text_chunks:
<mask> (錢弘倧) (c. 928 – 971? ), known as <mask> (錢倧) during Song, courtesy name Longdao (隆道), nickname Wanjin (萬金), formally King Zhongxun of Wuyue (吳越忠遜王), was the fourth king of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period state Wuyue. He ruled for only seven months before being deposed by the general Hu Jinsi in a coup. Background
<mask> was probably born in 928. His father was <mask> (later known as <mask>n, King Wenmu), who, as of 928, had been designated the heir to his father (<mask>'s grandfather) <mask> (King Wusu), the founding king of Wuyue. His mother was <mask>uan's concubine Lady Fu, who had previously given birth to <mask>'s oldest biological son (fifth son overall) <mask>n. <mask> was <mask>'s seventh son (third biological).When <mask> <mask> was born, <mask> Chuanguan dreamed of a man presenting him with a box of gold, and therefore nicknamed <mask> Hongzong Wanjin ("10,000 catties of gold"). Early in his career, <mask> <mask> served as an officer of the Wuyue royal guard corps, and carried the honorary title of acting Sikong (司空, one of the Three Excellencies). In 944, during the reign of his older brother <mask> Hongzuo (King Zhongxian), who had succeeded <mask> Yuanguan, he was sent to Yue Prefecture (越州, in modern Shaoxing, Zhejiang) to serve as the comforter of the eastern headquarters (i.e., Yue), and was given the honorary title of acting Taiwei (太尉, also one of the Three Excellencies). In 947, <mask> Hongzuo recalled him to Wuyue's capital Qiantang to serve as chancellor. Later in the year, <mask> Hongzuo died, and, in his will, named <mask> <mask> the military governor (Jiedushi) of Wuyue's two main circuits, Zhenhai (鎮海, headquartered at Qiantang) and Zhendong (鎮東, headquartered at Yue), as well as the honorary chancellor title of Shizhong (). Shortly after, <mask> <mask> took the throne. For the time being, he used the Huitong era name of the Khitan Liao dynasty, as <mask> Hongzuo had previously submitted to Liao as a vassal.Reign
After <mask> <mask> took the throne, he recalled his younger brother <mask> Hongchu, who was then serving as the prefect of Tai Prefecture (台州, in modern Taizhou, Zhejiang), to Qiantang, to serve as acting chancellor. Shortly after, the warlord Li Da, who controlled Weiwu Circuit (威武, headquartered in modern Fuzhou, Fujian), arrived from Weiwu to pay homage to him. <mask> <mask> granted Li Da an honorary chancellor title, and gave him a new name, Li Ruyun. Li, fearing that <mask> Hongzong would detain him at Qiantang, bribed the powerful royal guard general Hu Jinsi, and Hu spoke on his behalf, asking <mask> <mask> to return Li to Weiwu. <mask> <mask> agreed. Shortly after, Li, who was beginning to have conflicts with the Wuyue general Bao Xiurang (), whose army was stationed at Fu to both help him defend the city and watch his moves, and was plotting to assassinate Bao and surrender the city to Wuyue's neighbor Southern Tang. When Bao realized this, he ambushed Li and slaughtered Li's family.In winter 947, Later Han's emperor Liu Zhiyuan, who had taken over the Central Plains after the Liao state's withdrawal, bestowed on <mask> <mask> the titles of Generalissimo of the Southeast Armies (東南兵馬都元帥, Dongnan Bingma Du Yuanshuai), military governor of Zhendong and Zhenhai, Zhongshu Ling (), and Prince of Wuyue. It was only at this point that <mask> <mask> accepted Liu as his lord and started to use Later Han's era name. At a later point, Later Han bestowed the greater title of king (Guowang (), compared to simply Wang (王, "prince")) on <mask> Hongzong, although it was not clear when. As king, <mask> <mask> was said to be strict, as he believed that <mask> Hongzuo was overly lenient such that the generals had too much power, effectively depriving the king of ability to make decisions. After he became king, he executed three administrators of Zhenhai and Zhendong that he considered to be abusing power. Hu continued to have substantial power in the governance of the state, drawing <mask> Hongzong's displeasure, and the king considered sending him out to be a prefect of a prefecture, but Hu declined. Nevertheless, from this point on, Hu's suggestions were often met with rebuke, such that Hu built a small shrine to <mask> Hongzuo in his home, offering sacrifices there and shedding bitter tears.There was one occasion when <mask> <mask> was reviewing the troops and announced an award for them. Hu thought that the award was excessive and argued against it, but the young king angrily threw his pen in to the water and stated, "My wealth is to be shared with the soldiers. How is it that there can be a limit to that?" There was also once an incident where a civilian was accused of slaughtering a cow privately (i.e., without paying the taxes for doing so). The investigating officer claimed that the civilian had 1,000 illegitimate catties of meat from the incident. <mask> <mask> turned to Hu and asked, "What much does the largest cow weigh?" Hu responded, "No more than 300 catties."<mask> <mask> then responded, "Then, the only conclusion is that the investigating officer's accusations were false." He ordered the investigating officer punished. When Hu congratulated him on his intelligent ruling, he responded, "How did you know about this, Lord?" Hu, stuttering, responded, "Before your subject joined the army, I used to do this." However, Hu believed that <mask> already knew of his past and was merely intending to embarrass him publicly (as being a butcher was not considered an honorable profession), and therefore was even more unhappy about the king, particularly because the king also repeatedly rebuked him over the situation with Li Ruyun. Around new year 948, <mask> <mask> began to discuss with two officials whom he felt he could trust, He Chengxun () and Shuiqiu Zhaoquan (), possibly expelling Hu from the headquarters. Shuiqiu thought it might be dangerous to do so due to Hu's hold on the army, and therefore <mask> hesitated.He Chengxun, fearful that the news might leak, instead decided to leak it to Hu himself. One night, when <mask> was holding a feast, Hu thought that <mask> was intending to act against him then, and therefore gathered his soldiers and headed for the king's mansion. He surrounded the mansion and put the king under house arrest, and the issued an order in the king's name, claiming that the king had suffered a stroke and was therefore passing the throne to his younger brother <mask> Hongchu. When he went to offer the throne to <mask> Hongchu, <mask> Hongchu agreed, on the condition that <mask> <mask>'s life be spared. When Hu agreed, <mask> Hongchu took the throne (as King Zhongyi). As part of the coup, Hu killed Shuiqiu and <mask> <mask>'s uncle (Lady Fu's brother) Fu Guangxuan (). After reign
<mask> Hongchu moved <mask> <mask> to their grandfather <mask> Liu's old mansion at Yijin Base (衣錦軍, in modern Hangzhou), effectively under house arrest, and sent his trusted officer Xue Wen () to guard the mansion.He secretly instructed Xue, "If there were to be unusual orders [(i.e., an order to kill <mask> Hongzong)], it would not be out of my will. You should resist to the death." Hu, meanwhile, was repeatedly trying to persuade <mask> Hongchu to put <mask> Hongzong to death, and <mask> Hongchu resisted. Hu falsified a secret order to Xue, ordering Xue to kill <mask> Hongzong, but Xue responded, "When your servant received his orders, he did not receive any such instructions, and he dares not to carry this out." Hu instead sent two assassins against <mask> Hongzong, but <mask> <mask> discovered this and yelled for help; Xue then arrived with his soldiers and killed the assassins, and then reported this to <mask> Hongchu, who was shocked but who responded, "That my brother remains alive is your accomplishment." Despite this, <mask> Hongchu feared but remained cordial in his attitude toward Hu, who in turn became increasingly worried. Not long after, he suffered from a tumor on his back and died from it, and <mask> <mask> was able to escape further disaster.In 951, <mask> Hongchu moved <mask> <mask> to Yue Prefecture. <mask> Hongchu further built a palace, along with gardens, for <mask> <mask>, hoping to please him, and supplied him with everything. Soon after arriving at Yue, <mask> <mask> had his first son, whom <mask> Hongchu favored greatly, and therefore adopted as a son and named (in consistency with his own sons, who all had the character of Wei () in their names) <mask> Weizhi (). (He would later have at least two more sons, <mask> Kun () and <mask> Yi ()  On holidays, <mask> <mask> would often put on the robe of a Taoist priest (Taoist monk) and take concubines and musicians to go up the mountain; he would also often beat drums loudly. When the guards reported this to <mask> Hongchu, <mask> Hongchu did not mind, stating, "My brother is troubled by his lack of duties. He will not be happy unless he can beat drums." <mask> <mask> (who, in his last years, would have his name changed to <mask> Zong to observe naming taboo with Song's Emperor Taizu's father Zhao Hongyin) would die 20 years after being moved to Yue.Personal information
 Father
 <mask> Liu
 Mother
 Lady Fu, the Lady of Lu
 Children
 <mask> Weizhi (), later adopted by <mask> Chu, posthumously created the Prince of Pengcheng by Emperor Zhenzong of Song
 Qian Kun ()
 <mask> Yi ()

Notes and references

920s births
971 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death uncertain
Politicians from Hangzhou
Wuyue kings
Wuyue chancellors
Wuyue jiedushi of Zhenhai Circuit
Wuyue jiedushi of Zhendong Circuit
Later Tang people
Later Jin (Five Dynasties) people
Liao dynasty jiedushi of Zhenhai Circuit
Liao dynasty jiedushi of Zhendong Circuit
Later Han (Five Dynasties) jiedushi of Zhenhai Circuit
Later Han (Five Dynasties) jiedushi of Zhendong Circuit
Later Zhou people
Song dynasty people
Generals from Zhejiang
Leaders ousted by a coup

masks:
Qian Hongzong
Qian Zong
Qian Hongzong
Qian Chuanguan
Qian Yuangua
Qian Hongzong
Qian Liu
Qian Chuang
Qian Chuanguan
Qian Hongzu
Qian Hongzong
Qian Chuanguan
Qian
Hongzong
Qian
Qian
Qian
Hongzong
Qian
Qian
Qian
Qian
Qian
Hongzong
Qian
Hongzong
Qian
Qian
Hongzong
Qian
Qian
Hongzong
Qian
Qian
Hongzong
Qian
Hongzong
Qian
Hongzong
Qian
Hongzong
Qian
Qian
Hongzong
Qian
Qian
Qian
Qian
Hongzong
Qian
Hongzong
Qian
Hongzong
Qian
Qian
Hongzong
Qian
Qian
Qian
Qian
Qian
Qian
Qian
Hongzong
Qian
Qian
Hongzong
Qian
Qian
Hongzong
Qian
Qian
Qian
Qian
Qian
Qian
Qian
Qian
Hongzong
Qian
Qian
Qian
Hongzong
Qian
Qian
Hongzong
Qian
Qian
Hongzong
Qian
Hongzong
Qian
Qian
Qian
Qian
Qian
Hongzong
Qian
Qian
Qian
Hongzong
Qian
Qian
Qian
Qian
Qian


text_chunks:
<mask> (November 26, 1823–October 6, 1874) was a Norwegian pianist and composer. As a composer Tellefsen wrote 44 opuses: solo piano works, two piano concertos, and chamber music. He dedicated many of his compositions to the Polish, Russian, and French aristocracy. Life
<mask>, the youngest of six siblings, was born in Trondheim, Norway, where he studied with his father, the organist <mask> (1774–1857), and with Ole Andreas Lindeman. <mask> gave his first public concert in his home town in the spring of 1842. Shortly after, he went to Paris, where he became the pupil of his compatriot Charlotte Thygeson, and later attended some of Friedrich Kalkbrenner's classes. During the years 1844 to 1847, he was taught periodically by Frédéric Chopin, who also became his personal friend and had considerable influence on his musical taste, style of playing, and compositions.Duchess Marcelina Czartoryska took him to the Hôtel Lambert in Paris, where he made his debut as a pianist with great success on 29 April 1851. Soon after that, Tellefsen became regarded as one of the outstanding pianists of his time, and was especially admired as an interpreter of Chopin's music. When Chopin died in 1849, Tellefsen took over some of his teacher's pupils, including Jane Stirling. In the 1850s and 1860s, Tellefsen was regarded as a very successful pianist, and he toured several times in England, Sweden, and Norway. He died in Paris, and is buried at the Cimetière d´Auteuil. Compositions
Among his published works, Tellefsen wrote sixteen mazurkas, five chamber music works (two sonatas for violin and piano, a sonata for cello and piano, a sonata for two pianos, and a trio for piano, violin and cello), composed between 1854 and 1867. He also wrote two piano concertos, the first in 1848 and the second in 1853, six waltzes, four nocturnes, three études, and a number of larger works and salon pieces, which were written for the teaching of his pupils.Works with opus number

