text_chunks:
 purported to be a "map" (codex) documenting the 1531 apparition of the <mask> as Our Lady of Guadalupe that Luis Becerra Tanco claimed to have seen in the introduction to his 1666 defense of the apparition tradition. Sigüenza writings on Guadalupe were not extensive, but he encouraged Becerra Tanco and <mask> Florencia to pursue the topic. Because of his association with these early documents, Sigüenza played a significant role in the development of the Guadalupe story. He was a devotee of the Virgin, and wrote Parnassian poems to her as early as 1662. But his most lasting impact on the history of the apparition was his assertion that the Nican mopohua, the Nahuatl-language rendition of the narrative, was written by Antonio Valeriano, a conception that persists to this day.He further identified Fernando Alva <mask> as the author of the Nican motecpana. This declaration was stimulated by <mask> Florencia's Polestar of Mexico, which claimed that the original Nahuatl account had been written by Franciscan Fray Jerónimo <mask>. Creole patriotism and the triumphal arch to welcome the viceroy in 1680

In 1680, he was commissioned to design a triumphal arch for the arrival of the new Viceroy, Cerda <mask>. Sor Juana Inés <mask> Cruz was commissioned to design the only other one, which were erected in the Plaza de Santo Domingo, near the main square or Zócalo. No image of the triumphal arches is known to be extant, but both Sigüenza and Sor Juana wrote descriptions of the works. <mask>'s work was entitled Theater of Political Virtues That Constitute a Ruler, Observed in the Ancient Monarchs of the Mexican Empire, Whose Effigies Adorn the Arch Erected by the Very Noble Imperial City of Mexico. Sigüenza's title was meant to convey to the new viceroy that his tenure in office was in a long line of Mexican monarchs.On the arch were images of all twelve Aztec rulers, "each taken to embody different political virtues. Also represented was the god Huitzilopochtli, whom Sigüenza claimed was not a deity but a "chieftain and leader of Mexicans in the voyage that by his command was undertaken in search of the provinces of Anahuac." Sigüenza's gigantic wooden arch (90 feet high, fifty feet wide) was a manifestation of creole patriotism that embraced the florescence of the Aztecs as a source of their own pride in their patria. He hoped that "on some occasion the Mexican monarchs might be reborn from the ashes to which oblivion had consigned them, so that, like Western phoenixes, they may be immortalized by fame" and be recognized as having "heroic ... imperial virtues." Sigüenza praised the arch that Sor Juana had designed, but hers took the theme of Neptune in fable and did not manifest any explicit theme "contribut[ing] to the growth of creole patriotism." Ideas about the ancient Mexicans

Sigüenza's ideas about the ancient Mexicans were informed by the hugely valuable manuscripts from Alva Ixtlilxochitl, but he also developed ideas of his own about the origin of the Mexicans. He was one of the first persons, during Spanish rule, to dig around the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan.He took Italian traveler Giovanni Francesco Gemelli Careri to that ancient site. <mask>'s ideas about the origins of the ancient Mexicans were influenced by German Jesuit Athanasius Kircher, who saw ancient Egypt as the source of all natural wisdom. <mask> embraced Kircher's ideas and in the publication accompanying his triumphal arch for the arrival of the new viceroy, Theater of Political Virtues That Constitute a Ruler, "he boldly pronounced that the Mexican Indians were the descendants of the Naphtuhim, the son of Misraim, founder and ruler of Egypt," and further asserted that Naphtuhim was a variation on the name Neptune, the ruler of Atlantis, populated by Egyptian colonists. In advocating an Egyptian origin for the ancient Mexicans, he rejects Franciscan fray <mask> Torquemada's dismissal of that theory. <mask>, also as opposed to Torquemada, believed that St Thomas the Apostle evangelized Mexico and identified him with Quetzalcoatl. He gave notice that a pamphlet entitled Phoenix of the West. St Thomas found with the name of Quetzalcoatl would be published, but whether he wrote it or not is unclear, since many of Sigüenza's works remain in title only.1692 Mexico City riot

Considering the small proportion of the Spanish population in Mexico as opposed to the Indian and mixed-race casta populations and that the fact that there had been few challenges to Spanish rule since the early sixteenth-century conquest, likely meant the huge riot on June 8, 1692 was a shock to Spaniards. A mob of Indians and castas partially destroyed the viceregal palace and the building of the city council (cabildo or ayuntamiento). Painter Cristóbal <mask>'s 1696 painting of the Zócalo still shows the damage to the viceregal palace from the mob's attempt to burn it down. Sigüenza wrote a lengthy "racy, vivid account of the riot...he also offered a fascinating profile of his own reactions to the dramatic events." It is a major source for the Spanish version of events, published as "Letter of <mask> <mask> y Góngora to Admiral Pez Recounting the incidents of the Corn Riot in Mexico City, June 8, 1692." In 1692, there was a severe drought in New Spain and a disease attacking wheat, called in Nahuatl "chiahuiztli". The crown sought sources of corn outside the general sourcing area for the capital, but the price of corn rose significantly.This caused a severe shortage of food for the poor. Tensions rose significantly in the capital, and came to a flashpoint when neither the viceroy nor the archbishop, to whom the crowd of petitioners appealed as legitimate authorities, would meet directly with them. Following the failed attempt to get any official audience or promise of aid, the crowd began throwing stones and set fire to the major buildings around the capital's principal square. Sigüenza saved most of the documents and some paintings in the archives, at the risk of his own life. This act preserved a considerable number of colonial Mexican documents that would otherwise have been lost. Scholars have noted the importance of the 1692 riot in Mexican history. Later career and death
In 1693, he (along with Admiral <mask> Pez <mask>), set sail from Veracruz, Mexico and discovered the East Bay River of Florida and the land where the city of Navarre is now located.In 1694, he retired from the University. His final years were marked by even more financial and personal troubles. He became ill, with what physicians identified as either gallstones or kidney stones and he was in considerable pain. His patron the Archbishop Aguiar <mask> died and Sigüenza lost his lucrative post of Chief Almoner. He also lost the position of University Accountant. The death of his patron the Archbishop was clustered with the death of Sigüenza's father and favorite brother. His dear friend Sor Juana Inés <mask> Cruz died and he delivered the eulogy at her funeral.In November 1699, <mask> was named corregidor general (book examiner) for the Inquisition, a position that paid little and which took up considerable time vetting books for possible heresy. As his health deteriorated in these circumstances, <mask> prepared for the eventuality of his death, which came in 1700. A scientist to the end, he requested that his body be autopsied, so that physicians could determine what had afflicted him. He explicitly laid out the reasons and concerned that this radical step might be opposed on religious or other grounds by his relatives, he said "I ask in God's name that this [autopsy] be done for the common good, and I command my heir not to interfere, for it matters little that this be done to a body which, within a few days, must be corruption and decay." The autopsy revealed a kidney stone the size of a peach. Sigüenza left his library and scientific instruments to the Jesuit Colegio Máximo de San Pedro y San Pablo in Mexico City. He was buried at the chapel of this Colegio, which could point to his having been reconciled with the Order.He also left a number of unpublished manuscripts, only fragments of which survived the expulsion of the Society of Jesus from the viceroyalty in 1767. Works

Oriental planeta evangélica, epopeya sacropanegyrica al apostol grande de las Indias S. Francisco Xavier (1662). Primavera indiana, poema sacrohistórico, idea de María Santíssima de Guadalupe (1662). Glorias de Querétaro (1680) (poem)
Teatro de virtudes políticas que constituyen a un Príncipe (1680). [Theater of Political Virtues That Constitute a Ruler, Observed in the Ancient Monarchs of the Mexican Empire, Whose Effigies Adorn the Arch Erected by the Very Noble Imperial City of Mexico]
Glorias de Querétaro en la Nueva Congregación Eclesiástica de María Santíssima de Guadalupe... y el sumptuoso templo (1680). Libra astronomica y filosofica (1681). Manifiesto philosóphico contra los cometas despojados del imperio que tenían sobre los tímidos (1681).Triunfo parthénico que en glorias de María Santíssima... celebró la... Academia Mexicana (1683). Parayso Occidental, plantado y cultivado en su magnífico Real Convento de Jesüs María de México (1684). Piedad heróica de Don Hernando Cortés, Marqués del Valle (1689). Infortunios que Alonso Ramírez natural de la ciudad de S. Juan de Puerto Rico padeció... en poder de ingleses piratas (1690). Libra astronómica y philosóphica en que...examina... lo que a [Sigüenza's] Manifiesto... contra los Cometas... opuso el R.P. Eusebio Francisco Kino (1691).Relación de lo sucedido a la armada de Barloventoen la isla de Santo Domingo con la quelna del Guarico (1691). Trofeo de la justicia española en el castigo de la alevosía francesa (1691). Letter of <mask> <mask> y Góngora to Admiral Pez Recounting the incidents of the Corn Riot in Mexico City, June 8, 1692 (1692)
Descripción del seno de Santa María de Galve, alias Panzacola, de la Mobila y del Río Mississippi (1693). Mercurio volante con la noticia de la recuperacion de las provincias de Nuevo Mexico (1693)
Elogio fúnebre de Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (1695). See also
List of Roman Catholic scientist-clerics

Further reading

Brading, D.A. The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492–1867. New York, Cambridge University Press 1991.In Spanish
 12,000 Minibiografías. Panama City: Editorial América, 1991. García Puron, Manuel, Mexico y sus gobernantes, v. 1. Mexico City: Joaquín Porrúa, 1984. <mask> Sigüenza <mask>óngora, Historias del Seno Mexicano, José Francisco Buscaglia Salgado, ed., intro. Havana: Casa de las Américas, 2009. <mask> Sigüenza <mask>, Infortunios de Alonso Ramírez: Edición crítica de José F. Buscaglia, José F. Buscaglia Salgado, ed., intro., Madrid: Polifemo/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2011.Orozco Linares, Fernando, Gobernantes de México. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1985, . Peraza-<mask>, A. Margarita, Llámenme el mexicano: los almanaques y otras obras de <mask> de Sigüenza y Góngora. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2013. Currents in Comparative Romance Languages and Literatures Series. Vol. 215.Solchaga Zamudio, Noé and Solchaga Peña, Luisa A., Efemérides Mexicanas, v. 1. Mexico City: Editorial Avante, 1992. External links

 A chronology of his life
 El Mercurio Volante, An Electronic Edition (in English)
 Carlos Sigüenza y Góngora in Polymath Virtual Library of Ignacio Larramendi Foundation

