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<mask> (born November 17, 1998) is an American professional boxer who has held the WBC lightweight title since 2019. As of June 2021, he is ranked as the world's fourth best active lightweight by The Ring magazine, Transnational Boxing Rankings Board, and BoxRec and fifth by ESPN. Amateur career
As an amateur, Haney won seven National titles. In January 2015, aged 17, he became the youngest boxer to win the Youth World Championships in Reno. He had an amateur record of 138–8 bouts before turning professional in 2015 at the age of 17. Out of those eight losses, two are from his now rival Ryan Garcia in the amateurs the two have fought four times, both having won twice. USA Junior National Championships Silver medalist in Mobile
2013
Defeated Nikita Ababiy 3:0
Defeated Duke Ragen 3:0
Defeated Michael Dutchover 2:1
Lost to Ruben Villa 10:2

World Junior Championships quarter-finalist in Kyiv, Ukraine2013''
Defeated Elmaddin Ismailov (Azerbaijan) 2:1
Defeated Sabyrzhan Abilov (Kazakhstan) 2:1
Lost to Suleyman Bammatov (Russia) 0:3

US Junior National Championships Gold medalist in Reno 2014Defeated Adolfo Alanis 3:0
Defeated Alejandro Campa 3:0
Defeated Ryan Garcia 2:1

USA Youth National Championships Gold medalist in Reno 2015'''
Defeated Daiyaan Butt 3:0
Defeated Alejandro Guerrero 3:0
Defeated Ryan Garcia 2:1
Defeated Bryan Lua 3:0
Defeated Andres Cortes 2:1

Professional career
<mask> turned pro at the age of 17 but could not compete in the United States due to the minimum age regulation, so his first four fights were in Mexico.At regional level he won the WBC Youth, IBF-USBA, IBF North American, WBC International, WBO Inter-Continental and WBA International lightweight titles as a professional. On February 2, 2018 <mask> was scheduled to fight Filipino Harmonito Dela Torre in an eight-round opening bout. Dela Torre had problems obtaining a visa and subsequently withdrew from the fight. Unable to find an opponent, the date was scrapped. On January 11, 2019, <mask> dominated a very tough opponent in Xolisani Ndongeni on the way to a 10-round unanimous decision win. In April 2019, <mask> signed a co-promotional deal between his own company, Devin Haney Promotions, and British promoter Eddie Hearn's Matchroom Boxing. On May 25, 2019, <mask> defeated Antonio Moran via a vicious seventh-round knockout, in his first match under the Matchroom banner.On September 13, 2019, <mask> defeated Zaur Abdullaev (11–0) to win the vacant WBC interim lightweight title. WBC lightweight champion
In October 2019, <mask> became the youngest (i.e. latest-born) world champion in boxing when he was elevated as the WBC lightweight champion after previous WBC lightweight champion Vasiliy Lomachenko was promoted to "Franchise Champion" by the WBC. <mask> vs. Santiago
On the undercard of KSI vs. Logan Paul II in November 2019, <mask> made his first title defense against Alfredo Santiago (12-0), and won by unanimous decision. He injured his shoulder during the fight, requiring surgery that would keep him out until the summer of 2020. He maintained the title "champion in recess." Controversial comments about Vasiliy Lomachenko
In April 2020, <mask> claimed that he could beat unified lightweight champion Vasiliy Lomachenko during an interview with 78SportsTV.When asked if would "end the hype of Loma", <mask> said, "I'll tell you this. I will never lose to a white boy in my life. I don't care what nobody got to say. Fight a white boy 10 times, I'm going to beat him 10 times." <mask> was criticized for this comment, with many saying it was anti-white racism. <mask> came out on Twitter after and said, "I'm not racist and I never will be a racist. I'm chasing greatness."He also said he spoke with WBC president Mauricio Sulaimán and "confirmed to him directly my commitment to be a role model and my absolute rejection of discrimination of any kind." <mask>'s comments were compared to Bernard Hopkins' declaration that he would "never let a white boy beat me" before his fight with Joe Calzaghe, which Hopkins lost. <mask> vs. Gamboa
On October 2, 2020, it was revealed that <mask> would make the second defense of his WBC lightweight title against the former unified featherweight titlist Yuriorkis Gamboa, on November 7, 2020. The bout was held at the Hard Rock Live in Hollywood, Florida, and was broadcast by DAZN. Most media members predicted an easy victory for the reigning champion, which was reflected in the betting odds as well, with most odds-makers having <mask> as a -5000 favorite. <mask> won the fight by a dominant unanimous decision, with two of the judges awarding him every single round of the fight, while the third judge scored it 118-109 in favor of <mask>. Gamboa was deducted a point in the eleventh round for holding.<mask> out-landed Gamboa 133 to 84 in total punches, and 82 to 63 in power punches landed. <mask> vs. Linares

In what was seen by many as <mask>'s toughest test of his career so far, <mask> made the third defense of his WBC lightweight title against former three-weight world champion Jorge Linares on May 29, 2021. He won by unanimous decision with the judges scoring the bout 116–112, 116–112, 115–113 in his favor. <mask> controlled the action for most of the fight, but was hurt when Linares caught him with a powerful right-left combination toward the end of the tenth round. <mask> survived the final two rounds largely by tying Linares up and negating his opponent's attempts at trying to engage with him. The crowd voiced their displeasure with what they perceived as excessive clinching by booing <mask> when he jumped up on the ropes in celebration immediately after the final bell, as well as booing during the announcement of the official decision. <mask> vs. Diaz
Joseph Diaz had been scheduled to defend his WBC interim lightweight title against Ryan García on November 27, 2021, until García withdrew from the fight due to a hand injury.This led to back and forth on social media between <mask> and Diaz, culminating in an official announcement on November 3 that Diaz would now be challenging for <mask>'s full world title on December 4, instead of defending his interim title against García. On the night, <mask> defeated Diaz by unanimous decision, with scores of 117–111, 117–111, 116–112 in his favor. After the fight, the victor announced his desire to face unified champion George Kambosos Jr. for all four major world titles in the lightweight division, stating, "Let's do it for all the belts. The real undisputed." Personal life
<mask> was born in San Francisco and lived in Oakland, California as a child, but moved with his father Bill to Las Vegas. He started boxing at the age of seven. He converted to Islam in April 2021.Professional boxing record

See also
List of world lightweight boxing champions

References

External links

1998 births
Living people
Boxers from San Francisco
Featherweight boxers
Super-featherweight boxers
World lightweight boxing champions
World Boxing Council champions
American Muslims
Converts to Islam

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Devin Miles Haney
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Haney
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Orsat "<mask><mask>, (, ; 12 March 1821 – 30 June 1882) was a Ragusan writer and an important member of the  Catholic Serb movement. Biography
<mask> was born on  in Dubrovnik, then in the Austrian Empire. He was descended from the House of Pucić, an old noble family of Republic of Ragusa. His brother was <mask>. He attended the lyceum in Venice, where in 1841 he became acquainted with Ján Kollár. <mask> was impressed with his pan-Slavist ideas, and went on to join the Illyrian movement. <mask>'s was a member of Serb Catholic movement.He studied between 1841 and 1843 in the University of Padua, and then from 1843 to 1845 he studied law in Vienna and was a Knight Hospitaller of the Sovereign Order of Saint John. In 1841, <mask> <mask>, a writer from an old Catholic noble family, became acquainted with pan-Slavists Ján Kollár and Pavel Jozef Šafárik, and started to espouse a Serb national sentiment. <mask> lived in the cities of Lucca and Parma between 1846 and 1849, and after that usually in Dubrovnik. <mask> was in active contact with cultural and political circles of Central Croatia, the rest of the Austrian Empire, and different countries of Europe. In March 1848 <mask> threw his lot with Adam Mickiewicz who was in Rome at the time trying to convince Pope Pius IX to endorse a Polish national revolution against the Habsburgs. In 1858 <mask> <mask> published the first volume Serbian Documents (Spomenici Srpski) in Belgrade which consisted of documents written by Rusko Hristoforović (1395-1423) of the Serbian Chancellery in Dubrovnik. After 1860 when the political life in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was revived, he took part in the Serbian and Croatian national movements in Dalmatia and the politics in Croatia proper.<mask> as a leader of the conservative faction wedded the theory of the Croatian historical right to the Dalmatia to the convoluted ethno-linguistic arguments originating in early Slavonic studies circles (Kollar, Šafárik, Dobrovsky,..) which considered all native Shtokavian speakers as Serbs; later that century the theories about linguistic demarcation of Serbs and Croats, and hence the ethno-historical "ownership" of Dubrovnik and Kotor, had been subsumed in the ideology of Serbo-Croatism, a sort of cover term which considered Croats and Serbs as tribes of a single South Slavic nation. <mask> <mask> was a vocal supporter of the unification of all the South-Slavic lands within the Habsburg Monarchy around one nation, called later Yugoslavia. <mask>'s pan-Slavic (or pan-South-Slavic) idea  was based on the principle of unification of Croats with the Slavic tradition in Dubrovnik. <mask> <mask> was the first person to publicly call himself a Serb, while at the same time believing that the Croatian name for the language he spoke was merely a synonym of the Serbian name, so he was effectively an adherent of slovinstvo, a pan-Slavic view of South Slavic nationalities. In 1868, he moved to Belgrade to become a teacher to the young prince Milan Obrenović IV until he came of age in 1872. He returned to Dubrovnik in 1874, and played an important role in the cultural life of the city in the 1870s. The Serb party had among its supporters in Dubrovnik, alongside Serbs (Orthodox), and some Catholics, who have since declared themselves Serbs of the Catholic faith (the so-called Serb-Catholics).The appearance of Dubrovnik Serb Catholics was based on Vuk Karadžić's assumption that all those who spoke Štokavian were Serbs. The first one in Dubrovnik to adopt and exhibit Vuk's idea was poet <mask> <mask>, followed by professors of the Dubrovnik Gymnasium, linguists Pero Budmani, Stjepo Castrapelli and Luko Zore. In 1874 when the literary magazine Slovinac, founded by Jovan Sundečić and Vuk Vrčević, needed an editor it <mask> <mask>, then president of the Serb-Catholic Circle, who chose Luko Zore for the post. Around the publication gathered were Serb and Croat intellectuals for the next seven years of its existence. Literary works
<mask> wrote lyrical and epic poems, patriotic lyric poetry, political essays and historical studies. The preferred motive of his work was the history of Dubrovnik and the Republic of Ragusa. He also translated literary works from several European languages into his own Dubrovnik dialect of Serbo-Croatian, which he called Serbian.He translated various Croatian and Serbian works into Italian, which is when he used the name Orsatto Pozza. <mask> started writing poetry in 1840. He was initially writing romantic lyrics, but later moved towards a more national epic style. Some of his more important works include:
 Slovjanska antologija iz rukopisah dubrovačkih pjesnikah (Slavic Anthology from the Manuscripts of Dubrovnik Poets), 1844
 Talijanke (Italian Women), 1849 (elegies)
 Spomenici srpski od godine 1395. do 1423. (Serbian monuments from Year 1395 to 1423), book I, Belgrade 1858 and book II, Belgrade 1862
 Dei canti popolari illirici, discorso detto Adam Mickiewicz, Zara 1860
 Giovanni Gundulich.

