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<mask> (born 1967), also known as Hassan Zumiri, is an Algerian citizen who was for seven years a legal resident of Canada, where he lived in Montreal. He and his Canadian wife moved to Afghanistan in July 2001. They were separated when trying to leave in November 2001 and <mask> was arrested and turned over to United States forces. He was transferred to the United States Guantanamo Bay detention camp in 2002, where he was detained for eight years without charge. Ahmed Ressam, the terrorist convicted in 2001 of planning the foiled Millennium bombing of the Los Angeles Airport, alleged that <mask> had been involved in the plot. In late 2006, he recanted his accusation entirely. In January 2010, <mask> was freed from Guantanamo Bay and repatriated to Algeria.Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born in Algeria, where he was raised as a Muslim. As a young man he emigrated to Canada. Emigration to Canada
He settled in Montreal in 1994 and became a legal resident. He married Karina Dereshteanu, a Canadian woman, in 1997. Move to Afghanistan
In about June 2001, the couple moved to Afghanistan. As fighting increased, in November, they decided to leave because Karina was pregnant. They decided to separate, as they had heard that women and children were being permitted to enter Pakistan safely.They did not see each other again until 2010, years after their son Karim was born. Karina <mask> believes that bounty hunters picked up her husband and sold him to the Americans, as was commonly done. Interrogated by Canadian Security officials in Guantanamo
Zemiri was transferred by the Americans to Guantanamo in 2002. Ahmed Ressam, who had been convicted in 2001 of planning the Millennium bombing of the Los Angeles Airport, alleged that Zemiri was involved in the plot. In 2004, <mask> was interrogated at Guantanamo by officials of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS), after the Canadian government had been informed of his detention. They also interviewed Djamel Ameziane, an Algerian, and Mohamedou Ould Slahi, a Mauritanian, who also were Canadian residents before being captured in Afghanistan and sent to Guantanamo. While some detainees had reported seeing Canadian officials, the government originally denied it.These accounts were not confirmed until July 2008, after the Canadian Supreme Court ordered the release of certain materials related to the case of the Canadian citizen Omar Khadr, then still a detainee at Guantanamo. The Canadian government was reviewing the role of its CSIS agents, as it was concerned they may have colluded with the US during interrogation under torture. In addition, the US Supreme Court had held that the government was illegally detaining persons at Guantanamo in the period when the CSIS agents had interviewed residents there. On July 27, 2008, Michelle Shephard, writing in the Toronto Star, reported that Canadian security officials had interviewed <mask> and two others at Guantanamo in addition to Khadr. Writ of habeas corpus
In Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004), the United States Supreme Court ruled that detainees had the right to review of their cases before an impartial tribunal to determine if they were enemy combatants. The Center for Constitutional Rights organized a program of finding United States lawyers who would agree to serve as the lawyers for Guantanamo captives, while serving writs of habeas corpus on their behalf in federal district court to challenge their detention. Lawyers from the firm Fredrikson & Byron of Minneapolis agreed to serve pro bono to represent <mask> <mask> and met with him in 2005.In the petition for habeas corpus, they asserted that their client had not been a member of the Taliban, al-Qaeda or other terrorist groups; "had no military or terrorist training, and has neither caused nor tried to harm American personnel or property." To respond to the Court, the Bush administration established Combatant Status Review Tribunals, and from the fall of 2004 through 2005, conducted reviews of detainee cases. In part because of the allegations by Ressam that Zemiri was involved in the LAX plot, although he denied it, the U.S. designated Zemiri as an unlawful enemy combatant and recommended his continued detention. Combatant Status Review

Administrative Review Board

Detainees whose Combatant Status Review Tribunal labeled them "enemy combatants" were scheduled for annual Administrative Review Board hearings. These hearings were designed to assess the threat a detainee might pose if released or transferred, and whether there were other factors that warranted his continued detention. Recanting of Millennium plot
In January 2007, the press reported that Ahmed Ressam, who had been convicted in 2001 of planning the Millennium bombing and alleged that Zemiri was involved in the plot, wrote a letter in November 2006 to the U.S. District Court Judge John C. Coughenour. He said he wanted to "clarify" his allegations against Zemiri and recanted his previous accusations.Coughenour was the Judge who sentenced Ressam. Ressam wrote:
"Mr. Hassan Zemiry is innocent and has no relation or connection to the operation I was about to carry out. He also did not know anything about it and he did not assist me in anything, It is true that I have borrowed some money and a camera from him, but this was only a personal loan between me and him. It has nothing to do with my case..."

Ressam explained he had offered false information because he "was in shock and had a severe psychological disorder." Ressam was sentenced to 22 years imprisonment. Reporters suggested at the time of his trial that he was at risk for a life sentence, which was reduced because he cooperated by naming other suspects, such as Zemiri. According to Jim Dorsey, Zemiri's lawyer, "This letter undercuts what is the most damning allegation against my client by far."Dorsey forwarded a copy of Ressam's letter to American military officials at Guantanamo. Appeal through the Canadian Justice system
In preparing their habeas corpus cases, the attorneys for <mask> <mask> and Mohammedou Slahi, a Mauritanian national who also lived in Canada, appealed through the Canadian Justice system for the release of classified documents about the two men. They were trying to gain access to information gathered by Canada. Both men had been interviewed by Canadian security officials before they went to Afghanistan. The men's lawyers argued that the notes from the men's Canadian interviews would have been used by the United States in building its dossiers against the two men. They had requested the Canadian evidence in order to make their case for the men's freedom in the US Justice system. In 2009, Justice Edmond Blanchard ruled that since the men were not Canadian citizens, and their connection to Canada was "tenuous", the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms did not apply to them.In a different case, the Supreme Court of Canada had ruled that the Canadian government should publish classified documents which the United States had shared about the Canadian citizen Omar Khadr. Nathan Whitling, one of the men's Canadian lawyers, predicted that the men's American habeas corpus cases in the United States would be heard before the appeal he planned of Blanchard's ruling could get through the court. Return to Algeria
<mask> <mask> and Adil Hadi al Jazairi Bin Hamlili were returned to Algeria on January 20, 2010, as their country of origin and citizenship. Carol Rosenberg, writing in the Miami Herald, reported that it was not clear whether the two men had been sent home as free men, or whether they were transferred to Algerian security custody. She noted that two other Algerians, former detainees, had been granted asylum in France, because they had reason to fear a return home. References

External links
 Two Algerian Torture Victims Are Freed from Guantánamo, Andy Worthington, 25 January 2010

1967 births
Living people
People from Algiers
Algerian extrajudicial prisoners of the United States
Guantanamo detainees known to have been released
Algerian torture victims
Algerian emigrants to Canada
Algerian emigrants to France

masks:
Ahcene Zemiri
Zemiri
Zemiri
Zemiri
Ahcene
Zemiri
Zemiri
Zemiri
Zemiri
Ahcene
Zemiri
Ahcene
Zemiri
Ahcene
Zemiri


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Stephen "<mask>" Eatinger (born March 1, 1975), known by his stage name <mask>, is an American country music artist, who won the second season of the U.S. The X Factor in 2012, securing a $5 million recording contract with Syco Music and RCA Records Nashville. After touring with a band for several years immediately after high school, <mask> returned to Missouri to settle down and raise his young family, working in the city of Raymore. He joined a local band in 2005 and formed his own band in 2008, releasing an independent album and touring on weekends and holidays. In early 2012, he auditioned for The X Factor, progressing through the various stages of the competition, until winning on December 20, 2012. He released his debut album in 2013. Early life
<mask> moved from Texas to Belton, Missouri as a child and grew up there, graduating from Belton High School in 1994.His father Steve had played the drums with a country band in Texas. He also was a construction worker. Music career

1994–2000: Career beginnings and Dixie Cadillacs
<mask> adopted his stage name when he was a young singer in the 1990s. He released a single in 1994 entitled "It Sure Looks Good On You". Immediately after graduating high school, he began to tour as lead singer for a country band of five called the Dixie Cadillacs. The band released an album in June 1996 under Calf Creek Records under their band name. After touring for several years, <mask> returned to Missouri to settle down and raise his young family, working for the city of Belton, Missouri taking a construction job and later a job in the city's water department and later its street department repairing roads.2005–2008: Outlaw Junkies and <mask> Stevens Band
Around 2005, he became the lead singer of the band Outlaw Junkies with Steve Koken and Robert Harmon. He left that band in 2008 to form the Tate Stevens Band, a six-man ensemble that has toured extensively in the Midwest on weekends and vacations. He also wrote songs and released an independent album in 2008. 2012: The X Factor
In 2012, <mask> auditioned  in Kansas City, Missouri for season 2 of The X Factor singing Randy Houser's "Anything Goes" in front of judges L.A. Reid, Demi Lovato, Britney Spears and temporary judge Louis Walsh, who was sitting in for Simon Cowell. He was selected to go to boot camp where he had to sing for survival singing "Nobody Knows" against Willie Jones. He was selected to be part of the judges' houses stage competing in the top 24 in the "Over 25s" category and was mentored by L.A. Reid. He sang "Back At One" at Reid's home in front of him and guest judges Justin Bieber and Scooter Braun.Reid ultimately chose <mask> as a part of his top four. On the first live show he sang "Tough", a Craig Morgan song and was saved by his mentor L.A. Reid. On week 2 of the live shows, he performed Bon Jovi's song "Wanted Dead or Alive" and was declared the top of the popular vote in the competition. On Week 3 live show he performed "From This Moment" by Shania Twain again placing as top vote getter for a second week in a row. On week 4 live show he performed "I'm Already There" finishing second in popular vote to Carly Rose Sonenclar; he would remain in second place during the fifth week of live shows as well. During week 6 live show <mask> went "unplugged" with "Livin' on a Prayer" by Bon Jovi (for his acoustic song) and "If Tomorrow Never Comes" by Garth Brooks (chosen by the fans as his Pepsi Challenge song). His performance landed him back at the number one spot again.On the show's final week, <mask> performed "Tomorrow" by Chris Young and was crowned the winner of The X Factor. "Tomorrow" became the official winner's single. Performances on The X Factor
<mask> performed the following songs on The X Factor:

2013–present: <mask>
<mask> was scheduled to move to Nashville, Tennessee in early 2013 to begin working on his debut album, with work on the album reported to begin as soon as January 2, 2013. <mask> has stated that he would like to make a predominantly "fun" record, and hoped to co-write some of the songs. He stated he would like to work with Luke Laird and Kim Tribble. <mask> was signed to RCA Records Nashville on January 15, 2013. He released his debut song "Holler If You're With Me" in a commercial produced by Pepsi, which aired during the 2013 Grammy Awards on February 10, 2013.The full-length music video for the song became available online immediately afterwards. The music video for the song used about 100 extras, and focuses on a "big bonfire party." The music video was filmed in Simi Valley, California. "Power of a Love Song," which was released physically and digitally on March 12, 2013, with "Holler If You're With Me" as a B-side, served as the album's official lead single to country radio. <mask>'s self-titled debut album was released on April 23, 2013. The album debuted at number 18 on the Billboard 200 with 17,000 copies in its first week, and received good reviews from critics. After "Power of a Love Song" reached a peak of number 49 on the Billboard Country Airplay chart, no further singles were released from the album.Subsequently, in August 2013, after winning a record deal with Sony (RCA Nashville), <mask> parted ways with the label. Personal life

<mask> grew up in Belton, Missouri part of greater Kansas City and now lives with his wife Ashlie, whom he met in high school and married in 1997, and their son Hayden and daughter Rylie in Peculiar, Missouri. Discography

Albums

Extended plays

Singles

Other charted songs

Music videos

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
21st-century American singers
Singer-songwriters from Missouri
American country singers
American country singer-songwriters
The X Factor (American TV series) contestants
The X Factor winners
RCA Records Nashville artists
Syco Music artists
People from Belton, Missouri
People from Peculiar, Missouri
Country musicians from Missouri
21st-century American male singers
American male singer-songwriters

masks:
Tater
Tate Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Tate
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Tate Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Stevens
Tate
Stevens
Stevens


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<mask>  (August 7, 1894 – September 6, 2005) was an American veteran of the Second World War and a Buffalo Soldier. Born in Alabama and growing up in Ohio, <mask> joined the 10th Cavalry Regiment when he was only 15 years old, after having been recruited at a Lexington, Kentucky racetrack and having documents forged so that he appeared to meet the minimum age of 17. While stationed in Arizona, he joined General John J. Pershing's Mexico expedition to hunt down Mexican general Pancho Villa. He was later transferred to Virginia, where he took care of President Roosevelt and First Lady Eleanor's horses and was a member of the Buffalo Soldiers' drum and bugle corps. In his late 40s, he served in combat operations in the South Pacific during World War II and achieved the rank of first sergeant. He was noted as an excellent marksman and horse showman. Leaving the United States Army a few years before it was integrated, <mask> then took a job as a security guard in Maryland, rising to the rank of chief of the guards and then retiring in 1970.After the war, he told stories of military experiences and grew to become a symbol of the Buffalo Soldiers. In his later years he met with Bill Clinton and Colin Powell and also dedicated a barracks in Virginia in honor of the Buffalo Soldiers. Having experienced excellent health for most of his life, <mask> died of pneumonia at the age of 111 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. At the time of his death, he was recognized as the oldest living Buffalo Soldier as well as the oldest man, and the second-oldest person, in the District of Columbia. Early life
<mask> was born in Greenville, Alabama and grew up in Mansfield, Ohio. His horse riding career began early, when he would deliver newspapers on the back of a pony. When he was only 15 years old, he met members of the 10th Cavalry, the original Buffalo Soldier unit, while tending to horses on a racetrack in Lexington, Kentucky.Although there is disagreement as to the origins of the name "Buffalo Soldiers," it referred to several segregated units within the United States army. Although the legal age of recruitment was 17 at the time, documents were forged and <mask> signed up to join the army in Columbus, Ohio. Military career
After his training, <mask> was first stationed in Fort Huachuca in Arizona. At the time, the army was still using Native Americans as guides in the western United States. During his tenure in the state, he was regarded as an excellent marksman. Next, he joined General John J. Pershing's campaign into Mexico in 1916 to hunt for Pancho Villa. Although <mask> admitted to never having met Villa, he would claim that "I knew where he was at."During World War I, the battlefields of Europe were not conducive to cavalry; the 10th Regiment performed duty on the border with Mexico, including skirmishes with Mexicans and their German military advisors in the vicinity of Nogales, Arizona. In 1931, he was transferred to Fort Myer in Virginia. While stationed there, <mask> and some of his troops were escorts for King George VI and his wife Queen Elizabeth when they came to visit President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House. He earned acclaim for his horse shows, which helped sell war bonds during World War II and he tended to First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt's personal horses. He also played on the polo team while stationed in the state. He was also a member of the Buffalo Soldiers' drum and bugle corps, and performed at funerals in Arlington National Cemetery, where he himself would later be buried. Since the Army would not allow colored soldiers to be seen at white funerals at this time, he was forced to hide in the woods while playing "Taps".A decade later, he fought in World War II and saw combat action at the Battle of Saipan in the South Pacific. During the conflict, he rose to the rank of First Sergeant. He had originally been sent to train with the Tuskegee Airmen, but was deemed to be too old at the time. Later life

Although there were conflicting reports on whether he retired from the Army in 1947, 1949 or 1950, he left the army only shortly before the Buffalo Soldiers were disbanded as part of President Harry S. Truman's initiative to integrate the Army. His next job was at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda where he worked as a security guard. By the time he retired for a second time, in 1970, he had become the chief of the guards at the institution. He spent much of his spare time fishing, reading the Bible, and recounting tales of his extensive military experiences, which made him a popular and respected figure within the community.His wife of 57 years, Genevieve Hill <mask>, died in 1986 and one of his daughters, Shirley Ann, died two years later. In his old age, he became a symbol for the Buffalo Soldiers. In 1994, he met with President Bill Clinton at the White House. In 1997, at the age of 103, <mask> was present at Arlington National Cemetery for a service honoring the Buffalo Soldiers, where he unveiled a plaque that dedicated his former barracks in honor of the soldiers. For his 108th birthday in 2002, he met with then-United States Secretary of State Colin Powell, where Powell was presented with a portrait of <mask>. He was a member of his local church, a Prince Hall Masonic Temple and the Washington chapter of the 9th and 10th Cavalry Association until his death. Although partially blind from glaucoma by the age of 109 and completely blind from cataracts by 111, he nevertheless retained his memory and good health until his final days; his medical history showed no signs of high blood pressure, heart or kidney trouble or diabetes.He was able to walk without a cane or walker, preferring not to use one, and was able to feed himself, including Cheerios for breakfast, his favorite vanilla ice cream with his other meals and a daily can of Ensure for energy. While he enjoyed recounting tales from his military experience, he never complained about the segregated nature of his unit, preferring instead to focus on his own exploits on the job. <mask> died at the claimed age of 111 of pneumonia in Washington, D.C. At the time of his death, he was recognized as the oldest living former Buffalo Soldier, the oldest man in Washington and the second oldest person in Washington overall behind then oldest American Corinne Dixon Taylor. He was survived by three of his four daughters, his son, nine grandchildren and seventeen great-grandchildren. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in September 2005 and Washington, D.C. Mayor Anthony A. Williams spoke at his funeral, which was also attended by councilman and future mayor Adrian Fenty. See also

Longevity
Supercentenarian

References

1894 births
2005 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
African-American centenarians
American supercentenarians
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Deaths from pneumonia in Washington, D.C.
Last living survivors
People from Greenville, Alabama
People from Mansfield, Ohio
Military personnel from Alabama
United States Army soldiers
Men supercentenarians
Buffalo Soldiers
United States Army personnel of World War I

masks:
Mark Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews
Matthews


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<mask> (October 3, 1934 –  August 5, 2013) was a pioneer in the early space program, designing and flying instruments to detect and measure X-rays and gamma-rays in space, primarily from the Sun. He was the first to suggest the use of an active scintillation shield operated in electronic anticoincidence with the primary detector to reduce the background from cosmic ray interactions, an innovation that made sensitive hard X-ray and gamma-ray astronomy possible. He was an American astrophysicist at Goddard Space Flight Center working as a civil servant for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. During his career, he was the project scientist of the Solar Maximum Mission, principal investigator of six science instruments, the head of the Solar Physics Branch, and the associate director of Space Sciences. <mask> received the John C. Lindsay Memorial Award in 1982 for his role as Project Scientist and one of the prime instigators of the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM). The Lindsay Award is Goddard's highest science award given each year "To recognize the Goddard employee who best exhibits the qualities of broad scientific accomplishments in the area of Space Science." It is named after <mask>, the man who hired <mask> more than twenty years earlier and who was responsible for starting the series of Orbiting Solar Observatories (OSOs) that produced many of the advances in solar physics and astrophysics in the 1960s and '70s.Biography
<mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York, on October 3, 1934, to Casimir and <mask>. He graduated in 1952 from Holy Trinity Diocesan High School (then in Brooklyn, now in Hicksville, NY) and obtained a Bachelor of Science degree from Manhattan College in New York City. He participated in the graduate program in the Physics Department of the University of Rochester in upstate New York for one year but left in 1958 before completing his PhD to take up a position with NASA. He was one of the early hires of this new agency and worked first at the Naval Research Laboratory and then at the newly opened Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, MD. He continued to work at Goddard for his whole career until retiring in 1997. He died, aged 78, on August 5, 2013, at the University of Maryland Medical Center's R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center from complications following a fall at his home in Annapolis, MD. NASA career
The Sun was <mask>'s first and major concern although he was interested in any and all sources of high energy X-ray and gamma-ray photons in space, no matter where in the universe they came from.He was the principal investigator of many flight instruments, all X-ray and gamma-ray spectrometers. He served for several years as head of the Solar High Energy Branch, and went on to help define Goddard's role in the early efforts to do science on the Space Station. He became the associate director of Space Sciences under Steve Holt as the director before retiring in 1997. Science legacy
A total of 130 papers and presentations are listed in NASA ADS with <mask> as co-author with 57 of them refereed and seven of these with him as lead author. Two of his papers have had lasting significance in advancing our understanding of solar flares. The most famous paper, published in 1971, is based on observations of a solar flare with <mask>'s instrument on the fifth Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO-5) and presents "Evidence from Hard X-Rays for Two-Stage Particle Acceleration in a Solar Flare." It is still cited today with a total of 154 citations, with 5 in 2013 alone.A second paper, published in 1969 and entitled "Rapid Fine Structure in a Burst of Hard Solar X-Rays Observed by OSO-5," is less well known but still has 116 citations. Science instruments

