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 remember anything. He was too out of it. Too far gone. I had to tell him to go back to L.A. 'It's not happening, man. You're not together enough.' He just said, 'I've got nowhere else to go, man. How am I gonna tell my friends?'And he split. That night the coroner called me from L.A. and told me he'd OD'd. That blew my mind. I loved Danny. I felt responsible. And from there, I had to go right out on this huge tour of huge arenas. I was very nervous and ...insecure." On the tour, <mask> struggled with his voice and the performance of drummer Kenny Buttrey, a noted Nashville session musician who was unaccustomed to performing in the hard rock milieu; Buttrey was eventually replaced by former CSNY drummer Johnny Barbata, while David Crosby and Graham Nash contributed rhythm guitar and backing vocals to the final dates of the tour. The album assembled in the aftermath of this incident, Time Fades Away (October 15, 1973), has often been described by <mask> as "[his] least favorite record", and was not officially released on CD until 2017 (as part of <mask>'s Official Release Series). Nevertheless, <mask> and his band tried several new musical approaches in this period. Time Fades Away, for instance, was recorded live, although it was an album of new material, an approach <mask> would repeat with more success later on. Time was the first of three consecutive commercial failures which would later become known collectively to fans as the "Ditch Trilogy", as contrasted with the more middle-of-the-road pop of Harvest. These subsequent albums were seen as more challenging expressions of <mask>'s inner conflicts on achieving success, expressing both the specific struggles of his friends and himself, and the decaying idealism of his generation in America at the time.In the second half of 1973, <mask> formed The Santa Monica Flyers, with Crazy Horse's rhythm section augmented by Nils Lofgren on guitar and piano and Harvest/Time Fades Away veteran Ben Keith on pedal steel guitar. Deeply affected by the drug-induced deaths of Whitten and roadie Bruce Berry, <mask> recorded an album specifically inspired by the incidents, Tonight's the Night (June 20, 1975). The album's dark tone and rawness led Reprise to delay its release and <mask> had to pressure them for two years before they would do so. While his record company was stalling, <mask> recorded another album, On the Beach (July 16, 1974), which presented a more melodic, acoustic sound at times, including a recording of the older song "See the Sky About to Rain", but dealt with similarly dark themes such as the collapse of 1960s folk ideals, the downside of success and the underbelly of the Californian lifestyle. Like Time Fades Away, it sold poorly but eventually became a critical favorite, presenting some of <mask>'s most original work. A review of the 2003 re-release on CD of On the Beach described the music as "mesmerizing, harrowing, lucid, and bleary". After completing On the Beach, <mask> reunited with Harvest producer Elliot Mazer to record another acoustic album, Homegrown.Most of the songs were written after <mask>'s breakup with Carrie Snodgress, and thus the tone of the album was somewhat dark. Though Homegrown was reportedly entirely complete, <mask> decided, not for the first or last time in his career, to drop it and release something else instead, in this case, Tonight's the Night, at the suggestion of Band bassist Rick Danko. <mask> further explained his move by saying: "It was a little too personal ... it scared me". Most of the songs from Homegrown were later incorporated into other <mask> albums while the original album was not released until 2020. Tonight's the Night, when finally released in 1975, sold poorly, as had the previous albums of the "ditch" trilogy, and received mixed reviews at the time, but is now regarded as a landmark album. In <mask>'s own opinion, it was the closest he ever came to art. Reunions, retrospectives and Rust Never Sleeps (1974–1979)
<mask> reunited with Crosby, Stills, and Nash after a four-year hiatus in the summer of 1974 for a concert tour which was partially recorded; highlights were ultimately released in 2014 as CSNY 1974.It was one of the first ever stadium tours, and the largest tour in which <mask> has participated to date. In 1975, <mask> reformed Crazy Horse with Frank Sampedro on guitar as his backup band for his eighth album, Zuma (November 10, 1975). Many of the songs dealt with the theme of failed relationships; "Cortez the Killer", a retelling of the Spanish conquest of Mexico from the viewpoint of the Aztecs, may also be heard as an allegory of love lost. Zumas closing track, "Through My Sails", was the only released fragment from aborted sessions with Crosby, Stills and Nash for another group album. In 1976, <mask> reunited with Stephen Stills for the album Long May You Run (September 20, 1976), credited to The Stills-Young Band; the follow-up tour was ended midway through by <mask>, who sent Stills a telegram that read: "Funny how some things that start spontaneously end that way. Eat a peach, <mask>." In 1976, <mask> performed with Bob Dylan, Joni Mitchell, and numerous other rock musicians in the high-profile all-star concert The Last Waltz, the final performance by The Band.The release of Martin Scorsese's movie of the concert was delayed while Scorsese unwillingly re-edited it to obscure the lump of cocaine that was clearly visible hanging from <mask>'s nose during his performance of "Helpless". American Stars 'n Bars (June 13, 1977) contained two songs originally recorded for the Homegrown album, "Homegrown" and "Star of Bethlehem", as well as newer material, including the future concert staple "Like a Hurricane". Performers on the record included Linda Ronstadt, Emmylou Harris and <mask> protégé Nicolette Larson along with Crazy Horse. In 1977, <mask> also released the compilation Decade, a personally selected set of songs spanning every aspect of his work, including a handful of previously unreleased songs. The record included less commercial album tracks alongside radio hits. Comes a Time (October 2, 1978), <mask>'s first entirely new solo recording since the mid-1970s, marked a return to the commercially accessible, Nashville-inspired sound of Harvest while also featuring contributions from Larson and Crazy Horse. The album also marked a return to his folk roots, as exemplified by a cover of Ian Tyson's "Four Strong Winds", a song <mask> associated with his childhood in Canada.Another of the album's songs, "Lotta Love", was also recorded by Larson, with her version reaching No. 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 in February 1979. In 1978, much of the filming was done for <mask>'s film Human Highway, which took its name from a song featured on Comes a Time. Over four years, <mask> would spend US$3,000,000 of his own money on production (US$ in  dollars). This also marked the beginning of his brief collaboration with the art punk band Devo, whose members appeared in the film. <mask> set out in 1978 on the lengthy Rust Never Sleeps tour, in which he played a wealth of new material. Each concert was divided into a solo acoustic set and an electric set with Crazy Horse.The electric sets, featuring an abrasive style of playing, were influenced by the punk rock zeitgeist of the late 1970s and provided a stark contrast from Comes a Time. Two new songs, the acoustic "My My, Hey Hey (Out of the Blue)" and electric "Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)" were the centerpiece of the new material. During the filming of Human Highway, <mask> had collaborated with Devo on a cacophonous version of "Hey Hey, My My" at the Different Fur studio in San Francisco and would later introduce the song to Crazy Horse. The lyric "It's better to burn out than to fade away" was widely quoted by his peers and by critics. The album has also widely been considered a precursor of grunge music and many grunge artists have said they were inspired by <mask>'s distorted guitars on the B side to this album. <mask> also compared the rise of Johnny Rotten with that of the recently deceased "King" Elvis Presley, who himself had once been disparaged as a dangerous influence only to later become an icon. Rotten returned the favor by playing one of <mask>'s songs, "Revolution Blues" from On the Beach, on a London radio show, an early sign of <mask>'s eventual embrace by a number of punk-influenced alternative musicians.<mask>'s two accompanying albums Rust Never Sleeps (July 2, 1979; new material culled from live recordings, but featuring studio overdubs) and Live Rust (November 19, 1979; a genuine concert recording featuring old and new material) captured the two sides of the concerts, with solo acoustic songs on side A, and fierce, uptempo, electric songs on side B. A movie version of the concerts, also called Rust Never Sleeps (1979), was directed by <mask> under the pseudonym "Bernard Shakey". <mask> worked with rock artist Jim Evans to create the poster art for the film, using the Star Wars Jawas as a theme. <mask>'s work since Harvest had alternated between being rejected by mass audiences and being seen as backward-looking by critics, sometimes both at once, and now he was suddenly viewed as relevant by a new generation, who began to discover his earlier work. Readers and critics of Rolling Stone voted him Artist of the Year for 1979 (along with The Who), selected Rust Never Sleeps as Album of the Year, and voted him Male Vocalist of the Year as well. The Village Voice named Rust Never Sleeps as the year's second best album in the Pazz & Jop Poll, a survey of nationwide critics, and honored <mask> as the Artist of the Decade. The Warner Music Vision release on VHS of Rust Never Sleeps in 1987 had a running time of 116 minutes, and although fully manufactured in Germany, was initially imported from there by the markets throughout Europe.Experimental years (1980–1988)
At the start of the 1980s, distracted by medical concerns relating to the cerebral palsy of his son, Ben, <mask> had little time to spend on writing and recording. After providing the incidental music to the 1980 film Where the Buffalo Roam, <mask> released Hawks & Doves (November 3, 1980), a short record pieced together from sessions going back to 1974. Re·ac·tor (1981), an electric album recorded with Crazy Horse, also included material from the 1970s. <mask> did not tour in support of either album; in total, he played only one show, a set at the 1980 Bread and Roses Festival in Berkeley, between the end of his 1978 tour with Crazy Horse and the start of his tour with the Trans Band in mid-1982. The 1982 album Trans, which incorporated vocoders, synthesizers, and electronic beats, was <mask>'s first for the new label Geffen Records (distributed at the time by Warner Bros. Records, whose parent Warner Music Group owns most of <mask>'s solo and band catalog) and represented a distinct stylistic departure. <mask> later revealed that an inspiration for the album was the theme of technology and communication with Ben, who could not speak. An extensive tour preceded the release of the album, and was documented by the video <mask> in Berlin, which saw release in 1986.MTV played the video for "Sample and Hold" in light rotation. <mask>'s next album, 1983's Everybody's Rockin', included several rockabilly covers and clocked in at less than 25 minutes in length. <mask> was backed by the Shocking Pinks for the supporting US tour. Trans (1982) had already drawn the ire of label head David Geffen for its lack of commercial appeal, and with Everybody's Rockin following seven months later, Geffen Records sued <mask> for making music "unrepresentative" of himself. The album was also notable as the first for which <mask> made commercial music videos – Tim Pope directed the videos for "Wonderin'" and "Cry, Cry, Cry". Also premiered in 1983, though little seen, was the long-gestating Human Highway. Co-directed and co-written by <mask>, the eclectic comedy starred <mask>, Dean Stockwell, Russ Tamblyn, Dennis Hopper, David Blue, Sally Kirkland, Charlotte Stewart and members of Devo.<mask> did not release an album in 1984, his first unproductive year since beginning his career with Buffalo Springfield in 1966. <mask>'s lack of productivity was largely due to the ongoing legal battle with Geffen, although he was also frustrated that the label had rejected his 1982 country album Old Ways. It was also the year when <mask>'s third child was born, a girl named Amber Jean, who was later diagnosed with inherited epilepsy. <mask> spent most of 1984 and all of 1985 touring for Old Ways (August 12, 1985) with his country band, the International Harvesters. The album was finally released in an altered form midway through 1985. <mask> also appeared at that year's Live Aid concert in Philadelphia, collaborating with Crosby, Stills and Nash for the quartet's first performance for a paying audience in over ten years. <mask>'s last two albums for Geffen were more conventional in the genre, although they incorporated production techniques like synthesizers and echoing drums that were previously uncommon in <mask>'s music.<mask> recorded 1986's Landing on Water without Crazy Horse but reunited with the band for the subsequent year-long tour and final Geffen album, Life, which emerged in 1987. <mask>'s album sales dwindled steadily throughout the eighties; today Life remains his all-time-least successful studio album, with an estimated four hundred thousand sales worldwide. Switching back to his old label Reprise Records, <mask> continued to tour relentlessly, assembling a new blues band called The Bluenotes in mid-1987 (a legal dispute with musician Harold Melvin forced the eventual rechristening of the band as Ten Men Working midway through the tour). The addition of a brass section provided a new jazzier sound, and the title track of 1988's This Note's For You became <mask>'s first hit single of the decade. Accompanied by a video that parodied corporate rock, the pretensions of advertising, and Michael Jackson, the song was initially unofficially banned by MTV for mentioning the brand names of some of their sponsors. <mask> wrote an open letter, "What does the M in MTV stand for: music or money?" Despite this, the video was eventually named best video of the year by the network in 1989.<mask> reunited with Crosby, Stills, and Nash to record the 1988 album American Dream and play two benefit concerts late in the year, but the group did not embark upon a full tour. <mask> attracted criticism from liberals in the music industry when he supported President Ronald Reagan, and said: "I'm tired of people constantly apologising for being Americans." In a 1985 interview with Melody Maker, he said about the AIDS pandemic: “You go to a supermarket and you see a faggot behind the fuckin' cash register, you don't want him to handle your potatoes." Rolling Stone wrote in 2013 that "<mask> almost certainly regrets that horrific statement and quickly moved away from right-wing politics". In the same interview, <mask> also complained about welfare beneficiaries, saying: "Stop being supported by the government and get out and work. You have to make the weak stand up on one leg, or half a leg, whatever they've got." Return to prominence (1989–1999)