References

People of New Spain
1645 births
1700 deaths
Mexican cartographers
Mexican historians
Historians of Mexico
Mexican philosophers
17th-century Mexican people
Mexican scientists
Mexican male poets
Mexican male writers
Historians of Mesoamerica
Mexican Mesoamericanists
Novohispanic Mesoamericanists
17th-century Mesoamericanists
17th-century historians
Aztec scholars
National Autonomous University of Mexico faculty
Catholic clergy scientists
People from Mexico City
17th-century cartographers
17th-century Mexican writers
17th-century male writers
Baroque

masks:
Virgin Mary
Francisco de
de Ixtlilxochitl
Francisco de
de Menta
y Aragón
de la
Sigüenza
Sigüenza
Sigüenza
Juan de
Sigüenza
de Villalpando
Don Carlos
de Sigüza
Andrés de
y Malzarraga
y Seijas
de la
Sigüenza
Sigüenza
Don Carlos
de Sigüza
Carlos de
y G
Carlos de
y Góngora
Rley
Carlos


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<mask> (born  <mask>d: 21 April 1881 – 23 June 1963) was a German politician (SPD). She is remembered, in particular, for her contributions on women's issues and social policy more generally. During the Nazi years she was involved in what came to be termed "antifascist resistance", spending much of the period in prison. She was married twice, and may be identified in sources, using her first married name, as <mask>. Life

Family provenance and early years
<mask> was born in Penzlin, a small town in the flat marshy countryside to the west of Stettin. Her father was a farm worker. Training to become a teacher was, for financial reasons, not possible, and on leaving school she therefore took a series of jobs in domestic service and as a children's nanny.Her work drew her to the cities, and during this time she lived successively in Schwerin, Hamburg and Blumenthal, at that time a separate municipality directly to the west of the Bremen city limits. Here she met the master tailor, Konrad Voigt. Their daughter, <mask> Sophie Wilhelmine Vogt, was born in 1902. They set up home together in Blumenthal and married one another in 1903. At their home they took out a subscription to the  ("Bremen Citizens' Newspaper"), a regional Social Democrat newspaper which combined with her husband's political commitment to awaken her own political interest. She read with growing attention about preparations being made for the SPD national party conference which in 1904 was to be held in Bremen at the Casino Hall at the harbour. She was able to attend the party conference and listened enthralled to speeches by party stalwarts including August Bebel and Paul Singer.She later described the event as the key experience in her political life. The day before the main party conference, she had probably been present at the same location where the third SPD women's conference had been held, at which Clara Zetkin had spoken on the need for reform of public schooling. It was still three years before the lifting of the ban on female participation in politics, but in 1905 she nevertheless began to involve herself in the unofficial SPD women's group that had been set up in Blumenthal. Tragically, 1905 was also the year in which the Vogt's infant daughter died. In 1908 the ban on female participation was lifted and <mask> joined the Social Democrats in March. Two months later she was deputy party secretary for the Neu-Rönnebeck district - today north Bremen. Her political involvement intensified.She became secretary ("Schriftführerin") of the women's group in the local Blumenthal party and later, after moving into the city itself, in Bremen where she also worked in the party library. It was shortly after this that she met  Carl Friedrich <mask>, a print worker, and ten years her junior. Her first marriage ended in divorce and in 1912 she and <mask> started living together. They married in 1916. <mask>, like her first husband, was a committed Social Democrat. However, the First World War produced internal ructions that tested party unity beyond breaking point. War and its aftermath
The 1914 decision by the party leadership to declare what amounted to a parliamentary truce on the issue of funding for the war gave rise to dissent on the part of party activists from the outset, which only intensified in the face of austerity and destitution at home and the industrialised slaughter of men on the front lines.In 1917 the party finally split apart:  <mask> was part of the anti-war faction that broke away to become the Independent Social Democratic Party ("Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands" / USPD). The end of the war in 1918 was followed by a series of revolutions in many parts of Germany and by 1919 the country's political structures had become very much more democratic than hitherto. In Bremen <mask>, as a USPD represented, was elected to the eighteen person commission mandated to produce a new constitution for the regional parliament ("Bremische Bürgerschaft"), and she sat as an elected member of the resulting assembly - one of the first women to do so - from 1919 till 1933, focusing especially on social and education issues. From the outset she was also a member of the parliamentary executive. One of her worst days in the Bremen parliament came in 1932 when, as the assembly's longest serving member, she found herself obliged to follow the rules and accept the election of a National Socialist president of the chamber. Meanwhile, in the early 1920s the  USPD itself had splintered, with a majority of its members joining the recently launched Communist Party of Germany. Others, including <mask>, in 1922 resumed their membership of the mainstream SPD   She would remain a lifelong pacifist, however.Nazi years:  more war
The change of government in January 1933 led to a rapid change in the political backdrop. The new government lost little time in transforming Germany into a one-party dictatorship. Responding to government pressure, the regional parliament ("Bremische Bürgerschaft") dissolved itself in March 1933. Four months later the SPD itself was formally outlawed, having already experienced several months of increasingly determined official harassment. With other Social Democrats, <mask> continued to be politically active, concentrating on practical support for the families of politicians who had been arrested. She also continued to organise meetings which might have been construed either as harmless women's social gatherings or else as political meetings of women unsympathetic to the government. More than one source also refers to her having printed and distributed leaflets setting out opposition to the government.In November 1934, on the basis of information provided to the Gestapo by an informer, she and her husband were among 150 government opponents caught up in a mass arrest in the Bremen area. In 1935 she faced trial and was convicted under the usual charge of "preparing to commit High Treason" ("Vorbereitung zum Hochverrat"). Sources differ over the duration of the prison sentence that she received, but in any event, she remained in detention for between ten and eleven of the twelve Nazi years. Steigler was consigned to the Women's Prison in Lübeck where fellow inmates, convicted on the same charge as she, included Hermine Berthold and the Bremen communist resistance activist Käthe Popall. After 1945 she would work with them both on political issues. When her prison term ended, probably in December 1939 a few months after the outbreak of the Second World War, <mask> was transferred into "protective custody" at the Ravensbrück concentration camp. Afterwards she spoke little about her Ravensbrück experiences until her eightieth birthday, when she shared some of her memories:   she recalled that conditions in the concentration camp had been significantly harsher than they had been in the prison.Under the "divide and control" strategy used to administer the concentration camp she was designated as a "Funktionshäftling", assigned to supervise fellow inmates. She herself recalled that it was because of the strength of her politically grounded conviction that in the end  good would triumph over evil, that she was able to endure the concentration camp life more robustly than others, as a result of which she was able to provide support and comfort to fellow inmates. Several sources mention that as a result of this she was known to some as the "angel of Ravensbrück" ("Engel von Ravensbrück"). In April 1945 20,000 women were sent out of the camp on an "evacuation march" which would become a death march for many. The context was one in which the Soviet army was invading Germany from the east and the German authorities had decided, for various reasons, to empty the concentration camps before the foreign forces arrived, a decision which in the case of Ravensbrück was implemented between 27 April and 3 May 1945. <mask> survived the experience, finding refuge in a farm house, although it was not till January 1946 that she was able to return to Bremen. It was only now that she learned that <mask>, whom she had heard nothing for at least a year, had not survived the concentration camp experience.He was probably killed at Bergen-Belsen. New beginnings after the war
<mask> quickly resumed her political activity. She rounded up remaining former members of the pre-1933 SPD women's groups and set up a cross-party non-denominational Bremen women's committee. This became an umbrella organisation to support a range of different groups from all levels of society in the Bremen region. Fellow founding committee members included , <mask> Fischer, Käthe Popall and Irmgard Enderle. Bremen had ended up as part of the British occupation zone and the military authorities were keen to re-establish democratic structures in "their" part of Germany. In October 1946 <mask> stood successfully for election to the re-instated  regional parliament ("Bremische Bürgerschaft"), elected a vice president of the chamber in 1947, and remaining a member of the assembly till shortly before her death in 1962.In 1946, aged 65, she was one of those who, for whatever reason, seemed to find her energy levels enhanced by the new challenges. Returning to themes on which she had spoken out during the Weimar years, <mask> campaigned for relaxation of the abortion laws (§ 118 StGB), advocating free access to contraception and modern effective methods for protecting vulnerable girls. She was energetically committed to women's rights. Mention should also be made of less eulogistic assessments, indicating that towards the end of her life she was not always accommodating to younger colleagues whose approach or tactics might not align unquestioningly with her own, however. There are suggestions of an excessive tendency to promote those colleagues who agreed with her. She was also vociferous in campaigning against West German rearmament, participating effectively in the SPD's successful campaign during the late 1950s to resist the provision of nuclear weapons to the West German army. <mask> died in Bremen on 23 June 1963, a greatly admired and respected doyenne of social democracy in the region and, to some extent, nationally.References

People from the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Politicians from Bremen
Members of the Bürgerschaft of Bremen
German feminists
Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
Independent Social Democratic Party politicians
Ravensbrück concentration camp survivors
Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold members
German socialist feminists
1881 births
1963 deaths

masks:
Anna Stiegler
Anna Behren
Anna Vogt
Anna Sophie Marie Auguste Behrend
Anna Marie
Anna Vogt
Stiegler
Stiegler
Stiegler
Anna Stiegler
Anna Stiegler
Anna Stiegler
Anna Stiegler
Stiegler
Anna Stiegler
Carl Stiegler
Anna Stiegler
Anna Klara
Stiegler
Stiegler
Anna Stiegler


