text_chunks:
<mask>, CSC (born March 3, 1947) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who has served as Bishop of the Diocese of Peoria in Illinois since 2002. He previously served as an auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Fort Wayne-South Bend in Indiana from 1997 to 2002. In 2012, Jenky generated controversy with his comparisons of President Barack Obama and other Democratic Party politicians to Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin. Biography

Early life and education
<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois, and attended St. Laurence High School, under the direction of the Irish Christian Brothers. He entered the University of Notre Dame in 1965, and the novitiate of the Congregation of Holy Cross at Bennington, Vermont in 1966. In 1970, <mask> obtained a Bachelor of History degree from Notre Dame. In 1973, Jenky made his profession as member of the Congregation of Holy Cross, the same year in which he earned his Master of Theology degree and received his diaconate.Ordination and ministry
<mask> was ordained to the priesthood on April 6, 1974. He then taught social studies and religion at Bourgade Catholic High School in Phoenix, Arizona. In 1975, <mask> returned to Notre Dame and became the rector of Dillon Hall, the director of campus ministry, and the rector of Sacred Heart Church, teaching courses as well. In 1985, <mask> became superior of the Holy Cross priests and brothers at Notre Dame. Auxiliary Bishop of Fort Wayne-South Bend
On October 21, 1997, Pope John Paul II appointed <mask> as auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Fort Wayne-South Bend and titular bishop of Amantia. On December 16, 1997, he received his episcopal consecration from Bishop John M. D'Arcy, with Archbishop Agostino Cacciavillan and Archbishop Charles Schleck serving as co-consecrators. <mask> was assigned as rector of St. Matthew's Cathedral in South Bend, Indiana, and pastor of the parish.Bishop of Peoria
On February 12, 2002, John Paul II appointed <mask> as Bishop of the Diocese of Peoria. He was installed on April 10 at St. Mary's Cathedral in Peoria. Political controversy
In an April 2012 "Men's March" homily, Jenky denounced the US Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act,  Barack Obama, and members of the U.S. Senate, comparing them to early persecutors of Christians, barbarians, "wave after wave of Jihads", the "Age of Revolution", Nazis, and Communists. <mask> continued: "… the Church will survive the entrenched corruption and sheer incompetence of our Illinois state government, and even the calculated disdain of the President of the United States, his bureaucrats and HHS, and the majority in today's Federal senate. "Tom Dermody (April 15, 2012). "'Heroic Catholicism' needed in face of threats, bishop tells men", The Catholic Post. Over 90 faculty members at Notre Dame protested <mask>'s remarks in a letter to Notre Dame President John I. Jenkins and the chairman of Notre Dame's Board of Trustees.The signers asked <mask> to renounce his remarks or resign from the Notre Dame Board of Fellows. The letter described his remarks as being insensitive and as too political in tone. Local chapters of the NAACP, the ACLU, and the Anti-Defamation League also demanded a Jenky apology. Some called for the Internal Revenue Service to investigate Jenky because the diocese, as a tax-exempt, non-profit entity, is supposed to refrain from overtly political comments. Rabbi <mask> of Peoria's Anshai Emeth Congregation said that Jenky was engaging in demagoguery and using the Holocaust "as a partisan political ploy that trivializes the memory of 13 million innocents killed." In response, vicar general James E. Kruse and Notre Dame Chancellor Patricia Gibson said that Jenky was making an analogy to point out that the U.S. was starting to suffer an erosion of religious freedom and of the freedom of expression, particularly for Christians. Sex abuse
In February 2018, Jenky was sued along with the other Catholic bishops in Illinois.Two of the plaintiffs claimed sexual abuse by priests in the Diocese of Peoria during the 1970's and 1980's. Attorney Jeff Anderson accused Jenky of providing incomplete lists of priests who were considered credibly accused of sexual abuse. The Diocese denied the charges. On August 21, 2018, <mask> made these remarks regarding the grand jury report in Pennsylvania regarding sexual abuse by priests:I was truly saddened and deeply disturbed by the recent report from Pennsylvania of the sexual abuse of minors and the failures of some bishops to address of this crisis. I know that many of you share my sorrow. I stand with you. We also stand together in offering support to those who have suffered from these horrible offenses.These crimes harm the victims, weaken many people's faith, and hurt the entire Church. Archbishop Sheen cannonization
As bishop, <mask> led the canonization cause in the Catholic church of Archbishop Fulton J. Sheen, a Peoria native. However, in 2014, citing undocumented verbal agreements, <mask> announced that he would not permit the cause to progress until Sheen's remains were transferred to Peoria from St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City. After three years of litigation by the Diocese of Peoria against the Archdiocese of New York regarding Sheen's wishes, his remains were moved to Peoria in June 2019. Upon further objections from the Archdiocese of New York, Sheen's beatification was postponed indefinitely. See also

 Catholic Church hierarchy
 Catholic Church in the United States
 Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States
 List of Catholic bishops of the United States
 Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

References
Notes

External links
Office of the Bishop on the Diocese of Peoria website
Catholic-Hierarchy entry for <mask> Jenky

1947 births
Living people
Clergy from Chicago
American people of Polish descent
Roman Catholic bishops of Peoria
Roman Catholic bishops of Fort Wayne–South Bend
Congregation of Holy Cross bishops
University of Notre Dame alumni
University of Notre Dame fellows
21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States

masks:
Daniel Robert Jenky
Daniel Jenky
Jenky
Jenky
Jenky
Jenky
Jenky
Jenky
Jenky
Jenky
Jenky
Jenky
Daniel Bogard
Jenky
Jenky
Jenky
Daniel Robert


text_chunks:
<mask>, 4th Earl of <mask> (c. 1516 – 2 June 1581, aged 65) was the last of the four regents of Scotland during the minority of King <mask>. He was in some ways the most successful of the four, since he won the civil war that had been dragging on with the supporters of the exiled Mary, Queen of Scots. However, he came to an unfortunate end, executed by means of the Maiden, a predecessor of the guillotine. Biography

