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<mask> (March 1533 – 24 March 1558), mainly known as <mask> (or <mask>en), was a Dutch heiress who became the first wife of William the Silent, Prince of Orange. Biography

<mask> was born in Grave, Netherlands in March 1533. She was the only child of <mask> (1509-1548) and Françoise de Lannoy (1513-1562). Therefore, she was suo jure Countess of Buren and Lady of Egmond. She was also Countess of Lingen and of Leerdam, and Lady of IJsselstein, of Borssele, of Grave, of Cranendonck, of Jaarsveld, of Kortgene, of Sint Maartensdijk, and of Odijk. Her mother and father were of high nobility. Maximiliaan's main activities were those of Charles V's army commander, first in an argument with Gelre, later in a campaign in the German areas against the League of Schmalkalden.He also played a role as a director, both as captain general and stadholder of Friesland, Groningen and Overijssel, and in his extensive possessions around Buren and in Zeeland. He was often at the Brussels court of Charles V and especially of Mary of Hungary, his sister and governor of the Netherlands. <mask> and her mother usually stayed at the family castle in Buren. Given his high position, father Maximiliaan was on good terms with Charles V (1500-1558), then emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, king of Spain and landlord of the Habsburg Netherlands and his sister, Mary of Hungary (1505-1558), governor of the Habsburg Netherlands. <mask> grew up in a noble entourage, the center of which was the court of the governor in Brussels. The spoken language was French, the language that <mask> learned in addition to Dutch and in which she would later correspond with William of Orange, better known later as William the silent. Whether and how she was prepared for the administration of the vast estates and wonderful rights belonging to the County of Buren is unknown.Her father died quite unexpectedly at the court in Brussels in 1548, reportedly dressed in full armor and surrounded by his confidants, but in the absence of his wife and daughter. On his deathbed, Maximiliaan arranged the marriage of William of Nassau, Prince of Orange, one of the most prominent young noblemen of the time and of the same age as his daughter. <mask> succeeded Maximiliaan as Countess <mask>uren. She was only fifteen years old and one of the most desirable partners in the marriage market. Charles V and Mary of Hungary supported the commitment. On 8 July 1551 she married William the Silent in Buren, and thereby he earned the titles Lord of Egmond and Count of Buren. The couple settled in the family castle in Breda, but <mask> was often alone there with the three children she had there.<mask> Egmont had three children with William the Silent:

 Countess Maria of Nassau (22 November 1553 – after 23 July 1555), named after Mary of Hungary (1505-1558), governor of the Habsburg Netherlands, died in infancy. Philip William, Prince of Orange (19 December 1554 – 20 February 1618), named after the lord and Williams father, married Eleonora of Bourbon-Condé, but did not have children. Countess Maria of Nassau (7 February 1556 – 10 October 1616), who was named after her deceased sister, married Count Philip of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein, did not have children. William was often at the court, but also at the front in Hainaut and Artois, as commander of the army in the wars with France. Forty seven letters have been handed down from William to <mask>. Her letters to him have been lost. The letters mainly breathe an atmosphere of domesticity and also affection.Several times William expresses his appreciation for the way in which <mask> handles his affairs during his absence. William wrote most letters to <mask> when he was in an army camp. <mask> rarely followed her husband on a journey. Only when he was summoned in 1555 to receive Philip II as new sovereign, did William ask <mask> if she would also come to Brussels. We only have indirect data about the life of <mask> Egmond. However, as countess <mask>uren and especially as princess of Orange, she must have played a leading role alongside her husband in the world of the high nobility of the Dutch regions. Of the four women William of Orange has had, she is the least known.There are various reasons for this. She lived when William was still in the service of the landlord and the conflict had not escalated yet, she was only 25 years old, and her children would later play a role of minor importance, not least because Philip William was taken to Spain as a hostage and was given up. At the beginning of 1558 <mask> was supposed to go to Dillenburg with William, but because of her illness the trip was canceled. She died of the disease in March of that year. She was regretted by William, who also fell ill shortly after her death. He received condolences from many dignitaries, including Philip II, who sent a messenger to comfort him. At that time there was no question of removal between the Orange and the lord.<mask> Egmond was interred in a chapel of the Grote Kerk in Breda. Her son Philip William inherited the county of Buren. He later left it to his half-brother Maurits, making it part of the heritage of the Oranje-Nassaus. The portraits of <mask> Egmont

The only painting depicting <mask> Egmont in the Royal Collections of the Netherlands is considered to be one of the copies of a lost painting by Antonis Mor. A portrait that was painted by Pieter Pourbus, Portrait of a Noble Young Lady, was exhibited for the first time in 2017 in Bruges, then at the Gouda museum in 2018. Portraits, possibly copies after Antonis Mor

Although these portraits have all different sizes and show different or change of details in the gown (a spanish style ropa), they all seem to copy the same face, scarf (écharpe) and position of the scarf. The coif is also always a French hood, and seems to be the same depicted on all four copies, although with changing details and/or added or changed jewels from one to the other copy.Portrait 1., which is to be seen in the Ducal Palace of Mantua (Italy), is the largest. Depicting the sitter in half length, it is the only one showing her hands. It has allo added to her right hand a gold and finely chiseled fan with yellow, red and green colored ostrich feathers. Worth noting is that her left hand shows no ring. The original of this portrait is a possible pendant to an original portrait of William by Antonis Mor, according to Luttervelt. Portrait 2. was in the private collection of William Hall Walker (1st Baron Wavertree), Liverpool (England), and bequeathed by him in 1933 to the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool (England). Portrait 3., now in the Museum of the Chartreuse de Douai, in Douai (France), shows an inscription, below on the frame: CONT/A DI BUREN
 Portrait 4. shows on the upper left the coat of arms of Lichtervelde.A version of the same portrait, from the collection of Count d'Andlau at the castle of Voré, Remalard (Orne, in France), shows yet other variations in the dress and the jewels. Here the princess wears large, oval pareis in her ears. This time the caption is: "Prin = d, Orange". Two other possible portraits have been identified and cited in the article called "The Klabin portrait". References

1533 births
1558 deaths
Princesses of Orange
Anna
Anna
<mask> the Silent
People from Grave, North Brabant

masks:
Anna van Egmont
Anna van Buren
Anna van Buer
Anna
Maximiliaan van Egmond
Anna
Anna
Anna
Anna
van B
Anna
Anna van
Anna
Anna
Anna
Anna
Anna
Anna van
van B
Anna
Anna van
Anna van
Anna van
Anna William


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<mask> (February 7, 1867 – February 10, 1957) was an American writer, mostly known for the Little House on the Prairie series of children's books, published between 1932 and 1943, which were based on her childhood in a settler and pioneer family. During the 1970s and early 1980s, the television series Little House on the Prairie was loosely based on the Little House books, and starred Melissa Gilbert as <mask> and Michael Landon as her father, Charles Ingalls. Birth and ancestry

<mask> was born to Charles Phillip and Caroline Lake (née Quiner) Ingalls on February 7, 1867. At the time of Ingalls' birth, the family lived seven miles north of the village of Pepin, Wisconsin, in the Big Woods region of Wisconsin. Ingalls' home in Pepin became the setting for her first book, Little House in the Big Woods (1932). She was the second of five children, following older sister, Mary Amelia. Three more children would follow, Caroline Celestia (Carrie), Charles Frederick, who died in infancy, and Grace Pearl.<mask> <mask>'s birth site is commemorated by a replica log cabin at the Little House Wayside in Pepin. Ingalls was a descendant of the Delano family, the ancestral family of U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. One paternal ancestor, <mask>, from Skirbeck, Lincolnshire, England, emigrated to America, settling in Lynn, Massachusetts. <mask> is the 7th great granddaughter of the Mayflower passenger Richard Warren. She was a third cousin, once removed, of U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant. Early life
When she was two years old, <mask> <mask> moved with her family from Wisconsin in 1869. After stopping in Rothville, Missouri, they settled in the Indian country of Kansas, near modern-day Independence, Kansas.Her younger sister, Carrie, was born in Independence in August 1870, not long before they moved again. According to <mask> <mask>, her father Charles Ingalls had been told that the location would be open to white settlers, but when they arrived this was not the case. The <mask> family had no legal right to occupy their homestead because it was on the Osage Indian reservation. They had just begun to farm when they heard rumors that settlers would be evicted, so they left in the spring of 1871. Although in her novel, Little House on the Prairie, and Pioneer Girl memoir, <mask> <mask> portrayed their departure as being prompted by rumors of eviction, she also noted that her parents needed to recover their Wisconsin land because the buyer had not paid the mortgage. The <mask> family went back to Wisconsin where they lived for the next three years. Those experiences formed the basis for <mask>'s novels Little House in the Big Woods (1932) and the beginning of Little House on the Prairie (1935).On the Banks of Plum Creek (1939), the third volume of her fictionalized history which takes place around 1874, the <mask> family moves from Kansas to an area near Walnut Grove, Minnesota, settling in a dugout on the banks of Plum Creek. They moved there from Wisconsin when Ingalls was about seven years old, after briefly living with the family of her uncle, <mask>, first in Wisconsin and then on rented land near Lake City, Minnesota. In Walnut Grove, the family first lived in a dugout sod house on a preemption claim; after wintering in it, they moved into a new house built on the same land. Two summers of ruined crops led them to move to Iowa. On the way, they stayed again with Charles Ingalls' brother, <mask>, this time on his farm near South Troy, Minnesota. Her brother, Charles Frederick Ingalls ("Freddie"), was born there on November 1, 1875, dying nine months later in August 1876. In Burr Oak, Iowa, the family helped run a hotel.The youngest of the Ingalls children, Grace, was born there on May 23, 1877. The family moved from Burr Oak back to Walnut Grove where Charles Ingalls served as the town butcher and justice of the peace. He accepted a railroad job in the spring of 1879, which took him to eastern Dakota Territory, where they joined him that fall. <mask> <mask> omitted the period in 1876–1877 when they lived near Burr Oak, skipping to Dakota Territory, portrayed in By the Shores of Silver Lake (1939). De Smet

