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<mask> (12 March 1915 – 13 March 1943) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II, a fighter ace credited with 138 enemy aircraft shot down in 274 combat missions. The majority of his victories were claimed over the Eastern Front, with six claims over the Western Front. Born in Gundelsdorf, <mask> volunteered for military service in the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany in 1936. Following flight training and a period at a fighter pilot training school as an instructor, he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) in 1940. Following the Norwegian Campaign he claimed his first three aerial victories in late 1940 in that theater. In July 1941, <mask> was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of the 4. Staffel (4th squadron) of JG 77 which he led in Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union.Following his 43rd aerial victory he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 31 December 1941 and the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 23 June 1942 after 81 victories. He claimed his 100th aerial victory on 24 July 1942. In February 1943 <mask> was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of the I. Gruppe (1st group) of Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing) which was based in France on the Western Front. <mask> claimed three more victories before he was killed in action on his 274th combat mission in a mid-air collision with a Supermarine Spitfire on 13 March 1943. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 12 March 1915 in Gundelsdorf near Kronach, Upper Franconia in the Kingdom of Bavaria. He was the son of an Oberförster (head of a forest range) and joined the military service of the Luftwaffe as a Fahnenjunker (cadet) on 6 April 1936. He was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 1 January 1938.On 1 July 1938, he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 135 (135th Fighter Wing). From April 1939 onwards he was posted to a Jagdfliegerschule (fighter pilot training school) as an instructor. On 3 April 1940 he was transferred to Jagdfliegerschule 3 at Stolp-Reitz, present day Słupsk-Redzikowo Airport in Poland. There he was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant) on 1 June 1940. World War II
World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. <mask> was transferred to a front-line unit when he joined II. Gruppe (2nd group) of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) on 28 June 1940.There he was assigned to the 6. Staffel (6th squadron) of JG 77 on 1 July 1940. JG 77 at the time was based at Kristiansand, in southern Norway. He claimed three aerial victories in this theater, his first aerial victory, a Royal Air Force (RAF) No. 82 Squadron Bristol Blenheim bomber, was shot down south of Stavanger over Norway's west coast on 27 August 1940. This achievement earned him the Iron Cross 2nd Class () on 12 September 1940. Following two further victories over Norway, he received Iron Cross 1st Class () on 18 October 1940.In May 1941, <mask> was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 4. Staffel of 2. (Schul. )/Ergänzungs-Gruppe of JG 77, a supplementary training group for new pilots posted to the front. Eastern Front
Following the Invasion of Yugoslavia, JG 77 was moved to Romania in preparation for Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. II. and III.Gruppe, plus the Stab (headquarters unit), of JG 77 supported the German advance as part of Heeresgruppe Süd (Army Group South). On 21 June, II. Gruppe was ordered from Bucharest to Roman, a forward airfield near the Siret river. That evening, the pilots and ground crews were briefed of the upcoming invasion of the Soviet Union, which opened the Eastern Front. In late June or early July, <mask> succeeded Hauptmann Walter Jänisch as Staffelkapitän of 4. Staffel of JG 77. There, he claimed his first aerial victory on the Eastern Front, his fourth in total, on a Junkers Ju 87 dive bomber escort mission to Kamianets-Podilskyi.He shot down a Polikarpov I-16 fighter aircraft. On 21 July, II. Gruppe flew thirteen combat missions providing fighter protection for the bridges over the Dniester near Yampol. That day, <mask> claimed two I-16 fighters shot down. On the twelfth mission, which started at 18:18 from Bălți, <mask> himself was shot down in his Messerschmitt Bf 109 E (Werknummer 1384—factory number), resulting in a forced landing. At the time, the architect of the Holocaust Reinhard Heydrich, who was holding the rank of Major der Reserve (major of the military reserves) within the Luftwaffe, served together with <mask> in II. Gruppe of JG 77.<mask> claimed his 30th victory on 29 October 1941 and less than a month later, on 21 November, he shot down his 40th opponent. On 27 November 1941, <mask> claimed three aerial victories in combat south of Rostov-on-Don. A Polikarpov I-153 biplane fighter and two Tupolev SB-2 bombers took his total to 45, his last victories in 1941. II. Gruppe was withdrawn from combat operations on 3 December 1941 and moved to Vienna-Aspern for reequipment with the Bf 109 F-4. <mask> was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () on 31 December 1941. By end 1941, 4.Staffel had been credited with 110 aerial victories and further 89 aircraft destroyed on the ground under his leadership. Crimea and Caucasus
On 11 March 1942, II. Gruppe began relocating back to the Eastern Front, at first to Proskuriv where it stayed for a few days, and then to Sarabuz on the Crimea, arriving on 17 March 1942. Here he became an "ace-in-a-day" on 19 March 1942, claiming his 46th to 50th aerial victory during the Siege of Sevastopol. That day, he was credited with shooting down two Petlyakov Pe-2 ground attack aircraft, two Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighter aircraft and one Ilyushin DB-3 bomber. <mask> claimed three Yakovlev Yak-7 fighters on 21 April over Prymorskyi against the Crimean Front taking his total to 60 aerial victories. He was again shot down on 3 May, resulting in forced landing of his Bf 109 F-4.He was shot down by pilots from the 9 IAP (Fighter Aviation Regiment—Istrebitelny Aviatsionny Polk) of the ChF (Soviet Black Sea Fleet—Chernomorskiy Flot). On 13 May 1942, he claimed three further victories, two Yakovlev Yak-1 fighters and one Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighters, taking his total to 70 victories. Following his 81st victory on 23 June, a I-153 fighter, <mask> was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves () on the same day. The award was presented at the Führerhauptquartier (Führer Headquarters) at Rastenburg on 28/29 June 1942. Two other Luftwaffe officers were presented with the Oak Leaves that day by Hitler, the night-fighter pilot Hauptmann (captain) Helmut Lent and fellow JG 77 pilot Oberleutnant Friedrich Geißhardt. Following his return to the front, JG 77 was assigned to the newly created Army Group B in support of Fall Blau (Case Blue), the Wehrmacht'''s 1942 strategic summer offensive in southern Russia. On 5 July 1942, II./JG 77 was based at Kastornoje, approximately  west of Voronezh, where it fought in the Battle of Voronezh.<mask> briefly commanded II./JG 77 in July for Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) Anton Mader. He claimed two MiG-3s on 23 July 1942. On the next day, 24 July, he reached his 100th aerial victory. He was the 13th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark. This achievement earned him German Cross in Gold () which was awarded to him on 21 August 1942. On 16 September, <mask>, for the second time, became an "ace-in-a-day" after he claimed the destruction of three LaGG-3 fighter aircraft and two Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack aircraft, taking his total to 133 aerial victories. Setz's 4.Staffel was then reequipped with the Bf 109 G-2 and transferred to an airfield at Stary Oskol on 23 September 1942. On 2 October, 4. And 6. Staffel flew a fighter escort mission for a flight of Heinkel He 111 bombers attacking Soviet positions north of Voronezh. On this mission, <mask> claimed two LaGG-3, his last victories on the Eastern Front. This took his total to 135 aerial victories. <mask> was promoted to Hauptmann on 1 November 1942.On 7 November 1942, II. Gruppe received orders from Generalmajor Alfred Bülowius, the commander of the 1. Flieger-Division (1st Air Division), to relocate to the North African theater of operations. Western Front and death
<mask> however did not rejoin his unit. On 12 November he was appointed the new Gruppenkommandeur of I. Gruppe (1st group) of Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing), to replace Hauptmann Gerhard Homuth who had to resign the command because of illness. This unit had formerly led the assault in North Africa but after being shattered in the recent battles around El Alamein had been pulled back for rest and rebuild. <mask> took over his command in Bari, Italy on 20 November 1942, and led the transferal back to Krefeld in Germany, where they arrived on 28 November 1942.After a brief period of recreation, the group began preparations for a transfer to France on 2 January 1943. Stab, 1. and 3. Staffeln transferred to Évreux Air Field on 31 January 1943. The remaining groups followed and new pilots and new Bf 109 G-4 joined the group. Now fighting a completely different type of air-war, versus the combat box-formations of bombers of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) VIII Bomber Command, Setz had the entire group conduct training flights and reported operational readiness on 20 February 1943. On 13 March 1943, I. Gruppe took off to intercept USAAF Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers. On this 274th combat mission, he claimed two escorting Supermarine Spitfires from the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) No.127 Wing in five minutes over Abbeville, but it is believed he was killed when he collided with a third fifteen minutes later at high altitude. His Bf 109 G-4 (Werknummer 14 862—factory number) crashed at Yzengremer,   east of Le Tréport. In recognition of his leadership, he was posthumously promoted to Major, backdated to 1 March 1943. <mask>, who was the brother in law of Franz Ruhl, was interred at the Bourdon German war cemetery in Bourdon, France in block 32, row 11, grave 427. Following his death, Hauptmann Hans-Joachim Heinecke briefly led the Gruppe until Hauptmann Erich Hohagen took command on 7 April. Summary of career

Aerial victory claims
<mask> was credited with 138 enemy aircraft shot down in 274 combat missions, of which 132 were claimed over the Eastern Front, with 3 during the invasion of Norway and 3 over the Western Front in defense of the Reich. Matthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 133 aerial victory claims, plus three further unconfirmed claims.This figure of confirmed claims includes 128 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and five on the Western Front. Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 3541". The Luftwaffe grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size. Awards
 Iron Cross (1939)
 2nd Class (12 September 1940)
 1st Class (18 October 1940)
 German Cross in Gold on 21 August 1942 as Oberleutnant in the II./Jagdgeschwader 77
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 Knight's Cross on 31 December 1941 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 4./Jagdgeschwader 77
 102nd Oak Leaves on 23 June 1942 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 4./Jagdgeschwader'' 77

Dates of rank

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

1915 births
1943 deaths
Luftwaffe pilots
German World War II flying aces
German military personnel killed in World War II
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Burials at Bourdon German war cemetery

masks:
Heinrich Setz
Setz
Setz
Setz
Setz
Setz
Setz
Setz
Setz
Setz
Setz
Setz
Setz
Setz
Setz
Setz
Setz
Setz
Setz
Setz
Setz
Setz
Setz
Setz
Setz