Early life
<mask> was the second son of Sir George Douglas of Pittendreich, Master of Angus, and Elizabeth Douglas, daughter of David Douglas of Pittendreich. He wrote that he was over 61 years old in March 1578, so was probably born around 1516. Before 1543 he married Elizabeth, daughter of <mask>, 3rd Earl of Morton. In 1553 <mask> succeeded to the title and estates of his father-in-law, including Dalkeith House in Midlothian and Aberdour Castle in Fife.Elizabeth Douglas suffered from mental illness, as did her two elder sisters, who were married to Regent Arran and Lord Maxwell. <mask> and Elizabeth's children did not survive to adulthood, except three daughters who were declared legally incompetent in 1581. <mask> also had five illegitimate children. At the start of war of the Rough Wooing, <mask> and his brother David communicated with Henry VIII of England on the possibility of their surrendering Tantallon Castle to the English army that burnt Edinburgh in 1544. However, four years later he defended Dalkeith Palace against the English and was captured in June 1548, "sore hurt on the thigh [in those times often a euphemism for the male genitalia]", and taken as a hostage to England. After the Treaty of Boulogne in 1550, <mask> was exchanged for the English soldier John Luttrell, returned from captivity in England, and began to use his title of "Earl of Morton". <mask>'s political activities and allegiances during the Scottish Reformation were at first equivocal in 1559, but in February 1560 he signed the Treaty of Berwick which invited an English army into Scotland to expel the Catholic regime of Mary of Guise.He took part in the unsuccessful embassy to England in November 1560 to treat for the marriage of Elizabeth I of England to <mask>, 3rd Earl of Arran. On their way back from London Grey de Wilton hosted the Scottish ambassadors at Berwick and gave <mask> a personal tour of the latest fortifications there. In 1563 he became Lord Chancellor of Scotland. Though his sympathies were with the reformers, he took no part in the combination of Protestant reformers in 1565, but he headed the armed force which took possession of Holyrood Palace in March 1566 to effect the assassination of David Rizzio, and the leading conspirators adjourned to <mask>'s house while a messenger was sent to obtain Queen Mary's signature to the "bond of security". The Queen, before complying with the request, escaped to Dunbar, and <mask> and the other leaders fled to England. Having been pardoned, <mask> returned to Scotland early in 1567, and with 600 men appeared before Borthwick Castle, where the Queen had taken refuge after her marriage to Bothwell. <mask> attended the remarkable stand-off at the battle of Carberry Hill in June 1567, Mary's new husband, <mask>, 4th Earl of Bothwell offered to settle the matter by single combat.When Patrick, Lord Lindsay took up the challenge, <mask> gave Lindsay the sword of his ancestor, Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus. Mary vetoed a fight, and surrendered. <mask> took an active part in obtaining the consent of the queen, while she was imprisoned at Lochleven Castle, to her abdication in July 1567. When Mary escaped from Lochleven, he led the vanguard of the army which defeated her forces at the Battle of Langside in 1568, and he was the most valued privy counsellor of the Earl of Moray during the latter's brief term of office as Regent of Scotland. Regent of Scotland
Scotland was now ruled by Regents on behalf of Mary's infant son, <mask> of Scotland, who faced a civil war. <mask>, Regent Moray, Mary's half-brother, was assassinated in Linlithgow in January 1570. <mask> was worried that Mary might escape and make her way back to Scotland, by feigning sickness during a dance and disguising herself in male apparel, or riding away in disguise with a messenger, or cutting her hair and smearing dirt on her face so she looked like a scullion who turned the spit in the kitchen.He wrote to William Cecil, and Queen Elizabeth in April 1571 wrote to the Earl of Shrewsbury at Sheffield Castle to be vigilant. Matthew Stewart, Regent Lennox died from a gunshot wound after a struggle on the streets of Stirling. On 18 November 1571, the new Regent, John Erskine, Earl of Mar, sent <mask> with Robert Pitcairn, Commendator of Dunfermline and <mask> of Nether Rankeillour to negotiate with Elizabeth's representative Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon, Governor of Berwick upon Tweed. Mar wanted English help to capture Edinburgh Castle from Sir William Kirkcaldy of Grange who held it for Mary, Queen of Scots. Regent Mar hoped that <mask> could arrange for 12 cannons, 3000 foot soldiers, and wages for the 800 Scottish foot soldiers and 200 horsemen already in the field. <mask> was instructed to offer six hostages to England from the sons of the nobility who supported <mask> VI. He also discussed returning the Earl of Northumberland to England who was a fugitive after the failed Rising of the North.A week later <mask> wrote to Hunsdon with the same request, urging an attack in winter because the Castle was vulnerable when the Nor' Loch was frozen. Hunsdon replied that Elizabeth still hoped for a peaceful settlement, but he would send an estimate of the expedition's cost to Elizabeth. <mask> received a token payment. The English rebels were handed over. The treaty for military aid was still not finalised when Mar died at Stirling in October 1572. On 24 November 1572, a month after the death of Regent Mar, <mask>, who had been the most powerful noble during Mar and Lennox's rule, at last reached the object of his ambition by being elected regent. As Regent of Scotland, <mask> expected the support of England and Elizabeth, and a week after his election, he wrote to William Cecil, Lord Burghley following his discussions with the English ambassador Henry Killigrew;The knowledge of her Majesty's meaning has chiefly moved me to accept the charge (the Regency), resting in assured hope of her favourable protection and maintenance, especially for the present payment of our men-of-war their bypast wages, "without the quhilk I salbe drevin in mony great inconvenientis."In many respects <mask> was an energetic and capable ruler. His first achievement was the conclusion of the civil war in Scotland against the supporters of the exiled Mary, Queen of Scots. In February 1573 he effected a pacification with George Gordon, 5th Earl of Huntly, the Hamiltons, and other Catholic nobles who supported Mary at Perth, with the aid of Elizabeth's envoy, Henry Killigrew. Edinburgh Castle still held out for Mary under the command of William Kirkcaldy of Grange and William Maitland of Lethington, and after a long siege the castle was taken on 27 May 1573, aided by English artillery and soldiers which finally arrived under William Drury. The ensuing execution of the leaders of the Castle garrison men put an end to the last chance of Mary's restoration by native support. In July 1573 <mask> had the king's chamber at Stirling Castle panelled, 60 new gold buttons made for his clothes, and gave him a football. He made efforts to recover jewels belonging to Mary which were held by Agnes Keith, Countess of Moray and others.While all now seemed to favour <mask>, under-currents combined to procure his fall. The Presbyterian clergy were alienated by his leaning to Episcopacy, and all parties in the divided Church disliked his seizure of its estates. Andrew Melville, who had taken over as leader of the Kirk from John Knox, was firmly against any departure from the Presbyterian model, and refused to be won by a place in <mask>'s household. <mask> rigorously pursued the collection of a third of the income from every Church benefice, a revenue that had been allocated to finance the King's household. <mask> had discretion to exempt persons and institutions from paying these thirds, and the historian George Hewitt found no striking evidence of bias in <mask>'s exemptions. In 1575 <mask> obtained six "snaphaunce" musket hand guns from Flanders to serve as patterns for long guns called "calivers". The Edinburgh gunmakers were ready to make 50 every week, they also made pistols called "dags" which equipped most of the gentlemen of Scotland.He sent a goldsmith Michael Sym to London for tools for the royal mint. Sym was also sent to buy silver plate for <mask> and have some rubies cut for him. In 1577 <mask> was granted the barony of Stobo. However, over the next few months, opposition to <mask> grew led by the Earl of Argyll and the Earl of Atholl, both leading Roman Catholics and members of the Queen's party, in league with Alexander Erskine of Gogar, governor of Stirling Castle and custodian of the young <mask>. <mask> was finally forced to resign as Regent in March 1578, but retained much of his power. He surrendered Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace, the Great Seal and the jewels and Honours of Scotland, retiring for a while to Lochleven Castle, where he busied himself in laying out gardens. On 10 March, <mask> issued a proclamation recognising that many in Scotland 'misliked' the regiment of <mask>, who had now resigned, and <mask> would now accept the burden of the administration.The King was eleven years old. Queen Elizabeth wrote to her agents in Scotland expressing her astonishment and displeasure, because, as she was convinced her influence had brought <mask> to the regency, so his forced resignation reflected badly on her. If <mask> was now to be accused of bad government, she instructed her diplomats Thomas Randolph and Robert Bowes to defend him by saying that his accusers should have first appealed to England to pressure <mask> to reform his administration. President of the Privy Council and arrest

On 27 April 1578, by the action of John Erskine (son of Regent Mar) and his brothers, the Commendators of Cambuskenneth and Dryburgh, <mask> gained possession of Stirling Castle and the person of the king, regaining his ascendancy. On 12 August 1578, the forces of his opponents faced his army at Falkirk, but a truce was negotiated by two Edinburgh ministers, <mask> and David Lindsay, and the English resident Robert Bowes. A nominal reconciliation was effected, and a parliament at Stirling introduced a new government. <mask>, who secured an indemnity, was president of the council, but Atholl remained a privy councillor in an enlarged council with the representatives of both parties.Shortly afterwards Atholl died (allegedly of poison) and suspicion pointed to <mask>. His return to power was brief, and the only important event was the prosecution of the two Hamiltons who still supported Mary. In the spring of 1579, the Scottish government's forces moved to crush the power of the Hamilton family in the west, and Claude Hamilton and his brother John Hamilton fled to England. <mask> would later deny that this was his initiative. The final fall of <mask> came from an opposite quarter. In May 1579, at St Andrews, an eccentric called Skipper Lindsay publicly declared to <mask> in the King's presence during the performance of a play that his day of judgement was at hand. In September, Esmé Stewart, Sieur d'Aubigny, the king's cousin, came to Scotland from France, gained the favour of <mask> by his courtly manners, and received the lands and earldom of Lennox, the custody of Dumbarton Castle, and the office of chamberlain.The young <mask> was declared to have reached his majority and formally began his personal rule with some ceremony in Edinburgh in September 1579, and the period of the Regents was concluded. On 31 December 1580, an associate of Lennox, <mask>, Earl of Arran, son of Lord Ochiltree and brother-in-law of John Knox, had the daring to accuse <mask> at a meeting of the council in Holyrood of complicity in the murder of Darnley, and he was at once committed to custody in Holyroodhouse and taken to Dumbarton Castle in the Lennox heartland. Some months later <mask> was condemned by an assize for having taken part in Darnley's murder, and the verdict was justified by his confession that the Earl of Bothwell had revealed to him the design, although he denied participation, "art and part", in its execution. Execution

<mask> was brought to Edinburgh on 30 May 1581 and confined in the house of Robert Gourlay on the Royal Mile around 100m from his execution site. He was executed on 2 June 1581. He was attended by <mask> of St Giles. The method of his execution was the Maiden, an early form of guillotine modelled on the Halifax gibbet.According to tradition, he brought it personally from England, having been "impressed by its clean work", but doubt has been cast on this. It was actually ordered to be made by Edinburgh's Town Council in 1564, David Hume of Godscroft appears to have initiated the <mask> legend in his History of the House of Douglas (1644). His corpse remained on the scaffold for the following day, until it was taken for burial in an unmarked grave at Greyfriars Kirkyard. His head, however, remained on "the prick on the highest stone", (a spike) on the north gable of the ancient Tolbooth of Edinburgh (outside St Giles Cathedral), for eighteen months until it was ordered to be reunited with his body in December 1582. <mask>'s final resting place is reputedly marked by a small sandstone post incised with the initials "J.E.M." for <mask> of Morton. The post is more probably a Victorian marker for a lairage.In the very unlikely event that a marker were permitted for an executed criminal, the inscribed initials would have been "J.D." and, secondly, it would have been cleared away in 1595 when all stones were removed from Greyfriars. Widow, daughters, and the <mask> title
After the execution of her husband, <mask>'s wife, Dame Elizabeth Douglas was found by an inquest to be incapable of managing her affairs, as she was "idiot and prodigal" in the language of the time. King <mask> signed a warrant to appoint a legal guardian called an "administrator and tutor" to supervise and protect her property. The title of Earl of Morton passed by charter to the son of Dame Elizabeth Douglas's sister Beatrix, John Maxwell, 8th Lord Maxwell. Maxwell had been in dispute with Regent <mask> over the title, and while the former Regent was in prison, Maxwell had made a contract with the Duke of Lennox on 29 April 1581. Lennox would work to give Maxwell rights over the <mask> earldom, and make him the legal guardian of <mask> and Dame Elizabeth's three daughters.The three sisters, like their mother would be declared incapable by a "brieve of idiotry". In 1586, however, the title was given to Archibald Douglas, 8th Earl of Angus, a nephew and legal heir of <mask>. Maxwell was still able to use the title, though it did not descend to his heirs. Regent <mask> had sons by other women including <mask> of Spott. The barony of Stobo was confiscated by the Crown and was granted to the Chancellor of Scotland, John Maitland, in 1587. Drochil Castle and other buildings

<mask> started building Drochil Castle for his own use in 1578, three years before his death. It was no more than half built and never finished.The ruins of the castle overlook Peebles and the valleys of the Tarth Water, Lyne Water, and River Tweed. At Aberdour Castle in Fife, <mask>'s lodging survives with its terrace overlooking the Firth of Forth. <mask> also extended his residence at Dalkeith Palace, but these works have long since been demolished. <mask> commissioned extensive reconstruction at Edinburgh Castle after the siege, including the Portcullis Gate where his heraldic insignia of a heart can still be seen, and the iconic half-moon battery which fronts the castle and conceals the remains of buildings destroyed in 1573. On his orders, galleries, stables, and other new buildings were constructed at Stirling Castle and Holyroodhouse, and rooms refurbished and furnished for the use of the King. During his resignation in March 1578, <mask> pointed out to the officers of the Scottish exchequer that the royal houses were "now in better case than they were at the beginning of his regiment." <mask> in fiction
<mask> is a character in Liz Lochhead's play Mary Queen of Scots Got Her Head Chopped Off.Nigel Tranter's novel Lord and Master (originally called The Master of Gray, the first part of a trilogy of that name) includes an account of <mask>'s fall from power and his execution. Notes

