text_chunks:
<mask> (15 December 1908 – 25 April 2005) was a Hindu swami of the Ramakrishna Math order. He served as the 13th president of the Ramakrishna Math and Mission. Biography
<mask>, (pre-monastic name Shankaran Kutty), was born on 15 December 1908 in a village called Trikkur near Trichur, in Kerala to Neelakanta Sastry and Lakshmikutty Amma . As a teenager, he was attracted by the teachings of Swami Vivekananda and Ramakrishna and joined the Mysore centre of Ramakrishna Order as a Brahmachari in 1926. He served the Mysore Centre for 9 years and was under Swami Siddheswarananda and another 3 years under him in the Bangalore centre. He was initiated as a Sannyasi (monk) in 1933, on the 70th anniversary of Vivekananda's birth by Shivananda, a direct disciple of Ramakrishna. Between 1939 and 1942, he served as the secretary and librarian at the Rangoon branch of Ramakrishna Mission.In 1942, during the Second World War, when Japan bombed Burma (Myanmar today) and the centre had to be wound up, Swami <mask> came back to Dhaka preferring the land route trekking along with thousands of other refugees, although more comfortable alternatives were available. He then served as the president of the Karachi centre of Math from 1942 to 1948 until the partition of India, after which the mission found it difficult to continue its activities at Karachi. At Karachi, L.K. Advani came in contact with him and listened to his discourses on the Bhagavad Gita. Advani said that <mask> was a "great influence" during his formative years. According to Advani, at Karachi, Mohammed Ali Jinnah had once listened to <mask>'s lecture on Islam and Prophet Mohammed and remarked, "Now I know how a true Muslim should be." From 1949 to 1962, he served as a secretary at the Delhi centre.Then from 1962 to 1967, he served as the Secretary of the Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, Kolkata, director of School of Humanistic & Cultural studies, editor of mission's monthly. The swami became president of the Hyderabad branch in 1973, where he developed the Vivekananda Vani School of Languages, a temple, and a library. He was elected to the post of vice-president of Ramakrishna Math and Mission in 1988. In 1998 he was elected as the president of the mission. <mask> was chosen by the Indian government for Padma Vibhushan award in 2000. He declined the Padma Vibhushan as it was conferred on him in his individual capacity and not for the Mission. He accepted the Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration in 1987 and the Gandhi Peace Prize in February 1999 as both were conferred on the Ramakrishna Mission.Since his residence in Bangalore in the 1930s, <mask> has been a popular teacher and lecturer on Indian spiritual culture. By the mid-1950s he was known within India as an authority on practical Vedanta. Since the 1960s he made nearly annual lecture tours to Western Europe, the United States, Australia, and Singapore. He also lectured in Iran and in the Soviet Union. <mask> is noted for this contributions that bridges science and Vedantic spirituality. <mask> was regarded a great scholar and teacher. He has authored over 50 books.The Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan has published around twenty-nine of these books. His famous book includes Eternal Values for a Changing Society and commentaries on the messages of the Bhagavad Gita and Upanishads. He was known as a good orator. His weekly classes and public lectures were popular among the followers. Ganapathy, a correspondent of The Hindu writes that "In all his lectures, <mask> had stressed on the philosophy of eternal religion, a practical Vedanta, which teaches universal acceptance". He conducted moral and religious classes for the prisoners in the Bangalore and Mysore jails. In Delhi, <mask> organised social services at hospitals and worked for the relief of leprosy patients.Indian prime minister, Manmohan Singh described Swamis <mask> and Vivekananda as "leaders with a modern mind and scientific temper." <mask> lived the last days of his life in the headquarters of the Ramakrishna Mission at Belur in West Bengal. He died at the Woodlands Medical Centre, Kolkata, at 3:51 p.m. on Monday, 25 April 2005, owing to cardiac arrest. He was 96. His body was kept for darshan at Belur Math (near Kolkata) on that day, then was cremated the next day. India Post released a postage stamp in the denomination of Rs 5 to commemorate the 100th birth anniversary of Swami <mask>, during December 2008 at Kolkata. His life and work has been documented in many biographies, including the one in Malayalam by D. Vijayamohan.Quotations
 "Are you growing spiritually? Can you love others? Can you feel oneness with others? Have you peace within yourself? and do you radiate it around you? That is called spiritual growth, which is stimulated by meditation inwardly, and by work done in a spirit of service outwardly." "I am not alone in the world. . .We belong to a world. . .The vast world is around us.We cannot do without it. We cannot become human without a human world around us. How much we owe to the world of other human beings around us!" "Efficiency and energy comes from emotion, not from intellectual knowledge, which can only direct that emotional energy. But the real impulse comes from emotion. It makes you work at your best." "So, work hard; perform all duties; develop yourself; then come and surrender to the highest.Do a whole day's honest work, then sit and meditate; then resign yourself to God. Otherwise, that meditation has no meaning or value. Meditation at the end of a lazy day has no meaning; but the same at the end of an active day, filled with good deeds, has meaning, and is rewarding." "How can we find joy in work? By working for oneself? No; it is not possible to find that continuous joy in work through selfish motivations. Frustration and ennui are the end of all selfish motivations.Frustrations and nervous breakdowns are the end of a self-centred life. The first advice of modern psychiatry to such people is to get out of this prison of self-centredness, and to find a genuine interest in other people. Everyone has to learn the lesson some day that, the best way to be happy is to strive to make others happy. So wherever you find frustration, you will always discover that the person concerned had been too self-centred, and the only hope for him is through learning to take interest in other people, to find joy in the joy of other people. This is the royal path that makes for health, for strength, for efficiency. This great truth—universal and human—we should apply to the world and to our life in it." The great new mantra today is "Work" and 'Hard Work'; along with Hard Work, intelligent work co-operative teamwork.All great undertakings are product of teamwork. We can meet the challenge of freedom only when we have learnt this character-efficiency involved in teamwork, and intelligent hard work. This is the philosophy which we have to learn consciously, not unconsciously, somehow stumbling into it. Work from ego point of view is all tension. But behind ego, there is an infinite spiritual dimension. When that is realised even a little, then extra work won't make one feel that it is heavy. Even ordinary experiences will tell you: Whenever there is love in the heart, the worker doesn't feel heavy.When there is no love in the heart, even a little work makes one feel very heavy. As soon as you have love for a particular cause, you can do anything; do hard work, but have a spirit of detachment based on a larger love. Work is no work at all. It is a question of agency and attachment. When these two are not there, work ceases to be work, it becomes a play, it becomes spontaneous, and it becomes natural. When you become thoroughly detached, then all that tension goes away. You are working, but you don't feel that you are working.What a beautiful idea!" Work is drudgery; Sri Krishna will not allow that attitude. There is joy in work also. Do not abandon work; go on doing work; but, mentally renouncing all actions. It is a wonderful state of mind-working, and yet not working. Those who work, work with a zest and with joy and in work, learn calmness and the serenity of the human mind and heart; what a wonderful joy it is to work in such a way! When science insists on studying things from the point of view of the objects themselves by eliminating the personal equation, it is in effect, emphasising the sakshi-bhava or sakshi point of view (witness attitude); for, the limited and circumscribed vision of the ego gives place to the unlimited and universal vision of the sakshi, by the practice of scientific or intellectual detachment.The endeavours and conclusions of the sense-bound intellect can not be the last word in man’s search for truth. An intellectual approach to truth will end only in agnosticism; and often in cynicism. But the whole being of man seeks to experience truth, to realise it. … This rising above rationalism to direct experience and realisation, this growth of man from the sensate to the super-sensual dimension, is the special message of Indian spiritual tradition. Mysticism, studied seriously, challenges basic tenets of Western Cultures: a) the primacy of reason and intellect; b) the separate, individual nature of man; c) the linear organisation of time. Great mystics, like our own great scientists, envision the world as being larger than those tenets, as transcending our traditional views. Notes and references

Bibliography

External links
 <mask> - a monk with a mission
 Educational philosophy of Swami Ranganathananda
Lectures
 Vivekachudamani

Presidents of the Ramakrishna Order
1908 births
2005 deaths
People from Thrissur
Malayali people
Vailoppilli Sreedhara Menon Memorial Government Vocational Higher Secondary School alumni
20th-century Hindu religious leaders
20th-century Indian scholars
Scholars from Kerala
Monks of the Ramakrishna Mission

masks:
Swami Ranganathananda
Swami Ranganathananda
Ranganathananda
Ranganathananda
Swami Ranganathananda
Swami Ranganathananda
Swami Ranganathananda
Ranganathananda
Swami Ranganathananda
Swami Ranganathananda
Ranganathananda
Ranganathananda
Swami Ranganathananda
Ranganathananda
Swami Ranganathananda


text_chunks:
<mask> (born July 26, 1970) is a Canadian pianist, composer, arranger, conductor, recording artist, and educator specializing in jazz. Described as "a magical, musical alchemist of hip hybrids", <mask>'s compositional work frequently draws upon other musical styles, fusing them with jazz. The Winnipeg native has been employed as director of jazz studies at the University of Connecticut since the fall of 2000. Early years

