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<mask> (January 27, 1738 – September 9, 1801) was an American politician and judge best known for his Anti-Federalist stances. He is also known as the presumed author of political essays published in 1787 and 1788 under the pseudonyms "Brutus" and "Sydney". The essays opposed the introduction of the Constitution of the United States. Early life
<mask> was born January 27, 1738, in Schenectady, New York, the oldest of twelve children of merchant <mask> and Maria (née Dunbar) <mask>. Among his large family was uncle <mask>., who served as mayor of Albany in the 1790s and cousin <mask>, who was a Continental Congressman and New York State Assemblyman. His paternal grandparents were <mask>, a prosperous farmer and blacksmith, and (née Winne) <mask>. He learned the craft of the surveyor and then decided to pursue a career in law.After clerking for William Livingston in New York City, in 1760 he was licensed to practice on his own. Career
Surveying supplemented <mask>' attorney's income as he made a number of important land maps during the 1760s. He drew the first civilian map of Albany in 1770. He also relied on patronage from the Albany Corporation through his uncle, alderman <mask> Jr. In 1771, he was elected to the Common Council as an alderman for the second ward. In those years he served on a number of committees, provided legal advice, and stepped forward to compile and issue the first published version of the "Laws and Ordinances of the City of Albany" in 1773. Revolutionary War
From the beginning of the struggle for American independence, although he did not sign the Albany Sons of Liberty constitution of 1766, he was prominent in the local resistance to the Stamp Act.By 1774, he had joined the Albany Committee of Correspondence and stood among its first members when the committee's activities became public in 1775. At that time, he was still a member of the Albany common council – although its activities were being replaced by the extra-legal Committee of Correspondence, Safety and Protection. He represented the second ward on the committee and was in close contact with it from his subsequent offices until it ceased operations in 1778. At the same time, he also served as secretary of the Board of Indian Commissioners – a post that required him to travel to the frontier. Beginning in the spring of 1775, <mask> was elected to represent Albany in each of the four New York Provincial Congresses. The first three met in New York, while the last one, convened after the Declaration of Independence, met under duress in locations throughout the Hudson Valley. In 1776–77, he served on the committee that drafted the first New York State Constitution and also was a member of the "Secret Committee for Obstructing Navigation of the Hudson."On May 8th 1777, <mask> was appointed to the New York Supreme Court. Later years
After the war ended, although principally an associate justice of the state Supreme Court, <mask> maintained a modest legal practice and continued surveying as well. During the 1780s, his political star continued to rise in the "party" of Governor George Clinton as he spoke in opposition to the expansion of the scope of a national government. In 1787, he was appointed with John Lansing Jr. and Alexander Hamilton to represent New York at the Philadelphia Convention to revise the Articles of Confederation. Arriving in Philadelphia, <mask> and Lansing felt the mood of the convention to produce an entirely new form of government was beyond their authority. After sending a letter to Governor Clinton urging opposition to the new Constitution, they returned home. <mask>'s personal notes from the Philadelphia convention were published in 1821.In 1788, <mask> was elected as an anti-federalist delegate to the New York State ratifying convention at Poughkeepsie, and worked against adoption of the Constitution. Among the leading anti-federalists who attended the Poughkeepsie Convention, he was the most vocal delegate in support of protecting individual liberties. After the Poughkeepsie Convention ratified the Constitution with an accompanying request for amendments to protect individual liberties, <mask> pledged his support as a matter of patriotic duty. In 1789, he ran for governor against George Clinton with the support of the Anti-Federalists, who viewed him as a reasonable, potentially kindred spirit who was not from a wealthy family. He was defeated by Governor Clinton. Approached by the Federalists again in 1792, <mask> refused to run citing the financial drain caused by past politicking. In the gubernatorial campaign of 1795, considerable sentiment existed for <mask>'s candidacy as he was firmly established in the center of the former Anti-Federal party.John Jay defeated him in a close election, effectively ending <mask>'s political career. By then, he already had devoted himself to the law. In September 1790, <mask> was chosen Chief Justice of the New York State Supreme Court. He served until the mandatory retirement age of sixty in 1798. Unlike many "new men of the Revolution," he did not attain great wealth and retired to his middling Albany home. Personal life
In 1765, he married Jannette "Jane" Van Ness (1741–1818) and settled in Albany, New York. Jane was a sister of Judge Peter Van Ness of Kinderhook.Among her extended family was nephews John Peter Van Ness, William P. Van Ness, and Cornelius P. Van Ness. The couple had six children, including:

 John Van Ness <mask> (1779–1839), who served as the Secretary of State of New York from 1818 to 1826. He died in Albany, New York on September 9, 1801, at age 63. He was originally buried at St. Peter's Cemetery, and later reinterred at Albany Rural Cemetery. Notes

External links
 Notes of the Secret Debate of the Federal Convention of 1787, Taken by the Late Hon <mask>, Chief Justice of the State of New York, and one of the Delegates from That State to the Said Convention (Washington, D.C.: Templeman, 1886)

1738 births
1801 deaths
New York (state) Anti-Federalists
Politicians from Schenectady, New York
New York Supreme Court Justices
18th-century American politicians
18th-century American judges

masks:
Robert Yates
Robert Yates
Joseph Yates
Yates
Abraham Yates Jr
Peter Waldron Yates
Christoffel Yates
Yates
Yates
Abraham Yates
Yates
Yates
Yates
Yates
Yates
Yates
Yates
Yates
Yates
Yates
Yates
Yates
Robert Yates


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<mask> (born <mask>; born October 1, 1965), formerly  <mask>, is an American television personality and model. In 2010, she was a cast member on the reality show The Real Housewives of D.C. She and her then-husband, <mask>, gained national attention in November 2009 by breaching security to attend a White House state dinner in honor of India's Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. Early life
Schon is the daughter of Howard A. Holt Jr. & Rosemary (née O'Malley) of Fairfax, Virginia, sister of Debbie, Howard III, and Glen. She attended, but did not graduate from, King's College in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. Michaele met <mask> at a 2000 baby shower that McLean, Virginia real estate developer N. Casey Margenau and his wife Molly had hosted. <mask> and Tareq married in 2003 in a ceremony at the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle in Washington, D.C. The guest list included 1,836 guests, including Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy and former U.S.Ambassador to Ireland Margaret Heckler. The wedding, originally scheduled for October 2002, was postponed numerous times, prompting Kennedy to quip that he needed to issue "subpoenas" to the bride and groom. Career
Schon was a front-desk employee at contemporary hit radio station WKRZ in Wilkes-Barre/Scranton, Pennsylvania in 1989. She then moved to the Washington, D.C., area and worked at the make-up counter at Nordstrom in the Tysons Corner Mall in McLean, Virginia, for most of the 1990s. In 2001 she was a make-up artist on the set of the "Lady Bird" episode of the PBS documentary series American Experience. Schon has claimed to be a former Washington Redskins cheerleader; she has also claimed to have been featured in numerous television spots, was the face of Virginia.org's Wine Getaways ad campaign, and has also claimed to have been a featured model in various magazines. However, the Washington Redskins have publicly stated that she has never worked for them.She did perform with the Washington Redskins cheerleaders during the September 20, 2009, Redskins-St. Louis Rams game at a halftime event honoring the team's pom-pom alumni, although other cheerleaders questioned her dancing abilities. In Florida, a polo magazine editor stated the <mask>s submitted pictures for a December 2008 article that identified Schon, then <mask> <mask>, as a "former Miss USA." No record exists of her winning that beauty crown, pageant officials said. In 2010, <mask> was one of the featured housewives on Bravo's The Real Housewives of D.C. In May 2011, she released the pop single “Bump It!” online. 2009 U.S. state dinner security breach

In June 2005, while he was a Senator, Barack Obama had posed for a photo with the <mask>s and the Black Eyed Peas at the 12th annual Rock the Vote Awards Dinner at the National Building Museum. The <mask>s also breached the September 26, 2009, dinner for the Congressional Black Caucus, where the couple posed for photos with Rep. Chuck Rangel and Star Jones, then were asked to leave by security.On the December 2, 2009, Today Show, they claimed they were given tickets to that event by the Gardner Law Group, but caucus spokeswoman Muriel Cooper refuted that claim. "The first the White House security detail knew of their blunder in allowing them into [the November 24, 2009, state dinner] was when the couple posted photographs from the dinner on their Facebook page." Invited guest Brian Williams, anchor of the NBC Nightly News, observed the Salahis' SUV being turned away from the East Gate entrance. After that, he saw the <mask>s and crew leave their vehicle and walk to the White House. They entered through two security checkpoints; only one of them checked for photo ID. The White House on November 27 released photos of the couple posing with President Obama, Vice President Joe Biden, Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel, and other celebrities in attendance. Secret Service director Mark Sullivan issued a statement on November 27 saying that the Secret Service was "deeply concerned and embarrassed by the circumstances surrounding the State Dinner".Sullivan's statement also pointed out that "the preliminary findings of our internal investigation have determined established protocols were not followed at an initial checkpoint, verifying that two individuals were on the guest list." Representative Peter T. King, Republican of New York, wrote a letter to the United States House Committee on Homeland Security requesting an investigation into this incident. The Secret Service also considered criminal charges against the <mask>s. <mask> <mask> was requested by the committee to appear at a hearing on December 3, 2009, but she refused to attend. Divorce, engagement and marriage to Neal Schon
In September 2011, a missing-persons report for Michaele was filed by her then-husband, Tareq <mask>, but she later was discovered to have run off with Neal Schon, whom she had met earlier. The couple divorced on August 20, 2012. On October 14, 2012, Schon proposed to Michaele onstage during a charity concert at the Lyric Opera House in Baltimore, Maryland, offering her an oval 11.42 carat diamond engagement ring.The marriage was Michaele's second and Schon's fifth. The couple married on December 15, 2013, in a pay-per-view ($14.95 for three hours) wedding that was broadcast live from the Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco, California. On December 1, 2015, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors agreed to a settlement that would pay Neal and Michaele $290,000 in response to a lawsuit that had accused the city-county government of improperly permitting the wedding's organizers to increase their fees after learning of the pay-per-view arrangements. In popular culture
In the opening segment of the December 5, 2009, episode of Saturday Night Live, Kristen Wiig portrayed <mask> as an interloper who got on stage at a Barack Obama speech in Allentown, Pennsylvania and posed for various pictures behind the President with her husband, Secret Service agents, and Vice President Joe Biden. At one point, they asked the President to stop his speech and snap a group shot of all of them. References