Active Anti-coincidence Spectrometers for X-ray and Gamma-ray Observations in Space
At the start of the space program in the late fifties and early sixties, there was the recognition that X-rays and gamma-rays, not detectable from the ground, offered a new window on the universe. These high-energy photons had the potential for enabling new scientific discoveries that could rival or exceed all that had been achieved previously with ground-based optical astronomy. Hence, there was a great demand for flying ever-improving X-ray and gamma-ray instruments to determine the intensity and spectrum of the emission from the Sun and other more distant cosmic sources of this radiation. When the first attempts to detect X-rays and gamma-rays from the Sun, it was found that the background flux in space was of the same order of magnitude as the maximum theoretical estimates for the primary flux. Thus, any detector had to be capable of suppressing this background. Lead shielding to reject this background and provide angular collimation had proved unsuccessful since it generated its own background through interactions with cosmic rays.<mask> was the first to suggest the use of an active scintillation shield around the X-ray/gamma-ray detector with the two connected in electronic anticoincidence to reject unwanted charged particle events and to provide the required angular collimation. The proposed instrument is shown in the figure to the right. <mask> developed this design in collaboration with Laurence E. Peterson, then at the University of Minnesota, who had been working independently on a similar idea. Together they built an instrument of this type and flew it on a high-altitude balloon to near the top of the atmosphere over Minneapolis on June 10, 1962. They were able to demonstrate the instrument's performance and establish upper limits on the flux of gamma-rays from the quiet (non-flaring) Sun between 160 and 800 keV that were "considerably below those previously available." Actively shielded X-ray and gamma-ray spectrometers of this type became the standard for making high sensitivity observations of solar and cosmic sources, and variations on this basic technique are still being used today. The Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO) Series
Frost was the PI for active anticoincidence spectrometers on four of the eight Orbiting Solar Observatories, namely the OSO-1, 2, 5, and 8.All the instruments were X-ray and gamma-ray spectrometers of the same basic design with an active anticoincidence collimator that <mask> had originally suggested. Laurence E. Peterson at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD), Edward Chupp at the University of New Hampshire (UNH), and others, developed similar instruments that were flown on OSO-1, 3, and 7, so that there was an X ray and gamma-ray spectrometer on almost every one of the eight OSOs. The Solar Maximum Mission (SMM)
<mask> was the NASA Project Scientist for the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) that was launched on 14 February 1980. In 1984, the project included the first recorded in-orbit repair using the Space Shuttle STS-41C. SMM continued to operate until re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere on 2 December 1989. It included seven instruments specifically selected to provide coordinated observations of solar activity, particularly solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). <mask> was PI of the Hard X-Ray Burst Spectrometer (HXRBS) that measured the hard X-ray spectrum of thousands of solar flares with high time resolution.HXRBS observations became widely used as the primary indicator of energetic electrons in solar flares. Many scientists, including those outside the immediate PI team, used HXRBS X-ray time histories and spectra of the flares they were interested in. The observations confirmed the energetic importance of accelerated electrons in solar flares, and for a decade they became the standard measure of solar hard X-ray emission. The free access to HXRBS data greatly increased the influence and importance of this relatively simple spectrometer that was, in fact, the back-up unit from <mask>'s OSO-5 spectrometer flown some ten years earlier. Legacy
An important legacy of <mask> is his contributions to the early days of solar physics observations from space. There are many other papers in the literature with important science results based on the analysis of data from <mask>'s instruments but his role is not always made clear. <mask> achieved approval for a large number of scientific instruments being added to various OSO spacecraft.Thus, one of his greatest contributions is generally considered to be his advocacy role in solar physics. He devised and advocated for new instruments and new missions that could be successfully approved by the political process. <mask>'s greatest legacy to science was his role in instigating and ushering in the Solar Maximum Mission. While it did not achieve the goal he had hoped for of revealing a complete understanding of solar flares, it did set the foundation on which all future solar space missions depend. References

1934 births
2013 deaths
American astrophysicists
Manhattan College alumni
University of Rochester alumni
NASA people
People from Brooklyn
Scientists from New York City
20th-century American scientists

masks:
Kenneth John Frost
Frost
John Lindsay
Frost
Frost
Edna Frost
Frost
Frost
Frost
Frost
Frost
Frost
Frost
Frost
Frost
Frost
Frost
Frost
Frost


text_chunks:
<mask> (16 February 1872 – 5 April 1940) was a Swiss civil engineer who revolutionized the use of structural reinforced concrete with such designs as the three-hinged arch and the deck-stiffened arch for bridges, and the beamless floor slab and mushroom ceiling for industrial buildings. His Salginatobel (1929–1930) and Schwandbach (1933) bridges changed the aesthetics and engineering of bridge construction dramatically and influenced decades of architects and engineers after him. In 1991 the Salginatobel Bridge was declared an International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 6 February 1872 in Bern, Switzerland. He attended the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich and studied structural engineering at Zurich ETH from 1890 to 1894, lectures by Wilhelm Ritter on graphical statics forming part of the curriculum. Maillart did not excel in academic theories, but understood the necessity to make assumptions and visualize when analyzing a structure. A traditional method prior to the 1900s was to use shapes that could be analyzed easily using mathematics.This overuse of mathematics annoyed Maillart, as he greatly preferred to stand back and use common sense to predict full-scale performance. Also, as he rarely tested his bridges prior to construction, only upon completion would he verify the bridge was adequate. He often tested his bridges by crossing them himself. This attitude towards bridge design and construction was what provided him with his innovative designs. Career

Maillart returned to Bern to work for three years with Pümpin & Herzog (1894–1896). He next worked for two years with the city of Zurich, then for a few years with a private firm there. By 1902, Maillart established his own firm, Maillart & Cie.In 1912 he moved his family with him to Russia while he managed construction of major projects for large factories and warehouses in Kharkov, Riga and St. Petersburg, as Russia was industrializing, with the help of Swiss investments. Unaware of the outbreak of World War I, Maillart was caught in the country with his family. In 1916 his wife died, and in 1917 the Communist Revolution and nationalizing of assets caused him to lose his projects and bonds. When the widower Maillart and his three children returned to Switzerland, he was penniless and heavily in debt to Swiss banks. After that he had to work for other firms, but the best of his designs were still to come. By 1920 he moved to an engineering office in Geneva, which later had offices in Bern and Zurich. Development and use of reinforced concrete
The first use of concrete as a major bridge construction material was in 1856.It was used to form a multiple-arch structure on the Grand Maître Aqueduct in France. The concrete was cast in its crudest form, a huge mass without reinforcement. Later in the nineteenth century, engineers explored the possibilities of reinforced concrete as a structural material. They found that the concrete carried compressive forces, while steel bars carried the tension forces. This made concrete a better material for structures. Joseph Monier, from France, is credited with being the first to understand the principles of reinforced concrete. He embedded an iron-wire mesh into concrete.He was a gardener, not a licensed engineer, and sold his patents to contractors who built the first generation of reinforced concrete bridges in Europe. He also perfected the technique of pre-stressing concrete, which leaves permanent compressive stresses in concrete arches. By the early twentieth century, reinforced concrete became an acceptable substitute in construction for all previous structural materials, such as stone, wood, and steel. People such as Monier had developed useful techniques for design and construction, but no one had created new forms that showed the full aesthetic nature of reinforced concrete. <mask>t had an intuition and genius that exploited the aesthetic of concrete. He designed three-hinged arches in which the deck and the arch ribs were combined, to produce closely integrated structures that evolved into stiffened arches of very thin reinforced concrete and concrete slabs. The Salginatobel Bridge (1930) and Schwandbach Bridge (1933) are classic examples of Maillart's three-hinged arch bridges and deck-stiffened arch bridges, respectively.They have been recognized for their elegance and their influence on the later design and engineering of bridges. These designs went beyond the common boundaries of concrete design in Maillart's time. Both of the bridges mentioned above are great examples of Maillart's ability to simplify design in order to allow for maximum use of materials and to incorporate the natural beauty of the structure's environment. Selected from among 19 entrants in a design competition in part because of the low cost of his proposal, Maillart began construction of the Salginatobal Bridge in Schiers, Switzerland in 1929; it opened on 13 August 1930. Maillart is known also for his revolutionary column design in a number of buildings. He constructed his first mushroom ceiling for a warehouse in Zurich, together with treating the concrete floor as a slab, rather than reinforcing it with beams. One of his most famous is the design of the columns in the water filtration plant in Rorschach, Switzerland.Maillart decided to abandon standard methods in order to create "the more rational and more beautiful European method of building". <mask>'s design of the columns included flaring the tops to reduce the bending moment in the beams between the columns. With the flare, the columns formed slight arches to transfer the loads from the ceiling beams to the columns. Maillart also flared the bottom of the columns to reduce the pressure (force per area) on a certain point of the soil foundation. By flaring the bottoms of the columns, the area of the load was more widely distributed, therefore reducing the pressure over the soil foundation. Many of his predecessors had modeled by this method using wood and steel, but Maillart was revolutionary in being the first to use concrete. He used concrete because it could support a large mound of earthen material for insulation against freezing.Since concrete is very good in compression situations, it was the perfect material to support a large, unmoving mass of earth. His technique was used to build the Ponte Del Ciolo (Ciolo's Bridge), which is located at Ciolo in Apulia. Legacy and honors
 1936, elected as Fellow to Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA)
 1947, an exhibit on <mask> at the Museum of Modern Art in New York featured his bridges and design work
 Salginatobel Bridge was designated a Swiss heritage site of national significance. 1991, the American Society of Civil Engineers declared the Salginatobel Bridge an International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark. 2001, the British trade journal, Bridge – Design and Engineering, voted Maillart's Salginatobel Bridge "the most beautiful bridge of the century". Analytical methods
By the second half of the nineteenth century, major advances in design theory, graphic statics, and knowledge of material strengths had been achieved. As the nineteenth century neared its end, the major factor contributing to the need for scientific design of bridges was the railroads.Engineers had to know the precise levels of stresses in bridge members, in order to accommodate the impact of trains. The first design solution was obtained by Squire Whipple in 1847. His major breakthrough was that truss members could be analyzed as a system of forces in equilibrium. This system, known as the "method of joints," permits the determination of stresses in all known members of a truss if two forces are known. The next advance in design was the "method of sections," developed by Wilhelm Ritter in 1862. Ritter simplified the calculations of forces by developing a very simple formula for determining the forces in the members intersected by a cross-section. A third advance was a better method of graphical analysis, developed independently by James Clerk Maxwell (UK) and Karl Culmann.(Switzerland). <mask>t learned the analytical methods of his era, but he was most influenced by the principles developed by his mentor, Wilhelm Ritter, mentioned above. Maillart studied under Ritter, who had three basic principles of design. The first of these was to value calculations based on simple analysis, so that appropriate assumptions could be made based on common sense. The second was to consider carefully the construction process of the structure, not just the final product. The last principle was to test a structure always with full-scale load tests. All these principles are an adaptation of the available techniques, but with an emphasis on the careful study of previously built structures.At the time of Maillart and Ritter, other designers preferred that their designs evolve from previously successful structures and designs. German engineers and scientists had developed elaborate mathematical techniques, and were confident that they did not need practical load tests of their designs developed using those techniques. However, these techniques did not encourage designers to think of unusual shapes, because those shapes could not be completely analyzed using the available mathematical techniques. Ritter's principles did allow for uncommon shapes. Bridges
Tavanasa Bridge
Arve Bridge
Zuoz Bridge
Stauffacher Bridge
Salginatobel Bridge
Schwandbach Bridge
Bohlbach Bridge
Rossgraben Bridge
Traubach Bridge

