text_chunks:
 Spergel and Jason Pollack have proposed that a small fraction of dark matter could have ultra-strong self-interactions, which would cause the particles to coalesce rapidly and collapse into seeds for early supermassive black holes. Quasicrystals

Development of the theory: In 1983, <mask> and his then-student Dov Levine first introduced the theoretical concept of quasicrystals in a patent disclosure. The complete theory was published the following year in a paper entitled "Quasicrystals: A New Class of Ordered Structures." The theory proposed the existence of a new phase of solid matter analogous to Penrose tilings with rotational symmetries previously thought to be impossible for solids. <mask> and Levine named the new phase of matter a "quasicrystal." The never-before-seen atomic structure had quasiperiodic atomic ordering, rather than the periodic ordering characteristic of conventional crystals. The new theory overturned 200 years of scientific dogma and proved that quasicrystals could violate all of the previously accepted mathematical theorems about the symmetry of matter.Symmetries once thought to be forbidden for solids are actually possible for quasicrystals, including solids with axes of five-fold symmetry and three-dimensional icosahedral symmetry. The first synthetic quasicrystal: Working simultaneously to, but independently of, <mask> and Levine, Dan Shechtman, Ilan Blech, Denis Gratias and John Cahn at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) were focused on an experimental discovery they could not explain. It was an unusual alloy of manganese and aluminum with a diffraction pattern of what appeared to be sharp (though not perfectly point-like) spots arranged with icosahedral symmetry that did not fit any known crystal structure. The alloy was first noted in 1982, but results were not published until November 1984 after more convincing data had been obtained. <mask> and Levine were shown a preprint of the Shechtman team's paper and immediately recognized that it could be experimental proof of their still-unpublished quasicrystal theory. The theory, along with the proposal that it could explain the mysterious, forbidden structure of the new alloy was published in December 1984. The new alloy was ultimately discovered to be problematic.It proved to be unstable and the noted imperfections in the diffraction pattern allowed for multiple explanations (including one about crystal twinning proposed by Linus <mask>) that were hotly debated for the next few years. In 1987, An-Pang Tsai and his group  at Japan's Tohoku University made an important breakthrough with the synthesis of the first-ever stable icosahedral quasicrystal. It had sharp diffraction spots arranged in close accord with <mask> and Levine's quasicrystal theory and was inconsistent with any of the alternative explanations. The theoretical debate was effectively ended and the Steinhardt-Levine theory gained wide acceptance. The first natural quasicrystal: In 1999, <mask> assembled a team at Princeton University to search for a natural quasicrystal. The team, composed of Peter Lu, Ken Deffeyes and Nan Yao, devised a novel mathematical algorithm to search through an international database of powder diffraction patterns. For the first eight years, the search yielded no results.In 2007, Italian scientist Luca Bindi, then curator of the mineral collection at the Universite’ di Firenze, joined the team. Two years later, Bindi identified a promising specimen in his museum's storage room. The tiny specimen, a few millimeters across, had been packed away in a box labeled "khatyrkite," which is an ordinary crystal composed of copper and aluminum. On January 2, 2009, <mask> and Nan Yao, director of the Princeton Imaging Center, examined the material and identified the signature diffraction pattern of an icosahedral quasicrystal. This was the first known natural quasicrystal. The International Mineralogical Association accepted the quasicrystal as a new mineral and designated its name, icosahedrite. The material had exactly the same atomic composition (Al63Cu24Fe13) as the first thermodynamically stable quasicrystal synthesized by An-Pang Tsai and his group in their laboratory in 1987.Expedition to Chukotka: Two years after identifying the museum sample, <mask> organized an international team of experts and led them on an expedition to its source, the remote Listventovyi stream in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug in the northern half of the Kamchatka Peninsula in far eastern Russia. The team included Bindi and Valery Kryachko, the Russian ore geologist who had found the original samples of khatyrkite crystal while working at the Listventovyi stream in 1979. Other members of the team were: Chris Andronicos, Vadim Distler, Michael Eddy, Alexander Kostin, Glenn MacPherson, Marina Yudovskaya, and <mask>'s son, <mask>. After digging and panning a ton and a half of clay along the banks of the Listvenitovyi stream in the Koryak Mountains, eight different grains containing icosahedrite were identified. During subsequent years of study, <mask>'s team proved that both the sample found in the Florence museum and the samples recovered from the field in Chukotka originated from a meteorite formed 4.5 billion years ago (before there were planets), and landed on the Earth about 15,000 years ago. More natural quasicrystals: Further studies revealed other new minerals in the Chukotka samples. In 2014, one of those minerals was discovered to be a crystalline phase of aluminum, nickel and iron (Al38Ni33Fe30).It was accepted by the International Mineralogical Association and named "steinhardtite" in <mask>'s honor
 In 2015, a second type of natural quasicrystal was discovered in a different grain of the same meteorite. The second known natural quasicrystal was found to be a different mixture of aluminum, nickel and iron (Al71Ni24Fe5) and had a decagonal symmetry (a regularly stacking of atomic layers which each have 10-fold symmetry). It was accepted by the International Mineralogical Association and given the name "decagonite." Three more crystalline minerals were also discovered and named after colleagues involved in <mask>'s quasicrystal research: “hollisterite,” for Princeton petrologist Lincoln Hollister; “kryachkoite,” for Russian geologist Valery Kryachko; and “stolperite,” for Caltech's former provost Ed Stolper. The first quasicrystal found in the first atomic bomb test: In 2021, <mask> led the team that discovered a novel icosahedral quasicrystal created by the detonation of the first nuclear device at Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945 (the Trinity test). The new quasicrystal was discovered within a sample of red trinitite and is the oldest extant anthropogenic quasicrystal ever discovered. The previously unknown structure, which is made of iron, silicon, copper and calcium, is thought to have been formed by the fusion of vaporized desert sand and copper cables during the atomic test blast.The discovery of a unique quasicrystal in trinitite could transform the field of nuclear forensics, leading to a new diagnostic tool  which could help law enforcement prevent future terrorist attacks by using quasicrystals (which unlike radioactive debris and gases do not decay) to identify the signature of an atomic weapon and track down the culprits. Other contributions to the field: <mask> and his collaborators have made significant contributions to understanding the quasicrystals’ unique mathematical and physical properties, including theories of how and why quasicrystals form and their elastic and hydrodynamics properties. Peter J. Lu and <mask> discovered a quasicrystalline Islamic tiling on the Darb-e Imam Shrine (1453 A.D.) in Isfahan, Iran constructed from girih tiles. In 2007, they deciphered the manner in which early artists created increasingly complex periodic girih patterns. Those early designs were shown to have culminated in the development of a nearly perfect quasi-crystalline pattern five centuries before the discovery of Penrose patterns and the Steinhardt-Levine quasicrystal theory. Photonics and hyperuniformity

<mask>'s research on quasicrystals and other non-crystalline solids expanded into work on designer materials with novel photonic and phononic properties. Photonic quasicrystals: A team of researchers including <mask>, <mask>, Weining Man and Mischa Megens designed and tested the first photonic quasicrystal with icosahedral symmetry in 2005.They were the first to demonstrate the existence of photonic band gaps ("PBGs"). These materials block light for a finite range of frequencies (or colors) and let pass light with frequencies outside that band, similar to the way in which a semiconductor blocks electrons for a finite range of energies. Hyperuniform disordered solids (HUDS): Working with Salvatore Torquato and Marian Florescu, in 2009 <mask> discovered a new class of photonic materials called hyperuniform disordered solids (HUDS), and showed that solids consisting of a hyperuniform disordered arrangement of dielectric elements produce band gaps with perfect spherical symmetry. These materials, which act as isotropic semiconductors for light, can be used to control and manipulate light in a wide range of applications including optical communications, photonic computers, energy harvesting, non-linear optics and improved light sources. Phoamtonics: In 2019, <mask>, along with Michael Klatt and Torquato, introduced the idea of “phoamtonics,” which refers to photonic materials based on foam-like designs. They showed that large photonic bandgaps could arise in network structures created by converting the foam edges (intersections between foam bubbles) to a dielectric material for the two most famous crystalline foam structures, Kelvin foams and Weiare-Phelan foams. Etaphase Inc.: The meta-material breakthroughs by <mask> and his Princeton colleagues have valuable commercial applications.In 2012, the scientists helped create a start-up company called Etaphase, which will apply their discoveries to a wide range of high performance products. The inventions will be used in integrated circuits, structural materials, photonics, communications, chip-to-chip communications, intra-chip communications, sensors, datacomm, networking, and solar applications. Amorphous solids

<mask>'s research in disordered forms of matter has centered on the structure and properties of glasses and amorphous semiconductors, and amorphous metals. He constructed the first computer generated continuous random network (CRN) model of glass and amorphous silicon in 1973, while still an undergraduate at Caltech. CRNs remain the leading model of amorphous silicon and other semiconductors today. Working with Richard Alben and D. Weaire, he used the computer model to predict structural and electronic properties. Working with David Nelson and Marco Ronchetti, <mask> formulated mathematical expressions, known as "orientational order parameters", for computing the degree of alignment of interatomic bonds in liquids and solids in 1981.Applying them to computer simulations of monatomic supercooled liquids, they showed that the atoms form arrangements with finite-range icosahedral (soccer-ball like) bond orientational order as liquids cool. Honors and awards

  In 1986, <mask> was elected as a Fellow in the American Physical Society in recognition of his contributions to cosmology and to the theoretical understanding of quasicrystals. In 1994, he was named a Guggenheim Fellow. In 1998, he was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences. In 2002, <mask> was honored for his work on the inflationary model of the universe with the P.A.M. Dirac Medal from the International Centre for Theoretical Physics. He shared the award with Alan Guth of MIT and Andrei Linde of Stanford. In 2010, <mask> received the Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize of the American Physical Society for his pioneering contributions to the theory of quasicrystals.In 2012, he received the John Scott Award for his work on quasicrystals. In 2012, <mask> was named Simons Fellow in Theoretical Physics and Radcliffe Fellow at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard. In 2014, he received the Caltech Distinguished Alumni Award. In 2014, the International Mineralogical Association accepted a new mineral from the Khatyrka meteorite into the official catalogue of natural minerals, and named it "steinhardtite" in his honor. In 2018, he shared the Aspen Institute Italia Award with Luca Bindi for scientific research and collaboration between Italy and the United States. References