<mask>'s 1989 single "Rockin' in the Free World", which hit No.2 on the US mainstream-rock charts, and accompanying the album, Freedom, returned <mask> to the popular consciousness after a decade of sometimes-difficult genre experiments. The album's lyrics were often overtly political; "Rockin' in the Free World" deals with homelessness, terrorism, and environmental degradation, implicitly criticizing the government policies of President George H.W. Bush. The use of heavy feedback and distortion on several Freedom tracks was reminiscent of the Rust Never Sleeps (1979) album and foreshadowed the imminent rise of grunge. The rising stars of the subgenre, including Nirvana's Kurt Cobain and Pearl Jam's Eddie Vedder, frequently cited <mask> as a major influence, contributing to his popular revival. A tribute album called The Bridge: A Tribute to <mask> was released in 1989, featuring covers by a range of alternative and grunge acts, including Sonic Youth, Nick Cave, Soul Asylum, Dinosaur Jr, and the Pixies. <mask>'s 1990 album Ragged Glory, recorded with Crazy Horse in a barn on his Northern California ranch, continued this distortion-heavy aesthetic.<mask> toured for the album with Orange County, California country-punk band Social Distortion and Sonic Youth as support, much to the consternation of many of his old fans. Weld, a two-disc live album documenting the tour, was released in 1991. Sonic Youth's influence was evident on Arc, a 35-minute collage of feedback and distortion spliced together at the suggestion of Thurston Moore and originally packaged with some versions of Weld. 1992's Harvest Moon marked an abrupt return (prompted by <mask>'s hyperacusis in the aftermath of the Weld tour) to the country and folk-rock stylings of Harvest and reunited him with some of the musicians from that album, including the core members of the Stray Gators and singers Linda Ronstadt and James Taylor. The title track was a minor hit, and the record was well received by critics, winning the Juno Award for Album of the Year in 1994. <mask> also contributed to lifelong friend Randy Bachman's nostalgic 1992 tune "Prairie Town", and garnered a 1993

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 Academy Award nomination for his song "Philadelphia", from the soundtrack of the Jonathan Demme movie of the same name. An MTV Unplugged performance and album emerged in 1993.Later that year, <mask> collaborated with Booker T. and the M.G.s for a summer tour of Europe and North America, with Blues Traveler, Soundgarden, and Pearl Jam also on the bill. Some European shows ended with a rendition of "Rockin' in the Free World" played with Pearl Jam, foreshadowing their eventual full-scale collaboration two years later. In 1994, <mask> again collaborated with Crazy Horse for Sleeps with Angels, a record whose dark, somber mood was influenced by Kurt Cobain's death earlier that year: the title track in particular dealt with Cobain's life and death, without mentioning him by name. Cobain had quoted <mask>'s lyric "It's better to burn out than fade away" (a line from "My My, Hey Hey") in his suicide note. <mask> had reportedly made repeated attempts to contact Cobain prior to his death. <mask> and Pearl Jam performed "Act of Love" at an abortion rights benefit along with Crazy Horse, and were present at a Rock and Roll Hall of Fame dinner, sparking interest in a collaboration between the two. Still enamored with the grunge scene, <mask> reconnected with Pearl Jam in 1995 for the live-in-the-studio album Mirror Ball and a tour of Europe with the band and producer Brendan O'Brien backing <mask>.1995 also marked <mask>'s induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, where he was inducted by Eddie Vedder. In 1995, <mask> and his manager Elliot Roberts founded a record label, Vapor Records. It has released recordings by Tegan and Sara, Spoon, Jonathan Richman, Vic Chesnutt, Everest, Pegi <mask>, Jets Overhead, and <mask> himself, among others. <mask>'s next collaborative partner was filmmaker Jim Jarmusch, who asked <mask> to compose a soundtrack to his 1995 black-and-white western film Dead Man. <mask>'s instrumental soundtrack was improvized while he watched the film alone in a studio. The death of longtime mentor, friend, and producer David Briggs in late 1995 prompted <mask>ch-directed concert film and live album of the tour, Year of the Horse, emerged in 1997.From 1996 to 1997 <mask> and Crazy Horse toured extensively throughout Europe and North America, including a stint as part of the H.O.R.D.E. Festival's sixth annual tour. In 1998, <mask> renewed his collaboration with the rock band Phish, sharing the stage at the annual Farm Aid concert and then at <mask>'s Bridge School Benefit, where he joined headliners Phish for renditions of "Helpless" and "I Shall Be Released". Phish declined <mask>'s later invitation to be his backing band on his 1999 North American tour. The decade ended with the release in late 1999 of Looking Forward, another reunion with Crosby, Stills, and Nash. The subsequent tour of the United States and Canada with the reformed quartet earned US$42.1 million, making it the eighth largest grossing tour of 2000. Brush with death (2000s)

