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<mask> (October 2, 1891 – February 21, 1969), nicknamed "Honest <mask>", was an American professional baseball right fielder. He played in Major League Baseball for the Philadelphia Athletics, Chicago White Sox and Pittsburgh Pirates. He appeared in three World Series. His first two were with the Athletics in 1913 and 1914 World Series. <mask> appeared in the 1919 World Series as a member of the Chicago White Sox, a series best known for the Black Sox Scandal. Early life
<mask> was born on October 2, 1891, the youngest child of Charles and <mask>. <mask> was a college educated man which afforded him the ability to stay out of the coal mines of Pennsylvania, which was considered dangerous work.Instead, he worked as a hotel manager which was located near a rail line. The education of his father also helped provide a future for young <mask> that kept him out of the coal mines. Professional baseball career

<mask> began his professional baseball career with the Baltimore Orioles of the Eastern League, later named the International League. On August 24, 1912, the Orioles traded <mask> and Jimmy Walsh to the Philadelphia Athletics for Bris Lord, Claud Derrick, and cash. <mask> made his professional debut at the age of nineteen for the Scranton Miners of the New York State League in 1911. The team was managed by former MLB star Monte Cross. After getting 97 hits with a .300 batting average, <mask> moved on to the Baltimore Orioles.Before he made his pro debut, <mask> played as a ringer, more or less, for the Honsdale of the semi-pro Anthracite League. <mask> played in his first major league game on August 26, 1912. During his first season, he posted a batting average of .317 over 33 games. During the 1913 season, he became a "regular" in the outfield and participated in the A's World Series contest against the New York Giants. In 1915, the Chicago White Sox purchased his contract. <mask> played the remainder of the 1915 and next six seasons for the White Sox. <mask> was a base stealing threat in the early part of his career, finishing eighth in the American league in 1914 with 36 steals and ninth the following season with 33 stolen bases.He would go on steal 111 bases throughout his career in the majors. <mask> had played for an A's team that was one of the best in the American League. However, after the underdog Boston Braves upset and swept the A's in the 1914 World Series, an angry Connie Mack sold off or outright released his best players. <mask> was one of the few hold overs on a depleted A's squad. However, his fortunes would change when Philadelphia went to Chicago to face the White Sox, and <mask> was informed by Mack that his contract had just been sold....to the White Sox. <mask> was mainly a pinch hitter for most of his time in Chicago. In 1917, <mask> was on his third pennant winning team in five season, but did not appear in the World Series, as White Sox manager Clarence Rowland left <mask> off the play off roster in favor of Shano Collins.With "Shoeless" Joe Jackson and Happy Felsch called up by the military to build ships in the shipyard, <mask> regained a starting role. The depleted White Sox fell to sixth place and Rowland was fired and replaced by Kid Gleason. In 1919, <mask> appeared in 30 games and hit for a .486 batting average. That year, the White Sox made the World Series. It was an infamous series, and as a result of the Black Sox Scandal, six members of the White Sox were banned from Major League Baseball; <mask> was not one of those players. Consequently, he was given the nickname "Honest <mask>." Unlike before, <mask> was on the roster and made a few pinch hit appearances.As the 1920 season rolled along, the White Sox were fighting with the Cleveland Indians and New York Yankees for the pennant. Rumors swirled around that the fix was in for that season just as it had been in the World Series. After seven players were implicated in the fix, <mask> replaced the now suspended Buck Weaver at third base. The suspension took its toll on the White Sox, who quickly fell out of contention. White Sox owner Charles Comiskey issued checks in the amount of $1,500 to the players like <mask> who did not partake in the fix, telling the players they were wronged out of money that should have been theirs under no fault of their own. The saga of the Black Sox scandal didn't end there for <mask>. In 1926, <mask> was called to testify before the baseball Commissioner Landis.Swede Risberg and Chick Gandil claimed that in 1917, the Detroit Tigers threw a series and that the members of the White Sox paid them to do so. <mask> admitted that a collection was taken up among the players of the White Sox, but it wasn't for the Tigers to throw the series, but it was as a "reward" for the Tigers beating the Red Sox. <mask> testified that he never gave money to the collection and that he had no clue of the reward money being collected. After a brief investigation, Landis cleared <mask> and the other white Sox players and dismissed the claims of Risberg and Gandil. On June 1, 1921 the Cleveland Indians placed a waiver claim on <mask> and purchased his contract from the White Sox. From 1921 until 1925, <mask> played for the Columbus Senators of the International league. Through his stint with Columbus, <mask> continued to be an excellent hitter, hitting .397 in 1925 at the age of 33, which won him the league's batting title.In 1927, he played for the Rochester Tribe (who would later go on to be called the Rochester Red Wings ), playing for manager George Stallings and alongside former MLB star Rabbit Maranville. At the age of 35, <mask> appeared in 83 games for the Tribe, again batting over three hundred, batting .341 for the season. <mask> ended his MLB career with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1926. In 11 years, he had 680 hits, scored 411 runs with 111 stolen bases, and a .287 lifetime batting average with 4 home runs and 195 RBI. In his final major league game, <mask> only had one at bat. Giants pitcher Jimmy Ring got <mask> to hit into a double play in the Pirates 9-5 loss to New York. After his brief return to the majors, <mask> split the 1927 season between the Montreal Royals and Jersey City Skeeters before he retired for good.Post MLB career
After retiring <mask> relocated with his wife, son & daughter - to Dunmore, Pennsylvania. he managed the local semi-pro team and later worked as a supervisor with Works Progress Administration and helped arrange exhibition for visiting troops during World War II. <mask> passed away on February 21, 1969, at the age of 77. He was buried at Queen of Peace Cemetery in Hawley, PA.

Notes

References
 Kashatus, William C. (2002). Diamonds in the Coalfields: 21 Remarkable Baseball Players, Managers, and Umpires from Northeast Pennsylvania. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. . External links

Fangraphs stats

1891 births
1969 deaths
Baseball players from New York (state)
Major League Baseball right fielders
Philadelphia Athletics players
Chicago White Sox players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Scranton Miners players
Baltimore Orioles (IL) players
Columbus Senators players
Rochester Tribe players
Montreal Royals players
Jersey City Skeeters players

masks:
John Edward Murphy
Eddie
Murphy
Eddie Murphy
Theresa Murphy
Charles Murphy
Eddie
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Eddie
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
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Eddie Collins
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<mask> (March 9, 1933May 3, 2021) was an American R&B and swing singer-songwriter, record executive and bandleader, known as "Mr. Personality", after his 1959 million-selling hit, "Personality". His first recording, "Lawdy Miss Clawdy", was a hit for Specialty Records in 1952. He continued to release records, but none were as popular until several years later, when he refined the New Orleans beat and achieved a series of national hits. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998. Early life, family and education
<mask> was born on March 9, 1933, in Kenner, Louisiana, a suburb of New Orleans, and raised in Kenner. His mother, <mask>, owned the Fish 'n' Fry Restaurant.<mask> picked up lifelong interests in business and food from her. He and his younger brother Leo were both musical. He had formal training on trumpet and piano, sang in his church's gospel choir, and was a member of a combo in high school. Career
Art Rupe, the owner of Specialty Records, based in Los Angeles, came to New Orleans in 1952 to record the distinctive style of rhythm and blues developing there, which had been highly successful for his competitor Imperial Records. Rupe heard <mask>'s song "Lawdy Miss Clawdy" and wanted to record it. Because <mask> did not have a band, Rupe hired Dave Bartholomew to create the arrangements and Bartholomew's band (plus Fats Domino on piano) to back <mask> in the recording session. The song was a massive hit.His next release, "Oooh, Oooh, Oooh", cut at the same session, was a much smaller hit. <mask> continued making recordings for Specialty, but none of them reached the charts at that time. In 1954, he was drafted into the US Army and sent to Korea. When he returned he found he had been replaced by Little Richard. In addition, his former chauffeur, Larry Williams, was also recording for the label, having released "Short Fat Fannie". He eventually formed KRC Records with Harold Logan and Bill Boskent. Their first single, "Just Because", was picked up for distribution by ABC Records.From 1957 to 1959, <mask> recorded a series of national hits for ABC that successfully adapted the New Orleans sound, including "Stagger Lee" (which topped the Pop and R&B charts and sold over a million copies), "Personality" (which reached number 2), and "I'm Gonna Get Married" (number 3). When <mask> appeared on the television program American Bandstand to sing "Stagger Lee", the producer and host of the program, Dick Clark, insisted that he alter the lyrics to tone down its violent content. "Stagger Lee" was <mask>'s version of an old blues standard, recorded many times previously by other artists. Greil Marcus, in a critical analysis of the song's history, wrote that <mask>'s version was an enthusiastic rock rendition, "all momentum, driven by a wailing sax." In all of these early recordings by <mask> ("Personality", "Stagger Lee", "I'm Gonna Get Married", and others) Merritt Mel Dalton was the lead sax player; he was also in the traveling band and appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show with <mask>. The personnel on the original hit recording of "Stagger Lee" included Clarence Johnson on piano, John Patton on bass, Charles McClendon and Eddie Saunders on tenor sax, Ted Curson on trumpet and Sticks Simpkins on drums. In 1962, <mask> along with business partner, Harold Logan formed Double L Records.Wilson Pickett got his start on this label. <mask> and business partner Logan also formed a club together called Birdland in New York on 1674 Broadway in New York City. In 1969, Logan was murdered in the office connected to the club. <mask> then founded a new label, Turntable. During the 1970s, <mask> helped the boxing promoter Don King promote fights, including the "Rumble in the Jungle" boxing match between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman in Kinshasa, Zaire and its accompanying concert which featured James Brown and B. B. King.He and Don King formed a record label, LPG, which issued <mask>'s last hit, "What Did You Do With My Love", to limited success. <mask> toured Europe in 1993 with Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard, and Gary U.S. Bonds. He performed with soul legends Jerry Butler, Gene Chandler, and Ben E. King on the "Four Kings of Rhythm and Blues" tour in 2005; concerts were recorded for a DVD and a PBS television special. <mask> appears in performance footage in the 2005 documentary film Make It Funky!, which presents a history of New Orleans music and its influence on rhythm and blues, rock and roll, funk and jazz. In the film, he performs "Lawdy Miss Clawdy" with Allen Toussaint and band. On June 20, 2010, he appeared and sang in the season 1 finale of the HBO series Treme. he continued to sing.Other pursuits
<mask> was a prolific entrepreneur. In addition to his music production and publication ownership, he started and owned businesses in various industries. He owned two construction companies, erecting middle-income housing in the 1980s in the Bronx and also homes in Staten Island. He managed Global Icon Brands (a.k.a. Lloyd Price Icon Food Brands), which makes a line of Southern-style foods, including Lawdy Miss Clawdy food products, ranging from canned greens to sweet potato cookies, and a line of Lloyd Price foods, such as <mask>'s Soulful 'n' Smooth Grits and <mask>'s Energy-2-Eat Bar, plus Lawdy Miss Clawdy clothing and collectibles. In 2011, <mask> released his autobiography, The True King of the Fifties: The <mask> Story, and worked on a Broadway musical, Lawdy Miss Clawdy, focused on his life and rise to stardom with a team that included the producer Phil Ramone. The musical also told how rock and roll evolved from the New Orleans music scene of the early 1950s.Honors and awards