<mask>'s father filed for a formal homestead over the winter of 1879–1880. De Smet, South Dakota, became her parents' and sister Mary, who was blind, home for the remainder of their lives. After spending the mild winter of 1879–1880 in the surveyor's house, they watched the town of De Smet rise up from the prairie in 1880.The following winter, 1880–1881, one of the most severe on record in the Dakotas, was later described by <mask> <mask> in her novel, The Long Winter (1940). Once the family was settled in De Smet, Ingalls attended school, worked several part-time jobs, and made friends. Among them was bachelor homesteader Almanzo <mask>. This time in her life is documented in the books Little Town on the Prairie (1941) and These Happy Golden Years (1943). Young teacher
On December 10, 1882, two months before her 16th birthday, Ingalls accepted her first teaching position. She taught three terms in one-room schools when she was not attending school in De Smet. (In Little Town on the Prairie she receives her first teaching certificate on December 24, 1882, but that was an enhancement for dramatic effect.)Her original "Third Grade" teaching certificate can be seen on page 25 of William Anderson's book <mask>'s Album (1998). She later admitted she did not particularly enjoy it, but felt a responsibility from a young age to help her family financially, and wage-earning opportunities for women were limited. Between 1883 and 1885, she taught three terms of school, worked for the local dressmaker, and attended high school, although she did not graduate. Early marriage years

Ingalls' teaching career and studies ended when the 18-year-old <mask> married 28-year-old Almanzo <mask> on August 25, 1885, in De Smet, South Dakota. From the beginning of their relationship, the pair had nicknames for each other: she called him "Manly" and he, because he had a sister named <mask>, called her "Bess", from her middle name, Elizabeth. Almanzo had achieved a degree of prosperity on his homestead claim; the newly married couple started their life together in a new home, north of De Smet. On December 5, 1886, <mask> gave birth to her daughter, Rose.In 1889, she gave birth to a son who died at 12 days of age before being named. He was buried at De Smet, Kingsbury County, South Dakota. On the grave marker, he is remembered as "Baby Son of A. J<mask>". Their first few years of marriage were difficult. Complications from a life-threatening bout of diphtheria left Almanzo partially paralyzed. Although he eventually regained nearly full use of his legs, he needed a cane to walk for the remainder of his life. This setback, among many others, began a series of unfortunate events that included the death of their newborn son, the destruction of their barn along with its hay and grain by a mysterious fire, the total loss of their home from a fire accidentally set by Rose, and several years of severe drought that left them in debt, physically ill, and unable to earn a living from their 320 acres (129.5 hectares) of prairie land.These trials were documented in <mask>'s book The First Four Years (published in 1971). Around 1890, they left De Smet and spent about a year resting at the home of Almanzo's parents on their Spring Valley, Minnesota, farm before moving briefly to Westville, Florida, in search of a climate to improve Almanzo's health. They found, however, that the dry plains they were used to were very different from the humidity they encountered in Westville. The weather, along with feeling out of place among the locals, encouraged their return to De Smet in 1892, where they purchased a small home. Move to Mansfield, Missouri

In 1894, the <mask>s moved to Mansfield, Missouri, and used their savings to make the down payment on an undeveloped property just outside town. They named the place Rocky Ridge Farm and moved into a ramshackle log cabin. At first, they earned income only from wagon loads of fire wood they would sell in town for 50 cents.Financial security came slowly. Apple trees they planted did not bear fruit for seven years. Almanzo's parents visited around that time and gave them the deed to the house they had been renting in Mansfield, which was the economic boost <mask>'s family needed. They then added to the property outside town, and eventually accrued nearly 200 acres (80.9 hectares). Around 1910, they sold the house in town, moved back to the farm, and completed the farmhouse with the proceeds. What began as about 40 acres (16.2 hectares) of thickly wooded, stone-covered hillside with a windowless log cabin became in 20 years a relatively prosperous poultry, dairy, and fruit farm, and a 10-room farmhouse. The <mask>s had learned from cultivating wheat as their sole crop in De Smet.They diversified Rocky Ridge Farm with poultry, a dairy farm, and a large apple orchard. <mask> became active in various clubs and was an advocate for several regional farm associations. She was recognized as an authority in poultry farming and rural living, which led to invitations to speak to groups around the region. Writing career
An invitation to submit an article to the Missouri Ruralist in 1911 led to <mask>'s permanent position as a columnist and editor with that publication, which she held until the mid-1920s. She also took a paid position with the local Farm Loan Association, dispensing small loans to local farmers. <mask>'s column in the Ruralist, "As a Farm Woman Thinks", introduced her to a loyal audience of rural Ozarkians, who enjoyed her regular columns. Her topics ranged from home and family, including her 1915 trip to San Francisco, California, to visit Rose Lane and the Pan-Pacific exhibition, to World War I and other world events, and to the fascinating world travels of Lane as well as her own thoughts on the increasing options offered to women during this era.While the couple were never wealthy until the "Little House" books began to achieve popularity, the farming operation and <mask>'s income from writing and the Farm Loan Association provided them with a stable living. "[By] 1924", according to the Professor John E. Miller, "[a]fter more than a decade of writing for farm papers, <mask> had become a disciplined writer, able to produce thoughtful, readable prose for a general audience." At this time, her now-married daughter, <mask> Lane, helped her publish two articles describing the interior of the farmhouse, in Country Gentleman magazine. It was also around this time that Lane began intensively encouraging <mask> to improve her writing skills with a view toward greater success as a writer than Lane had already achieved. The <mask>s, according to Miller, had come to "[depend] on annual income subsidies from their increasingly famous and successful daughter." They both had concluded that the solution for improving their retirement income was for <mask> to become a successful writer herself. However, the "project never proceeded very far."In 1928, Lane hired out the construction of an English-style stone cottage for her parents on property adjacent to the farmhouse they had personally built and still inhabited. She remodeled and took it over. Little House books

The Stock Market Crash of 1929 wiped the <mask>s out; Lane's investments were devastated as well. They still owned the 200-acre (81-hectare) farm, but they had invested most of their savings with Lane's broker. In 1930, <mask> requested Lane's opinion about an autobiographical manuscript she had written about her pioneering childhood. The Great Depression, coupled with the deaths of <mask>'s mother in 1924 and her older sister in 1928, seem to have prompted her to preserve her memories in a life story called Pioneer Girl. She also hoped that her writing would generate some additional income.The original title of the first of the books was When Grandma Was a Little Girl. On the advice of Lane's publisher, she greatly expanded the story. As a result of Lane's publishing connections as a successful writer and after editing by her, Harper & Brothers published <mask>'s book in 1932 as Little House in the Big Woods. After its success, she continued writing. The close and often rocky collaboration between her and Lane continued, in person until 1935, when Lane permanently left Rocky Ridge Farm, and afterward by correspondence. The collaboration worked both ways: two of Lane's most successful novels, Let the Hurricane Roar (1932) and Free Land (1938), were written at the same time as the "Little House" series and basically retold Ingalls and <mask> family tales in an adult format. Authorship controversy
Some, including Lane's biographer, William Holtz, have alleged that <mask>'s daughter was her ghostwriter.Existing evidence includes ongoing correspondence between the women about the books' development, Lane's extensive diaries, and <mask>'s handwritten manuscripts with edit notations shows an ongoing collaboration between the two women. Miller, using this record, describes varying levels of involvement by Lane. Little House in the Big Woods (1932) and These Happy Golden Years (1943), he notes, received the least editing. "The first pages ... and other large sections of [Big Woods]", he observes, "stand largely intact, indicating ... from the start ...[<mask>'s] talent for narrative description." Some volumes saw heavier participation by Lane, while The First Four Years (1971) appears to be exclusively a <mask> work. Concludes Miller, "In the end, the lasting literary legacy remains that of the mother more than that of the daughter ... Lane possessed style; <mask> had substance." The controversy over authorship is often tied to the movement to read the Little House series through an ideological lens.Lane emerged in the 1930s as an avowed conservative polemicist and critic of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration and his New Deal programs. According to a 2012 article in the New Yorker, "When Roosevelt was elected, she noted in her diary, 'America has a dictator.' She prayed for his assassination, and considered doing the job herself." Whatever Lane's politics, "attacks on [<mask>'s] authorship seem aimed at infusing her books with ideological passions they just don't have." Enduring appeal
The original Little House books, written for elementary school–age children, became an enduring, eight-volume record of pioneering life late in the 19th century based

masks:
Laura Elizabeth Ingalls Wilder
Laura
Laura Elizabeth Ins
Ingalls
Wilder
Edmund Ingalls
Laura
Ingalls
Wilder
Ingalls
Wilder
Ingalls
Ingalls
Wilder
Ingalls
Wilder
Ingalls
Peter Ingalls
Peter Ingalls
Ingalls
Wilder
Wilder
Ingalls
Wilder
Wilder
Laura
Laura
Wilder
Laura
Wilder
. Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Rose Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder
Laura
Wilder
Wilder
Wilder