External links
 Facebook page
 Twitter feed
 Tareq & <mask> <mask> wedding video
 Oasis Winery
 Official Guest List for White House State Dinner
 White House Party Crashers - photo slideshow by The Huffington Post
 Loudoun Times-Mirror (Va.) report on the Salahis
 Washington Post article on Salahis' problems

White House intruders
1965 births
The Real Housewives cast members
Living people
Oakton High School alumni

masks:
Michaele Schon
Michaele Ann Holt
Michaele Salahi
Tareq Salahi
Tareq Salahi
Michaele
Salahi
Michaele
Salahi
Michaele
Salahi
Salahi
Salahi
Salahi
Michaele
Salahi
Salahi
Michaele
Michaele
Salahi


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Tituba (fl. 1680-1693) was an enslaved girl who was the first female to be accused of practicing witchcraft during the 1692 Salem witch trials. Although her origins are debated, historical research has suggested that she was a Kalina woman from Tibitó who eventually ended up in Barbados, where she was purchased by the Puritan priest Samuel Parris, who brought her to colonial Massachusetts. Little is known about Tituba's life prior to her enslavement. It is said that she was named after the tribe or the town which she came from. She became a pivotal figure in the witch trials when she confessed to practicing witchcraft while she was also making claims that both Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne participated in the said witchcraft. She was imprisoned and later released by Samuel Conklin.Early life
Tituba's husband was John Indian, an Indigenous man whose origins are unknown, but he may have been from Central or South America, Tibitó, Colombia to be precise. It is said that she was named after her town or tribe. Tituba may have originally been from Barbados. Many historians such as Elaine Breslaw and Charles Upham gathered that Tituba was a Native American based on Samuel Fowler's writing, "Account of the life of Samuel Parris". Tituba may have originally been a member of the Arawak-Guiana native South American tribe. While there is no physical evidence to prove this theory, it is believed that she was taken from her tribe and forced into the slave trade in Barbados, where she was sold to the Thompson plantation where she was the family cook as most Native American slaves were. This evidence was concluded through slave transport documents which described things such as head counts and names of the slaves.As Tituba interacted with a diverse group of people in Barbados, it is assumed that Barbados is the place where she picked up most of her knowledge about witchcraft from mistresses and other slaves. Once the head of the Thompson plantation died, Tituba was inherited by Samuel Parris and then she was brought to Massachusetts. The often unreliable records of the enslaved persons origins makes this information difficult to verify. There are historians such as Samuel Drake who suggest that Tituba was African. Her husband went on to become one of the accusers in the Witch Trials. They appear documented together in Samuel Parris's church record book. Salem witch trials

Tituba was the first person to be accused of practicing witchcraft by Elizabeth Parris and Abigail Williams.It has been theorized that Tituba told the girls tales of voodoo and witchcraft prior to the accusations. Tituba was allowed to speak against her accusers despite what race they were members of because it was not illegal for slaves to be able to give testimony in court. She was also the first person to confess to practicing witchcraft in Salem Village in March 1692. Initially denying her involvement in witchcraft, Tituba later confessed to making a "witch cake", but she confessed to making it after she was beaten by Samuel Parris. Tituba also confessed to speaking with the devil and in her confession, she stated that he ordered her to worship him and hurt the children of the village. When she was questioned later, she added that she learned about occult techniques from her mistress in Barbados, who taught her how to ward herself from evil powers and reveal the cause of witchcraft. Since such knowledge was not supposed to be harmful, Tituba again asserted to Parris that she was not a witch, but she admitted that she had participated in an occult ritual when she made the witch cake in an attempt to help Elizabeth Parris.<mask>, Sarah Good, and Sarah Osborne were sent to jail in Boston to await trial and punishment on March 7, 1692. Despite these confessions, there is no proof that she did the things to which she confessed. Other women and men from surrounding villages were accused of practicing witchcraft and arrested during the Salem witchcraft trials. Tituba not only used these outlandish accusations to stir confusion among Massachusetts residents, she also used them to displace the punishment and or death sentence that could have been imposed upon her. By deflecting people's attention, she was able to prove that she was a credible witness and as a result of the recognition which she received, her life and her reputation were both saved. Tituba must have been aware that she couldn't hide from the accusations which were being made against her due to certain prejudices which people held against her based on her ethnicity. She claimed not to be a witch and denied that accusation against her despite her use of occult practices, admitting that the devil visited her and Parris' determination to find her guilty.Her confession and accusations not only served as a scapegoat, they also served as a new form of entertainment to the residents of Salem as they experienced possessions because of her words. Not only did Tituba accuse others in her confession, but she talked about black dogs, hogs, a yellow bird, red and black rats, cats, a fox and a wolf. Tituba talked about riding sticks to different places. She confessed that Sarah Osborne possessed a creature with the head of a woman, two legs, and wings. Since it mixed various perspectives on witchcraft, Tituba's confession confused listeners, and its similarities to certain stock tropes of demonology caused some Salem Village residents to believe that Satan was among them. After the trials, Tituba remained in the Boston jail, which had very poor living conditions for thirteen months, because Samuel Parris refused to pay her jail fees. In April 1693, Tituba was sold to an unknown person for the price of her jail fees.In an interview with Robert Calef for his collection of papers on the trials, titled More Wonders of the Invisible World: Being an Account of the Trials of Several Witches, Lately Executed in New-England, Tituba confirmed that Parris had beaten a confession out of her and then coached her on what to say and how to say it when she was first questioned. In popular culture

The majority of fictional pieces that artistically or historically depict Tituba's life portray her as a Black woman or an "outgroup" by Puritan society, due to her racial and socioeconomic status as a South American Indigenous and an indentured servant woman. Although it is not explicitly discussed in all of the movies, plays and books, that account for Tituba's conviction, it is quite possible that the "fear of strangers" in combination with the Western European traditional belief and understanding of witchcraft, made Tituba a prime target for witchcraft conviction. With reference to the historical understanding of Tituba and why she was convicted, it has been argued that the pre-existing ideas about "out groups" and stereotypical ideas of foreign cultures combined with fictional portrayals of witchcraft and sorcery works, has created a case where history and fiction shape each other. Essentially, the fictional works have assisted in the idea of what the Salem Witch Trials were like and what events lead to the convictions, trials and confessions, but without factoring in racial, political, religious and economic influences of the time, the portrayals of Tituba in media remain, for the most part, fictional. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, in his 1868 play entitled Giles Corey of the Salem Farms, describes Tituba as "the daughter of a man all black and fierce…He was an Obi man, and taught [her] magic." Obeah (also spelled Obi) is a specifically African and Afro-American system of magic."Tituba is featured prominently in the 1953 play The Crucible by Arthur Miller. The image of Tituba as the instigator of witchcraft at Salem was reinforced by the opening scene of The Crucible, which owes much to Marion L. Starkey's historical work The Devil in Massachusetts (1949). In Miller's play, Tituba is said to have come from Barbados, where she was taught how to conjure up spirits, and had allegedly dabbled in sorcery, witchcraft, and Satanism. The play suggests that Abigail Williams and the other girls tried to use Tituba's knowledge when dancing in the woods before the trials began; it was, in fact, their being caught that led to those events. With the original intention of covering up their own sinful deeds, Tituba was the one to be accused by Abigail, who had in fact drunk from a magic cup Tituba made to kill John Proctor's wife, Elizabeth, and to bewitch him into loving her. She and the other girls claimed to have seen Tituba "with the Devil". It is ironic that the belief that Tituba led these girls astray has persisted in popular lore, fiction and non fiction alike.The charge, which is seen by some as having barely disguised racist undertones, is based on the imagination of authors like Starkey, who mirrors Salem's accusers when she asserts that "I have invented the scenes with Tituba .... but they are what I really believe happened." Tituba is also the main character in the 1956 book Tituba of Salem Village by Ann Petry. Written for children 10 and up, it portrays Tituba as a black West Indian woman who tells stories about life in Barbados to the village girls. These stories are mingled with existing superstitions and half-remembered pagan beliefs on the part of Puritans (for instance, it is a white neighbor who makes the witch cake, rather than Tituba herself), and the witchcraft hysteria is partly attributed to a sort of cabin fever during a particularly bitter winter. Tituba is the subject of the award-winning novel I, Tituba: Black Witch of Salem (1986) by Maryse Condé, a novel version of Tituba's life which creates a biography for her, beginning and ending in Barbados, and including supernatural elements. Tituba appears in the novel Calligraphy of the Witch (2007) by Alicia Gaspar de Alba as an Arawak Native American Indigenous from Guyana fluent in several languages, and the only person in the Boston area who understands Spanish. She is a friend and English tutor to the indentured servant Concepción Benavidez who is accused of witchcraft in the Boston area because of her Mexican and Catholic culture.Tituba is also featured as a main character played by Ashley Madekwe on WGN's television series Salem (2013). In American Horror Story: Coven (2013–2014), young African-American witch Queenie states that she is a descendant of Tituba. Later in the series, Voodoo Queen Marie Laveau and Supreme witch Fiona Goode have an in-depth discussion of Tituba's history and legacy. They suggest her magic came from her Arawak ancestry. Tituba appears in role in mobile game Fate/Grand Order's "Heretical Salem" storyline, though in the game she is the slave of a character named Randolph Carter rather than Samuel Parris. She is sentenced to death by witch-hunter Matthew Hopkins (anachronistically depicted as being in colonial Massachusetts) and executed by hanging. Later it is revealed that the Tituba encountered by the player is not the historical version, but the reincarnated spirit of the biblical Queen of Sheba, summoned and bound to the role in a form of magically-enabled reenactment of the Salem witch trials.<mask> is portrayed in the Jayce Landberg song Happy 4 U, featured on the album The Forbidden World (2020). See also
 List of slaves
 List of people of the Salem witch trials

