text_chunks:
 poetry was admired by Wordsworth, while Coleridge was intensely critical, writing, "I absolutely nauseate <mask>'s poem". It often made reference to his interests in science; for example botany and steam engines. Education of women
The last two leaves of <mask>'s A plan for the conduct of female education in boarding schools (1797) contain a book list, an apology for the work, and an advert for "Miss Parkers School". The school advertised on the last page is the one he set up in Ashbourne, Derbyshire, for his two illegitimate children, Susanna and Mary. <mask> regretted that a good education had not been generally available to women in Britain in his time, and drew on the ideas of Locke, Rousseau, and Genlis in organising his thoughts. Addressing the education of middle-class girls, <mask> argued that amorous romance novels were inappropriate and that they should seek simplicity in dress. He contends that young women should be educated in schools, rather than privately at home, and learn appropriate subjects.These subjects include physiognomy, physical exercise, botany, chemistry, mineralogy, and experimental philosophy. They should familiarise themselves with arts and manufactures through visits to sites like Coalbrookdale, and Wedgwood's potteries; they should learn how to handle money, and study modern languages. <mask>'s educational philosophy took the view that men and women should have different capabilities, skills, interests, and spheres of action, where the woman's education was designed to support and serve male accomplishment and financial reward, and to relieve him of daily responsibility for children and the chores of life. In the context of the times, this program may be read as a modernising influence in the sense that the woman was at least to learn about the "man's world", although not be allowed to participate in it. The text was written seven years after A Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Mary Wollstonecraft, which has the central argument that women should be educated in a rational manner to give them the opportunity to contribute to society. Some women of <mask>'s era were receiving more substantial education and participating in the broader world. An example is Susanna Wright, who was raised in Lancashire and became an American colonist associated with the Midlands Enlightenment.It is not known whether <mask> and Wright knew each other, although they definitely knew many people in common. Other women who received substantial education and who participated in the broader world (albeit sometimes anonymously) whom <mask> definitely knew were Maria Jacson and Anna Seward. Lunar Society
These dates indicate the year in which <mask> became friends with these people, who, in turn, became members of the Lunar Society. The Lunar Society existed from 1765 to 1813. Before 1765:
 Matthew Boulton, originally a buckle maker in Birmingham
 John Whitehurst of Derby, maker of clocks and scientific instruments, pioneer of geology
After 1765:
 Josiah Wedgwood, potter 1765
 Dr. William Small, 1765, man of science, formerly Professor of Natural Philosophy at the College of William and Mary, where Thomas Jefferson was an appreciative pupil
 Richard Lovell Edgeworth, 1766, inventor
 James Watt, 1767, improver of steam engine
 James Keir, 1767, pioneer of the chemical industry
 Thomas Day, 1768, eccentric and author
 Dr. William Withering, 1775, the death of Dr. Small left an opening for a physician in the group. Joseph Priestley, 1780, experimental chemist and discoverer of many substances. Samuel Galton, 1782, a Quaker gunmaker with a taste for science, took <mask>'s place after <mask> moved to Derby.<mask> also established a lifelong friendship with Benjamin Franklin, who shared <mask>'s support for the American and French revolutions. The Lunar Society was instrumental as an intellectual driving force behind England's Industrial Revolution. The members of the Lunar Society, and especially <mask>, opposed the slave trade. He attacked it in The Botanic Garden (1789–1791), and in The Loves of Plants (1789), The Economy of Vegetation (1791), and the Phytologia (1800). Other activities
In 1761, <mask> was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. In addition to the Lunar Society, <mask> <mask> belonged to the influential Derby Philosophical Society, as did his brother-in-law Samuel Fox (see family tree below). He experimented with the use of air and gases to alleviate infections and cancers in patients.A Pneumatic Institution was established at Clifton in 1799 for clinically testing these ideas. He conducted research into the formation of clouds, on which he published in 1788. He also inspired Robert Weldon's Somerset Coal Canal caisson lock. In 1792, <mask> was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia. Mary Shelley in her introduction to the 1831 edition of Frankenstein notes that some unspecified "experiments of Dr. <mask>" were part of the evening discussion topics leading up to her inspiration and creation of her novel. Cosmological speculation
Contemporary literature dates the cosmological theories of the Big Bang and Big Crunch to the 19th and 20th centuries. However <mask> <mask> had speculated on these sorts of events in The Botanic Garden, A Poem in Two Parts: Part 1, The Economy of Vegetation, 1791:

Roll on, ye Stars!exult in youthful prime,Mark with bright curves the printless steps of Time;Near and more near your beamy cars approach,And lessening orbs on lessening orbs encroach; —Flowers of the sky! ye too to age must yield,Frail as your silken sisters of the field.Star after star from Heaven's high arch shall rush,Suns sink on suns, and systems, systems crush,Headlong, extinct, to one dark centre fall,And death and night and chaos mingle all:— Till o'er the wreck, emerging from the storm,Immortal Nature lifts her changeful form,Mounts from her funeral pyre on wings of flame,And soars and shines, another and the same! Inventions
<mask> was the inventor of several devices, though he did not patent any. He believed this would damage his reputation as a doctor, and encouraged his friends to patent their own modifications of his designs. A horizontal windmill, which he designed for Josiah Wedgwood (who would be <mask>'s other grandfather, see family tree below). A carriage that would not tip over (1766). A steering mechanism for his carriage, known today as the Ackermann linkage, that would be adopted by cars 130 years later (1759).A speaking machine, which was a mechanical larynx made of wood, silk, and leather and pronounced several sounds so well 'as to deceive all who heard it unseen' (at Clifton in 1799). A canal lift for barges. A minute artificial bird. A copying machine (1778). A variety of weather monitoring machines. Rocket engine
In notes dating to 1779, <mask> made a sketch of a simple hydrogen-oxygen rocket engine, with gas tanks connected by plumbing and pumps to an elongated combustion chamber and expansion nozzle, a concept not to be seen again until one century later. Major publications
 <mask> <mask>, A Botanical Society at Lichfield.A System of Vegetables, according to their classes, orders... translated from the 13th edition of Linnaeus' Systema Vegetabiliium. 2 vols., 1783, Lichfield, J. Jackson, for Leigh and Sotheby, London. <mask> <mask>, A Botanical Society at Lichfield. The Families of Plants with their natural characters...Translated from the last edition of Linnaeus' Genera Plantarum. 1787, Lichfield, J. Jackson, for J. Johnson, London. <mask> <mask>, The Botanic Garden, Part I, The Economy of Vegetation. 1791 London, J. Johnson.Part II, The Loves of the Plants. 1789, London, J. Johnson. <mask> <mask>, Zoonomia; or, The Laws of Organic Life, 1794, Part I. London, J. Johnson,
 Part I–III. 1796, London, J. Johnson. (last two leaves contain a book list, an apology for the work, and an advert for "Miss Parkers School".) <mask> <mask>, Phytologia; or, The Philosophy of Agriculture and Gardening. 1800, London, J. Johnson.<mask> <mask>, The Temple of Nature; or, The Origin of Society. 1803, London, J. Johnson. Family tree

Appearances
 Charles Sheffield, an author noted largely for hard science fiction, wrote a number of stories featuring <mask> in a manner quite similar to Sherlock Holmes. These stories were collected in a book, The Amazing Dr. <mask>. <mask>'s opposition to slavery in poetry was included by Benjamin Zephaniah in a reading. This inspired the establishment of the Genomic Dub Collective, whose album includes quotations from <mask> "Ras" <mask>, his grandson <mask> and Haile Selassie. The forgetting of <mask>' designs for a rocket is a major plot point in Stephen Baxter's tale of alternate universes, Manifold: Origin.Phrases from <mask>'s poem The Botanic Garden are used as chapter headings in The Pornographer of Vienna by Lewis Crofts. British poet J.H. Prynne took on the pseudonym <mask> W<mask> for his "plant time" bulletins in the pages of Bean News (1972). A building on the Nottingham Trent University Clifton Campus is named after him. It is the centre for science teaching, academic offices and study space. <mask> <mask> appears as a character in Sergey Lukyanenko's novel New Watch as a Dark Other and a prophet living in Regent's Park Estate. Surviving houses
<mask> <mask> House, his home in Lichfield, is now a museum dedicated to <mask> <mask> and his life's work.A school in nearby Chasetown recently converted to Academy status and is now known as Erasmus Darwin Academy. Works
 <mask>, <mask>. (1794–96). Zoonomia. J. Johnson (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; )

See also
 Erasmus Darwin House – The Museum of Erasmus Darwin in Lichfield, Staffordshire
 Evolutionary ideas of the renaissance and enlightenment
 History of evolutionary thought

Notes

References

Sources

Biographies and criticism

 King-Hele, Desmond. 1963. <mask>.Scribner's, N.Y.
 King-Hele, Desmond. 1977. Doctor of Revolution: the life and genius of <mask> <mask>. Faber, London. King-Hele, Desmond. 1999. <mask> <mask>: a life of unequalled achievement Giles de la Mare Publishers.King-Hele, Desmond (ed) 2002. <mask>'s 'The Life of Erasmus Darwin'  Cambridge University Press. Krause, Ernst 1879. <mask> <mask>, with a preliminary notice by <mask>. Murray, London. Pearson, Hesketh. 1930.<mask>. Dent, London. Porter, Roy, 1989. '<mask> <mask>: doctor of evolution?' in 'History, Humanity and Evolution: Essays for John C. Greene, ed. James R. Moore. External links

 Erasmus Darwin House, Lichfield

 Revolutionary Players website
 "Preface and 'a preliminary notice'" by <mask> in Ernst Krause, <mask> <mask> (1879)
 Letter from <mask> <mask> to Dr. William Withering at Mount Holyoke College

