text_chunks:
<mask> (born 25 May 1963) is a Northern Irish loyalist and a former member of the Ulster Defence Association (UDA). He was best known as the commander and chief enforcer of West Belfast Brigade leader Johnny Adair's notorious C Company which operated on the Shankill Road. Early years
Born into a Protestant family in Belfast, Northern Ireland in May 1963, Hodgen grew up on Albertville Drive in the loyalist Lower Oldpark area, which is close to the Lower Shankill. In the early 1980s he joined a racist skinhead gang based in the Lower Shankill and Lower Oldpark areas which included Johnny Adair, Sam McCrory, "Fat" Jackie Thompson, James and Herbie Millar amongst its membership. <mask>, Adair, McCrory and Thompson were all classmates at the Somerdale School on the Crumlin Road. and, although the gang still officially attended the school, they would frequently skip school, catch a public bus into the near-countryside and consume large quantities of cider. This was always procured by Hodgen, who was much taller than the rest of the gang and so appeared older than he actually was.Hodgen formed a close friendship with Adair during their time together in the skinhead gang. The gang began to gather outside the Buffs Club on the corner of the Crumlin Road and Century Street, where their numbers were swollen by other young men from in and around the Shankill. The imposing Hodgen, who for a time had a red-white-and-blue mohican and had tattoos on his head of the Union Flag and the legend "Oi! Skins", became the most recognised face of the gang. The gang became involved in petty crime, progressing steadily into more violent activities and even formed a Rock Against Communism-styled band called "Offensive Weapon". Although Hodgen did not play with the group he and another skinhead called Marty, who was English-based and more usually worked for Skrewdriver, were the band's road crew for their gigs. Part of the Offensive Weapon's performance would see Hodgen and Marty invade the stage at the end of the band's set and attack the band members, to the delight of the audience.The gang, which was part of a wider group in loyalist north and west Belfast known as the "NF Skinz" because of their vague support for the National Front, gained widespread notoriety on 14 January 1981 when "Seig Heiling" members launched a brutal attack on anti-racist fans of The Specials and The Beat when the two bands played a concert at the Ulster Hall. Hodgen was present at this event as well as the August 1983 "Gluesniffers March", when 200 skinheads descended on Belfast City Hall determined to riot with Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament members, who were themselves holding a rally. The march took its name from the prevalence of solvent abuse among the skinheads. The gang was not sanctioned by the UDA leadership, and their activities led to South Belfast brigadier John McMichael declaring that he wanted the gang members "run out of town". Ulster Defence Association C Company
In 1984 Hodgen and the rest of the Century Street gang, whose low-level criminal and anti-social activity had inspired complaints by some locals to the UDA, were recruited into that organisation after being effectively told that if they did not join they would face the wrath of the local brigade. Along with Adair, McCrory and Thompson, Hodgen was assigned to C8, an active unit that formed part of the West Belfast Brigade's C Company, which covered the lower Shankill. The young members early duties mostly consisted of rioting, along with occasional gun attacks on heavily armoured police vehicles or arson attacks on local businesses felt to be employing "too many" Catholics.The unit however was eager to become more active and from an early stage plotted to kill solicitor Pat Finucane, although the plan was initially vetoed by the brigade leadership. Things changed however in 1990 when Tommy Lyttle was removed as West Belfast brigadier and, under new leadership, Adair and C8 began to emerge as the leading unit in the brigade. Adair formed a so-called "Dream Team" of active gunmen with Hodgen a charter member of this group. Hodgen, who had a reputation for being taciturn in contrast to the vocal Adair, regularly accompanied Adair on most of his activities, acting as his unofficial bodyguard. The pair were together on 6 March 1993 when Adair's Vauxhall Cavalier was shot up by a Provisional IRA gunman as it sat on a Shankill back street. Hodgen was shot in the shoulder and Adair in the leg but both men survived the attack despite the car being riddled with bullets. According to Adair's sometime girlfriend Jackie "Legs" Robinson, Hodgen was also present at the killing of Noel Cardwell, a glass collector in C Company's favourite bar the "Diamond Jubilee", whom the group accused of being an informer.Cardwell, who suffered from learning difficulties, had been hospitalised after having his drink spiked with ecstasy by a C Company member and had named the members to police who visited him in hospital, not realising the Omertà-style code that C Company operated under. Cardwell was taken to a house used for interrogations and knifed on the evening of 12 December 1993, his body being discovered the next morning. In 1993 Adair took over as West Belfast Brigadier following the arrest of incumbent Jim Spence. Adair had been commander of C Company at that point and so he promoted Hodgen to that role, with Winkie Dodds serving as Hodgen's second in command. Under Hodgen's command C Company continued to be a highly active outlet for sectarian killings and he became known as Adair's chief enforcer. Hodgen's command came to an end on 16 May 1994 when he was arrested as part of a Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) operation in which around twenty leading members of the West Belfast Brigade were arrested on terrorism charges. It was standard practice in the UDA that an office-holder vacated their position whenever they were taken into custody.Whilst some members, including Adair, were imprisoned as part of this operation Hodgen was released soon after his arrest. Activity in west Belfast diminished somewhat due to Adair's imprisonment and the Combined Loyalist Military Command (CLMC) ceasefire. However this began to change in 1999 when a released Adair began to expand into the drugs trade and also looked to rearm C Company for future activities. In November 1999 Adair and his wife Gina moved into a house on Boundary Way in the "Beirut" area of the lower Shankill, with Hodgen among a number of leading C Company figures who became Adair's neighbours as a consequence. A loyalist feud with the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) soon ensued, although this was ended by Adair's return to prison in 2000. Hodgen remained loyal to Adair's leadership until the end, attacking Winkie Dodds' brother in late 2002. The attack followed a falling out between Dodds and Adair over a debt owed by Dodds' brother-in-law to C Company.Hodgen did however have some private reservations about Adair's increasingly erratic behaviour at this period and in early 2003 when he learned that Adair intended to kill another C Company member Mo Courtney – due to suspicions that he was an informer – Hodgen tipped Courtney off about the plan, allowing him to escape before any hit could take place. By this point however Hodgen had effectively retired from the UDA and when Adair was returned to prison in January 2003 the two old friends had no further contact. He dropped out of the public eye altogether and as such was not part of the group of C Company die-hards forced out of the Shankill Road by the mainstream UDA that same year. Hodgen's lack of involvement in this incident led to Adair condemning him and Jackie Thompson, who fled the Shankill before the arrival of around 100 UDA members after hearing about the plan in advance, as "the cowards at the top". Following the purge of Adair supporters Hodgen was said to be living in Portavogie with the sister of fellow C Company veteran Tommy Potts. Bibliography
Lister, David & Jordan, Hugh (2004). Mad Dog: The Rise and Fall of Johnny Adair and C Company.Edinburgh: Mainstream. McDonald, Henry & Cusack, Jim (2004). UDA – Inside the Heart of Loyalist Terror. Dublin: Penguin Ireland
Wood, Ian S. (2006). Crimes of Loyalty: A History of the UDA. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. References

1963 births
Living people
Paramilitaries from Belfast
Ulster Defence Association members
UDA C Company members

masks:
Donald Hodgen
Hodgen


text_chunks:
<mask>, <mask>ion,  (born 9 December 1948), is a British author, medieval historian and former senior judge who sat on the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom between 2012 and 2018. Sumption was sworn in as a Justice of the Supreme Court on 11 January 2012, succeeding Lawrence Collins, Baron Collins of Mapesbury. Exceptionally, he was appointed to the Supreme Court directly from the practising Bar, without having been a full-time judge. He retired from the Supreme Court on 9 December 2018 upon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 70. Sumption is well known for his role as a barrister in many legal cases. They include appearances in the Hutton Inquiry on HM Government's behalf, in the Three Rivers case, his representation of former Cabinet Minister Stephen Byers and the Department for Transport in the Railtrack private shareholders' action against the British Government in 2005, for defending HM Government in an appeal hearing brought by Binyam Mohamed, and for successfully defending Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich in a private lawsuit brought by Russian oligarch Boris Berezovsky. A former academic, Sumption was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2003 New Year Honours and is also known for writing a substantial narrative history of the Hundred Years' War, so far in four volumes.Sumption has been elected a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society (FRHistS) and a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London (FSA). During the COVID-19 pandemic, Sumption criticised lockdowns and associated British government policies. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 9 December 1948. He is the eldest of the four children of <mask>, a decorated naval officer and barrister, and Hilda Hedigan; their marriage was dissolved in 1979. He was educated at Eton College, where at 15 he was at the bottom of his class. He read Medieval History at Magdalen College, Oxford, from 1967 to 1970, graduating with a first. He was elected a fellow of Magdalen College, teaching and writing books on medieval history from 1971 to 1975 before leaving to pursue a career in law.Called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in 1975, he then pursued a successful legal practice in commercial law. In the 1970s, Sumption served as an adviser to the Conservative MP and Cabinet Minister Keith Joseph. In 1974 Joseph and Margaret Thatcher together founded the Centre for Policy Studies to act as a think tank for the Conservative Party, and Sumption became one of its earliest employees, working as a speechwriter for Joseph. Sumption and Joseph co-wrote a 1979 book, Equality, seeking to show that "no convincing arguments for an equal society have ever been advanced" and that "no such society has ever been successfully created". In the late 1970s Sumption was a regular contributor to The Sunday Telegraph. Legal career