masks:
Medo
" Pucić
Orsat Pucić
Niko Pucić
Pucić
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Medo
Pucić
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Pucić
Pucić
Medo
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<mask> (born 1978 in Geneva, Switzerland) is a German film director and editor. Life and work
<mask> was born in Geneva in 1978 and grew up in Königsbach-Stein near Karlsruhe. After completing his Zivildienst (alternative civilian service), <mask> began studying at the Filmakademie Baden-Württemberg in 2001 and graduated in 2005 with a degree in Film & Media. While still being a student, <mask> began working as a film editor. He edited commercials, short- and feature films. After graduating, he continued his editing work and was responsible for editing several Television productions such as Unschuldig or 100 Code,  an internationally co-produced Swedish crime drama series. In 2010 <mask>'s short film - thriller Interview  was released, for which he received many awards at German and international film festivals.Due to the success of his short film Interview he received his first directing assignments. After directing five episodes of the German TV series Notruf Hafenkante, <mask> subsequently shot ten 90-minute episodes of the popular German police crime drama series Tatort since 2013, three of which he edited himself. The released Tatort-episodes were almost all praised by the German press and received good IMDb ratings. For example, the German film critic Rainer Tittelbach wrote in October 2018, that <mask> had created "exceptional crime films" (Ausnahmekrimis). Spiegel Online - critic Christian Buß also wrote in a 2018 Tatort - review, that that <mask> had "repeatedly artfully widened the format of the series with cinematic 'Tatort-episodes' such as the Berlin episode 'Meta' or the 'Se7en' variation" for the Frankfurt Tatort edition (hat mit cineastischen "Tatorten" wie der Berliner Folge "Meta" oder der "Se7en"-Variation [...] immer wieder kunstvoll das Format der Reihe geweitet). In addition, some of the Tatort - episodes won national and international awards. For example, the episode Long Live Death celebrated its international premiere at the Austin Film Festival in 2016.And <mask> won an audience award for it at the Nashville Film Festival in 2017 and received a jury award at the Garden State Film Festival in 2017. For the Tatort-episode Die Wahrheit <mask> and screenwriter Erol Yesilkaya were nominated for the prestigious Grimme Award in 2017. They received the Grimme Award in 2019 for their Tatort-episode Meta. The award-winning three Tatort-episodes and four other episodes were created in collaboration with Erol Yesilkaya. He wrote the screenplays for all seven episodes. <mask> had met Yesilkaya in 2012 and worked together nine times so far. In an interview with the German trade magazine Blickpunkt:Film, <mask> compares their cooperation to the "showrunner - principle".During the process of making a film, from idea development to film editing, Yesilkaya and <mask> would be in constant exchange of information to achieve a good result. On October 20, 2020, <mask>'s dystopian TV - Science fiction film Exit was broadcast on the nationwide German television channel Das Erste. Yesilkaya again wrote the screenplay for the film, which is set in the year 2047 and addresses the dimension and impact of artificial intelligence and digital life. The German film critic Arno Frank of Spiegel Online said, that a "perfectly formed dystopia like "Exit" [...] has not yet been seen on public television" in Germany. (Eine formvollendete Dystopie wie "Exit" [...] hat man bei den Öffentlich-Rechtlichen noch nicht gesehen.) It was announced in the press on February 2, 2021, that <mask> and Yesilkaya are to film the German fantasy novel - bestseller The Gryphon (Der Greif, 1989) by Wolfgang Hohlbein as a series for Amazon Prime Video. The Gryphon is scheduled for release in 2023.Mai – Helden bei der Arbeit)
 2008: Unschuldig (4 episodes), (TV series)
 2009: Killerjagd.

masks:
Sebastian Marka
Sebastian Marka
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<mask> (April 6, 1912 – November 4, 1993) was a Korean Seon master. He was a key figure in modern Korean Buddhism, being responsible for significant changes to it from the 1950s to 1990s. Seongcheol was widely recognized in Korea as having been a living Buddha, due to his extremely ascetic lifestyle, the duration and manner of his meditation training, his central role in reforming Korean Buddhism in the post-World War II era, and the quality of his oral and written teachings. Life

Early life

Born on April 10, 1912, in Korea under the name of Yi Yeongju(이영주), Seongcheol was the first of seven children of a Confucian scholar in Gyeongsang province. He was rumored to have been an exceptionally bright child who read constantly, having learned to read at the age of three, and being proficient enough to read such Chinese classics as Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Journey to the West by age ten. His enthusiasm for reading was such that he once traded a sack of rice for Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason as a teenager. Having read numerous books on philosophy and religion, both Western and Eastern, he reportedly felt dissatisfied, being convinced that these could not lead him to truth.One day, a Seon monk gave Seongcheol a copy of Song of Enlightenment (Hangul: 증도가, Hanja: 證道歌), a Seon text written by Yongjia Xuanjue (永嘉玄覺) in the Tang dynasty. Seongcheol felt as if "a bright light had suddenly been lit in complete darkness," and that he had finally found the way to the ultimate truth. Immediately, he started meditating on the "Mu" gong-an (Japanese: koan) and started ignoring all his responsibilities at home. Deciding that his parents' house had too many distractions, he promptly packed his bags and went to Daewonsa (Daewon temple). After obtaining permission to stay in the temple, the young Seongcheol started to meditate intensively. Later in life, he would say that he attained the state of Dongjeong Ilyeo (see Teachings below, Hangul: 동정일여, Hanja: 動靜一如) at this early point in his life in only forty-two days. The rumor of a lay person meditating so intensely naturally spread to the main temple of Haeinsa(해인사).Under the recommendations of renowned Seon Masters Gim Beomnin and Choe Beomsul, the young Seongcheol left for Haeinsa in the winter of 1936. At the time, Seon Master Dongsan was the spiritual leader of Haeinsa, and recognizing Seongcheol's great potential, he recommended he become a monk. But Seongcheol refused, stating that he had absolutely no intention of becoming a monk and that only intense meditation was important. But Dongsan master's dharma talk during the following retreat season changed his mind:

"There is a way. No one will reveal the secret. You must enter the door yourself. But there is no door.In the end, there is not even a way." In March 1937, Yi Yeongju received his dharma name of <mask>, forsook all relations with the outside world, and became a monk, writing this poem:

Enlightenment
In the tradition of Korean Buddhist monks, Seongcheol wandered from one temple to the next after each meditation retreat. In the summer of 1940, he went into deep meditation at the Geum Dang Seon Center and attained enlightenment. Having become a monk at the age of 25, he had attained his true nature in only three years. He went on to write his enlightenment poem:

Having attained enlightenment, Seongcheol began pilgrimages to various temples in order to validate his experience and to examine other monks and their levels of attainment. But he was frequently disappointed, noticing that inka (validation of a monk's attainment by a master) was given too carelessly, thereby falsely recognizing many monks as having fully attained enlightenment. During his retreat at Songgwangsa, he was also dismayed at Jinul's theory of Dono Jeomsu (sudden enlightenment, gradual training), and how it was the widespread theory during the time.Later during the 1980s and 1990s, his contribution to the revival of Hui Neng's traditional theory of Dono Donsu (sudden enlightenment, sudden training) would have a significant effect on the practice of Seon in Korea, China, Japan, and other countries where Seon/Zen is practiced. Growing reputation and recognition
<mask>'s reputation soon began to spread. Numerous factors contributed to his growing recognition. One of the more famous anecdotes is Seongcheol's Jangjwa Bulwa (Hangul: 장좌불와, Hanja: 長坐不臥). Literally translated as 'long sitting, no lying,' it is a meditation technique that some monks employ to intensify their practice. Sitting meditation is equivalent to most other practices, except that the practitioner does not lie down to sleep, but stays in the lotus position even during sleep, with the intention of minimizing sleep through the position. Seongcheol was known to have practiced this for eight years after his enlightenment.He reportedly never once laid down and denied sleeping at all. Another anecdote recounts how while Seongcheol was staying in Mangwolsa in Dobong mountain, an old monk by the name of Chunseong refused to believe this. He wanted to catch Seongcheol dozing off to sleep, so spied on him secretly throughout one night. But having witnessed the truth of the rumor, Chunseong was struck with amazement and himself started employing the technique. It is said that the stress of the practice and the old age at which he started the technique caused all of his teeth to fall out later in life. Seongcheol's reputation for intensive practice was not limited only to his meditation per se. He was also known to be completely indifferent to the outside world, focused intently only on meditation and guiding fellow monks to enlightenment.His indifference was so thorough that he even refused to see his mother when she visited him at Mahayunsa in Kumgangsan mountain. "No need to see her" was reportedly his reply to her visit, to which his fellow monks burst out in anger, stating that although they were monks devoted to asceticism and meditation, refusing to see his own mother was too extreme an action. Afterwards, Seongcheol accompanied his mother, showing her the sites of Kumgangsan mountain. Reformation of Korean Buddhism