<mask> was born and raised in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. His father, <mask>, is an avid bagpiper who authored "The Church Piper" book series. <mask> has one sibling, Janine Mackie, a journalist and freelance writer based in Surrey, British Columbia. <mask> began taking music lessons at age five, starting on electronic organ.As a teenager he earned money playing the organ for Winnipeg Jets hockey games (1985-1988). He attended Silver Heights Collegiate Institute, where his high school stage band was nationally recognized, winning "Most Outstanding" and Gold awards at the 1988 MusicFest Canada competition. Also during high school, <mask> began taking classical piano lessons with Darrel Loewen and Shirley Kwok at the Manitoba Conservatory for Music and Arts. He also studied music theory with Francis Sanderson. Education & musical training
<mask> earned a bachelor of music degree in 1992 from McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where he majored in jazz performance. His jazz piano teachers included Fred Henke, Luc Beaugrand and André White. He studied arranging with Christopher Smith, composition with Jan Jarczyk, and improvisation with trumpeter Kevin Dean.<mask>'s graduate studies spanned 1993 to 1995 at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey. He apprenticed with Kenny Barron who recorded <mask>'s composition, "Wanton Spirit" while he was still a graduate student. The song was released as the title track of Barron's Grammy-nominated CD with Roy Haynes and Charlie Haden. At Rutgers, <mask> studied arranging with Michael Philip Mossman and played in ensembles under the direction of Ralph Bowen. <mask> has augmented his formal education by participating in the BMI Jazz Composers' Workshop under the direction of Jim McNeely, Michael Abene and Mike Holober. He also attended the Summer Jazz Workshop in Banff, Canada in 2001, and has audited conducting courses at UConn with Dr. Jeffrey Renshaw. Maynard Ferguson & Big Bop Nouveau
<mask> joined Maynard Ferguson's touring band in 1998, following a one-year teaching appointment at Bowling Green State University.He worked with Ferguson for two years, performing across North America, Europe and Asia. One studio album was recorded during <mask>'s tenure with Ferguson: "Big City Rhythms", a collaboration with singer Michael Feinstein. Video recordings of several concerts have been publicly released, including <mask>'s second performance with the band, which was released on DVD as "Maynard Ferguson - Live from the King Cat Theatre" (in Seattle, WA). <mask>'s bandmates with Ferguson included:
 trumpeters Carl Fischer, Scott Englebright, Adolfo Acosta, Michael Bogart, Brian Ploeger, Thomas Marriott, Frank Abrahamson & Pete Ferguson
 trombonists Rodney Lancaster, Mike Bravin, Kelsley Grant & Reggie Watkins
 saxophonists Mike Dubaniewicz, Jeff Rupert, Mike MacArthur, Kelly Jefferson & Jim Brenan
 bassists Paul Thompson, Nathan Peck & Brian Stahurski
 drummers Dave Throckmorton & Brian Wolfe

In 1999, upon the departure of bassist Paul Thompson, Ferguson appointed <mask> musical director of Big Bop Nouveau. As musical director, <mask> rehearsed the ensemble, selected performance repertoire, made personnel recommendations and wrote musical arrangements. In the lineage of Ferguson's pianists, <mask> succeeded Ron Oswanski. Following <mask>'s departure in 2000, Ferguson hired Bryn Roberts and later Will Bonness, both of whom were <mask>'s former students from Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.Teaching
At the post-secondary level <mask> has taught at:
 St. Francis Xavier University in Nova Scotia (1996-1997),
 Bowling Green State University in Ohio (1997-1998), and at
 the University of Connecticut (2000–present)

At UCONN he teaches courses in improvisation and arranging, while also directing student ensembles and administering the jazz program. He was tenured and promoted to Associate Professor in 2005. Beyond his primary teaching position, <mask> frequently participates as a clinician, guest conductor and teacher at summer camps. In recent years he has taught at the Kincardine Summer Music Festival, Jazz In July at UMASS Amherst and Marshall University's "Jazz-MU-Tazz" camp in West Virginia. Awards, nominations & recognition

Professional
 2003: Sammy Nestico Award, for outstanding big band arrangement, sponsored by the USAF
 2003: Artist Fellowship, Connecticut Commission on the Arts
 2004: Best Jazz Group, Hartford Advocate's Reader's Poll (the <mask> 6)
 2003: Parent's Choice Award for "Treblemakers Jazz It Up" CD. 2007: Finalist, Charlie Parker/BMI Jazz Composition Award
 2008: Finalist, ArtEZ Jazz Composition Contest, the Netherlands
 2009: Artist Fellowship, Connecticut Commission on Culture and Tourism
 2011: JUNO award nomination for Traditional Jazz Album of the Year
 2011: 10th Annual Independent Music Awards, winner, jazz song category
 2011: Best Jazz Group, Hartford Advocate readers' poll (New Directions Ensemble)
 2011: Finalist, ArtEZ Jazz Composition Contest, the Netherlands
 2014: JUNO award nomination for Contemporary Jazz Album of the Year

Academic
 2003: AAUP Excellence Award for Teaching Promise
 2004: New Scholar Award, School of Fine Arts, University of Connecticut
 2006: AAUP Excellence Award for Teaching Innovation
 2011: UConn School of Fine Arts Special Achievement Award
 2013: UConn School of Fine Arts Outstanding Faculty Award

Musical ensembles

Jazz Orchestra (Big Band)

<mask> has released two albums of his compositions and arrangements for 17-piece jazz orchestra (big band): "UConn Jazz" (2002) and "Re:Visions - Works for Jazz Orchestra" (2010). The latter received a Juno Award nomination for traditional jazz album of the year in 2011.Reviewer, Dan Bilawsky asserted, "Re:Visions goes beyond where most big bands go and the music here establishes <mask> as a major force in the world of jazz composition." <mask>'s big band arrangements are published through eJazz Lines. C.O.W. (Creative Opportunity Workshop)

In 2013 <mask> released an album with the unorthodox instrumentation of cello, saxophone, percussion and piano. <mask> said, "This band, the Creative Opportunity Workshop, was formed to serve as a personal playground for experimentation and fusions." The CD, "Mirror of the Mind" received a JUNO award nomination for contemporary jazz album of the year and a garnered many favorable reviews. New Directions Ensemble

<mask> currently serves as Musical Director and Composer-In-Residence for the Hartford Jazz Society's New Directions Ensemble.The group's instrumentation consists of 2 trumpets, 1 trombone, 1 French horn, 3 saxophones (1 alto, 1 tenor, 1 bari), piano, bass and drums. Owen McNally of the Hartford Courant described the band and outlined its mission, stating "the fresh-sounding New Directions Ensemble taps into the rich lode of area talent, provides a vital forum for original compositions, spreads the good word about contemporary band music in its educational role, and provides a prominent public face for its sponsor, the Hartford Jazz Society. The New Directions Ensemble is set to swing in its own fresh way, generating contemporary band music that lives in the present, independent, cliché-free and untethered to conventional big band nostalgia." Discography

Albums as leader

Recorded collaborations

Personal life

Currently, <mask> lives in Mansfield, CT with his wife, Jana (née Smith). The couple were married in 2003 in South Windsor, CT. Together they have two young children. References

External links
 <mask>'s Home Page

1970 births
Living people
Canadian jazz pianists
Canadian music arrangers
Canadian jazz composers
Canadian classical composers
American jazz composers
American male jazz composers
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
American music arrangers
American jazz bandleaders
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Musicians from Winnipeg
People from Tolland County, Connecticut
McGill University School of Music alumni
Rutgers University alumni
University of Connecticut faculty
21st-century American composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
20th-century Canadian pianists
20th-century American composers
Jazz musicians from Connecticut
21st-century Canadian pianists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
20th-century American pianists
21st-century American pianists
20th-century jazz composers
21st-century jazz composers

masks:
Earl MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
Keith MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
Earl MacDonald
MacDonald
Earl MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
MacDonald
Earl MacDonald


text_chunks:
Esen (; ) was a powerful Oirat taishi and the de facto ruler of the Northern Yuan dynasty between 1454 and 1455. He is best known for capturing the Emperor Yingzong of Ming in 1450 in the Battle of Tumu Fortress and briefly reuniting the Mongol tribes. The Four Oirat reached the peak of their power under his rule. Name
Esen is also spelled Yexian (也先) in Chinese. Taish or Taishi is derived from the Chinese word 太師 (taishi), meaning grand preceptor. Youth and early career

Esen was born to his father, Toghan, the Choros taishi who had expanded Oirat territory substantially, with more Mongol tribes acknowledging his supremacy. As an Oirat, Esen himself was not descended from Genghis Khan, which would hamper his claim to the title of great khan throughout his life.In his early campaigns he fought against the Chaghatayid khans of Moghulistan. <mask> three times defeated and twice captured the Moghul ruler Uwais Khan (Ways Khan, 1418–1432). <mask> released him out of respect for his Chinggisid blood in both cases. The third time, Uwais Khan granted <mask> his sister Makhtum Khanim, who bore his two sons. <mask> nominally converted to Islam in order to marry the Muslim princess, but remained effectively a shamanist. After his father died in 1438, <mask> inherited his position, taishi, for the reigning khan Taisun Khan (reigned 1433–52). Under <mask> <mask>'s leadership, the Mongols under Taisun Khan unified the North Yuan, including the Jurchens and Tuvans in Manchuria and Siberia.In the 1430s, Esen also took over control of the Mongol kingdom known as Kara Del in the Hami oasis between the Gobi and the Takla Makan deserts. After 1443–45 the Northern Yuan reached Korea. Conflict with Ming dynasty

