiry held by the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC). The reports included assertions from Sydney businessman Charif Kazal that the inquiry had "destroy[ed]" his reputation, by providing a forum for "baseless" and "false" allegations that he had engaged in corrupt conduct. The first report included a claim from Mr Kazal that the ICAC commissioner at the time was aware there was no evidence to support the allegations, which were not the subject of any recommendation for prosecution. The reports were based on Kazal's objection to the damage of a "corruption" finding, despite the conclusion in ICAC's final report that: "The Commission is not of the opinion that consideration should be given to obtaining the advice of the DPP with respect to the prosecution of Charif Kazal for an offence under section 249B(2)(b) of the Crimes Act.This is because the Commission does not consider there is sufficient admissible evidence to make out the elements of the offence." ICAC later accepted the advice of the NSW Director of Public Prosecution not to prosecute Charif Kazal for an offence under section 87 of the ICAC Act in relation to his evidence. The second report featured a direct appeal from Mr Kazal to NSW Premier Mike Baird, who agreed to meet the businessman to hear his complaints. Fairfax Media reported:

The outgoing acting inspector of NSW's anti-graft watchdog has recommended winding back the agency's ability to label people "corrupt" because he says an aspect of the power "undermines the presumption of innocence". Legislation governing the Independent Commission Against Corruption states that such a finding can be made if a person's actions "could" adversely affect those of a public official or authority. People can also be found to have acted corruptly if ICAC decides their actions "could impair" public confidence in public administration, including by fraud or collusive tendering. However John Nicholson, SC, argues the agency should only be able to find a person engaged in corrupt conduct if it "was reasonable" for the commission to expect a "tribunal of fact" would conclude the finding was sustained."Mr Nicholson argues the "problem with the 'could' ... approach is that it undermines the presumption of innocence, which is supposed to apply to all those who remain unconvicted of an offence". In 2018, almost two years after <mask> broke the ICAC/Kazal story, The Australian newspaper revealed Mr Kazal's treatment had been referred to the United Nations Human Rights Committee. In October 2019 The Daily Telegraph reported "the United Nations Human Rights Committee has reactivated an investigation into complaints by Sydney businessman, Charif Kazal, that his human rights have been violated by the NSW anti-corruption watchdog." Sky News Australia

In September 2021 <mask> was appointed as Brisbane Bureau Chief for Sky News Australia. Print journalism

In 2009, <mask> reported on the proliferation of illegal brothels in NSW for The Daily Telegraph. The largest was subsequently closed down following a council investigation. <mask> also reported on alleged child sexual abuse in Australian swimming, and a secret police investigation that had been set up to investigate allegations against swimming coach Terry Buck.Four years after he broke the story in 2009 the substance of <mask>' coverage was submitted as testimony to the Royal Commission into the Institutional Responses to Child Abuse. Buck was never charged after the same allegations - examined by the Royal Commission - were made to a NSW police taskforce, suddenly disbanded just weeks after its investigations began in the months following the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games. <mask> has co-authored four books, Nightmare on Norfolk, about the murder of Janelle Patton, and The Accidental Gangster – the Life and Times of Bela Csidei, The Face Without A Name - Finding Jane Doe and Cold Cases. All were co-written with fellow crime reporter Norm Lipson. <mask> was also a regular contributor to The Bulletin magazine. Political involvement

In July 2008 he resigned from the Nine Network to work as a communications adviser to New South Wales Premier Morris Iemma. He rejoined The Daily Telegraph, becoming the paper's state political editor before rejoining the Seven Network in April 2010.References

1963 births
Australian political journalists
Australian television journalists
Walkley Award winners
Living people
People from Sydney
People from Wagga Wagga

masks:
Adam Walters
Walters
Walters
Walters
Walters
Walters
Walters
Walters
Walters
Walters
Walters
Walters
Walters
Walters
Walters