See also
Mike O'Callaghan – Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge (2010), United States

References

Sources
 ASCE, Notable Engineers - <mask>t, History and Heritage of Civil Engineering, undated
 Bill, Max, <mask>t Bridges and Constructions, Verlag für Architektur, Zurich, 1949
 Billington, David P., <mask>t’s Bridges: The Art of Engineering, Princeton University Press, 1978
 Billington, David P., <mask>t and the Art of Reinforced Concrete, Architectural History Foundation, 1991
 Billington, David P., <mask>t: Builder, Designer, and Artist, Cambridge University Press, 1997
 Billington, David P., The Art of Structural Design: A Swiss Legacy, Princeton University Press, 2003
 DeLony, E., Context for World Heritage Bridges, ICOMOS and TICCIH, 1996
 Molgaard, John, "The Engineering Profession", lecture to Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1995
 Laffranchi, Massimo and Peter Marti. "<mask>t's curved concrete arch bridges", Journal of Structural Engineering 123.10 (1997): 1280 Academic Search Elite. 8 February 2007
 Fausto Giovannardi  "<mask> Maillart e l'emancipazione del cemento armato", Fausto Giovannardi, Borgo San Lorenzo, 2007.External links

"Maillart's Bridges" documentary by Heinz Emigholz
Structurae web page with list of works

Swiss civil engineers
1872 births
1940 deaths
Bridge engineers
Concrete pioneers
Structural engineers
20th-century Swiss engineers

masks:
Robert Maillart
Robert Maillart
Robert Maillar
Maillart
Robert Maillart
Robert Maillar
Robert Maillar
Robert Maillar
Robert Maillar
Robert Maillar
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Robert Maillar
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<mask> (born June 23, 1997) is a Canadian professional ice hockey winger currently playing  for the Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was part of the Canadian gold medal-winning team at the 2015 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. <mask> was the Florida Panthers' first round selection in the 2015 NHL Draft and was traded to the Coyotes in August 2016 where he is affectionately nicknamed "The Sheriff" by the team and fans. Early life
<mask> was born on June 23, 1997, in Mount Brydges, Ontario, the youngest child of Mike, a minor ice hockey coach, and Kristen, a school principal. <mask>'s grandfather was a devoted professional baseball fan who took his grandson to many Montreal Expos games and trips to other ballparks. While <mask> played some baseball as a first and third baseman, he also played lacrosse and ice hockey, and devoted himself to the last of the three as an adolescent. <mask> met his best friend, future National Hockey League (NHL) player Travis Konecny, while the two were trying out for the same hockey team at the age of six.The pair went on to play on the same offensive line on their minor hockey team, the Elgin-Middlesex Chiefs of the Alliance Hockey organization, with <mask> at centre and Konecny on the wing. <mask> was the third-highest scoring Alliance Hockey skater in the 2012–13 season, with 22 goals and 50 points in 27 regular-season games. He received a four-game suspension during the Alliance Hockey playoffs, but returned to score a hat-trick and two additional assists, helping Elgin-Middlesex to defeat Kitchener 9–3 and send the Chiefs to the finals. The Chiefs swept Waterloo 4–0 in the Alliance championships, and <mask> added another four goals and two assists in five OHL Cup games. Playing career

<mask> was selected by the Kingston Frontenacs of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL) in the first round, fifth overall, in the 2013 OHL Priority Selection. In the 2013–14 season, <mask> appeared in his first career OHL game on September 19, 2013, scoring his first career goal in that game against Andrew D'Agostini in the Frontenacs 11–4 win over the Peterborough Petes. On October 4, 2013, <mask> recorded his first multi-goal game of his junior career, scoring twice in a 7–4 win over the Ottawa 67's.On March 4, 2014, <mask> had a season high four point game, scoring two goals and adding two assists, as Kingston lost to the Barrie Colts 7–5. Overall, <mask> finished the 2013–14 season with 15 goals and 27 points in 63 games, helping the Frontenacs into the playoffs. In seven post-season games, <mask> was limited to one assist, as the Frontenacs were upset by the Peterborough Petes in the first round. <mask> improved during his second season with the Fronteancs in 2014–15. He recorded his first career OHL hat-trick on November 28, 2014, scoring three goals against goaltender Dawson Carty of the Kitchener Rangers in a 5–0 Frontenacs victory. He played in 56 games with Kingston, scoring 29 goals and 51 points. On March 29, 2015, <mask> scored his first career OHL playoff goal against Jake Smith of the North Bay Battalion in a 3-2 loss.Overall, in four playoff games, <mask> scored two goals and three points, as the Frontenacs were swept by the Battalion in the Eastern Conference quarter-finals. <mask> returned to the Frontenacs for a third season in 2015–16, and <mask> once again saw an improvement in his offensive numbers. On March 5, he scored a hat-trick (as well as adding one assist) in a 7–2 win over the Flint Firebirds. Overall, in 49 games, he scored 23 goals and 62 points. <mask> opened the post-season with a three point game, scoring a goal and adding two assists in a 6-0 win over the Oshawa Generals. On March 26, <mask> scored his first multi-goal playoff game, scoring twice against Justin Nichols of the Oshawa Generals in a 7-3 win. In nine post-season games, <mask> scored seven goals and 11 points, as Kingston lost to the Niagara IceDogs in the Eastern Conference semi-finals.Professional
<mask> was drafted 11th overall in the 2015 NHL Entry Draft by the Florida Panthers. On July 15, 2015, the Panthers signed <mask> to a three-year, entry-level contract. The Panthers assigned <mask> to his junior hockey team, the Kingston Frontenacs, for the 2015–16 season. When the Frontenacs were eliminated from the OHL playoffs, Florida assigned <mask> to their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Portland Pirates, for the remainder of the season. In his first career AHL game, <mask> was held off the scoresheet in a 3–2 loss to the Springfield Falcons. Overall, he appeared in two games with the Pirates, scoring no points. Arizona Coyotes
On August 25, 2016, <mask> was traded (along with Dave Bolland) to the Arizona Coyotes for a conditional second-round pick in 2017 and a third-round pick in 2018.Following an impressive training camp and pre-season, <mask> made the Coyotes regular season roster. On October 15, <mask> made his NHL debut, as he was held off the score sheet in a 4–3 victory over the Philadelphia Flyers. On November 1, <mask> scored his first career NHL goal against Martin Jones of the San Jose Sharks in a 3–2 win. On January 31, <mask> recorded his first career multi-point game, earning two assists in a 3–2 loss to the Los Angeles Kings. <mask> finished his rookie season by appearing in 72 games, scoring 5 goals and 12 points. <mask> began the 2017–18 season with the Coyotes. However, after struggling during the early part of the season, <mask> was reassigned to the Coyotes' AHL affiliate, the Tucson Roadrunners.In Tucson, <mask> earned an assist in his first game, as the Roadrunners defeated the Iowa Wild 4–1 on October 27. On November 11, <mask> scored his first two goals of the season in a 4–1 win over the Bakersfield Condors. Later in the season, <mask> recorded his first career three point game in the AHL, scoring two goals and an assist in a 5–3 win against the San Diego Gulls. In 56 games with the Roadrunners, <mask> scored 15 goals and 32 points. In the playoffs, <mask> appeared in his first career AHL playoff game on April 19, earning an assist in a 4–2 win over the San Jose Barracuda. In game three of the series, on April 25, <mask> scored his first career AHL playoff goal against Antoine Bibeau of the Barracuda in a 6–0 Roadrunners victory. <mask> played the entire 2018–19 season with Arizona, appearing in 81 games, while scoring an NHL career high 11 goals and 25 points.<mask> also accumulated a team high in penalty minutes with 67. On June 2, 2019, <mask>, a restricted free agent, re-signed with the Coyotes on a 3-year, $4.6 million contract, worth an average annual value of $1.53 million. Personal life
Both of <mask>'s older sisters, Sara and Kyla, also grew up playing ice hockey. While her brother was playing for Kingston, Kyla committed to play college ice hockey as a winger for the Golden Gaels of Queen's University at Kingston. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honours