Sumption was appointed Queen's Counsel (QC) in 1986 at the relatively young age of 38, and elected a Bencher of the Inner Temple in 1991. He has served as a Deputy High Court Judge in the Chancery Division, and a Judge of the Court of Appeal of Jersey and the Guernsey Court of Appeal.He was a member of the Judicial Appointments Commission, until his appointment to the Supreme Court. Sumption was joint head of Brick Court Chambers. On 30 November 2007, when a practising barrister, Sumption successfully represented himself before Mr Justice Collins in a judicial review application in the Administrative Court concerning proposed development near his home at Greenwich. Earnings as a barrister
The Guardian once described him as being a member of the "million-a-year club", the elite group of barristers earning over a million pounds a year. In a letter to The Guardian in 2001, he compared his "puny £1.6 million a year" to the vastly larger amounts that comparable individuals in business, sports and entertainment are paid. For a four-week trial (and all the preparatory work) in the UK in 2005 he charged £800,000 to represent HM Government in the largest class action in the UK, brought by 49,500 private shareholders of the collapsed national railway infrastructure company Railtrack. The Government had money and reputation at stake, the case examining some of the actions of HM Government, especially of former Transport Secretary Stephen Byers.Byers became the only former Cabinet Minister to be cross-examined in the High Court in relation to his actions in modern times: the British Government won the case. Sumption earned £7.8 million for his defence of Roman Abramovich in the 2012 case Berezovsky v Abramovich. This is believed to be the highest fee ever earned in British legal history. Judicial career
On 4 May 2011 <mask>'s appointment as a Justice of the Supreme Court was announced. Upon his subsequent swearing-in on 11 January 2012, he assumed the title of Lord Sumption pursuant to a Royal Warrant (by which all members of the Supreme Court, even if they do not hold a peerage title, are accorded the style of "Lord" for life). Sumption was sworn of the Privy Council on 14 December 2011 in advance of his joining the Court, whose Justices also serve as members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. He retired from the Supreme Court on 9 December 2018.Sumption is the first lawyer appointed to the Supreme Court without previously serving as a full-time judge since its inception in 2009. There were only five such appointments as Law Lords to the Court's predecessor, the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords. Two were Scots lawyers: Lord Macmillan in 1930 and Lord Reid in 1948; the others were: Lord Macnaghten (1887), Lord Carson (1921) and <mask> (1949). After his retirement, Sumption sat on the Supplementary Panel of the Supreme Court from 13 December 2018 to 30 January 2021. He voluntarily retired in 2021 because he considered it inappropriate to serve on the panel in view of his public criticisms of the government. On 13 December 2019 Sumption was appointed as a Non-Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal in Hong Kong by Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam. After making his pledge of allegiance to the Hong Kong SAR of the People's Republic of China as part of the judicial oath, Lord Sumption officially commenced his office as a Hong Kong judge on 18 December 2019.He had previously appeared as counsel in the Court of Final Appeal in a number of cases. Historian

The Hundred Years' War
Sumption's narrative history of the Hundred Years' War between England and France (of which four volumes have so far been published, between 1990 and 2015) has been widely praised as "earning a place alongside Steven Runciman's A History of the Crusades" according to Frederic Raphael, and as a work that "deploys an enormous variety of documentary material ... and interprets it with imaginative and intelligent sympathy" and is "elegantly written" (Rosamond McKitterick, Evening Standard); for Allan Massie it is "An enterprise on a truly Victorian scale ... What is most impressive about this work, apart from the author's mastery of his material and his deployment of it, is his political intelligence". Five volumes are planned. Volume I (covering the years from the funeral of Charles IV of France in 1329 to the Surrender of Calais in 1347) was first published in 1990. Volume II (covering the years from 1347 to 1369) was published in 1999. Volume III (covering the years from 1369 to 1399) appeared in 2009. Volume IV (covering the years from 1399 to 1422) appeared in 2015, the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Agincourt.Sumption has been praised for a clipped and polished prose style, which he credits to his unwillingness to employ cliché. He admires Gibbon but points out "if anybody wrote like him today they’d be dismissed as a pompous fart". Political views
Sumption has been described as "conservative neo-liberal and libertarian." In 1974, he worked with Conservative MP Keith Joseph at the Centre for Policy Studies, a Conservative Party think-tank. However, he was a Labour supporter at the time and later voted for Tony Blair. He has said that an attempt to rapidly achieve gender equality in the Supreme Court through quotas or positive discrimination could end up discouraging the best applicants, as they would no longer believe that the process would select on merit, and "have appalling consequences for justice". He has criticised the judicial appointments process in the United States, where politicians quiz judicial appointees on their views, as "discreditable" and described former Attorney General for England and Wales Geoffrey Cox's proposal for a similar system as, "one of the most ill-thought-out ideas ever to emerge from a resentful government frustrated by its inability to do whatever it likes".He has criticised the historical curriculum in English schools as "appallingly narrow", warning that by forcing English schoolchildren to study 1918–1945 in isolation they "are being taught about Germany and Europe during its most aberrant period". He believes that history should not be apologised for once perpetrators of injustices are no longer alive, describing apologies for events such as the Irish Famine and the Armenian Genocide as "morally worthless", although saying that, "we have a duty to understand why things happened as they did" and there are "lessons to be learned". In the wake of the Black Lives Matter protests following the murder of George Floyd in May 2020 in Minneapolis, the United States, Sumption criticised the removal of monuments, arguing that people of the past did not share the values of the present and calling it "an irrational and absurd thing to do". Brexit
He voted to remain in the European Union in the 2016 referendum, describing the decision to leave as, "a serious mistake that will do lasting damage to our economy" and that, "Britain will be dominated by the European Union whether we belong to it or not". Nevertheless, he believed there were strong arguments for Brexit on the grounds of national sovereignty and identity. He said that leavers, "were not mad. They are not irrational, not naive and have not been deceived".He wrote that, "All of these patronising explanations of their decision seems to me to be mere attempts to evade unpalatable truths." Judicial interference in politics
Sumption has written in detail about his concerns regarding the relationship between the judiciary and politics in several lectures and books, most notably his books Trials of the State: Law and the Decline of Politics (2019) and Law in a Time of Crisis (2021). He argues that since the 1960s, but particularly in recent years, the courts have undermined the political processes and institutions of parliament by judging issues that should be decided by elected politicians and ministers. He specifically critiques the expansion of judicial review, saying that, "It has tended to intrude into areas that belong to parliament and ministers answerable to parliament", and has criticised the interpretative powers conferred by the Human Rights Act 1998. He argues that political figures are more democratically accountable to the public for decisions they make, unlike judges who are unelected and difficult to remove from office. He has criticised the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), which interprets and adjudicates on the European Convention on Human Rights. He has compared the values of the ECHR and those of the post-war dictatorships of eastern Europe, stating that "they both employ the concept of democracy as a generalised term of approval for a set of political values".He describes the text of the Convention as "wholly admirable" but argues that the Strasburg court has interpreted and developed the rights very broadly to go beyond their original meaning and to the extent that the rights cover issues which are properly the remit of elected legislatures. He has criticised the "living instrument" doctrine, particularly regarding Article 8 of the Convention, which he describes as, "the most striking example of this kind of mission creep." He has said that if there was no significant change in the approach of the Strasburg court then he would support withdrawing from the Convention. COVID-19 pandemic
Sumption has been highly critical of the British government's lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic on civil libertarian grounds, seeing them as a slippery slope, while also criticising the legal basis for their enactment and the enforceability of COVID-19 control measures. He has also questioned whether the virus is serious enough to justify restrictive measures, while also arguing that the effects of lockdowns may be worse than the effects of the actual virus, attracting controversy and debate in British media outlets. On 17 January 2021, Sumption appeared on The Big Questions to discuss the question of whether the lockdown was "punishing too many for the greater good", and said (with reference to the medical concept of quality-adjusted life years) that "I don’t accept that all lives are of equal value. My children’s and my grandchildren’s life is worth much more than mine because they’ve got a lot more of it ahead".When a cancer patient taking part in the debate said that he was saying that her life was "not valuable", Sumption interrupted her, saying: "I didn’t say your life was not valuable, I said it was less valuable." Health experts have criticised his views, stating that the concept of "quality adjusted life years" is primarily useful for debates on the allocation of scarce healthcare resources, and may not be useful for discussion of a nationwide lockdown. In July 2021, Full Fact concluded in a fact-checking article that Sumption had "made several mistakes with Covid-19 data when talking about the disease" on BBC Radio 4's Today programme. This included incorrect statements that many recorded COVID-19 deaths were people who had the virus but had died of unrelated causes, that people who had died of COVID-19 "would probably have died within a year after" (on average, British COVID-19 victims lost around a decade of life), and that only "hundreds" of people without pre-existing medical conditions in the UK had died of COVID-19 (the true figure is 15,883 in England alone). Professor of Health and Law John Coggon critiqued Sumption's philosophical and legal arguments against COVID-19 restrictions in the Journal of Medical Ethics; he also contrasted Sumption's libertarian arguments against such restrictions with arguments he himself had made against the right to die when involved in R (Nicklinson) v Ministry of Justice, when he argued that the moral principle of sanctity of life should be protected in law. Personal life
Sumption met Teresa Whelan at his sixth birthday party and they later married shortly after he graduated from Oxford. They have two daughters, one son, and five grandchildren.He lives in Greenwich and has a second home, a chateau in the village of Berbiguières in the south of France. Sumption speaks French and Italian fluently, and reads Spanish, Dutch, Portuguese, Catalan and Latin. He "rarely learned them using guides, instead I preferred to muddle on through a text with a dictionary by my side". An opera lover, he serves as a director of the English National Opera and as a governor of the Royal Academy of Music. Full style
 The Rt Hon Lord <mask>, OBE, FRHistS, FSA. Stone & Rolls v Moore Stephens [2009] UKHL 39, won, representing the accountants

As judge
Two books are dedicated to Sumption's contribution to private and public law respectively. The following cases are an excerpt of his contribution to the law:
 Kelly v Fraser [2012] UKPC 25 [15], [2013] 1 AC 450 - on apparent authority based on an agent's misrepresentation that the principal had approved the transaction
 Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd & Ors [2013] UKSC 34, [2013] 2 AC 415 - on piercing the corporate veil
 Bank Mellat v Her Majesty's Treasury (No.

