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<mask> (July 4, 1802 – September 8, 1867) was the 18th and 24th governor of the U.S. Commonwealth of Kentucky, although his service in that office totaled less than fourteen months. He also represented Hardin County in both houses of the Kentucky General Assembly and was chosen to be the Speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives four times. In 1838, his sole bid for federal office ended in defeat when his opponent, Willis Green, was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. <mask> was first elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1826; between 1826 and 1843 he served eleven one-year terms in the state house. In 1844, he was elected to the state senate, where he served continuously until he was chosen as the Whig Party nominee for lieutenant governor on a ticket with <mask>. Crittenden, famous for the Crittenden Compromise. The Whigs won the general election and <mask> was elevated to governor on July 31, 1850, when Crittenden resigned to accept an appointment as United States Attorney General in President Millard Fillmore's cabinet. After his service as governor <mask> became president of the struggling Louisville and Nashville Railroad.He invested thousands of dollars of his own money in the project and convinced residents along the line's main route to buy stock in the company. In 1859, the line was completed, but the next year <mask> resigned over of differences with the board of directors regarding a proposed branch that would extend the line to Memphis, Tennessee. Although he openly opposed secession during the American Civil War, federal military forces labeled <mask> a Confederate sympathizer. In September 1862, he was arrested for this alleged sympathy, but Governor James F. Robinson recognized him as he was being transported to a prison in Louisville and had him released. After the war <mask> identified with the Democratic Party, and in 1865, Hardin County voters returned him to the state senate. In 1867, he was the state's Democratic candidate for governor. Despite his failing health, <mask> made a vigorous canvass of the state and won the general election.He was too weak to travel to Frankfort for his inauguration, so state officials administered the oath of office at his home on September 3, 1867. He died five days later. Early life
In 1780, <mask>'s grandfather, <mask>, emigrated to Kentucky from Prince William County, Virginia and founded the settlement of Helm Station near Elizabethtown, Kentucky in Hardin County, where <mask><mask> was born on July 4, 1802. He was the eldest of nine children born to George B<mask>, a farmer and politician, and <mask> <mask>, a descendant of a prominent local pioneer family. Helm attended the area's public schools and studied with noted educator Duff Green. When Helm was 14 his father fell on hard financial times and Helm returned to work on the family farm.In 1818, he took a better-paying job in the office of Samuel Haycraft, the circuit court clerk of Hardin County. While there he read law with Haycraft, then entered the law office of Ben Tobin in 1821. At about this time, <mask>'s father traveled to Texas to enter into business and rebuild his finances, but he died there in 1822, leaving <mask> responsible for his mother and siblings. He was admitted to the bar in 1823, the same year Meade County, Kentucky was formed. There were no lawyers in the county yet, so although <mask> continued living in Hardin County he was made Meade's county attorney. His practice grew rapidly and he was soon able to pay off his father's debts and purchase the Helm homestead. Between 1832 and 1840, he built "Helm Place" on this land and it remained his home for the rest of his life.In 1823, <mask> called on Representative Benjamin Hardin. While Hardin and <mask> discussed business, Hardin's 14-year-old daughter, <mask>, entered the room to show her father a map she had drawn. <mask> later claimed it was love at first sight, and began to pursue <mask>'s affections. They courted for seven years, married in 1830 and had six daughters and five sons together. One of his sons, Benjamin Hardin <mask>, was a Confederate general in the Civil War and was killed at the Battle of Chickamauga. Political career

The major political issue in Kentucky during <mask>'s legal training was the Old Court-New Court controversy. Reeling from the  panic of 1819, Kentuckians had demanded debt relief.In response, the Kentucky General Assembly passed an act that granted debtors a grace period of two years in repaying their debts unless their creditors would accept payment in the devalued notes of the Bank of the Commonwealth. The Kentucky Court of Appeals struck down the law, claiming it was in violation of the Contract Clause of the U.S. Constitution. The angered legislature attempted to impeach the justices on the Court of Appeals, but lacked the necessary two-thirds majority. Instead, they abolished the Court of Appeals and replaced it with a new court, which was stocked with more sympathetic justices by pro-relief governor <mask>ir. Both courts claimed to be Kentucky's court of last resort. Throughout 1825, <mask> made speeches and distributed pamphlets in Hardin and surrounding counties, espousing the Old Court position. In 1826, he campaigned as a Whig for a seat in the Kentucky House of Representatives.<mask> won the election, and at the age of twenty-four became one of the youngest members to serve in the Kentucky General Assembly. An Old Court majority was elected to both houses of the General Assembly in 1826, which then passed legislation abolishing the New Court. <mask> was re-elected to the state House in 1827 and 1830, and was re-elected every year from 1833 to 1837. He served as Speaker of the House in 1835 and 1836. In 1837, there was a three-way race for speaker between <mask>, James Turner Morehead and Robert P<mask>. After nine ballots, <mask> withdrew and <mask> was elected speaker. <mask> made his only run for federal office in 1838 and was defeated by Willis Green for a seat in the United States House of Representatives.He returned to the Kentucky House in 1839 and was re-elected in 1842 and 1843, serving as Speaker of the House both years. In 1843, the Kentucky General Assembly proposed to create a new county from part of Hardin County and name it Helm County in honor of <mask><mask>. Because of the few dissenting votes on this question, <mask> declined the honor and proposed instead that the county be called LaRue County after his mother's family, many of whom still lived in the proposed county. <mask>'s suggestion was unanimously adopted. Lieutenant governor and governor

In 1844, <mask> was elected to the Kentucky Senate, where he served until 1848. That year he was the Whig candidate for lieutenant governor on a ticket with <mask>. Crittenden. <mask> defeated Democrat <mask> Martin in the general election.The major political question in the state during <mask>'s time as lieutenant governor was whether to adopt a new state constitution. As a state senator in 1848, <mask> had voted to allow the state's citizens to decide the matter in a referendum, but after seeing the document produced by the constitutional convention, he opposed its ratification. In an address to the state senate in 1850, he declared, "I was for reform, and not for revolution. I was for amending the Constitution, and not for obliterating every vital principle in contained." He especially opposed creating an elective judiciary. His antagonism to the constitution put him at odds with his father-in-law, Benjamin Hardin. The two did not reconcile until 1852, as Hardin lay on his deathbed.The new constitution was adopted in 1850 and in June of that year <mask> encouraged the people to accept it. Governor Crittenden resigned on July 31, 1850 to accept President Millard Fillmore's appointment as attorney general, and <mask> ascended to the governorship. As governor, <mask> vetoed a legislative plan to cover deficits in the public school fund by drawing money from the state's sinking fund, but the General Assembly overrode the veto. He urged the legislature to fund a survey of the state's mineral reserves and a census of the state's agricultural and manufacturing resources. He called for spending on internal improvements and for raising judges' salaries to attract more qualified jurists to the bench. He also sought a ban on the carrying of concealed deadly weapons. The legislature did not act on any of these proposed reforms.The only part of <mask>'s agenda that did progress through the General Assembly was election reform. President of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad

<mask> was a presidential elector for Winfield Scott in the 1852 presidential election. After this he took twelve years off from politics. As early as 1836, <mask> had advocated the construction of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. On October 2, 1854, he became the railroad's second president. The previous president had been forced out of that position after a disagreement with Louisville's board of aldermen, and construction of the line had almost been abandoned. Helm worked diligently to convince residents along the line's main route of the economic benefits it would bring.He persuaded many of them to help clear and grade land for the line and accept company stock as payment, and succeeded in selling stock subscriptions to people in the same area. Rising labor costs and troubles transporting materials raised expenses far above the projected budget, and at one point <mask> personally redeemed $20,000 ($ as of ) of the company's bonds. Meanwhile, some observers accused <mask> of mismanaging the company. The company's fortunes improved in 1857 when the city of Louisville provided $300,000 ($ as of ) in financial aid and the line was completed on October 18, 1859. Due to <mask>'s influence, the railroad's charter required all trains traveling through Elizabethtown to stop there. By the time the line was finished, there were public calls from inside and outside the company for <mask> to resign, mostly because of his support for a proposed Memphis branch of the railroad. To complete the branch, the Louisville and Nashville would have to complete a line from Bowling Green to Guthrie, Kentucky.There it would join a line owned by the Memphis and Ohio Railroad that began across the state line at Clarksville, Tennessee and extended to Memphis. Supporters believed the branch would economically help both Louisville and Memphis and would lessen their dependence on trade along the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. Opponents argued that the project was simply a ploy to whip up new support for the struggling railroad. <mask> endorsed the Memphis branch in his annual report in 1857. On February 4, 1860, two members of the company's board of directors wrote a letter requesting <mask>'s resignation; they claimed they had voted for his re-election as president of the company with the understanding that he would resign when the main line between Louisville and Nashville was finished. <mask> maintained that he felt an obligation to the citizens of Logan County – many of whom he had personally sold stock to – to remain president until the Memphis branch through their county was built. The rift between <mask> and the directors continued to widen, however.<mask> resigned on February 21, 1860, and was replaced by James Guthrie. The Memphis branch was completed on September 24, 1860. Civil War and second term as governor

