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<mask>Red<mask> (December 3, 1902 – January 20, 1971) was a vice admiral of the United States Navy who distinguished himself in World War II, Korean War, and the Cold War, and served as Commander Military Sea Transportation Service (now Military Sealift Command) and as Executive Director for Ocean Transportation from 1961 to 1964. Early life and career
A native of Pipestone, Minnesota, <mask> attended the United States Naval Academy and graduated in 1926. He returned to the Academy as a postgraduate student in 1934. He married Harriet Pauline Howard, July 18, 1929. Admiral and Mrs. <mask> had two children, Myrtle Eugenia "Jeanne" <mask> (1940–2006) and <mask> (1946–2005). <mask> spent much of his early career at sea. He served first in the battleship  (1926–29), then was assigned to several destroyers:  (1929–30),  (1930–31)  (1931–32), and as Engineer on board  (1934–37).From 1937–1939, he served as Special Engineer, United States Navy Research Lab, Bellevue, Washington. In 1941, he was assigned as Material Officer and Commander, Destroyer Battle Force. From World War II to retirement
<mask> spent the first part of the war in seagoing commands. He served as Material Officer and Commander, Task Force 8, Alaska (1941–42) and Commander of the destroyer  (1942–44) in Destroyer Squadron 23. The latter squadron, known as the "Little Beavers", covered the initial landings in Bougainville in November 1943 and fought in 22 engagements during the next four months. For 1944–46, he served as Assistant Director, United States Navy Communications for Administration, Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Washington, D.C.

From 1946-48, <mask> served as Commander, Destroyer Squadron 5, also Destroyer Division 51, Japan-Korea area. He then returned to shore duty as Director of Recruiting, Bureau of Naval Personnel (1948–50), then as Director, Enlisted Personnel Division (1950–51).He returned to sea in 1951 as commander of the cruiser , deployed to Korea for the Korean War, a command he held until 1952. He was then assigned as Chief of Staff and Aide to the Commander, Service Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet (1952–54) and Commander, Service Squadron 3, in the evacuation of refugees from Northern Indochina (1954). In 1954, <mask> was promoted to vice admiral, and was assigned as Assistant Chief for Logistics, holding that position until 1955. He then served as Deputy Chief of Staff for Administration, Far East and U.N. Commands (1955–56), Deputy Commander, Military Sea Transportation Service (1956–58), Commander, Amphibious Group 2 (1958–59), and Commander, Military Sea Transportation Service (1959–64). Admiral <mask> retired from active duty in 1964 and then served as Vice President of Moore-McCormack Lines, Washington, D.C. (1964–71). He also served as President and Chairman of the Board of United Seamen's Service from 1961 to 1971. In 1969, he was elected Chairman of the Board of Hamilton Bank & Trust Company, based in Bailey's Crossroads, Virginia, where he was a director until his death.The admiral died on January 20, 1971, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. His wife, Harriet Howard <mask> (1902–1991) is now buried with him. Awards and honors
During his career, Admiral <mask> was awarded the Bronze Star with gold star, the Navy Cross with gold star, Legion of Merit with gold star, and the Navy Distinguished Service Medal. Navy Distinguished Service Medal citation:
The President of the United States of America, takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Distinguished Service Medal to Vice Admiral <mask> <mask>, United States Navy, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished service in a position of great responsibility to the Government of the United States during the period 1 June 1961 to 30 June 1964, as Executive Director for Ocean Transportation and as Commander Military Sea Transportation Service. Responsible for directing the complex military logistical sea lift operations of the Department of Defense, Vice Admiral <mask> succeeded in improving the responsiveness of the military sea lift in emergencies; enhanced the understanding of the complementary roles of military and merchant shipping to provide greater readiness to meet emergency demands; and made available and effectively utilized ocean shipping to meet military requirements promptly and efficiently during the Berlin build-up, the Cuban crisis and the critical periods in Southeast Asia. By his brilliant leadership, professional competence, and steadfast devotion to duty, Vice Admiral <mask> rendered valuable and distinguished service and contributed greatly to the security of the United States. Navy Cross citation:
The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting a Gold Star in lieu of a Second Award of the Navy Cross to Captain <mask> <mask>, United States Navy, for extraordinary heroism and distinguished service in the line of his profession as Commanding Officer of the Destroyer , attached to Destroyer Squadron TWENTY-THREE (DesRon 23), during a night engagement with the six enemy Japanese warships off Bougainville, British Solomon Islands, during the Battle of Empress Augusta Bay on 24 and 25 November 1943.Seeking out and fearlessly engaging a powerful enemy, Captain <mask> fought his ship with resolute courage and daring aggressiveness, frequently risking his own personal safety to press home vigorous, unrelenting attacks upon Japanese surface forces. By his extreme valor and inspiring leadership, he evoked the indomitable fighting spirit which enabled the gallant officers and men under his command to contribute materially to the crushing defeat imposed upon the enemy in the sinking of four ships and the serious damaging of two others. An expert seaman and tactician, Captain <mask> retired the Dyson from the engagement without loss or damage and his high devotion to duty and splendid conduct throughout the action were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. Navy Cross citation:
The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Captain <mask> <mask>, United States Navy, for extraordinary heroism and distinguished service in the line of his profession as Commanding Officer of the Destroyer U.S.S. DYSON (DD-509), during an engagement with Japanese naval forces at Empress Augusta Bay, off Bougainville, Solomon Islands, on the night of 1–2 November 1943. With his Task Force engaging a Japanese surface force of superior fire power, Captain <mask> hurled the full fighting strength of his ship against the enemy and, by his inspiring leadership and skilled combat tactics, aided his Task Force in sinking five hostile warships, in damaging four others and in completely routing the enemy, thereby contributing materially to the successful establishment of our beachhead on Bougainville Island. His determination, relentless fighting spirit and gallant devotion to duty upheld the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service.Legion of Merit with Combat V citation:
Awarded for Actions during World War II: Captain <mask> <mask>, United States Navy, was awarded the Legion of Merit with Combat "V" for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States during World War II. Legion of Merit citation:
Awarded for Actions during the Cold War: Vice Admiral <mask> <mask>, United States Navy, was awarded a Gold Star in lieu of a Second Award of the Legion of Merit for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States. Navy Cross with Gold Star
   Navy Distinguished Service Medal
   Legion of Merit with Gold Star
   Bronze Star with Gold Star

References

 McLendon, Winzola (1964). "Admirals Setting Sail for Retirement Day." Washington Post and Times Herald. June 21. External links

This article contains information from the Naval Historical Center and is in the public domain.Legion of Merit – Criteria, Background, and Images

 <mask> <mask> at ArlingtonCemetery•net, an unofficial website
 Legion of Valor

1902 births
1971 deaths
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Navy personnel of the Korean War
United States Navy vice admirals
United States Naval Academy alumni
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
People from Pipestone, Minnesota
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Military personnel from Minnesota

masks:
Roy Alexander "
" Gano
Gano
Gano
Gano Steele
James Alexander Gano
Gano
Gano
Gano
Gano
Gano
Gano
Gano
Roy Alexander
Gano
Gano
Gano
Roy Alexander
Gano
Gano
Gano
Roy Alexander
Gano
Gano
Roy Alexander
Gano
Roy Alexander
Gano
Roy Alexander
Gano


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<mask> (November 14, 1803 – October 10, 1895) was a Lutheran minister who played an influential role in the evolution of the Lutheran church in America. He was also an early American entomologist and a regional specialist in the study of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths). Biography
<mask> was born on November 14, 1803 in York, Pennsylvania. He was the youngest of nine children born to <mask> and <mask>. His father had emigrated from Germany in 1776 to fight in the American Revolution. His mother was from Baltimore County, Maryland. After the war, the senior <mask> settled in York, married Barbara Myers and became a successful physician.Both parents were devout members of the Lutheran Church. <mask> was baptized on January 8, 1804 in York's Christ Lutheran Church. When <mask> was five, his father died, leaving a substantial fortune to his wife and children. <mask>' oldest brother, Charles, stepped in and became the boy's guardian. <mask> studied first at York Academy, attended Princeton and then graduated from Dickinson College in 1823. He demonstrated a strong aptitude for language and became fluent in German, Greek, Latin, French, and Hebrew. After graduation at the age of twenty, <mask> decided to become a Lutheran minister.For two years he studied with Samuel Simon Schmucker, an influential but controversial Lutheran religious leader. He then studied at the Presbyterian Princeton Theological Seminary before finishing his training in 1826 at the new Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg. In October 1827, <mask> was ordained in the Lutheran ministry and began serving as pastor of the First English Lutheran Church in Baltimore. Shortly after settling in Baltimore, <mask> married Eliza Hay, member of a prominent New York family. They went on to have ten children, of whom four daughters survived to adulthood. When <mask> joined the clergy, Lutheranism faced an internal struggle between liberals who sought to align with mainstream American Protestantism and conservative German immigrants who wished to maintain their traditions and language. As pastor of First English for more than thirty years, <mask> was a leading proponent of progressive, English-speaking Lutheranism in Baltimore.He also participated in inter-denominational efforts and became president of the Baltimore Ministerial Association. When he left his parish in 1860, he continued to serve on a part-time basis at St. Mark's and Third English, both in Baltimore. <mask> was also active on state and national levels, serving seven times as president of the Maryland Synod and twice as president of the General Synod. By 1860 <mask> had served as pastor for 33 years and felt the need for a career change. He resigned his position and was appointed trustee for the new Peabody Institute. Later that same year he became the institution's first librarian, charged with building a collection that covered "every department of knowledge". <mask> quickly put together a catalog of 50,000 volumes he wanted to obtain for the new library.By the time he left the library in 1867, he had acquired 20,000 titles. Even after his departure, the catalog continued to provide guidance for book acquisitions until 1916. In addition to his religious work, <mask> had a keen interest in science, education, and history. He was one of the earliest American entomologists to specialize in the study of butterflies. In 1842 he became a founding member of the Entomological Society of Pennsylvania, the first society in America devoted to entomology. In 1846 he toured Europe, meeting with European entomologists and viewing the insect collections at some of the major museums. In 1860 <mask> published his Catalogue of the Described Lepidoptera of North America and followed with the Synopsis of the Described Lepidoptera of North America in 1862.These were the first catalogs of American butterflies written by an American. <mask> also wrote and lectured extensively on the relationship between science and religion. Unlike many of his colleagues in American entomology, he never accepted Darwinism and instead remained a supporter of Georges Cuvier's catastrophism. For many years <mask> maintained a close relationship with the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Gettysburg and its sister institution, Pennsylvania College (now Gettysburg College). He was appointed director of the seminary in 1828 and eventually served ten terms for a total of 48 years. He participated in the establishment of the college in 1832 and served on the board of trustees for 54 years. He taught zoology and natural history at the college and lectured for many years at the seminary.In 1844 <mask> organized the Linnaean Association, one of the first college natural history societies in the country. <mask> also established the Lutherville Female Seminary (and the town of Lutherville) in 1853. In 1851 <mask> was elected to membership in the Maryland Historical Society, an organization that suited his scholarly interest in history. Over the next four decades he served the society in a number of different roles and was elected president in 1895. One of his chief contributions to the Society was the effort he led to expand and improve both the library and the natural history collections. By 1885 the library held over 25,000 volumes and the museum held a substantial collection representing the flora, fauna, and geology of Maryland. In 1886 <mask> used his influence to encourage the creation of the Society for the History of the Germans in Maryland.<mask> was elected president of the new society, a position he held until his death. <mask> died on October 10, 1895. Works
<mask> was a prolific writer who published hundreds of books, pamphlets and articles on a number of subjects, including Martin Luther, the Reformation, German history, Maryland history, and the relation between science and religion. A few of his publications include:
1838 Geology and Revelation
1844 Necessities and Blessings of the Reformation
1846 Natural History as Applied to Farming and Gardening
1855 Martin Behaim, the German Astronomer
1860 Catalogue of the Described Lepidoptera of North America
1862 Synopsis of the Described Lepidoptera of North America
1874 The Lords of Baltimore
1882 Luther at Wartburg: A Reformation Story of 1521
1896 Life Reminiscences of an Old Lutheran Minister