masks:
Jonathan Philip Chadwick Sumption
Lord Sumpt
Jonathan Sumption
Anthony Sumption
Sumption
Lord Radcliffe
Sumption


text_chunks:
<mask> ( ; born February 1, 1992) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball (MLB). He played college baseball at Indiana State University. While attending Indiana State, <mask> was named the best prospect in the Cape Cod Baseball League in 2012. The Kansas City Royals selected <mask> with the 34th pick in the 2013 MLB draft, and traded him to the Athletics during the 2015 season. He debuted in MLB in 2016 and pitched a no-hitter on April 21, 2018. Amateur career
<mask> was raised in Wanatah, Indiana. He attended South Central Junior-Senior High School in Union Mills, Indiana for his first three years of high school.After his junior year, he competed in the first All-Indiana Crossroads Showcase Series. Manaea transferred to Andrean High School in Merrillville, Indiana. Playing for the baseball team at Andrean, Manaea was part of the state champions in 2010, his senior year. He threw a fastball between . Not selected in the Major League Baseball draft out of high school, Manaea enrolled at Indiana State University, where he played college baseball for the Indiana State Sycamores baseball team, competing in the Missouri Valley Conference of NCAA's Division I. The summer after his freshman year at ISU, Manaea played for the Dubois County Bombers in Huntingburg, IN, then in the Prospect League. With the Bombers, he was awarded the Prospect League's MVP Award for 2011.Manaea recorded 115 strikeouts in 105 innings pitched as a sophomore. Following his sophomore year at Indiana State, he competed for the Hyannis Harbor Hawks in the Cape Cod Baseball League, where he went 5–1 with a 1.22 ERA and 85 strikeouts in  innings pitched, and won the league's Outstanding Prospect Award. In 2013, <mask> was named a Preseason All-American and added to the National Pitcher of the Year Watch List. He compiled a 5–4 record, a 1.47 ERA, and 93 strikeouts in  innings, ranking fourth in the nation in strikeouts per 9 innings pitched. By the end of his collegiate career, his fastball reached as high as . Professional career
Considered a top prospect in the 2013 Major League Baseball draft, <mask> was scouted by the Houston Astros, who had the first overall pick. Kansas City Royals
However, he had a hip injury and was not selected until the Kansas City Royals took him with the 34th pick of the draft.The Royals signed <mask> to a $3.55 million signing bonus, above the recommended value for the 34th pick of $1,623,000. He had surgery to repair a torn acetabular labrum and missed the remainder of the 2013 season. Healthy in time for spring training in 2014, the Royals assigned <mask> to the Wilmington Blue Rocks of the Class A-Advanced Carolina League, with the plan to limit him to 150 innings pitched for the 2014 season. <mask> had a 7–8 record with a 3.11 ERA in 25 games started, leading the Carolina League with 146 strikeouts. He missed the beginning of the 2015 season with abdominal and groin injuries. After making four starts for Wilmington, <mask> received a promotion to the Northwest Arkansas Naturals of the Class AA Texas League in July. Oakland Athletics
The Royals traded <mask> and Aaron Brooks to the Oakland Athletics on July 28, 2015, in exchange for Ben Zobrist.The Athletics assigned him to the Midland RockHounds of the Texas League. With Midland, Manaea made seven starts, and had a 1.90 ERA with 51 strikeouts in  innings pitched. He began the 2016 season with the Nashville Sounds of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League. After he made three starts for Nashville, the Athletics promoted <mask> to the major leagues to make his debut on April 29. In his rookie season, Manaea pitched to a 7–9 win–loss record and a 3.86 ERA. <mask> was placed on the 10-day disabled list due to a left shoulder strain on April 30, 2017. Manaea completed his 16th consecutive outing in which he pitched at least two innings allowing no more than five hits on June 5.<mask> surpassed Tom Gordon's streak of 15 games (June 24–September 2, 1992), becoming the longest such streak by an American League (AL) pitcher since 1913. In 16 starts prior to the All-Star break, Manaea had a 3.76 ERA. He struggled with weight loss during the season due to changing dosage of an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medication he was prescribed in the spring, going from  to . He ended the year with a 12–10 record and a 4.37 ERA. On April 21, 2018, Manaea no-hit the Boston Red Sox 3-0 at Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum, becoming the first Athletics pitcher to throw a no-hitter since Dallas Braden's perfect game in 2010. He struck out 10 and walked two. With a .894 winning percentage, the Red Sox had the best record, at the time, of any team to be no-hit in baseball history.<mask> and Manny Machado were named the AL's Co-Players of the Week for the week ending April 22. In his next start against the Houston Astros on April 27, 2018, <mask> pitched seven scoreless innings and struck out seven as the A's won 8–1. On September 11, 2018, he was ruled out for the season and for the 2019 season as well due to shoulder surgery. He ended the 2018 season with a 12–9 record in 27 starts. He tied for the major league lead in bunt hits given up, with six. <mask> spent the majority of the 2019 season rehabbing his shoulder, making his season debut in September. In 5 starts, he was 4-0 with 30 strikeouts in  innings, and earning the start in the 2019 AL Wild Card Game against the Tampa Bay Rays.Unfortunately, he did not fare nearly as well, giving up four runs on four hits, including three home runs, despite striking out five, leading to his exit after two-plus innings in an eventual 5-1 Oakland loss. In 2020, <mask> finished the shortened season with a record of 4-3 and an ERA of 4.50 in 11 starts. As Oakland advanced in the playoffs, Manaea pitched against the Houston Astros. He took the loss as he allowed 4 runs in  innings. Personal life
<mask>'s father, Faaloloi, moved from American Samoa to Hawaii, served in the Vietnam War, and was then stationed in Indiana, where he ultimately settled. Faaloloi worked for the Inland Steel Company following his military service. His mother, Opal, is a factory worker.Manaea has two older brothers—a half-brother from his father's first marriage and a full brother. See also

List of Major League Baseball no-hitters

References

External links

1992 births
Living people
American sportspeople of Samoan descent
Baseball players from Indiana
Hyannis Harbor Hawks players
Indiana State Sycamores baseball players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Midland RockHounds players
Nashville Sounds players
Northwest Arkansas Naturals players
Oakland Athletics players
People from LaPorte County, Indiana
People from Merrillville, Indiana
Stockton Ports players
Wilmington Blue Rocks players

masks:
Sean Anthony Manaea
Manaea
Manaea
Manaea
Manaea
Manaea
Manaea
Manaea
Manaea
Manaea
Manaea
Manaea
Manaea
Manaea
Manaea
Manaea
Manaea
Manaea
Manaea


text_chunks:
<mask> is a lawyer, retired judge, and former prosecutor currently practicing law in Pittsboro, North Carolina. <mask> served as Senior Resident Superior Court Judge for North Carolina Judicial District 15B from 1998-2006. He returned to private practice in June 2007, and his daughter, <mask>, joined the practice in March 2010. The two now practice as Barber & Barber, PLLC. Education

Judge <mask> graduated from Pittsboro High School in 1962. He received a B.A. in Economics from Davidson College in 1967 and received a J.D.from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1970, where he served as president of his class and vice president of the Student Bar Association. Over the course of his career, <mask> has expanded his legal education by attending numerous conferences and seminars, including intensive programs with the National College of District Attorneys, Cornell University, Duke University School of Law, the University of North Carolina School of Business, the Arizona Supreme Court, and the National Judicial College. Career

Judge <mask> began his career with the Mecklenburg Legal Aid Society. In 1971 he joined the general practice law firm Barber, Holmes, and Barber in Pittsboro. In 1977, <mask> left private practice to serve as the District Attorney of Orange and Chatham counties, a position he held until 1984. While District Attorney, <mask> was active in the North Carolina District Attorneys Association, serving as President of that body from 1981-1982. As District Attorney, he was particularly helpful in organizing support from the legal community (http://files.constantcontact.com/958a4709001/b54c8a39-cf45-435a-a443-d375948cda7d.doc) for the establishment of the Dispute Settlement Center of Orange County, the first community-based mediation program in North Carolina.He resigned public office in 1985 to practice law and founded the firm Barber, Bradshaw & Vernon in Pittsboro. In 1998, he began his tenure as Senior Resident Superior Court Judge for District 15B, serving Chatham and Orange Counties. <mask> retired from the bench in 2006 and returned to private practice the following year in Pittsboro. In 2010, his daughter, Elizabeth, joined the practice. Public service

Judge <mask> has been dedicated to community leadership and public service throughout his career, and he has helped lead many organizations around North Carolina. He currently serves on the Board of Directors of the Golden LEAF Foundation and the North Carolina Environmental Defense Fund. <mask> has long held an interest in environmental issues in North Carolina and he accepted a nomination to join the EDF board in 2006.In 1984, <mask> was named Chairman of the North Carolina Task Force on Dispute Resolution. Under his leadership, that group recommended the establishment of court mediation, court-based arbitration, and community-based dispute settlement center programs that revolutionized dispute resolution in North Carolina. From 1985-1988, <mask> served on the Board of Governors of the North Carolina Bar Association. Also with the Bar Association, <mask> served as Co-Chair of the Centennial Committee (1997–1999) and the Judicial Independence Committee (2006–2010), worked on the Quality of Life Task Force (1989–1991), the Nominating Committee (1994–1995) and the Commission on Public Trust and the Legal Profession (1992–1994). <mask> served as Chairman of the North Carolina Criminal Justice Education and Training Standards Commission from 1981-1985. With his direction, the commission initiated a comprehensive study of the activities of law enforcement, which led to the redesign of the basic law enforcement training course and a doubling of the number of hours required for certification. Twice, from 1981–1984 and again from 1993–1998, <mask> served on the North Carolina Courts Commission.During his second term, he served as Chairman of the Committee on the Structure of the Courts. His leadership led to legislation directing the North Carolina Supreme Court to develop a Case Flow Management Plan in 1995. The committee also initiated studies of the jury process. He has also served on the North Carolina Criminal Code Commission (1979–1981), as President of the District 15B Bar Association (1989–1990), as Councilor (1995–1998) and as a member of the Ethics Committee (1995–1999, 2006–2007) for the North Carolina State Bar, as Chairman of the State Board of Continuing Legal Education (1990–1992), as a Committee Chairman on the Governor’s Task Force on Drunk Driving (1982–1983), on the Commission on Alternatives to Incarceration (1980–1983), on the Chief Justice’s Advisory Committee on Court Personnel (1981), on the North Carolina News Media/Administration of Justice Council (1980–1982), as President of the North Carolina District Attorney’s Association (1981–1982), on the Alumni Association Board of Directors at the University of North Carolina School of Law (1996–2002), and as an Advisor to the North Carolina Commission on the Future of the Courts (1995–1997). <mask> has also held leadership positions in the Chatham County Democratic Party (Chairman, 1975–1977; Precinct Chairman, 1973–1975), the 4th Congressional District Democratic Party (Chairman, 1976–1977), and the Pittsboro Presbyterian Church (Deacon, 1979–1982; Elder, 1982–1984). From 1968-1976, <mask> served in the United States Army Reserve, where he obtained the rank of Lieutenant. Awards