On January 8, 1861 <mask> chaired a meeting in Louisville that advocated for Kentucky's neutrality in the Civil War. <mask> was an outspoken opponent of secession, but also denounced the election of <mask> and his use of military force to subdue the southern states. Because <mask> did not condemn his son, Benjamin, for joining the Confederate Army, federal authorities classified him as a southern sympathizer. After learning of the arrest of former governor Charles S. Morehead by federal authorities, <mask> fled to Bowling Green, fearing his own arrest. Through the intervention of Warner Underwood he was able to return home on the condition that he swear an oath of allegiance to the Constitution.Nevertheless, federal soldiers repeatedly entered his home, encouraging his slaves to abandon him, and consuming or destroying his crops. Because the state's courts were closed on account of the war, he was unable to earn a living by practicing law. In short order, his once-substantial fortune was expended, and he resorted to borrowing money to support his family. In September 1862, <mask> and several other citizens from Hardin County were arrested by Colonel Knox. After several days of confinement in Elizabethtown the prisoners were conducted to Louisville. By chance, Kentucky governor James F. Robinson recognized <mask> in the group and negotiated with General Jeremiah Boyle to get him released. Shortly after returning home, <mask> learned of Benjamin's death at the Battle of Chickamauga.After the war <mask> identified with the Democratic Party, and he returned to the state senate in 1865. During his tenure he chaired the Committee on Federal Relations and fought against punitive and restrictive laws against ex-Confederates. On January 22, 1866, he presented to the state senate a protest against the actions of the United States Congress during the Civil War. It denounced the Reconstruction Amendments on the grounds that they granted powers to the federal government that were reserved for the states, and that they were passed while many southern states were not represented in Congress. He also decried the creation and operation of the Freedmen's Bureau. On January 29, 1867, <mask> introduced legislation to organize a meeting in Louisville to rally support for President <mask> and his efforts to restore the Union. The state Democratic Convention met on February 22, 1867, in Frankfort and chose <mask> and <mask>. Stevenson as the party's candidates for governor and lieutenant governor, respectively.<mask> resigned his seat in the state senate to accept the nomination. Though his health was frail, he determined to canvass the entire state. He continued his call for an end to Civil War bitterness and proscriptions against those who had sided with the Confederacy. He won the general election over Republican Sidney Barnes and a third party candidate, Judge William B. Kinkead. The strenuous campaign took a decisive toll on <mask>'s already weakened body. He was too weak to travel to Frankfort for his inauguration, so the oath of office was administered at his home on September 3, 1867. <mask>'s secretary of state read the governor's inaugural address at the Hardin County Courthouse.In it, <mask> repeated his intent to remove political disabilities from ex-Confederates. He also charged that Congress was meddling in the affairs of the states. Though he promised protections for blacks, he opposed the idea of black suffrage. <mask> died on September 8, 1867, just five days after his inauguration. He was buried in a family graveyard at Helm Place. Helm Place was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 9, 1976. References

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1802 births
1867 deaths
Governors of Kentucky
Kentucky Democrats
Kentucky lawyers
Kentucky state senators
Kentucky Whigs
Lieutenant Governors of Kentucky
Louisville and Nashville Railroad people
19th-century American railroad executives
People of Kentucky in the American Civil War
People from Hardin County, Kentucky
Politicians from Louisville, Kentucky
Speakers of the Kentucky House of Representatives
Whig Party state governors of the United States
19th-century American politicians
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
<mask>ue family
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
19th-century American lawyers

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<mask> OBE (27 September 1900 – 12 September 1977), born Israel Gotfryd, was musical director of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company for 39 years, from 1929 to 1968. He conducted most of the company's performances during that period, except for a few London seasons when Malcolm Sargent was guest conductor and brief periods in the summers of 1947 and 1948 when Boyd Neel filled in as guest conductor. <mask> led the company in numerous tours, both domestic and foreign, during his tenure, and he conducted most of the company's recordings over that long period. Widely admired and well-liked, <mask> trained at the Guildhall School of Music in piano while working as an accompanist in London. He joined the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company as chorus master and assistant musical director of one of its touring companies in 1925, and in 1929 took over as musical director on the retirement of Harry Norris. Thereafter, his entire career was with D'Oyly Carte. He conducted and recorded all eleven of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, plus Cox and Box, that were performed by the company at the time.From the 1930s, he conducted several broadcasts of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas by the BBC, relayed live from the Savoy Theatre. In June 1965 <mask> was awarded the OBE, and in 1966, he conducted a film version of The Mikado, one of only a few films ever made by the company. He retired from the D'Oyly Carte company in 1968. He was married three times, for the longest period to Ann Drummond-Grant, a company principal who died in 1959. Life and career
<mask> was born in London as Israel Gotfryd, the son of Polish-Jewish immigrants Manas Gotfryd (1858–1934), a hairdresser, and Frymet ("Fanny"), née Wontroba (born 1871); originally from Płock, the family Anglicised their surname to <mask>, the parents becoming naturalised British subjects in 1905. He had older sisters Annie, a violinist (born 1888) and Flora, an actress as "Freda <mask>" (1889–1980), and a younger brother David (born 1909). <mask> was educated at The Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School, then in Hampstead.There he enjoyed studying science. As a small child, he first studied the violin but soon preferred the piano. He studied the piano under George Woodhouse, a pupil of Theodor Leschetizky, and in 1914 made a public appearance, at the age of 13, playing in a joint recital at the Bechstein Hall given by Woodhouse's pupils. <mask> subsequently trained at the Guildhall School of Music in the piano under George B. Aitken (composer of  "Maire, my girl"). At the school, he won prizes for ensemble playing, the school's Gold Medal for piano, the annual Mercers' Scholarship and later the Chappel Piano Company Prize. He briefly studied conducting under Julius Harrison near the end of his training. While still a student, he performed as an accompanist in London, sometimes playing for his sister when she performed on the violin at theatres and music halls.Early career
On the recommendation of the Guildhall School's principal, Sir Landon Ronald, <mask> joined the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company as chorus master and assistant musical director of its smaller touring company in April 1925. He moved to the main company in May 1926 and in 1929 took over as musical director on the retirement of Harry Norris. Thereafter, his entire career was with D'Oyly Carte. A rare exception to touring with the company came in December 1932, when he shared the conducting with Sir Thomas Beecham at a royal charity matinée before King George V and Queen Mary. In the same month, <mask> conducted the first complete broadcast of a Gilbert and Sullivan opera, The Yeomen of the Guard, on Christmas Eve 1932, relayed live from the Savoy Theatre by the BBC. <mask> conducted all the extant Gilbert and Sullivan operas plus Cox and Box, in performance and for recordings, except Utopia Limited and The Grand Duke, though he recorded excerpts from the former. (Rupert D'Oyly Carte had considered reviving Utopia in the 1920s, but abandoned the idea as too expensive.)<mask> conducted most of the company's performances during his four decades as musical director, except for a few London seasons, when Malcolm Sargent was guest conductor, and brief periods in the summers of 1947 and 1948, when Boyd Neel was guest conductor. <mask>'s assistant musical directors included Alan E. Ward (1930–49), William Cox-Ife (1951–61) and James Walker (1961–68). During <mask>'s long reign as musical director, he conducted artists who had worked under the direction of W. S. Gilbert, such as Henry Lytton, Leo Sheffield and Sydney Granville, and those who were performing at the last night of the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in 1982, such as John Reed and Kenneth Sandford. In his early years in charge, <mask>, with Rupert D'Oyly Carte's backing, gradually cut down the number of encores routinely given at the company's performances. The stars and the audiences both resisted, but <mask> eventually made progress, particularly after the outbreak of World War II, when it was important to keep running times down to a reasonable length. Touring and later years
During his four decades as musical director, <mask> took the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company on many tours, including eleven to America. The company did not travel with a band but instead used orchestra players hired locally.He recalled, "We would pick up perhaps eight orchestral players in the first town, take them with us on the tour and make up the orchestra with local players from each of the towns we visited....  On one occasion, I was rehearsing the Mikado overture when I noticed that one of the double-basses was plucking the strings in the opening bars. I pointed out that it was not to be played pizzicato but arco, with the bow. 'Yeah', he said. 'But I haven't got a bow.' That's how it was sometimes!" In wartime Britain, the orchestral situation on tour sometimes verged on collapse. <mask>'s weekly reports to the company office in London included wry accounts of drummers in Oxford who could not read music, a nervous cellist in Liverpool who played on three strings at once and a bass player in Wimbledon who took a night off and sent an inebriated substitute.Even in peacetime <mask> was not lavishly provided for in the orchestra pit. In the 1950s, the magazine The Gramophone commented: "Whenever Mr. <mask> <mask> enters the orchestra pit to direct an opera by Sullivan, to whose music he has devoted much of his life, he must presumably steel his aesthetic sense to doing justice to the composer with the tiny forces at his disposal. ... One presumes that an opera company with a repertory of ten operas, playing to capacity without expensive stars and only repairs to scenery and costumes and with royalties pouring in from all over the country, could afford a permanent orchestra of reasonable strength." In June 1965 <mask> was awarded the OBE; The Gramophone commented that "nothing short of a dukedom" could adequately reward him. In 1966, he conducted a film version of The Mikado, one of only a few films ever made by the company. He retired from the D'Oyly Carte company in February 1968 and was succeeded as musical director by his deputy, James Walker, formerly of Decca Records. <mask> married two members of the company – first, a soprano chorister, Marguerite Kynaston, about 1919 (they later divorced), and, in 1940, the soprano (later contralto) principal Ann Drummond-Grant.After Drummond-Grant died in 1959, <mask> married a third time, in 1961, to Glenda Gladys Mary née Cleaver. After retirement, when he held the honorary position of President of the associate members of the D'Oyly Carte Trust, ill-health prevented him from making many guest appearances, but he conducted H.M.S. Pinafore during the company's centenary season at the Savoy in 1975. <mask> died in London in 1977 just short of his 77th birthday. Reputation
<mask> was widely admired for his consistent skill in giving Arthur Sullivan's scores their essential joie de vivre. As early as 1926, Malcolm Sargent joining the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company found "a brilliant young assistant named <mask> <mask> whom I realised at once was made of the right stuff for Sullivan". In the 1930s, Neville Cardus praised <mask>'s musicianship and commanding presence, adding, "Mr <mask> deserves a bigger band":