Notes

References

1803 births
1895 deaths
American entomologists
American Lutheran clergy
Peabody Institute faculty
Dickinson College alumni
Gettysburg College faculty
American librarians
19th-century American clergy

masks:
John Gottlieb Morris
Morris
John Samuel Gottlieb Morris
Barbara Myers Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris
Morris


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Rabbi <mask> (1884–1966) was a noted Orthodox rabbi, posek ("decisor" of Jewish law) and rosh yeshiva. He is best known as the author of the work of responsa Seridei Eish. <mask> was considered a genius in his time - with mastery over both Torah and secular subjects. An insightful and introspective individual, his varying interests in Talmud, musar, Hebrew literature, Russian language, and general academia make him one of the best representatives of the tumultuous intellectual trends present in his period. Biography
<mask> was born in Poland. He studied at the yeshivas of Mir and Slabodka. In the latter, "he combined within himself Lithuanian profound understanding of Halacha with the Slabodka musar expounded by the illustrious Alter, Rabbi Nosson Tzvi Finkel."In 1906 he married 16-year-old Esther Levine, daughter of the deceased Rabbi <mask> Meir of Pilvishki. They would later divorce and rabbi <mask> would remain a bachelor. He also became rabbi of this city, both the  spiritual rabbi and crown rabbi, and served for seven years. At the outbreak of World War I, he went to Germany. There he studied at the University of Giessen. His doctoral research on Targum was supervised by Paul E. Kahle. Although Polish-born and Lithuanian-trained, <mask> "developed an extremely beautiful German prose style which was matched only by his mastery of modern Hebrew."He taught at and eventually became rector (rosh yeshiva) of the Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary in  Berlin. His students included Rabbis Menachem Mendel Schneerson, Eliezer Berkovits, Giuseppe (Yoseph) Laras and Josef Hirsch Dunner. As rosh yeshiva, <mask> emerged as a leading advocate of Neo-Orthodoxy, the German approach to Orthodox Judaism, based on the Torah im Derech Eretz of Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch. Although Torah im Derech Eretz was "an ideology that he had openly opposed in his youth," <mask> "championed" this approach during his tenure at the Hildesheimer seminary, and he "played and was to play a seminal part in the reconciliation of Torah orthodoxy with modernity." His "melding of sources, methods, and worlds was unparalleled in modern halachic literature. It required breadth and depth of knowledge that were, and remain, rare." <mask> was offered the position of head of the prestigious London Beth Din by Chief Rabbi Joseph Hertz in 1934.But following pressure from his students in Berlin, <mask> turned the offer down, after which it was offered to Dayan Yehezkel Abramsky who held the position for almost twenty years. In 1939, he fled Nazi Germany, and became trapped in the Warsaw Ghetto, where he was a prominent leader. Because of his Russian citizenship, the Germans imprisoned him together with Russian prisoners of war, enabling him to avoid the concentration camps and to survive the war. After the war, a loyal student, R. Shaul Weingort, brought him to Montreux, Switzerland, where he lived until his passing in 1966. Despite many offers of prominent rabbinic positions across the globe, R<mask> chose not to leave Switzerland, where he penned many influential and important responsa. Works
Seridei Eish ("Remnants of the Fire") Responsa dealing with halachic questions addressed to <mask> from all over the world concerning the great problems of modern life - technological, social and personal. It was first published in four volumes by Mossad Harav Kook in Jerusalem (1961, 1962 and 1966 - just before <mask>'s passing) and has been republished as Shut Seridei Eish (1999)."These four volumes have already become classics in the world of halachic literature... Like all great responsa works, [these] are - apart from their intrinsic halachic value - a faithful mirror of the time in which they were written and no doubt will become a fertile source for the research of future Jewish historians and sociologists". Mechkarim beTalmud ("Investigations of the Talmud") documents <mask>'s studies on Talmudical methodology. It was published in 1938 while <mask> was rosh yeshiva of the Orthodox Rabbinical Seminary  in Berlin. This publication laid the foundation for <mask>'s responsa. It contains not only a great number of sugyos, explained in a novel manner, but may be considered a handbook on Talmudic methodology. This work is considered "no less classical than his responsa". In it, "the traditional Lithuanian [method of study] and the modern scientific approach to the study of Talmud became an organic unity".Other works by Weinberg include:
Chidushei Baal "Seridei Eish" (Jerusalem, 2005). Li-ferakim  (2002); discussions on mussar, aggada and midrash, and contemporary issues. Kitvei ha-Gaon Rabbi <mask> <mask> <mask> zatsal (2 vols., Scranton, 1998, 2003). Pinui atsmot metim  (Berlin, 1926). External links and references

Bibliography
Shapiro, Marc B. Between the Yeshiva World and Modern Orthodoxy: The Life and Works of Rabbi Jehiel <mask>, 1884-1966. London; Portland, Or.: Littman Library 1999. Navot, Anat. Ben ha-chiloni le-mumar ha-dat ba-eit ha-chadashah : mishnatam ha-hilchatit shel ha-rabanim ha-leumiyim - Yitzchak Halevi Hertzog, Ben Tsiyon Meir Uziel ve-Yehiel <mask> <mask>. Beer Sheva: Universitat Ben-Gurion ba-Negev, 2005. Weingort, Avraham Aba. Erev iyun be-mishnato shel ha-Rav <mask>: yom ha-zikaron - 4 Shevat 5757. Jerusalem: 1997.Bleich, Judith. Between East and West : modernity and traditionalism in the writings of Rabbi Yehi’el Ya’akov <mask>. Engaging Modernity (1997) 169-273
Chamiel Ephraim, The Dual Truth, Studies on Nineteenth-Century Modern Religious Thought and its Influence on Twentieth-Century Jewish Philosophy, Academic Studies Press, Boston 2019, Vol II, pp. 368-406. Biography
Obituary by Dayan Dr. I. Grunfeld
OU biography of Rav <mask>
The Legacy of Yehiel <mask> - (Review of Shapiro, Marc B. Between the Yeshiva World and Modern Orthodoxy: The Life and Works of Rabbi Jehiel <mask>, 1884-1966.London; Portland, Or. : Littman Library 1999.) Articles and Halacha
<mask> on the Teachings of Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch (Hebrew), daat.ac.il
Partial list of specific halachic issues addressed by <mask> <mask> <mask>'s view on kol isha
Rabbi MM Schneerson, Lubavitcher Rebbe Receives Smicha From Rabbi Weinberg
Rav Avraham Abba Weingort remembers the Seridei Eish (Mishpacha Magazine)

Notes

1884 births
1966 deaths
German Orthodox rabbis
Polish Haredi rabbis
Rosh yeshivas
Swiss rabbis
20th-century rabbis
Musar movement
Burials at Har HaMenuchot
Mir Yeshiva alumni

masks:
Yechiel Yaakov Weinberg
Weinberg
Yechiel Yaakov Weinberg
Yaakov
Weinberg
Weinberg
Weinberg
Weinberg
Weinberg
Weinberg
. Weinberg
Weinberg
Weinberg
Weinberg
Weinberg
Weinberg
Yechiel
Yaakov
Weinberg
Jacob Weinberg
Yaakov
Weinberg
Weinberg
Weinberg
Weinberg
Jacob Weinberg
Jacob Weinberg
Rabbi Weinberg
Rabbi Weinbergv
Weinbergv
Weinberg