1952 births
Living people
American cosmologists
Harvard University alumni
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
21st-century American physicists
American string theorists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize

masks:
Steinhardt
Steinhardt
Steinhardt
Steinhardt
Pauling
Steinhardt
Steinhardt
Steinhardt
Steinhardt
Steinhardt
William Steinhardt
Steinhardt
Steinhardt
Steinhardt
Steinhardt
Steinhardt
Steinhardt
Steinhardt
Steinhardt
Paul Chaikin
Steinhardt
Steinhardt
Steinhardt
Steinhardt
Steinhardt
Steinhardt
Steinhardt
Steinhardt
Steinhardt


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 5 August 1985) better known as simply <mask> or Nali, is an Italian singer-songwriter, Record producer and TV personality. After being part of two bands, Elaphe Guttata and leNoire (Ex Malvasia), she became famous after participating in the tenth edition of the talent show Amici di Maria De Filippi in 2010–2011, where she finished in second place. Subsequently, <mask> participated in the Festival of Sanremo 2013 with the song "Scintille" and finished ninth. <mask> participated at the Sanremo Music Festival 2015 with the song "Una finestra tra le stelle" and finished fourth. In 2016, she returned to the Sanremo Music Festival with the single "Il diluvio universale" finishing eleventh, and again in the 2018 edition with "Il mondo prima di te", finishing third, and most recently she finished seventh with "Dieci" in Sanremo 2021. She received several awards, including a MTV Europe Music Award, a Wind Music Award and a Lutezia Award for her songwriting works, and nominations at the Kid's Choice Award and World Music Awards. She has recorded 6 albums and 25 singles, receiving 8 Platinum disc and 10 Gold discs, and selling over 1 million copies.She also wrote songs for other artists including Gianna Nannini, Fedez, Benji & Fede and collaborated with Antonello Venditti, Gianluca Grignani, Marcella Bella and Nomadi. From 2015 to 2019 she hosted the science divulgation tv program Tutta colpa di ... – Quelli del Cern on Italia 1. Early life
She grew up in Carcare and studied music and singing from an early age. From the age of 13, she worked as a bartender and musician. In 2009 she graduated from the University of Turin in Physics. Music career

2011-2013: Nali, Mentre tutto cambia and Non so ballare

In 2011 Annalisa took part at the 10th edition of the Italian talent show Amici di Maria De Filippi where she finished second and also received the critics' prize. In March 2011 her first album Nali was released; it reached number 2 in the official Italian album chart by FIMI and was certified platinum.Her first single "Diamante lei e luce lui", that reached the ninth position in the official Italian single chart in 2012, was certified gold. In addition this single won the Premio Videoclip Italiano 2011. Her second single "Giorno per giorno" was released on 27 May 2011. "Senza riserva", from the second album Mentre tutto cambia, was released on 16 March 2012 and later certified platinum. The second single of her second album was "Tra due minuti è primavera". The last single from Mentre tutto cambia was "Per una notte o per sempre". At the end of the same year <mask> sang "Pirati", which featured in the Italian version of the film Ice Age: Continental Drift.In 2013, she participated at the Sanremo Music Festival and finished ninth, with the single "Scintille". At the same time, her third album Non so ballare was released and reached the sixth position in the official Italian album chart. Also during 2013, <mask> represented Italy at the OGAE Song Contest with the song "Alice e il blu", the second single from the album Non so ballare, and finished third. At the same time, she had two nominations for Best Female Artist and Best Video with the song "Alice e il blu" at World Music Awards. She subsequently represented Italy at the International Song Contest: The Global Sound with "Scintille", and in November won the competition. The third single from Non so ballare was "A modo mio amo" and its videoclip was a collage of the previous ones. In December 2013 Roberto Casalino, the author of many Annalisa's songs, announced that "Tutto sommato" from the second studio album Mentre tutto cambia, featured on the soundtrack of the Dutch film Toscaanse Bruiloft.In January 2014 the album was released in the Netherlands and "Tutto sommato" featured as a single. For these reasons, in January 2014 the singer was sent for the first time abroad to promote the film and her first album published abroad. The film also contains the two bonus tracks of the digital version of the Dutch iTunes album, the song "Non so ballare" and the unreleased song, "Capirai". 2014-2016: Splende and Se avessi un cuore

On 1 April 2014 she made a guest appearance on Incredibile, the new studio album of Moreno, featuring on the song "Ferire per amare". On 14 April 2014 is revealed in the official Facebook page of the singer that "Sento solo il presente" is the single that anticipates the release of her fourth studio album. The song was released in Italy on 5 May 2014. It reached, the seventh position in the official Italian single chart.In May 2014 she worked as an author of the song "Siamo amore" for the competitor of the thirteenth edition of the talent show Amici, Giada Agasucci. She and Marco Ciappelli wrote the lyrics of the song, while the music was written by Francesco Sighieri and Diego Calvetti. "Siamo amore" was added to Giada album called Da capo and was released as a single on 20 June 2014. In September 2014 she released the single "L'ultimo addio". The text of the song was written by Annalisa and Marco Ciappelli, while the music was written by Francesco Sighieri. Annalisa collaborated with Italian rapper Raige, on the single "Dimenticare", released on 9 December 2014. On 14 December 2014, is announced as a competitor of Sanremo Music Festival 2015 with the song "Una finestra tra le stelle" and finished fourth.Along with the songs "Sento solo il presente" and "L'ultimo addio", "Una finestra tra le stelle" anticipated the release of the fourth album. On 23 January 2015, through the official page of Facebook of the singer, is also announced the title of the new album, Splende, available from 12 February. Were announced the first two dates of the tour, on 1 April, at the Teatro Nuovo of Milan and 3 to Auditorium Parco della Musica of Rome, with pre-sales open from 26 January. On 8 March 2015, "Una finestra tra le stelle" was certified gold for sales over 25,000 in digital and on 8 May 2015 was certified platinum for sales over 50,000 in digital. Her fourth single from Splende, "Vincerò", was published on 15 May 2015 and on 7 September 2015 was certified gold is certified gold for sales over 25,000 in digital. Annalisa announced 12 September 2015 in their official Facebook page, the output in the same month of the fifth single. With a countdown game, with images for clues on 14 September announced the name of the song, "Splende".The single was released on 18 September. In 2016, she participated at the Sanremo Music Festival and finished eleventh, with the single "Il diluvio universale". The song anticipated her fifth album, Se avessi un cuore, which debuted at number four on the Italian Album Chart. On 15 April 2016, the singer published her second lead single, "Se avessi un cuore", which was later certified gold by Fimi. 2017-present: Bye Bye and Nuda
On 30 August 2017, the singer revealed she was working on the new discographic project and after a month, the first single, "Direzione la vita", was released. On 16 February 2018, she released the studio album Bye Bye. The album peaked at number two of FIMI's chart, receiving later the gold certification.Annalisa took part at the Sanremo Music Festival for the fourth time in 2018 and finished third, with the song "Il mondo prima di te" (English: The world before you). the song becomes the one that has reached the highest position of the singer in the Italian chart, peaking at number three. In 2018, she released other two singles: "Bye Bye" and "Un domani", both certified platinum with over 50,000 copies sold. In 2019, <mask> released the single "Vento sulla luna", with featuring vocals by Italian rapper Rkomi. On 13 April 2020, she released "Houseparty", the second single of her upcoming seventh studio album. In 2020, <mask> collaborated with J-Ax for "Supercalifragili", as the third single from rapper's album Reale, and with Achille Lauro in "Sweet Dreams". In September 2020, the singer released her seventh studio album Nuda, with the third single "Tsunami".The singer participated at the Sanremo Music Festival 2021, with the single "Dieci", whitch was certified platinum with over 70,000 copies sold. On 28 May 2021 "Movimento lento" was published as the second single from the re-issue of her seventh studio album Nuda10. The song peaked at number 8 on the FIMI Singles Chart and was certified double platinum in Italy.

masks:
Annalisa Scarrone
Annalisa
Annalisa
Annalisa
Annalisa
Annalisa
Annalisa
Annalisa


text_chunks:
<mask>  (born May 16, 1953) is an American musician who is best known as the lead singer and bassist of 1980s band Mr. Mister. The band's hits include "Broken Wings" and "Kyrie". <mask> has also sung in other bands, been a solo artist, written songs for other artists, and worked as a background singer for other artists. Early life
<mask> graduated from Central High School in Phoenix, Arizona. His mother worked as the Assistant Director of the Phoenix Boys Choir, while his father was a musical director at a Phoenix church. During high school, <mask> performed in school musicals such as Oliver! <mask> cited that his musical influences at this stage included The Beatles and The Beach Boys.Immediately following his high school graduation, he moved to Hollywood. Career
In Los Angeles, <mask> and Steve George, a friend from Phoenix, “knocked around the LA music scene, eventually working with topflight acts like REO Speedwagon, Andy Gibb, Al Jarreau, and Kenny Loggins.” <mask> turned down an offer to be the lead singer for the bands Chicago and Toto. <mask>'s first major band, Pages, was formed with Steve George in the late 1970s. After producing three "Pages" albums, <mask> and George formed Mr. Mister along with Steve Farris and Pat Mastelotto. <mask> was on vocals/bass, George handled keyboards, Farris played guitar, and Mastelotto was on drums. <mask> is best known for his work with Mr. Mister. The band's first album was I Wear The Face (1984).<mask> has said that in this album the band was "just getting together and figuring out" how they wanted to sound. As frontman for Mr. Mister, <mask> scored two consecutive Hot 100 No. 1's with the singles "Broken Wings" and "Kyrie", both of which <mask> composed in collaboration with his cousin, John Lang. Both songs were released in 1985 and appeared on Mr. Mister's breakthrough second album, Welcome to the Real World, which also came out in 1985 and reached No. 1 on the albums charts. The group was nominated for several Grammy Awards, including Best Pop Band in 1986. The band scored another hit with "Is It Love" (1986), which reached no.8 in the charts. Mr. Mister's third album, Go On… was released in 1987. In an interview, <mask> said that the band "tried many new and different sounds and ideas" and that it included some of the band's best songwriting. Before breaking up on September 25, 1990, the group recorded a fourth Mr. Mister album, Pull, in 1989. The album was not released until 2010. <mask> has described "Pull" (2010) as the group's "most experimental album." Many of <mask>'s songs for Mr. Mister, and many of his solo numbers, were co-written with Steve George and John Lang.<mask> has also been a solo artist, and he has worked as a background singer for other artists and bands. He has written songs for popular artists such as Barbra Streisand, Celine Dion, Dionne Warwick, and Josh Groban, among others. <mask> released his first solo album, Shelter Me, in 1996. It featured the singles "The Best Thing" and "My Oxygen", a remake of Nik Kershaw's hit. Based on a recommendation by his friend, songwriter <mask>, Ringo Starr approached <mask> to join his 11th All-Starr Band and, in the summer of 2010, they embarked on a 32-date U.S. tour and, then in 2011, they embarked on a 40-date Europe tour. <mask> also toured with Ringo's 12th All-Starr Band in the summer of 2012, 2013, and 2017. Personal life
<mask> and his wife, Linda, have four children.