See also
 Casket letters

References

 Hewitt, George R., Scotland under <mask> 1572-80, John Donald, Edinburgh (1982, and reprint, 2003)
 Lee, Maurice, 'The Fall of <mask>: a problem in Satellite Diplomacy,' in Journal of Modern History, vol.28 (1956), pp. 111–129
 Sir Herbert Maxwell Bart.,FRS,LLD., A History of the House of Douglas 2 vols, Freemantle and Co., London (1902)

External links

1520s births
1581 deaths
16th-century Scottish peers
16th-century Scottish military personnel
16th-century executions by Scotland
16th-century viceregal rulers
Earls of Morton
Lord High Admirals of Scotland
Burials at Greyfriars Kirkyard
Regents of Scotland
Privy Council of Mary, Queen of Scots
Scottish soldiers
Executed Scottish people
<mask>, 4th Earl of Morton
Peers jure uxoris
Lords of the Congregation
Members of the Privy Council of Scotland
Members of the pre-1707 Parliament of Scotland
Place of birth missing
People of the Scottish Marian Civil War
People executed by the Kingdom of Scotland by decapitation
Scottish politicians convicted of crimes
Inventors killed by their own invention
Lord Chancellors of Scotland

masks:
James Douglas
Morton
James VI
James Douglas
James Douglas
James Douglas
James
James
James
James
James
James Hamilton
James
Morton
Morton
Morton
Morton
James Hepburn
Morton
Morton
James VI
James Stewart
Morton
Morton
James MacGill
Morton
Morton
James
Morton
Morton
Morton
Morton
Morton
Morton
Morton
Morton
Morton
Morton
Morton
Morton
Morton
Morton
Morton
James VI
Morton
James VI
Morton
James
Morton
Morton
Morton
Morton
James Lawson
Morton
Morton
Morton
Morton
Morton
James
James VI
James Stuart
Morton
Morton
Morton
James Lawson
Morton
Morton
James Earl
Morton
Morton
James VI
Morton
Morton
James Douglas
Regent Morton
Morton
James Douglas
James Douglas
Morton
Morton
Morton
Morton
Morton
Morton
Morton
Morton
Regent Morton
James Douglas


text_chunks:
<mask><mask> (born March 29, 1941, in Jackson, Michigan) is a veteran producer whose credits span feature film, television, and animation. <mask> is married to <mask> and lives in both Los Angeles and Badger, California. Biography
<mask> is a member of both the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, where he has been nominated for five Emmy Awards, winning one. He is a former officer and director of The Cousteau Society. He was also a founding member, as well as Vice Chairman and Board member, of the American Film Market. <mask> and his wife own Fairlea Ranch and raise World Champion American Quarter Horses. <mask> graduated from New York University with additional international economic studies at Leiden University in the Netherlands.Prior to 1990
<mask> was involved in production, distribution and as a management consultant overseeing the domestic and foreign distribution of nearly 125 motion pictures and television shows. His production credits include Short Circuit, Flight of the Navigator, 8 Million Ways to Die, The NeverEnding Story, Mighty Mouse, Homicide: Life on the Street, 9½ Weeks, UHF, and the award-winning Das Boot. 1990 to 1995
As CEO of MCEG Sterling, a publicly held motion picture production, distribution, library and consulting company, <mask> reorganized MCEG in 1990 after reaching a major compromise with GE Capital. He then consolidated a series of independent film libraries into MCEG and subsequently engineered a four way merger of MCEG Sterling with Orion Pictures, Activa Corporation, and Metromedia International to form Metromedia

1996 to 2000
<mask> was CEO of Crossroads V Communications, a leading entertainment industry consulting and management firm. During this period, as CEO of Starbound Records, a music library of over 17,000 digital masters, he reorganized the company and subsequently sold the library. Also during this time <mask> was court appointed CEO/Trustee for Riklis TV Broadcasting (KADY/KADE Television) which he sold on behalf of the creditors in 1999. 2000 to 2003
<mask> was brought into Film Roman as President and CEO to reorganize the company.<mask> successfully stopped the negative cash flow, cut back the corporate overhead, and generated new business, Tripping the Rift, Eloise, Wow Wow Wubbzy, and Motocross, while continuing to produce The Simpsons and King of the Hill and deliver them to the Fox Network on a timely basis. IDT Entertainment bought control of Film Roman in 2003. 2003 to 2006
<mask> was Chief Operating Officer of IDT Entertainment and CEO of IDTE Productions, New Arc Productions, Anchor Bay Home Entertainment, and Film Roman. Through a series of acquisitions, and startup subsidiaries, IDT Entertainment grew from $27,000 in revenues in 2003 to annualized revenues of nearly $250,000,000 in 2006. <mask> was responsible for organizing these acquisitions and subsidiaries and creating an infrastructure to give IDT Entertainment a cohesive production and distribution system for motion pictures, cable, DVD, and television. <mask> oversaw all operations of IDT Entertainment day-to-day and led team handling the due diligence, sale, and integration into Starz/Liberty Media. 2007 to 2010
<mask> served as Vice Chairman of Starz Media who purchased IDT Entertainment in 2006 for nearly $500,000,000.<mask> was responsible for integrating the newly acquired IDT companies into the Starz group of companies. <mask> also served as Vice Chairman of Image Entertainment the leading U. S. independent distributor of DVD, digital and broadcast rights with a catalog of nearly 4000 titles. <mask> was a founding Director of T&M Entertainment which successfully raised $82,000,000 publicly to acquire an entertainment company. During his years as an industry management consultant, <mask> oversaw the restructuring or reorganization of Avenue Entertainment, Filmstar, Management Company Entertainment Group, Cannon Films, Hemdale Entertainment, Reeves Entertainment, Peregrine Entertainment, Orion, AME Video, MGM, Fries Entertainment, and Riklis TV Broadcasting. Present
Most recently, <mask> executive produced The Happytime Murders, starring Melissa McCarthy, with Henson Alternative and STX Entertainment. He also executive produced Walk Among The Tombstones, based on the motion picture 8 Million Ways to Die and the Lawrence Block book series. Currently, <mask> is vice chairman of The Jim Henson Company.He is also the owner of Rehab Incorporated, which consists of Rehab Entertainment, a television and film, and intellectual rights company, as well as Rehab Consulting, an entertainment and media consulting company. <mask> and producing partner, Terissa Kelton, are currently in development on multiple projects. In feature film, the pair are executive producing Prophet, based on the Prophet (comics) created by Rob Liefeld. They are also executive producing a reimagining of Flight of the Navigator. With the Jim Henson Company, <mask> and Kelton are developing two series: Harriet the Spy, based on the best-selling children's novel by Louise Fitzhugh, and The Kissing Hand, the award-winning children's book by Audrey Penn. In 2020, after a multi-year partnership, <mask> and Kelton focused their overall vision of the company by co-founding Rehab Entertainment. In August 2020, Apple TV+ announced the animated remake of Harriet the Spy starring Beanie Feldstein and Jane Lynch with <mask> and Kelton attached as Executive Producers.Wow! <mask>bbzy!

masks:
John W
. Hyde
Hyde
Kate Morris Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Hyde
Wu


text_chunks:
<mask> (; born 5 January 1982) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer and four-time Olympic gold medalist from Croatia. In addition to the Olympics, she won five gold medals at the World Championships. In World Cup competition, she won thirty individual races, three overall titles, three slalom titles, and four combined titles. Kostelic's accomplishments in professional skiing have led some commentators, writers, and fellow ski racers to regard her as the greatest female ski racer of all time. Biography
<mask> is the only woman to win four gold medals in alpine skiing at the Winter Olympics (in 2002 and 2006), and the only woman to win three alpine skiing gold medals in one Olympics (2002). <mask> was the World Cup overall champion in 2001, 2003 and 2006. On 15 January 2006, <mask> became the third woman in World Cup history (after Swede Pernilla Wiberg and Austrian Petra Kronberger) to win World Cup races in all of the sport's five disciplines.On 5 February 2006 <mask> became the second female skier (after Petra Kronberger) to win all five disciplines in one season. In the summer of 2006, she decided to not compete in the 2007 season, due to chronic knee and back pain. She had endured ten knee surgeries and thyroid surgery during her career. Following a year away from competition, <mask> announced her retirement from racing in April 2007, at just 25 years old. Since 2016, <mask> has been the State Secretary for Science, Education and Sports in the Croatian Government. Career

Early years
Born in Zagreb, Croatia, then part of Yugoslavia, into a winter sports family, Kostelić's father Ante was also her trainer. Her older brother Ivica is a ski racer in his own right, the 2011 overall World Cup champion.She started skiing at the age of three and began training at nine years old, and quickly became successful and won several junior competitions. At the age of 16, <mask> was selected for the Croatian team for the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano. Her best result was 8th place in the combined. She competed in all five disciplines. She won her first World Cup slalom in December 1999. Kostelić then suffered knee ligament damage which kept her out of competition until late 2000. She won the World Cup overall title that 2001 season with eight further victories.2002 Winter Olympics
At the 2002 Winter Olympics she won three gold medals and a silver, the first Winter Olympic medals ever for an athlete from Croatia. No other female alpine racer has ever won four medals or three gold medals at a single Olympics. <mask> chose not to compete in the downhill and concentrated on the combined. She performed well in the downhill run and then won the gold medal after the two-run slalom. She then won a silver medal in the super-G, just behind Daniela Ceccarelli. The next race was the slalom, in which <mask> won her second gold medal, narrowly beating Laure Péquegnot. Her final victory was in the giant slalom, a substantial 1.32 seconds ahead of silver medalist Anja Pärson.Later career
<mask> won the World Cup overall title again in 2003, but missed the following season due to knee surgery in October, her fourth in ten months, and thyroid surgery in January 2004. This caused 2004 to be the only year from 1998 to 2006 that she was not recognized as "Croatian Sportswoman of the Year." After more than 18 months aways from competition, she returned to World Cup competition at Sölden and finished eighth in the giant slalom in October 2004. At the World Championships in February 2005, she won three gold medals, despite being in ill health. She won the downhill and successfully defended her world titles in slalom and combined. In the 2006 season, <mask> won the World Cup overall title for the third time, but also was in Top 5 in all 4 disciplines, including number 1 in slalom. She won her first World Cup races in giant slalom (2), super-G and downhill in 2006.At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino she won a gold medal in women's alpine combined. That was her fourth Olympic gold medal, making her the most successful female skier in the history of the Olympic Games. This record was set on 18 February 2006, only half an hour after Norway's Kjetil André Aamodt, winner of the men's super-G, became the first Alpine skier in men's competition to win four Olympic gold medals. She also became the first alpine skier to win the "Sportswoman of the Year" award at the Laureus World Sports Awards in 2006, in part for her accomplishment of winning races in each discipline during the year. Due to recurring injuries, <mask> has not competed since the conclusion of the 2006 season. As expected, she announced her retirement a year later on 19 April 2007, citing persistent pain from her injuries. World Cup
She won 3 overall World Cup titles: 2001, 2003 and 2006.In 2005 she was second overall, just three points behind winner Anja Pärson – the smallest difference between 1st and 2nd place in women's World Cup history. (In 2011, Maria Riesch beat Lindsey Vonn in the overall world cup by a margin of three points as well.) Kostelić also won the slalom season title three times, the same years that she won the overall titles. She also would have won the season trophy for the combined discipline four times (2001, 2003, 2005, 2006), but the discipline trophy for the combined was not awarded to women during her career, being added only in 2007. She won a total of 30 World Cup races, including at least one in every discipline: 20 in slalom, 6 in combined, 2 in giant slalom, 1 in super-G, and 1 in downhill. World Cup results

