text_chunks:
<mask> (3 January 1909 – 26 December 1989) was an Indian military officer and member of the Indian Independence Movement best known for organising and leading the Indian National Army in South East Asia during World War II. Following Indian independence, <mask> later served in public life as a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha (Upper House) of the Indian Parliament. He was a member of the Indian National Army (INA). Early life

He was born in a KHATRI  family and only son of <mask> and Hukam Kaur, a couple of Ugoke village, near Sialkot (now in Pakistan). His father died two months before his birth and his mother shifted to her parents' home in Badiana in the same district, where <mask> was born and brought up. Military career
<mask> passed secondary school and enlisted the 14th Punjab Regiment of the British Indian Army in 1927. After the completion of his recruit training at Hrozpur, <mask> was posted to the 2nd Battalion of the Regiment, then serving in the North-West Frontier Province.He was selected as a potential officer in 1931, and after six months' training in Kitchener College, Nowgong (Madhya Pradesh), and another two and a half years in the Indian Military Academy, Dehradun, he received his commission 1 February 1935 and was posted for a year to a British Army unit, the 2nd battalion Border Regiment. He was then posted to 1st Battalion, 14th Punjab Regiment on 24 February 1936, which at that time happened to be stationed at Jhelum. <mask> had been promoted temporary captain when his battalion was earmarked for operational service in the Far East. The battalion was still carrying out intensive training at Secunderabad when he married, in December 1940, Jasvant Kaur, sister of a brother officer. He left for Malaya with his unit on 4 March 1941. Second World War
Japan entered the War with her surprise attack on the American air base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on 7 December 1941 and overran the entire South East Asia within a few weeks. The Japanese Imperial General Headquarters in October set up the Fujiwara Kikan, or the F-kikan, in Bangkok, Headed by the Major Fujiwara Iwaichi, chief of intelligence of the 15th army.Tasked with intelligence gathering and contacting the Indian independence movement, the overseas Chinese, and the Malayan Sultan with the aim of encouraging friendship and cooperation with Japan, Fujiwara's staff included five commissioned officers and two Hindi-speaking interpreters. His initial contact was with Giani Pritam <mask>. Pritam <mask> was a leader of such an organisation. He and Major Fujihara, a Japanese officer, requested <mask> to form an Indian Army comprising the captured Indian soldiers. <mask> hesitated but ultimately agreed. Fujihara handed over about 40,000 Indian soldiers, who had surrendered to him, to <mask>. This was the initial step towards the formation of the first Indian National Army (INA).Action in Malaya

The British force in the northern part of the Malaya Peninsula, including <mask>'s battalion, 1/14 Punjab Regiment, was fleeing towards the South. <mask>'s own forces had been outgunned and destroyed by Japanese forces at Jitra. Captured by Japanese troops after several days in the jungle, <mask> was taken to Alor Star to Fujiwara and Pritam <mask> at a joint office of the F-Kikan and the IIL. Fujiwara, later self-described as "Lawrence of the Indian National Army" (after Lawrence of Arabia) is said to have been a man committed to the values which his office was supposed to convey to the expatriate nationalist leaders, and found acceptance among them. Indian National Army

Although Pritam <mask> was involved to a large extent, it was Fujiwara who, with his sincerity of purpose and belief, convinced <mask> to betray his oath to the British Crown by uniting with the Japanese mission for the greater motive of Indian independence. This included the promise that he would be treated as an ally and a friend, and not a prisoner of war. <mask> initially helped Fujiwara take control of the situation of looting and arson that had developed in Alor Star; in December 1941, after meeting with the Japanese commanding general, <mask> was convinced of its feasibility of raising an armed Indian unit.Between himself, Pritam <mask> and Fujiwara, <mask> set about contacting Indians in the British Indian Army in Southeast Asia and also began recruiting from among those captured by the Japanese in Malaya. All Indian prisoners of war and stragglers were placed under his charge, and he was asked to restore order in the town of Alor Star. Thus the nucleus of what came to be the Ajad Hind Fauj also known as Indian National Army was born. Kuala Lumpur fell on 11 January 1942 with 3,500 Indian prisoners of war, and Singapore on 15 February with 85,000 British troops, of whom 45,000 were Indians. <mask> asked for volunteers who would form the Ajad Hind Fauj (literally translates to Free India Army) to fight for Indian independence from the British rule. A large number of men came forward to join what came to be termed as the Ajad Hind Fauj (National Army of independent India). The new set-up came into being on 1 September 1942 by which time the strength of volunteers had reached 40,000.<mask>, now designated a General, was to command it. Already in a conference held at Bangkok during 15–23 June 1942, the Indian Independence League under the leadership of Rash Behari Bose, an Indian revolutionary who had escaped to Japan in June 1915 and who had been living there ever since, had been inaugurated. Through one of the 35 resolutions passed by the conference, <mask> was appointed commander-in-chief of the "Army of Liberation for India," i.e. the Indian National Army. Disagreements with Japan
Though <mask> had kept a good relationship with the members of Fujiwara Kikan, he was soon disenchanted with the headquarters of the Japanese Army and doubted their intentions based on their orders. It appeared that they wanted to use the Indian National Army only as a part of the Japanese army and were deliberately withholding recognition and public proclamation about its existence as an independent army. Some supreme commanders of the Japanese army had disagreements with him.On 29 December 1942, <mask> was removed from his command and taken into custody by the Japanese military police. It was only after the arrival of another Indian leader of great political standing, Subhas Chandra Bose, from Germany to the Far-Eastern front in June 1943 that the Indian National Army was revived in the form of Azad Hind Fauj. However, <mask> could not be reinstated to the revived army. Upon Japan's defeat, <mask> was taken into custody by the British and repatriated to India to face trials. However, due to public pressure, roused by the INA Red Fort trials, <mask> was only cashiered from the Army. He subsequently served in the Indian Parliament as a member of the Rajya Sabha (Upper House). Post 1947
<mask> entered politics and joined the Indian National Congress in February 1947.His dream of independence was realized with India's Independence on 15 August 1947, but this was accompanied by the partition of the country into India and Pakistan. He had to leave his hearth and home in what then became Pakistan and came to India a homeless refugee. He was allotted some land in the village of Jugiana, near Ludhiana, where he settled permanently. After a stint as a legislator in the Punjab, he was elected to Rajya Sabha, the upper house of Indian Parliament, for two terms. In and out of Parliament he strove for the recognition of the members of his Azad Hind Fauj as "freedom fighters" in the cause of the nation's independence. Death
<mask> died at Jugiana on 26 December 1989. Notes

Bibliography

"<mask>, General, Soldiers Contribution to Indian Independence Delhi, 1974"
 .
.External links
General <mask> at the Sikh History. Indian Sikhs
Sikh warriors
Punjabi people
Indian generals
Indian revolutionaries
World War II political leaders
Indian National Army personnel
Rajya Sabha members from Punjab, India
1909 births
1989 deaths
Military history of Malaya during World War II
British Indian Army officers
Indian Army personnel of World War II
Indian prisoners of war
World War II prisoners of war held by Japan
Indian Military Academy alumni

masks:
Mohan Singh
Mohan Singh
Tara Singh
Mohan Singh
Mohan Singh
Mohan Singh
Mohan Singh
Singh
Singh
Mohan Singh
Mohan Singh
Mohan Singh
Mohan Singh
Mohan Singh
Singh
Singh
Singh
Mohan Singh
Singh
Singh
Singh
Mohan Singh
Mohan Singh
Mohan Singh
Mohan Singh
Mohan Singh
Mohan Singh
Mohan Singh
Mohan Singh
Mohan Singh
Singh
Mohan Singh
Mohan Singh
Mohan Singh


text_chunks:
<mask> of Saint <mask> (died 1173) was a Medieval Scottish philosopher and theologian and one of the most influential religious thinkers of his time. A canon regular, he was a prominent mystical theologian, and was prior of the famous Augustinian Abbey of Saint Victor in Paris from 1162 until his death in 1173. Life

Very little is known about the origins and upbringing of <mask> of Saint Victor. John of Toulouse wrote a short Vita of <mask> in the seventeenth century. He said that <mask> came from Scotland. John added that <mask> was received into the Abbey of St Victor by Abbot Gilduin (1114–1155) and was a student under Hugh of St Victor, the most influential of all Victorine teachers (implying that <mask> entered the community before Hugh's death in 1141). This account of <mask>'s early life is not accepted by all modern scholars, however, and some have suggested that <mask> entered the abbey after Hugh's death in 1141.All scholarship agrees, however, that <mask> was a magister during the 1150s, and was then promoted to subprior in 1159 (as stated by a document found at the abbey). He served under Achard of St. Victor's elected successor Ernisius, who was unworthy of the position. <mask>'s life was then burdened by the frustrations of working under a man who was ill-suited for his responsibilities. Ernisius wasted the abbey's resources on overly ambitious building projects and persecuted those who attempted to resist him. <mask> was allowed to keep his office but his influence was restricted. Things became so unbearable that an appeal was made to the Pope, who then visited <mask> in 1162. Through a multitude of transactions, Ernisius was eventually removed from his position and the Pope commended <mask> for his continued involvement in the matter.Letters from England written to <mask> show that he was in constant touch with English affairs and give evidence of the international character of intellectual life at this time. He was then promoted to prior in 1162, a position he held until his death on 10 March 1173. Writings