Citations

Bibliography

External links
 Salem witchcraft video

17th-century African people
17th-century American slaves
17th-century births
18th-century deaths
17th-century Native American women
Barbadian slaves
Carib people
People accused of witchcraft
People of colonial Massachusetts
People of the Salem witch trials
Place of birth unknown
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown

masks: Tituba Tituba


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<mask>u (; Pinyin: Lín Bóqú; Wade-Giles: <mask>'u; March 20, 1886 – May 29, 1960) was a Chinese politician and poet. An early supporter of Sun Yat-sen and member of the Tongmenghui, as well as a later participant in the Nanchang Uprising and the Long March, <mask> came to be seen as one of the elder statesmen of the Communist Party of China. On October 1, 1949, <mask> presided over the Communist Party's victory ceremony in Tiananmen Square, and stood on the right-hand side of Mao Zedong as he proclaimed the foundation of the People's Republic of China. Biography

<mask>u, born <mask> (林祖涵), was raised in a rural family in a village near Changde, Hunan, and received a state grant to study in Tokyo at the age of 16. There, he joined the Tongmenghui, the revolutionary group founded by Sun Yat-sen. After returning to China, <mask> worked as a school teacher, before he was recruited to the Dongbei region for revolutionary work on behalf of the Tongmenghui. After the fall of the Qing dynasty, <mask> found himself persecuted by the Yuan Shikai regime, and was forced to escape to Japan, where he joined Sun Yat-sen's newly formed Chinese Revolutionary Party (later to become the Kuomintang). Returning to China again, he joined the Communist Party in 1921.Throughout the first half of the 1920s, <mask> continued working with the Kuomintang in different capacities, most significantly as Minister of Agriculture. Eventually shifting his allegiances to the communists, he took part in the Nanchang Uprising in 1927. Shortly afterwards, he left China for a six-year stay in the Soviet Union, where he studied at the Moscow Sun Yat-sen University. He returned in late 1933, and became active in the Jiangxi Soviet, serving as Minister of Finance and presiding over the Council of Agriculture. After taking part in the Long March, he resumed his duties as Minister of Finance from Yan'an and was also elected Chairman of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region. In this period, <mask> came to be known as one of the Five Elders of Yan'an (), along with Dong Biwu, Xu Teli, Wu Yuzhang, and Xie Juezai. Due to his seniority and early allegiance to Sun Yat-sen, <mask> was often drawn upon as a resource for diplomatic needs with the Kuomintang.In 1936, he assisted Zhou Enlai in the negotiations with Chiang Kai-shek during the Xi'an Incident, and in the alliance that followed generally helped to facilitate the United Front against the Japanese. In February 1944, <mask> traveled to Chongqing for negotiations with the Nationalist government, and in April 1949, he was again paired with Zhou Enlai for peace talks with Kuomintang general Zhang Zhizhong in Beijing. As the preparations for the formation of the People's Republic of China were underway in the latter half of 1949, <mask> was appointed Secretary General of the Central People's Government Committee. In that role, he presided over the founding ceremony of the new nation on October 1, 1949 - sometimes referred to as the "host" of the celebrations. After the foundation of the PRC, <mask> took up a variety of positions, though preferred to stay out of the political limelight. In September 1954, he was elected Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. In the years that followed, he undertook lengthy inspection tours of primarily rural provinces, beginning with his native Hunan and continuing to Guangxi, Jiangxi, Hubei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, and Ningxia.<mask> died in a Beijing hospital on May 26, 1960. In a memorial poem, Marshal Chen Yi eulogized him as "a hero always upholding the correct line in his glorious revolutionary career." <mask>'s fellow "Yan'an Elder" Dong Biwu memorialized his friend in two poems following his passing, focusing more on the personal than the political. Deng Xiaoping gave the following tribute, highlighting the breadth of <mask>'s experience as well as the depth of his contribution: "He [went] through three historical stages: the old democratic revolution led by the bourgeoisie, the new democratic revolution led by the proletariat, and the socialist revolution. In every stage of the revolution, he was a complete revolutionary and made an indelible contribution to the liberation of the Chinese people." <mask> is buried at the Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery in Beijing, along with other first-generation CCP leaders such as Zhu De, Ren Bishi, Peng Dehuai, and Chen Yun. Posthumous purge

<mask> was posthumously purged during the Cultural Revolution for allegedly opposing the marriage between Mao and Jiang Qing during the Yan'an years.As a result, he was removed from his iconic spot in the official portrait of the 1949 foundation ceremony, like Gao Gang and Liu Shaoqi before him. He was not restored to the painting until 1979. Family and personal life

<mask> was married four times and had eight children. His oldest son, <mask> (林用三), was elected to the Eleventh National Committee of the Chinese People's  Political Consultative Conference in 2008, and has served in a variety of government posts. <mask>'s daughter <mask> studied with Zhou Enlai's adopted daughter Sun Weishi in Moscow, and was later imprisoned for seven years during the Cultural Revolution for supposed associations with Li Lisan. According to his niece, <mask> was a personal friend of Sun Yat-sen, and was with Dr. Sun when he died. Poetry

<mask> was an avid poet, composing prolifically throughout his life.According to the curator of his museum, he wrote over a thousand poems. His work has been published in Chinese as Lin Boqu Collection and Selected Poems of <mask>u. His poem "The Dream of Going Back Home" can be found prominently inscribed on the two-mile long Poetry Wall in his hometown of Changde, listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the longest wall with engraved arts in the world. References

1886 births
1960 deaths
Chinese Communist Party politicians from Hunan
Vice Chairpersons of the National People's Congress
Members of the Kuomintang
Republic of China politicians from Hunan
Moscow Sun Yat-sen University alumni
People's Republic of China politicians from Hunan
Politicians from Changde
Members of the 8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the 7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
Burials at Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery

masks:
Lin Boq
Lin Po ch
Lin
Lin
Lin Boq
Lin Zuhan
Lin
Lin
Lin
Lin
Lin
Lin
Lin
Lin
Lin
Lin
Lin
Lin
Lin
Lin
Lin Yongsan
Lin
Lin Li
Lin
Lin
Lin Boq


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<mask>,  (born 18 July 1949) is a former Australian cricketer rated as the "perfect fast bowler of cricket history". Lillee formed a new ball partnership with Jeff Thomson which is recognised as one of the greatest bowling pairs of all time. In the early part of his career <mask> was an extremely fast bowler, but a number of stress fractures in his back almost ended his career. Taking on a strict fitness regime, he fought his way back to full fitness, eventually returning to international cricket. By the time of his retirement from international cricket in 1984 he had become the then world record holder for most Test wickets (355), and had firmly established himself as one of the most recognisable and renowned Australian sportsmen of all time. Lillee pair with Rodney Marsh is one of the most celebrated bowler-wicket keeper pair of cricket history with Caught Marsh bowled Lillee as one of cricket's folkfare. They both had 95 dimissals in 69 games more then any bowler/fielder combination.<mask>'s tussle with West Indian batting great Viv Richards is part of several cricket's folktale and is recognised as one of the greatest batsman-bowler duel in cricket history. In a fan poll conducted by the CA in 2017, he was named in the country's best Ashes XI of the previous 40 years. On 17 December 2009, <mask> was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame. Cricket career
Aged 20, <mask> made his first-class debut for Western Australia in 1969–70 and impressed with his raw pace. Lillee took 32 wickets in his debut season to be WA's leading wicket-taker. At the end of the season, he toured New Zealand with an Australian second team and took 18 wickets at 16.44 average. Early career
The following season, <mask> made his Test debut in the Sixth Test at Adelaide in the 1970–71 Ashes series, taking 5/84 from 28.3 eight-ball overs.His first Test wicket was John Edrich, caught by Keith Stackpole for 130, but it was not until the Seventh Test at Sydney that John Hampshire became the first batsman to be "caught Marsh, bowled Lillee". The following season, during the series against the Rest of the World XI, which had been arranged in place of the cancelled series against South Africa, <mask> announced himself during the first innings of the second unofficial "Test" match at his home ground in Perth, destroying a powerful batting lineup that included Garry Sobers, Clive Lloyd, Rohan Kanhai and Sunil Gavaskar to finish with 8/29 in only 7 overs, which would remain his career-best bowling figures in an innings. Sobers would later comment that as far as particular spells went, <mask>'s bowling that day was the fastest he had ever faced. <mask> then backed up with 4/63 in the second innings to end with match figures of 12/92 as Australia won by an innings. <mask> followed this performance with a successful Ashes tour of England in 1972, when he "asserted himself as a great bowler". In a series that ended 2–2, he was the outstanding bowler on either team, taking 31 wickets at an average of 17.67. This earned him selection as one of Wisden's five Cricketers of the Year for 1973.John Snow believes that Lillee saw reduced effectiveness after being overbowled by Western Australia and Australia in 1971-73. Back injury
During a Test against Pakistan in the 1972–73 season, Lillee felt sharp pain in his back for the first time, but continued to play. On the tour of the West Indies that followed, Lillee broke down completely and was diagnosed with stress fracture in his lower vertebrae. Forced out of cricket, he spent six weeks during the winter of 1973 wearing a plaster cast that encased his entire torso. After the removal of the cast, he played club cricket for Perth as a specialist batsman. He returned to the bowling crease towards the end of the season, guiding Perth Cricket Club to the final at the WACA Ground. There was speculation that his bowling career was nearly over.<mask> persevered, undergoing an intensive physiotherapy routine, formulated by sports scientist Frank Pyke, and remodelling his bowling action. In 1974–75, he returned to Test cricket for the Ashes series and was paired with New South Wales fast bowler Jeff Thomson to form one of the most effective opening bowling combinations in Test cricket. The pair was a major factor in Australia's emphatic 4–1 victory. In 1975, the University of Western Australia timed <mask>'s bowling at 154.8 km/h. <mask> and Thomson
The impact of the <mask>/Thomson bowling attack was summarised during the 1974-75 Ashes series, when Sydney newspaper The Sunday Telegraph ran a photo of <mask> and Thomson with a cartoon caption underneath that read:

<mask> toured England again in 1975. During the inaugural World Cup he captured eight wickets in five matches, including 5/34 against Pakistan at Leeds, which was the first five wicket haul in ODIs. His aggressive bowling was not always suited to the run-containing style required in the one-day game.In the subsequent four-Test series against England, <mask> claimed 21 wickets as his team finished winners by 1–0. With the bat, he made 73 not out at Lord's to rescue Australia from a difficult situation. Another 27 wickets (at 26.37 average) followed in the summer of 1975–76 against the West Indies. At this time, <mask> was one of the most marketable personalities in Australia, but he was frustrated by the small amounts that he earned from the game. Outspoken in his opinions, he came into conflict with the game's administrators. Lillee suggested that a made-for-television exhibition series could be played each season with profits given to the players. John Cornell, his manager, took this idea to Kerry Packer, who later fashioned it into World Series Cricket (WSC).An injury to Thomson early in 1976–77 forced <mask> to take on a greater workload during the six Tests of the season. He responded with 47 wickets including match figures of 10/135 against Pakistan at the MCG and 11/123 at Auckland against New Zealand. In the Centenary Test, his 11/165 was the
decisive performance in Australia's victory. However, the extra exertion created "hot spots" in his back and not wanting to reaggravate his previous condition, he made himself unavailable for the 1977 tour of England. World Series Cricket

Remaining in Australia to do television commentary on the tour, <mask> was isolated from the furore in England surrounding the plans for the breakaway professional competition, WSC. He was announced as one of the WSC players in May 1977. The <mask> image and personality were key components in WSC's innovative marketing of their games.However, he struggled on-field during the first season of WSC and in the winter of 1978 made further adjustments to his action. He also spent time working with ex-World professional sprint champion Austin Robertson, improving his running technique and fitness. In nine "Supertests" (four in Australia and five in the West Indies) during 1978–79, Lillee captured 46 wickets at 22.5 average, with a best of 7/23 against the West Indies XI at the SCG. Cutting down his pace and the length of his run up, Lillee now concentrated on moving the ball off the seam with an occasional faster or slower ball for variation. During the season of his return to official cricket, Lillee collected 35 Test wickets in six matches against the West Indies and England, and gave Australia's bowling attack stability while the selectors experimented with the team. In the World Series Cup, his changed style helped to bring him 20 wickets (at 12.7 average) in eight ODIs, including 4/12 against West Indies and 4/28 against England, both at the SCG. However, the tour of Pakistan that followed was ruined for Lillee by flat batting pitches prepared by local curators to blunt his effectiveness.He managed just three wickets in three Tests. Australian and world records

Against New Zealand and India in 1980–81, <mask> took 37 wickets in six Tests and was the leading bowler in the World Series Cup for the second successive season. He contributed 25 wickets to Australia's first victory in the competition. After breaking Richie Benaud's Australian Test record of 248 wickets, <mask> toured England in 1981 when his preparation was compromised by a viral infection. A return of 39 Test wickets (at 22.30) for series was the best of his career and he won man of the match awards in the first and last Tests. <mask> formed a penetrative partnership with fellow West Australian Terry Alderman, who claimed an Australian record of 41 wickets. Despite possessing this potent attack, Australia lost the series by 1–3 when Ian Botham turned in a series of brilliant individual performances.Yet, these efforts led him to achieve the number 1 ranking in ICC Test Bowling Rankings for the year 1981. Granted a testimonial for 1981–82, <mask>'s season got off to a poor start when he was involved in the infamous incident with Javed Miandad (see below) in the first Test of the summer. Suspended for two ODIs, the level of his on-field aggression was again criticised. However, he continued taking wickets: 15 in three Tests against Pakistan and 16 in three Tests against the West Indies. Against the latter, his 7/83 and 3/44 at the MCG in the first Test took him past the world record for the most Test wickets held by Lance Gibbs. His ODI season was less successful, with 12 wickets in 12 games. His best effort was 2/18 in ten overs against the West Indies during the third final of the World Series Cup, the only match in the final series Australia was able to win.Retirement
Bowling as a first-change, <mask> had an uneventful tour of New Zealand in March and April 1982 before suffering a serious knee injury in the first Ashes Test at the WACA Ground in November of the same year. This forced him to miss the rest of the series and Australia's 2–1 victory, which reclaimed the Ashes. Returning to the team for the latter stages of the World Series Cup, <mask> was no longer an automatic choice to take the new ball. Nevertheless, his 11 wickets in six ODIs helped Australia win the tournament with a victory over New Zealand in the final. His wicket-taking capacity was diminishing. During Australia's brief tour of Sri Lanka in 1983, <mask> took three wickets at Kandy in the inaugural Test between the two nations and went wicket-less in two ODIs. Later in the year, his ODI career finished during the third World Cup in England when he conceded 52 runs from 12 overs in the match against the West Indies at Lord's.Dropped from the team, <mask> acknowledged that he was not fully fit. During the first two Tests of 1983–84 against Pakistan at Perth, he took only one wicket and looked set to be dropped from the Test team as well. Fate intervened when Carl Rackemann, the man of the match from the second Test, was injured. This allowed <mask> to play the rest of the Test series and he finished with 20 wickets at 31.65. Along with Greg Chappell he announced his retirement during the final Test at Sydney, and took eight wickets, including a wicket with his last delivery in the match. Caught Marsh bowled Lillee

Throughout his career, whilst playing for both Australia and Western Australia, <mask> was also famous for his partnership with wicket-keeper Rod Marsh. The scorecard entry 'c Marsh b Lillee' appeared 95 times in Tests, a partnership record between wicket-keeper and bowler that is yet to be broken.Coincidentally, both players ended their careers with 355 Test dismissals; Marsh took 343 catches and had 12 stumpings. In 1988 the Western Australian Cricket Association honoured the two players by naming a new grandstand at the WACA Ground the Lillee-Marsh Stand. Statistics correct at 26 February 2015. Source:

Controversy

Aluminium bat incident

During a Test at the WACA Ground in December 1979 between Australia and England, Lillee went to the crease with an aluminium bat manufactured by a company owned by a friend. There were no rules against using such a bat, but trouble began when Lillee hit a ball that went for three runs. Australian captain Greg Chappell thought that the ball should have gone for a four, and instructed Rodney Hogg to deliver a conventional wooden bat to Lillee. As this was happening, English captain Mike Brearley complained to the umpires that using such a bat was against the spirit of the game and that it was damaging the ball.Lillee refused to change the bat. Brearley, <mask>, and the umpires held an animated discussion for almost ten minutes, before Chappell insisted that Lillee should change bats. In a fit of pique, Lillee threw "the offending lump of metal fully 40 yards towards the pavilion", and grudgingly took the wooden bat. He was not disciplined by the ACB for this incident. After the game, sales of the bat skyrocketed for a few months, before the laws of the game were amended, specifying that bats had to be made from wood. Betting
At Headingley on the 1981 tour of England, Australia was in such a strong position at one stage of the third Test that bookmakers at the ground were offering odds of 500–1 against an England victory. These odds were flashed on the scoreboard during a break in the game and noticed by the Australian players.<mask> and Rod Marsh believed that the odds were so ludicrous that, via a third party, they each put a small wager on the outcome, later describing their actions as a "joke". Between them, they collected 7,500 pounds when England pulled off a comeback victory. Both men openly discussed the incident and received no official censure or sanction, although some criticised their actions. There has never been a suggestion that the bets compromised their efforts in the game. However, the issue has been re-examined in modern times following the match-fixing scandals that have plagued international cricket since the mid-1990s. After retirement
<mask> made a brief comeback to first-class cricket in 1987–88 for Tasmania, taking a wicket with his first ball. In 1988, he played eight matches for English county team Northamptonshire before suffering a severe ankle injury.In his autobiography, <mask> claimed that he played again as a preparation for a possible comeback to the Australian team that was suggested by the then captain Allan Border. Since retirement Lillee has dedicated himself to mentoring and coaching young bowlers, most notably Brett Lee, Shaun Tait, and Mitchell Johnson. He was also associated with MRF Pace Foundation in India. Lillee continued playing cricket until 1999 for the traditional AUstralian Cricket Board President's XI match against touring sides at Lilac Hill. In his final match he took three wickets and played alongside his son Adam. From 2004 until his sudden resignation in September 2015, <mask> was the president of the Western Australian Cricket Association. Legacy

