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<mask> (; born 29 April 1956) is an American feminist theorist, known particularly for their theory of agential realism. Biography
They are currently Professor of Feminist Studies, Philosophy, and History of Consciousness at the University of California, Santa Cruz. They are the author of Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning. Their research topics include feminist theory, physics, twentieth-century continental philosophy, epistemology, ontology, philosophy of physics, cultural studies of science, and feminist science studies. <mask> earned their doctorate in theoretical physics at Stony Brook University. Their dissertation presented computational methods for quantifying properties of quarks, and other fermions, and in the framework of lattice gauge theory. <mask> serves on the advisory board for the feminist academic journals Catalyst: Feminism, Theory, Technoscience and Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society.Agential realism
According to <mask>'s theory of agential realism, the universe comprises phenomena, which are "the ontological inseparability of intra-acting agencies". Intra-action, a neologism introduced by <mask>, signals an important challenge to individualist metaphysics. For <mask>, phenomena   or objects do not precede their interaction, rather, 'objects' emerge through particular intra-actions. Thus, apparatuses, which produce phenomena, are not assemblages of humans and nonhumans (as in actor-network theory). Rather, they are the condition of possibility of 'humans' and 'non-humans', not merely as ideational concepts, but in their materiality. Apparatuses are 'material-discursive' in that they produce determinate meanings and material beings while simultaneously excluding the production of others. What it means to matter is therefore always material-discursive.Barad takes their inspiration from physicist Niels Bohr, one of the founders of quantum physics. <mask>'s agential realism is at once an epistemology (theory of knowing), an ontology (theory of being), and an ethics. For this, <mask> introduces the neologism ontoepistemology. Because specific practices of mattering have ethical consequences, excluding other kinds of mattering, onto-epistemological practices are always in turn onto-ethico-epistemological. Much of <mask>'s scholarly work has revolved around their concept of "agential realism," and their theories hold importance for many academic fields, including science studies, STS (Science, Technology, and Society), feminist technoscience, philosophy of science, feminist theory, and, of course, physics. In addition to Bohr, their work draws on the works of thinkers such as Michel Foucault, Judith Butler, Jacques Derrida, and Walter Benjamin, among others. <mask>'s original training was in theoretical particle physics and quantum field theory.Their book, Meeting the Universe Halfway, (2007), includes a chapter that contains an original discovery in theoretical physics, which is largely unheard of in books that are usually categorized as 'gender studies' or 'cultural theory' books. In this book, <mask> also argues that 'agential realism,' is useful to the analysis of literature, social inequalities, and many other things. This claim is based on the fact that <mask>'s agential realism is a way of understanding the politics, ethics, and agencies of any act of observation, and indeed any kind of knowledge practice. According to <mask>, the deeply connected way that each "thing" is entangled with everything else in materially specific ways means that all intra-actions reconfigure the entanglements. <mask>'s innovative and far-reaching formulation of intra-action, which challenges the usual notion of interaction which assumes a metaphysics of individualism, offers a new formulation of causality. There are not things that interact but rather through and within intra-actions there is a differentiating-entangling so that an agential cut is enacted that cuts things together-apart (one move) such that differences exist not as absolute separations but in their inseparability (i.e., "agential separability" as <mask> calls it). Nothing is inherently separate from anything else, but separations are enacted within phenomena.This view of knowledge provides a framework for thinking about how culture and habits of thought can make some things visible and other things easier to ignore or to never see. For this reason, according to <mask>, agential realism is useful for feminist analysis and other forms of political and social thought, even if the connection to science is not apparent. <mask>'s framework makes several other arguments, and some of them are part of larger trends in fields such as science studies and feminist technoscience (all can be found in her 2007 book, Meeting the Universe Halfway):

 They defines agency as a relationship and not as something that one "has." The scientist and the social are always part of the apparatus, and one needs to take account of this in its inseparability in analyzing the system. This differs from the view that political critiques of science seek to undermine the credibility of science; instead, <mask> argues that this kind of critique actually makes for better, more credible science. They argue that politics and ethical issues are always part of scientific work, and only are made to seem separate by specific historical circumstances that encourage people to fail to see those connections. One example they discuss is the ethics of developing nuclear weapons to argue this point, by claiming that the ethics and politics are part of how such weapons were developed and understood, and therefore part of science, and not merely of the "philosophy of science" or the "ethics of science."This differs from the usual view that one can strive for a politics-free, bias-less science. Nevertheless, they argue against epistemological relativism, and offers an important alternative to the usual conception of objectivity. They also reject the idea that science is "only" a language game or set of fictions produced only by human constructions and concepts. Although the scientist is part of the "intra-action" of the experiment, humans (and their cultural constructs) do not have complete control over everything that happens. <mask> expresses this point by saying, in "Getting Real," that although scientists shape knowledge about the universe, you can't ignore the way the universe "kicks back." These points on science, agency, ethics, and knowledge reveal that <mask>'s work is similar to the projects of other science studies scholars such as Bruno Latour, Donna Haraway, Andrew Pickering, and Evelyn Fox Keller. Selected bibliography

Books

Chapters in books

Journal articles
  Abstract.Reprinted in various anthologies. See also
Queer Theory
Feminist Studies
Michel Foucault
Niels Bohr
Epistemology
Donna Haraway
Technoscience

References

External links

 <mask>'s UCSC web page
Joseph Rouse's discussion of agential realism, available on MUSE
 Review of Getting Real at the Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research

1956 births
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
21st-century American physicists
American women philosophers
Continental philosophers
Epistemologists
Feminist philosophers
Living people
Ontologists
Philosophy of physics
Postmodern feminists
Theoretical physicists
University of California, Santa Cruz faculty
Philosophers from California
Stony Brook University alumni
Philosophers of science
20th-century American women
21st-century American women

masks:
Karen Michelle Barad
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<mask> (18 March 1893 – 1 December 1966; , , Xiao'erjing: ) was a Chinese general in the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China (ROC) and a prominent Chinese Nationalist leader. He was of Hui ethnicity and of the Muslim faith. From the mid-1920s to 1949, <mask> and his close ally Li Zongren ruled Guangxi province as regional warlords with their own troops and considerable political autonomy. His relationship with Chiang Kai-shek was at various times antagonistic and cooperative. He and Li Zongren supported the anti-Chiang warlord alliance in the Central Plains War in 1930, then supported Chiang in the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War. <mask> was the first defense minister of the Republic of China from 1946 to 1948. After losing to the Communists in 1949, he fled to Taiwan, where he died in 1966.Warlord era
<mask> was born in Guilin, Guangxi and given the courtesy name Jiansheng (). He was a descendant of a Persian merchant of the name <mask>luden, whose descendants adopted the Chinese surname <mask>. His Muslim name was <mask> <mask>. He was the second of three sons. His family was said to have come from Sichuan. At the age of 14 he attended the Guangxi Military Cadre Training School in Guilin, a modern-style school run by Cai E to modernize Guangxi's military. <mask> and classmates Huang Shaohong and Li Zongren would become the three leading figures of Guangxi's military.For a time <mask> withdrew from the military school at the request of his family and studied at the civilian Guangxi Schools of Law and Political Science. With the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, under the leadership of Huang Shaoxiong, <mask> joined a Students Dare to Die corps. After entering the Nanjing Enlistment Corps he transferred from the Corps to the Second Military Preparatory School at Wuchang. He graduated from the school in 1914, then underwent pre-cadet training for six months before attending the third class of Baoding Military Academy in June 1915. He became a 1st Guangxi Division probationary officer upon returning to Guangxi. <mask> rose to fame during the warlord era by allying with Huang Shaohong (a fellow deputy commander of the Model Battalion of the Guangxi First Division) and Li Tsung-jen as supporters of Kuomintang leader Sun Yat-sen. This alliance, called the New Guangxi Clique, proceeded to move against Guangxi warlord Lu Rongting in 1924.The coalition's efforts brought Guangxi Province under ROC jurisdiction, and Pai and Li represented a new generation of Guangxi leaders. The Nationalist chief of staff (acting) was <mask>. The 13th Army had him as the commander. The Nationalist Northern Punitive Expedition was participated in by <mask>. During the Northern Expedition (1926–28) <mask> was the Chief of Staff of the National Revolutionary Army and credited with many victories over the northern warlords, often using speed, maneuver and surprise to defeat larger enemy forces. He led the Eastern Route Army that conquered Hangzhou and Shanghai in 1927. As garrison commander of Shanghai, he also took part in the purge of Communist elements of the National Revolutionary Army on April 4, 1927, and of the labor unions in Shanghai.<mask> also commanded the forward units that first entered Beijing and was credited with being the senior commander on site to complete the Northern Expedition. For many of his battlefield exploits during the Northern expedition, he was given the laudatory nickname Xiao Zhuge, literally "little Zhuge Liang," of the Three Kingdoms fame. <mask> was the commander of Kuomintang forces in the Shanghai massacre of 1927, where he directed the KMT purge of Communists in the party. In 1928, during the Northern Expedition, <mask> led Kuomintang forces in the defeat and destruction of Fengtian Clique Gen. Zhang Zongchang, capturing 20,000 of his 50,000 troops and almost capturing Zhang himself, who escaped to Manchuria. <mask> personally had around 2,000 Muslims under his control during his stay in Beijing in 1928 after the Northern Expedition was completed; it was reported by Time magazine that they "swaggered riotously" in the aftermath In June 1928 in Beijing, <mask> announced that the forces of the Kuomintang would seize control of Manchuria and the enemies of the Kuomintang would "scatter like dead leaves before the rising wind". <mask> was out of money and bankrupt in December 1928. He planned to lead 60,000 troops from east China to Xinjiang province and construct a railroad as a barrier against Russian encroachment in Xinjiang.His plan was perceived by some to be against Feng Yuxiang. The Military Council refused to authorize him leaving Peiping to go to Hankow. At the end of the Northern Expedition, Chiang Kai-shek began to agitate to get rid of the Guangxi forces. At one time in 1929 <mask> had to escape to Vietnam to avoid harm. Hubei and Guangxi were subjected to the Hankou subcouncil of Li Zongren and <mask>. Li and <mask>'s Hankou and Canton self-ruling governments were terminated by Chiang. Hankou was captured by Chiang during the dispute between the Guangxi faction and Nanjing.From 1930 to 1936, <mask> was instrumental in the Reconstruction of Guangxi, which became a "model" province with a progressive administration. Guangxi supplied over 900,000 soldiers to the war effort against Japan. During the Chinese Civil War <mask> fought against the Communists. In the Long March he allowed the Communists to slip through Guangxi. Governing his province aptly and capably were two of the things <mask> was renowned for in China. Prominent Muslims like Generals Ma Liang, Ma Fuxiang and <mask> met in 1931 in Nanjing to discuss intercommunal tolerance between Hui and Han. Second Sino-Japanese War