text_chunks:
<mask> (baptized <mask>, with surname also written as Duschek or Düssek; 12 February 176020 March 1812) was a Czech composer and pianist. He was an important representative of Czech music abroad in the second half of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. Some of his more forward-looking piano works have traits often associated with Romanticism. <mask> was one of the first piano virtuosos to travel widely throughout Europe. He performed at courts and concert venues from London to Saint Petersburg to Milan, and was celebrated for his technical prowess. During a nearly ten-year stay in London, he was instrumental in extending the size of the pianoforte, and was the recipient of one of John Broadwood's first 6-octave pianos, CC-c4. Harold Schonberg wrote that he was the first pianist to sit at the piano with his profile to the audience, earning him the appellation "le beau visage."All subsequent pianists have sat on stage in this manner. He was one of the best-regarded pianists in Europe before Beethoven's rise to prominence. His music is marked by lyricism interrupted by sudden dynamic contrasts. As well as his many compositions for the piano, he also composed for the harp: his music for that instrument contains a great variety of figuration within a largely diatonic harmony, avoids dangerous chromatic passages and is eminently playable. His concerto writing is exciting. His music is considered standard repertoire for all harpists, particularly his Six Sonatas/Sonatinas and especially the Sonata in C minor. Less well known to the general public than that of his more renowned Classical period contemporaries, his piano music is highly valued by many teachers and not infrequently programmed.Franz Liszt has been called an indirect successor of <mask> in the composition and performance of virtuoso piano music. His music remained popular to some degree in 19th-century Great Britain and the USA, some still in print, with more available in period editions online. Life

Early years
The <mask> family had a long history as professional musicians, starting at least as early as <mask>'s grandfather <mask> Dusík (b. 1712), and lasting in the Moravian branch of the family at least into the 1970s. <mask>'s mother, Veronika Dusíková (née Štěbetová), played the harp, an instrument, along with the piano, for which her son went on to write much music. His father, <mask>, was also a well-known organist and composer. His sister, Katerina Veronika Anna Dusíkova, was also a musician and composer.<mask>, the oldest of three children, was born on 12 February 1760 in the Bohemian town of Čáslav, where his father taught and played the organ. His first musical instruction came from his father, who began teaching him piano at 5, and organ at age 9. His voice was also found to be good, so he also sang in the church choir. He studied music at the Jesuit gymnasium in Jihlava, where he studied with <mask> Špinar, its choir director; his grades were reported to be poor. From 1774 to 1776 he studied at the Jesuit gymnasium in Kutná Hora, where he also served as organist in the Santa Barbara Jesuit church. In 1776 he went to the New City Gymnasium in Prague, where he was again reported to be a lazy student. In 1777 he enrolled in the University of Prague, where he lasted one semester.Netherlands and Hamburg
After these early studies in Bohemia he entered the services of one Captain Männer, an Austrian military man, in 1778. <mask> traveled with the Captain to what has since become Belgium in 1779, where he became the organist at the St. Rumbold's cathedral in Mechelen. In Mechelen he gave his first public recital, playing his own compositions. He then travelled to the Dutch Republic, where a well-received concert in Amsterdam brought him to the royalty's attention. He was invited to The Hague, where he gave lessons to the three children of Stadtholder William V. While at the Hague he gave a performance before Kaiser Joseph II of Austria, who acknowledged <mask>'s prowess. By 1782, after leaving Männer's service, he was in Hamburg, where he gave a concert on the "new English fortepiano". While in Hamburg, he may have studied with C. P. E. Bach.He also published his first works, three piano concertos and 3 violin sonatas (C 2–7), all of which were assigned Opus 1. Eastern and Central Europe
From Hamburg he moved to St. Petersburg, where he was a favorite of Catherine the Great. While there he was introduced to a technician named Hessel, who had developed a keyboard version of the glass harmonica, an instrument <mask> went on to master. <mask> was forced to leave Russia quite abruptly, just ahead of Catherine's secret police, amid suspicions of his involvement in a plot to assassinate Catherine. In a possibly apocryphal tale surrounding his departure, he was en route to play for Catherine when he found a ring, which he put on. Catherine recognized the ring as belonging to a known conspirator, raising her suspicions about Dussek. After <mask> left St. Petersburg, he took a position as music director for Prince Antoni Radziwiłł in Lithuania, where he stayed about a year.His departure from Lithuania may have been prompted by an affair he was rumored to have with the Prince's wife, the Princess of Thurn und Taxis. He toured Germany for the next few years as a virtuoso performer on the piano and on the glass harmonica, eventually arriving in Paris in 1786. The German tour was a significant success for him. One review of a Berlin concert said, "He obtained great distinction as a pianist, and was little less admired for his playing on the [glass] harmonica ... some critics pretend to trace to his skill upon this instrument many of his specialities of style both as a pianist and composer". Another reviewer wrote, of a concert in Kassel, "He entranced all listeners with a slow, harmonic, and studiously modulated prelude and chorale." He may also have been in Ludwigslust in 1786, where he would have performed his Extract from an Easter Canata (C 26) for the Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. France and Italy
In Paris Dussek became a favorite of Marie Antoinette, who tried to dissuade him from going on a performing tour to Milan in 1788.However, she was unsuccessful, as <mask> wanted to visit his brother Franz in Milan. <mask>'s trip to Milan was quite successful; his performances "produce[d] quite a sensation". He returned to Paris, where he stayed until shortly before the outbreak of the Revolution in 1789. During his time in Paris he may have met and played with a violinist by the name of Napoleon Bonaparte. He also published a series of violin sonatas (C 27–29) dedicated to Eugénie de Beaumarchais, daughter of writer Pierre Beaumarchais. London