He was one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1973.He was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1981. He was one of the ten inaugural inductees into the Australian Cricket Hall of Fame in 1996. He was selected in the official Australian Test Team of the Century. He was awarded the Australian Sports Medal in 2000. He was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the Australia Day Honours of 2010. <mask> was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 1985. He was immortalized in the Men at Work song "No Restrictions" (Cargo, 1983) with the line: "Hear the cricket calling, switch on the TV, sit and stare for hours, and cheer <mask>e".He was also mentioned in the Iain Campbell Smith song "Blue Guitar". In a lyric where the narrator is describing unlikely, fantastic events he sings "I hit a six off <mask> and I clean bowled Gavaskar". When performing in the United States, Smith will often change the lyric to "I scored thirty-seven points off of Kareem Abdul-Jabbar." He was named as a bowler in Australia's "greatest ever ODI team." He was named an Australia Post Legend of Cricket in 2021. He was elevated as the 43rd Legend in the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in 2021. Footnotes

References

External links

HowSTAT!statistical profile of <mask>e
Infamous Cricket Incidents - <mask> vs Javed Miandad
<mask> interviewed on Enough Rope (transcript), 28 April 2003
<mask> and Thomson interviewed (video), 2007

Australian Cricket Hall of Fame inductees
Australia One Day International cricketers
Australia Test cricketers
Western Australia cricketers
Tasmania cricketers
Northamptonshire cricketers
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
World Series Cricket players
Cricketers at the 1975 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 1983 Cricket World Cup
Australian cricket coaches
Western Australian Sports Star of the Year winners
Cricketers from Perth, Western Australia
1949 births
Living people
Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees
Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal
Members of the Order of Australia
Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire
Australian cricketers
Cricketers who have taken five wickets on Test debut
Australian cricket administrators
M Parkinson's World XI cricketers

masks:
Dennis Keith Lillee
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<mask> is an American musician who is best known as the bassist for both Alien Crime Syndicate and Duff McKagan's Loaded. In September 2014, it was announced <mask> was the newest member of Fozzy. Previously, <mask> was a member of a number of Seattle based groups such as Vendetta Red and Sirens Sister while he also has his own solo project titled To the Glorious Lonely. <mask> was also a member of the live band, along with his Alien Crime Syndicate bandmates, of Tommy Stinson (Guns N' Roses, formerly The Replacements), who, at the time, was touring in support of his solo album Village Gorilla Head. Biography

Alien Crime Syndicate (1997–2001, 2002–2005)

In 1997, <mask> joined Alien Crime Syndicate, formed by former The Meices frontman Joe Reineke in San Francisco, where the group managed to secure a major-label record deal with Revolution Records, a subsidiary of Giant Records and recorded an album with producer Gil Norton. However the record label folded and ACS lost the rights to From the Word Go and relocated to Seattle and began re-recording songs from the first unreleased record as well as new material for what would be Dust to Dirt, released on ACS drummer Nabil Ayers' own label Collective Fruit, in February 2000. The first record became available and was released by Will Records in July 2000.After a stint with Loaded, <mask> rejoined ACS while his Loaded bandmate Mike Squires, also formerly of Nevada Bachelors and Harvey Danger, was added to the lineup to record their third album XL from Coast to Coast. Released in 2002 through Nabil Ayers' label The Control Group (which was then picked up and released by V2), XL from Coast to Coast showed an updated sound, incorporating influences like The Replacements and Urge Overkill. After a short break the band regrouped and released their fourth and final album Ten Songs in the Key of Betrayal and toured with Tommy Stinson, formerly of The Replacements and current Guns N' Roses bassist, in support of his solo release Village Gorilla Head. They also performed as his backing band for the shows. Loaded (2002, 2006, 2008–present)

In 2002, <mask> was added to the new lineup of Loaded, the group formed by former Guns N' Roses bassist Duff McKagan, touring in support of debut album Dark Days. In January 2002, Loaded announced a string of dates in the US and Japan. During one of the shows, in Los Angeles, Loaded were joined onstage by The Cult duo Billy Duffy and Matt Sorum, also formerly of Guns N' Roses.After the tour of Japan, <mask> left Loaded to rejoin Alien Crime Syndicate along with Mike Squires. Following the formation of Velvet Revolver, Loaded went on a semi-hiatus with the band playing a few shows each year with both <mask> and Squires returning to the group. In December 2006, the group reunited for a special benefit show for Jerry Allen's Cancer Fund. Supporting Loaded that night were Top Heavy Crush and <mask> of Post Stardom Depression. In February 2008, while on tour with Velvet Revolver, McKagan announced that Loaded were planning on releasing a new album in the summer. During the UK leg of Velvet Revolver's tour in April, McKagan stated that Loaded were to enter the studio in later in the month. After a few jam sessions, Loaded began recording what would become Sick with Dark Days producer Martin Feveyear at Jupiter Studios in Seattle.They released a series of Webisodes during this time featuring footage from the recording sessions for the group's new album which was completed in less than 2 weeks. After signing a deal with Century Media, the band changed their moniker to Duff McKagan's Loaded to help promote the band further and an EP, Wasted Heart, was released September 22, 2008 to coincide with their European Tour. Sick was released on March 20, 2009 in Europe and April 7, 2009 in the United States where it placed at number 43 on the Billboard Heatseekers Chart selling 1,400 copies. Loaded toured in support of Sick playing dates in the United States and appearing at several European festivals such as Download in the United Kingdom, Rock AM/IM in Germany and they also supported Mötley Crüe on their European tour. The band continued to tour and were announced as the main support for Black Stone Cherry, along with New Jersey group The Parlor Mob, during their tour of Europe and the United Kingdom. During the Jane's Addiction shows taking place at the GelreDome, in Arnhem, Netherlands, and their appearance at the Rock in Rio in Madrid, Spain, <mask> was Duff McKagan's bass tech. During this time, he and McKagan recorded a "Loaded/Jane's Addiction webisode" in Amsterdam.On July 4, 2010, the band announced they were to begin pre-production and enter the studio in August to record the follow-up to Sick stating:

In August, it was announced that the group were to record their new album with producer Terry Date, whose production credits include albums by Soundgarden, Pantera and Deftones among others. On September 2, it was announced that the album was completed and that the group were looking for a label. McKagan also stated that it was Date that approached the group about producing their new album. Vendetta Red (2005–2006)

In 2005, <mask> joined Vendetta Red, replacing previous bassist Michael Vermillion, on their tour to support their latest album Sisters of the Red Death. However, on March 8, 2006 the group announced they were to disband and they played their final show at El Corazon in Seattle, Washington on April 8, 2006. They ended their set with A Joyless Euphoria. Sirens Sister (2006–2007)

In 2006, following the breakup of Vendetta Red, former members Zach Davidson, Leif Andersen and <mask>, as well as local drummer Ben Libay, formed Sirens Sister, initially in Bakersfield, California before relocating to Seattle.Influenced by the likes of U2, Simple Minds, Duran Duran and Echo & the Bunnymen the group signed with The Control Group and recorded their debut album Echoes from the Ocean Floor, released the same year, with producer Martin Feveyear. In 2007 <mask> left the group and was replaced by Andersen's brother, Levi Andersen, on bass. To the Glorious Lonely (2008–present)
During an interview in 2008, <mask> announced he had his own solo project he was working on while he was in Loaded. <mask> is the sole member however members of his previous groups such as Alien Crime Syndicate, Sirens Sister and his current band Loaded join him onstage during live shows such as at the Skylark Cafe & Club in Seattle, Washington where he was joined by Alien Crime Syndicate bandmate Joe Reineke who played bass for the show. On February 4, 2009, <mask> announced via the To the Glorious Lonely MySpace that he was to finish the debut record while Loaded were waiting for the release of Sick in April. A number of songs are available via the official To the Glorious Lonely Myspace page. Fozzy (2014-2015)
In May 2014, it was announced <mask> would replace Paul Di Leo in Fozzy as bass guitarist for their upcoming tour.In September he was named as a permanent member of the band, but didn't appear with them on their European tour in March 2015, being replaced by guitarist Rich Ward's Stuck Mojo bandmate Corey Lowery. The Gemini (2018-Present)
On May 11, 2018 Rouse's newest band "The Gemini" released an EP titled "The Gemini". Recorded and mixed by Don Gunn at The Office. With <mask>, Keith Ash and Don Gunn producing. The EP shows a darker side to Rouses material and guest stars Barrett Martin, Keith Ash, Ryan Waters, Shawn Zellar, Chris Walla, Gary Westlake, Don Gunn, Jen Ayers and Kathy Moore. On May 1, 2018 In collaboration with Ponda - A short film by Rikki Udagawa featuring "Princess Miss Darkness (Official Video)" from "The Gemini" was released on YouTube. The band stays very active around the Seattle area.Other work
On February 28, 2010, <mask>, along with Loaded bandmate Duff McKagan, performed at the Hootenanny For Haiti at the Showbox at the Market in Seattle along with the likes of Pearl Jam guitarist Mike McCready, Fastbacks bassist Kim Warnick as well as Truly and former Screaming Trees drummer Mark Pickerel among others. A number of songs were covered during the show, including Belinda Carlisle's "Heaven Is a Place on Earth", Hank Williams' "I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry", The Rolling Stones' "Dead Flowers" among others. One of the most notable covers came when Mike McCready performed a cover of "River of Deceit" by his former group Mad Season for the first time since his time with the band with <mask> performing vocal duties on the song. In September 2010, <mask> performed another "Hootenanny" this time the 'Hootenanny for a Healthy Gulf which included the musicians from the previous show. Discography

References

External links
To the Glorious Lonely on Myspace
Alien Crime Syndicate on Myspace
Loaded on Myspace
Loaded Official Site