<mask> continued to release new material at a rapid pace through the first decade of the new millennium.The studio album Silver & Gold and live album Road Rock Vol. 1 were released in 2000 and were both accompanied by live concert films. His 2001 single "Let's Roll" was a tribute to the victims of the September 11 attacks, and the effective action taken by the passengers and crew on Flight 93 in particular. In 2003, <mask> released Greendale, a concept album recorded with Crazy Horse members Billy Talbot and Ralph Molina. The songs loosely revolved around the murder of a police officer in a small town in California and its effects on the town's inhabitants. Under the pseudonym "Bernard Shakey", <mask> directed an accompanying film of the same name, featuring actors lip-synching to the music from the album. He toured extensively with the Greendale material throughout 2003 and 2004, first with a solo, acoustic version in Europe, then with a full-cast stage show in North America, Japan, and Australia.<mask> began using biodiesel on the 2004 Greendale tour, powering his trucks and tour buses with the fuel. "Our Greendale tour is now ozone friendly", he said. "I plan to continue to use this government approved and regulated fuel exclusively from now on to prove that it is possible to deliver the goods anywhere in North America without using foreign oil, while being environmentally responsible." In March 2005, while working on the Prairie Wind album in Nashville, <mask> was diagnosed with a brain aneurysm. He was treated successfully with a minimally invasive neuroradiological procedure, performed in a New York hospital on March 29, but two days afterwards he passed out on a New York street from bleeding from the femoral artery, which radiologists had used to access the aneurysm. The complication forced <mask> to cancel his scheduled appearance at the Juno Awards telecast in Winnipeg, but within months he was back on stage, appearing at the close of the Live 8 concert in Barrie, Ontario, on July 2. During the performance, he debuted a new song, a soft hymn called "When God Made Me".<mask>'s brush with death influenced Prairie Winds themes of retrospection and mortality. The album's live premiere in Nashville was recorded by filmmaker Jonathan Demme in the 2006 film <mask>: Heart of Gold. Activism, philanthropy and as a humanitarian
<mask>'s renewed activism manifested itself in the 2006 album Living with War, which like the much earlier song "Ohio", was recorded and released in less than a month as a direct result of current events. Most of the album's songs rebuked the Bush administration's policy of war by examining its human costs to soldiers, their loved ones, and civilians, but <mask> also included a few songs on other themes and an outright protest song entitled "Let's Impeach the President", in which he asserted that Bush had lied to lead the country into war. While <mask> had never been a stranger to eco-friendly lyrics, themes of environmentalist spirituality and activism became increasingly prominent in his work throughout the 1990s and 2000s, especially on Greendale (2003) and Living with War (2006). The trend continued on 2007's Chrome Dreams II, with lyrics exploring <mask>'s personal eco-spirituality. <mask> remains on the board of directors of Farm Aid, an organization he co-founded with Willie Nelson and John Mellencamp in 1985.According to its website, it is the longest running concert benefit series in the US and it has raised $43 million since its first benefit concert in 1985. Each year, <mask> co-hosts and performs with well-known guest performers who include Dave Matthews and producers who include Evelyn Shriver and Mark Rothbaum, at the Farm Aid annual benefit concerts to raise funds and provide grants to family farms and prevent foreclosures, provide a crisis hotline, and create and promote home grown farm food in the United States. In 2008, <mask> revealed his latest project, the production of a hybrid-engine 1959 Lincoln called LincVolt. A new album loosely based on the Lincvolt project, Fork in the Road, was released on April 7, 2009. A Jonathan Demme concert film from a 2007 concert at the Tower Theater in Upper Darby, Pennsylvania, called the <mask> Trunk Show premiered on March 21, 2009, at the South by Southwest (SXSW) Film Conference and Festival in Austin, Texas. It was featured at the Cannes Film Festival on May 17, 2009, and was released in the US on March 19, 2010, to critical acclaim. In 2009, <mask> headlined the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival, and Glastonbury Festival in Pilton, England, at Hard Rock Calling in London (where he was joined onstage by Paul McCartney for a rendition of "A Day in the Life") and, after years of unsuccessful booking attempts, the Isle of Wight Festival.<mask> has been a vocal opponent of the proposed Keystone XL oil pipeline, which would run from Alberta to Texas. When discussing the environmental impact on the oilsands of Fort McMurray, Alberta, <mask> asserted that the area now resembles the Japanese city of Hiroshima in the aftermath of the atomic bomb attack of World War II. <mask> has referred to issues surrounding the proposed use of oil pipelines as "scabs on our lives". In an effort to become more involved, <mask> has worked directly with the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation to draw attention to this issue, performing benefit concerts and speaking publicly on the subject. In 2014, he played four shows in Canada dedicated to the Honor the Treaties movement, raising money for the Athabasca Chipewyan legal defense fund. In 2015, he and Willie Nelson held a festival in Neligh, Nebraska, called Harvest the Hope, raising awareness of the impact of oilsands and oil pipelines on Native Americans and family farmers. Both received honors from leaders of the Rosebud, Oglala Lakota, Ponca and Omaha nations, and were invested with sacred buffalo robes.<mask> participated in the Blue Dot Tour, which was organized and fronted by environmental activist David Suzuki, and toured all 10 Canadian provinces alongside other Canadian artists including the Barenaked Ladies, Feist, and Robert Bateman. The intent of <mask>'s participation in this tour was to raise awareness of the environmental damage caused by the exploitation of oilsands. <mask> has argued that the amount of CO2 released as a byproduct of oilsand oil extraction is equivalent to the amount released by the total number of cars in Canada each day. <mask> has faced criticism by representatives from within the Canadian petroleum industry, who have argued that his statements are irresponsible. <mask>'s opposition to the construction of oil pipelines has influenced his music as well. His song, "Who's Going to Stand Up?" was written to protest this issue, and features the lyric "Ban fossil fuel and draw the line / Before we build one more pipeline".In addition to directly criticizing members of the oil industry, <mask> has also focused blame on the actions of the Canadian government for ignoring the environmental impacts of climate change. He referred to Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper as "an embarrassment to many Canadians ... [and] a very poor imitation of the George Bush administration in the United States". <mask> was also critical of Barack Obama's government for failing to uphold the promises made regarding environmental policies during his election campaign. <mask> recorded "A Rock Star Bucks a Coffee Shop" in response to Starbucks' possible involvement with Monsanto and use of genetically-modified food. The song was included on his concept album called The Monsanto Years. 2010s
On January 22, 2010, <mask> performed "Long May You Run" on the final episode of The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien. On the same night, he and Dave Matthews performed the Hank Williams song "Alone and Forsaken", for the Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief charity telethon, in response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake.<mask> also performed "Long May You Run" at the closing ceremony of the 2010 Olympic winter games in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. In May 2010, it was revealed <mask> had begun working on a new studio album produced by Daniel Lanois. This was announced by David Crosby, who said that the album "will be a very heartfelt record. I expect it will be a very special record." On May 18, 2010, <mask> embarked upon a North American solo tour to promote his then upcoming album, Le Noise, playing a mix of older songs and new material. Although billed as a solo acoustic tour, <mask> also played some songs on electric guitars, including Old Black. In September 2011, Jonathan Demme's third documentary film on the singer songwriter, <mask> Journeys, premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival.On January 22, 2012, the Master Class at the Slamdance Festival featured Coffee with <mask> & Jonathan Demme discussing their film Neil Young Journeys. <mask> said that he had been recording with Crazy Horse, completing one album and working on another. <mask> and Crazy Horse performed a version of the Beatles' "I Saw Her Standing There" for Paul McCartney's MusiCares Person of the Year dinner on February 10, 2012, in Hollywood. <mask> with Crazy Horse released the album Americana on June 5, 2012. It was <mask>'s first collaboration with Crazy Horse since the Greendale album and tour in 2003 and 2004. The record is a tribute to unofficial national anthems that jumps from an uncensored version of "This Land Is Your Land" to "Clementine" and includes a version of "God Save the Queen", which <mask> grew up singing every day in school in Canada. Americana is <mask>'s first album composed entirely of cover songs.The album debuted at number four on the Billboard 200, making it <mask>'s highest-charting album in the US since Harvest. On June 5, 2012, American Songwriter also reported that <mask> and Crazy Horse would be launching their first tour in eight years in support of the album. On August 25, 2012, <mask> was mistakenly reported dead by NBCNews.com, the day when astronaut <mask> died. On September 25, 2012, <mask>'s autobiography Waging Heavy Peace: A Hippie Dream was released to critical and commercial acclaim. Reviewing the book for the New York Times, Janet Maslin reported that <mask> chose to write his memoirs in 2012 for two reasons: he needed to take a break from stage performances for health reasons but continue to generate income; and he feared the onset of dementia, considering his father's medical history and his own present condition. Maslin praised the book, describing it as frank but quirky and without pathos. In November 2013, <mask> performed at the annual fundraiser for the Silverlake Conservatory of Music.Following the Red Hot Chili Peppers, he played an acoustic set to a crowd who had paid a minimum of $2,000 a seat to attend the benefit in the famous Paramour Mansion overlooking downtown Los Angeles. <mask> released the album A Letter Home on April 19, 2014, through Jack White's record label, and his second memoir, entitled Special Deluxe, which was released on October 14. He appeared with White on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on May 12, 2014. The 2014 debut solo album by Chrissie Hynde, entitled Stockholm, featured <mask> on guitar on the track "Down the Wrong Way". <mask> released his thirty-fifth studio album, Storytone on November 4, 2014. The first song released from the album, "Who's Gonna Stand Up? ", was released in three different versions on September 25, 2014.Storytone was followed in 2015 by his concept album The Monsanto Years. The Monsanto Years is an album themed both in support of sustainable farming, and to protest the biotechnology company Monsanto. <mask> achieves this protest in a series of lyrical sentiments against genetically modified food production. He created this album in collaboration with Willie Nelson's sons, Lukas and Micah, and is also backed by Lukas's fellow band members from Promise of the Real. Additionally, <mask> released a film in tandem to the album, (also entitled The Monsanto Years), that documents the album's recording, and can be streamed online. In August 2019, The Guardian reported <mask>, among other environmental activists, was being spied on by the firm. In summer 2015, <mask> undertook a North America tour titled the Rebel Content Tour.The tour began on July 5, 2015, at the Summerfest in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and ended on July 24, 2015, at the Wayhome Festival in Oro-Medonte, Ontario. Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real were special guests for the tour. In October 2016, <mask> performed at Desert Trip in Indio, California, and announced his thirty-seventh studio album, Peace Trail, recorded with drummer Jim Keltner and bass guitarist Paul Bushnell, which was released that December. On September 8, 2017, <mask> released Hitchhiker, a studio LP recorded on August 11, 1976, at Indigo Studios in Malibu. The album features ten songs that <mask> recorded accompanied by acoustic guitar or piano. While different versions of most of the songs have been previously released, the new album will include two never-before-released songs: "Hawaii" and "Give Me Strength", which <mask> has occasionally performed live. On July 4, 2017, <mask> released the song "Children of Destiny" which would appear on his next album.On November 3, 2017, <mask> released "Already Great", a song from The Visitor, an album he recorded with Promise of the Real and released on December 1, 2017. On December 1, 2017, <mask> performed live in Omemee, Ontario, Canada, a town he had lived in as a child. On Record Store Day, April 21, 2018, Warner Records released a two-vinyl LP special edition of Roxy: Tonight's the Night Live, a double live album of a show that <mask> performed in September 1973 at the Roxy in West Hollywood, with the Santa Monica Flyers. The album is labeled as "Volume 05" in <mask>'s Performance Series. On October 19, 2018, <mask> released a live version of his song "Campaigner", an excerpt from a forthcoming archival live album titled Songs for Judy, which features solo performances recorded during a November 1976 tour with Crazy Horse. It will be the first release from his new label Shakey Pictures Records. In November 2018, shortly after his home had been destroyed by the California wildfire, <mask> criticized President Donald Trump's stance on climate change.In December 2018, <mask> criticized the promoters of a London show for

