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<mask> (23 September 1951 – 26 January 2021) was a Colombian dynasty politician, diplomat, scholar, and attorney who served as minister of defense, foreign affairs, interior, and education. He also served as the mayor of Cali and as ambassador to the Organization of American States (OAS), the European Union, and a number of nations. Youth and academic career

Family
<mask> was born in Cartago, Valle del Cauca. He was the elder son of powerful Liberal Party mogul, congressman, diplomat and attorney <mask>. and Genoveva García. His younger brother José Renán was also active in politics until 2008. Education
Trujillo received his primary education at the private Liceo Cartago and his high school education at the Pio XII high school in Cali. Following in his father's footsteps, he went to law school at the University of Cauca where he specialized in criminal law.At 25 he was appointed consul in Tokyo, Japan, where he continued his studies and received a master's degree in International Business. Early political career

Return to Colombia
After finishing his education in Tokyo, Trujillo returned to Colombia in 1983 and was appointed Cali's Finance Secretary by Mayor Julio Riascos (Conservative Party). After Riascos resigned a year later, Trujillo became director of Colombia's metal federation. Meanwhile, Trujillo made career inside his father's Liberal Party and became the political powerhouse's vice-president. Mayor of Cali
Trujillo became Cali's first elected mayor in 1988 and remained in that position until 1990, avoiding confrontations with the Cali Cartel that was becoming increasingly powerful in the city and corrupting much of Cali's public institutions. While formally running the country's third largest city, Trujillo expanded his power by founding the Colombian Federation of Municipalities (FCM) and becoming its chairman. National politics

Minister under a new constitution
As FCM chairman and vice-president of the Liberal Party, Trujillo took part in formulating Colombia's 1991 constitution that was part of a peace process with the 19th of April Movement (M-19), a guerrilla group that since 1970 had violently opposed the oligarchical political system of which Trujillo had become a prominent member.Following elections that same year, President César Gaviria (Liberal Party) appointed Trujillo education minister, a position he held from 1992 until the end of Gaviria's term in 1994. Peace policies and paramilitaries
Following that year's election of another liberal President, Ernesto Samper, Trujillo was appointed High Commissioner of Peace. During this two-year period, legal paramilitary groups called CONVIVIR and illegal paramilitary groups like the ACCU teamed up with drug traffickers and the military to brutally combat far-left guerrilla groups like the FARC and the ELN, and assassinate leftist politicians. Proceso 8000 and the OAS
The president appointed Trujillo as ambassador to the OAS in the middle of Proceso 8000, a criminal investigation into Cali Cartel Funding of Samper's presidential campaign the year before. The former Cali mayor was called back in 1997 to replace Interior Minister Horacio Serpa who was forced to resign over the scandal. Trujillo held the position until the end of Samper's presidency. Diplomatic career
Samper's successor, Andrés Pastrana Arango (Conservative Party), took office in 1998 and appointed Trujillo ambassador to Austria.Between 1999 and 2001, Trujillo was ambassador to Russia. Following a short break, <mask> was again appointed ambassador for Scandinavia in 2004, this time by President Álvaro Uribe Vélez. A year later, Iceland also became part of <mask>'s diplomatic portfolio. In 2006, Uribe appointed Trujillo ambassador to the European Union, a post he would hold until a year after the 2010 election of President Juan Manuel Santos. Democratic Center

Trujillo remained close to Uribe after Santos announced peace talks with the FARC and joined other hard-line politicians like Francisco Santos and Óscar Iván Zuluaga, and far-right politicians like Fernando Londoño and Fabio Valencia Cossio in 2013 to form the "Uribista" Democratic Center (CD) party. "Uribistas" enter Congress

Trujillo became Zuluaga's running-mate in opposition to Santos in the 2014 elections, but failed to defeat the incumbent president, who by then was in the middle of peace talks with the FARC that were fiercely opposed by the "Uribistas." The party did become the fourth largest in Congress and, under the leadership of Uribe in the Senate, became the most important opposition party to Santos, and in particular the peace talks with the guerrillas.Despite the fierce opposition from both the Democratic Center, conservative media and a large portion of the Colombian public, Santos signed peace with the country's oldest rebel group in November 2016 and kicked off a peace process in December that year. From Congress, Uribe and his party fiercely opposed the process. Duque presidency

Trujillo competed in the 2017 pre-election race to become the "uribista" candidate in 2018, but lost to the relatively unknown Senator Iván Duque, whose political career had begun only four years earlier when he entered the Senate on the CD list. Duque won the 2018 elections and appointed Trujillo as Minister of Foreign Affairs. Death
Trujillo tested positive for COVID-19 in January 2021 and was hospitalized in Barranquilla before being transferred to the Central Military Hospital in Bogotá, where he died on the morning of 26 January. His death was announced by Colombian President Ivan Duque in a video posted to Twitter where the president decreed three days of national mourning in the memory of the minister and other coronavirus victims. Trujillo was 69 years old.References

|-

1951 births
2021 deaths
T
Foreign ministers of Colombia
Colombian Ministers of National Education
Colombian Ministers of the Interior
Ambassadors of Colombia to Russia
Ambassadors of Colombia to Austria
Ambassadors of Colombia to Finland
Ambassadors of Colombia to Norway
Ambassadors of Colombia to Sweden
Ambassadors of Colombia to Iceland
Ambassadors of Colombia to Denmark
Mayors of Cali
Democratic Center (Colombia) politicians
People from Valle del Cauca Department
Colombian Ministers of Defense

masks:
Carlos Holmes Trujillo García
Trujillo
Carlos Holmes Trujillo Sr
Trujillo
Trujillo


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<mask> (born August 16, 1943) is an alcohol and addiction recovery counselor known for designing treatment programs primarily for Native Americans. He is the founder and president of White Bison, Inc., a non-profit charitable organization devoted to assisting Native Americans who are affected by substance use disorders. In 1994 <mask> started the Wellbriety Movement which aims to reduce substance abuse among Native Americans. Biography
<mask> is a Mohican Indian born and raised on the Stockbridge-Munsee Reservation in Wisconsin. Both of his parents were survivors of American Indian boarding schools, an experience that left them so traumatized that they had difficulty showing affection. Coyhis grew up "a troubled child to troubled parents...Drinking was the way of life." As an adult, <mask> left the reservation and in 1978 went to work for the Digital Equipment Corporation in Colorado Springs, eventually becoming senior manager.He designed and taught programs on leadership and diversity. His clients included AT&T, Lucent Technologies, the U.S. Forest Service, and the Bureau of Land Management. After having struggled with alcoholism for many years, drinking threatened his career and <mask> became sober in 1978. He joined Alcoholics Anonymous where he sponsored several "difficult cases," finding satisfaction in the challenge they presented, but wondering if he could do more. <mask> felt out of touch with his recovery group and suspected that other Native Americans felt the same. In 1988 he was invited by another Indian to go on a five-day fast in the Rampart Range mountains. There he had a vision of a white bison, which inspired him to help other Native Americans quit drinking.In 1990 he began doing sobriety workshops in the Idaho prison system, then quit his job in 1992 to devote his life to helping others recover from alcoholism, founding White Bison, Inc., a nonprofit charitable organization. Wellbriety Movement
In 1994 he obtained a small grant to work with Native Americans in Maine. He began meeting with Elders and other people in Passamaquoddy community. As part of their work they began working with the metaphor of the Sacred Hoop. Elders explained that the Sacred Hoop has the power to confer four gifts: forgiveness, unity, healing and hope. Coyhis then decided to take the Hoop to other Native American communities, making the first Hoop journey to 35 Native American colleges in 1999. He made ten journeys with the Hoop, logging hundreds of thousands of miles each year in an effort to bring the "Wellbriety Movement" to 100 Native communities by the year 2010.Before receiving a sustained commitment for support from White Bison, Native communities have to demonstrate a commitment to recovery by declaring a collective desire to break entrenched patterns of passivity, helplessness, and hopelessness. Once significant progress has been achieved, a community is awarded a handmade "big drum" as a sign of respect. Firestarters
On the Hoop journeys Coyhis recruited people recovering from alcohol dependence to act as "firestarters," leaders of Native American recovery and support groups. Firestarters may choose to lead recovery groups for men, women, Al-Anon (support for friends and relatives of alcoholics), addictions prevention and wellness for Native American boys ages 13 to 17 or for Native American girls ages 8 to 17, support for family healing, or for children of alcoholics. The role of community and culture in recovery
The term "wellbriety" is derived from a Passamaquoddy word that means to be both sober and well. According to Coyhis, "It means going beyond survival to thrive in one’s own life and in the life of the community. It means living by the laws and values of traditional Native American culture."<mask> believes that it is not enough to put an individual into rehab or a recovery group to treat alcohol or drug dependence:
"We must actively heal the community and its institutions at the same time an individual works on his or her own healing from alcohol or drugs or other unwell behaviors. The individual affects the community and the community affects the individual. They are inseparable from the point of view of addiction recovery. Everything must be in the healing process simultaneously." Coyhis also feels that historical and intergenerational trauma are responsible for much of the substance use seen among Native Americans. He argues that restoring cultural identity by returning to the principles, laws, and values of traditional Native culture promotes healing mentally, physically, emotionally and spiritually. <mask> acknowledges that each individual needs to work hard to overcome drug and alcohol dependence, but cautions that a healthy sociocultural environment makes the healing process less painful and more likely to succeed.He frames this concept in terms of the "healing forest," wherein a sick tree can only recover if the rest of the forest is healthy. This holistic approach represents a conceptual breakthrough by emphasizing the role of the community in recovery. Expanded mission
<mask> studied the underlying causes of alcoholism, then decided to expand White Bison's mission to include drug addiction, dysfunctional families and relationships, as well as suicide. Coyhis’ model, known as the "Medicine Wheel 12-Step," uses a twelve-step program similar to that used by Alcoholics Anonymous, but it also incorporates cultural elements, including a medicine wheel, group drum circles, songs, healing ceremonies, the teachings of elders, and it does not use the AA model of anonymity. In 2005 Coyhis launched Warrior Down, a program that supports re-entry for Native Americans using a multi-faceted and traditional approach. Through a supportive team of peer support specialists, the program provides resources, programming, recovery support, recidivism prevention, and community referrals for those re-entering the community from treatment or from various forms of incarceration. In 2001 Coyhis met addiction specialist William L. White and they began collaborating on two books: The Red Road to Wellbriety in the Native American Way, and Alcohol Problems in Native America: The Untold Story of Resistance and Recovery, both of which were published by Coyhis Publishing & Consulting, Inc. in 2006.The Red Road lays out Coyhis' philosophy for a culturally-appropriate treatment paradigm (referred to as the red road) for Native Americans and their families who are affected by substance abuse. Alcohol Problems in Native America examines the history of alcohol and Native Americans, including Native American temperance activists, and analyzes the successes and failures of addiction treatment programs run for and by Native Americans. In 2009 Coyhis received the Purpose Prize from the John Templeton Foundation with a monetary award of $100,000. The award allowed Coyhis to establish a Wellbriety Training Institute with the aim of bringing Wellbriety programs to all of the 574 federally recognized tribes in the United States. Coyhis is on the faculty of the Alberta Family Wellness Initiative. He has eight adult children, several of whom are themselves recovering from alcohol dependence. Publications