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 on the Ingalls family's experiences on the American frontier. As Irene Smith pointed out shortly after "These Happy Golden Years (1943) was published, <mask>  began "with a style appealing to the eight-year-olds and continuing in volumes of increasing length and difficulty. This graduation is a distinguishing feature of the Little House books."The First Four Years, about the early days of the <mask> marriage, was discovered by her literary executor Roger MacBride after Lane's 1968 death and published in 1971, unedited by Lane or MacBride. It is now marketed as the ninth volume. Since the publication of Little House in the Big Woods (1932), the books have been continuously in print and have been translated into 40 other languages. <mask>'s first—and smallest—royalty check from Harper, in 1932, was for $500, . By the mid-1930s the royalties from the Little House books brought a steady and increasingly substantial income to the <mask>s for the first time in their 50 years of marriage. The collaboration also brought the two writers at Rocky Ridge Farm the money they needed to recoup the loss of their investments in the stock market. Various honors, huge amounts of fan mail, and other accolades were bestowed on <mask>.Autobiography: Pioneer Girl
In 1929–1930, already in her early 60s, <mask> began writing her autobiography, titled Pioneer Girl. It was rejected by publishers. At Lane's urging, she rewrote most of her stories for children. The result was the Little House series of books. In 2014, the South Dakota State Historical Society published an annotated version of <mask>'s autobiography, titled Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography. Pioneer Girl includes stories that <mask> felt were inappropriate for children: e.g., a man accidentally immolating himself while drunk, and an incident of extreme violence of a local shopkeeper against his wife, which ended with his setting their house on fire. She also describes previously unknown facets of her father's character.According to its publisher, "<mask>'s fiction, her autobiography, and her real childhood are all distinct things, but they are closely intertwined." The book's aim was to explore the differences, including incidents with conflicting or non-existing accounts in one or another of the sources. Political views
<mask> has been referred to by some as one of America's first libertarians. She was a longtime Democrat, but became dismayed with Roosevelt's New Deal and what she and her daughter, <mask> Lane, saw as Americans' increasing dependence on the federal government. <mask> grew disenchanted with her party and resented government agents who came to farms like hers and grilled farmers about the number of acres they were planting. Her daughter was a similarly strongly libertarian. <mask> supported women's rights (though she worried that women would vote according to what their husbands wanted, and not as they wanted) and education reform.She also became infamous for a short period for shaking the hand of an African American man, which was controversial for segregated Missouri. Indeed, part of the plot of Little House on the Prairie involves an African American doctor saving the Ingalls family's lives. Later life and death
Upon Lane's departure from Rocky Ridge Farm, <mask> and Almanzo moved back into the farmhouse they had built, which had most recently been occupied by friends. From 1935 on, they were alone at Rocky Ridge Farm. Most of the surrounding area (including the property with the stone cottage Lane had built for them) was sold, but they still kept some farm animals, and tended their flower beds and vegetable gardens. Almost daily, carloads of fans stopped by, eager to meet the "<mask>" of the Little House books. The <mask>s lived independently and without financial worries until Almanzo's death at the farm in 1949 at age 92.<mask> remained on the farm. For the next eight years, she lived alone, looked after by a circle of neighbors and friends. She continued an active correspondence with her editors, fans, and friends during these years. In autumn 1956, 89-year-old <mask> became severely ill from undiagnosed diabetes and cardiac issues. She was hospitalized by Lane, who had arrived for Thanksgiving. She was able to return home on the day after Christmas. However, her health declined after her release from the hospital, and she died at home in her sleep on February 10, 1957, three days after her 90th birthday.She was buried beside Almanzo at Mansfield Cemetery in Mansfield. Lane was buried next to them upon her death in 1968. Estate
Following <mask>'s death, possession of Rocky Ridge Farm passed to the farmer who had earlier bought the property under a life lease arrangement. The local population put together a non-profit corporation to purchase the house and its grounds for use as a museum. After some wariness at the notion of seeing the house rather than the books be a shrine to <mask>, Lane came to believe that making a museum of it would draw long-lasting attention to the books. She donated the money needed to purchase the house and make it a museum, agreed to make significant contributions each year for its upkeep, and donated many of her parents' belongings. In compliance with <mask>'s will, Lane inherited ownership of the Little House literary estate, with the stipulation that it be for only her lifetime, with all rights reverting to the Mansfield library after her death.Following her demise in 1968, however, her chosen heir, Roger MacBride, gained control of the books' copyrights. as well as her business agent and lawyer. The copyrights to each of <mask>'s "Little House" books, as well as those of Lane's own literary works, were renewed in his name after the original copyright had expired. Controversy arose following MacBride's death in 1995, when the Laura Ingalls Wilder Branch of the Wright County Library in Mansfield—the library founded in part by <mask>—tried to recover the rights to the series. The ensuing court case was settled in an undisclosed manner, with MacBride's heirs retaining the rights to <mask>'s books. From the settlement, the library received enough to start work on a new building. The popularity of the Little House books has grown over the years following <mask>'s death, spawning a multimillion-dollar franchise of mass merchandising under MacBride's impetus.Results of the franchise have included additional spinoff book series—some written by MacBride and his daughter, Abigail—and the long-running television series, starring Melissa Gilbert as <mask> and Michael Landon as her father. Works

Because she died in 1957, <mask>'s works are now public domain in countries where the term of copyright lasts 50 years after the author's death, or less; generally this does not include works first published posthumously. Works first published before 1924 or where copyright was not renewed, primarily her newspaper columns, are also public domain in the United States. Little House books
The eight "original" Little House books were published by Harper & Brothers with illustrations by Helen Sewell (the first three) or by Sewell and Mildred Boyle. Little House in the Big Woods (1932)named to the inaugural Lewis Carroll Shelf Award list in 1958
 Farmer Boy (1933)about Almanzo <mask> growing up in New York
 Little House on the Prairie (1935)
 On the Banks of Plum Creek (1937)
 By the Shores of Silver Lake (1939)
 The Long Winter (1940)
 Little Town on the Prairie (1941)
 These Happy Golden Years (1943)

Other works
 On the Way Home (1962, published posthumously)diary of the <mask>s' move from De Smet, South Dakota, to Mansfield, Missouri, edited and supplemented by <mask> Lane
 The First Four Years (1971, published posthumously by Harper & Row), illustrated by Garth Williamscommonly considered the ninth Little House book
 West from Home (1974, published posthumously), ed. Roger Lea MacBrideWilder's letters to Almanzo while visiting her daughter <mask>-Lane in 1915 in San Francisco
 Little House in the Ozarks: The Rediscovered Writings (1991) collection of pre-1932 articles
 The Road Back Home, part three (the only part previously unpublished) of A Little House Traveler: Writings from Laura Ingalls <mask>'s Journeys Across America (2006, Harper) Wilder's record of a 1931 trip with Almanzo to De Smet, South Dakota, and the Black Hills

 A Little House Sampler (1988 or 1989, U. of Nebraska), with Rose Wilder Lane, ed. William Anderson,
 Writings to Young WomenVolume One: On Wisdom and Virtues, Volume Two: On Life as a Pioneer Woman, Volume Three: As Told by Her Family, Friends, and Neighbors
 A Little House Reader: A Collection of Writings (1998, Harper), ed.William Anderson
 Laura Ingalls Wilder & Rose Wilder Lane, 1937–1939 (1992, Herbert Hoover Presidential Library), ed. Timothy Walchselections from letters exchanged by <mask> and Lane, with family photographs,
 <mask>'s Album: A Remembrance Scrapbook of <mask> <mask> (1998, Harper), ed. William Anderson,
 Pioneer Girl: The Annotated Autobiography (South Dakota Historical Society Press, 2014)
 Before the Prairie Books: The Writings of <mask> <mask> 1911–1916: The Small Farm
 Before the Prairie Books: The Writings of <mask> <mask> 1917–1918: The War Years
 Before the Prairie Books: The Writings of <mask> <mask> 1919–1920: The Farm Home
 Before the Prairie Books: The Writings of <mask> <mask> 1921–1924: A Farm Woman
 <mask> <mask>'s Most Inspiring Writings
 <mask> <mask>: A Pioneer Girl's World View: Selected Newspaper Columns (Little House Prairie Series)
 The Selected Letters of <mask> <mask>, edited by William Anderson
 Laura Ingalls Wilder Farm Journalist: Writings from the Ozarks, edited by Stephen W. Hines
 <mask> <mask>'s Fairy Poems, Introduced and compiled by Stephen W. Hines

Legacy

Documentary

Little House on the Prairie: The Legacy of <mask>galls <mask> (February 2015) is a one-hour documentary film that looks at the life of <mask>. <mask>'s story as a writer, wife, and mother is explored through interviews with scholars and historians, archival photography, paintings by frontier artists, and dramatic reenactments. Historic sites and museums

 <mask> Ingalls Wilder Home and Museum, Mansfield, Missouri
 Laura Ingalls Wilder Museum, Pepin, Wisconsin
 <mask> Ingalls Wilder Museum, Walnut Grove, Minnesota
 Laura Ingalls Wilder Memorial Society museum and historic homes, De Smet, South Dakota;  annual pageant performed here
 Laura Ingalls Wilder Park and Museum, Burr Oak, Iowa
 Little House on the Prairie Museum, Independence, Kansas
 Wilder Homestead, Malone, NY
 De Smet Cemetery in Kingsbury County, South Dakota, where many Little House Ingalls family members are buried

Portrayals on screen and stage
Multiple adaptations of Wilder's Little House on the Prairie book series have been produced for screen and stage. In them, the following actresses have portrayed Wilder:
 Melissa Gilbert in the television series Little House on the Prairie and its movie sequels (1974–1984)
 Kazuko Sugiyama (voice) in the Japanese anime series Laura, The Prairie Girl (1975–1976)
 Meredith Monroe, Tess Harper (elder version), Alandra Bingham (younger version, part 1), Michelle Bevan (younger version, part 2) in part 1 and part 2 of the Beyond the Prairie: The True Story of Laura Ingalls Wilder television films (2000 and 2002)
 Kyle Chavarria in the TV miniseries Little House on the Prairie (2005)
 Kara Lindsay in the Little House on the Prairie book musical (2008–2010)

Wilder Medal

Wilder was five times a runner-up for the annual Newbery Medal, the premier American Library Association (ALA) book award for children's literature. In 1954, the ALA inaugurated a lifetime achievement award for children's writers and illustrators, named for Wilder, of which she was the first recipient.The Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal recognizes a living author or illustrator whose books, published in the United States, have made "a substantial and lasting contribution to literature for children". As of 2013, it has been conferred nineteen times, biennially starting in 2001. In 2018, the award was renamed the Children's Literature Legacy Award in light of language in <mask>'s works which the Association perceived as biased against Native Americans and African Americans. Other
 Google Doodle commemorated her 148th birthday in 2015. Hall of Famous Missourians at the Missouri State Capitola bronze bust depicting <mask> is on permanent display in the rotunda. She was inducted in 1993. Missouri Walk of FameWilder was honored on the Walk in 2006.<mask> crater on planet Venus was named after <mask>. In her 1916 essay "Look for Fairies Now", <mask> asked, "Of what use are eyes to a tree, I wonder?". The following century has seen continued research on the detection of far-red receptors by plants, including as a possible factor in crown shyness. The Wilder Life: My Adventures in the Lost World of ‘Little House on the Prairie’, 2011 book by Wendy McClure

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Works cited

  – Edition: illustrated, reprint, revised; 427 pp. ; selections and bibliographic data retrieved from Google Books 2015-10-15. Further reading

External links

 <mask> <mask> in MNopedia, the Minnesota Encyclopedia

 Beyond Little House – Laura Ingalls Wilder Legacy and Research Association
 <mask>galls <mask>, Frontier Girl
 Travel map of <mask> Ingalls <mask> – A map showing <mask> <mask>'s travels from her birth in 1867 to 1894. About the Ingalls Family (Sarah S. Uthoff)
 Western American Literature Research: <mask> <mask>
 <mask> <mask>: An American Fixture (Pamela Smith Hill)