Judge <mask> was one of the first to receive the North Carolina State Bar Distinguished Service Award.This award honors members of the North Carolina State Bar who have demonstrated exemplary service to the legal profession. Over his career, he has been awarded the Chatham County Smart Start Distinguished Service Award, the North Carolina Civil Liberties Union Award, the North Carolina Mediation Network Service Award, and the North Carolina Bar Association’s Dispute Resolution Section Service Award. Family

Judge <mask> and his wife Marina currently reside in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Marina was a professor in speech at Peace College in Raleigh. They have two daughters: Claire graduated from Loyola School of Law in Los Angeles and is raising three children, and Elizabeth graduated from the University of North Carolina School of Law and now practices law with <mask> at Barber & Barber, PLLC. <mask>'s son-in-law and Claire's husband is Rabbi Joshua Fenton, Director of Jewish Life & Learning at the Addison-Penzak Jewish Community Center in San Jose, California. References

 http://www.wadebarber.com/attorneys.html
 http://lawyers.law.cornell.edu/lawyer/wade-barber-jr-876482

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Davidson College alumni
University of North Carolina School of Law alumni
North Carolina lawyers

American judges
District attorneys in North Carolina

masks:
Wade Barber
Judge Barber
Elizabeth Barber
Barber
Judge Barber
Barber
Judge Barber
Judge Barber
Judge Barber
Barber
Judge Barber
Judge Barber
Judge Barber
Judge Barber
Judge Barber
Judge Barber
Judge Barber
Judge Barber
Barber
Barber
Judge Barber
Judge Barber


text_chunks:
Colonel <mask> (1680–1746) was a British politician who sat in the Irish House of Commons from 1713 to 1727 and in the British House of Commons from 1715 to 1746. He was a Commissioner of the Board of Trade and Plantations, a Privy Councillor in Ireland and Comptroller of the Mint. Family
<mask> was born in 1680 in Yorkshire and was the son of <mask> and Isabella Fairfax. His father was an attorney and Steward to Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds (Lord Danby), his mother was the daughter of Sir William Fairfax (soldier) of Steeton and was related to Lord Fairfax. <mask>'s older brother <mask> was Attorney-General in Maryland and briefly Secretary of that Province and his nephew Thomas Bladen was Governor of Maryland in the 1740s. <mask>'s sister Elizabeth was the mother of Admiral Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke. <mask> acted as guardian to Admiral Hawke and supported his career advancement in the navy.Military career
After initial education in Yorkshire, <mask> attended Westminster School where he was a Queen's Scholar at St Peter's College and then attended St John's College in Cambridge. He was admitted to the Inner Temple in 1698 but did not pursue a legal career. He joined the military in December 1697 as Ensign to Captain Jos. Fletcher in Brigadier-General Thomas Fairfax's Regiment of Foot, Fairfax being his uncle. After an initial posting to Ireland, his regiment was deployed in Spain, Gibraltar and Portugal in Marlborough's service. When the Earl of Galway, Henri de Massue de Ruvigny arrived as the new Generalissimo of the British Army, he took Bladen as his aide-de-camp. Bladen was appointed Colonel in 1709 though within the year he had sold his colonelcy and retired from the military.Political career
He commenced his career in politics by winning seats in 1713. He was elected as a Member of Parliament for Kinsale in Cork, Ireland that year, though was defeated as MP for Saltash in Cornwall. In 1715 he won another Irish seat for Bandon but again lost a renewed attempt at Saltash, though succeeded in getting a seat in Stockbridge in Hampshire. He was MP for Maldon in Essex in 1734 and Portsmouth in 1741. In 1714 he secured a position as Comptroller of the Royal Mint and, throughout his time at the Mint, Isaac Newton was the head of that organisation. <mask> only left the Mint after the death of Newton many years later. This post was not full-time and allowed <mask> to pursue other appointments, and in 1715 (after declining Sir Robert Walpole's offer to be Envoy to Switzerland) he accepted a position in Ireland as Chief Secretary to his old military commander the Earl of Galway and Charles Fitzroy, 2nd Duke of Grafton who held joint Governorship.Bladen shared his role there with Charles Delafaye. In 1715 he was made a Privy Councillor in Ireland. In 1717 he was offered an appointment as Envoy Extraordinary to Spain to replace Mr Brett but declined it. Instead he was offered, and accepted, a post at the Board of Trade and Plantations and attended his first meeting on 19 July 1717 as Commissioner. <mask> was a Whig politician who consistently supported Robert Walpole throughout his tenure in office. In 1719 <mask>, along with Daniel Pulteney, was appointed by the Lord Justices to attend the Court of France to negotiate miscellaneous items outstanding from the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, such as limits of plantations in America and losses of the Hudson's Bay Company. Whilst there he met with the 9-year-old Louis XV, his regent Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, Victor Marie d'Estrées, Duke of Estrées and Cardinal-Statesman Guillaume Dubois, when news came in that the French had captured the island of St Lucia.Bladen immediately raised the issue with his hosts who seemed initially unaware of the news. In 1721 Bladen produced a lengthy report on the status of the colonies in America which was along the lines of William Blathwayt's report of 1701 which sought revocation of proprietary charters, though he offered up the suggestion of the colonies being unified under a single military figurehead, a Captain-General, and suggested New York as a suitable geographical base – an idea first suggested by William Penn in his 1697 'Plan of Union'. Bladen was convinced that Britain’s power and ability to trade favourably with other countries was greatly enhanced by the income from her colonies and, for economic reasons, it was vital for the colonies to serve the mother country and the appearance of a unified Britain with her colonies would deter other European colonial powers from attempting encroachment. A final report on British Colonies in America was produced in 1739 "Reasons for Appointing a Captain General for the Continent of North America" which was more conciliatory in tone than previous ones where preservation of trade with the American colonies was considered more important than their 'subjection'. Bladen’s influence at the Board of Trade continued to grow through the 1730s and he attended a Conference at Antwerp to negotiate on tariffs. He also, in 1730, was present at the Board of Trade meeting when seven Indian Chiefs of the Cherokee Nation attended to ratify the 1730 British Cherokee Friendship Treaty. He was also instrumental in getting his nephew <mask>, later Governor of Maryland, into Parliament and the two consistently voted the same way on issues.Marriage and children
<mask> married Mary Gibbs c1699. She was the daughter of Colonel John Gibbs, one time Governor of North Carolina and her mother was Elizabeth Pride, who was a descendant and heiress of George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle. <mask> and <mask> had one daughter, Isabella, who married John Tinker. Tinker and Isabella had two sons. <mask> was brother-in-law to Nathaniel Rice, who was Secretary of the Royal Council of North Carolina and Acting Governor on two occasions. After Mary's death in 1724 <mask> married in 1727/8 to Frances Foche/Jory, heiress of Colonel Joseph Jory, Agent for Nevis, and owner of a plantation and several properties. Frances inherited Aldborough Hatch in Barking in Essex, upon which Bladen built a new house where the couple lived.Frances had several children from her previous marriage to John Foche but all died within her lifetime. In later life, <mask> was a Justice of the Peace and was largely responsible for driving highwayman Dick Turpin of the Gregory Gang out of Barking in Essex. <mask>'s town residence was a Georgian building at the south end of Hanover Square. He also owned the Barmoor Estate in Northumberland and leased the Prebendary Manor of Ketton in Rutland. His will made reference to a Porter family, who mostly predeceased him and may have been blood related, but their line died out by the 1750s. <mask> died in February 1746. Poetry, writings, and translations
Bladen translated from Latin in 1704 ‘C.Julius Caesar’s Commentaries of his Wars in Gaul, and Civil War with Pompey. To which is added Aulus Hirtius or Oppius’s Supplement of the Alexandrian, African and Spanish Wars With the Author’s Life.’  He dedicated this work to the Duke of Marlborough. He also wrote 'The History of the Last War in Spain: From 1702 to 1710. Wherein the Conduct of the British Ministry, the Allies, and the Generals in that Service are Fully Defended'. He also produced other works of poetry. References

Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Whig (British political party) MPs
1680 births
1746 deaths
People educated at Westminster School, London
Chief Secretaries for Ireland
Members of Parliament for Maldon
Freemasons of the Premier Grand Lodge of England

masks:
Martin Bladen
Martin
Nathaniel Bladen
Martin
William Bladen
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Bladen
Bladen
Thomas Bladen
Martin
Martin
Mary Bladen
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin


text_chunks:
<mask> (2 November 1946 – 12 June 2016) was a Jamaican-American author whose notable works included Abeng  (1985), No Telephone to Heaven (1987), and Free Enterprise (2004). In addition to novels, <mask> also wrote short stories, prose poems and works of literary criticism. Her works explore the various complex identity problems that stem from the experience of post-colonialism, as well as the difficulty of establishing an authentic individual identity in the face of race and gender constructs. A historical revisionist, many of <mask>'s works seek to advance an alternative view of history against established mainstream narratives. She often referenced her writing as an act of defiance—a way to reclaim a voice and build a narrative in order to speak out against the unspeakable by tackling issues of sex and race. Identifying as biracial and bisexual, <mask>, who had both Jamaican and American citizenship, used her voice to create a body of work filled with prose poetry, novels, and short stories. Her writings were enriched by the power, privilege and pain of her multi-locatedness to creatively reimagine Caribbean identity.Biography
<mask> was born in Kingston, Jamaica, in 1946 and moved with her family to New York City three years later. She moved back to Jamaica in 1956 and attended St Andrew High School for Girls, where she kept a diary and began writing, before returning to New York City in 1960. She was educated at Wagner College (New York) where she graduated with a B.A. in European History and the Warburg Institute at the University of London where she did post graduate work in Renaissance studies, focusing specifically on the Italian Renaissance. She has held academic positions at several colleges including Trinity College and Emory University. From 1999, <mask> lived in Santa Cruz, California, with her partner, the American poet Adrienne Rich. The two had been partners since 1976; Rich died in 2012.<mask> died of liver failure on 12 June 2016. Career and works
Her first published work came in the form of the book Claiming an Identity They Taught Me to Despise, which covered the many ways <mask> herself experienced racism and prejudice. Having found fellowship and community with African American and Latina feminists, <mask>'s work thrived and contributed to enabling other voices to be heard. <mask> was a contributor to the 1983 Black feminist anthology Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology. In 1984, <mask> published Abeng, a semi autobiographical novel that explores topics of female sexual subjectivity and Jamaican identity. Next came The Land of Look Behind: Prose and Poetry (1985), which uses the Jamaican folk world, its landscape and culture to examine identity. <mask>'s second novel, No Telephone to Heaven, was published in 1987.At the heart of this novel, which continues the story of Clare Savage from her first novel, Abeng, she explores the need to reclaim a suppressed African past. Her works were also anthologized in a collection edited by Barbara Smith and Gloria Anzaldúa for Making Face, Making Soul: Creative and Critical Writing by Feminists of Color (1990). From 1990 on, <mask>'s work is seen as having taken a more global focus, especially with her first collection of short stories, Bodies of Water. In 1993 she published her third novel, Free Enterprise, and in 1998 she published another collection of short stories, The Store of a Million Items. Both works continue her pursuit of readdressing historical injustices. She continued to work throughout the 2000s, releasing several collections of essays and short stories including If I Could Write This Fire (2008) and Everything Is Now: New and Collected Short Stories (2009). Her final novel, Into The Interior, was published in 2010.By 2015, <mask> took part in many literary projects, including translating into English the works of several writers, poets and creatives such as Argentinean poet Alfonsina Stonri; Spanish poet and dramatist, Federico García Lorca and Italian poet, film director and philosopher Pier Paolo Pasolini. Fiction
 2010: Into the Interior (University of Minnesota Press). Novel
 2009: Everything is Now: New and Collected Stories (University of Minnesota Press). Short stories
 2004: Free Enterprise: A Novel of Mary Ellen Pleasant (City Lights Publishers). Novel
 1998: The Store of a Million Items (New York: Houghton Mifflin Company). Short stories
 1993: Free Enterprise: A Novel of Mary Ellen Pleasant (New York: Dutton). Novel
 1990: Bodies of Water (New York: Dutton).Short stories
 1987: No Telephone to Heaven (New York: Dutton). Novel (sequel to Abeng)
 1984: Abeng (New York: Penguin). Novel

Prose poetry
 1985: The Land of Look Behind and Claiming (Firebrand Books). 1980: Claiming an Identity They Taught Me to Despise (Persephone Press). Editor
 1982: Lillian Smith, The Winner Names the Age: A Collection of Writings (New York: Norton). Other
 2008: If I Could Write This in Fire. University of Minnesota Press.Non-fiction collection. 1982: "If I Could Write This in Fire I Would Write This in Fire", in Barbara Smith (ed. ), Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology (New York: Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press). 1994: "History as Fiction, Fiction as History", Ploughshares, Fall 1994; 20(2–3): 196–202. 1990: "Object into Subject: Some Thoughts on the Work of Black Women's Artists," in Gloria Anzaldúa (ed. ), Making Face, Making Soul/Haciendo Caras: Creative and Critical Perspectives by Women of Color (San Francisco: Aunt Lute), pp. 271–290.Feminism
In 1981, <mask> became an associate of the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press. Further reading
 Curry, Ginette. "Toubab La! ": Literary Representations of Mixed-race Characters in the African Diaspora. Newcastle, England: Cambridge Scholars Pub., 2007. Cartelli, Thomas (1995), "After the Tempest: Shakespeare, Postcoloniality, and <mask>'s New, New World Miranda," Contemporary Literature 36(1): 82–102. Edmondson, Belinda (1993), "Race, Writing, and the Politics of (Re)Writing History: An Analysis of the Novels of <mask>," Callaloo 16(1): 180–191.Lima, Maria Helena (1993), "Revolutionary Developments: <mask>'s No Telephone to Heaven and Merle Collins's Angel," Ariel 24(1): 35–56. Lionnet, Francoise (1992), "Of Mangoes and Maroons: Language, History, and the Multicultural Subject of <mask>'s Abeng," in Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson (eds), De/Colonizing the Subject: The Politics of Gender in Women's Autobiography, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp. 321–345.
.
Raiskin, Judith (1994), "Inverts and Hybrids: Lesbian Rewritings of Sexual and Racial Identities," in Laura Doan, ed. The Lesbian Postmodern, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 156–172. Raiskin, Judith (1993), "The Art of History: An Interview with <mask>," Kenyon Review 15(1): 57–71. Schwartz, Meryl F. (1993), "An Interview with <mask>," Contemporary Literature 34(4): 595–619.References

External links
 Bio at Emory University

1946 births
2016 deaths
20th-century American novelists
Lesbian feminists
American lesbian writers
Jamaican feminists
Jamaican women novelists
LGBT writers from Jamaica
African-American feminists
American feminists
Wagner College alumni
Alumni of the Warburg Institute
Trinity College (Connecticut) faculty
Emory University faculty
Jamaican emigrants to the United States
American women short story writers
American women novelists
American LGBT novelists
African-American women writers
20th-century American women writers
African-American short story writers
Deaths from liver failure
20th-century American short story writers
African-American novelists
20th-century Jamaican novelists
21st-century Jamaican novelists
Novelists from Connecticut
Novelists from Georgia (U.S. state)
21st-century American women writers
American women academics
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American writers
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American writers

masks:
Michelle Carla Cliff
Cliff
Cliff
Cliff
Cliff
Cliff
Cliff
Cliff
Cliff
Cliff
Cliff
Cliff
Cliff
Cliff
Cliff
Michelle Cliff
Michelle Cliff
Michelle Cliff
Michelle Cliff
Michelle Cliff
Michelle Cliff


text_chunks:
<mask> (born May 25, 1988) is an American politician and a Republican former member of the Michigan House of Representatives. He was first elected from the 107th House district in 2015. He was speaker pro tempore from 2017 to 2019, and speaker of the Michigan House of Representatives from 2019 to 2021. Education and career before politics
<mask> received a bachelor's degree from Northland International University, a Baptist college in Wisconsin, and a master's degree from Liberty University in Virginia. Before his election to the state House in 2014, he worked at a Christian school in northern Michigan operated by his father, a minister. <mask> was a teacher, coach and athletic director at the school. Michigan House of Representatives

<mask> was first elected to the Michigan House of Representatives in 2014, after defeating a Republican incumbent, Frank Foster, in the primary election.<mask> criticized Foster for supporting Medicaid expansion and for supporting an extension of Michigan's Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in housing and employment. <mask> took office in 2015. He was re-elected to the state Legislature in 2016 with 67 percent of the vote, and in 2018, with over 58 percent of the vote. Speakership
<mask> was speaker of the state House from 2019 to 2020. Elected at age 30; he was believed to be the youngest House speaker in recent memory. During <mask>'s tenure as speaker of the House, Michigan had divided government, with both chambers of the legislature controlled by Republicans, but with a Democratic governor (Gretchen Whitmer). <mask> and the Senate Majority Leader Mike Shirkey both repeatedly clashed with Whitmer over issues such as the state budget, road funding, auto insurance legislation, and criminal justice legislation.As speaker, <mask> presided over the passage of a bipartisan auto insurance bill that allowed motorists to chose their level of personal injury protection coverage. However, proposed road infrastructure improvements became mired in deadlock, with <mask> rejecting a proposal by Whitmer to fund road repairs by raising the gas tax by 45 cents. Negotiations for long-term road funding broke down, and Legislature passed a bill without support from Whitmer's administration. Whitmer signed the bill, but with 147 line-item vetoes plus several administrative transfers. <mask> and Shirkey both opposed Whitmer's actions to slow the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in Michigan, although some compromises were reached between the legislature and the Whitmer administration. Controversies

Firearms security violation
In 2018, <mask> attempted to bring a loaded, unregistered handgun onto a commercial flight at Pellston Regional Airport. He was fined $250 for failure to register his handgun, which he had purchased in December 2015.He also paid a $1,960 fine from the Transportation Security Administration. Chatfield had previously introduced a bill in the Michigan House of Representatives to make handgun registration voluntary. Role in 2020 presidential election
Chatfield was a strong supporter of President Donald Trump. <mask>, along with Michigan Senate Majority Leader Mike Shirkey, met with Trump on November 20, 2020, as Trump and his campaign attempted to overturn the results of the presidential election, in which Trump was defeated by Joe Biden (both nationally and in Michigan). Paul Mitchell, the U.S. representative for Michigan's 10th congressional district, said that the purpose of the meeting may have been to discuss the appointment of pro-Trump electors to the U.S. Electoral College. Despite pressure from Trump, Chatfield ultimately declined to support passage of a Michigan Legislation to pass a resolution purporting to retroactively change Michigan's slate of electors for Trump, saying that such a move "would bring mutually assured destruction for every future election in regards to the Electoral College" and "we would lose our country forever."Allegations of sexual assault
On January 6, 2022, The Detroit News reported Michigan State Police were investigating <mask> over allegations that he sexually abused a girl who would later become his sister in law for 12 years, beginning in 2009 when she was between 14 and 15 years old and continuing until 2021. The sexual abuse is alleged to have begun when she was attending Chatfield's church, Northern Michigan Baptist Bible Church, and continued while she was a student at the school associated with the church. In February 2022, state police raided the home of Chatfield's former top staff members. <mask>'s successor, House Speaker Jason Wentworth, has ordered all members to preserve records dealing with the conduct of <mask>. Post legislative career
Due to term limits, <mask> was ineligible to run for another term in the Michigan House of Representatives. In mid-February 2021, after leaving office, <mask> was appointed as the new CEO of Southwest Michigan First, a privately funded economic development organization covering the seven counties of southwest Michigan (Berrien, Branch, Calhoun, Cass, Kalamazoo, St. Joseph and Van Buren). <mask>'s hiring caused a backlash due to Chatfield's past stances in opposition to LGBTQ rights.Various groups including the City of Kalamazoo and the Kalamazoo Promise, pulled support from Southwest Michigan First. Following the backlash from his hiring, Southwest Michigan First and Chatfield stated that they would support expanding the state's civil rights act (the Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act) to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, a stance that the Southwest Michigan First board had voted in 2017 to support. During his tenure in the Michigan House, Chatfield had opposed such an expansion, which he viewed as an infringement on religious freedom. A few days after beginning his new job, Chatfield resigned, citing the controversy. Personal life
<mask> married his high school sweetheart, Stephanie (Zondervan), and they have four sons and one daughter. References