Proto-evolutionary biologists
People of the Industrial Revolution
English botanists
English entomologists
Members of the Lunar Society of Birmingham
Fellows of the Royal Society
<mask>–Wedgwood family
People from Lichfield
People from Newark and Sherwood (district)
1731 births
1802 deaths
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Paintings by Joseph Wright of Derby
18th-century English medical doctors
English physiologists
English naturalists
English poets
English abolitionists
English inventors
People from

masks:
Darwin
Darwin
Darwin
Darwin
Darwin
Darwin
Darwin
Darwin
Darwin
Darwin
Darwin
Darwin
Darwin
Darwin
Darwin
Erasmus
Darwin
Darwin
Darwin
Erasmus
Darwin
Darwin
Charles Darwin
Darwin
Erasmus
Darwin
Erasmus
Darwin
Erasmus
Darwin
Erasmus
Darwin
Erasmus
Darwin
Erasmus
Darwin
Darwin
Darwin
Darwin
Erasmus
Darwin
Charles Darwin
Erasmus
Darwin
Erasmus
. Darwin
Erasmus
Darwin
Erasmus
Darwin
Erasmus
Darwin
Darwin
Erasmus
Doctor Darwin
Erasmus
Darwin
Erasmus
Darwin
Charles Darwin
Erasmus
Darwin
Charles Darwin
Doctor Darwin
Erasmus
Darwin
Charles Darwin
Erasmus
Darwin
Erasmus
Darwin
Darwin


text_chunks:
<mask>, 4th Earl of Pembroke (c. 1207 - 27 June 1241) was the third son of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke and Countess Isabel, the daughter of Richard son of <mask>, earl of Striguil. Early life
By calculating back from the date of his coming of age, <mask> must have been the child with which his mother was pregnant during the insurrection against the Marshals in Leinster in 1207, and so was born in Ireland at the beginning of his father's political exile there.. He would have been about twelve when his father died, and the Marshal biographer calls him then a 'clerk' which signifies he was then in minor orders. He was credited with the title 'magister' (master) in 1234 which he only would have acquired from a period of advanced study at a major school. The name of his private tutor is known to have been Master Henry of Hoo. In 1227 he was presented to Westminster abbey's wealthy living of Oakham in Rutland at which point he was still an acolyte one of the junior clerical orders. His orders did not stop him taking a sexual partner, by whom he had a daughter Isabel.He was destined at the time for a distinguished career in the church, and indeed was reconciled to it, as he built a large mansion for himself in Oakham. The cleric who composed the Welsh annals described him at this time as 'a very cultivated and capable young man'. Succession
When Richard his elder brother rebelled against King Henry III in the summer of 1233, <mask> was despatched by his brother to Ireland as his agent in dealing with the Anglo-Irish barons and the king's justiciar, Maurice fitz Gerald. At the end of 1233 <mask> was still in Ireland when Earl Richard crossed over to counter the growing threat of the loyalists and the justiciar, during the course of which the earl was surrounded and cut down outside Kildare. Richard died of his injuries a fortnight later on 15 April 1234. <mask> was now heir to the earldom of Pembroke and at war with the king whose co-operation was necessary to succeed to it. <mask> returned to Wales with his brother and through intermediaries was reconciled with King Henry at the end of May.On 11 June the king - who was the same age as <mask> - knighted him at Worcester, thus cancelling his status as a cleric. He was created earl of Pembroke and Marshal of England immediately afterwards. To consolidate his standing as a layman he negotiated a prestigious marriage with Marjorie (120017 November 1244), daughter of King William of Scotland. They were married on 1 August 1235 in Berwick-upon-Tweed. Their marriage was childless. Earl <mask> and Wales
King Henry treated <mask> generously, granting him at the end of 1234 the honor of Pevensey in compensation for the late Earl Richard's Norman and French lands, to which <mask> was not allowed to succeed by Louis IX of France. In January 1235 the king went much further, granting <mask> wardships and royal castles which gave him almost complete control of the southern March of Wales.<mask> took the opportunity to settle scores with the rival Welsh lord of Caerleon, which led to an intervention by Prince Llywelyn ab Iorwerth of Gwynedd and a subsequent climbdown. On Llywelyn's death in April 1240 <mask> launched a major campaign in West Wales, led by his younger brother Walter Marshal, which rapidly expelled Welsh troops from Cardigan castle and compelled the southern Welsh lord Maelgwyn Fychan to offer <mask> homage. As part of the treaty <mask> married his daughter Isabel to Rhys, son of Maelgwyn. Enmity with the Fitz Geralds and Death

Earl <mask>'s tenure of the earldom is notable for the consequences of the violent death of his elder brother at Kildare. <mask> was bound in honour to punish those responsible, especially so as he had to establish his credentials as a knight and the head of the powerful Marshal affinity in England, Wales and Ireland. Rather than single out Walter de Lacy and Richard de Burgh who were principally responsible for the death, he fixed on Maurice Fitz Gerald lord of Offaly and the king's justiciar, and solemnly swore mortal enmity against him. This brought the full weight of the whole Marshal clan and their powerful relatives and vassals against Fitz Gerald until he undertook to make restitution for <mask>'s death.King Henry III was willing to act as an intermediary and in August 1234 Fitz Gerald made a formal admission of responsibility to the earl. This did not by any means end the antagonism between <mask> and Fitz Gerald, and the murder at Westminster of Henry Clement, Fitz Gerald's agent, in 1235 was believed to have been procured by the earl. The feud was not settled until in 1240 the earl pardoned Fitz Gerald his mortal enmity on his promising to found an abbey for the sake of the soul of the late Earl Richard. Even so, the notorious antagonism between the aristocratic groups had so disturbed the political community and court that when Earl <mask> died violently on the tournament field of Ware on 27 June 1241 it was commonly believed that agents of the Fitz Geralds had a hand in the affair. <mask>'s death was more likely the consequence of a need to justify the Marshal name and live up to his father's and brothers' reputations, for the  St Albans chronicler Matthew Paris reported gossip that <mask> was 'inexperienced and useless as a knight'. There was some truth in it, as his inability to manage the magnificent but wild Spanish stallion he had selected for the day's sport led to his being thrown from his horse and dragged for some distance on the ground. He died later that evening from the injuries received.He was buried at Temple Church next to his father. His title was passed to his younger brother Walter a year after his death. Walter was not immediately confirmed as Earl of Pembroke and Lord Marshal due to the King's anger at Walter's disobedience of royal orders, as he had also attended the tournament. References

Sources

 Acts and Letters of the Marshal Family 1156-1248: Earls of Pembroke and Marshals of England, ed. David Crouch, Camden Society 5th series, 47 (Cambridge: CUP, 2015). D. Crouch, 'Earl <mask> Marshal and his mortal enemies,’ Historical Research, 87 (2014), 393-403. R.F.Walker, ‘The Earls of Pembroke, 1138-1389’ in, Pembrokeshire County History ii, Medieval Pembrokeshire, ed. R.F. Walker (Haverfordwest, 2002). 1194 births
1241 deaths
Earls Marshal
<mask>
Burials at the Temple Church

masks:
Gilbert Marshal
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Earl Richard
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert
Gilbert


text_chunks:
<mask>, 1st Baronet,  (27 March 1863 – 22 April 1933) was an English engineer famous for his designs of car and aeroplane engines with a reputation for reliability and longevity. With Charles Rolls (1877 – 1910) and Claude Johnson (1864 – 1926), he founded Rolls-Royce. Rolls-Royce initially focused on large 40-50 horsepower motor cars, the Silver Ghost and its successors. <mask> produced his first aero engine shortly after the outbreak of the First World War and aircraft engines became Rolls-Royce's principal product. <mask>'s health broke down in 1911 and he was persuaded to leave his factory in the Midlands at Derby and, taking a team of designers, move to the south of England spending winters in the south of France. He died at his home in Sussex in the spring of 1933. Early life
<mask> was born in Alwalton, Huntingdonshire, near Peterborough in 1863 to James and <mask> (née King).He was the youngest of their five children. His father ran a flour mill which he leased from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners but the business failed and the family moved to London. His father died in 1872 and <mask> had to go out to work selling newspapers and delivering telegrams after only one year of formal schooling. In 1878 he started an apprenticeship with the Great Northern Railway company at its works in Peterborough thanks to the financial help of an aunt. After three years the money ran out. After a short time with a tool-making company in Leeds he returned to London and joined the Electric Light and Power Company. He moved to their Liverpool office in 1882 working on street and theatre lighting.In 1884, with £20 of savings, he entered a partnership with Ernest Claremont, a friend who contributed £50, and they started a business making domestic electric fittings in a workshop in Cooke Street, Hulme, Manchester, called F. H. Royce and Company. In 1894 they started making dynamos and electric cranes and F. H. Royce & Company was registered as a limited liability company. The company was re-registered in 1899 as Royce Ltd with a public share flotation and a further factory opened in Trafford Park, Manchester. Partnership with Rolls

Following a decline in trade after the Second Boer War, and the arrival of increasing competition by cranes and dynamos from Germany and the United States, Royce began considering the motor car as a potential new product for the company. With his fascination for all things mechanical he became increasingly focused on motor cars and bought first, in 1901, a small De Dion and in 1902 or 1903 a 1901 model two cylinder Decauville. This did not meet his high standards and so he first improved it and then decided to manufacture a car of his own which he did in a corner of the workshop in 1904. Two more cars were made.Of the three, which were called Royce and had two cylinder engines, one was given to Ernest Claremont and the other sold to one of the other directors, <mask>. Edmunds was a friend of Charles Rolls who had a car showroom in London selling imported models and showed him his car and arranged the historic meeting between Rolls and Royce at the Midland Hotel, Manchester, on 4 May 1904. In spite of his preference for three or four cylinder cars, Rolls was impressed with the two-cylinder Royce 10 and in a subsequent agreement of 23 December 1904 agreed to take all the cars Royce could make. These would be of two, three, four and six cylinders and would be badged as Rolls-Royce. The first Rolls-Royce car, the Rolls-Royce 10 hp, was unveiled at the Paris Salon in December 1904. In 1906 Rolls and Royce formalised their partnership by creating Rolls-Royce Limited, with Royce appointed chief engineer and works director on a salary of £1,250 per annum plus 4% of the profits in excess of £10,000. Royce thus provided the technical expertise to complement Rolls' financial backing and business acumen.By 1907 the company was winning awards for the engineering reliability of its cars. The Rolls-Royce Eagle was the first aircraft engine to be developed by Rolls-Royce Limited. It was introduced in 1915 to meet British military requirements during the First World War and proved to be one of only two aero engines made by the Allies that was neither a production nor a technical failure. Royce & Company remained in business as a separate company making cranes until 1932 when it was bought by Herbert Morris of Loughborough. The last Royce-designed crane was built in 1964. The partnership ended when Rolls died in 1910 in a crash of his Wright Flyer aircraft. Development of Rolls-Royce
Royce had always worked hard and was renowned for never eating proper meals which resulted in his being taken ill first in 1902 and again in 1911.Ill health had forced his move away from Derby in 1912. In the same year, he had a major operation in London and was given only a few months to live by the doctors. In spite of this he returned to work but was prevented from visiting the factory, which had moved to larger premises, fitted out to detailed plans by <mask>, in Derby in 1908. He insisted on checking all new designs and engineers and draughtsmen had to take the drawings to be personally checked by him, a daunting prospect with his well-known perfectionism. He had a villa built at Le Canadel in the south of France and a further home at Crowborough, East Sussex. In 1917, <mask> moved to the village of West Wittering, West Sussex. In October 1928, he began design of the "R" engine while walking with some of his leading engineers on the beach at West Wittering, sketching ideas in the sand.Less than a year later, the "R” engine, designed in his studio in the village, set a new world air speed record of 357.7 miles per hour and won the Schneider Trophy of 1929. When the Ramsay MacDonald government decided not to finance the next attempt in 1931, Lucy, Lady Houston, felt that Britain must not be left out of this contest and sent a telegram to the Prime Minister stating that she would guarantee £100,000, if necessary, towards the cost leading the Government to reverse their previous decision. The result was that <mask> found that the "R" could be made to produce more power and the Supermarine S.6B seaplane won the Trophy at  on 13 September 1931. Later that month on 29 September, the same aircraft with an improved engine flew at , becoming the first craft to fly at over  and breaking the world's speed record. Bentley, shock absorber and Merlin