Background
Esen entered into conflict with the Ming dynasty. The Ming dynasty had for some time pursued a "divide and rule" strategy in dealings with their northern neighbors, maintaining trade relationships, functioning as a kind of state-subsidized monopoly, with multiple leaders who they could then turn against one another by inciting jealousy or suggesting intrigue. However, a unified Northern Yuan was less susceptible to such tactics. Many of the tribes brought under Oirat dominion had inhabited areas claimed by the Ming, and other tribes had been pushed south into Ming territory seeking to escape Oirat subjugation. The Chagatayid Hami oasis, furthermore, had paid tribute to the emperor before Esen convinced its ruler to pay tribute to the Oirats instead.Throughout the 1440s, <mask> increased both the frequency of tribute missions to the Ming and the number of representatives sent on each mission. According to surviving Chinese accounts, the Oirats asked for more and more lucrative tribute and trade agreements. The Ming tried to stir rivalry between Taisun Khan, but <mask> chose "rivals" below him in status to counter the divide and rule strategy. So the Ming resorted to another strategy: to buy off the Northern Yuan with gifts. <mask> encouraged hundreds of Mongol, Hami, and Samarkand-based Muslim merchants to accompany his missions to the Ming Emperor. Beginning in 1439 Taisun Khan and <mask> sent envoys to the Ming, often numbering more than 1,000. They asked for more and more gifts.In response to this inflation of numbers, the Zhengtong Emperor (1427–64; 大明英宗正統皇帝；明英宗) decreased trade with <mask> and Taisun Khan, and closed border trade with the Northern Yuan. Capture of the Emperor Yingzong of Ming
In retaliation to these trade sanctions, <mask> <mask> led an invasion of the Ming Empire in 1449 that culminated in the capture of the Ming emperor during the Tumu Crisis. The large-scale, three-pronged invasion began in July, with Taisun Khan leading the easternmost force to Liaodong, the grand councillor Alag attacking Xuanfu, and <mask> himself leading the troops that sacked Datong in August. Another column of the Mongols invaded Ganzhou. The campaign was a massive victory for the Northern Yuan, with the Mongols crushing Zhu Qizhen's forces. Even though Zhu's troops in the region are estimated to have numbered as many as 500,000, Zhu was still crushed by <mask> <mask>'s 20,000 cavalry. Datong lay next to the south side of the Great Wall of China.After the initial attack on Datong, <mask> pretended to retreat back into the Mongolian steppes. The emperor and his hastily raised army chased the invaders west and met an ambush upon arriving at Datong. Mongol horsemen harried Zhu's retreat back towards the wall for four days while hampered by thunderstorms. The imperial army eventually reached the Tumu Fortress. However rather than having secured a defensible position, Zhu's troops were trapped against the northern side of the fortress, and the Northern Yuan horsemen annihilated Zhu's army. Most of the remaining soldiers were slaughtered. <mask> was still some distance away, near Xianfu.Six weeks later, when the captured emperor Zhu Qizhen was brought to his camp, Esen attempted to ransom the emperor back to the Ming. According to some accounts, it was at this point that <mask> was granted the title "Taishi." In any case, the Ming refused to negotiate a ransom, perhaps in part because the emperor's brother (prince Zhu Qiyu, later the Jingtai Emperor) was by then installed on the throne and not eager to give up his new position. Yu Qian (于謙), the defense minister of Ming, who was organizing the counterstrike, commented that the emperor's life is not as important as the fate of the country. He also believed that ransoming the emperor might boost the Northern Yuan's morale and reduce that of the Ming. Beijing

Esen still considered the emperor more valuable alive than dead. <mask> then laid siege to Beijing, but it failed.<mask> offered the emperor his sister in marriage (Heqin), but the emperor rejected <mask>. The Ming Beijing garrison led by Yu Qian soon turned the situation around. Yu Qian ordered his forces to pretend that they had lost control of the city gate in order to lure Mongol horsemen into the city. Once a large portion of the Mongol force was inside, the gate was shut and the Mongols were ambushed. <mask>'s sworn blood brother was killed in the attack. Having failed to take the city, <mask> was forced to retreat under pressure from his own troops and by the arrival of Ming reinforcements. <mask> and Taisun Khan turned to attack Manchuria and East Siberia, under Ming rule, around the Nen River and Songhua River, but failed and were defeated by the Ming.Negotiations
The Ming court elevated the Jingtai Emperor (reigned 1449–57) to the throne. <mask> sent the captured emperor back in 1450. Since the Mongol economy relied on their trade with the Ming dynasty, <mask> was obligated to reopen negotiations, now under a much weaker position. While Ming-Mongol trade did not cease entirely during the Tumu Crisis, <mask> had not only failed to win better terms than the prior arrangements, he was forced to accept less favorable terms in return for resumption of trade with the Ming. The Northern Yuan then entered a vassal relationship with the Ming for some time. Reign and death
Taisun Khan and <mask> <mask> quarreled over the heir to the throne. <mask> wanted a son of his sister to be the successor of Taisun Khan, but Taisun nominated another son of the eastern Mongol khatun as his heir instead.Taisun Khan supported the Three guards and openly led his own forces against <mask> in 1451, but they were outnumbered by Oirat loyalists and the nominal khan was caught and killed by eastern tribesmen as he attempted to retreat. Taisun Khan's brother Agbarjin jinong (viceroy), who married <mask>'s daughter Tsetseg, deserted to the Oirats and was promised the title of khagan of the Northern Yuan dynasty. However, <mask> murdered him at a feast which he had been invited. <mask> attempted to kill the baby of his daughter, Agbarjin's son, but she and <mask>'s grandmother, Samur Gunj, hid the infant prince, Batu-Mongke, who would be a direct ancestor of Dayan Khan. Eighteen months after his defeat of Taisun Khan, in 1453, <mask> himself took the title of Great Khan of the Great Yuan (大元天盛大可汗). At the same time the Oirats launched an invasion against Moghulistan, Tashkent, and Transoxiana. The Ming emperor was among the first to acknowledge the new title, but the reaction of <mask>'s fellow Mongols, Oirat and otherwise, mostly ranged from disapproving to enraged.Though <mask>'s lineage was related to the royal line descended from Temüjin (Genghis Khan) through his grandmother Samur gunji (princess), it was unlikely that he would have been considered eligible for election as Khan, and in any case <mask> ignored the usual selection process. Rather than the title of khan falling automatically to the eldest eligible male of the line, as in primogeniture, Mongol leaders were traditionally chosen by means of the kurultai, an elective monarchy system, with the members of a lineage voting to choose the title's successor from among themselves. This dissatisfaction soon escalated into open revolt against <mask>. <mask> gave his son Amasanj the title of taishi, an action that led his powerful general Alag, who had expected to receive the title himself, into rebellion. Oirat leaders joined the rebellion against <mask>, who was defeated in battle and murdered in 1455, a year after his assumption of the title of khan. After his death, the Oirat no longer held sway over Mongolia, which had come under their control through <mask>'s influence, and remained divided among themselves for many years. The 17th and 18th century Zunghar rulers considered themselves to be descendants of <mask> Taishi.See also
 List of khans of the Northern Yuan dynasty
 Four Oirat
 Tumu Crisis
 Kara Del

References and notes

Notes

Reading

 Twitchett, Denis, Frederick W. Mote, & John K. Fairbank (eds.) (1998). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, the Ming Dynasty, Part 2, 1368–1644. Cambridge University Press. pp. 233–239. . Google Print. Retrieved 2 November 2005.Mancini, Robert David (publication year unknown). "Dharma Daishi, Great Teacher of Buddhism and the Martial Arts". van der Kuijp, Leonard W.J. (1993). "Jambhala: an imperial envoy to Tibet during the late Yuan". The Journal of the American Oriental Society 113 (4), 538–? Navigation

1455 deaths
History of Mongolia
Mongol khans
Northern Yuan rulers
Oirats
15th-century Mongol rulers
15th-century Chinese monarchs
Year of birth unknown

masks: Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Taishi Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Taishi Esen Esen Taishi Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Taishi Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen Esen


text_chunks:
<mask> (born Wolf Stefan Priwin; 21 October 1925 – 9 July 1993) was a German-born American director of television episodes and feature films and film production executive. <mask> began his film career in 1943 as an editor for MGM and later Universal Studios. In 1950, he moved to Europe. Previn directed numerous television series, and a decade later, directed several features for Walt Disney in Europe. In 1965 he went to work for Eon Productions in London as a television executive and in 1966 joined Paramount London as a film executive. In 1970 he segued to Commonwealth United Entertainment, Inc., as a production executive and also freelanced in Europe on several films. While living in London, <mask>, in the 1970s, served as the English Representative and Production Executive for American International Pictures.He was the brother of musician <mask> and second cousin once-removed of American-born film composer <mask>. <mask> (then known as Wolf Priwin) steamed aboard the SS Hamburg from Hamburg, Germany to New York from January 16, 1936, to January 24, 1936, to join a family friend in New York, Rudolph Polk (1895–1957), a concert violinist who, at the time, lived at 35 West 81st Street in Manhattan. <mask>'s immediate family — Jacob, Charlotte (<mask>'s mother, née Epstein; 1893–1996), Leonore (<mask>'s sister; 1923–1959; husband – Sidney Saul Young; 1912–1987), and Andreas Priwin — steamed aboard the SS Manhattan from Le Havre, France to New York City, arriving October 27, 1938. Jacob Priwin listed his cousin, <mask> (1884–1954) (who lived on the Upper West Side in Manhattan), as his U.S. contact. Charlotte, Andreas, and Leonore then sailed from New York to Los Angeles from November 26, 1938, to December 11, 1938, aboard the SS City of Newport News. In Los Angeles, <mask> turned a hobby as a musician into a career as a music teacher. <mask> was married to <mask>.They had a son, <mask>. References General references International Motion Picture Almanac, 1975 edition, Quigley Publishing Co., New York (1975)
 International Motion Picture Almanac, 1976 edition, Quigley Publishing Co., New York (1976)
 International Motion Picture Almanac, 1977 edition, Quigley Publishing Co., New York (1977)
 International Motion Picture Almanac, 1978 edition, Quigley Publishing Co., New York (1978)
 International Motion Picture Almanac, 1979 edition, Quigley Publishing Co., New York (1979)
 International Motion Picture Almanac, 1980 edition, Quigley Publishing Co., New York (1980)
 International Motion Picture Almanac, 1981 edition, Quigley Publishing Co., New York (1981)
 International Motion Picture Almanac, 1982 edition, Quigley Publishing Co., New York (1982)
 International Motion Picture Almanac, 1984 edition, Quigley Publishing Co., New York (1984)
 International Motion Picture Almanac, 1986 edition, Quigley Publishing Co., New York (1986)Inline citations'