Living people
Musicians from Washington (state)
American rock bass guitarists
Loaded (band) members
Musicians from Tacoma, Washington
1969 births
Guitarists from Washington (state)
American male bass guitarists
20th-century American bass guitarists
20th-century American male musicians
Alien Crime Syndicate members
Vendetta Red members
Fozzy members

masks:
Jeff Rouse
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Jeff Angell
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<mask> (1822 – November 22, 1871) was one of three Black men who served as a Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana during the era of Reconstruction and the first Black man to serve as acting governor of a U.S. state. He was a Republican. In 1868, <mask> became the first elected black lieutenant governor of a U.S. state. He ran on the ticket headed by Henry Clay Warmoth, formerly of Illinois. In 1871, he became the first black acting governor of a U.S. state after Governor Warmoth injured his foot and left Louisiana to recuperate on two occasions. Article 53 of the Louisiana Constitution of 1868 required the lieutenant governor to serve as acting governor "in case of impeachment of the Governor, his removal from office, death . . . resignation or absence from the state."<mask> served as acting governor of Louisiana for a total of 39 days. <mask> died in office, and the state legislature elected state Senator P. B. S. Pinchback, another black Republican, to replace him as lieutenant governor. A year later, Pinchback became acting governor for his own 34-day interim stint. Early life

In approximately 1822, <mask> was born into slavery in New Orleans. His mother <mask> was enslaved under the law of the time he received her status and was also enslaved. His father, <mask>, had been freed in 1819 by his owner. <mask> was born into slavery in Petersburg, Virginia and had been transported to the Deep South during the forced migration of more than one million African Americans from the Upper South.He was bought by James H. Caldwell of New Orleans, who founded the St. Charles Theatre and New Orleans Gas Light Company. <mask> worked for Caldwell as a skilled carpenter for decades, including after his emancipation by Caldwell in 1819. After being emancipated, <mask> married Maria, then enslaved, and they had two children, <mask> and Jane. Slave marriages were not recognized under the law. By 1832, <mask> had earned enough money as a carpenter to purchase the freedom of his wife and both children. Their status as free Blacks was gained decades before the American Civil War. As English speakers, they were not, however, part of the culture of free people of color in Louisiana, who were primarily of French descent, Catholic religion and culture.<mask> continued to work as a carpenter for his former master Caldwell. His wife, <mask>, ran a boarding house for actors and actresses who were in the city to perform at the Caldwell theatres. Together, they were able to pay for education for their children. Having studied music, <mask> became both an accomplished musician and an instructor of the violin. <mask> was apprenticed as a young man to a plastering and painting contractor, A. G. Wilson. Wilson verified <mask>'s free status in the Mayor's Register of Free People of Color 1840–1864. On November 23, 1841, the contractor reported <mask> as a runaway in a newspaper ad in the New Orleans Times-Picayune.<mask> must have gone back to work because he progressed in the world. <mask> was an English-speaking free black in a city in which the racial caste system was the underpinning of daily life. Ethnic French, including many free people of color, believed their culture was more subtle and flexible than that brought by the English-speaking residents, who came to the city in the early-to-mid-19th century after the Louisiana Purchase and began to dominate it in number. Free people of color had been established as a separate class of merchants, artisans, and property owners, many of whom had educations. However, American migrants from the South dismissed their special status, classifying society in binary terms, as black or white, despite a long history of interracial relations in their own history. Freemasonry
<mask> joined Prince Hall Richmond Lodge #4, one of a number of fraternal organizations that expanded to New Orleans, out of the Prince Hall Ohio Lodge during the 19th century. In the latter 1850s, he rose to Master and Grand Master of the Eureka Grand Lodge which became the Louisiana Grand Lodge [Prince Hall/York Rite].Author and historian, Joseph A. Walkes Jr., a Prince Hall Freemason, credits <mask> with outstanding conduct of Masonic affairs in Louisiana. As a Freemason, <mask> developed his leadership skills, and established a wide network and power base in the Black community that was essential for his later political career. Marriage and family
In December 1866, <mask> married Ellen Boyd Marchand, a widow born free in Ohio. She was the daughter of Henry Boyd and his wife of Ohio. He adopted her three children, Fannie (9), Charles (7) and Emma (5). The couple had no children together. In 1870, the <mask> family residence was  on Canal Street, one block west of South Claiborne Avenue and within walking distance of Straight University and the St. James A.M.E. Church complex, where they were members.Reconstruction era and politics

<mask> worked to achieve equality for the millions of blacks freed by passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, ratified after the American Civil War. He actively promoted and supported the Universal Suffrage Movement, advocated land ownership for all blacks, taxpayer-funded education of all black children, and equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment. He joined the Republican Party, many of whose members supported suffrage for blacks. <mask> opened an employment agency that assisted in finding jobs for the freedmen. He was appointed as Secretary of the Advisory Committee of the Freedmen's Savings and Trust Company of New Orleans, established by the Freedmen's Bureau. As the city and region struggled to convert to a free labor system, <mask> worked to ensure that recently freed slaves were treated fairly by former planters, who insisted on hiring by year-long contracts. In 1866, he organized the People's Bakery, an enterprise owned and operated by the Louisiana Association of Workingmen.Elected to the New Orleans city council in 1867, <mask> was named chairman of a committee to review Article 5 of the City Charter. He proposed that "all children between the ages of 6–18 be eligible to attend public schools and that the Board of Aldermen shall provide for the education of all children ... without distinction to color." In the state Constitutional Convention of 1867–1868, the resolution was enacted into Louisiana law and laid the foundation for the public education system, established for the first time in the state by the biracial legislature. <mask> was very active in local, state and federal politics, with connections to U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant and U.S. Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts. Long before President Theodore Roosevelt invited Booker T. Washington, President Ulysses S. Grant met him at the White House on April 2, 1869. Running for lieutenant governor, he beat a white candidate for the nomination, W. Jasper Blackburn, the former mayor of Minden in Webster Parish, by a vote of fifty-four to twenty-seven.The Warmoth-<mask> Republican ticket was elected, 64,941 to 38,046. That was considered the rise of the Radical Republican influence in state politics. <mask> was inaugurated lieutenant governor on June 13, 1868. He was also the President pro tempore of the Louisiana State Senate. He was a member of the Printing Committee of the legislature, which controlled a million-dollar budget. He also served as President of the Metropolitan Police with an annual budget of nearly one million dollars. It struggled to maintain peace in a volatile political atmosphere, especially after the New Orleans Riot of 1866.In 1870, <mask> served on the board of trustees and Examining Committee for Straight University, a historically black college founded in the city. The Republicans developed severe internal conflicts. Although elected with Warmoth, as the governor worked toward Fusionist goals, <mask> became allied with the Custom House faction, which was led by Stephen B. Packard and tied in with federal patronage jobs. They had differences with the Warmoth-Pinchback faction, and challenged it for leadership of the party. Warmoth had been criticized for appointing white Democrats to state positions, encouraging alliances with Democrats, and his failure to advance civil rights for blacks. William Pitt Kellogg, whom Warmoth had helped gain election as US Senator in 1868, also allied with Packard and was later elected as governor of the state. Because of <mask>'s wide connections and influence in the city, his defection to the Custom House faction meant that he would take many Republican ward clubs with him in switching allegiance, especially those made up of African Americans rather than Afro-Creoles (the mixed race elite that had been established as free before the war).For the Radical Republicans, the city was always more important to their political power than were the rural parishes. <mask> made numerous political enemies during this period. According to The New York Times, <mask> "had difficulties with Harry Lott", a Rapides Parish member of the Louisiana House of Representatives (1868–1870, 1870–1872). He also had differences with his eventual successor as lieutenant governor, State Senator P.B.S. Pinchback over policy, leadership, and direction. Death
On November 22, 1871, <mask> died at 49 at home after a brief and sudden illness. He had been campaigning for the upcoming state and presidential elections.There was speculation that he was poisoned by political enemies, but no evidence was found. According to Nick Weldon at the Historic New Orleans Collection, <mask>'s symptoms were consistent with arsenic poisoning—vomiting, shivering. Only four out of seven doctors who examined <mask> signed off on the official cause of death, suspecting murder. No confirmation was made because <mask>'s family had refused an autopsy. The <mask> funeral was reported as one of the largest in New Orleans. As many as 50,000 people lined Canal Street for the procession, and newspapers across the nation reported the event. State officials, Masonic lodges, and civic and social organizations participated in the procession from the St. James A.M.E. church to his grave site.He was interred in the Cassanave family mausoleum at St. Louis Cemetery No. 2. Honors
W.E.B. Du Bois, leading civil rights activist, later called <mask> "an unselfish, incorruptible leader." The New Orleans Times-Picayune published a poem the day after <mask>'s death in his honor, entitled The Death Struggle:

Survivors
After his death, his widow, Ellen, was appointed by the mayor of New Orleans to the position of municipal archives director. Several years later, on November 23, 1875, she married J. Henri Burch. A former state senator from East Baton Rouge Parish, Burch had been an ally of her late husband, as part of the Customhouse faction.The Burch family resided in New Orleans and continued there after the withdrawal of federal troops and the end of Reconstruction, in 1877. See also
 List of African-American firsts

Notes

References
 Perkins, A.E. "<mask> <mask>." Phylon 4.2 (1943): 102–121. Perkins, A. E. "James Henri Burch and <mask> <mask> in Louisiana." Journal of Negro History 22.3 (1937): 321–334. online
 Smith-Brown, Claudette L. A Re-Examination of Selected Primary Source Documents Regarding <mask> <mask>, Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana, 1868–1871, Master's Thesis, Baton Rouge: Southern University, 2007, p. 244.External links
 <mask> And The New Orleans Monument That Never Happened Radio WWNO story on <mask> by Laine Kaplan-Levinson

1826 births
1871 deaths
Louisiana Republicans
Lieutenant Governors of Louisiana
Politicians from New Orleans
African-American people in Louisiana politics
Activists for African-American civil rights
African-American musicians
Louisiana city council members
19th-century American musicians
19th-century American politicians
African-American politicians during the Reconstruction Era

