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<mask> ( or ; born 18 September 1986) is a French pole vaulter. Lavillenie won the gold medal at the 2012 Olympics in London and the silver medal at the 2016 Olympics in Rio. In addition to his Olympic success, he has won three World Indoor Championships gold medals (record), three European Championships gold medals and four European Indoor Championships gold medals. He has also won one silver medal and four bronze medals at the World Championships. As of 25 August 2016, he holds the French national records for the highest pole vault clearance both outdoors (6.05 m) and indoors (6.16 m). The 6.16 was the absolute world record for the pole vault for over 6 years, 2014–2020. He was the pole vault overall winner of the IAAF Diamond League in seven consecutive years, from 2010 to 2016.Outside pole vaulting, Lavillenie is a keen motorcyclist, and raced in the 2013 Le Mans 24 Hours for motorcycles, finishing 25th. Lavillenie subsequently entered the 2014 race, aiming for a top 20 finish. Lavillenie's younger brother Valentin <mask> is also a pole vaulter. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in Barbezieux-Saint-Hilaire, Charente, France. His father was a pole vaulter. <mask> made his pole vault competition debut in 2003, at the age of 17. Pole vaulting career

2008
Lavillenie's 2008 outdoor personal best was 5.65 m, achieved on 27 June in Villeneuve-d'Ascq.His 2008 indoor personal best was 5.81 metres, achieved on 5 December in Aulnay-sous-Bois. 2009: broke Jean Galfione's 10-year-old French national outdoor pole vault record

Lavillenie's 2009 indoor personal best was also 5.80 m – he cleared that height in Moscow and to win the 2009 European Indoor Championships pole vault final in Turin. Lavillenie improved his outdoor personal best to 5.81 m in May 2009, beating veteran French pole vaulter Romain Mesnil in Forbach. Two weeks later, he improved his outdoor personal best to 5.96 m at a meeting in Aubière, setting a world-leading outdoor mark. He achieved another world-leading outdoor mark with a winning jump of 6.01 m on 21 June 2009 at the 2009 European Team Championships in Leiria, Portugal. That 6.01-metre mark broke Jean Galfione's ten-year-old French national outdoor record of 5.98 m set in Amiens on 23 July 1999 and would remain as the French national outdoor record until Lavillenie beat it by 1 cm in July 2013. At the 2009 World Championships, Lavillenie vaulted 5.80 m in the pole vault final to win the bronze medal (his first medal in the Olympic Games, World Championships or World Indoor Championships) behind Steven Hooker and Romain Mesnil.He also took part in the 2009 IAAF World Athletics Final but failed to record a mark and finished last. 2010: first European Championships gold medal
At the 2010 World Indoor Championships, Lavillenie's only cleared 5.45 m in the qualification round and did not qualify for the final. He enjoyed better success at the inaugural 2010 IAAF Diamond League (all events were held outdoors), in which he won four of the seven pole vault events to become its pole vault overall winner. At the Adidas Grand Prix on 12 June 2010, he won the pole vault event with a jump of 5.85 m (which was a meeting record), beating Steven Hooker into second place. Seven weeks later, he captured his first European Championships pole vault title in Barcelona, with a jump of 5.85 m in the final. 2011: broke Jean Galfione's 12-year-old French national indoor pole vault record
On 5 March 2011, in the 2011 European Indoor Championships pole vault final in Paris, Lavillenie vaulted 6.03 m to win his second consecutive European Indoor Championships gold medal and break the French national indoor pole vault record that had been held by Jean Galfione (6.00 m) since 6 March 1999. That jump of 6.03 m was the third-highest personal best indoor clearance of all time.Only Sergey Bubka (6.15 m in 1993) and Steve Hooker (6.06 m in 2009) had registered higher personal best indoor clearances. Lavillenie only managed fifth place (5.50 m) in the pole vault event of the outdoor 2011 European Team Championships. He won four of the seven pole vault events in the 2011 IAAF Diamond League to become its pole vault overall winner for the second year running. At the 2011 World Championships he cleared 5.85 m to win the World Championships pole vault bronze medal for the second time running. Lavillenie underwent surgery on his left hand after he broke it due to a snapped pole accident in December 2011. 2012: won the Olympic Games and World Indoor Championships gold medals for the first time
Lavillenie returned to competition in February 2012 and won the Pole Vault Stars meet with a clearance of 5.82 m.

At the 2012 World Indoor Championships, <mask> <mask> won his first World Indoor Championships or World Championships gold medal by clearing 5.95 m in the final, which was 15 cm better than the silver and bronze medallists. At the 2012 European Championships, Lavillenie cleared 5.97 m in the final to win the European Championships gold medal for the second time in a row.At the 2012 Olympic Games, Lavillenie won the gold medal by clearing 5.97 m (a new Olympic record) in the final. He was in the bronze medal position (5.85 m) behind two Germans at 5.91 m – Björn Otto and Raphael Holzdeppe – when he cleared the aforementioned height on his third and final attempt. He had earlier failed to clear 5.91 m on his first attempt and 5.97 m on his second. After securing the gold medal when Otto and Holzdeppe failed later to match or better his 5.97 m, Lavillenie had one failed attempt at 6.02 m and two unsuccessful attempts at 6.07 m. He thus won France its 14th track and field Olympic gold medal in history, became the first French track and field Olympic champion since 1996 and the third French men's Olympic pole vault champion. Lavillenie won five of the seven pole vault events in the 2012 IAAF Diamond League to become its pole vault overall winner for the third year running. 2013 indoor season: third consecutive European Indoor Championships gold medal
At the 2013 European Indoor Championships, <mask> won the pole vault title for the third time in a row after clearing 6.01 m in the final. He did not miss any attempts at 6.01 m and below, with first time clearances at 5.61, 5.76, 5.86, 5.91, 5.96 and 6.01 m. After two unsuccessful attempts at 6.07 m, his third attempt at this height was judged by the competition officials as a foul.Although the bar did not fall during this third attempt, the competition officials later explained that in clearing the bar, Lavillenie had shifted it further than was admissible. The International Association of Athletics Federations regulation which operated in this case was Rule 182.2.a, which states that a vault shall be declared ineligible if "the bar does not remain on both pegs because of the action of the athlete". 2013 outdoor season: third consecutive World Championships medal

At 27 July 2013 London Grand Prix fixture of the 2013 IAAF Diamond League, Lavillenie cleared 6.02 m to secure victory, setting a meeting record for the pole vault and beating his own French national outdoor pole vault record by 1 cm. He then had the bar raised to a height of 6.16 m, but he failed to clear that height three consecutive times. If he had succeeded, he would have broken Sergey Bubka's world outdoor record of 6.14 m set in 1994. Lavillenie went on to become the pole vault overall winner of the 2013 IAAF Diamond League – he won five of its eight pole vault events – for the fourth consecutive year. Lavillenie was the overwhelming favorite to win the 2013 World Championships pole vault title in Moscow.He had dominated the event since the start of 2013. Coming into these world championships, he had achieved the six world-best vaults of the year, was the only man to have gone beyond the 6-metre mark both indoors and outdoors and had cleared the year's highest outdoor height of 6.02 m just two weeks before at the London Grand Prix. In the final of the 2013 World Championships, only Lavillenie and the German pole vaulter Raphael Holzdeppe managed to clear 5.89 m. Both of them failed to clear the next greater height of 5.96 m three consecutive times. Holzdeppe beat Lavillenie to the gold medal by virtue of his clearing the previous height of 5.89 m on his first attempt, whereas Lavillenie needed three attempts to clear 5.89 m. Lavillenie thus won the silver medal with a height of 5.89 m, the same height as Holzdeppe. Lavillenie attempted to break the 14-year-old world decathlon best in the pole vault event (5.76 m, set by Tim Lobinger on 16 September 1999) at the annual Décastar meeting in September 2013, but he managed only to clear a height of 5.47 m in his specialist event. Despite not winning the World Championship title, the flying Frenchman lost only one other outdoor competition all season and he won the IAAF Diamond League race for his event for the fourth consecutive time in 2013. 2014 indoor season: broke absolute world record
Lavillenie was unbeaten in six indoor meetings during the 2014 winter season, and improved his national indoor record three times, including his world record performance in Donetsk, Ukraine on 15 February.On 31 January 2014, Lavillenie cleared 6.08 m with some room to spare on his first attempt, at the Pedro's Cup indoors meeting in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Six days earlier, he had cleared 6.04 m in Rouen to set a new national indoor record. The 6.08 m clearance in Bydgoszcz was the world's second highest personal best indoor clearance in history, behind Sergey Bubka's 6.15 m indoor world record set in Donetsk in 1993. It also enabled Lavillenie to overtake Steve Hooker to become the world's second-best pole vaulter (personal best indoor and outdoor clearances taken into consideration) in history, behind Bubka's personal bests of 6.14 m (outdoor) and 6.15 m (indoor). In both the Bydgoszcz and Rouen meetings, Lavillenie had the bar raised to a height of 6.16 m, but in both meetings he failed in all his three attempts to clear that height. Lavillenie claimed the men's world record with 6.16 m on 15 February 2014. Competing in the annual Pole Vault Stars meeting in Sergey Bubka's hometown of Donetsk, Ukraine, Lavillenie entered the competition at 5.76 m and cleared that height as well as 5.91 m on his first attempts before needing all three tries to get over 6.01 m. With the bar set at 6.16 m and Bubka looking on from the stands, Lavillenie flew over the bar on his first try.6.16 m was the new absolute world record, exceeding both Bubka's 6.14 m outdoors and 6.15 m indoors that some had considered impossible to beat. It was <mask>'s fourth consecutive win in the Pole Vault Stars meeting, and came one week short of 21 years since Bubka set the record of 6.15 m at that competition in 1993. "It is going to take me some time to come back to earth because it is incredible," Lavillenie said. "This is a world record that is so mythical, and to clear it on the first jump, without touching (the bar) – there is nothing to say. It is just a moment to savor." Holding his head in his hands in disbelief, Lavillenie looked wild-eyed and then pumped his arms in delight, before running with his arms outstretched to soak up the atmosphere. The vault occurred in Ukraine's fifth largest city just three days before the beginning of the 2014 Ukrainian revolution.After a lengthy delay due to the official measurement of the world record 6.16 m, Lavillenie had the bar raised 5 cm to 6.21 m. On his first attempt, he could not control the pole after planting it in the box – the pole pushed him backwards and as he fell off the elevated runway the spikes of his right shoe lacerated the inside of his left ankle that was on the edge of the runway. Fortunately, Lavillenie did not suffer any damage to his ankle ligament or bone. He was given 16 stitches in a Donetsk hospital to close his ankle wound. Although not a serious injury, the nearly 4-inch long gash put an immediate end to Lavillenie's indoor season, forcing him to withdraw from both the Championnats de France d'athlétisme en salle (the French national indoor athletics championships) to be held in Bordeaux on 22–23 February and the 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships to be held in Sopot, Poland on 7–9 March. Lavillenie was given a hero's welcome when he landed home on 16 February, showing up in the Charles de Gaulle Airport terminal building in crutches before a horde of journalists. The new world record holder arrived home to an outpouring of praise from all quarters in a country where pole-vaulting is held in the highest esteem. "The New Czar," headlined the L'Équipe sports daily, saying that his giant leap in Ukraine had been "a major landmark in the history of sport."Lavillenie's compatriot, Jean Galfione, who won the 1996 Olympic pole vault gold medal, said, "Doing better than Bubka, it is like going faster than Usain Bolt, having better statistics than Michael Jordan. He has just dethroned a legend." "It was great, a historical moment. It was really an incredible performance. I am very happy that I passed the baton to such a great athlete and such a great personality and role model. I always felt it could happen. I hoped it would be soon," Sergey Bubka, who was the first person to congratulate Lavillenie on his world record-breaking performance, told The Associated Press in a telephone interview shortly after Lavillenie had claimed the world record.On 9 March, the last day of the 2014 World Indoor Championships, the IAAF announced that it had ratified (certified) his world record jump. 2014 outdoor season
Lavillenie returned to competition in the Drake Relays track and field meeting held in Des Moines, Iowa at the end of April, where he won the pole vault event with a jump of 5.70 m. On 18 May, he won the pole vault event at the Shanghai leg of the 2014 Diamond League, clearing 5.92 m on the first attempt. This 5.92 m clearance was a meeting record and the world-leading performance of the year. In that Shanghai meeting, he attempted to break his outdoor personal best of 6.02 m, but he failed to clear 6.03 m in all his three attempts. 2016 Olympics in Rio
Lavillenie was the favorite to win the Olympic gold in pole vaulting, but a strong performance from the host country's Thiago Braz da Silva left him with the silver medal. Lavillenie cleared 5.93 m with his third effort at the finals. This meant that each of the five other competing athletes had to equal or beat their personal best to stay in the competition.Only da Silva managed to do so. Lavillenie managed to clear the next height, 5.98 m, easily with his first attempt, but da Silva decided to skip 5.98 m and went on to 6.03 m. With a successful second attempt at 6.03 m, da Silva set a new Olympic Record. Lavillenie, having failed his first two attempts at 6.03 m, attempted 6.08 with his final jump but failed, knocking the bar off with his knee. Lavillenie was booed by the crowd during the competition and the medal ceremony, causing him to break down in tears as da Silva attempted to calm the crowd and support Lavillenie. Lavillenie compared the incident to Jesse Owens being booed at the Olympics in 1936, although he later apologized for the comment, saying it was made in the heat of the moment and he deeply regretted it. 2020
As the COVID-19 pandemic shut down most public sports events, Lavillenie conceived an event whereupon athletes could compete against others from their respective backyards: the event, billed "The Ultimate Garden Clash", was picked up by World Athletics, and was streamed live online on 3 May 2020. The event rules were changed so that vaulters had to clear a fixed 5m bar as many times as possible in two 15-minute stretches; in the event, Lavillenie ended up in a tie with Mondo Duplantis, each clearing the bar 36 times, ahead of Sam Kendricks with 26.Two weeks later, the women's event was held, with Katerina Stefanidi, Katie Nageotte and Alysha Newman. Personal life
Lavillenie married his wife Anaïs Poumarat in 2018, following 11 years of dating. Poumarat is also a pole voter. They have a daughter, Iris, who was born in July 2017.

