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<mask> (June 11, 1912 – June 10, 2001) was a journalist with a long and distinguished career as a reporter, correspondent, and syndicated columnist in Washington, DC. Later in life she transitioned to a career as a psychic and authored a number of books on metaphysical and New Age subjects. The polar shift of the early 21st century was among many predictions made by a spirit guide group from whom she regularly translated messages. She was a biographer of paranormal medium Jeane Dixon and a protégée of Arthur Ford, who claimed that he, like Edgar Cayce, could access the Akashic Records (or database) of the Universe. Soon after meeting celebrity medium Arthur Ford, <mask> began automatic writing, first with a pencil and later with a typewriter, and said she was able to communicate with Ford after his passing. These post-mortem communications became the basis for a lengthy series of books which resulted in her achieving minor celebrity status, when <mask> became a regular on the morning talk show circuit. During the 1960s and 1970s she became a household name.<mask>, whose prolific New Age writings earned her a loyal and enthusiastic following, believed her mission on Earth was to educate the public regarding her views on life after death, which is not uncommon among spiritualists. She also studied reincarnation and came to believe that mental and physical illnesses often have their origins in past lives. <mask> wrote of such things as birth marks indicating the possible sites of past life injuries and commented that often children born with serious defects or illnesses are in fact repaying debts incurred in previous existences. Her books sometimes discussed the past lives of the famous among her contemporaries, stating that Ernest Hemingway had once been a Hun warrior and that in a previous incarnation Jacqueline Kennedy was a famed French queen. <mask> was a believer in the existence of extraterrestrial contact and documented meetings she had with non-human aliens on a number of occasions, particularly when she resided in Mexico in the 1970s. With other like-minded mystics, <mask> founded the Association for Past Life Research and Therapy. Her many books (allegedly channeled via automatic writing from her spirit guides) popularized spiritualist notions in public consciousness in the 1960s through the 1990s, and paved the way for what is now known as the New Age movement.<mask> is particularly noted for documenting the walk-in theory whereby a person's soul can depart a hurt or anguished body and be replaced with a new soul which overtakes the body. In her writings she presented an extensive list of present-day and historical individuals she said were examples of "walk-ins" including several US presidents. Journalism
<mask> began her long journalism profession as a cub reporter for Waco-News-Tribune while receiving her education at Baylor University (1930–1935). Later she graduated from Purdue University (1934) and began work as a reporter on the Louisville Herald-Post. In 1943, she became the first female reporter in the Washington bureau of the New York Daily News, and embarked on her extensive Washington, DC career. She covered notable foreign affairs (the Berlin Airlift among them), was a syndicated columnist for Hearst Headlines and United Press International and was a well-read correspondent with the International News Service. At Franklin D. Roosevelt's funeral, <mask> was the only female of the 12 invited reporters.In 1950, while a reporter for the New York Daily News, she was voted president of the Women's National Press Club. In 1959, she was a member of then Vice-president Richard Nixon's press corps on his tour of Russia. <mask> wrote of her 25 years covering Washington in her 1970 book, “Hail to the Chiefs; My Life and Times with Six Presidents”. <mask> wrote annual newspaper columns listing predictions by psychic Jeane Dixon beginning in 1952. In 1962, “Once There was a Nun: Mary McCarran's Years as Sister Mary Mercy” was published and thus began <mask>'s long career as a non-fiction author. In 1965 her book, “A Gift of Prophecy” about Jeane Dixon was published and became a best-seller, selling over 3 million copies. <mask> retired from her journalism career in 1969.As part of their Texas Collection, the Archives Division at Baylor University contains a research collection which include papers of <mask>. She held honorary doctor of law degrees from Baylor University and Ashland College. Past Life Regression

In her book A World Beyond, <mask> revealed that in a past incarnation she had been alive during the time of Christ and known as Lazarus' third sister <mask>, who is not mentioned in the Bible. As this woman, <mask> claims to have witnessed Jesus' circumcision. Predictions

Echoing the earlier predictions of Edgar Cayce, <mask> believed that ancient advanced civilizations of Mu and Atlantis had destroyed themselves thousands of years in the pre-history of modern man. <mask> claimed we would see remnants of the lost continent of Atlantis rise from the sea after a "Polar Shift" which she foretold coming to pass in 1999. <mask> predicted in the 1970s (with the help of her supposed spirit guides) that World War III would begin in the mid-1980s when a brush-fire conflict, started by Ethiopian strongman Mengistu Haile Mariam, would spread first to the Middle East, and then Europe.<mask>'s "guides" stated that humans have free will and can make their own decisions regarding their destiny, and after the failure of her predictions regarding global strife, she attributed her error to this cause. <mask> also predicted that Ronald Reagan would be a one-term President to be followed in 1984 by a big-spending Democrat, and that in the 1970s and 1980s, America would have a "walk-in" as president in the 199 ("unsure which term, 1992 or 1996") before a Polar Shift, which was to happen "in the last months of the century" would eradicate most human life on Earth, and greatly alter existing coastlines. The Guides predicted in her 1999 book The World To Come that the walk-in president would not come until 2008 at the earliest, and therefore the Shift would be delayed until 2010–2012 at least. The potential catastrophe of the shift was also reduced by human free will. Except for Florida and the coast of California, the Guides reported, most of America will survive, a direct contradiction of <mask>'s earlier forecast of significant global destruction in the coming event. Influence in popular culture
<mask>'s book "Aliens Among Us" has been cited by Sammy Hagar as the inspiration for the 1985 Van Halen song "Love Walks In". The book's account of benevolent aliens residing on earth in human form for the purpose of assisting humanity during a critical time is the template for speculation in UFOlogy communities.Alleged extraterrestrial candidates include far-reaching public figures such as technology visionary Steve Jobs, psychic medium Danielle Egnew and the Dalai Lama. Bibliography

<mask> was a prolific writer on the subject of clairvoyance, reincarnation, past life regression, psychic phenomena, and clandestine extraterrestrials, most of which were sold as popular mass market paperbacks. Once There was a Nun: Mary McCarran's years as Sister Mary Mercy (Putnam, 1962)

Mrs. LBJ (Avon, 1964)

A Gift of Prophecy: The Phenomenal Jeane Dixon (William Morrow & Company, 1965) first appeared in a condensed version as story in Reader's Digest entitled "The Crystal Ball" (July 1965). The World to Come: The Guides' Long-Awaited Predictions for the Dawning Age. ;

1912 births
2001 deaths
20th-century apocalypticists
21st-century apocalypticists
New Age writers
American political writers
Pseudohistorians
Atlantis proponents
American psychics

masks:
Ruth Shick Montgomery
Montgomery
Montgomery
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<mask> (March 1872 – June 18, 1953) was an attorney and, along with fellow student John Scott, founder of the University of Pittsburgh's football program. Smyers is also considered to be the University's first quarterback. Prep school

Born in Marion Center, Pennsylvania, Smyers attended Bucknell University when it was a college preparatory school during his senior year of 1888-89. At Bucknell, he had an academic average of 9 out of a scale of 10, considered an outstanding academic achievement, in course that included Natural Philosophy, Rhetoric, Algebra, Caesar, Scriptural History, Composition, Declamation, and Elocution. While there, Smyers was involved in an informal football team, not part of the school's regular sports, which was probably learned from older brothers attending other schools and then taught to pals after school. University years

In the fall of 1889, the 130 pound Smyers enrolled at the University of Pittsburgh, then called the Western University of Pennsylvania (WUP), to continue his education. He and senior student John Scott assembled a football team of which only three of the players had previously witnessed the sport.Smyers made himself quarterback and Scott was the center and one informal game was played, a loss to Shadyside Academy in 1889. In preparation for the following season, the first official football season of football recognized by the University of Pittsburgh, <mask> and his teammates took up a collection and purchased a football for practices and games, however players were responsible for their own uniforms and Smyers' own uniform was pieced together by his mother and sister. The first official game for the University was held on October 11, 1890 when the Allegheny Athletic Association's opponent, Shadyside Academy, failed to appear for its game at Exposition Park. Allegheny A.A.  called Smyers who brought the WUP team as a replacement. WUP was defeated 38-0. Smyers' team next faced Washington & Jefferson College, losing 32-0, but closed out its inaugural three game season with a win over Geneva College 10-4. The following season saw Smyers suffer a broken nose in a 40-6 losing effort against Washington and Jefferson and the team finished 2-5 with wins over Western Pennsylvania Medical College, which became affiliated with WUP in 1892 and later merged with the University in 1908 to become its medical school, and Geneva College, who WUP lost two other contests to that same season.Perhaps the most important development for the second season of football had been Smyers recruitment of Joeseph Trees from Normal University of Pennsylvania, who at 210 pounds became WUP's first subsidized athlete. Later in life, Trees made millions in the oil industry and became an important benefactor for the University and athletic department. Today, an athletic facility named Trees Hall still bears his name on the University of Pittsburgh's Oakland campus. In a letter from <mask>, <mask>'s daughter-in-law and wife of son William Hays <mask>, to the University of Pittsburgh in 1990, sent in preparation for celebration of 100 years of football there, further details about <mask> are given, as follows: Once they were near the goal line and having trouble getting over so (<mask>) whispered to his pals just to pick him up bodily and throw him over and he'd hold out the ball. Since he was only about 131 pounds this was easy and they made the touchdown. He told the grandchildren, 'I was Pitt's first forward pass.' The flying wedge as I'm sure you know was outlawed because of the serious injuries that resulted.The team locked arms in form of a wedge and plowed through (or over) the opposing team. At one game only 10 men on the (Pitt) team showed up. The opposing team let them "borrow" another man "elsewhere" and make up the 11. Your guess is as good as mine as to where the extra man came from. (<mask>) claimed he was the 2nd strongest man at Pitt. The strongest man could chin himself with ond arm and (<mask>) never managed that. Legacy