 The city of Kenner, Louisiana celebrates an annual Lloyd Price Day. Personal life and death
<mask> and his wife resided in Westchester County, New York. He died from diabetes complications on May 3, 2021, at a long-term care facility in New Rochelle, New York, aged 88. Discography

Albums

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Singles

References

External links

 Lloyd Price Icon Food Brands
 Lloyd Price at History-of-Rock.com
<mask> Price Interview (2016), NAMM Oral History Library

1933 births
2021 deaths
African-American military personnel
American military personnel of the Korean War
People from Kenner, Louisiana
Military personnel from Louisiana
Rhythm and blues musicians from New Orleans
American rhythm and blues singers
Specialty Records artists
ABC Records artists
Singers from Louisiana
20th-century African-American male singers
21st-century African-American people

masks:
Lloyd Price
Price
Beatrice Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
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<mask><mask> (September 29, 1918 – October 19, 1994) was an American anthropologist who founded kinesics as a field of inquiry and research. Birdwhistell coined the term kinesics, meaning "facial expression, gestures, posture and gait, and visible arm and body movements". He estimated that "no more than 30 to 35 percent of the social meaning of a conversation or an interaction is carried by the words." Stated more broadly, he argued that "words are not the only containers of social knowledge." He proposed other technical terms, including kineme, and many others less frequently used today. Kendon, Harris and Key (1975), Kendon (1977), Sarles (1977), Wolfgang (1979), and Davis (1982). Birdwhistell's students include:
University of Toronto: Erving Goffman
Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute: Paul Byers, Alan Lomax
University of Pennsylvania: Lorraine V. Aragon, Maria Catedra, Mary Moore Goodlett, Jane Jorgenson, Wendy Leeds-Hurwitz, Barbara A. Lynch, Christopher Musello, Stuart J. Sigman, Yves Winkin, James Veihdeffer

Goffman became one of the best-known sociologists with an international reputation, and nearly all of his publications became best sellers.Birdwhistell influenced Lomax's development of cantometrics and choreometrics. Byers was quite important in the study of visual communication. Winkin went on to develop the anthropology of communication in Europe. Leeds-Hurwitz and Sigman developed social communication theory, Jorgenson studies family communication, and Musello studies material culture. What is important about this list is the wide variety - those who never studied with Birdwhistell often assume that kinesics was the start and end of his interests, but that was not at all the case. Birdwhistell's first book Introduction to Kinesics, was published in 1952, but as this was essentially an internal publication for the Department of State, his second book, Kinesics and Context has been cited far more often, and, along with a brief encyclopedia article on kinesics, has had far greater influence on the study of communication behavior. Many of Birdwhistell's publications were short pieces, gathered together to make up Kinesics and Context.Birdwhistell viewed communication as a continuous, multichannel (today, the more common term is multimodal) process through which and in which social interaction occurs. Although he is best known for inventing kinesics, his influence was much larger: he helped establish the logical underpinnings of language and social interaction research generally, and such approaches as the coordinated management of meaning. Publications
Books
<mask>, R. L. (1952). Introduction to Kinesics: An Annotation System for Analysis of Body Motion and Gesture. Washington, DC: Department of State, Foreign Service Institute. <mask>, R. L. (1970). Kinesics and Context: Essays on Body Motion Communication.Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Shorter publications (partial)
 <mask>, R. L. (1956). Kinesic analysis of filmed behavior of children. In B. Schaffner (Ed. ), Group Processes: Transactions of the second conference (pp. 141–144). New York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation.<mask>, R. L. (1959). Contribution of Linguistic-Kinesic Studies for the Understanding of Schizophrenia. In A. Auerback (Ed. ), Schizophrenia (pp. 99–123). New York: Ronald Press. <mask>, R, L. (1960).Implications of Recent Developments in Communication Research for Evolutionary Theory. In W. M. Austin (Ed. ), Report of the Ninth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Study (pp. 149–155). Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. <mask>, R. L. (1961). Paralanguage 25 Years After Sapir.In H. W. Brosin (Ed. ), Lectures on Experimental Psychiatry (pp. 43–63). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. <mask>, R. L. (1962). Critical Moments in the Psychiatric Interview. In T. T. Tourlentes (Ed.), Research Approaches to a Psychiatric Problem (pp. 179–188). New York: Grune and Stratton. Birdwhistell, R. L. (1971). Kinesics: Inter- and Intra-channel communication research. In J. Kristeva, J. Rey-Debove & D. J. Umiker (Eds. ), Essays in semiotics/Essais de semiotique (pp.527–546). The Hague: Mouton. <mask>, R. L. (1971). Chapter 3: Body Motion, In N. A. McQuown (Ed. ), The Natural History of an Interview (pp. 1–93). Microfilm Collection of Manuscripts on Cultural Anthropology, Fifteenth Series, Chicago: University of Chicago, Joseph Regenstein Library, Department of Photoduplication.<mask>, R. L. (1971). Appendix 6: Sample Kinesic Transcription. In N. A. McQuown (Ed. ), The Natural History of an Interview (pp. 1–29). Microfilm Collection of Manuscripts on Cultural Anthropology, Fifteenth Series. Chicago: University of Chicago, Joseph Regenstein Library, Department of Photoduplication.<mask>, R. L. (1974). The language of the body: The natural environment of words. In A. Silverstein (Ed. ), Human communication(pp. 203–220). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. <mask>, R. L. (1975).Background considerations of the study of the body as a medium of 'expression.' In J. Benthall & T. Polhemus (Eds. ), The body as a medium of expression (pp. 34–58). New York: E. P. Dutton. <mask>, R. L. (1977). Some Discussion of Ethnography, Theory, and Method, In J. Brockman (Ed.), About Bateson (pp. 101–141). New York: E. P. Dunon. Birdwhistell, R. L., C. F. Hockett, & N. A. McQuown. (1971). Chapter 6: Transcript, Transcription and Commentary. In N. A. McQuown (Ed,), The Natural History of an Interview [n,p,].Microfilm Collection of Manuscripts on Cultural Anthropology, Fifteenth Series, Chicago: University of Chicago, Joseph Regenstein Library. Department of Photoduplication. See also
Macy Conferences
Kinesics

References

1918 births
1994 deaths
American anthropologists
Miami University alumni
Ohio State University Graduate School alumni
People from Brigantine, New Jersey
University of Chicago alumni
University of Louisville faculty
Temple University faculty
University of Pennsylvania faculty
20th-century anthropologists

masks:
Ray L
. Birdwhistell
Birdwhistell
Birdwhistell
Birdwhistell
Birdwhistell
Birdwhistell
Birdwhistell
Birdwhistell
Birdwhistell
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<mask> II (September 23, 1829 – May 12, 1863 [contested]) was the son and heir of Queen Ranavalona I and ruled from 1861 to 1863 over the Kingdom of Madagascar, which controlled virtually the entire island. Radama's rule, although brief, was a pivotal period in the history of the Kingdom of Madagascar. Under the unyielding and often harsh 33-year rule of his mother, Queen Ranavalona I, Madagascar had successfully preserved its cultural and political independence from European colonial designs. Rejecting the queen's policy of isolationism and persecution of Christians, <mask> II permitted religious freedom and re-opened Madagascar to European influence. Under the terms of the Lambert Charter, which Radama secretly contracted in 1855 with French entrepreneur Joseph-François Lambert while Ranavalona still ruled, the French were awarded exclusive rights to the exploitation of large tracts of valuable land and other lucrative resources and projects. This agreement, which was later revoked by Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony, was key to establishing France's claim over Madagascar as a protectorate and, in 1896, as a colony. The dramatic contrast between Ranavalona's isolationism and her son's pro-European stance represented an abrupt reversal of policy that threatened the traditional sociopolitical order.Radama's absolutism in pursuing dramatic reforms in disregard of the advice of his ministers ultimately turned them against him. In a coup led by his prime minister, Rainivoninahitriniony, <mask> <mask> was strangled on May 12, 1863. His wife Rabodo, who took the throne name Rasoherina, was allowed by the ministers to succeed her husband on the condition that she and future sovereigns would no longer rule unilaterally, but rather in concert with the Hova (the class of free citizens) as represented by the position of prime minister. The public was informed that Radama had committed suicide and that his body had been unceremoniously interred in a tomb in Ilafy. However, there soon emerged rumors – believed by prominent foreigners Jean Laborde and William Ellis – that Radama lived and was making plans to reclaim the throne. A strong case has since been made on the basis of significant evidence that Radama may indeed have revived after the strangling and lived to old age in anonymity near Lake Kinkony in the northwestern part of the island. Upbringing and early years
<mask> II was born Prince Rakoto (Rakotosehenondradama) on September 23, 1829 in the Imasoandro building on the compound of the Rova of Antananarivo.He was officially recognized as the son of King <mask> I and his widow Queen Ranavalona I, although the king had died more than nine months before the prince's birth. He was likely fathered by a lover of his mother, Andriamihaja, a progressive young officer of the Merina army who the queen may have been tricked into putting to death by conservative ministers at court. After his mother succeeded <mask> I on the throne, she instituted an increasingly regressive regime that attempted to restore traditional values and contain or eliminate westernization. The prince, however, who had been highly influenced by the French adviser to the queen, Joseph-François Lambert, was favorably impressed by European culture, knowledge and its state of economic, political and technological development, and was troubled by some of the socially repressive policies pursued by Ranavalona I. According to a British account, the French played on this sympathy in 1855 by pressuring Prince Rakoto into signing a request for French aid that would have enabled France to establish control over Madagascar had the true nature of the letter and its signing not been uncovered by Rakoto and his British contacts. An alternate explanation was offered by Lambert, who maintained that the prince had knowingly supported the attempt to put an end to his mother's harsh policies, and was a willing collaborator in a failed 1857 plot to remove her from the throne. Prior to Queen Ranavalona's death, the conservative and progressive factions within the Merina court waged a tactical power struggle to secure a successor favorable to their own political agenda.The conservative faction favored Ramboasalama, the son of the Queen's sister, while the Queen's prime minister, Rainivoninahitriniony and head of the army, Rainilaiarivony, brothers and progressives, supported Radama II. The latter successfully obtained key strategic allies within the court that enabled Radama to seize the throne without violence following his mother's death. Ramboasalama was obliged to swear a public oath of allegiance to Radama, and was later sent into exile in the highland village of Ambohimirimo where he died in April 1862. Reign
Prince Rakoto acceded to the throne on August 16, 1861 upon the natural death of his mother, Queen Ranavalona I, assuming the throne name <mask> II. His coronation ceremony was held the following year on September 23, 1862. Once upon the throne, he immediately initiated a rapid and dramatic reversal of many of his mother's traditionalist policies. He reopened the country to foreign powers and concluded treaties of friendship with Britain and France.The Lambert Charter opened up business possibilities for French investors. Freedom of religion was declared, persecution of Christians ceased, missionaries returned to the island and their schools were reopened. Radama abolished the traditional trial by ordeal of tangena, in which the guilt or innocence of an accused person was determined based on the outcome of consuming the poison of the tangena nut, and inhabitants of Antananarivo were permitted to raise swine within the city walls, a practice previously forbidden by a fady (taboo) forbidding them from being kept near the royal talismans (sampy). The sampy were dispersed to the sacred villages where they had originated under 16th-century Merina king Ralambo and other early monarchs. Significantly, Radama freed numerous political prisoners captured under Ranavalona I during provincial wars of subjugation and offered repatriation of confiscated property. This pardon was reciprocated by many of the beneficiary ethnic groups around the island, and good will between the coasts and central administration at Antananarivo improved significantly. These changes, and the king himself, were unequivocally praised by Madagascar's European partners:

The reaction within Imerina was less one-sided.The abrupt and dramatic policy changes pursued by the progressive king both alienated and disfranchised the established conservative factions among the andriana (nobles) and Hova (freemen) at court. Especially controversial were the special privileges accorded to Joseph-François Lambert and his partners under the Lambert Charter, including the exclusive implementation of public works projects (felling trees, making roads, building canals etc. ), control over minting coinage, lucrative mining rights and more as part of the purview of Lambert's proposed Compagnie de Madagascar (French Madagascar Company). The citizens' concern stemmed primarily from clauses in the agreement that would have permitted Lambert's company to become permanent owners of Malagasy lands. Until this point, land in Madagascar, which was viewed by the populace as the sacred ground of the ancestors, could only ever be temporarily possessed by foreigners until their death, at which point the land would revert to the crown. The threat of permanently losing any part of sacred Malagasy soil to foreigners was deeply troubling. Assassination plot

The legalization of dueling was ultimately the issue that brought to a head the tension between King <mask> II's entourage (mostly friends and some established political figures, known collectively as the menamaso or "red-eyes") and representatives of the opposition led by Radama's prime minister Rainivoninahitriniony.On May 7, 1863, <mask> II announced his intention to allow disputes to be settled by a duel, much to the disapproval of many of his advisers at court who feared the practice would lead to anarchy. The prime minister prevented the law from being publicly declared at the Zoma (Friday) market the following day. Friday afternoon, the prime minister's younger brother, Rainilaiarivony, who was head of the army, called several thousand troops into the city to besiege a number of the menamaso and members of the royal family at the Rova palace compound, and by Saturday morning the decision had been made and carried out to execute eleven of the menamaso and other key political figures who had counseled Radama to legalize dueling. On Sunday, May 10, Rainivoninahitriniony demanded that Radama hand over the menamaso he was sheltering in the palace, which he refused to do until the prime minister agreed to spare their lives; they were handed over but by Monday morning had all been speared to death. The drama ended on Tuesday morning, May 12, 1863, when a group of officers and soldiers forced their way into the Rova and seized the king. His wife, Queen Rabodo, pleaded for his life to be spared and attempted to stop them but was forcibly removed. The soldiers threw a lamba over Radama's head and strangled him with a silk sash until he was believed to be dead, thereby avoiding the shedding of royal blood as was the custom for royal executions in Imerina.The nobles informed Rabodo that she would have their support as queen on the condition that she would accept to abide by certain articles that would form a new contract between rulers and ruled in Madagascar:

Rabodo agreed to these conditions. The next morning, it was publicly announced in the marketplace that Radama had taken his own life due to grief over the deaths of his compatriots the menamaso and that Rabodo would succeed him as Queen Rasoherina. To cement the new power-sharing agreement between the ruler, the nobles and the heads of the people, a political marriage was contracted between the queen and Prime Minister Rainivoninahitriniony, who had been instrumental in her first husband's death. Radama's name was struck from the list of kings and it was declared illegal to mourn his death. Rumors of survival
Following <mask> II's apparent death, rumors spread that he had only been rendered unconscious by the attempt on his life and had revived as his body was being transported to Ilafy for interment in his designated tomb. French historian Delval presents evidence  that supports a scenario wherein the group tasked with carrying Radama's body to Ilafy became frightened as the king began to revive, prompting them to abandon the body and then falsely maintain that they had completed their task to place him in the tomb. Within months after his reported death, rumors began circulating that Radama was alive, residing on the west coast of the island and was amassing supporters for a political comeback.The rumors persisted to the point of causing political turmoil in Antananarivo. These claims may have had some substance judging by the actions of others. Prominent Christian missionaries outside the capital made extensive efforts to visit and support Radama but seemingly never succeeded. Traditionalist factions within the government were concerned enough by the rumors to have put to death sixteen of his supporters, as well as fining hundreds of others. According to evidence in Delval's study, Radama may indeed have survived and, failing to regain the throne, lived to old age as an ordinary citizen in the north of the island. With the apparent murder of <mask> II, the power of the Merina monarchs was broken. Subsequent monarchs were controlled by influential Hova, particularly Rainilaiarivony, who became prime minister after his brother and successively married all three remaining queens of the monarchy: Rasoherina, Ranavalona II and Ranavalona III.Notes

References

Bibliography

1829 births
1863 deaths
Merina people
19th-century murdered monarchs
Malagasy monarchs
Assassinated Malagasy people
People murdered in Madagascar
19th-century monarchs in Africa

masks: Radama Radama Radama II Radama Radama Radama Radama Radama Radama Radama Radama


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<mask> (born 1928) is a British academic, writer and art critic. He spent much of his career in the United States and at Dalhousie University in Canada. He wrote three printed books and many other works published in digital form, and publicised the work of his late wife, the American artist <mask>. Biography

Born in North London in 1928, and educated at a provincial grammar school, <mask> entered  Balliol College, Oxford, in 1948 as an Exhibitioner (junior scholar)and read English. In 1953 he moved to the States, taking the Barzun-Trilling and doing a Ph.D. at the University of Minnesota, with a dissertation on George Sturt, rural labouring life, and the rhetoric of sociological presentation, plus a minor in Philosophy, including classes from Wilfred Sellars and Alan Donagan. In 1961, he and the Minnesota artist <mask> moved to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where he taught at Dalhousie University, retiring in 1993 as George Munro Professor of English. During his academic career he published three books with Cambridge University Press, and numerous articles.In 1990 he gave the Alexander Lectures at the University of Toronto, on Nihilism, Modernism, and Value. He is an elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. After Carol's death in 1991 he co-curated a show of her work, A Visionary Gaze (1993), and engaged in extensive archival work on her art and life. His website, Jottings.ca, was conceived as a vehicle for extending her reputation. It rapidly branched out, and now includes the equivalent of several print books. A reviewer of his Violence in the Arts (1973) spoke of <mask>’s "extremely agile and incessantly active mind which illuminates almost every subject it touches." Another called his magnum opus, America and the Patterns of Chivalry (1983), "a brilliant and utterly absorbing work" and said that "There are not many learned books which have the unputdownable quality of a thriller; this is one of them."The series in which his The Name of Action; Critical Essays (1984) appeared was "established to publish in paperback for an individual readership the Press’s most outstanding monographs." Published works

Print books

 Violence in the Arts (Cambridge, CUP, 1974); illustrated pb 1976  hc / pb
 America and the Patterns of Chivalry (Cambridge, CUP, 1982)
 The Name of Action: Critical Essays (Cambridge, CUP, 1984)  pb [Shakespeare, Scott Fitzgerald, Twain, Emily Brontë, Stephen Crane, B. Traven, Pauline Réage, Yvor Winters, Northrop Frye, Swift, J.L. and Barbara Hammond, George Sturt, Eugène Atget, the organic community]. Sections of each book are listed in square brackets after the title and date.) "Atget and the City," Cambridge Quarterly, 3 (1968), Studio International (1971); Pnina R. Petruck, ed., The Camera Viewed: Writings on Twentieth-Century Photography (1979) [condensed]; (NA)
 "Prospero’s Book: The Tempest Revisited," [secularity, power, and justice] Critical Review (1968); (NA)
 "Photography and the City," Yale Review, 59 (1970)
 "Rereading Traven’s The Death Shio," Southern Review, 9 (1973); (NA)
 "Heroic Order in the Poetry of J.V. Cunningham," Southern Review, 23 (1987)
 "Crane, Norris, and London," American Literature, vol.9 of New Pelican Guide to English Literature, ed Boris Ford (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1988)
 "Borges and the Chivalric," Selected Papers in Medievalism; Volumes I and II, 1986 and 1987, ed. Janet E. Goebel and Rebecca Cochran, Indiana PA, Indiana U of Pennsylvania, 1988
 "Jorge Luis Borges, Alive in His Labyrinth," Criticism, 31 (1989)
 "Portals and Pulps: Orwell, Hoggart, 'America,' and the Uses of Gangster Fiction," Transatlantica; revue d' études Américaines, (2012) [online]

Principles

 "Modern Poetics: Twentieth-Century American and British", Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics, ed.“America, Truth, and Honor” (chapter 11 and amplified notes, plus excerpts, from America and the Patterns of Chivalry) (2008); Jottings>America and the Chivalric
 “The Educated Imagination: Carol Hoorn <mask>, Artist” (2008); Jottings>Cogitations

Miscellaneous

 Co-editor at the University of Minnesota, with Thomas J. Roberts and others, of GSE: The Graduate Student of English: a Quarterly Journal, 12 issues (1957–60)
 With Leighton Davis, A Visionary Gaze: In Memoriam Carol Hoorn <mask> 1930-1991 (Halifax, NS, Saint Mary’s University Art Gallery, 1993), exhibition catalogue,
 Moments: Photographs 1957–66, 1995–99 (2004); Jottings>Visuals

Notes

1928 births
Living people
University of Minnesota alumni
Dalhousie University faculty
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
British expatriates in the United States
British expatriate academics in Canada
British emigrants to Canada

masks:
John Fraser
Carol Hoorn Fraser
John Fraser
Carol Hoorn Fraser
Fraser
Fraser
Fraser