References

External links

1997 births
Arizona Coyotes players
Florida Panthers draft picks
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Kingston Frontenacs players
Living people
National Hockey League first round draft picks
People from Strathroy-Caradoc
Portland Pirates players
Tucson Roadrunners players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers

masks:
Lawson Crouse
Crouse
Crouse
Crouse
Crouse
Crouse
Crouse
Crouse
Crouse
Junior Crouse
Crouse
Crouse
Crouse
Crouse
Crouse
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Major General <mask> (January 30, 1913 – November 11, 2004) was a highly decorated United States Marine Corps officer who earned two Navy Crosses, one during World War II and a second during the Korean War. He retired from active duty on August 1, 1968. As a lieutenant colonel on Saipan during World War II, General <mask> was awarded his first Navy Cross for extraordinary heroism under fire, June 15, 1944, while commanding the 2nd Battalion 6th Marines, 2nd Marine Division. He was the inspiration for the battalion commander in Leon Uris'1953 novel Battle Cry. During the Korean War, he was twice again cited for extraordinary heroism, earning the Army Distinguished Service Cross during the period of November 29 to December 4, 1950, and a second Navy Cross on December 6 and 7, 1950, as commander of the 5th Marines, 1st Marine Division (Reinforced). Marine Corps career

Early years
On July 9, 1935, following graduation from Texas A&M College, he accepted his commission as a Marine second lieutenant. After completing the Basic School at the Philadelphia Navy Yard in March 1936, Lieutenant <mask> joined the 2nd Marine Brigade in San Diego, California.Embarking with the brigade for China in September 1937, he served for a short time with the 2nd Battalion in Shanghai. In January 1938, he joined the Marine detachment at the American Embassy in Peiking. He was promoted to first lieutenant in August 1938. Upon his return to San Diego in September 1940, he again saw duty with the 2nd Brigade. While there, he was promoted to captain in March 1941. That May, Captain <mask> sailed for duty in Iceland with the 6th Marines (Reinforced), 1st Provisional Marine Brigade. Duri <mask>, Zona High Pockets: The Man, The Marine, The Legend An Autobiography Of Major General Raymond Murray
Page Publishing Inc, 16 Jan 2020</ref>.He later graduated from the British Force Tactical School. After the brigade was disbanded, he returned to San Diego in April 1942, and the following month was promoted to major. World War II
In October 1942, Major <mask> embarked with the 6th Marines for the Pacific theatre. For conspicuous gallantry on Guadalcanal in January 1943, as commander of the 2nd Battalion 6th Marines, he was awarded his first Silver Star. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in June 1943. Lieutenant Colonel <mask> was awarded a second Silver Star Medal for conspicuous gallantry while commanding the same unit on Tarawa in November 1943. Serving in this same capacity on Saipan, his heroism in remaining at his post although seriously wounded and continuing to direct his battalion during the initial assault, earned him his first Navy Cross on June 15, 1944.Returning to the United States in August 1944, Lieutenant Colonel <mask> entered the Command and Staff School at Quantico the following month. After brief duty as an instructor, he was named assistant chief of staff, G-3, 1st Special Marine Brigade, moving with the brigade to Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, in February 1946. In October 1946, he departed for duty in the Pacific area as deputy chief of staff, Headquarters Marine Garrison Forces, Pacific, and the following April was named Inspector of Marine Garrison Forces. He returned to Quantico in July 1948 for temporary duty on the Marine Corps Board at Marine Corps Schools. Transferred to Camp Pendleton, California in January 1949, Lieutenant Colonel <mask> served consecutively as assistant chief of staff, G-4; as commanding officer, 3rd Marine Regiment; and as executive officer, 5th Marine Regiment, 1st Marine Division. Korean War
In July 1950, when the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade was formed for duty in Korea, he was ordered overseas with the 5th Marine Regiment which was to be the nucleus for the brigade. As Commanding Officer, 5th Marines, he was awarded his third and fourth Silver Star Medals (Army) and the Legion of Merit during action in August and September 1950.With his unit, he participated in the battles of the Naktong River perimeter, Wolmi-Inchon, Seoul and Wonsan; and in the Marine advance north toward the Yalu River. He was subsequently awarded the Army Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism in the 1st Division's historic breakout from the Chosin Reservoir area to the sea at Hamhung, and two days later took part in the action which earned him his second Navy Cross. Shortly afterward, with his regiment committed to fighting on the Central Korean front, he was advanced to the rank of colonel, in January 1951. Post-war years

Following his return from Korea, Colonel <mask> served from May until August 1951 at Headquarters Marine Corps, Washington, D. C., then entered the National War College. On completing the course in June 1952, he saw two years duty as commanding officer, The Basic School, Marine Corps Schools, Quantico. In July 1954, he was ordered to the Marine Corps Base, Camp Pendleton. Colonel <mask> remained at Camp Pendleton four years, serving first as commanding officer, 1st Infantry Training Regiment, until February 1955; then as chief of staff of the Marine Corps Base, until July 1957.During his final year there, he was assigned to the 1st Marine Division, serving as Division Inspector, chief of staff, and assistant chief of staff, respectively. In July 1958, he assumed duties as chief of staff, Marine Corps Base, Camp Lejeune. He was promoted to brigadier general in June 1959. General <mask> departed for Okinawa, Japan, in July 1959, assuming duties as assistant division commander, 3rd Marine Division, in August 1959. In July 1960, he reported to Camp Pendleton, as Deputy Base Commander, and subsequently, in March 1961, became commanding general of the Marine Corps Base, Camp Pendleton. He served in the latter capacity until June 1962. On July 1, 1962, he began a two-year assignment as commanding general, Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island.While serving in this capacity, he was promoted to major general on February 1, 1963. Transferred to Headquarters Marine Corps in June 1964, General <mask> was assigned as Inspector General of the Marine Corps. In August 1966, he assumed duties as assistant chief of staff, C-3. Detached from Headquarters in September 1967, he reported to the Far East the following month and began his last tour of active duty as deputy commander, III Marine Amphibious Force in South Vietnam. He returned to the United States in February 1968 and entered the U.S. Naval Hospital at Bethesda, Maryland, where he remained until he retired from active duty on August l, 1968. <mask> was active in the Marine Corps Oral History Program and received a Certificate of Appreciation from the Commandant of the Marine Corps, Paul X. Kelley in June 1986.He died in 2004 and was buried in Oceanside's Mission San Luis Rey Cemetery. Awards and honors

In 2007 a continuation high school was named after him as Major General <mask> High School. First Navy Cross citation
Citation:

The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Navy Cross to Lieutenant Colonel <mask> <mask> (MCSN: 0-5127), United States Marine Corps, for extraordinary heroism as Commanding Officer of the Second Battalion, Sixth Marines, SECOND Marine Division, in action against enemy Japanese forces during the assault on Saipan, Marianas Islands, on 15 June 1944. Although sustaining two severe and painful wounds which necessitated his crawling from place to place during the initial stages of the landing, Lieutenant Colonel <mask> refused to be evacuated and continued to direct the operations of his Battalion until his condition became so serious from pain and loss of blood that he was ordered to return aboard ship by the Regimental Commander. By remaining at his post, seriously wounded though he was, during the initial and crucial stages of the assault, Lieutenant Colonel <mask> set a fine example for his officers and men and aided materially in overcoming the handicaps resulting from the heavy initial casualties, thereby contributing materially to the success of the operations. His outstanding courage, determination and devotion to duty were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. Second Navy Cross citation
Citation:

The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting a Gold Star in lieu of a Second Award of the Navy Cross to Lieutenant Colonel <mask> <mask> (MCSN: 0-5127), United States Marine Corps, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy of the United Nations while serving as Commanding Officer of the Fifth Marines, FIRST Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against enemy aggressor forces in the Republic of Korea on 6 and 7 December 1950.Charged with the tremendous responsibility of taking over the perimeter defense of Hagaru-ri, and subsequently pressing the attack to Koto-ri in conjunction with another Marine regiment, (the then) Lieutenant Colonel <mask>, with his ranks depleted by casualties and all his officers and men exhausted from several days of fierce fighting in sub-zero temperatures, launched vigorous attacks to the eastward to seize a vital enemy-held ridge and consolidate his positions. Affording protection for the airstrip where approximately one thousand vehicles containing division supplies, ammunition and equipment were assembled, he remained until all the wounded had been evacuated. Before directing his regiment in forming a rear guard for the entire column. Throughout the night, he beat of vicious onslaughts continuously launched by the enemy and, on the following morning, carried out a brilliantly executed counterattack, taking two hundred prisoners and leaving an ineffective and decimated enemy in his wake as he continued on to his destination, arriving that evening with units intact and ready to continue the attack to the south. By his great personal valor, daring combat tactics and superb leadership throughout this bitter offensive and defensive action, Lieutenant Colonel <mask> served as a constant inspiration to his regiment in completing this extremely hazardous mission against tremendous odds, and his courageous devotion to duty reflects the highest credit upon himself, his gallant officers and men, and the United States Naval Service. Distinguished Service Cross citation
Citation:

The President of the United States of America, under the provisions of the Act of Congress approved July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Service Cross to Lieutenant Colonel <mask> <mask> (MCSN: 0-5127), United States Marine Corps, for extraordinary heroism in connection with military operations against an armed enemy of the United Nations while Commanding the Fifth Marines, FIRST Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against enemy aggressor forces in Korea from 29 November to 4 December 1950. Charged with the tremendous responsibility of taking over the perimeter defense of Hagaru-ri, and subsequently pressing the attack to Koto-Ri in conjunction with another Marine regiment, (the then) Lieutenant Colonel <mask>, with his ranks depleted by casualties and all his officers and men exhausted from several days of fierce fighting in sub-zero temperatures, launched vigorous attacks to the eastward to seize a vital enemy-held ridge and consolidate his positions.Affording protection for the airstrip where approximately one thousand vehicles containing division supplies, ammunition and equipment were assembled, he remained until all the wounded had been evacuated before directing his regiment in forming a rear guard for the entire column. Throughout the night, he beat of vicious onslaughts continuously launched by the enemy and, on the following morning, carried out a brilliantly executed counterattack, taking two hundred prisoners and leaving an ineffective and decimated enemy in his wake as he continued on to his destination, arriving that evening with units intact and ready to continue the attack to the south which contributed materially to the successful breakthrough of United Nations Forces in the Chosin Reservoir area and are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service. First Silver Star citation
Citation:

The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star to Major <mask> <mask> (MCSN: 0-5127), United States Marine Corps, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity as Commanding Officer of the Second Battalion, Sixth Marines (Reinforced), in action against enemy Japanese forces on Guadalcanal Island, Solomon Islands, 26 January 1943. When his battalion, maneuvering into a position in the vicinity of the Pha River and the Coast Road, suddenly encountered withering fire from an enemy strong point, Major <mask>, with inspiring leadership and utter disregard for his own personal safety, directed the hazardous advance of his troops to their post and committed them to action. During the remainder of the day and night he was constantly in the most exposed front lines, despite hostile fire from the trees and concealed foxholes, and, through his splendid courage and excellent tactical skill, his command was responsible for the complete destruction or forced retreat of the enemy. Major <mask>'s heroic conduct and valiant devotion to duty contributed greatly to the success of this vital mission and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. Second Silver Star citation
Citation:

The President of the United States of America takes pleasure in presenting a Gold Star in lieu of a Second Award of the Silver Star to Lieutenant Colonel <mask> Leroy <mask> (MCSN: 0-5127), United States Marine Corps, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity as Commanding Officer of the Second Battalion, Sixth Marines, SECOND Marine Division, during action against enemy Japanese forces at Tarawa Atoll, Gilbert Islands, from 24 to 28 November 1943.Landing his battalion on a separate island to prevent the enemy from escaping from the eastern end of Betio, then under attack by our forces, Lieutenant Colonel <mask> fearlessly countered strong hostile resistance when the island was later secured to lead his men in determined attacks against the fanatic Japanese, forcing them to fall back from one island to another until they were destroyed and the Atoll seized and occupied. By his forceful leadership, his valiant fighting spirit and dauntless courage under fire, Lieutenant Colonel <mask> served as an inspiration to his command during the fierce hostilities and contributed materially to the success of our sustained drive against the Japanese in the Pacific War Area. His unwavering devotion to duty throughout was in keeping with the highest traditions of the United States Naval Service. Third Silver Star citation
Citation:

The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster in addition to a previously awarded Gold Star in lieu of a Third Award of the Silver Star (Army Award) to Lieutenant Colonel <mask> <mask> (MCSN: 0-5127), United States Marine Corps, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity while commanding the Fifth Marines, FIRST Marine Division (Reinforced), in action against enemy aggressor forces in the amphibious landing resulting in the capture of Inchon, Korea, on 15 September 1950 in the Inchon-Seoul operation. His actions contributed materially to the success of this operation and were in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service. Fourth Silver Star citation
Citation:

The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting a Second Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster in addition to a previously awarded Gold Star in lieu of a Fourth Award of the Silver Star (Army Award) to Lieutenant Colonel <mask> <mask> (MCSN: 0-5127), United States Marine Corps, for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action against an armed enemy of the United Nations in Korea during the period 3 August to 6 September 1950. While serving as Commanding Officer of the Fifth Marine Regiment, FIRST Marine Division (Reinforced), Colonel Murray displayed exceptional ability in directing the operations of his regiment against organized enemy resistance of superior strength.With complete disregard for his own safety, Colonel <mask> made numerous visits to forward elements of his assault battalions to obtain first hand information necessary for sound tactical judgment in the employment of his regiment. On 11 August, as the regiment was advancing along the road to Sachon, it was halted by heavy enemy fire directed from well concealed emplacements on high ground overlooking the route of movement. Moving up to the front, constantly exposed to enemy small arms fire, Colonel <mask> personally directed the tactical employment of his troops until the situation became stabilized. His cool and positive control of the command, fearless determination, and indomitable courage were an inspirational propellant for his valiantly fighting men and furthered the United Nations campaign for peace. Colonel <mask>, through his valor and notable proficiency as a combat commander, reflects great credit on himself and the military service. See also
Battle of Chosin Reservoir

Autobiography

Notes

References

1913 births
2004 deaths
United States Marine Corps generals
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Korean War
United States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Texas A&M University alumni
People from Los Angeles
Military personnel from California

masks:
Raymond Leroy Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray
Raymond Murray
Raymond Leroy
Murray
Murray
Murray
Raymond Leroy
Murray
Murray
Murray
Raymond Leroy
Murray
Murray
Raymond Leroy
Murray
Murray
Murray
Raymond
Murray
Murray
Murray
Raymond Leroy
Murray
Raymond Leroy
Murray
Murray
Murray
Murray


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<mask> (October 4, 1961) is a French business executive and the current CEO of Fiat and Abarth. He was also FCA Group's chief marketing officer and, as well as a member of the Group Executive Council at Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, positions he has held since September 2011. For his attention to creativity, he has been referred to as "Chrysler's Don Draper". Early life and education
<mask> was born in Paris, and graduated in 1984 from Dauphine University with degrees in management and marketing from CELSA – Sorbonne University (1986) and in Economy and finance from Sciences Po (1988). Prior to starting his career within the automotive industry, he pursued his passion for music and started his own music label in France, later going on to exploit his entrepreneurial nature by working in the export business. This passion for music, together with poetry and photography, accompanies <mask> in his career even nowadays, as witnessed by commercials and special projects in which are involved Jennifer Lopez, Shaggy and Sting among others. Career

Citroën
He entered the car business in 1990 when he was hired by Citroën, quickly climbing the ranks within the organization.In 1999, he was asked by the company to move to Denmark, where he was managing director of Citroën Denmark A/S. In 2001 he was appointed managing director of Citroën Italy. Lancia
After 4 years as the head of Citroën in Italy, willing for a new challenge, <mask> was approached by Sergio Marchionne, then CEO of Fiat Group Automobiles, to become CEO of Lancia Automobiles SPA. Chrysler
In October 2009, post Fiat Group receiving a 20% stake in Chrysler Group LLC, <mask> was appointed president and chief executive officer of the Chrysler brand. He was also the lead marketing executive at Chrysler Group with responsibility for marketing strategies, brand development and advertising for the Chrysler Group (Jeep, Dodge, Chrysler and RAM Trucks), as well as that of the Fiat Group Automobiles brands (Fiat, Alfa Romeo, Maserati, Abarth, Lancia). FCA
In 2011, he was named Chief Marketing Officer of the FCA Group and head of the Fiat Brand, as well as becoming a member of the Group Executive Council (GEC). Since becoming chief marketing officer, <mask> splits his time between Auburn Hills and FCA's Italian headquarters in Turin.As well as chief marketing officer for the Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Group, he is also president of the Fiat Brand Global. Car models unveiled
Under his guidance, FCA have achieved some important results: the iconic 500 enlarged its line up with 500L (in 2012) and 500X (in 2014), consolidating 500 as everlasting and iconic car. During the 2014 Geneve Motor Show an offroad version of Panda, named Cross, was launched: this contributed to keep the model as one of the Italian most sold cars. In 2015 the new Tipo, a compact car assembled at the Tofaş plant in Bursa, Turkey, was launched. It won the Best Buy Car of Europe Award from Autobest, voted by a panel of 26 journalists from 26 European countries. Moreover, in 2016 the 124 spider made its first appearance: it was previously seen at 2015 LA Auto Show. The two passenger roadster recalls, for name and exterior styling, the Fiat 124 Sport Spider designed by Pininfarina and manufactured from 1966 to 1985.In 2019 the electric Fiat Concept Centoventi, translated as hundred and twenty in recognition of the company's 120th anniversary, was unveiled at the Geneve Motor Show. It “reimagines the Fiat Panda supermini as an electric car for the 21st century”. The launch of the new Panda Trussardi in September 2019, has been accompanied by an innovative communication campaign that celebrates its unique style, changing the rules of automotive communications and positioning the new car as a fashion item. Panda Trussardi features in the video clip of Ava Max's new single "Torn", and the spot is “just” a cut from the video clip. The new commercial was directed by Joseph Kahn who directed video clips for artists such as Lady Gaga, Britney Spears, Taylor Swift, Sting and Shaggy. Remarkable commercials and campaigns

Super Bowl commercials
<mask> has often used the Super Bowl commercials renowned as one of the most expensive advertising slots in the world. In 2011 he conceived the Eminem-starring Chrysler Super Bowl commercial "Imported from Detroit", a 2-minute homage to the rebirth of the automotive industry within Detroit.The ad won an Emmy Award as “Outstanding Commercial”. In 2012 he chose Clint Eastwood for a new Chrysler campaign named “Halftime in America”, which was described by the New York Post as “one of the few touchdowns in last night’s advertising Super Bowl” and by CNN Money as “king of the Super Bowl spots”. For the 2014 Super Bowl, <mask> employed Bob Dylan as the testimonial for the launch of the new Chrysler 200. The campaign went further than promoting the car, the brand clearly tried to establish a broader message than the fact that it is associated with Detroit. For the 2015 Super Bowl, a new commercial for Fiat 500X was launched, named “the FIAT Blue Pill” campaign. In the spot, a blue pill transforms a classic 500 into the 500X crossover. This commercial was described as “a clever and humorous way to introduce the 500X”.Other commercials
In 2008, <mask> dedicated a TV commercial for Lancia to Nobel Prize winners. The campaign features some of the major Nobel Prize winners including Lech Walesa, Frederik Willem De Klerk, Mikhail Gorbachev, Tenzin Gyatso XIV Dalai Lama and Aung San Suu Kyi. For the 2014 launch campaign of the Dodge Durango, he cooperated with Paramount Pictures and Will Ferrell (as the fictionary anchor Ron Burgundy). The commercial was used as marketing campaign for the release of the film “Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues.”