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<mask> () (born 1982 in Sumqayit, Azerbaijan) is an Azerbaijani contemporary visual artist who is best known for his surrealist weavings which integrate visual distortions into traditional oriental rugs. <mask> graduated from the sculpture program at the Azerbaijan State Academy of Fine Arts in Baku in 2004. In 2007, <mask>'s work was included in the Azerbaijan's first pavilion in the Venice Biennalle in 2013 he participated in the show “Love Me, Love Me Not” and the 11th Mercosul Visual Arts Biennial in 2018. While <mask> has created artworks in multiple media, including sculpture, video, and installation, he is best known for his surrealist sculptural textiles, which apply optical illusions in the form of often psychedelic visual manipulations (including warping, glitching, melting, pixelating, and unraveling) to traditional Islamic rugs. The textiles are manufactured by a group of skilled weavers who follow <mask>'s designs paying strict attention to traditional Azerbaijani weaving techniques. Exhibitions
<mask> has exhibited his works worldwide including group and solo exhibitions in New York, Paris, London, Berlin, Moscow, Dubai, Sharjah, Mumbai, Rome, Venice, Washington D.C., Hong Kong, Mumbai, Moscow, Azerbaijan, Sweden, Norway, Honolulu, Melbourne, and Sydney. In the past few years, <mask>’s works have been exhibited in several museums including the Museum of Fine Art Boston, Los Angeles County Museum, Bellevue Art Museum, Milwaukee Institute of Art & Design, MOCA Cleveland, Museum of Old and New Art, Tasmania, the Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome (MACRO), Pennsylvania College of Art and Design, Shangri La Museum of Islamic Art, NYU Abu Dhabi, the Textile Museum of Sweden, the Projective Eye Gallery at UNC Charlotte, New Tretyakov Gallery, Istanbul Modern and others.Additionally in 2013, he was nominated for the Jameel Prize 3 at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Collections
<mask>'s rug sculptures are held in notable public collections, including the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Seattle Art Museum, RISD Museum, Art Institute of Chicago, Seattle Art Museum, Palm Springs Museum of Art, Chrysler Museum of Art, Currier Museum of Art, Rhode Island School of Design Museum (RISD), Wake Forest University Museum; Bargoin Museum, France; MOCAK Museum of Contemporary Art, Poland; The National Gallery of Victoria, Australia; Arsenal art contemporain Montréal, Canada; The National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design, Norway. His works has also been placed in private collections such as the West Collection, Philadelphia; the collection of Beth Rudin DeWoody, New York City; Galila Barzilaï-Hollander’s collection, Brussels, Espacio SOLO, Puerta de Alcalá, Madrid; and the private collection of Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan bin Khalifa al-Nahyan, United Arab Emirates among others. Selected exhibitions
Solo exhibitions

2020

 "Faig <mask>: Dissolving Order" Aga Khan Museum. Toronto, Canada

2019

 ”<mask> <mask>” Honolulu Museum of Art. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
 “<mask> <mask>” Shangri La Museum of Islamic Art, Culture & Design, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA

2018

 “ <mask> <mask>: Nonvisual Language”  The George Washington University Museum. The Textile Museum.Washington, USA

2017

 “ <mask> <mask> Heller Gallery, New York, USA

2012

 “ Actual Tradition ”, Kicik Qalart Gallery, Baku, Azerbaijan

Group exhibitions

2020

 “A Collection in the Making. Art – Architecture – Design”. The National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design. Oslo, Norway
 “ Guests: Artists and Craftspeople ”. Istanbul Modern.Istanbul, Turkey
 “ The Russian Fairy Tale. From Vasnetsov to the Present “. New Tretyakov Gallery. Moscow Russia
 “ Still Human”. Colección SOLO. Madrid, Spain
 “Future Artifacts”  Projective Eye Gallery at UNC Charlotte Center City. The University of North Carolina, Charlotte, USA

2019

 “Off the Velvet Chest” Triumph gallery.Moscow, Russia
 “Le conseguenze dell’errore” TRA Treviso Ricerca Arte. Treviso, Italy
 “Tommy Cash and Rick Owens. The Pure and the Damned” Kumu Art Museum. Tallinn, Estonia
 "Hannah Ryggen Triennial 2019: New land" Nordenfjeldske Kunstindustrimuseum (National Museum of Decorative Arts) Trondheim, Norway
 “Tradition Interrupted” Bedford Gallery at the Lesher Center for the Arts. Walnut Creek, California, USA
 “Derived from the Decorative: Works by <mask> <mask>, Beth Lipman and Bouke de Vries”
 Cheekwood Estate and Gardens. Nashville, Tennessee, USA

2018

 “The Shapes of Birds: Contemporary Art of the Middle East and North Africa”. Newport Art Museum, Newport, Rhode Island, USA
 “<mask> <mask>” Church Fine Arts, Sheppard Contemporary.Reno, Nevada, USA
 “ The Phantom of Liberty: Contemporary Works in the RISD Museum Collection”. RISD Museum, Rhode Island, USA
 “ .OBJ ”, National Design & Craft Gallery. Castle Yard, Kilkenny, Ireland
 “ Nomadic Murals: Contemporary Tapestries and Carpets”. Boca Raton Museum of Art, Boca Raton, USA
 “ Tissage Tressage quand la sculpture defile”. Villa Datris Foundation, Paris, France
 “ The Atlantic Triangle” , the 11th Mercosul Visual Arts Biennial. Porto Alegre, Brazil
 “ Long, Winding Journeys: Contemporary Art and The Islamic Tradition” Katonah Museum of Art, Katonah, USA

2017

 NGV Triennial, National Gallery of Victoria. Melbourne, Australia.4th Ural Industrial Biennial of Contemporary Art. Russia
 " Contemporary Art in Carpets and Flying Carpet" Azerbaijan Carpet Museum, Azerbaijan, Baku
 OSTRALE – Biennale. 11th International Exhibition of Contemporary Art, Dresden, Germany

2016

 “ On the origin of art ” MONA - Museum of Old and New Art, Hobart Tasmania Australia
 “ Out of Hand ”, Museum of Applied Arts & Sciences, Powerhouse Museum, Ultimo, Sydney, Australia
 " Wall to Wall. Carpets by Artists ", Museum of Contemporary Art, Cleveland, USA
 “ FITE 2016 – REBELS ” Musée Bargoin,  Clermont-Ferrand, France
 “Atoms and Bytes: Redefining Craft in the Digital Age” Bellevue Arts Museum, Bellevue, WA, USA
 “ Repetition- Reticulation ” Milwaukee Institute of Art & Design, Milwaukee, USA
 “Islamic Art Now, Part 2. Contemporary Art of the Middle East” The Los Angeles County Museum of Art. Los Angeles, USA

2015

 "Crafted: Object in Flux" Museum of Fine Arts Boston. Boston, USA
 “Exploring Inward”.Louise Blouin Foundation. London, UK

2014

 “Threads”, Museum voor Moderne Kunst Arnhem. Holland, Arnhem At the Crossroads 2, Sotheby’s auction house’, London, UK

2013

 Venice Biennale 2013, “Love me Love me Not”, Yarat Contemporary Art Space Pavilion, Venice, Italy
 “Jameel Prize” 3 shortlist nomination Victoria & Albert Museum. London, UK

2012

 “Fly to Baku. Contemporary art from Azerbaijan”, Phillips de Pury & Company, London, UK

2011

 “On Soz”, Yarat Contemporary art space, Baku
 “Fabulous Four”, Kicik Qalart Gallery, Baku

2008

 “Steps of time”, Kunsthalle im Lipsiusbau, Dresden, Germany

2007

 “Aluminum 3”, International Biennial of Contemporary Art, Baku Azerbaijan
 52nd Venice Biennale, Azerbaijan pavilion, Venice, Italy

2006

 “Caucasus”, National Center for Contemporary Art, Moscow, Russia

Curatorial projects
2013

 Zavod, Baku Air Condition Plant building. Baku, Azerbaijan
 Exhibition "World is yours, World is mine". Baku, Azerbaijan

2017

 ARTIM LAB: 24HRS PROJECT-EXHIBITION ZERO.Baku, Azerbaijan

References

Living people
1982 births
Azerbaijani artists
Contemporary artists
21st-century Azerbaijani artists
People from Sumgait

masks:
Faig Ahmed
Ahmed
Ahmed
Ahmed
Ahmed
Ahmed
Ahmed
Ahmed
Ahmed
Faig
Ahmed
Faig
Ahmed
Faig
Ahmed
Faig
Ahmedila
Faig
Ahmed
Faig
Ahmed