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<mask> (14 February 1879 - 4 April 1963) was an Italian Catholic priest and the founder of the Suore Veroniche del Santo Volto (1934). Catanoso served as a parish priest in two different parishes for his entire ecclesial life and was an ardent devotee of the Face of Jesus which he promoted to the faithful. He also founded the Poor Clerics to encourage vocations to the priesthood while forming the Confraternita del Santo Volto (1920) to spread devotion to the Face of Jesus. He dedicated his pastoral career to bringing the Gospel message to all people and hiked or rode on a mule to reach distant and surrounding mountain villages in order to evangelize to people. His fame for holiness was widespread during his life for people hailed his remarkable qualities and the conduct in which he led his life. The cause for his canonization was introduced on 15 October 1981 and he became titled as a Servant of God while he was later named as Venerable on 3 March 1990 upon the confirmation of his model life of heroic virtue. Pope John Paul II beatified <mask> on 4 May 1997 while Pope Benedict XVI later canonized the late priest in Saint Peter's Square on 23 October 2005.<mask> <mask> was born in 1879 to prosperous landowners in Reggio Calabria as the third of eight children of <mask> and Antonia Tripodi. In October 1889 he began his studies for the priesthood and he arrived with his father in the evening for him to be admitted into it though he had to return home several times due to bouts of ill health. In 1895 he donned the cassock for the first time and gave his first-ever sermon. He received his ordination to the priesthood on 20 September 1902 from Cardinal Gennaro Portanova and served as a parish priest for his entire ecclesial life; from 1902 until March 1904 he served as the prefect of seminarians. His first parish was in the remote hill village of Pentedattilo where he served from March 1904 until 1921. He was passionate about emulating the life of Jesus Christ in his service to the poor and would hike or ride on a mule to the distant and surrounding mountain villages to bring the message of the Gospel and hope to isolated people in desperate circumstances. To help him in this cause he founded an order of nuns known as the Suore Veroniche del Santo Volto in December 1934.From 1922 until 1949 he was the spiritual director to seminarians and from 1922 to 1933 was a chaplain at hospitals in the region. From 1921 to 1950 he served as a confessor to religious institutes and to the prison while from 1940 to 1963 he was the canon of the archdiocesan cathedral. The order established schools and also homes for the old in small places like San Lorenzo and Roccaforte as well as Chorio to educate children and care for the old and sick. The goal was to combat ignorance and the Mafia through education and the word of God. <mask> also founded the Poor Clerics to encourage vocations to the priesthood. He was transferred to the larger parish of Santa Maria de la Candelaria in Reggio Calabria on 2 February 1921. Catanoso was a close friend of Annibale Maria di Francia and Luigi Orione whom he had met in 1918.It was Orione who encouraged Catanoso when the latter decided to establish a religious congregation of his own; his order received diocesan approval on 25 March 1958. <mask> had a deep devotion to the Face of Christ and to that end formed the "Confraternita del Santo Volto" in 1919. He also revived Marian and Eucharistic devotions and improved catechesis while also working for the observance of liturgical feasts. Catanoso also worked for cooperation among local priests to provide missions via preaching and hearing confessions in each other's parishes. He often spent long ours in silent reflection before the Tabernacle and he promoted Eucharistic Adoration among the faithful. In 1943 he opened a makeshift orphanage for those children who were orphaned due to World War II. <mask> died on 4 April 1963 and his final words were recorded as: "In te, Domine, speravi, Gesù, Maria, Giuseppe"; he had become ill and blind before his death though he still welcomed those who came to visit him and seek his counsel.His order in 2008 had 95 nuns in a total of seventeen houses and it would later receive full pontifical approval from Pope John Paul II on 8 December 1980. One American relative - the journalist <mask> from - Greensboro in North Carolina - wrote memoir about Catanoso and the book is titled: "My Cousin the Saint - A Search for Faith, Family and Miracles". Sainthood
The beatification process opened on 15 October 1981 after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints issued the official "nihil obstat" (nothing against) and titled Catanoso as a Servant of God. Documentation was sent to the C.C.S. in Rome who validated the process on 3 March 1989 and received the Positio from cause officials in 1989. Theologians met not long after this and approved the cause on 26 September 1989 as did the cardinal and bishop members of the C.C.S. who approved the dossier's contents on 19 December 1989.On 3 March 1990 he was proclaimed to be Venerable after Pope John Paul II confirmed that Catanoso lived a model life of heroic virtue. For him to be beatified one miracle needed to be investigated and approved; this miracle needed to be a healing that science and medicine were unable to explain. One such case was discovered and investigated in a diocesan process that lasted from 1993 until 1994 when all medical records and witness interrogatories were sent to the C.C.S. who validated the investigation on 10 February 1995. The medical panel of experts approved this miracle on 5 October 1995 as did their consulting theologians on 25 November 1995 and the C.C.S. themselves on 20 February 1996. John Paul II confirmed the healing to be a legitimate miracle on 25 June 1996 and presided over the beatification later on 4 May 1997.The second and final miracle needed for him to be raised to sainthood was discovered and investigated in 2003 before the documents were sent to Rome and before the C.C.S. validated the process on 14 November 2003. The medical experts approved this healing to be a miracle on 1 April 2004 with the theologians also granting assent on 25 June 2004 as did the C.C.S. on 19 October 2004. John Paul II confirmed this miracle and <mask>'s inevitable sainthood on 20 December 2004. The date for the canonization was formalized at a consistory in the afternoon on 24 February 2005 in which Cardinal Angelo Sodano announced it on the behalf of the ill pope. John Paul II died two months later but his successor Pope Benedict XVI canonized <mask> on 23 October 2005 in Saint Peter's Square.Miracles
The miracle that led to his beatification occurred in Reggio-Calabria but was not investigated until a few decades later. It involved the healing of Sister Pauline who on 3 April 1963 wanted to see <mask> before he died. But the priest died on 4 April she - who suffered from severe asthma - knelt beside his remains and felt healed a few hours later with no breathing difficulties whatsoever. The miracle that led to his canonization occurred in Reggio-Calabria on 9 January 2003 which was the healing of Anna Pangallo from a rare form of meningitis. See also

 Leo Dupont, Apostle of the Holy Face
 Holy Face of Jesus
 Maria Pia Mastena

References

External links
 Hagiography Circle
  Saints SQPN
 Santi e Beati ]
 Find a Grave

1879 births
1963 deaths
19th-century Christian saints
19th-century venerated Christians
19th-century Italian people
20th-century Christian saints
20th-century venerated Christians
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
Canonizations by Pope Benedict XVI
Founders of Catholic religious communities
Italian Roman Catholic saints
People from Reggio Calabria
People from the Province of Reggio Calabria
Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II

masks:
Gaetano Catanoso
Catanoso
Life Gaetano
Catanoso
Antonio Catanoso
Catanoso
Catanoso
Catanoso
Justin Catanoso
Catanoso
Catanoso
Catanoso


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<mask> (February 19, 1847 – November 14, 1921) was an American archaeologist specializing in Egyptology, one of the founders of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, suffragist and women's rights activist, and a columnist for the Philadelphia Public Ledger. As a scholar, <mask> published books and articles on Egyptology and the material culture of the ancient Near East, as well as a memoir about the reign of Maximilian I of Mexico. She was the first curator of the Egyptian Collection at the Penn Museum and played an important role in acquiring much of the collection itself. As a women's rights activist, she served as the first president of the Equal Franchise Society and the Civic Club of Philadelphia. She was the first woman to receive an honorary degree from the University of Pennsylvania, the first woman to lecture at the Peabody Museum at Harvard University, and the first female member of the Jury of Awards for Ethnology at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Personal life

Childhood and early life
<mask>'s parents were <mask> (December 20, 1798 – 1868) and <mask>, who married in New Orleans, Louisiana in 1834 and who moved to Paris during the 1840s. They both came from established families: her mother's family owned a large cotton plantation and her father was a cotton broker.<mask> was born in Philadelphia and moved to New Orleans to represent the Yorke & Macalister law firm. In Louisiana he was involved in the establishment of the public school system in New Orleans. He became interested in business ventures, including the introduction of gas to Paris, and a trans-isthmian railway in Tehuantepec. He died of paralysis in Vermont in 1868. <mask> was born in Alabama and moved with her family to New Orleans. In addition to <mask>, their youngest child, Edward and <mask> Yorke had four other children:

 <mask>: born in New Orleans; educated in engineering at the École Centrale in Paris; married Jane Heard; died by drowning in 1884. <mask>: born in New Orleans, married Captain Charles Blanchot in 1865.<mask>: born in New Orleans; educated in engineering at the École Centrale in Paris; killed by brigands while working on the Isthmian Railway in 1862. <mask>: born in Paris, France; married Maurice Kingsley. France
<mask> <mask> was born in the Rue de Courcelles in Paris on February 19, 1847. <mask>'s parents moved back to the States when she was only ten, leaving their daughters to attend boarding school in France. She lived in Paris from 1858 through 1862 under the guardianship of M. Achille Jubinal, who inspired <mask>'s early interest in archaeology and Egyptology. During this time she met the Duke of Morny, half-brother of Napoleon and prominent figure in the French Intervention in Mexico, a conflict with which she would soon become profoundly familiar. In 1862, <mask> departed France for Mexico by sea, about which she wrote:

There were only forty passengers on board, and, comparatively speaking, little of the animation that usually precedes the outgoing of an ocean steamer.I found without difficulty the French banker and his Mexican wife who had kindly consented to chaperon me during my lonely journey; and I soon discovered that she and I were the only women passengers on board. Mexico
In 1862 the Yorke family moved to Tacubaya, a suburb of Mexico City, following the murder of <mask>'s brother Ogden. In Mexico she attended many social gatherings of the newly appointed Empress of Mexico Charlotte of Belgium and her husband Maximilian. <mask>'s first-hand account of the Second Mexican Empire, Maximilian in Mexico: A Woman's Reminiscences of the French Intervention 1862-1867 (New York, 1899), gave great insight into the inner workings of court life during that time. C.M. Mayo commented on this book was the "most lucid, informed, and balanced...of all the English language memoirs of the Second Empire/French Intervention. <mask> <mask> and her mother, <mask> <mask>, appear in Mayo's novel The Last Prince of the American Empire.United States
In 1867, the Yorke family relocated to Vermont. <mask>'s father died only a year later, in 1868, and soon afterwards, at the age of twenty-one, <mask>e moved to Philadelphia to live with two of her uncles and an aunt on the Yorke side of her family. Marriage and family
<mask> married <mask>, a Philadelphia lawyer, on June 30, 1870. <mask> was born in Philadelphia on January 14, 1842, the only son of Adam May and Anna Smith (Philips) <mask>. He served as a private in the First Troop, Philadelphia City Cavalry during the Civil War. <mask> <mask> and <mask> had one child, <mask> <mask> (1878-1922) who married Christine Wetherill Rice. Death