Museums
 Laura Ingalls Wilder Historic Home & Museum, Mansfield, Missouri
 Laura Ingalls Wilder Museum, Walnut Grove, Minnesota:
 Laura Ingalls Wilder Park & Museum, Burr Oak, Iowa

Electronic editions

1867 births
1957 deaths
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
20th-century Congregationalists
American children's writers
American Congregationalists
American libertarians
American pioneers
American people of English descent
Schoolteachers from South Dakota
American women educators
American women novelists
Christian libertarians
Cowgirl Hall of Fame inductees
Deaths from diabetes
Delano family
Ingalls family
<mask>galls <mask> Medal winners
Newbery Honor winners
Novelists from Missouri
Novelists from Wisconsin
People from De Smet, South Dakota
People from Pepin, Wisconsin
People from Wright County, Missouri
Wilder family
American women children's writers
Writers from South Dakota
Burials in

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<mask> (born January 3, 1960) is an American novelist, essayist, memoirist, screenwriter, and poet. Her semi-autobiographical novel, Before Women had Wings, received the 1996 Southern Book Critics Circle Award and the Francis Buck Award (League of American Pen Women). She adapted the novel for Oprah Winfrey and the subsequent Emmy-winning film starred Winfrey, Ellen Barkin, Julia Stiles, and Tina Majorino. Remembering Blue received the Chautauqua South Literary Award. Three of her novels were Dublin International Literary Award nominees. Her other novels include Sugar Cage and River of Hidden Dreams. The Problem with Murmur Lee was Redbook's premier book club selection.Her memoir, When Katie Wakes, explores her family's generational cycle of domestic violence. How Clarissa Burden Learned to Fly, a novel oft compared to Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway in term of its structure, was published in 2010. Her latest book, a memoir titled "A Million Fragile bones," will be published April 20, 2017 by Twisted Road Publications. It explores her life on an isolated barrier island and the horrific impact and aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon BP oil spill. Her books have been translated into eighteen languages (https://web.archive.org/web/20170228081631/http://www.conniemayfowler.com/about.html). Booklist says of "A Million Fragile Bones, "<mask>'s elegy to her lost home and chronicle of BP's criminal negligence and the toxic decimation of this coastal haven is uniquely intimate and affecting in its precise elucidation of this tragic, largely invisible apocalypse, offering powerful testimony to the unacceptable risks and profound consequences of reckless oil drilling." <mask>'s essays, touching on a wide range of topics such as family history, the environment, child abuse, domestic violence, Sumo wrestling, popular culture, music, personal relationships, and food have been published in a variety of publications including The New York Times, The Times, Japan Times, International Herald Tribune, Oxford American, Best Life, "The Sun Magazine," and Forum.{http://www.conniemayfowler.com/about.html}

In 2007, <mask> performed at New York City's The Player's Club with actresses Kathleen Chalfont, Penny Fuller, and others in a performance based on The Other Woman, an anthology that includes <mask>'s essay “The Uterine Blues.”  In 2003, <mask> performed in a charity benefit performance of The Vagina Monologues with Jane Fonda and Rosie Perez. <mask>'s work has been characterized as southern fiction with a post-modern sensibility. It often melds magical realism with the harsh realities of poverty. It generally focuses on working-class people of various racial backgrounds. She has been cited in sources such as Advancing Sisterhood? : Interracial Friendships in Contemporary Southern Fiction (Monteith, Sharon) and Race Mixing: Southern Fiction Since the Sixties (Jones, Suzanne) as belonging to a “fourth generation” of American writers, black and white,that explodes old notions of race, segregation, and interpersonal racial relationships. Other publications her work has been cited in include Reclaiming Class: Women Poverty, And the Promise of Higher Education in America, essay by Nell Sullivan, Temple University Press, 2003; Poverty and Children's Adjustment (Developmental Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry) by Suniya Luthar, Transforming Nurses' Stress and Anger: Steps Toward Healing by Sandra P. Thomas, Ph.D., Editors on Editing: What Writers Need to Know About What Editors Do by Gerald C. Gross, Reading Adoption: Family and Difference in Fiction and Drama by Marianne Novy, Secrets of the Zona Rosa: How Writing (and Sisterhood) Can Change Women's Lives by Rosemary Daniell, The Tomorrow Trap: Unlocking the Secrets of the Procrastination-Protection Syndrome by Karen Peterson, The Book Lover's Cookbook: Recipes Inspired by Celebrated Works of Literature, and the Passages That Feature Them by Shaunda Kennedy Wenger, and Oprah Winfrey (Just the Facts Biographies) by Katherine E. Krohn.<mask> has held numerous jobs including bartender, caterer, nurse, television producer, TV show host, antique dealer, and construction worker. From 1997-2003 she directed the Connie May Fowler Women Wings Foundation, an organization that served at risk women and children. From 2003–2007, she was the Irving Bacheller Professor of Creative Writing at Rollins College and directed their author series “Winter With the Writers.”

<mask> splits her time between Florida, the Yucatan, and Vermont. She earned a Bachelor of Arts (English Literature) from University of Tampa and a Masters of Arts (English Literature with an Emphasis in Creative Writing) from University of Kansas where she studied with the novelist Carolyn Doty. <mask> <mask> (1960). Her most recent memoir, A Million Fragile Bones, will be released April 2017. Her most recent novel, How Clarissa Burden Learned to Fly, was published by Grand Central/Hachette Book Group in April 2010.Her short story "Do Not Enter the Memory" was published in the fall/2010 edition of Oxford American. An excerpt from A Million Fragile Bones, was published in the January 2017 issue of The Sun Magazine. She is working on a dystopian novel titled STONE BY STONE. She is a core faculty member of the Vermont College of Fine Arts MFA in Writing program and directs their VCFA Novel Retreat. She, along with her husband Bill Hinson, are founders and directors of The Yucatan Writing Conference (formerly The St. Augustine Writers Conference). Works

Novels and memoirs
 A Million Fragile Bones, 2017;
 How Clarissa Burden Learned to Fly, 2010;
 The Problem with Murmur Lee, 2005;
 When Katie Wakes, 2002;
 Remembering Blue, 2000;
 Before Women had Wings, 1996;
 River of Hidden Dreams, 1994;
 Sugar Cage, 1992

Poetry
 Two Thing Thing Poets: Steve Sleboda and <mask>, UT Review, Vol. 5, 1977.“A Soliloquy of a Seven Year Old,” “Crowded Closets,” Ann Arbor Review, Vol. 27, Washtenaw Community College, 1977. “You Have Created Me,” Goethe's Notes: A Literary Magazine, Vol. 6, 1978. “A Purity of Crabs,” “America: The Invitation and Rejection,” “A Celebration of Nothingness,” Outside the Museum: Contemporary Writings — An Anthology, Ann Arbor Review, Vol. 28, Washtenaw Community College, 1978. “Genetic Lace,” “The Fear,” Open Twenty-four Hours: Collective Consciousness, Vol.3, 1984. “Kateland,” “Ybor City Number One,” The Midwest Quarterly, A Journal of Contemporary Thought, Vol. XXIX, Pittsburg State University, 1988. “Homesick,” Roberts Writing Awards 1988, The H.G. Roberts Foundation, 1988. External links
<mask> <mask> website

+[amazon.com/author/conniemayfowler]
Lyceum Agency

WAMU 88.5 FM American University Radio — The Diane Rehm Show
 BookPage Interview February 2000: <mask> <mask>
 <mask> <mask> — Audio Interview on "When Katie Wakes"
 WordSmitten Spotlight :: <mask> <mask> :: The Problem with Murmur Lee
 Perspective: Cyberia
 The Other Woman anthology

1960 births
Living people
University of Tampa alumni
University of Kansas alumni
American women novelists
20th-century American novelists
American memoirists
American screenwriters
American women poets
21st-century American novelists
American women memoirists
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
20th-century American poets
21st-century American poets
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers

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<mask> () (born 21 June 1965) is a major general, military pilot, and People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps (PLAAC) taikonaut. In October 2003, he became the first person sent into space by the Chinese space program. This mission, Shenzhou 5, made China the third country to independently send humans into space. He is currently a vice chief designer of China Manned Space Engineering. Background
<mask> was born in Suizhong County, Huludao, Liaoning province. His mother was a teacher, and his father was an accountant at a state agricultural firm. <mask> married Zhang Yumei with whom they had a son together.Zhang Yumei was a part of the People's Liberation Army and was a teacher in China's Space Program. In 1983, he enlisted in the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), and was admitted to the Number 2 PLAAF Flight Academy (空军第二飞行学院) and graduated four years later. He participated in the screening process for astronauts in 1996. In the PLAAF, he logged 1350 hours of flight time as a fighter pilot before he went to space training. Spaceflight career
<mask> was selected as a taikonaut candidate in 1998 and has trained for space flight since then. He was chosen from the final pool of 14 candidates to fly on China's first manned space mission. A former fighter pilot in the Aviation Military Unit of the PLA, he held the rank of Lieutenant Colonel at the time of his mission.He was promoted to full Colonel on 20 October 2003. According to the Youth Daily, the decision had been made in advance of his spaceflight, but <mask> was not made aware of it. The launch window of Shenzhou 5, was chosen to be 15 October 2003 because it would coincide with the conclusion of a Communist Party conference in Beijing and a day before President Hu Jintao's visit to Thailand for the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit. President Hu was present at the launch site to supervise the launch of Shenzhou 5. The launch was not broadcast on live television to prevent negative publicity in the event of a disaster. He was launched into space aboard his Shenzhou 5 spacecraft atop a Long March 2F rocket from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in the Gobi Desert at 09:00 CST (01:00 UTC) on 15 October 2003. Prior to his launch almost nothing was made public about the Chinese taikonaut candidates; his selection for the Shenzhou 5 launch was only leaked to the media one day before the launch.The other two potential candidates for the space mission were Nie Hai-sheng and Zhai Zhi-gang who were also on standby as backup crews on the day of the launch. <mask> has reported the apparition of abnormal vibrations 120 seconds after launch, he described as "very uncomfortable". The vibration were later discovered to have come from the launcher rocket. As a consequence, corrective measures were swiftly taken to the design of the following CZ-2F carrier rocket for the Shenzhou-6. <mask> punctuated his journey with regular updates on his condition—variations of "I feel good", the last coming as the capsule floated to the ground after re-entry. He spoke to his wife as the Shenzhou 5 started its eighth circuit around the Earth, assuring her from space: "I feel very good, don't worry". He ate specially designed packets of shredded pork with garlic, Kung Pao chicken and eight treasure rice, along with Chinese herbal tea.During the flight, <mask> slept 2 times in 3 hour intervals. In the middle of the journey, state television broadcast footage of <mask> waving a small flag of the People's Republic of China and that of the United Nations inside his capsule. State media said <mask>'s capsule was supplied with a gun, a knife and tent in case he landed in the wrong place. <mask>'s craft landed in the grasslands of the Chinese region of Inner Mongolia at around 06:30 CST on October 16, 2003 (22:00 UTC), having completed 14 orbits and travelled more than 600,000 km. <mask> was in space for a total of 21 hours, <mask> left the capsule about 15 minutes after landing, and was congratulated by Premier Wen Jiabao. But the astronaut's bleeding lips seen in the official images broadcast sparked rumors of a hard landing confirmed by accounts of personnel present at the landing site. Although the first Chinese citizen in space, <mask> is not the first person of Chinese origin in space.Shanghai-born Taylor Wang flew on Space Shuttle mission STS-51-B in 1985. Wang, however, had become a United States citizen in 1975. Taylor Wang was not the first person born from China to go to orbit. William Anders was born in Hong Kong on 17 October 1933. Anders would be a part of the Apollo 8 lunar orbital mission in 1968. <mask> visited Hong Kong on 31 October 2003, holding talks and sharing his experiences during a six-day stay in the territory. The visit coincided with an exhibition that featured his reentry capsule, spacesuit and leftover food from his 21-hour mission.On November 5, he travelled to Macau. On 7 November, <mask> received the title of "Space Hero" from Jiang Zemin, the Chairman of the PRC Central Military Commission (CMC). He also received a badge of honour during a ceremony at the Great Hall of the People. Russia awarded him the Gagarin medal. The Chinese University of Hong Kong has given <mask>wei and the fossil bird Dalingheornis liweii are named after him. After Shenzhou 5