 <mask>yhis and White Bison, Inc., The Red Road to Wellbriety in the Native American Way,  Colorado Springs, CO: Coyhis Publishing & Consulting, Inc., 2006
 <mask><mask>, Understanding Native American Culture: Insights for Recovery Professionals and Other Wellness Practitioners, Coyhis Publishing & Consulting, Inc., 2nd edition, 2009
 <mask><mask>, Meditations with Native American Elders: The Four Seasons, Coyhis Publishing & Consulting, Inc. 2007
 <mask><mask> and William L. White, Alcohol Problems in Native America: The Untold Story of Resistance and Recovery, Colorado Springs, CO: Coyhis Publishing & Consulting, Inc., 2006
 Moore, D., and Coyhis, D. 2010 "The Multicultural Wellbriety Peer Recovery Support Program: Two Decades of Community-Based Recovery," July 2010 Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 28(3):273-292
 Jan Gryczynski, Jeannette Johnson & <mask> Coyhis (2007) "The Healing Forest Metaphor Revisited: The Seen and “Unseen World” of Drug Use," Substance Use & Misuse, 42:2-3, 475-484
 <mask> Coyhis, Richard Simonelli, "Rebuilding Native American Communities," Child Welfare, Vol.84, No. 2, March/April 2005
 <mask><mask>, The Wellbriety Movement Comes of Age: The Fulfillment of Prophecy, Colorado Springs, CO: Coyhis Publishing & Consulting, Inc., 2011

External links

 White Bison website
 Wellbriety Movement
 Bill White interviews <mask>, 2007
 <mask>: Reflections on a Man and a Movement

See also

 Alcohol and Native Americans
 The red road
 Native American temperance activists
 William L. White

References

1943 births
Living people
Native American temperance activists
Native American leaders
Addiction and substance abuse organizations
American health activists
People from Wisconsin

masks:
Don Lawrence Coyhis
Coyhis
Coyhis
Coyhis
Coyhis
Coyhis
Coyhis
Coyhis
Coyhis
Don Co
Don L
. Coyhis
Don L
. Coyhis
Don L
. Coyhis
Don
Don
Don L
. Coyhis
Don Coyhis
Don Coyhis


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<mask> (born 20 April 1959), also known as The Iceman, is a Dutch motivational speaker and extreme athlete noted for his ability to withstand freezing temperatures. He has set Guinness World Records for swimming under ice and prolonged full-body contact with ice, and previously held the record for a barefoot half marathon on ice and snow. He attributes these feats to his Wim Hof Method (WHM), a combination of frequent cold exposure, breathing techniques, yoga and meditation. Hof has been the subject of several medical assessments and a book written by investigative journalist Scott Carney. Personal life
Hof was born in Sittard, Limburg, Netherlands, one of nine children, in order of birth: Rob (1954), John (1955), Marianne (1957), <mask> and Andre (1959-identical twins), Ruud (1961), Ed (1962), Marcel (1964) and Jacqueline (1967). Hof has six children, four of them with his first wife Marivelle-Maria (also called "Olaya"), who died by suicide in 1995; a son, born in 2003 to his girlfriend; and a son born in 2017 to his last girlfriend. When he was 17 he felt a sudden urge to jump into the freezing cold water of the Beatrixpark canal.Hof has said that his sadness over the loss of his first wife was formative in leading him to develop techniques to face low-temperature environments. In 2008 he was urgently hospitalized because he sat on a public fountain in Amsterdam and ruptured his rectum, resulting in an injury that almost caused his death. Records

On 16 March 2000, Hof set the Guinness World Record for farthest swim under ice, with a distance of . The swim at a lake near Pello, Finland was filmed for a Dutch television program, and a test run the previous day almost ended in disaster when his corneas started to freeze and he was swimming blind. A diver rescued him as he began to lose consciousness. A new record of  was set by Stig Severinsen in 2013. On 26 January 2007, Hof set a world record for fastest half marathon barefoot on ice and snow, with a time of 2 hours, 16 minutes, and 34 seconds.This record was surpassed on 17 January 2021 by Czech Josef Šálek, who finished a half marathon in Pelhřimov with a time of 1:36:21. Hof has set the world record for longest time in direct, full-body contact with ice 16 times, including 1 hour, 42 minutes and 22 seconds on 23 January 2009; 1 hour, 44 minutes in January 2010; and 1 hour 53 minutes and 2 seconds in 2013. This was surpassed in 2014 by Songhao Jin of China, with a time of 1 hour, 53 minutes and 10 seconds; and surpassed in 2019 by Josef Köberl of Austria, with a time of 2 hours, 8 minutes and 47 seconds. In 2007, Hof climbed to an altitude of  on Mount Everest wearing nothing but shorts and shoes, but aborted the attempt due to a recurring foot injury. He managed to climb from base camp to about  wearing just shorts and sandals, but after that he had to wear boots. In 2016 he reached Gilmans point on Kilimanjaro with journalist Scott Carney in 28 hours, an event later documented in the book What Doesn't Kill Us. Wim Hof Method
Wim Hof markets a regimen, the Wim Hof Method (WHM), created with his son Enahm Hof.It involves three "pillars": cold therapy, breathing, and meditation. It has similarities to Tibetan Tummo meditation and pranayama, both of which employ breathing techniques. Evidence and criticism
A wide range of claims are made for the Method's health benefits. While a reduced inflammatory response due to hyperventilation has been documented, as well as suppression of injected endotoxins, Hof's other claims have not been scientifically proven. One 2018 study of <mask> Hof published in the journal NeuroImage used a combination of fMRI and PET/CT imaging, and found:

A 2014 assessment compared <mask> Hof and his identical twin brother. The scientists had them practice Wim's breathing exercises, then exposed them to the lowest temperature that would not induce shivering. They concluded that, "No significant differences were found between the two subjects, indicating that a lifestyle with frequent exposures to extreme cold does not seem to affect BAT activity and CIT (cold-induced thermogenesis)."Both had rises of 40% of their metabolic rates over the resting rate, compared to a maximum of 30% observed in young adults. However, their brown fat percentage—while high for their age—was not enough to account for all of the increase. The rest was due to their vigorous breathing, which increased the metabolic activity in their respiratory muscles. The researchers cautions that the "results must be interpreted with caution given the low subject number and the fact that both participants practised the g-Tummo like breathing technique." A 2012 study of <mask> Hof by a group of researchers in The Netherlands and published by the journal Psychosomatic Medicine found that his "concentration/meditation during ice immersion" greatly reduced his "ex vivo proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine response":

People have died while attempting the Wim Hof Method. Four practitioners drowned in 2015 and 2016, and relatives suspected the breathing exercises were to blame. In 2022, a Singaporean man drowned in a condominium pool when attempting the Method.Hof now cautions against using his breathing method when in water or driving due to the possibility of blackout. Critics of Hof say he overstates the benefits of his method. On his website he says that it has reduced symptoms of several diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease, but these claims have not been scientifically demonstrated. Wouter van Marken Lichtenbelt, one of the scientists who studied Hof, said: "[Hof's] scientific vocabulary is galimatias. With conviction, he mixes in a non-sensical way scientific terms as irrefutable evidence." However, Van Marken Lichtenbelt goes on to say: "When practicing the Wim Hof Method with a good dose of common sense (for instance, not hyperventilating before submerging in water) and without excessive expectations: it doesn't hurt to try." Publications

See also

 Breathwork
 Kundalini energy

References

External links

 UnfoldingMaps.com – Interview with <mask> Hof by podcast Unfolding Maps (2020)