In 1931, Rolls-Royce Ltd. bought out their rival firm of W. O. Bentley. A "20/25" engine was put into a chassis and a Bentley radiator fitted. An open four-seater body completed the picture.The engine was "hotted-up" and the car was taken down to West Wittering to get Royce's approval. They were somewhat apprehensive of what he would say, but he gave it his blessing. He told them that such a fast car should have a means of varying the stiffness of the springing. The night before he died he sat up in bed and drew a sketch on the back of an envelope which he gave to Miss Aubin (his nurse and housekeeper) telling her to see that the "boys" in the factory got it safely. He died before it reached Derby. This was the adjustable shock-absorber. Thus, in 1933 the first Bentley made by Rolls-Royce Ltd made its appearance and another famous name carried on.Following the success of the "R” engine, it was clear that they had an engine that would be of use to the Royal Air Force. As no Government assistance was forthcoming at first, in the national interest they went ahead with development of what was called the "PV-12" engine (standing for Private Venture, 12-cylinder). The idea was to produce an engine of about the same performance as the "R”, albeit with a much longer life. <mask> launched the PV-12 in October 1933  and the engine completed its first test in 1934, the year after he died. The PV-12 became the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine. Personal life

<mask> married Minnie Punt in 1893 and they set up home together in Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Manchester, and were joined by his mother, who lived nearby until her death in 1904, and Minnie's niece, Violet. The <mask>s moved to a newly built house in Knutsford, Cheshire in 1898.The couple separated in 1912. <mask>, who lived by the motto "Whatever is rightly done, however humble, is noble", was appointed OBE in 1918, and was created a baronet, of Seaton in the County of Rutland, in 1930 for his services to British Aviation. He had no children and the baronetcy became extinct on his death. After he fell ill, <mask> was looked after by a nurse, Miss Ethel Aubin for twenty years (after his death she married G.H.R. Tildesley, <mask>'s solicitor). He died at his house Elmstead in West Wittering on 22 April 1933. His cremated remains were initially buried under his statue at the Rolls-Royce works in Derby, but in 1937 his urn was removed to the parish church of Alwalton, his birthplace.In 1962, a memorial window dedicated to his memory was unveiled in Westminster Abbey. The window is one of a series designed by Ninian Comper dedicated to the memory of eminent engineers. He is also commemorated in Royce Hall, student accommodation at Loughborough University, and until 2011 at one of Peterborough's Queensgate shopping centre car parks. The Sir <mask> Suite, a business suite, is named after him at the Peterborough Marriott Hotel in the Alwalton business park. Cultural Depictions
Actor Michael Jayston portrayed <mask> in the 1972-1973 BBC Television miniseries The Edwardians. References

Further reading
 (5th edition, 1st edition 1964)

External links

The Sir Henry Royce Foundation, Australia
 (RT 11:16) Part 1 (of 3) of a video containing a visit to <mask>'s grave
 "Sir <mask>, Bart." a 1956 Flight article

British automotive pioneers
British automobile designers
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
British automotive engineers
British founders of automobile manufacturers
Rolls-Royce people
1863 births
1933 deaths
Burials in Huntingdonshire
People from Peterborough
People from Knutsford

masks:
Sir Frederick Henry Royce
Royce
Royce
Royce
Mary Royce
Royce
Henry Edmunds
Royce
Royce
Royce
Royce
Henry Royce
Royce
Royce
Royce
Royce
Henry Royce
Royce
Royce
Henry Royce


text_chunks:
Admiral of the Fleet <mask>, 11th Earl of Lauderdale,  (3 February 1803 – 1 September 1878) was a Royal Navy officer and peer. As a junior officer he saw action supporting the blockade of Algiers by Greek revolutionaries in July 1824 during the Greek War of Independence and then took part in an operation to land a naval brigade in Brazil to protect Pedro I, the Emperor of Brazil, in the face of the Irish and German Mercenary Soldiers' Revolt. He also took part in the Battle of Luchana, an operation to defend the Port of Bilbao on the north coast of Spain, during the First Carlist War. Maitland also fought at various battles during the First Opium War including the Battle of Canton at which he commanded the 1st naval battalion. He gave evidence to the Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom and argued that building powerful ships was more important than building fortifications. He went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station. Early career

Born the only son of General the Hon.William Maitland (himself the fourth son of James Maitland, 7th Earl of Lauderdale) and Mary Maitland (née Orpen), Maitland joined the navy on 22 September 1816. Promoted to lieutenant on 16 May 1823, he was appointed to the frigate HMS Euryalus in the Mediterranean Fleet. In HMS Euryalus he saw action supporting the blockade of Algiers by Greek revolutionaries in July 1824 during the Greek War of Independence. He transferred to the guard ship HMS Superb at Portsmouth in December 1825 and to the second-rate HMS Ganges, flagship of Admiral Sir Robert Otway serving as Commander-in-Chief of the South America Station, in March 1826. Promoted to commander on 30 April 1827, he saw action again when HMS Ganges took part in an operation to land a naval brigade in Brazil to protect Pedro I, the Emperor of Brazil, in the face of the Irish and German Mercenary Soldiers' Revolt in June 1828. He returned home when HMS Ganges became the guard ship at Portsmouth in 1829. Maitland became commanding officer of the sloop HMS Sparrowhawk on the North America and West Indies Station in June 1832 and brought home a treasure freight of $589,405 and 42 bales of cochineal (a scale insect from which the crimson-coloured natural dye carmine is derived) when he returned in May 1833.He became commanding officer of the sixth-rate HMS Tweed and took part in the Battle of Luchana, an operation to defend the Port of Bilbao on the north coast of Spain, in December 1836 during the First Carlist War. As a result of this he was awarded the knight's cross of the Order of Charles III for his support for the liberal forces of Maria Christina, the Regent of Spain at the time of the minority of Isabella II, who had faced a revolt by Carlos, Count of Molina. Promoted to captain on 10 January 1837, Maitland became commanding officer of the third-rate HMS Wellesley, flagship of Rear Admiral Frederick Maitland serving as Commander-in-Chief of the East Indies and China Station, in June 1837. He saw action off the Persian Gulf in 1839 and then, following the death of Frederick Maitland in November 1839, served under Commodore James Bremer at the Capture of Chusan in July 1840, at the Second Battle of Chuenpi in January 1841 and at the Battle of the Bogue in February 1841 during the First Opium War. He also commanded the 1st naval battalion during the Battle of Canton in May 1841 for which he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the Bath on 29 June 1841. He remained on the station and, after taking part in the Battle of Amoy in August 1841, fought at some of the later battles under Rear Admiral Sir William Parker including the Capture of Chusan in October 1841, the Battle of Ningpo in March 1842, the Battle of Woosung in June 1842 and the Battle of Chinkiang in  July 1842 which ultimately led to the Treaty of Nanking ending the war in August 1842. Maitland went on to be commanding officer of the third-rate HMS America off the coast of Portugal in November 1846, commanding officer of the first-rate HMS San Josef, flagship of Admiral Sir William Gage serving as Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth, in April 1848 and commanding officer of the second-rate HMS Impregnable, Gage's new flagship, in January 1849.After that he became commanding officer of the second-rate HMS Agamemnon in the Channel Squadron in September 1852, commanding officer of the first-rate HMS Victory, flagship of Admiral Sir <mask> serving as Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth, in December 1853 and commanding officer of the Gunnery School HMS Excellent at Portsmouth in January 1854. Senior command

Promoted to rear-admiral on 18 June 1857, Maitland gave evidence to the Royal Commission on the Defence of the United Kingdom in 1859 and argued that building powerful ships was more important than building fortifications. He became Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station, with his flag in the screw frigate HMS Bacchante, in May 1860 and stood down from that post in October 1862. He inherited the title of <mask> of Lauderdale on the death of his cousin on 22 March 1863, was promoted to vice admiral on 30 November 1863 and was advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 28 March 1865. Maitland was appointed First and Principal Naval Aide-de-Camp to the Queen on 22 November 1866. Promoted to full admiral on 8 April 1868, he retired in February 1873 and was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 24 May 1873. He was promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 27 December 1877 and died at his home, Thirlestane Castle in Berwickshire on 1 September 1878.Family
On 7 February 1828, Maitland married Amelia Young at Rio de Janeiro (whilst posted in South America) and they had one son, <mask>rdaunt (1838–1844), and three daughters, Isabel Anne (d. 1854), Lady Alice Charlotte (d. 1883) and Lady Mary Jane (1847–1918). He was succeeded in the earldom by Charles Barclay-Maitland, his second cousin once removed. References