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Ifor <mask> (né Davies; born 22 January 1963) is a Welsh Labour and Co-operative politician, who has been the Member of the Senedd (MS) for Ogmore since 2016. He was previously the Member of Parliament (MP) for Ogmore from 2002 to 2016. Having served as Parliamentary Private Secretary in the Northern Ireland Office, the Department for Work and Pensions, and the Department of Culture, Media and Sport, he became an Assistant Whip in May 2006. On 29 June 2007, he was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Wales, before being promoted to the role of Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State in the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Irranca-Davies resigned his seat in parliament in March 2016 to stand to represent the constituency in the Senedd, winning the seat in the elections held in May 2016. He was appointed as Minister for Children and Social Care in the Welsh Government on 3 November 2017. Early life
Irranca-Davies was born Ifor <mask> in 1963 to Teresa and Gethin Davies.He campaigned as a boy in general elections for his step great-uncle, Ifor Davies, MP for Gower and deputy to Cledwyn Hughes at the Welsh Office during Harold Wilson's government. He attended Gowerton Comprehensive School (where his mother was a secretary), and later earned a BA (Hons) at Crewe and Alsager College, and an MSc from Swansea Metropolitan University. After leaving higher education, he worked for local authorities in leisure management; and it was while he was working in a sports centre and she was doing aerobics that he met his wife, Joanna Irranca, born to Italian parents who had come to work in South Wales in the 1950s. On marriage, the couple both changed their surnames to Irranca-Davies; he in particular felt his existing surname was too common. The couple have three sons. Later, he worked in private sector management, as a lecturer at Swansea Metropolitan University. Member of Parliament

In 2001, Irranca-Davies was Labour candidate for the Brecon & Radnor constituency, but finished third, behind the Liberal Democrat and Conservative candidates.In the by-election of 14 February 2002 he was elected to the parliamentary seat of Ogmore in the South Wales Valleys (a Labour seat since 1918), after the death of MP and Government Whip Sir Ray Powell. (Irranca-Davies was himself appointed Government Whip for Wales in May 2006 after spells as a Parliamentary Aide in several government departments.) He was re-elected to serve Ogmore in the general elections of May 2005 and May 2010. For the first time in 2010, Ogmore became the largest parliamentary majority of any party and constituency in Wales. Since his election in 2002 Irranca-Davies has worked on a range of local and national issues, including sitting on the Procedures Select Committee to discuss ways of modernising the work of Parliament and has also sat on Standing Committees for the Police Reform Bill, Fireworks Bill and Communications Bill, among others. He has also held positions on the Welsh Grand Committee and the Northern Ireland Grand Committee. He has worked on Parliamentary Labour Party ('PLP') Committees on Welsh Affairs, Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, Home Affairs and International Development.He was also the backbench MP representative on the board of the Coal Health Claims Monitoring Subgroup for Wales. Irranca-Davies has spoken in the House of Commons on topics as varied as international trade union rights, compulsory voting, anti-social behaviour, renewable energy and climate change, fair trade, social justice and poverty and inequality. In June 2005 he became Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to Tessa Jowell, having previously served as PPS to Jane Kennedy at the Northern Ireland Office. He served as PPS to Ministers of the Department for Work and Pensions and Department for Culture, Media and Sport. He worked as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State of Wales, and as an Environment Minister in the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). Between October 2010 and October 2011, he served as the Shadow Energy Minister where he led the Labour campaign on the protection of the Feed-In Tariff for solar power. In October 2011, he was appointed as the Shadow Minister on Food and Farming.He belongs to a number of All Party Groups within Parliament, including the All Party Groups for British Council (Vice-Chair), China Group, Citizens Advice, Clean Coal, Coalfield Communities, Energy Intensive Industries (Vice-Chair), Manufacturing, Maritime and Ports, Steel and Metal Related Industry, Children in Wales, Patient and Public Involvement in Health and Social Care (Co-Chair), University Group (Vice-Chair), and Waterways (Co-Chair). He serves as Chair of the All Party Group for the Recognition of Munitions Workers which aims "work with the government to find a means of recognising those munitions workers who served during the first and second world wars"

On 19 June 2015, Irranca-Davies was elected to the chairmanship of the Environmental Audit Select Committee. He was one of 36 Labour MPs to nominate Jeremy Corbyn as a candidate in the Labour leadership election of 2015. His last day as MP was on 24 March 2016. National Assembly for Wales
In October 2015, Irranca-Davies announced his wish to transition from Westminster to Cardiff Bay. In December 2015, he was selected to contest the Ogmore seat for Welsh Labour Party at the forthcoming National Assembly elections scheduled for 5 May 2016. Irranca-Davies won the Assembly seat, while the vacated Westminster seat was won by Labour's Chris Elmore.Westminster Parliamentary and UK Government Offices held
May 2005 – May 2006: Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Culture, Media & Sport
May 2006 – June 2007: Assistant Government Whip
June 2007 – October 2008: Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Wales
October 2008 – May 2010: Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra)
October 2008 – June 2009: Natural Environment and Rural Affairs
June 2009 – May 2010: Marine and Natural Environment
May 2010 – October 2010: Shadow Minister for Marine and Natural Environment (Shadow Defra Minister)
October 2010 – October 2011: Shadow Minister for Energy and Climate Change
October 2011 – May 2015: Shadow Minister for Food and Farming
May 2015 – October 2015: Chair, Environmental Audit Select Committee

National Assembly & Welsh Government Offices held
June 2016 – Nov 2017: Chair, National Assembly for Wales, Constitutional and Legislative Affairs Committee
Nov 2017 – December 2018: Minister for Children and Social Care, Welsh Government

Awards
In 2005 he was voted the 48th sexiest man in Wales by the Western Mail. In 2011, Irranca-Davies was shortlisted for the first Sports Parliamentarian of the Year award, an initiative introduced by the Sport and Recreation Alliance for the work he has done to promote archery. He was nominated by the Archery GB after he hosted the first sporting event to ever take place in Parliament in September 2011. The event brought MPs and peers together as well as gold medallists such as Nicky Hunt on Speakers' Green for a day devoted to the sport. In February 2013 Irranca-Davies was named Total Politics MP of the Month. He won the award for his work in standing up for farmers and consumers in the Ogmore constituency and across the nation by persuading the government to u-turn on the Groceries Code Adjudicator (GCA) Bill. References

External links
 Huw Irranca-Davies's Views Channel on YouTube

1963 births
Living people
Welsh Labour Party MPs
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
Wales MSs 2016–2021
Wales MSs 2021–2026
Politicians from Swansea
People educated at Gowerton Comprehensive School
People associated with Swansea Metropolitan University
Politics of Bridgend County Borough
Labour Co-operative members of the Senedd

masks:
Huw Irranca Davies
Huw Davies


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<mask> (1 June 1843 – 16 April 1896), better known as <mask>, was an English actor, comedian, playwright and theatre manager. He is probably best remembered for playing the role of Box in the long-running production of Cox and Box, by <mask> and F. C. Burnand, at the Royal Gallery of Illustration. Born in London, <mask> took up amateur dramatics at an early age. In 1869, he made his professional debut in the one-act comic opera Cox and Box at the Gallery of Illustration in the role of Mr. Box, a part that became his signature role. There <mask> started a successful association with the German Reed Entertainments, appearing in numerous comedies, farces, operettas and burlesques, such as Beggar My Neighbour: A Blind Man's Bouffe and Charity Begins at Home in 1872. He remained with the company for five years.<mask> appeared at many London theatres during his career including the Globe, the Gaiety, and Prince of Wales's Theatre. He appeared in such successful pieces as Peril as Sir Woodbine Grafton, Duty, The Vicarage, as Noel Haygarth and Caste by T. W. Robertson with the Bancrofts also in the cast, all in 1879, and later in other Robertson pieces. <mask> joined a company at the Royal Court Theatre in 1881 and was a co-manager of that theatre from 1883. There, he played in farces including The Rector, The Magistrate, The Schoolmistress and Dandy Dick, as well as the title role in The Cabinet Minister in 1890. Later productions there included The Millionaire, as Mr. Guyon, and Mamma, as Miles Henniker. Biography
<mask> was born in Mayfair, Westminster, London, England. His parents were Joseph Blunt, a solicitor, and Mary Blunt, née James.He studied for the legal profession, but he acted in amateur theatricals, and decided to pursue acting instead. Early career

<mask> began performing as an amateur at the Richmond Theatre. In 1866, he appeared in the role of Bouncer in an amateur production of the one-act comic opera, Cox and Box by F. C. Burnand and <mask>. Coincidentally, on Easter Monday 1869, <mask> made his professional debut at the Gallery of Illustration in a bill that included Cox and Box, this time as Mr. Box. The first piece on the bill was W. S. Gilbert's No Cards, in which he played Mr Churchmouse. Thereafter, <mask> often played Box in productions of Cox and Box.This was <mask>'s first appearance in a German Reed Entertainment, and he remained steadily with the German Reeds for five years thereafter. With that company, he appeared in numerous comedies, farces, operettas and burlesques, such as Beggar My Neighbour: A Blind Man's Bouffe adapted by Burnand from Les deux aveugles by Jacques Offenbach (1870) and Charity Begins at Home (1872) by Alfred Cellier and B. C. Stephenson. After No Cards, he appeared in other Gilbert works at the Gallery, including Ages Ago (1869), Our Island Home (1870), A Sensation Novel (1871) and Happy Arcadia (1872). He also wrote some works for the German Reeds, including Dora's Dream (1873), in which he also performed, at St. George's Hall. <mask> joined the company at the Globe Theatre later in 1874, playing in such works as Gilbert's Committed for Trial, as Jonathan Wagstaff and Wig and Gown by James Albery, as Mr Justice Jones. In September, <mask> was at the Gaiety Theatre, London, reprising his role in Cox and Box opposite the composer's brother, Fred Sullivan, as Box. The next year, he was back at the Gaiety in The Merry Wives of Windsor as Dr. Caius; and at the Opera Comique, in As You Like It, as Touchstone, in The School for Scandal as Sir Peter Teazle, and in She Stoops to Conquer, as Tony Lumpkin.In 1876, he was back at the Globe. There, he originated the role of Dr. Downward in Miss Gwilt by Wilkie Collins. He was at the Prince of Wales's Theatre during the following three years. There, he played in many pieces, including Peril by Saville Rowe and B. C. Stephenson, as Sir Woodbine Grafton (together with the Bancrofts); Duty by Albery; The Vicarage, as Noel Haygarth; and Caste by T. W. Robertson (with the Bancrofts), as Sam Gerridge, all in 1879. The Bancrofts moved to the Haymarket Theatre in 1880, and <mask> went with them, appearing in Lord Bulwer-Lytton's Money, as Mr. Graves. He then played in other Robertson comedies at the Comedy Theatre, including Society and Ours.Later years
Beginning in 1881, <mask> joined the company at the Royal Court Theatre. From 1883, he was co-manager, with John Clayton, of that theatre. There, he played in a number of farces by A. W. Pinero, including The Rector, as Connor Hennessy; The Magistrate (1885), as Mr. Posket; The Schoolmistress (1886), as Vere Queckett; Dandy Dick (1887), as Blore, the butler; and in the title role of The Cabinet Minister (1890) He also appeared there in G. W. Godfrey's The Millionaire, as Mr. Guyon, and created the role of Miles Henniker in Sydney Grundy's Mamma (1888). <mask> and Clayton yielded management at the Court to Mrs. John Wood and <mask> when the theatre closed in 1887, although <mask> continued acting at the theatre after it was rebuilt. <mask> played the title role in Pickwick by Burnand, with music by Edward Solomon, at the Comedy Theatre in 1889 and Lord Burnham in The Crusaders, a comedy by <mask> Jones at the Avenue Theatre in 1891. In 1893, he appeared as Baron Stein in Diplomacy by Clement Scott and B. C. Stephenson with the Bancrofts at the Garrick Theatre. In 1894, he was again in Money with the Bancrofts at the Comedy.He continued acting in plays and musical pieces, mostly at the Court Theatre, and sometimes at the Comedy, Globe, Avenue and other houses, often reprising one of his successful roles. In 1895 at the Court, he made one of his last successes in Vanity Fair by G. W. Godfrey. Throughout his career, <mask> wrote comedy sketches such as "Bright Idea" (1881) with composer <mask>, and songs, some of which became popular or were interpolated into musical theatre pieces, such as Little Jack Sheppard (1885). He supplemented his income by entertaining at private events and parties. <mask> died on 16 April 1896 at Brighton at the age of 52 and was buried at the Old Mortlake Burial Ground, then in the Municipal Borough of Barnes, Surrey and now maintained by the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. An official notice relating to his estate described him as "late of Clarence-chambers Haymarket and the Garrick Club London, Comedian". Notes