1959 births
Living people
People from Sittard
Dutch businesspeople
Dutch male long-distance runners
Dutch male marathon runners
Breathwork practitioners
Ice sports

masks:
Wim Hof
Wim
Wim
Wim
Wim
Wim


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<mask> (or Ruggiero<mask> ( ,  , ; 23 April 18579 August 1919) was an Italian opera composer and librettist. Although he produced numerous operas and other songs throughout his career it is his opera Pagliacci (1892) that remained his lasting contribution, despite attempts to escape the shadow of his greatest success. Today he remains largely known for Pagliacci, one of the most popular and frequently performed works in the opera repertory. His other  compositions include the song "Mattinata", popularized by Enrico Caruso, and the symphonic poem La Nuit de mai. Biography
The son of <mask>, a police magistrate and judge, <mask> was born in Naples on 23 April 1857. As a child, he moved with his father to the town of Montalto Uffugo in Calabria, where <mask> lived during his adolescence. He later returned to Naples and was educated at the city's San Pietro a Majella Conservatory and later the University of Bologna studying literature under famed Italian poet Giosuè Carducci.In 1879, <mask>'s uncle Giuseppe, director of the press department at the Foreign Ministry in Egypt, suggested that his young nephew come to Cairo to showcase his pianistic abilities. Arriving shortly after the deposition of Khedive Ismail, <mask> eventually secured work as a piano teacher and pianist to the brother of the new Khedive Tewfik Pasha. His time in Egypt concluded abruptly in 1882 after revolts in Alexandria and Cairo led by ‘Urabi in which the composer quickly departed for France. In Paris, <mask> found lodging in Montmartre. An agent located in the Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis secured Leoncavallo employment as an accompanist and instructor for artists who performed in Sunday concerts mostly at cafés. It was during this time that he met Berthe Rambaud (1869–1926) a "preferred student", who became his wife in 1895. Increasingly inspired by the French romantics, particularly Alfred de Musset, <mask> began work on a symphonic poem based on Musset's poetry entitled La nuit de mai.The work was completed in Paris in 1886 and premiered in April 1887 to critical acclaim. With this success and now with enough accumulated money <mask> and Rambaud would return to Milan to begin his career as a composer of opera. Back in Italy, <mask> spent some years teaching and attempting ineffectively to obtain the production of more than one opera, notably Chatterton. In 1890 he saw the enormous success of Pietro Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana and wasted no time in producing his own verismo work, Pagliacci. (According to <mask>, the plot of this work had a real-life origin: he claimed it derived from a murder trial, in Montalto Uffugo, over which his father had presided.) Pagliacci was performed in Milan in 1892 with immediate success; today it is the only work by <mask> in the standard operatic repertory. Its most famous aria "Vesti la giubba" ("Put on the costume" or, in the better-known older translation, "On with the motley") was recorded by Enrico Caruso and laid claim to being the world's first record to sell a million copies (although this is probably a total of Caruso's various versions of it made in 1902, 1904 and 1907).The next year his I Medici was also produced in Milan, but neither it nor Chatterton (belatedly produced in 1896)—both early works—obtained much lasting favour. Much of Chatterton, however, was recorded by the Gramophone Company (later HMV) as early as 1908, and remastered on CD almost 100 years later by Marston Records. <mask> himself conducts the performance or at very least supervises the production. It was not until <mask>'s La bohème was performed in 1897 in Venice that his talent obtained public confirmation. However, it was outshone by Puccini's opera of the same name and on the same subject, which was premiered in 1896. Two tenor arias from <mask>'s version are still occasionally performed, especially in Italy. Subsequent operas by <mask> were in the 1900s: Zazà (the opera of Geraldine Farrar's famous 1922 farewell performance at the Metropolitan Opera), and 1904's Der Roland von Berlin.In 1906 the composer brought singers and orchestral musicians from La Scala to perform concerts of his music in New York, as well as an extensive tour of the United States. The tour was, all in all, a qualified success. He had a brief success with Zingari which premiered in Italian in London in 1912, with a long run at the Hippodrome Theatre. Zingari also reached the United States but soon disappeared from the repertoire. After a series of operettas, <mask> appeared to have tried for one last serious effort with . It had always been assumed that <mask> had finished the work but had died before he could finish the orchestration, which was completed by . However, with the publication of Konrad Dryden's biography of <mask> it was revealed that <mask> may not have written the work at all (although it certainly contains themes by <mask>).A review of Dryden's study notes: "That fine Edipo re ... was not even composed by [<mask>]. His widow paid another composer to concoct a new opera using the music of Der Roland von Berlin. Dryden didn't find one reference to the opera in <mask>'s correspondence nor is there a single note by him to be found in the handwritten score." Pennacchio may either have concocted the opera or may have had to do more to <mask>'s more or less complete work to "fill in the gaps" using <mask>'s earlier music. Death and legacy
<mask> died in Montecatini Terme, Tuscany, on 9 August 1919. His funeral was held two days later, with hundreds in attendance, including fellow composer Pietro Mascagni and longtime rival Giacomo Puccini. He was buried in the Cimitero delle Porte Sante in Florence.70 years after his death a campaign was launched to move the composer's remains to Brissago, Switzerland, after talk of a letter written by Leoncavallo claimed to show that the composer had desired to be buried there originally, although no such letter was ever found. <mask> became an honorary citizen of Brissago and owned a lavish summer residence, Villa Myriam, in the town; in 1904 the composer had mentioned in a speech that he would not mind having a resting place in the town's Madonna di Porte cemetery, but it was never a written request in his will. Regardless the campaign to move <mask>'s remains moved ahead and was granted official approval by Piera <mask>-Grand, the last remaining descendant of the composer. The body was exhumed for transfer to Switzerland along with the remains of his wife Berthe, who died in 1926. The Museo Leoncavallo (Leoncavallo Museum) was established in 2002 in Brissago to commemorate the composer. It includes personal items and original manuscripts on display as well as statues representing characters from his other operas Zazà and Der Roland von Berlin. Little from <mask>'s other operas is heard today, but the baritone arias from Zazà were great concert and recording favourites among baritones and Zazà as a whole is sometimes revived, as is his La bohème.The tenor arias from La bohème remain recording favorites. <mask> also composed songs, most famously "Mattinata", which he wrote for the Gramophone Company (which became HMV) with Caruso's unique voice in mind. On 8 April 1904, <mask> accompanied Caruso at the piano as they recorded the song. On 8 December 1905 he recorded five of his own pieces for the reproducing piano Welte-Mignon. <mask> was the librettist for most of his own operas. Many considered him the greatest Italian librettist of his time after Boito. Among <mask>'s libretti for other composers is his contribution to the libretto for Puccini's Manon Lescaut.Operas

 Pagliacci – 21 May 1892, Teatro Dal Verme, Milan. I Medici – 9 November 1893, Teatro Dal Verme, Milan). (The first part of the uncompleted trilogy, Crepusculum.) Chatterton – 10 March 1896, Teatro Argentina, Rome. (Revision of a work written in 1876.) La bohème – 6 May 1897, Teatro La Fenice, Venice. Zazà – 10 November 1900, Teatro Lirico, Milan.Der Roland von Berlin – 13 December 1904, Königliches Opernhaus, Berlin. Maïa – 15 January 1910, Teatro Costanzi, Rome. Zingari – 16 September 1912, Hippodrome, London. Mimi Pinson – 1913, Teatro Massimo, Palermo. (Revision of La bohème.) Mameli – 27 April 1916, Teatro Carlo Felice, Genoa. (Note that the Fondazione Leoncavallo classes this as an opera rather than an operetta.)Edipo re – 13 December 1920, Chicago Opera. (Produced after the composer's death, at very least orchestration not by <mask>, completed or perhaps composed by Giovanni Pennacchio.) Operettas

La jeunesse de Figaro – 1906, United States. Malbrouck – 19 January 1910, Teatro Nazionale, Rome. La reginetta delle rose – 24 June 1912, Teatro Costanzi, Rome. Are You There? – 1 November 1913, Prince of Wales Theatre, London.La candidata – 6 February 1915, Teatro Nazionale, Rome. Prestami tua moglie – 2 September 1916, Casino delle Terme, Montecatini. (English title: Lend me your wife.) Goffredo Mameli  – 27 April 1916, Teatro Carlo Felice, Genoa. A chi la giarrettiera? – 16 October 1919, Teatro Adriano, Rome. (English title: Whose Garter Is This?)Produced after the composer's death. Il primo bacio – 29 April 1923 Salone di cura, Montecatini. Produced after the composer's death. La maschera nuda  – 26 June 1925 Teatro Politeama, Naples. Produced after the composer's death. Other works
La nuit de mai – poème symphonique for tenor and orchestra after Alfred de Musset, Paris 1886 (also performed and recorded in 1990 and – with Plácido Domingo – in 2010)
Séraphitus Séraphita – Poema Sinfonico after Honoré de Balzac, Teatro alla Scala, Milan 1894

Bibliography
Dryden, Konrad (2007). Leoncavallo: Life and Works, Scarecrow Press.Jürgen Maehder/Lorenza Guiot (eds. ), <mask> <mask> nel suo tempo. Atti del I° Convegno Internazionale di Studi su Leoncavallo a Locarno 1991, Milan (Sonzogno) 1993. Jürgen Maehder/Lorenza Guiot (eds. ), Letteratura, musica e teatro al tempo di <mask> <mask>. Atti del II° Convegno Internazionale di Studi su Leoncavallo a Locarno 1993, Milan (Sonzogno) 1995. Jürgen Maehder/Lorenza Guiot (eds.), Nazionalismo e cosmopolitismo nell'opera tra '800 e '900. Atti del III° Convegno Internazionale di Studi su Leoncavallo a Locarno 1995, Milan (Sonzogno) 1998. Jürgen Maehder/Lorenza Guiot (eds. ), Tendenze della musica teatrale italiana all'inizio del Novecento. Atti del IV° Convegno Internazionale di Studi su Leoncavallo a Locarno 1998, Milan (Sonzogno) 2005. Rosenthal, H. and Warrack, J. (eds.)(1979). "<mask>, <mask>", The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera, 2nd Edition, pp. 278–279. Oxford University Press. Sadie, Stanley and Bashford, Christina (eds.) (1992). "<mask>, <mask> [Ruggiero]", The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, pp.1148–1149. Macmillan. References

External links

Festival Leoncavallo Montalto Uffugo
Fondazione Ruggero Leoncavallo
List of modern recordings of I Medici Festival Di Francoforte, 10 September 2003 (Bruson, Giacomini, et al., Cond.Viotti)
Zingari in Philadelphia, (Chicago Opera Company, 1912)

Museo Leoncavallo, Brissago
Fondo Leoncavallo, Locarno

1857 births
1919 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century Italian male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Italian composers
20th-century Italian male musicians
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Italian opera composers
Italian Roman Catholics
Italian Romantic composers
Male opera composers
Musicians from Naples

masks:
Ruggero
) Leoncavallo
Vincenzo Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Ruggero
Leoncavallo
Ruggero
Leoncavallo
Leoncavallo
Ruggero
Leoncavallo
Ruggero