Season titles
6 titles – (3 overall, 3 slalom) plus 4 combined (unofficial)

Season standings

Race victories
30 wins – (1 DH, 1 SG, 2 GS, 20 SL, 6 K)

World Championship results

Olympic results

Personal life
On 1 January 2019, Kostelić gave birth to her first child. See also
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games
Ante Kostelić
List of FIS Alpine Ski World Cup women's race winners

References

External links

1982 births
Croatian female alpine skiers
Alpine skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiers of Croatia
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in alpine skiing
Olympic gold medalists for Croatia
Olympic silver medalists for Croatia
Laureus World Sports Awards winners
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup champions
21st-century Croatian people
Sportspeople from Zagreb
Living people

masks:
Janica Kostelić
Kostelić
Kostelić
Kostelić
Kostelić
Kostelić
Kostelić
Kostelić
Kostelić
Kostelić
Kostelić
Kostelić
Kostelić


text_chunks:
<mask> (1951 – December 8, 2014), commonly called "<mask>", was a mayor of London, Ontario, Canada from December 1, 1986 to December 1, 1994. He is the son of <mask>, known as "Fred", who was the mayor of London, Ontario, Canada briefly in 1972. <mask> was London City Council's deputy mayor and budget chief from 2003 to 2010. <mask> died at his home in London of cancer in 2014. Beginning years

<mask> was born in London, Ontario to Fred and <mask> with three siblings, James, William Douglas, and sister Pamela Jane. His father, <mask> was a former London police officer, alderman, and mayor and served in India and Burma with the Royal Canadian Air Force, during the Second World War. Introduction to politics

Gosnell's first exposure to municipal politics was his father's successful campaign to be alderman for Ward 6 in 1966.James Fredrick <mask> then jumped to the Board of Control in a "secret" ballot amongst council members, then ran as mayor in 1971. <mask> and his father would argue politics and later after his father's death said "we used to fight a lot about politics, we were much alike. Black was black and white was white. Unfortunately he was right 90% of the time". <mask>'s brother Bill, his former partner in Gosnell Paving Stone, reflected in 1986 that his "younger brother was a political history buff" before he entered high school. "I suppose you can say our pop had a lot to do with shaping that, At a very early age he had taste buds for history and politics. He (<mask>) gets mad when I refer to him as Joe Clark.<mask>'s always been controversial." His father died two months after <mask> was sworn in as London's mayor in 1985. Youth

In grade 13, Gosnell was a quarterback for the Laurier Rams senior football team. He reflected in 1985 that he "hated running, and preferred game situations...when I played football the only time I ran was when a 300 pound lineman was tracking me down." Upon graduation from Laurier, <mask> and <mask> played with Senior ORFU London Lords as two of the team's youngest players. "When <mask> was with the Brantford Bisons (Ontario Junior Football Conference), the Hamilton Tiger-Cats asked three or 4 of them to camp." Gosnell turned down the opportunity to try out as a tight end when he wanted to be a quarterback.Alderman
<mask> had not been short of controversy during his seven years as alderman. Marc Emery, the former owner of City Lights Book Shop, was one of the few willing to comment about the new mayor. "He was one of the worst aldermen in my experience. You couldn't get a hold of him. I had to bother and harass the guy to get him to call back," said Emery. <mask> responded that "the point is well made." As a business person and alderman often limited the public's access to him."There were times in the past, and I'm the first to admit it, where I didn't get back to people as quickly as I could. And in some cases I didn't get back to them at all because along the way the message got lost or whatever." Marc Emery laid another charge that "<mask> was elected because of his good looks and his father's name. (<mask>) has 3 years to prove that wrong." Mayoral campaign
At 34, <mask> announced on September 3, 1985 at the London City Press Club that he was running for mayor. The odds seemed against him but of the six competing for the mayor's position he had the best chance. In private his father was harboring doubts as incumbent mayor Al Gleeson was a formidable foe.Canada had just gone through a period of high interest rates and high unemployment and there was an appetite for change. <mask> was also as well known as many long-time politicians during the campaign as his father popularized the family name. Gleeson had also tried to run for a federal Liberal nomination for London East when people such as Michael Coon, a salesman to Selby Young Printing stated, "We decided that Gleeson had declared his political colours and we hadn't. We could go into this (the mayoral race) apolitically." Federally, the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada had beat the Liberal Party of Canada under John Turner in the 1984 Canadian federal election assisting any non-Liberal party at the time. The "Gosnow" campaign started using "Gos Now!" buttons and the night before the election with Gleeson still favored, hundreds of green lawn signs sprung up in clusters on every major street corner in London.Some claim it was the decisive turning point in the campaign. <mask> won by 2,847 votes. "I'm Aggressive"

<mask> reflected for the London Free Press in 1986 that his opinionated side comes from his father. During his university years when he let his hair grow long and wore peace patches on the pockets of his blue jeans, the father and son did not get along famously. In his university years Gosnell challenged authority, turning $2 parking tickets into 14-dollar summonses until one day the police arrived at his father's home on Wharncliffe Road South when Fred pulled <mask> out of bed by the ankles one morning to find out why the police were at the door. The Hamilton Tiger-Cats coach <mask> also had learned what it was like to be on the receiving end of Gosnell's temper. <mask> unleashed a verbal tirade upon learning they wanted to try him out as a tight end and not a quarterback.The explanation was "rich in locker room vernacular lest there was any ambiguity in his position." "He was so blunt about it that it was very easy to be blunt back to him." <mask> said "I realized at the time that I probably didn't have the ability to go on as a pro ball player, so it was a lot easier to do it." He then decided to run as mayor having reached his pinnacle of quarterback in semi-pro. When he became mayor and until this day he still speaks his mind and when asked what he considered his most outstanding qualification to be mayor, he responded "I'm aggressive." Mayor's vision

<mask>'s objective was to get the city on an aggressive approach to improving downtown. He had bought a rooming house and began to convert it back to a single-family dwelling.He spoke of how "we have streetscapes and facades downtown that are fantastic,  We've got to do whatever we can to preserve them. We are strong enough as a city to turn to major developers who own major blocks downtown and say we are not going to go bankrupt with or without your development, so you will never find the city in the position (where) we're going to come crawling to you. We can do very well downtown if we just restore and rebuild what we have there now. We obviously want major developers to do things downtown but we're not in a situation of a Brantford or a Chatham, where our economies are falling apart. Our economy is very strong. We can make a major improvement downtown with or without their multi-million dollar votes. We want (developers).We encourage them. We also want them to understand it's a two-way street." See also

List of mayors of London, Ontario

References

External links
Official website

Mayors of London, Ontario
2014 deaths
1951 births

masks:
Thomas Charles Gosnell
Tom
James Fredrick Gosnell
Gosnell
Gosnell
Gosnell
Evelyn Gosnell
James Fredrick Gosnell
Gosnell
Tom
Gosnell
Tom
Tom
Tom
Tom
Bill Gosnell
Tom
Gosnell
Gosnell
Gosnell
Tom
Gosnell
Gosnell
Gosnell
Gosnell
Tom
Tom Mooney
Gosnell
Gosnell
Gosnell


text_chunks:
<mask>. "Sam" <mask> (born July 29, 1951) is a former president and the eighth chief executive officer of IBM until January 2012. He also served as Chairman of the company until October 1, 2012. <mask> was appointed president and chief operating officer (COO) effective in October 2000. He was promoted to CEO in March 2002, while retaining the title of president, and named chairman effective January 1, 2003. <mask> announced on October 25, 2011, that he was stepping aside as president and CEO. He was succeeded in these positions by Ginni Rometty.As of 2009, IBM was the largest IT company in the world and 45th largest company overall. Education and personal life
Palmisano grew up in an Italian-American middle class family in Baltimore, Maryland. His father owned a body shop. As an offensive lineman at Calvert Hall College High School in Baltimore, Maryland he prepared earnestly, studying pregame scouting reports and seldom missed a blocking assignment. He was also a union musician, and once was the opening act and played backup saxophone for The Temptations. He holds a bachelor's degree in history from Johns Hopkins University where he was member of Beta Theta Pi. He also played football (center, offensive tackle, team co-captain) there, and turned down an opportunity to try out with the Oakland Raiders.He met his wife, Gaier Notman, a 1969 alumna of Miss Porter's School, at an IBM training school. Career