masks:
Richard Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Richard Marx
Page
Page
Page


text_chunks:
<mask> (born November 9, 1959) is a part-owner and former executive vice president of basketball operations of the Los Angeles Lakers in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is the son of former Lakers owner <mask>. Buss was president of the Los Angeles Lazers professional indoor soccer team from 1985–1989. He later trained thoroughbred race horses for nine years before joining the Lakers in 1998 as an assistant general manager. He was promoted to vice president of basketball operations in 2005. After his father Jerry died in 2013,  his controlling ownership of the Lakers passed to his children via a family trust, with each child receiving an equal interest. Early life
Buss was born the second of four children to Jo Ann and <mask>.He grew up with older brother Johnny and sisters Jeanie and Janie. Their parents divorced in 1972. Buss attended college at University of Southern California (USC), majoring in math before he dropped out. He spent much of his youth at race tracks. Although he stood , Buss attended jockey school when he was 20. Professional career
Buss invested in a small business with his best friend, but the friend died in a car accident in 1981. The death left Buss devastated and lost, and the business was left to fade.In 1985, Buss became president of his father's indoor soccer team, the Los Angeles Lazers, after his brother Johnny had quit. Buss brought annual losses down from $1 million to $500,000, but the team folded in 1989. He next became a horse trainer, receiving from his father the half-dozen thoroughbreds he owned. In 1997, Jerry divested himself of his horse racing stock that was increasingly unprofitable. Shortly after, he invited his son to join the Lakers, a basketball team he acquired in 1979 and built into one of the most lucrative and popular franchises in all of sports. Buss started with the Lakers in 1998 as an apprentice to general manager Jerry West and his assistant, Mitch Kupchak. During an interview with Sports Illustrated for its November 1998 issue, <mask> shared his thoughts on scouting, saying: "Evaluating basketball talent is not too difficult.If you grabbed 10 fans out of a bar and asked them to rate prospects, their opinions would be pretty much identical to those of the pro scouts." He later said he was trying to compliment Lakers scouts, who faced a challenge with the team usually picking late in the NBA Draft compared to the consensus that he believed existed with lottery picks, but the quote became controversial nevertheless. Buss continued to learn the basketball business from his father as well as West and then Kupchak, who was promoted to general manager in 2000. After the Lakers lost in the 2004 NBA Finals, Buss decided that the Lakers would sign Rudy Tomjanovich to replace the outgoing Phil Jackson. That summer, Tomjanovich was signed to a five-year, $30 million contract. Tomjanovich resigned after a half season, citing mental and physical exhaustion. The Lakers paid him a $10 million settlement, leading to speculation that the Lakers had instead terminated his contract.In 2005, Buss was promoted to vice president of player personnel. His father's plan was to have Buss handle the basketball decisions for the team, while his sister Jeanie, the vice president of business operations, handled the business side of the Lakers. In the 2005 draft, Buss was a key proponent of selecting 17-year old high school center Andrew Bynum, a decision that his father needed to approve. Buss said, "I just absolutely fell in love with [Bynum] in five minutes [watching his workout]." He was also involved in rehiring Jackson as Lakers coach. Buss was the only family member present at Jackson's welcome-back news conference, which the Los Angeles Daily News wrote "was viewed as significant". Buss stuck with Bynum as he struggled with immaturity and injuries, and he withstood demands from Bryant that Bynum be traded.After Jackson retired in 2011, Buss explicitly told coaching candidates Brian Shaw and Mike Brown that Bynum needed to receive the ball inside. Shaw was passed over as Jackson's replacement although the Lakers assistant was openly supported by players. Buss instead hired Brown without consulting their star player, Kobe Bryant. He later said it was a mistake to not involve Bryant. Shaw was not bitter that the Lakers went with Brown, but he was disappointed that after 12 years of service, they did not contact him until three weeks after their decision. The well-respected Shaw atypically criticized Buss in a radio interview over his treatment during the hiring cycle. The offseason also included the NBA player lockout, during which the Lakers let go of nearly two dozen employees with a combined 100 years of experience from the basketball operations staff.Assistant General Manager Ronnie Lester, whose contract was not renewed after 24 years with the team, said "great organizations don't treat their personnel like they've done." CBSSports.com wrote that NBA executives are typically discreet, and Lester's public criticism "shows how strongly he feels the Lakers were in the wrong here". Buss feared the season would be cancelled, and said that "we had to do what we had to do. It’s not fun; there’s no question about that." The lockout ended in the winter of 2011. Prior to the start of the 2011–12 season, Buss had a deal in place to acquire Chris Paul from the New Orleans Hornets for Pau Gasol and Lamar Odom, but NBA commissioner David Stern blocked the trade. That season, Brown expanded Bynum's role.The next season, the Lakers acquired Steve Nash and upgraded at center, trading Bynum for Dwight Howard. The acquisition of Howard appeared to be the start of a new dynasty for the Lakers. With their $100 million payroll, the Lakers were expected to be title contenders. Instead, Brown was fired after a 1–4 start; his dismissal after five games was the third-fastest coaching change in NBA history. In a unanimous decision by Buss, his father, and Mitch Kupchak, the Lakers decided against re-hiring Jackson and signed Mike D'Antoni instead. According to NBA.com, Jerry by that time was no longer involved in the Lakers' day-to-day affairs, and rarely exercised his veto powers. Buss, however, said his father continued to be "involved in every decision" in the final months of his life, and he chose D'Antoni.After being passed over in favor of Brown in 2011, Shaw said he was informed by Jerry that "his son is in control now, and he has to let him make whatever decisions that he makes." The 2012–13 season ended up being a disappointment, with Buss saying "we didn't get to realize the dream of four Hall of Famers on the same team." After <mask> died in 2013, his 66% controlling ownership of the Lakers passed to his six children via a trust, with each child receiving an equal vote. Jerry's succession plan had Jeanie assume his previous title as the Lakers' governor as well as its team representative at NBA Board of Governors meetings. After the season, the Lakers were unable to re-sign the free agent Howard, who joined the Houston Rockets while accepting $30 million less than the Lakers offer. Sister Jeanie commented that she "would be more comfortable [with her business relationship with Buss] if I understood what the [basketball] decision process was, and I’m not always involved in it." In 2013–14, Jeanie became Lakers president, and her role included overseeing the team's basketball operations while working with Buss, who continued as Lakers executive VP of basketball operations.Former Lakers player and part owner Magic Johnson, who was also close to Buss' father, believed that Buss needed to put aside his ego and seek assistance to help the Lakers recruit against rival teams for free agent players. That season, Buss signed Bryant to a two-year extension worth $48.5 million, even before Bryant had recovered from an Achilles tendon tear. The Los Angeles Times called the deal "one of many terrible Lakers moves" that year. In January 2014, Buss pledged to his siblings that he would step down if the Lakers were not contending for the Western Conference championship in three to four years. According to Jeanie, she was holding him to his self-imposed deadline, and was expecting him to lead the Lakers to at least the second round of the playoffs by 2016–17. On February 21, 2017, <mask> was fired as head of basketball operations of the Lakers, though he would continue to be a part owner of the team. After a dispute with Jeanie over ownership of the team, <mask> was removed as a trustee of the Buss family trust and lost his position on the Lakers board of directors.Public image
Buss is introverted and avoids the spotlight, and has never joined any on-court public ceremony for the Lakers. He rarely spoke in public as a Lakers executive, while general manager Mitch Kupchak usually handled the speaking responsibilities regarding player personnel. Buss is sometimes portrayed in the Los Angeles media as a slacker with his father's tastes but without his business savvy. In 2013, Buss said the playboy image stemmed from his clubbing with his dad 30 years earlier, but stated that he became a "stay-at-home guy. That's where I like to work." Public perception is that Buss was instrumental in distancing the team from Jackson, including discounting his assistant Shaw from succeeding him as Lakers head coach. During his interview for the position, Shaw said he had to defend Jackson when Buss spoke negatively of their former coach.In a May 2011 interview, Jackson said "there's really not a relationship" with him and Buss. However, Buss in 2013 denied the perception of his relationship with Jackson. "I have zero problem with Phil, and Phil has zero problem with me." Buss said he would be fine if Jackson, who is engaged to Buss' sister Jeanie, was on the Lakers' payroll, but only as a consultant. According to Jeanie, Jackson served as an unofficial consultant: "Phil is a part of the organization because of me ... <mask> and Mitch know Phil is a phone call away." Kupchak confirmed that he had interacted with Jackson on unspecified team issues. However,  Jackson did not envision a role on the team unless there was "some seismic shift" in the organization.Jeanie also said the Lakers were "in good hands" with Buss and Kupchak in their current roles. The Orange County Register, though,  wrote that "many fans would love to imagine" Jackson returning to the Lakers to replace Buss as the leader of basketball operations, and teaming with Jeanie to build a championship team. In 2014, public pressure mounted on the Buss family to hire Jackson, as he was discussing a front office position with the New York Knicks. However, the Lakers did not have a suitable front office role to offer him, and Jackson joined the Knicks as their president of basketball operations. Personal life
Buss married in 1983, and the couple adopted a son, Jager. Buss and his wife separated months later, but continued living together for six months while a social worker was monitoring the adoption. They divorced in late 1985 with Buss gaining sole custody of their son.Notes