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is a Japanese former professional sumo wrestler from Hokkaidō. He was the sport's 61st yokozuna and won eight top division championships. He wrestled for Kokonoe stable, as did Chiyonofuji, and the two were the first yokozuna stablemates to take part in a play-off for the championship, in 1989. After a number of injury problems he retired in 1992, and is now the head coach of Hakkaku stable. In November 2015 he was appointed chairman of the Japan Sumo Association, following the death of Kitanoumi, initially to serve until the end of March 2016. He was then elected as head for a full term by his fellow board members in a vote held on March 28, 2016, and re-elected in 2018 and 2020. Early life
Hoshi was born in Hiroo, Hokkaidō.An uncle was an acquaintance of former yokozuna Kitanofuji, who by then had retired from competition and was running Kokonoe stable, and at his invitation Hoshi moved to Tokyo. Upon leaving school, his first appearance in the ring was March 1979, aged just 15, using his real name as his shikona or ring name. Also starting at the same time was future yokozuna Futahaguro. Makuuchi
It took him four years to reach the second-highest jūryō division in March 1983, aged 19, the same time as fellow Tokachi district rival Ōnokuni entered the top division. By this time his stablemate Chiyonofuji had been promoted to yokozuna. <mask> made his debut in the top makuuchi division in September 1983. He changed the spelling of his shikonas given name to  in November 1985.In March 1986 at the sekiwake rank he won his first yūshō or tournament championship with a record of thirteen wins and two losses. Despite this impressive result he was not immediately promoted to the second-highest ōzeki rank as he had not done particularly well in the previous two tournaments, only managing 30 wins in the most recent three tournaments when 33 is generally required. It also did not help his cause that there were already five ōzeki, leaving the Sumo Association with no incentive to loosen the promotion criteria. However, he carried on producing excellent results with an 11–4 in May, and then went 12–3 in July, securing his promotion for the September tournament. Futahaguro was promoted to yokozuna at the same time. At this point, his coach decided a new ring name was appropriate. He wished to acknowledge his home district of Tokachi, but the kanji for it literally means "ten wins" and it was felt that this might be bad luck, limiting his wins in any tournament to ten.As a compromise he adopted the surname Hokutoumi, taking  ("win") from the second kanji in Tokachi, but pronouncing it to like the first kanji in the district's name. He also changed the spelling of Nobuyoshi back to his legal way. Yokozuna
After his second tournament title in March 1987 and a runner-up performance in May, he was promoted to yokozuna for the July tournament. In 1988 he suffered a severe back injury which kept him out of three tournaments. It also appeared he would miss the start of the January 1989 tournament, but it was delayed due to the death of the emperor, and he went on to win the tournament. He also won the May tournament. In July, he took part in an historic play-off with Chiyonofuji – the first time ever that two yokozuna from the same stable had met in the ring (the rules of sumo state that wrestlers from the same stable can only fight each other in a play-off).On the last day of the March 1990 tournament, he fought in a rare three-way play-off with ōzeki Konishiki and sekiwake Kirishima. In a play-off, wrestlers fight each other in turn, the first to win two consecutive bouts winning the tournament. First, <mask> fought Konishiki and lost. Konishiki was then drawn up against Kirishima. Konishiki only needed to win this bout for the tournament, but Kirishima won. Next was Kirishima against <mask>, Kirishima needing just this bout for his first yūshō. <mask> won.<mask> then beat Konishiki in the next bout, thus winning the tournament. On the fourteenth day of the March 1991 tournament, he injured his left knee during a bout with Ōnokuni, but managed to go on to win the tournament with 13 wins. After this, Hokutoumi had many absences due to his knee. In October 1991 he was awarded the Japan Festival Trophy after winning an exhibition tournament at the Royal Albert Hall in London. At the start of 1991 there were four yokozuna, but Chiyonofuji retired in May 1991, Ōnokuni in July and Asahifuji in January of the next year (1992), leaving <mask> the sole yokozuna. Left with this responsibility he struggled on, but he withdrew from the March 1992 tournament after losing his first two matches to Mitoizumi and Kushimaumi, and announced his retirement shortly before the May 1992 tournament at the age of 28 years and 10 months. Citing shoulder, elbow and knee injuries, he said he had "lost my fighting spirit to continue training."In the space of just one year, all four yokozuna had retired. Hokutoumi had fought 29 basho as yokozuna. Following his retirement, there were no yokozuna on the banzuke for the first time in 60 years, and sumo went without one for the next eight months, until the promotion of Akebono in January 1993. Retirement from the ring
Following his retirement Hokutoumi became a member of the Japan Sumo Association with the toshiyori name Hakkaku-oyakata. He opened up his own training stable, Hakkaku stable, which has had four top division wrestlers, Hokutōriki, Kaihō, Okinoumi, and Hokutofuji. He occasionally appears on NHK sumo broadcasts as a commentator and analyst. On December 18, 2015, he was appointed chairman of the Japan Sumo Association, after former chairman Kitanoumi died in office on November 20, 2015.He had been serving as an executive director of the board under Kitanoumi since 2012. His appointment lasted until the end of March 2016. He then won a contested ballot on March 28, 2016, defeating Takanohana, and was confirmed for a further two-year term. He was re-elected on March 26, 2018, for another two-year term. Also he was re-elected unanimously at the board of directors on March 23, 2020. Taking advantage of his abundant work experience and broad perspective, such as the general manager of the public relations department and the general manager of the business department, he implements various reforms and fan services as the chairman. In January 2017, the "Social Contribution Department" was established for the purpose of supporting areas affected by various disasters.At the Nagoya Basho in July of the same year, a donation box was set up in the venue to support the areas affected by the heavy rains in northern Kyushu, and he said, "I hope it helps." Fighting style
Hokutoumi was primarily an oshi-sumo specialist, preferring pushing and thrusting techniques that got his opponents out of the ring as quickly as possible. He had a powerful tachi-ai, or initial charge, and his specialty was nodowa, a single-handed push to the throat. To do this he would lock up his opponent's right arm with his left (a technique known as ottsuke) and thrust with his right. His most common winning kimarite by far were oshi-dashi and yori-kiri, which together accounted for around 60 percent of his wins at sekitori level. When fighting on the mawashi he preferred a migi-yotsu (left hand outside, right hand inside) grip. He said in an interview with Channel 4 television that the technique he most enjoyed was tsuri-dashi or lift out, although he was only credited with this kimarite once in official tournament competition (against Terao in November 1989).Career record

See also
Glossary of sumo terms
List of sumo elders
List of past sumo wrestlers
List of sumo tournament top division champions
List of sumo tournament top division runners-up
List of sumo tournament second division champions
List of yokozuna

References

External links

Hokutoumi's basho results from January 1989
complete biography and basho results (Japanese)

1963 births
Living people
Japanese sumo wrestlers
Yokozuna
Sumo people from Hokkaido
Kokonoe stable sumo wrestlers

masks: Hokutoumi Hokutoumi Hokutoumi Hokutoumi Hokutoumi Hokutoumi


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<mask> (born 18 July 1972), also known as <mask>, is a New Zealand conspiracy theorist, blues musician and guitarist, businessman and former political candidate. During the 2020 New Zealand general election, <mask>ka attracted media coverage both as the leader of the fringe New Zealand Public Party and for his promulgation of conspiracy theories. Both <mask>ka and the Public Party opposed the New Zealand Government's lockdown restrictions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. <mask>, who lives in Whangārei, is the son of Māori musician <mask>. Early life and musical career
<mask> is the son of Māori musician <mask>, who played with the New Zealand rock band The Human Instinct. His mother is Pākehā. He grew up in Māngere, Auckland.<mask> followed in his father's footsteps and became a guitarist; like his father he was also called the "Māori Hendrix" by some. Since 1993, he has toured internationally, performing with artists such as George Thorogood, Jimmy Barnes, The Neville Brothers, Ian Moss, Junior Wells, Little Willy Foster, and Joe Satriani. He has performed at festivals, including the Sydney Blues & Roots Festival and the Fiji International Jazz and Blues Festival. He also led a band called "The Groove Shakers." <mask> joined the New Zealand Army as he wanted to be an SAS soldier but served as a private in the Royal New Zealand Army Logistic Regiment between September 2001 and January 2003. During that time he attended military intelligence courses. According to the Stuff Circuit documentary "False Profit," <mask>ka left the Army after he was involved in a drunken brawl sparked by when he allegedly verbally insulted a colleague with a speech impediment.Following his stint in the army, he trained as a police recruit in Porirua between May and July 2003. <mask> claimed that he left the New Zealand Police after they overlooked his admission that he had been caught smoking glue at the age of 16 years. <mask> alleged that the Police did not want him to report that two police officers who had covered up his glue smoking incident. Based on this experience, <mask> claimed that the New Zealand Government was corrupt. According to the Stuff Circuit documentary "False Profit", he was eliminated from the Police training programme since he had supplied false identification that did not match his fingerprints. The documentary also questioned <mask>'s claim that he had served full-time in the Police in 2003. According to "False Profit," <mask>ka was also involved in a financial dispute with the organizers of the 2013 Queenstown Jazz Festival.The festival proved to be unprofitable with <mask>ka left with significant debts. <mask>ka alleged that the organisers had attempted to take advantage of his brand. According to the musicians Petra Rjinbeek and Maggie Cocco, <mask>ka bullied fellow musicians and neglected to pay them for their gigs and expenses. Both Coco and Rjinbeek also alleged that <mask>ka, who identifies as a Christian, was sexually promiscuous and harassed women. In July 2016, <mask> announced plans to host a festival in the Northland Region, establishing a company called the World Indigenous Festival New Zealand with himself as its CEO. The venture received the support of Helen Clark, the former New Zealand Prime Minister and the head of the United Nations Development Programme. Several taxpayer-funded bodies invested in the festival, including Te Puni Kōkiri and Sport New Zealand each invested $20,000.The festival, scheduled to take place in 2019, did not go ahead. Sport NZ and Auckland Council's economic growth agency ATEED later stated that they did not give <mask>ka permission to use their corporate logos in material pitching their support. In the summer of 2018/19, <mask>ka and Irish vocalist Ronan Kavanagh toured Northland as part of the AA Solar Summer Music Series. In November 2018, <mask> and his father played at the Old Parakao Store Cafe/Bar in Pakotai. In October 2019, <mask> Jr. held a "Road to Chicago" tour across New Zealand as a warm-up to his tour of the United States in early 2020. Between January and mid-February 2020, he toured the United States, performing with blues guitarist and singer Buddy Guy in Chicago on 13 January. Political career