The 4th Army Groups chief of staff was <mask>.An anti-Japanese war was called for by <mask>, Li Zongren and Chen Jitang in 1936. The menace posed by Japan was seen by <mask> and Li Zongren. Formal hostilities broke out on 7 July 1937 between China and Japan with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident outside Beijing. On 4 August 1937 <mask> rejoined the Central Government at the invitation of Chiang Kai-shek. During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45), he was the Deputy Chief of the General Staff responsible for operations and training. He was the key strategist who convinced Chiang to adopt a "Total War" strategy in which China would trade space for time, adopt guerrilla tactics behind enemy lines and disrupt enemy supply lines at every opportunity. When the better armed and trained Japanese troops advanced, the Chinese would adopt a scorched earth campaign in the enemy's path to deny them local supply.<mask> was also involved in many key campaigns including the first major victory at the Battle of Tai'erzhuang in Shandong Province in the spring of 1938 when he teamed up with Gen. Li Zongren to defeat a superior enemy. China managed to check and delay the Japanese advance for several months. Subsequently, <mask> was appointed Commander of the Field Executive Office of the Military Council in Guilin, with responsibility for the 3rd, 4th, 7th and 9th War Zones. In that capacity he oversaw the successful defense of Changsha, capital of Hunan Province. Between 1939 and 1942, the Japanese attacked Changsha three times and were repelled each time. <mask> also directed the Battle of South Guangxi and Battle of Kunlun Pass to retake South Guangxi. The 64th Army and 46th Army were requested to be outfitted by <mask> via Gen. Lindsey.<mask>'s Guangxi soldiers were praised as a "crack" (as in elite) army during the war against Japan, and he was known to be an able general who could lead the Chinese resistance should Chiang Kai-shek be assassinated. The majority of Chinese presumed that Chiang Kai-shek, as leader of China, tapped <mask> to inherit his position. <mask> led the competent Guangxi Army against the Japanese. In refusing to obey commands from Chiang if he assumed them to be wrong and flawed, <mask> was alone among fellow military men. Jihad was declared obligatory and a religious duty for all Chinese Muslims against Japan after 1937 during the Second Sino-Japanese War. <mask> also sheltered the Muslim Yuehua publication in Guilin, which printed quotes from the Quran and Hadith justifying the need for Chiang Kai-shek as leader of China. Also, promoted Chinese nationalism and uniting Hui to the Han during the war against Japan.During the war, <mask> traveled throughout the Muslim northwestern provinces of China controlled by the Ma Clique and met with Ma Clique generals to defeat Japanese propaganda. The Hui Muslim Xidaotang sect pledged allegiance to the Kuomintang after their rise to power and <mask> acquainted Chiang Kai-shek with the Xidaotang jiaozhu Ma Mingren in 1941 in Chongqing. <mask> headed the Chinese Islamic National Salvation Federation. In January 1945, he was awarded the Legion of Merit of the United States. Chinese Civil War

Following the surrender of Japan in 1945, the Chinese Civil War resumed in full-fledged fighting. In the spring of 1946 the Chinese Communists were active in Manchuria. A crack People's Liberation Army unit of 100,000 strong under the Communist Gen. Lin Biao occupied a key railroad junction at Siping.Kuomintang forces could not dislodge them after several attempts; Chiang Kai-shek then sent <mask> to oversee the operation. After some redeployment, Nationalist forces were able to decisively defeat Lin's forces after a two-day pitched battle. This was to be the first major victory for the Kuomintang in the 1946-49 stage of the civil war before the fall of mainland China to the Chinese Communists. In June 1946 <mask> was appointed Minister of National Defense. It turned to be a post without power, as Chiang began to bypass <mask> on major decisions regarding the Chinese Civil War. Chiang would hold daily briefings in his residence without inviting <mask> and began to

masks:
Bai Chongxi
Bai
Bai
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Baider
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Omar Bai
Chongxi
Bai
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Bai
Bai
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Bai Chongxi
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Bai Chongxi
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Bai Chongxi
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 direct front-line troops personally down to the division level, bypassing the chain of command. The Civil War went poorly for the Kuomintang as Chiang's strategy of holding onto provincial capitals and leaving the countryside to the Communists very quickly caused the downfall of his forces, which had a 4:1 numerical superiority at the beginning of the conflict.During the Ili Rebellion <mask> was considered by the government for the post of Governor of Xinjiang. The position later was given to Masud Sabri, a pro-Kuomintang Uyghur leader. In April 1948 the first National Assembly in China convened in Nanjing, with thousands of delegates from all over China representing different provinces and ethnic groups. <mask>, acting as Minister of National Defense, debriefed the Assembly on the military situation, completely ignoring Northern China and Manchuria in his report. Delegates from Manchuria in the assembly responded by yelling out and calling for the death of those responsible for the loss of Manchuria. In November 1948 <mask>, in command of forces in Hankow, met with Generals Fu Zuoyi, Chang Chih-chung and Chiang Kai-shek in Nanjing about defending Suzhou, the gateway to the Yangzi River valley. <mask> told the Central Political Council of the Kuomintang that negotiating with the Communists would only make them more powerful.Governor of Hunan Cheng Qian, and <mask> reached a consensus that they should impede the advance of the Communists by negotiating with them. In January 1949, with the Communists close to victory, almost everyone in the Nationalist media, political and military command began to demand peace as a slogan and turn against Chiang. <mask> decided to follow suit with the mainstream current and defied Chiang Kai-shek's orders, refusing to battle Communists near the Huai River and demanding that his soldiers, which were "lent", be sent back to him so he could secure his hold n the province of Guangxi and ignore the central government in Nanjing. <mask> was the commander of four armies in Central China in the Hankow region. He demanded that the government negotiate with the Communists like the others. <mask> was in charge of the defense of the capital, Nanjing. He sent a telegram requesting that Chiang Kai-shek step down as president, amid a storm of requests by other Kuomintang military and political figures for Chiang to step down and allow a peace deal with the Communists.When Communist Gen. Lin Biao mounted an attack on <mask>'s forces in Hankow, they retreated quickly, leaving the "rice bowl" of China open for the Communists. <mask> retreated to headquarters at Hengyang via a railroad from Hankow to Canton. The railroad then provided access to Guilin where his home was. In August at Hengyang, <mask> reorganized his troops. In October, as the Canton fell to the Communists, who were almost in complete control of China, <mask> still commanded 200,000 of his elite troops, making a return to Guangxi for a final stand after covering for Canton. Taiwan

The riots following the February 28 Incident of 28 February 1947 that broke out in Taiwan due to poor governance by the central government appointed officials and the garrison forces caused many casualties of both native Taiwanese and mainland residents. <mask> was sent as Chiang Kai-shek's personal representative on a fact finding mission and to help pacify the populace.After a two-week tour, including interviews  with various  segments of the Taiwan population, <mask> made sweeping recommendations, including replacement of the governor, and prosecution of his chief of secret police. He also granted amnesty to student violators of peace on the condition that their parents take custody and guarantee subsequent proper behavior. For his forthright actions, native Taiwanese held him in high regard. <mask> had another falling out with Chiang when he supported General Li Zongren, his fellow Guangxi comrade-in-arms, for the vice presidency in the 1948 general election when Li won against Chiang's hand picked candidate, Sun Fo. Chiang then removed <mask> from the Defense Minister post and assigned him the responsibility for Central and South China. <mask>'s forces were the last ones to leave the mainland for Hainan Island and eventually to Taiwan. He served Chief of the General Staff since 1927 until his retirement in 1949.After he came to Taiwan, he was the appointed vice director of the strategic advisory commission in the presidential office. He also continued to serve in the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang. He reorganized the party from 1950 to 1952. After the Communist victory, some of <mask>'s Guangxi troops fled to French Indochina where they were detained. Others went to Hainan in retreat. In 1951, <mask> made a speech to the entire Muslim world calling for a war against the Soviet Union, claiming that the "imperialist ogre" leader Joseph Stalin was engineering World War III, and <mask> also called upon Muslims to avoid the Indian leader Jawaharlal Nehru, accusing him of being blind to Soviet imperialism. He and Chiang never reconciled and he lived in semi-retirement until he died of coronary thrombosis on 1 December 1966 at the age of 73.<mask> was then given a military funeral by the government, with a Kuomintang Blue Sky with a White Sun flag over his coffin. <mask> was buried in the Muslim section of the Liuzhangli (六張犁) Cemetery in Taipei, Taiwan. Personal life