In 2016 he worked again with Paramount Pictures, this time cooperating with the star of the film Zoolander 2, Derek Zoolander (played by Ben Stiller) to promote the Fiat 500X. The new spot entitled "Selfie” directed by Jeff Mann was screened for the first time at the Golden Globes ceremony. The campaign went on to receive a gold award for entertainment by the Clio Awards

2017 was 60th birthday of Fiat 500: to mark such a special occasion for the brand <mask> enrolled the Oscar winning American actor and producer, Adrien Brody. The film debuted the celebrative special series, the 500 Anniversario.In 2018, under <mask> supervision, Fiat choose Christopher Lloyd for the new 500X commercial. He reprised his role of Back to The Future‘s Doc Emmett Brown to transport a couple from the 60s to the present days, transforming their classic Fiat into the Fiat 500X modern-day incarnation

In 2019 FCA involved Sting and Shaggy for the new 500X campaign, called “Just one lifetime”, as part of brand 120th anniversary. The campaign was initially conceived as a music video treatment, and it was then re-cut as a 90-second spot. The song was included in the album [‘44/876’], winning the 2018 Grammy Award, as Best Reggae Album. Personal life
<mask> married Italian Pop singer Arianna Bergamaschi, and has four sons: Guillaume, Arnaud, Nicolas and Alexandre. Honor and awards

 2012 Automotive News “Automotive marketer of the year”
 2012 AdWeek's “Grand Brand Genius”
 2012 AdAge's “Marketer of the year”
 2014 Automotive News “Automotive marketer of the year”
 2015 Forbes #4 “most influential CMO”
 2017 Mediapost/Nielsen's “Automotive CMO of the year”. 2018 Billboard's Powerlist

External links

References

Living people
French chief executives
1961 births

masks:
Olivier François
François
François
François
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François
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<mask> (23 November 1917 – 31 December 1986)  was an Indian freedom fighter and politician. He won in a famous electoral malpractice case against the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, which led to her disqualification and imposition of Emergency in India in 1975. He defeated Indira Gandhi during the 1977 Lok Sabha elections. Early life
<mask> was the son of Anant Prasad Singh and was born on 23 November 1917 in an affluent Bhumihar family in the village Motikoat in Varanasi. He was related to the Narayan dynasty, who were the royal family of the Benares State, and he was directly associated with the family of Maharaja Chet Singh and Maharaja Balwant Singh, who were the Maharajas of Benares State, over a century back. He was educated at Banaras Hindu University, and did M.A. and LL.B.Activities during India's Freedom Movement
A Political and Social worker he organized a school for adults, a girls school, a study centre and a labour organization and became member of Congress Socialist Party, in 1934, and National Committee of Students Federation, 1939–44. He was President of the Banaras University Mandal Congress Committee and Member of District Congress Committee (D.C.C.). He was president of Student Congress during 1942 Quit India movement, and led protests in and around Varanasi district in UP. Initially he was "underground" for three months and later arrested on 28 September 1942, during Quit India Movement and detained till 1945. Career after Independence
He was imprisoned 58 times for a period totaling about 15 years in connection with students' and socialist movements. When India became independent,  <mask> joined Socialist Party led by Acharya Narendra Deva, Jayprakash Narayan and Dr Rammanohar Lohia and held many party positions including Secretary of UP Socialist Party, 1948–51. He was very close to his Guru Acharya Narendra Deva and Dr.Rammanohar Lohia.Dr. Lohia described him as "a person who has the heart of a Lion and practices of Gandhi". Dr. Lohia admired him a lot and even said that "if in India there could be just three or four persons like him, dictatorship can never shadow the democracy". He was elected to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 1952 and was Leader of Opposition in the Assembly until 1962. The parties he was affiliated with included CSP (1934–48), Socialist Party (1948–52), Praja Socialist Party (1952–1955), Socialist Party (1956–64), Samyukta Socialist Party (1964–72), Socialist Party (1971–72), Socialist Party (Lohia) (1972–74), Bhartiya Lok Dal, (1974–77), Janata Party (1977–79), Janata Party (Secular) (1979–80), Democratic Socialist Party (1981–83), Janata Party (1983–84), and Socialist Party from 1984 till his death, in 1986. Party positions he held included, Member National Executive, PSP, 1954–55, Chairman, Socialist Party, 1961–64. He was also a member of the Rajya Sabha from 1966–72 and 1974–77. <mask> opposed policies and practices of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and stood (against her) in 1971 Lok Sabha elections from Rai Bareli as an Samyukta Socialist Party Candidate.Although he suffered a defeat from her in 1971 elections, he accused Indira Gandhi of corrupt electoral practices and filed an election petition against her. The Allahabad High Court on 12 June 1975 upheld the accusations and set aside the election of Indira Gandhi and also disqualified her to contest Lok Sabha election for next 6 years, which led to the imposition of Emergency in India. Nationwide protest started and the streets were flooded with people under the leadership of Loknayak Jai Prakash Narayan and <mask>. This was biggest drama of Indian politics after independence, with <mask> as one of the main protagonists. Known as biggest critique and adversary of Indira Gandhi, upon imposition of Emergency, <mask> was immediately arrested and imprisoned on the same day, along with several leading opposition leaders including Jai Prakash Narayan, Morarji Desai, Satyendra Narayan Sinha, Charan Singh, L. K. Advani and Atal Bihari Vajpayee without any advance notice and confined mostly in undisclosed locations. Mrs. Gandhi lifted the state of emergency in January 1977, dissolved Lok Sabha and arranged fresh elections to the body. <mask> joined with other opposition parties to form the Janata alliance to face Mrs. Gandhi's Congress party.<mask> once again stood against her from the Rae Bareli constituency. He defeated her with a margin of more than fifty thousand votes. The Janata alliance also swept the election throughout North India to form the majority in the parliament (Lok Sabha). <mask> reluctantly joined the Morarji Desai government and became Minister of Health and Family Welfare. <mask>'s stint as minister lasted just over a year when he and Charan Singh were asked to resign for criticizing the Janata government. Later on, he demanded that Janata Party members with ties to the Hindu Nationalist, RSS renounce those ties to avoid split loyalties. When this was ignored, he resigned from the party to float a new outfit called Janata Party (Secular).He was able to attract enough defectors from the former socialist and BLD factions to make the Morarji Desai government lose a vote of confidence in the parliament and lose power. <mask>'s performance in the 1977-1979 Janata period has been described as that of Buffoon, practitioner of Guerilla theater, and as a stalking horse for Charan Singh

Raj <mask> had earlier called himself Hanuman to Charan Singh's Ram. He lost the 1980 Lok Sabha election to Kamlapati Tripathi in Varanasi. Later he fell out with his mentor Charan Singh, and <mask> stood against Singh in the Baghpat constituency in 1984. At this time, in his opinion, his Ram turned in to a Ravan and had to be destroyed. Electoral history
 1971 : Lost 1971 Lok Sabha election to Indira Gandhi from Rae Bareli
 1977 : Defeated Indira Gandhi in Rae Bareli
 1980 : Lost to Kamlapati Tripathi from Varanasi seat
 1984 : Lost to Charan Singh from Baghpat seat. Congress was second in this seat.Political associations

Congress Socialist Party (CSP), 1934–48. Inspector of Congress Socialist Party, 1946. District Secretary, Congress Socialist Party (SP), 1946. Member Socialist Party (SP), 1948–52. Secretary, Uttar Pradesh Socialist Party (SP), 1948–51. Convener, ‘Janvani Diwas’ of Socialist Party in Delhi, on 9 June 1951. Member Praja Socialist Party (PSP), 1952–1955.Member National Executive, PSP, 1954–55. Member, Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly and First Leader of Opposition, 1952–1962. Member Socialist Party, 1956–64. (From 1 January 1956 to 9 June 1964) Chairman, Socialist Party, 1961–64. Joined Samyukta Socialist Party (SSP) after the merger of PSP and SP. Member Samyukta Socialist Party (SSP), 1964–72. (9 June 1964 to 12, April 1972)
General Secretary Samyukta Socialist Party (SSP), 1964–66.Member Rajya Sabha, 1966–72. (For SSP)
Member Socialist Party, 1971–72. (After the merger of PSP & SSP)
Revived Socialist Party (Lohia), in 1972 and was its Member, 1972–74. Merged SSP (Lohia) into BKD in 1974 and formed Bhartiya Lok Dal
Member Bhartiya Lok Dal (BLD), 1974–77
Member Rajya Sabha, 1974–77 (As BLD Candidate)

Formed Janata Party in 1977 after the merger of BLD, Bhartiya Jana sangh, Congress (O), Socialist Party and Congress for Democracy (CFD)
Member Janata Party, 1977–79,
Member 6th Lok Sabha, 1977–79. (Defeated Indira Gandhi in 1977)
Member Union Cabinet as Health & Family Welfare Minister. (1977–78), removed from Union Cabinet in January 1979 and later on resigned from Janata Party in 1979. *Formed Janata Party (S) as its President and later as Chairman
Joined Democratic Socialist Party, 1981–83 (With H. N. Bahuguna).Joined Janata Party, 1983–84. With Chandra Shekhar. Contested against former Prime Minister Charan Singh, in 1984 Lok Sabha elections from Baghpat (U.P.) Formed Socialist Party in 1985, and was associated with this party till his death in 1986. Personal life