References
Adams, William Davenport.A Dictionary of the Drama, Chatto & Windus, 1904
Cook, E. D. Nights at the play (1883)
Hollingshead, John. Gaiety chronicles (1898)

Pascoe, C. E. (ed.) The dramatic list (1879) and 2nd ed. (1880)
Reid, E. and H. Compton (eds.) The dramatic peerage (1891); rev. ed.(1892)
Scott, C. W. and C. Howard (eds.) The life and reminiscences of E. L. Blanchard, with notes from the diary of Wm. Blanchard, 2 vols. (1891)

External links

NPG portrait of Cecil
NY Times article calling <mask> "One of the cleverest comedians on the English stage". People associated with Gilbert and Sullivan
English male stage actors
19th-century British male opera singers
English humorists
1843 births
1896 deaths
People from Mayfair
19th-century English male actors
Actor-managers
19th-century theatre managers

masks:
Arthur Cecil Blunt
Arthur Cecil
Arthur Sullivan
Cecil
Cecil
Cecil
Cecil
Cecil
Cecil
Arthur Sullivan
Cecil
Cecil
Cecil
Cecil
Cecil
Cecil
Cecil
Cecil
Arthur Chudleigh
Cecil
Cecil
Henry Arthur
Cecil
Arthur Law
Cecil
Cecil


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<mask> (6 August 1934 – 27 April 2004) was a railway modeller and historian, who had a particular interest in the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) and was president of the LMS Society. Biography

<mask> was born in Leeds and educated at Prince Henry's Grammar School, Otley, which in 1951 took him to a field trip to the Settle-Carlisle Railway line (S&C), which would start a lengthy relationship with that line. He went to London University where he met his future wife Sheila, with whom he had four children (Christopher, Hilary, Timothy and Nicola). After graduating <mask> joined the Royal Air Force (RAF) in 1956, from which he retired in 1972 having achieved the rank of Squadron Leader. During this time he built his 4 mm scale EM gauge models Marthwaite and Garsdale Road (see Garsdale) representing a station on the S&C set during the 1930s period when it was run by the LMS. In 1963, with Bob Essery and others he founded the LMS Society. Alone and with Essery he authored many books, the most important was their book on LMS Coaches, which was groundbreaking in its treatment of a non-locomotive subject.Soon after the Science Museum was asked to take on the historic railway collections, <mask>, having retired from the RAF, applied for and was appointed as an education officer with the Science Museum at South Kensington, where he worked with John Van Riemsdijk on the layout of the new building in York. He subsequently became Head of Education and Research at the resulting National Railway Museum (NRM), where he was responsible for refurbishment to running condition of major locomotives and vehicles, so that national tours would promote the museum. He left the NRM in 1988, after management changes. He put some of the time thus freed into his writing career and was editor of BackTrack from 1989 to 1994, in succession to the magazine's founder, Nigel Trevena, of Atlantic Transport Publishers. <mask> set up Pendragon Publishing in 1991 as a separate entity within Atlantic and retained it when he split with them in 1995. In partnership with Michael Blakemore, Pendragon bought BackTrack from Atlantic in 2003. In the year he left the RAF he started his layout Little Long Drag, which incorporated Garsdale Road and a lengthy run in a custom-built shed.Later he switched to 7 mm scale modelling, building Kendal, Kendal II and Kendal Branch the latter based on an imaginary ex-Midland Railway line in the early Grouping era (c.1928-30). Much of his railway modelling stock was sold at auction by Christie's in 2005. Publications
 Extract from LMS Society bibliography
 York University Library catalogue entries
 D Jenkinson & R J Essery (1967) Locomotive Liveries of the LMS Ian Allan
 D Jenkinson & N Campling (ed) (1969) Historic Carriage Drawings B Ian Allan
 D Jenkinson & R J Essery (1969) The LMS Coach Ian Allan
 V R Anderson, R J Essery & D Jenkinson (1971) Portrait of the LMS Peco
 D Jenkinson (1973) Rails in the Fells Peco  . Second revised edition, 1980, . 1934 births
2004 deaths
People educated at Prince Henry's Grammar School, Otley
Royal Air Force officers
People associated with the Science Museum, London
English curators
20th-century English educators
Rail transport writers
English non-fiction writers
English male non-fiction writers
Rail transport modellers
20th-century English male writers

masks:
David Jenkinson
Jenkinson
Jenkinson
David
Jenkinson


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<mask> (; born July 10, 1984) is a former German American football offensive tackle. He played college football at Houston and was drafted by the New England Patriots in the second round of the 2009 NFL Draft. Early years
Born in Kaarst, Germany, <mask> did not start playing American football until he was 14 years old. He attended Quirinus Gymnasium, a secondary school in Neuss, Germany. He played American football for the Düsseldorf Panther and helped his team to a 25–0 record and two national Junior Bowl wins. After appearing in the 2004 Global Junior Championships in San Diego, California, he was recruited by college coaches as a 250-pound tight end. College career
<mask> chose to attend the University of Houston, where he played for the Houston Cougars football team beginning in 2004.He redshirted his freshman season in 2004, and appeared in eight games as a reserve tight end in 2005. After requiring back surgery as a sophomore, <mask> switched from tight end to left tackle, where he started 25 straight games for Houston. At Houston, <mask>'s offensive line coach was Joe Gilbert, who had previously worked at the University of Toledo, where he coached another future Patriots lineman, Nick Kaczur. As a senior, he was named to the first-team All-Conference USA at left tackle. Professional career
<mask> was not invited to the NFL Combine, but did have a private workout with Patriots offensive line coach Dante Scarnecchia prior to the 2009 NFL Draft. 2009 season

<mask> was drafted by the New England Patriots in the second round (58th overall) of the 2009 NFL Draft. On July 17, he signed a four-year contract.<mask> made his official NFL debut in the Patriots' first game of the season. He made his first start at left tackle, filling in for an injured Matt Light, in the Patriots' record-setting 59–0 victory in Week 6 against the Tennessee Titans, and started the next four games. After being sidelined for two weeks with a head injury, <mask> made his sixth start of the season in Week 14 against the Carolina Panthers; <mask> lined up at both left tackle and right tackle, in place of veteran tackle Nick Kaczur, during the game. <mask> started the Patriots' next two games after Kaczur was injured, and when Kaczur returned in Week 17, he continued to start at right tackle, including the Patriots' playoff loss to the Baltimore Ravens. 2010 season
In 2010, <mask> started all 16 games of the regular season at right tackle for the Patriots. He was named to the Associated Press 2010 All-Pro Team (2nd team, thus one of the four best tackles—left or right—in the NFL), but was not voted to the 2011 Pro Bowl, as "<mask>'s anonymity kept him out of the Pro Bowl". 2011 season
<mask> injured his back in a preseason game and missed the beginning of the 2011 season.He returned in week 2 and rotated with Nate Solder at right tackle but was injured again in the win over the San Diego Chargers. <mask> returned in week 8 vs the Pittsburgh Steelers, rotating again with Solder. After another injury, he started in the Super Bowl XLVI loss to the New York Giants. 2012 season
<mask> played and started in all but one regular season game. <mask> became a free agent after the season. On March 24, 2013, <mask> signed a new, four-year deal with the Patriots worth up to $27 million, with $8.25 million guaranteed. Achieving the full amount of the contract will require that <mask> play at least 90 percent of offensive snaps in each year of the contract and, in 2015 and 2016, be active for every game of the season; his total base salary for the four years is $7.75 million.2013 season
On October 27, in a game against the Miami Dolphins, <mask> broke his right leg. On October 29, the Patriots placed <mask> on the season-ending injured reserve list. 2014 season
<mask> played and started in all but one regular season game for the Patriots. He started in Super Bowl XLIX and helped the Patriots defeat the Seahawks to earn his first Super Bowl Championship. As Markus Koch was drafted 30th overall by the Redskins in 1986 and helped Washington win Super Bowl XXII two years later, <mask> is often erroneously credited as the first German ever to be selected in an NFL draft, and further, to win a Super Bowl title. 2015 season
The Patriots won the first 10 games before injuries took their toll. With Nate Solder out for the season, <mask> was moved to the left tackle spot, then missed a game due to a concussion.2016 season
<mask> was placed on the Reserve/PUP list on August 30, 2016 after having shoulder surgery while also dealing with a hip injury. However, due to the seriousness of his injuries, he was never activated off the PUP list, and missed the entire 2016 season. On February 5, 2017, <mask>'s Patriots appeared in Super Bowl LI. In the game, the Patriots defeated the Atlanta Falcons by a score of 34–28 in overtime. On March 3, 2017, <mask> was released by the Patriots. Retirement
On May 16, 2017, <mask> announced his retirement from the NFL. At the time of his retirement announcement, he reported he had lost 75 pounds from his playing weight of 320 pounds.Post-retirement
Following his playing career, <mask> has been active as a commentator and NFL expert for German television channels ProSieben and ProSieben Maxx as part of the show ran. He is currently active as a commentator for streaming service DAZN since September 2019. His autobiography, titled German Champion: Die Geschichte meiner NFL-Karriere, was published on 8 September 2018. Books
 German Champion: Die Geschichte meiner NFL-Karriere, with Daniel Hechler (2018)
 What it takes: Talent, Training, Mindset. Wie ich es geschafft habe, in der NFL erfolgreich zu sein, with Daniel Hechler (2021)

Notes
  "Gymnasium" in Germany refers to a secondary school. References

External links

Houston Cougars bio
New England Patriots bio

1984 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Düsseldorf
German players of American football
American football offensive tackles
Houston Cougars football players
New England Patriots players
People from Neuss

masks:
Sebastian Georg Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Sebastian Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer
Vollmer