Bong Am Sa
On August 15, 1945, Japan surrendered unconditionally, thereby ending World War II and the occupation of Korea. The events offered an invaluable opportunity for the  reformation of Korean Buddhism, which had been severely oppressed during the Japanese occupation. As an emerging leader of Korean Buddhism, Seongcheol joined the nascent discussions on the emerging plans to reform the religion. Forming a partnership with Jawoon, Cheongdam, and Hyanggok, the future leaders of Korean Buddhism chose Bong Am Sa temple of Heui Yang mountain.There, they formed a pact to live strictly according to the Vinaya, the Buddhist code of ethics. The members agreed upon rules of conduct (Hangul: 공주규약, Hanja: 共住規約) and required strict adherence to it amongst themselves:

To follow the Vinaya and practice the teachings of the patriarchs in order to attain the great enlightenment. With the exception of the Buddhist teachings, no personal opinions or philosophies will be tolerated. The necessary items for daily living should be obtained on his own, without dependence on lay people, including daily chores of field work, firewood, etc. Absolutely no assistance from the lay people in terms of cooking, clothing, alms, or gifts. To eat only gruel in the morning, and to not eat at all after noon. The monks' sitting order follows the dates of ordination.To only meditate and be silent in the rooms. The reformation movement started around a small group of monks centered on Seongcheol, but quickly grew by reputation, attracting monks all over the country who were also intent on bringing back the Korean tradition of intense meditation, strict celibacy, and study of sutras. Among these younger generations were Weolsan (월산), Ubong (우봉), Bomun (보문), Seongsu (성수), Dou (도우), Hyeam (혜암), Beopjeon (법전), etc. Not only did this group become the future leaders of Korean Buddhism, but produced two Supreme Patriarchs (Hyeam, Beopjeon) and three chief administrators of the Jogye order. Post-Bong-amsa
Unfortunately, the Bong Am Sa experiment ended prematurely in 1950 when the Korean War broke out on the peninsula. With constant bombing raids and the presence of soldiers of both sides around the temple, it was impossible to continue the strict monastic life of Bong-amsa. Some of the reforms that occurred during this period were:
unification of robes, including the color (mostly grey), cut, and seasonal variants
rectification of the Jogye order's bylaws
unification of Buddhist services
instatement of the monastic educational curriculum

After the war, the reformation gained momentum and significant changes were set in motion, although it would be years until they were solidified.Central to the reformation was the issue of celibacy. While all the Buddhist canons emphasized the celibacy of monks, Japanese Buddhism had undergone significant changes during the Meiji Restoration, most notably the end of monastic celibacy. During the Japanese occupation, Korean Buddhism was severely oppressed and the Japanese style was advocated, thereby converting most Korean monks into little more than monastic residents officiating over ceremonies, married, with a business and income. Seongcheol and the new leaders were very critical of the Japanese style of Buddhism, maintaining that the tradition of celibacy, hermitage, poverty, and intense meditation were not only central to Korean Buddhism but to the true spirit of Buddhism as a whole. Korean post-war sentiments towards Japan could not have been worse at this time, and with the help of the populace and president Syngman Rhee, the traditional Korean style began to take hold and became the dominant form of Buddhism by the 1970s. Seongcheol insisted on giving away all monastic assets to the public and reverting to the original Buddhist way of wandering and begging for alms while investing all energy into meditation. He contended this was the only surefire way for true reforms to take place, warning that otherwise, full-scale conflict could ensue between bikkhus and married monks fighting over temples.The leaders of the reformation refused to follow, stating that his assertions were too extreme. <mask>'s predictions, though, did come true and Korean Buddhism has had numerous conflicts between monks over temple jurisdiction ever since then up to the present day, many of them escalating to violent measures by both sides (e.g. paying gangsters to physically harm opponents). Many ordination restrictions were loosened by the bikkhus in order to increase their numbers in their efforts to assume control over temples such that men of questionable social standing (e.g. former convicts and criminals) were ordained as bikkhus, leading to more violent fights amongst monks. A particularly embarrassing chapter in Korean Buddhism was in the late 1990s when monks fought over Jogyesa, the main administrative temple in Seoul, by not only employing gangsters but joining the fight themselves using weapons, including Molotov cocktails, to violently subdue each other. Ten years as a hermit in Seongjeonam
In 1955, <mask> was appointed as the patriarch of Haeinsa, but disappointed by the direction that the reformation was taking, Seongcheol declined, removing himself from the forefront and moved to a hermitage near Pagyesa in the Palgong mountains near Daegu to deepen the meditative and enlightened stage that he had attained.The hermitage was named Seongjeonam and it was here that Seongcheol began to build the scholarly foundations that would later support his spiritual teachings. Seongcheol surrounded the hermitage with barbed wire so as to keep outsiders out (except for a few assistants) and himself within its boundaries. Never leaving the boundaries of the small hermitage for an incredible ten years, he deepened his meditation and studied the ancient Buddhist canons, Zen texts, sutras, modern mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and even taught himself English so as to keep current on international affairs. This decade of self-education would affect his future teachings significantly. Haeinsa and the Hundred-Day Talk
Seongcheol finally opened the doors of Seong Juhn Am hermitage in 1965. The temple he visited was Gimyongsa, where he gave his first dharma talk in a decade. In 1967, with the insisting of Jawoon, Seongcheol became the patriarch of Haeinsa temple.That winter, he started his daily two-hour dharma talks to monks and the lay people, thereby beginning his famous Hundred-Day Talk (Hangul: 백일법문, Hanja: 百日法門.) Applying his decade of scholarly studies, he began to break the stereotype of the "boring and stuffy" dharma talks and transformed them into an electrifying hybrid of Buddhism, spiritualism, quantum mechanics, general relativity, and current affairs, ushering in a new kind of dharma talk aimed at reaching the modern audience living in an age of globalization and intellectual diversity. Supreme Patriarch of the Jogye order
Ushering in a revival of the Seon tradition of intense meditation and strict monastic lifestyle, Seongcheol spearheaded the reformation of modern Korean Buddhism from the rubbles of Japanese colonialism into an epicenter of meditation training. During his tenure as patriarch of Haeinsa, the

masks: Seongcheol Seongcheol Seongcheol Seongcheol Seongcheol


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 temple transformed into a training ground for meditation, sutra studies, and Vinaya studies, attracting monks from all over the country. The meditation center averaged approximately 500 monks per biannual retreat, which was unheard of since the days of Hui Neng and Ma Tzu. During the 1970s, the political climate became even more militaristic and dictatorial, eventually leading to a purge of many Buddhist monks suspected of political involvement. With his increasing reputation as a living Buddha both by the lay and the monastic, the Jogye order looked toward Seongcheol and nominated him as the next Supreme Patriarch of the order."If I can help reform and improve Korean Buddhism, I will humbly accept" was the response he gave. His inauguration speech brought him from a little known monk, only known by monks and devout lay people, into the limelight as the official leader of Korean Buddhism, bringing his teachings to the entire nation:

Declining all formal ceremonies as Supreme Patriarch from inauguration to his death, Seongcheol never left the mountains, stating that a monk's true place was in the temple. There was initially a huge protest against his semi-hermetic policy, but this was eventually replaced by sense of respect that had been lacking since the Joseon period, and helped to vastly improve the image and treatment of monks in Korea. During his years as patriarch of Haeinsa and as Supreme Patriarch of the Jogye order, Seongcheol's reputation kept growing. Amongst monks, he was famous for being a very strict teacher, being called the tiger of Kaya mountain. When monks would nod off to sleep during meditation, he would beat them with wooden sticks while yelling, "Thief, pay for your rice!" (referring to the donations of the lay, and the monks' debts to society and therefore his duty to practice to the utmost of his abilities).He was also known for his unique three thousand prostrations. After the Korean war, Seongcheol built a small cave-hermitage near Anjungsa temple and named it Cheonjegul. Around this time, many people came to pay their respects to him, and to further guide the pilgrims in their practice, Seongcheol first started using his famous 3000 prostrations. Nobody could visit with him unless the person completed 3000 prostrations in front of the statue of the Buddha in the main hall. Later, some lay people would accuse Seongcheol of arrogance, but he maintained that this practice was used to help guide practitioners in their own practice by helping them destroy their ego and more easily attain one-mindedness (N.B. : the 3000 full prostrations are actually a mainstay of the Korean Buddhist training regimen, performed at most temples in Korea on a monthly basis. It would take approximately eight to twelve hours, depending on the experience of the practitioner, and the technique is used frequently to "clear the mind," instill a sense of humility, and increase the awareness and focusing power of the practitioner).As his fame and reputation grew, the prostrations became more necessary as more and more people asked to meet with him. What was unique was that this requirement was uniform, i.e., he would never make any exceptions regardless of the person's wealth, fame, or power. A famous anecdote serves to illustrate the daunting task of the 3000 prostrations and Seongcheol's strict adherence to his own rules. When Park Chung-hee, the president of Korea, was opening up the new highway between Seoul and Pusan, he happened to visit Haeinsa. Hearing that the president was visiting, the head administrative monk quickly sent word to Seongcheol to come down from his hermitage to greet the president. But true to form, Seongcheol demanded the president go to the main Buddha hall and perform the 3000 prostrations before meeting with him. Park refused and the two never met.Publications
During the latter years of his life, Seongcheol presided over many publications, including eleven books of his lectures and 37 books that translated many Zen classics not well known to the general public (see official website). The former included the full transcriptions of the Hundred-Day Talk, lectures on Huineng's sutra, Shin Sim Myung (Hangul: 신심명, Hanja: 信心銘), Jeung Do Ga (Hangul: 증도가, Hanja: 證道歌), Illumination of Sudden Enlightenment (Hangul: 돈오입도요문론, Hanja: 頓悟入道要門論), and his dharma talks. The latter was called Seon Lim Go Gyung Chong Suh (Hangul: 선림고경총서, Hanja: 禪林古鏡叢書) and was a collection of Chinese and Korean Zen classics that until publication was known mostly only to monks. These publications helped to spread his teachings to the general public and raise the general awareness and knowledge of Buddhism. English translations of Great Master <mask>'s work include "Echoes from Mt. Kaya", Changgyonggak Publishing, Seoul, 1988 (currently out of print), and "Opening the Eye", Gimmyeong International Co., Seoul, 2002. Both are translations from Korean by Brian Barry.Death
On November 4, 1993, Seongcheol died in Haeinsa Toesoeldang, the same room in which he had first become ordained as a monk. His last words to his followers were: "Meditate well". His parinirvana poem was:

Seongcheol had this explanation for the cryptic poem:

His death was followed by the largest funeral ever seen in Korean history for a monk, with over 100,000 people attending. His cremation took over thirty hours and his sarira numbered over a hundred. Teachings
Seongcheol's teachings can be summarized into five big categories:

Sudden enlightenment, sudden cultivation
Citing Taego Bou (太古普愚: 1301–1382) as the true successor of the Linji Yixuan (臨済義玄) line of patriarchs rather than Jinul (知訥: 1158–1210), he advocated Hui Neng's original stance of 'sudden enlightenment, sudden cultivation' (Hangul: 돈오돈수, Hanja: 頓悟頓修) as opposed to Jinul's stance of 'sudden enlightenment, gradual cultivation' (Hangul: 돈오점수, Hanja: 頓悟漸修). Whereas Jinul had initially asserted that with enlightenment comes the need to further one's practice by gradually destroying the karmic vestiges attained through millions of rebirths, Huineng and Seongcheol maintained that with perfect enlightenment, all karmic remnants disappear and one becomes a Buddha immediately. Middle Way
He also expounded on the true definition of the Middle Way (Hangul: 중도, Hanja: 中道), stating that it was not limited to avoiding the two extremes of sensual indulgence and self-mortification as many understood, but that it was also an explanation of the state of nirvana where all dualities fuse and cease to exist as separate entities, where good and bad, self and non-self become meaningless.He compared this to the common misconception that had ruled pre-Einsteinian physics, that energy and mass were two separate entities, but which Einstein had elucidated as interchangeable dual forms with the relationship described by E=mc², thereby proving the equivalence of one to the other. He also compared this to the fusion of space and time into spacetime, and also formed the analogy of ice and water. The Middle Way is not the 'middle' or 'average' of ice and water, but the true form of each, H2O, and maintained that the state of nirvana was also like this, a state where the true form of all dualities is revealed as equivalent. Gong'an practice
Seongcheol strongly advocated the gong'an (Hangul: 공안, Hanja: 公案) meditation technique, asserting that it was the fastest and safest way to enlightenment. The most common gong'ans he would give to the lay and his followers were:
Not mind, not a thing, not Buddha, what is this? (Hangul: 마음도 아니고, 물건도 아니고, 부처도 아닌 것, 이것이 무엇인고?, Hanja: 不是心, 不是物, 不是佛, 是什麼?) A monk once asked Dongsan Chan Master,"What is Buddha?"Dongsan replied, "Three pounds of flax" (Hangul: 마삼근, Hanja: 麻三斤). In deep sleep, one mind
Seongcheol also set a clear benchmark that the practitioner could apply to gauge his level of practice. Throughout his life, many followers came to him to obtain acknowledgement of their enlightenment. He was dismayed at the number of people who thought they had attained perfect enlightenment by experiencing some mental phenomenon during their practice. He therefore reiterated that every enlightened person from the Buddha and on had asserted the same definition of what enlightenment is. True attainment, he quoted, came only after going beyond the level of being able to meditate in deep sleep. Only after being able to meditate on a gong'an continuously, without interruption, throughout the waking state, then the dreaming state, and finally in deep sleep, one reaches the state where enlightenment can become possible.Before any of this, one should never claim to have become enlightened, even though there may be many instances of weird mental phenomena that happen during one's practice. The levels he identified were:
In the waking state, one mind (Hangul: 동정일여, Hanja: 動靜一如): the state where the practitioner can meditate on a gong'an continuously throughout the day without interruption, even through talking and thinking. In the dreaming state, one mind (Hangul: 몽중일여, Hanja: 夢中一如): the state where the practitioner can meditate on a gong'an continuously in the dreaming state. In deep sleep, one mind (Hangul: 숙면일여, Hanja: 熟眠一如): the state described above, where the practitioner can meditate on a gong'an continuously through even the deepest sleep. In death, attain life (Hangul: 사중득활, Hanja: 死中得活): from the previous state where all thoughts are overtaken by the gong'an (therefore, the practitioner is considered mentally "dead"), the moment of attaining enlightenment, that is, "life." Great, round, mirror-like wisdom (Hangul: 대원경지, Hanja: 大圓鏡智): the state of perfect enlightenment, using the analogy of the bright mirror for the great internal wisdom that comes forth during enlightenment. The final state where the practitioner loses the sense of self, is liberated from his karma, and therefore, all future rebirths.Criticism of the Japanese style of meditation
Seongcheol was very critical of the Japanese style of Zen meditation. The Japanese style favors a gradual study of many gong'ans, similar to a curriculum where the practitioner would improve from an easier gong'an to a more difficult one as he mastered each one over time. Seongcheol, and many other masters, stated that this would achieve nothing since the whole point of meditation was to rid one's mind of all divergent thoughts, which was the cause of karmic rebirths and its concomitant suffering, by focusing the mind deeply on only one gong'an until it destroyed all other thoughts. By studying gong'ans like a curriculum, one was only exercising the mind even more, which was diametrically opposed to the original goal of extinguishing the mind. Thus, this gradual style of meditation was not only similar to Jinul's gradual cultivation, it was a complete waste of time to the practitioner in that Zen became nothing more than an exercise in sophistry, with higher positions being given to those who could solve more riddles. Gong'ans can never be solved with such rational, or even intuitive methods, and only the final, perfect enlightenment could give the solution to the gong'an, and simultaneously all gong'ans. Therefore, Seongcheol repeatedly made clear that the study of many gong'ans was antithetical to true meditation.He stated that attaining perfect enlightenment was equal to becoming a Buddha, and this was also equal to definitively solving the gong'an, remarking that this was not his unique teaching, but that of numerous masters including Huineng, Ma Tzu, all the way down to current masters. Being able to solve multiple gong'ans was pure delusion believed by many practitioners, and Seongcheol devoted much of his teachings to elucidating this point. Quotations

Legacy
Seongcheol played a key role in revitalizing Korean Buddhism which had been in deep disarray from the Japanese occupation. He was one of the leaders in the reformation, bringing back celibacy, strict practice, monasticism, and mendicancy back to Korean Buddhism. Later in his life, with his growing recognition, he helped to rectify Buddhism's discredited reputation amongst the general public, from a group of nominal monks who would get married, own businesses, and frequently collude with the Japanese occupiers, to that of serious practitioners, who never got married, and owned no possessions. Seongcheol also contributed significantly to bringing back Huineng's 'sudden enlightenment, sudden cultivation,' and clarified the notions of gong'an practice, meditation, monasticism, and enlightenment. More than a decade after his death, his books are still widely read and respected, and pilgrimages to Haeinsa are a mainstay for Buddhists.References

External links
Songchol.net
Seongcheol's Dharma talks
Dharma talk: Respect all as Buddha
Dharma talk: Happy Birthday
Dharma talk: Questions from followers
Dharma talk: "No mind" is Buddha
Dharma talk: The Middle Way is Buddha
Dharma talk: Take a Good Look at Yourself
Dharma talk: Opening the Eye
Dharma talk: The Correct Path of Seon
Dharma talk: On Meditation
Dharma talk: On "Dharmas are neither produced nor extinguished"
Dharma talk: Greedless Harmony

Korean philosophy
Buddhist meditation
Seon Buddhist monks
Zen Buddhism writers
Korean Buddhist monks
Zen Buddhist spiritual teachers
1993 deaths
1912 births
20th-century Korean philosophers
Korean scholars of Buddhism
20th-century Buddhist


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<mask> (born <mask>; May 3, 1898 – December 8, 1978; married name Meyerson/Myerson between 1917-1956) was an Israeli politician, teacher, and kibbutznikit who served as the fourth prime minister of Israel from 1969 to 1974. She was the first woman to become head of government in Israel. Born in Kyiv in Ukraine, she immigrated to Wisconsin, United States as a child with her family in 1906, and was educated there, becoming a teacher. After getting married, she and her husband emigrated to then Palestine in 1921, settling on a kibbutz. Meir was elected prime minister of Israel on March 17, 1969, after serving as labour minister and foreign minister. The world's fourth and Israel's only woman to hold the office of prime minister, and the first in any country in the Middle East, she has been described as the "Iron Lady" of Israeli politics. Meir was Prime Minister during the Yom Kippur War of 1973.Israel was caught off guard and suffered severe losses in the first days of the war, before recovering and defeating the invading armies. Public anger at the government caused Meir's resignation the following year. She died in 1978 of lymphoma. Early life

<mask> Mabovitch was born to a Jewish family in the downtown of Kyiv, Russian Empire (present-day Ukraine) on May 3, 1898 to Blume Neiditch (died 1951) and Moshe Mabovitch (died 1944), a carpenter. Meir wrote in her autobiography that her earliest memories were of her father boarding up the front door in response to rumours of an imminent pogrom. She had two sisters, Sheyna (1889–1972) and Tzipke (1902–1981), as well as five other siblings who died in childhood. She was especially close to Sheyna.Moshe Mabovitch left to find work in New York City in 1903. In his absence, the rest of the family moved to Pinsk to join her mother's family. In 1905, Moshe moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in search of higher-paying work, and found employment in the workshops of the local railroad yard. The following year, he had saved up enough money to bring his family to the United States. Golda's mother Blume Mabovitch ran a grocery store on Milwaukee's north side, where by the age of eight Golda had been put in charge of watching the store when her mother went to the market for supplies. Golda attended the Fourth Street Grade School (now Golda Meir School) from 1906 to 1912. A leader early on, she organized a fundraiser to pay for her classmates' textbooks.After forming the American Young Sisters Society, she rented a hall and scheduled a public meeting for the event. She graduated as valedictorian of her class. At 14, she studied at North Division High School and worked part-time. Her employers included Schuster's department store and the Milwaukee Public Library. Her mother wanted Golda to leave school and marry, but she declined. She bought a train ticket to Denver, Colorado, and went to live with her married sister, Sheyna Korngold. The Korngolds held intellectual evenings at their home, where Meir was exposed to debates on Zionism, literature, women's suffrage, trade unionism, and more.In her autobiography, she wrote: "To the extent that my own future convictions were shaped and given form  ... those talk-filled nights in Denver played a considerable role." In Denver, she also met Morris Meyerson (also "Myerson"; December 17, 1893, Chicago, Illinois, US – May 25, 1951, Israel), a sign painter, whom she later married on December 24, 1917. Return to Milwaukee, Zionist activism, and teaching