In a move similar to that taken by the Soviet Union with national space flight hero Yuri Gagarin, an official decision to no longer assign him to future spaceflight missions was made.<mask> was promoted to Major General on 22 July 2008. After the successful space flight of Shenzhou 5, <mask> was given the position as vice- commander- in- chief of the astronauts system of China's crewed spaceflight project. <mask> became the alternate member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China at the 17th Party Congress in October 2007. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization awarded the UNESCO Medal on Space Science to <mask> in October 2017. <mask> is the director of the China Manned Space Engineering Office. See also
 Wan Hu
 Taylor Wang
Nie Hai-sheng
Zhai Zhi-gang
 Space program of China
 List of Chinese taikonauts

References

External links

Spacefacts biography of <mask>
United Nations: Background Information on Chinese Astronaut, <mask>wei

1965 births
Living people
People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps
People from Huludao
Shenzhou program astronauts
People's Liberation Army Air Force generals
People's Liberation Army generals from Liaoning
Alternate members of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the 13th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference

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Yang Liwei
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<mask> (born 11 January 1952 in Campinas, Brazil) is a Brazilian mathematician, logician, and philosopher, full professor of Logic at the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP). With Bachelor and Ms.C. degrees in mathematics at the State University of Campinas  in Campinas he obtained his Ph.D. in 1984 from the same university under the supervision of Newton da Costa and subsequently worked as a PostDoc at  the University of California at Berkeley as a Research Fellow, following an invitation  by Leon Henkin. Areas of interest

Many-valued logic and paraconsistent logic

Carnielli contributed to the proof theory and semantics of many-valued logics and paraconsistent logics. His tableau method for many-valued logics generalized all previous treatments of the subject. His proposal of the possible-translations semantics (a new semantical interpretation for paraconsistent logics) contributed to a revival in the philosophical interpretation of paraconsistent logics. The logics of formal inconsistency, which systematize a large class of paraconsistent logics, opened the way to the application of paraconsistency to computer science and to new philosophical investigations on paraconsistency.Combinatorics, modulated logics, and combinations of logics

He also published on finite and infinite combinatorics, and developed (with his collaborators A. M. Sette and P. A. Veloso) the modulated logics, a new kind of logics that allows the formalization of qualitative reasoning by means of special generalized quantifiers. His research also includes model theory, non-classical logics, foundations of quantum computation, and combinations of logics. Positions and awards
Carnielli served as a Director for  the Centre for Logic, Epistemology and the History of Science at UNICAMP for three terms,  and served as President of the Brazilian Logic Society. He  was  distinguished with an Alexander von Humboldt Grant for long term research stays in Germany, and served as en editor and/or a member of editorial boards of major journals, such as Studia Logica, Logic and Logical Philosophy,  Journal of Applied Logic,
CLE e-Prints, Reports on Mathematical Logic and Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics. He is a recipient  of the Telesio-Galilei Gold Medal Award 2012 in Philosophy and Mathematics. Selected publications

Articles
W. A. Carnielli. On coloring and covering problems for rook domains, Discrete Mathematics 57 (1985), pp.9–16. W. A<mask>. Systematization of the finite many-valued logics through the method of tableaux. The Journal of Symbolic Logic 52 (2), 1987, pp. 73–493. W. A<mask> (with Newton C. A. da Costa). Paraconsistent deontic logics.Philosophia – The Philos. Quarterly of Israel vol.16 numbers 3 and 4 (1988), pp. 293–305. W. A<mask>. Hyper-rook domain inequalities. Studies in Applied Mathematics (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) 82,\ n.1 (1990), pp. 59–69.W. A<mask> (with C. A. Di Prisco). Some results on polarized partition relations of higher dimension. Mathematical Logic Quarterly 39 (1993) pp. 461–474. W. A<mask> (with P. A. S. Veloso). Ultrafilter logic and generic reasoning.In Computational Logic and Proof Theory (Vienna, 1997), pp. 34–53, Lecture Notes in Computer. Science 1289, Springer, Berlin, 1997. W. A. Carnielli. Possible-translations semantics for paraconsistent logics. In: Frontiers in Paraconsistent Logic: Proceedings of the I World Congress on Paraconsistency, Ghent, 1998, pp. 159–72, edited by D. Batens et al., Kings College Publications, 2000.W. A<mask> (with E. L. Monte Carmelo). K2,2-K1,n and K2,n-K2,n bipartite Ramsey numbers. Discrete Mathematics, Vol. 223 (1-3), 2000, pp. 83–92. W. A<mask> (with C. Sernadas and J. Rasga). Modulated fibring and the collapsing problem.The Journal of Symbolic Logic 67(4) 2002 pp. 1541–1569. W. A<mask> (with J. Marcos). A taxonomy of C- systems . In: Paraconsistency- the Logical Way to the Inconsistent, Lecture Notes in Pure and Applied Mathematics, Vol. 228, pp. 01–94 2002.W. A<mask> (with C. Caleiro, M. E. Coniglio and J. Marcos). Two’s company: The humbug of many logical values. In: Logica Universalis (Editor J.-Y. Béziau). Basel: Birkhäuser, 2005, p. 169-189. W. A<mask> (with A. B.M. Brunner).Anti-intuitionism and paraconsistency.Journal of Applied Logic Volume 3, Issue 1, March 2005, pages 161-184. W. A<mask> (with M. E. Coniglio). Splitting Logics. In: We Will Show Them: Essays in Honour of Dov Gabbay. (Editors S. Artemov, H. Barringer, A. S. Avila Garcez, L. C. Lamb and J. Woods). London: King’s College Publications, 2005, v. 1, p. 389-414.W. A<mask> (with M. E. Coniglio and J. Marcos). Logics of Formal Inconsistency. In: Handbook of Philosophical Logic, vol. 14, pp. 15–107. Eds. : D. Gabbay; F. Guenthner.Springer, 2007. W. A<mask> (with M. E. Coniglio. Combining Logics. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2007. W. A<mask> (with J. Rasga and C. Sernadas). Preservation of Interpolation Features by Fibring. Mathematical Logic Quarterly Volume 18, Issue 1, 2008, pages
123-151.W. A<mask> (with J. Rasga and C. Sernadas). Interpolation via translations. Mathematical Logic Quarterly Volume 55, Issue 5, 2009, pages 515-534. W. A<mask> (with J. C. Agudelo). Paraconsistent Machines and their Relation to Quantum Computing.. Journal of Logic and Computation Volume 20, Issue 2, 2010, pages 573-595. Books

R. L. Epstein and W. A<mask>. Computability: computable functions, logic and the foundations of mathematics, with the timeline Computability and Undecidability.Second edition. Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, Belmont, CA, 2000. W. A<mask> and C. Pizzi. Modalità e multimodalità. Franco Angeli, Milan, 2001. W. A<mask> and R.L. Epstein Computabilidade: Funções Computáveis, Lógica e os Fundamentos da Matemática Winner of 2007 Jabuti Award, a prestigious literary prize in Brazil.W. A<mask> and C. Pizzi. Modalities and Multimodalities. Springer-Verlag), 2008. W. A<mask>, M. E. Coniglio, D. Gabbay, P. Gouveia and C. Sernadas. Analysis and Synthesis of Logics. How to Cut and Paste Reasoning Systems. Applied Logic Series, Springer, 2008.References

 Graduate Program in Philosophy-IFCH- UNICAMP
 http://www.ifch.unicamp.br/pos/filosofia/index.php?texto=walter&menu=menudocente
 Security and Quantum Information Group - (SQIG-IT)
 http://www.it.pt/person_detail_p.asp?id=1896
 Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
 http://www.humboldt-foundation.de/automat_db/pub_humboldtiana2.humboldtiana_index_pub?p_year=2000&p_group=1&p_fg2=2A
<mask>lli academic homepage
Pensadores da Matemática

20th-century Brazilian mathematicians
Brazilian logicians
1952 births
Living people
Brazilian philosophers
20th-century Brazilian philosophers

masks:
Walter Alexandre Carnielli
. Carnielli
. Carnielli
. Carnielli
. Carnielli
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. Carnielli
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<mask> (September 21, 1951 – April 17, 2010) was an American screenwriter, script editor, producer and voice actor on numerous English language adaptations of anime during the 1980s and 1990s. His work is considered by many to have been instrumental in creating mainstream awareness of Japanese animation in the United States. Career