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<mask> ( ; 317 – c. 388 AD), nicknamed Euphrades,  (eloquent), was a statesman, rhetorician, and philosopher. He flourished in the reigns of Constantius II, Julian, Jovian, Valens, Gratian, and Theodosius I; and he enjoyed the favour of all those emperors, notwithstanding their many differences, and the fact that he himself was not a Christian. He was admitted to the senate by Constantius in 355, and he was prefect of Constantinople in 384 on the nomination of Theodosius. Of his many works, thirty-three orations of his have come down to us, as well as various commentaries and epitomes of the works of Aristotle. Early life
He was born in Paphlagonia and taught at Phasis. Apart from a short sojourn in Rome, he resided in Constantinople during the rest of his life. He was the son of Eugenius, who was also a distinguished philosopher, and who is more than once mentioned in the orations of Themistius.<mask> was instructed by his father in philosophy, and devoted himself chiefly to Aristotle, though he also studied Pythagoreanism and Platonism. While still a youth he wrote commentaries on Aristotle, which were made public without his consent, and obtained for him a high reputation. He passed his youth in Asia Minor and Syria. He first met with Constantius II when the emperor visited Ancyra in Galatia in the eleventh year of his reign, 347, on which occasion Themistius delivered the first of his extant orations, Peri Philanthropias. Career
It was not long after that he moved to Constantinople, where he taught philosophy for twenty years. In 355 he was made a senator; and the letter is still extant, in which Constantius recommends him to the senate, and speaks in the highest terms both of Themistius himself and of his father. We also possess the oration of thanks which Themistius addressed to the senate of Constantinople early in 356, in reply to the emperor's letter.In 357 he recited in the senate of Constantinople two orations in honour of Constantius, which were intended to have been delivered before the emperor himself, who was then at Rome. As a reward, Constantius conferred upon him the honour of a bronze statue; and, in 361, he was appointed to the praetorian rank by a decree still extant. In 358–359, Themistius may have served as proconsul of Constantinople in 358; he was the last to hold that office, before the position was elevated to the status of  urban prefect. Constantius died in 361; but Themistius, as a philosopher and non-Christian, naturally retained the favour of Julian, who spoke of him as the worthy senator of the whole world, and as the first philosopher of his age. The Suda states that Julian made Themistius prefect of Constantinople; but this is disproved by the speech delivered by Themistius, when he was really appointed to that office under Theodosius. Shortly before the death of Julian in 363, Themistius delivered an oration in honour of him, which is no longer extant, but which is referred to at some length by Libanius, in a letter to Themistius. In 364 he went, as one of the deputies from the senate, to meet Jovian at Dadastana, on the border of Galatia and Bithynia, and to confer the consulate upon him; and on this occasion he delivered an oration, which he afterwards repeated at Constantinople, in which he claims full liberty of conscience to practice any religion.In the same year he delivered an oration at Constantinople, in honour of the accession of Valentinian I and Valens, in the presence of the latter. His next oration is addressed to Valens, congratulating him on his victory over Procopius in June 366, and interceding for some of the rebels; it was delivered in 367. In the next year he accompanied Valens to the Danube in the second campaign of the Gothic war, and delivered before the emperor, at Marcianopolis, a congratulatory oration upon his Quinquennalia, 368. His next orations are to the young Valentinian II upon his consulship, 369, and to the senate of Constantinople, in the presence of Valens, in honour of the peace granted to the Goths, 370. On March 28, 373, he addressed to Valens, who was then in Syria, a congratulatory address upon the emperor's entrance on the tenth year of his reign. It was also while Valens was in Syria, that Themistius addressed to him an oration by which he persuaded him to cease from his persecution of the Catholic party. In addition to these orations, which prove that the orator was in high favour with the emperor, we have the testimony of Themistius himself to his influence with Valens.In 377 we find him at Rome, where he appears to have gone on an embassy to Gratian, to whom he there delivered his oration entitled Erotikos. On the association of Theodosius I in the empire by Gratian, at Sirmium, in 379, Themistius delivered an elegant oration, congratulating the new emperor on his elevation. Of his remaining orations some are public and some private; but few of them demand special notice as connected with the events of his life. In 384, (about the first of September), he was made prefect of Constantinople, an office which had been offered to him, but declined, several times before. He only held the prefecture a few months, as we learn from an oration delivered after he had laid down the office, in which he mentions, as he had done even six years earlier, and more than once in the interval, his old age and ill-health. From the thirty-fourth oration we also learn that he had previously held the offices of princeps senatus and praefectus annonae, besides his embassy to Rome; in another oration he mentions ten embassies on which he had been sent before his prefecture; and in another, composed probably about 387, he says that he has been engaged for nearly forty years in public business and in embassies. So great was the confidence placed in him by Theodosius, that, though <mask> was not a Christian, the emperor, when departing for the West to oppose Magnus Maximus, entrusted his son Arcadius to the tutorship of the philosopher, 387–388.Nothing is known about Themistius after this time; and he may have died around 388. Besides the emperors, he numbered among his friends the chief orators and philosophers of the age, Christian and non-Christian. Not only Libanius, but Gregory of Nazianzus also was his friend and correspondent, and the latter, in an epistle still extant, calls him the "king of arguments." Work

The orations of Themistius, extant in the time of Photius (9th century), were thirty-six in number. Of these, thirty-three have come down to us in Greek. Two of them, however, (Orations 23 and 33, and perhaps Oration 28) are not fully preserved, and one (Oration 25) is a brief statement, not a full oration. Modern editions of the Orations have thirty-four pieces, because a Latin address to Valens has been included as Oration 12.It is now believed though that this Latin address is a 16th-century creation. The final oration (Oration 34) was discovered as recently as 1816 by Angelo Mai in the Ambrosian Library at Milan. There are, in addition, a few other fragments which may come from lost Orations, as well as an additional work which survives in Syriac and another preserved in Arabic. The philosophical works of <mask> must have been very voluminous; for Photius tells us that he wrote commentaries on all the books of Aristotle, besides useful abstracts of the Posterior Analytics, the books On the Soul, and the Physics, and that there were works of his on Plato; "and, in a word, he is a lover and eager student of philosophy." The Suda mentions his epitome of the Physics of Aristotle, in eight books; of the Prior Analytics, in two books; of the Posterior Analytics, in two books; of the treatise On the Soul, in seven books; and of the Categories in one book. The epitomes which survive are:
On the Posterior Analytics
On the Physics
On Aristotle's On the Soul
On Aristotle's On the Heavens, in a Hebrew translation only
On the Metaphysics 12, in a Hebrew translation only

In addition to these works, two surviving anonymous paraphrases were mistakenly attributed to him in the Byzantine era, and are now assigned to a Pseudo-Themistius:
On the Prior Analytics
On the Parva naturalia

His paraphrases of Aristotle's Posterior Analytics, Physics and On the Soul are valuable; but the orations in which he panegyrizes successive emperors, comparing them to Plato's true philosopher, and even to the idea itself, are intended to flatter. Boëthius describes him as,  (or ) .In philosophy <mask> was an eclectic. He held that Plato and Aristotle were in substantial agreement, that God has made men free to adopt the mode of worship they prefer, and that Christianity and Hellenism were merely two forms of the one universal religion. Works
 W. Dindorf edition of the orations (Leipzig, 1832): Themistii Orationes, ex codice Mediolanensi emendatae, a Guilielmo Dindorfio, Lipsiae: C. Cnobloch 1832. Themistii paraphrases Aristotelis librorum quae supersunt, ed. Leonhard von Spengel (Leipzig, 1866), Teubner series (reprinted 1998)

Translations
Commentaire sur le traité de l'Âme d'Aristote, traduction de Guillaume de Moerbeke (Latin). Louvain, 1957
Themistius on Aristotle On the Soul, trans. Robert B. Todd.London and Ithaca, 1996 (Ancient Commentators on Aristotle)
Themistius on Aristotle Physics 1-3, trans. Robert B. Todd. London and Ithaca, 2011 (Ancient Commentators on Aristotle)
Themistius on Aristotle's Physics 4, trans. Robert B. Todd. London and Ithaca, 2003 (Ancient Commentators on Aristotle)
Themistius on Aristotle Physics 5-8, trans. Robert B. Todd. London, 2008 (Ancient Commentators on Aristotle)
The Private Orations of Themistius, trans.R. Penella. Berkeley, 2000

Notes

References

Further reading

 Heather, Peter & Moncur, David, trans. (2001) Politics, Philosophy, and Empire in the Fourth Century: selected orations of Themistius, with an introduction. Liverpool U. P.
 Swain, Simon. (2014) Themistius, Julian, and Greek Political Theory under Rome: Texts, Translations, and Studies of Four Key Works, Cambridge University Press

317 births
380s deaths
4th-century Byzantine writers
4th-century philosophers
4th-century Romans
Deist philosophers
Commentators on Aristotle
Correspondents of Libanius
Late-Roman-era pagans
Roman-era Peripatetic philosophers
Roman-era philosophers
Urban prefects of Constantinople

masks: Themistius Themistius Themistius Themistius Themistius


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<mask>Chuck<mask>. (born 1943) is an American author of books of poetry, essay, short story, and novels who was born in Minneapolis but has lived most of his life in Texas. He teaches creative writing at Texas A&M and operates small press Slough Press, publishing since 1973. His contribution to building the literature scene on the Third Coast in Austin, Texas, includes activities as both a writer and publisher. He published leading poets, fiction and non-fiction writers whose books received numerous awards and were later published by larger presses. His titles, such as the poetry collection What do You Want, Blood? received the 1988 Austin Book Award and regional critical acclaim. He is one of the legendary figures of the Austin–San Antonio–Dallas triangle culture that nurtured the eccentric, free-spirited independence of Texan bohemia and cross-cultural innovative creativity, especially in the literary arts.<mask>'s novel, Drifter's Story, and his poetry book, Ordinary Life, explore the lives of the working poor. He has taught in the NEA Poets-in-the-Schools Program and was CETA Poet-in-Residence for the City of Salt Lake. Along with Pat Littledog, <mask> co-operated Paperbacks Plus Books in Austin, Texas, from 1980 to 1988. The store became an important literary center for the Southwest sponsoring literary readings and plays as well as serving as a home for Slough Press. Business owners John and Marquetta Tilton of Dallas opened several store locations run by famous Texas poets and writers who had not yet achieved widespread notoriety: poet Dr. Ricardo Sánchez in San Antonio and Dr. Hedwig Gorski's infamous Voltaire's Basement bookstore in downtown Austin. All branches of Paperbacks Plus allowed serious poets to live with their families on the store premises while providing a small income managing or selling at the location. Each became a hub of literary and performance activities across generations and styles nurturing the offbeat talents and lifestyles Central Texas is known for.These activities, venues, and people set the stage during the late 1970s and 80s for Austin Poetry Slam scenes. Communalism