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<mask>, 3rd Earl of Southampton   (6 October 1573 – 10 November 1624), (pronunciation uncertain:  "Rezley",  "Rizely" (archaic),  (present-day) and  have been suggested), was the only son of <mask>, 2nd Earl of Southampton, and Mary Browne, daughter of Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu. Shakespeare's two narrative poems, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece, were dedicated to Southampton, who is frequently identified as the Fair Youth of Shakespeare's Sonnets. Family
<mask>, born 6 October 1573 at Cowdray House, Sussex, was the only son of <mask>, 2nd Earl of Southampton, by Mary Browne. She was the only daughter of Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montague, and his first wife, Jane Radcliffe. He had two sisters, Jane, who died before 1573, and Mary (), who in June 1585 married Thomas Arundell, 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour. After his father's death, Southampton's mother married firstly, on 2 May 1594, as her second husband, Sir Thomas Heneage (d. 17 October 1595), Vice-Chamberlain of the Household. After being widowed again, she married, between 5 November 1598 and 31 January 1599, Sir William Hervey.She died in November 1607. Early life
When his father died on 4 October 1581, Southampton inherited the earldom and landed income valued at £1097 6s per annum. His wardship and marriage were sold by the Queen to her kinsman, Charles, Lord Howard of Effingham, for £1000. According to Akrigg, Howard "entered into some further agreement, of which no documentation can now be found, which transferred to Lord Burghley personally the custody and marriage of the young Earl, but left Howard holding his lands." Late in 1581 or early in 1582 Southampton, then eight years of age went to live at Cecil House in the Strand. In October 1585, at age twelve, Southampton entered St John's College, Cambridge, graduating M.A. on 6 June 1589.His name was entered at the Gray's Inn legal society before he left the university, and he was admitted on 29 February 1588. On Southampton's 16th birthday, 6 October 1589, Lord Burghley noted Southampton's age in his diary. By 1590 Burghley was negotiating with Southampton's grandfather, Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montague, and Southampton's mother, Mary, for a marriage between <mask> and Lord Burghley's eldest granddaughter, Elizabeth Vere, daughter of Burghley's daughter, Anne Cecil, and Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford. But <mask> did not like the match and, in a letter written in November 1594, about six weeks after Southampton had turned 21, the Jesuit <mask> reported the rumour that "The young Erle of Southampton refusing the Lady Veere payeth £5000 of present payment". In 1591 Lord Burghley's Clerk in Chancery, John Clapham, dedicated to Southampton a poem in Latin, Narcissus, recounting the Greek legend of a beautiful young man who perishes through self-love. According to Akrigg, <mask> was now spending much of his time at court. He was in attendance when Queen Elizabeth visited Oxford in late September 1592 and was praised in the Latin poem written by John Sandford to commemorate the Queen's visit.In October 1592 <mask>'s grandfather, Viscount Montague, died. Montague had been a Knight of the Garter, and on 3 May 1593, Philip Gawdy of Clifford's Inn (a law school and Inn of Chancery) wrote to his brother, Bassingbourne Gawdy, that Southampton had been nominated to the Order, together with the Lord Keeper, Lord Burgh, and Lord Willoughby de Eresby. Shortly thereafter, in his Honour of the Garter dated 26 June 1593, George Peele referred to him as "Gentle Wriothesley, Southampton's star", claiming erroneously that an Earl of Southampton had been among the founding Knights. However, it was not until 1603 that Southampton was invested in the Order under King James. Southampton and Shakespeare

In 1593 Shakespeare dedicated his narrative poem Venus and Adonis to Southampton, followed in 1594 by The Rape of Lucrece. Although the dedication to Venus and Adonis is more restrained, the dedication to The Rape of Lucrece is couched in extravagant terms:
The love I dedicate to your lordship is without end ... What I have done is yours; what I have to do is yours; being part in all I have, devoted yours. This type of vaunting language was not particularly unusual, however, because other dedications of the day always excessively praised any noble person sponsoring the author's work – mainly for political and, above all, financial reasons.Nathan Drake, in Shakespeare and his Times, was the first to suggest that Southampton was not only the dedicatee of Shakespeare's two long narrative poems, but also the "Fair Youth" of the Sonnets. The title page refers to the "onlie begetter of these  sonnets Mr W.H.," and it had earlier been inferred that the Sonnets were addressed to "Mr. W.H.". Drake, however, adopting Chalmers' suggestion that one meaning of "beget" is "bring forth", argued that Mr. W.H. was the procurer of the manuscript rather than the "Fair Youth" addressed in the poems. Confirmation of this as also that "Mr. W.H."was the William Hervey who married Southampton's mother and inherited 'her goods' is provided by Edward Chaney. Other adherents of the theory that Southampton was the addressee of the Sonnets have suggested that his initials, H.W. (<mask>), were simply reversed by the publisher to conceal his identity. But, Honan argues that although Southampton
may be involved in Shakespeare's sonnets ... there is no real likelihood that he traduced him by drawing his portrait as the fickle, treacherous Young Man of the sonnets, who is implicitly "lascivious" (sonnet 95), "sensual" to a "fault" or to his "shame" (sonnets 34, 35), and ridden with vices. Despite extensive archival research, no documents have been found concerning their relationship apart from the dedications to Shakespeare's two long narrative poems. Nicholas Rowe, on the authority of poet and playwright William Davenant (1606 – 7 April 1668), stated in his Life of Shakespeare that Southampton once gave Shakespeare £1,000 to "go through with a purchase", but Honan terms this a myth. The 1590s
Southampton received dedications from other writers in the 1590s.On 27 June 1593 Thomas Nashe completed his picaresque novel, The Unfortunate Traveller, and dedicated it to Southampton, terming him "a dere lover and cherisher ... as well of the lovers of Poets, as of Poets themselves", and in 1593 Barnabe Barnes published Parthenophil and Parthenope with a dedicatory sonnet to Southampton. In 1595 Gervase Markham included a dedicatory sonnet to Southampton in The Most Honorable Tragedy of Richard Grinvile, Knight. On 2 March 1596 John Florio's Italian/English dictionary was entered in the Stationers' Register. In his dedication, Florio, who was for some years in the Earl's "pay and patronage", complimented Southampton on his fluency in Italian, saying he "had become so complete a master of Italian as to have no need of travel abroad to perfect his mastery of that tongue". In 1597 <mask> included a sonnet to Southampton among the sixty dedicatory sonnets in his Sundry Christian Passions. In the same year William Burton dedicated to him a translation of Achilles Tatius's, Clitophon and Leucippe. On 4 October 1594 Southampton's friend, Sir <mask>, shot <mask>, brother of Sir Walter Long, in the course of a local feud between the Danvers and Long families.Sir <mask> and his elder brother, Sir Charles Danvers, fled to Titchfield, where Southampton sheltered them. The brothers were outlawed, and eventually escaped to the continent where they took refuge at the court of King Henri IV. On 17 November 1595, Southampton jousted in Queen Elizabeth's accession day tournament, earning a mention in George Peele's Anglorum Feriae as "gentle and debonaire". However, according to Akrigg, "Gentle and debonair he may have been, but we never again hear of Southampton being high in the graces of Queen Elizabeth". On 13 April 1596 the Queen specifically instructed Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, not to take either Southampton or the Earl of Derby, with him on an expedition for the Relief of Calais, and it also appears that Southampton did not accompany Essex on the Cadiz Expedition that summer. In February 1597 Southampton challenged the Earl of Northumberland to a duel with rapiers, requiring intervention by the Queen and Privy Council, and on 1 March stood godfather at the christening of Sir Robert Sidney's daughter, Bridget. Later that year Southampton was with Essex on his "inglorious" Voyage to the Azores, where according to Rowland Whyte, "My Lord of Southampton fought with one of the Kings great Men of Warre, and suncke her".On his return he made his first appearance in the House of Lords on 5 November, and was put on several committees, but became a "chronic absentee". By this time he was in serious financial difficulties, and had turned over administration of his estates to two trustees, who by the end of the year had sold some of his lands. In 1598 Southampton was involved in a brawl at court with Ambrose Willoughby, one of the Queen's esquires of the body, who had ordered him to leave the presence chamber where he was playing the card game primero after the Queen had retired for the evening. Southampton struck Willoughby, and "Willoughby puld of some of his locke", for which the Queen gave Willoughby thanks, saying "he had done better yf he had sent hym to the porters lodge, to see who durst have fetcht hym out". There is a suggestion that underlying the altercation was something Willoughby had said which caused trouble between Southampton and his mistress, Elizabeth Vernon, one of the Queen's Maids of Honour. The Queen forbade <mask> to present himself at court, although he was soon allowed back. Nonetheless it was reported by Rowland Whyte at the beginning of February that "My Lord of Southampton is much troubled at her Majesties straungest Usage of hym".Faced with his financial difficulties and the Queen's disfavour, Southampton determined to live abroad for a time, and seized the opportunity of accompanying Sir Robert Cecil on an embassy to Henri IV of France. On 6 February Southampton was granted licence to travel abroad for two years, and by March he and Cecil were in Angers, where on 7 March <mask> was presented to the French King. When Cecil returned to England from his failed mission in April, <mask> remained at the French court, planning to travel to Italy with Sir Charles Danvers and Sir <mask>, whom he had helped to escape from England in 1594 after the murder of <mask>. At that juncture the Queen decided to pardon the Danvers brothers, and they were back in England on 30 August 1598, at which time Southampton also returned in secret, and married his pregnant mistress, Elizabeth Vernon. He left for the continent almost immediately, but by 3 September the Queen had learned of the marriage and consigned Elizabeth Vernon, one of her chief ladies-in-waiting, to the Fleet Prison for marrying without royal permission. The Queen ordered Southampton to return to England forthwith, but he remained in Paris for two months, losing large sums in gambling. By the beginning of November he was back in England, also lodged in the Fleet, where he remained for a month, during which time Elizabeth Vernon gave birth to a daughter, Penelope.To add to his difficulties, <mask> was at this time involved in a dispute with his mother, the Dowager Countess, over her prospective marriage to Sir William Hervey. Lord <mask> was brought in to smooth matters between mother and son, and the Countess and Hervey were wed in early January 1599. In 1599, during the Nine Years' War (1595–1603), <mask> went to Ireland with Essex, who made him General of the Horse, but the Queen insisted that the appointment be cancelled. <mask> remained on in personal attendance upon the Earl, rather than as an officer. However, <mask> was active during the campaign and prevented a defeat at the hands of the Irish rebels when his cavalry drove off an attack at Arklow in County Wicklow. Shortly after the Essex's Rebellion in February

masks:
Henry Wriothesley
Henry Wriothesley
Henry Wriothesley
Henry Wriothesley
Southampton
Southampton
Henry Garnet
Southampton
Southampton
Henry Wriothesley
Henry Lok
Henry Danvers
Henry Long
Henry
Southampton
Southampton
Southampton
Henry Danvers
Henry Long
Southampton
Henry Howard
Southampton
Southampton
Southampton