American television directors
American people of German-Jewish descent
1925 births
1993 deaths
Previn family
German emigrants to the United States

masks:
Stephen Wolf Previn
Previn
Previn
André Previn
Charles Previn
Steve Previn
Steve
Steve
Steve
Leo Previn
Jack Previn
Steve Previn
Elizabeth Previn
Nicholas Previn


text_chunks:
<mask> (born April 30, 1980) is an Argentine former professional basketball player who currently serves as the Amministratore delegato for the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA) team Pallacanestro Varese. A three-time All-EuroLeague selection with Tau Ceramica, he signed with the Houston Rockets in 2007, and was voted to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. Later on, he played for the Phoenix Suns, Indiana Pacers, Toronto Raptors and Brooklyn Nets. <mask> has been a regular member of the Argentina national basketball team since 1999, winning an Olympic gold team medal in 2004 and a bronze team medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics. In 2010 <mask> won the Konex Award Merit Diploma as one of the five best basketball players from the last decade in Argentina. He also play for the Los Angeles lakers with a 10 days contracts. He was honored as the national flag bearer at the 2016 Summer Olympics.Professional career

Ferro Carril Oeste (1995–1998)
<mask> started his career with the Buenos Aires youth teams of Ferro Carril Oeste. He made his professional debut with the same club's pro team in the Argentine league during the 1995–96 season, at the age of 15. Gijón (1998–2000)
After the 1997–98 basketball season in the Argentine League, <mask> moved to Spain and signed with Saski Baskonia. He was loaned to Gijón Baloncesto, where he helped the then Spanish League Second Division club achieve promotion to the Spanish League First Division. He then was loaned back to Gijón through the 1999–2000 season, before arriving at Baskonia, where he played for seven seasons. Baskonia (2000–2007)
With Saski Baskonia, <mask> reached the EuroLeague Finals in the 2000–01 season, and three consecutive EuroLeague Final Fours, between 2005 and 2007. His outstanding performances earned him an All-EuroLeague Second Team selection in 2005, as well as two All-EuroLeague First Team selections in 2006 and 2007.Although <mask> did not win the EuroLeague championship with Baskonia, he did win with them every major Spanish League title, winning a Spanish ACB League championship in 2002, three Spanish King's Cups in 2002, 2004, 2006, and three Spanish Supercups in 2005, 2006, 2007. Houston Rockets (2007–2012)
In the summer of 2005, the San Antonio Spurs of the NBA (who drafted <mask> in 2002), attempted to negotiate with Baskonia to buy out his contract. The teams settled on a number of over $3 million for the buyout of the contract. This made it difficult for <mask> to join fellow Argentina national team member Manu Ginóbili in San Antonio, because of the NBA's rule which limits teams to paying no more than $500,000 of a player's buyout. <mask> would have been responsible for paying Baskonia the remaining $2.5 million amount of the buyout. When the deal to buy out <mask>'s contract fell through, the Spurs instead signed an Argentine national team teammate and friend of <mask>'s, Fabricio Oberto. On July 12, 2007, the Spurs traded the rights to <mask>, along with center-forward Jackie Butler, to the Houston Rockets, in return for Vassilis Spanoulis, a future second-round draft pick, and cash considerations.He signed with the Rockets soon after and his US$3.2 million buyout was completed a few days later. <mask> signed a three-year contract with the Rockets, at a salary of $9.5 million. <mask> placed third in the NBA 2007–08 Rookie of the Year Award voting and he was also named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team. On March 13, 2010, he scored a career-high 44 points against the New Jersey Nets. On the afternoon of December 8, 2011, the day before the 2011 NBA lockout ended and players could move between teams, the Rockets, the Los Angeles Lakers and the New Orleans Hornets agreed to a trade that would have sent <mask>, along with Goran Dragić, Kevin Martin, and Lamar Odom to the Hornets. In exchange, the Rockets would have received Pau Gasol, and the Lakers would have received star point guard Chris Paul. That night, after other team owners voiced their opposition, league commissioner David Stern nullified the trade.On July 13, 2012, he was waived by the Rockets using the league's amnesty clause to provide salary cap relief. It was widely noted, however, that <mask> was not cut due to a lack of performance; rather, the deal was an attempt to clear cap space for the Rockets to trade for former Orlando Magic All-Star center Dwight Howard. Howard was instead traded to the Los Angeles Lakers, but the Rockets used their cap space to gain former Oklahoma City Thunder Sixth Man of the Year shooting guard and Olympic gold medalist James Harden. Phoenix Suns (2012–2013)

On July 15, 2012, <mask> was claimed off amnesty waivers by the Phoenix Suns. Reportedly, the Dallas Mavericks and the Cleveland Cavaliers were also interested in acquiring him during the amnesty process. On November 21, 2012, he was relegated to playing off the bench for the first time in his NBA career since the start of his rookie season. He regained his starting spot less than a month later, and on December 29, he scored a season-high 33 points against the Minnesota Timberwolves.While <mask> did become a leader for the Suns, he finished the season with declining averages, as his 12.8 points per game were his lowest since the 2008–09 season. Indiana Pacers (2013–2015)
On July 27, 2013, the Suns traded <mask> to the Indiana Pacers in exchange for Gerald Green, Miles Plumlee, and a future second round draft pick. In his two seasons for the Pacers, he played a back-up power forward role to David West as he started just 18 games over his two-year stint. Toronto Raptors (2015–2016)
On July 15, 2015, <mask> signed with the Toronto Raptors. He made his debut for the Raptors in their season opener on October 28, recording eight rebounds while taking no field goal attempts in a 106–99 win over the Indiana Pacers. He helped the Raptors make the Eastern Conference Finals in 2016 for the first time in franchise history. Brooklyn Nets (2016–2017)
On July 13, 2016, <mask> signed with the Brooklyn Nets.He made his debut for the Nets in their season opener on October 26, scoring eight points in a 122–117 loss to the Boston Celtics. On February 27, 2017, he was waived by the Nets. Shanxi Brave Dragons (2017–2018)
On July 9, 2017, <mask> signed with the Shanxi Brave Dragons of the Chinese Basketball Association. Shanghai Sharks (2018–2019)
On August 10, 2018, <mask> signed with the Shanghai Sharks of the Chinese Basketball Association. Olimpia Milano (2019–2020)
On 29 September 2019, Olimpia Milano head coach, Ettore Messina, during the press conference of the 2nd round match of the 2019–20 LBA season lost against Germani Basket Brescia, announced that <mask> had signed with the team for the rest of season. On 11 June 2020, <mask> left Olimpia Milano. Varese (2020–2021)
On 1 July 2020, <mask> announced that he would play at least one year more before retirement and signed with Pallacanestro Varese of the LBA for the 2020–21 season with an option to extend for the next year.Post-playing career
On September 20, 2021, Pallacanestro Varese announced that <mask> would re-join them as Chief executive officer. National team career

Junior national team

With Argentina's junior national teams, <mask> won the gold medal at the 1995 South American Cadet Championship, the gold medal at the 1996 South American Junior Championship, the gold medal at the 2000 FIBA Americas Under-20 Championship, and the bronze medal at the 2001 FIBA Under-21 World Cup. Senior national team
As a member of the senior Argentina national team, <mask> has won multiple medals: the silver medal at the 1999 South American Championship, the bronze medal at the 1999 FIBA Americas Championship, the gold medal at the 2001 FIBA Americas Championship, the silver medal at the 2002 FIBA World Championship, the silver medal at the 2003 FIBA Americas Championship, the gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics, the silver medal at the 2007 FIBA Americas Championship, the bronze medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics, the bronze medal at the 2009 FIBA Americas Championship, the gold medal at the 2011 FIBA Americas Championship and the bronze medal at the 2013 FIBA Americas Championship among other titles. At the 2015 FIBA Americas Championship tournament, <mask> became the all-time leading scorer in FIBA AmeriCup history, and won his 4th tournament MVP. <mask> broke two records of the Argentina national team at the FIBA World Cup, during the 2010 edition: top overall scorer for Argentina at a World Cup (beating Ernesto Gehrmann's 331 points) and most points scored for Argentina in one game at a World Cup (scoring 37 against Brazil in the round of 16, therefore beating Alberto Desimone's 35 points scored against Mexico in 1963). In 2019, at 39 years old, he was part of the team that won the gold medal at the Pan American Games. At the 2019 FIBA World Cup, he scored 135 points and 57 rebounds in the seven matches en route to the final.<mask> scored 23 points against Nigeria in a preliminary round of the 2019 World Cup game at Wuhan, giving him a total of 611 points in his World Cup career. With this <mask> passed Andrew Gaze's total of 594, and is now second only to Brazilian scoring great Oscar Schmidt's 906 points in the tournament. <mask> scored a team high 23 points in a loss to Slovenia in the preliminary round of the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo. Play was paused during <mask>'s final game at the 2020 Summer Olympics, when his Argentinian team was playing Australia. With less than a minute left in the game <mask> was checked out and players from both teams, coaches and those in the stadium gave him a standing ovation out of respect. The referee's allowed this pause in the game as they understood the importance of the occasion. He also holds a Spanish passport.In July 18, 2017, <mask> was named as an ambassador for the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics in Buenos Aires.

masks:
Luis Alberto Scola Balvoa
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola
Scola


text_chunks:
<mask> (born December 31, 1939) is a cognitive scientist, theoretical and computational psychologist, neuroscientist, mathematician, biomedical engineer, and neuromorphic technologist. He is the Wang Professor of Cognitive and Neural Systems and a Professor Emeritus of Mathematics & Statistics, Psychological & Brain Sciences, and Biomedical Engineering at Boston University. Career