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 selecting Barclays Bank as a sponsor. <mask> objected to the bank's association with fossil fuels. <mask> explained that he was trying to rectify the situation by finding a different sponsor. <mask> was among hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire. On August 19, 2019, <mask> and Crazy Horse announced the forthcoming release later in August 2019 of the new song "Rainbow of Colors", the first single from the album Colorado, <mask>'s first new record with the band in seven years, since 2012's Psychedelic Pill. <mask>, multi-instrumentalist Nils Lofgren, bassist Billy Talbot and drummer Ralph Molina recorded the new album with <mask>'s co-producer, John Hanlon, in spring 2019. The 10 new songs are ranging from around 3 minutes to over 13 minutes.Colorado was released on October 25, 2019 on Reprise Records. On August 30, 2019, <mask> unveiled "Milky Way", the first song from Colorado, a love ballad he had performed several times at concerts – both solo acoustic and with Promise of the Real. 2020s
In February 2020, <mask> wrote an open letter to President Trump, calling him a "disgrace to my country". On August 4, 2020, <mask> filed a copyright infringement lawsuit against Trump's reelection campaign for the use of his music at campaign rallies. In April 2020, <mask> announced that he was working on a new archival album, Road of Plenty, comprising music made with Crazy Horse in 1986 and rehearsals for his 1989 Saturday Night Live appearance. On June 19, <mask> released a "lost" album, Homegrown. He recorded it in the mid-1970s following his breakup with Carrie Snodgress, but opted not to release it at the time, feeling it was too personal.In September, <mask> released a live EP, The Times. <mask> shared the news via his video for his new song "Lookin' for a Leader", stating: "I invite the President to play this song at his next rally. A song about the feelings many of us have about America today." In January 2021, <mask> sold 50% of the rights to his back catalog to the British investment company Hipgnosis Songs Fund. The value was estimated to be at least $150 million. <mask> and Crazy Horse released a new album, Barn, on December 10, 2021. The first single, "Song of the Seasons", was released on October 15, followed by "Welcome Back" on December 3, along with a music video.A stand-alone will be released on Blu-ray and will be directed by Daryl Hannah. <mask> also confirmed that he had completed his third book, Canary, his first work of fiction. On January 24, 2022, <mask> posted an open letter threatening to remove his music from Spotify if they did not remove the podcast The Joe Rogan Experience from their platform. The podcast, one of Spotify's most popular, has been criticized for spreading COVID-19 misinformation. <mask> wrote that "Spotify has a responsibility to mitigate the spread of misinformation on its platform". On January 26, Spotify removed <mask>'s music; a spokesperson said Spotify wanted "all the world's music and audio content to be available to Spotify users" and that it had a "great responsibility in balancing both safety for listeners and freedom for creators". The World Health Organization Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus tweeted praise for <mask>'s action.On January 28, <mask>'s longtime friend and fellow polio survivor Joni Mitchell also demanded that her music be removed from Spotify in solidarity with "<mask> and the global scientific and medical communities on this issue". NHS doctor and author Rachel Clarke tweeted: "Both <mask> & Joni Mitchell… know painfully well how much harm, suffering & avoidable death anti-vaxxers can cause." Archives project

In an interview in 2008, <mask> discussed Toast, an album originally recorded with Crazy Horse in San Francisco in 2000 but never released. On July 14, 2009, <mask>'s first four solo albums were reissued as remastered HDCD discs and digital downloads as discs 1–4 of the Original Release Series of the Archives. As of 2019, <mask> has launched a subscription website and application where all of his music is available to stream in high resolution audio. The Neil Young Archives also include his newspaper, The Times-Contrarian, The Hearse Theater, and photographs and memorabilia from throughout his career. Personal life

Homes and residency
<mask>'s family was from Manitoba, where both his parents were born and married.<mask> himself was born in Toronto, Ontario, and lived there at various times in his early life (1945, 1957, 1959–1960, 1966 to 1967), as well as Omemee (1945 to 1952) and Pickering, Ontario (1956) before settling with his mother in Winnipeg, Manitoba (1958, 1960–1966), where his music career began and which he considers his "hometown". <mask> has been outside Canada since 1967. After becoming successful, he bought properties in California. He currently holds dual citizenship for Canada and the United States. <mask> had a home in Malibu, California, which burned to the ground in the 2018 Woolsey Fire. <mask> owned Broken Arrow Ranch, a property of about 1,000 acres near La Honda, California, that he purchased in 1970 for US$350,000 (US$ in  dollars); the property was subsequently expanded to thousands of acres. He moved out and gave Pegi <mask> the ranch after their divorce in 2014.<mask>'s son Ben lives there. <mask> announced in 2019 that his application for United States citizenship had been held up because of his use of marijuana, but the issue was resolved and he became a United States citizen. Relationships and family
<mask> married his first wife, restaurant owner Susan Acevedo, in December 1968. They were together until October 1970, when she filed for divorce. From late 1970 to 1975, <mask> was in a relationship with actress Carrie Snodgress. The song "A Man Needs a Maid" from Harvest is inspired by his seeing her in the film Diary of a Mad Housewife. They met soon afterward and she moved in with him on his ranch in northern California.They have a son, Zeke, who was born September 8, 1972. He has been diagnosed with cerebral palsy. <mask> met future wife Pegi <mask> ( Morton) in 1974 when she was working as a waitress at a diner near his ranch, a story he tells in the 1992 song "Unknown Legend". They married in August 1978 and had two children together, Ben and Amber. Ben has been diagnosed with cerebral palsy, and Amber has been diagnosed with epilepsy. The couple were musical collaborators and co-founded the Bridge School in 1986. On July 29, 2014, <mask> filed for divorce after 36 years of marriage.Pegi died on January 1, 2019. <mask> has been in a relationship with actress and director Daryl Hannah since 2014. <mask> and Hannah were reported to have wed on August 25, 2018, in Atascadero, California. <mask> confirmed his marriage to Hannah in a video released on October 31, 2018. <mask> has been widely reported to be the godfather of actress Amber Tamblyn; in a 2009 interview with Parade, Tamblyn explained that "godfather" was "just a loose term" for <mask>, Dennis Hopper, and Dean Stockwell, three famous friends of her father, Russ Tamblyn, who were important influences on her life. Charity work
<mask> is an environmentalist and outspoken advocate for the welfare of small farmers, having co-founded in 1985 the benefit concert Farm Aid. He worked on LincVolt, the conversion of his 1959 Lincoln Continental to hybrid electric technology as an environmentalist statement.In 1986, <mask> helped found The Bridge School, an educational organization for children with severe verbal and physical disabilities, and its annual supporting Bridge School Benefit concerts, together with his former wife Pegi <mask>. <mask> is a member of the Canadian charity Artists Against Racism. Business ventures
<mask> was part owner of Lionel, LLC, a company that makes toy trains and model railroad accessories. In 2008 Lionel emerged from bankruptcy and his shares of the company were wiped out. He was instrumental in the design of the Lionel Legacy control system for model trains, and remains on the board of directors of Lionel. He has been named as co-inventor on seven US patents related to model trains. <mask> has long held that the digital audio formats in which most people download music are deeply flawed, and do not provide the rich, warm sound of analog recordings.He claims to be acutely aware of the difference, and compares it with taking a shower in tiny ice cubes versus ordinary water. <mask> and his company PonoMusic developed Pono, a music download service and dedicated music player focusing on "high-quality" uncompressed digital audio. It was designed to compete against highly compressed MP3 type formats. Pono promised to present songs "as they first sound during studio recording". The service and the sale of the player were launched in October 2014. Instruments

Guitars

In 2003, Rolling Stone listed <mask> as eighty-third in its ranking of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time" (although in a more recent version of the list, he has been moved up to seventeenth place), describing him as a "restless experimenter ... who transform[s] the most obvious music into something revelatory". <mask> is a collector of second-hand guitars, but in recording and performing, he uses frequently just a few instruments, as is explained by his longtime guitar technician Larry Cragg in the film <mask>: Heart of Gold.They include:
a late 1950s Gretsch White Falcon purchased by <mask> near the end of the Buffalo Springfield era. In 1969, he bought a stereo version of the same vintage guitar from Stephen Stills, and this instrument is featured prominently during <mask>'s early 1970s period, and can be heard on tracks like "Ohio", "Southern Man", "Alabama", "Words (Between the Lines of Age)", and "L.A.". It was <mask>'s primary electric guitar during the Harvest (1972) era, since <mask>'s deteriorating back condition (eventually fixed with surgery) made playing the much heavier Les Paul (a favourite of his named Old Black) difficult. Reed organ
<mask> owns a restored Estey reed organ, serial number 167272, dating from 1885, which he frequently plays in concert. Crystallophone
<mask> owns a glass harmonica, which he played in the recording of "I Do" on his 2019 album Colorado. Amplification
<mask> uses various vintage Fender Tweed Deluxe amplifiers. His preferred amplifier for electric guitar is the Fender Deluxe, specifically a Tweed-era model from 1959.He purchased his first vintage Deluxe in 1967 for US$50 (US$ in  dollars) from Sol Betnun Music on Larchmont in Hollywood and has since acquired nearly 450 different examples, all from the same era, but he maintains that it is the original model that sounds superior and is crucial to his trademark sound. The Tweed Deluxe is almost always used in conjunction with a late-1950s Magnatone 280 (similar to the amplifier used by Lonnie Mack and Buddy Holly). The Magnatone and the Deluxe are paired together in an unusual manner: the external speaker jack from the Deluxe sends the amped signal through a volume potentiometer and directly into the input of the Magnatone. The Magnatone is notable for its true pitch-bending vibrato capabilities. It can be heard as an electric piano amplifier on "See the Sky About to Rain". A notable and unique accessory to <mask>'s Deluxe is the Whizzer, a device created specifically for <mask> by Rick Davis, which physically changes the amplifier's settings to pre-set combinations. This device is connected to footswitches operable by <mask> onstage in the manner of an effects pedal.Tom Wheeler's book Soul of Tone highlights the device on page 182/183. Discography