Sources

Further reading

External links

 William Loney Career History

|-

|-

1803 births
1878 deaths
Royal Navy personnel of the First Opium War
Earls of Lauderdale
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Royal Navy admirals of the fleet
Scottish representative peers
People from County Cork

masks:
Thomas Maitland
Thomas Cochrane
Earl
Thomas Mo


text_chunks:
<mask>,  (born 24 December 1960) is a British media personality, best known for co-hosting the game show Countdown for 26 years from 1982 until 2008, as a newspaper columnist and nominal author of educational and diet books, and hosting the annual Pride of Britain awards. She has written books on detox diets. Vorderman's career began in 1982 when she joined Channel 4 game show Countdown. She appeared on the show with Richard Whiteley from 1982 until his death in 2005, and subsequently with Des Lynam and Des O'Connor, before leaving in 2008. While appearing on Countdown, <mask> began presenting other shows for various broadcasters including Better Homes and The Pride of Britain Awards for ITV, as well as guest hosting shows such as Have I Got News for You, The Sunday Night Project and Lorraine. <mask> was a presenter of ITV's Loose Women from 2011 until 2014. Early life and education
Vorderman was born in Bedford, Bedfordshire, the youngest of three children of Dutch father, <mask> (1920–2007), and a Welsh mother, Edwina Jean Davies (1928–2017).Her parents separated three weeks after her birth, and her mother took the family back to her home town of Prestatyn, Denbighshire, North Wales, where <mask> and her siblings, Anton and Trixie, grew up in a one-parent household. Vorderman did not see her father again until she was 42. In 1970, her mother married Italian Armido Rizzi. The couple separated ten years later. <mask>'s father remarried; his wife died in the early 1990s. Vorderman was educated at Blessed Edward Jones Catholic High School in nearby Rhyl. In 1978, aged 17, she went to read engineering at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge.<mask> went to Cambridge as one of the youngest women ever admitted at the time. She left with a third-class degree, a result she has described as having been "disappointing". She is a member of the Nines Club, having achieved a third-class grade in each year of study. <mask> did not trace the Dutch side of her family until 2007 (as part of the BBC genealogy programme Who Do You Think You Are?). It was only then that she discovered that her father had been an active member of the Dutch resistance during the Nazi occupation. He died while the programme was being filmed. Her great-grandfather Adolphe <mask> played a key role in the discovery of vitamins.Early career
Vorderman initially found employment as a junior civil engineer at Dinorwig Power Station in Llanberis, Wales, and later as a graduate management trainee in Leeds. In her spare time, she was briefly a backing singer with friend Lindsay Forrest in the Leeds-based pop group Dawn Chorus and the Blue Tits, fronted by radio DJ Liz Kershaw during the early 1980s. The group recorded, among other songs, a version of The Undertones' hit Teenage Kicks (one of the tracks Vorderman had to identify during the "intros round" when she appeared on Never Mind the Buzzcocks in December 2009 – the series often includes questions from contestants' pasts). During 1984–85 she made regular appearances on the Peter Levy show on Radio Aire, appearing mid-morning to read a story for pre-school children. In the mid-1980s, Vorderman worked part-time in the Information Services Department of the UK Atomic Energy Authority, principally in the production of in-house video programmes. Television career

Countdown

1982–2008
Vorderman's mother noticed a newspaper advertisement asking for "a woman with good mathematical skills"  to appear as co-host on a quiz show for the fledgling fourth terrestrial channel. She submitted an application on behalf of her daughter, then aged 21.<mask> appeared on Countdown from the show's inception in 1982 until 2008. Initially, <mask>'s only contribution to the show was the numbers game, and she formed part of a five-person presentation team. However, over the following years, the team was pared down, and Vorderman began handling tiles for both the letters and numbers games. <mask> thus became a new type of game show hostess, revealing her intellectual ability by carrying out fast and accurate arithmetic calculations during the numbers game to reach an exact solution if neither contestant was able to do so. Her lasting success on the show led to her becoming one of the highest-paid women in Britain, ultimately earning her an estimated £1 million per year. After Richard Whiteley
In June 2005, the producers of Countdown asked <mask> if she wanted to fill the role of main presenter vacated by the recently deceased Richard Whiteley. Vorderman declined, and a search for a new presenter began while the show went into a four-month hiatus.In October 2005, Des Lynam replaced Whiteley and co-hosted with <mask>. In January 2007 Des O'Connor replaced Lynam; <mask> continued to co-host the show. On 25 July 2008, after 26 unbroken years with the show, it was announced that <mask> was stepping down from Countdown. She later said she had resigned after failing to agree terms with Channel 4 for a new contract, and it was reported that she had been asked to take a cut of 90% from her previous salary, estimated as £900,000. She had considered leaving the show when the show's original host Richard Whiteley died in 2005, but remained on the show when Lynam took over, and until 2008 when his eventual replacement O'Connor announced he was also to step down as the show's host. <mask> and O'Connor both left the show in December 2008. <mask> recorded her last Countdown show on 13 November 2008 which was broadcast on 12 December 2008.Both of her children were in the audience, together with many of the previous guests from "Dictionary Corner". After the prizegiving at the end of the show, Des O'Connor was presented with a bouquet of flowers by the show's lexicographer Susie Dent, and <mask> received one from Gyles Brandreth. She was too moved to complete her farewells. A special show, One Last Consonant, Please Carol, hosted by Brandreth and featuring <mask>'s highs and lows during the 26 years of the show, was also filmed and transmitted just before her final Countdown appearance. After leaving Countdown, <mask> continued to contribute her column to the British magazine Reveal. Channel 4 admitted in 2009 that all Countdown presenters had always worn earpieces, and that producers would "sometimes supply extra ideas as there are often multiple options to ensure viewers are given the best possible answers." A source close to Vorderman denied that she had worn an earpiece or cheated in her mental arithmetic answers.Loose Women

In July 2011, <mask> and Sally Lindsay were tipped for roles on Loose Women following ITV's decision to axe Kate Thornton and Zoë Tyler from the programme. This was later confirmed, with <mask> presenting her first live show on 5 September 2011. From September 2011 to June 2013, <mask> and fellow Loose Women host Andrea McLean hosted two to three shows per week. However, after the show returned from its summer break in September 2013, she began to host one episode per week, with McLean anchoring the remaining four. On 3 October 2013, it was announced that former Loose Women presenter Kaye Adams would be returning to the show later in the year and Ruth Langsford would join the panel in January 2014. Adams, Langsford and Andrea McLean hosted the show in rotation, with <mask> remaining as an occasional presenter on the programme, usually presenting one episode a fortnight. On 14 July 2014, <mask> announced her departure as a presenter on Loose Women.<mask> explained:

Other television work
<mask> is the presenter of the annual Pride of Britain Awards, which are televised by ITV. She began hosting the awards when they were first introduced in 1999. In 2004, <mask> took part in the second series of Strictly Come Dancing, partnered with professional dancer Paul Killick. She was the second celebrity to be eliminated from the show. She guest presented Have I Got News for You in 2004 and 2006 and also presented an episode of  The Sunday Night Project. <mask> guest presented 15 episodes of Lorraine in 2011. She presented the ITV Food show Food Glorious Food in 2013.In March 2013, <mask> recorded an ITV gameshow pilot called Revolution. On 29 June 2013, it was announced that the show had been "scrapped" by ITV. In 2016, Vorderman finished in eighth place in the sixteenth series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! On 7 April 2020, Vorderman appeared on The Great Stand Up to Cancer Bake Off and won. Broadcast on S4C on 19 April 2020, Vorderman took part in the show  ('Language Road Trip') and, with the help of Owain Wyn Evans, learned Welsh and completed various challenges in the language. An extra episode,  ('Language Road Trip: Christmas') was broadcast at the end of 2020, interviewing each of the celebrities about whether they were still making use of their Welsh and the opportunities they had had to use Welsh during lockdown. Filmography

Television

Outside television

Journalism
Vorderman has had newspaper columns in The Daily Telegraph, and in the Daily Mirror on Internet topics.She has written books on Detox diets. Her No. 1 bestseller was Detox For Life, produced in collaboration with Ko Chohan and Anita Bean and published by Virgin Books, which sold over a million copies. Many school textbooks have been published under her name, chiefly by Dorling Kindersley in series such as English Made Easy, Maths Made Easy, Science Made Easy and How to Pass National Curriculum Maths. Commercial ventures
<mask> also expanded her business ventures, launching a number of Sudoku products. In March 2007, she launched a brain-training game called <mask>'s Mind Aerobics together with BSkyB. Also in 2007, she released a video game for PlayStation 2 in the United States entitled <mask>'s Sudoku.In 2007, <mask> did TV commercials for the frozen food chain Farmfoods – advertising "Chippy Chips for £1" and "Cadbury's Cones for 99p". In the autumn of 2008, soon after she completed her final regular Countdown show, <mask> announced a new commercial venture, her own property development and sales company that would specialise in overseas holiday and retirement homes in the Caribbean, the Bahamas and Spain. It was called <mask>'s Overseas Homes Ltd. She saw the company as a natural extension of her own experiences in buying and selling properties over recent years and was aiming at a target market of "families aged 35 plus". However, because of the financial crisis of 2007–2008, the venture proved short-lived. During March 2009 <mask> publicly withdrew her name from the firm, which suspended trading soon afterwards. On 2 March 2010, <mask> publicly launched her new commercial venture of an online mathematics coaching system for 4- to 12-year-old children under the name of the MathsFactor. Endorsement controversy
Vorderman had maintained a long-standing endorsement of the debt consolidation company First Plus, an association that ceased in 2007.In 2006, the charity Credit Action attempted to highlight the potential dangers of debt consolidation, calling on Vorderman to stop giving First Plus credibility. Her agent responded that Vorderman had no intention of curtailing the contract for a service which was perfectly legal and offered by an excellent company. When interviewed by The Daily Telegraph in November 2008 <mask> herself responded with:"The secured loans market was criticised and it was pertinent to pick me out, because I was a face. I advertised FirstPlus for 10 years. We had something like £1.5billion out on loan and until a matter of months ago there were no repossessions. When that programme [BBC's Real Story] was made, [there were] no repossessions. Did they say that?Funnily enough, no." Other activities