Mr <mask> <mask> approaches his evening's labours with an imperious gesture; he swings round, and with a comprehensive eye reduces even a Gilbert and Sullivan audience to silence for an overture – a very remarkable feat of hypnotism.And then Mr <mask>'s baton attacks the score, as though about to plunge us into Götterdämmerung with his thin Falstaff's army of an orchestra....  Mr <mask> by sheer force seems to draw some sonority out of his pitifully inadequate instrumental forces; Toscanini could do no more. In the 1960s, Philip Hope-Wallace of The Guardian spoke of "the animation, command and sheer genius for keeping things up to the mark of this most devoted servant of the tradition." Of a 1964 performance of Iolanthe at New York City Center, the New York Herald Tribune reported, "The carrot thatch we have loved all these years has now burnished to a silver gold alloy but it could have been dark green for all we cared. What really mattered was that [<mask>] was there ... and that the Company was in superb condition, the best that it has been in for years." The New York Times concurred, "<mask> <mask>, happily a fixture in the pit, leads the overture with a respect and affection for its delicacies and that is the fashion in which he orders the musical side of the entire performance." "If ever a knighthood were deserved in the cause of true musical devotion, it is here", wrote the critic Ivan March in The Great Records. In 2007 The Penguin Guide to Recorded Classical Music praised him as "inimitable".A dissenting voice was the critic Rodney Milnes, who spoke of <mask>'s recordings as "leaden, lumpen and dull", but his fellow critic Hugo Cole, who had been a D'Oyly Carte orchestra player under <mask>, wrote admiringly, "he was like Henry Wood in that if you watched him you couldn't come in wrong." Members of the company from Leslie Rands in the 1920s to John Reed in the 1960s praised <mask> – known to company members as "Goddie" – for his musicianship and friendliness. Recordings
<mask>'s first recording with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company was the 1933 The Sorcerer highlights for HMV, followed by his first complete opera, The Mikado in 1936. When the company returned to the recording studio after World War II, <mask> conducted a series of eleven complete recordings from 1949–55 for Decca, comprising all the Gilbert and Sullivan operas in its repertory. From 1957–66, the company re-recorded its full repertory for Decca, this time in stereo, adding the first professional recording of Cox and Box and highlights from Utopia, Limited. <mask> once again conducted the entire series, except for Princess Ida and The Yeomen of the Guard, for which Sir Malcolm Sargent was guest conductor. His final recordings for the company were a film of The Mikado in 1966 and the company's second stereo recording of The Pirates of Penzance in 1968.Notes

References

Further reading
Reeves, Ken: "The Godfrey Identification Parade" in The Gaiety Annual (2002) pp. 23–28. Scowcroft, Philip: "The <mask>s" in The Gaiety Annual (2002) pp. 19–22. External links
Appreciation piece regarding <mask>'s career, Memories of the D'Oyly Carte website
<mask> interviewed on the BBC's Desert Island Discs
Caricature of <mask> at the V&A Museum
<mask> conducts televised scenes from Pirates, D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, 1955

English conductors (music)
British male conductors (music)
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School
1900 births
1977 deaths
20th-century British conductors (music)
20th-century English musicians
20th-century British male musicians

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<mask> (born 7 January 1948) is an Indian educationist, plant physiologist, scientist and former vice chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. He is known to be the first to purify a protein kinase C activity from plants and is credited with the identification of topoisomerase as a substrate of protein kinase C. He is an elected Fellow of several major Indian science academies and The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) and is a recipient of many honours, including the 1987 Shanti Swarup Bhatangar Prize, the highest Indian award in the science and technology categories. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri, in 2007, for his contributions to science and technology. Biography
Born on 7 January 1948, Sopory secured his graduate degree (BSc) in 1966 and postgraduate degree (MSc) in 1968 from Sri Pratap College, Sri Nagar of the University of Kashmir. Subsequently, he moved to Delhi to start his career by joining University of Delhi as a member of faculty and pursued his doctoral studies there to obtain a PhD in plant molecular biology in 1973. After securing the doctoral degree, he joined Jawaharlal Nehru University in 1973 as an assistant professor and worked there till his superannuation in 1996, holding positions such as associate professor (1978–1984), professor (1985–1996) and Hostel warden. In between, he worked at various overseas educational institutions; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, (1976–1978), University of Texas at their Department of Botany as a visiting Fulbright fellow (1981–1982), USDA Plant Molecular Biology Laboratory, Maryland and University of Munich as a visiting Humboldt Professor (1991–1992).After his superannuation, he joined International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) New Delhi, as a group leader of research in plant molecular biology in 1997, and became the interim director of the institution in 2010. In 2011, he was appointed as the vice chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University, a post he held till 13 January 2016). Legacy
During his researches at Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Sopory developed a plant breeding methodology to produce monohaploids of potato, in 1978. His researches at University of Texas assisted in the discovery of the "role of calcium and calmodulin" in higher plants and, while in Maryland, he worked on D1 protein to find the mechanism behind it. In the early Nineties, he worked under R. Hermann on promoter analysis of light regulated genes encoding proteins involved in photosynthesis. His researches on the gene expression and the activity of nitrate reductase revealed the effect of light on the turnover of phosphoinositide cycle. This helped explain light signal transduction in plants.Sopory is reported to be the first to purify a Protein Kinase C from plants and he has been successful in identifying topoisomerase I as a substrate of Protein Kinase C in plants. Based on his work on dehydration stress and salinity-related gene regulation, he is known to have developed a new methodology for gene amplification and a Polymerase chain reaction-based protocol for manipulating differentially-expressed genes and their promoters. Working on rice (Oryza sativa) and Pennisetum, he evolved new methodologies for producing stress tolerant transgenic plants. His researches on glyoxalase system in plants explained how it affected the stress environment and he propounded a process how transgenic plants capable of growing in conditions of high salinity could be developed by manipulating glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II, two enzymes related to the detoxification of methylglyoxal, the organic compound known to increase the level of stress response of plants. Sopory's researches have been documented in over 250 articles published in peer reviewed journals; ResearchGate, an online repository of science articles have listed 242 of them. He has been the editor of 13 books on the subject and has contributed 53 chapters to books written/edited by others besides co-authoring the Hostel Manual for Jawaharlal Nehru University. He is the president of the Indian Society of Plant Physiology and the vice president of the National Academy of Sciences, India, Allahabad.He has served as the vice president of such organizations as Indian Society for Plant Physiology and Biochemistry (2001–2003), Indian National Science Academy (2004–2006) and the Society for Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, New Delhi (2009–2011) and is a former secretary of the Plant Tissue Culture Association of India (2001–2010). During his stint as the vice chancellor at Jawaharlal Nehru University, the institution is reported to have acquired a new 1000-acre campus in South Delhi. The university started new doctoral research courses in Energy studies, Human rights, Silk Route studies, Climate change and Biotechnology and inaugurated a new website and a cyber library during this period. He has also mentored many students in their doctoral studies. Awards and honours
Four of the major Indian science academies have elected Sopory as their fellow; The Indian Academy of Sciences (IAS) in 1992, National Academy of Sciences, India (NASI) in 1993, the Indian National Science Academy (INSA) the next year, and the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS) in 2002. The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) followed suit in 2005. He has delivered many notable award lectures such as Gadgil Memorial Award  Lecture (2000) of the Plant Tissue Culture Association, P. Maheshwari Award  Lecture (200) and Sisir <mask> Memorial Lecture Award (2011–2012) of the Indian National Science Academy, Platinum Jubilee Award Lecture (2003) of the Indian Science Congress Association, N. Narayana Memorial Award Lecture (2005) of the Indian Institute of Sciences, Bangalore, G. V. Joshi Lecture Award (2010) of the Indian Society of Plant Physiology, and NCL Foundation Day lecture (2015) of the National Chemical Laboratory,(CSIR) Pune.R. N. Singh Memorial Lecture (2000) of Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Panchanan Maheshwari Memorial Lecture (2001) of Delhi University, N. B. Das Memorial Award Lecture (2002) of the Society of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Tenth Godnev Award lecture (2003) of the Belarus Academy of Sciences, Dr. Yellapragada Subba Row Award Lecture (2009) of Indraprastha University, Delhi, First H. C. Arya  Lecture Award (2011) of the Plant Tissue Culture Association ( India), Dr. Gopinath Sahu Memorial Award Lecture (2014) of the Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, and Padmapani Award Lecture (2014) at Tibet House, Delhi are some of the other lectures delivered by him. S. P. Ray-Chaudhuri 75th Birthday Endowment  Lecture Award of the Indian Society of Cell Biology, delivered in 2009 was the first instance a plant biologist was given the opportunity to deliver the address. In 1985, Sopory received the Career Award of the University Grants Commission, followed by Professor Hira Lal Chakravorty Award of the Indian Science Congress Association, the next year. One year later, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, the highest Indian award for achievement in science and technology. The year 2001 brought him two awards, Salgram Sinha Award of the National Academy of Sciences, India and Birbal Sahni Medal of the Indian Botanical Society. The Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA) honoured him with the Birbal Sahni Centenary Gold Medal Award for Life Time Achievement in 2005 and he was included in the Republic Day honours list of 2007 by the Government of India for the civilian honour of the Padma Shri. Another ISCA award, S. S. Katiyar Award, reached him in 2010, the same year as he received the Corresponding Membership Award for Non-USA scientists of the American Society of Plant Biology, thus becoming the first Indian to receive the award.Two more awards followed in 2012, Prof. R. N. Tandon Memorial Award of the National Academy of Sciences, India and B. M. Johri Memorial Award of the Society of Plant Research. The same year, he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science (honoris causa) by the Banaras Hindu University and, in 2014, he received another DSc degree, from Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur. He received two more awards in 2014, Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary Award of the Indian National Science Academy and T. N. Khoshoo Memorial Award of the Orchid Society of India. See also
 Gene expression
 Regulation of gene expression
 Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi

References

External links

Further reading

Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering
Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science
People from Ambala
University of Kashmir alumni
Delhi University alumni
Jawaharlal Nehru University faculty
Indian molecular biologists
20th-century Indian botanists
Indian botanical writers
Scientists from Haryana
Heads of universities and colleges in India
Delhi University faculty
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Fellows of The National Academy of Sciences, India
TWAS fellows
1948 births
Living people

masks:
Sudhir Kumar Sopory
Kumar Mitra


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<mask> of Brittany (; c. 1266 – 17 January 1334), 4th Earl of Richmond, was an English nobleman and a member of the Ducal house of Brittany, the House of Dreux. He entered royal service in England under his uncle Edward I, and also served Edward II. On 15 October 1306 he received his father's title of Earl of Richmond. He was named Guardian of Scotland in the midst of England's conflicts with Scotland and in 1311 Lord Ordainer during the baronial rebellion against Edward II. <mask> of Brittany served England as a soldier and as a diplomat but was otherwise politically inactive in comparison to other earls of his time. He was a capable diplomat, valued by both Edward I and Edward II for his negotiating skills. <mask> was never married, and upon his death his title and estates fell to his nephew, <mask>, Duke of Brittany.Although he was generally loyal to his first cousin Edward II during the times of baronial rebellion, he eventually supported the coup of Isabella and Mortimer. After Edward II abdicated in favour of his son Edward III of England, <mask> retired to his estates in France and died in his native Brittany in 1334 with no known issue. Early life
<mask> was the second surviving son of <mask>, Duke of Brittany, and his wife Beatrice, who together had three sons and three daughters who survived to adulthood. Beatrice was the daughter of Henry III of England, which made <mask> the nephew of Henry's son and heir Edward I. His father held the title of Earl of Richmond, but was little involved in English political affairs. <mask> was raised at the English court together with Edward I's son Henry, who died in 1274. He participated in tournaments in his youth, but never distinguished himself in his early roles as a soldier.Service to Edward I
When in 1294 the French king confiscated King Edward's Duchy of Aquitaine, <mask> travelled to France as the lieutenant of the Duchy, but failed to take Bordeaux. During Easter of 1295 he had to flee the town of Rions. In January 1297 he shared defeat at the Siege of Bellegarde with Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln. After this defeat, he returned to England. Despite his poor results in France he remained highly regarded by his uncle King Edward I, who treated him almost as a son. After his return to England <mask> became involved in the Scottish Wars. He was probably at the Battle of Falkirk in 1298.He was certainly at the Siege of Caerlaverock in 1300. The nobles who joined Edward I at the Siege of Caerlaverock, including <mask> of Brittany, were commemorated in the Roll of Caerlaverock which named each noble and described their banner. In this roll, the banner and description of <mask> of Brittany immediately follows that of his uncle King Edward I. His father, the Duke of Brittany, died in 1305, and was succeeded as duke by <mask>'s elder brother, Arthur. The following year Edward I invested <mask> with his father's other title, Earl of Richmond. In addition Edward I appointed him Guardian of Scotland, a position which was confirmed upon the accession of Edward II in 1307. Service to Edward II
The English court viewed <mask> of Brittany as a trusted diplomat.He was a skilled negotiator, and his French connections were a useful asset. By 1307 he was also one of the kingdom's oldest earls. As the relationship between Edward II and his nobility deteriorated, <mask> remained loyal to the king; in 1309 he went on an embassy to Pope Clement V on behalf of Edward's favourite Piers Gaveston. <mask> was allegedly Gaveston's close personal friend, and did not share the antagonistic attitudes held by certain other earls. Lord Ordainers

By 1310 the relationship between Edward II and his earls had deteriorated to the point where a committee of earls took control of government from the king. The earls disobeyed a royal order not to carry arms to parliament, and in full military attire presented a demand to the king for the appointment of a commission of reform. At the heart of the deteriorating situation was the peers' opinion of Edward II's relationship with Piers Gaveston, and his reputedly outrageous behaviour.On 16 March 1310, the king agreed to the appointment of Ordainers, who were to be in charge of the reform of the royal household. <mask> of Brittany was one of eight earls appointed to this committee of 21, referred to as the Lords Ordainers. He was among the Ordainers considered loyal to Edward II and was also by this time one of the older remaining earls. <mask> then travelled to France for diplomatic negotiations, before returning to England. Gaveston was exiled by the Ordainers but later made an irregular return. Gaveston was killed in June 1312 by Thomas of Lancaster and other nobles. It fell upon <mask>, together with Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, to reconcile the two parties after this event.In 1313 he followed Edward II on a state visit to France, and thereafter generally remained a trusted subject. In 1318 he witnessed the Treaty of Leake, which restored Edward to full power. War with Scotland
In 1320 he again accompanied Edward II to France, and the next year he carried out peace negotiations with the Scots. When in 1322 Thomas of Lancaster rebelled and was defeated at the Battle of Boroughbridge, <mask> was present at his trial, and when Lancaster was sentenced to death. After this, the English invaded Scotland only to have their army starved when Robert the Bruce burned the country before them. The Bruce brought his army into England and crossed the Solway Firth in the west, making his way in a south-easterly direction towards Yorkshire; he brought many troops recruited in Argyll and the Isles. The boldness and speed of the attack soon exposed Edward II to danger, even in his own land.On his return from Scotland, the king had taken up residence at Rievaulx Abbey with Queen Isabella. His peace was interrupted when the Scots made a sudden and unexpected approach in mid-October. All that stood between them and a royal prize was a large English force under the command of <mask> of Brittany. <mask> had taken up a position on Scawton Moor, between Rievaulx and Byland Abbey. To dislodge <mask> from his strong position on the high ground, Bruce used the same tactics that brought victory at the earlier Battle of the Pass of Brander. As Moray and Douglas charged uphill a party of Highlanders scaled the cliffs on the English flanks and charged downhill into <mask> of Brittany's rearguard. Resistance crumbled, and the Battle of Old Byland turned into a rout.<mask> himself was taken prisoner and given a tongue lashing by King Robert the Bruce for his treatment of the Scottish Queen while she was an English prisoner. <mask> remained in captivity until 1324, when he was released for a ransom of 14,000 marks. After his release, he continued his diplomatic activities in Scotland and France. Final years
In March 1325 <mask> of Brittany made a final return to France, where for the first time he made himself a clear opponent of Edward II. His lands in England were confiscated by the Crown. In France, <mask> aligned himself with Queen Isabella, Edward II's wife, who had been sent on a diplomatic mission to France, and had disobeyed her husband's orders to return to England. Later when Edward II was forced to abdicate and his son Edward III ascended to the English throne, <mask> of Brittany's English lands were restored.He spent his last years on his French estates, and he remained largely cut off from English political affairs. He died on 17 January 1334, and was buried in the church of the Franciscans in Nantes. <mask> of Brittany never married and as far as is known had no issue. He was succeeded as Earl of Richmond by his nephew <mask> (Arthur's son). Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

Earls of Richmond (1268)
1266 births
1334 deaths
Guardians of Scotland
House of Dreux
13th-century Breton people
English people of the Wars of Scottish Independence
13th-century English people
14th-century English people

masks:
John
John
John
John III
John
John
John II
John
John
John
John
John
John
John
John
John
Richmond
John
John
John
John
Richmond
John
John
John
John
John
John
John
John
John
John
John