<mask> wrote extensively (Migne's Patrologia Latina contains 34 works attributed to him, and this is not <mask>'s full corpus). There are some problems with establishing the chronology of <mask>'s works. The earliest ones come before 1153, and the latest were written one or two years before his death. His earlier works are similar to the general teaching and writing of the period. His writing develops from basic exegesis, theology and philosophy to more of a study of purely spiritual questions.In his early writings he relies on the moral interpretations of previous theologians such as Augustine of Hippo, Bede, Pope Gregory I and Hugh. He later became more independent and strayed from Hugh's influence. There is some debate between historians about which of <mask>'s texts are the most influential and important. Because <mask>'s work covers many spheres of thought it is somewhat difficult to categorise his work. The Book of the Twelve Patriarchs, or Benjamin Minor
The Book of the Twelve Patriarchs, sometimes titled Benjamin Minor, is one of <mask> of Saint <mask>'s great works on contemplation. It is not exactly known when it was written, but it would seem to date before 1162. <mask> specifies that this work is not a treatise on contemplation but rather prepares the mind for contemplation.The Mystical Ark, or Benjamin Major
The Mystical Ark, sometimes called Benjamin Major or The Grace of Contemplation completes this with the study of the mind in relation to prayer. However, in the last chapters of Benjamin Major, written later than the Minor, <mask> almost abandons his topic and the discussion of the teaching of mystical theology takes up a good portion of every remaining chapter. He is still attempting to instruct his followers on a text but he has also engaged himself in creating a system of mystical theology. De Trinitate
One of <mask>'s greatest works was the De Trinitate which was probably written while <mask> was prior, between 1162 and 1173. This is known because it incorporates pieces of theological text which editors are now finding in earlier works. De Trinitate is <mask>'s most independent and original study on dogmatic theology. It stems from the desire to show that dogmatic truths of Christian revelation are ultimately not against reason.<mask>'s theological approach stems from a profoundly mystical life of prayer, which in the Spirit seeks to involve the mind, in continuation with the Augustinian and Anselmian tradition. Owing to the fact that until recently this masterpiece has not been available in any English translation, its diffusion has been limited and its influence has seldom gone beyond 'Book III', condemning serious enquiry to an understanding of <mask>'s argument that is only partial. Finally, in 2011, through the efforts of Ruben Angelici's scholarship, the first, full translation of <mask>'s 'De Trinitate' has been released for publication in English and now this scholastic masterpiece is readily available to a wider audience to be appreciated in its entirety. Other Treatises and Works
<mask> wrote a massive handbook of biblical education entitled Liber Exceptionum (Book of Selections/Book of Notes), important scriptural commentaries, and many treatises. The Four Degrees of Violent Charity, composed about 1170, with its description of how vehement love leads to union with God and more perfect service of neighbour, has been of interest to writers interested in Christian mysticism. <mask>'s other treatises are a number of short works which mainly deal with textual difficulties and theological issues. Many of them can be grouped together with larger works.Some of them are correspondence between <mask> and his students while others seem to have been written at the request of friends. Although short, they are often interesting because they allow the modern reader to see the mentality of the students and the discussions and issues of the time. <mask> of Saint <mask>'s Commentary on Ezekiel is of special interest in the field of art history because the explanations laid out by the author are accompanied by illustrations. A number of copies have come down to us, none of which are dated, but they are written in a style attributable to the second half of the twelfth century. Historiographical contributions
What makes <mask> of Saint-Victor stand out from other theologians of his time is that he approaches theological problems as more of a psychologist, contributing to 'a careful analysis of contemplative experiences.' Bibliography

Translations
Franklin T Harkins and Frans van Liere, eds, Interpretation of scripture: theory. A selection of works of Hugh, Andrew, <mask> and Godfrey of St Victor, and of Robert of Melun, (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2012) [includes translation of selections from The book of notes, and selections from On the Apocalypse of John]
Hugh Feiss, ed, On love: a selection of works of Hugh, Adam, Achard, <mask> and Godfrey of St Victor, (Turnhout: Brepols, 2011) [includes A.B.Kraebel's translation of On the Four Degrees of Violent Love]
R. Angelici, <mask> of Saint Victor: On the Trinity. English Translation and Commentary (Eugene: Cascade, 2011)
Boyd Taylor Coolman and Dale M Coulter, eds, Trinity and creation: a selection of works of Hugh, <mask> and Adam of St Victor. (Turnhout: Brepols, 2010) [includes translation of <mask> of St Victor, On the Trinity]
<mask> of St Victor,  Twelve Patriarchs, Mystical Ark, Book Three of the Trinity.' Translation and introduction by Grover A. Zinn. Paulist Press, Toronto 1979. xviii + 425pp. [Translations & 50page introduction]
<mask> of St Victor, On the Trinity, Book One, trans. Jonathan Couser.[A translation of Book One of On the Trinity] http://pvspade.com/Logic/docs/StVictor.pdf
<mask> of St Victor, Selected Writings on Contemplation. Translated with an introduction and notes by Clare Kirchberger. (London: Faber and Faber, 1957) [Contains extracts from the Twelve Patriarchs, The Mystical Ark, some notes on the Psalms and the Four degrees of Charity.] References

Further reading
P. Sicard. Iter Victorinum. La tradition manuscrite des œuvres de Hugues et de <mask> de <mask>-Victor. Répertoire complémentaire et études (Bibliotheca Victorina 24), Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2015 ()
J. Bougerol.'The Church Fathers and Auctoritates in Scholastic Theology to Bonaventure', in The Reception of the Church Fathers in the West, 1997, pp. 289–335. W. Cahn, 'Architecture and Exegesis: <mask> of St.-Victor's Ezekiel Commentary and Its Illustrations' in The Art Bulletin,76, no.1, pp. 53–68. O. Davies. 'Later Medieval Mystics', in The Medieval Theologians, 2001, pp. 221–232.K. Emery. '<mask> of Saint Victor', in A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages, 2003, pp. 588–594. H. Feiss, 'Heaven in the Theology of Hugh, Achard and <mask> of Saint Victor', in Imagining Heaven in the Middle Ages,2000, pp. 145–163. P. Healy. 'The Mysticism of the School of Saint Victor' in Church History 1, 1932, pp.211–221. Spijker, 'Learning by Experience: Twelfth Century Monastic Ideas' in Centres of Learning, 1995, pp. 197–206. External links

Guide to <mask>, of Saint Victor, Religious Treatises. With: Hugo, Argentinensis, Compendium Theologicae Veritatis Manuscript, circa 1400 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center

1173 deaths
12th-century Scottish people
12th-century Christian mystics
Scottish expatriates in France
Scottish Roman Catholic priests
Catholic philosophers
Canonical Augustinian scholars
Canonical Augustinian theologians
12th-century Roman Catholic priests
Scottish philosophers
Canonical Augustinian abbots and priors
Year of birth missing
Roman Catholic mystics
Medieval Scottish theologians
12th-century Scottish writers
12th-century philosophers

masks:
Richard
Victor
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Saint Victor
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Victor
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Victor
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard
Saint
Richard
Richard
Richard
Richard


text_chunks:
<mask>  (born 3 March 1975) is a retired French judoka and mixed martial artist. A professional MMA competitor from 1995 until 2013, he fought for promotions such as M-1 Global and Jungle Fight. Judo career
<mask> began training judo in 1979 at the age of four. He went on to train with the French Team from 1993 to 2001, and in the Tunisia Team from 2001 to 2004. He won twice the Paris Grand Slam (1999 and 2000) and the Dusseldorf Grand Slam (2000 and 2002) .He won the european championship U21 in Spain (1995) and the European championship by Team (1996).He has medaled seven times in the Super World Cup (Grand Slam) and won many Opens and World Cups, he placed 3rd at the European championship in Poland (2000) and 7th at the 2000 Olympic Games. He holds a black belt in judo as well as a black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. Mixed martial arts career
In 2004 Kheder started to add Muay Thai and grappling training to his judo background to compete in MMA with Fighting Klub Team (FK TEAM).In 2005 he moved to Australia to continue his new journey. In 2007 while fighting in Australia, a manager from the US contacted him and recruited him to join Team Quest in California. He later became contracted under the Bellator organization. Between September 2008 and June 2011 <mask> won 13 of his 14 fights winning 11 fight by KO or Submission and losing only a decision (28-29) to Daisuke Nakamura at M-1 Global Presents Breakthrough on August 28,2009. His interest in BJJ grew through his MMA career during which he had the opportunity to train with some of the worlds best BJJ players. In 2015 he earned his black belt while living in San Diego. Today, his focus is on teaching and sharing his extensive knowledge of the Martial Arts he loves.He is a sixth degree Judo Black belt (IJF), a BJJ black belt , and a former Professional MMA fighter. Xtreme Vale Todo 5 controversy
There is some question as to if <mask>'s alleged victory over Hermes Franca was rigged by a promoter, Lu Dwyer, during the Xtreme Vale Todo event that took place on December 19, 2010. In addition to the fight's announcer, all three judges, and the referee had scored the bout in favor of Franca. Regardless of the judges' scores, Dwyer declared <mask> the victor, and another promoter raised Kheder's hand in victory after the referee refused to do so. There is a potential conflict of interest due to the fact that Kheder is primarily sponsored by Dwyer and her business J & L Irrigation. Dwyer sponsors "Team FK" by paying his living expenses and taking a percentage of his winnings. Days after his controversial decision win <mask> posted on his Facebook page that Dwyer overturned the fight result to a "No Contest" and suggested a 5 round rematch, presumably in the same promotion.The rematch never happened since Hermes Franca found guilty in the sexual abuse of a child under 14 years of age in 2012 and has been sentenced to 42 months in prison. Bellator

In 2010 <mask> was supposed to fight in Bellator's Lightweight Tournament but due to a case of appendicitis, he has been forced out of the eight-man field and has been replaced by WEC veteran James Krause. In 2011 Kheder was 1kg heavy
and refused to step onto the scale to be weighed and was instead removed from the tournament which allowed Josh Shockley to take Kheder's place.

masks:
Ferrid Kheder
Kheder
Kheder
Kheder
Kheder
Kheder
Kheder


text_chunks:
<mask> (born September 10, 1964) is an American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives and United States Senator from New Hampshire. He is the only Salvadoran American ever elected to the U.S. Congress (having served in both the House and the Senate). Sununu was the youngest member of the Senate for his entire six-year term. He is the son of former New Hampshire Governor and former White House Chief of Staff <mask><mask>. On November 4, 2008, Sununu lost his re-election bid to former governor Jeanne Shaheen. His younger brother, <mask>, has been the Governor of New Hampshire since January 2017. Early life and education
Sununu, one of eight siblings, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the son of Nancy (née Hayes) and former Governor of New Hampshire and White House Chief of Staff <mask><mask>.His father's paternal ancestors came to the United States from the Middle East around the start of the 20th century, while his paternal grandmother was Salvadoran born to a Greek Orthodox family of Lebanese people that had settled in Central America at the turn of the century. His father's paternal ancestry is from the Greek Orthodox Lebanese and Palestinian communities in Jerusalem. Despite the family's emigration from Jerusalem, some members of the family were from Beirut, Lebanon. His father, <mask>, was born in Havana, Cuba. His paternal grandfather, also named <mask>, was born in the United States, and most of the last two generations of Sununus were also born in the United States. His mother's ancestors include immigrants from Ireland, as well as Scotland and England. Sununu earned both B.S.and M.S. degrees in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1986 and 1987, respectively. He earned a Master of Business Administration from Harvard University in 1991. After graduating, he worked in the high-tech industry, at one time for the company of Dean Kamen and as a management consultant for PRTM. U.S. House of Representatives