A press release from Pitt, circa 1930, gave the following account of <mask>'s place in football history: The man who started football at the University of Pittsburgh (at that time, 1889, Western University of Pennsylvania) is still at it.He is <mask>, attorney, member of the Ohio State Game committee, working to enthuse the followers of the Panthers for the trip to Columbus, Nov. 15. Keen of eye and hard of muscle, though somewhat heavier, Pitt's first quarterback is knee deep in the present campaign, as enthused as he was that fall 41 years ago. He's chairman of the sub-committee working with the former varsity men and managers of which association he also is president. Forty one years ago this fall Smyers, a youth weighing 131 pounds, but hard as nails, arrived at the union station from Marion Center, Indiana County. Money wasn't so plentiful with him so he walked from the station to the university. Walking wasn't much of an item to him, anyhow, as he used to drive a herd of cattle from his home town to a neighboring town, walking both ways a total of fourteen miles. And he did that three times a week at $1.25 per trip.It was this walking schedule that made his legs so hard and his wind so good. And it was working about his father's blacksmith shop the other three days that hardened the muscles in his arms and shoulders. Those muscles are still hard. Arriving at the university <mask> was the inspiration for a football team, the first on the hill... where now one of the finest stadiums in the country stands and where one of the nation's greatest teams holds forth. "I played four years, as did most of the boys... And the last two years nearly all of us wore beards or moustaches. Football didn't bring in any revenue then. When we started the game we started very modestly.The boys had to supply their own equipment. I had no money to spend recklessly so I wrote home to mother and told her I needed a pair of football pants and she made them by cutting off the legs of an old gray pair and putting rubber elastic around the knees. The stockings were contributed by my sister. The girls wore heavier stockings than they do now. Football players wore jackets and I tried to describe in a letter to my mother that they were made of canvas. But all the canvas they had was some canvas from some old oat sacks around the barn. So she made me a vest of that with laces from an old corset and I was all ready to play!It was a lot of fun even if the game was not so well organized as today. We played the teams of this section, colleges, prep schools, clubs, etc...."

Personal life

<mask> was married to Flora Bell Hays, on 20 July 1898 at Allegheny. He enjoyed target shooting with his sons. Based on the obituary of son <mask>., Smyers was also the village blacksmith in Marion Center. <mask> died on June 18, 1953 at Pittsburgh, and is buried at Marion Center Cemetery. Smyers had 3 sons:  <mask>., William, and Edward. <mask>'s daughter-in-law Harriet also recalled in a letter an incident later in <mask>'s life when he was 60:Once at a Rotary Club picnic they had a contest to see who could climb furthest up the flag pole.The pole was over 100 feet tall and so wide for the first few feet that his arms could not reach around it. He had to grip it with his legs and arms alternately inching up by grasping the pole with his thighs, reaching up with his arms to get a higher hold and holding with his arms while he moved his legs up an inch or two. He stopped at 60 feet and won the contest. He said he could have gone further but since he was 60 years old that year it seemed a good place to stop. He played tennis every Saturday from April to November and once, when in his 60s beat the Pittsburgh High School Tennis champion at an informal set....

A clipping from "The Rotarian" from 1947, six years prior to his death, had the following to say about <mask>ers: Busy Bert. Although writing doggerel is one of his hobbies, BERT H. SMYERS, a member of the Rotary Club of Pittsburgh, Pa., keeps more active physically than many men half his age. Last August, at age 75, he "caught" a game of soft ball at a Rotary picnic, played three sets of tennis, won a prize in a horse-shoe pitching contest, and won another prize in a waltz contest on the dance floor that evening.He is the only surviving member of the first football team... of the University of Pittsburgh....

References

1953 deaths
1872 births
19th-century players of American football
American football quarterbacks
Pittsburgh Panthers football players
People from Indiana County, Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Pennsylvania

masks:
Bertrand Hunter Smyers
Smyers
Harriet Smyers
Bert
Smyers
Bert
Bert
Bert
Bert
Bert
Bert Smyers
Bert
Smyers
Bertrand Jr
Bertrand
Bertrand Jr
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<mask> (April 24, 1945 – February 16, 2020) was an American computer scientist who worked in the field of human–computer interaction. <mask> worked at Xerox PARC, Apple, Amazon, and Yahoo! While at PARC, <mask>'s work included Smalltalk, the first dynamic object-oriented programming language, and Gypsy, the first word processor with a graphical user interface (GUI) for the Xerox Alto. During this, along with colleague Tim Mott, <mask> developed the idea of copy and paste functionality and the idea of modeless software. While at Apple, <mask> worked on the Apple Lisa and the Apple Newton, and helped to develop Object Pascal and its use in application programming toolkits including MacApp. Biography

Early career
<mask> was born on April 24, 1945, in the Bronx in New York City, to Jewish parents Isidore, an anesthesiologist, and Muriel (). <mask> lived in the Bronx through his childhood and graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1961.While in high school, he was guided towards computers by a teacher after showing the teacher an algorithm for generating prime numbers. Through this, he learned of a program at Columbia University where he was able to spend a half-hour each week on their computer systems, through which he taught himself programming before college. He went on to Stanford University in 1961 when he was 16, studying computer science and graduating in 1965 with a degree in mathematics. At Stanford, he had spent time as a student programmer for Joshua Lederberg on the LINC platform, and was a colleague of <mask>, Charles Brenner, Douglas Hofstadter, Roger Moore, and Bill Strachan. During college and afterward, <mask> did some programming jobs on the side, and after graduation, worked as a consultant offering his programming services in the area. As he was one of only a few computer programmers listed in the Palo Alto phone directory he received a good deal of work. However, a regional recession caused this consulting work to dry up.<mask> also worked at Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL) in the late 1960s. With Horace Enea he designed Compel, an early single assignment language. This functional programming language was intended to make concurrent processing more natural and was used to introduce programming concepts to beginners. During his time at Stanford, <mask> had participated in the counterculture of the 1960s, including the anti-Vietnam War protests. In the late 1960s, <mask> became involved in the Midpeninsula Free University, part of the Free Speech Movement, where he taught classes with titles such as "How to end the IBM Monopoly", "Computers Now", and "Procrastination". Xerox PARC

<mask> left Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory due to a number of factors in the early 1970s; he recognized that artificial intelligence would not be a usable technology for many years, and his marriage to his college girlfriend had recently ended in divorce. He took his daughter and moved to Oregon with a number of Vietnam War veterans who were returning there to build homes.There was little computing technology in this area and he could not get a job with the local bank, the only firm nearby with a computer system. He called Stanford to see if they had anything, and learned that Alan Kay, whom <mask> had worked with while at SAIL and then a member of Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), had been actively looking for him shortly after his departure. Kay wanted <mask> to join him at PARC. <mask> could not be hired at PARC due to a hiring freeze, so <mask> instead took a short-term project offered by Les Earnest from SAIL to write a "document compiler", a means to easily produce printable manuals from simple text files. In order to carry out this project, <mask> wrote Pub, which was then recognized as one of the first uses of markup language; it was later distributed on ARPANet. PARC approached Tesler with an offer in 1971, but wanted to place <mask> in the On-Line Office System Group. <mask> had been more interested in Xerox's work with personal computers, so he turned down the offer.By early 1973, PARC had established development of the Xerox Alto, the first computer system designed around a graphical user interface (GUI), and <mask> accepted an offer for a position splitting his time between the Office System Group and the Learning Research Group, which Kay was heading. Some of <mask>'s main projects at PARC were the Gypsy word processor for the Office System Group, and Smalltalk, the first dynamic object-oriented programming language, with the Learning Research Group. While working on Gypsy, <mask> and his colleague Tim Mott started writing ideas down envisioning the future of interactive computer use, considering current text-based user interfaces would move to GUIs with icons representing documents, and to develop ease-of-use. From there, the two developed the basic copy and paste function, now a standard feature in computing. <mask> also established the idea that computer interfaces should be modeless, where all actions are available to a user at all times, rather than modal, requiring the user to enter a specific mode to perform them. Gypsy was programmed to include both of these concepts. <mask> also was part of a team with Adele Goldberg and Douglas Fairbairn that worked on the Xerox NoteTaker, a portable computer system Alan Kay had envisioned.<mask>, then a novice to hardware programming and design, worked with Fairbairn on the design, which included the first functioning Ethernet protocol written in software rather than on hardware. <mask> and Fairbairn took the  NoteTaker prototype on cross-country trips to demonstrate the unit to Xerox executives. At one layover during the trip, <mask> and Fairbairn briefly tested the unit at an airport and while in flight, which <mask> believed was the first-ever use of a computer in these situations. The NoteTaker did not gain traction as Xerox had turned its attention back to the Xerox Alto. <mask> was a proponent of ease-of-use for user interfaces while at PARC. <mask> is considered the originator of the phrase "user-friendly" as a measure of usability after a salesman told him that word processors were difficult to sell because they were "just so unfriendly". <mask> is also tied to the origins of the phrase "what you see is what you get"; he and his colleagues were complaining about the way documents printed out differently to their appearance on the screen.<mask> said, "What you see on the screen should be what you get when you print it." Another person simplified this to the well-known abbreviation "WYSIWYG" which gained traction as a functional goal within PARC and beyond. <mask> also is credited with coining the term "browser" after creating a Smalltalk code browser in response to a coworker having difficulty in parsing through someone else's code. <mask> had been present during both of Steve Jobs's fateful visits to PARC in late 1979, a couple of years after Jobs had cofounded Apple Computer. During the first visit, <mask> demonstrated to Jobs the Xerox Alto, including its computer mouse-driven GUI features, Gypsy, and Smalltalk. While the Alto had been a mere curiosity for Xerox, Jobs saw a huge amount of potential in the graphical interface, and immediately after returning to Apple's headquarters, set his team on creating a similar graphical user interface for their first product, the Apple Lisa, incorporating additional information provided by Xerox, later refined into the first Apple Macintosh. However, while the Macintosh was Apple's flagship to becoming a major manufacturer of personal computers, Xerox fell behind.Apple Computer