<mask> left France for England in May or June 1789, where he settled in London. It is sometimes alleged that he took with him the harpist wife of the composer Jean-Baptiste Krumpholtz, who drowned himself into the Seine as a consequence; however, this is likely untrue, as Anne-Marie Krumpholtz went to London in 1788.It is also uncertain whether he left Paris because of the looming crisis in France, or if it was merely coincidental. Early biographers have generally claimed that he left because of the impending revolution. He is reported to have had a concert engagement in London in early June 1789; this would have required his departure from Paris before some of the critical steps early in the Revolution. <mask> made London his home until 1799. By 1790 he was well established as a performer and teacher. He was in such demand that Davison, in an 1860 biographic sketch, noted that "he became one of the most fashionable professors of the day, and his lessons were both sought with avidity and remunerated at a rate of payment which knew no precedent except in the instance of John Cramer." He had also established a relationship with pianomaker John Broadwood, taking delivery of one of the first 5½ octave pianos (FF-c4): Broadwood noted in his business journal for 13 November 1793: "We have made some 5 ½ octave grands these three years past, the first to please <mask>, which being liked, Cramer junior had one".His collaboration with Broadwood would continue to bear fruit when, in 1794, he also received the first 6-octave (CC-c4) piano

In the spring of 1791, Dussek appeared in a series of concerts, a number of which featured Sophia, the young daughter of music publisher Domenico Corri. In a concert on 15 June that year, the pair played a piano duet together; they were married in September 1792. Sophia Corri was a singer, pianist, and harpist who became known in her own right. They had a daughter, Olivia, but the marriage was not happy, involving liaisons by both parties. Some of the concerts in 1791 and 1792 featured both <mask> and Joseph Haydn; the older Haydn wrote quite favorably of Dussek in a letter to the latter's father following one of the 1792 concerts. The other highlights of 1792 (above and beyond his marriage to Sophia) included the beginning of a music publishing venture with Sophia's father Domenico. This business, while successful at first, fared poorly in later years, and the circumstances of its failure spurred <mask> to leave London in 1799, leaving Corri in debtors' prison.<mask>'s business acumen apparently had little impact on his performing and composing while in London. Every year, he performed in a series of concerts, at least some of which also featured Sophia, and which frequently featured new works. Some works were so successful they were repeated at later concerts in the series. Of one work, a reviewer wrote in 1798, "<mask>'s Military Concerto was repeated. We think it very deserving of encomium." The concerto (C 153), which the reviewer reported as having been a repeat performance, was played again the following week. In 1796, <mask> and his wife began having serious marital troubles.In an account of uncertain veracity, it was reported that Sophia, who had fallen in love with another man, asked Dussek for money to repair her harp. She then used the money to leave the house, removing her belongings in her harp case, and claiming to have left for dinner with a female friend. A suspicious Dussek went with his father-in-law to the man's house, where Sophia locked herself in. She and Dussek argued, and she cursed him, claiming to be pregnant by the other man. Dussek, relenting, promised her freedom to do what she wanted; this led to a

masks:
Jan Ladislav Dussek
Jan Václav Dusík
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Jan Ladislav
Jan Josef
Jan Ladislav
Jan Josef
Jan Ladislav
Ladislav
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek


text_chunks:
 reconciliation of sorts. It seems unlikely that <mask> ever saw Sophia and his daughter Olivia after he left London in 1799; Sophia had to wait until she knew Dussek had died before she could remarry, which she did in 1812. Some of Dussek's compositions included arrangements of operatic and theatrical overtures for piano.He decided to try his hand at opera in 1798; the result was The Captive of Spilberg, with a libretto by Prince Hoare. The opera opened at Drury Lane on 14 November 1798, and the music was well received, with the European Magazine's critic writing, "the music, by Mr. <mask>, was such as to intitle him to rank with the first composers of the time." Business failure
In 1799, the business venture with Corri, which had never been very successful, ran into financial difficulties. <mask> and Corri managed to convince the librettist Lorenzo Da Ponte to lend them money to cover their debts. The failure to repay this debt put Corri into Newgate Prison and caused <mask> to flee. Da Ponte believed that <mask> fled to Paris; in fact he returned to Hamburg. The affair ended up bankrupting both Corri and Da Ponte.<mask> then toured Germany, where he became one of the first "glamour" pianists, preceding Franz Liszt. According to Louis Spohr, <mask> was the first to turn the piano sideways on the stage "so that the ladies could admire his handsome profile." Before long he took up a position with Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia, who treated him more as a friend and colleague than as an employee. Together, they sometimes enjoyed what were called "musical orgies." When Prince Louis Ferdinand was killed in the Battle of Saalfeld, Dussek wrote the moving Sonata in F sharp minor, Elégie harmonique, Op. 61 (C 211). Later years
In 1807, despite his earlier affiliation with Marie Antoinette, Dussek returned to Paris in the employ of Talleyrand, the powerful French foreign minister.Having no doubt made the acquaintance of Sébastien Érard in London, he became closely associated with the Érard brothers' piano-making activities, signing an Érard grand piano of 1808 still to be seen at Talleyrand's château at Valençay, and giving the first public performance on their new stirrup-action grand in 1810. He wrote a powerful sonata (Sonata in A flat major, Op. 64, C 221) called Le Retour à Paris (The Return to Paris). This imposing sonata also received the nickname Plus Ultra in heated response to a piano sonata by Joseph Woelfl, said to be the last word in pianistic difficulties, entitled Non Plus Ultra. The remainder of his life he spent performing, teaching and composing in Prussia and France. His personal beauty had faded and he became grossly fat. He also developed a fondness for strong drink which probably hastened his death.<mask> died of gout on 20 March 1812, in Saint-Germain-en-Laye. Style
Dussek was a predecessor of the Romantic composers for piano, especially Chopin, Schumann and Mendelssohn. Many of his works are strikingly at odds with the prevailing late Classical style of other composers of the time. The evolution of style found in <mask>'s piano writing suggests he pursued an independent line of development, one that anticipated but did not influence early Romanticism. His more notable works include several large-scale solo piano pieces, piano sonatas, many piano concertos, sonatas for violin and piano, a musical drama, and various works of chamber music, including a Trio for piano, horn and violin, and the highly unusual sonata for piano, violin, cello and percussion entitled The Naval Battle and Total Defeat of the Dutch by Admiral Duncan (1797, C 152), which is an extremely rare example of pre-20th-century chamber music that includes percussion. Solo piano works

Dussek was one of a number of foreign-born composers, including Muzio Clementi and John Field, who contributed significantly to the development of a distinct "London" school of pianoforte composition. In part, this was due to the particular nature of piano manufacture in England.Joseph Haydn, for instance, composed his famous E-flat sonata after playing a piano of greater range lent to him by Dussek. Much of <mask>'s piano writing drew upon the more modulable and powerful tonal qualities and greater keyboard range of English-manufactured pianofortes. The enhanced possibilities offered by the instrument help explain some of his stylistic innovations. <mask> wrote numerous solo piano works, including 34 Piano Sonatas as well as a number of programmatic compositions. His The Sufferings of the Queen of France (composed in 1793, C 98), for example, is an episodic account of Marie Antoinette with interpolated texts relating to the Queen's misfortunes, including her sorrow at being separated from her children and her final moments on the scaffold before the guillotine. Along with Clementi, <mask> may have been a source of stylistic inspiration and influence for Beethoven, whose expansion upon the idiomatic innovations of the London school led to their rapid penumbration with the appearance of Beethoven's own keyboard works. Stylistic, melodic, dynamic and even structural similarities have been observed, for instance, between Beethoven's Sonata Opus 10, No.3 and <mask>'s Sonatas Opus 31, No. 2 and Opus 35, No. 2. Similarly, the opening of Beethoven's Sonata Opus 10, No. 1 quotes directly <mask>'s Sonata Opus 39, No. 3 (see image). It is also possible that <mask>'s influence can be seen in Beethoven's famous Sonata Opus 81a, les Adieux: "both the program and the realization owed a great deal to <mask>'s The Farewell, Opus 44."Piano concertos