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<mask> (c. 1803 – 12 November 1888) was founder and principal of a school for girls in Carrington Street, Adelaide, one of the first in the Colony of South Australia. The school operated continuously from 1848 to 1878. History
<mask> (née Castleden) was a daughter of (Baptist) Rev. James Castleden (c. 1778 – 5 June 1854), of Hampstead, London. She married <mask> ( – after 1851), lived for a time in Yorkshire and had a small family. <mask>, <mask> and their four sons emigrated to Australia, arriving in Adelaide aboard Competitor in October 1848. She founded a school for girls in Carrington Street in that year.The fate of <mask> is as yet not known. <mask> advertised that she was prepared
"to receive and instruct Young Ladies in every branch of mental and elegant education. Vacancies for one or two Boarders." A year later her advertisements were more informative:
CARRINGTON HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT, South Adelaide.—Conducted by Mrs. WHITBY and qualified Assistants. In this long-established Seminary the various improved systems of Education are combined and modified, in order to unite the comforts of home with the strictest discipline in the development of the mental faculties. Terms, 40 guineas per annum. One or two Vacancies for Boarders.The Course of Instruction comprises—Ancient and Modern History, Grammar; Geography, Physical and Moral, with the use of the Globes; Composition, Writing and Arithmetic, Fancy Work in general. Drawing in Chalk and Pencil; Watercolour, Landscape, and Flower Painting; Music, Singing, Dancing, and the French and German Languages. In William Wyatt's 1851 survey of Government-approved and subsidised schools, of which there were 79 in South Australia, <mask> was receiving grants for 4 boys and 22 girls, and on the day of inspection she had 27 girls under instruction. Family
Her four sons were:
Joseph James <mask> (1838 – March 1875), generally known as J. J<mask>, was educated at Francis Haire's Academy on Hindmarsh Square, then entered the office of solicitors Bartley, Bakewell, & Stow, and remained there for ten years, in the latter period articled to William Bakewell, then to William Wren, of Boucaut & Wren. On Wren's death in 1864 <mask> served out his term with James Boucaut, and after being called to the bar entered into partnership with J. J. Bonnar at Mount Barker. After a year, having fallen out with Bonnar, he joined Boucaut, but only stayed with him for a year. He then carried on business on his own account, and had the reputation as sound and able lawyer.From around 1872 he was mostly involved in drafting Bills for the SA Government, work for which he showed particular aptitude. <mask> married Frances Jane "Fanny" Wyly (1842 – 17 September 1924) at Christ Church, North Adelaide on 2 May 1866. Their children include:
Geoffrey Castleden <mask> (26 Dec 1869 – 5 November 1953) married Lilian Rhoda Pickersgill on 30 April 1901, died in Perth
<mask> <mask> (2 Jun 1871 – 1916) died in Black Rock, County Dublin, Ireland
Henrietta Lilian <mask> (12 Feb 1873 – 27 May 1882)
<mask> accompanied Judge Wearing to the Northern Territory as Acting Crown Solicitor, and was one of those lost in the Gothenburg disaster. Frances followed her mother-in-law as headmistress of her own private school in North Adelaide, later in Prospect. After the death of her youngest daughter Henrietta in 1882 she returned to Ireland, most likely accompanied by her daughter Frances, and died in Black Rock, Dublin. Francis John "Frank<mask> (c. 1840 – 12 January 1909), generally referred to as Frank or F. J<mask>, was born in Yorkshire and, after arrival in Adelaide, was educated at Haire's academy and at Adelaide Educational Institution. His first employment was with James Robin & Co. of Grenfell Street, then entered the service of J. H. Angas, first at Collingrove, and when Angas took up Mount Remarkable, <mask> was employed there.He subsequently acted as manager of Wirrealpa, Stewart's Creek, and many other of Angas's stations in the north. When the Willowie Land and Pastoral Association took over those properties, <mask> remained as manager of Willowie Station, Mount Remarkable and general overseer of other northern stations until 1889 (? elsewhere c 1898), when he retired. He was immensely popular among a wide circle of friends. Among his other activities were:
He was for many years chairman of the Port Germein District Council. He was appointed Justice of the Peace and was frequently called upon to act as magistrate at Mt. Remarkable, and after retirement sat on the Bench of the Adelaide Police Court.He was a lay reader of the Church of England at Melrose, and frequently conducted the services in the absence of the incumbent. After retirement from station management he made a trip to England, then settled at Glenelg. Subsequently be visited Europe, America, and Japan several times. He was regarded as one of the State's best authorities on sheep, and after he retired his advice on selection and purchase of flocks was often sought by station owners. <mask>, never married. George Downer, fellow student at Haire's Academy and lifelong friend, said of him:
"Mr. <mask> and I were little boys together 60 years ago, and he and his brothers and mother were always my very dear friends. In common with his brother he had the gift of warm geniality, of absolute homeliness of manner, and of being incapable of doing a tricky or wrong thing, and a sense of humour that was absolutely original.".Alfred Knight <mask> (c. 1844 – 29 July 1898) was a solicitor in the colony of South Australia, the subject of several sensational reports of altercations. He was educated at Adelaide Educational Institution. He was employed as a clerk in the Audit Office, and in August 1865 left to enter private practice. His friend Charles E. Aldridge (1858– ), who was with the Post Office, left his employment at the Post Office at the same time, later to follow his brother James Henry Aldridge in the hotel business, taking the Crown and Sceptre Hotel on King William Street near the Railway Station in 1883. George Sydney Aldridge, another brother, was for many years Chairman of the Adelaide Stock Exchange. Clerk for Way in 1866? In August 1876 he was appointed Commissioner for taking affidavits in the Supreme Court.In March 1879 Charles Mann took him on as partner, styled as Mann & Whitby; <mask> representing the firm in Jamestown. <mask> is remembered for two his involvement in two quite public altercations:
It was reported that on the evening of Thursday 11 May 1882, solicitor A. K<mask> horsewhipped one E. J. Eyre, for sending a report to The Advertiser of Terowie Police Court proceedings in which <mask> was the defendant. The facts of the case were somewhat more prosaic: The Clerk of the Court, Edmund John Eyre, laid an information against <mask>, who was no teetotaller, for using indecent language, but before the case was heard, <mask> apologized to Eyre, who agreed to withdraw the information if Whitby paid the court costs. A few days later, a report appeared in The Advertiser, and <mask>, having found out that Eyre's son had furnished the report, procured a horsewhip, and "chastised him accordingly", young Eyre retaliating with his fists. Both men emerged from the affray little the worse for the encounter. Edmund John Eyre (14 March 1825 – 1 December 1892) was baptised in Strood, Kent, a son of Daniel Eyre (c. 1778– c. 1855) and arrived in South Australia c. 1851. He married Katherine Louisa Good ( – 1893) at Trinity Church in 1852.Their children included Edmund James Rendell Eyre (1854– ), Charles Frederick Eyre (1860–1932), Florence Eyre (1862– ) married Francis Bayes in 1898, Henry Vernon Eyre (1854– ), Katherine Louisa Eyre (1866–1893), Frances Eyre (1868–1956), Arthur Ernest Eyre (1871–1944), Emily Eyre (1874– ) married George Thom in 1921. He was publican, Northern Hotel, North Road in 1852. He lived on the Lefevre Peninsula, and was engaged as a shipping reporter for the South Australian Register (replaced by Richard Jagoe in March 1858). He also served as Health Officer 1855–1857. He then started in business as a flour merchant. His brother Daniel Eyre (died 1862) joined him in August 1857 by which time he was insolvent. Inundations of his Port Adelaide property resulted in substantial losses and his brother's illness took him away from the business and he was forced to plead insolvency.He was appointed Crown Lands Ranger sometime before June 1862. In 1874 he was appointed Clerk at the Local Court at Jamestown, which included duties at Peterborough and Terowie. In 1878 he was again forced to plead insolvency. He died at Peterborough while on Court business. One report has him distantly related to the famous explorer. D. C. F. Moodie and his wife Matilda, née Hunt, were at one stage on friendly terms with <mask>. In 1880 Moodie had become famous for having on 12 June 1880 thrashed A. T. Clark MLC, proprietor of the Williamstown Advertiser, for a libel on Queen Victoria published in his paper.On his return on 3 August 1880 he found that <mask> had given advice to Mrs. Moodie regarding separation from her husband, who was known to be violent towards her. Moodie promptly sought out the lawyer at Aldridge's Prince Alfred Hotel and in front of witnesses knocked him to the floor. For this assault he was fined £5. He died without fanfare: a week before he had become ill and he was taken to Miss Tibbits's Hospital, where he received all attention possible, attended by his lifelong friend Charles Aldridge, and died on Saturday morning at the age of 54. His remains were buried in the North-road Cemetery. E. B<mask>
Youngest brother Edward Ball <mask> (c. 1844 – 14 September 1866) also chose the life of a pastoralist; he died at Callanna Station. References

Australian headmistresses
1803 births
1888 deaths

masks:
Elizabeth Whitby
Elizabeth Whitby
Joseph Whitby
Joseph Whitby
Elizabeth
Joseph Whitby
Whitby
Whitby
Whitby
. Whitby
Whitby
Whitby
Whitby
Frances Elizabeth
Whitby
Whitby
Whitby
" Whitby
. Whitby
Whitby
Whitby
Whitby
Whitby
Whitby
Whitby
Whitby
. Whitby
Whitby
Whitby
Whitby
Whitby
Whitby
Whitby
. Whitby
Whitby


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<mask>  (May 3, 1932, Vancouver – June 9, 2005) was an academic and community leader whose work shaped the city and region of Vancouver. Professor Emeritus <mask>  was involved in public life in British Columbia at the civic, regional, provincial, national and international levels. His longest service to the Province was through his teaching and scholarship; he taught in the Department of Geography at the University of British Columbia(UBC) for over thirty years. He is the father of current Vancouver City Councilor <mask>. Academia: early years

As a young geography professor in 1962, Hardwick made news discussing the plight of students living in substandard conditions due to the city's zoning policy against secondary suites in the area adjacent to the University Endowment Lands. Based on survey data that nearly a quarter of UBC's students were living in that area, he recommend it be rezoned to accommodate them. He was part of a team of professors who assisted UBC President John B. Macdonald in the production of his influential report, "Higher Education in British Columbia and a Plan for the Future," published in 1962.<mask> had suggested Burnaby as the site of the future Simon Fraser University and later got into a public dispute with SFU's president on what the building cost should be; he stated that the target of the fundraising campaign was double what it needed to be. The B.C. Educational Research Council, a central agency to promote, finance and report on education research around the province, named <mask> as its first permanent director in 1964. With his brother David F<mask> he established Tantalus Research Ltd.

Civic planning and politics

Hardwick significantly shaped the city and metropolitan region of Vancouver. In 1964, he conducted the first survey of its kind on the reasons for success or failure of downtown businesses. The evidence he gathered indicated that freeways were not necessary in Vancouver, and he stated that the proponents of the freeway were using data that was years out of date. In a speech to a downtown business group, he outlined the steps needed to revitalize the city's failing core: expand office-type employment; increase residential density near the core; build facilities to attract tourists and conventions; create a climate favourable to the establishment of finance and banking head offices, stock exchanges and commercial enterprises.In the late 1960s, he helped to organize a successful movement against the proposed freeway through the Vancouver, a scheme planned in relative secrecy at the time by the City and the Province. Following the defeat of the freeway proposal, he was a founding member of "The Electors' Action Movement" (TEAM) and was elected to Vancouver City Council under that banner for three terms in 1968, 1970 and 1972. While at the city, he helped to transform its decision making processes with more public involvement for major planning decisions. Hardwick played a pivotal advisory role in the city's redevelopment of Granville Island.<mask> chaired the city committee planning the redevelopment of the south shore of False Creek from an industrial area to a residential district of about 10,000 people, with the emphasis on access by foot and transit rather than cars. Plans included a public marina to be run by the park board. The innovative model neighbourhood became world famous and has held steady to the present day. <mask> was both chair of the Urban Studies Committee at UBC and a Vancouver alderman when the city committed funds to the Inter-Institutional Policy Simulator (IIPS) project.He opposed it as a drain on university research funds and as a dangerous precedent for city planning which could present data to suit any bias. He won some concessions at city hall including “a reappraisal of the entire project by all parties in 1972; open access to all data gathered, and a promise from the city administration that IIPS wouldn’t be used as an excuse to delay planning decisions.”