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 1601, William Reynolds, a soldier who had served with Essex in Ireland in 1599, mentioned <mask> in a letter to Sir Robert Cecil. Speaking of certain men involved in the Essex rebellion who had not yet been arrested, Reynolds wrote:

I do mervell also what becam of pearse edmones, the earle of Essex man, borne in strand neare me, and which has had many rewards & preferments by the earle essex, his villany I have often complained of, he dweles in London, he was corporall generall of the horse in Ierland under the earle of Sowthamton, he eate & drank at his table and lay in his tente, the earle of Sowthamton gave him a horse, which edmones refused a 100 markes for him, the earle Sowthamton would cole and huge him in his armes and play wantonly with him.This pearse began to fawne and flatter me in Ierland offering me great curtesie, telling me what pay grases & giftes they earles bestowed uppon him, therby seming to move and anymate me to desiar and looke for the like favour, But I coeld never love & afecte them to make them my frends, esspecially essex whoes mynd I ever mistrusted.... According to Duncan-Jones, Reynolds' letter hints that 'rewards could be obtained from either or both of the two Earls in return for sexual favours'. On the other hand, Duncan-Jones concludes that Reynolds may have been a paranoid schizophrenic, and that by his own statement he had written over 200 letters to the Queen, Privy Council, and members of the clergy wherein he had "complaynid of al the abewses and vilent oppresseones & sodometicall sines over flowing this land". On his return from Ireland, <mask> attracted notice as a playgoer. "My Lord <mask> and Lord Rutland," wrote Rowland Whyte to Sir Robert Sydney in 1599, "come not to the court: the one doth but very seldom. They pass away the time in London merely in going to plays every day". <mask> was deeply involved in Essex's Rebellion of 1601, and in February of that year he was sentenced to death.Cecil, who urged the Queen to show the greatest possible degree of clemency,  obtained the commutation of his penalty to life imprisonment. Life under King James

On the accession of James I <mask> resumed his place at court and received numerous honours from the new king. On the eve of the abortive rebellion of Essex, he had induced the players at the Globe Theatre to revive Richard II. After his release from prison in 1603, he resumed his connection with the stage. In January 1605 he entertained Queen Anne with a performance of Love's Labour's Lost by Burbage and his company, to which Shakespeare belonged, at Southampton House. <mask> seems to have been a born fighter, and engaged in more than one serious quarrel at court, being imprisoned for a short time in 1603 following a heated argument with Lord Grey of Wilton in front of Queen Anne. Grey, an implacable opponent of the Essex faction, was later implicated in the Main Plot and Bye Plot.Southampton was in more serious disgrace in 1621 for his determined opposition to Buckingham. He was a volunteer on the Protestant side in Germany in 1614, and in 1617 he proposed to fit out an expedition against the Barbary pirates. Southampton was a leader among the Jacobean aristocrats who turned to modern investment practices"in industry, in modernizing their estates and in overseas trade and colonization." He financed the first tinplate mill in the country, and founded an ironworks at Titchfield. He developed his properties in London, in Bloomsbury and Holborn; he revamped his country estates, participated in the efforts of the East India Company and the New England Company, and backed <mask>'s search for the Northwest Passage. <mask>, a member of the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London, also was active in the East India Company and may have been involved in Southampton's activities in Titchfield. He died there in 1625 and was buried in St. Peter's parish church.A significant artistic patron in the Jacobean as well as the Elizabethan era, Southampton promoted the work of George Chapman, Samuel Daniel, Thomas Heywood, and the composer Alfonso Ferrabosco the younger. Heywood's popular, expansionist dramas were compatible with Southampton's maritime and colonial interests. Virginia Company

<mask>, whose name is included in the 1605 panel of the New World Tapestry, took a considerable share in promoting the colonial enterprises of the time, and was an active member of the Virginia Company's governing council. Although profits proved elusive, his other visions for the Colony based at Jamestown were eventually accomplished. He was part of a faction within the company with Sir Edwin Sandys, who eventually became the Treasurer, and worked tirelessly to support the struggling venture. In addition to profits, Southampton's faction sought a permanent colony which would enlarge British territory, relieve the nation's overpopulation, and expand the market for English goods. Although profits largely eluded the Virginia Company, and it was dissolved in 1624, the other goals were accomplished.His name is thought by many to be the origin of the naming of the harbour of Hampton Roads, and the Hampton River. Although named at later dates, similar attribution may involve the town (and later city) of Hampton, Virginia, as well as Southampton County, Virginia and Northampton County. However, the name Southampton was not uncommon in England, including an important port city and an entire region along the southern coast, which was originally part of Hampshire. There are also variations applied in other areas of the English colonies which were not part of the Virginia Company of London's efforts, making the origin of the word and derivations of it as applied in Virginia even more debatable. Later life and death
In 1624, Southampton was one of four Englishmen appointed to command troops fighting in the Low Countries against the Spanish. Shortly after their arrival, the earl's eldest son, James Wriothesley, succumbed to an unspecified "fever" at Rosendael. Five days later, on 10 November 1624, Southampton died of the same cause at Bergen-op-Zoom, aged 51.Their remains were returned to England, and both men were buried in the family chapel of the parish church of Titchfield, Hampshire. The magnificent tomb features four prominent obelisks as well as kneeling relief figures of the youthful 3rd Earl and his sister. The Wriothesleys were still Catholic in the early 1590s when this tomb was built, as were the Montagus of Cowdray, whose closely related tomb featuring similarly-positioned obelisks was dismantled and relocated from Midhurst to Easebourne in the 19th century (Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu, was the 3rd Earl's maternal grandfather). The four obelisks probably reference the four internationally-celebrated Egyptian ones reerected by Pope Sixtus V in Rome in the 1580s. Marriage and issue

In August 1598, Southampton married Elizabeth Vernon, the daughter of John Vernon of Hodnet, Shropshire, and his wife Elizabeth Devereux. Devereux's grandfathers were the Viscount Hereford and the Earl of Huntingdon. On her father John Vernon's side, Elizabeth Vernon's paternal ancestors were more obscure.The marriage was held secretly to legitimize an already-visible pregnancy, based on a letter of John Chamberlain in which he writes "Mistress Vernon is from the court, and lies in Essex House. Some say she hath taken a venue under the girdle and swells upon it, yet she complains not of foul play but says the Earl of Southampton will justify it; and it is bruited underhand that he was lately here four days in great secret of purpose to marry her and effected it accordingly". Queen Elizabeth, angered by this marriage of one of her retinue without her permission, had both of the newlyweds imprisoned. When Elizabeth was pregnant, she wrote to her husband asking him to buy her a stomacher of scarlet cloth lined with plush to keep her warm while riding. She also asked him to bring a portrait 'very finely done'. They had two sons and three daughters listed on his funeral certificate:
Lady Penelope Wriothesley (18 November 1598 – 16 July 1667), who married William Spencer, 2nd Baron Spencer of Wormleighton. Lady Anne Wriothesley (born 1600 - died 1662), who married Robert Wallop (20 July 1601 – 19 November 1667) of Farley Wallop, by whom she had issue; their great-grandson was John Wallop, 1st Earl of Portsmouth.James Wriothesley, Lord Wriothesley (1 March 1605 – 5 November 1624), who died of an unspecified "fever" five days before his father when they were fighting in the Low Countries; his father also died of fever. Thomas Wriothesley (10 March 1607 – 16 May 1667) who became the 4th Earl of Southampton and married firstly Rachel de Massue, daughter of Daniel de Massue, Seigneur de Ruvigny, by whom he had two daughters, Elizabeth, Viscountess Campden (died 1679) and Rachel, Lady Russell. Portraits
Numerous portraits of Southampton exist, in which he is depicted with dark auburn hair and blue eyes, compatible with Shakespeare's description of "a man right fair." Sir John Beaumont wrote a well-known elegy in his praise, and Gervase Markham wrote of him in a tract entitled Honor in his Perfection, or a Treatise in Commendation of ... <mask>, Earl of Oxenford, <mask>, <mask> of Southampton, Robert, Earl of Essex (1624). In 2002, a portrait in the Cobbe collection was identified as a portrait of the youthful Earl. Portraying him as an androgynous-looking young man, it is now known as the Cobbe portrait of Southampton. In April 2008, another portrait believed to be of Southampton, was discovered hidden in a kind of pentimento beneath a portrait of his wife Elizabeth Vernon, when the work was X-rayed in preparation for an exhibition.In popular culture
The Earl has been played on screen by several different actors:
Peter Egan in the BBC mini-series Elizabeth R, 1971. Nicholas Clay in the TV series Life of Shakespeare, 1978. Eddie Redmayne in the Channel 4 mini-series Elizabeth I, 2005. Shaun Evans in the mini-series The Virgin Queen, 2006. Xavier Samuel in the feature film Anonymous, 2011. Ben Willbond in the feature film Bill (2015 film), 2015
Adam Harley in the sitcom Upstart Crow, 2016. Ian McKellen in the feature film All Is True, 2018.Footnotes

References

Chaney, Edward, '"Thy Pyramids buylt up with newer might...": Shakespeare and the Cultural Memory of Ancient Egypt'; https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/aegyp/article/view/76145

Brown, Charles Cedric, ed. Patronage, Politics, and Literary Traditions in England, 1558–1658. Detroit, Wayne State University Press, 1993. Collins, Arthur. Letters and Memorials of State in the Reigns of Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth, King James, King Charles the I, Part of the Reign of King Charles II and Oliver's Usurpation Written and Collected by Hen. Sydney, Phil. Sydney and His Brother Rob.Sydney, Rob. IId. <mask>, Phil. Viscount Lisle, and Alg. Sydney ; Together with Letters of the Other Ministers of State, with Whom They Held a Correspondence. London: Printed for T. Osborne, 1746. Wriothesley family Accessed 29 December 2007
Shakespeare, William, and Alexander Chalmers.The Works of William Shakspeare. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1858. (p. clxxiii)  googlebooks Accessed 29 December 2007
 The Rape of Lucrece online Retrieved 29 December 2007
X-rays uncover 'hidden portrait' Tuesday, 29 April 2008 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7372629.stm
Attribution

External links
Wriothesley's Cat Trixie
 List of Members of Order of the Garter
Letter from the 2nd Earl of Southampton to Mr. William More regarding the birth of his son. (from The Loseley Manuscripts)
Oil portrait of <mask>, Third Earl of Southampton by Michiel Mierevelt at University of Michigan Museum of Art