References

1959 births
Living people
Los Angeles Lakers executives
Los Angeles Lakers owners
University of Southern California alumni

masks:
James Hatten Buss
Jerry Buss
Jerry Buss
Jim
Jerry Buss
Buss
Buss
Jim


text_chunks:
<mask> (Jawi: شهرير بن عبدالصمد; born 22 November 1949) is a Malaysian politician who was the Minister of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs (2008-2009), a Member of Parliament of Malaysia and the former chairman of the Barisan Nasional Backbenchers Club (BNBBC). He is a member of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), the largest political component party in the former ruling Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition. In Parliament – specifically the lower house of Parliament of Malaysia, the Dewan Rakyat – he represented the constituency of Johor Bahru in the state of Johor for six non-consecutive terms. (1978-1990, 2004–2018). <mask>, the Member of Parliament for Shah Alam, Selangor from the National Trust Party (Amanah) of Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition; is the younger brother of <mask>. He was appointed as the chairman of Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) from 1 January 2017 to 14 May 2018. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Kuantan, Pahang, and attended local primary schools.He later attended the Malay College Kuala Kangsar (MCKK) for his secondary education. He went on to gain an economics degree from the University of Malaya in Statistics, and a Master of Business Administration from the International Institute for Management Development in Lausanne, Switzerland. In 1973 he became the youngest political secretary in the country when he became political secretary to Musa Hitam, later Deputy Prime Minister. After his tenure expired in 1975, he became political secretary to Prime Minister Tun <mask> till 1976. <mask> first ran for public office in the 1978 general election, when he won the Parliamentary seat of Johor Bahru. He was initially appointed Deputy Minister, of Trade and Industry, but later became Minister of Welfare, Youth and Sports, and in 1987 took up the post of Federal Territory Minister. He also served as political secretary to Prime Minister Tun Hussein Onn from 1983 to 1986.<mask> was sacked that year in the events leading up to the 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis and Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah's challenge to Prime Minister and UMNO President Mahathir Mohamad. In 1988, <mask> resigned from his Parliamentary seat, and ran for re-election in the resulting by-election as an independent. A year later, he rejoined UMNO, while Razaleigh went on to form Parti Melayu Semangat 46 (S46). He subsequently was dropped as UMNO candidate in the 1990, 1995 and 1999 general elections. Later political career
In 2004, he returned to run for 11th general election in Johor Bahru on a BN-UMNO ticket, and won. He later claimed that then Prime Minister Tun <mask> Badawi had offered him a post in the Cabinet, but declined, citing the large number of qualified MPs. Instead, he went on to chair the Public Accounts Committee in the Dewan Rakyat.He was link to the Generasi Profesional dan Pewaris Bangsa (PROWARIS), an NGO attempted to raise a third voice in order to influence the UMNO party; which was more incline to the ex-prime minister Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamed. 2006 controversy
On 4 May 2006, <mask> announced his resignation as chairman of the Barisan Nasional Backbenchers Club (BNBBC). Earlier that day, Parliament had been discussing the issue of a member of parliament (MP) who allegedly asked the Melaka Customs and Excise Department to "close one eye" to an illegal import shipment of timber. Lim Kit Siang of the Democratic Action Party (DAP) and the Leader of the Opposition moved a motion to refer the MP in question to the Dewan Rakyat House Committee of Rights and Privileges. Several BN MPs quickly voiced their disagreement with the motion, but <mask> – according to one source – "shocked the House" when he stood and spoke in favour of the motion in order "to maintain the integrity of parliamentarians and Parliament". The motion was eventually rejected – in line with the BN policy of not supporting motions moved by the opposition – by the House. Shahrir walked out of the House and held a press conference in the Parliament lobby, telling reporters that "Even though it was an Opposition motion, we should support it for its importance to MPs and the House."He then announced his resignation as the Chairman of the BNBBC. The Deputy chairman, Raja Ahmad Zainuddin Raja Omar, later told reporters he would attempt to persuade Shahrir to stay on. After an emergency meeting, the BNBBC also announced they would ask Shahrir to stay on. In the meantime, the MP for Jasin, Mohammad Said Yusof, said he was the MP implicated in the matter. However, he insisted he had only asked for leniency on the grounds that the timber had been found to be illegal due to a technicality. Minister in the Prime Minister's Department in charge of Parliamentary Affairs, Datuk Seri Mohamed Nazri Aziz, said that "It is not that we disagree with Shahrir but it's an opposition motion and we usually reject their motions." He also told the press that the House Rights and Privileges Committee could not have an unnamed MP referred to it on the basis of a newspaper report.Nazri said that the Customs chief would have to complain to the Speaker and name the MP in question. Later that week, Shahrir met with then Deputy Prime Minister and BN Chief Whip, Dato' Sri Najib Tun Razak to officially submit his resignation. While Najib accepted it, it was not immediately clear if he would initiate disciplinary action against Shahrir for breaking ranks with the party. Shahrir initially insisted that "This is not a party matter," but later told the press that he resigned "as I had breached the party's directive against supporting an Opposition motion." Later, several backbenchers demanded that Shahrir's resignation be rescinded. The BNBBC secretary, Rosli Mat Hassan (MP for Dungun) issued a statement on the behalf of other backbenchers where he declared, "the unwritten rule that presently [makes] it mandatory for BN MPs to oppose any opposition motion regardless of merit [runs] counter to basic parliamentary practice and [infringes] on the duties of MPs". It was reported that Zaid Ibrahim, MP for Kota Bharu, was now leading a campaign to re-elect Shahrir as the BNBBC chairman.<mask>'s supporters said that it was their right to decide who led them, and implied that this was not Najib's prerogative. At the same time, the BNBBC's official position on the issue was that Shahrir had procedurally erred in supporting the motion, as the matter was beyond the purview of the Committee in question, which exists only to prevent a breach or abuse of Parliamentary privileges. A spokesperson also said that "The current procedure now is MPs must give a written notice to the Speaker, and only when the Speaker is satisfied, can the House decide whether the matter should be referred to the committee. ... In this episode, it was all done in a blink of an eye." <mask> later reversed himself, saying "I made a mistake in regard to the parliamentary procedure involved. However, based on the political model, there was no mistake."The following day, the then Prime Minister Tun <mask> Badawi issued an official directive on the matter, affirming that MPs could only vote along party lines. Zaid and most of the other backbenchers who had backed further autonomy told the press they accepted the decision. However, Rosli clashed with Minister in the Prime Minister's Department in charge of Parliamentary Affairs and Deputy Chief Whip Nazri Aziz, who said that "The Whip is only relaxed when it is lifted by the chief or the deputy chief Whip." Rosli said "...in the absence of his [the Chief Whip's] direction, the general rule is to that MPs are to vote according to their conscience..." Although many backbenchers said they considered Shahrir the BNBBC chairman, <mask> said that the government had planned to sack Shahrir, "But before we could do that he resigned, and we respect his decision." Ministership 2008–2009
In 2008, following the 12th general election which saw BN's majority significantly slashed, Tun <mask> Badawi appointed Shahrir as Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs Minister. In the 2009 UMNO General Assembly, Shahrir lost his bid for a place in the Supreme Council and consequently resigned from the Cabinet. Election results

Honours

Honours of Malaysia
  :
  Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) – Tan Sri (2012)
  :
  Grand Knight of the Order of the Territorial Crown (SUMW) – Datuk Seri Utama (2010)
  :
  Sultan Ibrahim Medal (PIS) (1979)
  Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor (DPMJ) – Dato' (1980)

Notes and references

Other references
<mask>, Shahrir <mask> (2005)."shahrir-umno". Retrieved 29 October 2005. External links
Official website. UMNO Bhg Johor Bahru. 1949 births
Living people
People from Pahang
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
United Malays National Organisation politicians
Independent politicians in Malaysia
Members of the Dewan Rakyat
Government ministers of Malaysia
University of Malaya alumni
Commanders of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia
Knights Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor
21st-century Malaysian politicians

masks:
Shahrir bin Abdul Samad
Khalid Abdul Samad
Shahrir
Shahrir
Abdul Razak
Shahrir
Shahrir
Shahrir
Abdullah Ahmad
Shahrir
Shahrir
Shahrir
Shahrir
Abdullah Ahmad
Abdullah
Abdullah Ahmad
Samad
Abdul


text_chunks:
<mask>'Gallagher (October 2, 1917 – December 4, 2007) was an avant-garde sound artist, painter and teacher whose San Francisco studio became an early gathering place for Beat writers and poets in the 1950s. He was integral to the creation of foundations and centers for human growth, including Feathered Pipe Ranch, The Ojai Foundation and the Beatrice Wood Center for the Arts. Early life

Born William Gallagher in Oakland, California, the tenth of eleven children, the artist adopted the more traditional rendering of his name after visiting relatives in Ireland. Author Aldous Huxley had a major impact on O'Gallagher's life, encouraging him to pursue a career in the arts, which led to him studying with Hans Hofmann in Greenwich Village in 1946. Meeting members of the Ojai Players, a theatrical group focusing on the work of Anton Chekhov, he was invited to paint their sets at the High Valley Theatre in Ojai, California. In Ojai, he began a number of lifelong friendships with remarkable individuals including the actress Iris Tree, artist Beatrice Wood and Rosalind Rajagopal, who invited him to teach art at the recently created Happy Valley School (now the Besant Hill School of Happy Valley. Meeting the Indian philosopher J. Krishnamurti had a major impact on O'Gallagher's philosophical views, which became increasingly concerned with mystical experience and creating social change.Career

Moving to San Francisco, O' Gallagher and his life-partner Robert Rheem maintained a studio, where they created Abstract Expressionist paintings in the area's Chinatown district during the 1950s and 1960s, where they interacted with a number of artists, writers and philosophers including Richard Brautigan, Jess Collins, Robert Duncan, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac, Michael McClure, Jean Varda and Alan Watts. Familiar with the Beat Scene in North Beach, O'Gallagher assisted Dr. Francis J. Rigney in researching his book The Real Bohemia: A Sociological and Psychological Study of The "Beats". Experience with psychedelic drugs

Influenced by Aldous Huxley and Gerald Heard, <mask> became interested in the potential of LSD and in 1959 he traveled to Mexico with Robert Rheem, Dr. Barbara Brown and Laura Huxley to visit the home of Indra Devi, where he was given a dose of the then legal drug. Having an ecstatic experience on LSD, he returned to San Francisco with an increased interest in mystical experience. In 1962, O'Gallagher tried Psilocybin and the experience was filmed by Michael McClure and later used in a film titled Chinatown Trip, created by Kevin Wallace. Despite his belief that both experiences were positive and expanded his consciousness, O'Gallagher never took any form of recreational drug again and cautioned others about doing so. Beyond painting