Tesler was one of several Xerox PARC employees who left the company in 1980 to join Apple Computer following Jobs's visits. <mask> said his reasons for leaving included the fact that Apple had clearly gotten the idea of computers and was much more excited in the work PARC was doing while Xerox still thought itself a copier company, and that he found Apple's management much more approachable than Xerox's. <mask> started at Apple in July 1980 supporting the development of the Apple Lisa, and worked for them until 1997, holding various positions, including Vice President of AppleNet, the division within Apple working on Internet technologies (not to be confused with AppleNet, the never-shipped network for the Lisa), Vice President of the Advanced Technology Group, and Chief Scientist. Part of <mask>'s work with the Lisa was to develop object-oriented programming extensions to the Pascal programming language allowing easier manipulation of the GUI. <mask> worked with Pascal's creator, Niklaus Wirth, to develop Object Pascal in 1985 which was used to create the Lisa Toolkit. When Apple moved onto the Macintosh platform, the same concepts were brought forward to create MacApp, a similar Object Pascal-based class library for the Macintosh's GUI functions released in 1985. Starting in 1990, <mask> was named vice president of Apple's Newton Group under the Advanced Technology Group, and led the efforts of developing the Apple Newton, one of the first personal digital assistants and predecessor of the tablet computer.However, <mask> claimed some decisions related to the Newton's release, such as deciding against an Apple-developed handwriting recognition software, over a third-party which slowed down the device, were estimated to have cost Apple millions of dollars. <mask> voluntarily left the group just before the Newton shipped in 1993 and became Apple's chief scientist within the Advanced Technology Group. He explored a number of potential projects being developed by the group, but these had been too risky for Apple at the time, so the group focused on networking strategies. <mask> decided to leave Apple in 1997. One of his last acts was to close the Advanced Technology Group as Apple was struggling too much financially to support such a research program at that time. In 1991, <mask> contributed the article "Networked Computing in the 1990s" to the Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks of September 1991. Later career
One of the last programs that <mask> oversaw at Apple was a programming language aimed for use by schoolchildren, named Cocoa (unrelated to the Cocoa application programming interface later released by Apple).With Apple's permission, <mask> spun out and cofounded Stagecast Software in Palo Alto in 1997, where his small team further developed Stagecast Creator, a programming environment aimed for educational uses that had been under development at Apple. Stagecast Creator was released in 1999, just at the time that the education market had turned financially downhill, and sales of the program were not sufficient to keep the company in business. <mask> dismissed most of the employees in mid-2000, and then left, leaving two employees to continue the company. <mask> joined Amazon in Seattle in October 2001. Initially he had been hired as a vice president of engineering, and was shortly thereafter promoted to the vice president of shopping experience, where he helped to improve the Amazon website interface, including developing its book preview program. While <mask> enjoyed the job at Amazon, his wife had remained in Silicon Valley, and he also felt distant from venture capitalists that were plentiful in Silicon Valley, and opted to leave Amazon. <mask> moved back to Silicon Valley in 2005 to join Yahoo!as vice president of their User Experience and Design group. After three years, he found that Yahoo! had too many competing product lines and a lack of focus, and left in 2008. He worked for a year at the personal genetics information company 23andMe as product fellow, before establishing himself as an independent consultant in December 2009 to help Silicon Valley companies with designing their user interfaces and experiences. Personal life
After his first marriage ended in divorce in 1969, <mask> married Colleen Barton, a geophysicist. <mask> had kept his countercultural attitudes beyond his early career, which he became known for at his other positions. He also maintained an attitude that being successful in Silicon Valley was a "rite of passage", and those who succeed should try to help fund new ventures and to educate others.The Computer History Museum, on <mask>'s death, described <mask> as having "combined computer science training with a counterculture vision that computers should be for everyone". <mask> maintained his strong preference for modeless software well beyond his time at PARC. To promote his preference, as of 1995, <mask> equipped his automobile with a personalized California license plate reading "NOMODES". Along with others, he had also been using the phrase "Don't Mode Me In" for years, as a rallying cry to eliminate or reduce modes. His personal website was located at "nomodes.com" and on Twitter had used the handle "@nomodes". <mask> died in Portola Valley, California, on February 16, 2020, at the age of 74. See also

AI effect
List of programmers
List of computer scientists
Law of conservation of complexity

References

External links

Publications by <mask> from Interaction-Design.org
 Computer History Museum, <mask> Oral History Interview
 Stagecast site
Founders
1999 Lecture on Novice Programming
<mask> home page
Publications by <mask> from Interaction-Design.org
 Computer History Museum, <mask>sler Oral History Interview
 Stagecast site
Founders
1999 Lecture on Novice Programming

1945 births
2020 deaths
American computer programmers
American computer scientists
Human–computer interaction researchers
Programming language designers
20th-century American scientists
21st-century American scientists
Scientists at PARC (company)
Scientists from New York (state)
Apple Inc. employees
The Bronx High School of Science alumni
Stanford University alumni
American Jews

masks:
Lawrence Gordon Tesler
Tesler
Tesler
Tesler
Tesler
Tesler
Tesler
Larry Breed
Tesler
Tesler
Tesler
Tesler
Tesler
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Tesler
Tesler
Tesler
Larry Tesler
Larry Tesler
Larry Tesler
Larry Tesler
Larry Te


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<mask> (March 12, 1866 – November 2, 1945) was a German-born prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as the bishop of the Diocese of Toledo (1911–21) and the Diocese of Cleveland, Ohio (1921–45). Biography

Early life and education
<mask> was born in the village of Wutzlhofen (since 1924 a township of Regensburg), Bavaria. One of sixteen children, he was born to George and Mary (née Gäß) <mask>. Shortly afterwards he and his family moved to Regensburg, where <mask> received his early education. In 1877 he came to the United States under the patronage of Bishop Rupert Seidenbusch, and enrolled at St. Vincent's College in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, where his older brother Rudesind had become a Benedictine monk. After completing his classical course at St. Vincent's at age sixteen, he taught at the parochial school of St. Martin's Church until 1884.He was then accepted as a seminarian by Bishop Henry Richter of Grand Rapids, Michigan, who sent him to study philosophy and theology at the Grand Seminary of Montreal in Quebec, Canada. Ordination and ministry
Returning to Grand Rapids in March 1889, <mask> was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Richter on June 29, 1889. He then served as a curate at St. Mary's Church in Saginaw until 1895, when he became pastor of St. Mary of the Assumption Church in West Bay City, Michigan, where he preached every Sunday in both English and French. He was named pastor of St. Mary Church in Grand Rapids in 1900. St. Mary's parish was established in 1857 to meet the spiritual needs of the German population in the Grand Rapids area. While on a tour of Europe in 1902, Father <mask> purchased a grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes, which is still present in the church. In 1903 he was named vicar general of the Diocese of Grand Rapids.During his tenure as pastor, St. Mary's school was used as a local relief station when the Grand River flooded in 1904, and in 1905, a new convent was built for the sisters. In January 1906 he was raised to the rank of Domestic Prelate of His Holiness by Pope Pius X. Under the direction of Monsignor <mask>, collections were taken up for victims of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and in 1907 he presided over St. Mary's Parish Golden Jubilee. Auxiliary Bishop of Grand Rapids, Michigan
On January 8, 1911, <mask> was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Grand Rapids and Titular Bishop of Sophene by Pius X. He received his episcopal consecration on the following February 22 from Bishop Richter, with Bishops Camillus Paul Maes and John Samuel Foley serving as co-consecrators. Bishop of Toledo, Ohio
Shortly after his consecration in February, <mask> was named the first Bishop of Toledo, Ohio, on August 11, 1911. <mask> requested the Sisters of Saint Francis of Rochester, Minnesota
send members to the Toledo area to work with the children of the Polish immigrants.Sister Adelaide Sandusky, directress of the College of St. Teresa and 22 other Sisters established a home in Toledo and began teaching in area schools. This community became the Sisters of St. Francis of Sylvania, Ohio  From 1911 to 1921 Bishop <mask> established thirteen new parishes and thirtythree schools. At Bishop <mask> invitation, Visitation nuns came to Toledo in 1915 from the Georgetown (Washington, D.C.) Monastery. In a September 27, 1914 sermon in Baltimore, before a meeting of the American Federation of Catholic Societies, <mask> criticized the failure of the United States government to insist upon the protection of Catholics in Mexico. During World War I, he served on the Administrative Committee of the National Catholic War Council. Bishop of Cleveland, Ohio
On June 16, 1921, he was appointed the fifth Bishop of Cleveland. <mask> once described Prohibition as "fanaticism."On June 12, 1924, he offered the invocation at the opening of the third day of the 1924 Republican National Convention; he characterized President Calvin Coolidge as "a chieftain whose record of faithful public service, and whose personality, untarnished and untainted by the pollution of political corruption, will fill the heart of America with the new hope of a second spring." In 1925 the body of St. Christina was presented to Schrembs by Pope Pius XI, and moved from its resting place in a Roman monastery to St. John's Cathedral. When physicist Charles F. Brush advocated birth control as a means of the "betterment of the human stock" and population control, Schrembs condemned his remarks, saying, "In older times we referred to humans as the human race, but according to this foundation we are being classed with the animals on the farm, the cow, the horse, the mule...According to this foundation, I have no right to be born, for I am the youngest of 16 children and God bless my mother for every one of them!" He promoted the cause for canonization of Kateri Tekakwitha. In 1927, Schrembs charged that a large group of "Godless Jews combined nationally and internationally in activities in the amusement world, the results of which were to menace public morality." When fan dancer Sally Rand rode in Cleveland's St. Patrick's Day parade in 1937 next to a float dedicated to the Virgin Mary, Schrembs declared, "I am deeply humiliated and ashamed...[Rand's] inclusion does not represent the mind of the great Irish people." Schrembs was given the personal title of Archbishop on March 25, 1939.In 1940 he placed Holy Redeemer Church in Cleveland under interdict for refusing to accept his appointment as pastor. During his tenure, he erected 27 parishes in Cleveland and 35 outside the city. See also

 Catholic Church hierarchy
 Catholic Church in the United States
 Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States
 List of the Catholic bishops of the United States
 Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

References

External links
 Photosite of Rt. Rev. Bishop Schrembs
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Cleveland
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Grand Rapids
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Toledo

Episcopal succession

1866 births
1945 deaths
Bavarian emigrants to the United States
Saint Vincent College alumni
People from Regensburg
Roman Catholic bishops of Cleveland
Roman Catholic bishops of Toledo
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States

masks:
Joseph Schrembs
Joseph Schrembs
Schrembs
Joseph
Schrembs
Schrembs
Schrembs
Schrembs
Schrembs
Schrembs
Schrembs
Schrembs
Schrembs
Schrembs