In 1913, Golda returned to North Division High, graduating in 1915. While there, she became an active member of Young Poale Zion, which later became Habonim, the Labor Zionist youth movement. She spoke at public meetings and embraced Socialist Zionism. She attended the teachers college Milwaukee State Normal School (now University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee) in 1916, and probably part of 1917. In 1917, she took a position at a Yiddish-speaking Folks Schule in Milwaukee.While at the Folks Schule, she came more closely into contact with the ideals of Labor Zionism. In 1913, she had begun dating Morris Meyerson (Myerson). She was a committed Labor Zionist and he was a dedicated socialist. During this time, she also worked part-time at the Milwaukee Public Library. When Golda and Morris married in 1917, settling in Palestine was her precondition for the marriage. Golda had intended to make aliyah straight away, but her plans were disrupted when all transatlantic passenger services were canceled due to the entry of the United States into the First World War. She threw her energies into Poale Zion activities.A short time after their wedding, she embarked on a fund-raising campaign for Poale Zion that took her across the United States. The couple moved to Palestine in 1921, together with her sister Sheyna, and joined a kibbutz. Meir said in the 1975 edition of her autobiography My Life that

It is not only a matter, I believe, of religious observance and practice. To me, being Jewish means and has always meant being proud to be part of a people that has maintained its distinct identity for more than 2,000 years, with all the pain and torment that has been inflicted upon it. She strongly identified with Judaism culturally, but was an atheist in religious belief. She is famously reported to have stated: "I believe in the Jewish people, and the Jewish people believe in God." Immigration to Mandatory Palestine

In the British Mandate of Palestine, Meir and her husband joined a kibbutz.Their first application to kibbutz Merhavia in the Jezreel Valley was rejected, but later they were accepted. Her duties included picking almonds, planting trees, working in the chicken coops, and running the kitchen. Recognizing her leadership abilities, the kibbutz chose her as its representative to the Histadrut, the General Federation of Labour. In 1924, the couple left the kibbutz and lived briefly in Tel Aviv before settling in Jerusalem. There they had two children, a son Menachem (1924–2014) and a daughter Sarah (1926–2010). In 1928, Meir was elected secretary of Moetzet HaPoalot (Working Women's Council), which required her to spend two years (1932–34) as an emissary in the United States. The children went with her, but Morris stayed in Jerusalem.Morris and <mask> grew apart, but never divorced. Morris died in 1951. Histadrut activities
In 1934, when Meir returned from the United States, she joined the Executive Committee of the Histadrut and moved up the ranks to become the head of its Political Department. This appointment was important training for her future role in Israeli leadership. In July 1938, Meir was the Jewish observer from Palestine at the Évian Conference, called by President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United States to discuss the question of Jewish refugees' fleeing Nazi persecution. Delegates from the 32 invited countries repeatedly expressed their sorrow for the plight of the European Jews, but outlined why their countries could not help by admitting the refugees. The only exception was the Dominican Republic, which pledged to accept 100,000 refugees on generous terms.Meir was disappointed at the outcome and she remarked to the press, "There is only one thing I hope to see before I die and that is that my people should not need expressions of sympathy anymore." Prestate political role

In June 1946, the British arrested many leaders of the Zionist Yishuv (see Black Sabbath). Meir took over as acting head of the Political Department of the Jewish Agency during the incarceration of Moshe Sharett. Thus she became the principal negotiator between the Jews in Palestine and the British Mandatory authorities. After his release, Sharett went to the United States to attend talks on the UN Partition Plan, leaving Meir to head the Political Department until the establishment of the state in 1948. In January 1948, the treasurer of the Jewish Agency was convinced that Israel would not be able to raise more than seven to eight million dollars from the American Jewish community. Meir traveled to the United States, and she raised $50,000,000, which was used to purchase arms in Europe for the young country.Ben-Gurion wrote that Meir's role as the "Jewish woman who got the money which made the state possible" would go down one day in the history books. On May 10, 1948, four days before the official establishment of Israel, Meir traveled to Amman, disguised as an Arab woman, for a secret meeting with King Abdullah I of Transjordan, at which she urged him not to join the other Arab countries in attacking the Jews. Abdullah asked her not to hurry to proclaim a state. Meir replied: "We've been waiting for 2,000 years. Is that hurrying?" As the head of the Jewish Agency Political Department, Meir called the mass exodus of Arabs before the War of Independence in 1948 "dreadful", and she likened it to what had befallen the Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe. Diplomatic and ministerial career

Meir was one of 24 signatories (including two women) of the Israeli Declaration of Independence on May 14, 1948.She later recalled, "After I signed, I cried. When I studied American history as a schoolgirl and I read about those who signed the U.S. Declaration of Independence, I couldn't imagine these were real people doing something real. And there I was sitting down and signing a declaration of establishment." Israel was attacked the next day by the joint armies of neighboring countries in what became the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. During the war, Israel stopped the combined Arab assault, and then it launched a series of military offensives to defeat the invading Arab armies and to end the war. Minister Plenipotentiary to Moscow

Carrying the first Israeli-issued passport, Meir was appointed Israel's minister plenipotentiary to the Soviet Union, with her term beginning on September 2, 1948, and ending in March 1949.At the time, good relations with the Soviet Union were important for Israel's ability to secure arms from Eastern European countries for the struggle that accompanied its independence. In turn, Joseph Stalin and Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov sought to cultivate a strong relationship with Israel as a means of furthering the Soviet position in the Middle East. Soviet–Israeli relations were complicated by Soviet policies against religious institutions and nationalist movements, made manifest in actions to shut down Jewish religious institutions as well as the ban on Hebrew language study and the prohibition of promoting emigration to Israel. During her brief stint in the USSR, Meir attended Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur services at the Moscow Choral Synagogue. She was mobbed by thousands of Russian Jews chanting her name. The Israeli 10,000-shekel banknote issued in November 1984 bore a portrait of Meir on one side and the image of the crowd that turned out to cheer her in Moscow on the other. Labor minister

In 1949, Meir was elected to the Knesset as a member of Mapai and served continuously until 1974.From 1949 to 1956, she served as Minister of Labour. While serving in this position, Meir carried out welfare state policies, orchestrated the integration of immigrants into Israel's workforce, and introduced major housing and road construction projects. From 1949 to 1956, 200,000 apartments and 30,000 houses were built, large industrial and agricultural developments were initiated, and new hospitals, schools, and roads were built. Meir also helped in the development of the National Insurance Act of 1954, which introduced Israel's system of social security, together with the country's maternity benefits programme and other welfare measures. In 1955, on Ben-Gurion's instructions, she stood for the position of mayor of Tel Aviv. She lost by the two votes of the religious bloc who withheld their support on the grounds that she was a woman. (Mayors then were elected by the city council, rather than elected directly, as has been the case since 1978: see Municipal elections in Israel.)Foreign minister
In 1956, she became Foreign Minister under Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion. Her predecessor, Moshe Sharett, had asked all members of the foreign service to take a Hebrew surname. Upon her appointment as foreign minister, she shortened "Meyerson/Myerson" to "Meir", which means "illuminate". As foreign minister, Meir promoted ties with the newly established states in Africa in an effort to gain allies in the international community. She also believed that Israel had experience in nation-building that could be a model for the Africans. In her autobiography, she wrote:

Like them, we had shaken off foreign rule; like them, we had to learn for ourselves how to reclaim the land, how to increase the yields of our crops, how to irrigate, how to raise poultry, how to live together, and how to defend ourselves. Israel could be a role model because it had been forced to find solutions to the kinds of problems that large, wealthy, powerful states had never encountered.<mask>'s first months as Foreign Minister coincided with the Suez Crisis, which is also known as the Second Arab-Israeli War, the Tripartite aggression (in Arab countries), Sinai Campaign, and Operation Kadesh (by the Israeli government) and others. Israel invaded Egypt in late 1956, followed by Britain and France. The aims were to regain Western control of the Suez Canal, remove Egyptian president Nasser, and provide a more secure western border and freedom of navigation through the Straits of Tiran for Israel. Meir was involved in planning and coordination with the French government and military prior to the start of military action. During United Nations debates about the crisis, Meir

masks:
Golda Meir
Golda Mabovitch
Golda
Golda
Meir


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 took charge of the Israeli delegation. After the fighting had started, the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Nations forced the three invaders to withdraw. As a result of the conflict, the United Nations created the UNEF military peacekeeping force to police the Egyptian–Israeli border.On October 29, 1957, Meir's foot was slightly injured when a Mills bomb was thrown into the debating chamber of the Knesset. David Ben-Gurion and Moshe Carmel were more seriously injured. The attack was carried out by 25-year-old Moshe Dwek. Born in Aleppo, his motives were attributed to a dispute with the Jewish Agency, but he was described as being "mentally unbalanced". In 1958, Meir was recorded as having praised the work of Pope Pius XII on behalf of the Jewish people shortly after the pontiff's death. Pope Pius's legacy as a wartime pope has been controversial into the 21st century. The same year, during the wave of Jewish migration from Poland to Israel, Meir sought to prevent disabled and sick Polish Jews from immigrating to Israel.In a letter sent to Israel's ambassador in Warsaw, Katriel Katz, she wrote:
A proposal was raised in the coordination committee to inform the Polish government that we want to institute selection in aliyah, because we cannot continue accepting sick and handicapped people. Please give your opinion as to whether this can be explained to the Poles without hurting immigration." In the early 1960s, Meir was diagnosed with lymphoma. In January 1966, she retired from the Foreign Ministry, citing exhaustion and ill health. She soon returned to public life as secretary-general of Mapai, supporting Prime Minister Levi Eshkol in party conflicts. Premiership