Founding of the New Zealand Public Party
During the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand, <mask> founded the New Zealand Public Party, which was launched on 11 June 2020.The Public Party campaigned against the Government's COVID-19 Public Health Response Act 2020 and opposed the United Nations, 5G technology, 1080 poison, fluoridation and electromagnets. <mask>ka spread misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic, alleging that the pandemic would enable globalist leaders to implement UN agendas that would subjugate people, and that billionaires had developed weaponised viruses and patented treatments for these viruses to enslave humanity. According to media reports, <mask>ka had researched fringe ideas circulating on social media platforms like Facebook and YouTube. His social media posts and live broadcasts were initially circulated for his Facebook friends, but gained a wider following and reached 30,000 views by May 2020. The popular reception to these broadcasts inspired him to found the Public Party. Since the Public Party had missed the deadline to register with the Electoral Commission for the 2020 New Zealand general election, <mask>ka attempted to merge his party with Hannah Tamaki's Vision NZ and the New Zealand Outdoors Party but was unsuccessful. On 26 July 2020, the Public Party announced an electoral alliance with independent Member of Parliament Jami-Lee Ross' Advance New Zealand party.Under this coalition arrangement, <mask> and Ross became co-leaders of the merged party. <mask> contested the Māori electorate of Te Tai Tokerau and had the top list ranking on Advance's list. In early August 2020, <mask> urged his party's supporters not to abuse the Outdoors Party's leadership after the Outdoors Party had rejected an offer to merge with the Public Party in April. However, he also alleged that the Outdoors Party's supporters had been abusive towards the Public Party. Following a second outbreak of COVID-19 community transmission in Auckland, <mask> participated in an anti-lockdown protest in Aotea Square that had been organised by Facts NZ and the Kotahitanga Movement Aotearoa. On 16 August, his Public Party was recognised by the Electoral Commission as a component party of Advance New Zealand. Election campaigning and opposition to lockdown
On 12 September 2020, <mask> and fellow Advance NZ co-leader Ross took part in a "National Rally for Freedom" rally in Auckland's Aotea Square opposing the Government's COVID-19 lockdown, which attracted thousands of people.In October 2020 it was revealed that <mask>'s paid weekly interviews with New Zealand conspiracy theorist Vinny Eastwood had violated electoral law as they did not include a legally-required promoter statement. The Electoral Commission took no action as <mask>hika's sponsorship had been disclosed. Election results and post-election events
The 2020 general election was held on 17 October. <mask> came fourth in the Te Tai Tokerau electorate 1,349 votes; the seat was won by incumbent Labour Member of Parliament Kelvin Davis. The Advance NZ coalition gained one percent of the party vote (28,429 party votes), well below the five percent level needed to enter Parliament. As such, <mask> did not enter Parliament. Following the election, <mask> alleged that it had been rigged and that Advance NZ ballots had been disqualified because voters added comments or smiley faces to their ballots.He also claimed that 200,000 votes had been not been properly counted. He refused to accept the election result and said he planned a tally of Advance voters to prove the official process was corrupt. The Electoral Commission disputed <mask>'s allegations that adding comments to a ballot would invalidate them and rejected his allegation about the 200,000 lost votes. In a later post, he said that his figure of 200,000 was a mistake but stuck to his claim that Advance voters' ballots had been disqualified for writing comments and drawing smiley faces on them. On 26 October, <mask> severed ties with Advance NZ after its election failure, stating that he had decided not to continue with the party. Later that day, <mask> issued a statement clarifying that he was not severing relations with Advance NZ but was rather restoring its "autonomy." <mask> also vowed not to step down as party leader and reiterated his support for Advance NZ.In mid-November 2020, Newsroom and Newshub reported that <mask> and his NZ Public Party were locked in a dispute with Advance NZ over the ownership of party policies and access to funds within an ASB Bank account. On 6 November, Ross sent a letter to <mask> and the NZ Public Party claiming that the policies that the parties had co-written were owned and copyrighted by Advance NZ. In addition, the NZ Public Party claimed that the ASB account was a shared account while Advance NZ's lawyer Graeme Edgeler contended that the account belonged to them. Ross also threatened <mask> with legal action in response to the latter's claims that Ross and his party committed theft and misconduct. On 14 January 2021, <mask> led a "freedom rally" outside the New Zealand Parliament. The rally opposed the Government's COVID-19 lockdown, 1080 usage, water fluoridation, Communist China, and the United Nations, and expressed support for United States President Donald Trump. The rally was attended by between 100 and 150 people with <mask> being accompanied by private security.On 19 February, <mask> announced the dissolution of the NZ Public Party, which he had briefly renamed the Freedom Party, but vowed to continue his activist work via social media. On 18 August 2021, <mask>ka led an anti-lockdown protest in the Auckland CBD that was attended by anti-lockdown activists and COVID-19 deniers. He was arrested by local police 43 minutes into his rally. <mask>ka reportedly cooperated with the authorities, allowing police to take him away as soon as possible to reduce the chance of his assorted supporters causing trouble. On 19 August, <mask> pleaded not guilty to violating two charges under the COVID-19 Public Health Response Act 2020 and one charge under the Search and Surveillance Act. He was granted bail to reappear in court on October 2021. In early September, a judge granted <mask>ka an exemption to continue his online sermons while awaiting trial.In December 2021, <mask>ka criticised other groups and leaders opposing the Government's COVID-19 restrictions in a video livestream, alleging there was dissension within the movement. He claimed that Destiny Church leader Brian Tamaki would use his Freedom and Rights Coalition (TFRC) to recruit people into his church. <mask>ka also criticised the anti-vaccination group Voices For Freedom and farmer advocacy organisation Groundswell NZ for allowing only approved messaging on protest signs. <mask>ka criticised Groundswell for suppressing anti-vaccination messages at their marches. In response to <mask>'s remarks, Tamaki disputed <mask>'s claims there were dissension within the anti-lockdown movement and denied that he was trying to recruit people into his church. A Groundswell spokesperson emphasised that the organisation was focusing on advocating for farmers and rural New Zealanders and denied <mask>'s claim that the group was aligned with the National Party. Prosecution
In September 2021 <mask>hika was charged with filing a false electoral donation and obtaining $15,000 by deception.Name suppression lapsed and he was identified in October 2021. Community involvement and public image
Between 2009 and 2010, <mask> was involved with Holden's "Driving Towards a Future" programme, which sought to educate young drivers about road safety issues like drink driving, speeding and personal responsibility. Between August and October 2011, <mask>ka led a music tour to help The Salvation Army raise funds for families affected by the 2011 Christchurch earthquake. In October 2019, <mask>ka organised a special benefit concert to raise support for Auckland's homeless community called the "Blues For the Homeless," which played in Milford. Until late August 2020, <mask>ka served as an ambassador for the anti-domestic violence charity White Ribbons. Following his controversial remarks about COVID-19 and other issues, White Ribbons severed relations with <mask>ka on the grounds that his remarks undermined the trust's evidence-based approach. This suspension accompanied an Advance NZ/NZ Public Party video falsely alleging that the New Zealand Government had passed legislation forcing people to take a COVID-19 vaccine.<mask> defended his remarks and stance, claiming that the Government was corrupt and that COVID-19 was "nothing worse than a flu." <mask> also alleged that he was the target of an international assassin. As leader of the NZ Public Party, <mask> advocated on behalf of a woman known as "L.K.," who was imprisoned in late August after she and her children breached managed isolation in Hamilton to attend her husband's funeral. <mask>ka described her as a "brave and courageous woman" who had "touched" his heart through her experience. He also claimed that he had lobbied the Government into releasing her after seven days. An investigation by Stuff Circuit, reported in October 2020, found that <mask>ka had misrepresented the New Zealand Government as backing a feasibility study to install solar power in 20 hotels in Samoa. In addition, <mask>ka unsuccessfully attempted to solicit NZ$30,000 from a businessman to establish an investment bank in Samoa.In January 2021 news website "thisquality" reported that that <mask> Kahika used a $200,000 loan given to him for a housing project for the homeless to instead purchase a Land Rover Discovery and fund his political movement, and that <mask>ka had admitted being under investigation over the matter. Personal life
At age 21, <mask> was baptised as a member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. He later joined the Seventh Day Adventist Reform Movement, and was re-baptised by the denomination on 13 December 2014, aged 42. Views and positions
According to University of Otago religion scholar Deane Galbraith, <mask>ka's conspiracy theories about COVID-19 and the New World Order are rooted in evangelical Christian End Times theology. <mask>ka's opposition to the alleged "New World Order" has led him to support US President Donald Trump. In June 2020, <mask>ka made remarks in a Facebook Live video criticising the formation of Israel and propagating conspiracy theories related to the Rothschild family and Jewish control over the global financial system. In addition, he also claimed that Zionism was the "rape and infiltration" of Jewish identity and religion and described Judaism as a "Satanic deception."The New Zealand Jewish Council spokesperson Juliet Moses, Jewish spiritual leader Yaakov Brown, sociologist Paul Spoonley, and historian Sheree Trotter have criticised <mask>hika for promoting anti-Semitism. Notes and references

1972 births
Living people
21st-century New Zealand politicians
New Zealand anti-communists
New Zealand conspiracy theorists
Christian conspiracy theorists
COVID-19 conspiracy theorists
5G conspiracy theorists
New Zealand male guitarists
New Zealand guitarists
New Zealand Māori people
Leaders of political parties in New Zealand
People from Whangārei
Unsuccessful candidates in the 2020 New Zealand general election
Political party founders
Antisemitism in New Zealand

masks:
William Desmond Te Kahika Junior
Billy TK Junior
Te Kahi
Te Kahi
Te Kahika
Billy TK
Te Kahika Junior
Billy TK
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Kahi
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Kahi
Te Kahi
Te Kahi
Te Kahi
Te Kahi
Te Kahika
Te Kahi
Te Kahi
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Kahi
Te Kahi
Te Kahi
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Ka
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Kahi
Te Kahi
Te Kahika
Te Kahi
Te Kahi
Te Kahi
Te Kahi
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Ka
Te Kahika
Te Kahi
Te Kahi
Te Kahi
Te Kahi
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Kahika
Te Kahi
Te Kahi
Te Kahi
Billy Te
Te Kahi
Te Kahika
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<mask> (born August 28, 1947) is an American college basketball coach who was most recently the head coach at the University of South Alabama. Playing career
<mask> was a two-year All-Lone Star Conference honoree and a three-year letterman at Southwest Texas State (presently named Texas State). He graduated with a bachelor's degree in health and physical education in 1969. Coaching career