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<mask>, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos  (10 September 1823 – 26 March 1889), styled Earl Temple until 1839 and Marquess of Chandos from 1839 to 1861, was a British soldier, politician and administrator of the 19th century. He was a close friend and subordinate of Benjamin Disraeli and served as the Secretary of State for the Colonies from 1867 to 1868 and Governor of Madras from 1875 to 1880. <mask> was the only son of <mask>, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, and was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. He joined the British Army, eventually rising to become a colonel. <mask> entered politics, as Lord Chandos, in 1846 when he was elected unopposed from Buckinghamshire as a candidate of the Conservative Party. <mask> served as Member of Parliament from 1846 to 1857, when he resigned. He contested a re-election in 1859, but lost.<mask> served in various political offices during his tenure. In March 1867, he was appointed Secretary of State for the Colonies and served until December 1868. He also served as Governor of Madras from 1875 to 1880. As Governor, he handled the relief measures for the victims of the Great Famine of 1876-78. <mask> also served as Lord of the Treasury, Keeper of the Privy Seal of the Prince of Wales, Deputy Warden of the Stannaries, Deputy Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire, Chairman of the London and North-Western Railway, member of the Imperial Privy Council, Lord President of the Council and chairman of the committees in the House of Lords. He died on 26 March 1889 at the age of 65. Background and education
<mask> was the second child and only son of <mask>, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, and his wife Lady Mary, younger daughter of John Campbell, 4th Earl of Breadalbane and Holland (later The 1st Marquess of Breadalbane).His sister, Lady Anna Eliza Mary Gore-Langton, was a women's rights campaigner. As his father's son and heir apparent, he was styled Earl Temple from birth. He was 15 years of age when his paternal grandfather died and his father became the 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos. From this time, he was styled Marquess of Chandos until he succeeded his father as Duke. Upon his father's death in 1861, his titles were Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, Marquess of Chandos, and Earl Temple of Stowe in the Peerage of the United Kingdom; Marquess of Buckingham, Earl Temple, Viscount and Baron Cobham in the Peerage of Great Britain; and Earl Nugent in the Peerage of Ireland. In 1868, he was also recognised by the House of Lords as Lord Kinloss in the Peerage of Scotland. The young Lord Temple, later Lord <mask>, attended Eton until 1841 and graduated from Christ Church, Oxford, from which he later received an honorary degree of D.C.L.Two years after graduation, <mask> (as he then was) was commissioned a Lieutenant in the Royal Buckinghamshire Yeomanry and he would eventually become Honorary Colonel of that regiment. He was also Hon. Colonel of the 1st Administrative Battalion, Middlesex Artillery Volunteers and later of the City of London Artillery. Early career

In 1846, <mask>, as the Marquess of <mask>, entered Parliament as Conservative MP for Buckinghamshire, and remained as an unopposed MP until 1857. The young Lord <mask> was appointed a deputy lieutenant for Oxfordshire on 3 February 1846, Hampshire on 17 February, and Northamptonshire on 29 May. In 1852, he entered Lord Derby's administration as a Lord of the Treasury, a position he held for exactly ten months. That year, he was also appointed Keeper of the Privy Seal of the Prince of Wales, Deputy Warden of the Stannaries, deputy lieutenant of Buckinghamshire, and chairman of the London and North-Western Railway.In 1857, he resigned as MP for Buckinghamshire and did not stand for re-election due to the deteriorating family fortunes and his father's bankruptcy. In 1859, Lord <mask> contested against William Ewart Gladstone for the constituency of Oxford University, but lost by 859 to 1,050 votes. In 1861, he succeeded his father as Duke of Buckingham and <mask> (and in various other titles across four Peerages) and took his seat in the House of Lords; he also resigned as chairman of the London and North-Western Railway. In the 1860s he was chairman of the London Pneumatic Despatch Company. <mask>'s political career was stagnant until 1866, when he was appointed to the Privy Council and became Lord Derby's Lord President of the Council. During the interregnum, <mask> served as chairman of the executive committee of the royal commission for the Great Exhibition of 1862. He served as Lord President of the Council until 8 March 1867, when he succeeded Lord Carnarvon as Secretary of State for the Colonies.As Secretary of State for the Colonies

<mask> was appointed Secretary of State for the Colonies when Lord Carnarvon resigned in March 1867 over the Reform Bill and served from 8 March 1867 to 1 December 1868. During this period, he was also appointed Lord Lieutenant of Buckinghamshire. As Secretary of State for the Colonies. <mask> had to deal with the British North America Act. He also attracted controversy over his dispute with Bishop Colenso of Natal. <mask>'s tenure ended in December 1868 when the Conservative Party ministry of Benjamin Disraeli resigned. He was succeeded as Colonial Secretary by Lord Granville.On 21 July 1868, the House of Lords recognised him as the 10th Lord Kinloss in the Peerage of Scotland, which had been dormant since the death of the 6th Lord Kinloss, his three-times great-grandfather Charles Bruce, 4th Earl of Elgin, in 1747. Through the House of Lords ruling, <mask>'s father was recognised posthumously as de jure 9th Lord Kinloss, his maternal grandmother Lady Anna Brydges as de jure 8th Lady Kinloss, and his great-grandfather James Brydges, 3rd Duke of Chandos as de jure 7th Lord Kinloss. Though the lordship was the most minor of <mask>'s many titles, it was the only one that could be inherited by his daughters, and he established his right to it at a time when the likelihood emerged that he would leave no male heir. Governor of Madras

When the Conservative Party was re-elected to power in the United Kingdom in 1874 and Disraeli became the Prime Minister once again, <mask> was appointed Governor of the Madras Presidency, British India. <mask> moved to Madras and took his seat on 23 November 1875. <mask> served as the Governor of Madras from 1875 to 1880. His tenure was plagued by deteriorating socio-economic and health conditions.In 1876, the Great Famine of 1876–78 broke out in Madras Presidency. By August 1877, the famine had spread all over the Presidency and over 18 million people were affected. To make matters worse, the rains failed in parts of Madras and Mysore. Large quantities of grain were shipped from Bengal to Madras port, and through his efforts, famine relief was distributed to 839,000 people in the Madras districts, besides 160,000 in the Bombay Districts and 151,000 in the Mysore districts. The Governor appealed to the principal cities of England, Scotland, Ireland and India for assistance. At <mask>'s suggestion, the Lord Mayor of London collected relief funds of up to £475,000 in 1877 (£ as of ). Though the famine eventually came to an end in 1878, the issue had far-reaching effects.As a part of the famine relief work, <mask> had commenced the construction of a navigation channel between Madras city and the northern part of the Madras Presidency so that transportation of supplies to the interior in cases of emergency would be easy. More than 715,000 people were employed as labourers in Madras to assist with the relief work. Opened in 1878, this canal was named after Buckingham as Buckingham Canal. Buckingham Street in Penang, Malaysia was also named after him by the Tamil labourers who were brought there during the British colonial period. Displeasure of the tribes of the northern part of the Presidency over the stringent taxation schemes of the British government erupted in the form of a major rebellion in 1879. The rebellion was eventually suppressed through a joint operation of the Madras police and army and the Hyderabad army, and the captured prisoners were sent to the Andamans. Many of the stringent taxation laws were repealed.On 30 August 1880, William Patrick Adam was appointed Governor of Madras and he succeeded <mask> in December 1880. Later life and death
In May 1886, <mask> succeeded Lord Redesdale as Chairman of Committees in the House of Lords. He made few speeches in the House of Lords and succeeded in paying off most of his father's debts. Gradually, towards the later part of his life his financial situation improved and by 1883, he owned 10,482 acres of land with a total value of £18,080. <mask> died in March 1889, aged 65, from diabetes at Chandos House, London. His illness was unexpected and not originally thought to be serious; the House of Lords postponed voting on several bills until he recovered. Within a week, however, his illness proved fatal, despite the efforts of Dr. Henry Walter Kiallmark, the family physician, and Sir James Paget, who was called in to assist.The duke was buried at the family vault in the church at Wotton House, Buckinghamshire. With no male issue, the dukedom and marquessate of Buckingham and Chandos and the Earldom of Temple became extinct. Several of his other titles survived due to available heirs: his nephew William Gore-Langton succeeded him in 1892 as fourth Earl Temple of Stowe, which was created with a special remainder; his eldest daughter, Lady Mary, succeeded him in the Scottish lordship of Kinloss, which can be held by females as Lady Kinloss; and his distant relative Charles Lyttelton succeeded him as eighth Viscount Cobham. Family

<mask> married firstly Caroline Harvey, daughter of Robert Harvey of Langley Park, Sheriff of Buckinghamshire, and sister of Sir Robert Harvey, 1st Baronet of Langley Park, in 1851. They had three daughters:
 Mary Morgan-Grenville, 11th Lady Kinloss (1852–1944)
 Lady Anne (1853–1890)
 Lady Caroline Jemima Elizabeth (1858–1946)

Caroline, Duchess of Buckingham and Chandos, died in February 1874. <mask> married, secondly, Alice Graham-Montgomery, daughter of Sir Graham Graham-Montgomery, 3rd Baronet, in 1885. Born in 1848, she was 25 years younger than him.In 1897, she was one of the guests at the Duchess of Devonshire's Diamond Jubilee Costume Ball. There were no children from this marriage. Widowed in 1889, Alice, Dowager Duchess of Buckingham and Chandos, married the 1st Earl Egerton in 1894. She died in 1931, aged 83. See also
 1st (Hanover Square) Middlesex Artillery Volunteer Corps

References

Further reading

External links

 The Dukes of Buckingham

|-

|-

1823 births
1889 deaths
Secretaries of State for the Colonies
Lord Presidents of the Council
Governors of Madras
Dukes of Buckingham and Chandos
Earls Nugent
Earls Temple of Stowe
Richard
Chandos, <mask>-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, Marquess of
People from Buckinghamshire
Lord-Lieutenants of Buckinghamshire
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Chandos, <mask>-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, Marquess of
Chandos, <mask>-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, Marquess of
Chandos, <mask>-Nugent-Brydges-<mask>-Grenville, Marquess of
Buckingham and Chandos, D3
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Directors of the London and North Western Railway
Richard
Royal Buckinghamshire Yeomanry officers
Deputy Lieutenants of Oxfordshire
Deputy Lieutenants of Hampshire
Deputy Lieutenants of Buckinghamshire
Deputy Lieutenants of Northamptonshire
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Deaths from diabetes

masks: Richard Plantagenet Campbell Temple Nugent Brydges Chandos Grenville


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<mask> (born 13 August 1992), known as <mask> (), is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a winger and forward for Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur and the Brazil national team. <mask> started his professional career at São Paulo where he became one of the best players in the Campeonato Paulista. His pace and dribbling skills garnered attention from numerous European clubs, eventually earning him a transfer to French side Paris Saint-Germain. After winning multiple domestic trophies over a five-year span at the club, <mask> was then signed by English side Tottenham Hotspur. He was involved in the side reaching their first ever UEFA Champions League final, scoring a historic hat-trick in the second leg of the semi-final of the competition to help Spurs advance. <mask> made his senior international debut for Brazil in 2011 and has since earned over 30 caps, representing the nation at two editions of the Copa América, the 2012 Olympics (where he won a silver medal), and the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, winning the latter title. Club career