IBM 1973-2012

Palmisano joined IBM in 1973 as a salesman. From 1989-1990, he served a one-year stint as executive assistant to then-chairman and CEO <mask>. Akers. During that time Palmisano was seen as a rising star and he had lunch with former chairman Thomas Watson<mask>. once per month. Palmisano afterwards ran the company's Japanese office. He was appointed senior vice president and group executive of the Personal Systems Group in 1997. He was then promoted to senior vice president and group executive of IBM Global Services in 1998, during the period when IBM shifted its focus from pure technology to embrace outsourcing and other services.He became senior vice president and group executive of Enterprise Systems in 1999 when the systems group drove IBM's move to adopt the Linux operating system. Before leading IBM Global Services, Palmisano led the IBM strategic outsourcing business and before that he was president of an IBM subsidiary—Integrated Systems Solutions Corporation—which ultimately became IBM Global Services. Palmisano was elected president and chief operating officer (COO) effective in October 2000. Chief Executive Officer
Palmisano was promoted to CEO in March 2002 and named chairman effective January 1, 2003, succeeding the retiring Louis V. Gerstner, <mask>. after the Dot-com bubble bust. While his predecessor had saved the company from bankruptcy by downsizing the workforce and cutting costs and then leading IBM's resurgence with systems integration and services consulting (such as e-commerce), Palmisano's goal was to reestablish IBM as a standard-setting company. He was influenced by the Watsons, the company founders who "always defined I.B.M. as a company that did more than sell computers; they believed that it had an important role to play in solving societal challenges".Palmisano's mandate was to move into new businesses with high-profit margins and potential for innovation. This included purchasing PricewaterhouseCoopers Consulting in 2002 so that IBM could go beyond selling computers and software and help customers use technology to solve business challenges (marketing, procurement, and manufacturing). During his tenure, the company also acquired 25 software companies that specialized in data mining and analytics so that IBM could help companies and governments to find patterns in web and internal data. Palmisano also prepared the company for cloud computing, originally known inside IBM as on-demand computing, where the center of innovation would be services and software, delivered over the Internet from data centers and connecting to PCs and other devices. In 2008, despite the financial crisis and economic recession , he launched I.B.M.’s Smarter Planet initiative which applies computer intelligence to create more efficient systems for numerous applications including utility grids and traffic management. Although the services and consulting businesses, which then-CEO Gerstner had championed, provided most of IBM's revenue, software analytics had higher margins, contributed more profits and had more growth. Palmisano also led the sale of the PC group to Lenovo which closed in 2005.The move was controversial inside IBM, as it had invented the personal computer in the 1980s, and the PC was one of the company's few products widely used by the masses and created strong brand recognition for IBM. Although it fell behind rivals during the 1990s, that division helped drive sales of other I.B.M. products in corporate accounts, and its purchasing power helped lower the cost of components for larger IBM offerings like mainframes and servers. As IBM's PC group was profitable and generated around US$20 billion in yearly revenue, the divestiture resulted in IBM ceding the title of the world's largest information technology firm (by revenue) to Hewlett-Packard, the latter whose revenue had increased due to the acquisition of Compaq in 2002. However to Palmisano, moving to new high-margin businesses meant exiting low-margin businesses like PC manufacturing, plus PC manufacturing was becoming commoditized and offered few opportunities for innovation. It took five years but Palmisano was vindicated from 2010 onward as the Post-PC era of technology took hold, with smartphones and tablet computers supplanting PCs as the primary computing devices of choice. Also recognizing that drives were becoming a commodity, he sold off IBM's disk drive business to Hitachi and then signed a five-year deal to buy Hitachi drives.As CEO of IBM, Palmisano has shifted many development and support positions to emerging markets. He was elected to the board of ExxonMobil in 2006. In 2021, he was voted off the board after an ESG - based shareholder revolt led by activist hedge fund Engine 1. He is also the Honorary Chairman of National Engineers Week 2008. In November 2008, Palmisano, during a speech at the Council on Foreign Relations, outlined IBM's Smarter Planet initiative. While CEO of IBM in 2009, Palmisano earned a total compensation of $21,159,289, which included a base salary of $1,800,000, a cash bonus of $4,750,000, stocks granted of $13,517,401, no options, and other compensation of $1,091,888. In 2010 Palmisano was awarded The Deming Cup, an excellence award presented by the W. Edwards Deming Center for Quality, Productivity, and Competitiveness at Columbia Business School, for his ability to drive IBM to new levels of operational excellence and for his role in creating and leading IBM's Global Services business unit.<mask> announced on October 25, 2011, that he was stepping aside as president and CEO, being succeeded by Ginni Rometty effective on January 1, 2012. Palmisano continued to serve as Chairman of the Board until October 1, 2012. After IBM
<mask> J. Palmisano is the Chairman of the Center for Global Enterprise, a private, nonprofit, nonpartisan research institution devoted to the study of the contemporary corporation, the management science in a globally interconnected world. The CGE was established in 2013 to help educate societal stakeholders – as well as leaders from the private sector, public sector, and academia – on the globally integrated economy and its promise for a better future. In May 2013 Bloomberg LP appointed Palmisano as an independent advisor for the company's privacy and data standards. In February 2016, President Barack Obama appointed Palmisano as the Vice Chairman of a new White House cybersecurity commission tasked with helping the country better defend itself against and withstand cyber attacks, The Commission on Enhancing National Cybersecurity. References

1951 births
American chief executives of Fortune 500 companies
American computer businesspeople
Calvert Hall College High School alumni
Directors of ExxonMobil
Directors of IBM
IBM employees
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Johns Hopkins Blue Jays football players
Living people
Beta Theta Pi
Businesspeople from Baltimore
American people of Italian descent
American chief operating officers
American technology chief executives
People from Southport, Connecticut
Players of American football from Baltimore

masks:
Samuel J
Palmisano
Palmisano
Palmisano
John F
, Jr
Jr
Palmisano
Samuel


text_chunks:
<mask>IB (born 7 January 1991) is a South African middle-distance runner and winner of two Olympic gold medals and three World Championships in the women's 800 metres. She first won gold at the World Championships in 2009, and went on to win at the 2016 Olympics, and 2017 World Championships, where she also won a bronze medal in the 1500 metres. After the doping disqualification of Mariya Savinova, she was also awarded gold medals for the 2011 World Championships and the 2012 Olympics. Semenya is an intersex woman, assigned female at birth, with XY chromosomes and naturally elevated testosterone levels. Following her victory at the 2009 World Championships, she was made to undergo sex testing, and cleared to return to competition the following year. In 2019, new World Athletics rules came into force preventing women like Semenya from participating in 400m, 800m, and 1500m events in the female classification unless they take medication to suppress their testosterone levels. In 2021, she filed an appeal with the European Court of Human Rights against the restrictions.Early life and education
Semenya was born in Ga-Masehlong, a village in South Africa near Polokwane (previously called Pietersburg), and grew up in the village of Fairlie, deep in South Africa's northern Limpopo province. She has three sisters and a brother. Semenya attended Nthema Secondary School and the University of North West as a sports science student. She began running as training for association football. Career

2008
In July, Semenya participated in the 2008 World Junior Championships in the 800 m and did not qualify for the finals. She won gold at the 2008 Commonwealth Youth Games with a time of 2:04.23. 2009

In the African Junior Championships, Semenya won both the 800 m and 1500 m races with the times of 1:56.72 and 4:08.01, respectively.With that race she improved her 800 m personal best by seven seconds in less than nine months, including four seconds in that race alone. The 800 m time was the world leading time in 2009 at that date. It was also a national record and a championship record. Semenya simultaneously beat the Senior and Junior South African records held by Zelda Pretorius at 1:58.85, and Zola Budd at 2:00.90, respectively. In August, <mask> won gold in the 800 metres at the World Championships with a time of 1:55.45 in the final, again setting the fastest time of the year. In December 2009, Track and Field News voted Semenya the Number One Women's 800-metre runner of the year. Sex verification tests
Following her victory at the world championships, questions were raised about her sex.Having beaten her previous 800 m best by four seconds at the African Junior Championships just a month earlier, her quick improvements came under scrutiny. The combination of her rapid athletic progression and her appearance culminated in World Athletics (formerly called the IAAF) asking her to take a sex verification test to ascertain whether she was female. The IAAF says it was "obliged to investigate" after she made improvements of 25 seconds at 1500 m and eight seconds at 800 m – "the sort of dramatic breakthroughs that usually arouse suspicion of drug use". The sex test results were never published officially, but some results were leaked in the press and were widely discussed, resulting in at the time unverified claims about Semenya having an intersex trait. In November 2009, South Africa's sports ministry issued a statement that Semenya had reached an agreement with the IAAF to keep her medal and award. Eight months later, in July 2010, she was cleared again to compete in women's competitions. Reaction
News that the IAAF requested the test broke three hours before the 2009 World Championships 800 m final.IAAF president Lamine Diack stated, "There was a leak of confidentiality at some point and this led to some insensitive reactions." The IAAF's handling of the case spurred many negative reactions. A number of athletes, including retired sprinter Michael Johnson, criticised the organisation for its response to the incident. There was additional outcry from South Africans, alleging undertones of European racism and imperialism embedded in the gender testing. Many local media reports highlighted these frustrations and challenged the validity of the tests with the belief that through Semenya's testing, members of the Global North did not want South Africans to excel. The IAAF said it confirmed the requirement for a sex verification test after the news had already been reported in the media, denying charges of racism and expressing regret about "the allegations being made about the reasons for which these tests are being conducted". The federation also explained that the motivation for the test was not suspected cheating but a desire to determine whether she had a "rare medical condition" giving her an "unfair advantage".The president of the IAAF stated that the case could have been handled with more sensitivity. On 7 September 2009, Wilfred Daniels, Semenya's coach with Athletics South Africa (ASA), resigned because he felt that ASA "did not advise Ms. Semenya properly". He apologised for personally having failed to protect her. ASA President Leonard Chuene admitted on 19 September 2009 to having subjected Semenya to testing. He had previously lied to Semenya about the purpose of the tests and to others about having performed the tests. He ignored a request from ASA team doctor Harold Adams to withdraw Semenya from the World Championships over concerns about the need to keep her medical records confidential. Prominent South African civic leaders, commentators, politicians, and activists characterised the controversy as racist, as well as an affront to Semenya's privacy and human rights.On the recommendation of South Africa's Minister for Sport and Recreation, Makhenkesi Stofile, Semenya retained the legal firm Dewey & LeBoeuf, acting pro bono, "to make certain that her civil and legal rights and dignity as a person are fully protected". In an interview with South African magazine YOU Semenya stated, "God made me the way I am and I accept myself." Following the furore, Semenya received great support within South Africa, to the extent of being called a cause célèbre. 2010