<mask> <mask> died on November 14, 1921.In February 1922, a tribute to <mask> was included in the Pennsylvania Museum Bulletin that described her as follows:To us there will always rise, at the mention of Mrs. <mask>'s name, the dignified little figure with the black bag out of which she brought, like the unexpected mother in the Swiss Family Robinson, precisely the thing needed at the moment. For wise counsel, for tolerance, for understanding sympathy, we all of us came to her and never were refused. Her counsel was based on an experience of the world which included half a century of real intimacy with brilliant and wise people who sought her as a companion; it was poignant with interludes of the Mexican capital, Parisian days and Egyptian excavations. It was invariably moral and direct, but tempered with a worldliness that was never the counsel of the fear of consequences. Her tolerance, while it seemed almost  universal, balked at glossing over a sham or condoning insincerity. If she did not always suffer fools gladly she was generally able to contrive some amusement from them  to shorten their discourse by a quick turn of wit.The <mask> <mask> papers were removed from the home of Frances Anne Wister and donated to LaSalle University's Connelly Library as a part of the Owen Wister Collection by the David Prince Estate. She is buried at the Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia.Professional and civic life

Civic societies
<mask> played a leading role in several local civic societies (aka civil societies, or groups of community of citizens often linked by collective interests and activities) including serving as the founder and first president of the Equal Franchise Society of Philadelphia, co-founder and two-term president of the Civic Club of Philadelphia (a group of women who advocated for civic reform and improvement), the president of the Acorn Club for 25 years, president of the Contemporary Club, and chair of the French War Relief Committee of the Emergency Aid of Pennsylvania. She also served on the Women's Centennial Committee of the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition of 1876, which created an exhibition known as the "Women's Building" that showcased "for the first time, at an international exposition, the intimate bonds, shared values, and material achievements of women" and was hailed as a milestone in the women's movement of the 19th century. The Furness-Mitchell Coterie

Stevenson was part of a group of internationally known Philadelphia elite scholars, known as the Furness-Mitchell Coterie, who were a driving force in many areas, especially anthropology, during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The group included musicians, physicians, writers, scholars, anthropologists, and educators and was "unusual in its acceptance of accomplished women as intellectual equals". Because of her involvement in the coterie, <mask> was able to form close relationships and work collaboratively with other members of the group, including Horace Howard Furness, Owen Wister, S. Weir Mitchell, Talcott Williams, and Agnes Irwin. The Equal Franchise Society of Philadelphia

<mask> established the Equal Franchise Society of Pennsylvania, in recognition of the difficulties women faced in obtaining the right to vote. She served as president until 1910 and first vice president until the Federal Suffrage Amendment passed in 1920.In 1910, the Equal Franchise Society of Philadelphia republished the speech entitled "Shall Women Have the Right to Vote? ", originally delivered by Wendell Philipps in Worcester, MA in 1851. In the forward of the publication, <mask> (signed only as 'S.Y.S. '), reflected on the ongoing struggle for women's suffrage, writing:A Chinese philosopher, a disciple of Laotse, once said: “Man is like a child born at midnight who when he sees the sunrise, thinks there was no yesterday.” There are many persons in the community even today, who regard the present movement in favor of equal suffrage as a transitory, hysterical agitation of a demagogic nature, of which the impulse has been received in the United States from the outbreaks of militant partisans in England. In the minds of these persons, the movement in the past is vaguely associated with eccentric clothing and more or less ridicule; in the present, with the restlessness of what is regarded as an unwomanly demonstration. While believers in equal suffrage in this country have taken advantage of the interest aroused in every part of the world by the news from the militant suffragists of England, the movement can claim a respectable history and a fairly long pedigree. If in the last century the pioneers in the demand for “Women's Rights” in England found strength in the support of such men as John Stuart Mill, their American sisters found among others an outspoken champion in another clear thinker— Wendell Phillips.The principle of equality is generally admitted—the question of expediency still faces us. In reprinting Wendell Phillips’ admirable address, the intention therefore, is to make clear the relation of the present movement to its historical background. While listening to the words of a strong man who, in 1851, had the courage to support an unpopular cause in the interest of justice and fair play, it is hoped that encouragement will be given to those who today are fighting in the ranks. - S. Y. SWith regard to her active role in the women's rights movement, <mask> said the following: "The days of useless martyrdom are over, also those of heroic sacrifice where it is not needed. What we need to do today is not to slaughter men and parties who do not happen to think as we do … but to educate them, teach them to see, to know, to love, to feel, to grow." Career

Anthropology and egyptology

In the 1880s anthropology was still emerging as an established academic discipline, and universities were beginning to develop and formalize their anthropology departments. <mask> became involved in Egyptological pursuits through her membership in the American branch of the Egypt Exploration Fund, which was founded in 1882 by Amelia Edwards.Throughout her career, <mask> made several trips overseas, although she never carried out her own archaeological fieldwork. She contributed to the collections of what is now the University of Pennsylvania' Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology as the first curator of the Egyptian and Mediterranean section, a position to which she was appointed in 1890. "Anthropological Work in America", an article in the July 1892 issue of Popular Science Monthly,  declared that <mask> "is perhaps [America's] only lady Egyptologist. Her lectures in Egyptian subjects have made a sensation." She mentored with Frederick Ward Putnam, who had just established Harvard's anthropology department, along with Franz Boas, Zelia Nuttall, and Alice Fletcher. <mask>'s interests were very wide and ranged from cultural diffusion to cultural evolution. In 1892 Putnam supported <mask>'s appointment to the Jury of Awards for Ethnology during the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.A special act had to be passed to allow a woman to serve this position; <mask> was elected vice president of the jury. In 1894 <mask> was the first woman to speak at the Peabody Museum on "Egypt at the Dawn of History". She was president of the Oriental Club of Philadelphia, the Contemporary Club, president and secretary Pennsylvania Chapter of the Archaeological Institute of America, and was founder and officer of the University Archaeological Association, the American Folk-Lore Society, and the American Exploration Society. She was also a member of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia and in 1895 was one of the first two women admitted to the American Philosophical Society. <mask> also joined the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1884 and was nominated a Fellow in 1895. In 1894, <mask> was the first woman to receive an honorary doctorate degree from the University of Pennsylvania. She also received an honorary degree from Temple University, and medals from the National Institute of Social Sciences Association.Of <mask>'s role, Langdon Warner stated: "“If women today find no difficulty in being recognized as scholars, and if their counsel is demanded in Museums, it is due to Mrs. <mask> in a far greater measure than our casual generation will ever know." University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
<mask> played a pivotal role in the establishment of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology (Penn Museum). In 1891, <mask>, William Pepper, Talcott Williams, and Joseph Coates were appointed by the University Archaeological Association to create the Department of Archaeology and Paleontology. <mask> then served on the governing board from its start (1892) until 1905 (secretary 1894-1904; president 1904-05). During her tenure, she contributed to the building of the "Free Museum of Science and Art", which was first dedicated in 1899 and which eventually became the Penn Museum. She served as the curator of the Egyptian and Mediterranean section of the museum from 1890 to 1905. In her position as curator, <mask> was concerned with collections acquisitions and in 1898 she travelled to Egypt and purchased 42 cases of artifacts for the American Exploration Society, mostly from the ancient site of Dendereh, including the Penn Museum's first papyrus.In 1905, <mask>, along with more than 125 supporters, resigned from her position at the museum following controversy surrounding Herman Hilprecht's personal appropriations and fraudulent publication of antiquities. Hilprecht was cleared of charges but <mask> never returned to her position at the museum. As noted in her Penn Museum biography: "As one of the principal founders of the University Museum, one whose contributions to the building program of the Museum was essential to its success, <mask> set a powerful example for generations of women to follow." Journalism
<mask> wrote as a columnist for the Philadelphia Public Ledger under the pen names Peggy Shippen ("Peggy Shippen's Diary") and Sally Wistar ("Sally Wistar Says") until 1920. As Peggy Shippen, <mask> wrote a society column for Philadelphia's elite, and her pseudonym paid homage to Peggy Shippen, a Philadelphian and a prominent figure during the Revolutionary War who was married to Benedict Arnold. Education and museum studies
Following her departure from the Penn Museum in 1905, <mask> developed one of the first college-level courses in training museum professionals in the United States, which she taught at the Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art, now known as The University of the Arts (Philadelphia). Her lectures covered topics ranging from "The Modern Museum and its Functions" to "The Diseases of Objects and Remedies."She also became a curator in the museum now known as the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Scholarly publications
"On Certain Symbols used in the Decoration of some Potsherds from Daphnae and Naukratis, now in the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania," Proceedings of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia for 1890–91, 1892. "The Tomb of King Amenhotep," Papers on Egyptian Archaeology, 1892. "Mr. Petrie's Discoveries at Tel el-Amarna," Science Vol. 19; Nos. 480–482, 510. "An Ancient Egyptian Rite Illustrating a Phase of Primitive Thought," International Congress of Anthropology, Memoirs, Chicago, 1894, 298–311."Some Sculptures from Koptos in Philadelphia," American Journal of Archaeology 10 (1895), 347–351. "The Feather and the Wing in Early Mythology," Oriental Studies of the Oriental Club of Philadelphia, 1894, 202–241. "On the Remains of Foreigners Discovered in Egypt by Mr. W.M. Flinders Petrie, 1895, now in the Museum of the University of Pennsylvania," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. XXXV. Maximilian in Mexico: A Woman's Reminiscences of the French Intervention. New York, 1899.Egypt and Western Asia in Antiquity by Ferdinand Justi, Morris Jastrow Jr., and <mask><mask>, Philadelphia, 1905. References

External links

 Biography of <mask> <mask> at the  at the http://www.archives.upenn.edu/ University Archives
 Phillips, W., C. Catt, & National American Woman Suffrage Association Collection. 1910. [Philadelphia: Republished by The Equal Franchise Society of Pennsylvania] [Pdf] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/93838344/
 Fleischman, A. 2013. "Women Archaeologists in the Early Days of the Museum" Expedition Magazine 54.3: n. pag. Expedition Magazine.Penn Museum. http://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/?p=10589
 O'Connor, D. 1979. "The University Museum in Egypt" Expedition Magazine 21.2: n. pag. Expedition Magazine. Penn Museum. http://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/?p=4402
 Anonymous. 1979."The Museum in the Field" Expedition Magazine 21.2: n. pag. Expedition Magazine. Penn Museum. http://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/?p=14630
 Pezzati, A. 2015. "Gold Medals & Grand Prizes" Expedition Magazine 57.1: n. pag. Expedition Magazine.Penn Museum. http://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/?p=22582
 <mask>e <mask> Collections at Social Networks and Archival Context (SNAC) http://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jx941m