São Paulo
<mask> joined São Paulo FC in 2005 after playing for the youth teams of Clube Atlético Juventus and Corinthians and was known as Marcelinho since he played for a Marcelinho Carioca football school as a child and also had physical resemblance with the former footballer.Having had prominence at youth level, he was promoted to play professionally by Milton Cruz. <mask> made his debut with the São Paulo first-team in 2010, scoring 4 goals and providing four assists in 25 appearances. In the same year, he stated his desire to be known for his given name instead of a nickname to "make his own history in football without comparisons". In 2011, <mask> scored nine goals and provided four assists in 28 appearances in the Campeonato Brasileiro and 13 goals and eight assists in all competitions. Paris Saint-Germain

During the summer of 2012, both Manchester United and Inter Milan were reported to be interested in signing <mask>. On 8 August 2012, Paris Saint-Germain won the battle and announced the player would be moving to the club in January 2013. He would be the club's most expensive signing.The transfer fee was reported to be in the region of €45 million (£38 million). It was announced that <mask> would wear the No. 29 shirt for the remainder of the season. On 11 January 2013, <mask> made his debut against AC Ajaccio, in a match that ended as a 0–0 draw. He also played in the Champions League away victory over Valencia on 12 February, assisting a goal in the process. On 13 September 2013, he scored his first goal for PSG in a 2–0 league victory over Bordeaux. For the 2014–15 season, following Jérémy Ménez's transfer to A.C. Milan, <mask> was handed the No.7 shirt – the same number he wore while playing for São Paulo. He made his season debut for PSG in their 2–0 Trophée des Champions victory over Coupe de France winners EA Guingamp on 2 August 2014 at the Workers Stadium in Beijing. He scored his first goal of the 2014–15 Ligue 1 campaign on 16 August, volleying in a Gregory van der Wiel cross as PSG defeated Bastia 2–0. On 5 October, <mask> scored the opening goal in a match that finished 1–1 against title rivals Monaco. With his two goals in PSG's 3–0 victory over Bordeaux on 25 October, he equalled his league tally from the previous season. On 7 August 2015, <mask> scored the first goal of the 2015–16 Ligue 1 season in PSG's 1–0 defeat of Lille OSC at the Stade Pierre-Mauroy. On 15 October 2016, <mask> scored PSG's first goal in the 13th minute in a 2–1 away win against AS Nancy in a Ligue 1 match with a curling free-kick from the left which nobody got a touch to; that was his fifth league goal of the 2016–17 Ligue 1 season.For the 2017–18 Ligue 1 season, he appeared only as substitute six times for the club, and left in January 2018. Tottenham Hotspur
On 31 January 2018, <mask> signed a contract with Tottenham Hotspur until 2023 for a transfer fee of around £25 million. He made his debut for Tottenham in the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League match against Juventus on 13 February 2018, coming on as a late substitute in the match that ended in a 2–2 draw. He made his first start as well as scoring his first goal for the club in the FA Cup tie against Rochdale on 18 February 2018 that also finished 2–2. In the 2018–19 season, <mask> scored his first Premier League goal on 18 August 2018 in Spurs' 3–1 win over Fulham. In the following match on 27 August 2018, he scored a brace against Manchester United as Tottenham won 3–0 in only their third away win at Old Trafford in 27 games. He scored his first Champions League goal for Spurs in the group round match against PSV.In the away match against Barcelona at Camp Nou, <mask> scored a late equaliser after Barcelona took an early lead in the game. The game ended 1–1, which sent Tottenham through into the knockout stage together with Barcelona. On 13 April 2019, he scored a hat-trick in the 4–0 win over Huddersfield Town. This was his first hat-trick in Europe and the first ever hat-trick scored at the new Tottenham Hotspur Stadium. On 8 May 2019, <mask> scored a second half hat-trick in Tottenham's 3–2 victory over Ajax at the Johan Cruyff Arena in the second leg of their Champions League semi-finals. Spurs came back from 2–0 down on the night, and 3–0 down on aggregate to win on away goals. His third goal, in the 96th minute, sent his team into a Champions League final for the first time in their history.This performance lead L'Équipe to award him a perfect 10 rating, making him the tenth ever player to be awarded a 10 rating by them. On 9 August 2019, <mask> signed a new contract with Tottenham until 2024. He scored his first goal of the 2019–20 season on 17 August 2019, equalising against Manchester City within nineteen seconds of being introduced as a substitute. International career

Youth career and early senior career

<mask> was a frequent member of Brazil's Under-20 international side. In February 2011, he was involved for Brazil in the Under-20 South American Championship where he scored a hat-trick in a 6–0 victory over Uruguay in the final. <mask> made his senior international debut for Brazil in friendly match against Scotland on 27 March 2011. On 28 September 2011, <mask> scored his first senior international goal for Brazil against Argentina.2011 Copa América
<mask> was named in Mano Menezes' squad for the 2011 Copa América in Argentina. <mask> appeared in the group stage matches against Paraguay, Ecuador and Venezuela as a second-half substitute on all occasions. He once again featured as a substitute in Brazil's penalty shoot-out defeat to Paraguay in the quarter-finals which eliminated Brazil from the competition. 2012 Olympics
<mask> was selected to compete for the Brazil Olympic football team in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London along with club teammates Casemiro and Bruno Uvini. He appeared in three matches as a substitute, including the Gold medal match with Mexico, and started in the 3–0 group stage victory over New Zealand. 2013 Confederations Cup
<mask> was selected by Luiz Felipe Scolari for the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup on home soil. Copa América Centenario
In 2016, <mask> was named in Dunga's 23-man squad for the Copa América Centenario in the United States.Style of play
He is credited as a quick and mobile winger, who is also powerful, creative, and technically gifted, <mask> is also known for his explosive acceleration, agility, jumping, and pace – both on and off the ball –, as well as his movement, and his excellent dribbling skills, in particular his use of trickery and feints, which make him a dangerous offensive threat. A versatile player, he is also capable of playing in several positions, and has also been deployed as a forward, in midfield, as a support striker, or even as an attacking midfielder behind the strikers. However, he has been accused of being inconsistent in the media, in particular in his youth, while his vision and decision–making have also been cited as weaknesses to his game. Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results tables list Brazil's goal tally first. Honours
São Paulo
Copa Sudamericana: 2012

Paris Saint-Germain
Ligue 1: 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16
Coupe de France: 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17
Coupe de la Ligue: 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17
Trophée des Champions: 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016

Tottenham Hotspur
EFL Cup runner-up: 2020–21
UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2018–19

Brazil U20
South American U-20 Championship: 2011

Brazil U23
Summer Olympic silver medal: 2012

Brazil
FIFA Confederations Cup: 2013

Individual
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year: 2012
Bola de Prata: 2012
UNFP Ligue 1 Player of the Month: October 2014
Premier League Player of the Month: August 2018
UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season: 2018–19

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
Footballers from São Paulo
Brazilian footballers
Brazil youth international footballers
Brazil under-20 international footballers
Brazil international footballers
Association football wingers
Clube Atlético Juventus players
São Paulo FC players
Paris Saint-Germain F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Ligue 1 players
Premier League players
Olympic footballers of Brazil
2011 Copa América players
Footballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
2013 FIFA Confederations Cup players
Copa América Centenario players
Olympic silver medalists for Brazil
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
FIFA Confederations Cup-winning players
Brazilian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in France
Expatriate footballers in England
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in France
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in England
Brazilian Christians

masks:
Lucas Rodrigues Moura da Silva
Lucas Moura
Lucas
Lucas
Lucas
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura
Moura