In March 2010, Semenya was denied the opportunity to compete in the local Yellow Pages Series V Track and Field event in Stellenbosch, South Africa, because the IAAF had yet to release its findings from her sex test. On 6 July, the IAAF cleared Semenya to return to international competition. The results of the sex tests, however, were not released for privacy reasons. She returned to competition nine days later, winning two minor races in Finland.On 22 August 2010, running on the same track as her World Championship victory, Semenya started slowly but finished strongly, dipping under 2:00 for the first time since the controversy, while winning the ISTAF meet in Berlin. Not being in full form, she did not enter the World Junior Championships or the African Championships, both held in July 2010, and opted to target the Commonwealth Games to be held in October 2010. She improved her season's best to 1:58.16 at the Notturna di Milano meeting in early September and returned to South Africa to prepare for the Commonwealth Games. Eventually, she was forced to skip the games due to injury. 2011
After the controversy of the previous year, Semenya returned to action with a moderately low profile, running only 1:58.61 at the Bislett Games as her best prior to the World Championships. During the championships, she easily won her semi-final heat. In the final, she remained in the front of the pack leading into the final straightaway.While she separated from the rest of the field, Mariya Savinova followed her, then sprinted past Semenya before the finish line, leaving her to finish second. In 2017, Savinova was banned for doping and her results were disqualified, resulting in Semenya being awarded the gold medal. 2012 Olympics

Caster Semenya was chosen to carry the country's flag during the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics. She later won a silver medal in the women's 800 metres of these games, with a time of 1:57.23 seconds, her season's best. She passed six competitors in the last 150 metres, but did not pass world champion Mariya Savinova of Russia, who took gold in a time of 1:56.19, finishing 1.04 seconds before Semenya. During the BBC coverage after the race, former British hurdler Colin Jackson raised the question whether Semenya had thrown the race, as the time that had been run was well within her capability, though in fact Semenya had at that point only once in her life run faster than Savinova's winning time, when winning the 2009 World Championships. In November 2015, the World Anti-Doping Agency recommended Savinova and four other Russian athletes be given a lifetime ban for doping violations at the Olympics.On 10 February 2017, the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) officially disqualified Savinova's results backdated to July 2010. The International Olympic Committee reallocated the London 2012 medals, and <mask>'s silver was upgraded to gold. 2015 testosterone rule change
The IAAF policy on hyperandrogenism, or high natural levels of testosterone in women, that had been in place since 2011 was suspended following the case of Dutee Chand v. Athletics Federation of India (AFI) & The International Association of Athletics Federations, in the Court of Arbitration for Sport, decided in July 2015. The ruling found that there was a lack of evidence provided that testosterone increased female athletic performance and notified the IAAF that it had two years to provide the evidence. 2016
On 16 April, <mask> became the first person to win all three of the 400 m, 800 m, and 1500 m titles at the South African National Championships, setting world leading marks of 50.74 and 1:58.45 in the first two events, and a 4:10.93 in the 1500 m, all within a nearly four-hour span of each other. On 16 July, she set a new national record for 800 metres of 1:55:33. On 20 August, she won the gold medal in the women's 800 metres at the Rio Olympics with a time of 1:55.28.The win reignited controversy over the rules on permissible testosterone levels; immediately after the race Lynsey Sharp, finishing sixth, broke into tears, having previously said that "everyone can see it's two separate races", while fifth-placed Joanna Jóźwik stated "I feel like the silver medalist ... I'm glad I'm the first European, the second white", to finish the race. Bioethicist Katrina Karkazis criticised the indignant response to <mask>'s win as discriminatory. <mask> set a new personal best for the 400 m of 50.40 at the 2016 Memorial Van Damme track and field meet in Brussels. 2017
<mask> won the bronze medal in the 1500 metres at the 2017 World Championships held in London. She also won the gold medal in the women's 800m event. 2018 testosterone rule change
In April 2018, the IAAF announced new rules that required athletes who have certain disorders of sex development that cause testosterone levels above 5 nmol/L and androgen sensitivity to take medication to lower their testosterone levels in order to compete in the female classification, effective 8 May 2019.Due to the narrow scope of the changes, which applied to eight different events including the 400m, 800m, and 1500m, which Semenya regularly competes in many people thought the rule change was designed specifically to target Semenya. In June 2018, Semenya announced that she would legally challenge the IAAF rules. She claimed that such hormonal medication, which she had taken from 2010 to 2015, had made her feel "constantly sick" and caused her abdominal pain. In May 2019, the Court of Arbitration for Sport rejected her challenge, paving the way for the new rules to come into effect. During the challenge, the IAAF clarified that the regulations would only apply to those with the 46,XY karyotype. The legal case divided commentators such as Doriane Coleman, who testified for the IAAF, arguing that women's sport requires certain biological traits, from commentators such as Eric Vilain, who testified for Semenya, arguing that "sex is not defined by one particular parameter ... it's so difficult to exclude women who've always lived their entire lives as women." In July 2019, Semenya said that the ongoing issue had "destroyed" her "mentally and physically".Semenya appealed the decision to the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland, who ultimately rejected the appeal in September 2020. The court had provisionally suspended the rules while deciding whether to issue an interlocutory injunction in June, but reversed this decision in July, leaving Semenya unable to compete in the 2019 World Athletics Championships in Doha while her appeal continued. In February 2021, Semenya filed an appeal with the European Court of Human Rights. 2019 football career
In September 2019, Semenya joined the South African SAFA Sasol Women's League football (soccer) club JVW F.C., owned by Janine van Wyk. Tokyo 2020 Olympics
In 2020, Semenya announced that she had decided to switch to the 200 meters for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, in order to avoid the 400 m to one mile ban. In order to qualify for the 200 meters, Semenya would have needed to achieve the qualifying time of 22.80. She had previously won the 5000 m at the South African championship in 2019.On 15 April 2021, Semenya confirmed she would not try to make the Tokyo 2020 200m qualifying standard. On 28 May 2021, Semenya ran a personal best of 15:32.15 in the 5000m, 22 seconds slower than the necessary speed to compete at the Olympics. Competition record

Personal life and honours
In 2010, the British magazine New Statesman included Semenya in its annual list of "50 People That Matter" for unintentionally instigating "an international and often ill-tempered debate on gender politics, feminism, and race, becoming an inspiration to gender campaigners around the world". In 2012, Semenya was awarded South African Sportswoman of the Year Award at the SA Sports Awards in Sun City. Semenya received the bronze Order of Ikhamanga on 27 April 2014, as part of Freedom Day festivities. Semenya married her long-term partner, Violet Raseboya, in December 2015. They revealed that Violet Raseboya gave birth to their daughter in 2020.In October 2016, the IAAF announced that <mask> was shortlisted for women's 2016 World Athlete of the Year. <mask> was named one of Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People of 2019.

masks:
Mokgadi Caster Semenya O
Semenya
Semenya
Semenya
Semenya
Semenya
Semenya
Semenya
Semenya


text_chunks:
<mask> (February 22, 1881 – May 9, 1919), sometimes known as <mask>, was an American ragtime and early jazz bandleader, arranger, and composer. He was the leading figure on the African Americans music scene of New York City in the 1910s. Eubie Blake called him the "Martin Luther King of music". Early life
Europe was born in Mobile, Alabama, to <mask> (1848–1899) and Loraine Saxon (maiden; 1849–1930). His family – which included four siblings, <mask> (Mrs. George Mayfield; 1868–1931), Ida S<mask> (1870–1919), <mask> (1875–1932), and Mary Loraine (1883–1947) – moved to Washington, D.C., when he was 10. Europe moved to New York in 1904. Band leader

In 1910, Europe organized the Clef Club, a society for Black Americans in the music industry.In 1912, the club made history when it played a concert at Carnegie Hall for the benefit of the Colored Music Settlement School. The Clef Club Orchestra, while not a jazz band, was the first band to play proto-jazz at Carnegie Hall. It is difficult to overstate the importance of that event in the history of jazz in the United States – it was 12 years before the Paul Whiteman and George Gershwin concert at Aeolian Hall, and 26 years before Benny Goodman's famed concert at Carnegie Hall. The Clef Club's performances played music written solely by Black composers, including Harry T. Burleigh and Samuel Coleridge-Taylor. Europe's orchestra also included Will Marion Cook, who had not been in Carnegie Hall since his own performance as solo violinist in 1896. Cook was the first black composer to launch full musical productions, fully scored with a cast and story every bit as classical as any Victor Herbert operetta. In the words of Gunther Schuller, Europe "... had stormed the bastion of the white establishment and made many members of New York's cultural elite aware of Negro music for the first time".The New York Times remarked, "These composers are beginning to form an art of their own"; yet by their third performance, a review in Musical America said Europe's Clef Club should "give its attention during the coming year to a movement or two of a Haydn Symphony". In 1913 and 1914 he made a series of phonograph records for the Victor Talking Machine Company. These recordings are some of the best examples of the pre-jazz hot ragtime style of the U.S. Northeast of the 1910s. These are some of the most accepted quotes that are in place to protect the idea that the Original Dixieland Jass Band recorded the first jass (spelling later changed) pieces in 1917 for Victor. Unlike Europe's post-War recordings, the Victor recordings were not called nor marketed as "jazz" at the time, and were far from the first recordings of ragtime by Black American musicians. Neither the Clef Club Orchestra nor the Society Orchestra were small "Dixieland" style bands. They were large symphonic bands to satisfy the tastes of a public that was used to performances by the likes of the John Philip Sousa band and similar organizations very popular at the time.The Clef Orchestra had 125 members and played on various occasions between 1912 and 1915 in Carnegie Hall. It is instructive to read a comment from a music review in the New York Times from March 12, 1914: "... the programme consisted largely of plantation melodies and spirituals [arranged such as to show that] these composers are beginning to develop an art of their own based on their folk material ..."