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Knights of the Garter
Lord-Lieutenants of Hampshire
People from Midhurst
Wriothesley
People associated with Shakespeare
1573 births
1624 deaths
16th-century English nobility
17th-century English nobility
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Prisoners in the Tower of London
People paroled from death

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Henry Timberlake
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<mask> (born August 30, 1952) is a songwriter, composer, conductor, and music producer. Most of his professional life has been devoted to music, including composing for radio and TV commercials. He became the president of a start-up record label begun by Frank Thomas, who was then the starring player on the Chicago White Sox baseball team. <mask> suffered a massive and debilitating stroke when he was 46 years old. Due to the terribly limiting effects of aphasia, a common but complicated and severe post-stroke condition, he was for a number of years unable to communicate without great difficulty. His fight back to full functioning has been a decade-long challenge that, although largely successful, in many ways still continues. Biography

Early life

<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois.He was third son to father, Herbert, a classical tenor vocalist and choir director who taught elementary school and retired after becoming a vice-principal of the school. <mask>'s mother, Odessa, was a child prodigy who grew to become a concert pianist and choir director. She was accomplished in a variety of music genres, but due to her commitment to God, only performed certain styles of music. <mask>'s early lessons on piano came from his mother, and he grew up absorbing the classical and gospel music of the choirs and vocal ensembles his parents directed. While still of pre-school age, <mask> began composing simple songs and by the time he began primary school had learned to musically notate the songs he composed. At age 12, <mask> began organizing "street corner" vocal ensembles to perform his songs at parties and selected school functions. At 13, he discovered the flute and it soon became his major instrument.<mask> attended James H. Bowen High School in Chicago. In <mask>'s fourth year of high school, a friend, Arlene Johnson, persuaded him to run for class president. He was elected Senior Class President of Bowen in 1970. He remembers the day when he was a still-young teenager and "my mother dragged me to a seminar on how to create commercial jingles." The presenters were Dick Marx, whose young son would later become a pop music star known as Richard Marx, who was then Chicago's most prominent master of music for Radio and TV commercials,  and Dr. Thomas Fabish, the concert master of DePaul University’s music department. The presentation involved a big band, top-notch singers and a film. Even as he listened, <mask> was thinking, "I could do that."Inspired by Primous Fountain III, a young composer at DePaul University, <mask> enrolled and majored in music composition and theory. He studied music composition with Dr. Leon Stein, Dr. Phil Winsor and Darlene Cowles, while taking flute with Philip Seeburg and Joseph Kainz. In 1973, he was one of 20 music students from around the U.S. selected by Ron Logan of Walt Disney Entertainment to participate in a professional "work experience." <mask> remembers it as one of the major highlights of his college career. He wrote at that time in August 1973:

During his study at DePaul, he founded, performed in, and composed for many ensembles and often organized concerts and productions that featured works by him and others. In his senior year, <mask> was honored by inclusion in "Who's Who Among Students in American Universities & Colleges" and graduated in 1975 with a B.A. in music composition and theory.Career

In May 1974, while a senior at DePaul, he landed part-time employment at "Star Point 7," a music production company founded by Chuck Colbert, a producer/musician with a jazz-rock band, American Breed ("Bend Me, Shape Me"). <mask> started this "job" as an unpaid go-fer, answering phones and doing basic clerical chores. After two months, <mask> was eager for a chance to show what he could contribute and saw the situation as an opportunity. "Chuck and his writing partner had parted ways and he needed someone to help finish a project. I was around and available and had the skills. I had to ask him, what are you waiting for?" Once <mask> had called attention to his talents, Colbert began using him as a composer and arranger.A short time later, in the Summer of 1974, <mask> met a young musician who was just completing his military service, Danny Leake. At the time, Danny was a talented songwriter and electric guitar player, but would later become one of America's foremost recording studio engineers and one of <mask>'s closest and most frequent collaborators. In the Fall of 1975, Danny played a significant role in <mask>'s life by introducing him to Ian Levine, a producer and songwriter, who was a celebrated member of the European black music fan base known as the Northern Soul scene. In 1975, while working with Ian, <mask> composed, arranged and produced for Dance, R&B and Northern Soul recording artists, in the course of which he traveled in the U.S. and England. One of the Levine's artists, Evelyn Thomas, scored a chart hit with her first single, reaching the UK Top 30 in 1976 with the single "Weak Spot," and "which was (co-written and) arrangement by <mask>." As the writer, Neil Rushton, wrote in a review which appeared in Black Echoes, "<mask> put the incredible zinging, scurrying strings in "Your Magic Put A Spell In Me"  performed by [L.J Johnson Ian Levine] for Ian Levine productions and also served as the songwriter and arranger for the "1976 Disco classic, originally sung by James Wells, called "Baby I'm Still The Same Man." Despite the success and trans-Atlantic travel he was experiencing, <mask> still lived at home with his mother and father.One day in early 1976, while diligently making "cold calls" from his parents’ basement in hopes of drumming up some fresh music opportunities, <mask> found himself talking to Jerry Butler, a fellow Chicagoan who was already well known in American soul music. Butler had (with Curtis Mayfield) been one of the original founding members of The Impressions and then established a long later career as a celebrated solo artist. That lucky phone call not only gave <mask> a chance to meet Butler, but soon led to the opportunity to work with him on a few projects, including three albums "Suite For The Single Girl",  "It All Comes Out In My Song" (title song) and Thelma (Houston) & Jerry for the Motown label. Subsequently, <mask> and Butler they produce an album on Dee Dee Sharp-Gample with Philadelphia International. Billboard said, "writer/co-producer <mask>'s "Invitation" is a regal, touching trumph that alone would have made for worthwhile album." In 1981 with "Breaking and Entering" / "Easy Money," from Sharp-Gamble's album "Dee Dee", <mask>'s production spent four weeks at number one on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart and Dance Chart Billboard. Burrell Communications Group, LLC

After two years of working with Chuck Colbert and learning the myriad business-related details one must to be successful in commercial music production, in 1976, at age 24, <mask> founded Herschel Commercial, Inc ("I just named it Hershel Commercial, Inc. because it rhymed, he notes) with Maurice Earl, Arlene Johnson and, later, Bruce Montgomery.His first client was Chicago-based Burrell Communications Group, LLC, founded by Tom Burrell. Although Anna Morris, the creative director of Burrell, thought <mask> might benefit from a little more "seasoning" before going out on his own, he proclaimed with great certainty, "Look, I'm ready!" Now, as impressed with his confidence as with his talents, Morris awarded him a package of several arranging spots to produce for Coca-Cola. The tracks featured Kitty Heywood, a sweet-voiced soul singer who had already performed on a number of albums as well as commercials. Once produced, the spots were enthusiastically received, both at the ad agency and at the client. <mask> was soon creating and producing a long list of memorable and award-winning spots for Burrell and many other ad agencies, often working with such established artists as: Phyllis Hyman, Lena Horne, Anita Baker, Midnight Star, Walter Jackson, The Dells, Peabo Bryson, Ada Dyer Vickie Winans, Tramaine Hawkins, The Bar-Kays, Valerie Simpson, Joshie Jo Armstead, Millie Jackson and Rufus Thomas. Also of note is the score <mask> composed for a television film "Happy Birthday, Martin" sung by Joshie Jo Armstead, which is on permanent display at the King Center in Atlanta.Leo Burnett Worldwide

In 1977, a chance meeting at a barbershop brought <mask> to the attention of Don Richards, a young vice-president and account executive at Leo Burnett Worldwide, Chicago's largest and most celebrated advertising agency. Richards had been hired to facilitate Burnett's efforts to identify promising new African American staffers and suppliers, so he was ready to talk business even on a weekend trip to his barber. On hearing the young composer's story, Richards handed him a card, saying, "Call me... next week." <mask> made sure he called Richards. That meeting was most fortunate for <mask> and for Herschel. It set them on the path to success and helped establish their reputation with even the biggest and best clients, which included such major brand names as Kraft, Quaker Oats, Campbell Soup Company, United Airlines, Kellogg Company, Coca-Cola, Joseph Schlitz Brewing Company, Anheuser Busch, Busch Entertainment, Disney-ABC Domestic Television, Mars Incorporated, Alberto-Culver and Oprah Winfrey’s Harpo Productions (Oprah Winfrey). In 1980, People magazine, they featured an article on <mask>.The title was "Lookout. A Guide To The Up And Coming." <mask>

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 says, "To be successful, you have to be a chameleon. You're paid to do a job, not to be a conscience." <mask> wrote and composed many memorable TV and Radio music spots during the commercial phase of his career. Some of the many highlights include; "I Wanna Pop, I Wanna Shasta" for Shasta Beverages, "Sweet Talker, Betty Crocker" for Betty Crocker, "Mmm, Ahh, Ohh, Pop ‘N Fresh Dough" for Pillsbury. "Until 1981, I was known for lavish, heartwarming arrangements," says <mask>, who is a classically trained flutist with degrees in composition and orchestration."Then I had a hit with "I Wanna Pop! I Wanna Shasta!" and suddenly I was the rock ‘n’ roll guy, the king of the synthesizers." <mask> won a prestigious CLIO award for his arranging work on the McDonald's commercial "Makin’ Music." Calling Me Home, Chicago

In 1985, <mask> scored a true "crossover hit" when a song he had created for Chicago Convention and Tourism Bureau and composed both lyrics and music featuring Lee Montgomery "Calling Me Home, Chicago," a song written for a $10 million state tourism campaign, became so instantly popular that it was released as a single and sold through area record stores. Jan Zechman of Jan  Zechman Associates said, "For Chicago Tourism, our advertising agency asked six local composers to create a musical centerpiece for our campaign. We expected the competition to be fierce.It was not. One airing of <mask>'s musical vision was enough to win him the job, and to help us create one of the most memorable and successful tourism campaigns in Chicago history. I believe in the power of words, but the power of <mask>'s music, his notes, proved mightier than any pen on this day." That song is widely regarded even today as one of the true "classic" songs of Chicago. Ruth L. Ratny, the owner of the magazine "Screen" and editor, she wrote, "Among the most memorable for the Illinois Department of Tourism, are the unforgettable  "Calling Me Home, Chicago." State tourism director Lynda Simon says is not surprised that <mask> was able to write words and that went a long way towards popularizing the agency's first major television campaign. "He's a  very talented and creative person," says Simon, "and he's a joy to work with."Recording and live performance
In 1987, because of his desire to re-enter the record business, <mask> (with attorney Linda Mensch) discovered and produced a new artist, "Nikki." Eventually signed to Geffen Records, the debut album entitled "Nikki" was released in the summer of 1989. One song, "Notice Me" was a hit, reaching #21 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and #11 on Billboard's Adult Contemporary chart, bringing <mask> honors from BMI as writer and publisher of one of the most performed songs of the year. In early 1989, <mask> was called on by noted choral conductor Nathan Carter to orchestrate Robert Ray's "Gospel Mass" for a joint performance of the Morgan State University Choir and the Detroit Symphony. Also in 1989, <mask> was appointed conductor/artistic director for a concert series entitled "Classic Black" (Executive Produced by Valarie Norman). The first concert was given at Chicago's Orchestra Hall in April 1990.<mask> wrote:

Un-D-Nyable Entertainment, Inc. In 1997, <mask> accepted an offer from Frank Thomas, "The Big Hurt" the star player and home run hitter of the Chicago White Sox, to serve as President of Un-D-Nyable Entertainment, an independent record label. <mask> agreed to run the label in partnership with Thomas. Their initial release was a CD single entitled "3-5, The White Sox Got’em Open Up Wide," with Frank Thomas featuring D. Stoy. <mask> discovered and signed Dejah Gomez, a precociously talented 14-year-old singer and songwriter, and hired Cleo Powell, who had an established reputation locally for recognizing and nurturing talent, as the label's A&R Director. In 1998, <mask> hired Jun Mhoon, accomplished both as a musician and an executive at A&M Records, as Executive V.P. General Manager and Maurice White, formerly with Columbia Records, as Promotion Director and Jon Smith, Studio Manager.He also signed Entourage (James "Slique" Adams, Floyd Massey, Eric Wade and Irone Guyton, a R&B singing group), rapper Ant-Dub and STRONG, an R&B group that was a family of five brothers. He then secured the services of songwriters/producers, Jack & Earl and George Claiborne. He soon formed an alliance with the music distributors, Navarro. In late 1998, <mask> produced the debut CD for Dejah Gomez ("Dejah") and Entourage ("The Fall Backs of a Playa") and matching videos for the CD songs and a CD single title "I Can't Hide" featuring STRONG. In December, a single "When," by Entourage, they charted on Billboard. Soon, both Dejah Gomez and Entourage were starting to "take off," but, in January 1999, just as the action and excitement was building for his young record company, <mask> suffered a stroke. Health

On January 2, 1999, the stroke left the active and energetic 46-year-old composer, producer and businessman suddenly and seriously disabled (CT).The doctors revealed that an ischemic CVA of left MCA with hemorrhagic transformation. <mask> was told he had to accept lasting and severe restrictions on his ability to verbally communicate, due to the post-stroke condition known as Aphasia. Aphasia is the inability to speak, read, write or understand speech. <mask> was hospitalized at West Suburban Hospital Medical Center in Oak Park and Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago. Subsequently, he went through rehabilitation at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago and Willowbrook. <mask> wrote:

In need of a restful setting for his recuperation, <mask> and his wife, Terry, relocated to Maui in Hawaii where they lived for five years. <mask> eventually found and studied with Dr. Walter Tokishi, a speech therapist, but the scarcity of expert medical support to help him overcome the limitations imposed by his aphasia was still a drawback of living on Maui.In 2005, he returned to Chicago, where he began an intensive rehabilitation regimen, fiercely determined to resume his musical career. Personal life
<mask> has six brothers. They are:  James Warren (classical/gospel organ, piano), Herbert Liston (Acoustic/electric bass), John Oland (vocalist), Mark Andrew,  Steward Franklin
(B-3, piano). One brother, Mark, died when he was an infant due to heart complication. <mask> has been married and divorced two times and has one stepchild:

to married Marilyn Baynes from 1978 to 1982;
to married Terry Moore from 1982 to 2005 with one stepdaughter, Carmen and one grandson. Professional Activities & Affiliations
He has been a Chicago Chapter Governor and National Trustee of The Recording Academy (NARAS) and active on its Education, Finance, Restructuring and Long Range Planning Committee. In the mid-1990s, he was Chicago Chapter President of The Recording Academy and later served as a trustee of the Winans Academy of Performing Arts.Awards
Grammy "All Out" The Winans
Clio US Television/Cinema – Best New Arrangements Of Commercial Themes – McDonald's – "Makin’ Music"
Clio 10 Awards
BMI Awards "Notice Me" - As writer and publisher of one of the most performed songs of the year. CEBA "Family Is" - McDonald's
CEBA 8 Awards

Media
<mask> performed with the band "The Nightclub Band" on the film, A Family Thing (Robert Duvall, James Earl Jones) which also featured the song "Family Thing Blues" on the soundtrack. A film, "Signs," was used with <mask>'s music jingle, "I Wanna Pop, I Wanna Shasta." His song titled, "Invitation" perform by Ada Dyer, was "sample" and then used another song entitled "Brown Sugar (fine)", with the film Brown Sugar, which performed by Mos Def and produced by Kanye West. (The film's credits of  "Brown Sugar (fine)" was incorrect)

Discography
2002: Co-writer. Brown Sugar,  "Brown Sugar(fine)," Mos Def. MCA.1998: Writer, Arranger, Producer, Executive Producer. Dejah, Dejah. Un-D-Nyable Entertainment
1998: Executive Producer. The Fall Backs of a Playa, Entourage. Un-D-Nyable Entertainment
1993: Arranger. "Been Good"  All Out,  The Winans, Qwest Records, R. Kelly, Producer. Grammy Award Winning Album
1989: Co-writer, Arranger, Producer.Nikki, debut album, Geffen. Pop Top Twenty and BMI Award for "Notice Me." 1995: Writer, Arranger, Producer. "Calling Me Home, Chicago." Herschel Records. 1981: Writer, Arranger, Producer. Dee Dee, Dee Dee Sharp Gamble, Philadelphia International Records.1979: Writer, Arranger, Producer. "Invitation," (title song), "Together," Norman Connors, Arista Records. 1976: Writer, Arranger, Producer. "It All Comes Out in My Songs" (title song) and "I Still Remember How It  Used to Feel," Jerry Butler, Motown Records. 1976: Writer, Arranger, Producer. "Music In My Dreams," "Dreams Music,"  "Ms. Fine" and "Chalk It Up," Suite for the Single Girl, Jerry Butler. Motown Records.1976: Writer, Arranger. "Baby I'm Still The Same Man,  James Wells. Polydor. 1975: Co-writer, Arranger. "Weak Spot," Evelyn Thomas, Twentieth Century Records. Top Ten Record in England. 1975: Arranger."Your Magic Put A Spell On Me,"  L.J. Johnson,  Philips Records. 1975: Arranger. "24 Hours A Day, " Barbara Pennington." Casablanca Records

Demography

Articles and Productions

Musicians from Chicago
1952 births
American male composers
21st-century American composers
Songwriters from Illinois
Record producers from Illinois
Jingle writers
Advertising people
American flautists
Living people
DePaul University alumni
Jingle composers
21st-century American male musicians
American male

masks: Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson


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<mask> (born July 8, 1961) is an American country music singer, songwriter, actor, and record producer. <mask> released his first four studio albums—1993's <mask>, 1994's Boomtown, 1996's Blue Moon and 1997's Dream Walkin', plus a Greatest Hits package—for various divisions of Mercury Records before leaving Mercury in 1998. These albums all earned Gold or higher certification, and produced several Top Ten singles, including his debut "Should've Been a Cowboy", which topped the country charts and was the most-played country song of the 1990s. The song has received three million spins since its release, according to Broadcast Music Incorporated. Signed to DreamWorks Records Nashville in 1998, <mask> released his breakthrough single "How Do You Like Me Now?!" in late 1999. This song, the title track to his 1999 album of the same name, was the number one country song of 2000, and one of several chart-toppers during his tenure on DreamWorks Nashville.His next three albums, Pull My Chain, Unleashed, and Shock'n Y'all, produced three more number ones each, and all of the albums were certified 4x Platinum. A second Greatest Hits package followed in 2004, and after that, he released Honkytonk University. When DreamWorks closed in 2005, <mask> founded the label Show Dog Nashville, which merged with Universal South Records to become Show Dog-Universal Music in December 2009. He has released ten studio albums through Show Dog/Show Dog-Universal: 2006's White Trash with Money, 2007's Big Dog Daddy, 2008's That Don't Make Me a Bad Guy, 2009's American Ride, 2010's Bullets in the Gun, 2011's Clancy's Tavern, 2012's Hope on the Rocks, 2013's Drinks After Work, 2015's 35 MPH Town, 2017's The Bus Songs, and 2021’s Peso In My Pocket, as well as the compilation 35 Biggest Hits in 2008. <mask> also made his acting debut in 2006, starring in the film Broken Bridges, and co-starred with comedian Rodney Carrington in the 2008 film Beer for My Horses, inspired by his song of the same name. <mask> has released 19 studio albums, 2 Christmas albums, and 5 compilation albums, totaling worldwide sales of over 40 million albums. He has charted 61 singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts, including 20 number one hits and 21 additional top 10 hits.His longest-lasting number one hits are "Beer for My Horses" (a 2003 duet with Willie Nelson) and "As Good as I Once Was" (2005), at six weeks each. <mask> was awarded the National Medal of Arts by President Donald Trump in a closed ceremony alongside Ricky Skaggs on January 13, 2021. Early life
<mask> was born in Clinton, Oklahoma, to Carolyn Joan (née Ross) and Hubert K. Covel, Jr. and is of English ancestry. He has a sister and a brother. The family lived in Fort Smith, Arkansas, for a few years when <mask> was in grade school, but moved to Moore, Oklahoma (a suburb of Oklahoma City), when he was still young. Before the family moved to Moore, he visited his grandmother in Fort Smith during the summers. His grandmother owned Billie Garner's Supper Club in Fort Smith, where <mask> became interested in the musicians who came there to play.He did odd jobs around the supper club and started getting up on the bandstand to play with the band. He got his first guitar at the age of eight. After the family moved to Moore, <mask> attended Highland West Junior High and Moore High School, where he played defensive end on the football team. <mask> graduated from Moore High School and worked as a derrick hand in the oil fields. He worked his way up to become an operation manager. When <mask> was 20, he and his friends Scott Webb, <mask>, David "Yogi" Vowell and Danny Smith, with a few others, formed the Easy Money Band, which played at local bars as he continued to work in the oil industry. At times, he would have to leave in the middle of a concert if he was paged to work in the oil field.In 1982, the oil industry in Oklahoma began a rapid decline and <mask> soon found himself unemployed. He fell back on his football training and played defensive end with the semi-pro Oklahoma City Drillers while continuing to perform with his band. (The Drillers were an unofficial farm club of the United States Football League's Oklahoma Outlaws; <mask> tried out for the Outlaws but did not make the team.) He then returned to focus once again on music. His family and friends were doubtful he would succeed, but, in 1984, Easy Money (various other band members included Mike Barnes, T.A. Brauer, and David Saylors) began playing the honky-tonk circuit in Oklahoma and Texas. Musical career