After Levi Eshkol's sudden death on February 26, 1969, the party elected Meir as his successor. Meir came out of retirement to take office on March 17, 1969, serving as prime minister until 1974.Meir maintained the national unity government formed in 1967 after the Six-Day War, in which Mapai merged with two other parties (Rafi and Ahdut HaAvoda) to form the Israeli Labor Party. In June 1969, on the two-year anniversary of the war, Meir stated in an interview that there was no such thing as Palestinians, a comment later described as "one of her defining – and most damning – legacies." Six months after taking office, Meir led the reconfigured Alignment, comprising Labor and Mapam, into the 1969 general election. The Alignment managed what is still the best showing for a single party or faction in Israeli history, winning 56 seats. This is the only time that a party or faction has approached winning an outright majority in an election. The national unity government was retained. In 1969 and the early 1970s, Meir met with many world leaders to promote her vision of peace in the Middle East, including Richard Nixon (1969), Nicolae Ceaușescu (1972) and Pope Paul VI (1973).In 1973, she hosted the chancellor of West Germany, Willy Brandt, in Israel. In August 1970, Meir accepted a U.S. peace initiative that called for an end to the War of Attrition and an Israeli pledge to withdraw to "secure and recognized boundaries" in the framework of a comprehensive peace settlement. The Gahal party quit the national unity government in protest, but Meir continued to lead the remaining coalition. On February 28, 1973, during a visit in Washington, D.C., <mask> agreed with Henry Kissinger's peace proposal based on "security versus sovereignty": Israel would accept Egyptian sovereignty over all Sinai, while Egypt would accept Israeli presence in some of Sinai's strategic positions. Munich Olympics

In the wake of the Munich massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics, Meir appealed to the world to "save our citizens and condemn the unspeakable criminal acts committed". Outraged at the perceived lack of global action, she ordered the Mossad to hunt down and assassinate suspected leaders and operatives of Black September and the PFLP. Dispute with Austria
During the 1970s, about 200,000 Soviet Jewish emigrants were allowed to leave the Soviet Union for Israel by way of Austria.When seven of these emigrants were taken hostage at the Austria–Czechoslovakia border by Palestinian militants in September 1973, the Chancellor of Austria, Bruno Kreisky, closed the Jewish Agency's transit facility in Schönau, Austria. A few days later in Vienna, Meir tried to convince Kreisky to reopen the facility by appealing to his own Jewish origin, and described his position as "succumbing to terrorist blackmail". Kreisky did not change his position, so Meir returned to Israel, infuriated. A few months later, Austria opened a new transition camp. Yom Kippur War

As the nation's leader during this short war, her main goal was deciding on the timing of preliminary operations, and providing the IDF with the necessary time and munitions to pull off a victory. In the days leading up to the Yom Kippur War, Israeli intelligence could not conclusively determine that an attack was imminent. However, on October 5, 1973, Meir received official news that Syrian forces were massing on the Golan Heights.The prime minister was alarmed by the reports, and believed that the situation was similar to what preceded the Six-Day War. Her advisers, nonetheless, assured her not to worry, saying that they would have adequate notice before a war broke out. This made sense at the time; after the Six-Day War, most Israelis felt it unlikely that the Arabs would attack. Consequently, although the Knesset passed a resolution granting her power to demand a full-scale call-up of the military (instead of the typical cabinet decision), Meir did not mobilize Israel's forces early. Soon, though, the threat of war became very clear. Six hours before the outbreak of hostilities, Meir met with Minister of Defense Moshe Dayan and General David Elazar. While Dayan continued to argue that war was unlikely and favored calling up the air force and only two divisions, Elazar advocated full-scale army mobilization and the launch of a full-scale preemptive strike on Syrian forces.Meir approved full-scale mobilizing but sided with Dayan against a preemptive strike, citing Israel's need for foreign aid. She believed that Israel could not depend on European countries to supply Israel with military equipment, and the only country that might come to Israel's assistance was the United States. Fearing that the United States would be wary of intervening if Israel were perceived as initiating the hostilities, Meir decided on October 6 against a preemptive strike. She made it a priority to inform Washington of her decision. U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger later confirmed Meir's assessment by stating that if Israel had launched a preemptive strike, Israel would not have received "so much as a nail". Resignation

Following the Yom Kippur War, Meir's government was plagued by infighting and questions over Israel's lack of preparation for the war. The Agranat Commission appointed to investigate the war cleared Meir of "direct responsibility".It said about her actions on Yom Kippur morning:

Her party won the elections in December 1973, but the coalition lost seats and was unable to form a majority. Meir announced her resignation as Prime Minister on April 11, 1974, and resigned from the Knesset on June 7, 1974. She never held office again. She believed that was the "will of the people" and that she had served enough time as premier. She believed the government needed to form a coalition. She said, "Five years are sufficient  ... It is beyond my strength to continue carrying this burden."Yitzhak Rabin succeeded her on June 3, 1974. In 1975, Meir published her autobiography, My Life. On November 19, 1977, President of Egypt Anwar Sadat became the first Arab leader to visit Israel in an official capacity when he met Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, and spoke before the Knesset in Jerusalem about his views on how to achieve a comprehensive peace in the Arab–Israeli conflict. He recommended the full implementation of UN Resolutions 242 and 338. On November 21, President Sadat again drove to the Knesset for meetings with the various Israeli Knesset factions. Meir was the first to speak for the Labor Party. She congratulated Sadat as the first Arab leader to come to Israel for the sake of the next generations' avoiding war.Meir praised Sadat for his courage and vision, and expressed the hope that while many differences remained to be resolved, that vision would be achieved in a spirit of mutual understanding. Death

On December 8, 1978, Meir died of lymphatic cancer in Jerusalem at the age of 80. Meir was buried on Mount Herzl in Jerusalem. Awards and recognition
In 1974, Meir was awarded the honor of World Mother by American Mothers. In 1974 Meir was awarded the James Madison Award for Distinguished Public Service by Princeton University's American Whig–Cliosophic Society. In 1975, Meir was awarded the Israel Prize for her special contribution to society and the State of Israel. In 1985, Meir was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame.Legacy
Biographer Meron Medzini argues that a perspective of forty years makes possible an appreciation of her deep nationalism and Zionism. Historians find her main legacy includes effective leadership of the Labor Movement, and building good relationships with Third World nations. Medzini states, "Apart from laying the foundations for Israel’s presence in Africa, she was never taken with the routine and often dull diplomatic work in the Foreign Ministry and abhorred its outer manifestations of ceremonies and rites." Most historians agree she was a success as  Secretary of Labor and Housing, but a failure  as prime minister. Portrayals in film and theater

Meir's story has been the subject of many fictionalized portrayals. In 1977, Anne Bancroft played Meir in William Gibson's Broadway play Golda. The Australian actress Judy Davis played a young Meir in the television film A Woman Called Golda (1982), opposite Leonard Nimoy.Ingrid Bergman played the older Meir in the same film. Actress Colleen Dewhurst portrayed Meir in the 1986 TV movie Sword of Gideon. In 2003, American Jewish actress Tovah Feldshuh portrayed her on Broadway in Golda's Balcony, Gibson's second play about Meir's life. The play was controversial for implying that Meir considered using nuclear weapons during the Yom Kippur War. Valerie Harper portrayed Meir in the touring company production and in the film version of Golda's Balcony. In 2005 actress Lynn Cohen portrayed Meir in Steven Spielberg's film Munich. Tovah Feldshuh assumed the role of Meir again in the 2006 English-language French movie O Jerusalem.She was played by the Polish actress Beata Fudalej in the 2009 dramatic film The Hope directed by Márta Mészáros. Actress Helen Mirren will portray Meir in the upcoming Golda biopic film directed by Guy Nattiv and produced by Michael Kuhn. The film centres on the Yom Kippur War. The upcoming TV mini-series Lioness starring Shira Haas is also currently being produced and will be directed by Barbra Streisand. Commemoration

 Golda Meir School, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
 Golda Meir School, in Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 Golda Meir Library, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Wisconsin
 Golda Meir Boulevard, Jerusalem, Israel (and various other streets, neighborhoods and schools in Israel)
 Golda Meir Center for the Performing Arts – home to the Israeli Opera and the Cameri Theater, Tel Aviv
 Bust of Golda Meir at Golda Meir Square, New York City
 Golda Meir Center for Political Leadership at Metropolitan State University of Denver
 Golda Meir House, Denver, Colorado
 Golda Meir House, Newton, Massachusetts

Cultural references
In Israel, the term "Golda's shoes" (na'alei Golda) has become a reference to the sturdy orthopedic shoes that Golda favored. These shoes were also supplied to women soldiers in the Israel Defense Forces from its foundation to 1987. Published works
 This Is Our Strength (1962) – <mask> Meir's collected papers
 My Father's House (1972)
 My Life (1975).Putnam, . See also
 Évian Conference
 List of Israel Prize recipients

Notes

References

Sources

 Medzini,  Meron. "<mask> Meir–A Forty Year Perspective." Israel Studies 23.1 (2018): 73-85. online

Further reading

Bachleitner, Kathrin. "<mask> <mask> and Bruno Kreisky–A Political and Personal Duel." Israel Studies 23.1 (2018): 26-49. online; in 1973 she clashed with leader of Austria regarding Palestinian terrorist attacks against Jewish transit through Vienna. , a standard scholarly biography; excerpt
 Lahav, Pnina."“A Great Episode in the History of Jewish Womanhood”: <mask> <mask>, the Women Workers' Council, Pioneer Women, and the Struggle for Gender Equality." Israel Studies 23.1 (2018): 1-25. online
 , popular online