<mask> was married and had three sons and one daughter. <mask> published ‘Janmukh’-a weekly from Varanasi and has been on the editorial board of ‘Jan’ a monthly established by Dr Rammanohar Lohia. Legacy
A commemorative stamp was released on him by the former Vice President of India, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat on 23 March 2007.In 2012, the then Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Akhilesh Yadav unveiled a statue in his memory at Chandrabhanu Gupta Agriculture college which is close to the state capital Lucknow. Books
 Towards a new health policy, by <mask>. 1977-8 pages. POPLINE Document Number: 783545. Author: NARAIN R. Source citation: New Delhi, India, Department of Family Welfare, www.popline.org/ docs/ 0299/ 783545.html. <mask>'s Heath policy mentioned in Practicing health for all, by David Morley, Jon E. Rohde, Glen Williams. Oxford University Press, 1983 – Medical – 333 pages.<mask>'s Heath policy mentioned in India: health care patterns and planning, by Rais Akhtar. 2004-343 pages. On page no.45 <mask>, were ideologically inclined towards de-professionalization, decentralization, and indigenous systems of medicine. The Janata party manifesto mentioned community health workers, and <mask> adopted it as a personal commitment (Leslie, 1985). See also
State of Uttar Pradesh v. <mask>

Further reading
Apaat Kaal Ka Dhoomketu:<mask>. Author: Dr.Yugeshwar. The New Yorker: Volume 56, Issues 1–8, 1980.Although <mask> is married and has four children, he long ago abandoned his family for celibacy and a ... No one is ever sure whether <mask> is expressing a genuine belief or saying something merely to attract attention. A family affair: India under three prime ministers.Ved Mehta – 1982 – 166 pages. The main project that <mask> had put forward as Janata Health Minister was a scheme to have each village select a ... <mask>'s critics contended that his scheme would not only misappropriate meagre resources but also debase. राज नारायण -यादों के झरोखो से -कृष्ण प्रकाश शर्मा (In Hindi)
लोकबंधु-सूर्यभान (In Hindi)
 राज नारायण का समाजवादी ब्यक्तित्व-सुप्रिया राय (In Hindi)

Footnotes

References

External links

Janata Party politicians
The Emergency (India)
Desai administration
People from Varanasi district
1917 births
1986 deaths
6th Lok Sabha members
Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1952–1957
Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1957–1962
Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh
Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh
Indian socialists
Indians imprisoned during the Emergency (India)
Prisoners and detainees of British India
Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh
Leaders of the Opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly
Politicians from Varanasi
Health ministers of India
Lok Dal politicians
Bharatiya Lok Dal politicians
Samyukta Socialist Party politicians
Janata Party (Secular) politicians

masks:
Raj Narain
Raj Narain
Raj Narain
Raj Narain
Raj Narain
Raj Narain
Raj Narain
Narain
Narain
Narain
Narain
Raj Narain
Narain
Raj Narain
Raj Narain
Raj Narain
Raj Narain
Raj Narain
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Raj Narain
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<mask><mask> is an American cardiothoracic surgeon, scientist, entrepreneur and professor and Chairman of the Department of Population Health Science & Policy, and Associate Director for Clinical Outcomes at Mount Sinai Heart. He is best known for performing the first successful paediatric heart transplant, in 1984 while at NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital (NYP). Later, he led the REMATCH Trial, published 2001, which compared the permanent implantation of a Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) with conventional medical treatment in people with severe heart failure who were not eligible for heart transplantation. <mask> has co-founded several biotechnology companies and has been involved in developing anti-virals to smallpox, new medical technologies and new approaches to Alzheimer's disease and bioterrorism. He was president of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation for 1993–94. Early life and family
<mask> attended the Bronx High School of Science and was class of 1968.At school, he was part of a rockband called Metropolitan Blues Express, an experience he has described as "diverse" and useful as an exercise in "team-building". He married anaesthesiologist, Ellise Delphin, and they have four children who all live in Manhattan. Early medical career

<mask> completed both his undergraduate, major in psychology at Columbia University, and his medical degree at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons . After graduation he did his residencies in surgery and thoracic surgery at what was then the Presbyterian Hospital. He spent more than 25 years at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, now NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital / Columbia University Medical Center. During his career at NYP, he held numerous positions including director of the Clinical Perfusion Service and of the Surgical Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, chief of the Cardiothoracic Surgical Service, the Morris and Rose Milstein Professor of Surgery, and associate dean for translational research. He was president of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) for 1993–94.Heart transplantations

Paediatric heart transplantation, 1984
Keith Reemtsma had started an adult transplantation programme in 1977 at NewYork–Presbyterian / Columbia and recruited <mask> and others to initiate paediatric transplantations. The then-new immunosuppressant Cyclosporin was approved by the FDA in 1983 and contributed to the first successful heart transplant in a child in June 1984. James Lovette, from Denver,
was born with a single ventricle, a condition that was fatal in 1984. The longest survival in a child heart transplant procedure was eighteen days until <mask> and his team performed four year old James’s heart transplant on 9 June 1984. The donor heart came from Dorothy Ford's son, John Ford, who was also a four-year-old boy who died after falling from a New York apartment trying to escape a fire. Magnifying glasses helped <mask> visualise James's small heart during the surgery and afterwards, rejection was prevented by tailoring the dose of cyclosporine. At the age of 10 years, he required a second heart transplant.James survived twenty one years after the first transplant, during which at one time he also suffered from Hodgkins lymphoma. His parents were able to witness his graduation and the start of a medical career. However, during his first week of medical school, he died in his sleep. Frank Torre, 1996
On 25 October 1996, <mask> led the heart transplant procedure on Yankees manager Joe Torre's brother, 64-year-old baseball player Frank Torre. The previous day, a 28-year-old man from The Bronx had died of severe brain injury at Montefiore Medical Center and his family had consented to donate his kidneys, liver, pancreas and heart. Computer software used by the New York Regional Transplant Programme matched blood, tissue type and dimensions of the heart of this donor with that of John's. Already having had three heart attacks and suffering from severe (class IV) congestive heart failure, John had a very poor quality of life and was severely limited in mobility.On the morning of the operation, <mask>, with Mehmet Oz, MD who was his deputy in the NYP/Columbia Department of Cardiothoracic surgery at the time, took four hours to complete the procedure and by midday the surrounding publicity was immense. The operation was successful and over the coming days, Frank managed to watch his brother’s baseball team beat the Atlanta Braves to win the Series. REMATCH Trial
(Randomized Evaluation of Mechanical Assistance for the Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure)

Background
During the 1990s, LVADs were used successfully as a bridge-to-transplantation device, that is, to fill the time before a suitable donor could be found, and medical treatment options were limited. Despite the uncertainties, the clinical potential of LVADs for transplant-ineligible heart failure patients encouraged <mask> and others to expand the use of these devices beyond their short-term use. Its safety and life expectancy were unknown and it was unclear as to whether they would provide better outcomes than conventional treatment with medication in people with severe heart failure. Cost-effectiveness was also a factor. PREMATCH
The first phase, April 1996 to April 1998, was called PREMATCH and it demonstrated enough data to move to the next larger scale trial.It revealed that the severely ill, older, not fit for heart transplant person could withstand the implant procedure, the implant used being the HeartMate LVAD. However, it was still uncertain as to whether those with an LVAD performed clinically better. Thoratec Corporation demonstrated sufficient safety, efficacy and reliability data to secure premarket approval. With further modifications to the trial methods, the REMATCH protocol was finalized for the second phase multicenter RCT. Second phase
Led by <mask> when he was chair of Columbia University and surgeon-in-chief at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, the REMATCH randomized clinical trial was conducted from May 1998 to July 2001 in collaboration between Columbia University, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Thoratec Corporation. It compared the permanent implantation of a Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) with conventional medical treatment in people with heart failure who were not eligible for heart transplantation. The LVADs were donated by the Thoratec Corporation and the NIH provided finances for the administration and the collection and analysis of data.The CMS and participating hospitals paid for treatment and hospitalization costs. The potential financial exploitation of vulnerable people with life-threatening disease was omitted by not having any charges for study costs and the whole trial was supervised by a steering committee and conveyed by an operations committee with an independent coordinating centre. All 129 people in the trial were not eligible for transplant surgery. They were typically older, with severe left ventricular dysfunction and other medical problems including pulmonary hypertension, peripheral vascular disease and renal disease. 68 people received a LVAD, Thoratec’s HeartMate XVE LVAD, and 61 received drug treatment. The results surprised many medical professionals. LVAD patients lived significantly longer than those on medical treatment.Later career and other roles
<mask> co-founded several biotechnology companies including Nephros, which is concerned with heart and kidney related medical devices, and between 1997 and 2009, has served at various points, as its chairman, president, chief executive and director. Between 2007 and 2016, he was chief executive of the anti-viral developer Siga Technologies, having been an executive director at SIGA since 2001 and a member of the National Biodefense Science Board since 2007. He was appointed executive vice president for life sciences at MacAndrews & Forbes in 2007, a position he held until 2016. <mask> joined Mount Sinai in 2008  as the Edmond A. Guggenheim, Professor and Chairman of the Department of Population Health Science & Policy, and Associate Director for Clinical Outcomes at Mount Sinai Heart, taking his 40-member team with him. He has particularly worked on anti-virals to smallpox and developing medical technologies and new approaches to Alzheimer's disease and bioterrorism. He has three patents to his name, has brought more than $50 million in on-going federally financed research, and has been recognized as a "grant magnet" by Mount Sinai. Awards
 During their 53rd annual meeting, in 2017, the Society of Thoracic Surgeons awarded <mask> the Bakken Scientific Achievement Award.Granted by Medtronic, the award is named after its co-founder and pacemaker pioneer Earl Bakken, to someone who has solved major cardiothoracic surgery queries. He joined the Bronx High School of Science Hall of Fame in 2018. Selected publications
<mask> has authored and co-authored more than 300 peer-reviewed articles on subjects including cardiovascular surgery, ventricular assist devices, and cardiac transplantation. He also wrote two books: Management of End-Stage Heart Disease and Second Opinion: The Columbia Presbyterian Guide to Surgery. His work has been cited in over 3,000 other articles. Books
Management of End-stage Heart Disease. Lippincott-Raven, 1998.(With Lynne Warner Stevenson)
Second Opinion: The Columbia-Presbyterian Guide to Surgery. St. Martin's Press, 2015. Articles

References

Living people
American transplant surgeons
The Bronx High School of Science
Year of birth missing (living people)
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons alumni
American thoracic surgeons
Columbia College (New York) alumni

masks:
Eric A
. Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
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Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose
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Rose
Rose
Rose
Rose