In the early 1990s, <mask> went to Nashville, Tennessee, where he hung out and busked on Music Row and at a place called Houndogs.He distributed copies of a demo tape the band had made to the many record companies in the city. There was no interest by any of the record labels, and <mask> returned home feeling depressed. He had promised himself and God to have a recording contract by the time he was 30 years old or give up on music as a career. A flight attendant and fan of his gave a copy of <mask>'s demo tape to Harold Shedd, a Mercury Records executive, while he was traveling on a flight she was working. Shedd enjoyed what he heard, went to see <mask> perform live and then signed him to a recording contract with Mercury. 1993–1995: <mask> and Boomtown
<mask>'s debut single, "Should've Been a Cowboy", went to number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in 1993, and it reached number 93 on the Billboard Hot 100.This song led off his self-titled debut album. By the end of the decade, "Should've Been a Cowboy" received more than three million spins at radio, thus making it the most-played country song of the 1990s. Certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of one million copies, the album produced three more Top 5 hits on the country charts with "He Ain't Worth Missing" (at #5), "A Little Less Talk and a Lot More Action" (originally the B-side of "Should've Been a Cowboy") and "Wish I Didn't Know Now" (both at #2). Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic wrote of the album, "It is given a production that's a bit too big, clean, glossy and cavernous for <mask>'s good—it fits the outsized sound of early-'90s radio, but not his outsized talent—but beneath that sheen the songs are very strong." He also thought that it showed the signs of the style that <mask> would develop on subsequent albums. The album's success led to <mask> touring with then-labelmates Shania Twain and John Brannen. <mask> and Twain also appeared in Tracy Lawrence's music video for "My Second Home" in 1993.<mask> then signed with Polydor Records Nashville and released his second album, Boomtown, in September 1994. Also certified platinum, this album was led off by the number one single "Who's That Man". After it, "Upstairs Downtown" and "You Ain't Much Fun" both made the Top 10, while "Big Ol' Truck" peaked at number 15. By late-1995, he released his first Christmas album, Christmas to Christmas, via Mercury. Composed entirely of original songs, the album produced one chart entry in "Santa I'm Right Here", which reached as high as number 50 based on Christmas airplay. 1996–1998: Blue Moon, Dream Walkin and Greatest Hits Volume One
<mask> then signed with the short-lived Nashville division of A&M Records to release his third album Blue Moon in April 1996. That album received a platinum certification and produced three singles.Its first single, "Does That Blue Moon Ever Shine on You", which <mask> wrote in 1987, peaked at number 2. Following it were "A Woman's Touch" at number 6, and "Me Too", which became his third number one hit in March 1997. <mask> also appeared on The Beach Boys' now out-of-print 1996 album Stars and Stripes Vol. 1 performing a cover of their 1963 hit "Be True to Your School" with the Beach Boys themselves providing the harmonies and backing vocals. Following a corporate merger, <mask> returned to Mercury in 1997. His fourth studio album, Dream Walkin', was also his first produced by James Stroud, who would also serve as <mask>'s co-producer until 2005. It produced two consecutive number 2 hits with "We Were in Love" and a cover of Sting's 1996 single "I'm So Happy I Can't Stop Crying".Sting also sang duet vocals and played bass guitar on it, and the two also performed the song at the 1997 Country Music Association awards. After this song, the album's title track reached number 5, while "Double Wide Paradise" peaked at number 40. <mask>'s last Mercury release was Greatest Hits Volume One in October 1998. The album included twelve of his prior singles and two new songs: the country rap "Getcha Some" and "If a Man Answers". Both were released as singles, with "Getcha Some" reaching the Top 20, but "If a Man Answers" became his first single to miss the Top 40. According to <mask>, these two songs were originally to be put on a studio album, but Mercury executives, dissatisfied with the album that <mask> had made, chose to put those two songs on a greatest hits package, and asked him to "go work on another album". After he recorded two more songs which the label also rejected, he asked to terminate his contract with the label.After exiting Mercury, <mask> co-wrote Shane Minor's debut single "Slave to the Habit" with Chuck Cannon and Kostas. 1999–2002: How Do You Like Me Now?! and Pull My Chain
In 1999, <mask> moved to DreamWorks Records' Nashville division, of which Stroud served as president. His first release for the label was "When Love Fades", which also failed to make Top 40. Upon seeing the single's poor performance, <mask> requested that it be withdrawn and replaced with "How Do You Like Me Now?! ", a song that he wrote with Chuck Cannon, and which had previously been turned down by Mercury. It also served as the title track to his first DreamWorks album, How Do You Like Me Now?!The song spent five weeks at number 1 on the country charts, and became his first top 40 pop hit, with a number 31 peak on the Hot 100. It was also the top country song of 2000 according to the Billboard Year-End chart. The album, which was certified platinum, produced a Top 5 hit in "Country Comes to Town" and another number 1 in "You Shouldn't Kiss Me Like This". It was also his first album to feature songs co-written by Scotty Emerick, who would be a frequent collaborator of <mask>'s for the next several albums. Steve Huey wrote that this album "had a rough, brash attitude that helped give <mask> a stronger identity as a performer." In 2001, <mask> won the Academy of Country Music's Top Male Vocalist and Album of the Year awards. Following this album was Pull My Chain, released in August 2001.The album's three singles—"I'm Just Talkin' About Tonight", "I Wanna Talk About Me", and "My List"—all went to number 1 on the country charts, with the latter two both holding that position for five weeks. "I Wanna Talk About Me", written by Bobby Braddock, also displayed a country rap influence with its spoken-word lyrics. The Country Music Association named "My List" as Single of the Year in 2002. Of Pull My Chain, Erlewine wrote that "this is a bigger, better record than its predecessor, possessing a richer musicality and a more confident sense of humor". 2002–2004: Unleashed and Shock'n Y'all
In 2002, he released the Unleashed album which included four singles. First was "Courtesy of the Red, White, & Blue (The Angry American)", which <mask> wrote in 20 minutes as a response to the September 11, 2001 attacks. The song references <mask>'s father, a United States Army veteran who died that March in a car accident.Both this song and "Who's Your Daddy?" were number 1 hits, with "Rock You Baby" reaching number 13. The last single was "Beer for My Horses", a duet with Willie Nelson which six weeks at the top of the country charts. At the time, it was also <mask>'s highest entry on the Hot 100, at number 22. In July 2003, <mask> made a guest appearance on Scotty Emerick's debut single "I Can't Take You Anywhere", which was previously recorded by <mask> on Pull My Chain. Emerick's version of the song was his only top 40 country hit, at number 27. Shock'n Y'all, his eighth studio album, was released in November 2003.The album's title is a pun on the military term "shock and awe". It became his second album from which all singles went to number 1: "I Love This Bar", "American Soldier", and "Whiskey Girl". Also included on the disc were "The Taliban Song" and "Weed with Willie", two live songs recorded with Emerick. The album was followed in late 2004 by Greatest Hits 2, which included three new songs: "Stays in Mexico", "Go with Her", and a cover of Inez and Charlie Foxx's "Mockingbird", recorded as a duet with his daughter, Krystal <mask>. "Stays in Mexico" was a number 3 hit on the country charts, while "Mockingbird" peaked at number 27. <mask>'s final DreamWorks album was Honkytonk University in early 2005. Lead-off single "Honkytonk U" peaked at number 8, followed by "As Good as I Once Was", which spent six weeks at number 1, and "Big Blue Note" at number 5.After the release of the latter, DreamWorks Records ceased operations. 2005–present: After DreamWorks
On August 31, 2005, <mask> founded a new label, Show Dog Nashville. Its first release was his 2006 album White Trash with Money, followed by the soundtrack to Broken Bridges. He also abandoned Stroud as co-producer in favor of Cannon's wife, Lari White. The album included three singles: "Get Drunk and Be Somebody", "A Little Too Late", and "Crash Here Tonight". Big Dog Daddy followed in 2007, with <mask> serving as sole producer. Its singles were "High Maintenance Woman", "Love Me If You Can", and "Get My Drink On"."Love Me If You Can" became <mask>'s first number 1 hit since "As Good as I Once Was" more than two years prior. A two-disc Christmas album, A Classic Christmas, followed later in 2007. In 2008, <mask> completed his Biggest and Baddest Tour. On May 6, 2008, he released 35 Biggest Hits, a two-disc compilation featuring most of his singles to date, as well as the new song "She's a Hottie", which peaked at number 13. <mask> released "She Never Cried in Front of Me", which went to number 1 in 2008. Its corresponding album, That Don't Make Me a Bad Guy, followed on October 28, 2008. It was followed by "God Love Her", also a number 1 hit, and "Lost You Anyway".American Ride, in 2009, produced another number 1 in its title track. It was followed by the Top 10 hit "Cryin' for Me (Wayman's Song)", a tribute to basketball player and jazz bassist Wayman Tisdale, a friend of <mask>'s who died in May 2009. The album's final single was "Every Dog Has Its Day". Bullets in the Gun was released on October 5, 2010. This was <mask>'s first album not to produce a top 10 hit, with "Trailerhood" reaching number 19, followed by the title track and "Somewhere Else" both at number 12. <mask> produced the album with session guitarist Kenny Greenberg and recording engineer Mills Logan. On October 25, 2011, Clancy's Tavern was released.The album included the single "Made in America", written by <mask> along with Bobby Pinson and Scott Reeves, which went to number 1. Following it was "Red Solo Cup", which had previously been made into a music video which became popular. Upon release as a single, "Red Solo Cup" became <mask>'s best-peaking crossover, reaching number 15 on the Hot 100. The album's final single was "Beers Ago" at number 6 in 2012. In December 2011, <mask> was named "Artist of the Decade" by the American Country Awards. <mask>'s sixteenth album, Hope on the Rocks, was released in late 2012. It produced only two singles, both of which are top 20 hits: "I Like Girls That Drink Beer" reached at number 17 and the title track peaked at number 18.In mid-2013, he entered the charts with "Drinks After Work", the first single from his seventeenth album, also titled Drinks After Work. The album's second single is "Shut Up and Hold On". In October 2014, <mask> released "Drunk Americans", the lead single from his eighteenth studio album, 35 MPH Town. In April