<mask> served as head coach at San Jacinto College in Pasadena, Texas from 1977 to 1987 where he tallied a record of 302–43 and guided the Ravens to 10 Texas Junior College Athletic Conference titles as well as NJCAA championships in 1983, 1984 and 1986. He was named the NJCAA Region XIV Coach-of-the-Year in 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987 and the national Coach-of-the-Year in 1983 and 1986. His 1985–86 squad led the nation in scoring, averaging 101 points per game. South Alabama
Arrow was named head coach of the Jaguars on July 1, 1987 and in his seven seasons as the Jaguars coach, <mask> compiled a record of 114–93.<mask> was named Sun Belt Coach of the Year in 1989 after guiding the Jaguars to both the regular and post-season tournament SunBelt titles. South Alabama finished with a 23–9 mark, a first round NCAA Tournament victory over cross-state rival Alabama before falling 91–82 to the eventual national champion Michigan in the second round. The Jags finished the season ranked 24th in the country. Following the 1990–1991 season, <mask> was named the Sun Belt Conference Coach-of-the-Year for the second time after engineering the most dramatic turnaround in league history. That year, his Jaguars became the first SunBelt squad ever to leap from last to first place in a single season. Projected to finish fifth in the conference, South Alabama went on to capture the league crown with an 11–3 mark. The Jags finished the season with a 22–9 record, swept through the Sun Belt Tournament and advanced to the NCAA Tournament before falling to Utah in the first-round.Over the years, <mask> developed a reputation in the collegiate basketball circles for up-tempo, high-scoring teams. His squads led the Sun Belt Conference in scoring four of his seven seasons at South Alabama. His 1988–89 squad set a school and league record 91 points per game average and five of his seven teams tallied at least 80 points per game. <mask> was dismissed by then university president Frederick Whiddon in the fall of 1994 after beginning that season 1–3 and suffering losses in his final two games by 68 and 46 points. Junior World Cup Team
In the summer of 1989, <mask> coached the United States Junior World Cup Team to a perfect 7–0 record and the gold medal at the Pan-American Basketball Confederation (COPABA) Junior World Championship in Uruguay. Among his players were future NBA stars Grant Hill, Calbert Cheaney and Allan Houston. Texas A&M–Corpus Christi
Arrow is the first basketball coach at TAMCC and started the program as a Division I school after it had gone 25 years without a basketball program.He got the job thanks to a recommendation from Tim Floyd. <mask> began the Islanders program in July 1998. <mask> guided A&M–Corpus Christi to an impressive 13–13 mark in year one of the project. The Islanders, winners of five-consecutive games to close the season, turned some heads early with their 76–74 upset of 2000 NCAA-Tournament qualifier, Samford in the first round of the Holiday Tribune Classic. A&M-Corpus Christi even took its cracks at "Goliath" as well. In the finals of the Holiday Tribune Classic, the Islanders were tied 34–34 with Iowa State, the eventual champion of the Big 12 Conference and a team that advanced to the Elite Eight. Arrow put Texas A&M–Corpus Christi on the national map in 2003 when they were ranked in the top-25 Mid-Major Poll nearly the entire season last year and even received votes in the ESPN/USA Today Top-25 Coaches Poll during the 2004–2005 season.His Islanders got immediate attention when they took down Florida State, 70–67 on the Seminoles home court on Nov 22, 2004, then followed that up with an upset win over Old Dominion, handing the Monarchs one of their five losses in the regular season. During his tenure, <mask> led the Islanders to wins over such programs as Texas Tech and Texas A&M, as well as 2004 NCAA Tournament-qualifier Murray State. During the 2000–01 campaign, <mask>'s Islanders notched a 14–14 record, which included an 86–80 victory over Texas Tech in Lubbock. Under his direction, the Islanders eclipsed the 100-point barrier six times en route to an 85.5-point per game average, which would have ranked third in the country if not for TAMUCC's "provisional" status. Michael Hicks finished off his brilliant two-year career by posting 26.7 points per contest, which would have ranked second among all NCAA Division I scorers. He gained all-region honors following the season. In 2007 <mask> and the Islanders earned their first berth in the NCAA Tournament at Midwest Regional as the #15 seed.They lost 76–63 to #2 seed Wisconsin in the first round. <mask> was 134–91 in eight years at A&M-Corpus Christi. His last three years, the Islanders were 66–23. They won the Southland Conference regular-season and tournament titles and made the school's first NCAA appearance in 2007, losing to number 2 seed, Wisconsin in the first round after leading by 18 pts. He was named the 2007 Southland Conference Coach of the Year. South Alabama (II)
On April 17, 2007 <mask> returned for a second tenure at South Alabama. He inherited a veteran team left by John Pelphrey, who left for the University of Arkansas.<mask> intended to employ an up-tempo style and build on the success of a South Alabama club that went 44–19 the last two years under Pelphrey. On January 24, 2009, in a game against the University of Louisiana at Lafayette's Ragin' Cajuns, <mask> contested the winning shot, claiming that the buzzer sounded before the Cajuns' Randell Daigle made the 3-point shot to win the game. After reviewing the video, <mask> argued with officials while a sports intern from KLFY-TV filmed the incident. There has been no official complaint filed with the Sun Belt Conference or with South Alabama over the ordeal. <mask> abruptly announced his retirement from the University of South Alabama on December 19, 2012. The Jaguars had a 5–5 record at the time. He was succeeded on an interim basis by associate head coach Jeff Price.Awards
 1983 NJCAA National Coach of the Year
 1983 NJCAA Region XIV Coach of the Year
 1984 NJCAA Region XIV Coach of the Year
 1986 NJCAA National Coach of the Year
 1986 NJCAA Region XIV Coach of the Year
 1987 NJCAA Region XIV Coach of the Year
 1989 Sunbelt Conference Coach of the Year
 1991 Sunbelt Conference Coach of the Year
 2007 Southland Conference Coach of the Year
 2008 Sunbelt Conference Coach of the Year

<mask> and his wife, Nelda, have one daughter, Ailey. In junior college, <mask> coached several players who went onto enjoy careers in the NBA: Walter Berry, Alton Lister, Ladell Eackles and Larry Spriggs. Bachelor of Science, Southwest Texas State, 1969
Master of Education, Sam Houston State, 1972
Before becoming a college coach, <mask> served as head coach at Pasadena (Texas) High School. References

1947 births
Living people
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Texas
Basketball players from Houston
College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Junior college men's basketball coaches in the United States
Sam Houston State Bearkats men's basketball coaches
South Alabama Jaguars men's basketball coaches
Sportspeople from Mobile, Alabama
Texas A&M–Corpus Christi Islanders men's basketball coaches
Texas State Bobcats men's basketball players

masks:
Ronnie Lee Arrow
Arrow
San Jacinto Arrow
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<mask>, 1st <mask> of Bewdley,  (3 August 186714 December 1947) was a British Conservative statesman who dominated the government of the United Kingdom between the world wars, serving as Prime Minister on three occasions, from May 1923 to January 1924, from November 1924 to June 1929, and from June 1935 to May 1937. Born to a prosperous family in Bewdley, Worcestershire, <mask> was educated at Hawtreys, Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge. He joined the family iron and steel making business and entered the House of Commons in 1908 as the Member for Bewdley, succeeding his father Alfred. He served as Financial Secretary to the Treasury (1917–1921) and President of the Board of Trade (1921–1922) in the coalition ministry of David Lloyd George and then rose rapidly: in 1922, <mask> was one of the prime movers in the withdrawal of Conservative support from Lloyd George; he subsequently became Chancellor of the Exchequer in Bonar Law's Conservative ministry. Upon Bonar Law's resignation for health reasons in May 1923, <mask> became Prime Minister and Leader of the Conservative Party. He called an election in December 1923 on the issue of tariffs and lost the Conservatives' parliamentary majority, after which Ramsay MacDonald formed a minority Labour government. After winning the 1924 general election, <mask> formed his second government, which saw important tenures of office by Sir Austen Chamberlain (Foreign Secretary), Winston Churchill (at the Exchequer) and Neville Chamberlain (Health).The latter two ministers strengthened Conservative appeal by reforms in areas formerly associated with the Liberal Party. They included industrial conciliation, unemployment insurance, a more extensive old-age pension system, slum clearance, more private housing and expansion of maternal care and childcare. However, continuing sluggish economic growth and declines in mining and heavy industry weakened <mask>'s base of support. His government also saw the General Strike in 1926 and introduced the Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act 1927 to curb the powers of trade unions. <mask> narrowly lost the 1929 general election and his continued leadership of the party was subject to extensive criticism by press barons Lord Rothermere and Lord Beaverbrook. In 1931, with the onset of the Great Depression, Labour Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald formed a National Government, most of whose ministers were Conservatives, and which won an enormous majority at the 1931 general election. As Lord President of the Council and one of four Conservatives among the small ten-member Cabinet, <mask> took over many of the Prime Minister's duties when MacDonald's health deteriorated.This government saw an Act delivering increased self-government for India, a measure opposed by Churchill and by many rank-and-file Conservatives. The Statute of Westminster 1931 gave Dominion status to Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, while taking the first step towards the Commonwealth of Nations. As party leader, <mask> made many striking innovations, such as clever use of radio and film, that made him highly visible to the public and strengthened Conservative appeal. In 1935, <mask> replaced MacDonald as prime minister and won the 1935 general election with another large majority. During this time, he oversaw the beginning of British rearmament and the abdication of King Edward VIII. <mask>'s third government saw a number of crises in foreign affairs, including the public uproar over the Hoare–Laval Pact, the remilitarisation of the Rhineland, and the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. <mask> retired in 1937 and was succeeded by Neville Chamberlain.At that time, <mask> was regarded as a popular and successful prime minister, but for the final decade of his life and for many years afterwards he was vilified for having presided over high unemployment in the 1930s and as one of the "Guilty Men" who had tried to appease Adolf Hitler and who had supposedly not rearmed sufficiently to prepare for the Second World War. Today, modern scholars generally rank him in the upper half of British prime ministers. Early life: family, education and marriage
<mask> was born at Lower Park House (Lower Park, Bewdley) in Worcestershire, England, to Alfred and Louisa  (MacDonald<mask>, and through his mother was a first cousin of the writer and poet Rudyard Kipling, with whom he was close for their entire lives. A summer spent with Kipling and his sister with the freedom of farm and Forest at Loughton in 1877 was seminal in the development of both boys. The family was prosperous, and owned the eponymous iron and steel making business that in later years became part of Richard Thomas and Baldwins. <mask>'s schools were St Michael's School, at the time located in Slough, Berkshire, followed by Harrow School. He later wrote that "all the king's horses and all the king's men would have failed to have drawn me into the company of school masters, and in relation to them I once had every qualification as a passive resister."<mask> then went on to the University of Cambridge, where he studied history at Trinity College. His time at university was blighted by the presence, as Master of Trinity, of Henry Montagu Butler, his former headmaster who had punished him at Harrow for writing a piece of schoolboy smut. He was asked to resign from the Magpie & Stump (the Trinity College debating society) for never speaking, and, after receiving a third-class degree in history, he went into the family business of iron manufacturing. His father sent him to Mason College for one session of technical training in metallurgy as preparation. As a young man he served briefly as a second lieutenant in the Artillery Volunteers at Malvern, and in 1897 became a JP for the county of Worcestershire. <mask> married Lucy Ridsdale on 12 September 1892. Following the birth of a still-born son in January 1894, the couple had six surviving children:
 Lady Diana Lucy <mask> (born 8 April 1895, died 1982)
 Lady Leonora <mask> (born 10 July 1896, died 1989)
 Lady Pamela Margaret <mask> (born 16 September 1897, died 14 August 1976)
 Major Oliver Ridsdale <mask>, 2nd <mask> of Bewdley (born 1 March 1899, died 10 August 1958)
 Lady Esther Louisa (Betty<mask> (born 16 March 1902, died 1981)
 Arthur Windham <mask>, 3rd <mask> of Bewdley (born 22 March 1904, died 5 July 1976)