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<mask> (April 8, 1832 – August 8, 1895) was an American attorney, politician, and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1893 until his death in 1895. His brief tenure on the Supreme Court is most remembered for his opinion in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., in which <mask> argued in dissent that a federal income tax was constitutional. Republican President Benjamin Harrison appointed <mask>, a Democrat, to the Court. His rulings demonstrated support for broad federal power, a skepticism of states' rights and an inclination toward judicial restraint. <mask>'s unexpected death after only two years of service prevented him from having a substantial impact on American history. Born in Paris, Tennessee, in 1832, <mask> earned a law degree from Cumberland Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1856. He briefly practiced law in Jackson before moving to Memphis, Tennessee, in 1857.Although he had initially opposed secession, he took a position in the Confederate civil service after the Civil War broke out. He returned to the practice of law after the war, but he also took an interest in politics. After an unsuccessful run for the Tennessee Supreme Court, he was elected to a seat in the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1880. When the legislature deadlocked over the selection of a U.S. Senator, <mask> was selected as a consensus candidate, garnering bipartisan support. Despite being a loyal Democrat, fellow senators of both political parties, including Democrat Grover Cleveland and Republican Benjamin Harrison, held him in high regard. When Cleveland became president, he appointed <mask> to a seat on the federal circuit court for the Sixth Circuit.While on the circuit court, he sided with businesses in a major antitrust dispute and supported an expansive view of constitutional freedoms in a civil rights case. Shortly after President Harrison – <mask>'s former Senate colleague – lost reelection, Supreme Court Justice Lucius Q. C. Lamar died. Harrison wanted to select a Republican replacement for Lamar, but he realized Democratic senators would likely stall the nomination until he left office. He chose <mask>, whom he viewed both as a close friend and a well-regarded jurist. The Senate unanimously confirmed <mask> just before Harrison left office in 1893. Not long after assuming office, <mask> developed tuberculosis, preventing him from playing a major role in Supreme Court affairs. He authored only forty-six opinions, many of which were in patent disputes or other insignificant cases.He left Washington hoping that a better climate would aid his health but returned to the capital after the remaining eight justices split 4–4 in Pollock. Yet <mask> ended up dissenting in the landmark income tax case, likely because of a change in another justice's vote. While <mask>'s opinion in Pollock kept him from total obscurity in the annals of history, the journey to Washington also worsened his health considerably: he died on August 8, 1895, only eleven weeks after the ruling was handed down. Early life and career

<mask> was born in Paris, Tennessee, on April 8, 1832. His parents, natives of Virginia, moved to Tennessee in 1827. <mask>'s father, Alexander, was a university-trained physician in a time when professional medical training was rare. A Whig, Alexander later served in the Tennessee legislature and as mayor of Jackson, Tennessee.The <mask> family moved to Madison County, Tennessee, in 1840. <mask> enrolled at Western Tennessee College, where he studied Greek and Latin. After graduating in 1850, he pursued post-graduate studies at the University of Virginia for two years. <mask> then read law with A. W. O. Totten, a justice of the Tennessee Supreme Court, and with attorney and former U.S. Congressman Milton Brown. He next entered Cumberland Law School, graduating in 1856 after one year's study. <mask> was admitted to the bar that same year and began practicing law in the town of Jackson.His work there appears to have been largely unsuccessful, and he moved to the larger city of Memphis, Tennessee, in 1857. There he established a joint legal practice with David M. Currin, who later served as a Confederate congressman. The firm was successful, and it provided <mask> with experience in corporate litigation. Tennessee seceded from the Union in 1861. Although <mask> had opposed secession, he supported the Southern side in the war that followed. Judge West H. Humphreys appointed <mask> to enforce Confederate sequestration law in western Tennessee, placing him in charge of confiscating and selling the property of Union loyalists. Extant newspaper accounts show <mask> auctioned off a wide variety of property, including almonds, pickles, chairs, alcohol, tobacco and dried peaches.Just before the Union recaptured Memphis in 1862, <mask> fled with his family to LaGrange, Georgia. He attempted unsuccessfully to secure a position in the Confederate military judiciary. After the Civil War ended in 1865, <mask> returned to Memphis. Since he had served in the Confederate government, he had to secure a presidential pardon before he could continue the practice of law. Arguing that his role in the Confederate civil service was small, <mask> claimed in his petition that no formal sequestration orders had ever been issued under his tenure. Scholar Terry Calvani has contended these statements in <mask>'s application "simply were not true", characterizing them as perjury. President Andrew Johnson initially rejected <mask>'s petition, but he granted a second request in 1866.Since Currin had died during the war, <mask> started a new legal practice with a former colleague. Their clients consisted mainly of banks and other business enterprises. The firm was successful, arguing numerous cases before the Memphis courts. <mask>'s political sympathies had by this time moved toward the Democratic Party. A Redeemer, he was against Reconstruction-era policies and efforts toward racial equality. After his first wife died in 1873, he returned to the town of Jackson, where he started a law practice with General Alexander W. Campbell. Their firm litigated many cases involving property and criminal law.<mask> was well regarded as a lawyer: he sat as a judge on the local courts and served as a law professor at Southwestern Baptist University. Service in state government
<mask> practiced law in Jackson until 1880. In 1875, however, he was appointed a judge of the temporary Court of Arbitration for Western Tennessee, which heard cases stemming from the large backlog created by the Civil War. When that court was dissolved, <mask> sought the Democratic nomination for a seat on the Tennessee Supreme Court, running against incumbent Thomas J. Freeman. At the convention, <mask> lost by a single vote; he refused the entreaties of his supporters to challenge the result. <mask> then became involved in what was then Tennessee's key political dispute: whether to pay back the state debt. Republicans generally supported its repayment, while Democrats were split between a state-credit faction, which was supportive of fulfilling the state's financial obligations and a low-tax faction, which favored repudiating the debt.<mask>, who viewed repudiation to be immoral, was firmly on the state-credit side of this debate. After giving a speech on the debt, he was urged to run for a seat in the Tennessee House of Representatives. <mask> reluctantly agreed, and he was elected in 1880 after a contentious campaign. He was given the chairmanship of the committee on public grounds and buildings, but his prompt elevation to the U.S. Senate prevented him from making any substantial impact in that position. The legislature's session began in January 1881; the most urgent task before it was the election of a U.S. Senator. Incumbent Senator James E. Bailey's state-credit policies alienated the low-tax faction of the Democratic caucus, but Republican candidate Horace Maynard also failed to garner majority support.<mask>, who was considered capable of obtaining bipartisan support, refused to enter the race because he favored Bailey. A week of balloting failed to break the gridlock. Bailey then withdrew from consideration and urged <mask> to enter the race in his stead. On the thirtieth ballot, Republican R. R. Butler announced his support for <mask>, saying he had given up any hope that a Republican would be chosen. The Speaker of the House, a Maynard loyalist, followed suit, arguing that <mask> was the best choice among the Democrats. A number of Democrat legislators, many of whom were afraid that a Republican could be elected if they did not unite behind a candidate, backed <mask> as well. Convinced by Butler, other Republicans did the same, and <mask> was elected, receiving sixty-eight votes of the ninety-eight cast.Senate tenure
<mask> took his seat in the Senate on March 4, 1881. He was a member of four committees: the Post Office, Pensions, Claims, and Judiciary panels. Despite his loyalty to the Democratic platform, Republicans and Democrats alike held him in high regard. In the Senate, <mask> advocated for civil service reform and for the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission. He supported further restrictions on Chinese immigration and argued for lower tariffs and higher infrastructure spending. <mask>'s views on legal issues were influential among his colleagues: many important bills on the judiciary were referred to the subcommittee on which he sat. More important than his legislative accomplishments, however, were the personal relationships that he forged.<mask> became a friend of President Grover Cleveland, whose tariff policies he supported. He also established a friendly relationship with his colleague Benjamin Harrison, whom he was seated next to on the Senate floor. <mask> held a reputation for being a hard-working and committed legislator. Circuit judge