 Medzini, Meron. <mask> Meir: A Political Biography (2017) excerpt; a stamdard scholarly biography
 Medzini, Meron. <mask> Meir: A Reference Guide to Her Life and Works (2020) excerpt
 Skard, Torild (2014) "Golda Meir" in Women of Power – Half a century of female presidents and prime ministers worldwide. Bristol: Policy Press, . Steinberg, Blema S. Women in power: The personalities and leadership styles of Indira Gandhi, <mask> <mask>, and Margaret Thatcher (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2008). , highly flattering

 Tsoref, Hagai."<mask> <mask>'s Leadership in the Yom Kippur War." Israel Studies 23.1 (2018): 50-72. online
 Weitz, Yechiam. "<mask> <mask>, Israel's Fourth Prime Minister (1969–74)." Middle Eastern Studies 47.1 (2011): 43-61. online

Historiography
 Schmidt, Sarah. "Hagiography in the diaspora: <mask> Meir and her

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<mask> (January 28, 1920 – February 26, 2015) was a United States Air Force officer who attained the rank of lieutenant general and was vice commander in chief of the Pacific Air Forces, headquartered at Hickam Air Force Base. Education
Born in Charleston, Illinois, he attended Eastern Illinois University from 1936 to 1939 and graduated from the United States Military Academy with a bachelor of science degree. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in January 1943. While at the academy, he graduated from advanced flying school in Lake Charles, Louisiana in December 1942. He received his Master of Arts degree in international affairs from George Washington University in 1964. <mask>'s first assignment was as a Curtiss P-40 pilot at Dothan Field, Alabama. In March 1943 he became a P-47 pilot with the 326th and then the 368th Fighter Groups at Westover Field, Massachusetts and Mitchel Field, New York.In December 1943, during World War II, he went with the 368th Group to the European Theater of Operations as a pilot with the 397th Fighter Squadron. From October 1944 to April 1945 he was assigned as assistant operations officer and later operations officer of the 368th Fighter Group. In May 1945 he returned to the United States and was assigned to Seymour Johnson Field, North Carolina. He attended the Army Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth and in February 1946 returned to Seymour Johnson Field to be base adjutant. From May 1946 to March 1948 Talbott served with the Organization and Training Division of the War Department General Staff in Washington, D.C.. He was then was assigned to the Directorate of Training and Requirements, Deputy Chief of Staff, Operations, Headquarters U.S. Air Force. Talbott went to Ankara, Turkey in March 1949 as a fighter pilot training adviser with the American Mission for Aid to Turkey and, in December 1950, became executive officer for the U.S. Air Force Group.In April 1951 he returned to Headquarters U.S. Air Force as an operations staff officer in the Directorate of Operations, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans and Operations. In July 1954 <mask> became commander of the 322d Fighter Day Group at Foster Air Force Base, Texas. While in that position, he won the 1955 Bendix Trophy race flying a North American F-100 Super Sabre C model. From August 1957 to June 1958 Talbott attended the Air War College at Maxwell Air Force Base. He then went to Japan as director of tactical operations and later was chief of Combat Operations Division, in the Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations, Headquarters Fifth Air Force, at Fuchu Air Station, Japan. He was assigned as director of operations, 8th Tactical Fighter Wing, at Itazuke Air Base in July 1960. Talbott returned to Headquarters U.S. Air Force in August 1962 as deputy chief of the Tactical Air Division, Directorate of Operational Requirements.In October 1962 he became chief of the Tactical Nuclear Branch in the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff Special Studies Group. Talbott assumed command of the 366th Tactical Fighter Wing at Holloman Air Force Base in August 1965 and went to Southeast Asia with the wing in March 1966. He was assigned in May 1966 as deputy director of the Tactical Air Control Center, Headquarters Seventh Air Force. In May 1967 he was assigned as the chief of staff for the United States Taiwan Defense Command, with headquarters in Taipei, Taiwan. Talbott returned to the United States in September 1968 and became vice commander of the Tenth Air Force at Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base. In August 1969 he was assigned as vice commander of the Ninth Air Force with headquarters at Shaw Air Force Base. In July 1970 he again was assigned to Headquarters U.S. Air Force as director of operations, Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans and Operations.In August 1972 he returned to the Republic of Vietnam as director of operations, Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, and deputy chief of staff, operations, Seventh Air Force. General <mask> was appointed vice commander in chief of Pacific Air Forces with headquarters at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, in April 1973. He was promoted to the grade of lieutenant general effective April 6, 1973 with the same date of rank, and retired September 1, 1974. <mask> was a command pilot, flew more than 4,500 hours, and, during World War II, flew 96 combat missions. His military decorations and awards include the Distinguished Service Cross, the Distinguished Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters, the Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster, the Distinguished Flying Cross with oak leaf cluster, the Air Medal with 15 oak leaf clusters. the Air Force Commendation Medal, a Purple Heart;, the Gold Cross of the Royal Order of the Phoenix (Greece), the Korean Medal of Merit, the National Order of Vietnam, 5th Class, the Armed Forces Honor Medal, the Air Force Distinguished Service Order, 2d Class, the Order of Cloud and Banner, Republic of China, and the Air Force Wings of Turkey, China and the Republic of Vietnam. Awards
  Distinguished Service Cross
  Air Force Distinguished Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters
  Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster
  Distinguished Flying Cross with oak leaf cluster
  Purple Heart
  Air Medal with fifteen oak leaf clusters
  Air Force Commendation Medal

References

United States Air Force Biography

1920 births
2015 deaths
People from Charleston, Illinois
United States Military Academy alumni
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
United States Air Force generals
Recipients of the Air Medal
Gold Crosses of the Order of the Phoenix (Greece)
5 Talbott, Carlos
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
United States Army Air Forces officers
Military personnel from Illinois

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<mask>, CBE (20 July 1901 – 3 June 1995) was a British film critic and travel writer who contributed to The Sunday Times for more than 50 years. <mask> was known for her receptiveness to cultural change in the cinema and coined many classic phrases about films and actors. She was a founder member of the Independent Television Authority (ITA), which launched commercial television in the UK, and also served as the second female president of the Classical Association. <mask> wrote several books on films and her travels in Greece. Early life and education
Born in Bridgnorth, Shropshire, to <mask>, a bank manager, and Mary Jane Lloyd, <mask> attended Talbot Heath School, Bournemouth before winning a scholarship to read modern languages at Somerville College, Oxford. <mask> was in the significant minority of women studying at Oxford at that time. <mask> considered studying classics (or greats) at Oxford University, but she was advised against it by her brother: '"Don't" he said; "the classics are a terrible grind for a girl, and you will be prematurely wrinkled."'<mask> took his advice, but later regretted it, feeling that she had been robbed of "deep and solid pleasures", having "small Latin...and, goodness knows, less Greek". At Oxford, <mask> met an archaeologist, Humfry Payne (19 February 1902 – 9 May 1936), whom she married in 1926. Whilst studying at Oxford, she made news headlines in the Daily Mail after being "taken out for tea" and climbing over the wall to go out with her boyfriend, whom she would later marry. She was rusticated for two terms, and the principal accused her of 'dragging the name of Somerville in the dust'. She graduated with a first-class honours degree. Career
After graduation, <mask> spent a period as personal assistant to Lady Ottoline Morrell before joining the literary department of The Sunday Times in 1928. In 1929, her husband Humfry Payne was appointed director of the British School at Athens.From 1931 to 1936, <mask> spent part of each year in Greece, frequently attending excavations where her husband was working, including the excavation of the Heraion of Perachora, as well as attending an excavation at Abydos in Egypt. Payne died in Athens in 1936 from a staphylococcus infection. They had no children. <mask> continued her periodic visits to Greece after 1936, until the Second World War intervened. In 1939 <mask> was appointed film critic at The Sunday Times, and in 1941 she found war work with a Greek connection in the Political Warfare Executive, which oversaw Britain's propaganda in occupied Europe, where she worked until 1945: she was involved with making sure that the BBC's broadcasts to Greece accurately represented British policies. In June 1943, she married Leonard Russell (1906–1974), the literary editor at The Sunday Times. <mask> was one of the founder members of the Independent Television Authority (ITA) from 1954, despite initial concerns about her possible conflicts of interest (she wrote for a newspaper that was backing one of the ITV franchises, but its bid was eventually withdrawn).She resigned her post at the ITA in 1956 in protest at the government's refusal to come up with funding which it had promised to the authority in the Television Act 1954. She was a  long-serving panel member of the BBC radio word game, My Word!. <mask>'s journalism led a change in the writing of cinema criticism. To quote from the British Film Institute: "she was open to new directions in cinema and was not constrained by the middle class shibboleths of 'good taste', unlike her rival C. A. Lejeune, film critic for The Observer from 1928 to 1960." She remained film critic at The Sunday Times until 1979 – a compilation of her reviews was published in 1989 as The Golden Screen – but from 1976 she also began writing about films on television, which she continued to do until the end of her life. Her last piece, a review of Barry Lyndon, appeared in The Times on the day of her death. She also served as film critic for Punch until its first closure in 1992.<mask>ene, made frequent visits to Greece, including attending the British School at Athens' excavations at Emporio on Chios in 1954 in order to report on the excavations for The Sunday Times. She was the author of several books about the country, including Remember Greece (1941); An Affair of the Heart (1958), describing her repeated visits to the village of Perachora, site of Payne's excavations of the Heraion; and The Villa Ariadne (1973), a memoir of the archaeologists associated with the house built by Sir Arthur Evans near the palace of Knossos, including several, such as John Pendlebury, who were active in the Cretan Resistance during World War II. Other works include a biography of Payne, The Traveller's Journey is Done (1943). <mask> served as President of the Classical Association from 1966–7, giving her presidential address at the University of Reading on 5 April 1967. She was only the second female President of the Classical Association, following Professor Dorothy Tarrant (President 1958-9). <mask> was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1974, awarded a British Film Institute Fellowship in 1983, and made an Honorary Fellow of Somerville College, Oxford University, in 1991. <mask> was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.In 1991, the Dilys <mask> Award was established in her honour, and awarded to Dirk Bogarde; the award is given annually, and recipients have included Helena Bonham Carter, Kristin Scott Thomas, Judi Dench, and Kate Winslet. Publications
 Descent from Parnassus (1934), London: Cresset Press (essays on modern poets)
 Remember Greece (1941), London: Hodder & Stoughton
 The Traveller’s Journey is Done (1943), London: Hodder & Stoughton (Humfry Payne at the British School of Archaeology at Athens)
 Films since 1939 (1947), London: Longmans, Green & Co (for the British Council)
 Coco (1952), London: Hodder & Stoughton (biography of a dog)
 An Affair of the Heart (1958), London: Hodder & Stoughton
 The Mirror of the Present (1967), London: John Murray (presidential address to the Classical Association at the University of Reading)
 The Villa Ariadne (1973), London: Hodder and Stoughton. New edition by Eland in 2016:
 The Golden Screen: Fifty Years at the Films (1989), London: Pavilion,  (ed. George Perry)
 The Dilys Powell film reader (1991), Manchester: Carcanet,