Robotech and Harmony Gold USA
<mask> came to public attention in 1985 as the producer and story editor of the influential animated television series Robotech, which he produced for Harmony Gold USA. Robotech is considered one of the titles most responsible for igniting anime fandom in North America and internationally. Macek intended to produce a sequel to Robotech, Robotech II: The Sentinels, but this project was canceled. While at Harmony Gold, Macek also produced the little-known, rarely-seen Captain Harlock and the Queen of a Thousand Years (which combines the almost-unrelated stories of Space Pirate Captain Harlock and Queen Millennia). Later career
Macek went on to co-found (with Jerry Beck) Streamline Pictures in 1988.Joining him were writers who had worked with him on Robotech, most notably, Steve Kramer, Tom Wyner, Gregory Snegoff, and Ardwight Chamberlain, each of whom are also experienced voice actors. Streamline Pictures was one of the first American companies to successfully deal in the regular production of imported Japanese animation. Among the titles released by Streamline are Lensman, Robot Carnival, Doomed Megalopolis, Twilight of the Cockroaches, Crying Freeman, Wicked City,  the Fist of the North Star film, Akira, Lupin III: Mystery of Mamo as well as the original English dub versions of Hayao Miyazaki's Lupin III: Castle of Cagliostro, Laputa: Castle in the Sky, My Neighbor Totoro, and Kiki's Delivery Service. As of 1993, Streamline Pictures distributed their anime through Orion Pictures and was eventually purchased by Orion in 1996. Both companies shut themselves down, but Orion was resurrected for television in 2013 and as a whole in 2014, all by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, while Streamline stays defunct. He was working as a scriptwriter for the English dub of Naruto and Bleach for Viz Media, and consulting for Harmony Gold on Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles before his death. Other works
<mask> was a co-editor of McGill's Survey of the Cinema and Film Noir—An Encyclopedic Reference to the American Style (1979).He authored The Art of Heavy Metal: Animation for the Eighties and Robotech Art 3: The Sentinels in which he chronicles in detail the conception and what went wrong during the production of the latter aborted animated series. He also worked as a scriptwriter for the animated series C.O.P.S., was the executive consultant for the animated film Heavy Metal 2000, and wrote the animated adaptation of Brian Pulido's Lady Death. Macek adapted the treatment by Merian C. Cooper (the producer of King Kong) for the unproduced film project War Eagles into a novel and screenplay in 2008. The book was published in the summer of 2008 by Angelgate Press. Legacy in anime
Macek became one of the most controversial figures amongst English anime fandom. Streamline Pictures-dubbed anime were among the first to be available on home video as well as broadcast on cable. Over the years, he has seen his share of detractors and proponents, for while he did help to bring Japanese animation titles and series to the United States, his edits, re-rewrites and mash-ups (particularly The Robotech Saga) angered many fans of the original titles and series.To this day, anime fans still remain divided between appreciation and scorn for his work. Death
Jerry Beck, one of Macek's former business partners, revealed that Macek died of a heart attack on Saturday, April 17, 2010. Barely three months before his sudden death, Macek recorded a lengthy two-and-a-half-hour podcast interview with Anime News Network, offering an extensive retrospective on his entire career. His brief obituary in the Los Angeles Times reported the place of death as Topanga Canyon. The obituary shows a picture of him surrounded by several Robotech characters from all three series. Biography documentary film
After his death, a short documentary, <mask>'s Robotech Universe, was produced.

masks:
Carl Frank Macek
Macek
Macek
Carl Macek


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Colonel <mask>  (born 14 April 1959) is a retired British Army officer who served from 1977 to 2006. <mask> was an infantry battalion commanding officer. Among his assignments were the command of Operation Fingal in Afghanistan from July to November 2003, and work for the Joint Intelligence Committee and COBR. After retiring <mask> co-wrote Attack State Red with Chris Hughes. The book is an account of the 2007 Afghanistan campaign undertaken by the Royal Anglian Regiment, documenting their initial deployment. <mask> has spoken on a range of social and political issues, including the British armed forces, the Middle East, and the European Union. He is a frequent contributor to The Sun, The Daily Telegraph, The Daily Mail, The Daily Express, Bruges Group, ConservativeHome, and Breitbart News.[self-published source?] Early life and military career

<mask> was educated at Colchester Royal Grammar School before serving as a soldier and officer in the Royal Anglian Regiment from 1977 to 2006. Having trained as an infantry soldier in 1977 at Bassingbourn Barracks, Cambridgeshire, he attended the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst and was commissioned as Second Lieutenant on the General List on 5 August 1978. Posted back to the Royal Anglian Regiment in 1979, <mask> was appointed as a platoon commander with the 3rd Battalion, based in Palace Barracks, Belfast. During his military career <mask> completed seven deployments on Operation Banner in Northern Ireland. He was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant in 1980 and Captain in 1985. He later became a training instructor at Bassingbourn before a posting to the 2nd Battalion as the second in command of a company, Milan Platoon commander, and then battle group operations officer, serving in several locations across the world, including a tour as part of UNFICYP in Cyprus.As a captain in the Royal Anglian Regiment, <mask> took part in the first Gulf War in 1990–91, commanding the Tactical Headquarters of 7th Armoured Brigade, and was promoted to the rank of Major in 1991. Following tours with the 7th Armoured Brigade and in Headquarters Northern Ireland, he returned to the 2nd Battalion of the Royal Anglian Regiment as Point Company Commander, leading the company in Bosnia, Germany and Canada. In Bosnia, he served on operations with the United Nations (UNPROFOR). He then took over the Armoured Infantry Training and Advisory Team based at Hohne and Sennelager, and held a staff appointment in the Ministry of Defence. <mask> was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in 1997 and commanded the 1st Battalion of the Royal Anglian Regiment in Oakington and Londonderry from 1998 to 2000. After this command, he was appointed commander of the Operational Training and Advisory Group and then spent six months as Counter Terrorism and Security Advisor to the Government of Macedonia. <mask> was attached to the Cabinet Office from 2001 to 2006, during which time he was briefly Commander of Operation Fingal in Afghanistan (between July and November 2003) with approximately 300 soldiers under his command.At the Cabinet Office he worked for the Joint Intelligence Committee and the national crisis management group, COBRA, during the period of the 2005 London bombings and a series of kidnappings of British nationals in Iraq and Afghanistan. His responsibilities included Iraq, and he made several visits to Baghdad, Fallujah and Mosul. He was promoted to the rank of colonel on 30 June 2004 and retired from the army on 30 March 2006. After leaving the army, <mask> co-authored the book Attack State Red with Chris Hughes, a journalist with the Daily Mirror. It describes the deployment of the Royal Anglian Regiment in Helmand Province, Afghanistan, in 2007 as a part of Operation Herrick. The title of the book comes from the British military standing operating procedures (SOPs) for the alert state of a base referring to the likelihood of attack. The book was published in September 2009 by Penguin Books.Politics

Allegations of war crimes and criminal prosecutions of British soldiers
<mask> has repeatedly spoken out against the "malicious, disruptive" investigation and prosecution of British soldiers for suspected criminal acts in Afghanistan and Iraq, as well as the opening of new investigations relating to the actions of British soldiers in Northern Ireland during the Troubles, including those relating to Bloody Sunday. <mask> has argued that the prosecution of British armed forces personnel for alleged criminal acts "are part of a concerted campaign of political warfare intended to undermine western democracies and their ability to defend themselves." <mask> told the Belfast News Letter that he was concerned about the investigations into historic crimes, stating "It is obvious some soldiers do some wrong things of course but there is a very clear difference between them and terrorists. Soldiers set out to uphold the law whereas terrorists set out to maim and murder. They should be treated differently." <mask> told a Law of War Conference at the Israel Law Centre in 2015 that "it has always been difficult to get soldiers to adhere strictly to the laws of war because the battlefield is an inherently dangerous and frightening place, and soldiers are only human beings who sometimes succumb to the strain and stress of conflict, sometimes make mistakes, and who sometimes get overtaken by anger at seeing their mates blown apart next to them." <mask> was himself questioned by police in 2000 concerning his suspected role in the murder of a prominent Republican figure during the 1980s, but charges were not brought against him.Brexit
<mask> is a member of the advisory board of Veterans for Britain, which campaigned strongly during the 2016 referendum for the UK to leave the European Union. Afghan interpreters
In 2015, <mask> spoke out in support of granting asylum in the UK to Afghan interpreters who had worked with British armed forces. Israel and Palestine
<mask> is involved with several pro-Israel organisations including as a board member at the Friends of Israel Initiative and the international advisory board of the pro-Israel organisation NGO Monitor and a frequent speaker at the UN Human Rights Council on behalf of UN Watch. <mask> has suggested that the UK government's condemnation of actions by the Israeli government and military in Palestine are the result of anti-Semitism within British government institutions and the mainstream media, as well as a desire by the same "to appease militant Islam". Interviewed in The Jewish Post in May 2015, <mask> stated that 'I'm not suggesting all Muslims are extremists, or support violence and terrorism. But, what I would say is that the overwhelming majority of Muslims is opposed to Israel and is anti-Semitic. As they gain dominance in different Western countries and threaten us with violence that they sometimes carry out – we’ve seen it in Paris, in Denmark, in London, where a British soldier was decapitated by Islamic extremists – there is an inclination among many people, who maybe ought to know better, to appease that violence and appease that dominance, and therefore side with them against Israel.'United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict (2008)
<mask> asked to be interviewed by the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict (also known as the Goldstone Report), which was established by the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) as an independent international fact-finding mission "to investigate all violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law by the occupying Power, Israel, against the Palestinian people throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, particularly in the occupied Gaza Strip, due to the current aggression". His request was rejected "because the report did not deal with the issues he raised regarding the problems of conducting military operations in civilian areas". <mask> publicly rejected the conclusions of the investigation, denying allegations that Israel engaged in war crimes and crimes against humanity. <mask> said: "Of course innocent civilians were killed. War is chaos and full of mistakes. There have been mistakes by the British, American and other forces in Afghanistan and in Iraq, many of which can be put down to human error. But mistakes are not war crimes...Based on my knowledge and experience, I can say this: during Operation Cast Lead, the Israeli Defense Forces did more to safeguard the rights of civilians in the combat zones than any other army in the history of warfare."In the report of a June 2009 conference at the Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs <mask> also accused Hamas of deploying women and children as suicide attackers, and wrote that "Women and children are trained and equipped to fight, collect intelligence and ferry arms and ammunition between battles." UN Commission of Inquiry Report on Gaza (2014)
<mask> criticised the findings of the 2014 UN Commission of Inquiry Report on Gaza, calling it "flawed and dangerous". His analysis was strongly critiqued by <mask>, former U.N. Special Rapporteur on Palestine, who accused <mask> of ignoring and misinterpreting international law. "Honour the Brave"
<mask> was involved in the "Honour the Brave" campaign led by the Daily Mirror in 2007 and 2008 to recognise the sacrifice of British troops killed or wounded in action by the award of a medal similar to the US Purple Heart. The campaign was initiated by Rita Restorick, mother of British soldier Lance Bombardier Stephen Restorick, who was killed by an IRA sniper on 12 February 1997. An Early Day Motion in the 2008–2009 parliamentary session supporting the initiative gained the support of the majority of Members of Parliament, as well as widespread support among serving and retired military ranging including Field Marshal Sir Edwin Bramall, former Chief of Defence Staff. The campaign eventually led to the MOD announcement in 2008 of a new award to be made to the next of kin of British soldiers killed in action, which was launched in July 2009.The award, called the Elizabeth Cross, is the first decoration to be named after a reigning monarch since the institution of the George Cross in 1941 and was back-dated to the end of the Second World War. Death threat