As a Muslim, he was Chairman of the Chinese Islamic National Salvation Federation, and then the Chinese Muslim Association. <mask> was a board member of the All-China Inter-religious Association, representing Islam, the other members of the board were a Catholic Bishop, Methodist Bishop, and the Buddhist Abbot Taixu. <mask> sent his son Pai Hsien-yung to Catholic schools in Hong Kong. During the Northern Expedition, in 1926 in Guangxi, <mask> led his troops in destroying Buddhist temples and smashing idols, turning the temples into schools and Kuomintang party headquarters. It was reported that almost all of Buddhist monasteries in Guangxi were destroyed by <mask> in this manner.The monks were removed. <mask> led a wave of anti-foreignism in Guangxi, attacking American, European, and other foreigners and missionaries, and generally making the province unsafe for foreigners. Westerners fled from the province, and some Chinese Christians were also attacked as imperialist agents. The three goals of his movement were anti-foreignism, anti-imperialism, and anti-religion. <mask> led the anti-religious movement, against superstition. Huang Shaoxiong, also a Kuomintang member of the New Guangxi Clique, supported <mask>'s campaign, and Huang was a non-Muslim, the anti religious campaign was agreed upon by all Guangxi Kuomintang members, so it may have not had anything to do with <mask>'s beliefs. As a Kuomintang member, <mask> and the other Guangxi clique members allowed the Communists to continue attacking foreigners and idols, since they shared the goal of expelling the foreign powers from China, but they stopped Communists from initiating social change.British diplomats reported that he also drank wine and ate pork. <mask> was interested in Xinjiang, a predominately Muslim province. He wanted to resettle disbanded Chinese soldiers there to prevent it from being seized by the Soviet Union. <mask>  personally wanted to lead an expedition to seize back Xinjiang to bring it under Chinese control, in the style that Zuo Zongtang led during the Dungan revolt. <mask>'s partner in the Guangxi clique Huang Shaohong planned an invasion of Xinjiang. During the Kumul Rebellion Chiang Kai-shek was ready to send Huang Shaohong and his expeditionary force which he assembled to assist Muslim General Ma Zhongying against Sheng Shicai, but when Chiang heard about the Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang, he decided to withdraw to avoid an international incident if his troops directly engaged the Soviets, leaving Ma alone with not reinforcements to fight the Red Army. Huang was suspicious of this, suspecting that Chiang feared that the Guangxi clique was take control of Xinjiang rather than Chiang's Nanjing regime.Impact
<mask>'s reputation as a military strategist was well known. Evans Carlson, a United States Marine Corps colonel, noted that <mask> "was considered by many to be the keenest of Chinese military men." Edgar Snow went even further, calling him "one of the most intelligent and efficient commanders boasted by any army in the world." <mask> is the father of Kenneth Hsien-yung Pai, Chinese author and playwright now living in the United States. <mask> and his wife had ten children, three girls and seven boys. Their names are Patsy, Diana, Daniel, Richard, Alfred, Amy, David, Kenneth, Robert and Charlie. He married his wife Ma P'ei-chang in 1925.Of his ten children, three are still living, scattered across America and Taiwan. Taipei Mayor Hau Lung-pin announced in March 2013 that <mask>'s tomb will form the basis for a Muslim cultural area and Taiwan historical park. See also
 Islam in China
 Islam in Taiwan

References

External links

<mask>xi
Picture of <mask>'s Family
<mask>'s pictures
Picture of <mask>'s Funeral

1893 births
1966 deaths
Taiwanese Muslims
Taiwanese people of Hui descent
Chinese anti-communists
Chinese military personnel of World War II
Hui people
Baoding Military Academy cadets
National Revolutionary Army generals from Guangxi
Republic of China warlords from Guangxi
Chinese Muslim generals
Qing dynasty military personnel
Recipients of the Order of Blue Sky and White Sun
Chinese Nationalist military figures
Kuomintang politicians in Taiwan
People from Guilin
Defense Ministers of the Republic of China
Deaths from coronary thrombosis
Chinese Civil War refugees
Chinese mass murderers
Taiwanese people from Guangxi
Commanders of the Legion of Merit
People of the Northern Expedition
People of the Central Plains

masks:
Bai
Bai Chongxi
Bai
Bai
Bai
Bai Chongxi
Bai
Bai
Bai Chongxi
Bai
Bai Chongxi
Bai Chongxi
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<mask>, generally known as <mask> (December 12, 1941 – March 25, 2020) was a Dutch singer, stage actress and television personality. She became popular during the 1960s and frequently collaborated with Ramses Shaffy. She also sang Jacques Brel's chansons in Dutch translation. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Bandoeng, Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia), as Elisabeth "Elly" Dorathea Driessen. Her parents were separated in 1942 when during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, her father was forced to work in coal mines. Elly and her mother were sent to one of the many camps set up exclusively to imprison Dutch occupants of Indonesia; such camps were known under the Dutch nickname "jappenkamp" (Jap-Camp). The circumstances in which Elly and her mother lived in the camp were very hard on her mother, who developed depression.When the Japanese capitulated at the end of WWII Elly and her mother were set free. They were reunited with their father and husband, but a few weeks later, Elly's mother committed suicide. Elly and her father returned to the Netherlands, where her father remarried. His new wife, however, frequently clashed with Elly. At the age of seven, children's services took Elly away. It was thought her father was deceased, and she was placed in an orphanage. After it was revealed her father was still alive, she was placed back with her father and stepmother.In 1948, during a trip to the Dutch island of Vlieland, Elly's stepmother was told that the owner of a hotel on Vlieland and his wife were seeking to adopt a child. Elly was subsequently given up by her father and adopted by this couple, whose surname was <mask>. 1958–68: television, theatre and music
As a teenager, <mask> was very interested in culture and music. At age 18, in 1959 she moved to Amsterdam, where she studied fashion and had a job as a secretary. She appeared in the AVRO talent show "Nieuwe Oogst", after which she was signed to collaborate with legendary Dutch singer Ramses Shaffy (1933–2009) in the theatre show Shaffy Chantant. They first started this show, in which they performed well-known chansons, in 1964. In 1965, the duo was awarded the Europe Cup for Best Singing Performance in Knokke, Belgium.This caused <mask> to focus on a musical career and she released her debut album in 1966. In 1967, Mikis Theodorakis asked her to collaborate on an LP of his Mauthausen Ballad, describing the persecution of Jews during the Second World War in dramatic chansons. The LP was a critical and commercial success. <mask> was also successful with an LP containing cover versions of songs by Jacques Brel: the LP was certified gold. 1969–90: expanded career

In 1969, <mask> was awarded a press prize at a television festival in Montreux. The prize was awarded to her for her contribution in a television series. Because of this foreign acclaim, <mask> focused more on international success.She started recording more cover versions of well-known artists, such as Gilbert Bécaud. <mask>'s success continued with the release of more LPs and a continued acting career in television, film, and stage. In 1972 she recorded and album with the American singer, songwriter Rod McKuen: 'Two against the morning'. In 1973 she recorded the album 'Meet lovely <mask> <mask>' in England. Her album: '<mask> <mask> sings Jacques Brel' was released in 1972 in the USA. In 1976 she recorded an album with songs of Charles Aznavour 'Charles Aznavour presents: <mask> <mask>'. She sang with him the duet: 'Don't say a word.'<mask> took a short break when she became pregnant with her first child; she and husband Robert Braaksma had a daughter, Elisah, in 1983, when <mask> was 41. <mask> ceased her activities for six years to care for her child. In 1988, <mask> made her return to the public eye, starring in a theatre programme titled "List NU". In 1990, she started on a similar show, but it gained neither critical nor commercial success, therefore <mask> accepted that her career had ended. 1991–2020
In the 90s singer, songwriter and producer Frank Boeijen revived <mask>'s career. She recorded two albums with him: in 1994 <mask> and in 1996 Noach. In 1995 she received an Edison for the first, which is one of the highest musical honors awarded in The Netherlands.In 1999 she released Vergezicht which contains the song Heb Het Leven Lief (Love life) which she sang in 2007 at the memorial celebration for Jos Brink, with whom she had performed in a musical Het Hemelbed to great acclaim. She was also approached by Albert Verlinde to star in his musical about Edith Piaf's life. She started this in 1999 and did 170 shows of Piaf, de Musical. Because of its success, and the many requests to bring the musical back, she reprised the role during 2008 and 2009. In 2000 and in 2008, she won the coveted John Kraaijkamp Musical Award for this role. In 2009 she released a new CD called Verloren & Gewonnen. In 2015, she released what would be her last album, a tribute album to Ramses Shaffy titled Echo, which contained covers of songs by Shaffy.In 2017, <mask> decided to retire from music because she was developing dementia due to brain damage she had sustained in a car accident earlier in life. She died in her sleep on March 25, 2020, after spending the last years of her life in an assisted-living facility. Discography
<mask> <mask> 1966
<mask> <mask> Sings Theodorakis 1967
Pastorale 1968
Zingt Jacques Brel, Phillips Netherlands 849 010 PY, 1969
Victoria 1970
Neuremberger Droom 1971
 Two against the morning Philips Records 1972
 Meet lovely <mask> List Philips Records 1973
 Foto 1974
 Samen (met Ramses Shaffy) 1976
 Charles Aznavour presents: <mask> <mask> Philips Records 1976
 Madame Melancholie 1977
 Meisjes van Dertig 1979
 Voor vanavond en daarna 1982
 List 1994
 Noach 1996
 Vergezicht 1999
 Van Shaffy tot Piaf 2001
 Heb het leven lief 2001
 Portret 2002
 Carre Vedetten Gala 2006
 Verloren en Gewonnen 2009
 Echo 2015

Bibliography
 Verburg, Alex Het voorlopige leven van Liesbeth <mask>, published by Archipel 2001,  (Dutch language)
 Verburg, Alex Intiem. De herinneringen van Liesbeth List, published by Witsand/ Archipel, 2010,  (Dutch language)
Dave Boomkens, <mask> <mask>, de dochter van de vuurtorenwachter, published by Luitingh-Sijthoff, 2017. (Dutch language)

References

External links

1941 births
2020 deaths
Dutch women singers
People from Bandung
Musicians from West Java