 <mask> (1968)
 Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere with Crazy Horse (1969)
 After the Gold Rush (1970)
 Harvest (1972)
 Time Fades Away (1973, live)
 On the Beach (1974)
 Tonight's the Night (1975)
 Zuma with Crazy Horse (1975)
 Long May You Run with Stephen Stills (1976)
 American Stars 'n Bars (1977)
 Comes a Time (1978)
 Rust Never Sleeps with Crazy Horse (1979, live)
 Hawks & Doves (1980)
 Re·ac·tor with Crazy Horse (1981)
 Trans (1982)
 Everybody's Rockin' with the Shocking Pinks (1983)
 Old Ways (1985)
 Landing on Water (1986)
 Life with Crazy Horse (1987, live)
 This Note's for You with The Bluenotes (1988)
 Freedom (1989)
 Ragged Glory with Crazy Horse (1990)
 Harvest Moon (1992)
 Sleeps with Angels with Crazy Horse (1994)
 Mirror Ball with Pearl Jam (1995)
 Broken Arrow with Crazy Horse (1996)
 Silver & Gold (2000)
 Are You Passionate? with Booker T. & the M.G. 's (2002)
 Greendale with Crazy Horse (2003)
 Prairie Wind (2005)
 Living with War (2006)
 Living with War: "In the Beginning" (2006)
 Chrome Dreams II (2007)
 Fork in the Road (2009)
 Le Noise (2010)
 Americana with Crazy Horse (2012)
 Psychedelic Pill with Crazy Horse (2012)
 A Letter Home (2014)
 Storytone (2014)
 The Monsanto Years with Promise of the Real (2015)
 Peace Trail (2016)
 Earth (2016)
 Hitchhiker recorded 1976 (2017)
 The Visitor with Promise of the Real (2017)
 Colorado with Crazy Horse (2019)
 Homegrown recorded 1974–75 (2020)
 Barn with Crazy Horse (2021)

Influence and awards
As one of the original founders of Farm Aid (1985–), he remains an active member of the board of directors. For one weekend each October, in Mountain View, California, Young and his ex-wife hosted the Bridge School Concerts, which drew international talent and sell-out crowds for nearly two decades. He announced in June 2017, however, that he would no longer host the concerts. Rolling Stone magazine in 2000, ranked Young thirty-fourth in its list of the 100 greatest artists of all time.In 2000, <mask> was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame. In 2003, Rolling Stones 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list included After the Gold Rush at number 71, Harvest at number 78, Déjà Vu (with Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young) at number 148, Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere at number 208, Tonight's the Night at number 331, and Rust Never Sleeps at number 350. And in 2004, on their 500 Greatest Songs of All Time list, Rolling Stone included "Rockin' in the Free World" at number 214, "Heart of Gold" at number 297, "Cortez the Killer" at number 321, and "Ohio" (with Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young) at number 385. In 2006, when Paste magazine compiled a "Greatest Living Songwriters" list, <mask> was ranked second behind Bob Dylan. (While <mask> and Dylan have occasionally played together in concert, they have never collaborated on a song together or played on each other's records). He ranked thirty-ninth on VH1's 100 Greatest Artist of Hard Rock that same year. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame explained that while <mask> has "avoided sticking to one style for very long, the unifying factors throughout <mask>'s peripatetic musical journey have been his unmistakable voice, his raw and expressive guitar playing, and his consummate songwriting skill."According to Acclaimed Music, <mask> is the seventh-most celebrated artist in popular music history. After the Gold Rush, Harvest, Déjà Vu, and "Ohio" have all been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. <mask>'s political outspokenness and social awareness influenced artists such as Blind Melon, Phish, Pearl Jam, and Nirvana. <mask> is referred to as "the Godfather of Grunge" because of the influence he had on Kurt Cobain and Eddie Vedder and the entire grunge movement. Vedder inducted <mask> into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995, citing him as a huge influence. <mask> is cited as being a significant influence on the experimental rock group Sonic Youth, and Thom Yorke of Radiohead. Yorke recounted of first hearing <mask> after sending a demo tape into a magazine when he was 16, who favorably compared his singing voice to <mask>'s.Unaware of <mask> at that time, he bought After the Gold Rush (1970), and "immediately fell in love" with his work, calling it "extraordinary". The Australian rock group Powderfinger named themselves after <mask>'s song "Powderfinger" from Rust Never Sleeps (1979). The members of the Constantines have occasionally played <mask> tribute shows under the name Horsey Craze. Jason Bond, an East Carolina University biologist, discovered a new species of trapdoor spider in 2007 and named it Myrmekiaphila neilyoungi after <mask>, his favorite singer. In 2001, <mask> was awarded the Spirit of Liberty award by the civil liberties group People for the American Way. <mask> was honored as the MusiCares Person of the Year on January 29, 2010, two nights prior to the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards. He was also nominated for two Grammy Awards: Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance for "Fork in the Road" and Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package for <mask> Archives Vol.1 (1963–1972). <mask> won the latter Grammy Award. In 2010, he was ranked No. 26 in Gibson.com's Top 50 Guitarists of All Time. Other honors include:

Canadian Music Hall of Fame, 1982
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame He has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame twice: first in 1995 for his solo work and in 1997 as a member of Buffalo Springfield. In 2006, Artist of the Year by the American Music Association. Albums recorded in tribute to <mask> by various artists include:

 1989 – The Bridge: A Tribute to <mask>, Caroline
 1994 – Borrowed Tunes: A Tribute to <mask>, Sony Music Canada, 2xCD acoustic and electric
 1999 – This Note's for You Too!Popular Music 28:3, 341–365. McKay, George (2013) Shakin' All Over: Popular Music and Disability. Ann Arbor: University of

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<mask> (born 23 February 1967) is an Indian author, journalist, film critic and director of the MAMI Mumbai Film Festival. She is also the founder and editor of the digital platform Film Companion, which offers a curated look at cinema. She has written several books on Indian cinema and has been a film critic for NDTV, India Today, as well as the Hindustan Times. She also hosted a weekly film review show The Front Row With <mask>, on Star World. She won the 2000 National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema for her first book Sholay: The Making of a Classic. She presently critiques movies and interviews celebrities for Film Companion. Early life and background
Born as <mask> in Calcutta, India to Chandra Parshad family, she has also lived in Badayun, a city in Uttar Pradesh.Her father Navin Chandra was the eldest of the brothers and sisters. <mask>'s grandfather, originally from Delhi, was an executive with Union Carbide, Kolkata. Her mother Kamna Chandra was a scriptwriter who wrote dialogue for such films as Prem Rog (1982) and Chandni (1989). <mask> grew up with her brother and sister in Mumbai, where her family lived in Nepean Sea Road and then in Cuffe Parade. Her sister Tanuja Chandra is an Indian Film director and screenwriter; her brother Vikram Chandra is a novelist, who splits his time between California and India. She also lived in Hong Kong for several years as a teenager. She graduated from St. Xavier's College, Mumbai with a BA in English Literature in 1987.Later, <mask> earned her MA in journalism from Northwestern University's Medill School of Journalism. She won the Harrington Award for "academic excellence and promise for success in the field of magazine journalism" while at Medill. She later said, "Film journalism was untouchable at the time. Everybody was ashamed and nobody wanted to admit that I worked for movies." Career
After her education, <mask> started her career as a film journalist and critic and over the years has written several books of films, especially Hindi cinema. She has written about the Hindi film industry since 1993 and has explored cinema in several mediums – print, television and digital. Her first book Sholay: The Making of a Classic (2000) won the 2001 National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema (India).Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jayenge  (The Bravehearted Will Take The Bride) (2002) was published by the British Film Institute as part of their Modern Classics Series. Her book, King of Bollywood: Shah Rukh Khan and the Seductive World of Indian Cinema, was featured on the annual "Editor's Choice" list of the New York Times Book Review. It was also translated into German, Indonesian and Polish. <mask>'s 2011 book First Day First Show: Writings from the Bollywood Trenches, is a compilation of her articles on Hindi cinema over two decades, published by Penguin India. <mask>'s work has been published in India Today, India's largest English-language magazine. She has also written about Hindi Films for various international publications such as The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, Variety and Sight & Sound and is currently a contributing editor to Vogue India. <mask> hosted film review show, Picture This on NDTV 24X7 news channel.In 2012, she started her weekly review show called The Front Row with <mask> <mask>, on Star World, which ran till June 2014. In 2013, she released two books, Freeze Frame based on the interviews with film makers and actors on the TV show, and 100 Films to See before You Die based on her weekly film columns. In 2014, she also did a Hindi show called 'Star Verdict' on Star Plus. Currently she hosts Film Companion on YouTube which replaced "The Front Row With <mask> <mask>" where she critiques Hindi Film movies. She has written several books on cinema. <mask>’s latest book, The Front Row: Conversations on Cinema published by Harper Collins is a collection of her televised interviews with both Indian Film and Hollywood personalities. She is also actively involved in works related to film festivals happening in India.In November 2014, <mask> replaced Shyam Benegal to become the chairperson of the Mumbai Film Festival organized by the Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image (MAMI). Film Companion
In July 2014, <mask> founded Film Companion as a pan-India platform for entertainment journalism. Currently the platform carries reviews, interviews, features and masterclasses around cinema, television and web series. <mask>, Baradwaj Rangan, Rahul Desai, Sucharita Tyagi and Pratayush Parasuraman write for the platform. Personal life
<mask> is married to Vidhu Vinod <mask>, a Hindi Film producer and director. Her daughter Zuni <mask>  (born 2001/2002) is author of three books, including a novel and two books in poetry. Her son Agni <mask> is an aspiring cricketer.Bibliography
 Sholay: The Making of a Classic. Penguin Books, 2000. .
 Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, British Film Institute, 2002. .
 King of Bollywood: Shah Rukh Khan and the Seductive World of Indian Cinema. Grand Central Publishing, 2007. .
 First Day First Show: Writings from the Bollywood Trenches. Penguin Books India, 2011. . Freeze Frames. Om Books, 2013. .
 100 Films to See before You Die. BCCL, New Delhi, 2013. .The Front Row: Conversation on Cinema. HarperCollins Publishers India, 2015. . In Conversation with the Stars. Rupa Publications, 2019. References

External links
Film Companion
<mask> <mask> reviews at Hindustan Times

Indian film critics
1967 births
Living people
Writers from Kolkata
Bengali people
St. Xavier's College, Mumbai alumni
Medill School of Journalism alumni
Indian women television presenters
Indian television presenters
Indian women television journalists
Indian television journalists
Journalists from West Bengal
Women writers from West Bengal
Indian women critics
20th-century Indian journalists
21st-century Indian journalists
20th-century Indian women writers
21st-century Indian women writers
Variety (magazine) people