Works without opus number
<mask>'s works without opus number are either piano studies or liturgical pieces. His Moderato, written in 1842, is one of his first attempts in composition. Another collection of works consists of twenty-one short fughettas, versetti and cantabile pieces, suitable in length in Roman Catholic and Lutheran services during the time they were written. The versetti are organ verses played in alternation with sung verses of hymns. The preludes were played for organ or piano with pedal. They were used as preludes and postludes, while a cantabile piece might also appear after the sermon as an introduction to the next hymn. Variations on hymn tunes are a much-used form in church services as well.{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align: center"
|-
! width= 277                     |Title
! width= 116  class="unsortable" |Number
! width= 118                     |Key
! width= 173                     |Tempo markings
! width=  79                     |Genre
! width=  36                     |Year
!<mask> in Norwegian and French music culture). Doctor of Musical Arts at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Huldt-Nystrøm, Hampus (1959): <mask> Acland Tellefsen. (pl) Olszewski, Edward (2013): Fryderyk Chopin i <mask> Acland Tellefsen. Polsko - norweskie więzi muzyczne odkrywa pianistka Małgorzata Jaworska z Krakowa i norweskiego Arendal'', Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Toruń 2013, . External links

1823 births
1874 deaths
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Norwegian classical composers
Norwegian classical pianists
Musicians from Trondheim
Pupils of Frédéric Chopin
Polish Romantic composers
19th-century classical composers
19th-century classical pianists
19th-century Norwegian composers

masks:
Thomas Dyke Acland Tellefsen
Thomas Tellefsen
Johan Christian Tellefsen
Thomas
Tellefsen
Thomas Tellefsen
Thomas Dyke
Thomas Dyke


text_chunks:
<mask> (22 February 1883 – 31 March 1957) was an American film actor, silent film pioneer, comedian, agent and real estate investor. He was born 22 February 1883 in St. Louis, Missouri to <mask> and Laura Freund. Between 1916 and 1947 he starred in 195 films. Career
He started as a stage actor in New York City. He worked in early film on the East Coast, and eventually in Hollywood with companies such as Universal Film Manufacturing Company, Victor Film Company, Triangle Film Corporation, and also with Christie Film Company. In 1911, he starred in Klaw & Erlanger's The Pink Lady, a musical comedy by Ivan Caryll and C.M.S. McLellan.Between 1916 and 1917 he worked for Mack Sennett, often being cast for supporting roles that required impersonation of female characters. He later joined Universal where he continued cross-dressing to a degree. He had an extensive filmography, and was not only a featured comedic player with Triangle, Christie, Universal, Warner Brothers, but continued acting in small parts through the 1940s, even as Catterson - The Chemist in Leave Her to Heaven. He continued to work as a character actor in many films through the 1930s and 1940s. At some point in the 1920s, he suffered partial facial paralysis, and was not able to continue acting. He went into real estate, possibly with the help of the Christie Brothers: Al Christie, and Charles Christie, who while producing motion pictures, also had a real estate company. The 1930 Federal Census lists his profession as Real Estate Sales.In 1915, he married Nedra Belle Gilosky. They had one daughter, Evelyn Christine in 1928. Belle died in 1932.

masks:
Harry Depp
William Depp


text_chunks:
<mask>. (born 1946) is a politician and physician who served as the ninth Premier of Bermuda and leader of the country's Progressive Labour Party (PLP) from 2006 to 2010. He represented Warwick South Central as a Member of Parliament from 1993 to 2010. Born in Bermuda, <mask> is a graduate of Howard University and the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). In 1966 he represented Bermuda at the Commonwealth Games in Jamaica. Premier <mask> was elected leader of the ruling Progressive Labour Party on 30 October 2006, defeating incumbent leader and Premier William Alexander Scott, at a PLP delegates conference. <mask> won the vote 107 – 76. He was the seventh leader of the Progressive Labour Party and the third leader of that party since winning the 1998 general election.Under his leadership, <mask> pledged to take Bermuda to the next level and to "lead Bermuda to greater health, happiness and prosperity for all of its people". In the 2007 General Election the PLP defeated the United Bermuda Party for the third election in a row. <mask> retired in October 2010. Since leaving office, <mask> has returned to his medical practice as founder and Executive Chairman of Bermuda HealthCare Services and Brown-Darrell Clinic. He was charged with on 13 counts of corruption in January 2021. Early life

<mask> was born in Bermuda to <mask> Sr. and Helene <mask> of Flatts. His mother was a member of parliament for the United Bermuda Party (UBP), as was his aunt, Gloria Juanita McPhee, who became Bermuda's first female cabinet minister.He attended the public Central School (today known as Victor Scott Primary) in Pembroke until the age of 11, after which he attended Berkeley Institute. He eventually was sent by his parents to live with an aunt in Jamaica, where he excelled in sports, particularly cricket and track and field, while attending St Jago High School in Spanish Town, eventually representing that school in the 440-yard dash. <mask>'s sporting achievements led him to university in the United States of America. The University of Illinois offered him a scholarship, but <mask> chose instead to attend Howard University, a historically black university in Washington, D.C. In 1966, he represented Bermuda at the Commonwealth Games, reaching the second round of the 400-yard dash. As a student leader, he was a vocal figure during the Washington riots, speaking alongside campus activists and Black Panther leaders such as Stokely Carmichael. In 1968, <mask> led a coalition of Howard University campus political organizations in a successful five-day takeover of the school's administration building.It was the first all-black seizure of a college administration building in the United States. <mask> decided to continue his education and become a doctor. He earned an M.D. from Howard's College of Medicine, and moved to Los Angeles to pursue a Master of Public Health from the University of California. His key areas of study included family medicine, population control and international health. <mask> remained in Los Angeles, acquiring US citizenship and opening a medical practice, the Vermont Century Medical Clinic, in 1974. In 1974 he became the first qualified doctor in 50 years to be turned down for a Bermuda Medical license to practice after failing the registration exam.<mask> alleged that the powers that be deliberately gave him a failing grade for political reasons. He eventually received his license to practice in 1988, and set up Bermuda Healthcare Services in 1990, returning to the island permanently in 1993. <mask> became a director for the Marcus Garvey School, a K-8 school in Los Angeles, which named him Humanitarian of the Year in 1991. <mask> has served as a trustee of both Howard University and Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, and Assistant Professor of Drew University's Department of Family Practice. <mask> is a former member of the Board of Directors of Marina Hills Hospital in Los Angeles, California; a former member of the California State Commission on Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health; and a founding Commissioner of the Board of Prevention Commissioners for South Central Los Angeles Regional Centre for Development Disabilities. He was a founder and Chairman of the Board of Directors for Western Park Hospital in Los Angeles, California and served as Director of Quality Assurance for the Los Angeles Doctor's Hospital; Chairman of the Minority Group Affairs of the Student American Medical Association and as a Coordinator of the Summer Health Task Force of the National Urban Coalition in Washington D.C.; as Chairman of the Utilization Review Committee, West Adams Hospital, Los Angeles, California; and as Secretary of the Charles R Drew Medical Society in Los Angeles. Honors

<mask> has been honored for his service to medicine and for his humanitarian and philanthropic efforts.He was recognized twice by Howard University's College of Medicine for distinguished service to the college. He received the Physicians Recognition Award in 1977 from the American Medical Association; the Grassroots Health Award from the Sons of Watts California in 1979; the Dubois Academic Institute's Community Leadership Award in 1982; the Pacesetter Award from the NAACP in 1984; Humanitarian of the Year Award from the Marcus Garvey School in Los Angeles in 1991; and in 1993, the Scroll Award from the Union of American Physicians and Dentists. Political life

At the urging of then-PLP leader L. F. Wade, <mask> returned to Bermuda and became involved in local politics in 1993 to run as a candidate for the Opposition Progressive Labour Party. That year, he ran as a PLP candidate for one of the two Warwick West constituency's seats in the House of Assembly, facing the two incumbent UBP members of parliament: Quinton Edness and Sir John Sharpe, the former Premier. <mask> finished only two votes behind Edness, unseating Sharpe by 14 votes. In Opposition, <mask> first served as Shadow Minister for Youth and Sports and in 1995 became Shadow Minister for Human Affairs. In the following general election in 1998, <mask> again won one of the Warwick West seats, and was joined by El James during the PLP's historic victory over the UBP ending 30 years of United Bermuda Party rule.<mask> was appointed the PLP's first Minister of Transport by Premier Jennifer Smith. Minister of Transport
As Minister of Transport, <mask> oversaw the public bus system, taxis, marine ports and ferries, vehicle licensing, and aviation. He introduced a number of reforms, including the completion of the oppositions plan for the replacement of the island's obsolescent ferries with faster, 205-seat catamarans, the Serenity and the Resolute, in 2002. In May of that year, he clashed with the taxi industry over his proposed legislation to require a GPS-based central despatching system, which was eventually passed into law four years later. Air arrivals at Bermuda International Airport increased by 15 percent between 2003–2007, largely due to the introduction of low cost airline service in 2004, reversing a twenty-year decline from the 1980s. While James G. Howes was the general manager, the Bermuda International Airport was recognized as the best in the North American region for overall passenger satisfaction for both 2002 and 2003, as well as ninth in the world in 2002, for which the <mask> threw a party for all of the airport employees and their families. In October 2008, however, the Department of Statistics announced that visitor arrivals had plunged from the previous year to their second lowest level since 1980, saying "Air arrivals during the second quarter of 2008 [April–June] fell 10 percent compared to the same quarter last year...The number of visitors stood at 89,642 persons, representing the second lowest second quarter visitor total since 1980." Cruise ship calls also declined from 181 in 2007, to 122 in 2008. In mid-2008, <mask> put additional tourism promotional emphasis in the New York market (Bermuda's largest), resulting in a 27% increase in New York arrivals for December 2008 compared to December 2007, officials said. Overall, December 2008 arrivals were almost 7% higher than December 2007. The government projected 300,000 cruise visitors in 2009. In 2004, <mask> clashed with the US Consulate over what was alleged to be a "gross violation" of security at the Bermuda International Airport, when he was said to have avoided security screening procedures. <mask> denied the claim, and criticized the consulate for making the issue public.Following the PLP's second general election victory on 23 July 2003, <mask> and ten PLP MPs refused to support PLP Leader Jennifer Smith as premier. She resigned on 28 July 2003, and following a special leadership conference of the PLP, William Alexander Scott was elected as leader of the party and premier. <mask> was elected as Deputy Leader of Party and Deputy Premier of Bermuda. Responding to criticism that the leadership challenge was launched after the voters had already gone to the polls, <mask> responded, "We had to mislead you." A compromise between the factions of the party led to Smith being replaced by William Alexander Scott and <mask> being named Deputy Premier, and later adding the Ministry of Tourism to his portfolio. Premier