Elections
In 1996, incumbent Republican U.S. Congressman Bill Zeliff decided to run for Governor of New Hampshire. Sununu narrowly defeated Democrat Joe Keefe.In 1998, he won re-election with 67% of the vote beating Democrat Peter Flood. In 2000, he won re-election defeating Democrat Martha Fuller Clark with 53% of the vote. Tenure
In 1999, New Hampshire's Christian Coalition gave "pro-family" awards to both New Hampshire Representatives, Sununu and Charles Bass, honoring the vote by both men to impeach President Bill Clinton. On November 8, 2000, the Boston Globe noted Sununu's defeat of Democratic newcomer Martha Fuller Clark, noting that Sununu had "one of the House's most conservative voting records"—opposing abortion and increased minimum wages while favoring school vouchers and the death penalty. He earned a 100% rating from the Council for Citizens Against Government Waste. He has also been presented the "Spirit of Enterprise Award" by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the "Guardian of Small Business Award" by the National Federation of Independent Business, and the "Friend of the Taxpayer Award" by the Americans for Tax Reform. Committee assignments
He served on the House Appropriations and Budget Committees.He held subcommittee seats on the Veterans Administration-Housing and Urban Development Subcommittee, the Treasury Postal Subcommittee, and the District of Columbia Appropriations Subcommittee, and also served as a member of the Republican Policy Committee. U.S. Senate

Elections

2002

In 2002, Sununu ran for a United States Senate seat from New Hampshire. In the Republican primary, he defeated the Republican incumbent Bob Smith 54%–45%. In the November election, he subsequently defeated Democratic Governor Jeanne Shaheen 51%–46%. The election was marred by members of the Republican Party who organized the 2002 New Hampshire Senate election phone jamming scandal which disrupted Democratic efforts. 2008

In a rematch, Shaheen defeated Sununu 52% to 45%. She won every county but Carroll, Belknap, and Rockingham counties.Sununu slightly outperformed Republican presidential candidate <mask> in the 2008 national election, as McCain got about 45% of the vote but did not win any counties. Tenure

According to a Washington Post study, Sununu voted with the Republican Party's position 84% of the time. However, he broke with his party on prominent issues, joining Democrats in filibusters of the USA PATRIOT Act and the Bush Administration's 2003 energy bill. Sununu strongly supported greater access to firearms, voting against the proposed renewal of the 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban in 2004. In 2006, he voted against the Federal Marriage Amendment, a proposed constitutional amendment to ban gay marriage. He strongly opposed amnesty for illegal aliens, voting against the McCain-Kennedy immigration bill in July 2007. Sununu called for a tougher federal regulator for government-sponsored enterprises Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and with Senator <mask> (D-SD), he filed a dramatic overhaul of regulation of the insurance industry.A long proponent of technology, in January 2007, Sununu called for a permanent ban on taxes of Internet connections and online sales. The non-partisan National Journal gave Sununu a composite rating of 65.8% conservative and 34% liberal in 2008. Sununu was one of only three senators whose voting record received a score of 100% from the fiscally conservative Club for Growth, in both 2005 and 2006, tying for 1st place. However, his rating fell to 23rd place in 2007, and to 34th place in 2008. The Club for Growth endorsed Sununu's unsuccessful bid for re-election in February 2007 against Jeanne Shaheen (she subsequently during 2009–2012 earned Club for Growth ratings of 64th place to 100th place). In 2007, Sununu was the lead Republican co-sponsor of the Clean Air Planning Act of 2007 which sought to address air quality and climate change by establishing a schedule to reduce harmful emissions from power plants—in particular, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides—as well as decrease carbon dioxide emissions through a cap and trade system. The legislation, which was never enacted, also addressed mercury pollution, calling for a 90% reduction in emissions of the chemical by 2015.He also supported the bipartisan Clean Energy Stimulus Act of 2008 that provides tax incentives for the development of clean and renewable energy sources. In 2006 Sununu sponsored the bipartisan New England Wilderness Act which added tens of thousand of acres of land to federally protected forests. Sununu opposed the Climate Stewardship Act of 2003, which would have also created a cap-and-trade program. His vote was criticized by the New Hampshire Democratic Party which claimed that he had acted "against reducing greenhouse gases". The New Hampshire Union Leader praised his decision, citing the Energy Information Agency's estimation that the legislation would cost the American economy $507 billion over 22 years. Sununu took a few positions contrary to the Bush administration and the Republican leadership. Though he voted for the flag-burning amendment, he voted against the Federal Marriage Amendment and he opposed restrictions on travel and trade with Cuba, and was one of only two Republicans to vote in favor of terminating funds for TV Martí, which broadcasts anti-Castro programming in Cuba.He was one of a small group of Republicans to vote in favor of banning loans to China for any nuclear projects, and in September 2005 he voted to disapprove a new rule set in place by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) delisting coal and other energy sources from the Clean Air Act. He also became well known as one of the five Republican Senators who joined Democrats in a filibuster of the USA PATRIOT Act renewal conference report, concerned about possible negative impacts the bill had on civil liberties. This caused the Republican leadership to extend the original legislation until a compromise bill was forged. In January 2006, at a hearing in front of the Commerce, Science and Transportation Committee on the Broadcast Flag, Sununu was one of the very few present to criticize the legislation, saying "In all cases [of previous technological advancements in the US], we didn't need to step in with a significant statutory government-regulated mandate on technology that consumers use to enjoy this material". In October 2006, Sununu voted against a portion of the Military Commissions Act of 2006 that would suspend the right of habeas corpus for non-citizen detainees. After voting in favor of the final bill, he defended his vote by telling reporters "The Constitution is not a suicide pact". On March 14, 2007, <mask> became the first Republican senator to call for the firing of Attorney General Alberto Gonzales after a controversy over U.S. Attorney firings.Sununu cited his anger with the mismanagement by Gonzales and the lack of trustworthiness by GOP Senators towards Gonzales. In July 2005, Sununu shaved his head to show solidarity with Senator Arlen Specter, who had lost his hair due to chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease. In September 2008, Sununu became one of twenty senators (ten Democrats and ten Republicans) co-sponsoring a bipartisan energy bill, the New Energy Reform Act of 2008. The bill was offered as an alternative to the Democrats' energy bill, sponsored by House Speaker Nancy Pelosi. Both bills proposed to increase offshore drilling, while promoting conservation and alternative energy. The "Gang of Twenty" bill also lets coastal states participate in decisions and in revenue about drilling in the fifty-to-one-hundred-mile range off their coasts. It also differs from the Democrats' bill in allowing drilling off Florida's west coast, a proposal both Florida's senators have protested.To quote the Minneapolis Star Tribune, "Nearly every potentially vulnerable Senate Republican, from Norm Coleman [of Minnesota] to <mask> of North Carolina and <mask> of New Hampshire, has signed on to the legislation." Committee assignments
 Committee on Finance
 Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
 Subcommittee on Aviation Operations, Safety, and Security
 Subcommittee on Interstate Commerce, Trade, and Tourism
 Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard
 Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Innovation
 Subcommittee on Space, Aeronautics, and Related Agencies
 Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
 Ad Hoc Subcommittee on State, Local, and Private Sector Preparedness and Integration (Ranking Member)
 Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations
 Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Government Information, Federal Services, and International Security
 Joint Economic Committee

Later career
Sununu currently sits on the Board of Managers of ConvergEx Holdings, a holding company for BNY ConvergEx Group, an affiliate of Bank of New York Mellon, which holds a 33.8% stake in BNY ConvergEx Group. On July 7, 2010, Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP announced that Sununu was joining the firm as an adjunct senior policy advisor. Akin Gump is one of the largest law firms and lobbying firms in Washington, D.C.

Sununu was appointed by Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell to serve on the Congressional Oversight Panel (COP) for the Troubled Asset Relief Program funds, whose purpose is to assess how the TARP program is working, in order to help Congress determine whether to continue injecting capital into the financial sector. Sununu is a regular op-ed contributor to the Boston Globe. Prior to the 2014 Election Cycle, speculation had abounded that he would pursue a rematch against Shaheen, but in April 2013, he said that he would not run for his old seat. On January 30, 2019, Lloyd's of London announced Sununu had been appointed to its governing council.Personal life
<mask> married Catherine (Kitty) Halloran on July 9, 1988. They have three children: <mask>, (Catherine) Grace, and Charlotte. Electoral history

*Write-in and minor candidate notes: In 2002, write-ins received 197 votes. See also
List of Arab and Middle-Eastern Americans in the United States Congress
List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress

References

External links

|-

|-

|-

1964 births
American people of Arab descent
21st-century American politicians
American people of English descent
American people of Irish descent
American people of Scottish descent
American politicians of Salvadoran descent
American politicians of Lebanese descent
American politicians of Palestinian descent
American people of Salvadoran descent
Harvard Business School alumni
Hispanic and Latino American members of the United States Congress
Living people
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Members of the United States House of Representatives from New Hampshire
New Hampshire Republicans
Politicians from Boston
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Republican Party United States senators
Sununu family
United States senators from New Hampshire

masks:
John Edward Sununu
John H
. Sununu
Chris Sununu
John H
. Sununu
John
John
John McCain
Tim Johnson
Sununu
Elizabeth Dole
John Sununu
Sununu
John


text_chunks:
<mask> (October 23, 1715 in Springfield, Massachusetts – March 22, 1797 in Sheffield) was a Springfield, Massachusetts (United States), sea captain who acted against America's enemies in both the French and Indian War and the American Revolutionary War. In 1777 he received the first gun salute to an American fighting vessel in a European port. Life before 1776
Little is known of the life of Revolutionary War sea captain <mask>, beyond what was learned by those he captured in 1777. The birth and death dates assigned to him for this article are based on a claim he made then: that during the French and Indian War (the long American conflict which spread to Europe as the Seven Years' War) he served as a privateer on behalf of the British and their American colonists against French shipping. The family of <mask> (1715–97) still possesses a portrait of him celebrating his triumph against a French convoy in that conflict, strongly implying that he is indeed the 1777 <mask>. In August 1756, <mask> was hired by George Campbell, a merchant of Liverpool, England, to command a 14-gun privateer brigantine named Brave Blakeney. Sailing into the Atlantic Ocean, he met with another British privateer, the Hawke of Exeter, and they agreed to co-operate.On 6 October, they sighted a small convoy of four French merchant ships off the Spanish coast near Cape Finisterre; these were the Robuste (14 guns), the Juste (22 guns, 10 of which turned out to be fakes), La Gloire (armament uncertain) and Victoire (10 guns). The French ships formed a battle line, but Blakeney got in among them and after a two-hour battle forced the surrender of the Juste. Meanwhile, Hawke'''s crew boarded and captured the Robuste. When these two ships were secured with prize crews, the British privateers chased the others. La Gloire threw guns and other equipment overboard to gain speed, but was caught by Blakeney; Victoire managed to elude Hawke long enough to escape in the night. Following that success, in August 1757 <mask> was hired to command another Liverpool-based privateer, the 20-gun Prussian Hero. He sailed to the West Indies, and in March 1758 he met with five French privateers off Martinique.They fired at him, but he managed to escape. Shortly afterwards, off the east end of Jamaica, he was attacked by a well-manned 16-gun French privateer, which managed to tangle its jib-boom with Prussian Hero's rigging, potentially allowing many men to board. The French superiority of numbers meant that, although the initial boarding was repulsed with heavy losses ("the deck ran with blood"), <mask> had to cut the ropes holding the two ships together and retreat, for the loss of only a single crew member. At the start of the American Revolution he seems to have been a successful merchant captain, with a home in the historic port of Charlestown, Massachusetts. In June 1775, during the "Battle of Bunker Hill", much of Charlestown was destroyed, including <mask>'s home, as (according to what he told his 1777 captives) he discovered when he returned from a voyage to the West Indies. Family narratives of <mask> (1715–97), whose main home then was far inland at Sheffield, Massachusetts, make no mention of this. Return to action
After the British troops were driven out of Boston in March 1776, the port became an important centre for activities against British shipping.The business house of Philip Moore & Co. financed a number of privateers, including <mask>. A 370-ton British merchant vessel, the Isaac of Liverpool, which had been captured on the way home from the West Indies by John Philips in the privateer sloop Warren, and taken to Salem, was converted to a fighting frigate with twenty 9-pound guns and six 4-pounders, and rechristened the General Mifflin. On 1 November 1776, the Council of Massachusetts issued a State Navy commission to <mask> as commander (the document also notes that his Second Lieutenant was <mask> Jr.). For its first cruise, the Mifflin had a crew of 120, five tons of shot and two tons of powder, plus eight tons of bread and flour, and 120 barrels of meat. The 1777 cruise
The cruise authorised on 1 November may have been confined to American waters, but on 21 May 1777 the Mifflin left Boston with a squadron of about 14 privateers, escorted by the Continental Navy frigates Hancock (John Manley, squadron commander) and Boston. For the first 25 days, the squadron worked together, sharing prize money equally. Two days before this period expired, <mask> captured a British cargo vessel bound from London to New York, laden with salt, sherry, dried fruit and bark- which, having safely arrived at an American-controlled port on 25 June, was also found to carrying an interesting letter from a London merchant firm to business partners in New York, observing that "we have no doubt (supposing the present campaign to be as ineffectual as the last) that the colonies will remain independent," and pondering future business prospects.Some of the privateers, without the escort vessels, then continued along the main New York- London shipping lane to cruise in British waters. Nearing Ireland, they were separated by bad weather (probably shortly after 24 June, when <mask> captured the Rebecca and Polly, which had left Cork in a convoy bound for New York two days earlier). One vessel, the Tartar sailed to the waters north of Scotland and preyed with great success on the Baltic shipping route, but Captain <mask> chose a bolder plan.Mifflin sailed clockwise round Ireland, capturing four more vessels along the north coast between 6 July and 8 July; one of these, a sloop without cargo, was sunk, and another, carrying salt, was given to the captured crews to get them home. Now the Mifflin was ready for the most dangerous part of the expedition, sailing through the narrow North Channel into the Irish Sea. What <mask> did not know was that just over a fortnight earlier, between 19 June and 23 June, a little squadron led by Continental Navy captain Lambert Wickes had done exactly the same. As a result, the valuable linen ships which would normally have been crossing between Ireland and England had adopted a convoy system, and were all waiting in port for their escorts. One small but useful prize was taken in the North Channel on 9 July- a sloop carrying wool, soap and skins.The next day, in the Irish Sea, <mask> found himself spoilt for choice; twice, as he was about to sink worthless vessels, potentially rich prizes were spotted, and Mifflin departed at once. This policy was rewarded by the capture of a ship carrying a very valuable cargo of deal timber from the Norway. Returning immediately to the last vessel intended for scuttling, <mask> then used it as another ferry for unwanted British crewmen. Finally, on 11 July, a smaller timber vessel was also taken, after which the Mifflin passed, without any interference from the Royal Navy, through St. George's Channel into the Atlantic once more. Some of the captives had gone to ports in Cumberland, in the north-west of England, and the two newspapers published in Whitehaven printed as much information as they could get. Thus the British public learned that <mask> was in his sixties or seventies, somewhat lame from gout, and walked with two sticks; that he had taken some personal possessions (gold and silver watches) from one of the captains who tried to conceal them on the advice of another captive; and that, having approached, as was then usual, under English colours, when ready to attack he raised a white flag with a pine tree and the words "Appeal to Heaven" (a Massachusetts naval ensign). Express messages were sent to the Admiralty in London, and received the reply that a battleship and a sloop had been sent in pursuit of the privateer; also that a frigate was being stationed in the area for future protection.The newspapers also reported, a week after the initial drama, that the Mifflin had met with the Royal Navy sloop of war Wolfe in the Bristol Channel, and surrendered after a three-hour battle. A Great Day
The news of the capture was denied by a reliable source even as it was being written, and indeed it was not true. The Mifflin arrived in the French naval port of Brest a few days after leaving the Irish Sea, and fired a victory salute. Admiral du Chaffault, commander of the French naval forces based in the port, consulted for an hour and a half, then ordered the firing of an acknowledgement. Salutes are only returned from one sovereign state to another, so in effect, he was acknowledging, on behalf of France, the validity of the Declaration of Independence. In theory, rebel colonial fighting vessels should not even have been allowed into French ports except for humanitarian reasons, let alone acknowledged by gun salutes, and when news of this event was conveyed by British representatives in the port to their Ambassador, Lord Stormont, he threatened to break off diplomatic relations between Britain and France. The French, although they had first offered aid to America back in 1775, and had been supplying both matériel and military advisors since 1776, were not yet ready to form an open alliance, so the official line was that the Mifflin had put in at Brest for repairs, that the salute was a misunderstanding, and that France had vessels on patrol to keep privateers away- any then in port were ordered to leave.Clark, Thomas "Naval History of the United States" (1814), quote via Google Books- accessed 2007-12-07 The first "official" salute of an American naval vessel thus ensued seven months later with the arrival of the USS Ranger in France, 14 February 1778.<mask> finished his "repairs" about the end of July, but his next destination (according to Lambert Wickes, who was also doing "repair" work at St. Malo) was to be another French port, L'Orient. He was allowed in, and at the beginning of September he was still there (or at least, in the neighbouring harbour of Port Louis) when a French acquaintance offered to deliver a report of his cruise to Benjamin Franklin at Versailles, which the Captain happily provided. He left about the middle of the month, and was back in Boston by 29 November, but when the General Mifflin'' set out from America on another cruise in March 1778 (by which time France had signed treaties of alliance with America), the captain was Daniel McNeill. So there, until further information can be found, <mask>'s story ends. Principal source
Bradbury, David "Captain John Paul who? America vs. my town, 1774-78" Whitehaven UK, PastPresented (2007)

See also

External links
Captain <mask> of Massachusetts 5-part chronology of original source material attempting to distinguish different Captain <mask> of the period

References

1715 births
1797 deaths
American privateers
People from Boston
British privateers
United States Navy personnel of the American Revolution

masks:
William Day
William Day
William Day
William Day
Day
William Day
Day
Day
William Day
Day
Day
William Day
Day
Day
Day
Day
Day
Day
Day
Day
William Day
William Day
William Days