Early life and education
<mask> first lived in Woodside, Queens, in New York City. His father died from Hodgkin's lymphoma when he was one year old. He moved with his mother and older brother, Mitchell, to Jackson Heights, Queens. He then attend Stuyvesant High School in lower Manhattan after passing its competitive entrance exam. He graduated first in his class from Stuyvesant in 1957.He began undergraduate studies at Dartmouth College in 1957, where he first conceived of the paradigm of using nonlinear differential equations to describe neural networks that model brain dynamics, as well as the basic equations that many scientists use for this purpose today. He then continued to study both psychology and neuroscience. He received a B.A. in 1961 from Dartmouth as its first joint major in mathematics and psychology. <mask> then went to Stanford University, from which he graduated in 1964 with an MS in mathematics and transferred to The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (now The Rockefeller University) in Manhattan. <mask> received a PhD in mathematics from Rockefeller in 1967 for a thesis that proved the first global content addressable memory theorems about the neural learning models that he had discovered at Dartmouth. His PhD thesis advisor was Gian-Carlo Rota.Entering academia
<mask> was hired as an assistant professor of applied mathematics at MIT following strong recommendations from Kac and Rota. In 1969, <mask> was promoted to associate professor after publishing a stream of conceptual and mathematical results about many aspects of neural networks. Upon not getting tenure at MIT, <mask> was hired as a full professor at Boston University in 1975, where he is still on the faculty today. While at Boston University, he founded the Department of Cognitive and Neural Systems, several interdisciplinary research centers, and various international institutions. Research
<mask> is a founder of the fields of computational neuroscience, connectionist cognitive science, and neuromorphic technology. His work focuses upon the design principles and mechanisms that enable the behavior of individuals, or machines, to adapt autonomously in real time to unexpected environmental challenges. This research has included neural models of vision and image processing; object, scene, and event learning, pattern recognition, and search; audition, speech and language; cognitive information processing and planning; reinforcement learning and cognitive-emotional interactions; autonomous navigation; adaptive sensory-motor control and robotics; self-organizing neurodynamics; and mental disorders.<mask> also collaborates with experimentalists to design experiments that test theoretical predictions and fill in conceptually important gaps in the experimental literature, carries out analyses of the mathematical dynamics of neural systems, and transfers biological neural models to applications in engineering and technology. He has published seventeen books or journal special issues, over 500 research articles, and has seven patents. <mask> has studied how brains give rise to minds since he took the introductory psychology course as a freshman at Dartmouth College in 1957. At that time, <mask> introduced the paradigm of using nonlinear systems of differential equations to show how brain mechanisms can give rise to behavioral functions. This paradigm is helping to solve the classical mind/body problem, and is the basic mathematical formalism that is used in biological neural network research today. In particular, in 1957–1958, <mask> discovered widely used equations for (1) short-term memory (STM), or neuronal activation (often called the Additive and Shunting models, or the Hopfield model after John Hopfield's 1984 application of the Additive model equation); (2) medium-term memory (MTM), or activity-dependent habituation (often called habituative transmitter gates, or depressing synapses after Larry Abbott's 1997 introduction of this term); and (3) long-term memory (LTM), or neuronal learning (often called gated steepest descent learning). One variant of these learning equations, called Instar Learning, was introduced by <mask> in 1976 into Adaptive Resonance Theory and Self-Organizing Maps for the learning of adaptive filters in these models.This learning equation was also used by Kohonen in his applications of Self-Organizing Maps starting in 1984. Another variant of these learning equations, called Outstar Learning, was used by <mask> starting in 1967 for spatial pattern learning. Outstar and Instar learning were combined by <mask> in 1976 in a three-layer network for the learning of multi-dimensional maps from any m-dimensional input space to any n-dimensional output space. This application was called Counter-propagation by Hecht-Nielsen in 1987. Building on his 1964 Rockefeller PhD thesis, in the 1960s and 1970s, <mask> generalized the Additive and Shunting models to a class of dynamical systems that included these models as well as non-neural biological models, and proved content addressable memory theorems for this more general class of models. As part of this analysis, he introduced a Liapunov functional method to help classify the limiting and oscillatory dynamics of competitive systems by keeping track of which population is winning through time. This Liapunov method led him and Michael Cohen to discover in 1981 and publish in 1982 and 1983 a Liapunov function that they used to prove that global limits exist in a class of dynamical systems with symmetric interaction coefficients that includes the Additive and Shunting models.John Hopfield published this Liapunov function for the Additive model in 1984. Most scientists started to call Hopfield's contribution the Hopfield model. In 1987, Bart Kosko adapted the Cohen-Grossberg model and Liapunov function, which proved global convergence of STM, to define an Adaptive Bidirectional Associative Memory that combines STM and LTM and which also globally converges to a limit. <mask> has introduced, and developed with his colleagues, fundamental concepts, mechanisms, models, and architectures across a wide spectrum of topics about brain and behavior. He has collaborated with over 100 PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. In 1981, he founded the Center for Adaptive Systems at Boston University and remains its Director. In 1991, he founded the Department of Cognitive and Neural Systems at Boston University and served as its chairman until 2007.In 2004, he founded the NSF Center of Excellence for Learning in Education, Science, and Technology (CELEST) and served as its Director until 2009. All of these institutions were aimed at answering two related questions: i) How does the brain control behavior? ii) How can technology emulate biological intelligence? In addition, <mask> founded and was first President of the International Neural Network Society (INNS), which grew to 3700 members from 49 states of the United States and 38 countries during the fourteen months of his presidency. The formation of INNS soon led to the formation of the European Neural Network Society (ENNS) and the Japanese Neural Network Society (JNNS). <mask> also founded the INNS official journal, and was its Editor-in-Chief from 1988 - 2010. Neural Networks is also the archival journal of ENNS and JNNS.<mask>'s lecture series at MIT Lincoln Laboratory triggered the national DARPA Neural Network Study in 1987–88, which led to heightened government interest in neural network research. He was General Chairman of the first IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks (ICNN) in 1987 and played a key role in organizing the first INNS annual meeting in 1988, whose fusion in 1989 led to the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), which remains the largest annual meeting devoted to neural network research. <mask> has also organized and chaired the annual International Conference on Cognitive and Neural Systems (ICCNS) since 1997, as well as many other conferences in the neural networks field. <mask> has served on the editorial board of 30 journals, including Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Cognitive Brain Research, Cognitive Science, Neural Computation, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, IEEE Expert, and the International Journal of Humanoid Robotics. Awards
Awards granted to Grossberg:
 1991 IEEE Neural Network Pioneer Award
 1992 INNS Leadership Award
 1992 Boston Computer Society Thinking Technology Award
 2000 Information Science Award of the Association for Intelligent Machinery
 2002 Charles River Laboratories prize of the Society for Behavioral Toxicology
 2003 INNS Helmholtz Award. Memberships:
 1990 member of the Memory Disorders Research Society
 1994 Fellow of the American Psychological Association
 1996 Fellow of the Society of Experimental Psychologists
 2002 Fellow of the American Psychological Society
 2005 IEEE Fellow
 2008 Inaugural Fellow of the American Educational Research Association
 2011 INNS Fellow

<mask> received the 2015 Norman Anderson Lifetime Achievement Award of the Society of Experimental Psychologists "for his pioneering theoretical research on how brains give rise to minds and his foundational contributions to computational neuroscience and connectionist cognitive science". His acceptance speech can be found here.He received the 2017 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) Frank Rosenblatt Award with the following citation: "For contributions to understanding brain cognition and behavior and their emulation by technology". He won the 2019 Donald O. Hebb award from the International Neural Network Society which is given "for outstanding achievements in biological learning". ART theory
With Gail Carpenter, Grossberg developed the adaptive resonance theory (ART). ART is a cognitive and neural theory of how the brain can quickly learn, and stably remember and recognize, objects and events in a changing world. ART proposed a solution of the stability-plasticity dilemma; namely, how a brain or machine can learn quickly about new objects and events without just as quickly being forced to forget previously learned, but still useful, memories. ART predicts how learned top-down expectations focus attention on expected combinations of features, leading to a synchronous resonance that can drive fast learning. ART also predicts how large enough mismatches between bottom-up feature patterns and top-down expectations can drive a memory search, or hypothesis testing, for recognition categories with which to better learn to classify the world.ART thus defines a type of self-organizing production system. ART was practically demonstrated through the ART family of classifiers (e.g., ART 1, ART 2, ART 2A, ART 3, ARTMAP, fuzzy ARTMAP, ART eMAP, distributed ARTMAP), developed with Gail Carpenter, which has been used in large-scale applications in engineering and technology where fast, yet stable, incrementally learned classification and prediction are needed. New computational paradigms
<mask> has introduced and led the development of two computational paradigms that are relevant to biological intelligence and its applications:

Complementary Computing

What is the nature of brain specialization? Many scientists have proposed that our brains possess independent modules, as in a digital computer. The brain's organization into distinct anatomical areas and processing streams shows that brain processing is indeed specialized. However, independent modules should be able to fully compute their particular processes on their own. Much behavioral data argue against this possibility.Complementary Computing (Grossberg, 2000, 2012) concerns the discovery that pairs of parallel cortical processing streams compute complementary properties in the brain. Each stream has complementary computational strengths and weaknesses, much as in physical principles like the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. Each cortical stream can also possess multiple processing stages. These stages realize a hierarchical resolution of uncertainty. "Uncertainty" here means that computing one set of properties at a given stage prevents computation of a complementary set of properties at that stage. Complementary Computing proposes that the computational unit of brain processing that has behavioral significance consists of parallel interactions between complementary cortical processing streams with multiple processing stages to compute complete information about a particular type of biological intelligence. Laminar Computing

The cerebral cortex, the seat of higher intelligence in all modalities, is organized into layered circuits (often six main layers) that undergo characteristic bottom-up, top-down, and horizontal interactions.How do specializations of this shared laminar design embody different types of biological intelligence, including vision, speech and language, and cognition? Laminar Computing proposes how this can happen (Grossberg, 1999, 2012). Laminar Computing explains how the laminar design of neocortex may realize the best properties of feedforward and feedback processing, digital and analog processing, and bottom-up data-driven processing and top-down attentive hypothesis-driven processing. Embodying such designs into VLSI chips promises to enable the development of increasingly general-purpose adaptive autonomous algorithms for multiple applications. See also
 Grossberg network