External links
  (Michigan House Republicans)

|-

1988 births
21st-century American politicians
Liberty University alumni
Living people
Members of the Michigan House of Representatives
Michigan Republicans
People from Emmet County, Michigan
Speakers of the Michigan House of Representatives

masks:
Lee Roberson Chatfield
Chatfield
Chatfield
Chatfield
Chatfield
Chatfield
Chatfield
Chatfield
Chatfield
Chatfield
Chatfield
Chatfield
Chatfield
Chatfield
Chatfield
Chatfield
Chatfield
Chatfield
Chatfield
Chatfield
Lee


text_chunks:
<mask>; born October 26, 1947) is an American politician, diplomat, lawyer, writer, and public speaker who served as the 67th United States secretary of state from 2009 to 2013, as a United States senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, and as first lady of the United States from 1993 to 2001 as the wife of President <mask>. A member of the Democratic Party, she was the party's nominee for president in the 2016 presidential election, becoming the first woman to win a presidential nomination by a major U.S. political party. <mask> won the popular vote in the election, making her the first woman to do so. However, she lost the Electoral College vote and thereby lost the presidential election. Raised in the Chicago suburb of Park Ridge, Rodham graduated from Wellesley College in 1969 and earned a Juris Doctor from Yale Law School in 1973. After serving as a congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas and married future president <mask> in 1975; the two had met at Yale. In 1977, <mask> co-founded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families.She was appointed the first female chair of the Legal Services Corporation in 1978 and became the first female partner at Little Rock's Rose Law Firm the following year. The National Law Journal twice listed her as one of the hundred most influential lawyers in America. <mask> was the first lady of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992. As the first lady of the United States, <mask> advocated for healthcare reform. In 1994, her major initiative—the <mask> health care plan—failed to gain approval from Congress. In 1997 and 1999, <mask> played a leading role in advocating the creation of the State Children's Health Insurance Program, the Adoption and Safe Families Act, and the Foster Care Independence Act. <mask> advocated for gender equality at the 1995 UN conference on women.Her marital relationship came under public scrutiny during the Lewinsky scandal, which led her to issue a statement that reaffirmed her commitment to the marriage. In 2000, <mask> was elected as the first female senator from New York and became the first First lady to simultaneously hold elected office, and then the first former First lady to serve in the Senate. She was re-elected in 2006 and chaired the Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee from 2003 to 2007. During her Senate tenure, <mask> advocated for medical benefits for first responders whose health was damaged in the September 11 attacks. She supported the resolution authorizing the Iraq War in 2002 but opposed the surge of U.S. troops in 2007. In 2008, <mask> ran for president but was defeated by eventual winner Barack Obama in the Democratic primaries. <mask> was U.S. secretary of state in the first term of the Obama administration from 2009 to 2013.During her tenure, <mask> established the Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review. She responded to the Arab Spring by advocating military intervention in Libya but was harshly criticized by Republicans for the failure to prevent or adequately respond to the 2012 Benghazi attack. <mask> helped to organize a diplomatic isolation and a regime of international sanctions against Iran in an effort to force it to curtail its nuclear program; this effort eventually led to the multinational JCPOA nuclear agreement in 2015. Her use of a private email server when she was Secretary of State was the subject of intense scrutiny; while no charges were filed against <mask>, the email controversy was the single most covered topic during the 2016 presidential election. <mask> made a second presidential run in 2016. After winning the Democratic nomination, she ran in the general election with Virginia senator Tim Kaine as her running mate. <mask> lost the presidential election to Republican opponent Donald Trump in the Electoral College despite winning a plurality of the popular vote.Following her loss, she wrote her third memoir, What Happened, and launched Onward Together, a political action organization dedicated to fundraising for progressive political groups. Since January 2020, she has been the chancellor of Queen's University Belfast in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Early life and education

Early life

<mask> Rodham was born on October 26, 1947, at Edgewater Medical Center in Chicago, Illinois. She was raised in a United Methodist family who first lived in Chicago. When she was three years old, her family moved to the Chicago suburb of Park Ridge. Her father, Hugh Rodham, was of English and Welsh descent, and managed a small but successful textile business, which he had founded. Her mother, Dorothy Howell, was a homemaker of Dutch, English, French Canadian (from Quebec), Scottish, and Welsh descent.She had two younger brothers, Hugh and Tony. As a child, Rodham was a favorite student among her teachers at the public schools she attended in Park Ridge. She participated in swimming and softball and earned numerous badges as a Brownie and a Girl Scout. She has often told the story of being inspired by U.S. efforts during the Space Race and sending a letter to NASA around 1961 asking what she could do to become an astronaut, only to be informed that women were not being accepted into the program. She attended Maine East High School, where she participated in the student council and school newspaper and was selected for the National Honor Society. She was elected class vice president for her junior year but then lost the election for class president for her senior year against two boys, one of whom told her that "you are really stupid if you think a girl can be elected president". For her senior year, she and other students were transferred to the then-new Maine South High School.There she was a National Merit Finalist and was voted "most likely to succeed." She graduated in 1965 in the top five percent of her class. Rodham's mother wanted her to have an independent, professional career. Her father, who was otherwise a traditionalist, felt that his daughter's abilities and opportunities should not be limited by gender. She was raised in a politically conservative household, and she helped canvass Chicago's South Side at age 13 after the very close 1960 U.S. presidential election. She saw evidence of electoral fraud (such as voting list entries showing addresses that were empty lots) against Republican candidate Richard Nixon, and later volunteered to campaign for Republican candidate Barry Goldwater in the 1964 election. Rodham's early political development was shaped mostly by her high school history teacher (like her father, a fervent anti-communist), who introduced her to Goldwater's The Conscience of a Conservative and by her Methodist youth minister (like her mother, concerned with issues of social justice), with whom she saw and afterwards briefly met, civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. at a 1962 speech in Chicago's Orchestra Hall.Wellesley College years

In 1965, Rodham enrolled at Wellesley College, where she majored in political science. During her first year, she was president of the Wellesley Young Republicans. As the leader of this "Rockefeller Republican"-oriented group, she supported the elections of moderate Republicans John Lindsay to mayor of New York City and Massachusetts attorney general Edward Brooke to the United States Senate. She later stepped down from this position. In 2003, <mask> would write that her views concerning the civil rights movement and the Vietnam War were changing in her early college years. In a letter to her youth minister at that time, she described herself as "a mind conservative and a heart liberal". In contrast to the factions in the 1960s that advocated radical actions against the political system, she sought to work for change within it.By her junior year, Rodham became a supporter of the antiwar presidential nomination campaign of Democrat Eugene McCarthy. In early 1968, she was elected president of the Wellesley College Government Association, a position she held until early 1969. Following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., Rodham organized a two-day student strike and worked with Wellesley's black students to recruit more black students and faculty. In her student government role, she played a role in keeping Wellesley from being embroiled in the student disruptions common to other colleges. A number of her fellow students thought she might some day become the first female president of the United States. To help her better understand her changing political views, Professor Alan Schechter assigned Rodham to intern at the House Republican Conference, and she attended the "Wellesley in Washington" summer program. Rodham was invited by moderate New York Republican representative Charles Goodell to help Governor Nelson Rockefeller's late-entry campaign for the Republican nomination.Rodham attended the 1968 Republican National Convention in Miami Beach. However, she was upset by the way Richard Nixon's campaign portrayed Rockefeller and by what she perceived as the convention's "veiled" racist messages, and she left the Republican Party for good. Rodham wrote her senior thesis, a critique of the tactics of radical community organizer Saul Alinsky, under Professor Schechter. Years later, while she was the first lady, access to her thesis was restricted at the request of the White House and it became the subject of some speculation. The thesis was later released. In 1969, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts, with departmental honors in political science. After some fellow seniors requested that the college administration allow a student speaker at commencement, she became the first student in Wellesley College history to speak at the event.Her address followed that of the commencement speaker, Senator Edward Brooke. After her speech, she received a standing ovation that lasted seven minutes. She was featured in an article published in Life magazine, because of the response to a part of her speech that criticized Senator Brooke. She also appeared on Irv Kupcinet's nationally syndicated television talk show as well as in Illinois and New England newspapers. She was asked to speak at the 50th anniversary convention of the League of Women Voters in Washington, D.C., the next year. That summer, she worked her way across Alaska, washing dishes in Mount McKinley National Park and sliming salmon in a fish processing cannery in Valdez (which fired her and shut down overnight when she complained about unhealthy conditions). Yale Law School and postgraduate studies
Rodham then entered Yale Law School, where she was on the editorial board of the Yale Review of Law and Social Action.During her second year, she worked at the Yale Child Study Center, learning about new research on early childhood brain development and working as a research assistant on the seminal work, Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973). She also took on cases of child abuse at Yale–New Haven Hospital, and volunteered at New Haven Legal Services to provide free legal advice for the poor. In the summer of 1970, she was awarded a grant to work at Marian Wright Edelman's Washington Research Project, where she was assigned to Senator Walter Mondale's Subcommittee on Migratory Labor. There she researched various migrant workers' issues including education, health and housing. Edelman later became a significant mentor. Rodham was recruited by political advisor Anne Wexler to work on the 1970 campaign of Connecticut U.S. Senate candidate Joseph Duffey. Rodham later crediting Wexler with providing her first job in politics.In the spring of 1971, she began dating fellow law student <mask>. During the summer, she interned at the Oakland, California, law firm of Treuhaft, Walker and Burnstein. The firm was well known for its support of constitutional rights, civil liberties and radical causes (two of its four partners were current or former Communist Party members); Rodham worked on child custody and other cases. <mask> canceled his original summer plans and moved to live with her in California; the couple continued living together in New Haven when they returned to law school. The following summer, Rodham and <mask> campaigned in Texas for unsuccessful 1972 Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern. She received a Juris Doctor degree from Yale in 1973, having stayed on an extra year to be with <mask>. He first proposed marriage to her following graduation, but she declined, uncertain if she wanted to tie her future to his.Rodham began a year of postgraduate study on children and medicine at the Yale Child Study Center. In late 1973, her first scholarly article, "Children Under the Law", was published in the Harvard Educational Review. Discussing the new children's rights movement, the article stated that "child citizens" were "powerless individuals" and argued that children should not be considered equally incompetent from birth to attaining legal age, but instead that courts should presume competence on a case-by-case basis, except when there is evidence otherwise. The article became frequently cited in the field. Marriage, family, legal career and first ladyship of Arkansas