text_chunks:
<mask>,  (15 December 19281 July 2020) was a Polish-British-Canadian violinist. Haendel was a child prodigy, her career spanning over seven decades. She also became an influential teacher. Early career
Born in 1928 to a Polish Jewish family in Chełm, Poland, her talents were evident when she picked up her sister's violin at the age of three. Major competition wins paved the way for success. Performing the Beethoven Violin Concerto, she won the Warsaw Conservatory's Gold Medal and the first Huberman Prize in 1933, at 5 years old. At the age of seven she competed against towering virtuosos such as David Oistrakh and Ginette Neveu to become a laureate of the first Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition in 1935.These accolades enabled her to study with the esteemed pedagogues Carl Flesch in London and George Enescu in Paris. During World War II she played in factories and for British and American troops and performed in Myra Hess's National Gallery concerts. In 1937 her London debut under the baton of Sir Henry Wood brought her worldwide critical acclaim, while the conductor linked her playing to his memories of Eugène Ysaÿe. Her lifelong association with the Proms resulted in 68 appearances. Performing career
After performing the Sibelius concerto in Helsinki in 1949, she received a letter from the composer. "You played it masterfully in every respect," Sibelius wrote, adding: "I congratulate myself that my concerto has found an interpreter of your rare standard." Haendel made annual tours of Europe, and also appeared regularly in South America and Asia.Living in Montreal, Canada from 1952 to 1989, her collaborations with Canadian orchestras made her a key celebrity of Canadian musical life. As a British subject resident in Canada, she acquired Canadian citizenship. Performing with the London Philharmonic in 1973, she was the first Western soloist invited to China following the Cultural Revolution. Although she worked particularly with Sergiu Celibidache, she was also associated with Sir Thomas Beecham, Sir Adrian Boult, Sir Eugene Goossens, Sir Malcolm Sargent, Charles Munch, Otto Klemperer, Sir Georg Solti, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Bernard Haitink, Rafael Kubelík, Lorin Maazel, Zubin Mehta and Simon Rattle, with whom she recorded the Elgar and Sibelius violin concertos. In 1993, she made her concert début with the Berliner Philharmoniker. In 2006 she performed for Pope Benedict XVI at the former Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau. Later engagements include a tribute concert at London's National Gallery in honour of Dame Myra Hess's War Memorial Concerts and an appearance at the Sagra Musicale Malatestiana Festival in 2010.<mask>'s violin was a Stradivarius of 1699. <mask> had lived in Miami, Florida, for many years and was actively involved in the Miami International Piano Festival. Recordings
Haendel's major label recordings have earned critical praise. The Sibelius Society awarded her the Sibelius Medal in 1982. She said she always had a passion for German music. Her recording career began on 10 September 1940 for Decca, initially of short solo pieces and chamber works. In April 1945, she recorded both the Tchaikovsky and Mendelssohn concertos followed in 1947 by the Dvořák concerto.Her recording career spanned nearly 70 years for major labels including EMI and Harmonia Mundi. In 1948–49 she recorded Beethoven's Violin Concerto, with Rafael Kubelik conducting the Philharmonia Orchestra. In 2014, Supraphon issued a 5-CD set of her live and studio recordings made in Prague between 1957 and 1965. Other acclaimed recordings are her renditions of the Brahms Violin Concerto (including one with the London Symphony Orchestra conducted by Sergiu Celibidache, his last studio recording, and Tchaikovsky's with the National Symphony Orchestra conducted by Basil Cameron. Geoffrey Norris, music critic for The Telegraph, praised her 1993 recording of the Sibelius concerto, later released by Testament Records, as "simply mind-blowing." Among her later recordings were the Sonatas and partitas for solo violin, BWV1001-1006 by J. S. Bach, recorded at Studio 1 Abbey Road, London, in 1995 recorded in analogue and issued by Testament. She was equally passionate about the music of the 20th century, including Béla Bartók, Benjamin Britten and William Walton.Among her premiere performances were Luigi Dallapiccola's Tartiniana Seconda, and Allan Pettersson's Violin Concerto No. 2, which was dedicated to her. Paying tribute to her teacher George Enescu, her Decca recording of his Violin Sonata with Vladimir Ashkenazy in 2000 earned her a Diapason d'Or. Teaching
<mask>'s emotive performances have inspired a generation of new violinists, including Anne-Sophie Mutter, David Garrett and Maxim Vengerov. In August 2012 she was honorary artist at the Cambridge International String Festival. She was a regular adjudicator for violin competitions, including the Sibelius, the Carl Flesch, the Benjamin Britten, and the International Violin Competition. She returned to her native Poland to judge the Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition in Poznań on a number of occasions, and was honorary chairwoman in 2011.<mask> died at a nursing home in Pembroke Park, Florida on 1 July 2020, aged 91. According to her nephew, she had been suffering from kidney cancer at the time of her death. Honours and awards
In 1991 she was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) by Queen Elizabeth II. She received honorary doctorates from the Royal College of Music, London, in 2000 and from McGill University in 2006. Bibliography
<mask> published her autobiography, Woman With Violin, in 1970 (Gollancz; ). Television
Her life has been the subject of several television documentaries, including <mask>: A Voyage of Music (1988), I Am The Violin (2004), and <mask>: This Is My Heritage (2011). In June 2009, she appeared on a Channel 4 television programme, The World's Greatest Musical Prodigies, in which she advised the then 16-year-old British composer Alex Prior on which children to choose to play his composition.Notes

References

External links
 Patrons of Exceptional Artists
 <mask> plays the Sibelius Violin Concerto

1928 births
2020 deaths
British emigrants to the United States
Deaths from kidney cancer
Deaths from cancer in Florida
Polish classical violinists
British classical violinists
Jewish classical violinists
Child classical musicians
Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition prize-winners
Honorary Members of the Royal Academy of Music
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
20th-century Polish Jews
People from Chełm
Women classical violinists
21st-century classical violinists
21st-century women musicians

masks:
Ida Haendel
Haendel
Haendel
Haendel
Death Haendel
Haendel
Ida Haendel
Ida Haendel
Ida Haendel


text_chunks:
<mask> (born May 31, 1938) is an American singer and songwriter who found fame with the 1960s folk music trio <mask>, Paul and Mary. <mask> co-wrote (with Leonard Lipton) one of the group's greatest hits, "Puff, the Magic Dragon". He is also a political activist and has supported causes that range from opposition to the Vietnam War to support for school anti-bullying programs. Early life and family
<mask> was born in Manhattan, the son of Vera Wisebrode (née Vira Burtakoff) and <mask>. His parents were educated Ukrainian Jewish immigrants, whose families had settled in Providence, Rhode Island. <mask> (1899–1973) attended the University of Kraków (Kraków, Poland) and the Odessa University (Odessa, Ukraine), before emigrating to the United States in 1922 at the age of 23. He anglicized his surname from Yaroshevitz to Yarrow, obtained a Bachelor of Science degree from Columbia University in 1925 where he joined Phi Sigma Delta fraternity, and in 1928 graduated from Columbia Law School.He then maintained a private law practice in New York City until 1938, when he was appointed an assistant district attorney under the then-district attorney, Thomas E. Dewey. In 1944 he was recruited into the Office of Strategic Services, where he served with distinction. After the war, <mask> joined Sullivan and Cromwell, the Dulles brothers' law firm. He was a founding board member of the National Committee for a Free Europe, an anti-Communist organization. In 1952 he became a senior vice-president of the CIA-funded Radio Free Europe, an organization he helped to found. <mask>'s mother Vera (1904–1991), who had come to America at age three, became a speech and drama teacher at New York's Julia Richman High School for girls. She and Bernard divorced in 1943 when their son <mask> was five, and Vera subsequently married Harold Wisebrode, the executive director of the Central Synagogue in Manhattan.<mask> married his wartime London OSS partner Silvia Tim, and converted to Protestantism. <mask> spent the summers of 1951 and 1952 at Interlochen's Music camp. <mask> graduated second in his class among male students with a physics prize from New York's High School of Music and Art, where he had studied painting. He was accepted at Cornell University as a physics major but soon switched majors, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in psychology in 1959. Among his Cornell classmates were Thomas Pynchon, Richard Fariña and David Shetzline. Music career

<mask> began singing in public during his last year at Cornell while participating in Harold Thompson's popular American Folk Literature course, colloquially known on campus as "Romp-n-Stomp". The course was "a highlight of late-1950s student life at Cornell", Yarrow reminisced, and the ability to sing and play guitar was a prerequisite for enrollment.Thompson would lecture on a topic for 20 or 30 minutes and afterwards a student would sing songs related to his theme. The experience of performing in front of a large audience was a thrilling one for <mask>, who discovered he loved it. He branched out to lead community sings on weekends. Upon graduation, <mask> played in folk clubs in New York City, appeared on the CBS television show Folk Sound USA, and performed at the Newport Folk Festival, where he met manager and musical impresario Albert Grossman. One day, the two were at Israel Young's Folklore Center in Greenwich Village discussing Grossman's idea for a new group that would be "an updated version of the Weavers for the baby-boom generation ... with the crossover appeal of the Kingston Trio". <mask> noticed a picture of Mary Travers on the wall and asked Grossman who she was. "That's Mary Travers," Grossman said."She'd be good if you could get her to work." The lanky, blonde Kentucky-born Travers was well connected in Greenwich Village folk song circles. While still a high-school student at the progressive Elizabeth Irwin High School she had been picked out by Elizabeth Irwin's chorus leader Robert De Cormier to sing in a trio called The Song Swappers, backing up Pete Seeger in the 1955 Folkways LP reissue of the Almanac Singers' The Talking Union and two other albums. As well as performing twice with Seeger at Carnegie Hall, Travers had also played a folksinger in a short-lived Broadway play called The Next President, starring satirist Mort Sahl, but she was known to be painfully introverted and loath to sing professionally. To draw Travers out, "Mr. Yarrow went to Ms. Travers's apartment on MacDougal Street, across from the Gaslight, one of the principal folk clubs. They harmonized on 'Miner's Lifeguard', a union song, and decided that their voices blended. To fill out the trio, Ms. Travers suggested Noel Stookey, a friend doing folk music and stand-up comedy at the Gaslight."They chose the catchy "Peter, Paul and Mary" as the name for their group, since Noel Stookey's middle name was Paul, and rehearsed intensively for six months, touring outside New York before debuting in 1961 as a polished act at The Bitter End nightclub in Greenwich Village. There, the singers quickly developed a following and signed a contract with Warner Brothers. Warner released <mask>, Paul and Mary's "Lemon Tree" as a single in early 1962. The trio then released "If I Had a Hammer", a song written in 1949 by Pete Seeger and Lee Hays to protest the imprisonment of Harlem City Councilman Benjamin J. Davis, Jr. under the Smith Act. "If I had a Hammer" garnered two Grammy Awards in 1962. The trio's first album, the eponymous Peter, Paul & Mary, remained in the Top 10 for ten months and in the Top 20 for two years; it sold more than two million copies. The group toured extensively and recorded numerous albums, both live and in the studio.In June 1963, <mask>, Paul and Mary released a 7" single of "Blowin' in the Wind" by the then-relatively unknown Bob Dylan, who was also managed by Grossman. "Blowin' in the Wind" sold 300,000 copies in the first week of release; by August 17, it was number two on the Billboard pop chart, with sales exceeding one million copies. <mask> recalled that when he told Dylan he would make more than $5,000 () from the publishing rights, Dylan was speechless. On August 28, 1963, <mask>, Paul and Mary  appeared on stage with the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. at his historic March on Washington where their performance of "Blowin' in the Wind" established it as a civil rights anthem. Their version also spent weeks on Billboards easy listening chart. By 1964 the 26-year-old <mask> had joined the Board of the Newport Folk Festival, where he had performed as an unknown just four years earlier. <mask>'s songwriting helped to create some of <mask>, Paul and Mary's best-known songs, including "Puff, the Magic Dragon", "Day Is Done", "Light One Candle", and "The Great Mandala".As a member of the trio, he earned a 1996 Emmy nomination for the Great Performances special LifeLines Live, a highly acclaimed celebration of folk music, with their musical mentors, contemporaries, and a new generation of singer-songwriters. <mask> was instrumental in founding the New Folks Concert series at both the Newport Folk Festival and the Kerrville Folk Festival. His work at Kerrville has been called his "most important achievement in this arena". <mask> co-wrote and produced "Torn Between Two Lovers", a number one hit for Mary McGregor. He also produced three CBS TV specials based on "Puff, the Magic Dragon", which earned an Emmy nomination for him. In 1978 <mask> organized Survival Sunday, an antinuclear benefit, and after a period of separation, he was once again joined by Stookey and Travers. <mask> and his daughter, <mask>, often perform together.Together with cellist Rufus Cappadocia, they form the trio <mask>, Bethany, and Rufus. They released the CD Puff & Other Family Classics. In 2008, the musical special Peter, Bethany & Rufus: Spirit of Woodstock, featuring a live performance of the band, aired on public television. <mask> portrayed leftist intellectual Ira Mandelstam in the 2015 film While We're Young. Social activism
<mask> has long been an activist for social and political causes. What he did was not always popular. According to The New York Times:

Operation Respect
In 2000, in an effort to combat school bullying, <mask> helped start Operation Respect, a nonprofit organization that brings to children, in schools and camps, a curriculum of tolerance and respect for each other's differences.The project began as a result of <mask> and his daughter Bethany and his son Christopher having heard the song Don't Laugh at Me (written by Steve Seskin and Allen Shamblin) at the Kerrville Folk Festival. In March 2008, <mask> told Reuters:

Other activism
<mask>'s leadership in the campaign to free Soviet Jewry inspired another generation. Of the song "Light One Candle", Rabbi Allison Bergman Vann wrote:

In 2005, <mask> performed in Ho Chi Minh City at a concert to benefit the Vietnam Association of Victims of Agent Orange; Yarrow pleaded with the Vietnamese for forgiveness of the United States. <mask> serves on the board of directors of the Connecticut Hospice. On November 1, 2008, <mask> performed across New York City for volunteers who worked for the presidential campaign of Senator Barack Obama. On October 3, 2011, <mask>, his son, and his daughter made an appearance at Zuccotti Park during the Occupy Wall Street protests, playing songs such as "We Shall Not Be Moved" and a variation of "Puff the Magic Dragon". <mask> is a member of Braver Angels.On April 3, 2021, he participated in an online interfaith Passover Seder hosted by the organization. Personal life
<mask> has cited Judaism as one of the roots of his liberal views. While campaigning for 1968 presidential candidate Eugene McCarthy, <mask> met McCarthy's niece, Mary Beth McCarthy, in Wisconsin. They were married in October 1969 in Willmar, Minnesota. Paul Stookey wrote "Wedding Song (There Is Love)" as his gift for their wedding and first performed it at St. Mary's Church in Willmar. They had two children, but later divorced. In December 2000, <mask>'s Larrivee acoustic guitar was stolen on an airplane flight.In early 2005, fans spotted the guitar on eBay. The Federal Bureau of Investigation recovered it in Sunny Isles Beach, Florida, and returned it to <mask>. He did not press charges, as the person it was recovered from had not stolen it. <mask> performed the world premiere of "The Colonoscopy Song" on the CBS early morning program The Early Show on March 9, 2010. <mask> has also acknowledged being an alcoholic, and sought treatment for the disease. He considers himself in recovery. A longtime resident of New York City, <mask> has also had a vacation home in Telluride, Colorado.<mask>'s son, Christopher, is a visual artist who in the late 2000s owned an emporium in Portland, Oregon, named The Monkey & The Rat. Criminal conviction and pardon
In 1970, <mask> was convicted, and served three months in prison, for taking "improper liberties" with a 14-year-old girl who went with her 17-year-old sister to Yarrow's hotel room seeking an autograph. "Yarrow answered the door naked and made sexual advances that stopped short of intercourse." <mask> served three months of a one-to-three-year prison sentence. He apologized for the incident, saying that "It was an era of real indiscretion and mistakes by categorically male performers. I was one of them. I got nailed.I was wrong. I'm sorry for it." In 1981, Jimmy Carter granted <mask> a presidential pardon for the crime. For decades, <mask> avoided mention of this sexual assault, but by the early 2000s, it became a campaign issue for politicians he supports. In 2004, Representative Martin Frost of Texas, a Democrat, canceled a fundraising appearance with <mask> after his opponent ran a radio advertisement about <mask>'s offense; in 2013, Republican politicians in New York State called on Democratic congressional candidate Martha Robertson to cancel a scheduled fundraiser with <mask>. In 2019, he was disinvited from a folk music festival when the organizers were informed of his conviction. In May 2021, the Washington Post wrote of <mask>'s pardon "...this pardon by Carter — perhaps the only one in U.S. history wiping away a conviction for a sexual offense against a child — escaped scrutiny when it happened.It was granted just hours before the American hostages in Iran were freed, which captured headlines for weeks." The same article details other allegations of sexual assault of minors made against <mask>. Awards and honors
<mask> received the Allard K. Lowenstein Award in 1982 for his "remarkable efforts in advancing the causes of human rights, peace, and freedom". In 1995 the Miami Jewish Federation recognized <mask>'s continual efforts by awarding its Tikkun Olam Award for his part in helping to "repair the world". <mask> was awarded the Kate Wolf Memorial Award by the World Folk Music Association in 1993. In 2003 a congressional resolution recognized <mask>'s achievements and those of Operation Respect. Discography

<mask>, Paul and Mary

Solo
1972 Peter US No.163
1973 That's Enough For Me US No.

masks:
Peter Yarrow
Peter
Yarrow
Peter Yarrow
Bernard Yarrow
Bernard Yarrow
Bernard Yarrow
Yarrow
Peter
Bernard Yarrow
Peter Yarrow
Peter
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Peter
Peter
Yarrow
Peter
Yarrow
Yarrow
Peter
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Bethany Yarrow
Peter
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Yarrow
Peter


text_chunks:
<mask> (, ; born August 17, 1969) is an American former professional basketball player. His college career for the Duke Blue Devils is widely regarded as one of the best in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) history. He was the star player on the back-to-back Duke National Championship teams of 1991 and 1992, and the NCAA player of the year in his senior year. He is particularly famous for his game-winning shot against Kentucky in the 1992 tournament and for the hatred he received from opposing fans. Laettner was the only collegian selected for the 1992 United States men's Olympic basketball team, dubbed the "Dream Team", that won the gold medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics. As a member of the "Dream Team", Laettner is enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame, and FIBA Hall of Fame, while he is enshrined for his individual career in the College Basketball Hall of Fame. He was drafted third overall by the Minnesota Timberwolves, then played 13 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for six teams, being named as an All-Star in 1997.Early life
<mask> was born and raised in Angola, New York (near Buffalo and Niagara Falls) to a blue-collar Roman Catholic family. His father George, a newspaper press plant printer, was of Polish descent and his grandparents spoke Polish as their first language; his mother Bonnie was a teacher. <mask>'s older brother Christopher was a strong influence, often bullying young <mask>, which helped instill a stern competitive drive. Both boys also frequently worked as farm laborers to supplement their allowance. Laettner attended the private Nichols School; although he received a financial aid package that paid a substantial part of his tuition, his family had to sacrifice to send him there, and he also did janitorial work at the school to defray some of the cost. During his career he scored over 2,000 points, breaking the school record set by teammate Ron Torgalski, and the team won two state titles and reached another semifinal. He was a much sought-after college recruit.College
<mask> attended Duke University and played for the basketball team from 1988 to 1992 under coach Mike Krzyzewski. As the team's star player his final two seasons, he led the Blue Devils to the first two national titles in school history. A four-year starter, he also contributed to their runner-up finish his sophomore year and Final Four appearance in his freshman year. Thus, in total, he played 23 out of a maximum possible 24 NCAA tournament games, winning 21; both are records. For his career, Laettner averaged 16.6 points and 7.8 rebounds per game while making almost half of his three-pointers. He scored 21.5 points per game his senior season, garnering every major national player of the year award; Duke retired his No. 32 jersey later that year.His career is widely regarded among the best in college history, and he is enshrined in the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame. NCAA tournament records
Most points scored: 407
Most free throws made: 142
Most free throw attempts: 167
Most games won: 21
Most games played: 23

Clutch performances
Laettner had several clutch performances in the NCAA tournament. His most famous was the 1992 regional final against Kentucky, which was foreshadowed by the 1990 regional final against UConn; in both games Duke trailed by one point with two seconds remaining in overtime before Laettner made a jumper as time expired. He also swished the game-winning free throws against undefeated and heavily favored UNLV in the 1991 semifinal, which avenged UNLV's 30-point victory in the 1990 final. He then led Duke to its first championship, defeating Kansas in the final, and was selected as the tournament's most outstanding player. In the 1992 East Regional Final, a game many critics rate among the greatest in college basketball history, Laettner hit a game-winning, buzzer-beating turn-around jumper that has since become known as simply The Shot. Over the course of the game, he shot a perfect ten of ten field goals and ten of ten free throws for 31 points.He then finished his college career by leading Duke to its second consecutive national title. The following year ESPN awarded him both "Outstanding Performance Under Pressure" and "College Basketball Play of the Year" for the Kentucky game, also awarding him "Outstanding College Basketball Performer of the Year". The game-winning shot against Kentucky became a cultural icon, having been frequently televised in college basketball montages. Several companies have also featured it in their commercials. In 2006 The Best Damn Sports Show Period ranked it the fifth most memorable moment in sports history. Widely reviled
Laettner was widely reviled by opposing fans throughout his career, to the extent that more than 20 years after graduating from Duke, he was voted the most hated college basketball player in history in an ESPN online poll. This led to ESPN's creation of the 30 for 30 documentary I Hate Christian Laettner that explored five factors which the filmmakers believe explain this widespread and persistent hatred: race, privilege, bullying, greatness, and physical appearance.He was particularly resented for stepping on the chest of Kentucky player Aminu Timberlake during the 1992 regional final, which the referees deemed a technical foul; Laettner expressed regret for his misconduct but believed that ejection would have been too harsh a consequence. The opening lyric to the folksong "1992" by Doug Boyd references Laettner's shot and the subsequent impact on University of Kentucky basketball fans. Professional career
Drafted third overall by the Minnesota Timberwolves, Laettner played 13 years in the NBA, from 1992 to 2005, scoring 11,121 points and grabbing 5,806 rebounds. His first six seasons were his best, averaging 16.6 points and 7.9 rebounds per game while starting almost all of them. He also was selected to the All-Rookie First Team in 1993 and the All-Star Game in 1997 while with the Atlanta Hawks. His time on the Hawks was his most successful NBA team experience, twice reaching the second round of the playoffs. Despite his achievements, <mask>'s NBA career was characterized by relative transience.He played for six different teams, was traded six times, and never spent more than three full seasons anywhere. In 2004, he was suspended for several games for using marijuana. National team career
As the national player of the year, <mask> was the only collegian selected for the prestigious "Dream Team" that won the 1992 Olympic gold medal in a dominant fashion. He averaged 4.8 points per game. The team is considered one of the greatest in sports history and was inducted into the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame, FIBA Hall of Fame, and the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Post-NBA basketball
<mask> maintains a close friendship with Duke teammate Brian Davis. They have pursued several business ventures together, including real-estate development in Durham, a Major League Soccer team, and an unsuccessful attempt to purchase the Memphis Grizzlies.Some legal problems, primarily regarding unpaid debts, have also occurred. Since 2011 he has operated numerous youth basketball training camps. He also played one season in a semi-pro league and briefly served as an assistant coach in the NBA Development League. For The Z Team, an Olympic Channel reality show that has former Olympic athletes help struggling sports teams, he worked with the Garinger High School boys basketball team for a week. Personal life
Laettner lives in Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida, and is an avid musky fisherman. He is divorced with three children. He has donated large sums to his alma maters.