masks:
Elisabeth Dorathea List
Liesbeth List
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<mask>  (16 September 1920 – 6 October 2012), was a British-Australian philosopher and was appointed as an Emeritus Professor by the Australian National University. He worked in the fields of metaphysics, philosophy of science, philosophy of mind, philosophy of religion, and political philosophy. He wrote multiple entries for the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Career
Born in Cambridge, England, of Scottish parents, <mask> began his education locally, attending The Leys School, a leading independent boarding school. His younger brothers also became professors: Alastair (1922–1992) was Professor of Art History at Nottingham University; Ninian was a professor of religious studies and a pioneer in that field. Their father, <mask>, was <mask> Astronomer at Cambridge University and later Regius Professor of Astronomy at Glasgow. In 1950, W. M<mask> was President of the Royal Astronomical Society.In 1946, <mask> graduated from the University of Glasgow with an MA, followed by a BPhil from Oxford University in 1948. He then worked as a Junior Research Fellow at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, for two years. <mask> served in the Second World War with the British Army where he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Corps of Signals on 9 October 1941 and given the service number 212091. His war service was mainly in India and Burma. He was demobilised in April 1946 and in 1950 was granted the honorary rank of lieutenant. He arrived in Australia in August 1950 to take up the Chair of Philosophy at the University of Adelaide, which he occupied from 1950 until 1972. After twenty-two years in Adelaide, he moved to La Trobe University where he was Reader in Philosophy from 1972 to 1976.He then moved to the Australian National University where he was Professor of Philosophy in the Research School of Social Sciences from 1976 until his retirement in 1985, and where the annual <mask> Lecture is held in his honour. Following his retirement he was Emeritus Professor at Monash University. <mask> was a Foundation Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities at its establishment in 1969. In 1990 he was awarded the Companion in the General Division of the Order of Australia. In 1991 he was elected to become an honorary Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and in 2010, elected to become an honorary Fellow of Queen's College, Oxford. At first <mask> was a behaviourist before becoming an early proponent of type identity theory. Metaphysics
<mask>'s main contribution to metaphysics is in the area of philosophy of time.He has been an influential defender of the B-theory of time, and of perdurantism. His most important original arguments in this area concern the passage of time, which he claimed is an illusion. He argued that if time really passed, then it would make sense to ask at what rate it passes, but this requires some second time-dimension with respect to which passage of normal time can be measured. This in turn faces the same problems, and so there must be a third time-dimension, and so on. This is called the rate of passage argument and it was originally put forward by C. D. Broad. <mask> has changed his mind about the nature and causes of the illusion of the passage of time. In the 1950s, he held that it was due to people's use of anthropocentric temporal language.He later came to abandon this linguistic explanation of the illusion in favour of a psychological explanation in terms of the passage of memories from short-term to long-term memory. Philosophy of mind
Regarding the philosophy of mind, <mask> was a physicalist. In the 1950s, he was also one of the originators, with Ullin Place, of the mind–brain identity theory, which claims that particular states of mind are identical with particular states of the brain. Initially, this view was dubbed "Australian materialism" by its detractors, in reference to the stereotype of Australians as down-to-earth and unsophisticated. <mask>'s identity theory dealt with some extremely long-standing objections to physicalism by comparing the mind–brain identity thesis to other identity theses well-known from science, such as the thesis that lightning is an electrical discharge, or that the morning star is the evening star. Although these identity theses give rise to puzzles such as Gottlob Frege's puzzle of the Morning Star and Evening Star, in the scientific cases, some claim that it would be absurd to reject the identity theses on this ground. Since the puzzles facing physicalism are strictly analogous to the scientific identity theses, it would then also be absurd to reject physicalism on the grounds that it gives rise to these puzzles.Ethics
In ethics, <mask> was a defender of utilitarianism. Specifically, he defended "extreme", or act utilitarianism, as opposed to "restricted", or rule utilitarianism. The distinction between these two types of ethical theory is explained in his essay Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism. <mask> gave two arguments against rule utilitarianism. According to the first, rule utilitarianism collapses into act utilitarianism because there is no adequate criterion on what can count as a "rule". According to the second, even if there were such a criterion, the rule utilitarian would be committed to the untenable position of preferring to follow a rule, even if it would be better if the rule were broken, which <mask> called "superstitious rule worship". Another aspect of <mask>'s ethical theory is his acceptance of a preference theory of well-being, which contrasts with the hedonism associated with "classical" utilitarians such as <mask>.<mask>'s combination of the preference theory with consequentialism is sometimes called "preference utilitarianism". <mask>'s arguments against rule utilitarianism have been very influential, contributing to a steady decline in its popularity among ethicists during the late 20th century. Worldwide, his defence of act utilitarianism and preference theory has been less prominent but has influenced philosophers who have worked or been educated in Australia, such as <mask>, Philip Pettit, and Peter Singer. One of <mask>'s two entries in the Philosophical Lexicon refers to his approach to the consequences of act utilitarianism: to "outsmart" an opponent is "to embrace the conclusion of one's opponent's reductio ad absurdum argument." This move is more commonly called "biting the bullet". Works

"Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism", The Philosophical Quarterly, Oct. 1956, pages 344–354. An Outline of a System of Utilitarian Ethics, 1961.Philosophy and Scientific Realism, 1963. Problems of Space and Time, 1964 (edited, with introduction). Between Science and Philosophy: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, 1968. Utilitarianism : For and Against (co-authored with Bernard Williams; 1973)
Ethics, Persuasion and Truth, 1984. Essays Metaphysical and Moral, 1987. Atheism and Theism (Great Debates in Philosophy) (including contributions by <mask>e; 1996)

References

Sources
Who's Who in Australia 1990
Pettit, Philip; Sylvan, Richard; Norman, <mask> (editors); Metaphysics and Morality: Essays in Honour of <mask>.C. <mask>, 1987.Franklin, <mask>, Corrupting the Youth: A History of Philosophy in Australia, 2003

External links

 The annual <mask> lecture at Philosophy RSSS, the Australian National University
 JJC Smart obituary, The Guardian, London, 30 October 2012
 J.J.C. <mask> (1920-2012) by Graham Nerlich in Philosophy Now
 Vale J. J. C. Smart obituary notice from Monash University with tributes from <mask>w and Graham Oppy
 <mask>; gifted Scottish philosopher who became a leading light in Australia Scotsman obituary
 J. J. <mask> (1920-2012): Remembering <mask>, M., Bilimoria, P. & Bigelow, J., SOPHIA (2013) 52: 1. J. J. C. <mask>, 1920 - 2012 by <mask>w, with <mask> and <mask>
British Army Officers 1939–1945

1920 births
Consequentialists
2012 deaths
Companions of the Order of Australia
Utilitarians
20th-century Australian  philosophers
21st-century Australian philosophers
Australian atheists
Atheist philosophers
Philosophers of mind
Philosophers of religion
Metaphysicians
People educated at The Leys School
Monash University faculty
University of Adelaide faculty
Australian National University faculty
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
Fellows of Corpus Christi College, Oxford
British political philosophers
Fellows of the Australian Academy of the Humanities
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Corps of Signals officers
People from Cambridge
British emigrants to Australia
Military personnel from Cambridgeshire

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John Jamieson Carswell Smart
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William Marshall Smart
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<mask> "Al" <mask>  (born September 15, 1936) is a Canadian professor and researcher in experimental psychology, cognitive science, and Gestalt psychology, primarily in the perceptual organization of sound. He is known for having defined and conceptually organized the field of auditory scene analysis (ASA) in his 1990 book, Auditory Scene Analysis: the perceptual Organization of Sound (MIT Press). His ideas about ASA have provided a new framework for research in the auditory systems of both humans and non-human animals, for behavioral and neurological studies of speech perception, for music theory, hearing aids, audio technology, and the separation of speech from other sounds by computers (CASA). In acknowledgement of these contributions, he has been called "the father of auditory scene analysis". He currently holds a post-retirement appointment at the rank of emeritus professor in the Department of Psychology at McGill University. Arriving at McGill in 1965, he became the first professor there to teach cognitive psychology. He has also taught courses on Computer and Man, Research methods in experimental psychology, Learning Theory, Auditory Perception, Psychological Theory, and honors research seminars.Many of his McGill undergraduate students have gone on to make significant contributions to intellectual life. These include Steven Pinker, Adam Gopnik, Paul Bloom, Stevan Harnad, Alfonso Caramazza, Marcel Just, Stephen McAdams, Bruce Walker, Susan Pinker, Alexander I. Rudnicky, and Alison Gopnik. His graduate students have included, among others, Gary L. Dannenbring, Valter Ciocca, Howard Steiger, Martine Turgeon, Poppy A.C. Crum, Michael Mills (Communications), James K. Wright (Music), and Francesco Tordini (Electrical Engineering). Postdoctoral fellows in his laboratory have included Richard Parncutt, Sheila Williams, and Brian Roberts. Biography

Personal
<mask> was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 1936. His father was an office manager and his mother, a home-maker. He has one sister, who lives in Jerusalem, Israel.His wife is a retired history professor and active artist. He has three stepdaughters and two stepsons. Academic career
<mask> received a Bachelor of Arts degree from University College of the University of Toronto, with a concentration in Philosophy (ethics), in 1957. He received a master's degree in Psychology, also from the University of Toronto, in 1959, after which he worked as a research assistant for two summers for Endel Tulving, studying how subjective organization affected the process of memorization. In 1963, he received a PhD degree from Yale University, where he had gone, in 1959, to study the formation of concepts with Carl I. Hovland. However, after Hovland died in 1961, he did his dissertation research on human memory, supervised by Fred D. Sheffield. From 1962 to 1965, he was a research fellow at the Center for Cognitive Studies established by George A. Miller and Jerome S. Bruner at Harvard University, where he continued to study memory.There, he and Donald A. Norman set up one of the earliest computer systems for controlling psychological experiments, based on a PDP-4 computer. He also taught two courses in the Harvard Psychology Department. One was the laboratory section of a course in experimental psychology, taught by Richard Herrnstein; the other was a graduate seminar in learning theory. He arrived at McGill University in 1965 as an assistant professor in the Department of Psychology, rose to the rank of full professor, and in 1999 received a lifetime post-retirement appointment in the Psychology Department at the rank of emeritus professor. He spent sabbatical periods at Cornell University, the University of Sussex, and at Stanford University, where he was associated with the Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA), founded by John Chowning. He has given invited lectures on auditory scene analysis at many universities, including Harvard, MIT, Yale, Oxford, Cambridge, Stanford, UC Berkeley, UCLA, Cornell, Virginia, Toronto, Hong Kong, ETH Zürich, Oldenburg, Thessaloniki, and the New University of Lisbon, as well as at research institutes including Advanced Technology Research (ATR) in Kyoto, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) in Tokyo, the Kitano Symbiotic Systems Project in Tokyo, and Dolby Labs in San Francisco. Auditory scene analysis

Bregman's first research at McGill was a continuation of his earlier research on memory.However, in 1969, while preparing a recording of a rapid succession of sounds for an experiment on learning, he made a fortuitous discovery. I was preparing an experiment on learning, involving a rapid sequence of unrelated sounds, each about the length of a speech phoneme. I spliced together one-tenth-second segments of many different sounds – water splashing in a sink, a dentist's drill, a tone, a vowel, etc. When I played the tape back to myself, though, I did not experience the sequences in the order that they were recorded on the tape. It appeared that non-adjacent sounds were grouping together and appeared to be adjacent. It was the similar sounds that seemed to be forming integrated perceptual sequences. This reminded me of an essay I had written at the University of Toronto on the topic of Gestalt Psychology.Some of the Gestaltist's examples showed that similar visual forms would group together and segregate from dissimilar ones. Perhaps an analogous sort of grouping might be happening in my auditory sequence. Although I had never been trained in auditory perception research, this one subjective experience set me off on a 36-year period of study." To support this research, he developed a computer-based laboratory based on a PDP-11 computer for working with auditory and visual signals and testing human subjects. Laboratory supervisors included Gary Bernstein, Gary Dannenbring, Philippe Grall, Sharif Qureshi, and Pierre Abdel Ahad. He developed the concept of auditory stream segregation (also called "streaming") to describe how a single sequence of sounds could be interpreted by the auditory system as two or more concurrent streams of sound. Extensive research by <mask> and his students and postdoctoral fellows exposed many of the acoustic variables that controlled this process.Eventually he came to think of streaming as a part of a larger auditory process, which he called "auditory scene analysis" (ASA), a process responsible for analyzing the complex mixture of sound that reaches the listener's ears and for building distinct perceptual representations of the individual acoustic sources that were buried in the mixture. <mask>'s work on ASA has had influences outside the field of experimental psychology. In a field called Computational auditory scene analysis (CASA), the principles of ASA have been used in the development of computer systems that carry out ASA automatically, for example segregating speech from other concurrent sounds. The principles have been applied to music to explain the segregation and integration of musical sounds  and have also been applied to speech perception ASA has been found in human newborns  and in non-human animals, suggesting an innate basis for the process. In 1992, <mask> set up an electronic mail list, AUDITORY, on the topic of auditory perception. Administered by Professor Daniel P. Ellis, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, it includes over 2500 researchers and practitioners of the auditory arts and sciences in about 45 countries (as of Aug 2011).Honors and awards