Despite an interest in politics and political processes, he decided not to run for a fourth term as alderman. After city council

In 1973 Hardwick published "Vancouver Urban Futures," a detailed survey for the Greater Vancouver Regional District that captured the opinions and interests of Greater Vancouver residents on a range of economic, social, mobility and lifestyle issues. The survey was instrumental in setting new Regional Growth planning policies. In 1990 he completed a similar follow up study "Creating Our Future" to compare the results and to offer policy makers further insight into the priorities and concerns of Greater Vancouver residents. In 1975, <mask> was appointed Director of Continuing Education at UBC, a post he relinquished in 1976 to serve as deputy to Minister of Education Pat McGeer in the Social Credit government of Bill Bennett. In that capacity, he ruled against Surrey School Board in its dispute with the Surrey Teachers Association, whose members opposed the establishment of a “value school,” citing the board’s lack of jurisdiction to do so under the School Act.A major focus as deputy minister was to expand post-secondary options in the province's interior. <mask> was appointed to head the board of the newly-created Knowledge Network of the West in 1980. “’Everything carried on the network must be backed up by study guides, texts and tutors offered by the post-secondary institutions or the Open Learning Institute,’ says Hardwick. ‘We’re an educational and instructional network, not public broadcasting.’”  Hardwick pushed for Vancouver to become headquarters of a Commonwealth-wide open university network. From 1986 to 1990 he served on, and chaired (1990), the National Capital Commission, with a mandate related to the planning of Canada's historic capital city of Ottawa, Ontario. Recognition

In 1977, <mask> was awarded the Order of British Columbia for his contributions on civic, regional, provincial, national and international levels. In 2000 he was recognized with an honorary degree from UBC.A UBC Urban Geography Award and scholarship was established in his name: The <mask><mask> Scholarship in Urban Studies. In 2006, a new east-west street in Vancouver's Olympic Village neighbourhood was named Walter Hardwick Avenue. In dedicating their 2007 book, City Making in Paradise: Nine Decisions that Saved Vancouver to Hardwick's memory, authors Mike Harcourt, Ken Cameron and Sean Rossiter wrote that "Harwick's presence permeated many of the decisions we identified as being critical to the Greater Vancouver region's livability". Other Publications

British Columbia: One Hundred Years of Geographic Change (with J. Lewis Robinson; Vancouver, B.C. : Talon Books, 1993)
Geography of the Forest Industry of Coastal British Columbia (Vancouver, B.C. : Published for the Canadian Association of Geographers, British Columbia Division, at the Dept. of Geography, University of British Columbia, by Tantalus c1963)
The Mobile Consumer: Automobile-Oriented Retailing and Site Selection (with R. James Claus; Don Mills, Ontario : Collier-Macmillan, 1972)
Shaping a Livable Vancouver Region (with Raymon Torchinsky & Arthur Fallick;  Vancouver, B.C.: Dept. of Geography, University of British Columbia, 1991)
Vancouver (Don Mills, Ont. : Collier-Macmillan Canada; New York : Macmillan Publishing Co., 1974)

References

Academics in British Columbia
1932 births
2005 deaths
Members of the Order of British Columbia
University of British Columbia faculty
Vancouver city councillors

masks:
Walter Hardwick
Hardwick
Colleen Hardwick
Hardwick
Hardwick
. Hardwick
Hardwick
Hardwick
Hardwick
Hardwick
Hardwick
Walter G
. Hardwick


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<mask> (born 26 August 1957) is a Portuguese physician and public health specialist who is the current Director-General of Health and inherently the chief medical officer and leading spokesperson on matters of public health in Portugal, since 2018. She has work published in the fields of vaccination, prevention and control of communicable diseases, public health emergencies, and health communication. Before her appointment to the Directorate-General, she served as Deputy Director-General under her predecessor Francisco George, and coordinated several public health programmes, most notably, since 1996, the Portuguese National Vaccination Programme. She is also a member of the Management Board of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, of the World Health Organization Expanded Program on Immunization, among other international groups. Due to her prominent national role during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal, <mask> was included in Jornal de Negócios'''s list of 50 Most Powerful People of 2020., which included both Portuguese and international personalities. Early life and education
She was born in 1957, in Nova Lisboa (present-day Huambo), in Angola, which was at the time the Overseas Province of Angola, a territory under Portuguese rule. Her father was a civil servant in the Angolan public administration, and her mother a homemaker.By her own account, the figure of the health officer (delegado de saúde), which was very important in that territory, might have drawn her to public health; alternatively, she also recalls being influenced by two very good friends. Initially, she had considered a career in agriculture or silviculture, but her parents discouraged it due to it being uncommon to see women in agricultural engineering at the time; in her teenage years, she had also considered architecture. She enrolled in Medicine at the University of Luanda in 1974, the year of the Carnation Revolution. Angola achieved independence from Portugal the following year through the Alvor Agreement; in 1975, she departed for Portugal and concluded her studies in the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lisbon in 1980. She specialised in public health in 1988, having conducted her postgraduate training in the Hospital de Santa Maria in Lisbon and, for eight months, in a community primary healthcare unit in Ponte de Sor, a rural municipality in Alentejo. Career
<mask> <mask> was a public health Assistente and an Assistente Graduada (consultant) in the Ajuda community health centre in 1990 and again between 1992 and 1996; she also worked as the chief health officer in Lisbon, and as member of the Group for the Guarantee of Quality of the Lisbon Regional Health Administration. During this time, she took a particularly interest in the vaccination of the people in Ajuda and Restelo, which she described as "a sort of a crusade".In 1990–1991, she worked for the Directorate of Health Services of Macau, where she was a chief health officer, the coordinator of the community health centres, and supervised the public health internship programme. After having collaborated with José Pereira Miguel in a research project, she was invited to become his assistant professor in the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lisbon, and filled the position for over twenty years, from 1995 to 2017. She often delivered her lectures sitting beside her students in the amphitheatre, encouraging discussion. She did not, however, pursue an academic career, or enroll on a doctoral programme. From 2000 to 2004, she also taught at the University's Faculty of Dental Medicine. In 1996, at the invitation of Jorge Torgal, she joined the Directorate-General of Health as Head of the Division for Communicable Diseases, and Coordinator of the National Vaccination Programme. From 1998, she also Chaired the Technical Committee on Immunization.In 2005, she was first appointed Deputy Director-General and was entrusted with several different roles: she was responsible for Influenza Pandemic Contingency Plan (2006–2007), for the Services of Epidemiology and Health Statistics (2007–2012), for the Division of Disease Prevention and Control (2007–2009), for the functional axis for the prevention, containment and control of influenza pandemics (2009–2010), for the Services of Disease Prevention and Control (2009–2012), and for the Services of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2012–2017). In a 2018 interview, <mask> <mask> mentioned the 2003 SARS epidemic and the "profound anguish" until the causative agent, SARS-CoV, was identified, as the most complicated moment in her career at the Directorate-General of Health. She also recalled having cried as WHO Director-General Margaret Chan announced the start of the 2009 swine flu pandemic on live television, as it brought to mind the devastation of the 1918 flu pandemic. She stood by the "excessive" stockpiling of the antiviral Oseltamivir, as only in hindsight could it be known that the pandemic was to turn out to be much milder than expected. Director-General of Health
<mask> <mask> succeeded Francisco George as Director-General of Health in 2018, the second woman to fill the position, after Maria Luísa van Zeller in the 1960s; <mask> had already been filling the position in an interim capacity since George reached the age of retirement in October 2017. Immediately after replacing George, she had to deal with a small chickenpox outbreak; as Director-General she was also responsible for the response to two legionellosis outbreaks, a measles outbreak, an influenza-related excess mortality and a heat wave. COVID-19 pandemic

Graça Freitas is taking a high-profile role during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, and has become a familiar face to the Portuguese public as she featured in daily televised updates on the pandemic, often alongside Marta Temido, Minister of Health, and António Lacerda Sales, Secretary of State for Health.She has received criticism for her January 2020 remarks that the disease was no cause for alarm as "there is the smallest chance of person-to-person transmission" and, for that reason, considered "there [was] not a great likelihood such a virus [could] get to Portugal, as even in China the outbreak [had] been contained", calling concerns about a pandemic "a little bit excessive". This was before the first evidence of human-to-human contagion outside China emerged, and before the World Health Organization started to acknowledge these dynamics of transmission in late January and early February. The first recorded cases of COVID-19 in the country were confirmed on 2 March. She would later say she was aware of the seriousness of the situation, but admitted not to have envisioned it to take such dramatic sanitary, economic, and social proportions. <mask> herself tested positive for COVID-19 on 1 December 2020, displaying only mild symptoms of the disease. In July 2021, it was reported that she was quarantining at home following a high-risk contact on 9 July, even after having been fully vaccinated, in strict compliance to the guidelines issued by the Directorate-General of Health. Awards and honours
For her accomplishments as coordinator of the National Vaccination Programme, <mask> <mask> was awarded with the Ministry of Health Distinguished Service Medal, Silver Grade, in 2005.In 2002, she received a Commendation (Louvor) from the Minister of Health António Correia de Campos, "taking into account the quality of her work regarding transmissible diseases in general and, in particular, those preventable by vaccination." In 1985, she was similarly the recipient of a Commendation due to her work for Lisbon Regional Health Administration's Office for Epidemiology and Studies in containing the last diphtheria outbreak in the country. In 2002, she received a Certificate of Appreciation and medal from the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, for her contributions to the success of the eradication of indigenous poliomyelitis in Portugal and in Europe. Personal life
She is married, and has granddaughters. A smoker for over 20 years, she quit smoking in 2000 with the help of varenicline, motivated by Francisco George and by the increasing difficulty in climbing the steep incline of Alameda Dom Afonso Henriques to get to the offices of the Directorate-General of Health. She practices plant collecting as a hobby and grows camellias and her favourite flower, orchids. She also enjoys travelling to visit botanical gardens.An inveterate reader, her favourite book is V. S. Naipaul's A House for Mr Biswas, which was read to her at the age of four. Her favourite song is Estrela do Mar'', by Jorge Palma. She sleeps from 1 a.m. to half-past 5 a.m. The stress of overseeing all matters of public health in Portugal during the COVID-19 pandemic, which she described as "running a marathon on the Everest", made her lose 5 to 6 kilograms in the first month after the start of the outbreak in the country. References