masks:
Christian Donald Laettner
Christian Laettner
Christian
Christian
Laettner
Laettner
Laettner
Laettner


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 12 August 1950 in Sydney) is an Australian Honorary Professorial Fellow at the University of Wollongong, Australia. Past appointments included Professorial Research Fellow with the Faculty of Education and Social Work and a core member of the CoCo Research Centre at the University of Sydney in Sydney, Australia. His research and teaching interests include literacy education, classroom interaction and quantitative and qualitative research methods. He has served on numerous Australian State and Commonwealth literacy education and assessment advisory groups. <mask>, with Allan Luke, originated the Four Resources Model of literacy education. Personal history and career
<mask> was born on 12 August 1950 in Sydney, Australia. He received his Bachelor of Arts (Honours 1st Class) in Education from the University of Sydney in Sydney, Australia in 1973.He received his Diploma in Education from the Sydney Teacher's College in 1973 and his Teaching Certificate from the New South Wales Department of Education in 1974. In 1980 <mask> received his PhD from the School of Education, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A. After receiving his Diploma in Education in 1973, he taught for a year at Normanhurst Boys High School in New South Wales, Australia before taking a position as lecturer at the Center for Behavioral Studies in Education, University of New England, New South Wales from 1975–1977. He served as a research assistant at the Center for the Study of Reading at the University of Illinois from 1977–1979 and as a Visiting Research Associate at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences in Stanford, California from 1979–1980. Returning to Australia in 1981, <mask> took a position as Lecturer, and in 1985 he became a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Behavioral Studies in Education, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales. From 1992 to 2002 he was a professor with the Faculty of Education at Griffith University in Brisbane, Queensland. In 2003 he moved to Singapore as Professor and Deputy Dean (Research) at the Centre for Research in Pedagogy and Practice, National Institute of Education (part of Nanyang Technological University). Returning to Australia in 2005, <mask> took a position as Professor in the School of Education at the University of Queensland in St. Lucia.In 2007 he accepted a Professorial Research Fellowship at the University of Sydney. Journals and other bodies
His work has appeared in journals such as Reading Research Quarterly, Harvard Educational Review, and the American Educational Research Journal. He has also contributed numerous invited entries in international handbooks and encyclopedias on literacy, critical literacy, and research methodology. He has served on numerous Australian state and national advisory groups in the area of literacy education, and was senior consultant on the national on-line curriculum initiative conducted by the Curriculum Corporation. He was 2015-2016 Chair of the International Literacy Association's Research Panel, and 2014 recipient of that Association's WS Gray award for contributions to literacy education internationally. Four Resources Model
In the early 1990s, Allan Luke and <mask> of Griffith University introduced the Four Resources Model in literacy education. This model seeks to reconcile the debates among Whole Language, Phonics, critical literacy and others.This model postulates that in order to be a fully literate citizen, a person needs:
 coding competence (the ability to decode text, i.e. phonics)
 semantic competence (the ability to make meaning, i.e. comprehension)
 pragmatic competence (every day, functional literacy, i.e. writing a check, reading the newspaper, filling out a job application, etc.) critical competence (the ability to critically select and analyze texts, i.e. avoiding scams, determining reliable sources of information, etc.) Luke and Freebody assert that no one of these resources is sufficient by itself but that each is essential.Further, the resources are not meant to indicate a sequence of instruction. Different resources should be present in instruction in varying amounts, depending upon the needs of the students. Luke has also stated that critical competence, far from being an upper level topic, can begin to be developed in year one of education and before. References

Suggested further reading

Austin, H., Dwyer, B. & <mask>, P. (2001). Schooling the child: the making of students in classrooms. London: Routledge-Falmer.(pp. viii+209). <mask>, P. (1992). A socio-cultural approach: Resourcing four roles as a literacy learner. In A. Watson & A. Badenhop (Eds. ), Prevention of reading failure (pp. 48–60).Sydney: Ashton-Scholastic. <mask>, P. (2003). Qualitative Research in Education: Interaction and Practice. London: Sage Press. (pp. xiv + 234). <mask>, P. Forrest, T. & Gunn, S. (2001) Accounting and silencing in interviews: Smooth running through the 'problem of schooling the disadvantaged'.In P<mask>, S. Muspratt & B. Dwyer (eds.) Difference, silence, and textual practice: Studies in critical literacy. New Jersey: Hampton Press (pp. 119–151). <mask>, P., Martin, J.R. & Maton, K. (2008).Talk, text, and knowledge in cumulative, integrated learning. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, 31, 188–201. <mask>, P. & Freiberg, J.(2011). Teaching and learning critical literacy: Beyond the 'show of wisdom'. In M. Kamil, P.D. Pearson, E.B. Moje, & P. Afflerbach (Eds.) International Handbook of Reading Research, International Reading Association, Mahwah, New York: Routledge. (pp.432–453). <mask>, P. (2013). School knowledge in talk and writing: Taking 'when learners know' seriously. Linguistics and Education, 24, 64–74. <mask>, P. (2016). Critical literacy education: 'the supremely educational event.' In B.V. Street & S, May (Eds.)Encyclopedia of Language and Education: Literacies and Language Education, 3rd Edition, (pp. 1–13). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer Scientific. <mask>, P. (2017). Evidence and culture in the global literacy education competition - and other possibilities. In A. Lian, P. Kell, P. Black, & Lie, K-Y. (Eds.)Challenges in global learning: Dealing with education issues from an international perspective, (pp. 70–94). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <mask>, P. (2019). What kind of knowledge can we use? Scoping an adequate program for literacy education. In R. Cox, S. Feez, & L. Beveridge (Eds.)The alphabetic principle and beyond: Surveying the landscape, (pp. 32–47). Newtown, NSW: Primary English Teaching Association of Australia. <mask>, P. (2019). Being literate in 'Australian': The future can. In J. Rennie & H. Harper (Eds.) Literacy education and Indigenous Australians, (pp.313–332). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer Nature. <mask>, P. & Kindenberg, B. (2019). Critical literacy: Pedagogy, diversity, and the digital environment. In K. Alden (Ed.) Literacies and multilingualism (pp.276–290). Stockholm, Sweden: National Centre for Swedish as an Additional Language. External links
GoogleScholar
University of Sydney website
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Education
CoCo Research Centre at The University of Sydney
Centre for Research in Pedagogy and Practice National Institute of Education
Center for the Study of Reading

Australian educational theorists
University of Sydney faculty
1950 births
Living people

masks:
Peter Freebody
Freebody
Freebody
Freebody
Freebody
Freebody
Peter Freebody
Freebody
Freebody
Freebody
Freebody
. Freebody
Freebody
Freebody
Freebody
Freebody
Freebody
Freebody
Freebody
Freebody


text_chunks:
<mask> (also <mask>, <mask>; 1535 – 6 May 1596) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the late Renaissance, active in Italy. Intimately connected with the progressive musical center of Ferrara, he was one of the leaders in developing the style of the late Renaissance madrigal. He was one of the most influential of late sixteenth-century madrigal composers, particularly on Claudio Monteverdi, and his later music was formative on the development of music of the early Baroque era. Life