In 1963, O'Gallagher was invited to the Marcel Duchamp retrospective exhibition at the Pasadena Art Museum, as well as the private party that followed, where he met Duchamp along with Andy Warhol, whose first gallery exhibition in Los Angeles coincided with the event.Duchamp would prove a major influence on O'Gallagher's work and the friendship with Warhol continued. In 1966, when Warhol's Exploding Plastic Inevitable travelled to San Francisco, O'Gallagher and Rheem threw a party for the group, attended by Warhol and members of the Velvet Underground. In the late 1960s, O'Gallagher felt that the future of art was concerned with new technologies as opposed to painting. He was also writing a great deal and published Planet Noise, a book of poetry that utilized the "cut-up" method he'd learned from William Burroughs and was published in a number of international magazines. He experimented with alternative printing processes, happenings and sound experiments. In 1969, he collaborated with pioneering choreographer Anna Halprin on Ceremony of Us, which featured African-American dancers from the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles and dancers from Halprin's San Francisco Dancers' Workshop, who were primarily white. Ceremony of Us premiered at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles and resulted in a record by Charles Amirkanian and O'Gallagher, funded by Jim Newman's Dilexi Gallery.In 1972, O'Gallagher's The Blue Planet Notebooks was published, which featured prose, poetry, graphics, collage and experiments with creating art utilizing computers. In the book's introduction, artist, writer and critic Richard Kostelanetz wrote, "<mask>'Gallagher is a genuine polyartist, whose adventurous imagination has already moved through several media and will probably pioneer a few more. It is characteristic that he should be, if only 'in passing' one of the finest visual poets ever seen in America. He takes deep walks in all kinds of space, both inner and outer, artistic and socio-futurological, implicitly instigating jumps in time." Centers for human growth

In the early 1970s, O'Gallagher turned his attention to creating social change through bringing like-minded people together. He was central in creating Feathered Pipe Ranch, working with Jermaine "Jerry" Duncan and India Supera. Arranging the sale of Bear Creek Lodge, which had belonged to Robert Rheem's parents, he assisted in transforming it into a center for human growth, with Feathered Pipe Ranch evolving into an early yoga center.In 1973, O'Gallagher and Rheem returned to Ojai, transforming the former High Valley Theater into a home and studio and spending time with their friends Rosalind Rajagopal and Beatrice Wood. He convinced Rajagopal to make land available for a new venture, which was originally connected with The Human Dimensions Institute, but evolved into the Ojai Foundation when he brought Joan Halifax from New York City to become its Director. Following the death of Beatrice Wood in 1998, O'Gallagher and Rheem were central to the creation of the Beatrice Wood Center for the Arts in the artist's former home. Later work

In the mid-1980s, O'Gallagher and Rheem settled in Santa Barbara, California, where O'Gallagher began a series of smaller canvases that were highly original, yet still concerned with non-objective painting. He wrote poetry, conceptualized a multi-media work titled The 4th World and a set of cards titled Point of Departure. This work continued until his death, at which time the paintings and his intellectual property were given to the Beatrice Wood Center for the Arts, which has since featured the work in annual presentations. References

1917 births
2007 deaths
American sound artists
20th-century American painters
American male painters

masks:
Liam O
Liam
Liam O


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 20 December 1978) is a British writer and novelist best known for his sitcom Welcome to Our Village, Please Invade Carefully and his work on a variety of spin-offs from the BBC Television series Doctor Who. He has written books, comics, short stories, and for television and theatre, and has worked as a freelance journalist for various science fiction magazines. He is married and lives in Lancaster. Writing career

<mask>'s comedy writing career began in 2008 with material for Look Away Now. Since then his work has featured on That Mitchell and Webb Sound, Tilt, Play and Record, Newsjack, Recorded For Training Purposes and The Headset Set. The pilot episode of his sitcom  Welcome To Our Village, Please Invade Carefully  was broadcast on BBC Radio 2 on 5 July 2012. It starred Katherine Parkinson and Julian Rhind-Tutt.The Radio Times called it "the sitcom success story of 2012..." It became a full series, aired on BBC Radio 2 starting in March 2013, with Hattie Morahan replacing Katherine Parkinson. Doctor Who
His Doctor Who work includes the BBC 7 radio plays Phobos, Human Resources and Grand Theft Cosmos, the CD releases Memory Lane, The Condemned, The Raincloud Man and The Eight Truths, and several short stories for Big Finish's Doctor Who anthologies, Short Trips. He has contributed Doctor Who comic strips to Doctor Who Adventures and IDW. Between 2007 and 2009, <mask> was the producer of Big Finish's Bernice Summerfield range of products, and has contributed audio plays to the series. He has also written audio plays for other Big Finish ranges such as The Diary Of River Song, Blake's 7: The Liberator Chronicles. Books, comics and theatre
Apart from Doctor Who, <mask> has also written other comic strips including ones for 2000 AD, Transformers: Prime, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Captain America: Living Legend (with Andy Diggle). <mask> has also written books on film noir and the Coen Brothers for Virgin Publishing, the Doctor Who episode guide Who's Next with co-authors Mark Clapham and Jim Smith, and an illustrated adaptation of Bram Stoker's Dracula.He has written three children's books mixing fiction and tips for Fortnite. <mask> has worked with the Duke's Theatre on several productions including writing their 2015 Christmas show, Beauty and the Beast. In 2015, his debut novel Tomorrow Never Knows was published by Snowbooks. His second novel, Hearts of Oak, was published by Tor.com in 2020. Television
<mask> is a prolific writer of children's television, with credits including Sarah & Duck (2015-16), Class Dismissed (2016) and Tish-Tash (2021). Other television work included episodes of Hollyoaks (2014-2015), and the Chinese version of AMC's Humans, produced by Endemol Shine China and Croton Media. The show was broadcast in 2021 in China.

masks:
Eddie Robson
Robson
Robson
Robson
Robson
Robson
Robson


text_chunks:
<mask>Norkey" <mask> (13October 18839August 1915) was a New Zealand rugby union forward, who played for the All Blacks, and represented Taranaki and Wellington provinces. Playing for the Melrose Club in Wellington, he was selected in 1908 for the provincial team that played and defeated the Anglo-Welsh team on tour in New Zealand. After moving to Taranaki in 1910, he was soon selected to represent the province. Coming close to winning the Ranfurly Shield in 1912, a subsequent challenge the following year was successful against the longtime holders Auckland. He earned selection to the North Island team for the annual Inter-Island match and thereafter was picked to play for the All Blacks, first to play Australia and then for the tour of North America, in which he played 14 of the 16 games, including the 51–3 defeat of the All America team. Soon after the British Empire declared war on Germany on 5August 1914, <mask> signed up to the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, and took part in the expedition to occupy German Samoa, departing the day after he played for Taranaki defending a challenge from Wairarapa. On his return, he volunteered again for active service and enlisted in the Wellington Mounted Rifles, joining the machine gun section.After promotion to sergeant, he departed in October for Egypt. There, he captained his regiment's rugby team in matches against other New Zealand and Australian regiments. He landed at Anzac Cove on 8August 1915 and participated in the action to capture Chunuk Bair in the Gallipoli Campaign. The following day he was killed in action. Early life
<mask>, born 13 October 1883 in Foxton, New Zealand, was the son of Alexander and <mask>. He spent most of his early years in Wellington until moving to Taranaki in 1910 where he worked as an iron moulder for B. Harkness of Stratford. Rugby career

<mask> first played for the Melrose Club in Wellington and was selected for Wellington province in 1907.In 1908, he was a member of the Wellington team that defeated the touring Anglo-Welsh 19–13 on 27May. The visitors played much of the game with fourteen players, only six forwards, after an injury in the first half: the captains, before the game, had agreed that there would be no substitutions for injury. <mask> and Rush, in particular, as well as Harding and Cracroft Wilson, bore the "heat and burden of a truly Homeric struggle." Later in the year, on 15August, he took part in a Ranfurly Shield challenge, which resulted in a heavy 24–3 defeat for Wellington at the hands of Auckland. The challengers, away to Auckland, were the underdogs but it was expected to be a close game, and at half-time Auckland were just leading by a conversion, 5–3. In the second half, Auckland's forwards imposed themselves on Wellington, who struggled to maintain the pace and were unable to respond to Auckland's scoring. <mask> moved to Taranaki in 1910, where he played his club rugby for Stratford; he captained the team in 1913.He was first selected for Taranaki that year and continued to represent the club until the outbreak of the First World War. In 1912, Taranaki, with <mask> in the team, came close to winning the Ranfurly Shield from Auckland, losing 6–5. In front of a 12,000-spectator home crowd, Auckland dominated in the first half, scoring six points through a try and a penalty kick. The second half saw Taranaki's forwards take control for long periods, resulting in a converted try, but despite ongoing attacks, the visitors were unable to add to their score and lost by just one point. 1913 Season
1913 saw <mask>'s best season. His provincial form saw him selected for the North Island in the annual Inter-Island match, having been nominated for inclusion the previous year but not selected. In the event, the North was beaten 25–0.He was then part of the Taranaki team that ended Auckland's long tenure of the Ranfurly Shield, in a game described as "the finest match... and the most exciting... ever witnessed in the history of the Ranfurly Shield". Taranaki controlled the first half, with the forwards stronger than their opponents in every aspect, scoring the first points. The visitors' lead of 0–3, however, changed to a half-time score of 5–3 in Auckland's favour after an injury temporarily reduced the opposition to fourteen men. Soon after the break, Taranaki took the lead through a try, and then a second — scored by Dewar, who was continuously "in the thick of it" — took them four points ahead, 5–9. The home side responded with two tries of their own to take back a two-point lead. Towards the end of the game, Taranaki scored one more try, which was converted and gave them a 14–11 victory to win the Shield for the first time: Auckland was the first team to be awarded the Shield in 1902 and, after Wellington won it in 1904, regained it and held on to it continuously from 1906. He also played in the Taranaki side that was only narrowly beaten by the touring Australians in 1913.His form in these games earned him a place with the All Blacks. On 6September 1913, he played in the 30–5 first test win over Australia at Athletic Park: Albert Downing and George Sellars played alongside him and were also later killed in action in the First World War. <mask> was then selected, along with four other Taranaki players, for the tour of North America, playing in 14 of the 16 games, including the 51–3 victory over the All America team for his second test cap. He received particular mention in the test match for a cunning dummy pass to Downing on his right, drawing the defence and passing to five-eighths McKenzie on his left to run in for a try. He scored just one try. There was little interest in the American press about the tour. A single short paragraph in the New-York Tribune reports on the 51–3 defeat of the USA team on 15November.In 1914, <mask> participated in Taranaki's defence of the Shield against Wellington on 24June, winning 14–10; Wanganui, on 27June, winning 17–3; Manawatu, on 23July, winning 11–3, with <mask> "prominent"; Horowhenua; and Wairarapa, on 14August, winning 22–3. Within days of this last game, a number of Taranaki's players, including <mask>, left to join the New Zealand Expeditionary Force: "a brilliant forward... who would almost certainly have gone to Australia this season [on the All Blacks tour] if he had been available for selection". Although defeating Canterbury on 20August, Taranaki's pack was particularly weakened by <mask>'s absence, and only managed to win 6–5 with a last minute try. Against a second challenge from Wellington on 10September, the conspicuous absence of this "fine leader of forwards" contributed to the loss of the Shield. His obituary in The Sun described him as "one of the best forwards in the New Zealand team which visited California... he was fast and very clever, and always gave of his best. He was a good all-round athlete — an excellent boxer and no mean cricketer." International appearances