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<mask>, 10th Duke of Devonshire,  (6 May 1895 – 26 November 1950), known as the Marquess of Hartington from 1908 to 1938, was a British politician. He was the head of the Devonshire branch of the House of Cavendish. He had careers with the army and in politics and was a senior freemason. His sudden death, apparently of a heart attack at the age of fifty-five, occurred in the presence of the suspected serial killer John Bodkin Adams. Early life
He was born in the parish of St George in the East, Stepney, London, the son of Victor Cavendish and his wife, Lady Evelyn Petty-Fitzmaurice. In 1908, his father Victor succeeded as the 9th Duke of Devonshire, thus <mask> was styled by the courtesy title Marquess of Hartington. Lord Hartington was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge.He was, after his father's death, the owner of Chatsworth House, and one of the largest private landowners in both Great Britain and Ireland. Military career
The then Marquess of Hartington began service with the Territorial Army as a second lieutenant in the Derbyshire Yeomanry in 1913. Mobilised at the outbreak of the First World War, he was an aide-de-camp (ADC) on the Personal Staff at the British Expeditionary Force's General Headquarters. In 1916, when promoted captain, he rejoined his regiment, in Egypt, and served in the latter stages of the Dardanelles campaign. He then returned to France, became attached to Military Intelligence, then to the War Office and the British Military Mission in Paris, and was twice mentioned in despatches. In 1919 he served on the British peace delegation that attended the signing of the Treaty of Versailles and was appointed MBE. He also became a knight of the French Legion of Honour.He continued serving after the war with his regiment, which became 24 (Derbyshire Yeomanry) Armoured Car Company of the Royal Tank Regiment in 1923. He was promoted major in 1932, and became lieutenant colonel in command in 1935. He was awarded the Territorial Decoration. He was also Honorary Colonel of the 6th Battalion of the Sherwood Foresters from 1917 to 1937, and of its successor, the 40th (Sherwood Foresters) Anti-Aircraft Battalion of the Royal Engineers. Political career
He unsuccessfully stood as a Conservative parliamentary candidate twice, in the 1918 general election for North East Derbyshire and in 1922 for West Derbyshire, before gaining the latter seat in 1923 and holding it until he succeeded to his father's peerage and entered the House of Lords in 1938. He was subsequently a minister in Winston Churchill's wartime government as a Parliamentary Under Secretary of State, for India and Burma (1940–1942) and for the Colonies (1942–1945). He also served in Derbyshire local government.He was appointed a JP for the county in 1917, and a Deputy Lieutenant in 1936, ultimately becoming the county's Lord Lieutenant from 1938 until his death. He also served as Mayor of Buxton in 1920–21. Other civil posts
He was chairman of the Overseas Settlement Board in 1936 and was High Steward of the University of Cambridge and Chancellor of the University of Leeds from 1938 until 1950. He also had company directorships with The Alliance Insurance Company of Britain and the Bank of Australasia. He served as president of the Zoological Society of London in 1948. He was a freemason and was Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England from 1947 to 1950. Family
The Duke's sister Dorothy was married to Prime Minister Harold Macmillan.The Duke's younger brother Charles was married to dancer Adele Astaire, sister of Fred Astaire. In 1917, he married Lady Mary Gascoyne-Cecil, granddaughter of Prime Minister Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury. They had five children:

William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington (1917–1944), killed in action in World War II. Married to Kathleen Kennedy, sister of John F. Kennedy. Andrew Cavendish, 11th Duke of Devonshire (1920–2004), later Marquess of Hartington (1944–1950) and the 11th Duke of Devonshire (1950–2004). Married to Deborah Mitford. Lady Mary Cavendish (6 November 1922 – 17 November 1922).Lady Elizabeth Georgiana Alice Cavendish (24 April 1926 – 15 September 2018). Lady Anne Evelyn Beatrice Cavendish (6 November 1927 – 9 August 2010) was a prison visitor who married Michael Lambert Tree. Death

On 26 November 1950, he suffered a heart attack and died in Eastbourne in the presence of his general practitioner, John Bodkin Adams, the suspected serial killer. Despite the fact that the duke had not seen a doctor in the 14 days before his death, the coroner was not notified as he should have been. Adams signed the death certificate stating that the Duke died of natural causes. Thirteen days earlier, Edith Alice Morrell – another patient of Adams – had also died. Historian Pamela Cullen speculates that as the Duke was the head of British freemasonry, Adams – a member of the fundamentalist Plymouth Brethren – would have been motivated to withhold the necessary vital treatment, since the "Grandmaster of England would have been seen by some of the Plymouth Brethren as Satan incarnate".No proper police investigation was ever conducted into the death, but the duke's son, Andrew, later said "it should perhaps be noted that this doctor was not appointed to look after the health of my two younger sisters, who were then in their teens"; Adams had a reputation for grooming older patients in order to extract bequests. Adams was tried in 1957 for Morrell's murder but controversially acquitted. The prosecutor was Attorney-General Sir Reginald Manningham-Buller, a distant cousin of the Duke (via their shared ancestor, George Cavendish). Cullen has questioned why Manningham-Buller failed to question Adams regarding the Duke's death, and suggests that he was wary of drawing attention to Prime Minister Harold Macmillan (the Duke's brother-in-law) and specifically to his wife who was having an extramarital affair with Robert Boothby at the time. Home Office pathologist Francis Camps linked Adams to 163 suspicious deaths in total, which would make him a precursor to Harold Shipman. The Duke's body was buried in the churchyard at Edensor, Derbyshire, near Chatsworth. Estate
In 1946 the Duke transferred most of his assets to his only surviving son in an attempt to avoid a repeat of the heavy death duties which the 9th Duke had had to pay in 1908.The Duke's surprise death less than four years later meant that his estate had to pay 80% death duties on the value of the entire estate. Had he lived longer, the value assessed to tax would have been progressively reduced to zero. The tax liability led to the transfer of Hardwick Hall to the National Trust, and the sale of many of the Devonshires' accumulated assets, including tens of thousands of acres of land, and many works of art and rare books. Whilst the majority of the Duke's property transferred to the next Duke, his private funds of £796,473 8s. 9d. were willed to his widow Mary Alice, Dowager Duchess of Devonshire. See also
 Gertrude Hullett

References

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1895 births
1950 deaths
<mask>, 10th Duke of Devonshire
Conservative Party (UK) hereditary peers
Cavendish, Edward
Derbyshire Yeomanry officers
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English landowners
Foreign Office personnel of World War II
Grand Masters of the United Grand Lodge of England
Knights of the Garter
Lord-Lieutenants of Derbyshire
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Cavendish, <mask>
Ministers in the Chamberlain peacetime government, 1937–1939
Ministers in the Chamberlain wartime government, 1939–1940
Ministers in the Churchill caretaker government, 1945
Ministers in the Churchill wartime government, 1940–1945
People educated at Eton College
People from Derbyshire Dales (district)
Presidents of the Zoological Society of London
Cavendish, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, D10
British Army personnel of World War I
20th-century English nobility

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Edward Cavendish
Edward Cavendish
Edward Devonshire