<mask> composed a number of piano concertos between 1779 and 1810, eighteen of which survive. <mask> introduced one noteworthy stylistic innovation to the piano concerto form. In variance with the prevailing classical concerto style, exemplified by Mozart's piano concertos, <mask> eliminated the soloist cadenza in the opening movement in all of his concertos written after 1792. Other individual characteristics are also noteworthy. His Concerto in C major, Op. 29, published in 1795, starts with an introductory Larghetto in 3/8 time, a solemn thematic declamation that is unique to the classical concerto. His last surviving work in the genre, Opus 70 in E-flat major, was one of the first to lengthen substantially the opening movement: at 570 measures long, it is roughly a third longer than his previous contributions, and foreshadows the practice of a dominant opening movement in concerto writing, found, for example, in the concertos of Chopin and the two minor concerti Opus 85 and Opus 89 by Johann Nepomuk Hummel as well as Beethoven's fifth.Innovations to the piano
Apart from his own music, <mask> is important in the history of music because of his friendship with John Broadwood, the developer of the "English Action" piano. Because his own music demanded strength and range not available in the then current pianos, he pushed Broadwood into several extensions of the range and sonority of the instrument. It was a Broadwood instrument with Dussek's improvements that was sent to Beethoven. <mask> was also the first composer to write indications for using piano pedals. Works list

The vast majority of <mask>'s music involves the piano or harp in some way. He wrote 35 sonatas for piano and 11 for piano duet, as well as numerous other works for both configurations. His chamber music output includes 65 violin sonatas, 24 piano (or harp) trios, and a variety of works for harp, harp or piano, or harp and piano.Some sonatas had trio parts added by J. B. Cramer. Orchestral works were limited to concertos, including 16 for piano (one of them had lost and two of them are remained dubious attribution), six for harp (three of them lost), and one for two pianos. He wrote a modest number of vocal works, include 12 songs, a cantata, a mass, and one opera, The Captive of Spilberg. His compositions also included arrangements of other works, especially opera overtures, for piano. Cataloging <mask>'s compositions has a history of its own. <mask>'s oeuvre has historically been difficult to organize, due in part to the number of publishers who originally published his work, and to the fact that some of his works were published by more than one publisher.Some works published by multiple publishers were assigned different opus numbers; sometimes different works were given then same opus number by different publishers. <mask> further complicated this by arranging works for different instrument combinations. The Artaria Company published a thematic catalog of his works that is incomplete, prompting Howard Craw to develop a new thematic catalog in 1964. Works are numbered in the order they were written prefixed by "C" or "Craw"; works of dubious origin are listed in a separately numbered section prefixed by "Craw D". Theoretical works
<mask>'s Instructions on the Art of Playing the Pianoforte or Harpsichord (London, Corri  1796)
Kleine theoretisch-praktische Klavierschule von Pleyel, <mask> und Cramer (Vienna, Haslinger, undated)
Méthode pour le Piano Contenant tous les principes généraux du Doigté, 24 Leçons faciles et graduées des Exercices progressifs ainsi que des passages difficiles, terminée par une Fantaisie et Fugue composée Par I.L. <mask> (Paris, undated)
Dodici lezzioni progress. con arie caratteristiche di diff.nazioni (autograph in the library of the Conservatory in Florence)

Selected discography
<mask>, <mask> & Sophia: Harp sonatas by Kyunghee Kim-Sutre (Sonarti records, 2013, RT01)
J.L<mask>: Sonatas for Harp and Fortepiano by Kyunghee Kim-Sutre and Laure Colladant (Mandala, 1995, MAN4854)

Notes

References

 H3099

External links

Free scores at the Mutopia Project
 <mask> <mask> Piano Quintet in f minor, Op.41 Sound-bites & discussion
 Incomplete list of works In French. (See Craw for a complete list.) University of Southern California : A biography and thematic catalog of the works of J.L<mask> (1760-1812), by Howard Allen Craw, 1964.
  and a Biographical Preface, edited by H. Allen Craw. Madison, Wisconsin: A-R Editions, 1979. .

People from Čáslav
Czech pianists
Czech Romantic composers
Czech male classical composers
Czech classical musicians
1760 births
1812 deaths
Classical-period composers
Czech classical pianists
18th-century keyboardists
19th-century classical composers
Czech expatriates in the United Kingdom
String quartet composers
Male classical pianists
19th-century Czech

masks:
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Dussek
Jan Ladislav
. Dussek
Jan Ladislav
Dussek
. Dussek