Military career

<mask> enlisted early, joining the New Zealand Expeditionary Force leaving on 15August 1914 for German Samoa.On his return he volunteered again, joining the 9th Wellington Mounted Rifles as a machine gunner and was based at Awapuni Racecourse, Palmerston North; he was promoted quickly to sergeant. On 16October 1914, after training, <mask> embarked on the Orari at Wellington en route for Egypt. There, <mask> captained the Wellington Mounted Rifles rugby team in several matches against other regiments — beating the First Australian Light Horse, the Canterbury Mounted Rifles, and the Auckland Mounted Rifles — before his regiment landed on 8August 1915 at Anzac Cove, Gallipoli. Twenty-four hours later, on 9August 1915, <mask> lost his life in the assault on Chunuk Bair — Albert Downing was killed in the same action, the first All Black to be killed in the war. Sergeant <mask> is commemorated on the Chunuk Bair (NZ) Memorial Turkey (Panel 4). His mother, sister and brother published these words in memoriam:Our thoughts they ever wander to a soldier's honoured grave,
Never will we forget the noble sacrifice you made;
For our hearts arc still united in that same fond love for you,
And loving thoughts are cherished of one so brave and true. Your cheery, sunny countenance will not from memory fade,
For we see you in the photo, in the home you died to save;
And when our hearts are sore for you we seem to hear you say,
Break not your heart, dear mother, we will meet on that Eternal Day.So widely known; so highly esteemed. Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

1883 births
1915 deaths
New Zealand international rugby union players
New Zealand military personnel killed in World War I
Deaths in Turkey
People from Foxton, New Zealand
New Zealand rugby union players
Wellington rugby union players
Taranaki rugby union players
Rugby union hookers
Rugby union flankers

masks:
Henry "
Dewar
Dewar
Henry Dewar
Lydia Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Dewar
Henry Dewar


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 12 July 1971) is a British-born financier who settled in Switzerland, and a member of the <mask> family. He is the chairman of Volex plc, a UK-listed manufacturer. He has a wide range of international business interests. He is the heir apparent to the title of <mask>, held by his father <mask>, 4th <mask>. <mask> is also a naturalised Montenegrin citizen. Early life and education
<mask> is the youngest of four children and only son and heir apparent of <mask>, 4th Baron <mask>, and Serena Mary Dunn. His mother was from a Christian background, while his father is Jewish (<mask>'s paternal grandfather was born into a Jewish family, while <mask>'s paternal grandmother had converted to Judaism upon marriage).His maternal grandparents were Sybil Fane, Countess of Westmorland (born Lady Mary Sybil St. Clair-Erskine, daughter of James St Clair-Erskine, 5th Earl of Rosslyn) and Sir <mask> Dunn, 2nd Baronet, whose father was the Canadian financier and tycoon Sir James Dunn. He was educated at Colet Court (in the same year as former Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne), Eton College and Wadham College, Oxford, where he read history, gaining an upper second. <mask> was a member of the Bullingdon Club as an undergraduate, at the same time as Osborne. He completed an MSc degree in Addiction Studies at the Institute of Psychiatry in 2013. In 2018, he was elected as a foundation fellow of Wadham College, Oxford. Career
After graduating, <mask> joined fund manager Lazard's, then went to work at Gleacher, the corporate finance firm now owned by NatWest. In 2000, he occupied a variety of positions, and holds a 50%, in NR Atticus, Atticus Management and Atticus Capital, a hedge fund, which in year 2000 controlled funds approaching £312m.<mask> is the former chairman of Vivarte, a pan-European retailer and owner of the Kookai clothing brand. Appointed in 2000 following NR Atticus's acquisition of a 32.9% stake in what was widely regarded as the first hostile proxy fight in France, he led the group through its successful restructuring and subsequent sale to PAI Partners, a French private equity firm in 2004. He became an alternate director of RIT Capital Partners plc in March 2000, and a full non-executive director in 2004 until 2010 when he stepped down from the RIT board. He remains a substantial direct shareholder of RIT and a 35% beneficial shareholder of Five Arrows Limited, a Rothschild holding company whose major asset is shares in RIT. <mask> is a former member of the Belfer Center's International Council at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government and the International Advisory Council of the Brookings Institution. He was also a member of the International Advisory Board of the Barrick Gold Corporation until 2013. Investments
In 2000, The Observer wrote that, in addition to <mask>'s then declared inheritance of £500 million, his actual inheritance "hidden in a series of trusts in Switzerland is rumoured to be worth £40bn".Via NR Investments Ltd., his principal investment company, <mask> was a cornerstone investor in the United Company RUSAL initial public offering in January 2010. At the same time he bought $40 million of Glencore bonds convertible into shares upon an IPO. NR Investments is also the largest shareholder (26.5% as of 2009) of Volex, a Manchester-based electrical cable maker. Furthermore, Rothschild has an interest in various property developments in Eastern Europe (Montenegro, Romania and Ukraine). In July 2010, Vallar Plc, a Jersey-incorporated investment vehicle Rothschild founded, raised £707.2 million in an Initial public offering on the London Stock Exchange. Vallar is led by <mask> and James Campbell, a former Anglo American PLC coal and base metals chief. In November 2010, Vallar announced it was buying stakes for $3bn in two listed Indonesia thermal coal (used for power stations) producers for a combination of cash and new Vallar shares, with a view to combining them to create the largest exporter of thermal coal to China, India, and the other emerging economies of Asia.The transaction closed as planned on 8 April 2011 and Vallar plc was renamed Bumi plc in the same month. In September 2012 the investigation of possible financial irregularities in its Indonesian arm resulted in a 14% fall in its share price. and the much-delayed financial results for 2012 showed a $200 million black hole. It was also reported in 2013 that Rosan Roeslani, a former director of the company, had stolen $173 million from it. In December 2013 the company changed its name to Asia Resource Minerals. In June 2015, following a series of disputes with his co-investors, <mask> abandoned his investment in the company, selling his 17.2 per cent stake to Coal Energy Ventures. In June 2011, <mask> and Tony Hayward, the former chief executive of BP plc, listed a successor vehicle to Vallar called Vallares (LSE:VLRS) on the London Stock Exchange, raising $2.2 billion.Essentially, this was identical in every respect to the first vehicle, which was metals and mining focused, except that the new entity would acquire oil & gas assets. In September 2011, Vallares announced a 50/50 all stock merger with Turkish Energy Champion Genel Energy, valued at $4.2 billion. Personal life
In 1994, he married socialite and model Annabelle Neilson; they divorced in 1997. She died in July 2018. In August 2016, <mask> married Loretta Basey, a former model who had been featured on page 3 of UK tabloid newspaper The Sun, in Switzerland. <mask> lived for a time in New York before settling in Switzerland in 2000, and according to the Swiss business magazine Bilanz, he is a resident of Klosters in Graubünden. The racehorse <mask>, winner of the 2011 King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, was bred and owned by <mask>'s mother and is named after him.Controversies
In October 2008, he was the subject of much press speculation when it was revealed that Labour politician Peter Mandelson and the Russian aluminium tycoon Oleg Deripaska (RUSAL) had met when staying on a yacht moored near Corfu, in order to attend a party held by <mask>. After speculation that this might constitute a conflict of interest for Mandelson, <mask> wrote a letter to The Times alleging that another guest was Conservative Shadow-Chancellor George Osborne, who, <mask> said, illicitly tried to solicit a donation from the Russian for his party. <mask> has been linked to the son of former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi. In February 2012 he lost his libel case with the Daily Mail who had accused him of being a "puppet master" in reporting about his foreign trips with Peter Mandelson. References

External links
 "The Man Who May Become the Richest <mask>", The New York Times, 9 March 2007
Hon. <mask> Victor James <mask>'s entry in Who's Who

1971 births
Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford
Barrick Gold
British businesspeople
Eldest sons of British hereditary barons
Harvard Kennedy School people
Living people
People educated at Colet Court
People educated at Eton College
<mask> <mask>
British people of Scottish descent
British people of Canadian descent
British people of German-Jewish descent
British Ashkenazi Jews
Montenegrin businesspeople
Bullingdon Club members

masks: Nathaniel Philip Victor James Rothschild


text_chunks:
<mask>g <mask> (Hamberger) born in Bad Aibling, Germany, in 1939, is a museologist and museum professional, an educator, a university professor and lecturer, author, editor and administrator. She  has contributed in important way to museums, to the International Council of Museums and to its International Committee for Museology. Her research interests include memorial sites, resistance against the Nazi totalitarian regime and museology as a science. Biography