References

External links
Official profile at Boston University

Stuyvesant High School alumni
Boston University faculty
Cognitive scientists
Computational psychologists
Stanford University alumni
Dartmouth College alumni
Rockefeller University alumni
Fellows of the Society of Experimental Psychologists
Living people
1939 births
American scientists
People from Jackson Heights, Queens
People from Woodside, Queens

masks:
Stephen Grossberg
Grossberg
Grossberg
Grossberg
Grossberg
Grossberg
Grossberg
Grossberg
Grossberg
Grossberg
Grossberg
Grossberg
Grossberg
Grossberg
Grossberg
Grossberg
Grossberg
Grossberg
Grossberg
Grossberg
Grossberg
Grossberg
Grossberg
Grossberg


text_chunks:
Air Vice Marshal <mask>Bill<mask>, CB, CBE, AFC (24 August 1909 – 20 May 1970) was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). He graduated from the Royal Military College, Duntroon, in 1930 before transferring to the RAAF as a cadet pilot. <mask> came to public attention in 1936–37, first when he crashed on a survey flight in the Northern Territory, and later when he undertook two successful missions to locate missing aircraft in the same vicinity. His rescue efforts earned him the Air Force Cross. After occupying staff positions during the early years of World War II, <mask> was appointed Officer Commanding No. 72 Wing in Dutch New Guinea in May 1944. Later that year he formed No.84 (Army Cooperation) Wing, commanding it during the Bougainville campaign until the end of the Pacific War. Hely spent the immediate post-war period on the staff of RAAF Headquarters, Melbourne. From 1951 to 1953 he served as Air Officer Commanding (AOC) Western Area Command in Perth, after which he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire. He was Deputy Chief of the Air Staff from 1953 to 1956, AOC Training Command from 1956 to 1957, and Head of the Australian Joint Services Staff in Washington, D.C. from 1957 to 1960. He then served as Air Member for Personnel (AMP) for six years, his tenure coinciding with a significant increase in manpower to meet commitments in South East Asia and the demands of a major re-equipment program. Having been promoted acting air vice marshal in 1953 (substantive in 1956), he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1964 for his service as AMP. He retired from the Air Force in 1966 and made his home in Canberra, where he died in 1970 at the age of sixty.Early career

The third child of Prosper <mask>, a storekeeper, and his wife Alice (née Lloyd), <mask> (Bill) <mask> was born on 24 August 1909 at Wellington, New South Wales. He was educated to Intermediate Certificate level at Mudgee, Wollongong and Rozelle Public Schools, and at Fort Street High School, Petersham. Leaving school in 1926, he worked as a clerk and studied accountancy in his spare time. On 16 February 1927, <mask> entered the Royal Military College, Duntroon, as one of four cadets sponsored that year by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), which did not yet have its own officer training college. He graduated as a lieutenant on 9 December 1930, and the following day enlisted in the RAAF. As well as the four graduates the Air Force had enrolled in 1927, budgetary constraints imposed during the Great Depression necessitated the transfer from Duntroon to Point Cook of eight other RAAF-sponsored cadets midway through their four-year course, including Alister Murdoch, Bill Garing and Douglas Candy. Initially ranked pilot officer, Hely commenced his flying training course at RAAF Point Cook, Victoria, on 15 January 1931, graduating on 10 December.His early postings as a pilot in 1932 and 1933 were to RAAF Station Richmond, New South Wales, and RAAF Station Laverton, Victoria. Qualifying in aerial photography, he served at Point Cook from 1933 to 1936. He was then transferred to No. 3 Squadron at Richmond, receiving promotion to flight lieutenant. In April 1936, <mask> took command of No. 3 Squadron's North Australia Survey Flight, one of two such flights formed by the Air Force that month to carry out photographic surveys. Flying a twin-engined de Havilland Dragon Rapide (serial number A3-2), Hely departed Richmond on 11 April for Port Hedland, which was to be the flight's base for its initial survey work in Western Australia.Over the Northern Territory, between Newcastle Waters and Wave Hill, he became lost, ran out of fuel, and had to crash land. He and his crew of two were found by RAAF search aircraft ten days later, on 22 April. The Argus had reported that "grave fears" were held for their safety, but they were largely uninjured, Hely having suffered cuts and abrasions to his head and leg. The aircraft was badly damaged and had to be transported back to Richmond in pieces. In February 1937, Hely took part in the search for a missing Stinson airliner that was eventually found in the McPherson Range, Queensland, five of its seven passengers and crew dead. For its 1937 aerial survey program, the RAAF formed the Communications and Survey Flight under No. 1 Aircraft Depot's Recruit Training Squadron at Laverton on 3 May.The flight was divided into Western and Eastern Air Detachments, the former under <mask>. Flying a Tugan Gannet, <mask>'s first task became searching for survey director Sir Herbert Gepp, whose Rapide (A3-2, the same one <mask> crash landed the previous year) had gone missing on an inspection flight in the Northern Territory between Tennant Creek and Tanimi. Hely located the downed Rapide on 23 May, guiding in a ground party that was able to clear a makeshift runway and allow Gepp and his team to take off and resume their journey. On 25 September, <mask> was again diverted from survey work to search for a lost plane, this time the de Havilland Gipsy Moth of flying doctor Clyde Fenton, who had gone missing north-east of Newcastle Waters. <mask>, once more piloting Rapide A3-2, found the Moth three days later and landed to rescue the lost doctor. Fenton was subsequently quoted as saying "I have only the highest praise for the efficient manner in which Hely conducted a difficult search and the skilful way in which he located me and picked me up". The rescue efforts made <mask> one of the RAAF's best-known public figures.Completing his posting to the survey flight, he served as adjutant at Laverton in 1938. He was awarded the Air Force Cross on 9 June for "zeal and initiative in searching for Sir Herbert Gepp's party and later for Dr. Fenton when lost in Central Australia". On 29 November 1938, he married secretary Jean McDonald at St Aidan's Anglican Church in Launceston, Tasmania; the couple had two daughters. Hely spent the following year in Britain, attending the Royal Air Force Staff College, Andover, and was promoted to squadron leader in September. World War II

At the outbreak of World War II, <mask> was attached to the operations room at RAF Coastal Command. On his return to Australia in January 1940, he was appointed Staff Officer Plans at RAAF Headquarters, Melbourne. In October, he joined the Deputy Chief of the Air Staff, Air Vice Marshal Bill Bostock, as a delegate to a defence conference in Singapore.The Australian contingent found the local forces ill-prepared for an attack by the Japanese and recommended significant increases in air capability, both in Australia and in the Pacific Islands, to meet the threat. <mask> was promoted to temporary wing commander the following January, and was the ranking Air Force delegate at a series of staff talks in Batavia and Singapore regarding the defence of the Dutch East Indies. He became Director of Operations at RAAF Headquarters in August. His promotion to acting group captain was announced on 17 February 1942. Two days later, the Japanese bombed Darwin, Northern Territory; Hely circulated a memo early the next month to all commands on the lessons learnt from the raid. He was posted to Darwin in May to join North-Western Area headquarters as senior air staff officer, and was granted the temporary rank of group captain in January 1943. Hely returned to RAAF Headquarters in March to become Director of Air Staff Plans.In May 1944, <mask> assumed command of No. 72 Wing at Merauke, Dutch New Guinea, succeeding Group Captain Allan Walters. Comprising fighter and dive-bomber squadrons, the wing had been established to undertake air defence and patrol tasks in and around western New Guinea. Hely departed Merauke in September 1944 to establish an army cooperation formation, No. 84 Wing, in Cairns, Queensland. It was one of two such wings formed by the RAAF in the South West Pacific Theatre late in World War II. They were, as described by the official history of the RAAF in the Pacific, "essentially non-offensive in character", responsible for reconnaissance, artillery spotting, supply drops to ground forces, spraying DDT to combat malaria, and guiding close support aircraft to their objectives.The wing could also carry out its own strikes on "targets of opportunity". No. 84 Wing comprised No. 5 (Tactical Reconnaissance) Squadron, No. 17 Air Observation Post Flight, No. 10 Communication Unit (subsequently renamed No. 10 Local Air Supply Unit), and No.39 Operational Base Unit. It deployed to Torokina in October to support Australian troops during the Bougainville campaign. No. 5 Squadron, equipped with CAC Boomerangs and Wirraways, was assigned to mark targets for F4U Corsairs of the Royal New Zealand Air Force. Between December 1944 and January 1945, the wing lost one Auster, one Wirraway, and one Boomerang on operations. Despite shortages of pilots and equipment, <mask>'s formation was generally able to keep pace with the army's requirements. By the end of June 1945, it had flown over 4,000 sorties.Post-war career