Europe was known for his outspoken personality and unwillingness to bend to musical conventions, particularly in his insistence on playing his own style of music. He responded to criticism by saying, "We have developed a kind of symphony music that, no matter what else you think, is different and distinctive, and that lends itself to the playing of the peculiar compositions of our race ... My success had come ... from a realization of the advantages of sticking to the music of my own people." And later, "We colored people have our own music that is part of us. It's the product of our souls; it's been created by the sufferings and miseries of our race." Compositions

Some of Europe's best-known compositions include several that were co-composed with Ford Dabney (1883–1958) for the famed dancers Irene and Vernon Castle. The Castles regarded Europe's Society Orchestra among the best they had worked with and hired Europe late in 1913 as their preferred band leader with Dabney as their arranger.Co-compositions

Co-composed with Dabney for the Castles; Joseph W. Stern (1870–1934), publisher
The Castle Walk trot and one-step (©1914)
Argentine tango
Castle Combination, waltz-trot
Congratulations Valse (also known as Castle Lame Duck), waltz
Castle Valse Classique humoreske – this was an adaptation by Dabney of Antonin Dvořák's Humoresque, Op. 101, No. 7 (of 8), Poco lento e grazioso in G major
Castle Perfect Trot one trot, arranged by Carl F. Williams (image of the violin part)
Castle Maxixe Brazilian maxixe
Castles Half and Half – in quintuple meter –
Enticement – Argentine idyl (a non-Castle tango), by Eporue Yenbad (surname ananyms used as pseudonyms for Europe and Dabney), arranged by William H. Penn (né William Henry Penn; 1868–1929)
At That San Francisco Fair lyrics by Schuyler Greene (né Schuyler Rawson Greene; 1880–1929), music by Dabney, Europe, and Kern; published by T. B. Harms & Francis, Day & Hunter, Inc. performed in Act 2, sang by the character Miss Tony Miller with chorus; Miller was played by Adele Rowland and Zoe Barnett. Co-composed with Dabney for Jerome Kern and Bolton's Nobody Home (1915)
The 1915 production, Nobody Home, at the Princess Theatre, was an American debut of a 1905 English musical, Mr. Popple of Ippleton. Princess Theatre April 20, 1915, through June 1915; Maxine Elliott's Theatre June 7, 1915, through August 7, 1915. Co-composed with Dabney, lyrics by Gene Buck, for Ziegfeld's Midnight Frolic, sang by Nora Bayes; Francis, Day & Hunter Ltd., publisher Boy of Mine. Composed solely by Europe

Composed solely by Europe for the Castles; G. Ricordi & Co., publisher
Castle Doggy foxtrot

Military service

During World War I, Europe obtained a commission in the New York Army National Guard, where he fought as a lieutenant with the 369th Infantry Regiment (the "Harlem Hellfighters") when it was assigned to the French Army.He went on to direct the regimental band to great acclaim. In February and March 1918, <mask> <mask> and his military band travelled over 2,000 miles in France, performing for British, French and American military audiences as well as French civilians. Europe's "Hellfighters" also made their first recordings in France for the Pathé brothers. The first concert included a French march, and the Stars and Stripes Forever as well as syncopated numbers such as "The Memphis Blues", which, according to a later description of the concert by band member Noble Sissle "... started ragtimitis in France". Post-war career

After his return home in February 1919 he stated, "I have come from France more firmly convinced than ever that Negros should write Negro music. We have our own racial feeling and if we try to copy whites we will make bad copies ... We won France by playing music which was ours and not a pale imitation of others, and if we are to develop in America we must develop along our own lines." In 1919 Europe made more recordings for Pathé Records.These include both instrumentals and accompaniments with vocalist Noble Sissle who, with Eubie Blake, would later have great success with their 1921 production of Shuffle Along, which gives us the classic song "I'm Just Wild About Harry". Differing in style from Europe's recordings of a few years earlier, they incorporate blues, blue notes, and early jazz influences. Death

On the night of May 9, 1919, Europe performed for the last time. He had been feeling ill all day, but wanted to go on with the concert (which was to be the first of three in Boston's Mechanics Hall). During the intermission Europe went to have a talk with two of his drummers, Steve and Herbert Wright. After Europe criticized some of their behavior (walking off stage during others' performances), Herbert Wright became very agitated and threw his drumsticks down in a seemingly unwarranted outburst of anger. He claimed Europe did not treat him well and that he was tired of getting blamed for others' mistakes.He lunged for Europe with a penknife and was able to stab him in the neck. Europe told his band to finish the set and he would see them the next morning. To Europe and his band the wound seemed superficial. As he was carried away, he told them "I'll get along alright." At the hospital, they could not stop the bleeding and he died hours later. News of Europe's death spread fast. Composer and band leader W. C. Handy wrote: "The man who had just come through the baptism of war's fire and steel without a mark had been stabbed by one of his own musicians ...The sun was in the sky. The new day promised peace. But all the suns had gone down for <mask>, and Harlem didn't seem the same." Europe was granted the first ever public funeral for a black American in the city of New York. Tanney Johnson said of his death: "Before <mask> came to New York, the colored man knew nothing but Negro dances and porter's work. All that has been changed. Jim Europe was the living open sesame to the colored porters of this city.He took them from their porters' places and raised them to positions of importance as real musicians. I think the suffering public ought to know that in Jim Europe, the race has lost a leader, a benefactor, and a true friend." At the time of his death, he was the best-known black-American bandleader in the United States. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia. Europe was mentioned by author Fitzgerald in his short story – No Flowers. See also

 The Frogs (club)
 African American musical theater

References
Notes

Further reading

External links

 , Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture
 Europe's Society Orchestra Article and audio of the 1913–1914 recordings at Red Hot Jazz Archive
 <mask>'s 369th Infantry "Hellfighters" Band. Article and audio of the 1919 recordings on redhotjazz.com
  Songs Brought Back from the Battlefield
  University of Michigan Exhibition
  From Ken Burns film Jazz.An on-line discography

 <mask> Europe Appreciation Project. BBC Radio 4 The Jazz Kings Go to War

1881 births
1919 deaths
1919 murders in the United States
African-American jazz composers
African-American jazz musicians
African Americans in World War I
American jazz bandleaders
American jazz mandolinists
American murder victims
American ragtime mandolinists
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Deaths by stabbing in Massachusetts
Jazz musicians from Alabama
Murdered African-American people
Musicians from Mobile, Alabama
Ragtime composers
United States Army officers
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States military musicians

masks:
James Reese Europe
Jim Europe
Henry Jefferson Europe
Minnie Europe
. Europe
John Newton Europe
James Reese
Europe
Jim Europe
Jim Europe
Jim Europe
James Reese