1957 births
Living people
20th-century Portuguese physicians
21st-century Portuguese physicians
Portuguese civil servants
Portuguese people of Angolan descent
Portuguese public health doctors
Portuguese women physicians
University of Lisbon alumni

masks:
Maria da Graça Gregório de Freitas
Graça Freitas
Graça
Freitas
Graça
Freitas
Graça
Freitas
Freitas
Freitas
Graça
Freitas


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<mask> (; c. 1911–1987) was one of the first women to be active in the Communist Party of India. She is best known for her Bengali-language memoir Shediner Kotha (published in English as In Search of Freedom: An Unfinished Journey), in which she describes her experiences as a woman activist during some of the most turbulent times in India's history. Early life
<mask> was born in Barisal in what is now Bangladesh, an area known for the activities of the nationalist jatra playwright Mukunda Das. Ashwini Kumar Dutta, a prominent nationalist leader and educationist, was a friend of the family and an early influence on her, as was Jagadish Chandra Mukhopadhyay, principal of Brajamohan College, then affiliated with the University of Calcutta, where <mask> got her BA degree; Mukhopadhyay especially encouraged her to develop her mind. <mask> met Gandhi when he visited Barishal in 1923, and was particularly impressed by the way he exhorted a group of prostitutes to work towards liberation. The family stopped wearing imported fabrics and patronised the Bangalakshmi Mills, owned and run by Indians and an icon of the nationalist movement. Barishal was then a hotbed of revolutionary politics, with the extremist Anushilan Samiti very active.<mask> took up teaching at a girls' school where she met Shantisudha Ghosh, a member of the Jugantar party, whose circle read and shared the writings of Marx and Lenin. Initially sceptical, <mask> became more and more influenced by their ideas, even more so when she saw Shantisudha Ghosh taken in for questioning and harassed by the police. <mask> persuaded her family to allow her to go to Calcutta to complete her studies and, she secretly hoped, to make contact with the Communist Party. Studenthood in Calcutta
At that time Hindu bhadralok communities in Bengal were more liberal about sending their daughters long distances to study further; <mask> found herself part of a group of young girls like herself living in the city for the first time. She stayed in a hostel and soon got over her initial awe at being in the big city. The conservatism and narrowmindedness of the established families she sometimes encountered rather disgusted her, and she also writes with remarkable frankness for her time about the harassment that she and her friends often faced from men. Through her friend Bimalpratibha Devi she became acquainted with leaders of the Mahila Shakti Sangha and several prominent Congress women; this nurtured her nascent feminism and inspired her to think about the need for change in women's position in society.She made contact with Soumyendranath Tagore's Revolutionary Communist Party of India. The 'real' Communist Party of India, part of the Third International was then underground, and after much searching she eventually discovered that its headquarters were in fact in Barishal. Early experiences as a communist
<mask>'s parents were initially ambivalent about her involvement with the party, as it was then regarded as a dangerous group of rebels wanted by the authorities, but shortly after she became a communist in 1939, <mask> took her mother to a meeting addressed by Biswanath Mukherjee, brother of Ajoy Mukherjee. His impassioned speech converted her mother to the cause and for a few days she could talk of nothing else. <mask> took the opportunity to ask that she be allowed to travel (alone in the company of young male activists) to another meeting. Reluctantly she was given permission. Living on a nominal party stipend, from 1942 <mask> began to travel the country, staying in small villages and addressing the people.She describes how the men would shun her because she was a woman, and the women, in purdah, stayed away because she was a 'leader' and the equivalent of a man. Much patience and tact were required to overcome this barrier. World War II and after
The year 1943 saw a devastating famine sweep over Bengal, caused by the loss of Burmese rice and the dislocations of war. A cyclone also devastated part of Midnapore district. <mask> began relief work there and spent most of the war years travelling the districts helping destitute women. In 1947 India attained Independence; a few months later the Communist Party of India was outlawed and <mask> was jailed in 1948. She remained in custody till 1951, and was released to find the Party embroiled in controversy and her beloved Barishal now part of East Pakistan.She withdrew somewhat from the ideological debates dividing Indian communism and increased her work for various feminist organisations such as the Women's International Democratic Federation and the All India Women's Conference. She had come to realise that the Party had integral biases against women and that she would not rise in its hierarchy. Around this time she met her future husband, the Kashmiri Jolly Kaul, also a Party activist. She was elected to the West Bengal Legislative Assembly from the Kalighat constituency in 1952, campaigned for the Hindu Code Bill and clashed with rightwing leaders such as Shyama Prasad Mukherjee. War with China
The war with China in 1962 brought to a head the various disagreements in the Communist Party of India, and led to a split, with the Indian government conducting a short-lived crackdown on those who continued to support China. Kaul and <mask> were unable to bear the thought of choosing between the CPI and CPI(M). Kaul resigned, and though <mask> stayed within the party she withdrew from active participation.The couple moved to Delhi but returned within a few years to Calcutta, where <mask> died on 11 September 1987. Sources
<mask> <mask>, In Search of Freedom: An Unfinished Journey, (Calcutta: Stree, 2001). Translated from the Bengali by Stree. Original Bengali title Shediner Katha (Calcutta: Nabapatra Prakashan, 1982). References

Further reading

1910s births
1987 deaths
Women in West Bengal politics
Communist Party of India politicians from West Bengal
Female politicians of the Communist Party of India
Indian feminists
Bengali writers
Bengali-language writers
Indian independence activists from Bengal
People from Barisal
People from Barisal District
Indian feminist writers
Marxist feminists
Indian Marxist writers
Radical feminists
University of Calcutta alumni
20th-century Indian women writers
20th-century Indian biographers
Women Indian independence activists
Women writers from West Bengal
20th-century Indian women politicians
20th-century Indian politicians
Bengali politicians
Women biographers

masks:
Manikuntala Sen
Manikuntala Sen
Manikuntala Sen
Sen
Sen
Sen
Sen
Sen
Sen
Sen
Sen
Sen
Sen
Sen
Sen
Sen
Sen
Manikuntala
Sen


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<mask> (; 19 January 1747 – 23 November 1826) was a German astronomer known for his reformulation and popularisation of the Titius–Bode law. Bode determined the orbit of Uranus and suggested the planet's name. Life and career
<mask> was born in Hamburg. As a youth, he suffered from a serious eye disease that particularly damaged his right eye; he continued to have trouble with his eyes throughout his life. His early promise in mathematics brought him to the attention of <mask>, who allowed Bode to use his own library for study. He began his career with the publication of a short work on the solar eclipse of 5 August 1766. This was followed by an elementary treatise on astronomy entitled Anleitung zur Kenntniss des gestirnten Himmels (1768, 10th ed.1844), the success of which led to his being invited to Berlin by <mask> Lambert in 1772 for the purpose of computing ephemerides on an improved plan. There he founded, in 1774, the well-known Astronomisches Jahrbuch, 51 yearly volumes of which he compiled and issued. He became director of the Berlin Observatory in 1786, from which he retired in 1825. There he published the Uranographia in 1801, a celestial atlas that aimed both at scientific accuracy in showing the positions of stars and other astronomical objects, as well as the artistic interpretation of the stellar constellation figures. The Uranographia marks the climax of an epoch of artistic representation of the constellations. Later atlases showed fewer and fewer elaborate figures until they were no longer printed on such tables. Bode also published another small star atlas, intended for astronomical amateurs (Vorstellung der Gestirne).He is credited with the discovery of <mask>'s Galaxy (M81). Comet Bode (C/1779 A1) is named after him; its orbit was calculated by Erik Prosperin. Asteroid 998 Bodea, discovered on 6 August 1923 by Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg, was also christened in his honour, the letter 'a' added to its name to fulfil the convention that asteroids were given feminine names. His name became attached to the 'law' discovered by <mask> Titius in 1766. Bode first makes mention of it in the Anleitung zur Kenntniss des gestirnten Himmels in a footnote, and although it is often officially called the Titius–Bode law, it is also commonly just called Bode's law. This law attempts to explain the distances of the planets from the Sun in a formula although ironically it breaks down for the planet Neptune which was later discovered in Berlin. It was the discovery of Uranus at a position predicted by the law which aroused great interest in it.There was a gap (with no planet) between Mars and Jupiter, and Bode urged a search for a planet in this region which culminated in a group formed for this purpose, the so-called "Celestial Police". However before the group initiated a search, they were trumped by the discovery of the asteroid Ceres by Giuseppe Piazzi from Palermo in 1801, at Bode's predicted position. Latterly, the law fell out of favour when it was realised that Ceres was only one of a small number of asteroids and when Neptune was found not to be in a position required by the law. The discovery of planets around other stars has brought the law back into discussion. Bode himself was directly involved in research leading from the discovery of a planet – that of Uranus in 1781. Although Uranus was the first planet to be discovered by telescope, it is just about visible with the naked eye. Bode consulted older star charts and found numerous examples of the planet's position being given while being mistaken for a star, for example, John Flamsteed, Astronomer Royal in Britain, had listed it in his catalogue of 1690 as a star with the name 34 Tauri.These earlier sightings allowed an exact calculation of the orbit of the new planet. <mask> was also responsible for giving the new planet its name. The discoverer William Herschel proposed to name it after George III which was not accepted so readily in other countries. Bode opted for Uranus, with the apparent logic that just as Saturn was the father of Jupiter, the new planet should be named after the father of Saturn. There were further alternatives proposed, but ultimately <mask>'s suggestion became the most widely used – however it had to wait until 1850 before gaining official acceptance in Britain when the Nautical Almanac Office switched from using the name Georgium Sidus to Uranus. In 1789, Bode's Royal Academy colleague Martin Klaproth was inspired by Bode's name for the planet to name his newly discovered element "uranium". [37]