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<mask> (born 5 February 1940) is an Ulster loyalist paramilitary leader who served as commander of the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) during much of its early history. He took the place of Tommy Herron in 1973 when the latter was killed, and led the organisation until March 1988 when an attempt on his life forced him to resign from his command. Background
<mask> was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, one of the seven children of an ex-soldier and a part-time seamstress. He was brought up in a two-bedroomed house in the Shankill Road. He was educated at the local Brown Square school and found work as a gardener with Belfast City Council. <mask>'s family lived in both Ballymurphy and New Barnsley, but were forced out of both heavily Catholic areas in 1969. The family returned to the Shankill.<mask>'s surname is an ancient Scottish clan name; his ancestors migrated from Scotland to Ireland in the early days of the Ulster Plantation. They first went to Dublin, however, before settling permanently in Ulster. <mask>'s first involvement with loyalist paramilitaries came in 1967 when he was sworn in as a member of the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), although he did not stay long as he felt that the UVF was doing too little about Protestants being forced out of Catholic areas, such as his own family. He soon fell in behind John McKeague, initially following him in the Ulster Protestant Volunteers, before joining his Shankill Defence Association (SDA) upon its foundation in 1969. <mask>'s power base within the SDA grew and he was a relatively high-profile figure on the Shankill when it was absorbed by the UDA in 1971. Assuming leadership
The newly formed UDA was dominated by Charles Harding Smith in the Shankill area and by Tommy Herron in East Belfast. It was feared from early on that a feud between the two would follow if either one was picked to lead the UDA.As such, in March 1973 <mask> was picked as a compromise candidate for the leadership, being seen by Herron and Harding Smith as someone they could dominate. The strategy did not work, however, as a feud between the two top men followed, with Herron killed in September 1973. Harding Smith remained as a challenge to <mask>'s control. His new-found role of leader was bolstered by the events of the Ulster Workers' Council Strike of May 1974 in which he played a leading role. Having been a shop steward in his council days Tyrie became close to strike leader Glenn Barr and the UDA played a central role in marshalling the pickets and ensuring both order amongst the strikers and no picket crossing. Tyrie oversaw this aspect of the strike and was seen as one of the central figures, while the profile of the UDA grew as a result. With Tyrie's profile boosted by the UWC strike, Harding Smith sought to move against Tyrie and used the pretext of Tyrie sending a delegation to Libya, with Muammar al-Gaddafi seen in many loyalist eyes as being firmly on the side of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA).Harding Smith tried to overrule Tyrie but a feud resulted and, after surviving two assassination attempts, Harding Smith was forced to leave Northern Ireland for good. Political strategy
<mask> had been a central figure in the strike and as such had close contact with many within the unionist establishment. However once the strike was over he was shunned by Harry West and Ian Paisley and as such he built up a resentment towards mainstream unionism that would inform many of his political decisions as UDA leader. He arranged an alliance with the Vanguard Progressive Unionist Party but when the Ulster Unionist Party and the Democratic Unionist Party declined to join this grand alliance of loyalism Tyrie became even more resolved to pursue a political path for the UDA without mainstream unionism. <mask> was close to William Craig and had supported his calls to "liquidate the enemy" in 1972, although as Craig's political relevance diminished <mask>'s desire for a politicised UDA increased. He broke further from the unionist position by calling for some coalitions with moderate nationalists in the Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention, albeit whilst adding that he had prepared the UDA for civil war if the initiative failed and severed all ties following the disastrous re-run of the UWC strike in 1977, during which the attempt not only failed but also saw four people inadvertently killed by the UDA and UVF. <mask> underlined his split from unionism in 1982 by writing a play, This Is It, in which he savagely attacked Ian Paisley and his "Third Force"'s dabbling in paramilitarism.<mask> sought to move the UDA towards more political activity and appointed Sammy Duddy, who had a reputation as a thinker within the movement, as his personal representative. Along with Duddy, <mask> was one of the authors of the New Ulster Political Research Group document Beyond the Religious Divide which outlined a strategy of co-operation between the two communities within the framework of an independent Northern Ireland. Under his leadership the UDA saw a strong downturn in violent activity in 1977 and 1978, although this followed a two-year period of high activity. <mask>'s political strategy took a blow in 1982 when he was arrested for being in possession of Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) maps and charts, although he was acquitted of subsequent terror charges. Paramilitary strategy
Although under his leadership the UDA undertook a series of sectarian killings, <mask> would later claim that he had been opposed to this strategy, arguing: "I was sickened every time I heard about the death of a Catholic taxi driver or shop keeper. We wanted to go for the IRA and republicans but we couldn't locate them, we didn't know who they were". As early as 1971 <mask> had argued that the role of the UDA should be "terrorising the terrorists" i.e.attacking the Republican Movement head on rather than either sectarian attacks against Catholics or the group's stated purpose as a defensive vigilant militia for loyalist areas. These ideas came to fruition to an extent with the Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF) "shopping list" of leading republicans to be targeted by dedicated death squads in the late 1970s and early 1980s, although this was for the most part directed by UFF leader John McMichael rather than <mask>. Tyrie also supported a more professional approach from the UDA and sought to establish more professional training for members, an initiative in which he met stern resistance from other UDA leaders who feared that such a programme would bring about a new elite to threaten their own positions. Tyrie finally got his way in the mid-1980s with a series of residential programmes for young active UDA members. These programmes, overseen by senior UDA members with British Army experience, included both practical training in gun use, bomb-making and close combat as well as more theoretical aspects such as anti-interrogation techniques, basic forensic science training, communications and psychological warfare. Removal
As part of his political strategy <mask> became close to South Belfast brigadier John McMichael and supported his development of the Ulster Loyalist Democratic Party along Ulster nationalist lines. He had previously written in a UDA publication in the late 1970s that an independent Northern Ireland could "take its rightful place in the world and not be seen as a country with a death-wish", after becoming disillusioned with what he saw as the British government's lack of commitment to Northern Ireland.<mask> shunned the limelight and as a consequence he appointed McMichael as official spokesman for, and thus the public face of, the UDA. However, McMichael's assassination by the IRA in December 1987 and his replacement in the party by the less well-known Ray Smallwoods placed some doubts upon the political strategy that <mask> had long advocated. Furthermore, resentment among UDA hardliners had been growing and they came to feel that <mask>'s leadership was too much about politics and not enough about military action. <mask> was also criticised for what his internal opponents felt was a tendency towards cronyism, with the late 1980s seeing responsibility and position being given to internally unpopular figures like Jackie McDonald and Eddie Sayers, seemingly because they were personally close to Tyrie. To silence some of his critics <mask> arranged a shipment of guns from Lebanon for the UDA in early 1988. However, after a tip-off, the North Belfast brigadier Davy Payne was stopped at an RUC checkpoint in Portadown. He was driving the "scout" [lead] car as the weapons were being transported in a small convoy of vehicles; the guns which were stored in the boots of his associates' cars were then seized in what was the latest in a series of setbacks that had dogged the UDA as a paramilitary group in the late 1980s.With <mask>'s stock at an all-time low among UDA militants he narrowly avoided death from a car bomb on 6 March 1988. No responsibility for the failed attack was claimed. <mask> himself felt that the attack was carried out by potential successors within the UDA but, whichever explanation was true, it demonstrated that <mask> was no longer secure in his position and had become a target within loyalism as UDA leader. Five days after the attack <mask> announced his resignation as leader of the UDA and was placed on 'retirement' by the organisation. Post-UDA activity

<mask> established his own business in County Down after leaving active duty with the UDA. Since quitting as UDA leader <mask> has largely been outside active loyalism, although he has been brought back from time to time as the main voice of the old UDA. In 1994 he and Barr were recalled by the Ulster Democratic Party to spearhead their funding initiative.He would go on to become an enthusiastic supporter of the UDP in their campaign in favour of the Belfast Agreement, claiming that it vindicated the strategy employed by John McMichael and himself. In this role he became close to John White, who frequently made use of Tyrie when it came to convincing older UDA members of the benefits of the Agreement. Tyrie is fully retired from politics. References
Notes

Bibliography
McDonald, Henry & Cusack, Jim. UDA – Inside the Heart of Loyalist Terror, Dublin, Penguin Ireland, 2004
Taylor. Peter. Loyalists, London: Bloomsbury, 2000

1940 births
Living people
Paramilitaries from Belfast
Ulster Defence Association members
Ulster nationalists

masks:
Andrew Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
Tyrie
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Tyrie


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<mask><mask> (born 1951) is an American writer, feminist, and animal rights advocate. She is the author of several books, including The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory (1990) and The Pornography of Meat (2004), focusing in particular on what she argues are the links between the oppression of women and that of non-human animals. She was inducted into the Animal Rights Hall of Fame in 2011. Biography
<mask><mask> was born in New York in 1951. She is a feminist-vegan, advocate, activist, and independent scholar whose work explores the cultural construction of inter-sectional oppression. At a young age, <mask> was influenced by her mother, who was both a feminist and a civil rights activist, and also her father who she recalls, was a lawyer who participated in one of the first lawsuits regarding the pollution of Lake Erie, one of the Great Lakes in the north eastern region of the United States. <mask> was raised in Forestville, a small village in New York.After skipping a grade and taking college English courses in high school, <mask> attended the University of Rochester and majored in English and History. As an undergraduate at the University of Rochester, she was involved in bringing women's studies courses to the University's course catalog. She graduated from there with a BA in 1972, and obtained her Master of Divinity degree from Yale Divinity School in 1976. In 1974 <mask> moved to Boston to study with Mary Daly. <mask> recalls her time with Mary as, " a fascinating time of conversation and mutual critique...My evolving feminist-veganism
and her evolving biophilic philosophy bumped up against each
other at times. Usually, at least in the beginning, she had the last word." <mask> recalls discovering the dead body of her family pony that was killed in a hunting accident, then eating a hamburger that night.She concluded that it was hypocritical for her to mourn the death of her pony, yet have no problem eating a slaughtered cow. This marked the beginning of her vegetarian journey. She is also a pioneer of feminist care theory in animal ethics. <mask> continues to work towards the ethical treatment of animals and other forms of activism. She does this through visiting colleges, teaching courses, and through the internet and different forums of social media in which she can reach out to a wider audience. During the past five years <mask> has been very involved in helping to create this innovative urban development spearheaded by The Stewpot in Dallas, Texas. <mask> has also been working on a theoretical autobiography and on a book about <mask> and care giving.She has also been working on a project on "Towards a Philosophy of Care through Care." An essay about this is forthcoming in Critical Inquiry. <mask> continues to show The Sexual Politics of Meat Slide Show to help and spread her theories as she can. Lastly <mask> is completing a book with her co-authors Patti Breitman and Virginia Messina, Even Vegans Die. <mask><mask> in regards to her intentions on this planet said, " "In my life, I want to do the least harm possible,"she said. "I want to walk lightly on this Earth." and the accomplishments of her life and her goals and ambitions have reflected this philosophy.<mask> was chosen as one of "20 Badass Veg Women Who Are Making History" by a website called chooseveg.com. Others among the list were the once world number one for women's tennis, Venus Williams and Ellen DeGeneres, from the Ellen DeGeneres Show. <mask> is one of several people who provided information used in the writing of the book Striking at the Roots: A Practical Guide to Animal Activism (2008) by Mark Hawthorne. Career