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<mask> (September 18, 1901 – September 9, 1980) was an American theatre director and drama critic. In 2003, he was named one of the most influential in the United States by the PBS. He was most notable as one of the three founders of New York City's Group Theatre (1931–1941). He directed more than 40 plays in his career and, during the 1950s, was nominated for a Tony Award as director for several productions. In addition to his directing career, he was drama critic for The New Republic (1948–1952) and The Nation (1953–1980), helping shape American theater by writing about it. Clurman wrote seven books about the theatre, including his memoir The Fervent Years: The Group Theatre and the Thirties (1961). Early life and education
<mask> was born on the Lower East Side of New York City, the son of Jewish parents from Kamenets Podolsky, Russia now Ukraine, in Eastern Europe, Samuel, a doctor, and Bertha Clurman.He had three older brothers, Morris, Albert, and William. His parents took him at age six to Yiddish theater, and Jacob Adler's performances in Yiddish translations of Karl Gutzkow's Uriel Acosta and Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's Nathan the Wise fascinated him, although he did not understand Yiddish. He attended Columbia and, at the age of 20, moved to France to study at the University of Paris. There he shared an apartment with the young composer Aaron Copland. In Paris, he saw all sorts of theatrical productions. He was influenced especially by the work of Jacques Copeau and the Moscow Art Theatre, whose permanent company built a strong creative force. He wrote his thesis on the history of French drama from 1890 to 1914.Clurman returned to New York in 1924 and started working as an extra in plays, despite his lack of experience. He became a stage manager and play reader for the Theatre Guild. He briefly studied Stanislavski's system under the tutelage of Richard Boleslavsky, and became Jacques Copeau's translator/assistant on his production of The Brothers Karamazov, based on the novel by the Russian writer Fyodor Dostoevsky. Career
Clurman began work as an actor in New York. He felt that the standard American theater, though successful at the box office, was not culturally significant. He said, "I was interested in what the theater was going to say [...]. The theater must say something.It must relate to society. It must relate to the world we live in." Together with the like-minded Cheryl Crawford and Lee Strasberg, he began to create what would become the Group Theatre. In November 1930, Clurman led weekly lectures, in which they talked about founding a permanent theatrical company to produce plays dealing with important modern social issues. Together with 28 other young people, they formed a group that developed a groundbreaking style of theater that strongly influenced American productions, including such elements as Stanislavski-trained actors, realism based on American stories, and political content. By building a permanent company, they expected to increase the synergy and trust among the members, who included Stella Adler, Morris Carnovsky, Phoebe Brand, Elia Kazan, Clifford Odets, and Sanford Meisner. In the summer of 1931, the first members of the Group Theatre rehearsed for several weeks in the countryside of Nichols, Connecticut at the Pine Brook Country Club.They were preparing The House of Connelly by Paul Green, their first production, directed by Strasberg. Clurman was the scholar of the group — he knew multiple languages, read widely, and listened to a broad array of music. Strasberg dealt with acting and directing, and Crawford dealt with the business. The first play which Clurman directed for the Group Theatre was Awake and Sing! by Clifford Odets in 1935. The play's success led Clurman to develop his directing style. He believed that all the elements of a play—text, acting, lighting, scenery and direction—needed to work together to convey a unified message.Clurman would read the script over and over, each time focusing on a different element or character. He tried to inspire, guide and constructively critique his designers rather than dictate to them. He also used Richard Boleslavsky's technique of identifying the "spine," or main action, of each character, then using those to determine the spine of the play. He encouraged his actors to find "active verbs" to describe what their characters were trying to accomplish. In 1937, tensions among Clurman, Crawford and Strasberg caused the latter two to resign from the Group; four years later, the Group Theatre permanently disbanded. Clurman went on to direct plays on Broadway, more than 40 in all, and write as a newspaper theatre critic. Marriage and family
In 1940 Clurman married Stella Adler, a charismatic theatre actress and later a renowned New York acting coach.A member of the Group Theatre since its founding, Adler was the daughter of the notable Yiddish actor Jacob Adler. Clurman was her second husband. They divorced in 1960. Clurman's second marriage was to the independent filmmaker Juleen Compton. Director and drama critic
Clurman had an active career as a director, over the decades leading more than 40 productions, and helping bring many new works to the stage. He is considered "one of the most influential theater directors in America". In addition, Clurman helped shape American theater by writing about it, as drama critic for The New Republic (1948–1952), The Nation (1953–1980), and New York (1968).He encouraged new styles of production, such as that of the Living Theater, and championed contemporary plays and playwrights. Author
He wrote a memoir about the Group Theatre's beginning and their making art within American culture, called The Fervent Years: The Group Theatre and the Thirties. His six other books about the theater include On Directing (1972); his autobiography, All People are Famous (1974); The Divine Pastime (1974); Ibsen (1977); and Nine Plays of the Modern Theater (1981). Most of his essays and reviews can be found in The Collected Works of <mask>. On acting
Uta Hagen in Respect for Acting credits Clurman with a new perspective on acting. She summarized his approach as demanding the human being within the character:

In 1947, I worked in a play under the direction of <mask>. He opened a new world in the professional theatre for me.He took away my 'tricks.' He imposed no line readings, no gestures, no positions on the actors. At first I floundered badly because for many years I had become accustomed to using specific outer directions as the material from which to construct the mask for my character, the mask behind which I would hide throughout the performance. Mr. Clurman refused to accept a mask. He demanded ME in the role. My love of acting was slowly reawakened as I began to deal with a strange new technique of evolving in the character. I was not allowed to begin with, or concern myself at any time with, a preconceived form.I was assured that a form would result from the work we were doing. <mask> died on September 9, 1980 in New York City of cancer. He is buried in Mt. Carmel Cemetery, Glendale, Queens. Works on Broadway
Note: All works are plays and are the original productions unless otherwise noted. Caesar and Cleopatra (1925) (revival) - actor
The Goat Song (1926) - actor
The Chief Thing (1926) - actor
Juarez and Maximilian (1926) - actor
Night Over Taos (1932) - produced by the Group Theater
Big Night (1933) - produced by the Group Theater
Men in White (1934) - produced by the Group Theater
Awake and Sing! (1935) - director, produced by the Group Theater
Waiting for Lefty (1935) - produced by the Group Theater
Till the Day I Die (1935) - produced by the Group Theater
Weep for the Virgins (1935) - produced by the Group Theater
Paradise Lost (1935) - director, produced by the Group Theater
Case of Clyde Griffiths (1936) - co-produced by the Group Theater
Johnny Johnson (1936) - produced by the Group Theater
Golden Boy (1937) - director, produced by the Group Theater
Casey Jones (1938) - produced by the Group Theater
Rocket to the Moon (1938) - director, produced by the Group Theater
The Gentle People (1939) - director, produced by the Group Theater
Awake and Sing!(1966) - director

Legacy and honors
<mask>'s legacy is his contribution to the creation of a uniquely American theater. The <mask>rman Theatre within the Theatre Row Building complex Off Broadway is named for him. Ronald Rand brought <mask> to life in his acclaimed solo play, LET IT BE ART!, which has been performed for 20 years in 26 countries, 20 U.S. states, and at the Theatre Olympics in New Delhi and Kerala. <mask> was awarded the Republic of France's Legion d'Honneur. The Stella Adler and <mask>rman Collection came to the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin in 2003. The collection includes original and reproduced materials gathered by Marjorie Loggia. Of particular interest are a handwritten draft of The Fervent Years, a photocopy typescript of "Plans for a First Studio," handwritten and typescript drafts of Lies Like Truth, and an edited typescript of Reminiscences: An Oral History.Among other noteworthy Clurman material are his correspondence (with Stella Adler and others), contracts and royalties, a diary, and theater programs he collected from 1926 to 1930. Notes

References
 <mask> on Spartacus Educational, retrieved February 26, 2005. Adler, Jacob, A Life on the Stage: A Memoir, translated and with commentary by Lulla Rosenfeld, Knopf, New York, 1999, . Carnicke, Sharon. Stanislavsky in Focus, Cornwall: TJ International Ltd, 2003. <mask>, <mask>. All People Are Famous (instead of an autobiography).New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1974. <mask>, <mask>. The Fervent Years. USA: The Colonial Press Inc., 1961
<mask>, <mask>. Ibsen. Hong Kong: Macmillan Press Ltd., 1978. <mask>, <mask>.On Directing, New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc., 1974. "<mask>, <mask>." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2 October 2007
Smith, Wendy. Real Life Drama: The Group Theatre and America, 1931-1940, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1990.External links
 <mask>, American Masters, Public Broadcasting Service PBS
 <mask>rman Collection, Harry Ransom Center, University of Texas at Austin
 , Wall Street Journal

1901 births
1980 deaths
20th-century American Jews
American theater critics
American theatre directors
Columbia University alumni
Donaldson Award winners
University of Paris alumni
The Nation (U.S. magazine) people
The New Republic people
People from the Lower East Side
American expatriates in France

masks:
Harold Edgar Clurman
Clurman
Harold Clurman
Harold Clurman
Clurman
Clurman
Haroldlu
Harold Clurman
Harold Clurman
Harold Clu
Harold Clurman
Clurman
Harold
Clurman
Harold
Clurman
Harold
Clurman
Harold
Clurman
Harold
Harold Clurman
Harold Clulu


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<mask> (, born 4 November 1963) is a Chinese architect based in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. He is the dean of the School of Architecture of the China Academy of Art. With his practice partner and wife Lu Wenyu, he founded the firm Amateur Architecture Studio. In 2012, <mask> became the first Chinese citizen to win the Pritzker Prize, the world's top prize in architecture. The award was the subject of some controversy since the Pritzker committee did not also award Lu Wenyu, his wife and architectural partner, despite their years of collaboration. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 4 November 1963 in Ürümqi, the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China's far west. He began to draw and paint as a child, without any formal training in art.Despite the anti-intellectual fervor of the "cultural revolution" (1966–76), his mother gave him access to the library and he read widely, from "Pushkin to Lu Xun." As a compromise between his passion of art and engineering, his parents' recommendation, <mask> chose to study architecture at the Nanjing Institute of Technology (now Southeast University) in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province and received a bachelor's degree in 1985 and a master's degree in 1988. Although <mask> lived in Ürümqi and Beijing in his early life, after college he moved to Hangzhou for the city's natural landscapes and ancient tradition of art. He worked for the Zhejiang Academy of Fine Arts (now China Academy of Art) and in 1990 completed his first architectural project, a youth centre in the city of Haining near Hangzhou. <mask> did not have any commissions between 1990 and 1998. During that time his wife Lu Wenyu supported the family. Instead, he chose to further his studies at the School of Architecture of Tongji University in Shanghai, earning a PhD in 2000.Career