<mask> was elected fellow of the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) in 1978, the American Psychological Association in 1984, and the Royal Society of Canada in 1995. From 1984 to 1986 he held a Killam Research Fellowship from the Canada Council. In 1995 he was awarded the Jacques Rousseau Medal for interdisciplinary contributions by the Association francophone pour le savoir. In 2004, he received the CPA Donald O. Hebb Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology as a Science and in 2012, the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal from the Governor General of Canada. <mask>'s extensive research on ASA has yielded one book, one audio compact disk, three articles in encyclopedias or handbooks, 16 book chapters, and 53 papers in scientific journals. In addition he has published 12 scientific articles on other perception-related topics, and six on human memory. Selected publications

Books

 <mask>, A.S. (1990).Auditory Scene Analysis: The Perceptual Organization of Sound. Cambridge, Mass. : Bradford Books, MIT Press. (Paperback, 1994)

Audio compact disk

 Bregman, A.S., & Ahad, P.A. (1996) Demonstrations of Auditory Scene Analysis: The Perceptual Organization of Sound. Audio compact disk. (Distributed by MIT Press).Articles in encyclopedias and handbooks

 <mask>, A.S. (2004) Auditory scene analysis. In N.J. Smelzer & P.B. Baltes (Eds.) International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Amsterdam: Pergamon (Elsevier). pp. 940–942.<mask>, A.S. (2008) Auditory scene analysis. In Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. (L.R. Squire, Editor.) Oxford: Academic Press. <mask>, A.S. (2007) Auditory scene analysis. In  A.I.Basbaum, A. Koneko, G.M. Shepherd & G.Westheimer (Eds.) The Senses: A Comprehensive Reference, Vol. 3, Audition, P. Dallos & D. Oertel (Volume Eds.) San Diego: Academic Press, 2008, pp. 861–870. Selected book chapters

 <mask>, A.S. (1978).The formation of auditory streams. In J. Réquin  (Ed. ), Attention and Performance VII. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. <mask>, A.S. (1981). Asking the "what for" question in auditory perception. In M. Kubovy and J.R. Pomerantz (Eds.), Perceptual Organization. Hillsdale, New Jersey:  Lawrence Erlbaum. <mask>, A.S. (1993). Auditory scene analysis: Listening in complex environments. In S.E. McAdams, and E. Bigand (Eds.) Thinking in sound.London: Oxford University Press, pp. 10–36. <mask>, A.S. (1998). Psychological data and computational ASA. In David F. Rosenthal and Hiroshi G. Okuno (Eds. ), Computational Auditory Scene Analysis. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Selected papers in scientific journals

Other publications

For a full list of publications, see: <mask>, Auditory scene analysis. References

Living people
1936 births
McGill University faculty
Auditory scientists
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Canadian psychologists

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Albert Stanley
Bregman
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<mask> (June 16, 1858 – June 11, 1929) was an American newspaper man, entrepreneur, magazine publisher, and explorer. He was the founder of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) and the short-lived Lone Scouts of America (LSA). Born in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, he acquired a love for the outdoors early in his life. After working as a schoolteacher and a coal miner, Boyce attended Wooster Academy in Ohio before moving to the Midwest and Canada. An astute businessman, <mask> successfully established several newspapers, such as The Commercial in Winnipeg, Manitoba and the Lisbon Clipper in Lisbon, North Dakota. With his first wife, Mary Jane Beacom, he moved to Chicago to pursue his entrepreneurial ambitions. There he established the Mutual Newspaper Publishing Company and the weekly Saturday Blade, which catered to a rural audience and was distributed by thousands of newspaper boys.With his novel employment of newsboys to boost newspaper sales, <mask>'s namesake publishing company maintained a circulation of 500,000 copies per week by 1894. Boyce strongly supported worker rights, as demonstrated by his businesses' support of labor unions and his concern for his newsboys' well-being. By the early years of the 20th century, <mask> had become a multi-millionaire and had taken a step back from his businesses to pursue his interests in civic affairs, devoting more time to traveling and participating in expeditions. In 1909, he embarked on a two-month trip to Europe and a large photographic expedition to Africa with photographer George R. Lawrence and cartoonist John T. McCutcheon. Over the next two decades, <mask> led expeditions to South America, Europe, and North Africa, where he visited the newly discovered tomb of King Tutankhamun. <mask> learned about Scouting while passing through London during his first expedition to Africa in 1909. According to somewhat fictionalized legend, Boyce had become lost in the dense London fog, but was guided back to his destination by a young boy, who told him that he was merely doing his duty as a Boy Scout.<mask> then read printed material on Scouting, and on his return to the United States, he formed the B.S.A. From its start, <mask> focused the Scouting program on teaching self-reliance, citizenship, resourcefulness, patriotism, obedience, cheerfulness, courage, and courtesy in order "to make men". After clashing over the Scouting program with the first Chief Scout Executive James E. West, he left the B.S.A. and founded the L.S.A. in January 1915, which catered to rural boys who had limited opportunities to form a troop or a patrol. In June 1924, five years before <mask>'s death, a merger was completed between the B.S.A. and the struggling L.S.A.Boyce received many awards and memorials for his efforts in the U.S. Scouting movement, including the famed "Silver Buffalo Award". Personal life and family