The 1886 death of Tennessee federal judge John Baxter created a vacancy for President Cleveland to fill on the circuit court for the Sixth Circuit. Cleveland asked his friend <mask>, who was still serving in the Senate, to recommend potential replacements, but the President ignored his advice and instead offered the seat to him. The senator attempted to decline, but Cleveland's insistence eventually led him to agree to be nominated. The Senate unanimously confirmed <mask>.During his seven-year tenure, he heard a variety of cases, a number of which pertained to patent issues. In 1889, <mask> urged his friend Harrison – who by then had become president – to appoint his judicial colleague Henry Billings Brown to the Supreme Court; although Harrison declined to appoint Brown that year, he elevated him to fill a subsequent vacancy the next year. <mask>'s most noteworthy opinion on the circuit court was In re Greene (1892), the first case in which a federal court applied the Sherman Antitrust Act. The ruling in Greene rejected a Sherman Act indictment against whiskey producers on the basis that the defendants were not preventing other firms from entering the whiskey market. <mask>'s narrow interpretation of the Act set the stage for later consequential antitrust cases, including United States v. E. C. Knight Co. (1895), and it continued to influence interstate commerce law for half a century. In other cases, <mask> took a broader view of constitutional provisions. His 1893 ruling in United States v. Patrick interpreted the Civil Rights Act of 1870 expansively.The defendants in Patrick, who were residents of Tennessee, had been charged with killing several federal officers while they were searching for an illegal still. A lower federal court threw out the indictments, holding the officers were not exercising any legally protected

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 civil right while they were carrying out their duties. <mask> rejected these arguments. In his view, federal officers have a constitutionally protected right "of accepting the public employment, and engaging in the administration of its functions". On that basis, <mask> concluded the prosecution under the Civil Rights Act could go forward since the officers' civil rights had been violated. Some Southerners denounced the ruling, objecting that it expanded the scope of an already loathed law. <mask>'s decision also showed that his stances were sufficiently moderate to coalesce with the Republican agenda.Supreme Court nomination
On January 23, 1893, Supreme Court Justice Lucius Q. C. Lamar died. At this point, President Harrison was a lame duck: Grover Cleveland had won the 1892 presidential election and would take office in six weeks. Although Harrison wanted to appoint a fellow Republican to fill the vacancy, he recognized that the Democrat-controlled Senate would likely refuse to act on the nomination since it could simply wait for Cleveland to make a more favorable appointment. Not long after Lamar's death, Justice Brown, whom <mask> had recommended to Harrison a few years prior, paid a visit to the White House. Wishing to return the favor, the Republican Brown suggested that the Democratic <mask> would be an ideal candidate for Harrison to select. <mask> indeed checked all the boxes for Harrison: he was a conservative and well-regarded jurist and came from the South, as Lamar had. The two had also served in the Senate together and were close friends.Harrison agreed to nominate <mask>, doing so on February 2. The decision surprised both Republicans and Democrats, who expected Harrison to choose someone from his own party. <mask>'s nomination was held up initially in committee, but senators unanimously confirmed their ex-colleague on February 18. Most had expected some objections on the floor, and a contemporaneous New York Times report noted that many were left "wondering...what became of the opposition". Professor Richard D. Friedman concludes their acquiescence was understandable: Democrats "could not very well vote against one of their own", while "Republicans, after initial disgruntlement, understood the logic of Harrison's move." Chief Justice Melville Fuller swore in <mask> on the morning of March 4, just hours before administering the presidential oath to Harrison's successor. Supreme Court service

<mask>'s brief tenure on the Supreme Court lasted from March 4, 1893 until his death on August 8, 1895.He wrote only forty-six opinions. Because of his poor health and his lack of seniority, many of them were rendered in insignificant cases, especially patent disputes. Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
Scholar Irving Schiffman maintains that <mask>'s name would have been "buried in [the] coffin of historical neglect" were it not for his participation in a single case: Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. Pollock involved a challenge to a provision of the 1894 Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act, that had imposed a two percent personal income tax on all revenue over four thousand dollars. According to the plaintiff, the law imposed a direct tax without apportioning it among the states, in violation of a provision of the Constitution. In practice, it would be impossible to apportion such taxes among the states, so a ruling on that basis would doom all federal income taxation. <mask> was ill, but the eight remaining justices heard the case. They struck down certain other provisions of the act but split 4–4 on the constitutionality of the income tax.When <mask> suggested he could return to Washington, the Court agreed to rehear the case to make a more conclusive ruling on the income tax's legality. Because the other eight justices had been evenly split, it was assumed that <mask>'s vote would determine the case. Experts were uncertain how he would rule: his Southern background suggested he might support the tax, but his pro-business judicial views meant he might be inclined to strike it down. During the three days of arguments, lawyers aimed their contentions at the violently coughing <mask>, often ignoring other justices in their zeal to persuade the swing vote. But when the ruling finally came down on May 20, 1895, <mask> was in dissent. A five-justice majority led by Chief Justice Fuller ruled the tax to be unconstitutional, declaring it was an impermissible unapportioned direct tax. <mask> joined Brown and justices John Marshall Harlan and Edward Douglass White in dissenting from the Court's holding.In an impassioned opinion, he wrote "this decision is, in my judgment, the most disastrous blow ever struck at the constitutional power of Congress". Numerous coughing fits interrupted <mask>'s ardent turns of phrase, stopping the seriously ill justice several times during his forty-five-minute delivery of the dissent. Many have attempted to determine how <mask> ended up in the minority. The apparent reason is that one justice switched his vote. Newspapers at the time identified George Shiras as the "vacillating Justice"; biographer Willard King notes that "great obloquy (verbal abuse) was heaped on him" by outlets that opposed the Court's decision. While this suggestion continues to have its adherents, three sources denied Shiras's vote changed. Others have argued that Horace Gray or David Brewer changed their votes, but those proposals are difficult to reconcile with primary sources.The remaining possibility is that no justice changed his vote. According to this theory, five justices were averse to the tax from the beginning, but they were unable to unite behind one legal theory initially. <mask>'s dissent eventually won vindication from the court of history: the Sixteenth Amendment passed eighteen years after Pollock revised the Constitution to authorize an income tax. Other cases
History has taken little notice of most of <mask>'s remaining opinions. He was assigned to write a number of opinions involving patent law, a field with which his circuit court tenure had given him experience. A disproportionate number of his rulings drew no dissents, suggesting they were mostly insignificant. His poor health and the fact that he was one of the newest justices for the entirety of his brief tenure likely contributed to this.<mask>'s few cases display support for the proposition that the judiciary should defer to the legislature. His opinions in Schurz v. Cook (1893) and Columbus Southern Railway v. Wright (1894) rejected attempts by corporations to strike down various tax laws. <mask>'s opinions also evidence both his support for broad federal power and his skepticism of states' decisions. In Mobile & Ohio R.R. v. Tennessee (1894), he favored a broad interpretation of the Contract Clause, ruling over four dissenting votes that Tennessee acted illegally in using its state constitution to renege on a promised tax exemption for a railroad company. In the 1893 case of Brass v. North Dakota, meanwhile, he exhibited support for the concept of substantive due process, joining a dissent by Justice Brewer that argued that a North Dakota regulation of grain elevators was an unconstitutional infringement upon the freedom of contract. Finally, he joined a five-justice majority in Fong Yue Ting v. United States (1893) to hold the federal government could deport Chinese immigrant laborers without providing them with due process protections.Illness and death
Despite being apparently healthy at the time of his nomination, <mask> developed tuberculosis within a year of taking the bench. He returned quickly to his duties, but his illness worsened, and he had to leave the capital. In October 1894, he journeyed to the West hoping the climate would improve his condition. He traveled to Thomasville, Georgia, a few months later; his lung ailment started improving, but his health deteriorated substantially when he was afflicted with dropsy. Having no independent source of income, <mask> could not retire without a special act of Congress giving him a pension. Being too unwell to participate, he was unable to cast a vote in the consequential cases of United States v. E. C. Knight Co. and In re Debs. <mask> returned to his Tennessee home in February; his health began improving, and he expressed the hope that he would be able to return to his judicial duties by fall.His desire to participate in the income tax case led him to return to Washington in May, earlier than he had anticipated. The journey did substantial harm to <mask>'s health, and Schiffman notes that his failure in Pollock "provided little incentive with which to uplift the spirit beyond the pains of the body". He died in Nashville just eleven weeks after the decision was rendered; his remains were buried in that city's Mount Olivet Cemetery. His tenure on the Supreme Court had lasted for less than two and a half years. Personal life
<mask> married Sophie Malloy, a Memphis banker's daughter, in 1859. They had six children (two of whom died during infancy) before her death in 1873. He then married Mary Harding, the daughter of influential Tennessee resident W. G. Harding, the following year.<mask>'s brother William Hicks <mask>, who had been a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the Civil War, was married to another of Harding's daughters. When Harding died in 1886, the two <mask> brothers and their wives inherited the Belle Meade Plantation, where thoroughbred horses were raised. <mask>'s role was minimal, and he sold his stake in the horses to his brother in 1890. His thousand acres of property at West Meade (another part of Harding's estate) contained his home, which was considered among the finest in the state. <mask> had three children with his second wife. He was a devout Christian, serving as an elder of the First Presbyterian Church of Nashville. His hobbies included hunting foxes and watching horse races.Legacy
<mask>'s impact on history was minimal, due in no small part to the brevity of his Supreme Court tenure. A 1972 survey of legal scholars found <mask> was considered a "below average" justice, although the respondents declined to classify him as a "failure". His participation in Pollock, however, prevented him from being entirely covered with what Schiffman called the "shroud of anonymity". Pollock was among the leading cases of the era, and his vote aligned with later public sentiment. While <mask> was well regarded by his contemporaries, Timothy L. Hall writes that he "would probably never have been a great Supreme Court justice"; according to Hall, the "plodding and pedestrian" <mask> "was capable of solid work but not of judicial brilliance". Scholar Roger D. Hardaway, while conceding that the justice "is not a giant" in the annals of the Supreme Court, argues that <mask>'s accomplished if brief work deserves a prominent place in Tennessee history. The Liberty ship was named in his honor.See also
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States