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Oscar James Dunn
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<mask> (born 27 May 1992) is a Canadian sprinter who specializes in the 100 and 200 metres. He is a two-time Olympic medalist as part Canada's 4 × 100 m relay team at the 2016 and 2020 Summer Olympics. <mask> has also won two bronze medals as part of Canada's relay teams in the 4 × 100 m at the 2013 and 2015 World Championships in Athletics. As an individual, he is the 2018 Commonwealth Games silver medalist in the 200 m, and won a number of junior championship medals early in his career. Career

Junior success and London Olympics
<mask> attended Birchmount Park Collegiate Institute until 2010, and committed to the University of Southern California (USC) on a track scholarship. In 2009 <mask> won the silver medal in the 100 m at the World Youth Championships in Brixen, Italy with a time of 10.74 into a headwind of 1.2 m/s. Prezel Hardy of the US took the gold and Giovanni Galbieri of Italy the bronze.The 2010 track season saw <mask> suffer through several injuries, including in a dramatic 200 m final at the 2010 Ontario Federation of School Athletic Associations (OFSAA) meet. One month later at the World Junior Championships <mask>, after a disappointing fifth-place finish in the 100 m fought hard, clawing his way to a bronze-medal finish in front of the home crowd in the men's 200 m, in a personal-best time of 21 seconds flat. Shōta Iizuka of Japan took the gold in 20.67 seconds, with Aliaksandr Linnik of Belarus grabbing the silver in 20.89. <mask> finished just 0.02 ahead of fourth-place Wayde van Niekerk of South Africa, who was clocked in 21.02. In 2011, <mask> placed third in the men's 100 m dash at the Canadian Track and Field Championships held 24 June in Calgary, Alberta. <mask> had a time of 10.39 in the finals to finish in third place behind winner Sam Effah 10.23 and Jared Connaughton 10.31. <mask> had an outstanding freshman season, reaching the NCAA semifinals in the 100 m dash and posting a best legal time of 10.38.<mask> finished a successful season winning silver with the men's 4×100 metres relay team and won individual bronze in the 100 m at the 2011 Pan American Junior Athletics Championships hosted in Miramar, Florida, United States at the Ansin Sports Complex. <mask> qualified to Canada's team for the 2012 Summer Olympics, where he placed third in his heat in the men's 200 m with a time of 20.55.. He placed fourth in the semifinals with a time of 20.42. World medals and Rio Olympics
<mask> attended 2013 World Championships in Athletics. Competing in the 100 m, he qualified second in his heat with a time of 10.15. He ran the same time in the semifinals but only had the thirteenth-fastest time, meaning he missed the final. He also ran with the Canadian 4×100 m relay team, winning a bronze medal while running at 37.92 with Gavin Smellie, Dontae Richards-Kwok, and Justyn Warner.At the 2015 World Championships in Athletics, <mask> ran a 10.03 wind assisted at +2.1 m/s in the heats of the 100 m, though in the semifinals he ran 10.15, missing the final again. Team Canada repeated their bronze medal win in the relay, running a 38.13 with Andre De Grasse, Brendon Rodney, and Justyn Warner. <mask> continued to set faster and faster times as his career progressed. In 2016 <mask> ran a 9.96 in the 100 m joining Andre De Grasse in the sub-10 second club. <mask> beat Tyson Gay in the preliminaries at the Star Athletics meet in Florida while running the 9.97. In the final he finished second to Marvin Bracy who ran a 9.94 in front of <mask>'s 10.01. He participated as part of Canada's Olympic team in Rio de Janeiro.In his initial sprint distance of the 100 metres he ran 10.24 in the heats and did not advance into the semifinals. While he did advance to the semis in the 200 metres with a 20.23, his 20.37 there did not get him into the final race. <mask> was part of the 4 x 100 m relay team, which finished third in their heats. In the final the team initially appeared to have come agonizingly close to a medal, having placed 0.02 seconds behind the third-place United States team, and setting the national record. However, the American team was then disqualified for an improper baton pass, handing the bronze to Canada and <mask>. He ran together with anchor De Grasse, Brendon Rodney, Akeem Haynes, and Mobolade Ajomale who only ran in the heats. Commonwealth silver and Tokyo Olympics
In the year following the success in Rio de Janeiro, <mask> struggled, despite a promising gold medal win for Canada's 4x200 m relay team at the 2017 World Relay Championships.After a false start at the 100 m final of the 2017 Canadian Championships, he was disqualified and thus only sent to race the 200 m at the 2017 World Championships in Athletics. Upon arrival in London for the championship, he was one of many athletes there to contract norovirus. He recorded the fastest time in his heat, but was disqualified as a result of a lane violation. He also competed in the 4x100 metres relay. Missing their anchor Andre De Grasse, the Canadian relay team ultimately placed sixth in the finals. Following these disappointments, <mask> dedicated his 2018 season to focusing on the 2018 Commonwealth Games, to be held in Gold Coast. Named to Canada's team for the Games, specifically to compete in the 200 m, <mask> initially placed third in the event final with a time of 20.34.However, second-place finisher Zharnel Hughes was then disqualified for jostling eventual gold medalist Jereem Richards, resulting in <mask> winning the silver medal. This was the first major individual medal of <mask>'s senior career, which he credited with removing "that chip on my shoulder this year." He went on to enjoy success on the 2018 Diamond League, running the 200 mm in a sub-20 second time (19.98) for the first time at the Bislett Games in Oslo. He won the Golden Spike Ostrava over reigning World champion Ramil Guliyev. Despite being defending gold medalists in the 4x200 at the 2019 World Relay Championships, the <mask> and the Canadian relay team failed to advance out of the heats in the 4x100 m relay, attributed in part to an awkward baton exchange from Gavin Smellie to <mask>. Competing on the 2019 Diamond League, he won back-to-back gold medals in the 200 m at the Diamond League Shanghai and the BAUHAUS-galan in Stockholm. He ran a new personal best time of 19.95 in the 200 m at the Athletissima in Switzerland, and went on to win both the 100 and 200 m events at the Canadian Championships.Competing at the 2019 World Athletics Championships in Doha, <mask> qualified for the finals of both the 100 and 200 m, finishing eighth and sixth. In a disappointing finish, the Canadian relay team did not advance to the 4x100 m final despite having the eighth-fastest overall time due to their running in the faster of the two heats. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the cancellation of much of the international athletic season in 2020, and the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo being delayed by a full year. <mask> opted not to contest the 100 m in Tokyo, instead aiming to maximize his chances in the 200 m. He placed first in his heat, and then won his semi-final with a season's best time of 19.99, advancing to his first individual Olympic final. He placed sixth in the final with a time of 20.20. <mask> raced with a photo of his family under his bib, remarking afterward "I run for Canada. I run for my fans.But most importantly I run for my wife and son." <mask>, Jerome Blake, Brendon Rodney and Andre De Grasse then went on to the 4x100 m relay, where they won a second consecutive bronze medal. On 18 February 2022, Great Britain was stripped of its silver medal in the men's 4×100 m relay after the Court of Arbitration for Sport confirmed CJ Ujah’s doping violation. Canada was upgraded to silver. Personal best

Honours
In 2012 <mask> was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal. Personal life
<mask> is the son of immigrants. His father, Ian, is from Jamaica, and his mother, Sonia, is from England.He's his parents' only son and the second of their three children. <mask> married Preeya Milburn, and their son Kingsley (named after <mask>'s grandfather) was born on January 26, 2021. See also
 Canadian records in track and field

References

External links

 USC Trojans bio

1992 births
Athletes from Toronto
Canadian people of Barbadian descent
Canadian sportspeople of Jamaican descent
Black Canadian track and field athletes
Canadian male sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic track and field athletes of Canada
Living people
Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 2015 Pan American Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Canada
World Athletics Championships medalists
Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Canada
Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Canada
Canadian Track and Field Championships winners
Pan American Games track and field athletes for Canada
Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)

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<mask> (Latinized version of the Dutch name Gijsbert Voet ; 3 March 1589 – 1 November 1676) was a Dutch Calvinist theologian. Life
He was born at Heusden, in the Dutch Republic, studied at Leiden, and in 1611 became Protestant pastor of Vlijmen, whence in 1617 he returned to Heusden. In 1619, he played an influential part in the Synod of Dort, at which he was the youngest delegate. In 1634, <mask> was made professor of theology and Oriental science at the University of Utrecht. Three years later he became pastor of the Utrecht congregation. He was an advocate of a strong form of Calvinism (Gomarism) against the Arminians. The city of Utrecht perpetuated his memory by giving his name to the street in which he had lived.Utrecht controversy with Descartes
In March 1642, while serving as rector of the University of Utrecht, <mask> persuaded the university's academic senate to issue a formal condemnation of the Cartesian philosophy and its local defender, Henricus Regius. According to the senate's statement, Cartesian philosophy was to be suppressed because:
 it was opposed to 'traditional' (i.e. Scholastic/Aristotelian) philosophy;
 young people taught Cartesian philosophy would be unable to understand the technical terminology of Scholasticism; and
 it had consequences contrary to orthodox theology. Descartes countered with a personal attack on <mask>, in a letter to Jacques Dinet, which he made public in the second edition (1642) of his Meditations. Voetius was provoked into getting Martin Schoock to produce a book-length assault on Descartes and his work, the Admiranda methodus (1643). Descartes associated the quarrel with the part <mask> was playing with another controversy with Samuel Maresius, who was at least sympathetic to some Cartesian ideas. Legal and diplomatic moves followed (the protagonists were in different provinces in the Netherlands); and Maresius at the University of Groningen was able to extract some admissions from Schoock that were quite damaging to <mask>.In his long letter to <mask> (Epistola ad Voetium), Descartes mentioned Aristotelianism only twice;  by contrast, the topics of theology, faith, and atheism were put on the table hundreds of times. Both Descartes and <mask> acknowledged that the issue they treated was most of all theological. <mask> pursued the faith-seeking-understanding program whereas Descartes repudiated the faith-lacking-understanding project. The primary concern of <mask> was not to preserve Aristotelianism but to keep the biblical truth that, as he put it, was received from orthodox tradition. Descartes insisted that the article of faith did not fall under the regime of human reason because faith was something one could not fully grasp with reason. He argued that whoever embraced the articles of faith for incorrect reasoning would commit a sin no less grave than those who rejected them. What Descartes desperately defended was the autonomy of human reason and its proper use.In his philosophical enterprise, faith seemed to hinder the autonomy and the use of reason. He believed that his method of doubt would provide a firm road to perfect knowledge. Voetius, however, argued that human reason was surrounded by error and sin, so that perfect knowledge was impossible for humans. He maintained that human beings would be able to learn the truth from divine revelation, which was the only principle in the pursuit of truth. Therefore, for Voetius, Cartesianism was primarily confronted with scriptural truth, not with Aristotelianism. References