<mask> was born on June 16, 1858 in New Texas, Pennsylvania – now Plum Borough —to a Presbyterian farm couple, <mask> and Margaret Jane Bratton <mask>. The Boyces had three children: <mask>, Mary, and John. During his rural childhood, Boyce acquired a love for the outdoors. He began teaching school at the age of 16 and then worked briefly as a coal miner. He returned to teaching before joining his sister at Wooster Academy in Ohio, which—according to school records—he attended from 1880 to 1881.It is uncertain if he graduated or was expelled. He then worked as a teacher, lumberjack, secretary, and salesman in the Midwest and Canada before settling in Chicago, where he quickly became known as a persuasive and shrewd salesman and learned business quickly. His books on business, travel, and expeditions often used the phrase "We pushed on." On January 1, 1884, <mask> married Mary Jane Beacom (1865–1959), whom he had known since his Pennsylvania childhood. <mask> called her Betsy, but to many her nickname was "Rattlesnake Jane" because she matched his skill in poker, was an expert shot, and rode horses cross saddle. It had also become obvious that she was more masculine than Boyce himself, although he had never admitted this, it became clear out of his journal. They had one son and two daughters: Benjamin Stevens (1884–1928), Happy (1886–1976) and Sydney (1889–1950).<mask>'s personal activities included hunting, yachting, Odd Fellows, Freemasonry, Shriners, golf, country clubs and the Chicago Hussars—an independent equestrian military organization. In 1903, <mask> purchased a four-story mansion on  in Ottawa, Illinois, which became the center of his family and social activities. Thereafter, he showed little interest in Chicago and its social activities; he would only go there on business. <mask> and Mary led increasingly separate lives and eventually divorced, which was reported on the front page of the Chicago Tribune because of the prominence he had attained by that time. The divorce was finalized in a Campbell County, South Dakota court in September 1908; his wife's property settlement was close to $1 million (USD). After the divorce was finalized, Boyce courted <mask> Lee, a vocalist from Oak Park, Illinois, who was 23 years his junior and the eldest child of Virginia and John Adams Lee, a former Lieutenant Governor of Missouri. Both Virginia's parents and <mask>'s son Ben opposed the relationship.In May 1910, after the planned marriage was announced, an infuriated Ben scuffled with his father outside the Blackstone Hotel and <mask> sustained a facial wound. Ben was arrested for disorderly conduct and fined $5 and court costs. Two days later, <mask> and Virginia married and went to Europe on an extended honeymoon. Almost immediately, there was speculation amongst family members and in newspapers about problems within the marriage. On April 9, 1911, <mask> and Virginia had a daughter, whom they named Virginia. A few months later, in December 1911, <mask> signed an agreement to support and educate their infant daughter. After <mask>'s wife filed for divorce in March 1912, she moved to Santa Barbara, California, with their daughter and her parents.<mask> did not contest the divorce and arranged for a $100,000 settlement. Years later, the elder Virginia married Richard Roberts, a New York banker, and moved with her and <mask>'s daughter to Greenwich, Connecticut. The younger Virginia took the surname Roberts. She did not meet her natural father, <mask>, until she was eight years old. Ben married Miriam Patterson of Omaha, Nebraska, on June 11, 1912. Both <mask> and his first wife attended the ceremony. At this time <mask>'s first wife, Mary, exchanged some of her Chicago property for the home in Ottawa, which sparked speculation that she and Boyce might reconcile.The next year they remarried on June 14, 1913, in Ottawa. They then departed on a honeymoon to Alaska, Hawaii, the Philippines, Panama, and Cuba, with their daughter Happy, son Ben, and his wife Miriam. Business enterprises
As <mask> traveled, he often started a newspaper wherever he went. His first venture into commercial publishing was compiling a city directory. He also worked briefly for a publisher in Columbus, Ohio, and a newspaper publisher in Kensington, Pennsylvania, part of Philadelphia. He then boarded a train for Chicago and worked as a secretary and salesman for Western magazine. Restless again, he moved to Saint Paul, Minnesota, and sold advertisements for a publisher for a short time and then spent a month in Fargo, North Dakota, and Grand Forks, North Dakota.Further north in Canada, in Winnipeg, Manitoba, he and local resident James W. Steen co-founded The Commercial in 1881, a newspaper that lasted for 70 years. He sold his share of "The Commercial" to his partner in 1882 and returned to Fargo where he became a reporter. In December 1882, <mask> moved to Lisbon, North Dakota, where he bought the Dakota Clipper. Beginning in December 1884, <mask> managed reporters and news releases at the "Bureau of Correspondence" at the six-month-long World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition in New Orleans, Louisiana. Countries from all over the world sent displays. <mask> was responsible for providing news stories on events and displays to over 1,200 newspapers around the country. He returned to North Dakota after the Exposition concluded, but by early 1886 he had moved back to Chicago.He often returned in North Dakota for publishing business deals and deer- and duck-hunting vacations. In Chicago, he founded the Mutual Newspaper Publishing Company in 1886 which provided advertisements and articles to over 200 newspapers. In 1887, he established the weekly Saturday Blade, an illustrated newspaper aimed at rural audiences and sold by thousands of newsboys—an innovation at the time. By 1892, the Saturday Blade had the largest circulation of any weekly newspaper in the United States. <mask>'s detailed reports of his foreign travels provided articles for the "Saturday Blade" and were reprinted in books by atlas/map publisher Rand McNally. The success of the Saturday Blade spawned the W. D. Boyce Publishing Company, which Boyce used to buy or start several newspapers and magazines. In 1892, Boyce bought out the "Chicago Ledger", a fiction weekly publication.In January 1903 he founded the international Boyce's Weekly, which advocated worker's rights. <mask>'s prominence as a supporter of labor attracted labor/union leaders such as John Mitchell of the United Mine Workers and <mask> Lloyd as writers and editors for Boyce's Weekly. Eight months later, Boyce's Weekly was consolidated with the Saturday Blade. Boyce also established the selected subject/topical newspapers Farm Business in 1914 and Home Folks Magazine in 1922. Dwindling sales led to the 1925 merger of the Blade and Ledger into the monthly Chicago Blade & Ledger, which was published until 1937. As Boyce's enterprises grew, he insisted on looking after the welfare of about 30,000 delivery boys, who were key to his financial success. Working with them may have helped him gain an understanding of America's youth.<mask> felt that delivering and selling newspapers taught a youth important responsibilities such as being polite, reading human nature, and handling money. <mask>'s focused determination was evident in the advice he gave to young men: "There are many obstacles to overcome, but toil, grit and endurance will help you to overcome them all. Help yourself and others will help you." and "whatever trade you have selected; never swerve from that purpose a single moment until it is accomplished". In 1891, <mask> began working on his own 12-story office building at 30 North Dearborn Street, known as the "Boyce Building", it was designed by architect Henry Ives Cobb. Even 20 years later, this building was recognized as the most expensive building (in terms of dollars per cubic foot) in Chicago. In 1907, <mask> consolidated his business operations into another office building, also known as the Boyce Building, at 500–510 North Dearborn Street.A new four-story office building—designed by the architectural firm of <mask>—was built on this location in 1912 and expanded during 1913–14 with an additional six stories. This building was later listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 29, 1996, maintained by the United States Department of the Interior and its National Park Service. At a time when women had trouble finding work and workers were often oppressed, Boyce felt their rights were important: his businesses employed many women and he supported labor unions. His newspapers often carried stories about the "nobility of labor". His businesses were able to pay out wages and benefits during the Panic of 1893, a time when many businesses were laying off workers and cutting wages. During the Pullman Strike of the Pullman Palace Car Company in 1894, which spread to 20 companies in over half the states, Boyce called Eugene V<mask>, the socialist labor national leader of the American Railway Union, a "great labor leader" and industrialist George Pullman, inventor of the railroad passenger and sleeping car, the man "who caused all the trouble" (the then-current labor and social/political strife of the 1890s). In 1901 when the Boyce Paper Manufacturing Company in Marseilles, Illinois, burned down, he paid the workers immediately and then hired them back as construction workers to rebuild the paper mill so they would not lose income.Yet, he was also protective of his money. In late 1894, when two of his workers were injured by a fallen smokestack and won $2,000 each in a court judgment, <mask> appealed the case all the way to the Supreme Court of Illinois, and lost. He was also persistent in getting what he wanted; in 1902, he sued the Marseilles Land and Power Company for not supplying enough water power to his mills and won a $65,300 judgment. By 1903, the Marseilles Land and Power Company fell into receivership and <mask> bought up the company. <mask> hired his son, Ben, when he was 20 years old, giving him high-level positions in his water and power businesses in and around Marseilles and Ottawa. However, their relationship was often strained by Boyce's high expectations and Ben's carelessness with his funds in activities such as betting on horse races. During June–August 1906, the government proposed quadrupling the postage rate for second-class mail, which included newspapers, from one cent to four cents per pound.In response, <mask> proposed buying the Post Office Department for $300 million (USD), claiming that he would reduce postal rates by half, eliminate chronic deficits by applying business methods to postal operations, establish a rural postal express, pay rent to the United States Department of the Treasury for postal buildings, and return profits over seven percent. This offer was rejected by the government, but it did halt their planned second-class postage rate increase. <mask> was a multi-millionaire by the early 1900s and by 1909 became more interested in civic affairs and less in finance. He also began to travel, often as part of hunting expeditions. He leased hunting lodges at Fort Sisseton, South Dakota, where he had hunted as a young man. He often hosted friends and relatives, especially his son, for activities such as hunting, fishing, dinner, poker, and plentiful liquor. These changes may have been in part caused by the destruction of his Ottawa mansion by fire in early 1908, which was soon rebuilt, followed three months later by the sale of his Marseilles paper mill due to a new law that prevented railroads from negotiating with shippers, and his September 1908 announcement that he and his wife, Mary Jane, were separating.In 1914 <mask> bought two more newspapers, the "Indianapolis Sun", which he renamed the "Indianapolis Daily Times", and the "Inter Ocean Farmer", which he renamed "The Farming Business". By 1920, the majority of Americans lived in cities instead of rural areas. Lone Scout,

masks:
William Dickson Boyce
Boyce
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David
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William Dickson
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Virginia Dorcas
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 "Saturday Blade", and "Chicago Ledger" all focused on rural customers and began to falter. <mask> launched "Home Folks Magazine" in an attempt to regain customers. By June 1925, sales had slipped so much that he merged the latter two titles into the "Blade and Ledger", which caused sales to rise again. This encouraged <mask> to start "Movie Romances", one of the first tabloid magazines about movie star romances. <mask>'s success in the publishing business lay in his ability to organize the administration of a business and delegate details to subordinates.He eventually amassed a fortune of about US$20 million. <mask>'s life paralleled Theodore Roosevelt's in many ways: Both men were products of the Progressive Era, internationally prominent, had concern for children, supported Scouting, were adventurers and outdoorsmen, (modern-day "environmentalists"), and were interested in civic reform. Although <mask> admired and sought to surpass Roosevelt, his only foray into politics was the 1896 Republican primary for a United States Representative (congressman) in the U.S. House of Representatives – a bitterly fought campaign which he lost to first-term incumbent George E. Foss. In all likelihood, <mask> met Roosevelt at the Union League Club of Chicago, of which the former had become a member in 1891. His ambivalent attitude towards government was a common one of the general public during the Progressive Era. However, <mask>'s Republican credentials and monetary contributions earned him an invitation to the presidential inauguration and ball of newly elected successor to "T.R. ", the 27th President, <mask> Taft in March 1909.Expeditions
<mask> financed an expedition of the explorer Frederick Schwatka to Alaska in 1896. Schwatka discovered gold near Nome and <mask> reported this success in his newspapers, which led him to finance other Schwatka expeditions as well as those of other adventurers, including a failed expedition to the Yukon River in 1898. <mask> soon began to carry out his own expeditions. When the United States entered the Spanish–American War in 1898, <mask> set sail for Cuban waters aboard the ship Three Friends. The nature of the activities of <mask> and this ship are unknown. In March 1909, <mask> embarked on a two-month trip to Europe, which included a visit to his daughters, who were in Rome. On returning to America, <mask> organized a photographic expedition to Africa with the innovative aerial photographer George R. Lawrence.Boyce met with safari organizers and outfitters and provisioned his expedition in London and Naples. His son Benjamin and Lawrence's son Raymond were part of the expedition. Cartoonist John T. McCutcheon joined the expedition while they were sailing from Naples to Africa. The group disembarked at Mombasa, Kenya, and was in Nairobi by September. After hiring local porters and guides, the entire expedition totaled about 400 people, about three-fourths of whom were servants. It required 15 train cars to move the people and equipment to the area the expedition was going to explore near Kijabi and Lake Victoria. The expedition was a failure because a telephoto lens was neither brought nor subsequently procured, the hot air balloons were not suitable for the conditions on the plains of East Africa, and the cameras were so large and noisy to move into position that the animals were scared away.The members of the expedition had to resort to buying photographs of big game animals from shops in cities such as Nairobi. The expedition did manage to successfully hunt several species of big game animals. In December 1910, <mask> led a nine-month,  expedition to South America that was extensively reported in his newspapers. In late January 1915, <mask> sailed to England because of his concern over World War I. He received permission from the American Legation in Switzerland to travel into Germany and Austria for six weeks to report on the industrial and commercial effects of the war on those countries. He sent extensive reports to his newspapers and returned home around April–May. In late 1922, <mask> departed on another expedition to Africa, this time for six months.Morocco reminded him of the Dakotas, Kansas, Texas, Florida, and Arizona. In Egypt he visited the tomb of Tutankhamun, which had been discovered just a few months earlier. His expedition then went to Luxor and sailed up the Nile River to Edfu, where the houses had no roofs and while he was there it rained and hailed for the first time in decades. <mask> stated that between his two expeditions to Africa, he had shot at least one of every game animal. Scouting
As <mask>'s interest in philanthropy grew, he turned to his childhood experiences in the outdoors as a resource, but could not find a way to channel his charitable ideas and dreams until a fateful stop to England while en route to what became the failed photographic expedition to Africa. Events in London on the way to and from this expedition would lead to the founding of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), one of many civic and professional organizations formed during the Progressive Era to fill the void of citizens who had become distended from their rural roots. Many youth organizations such as the Woodcraft Indians and Sons of Daniel Boone formed in America in the early 1900s focusing on outdoor character-building activities.The writings and adventures of Theodore Roosevelt contributed to these movements, with their outdoor, nature, and pioneer themes. By the time of his 1922 expedition to Africa, <mask> was so well respected in Scouting that French Boy Scouts in Algeria saluted him and offered to escort him along a trail when they found out he was the founder of BSA and LSA in America. Unknown Scout legend