text_chunks:
<mask>  (also <mask>) led the first official French expedition to visit the Osage and the Wichita Indians in 1719 in what became known as Kansas in the present-day United States. Life
<mask> was born in France around 1681 and went to Canada in 1705 as a soldier. He was sent to establish a fort on the Ohio River. He built up a reputation for competence and knowledge of the frontier and the Indians. In 1719 his superiors instructed him to visit the Panis or Panioussa (Wichita) and the Padouca (Apache) as a first step toward establishing trade with the Spanish colony of Santa Fe in New Mexico. He was to make friends with these Indians, who were then unknown except by name to the French, and ensure that they posed no problems to such trade passing through their lands. What <mask> and the French did not know was that the leaders of New Mexico were opposed to any trade with the French.Missouria
<mask>o, Oto, and Iowa peoples. This Missouria village had 100 houses, probably the same type of large bark-covered longhouse typical of the region. The total population was likely more than one thousand. <mask>ne said the Missouria stayed in the village only in the spring, an indication that they probably followed the same seasonal pattern as other nearby tribes of planting crops in the spring and journeying west to hunt buffalo in the summer. <mask>isne did not report the Missouria using horses, although most Plains tribes had adopted use of these animals by then. On the south side of the Missouri River across from the Missouria was an Osage village.These were the "Little Osages" a splinter of the main group of Osage then living about  away on the Osage River and its tributaries. They had split from the main Osage tribe a few years earlier and moved to the Missouri River for unknown reasons. The Missouria were unhappy with the French, because French traders had been bypassing them. They stopped <mask> in his tracks, refusing to allow him and his party to proceed upriver from their village. They wanted to be the middlemen for French trade with Indians further up the river. They especially did not want French guns to fall into the hands of tribes who were, or could become, their enemies. <mask>ne had to turn around and return to Kaskaskia.Osage
<mask> made a second attempt later that summer to reach the plains by land. He proceeded straight west from Kaskaskia, through the Ozarks region, and after a journey of about , he reached the village of the "Great Osages." The Osage village was in Vernon County, Missouri about four miles (6 km) from the Osage River atop a ridge amidst flat rich prairies. The village location is today commemorated as a State Historical Site. The Osage also lived in longhouses. <mask>ne said the Osage had many horses "which they steal from the Pani and can be bought from them." They also had buffalo robes and deer skins to trade.Like the Missouria, the Osage had adopted the practice of the Indians of the plains border of journeying west to hunt buffalo, living in tipis during that time and leaving only the old, infirm, and small children in the village. <mask>isne does not portray the Osage as numerous. Their village was about 100 houses and 200 warriors, numbers consistent with a population of little more than 1,000. Quite likely there were other Osage villages in the area of which <mask> was not aware or did not visit. <mask>isne was impressed with the physical size of the Osage, often more than six feet tall, and well-proportioned. They wore their hair in a scalp-lock. He was less impressed with their character, "in general they are traitors who easily break their promises."<mask>isne also commented on the dual nature of Osage politics and organization, the two moieties, the Hon-ga and Tsi-hzu; and the multiple clans and band that resulted in numerous Osage leaders, none of whom seemed to have much authority. <mask>isne's narrative does not suggest the power and prominence later achieved by the Osage. Like the Missouria, the Osage were opposed to having <mask>isne pass through their territory to the villages of the Pawnee. Most of all they worried that the French would sell guns to the Pawnee. Finally, after extensive negotiations in which <mask>isne resorted to threats that the French would suspend trade relations, he was allowed to continue. He was permitted to take three guns for himself, three guns for his interpreter, and trade goods. Wichita
Finally departing with the grudging permission of the Osage, <mask>ne journeyed to visit the Wichita.Their two villages were four days and about  away, probably on the Verdigris River near the site of the future town of Neodesha, Kansas. Two archaeological sites near here fit the profile of <mask>'s narrative. "All the route was through prairies and hills, full of buffalos. The land was beautiful and well-wooded." Most early visitors exulted at the beauty of the tallgrass prairie. It was an airy and open release from the darkness and menace of the Eastern forests. <mask>isne got a hostile welcome at the Wichita village.The Osage had sent a messenger ahead to warn the Wichita that he intended to enslave them. <mask> wrote that the Indians twice threatened him with a tomahawk twice over his head, but he persuaded them that his purpose was peaceful. As his entourage was small, the Wichita probably concluded that he was not dangerous. The concern of the Wichita was probably that <mask> was a slave trader. The Wichita village—<mask> Tisne and other Frenchmen called them "Panis," a generic term for the Caddoan people of the plains, and a word that came to also mean "slave"--had 130 houses and 200 to 250 warriors, indicating a population of 1,000 or more. Another village about three miles (5 km) away was of similar size. The Wichita in the two villages possessed about 300 horses "which they esteem greatly and with which they do not wish to part."The Wichita, closer to the source of supply of the horses in New Mexico, had more horses than did the border tribes, the Osage, Kaw, and Missouria. <mask>ne said that the Wichita, borrowing the concept from the Spanish, armored their horses with leather for war. They still used bows and arrows for both hunting and war, although they also used lances tipped with the pointed end of Spanish swords. The chief enemies of the Wichita were the Padoucas—Plains Apache—who ventured as close as six days' journey from the Wichita but lived fifteen days to the West. The physical distance was indeterminable, as the duration depended upon whether travel was by horse, on foot by hunters, or on foot with women and children. They said that the Spanish had formerly been in their village, but the Padouca barred the route to the Spanish settlements of Santa Fe, more than a month of travel away. The Wichita war with the Padouca was continuous.<mask>ne noted that both sides practiced ritual cannibalism, which seems to have been a feature of Wichita culture, as was perhaps an occasional human sacrifice. Both tribes fought to acquire slaves and horses. Wichita slaves were traded in Santa Fe by the Apaches for horses; Padouca slaves were traded by the Wichita to the Osage and others for European trade goods. The Wichita had only six guns in their villages, as the Osages and other eastern tribes had resisted trading them guns. <mask>ne traded the Wichita three guns, powder, pickaxes, and knives for two horses and a mule with a Spanish brand. In the course of its life, the mule was traded eastward 600 miles from the Spanish colonies. When <mask>ne proposed to continue his journey by visiting the Padouca villages to the west, the Wichita objected.He had neither the men or arms to force the issue. But he concluded a trade agreement with the Wichita, concluding they could be satisfied with a few guns and other presents. He was optimistic that the Padouca could later be visited, and that peace between the Wichita and Padouca could be achieved, thus opening up the trade route to New Mexico. <mask>ne likely had visited a sub-tribe later called Taovayas. As he described them, their total population of perhaps 3,000, seemed a remnant of the numerous Wichita whom Coronado and Onate had met more than a century earlier. As with other Native American tribes, they had likely been decimated by European diseases. Later life
After this expedition, <mask>ne continued to work on the frontier.He was promoted to captain and given command of Fort de Chartres in Illinois. He died in 1730 of a wound received from a Meskwaki or Fox Indian. References

1680s births
Pre-statehood history of Kansas
French explorers
18th-century explorers
Pre-statehood history of Missouri
1730 deaths

masks:
Claude Charles Du Tisne
Dutisne
Claude Charles Du Tisne
Du Tisne
Du Tisnebag
Du Tis
Du T
Du Tisne
Du Tis
Du Tisne
Du Tis
Du T
Du Tinse
Du T
Du T
Du T
Du T
Du T
Du Tis
Du Tne
Du T
Du Tisne
Dutisne
Du
Du Tis
Du Tis
Du Tis
Du Tis
Du Tis
Du Tis


text_chunks:
<mask> (23 February 1901 – 1933) was an early member of the Nazi Party and the third commander of the Schutzstaffel (SS), the paramilitary wing of the Sturmabteilung ("Storm Detachment; SA"). He was appointed head of the SS, an elite subsection of the SA in 1927. At that time the SS numbered less than a thousand men and <mask> found it difficult to cope under the much larger SA. <mask> was not a success in the post, and SS membership dropped significantly under his leadership. He was dismissed from his post in 1929, officially for "family reasons". He was arrested after the Nazis came to power in 1933 and executed that same year. <mask> was born on 23 February 1901 in Weiler-Simmerberg, a city in Bavaria.In 1917, he attended the NCO school in Fürstenfeldbruck. Little is known about his early life. Following Germany's defeat in World War I, hyperinflation, mass unemployment, poverty, crime and civil unrest plagued the country. During that time, <mask> served in a Freikorps unit. Also in 1919, a small right-wing political party known as the German Workers' Party (DAP) was created and seated in Munich. In 1920, it changed its name to the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party; NSDAP). It rejected the terms of the Treaty of Versailles and advocated antisemitism and anti-Bolshevism.At party meetings in late 1919 and early 1920, hecklers and protesters tried to disrupt Adolf Hitler's speeches, and fought with party members. It was decided that a permanent group of party members would serve to protect Nazi officials at rallies and disrupt the meetings of opposing parties. The basis for the Sturmabteilung ("Storm Detachment"; SA) had been formed. <mask> became an early member of the Nazi Party and the SA. In 1923, <mask> joined a small personal bodyguard unit for Adolf Hitler named Stoßtrupp-Hitler ("Shock Troop–Hitler"). That same year, Hitler felt strong enough to try to seize power in Munich. Inspired by Benito Mussolini's "March on Rome" the previous year, the Nazis aimed to first establish power in Munich and then challenge the government in Berlin.On 9 November 1923, the Stoßtrupp, along with the SA and several other paramilitary units, took part in the abortive coup d'état, resulting in the death of sixteen Nazi supporters and four police officers, an event known as the Beer Hall Putsch. After the putsch, Hitler and other Nazi leaders were incarcerated at Landsberg Prison for high treason. The Nazi Party and all associated formations, including the Stoßtrupp, were officially disbanded. Career in the SS

After Hitler's release from prison in December 1924, the Nazi Party was officially refounded. In 1925, Hitler ordered the formation of a new bodyguard unit, the Schutzkommando ("Protection Command; SS"). It was formed by Julius Schreck and included old Stoßtrupp members such as Emil Maurice and <mask>. That same year, the Schutzkommando was expanded and renamed the Sturmstaffel ("Storm Squadron"), and finally the Schutzstaffel ("Protection Squadron"; SS).<mask>, described by William Shirer as "a former police stool-pigeon of unsavory reputation",  joined the SS in 1925 and was an early advocate of separating the unit from the SA, its parent organization. On 1 March 1927, Joseph Berchtold transferred leadership of the SS to <mask>, who was his acting deputy. Berchtold had become disillusioned by the SA's authority over the SS. As head of the SS, <mask> also found it difficult to function under the larger and more powerful SA. Under <mask>'s leadership a stricter code of discipline was enforced than would have been tolerated in the SA ranks. Heiden further demanded that the men under his command were not to be involved in party matters which were none of their concern. His intention was to create a small elite unit and obtain higher quality recruits.Except for the Munich area, the unit was unable to maintain any momentum. The membership of the SS declined from 1,000 to 280 as the SS continued to struggle under the SA. As <mask> attempted to keep the small group from dissolving, Heinrich Himmler became his deputy in September 1927. Himmler had a great enthusiasm and vision for the SS and displayed good organisational abilities which <mask> used. Himmler became the driving force within the SS and in time eclipsed <mask>. Upon the dismissal of <mask>, Himmler assumed the position of Reichsführer-SS with Hitler's approval in January 1929. There are differing accounts of the reason for this dismissal.The party merely announced that it was for "family reasons". It was also suggested at the time that the dismissal was due to <mask> associating with Jews. Starting in 1928, <mask> was co-owner of a clothing supply business that sold uniforms to the SS. Another company in Munich supplied <mask> and his partner with the pants which were used for the SS uniforms. It was discovered that this other company was owned by a Jew. Further, it was alleged that <mask> had been making large profits on the clothing sales to the SS for uniforms. This led to <mask> having to resign as head of the SS.Historian Adrian Weale believes the primary reason for his dismissal was due to him being ineffective in the job. There were also rumors that he was a police informer. Himmler's biographer, Peter Longerich, says that beyond the official announcement, "we have no further clues to explain either <mask>'s dismissal or Himmler's appointment". Under Himmler, the SS greatly expanded over time, with his ultimate aim being the one to turn it into the most powerful organization in Germany. Death
After the Nazis came to power in January 1933, <mask> was arrested. On orders from Himmler and his chief lieutenant Reinhard Heydrich, he was murdered later that year by members of the Sicherheitsdienst ("Security Service"; SD). <mask>'s corpse was found in September 1933 and he was buried on 15 September 1933.See also
 Karl Hanke

References

Explanatory notes

Citations

Bibliography

1901 births
1933 deaths
Executed Nazis
Nazi Party officials
Reichsführer-SS
Heinrich Himmler
People from Bavaria executed by Nazi Germany
Military personnel from Munich
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Nazis who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch
20th-century Freikorps personnel
Nazis executed by Nazi Germany

masks:
Erhard Heiden
Heiden
Heiden
Life Heiden
Heiden
Heiden
Heiden
Heiden
Heiden
Heiden
Heiden
Heiden
Heiden
Heiden
Heiden
Heiden
Heiden
Heiden
Heiden
Heiden
Heiden
Heiden
Heiden
Heiden