1847 births
1921 deaths
Archaeologists from Paris
Writers from Philadelphia
American archaeologists
American historians
American Egyptologists
American curators
American women curators
American suffragists
American women's rights activists
University of Pennsylvania faculty
American women historians
American women archaeologists
Activists from Philadelphia
Museum education
Members of the American Philosophical Society
American women writers
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology

masks:
Sara Yorke Stevenson
Stevenson
Sara Yorke Stevenson
Edward Yorke
Sarah Hanna Yorke
Edward Yorke
Sarah Hanna
Sara
Sarah Hanna
Edward Yorke
Ellen Yorke
Ogden Yorke
Mary Yorke
Sara Letitia
Yorke
Sara
Stevenson
Sara
Sara
Stevenson
Sara Yorke
Stevenson
Sarah Hanna
Yorke
Sara
Sara York
Sara Yorke
Cornelius Stevenson
Cornelius Stevenson
Stevenson
Sara Yorke
Stevenson
Cornelius Stevenson
William Yorke
Stevenson
Sara Yorke
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Sara Yorke
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Stevenson
Sara Y
. Stevenson
Sara Yorke
Stevenson
Sara York
Stevenson


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, also known as , is a Japanese mixed martial artist and judoka who won the gold medal at the 2001 Asian Championships for South Korea and for Japan at the 2002 Asian Games. A fourth-generation Japanese of Korean descent, he acquired Japanese nationality in 2001. He is the former K-1 HERO's Light Heavyweight Grand Prix Tournament Champion. Judo career
Before his professional mixed martial arts career, <mask> was a decorated judoka. He began training in judo at the age of three. He has also trained Karate, Boxing, Kickboxing, Wrestling and also submission fighting with Greg Jackson. 2001 Asian championships
Representing South Korea, Choo won the gold medal at the 2001 Asian Judo Championships.2002 Asian Games
Representing Japan, <mask> won the gold medal at the 2002 Asian Games defeating Ahn Dong-Jin of South Korea in the finals. 2003 World Judo Championships controversy
<mask> defeated three opponents from France, Mongolia and Turkey to reach the semi-finals of the 81 kg Light Middleweight division. However, all three opponents claimed that <mask> had a slippery judogi. Wearing a reserve gi, <mask> lost two games in a row (semifinal and 3rd-place match) and missed the medal. International Judo Federation referee director Juan Carlos Barcos said an examination of the gi found that the slippery texture was due to high humidity which prevailed in Osaka and a detergent used to wash the uniform. "At any moment, we did not have any doubt about fair play in the case. We are absolutely sure that Mr. <mask> is correct," since he changed the jacket at the request of the jury, Barcos said.<mask> was also accused of wearing slippery gear by former world and Olympic champion Kenzo Nakamura when they fought at the world championship trials in 2002. Mixed martial arts career

HERO'S
Akiyama's mixed martial arts debut was in the K-1 Premium 2004 Dynamite event on December 31, 2004, where he defeated boxer Francois Botha by armbar submission in the first round. His first defeat was to Jerome LeBanner, who knocked him out with knees in his second fight at the HERO'S 1 event on March 26, 2005, although LeBanner is a heavyweight that came into the fight at 262 pounds (119 kg), while <mask> came into the fight at 189.5 pounds (86 kg). He has notable wins against Tokimitsu Ishizawa, Taiei Kin, Kestutis Smirnovas and Melvin Manhoef. <mask> defeated Melvin Manhoef at the Hero's light-heavyweight Grand Prix 2006 final round, and gained the champion belt. In K-1 Premium 2006 Dynamite, <mask> fought the legendary Kazushi Sakuraba in the main event. During the match, Sakuraba called to the referee saying "[Akiyama is] Slippery!"<mask> went on to win the match with a referee stoppage. This created a controversy amongst MMA fans in Japan, assuming <mask> was using some sort of body oil or lubricant, banned in K-1 rules. But at this moment, <mask> answered to questions about the oil in the interview as follows: "I have no idea why Sakuraba felt slippery. It may be my sweat, as I sweat a lot always and it often drips off my body." On January 11, <mask> and FEG (the parent company of K-1) held a press conference during which <mask> said he used Olay lotion prior to the fight claiming that the lotion was used to treat a worn gi. Pre-fight footage also showed <mask> casually applying six bottles of lotion to his body in his locker room. As a result, <mask> was disqualified and his prize money was suspended.<mask> himself was suspended indefinitely from HERO'S competition six days later. Public outcry against <mask> did not cease however, and Nike was swamped with complaints when <mask> was featured on a television commercial in Japan. Though <mask> has admitted to applying cream to his skin, he has said that the purpose was not to gain an unfair advantage but to treat his dry skin. The fight was ruled a "No Contest". <mask> was cleared from his FEG-induced suspension and FEG announced that <mask> would return to K-1 Hero's in Seoul, on October 28, 2007. His opponent was Denis Kang, who was the finalist of PRIDE Bushido Grand Prix 2006 and making his debut in Hero's. Though he was an underdog, <mask> beat Kang by KO in the first round.Yarennoka! fight
On December 31, 2007, <mask> faced Kazuo Misaki at Yarennoka!. The rules of the match stated that kicks to the head of a downed opponent would not be allowed. Late in the first round Misaki knocked down <mask> with left hook, and as <mask> struggled to his feet, Misaki delivered a lunging kick to the face which knocked <mask> out. The match was ruled a knockout victory for Misaki, but <mask> contended that one or both of his hands were on the mat at the time of the kick, which would make the kick a foul under the Yarennoka! rules. After reviewing video of the knockout, the Yarennoka!executive committee agreed; the official result was changed to a no contest. Ultimate Fighting Championship
On February 24, 2009 it was announced on the official UFC website that <mask> had signed a deal with the company. Even though he suffered a broken orbital bone during the start of round two, <mask> went on to beat UFC veteran Alan Belcher at UFC 100 on July 11 by split decision (30–27, 28–29, 29–28). It was the 1st fight in <mask>'s career that went to the judges' score cards. The bout was also awarded "Fight of the Night" honors, granting both fighters a record-setting $100,000 bonus each. On May 30, 2009 <mask> opened a new gym in Tokyo, Japan. The 'Akiyama Dojo' has Judo and MMA halls, 30 tatami mats and three octagonal cages.<mask> joined Xtreme Couture for the month of October 2009 to work on his striking skills. <mask> was expected to face MMA legend and former PRIDE Middleweight Champion Wanderlei Silva on February 21, 2010 at UFC 110, but Silva instead faced British striker Michael Bisping on the card, winning via unanimous decision. At the Post-fight conference, UFC President Dana White stated that <mask> had requested to fight Silva for a while and has refused to fight other opponents, after which both fighters verbally agreed to fight. <mask> was expected to face Silva on July 3, 2010 at UFC 116. Wanderlei had to pull out on June 22, 2010 due to fractured ribs suffered in training. Chris Leben was chosen as a replacement. Despite controlling the majority of the fight with effective strikes and solid Judo takedowns, <mask> became fatigued after the first round and lost via triangle choke with just twenty seconds left in the third round.His loss to Leben was his first official loss in five years. <mask> lost to Michael Bisping on October 16, 2010 at UFC 120 by unanimous decision. In preparation for his fight with Bisping, <mask> switched to Jackson’s Submission Fighting in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It is unclear whether the switch is permanent. Even though <mask> lost to Bisping, he rocked him in the first round. He earned his third "Fight of the Night" honors. He has now earned "Fight of the Night" honors for all three of his UFC appearances.<mask> was briefly scheduled to face Chael Sonnen on March 19, 2011 at UFC 128, but, due to Sonnen's suspension, the fight was scrapped. <mask> was later scheduled to face Nate Marquardt at the same event, but pulled out due to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and was replaced by Dan Miller. <mask> was defeated by Vitor Belfort at UFC 133 via KO (Punches) in the first round. This defeat marked the third straight loss for <mask> in the UFC. Following the fight, Dana White stated that <mask> most likely would not be cut from the organization if he agrees to move down to welterweight. As of September 3, 2011, <mask> has stated he will move down a weight class, allowing him to stay in the UFC. On November 3, 2011, a picture of <mask> had circled the web of his body frame as a welterweight.<mask> faced Jake Shields on February 26, 2012 at UFC 144. He lost the fight via unanimous decision (30-27, 30-27, 30-27). During the bout, <mask> was able to utilize multiple judo techniques which was praised as the main highlights of the fight; despite losing the decision. <mask> was expected to face Thiago Alves on July 21, 2012 at UFC 149. However, <mask> was forced out of the bout with an injury. <mask> had made an appearance alongside UFC featherweight Hatsu Hioki during the Q&A session for UFC on Fuel TV 8. During the Q&A, <mask> stated he was thinking about returning for another bout as long as he has a free schedule as well as being matched against a well-known opponent that would interest fans.<mask> also stated he still has interest in fighting Wanderlei Silva, a bout scheduled for UFC 116 but was changed when Silva had to pull out of the fight due to injury. After over two and a half years away from the sport, <mask> returned from his self-imposed hiatus on September 20, 2014 at UFC Fight Night 52. He was originally scheduled to face Kyle Noke on the card. However, Noke was forced out of the bout with a knee injury and replaced by Amir Sadollah. <mask> won the fight via unanimous decision. After another year away from the sport, <mask> returned to face Alberto Mina on November 28, 2015 at UFC Fight Night 79. He lost the back-and-forth fight via split decision.ONE Championship
After three years from his previous bout, <mask> announced his contract with ONE Championship. <mask> faced Agilan Thani in a co-headliner bout at ONE Championship: Legendary Quest on June 20, 2019. He lost the bout via unanimous decision