Among the many themes, <mask> uses expressing a hippie principle of communalism in both poetry and prose is the conflict between the ideal and the actual. His influences include Henry David Thoreau and hedonism. His search for spirituality includes reading Barth and Tillich and practicing chanting and meditation, plus explorations with a channeling group and a Wiccan group. Professor

<mask> has been the Coordinator of Creative Writing in the English Department of Texas A&M University at College Station and taught literature and creative writing there for 21 years. He specializes in creative writing (poetry, fiction, and creative nonfiction), composition and technical writing for international students, Renaissance Literature, Shakespeare, American Literature, Introduction to Film, bibliography, literature of the Beat Movement, American nature writing. <mask> has taught a variety of classes, including creative writing of both prose and poetry, technical writing, nature writing, and honors courses on topics such as the influence of Surrealism on American and English literature, and Mexican-American poetry and fiction.One of his students who writes under the name Sophie Jordan is currently on The New York Times Best Seller list. Education

He received his BA (major in English) from Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois. He received his MA in English from the University of Iowa in Iowa City, Iowa. He received his PhD in English from Northern Illinois University in DeKalb, Illinois. Publications

Poetry titles
 The Breaking that Brings Us Anew (Folder Press, New York, 1978). Selected Poems (Goethe's Notes, Maryland, 1978). Always Clear and Simple (Aileron, Austin, 1981).Ordinary Life (Cedar Rock, New Braunfels, 1984). What Do You Want, Blood? (Austin Book Award, 1986)
 Amerryka! (Ruddy Duck, 1984). Drinking in a Dry County (Maelstrom, Portland, Maine, 1985). I am Delighted that You are Here (Fat Tuesday, Grantville, 1995). Flying (A Primer), Tsunami, 2004
 Rips (Unicorn Press, 2005)
 Heterosexual: A Love Story (Panther Creek, 2006)
 Like Li-Po Laughing at the Lonely Moon (Pecan Grove Press, 2008)

Memoir
 Saving Sebastian (2010)

Fiction titles
 Somebody to Love (Flatland, 1991
 Fogg in High School (PublishAmerica, 2007)

Essay titles
 Only a Poet (Cedar Rock Press, 1984).Poet in Jail (Pygmy Forest, Albion, Ca. 1997)

Anthologies (poetry, fiction, and essays)
 A Long Line of Joy, edited by W.J. Robinson (Long Beach), contains poetry and an essay by <mask>. Travois (Thorps Springs Press, Houston Contemporary Arts Museum, 1976). The Texas Anthology, edited by Paul Ruffin (Sam Houston State University Literary Review, 1979). Texas Poetry (Browder Springs, 1995). Mondo James Dean (St. Martins, 1996).Texas Short Stories (Browder Springs, 1997). Suddenly (Martin House, 1998). Texas Short Stories II (Browder Springs, 2000). Journal articles
 "Where is the Last Picture Show?," Journal of the American Studies Association of Texas, V(1974), 35–40. "Diane Wakowski's Greed, or One Bourgeois Poet to Another," Big Boulevard, III, 12–16. "The Oral-Reading Approach to Sophomore English," Arizona English Bulletin, 1977. "Why Johnny Can't Read and What You Can Do," Army Times, March 1978."To Videotape or Not to Videotape," Audiovisual Instruction, 22, I, 33–40. "Writing about Writing at La Tuna Federal Prison," Southwest Art Forum, September 1977. "In the Jail House Now," Austin Challenger, 1986. "The Workshop Way to Learning: Linking Aesthetic Experience to Creativity and Beginning Performance in the Classroom," Naomi Katsura (Mie University) and Dr. <mask> (Texas A&M University), republished in the 2008 Mie University Journal of Research, (2008) 71–79 from The Proceedings in the 6th Annual Meeting of Hawaii International Conference on the Arts and Humanities, 2008. 1.11
 "Sandra Cisneros, Outlaw Poet," Voices, Volume III (2008), 26–30. "The Forgotten Poetry of Sandra Cisneros," Journal of Texas Women Writers, I, I (2009)

Short stories (not published in books or anthologies)
 "Dreams Moving Through the World," The Washington Review, 3, i (1977), 15–17. "A Case of Biological Superiority," The Mill, 3 (1977), 34–36."My Lover's Husband," Street Bagel, 14, 1–5. "Paranoia Strikes Deep," The Volcano Review, 6, 45–60. "To the Monastery," Bogg, 46, 15–18. "Last Scholar,” Cellar Door, II, 5–7. "Guatemala Water on the Brain,” Maelstrom Review, 6, 7-ll. "The Story of Linda,” American Fiction Review, 1979. "Question, Son,” Tex!(Today Foundation, 1998), 12–13. "Now You Know, Now You Know How It Is," short story published in the Concho River Review, XXII, 1 (Spring 2008),

Poetry
Poetry published in over 150 journals, including The Texas Quarterly, The Literary Review, Louisiana Review, Rocky Mountain Review, The Antigonish Review, Writ, and Ball State University Forum. Notes and references

Living people
American male poets
People from Texas
Outlaw poets
1943 births

masks:
Charles "
" Taylor Jr
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Chuck Taylor
Chuck Taylor


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<mask> (; April 30, 1914 – August 16, 2008) was a Brazilian singer, songwriter, actor, and painter active for more than 70 years beginning in 1933. He contributed to the birth of Brazil's bossa nova movement, and several of his samba pieces, such as "Samba da Minha Terra", "Doralice" and "Saudade da Bahia", have become staples of música popular brasileira. Equally notable are his ballads celebrating the fishermen and women of Bahia, including "Promessa de Pescador", "O Que É Que a Baiana Tem? ", and "Milagre". <mask> composed about 100 songs in his lifetime, and many of his works are now considered to be Brazilian classics. Both Brazilian and non-Brazilian musicians have covered his songs. Ben Ratliff of The New York Times wrote that Caymmi was "perhaps second only to Antônio Carlos Jobim in 'establishing a songbook of [the 20th] century's Brazilian identity.'"Throughout his career, his music about the people and culture of Bahia influenced Brazil's image in the eyes of both Brazilians and foreigners. Caymmi was married to Brazilian singer Stella Maris for 68 years, and the couple's children, Dori, Danilo, and Nana, are also prominent musicians. Each debuted professionally by accompanying Caymmi onstage and in recordings. In 2014, Caymmi's granddaughter Alice also began a musical career. Early life
Caymmi was born in Salvador, Bahia, to Durval Henrique <mask>, the great-grandson of an Italian immigrant, and Aurelina Soares <mask>, a native Bahian. He had two younger sisters, Dinahir and Dinah, and a younger brother, Deraldo. His father, a civil servant, often played the piano, guitar, and mandolin at home, and his mother, a housewife, sang regularly.He participated in his church's choir for much of his childhood. At age 13, he left school to work as a journalist at Bahian newspaper O Imparcial. When O Imparcial went out of business two years later, he took up work as a street vendor. Although he never formally studied music, Caymmi taught himself to play guitar in the late 1920s and began to compose, sing, and play his own songs on Bahian radio programs around 1930. He first achieved widespread recognition in 1933, when he composed the song "O Que É Que a Baiana Tem?" ("What Is It About Bahian Women?") for singer Carmen Miranda.In 1936, at age 22, he won a songwriting contest at Salvador's annual Carnaval celebration. His prize was a pink satin lampshade. Despite his early musical success, he moved to Rio de Janeiro in 1938 with intentions to pursue a law degree and to return to working as a journalist. While employed there by the newspaper Diários Associados, he spent his spare time composing and singing songs on the radio show Dragão da Rua Larga. His popularity began to grow with the show's audience. Career

Overview

Many of Caymmi's lyrics pay homage to the lifestyle, beaches, fishermen, and women of his native Bahia. He drew much of his inspiration from music indigenous to northeastern Brazil, especially Afro-Brazilian music and samba.He recorded for more than five decades and released about 20 albums, sometimes singing and playing guitar as a soloist and at other times accompanied by bands and orchestras. Although active for the better part of the 20th century, Caymmi wrote only about 100 songs. Despite having a relatively small body of work, Caymmi held a reputation for composing songs of exceptional quality. He occasionally collaborated with Jobim, who called him a "universal genius" and Brazil's greatest composer. Many contemporary Brazilian artists, including Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil and Beth Carvalho cite Caymmi as a significant influence on their music. Chronology

"O Que É Que a Baiana Tem?" gained even more fame in Brazil when Miranda performed it in the 1939 film Banana da Terra, and it was this song that garnered her international attention and helped launch her career.After this success, Caymmi began to focus more on making music, and he wrote songs that appeared in other Brazilian films. In late 1939, he signed with Odeon Records and recorded his first three singles, "Rainha do Mar/Promessa de Pescador" ("Queen of the Sea/Promise of the Fisherman"), "Roda Pião" ("Spinning Wheel"), and "O Que É Que a Baiana Tem?/A Preta do Acarajé" ("What Is It About Bahian Women?/The Black Beauty Who Sells Acarajé"). He came to more attention in the early 1940s when he performed as a regular on the Brazilian radio network Rádio Nacional. He recorded "Samba da Minha Terra" ("Samba of My Homeland") in 1940 and "A Jangada Voltou Só" ("The Raft Returned Alone") in the following year. In 1944, he performed his own "Acontece Que Eu Sou Baiano" ("It Just So Happens That I'm Bahian") in the movie Abacaxi Azul (Blue Pineapple). In the late 1940s, he was a member of the samba-canção movement largely founded by his sometime creative rival, composer Ary Barroso. Other prominent Brazilian musicians of the day covered several of his songs, including Dick Farney, who famously recorded Caymmi's "Marina" (1944) in 1947.In 1957 Caymmi wrote "Suíte do Pescador", which appeared in the film The Sandpit Generals. In the 1950s and 1960s, Jobim, João Gilberto, and others who contributed to the birth of the bossa nova style collaborated with Caymmi and often referenced his work when composing their own pieces. During this era, Gilberto covered several of Caymmi's songs, including "Rosa Morena" ("Dark-skinned Rose") and "Saudade da Bahia" ("Longing for Bahia"). Jobim was particularly enamored of Caymmi's music, and the two grew to be close friends. American lyricist Ray Gilbert translated Caymmi's "Das Rosas" into English in 1965, and it was released in the United States as "...and Roses and Roses". The song was recorded by Brazilian vocalist Astrud Gilberto and by American singers Andy Williams and Perry Como. Williams's version became a hit, and as a result, Caymmi was invited to spend four months in Los Angeles, where he performed, filmed a television show, and recorded an LP record.Collaboration with Jorge Amado