On 18 September 2010, <mask>, a Catholic, co-presented events leading up to the Papal Vigil in Hyde Park, alongside author Frank Cottrell Boyce. On 2 June 2012, Vorderman named a Class 91 (91110)  "Battle of Britain Memorial Flight" at the National Railway Museum as part of the Railfest 2012 Event. In 2014, Vorderman qualified for a private pilot's licence and announced that she planned to fly solo around the world. She named her plane Mildred after Mildred, Mrs Victor Bruce, a British record-breaking racing motorist, speedboat racer and aviator in the 1920s and 1930s, who Vorderman has described as "my heroine. She’s one of the most incredible women of the last century". On 20 November 2014, Vorderman accepted the appointment of ambassador to the Royal Air Force Air Cadets, saying: "I am truly honoured to be appointed as an ambassador for the RAF Air Cadets.I can't wait to meet the cadets, and the adult volunteer staff who give so much of their time to support them. The cadets themselves are a shining example of the best of British youngsters, standing with them on a parade square will be a great privilege." <mask> assumed the rank of Honorary Group Captain for the duration of her appointment. She is the first female to be appointed Ambassador in the Royal Air Force Air Cadets' 75 year history after taking over from former ambassador Sir Chris Hoy. <mask> has also taken up learning the Welsh language and has been using the Say Something in Welsh online course. In early 2020, she said "I've been learning Welsh ... and I love it. It's taken me back to my roots".Personal life
Vorderman is a Catholic. She was first married in 1985 at age 24 to Christopher Mather, a Royal Navy officer, but the marriage lasted only twelve months. Her second marriage was to management consultant Patrick King in 1990 at age 29. Vorderman had two children, Katie (b. 1992) and Cameron (b. 1997), with King; the couple separated in 2000. After meeting at a Christmas party in 1999, <mask> and Des Kelly lived together in London from 2001, also using their other house in Glandore, West Cork, Ireland.After five years together, <mask> and Kelly separated in December 2006, publicly announcing the amicable split in January 2007 and after a brief reconciliation in Bristol according to reports. <mask> shares her Bristol home with her two children. <mask> lived with or very near to her mother all her life, until her death in 2017. On 6 June 2020, she complained in a number of UK newspapers of being harassed by photographers in the road outside her home. Honours and awards
<mask> was honoured as a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for "services to broadcasting" in the Queen's Birthday Honours in June 2000. She has been elected as an Honorary Fellow of Bangor University in North Wales and, in 2000, received an Honorary Degree (MA) from the University of Bath. <mask> was voted UK Female Rear of the Year in 2011.In 2014, she became the first celebrity to win the award twice. In November 2021, <mask> was awarded an Honorary Fellowship by the Institution of Engineering and Technology in recognition of her outstanding contribution to the engineering profession. Political views
<mask> has been critical of the Labour Party's education policies. In February 2009, it was announced that she was to head a task force established by the Conservative Party to look at the teaching of mathematics. David Cameron commented, "<mask> has got a passion for maths. We have all seen that on Countdown with her brilliant mental arithmetic and she is going to lead this task force so we can get the answers right." In an appearance on Question Time in March 2010, <mask> was critical of all three major parties for hypocrisy in taking donations from non-domiciled taxpayers.Charity work

<mask> is a patron of the Cleft Lip and Palate Association (CLAPA) (her older brother, Anton, was born with a cleft lip and palate). In 2005, she was the winner of Ant and Dec's Gameshow Marathon. As part of its 50th anniversary celebrations ITV ran a series of the nation's favourite game shows featuring celebrities competing to become Gameshow Marathon winner and raise money for the charity of their choice. As series winner <mask> won £30,000 for CLAPA and £30,000 for Big Money, a grand total of £60,000 for CLAPA. In November 2011 <mask> also appeared in the music video for New Vorder's 'Carol O Carol' (playing herself) a song written by Jim Salveson in 1999 about his love for <mask>. The video is directed by Tim Cocker and was released on 28 November 2011 in aid of the charity CLAPA. <mask> appeared in a short film entitled 'Run for the future' which promotes prostate cancer awareness and a charity run held every year on the Bristol Downs to raise funds for the BUI prostate appeal.She has also taken part in the Great North Run on several occasions to raise money for Marie Curie Cancer Care. This was in memory of Richard Whiteley's sister Helen, who died of the disease. <mask> is an active supporter and advocate of the RAF Association charity, appearing at airshows and taking part in other fundraising events. Videos and published writings
 <mask>'s Pop Music Times Tables, 1990
 <mask>'s How to Write a Perfect Letter, 1991
 How Mathematics Works, 1996
 <mask>'s Guide to the Internet (written with Rob Young), 1998
 <mask>'s How to Do Sudoku, 2005
 <mask>'s Massive Book of Sudoku, 2005
 Eat Yourself Clever, 2008
 <mask>'s Guide to Maths
 <mask>'s Detox Diet
 It All Counts, 2010

References

External links

 <mask>(BBC Radio Wales)
 Debrett's People of Today
 <mask> at Biogs.com

1960 births
Living people
20th-century Welsh writers
21st-century Welsh writers
20th-century Welsh women writers
21st-century Welsh women writers
Alumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
Welsh people of Dutch descent
Welsh columnists
Welsh television presenters
Welsh Roman Catholics
GMTV presenters and reporters
People from Bedford
People from Prestatyn
People educated at Blessed Edward Jones RC High School
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Mensans
Royal Air Force officers holding honorary commissions
Countdown (game show)
British women columnists
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (British TV series) participants
BBC Radio Wales presenters
The Daily Telegraph people
Daily Mirror people
Alternative detoxification promoters
British women pop singers
Yorkshire Television

masks:
Carol Jean Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Anton Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Carol Vorderman
Carol Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Carol Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Carol
Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Carol
Carol Vorderman
Vorderman
Vorderman
Carol Vorderman
Carol Vorderman
Carol Vorderman
Carol Vorderman
Carol Vorderman
Carol Vorderman
Carol Vorderman
Carol Vorderman
Carol Vorderman


text_chunks:
<mask> (born December 5, 1956) is the current prosecutor of Wayne County, Michigan, home to the city of Detroit. She is the first African-American woman to serve as a county prosecutor in Michigan. She became internationally recognized for prosecuting  then Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick at the beginning of March 2008. Worthy received her undergraduate  degree from the University of Michigan and her J.D. degree from the University of Notre Dame Law School. She attended high school in Alexandria, Virginia and is a 1974 graduate of T.C. Williams High School.Worthy started as an assistant prosecutor in the Wayne County Prosecutor's in 1984. She served in this position for ten years, becoming the first African-American special assignment prosecutor under Prosecutor John O'Hair. Her most notable prosecution was the trial of Walter Budzyn and Larry Nevers in the beating death of Malice Green. Worthy had an over 90% conviction rate. In 1994, Worthy was elected to the Detroit Recorder's Court (now the Wayne County Circuit Court). From 1994 until  January 2004 Worthy was a judge on the Wayne County Circuit Court. In 2004, Worthy was appointed by the judges of the Wayne County Circuit Court bench to replace now Detroit Mayor Mike Duggan, who resigned to become the head of the Detroit Medical Center.The Wayne County Prosecutor's Office is by far the busiest in Michigan. There are 83 counties in Michigan yet Worthy's office handles 52% of all felony cases in Michigan and 64% of all serious felony cases that go to jury trial. In 2013 Worthy sued Wayne County alleging that Wayne County Executive Robert A. Ficano had provided her with an insufficient budget to fulfill her duties as outlined in the Michigan State Constitution. In June 2014 Worthy backed Warren Evans in his successful race to oust then Wayne Robert A. Ficano in the Democratic Primary. Detroit sexual assault kit backlog

In 2009 Worthy began working on resolving a massive backlog of unprocessed rape test kits in Detroit. Despite years of refusal to even allow assistant prosecutors to look for them for over a decade. ;  On August 17, 2009 assistant prosecutor Robert Spada discovered a massive number of kits sitting in a warehouse that the Detroit Police Department had used as an overflow storage facility for evidence.The  11,431 sexual assault kits languished in the DPD property warehouse from 1984 to 2009 without being submitted for testing. In one case, a 2002 rape was linked to a man who was incarcerated for three murders he committed in the seven years after the rape. From the inception of the project Worthy has been committed to ensuring that every kit is tested, every kit is investigated and that a victim-centered approach to the investigation of sexual assault is implemented. Because the City of Detroit was in bankruptcy and the then Wayne County Executive Robert Ficano would not provide funding for the project Worthy turned to the Detroit Crime Commission, Michigan Women's First Foundation and the African-American 490 Coalition to form a public- private partnership to raise funds to test the kits. ; Donations also were given by citizens from all over the United States. The project received grants and funding from the National Institute for Justice, the State of Michigan and the New York District Attorneys Office. An important academic study of the project was authored by Michigan State University Professor Rebecca Campbell.;

In September 2016 Worthy hosted the first Detroit Sexual Assault Kit Summit that was attended by prosecutors, police, sexual assault victim service workers, academics, and journalists to share information learned from the Detroit Project. prosecutor-worthy-to-host-3-day-sexual-assault-kit-summit. In 2018 Worthy was featured in the documentary produced by Mariska Hargitay - I AM EVIDENCE. The documentary won a number of awards including the Emmy in 2019 for the Best Documentary in the News and Documentary category. The 10th Anniversary of the Detroit Rape Kit Project was marked by a commemorative ceremony celebrating the completion of the testing of all of the rape kits, state legislation that sets out time line for the submission of kits for testing and a statewide tracking system that allows victims to follow the progression of their kit for DNA testing. In 2020 the mission of the Detroit Sexual Assault Kit Project continues with investigations and prosecutions of rapists. As of June 2020 there have been 219 convictions, and 2234 cases that are actively being investigated.The cases tested from this project have been linked to 40 states: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. The Detroit Rape Kit Project has been a leader in this field establishing best practices across the county. Conviction integrity unit

After wanting to have a Conviction Integrity Unit (CIU) for many years Worthy received the funding with the support of Wayne County Executive Warren C. Evans, from the Wayne County Commission in 2017. The Wayne County Prosecutor's Office CIU became operational in January 2018 and has received over 700 requests for investigation. It is headed by Director Valerie Newman. "We are committed to taking these new claims of innocence seriously and we need any and all additional resources we can muster,” Worthy said. The Conviction Integrity Unit (the "CIU") investigates claims of innocence, to determine whether there is clear and convincing new evidence that the convicted defendant was not the person who committed the conviction offense.As stated in the American Bar Association standards, Rule 3.8(h), "When a prosecutor knows of clear and convincing evidence establishing that a defendant in the prosecutor's jurisdiction was convicted of an offense that the defendant did not commit, the prosecutor shall seek to remedy the conviction." CIU makes recommendations to the Wayne County Prosecutor about the appropriate remedy (if any) that should result from its findings. The Wayne County Prosecutor makes all final decisions about whether a remedy should be provided to a person seeking review by the CIU. The CIU is not a court and its work is not governed by court rules of procedure. CIU investigates claims of actual innocence based on new evidence; it does not function as a "13th juror" to review factual questions that already have been decided by a jury. Its mission is to determine whether new evidence shows that an innocent person has been wrongfully convicted of a crime, and to recommend steps to rectify such situations. As of June 2020, there  have been 19 prisoners who have filed claims and been released from prison.Prosecutor Worthy Dismisses Charges Against 10-Year-Old

On  April 29, 2019 it was alleged that a 10-year-old child, struck another child in the face with a ball during a game of Tips at Ruth Eriksson Elementary, in Canton, Michigan. The child who was struck in the face sustained a black eye, bruised nose and later received treatment in the ER for a concussion. According to the injured child's mother, the boy had previous head injuries. The 10-year-old was charged by a Juvenile Unit assistant prosecutor with a juvenile misdemeanor, Aggravated Assault. The decision was not reviewed or approved by any supervisor which is required under office protocol. On July 31, 2019, the case was permanently dismissed by the Wayne County Prosecutor's Office. Prosecutor Worthy said, “The charge in this case was a mistake in judgment by this office, even though it was rectified by permanently dismissing the case on July 31, 2019, prior to the first scheduled court proceeding.To be clear, my office will not be refiling this petition, nor was it ever the intent of our office to do so. I have taken this extremely seriously, and concrete steps have already been made. I am currently reviewing the policies and procedures of our Juvenile Division and re-enforcing internal measures to prevent a similar matter from occurring in the future.”