In October 2013 British media reported that <mask> may be on an Al-Qaeda death list. <mask> featured alongside others who have spoken out against Islamist terrorism on a video released by the Al Qaeda group al-Shabaab, which was responsible for an attack on a Nairobi shopping mall in 2013. The video included a clip from the BBC TV programme HARDtalk of <mask> condemning the murder of Fusilier Drummer Lee Rigby in Woolwich. The al-Shabaab urged UK Islamists to copy the murder. The Daily Mirror reported that anti-terrorist police had discussed with <mask> this death threat and concerns over his security. Controversies

Criticism of "political correctness" in the armed forces
<mask> has consistently criticised efforts by the British army to increase gender and ethnic diversity.In 2014 he expressed his strong opposition to the proposal to end the policy prohibition on women serving in ground close combat roles, stating that women lack "ferocity, aggression and killer instinct". Writing in the Daily Telegraph in 2016 he alleged that the decision to allow women access to all armed forces roles was driven by "feminist zealots and ideologues hell-bent on equality of opportunity without exception" and that "through no fault of their own, women will often become the weak link in an infantry team. The men will have to take up the slack". <mask> was critical of the army's 2018 recruitment advertising campaign, "This is Belonging", stating that "The army, like the rest of government, is being forced down a route of political correctness ... What is most important is that the army is full of soldiers. It is of secondary importance that they reflect the composition of society." On 1 August 2017 The Times published an article by <mask> claiming that Islamic State forces were attempting to infiltrate the British armed forces, stating that "The understandable drive by the armed forces and police to recruit more Muslims, and a less understandable concern for ticking the politically correct box over operational effectiveness, combine into an unprecedented danger." The article was condemned for stigmatising all young Muslims as "potential terrorists" and undermining attempts to increase diversity in the British armed forces.On 3 August 2017 The Times published a letter from the Muslim Council of Britain that said "<mask> chooses to cast a dark shadow of suspicion on Muslims serving in our nation’s armed forces (Islamists may have already infiltrated our armed forces, 1 August)." Attacking an article that <mask> had written in that newspaper, they said it was "unreasonable and downright unfair to single out Muslims who have taken the patriotic step to enlist." <mask> has defended the continued enlistment of 16 and 17-year olds by the British armed forces, despite criticism of the policy from child rights organisations, arguing that the recruitment policy "unquestionably boosts the quality and fighting effectiveness of the armed forces". 2015 University of Sydney lecture
On 11 March 2015 <mask> visited the University of Sydney to deliver a lecture on "Ethical Dilemmas of Military Tactics" and the complexities in dealing with violent non-state actors such as ISIL. This lecture was interrupted by a group of pro-Palestinian demonstrators led by Associate-Professor Jake Lynch, the director of the university's Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies. Following a heated exchange between the protesters and audience members, the pro-Palestinian protesters were evicted by security guards. In response to the incident, <mask> wrote a letter to the University of Sydney criticising Lynch's behaviour and accusing the latter of antisemitism.The University of Sydney later commenced an investigation into the incident. Libelling Baroness Warsi
In April 2017, a column written by <mask> and published in the Jewish News suggested that Baroness Warsi had sought to excuse the conduct of the Islamic State group. The column also suggested that she had objected to action being taken against British Muslims who murder and rape for that organisation. The Jewish News was subsequently ordered to pay £20,000 in damages plus costs to Warsi. In its public apology, the Jewish News stated
In a column written by Colonel <mask> published in the Jewish News and jewishnews.co.uk on 6 April 2017, it was suggested that Baroness Sayeeda Warsi has sought to excuse the appalling conduct of the barbaric Islamic State terror group. The column also suggested that Baroness Warsi has objected to action being taken against British Muslims who murder and rape for Islamic State. We wish to make absolutely clear that these allegations were wholly untrue and should never have been published.Warsi donated the damages to a charity for Muslim and Jewish women. <mask> himself did not issue an apology, and was accused by Warsi of appearing "to wantonly publish inflammatory and offensive comments without a thought for the consequences (let alone the truth)." Call for death penalty, deportation or internment of suspected terrorists
In the wake of the Manchester Arena bombing, <mask> called for all foreign nationals on the British government's terrorism watch list to be deported from the UK. He has also called for British nationals suspected of involvement in terrorism to be interned or stripped of their citizenship, stating "those who are fighting with Islamic State, who have gone out from this country to fight with Islamic State, to murder, torture, and rape, we don’t let them come back. They don't come back into this country." <mask>'s calls were rejected by Brigadier Paul Gibson, the former director of counterterrorism for the UK Ministry of Defence, who stated the suggestions were "a very, very blunt instrument that I think would fundamentally undermine the way we in Britain operate as a liberal society where we absolutely put the rule of law at the front of everything we do." In December 2017 <mask> appeared on a Jon Gaunt podcast with far-right activist Tommy Robinson, calling for British citizens fighting for ISIS "if possible to be killed in Iraq or Syria or wherever they are."On 23 July 2018, The Daily Telegraph published an article by <mask> which argued that after its departure from the European Union, Britain should re-instate the death penalty for terrorism suspects. Allegations concerning Jeremy Corbyn
During the general election campaign in May 2017, <mask> accused Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn of supporting terrorism: "We must face the fact that Jeremy Corbyn as prime minister would simply aid our enemies. He would rather support the likes of Hamas – every bit as fundamentalist as Islamic State – than oppose these extremists." In May 2019, he stated that "Corbyn supports terrorism and terrorist violence. He is not a pacifist nor a man of peace despite his false claims. He is a racist, a liar, a fraud and a threat to this country and all  people." <mask> has repeatedly accused Corbyn of supporting the Irish Republican Army (IRA), condoning the murder of civilians and being a "Jew hater".Use of the term "taig"
In July 2017 he received criticism for his usage of the term "taig", a racial slur for Catholics of Irish descent, during an exchange on Twitter, including from former Labour MP and British Army officer Eric Joyce who questioned if he knew it was a "racist term of abuse". In his defence <mask>, mentioned that he is a practising Catholic and having often been subject to the term as a result, he did not consider it a term of abuse. Honours and awards

<mask> was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE), Military Division, on 25 April 1994 in recognition of his intelligence work in Northern Ireland in 1993, and was awarded the Queen's Commendation for Bravery for service as a commander in the United Nations Protection Force in Bosnia in 1994. He was promoted Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), Military Division, in the New Year Honours 2006. He received an honorary doctorate from Bar-Ilan University in 2015. References

External links

1959 births
Living people
British military personnel of The Troubles (Northern Ireland)
British Army personnel of the Gulf War
British Army personnel of the Iraq War
British Army personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
British intelligence operatives
British military historians
Counterinsurgency theorists
Counter-terrorism theorists
Critics of Islamism
English military writers
Military personnel from Essex
English Roman Catholics
Graduates of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
Royal Anglian Regiment officers
People educated at Colchester Royal Grammar School
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Queen's Commendation for Bravery