<mask>'s youngest daughter, Lady Betty, was severely injured by shrapnel in March 1941 as a result of a bombing raid which destroyed the Café de Paris nightclub she was attending and decapitated the famous bandleader Ken "Snakehips" Johnson.She required facial reconstruction surgery from the pioneering surgeon Archibald MacIndoe. <mask> proved to be adept as a businessman, and acquired a reputation as a modernising industrialist. He inherited £200,000, , and a directorship of the Great Western Railway on the death of his father in 1908. Early political career
In the 1906 general election he contested Kidderminster but lost amidst the Conservative landslide defeat after the party split on the issue of free trade. In a by-election in 1908 he was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Bewdley, in which role he succeeded his father, who had died earlier that year. During the First World War he became Parliamentary Private Secretary to the party leader Bonar Law. In 1917 he was appointed to the junior ministerial post of Financial Secretary to the Treasury, where he sought to encourage voluntary donations by the rich to repay the United Kingdom's war debt, writing letters to The Times under the pseudonym 'FST', many of which were published.He relinquished to the Treasury one fifth of his own fortune (its total estimated at own account as £580,000) held in the form of War Loan stock worth £120,000. Joins Cabinet

Although he entered politics at a relatively late age, his rise to the top leadership was very rapid. In the Treasury he served jointly with Sir Hardman Lever, who had been appointed in 1916, but after 1919 <mask> carried out the duties largely alone. He was appointed to the Privy Council in the 1920 Birthday Honours. In 1921 he was promoted to the Cabinet as President of the Board of Trade. Chancellor of the Exchequer
In late 1922 dissatisfaction was steadily growing within the Conservative Party over its coalition with the Liberal David Lloyd George. At a meeting of Conservative MPs at the Carlton Club in October, <mask> announced that he would no longer support the coalition, and famously condemned Lloyd George for being a "dynamic force" that was bringing destruction across politics.The meeting chose to leave the coalition, against the wishes of most of the party leadership. As a direct result Bonar Law was forced to search for new ministers for a Cabinet which he would lead, and so promoted <mask> to the position of Chancellor of the Exchequer. In the November 1922 general election the Conservatives were returned with a majority in their own right. Prime Minister: First term (1923–1924)

In May 1923 Bonar Law was diagnosed with terminal cancer and retired immediately; he died five months later. With many of the party's senior leading figures standing aloof and outside of the government, there were only two candidates to succeed him: Lord Curzon, the Foreign Secretary, and <mask>. The choice formally fell to King George V acting on the advice of senior ministers and officials. It is not entirely clear what factors proved most crucial, but some Conservative politicians felt that Curzon was unsuitable for the role of prime minister because he was a member of the House of Lords.Curzon was strong and experienced in international affairs, but his lack of experience in domestic affairs, his personal character quirks and his huge inherited wealth and many directorships at a time when the Conservative Party was seeking to shed its patrician image were all deemed impediments. Much weight at the time was given to the intervention of Arthur Balfour. The King turned to <mask> to become prime minister. Initially <mask> was also Chancellor of the Exchequer whilst he sought to recruit the former Liberal Chancellor Reginald McKenna to join the government. When this failed he appointed Neville Chamberlain to that position. The Conservatives now had a clear majority in the House of Commons and could govern for five years before holding a general election, but <mask> felt bound by Bonar Law's pledge at the previous election that there would be no introduction of tariffs without a further election. Thus <mask> turned towards a degree of protectionism which would remain a key party message during his lifetime.With the country facing growing unemployment in the wake of free trade imports driving down prices and profits, <mask> decided to call an early general election in December 1923 to seek a mandate to introduce protectionist tariffs which, he hoped, would drive down unemployment and spur an economic recovery. He expected to unite his party but he divided it, for protectionism proved a divisive issue. The election was inconclusive: the Conservatives had 258 MPs, Labour 191 and the reunited Liberals 159. Whilst the Conservatives retained a plurality in the House of Commons, they had been clearly defeated on the central issue: tariffs. <mask> remained prime minister until the opening of the new Parliament in January 1924, when his administration was defeated in a vote on its legislative programme set out in the King's Speech. He offered his resignation to George V immediately. Leader of the Opposition (1924)
<mask> successfully held on to the party leadership amid some colleagues' calls for his resignation.For the next ten months, an unstable minority Labour government under Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald held office. On 13 March 1924, the Labour government was defeated for the first time in the Commons, although the Conservatives decided to vote with Labour later that day against the Liberals. During a debate on the naval estimates the Conservatives opposed Labour but supported them on 18 March in a vote on cutting expenditure on the Singapore military base. <mask> also cooperated with MacDonald over Irish policy to stop it becoming a party-political issue. The Labour government was negotiating with the Soviet government over intended commercial treaties – 'the Russian Treaties' – to provide most favoured nation privileges and diplomatic status for the UK trade delegation; and a treaty that would settle the claims of pre-revolutionary British bondholders and holders of confiscated property, after which the British government would guarantee a loan to the Soviet Union. <mask> decided to vote against the government over the Russian Treaties, which brought the government down on 8 October. The general election held in October 1924 brought a landslide majority of 223 for the Conservative party, primarily at the expense of an unpopular Liberal Party.<mask> campaigned on the "impracticability" of socialism, the Campbell Case, the Zinoviev letter (which <mask> thought was genuine, and the Conservatives leaked to the Daily Mail at a most damaging time to the Labour campaign; the letter is now widely believed to have been a forgery) and the Russian Treaties. In a speech during the campaign <mask> said:

It makes my blood boil to read of the way which Mr. Zinoviev is speaking of the Prime Minister today. Though one time there went up a cry, "Hands off Russia", I think it's time somebody said to Russia, "Hands off England". Prime Minister: Second term (1924–1929)

<mask>'s new Cabinet now included many former political associates of Lloyd George: former Coalition Conservatives: Austen Chamberlain (as Foreign Secretary), Lord Birkenhead (Secretary for India) and Arthur Balfour (Lord President after 1925), and the former Liberal Winston Churchill as Chancellor of the Exchequer. This period included the General Strike of 1926, a crisis that the government managed to weather, despite the havoc it caused throughout the UK. <mask> created the Organisation for the Maintenance of Supplies, a volunteer body of those opposed to the strike which was intended to complete essential work. At <mask>'s instigation Lord Weir headed a committee to "review the national problem of electrical energy".It published its report on 14 May 1925 and in it Weir recommended the setting up of a Central Electricity Board, a state monopoly half-financed by the Government and half by local undertakings. <mask> accepted Weir's recommendations and they became law by the end of 1926. The Board was a success. By 1939 electrical output was up fourfold and generating costs had fallen. Consumers of electricity rose from three-quarters of a million in 1920 to nine million in 1938, with annual growth of 700,000 to 800,000 a year (the fastest rate of growth in the world). One of his legislative reforms was a paradigm shift in his party. This was the Widows, Orphans and Old Age Contributory Pensions Act of 1925, which provided a pension of 10 shillings a week for widows with extra for children, and 10 shillings a week for insured workers and their wives at 65.This transformed Toryism, away from its historic reliance on community (particularly religious) charities, and towards acceptance of a humanitarian welfare state which would guarantee a minimum living standard for those unable to work or who took out national insurance. In 1927, he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society. Leader of the Opposition (1929–1931)
In 1929 Labour returned

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 to office as the largest party in the House of Commons (although without an overall majority) despite obtaining fewer votes than the Conservatives. In opposition, <mask> was almost ousted as party leader by the press barons Lords Rothermere and Beaverbrook, whom he accused of enjoying "power without responsibility, the prerogative of the harlot throughout the ages". Ramsden argues that <mask> made dramatic permanent improvements to the organisation and effectiveness of the Conservative Party. He enlarged the headquarters with professionals, professionalised the party agents, raised ample funds, and was an innovative user of the new mass media of radio and film. Lord President of the Council (1931–1935)
By 1931, as the economy headed towards crisis, both in Britain and around the world, with the onset of the Great Depression, <mask> and the Conservatives entered into a coalition with Labour Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald.This decision led to MacDonald's expulsion from his own party, and <mask>, as Lord President of the Council, became de facto prime minister, deputising for the increasingly senile MacDonald, until he once again officially became prime minister in 1935. One central and vitally important agreement was the Statute of Westminster 1931, which conferred full self-government upon the Dominions Canada, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand, while preparing the first steps towards the eventual Commonwealth of Nations, and away from the designation 'British Empire'. In 1930, the first British Empire Games sports competition was held successfully among Empire nations in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. His government then secured with great difficulty the passage of the landmark Government of India Act 1935, in the teeth of opposition from Winston Churchill, spokesman for the die-hard imperialists who filled the Conservative ranks. Disarmament
<mask> did not advocate total disarmament but believed that, as Lord Grey of Falloden had stated in 1925, "great armaments lead inevitably to war". However he came to believe that, as he put it on 10 November 1932: "the time has now come to an end when Great Britain can proceed with unilateral disarmament". On 10 November 1932 <mask> said:

I think it is well also for the man in the street to realise that there is no power on earth that can protect him from being bombed.Whatever people may tell him, the bomber will always get through, The only defence is in offence, which means that you have to kill more women and children more quickly than the enemy if you want to save yourselves...If the conscience of the young men should ever come to feel, with regard to this one instrument [bombing] that it is evil and should go, the thing will be done; but if they do not feel like that – well, as I say, the future is in their hands. But when the next war comes, and European civilisation is wiped out, as it will be, and by no force more than that force, then do not let them lay blame on the old men. Let them remember that they, principally, or they alone, are responsible for the terrors that have fallen upon the earth. This speech was often used against <mask> as allegedly demonstrating the futility of rearmament or disarmament, depending on the critic. With the second part of the Disarmament Conference starting in January 1933, <mask> attempted to see through his hope of air disarmament. However he became alarmed at Britain's lack of defence against air raids and German rearmament, saying it "would be a terrible thing, in fact, the beginning of the end". In April 1933 the Cabinet agreed to follow through with the construction of the Singapore military base.On 15 September 1933 the German delegate at the Disarmament Conference refused to return to the Conference and Germany left altogether in October. On 6 October <mask>, in a speech to the Conservative Party Conference in Birmingham, pleaded for a Disarmament Convention and then said:

when I speak of a Disarmament Convention I do not mean disarmament on the part of this country and not on the part of any other. I mean the limitation of armaments as a real limitation...and if we find ourselves on some lower rating and that some other country has higher figures, that country has to come down and we have to go up until we meet. On 14 October Germany left the League of Nations. The Cabinet decided on 23 October that Britain should still attempt to cooperate with other states, including Germany, in international disarmament. However between mid-September 1933 and the beginning of 1934 <mask>'s mind changed from hoping for disarmament to favouring rearmament, including parity in aircraft. In late 1933 and early 1934 he rejected an invitation from Hitler to meet him, believing that visits to foreign capitals were the job of Foreign Secretaries.On 8 March 1934 <mask> defended the creation of four new squadrons for the Royal Air Force against Labour criticisms and said of international disarmament:

If all our efforts for an agreement fail, and if it is not possible to obtain this equality in such matters as I have indicated, then any Government of this country—a National Government more than any, and this Government—will see to it that in air strength and air power this country shall no longer be in a position inferior to any country within striking distance of our shores. On 29 March 1934 Germany published its defence estimates, which showed a total increase of one-third and an increase of 250% in its air force. A series of by-elections in late 1933 and early 1934 with massive swings against government candidates—most famous was Fulham East with a 26.5% swing— convinced <mask> that the British public was profoundly pacifist. <mask> also rejected the "belligerent" views of those like Churchill and Robert Vansittart because he believed that the Nazis were rational men who would appreciate the logic of mutual and equal deterrence. He also believed war to be "the most fearful terror and prostitution of man's knowledge that ever was known". Prime Minister: Third term (1935–1937)

With MacDonald's health in decline, he and <mask> changed places in June 1935: <mask> was now prime minister, MacDonald Lord President of the Council. In October that year, <mask> called a general election.Neville Chamberlain advised <mask> to make rearmament the leading issue in the election campaign against Labour and said that if a rearmament programme was not announced until after the election, his government would be seen as having deceived the people. However, <mask>
<mask>'s younger son A. Windham <mask>, writing in 1955, argued that his father, <mask>, had planned a rearmament programme as early as 1934 but had to do so quietly to avoid antagonising the public, whose pacifism was revealed by the Peace Ballot of 1934–35 and endorsed by both the Labour and the Liberal oppositions. His thorough presentation of the case for rearmament in 1935, his son argued, defeated pacifism and secured a victory that allowed rearmament to move ahead.On 31 July 1934, the Cabinet approved a report that called for expansion of the Royal Air Force to the 1923 standard by creating 40 new squadrons over the next five years. On 26 November 1934, six days after receiving the news that the German air force would be as large as the RAF within one year, the Cabinet decided to speed up air rearmament from four years to two. On 28 November 1934, Churchill moved an amendment to the vote of thanks for the King's Speech: "the strength of our national defences, and especially our air defences, is no longer adequate". His motion was known eight days before it was moved, and a special Cabinet meeting decided how to deal with the motion, which dominated two other Cabinet meetings. Churchill said Germany was rearming and requested that the money spent on air armaments be doubled or tripled to deter an attack and that the Luftwaffe was nearing equality with the RAF. <mask> responded by denying that the Luftwaffe was approaching equality and said it was "not 50 per cent" of the RAF. He added that by the end of 1935 the RAF would still have "a margin of nearly 50 per cent" in Europe.After <mask> said that the government would ensure the RAF had parity with the future German air force, Churchill withdrew his amendment. In April 1935, the Air Secretary reported that although Britain's strength in the air would be ahead of Germany's for at least three years, air rearmament needed to be increased; so the Cabinet agreed to the creation of an extra 39 squadrons for home defence by 1937. However, on 8 May 1935, the Cabinet heard that it was estimated that the RAF was inferior to the Luftwaffe by 370 aircraft and that to reach parity, the RAF must have 3,800 aircraft by April 1937, an extra 1,400 above the existing air programme. It was learnt that Germany was easily able to outbuild that revised programme as well. On 21 May 1935, the Cabinet agreed to expanding the home defence force of the RAF to 1,512 aircraft (840 bombers and 420 fighters). On 22 May 1935 <mask> confessed in the Commons, "I was wrong in my estimate of the future. There I was completely wrong."On 25 February 1936, the Cabinet approved a report calling for expansion of the Royal Navy and the re-equipment of the British Army (though not its expansion), along with the creation of "shadow factories" built by public money and managed by industrial companies. The factories came into operation in 1937. In February 1937, the Chiefs of Staff reported that by May 1937, the Luftwaffe would have 800 bombers, compared to the RAF's 48. In the debate in the Commons on 12 November 1936, Churchill attacked the government on rearmament as being "decided only to be undecided, resolved to be irresolute, adamant for drift, solid for fluidity, all-powerful to be impotent. So we go on, preparing more months and years – precious, perhaps vital, to the greatness of Britain – for the locusts to eat". <mask> replied:

I put before the whole House my own views with an appalling frankness. From 1933, I and my friends were all very worried about what was happening in Europe.You will remember at that time the Disarmament Conference was sitting in Geneva. You will remember at that time there was probably a stronger pacifist feeling running through the country than at any time since the War. I am speaking of 1933 and 1934. You will remember the election at Fulham in the autumn of 1933.... That was the feeling of the country in 1933. My position as a leader of a great party was not altogether a comfortable one. I asked myself what chance was there... within the next year or two of that feeling being so changed that the country would give a mandate for rearmament? Supposing I had gone to the country and said that Germany was rearming and we must rearm, does anybody think that this pacific democracy would have rallied to that cry at that moment!I cannot think of anything that would have made the loss of the election from my point of view more certain.... We got from the country – with a large majority – a mandate for doing a thing that no one, twelve months before, would have believed possible. Churchill wrote to a friend: "I have never heard such a squalid confession from a public man as <mask> offered us yesterday". In 1935 <mask> wrote to J. C. C. Davidson in a letter now lost that said of Churchill: "If there is going to be a war – and no one can say that there is not – we must keep him fresh to be our war Prime Minister". Thomas Dugdale also claimed <mask> said to him: "If we do have a war, Winston must be Prime Minister. If he is in [the Cabinet] now we shan't be able to engage in that war as a united nation". The General Secretary of the Trades Union Congress, Walter Citrine, recalled a conversation he had had with <mask> on 5 April 1943: "<mask> thought his [Churchill's] political recovery was marvellous. He, personally, had always thought that if war came Winston would be the right man for the job".The Labour Party strongly opposed the rearmament programme. Clement Attlee said on 21 December 1933: "For our part, we are unalterably opposed to anything in the nature of rearmament". On 8 March 1934, Attlee said, after <mask> defended the Air Estimates, "we on our side are out for total disarmament". On 30 July 1934, Labour moved a motion of censure against the government because of its planned expansion of the RAF. Attlee spoke for it: "We deny the need for increased air arms...and we reject altogether the claim of parity". Sir Stafford Cripps also said on that occasion that it was fallacy that Britain could achieve security through increasing air armaments. On 22 May 1935, the day after Hitler had made a speech claiming that German rearmament offered no threat to peace, Attlee asserted that Hitler's speech gave "a chance to call a halt in the armaments race".Attlee also denounced the Defence White Paper of 1937: "I do not believe the Government are going to get any safety through these armaments". Abdication of Edward VIII
The accession of King Edward VIII, and the ensuing abdication crisis, brought <mask>'s last major test in office. The new monarch was "an ardent exponent of the cause of Anglo-German understanding" and had "strong views on his right to intervene in affairs of state," but the "Government's main fears... were of indiscretion." The King proposed to marry Wallis Simpson, an American woman who was twice divorced. The high-minded <mask> felt that he could tolerate her as "a respectable whore" as long as she stayed behind the throne but not as "Queen Wally". Mrs. Simpson was also distrusted by the government for her known pro-German sympathies and was believed to be in "close contact with German monarchist circles". During October and November 1936, <mask> joined the royal family in trying to dissuade the King from that marriage, arguing that the idea of having a twice-divorced woman as the Queen would be rejected by the government, by the country and by the Empire and that "the voice of the people must be heard."As the public standing of the King would be gravely compromised, the Prime Minister gave him time to reconsider the notion of this marriage. According to the historian Philip Williamson, "The offence lay in the implications of [the King's] attachment to Mrs. Simpson for the broader public morality and the constitutional integrity which were now perceived—especially by <mask>—as underpinning the nation's unity and strength." News of the affair was broken in the newspapers on 2 December. There was some support for the wishes of the King, especially in and around London. The romantic royalists Churchill, Mosley, and the press barons, Lord Beaverbrook of the Daily Express and Lord Rothermere of the Daily Mail, all declared that the king had a right to marry whichever woman he wished. The crisis assumed a political dimension when Beaverbrook and Churchill tried to rally support for the marriage in Parliament. However, the King's party could muster only 40 Members of Parliament in support, and the majority opinion sided with <mask> and his Conservative government.The Labour leader, Clement Attlee, told <mask> "that while Labour people had no objection to an American becoming Queen, [he] was certain they would not approve of Mrs. Simpson for that position", especially in the provinces and in the Commonwealth countries. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Cosmo Lang, held that the King, as the head of the Church of England, should not marry a divorcée. The Times argued that the

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