From the East Coast to Arkansas
During her postgraduate studies, Rodham was staff attorney for Edelman's newly founded Children's Defense Fund in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and as a consultant to the Carnegie Council on Children. In 1974, she was a member of the impeachment inquiry staff in Washington, D.C., and advised the House Committee on the Judiciary during the Watergate scandal. Under the guidance of Chief Counsel John Doar and senior member Bernard W. Nussbaum, Rodham helped research procedures of impeachment and the historical grounds and standards for it.The committee's work culminated with the resignation of President Richard Nixon in August 1974. By then, Rodham was viewed as someone with a bright political future. Democratic political organizer and consultant Betsey Wright moved from Texas to Washington the previous year to help guide Rodham's career. Wright thought Rodham had the potential to become a future senator or president. Meanwhile, boyfriend <mask> had repeatedly asked Rodham to marry him, but she continued to demur. After failing the District of Columbia bar exam and passing the Arkansas exam, Rodham came to a key decision. As she later wrote, "I chose to follow my heart instead of my head".She thus followed <mask> to Arkansas, rather than staying in Washington, where career prospects were brighter. He was then teaching law and running for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in his home state. In August 1974, Rodham moved to Fayetteville, Arkansas, and became one of only two female faculty members in the School of Law at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Early Arkansas years
At the university, Rodham taught classes in criminal law. She was considered a rigorous teacher who was tough with her grades. Rodham became the first director of a new legal aid clinic at the school, where she secured support from the local bar association and gained federal funding. As a court-appointed lawyer, Rodham was required to act as defense counsel to a man accused of raping a 12-year-old girl; after her request to be relieved of the assignment failed, Rodham used an effective defense and counseled her client to plead guilty to a lesser charge.She has called the trial a "terrible case". During her time in Fayetteville, Rodham and several other women founded the city's first rape crisis center. In 1974, <mask> lost an Arkansas congressional race, facing incumbent Republican John Paul Hammerschmidt. Rodham and <mask> bought a house in Fayetteville in the summer of 1975 and she agreed to marry him. The wedding took place on October 11, 1975, in a Methodist ceremony in their living room. A story about the marriage in the Arkansas Gazette indicated that she decided to retain the name <mask>. Her motivation was threefold.She wanted to keep the couple's professional lives separate, avoid apparent conflicts of interest, and as she told a friend at the time, "it showed that I was still me". The decision upset both mothers, who were more traditional. In 1976, Rodham temporarily relocated to Indianapolis to work as an Indiana state campaign organizer for the presidential campaign of Jimmy Carter. In November 1976, <mask> was elected Arkansas attorney general, and the couple moved to the state capital of Little Rock. In February 1977, Rodham joined the venerable Rose Law Firm, a bastion of Arkansan political and economic influence. She specialized in patent infringement and intellectual property law while working pro bono in child advocacy; she rarely performed litigation work in court. Rodham maintained her interest in children's law and family policy, publishing the scholarly articles "Children's Policies: Abandonment and Neglect" in 1977 and "Children's Rights: A Legal Perspective" in 1979.The latter continued her argument that children's legal competence depended upon their age and other circumstances and that in serious medical rights cases, judicial intervention was sometimes warranted. An American Bar Association chair later said, "Her articles were important, not because they were radically new but because they helped formulate something that had been inchoate." Historian Garry Wills would later describe her as "one of the more important scholar-activists of the last two decades". Conservatives said her theories would usurp traditional parental authority, would allow children to file frivolous lawsuits against their parents, and exemplified critical legal studies run amok. In 1977, Rodham cofounded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families, a state-level alliance with the Children's Defense Fund. Later that year, President Jimmy Carter (for whom Rodham had been the 1976 campaign director of field operations in Indiana) appointed her to the board of directors of the Legal Services Corporation. She held that position from 1978 until the end of 1981.From mid-1978 to mid-1980, she was the chair of that board, the first woman to hold the job. During her time as chair, funding for the corporation was expanded from $90 million to $300 million; subsequently, she successfully fought President Ronald Reagan's attempts to reduce the funding and change the nature of the organization. Following her husband's November 1978 election as governor of Arkansas, Rodham became that state's first lady in January 1979. She would hold that title for twelve nonconsecutive

masks:
Hillary Diane Clintonham
Bill Clinton
Clinton
Bill Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Hillary Diane
Clinton
Bill Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Bill Clinton
Clinton
Bill Clinton
Bill Clinton
Hillary Rodham
Bill Clinton


text_chunks:
 years (1979–81, 1983–92). <mask> appointed his wife to be the chair of the Rural Health Advisory Committee the same year, where she secured federal funds to expand medical facilities in Arkansas's poorest areas without affecting doctors' fees. In 1979, Rodham became the first woman to be made a full partner in Rose Law Firm. From 1978 until they entered the White House, she had a higher salary than her husband.During 1978 and 1979, while looking to supplement their income, Rodham engaged in the trading of cattle futures contracts; an initial $1,000 investment generated nearly $100,000 when she stopped trading after ten months. At this time, the couple began their ill-fated investment in the Whitewater Development Corporation real estate venture with Jim and Susan McDougal. Both of these became subjects of controversy in the 1990s. On February 27, 1980, Rodham gave birth to the couple's only child, a daughter whom they named Chelsea. In November 1980, <mask> was defeated in his bid for re-election. Later Arkansas years

Two years after leaving office, <mask> returned to his job as governor of Arkansas after winning the election of 1982. During her husband's campaign, <mask> began to use the name "<mask>", or sometimes "Mrs. <mask>", to assuage the concerns of Arkansas voters; she also took a leave of absence from Rose Law to campaign for him full-time.During her second stint as the first lady of Arkansas, she made a point of using <mask> <mask> as her name. She was named chair of the Arkansas Education Standards Committee in 1983, where she sought to reform the state's court-sanctioned public education system. In one of the <mask> governorship's most important initiatives, she fought a prolonged but ultimately successful battle against the Arkansas Education Association to establish mandatory teacher testing and state standards for curriculum and classroom size. It became her introduction into the politics of a highly visible public policy effort. In 1985, she introduced Arkansas's Home Instruction Program for Preschool Youth, a program that helps parents work with their children in preschool preparedness and literacy. She was named Arkansas Woman of the Year in 1983 and Arkansas Mother of the Year in 1984. <mask> continued to practice law with the Rose Law Firm while she was the first lady of Arkansas.She earned less than the other partners, as she billed fewer hours but still made more than $200,000 in her final year there. The firm considered her a "rainmaker" because she brought in clients, partly thanks to the prestige she lent it and to her corporate board connections. She was also very influential in the appointment of state judges. <mask>'s Republican opponent in his 1986 gubernatorial re-election campaign accused the <mask>s of conflict of interest because Rose Law did state business; the <mask>s countered the charge by saying that state fees were walled off by the firm before her profits were calculated. From 1982 to 1988, <mask> was on the board of directors, sometimes as chair, of the New World Foundation, which funded a variety of New Left interest groups. From 1987 to 1991, she was the first chair of the American Bar Association's Commission on Women in the Profession, created to address gender bias in the legal profession and induce the association to adopt measures to combat it. She was twice named by The National Law Journal as one of the 100 most influential lawyers in America—in 1988 and 1991.When <mask> thought about not running again for governor in 1990, <mask> considered running. Private polls were unfavorable, however, and in the end he ran and was re-elected for the final time. <mask> was chairman of the board of the Children's Defense Fund and on the board of the Arkansas Children's Hospital's Legal Services (1988–92) In addition to her positions with nonprofit organizations, she also held positions on the corporate board of directors of TCBY (1985–92), Wal-Mart Stores (1986–92) and Lafarge (1990–92). TCBY and Wal-Mart were Arkansas-based companies that were also clients of Rose Law. <mask> was the first female member on Wal-Mart's board, added following pressure on chairman Sam Walton to name a woman to it. Once there, she pushed successfully for Wal-Mart to adopt more environmentally friendly practices. She was largely unsuccessful in her campaign for more women to be added to the company's management and was silent about the company's famously anti-labor union practices.According to Dan Kaufman, awareness of this later became a factor in her loss of credibility with organized labor, helping contribute to her loss in the 2016 election, where slightly less than half of union members voted for Donald Trump. <mask> presidential campaign of 1992
<mask> received sustained national attention for the first time when her husband became a candidate for the 1992 Democratic presidential nomination. Before the New Hampshire primary, tabloid publications printed allegations that <mask> had engaged in an extramarital affair with Gennifer Flowers. In response, the <mask>s appeared together on 60 Minutes, where Bill denied the affair, but acknowledged "causing pain in my marriage". This joint appearance was credited with rescuing his campaign. During the campaign, <mask> made culturally disparaging remarks about Tammy Wynette's outlook on marriage as described in her classic song "Stand by Your Man". Later in the campaign, she commented she could have chosen to be like women staying home and baking cookies and having teas, but wanted to pursue her career instead.The remarks were widely criticized, particularly by those who were, or defended, stay-at-home mothers. In retrospect, she admitted they were ill-considered. Bill said that in electing him, the nation would "get two for the price of one", referring to the prominent role his wife would assume. Beginning with Daniel Wattenberg's August 1992 The American Spectator article "The Lady Macbeth of Little Rock", <mask>'s own past ideological and ethical record came under attack from conservatives. At least twenty other articles in major publications also drew comparisons between her and Lady Macbeth. First Lady of the United States (1993–2001)
When <mask> took office as president in January 1993, <mask> <mask> became the first lady. Her press secretary reiterated she would be using that form of her name.She was the first in this role to have a postgraduate degree and her own professional career up to the time of entering the White House. She was also the first to have an office in the West Wing of the White House in addition to the usual first lady offices in the East Wing. She was part of the innermost circle vetting appointments to the new administration. Her choices filled at least eleven top-level positions and dozens more lower-level ones. After Eleanor Roosevelt, <mask> was regarded as the most openly empowered presidential wife in American history. Some critics called it inappropriate for the first lady to play a central role in public policy matters. Supporters pointed out that <mask>'s role in policy was no different from that of other White House advisors, and that voters had been well aware she would play an active role in her husband's presidency.<mask>'s campaign promise of "two for the price of one" led opponents to refer derisively to the <mask>s as "co-presidents" or sometimes use the Arkansas label "Billary". The pressures of conflicting ideas about the role of a first lady were enough to send <mask> into "imaginary discussions" with the also-politically active Eleanor Roosevelt. From the time she came to Washington, <mask> also found refuge in a prayer group of the Fellowship that featured many wives of conservative Washington figures. Triggered in part by the death of her father in April 1993, she publicly sought to find a synthesis of Methodist teachings, liberal religious political philosophy and Tikkun editor Michael Lerner's "politics of meaning" to overcome what she saw as America's "sleeping sickness of the soul"; that would lead to a willingness "to remold society by redefining what it means to be a human being in the twentieth century, moving into a new millennium". Health care and other policy initiatives