In 1997, <mask> and his wife Lu Wenyu, also an architect, founded the firm Amateur Architecture Studio. They chose the name as a rebuke of the "professional, soulless architecture" practiced in China, which they believe has contributed to the large-scale demolition of many old urban neighborhoods. <mask> joined the faculty of the China Academy of Art in 2000 as a professor, became the Head of the Architecture Department in 2003, and was named Dean of the School of Architecture in 2007. In 2000, <mask> designed the Library of Wenzheng College at Soochow University, which won the inaugural Architecture Art Award of China in 2004. His Five Scattered Houses in Ningbo won the Holcim Award for Sustainable Construction in the Asia Pacific in 2005. In 2008 his Vertical Courtyard Apartments in Hangzhou was nominated for the International Highrise Award. In 2008 he completed the Ningbo Museum, a project he won in 2004 after an international competition.The building's facade is constructed entirely of recycled bricks, and its shape - resembling nearby mountains - reflects its natural setting. The museum won the 2009 Lu Ban Prize, the top architecture prize in China. <mask>'s other major projects include the Ningbo Museum of Art (2005), the Xiangshan campus of the China Academy of Art (2007) and the Old Town Conservation of Zhongshan Street, Hangzhou (2009). His architecture has been described as "opening new horizons while at the same time resonates with place and memory", experimental, and as a rare example of critical regionalism in China. Design approach
<mask> creates modern buildings making use of traditional materials and applying older techniques. The Ningbo Museum is constructed of bricks salvaged from buildings which had been demolished to facilitate new developments. <mask> is a keen supporter of architectural heritage where globalisation has stripped cities of their special attributes."In an age where the goal is to offer a distinct, individualized style, <mask> has shied away from such a prerogative. Ironically, with his manner of seamlessly meshing the contemporary with the cultural, innovation with tradition, <mask>’s work has come to define itself. The work is infused with fresh material juxtapositions and an expressive quality grounded in traditional formal proportions and scale." He requires his freshman architecture students to spend a year working with their hands, learning basic carpentry and bricklaying, and <mask> also requires other teachers in the department learn basic building skills. Because he believes "Only people who understand the nature of materials can make art using the materials." Awards
In 2007, <mask> and Lu Wenyu were awarded the first Global Award for Sustainable Architecture, alongside the future Pritker Prize Balkrishna Doshi, Françoise-Hélène Jourda, Stefan Behnisch and Hermann Kaufmann. In 2010, <mask> and his wife Lu Wenyu together won the German Schelling Architecture Prize, and in 2011 he received the Gold Medal from the French Academy of Architecture.In 2012, <mask> won the Pritzker Architecture Prize. In so doing, he became the first Chinese citizen (second winner of Chinese descent after I. M. Pei) to win this prize, and the fourth youngest person to win. The jury, which included Pritzker laureate Zaha Hadid and the US Supreme Court justice Stephen Breyer, highlighted <mask>'s "unique ability to evoke the past, without making direct references to history" and called his work "timeless, deeply rooted in its context and yet universal." The chairman of the Hyatt Foundation said <mask>'s win represented "a significant step in acknowledging the role that China will play in the development of architectural ideals" going forward. Zhu Tao, a Chinese architectural critic and historian, speculated that the win could signify a turning point in Chinese architectural history saying the prize "sends a message that architecture is a cultural enterprise ... that architects are creators of culture." Alejandro Aravena, a member of the Pritzker Prize jury, stated "<mask>’s outstanding architecture may be the consequence of being able to combine talent and intelligence. This combination allows him to produce masterpieces when a monument is needed, but also very careful and contained architecture when a monument is not the case.The intensity of his work may be a consequence of his relative youth, but the precision and appropriateness of his operations talk of great maturity." Personal life
<mask>'s father is a musician and an amateur carpenter. His mother is a teacher and school librarian in Beijing. His sister is also a teacher. <mask> is married to Lu Wenyu, who is also his business partner and fellow professor of architecture at the China Academy of Art. In an interview with the Los Angeles Times, <mask> expressed his sentiment that his wife deserved to share the Pritzker Prize with him. 1963 births
Architecture educators
Artists from Xinjiang
China Academy of Art faculty
Chinese architects
Living people
People from Ürümqi
Pritzker Architecture Prize winners
Southeast University alumni
Tongji University alumni
<mask> buildings

masks:
Wang Shu
Wang
Wang Shu
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Shu
Shu
Wang
Wang Shu
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang
Wang Shu
Wang Shu
Wang
Wang
Wang Shu


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<mask> (July 1, 1903 – January 19, 1991) was an American character actor. Early years
Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Beddoe was the son of <mask>, a Welsh classical singer, and his wife Mary. He graduated from the University of Cincinnati with bachelor's and master's degrees and taught English for three years. Stage
Beddoe gained much theatrical experience playing in stock theater in Boston, Massachusetts, and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He made his Broadway acting debut in 1929, receiving top billing (over a young Spencer Tracy) in Nigger Rich. His other Broadway credits include Penny Arcade (1930), The Greeks Had a Word for It (1930), Sing High, Sing Low (1931), The Warrior's Husband (1932), Man Bites Dog (1933), The Blue Widow (1933), Birthright (1933), The Sky's the Limit (1934), Nowhere Bound (1935), First Lady (1935), Father Malachy's Miracle (1937), and Winged Victory (1943). Film

After a decade of stage work and bit parts in films, Beddoe began more prominent film roles in the late 1930s.He was usually cast as fast-talking reporters and the like. His commercial acting career was put on hold when he served in World War II in the United States Army Air Forces, in which he performed in the Air Force play, Winged Victory. Beddoe subsequently returned to films playing small character roles. He occasionally appeared in comedy shorts playing comic foils, such as in the Three Stooges shorts Three Sappy People and You Nazty Spy! Beddoe appeared in more than 250 films. Television
Beddoe portrayed Mr. Tolliver in the ABC comedy The Second Hundred Years, and he was in the cast of Life with Father on CBS. He also was seen in dozens of television programs.In the 1950s and 1960s, he made four appearances on Have Gun – Will Travel, three  on Lawman, three on Maverick, three on Laramie, three on Lassie, one on Mr. Adams and Eve, and three on Perry Mason including in the 1958 episode 'The Case of the Buried Clock'. He also appeared on the Western aviation series, Sky King, on The Alaskans, on the adventure series, Straightaway, and on the western series, The Tall Man. He appeared too on the sitcom Pete and Gladys, and on the drama series, Going My Way. He guest starred on the crime drama, Richard Diamond, Private Detective and appeared on The Lone Ranger in the 1950s. Beddoe played the outlaw Black Bart in the 1954 episode "Black Bart The PO8" of the western anthology series Death Valley Days. During the 1970–1971 season of ABC's Nanny and the Professor, Beddoe made four appearances, three as Mr. Thatcher. In 1984, he made his final television appearance as Kris in NBC's Highway to Heaven starring Michael Landon and Victor French.Radio
Beddoe played Pat Grady in the soap opera John's Other Wife. Other activities
In 1968, Beddoes proposed construction of a "high-rise trailer park" to be built in Capistrano Beach, California. His plan called for making "more efficient use of land in areas where acreage is too expensive for a trailer park" by building an eight-story structure of concrete and steel and using a crane to lift trailers and insert them into their respective spaces. Personal life
Beddoe was married to Jessie Evelyn Sebring from May 8, 1944, to her death on January 2, 1974. He later married Joyce Mathews, who had been a showgirl, on August 20, 1974. She survived him. Death
Beddoe died of natural causes on January 19, 1991, at age 87.Selected filmography

 The 13th Man (1937) - District Attorney's Aide (uncredited)
 There's That Woman Again (1938) - Johnson
 The Lone Wolf Spy Hunt (1939) - Inspector Thomas
 Flying G-Men (1939) - W. S. Hamilton
 Blondie Meets the Boss (1939) - Marvin Williams
 Romance of the Redwoods (1939) - Forbes
 Union Pacific (1939) - Reporter (uncredited)
 Outside These Walls (1939) - Dinky
 Mandrake the Magician (1939, Serial) - Frank Raymond
 Missing Daughters (1939) - Al Farrow
 Good Girls Go to Paris (1939) - Attorney Thomas Jamison (uncredited)
 Coast Guard (1939) - Bartender (uncredited)
 The Man They Could Not Hang (1939) - Police Lt. Shane
 Konga, the Wild Stallion (1939) - Fred Martin
 Golden Boy (1939) - Borneo
 Those High Grey Walls (1939) - Jockey
 Taming of the West (1939) - Coleman (uncredited)
 Scandal Sheet (1939) - Chick Keller
 Beware Spooks! (1939) - Nick Bruno
 The Amazing Mr. Williams (1939) - Detective Deever
 My Son Is Guilty (1939) - Duke Mason
 Cafe Hostess (1940) - Customer (uncredited)
 The Lone Wolf Strikes (1940) - Conroy
 Convicted Woman (1940) - Hank, a Reporter (uncredited)
 Blondie on a Budget (1940) - Marvin Williams
 The Doctor Takes a Wife (1940) - Morning Express Reporter (uncredited)
 The Man from Tumbleweeds (1940) - Governor Dawson
 Charlie Chan's Murder Cruise (1940) - James Ross
 Escape to Glory (1940) - Ship's Chief Engineer Anderson
 Men Without Souls (1940) - Warden Schafer
 Island of Doomed Men (1940) - Brand
 Texas Stagecoach (1940) - Tug Wilson
 The Lone Wolf Strikes (1940) - Police Doctor (uncredited)
 Manhattan Heartbeat (1940) - Preston
 Girls of the Road (1940) - Sheriff
 Military Academy (1940) - Marty Lewis
 The Secret Seven (1940) - Maj. Blinn
 Five Little Peppers in Trouble (1940) - Process Server (uncredited)
 Before I Hang (1940) - Capt. McGraw
 Glamour for Sale (1940) - Frank Regan
 So You Want to Talk (1940) - Cop
 West of Abilene (1940) - Forsyth
 Beyond the Sacramento (1940) - Warden McKay
 The Lone Wolf Keeps a Date (1940) - Big Joe Brady
 The Phantom Submarine (1940) - Bartlett
 This Thing Called Love (1940) - Tom Howland
 The Face Behind the Mask (1941) - Lt. James 'Jim' O'Hara
 Outlaws of the Panhandle (1941) - Sheriff (uncredited)
 The Lone Wolf Takes a Chance (1941) - Sheriff Haggerty
 Under Age (1941) - Albert Ward
 The Big Boss (1941) - Cliff Randall
 She Knew All the Answers (1941) - Barber
 They Dare Not Love (1941) - Second Sailor (uncredited)
 Sweetheart of the Campus (1941) - Sheriff Denby
 Two Latins from Manhattan (1941) - Don Barlow
 Texas (1941) - Sheriff
 The Blonde from Singapore (1941) - Sgt. Burns
 Unholy Partners (1941) - Michael Z. (1946) - Gates / Rodney Parrish
 The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) - Mr. Cameron
 California (1947) - Stark (uncredited)
 The Farmer's Daughter (1947) - Einar - Campaign Reporter
 Buck Privates Come Home (1947) - Mr. Roberts
 Calcutta (1947) - Jack Collins (uncredited)
 Blaze of Noon (1947) - Mr. Fell (uncredited)
 Welcome Stranger (1947) - Mort Elkins
 They Won't Believe Me (1947) - Thomason
 The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer (1947) - Joey
 If You Knew Susie (1948) - Editor (uncredited)
 Black Bart (1948) - J.T. (1951) - Police Sgt. O'Neill (uncredited)
 Corky of Gasoline Alley (1951) - Walt Wallet
 The Racket (1951) - Mitchell - Member of Craig's Office (uncredited)
 The Unknown Man (1951) - Ed
 Man in the Saddle (1951) - Love Bidwell (uncredited)
 Starlift (1951) - Bob Wayne (uncredited)
 Room for One More (1952) - Mr. Taylor (uncredited)
 Scandal Sheet (1952) - Pete (uncredited)
 Hoodlum Empire (1952) - Senator Blake
 The Narrow Margin (1952) - Det.Sgt. (1970) - Dr. Littlefield
 Nickel Mountain (1984) - Doc Cathey (final film role)