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Richard Justin Kemp
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<mask> (Norwegian: <mask>, Old Norse: Ingi Bárðarson; 1185 – 23 April 1217) was King of Norway from 1204 to 1217. His reign was within the later stages of the period known in Norwegian history as the age of civil wars. <mask> was the king of the birkebeiner faction. The conclusion of the settlement of Kvitsøy with the bagler faction in 1208 led to peace for the last nine years of <mask>’s reign, at the price of Inge and the birkebeiner recognising bagler rule over Viken (the Oslofjord area). Background
Inge’s father, Bård, was a prominent lendmann from the Trøndelag region and a descendant of Tostig Godwinson. He was an early supporter of king Sverre, who brought the Birkebeiner faction to power in the late 12th century after years of war against king Magnus Erlingsson. Inge’s mother, Cecilia, was the daughter of an earlier king, Sigurd Munn.She had been married to the lawspeaker Folkvid in Värmland Sweden. After her brother, Sverre, had won the throne of Norway, she left her husband and travelled to Sverre in Norway, claiming she had been wedded to Folkvid against her will. The archbishop annulled her marriage to Folkvid, and Sverre gave her to his trusted follower Bård Guttormsson in marriage. <mask> was Bård and Cecilia’s only son. Accession
After king Sverre died in 1202, his son, Haakon, and his grandson, Guttorm, died within two years. The birkebeiner were thus left without any direct successors to Sverre. (The existence of another grandson of Sverre, Haakon Haakonsson, was as yet unknown.)Sverre’s old adversaries, the bagler, were exploiting the situation to launch a new invasion of Viken under their king, Erling Steinvegg. After the infant king Guttorm’s death in August 1204, the birkebeiner needed a strong leader to oppose the bagler threat. The birkebeiner leaders wanted earl Haakon the Crazy, who had earlier been appointed to rule the kingdom in king Guttorm’s infancy. Haakon was <mask>’s older half-brother, the son of Cecilia and Folkvid. However, Eirik, archbishop of Nidaros, and the farmers of Trøndelag insisted on choosing <mask>, who had until then ruled Trøndelag under Guttorm. A compromise was reached, whereby <mask> became king, while earl Haakon became leader of the army, and received half the royal income. Reign
The next four years saw intense fighting between the birkebeiner and the bagler.The bagler king Erling died in 1206, but the bagler continued the fight under their new king, Philip Simonsson. The bagler controlled the Viken area, with the cities of Tønsberg and Oslo King <mask> controlled Trøndelag with Nidaros, while Bergen in western Norway changed hands several times. On 22 April 1206 the bagler attacked Nidaros during wedding celebrations for <mask>’s sister Sigrid and <mask> himself only barely escaped with his life after swimming the Nidelva river in freezing temperatures. The next year, the 'birkebeiner' launched a successful attack on the 'bagler' stronghold of Tønsberg, but the war dragged on with neither side able to gain a decisive victory. In autumn of 1207, archbishop Tore of Nidaros and bishop Nikolas of Oslo, a prominent 'bagler', started negotiations for a settlement of the dispute. They succeeded in bringing about a meeting between kings Inge, Philip, and earl Haakon, at Kvitsøy in Rogaland in the autumn of 1208. A settlement was made, whereby Philip agreed to give up the title of king and his royal seal.He was to remain in control of eastern Norway with Viken, except Bohuslän, with the title of earl under king <mask>. Earl Haakon was given western Norway with Bergen, while <mask> would be the only king, overlord of Philip and Haakon and direct ruler of Trøndelag with Nidaros. To seal the treaty, Philip married king Sverre’s daughter and king Inge’s cousin, Kristina Sverresdotter. The peace treaty held for the rest of Inge’s reign. However, Philip did not respect its provisions and continued to use the title of king, maintaining his royal seal. The relationship between <mask> and his brother Haakon remained tense. When it became clear that Philip was continuing to call himself king, Haakon made attempts to have himself declared king as well, but Inge refused to accept this.Instead, an agreement was drawn up by which the brother that survived the other would inherit the other’s lands, while a legitimate son of either would inherit them both. Haakon had a legitimate son, while <mask> only had an illegitimate son, Guttorm (b. 1206) by a concubine called Gyrid. In 1214, Inge suppressed a rising by the farmers of Trøndelag; Earl Haakon was suspected of having had a hand in the rising. Open conflict between the two brothers never broke out, however, and Haakon died of natural causes in Bergen just after Christmas of 1214. Inge took over his part of the kingdom. In 1217, <mask> fell ill in Nidaros.During his illness, he appointed his younger half-brother, Skule Bårdsson, earl and leader of the army. On 23 April 1217, <mask> died. He was buried in Nidaros Cathedral. He was succeeded as king by the 13-year-old Haakon Haakonsson, an illegitimate grandson of King Sverre, who had been raised at the courts of King <mask> and Earl Haakon since they became aware of his existence in 1206. Skule continued as earl and de facto ruler for the next few years. Appraisal of Inge
Many historians have seen Inge as a rather weak king. He never achieved control over all of Norway, and agreed to a power-sharing with the bagler, which he stuck to even though Philip broke the agreement by continuing to style himself as "king".As a reaction to such views, others have claimed that <mask> was a strong ruler, in that he was able to withstand the pressure of the more war-like among the birkebeiner and put a halt to the destructive civil wars for a time. The bagler sagas - a contemporary source - describes Inge as a quiet and calm man, who shied away from feasting and preferred to spend his time in his own quarters with close friends - a character trait which was held against him by some of his men. His health was weakened following his near brush with death during the attack on Nidaros in 1206. Sources
Main sources for <mask>'s reign are the bagler sagas, which were written during and shortly after his reign. Inge is also mentioned less extensively at the start of Håkon Håkonsson's saga. The first Norwegian royal letter to survive dates from the days of Inge's reign, however, it was written by Inge's rival Philip. 1185 births
1217 deaths
13th-century Norwegian monarchs
Norwegian civil wars
House of Gille
Burials at Nidaros Cathedral

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<mask>  is a British academic and novelist. His debut novel, The Sleepwalker's Ball, was published in May 2009 by the small independent Welsh press Alcemi. As an academic working for the American Studies department of the University of Wales, Swansea, his areas of expertise and interest are 20th-century / Contemporary American Fiction,
American Film (especially Silent Cinema), Modernism, Postmodernism and Psychoanalysis (particularly the works and theories of Sigmund Freud). Personal life and academic career
<mask> was born in York in 1969. He attended Stirling University in the late 1980s to study for his undergraduate bachelor's degree in English and Film in 1991. It was his time at Stirling that he was to draw upon for inspiration for his first novel, remarking in a 2009 interview that:

"I went there this rather backwards, lazy, dreamy, um, idiot really, and I found out so much – all sorts of European films, modern art, books that seemed to have been written with me especially in mind. But at the same time, I was there in the late eighties and the town itself was very run-down, depressed, violent at the edges.It was the era of Thatcher and the Poll Tax, and there was real anti-student, anti-English feeling – so there I was, feeding my head with all these incredible arty things, and there was this working-class town mired in depression and unemployment, an almost overwhelming sense of greyness and lethargy. And this was a source of real tension... I was watching a lot of European movies – all the New Wave films, especially Truffaut who's also quite light-hearted about very sad things – and reading a lot of East European fiction too – the late eighties were a golden age for translated fiction from the old Soviet bloc, what with the wall about to fall. Thus I loved all those Czechs – Milan Kundera, Josef Skvorecky, especially Bohumil Hrabal – who took depressing Soviet reality and transformed it into something surreal, playful and alive." Upon completing his bachelor's degree at Stirling, <mask> moved on to the University of Manchester where he completed his PhD on 'Word and Image in The Novels of Don DeLillo’ in 1995, after initially starting a project on Kurt Vonnegut and changing his mind midway through researching it. He joined the American Studies Department at the University of Wales, Swansea in 1996. After twelve years with the department, he was made deputy head of the department in 2008 as it was merged into the broader spectrum of the department for International Relations.In 2010, with the downsizing of the American Studies department as part of a wider shakeup of the humanities at Swansea, <mask> has recently begun a move to the English department, in which he will teach literature and creative writing modules while still doing occasional American Studies modules in cinema and contemporary American fiction. However, with the future of the American Studies department still uncertain, there is every possibility that <mask> will continue to moonlight as a lecturer and marker for the department. Among the writers <mask> teaches in his Contemporary American Fiction class are Cormac McCarthy, Douglas Coupland, Paul Auster, Junot Diaz, Jonathan Safran Foer, and Jennifer Egan. The Sleepwalker's Ball
Bilton's debut novel, The Sleepwalkers' Ball, was officially be launched on 29 April 2009 at the smallest cinema in Wales, La Charrette at the Gower Heritage Centre, Park Mill. Readings from the book were accompanied by two silent Buster Keaton films: The High Sign and Sherlock Junior. DM Thomas, author of The White Hotel, said of the novel: "<mask>'s artfully-interwoven narratives, part zany city guide, part silent film, creative an imaginative whole which is poetic, inventive, surprising and pulsating with life". The plot of the novel consists of "...four inter-connected stories, all set in the same strangely black and white Scottish town, and these stories gradually link up to tell a tragic-comic tale of lost love and the perils of dreaming."<mask> describes the novel thus: "turn [ing] my own experiences into a kind of painting or a silent film or a poem...for me the town [in the novel] is Stirling in central Scotland where I was a student for four years and where an awful lot happened to me – falling in love, discovering art, movies, books – discovering the world really. And all this autobiographical stuff provides the real emotional colouring of the book." The Known and Unknown Sea
Following the publication of The Sleepwalker's Ball, <mask>'s attention turned to ideas for a follow up. However, work on the novel was delayed while he worked towards completing Constantly Moving Happiness Machines: Silent Film Comedy & American Culture, an academic non-fiction book on "silent film comedy with chapters on all the key figures – Chaplin, Keaton, Fatty Arbuckle, Harry Langdon, Mabel Normand – connecting slapstick comedy to American culture in the 1920s, especially consumerism, mass consumption and the idea of Hollywood as the dream factory." However, by late August 2009, he was "20,000 words into the first draft" of his second novel. Limited details about the novel have emerged, including the title and some basic information about the plot, with its protagonist being a remarkably intelligent and precocious young child, and the novel being set in a mysterious coastal town opposite an island obscured in mist, from which no visitors have ever returned. There is currently no definite information regarding the novel's publication.Influences
<mask> largely draws upon the influence of silent film ("When I was little I loved Charlie Chaplin and Laurel and Hardy, and then later on I discovered Buster Keaton and Harold Lloyd and I adored them all. "), Eastern European fiction and DM Thomas. However, when asked whether his academic work on American fiction feeds into his own fiction writing, and indeed whether he read much contemporary British fiction, he stated:

"I'm very, very fortunate these days to teach the things I like, so I guess I'm drawn to books and films that touch upon the things which mean the most to me. But I have written and studied all sorts of different things. My PhD thesis, for example, was on Don DeLillo, a writer who I think I have nothing in common with at all...The embarrassing truth is that I don't actually read much British fiction. I love Kazuo Ishiguro for his voice...Oh, and the much-maligned D.M. Thomas deserves some credit too, for The White Hotel and Freud and the idea of writing books that only deal with poetic intensity without all the mechanics of so-called believable realistic writing.But really, American and European sources inform the book much more than British ones. I unconsciously stole the idea of our hero unable to find his own home in 'Our Grand Tour' from Paul Auster's New York Trilogy and all the laundry and the spectral, ghostlike figures wandering the streets comes straight from Gogol. But film was just as important to the book – and silent film in particular." Bibliography

 An Introduction to Contemporary American Fiction (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press) US edition: (2003, New York: New York University Press). The American 1920s: Literary sources and Documents, Vol One: The Cultural Condition, Vol Two: Voices of Modernity, Vol Three: An Age of Performance (2004,Co-editor with Philip Melling, Robertsbridge: Helm Information). The Sleepwalkers’ Ball (2009, Aberystwyth: Alcemi) debut novel
 Constantly Moving Happiness Machines: Silent Film Comedy & American Culture (Forthcoming; about silent film comedy in America)
 The Known and Unknown Sea (Forthcoming second novel)

References

Academics of Swansea University
People from York
Living people
Alumni of the University of Stirling
Alumni of the University of Manchester
21st-century British novelists
British male novelists
21st-century British male writers
Year of birth missing (living people)

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