References

1832 births
1895 deaths
19th-century American judges
19th-century American politicians
Cumberland School of Law alumni
Democratic Party United States senators
Judges of the United States circuit courts
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
Members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
Tennessee Democrats
Tennessee lawyers
Union University alumni
United States federal judges appointed by Benjamin Harrison
United States federal judges appointed by Grover Cleveland
United States senators from Tennessee
Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
University of Virginia alumni
People from Paris, Tennessee
Burials at Mount Olivet Cemetery (Nashville)
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in

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<mask><mask> is a retired Rear Admiral (Lower Half) of the United States Navy Reserve who, from July to September 2003 served as Commander Naval Forces Korea. Active Duty Service

Admiral <mask> was commissioned from the United States Naval Academy in June 1972; his first assignment was as a junior officer on board the USS Dale (CG-12), prior to assignment at Navy flight school. From 1973 to 1974, <mask> was attached to Training Air Wing Four and was designated as a Naval Aviator on June 21, 1974 for service in P-3 Orions. <mask>'s first active flight assignment was with Patrol Squadron 22 (VP-22), stationed at NAS Barbers Point, Hawaii. Through this tour, <mask> served as a P-3B pilot and was designated as a Patrol Plane Mission Commander on September 22, 1976. In 1977, then Lieutenant <mask> was transferred to serve a tour of duty at the United States Air Force Academy as a Navy liaison instructor. He was released from active duty in June 1979 with seven years of active service.Reserve Duty Service

After leaving active duty, Admiral <mask> joined the Navy Reserve in the fall of 1979. He affiliated at Naval Air Station New Orleans, Louisiana and was attached to Patrol Squadron 94 (VP-94) as the Maintenance and Operations Officer. Admiral <mask> would later serve as both the Executive Officer and Commanding Officer of VP-94. Admiral <mask> was next assigned to a reserve unit supporting Naval Station Rota, Spain, where he first acted as Training Officer and later as Commanding Officer. In 1993, Admiral <mask> assumed command of Naval Reserve Patrol Wing Atlantic, Detachment 0186 (NR PATWINGLANT 0186) and transferred his reserve center affiliation to Norfolk, Virginia. While at Norfolk, he was transferred to command Naval Reserve Det 1086, Naval Air Forces Atlantic (NRNAVAIRLANT 1086). During his four years of reserve command in Norfolk, Admiral <mask> was the director of Exercise Control for "Exercise Northern Viking" and Senior Naval Liaison Officer for "Joint Exercise 96-1"  He also served as the Senior Naval Liaison Officer to the headquarters of the Eighth Air Force and further completed the "Reserve Components National Security Course" on July 30, 1993.In 1997, Admiral <mask> was transferred to Naval Reserve Detachment 111, Commander Seventh Fleet which operated out of Carswell Air Force Base in Texas. He first served as Special Assistant and later as Executive Officer and participated in five western Pacific exercises; twice as the senior Seventh Fleet representative and also as Officer-in-Charge of Exercise Northwest Pacific. He also served three times as the Officer-in-Charge of Naval Reserve units attached to Exercise "Ulchi Focus Lens" (held annually in South Korea). In between training periods, Admiral <mask> continued his professional military education and attended the National Defense University, the Industrial College of the Armed Forces, and participated in exchange duty with the Republic of Germany. In October 2000, Admiral <mask> was attached to a Volunteer Training Unit (NR VTU 8282) in a non-pay status. In 2001, he was selected for flag rank and was advanced to Rear Admiral (lower half) in September 2002. Flag rank

Admiral <mask>'s first assignment as a flag officer was as the Commander of Naval Reserve Forces Korea (considered the reserve deputy to the active duty CNFK Admiral) with further designation as Commander Naval Shore Forces Korea and Commander Rear Area Seventh Fleet.Admiral <mask> served in this assignment from 2002 to 2003, when he was recalled to active duty to serve as Commander Naval Forces Korea. In the history of CNFK, Rear Admiral <mask> is the only reserve admiral to ever hold the billet; his assumption to the post was to fill the vacant position left by the departure of Rear Admiral Gary R. Jones. Admiral <mask> was relieved two months later by Rear Admiral Fred Byus. Returning to the status of a reservist, he next transferred to serve as Deputy Commander, Fleet Air Force Mediterranean and, in 2004, was transferred to become the Vice Commander, Navy Region Europe. In September 2005, Admiral <mask> retired from the United States Navy with over thirty three years of combined active and reserve service. Civilian career

Admiral <mask> was born in Rapid City, South Dakota but spent his youth in Sacramento, California. Admiral <mask>'s father, <mask>, was a retired United States Air Force Colonel with service in World War II.While serving in the Navy Reserve, Admiral <mask> worked as a professional airline pilot for Continental Airlines. As of 2006, Admiral <mask> resides in the vicinity of Grapevine, Texas. Summary of Service

Dates of Rank

Awards and decorations

 Naval Aviator Badge
 Legion of Merit
 Meritorious Service Medal (w/3 gold award stars)
 Navy Commendation Medal
 Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation (w/Operational Distinguishing Device)
 Navy Battle "E" Ribbon
 Global War on Terrorism Service Medal
 Korea Defense Service Medal
 National Defense Service Medal (w/2 bronze service stars)
 Armed Forces Reserve Medal (w/silver hourglass device)
 Special Operations Service Ribbon
 Sea Service Deployment Ribbon
 Overseas Service Ribbon
 Navy Pistol Marksmanship Ribbon
 Navy Rifle Marksmanship Ribbon
 Air Force Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon

Citations for Admiral Mastagni include:

LEGION OF MERIT

For exceptional meritious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the United States of America during the period August 1997 to September 2003. During this period, Rear Admiral <mask><mask> performed duties under the authority of the United States Seventh Fleet and served on active duty as the Commander Naval Forces Korea. Given this 15th day of December 2003; For the Secretary of the Navy: Walter F. Doran

MERITORIOUS SERVICE MEDAL

For outstanding meritorious service while serving as Commanding Officer of Patrol Squadron 94, Naval Air Station New Orleans, Louisiana from March 1989 through October 1990. Commander Mastangi’s innovative leadership and innate abilities were the driving force behind his squadron attaining the highest possible level of mobilization readiness. He oversaw the establishment of superlative safety programs and the flawless execution of two Annual Training periods and two major Drug Interdiction detachments.During this tenure, Commander <mask> left his personal mark of excellence on every facet of squadron life, resulting in his squadron being the Commander Reserve Patrol Wing Atlantic (COMRESPATWINGLANT) nominee for the Commander Naval Air Reserve Force Noel Davis "Battle E" Award for 1989 as well as the winner of the 1989 COMRESPATWINGLANT Retention Excellence Award. By his tireless efforts, inspiring leadership, and loyal dedication to duty, Commander <mask> reflected great credit upon himself and upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. (Gold Star in lieu of Second Award)

For outstanding meritorious service as Commanding Officer of Naval Reserve Patrol Wing Atlantic 0186 at Naval Air Reserve Norfolk from October 1993 through October 1996. Displaying superb leadership, Captain <mask> provided qualified command personnel who contributed to the successful planning and execution of the Commander Reserve Patrol Wing Aerial Minded Exercise Resolute Response and Counter Narcotic Patrol Operations. He directly supported the planning and execution of Operation Uphold Democracy, the blockade of Haiti, and Operation Sharp Guard, the aerial blockade of Bosnia. Assuming the duties of the Control Group Commander for Joint Exercise Northern Viking, Captain <mask> oversaw the research, planning, and training required for this exercise and supplied quality personnel needed to make an operation if the defense of Ireland were ever required. Additionally, the unit consistently maintained a trained effectiveness rate above 90 percent.The unit readiness and retention level was also at 100 percent. Captain <mask>’s professional ability, superb leadership, and devotion to duty reflected great credit upon himself and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. (Gold Star in lieu of Third Award)

For outstanding meritorious service as Commanding Officer, Naval Reserve, Commander Naval Air Force, United States Atlantic Fleet NR COMNAVAIRLANT 1086 from October 1996 to September 1997. Captain <mask> consistently performed his demanding duties in an exemplary and highly professional manner. An extraordinary and resourceful leader, Captain <mask> led NR COMNAVAIRLANT 1086 to unprecedented levels of readiness and fleet support. Under his strong guidance, the unit attained an impressive R1 readiness status despite an 18 percent decrease in personnel assets. While serving during a period of decreasing personnel manning and severe manpower constraints, Captain <mask>’s leadership enabled NR COMNAVAIRLANT 1086 to provide the Atlantic Fleet with continuous 24-hour-a-day staff support and provided countless man days of support from officers and enlisted personnel.Committed and dedicated to the concept of total force structure, Captain <mask> significantly enhanced the ability of COMNAVAIRLANT 1086 by personally transforming the unit from an exclusive COMNAVAIRLANT support unit into a joint force team capable of serving all Joint Forces throughout the world. His unit provided unprecedented Navy Reserve centralization to seven defense exercises, including Indifferent Strike, Deny Flight, Solid Citizen, Solid Shield and many others. By his exceptional professional ability, personal initiative, and total dedication to duty, Captain <mask> reflected great credit upon himself and upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Reserve. (Gold Star in lieu of Fourth Award)