<mask> never made a secret of his aspiration to lead Bermuda, telling a Howard University reporter in 2006, "I always wanted to seek the leadership of my country and I'm still in that process." On 12 October 2006, <mask> resigned from cabinet to make a second bid for leadership.At a previously scheduled party delegates conference on the evening of 27 October, he defeated the incumbent, Scott, by 107 to 76, and was sworn in as Premier on 30 October. In a subsequent interview with the Bermuda Sun, he said, "I have worked hard, studied hard, and prepared for the task of leadership to the best of the abilities that God has given me." When he reshuffled the cabinet, he reclaimed the tourism and transportation portfolios and became, in addition to Premier, the Minister of Tourism and Transport. Since then, the Bermuda Government has made a number of proposals, issuing a Vision Statement: Taking Bermuda to the next level. Current issues include indigent medical care, traffic congestion, environmental concerns over development and waste disposal, race relations, and independence. On a private member bill concerning sexual orientation, <mask> rejected the proposal, saying  "I firmly believe in the right of all and any individuals to be free from discrimination in any form. However, I would not support the proposed Human Rights Amendment.I do not believe that there is a need for special protection of persons in Bermuda based on their sexual orientation". In April 2007, the government proposed restrictions on vehicle ownership, intended to curb Bermuda's growing road congestion problem. Among the solutions offered are free travel on buses and ferries. "There are too many cars in Bermuda. We must find a way – perhaps unpopular to many and disdained by others – to arrest the increase of cars on our beautiful island", he said. Polls in 2007 and 2008 indicated that two-thirds of the island's voters remain opposed to severing ties for various reasons, including loss of EU-status (which Bermuda currently has as a British overseas territory). Undaunted, Premier <mask> said "I am firmly committed to Bermuda becoming an independent nation."He has also spurned any participation in Whitehall's selection of the Governor of Bermuda, saying,  "We want to clarify our position that we are not interested in sending any criteria for any future governors for selection for the reason we don't think it is our responsibility. [The British government] should send whoever they want to send." On 2 November 2007, following the reading of the Throne Speech by Governor John Vereker, Premier <mask> set 18 December 2007 as the date for Bermuda's general election. During the election campaign, the PLP government held a joint press conference with the Bermuda Police Service on 12 December 2007, where it was revealed that a bullet had been mailed to the Premier and was being viewed as a serious and credible threat. A police investigation was unable to determine the originator of the threat. Race relations continue to be a vexing issue in Bermuda, occasionally leading to heated exchanges with the press and the opposition UBP in Parliament. <mask> rejected inappropriate questions as "plantation questions".He later explained, "A plantation question is for me a question which conjures up images of the plantation: of a master-servant relationship, a man-boy relationship. A question that would be asked of a black politician and not a white one. I will continue to indicate to reporters if that is what a question is." Responding to opposition criticism of his wife's fund-raising activities voiced in the House of Assembly, he bristled, "Mr. Speaker, I have never had plans to cross this aisle, but in recent weeks that Honourable Member has said a few things that would encourage me to do so. I say to that Honourable Member that I would like to stay on this side of the House and not have come to the other side because it wouldn't be in order to vote for the UBP." Acceptance of Uighur detainees
On 7 October 2008, Ricardo M. Urbina, a United States federal judge, ordered the immediate release of seventeen Chinese Uighurs from Guantánamo Bay Detention Camp (the Uighur detainees in Guantanamo). The United States had previously determined that the Uighurs were never terrorists, and it no longer considered them enemy combatants.Judge Urbina ruled that their detention is illegal because their indefinite detention was without cause. The United States continued to detain the Uighurs, believing their lives would be in danger if they were released to China. There was considerable political pressure from members of Congress not to release the Uighurs in the United States, and the United States had a difficult time finding another country willing to accept them. Eventually, the Republic of Palau announced that it would accept the remaining Uighurs on a temporary basis. In June 2009, <mask> announced that he had secretly made a deal with the United States to accept four of the Uighurs, who arrived on the island over-night, on humanitarian grounds; he also promised to make them Bermudian nationals (see also: Belonger status). The agreement to accept the Uighurs angered the government of the United Kingdom, which was deliberately not informed about the proposed agreement. The government of the United Kingdom maintains that it has the authority over the acceptance of the Uighurs because agreements between Bermuda and foreign nations are strictly under the United Kingdom's control; the government of Bermuda responded that the acceptance of the Uighurs is an immigration case and, thus, an internal matter.The decision was kept secret from <mask>'s Cabinet (Deputy Premier Paula Cox claimed she had been "politically neutered"), the Governor and the Bermuda Police Service, which would be responsible for any security concerns. The Opposition UBP tabled a motion of no confidence against <mask> the next day, saying that the premier's actions violated the Constitution of Bermuda and bordered on dictatorship; <mask> responded by saying that the "firestorm" "would pass" and that his position was not in danger, but that he regretted the response to his actions. The following week, a protest march was organised by a PLP member to oppose <mask>'s continuing premiership, which was dismissed by <mask>. Resignation
<mask> had initially stated he only intended to serve one term as premier and announced to a party conference in October 2008 that he intended to step down as party leader and premier in October 2010. Fulfilling that campaign promise, <mask> stepped down in October 2010. He was succeeded as leader of the PLP on 28 October 2010 by Paula Cox and in a by-election held on 14 December 2010 was succeeded as MP for Warwick South Central by PLP MP Marc Bean. Commission of Inquiry
In June, 2011, a Commission of Inquiry was formed to investigate allegations of financial improprieties regarding <mask>'s medical practice and a subsequent Auditor General's report of financial irregularities during <mask>'s term in government.On February 11, 2017, the Bermuda Police Service raided <mask>'s Bermuda businesses as part of their ongoing investigation into corruption and fraud. He owns two medical clinics, Bermuda Healthcare Services in Paget Parish and the Brown-Darrell Clinic in Smith's Parish, which could receive more than $1.2 million from taxpayers as compensation for the cuts in fees for medical scans imposed by the One Bermuda Alliance administration in 2017, said to be contrary to the advice of the Bermuda Health Council. He was charged on 13 counts of corruption in January 2021. Memoirs
In November 2019, the publication of <mask>'s autobiography, Whom Shall I Fear? Pushing the Politics of Change, was announced. <mask> said he wrote the book because, "... the Bermuda public in particular has been told a plethora of falsehoods about me. They have witnessed character assassination.I was determined to give them my side.”

References

External links
Official PLP biography
Bernews: <mask> <mask> bio, photos, videos

1946 births
Living people
Premiers of Bermuda
Deputy Premiers of Bermuda
Progressive Labour Party (Bermuda) politicians
UCLA School of Public Health alumni
Howard University alumni
Date of birth missing (living people)
Bermudian male sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games competitors for Bermuda

masks:
Ewart Frederick Brown Jr
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Ewart
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Ewart
Brown