<mask> faced Sherif Mohamed at ONE Championship 109: King of the Jungle on February 28, 2020. <mask> won the fight via knockout in the first round, his first stoppage via strikes in nearly 13 years. <mask> was initially scheduled to face Mohammad Karaki at ONE on TNT 3 on April 21, 2021. However, the bout was cancelled and <mask> was supposed to face Eduard Folayang at ONE on TNT 4 on April 28, 2021. But due to suffering an injury during training camp, <mask> pulled out of the fight and the bout was subsequently scrapped.<mask> is scheduled to face Shinya Aoki at ONE Championship: X on March 26, 2022. Fighting style
As a former gold medalist in the sport, <mask> stands out in MMA for his style of judo. His usage of it is mainly defensive, as he rarely indulges in the art's signature throws. Instead, <mask> focuses mostly on defending takedowns in order to brawl with his opponent or getting top position on the mat to perform ground and pound. However, he has shown skill with harai goshi, kosoto gake and ouchi gari/osoto gari combinations, as well as the more complex uchi mata. Also, thanks to his knowledge of grip fighting, he is often successful in catching low kicks and following with sharp counterpunching. Personal life
Choo Sung-hoon's great-grandfather, Choo Jeong-won, was born in Jeju County, Jeollanam-do, Korean Empire (now Jeju City).During the Imperial Japanese occupation of Korea, Choo Jeong-won and his family sailed to Japan and adopted Japanese names to help settle in. In March 2009, <mask> married famous Japanese fashion model Shiho Yano (also known as SHIHO in Japan) whom he had been dating since January 2007. The couple have a daughter, Choo Sarang, who was born on October 24, 2011. <mask> and Sarang starred in the reality show, The Return of Superman, covering their father-daughter relationship. He names Heavyweight Champion boxer Mike Tyson as his hero and holds a University degree in Commerce. He is close friends with South Korean actor Jang Keun-suk. In September 2015, <mask> also appeared as a guest on 2 Days & 1 Night.|
| align=center | 1
| align=center | 7:48
| Saitama, Japan
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|-
| Win
| align=center | 10–1 (1)
| Denis Kang
| KO (punch)
| Hero's 2007 in Korea
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| align=center | 1
| align=center | 4:45
| Seoul, South Korea
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|-
| NC
| align=center | 9–1 (1)
| Kazushi Sakuraba
| NC (overturned)
| K-1 Premium 2006 Dynamite!! |
| align=center | 1
| align=center | 1:54
| Osaka, Japan
|

Judo competition record

See also
 List of current ONE fighters
 List of male mixed martial artists

References

External links

 DREAM Profile

1975 births
Living people
Asian Games medalists in judo
Japanese male mixed martial artists
Middleweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing judo
Mixed martial artists utilizing Gaidojutsu
Japanese male judoka
Sportspeople from Osaka
Japanese people of Korean descent
Zainichi Korean people
Naturalized citizens of Japan
Judoka at the 2002 Asian Games
Asian Games gold medalists for Japan
Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters

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<mask> is a German journalist-commentator and, more recently, book-author. The themes to which she most often returns are those surrounding Feminism and Judaism in Germany during and following the brutish middle years of the twentieth century. Although these topics have been much revisited by scholars and critics throughout her lifetime, several of <mask>'s own perspectives and conclusions are well outside the mainstream. Her output includes (but is not limited to) literary portraits, essays, opinion pieces and novels. Life and works
<mask> was born and grew up in Hamburg. Although she has relocated abroad at several points during her adult life, it is to Hamburg that she has always returned, despite having a somewhat conflicted and at times alienated relationship with the city. It was in Hamburg that her parents had ended up "following the liberation" in 1945, having lived "illegally" in Polish Silesia during the wartime Polish occupation.After her father died (but while her mother was still alive) she explored her parents' lives during the war years in her 2011 semi-novel, "Tochter und Vater". Discussing the book with an interviewer she later explained that "the daughter is not me, but the father in the novel is my father. My father did all the courag[e]ous and unbelievable things [as a secret member of the Polish resistance in Krakow] that Paul, the father in the novel, did". She studied Psychology, Philosophy and Music and then set out on her travels. During the later 1970s she visited India where she stayed for seven or eight months, living under the simplest of conditions and producing reports and stories about her surroundings for a German readership. She returned to Hamburg, but there have been frequent return trips to south Asia since then. Every time she returned to Germany, she told an interviewer later, the conditions back home came as a shock.She would notice how much more thinly spread the human population was in Hamburg than in India, and how the German supermarkets seemed troublingly overstocked. For two years between 1989 and 1991 Roggenkamp lived in Israel. Throughout her itinerant years she worked as a free-lance journalist, regularly contributing thoughtful well-researched pieces in the (West) German press, most notably and regularly for the Hamburg-based weekly mass-circulation national newspaper Die Zeit, for which she wrote regularly between 1976 and 2013. In 1977 Roggenkamp was a founder member of the team around Alice Schwarzer that created the magazine EMMA. (The name of the magazine is a wordplay based on the word "emancipation".) She worked for EMMA as a free-lance reporter till the early 1990s. For four years between 2000 and 2004 she provided a regular column for the progressive centre-left cooperative-owned newspaper "taz".Since 1990 she has been writing for the Berlin-based weekly publication die Jüdische Allgemeine. In 2016 she became, in addition, a regular contributor to the monthly magazine, Cicero. Roggenkamp's first published "novel" appeared only in 2004. "Familienleben" ("Family life"), which can be described as an "autobiographically inspired novel", was well received by leading critics. Recommended to television viewers by the influential presenter and literary critic Elke Heidenreich, it quickly proved a commercial success, notwithstanding its unfashionable length. It runs to more than 400 pages and has been translated into a number of different languages. The narrator-protagonist is a 13 year-old child called Fania.Fania is the younger of the parents' two daughters. The narrative deals with the daily life of a German-Jewish family living in Hamburg in 1967. In her powerfully positive review of the book in Der Spiegel, Jana Hensel provides a little context:  "For three decades <mask>mp kept her project for a novel to herself. The result, now, is an almost eerily perfect book ... All the characters in it are perfectly defined with great dramatic clarity, replete with their psychological contradictions". The relationship between holocaust survivors and their children in Germany was the underlying theme both of "Familienleben" and of Roggenkamp's next book, "Die Frau im Turm" ("The woman in the tower") which appeared in 2009. "Tochter und Vater" (2011) again incorporated as its starting point and at its core, the author's own experiences, and what she had discerned of her parents' lives in Silesia during the war. Her mother was dead by the time she started writing this third book, and had, with tact but also evident difficulty, refrained from asking questions about the earlier work, "Familienleben" after <mask> had admitted that she was writing it.Nevertheless, the author sent her mother a copy in the mail and was surprised by the reaction:  "After she read the book, she told me she was surprised to discover that I was aware of the trauma she carried with her. She always thought she protected me and my sister from all that." The three books driven by her own experiences of growing up as the child of holocaust survivors in Hamburg only came after years of soul searching and quiet enquiry about the experiences of German Jews who had grown up in Germany as the children of holocaust survivors. By the end of the twentieth century there had been plenty published by then children of parents who had perpetrated holocaust killings and other acts of persecution -  or simply quietly colluded, taking care not to follow up the rumours of what was going on in the camps. But there had been virtual silence from the children in Germany of holocaust survivors who simply wanted to forget, and lived under the shadow of a deeply entrenched terror that somehow, it could all happen again one day. There were, in any case, not too many holocaust survivors who had ended up bringing up children still living in Germany. From the perspective of a writer with insights to share, as <mask> has told at least one interviewer, her "family suffered, but [she is] lucky to have [her] non-typical background."But her experiences are nevertheless in many respects far from unique:  before publishing the three books based on her own childhood experiences she had already, in 2002, published "Tu mir eine Liebe. Meine Mamme" (loosely, "Be a love...  My mummy"). The subtitle is more enlightening than the main title:  "Jüdische Frauen und Männer in Deutschland sprechen von ihrer Mutter" ("Jewish women and men in Germany talk about their mothers"). The volume is based on 26 interview-portraits in which higher-profile Germans talk about their mothers, all of whom are holocaust survivors. The interviewees include Stefan Heym, Esther Dischereit, Wladimir Kaminer, Rachel Salamander, Stefanie Zweig, and Michael Wolffsohn. Most of these are members of Roggenkamp's own generation or younger, and so unable to remember the holocaust on their own account:  yet all of them have had their lives defined by the holocaust, primarily through the effect the experiences of it had on their mothers. Survivor guilt is, perhaps, the most frequently recurring of the Leitmotiven identified in the interviews.Prior to the volume's publication the interview-portraits had already been published individually in Jüdische Allgemeine. Erika Mann controversy
In 2005 <mask> published a lengthy essay - some identify it as a short book - on Erika Mann, a daughter - probably her father's favourite daughter - of Thomas Mann. The essay was entitled "Erika Mann. Eine jüdische Tochter":  it reignited the smouldering controversy about Erika Mann's own attitude to her mother's Jewish ancestry. For many people Thomas Mann was the greatest German language writer of the twentieth century. <mask>'s contribution concerning his attitude to his wife's Jewish provenance was bound to attract attention. <mask> asserted that although much had been written about Thomas and Katia Mann, Katia's Jewish ancestry had been very little delved into, beyond bald statements recording the fact that she had, like her mother and like her children, been baptised (as a Christian).Roggenkamp was particularly critical, in this respect, of so-called "Mann-experts" such as Heinrich Breloer, as well as Inge and Walter Jens. Roggenkamp contended that the tendency of the Mann family (along with their many admirers and other researchers) to ignore the Jewish roots of Thomas Mann's wealthy father-in-law, Alfred Pringsheim amounted to denial and was deeply damaging. From California, the scholar (and Vienna-born holocaust survivor) Ruth Klüger summarized <mask>'s position for readers of Die Welt:
  "According to Roggenkamp Erika Mann consistently denied her Jewish provenance on her mother's side, in the sense that she never classified herself as Jewish. This denial came close to becoming a piece of psychological repression in a Freudian sense, which then worked itself out destructively - or at least negatively - in Erika's life, her writing and her thinking. You can, to be sure, pick out and question individual details on this hastily written polemical little book, but the author is certain correct to feel the need to raise questions if the daughter of a prominent and only partially assimilated [Jewish] family (Katia - Erika's mother - had been baptised into Christianity, but Old-man Pringsheim had not), during a period of very great persecution of Jews to which she might easily have fallen victim, should have set aside her Jewish heritage. ....so this highly gifted woman gradually became Thomas Mann's daughter, and nothing more. Her exceptionally close relationship to an exceptionally self-centred father blocked her own path to a life of her own".Klüger is strongly positive about Roggenkamp's imputations as to Erika Mann's inner thoughts and beliefs. Her insistence that much of the book's explosive impact comes from a wider context, in which discussion of the fate of German Jewry during the post-war period has been suppressed, is a judgement that Roggenkamp self-evidently shares. The summary to her review is overwhelmingly supportive:
  "Roggenkamp irritates and provokes. But it is difficult to resist the urgency and topicality of the irritations. By sharing her insights and conclusions on the German-Jewish relationship within the cultural élite, the author has shown no small courage in opening up a hornets' nest. Another expatriate observer, Manfred Koch, writing in the Neue Zürcher Zeitung, was less sympathetic:
  "The writer's judgmental attitude is astonishing. From the outset, she does not shy away from placing anyone who might criticise her case under suspicion of antisemitism.Roggenkamp eulogises a vague 'essentialism of Jewishness', which spares her the necessity of coming up with any more precise historical analysis. .... At the launch of the German empire almost two thirds of Germany's Jews were part of an economic and cultural elite;  they had left religious constraints and lifestyles behind. .... The lack of interest in their Jewish heritage that the Pringsheims, like many others like them, took is not the result of some pathological repression or betrayal. Erika Mann fought against antisemitism whenever she encountered it. That she thought of herself not as a Jew but as a democratic humanist like any other ... who should blame her?" Commentators piled in on both sides.(Some were even content to try colonizing the middle ground.) <mask>'s public profile, along with appreciation of her insights, were permanently raised and enhanced. Roland H. Wiegenstein applied a little psychological interpretation of his own in Die Berliner Literaturkritik, suggesting that Roggenkamp's decision to share her conclusions on Erika Mann's denial of her Jewishness was,
   "... certainly all of a piece with the historical illuminations that the author has previously shared in her novels of family life. .... For <mask>mp, Erika Mann becomes a kind of flawed role model ("Identifikationsfigur"), just as Rahel Varnhagen was for the young Hannah Arendt. Roggenkamp conducts a phoney battle with her heroine and wishes  the matter could be other than it is". Tilmann Lahme, who provided his review in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, is deeply underwhelmed. He does not think that Roggenkamp had found out too much about why Erika Mann, like her mother before her, wanted nothing to do with her Jewish roots.But he has discovered plenty about Roggenkamp's own grief over the loss of Jewish lives in Germany, and about her anger, "although it remains unclear why this is principally directed against Thomas Mann". Notes