For outstanding meritorious service as Executive Officer, Exercise Action Officer, and Exercise Site Officer-in-Charge, Naval Reserve Commander Seventh Fleet Detachment One-One-One from October 1997 to September 2000. Captain <mask> directed the efforts of more than 350 officers and enlisted personnel who provided more than 14,000 days of contributory support. His personal participation in six major training exercises, serving in the most demanding and responsible positions, received recognition at the highest levels of the Pacific Fleet. Due to Captain <mask>’s strong and dynamic leadership his unit’s outstanding reputation in Seventh Fleet Operations has been reinforced and enhanced.His direction of the largest Annual Training and Additional Duty for Training Budget of any Reserve Augment Unit resulted in unprecedented levels of exercise participation. Captain <mask>’s sterling service on selection, promotion, and policy boards continues to shape the future of the Naval Reserve. Captain <mask>’s exceptional professionalism, personal initiative, and total dedication to duty reflected great credit upon him and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. NAVY COMMENDATION MEDAL

For meritorious service while serving as Commanding Officer of Naval Reserve Naval Station (NR NAVSTA), Rota, Naval Air Station, New Orleans, Louisiana from 1 August 1991 to 31 July 1993. Through extraordinary leadership, professional knowledge and managerial skills, Commander <mask> increased unit readiness from R-3 to R-1 and molded the personnel into an extremely capable mobilization ready force. His personal efforts were directly responsible for the command increasing personnel 100 percent qualified in-billet rate from 14.4 to a record high of 73.9 percent, advancement eligibility by 51 percent and overall readiness from 70 to 94 percent, the highest in unit history. Based on his individual adroitness and the unit’s sustained superior performance, NR NAVSTA Rota received the Naval Air Station, New Orleans nomination for the Captain Robert I. Barte Award for the most outstanding augment unit in Commander, Naval Air Reserve Force.Commander <mask>’s exceptional professional ability, initiative and loyal dedication to duty reflected credit upon himself and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. UNIT AWARDS

 Coast Guard Meritorious Unit Commendation with Operational Distinghuising Device: Service between January 9 and January 11, 1987

 Navy "E" Ribbon: For award of the Noel Davis Award for period January 1 to December 31, 1987

 Coast Guard Special Operations Service Ribbon: For duties rendered from March 19 to April 4, 1989

Assignment History

The active duty assignment history of Admuiral <mask> is as follows:

Reserve assignments include:

Flag assignments include:

Admiral <mask> transferred to the Retired Naval Reserve in September 2005. References

United States Navy service record of <mask>, Bureau of Naval Personnel, retrieved through use of the Freedom of Information Act (February 2010)
 CNFK Change-of-Command Announcement
 Promotion message for Rear admiral Mastagni

External links

 <mask> in Life Magazine
 Admiral Mastagi at Getty Images

United States Navy admirals
Living people
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
People from Grapevine, Texas
Commercial aviators
1950 births
Military personnel from Texas

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<mask> (; November 11, 1911 – November 23, 2002), better known as <mask>, was one of Chile's best-known painters and a seminal figure in 20th century abstract expressionist and surrealist art. Biography
<mask> was of Spanish, Basque and French descent. Born in Santiago, he studied architecture and interior design at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile in Santiago, and graduated in 1935. That spring, he journeyed from Peru to Panama and completed surreal drawings of many of the geographical features he witnessed. He first encountered Europe while serving in the Merchant Marine after graduating. His travels in Europe and the USA led him to meet artists such as Arshile Gorky, René Magritte, Salvador Dalí, André Breton, and Le Corbusier. It was Breton who provided the major spur to the Chilean's direction in art, encouraging his work and introducing him to the leading members of the Paris Surrealist movement.<mask> produced illustrations and articles for Surrealist journals such as Minotaure. During this period he was introduced to the work of many prominent contemporary European artists, such as Pablo Picasso and Marcel Duchamp. The first true flowering of <mask>'s own art came in 1938, when he moved from drawing to the oil painting for which he is best known. This period coincided with his emigration to the United States, where he lived until 1948. His early paintings, such as Invasion of the Night, give an indication of the work he would continue, with diffuse light patterns and bold lines on a featureless background. This is also the period of the "inscape" series, and the closely related "psychological morphologies". Prof. Claude Cernuschi (see Boston College Matta exhibition external link below) writes, "Matta's key ambition to represent and evoke the human psyche in visual form was filtered through the writings of Freud and the psychoanalytic view of the mind as a three-dimensional space: the 'inscape'."According to the essay on Matta in Crosscurrents of Modernism (see references below), the inscapes' evocative forms "are visual analogies for the artist's psyche" (p. 241). During the 1940s and 1950s, the disturbing state of world politics found reflection in <mask>'s work, with the canvases becoming busy with images of electrical machinery and distressed figures. The addition of clay to <mask>'s paintings in the early 1960s lent an added dimension to the distortions. In his art <mask> creates new dimensions in a blend of organic and cosmic lifeforms (see biomorphism). He was one of the first artists to take this abstract leap. <mask>'s connections with Breton's surrealist movement were severed following a private disagreement concerning Arshile Gorky and his family. <mask> was accused of indirectly causing Gorky's suicide (in response to Matta's relationship with the Armenian-American painter's wife).This led to his expulsion from the group, but by this time <mask>'s own name was becoming widely known. He divided his life between Europe and South America during the 1950s and 1960s, successfully combining the political and the semi-abstract in epic surreal canvases. <mask> believed that art and poetry can change lives, and was very involved in the social movements of the 1960s and 1970s. He was a strong supporter of the socialist government of president Salvador Allende in Chile. A 4x24 meter mural of his entitled The First Goal of the Chilean People, was painted over with 16 coats of paint by the military regime of Augusto Pinochet following their violent overthrow of Salvador Allende in 1973. In 2005 the mural was discovered by local officials. In 2008 the mural was completely restored at a cost of $43,000, and it is displayed today in Santiago at the La Granja city hall.Throughout his life, Matta worked with many different types of media, including ceramic, photography, and video production. <mask> died in Civitavecchia, Italy on 23 November 2002, eleven days after his 91st birthday. <mask> was married twice: his first wife was <mask> Echaurren (née O'Connell), an American (who later married Pierre Matisse), and his second wife was Germana Ferrari. He is the father of six children. Two died prematurely, leaving his creative legacy to artists <mask>-Clark and his twin brother Sebastian, Ramuntcho <mask>, Federica <mask>, designer Alisée and writer Pablo Echaurren, whose surname was wrongly recorded at birth. Selected list of works

 Sick Flesh (ca. 1932-1933)
 The Clown (1934)
 Untitled (Payasa) (1935)
 Panama and Wet Sheets (1936)
 La Forêt, Snail’s Trace, Composición Azul, Scénario No.The Concise Encyclopedia of Surrealism. Trans. J. Griffiths. Ware, UK: Omega Books. .
Fletcher, Valerie J; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Crosscurrents of modernism : four Latin American pioneers : Diego Rivera, Joaquín Torres-García, Wifredo Lam, Matta = Intercambios del modernismo : cuatro precursores latinoamericanos : Diego Rivera, Joaquín Torres-García, Wifredo Lam, <mask> (Washington, D.C. : Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in association with the Smithsonian Institution Press, ©1992), ;
Fabrice Flahutez, Nouveau Monde et Nouveau Mythe. Mutations du surréalisme de l'exil américain à l'écart absolu 1941 - 1965. Dijon France: Les presses du réel, 2007 [French].Fabrice Flahutez, « Biologie cellulaire et fonctions mathématiques dans l’œuvre de <mask> », Art Présence, n° 51, septembre 2004, p. 32-37. [French]
Fabrice Flahutez, « La peinture de <mask>a entre cellule eucaryote et singularité de Schwarzschild», in Mélusine, n° XXVII (le surréalisme et la science), Cahiers du Centre de Recherche sur le Surréalisme (Paris 3 Sorbonne-Nouvelle), sous la dir. d’Henri Béhar, Lausanne, Éditions L’Age d’Homme, mars 2007, p. 145-153. [French]
Fabrice Flahutez, "Lecture labyrinthe et espaces spiralés: la revue Instead", in Les revues d'art, dir. R. Froissart Pezone et Y. Chevrefils-Desbioles, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2011, p. 155-165. [French]
<mask> Fiktionen, ❲cat.Exhibition Bucerius Kunst forum, Hambourg September 22, 2012 – January 6, 2013❳, Texts by Fabrice Flahutez, Alyce Mahon, Julia Drost, Werner Hofmann, Gavin Parkinson, Marga Paz, Evelyn Pechinger-Theuerkauf, Hrsg. Ortrud Westheider und Michael Philipp Sofort lieferbar, München, Hirmer Verlag GmbH, 2012. [German]

External links

 The Art of Matta
 The Pace Gallery
 Exhibitions, galleries and museums
 Art museum of the Americas (Washington DC) bio page on Matta
 Boston College, McMullen Museum of Art: material on 2004 Matta exhibition and catalogue, including discussion of his "inscapes"
 Google about <mask> Echaurren

1911 births
2002 deaths
Chilean people of Basque descent
Chilean people of French descent
Chilean people of Spanish descent
Chilean surrealist artists
Expressionist painters
Recipients of the Praemium Imperiale
People from Santiago
Chilean sculptors
Male sculptors
Surrealist artists
20th-century sculptors
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy
20th-century Chilean painters
Chilean male artists
20th-century male artists
Chilean male painters
Pontifical Catholic University of Chile alumni
Male painters