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 1965) is an Italian electrical and computer engineer, and professor of computer architecture and computer vision in the Enzo Ferrari Department of Engineering at the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE) in Italy. <mask>'s work focuses on artificial intelligence, specifically deep network technologies and computer vision to human behavior understanding (HBU). She is the director of the AImage Lab at UNIMORE and is director of the Artificial Intelligence Research and Innovation Center (AIRI) as well as the ELLIS (European Labs of Learning and Intelligent Systems) Unit at Modena. She was founder and director from 2018 to 2021 of the Italian National Lab of Artificial Intelligence and intelligent systems of CINI. <mask> was also president of the CVPL GIRPR the Italian Association of Computer Vision, Machine Learning and Pattern Recognition from 2016 to 2018. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Italy in 1965. She received her diploma in classical studies at Liceo Classico "San Carlo" in Modena, Italy in 1983 and then pursued her undergraduate education at the University of Bologna.She majored in electronic engineering and graduated magna cum laude in 1989. Following her undergraduate degree, Cucchiara pursued her graduate work at the University of Bologna, specializing in Computer Engineering and Parallel Architectures for Computer Vision. Her work focused on genetic models for the clustering problem in Image Analysis. Cluster analysis is important for object separation and identification, and is used to transform objects from the real image space to an n-dimensional feature space in order to find similarities between objects and group them. She addressed limitations to existing clustering in image analysis using a stochastic computational model which seeks the optimal solution to an object function. This algorithm is termed the Genetic Algorithm because of its similarity to evolution, where good solutions have higher "fitness" and are reproduced in order to achieve the most optimal object segmentation. Cucchiara completed her PhD in 1992 and then became a research assistant at the University of Ferrara from 1993 until 1998.Her research here focused on building algorithms for shape and object detection for use in detecting fabrication defects. She used Gradient-based Hough Transform in order to detect shapes amidst both structured and unstructured noise. Cucchiara further developed a novel machine learning approach for features selection and shape detection where data-driven hypotheses are first generated about the presence of a target shape, and then a classifier is defined by a machine learning algorithm validates these hypotheses, such that learning is used both in defining the description language as well as the for defining the model. Career and research
Cucchiara became an associate professor of computer architecture and computer vision in the Enzo Ferrari Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (UNIMORE) in Italy in 1998. In 2005, she was promoted to Full Professor. Cucchiara has many leadership roles in UNIMORE including being the Dean of Regional Industrial Research Platform in Emilia Romagna from 2012 to 2016, and the Director of the Masters Program in Visual Computing and Multimedia Technology. Cucchiara is also Director of the AImage Lab, leading projects in areas such as autonomous robotics, deep learning for video surveillance, human behavioral analysis, and human-car interactions, computer vision and patterns recognition.Outside of UNIMORE, Cucchiara leads several nationwide groups in Italy centered around Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning. In 2016, she was elected President of the Italian Association of Pattern Recognition, Learning and Computer vision GIRPR (Gruppo di ricercatori italiani in pattern recognition) then renamed in CVPL Computer Vision, Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning Association. In 2015 she became an advisory board member of the Computer Vision Foundation. She has also been director of the CINI National Lab in Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Systems. from 2018 to 2021. Since 2020 she is responsible of the NVIDIA AI TechicalCenter in Modena and director of the ELLIS unit of Modena in the network of European Labs in Learning and Intelligent Systems. Since 2021 <mask> is director of the Artificial Intelligence Research and Innovation Center (AIRI).Human behavior understanding
Human behavior understanding (HBU) is a large focus of Cucchiara's research. HBU can be used for crowd surveillance and security. As such, Cucchiara has focused on using multiple camera tracking and supervised clustering to analyze crowds of people. She applied a structural support vector machine classifier learns similarities for groups of people based on inter- and intra- camera feature detection. Using the DukeMTMC-Groups dataset, they completed the first ever experiment to test group tracking within and across cameras. <mask>'s team has also explored the use of depth cameras to estimate head and shoulder position of humans in images. The core framework of the technique was a Convolutional Neural Network called POSEidon+ which takes three images as an input and outputs the 3D pose angles.The model was also able to hallucinate faces from depth images. They tested their algorithm on publicly available datasets and it was able to outcompete existing algorithms, performing at 30 frames per second. Another innovation that Cucchiara and her colleagues have pioneered is the development of a novel algorithm for head pose estimation based on ego-vision from head mounted cameras as interactions and social behavior are related to the perspectives of the individuals in the social interaction. Using supervised clustering and a structural SVM they were able to obtain head pose and 3D people estimation using first-person videos. Video surveillance
Cucchiara has developed novel methods and tools for video surveillance, and as such has pioneered the creation of an open platform called ViSOR (Video Surveillance Online Repository) to enable sharing, annotating, and retrieval of videos for surveillance as well as performance of automatic surveillance detection methods. Adversarial neural networks and hallucination
An extension and recent innovation to Cucchiara's work explores the ability of applying deep learning architectures to identify and classify information that is incomplete or missing, such as when a person is occluded by other people or objects in a crowd. Cucchiara and her team were able to integrate U-nets and GANs to develop a novel architecture that is able to "hallucinate" complete people shapes even when the person is occluded.COVID-19 social distance tracking through AI
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, Cucchiara has been modifying and applying her innovations to help with pandemic. Cucchiara and her team had previously designed a tool that was able to use artificial intelligence to measure the space between people in a crowd for surveillance, but she had now been adapting this tool to measure and enforce social distancing regulations in lines, doorways, and other public spaces. Her project is called "Inter-Homines", and is uses AI to geometrically verify that citizens are maintaining social distancing measures in public spaces. The technology will generate a warning message when people come within 2.4m of each other. Her work is aimed at ensuring that citizens of Italy, one of the first countries to experience a major outbreak, are continuing to strictly enforce distancing measures as the pandemic continues. Awards and honors

 2021 In the 2021 List of Leading Academic Data Leaders from CDO magazine. 2020 General Chair of ICPR2020
 2018 Women in Robotics You Need To Know - Robohub
 2018 Maria Petrou Prize of IAPR
 2016 Facebook Artificial intelligence Research grant
 2016 Cineca Italian SuperComputing Resource Allocation grant

Select media
 2019 TEDxOrtygia, "AI and Human Beings"
 2017 TEDxModenaSalon "The Future of Visual Intelligence"

Select publications
 Cornia, Marcella; Stefanini, Matteo; Baraldi, Lorenzo; Corsini, Massimiliano; <mask>, <mask> "Explaining Digital Humanities by Aligning Images and Textual Descriptions" PATTERN RECOGNITION LETTERS, vol.129, pp. 166–172, 2020
 Borghi, Guido; Pini, Stefano; Vezzani, Roberto; <mask>, <mask> "Driver Face Verification with Depth Maps" SENSORS, pp. 19–3361, 2019
 Fulgeri, F.; Fabbri, Matteo; Alletto, Stefano; Calderara, S.; <mask>, R. "Can adversarial networks hallucinate occluded people with a plausible aspect?" COMPUTER VISION AND IMAGE UNDERSTANDING, vol. 182, pp. 71–80, 2019 | DOI: 10.1016/j.cviu.2019.03.007
 Borghi, Guido; Fabbri, Matteo; Vezzani, Roberto; Calderara, Simone; <mask>, <mask> "Face-from-Depth for Head Pose Estimation on Depth Images" IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE, pp. 1–1, 2018 | DOI: 10.1109/TPAMI.2018.2885472
 Baraldi, Lorenzo; Grana, Costantino; <mask>, <mask> "Recognizing and Presenting the Storytelling Video Structure with Deep Multimodal Networks" IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIA, vol.19, pp. 955–968, 2017 | DOI: 10.1109/TMM.2016.2644872
 Solera, Francesco; Calderara, Simone; Ristani, Ergys; Tomasi, Carlo; <mask>, <mask> "Tracking social groups within and across cameras" IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS FOR VIDEO TECHNOLOGY, vol. 27, pp. 441–453, 2017 | DOI: 10.1109/TCSVT.2016.2607378
 Alletto, Stefano; Abati, Davide; Serra, Giuseppe; <mask>, <mask> "Exploring Architectural Details Through aWearable Egocentric Vision Device" SENSORS, vol. 16(2), pp. 1–15, 2016 | DOI: 10.3390/s16020237
 Alletto, Stefano; Serra, Giuseppe; Calderara, Simone; <mask>, <mask> "Understanding social relationships in egocentric vision" PATTERN RECOGNITION, vol. 48, pp.4082–4096, 2015 | DOI: 10.1016/j.patcog.2015.06.006
 Piccinini, P.; Gamberini, <mask>; Prati, A.; Rimini, Bianca; <mask>, <mask> "AN AUTOMATED PICKING WORKSTATION FOR HEALTHCARE APPLICATIONS" COMPUTERS & INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING, vol. 64, pp. 653–668, 2013 | DOI: 10.1016/j.cie.2012.11.004
 Calderara, Simone; <mask>, <mask>; Prati, Andrea "Bayesian-competitive Consistent Labeling for People Surveillance" IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE, vol. 30, pp. 354–360, 2008 | DOI: 10.1109/TPAMI.2007.70814
 <mask>, <mask> "Genetic algorithms for clustering in machine vision" MACHINE VISION AND APPLICATIONS, vol. 11(1), pp. 1–6, 1998

External links
AIRI
ELLIS

References

Italian women scientists
Italian women engineers
University of Bologna alumni
University of Ferrara alumni
1965 births
Living people
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia faculty

masks:
Rita Cucchiara
Cucchiara
Cucchiara
Cucchiara
Cucchiara
Cucchiara
Cucchiara
Rita
Cucchiara
Rita
Cucchiara
Cucchiara
Rita
Cucchiara
Rita
Cucchiara
Rita
Cucchiara
Rita
Cucchiara
Rita
Rita
Cucchiara
Rita
Cucchiara
Rita
Cucchiara
Rita


text_chunks:
<mask> (22 April 1938 – 21 February 2008) was an American sociologist with an emphasis in sociolinguistics. She was, along with Harvey Sacks and Emanuel Schegloff, one of the founders of the area of research known as conversation analysis (CA). She is remembered for the methods and notational conventions she developed for transcribing speech. The Jefferson Transcription System used widely in CA research is named after her. Early life
<mask> was born on April 22, 1938, in Iowa City. Her family then moved to New York for a short period before moving to Los Angeles, where she spent most of her educational years, attending high school, then UCLA. In 1965, she received a Bachelors of Arts degree in Dance from UCLA.She would go on to complete a PhD in Social Sciences at UC Irvine in 1972. She had temporary appointments at the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Massachusetts Amherst and several University of California campuses (UCSB, UCI and UCLA). After these temporary positions, <mask> began a more permanent research position at the University of Manchester where she worked from 1978 to 1981. There, she used her methods of transcription in a project with John R.E. Lee titled, "conversations in which 'troubles' and 'anxieties' are expressed". Four years after her position in the UK, she traveled to Tilburg, Netherlands (1981–1983) where she became a research associate with Konrad Ehlich. Together, they worked on a project involving overlap and interpretation.In 1984, she returned to the UK and began an honorary position at the University of York. She moved back to the Netherlands in 1987 and married Albert Stuulen. She remained there until she died in Rinsumageest, The Netherlands, in 2008 at the age of 69. Conversation Analysis
<mask>'s work in conversation analysis began as a part of her coursework in a class she took in the spring of 1965 that was taught by Harvey Sacks. She enrolled in the class to fulfill her graduation requirement for her dance major. She had learned basic transcription skills through her work as a clerk typist at the UCLA Department of Public Health and her experience and work there in transcribing sensitivity-training sessions for prison guards. This gave her the experience that allowed her to begin transcribing some of the recordings that served as the materials out of which Sacks’ earliest lectures were developed.She transcribed many of his lectures on the topic and edited and released them after his death. Later she did graduate work under his supervision, by which time she was already beginning to shape the field conceptually as well as through her transcriptions of the really fine details of interaction, including the detail of laughter, capturing as closely as possible precisely what is said and how it is said, rather than glossing things in the talk as, for instance ((S laughs)). Along with Sacks and Schegloff, <mask> is also known for her studies of turn-taking in conversation. While working with Sacks, <mask>’s contribution to the study of Conversational Analysis was particularly significant at the time, as Conversational Analysis was not only a new field in sociology but also indicated the beginning of the focus on micro-sociology, another subtopic within the field of sociology. <mask> directed her main focus toward two key foundational aspects of interaction which were moment-by-moment shaping interaction, and re-shaping interaction. Her contributions toward these two types of interaction, in addition to her explanation of how interaction correlates with unpredictability, are what separated her benefactions from other sociologists within the field of Conversational Analysis. During the last ten years of her life, <mask> worked on transcribing the Watergate tapes.The Watergate tapes were composed of 22 transcripts of 37th President Richard Nixon's conversations with his lawyers and some of his closest staff members. <mask> produced all of these transcripts in MS Word Format and also transcribed four of them using a typewriter. Additionally, one of <mask>’s specific focuses within sociolinguistics was laughter. Consequently, in 2007 she presented her final paper on the machinery of laughter at a conference in Sweden. This final paper incorporated statistics taken from her transcriptions of the Watergate tapes, along with some of the dialogue she had with Harvey Sacks in her younger years. Later life
Over four decades, for the majority of which she held no university position and was unsalaried, <mask>’s research into talk-in-interaction has set the standard for what became known as CA. Her contributions to Conversation Analysis were significant as she created what is now referred to as "Jeffersonian Transcription" or the "Jeffersonian Transcription System".This system is composed of several different symbols each followed by a detailed explanation of what the symbol itself represents in the context which it is used. The underlying purpose of this system is to aid in the identification of speech patterns, and assist those trying to annotate a conversation. Her work has greatly influenced the sociological study of interaction, but also disciplines beyond, especially linguistics, communication, and anthropology. It would not be so much true that her work was inter- or multi-disciplinary as that disciplinary boundaries were irrelevant to her enquiries into what Erving Goffman referred to as the “interaction order.”