Sources
 . Andreas J. Beck: "Gisbertus Voetius (1589–1676): Basic Features of His Doctrine of God."In Willem J. van Asselt und Eef Dekker (ed.). Reformation and Scholasticism: An Ecumenical enterprise. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2001, 205–26. Andreas J. Beck: Zur Rezeption  Melanchthons bei <mask> Voetius (1589–1676), namentlich in seiner Gotteslehre. In Günter Frank, Herman Selderhuis (Hrsg. ): Melanchthon und der Calvinismus. Melanchthon-Schriften der Stadt Bretten, 9.Frommann-Holzboog, Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt 2005, S. 319–44. Andreas J. Beck: <mask> <mask> (1589–1676). Sein Theologieverständnis und seine Gotteslehre. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2007 (FKDG, 92). Reinhard Breymayer: Auktionskataloge deutscher Pietistenbibliotheken [...]. In Bücherkataloge als buchgeschichtliche Quellen in der frühen Neuzeit. Hrsg.von Reinhard Wittmann. Wiesbaden (1985) (Wolfenbütteler Schriften zur Geschichte des Buchwesens, Bd. 10), S. 113–208; hier S. 150–54 zur Privatbibliothek des orthodoxen Theologen G. Voetius. AC Duker, Gysbertus <mask>, I—III (1893–1914). Aza Goudriaan: Die Bedeutung der Trinitätslehre nach Gisbert <mask>. In: Harm Klueting, Jan Rohls (Hrsg. ): Reformierte Retrospektiven: Vorträge der zweiten Emder Tagung zur Geschichte des Reformierten Protestantismus.Emder Beiträge zum reformierten Protestantismus, 4. Foedus Verlag, Wuppertal 2001, S. 137–45. Aza Goudriaan: Reformed Orthodoxy and Philosophy, 1625–1750. <mask> <mask>, Petrus van Mastricht, and Anthonius Driessen. Brill’s Series in Church History, 26. Leiden [etc. ]: Brill, 2006.Christian Möller: Einführung in die Praktische Theologie, Tübingen 2004 (UTB 2529). Andreas Mühling: Zwischen Puritanismus, Orthodoxie und frühem Pietismus – Gisbert <mask> und die 'Nadere Reformatie'''. In Monatshefte für Evangelische Kirchengeschichte des Rheinlandes 52 (2003), S. 243–54. Andreas Mühling: Art. <mask>, Gisbert. In: Theologische Realenzyklopädie 35 (2003), S. 181–84. Han van Ruler: The Crisis of Causality.<mask> and Descartes on God, Nature and Change''. Brill, Leiden/New York/Köln 1995.

 . External links

1589 births
1676 deaths
Dutch Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Dutch members of the Dutch Reformed Church
Rectors of universities in the Netherlands
Participants in the Synod of Dort
People from Heusden
Clergy from Utrecht (city)
Utrecht University faculty
17th-century Dutch Calvinist and Reformed ministers

masks:
Gisbertus Voetius
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<mask> (born 6 March 1969) is a Scottish politician who was a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for Lothian from 2011 to 2021. A member of Scottish Labour, he was previously a councillor in West Lothian from 2003 to 2012. Early life and career
<mask> was born in 1969 in Bangour General Hospital, near Broxburn. He was raised in Blackburn, West Lothian and educated at the co-educational, Roman Catholic St Kentigern's Academy. After leaving school in 1986, he became an apprentice bricklayer in his father's business, and spent ten years working there. During this time, he also studied at the University of Strathclyde, gaining a Bachelor of Arts in Geography and Politics, and going on to become a housing officer in 1996. After working for Almond Housing Association in Livingston for seven years, <mask> completed a PGCE at the University of Glasgow in 2003 and became a teacher in Falkirk for the next eight years.<mask> describes himself as a socialist and trade unionist, and is on the left of the Labour Party, he's also has a committed Anti-Trident stance and is a member of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and has been heavily critical in the past of his own party's position on Nuclear Weapons. Political career
In 2003, <mask> was elected onto West Lothian Council as a Scottish Labour councillor for the Fauldhouse and Breich Valley ward. He was re-elected in 2007 and stood down in 2012. In 2011, <mask> was elected to the Scottish Parliament as one of seven additional members for Lothian list. In 2012, he was appointed Shadow Minister for Skills and Learning. Leader Johann Lamont appointed him to the frontbench as Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Health and Wellbeing on 29 May 2013. He has also been a member of the Scottish Parliament's Performance Committee, Local Area Committee and the Services for the Community Policy Development and Scrutiny Panel.Ahead of the Scottish Independence Referendum in 2014, <mask> campaigned for a No vote, advocating a "devomax" position, however unlike many of his colleagues within the Scottish Labour Party, he did not join the official Better Together movement and was a strong critic of his party's involvement due to it being a collaboration with the Conservatives. Instead, <mask> was part of the Red Paper Collective along with other members of the Scottish Labour Left and the Communist Party of Great Britain who aimed to promote a left-wing, socialist vision for voting No on 18 September 2014. On 29 October 2014, <mask> declared he would stand in the upcoming Scottish Labour leadership election. Initially, he wanted Gordon Brown to stand but Brown ruled himself out. Calling for a "clear red water" between Labour and the Scottish National Party, <mask> proposed raising the minimum wage, reintroducing council house building, reducing private sector use in the NHS and allowing councils to set taxes to help reverse job losses within their areas. The trade unions ASLEF, CWU, GMB, Musicians' Union, NUM, RMT, TSSA, UCATT, UNISON and Unite supported his candidature. He came second to Jim Murphy with 34.99% of the vote.In the aftermath of his leadership bid, <mask> was appointed Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Fair Work, Skills and Training on 16 December 2014 by Murphy and remained in the post until being reshuffled out by Murphy's successor, Kezia Dugdale in August 2015. <mask> was the Scottish campaign chief for Jeremy Corbyn during the 2015 Labour leadership election, and is the convener of Scottish Labour's Campaign for Socialism, succeeding Elaine Smith. From 2016 until 2017, he served as convener of the Scottish Parliament's Health and Sport Committee. In 2017, he published his book Socialism and Hope: A journey through turbulent times, co-authored with biographer and journalist Jeff Holmes. <mask> was appointed Scottish Labour's Brexit spokesperson by new leader Richard Leonard on 19 November 2017, and then also as Parliamentary Business Manager on 4 October 2018. In early May 2019, Edinburgh South MP Ian Murray accused him of "bullying and harassment" in a complaint to Scottish Labour's General Secretary Brian Roy. In turn, <mask> issued a counter-complaint over "derogatory" WhatsApp messages in which Murray accused the leadership of being "full of thugs and incompetents".On 28 May 2019, the day after it was confirmed Scottish Labour had finished fifth in Scotland in the European election and lost both its MEPs, <mask> resigned as Brexit spokesperson and Business Manager. He also intimated he would leave the Scottish Parliament after the 2021 election. He indicated he had made this decision in March after months of thought and denied he was resigning due to the election result. He was however critical of "eternal internal fighting within our party and the toxic culture of leaks and briefings that come from some within the Scottish and UK parliamentary groups". Following his resignation, he argued Scottish Labour needed to adopt a "clear and easily understood position on the constitution", having previously argued in favour of a federal United Kingdom. On 6 September 2019, a consultation launched by <mask> in the January reported there was overwhelming public support for his proposals for a bill to ban MSPs having second jobs, with some exceptions described as "common sense". In the October, former Scottish Conservative leader Ruth Davidson announced she was accepting a public relations role for lobbying firm Tulchan Communications while retaining her job as an MSP and <mask> used her appointment as further justification for his bill, arguing the rules which allowed her to do so were "not fit for purpose".Along with Monica Lennon, <mask> abstained on an SNP government bill in favour of a second Scottish independence referendum. This was against their party's whip, which was to vote against the bill. <mask> mocked Richard Leonard's critics in a September 2020 leaked email: "I support Richard 100% - the usual suspects think we just need to wind back to 1997 and then wave a union flag with gusto with [MP] Ian Murray and [deputy leader] Jackie Baillie leading and all will be well - delusion doesn’t come close to it." He also described the Leonard's critics in Labour's Scottish Parliament group in the Morning Star as “a kamikaze squad ... determined to destroy what remains of the party”. <mask> nominated Monica Lennon in the 2021 Scottish Labour leadership election. Personal life
<mask> is married to Fiona Miller, with whom he has one daughter, Chloe. He is a member of the trade unions Unite and Educational Institute of Scotland.References

External links

1969 births
Living people
People from Blackburn, West Lothian
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Alumni of the University of Strathclyde
Labour MSPs
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2011–2016
Members of the Scottish Parliament 2016–2021

masks:
Neil Findlay
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