masks: Roberto Sebastián Antonio Matta Echaurren


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<mask> (17 January 1861 – 12 April 1942) was part of the second generation of the Hague School painters. Akkeringa is primarily known for his paintings and watercolours of women and playing children at the beach, women mending nets and intimate tea-time conversations. Youth
<mask> was born in Blinjoe in the Dutch East Indies. He was the second child of <mask> (1829–1863), an engineer in the tin mines of the Billiton-Company at Bangka, and later at Buitenzorg. His mother, Sariedje (born in 1842), was of mixed Chinese and Javanese ethnic origin. Following the death of his father in 1864 from typhus, <mask> moved with his brother and sister to The Hague, where they grew up in the household of his aunt. Academy
In the spring of 1878, at the age of seventeen, Akkeringa enrolled at the Royal Academy of Art in The Hague.He quickly befriended fellow student Willem de Zwart (1862–1931) and other artists studying at the academy, including Floris Verster (1861–1927) and Marius Bauer (1867–1932). It is likely that during this period Akkeringa met and became close to the artist Isaac Israëls (1865–1934). At the academy the courses Akkeringa took focussed on anatomical drawing, drawing from models, as well as studying the arts of perspective and composition. After class Akkeringa, like many of his fellow students, left the city to explore and practice the art of drawing nature, discovering that he was most inspired by the landscape around The Hague. In the spring of 1883 Akkeringa received his degree, though he continued to take classes at the academy until 1885. From August 1886 until the end of 1887 Akkeringa took a course at the Rotterdam Academy. In the same year he participated for the first time in the ‘Living Masters Exhibition’ at the Royal Academy of Art in The Hague.Art societies
Late in 1887, Akkeringa moved to The Hague. Several months later, he moved again to Loosduinen to focus entirely on his painting. During this period, the so-called ‘Loosduinse painters colony’, or ‘The Hague Barbizon’, began. Artists involved in this movement besides Akkeringa included Willem de Zwart (1862–1931), who was a great influence on Akkringas style, <mask> Breitner (1857–1923), Jan Toorop (1858–1928), Theo van Hoytema (1863–1917), <mask> Otto van Thol (1859–1902), Marius Bauer (1867–1932) and several others. The artists of the Hague School were attracted to Loosduinen and the surrounding dunes, because the area was viewed as one of the last remaining authentic natural landscapes in the region. In October 1889, Akkeringa became a member of The Hague art society, Pulchri Studio. Among others, Akkeringa and Théophile de Brock established a board for The Hague Art Circle.Unlike the Pulchri Studio, The Hague Art Circle included art forms other than painting. On 26 June 1892, <mask> Haverman proposed Akkeringa as a friend of the art society 'Arti et Amicitiae'. On 25 February 1897 <mask> along with his friend Floris Arntzenius (1864–1925), was adopted as a member of the 'Hollandsche Teekenmaatschappij', of which he was a board member from 1912 to 1917. In February 1892, <mask>, Jan Toorop, Marius Bauer and Willem de Zwart were commissioned to illustrate a collection of fairy tales published by the Amsterdam publishing house Elsevier. The book, by Louse Ahn-De Jongh, was titled A Book of Imagination, Fairy Tales and Stories and was published in 1893. From November 1892 to October 1896 Akkeringa continued to work as an illustrator for Elsevier's 'Geïllustreerd Maandschrift' (the 'Illustrated Monthly'), to earn extra money. Family life
On 15 September 1892 <mask> married his niece Willemina Suzanna (Mien) Reedijk (1866–1909), and the young couple moved to a house on the outskirts of The Hague.Shortly afterwards two sons were born, <mask> (Leo) (1893–1959) and <mask> (Jan) (1894–1983). During their marriage the couple regularly moved around the growing city of The Hague and the nearby village of Scheveningen. <mask> preferred to live in homes on the outskirts of the city; not only did the landscapes of where he lived inspire him, but often his sons and their friends became the subjects of his paintings. In April 1903 the family, including his mother-in-law, moved to the village of Heeze in the province of North Brabant. Their home was known as 'Villa Erica'. The landscape of Heeze is the subject of many of Akkeringa's paintings. In 1905 the family went to live in Scheveningen, where Akkeringa's wife Mien died on 12 December 1909.On 20 April 1917, when Akkeringa was sixty-five, he married the thirty-two-year-old Elsje Wilhelmine Enter (1895–1969). On 27 August 1921 his third son, <mask> <mask> <mask>, was born. In 1932 Akkeringa visited his oldest son Leo, who lived in Paris; it would be the only foreign trip Akkeringa would ever make. <mask> died at the age of eighty-one. He was buried on 15 April 1942 at Rusthof cemetery in Amersfoort. In May that year an exhibition was held by members of the Pulchri Studio to commemorate his life and work. On 23 March 1943 the contents of Akkeringa's studio were auctioned off by the Amsterdam auction house Frederik Muller & Cie.

Works and exhibitions
In 1903, Akkringa was offered a contract by the Amsterdam-based art dealer E.J.van Wisselingh. His work was not only exhibited in Amsterdam, but also at the London branch of the company. He participated in several international exhibitions in Hamburg (1902), Budapest (1908), Berlin (1908), Pittsburgh (1904, 1907 and 1909), Buenos Aires (1910), Brussels (1910) and the Canadian city of Winnipeg (1913). From 1903 to 1914 Van Wisselingh organized a yearly exhibition at the Pulchri Studio where the work of Akkeringa was regularly shown with, in April 1904, a joint exhibition of the works of Akkeringa and fellow Dutch Indo Jan Toorop. In mid-1909 Akkeringa built a studio in the dunes at Meijendel, between The Hague and Wassenaar. The studio was financed by Van Wisselingh and served as a classroom in which Akkeringa taught his students. In 1914 Akkeringa participated in the Venice Biennale, and the exposition ‘Tentoonstelling van werk van Nederlandsche, in Indië geboren schilders’ at the Dutch art-circle at Batavia.In 1918, Akkringa passed his secondary vocational-course at the Royal Academy of Art in The Hague, and he was appointed teacher for hand-drawing. In December 1921 <mask> had his first retrospective exhibition in the rooms of the Pulchri Studio. The exhibition was organized by the art dealer Van Wisselingh. In early 1924 <mask>'s contract with Van Wisseling, which included a monthly allowance, ended. A jubilee exhibition was organized at Pulchri Studio in January 1932 on <mask>'s seventy-first birthday. On 17 January 1932 an anniversary celebration was organized at Pulchri Studio, at which <mask> received a portfolio by his friends and admirers. In May 1942 the last retrospective exhibition of <mask>'s work opened in commemoration of the painter.After this exhibition <mask>, and mostly his work, was largely forgotten by the public. In mid-2005, the painter and his work were brought to the attention of the public again by an exhibition, organized by auction house Christie's Amsterdam, called: 'J.E.H. Akkeringa; schilders van tuin en duin'. His work is regularly sold at auction today. Prizes
 A first official token of recognition came on 28 February 1887, when <mask> won the Royal subsidy for the year 1887, by the commission of the Royal Subsidies of Arti et Amicitiae. In January 1890, <mask> won the Willink van Collen-competition with his watercolour Een Wandeling in het duin. In February 1894, he won the prize for a second time.In 1900 Akkeringa won a gold medal at the World's Fair in Paris. In 1905 Akkeringa received a silver medal from Queen Mother Emmaeen, for his work at the exhibition Gemeentelijkse Tentoonstellingen van Kunstwerken van Levende Meesters in Arnhem (derde Vierjaarlijksche). In 1909 Akkeringa again received a gold medal on the exhibition in Arnhem, and received a second gold medal in June on the exhibition X-Internationale Kunst Ausstellung in Munich. In May 1910 Akkeringa won a bronze medal with a beach view at the Exposición Internacional del Centenario in Buenos Aires. References
 Sarah de Clercq, <mask>t Hendrik <mask>, schilder van het onbezorgde leven, Schiedam 2010. External links

 His second marriage
 His death certificate
 Biography
 Wikipedia Commons
 <mask> Akkeringa artworks (paintings, watercolours, drawings), biography, pictures, images, information and signatures

1861 births
1942 deaths
Dutch people of Indonesian descent
Realism (art movement)
19th-century Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
People from the Bangka Belitung Islands
Hague School
20th-century Dutch painters
Royal Academy of Art, The Hague alumni

masks:
Johannes Evert Hendrik Akkeringa
Akkeringa
Johannes Evert Akkeringa
Akkeringa
George Hendrik
Hendrik
Hendrik
Akkeringa
Akkeringa
Akkeringa
Leonard Johannes
Johannes Evert
Akkeringa
Evert
Hendrik
Jan Akkeringa
Akkeringa
Akkeringa
Akkeringa
Akkeringa
Akkeringa
Akkeringa
Akkeringa
Akkeringa
Akkeringa
Johannes Ever
Akkeringa
Johannes Evert


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<mask><mask> (born August 17, 1937) is an American businessman who is the founder of Universal Health Services, and currently serves as the company's chairman and chief executive officer (CEO). <mask> founded the company in 1979 and it has grown to become a large provider of hospital and healthcare services in the United states. His company has annual revenues of more than $11.37 billion. In September 2020, UHS announced that consistent with the company's long-standing succession plan, <mask><mask> would step down as CEO. Early years
<mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York City, New York on August 17, 1937. His father owned a dry cleaner store and his mother worked for a millinery company. As a youth, <mask> enjoyed playing sports and worked for a delivery clerk for a grocery store.He also worked for Western Union. <mask> played basketball in high school. At 6 feet and five inches, he has a height advantage, and his team won a New York City championship in 1954. He received a full scholarship to the University of Utah. He initially started studying in the University of Utah. Ultimately,  he graduated from the College of William and Mary. He earned his MBA from The Wharton School.While  in college, <mask> joined the U.S. Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC), and was commissioned as a captain in the U.S. Army and served in the 77th Infantry Division after he completed his education. Career
<mask> began his career in the advertising industry at Young & Rubicam in New York, one of the industry's largest advertising agencies. As the agency's youngest vice president, <mask> learned about entrepreneurship and risk-taking as he worked with his clients. For example, while he was at Y&R, <mask> was instrumental in developing one of the first nationally syndicated television programs, a show called “Cooking With Graham Kerr.”