Selected bibliography
<mask>, G. (1972). Side sequences. In D. Sudnow (Ed. ), Studies in social interaction (pp.294–338). New York: Free Press. <mask>, G. (1986). Notes on 'latency' in overlap onset. Human Studies, 9, 153–183. <mask>, G. (1988). On The Sequential Organization Of Troubles-Talk In Ordinary Conversation.Social Problems, 35, 418–441. <mask>, G. (1991). List construction as a task and resource. In G. Psathas, ed. Interactional Competence. New York, NY: Irvington Publishers. pp.63–92. <mask>, G. (2004). Glossary of transcript symbols with an introduction. In G. Lerner (Ed. ), Conversation analysis: Studies from the first generation (pp. 13–31). Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing.Sacks, H., Schegloff, E., & <mask>, G. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation. Language, 50, 696–735. Schegloff, E., <mask>, G., & Sacks, H. (1977). The preference for self-correction in the organization of repair in conversation. Language, 53, 361–382. References

External links
 The Gail Jefferson Archives.1938 births
2008 deaths
20th-century American inventors

masks:
Gail Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson


text_chunks:
<mask> (April 7, 1786 – April 18, 1853) was an American politician and diplomat. He was the 13th vice president of the United States from March 4 until his death in April 1853. Earlier he had served as a U.S. representative from North Carolina and a senator from Alabama. He also served as minister to France under President James K. Polk. A Democrat, he was a Unionist and his contemporaries considered him to be a moderate on the issues of sectionalism, slavery, and westward expansion, which contributed to the American Civil War. He helped draft the Compromise of 1850. He is the only United States vice president to take the oath of office on foreign soil; he was inaugurated in Cuba, due to his poor health.He died of tuberculosis 45 days later, becoming the third vice president to die in office. Only John Tyler and Andrew Johnson, both of whom succeeded to the presidency, have had shorter tenures. <mask> was the only U.S. vice president from Alabama. Early life
<mask> was born in Sampson County, North Carolina, to <mask> and Margaret deVane. His family was large, wealthy, and well-connected. He graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1803, where he was also a member of the Philanthropic Society. <mask> Graham, whom <mask> would later oppose in the election of 1852, attended the university at the same time (Graham was a member of the rival Dialectic Society).Admitted to the bar in 1806 after reading the law with Judge <mask> of Fayetteville, North Carolina, he began practice in Clinton. <mask> was an ardent Freemason and was a member of Fayetteville's Phoenix Lodge No. 8. Political career

<mask> entered politics and was elected as a member of the North Carolina House of Commons, where he served from 1807 to 1809, and he became city solicitor of Wilmington, North Carolina, in 1810. He was elected to the Twelfth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Congresses, serving from March 4, 1811, until November 4, 1816, when he resigned to become Secretary of the Legation for <mask> during Pinkney's appointment as Minister to Russia and to a special diplomatic mission in Naples. <mask> was only 24 years old when he became a congressman for the first time. (He did not reach the constitutional age of 25 for service in the House of Representatives until after the term began, but the Twelfth Congress did not convene until November 4, 1811, and King was not sworn in until then.)When he returned to the United States in 1818, <mask> joined the westward migration of the cotton culture to the Deep South, purchasing property at what would later be known as "King's Bend" between present-day Selma and Cahaba on the Alabama River in Dallas County of the new Alabama Territory, which had been recently separated from Mississippi. He developed a large cotton plantation based on slave labor, calling the property "Chestnut Hill". <mask> and his relatives formed one of the state's largest slaveholding families, collectively owning as many as 500 people. <mask> <mask> was a delegate to the convention which organized the Alabama state government. Upon the admission of Alabama as the twenty-second state in 1819, he was elected by the State Legislature as a Democratic-Republican to the United States Senate. <mask> was a follower of Andrew Jackson, and was re-elected to the Senate as a Jacksonian in 1822, 1828, 1834, and 1841, serving from December 14, 1819, until his resignation on April 15, 1844. During this time, in March–April 1824, <mask><mask> was honored with a single vote at the Democratic-Republican Party caucus to be the party's candidate for the office of vice president of the United States for the upcoming 1824 presidential election.Later he served as President pro tempore of the United States Senate during the 24th through 27th Congresses. <mask> was Chairman of the Senate's Committee on Public Lands and the Committee on Commerce. He was appointed as Minister to France, and served from 1844 to 1846. After his return, <mask> resumed serving in the Senate, appointed and subsequently elected to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Arthur P. Bagby. He held his seat from July 1, 1848, until his resignation on December 20, 1852, because of ill health and his having been elected vice president of the United States. During the conflicts leading up to the Compromise of 1850, <mask> supported the Senate's gag rule against debate on antislavery petitions and opposed proposals to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia, which Congress administered. <mask> supported a pro-slavery position, arguing that the Constitution protected the institution of slavery in both the Southern states and the federal territories.He opposed both the abolitionists' efforts to abolish slavery in the territories as well as the Fire-Eaters' calls for Southern secession. On July 11, 1850, two days after the death of President Zachary Taylor, <mask> was appointed Senate President pro tempore. Because Millard Fillmore ascended to the presidency, the vice presidency was vacant, making King first in the line of succession under the law then in effect. He also served as Chairman of the Senate's Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Pensions. Relationship with James Buchanan

The argument for <mask>'s homosexuality has been put forward by biographer Jean Baker. It has been supported by <mask>, James W. Loewen, and <mask>. Watson. It focuses essentially on his close and intimate relationship with President James Buchanan.The two men lived together for 13 years from 1840 until <mask>'s death in 1853. Buchanan referred to the relationship as a "communion", and the two often attended official functions together. Contemporaries also noted and commented upon the unusual closeness. Andrew Jackson mockingly called them "Miss Nancy" and "Aunt Fancy" (the former being a 19th-century euphemism for an effeminate man), while Aaron V. Brown referred to <mask> as Buchanan's "better half". However, the historian Lewis Saum has pointed out, "Customs and expressions were different in the mid-1800s than they are today... "Miss Nancy" was "a fairly common designation for people who wore clean clothes and had good manners". He also noted that Aaron Brown was a political enemy of King. Loewen has described Buchanan and <mask> as "Siamese twins".Sol Barzman, a biographer of vice presidents, wrote that "<mask>'s "fastidious habits and conspicuous intimacy with the bachelor Buchanan gave rise to some cruel jibes." Buchanan adopted <mask>'s mannerisms and romanticized view of southern culture. Both had strong political ambitions, and in 1844, they planned to run as president and vice president. Both men were soft, effeminate, and eccentric. They spent some time apart while King was on overseas missions in France, and their letters remain cryptic and avoid revealing any personal feelings at all. In May 1844, Buchanan wrote to Cornelia <mask>, "I am now 'solitary and alone,' having no companion in the house with me. I have gone a wooing to several gentlemen, but have not succeeded with any one of them.I feel that it is not good for man to be alone, and [I] should not be astonished to find myself married to some old maid who can nurse me when I am sick, provide good dinners for me when I am well, and not expect from me any very ardent or romantic affection." After <mask> died in 1853 Buchanan described him as "among the best, the purest and most consistent public men I have known." Baker concluded that while some of their correspondence was destroyed by family members, the length and the intimacy of surviving letters illustrate "the affection of a special friendship" between <mask> and Buchanan, with no way to know for certain whether it was a romantic relationship. Vice Presidency and death

The 1852 Democratic National Convention was held at the 1851 Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts Hall in Baltimore. Franklin Pierce was nominated for president, and <mask> was nominated for vice president. Pierce and <mask> defeated the Whig candidates, Winfield Scott and <mask> Graham. Because <mask> was ill with tuberculosis and had traveled to Cuba in an effort to regain his health, he was not able to be in Washington to take his oath of office on March 4, 1853.By a special Act of Congress passed on March 2, he was allowed to take the oath outside the United States, and was sworn in on March 24, 1853, near Matanzas, Cuba, by the US consul to Cuba, <mask>. Sharkey. <mask> is the first and, to date, only Vice President of the United States to take the oath of office on foreign soil. Shortly afterward, <mask> made the journey to return to Chestnut Hill. He died within two days of his arrival on April 18, 1853, aged 67, of tuberculosis. He was interred in a vault on the plantation and later reburied in Selma's Old Live Oak Cemetery. <mask> never carried out any duties of the office. Following <mask>'s death, the office of vice president was vacant until John C. Breckinridge was inaugurated with President James Buchanan in March 1857.Legacy and honors
 In 1852, the Oregon Territorial Legislature named King County for him. King County became part of Washington Territory when it was created the following year, and then part of the State of Washington in 1889. In 1985 the King County government amended its designation and its logo to honor instead the late national  Civil Rights Movement leader Martin Luther <mask>. (no relation) (1929–1968). The change was made official April 19, 2005, when Governor Christine Gregoire signed into law Senate Bill 5332, effective July 24, 2005. The <mask> Residence Quadrangle at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, his alma mater, is named for him. An 1830 portrait of <mask> is held at New East Hall in the Philanthropic Chambers of the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies, a debating society which he had joined during college. <mask> was a co-founder of (and named) Selma, a town on the Alabama River which he named after the Ossianic poem The Songs of Selma.After his death, city officials and some of <mask>'s family wanted to move his body to Selma. Other family members wanted his body to remain at Chestnut Hill. In 1882, the Selma City Council appointed a committee to select a new plot for <mask>'s body. His remains were then reinterred  in the city's Live Oak Cemetery under a white marble mausoleum erected by the city. See also

References

External links

 Who is <mask> <mask>? Obituary addresses on the occasion of the death of the Hon. <mask><mask>, of Alabama, vice-president of the United States : delivered in the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States, eighth of December, 1853