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Digunai (24 February 1122 – 15 December 1161), also known by his sinicised name <mask> and his formal title Prince of Hailing (or Hailing Wang), was the fourth emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. He was the second son of <mask> (完顏宗幹), the eldest son of Aguda (Emperor Taizu) (the founder of the Jin dynasty). He came to power in 1150 after overthrowing and murdering his predecessor, Emperor Xizong, in a coup d'état. During his reign, he moved the Jin capital from Shangjing (present-day Acheng District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province) to Yanjing (present-day Beijing), and introduced a policy of sinicisation. In 1161, after the Jin dynasty lost the Battle of Caishi against the Southern Song dynasty, Digunai's subordinates rebelled against him and assassinated him. After his death, even though he ruled as an emperor during his lifetime, he was posthumously demoted to the status of a prince – "Prince Yang of Hailing" – in 1162 by his successor, Emperor Shizong. However, in 1181, Emperor Shizong further posthumously demoted him to the status of a commoner, hence he is also known as the "Commoner of Hailing".Background

Digunai was the second son of Woben (斡本; also known as <mask> Zonggan 完顏宗幹), a son of Aguda (Emperor Taizu), the founder of the Jin dynasty. His mother was, Lady Da, came from an elite family of Balhae descent. Emperor Taizu's brother and successor, Emperor Taizong, started a series of wars between the Jin and Song dynasties. During the reign of Emperor Xizong, who succeeded Emperor Taizong, <mask> Zonggan was described as the most influential man in the Jin imperial court. Digunai, who was an army marshal under Emperor Xizong, overthrew the emperor in a coup d'état in 1150 and replaced him. Having seized the throne through illegitimate means, Digunai was suspicious of other members of the Jurchen aristocracy, and, immediately upon taking the throne, started eliminating potential rivals. He ordered the massacre of the descendants of Emperor Taizong, so as to secure the position of the lineage of Emperor Taizu, to which he belonged.Reign
Digunai capitalised on the Jin dynasty's "superior status" vis-à-vis the Song dynasty after its victory over the latter in 1141, and sought to make the Jin dynasty the sole Chinese empire. To legitimise himself as a sinicised ruler, in 1150 he lifted Emperor Taizong's prohibition of wearing Han Chinese dress, and adopted an array of Han Chinese practices and institutions, such as holding of sacrificial ceremonies in the northern and southern suburbs of his capital in 1149 (cf. ceremonies conducted at the Temple of Earth and Temple of Heaven in Beijing during the Ming and Qing dynasties), the use of the imperial carriage in 1151, a system of feudal rights in 1156, and the Song dynasty's shan-hu (山呼) style of court ceremonies in 1157. Digunai also introduced the imperial examination system in 1150 and set up the Imperial Academy in the following year. In his pursuit for greater sinicisation and the desire to acquire the Mandate of Heaven, Digunai moved his imperial court from Shangjing (present-day Acheng District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province to Yanjing (present-day Beijing) in 1153. In 1157, he ordered the destruction of the imperial palaces in Shangjing. In contrast to the traditions of the Tang and Song dynasties, which rarely imposed corporal punishment on the members of the society's educated elites, Digunai continued the Khitan and Jurchen tradition of floggings with gusto, sometimes enjoying personally watching his subjects – including chancellors, censors, and a princess – beaten with poles or whips.Assassination

Digunai's attempts to conquer the Southern Song dynasty and unify China under the Jin dynasty's rule ended in failure when his fleet was defeated by Song forces at the battles of Tangdao and Caishi in 1161. Many of his officers defected and in some places the people rebelled against him. His subordinates conspired against him and assassinated him on 15 December 1161 in a military camp near the Yangtze River. Digunai's cousin, Wulu, who had led a rebellion against Digunai's rule, was proclaimed the new emperor. University of Washington Press, 1976, . 1122 births
1161 deaths
Jin dynasty (1115–1234) emperors
12th-century Chinese monarchs
Murdered Chinese emperors

masks:
Wanyan Liang
Wanyan Zonggan
Wanyan
Wanyan


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<mask> (12 April 1881–23 August 1962) was a French Impressionist painter, particularly known for his views of Montmartre. Biography
<mask> was born the son of a gardener and a laundress at Lihons in the Santerre region in Picardy. His family was poor and he began work very young as an assistant to his father. Picardy is renowned for its roses, and <mask> used to say that he was born among cabbages and roses. His artistic talent became evident very early. His father was also the sexton of the local parish church, where Maclet became a choirboy. The parish priest, Father Delval, was also an amateur painter, and often on fine Sundays he took the boy out to sketch and paint in the countryside.The artist Puvis de Chavannes found the same scenes a source of inspiration, and on an April Sunday in 1892 happened to see some of the 12-year-old boy's work. The artist was so impressed that he asked <mask>'s father to allow his son to study with him, but the father refused. In spite of paternal opposition, a few years later <mask> gave up gardening for art and moved to Montmartre, where while painting he supported himself with a variety of casual work (varnishing iron bedsteads, decorating the floats for the gala nights at the Moulin Rouge, washed dishes or opening oysters in restaurants). For several months he served as a cook on board a ship sailing from Marseilles to Indochina. When he finally returned to Paris, he painted dolls in crinolines and exhibited them at the Salon des Humoristes. But in spite of all these occupations, he found time to paint. When <mask> arrived in Montmartre, much of the country charm of the area still existed and he put it on canvas, even before Utrillo did so.Biographers have rather tended to pass over in silence the services <mask> rendered to Utrillo. <mask> knew practically all the future great painters of his time, Utrillo among them, and it is certain that he helped him, though his own reluctance to have people write about him may account for the fact that it is known only through oblique remarks in the records of the time. <mask> painted the Lapin Agile, the Moulin de la Galette, and the Maison de Mimi Pinson several years before Utrillo painted them. He painted most often in winter in this period, skilfully suggesting snow by leaving bare white spaces in his canvas or paper. In a short time <mask> won a circle of sincere admirers. The art dealer Dosbourg bought his work, which gave him a fairly reliable source of income and enabled him to devote more time than ever to his painting. From Montmartre he launched out into the suburbs of Paris, painting them with the same affection with which he treated the scenes of Montmartre.When war broke out in 1914, <mask> served as a medical attendant in a temporary hospital run by the Little Sisters of the Poor. That allowed him to spend his periods of leave back in Montmartre, where he stayed at the Lapin Agile thanks to the hospitality of his friend Père Frédé. <mask> slept in the cabaret hall and paid for his food by washing dishes and polishing the copper pots. While on one of these periods of leave, he painted two small pictures of the Sacré-Coeur and the Moulin de la Galette which he sold to a M. Deibler, who combined his profession of official executioner with a love of the fine arts. Francis Carco, the painter and poet, was also an admirer of his work and became a patron. When the war ended in 1918, <mask> returned to Montmartre. Carco, feeling that the painter needed to widen his horizons, sent him to stay in Dieppe, and the sea coast soon featured in <mask>'s paintings.In the following year he came back to Montmartre and to his former subjects. Montmartre was now changing: new apartment buildings were going up, taking the place of the green spaces, and under a huge reconstruction the picturesqueness of the Ourcq Canal was soon to disappear, as were the laundry boats on the Seine. Maclet captured these things in his canvases. His views of Paris were now earning him increasing recognition and success. Besides Carco, he found great supporters in the famous writer Colette and the American art dealer Hugo Perlsall, who regarded him as the equal of other great painters of the period. Max Jacob wrote about him. Famous dealers of the time, such as Pierre Menant and Matho Kleimann-Boch, hung <mask>'s work beside the paintings of Van Gogh and Picasso in their galleries.In 1923 Maclet entered into a contract with a wealthy Austrian manufacturer, Baron von Frey, a  condition of which was that he should leave Paris for the south of France, as the Baron sensed that Maclet would know how to handle the brilliant light and intense colors of the Midi. The Baron's judgment was vindicated only a few hours after <mask>'s arrival in Arles, when the son of an old and famous friend of Van Gogh's said to him, "Not since Van Gogh have I seen a painter use such pure color as you do." <mask> stayed in the region from 1924 to 1928. He painted in Orange, Vaison-la-Romaine, La Ciotat, Cassis, Golfe-Juan, Antibes, Cagnes, Saint-Paul-de-Vence, Villefranche, Nice, Menton, and (in Italy) San Remo, sending back to Frey glowing landscapes and glorious floral still lifes. Von Frey reserved for himself almost the total output of this period and sent most of the paintings to America, where wealthy collectors vied to buy them at high prices. Many magazines devoted articles to <mask>, and an exhibition of his work was presented in Paris in 1928. Frey also had the satisfaction of seeing paintings by Maclet purchased by important museums in Lyons, Grenoble, and Monte Carlo.At the end of 1928, <mask> went to paint in Corsica. He spent 1929 and 1930 in Brittany and then went back to his native Picardy to paint. In the middle of 1933 he suffered the onset of a serious mental illness, from which he never entirely recovered, and was institutionalised for several months. After 1935 he resumed his studies of Paris and in 1945 presented a large exhibition of his work under the title Autour du Moulin ("Around the Moulin") which elicited from André Warnod the following glowing tribute: "What a happy spectacle to see Maclet paint. He begins by covering the top of his canvas with paint, the sky, the clouds. Then he attacks the chimneys and then the roofs, and then, floor by floor, he arrives at the street level of the houses... Under his brush, all becomes miraculously organized; he places the figures where they should be, and when he has painted the last paving block at the very bottom of the canvas, then he signs it.And the painting is finished; a happy painting expressing the joy of living." In 1957 a Parisian gallery organized a retrospective exhibition of <mask>'s work, and the solid rise in the prices of his paintings dates from that retrospective exhibition. When he made sporadic visits to Paris during his years in the south of France, the painters of Montmartre and Montparnasse considered him a painter on the rise; the canvases he had produced while he was in the south of France showed that the peasant from Picardy had become a master. But the general public in France did not grasp his importance and value until 1957. Five years of life remained to the painter, years beautifully described by Marcel Guicheteau and Jean Cottel in these words: "<mask> had returned to his first loves, to his first poems; but it was with all his experience, all his wisdom that the old man now bent over the familiar motifs; his minor song had become a song full of light. In the evening of his life he could repeat himself without copying himself; explain himself without humiliating himself; remember himself without destroying himself. He had brought his work to such a degree of perfection that each painting from then on justified itself by references to earlier work and conferred, in a sense, a retroactive value on those works of a far-off past.The artist had reached the state wherein his work soundly established, across the years, its various pictorial values like echoes answering each other at intervals of ten, fifteen, twenty years, all singing the same harmony." He died in the Lariboisière Hospital in Paris on 23 April 1962 and is buried in the cemetery at Lihons next to his parents. Bibliography
 E. Bénézit, Dictionnaire des Peintres, Sculpteurs, Dessinateurs et Graveurs, Vol. 7, p. 48. Paris: Librairie Grund, 1976