References

People from Hamburg
20th-century German women writers
21st-century German women writers
Jewish German writers
German opinion journalists
1948 births
Living people

masks:
Viola Roggenkamp
Roggenkamp
Viola Roggenkamp
Viola Roggenka
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<mask> (born London United Kingdom, 2 August 1951) is an English musicologist and, since January 2007, has been Thurston Dart Professor of Music at King's College London. His work has centred on opera. Between 2006 and 2010, while Professor of Music at Gresham College, London, <mask> presented four series of free public lectures, one example being "Verdi and Milan" in 2007 which is available on video. In addition to teaching, <mask> has been active as joint editor in the preparation of critical editions of the work of 19th-century Italian composer Gaetano Donizetti for the Milan publishing house Ricordi. He also acts as Repertory Consultant to the UK's specialised recording company, Opera Rara, which has commissioned performances and recordings of rare Donizetti operas such as Belisario in 2012 and Les Martyrs in 2014. Additionally, <mask> has presented talks on UK radio on aspects of opera, including his talk  "Verdi 200: Viva Verdi" on BBC Radio 3 on 6 January and 13 October 2013. Education and academic work
He studied at the University of London, first at Goldsmiths' College, and then at King's College London from which he obtained his PhD in 1981.In 1982, he moved to Cornell University in upstate New York, where he was assistant professor and then associate professor. Returning to England to become a lecturer in music (later professor) and fellow of St Hugh's College, Oxford, in 1999 he became professor of music at Cambridge University, where he was a fellow of St John's College. Between 2005 and 2006, he was the chair of the School of Arts and Humanities. <mask> became the Visiting Ernest Bloch Lecturer at the University of California, Berkeley in 2002 and, in 2007, he was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. Preparation of critical editions of operas
<mask>'s focus has been in the area of Italian opera of the nineteenth century. For ten years he was founding co-editor (with Arthur Groos) of the Cambridge Opera Journal, and he continues as General Editor of The Critical Edition of the Operas of Gaetano Donizetti published it Italy by Casa Ricordi of Milan and in the United States by the University of Chicago Press under the auspices of the Fondazione Donizetti. His co-editor is Gabriele Dotto, who led Ricordi's editorial department from 1992 to 2001.Other critical editions of Donizetti's operas on which <mask> has worked include Linda di Chamounix in 2007 as well as those titles which appear on the Donizetti Society's list of works completed by <mask> alone, such as Lucrezia Borgia (1998) and Adelia. Additionally, along with Dotto, he has co-authored the critical edition of Lucia di Lammermoor which was presented at the Royal Opera House, London in 2003. <mask> is also credited as editor of the critical edition of Puccini's opera, Manon Lescaut published by Ricordi in 2013. A major revival of a never-completed Donizetti opera, Le duc d'Albe, was given in 2012 by the Vlaamse Opera from a critical edition prepared by <mask>. He has written about the work involved in its preparation. Involvement with performances
For the preparation, recording, and presentation of the Opera Rara recording of Donizetti's Belisario in 2012, it has been noted that the opera was "performed in the edition by Sir Mark Elder, <mask> and Jürgen Selk, based on the 2010 edition by Ottavio Sbragia." For that event, <mask> coordinated and presented an afternoon-long public symposium on the opera.In a similar fashion, when Donizetti's Les Martyrs was presented by the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment in London in November 2014, <mask> was part of an introductory panel which also included Dr Flora Willson (who prepared the critical edition) and author and Donizetti biographer Jonathan Keates. Awards and appointments
He received the "Premio Giuseppe Verdi" in 1986, was a Guggenheim Fellow in 1986–87, and in 1991 was awarded the Dent Medal of the Royal Musical Association. 2008 saw his election as Fellow of the British Academy, while, in 2014, he was appointed member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music. Recent publications
 "Verdi the revolutionary? Let's separate fact from fiction", The Guardian (London), 7 October 2013
 Giacomo Puccini, Manon Lescaut, Milan: Ricordi, 2013. Editor, critical edition. A History of Opera (with Carolyn Abbate), London: Penguin Books, Ltd.; New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 2012
 The New Grove Guide to Verdi and his Operas, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2007
 Remaking the Song: Operatic Visions and Revisions from Handel to Berio, Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2006
 "The Opera Industry", in Jim Samson, ed., The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Music, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp.87–117
 "Philippe and Posa Act II: The Shock of the New", Cambridge Opera Journal, 14/1-2 (2002), pp. 133–47
 Gaetano Donizetti, Le convenienze ed inconvenienze teatrali, in Le opere di Gaetano Donizetti. Milan: Ricordi, 2002; vocal score, 2003. Joint editor of the critical edition with Anders Wiklund. Pensieri per un maestro: Studi in onore di Pierluigi Petrobelli, Turin: Einaudi, 2002. Joint editor with Stefano La Via

Personal life
Married to concert cellist Lynden Cranham, has three children and eight grandchildren. See also
Musicologist Philip Gossett (General Editor of critical editions of Giuseppe Verdi and Gioachino Rossini's operas.)References
Notes

Sources
Prof. <mask>'s past lectures on music at Gresham College. Available as audio/video files and as transcripts. Retrieved 23 December 2013. Curriculum vitae of <mask>, published by The Academy of Europe on www.ae-info.org

1951 births
Living people
Alumni of King's College London
Cornell University faculty
Academics of King's College London
Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
Fellows of St Hugh's College, Oxford
Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge
British musicologists
Opera scholarship
Professors of Gresham College

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<mask> (; , ) was the fifth governor of the Roman province of Judaea, serving under Emperor Tiberius from the year 26/27 to 36/37 AD. He is best known for being the official who presided over the trial of Jesus and later ordered his crucifixion. <mask>'s importance in modern Christianity is underscored by his prominent place in both the Apostles' and Nicene Creeds. Due to the Gospels' portrayal of <mask> as reluctant to execute Jesus, the Ethiopian Church believes that <mask> became a Christian and venerates him as a martyr and saint, a belief historically shared by the Coptic Church. Although <mask> is the best-attested governor of Judaea, few sources on his rule have survived. Nothing is known for certain about his life before he became governor of Judaea, nor of the circumstances that led to his appointment to the governorship. A single inscription from <mask>'s governorship has survived, the so-called <mask> stone, as have coins that he minted.The Jewish historian Josephus, philosopher Philo of Alexandria and the Gospel of Luke all mention incidents of tension and violence between the Jewish population and <mask>'s administration. Many of these involve <mask> acting in ways that offended the religious sensibilities of the Jews. The Christian Gospels record that <mask> ordered the crucifixion of Jesus at some point during his time in office; Josephus and the Roman historian Tacitus later also recorded this information. According to Josephus, <mask>'s removal from office occurred because he violently suppressed an armed Samaritan movement at Mount Gerizim. He was sent back to Rome by the legate of Syria to answer for this before Tiberius, though the emperor died before <mask> arrived. Nothing is known about what happened to him after this. On the basis of a mention in the second-century pagan philosopher Celsus and Christian apologist Origen, most modern historians believe that <mask> simply retired after his dismissal.Modern historians have differing assessments of <mask> as an effective ruler; while some believe he was a particularly brutal and ineffective governor, others argue that his long time in office means he must have been reasonably competent. According to one prominent post-war theory, <mask> was motivated by antisemitism in his treatment of the Jews, but this theory has been mostly abandoned. In Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, <mask> became the focus of a large group of New Testament apocrypha expanding on his role in the Gospels, the Pilate cycle. Attitudes split by region: In texts from the Eastern Roman Empire, <mask> was portrayed as a positive figure. He and his wife are portrayed as Christian converts and sometimes martyrs. In Western Christian texts, he was instead portrayed as a negative figure and villain, with traditions surrounding his death by suicide featuring prominently. <mask> was also the focus of numerous medieval legends, which invented a complete biography for him and portrayed him as villainous and cowardly.Many of these legends connected <mask>'s place of birth or death to particular locations around Western Europe, such as claiming his body was buried in a particularly dangerous or cursed local area. <mask> has frequently been a subject of artistic representation. Medieval art frequently portrayed scenes of <mask> and Jesus, often in the scene where he washes his hands of guilt for Jesus's death. In the art of the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, <mask> is often depicted as a Jew. The nineteenth century saw a renewed interest in depicting <mask>, with numerous images made. He plays an important role in medieval passion plays, where he is often a more prominent character than Jesus. His characterization in these plays varies greatly, from weak-willed and coerced into crucifying Jesus to being an evil person who demands Jesus's crucifixion.Modern authors who feature <mask> prominently in their works include Anatole France, Mikhail Bulgakov, and Chingiz Aitmatov, with a majority of modern treatments of <mask> dating to after the Second World War. <mask> has also frequently been portrayed in film. Life