1786 births
1853 deaths
19th-century vice presidents of the United States
19th-century LGBT people
19th-century American diplomats
1852 United States vice-presidential candidates
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
People from Sampson County, North Carolina
American people of English descent
Vice presidents of the United States
Democratic Party vice presidents of the United States
Pierce administration cabinet members
Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate
Democratic-Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina
Democratic-Republican Party United States senators from Alabama
North Carolina Democratic-Republicans
Jacksonian United States senators from Alabama
Democratic Party United States senators from Alabama
Chairmen of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
Ambassadors of the United States to France
Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees
Presidency of Franklin Pierce
Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
People from Clinton, North Carolina
People from Dallas County, Alabama
American planters
American slave owners
North Carolina lawyers
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
Tuberculosis deaths in Alabama
Burials in Alabama
LGBT members of the United States Congress
Members of the United States House of Representatives from North Carolina

masks:
William Rufus DeVane King
King
King
William King
William Alexander
King
William Duffy
King
King
William Pinkney
King
King
King
William Rufus
King
King
William R
. King
King
King
King
King
King
King
Shelley Ross
Robert P
King
King
King
King
King
Roosevelt
King
King
King
King
William Alexander
King
William L
King
King
King
King
King Jr
King
King
King
King
King
William Rufus
King
William R
. King


text_chunks:
<mask> (2 January 1861, Cologne, Rhenish Prussia, 31 August 1939, Schreiberhau, Riesengebirge) was a German author, editor and publicist. He was among the early promoters of nature conservation and committed to popularizing science. <mask> was born in Cologne on 2 January 1861, son of journalist <mask> (16 March 1813 – 14 April 1891) long-time editor of the Kölnische Zeitung. As a secondary school student, <mask> wrote essays on natural history for magazines such as "Die Gefiederte Welt" or "Isis". He studied from 1883 to 1885 philosophy, art history and archaeology at the University of Bonn. He did not complete studies of classical philology in Bonn, but in their course he traveled to Rome and Florence, then to Paris. Deciding that he could make writing his career, he moved to Berlin in the fall of 1886, financially supported by his parents.In Berlin-Friedrichshagen he became a central figure in the "Friedrichshagener Dichterkreis“, which was an association of writers of naturalism, holding their first meetings in 1888/89 in the houses of <mask> and Bruno Wille in Friedrichshagen am Müggelsee (now in the Berlin district of Treptow-Köpenick). This circle of friends would visit Erkner, where they sought the tranquility of the Brandenburg landscape near the cosmopolitan city of Berlin. The group became known enough for several Scandinavians to join it. The goal of this group of literati and intellectuals who settled around 1890 in Friedrichshagen, like of may other groups of that type sprouting up at that time, was social reform (German: Lebensreform) that promoted a bohemian, "natural" way of life as a response to industrialization and urbanization, a world view of life reform basically containing a secularized Gnostic-eschatological salvation doctrine (salvation through a "natural way of life"). Through Rudolf Lenz (1863–1938) and Bruno Wille <mask> came into contact with the literary association "Durch!". Although most of his work covers natural history topics, <mask> was not a trained naturalist, but an enthusiastic popularizer of the natural sciences. He was a friend of the biologist Ernst Haeckel and was an early conservationist.His publication of Das Liebesleben in der Natur ("The Love Life in Nature") in 1898 was the key for creating modern fact books in Germany. Boelsche also initiated with <mask> (1863–1944) a prequel of the first German folk high school, the “Freie Hochschule Berlin” in 1902 and was an important instigator for the “Lebensreformbewegung” (Humanistic naturalism – key note: “Back to Nature”) in Germany. In 1890 he and Bruno Wille founded the "Freie Volksbühne", which was intended as a workers' theater promoting the naturalist plays of the day. He also edited the most important cultural history review of the day, "Freie Bühne“ (Free Stage) and popularized his free-thinking monism knowledge, based on the thoughts of Charles Darwin and Ernst Haeckel, in dozens of self-edited books and series released by Kosmos-Verlag in Stuttgart collaborating with the Berlin artist Heinrich Harder. His friendship with the Hauptmann brothers, Gerhart Hauptmann and Carl, brought <mask> to Schreiberhau in the Riesengebirge mountains, where he would spend the summer regularly, starting in 1901, making his permanent residence there in 1918. He continued to devote himself to his literary work and his extensive correspondence until old age. Personal life
<mask> was first married in Berlin in 1892 to Adele Bertelt (1860–1942), but they divorced in 1895.He remarried in 1897 in Cologne to Johanna Walther (1863–1923), a childhood friend (sister of architect <mask> Walther, daughter of civil engineer and later factory manager <mask> Walther and Augusta Alwina te Kloot). The couple had three children: <mask> Julius (1898–1899), Karl Erich Bruno (1899–1977) and Johanna Alwine Elisabeth (1900–35). <mask> died in Schreiberhau on 31 August 1939. He was interred at the evangelical cemetery of Nieder-Schreiberhau in Dept. F 3 next to his wife Johanna. Honours
As a compliment to his work, Boelsche was the name giver to a mountain ridge in the "Riesengebirge“ (Karkonosze Mountains), to a Berlin school (Realschule Bölsche – Oberschule), and to many streets in German towns, including the "Bölschestrasse“ in his former living district Berlin-Friedrichshagen. Even an asteroid was named after him – "1998 FC127“ now bearing the name 17821 Bölsche moving between Mars and Jupiter towards the sun.Work (selective)

 Paulus. Roman aus der Zeit des Kaisers Marcus Aurelius, 2 Bde., 1885
 Der Zauber des Königs Arpus, Roman, 1887
 Die naturwissenschaftlichen Grundlagen der Poesie. Prolegomena einer realistischen Ästhetik, 1887
 Heinrich Heine. Versuch einer ästhetisch-kritischen Analyse seiner Werke und seiner Weltanschauung, 1888
Die Poesie der Großstadt, 1890
 Die Mittagsgöttin, 3 Bde., Roman, 1891
 Freireligiöse Neujahrsgedanken. Festvortrag, gehalten am 1. Januar 1893 in der Freireligiösen Gemeinde zu Berlin, 1893
 Entwicklungsgeschichte der Natur, 2 Bde., 1894-1896
 Das Liebesleben in der Natur, 1898 - 1902
 Ernst Haeckel. Ein Lebensbild, 1900
 Die Entwicklungslehre (Darwinismus), 1900
 Vom Bazillus zum Affenmenschen.Naturwissenschaftliche Plaudereien, 1900
 Goethe im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert. Ein Vortrag, 1900
 Hinter der Weltstadt. Friedrichshagener Gedanken zur ästhetischen Kultur, 1901
 Die Eroberung des Menschen, 1901
 Die Entwicklungslehre im 19. Jahrhundert, 1901
 Von Sonnen und Sonnenstäubchen. Kosmische Wanderungen, 1903
 Aus der Schneegrube. Gedanken zur Naturforschung, 1903
 Die Abstammung des Menschen 1904
 Weltblick. Gedanken zu Natur und Kunst, 1904
 Naturgeheimnis, 1905
 Der Sieg des Lebens, 1905
 Die Schöpfungstage.Umrisse zu einer Entwicklungsgeschichte der Natur, 1906
 Im Steinkohlenwald, 1906
 Was ist die Natur?, 1907 (Illustration: Marie Gey-Heinze)
 Auf den Spuren der tropischen Eiszeit, 1907
 Tierbuch (Illustration: Heinrich Harder)
 Bd. 1: 1908
 Bd. 2: Das Pferd und seine Geschichte, 1909
 Bd. 3: Der Hirsch und seine Geschichte, 1911
 Darwin, seine Bedeutung im Ringen um Weltanschauung und Lebenswert. 6 Aufsätze, 1909
 Der Mensch in der Tertiärzeit und im Diluvium, 1909
 Auf dem Menschenstern. Gedanken zu Natur und Kunst, 1909
 Tiere der Urwelt, 1910 (Illustration: Heinrich Harder)
 Komet und Weltuntergang, 1910
 Stunden im All, 1910
 Festländer und Meere im Wechsel der Zeiten, 1913
 Stirb und Werde! Naturwissenschaftliche und kulturelle Plaudereien, 1913
 Tierwanderungen in der Urwelt, 1914 (Illustration: Heinrich Harder)
 Von Wundern und Tieren.Neue naturwiss. Plaudereien, 1915
 Der Stammbaum der Insekten, 1916
 Schutz- und Trutzbündnisse in der Natur, 1917
 Eiszeit und Klimawechsel, 1919
 Naturphilosophische Plaudereien, 1920
 Tierseele und Menschenseele, 1924
 Erwanderte deutsche Geologie. Die Sächsische Schweiz, 1925
 Von Drachen und Zauberküsten. Abenteuer aus dem Kampf mit dem Unbekannten in der Natur, 1925
 Die Abstammung der Kunst, 1926
 Im Bernsteinwald, 1927
 Drachen. Sage und Naturwissenschaft. Eine volkstümliche Darstellung, 1929
 Der Termitenstaat. Schilderung eines geheimnisvollen Volkes, 1931
Das Leben der Urwelt: Aus den Tagen der großen Saurier, 1932
 Was muß der neue deutsche Mensch von Naturwissenschaft und Religion fordern.Vortrag, 1934

Editor
 Christoph Martin Wielands ausgewählte Werke, 4 Bde., 1902
 Novalis. Ausgewählte Werke, 3 Bde., 1903
 Des Angelus Silesius Cherubinischer Wandersmann, 1905

Literature
 Antoon Berentsen: Vom Urnebel zum Zukunftsstaat. Zum Problem der Popularisierung der Naturwissenschaften in der deutschen Literatur (1880–1910). Berlin: Oberhofer. 1986. (= Studien zu deutscher Vergangenheit und Gegenwart; 2)
Andreas W. Daum, Wissenschaftspopularisierung im 19. Jahrhundert: Bürgerliche Kultur, naturwissenschaftliche Bildung und die deutsche Öffentlichkeit, 1848–1914.Munich: Oldenbourg, 1998, . Wolfram Hamacher: Wissenschaft, Literatur und Sinnfindung im 19. Jahrhundert. Studien zu <mask>che. Würzburg: Königshausen und Neumann. 1993. (= Epistemata; Reihe Literaturwissenschaft; 99)
 Rolf Lang: <mask> und Friedrichshagen.Auf dem „Mußweg der Liebhaberei“. Frankfurt an der Oder: Kleist-Gedenk- u. Forschungsstätte. 1992. (= Frankfurter Buntbücher; 6)
 Rudolf Magnus: <mask> – ein biographisch-kritischer Beitrag zur modernen Weltanschauung. Berlin. 1909. Ernst Haeckel – <mask> Briefwechsel 1887–1919.Ed. by Rosemarie Nöthlich. ( Ernst-Haeckelhaus-Studien Bd. 6.1)