 Martine and Bertrand Willot: Élisée <mask>, le dernier Montmartrois, Édition La Vie d'Artiste et Galerie Villain
 Jean Cottel and Marcel Guicheteau, 1982: Elisée Maclet, catalogue raisonné, ABC Collection
 Marcel Guicheteau and Jan Cottel, 1960: "Maclet" in L'Information Artistique
 Marcel Guicheteau and Jean Cottel: Maclet, with preface by Georges Peillex, Édition D'Arte Fratelli Pozzo
 Exhibition catalogue 23 March to 23 April 2007, Galerie Jean-Paul Villain
 André Roussard, 1999: Les peintres à Montmartre, pp. 262-390. Paris
 François Pedron, 2008: Elisée Maclet est présenté dans les rapins - l'age d'or de Montmartre, pp.183-185. Ed: La Belle Gabrielle
 Jack Russel (transl. ), 2008: Of Paupers and Painters - Studios of Montmartre Masters, pp. 183-185. Ed: La Belle Gabrielle

1881 births
1962 deaths
19th-century French painters
French male painters
20th-century French painters

masks:
Jules Émile Élisée Maclet
Maclet
Maclet
Maclet
Maclet
Maclet
Maclet
Maclet
Maclet
Maclet
Maclet
Maclet
Maclet
Maclet
Maclet
Maclet
Maclet
Maclet
Maclet
Maclet
Maclet
Maclet


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<mask>jin (, [t͡ɕʰwe̞ sʰed͡ʑin]; 1465 – February 10, 1542) was a Korean linguist, and a translator and interpreter of the Chinese language during the Joseon Dynasty. He is of the Goesan <mask> clan and his courtesy name was Gongseo (공서; 公瑞). He is widely known for his research with the Korean hangul letters, and comparative studies with Chinese and Korean, which further led to the propagation of hangul during a time period when Chinese characters were used as the main system of writing. Choe was recognized by many for his talents as an official interpreter in the Korean Embassies in Beijing and in his works in hangul research. However, he lived a tumultuous life due to this middle class status, which led him to be the target of many envious aristocrats of his era. Choe devised the modern Korean order of the hangul characters, and assigned names to the letters. His most famous book on hangul is the Hunmong Jahoe (;  "Collection of Characters for Training the Unenlightened", 1527).Over the course of 40 years, he composed 7 original works, and published 10 translations and research works. <mask> <mask>'s Life
Choe Sejin was born into a middle class family in Seoul. His father was <mask> Jungbal, who was also a translator and interpreter of the government. <mask> <mask>'s birth year is not found in any records, but given the record found in "Jungjong of Joseon Chronicles", his birth year is estimated as 1465. However, there are also other claims that he was born in 1473. When he was 21, he passed the "Translating and Interpreting Government Exam" and when he was 38, he placed second in another exam, the "Bong Se Ja Byul Shi" Exam, an exam conducted to celebrate the crowning of the Prince. Choe was known as very skilled as a translator and interpreter.However, during a time period when society was strictly stratified, his middle class status restricted his career and even led him to many difficulties and hardships. The noble class organized society in a way that they controlled and possessed a majority of the wealth and property of the country, and it was common for the nobility to be jealous over highly talented middle class government officials who might successfully become promoted, and surpass nobles in rank, although this was very rare. <mask> Sejin was a target for the nobles' jealousy, and he was sacrificed in the factional strife and tumultuous political climate at the time. For example, two months after he passed the "Bong Se Ja Byul Shi" Exam, his acceptance became nullified because of an involvement in a trial for the murder of the deposed Queen, Yoon. Even though he was not directly involved, the Minister of Culture and Education, Lee Sejwa, who conducted the exam and personally recommended Choe was involved in the trial, and as a result, all acceptances were nullified. Some were able to retain their acceptance due to familial ties, however, Choe was not one of them. Even after 3 years of waiting, he was accused of writing the anonymous letter criticizing the National Court in 1507 and was subject to a severe sentence.He was saved from this accusation after more investigation, but this highlights the kind of difficulties he faced due to his social class. Two months after the accusations proved false, he encountered a golden opportunity that allowed him to receive his government rank back. An envoy from China was visiting the King of Joseon, but there was no one appropriate and qualified to serve as the interpreter during the visit. <mask> <mask> was chosen as the interpreter reluctantly, but he successfully completed the task and was recognized for his talents. The King recognized his works, and he was able to further his career. Upon his death, a scholar named Kim An Gook dedicated a poem to Choe. The poem is called "Choi Dong Ji Se Jin Man" (崔同知世珍挽) and is widely known because of the information it holds about Choe Sejin.Because there are few records left about Choe, this poem provides one of the best sources of details about <mask>'s life through the eyes of his friend, Kim. Hunmong Jahoe (훈몽자회) and his works with hangul

<mask> <mask> is mostly known for his 1527 work, Hunmong Jahoe (훈몽자회). It is a textbook for children to learn the Chinese characters, and is known to be very practical in its teachings. During the Joseon Era, literacy in Chinese was an essential skill for advancement in society. Chinese was the dominant language of literature at this time, and children were taught Chinese from an early age to prepare for the future. Although hangul, the Korean orthography, existed by this time, it was not widely used in the country. Choe wanted to promote the usage of hangul through his work Hunmong Jahoe.As a textbook for children to learn Chinese, Hunmong Jahoe incorporated hangul in the textbook to promote both the learning of Chinese characters, as well as hangul. The Chinese characters were annotated in hangul, and in order for one to understand and learn the Chinese characters, one must have a full grasp of hangul first to comprehend the annotations. Choe wanted people to use hangul more extensively, and he thought that this would encourage people to take some time to fully learn hangul, before starting to learn Chinese. He wrote that "it would take [only a single day] to learn Hangul", commenting on the simplicity of hangul, and afterwards, one would be able to learn Chinese on their own without an instructor if one knew hangul and utilized his textbook. This book was known at the time for being revolutionary for its practicality and creativity. The two widely-used works for learning Chinese characters during his time were called "Thousand Character Classic" and "Yoo Hap". The "Thousand Character Classic" was considered very tedious and contained words that were conceptual and not suitable for daily use, while the other text "Yoo Hap" was thought to be not suitable for daily instruction.Hunmong Jahoe attempted to supplement these weaknesses, while combining their strengths in the breadth of content. The "Thousand Character Classic" contained 1,000 characters, while Hunmong Jahoe contained 3,360 characters. It also ordered the Chinese characters with relation to its meanings: Chinese characters with similar meanings were grouped together to ease the process of learning. As one of the phoneticians in the history of the Joseon Dynasty, he compiled the order of the Korean letters in Hunmong Jahoe. The first eight characters in the order that is presented in this work are characterized as sounds that are "used for both the initial and the final sounds". The next eight set of characters are described as "those used only for the initial sounds". These eight characters that occur initially are ordered as the following: "Molar [kh], the Tongue [th], the Lip [ph], the Tooth [c ch], the Half Tooth [z], and the Throat [0]".Only the order of these eight characters have been retained until the present and the order of the other characters as proposed by Choe have been altered. The reason for the change of the order of the other characters are unidentifiable. Choe also ordered the vowels in Hangul. He ordered them according to sequence in which we open our mouth to articulate these vowels. His ordering of the vowels is the order that is currently used in present day Korea. Hunmong Jahoe has been republished 10 times over the time period of 400 years. It was the most reproduced Chinese textbook of the Joseon Era, and it was also widely used in Japan.Career and legacy
Despite Choe's social class and the difficulties he faced during his lifetime, the records we have of him indicate his significance and influence on Korean hangul, the education of Chinese characters, and the field of linguistics. Scholars that belong to the middle class rarely get recognized for their works, and no historical records are ever kept of middle-class citizens. The available records of Choe are very scarce, however, the sole presence of even a minuscule historical record indicates that he was an influential figure in the history of the Korean language. When his reputation was restored after he served as a translator to the king during a visit by the Chinese envoy , Choe successfully built his career as a translator, interpreter and linguist. His linguistic talent is even recorded in the Jungjong of Joseon Chronicles, which is a chronological record of King Jungjong's historical reigns from 1506 to 1544. Yoo Soon, a prime minister of the Joseon Dynasty, wrote that Choe was "the best in the nation when it comes to Chinese writing and pronunciation" and that he was worried that there was no one to succeed him to translate and respond to documents sent from China. Thus, Yoo Soon wrote a petition to the King, asking him to pick approximately six talented individuals to be instructed by <mask> Sejin, in order to make sure that <mask>'s legacy was maintained.The King also wrote about his worries that Choe might be the only person capable of handling proper relations with China. In addition to his skills as a translator and interpreter, his works also contain his legacy. He published a lot in the field of linguistics, especially in the realm of Chinese linguistics directed towards a Korean audience. He translated numerous works such as "Bak Tongsa", Interpreter Park, which was a Chinese textbook, and elaborated on its research through his own work "Sasung Tonghae", Explaining the Four Sounds. Commentary on <mask> <mask> and his works
There are very scarce resources available to shed light onto <mask> <mask>'s life. One work that reveals a lot about Choe's character and his influence during his time is a poem written as a eulogy by one of his friends, Kim Ankook. The poem was written in 1542 after Choe's death, and is titled "Choe Dong Ji Se Jin Man" (최동지세진만, 崔同知世珍挽).This is a poem that reflects Kim Ankook's sorrow upon his friend <mask>'s death. This is a poem that is one of the most known among Korean linguistics, because there is a lot of information about Choe packed into a single poem. According to Kim, it can be known that Choe went through a lot of hardships during the 40 years he served as a government official, and eventually lived a long life, "having seen the death of many of his loved ones". Another line of the poem, "who will I discuss and debate with when composing diplomat documents? ", indicates that he was an important figure in international diplomacy, especially with respect to translation and interpretation. Lastly, Kim notes that his accomplishments will last far into the future, since his works are considered as "a great service to the future". This highlights Choe's influence in the field of Korean linguistics.Other Notable Works
In addition to Hunmong Jahoe, Choe also composed 17 research publications over the course of 40 years in total. A few of his most notable works are:

 Sasung Tonghae (사성통해) (1517) marks the intonations, and the correct pronunciations of Chinese characters in hangul. It also includes records of 450 Korean words in hangul, and is an important source for the research on the history of the Korean language. Sohak Pyunmong (소학편몽) (1537) is a textbook for Chinese language learners, dedicated to the King. Unhoe Okpyun (운회옥편) (1537) is a supplementary material published to add on to the works in Sasung Tonghae. Yeohyo Kyung (여효경) (1541) was one of his last works, written when he was 76. Kyungsung Ji (경성지) (1541), a work about the Nanjing city in China, was one of his last works before he died at the age of 77.See also
 History of Korea
 Joseon Dynasty

References

1473 births
1542 deaths
16th-century Korean writers
Linguists from Korea
Choe clan of Goesan

masks:
Choe Se
Choe
Choe
Sejin
Choe
Choe
Sejin
Choe
Choe
Sejin
Choe
Choe
Sejin
Choe
Choe
Choe
Sejin
Choe
Sejin
Choe


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<mask>wan-yuen  (; born 24 February 1951) is a Hong Kong politician who is the current President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (Legco), representing the Industrial (First) functional constituency. From October 2012 to October 2016, he was the chairman of Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong (BPA), the second largest party in the legislature. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 24 February 1951 to a family who run a textile factory, the Sun Hing knitting company. He was educated in the University of Leeds and joined his father's family business. In 1970, he set up the Sun Hing Knitting Factory in Kwai Chung and became the chairman of the company. Public service career
<mask> joined the Hong Kong Woollen & Synthetic Knitting Manufacturers' Association, the chamber of commerce of the manufacturing companies, in which he later became the honorary president in 1997. He has been the chairman and Honorary Chairman of the Textile Council of Hong Kong and the member, Deputy chairman and Chairman of the Federation of Hong Kong Industries.He stepped down in 2004 after he was elected to the Legislative Council of Hong Kong and became the Honorary chairman. He has been the committee member of both Textile and Clothing Industry Training Board in the 1980s, and became a member of Vocational Training Council (VTC) board of directors in 1998, he was then appointed as the chairman of VTC from 2006 to 2012. He has also held many positions including Chairman of the Hong Kong Productivity Council (2003–2009), council member of the Hong Kong Trade Development Council (2010–2016), a member of the Economic Development Commission (2013–2017), the Deputy Chairman of the Business Facilitation Advisory Committee (2012–2016), a non-executive director of the Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Authority (2009–2015) and a Director of The Hong Kong Mortgage Corporation Limited. He was awarded Justice of the Peace in 1996 and Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for his services to the textile industry in 1997. Legislative Councillor
In the 2004 Legislative Council election, he replaced Kenneth Ting Woo-shou to be elected uncontestedly to the Legislative Council of Hong Kong through the Industrial (First) functional constituency which was elected by the Federation of Hong Kong Industries, representing the Liberal Party. <mask> split apart from the Liberal Party in October 2008 with Jeffrey Lam Kin-fung and Sophie Leung Lau Yau-fun after the defeat of the party in the 2008 Legislative Council election in September and the resignation of chairman James Tien Pei-chun. In June 2009, the three legislators formed the Economic Synergy which later co-founded the Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong (BPA) in 2012 which <mask> became the founding Chairman of the new party.<mask> was also the committee member of 11th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. He received the Silver Bauhinia Star (SBS) and the Gold Bauhinia Star (GBS) in 2004 and 2010 respectively. On the debate over the 2014–15 Hong Kong electoral reform for the universal suffrage of the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, <mask> opposed to the Occupy Central with Love and Peace campaign by the pan-democracy camp, appealed to the "silent majority" to oppose "Occupy protest". <mask> said the campaign would threaten the rule of law and social stability, while hurting Hong Kong's business environment. President of the Legislative Council

After the 2016 Hong Kong Legislative Election, <mask> was handpicked by the pro-Beijing camp to be their candidate for the President of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong left over by the retiring Jasper Tsang, after potential candidates New People's Party's Michael Tien and nonpartisan Paul Tse withdrew their nominations, implicitly citing the influence of the Liaison Office. <mask> was questioned by the opposition over his British nationality which he renounced right before the vote and his close business ties with 11 companies in which he held shares and was the directors of seven of them. On the first meeting of the Legislative Council, <mask> was elected as president in the middle of chaos as the pan-democrats and localists tore up their ballot papers and stormed out of the meeting room before the vote.As a result, <mask> received 38 votes against pro-democrat nominee James To's zero with three blank ballots. On 27 October, <mask> was slammed and asked to step down after he took a U-turn by deciding to delay the oath-taking of Sixtus <mask> and Yau Wai-ching of Youngspiration whose qualifications were under legal challenge by the government for their pro-independence on general meeting on 27 October 2016. <mask> and Yau inserted their own words into the oath-taking on the first session of the Legislative Council and therefore were invalidated by the LegCo secretary-general Kenneth Chen. <mask> initially allowed the two to retake the oaths but backed down after the pro-Beijing camp threatened to stage a second walkout after they walked out in the on 19 October to block the two Youngspiration legislators to take the oaths. The pan-democracy camp criticised Leung for "unfit to perform his role". In November 2020, following the expulsion of 4 pro-democracy lawmakers from the Legislative Council, <mask> said that he "respects and understands" their disqualification. In February 2021, after Xia Baolong said that only "patriots" could be part of the Hong Kong government, Leung agreed and said it was the "most basic and reasonable" requirement for those in the government.Additionally, <mask> claimed that "I am sure that all the Hong Kong people will have a say... As long as you are patriotic, you can have any views." In January 2022, the mainland Chinese national emblem was permanently added to the Legislative Council chamber, after <mask>, Starry Lee Wai-king and Ma Fung-kwok decided that it should be made permanent. <mask> had earlier said it would be only temporary for the swearing in of lawmakers, but reversed course. Personal life
His wife, Susana Cheong Suk-hing, is the sister of former member of the Legislative Council Stephen Cheong. See also
 Federation of Hong Kong Industries
 Industrial (First)

References

External links
Members' Biographies of <mask> Kwan-yuen on legislative council site

1951 births
Living people
Hong Kong businesspeople
Hong Kong industrialists
Hong Kong racehorse owners and breeders
Liberal Party (Hong Kong) politicians
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Silver Bauhinia Star
Recipients of the Gold Bauhinia Star
Economic Synergy politicians
Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong politicians
Members of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
Members of the Election Committee of Hong Kong, 1998–2000
Members of the Election Committee of Hong Kong, 2000–2005
Leaders of political parties
Alumni of the University of Leeds
HK LegCo Members 2004–2008
HK LegCo Members 2008–2012
HK LegCo Members 2012–2016
HK LegCo Members 2016–2020
HK LegCo Members 2020–2024

masks:
Andrew Leung K
Leung
Leung
Leung
Leung
Leung
Leung
Leung
Leung
Leung
Leung
Leung
Leung
Leung
Leung
Andrew Leung
Leung
Leung
Andrew Leung
Andrew Leung
Andrew Leung


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<mask> (born November 11, 1955) is an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, music producer and poet. He is a former and founding member of the roots rock band the Blasters. <mask> has recorded and performed as a solo artist since the late 1980s and has been involved in various side projects and collaborations. He has had brief stints as a member of the bands X and the Knitters. Early life
<mask> grew up in Downey, California. He and his older brother, <mask>, as teenagers attended rockabilly and country music venues. <mask> attended Long Beach State University.Career

With the Blasters
In 1979, <mask> and his brother Phil formed the roots-rock band The Blasters with fellow Downey residents Bill Bateman and John Bazz. <mask> served as the group's lead guitarist and chief songwriter. The Rough Guide to Rock noted the ever-increasing numbers of originals that <mask> wrote for the Blasters, along with his maturation into a great songwriter. Other artists have covered <mask>'s songs. For example, "Marie Marie" became a British-German top 20 hit in 1980 for Shakin' Stevens and received a zydeco treatment in 1987 from Buckwheat Zydeco. Dwight Yoakam recorded "Long White Cadillac" in 1989. <mask> was in the original lineup until 1986.His departure reflected internal tension in the band, but ultimately he wanted to sing his own songs while his brother <mask> was the established lead vocalist for the group. <mask> has rejoined the Blasters for some reunion tours and live albums with the original lineup. He has also occasionally performed with the band under other circumstances as well. With X and the Knitters
<mask> served a brief stint as the lead guitarist of the Los Angeles–based alternative rock band X. He left X in 1987 to work on a solo project after the group recorded their album See How We Are. <mask> was also a member of the country-folk band The Knitters, an offshoot of X. He appeared on their 1985 album  Poor Little Critter on the Road and their 2005 follow-up, The Modern Sounds of the Knitters.With the Flesh Eaters
In the early 1980s, <mask>, along with fellow Blasters members Bill Bateman and Steve Berlin, performed on A Minute to Pray, A Second to Die by the Los Angeles punk band the Flesh Eaters. This lineup, which also included John Doe and D.J. Bonebrake, assembled once again in 2006, performing three shows in California and one in England to mark the album’s 25th anniversary. They reunited briefly in 2015 for a five-show tour and again for an eight-show run in 2018. They issued a new album, I Used to Be Pretty, in 2019. <mask>'s first solo album, Romeo's Escape (entitled Every Night About This Time in England), was released in 1987. It was well received by critics but did not sell well.Because of the album's low sales, <mask>'s recording contract with Columbia Records was terminated. He then toured with Mojo Nixon and Country Dick Montana, billed as the Pleasure Barons; an album recorded live on their 1993 tour was released. <mask>'s second solo album, Blue Blvd, was released by Hightone Records in 1991. It received positive reviews and had moderate sales. His album Museum of Heart was released in 1993. He recorded King of California, an album of acoustic music, in 1994. In 2000, he recorded the album Public Domain: Songs From the Wild Land, a collection of traditional folk and blues classics, which earned him a Grammy award for Best Contemporary Folk Album.In 2011, <mask> recorded the album Eleven Eleven, released by Yep Roc Records. The album marked his return to rock roots. Rolling Stone magazine, in a review of the album, called <mask> "an underrecognized guitar hero". Further recordings with <mask>
In 2014, <mask> and <mask>, as a duo, released the album Common Ground, consisting of their versions of songs by Big Bill Broonzy. It was the first studio collaboration of the brothers since the mid-1980s. In 2015 they released Lost Time, a collection of covers including four songs by Big Joe Turner. In live performance, <mask> assumed the role of emcee and storyteller.The brothers also worked Blasters tunes into the set list. With Jimmie Dale <mask> and Texas singer-songwriter Jimmie Dale Gilmore teamed on the 2018 album Downey to Lubbock (the title is a reference to where each man grew up). As seen in his live performances with brother Phil, <mask>'s stories between songs were a notable part of the stage shows with Gilmore and their supporting musicians. Producer and collaborator
<mask> has produced records for Chris Gaffney, Tom Russell, the Derailers, Big Sandy & His Fly-Rite Boys and Red Meat. He collaborated with the rockabilly musician Sonny Burgess. He has worked as a studio session musician accompanying Ramblin' Jack Elliott, Little Milton, Katy Moffatt, and Syd Straw. <mask> has lent his guitar playing to other artists' albums over the years.For example, he played with the Gun Club and appeared on two songs from their 1984 album, The Las Vegas Story