Education
After graduating from the classical Gymnasium (Ignaz-Günther Gymnasium) in Rosenheim, she entered the Ludwig-Maximillians University in Munich where she studied pedagogy, philosophy, psychology and social science, and in 1964, was awarded a teaching degree. Later, she returned to the same university and, in 1990, received a doctorate in comparative museology and museum policy as well as a doctor of philosophy degree in museum education and museum policy. Employment
Vieregg has had a distinguished career. Starting in 1975, she worked at the Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen in Munich, where she was promoted to the position of Vice Director of the Centre for Museum Education.From 1978 to 1999, she freelanced in various museums in Munich and at memorial sites in Bavaria, and also offered courses in interdisciplinary Studies of Contemporary History and Art at the Bavarian State Academy for Teacher Training and Personal Management Dillingen. Simultaneously, from 1983 to 1986, Vieregg was responsible for the research program “Community Museums and Preservation of Historical Monuments” on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Science and Education, Bonn and Bavarian State Ministry for Culture and Education. She subsequently was appointed Professor of Museum Studies at the Barnaul State Pedagogical University and at the Munich School of Philosophy. On behalf of the Bavarian Ministry of Culture and Science, she was responsible for the teacher training in memorial sites, giving workshops in Germany, Czech Republic and Poland, and, from 2001 to 2004, for special projects on museum history, museology and museum education. Simultaneously she has been a senior lecturer in museology summer schools in Brno, Czech Republic (1997 - 2006), and Kolyvan, Siberia/Russia, as well as giving international lectures in Argentina and Brazil. Research interests
A specific field of research since 1983 has been youth-resistance against the totalitarian regime of National Socialism and Willi Graf as a member of the Munich students group White Rose. Vieregg was involved with the planning and research of the international exhibition: “Willi Graf and the White Rose – Student Resistance against National Socialism” as well as publishing the Graf letters.From 1994 to 1997, she was the scientific adviser of the ‘White Rose Foundation’ in Munich. Vieregg always promoted Museology as a science in the broad museum-field. She examined the interrelationship among museums, world heritage sites and museums and memorial sites; this was particularly germain in contemporary history. She has published extensively on matters of world heritage and museum ethics. She does not shirk voluntary work, serving on the Editorial Board of the Journal MUZEUM – Museum and Regional Studies (Praha, Czech Republic) and of Vestnik of Altai Pedagogical University, Barnaul, Russia, and Pavlodar State Pedagogical Institute, Kazakhstan. International Council of Museums and International Committee for Museology
Vieregg has held important positions in both the International Council of Museums (ICOM) and its International Committee for Museology (ICOFOM). She was Secretary to the ICOFOM Board from 1998 to 2001, and  President from 2001 to 2007.During this time, she played an active role in the ICOM Working Groups Use of Languages (2001-2004) and Committee for Property and Legal Affairs (2001 - 2004). As President, she co-ordinated the annual meetings of ICOFOM from 2000-2007: Munich, Germany and Brno, Czech Republic (2000), Barcelona, Spain (2001), Cuenca, Ecuador and Galapagos Islands (2002), Krasnoyarsk and Barnaul, Siberia, Russian Federation (2003), Seoul, Korea (2004), Calgary, Canada (2005), Córdoba and Alta Gracia, Argentina (2006), Vienna, Austria (2007), while editing the ICOFOM Study Series (1998 to 2007) and the ICOFOM Newsletter (2001 - 2007). Her particular focus was the promotion of international co-operation within ICOFOM and with the sub-Committee ICOFOM Latin America (ICOFOM LAM), chaired by  Nelly Decarolis, Argentina. She has continued her active international participation with a subcommittee of ICOFOM, initially called ICOFOM Siberia and South-East Asia (SIB & SAP, 2003) and now renamed ICOFOM Asian and Pacific Countries (ASPAC). In this regard, she was academic coordinator of the International annual meeting of ICOFOM Siberia and South-East Asia (SIB & SAP) in Taipei/Taiwan 2009, participated in the 2011 International Forum in Abakan, Siberia, organized a multi-disciplinary museology meeting involving Siberians and Germans in Munich, Germany in 2012, assumed the position of Vice-chair of ICOFOM ASPAC from 2013 to the present, and coordinated ICOFOM ASPAC meetings Kasachstan, Mongolia and Russia in 2014, ICOFOM SIB Meeting in Barnaul and Zmeinogorsk/Russia in 2015 and ICOFOM ASPAC Meeting in Taipei and Taichung/Taiwan that same year. Major writings

Willi Grafs Jugend im Nationalsozialismus im Spiegel von Briefen (“Willi Graf’s Youth in National Socialism – Individual Letters”) with Jos Schätzler, Munich, 1984. Resistance to National Socialism: Arbeiter, Christen, Jugendliche, Eliten (“Resistance to National Socialism: Workers, Christian People, Youth, Academic Elites”) with Hinrich Siefken, University of Nottingham/GB, 1993.Wächst Gras darüber? München: Hochburg des Nationalsozialismus und Zentrum des Widerstands. (“Munich, Center of National Socialism and Center of Resistance”)  Munich, 1993. Resistance to National Socialism: Kunst und Widerstand (“Fine Arts and Resistance”) with Hinrich Siefken, University of Nottingham/GB, 1995. Museumswissenschaften. Eine Einführung (“Museum Sciences: An Introduction”). UTB Fink.Paderborn, 2006. Studienbuch Museumswissenschaften. Impulse zu einer internationalen Betrachtung. (“Studies to Museum Sciences: Inspirations to an International Consideration”). Schneider Verlag. Baltmannsweiler/Hohengehren, 2007. Geschichte des Museums.Eine Einführung (“History of the Museums: An Introduction”). Fink Verlag. Munich, 2008. "Theodor Haecker – Christliche Existenz im totalitären Staat" (“Theodor Haecker – Christian Character  in a Totalitarian State”). In: Schwab, Rüdiger (Hg. ): Eigensinn und Bindung. Katholische deutsche Intellektuelle im 20.Jahrhundert. Kevelaer 2009. S. 115–134. Museologia, with Olga Truevtseva. Barnaul/Russian Federation, 2010. (298 S.). “Approaches to the Transition Process From Oppression to Democracy.Case Studies from Memorials and Museums”, ICOM International, 2016, pp. 1 – 17. References

General notes
Willi Graf und die Weisse Rose. Glaubenszeugnis gegen das NS-Regime. In: Prégardier, Elisabeth, Maier, Hans (Hg. ): „Vater, wohin geht’s du?“ – Familienschicksale im Widerstand. Edition Mooshausen.Annweiler 2010. S. 44–54. Willi Grafs Jugend im Nationalsozialismus im Spiegel von Briefen (“Willi Graf’s Youth in National Socialism – Individual Letters”) with Jos Schätzler, Munich 1984. Museology – a Field of Knowledge (III): Museology, Universal Heritage and the Techniques, in: ICOM Deutschland Mitteilungen 200.8, Berlin 2008, p. 38
Contemporary History in Relation to Memory, Museums and Memorial Sites Internationally – Past, Present and Future. In: COMPLUTUM. Universitas Complutensis Matritensis. Vol 26, No.2. 2015. pp. . 89-99
5. Aspekte zur Verwirklichung ethischer Grundsätze im Museum. (Aspects to the Realization of Ethical Principles in Museums). MUZEUM/Praha/Czech Republic Nr. 1/2016, at press
ISS 30 to 36 ICOFOM publications are available in the original form at the ICOM Information Centre in Paris, UNESCO Building, and online at http://network.icom.museum/icofom/publications/nos-publications/L/2/
ICOFOM LAM – International Committee for Museology, Latin America: Museologie und das Kulturelle Erbe – Interpretation aus der Sicht Lateinamerikas. In: ICOM Deutschland, Mitteilungen 2006.S. 41–42. <mask>, H.K., Chen, Kuo-Ning, Truevtseva, O.N. “The Committee of Museology of the Asian-Pacific Countries and its Activities. The Organization of International Cooperation in the Field of Preservation of Cultural Heritage, in Cultural Heritage in Asian Countries: from Theory to Practice, edited by О.N. Truevtseva & H. K. Vieregg. Pavlodar State Pedagogical Institute and Altai State Pedagogical University, 2015. p. 46-58, ill.

1939 births
Living people
German museologists

masks:
Hildegard Katharina Viereg
Hildegard Vieregg
Vieregg


text_chunks:
<mask> (June 2, 1855 – October 30, 1928) was an American businessman recognized as the first American to achieve international success in cosmetics manufacturing. The company once maintained separate US and European headquarters on Fifth Avenue in New York City and on the Rue de la Paix in Paris, respectively. Although his fortune had been built around cosmetics and beauty products, he preferred to be known as a "perfumer". <mask>'s father Alexander (1830–1900) was a pharmacist with a store at Broadway and Ann Street in New York City. His mother was Margaret (née Parker). The name Hudnut derives from Hodnet, Shropshire. After graduating from Princeton University, <mask> toured France and returned with the idea of introducing French-style perfumes and cosmetics to American women.In 1880 he registered his name as a trademark in both France and the United States. Hudnut began by transforming the family drugstore into an elegant showroom. The makeover was such that the shop now became a tourist attraction, and Hudnut's business flourished. In time, Hudnut's products became so widely known that he closed the retail store and focused on marketing his product lines through wholesale distributors. One of the keys to Hudnut's success was that he sold his less expensive fragrances "on approval". After the consumer paid with postage stamps or a money order, Hudnut shipped the perfume. If the customer wasn't satisfied, Hudnut refunded his money.Having made his fortune, Hudnut sold the business in 1916 and retired to France. The Richard Hudnut Corporation was acquired in 1916 by William R. Warner & Company, which became Warner-Lambert in 1955. In 2000, Warner-Lambert was purchased by Pfizer Corporation, now the world's largest pharmaceutical corporation. Perfumes and Cosmetics
Early Richard Hudnut fragrances included Queen Anne Cologne (1880), Violet Sec (1896), Aimée (1902), DuBarry (1903), Vanity (1910), and Three Flowers (1915). Product lines include Du Barry, Three Flowers, Gemey, Marvelous and a highly successful line of hair care products. Hudnut's beauty products were sold in department stores, an indication of their appeal to a more affluent and sophisticated clientele. The firm also introduced the Du Barry Success Course which ran from 1940 until the early 1950s which Mary Brooks Picken helped design.To maintain his image, Hudnut required dealers to sign a contract stating that not only would they not discount his products, they would not bundle his products with gifts of any kind (so as to, in effect, lower their purchase price.) Although this policy was outlawed in certain states (i.e., Texas), in states where it was enforceable, the company enforced it to the extent of the law. In 1922 the government charged Richard Hudnut Inc. with conspiracy to violate the Sherman Antitrust Act as a result of its price-control activities. Richard Hudnut, Inc. and Richard Hudnut Sales Company, a subsidiary, were again charged with unfair trade practices in 1936, under the Robinson-Patman Act. Incidents
Several colorful incidents marked <mask>'s life. In 1894, <mask>ut filed suit against the department store Carroll, Beadle & Mudge of Rochester, New York for allegedly selling imitation Hudnut perfume as the real thing. In 1901, the U.S. Customs Service sent an officer to his house to inquire about certain imports that Hudnut was receiving at a particularly low cost, as no duty was being paid.The officer was told that Hudnut was not at home. In 1901, patent solicitor Oscar Michel was arrested on $5000 bail for passing a bogus check to <mask>. Hudnut had had the solicitor file a patent application for him but when he didn't receive it from the patent office, he demanded his money back from Michel. The check was returned "N.G." (non-negotiable). In 1902, <mask> was exonerated on smuggling charges alleged to have been conducted by a steamship steward. The steward was arrested for smuggling violet essence and musk into the United States, some of which was traced to Hudnut's pharmacy.On further investigation, the collector entirely cleared Hudnut of any wrongdoing. In March 1903, <mask> bought a suite of Louis Quinze chairs for $220 at an auction of actress Ada Rehan's personal property. In 1905, upon returning from vacation at his Adirondacks camp, Hudnut discovered that his New York apartment had been burglarized; even his grand piano was gone. In 1909, Hudnut applied for a tax refund on alcohol which had been used in cosmetics which were to be exported. The Collector of Customs granted the request, but demanded precise accounting of the quantities used in manufacturing, including any waste. In 1915, Swift & Company sued <mask> for trademark infringement. Swift had registered the trademark "Vanity Fair" and challenged Hudnut's right to use the name "Vanity".The court ruled in favor of the plaintiff, in spite of the fact that Hudnut had registered his trademark earlier than Swift. The grounds were that Hudnut had used the name "Vanity" only once, and that use had not been public; it had been used on an invoice only. In 1920, in another trade-mark dispute over the name "Nara" which Hudnut had registered and which was disputed by plaintiff Phillips who had registered the trade-mark "Nyra", Hudnut prevailed on appeal on the same legal principle that had found against him in Swift v. Hudnut. In 1922, after he had retired from business, Hudnut's stepdaughter, Natacha Rambova, married Rudolph Valentino, who had not completed his divorce from his first wife. Other interests
<mask> was also the president of the Hudnut Realty Co.