According to legend, Boyce was lost on a foggy street in London in 1909 when an unknown Scout came to his aid, guiding him back to his destination. The boy then refused Boyce's tip, explaining that he was merely doing his duty as a Boy Scout. Soon thereafter, <mask> met with Robert Baden-Powell, who was the head of the Boy Scout Association at that time. <mask> returned to America, and, four months later, founded the Boy Scouts of America on February 8, 1910. He intended to base the program around American Indian lore.This version of the legend has been printed in numerous BSA handbooks and magazines. There are several variations of it, including ones that claim <mask> knew about Scouting before this encounter and that the Unknown Scout took him to Scout headquarters. In actuality, <mask> stopped in London en route to a safari in British East Africa. It is true that an unknown Scout helped him and refused a tip. But this Scout only helped him cross a street; he did not take him to the Scout headquarters and Boyce never met Baden-Powell. Upon <mask>'s request, the unknown Scout did give him the address of the Scout headquarters, where Boyce went and picked up a copy of Scouting For Boys and other printed material on Scouting. He read this while on safari and was so impressed that instead of making his return to America an around-the-world trip via San Francisco, he returned to the Scout headquarters in London.He volunteered to organize Scouting in America and was told that he could use their manual. While <mask>'s original account does not mention fog, a 1928 account says there was fog. Climatologists report no fog on that day in London. Boy Scouts of America

The Boy Scouts of America was incorporated on February 8, 1910, but it struggled from shortages of cash and leadership in the beginning. <mask> personally donated $1,000 a month to keep the organization running on the condition that boys of all races and creeds be included, which was at odds with his own expressed belief in the superiority of whites. He was not interested in directing the organization, and turned over the running of the organization to Edgar M. Robinson of the YMCA, who proceeded to recruit the permanent executive board of the BSA. The much-needed leadership and management arrived when the Sons of Daniel Boone and Woodcraft Indians merged with the BSA.<mask> felt that Scouting's emphasis on outdoor activity was crucial in producing the type of leaders that America needed because youth reared in cities had too much done for them, whereas those from the country had to learn to do things for themselves. Scouting was focused on teaching self-reliance, citizenship, resourcefulness, patriotism, obedience, cheerfulness, courage, and courtesy in order "to make men". Lone Scouts of America

Boyce clashed with James E. West, the BSA's Chief Scout Executive, over a program for boys who lived too far from town to join a troop. <mask> offered to publish a magazine for the BSA, as long as it was published in Chicago. The National Executive Board of the BSA turned this offer down and shortly thereafter <mask> ceased being active in administrative activities of the BSA, though he remained a staunch supporter of the program. As a result of this and his desire to serve boys who had limited opportunities as he himself did when he was young, <mask> started a new Scouting-related venture: the Lone Scouts of America (LSA) on January 9, 1915. Reliance on Native American themes gave LSA a distinct Native American flavor: Lone Scouts could form small groups known as "tribes", the tribe's treasurer was known as the "wampum-bearer", and LSA taught boys to respect the environment.Boyce's annual contribution to the LSA grew to $100,000. In both the BSA and the LSA, <mask> was a manager and had little direct contact with the Boy Scouts. Upon his return from reporting on World War I, <mask> immediately began expanding the LSA by starting Lone Scout magazine and hiring Frank Allan Morgan, a noted Chicago Scoutmaster, to lead the LSA. By November 1915, the LSA had over 30,000 members. Warren conferred upon Boyce the title Chief Totem. Youths could join the LSA simply by mailing in some coupons and five cents. By 1916, the BSA and the LSA were in direct competition for members.In the summer of 1917, during his annual Dakota hunt, the Gros Ventres Indian tribe made <mask> an honorary chief with the name "Big Cloud" during a three-day ceremony. With America at war, <mask> agreed to the creation of a Lone Scout uniform in late 1917. Though he had a uniform made for himself, he stipulated that no Lone Scout was required to purchase one. Boyce felt that Lone Scout was the best magazine he had ever done. Lone Scout was so popular that it could not handle all the material that was submitted, so many local and regional Tribe Papers were started. By 1922, <mask>'s newspaper business was suffering and Lone Scout was losing money—it switched from a weekly to a monthly. <mask>'s racial prejudice was revealed when the racial tensions in Chicago increased in the 1920s.The LSA issued a formal proclamation in late 1920 that it would only accept whites and in 1922 changed the masthead of Lone Scout from "A Real Boys' Magazine" to "The White Boys Magazine". The fortunes of the LSA had begun to decline by 1920 when Boyce hired the first professional editor for Lone Scout, George N. Madison. Madison discovered that the LSA's membership roster was wildly inaccurate: it was full of duplications and inactive members. The reported 490,000 Lone Scouts in 1922 was a vastly inflated number. Boyce finally accepted West's annual offer to merge with the BSA in April 1924, with the merger formalized on June 16, 1924. Some Lone Scouts did not transfer to the BSA, but the BSA continued Lone Scouting as a separate division for another decade, gradually losing its unique programs. Present day Lone Scouts use the standard Cub Scouting and Boy Scouting programs and activities, but are not part of a pack or troop on a regular basis because of factors such as distance, weather, time, disability or other difficulties.Legacy

<mask> died in 1928 of a heart embolism. His father did not arrive home until after his son's death. <mask> was so saddened over his son's death that his own health suffered. One of <mask>'s last efforts was to publish his son's letters from his South Seas expeditions: Dear Dad Letters from New Guinea. <mask> died from bronchial pneumonia on June 11, 1929, in Chicago and was buried in his adopted hometown of Ottawa, Illinois, on June 13, 1929, in the Ottawa Avenue Cemetery, with West delivering the eulogy. Boy Scouts maintained an honor guard with an American flag in a heavy rainstorm in two-hour shifts at his Ottawa home and 32 Boy Scouts were chosen as honorary pallbearers. BSA officials sent his widow a telegram that said the entire American nation owed him a debt of gratitude.A statue that commemorates his contribution to the Boy Scouts of America was placed near his grave on June 21, 1941, which West dedicated. <mask> was recognized with the Silver Buffalo Award in 1926, the first year it was awarded, for his efforts in starting the BSA. He was the third recipient, after Baden-Powell and the Unknown Scout. During the BSA's 50th anniversary in 1960, 15,000 Scouts and several of <mask>'s descendants gathered in Ottawa for a Boyce Memorial weekend. Illinois governor <mask> delivered the key address and Bridge Street was renamed Boyce Memorial Drive. In 1985, about 2,500 Scouts attended a 75th anniversary pilgrimage in Ottawa, attended by his last surviving child, Virginia, and the Union League of Chicago named <mask> its first Hall of Fame member. <mask> had been a member from 1891 until he died.On December 6, 1997, a Scouting museum opened in Ottawa. The W. D. Boyce Council of the BSA is named in his honor. A Pennsylvania State Historical Marker located on Boyce Campus of Community College of Allegheny County in Monroeville, Pennsylvania, recognizes his achievements to Scouting. Not far from the marker is a county park, Boyce Park, that was named for him. A medallion of <mask> is near the White House as part of The Extra Mile – Points of Light Volunteer Pathway. In 2005, the BSA introduced the William D. Boyce New Unit Organization Award, presented to the organizer of any new Scouting unit. The Extra Mile National Monument in Washington, DC selected <mask> as one of its 37 honorees.The Extra Mile pays homage to Americans like <mask> who set their own self-interest aside to help others and successfully brought positive social change to the United States. Works

 , also in four volumes:

See also

 <mask> – <mask>'s great-granddaughter
 World's Columbian Exposition

Citations

General references

External links
 Ottawa Scouting Museum, Ottawa, Illinois
 Ottawa Visitors Center, Ottawa, Illinois

1858 births
1929 deaths
American newspaper publishers (people)
American Presbyterians
Businesspeople from Chicago
Deaths from pneumonia in Illinois
Illinois Republicans
Journalists from Illinois
People from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania
People from Lisbon, North Dakota
People from Ottawa, Illinois
Scouting

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<mask> (; born March 30, 1992) is a Filipino actor, dancer, and commercial model. <mask> has appeared in various films and television shows such as Mula Sa Puso, Budoy, Princess and I, Muling Buksan Ang Puso and She's the One. He is best known for his role as Alexander "Xander" Grande III in the television series Forevermore in 2014–15, alongside Liza Soberano. Since then, he has starred in the films Just The Way You Are (2015), Everyday I Love You (2015), Dukot (2016), My Ex and Whys (2017), Seven Sundays (2017), and Alone/Together (2019); and the television series Dolce Amore (2016), Bagani (2018), and Make It With You (2020). Early life
<mask> was born on March 30, 1992 in Cebu City, Philippines. He is the second son of <mask> and Barbara Anne Bacay. His father is Filipino of Spanish descent, while his mother is Filipino with Spanish, German and Swiss ancestry.He has an older brother named <mask> (Javy) and a younger sister named Diandra Frances (Andie). His parents used to work as crew for Philippine Airlines. He is also related to Dingdong Dantes. <mask> finished grade school at the Montessori De Manila in March 2004, a private institute inside the BF Executive Village (Venice Street) in Las Piñas, and secondary school at the Manresa School in Parañaque in March 2008. He went to San Beda College Alabang to pursue a degree in Information Technology, but put his studies on hold to focus on his acting career. In 2016, he started attending a Business Management Program at the Southville International School in BF International, Las Piñas. Career