Film
<mask> appeared in the movies Border Radio and  Floundering and on the FX television series Justified in 2011. He also appeared in Streets of Fire, with the Blasters, in 1984. Poetry
<mask> has published two books of poetry: Any Rough Times Are Now Behind You and Nana, Big Joe & the Fourth of July. His poetry has appeared in Caffeine, the A.K.A. Review, Rattler, Asymptote and Enclitic and in the anthologies Nude Erections, Hit and Run Poets and Poetry Loves Poetry—An Anthology of Los Angeles Poets. The Blasters discography
(recordings with <mask> as member)
American Music (1980)
The Blasters (1981)
Over There  (1982)
Non Fiction (1983)
 Hard Line (1985)
The Blasters Collection (1990)
Testament: The Complete Slash Recordings (2002)
The Blasters Live: Going Home (2004)

The Blasters videography
Streets of Fire (1984)
The Blasters Live: Going Home (2004)

X discography
See How We Are (1986)

The Knitters discography
Poor Little Critter on the Road (1985)
The Modern Sounds of the Knitters (2005)

<mask> discography

Other contributions
Lead guitar on "Believe" and "Amazing Disgrace" on Dollar Store's Dollar Store (Bloodshot Records BS-098) (2004)
Eklektikos Live (2005) – "Blackjack David"
Highway 61 Revisited Revisited, UNCUT (2005) – "Highway 61 Revisited"
The Lone Ranger: Wanted (2013) – "Lonesome Whistle"
 Produced and arranged Chris Gaffney's 1995 album "Loser's Paradise" released on Hightone Records. Writings
 Nana, Big Joe & the Fourth of July (Iliteratim 1986)
 Any Rough Times Are Now Behind You (Incommunicado Press, 1996)

References

Further reading
 Stambler, Irwin & Lyndon.(2001) Folk & Blues: The Encyclopedia. 3rd ed. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 4–7. External links
 Official web site
 <mask> profile at Music Match
 <mask> at NPR Music
 <mask> collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive
 <mask>’s Instagram:

1955 births
Living people
20th-century American poets
American blues singers
American country rock singers
American country singer-songwriters
American folk singers
American rockabilly musicians
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American rock singers
California State University, Long Beach alumni
Grammy Award winners
Musicians from Downey, California
The Blasters members
The Knitters members
Singer-songwriters from California
X (American band) members
Guitarists from California
20th-century American guitarists
The Flesh Eaters members
Country musicians from California
20th-century American male musicians
Rhino Records artists
Yep Roc Records artists

masks:
David Albert Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Phil Alvin
Dave
Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Phil Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Solo Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Phil Alvin
Dave
Phil Alvin
Alvin
Gilmore Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Alvin
Dave Alvin
Dave Alvin
Dave Alvin
Dave Alvin
Dave Alvin
Dave Alvin


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<mask> ( - born October 12, 1957) is a politician in Afghanistan, most recently having served as President Ashraf Ghani’s Special Envoy for Regional Consensus Building on Peace and as Head of the High Peace Council (HPC) Secretariat for a few months, until he was appointed as President Ghani’s Campaign Manager for the 2019 Presidential elections. After a career with international non-governmental organizations including the United Nations Development Program in Geneva, <mask> started work as two term Chief of Staff of Afghan President Hamid Karzai from 2003 to 2005 and then from 2007 to around 2010. From 2005 until 2007, President Karzai appointed him as Afghan Ambassador in Iran. He then served as the Afghan Ambassador to Pakistan, tasked with advancing efforts to reach a political solution to the war in Afghanistan. In September 2013, <mask> was asked to serve as Afghan Minister of Interior in Kabul and ensure security for the challenging 2014 presidential elections. <mask> also continues to work in Afghanistan's politics through supporting youth groups, and mobilizing politically influential people and organizations in support of strengthening the country's democratic order. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 12 October 1957 in the Qarabagh District of the Kabul Province in Afghanistan.He grew up and completed his primary education in his home district of Qarabagh. In order to continue his higher education, <mask> moved to the capital city Kabul. 80s and 90s: Anti-Soviet Jihad and Association with Hezbi Islami
During the 1980s <mask> became active in the resistance against the Soviet-occupation and joined the Mujahideen group of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar: Hezbi Islami. While still influential with the former cadre of Hebi Islami who are active in Afghanistan's politics, <mask> has ended his official ties with the party reportedly after the Soviet withdrawal in 1989 and remains politically independent. 1996-2003: UN Employee
During the Taliban era <mask> decided to settle in Peshawar, Pakistan, and began working for the organization Save the Children. While working there through a scholarship program, he was able to go to the Victoria University in the United Kingdom for his Masters in Science. After completing his Masters he came back to work for the Swedish Committee in Jalalabad, Afghanistan.In 1996 he moved to Islamabad, Pakistan, where he started working for the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). In 2001 he moved to Geneva, Switzerland, where he assumed the role of "Area Development Specialist" in UNDP Geneva. 2003-2005: Afghan Chief of Staff
In November 2003 <mask> was approached by the Afghan Transitional Administration to assume the office of the Chief of Staff of the President and took the position. At that time, the key challenge was establishing the Afghan state amidst an environment full of traditional power holders and illegal militias. Commenting on how only few militias have disarmed, he said: "Any force not part of the Afghan National Army is a challenge, but this is reality, so we ought to deal with it diplomatically and peacefully. I hope we will succeed." <mask> served as Hamid Karzai's Chief of Staff until 2005 when he moved to Tehran as the Afghan Ambassador to Iran.2007-2011: Return as Chief of Staff
In 2007, he replaced Jawed Ludin and resumed the position of the Chief of Staff for Afghan President Hamid Karzai. Peace Talks and the Taliban Imposer Episode
In the summer of 2010, outside <mask>'s influence, Karzai sat down with a man believed to be former Taliban Cabinet minister Akhtar Muhammad Mansour to discuss peace between the Taliban and the Afghan Government. According to <mask>, it later turned out the man wasn't Mansour at all, but an imposter who was just a shopkeeper in Quetta. <mask> blamed the British for this debacle, because he said that they brought the man in front of Karzai. "International partners should not get excited so quickly with those kinds of things," <mask> said, adding that the incident shows that the Afghan peace talks should be "Afghan-led and fully Afghanized." According to Wikileaks Cables <mask> also believed that the Norwegians might have been fooled into meeting self-proclaimed members of the Taliban who may in fact not have been Taliban members at all. <mask> claimed that he had never heard anything about contact between the Taliban and Norwegian authorities.The Atlantic profiled him as: "A soft-spoken former aid worker, <mask> served as the president’s liaison to the many warlords and strongmen he had to keep in check—both to ensure stability and to secure his reelection in 2009. While <mask> was once associated with the conservative Hizb-e-Islami party, the 56-year-old...is more pragmatic in his worldview. When Karzai made an ultimately unsuccessful push for reconciliation with the Taliban in 2011, he dispatched <mask> as his ambassador to Pakistan. To express his displeasure with the Americans, who tried to oust him during his 2009 reelection campaign, Karzai replaced <mask> as chief of staff with Abdul Karim Khurram, a conservative former culture minister with an anti-American reputation." Cash Aid from Iran to Hamid Karzai's Office
In 2010, there were rumors that then President Hamid Karzai's office was receiving bags filled, with cash from Iranian officials. Karzai acknowledged and accepted the fact that the Government of Iran has been providing millions of dollars directly to his office. Karzai told reporters he had instructed <mask> to accept the money from Tehran."It is official and by my order," Karzai said. Iranians also stated that the report was indeed true. Two weeks after the controversy about the Iranian money <mask> came out to the Afghan Media for an open interview. In the interview <mask> showed piles of files that proved that every cent of the money coming from Iran were spent on government expenses only and that he had record for all the money that came from Iran. He also claimed that Iranian money had been coming to Afghanistan since 2002 but the issue was brought out only now in order to pressure the Karzai government for political reasons and that since 2002 also the US, the UK and Japan had provided the presidential office with cash assistance. According to Newsweek, nearly every encounter between Afghan and Iranian officials ends up with the Iranians proffering a sack of cash. According to wikileaks cables <mask> told deputy US ambassador Francis Ricciardone already in February 2010 that certain Afghan officials were on Tehran's payroll, including some people nominated for cabinet positions.<mask> claimed that some of these officials had been relieved of their duties because 'you can't be an honest Afghan if you receive a package from Iran.' <mask> had told Ricciardone, and he said that his government preferred the US' sustained cash support to the 'occasional and unpredictable' payments from Iran. 2013-2014: Minister of Interior
In 2014, <mask> served as Minister of Interior during the challenging presidential elections, and he managed to successfully deliver on the difficult task of maintaining security during the elections. Dec 2018: Special Envoy for Regional Consensus Building on Peace and Head of HPC