From 1787 to 1825 Bode was director of the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut.In 1794, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In April 1789 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. <mask> died in Berlin on 23 November 1826, aged 79. Selected writings

 1768 (10th ed. 1844) Anleitung zur Kentniss des Gestirnten Himmels (The most famous of <mask>'s writings. In this work, he first announced <mask>'s law.) 1774–1957 Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch für 1776–1959 (The astronomical yearbook published by Berlin Observatory.)1776 Sammlung astronomischer Tafeln (3 vols.) 1776 (3rd ed. 1808) Erläuterung der Sternkunde, an introductory book on the constellations and their tales, which was reprinted more than ten times
 1782 Vorstellung der Gestirne ... des Flamsteadschen Himmelsatlas (Bode's revised and enlarged edition of Fortin's small star atlas of Flamsteed.) Verzeichniss (Containing the above star atlas, and including 5,058 stars observed by Flamsteed, Hevelius, T. Mayer, de la Caille, Messier, le Monnier, Darquier and Bode himself.) 1801 Uranographia sive Astrorum Descriptio (A large star atlas illustrated with twenty copper plates.) Allgemeine Beschreibung und Nachweisung der Gestirne (A star catalogue listing 17,240 stars.) His works were highly effective in diffusing throughout Germany a taste for astronomy.References

Further reading
 - Acta Historica Astronomiae, Vol. 30 – A new, comprehensive biography and the source for some of the material on this page. External links

 AtlasCoelestis.com: Vorstellung der Gestirne by J.E. <mask>, 1782 – last. Retrieved 7 September 2007,
 AtlasCoelestis.com: Uranographia, Berlino 1801 – last. Retrieved 7 September 2007,
 Brief Biography of <mask>
 <mask>'s 'Complete Catalog of hitherto observed Nebulous Stars and Star Clusters,' 1779, with links to his deep sky observations and discoveries. Vorstellung der Gestirne, Berlin und Stralsand : Bey Gottlieb August Lange.1782. – Full digital facsimile, Linda Hall Library. Vorstellung der Gestirne, Berlin und Stralfund ; bey Gottlieb August Lange. 1805. – Full digital facsimile, Linda Hall Library. Vorstellung der gestirne da www.atlascoelestis.com
Uranographia, Berlino 1801, colorato a mano da www.atlascoelestis.com
Anleitung zur Kenntniss des Gestirnten Himmels, Berlin 1788  da www.atlascoelestis.com
Von dem neuen zwischen Mars und Jupiter entdeckten achten Hauptplaneten des Sonnensystems, Berlin, Himburg, 1802 da www.atlascoelestis.com

19th-century German astronomers
1747 births
1826 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Scientists from Hamburg
18th-century German astronomers

masks:
Johann Elert Bode
Bode
Johann Georg Büsch
Johann Heinrich
Bode
Johann Daniel
Bode
Bode
Bode
Bode
Bode
Bode
Bode
Bode


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<mask> (born 13 November 1948 in Coonabarabran, Australia) is an Australian academic who works in the areas of literary theory, narrative theory, intellectual property law, and cultural studies. He is currently Professor of English at the University of Sydney. Career
<mask>’s research is situated at the boundary between the humanities and the social sciences, and ranges from quite technical work in literary theory and discourse analysis through to empirical and statistically-based sociology. His doctoral work and his first book, "Marxism and Literary History" (1986), sought to rework Marxist theory for a non-determinist account of literary systems. Drawing on Althusser and Foucault, as well as on Russian Formalist theory, German reception aesthetics, a critical engagement with post-structuralist theory, and on a broad range of literary texts, it theorized the relation between discourse and power, the relational structure of literary texts and systems, and the dynamics of literary change. All of <mask>uldian understanding of social and discursive power. "Cultural Studies and Cultural Value" (1995) undertook a critique of the hierarchy of value that sorts ‘high’ and ‘low’ culture into distinct domains, arguing that the field of culture now has multiple centres and multiple domains of value which are irreducible to a single scale.The book formulated an account of the ‘knowledge class’ of information workers and argued that it has specific interests in the field of culture. The central essay of "Time and Commodity Culture" (1997) theorized the distinction and the inter-dependence of gift and commodity economies as a way of analysing the encroachment of the commodity form on the commons in information; other essays in the book explored the temporality of capital as the basis for historical understanding and the technologies of memory. "Accounting for Tastes: Australian Everyday Cultures" (1999), written with Tony Bennett and Michael Emmison, is a study, based on a broad survey and the resulting quantitative analysis, of the cultural practices and preferences of Australians across a range of cultural areas. It sought to develop an account of social class in which cultural capital plays a central and formative role, and developed the concept of the regime of value to theorize the structural regularities it found. Books
<mask>’s most recent books have focused on questions of literary theory and its relation to cultural studies. "Genre" (2006; second revised edition 2015) explores the work of generic classification across a range of literary and cultural texts, understanding genres not as fixed frameworks but as dynamic processes of organization of social knowledge. "The Practice of Value" (2013) is a collection of essays on the relationship between literary and cultural studies.And "Character and Person" (2014) explores the nature of human personhood by setting models of the person in relation to models of fictional character in a number of distinct literary and cinematic systems. The book argues both for the specificity of the person and fictional character, and for the ways in which each of them depends upon and informs our understanding of the other. Its concepts are "formal enough to bring us back to history," and develop "an unprecedentedly systematic model for understanding both literary character and social person, which are always defined in relation to one another." Education
<mask> was educated at Wagga High School and the Australian National University. After working and travelling for two years in Buenos Aires and elsewhere in South America he undertook graduate studies in the Comparative Literature Department at Cornell University (including a year as an exchange student at the University of Heidelberg). He received his PhD in 1977. Academic positions
After holding teaching positions at Knox College, Sydney, in 1969, the Universidad del Salvador in Buenos Aires in 1970, and Cornell University in 1974-5, <mask>’s first full-time academic position was at the newly created Murdoch University in Western Australia, where he worked from 1975 to 1988.He taught in the Comparative Literature Department at the University of Minnesota in 1988, and in 1989 took up a chair in the English Department at the University of Queensland. He moved to the University of Edinburgh as the Regius Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature in 2000, where he was also the director of the Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities; in 2004 he returned to Australia, taking up the chair of English Language and Literature at the University of Melbourne. He moved to his current position at the University of Sydney in 2013. <mask> has held visiting fellowships at Wesleyan University, the University of Chicago, New York University, and Goldsmiths College, University of London. He is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. Editorial positions
<mask> was a founding member of the "Australian Journal of Cultural Studies" (1983-1987) and of "Cultural Studies" (1987-). He was co-editor of the "Cultural Studies Review" from 2006 to 2012.He is a member of the Editorial Boards or Advisory Boards of "Textual Practice", "The Journal of Literary Criticism", "Australian Humanities Review", "Continuum", "ACH: The Journal of the History of Culture in Australia", the "Journal of Cultural Economy", "Law, Culture and the Humanities", the "Indian Journal of Law and Technology", "New Literary History", "Third Text", the "Genre Across Borders Web Resource", "Axon: Creative Explorations", "Humanities", "International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies", "Journal of Poetics Research", and "Persona Studies". He has been a consulting editor for "Social Semiotics", a member of the board of "m/c: A Journal of Media and Culture", and was the Australian Reviews Editor for "Cultural Studies" from 1987-1996. He is the Senior Editor for Literary Theory on the "Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Literature". Publications
<mask>row/CurriculumVitae}. Monographs
 "Marxism and Literary History" was published by Harvard University Press and Basil Blackwell in 1986, with a second edition in 1988."Cultural Studies and Cultural Value"  was published by the Clarendon Press in 1995. "Time and Commodity Culture" was published, again by the Clarendon Press, in 1997. "Accounting for Tastes: Australian Everyday Cultures" (co-authored with Tony Bennett and Michael Emmison) was published by Cambridge University Press in 1999. "Genre" was published by Routledge in its New Critical Idiom series in 2006, with a second revised edition in 2015. "The Practice of Value" was published by the University of Western Australia Press in 2013. "Character and Person" was published by Oxford University Press in 2014. Edited collections
 "Australian Cultural Studies: A Reader", edited with Meaghan Morris, was published by Allen and Unwin and the University of Illinois Press in 1993."The SAGE Handbook of Cultural Analysis", edited with Tony Bennett, was published by Sage in 2008. References

External links
<mask>'s profile at The University of Sydney
<mask> at ResearchGate
A selection of <mask>'s work

1948 births
Living people
University of Sydney faculty
Australian literary critics
Australian non-fiction writers
Fellows of the Australian Academy of the Humanities
Academics of the University of Edinburgh

masks:
John Frow
Frow
Frowca
Frow
Frow
Frow
Frow
Frow
FrowF
John Frow
John Frow
John Frow