Marriages

<mask> was married twice. His first wife Evelyn Isabell Beals (d. 1919), whom he married on May 14, 1881, was the daughter of granite dealer Horace Beals, and Jane A. Dwyer, better known as the Duchess of Catelluccia. His second wife, Winifred Kimball <mask> (1871 – 1957), was the mother of Natacha Rambova (née Winifred Shaugnessy).Hudnut was her fourth husband. Community service
<mask> was a member of several professional organizations including the American Pharmaceutical Association, the Manufacturing Perfumers' Association of the United States of which he had been variously, chairman, vice-president and treasurer,  the American Geographical Society, the Metropolitan Museum and the Republican Club of New York. Death

<mask> died in 1928, at the age of 73, at Juan-les-Pins, France, where he owned a château. He is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City. <mask>ut products (1915)

Notes

References

External links
Photograph of <mask> with his wife Winifred, his step-daughter Winifred Shaughnessy (Natacha Rambova) and his son-in-law Rudolph Valentino. Link to online copy of Beauty Book by <mask>ut at Harvard University Library

Cosmetics companies of France
Cosmetics companies of the United States
American businesspeople
1855 births
1928 deaths
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)

masks:
Richard Alexander Hudnut
Family Hudnut
Richard Hudnut
Richard Hudnut
Richard Hudn
Richard Hudnut
Richard Hudnut
Richard Hudnut
Richard Hudnut
Richard Hudnut
Richard Hudnut
Hudnut
Hudnut
Richard Hudnut
Richard Hudn
Richard Hudnut
Richard Hudn


text_chunks:
<mask> (November 3, 1848 – August 14, 1922) was a Scottish-American poet, editor, and engineer. Early life and education in Scotland

<mask> was born on Carsegownie Farm, Aberlemno, Forfarshire (now Angus), in Scotland. He was the seventh of ten children born to <mask> (1817-1853) and <mask> (1813-1901). David, a mason, was killed in a quarry blast when <mask> was five years old, leaving his widow with ten children of which four were under six years old. <mask> attended the Parish School in Aberlemno for seven years, to age 12, after which he was employed as a shepherd. The local Presbyterian church gave him textbooks, and he named his sheep after Greek philosophers. After a few years he moved to Dundee, studied in the high school, and apprenticed as a machinist.He "took a prominent part in the agitation of 1865 for improving the condition of the agricultural classes." While in Dundee, he began writing poetry and studying Scottish literature, and contributed poems to several publications. Believing that there were more opportunities for mechanics in the United States, <mask> emigrated alone to New York City in 1868. He worked in locomotive shops around the country, returning to New York in 1872. Life in New York City

In 1872, <mask> studied literature in the New York Evening High School, graduating with honors in 1875. He continued studying oratory and Latin, and contributed to publications in Scotland and America. He was “one of the finest Highland dancers in New York,” and from 1869 to 1878 won many medals.He published his first book, Jock Craufurt, a long romantic poem, in 1872 at age 23. <mask> married Isabella Low, a Scottish immigrant from Easter Clune near Aberdeen, on December 12, 1873. Their service was performed by Rev. Henry Ward Beecher. <mask>’ and Isabella’s children were:

 <mask> (December 28, 1876)
Isabella Washington <mask> (February 22, 1879) (born on George Washington's birthday and named after him)
 <mask> <mask> (April 23, 1881) (named after <mask>' mother)
 Margaret Mortimer <mask> (February 6, 1884) (named after Isabella's mother)
 Robert Buchanan <mask> (August 23, 1885) (named after <mask>’ good friend, Scottish poet Robert Buchanan - see <mask> information on Buchanan site)
 Jean Low <mask> (June 22, 1887) (named after <mask>' paternal grandmother)

Their first child, Charles, was born in December, 1876. Isabella  was born on February 22, in 1879. Just two and a half weeks later, Charles died.His father’s grief was expressed in a most moving poem, "Wee Charlie," below. He often referred to his surviving children as “four lovely daughters and one promising son.”

<mask> became a U.S. citizen on October 16, 1886. The family lived at 233 East 109th Street in New York City from around 1884 to about 1916. His wife Isabella died on November 7, 1910. After that he lived with his unmarried daughter Jean. Son Robert became a surgeon. He served with the medical corps of the New York National Guard in 1916, guarding the Rio Grande border with Mexico, where he contracted yellow fever.Robert died in June, 1917. <mask> had a close connection with the Scottish community in New York City, often being a speaker at clan meetings, and known for his humor. His friends included entertainer Harry Lauder and gynecologist Dr. Alexander Skene. He contributed frequently to the Scottish-American journal Caledonian. In 1914 <mask> was invited to be the official poet of the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Bannockburn on June 24. He traveled with his youngest daughter Jean, reading his commemorative poem to great acclaim at the battle site, and visiting Edinburgh and Dundee. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated four days later, leading to World War I, and <mask> and Jean cut their visit short and left Scotland on July 11.<mask> earned his living as an engineer, having charge of the locomotive shops of the New York Elevated railroad from 1879 until 1902, and in 1883 superintending the construction of the first locomotive built at the shops. He published The Valve Setter’s Guide in 1910 (rev. 1914), and contributed to engineering literature: “Elements of Physical Science,” “Celebrated Engineers,” “Locomotive Running Repairs.”  He was an editor of Railway and Locomotive Engineering from 1905, becoming Vice President of the Angus Sinclair Publishing Company in 1917 and Editor-in-Chief and President in 1919, a position he held until his death in 1922. He was listed in Who’s Who in America, 1918-1919, and in the American Literary Yearbook, 1919. <mask> was actively involved in New York City labor politics between 1902 and 1912, being president of the Harlem Republican Club for eight years, and running for Board of Aldermen, Assemblyman, and Senate. <mask> died suddenly on August 14, 1922, at age 73, after an illness of 16 days. He had had failing health for six months.Writings
<mask> <mask> was a keen observer of human nature and wrote with sympathy and humor. He was well-known and honored for his poetry, being selected as the official poet for the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Bannockburn in 1914. <mask>’s writings were published extensively in the Caledonian, a monthly journal for Scottish immigrants in the United States. His contributions included poetry, short stories, character sketches, and biographical articles. <mask> also published technical articles in Railway and Locomotive Engineering : A practical journal of railway motive power and rolling stock, published monthly by the Angus Sinclair Company, and a book on locomotive engineering. He became an associate editor for this journal in 1905 and became Editor-in-chief and President upon Sinclair’s death in 1919. Following is a list of books published by <mask>:

 1872: Jock Craufurt: a poem in the Scottish dialect.A long romantic poem. 1883: Poems, Songs and Lyrical Character Sketches. 1883: Poems on Scottish and American Subjects. 1888: The Deeside Lass, and Other Poems. The long poem is the story of the laird’s son Donald who falls in love with the servant girl Jean who had been taken in as an orphan; the laird sees the virtues in Jean, but the laird’s wife is furious, and the pair run off. 1899: The Scottish and American Poems of <mask>. 1910: The valve setter's guide: A treatise on the construction and adjustment of the principal valve gearings used on American locomotives.1920: The Complete Scottish and American Poems of <mask>. Most of these books are available online and/or in reprint. A sampling of his poems is presented below. <mask>'s family has annotated a collection of his letters (Letters to My Daughters: 1910-1916) and compiled a biographical document. Below is an excerpt from a letter by <mask> to his daughter Isabella, written August 15, 1901, on the subject of "husbandry." References

External links
Letter to <mask> from Robert Buchanan

American male poets
American engineers
1848 births
1922 deaths
Scots-language poets
Scottish emigrants to the United States
American editors

masks:
James Mackintosh Kennedy
James
David Kennedy
Jessie Mackintosh
James
James
James
James
James
James
Charles Kennedy
Kennedy
Jessie Mackintosh
Kennedy
James
Kennedy
Kennedy
James
Kennedy
Kennedy
James
James Kennedy
James
James
James
James
James
James
James Mackintosh
Kennedy
James Kennedy
Kennedy
James Kennedy
James Kennedy
James Kennedy
Kennedy
James Kennedy
James Kennedy