In January 1993, President <mask> named <mask> to chair a task force on National Health Care Reform, hoping to replicate the success she had in leading the effort for Arkansas education reform. Unconvinced regarding the merits of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), she privately urged that passage of health care reform be given higher priority. The recommendation of the task force became known as the <mask> health care plan.This was a comprehensive proposal that would require employers to provide health coverage to their employees through individual health maintenance organizations. Its opponents quickly derided the plan as "Hillarycare" and it even faced opposition from some Democrats in Congress. Some protesters against the proposed plan became vitriolic and during a July 1994 bus tour to rally support for the plan, <mask> wore a bulletproof vest at times. Failing to gather enough support for a floor vote in either the House or the Senate (although Democrats controlled both chambers), the proposal was abandoned in September 1994. <mask> later acknowledged in her memoir that her political inexperience partly contributed to the defeat but cited many other factors. The first lady's approval ratings, which had generally been in the high-50 percent range during her first year, fell to 44 percent in April 1994 and 35 percent by September 1994. Republicans made the <mask> health care plan a major campaign issue of the 1994 midterm elections.They saw a net gain of 54 seats in the House election and eight in the Senate election, winning control of both; many analysts and pollsters found the plan to be a major factor in the Democrats' defeat, especially among independent voters. The White House subsequently sought to downplay <mask>'s role in shaping policy. Opponents of universal health care would continue to use "Hillarycare" as a pejorative label for similar plans by others. Along with senators Ted Kennedy and Orrin Hatch, <mask> was a force behind the passage of the State Children's Health Insurance Program in 1997. This federal bill gave state support to children whose parents could not provide them health coverage. She conducted outreach efforts on behalf of enrolling children in the program once it became law. She promoted nationwide immunization against childhood diseases and encouraged older women to get a mammogram for breast cancer screening, with coverage provided by Medicare.She successfully sought to increase research funding for prostate cancer and childhood asthma at the National Institutes of Health. She worked to investigate reports of an illness that affected veterans of the Gulf War, which became known as the Gulf War syndrome. Enactment of welfare reform was a major goal of <mask>'s presidency. When the first two bills on the issue came from a Republican-controlled Congress lacking protections for people coming off welfare, however, <mask> urged him to veto the bills, which he did. A third version came up during his 1996 general election campaign that restored some of the protections but cut the scope of benefits in other areas; critics, including her past mentor Edelman, urged her to get the president to veto it again. But she decided to support the bill, which became the Welfare Reform Act of 1996, as the best political compromise available. This caused a rift with Edelman that <mask> later called "sad and painful".Together with Attorney General Janet Reno, <mask> helped create the Office on Violence Against Women at the Department of Justice. In 1997, she initiated and shepherded the Adoption and Safe Families Act, which she regarded as her greatest accomplishment as the first lady. In 1999, she was instrumental in the passage of the Foster Care Independence Act, which doubled federal monies for teenagers aging out of foster care. As First Lady of the United States, <mask> was the host for various White House conferences. These included one on Child Care (1997), on Early Childhood Development and Learning (1997), and on Children and Adolescents (2000). She also hosted the first-ever White House Conference on Teenagers (2000), and the first-ever White House Conference on Philanthropy (1999). <mask> traveled to 79 countries during this time, breaking the record for most-traveled first lady previously held by Pat Nixon.She did not hold a security clearance or attend National Security Council meetings, but played a role in U.S. diplomacy attaining its objectives. A March 1995 five-nation trip to South Asia, on behest of the U.S. State Department, without her husband, sought to improve relations with India and Pakistan. <mask> was troubled by the plight of women she encountered, but found a warm response from the people of the countries she visited, and gained a better relationship with the American press corps. The trip was a transformative experience for her and presaged her eventual career in diplomacy. In a September 1995 speech before the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, <mask> argued forcefully against practices that abused women around the world and in the People's Republic of China itself. She declared, "it is no longer acceptable to discuss women's rights as separate from human rights". Delegates from over 180 countries heard her say: "If there is one message that echoes forth from this conference, let it be that human rights are women's rights and women's rights are human rights, once and for all."In doing so, she resisted both internal administration and Chinese pressure to soften her remarks. The speech became a key moment in the empowerment of women and years later women around the world would recite <mask>'s key phrases. During the late 1990s, she was one of the most prominent international figures to speak out against the treatment of Afghan women by the Taliban. She helped create Vital Voices, an international initiative sponsored by the U.S. to encourage the participation of women in the political processes of their countries. It and <mask>'s own visits encouraged women to make themselves heard in the Northern Ireland peace process. In 1997, <mask> returned to Northern Ireland to deliver the inaugural Joyce McCartan lecture at the University of Ulster in honour of the community campaigner she had met during her visit in Belfast in 1995. Whitewater and other investigations

<mask> was a subject of several investigations by the United States Office of the Independent Counsel, committees of the U.S. Congress, and the press.The Whitewater controversy was the focus of media attention from its publication in a New York Times report during the 1992 presidential campaign and throughout her time as the first lady. The <mask>s had lost their late-1970s investment in the Whitewater Development Corporation; at the same time, their partners in that investment, Jim and Susan McDougal operated Madison Guaranty, a savings and loan institution that retained the legal services of Rose Law Firm and may have been improperly subsidizing Whitewater losses. Madison Guaranty later failed, and <mask>'s work at Rose was scrutinized for a possible conflict of interest in representing the bank before state regulators her husband had appointed. She said she had done minimal work for the bank. Independent counsels Robert Fiske and Kenneth Starr subpoenaed <mask>'s legal billing records; she said she did not know where they were. After a two-year search, the records were found in the first lady's White House book room and delivered to investigators in early 1996. The delayed appearance of the records sparked intense interest and another investigation concerning how they surfaced and where they had been.<mask>'s staff attributed the problem to continual changes in White House storage areas since the move from the Arkansas Governor's Mansion. On January 26, 1996, <mask> became the first spouse of a U.S. president to be subpoenaed to testify before a federal grand jury. After several Independent Counsels had investigated, a final report was issued in 2000 that stated there was insufficient evidence that either <mask> had engaged in criminal wrongdoing. Scrutiny of the May 1993 firings of the White House Travel Office employees, an action that became known as "Travelgate", began with charges that the White House had used audited financial irregularities in the Travel Office operation as an excuse to replace the staff with friends from Arkansas. The 1996 discovery of a two-year-old White House memo led to the investigation being focused on whether <mask> had orchestrated the firings and whether the statements she made to investigators about her role in the firings were true. The 2000 final Independent Counsel report concluded she was involved in the firings and that she had made "factually false" statements, but that there was insufficient evidence that she knew the statements were false or knew that her actions would lead to firings, to prosecute her. In March 1994, newspaper reports revealed that <mask> had earned spectacular profits from cattle futures trading in 1978–79.The press made allegations that <mask> had engaged in a conflict of interest and disguised a bribery. Several individuals analyzed her trading records, but no formal investigation was made and she was never charged with any wrongdoing. An outgrowth of the "Travelgate" investigation was the June 1996 discovery of improper White House access to hundreds of FBI background reports on former Republican White House employees, an affair that some called "Filegate". Accusations were made that <mask> had requested these files and she had recommended hiring an unqualified individual to head the White House Security Office. The 2000 final Independent Counsel report found no substantial or credible evidence that <mask> had any role or showed any misconduct in the matter. In early 2001, a controversy arose over gifts that were sent to the White House; there was a question whether the furnishings were White House property or the <mask>s' personal property. During the last year of <mask>'s time in office, those gifts were shipped to the <mask>s' private residence.It Takes a Village release and tour

In 1996, <mask> presented a vision for American children in the book It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us. In January

masks:
Clinton
Bill Clinton
Bill Clinton
Hillary
Hillary Clinton
Bill Clinton
Hillary Rodham
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Bill Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Bill Clinton
Hillary Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Bill Clinton
Clinton
Bill Clinton
Clinton
Hillary
Hillary
Bill Clinton
Hillary Rodham
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Bill Clinton
Clinton
Hillary Clinton
Hillary
Clinton
Hillary
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Bill Clinton
Hillary
Hillary
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Clinton
Bill Clinton
Clinton
Clinton