<mask> was a lifelong friend of Bahian author Jorge Amado, and in 1945, he set one of Amado's politically driven poems to music to aid the senatorial campaign of Luís Carlos Prestes. In the late 1970s, Caymmi again took inspiration from Amado when he composed "Modinha para a Gabriela" ("A Little Song for Gabriela"), a musical adaptation of Amado's novel Gabriela, Cravo e Canela (Gabriela, Cloves and Cinnamon). Perhaps the best known product of Caymmi and Amado's collaboration is the song "É Doce Morrer no Mar" ("It's Sweet to Die in the Sea"), which the two wrote over dinner one night at Amado's home. Other songs they co-wrote include "Beijos pela Noite" ("Kisses Through the Night"), "Modinha para Teresa Batista" ("A Little Song for Teresa Batista"), "Retirantes" ("Migrants"), and "Essa Nega Fulô" ("This Feisty Dark Lady"). Awards and honors
In 1968, to thank Caymmi for bringing international attention to Brazilian music and culture, the governor of Bahia presented Caymmi with a house in Salvador, and so he returned to live in his hometown for a short period of time. In 1972, Caymmi was awarded the Order of Merit of the State of Bahia, an order given to Bahian residents for excellent service to the state. In Caymmi's case, the service was bringing pride and honor to Bahian people through the widespread dissemination of his music about life there.On Caymmi's 70th birthday, in 1984, French Minister of Culture Jack Lang presented him with the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, a French order that recognizes significant contributors to the fields of art and literature, in Paris. The following year, a new street named Avenida Dorival Caymmi (Dorival Caymmi Avenue) opened in Salvador. In 1986, Rio de Janeiro's famed Mangueira samba school based its Carnaval performance on Caymmi's life and work, and the school won the annual parade-style samba competition. In 2015, his tribute album Centenário Caymmi (Caymmi Centennial) was nominated for Best MPB Album at the 16th Annual Latin Grammy Awards. Personal life

Although Caymmi earned his fame through music, he was also known to a lesser degree for his paintings. From 1943 to 1945, he regularly attended a drawing and painting class at the Escola de Belas Artes, a fine arts school in Rio de Janeiro. Even after discontinuing his formal study, he painted for the rest of his life.He practiced Candomblé, an Afro-Brazilian religion characterized by belief in spirit-gods and ritualistic practices involving mediumship. Candomblé was his father's religion, and Caymmi gradually involved himself more with it as an adult, when his friends invited him to accompany them to religious ceremonies and parties. Caymmi was also a naturist, and when he was in Bahia, he liked to bathe nude in the Lagoa do Abaeté (Abaeté Lagoon) with a group of friends. He stated to the newspaper Valor Econômico: "We rolled around in palm leaves and slipped through the mountains of sand. Some people didn't like this, but most understood that we weren't naked for unclean reasons." Marriage

While working at Rádio Nacional in 1939, he met Brazilian vocalist Adelaide Tostes, who is better known by her stage name Stella Maris, and the two married in 1940. Tostes responded to a 1994 press query about Caymmi's habit of frequenting bars with a short story: "One night I went to look for him in a bar ...He was surrounded by women. I went in and slammed a table. A glass broke. The bouncer came, and I punched <mask>'s face. Then I left cussing. I thought he was involved with drugs, but it wasn't the case. He was with the tramps."Despite such incidents, however, they remained together for 68 years, until his death in 2008. The couple had three children, Nana, Dori, and Danilo, all of whom followed their father into musical careers. Politics
Although Caymmi rarely incorporated political messages into his music, he often spoke bitterly about the government's corruption. Jorge Amado, his close friend, was sent into exile for several years after he publicly criticized the country's rulers during the period of military dictatorship. In 1994, Caymmi said, "I have concluded that to act as a citizen in Brazil today is to live a joke. It's the same as playing the lotto, dreaming about nonsense, trying to get rich when you are 80." Death
<mask> <mask> died at age 94 of kidney cancer and multiple organ failure on August 16, 2008, at his home in Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro.His granddaughter, Stella, who wrote a biography about him in 2001, said, "He did not know that he had cancer, and he did not want to know. He did not ask much about this. He was first hospitalized in 1999. My grandfather went through with treatment, but he did not want to know anything about the illness. He acted with serenity every day, and because of that, we respected this wish." Reception and legacy

Brazilian singer and composer Carlos Lyra praised Caymmi's style for its "suave and romantic colloquialism". In a 1994 anthology of Caymmi's work, Antônio Carlos Jobim wrote in the introduction, "Dorival is a universal genius.He picked up the guitar and orchestrated the world." In 2001, New York Times journalist Ben Ratliff wrote that Caymmi was "perhaps second only to Antônio Carlos Jobim in 'establishing a songbook of this century's Brazilian identity.'" On the day of Caymmi's death in 2008, Brazilian composer and musician Tom Zé said, "It's difficult to comprehend just how valuable a CD of Caymmi's beach songs from the 1940s is." Also around the time of Caymmi's death, President of Brazil Luis Inácio Lula da Silva called him "one of the founders of Brazilian popular music". Several of Caymmi's contemporaries, including Gal Costa and Olivia Hime, have recorded tributes to him. Discography

Albums
Prior to 1988, all of Caymmi's albums were released as LP records. His last four albums were released as CDs.Singles
All of Caymmi's singles were released as 78 rpm gramophone records. Tributes

References

External links

 Caymmi's obituary in The New York Times

1914 births
2008 deaths
Bossa nova singers
Brazilian people of Italian descent
Deaths from kidney cancer
Deaths from multiple organ failure
People from Salvador, Bahia
Dorival
Samba musicians
Brazilian Candomblés
Deaths from cancer in Rio de Janeiro (state)
20th-century Brazilian painters
20th-century Brazilian male singers
Male jazz musicians

masks:
Dorival Caymmi
Caymmi
Caymmi
Caymmi
Caymmi
Caymmi
Dorival
Caymmi


text_chunks:
<mask> (12 December 1949 – 26 February 2000) was an Austrian domestic terrorist. Between 1993 and 1997, Fuchs killed four people and injured 15, some of them seriously, using three improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and 24 mail bombs sent in five waves. Criminal psychologists characterized him as a highly intelligent but socially inept loner. His intended targets were people he considered to be foreigners, or organizations and individuals "friendly to foreigners". Mail bombs and IEDs
In December 1993 he started his first wave of mailbombs. Early victims were the priest August Janisch (because of his help for refugees), Silvana Meixner (ORF journalist for minorities), and the Mayor of Vienna, Helmut Zilk, who lost a large part of his left hand in the explosion. Other mailbombs which were discovered and neutralized were targeted at Helmut Schüller (humanitarian organisation Caritas), the Green politicians Madeleine Petrovic and Terezija Stoisits, Wolfgang Gombocz and Minister Johanna Dohnal.While attempting to disarm an improvised explosive device found at a bilingual school in Carinthia, police officer Theo Kelz lost both his hands on 24 August 1994. (Kelz subsequently became the first Austrian to receive a double hand transplant, and made an impressive recovery.) <mask> claimed responsibility for his attacks in a letter to the foreign minister of Slovenia in September 1994, in the name of the "Salzburger Eidgenossenschaft – Bajuwarische Befreiungsarmee" (Bavarian Liberation Army). In a number of subsequent letters, he tried to give the impression of a larger organisation with different units. However, from the second wave of mailbombs in October 1994 not a single one went off. Oberwart attack on Roma
On 5 February 1995, four Romani were killed in Oberwart with a pipe bomb improvised explosive device which was attached to a sign that read "Roma zurück nach Indien" ("Romani back to India"). It was the worst racial terror attack in post-war Austria, and was <mask>'s first fatal attack.The bomb was set to explode at chest-height when someone touched the placard with the message. The next day in nearby Stinatz, mainly populated by Austrians of Croatian descent, a bomb with a pamphlet "Go back to Dalmatia" wounded a garbage worker. Between June 1995 and December 1995 he sent three more waves of mailbombs. Wave number three was targeted at TV host Arabella Kiesbauer, Dietrich Szameit (vice-mayor of Lübeck) and a dating agency. Kiesbauer and Szameit did not open their letters themselves and were not hurt. Wave number four was targeted at two medics and a refugee aid worker, Maria Loley. One medic from Syria and Maria Loley were injured; the other mailbomb, targeted at a South Korean medic was discovered and neutralized.Two mailbombs of wave number five detonated early in mailboxes, the remaining two were discovered and neutralized. This was the last incident before <mask> was arrested. Arrest, trial and death

At this stage <mask> had become highly paranoid. On 1 October 1997 near his residence in Gralla, he followed two women in a car who he believed were observing him. When police attempted to question him on what they believed was a routine case of stalking, he produced another IED which he had kept in his car, and detonated it in his hands in front of the policemen. His suicide attempt failed, but he lost both hands, and also injured a nearby police officer. <mask> was arrested without giving further resistance and, after a trial which many in Austria felt had fallen short of making all attempts to uncover deep details, was sentenced to life in prison on 10 March 1999.Through his unruly behavior during the trial, <mask> had repeatedly forced his removal from court proceedings. On 26 February 2000, <mask> was found hanged with the cable of his electric razor in his prison cell at Graz-Karlau Prison. The prison physician determined it to be a suicide. Unresolved questions
Although the case was officially closed after <mask> had been sentenced, and although the "Bavarian Liberation Army" was determined to never have existed as a terrorist organization in the meaning of the term, doubts remained whether <mask> had actually committed his actions without any support or tacit knowledge from sympathizers. A thorough search of the two rooms in his parents' house where <mask> had lived revealed more IEDs but no traces of the equipment which he would have needed to produce and handle the unstable explosives (including mercury fulminate and nitroglycerol) contained in his IEDs. Most of <mask>' "confession letters" exhibited an aptitude at verbal expression for which he was not known. Some had referred to internal affairs in police procedures that were not accessible to the general public.Even more doubts remain concerning <mask>' death. How exactly a man without hands (<mask> consistently refused having his advanced prosthetic arms fitted to him) and under almost constant video surveillance could accomplish the manipulations required to convert an electric cable into a noose sufficiently robust for successful self-hanging was never properly explained. Media
In 2007, the criminal case was portrayed in the docudrama <mask> – Ein Patriot, the role of <mask> was played by Austrian Karl Markovics. In the computer games Hitman: Codename 47 and Hitman: Contracts, the character Frantz <mask> appears to be based on <mask>. Frantz is an Austrian terrorist, who served in Hitlerjugend as a youngster, and is planning to blow up a hotel at which a U.N peace summit is being held. References

1949 births
1995 crimes in Austria
2000 suicides
Anti-black racism in Europe
Anti-Croat sentiment
Anti-South Korean sentiment
Antiziganism in Europe
Anti-Arabism in Europe
Austrian amputees
Austrian mass murderers
Austrian neo-Nazis
Austrian people convicted of murder
Austrian people who died in prison custody
Austrian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Bombers (people)
February 1995 events in Europe
Hate crimes
Mass murder in 1995
People convicted of murder by Austria
People from Leibnitz District
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Austria
Prisoners who died in Austrian detention
Racism in Austria
Suicides by hanging in Austria
Terrorist incidents in Europe in 1995
Terrorist incidents in Austria
Xenophobia in Europe
1990s murders in Austria
2000 deaths

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