Juvenile mediation program

WCPO Partners with the Wayne County Dispute Resolution Center on New Program

"I am pleased today to announce a partnership between the Wayne County Prosecutor's Office and the Wayne County Dispute Resolution Center. Together we will offer, through mediation, an alternative to charging adolescents and teens with certain offenses. Instead, they will meet with stakeholders, including the crime victims, to craft a solution short of formal charges. Wrap around services, counseling, and other options may be included in the solution. This program gives crime victims a voice and opportunity to impact the lives of the youth who victimized them.Collaboratively, it is our hope that if they successfully complete the recommended course of action, fewer juveniles will find themselves charged with a delinquency offense that may result in a delinquency record", said Prosecutor Worthy. Why Talk It Out? Every year the Juvenile Division of the Wayne County Prosecutor's Office (WCPO) handles thousands of juvenile delinquency cases. While many of these matters are set on the formal court docket of the Third Circuit Family Division, there is a new alternate path available on appropriate cases. Prosecutor Worthy, in partnership with the Wayne County Dispute Resolution Center (WCDRC), offers select youth the option to participate in a unique juvenile mediation program called Talk It Out. * Although it is imperative that each juvenile who commits a delinquent act is held responsible for his or her conduct, Prosecutor Worthy recognizes the negative impact that juvenile adjudications may have on the future of young people. Those consequences may include: suspension or expulsion from school; the loss of college scholarships or the denial of college admission; and the required disclosure of a delinquency record on a job or military application.The WCPO has created a program that balances the need for delinquent youth to accept responsibility for their actions and the interests of delinquency victims seeking justice. With the assistance of an experienced WCDRC facilitator, Talk It Out will bring selected juvenile offenders and their victims together with a focus on repairing the harm resulting from the minor's behavior. The goal of Talk It Out is to provide an alternative to formal prosecution that gives delinquent youth an opportunity to take responsibility and make amends, while also giving the victims a forum to be heard and healed. Which juveniles are eligible to participate in Talk It Out? Upon successful referral by the WCPO, participants in Talk It Out are expected to take responsibility for their delinquent behavior and take reasonable steps to repair and/or alleviate harm done to the victims of their conduct. These juveniles must also be willing to hear from victims, including how their actions have harmed or impacted the victim. WCPO Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys (APAs) will evaluate new delinquency complaints to determine which cases are appropriate to recommend for Talk It Out.Except for a prior status or ordinance offense, only matters that constitute a juvenile's first delinquency violation will be considered. Examples of delinquency offenses to be considered for Talk It Out referral include minor property damage, theft, or simple assault. Eligible cases must have no more than one victim, and a parent/guardian of the juvenile must be willing to transport their child to all meetings scheduled as a part of the mediation process. Each victim will be contacted by an APA and must agree to the referral and mediation process before a case is accepted into the Talk It Out program. Richard Wershe, Jr.  [edit]
The 2017 documentary White Boy detailed evidence that high-ranking Detroit officials engaged in a decades-long conspiracy to unjustly imprison Richard Wershe Jr., a former FBI informant arrested for possession of 8 kg of cocaine in 1987, when Wershe was only 17 years old. Despite being a non-violent offender and a juvenile at the time of his sentencing, Wershe was held in a Michigan prison for 29 years. In September 2015, Wayne County Circuit Judge Dana Hathaway ruled that Wershe's life sentence was unconstitutional and that he should be re-sentenced.Prosecutor <mask> objected to Hathaway's ruling, and Wershe lost his appeal for re-sentencing. [27]   <mask>  objected because Wershe was charged and convicted of operating a car theft ring in Florida when he was in prison there. One subject interviewed suggested that she was motivated by her "personal and professional" ties to former Detroit City Council President Gil Hill, subject of an FBI investigation for which Wershe was an informant. This has never been corroborated in any way and <mask> has denied this. In August 26, 2016, Worthy changed her posisiton and did not object to his parole from the Michigan Department of Corrections and he was released by the Michigan Parole Board in July 2017. See www.clickonDetroit.com kevin dietz reporter, August 26, 2016  He was then turned over to the Florida State Prison to serve time for operating a car theft ring. He was released from Florida State Prison on July 20, 2020.He will remain on parole in that case until August 22, 2021. Michigan Women's Hall of Fame

In 2018 after a distinguished career with many awards Worthy was inducted for her years of tireless work as the Wayne county Prosecutor and specifically for her outstanding work on resolving the Detroit Sexual Assault Kit Backlog. The other inductees were Dr. Mona Hanna-Attisha, Agatha Biddle and Clara Stanton Jones. References

External links
 Detroit News, August 16th, 2004

1957 births
African-American women lawyers
African-American lawyers
American prosecutors
Living people
Michigan lawyers
University of Michigan alumni
Place of birth missing (living people)
University of Notre Dame alumni
T. C. Williams High School alumni
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women

masks:
Kym Loren Worthy
Worthy
Worthy
Worthy


text_chunks:
<mask> effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields". This phenomenon is known as the <mask> effect. <mask> received his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Munich in 1897 under the supervision of Eugen von Lommel, and served as Lommel's assistant until his appointment as a lecturer at the University of Göttingen in 1900. He was an extraordinary professor at Leibniz University Hannover from 1906 until he became a professor at RWTH Aachen University in 1909. In 1917, he became professor at the University of Greifswald, and he also worked at the University of Würzburg from 1920 to 1922. A supporter of Adolf Hitler from 1924, <mask> was one of the main figures, along with fellow Nobel laureate Philipp Lenard, in the anti-Semitic Deutsche Physik movement, which sought to remove Jewish scientists from German physics. He was appointed head of the German Research Foundation in 1933 and was president of the Reich Physical-Technical Institute from 1933 to 1939.In 1947 he was found guilty as a "Major Offender" by a denazification court. Biography

Early years
Born in Schickenhof, Kingdom of Bavaria (now Freihung), <mask> was educated at  Bayreuth Gymnasium (secondary school) and later in Regensburg. His collegiate education began at the University of Munich, where he studied physics, mathematics, chemistry, and crystallography. His tenure at that college began in 1894; he graduated in 1897, with his doctoral dissertation titled Untersuchung über einige physikalische, vorzüglich optische Eigenschaften des Rußes  (Investigation of some physical, in particular optical properties of soot). Career
<mask> worked in various positions at the Physics Institute of his alma mater until 1900, when he became an unsalaried lecturer at the University of Göttingen. An extraordinary professor at Hannover by 1906, in 1908 he became professor at RWTH Aachen University. He worked and researched at physics departments of several universities, including the University of Greifswald, until 1922.In 1919, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his "discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields" (the latter is known as the <mask> effect). From 1933 until his retirement in 1939, <mask> was elected President of the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, while also President of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. It was <mask> who, as the editor of the Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik, asked in 1907, then still rather unknown, Albert Einstein to write a review article on the principle of relativity. <mask> seemed impressed by relativity and Einstein's earlier work when he quoted "the principle of relativity formulated by H. A. Lorentz and A. Einstein" and "Planck's relationship M0 = E0/c2" in his 1907 paper in Physikalische Zeitschrift, where he used the equation e0 = m0c2 to calculate an "elementary quantum of energy", i.e. the amount of energy related to the mass of an electron at rest. While working on his article, Einstein began a line of thought that would eventually lead to his generalized theory of relativity, which in turn became (after its confirmation) the start of Einstein's worldwide fame. This is ironic, given <mask>'s later work as an anti-Einstein and anti-relativity propagandist in the Deutsche Physik movement.<mask> published more than 300 papers, mainly regarding electricity and other such topics. He received various awards, including the Nobel Prize, the Baumgartner Prize of the Vienna Academy of Sciences (1910), the Vahlbruch Prize of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences (1914), and the Matteucci Medal of the Rome Academy. Probably his best known contribution to the field of physics is the <mask> effect, which he discovered in 1913. In 1970 the International Astronomical Union honored him with a crater on the far-side of the moon, without knowing about his Nazi activities. The name was dropped on August 12, 2020. He married Luise Uepler, and they had five children. His hobbies were the cultivation of fruit trees and forestry.He worked in his private laboratory, which he set up using his Nobel prize money, on his country estate in Upper Bavaria after the second world war. There he studied the deflection of light in an electric field. Affiliation with Nazism

From 1924 onwards, <mask> supported Hitler. During the Nazi regime, <mask> attempted to become the Führer of German physics through the Deutsche Physik ("German physics") movement (along with fellow Nobel laureate Philipp Lenard) against the "Jewish physics" of Albert Einstein and Werner Heisenberg (who was not Jewish). After Werner Heisenberg defended Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, <mask> wrote an angry article in the official SS newspaper Das Schwarze Korps, calling Heisenberg a "White Jew". On August 21, 1934, <mask> wrote to physicist and fellow Nobel laureate Max von Laue, telling him to toe the party line or suffer the consequences. The letter was signed off with "Heil Hitler."In his 1934 book Nationalsozialismus und Wissenschaft (English: "National Socialism and Science") <mask> maintained that the priority of the scientist was to serve the nation—thus, the important fields of research were those that could help German arms production and industry. He attacked theoretical physics as "Jewish" and stressed that scientific positions in Nazi Germany should only be held by pure-blooded Germans. Writing in Das Schwarze Korps, <mask> argued that even if racial antisemitism were to triumph, it would only be a 'partial victory' if 'Jewish' ideas were not similarly defeated: "We also have to eradicate the Jewish spirit, whose blood can flow just as undisturbed today as before if its carriers hold beautiful Aryan passes". In 1947, following the defeat of Germany in World War II, <mask> was classified as a "Major Offender" and received a sentence of four years' imprisonment (later suspended) by a denazification court. Later life and death