References

External links

1903 births
1991 deaths
American male stage actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Pittsburgh
Male actors from Los Angeles
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
20th-century American male actors
University of Cincinnati alumni
Male Western (genre) film actors
American people of Welsh descent

masks:
Donald Theophilus Beddoe
Dan Beddoe


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Noah Weston, better known as <mask> (born April 18, 1985) is an American songwriter, rapper, and retired battle rapper. Born in West Hollywood and raised in Woodland Hills, California, he currently resides in Brooklyn, New York City. After a short career in battle rap that started in late 2008, in which he appeared in American circuits such as Grindtime and Smack/URL, as well as outside the United States, notably in Canada (KOTD) and United Kingdom (Don't Flop), he retired from the scene to focus his attention on his musical career in early 2010. He is a member of the Brown Bag AllStars, a collective of emcees and producers from the Brooklyn area. Music career

<mask> started his rap career after he met his current group, The Brown Bag Allstars while working at Fat Beats in Manhattan, NY. In late 2010, <mask> released his free album Soul Like Khan. The following year, he started releasing his Love Supreme series, four EPs in dedication to John Coltrane's legendary album by the same name, A Love Supreme.The first EP, Acknowledgement was produced by DeeJay Element with an upbeat approach to help listeners feel "renewed." The second EP, Resolution, was produced by Marink. Pursuance EP, produced by Audible Doctor is the third and Psalm, produced by Abnormal completed the series. <mask>'s song "Speeding Bullets" was also on the 2012 compilation album College Radio Day. <mask> performed at 2013 Bonnaroo with Black Violin, Jeni Suk, & Knower as the collective "Sooper Groop.". <mask> lists Pharoahe Monch, Posdnous, Paul Robeson, & David Ruffin as musical influences. <mask> was listed in Allhiphop's Top 50 Underground Hip Hop Artists of 2012.Battle career

<mask> burst onto the battle scene with a decisive victory over Yellow Rat Bassterd in a 2008 GrindTimeNow battle. From here <mask> continued to battle in the GrindTimeNow circuit against many other GrindTimeNow heavyweights such as Cortez and Syd Vicious. <mask>'s popularity grew within battle rap as more and more fans were being introduced to the subculture. In early 2010 a fresh-shaven <mask> made his first appearance on the Ultimate Rap League(URL) stage against an Ohio rapper named Deacon Frost. Although this battle was highly debated, it is an example of why <mask> is so highly respected amongst many different battle rap leagues, and has such a diverse following of fans. Also in 2010 <mask> had two international battle rap performance in Canada's main battle league King of the Dot (KOTD) where he defeated Aspire, and top ranked Canadian battler Porich in a controversial decision. <mask> continued to battle throughout 2010 in GrindTimeNow against other big names such as QP (SONS), Madness, and Fresco until he eventually got invited for another international appearance.This time <mask> appeared in the United Kingdom on the prominent Don't Flop stage where he battled Don't Flop veteran Sensa in a classic three round clash. <mask> went on to perform one more battle on the URL main stage in December 2010 against SONS rapper Fox, in what is widely considered one of the most one-sided battles in URL history. <mask> announced his retirement from battle rap for the sake of wanting to focus on his more lucrative music career, and getting out while he was still on top. Occasionally, <mask> attends big name battle rap events as either a guest judge, or even just as a fan of the battle rap culture, but has stated that he has no intention of ever coming back to battling. In a recent interview with buzzntheburgh.com, <mask> reiterated that he will never battle rap again unless his music career took off dramatically. After retiring from battle rap, <mask> became outspoken about his regret over using language that many consider offensive to marginalized groups like the LGBT community and women. Since as early as 2012, he has expressed his remorse on social media, and explained his stance at greater length in interviews.This sentiment led to backlash from some fans, to whom <mask> has often responded directly, maintaining his criticism of his past actions. <mask> returned to the battle scene on November 24th 2019, competing against Dizaster via an exclusive PPV event hosted by KOTD.

masks:
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan
Soul Khan


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<mask> (4 October 1888 – 21 July 1944) was a German general during World War II and one of the plotters involved in the 20 July Plot, an attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler  in 1944. He was a senior staff officer, with the rank of lieutenant general. He was secretly in contact with most of the leaders of the Resistance. They briefed him on their various plots and he placed sympathetic officers in key positions. He quietly encouraged field commanders to support the resistance. By late 1943 his office was the centre of Resistance plotting, under Claus von Stauffenberg. Had the 20 July plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler be successfully, he would assume the position of Minister of Finance in a post-Nazi regime.Early life
<mask> was born on 4 October 1888 in Leisnig, Saxony, to <mask>, a mathematics professor and director of the Realschule (secondary school) in Bautzen. Career
<mask> successfully passed the Abitur (university preparatory school exit examination) in 1907, subsequently accepting a commission as a Fahnrich (ensign) with Infantry Regiment 106 in Leipzig. He fought in World War I, was promoted to captain and chose to stay in the Treaty of Versailles-decimated military (the Reichswehr) after the war. <mask> was assigned to the Reich Defense Ministry as leader of the Reichswehr's Foreign Armies Bureau in 1926. After the Night of the Long Knives raid, he was able to save several of those arrested from execution by finding or creating positions for them in the Abwehr. <mask> was appointed chief of staff of the 4th Army Corps stationed in Dresden in 1935, an assignment that lasted until 1938 when he was promoted to commander of the 24th Infantry Division. <mask> has the distinction of being one of the few officers who supported General Werner von Fritsch, the commander in chief of the German armed forces who was accused of homosexuality in January 1938.After von Fritsch’s resignation, it was discovered that the charges had been invented, based on the contrived testimony of a man whom some say was recruited by Himmler. The tale had been concocted as part of Hitler's plan to gain control of the military—which he did. During the German invasion of Poland in 1939, <mask> commanded the 24th Infantry Division and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. On 15 February 1940, <mask> was promoted to General of the Infantry. He was appointed Chief of the General Army Office (Allgemeines Heeresamt) in the Army High Command (Oberkommando des Heeres). He was furthermore made Chief of the Armed Forces Reserve Office (Wehrersatzamt) at the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht. Operation Valkyrie

Starting in the winter of 1941–42, Olbricht developed the plan for Operation Valkyrie, a General Staff plan which was ostensibly to be used to put down internal unrest, but was in fact a blueprint for a coup d'état.Together with the resistance circles around Colonel-General Ludwig Beck, <mask> Goerdeler and Major-General Henning von Tresckow, he worked to find a means of assassinating Adolf Hitler and using the coup plan to bring down the Nazi regime. In 1943, he asked that Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg come to work at his office; Stauffenberg would later be the key man in the assassination attempt, with the job of actually planting the bomb near Hitler. On the day of the attempted coup d'état, 20 July 1944, <mask> and Colonel Albrecht Mertz von Quirnheim initiated Operation Valkyrie by mobilizing the Replacement Army (Ersatzheer). It eventually became clear that Stauffenberg's briefcase bomb had failed to kill Hitler, however, and so the plan to seize key sites in Berlin using units from the reserve army began to falter. Many consider one of the overwhelming factors which prevented this coup from gathering any real pace was the failure of troops on the ground to gain control of the communications coming into and out of Berlin; Adolf Hitler and his commanders in the Wolfsschanze were able to broadcast a speech after the coup which in turn led to the quick demise of the coup as a whole. As a result, the Nazi leadership was able to regain control using its own loyal troops within a few hours. Arrest and execution
At 21:00, <mask> was arrested at his headquarters in the Bendlerblock by soldiers from the Berlin garrison.Later that evening, Colonel-General <mask> held a hastily-arranged court martial, supposedly in an attempt to protect himself from being exposed as a silent conspirator. <mask>, Quirnheim, Stauffenberg, and his aide Werner von Haeften were then taken outside to the courtyard and executed by firing squad, against Hitler's orders to take the would-be assassins alive (those who were captured alive received more painful and prolonged means of execution). <mask> was the first of the four to be shot. Awards

Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 27 October 1939 as Generalleutnant and commander of 24. Infanterie-Division

In popular culture
He appears in all dramatisations of the July 1944 plot, being played by Wolfgang Büttner in The Plot to Assassinate Hitler (1955), Erik Frey in Jackboot Mutiny (1955) Michael Byrne in The Plot to Kill Hitler (1990), Rainer Bock in Stauffenberg (2004) and Bill Nighy in Valkyrie (2008). See also
List of members of the 20 July plot

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Hoffman, Peter. History of the German Resistance (MIT, 1977).Schrader, Helena. Codename Valkyrie General <mask> and the plot against Hitler; Haynes Publishing 2009 (). In German
 Georgi, <mask> (1989). Soldat im Widerstand. General der Infanterie <mask>; 2. Aufl., Berlin u. Hamburg. .
Helena P. Page, General <mask>. Ein Mann des 20.Juli; 2. Aufl., Bonn u. Berlin 1994 () (Note the author of this book is better known under her married name Helena Schrader.) External links

Report from <mask>'s son-in-law <mask> about the talk on 20 July, in which <mask> explained his motivations, just before he was arrested. 1888 births
1944 deaths
People from Leisnig
Military personnel from Saxony
People from the Kingdom of Saxony
German military personnel of World War I
Generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht)
Generals of Infantry (Wehrmacht)
People condemned by Nazi courts
People executed by Germany by firing squad
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Executed members of the 20 July plot
Executed military leaders
People from Saxony executed by Nazi Germany
Executed German people
Reichswehr personnel

masks:
Friedrich Olbricht
Olbricht
Richard Olbricht
Olbricht
Olbricht
Olbricht
Olbricht
Olbricht
Olbricht
Carl Friedrich
Olbricht
Olbricht
Friedrich Fromm
Olbricht
Olbricht
Friedrich Olbricht
Friedrich
Friedrich Olbricht
Friedrich Olbricht
Olbricht
Friedrich Georgi
Olbricht