2008-2011: Career beginnings
<mask> started acting in 2008.He was 16 years old when his mother made him join My Talent summer workshops headed by Trumpets Playshop founder and STAGES president Audie Gemora, to overcome his shyness. They eventually pushed him to audition for Star Magic. Before being introduced to the media as a member of the Star Magic Circle Batch 16, he appeared in a series of TV commercials, including a Lewis and Pearl's advertisement, alongside Coleen Garcia. He landed his first television role in the action-drama series Pieta where he played the character Harold. Before Pieta, he had a cameo appearance in I Love Betty La Fea as one of the "Eco-models." In 2009, during the taping of Pieta, his mother convinced him to audition for the sitcom George and Cecil. As soon as head writer and director Jose Javier Reyes saw <mask>, he immediately cast him to be on the show.Later he was cast in the indie film Pitas as a brother of the lead character played by Kristel Moreno. In 2010, he co-starred in the indie war film Diego and His Brothers. He joined ASAP XV as one of Star Magic's "Gigger Boys" in April, and in May, co-starred in the teleserye Rosalka, in which he played Andrew. He was originally set to appear in Kokey @ Ako, but his character was written off in favor of Jason Francisco. In October, he was given the role of Joco, the younger brother of Paolo Barredo (Gerald Anderson), in the film Till My Heartaches End. He got his first hosting stint in the ABS-CBN teen variety show Shoutout!. This was revamped and renamed to Shoutout!: Level Up, but the show was eventually cancelled due to poor ratings. In 2011, <mask> finally nabbed his first lead role as Michael Miranda — originally played by Diether Ocampo — in the 2011 remake of Mula Sa Puso. He next played Jim in the 10th episode of Your Song Presents: Kim. The same year, he played Troy Cabrera in Good Vibes. <mask> admitted, during the Good Vibes press conference, that he was set to appear in the ABS-CBN's remake of María la del Barrio but had to turn down the role due to conflicting schedules. He replaced Albie Casiño in the Star Cinema film Way Back Home — the film debut of Kathryn Bernardo and Julia Montes. It was succeeded by his stint as Benjamin “BJ” Maniego in Budoy.He was featured in Zia Quizon's music video debut entitled "Ako Na Lang". 2012-2015: Rising popularity and breakthrough
In 2012, he starred as Dasho Jao Rinpoche in Princess and I, which became one of the most popular shows on ABS-CBN. He was also cast in the film The Reunion, a Filipino teen romantic comedy film directed by Frasco Mortiz. He was included in Amorosa, his first horror film. Later in the year, he appeared in The Strangers, one of the official entries for the 38th Metro Manila Film Festival. This was his first MMFF film. In February 2013, he was featured in Myrtle Sarrosa's "Mr. Kupido" music video.He also portrayed Senate President Juan Ponce Enrile on Maalaala Mo Kaya. Following this, he appeared in a number of new projects such as Muling Buksan Ang Puso series, alongside Julia Montes and Enchong Dee. In October 2013, he starred in the film She's The One with Bea Alonzo and Dingdong Dantes, which earned him a Best Supporting Actor nomination in the FAMAS Awards. Many considered this his breakthrough film as an actor. The film earned 12 million pesos on its first day and grossed 135 million pesos on its fifth week. <mask> further gained attention for his dancing skills through his signature moves to the song "Teach Me How to Dougie" and “Gentleman.” He released a debut dance album under Star Records entitled King of the Gil which reached Gold status. Later in the year, <mask> held his first headlining sold-out dance concert at the  Smart Araneta Coliseum with special guests Angel Locsin, Vice Ganda, Kim Chiu, Kathryn Bernardo, Vhong Navarro, Jhong Hilario, Arron Villaflor, Rayver Cruz, Martin del Rosario, Arjo Atayde, Ejay Falcon, gloc-9, Young JV, G-force, The Streetboys, and Julia Montes.Before proving his dancing prowess in the King of the Gil concert, <mask> made his debut on radio drama Dear M.O.R. Special on My Only Radio (MOR) 101.9 For Life! and MOR TV. He portrayed Carlo, a hopeless romantic guy who gives everything to his liberated and dominant girlfriend Lois, played by FM radio's first-ever roving DJ and Darling ng Masa Eva Ronda. In 2014, he replaced Kiko Estrada in the fantasy series Mirabella — the debut project of Julia Barretto. On February 26, the wattpad author HaveYouSeenThisGirL admitted via Twitter that <mask> was really supposed to be in the film adaptation of Diary ng Panget but refused to say why it didn't push through. On March 1, <mask> launched his single "Do The Moves" with Sarah Geronimo and apl.de.ap.Its youth-oriented music video was released on March 8. On March 16, <mask> confirmed that he would be part of the film The Trial as Martin, the best friend of Ronald (John Lloyd Cruz). On May 18, <mask> was named the "Most Promising Male Star of the Year" at the 45th Box Office Entertainment Awards. On June 25, Star Cinema announced that <mask> alongside Liza Soberano would lead the film adaptation of Kimberly Joy Villanueva's novel The Bet. On August 21, <mask> took part in ABS-CBN Philharmonic Orchestra's debut album Decades of OPM together with Abra, doing their version of "Totoy Bibo." In October 2014, he played the lead role as the rebellious hotel company heir Alexander "Xander" Grande III, who falls in love with Maria Agnes Calay, played by Soberano in the hit romantic comedy television series Forevermore, which marked a significant turning point in <mask>'s career. The series finale scored a 39.3 percent rating, the highest recorded national TV rating on Philippine television in 2015.In June 2015, following the success of Forevermore and his tandem with actress Soberano, they starred in a movie based on the Wattpad book The Bet. The film adaptation, initially titled as the same name as its source material was renamed Just The Way You Are. Later that year, <mask> starred in his follow-up movie with Soberano in the romantic film Everyday I Love You with Gerald Anderson, directed by Mae Cruz-Alviar. <mask> plays Ethan, who falls in love with Bacolod lass Audrey (Soberano), who is in a relationship with Tristan (Anderson). Both 2015 films were box office successes. On December 1, 2015, <mask> received a star at the Philippine Walk of Fame at Eastwood City, Libis, Quezon City. 2016-2019: Subsequent success
In February 2016, <mask> and Soberano returned to prime time with the romantic drama Dolce Amore, in which he played the role of Simon Vicente "TenTen" Ibarra, a poor and hardworking Manila boy who will do anything for his family.In July 2016, <mask> was the lead actor in the action film Dukot, which was based on a real kidnapping incident in the country. It was helmed by director Paul Soriano and was co-produced by Star Cinema. He won "Best Actor" in Gawad PASADO Awards for his acting performance. In 2017, <mask> starred in the romantic comedy drama film My Ex and Whys opposite Liza Soberano, directed by Cathy Garcia Molina, who had previously worked with them in the romantic comedy television series Forevermore. The film was released in February 2017, grossing ₱31.5 million on its first day and won him the GMMSF Box-Office Entertainment Award for Box Office King. The same year, he took the role Dex in the family comedy-drama film  Seven Sundays alongside Aga Muhlach, Ronaldo Valdez, Cristine Reyes, and Dingdong Dantes. Both films made the Top 10 List of highest-grossing Filipino films in 2017.In 2018, he was cast in the role of Lakas, a warrior in the television drama and fantasy series Bagani. The show debuted at number 1 in its time slot, and consistently ranked ahead of its competition during its five-month run. In 2019, <mask> and Soberano starred in the romantic drama film, Alone/Together, written and directed by Antoinette Jadaone. In the film, <mask> played Rafael "Raf" Toledo, a University of Santo Tomas - Biology student and an avid fan of The Eraserheads turned doctor five years later. The film made the Top 10 List of highest-grossing Filipino films in 2019. 2020–present: Recent roles
In 2020, <mask> appeared with Soberano in Make It With You as Gabriel "Gabo" Villarica,  a lost soul who finds himself in the small Eastern European country of Croatia. Other ventures

Philanthropy
In 2013, <mask> joined the PETA campaign "Free Mali" to transfer her from the Manila Zoo to Boon Lott's Elephant Sanctuary in Thailand.Mali is the only captive elephant in the Philippines and has been in captivity for the majority of her life, alone, in a tiny enclosure and in need of proper care. In the same year, <mask> donated part of the proceeds of his King of the Gil concert for the victims of Typhoon Haiyan, also known as Super Typhoon Yolanda. In 2015, <mask> alongside the cast of Forevermore participated in Hoops for Hope: A Charity Basketball Game, a project organized by Bakhita Canossa Foundation to sustain the construction of houses for the Yolanda victims at Brgy. Butig, Salcedo, Eastern Samar. In July 2021, <mask> and Soberano held a virtual fan meet to raise funds for Save the Children, a non-profit organization that advocates for children’s rights and provides support for children in need. Business
<mask> released his own fragrance line in collaboration with the fragrance brand in the Philippines, HKT Fragrances. His debut perfume collection have four scents.The men's line includes BMF and Blaze, while the women's variants are called Meow and Malibu. In an official online launch event held on July 19, 2020 via HKT Productions YouTube Channel, <mask> revealed details about how he personally produced and conceptualized the product alongside his sister Diandra <mask>. The inspiration came from his father who loves wearing and buying perfumes. <mask> said, "I also remember yun lagi yung pasalubong niya for my mom so it's something I grew up with and more than that, I like treating myself. Those little things, treating your senses. People sometimes forget that you got to smell good, and ang daming pabango na ang mamahal. I wanna bring back that in people na you have to smell good and feel good about yourself."Portion of the brand's sales will go to Shop & Share, a non-profit organization which aims to help underprivileged Filipinos get tested for COVID-19. In February 2021, <mask> launched HKT Essentials with Soberano. The alcohol brand was described as having a "baby powder scent and being gentle on the hands even if it is 70 percent ethyl alcohol." Portion of the brand’s sales will go to Save the Children, as well as a relief program for barangay-level health workers. In January 2022, <mask> shared on his Instagram story that he sold one of his house projects in BF Homes Parañaque. This was through his real estate developing business called Gil Side Homes. In an interview with PEP.ph back in December 2019, <mask> revealed that he has been into buying and selling of houses with his mother Barbara Anne Bacay.Personal life
<mask> dated Good Vibes co-star Coleen Garcia from 2010 to 2011. In February 2019, he and his frequent on-screen partner Liza Soberano publicly confirmed they had been a couple since October 24, 2014. Filmography

Television

Film

Music video appearances

Discography

Notes
1 Theme song for She's The One2 Together with Sarah Geronimo and Apl.de.ap. The single is for an endorsement. 3 Together with Liza Soberano. The single is for ABS-CBN's 2015 summer station ID. 4 with Liza Soberano, Daniel Padilla, Kathryn Bernardo, James Reid, Nadine Lustre, Bamboo Mañalac, and Elha Nympha

Notes
1 Together with Daniel Padilla and Khalil Ramos 2 Together with Abra 3 Together with Liza Soberano

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1992 births
Star Magic Batch 16
Star Music artists
Male actors from Cebu
Singers from Cebu City
Filipino people of Spanish descent
Filipino people of German descent
21st-century Filipino male actors
Filipino male models
21st-century Filipino male singers
Filipino male dancers
Bass-baritones
Living people
Filipino male television actors
ABS-CBN personalities
Visayan people

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