When his former Wharton roommate came to him in 1969 with an idea for a business, <mask> decided to leave the advertising industry for a new venture. His new company, called American Medicorp, would build privately owned hospitals in high growth areas—such as California, Nevada, Texas and Florida—that had few hospitals. Four years later, in 1973, the company was in financial trouble and <mask>'s partner had left the company. <mask> took over as CEO of American Medicorp and engineered a turnaround that brought attention within the healthcare industry.American Medicorp became the target of a hostile takeover by Humana in 1978. Faced with losing the company, <mask> fought Humana's takeover bid. While he was ultimately not able to thwart the takeover, he did force Humana to raise the price it paid for American Medicorp, and generated additional money for all company shareholders. The day after he lost American Medicorp to a hostile takeover, <mask><mask> started a new company in the same industry. The new company was called Universal Health Services, Inc. (UHS). Following the same formula for success that had helped him rebuild American Medicorp, <mask> has transformed Universal Health Services, Inc. from a start-up company that had six employees and zero revenue in 1979 into a Fortune 500 company that is one of the nation's largest healthcare corporations. The company currently owns more than 400 acute care hospitals, behavioral health facilities and ambulatory units, has more than 90,000 employees and generates annual revenues of more than $11.4 billion.In addition to his work with UHS, <mask> has served on the boards of directors of The Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company and Broadlane. In September 2020, consistent with the company's long-standing succession plan, UHS announced that <mask><mask> would step down as CEO. Awards
In April 1999, <mask> received the first Lifetime Achievement Award from the Federation of American Hospitals in recognition of his work. <mask> also received the FAHS Award for leadership in 1978. He was named Master Entrepreneur of the Year in 1991, an award sponsored by Ernst & Young and Merrill Lynch. In 1992, he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the University of South Carolina, and was awarded the Ellis Island Medal of Honor in recognition of his "exceptional humanitarian efforts and outstanding contributions to the country" through healthcare. He is a past recipient of the Americanism Award from the Anti-Defamation League.In 1999, he received the William & Mary Medallion, the highest award presented to alumni. In October 2007, the college awarded him the T.C. and Elizabeth Clarke Business medallion, the school's highest honor for business achievement. <mask> received the George Washington University President's Medal in 2002. He also received the Chairman's Award from the United Negro College Fund. In 2010, <mask> Award from the Horatio Alger Association. In 2019, <mask> was presented with the Distinguished Citizen Award from the Freedoms Foundation of Valley Forge, Pa. for his commitment to healthcare, serving others, and his civic leadership.In 2019, <mask><mask> received the Distinguished Civilian Award from the Ben Franklin Global Forum in recognition of his leadership and accomplishments in providing behavioral healthcare to active duty military, veterans and their families. <mask> has been the list of Modern Healthcare magazine's "100 Most Powerful People in Healthcare" for 17 consecutive years since 2003. CEO
Financial World magazine listed <mask> among the Outstanding 1000 CEOs in 1995 and 1996. In October 2014, <mask> was awarded the Innovator Award, Healthcare CEO of the Year by Philadelphia Business Journal. In May 2015, <mask> was named to Wall Street Journal's "America's Longest-Serving CEO's." In 2015, <mask> was also named among CR Magazine's 2015 Responsible CEOs of the Year. In 2019, <mask><mask> was named to the Forbes "America's Most Innovative Leaders" ranking (#95).The ranking is created by the Forbes editorial team. In 2019, <mask><mask> was named to the Philadelphia Business Journal 2019 Most Admired CEOs list. In 2019, <mask><mask> was named to the Fox Business list of 10 military veterans who became CEOs of Fortune 500 companies. In 2020, <mask><mask> was highlighted in Wall Street Journal article: New Thinking Emerges on Optimal Tenure for a CEO. In 2020, <mask><mask> was named to the longest living CEOs globally in the S&P 500 by International Business Times. References

External links
 Universal Health Services, Inc. website

Living people
Businesspeople from New York City
1937 births
People from Brooklyn
University of Utah alumni
College of William & Mary alumni
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni
American chief executives of Fortune 500 companies
American health care chief executives

masks:
Alan B
. Miller
Miller
Alan B
. Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Alan B
. Miller
Miller
Miller
Alan B
. Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Millerger
Miller
Alan B
. Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Miller
Alan B
. Miller
Alan B
. Miller
Alan B
. Miller
Alan B
. Miller
Alan B
. Miller


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<mask> (9 May 1786 – 12 April 1853) was a prominent Worcestershire ironmaster, coalmaster and senior partner in the important iron company of John Bradley & Co, Stourbridge, which was founded by his elder half-brother but greatly enlarged under his direction. As well as the Stourbridge ironworks, the business owned a number of coal and ironstone mines, furnaces, forges and other works in the Black Country and near Ironbridge. The business continued long after <mask>'s death, ultimately being incorporated as John Bradley (Stourbridge) Ltd in the early 20th century. In the late 19th century, the company was a member of the Marked Bar Association, whose members were the makers of the highest quality bar iron of the time. <mask> was also a partner in other companies including the engineering firm Foster, Rastrick and Company, which built the first steam locomotive to run on rails in the USA. He was also a banker and landowner as well as being elected Member of Parliament and appointed as Improvement Commissioner for Stourbridge, and High Sheriff of Worcestershire. Biography

<mask> was the son of Henry and <mask> (née Haden).He was born on 9 May 1786 and baptised on 11 May 1786. The family house, which still exists, was in an area of Stourbridge then called Digbeth, now numbered 7 and 8 Lower High Street. Mary's first husband, Gabriel Bradley from Stourbridge, had left her his iron business on his death in 1771. John Bradley, Mary's son by her first husband, founded the company John Bradley & Co., in 1800 taking a lease on land near the canal at Stourbridge with the aim of developing an ironworks. The deed of partnership for the company was drawn up in 1802 which granted a share in the company to Bradley's six half-brothers and sisters (which included <mask>). By 1813 only John Bradley and <mask> had shares in the company and on Bradley's death in 1816, <mask> took control of the enterprise, which included the Stourbridge Iron Works. In 1818, <mask> leased mines at Wombridge, Shropshire with an agreement to build blast furnaces there within 18 months.Foster formed a subsidiary partnership with John Urpeth Rastrick in Stourbridge which traded as Foster, Rastrick and Company. The company was in existence from 1819 to 1831, and at the leading edge of iron technology; producing a wide range of products such as blast furnaces and rolling mill equipment, sugar mills for export to the West Indies, iron 'bearers' (beams) for important buildings of the age, wrought iron rails, and four early steam locomotives. Of these 'The Agenoria' worked on the Kingswinford Railway, near Stourbridge and is now in the National Railway Museum, York. The other three were ordered by the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company and exported to the United States. The 'Stourbridge Lion' became the first steam locomotive to run on a commercial railway at Honesdale, Pennsylvania. Unfortunately it proved too heavy for the wooden track and after a few trial runs was removed. A few components remain in the Smithsonian Museum, Washington D.C.The 'New Foundry' built in 1821, with a magnificent iron roof structure spanning , produced components for the company and continued working as a foundry until early in the 21st century. For many years standing semi-derelict, the building has now been intelligently restored and is in use again as a medical centre for Stourbridge people. <mask> formed a partnership with Thomas Jukes Collier (Thomas Jukes Collier & Co), which carried out mining in the Hadley area from around 1820. On 20 February 1821, <mask> obtained a patent for "certain improvements in the manufacture of wrought malleable iron". In 1820s, <mask> entered into a partnership with George Jones and John Barker, both of Wolverhampton, to construct the Chillington Ironworks. The three partners patented an improved method of producing malleable iron in 1832. They invented a method of conveying the molten iron produced in a blast furnace into the puddling furnace without the intermediate stage of producing solid pig iron.<mask>'s first entry into politics was in 1825 when he was appointed an Improvement Commissioner for the town of Stourbridge. He lobbied for a new Improvement Act, passed in 1825, which enabled the Commissioners to construct a market hall for the town. <mask> later became a member of parliament, as a Whig, for Bridgnorth (1831–1832), although he rarely took part in debates. He served as High Sheriff of Worcestershire in 1840. In 1828, <mask> acquired the Madeley Court estate. Here he commenced mining operations, sinking 17 pits in total. Later (in 1843), <mask> had blast furnaces constructed nearby.In 1833, <mask> acquired a lease of Stourton Castle for £10,000. He subsequently modernised and added to the building, employing the architect Sir Robert Smirke to provide the designs. In 1834 <mask> met with a number of industrialists to found the Stourbridge and Kidderminster Banking Co. <mask> became the Chairman of the bank, an office he held until 1850. The first branch of the bank was sited at Park House just off Stourbridge High Street, which had been <mask>'s previous home. IN 1844, <mask> was listed as being on the Committee of Management of the company that proposed to build the Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway. A brief profile of <mask> in Griffiths' Guide to the Iron Trade of Great Britain, describes him as: "a most able and far seeing man, divested entirely of consequential airs and assumed superiority, endowed in a very remarkable degree with common sense; being afflicted with deafness, his manner sometimes appeared brusque, owing to his prompt and decisive answers. He was a decided Liberal in politics, and a truly good, kind-hearted gentleman".After his death, aged 66, which occurred on 12 April 1853, it was reported that one thousand of his workers paraded after the funeral cortege. He was interred in the family vault at St Mary's, Oldswinford. He was unmarried, and his iron business and estates were inherited by his nephew, William Orme <mask>. Businesses of James Foster
 John Bradley & Co. Founded by his half brother, John Bradley, <mask> was a partner from 1807 and sole owner from 1836. Foster, Rastrick & Co. The partnership with John Urpeth Rastrick was formed in 1819 and dissolved in 1831 with assets being absorbed by John Bradley & Co.
Thomas Jukes Collier & Co. Partnership formed in 1818 and lasted until 1837.Madley Court. Bought by <mask> in 1828 who developed mines and furnaces on the site. Chillington Coal & Iron Co. Partnership formed in 1825 with George Jones, who was the active partner. Stourbridge and Kidderminster Banking Co. <mask> was Chairman from 1834 until 1850. References

Sources
Senate House Library, University of London, John Bradley & Co (Stourbridge) Ltd., Ironfounders. Retrieved 22 April 2005. Collins, Paul (ed.); (1989) Stourbridge and its Historic Locomotives, Dudley, Dudley Leisure Services. Mutton, Norman, 'The Foster Family: a study of a Midland industrial dynasty 1786–1899' (thesis 1973: copy in Dudley Archives and Local History Centre). External links

1786 births
1853 deaths
People from Stourbridge
English ironmasters
British businesspeople in the coal industry
High Sheriffs of Worcestershire
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
British people in rail transport
UK MPs 1831–1832
19th-century British businesspeople

masks:
James Foster
James Foster
Foster
James Foster
Mary Foster
James Foster
James Foster
James Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
James Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
James Foster
Foster
James Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster


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<mask> (Belarusian: Ларыса Геніюш; August 9, 1910 - April 7, 1983) was a Belarusian poet, writer and active participant of the national movement. Biography