<mask> spent the last years of his life on his Gut Eppenstatt near Traunstein in Upper Bavaria, where he died in 1957 at the age of 83. He was buried in Schönau am Königssee in the mountain cemetery. See also
Stark-Einstein law

Publications
 Die Entladung der Elektricität von galvanisch glühender Kohle in verdünntes Gas.(Sonderabdruck aus 'Annalen der Physik und Chemie', Neue Folge, Band 68). Leipzig, 1899
 Der elektrische Strom zwischen galvanisch glühender Kohle und einem Metall durch verdünntes Gas. (Sonderabdruck aus 'Annalen der Physik und Chemie', Neue Folge, Band 68). Leipzig, 1899
 Aenderung der Leitfähigkeit von Gasen durch einen stetigen elektrischen Strom. (Sonderabdruck aus 'Annalen der Physik', 4. Folge, Band 2). Leipzig, 1900
 Ueber den Einfluss der Erhitzung auf das elektrische Leuchten eines verdünnten Gases.(Sonderabdruck aus 'Annalen der Physik', 4. Folge, Band 1). Leipzig, 1900
 Ueber elektrostatische Wirkungen bei der Entladung der Elektricität in verdünnten Gasen. (Sonderabdruck aus 'Annalen der Physik', 4. Folge, Band 1). Leipzig, 1900
 Kritische Bemerkungen zu der Mitteilung der Herren Austin und <mask>e über Kathodenstrahlreflexion. Sonderabdruck aus 'Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft', Jahrgang 4, Nr.8). Braunschweig,  1902
 Prinzipien der Atomdynamik. 1. Teil. Die elektrischen Quanten., 1910
 Schwierigkeiten für die Lichtquantenhypothese im Falle der Emission von Serienlinien. (Sonderabdruck aus 'Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft', Jg. XVI, Nr 6).Braunschweig, 1914
 Bemerkung zum Bogen – und Funkenspektrum des Heliums. (Sonderabdruck aus 'Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft. ', Jg. XVI, Nr. 10). Braunschweig, 1914
 Folgerungen aus einer Valenzhypothese. III.Natürliche Drehung der Schwingungsebene des Lichtes. (Sonderabdruck aus `Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik', Heft 2, Mai 1914), Leipzig, 1914
 Methode zur gleichzeitigen Zerlegung einer Linie durch das elektrische und das magnetische Feld. (Sonderabdruck aus 'Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft. ', Jg. XVI, Nr. 7). Braunschweig, 1914
 Die gegenwärtige Krise der deutschen Physik, ("The Thoroughgoing Crisis in German Physics")  1922
 Natur der chemischen Valenzkräfte, 1922
 Hitlergeist und Wissenschaft, 1924 together with Philipp Lenard
 Die Axialität der Lichtemission und Atomstruktur, Berlin 1927
 Atomstruktur und Atombindung, A. Seydel, Berlin 1928
 Atomstrukturelle Grundlagen der Stickstoffchemie., Leipzig, 1931
 Nationalsozialismus und Katholische Kirche, ("National Socialism and the Catholic Church") 1931
 Nationalsozialismus und Katholische Kirche.II. Teil: Antwort auf Kundgebungen der deutschen Bischöfe., 1931
 Nationale Erziehung, 1932
 Nationalsozialismus und Wissenschaft ("National Socialism and Science") 1934

 Physik der Atomoberfläche, 1940
 Jüdische und deutsche Physik, ("Jewish and German Physics") with Wilhelm Müller, written at the University of Munich in 1941
 Nationale Erziehung, Zentrumsherrschaft und Jesuitenpolitik, undated
 Hitlers Ziele und Persönlichkeit ("Hitler's Aims and Personality"), undated

Notes

References
 Andreas Kleinert: "Die Axialität der Lichtemission und Atomstruktur". <mask>s Gegenentwurf zur Quantentheorie. In: Astrid Schürmann, Burghard Weiss (Eds. ): Chemie – Kultur – Geschichte. Festschrift für Hans-Werner Schütt anlässlich seines 65. Geburtstages.Berlin u. Diepholz 2002, pp. 213–222. External links

 Pictures of a Danish translation of <mask>'s Adolf Hitler: Aims and Personality
 Klaus Hentschel (ed.) Physics and National Socialism. An Anthology of Primary Sources., Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel, 1996; 2. Aufl. 2011, .

  including the Nobel Lecture, June 3, 1920 Structural and Spectral Changes of Chemical Atoms

1874 births
1957 deaths
20th-century German physicists
German Nobel laureates
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Optical physicists
Nazis
Nobel laureates in Physics
People from Amberg-Sulzbach
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
Relativity critics
Spectroscopists
University of Göttingen faculty
University of Greifswald faculty
University of Hanover faculty
University of Würzburg faculty
Recipients of the Matteucci Medal

masks:
Johannes Starkler
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Stark
Johannes Stark
Stark


text_chunks:
Lieutenant General <mask> (ca 1692 – 18 January 1761) was a British military officer, whose active service began in 1707 during the War of the Spanish Succession, and ended in 1748. During his early career, he was a close associate of the Earl of Cadogan and the Duke of Marlborough. Between 1715 and 1720, he was also employed as a British political and diplomatic agent, primarily involved in anti-Jacobite operations. He commanded a brigade at Dettingen; during the Jacobite rising of 1745, he fought at Falkirk Muir and Culloden. Promoted major-general in 1743, his active career finished when the War of the Austrian Succession ended in 1748. He never married and died in London on 18 January 1761. His brother Ellis emigrated to North America; one of his relatives, another <mask>, was a delegate to the 1789 North Carolina Constitutional Convention.Life
<mask> was born in 1692, eldest son of <mask> (1651–1703) and <mask> (1656–? ); little is known of his family background, other than they were members of the minor gentry in Newmarket, Suffolk. His younger brother Ellis (1700–1755) emigrated to North America, where he worked as a journalist; Richard died in July 1760. He never married and when he died in January 1761, most of his estate was left to friends and servants. This included £5,000 (2019; £1 million) to his head groom, £3,000 to his valet, and £100 to the 'poor of Newmarket.' He bequeathed minor amounts to his nieces and nephews, with the notable exception of Ellis' son <mask> (1724–1773). Described by historian Lewis Namier as a 'tough, unscrupulous adventurer,' he was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire and came to England in 1748.Elected MP for Maldon in 1763, he worked closely with Charles Townshend, author of the 1765 Stamp Act, one of the issues leading to the 1775 American Revolution. Accused of embezzling £30,000–£40,000, he fled to Paris in 1769, where he died in 1773. Another relative, <mask> (?–1792) was a representative to the 1788 Hillsborough Convention and the 1789 Fayetteville Convention in North Carolina. Career

<mask> began his military career as an ensign in Caulfield's Regiment of Foot, a unit recruited in Ireland and sent to garrison Barcelona in May 1706. The date of his commission is given as August, 1707, several months after the regiment and four others had been officially disbanded. A Parliamentary committee held in April showed it arrived in Spain significantly understrength. This makes <mask>'s early movements hard to trace, but in March 1709, he was commissioned cornet in the 5th Dragoon Guards, based in Flanders, and served at Malplaquet.The 5th Dragoons was commanded by William Cadogan, close aide to the Duke of Marlborough a connection of great benefit to <mask>'s career. In March 1709, he became an ensign in the Foot Guards, although this did not imply service; only 16 of its nominal 24 companies were actually formed and <mask> remained with his original unit. Under the practice known as double-ranking, Guards officers held a second and higher army rank; a Guards ensign ranked as a regular army captain. A Guards commission automatically gave its holder higher precedence in determining promotions and since they were rarely disbanded, Marlborough used it to reward competent, but poor officers. George I succeeded Queen Anne in 1714, and in January 1715, <mask> became a captain in the 15th Foot; in July, he also received a captain's commission in the Coldstream Guards. When the Jacobite rising of 1715 began, the Whig administration approved the detention of six Members of Parliament, including Sir William Wyndham, a Tory leader in South-West England and Jacobite sympathiser. Wyndham's brother-in-law was the Earl of Hertford, colonel of <mask>'s regiment, the 15th Foot.This may explain why <mask> was sent to arrest Wyndham. When <mask> arrived at his home near Minehead, Wyndham promised to accompany him after saying goodbye to his wife, before escaping through a window. Given the prevailing social convention that a gentleman's word was his bond, this was felt to reflect badly on Wyndham, who was recaptured soon after. <mask> escaped blame and joined Cadogan in the Dutch Republic, where he helped arrange the transport of 6,000 Dutch troops to Scotland. Marlborough suffered the first of a series of strokes in May 1716; he remained Master-General of the Ordnance or army commander until his death in 1722, but Cadogan took over many of his duties. <mask> took part in a number of anti-Jacobite intelligence operations; during the 1719 Rising, he worked with diplomat Charles Whitworth to transfer five Dutch battalions to Britain, although the revolt collapsed before this became necessary. <mask> and the Earl of Albemarle accompanied Cadogan on his 1720 diplomatic mission to Vienna, the beginning of a long friendship between the two men.It was a high-profile assignment, trying to create an anti-Russian alliance, and end Swedish support for the Jacobites. Cadogan became Master-General when Marlborough died in 1722, before being disgraced by his involvement in the financial scandal known as the South Sea bubble. <mask> was appointed lieutenant governor of Hurst Castle in July 1721; Cadogan's death in 1726, and the slow pace of promotion in peace time meant by 1739, he was still a major. When the War of the Austrian Succession began in December 1740, he became colonel of the 32nd Foot; transferred to Flanders, he was badly wounded commanding a brigade at Dettingen in June 1743. Now chiefly remembered as the last time a British monarch led troops in battle, <mask> was promoted major general in July, appointed colonel of the 23rd Foot, and made Governor of Sheerness in 1745. 1745 Rebellion
The Jacobite rising of 1745 began in August; in September, <mask> landed in Newcastle with 6,000 German and Dutch troops, captured at Tournai in June and released on condition they did not fight against the French. After a long and distinguished career, George Wade, commander in the North, was no longer fit for service, the Dutch and Germans refused to march without being paid in advance and one observer wrote, 'I never saw so ill a conducted Machine as Our Army.'The Jacobites invaded England on 8 November, before turning back at Derby on 6 December; leaving a garrison at Carlisle, they re-entered Scotland on 21 December. Cumberland and the main field army besieged Carlisle; Henry Hawley was appointed commander in Scotland, with <mask> as his deputy. After arriving in Edinburgh, on 13 January 1746 <mask> and 4,000 men moved north to relieve Stirling Castle, then besieged by the Jacobites. Hawley and an additional 3,000 men met up with him at Falkirk on 16 January, where the main Jacobite force was waiting. Hawley overestimated both the vulnerability of Highland infantry to cavalry, and seriously underestimated their numbers and fighting qualities. This contributed to his defeat at Falkirk Muir on 17 January, a battle that started late in the afternoon in failing light and heavy snow and was marked by confusion on both sides. The government dragoons charged the Jacobite right but were repulsed in disorder, scattering their own infantry who also fled; the regiments under <mask> held their ground, allowing the bulk of the army to withdraw in good order.They were helped by confusion among the Jacobite commanders and by the Highlanders diverting to loot the baggage train. Cumberland arrived in Edinburgh on 30 January and resumed the advance while the Jacobites retreated to Inverness. At the Battle of Culloden on 16 April, <mask> commanded the reserves on the government left, which took the weight of the Jacobite charge. The front rank gave ground, but <mask> brought his troops onto their flank, exposing the Highlanders to volleys of fire at close range from three sides. Unable to respond, they broke and fled, the battle lasting less than forty minutes. Jacobite losses were estimated as between 1,200 and 1,500 dead, many killed during the pursuit that followed; this was common, and troops that held together, such as the French regulars, were far less vulnerable than those who scattered like the Highlanders. The widely reported killing of Jacobite wounded after the battle, allegedly on the orders of senior government officers, was certainly unusual.When <mask> was based at Fort Augustus as commander of 'pacification' operations, he proposed a £5 bounty for the head of every rebel brought into camp. While this was rejected, author and historian <mask> refers to the killings as 'symptomatic of the army's general mood and behaviour.' Post-1745 Career