References

External links

 Projekt Wilhelm Bölsche an der FU Berlin
 Kurzbiografie zu Wilhelm Bölsche

 Besprechung von: Die Mittagsgöttin

1861 births
1939 deaths
Writers from Cologne
People from the Rhine Province
University of Bonn alumni
German male writers

masks:
Wilhelm Bölsche
Life Bölsche
Carl Bölsche
Bölsche
Wilhelm Bölsche
Bölsche
Bölsche
Wilhelm Schwaner
Bölsche
Wilhelm Bölsche
Julius Wilhelm
Wilhelm Heinrich
Ernst Wilhelm
Wilhelm Bölsche
Wilhelm Bls
Wilhelm Bölsche
Wilhelm Blsche
Wilhelm Bölsche


text_chunks:
<mask> (); April 26, 1900 – September 30, 1985) was an American seismologist and physicist. <mask> is most famous as the creator of the Richter magnitude scale, which, until the development of the moment magnitude scale in 1979, quantified the size of earthquakes. Inspired by Kiyoo Wadati's 1928 paper on shallow and deep earthquakes, <mask> first used the scale in 1935 after developing it in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg; both worked at the California Institute of Technology. The quote "logarithmic plots are a device of the devil" is attributed to <mask>. Childhood and education
<mask> was born in Overpeck, Ohio. <mask> had German heritage: his great-grandfather was a Forty-Eighter, coming from Baden-Baden (today in Baden-Württemberg, Germany) in 1848 in the wake of the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states. <mask>'s parents Frederick William and Lillian Anna (Kinsinger) <mask>, were divorced when he was very young.He grew up with his maternal grandfather, who moved the family (including his mother) to Los Angeles in 1909. After graduating from Los Angeles High School he attended Stanford University and received his undergraduate degree in 1920. In 1928, he began work on his PhD in theoretical physics from the California Institute of Technology, but, before he finished it, he was offered a position at the Carnegie Institute of Washington. At this point, he became fascinated with seismology (the study of earthquakes and the waves they produce in the earth). Thereafter, he worked at the new Seismological Laboratory in Pasadena, under the direction of Beno Gutenberg. In 1932, <mask> and Gutenberg developed a standard scale to measure the relative sizes of earthquake sources, called the <mask> scale. In 1937, he returned to the California Institute of Technology, where he spent the rest of his career, eventually becoming professor of seismology in 1952.Career
<mask> went to work at the Carnegie Institution of Washington in 1927 after Robert Millikan offered him a position as a research assistant there, where he began a collaboration with Beno Gutenberg. The Seismology Lab at the California Institute of Technology wanted to begin publishing regular reports on earthquakes in southern California and had a pressing need for a system of measuring the strength of earthquakes for these reports. Together, <mask> and Gutenberg devised the scale that would become known at the <mask> scale to fill this need, based on measuring quantitatively the displacement of the earth by seismic waves, as Kiyoo Wadati had suggested. The pair designed a seismograph that measured this displacement and developed a logarithmic scale to measure intensity. The name "magnitude" for this measurement came from <mask>'s childhood interest in astronomy - astronomers measure the intensity of stars in magnitudes. Gutenberg's contribution was substantial, but his aversion to interviews contributed to his name being left off the scale. After the publication of the proposed scale in 1935, seismologists quickly adopted it for use in measuring the intensity of earthquakes.<mask> remained at the Carnegie Institution until 1936, when he obtained a post at the California Institute of Technology, where Beno Gutenberg worked. Gutenberg and <mask> published Seismicity of the Earth in 1941. Its revised edition, published in 1954, is considered a standard reference in the field. <mask> became a full professor at the California Institute of Technology in 1952. In 1958, he published Elementary Seismology based on his undergraduate teaching notes. As <mask> seldom published in peer-reviewed scientific journals, that is often considered his most important contribution to seismology. <mask> spent 1959 and 1960 in Japan as a Fulbright scholar.Around this time in his career, he became involved in earthquake engineering through development of building codes for earthquake prone areas. The city government of Los Angeles removed many ornaments and cornices from municipal buildings in the 1960s as a result of <mask>'s awareness campaigns. After the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, the city cited <mask>'s warnings as important in preventing many deaths. <mask> had retired in 1970. Richter magnitude scale
At the time when <mask> began a collaboration with Gutenberg, the only way to rate shocks was a scale developed in 1902 by the Italian priest and geologist Giuseppe Mercalli. The Mercalli scale uses Roman numerals and classifies earthquakes from I to XII, depending on how buildings and people responded to the tremor. A shock that set chandeliers swinging might rate as a I or II on this scale, while one that destroyed huge buildings and created panic in a crowded city might count as an X.The obvious problem with the Mercalli scale was that it relied on subjective measures of how well a building had been constructed and how used to these sorts of crises the population was. The Mercalli scale also made it difficult to rate earthquakes that happened in remote, sparsely populated areas. The scale developed by <mask> and Gutenberg (which became known by <mask>'s name only) was instead an absolute measure of an earthquake's intensity. <mask> used a seismograph, an instrument generally consisting of a constantly unwinding roll of paper, anchored to a fixed place, and a pendulum or magnet suspended with a marking device above the roll, to record actual earth motion during an earthquake. The scale takes into account the instrument's distance from the epicenter, or the point on the ground that is directly above the earthquake's origin. <mask> chose to use the term "magnitude" to describe an earthquake's strength because of his early interest in astronomy; stargazers use the word to describe the brightness of stars. Gutenberg suggested that the scale be logarithmic so  an earthquake of magnitude 7 would be ten times stronger than a 6, a hundred times stronger than a 5, and a thousand times stronger than a 4.(The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake that shook San Francisco was magnitude 6.9.) The <mask> scale was published in 1935 and immediately became the standard measure of earthquake intensity. <mask> did not seem concerned that Gutenberg's name was not included at first; but in later years, after Gutenberg was already dead, <mask> began to insist for his colleague to be recognized for expanding the scale to apply to earthquakes all over the globe, not just in southern California. Since 1935, several other magnitude scales have been developed. Personal life
<mask> was an active and avowed naturist. He travelled to many nudist communities with his wife. states <mask> was an atheist, but she also quotes a Robert Kaufman's letter to the New York Times which stated that <mask> was a member of Kaufman's congregation.At his retirement party, a group of colleagues at Caltech, called the "Quidnuncs," played and sang a ditty titled "Richter Scale," which gave examples of earthquakes in American history, told in ballad style. <mask> was initially shy about the song, thinking it demeaned science. However, the author of the song, Kent Clark, stated in a 1989 interview that eventually <mask> enjoyed the song. <mask> died of congestive heart failure on September 30, 1985, in Pasadena, California. He is buried in Altadena, California's Mountain View Cemetery and Mausoleum. See also

Modified Mercalli intensity scale
Seismicity
Macroseismic magnitude

Works

Notes and references

External links
<mask> interview, at USGS
<mask> Quotations
<mask><mask> Papers, Caltech Archives

1900 births
1985 deaths
American atheists
American naturists
American people of German descent
American seismologists
California Institute of Technology alumni
California Institute of Technology faculty
People from Butler County, Ohio
Stanford University alumni

masks:
Charles Francis Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Richter
Charles Richter
Charles Richter
Charles F
. Richter


text_chunks:
<mask> (born November 14, 1963) is a nationally touring dirt late model race car driver in the United States. <mask> was born in Fort Dodge, Iowa. He was inducted in the National Dirt Late Model Hall of Fame in its second class in 2002. Racing career
<mask> is the son of an airplane pilot for Air Cal. While stationed in California, <mask>'s father was invited to see his coworker race a stock car. The elder <mask> thought he should give racing a try, so bought a race car, motor, and some old tires. He tried racing, and decided to give the race car to his son.<mask>'s first race was at Corona Raceway in Corona, California in August 1980. He won several races and the track championship in 1982. In 1983 he heard about a $4,000-to-win race at the speedway in Chula Vista, California. He saw a picture of a flat-wedge-shaped race car that Charlie Swartz had used to win the Dirt Track World Championship in 1982, and he decided to build a race car like it for the Chula Vista race. <mask> won the race, lapping the field twice in the process. After the race, his father wanted to sell the car since it was worth a lot of money. The two reached an agreement where the father would gradually be paid for the car if the newly graduated <mask> would work at his father's new farm far across the country in Tennessee.He traded his 1957 Chevy for a truck and race hauler. After arriving in Tennessee, he tore up the car in qualifying at Newport Speedway. He worked for his father until he had enough money to repair the car. He won some races, earning just enough money to continue racing. The next year he decided to race with a new car at Kingsport, Tennessee Speedway, which had begun hosting a $2,500-to-win event every Saturday night. "I come rolling into the race with my dad and there sits Larry Moore," <mask> said. "He was the fastest guy in dirt late model racing and there he sits.And my dad says, `Well, there goes that $2,500.'" <mask> qualified second fastest behind Moore and started out on Moore's outside in the first row. <mask> said, "Moore took the lead but was holding me up, so I knocked him out of the way and won. That's $2,500. Next week, I'm on the pole, Moore's outside and I won again. Now I'm sitting here with five grand and I'm thinking that things are starting to look up." <mask> used the winnings to improve his race car.He continued working at his father's farm to pay off his original race car. He began going to races with $2,000 purses that were  from his house. In 1988 he raced at Eldora Speedway's World 100 against the three-time winner and favorite Jeff Purvis. After qualifying for the feature, which is unusual for a rookie, he started seventh. Purvis took the lead early in the race. <mask> slowly caught Purvis and passed him for the win. Some people consider his win a fluke until <mask> took the pole position the following year and won the race again in 1990.He raced in the Hav-A-Tampa series from 1993 to 1996, winning the national touring series in 1994 and 1995. He led the 1996 points until he lost all of his points for bumping another car under caution. He had 60 wins in the series during that time, second place had 18 wins. On October 5, 1993, <mask> was arrested and charged for possessing 2.7 grams of cocaine. "A girl I dated talked me into having someone get some cocaine for her," <mask> said. "She had gotten into trouble and the only way she could get out was by setting me up. And she talked me into doing something that no one else has ever been able to do."<mask> was found not guilty of felony sale and distribution and guilty of misdemeanor drug possession and possessing drug paraphernalia. "When they searched the house they found a short straw that had some residue of cocaine in it. The girl had left it there," <mask> said. He was sentenced in November 1994 to the maximum penalty, a $5,000 fine, and one year in prison. It was his first misdemeanor conviction, and he filed an appeal. His sentence was cut in half to 6 months in jail. He served his time as a work release beginning in 1997.With problems both on and off-track, he left racing and started reading. He read about the human body and mind. After he returned to racing a changed person. He took all of his sponsors off the car and used only black and white paint. He changed from his familiar number 18 to number 0. He put the yin yang symbol in the middle of the "0" to represent the balance that he found in his life. He later raced the number "0" car with a skull and crossbones through the middle of the number.In 2003 <mask> competed full-time on the Xtreme Dirt Car Series formerly Hav-A-Tampa Series and won his 5th championship for the organization. 2004 he raced in the World of Outlaws Late Model Series and won the season championship. He was named the 2006 RPM Racing News driver of the year. That year he won The Dream ($100,000), Topless 100 ($45,000), Scorcher 100 ($20,000), Racefest ($20,000), Dixie Shootout ($15,000), and the Cedar Lake Nationals ($50,000). He also had nine wins in the Lucas Oil Late Model Dirt Series. <mask> returned to series racing and won the 2009 Lucas Oil Late Model Dirt Series championship. He returned to the series in 2010 defending his points championship.<mask> would be the series runner up for 2011 scoring 15 victories. He also scored combined earnings north of $272,000 for the year. In 2016 he was the Lucas Oil Late Model Dirt Series champion. His 2019 season was delayed after injuries sustained in a street crash. He returned to action in June of 2019 with teammate Chris Madden and he had limited success while recovering from those wounds. In 2020, <mask>, teaming with Chris Madden, obtained sponsorship from Drydene, followed the World of Outlaws Late Model Series. 2021 saw <mask> offering his ride to dirt modified standout Nick Hoffman of Moorseville, North Carolina after lingering medical issues rendered his piloting the Team Zero house car impossible.Other notable race wins include the 1989, 1993, 1995, 2013 & 2015 Pittsburgher 100, only 5-time winner; 1988, 1990, 2000 and 2014 World 100; 1999, 2001, 2006, 2011 & 2017 Topless 100 in Batesville, Arkansas; the $100,000 Dream 100 at Eldora Speedway in 1995, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2013, 2017 and in 2018 becoming the race's first back to back winner. Knoxville Late Model Nationals; 1995, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2009. 6-time Show Me 100 champion: 1995, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2018; an eight-time winner of the National 100 at East Alabama Motor Speedway – 1990, 1993, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002 & 2003; the 2007, 2012 & 2016 Firecracker 100 in Lernerville, Pennsylvania, only 3-time winner; 7-time winner, 1990, 1991, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 & 2017 of the Jackson 100 in Brownstown, Indiana; the 2010 Hillbilly 100 at West Virginia Motor Speedway; the 2011 Clash at the Mag in Columbus, Mississippi, the 2011 USA 100; the 2012 Commonwealth 100 at Virginia Speedway; 5-time winner, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2010 USA Nationals in Cedar Lake Speedway (Wi); the 1988 and 2000 North/South 100 at Florence Speedway in Union, Kentucky; 3-time winner of the Ralph Latham Memorial at Florence Speedway - 1991, 2006, 2016; the 2005 Dirt Track World Championship at K-C Raceway (now Atomic Speedway) in Chillicothe, Ohio and the 2014 & 2015 Dirt Track World Championship at Portsmouth (Oh) Raceway Park, becoming the event's first back to back winner. He scored his 500th career Late Model win at the Jackson 100 at Brownstown Speedway in Indiana on September 25, 2010, and his 6th Dixie Shootout on October 8, 2011, in Woodstock, Georgia. He also won the Bad Boy 98 at Batesville, Arkansas Speedway, and the inaugural "Buckeye Nationals" at Atomic (Ohio) Speedway in 2016. In December of 2016, he won the inaugural "Gateway Dirt Nationals" at the Dome at America’s Center in St. Louis, Missouri, which paid $20,000. In July 2018, Scott won his 600th feature race at the "Diamond Nationals" at Lucas Oil Speedway in Wheatland, Missouri.He is nicknamed the "Voodoo Child", "Dirt Trax Dominator", "The Boss", "Bloomer" or "Black Sunshine". In 2002, <mask> was in the second induction class of the National Dirt Late Model Hall of Fame in Union, Kentucky. NASCAR
In 2013, <mask> announced that he would be running in the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series' Mudsummer Classic at Eldora Speedway, driving for Kyle Busch Motorsports. After starting the race in 21st, <mask>, who elected to race without a front sway bar, fell to last place after 30 laps, and finished in 25th, two laps down. Dirt late model chassis builder
He is known for working on his racecars as the chief chassis builder. He used to race in chassis built by major chassis manufacturers. He would then modify the chassis with tricks that he learned during his decades of racing.He decided it would be easier to build his chassis than to modify someone else's design. He sold "Bloomquist Chassis" (aka TEAM ZERO) to select racers. Bloomquist Chassis helped in their entire program. In 2014, <mask> went into business with Michigan racer and businessman Randy Sweet and elected to halt mass chassis production for outside buyers and focus on select chassis building and design for Sweet/Bloomquist race cars. In 2019, <mask> ceased the Sweet/ Bloomquist chassis name and continued with his brand name while continuing to build chassis for select buyers. Personal life
He has a daughter, Ariel Rouse <mask>. His hometown is Mooresburg in Hawkins County, Tennessee.In March 2019, <mask> was severely injured in a motorcycle accident in Daytona Beach, Florida, and was hospitalized with extensive leg and hip injuries. Motorsports career results

NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.) Camping World Truck Series

 Season still in progress
 Ineligible for series points

Superstar Racing Experience
(key) * – Most laps led. 1 – Heat 1 winner. 2 – Heat 2 winner.Season still in progress

References

External links

1963 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Fort Dodge, Iowa
People from Hawkins County, Tennessee
Racing drivers from Iowa
NASCAR drivers

masks:
Scott Bloomquist
Bloomquist
Bloomquist
Bloomquist
Bloomquist
Bloomquist
Bloomquist
Scott Bloomquist
Bloomquist
Bloomquist
Bloomquist
Bloomquist
Bloomquist
Bloomquist
Bloomquist
Bloomquist
Bloomquist
Bloomquist
Scott
Bloomquist
Bloomquist
Scott
Bloomquist
Bloomquist
Bloomquist
Bloomquist
Bloomquist
Bloomquist
Bloomquist
Scott


text_chunks:
<mask> (also spelled Phadnis and Fadnnis) is an Indian actress who predominantly appeared in Hindi films, in addition to Telugu films. She is best known for her performance in the 2008 Hindi film Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na. Her other notable films are Faltu (2006), Zokkomon (2011), Grand Masti (2013), Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon (2015) and a short film Khamakha (2016). Career

<mask> was first seen on television during the second season of the Indian version of the singing reality show Popstars, which was aired on Channel [v] India in 2003. She was one of the participants who made it to the final eight but failed to qualify for the musical band Aasma. She started her film career with Rok Sako To Rok Lo in 2004, but her big break was Jaane Tu...Ya Jaane Na (2008) as the lead actor's girlfriend, for which she won a Stardust Award for Breakthrough Performance-Female 2009. The film was successful with the audience and also enjoyed critical acclaim. Earlier she was part of the National Film Award-winning Bengali feature film Faltu (2006) and also Mumbai Salsa (2007). In 2008, she made a debut in Telugu films with Siddu From Sikakulam, following which her first Tamil film Muthirai (2009) got released. Notably, she had sung a Tamil song under the direction of Yuvan Shankar Raja for the film Muthirai. In September 2009, she signed to appear in a series of Onida Television commercials. Her 2010 releases were the Telugu films Inkosaari and Shubhapradham.She then starred in the Walt Disney-produced superhero film Zokkomon, starring Darsheel Safary in the titular role. The film received positive reviews from critics. She also worked in the Telugu film Shakti (2011) alongside Jr. NTR , and later, in a Hindi film I M 24 (2012) and her debut Kannada film Munjane (2012). The year 2013 saw release of her films Warning, a 3D underwater film and Grand Masti (opposite Aftab Shivdasani). Grand Masti was the highest grossing Bollywood film with an A (Adults Only) certificate in India. Her next film was Mohanlal starred Mr. Fraud (2014), which marked her Malayalam debut. Then came her romantic comedy film Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon (2015) starring Kapil Sharma.The film was a box office success. She then acted alongside Shreyas Talpade in the content driven film Wah Taj (2016). The movie had a dance song "Chori Chichori" for which <mask> attired as traditional Marathi Mulgi did a semi-folk popular dance. She also worked in her maiden Marathi film Sarv Mangal Savdhan (2016) opposite Raqesh Vashisth. She appeared as a lead actress in the inspirational film Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai (2017) starring Arbaaz Khan, Himansh Kohli and Ashutosh Rana, set in exotic locations. In 2018, she came up with a murder mystery film Nirdosh opposite Ashmit Patel and an action comedy film Baa Baaa Black Sheep opposite Manish Paul. In 2019, she appeared in an Amit Sadh starred thriller web-film Barot House aired on ZEE5.In 2017, her short film Khamakha (2016) won the Filmfare for Best Short Film People's Choice Award. Her other short films are The Morning After (2013), The Cot (2017), Jackie Shroff starred The Playboy Mr Sawhney (2018) and Interdependence: Megha's divorce (2019). In 2019, she appeared in a web series Fuh Se Fantasy:The Blindfold on Voot. She made her first theatrical performance Double Deal Reloaded (English), in Mumbai in 2017 and the following year in Kolkata, Bengaluru and Hyderabad. In 2018, she came up with a musical drama Devdas staged at Mumbai. She sang a duet Tamil song Azhagana Neeyum under the direction of Yuvan Shankar Raja for the film Muthirai (2009). She also sang the duet songs Sonya Ve Sajna in the Indo-Pakistani music album Beat Beyond Borders composed by Pakistani musician Fakhar-e-Alam in 2012 and Ga Raha Hai Ye Aasma composed by Raghav Sachar in 2014.In 2015, she lent her vocals for a duet Marathi song composed by Nikhil Kamat for the film Sarv Mangal Savdhan. She recorded her first solo song Alvida composed by the musical duo of Arif-Troy in 2017. She was the cover girl for Woman's Era Magazine September 2015 issue. She has also appeared in various fashion events such as Bombay Times Fashion week 2018, Intimate Fashion Week 2017, and Dubai Fashion League 2017. She was cast in 'Hyundai i10 car' TV advertisement with Shahrukh Khan in May 2012. Earlier, she had appeared in a series of Onida Television commercials in 2009 and later on in iball pen drives TV ad in 2011, Mehfil Southall Hotel/Restaurant/Banquet TV ads in 2015 . She has also been featured in the music videos Beat Beyond Borders (2011) and Raghav Sachar feat (2014).She has undergone dance training under Shiamak Davar and vocal training under Sucheta Bhattacharjee. She received the Movers and Shakers award at the MAAC 24FPS International Animation Awards 2015. In 2020, she received the Youth Icon Award for 'Excellency in Entertainment industry' at Maier Medi International Short Film Festival, Pune. Early life

<mask>, who comes from a Maharashtrian family, was born at Sagar, Madhya Pradesh to Ruchi <mask> and Bharat <mask>. As her father served in the Indian Army, a transferable service, she grew up with her only sibling Gagan <mask> in Shimla, Jammu, Delhi, Mumbai and Pune (her hometown). Filmography

Feature films

Short films

Web-series

Television

Albums

Theatre

Awards and nominations

Charity and social causes

<mask> participated in the fashion show 'Umeed-Ek Koshish-A Starwalk for Charity' in 2012 and Amy Billimoria's 'The Walk of Pride' Charity show in 2015. Earlier in 2012, she graced the Global Peace Fashion Show to commemorate the victims of 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks.She was also part of the Zee TV environmental awareness initiative My Earth My Duty in 2013. She volunteered for the Punjab Kesari 'Selfie with Daughter' campaign to address the importance of saving the girl child in 2016. In 2017, she adopted two kittens and a puppy namely Mia, Simba and Pari to emphasize animal welfare. In 2018, she wrote an open letter to the Prime Minister expressing her concern about safety of women in India. Same year, she volunteered to emphasize celebrating Ganesh Chaturthi with Eco-friendly Ganesha idol. In 2019, she participated in an event held at Mumbai concerning Digital Detoxification. Same year, she actively volunteered for the save aarey forest campaign.She later on appeared in a United Nations sponsored short film Interdependence to raise awareness regarding climate change. References

External links

Living people
Marathi people
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Actresses in Tamil cinema
Actresses in Telugu cinema
Actresses in Kannada cinema
Actresses in Bengali cinema
Indian film actresses
21st-century Indian actresses
Actresses from Pune
Actresses in Malayalam cinema
Actresses in Marathi cinema
Female models from Maharashtra
Tamil playback singers
Indian women pop singers
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Manjari Fadnis
Fadnis
Fadnis
Fadnis
Fadnis
Kumar Fadnis
Fadnis
Fadnis