<mask> relinquished command of No. 84 Wing on 12 August 1945 and returned to RAAF Headquarters in October. He was by this time among a coterie of officers at group captain level, including Val Hancock, Alister Murdoch and Bill Garing, earmarked by the Australian Air Board for leadership roles in the post-war RAAF, which was to shrink rapidly with demobilisation. At RAAF Headquarters, <mask> was appointed deputy director of Operations, in which capacity he served on a committee to investigate proposals for an officer training college, later established as RAAF College, Point Cook. Along with <mask>, all officers associated with the proposal's examination were former Duntroon students, including the Deputy Chief of the Air Staff, Air Commodore Frank Bladin, the Director of Postings, Group Captain Murdoch, and the Director of Training, Group Captain Paddy Heffernan. Another Duntroon graduate, Air Commodore Hancock, became the college's first commandant. <mask> was appointed Director of Organisation and Staff Duties in 1946.That November, he became Director of Postings. The following year, he took up the position of Director of Personal Services, before departing for Britain in December 1948 to study at the Imperial Defence College, London. Returning to Melbourne, Hely served as deputy to the Air Member for Personnel from January 1950. He became an aide-de-camp to King George VI in June 1951. In September, he was appointed Officer Commanding Western Area, Perth, taking up his new post in mid-October. He was promoted to acting air commodore in July 1952, becoming Air Officer Commanding (AOC) Western Area. His rank was made permanent in September, and the same month he was appointed aide-de-camp to Queen Elizabeth II.Among <mask>'s duties as AOC Western Area was coordinating air support for the British atomic test on Montebello in October 1952, including supply and observation flights by Dakotas of No. 86 (Transport) Wing. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the Queen's Coronation Honours promulgated on 1 June 1953, for his war service and his work during the Montebello test. In August, he was named Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (DCAS), with the acting rank of air vice marshal, effective from October; he replaced Air Vice Marshal Hancock. Between October 1953 and February 1954, the RAAF underwent major organisational change, as it transitioned from a geographically based command-and-control system to one based on function, resulting in the establishment of Home (operational), Training, and Maintenance Commands. At the same time, RAAF Headquarters in Melbourne was absorbed by the Department of Air in Canberra. <mask> was acting Air Member for Personnel from 3 January to 7 March 1955, between the terms of Air Vice Marshals Val Hancock and Fred Scherger.On 24 January 1956, he became AOC Training Command, taking over from Air Vice Marshal Murdoch. He was succeeded as DCAS by Air Vice Marshal Douglas Candy. <mask>'s rank of air vice marshal became substantive on 5 September. In January 1957, Point Cook retired its last de Havilland Tiger Moth trainers, signalling the end of the biplane era in the RAAF. That May, <mask> was seconded to the Department of Defence and posted to Washington, D.C., to head up the Australian Joint Services Staff. He was succeeded as AOC Training Command by Air Vice Marshal Ian McLachlan. Hely became Air Member for Personnel (AMP) on 28 March 1960, taking over from the acting AMP, Air Commodore Frank Headlam.Responsible for the Personnel Branch of the RAAF, the position of AMP occupied a seat on the Air Board, the service's controlling body that comprised its senior officers and was chaired by the Chief of the Air Staff (CAS). The Air Force expanded greatly during <mask>'s term as AMP, owing to Australia's increasing commitment to the security of South East Asia, and the most significant rearmament program the RAAF had undertaken outside of World War II. Its permanent establishment increased from a steady 15,000 or so in the 1950s to over 18,000 by 1966. <mask> himself initiated a scheme to attract staff from the Royal Air Force, which was suffering cutbacks, by opening a recruitment office in London and taking advantage of the Australian government's assisted passage scheme to import trained personnel and their families. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 1964 New Year Honours for his "tactful and careful handling of personnel matters", and for having "done much to improve the manning level of the Air Force". As AMP, Hely put forward proposals to increase the number of diploma-qualified engineering and equipment officers in the Air Force. He was also closely involved in deliberations concerning the balance of academic and military studies at the RAAF Academy (previously RAAF College), the outcome of which is considered to have left the course biased towards pure science, rather than its applications to air power.Retirement
<mask> retired on 24 August 1966, after almost forty years in the military. He was succeeded the following day as AMP by Air Vice Marshal Candy. In retirement, <mask> was active in the Canberra branch of the Air Force Association. He died of cancer in Canberra on 20 May 1970. Survived by his wife and children, he was accorded an Air Force funeral at St John the Baptist Church and cremated at Norwood Park Crematorium, Gungahlin. The official mourning party included Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee (CCOSC) General Sir John Wilton, former CCOSC Air Chief Marshal Sir Frederick Scherger, Secretary of Defence Sir Arthur Tange, CAS Air Marshal Colin Hannah, former CAS Air Marshal Sir Alister Murdoch, Vice Admiral Sir Victor Smith, Air Vice Marshal Brian Eaton, and Group Captain John Waddy. The guns at Duntroon were fired in salute as the cortege left the church.Notes

References

|-

|-

|-

|-

1909 births
1970 deaths
Australian aviators
Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Australian Companions of the Order of the Bath
People from New South Wales
Australian recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
Royal Australian Air Force air marshals
Royal Australian Air Force personnel of World War II
Royal Military College, Duntroon graduates
Alumni of the Royal College of Defence Studies

masks:
William Lloyd (
) Hely
Hely
Hely
Frederick Hely
William Lloyd
Hely
Hely
Hely
Hely
Hely
Hely
Hely
Hely
Hely
Hely
Hely
Hely
Hely
Hely
Hely
Hely
Hely
Hely
Hely
Hely
Hely
Hely
Hely
Hely
Hely


text_chunks:
<mask> (December 6, 1760July 17, 1829) was born <mask>. He is also known as <mask> of Hampton. He served as the  15th Governor of the state of Maryland in the United States from 1815 to 1818. He also served in the Maryland House of Delegates from 1790 to 1795, and in the Maryland State Senate from 1796 to 1800. <mask> was born in Baltimore. He was the son of <mask> and <mask>, sister of Captain <mask>. The Maryland Gazette described him as an aristocrat."As a Senator or Delegate, justly appreciating the merits and demerits of the human character, he always avoided visionary schemes and dangerous experiments." (Maryland Gazette) Ridgely devoted his tenure to internal improvements. He devoted his attention to the state during the unpopular war with Great Britain. It appropriated ground for the erection of a Battle Monument in Baltimore, aided education, and chartered manufacturing and insurance companies, so that 'during his administration, the State enjoyed its greatest period of prosperity.' Ridgely passed an act which provided education for the poor in five separate counties; which was seen as important to the early development of public education in Maryland. A second act created the Commissioners of the School Fund. The act appropriated a fund to establish free schools within the state of Maryland.<mask>'s uncle, Captain <mask>, willed his estate, Hampton, to him on the condition that he assume the name <mask>; he did so legally in 1790. When <mask>'s uncle, Captain <mask>, died in 1790, <mask> became the second master of Hampton. The concept of Hampton was inspired by Castle Howard in North Yorkshire, England, owned by relatives of his grandmother. He had 10,590 feet (3,228 m) of irrigation pipes laid in 1799 from a nearby spring to provide water to the Mansion and the surrounding gardens, which he was extensively developing. Prominent artisans of the time were hired to design geometric formal gardens, which were planted on the Mansion's grounds between 1799 and 1801. An avid horseman, <mask> also began raising Thoroughbred horses at Hampton, where he had a racetrack installed. A 1799 advertisement promoted the stud services of his racehorse, Grey Medley.Another of <mask>'s racehorses, Post Boy, won the Washington City Jockey Club cup. Under <mask> <mask>, Hampton reached its peak of 25,000 acres (10,117 ha) in the 1820s. The mansion overlooked a grand estate of orchards, ironworks, coal mining, marble quarries, mills, and mercantile interests. The vast farm produced corn, beef cattle, dairy products, hogs, and horses. More than 300 slaves worked the fields and served the household, making Hampton one of Maryland's largest slaveholding estates. Six parterres were designed on three terraced levels facing the mansion, planted with roses, peonies, and seasonal flowers. In 1820, an orangery was built on the grounds.<mask> <mask> frequently entertained prominent guests in the Mansion's Great Hall, such as <mask> of Carrollton (1737-1832), who was the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence, and American Revolutionary War general and Frenchman, Marquis de Lafayette. <mask> served as Governor of Maryland between 1816 and 1819. When Governor <mask> died in 1829, he freed a portion of Hampton's slaves in his will. His ancestral home, Hampton Mansion is now in the care of the National Park Service of the U.S. Department of the Interior as Hampton National Historic Site. Founding of the Washington Jockey Club

In 1798 a mile track was laid out which extended from the rear of what is now the site of Decatur House at H Street and Jackson Place, crossing Seventeenth Street and Pennsylvania Avenue to Twentieth Street. The inaugural match featured John Tayloe III's Lamplighter and Gen. <mask> <mask>'s Cincinnatus, for 500 guineas, ran in 4-mile heats, and won by the former, a son of Imp English bred stallion Medley. The only initial building was a small elevated platform for the judges.The "carriage folk" took to the infield for views of the contests and the strandees crested the outside of the course. The site of today's Eisenhower Executive Office Building, this first course's history was short lived as it stood in the path of L'Enfant's city plan. In 1802 the Club sought a new sight for the tract, as the current one that lay the rear of what is now the site of Decatur House at H Street and Jackson Place, crossing Seventeenth Street and Pennsylvania Avenue to Twentieth Street-today the Eisenhower Executive Office Building-was being overtaken be the growth of the Federal City. With the leadership of John Tayloe III and <mask> <mask> and support of Gen. John Peter Van Ness, Dr. William Thornton, G.W. P. Custis, John D. Threlkeld of Georgetown and George Calvert of Riversdale, Bladensburg, Maryland, the contests were moved to Meridian Hill, south of Columbia Road between Fourteenth and Sixteenth Streets, and were conducted at the Holmstead Farm's one mile oval track. Family

<mask> <mask> married Priscilla Dorsey, daughter of Caleb Dorsey, Jr., of 'Belmont' and Priscilla Hill on October 17, 1782, at Old Saint Paul's Church (Episcopal/Anglican) in Baltimore, Maryland. Priscilla was the youngest sister of his uncle's wife, Rebecca Dorsey.While her husband attended politics, Priscilla was the sole mistress of 'Hampton' and attended to their thirteen children. Of the thirteen children, two are separately noticed. <mask> <mask> (1790–1867) married <mask> (1803–1867); he would inherit the mansion and 4,500 acres (18 km2). Just as <mask> was beginning his tenure as Governor of Maryland, Priscilla died on April 30, 1814. Her body was interred in the family vault at Hampton. Although she did not live to serve as First Lady of Maryland, her daughter, Prudence, would become First Lady to Governor George Howard of Maryland (1789–1846). After his final term had ended on January 8, 1819, <mask> retired to his estate at Hampton.There he devoted his attention to his farm and his iron works. In 1824, he suffered a paralytic attack from which he never fully recovered. Two later attacks caused his death on July 17, 1829. "At his death, his holdings amounted to about 10,000 acres of land in Baltimore County. He owned over three hundred slaves together with a library of about one hundred and seventy-five volumes, family silver valued at over $2,300, and a total estate of nearly $150,000." All slaves that had not reached the age of 45 were freed. It was also commented that 'from an early age, possessed of a princely estate, few individuals, perhaps ever more enjoyed what are called the good things of this life and abused them so little."He was buried with his wife, Priscilla, in the <mask> family vault at Hampton. References
 Archives of Maryland (Biographical Series), Maryland Archives:
<mask> of Hampton (1760–1829)
Priscilla Dorsey (1762–1814)