The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory
The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory discusses how, especially in times of shortage, women often give men the meat they perceive to be the "best" food. She also discusses the connections between feminism and vegetarianism, and patriarchy and meat eating, historically and through the reading of literary texts. An important theory formulated in the book is the absent referent, which she uses to explain the fact that people keep eating meat, and is also behind the objectification of women in pornography. In The Sexual Politics of Meat, <mask> parallels the patriarchal system with the relationship between humans and animals.The male connotations associated with meat eating, not only highlights species inequality, but also defines distinct gender roles. Simply, meat signifies male dominance over females as "men who batter women have often used the absence of meat as a pretext for violence against women." <mask> proclaims that our culture has become preoccupied with reducing non-human animals to a source of consumption, a fragmentation of their individual species. A recurring theme throughout her work is that men that feel a sense of entitlement over animals are similar to men who abuse, exploit, or degrade women for their bodies. Animals and Women Feminist Theoretical Explorations
In Adam's Animals and Women Feminist Theoretical Explorations, she argues that the social context behind female oppression and sexual violence has a direct tie to the way humans mistreat other species. Humans tend to deem animals as an inferior species and in this way, justify their actions regarding animal exploitation. According to <mask>, men regard women in a similar light.This sense of entitlement over animals translates into human relations and men begin to label women as inferior as well "available for abuse." The established discourse shifts from a negative image for nonhuman animals to a sexist portrayal of women. Constantly, men refer to women using language such as dogs, chicks, bunny, which all indicate men using women as a mere means. Given current speciesism, individuals use non-human animals for their production, i.e. cows for milk, hens for eggs, or female dog to breed more puppies. Humans use chicks as simply physical beings similar to how men may exploit the female body for pleasure. The Pornography of Meat
In The Pornography of Meat, <mask> draws the visual comparison between meat advertised on a shelf and women portrayed in particular advertisements or magazines.The idea of consumption plays a significant role in a culture that compare women to a product, something that's not only attainable, but a consumable person. It is important to note that consumption may refer to literal digestion or rather simply, a desire for someone considered attainable by another individual. <mask> juxtaposes commonly unnoticed advertisements in the local grocery store to sexist and misogynistic images of women. Further, she creates the "A" category, which creates an idea of white male supremacy in a civilized society, whereas the other in this sense, includes language that relates to different races, non-human animals, and women. <mask> argues that modern culture idealizes the white male figure and demonstrates that he represents an advanced civilized society. The author argues that any individual who doesn't fall into the "A" category likely faces a reference to animals, now seen as derogatory and inferior. In this work, she includes an image of women labeled according to her body parts similar to how butcher advertises meat cuts.The underlying premise remains the same; current culture has created a desire for consumption from non-human animals, genders, and races. Other works
She is the author of several other books, including Living Among Meat Eaters: The Vegetarian's Survival Handbook. This book advises vegetarians to ask if they are at peace with their own vegetarianism and provides communication skills for avoiding abuse while dining with meat-eating friends, family, and coworkers who may be hostile. Her most recent work, Burger, follows the history, business, culture, and gendered politics of the hamburger. All the while, drawing upon the history of the veggie burger, and its revival through contemporary investors in the food industry. Activism
<mask>' activism includes "experience of working for social justice (which includes justice for nonhuman animals) and against domestic violence, homelessness, racism, and violence against animals." A large part of <mask>' life is dedicated to feminism as well.She was raised in a household with her two sisters where this spirit of feminism was nurtured. Her vegetarianism came after her feminism. While a sophomore at the University of Rochester she attended her first Women's Liberation meeting and later did field work at the Women's Liberation Center. These experiences and research, as well as the event of her pony being killed, showed her that her feminism and vegetarianism were related. Through some feminist studies she was conducting she realized that both were connected throughout the history of feminism as well. She found that many feminists were vegetarians, and she also found multiple books written by feminists, on vegetarianism as a "part of the feminist awakening of the hero". A further look into the newly connected themes proved to be very important to the course <mask>' work would take in the future.She found that a patriarchal ethics "naturalizes and normalizes violence...and perpetuates human exceptionalism that permits the oppression of other beings". Thus her theory of the patriarchal essence begins, and the creation of The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory took form. <mask> has explained that her activism taught her how to write by allowing her to think about how "ideas are experienced by others". Fighting on the non-dominant side of things through her activism allowed her to return to her book-writing with a deeper level of understanding sufficient enough to know what was going on. The voice she had in her activism in the 1970s also helped her obtain her theoretical voice used in her books. <mask> explains, in many interviews, that her activism taught her how to write. In her chapter, "What Came Before the Sexual Politics of Meat" in the book Species Matters: Humane Advocacy and Cultural Theory, <mask> explains that she and her husband were activists in the 1970s against racism.They lived in Dunkirk, New York and tried to make the area progressive by pushing for minority housing to move into the rural area. Her husband, the local minister was receiving inflammatory letters from his congregation and <mask> fought with inner self between doing as much as she can, and stopping where the situation became dangerous. She was spoken about on the call-in radio show "What's Your Opinion". One day when she was listening she was so furious about the inaccurate information being told that she called in and corrected all the misinformation. Regardless of what people said, <mask> and her husband continued their activism and fight for low-to-moderate income housing. Further, in her life <mask> has supported animal rights and wants to educate people about vegan food and introducing people to vegan eating. She explains we all get protein from plants, some people get it directly from plants and others chose to let animals process protein for them; she has also coined the term feminized protein for eggs and dairy products, as it is plant protein produced by using the reproductive cycle of female animals.Personal life
<mask> was executive director of the Chautauqua County Rural Ministry, Inc., Dunkirk, New York from the late 1970s to 1987. She lives in Texas with her husband, Reverend Dr. Bruce Buchanan, and is a member of the First Presbyterian Church of Dallas, where her husband is an associate pastor. Publications

The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory. Continuum, 1990. Ecofeminism and the Sacred. Continuum, 1993. Neither Man nor Beast: Feminism and the Defense of Animals.Continuum, 1994. Woman-battering: Creative pastoral care and counseling series. Fortress Press, 1994.
with Marie M. Fortune. Violence against Women and Children: A Christian Theological Sourcebook. Continuum, 1995.
with <mask>. Animals and women: Feminist theoretical explorations. Duke University Press, 1995.The inner art of vegetarianism: Spiritual practices for body and soul. Lantern Books, 2000. Journey to gameland: How to make a board game from your favorite children's book. Lantern Books, 2001.
with Howard Williams. The Ethics of Diet: A Catena of Authorities Deprecatory of the Practice of Flesh-eating. University of Illinois Press, 2003. "Bitch, Chick, Cow: Women's and (Other) Animals' Rights" in Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium.Washington Square Press 2003. .
Help! My child stopped eating meat! : An A-Z guide to surviving a conflict in diets. Continuum 2004. The Pornography of Meat. Continuum, 2004. Prayers for Animals.Continuum, 2004. God listens when you're sad: Prayers when your animal friend is sick or dies. Pilgrim Press, 2005. God listens to your love : prayers for living with animal friends. Pilgrim Press, 2005. God listens to your care : prayers for all the animals of the world. Pilgrim Press, 2006.
with Douglas Buchanan and Kelly Gesch.Bedside, bathtub and armchair companion to Frankenstein. Continuum, 2007. The Feminist Care Tradition in Animal Ethics: A Reader. Columbia University Press, 2007. Edited by <mask><mask> and <mask>. How to eat like a vegetarian even if you never want to be one: More than 250 shortcuts, strategies, and simple solutions. Lantern Books, 2008.Living among meat eaters: The vegetarians' survival handbook. Lantern Books, 2008. The foreword to Lisa Kemmerer's anthology Sister Species: Women, Animals, and Social Justice. University of Illinois Press, 2011. The foreword to Laura Wright's The Vegan Studies Project University of Georgia Press, 2015. See also

 Brown Dog affair
 List of animal rights advocates
 Lizzy Lind af Hageby
 Women and animal advocacy

Notes

a. Also see Bakeman, <mask>."Student Survival '08: Campus secrets and legends", City newspaper, August 13, 2008. References

Further reading

<mask><mask>' homepage
<mask> The Pornography of Meat

"Ecofeminism and the Eating of Animals" Hypatia, No. 6, spring 1991, pp. 134–137. Abstract. Song on Consolidated's album Friendly Fa$cism (MP3)
Menaker, Daniel (2005-01-02) An Alt-Cabaret Diva, The New York Times. (Restricted access.)"Paralleling the elided relationship between metaphor and referent is the unacknowledged role of fragmentation in eating flesh", from The Sexual Politics of Meat p. 60
George, Lianne (2008-03-06) 'Go Veg! Get girls!' The war on compassion
MikeyPod podcast interview with <mask><mask>

1951 births
Activists from New York (state)
American animal rights scholars
American feminist writers
American women philosophers
Ecofeminists
Feminist studies scholars
Historians of vegetarianism
Living people
Veganism activists
Writers from New York (state)
21st-century American women

masks:
Carol J
. Adams
Carol J
. Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Jane Austen
Adams
Adams
Carol J
. Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Josephine Donovan
Carol J
. Adams
Josephine Donovan
Jessica
Carol J
. Adams
Carol Adams
Carol J
. Adams


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<mask> (born 13 May 1986) is a Swiss cross-country cyclist who races for the SCOTT-SRAM MTB Racing Team. Schurter won the world championship in men's cross-country in 2009, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2021 and the overall UCI World Cup in 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2018 and 2019 and thus become the second man to hold 7 World Cup overall titles. He won the gold medal in mountain biking at the 2016 Olympics, the silver medal 2012 Olympics and the bronze medal at the 2008 Olympics. He won the Swiss National Championship in cross-country mountain biking in 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015. He joined  for a number of road races during the 2014 season. Career
<mask> was born and grew up in Tersnaus, Lumnezia in the Romansch-speaking part of Switzerland. He spent a lot of his free time in nature playing different sports and quickly got fascinated by mountain biking.He took part in the Swiss racing competition Swisspower cup where he won his first victories. In 2003, he became a member of the professional team of Thomas Frischknecht and he turned professional in 2007 when he joined the SCOTT-SRAM MTB Racing Team (former SCOTT-Odlo MTB Racing and even earlier SWISSPOWER). He currently rides a Scott Spark RC 900 Worldcup. 2004
In his first junior international competition on 31 July in Wałbrzych, Poland, <mask> Schurter finished first at the European Championships. 2012
2012 was one of Schurter's most successful season when he won 11 out of 15 races. He won his first World Cup of the season on 18 March in Pietermaritzburg on a bike with 650B or 27.5-inch wheels. On 13 May, he won his second World Cup on his 26th birthday in Nove Mesto na Morave.On 28 July, after his fourth individual win, <mask> won the overall World Cup series title in Val d'Isère. On 15 September 2011, Schurter qualified for the 2012 Olympics where he won the silver medal after being beaten in a final sprint on the line by Jaroslav Kulhavy. On 8 September 2012, he won his second World Championships title in Saalbach, Austria, where he shared the podium with two of his countrymen Lukas and Matthias Fluckiger. 2013
On 2 September 2013, Schurter won his third World Championship title in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, on one of his favourite cross-country courses. 2014
Schurter joined the Australian road race cycling team Orica-GreenEDGE during the 2014 season. He took part in the Tour de Romandie and the Tour de Suisse. In the 2014 mountain bike season, he lost his World Cup and World Championships titles.He finished in second place in Hafjell, Norway and ended up his season behind Julien Absalon at the World Cup in Méribel. 2015
In 2015, Schurter fully committed to his mountain bike career as he had the 2016 Olympics in Rio on his agenda for the next two years. He competed in the 2015 European Games for Switzerland, in mountain biking. He won the gold medal in the event. 2016
Schurter won his fifth world championship in men's cross-country at the 2016 UCI Mountain Bike & Trials World Championships at Nové Město, Czech Republic. This equaled the record of Julien Absalon, who has also won five titles in the event. At the 2016 Summer Olympic he won the gold medal, finishing before Jaroslav Kulhavý and Carlos Coloma Nicolás.2017 Perfect season
In March 2017, <mask> won the Absa Cape Epic – the eight-day South African stage race – for the first time. Riding with Scott-Sram teammate Matthias Stirnemann in the two-man team format they won by eight minutes from pre-race favorites Christoph Sauser and Jaroslav Kulhavy (Investec Songo Specialized). <mask> had completed the Cape Epic three times previously. This was his first win. He went on to win all six rounds of the World Cup and accomplished as first person a Perfect season, as well as his sixth world championship.

masks:
Nino Schurter
Nino Schurter
Nino
Schurter
Schurter
Schurter