References

1901 births
1995 deaths
Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford
English film critics
English women journalists
English radio personalities
People educated at Talbot Heath School
People from Bournemouth
People from Bridgnorth
The Sunday Times people
English film people
Women film critics
20th-century British women writers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century English women
20th-century English people

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<mask> (born March 19, 1946) is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who was Bishop of Buffalo, New York, from 2012 to 2019 when he resigned following an investigation into his handling of sex abuse cases in the diocese. Early life
<mask> was born in Salem, Massachusetts, and raised in Hamilton and Beverly, Massachusetts: he has one sister. He graduated from St. John's Prep in 1964, and then attended Cardinal O'Connell Seminary and St. John's Seminary, both in Boston, where he obtained his Bachelor of Philosophy,  Master of Divinity, and Master of Theology degrees. Priesthood
<mask> was ordained to the priesthood for the Archdiocese of Boston by Archbishop Humberto Medeiros on May 20, 1972. After his ordination, <mask> served as associate pastor of St. Patrick Parish in Stoneham, Massachusetts, until 1974. <mask> taught at St. Clement High School in Medford, Massachusetts, (1974–1976) and at Xaverian Brothers High School in Westwood, Massachusetts (1976–1979), where he also served as a chaplain. In 1979, <mask> joined the faculty of St. John Seminary, teaching religious and theological studies and serving as registrar and dean until 1990.In addition to his duties at the seminary, he also worked as a part-time chaplain at Wellesley College and Regis College, and as a teacher at Emmanuel College. <mask> obtained his Doctor of Theology degree from Boston University in 1981, and his Licentiate of Sacred Theology from the Weston Jesuit School of Theology in Weston in 1990. <mask> was assigned to the Harvard-Radcliffe Catholic Student Center in 1990 as well, as chaplain of St. Paul Parish in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Within the archdiocese, he was appointed Director of the Office of Religious Education in 1993 and Secretary for Education in 1995. He is a Fourth Degree member of the Knights of Columbus, and a Knight Commander with Star of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre. Episcopal career

Auxiliary Bishop of Boston
On January 27, 2000, <mask> was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Boston and Titular Bishop of Aptuca by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on March 1, 2001, from Cardinal Bernard Law, with Bishops William Francis Murphy and John Boles as co-consecrators.Bishop of Portland
John Paul II appointed <mask> as the eleventh Bishop of Portland in Maine on February 10, 2004;, he was installed on March 31, 2004. In September 2011, <mask> was named as chairman of the Committee on Evangelization and Catechesis of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB). He also produced and hosted programs for CatholicTV. Bishop of Buffalo
On May 29, 2012, Pope Benedict XVI appointed <mask> as Bishop of the Diocese of Buffalo. He was installed in Buffalo at St. Joseph Cathedral in Buffalo on August 10, 2012. After his installation, <mask> was appointed as apostolic administrator of the Diocese of Portland, continuing to run that diocese also until Bishop Robert P. Deeley,was installed there on February 14, 2014

In January 2014, <mask> was appointed chairman of the USCCB Committee on Laity, Marriage, Family Life, and Youth. On February 4, 2015, he issued a letter condemning the film Fifty Shades of Grey on the eve of its release in theaters.In his statement, <mask> spoke of "...the beauty of the Church's teaching on the gift of sexual intimacy in marriage, the great dignity of women, and the moral reprehensibility of all domestic violence and sexual exploitation." Sexual abuse cases
On September 12, 2018, leaked church records showed that there were 106 clergy in the Diocese of Buffalo who had been credibly accused of sexually abusing children, far more than a list of 42 which had been released by <mask>'s Diocese in March of the year. <mask>, along with many other former Bishops, has also been accused of shielding some of these "predator priests," as well as at least one nun, from potential prosecution and transferring some to other parishes to avoid scrutiny. In August 2018, WKBW-TV reported that <mask> had returned at least one accused priest to active ministry. Several accusations of sexual misconduct were made against Father Art Smith. He allegedly had a reputation for inappropriate behavior at a school where he worked, and the principal complained to the diocese. <mask>'s predecessor as Bishop of Buffalo, Edward Kmiec, removed Smith from active ministry.<mask> returned Smith to ministry shortly after becoming Bishop of Buffalo. <mask> then misled others about Smith's history and allowed him to be placed in unsupervised contact with minors. <mask> asked Smith not to wear clerical attire, offer sacraments, or say Mass publicly, though it was not a canonical sentence or decree. In 2015, <mask> restored Smith's ability to offer sacraments publicly and wrote concerning him, "I am unaware of anything in his background which would render him unsuitable to work with minor children." He wrote a similar letter the following year. Smith was sent to live in a parish rectory, and suspended by the diocese in 2017, pending investigation of a new substantiated allegation of sexual abuse of minors. A few clergy on the list who were still active in ministry have been suspended.On September 28, <mask> named Steven L. Halter, a former agent in the FBI's Buffalo Division, director of the Diocese's newly created Office of Personal Responsibility, which handles sex abuse complaints in the Diocese. <mask>'s handling of accusations against Father Robert Yetter attracted attention. Yetter was pastor of Saint Mary's Parish in the Buffalo diocese. He was accused by multiple adults of sexual misconduct. One alleged victim said that Yetter began grooming him in second grade. According to documents obtained by CNN, in 2017, the Diocese of Buffalo had Yetter undergo counseling and sent him on a mission trip abroad. Yetter wrote a letter to the diocese cautioning it against removing him, arguing that doing so would have a negative impact on diocesan finances, as the St. Mary's Parish made up one of the largest contributing parishes in the diocese.In January 2018, <mask> wrote a letter in response to Yetter, thanking him for his "faithful and effective ministry", and permitted him to continue with priestly activities. After another allegation, Yetter was forced to resign in August 2018 and placed on administrative leave. <mask> stated that he had handled accusations of misconduct against adults differently than those against minors. "Let me be clear. My handling of recent claims from some of our parishioners concerning sexual misconduct with adults unquestionably has fallen short of the standard to which you hold us, and to which we hold ourselves," he said. "We can do better. We will do better."Communications director Kath Sprangler stated that the reason Yetter was not on the list of 42 allegedly abusive priests was because that list pertained exclusively to those accused of perpetrating abuse against minors. Sprangler also said that while there was "stringent and effective protocol" for handling allegations of abuse against minors, there was not yet "a parallel protocol for the allegation of misconduct with adults. We are in the process of generating one at this time." In September 2019, leaked audio recordings of <mask> revealed that he diverted 40 percent of donations sent to Catholic charities in the Diocese of Buffalo to a foundation known as "The Bishop's Fund for the Faith." A leaked document from one of <mask>'s meetings with other members on the board of the local Catholic charities also revealed that the foundation was included in the Diocese's budget as a separate corporate entity which helps protect the Diocese of Buffalo from being vulnerable to payments stemming from lawsuits and bankruptcy. On September 24, 2019, following the start of a criminal investigation brought against Diocese priest Jeffrey Novak, <mask> published an Adult Sexual Misconduct Policy and Procedures and a new Code of Pastoral Conduct for Clergy. On May 6, 2020, months after his resignation as Bishop of Buffalo, it was revealed that <mask> "quietly put" accused priest Fr.Paul Salemi "on administrative leave in 2012," but then allowed the Diocese of Buffalo to keep Salemi "on the diocesan payroll" after Salemi moved to the South. Salemi was never laicized, and he did not stop receiving payment from the Diocese of Buffalo until payment to 23 accused Diocese of Buffalo clergy, including Salemi, ended the previous week. Vatican investigation and resignation
In October 2019, the Congregation for Bishops assigned Brooklyn's Bishop Nicholas DiMarzio to conduct an investigation of the Buffalo Diocese. Pope Francis accepted <mask>'s resignation on December 4, 2019. He named Albany's Bishop Edward B. Scharfenberger the apostolic administrator of the Diocese, with authority to manage its affairs pending the appointment of a  successor to <mask>. 60 Minutes Overtime reported that <mask>'s resignation was linked to leaked sex abuse documents which were reported by 60 Minutes journalist Bill Whitaker in 2018. On December 10, <mask> said he submitted his resignation early so the Diocese could "move forward" and added: "It's just the right thing to do, and I'll still be living in the Buffalo area because I'm still a Bishop in good standing, so you'll see me around."New York state investigation and lawsuit

On November 23, 2020, it was revealed that New York Attorney General Letitia James had filed a lawsuit against <mask>, the Diocese of Buffalo and Auxiliary Bishop Emeritus Edward M. Grosz. The lawsuit claimed that the defendants misused diocese funds to cover up alleged sex abuse of over two dozen priests. At the same time, the attorney general released a 218-page report detailing a two-year investigation of all the defendants. See also

 Catholic Church hierarchy
 Catholic Church in the United States
 Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States
 List of Catholic bishops of the United States
 Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

References

External links
Diocese of Buffalo

1946 births
Living people
Saint John's Seminary (Massachusetts) alumni
People from Salem, Massachusetts
Roman Catholic bishops of Portland
Roman Catholic bishops of Buffalo
21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
Religious leaders from New York (state)
Catholics from Massachusetts
Ecclesiastical passivity to Catholic sexual abuse cases
Boston University School of Theology alumni

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Richard Joseph Malone
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