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 2015, <mask> released "35 MPH Town", the album's title track and second single. In 2015, <mask> was also inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. In September 2017, <mask> released the compilation album, The Bus Songs. The album contains twelve songs: two new, five re-recorded, and five previously released songs.The new songs on the album are "Shitty Golfer" and "Wacky Tobaccy". In the U.S. The Bus Songs topped the Billboard Comedy Albums chart for 11 weeks. It also reached number 6 on the Top Country Albums chart and 38 on the Billboard 200 chart. In 2021, <mask> featured on the Brantley Gilbert single "The Worst Country Song of All Time" with Hardy. Acting career

Television appearances
<mask> performed on a series of television advertisements for Telecom USA for that company's discount long-distance telephone service 10-10-220. He also starred in Ford commercials, singing original songs such as "Ford Truck Man" and "Field Trip (Look Again)" while driving Ford trucks.<mask> made an appearance at the first Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (then NWA-TNA) weekly pay-per-view on June 19, 2002, where his playing of "Courtesy of the Red, White and Blue" was interrupted by Jeff Jarrett. He would later enter the Gauntlet for the Gold main event, suplexing Jarrett and eliminating him from the match. A short video of the suplex is seen in the clip package when he goes onstage. He appeared the next week, on June 26, and helped Scott Hall defeat Jarrett in singles action. In 2009, <mask> participated in the Comedy Central Roast of Larry the Cable Guy, which aired on March 14, 2009. <mask> received the "Colbert Bump" when he appeared on Comedy Central's The Colbert Report. He holds the distinction of being the only musical artist to have received a five star rating from Stephen Colbert on iTunes.<mask> furthered this connection when he appeared in Colbert's 2008 Christmas special as a hunter. <mask> also made an appearance as a musical guest on the October 27, 2011 episode of the Colbert Report. On October 29, 2011, <mask> appeared on Fox Channel's Huckabee with former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee. He played "Bullets in the Gun" and he joined with Huckabees house band to play a song at the end of the show. In December 2018, <mask> will appear as a guest on Darci Lynne: My Hometown Christmas. Acting
In the Autumn of 2005, he filmed Broken Bridges, written by Cherie Bennett and Jeff Gottesfeld, and directed by Steven Goldmann. This feature film from Paramount/CMT Films was released on September 8, 2006.In this contemporary story set in small-town Tennessee, <mask> plays Bo Price, a washed-up country musician. The movie also stars Kelly Preston, Burt Reynolds, Tess Harper, and Lindsey Haun. <mask> wrote and starred in the 2008 movie Beer for My Horses, which is based on the 2003 hit song of the same name recorded by <mask> and Willie Nelson. He was also set to star in the film Bloodworth, but later dropped out. Business ventures
In 2005, <mask> opened <mask>'s I Love This Bar & Grill in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, as well as Syracuse, New York and Tulsa, Oklahoma, and now also has restaurants in Thackerville, Oklahoma; Auburn Hills, Michigan; Kansas City; Las Vegas; Mesa, Arizona; Peoria, Arizona; St. Louis Park, Minnesota; Foxborough, Massachusetts; Cincinnati, Ohio; Newport News, Virginia; and Denver, Colorado. <mask> does not actually own the new restaurants; the new restaurant is the first in a franchise under Scottsdale, Arizona-based Capri Restaurant Group Enterprises LLC, which purchased the master license agreement to build more Toby Keith restaurants nationwide. Capri Restaurant Group is owned by Frank Capri, who opened the restaurant in Mesa in the shopping center known as Mesa Riverview and is planning on opening multiple locations across the country.In 2009, Capri Restaurant Group announced that it will open another "I Love this Bar & Grill" location in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania's South Side Works shopping and entertainment district. In 2009, <mask> also established a line of clothing, TK Steelman. February 2010 marked the opening of the <mask>'s I Love This Bar & Grill in the Winstar World Casino, exit 1 on Interstate 35 in Oklahoma. Other locations opened in 2010 by the Capri Restaurant Group included those in Great Lakes Crossing in Auburn Hills, Michigan and in the Shops at West End in St. Louis Park, Minnesota. Both of which closed in 2015. In 2011, <mask> introduced a new drink named “Wild Shot". At first it was only available in Mexico, but now is sold and served in America.It is a featured drink in his restaurant chain, I Love this Bar and Grill. <mask>'s music career and his various other business ventures have made him one of the wealthiest celebrities in the United States. The July 15. 2013, edition of Forbes magazine features <mask> on the cover with the caption "Country Music's $500 million man". The article titled "Cowboy Capitalist" by Zack O'Malley Greenburg also contains information regarding <mask>'s earnings as a musician over the course of his career, such as earning $65 million in the past 12 months, which surpasses the earnings of even more well known musicians such as Jay-Z and Beyoncé and that he hasn't earned less than $48 million a year over the past 5 years. <mask> has written at least one #1 country single over the past 20 years and the partnership between his own label, Show Dog-Universal, and Big Machine Records, which <mask> also helped found in 2005. Political beliefs

Since 2002, <mask> has made numerous trips to the Middle East to bring entertainment and encouragement to U.S. men and women serving on or near the front lines.“My father was a soldier. He taught his kids to respect veterans,” said <mask>. “It's that respect and the thank-you that we have a military that's in place and ready to defend our nation; our freedom.”

In 2004, <mask> called himself "a conservative Democrat who is sometimes embarrassed for his party". He endorsed the re-election of President George W. Bush in the 2004 presidential election and performed at a Dallas, Texas, rally on the night before the election. <mask> also endorsed Democrat Dan Boren in his successful run in Oklahoma's 2nd congressional district and is good friends with former Democratic New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson. In a January 2007 interview with Newsday, <mask> was asked whether he supported the Iraq War. He responded with "Never did," and said he favors setting a time limit on the campaign.He also said, "I don't apologize for being patriotic... If there is something socially incorrect about being patriotic and supporting your troops, then they can kiss my ass on that, because I'm not going to budge on that at all. And that has nothing to do with politics. Politics is what's killing America." In April 2008, <mask> said that Barack Obama "looks like a great speaker and a great leader. And I think you can learn on your feet in there, so I don't hold people responsible for not having a whole bunch of political background in the House and Senate." His remarks continued, "I think [John] McCain is a great option too."In August 2008, he called Obama "the best Democratic candidate we've had since Bill Clinton". In October 2008, <mask> told CMT that he had left the Democratic Party and has re-registered as an independent. "My party that I've been affiliated with all these years doesn't stand for anything that I stand for anymore," he says. "They've lost any sensibility that they had, and they've allowed all the kooks in. So I'm going independent." He also told CMT that he would likely vote for the Republican ticket, partially because of his admiration for Sarah Palin. In March 2009, <mask> received the Johnny "Mike" Spann Memorial Semper Fidelis Award during a New York ceremony held by the Marine Corps-Law Enforcement Foundation.The trophy is named for the CIA operative (and former Marine Corps captain) who was the first U.S. casualty in the war in Afghanistan. "Spending time with our soldiers around the world is something I've always regarded as a privilege and honor," he said. "I'm certainly happy to accept this award, but I won't forget for a second who's really doing the heavy lifting to keep this country safe. And that's why I'll keep going back and spending time with those good folks every chance I get." In April 2009, he voiced support for Obama on Afghanistan and other decisions: "He hired one of my best friends who I think should run for president someday...Gen. James Jones as a national security adviser. He's sending troops into Afghanistan, help is on the way there. And I'm seeing some really good middle range stuff.I'm giving our commander in chief a chance before I start grabbing. So far, I'm cool with it." Courtesy of the Red, White and Blue

On March 24, 2001, <mask>'s father, H.K. Covel, was killed in a car accident. That event and the September 11 attacks in 2001 prompted <mask> to write the song "Courtesy of the Red, White, & Blue", a song about his father's patriotism and faith in the United States. At first, <mask> refused to record the song and sang it only live at his concerts for military personnel. The reaction to the song, the lyrics of which express clear nationalistic and militaristic sentiments, was strong in many quarters, even to the point that the Commandant of the Marine Corps James L. Jones told <mask> it was his "duty as an American citizen" to record the song.As the lead single from the album Unleashed (2002), "Courtesy of the Red, White, & Blue" peaked at number one over the Fourth of July weekend. ABC invited <mask> to sing "Courtesy of the Red, White, & Blue" on a 2002 Fourth of July concert it was producing, then rescinded the invitation after host Peter Jennings heard the song and vetoed it. Jennings said the song "probably wouldn't set the right tone". <mask> said his statement to the press of Jennings was, "Isn't he Canadian? ", and "I bet Dan Rather wouldn't kick me off his show." Feud with the Dixie Chicks
<mask> had a public feud with the Dixie Chicks over the song "Courtesy of the Red, White, & Blue", in 2002, as well as over comments they made about President George W. Bush on stage during a concert in London, in March 2003. The lead singer of the Dixie Chicks, Natalie Maines, publicly stated that <mask>'s song was "ignorant, and it makes country music sound ignorant".<mask> responded by pointing out that Maines did not write her music and he does, and by displaying a backdrop at his concerts showing a doctored photo of Maines with Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein. On May 21, 2003, Maines wore a T-shirt with the letters "FUTK" on the front at the Academy of Country Music Awards. While a spokesperson for the Dixie Chicks said that the acronym stood for "Friends United in Truth and Kindness," many, including host Vince Gill, took it to be a shot at <mask> ("Fuck You Toby <mask>"). In an October 2004 appearance on Real Time with Bill Maher, Maines finally confessed that it was indeed a shot at <mask>, and that she "thought that nobody would get it". In August 2003, <mask>'s representation publicly declared he was done feuding with Maines "because he's realized there are far more important things to concentrate on". <mask> was referring specifically to the terminal illness of a former bandmate's daughter, Allison Faith Webb. However, he continues to refuse to say Maines' name, and claims that the doctored photo was intended to express his opinion that Maines' criticism was an attempt to squelch <mask>'s free speech.In April 2008, a commercial spot to promote Al Gore's "We Campaign", involving both <mask> and the Dixie Chicks, was proposed. However, the idea was eventually abandoned due to scheduling conflicts. Donald Trump
On January 19, 2017, <mask> performed at the pre-Inaugural "Make America Great Again! Welcome Celebration" held at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. in celebration of the beginning of the presidency of Donald Trump. <mask> thanked outgoing president Barack Obama for his service and thanked president-elect Trump at the start of the celebration. <mask> then played several of his patriotic songs, including "American Soldier", "Made in America", "Beer For My Horses", and "Courtesy of the Red, White and Blue". On January 13, 2021, it was reported that <mask> had been awarded the National Medal of Arts by President Trump.The award was given in a closed ceremony, alongside fellow country musician Ricky Skaggs. Personal life
<mask> has an honorary degree from Villanova University, which he attended from 1979 to 1980. He planned to be a petroleum engineer. An avid University of Oklahoma sports fan, <mask> is often seen at Oklahoma Sooners games and practices. He is also a fan of professional wrestling, being seen in the front row of numerous WWE shows that take place in Oklahoma, as well as performing "Courtesy of the Red, White, & Blue (The Angry American)" live at the first ever TNA Wrestling show on June 19, 2002. He is also a fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers football team. He is a Free Will Baptist.On March 24, 1984, <mask> married Tricia Lucus. He is the father of three children—two daughters, Shelley Covel Rowland (born 1980, adopted by <mask> in 1984) and Krystal "Krystal <mask>" LaDawn Covel Sandubrae (born September 30, 1985; signed a contract with Show Dog-Universal in 2013), and one son (Stelen <mask>, born 1997). He also has four grandchildren. On March 24, 2001, <mask>'s father was killed in a car accident on Interstate 35. On December 25, 2007, the Covel family was awarded $2.8 million for the wrongful death of H.K. Covel. Elias and Pedro Rodriguez, operators of Rodriguez Transportes of Tulsa, and the Republic Western Insurance Co. were found liable as they failed to equip the charter bus with properly working air brakes.Philanthropy
<mask> supports Ally's House, a non-profit organization in Oklahoma designed to aid children with cancer. Of the charity, <mask> said:

<mask> filmed a PSA for Little Kids Rock, a national nonprofit that works to restore and revitalize music education in disadvantaged U.S. public schools. As of 2015, Forbes estimated <mask>'s annual income at $53 million. (1999)
 Pull My Chain (2001)
 Unleashed (2002)
 Shock'n Y'all (2003)
 Honkytonk University (2005)
 White Trash with Money (2006)
 Big Dog Daddy (2007)
 That Don't Make Me a Bad Guy (2008)
 American Ride (2009)
 Bullets in the Gun (2010)
 Clancy's Tavern (2011)
 Hope on the Rocks (2012)
 Drinks After Work (2013)
 35 MPH Town (2015)
 Peso in My Pocket (2021)

Compilation albums
 Greatest Hits Volume One (1998)
 20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection (2003)
 Greatest Hits 2 (2004)
 35 Biggest Hits (2008)
 The Bus Songs (2017)

Christmas albums
 Christmas to Christmas (1995)
 A Classic Christmas (2007)

Number one singles
 "Should've Been a Cowboy"
 "Who's That Man"
 "Me Too"
 "How Do You Like Me Now?!" "You Shouldn't Kiss Me Like This"
 "I'm Just Talkin' About Tonight"
 "I Wanna Talk About Me"
 "My List"
 "Courtesy of the Red, White, & Blue (The Angry American)"
 "Who's Your Daddy?" "Beer for My Horses"
 "I Love This Bar"
 "American Soldier"
 "Whiskey Girl"
 "As Good as I Once Was"
 "Love Me If You Can"
 "She Never Cried in Front of Me"
 "God Love Her"
 "American Ride"
 "Made in America"

Notable awards

Filmography
 Broken Bridges (2006) also starring Kelly Preston and Lindsey Haun
 CMT Music Awards (2003–2012) Co-Host With Pamela Anderson and Kristen Bell
 Beer for My Horses (2008)

References

External links

 Toby Keith official website

1961 births
Male actors from Oklahoma
American baritones
American country singer-songwriters
American country record producers
American people of English descent
Country musicians from Oklahoma
DreamWorks Records artists
Living people
Mercury Records artists
People from Clinton, Oklahoma
People from Moore, Oklahoma
Show Dog-Universal Music artists
Villanova University people
Singer-songwriters from Oklahoma
Baptists from Oklahoma
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
American male

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<mask> (born 1958 on the South Island of New Zealand, at Timaru) is a New Zealand composer. She received her formative musical training under Gillian Bibby at the Wellington Polytechnic. She then moved to Australia, where she studied composition in Sydney with Peter Sculthorpe. Singing with the Sydney University Chamber Choir under the direction of Nicholas Routley introduced her to the intricate Renaissance polyphony that affected her early compositions. Early compositions
In 1985 <mask> composed Christ the King, a setting of New Zealand poet James K. Baxter, which has received numerous performances in both Australia and North America, as well as several recordings. Conceived as several interpolations for a performance of John Taverner's "Westron Wynde" Mass, the composer subsequently tied them together to create a single work that combines elements of plainchant and hymnody with polyphonic passages. The composer's ingenious weaving and re-ordering of two Baxter poems, 'Song to the Father' and 'Song to the Lord God on a Spring Morning,’ was an early indication (in 1984) of her acute sensitivity to text, a trait that runs through all her subsequent works.In the same year, <mask> also revised four solo settings of Baxter’s verse. Over the next four years she composed two other major commissions for the Sydney Chamber Choir, "Et Misericordia" (1986) and "A West Irish Ballad" (1988). These three works formed the basis for a CD devoted entirely to her music, performed by the Sydney Chamber Choir and released in 1995 on the Tall Poppies label (TP 073). Maturing style
During the 1990s <mask> continued to absorb and process a wide range of influences, from the aleatoric effects in "Hope There Is" (1990), to the use of folksong and chant in Leise rieselt der Schnee (1996). Other significant works from this period include "Love Was His Meaning" (1992) and "We Welcome Summer" (1996). Music from this period reveals <mask>'s growing use of repetitive, almost hypnotic phrases, as well as the overlaying of different rhythms and even text. Nowhere is this more apparent than the short piece, commissioned for the Sydney Children's Choir, titled "Rain" that comprises a series of onomatopoeic syllables to suggest a rain shower.Since her early success <mask> has continued to write to commission, but her appeal has extended beyond her 'alma mater,’ the Sydney Chamber Choir that had evolved from its original association with the university. She has written for The Macquarie Singers, the Tasmanian Consort (1990), and The Australian Voices of Brisbane (1995). She wrote her 2002 setting of "Aunque Es De Noche" for the Sydney Philharmonia Chorus, and in 2003 she wrote "In The Year That King Uzziah Died" for the Adelaide-based vocal quartet, SYNTONY. More recently, her orchestral work "Panah" was selected as one of the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra's Readings in 2008, under the direction of conductor Scott Parkman. In an odd twist of coincidence, Parkman had previously served as Assistant Conductor of the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra (USA), a city that has hosted more Maclean performances and commissions than any other. This is explained by the relationship <mask> has enjoyed with the Saint Louis Chamber Chorus, a professional chamber choir for which she has served as Composer-in-Residence since 2005. For this ensemble she composed first "Os Anthos Chortou: As the flowers of grass"– setting Sappho in the original ancient Greek; then in 2007 "Misera ancor do Loco" (a conclusion in Italian to Monteverdi's fragmentary sequence, "Lamento d'Arianna," 2007) and "Vive in Deo!"(a series of ancient Greek and Latin epitaphs) and Psalm 137 (in Hebrew, 2009). The St Louis Chamber Chorus has also recorded several of her works on compact disc. Future commissions for this choir include performances in November 2009 and December 2010. At the APRA Music Awards of 2012 she won an Art Music Award in the category Work of the Year – Vocal or Choral for Osanna Mass. Recordings
<mask>, the Complete choral music. The Sydney Chamber Choir, conducted by Nicholas Routley. Tall Poppies, Sydney, Australia, TP073, 1995
Australia Sings a New Song (Hope There is, sung by the Sydney Chamber Choir, conducted by Nicholas Routley).Australian National Choral Association ANCACD1001, 1996
The Listening Land (We Welcome Summer). The Australian Voices, conducted by Graeme Morton. Australian Voices, Brisbane, Australia, VOICESCD002, 1996
Our Time and Place (Hope There Is). The St Peter's Chorale, conducted by Graeme Morton. The St Peter's Chorale, Brisbane, Australia, 1997
Different Angels: Contemporary Australian Choir Music (Christ the King; Et Misericordia). The Adelaide Chamber Singers, conducted by Carl Crossin. The Adelaide Chamber Singers, Australia, ACSCD 002, 1998
O Magnum Mysterium (Christ the King).The Adelaide Chamber Singers, conducted by Carl Crossin. The Adelaide Chamber Singers, Australia
One World, Many Voices (Hope There Is, sung by the Sydney Chamber Choir). Earthsongs, Corvallis, Oregon, CD 02, 1998
One (Christ the King). Ensemble de la Rue, conducted by William Kempster. Arktos Recordings ltd, CD 20041, 2000
Evensong from York Minster (Christ the King). The Brighton School Choir. Brighton School, Adelaide, Australia, 2000
Rejoicing in His Birth (Leise Rieselt der Schnee).The St Louis Chamber Chorus, conducted by Philip Barnes. The St Louis Chamber Chorus, SLCC 007, 2003
The Sydney Chamber Choir and Kampin Laulu Chamber Choir, Finland (We Welcome Summer). ABC Classic FM, Sydney, Australia, 2003
Resonance: Contemporary Choral Music from Australia and the United States (Christ the King). University of New Hampshire Singers, conducted by William Kempster. University of New Hampshire Music Department, UNHCS 0104, 2004
Songs of the Soul (Aunque es de Noche). The St Louis Chamber Chorus, conducted by Philip Barnes. Guild GmbH, Switzerland, GMCD 7272, 2005
Jo-Wha (Oneness) (Kyrie, sung by the Sydney Chamber Choir, conducted by Paul Stanhope).Publications by Wirripang, Wollongong, Australia, 2006
Music for the Soul Lumina Vocal Ensemble conducted by Anna Pope (Christ the King), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, LVE001 2007
St. Louis Commissions (Os Anthos Chortou: As the flowers of grass). The St Louis Chamber Chorus, conducted by Philip Barnes. Regent Records, Great Britain, REGCD 255, 2008
Australian Soundscapes Lumina Vocal Ensemble conducted by Anna Pope (Hope there is and Rain) Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, LVE005, 2009
Osanna (Osanna Mass, In the Year That King Uzziah Died, os anthos chortou, Vive in Deo, We Welcome Summer". Sydney Chamber Choir conducted by Paul Stanhope. Tall Poppies, Sydney Australia, TP218 2011. References

1958 births
APRA Award winners
Living people
New Zealand musicians

masks:
Clare Maclean
Maclean
Maclean
Maclean
Maclean
Maclean
Clare Maclean
Clare Maclean