External links
 Hampton National Historic Site — National Park Service official website

American slave owners
Governors of Maryland
Maryland state senators
Members of the Maryland House of Delegates
American people of English descent
1760 births
1829 deaths
Maryland Federalists
Federalist Party state governors of the United States
<mask> family

masks:
Charles Carnan Ridgely
Charles Ridgely Carnan
Charles Ridgely
Charles
John Carnan
Achsah Ridgely
Charles Ridgely
Hampton Carnan
Charles Ridgely
Charles Ridgely
Charles
Ridgely
Ridgely
Charles Carnan
Ridgely
Charles Carnan
Ridgely
Charles Carnan
Ridgely
Charles Carroll
Charles Carnan
Ridgely
Charles Carnan
Ridgely
Charles Carnan
Ridgely
Charles Ridgely
Carnan
John Carnan
Ridgely
Eliza Ridgely
Ridgely
Ridgely
Ridgely
Charles Ridgely
Ridgely


text_chunks:
<mask> (July 25, 1900 – June 2, 1968) was a Russian-American rabbi and attorney. Early life
<mask> was born in Berdichev, Ukraine, Russia, on  July 25, 1900. (However, his official Russian birth certificate, presented to the family following his death, recorded his  birth date as July 3, 1898.). Both parents were very religious  Jews. His mother, Rachel  Nemerov  <mask>,  brought all of  her  six children to the United States in 1904. His father, Maurice (<mask>), a peddler, had refused to leave Russia and died either shortly before or after  the family left for  America. The family settled in Cleveland, Ohio.They were very poor and <mask>, the fifth of the six siblings, worked a newspaper route from a very young age to help meet  the family's financial needs. Education
Shulman studied at Ohio Northern University -1920, received the Bachelor of Law degree in 1920. and was admitted to the Ohio state bar in the same year  He soon found himself increasingly interested in religion and opted for a  future career in the rabbinate. He attended  the University of Cincinnati 1922-23. From 1923-24, he studied at the University of Chicago where he received his  Ph.B  (Bachelor of Philosophy). He received his M. A. in Comparative Religion from the same university in 1930. He studied at the Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati, Ohio from  and was ordained as a Reform rabbi in 1927. Brief Professional Summary
<mask> first worked in the  Law Department for the  N.Y. Central Railroad, Cleveland, Ohio  (1920) and then for the  Acheson, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, Albuquerque,  New Mexico (1921).His first pulpit for the rabbinate was at Johnstown, Pennsylvania (1926–27); following this, he served at Congregation Leshem Shomayim in Wheeling, West Virginia (1927–31) . From 1931 until 1946, he was the rabbi of the North Shore  Congregation
Israel, Glencoe, Illinois,  after which he left to  become the  founding rabbi of  Riverdale Temple, The Liberal Synagogue, in the Riverdale section of the Bronx,  where he presided  from 1947 until his death in 1968. World War II
<mask>  enlisted in the U.S. Navy in 1943. He began training as a chaplain in the same year  in Norfolk, Virginia. He first served as chaplain at Newport, Quonset and Camp Endicott in Rhode Island. He was the sole Jewish Naval Chaplain in all of New England at that time. From November, 1944 to October, 1945, he served as the first  Jewish chaplain and the only rabbi among 225 chaplains in the Seventh Fleet  in the South Pacific Theater of Operations, commanded by Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid,  (also Commander of the Allied Naval Forces of the South Pacific).As such, he traveled constantly between Australia and the Philippines,  covering over 125,000 miles among 26 islands. In 1945, he received the Navy Commendation Award for outstanding service  overseas . He completed his naval service in January, 1946. He was awarded the Service  Recognition  Certificate Citation for Meritorious Service by the State of Illinois in 1947. He was honorably discharged from the Navy on Jan. 25, 1951. The Rabbinate
<mask>'s  first long-term tenure as rabbi was at the North Shore Congregation Israel in Glencoe, Illinois. Under his  leadership  there, the membership quadrupled and grew to be one of the leading Jewish congregations in the United States.He developed  forums, lectures and inter-faith activities devoted to promotion of better citizenship and spiritual and intellectual advancement. At age 34,he was the youngest reform rabbi to be listed in the Who's Who in America. In addition to his rabbinical duties, he was the president of the Chicago Rabbinical Association, vice president of the National Association of Jewish Chaplains and state chaplain of the Jewish War Veterans of Illinois. Under the auspices of the National, Conference of Christians and Jews as well as the Anti- Defamation League of the B'nai B'rith he addressed many non-sectarian audiences throughout the United States interested in the  perpetuation of religion and democracy. His messages were also broadcast  over the  radio. Under his influence, the temple  gained recognition as one of the outstanding Jewish congregations in the United States. <mask>, an avid Zionist,  resigned from his position in 1947 as a result of strongly conflicting ideologies with the majority of the board members of the Congregation, who were strongly anti-Zionist and felt that Zionism was a danger to the future of  Jewish religious life.He sought to establish  a synagogue  that would be  liberal in nature, and would  instill Jewish values that would be relevant to the congregants. He wanted to  incorporate many of the Hebrew traditions and to provide an intellectual understanding of the religion. He desired to make it exciting and challenging and democratic. "The people must feel they are sharing in it. They must be excited by the aesthetic  beauty of it, by the beauty of the music, by the originality with which religion is presented.  " And of course he also wanted a congregation that would support the new State of Israel. Thus he decided to move to New York where  a group of 25 families in the Riverdale area of the Bronx were seeking  a rabbi.During the first year, 1947–48, his congregation  grew from 25 families to 250  and to more than 1000 at the close of his life. In addition to the goals he had originally set for himself, he was a strong proponent of interfaith cooperation and understanding. He initiated interdenominational Thanksgiving services, which became a community tradition and was adopted by many religious institutions nationwide. He also became a leading spokesman on behalf of Zionism and the Jewish State. Similarly recognized were the venues that served  Riverdale Temple until the permanent edifice was completed in 1954. It was first housed in Ben Riley's Arrowhead Inn, an enormous Spanish –Moorish  building on a large hill sprawling over 16 acres  on the banks of the Hudson River. When this structure was demolished five years later,  to make way for luxury apartments,  <mask>  was invited to share  the premises of the parish house of the  rector of the local Episcopalian Christ Church, Reverend Gerald  V. Barry, which received national and international attention .The new Temple was dedicated in 1954. He addressed numerous groups around the country and made frequent national radio and television broadcasts. He also participated extensively in Jewish and inter-faith educational programs. He  became a nationwide lecturer for Zionist causes, fund-raising for  Bonds for the Israel Government  and the  United Jewish Appeal. In addition, he was closely associated with the leading Zionist leaders and statesmen in Israel. Professional Affiliations

President Chicago Rabbinical Assn, 1942; member:  National Advisory Board anti- Defamation League of B'nai B'rith; member:  executive  board of the Council of the New York anti- Defamation League; member, national administrative committee, American Jewish Congress; member, national  advisory council, Jewish National Fund; Chairman, committee on public schools, New York  Board of Rabbis; member, executive board, Henry Hudson School for Brain Injured Children, NYC;  Lecturer on Jewish Theology, Oberlin College Graduate  School, 1953; Trustee, Hadley Correctional  School  for the Blind; Member,  United Service Organization  Council, Chicago;  Member National Jewish Welfare Board  and its Committee on Army and   Navy religious activities;  Representative of the United Jewish Appeal to Europe, North Africa, Israel (1952–53);  Chairman,  Bronx Urban League; member, executive  board Urban League of Greater NY; member, the Bronx Council of the Boy Scouts; executive  board, Bronx section,  the National Conference of Christians and Jews;  member, Editorial Board, "The Reconstructionist" ;  Chairman, Editorial Board, "The American Zionist"; contributor to religious and other journals. Honors

  Recipient George Washington Medal Freedom Foundation, 1953,1954,1955, 1961 and 1963 for outstanding sermons.Honorary Doctorate, Ohio Northern University,   (1954);
  Honorary Doctorate, Hebrew Union College  Jewish Institute of Religion, 1956;
  Honorary Doctorate, Boston University (1959)

Books
 Problems of Jews in the Contemporary World (1934)
 Europe's Conscience in Decline (1939
 What it Means to Be a Jew (1960);

Other publications
Religion's Message in a War- Torn World (1942)
The Test  of a Civilization (1947)
On Being a Jew (1954)
A People that Did Not Die, (1956)
The Best Years of Our Lives (1958)
Humanity's Unfinished Business (1964)

As a scholar of music, he also wrote pamphlets comprising commentary on the liturgy and on traditional chants, among them “On the Sabbath,” “On the Holydays” and a  “Book of Remembrance ” for the Yom Kippur memorial services. In addition, he wrote poetry, some of which is found in his personal letters, articles and  pamphlets. Many of his  oral addresses, articles and book reviews, numbering well over 1000,  have been published in the Congressional Record as well as in religious and other journals. He also kept annual diaries. The original diaries and copies of all are located in the Jacob Radar Marcus Center of the American Jewish Archives, Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio. Family
He was survived by his wife Avis Clamitz (1908-1991), a well-known Jewish educator whom he met on the campus of the Hebrew Union College in 1929; his daughter Deborah, (b. 1941) who settled in Israel and,  posthumously, two granddaughters and a great-grandson.References

1900 births
1968 deaths
Place of death missing
Religious leaders from Cleveland
Ohio Northern University alumni
University of Cincinnati alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Hebrew Union College alumni
United States Navy officers
United States Navy personnel of World War II
American people of Russian-Jewish descent

masks:
Charles Emanuel Shulman
Shulman
Shulman
Elimelech
Charles
Shulman
Shulman
Shulman
Shulman
Shulman