<mask> was promoted lieutenant general for his service during the Rising, and returned to Flanders, where his regiment suffered heavy casualties in the Allied defeat at Lauffeld in July 1747. Shortly afterwards, Cumberland sent him to inspect and report back on the Dutch town of Bergen op Zoom, then besieged by the French; it surrendered in September. <mask>'s active military career ended with the 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle; while he remained colonel, he did not accompany his regiment when it was sent to Minorca in 1755. Along with the rest of the garrison, in June 1756 the 23rd surrendered to the French in the opening battle of the Seven Years' War, a defeat that led to the execution of Admiral <mask>. A 1757 investigation noted the poor state of the island's defences, with crumbling walls and rotten gun platforms; over 35 senior officers were absent from their posts, including the colonels of all four regiments in its garrison, one being <mask>.However, the practice of delegating was common; although appointed Governor of Jersey in 1749, <mask> appears to have visited the island only once, in 1751. His will left £2,000 to Charles d'Auvergne, who deputised for him in Jersey. He purchased a small estate in Ealing, then outside London, and rented a house in Albemarle Street, London, where he died on 18 January 1761. As instructed in his will, he was buried without ceremony in Grosvenor Chapel, Audley Street, London; his coffin was placed next to that of Albemarle, his long-time friend and colleague who died in 1754. References

Sources

1692 births
1761 deaths
East Yorkshire Regiment officers
32nd Regiment of Foot officers
British Army generals
British Army personnel of the Jacobite rising of 1745
British Army personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession
British Army personnel of the Seven Years' War
Coldstream Guards officers
Governors of Jersey
Royal Welch Fusiliers officers
Governors of Hurst Castle

masks:
John Huske
John Huske
John Huske
John
Mary Huske
John
John Huske
Huske
Huske
Huske
Huske
Huske
Huske
Huske
Huske
Huske
Huske
Huske
Huske
Huske
Huske
Huske
Huske
Huske
Huske
Huske
Huske
John Prebble
Huske
Huske
John Byng
Huske
Huske


text_chunks:
<mask>  (born November 14, 1962) is a Canadian author, journalist, broadcaster, musician and politician. A member of the New Democratic Party (NDP), <mask> has been the federal Member of Parliament for the riding of Timmins—James Bay since winning the 2004 election. He is the NDP critic for Ethics, Federal Economic Development, Initiative for Northern Ontario, Indigenous Youth, Income Inequality and Affordability, and Deputy Critic for Labour. and ran as a candidate for leadership of the federal NDP in 2017. Early life, music, writing, and activism
<mask> was born in Timmins, Ontario, and moved to Toronto in 1973, where in 1980 he co-founded the punk rock band L'Étranger with childhood friend Andrew Cash. <mask> performed bass and co-wrote many of the group's songs, which were influenced by the Clash and the group's Catholic social justice roots. L'Étranger is best known for their anti-apartheid single "One People", one of the first independent videos to play on the then-new MuchMusic.<mask> later co-founded the alternative folk group Grievous Angels. He continues to perform with the group on occasion, and released a new album in 2021. <mask> was a community activist in Toronto in the 1980s where, along with his wife Brit Griffin, he established a Catholic Worker house and a homeless shelter for men. He moved to Cobalt, Ontario, with his young family in 1990, and in 1995 Brit and <mask> launched HighGrader, a magazine devoted to Northern Ontario life and culture. In 1999, he received an award from the Northern Lights Festival Boréal in Sudbury for his outstanding contributions to Northern Ontario culture. He is the author of seven published books, including an admiring biography of Les Costello, the celebrated Toronto Maple Leafs player who left professional hockey to become a Catholic priest in Timmins. <mask>'s fifth book, Cage Call, a photo documentary with photographer Louie Palu, was released in 2007.<mask> is a progressive, social justice–oriented member of the Roman Catholic Church, a supporter of the Catholic Worker Movement, and was a longtime columnist for the progressive Catholic New Times. He became increasingly involved in regional and then federal politics through his organizing efforts in opposition to the Adams Mine garbage proposal and the disposal of PCBs in Northern Ontario. From 2000 to 2004, <mask> served as a trustee on the Northeastern Catholic District School Board. Federal politics

<mask> entered federal politics in the 2004 election as the successful New Democratic Party candidate in the Ontario riding of Timmins—James Bay, winning election to the House of Commons of Canada by less than 600 votes. He was re-elected in the 2006 federal election with an outright majority, over six thousand votes ahead of Liberal challenger Robert Riopelle. <mask> was the NDP parliamentary critic for Canadian Heritage from 2004 to 2007, and was additionally critic for agriculture from 2004 to 2006. In 2005, his own priest confronted him, and threatened to deny him Holy Communion if he voted with the government and his party to legalize same-sex marriage by Act of Parliament.<mask> stood his ground and was denied communion. <mask>' treatment provoked widespread public reaction both from those who supported the church's stance, and those who supported <mask>. He has worked extensively on community development projects with Canada's First Nations, working as a negotiator and consultant for the Algonquin Nation of Quebec. He also played a prominent role in calling national attention to the Kashechewan crisis of 2005. In 2007 he became the critic for Public Works and Treasury Board, as well as the NDP spokesman for digital issues such as copyright and internet neutrality. In 2006, after he had served just two years as a Member of Parliament, the Toronto Star selected <mask> as one of the ten most effective opposition MPs. He also won "Best Constituent Representative" at the 2007 Maclean's Parliamentarian of the Year Awards.<mask> was re-elected in the federal elections of both 2008 and the 2011. <mask> also served as the party's spokesman on privacy, ethics and government accountability. <mask> voted against a bill to abolish the Canadian Firearms Registry in September 2010. Although the registry is unpopular with many of his constituents, <mask> voted against its abolition based on supportive studies provided by police. He subsequently introduced a private member's bill to reform the registry. He was named to Maclean's magazine's Power List in 2012 as one of the 25 most influential Canadians. Zoomer Magazine has chosen him the third most influential Canadian over the age of 45.In 2011, CTV News Channel's Power Play chose him in the top three MPs of the year, along with the then Conservative Prime Minister, Stephen Harper, and NDP leader Jack Layton. <mask> has been an advocate for the rights of First Nations children and was the co-founder of the Shannen's Dream campaign – named in honour of the late Cree youth leader Shannen Koostachin. In early 2012, <mask>' parliamentary motion "Shannen's Dream" calling for an end to the systemic under-funding of First Nation education passed unanimously through the House of Commons. After the 2015 federal election, he was appointed NDP critic for Indigenous and Northern Affairs in the 42nd Canadian Parliament and elected Caucus Chair in January 2016. He was also a member of the Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development committee. He resigned from both roles on November 23, 2016 in to prepare for the 2017 New Democratic Party leadership race. On February 20, 2017, <mask> officially registered to run in the NDP leadership race to replace Tom Mulcair.He placed second with 19.4% of the vote, losing to then Ontario provincial politician Jagmeet Singh. <mask> was re-elected in the 2019 and 2021 federal elections. Works
 We Lived a Life and Then Some with Brit Griffin, Sally Lawrence, and Rob Moir. Between the Lines Books, 1996. .
 Industrial Cathedrals of the North, with Louie Palu and Marguerite Andersen. Between the Lines, 1999. .
 Mirrors of Stone: Fragments from the Porcupine Frontier, with Louie Palu. Between the Lines, 2001. .
 Les Costello: Canada's Flying Father. Novalis, 2005. .
 Cage Call, with Louie Palu.Photolucida, 2007. . Unlikely Radicals. Between the Lines, 2013. .
 Children of the Broken Treaty: Canada's Lost Promise and One Girl's Dream. University of Regina Press, 2015. .

Honours and Awards
<mask> was selected as "Best Mentor" during Macleans 12th annual Parliamentarians of the Year award and was also the 2007 winner for "Best represents constituents". He was also a finalist for "Most knowledgeable". Electoral record

References

External links

 How'd They Vote? : <mask>'s voting history and quotes

1962 births
21st-century Canadian politicians
Canadian country singer-songwriters
Canadian country rock musicians
Canadian environmentalists
Canadian folk rock musicians
Canadian historians
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Canadian magazine editors
Canadian Roman Catholics
Canadian folk singer-songwriters
Catholic Workers
Copyright activists
Living people
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
Musicians from Toronto
New Democratic Party MPs
People from Cobalt, Ontario
Politicians from Toronto
Writers from Timmins
Writers from Toronto
Canadian male singer-songwriters
Ontario school board trustees

masks:
Charles Joseph Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Charlie
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Angus
Charlie Angus