Little is known about his early life, except that he was from Flanders, from either the vicinity of Ghent or Weert, near Antwerp. As a boy he went to Avellino in southern Italy, near Naples, where he became a choir boy in the chapel of Maria di Cardona, Marchesa of Padulla. Maria was the wife of Francesco d'Este, Marchese di Massalombarda, a captain under Charles V; Francesco was a son of the notorious Lucrezia Borgia, and her husband Alfonso I d'Este. Francesco was often in France and adjacent areas on military campaigns, and as an adjunct to these adventures he brought musically talented youths back to Italy with him.<mask>'s association with the Este family was to endure through most of his life. Sometime before 1550 he began his association with the Gonzaga family. Most likely around 1550 he moved to Novellara, a town in what is now the Province of Reggio Emilia, as a musician in the service of a branch of the Gonzagas; a previous suggestion that he may have been in Rome has not been securely established. Novellara in the mid-sixteenth century was a significant musical center under its local branch of the Gonzaga family. Alfonso I built a theatre and staged dramatic performances at his castle, with his young Flemish choirmaster in charge. Relations between the Gonzaga and Este families were close, and in the early 1550s Wert traveled at least once to Mantua and Ferrara, centers of musical activity in the late sixteenth century, where he met the renowned madrigalist Cipriano <mask>, who was the most influential figure on his early musical style. While in Novellara, <mask> married Lucrezia Gonzaga and raised a family, having at least six children.<mask> stayed in Novellara until the early 1560s, at which time he accepted the position of maestro di cappella for the main Gonzaga chapel in Milan; however, he did not stay long there, moving in 1565 to Mantua where he became maestro di cappella at the chapel of Santa Barbara. It was in Mantua that Lucrezia, <mask>'s wife, began an affair with Agostino Bonvicino, a Mantuan composer who was <mask>'s competitor at Santa Barbara. When this affair was discovered in 1570, she was forced to leave Mantua, with <mask> remaining behind. <mask> persisted in his job, despite the censure of the choir for being a cuckold. However, Lucrezia's subsequent misfortunes exceeded those of Wert. On returning to Novellara, she became sexually involved with Claudio, an illegitimate son of Count Francesco of Novellara, and took part in a plot to murder his uncle on the death of his father as an attempt to gain his inheritance and title; while Claudio escaped justice, Lucrezia was caught with some of the other conspirators, and she died in prison in 1584. While <mask> endured the humiliating situation in Mantua through the late 1560s, he kept his job: he was to remain at least nominally maestro di cappella in Mantua until 1592.The 1560s were productive years for <mask> musically, as he produced his first four books of five-voice madrigals during this time, and his first book for four voices. The dedications are significant: one is to Gonzalo <mask> Córdoba, Duke of Sessa, and in the dedicatory preface <mask> thanks him for the opportunity to lead his choir. (<mask> Córdoba was Governor of Milan from 1558 to 1560.) During the late 1560s <mask> had several offers of employment elsewhere, but turned them down. The most significant came in Augsburg in 1566, where <mask>'s spectacular ability to improvise counterpoint engendered an offer to join the imperial court in Prague, serving Maximilian II, the Holy Roman Emperor. The next job offer he refused came from Parma the next year, the home of the Farnese family. However he became increasingly close to the Este court in Ferrara during the 1570s and 1580s, without actually becoming employed there.While the two courts were closely connected by marriage and mutual interchange of musicians, Ferrara was a place with a profoundly different outlook from Mantua: Ferrara was progressive, while Mantua was supportive of the Counter-Reformation; the progressive tendencies of Ferrara better fitted <mask>'s musical inclinations. <mask> had a good time there; so much so that his employer in Mantua sent a strongly worded letter on 22 December 1584 demanding his immediate return to his post. <mask>, however, had fallen in love with the widowed Tarquinia Molza, the most famous female singer and poet in Italy, who was a lady-in-waiting at the Este court, so he endeavored to spend as much time as possible in Ferrara. This was the same year that Lucrezia, <mask>'s wife, died in prison in Novellara. Tarquinia, unlike <mask>, but like Lucrezia, was a member of the nobility, and when her affair with <mask> was found out in 1589 – their affair was plagued with spies, and their love-letters opened – she was banished to Modena. <mask> may have been previously married to nobility, but in Ferrara he was still a servant, and his affair was considered as scandalous there as was Lucrezia's in Mantua. <mask> first became ill with malaria in 1582, and ill-health was to bedevil him for the rest of his life.Even so, he remained musically productive, writing a coronation mass for Duke Vincenzo Gonzaga in 1587, and numerous madrigals for the concerto delle donne, the renowned group of musical ladies of Ferrara, who were virtuoso singers. In 1592, Giovanni Giacomo Gastoldi took over his post as maestro di cappella in Mantua, and in August 1595 he dedicated his last book of madrigals. <mask> died in 1596 in Mantua, in his house near the ducal palace; his tomb is near to that of his contemporary Francesco Rovigo, in the crypt of Santa Barbara, beneath the church where he worked for many years. Music and influence

Secular music
While Wert wrote both sacred and secular music, as well as a handful of instrumental fantasias, his madrigals were by far the most famous portion of his output during his lifetime. He wrote approximately 230, which he published in sixteen separate books spread across a half-century, from 1558 to the final posthumous collection in 1608. His madrigal books are almost all for five voices, although he published one book in 1561 for four, and the posthumous collection of 1608 includes pieces ranging from four to seven voices. <mask>'s early style was heavily influenced by Cipriano <mask>, the renowned mid-century madrigalist active at Ferrara.<mask>'s first three books show some features typical of Rore's writing, such as chromaticism, word-painting, and, according to Alfred Einstein, an "indifference to everything merely formal and ... [a] striving for the most intense expression." In the manner of Adrian Willaert's madrigals, he also explored distant tonal regions, while avoiding jarring harmonic progressions. In addition, he showed a preference for a declamatory, homophonic style, which he refined later in his career into a seconda prattica manner influential on Monteverdi, and he also showed a liking for high voices – something which turned out to be a defining characteristic of the music-making at the Este court in Ferrara. The poems he chose to set for his early books include examples by Pietro Bembo, Petrarch and Ariosto. <mask>'s style at mid-career began to change away from the Rore manner towards one more closely aligned with the Venetians, such as Andrea Gabrieli. Pure homophony became more common in his works, and he began to exploit registral and textural contrasts rather than switch from polyphony to homophony; in addition, his lines became more lyrical. His preferred poets changed as well: while early in his career he had used Bembo and Petrarch, and later Ariosto, he shifted to Guarini and Torquato Tasso.In his sixth book of madrigals for five voices (1577), he included three madrigal cycles, an innovation which was to become a prominent musical subgenre near the end of the century. The cycles include two canzoni by Petrarch and a capitolo by Ariosto; they are set in a declamatory manner, thereby including a treatment of vocal lines which foreshadowed monody, and <mask>'s own later works. Once <mask> made the acquaintance of the virtuoso singing ladies of Ferrara, the concerto delle dame, he began to write madrigals for them in an appropriate style – with elaborate parts for three high voices, often containing separate blocks for high and low voices, and the most virtuosic singing required in the topmost part. His music during this period was influenced by the other composers working in Ferrara, including Luzzasco Luzzaschi, and his favorite poets of the time were those most closely associated with Ferrara – Tasso and Guarini. In his tenth book of madrigals (1591), six of the compositions may have been intended for a solo singer with instrumental accompaniment, in the manner of the monodies which were one of the forerunners of opera. The late music is tonal, anticipating the changes in musical language of the early Baroque, during which functional tonality crystallized out of the pre-tonal universe of the late Renaissance; in addition these late compositions are mainly homophonic, with only occasional polyphonic passages appearing as an animating contrast. An influence from the Venetians is his occasional use of the concertato style, with groups of voices in dialogue.For his final madrigal book published in his lifetime, the eleventh, he set passages from Guarini's Il pastor fido, one of the most popular texts for musical setting of the era. The final collection published under <mask>'s name came out posthumously in 1608, and contained pieces for four to seven voices. One of its madrigals was a setting of Guarini's notorious Tirsi morir volea, an obscene poem that Einstein called "worthless, indeed contemptible", and "...more obscene than the coarsest mascherata, the most suggestive canto carnascialesco, or the most impertinent chanson ... could not be more removed from true poetry" but yet which was the most-often set individual poem of the late sixteenth century. It portrayed a nymph and a shepherd attempting, by speeding up and slowing down, to achieve simultaneous orgasm, with multiple double entendres on "death" and "dying"; the popularity of this poem was enormous. <mask> wrote his setting in 1581. Sacred music
<mask> wrote a considerable amount of sacred music, but little of it was published during his lifetime. He published only three books of motets, one in 1566 and the other two in 1581; a few of his works, such as the Missa Dominicalis appeared in anthologies with the music of other composers.His other six masses remained in manuscript, as did the majority of the music he wrote for Santa Barbara in Mantua. Most likely this was because he was commissioned to write that music, such as his cycle of 127 hymns, specifically for that institution, and his publisher was in Venice. The style of his sacred music varies from simple homophony, designed for absolute clarity of textual expression in conformance with the dictates of the Council of Trent (as Mantua was a center of the Counter-Reformation, this was to be expected), to motet settings similar in expressive intensity to his madrigals including passages of surprising chromaticism not unlike that of Gesualdo. This is particularly true in the 1581 collections: Ascendente Jesu, for example, contains colorful examples of text-painting such as he used in the works he was composing for the Ferrarese court at the time. All of Wert's works, both sacred and secular, have been compiled and edited by Carol MacClintock and M. Bernstein in CMM series xxiv. Sacred music
Most remained in manuscript. However, the following were published:
 Motectorum liber primus (Venice 1566; five voices)
 Il secondo libro de motetti (Venice 1581; five voices)
 Modulationum liber primus (Venice 1581; six voices)
 Numerous other works published separately or in anthologies, between 1563 and 1609.Recordings
 Heavenly Spheres, CBC Records, MVCD 1121, sung by Studio de musique ancienne de Montréal. Contains two six-voice motets by Wert, Ascendente Jesu in naviculam and Peccavi super numerum. "Vox in Rama", Signum, sung by Collegium Regale, the choral scholars of King's College, Cambridge, under Stephen Cleobury. Contains the entire second book of motets. O mors, quam amara est – Brilliant Classics 94684 (2014). First book of motets, sung by Collegium Musicum Amsterdam, under Anthony Zielhorst. Madrigali a cinque voci – Harmonia Mundi HMC901621 (1997).Selection from various books of madrigals, sung by Cantus Cölln, under Konrad Junghänel (lute). Notes

References
 Allan W. Atlas, Renaissance Music:  Music in Western Europe, 1400–1600. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1998. "Giaches de Wert", in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.Alfred Einstein, The Italian Madrigal. Three volumes. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1949. Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. Wistreich, Richard. Warrior, Courtier, Singer: Giulio Cesare Brancaccio and the Performance of Identity in the Late Renaissance.Ashgate Publishing, 2007. External links

The Italian Madrigal Resource Center Master List of Composers, "Wert, Giaches de"

1535 births
1596 deaths
Belgian classical composers
Belgian male classical composers
Flemish expatriates in Italy
Flemish composers
16th-century Franco-Flemish composers
Madrigal composers
People from East Flanders
Renaissance composers

masks:
Giaches de Wert
Jacques Jaches de Wert
Giaches de Vuert
Wert
de Rore
Wert
Wert
Wert
Wert
Wert
Wert
Wert
Wert
Fernández de
Wert
Fernández de
Wert
Wert
Wert
Wert
Wert
Wert
Wert
Wert
Wert
Wert
Wert
Wert
de Rore
Wert
Wert
Wert
Wert
Wert
Wert
Wert