Childhood and youth
She was born <mask>ič in the estate Žlobaǔcy (now Vaǔkavysk raion, Grodno Region) into the family of a wealthy land-owner. She had many siblings. Hienijuš went to a Polish school, in 1928 she successfully completed Vaǔkavysk Polish Gymnasium. At that time, she got acquainted with the world literature - the Polish, Scandinavian and English classics. She also started writing poetry. Life in Prague
On 3 February she married a medical student, <mask>, who at that time was studying at Charles University, Prague.In 1937, after the birth of their son Jurka,  she joined her husband in Prague. There, one of Hienijušs' neighbors was Alexandra Kosach-Shimanovskaya, sister of Lesya Ukrainka - the author whose work has greatly influenced the Belarusian poet. Hienijuš's first published poems appeared in "Раніца", a Berlin newspaper of Belarusian emigrants in 1939. In July 1941, as a member of the Belarusian Self-Help Committee, Hienijuš issued a document to the Jewish family Wolfsohn, which they passed off as Orthodox Belarusians, although all committee members were aware that they were Jews. Because of this, the Wolfsohn family was able to survive the Second World War. In 1942, her first collection of poetry, «Ад родных ніў» was published. It was filled with nostalgia and thoughts about the fate of her homeland.When in 1939 the Red Army took over western Belarus, the poet's father, Anton Miklaševič, was shot dead and his mother and two sisters were deported to Kazakhstan. According to the will of the then President of the Belarusian People's Republic (BNR) Vasil Zacharka, <mask> <mask> was appointed Secretary General of the Government of BNR in exile in March 1943. She preserved and organised the BNR archive, took care of Belarusian immigrants, political refugees and prisoners of war. She hid the most valuable part of the archive in the location out of the reach of the NKVD and the MGB. Later, the Soviet security service tortured the poet to get hold of the archive. Arrest and conviction
After the Second World War, <mask> Hienijuš with her husband and son lived in Vimperk near Prague. 5 March 1948, they were arrested by the MGB.Both <mask> and Janka Hienijuš were kept in the prisons in Czechoslovakia and Lviv, Ukraine. In October 1948 they were transferred to a prison in Minsk. Here <mask> Hienijuš was interrogated and tortured by the BSSR Minister of State Security Lavrentiy Tsanava. On 7 February 1949, both Hienijušes were sentenced to 25 years of imprisonment. The poet served her term in the camps of the Komi ASSR. She showed an example of a phenomenal spiritual strength by bringing together Belarusians and prisoners of other nationalities, and continued writing poetry. Prisoners called her Mother and her poems - glucose, memorising them by heart and reading as a prayer.After eight years, <mask> <mask> was released in 1956. The tragic fate befell other members of Miklaševič family: the poet's mother and two sisters died in Kazakhstan in 1945; her brother, Arkadź, soldier in the Anders' Army, died on 27 July 1944 in the Battle of Monte Cassino in Italy, and another brother, Raścislaǔ, soldier in the Polish Army, died on 26 (28?) April 1945 near Berlin. Zelva years
After her release, the poet settled in her husband's home in Zelva. Both Hienijušes refused to accept the Soviet citizenship and the rest of their lives lived with a note "Stateless" in their passports. On several occasions they requested rehabilitation, but every time received a reply: “Sentenced lawfully”. KGB followed the poet everywhere, read the letters sent to her from all around the world, installed spying devices in her house.Janka <mask> was allowed to work as a doctor in the local clinic, and her wife - not for long - as a cleaner. In 1979, Janka died and the poet was allocated a meager pension. The authorities denied the poet a quiet old age; only once she was allowed to visit her son Jurka, who lived in Białystok, Poland. For nearly ten years, the poet's works were totally banned. Only in 1963, her post-imprisonment poems were published in Belarusian magazines for the first time. Thanks to the then Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the BSSR, Maksim Tank, <mask> <mask>'s first in Belarus collection of works, «Невадам зь Нёмана» was published in 1967. It was edited by Uladzimir Karatkievič pro bono.It included most of the poems from «Ад родных ніў» without some excerpts removed by censors, as well as new poems of the Zelva period. Then, for years she was allowed to publish only children’s poetry. Death and rehabilitation refusal
<mask> Hienijuš died in 1983. Thousands of people came to her burial. In 1999, the Belarusian Helsinki Committee appealed to the General Prosecutor's Office to annul an unjust sentence against both Hienijušs. The Office forwarded the appeal to the Supreme Court which refused the annulment as the poet "has no grounds for rehabilitation." However, the reasons for refusal were unknown as, according to the Court's letter, "they may only be given to the repressed person".Bibliography

Poetry
 Ад родных ніў (Prague, 1942; reprinted: Slonim, 1995)
 Невадам з Нёмана (Minsk, 1967)
 На чабары настоена.

masks:
Larysa Hienijuš
Larysa Miklašev
Janka Hienijuš
Larysa
Hienijuš
Larysa
Larysa
Larysa
Larysa
Hienijuš
Hienijuš
Larysa
Hienijuš
Larysa


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<mask> (; 20 August 1964 – 7 September 2008) was a Croatian singer-songwriter, music producer, actor and reality television star known as "the Croatian king of funk". Biography

Early life
A son of renowned actor <mask> and mother <mask> (née Tomić), <mask> was born in Split, at that time within Yugoslav republic of Croatia. He and his elder brother Dean would play alongside their father in mainstream 1970s movies and TV shows in Yugoslavia. These included Naše malo misto (1970–1971), Mater (1976),  Hajdučka vremena (1977), Priko sinjeg mora (1979), as well as the TV show Ljubav je hleb s devet kora (1990) and A Wonderful Night in Split (2004) by director Arsen A. Ostojić, a movie which achieved many honors at various film festivals. In August 1989 <mask> married his wife Danijela Kuljiš, with whom he had a daughter Ella who is today a singer. Career
Dvornik was best known to the public as a musician more so than an actor as he only took sporadic forays into acting over the years. His music had originally made him famous, earning him wide popularity across the regions of the former Yugoslavia.In the early 1980s <mask> and his brother Dean founded Kineski Zid, a pop band named after the building in which the Dvornik family lived at that time in Split. It was the first domestic funk record released in Yugoslavia. He had been a perfectionist by reputation who would lock himself in the studio for months. However, differences between the interests of the band members and the public led the band to an early breakup. Dvornik's influences included James Brown, Stevie Wonder and other funk artists. His unique style of music earned him the monikers "King of Funk" and "Funk Daddy". <mask> was also known for his changing haircuts and his taste for stylish and trendy clothes.He was a born entertainer who would keep his fans amused during and in between songs, making sure nobody would leave his shows unhappy. Wider success and personal feedback
Dvornik had been emerging on the Yugoslav music scene when the war broke out. Privately, he had been praised by many for his honesty and friendship in the true sense of the word and he also had fans all over the world, particularly amongst people originating from the former Yugoslavia. Dvornik would play shows all over Europe and in the United States. His biggest hit amongst many, arguably, is "Afrika" (taken from the 1997 album Enfant terrible). His down-to-earth, endearing attitude was much appreciated by his fans. Dvornik was described as being friendly to all, often walking and living his life in full public view; never turning away from the attention of fans, and even joining them socially in the bars and cafés.His popularity was built on a combination of intelligent song lyrics and energetic, wild stage performances. In this early stage of his career he chose his haircut and outfit to resemble Morrissey from The Smiths. At 1988 Zagreb Fest, Dvornik first made a name for himself when he received the award for best debutant for his song "Tebi pripadam" (I Belong To You). The very same year he released his first solo album, self-titled <mask>nik followed by Kreativni nered in 1989. Both became huge hits and made him a superstar in short time. After two other good albums, a studio and a live album which went unnoticed because of the war in his country, Dvornik finally switched from funk to house music in the mid 1990s. His best-known song from that period is an ode to his hometown Split, "Ništa kontra Splita", which he performed at the prestigious Split Music Festival in 1995 and eventually he won the main award for it.<mask> released Enfant terrible in 1997, his best selling and most awarded album to date. He has won several Porins, the most famous Croatian music award. Although he loved his hometown Split, he was living mainly in the Croatian capital of Zagreb for professional reasons. Dvornik was a supporter of Croatian football powerhouse Hajduk Split. Dvornik frequently expressed that the breakup of Yugoslavia had consequences on his album sales, since the market decreased and people focused on other music styles and different artists in their new originated countries during and after the war. He stood his ground on a smaller market against people who thought he was too unpredictable. The quality of his music always managed to prevail obstacles like these during his career.He would rearrange parts on his tracks until everything was the way he thought was well enough to be shared with his fans. <mask> was always anxious for his albums to be produced in high standard quality, something he was famous for ever since his early days in music. His most notable collaborations with other music artists in his country include those with Croatian music diva Josipa Lisac and his Montenegrin counterpart and close friend Rambo Amadeus. In his last years Dvornik would often get behind the turntables and deejay in various clubs. Later years
Over the years, he became the subject of the media spotlight for allegedly struggling with substance abuse. He made several attempts at drug withdrawal and even though he succeeded each time, he admitted that the drugs had ruined his health and made his life a mess. Although he was a caring husband and loving father, he would still attend parties.Dvornik tended to create a warm atmosphere wherever he went, putting people instantly in a good mood. There have been many rumors about Dvornik, mostly about his substance abuse and other shocking incidents such as apparently urinating on jury members from a gallery at an award show in the late 1990s as he did not approve with their selection of artists to be honored. At a similar public event he was spotted running around in underwear to state his disgust towards the hypocrisy and petty bourgeoisie of some people attending the show. In 2004, he starred in the movie A Wonderful Night in Split portraying a Split drug lord. The same year he became one of the first Croatian celebrities to start writing his own blog. He was later joined by his wife and his modelling daughter in doing so. In 2006, he and his family became the stars of a Croatian reality show, Dvornikovi, an entertaining show in the manner of The Osbournes.In 2008 <mask> was working on his forthcoming album, Pandorina kutija. The album was nearing completion. He had already released the first single for the summer, "Hipnotiziran". The album is due for release in October 2008. Death
On 7 September 2008, just 18 days following the celebration of his 44th birthday, <mask> died in his bed. He had been severely depressed and overdosed on antidepressants, many of which the police found in his home during the on-site investigation. His wife Danijela found him dead in bed in their apartment at 11:00 AM.Three days later Dvornik was buried at the Mirogoj Cemetery in Zagreb. Discography
 <mask> (1989)
 Kreativni nered (1990)
 Priroda i društvo (1993)
 Live in Munich (1994)
 Enfant terrible (1997)
 The Best of: Vidi ove pisme (1998)
 Big Mamma (1999)
 2002 godine u Splitu! (2001)
 Svicky (2002)
 Pandorina kutija (2008)
 <mask>nik The Ultimate Collection (2009)
 Pandorina kutija (Special Edition) + 3 new tracks + DVD (2010)

References

External links

 <mask>nik discography

1964 births
2008 suicides
20th-century Croatian male singers
Croatian pop singers
Croatian songwriters
Musicians from Split, Croatia
Yugoslav musicians
Burials at Mirogoj Cemetery
Yugoslav male singers
Indexi Award winners

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Dino Dvornik
Boris Dvornik
Diana Dvornik
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