Sources
Sources on <mask> <mask> are limited, although modern scholars know more about him than about other Roman governors of Judaea. The most important sources are the Embassy to Gaius (after the year 41) by contemporary Jewish writer Philo of Alexandria, the Jewish Wars (c. 74) and Antiquities of the Jews (c. 94) by the Jewish historian Josephus, as well as the four canonical Christian Gospels, Mark (composed between 66 and 70), Luke (composed between 85 and 90), Matthew (composed between 85 and 90), and John (composed between 90 and 110). Ignatius of Antioch mentions him in his epistles to the Trallians, Magnesians, and Smyrnaeans (composed between 105 and 110). He is also briefly mentioned in Annals of the Roman historian Tacitus (early 2nd c.), who simply says that he put Jesus to death. Two additional chapters of Tacitus's Annals that might have mentioned Pilate have been lost.Besides these texts, dated coins in the name of emperor Tiberius minted during <mask>'s governorship have survived, as well as a fragmentary short inscription that names <mask>, known as the Pilate Stone, the only inscription about a Roman governor of Judaea predating the Roman-Jewish Wars to survive. The written sources provide only limited information and each has its own biases, with the gospels in particular providing a theological rather than historical perspective on <mask>. Early life
The sources give no indication of <mask>'s life prior to his becoming governor of Judaea. His praenomen (first name) is unknown; his cognomen Pilatus might mean "skilled with the javelin ()," but it could also refer to the  or Phrygian cap, possibly indicating that one of <mask>'s ancestors was a freedman. If it means "skilled with the javelin," it is possible that <mask> won the cognomen for himself while serving in the Roman military; it is also possible that his father acquired the cognomen through military skill. In the Gospels of Mark and John, <mask> is only called by his cognomen, which Marie-Joseph Ollivier takes to mean that this was the name by which he was generally known in common speech. The name <mask> suggests that an ancestor of his came from Samnium in central, southern Italy, and he may have belonged to the family of Gavius <mask> and Pontius Telesinus, two leaders of the Samnites in the third and first centuries respectively, before their full incorporation to the Roman Republic.Like all but one other governor of Judaea, <mask> was of the equestrian order, a middle rank of the Roman nobility. As one of the attested Pontii, <mask> Aquila, an assassin of Julius Caesar, was a tribune of the plebs, the family must have originally been of plebeian origin. They became ennobled as equestrians. <mask> was likely educated, somewhat wealthy, and well-connected politically and socially. He was probably married, but the only extant reference to his wife, in which she tells him not to interact with Jesus after she has had a disturbing dream (Matthew 27:19), is generally dismissed as legendary. According to the cursus honorum established by Augustus for office holders of equestrian rank, <mask> would have had a military command before becoming prefect of Judaea; Alexander Demandt speculates that this could have been with a legion stationed at the Rhine or Danube. Although it is therefore likely <mask> served in the military, it is nevertheless not certain.Role as governor of Judaea

<mask> was the fifth governor of the Roman province of Judaea, during the reign of the emperor Tiberius. The post of governor of Judaea was of relatively low prestige and nothing is known of how <mask> obtained the office. Josephus states that <mask> governed for 10 years (Antiquities of the Jews 18.4.2), and these are traditionally dated from 26 to 36/37, making him one of the two longest-serving governors of the province. As Tiberius had retired to the island of Capri in 26, scholars such as E. Stauffer have argued that <mask> may have actually been appointed by the powerful Praetorian Prefect Sejanus, who was executed for treason in 31. Other scholars have cast doubt on any link between <mask> and Sejanus. Daniel R. Schwartz and Kenneth Lönnqvist both argue that the traditional dating of the beginning of <mask>'s governorship is based on an error in Josephus; Schwartz argues that he was appointed instead in 19, while Lönnqvist argues for 17/18. This redating has not been widely accepted by other scholars.<mask>'s title of prefect implies that his duties were primarily military; however, <mask>'s troops were meant more as a police than a military force, and <mask>'s duties extended beyond military matters. As Roman governor, he was head of the judicial system. He had the power to inflict capital punishment, and was responsible for collecting tributes and taxes, and for disbursing funds, including the minting of coins. Because the Romans allowed a certain degree of local control, <mask> shared a limited amount of civil and religious power with the Jewish Sanhedrin. <mask> was subordinate to the legate of Syria; however, for the first six years in which he held office, Syria's legate Lucius Aelius Lamia was absent from the region, something which Helen Bond believes may have presented difficulties to <mask>. He seems to have been free to govern the province as he wished, with intervention by the legate of Syria only coming at the end of his tenure, after the appointment of Lucius Vitellius to the post in 35 AD. Like other Roman governors of Judaea, Pilate made his primary residence in Caesarea, going to Jerusalem mainly for major feasts in order to maintain order.He also would have toured around the province in order to hear cases and administer justice. As governor, <mask> had the right to appoint the Jewish High Priest and also officially controlled the vestiments of the High Priest in the Antonia Fortress. Unlike his predecessor, Valerius Gratus, <mask> retained the same high priest, Joseph ben Caiaphas, for his entire tenure. Caiaphas would be removed following <mask>'s own removal from the governorship. This indicates that Caiaphas and the priests of the Sadducee sect were reliable allies to <mask>. Moreover, Maier argues that <mask> could not have used the temple treasury to construct an aqueduct, as recorded by Josephus, without the cooperation of the priests. Similarly, Helen Bond argues that <mask> is depicted working closely with the Jewish authorities in the execution of Jesus.Jean-Pierre Lémonon argues that official cooperation with <mask> was limited to the Sadducees, noting that the Pharisees are absent from the gospel accounts of Jesus's arrest and trial. Daniel Schwartz takes the note in the Gospel of Luke (Luke 23:12) that <mask> had a difficult relationship with the Galilean Jewish king Herod Antipas as potentially historical. He also finds historical the information that their relationship mended following the execution of Jesus. Based on John 19:12, it is possible that <mask> held the title "friend of Caesar" (, ), a title also held by the Jewish kings Herod Agrippa I and Herod Agrippa II and by close advisors to the emperor. Both Daniel Schwartz and Alexander Demandt do not think this especially likely. Incidents with the Jews

Various disturbances during <mask>'s governorship are recorded in the sources. In some cases, it is unclear if they may be referring to the same event, and it is difficult to establish a chronology of events for <mask>'s rule.Joan Taylor argues that <mask> had a policy of promoting the imperial cult, which may have caused some of the friction with his Jewish subjects. Schwartz suggests that <mask>'s entire tenure was characterized by "continued underlying tension between governor and governed, now and again breaking out in brief incidents." According to Josephus in his The Jewish War (2.9.2) and Antiquities of the Jews (18.3.1), <mask> offended the Jews by moving imperial standards with the image of Caesar into Jerusalem. This resulted in a crowd of Jews surrounding <mask>'s house in Caesarea for five days. <mask> then summoned them to an arena, where the Roman soldiers drew their swords. But the Jews showed so little fear of death, that <mask> relented and removed the standards. Bond argues that the fact that Josephus says that <mask> brought in the standards by night, shows that he knew that the images of the emperor would be offensive.She dates this incident to early in <mask>'s tenure as governor. Daniel Schwartz and Alexander Demandt both suggest that this incident is in fact identical with "the incident with the shields" reported in Philo's Embassy to Gaius, an identification first made by the early church historian Eusebius. Lémonon, however, argues against this identification. According to Philo's Embassy to Gaius (Embassy to Gaius 38), <mask> offended against Jewish law by bringing golden shields into Jerusalem, and placing them on Herod's Palace. The sons of Herod the Great petitioned him to remove the shields, but <mask> refused. Herod's sons then threatened to petition the emperor, an action which <mask> feared that would expose the crimes he had committed in office. He did not prevent their petition.Tiberius received the petition and angrily reprimanded <mask>, ordering him to remove the shields. Helen Bond, Daniel Schwartz, and Warren Carter argue that Philo's portrayal is largely stereotyped and rhetorical, portraying <mask> with the same words as other opponents of Jewish law, while portraying Tiberius as just and supportive of Jewish law. It is unclear why the shields offended against Jewish law: it is likely that they contained an inscription referring to Tiberius as  (son of divine Augustus). Bond dates the incident to 31, sometime after Sejanus's death in 17 October. In another incident recorded in both the Jewish Wars (2.9.4) and the Antiquities of the Jews (18.3.2), Josephus relates that <mask> offended the Jews by using up the temple treasury () to pay for a new aqueduct to Jerusalem. When a mob formed while <mask> was visiting Jerusalem, <mask> ordered his troops to beat them with clubs; many perished from the blows or from being trampled by horses, and the mob was dispersed. The dating of the incident is unknown, but Bond argues that it must have occurred between 26 and 30 or 33, based on Josephus's chronology.The Gospel of Luke mentions in passing Galileans "whose blood <mask> had mingled with their sacrifices" (Luke 13:1). This reference has been variously interpreted as referring to one of the incidents recorded by Josephus, or to an entirely unknown incident. Bond argues that the number of Galileans killed does not seem to have been particularly high. In Bond's view, the reference to "sacrifices" likely means that this incident occurred at Passover at some unknown date. She argues that "[i]t is not only possible but quite likely that <mask>'s governorship contained many such brief outbreaks of trouble about which we know nothing. The insurrection in which Barabbas was caught up, if historical, may well be another example." Trial and execution of Jesus

At the Passover of most likely 30 or 33, <mask> <mask> condemned Jesus of Nazareth to death by crucifixion in Jerusalem.The main sources on the crucifixion are the four canonical Christian Gospels, the accounts of which vary. Helen Bond argues that
the evangelists' portrayals of <mask> have been shaped to a great extent by their own particular theological and apologetic concerns. [...] Legendary or theological additions have also been made to the narrative [...] Despite extensive differences, however, there is a certain agreement amongst the evangelists regarding the basic facts, an agreement which may well go beyond literary dependency and reflect actual historical events. <mask>'s role in condemning Jesus to death is also attested by the Roman historian Tacitus, who, when explaining Nero's persecution of the Christians, explains: "Christus, the founder of the name, had undergone the death penalty in the reign of Tiberius, by sentence of the procurator <mask> <mask>, and the pernicious superstition was checked for a

masks:
Pontius Pilate
Pilate
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Pilate
Pilate
Pilate
Pilate
Pilate
Pilate
Pilate
Pilate
Pilate
Pilate
Pilate
Pilate
Pilate
Pilate
Pilate
Pontius
Pilate
Pilate
Pilate
Pontius
Pilate