In December 2018, <mask> was appointed as President Ashraf Ghani’s Special Envoy for Regional Consensus Building on Peace and as Head of the High Peace Council (HPC) Secretariat for a few months, until he took on the role of President Ghani’s Campaign Manager for the 2019 Presidential elections. References

Government ministers of Afghanistan
Living people
Ambassadors of Afghanistan to Iran
Ambassadors of Afghanistan to Pakistan
1957 births
Pashtun people

masks:
Mohammad Umer Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Omar
Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai
Daudzai


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Colonel <mask>  (11 April 1906 – 19 April 1986) was a British Army officer in the Second World War and the Korean War. He was a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces, for actions during the Battle of the Imjin River during which Carne led The Glorious Glosters in a famous stand against an overwhelming Chinese attack on Gloster Hill. Early life
<mask> was born in Falmouth, Cornwall on 11 April 1906 the son of <mask> and <mask> (née Power). His father was a brewer and wine merchant. A career officer, he attended the Imperial Service College in Windsor and later passed out from the Royal Military College, Sandhurst and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Gloucestershire Regiment on 3 September 1925. He was promoted to lieutenant on 3 September 1927 and to captain on 1 October 1935. Seeing service in the Second World War, he was promoted to major on 3 September 1942.He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 7 February 1949. Korean War
<mask> was 45 years old and a lieutenant colonel commanding the 1st Battalion, The Gloucestershire Regiment in November 1950 when the regiment was attached to the 29th Independent Infantry Brigade and deployed to Korea following the outbreak of the Korean War. <mask> led his battalion as they provided the rearguard to retreating United Nations forces following their defeat at the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River. He also led the Glosters in a successful a counter-offensive launched by UN forces on 16 February south of the River Han. Battle of the Imjin River and Victoria Cross
In early April, <mask> and his battalion were spread over a 9-mile (14 km) front along the Imjin River guarding a ford which was part of the main route to the city of Seoul. During the night of 22 April, Chinese forces launched their Spring Offensive which was intended to annihilate the British 29th Brigade as well as the US 3rd Infantry Division, thus enabling the capture of Seoul and delivering a crushing blow to UN forces in Korea. In what became known as the Battle of the Imjin River, <mask>'s Glosters and the rest of the British brigade were met by an onslaught of over 27,000 Chinese troops attacking in massed waves.<mask>'s leadership was instrumental in allowing the Gloster's to hold their ground during the attack during which the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC:

By the morning of 24 April, <mask> and the surviving Glosters gathered on Hill 235 where he received orders from 3rd Division commander General Soule that the Glosters were to hold their ground and await reinforcements. These reinforcements, however, were forced to retreat just 2,000 yards (1,800 m) short of the Glosters' position, leaving the Glosters alone in trying to hold Hill 235 against an entire Chinese division. Both sides fought fiercely throughout the night for control over the hill and by the morning of 25 April, the Glosters still held the hill but had very little ammunition, no hope of relief and no artillery support. <mask> requested permission to attempt a breakout and ordered his men to split into small groups and make as best they could back to the British lines. Only 63 of his men would succeed in doing this with the rest of the battalion, including Carne, being either killed, captured or wounded. Despite the battalion's effective annihilation, the Gloster's stand earned them worldwide fame as The Glorious Glosters and had enabled the rest of the British and American forces to retreat before they too were overwhelmed. Prisoner of war

<mask> fell into Chinese captivity after his 700-man battalion's astonishing resistance against an estimated 11,000 attackers was finally overcome.As the senior British officer among hundreds of prisoners kept in appalling conditions in camps in communist-held Korea, he was singled out for special treatment. While the other ranks were "re-educated" by the communist commissars at their camps, <mask> was kept in solitary confinement. According to documents held at the National Archives in Kew and not made public until 2006, when <mask> was released in September 1953 he told Sir Esler Dening, the British ambassador in Tokyo, "an extraordinary story" of brainwashing. "He says that between January 1952 and August this year he was kept in solitary confinement by Chinese communists and subjected to a softening-up process including the use of drugs, [the] result of which was, as he put it, to make his brain like a sponge, capable of receiving any kind of information put into it", Sir Esler told the Foreign Office in a "top secret" category telegram. The note, which was sent straight to Sir Winston Churchill, in his second term as Prime Minister, went on: "In March of this year, (i.e. about the time when the communists displayed a new interest in concluding an armistice) various thoughts were put in to his mind, and he remains convinced that he was meant to retain these and pass them on to Her Majesty's Government." The thoughts comprised a peace deal not just to end the war in Korea, but to reach a settlement covering the whole Pacific region.Sir Esler opined: "The whole thing might be pure fantasy except for the fact that Colonel <mask> could hardly have invented it and does not strike one as that sort of person." The Foreign Office was sceptical about the plot, but suggested that perhaps its aim was to split Britain from its American ally. Popular culture
In 1954 it was announced that Warwick Productions wanted to make a film The Glorious Glosters starring Alan Ladd as Carne based on a script by Max Trell. However the film was never made. <mask> was honoured by South Korea in 2015 when his image was featured on a South Korean stamp issued to commemorate the 65th anniversary of the start of the Korean War. Later life
<mask> settled in Gloucestershire in retirement and died in 1986. He was cremated at the Bouncer's Lane Cemetery, Cheltenham, and buried at Cranham.Honours and awards
13 July 1951 – Lieutenant-Colonel <mask> <mask> (33647), The Gloucestershire Regiment (missing) is awarded the Distinguished Service Order for gallant and distinguished services in Korea. 27 October 1953 – Lieutenant-Colonel <mask> <mask>, DSO, (33647), The Gloucestershire Regiment, is awarded the Victoria Cross in recognition of gallant and distinguished service in Korea. His Victoria Cross is held by the Soldiers of Gloucestershire Museum, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, England. 30 October 1953 – Lieutenant-Colonel <mask> <mask>, VC, DSO (33647). The Gloucestershire Regiment is given permission to wear the Distinguished Unit Citation conferred by the President of the United States for gallant and distinguished services during operations by the United Nations in Korea. 28 August 1956 Lt-<mask> was appointed Honorary Colonel of the 5th Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment (Territorial Army). References

External links

 Location of grave and VC medal (Gloucestershire)
 Lieutenant Colonel <mask> (detailed account of the Battle of the Imjin River)
 <mask>ne

1906 births
1986 deaths
British Army personnel of the Korean War
British Army personnel of World War II
British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross
British prisoners of war in the Korean War
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Gloucestershire Regiment officers
People from Falmouth, Cornwall
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
British torture victims
Military personnel from Cornwall

masks:
James Power Carne
Carne
George Newby Carne
Annie Emily Le Poar Carne
Carne
Carne
Carne
Carne
Carne
Carne
Carne
Carne
Carne
Carne
Carne
Carne
Carne
James Power
Carne
James Power
Carne
James Power
Carne
Col Carne
James Carne
James Car


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<mask> (born 2 July 1944) is a Norwegian freelance journalist, photographer, peace activist and former head of information of the Norwegian Language Council. Career

<mask> was born in Skien, Norway. He studied languages and literature at Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, at the University of Tours, France, and at the University of Bergen, Norway. He also read philosophy. He graduated from the University of Bergen in 1974 and later pursued his studies of English at the University of Oslo. For a few years he was a high school teacher, in 1972–73 chairperson and general secretary of the Norwegian chapter of War Resisters' International (WRI), and in 1974–77  a research assistant at the Norwegian Council of Educational Research. From October 1979 until 1986 he worked for the Norwegian campaign against nuclear weapons, «Nei til atomvåpen», of which he was a co-founder.In 1986 he became information officer of the Norwegian Council for Teacher Education under the Ministry of Education; and in 1994–2007 he was head of information of  the  Norwegian Language Council, a council under the Ministry of Cultural Affairs. He retired in September 2008. Photography

Since the late 1980s <mask> has worked extensively on photography. His main interest in photography is landscapes and pinhole photography. He has written a book in English on building large format cameras, based on his own experience as a camera builder. His lengthy and thorough  online article, «Pinhole Photography – History, Images, Cameras, Formulas», first published in 1996, updated regularly, is a staple source on the subject of lensless photography and has been translated into Spanish,  Portuguese, Russian and Polish. The article is used in photography courses in several colleges in the US and is a major resource for pinhole photographers participating in the Worldwide Pinhole Photography Day, which takes place on the last Sunday of April every year.Promoting the Nynorsk variety of Norwegian

In later years <mask> has been involved in activities aiming to reinforce the position of the  Nynorsk variety of Norwegian, one of two official varieties of Norwegian, used by 10–15 percent of the Norwegian population. His main projects have been to promote computer software for this variety of Norwegian, to supervise government offices with regard to the Norwegian Language Usage Act, which requires that these offices to a certain extent use both varieties of Norwegian, and to digitize for web publication early texts in Nynorsk. In 2002 he was awarded a prize by the Norwegian Language Association  («Noregs Mållag») for his work related to the Norwegian Language Usage Act. Involvement in the peace movement

<mask> is a conscientious objector and did his alternative service in 1969–70. In the 1970s he was heavily involved in the pacifist peace movement in Norway. He was also an executive member of War Resisters' International (WRI). His main projects at this time were to transform the alternative service into a peace service, and promoting the idea of non-military defense and non-violent strategies for social change.His basically Gandhian nonviolent position was influenced by the Norwegian philosopher Arne Næss and peace researcher Johan Galtung. In 1978 he organized an international research conference on non-military defense in Oslo. In 1974–79 he was a member of a public commission appointed by the Norwegian government to evaluate and propose changes in the legislation on conscription and conscientious objection in Norway («Vernepliktsutvalget»). In 1978 <mask> was one of the leaders of the Norwegian campaign against the neutron bomb; and in 1979 one of the initiators of the Norwegian campaign against deployment of new nuclear missiles in Europe («Nei til atomvåpen»). He later was information officer and international secretary of the campaign, which became one of the largest popular movements in post-war history in Norway. He was also one of the first Norwegian signatories of the European Nuclear Disarmament appeal for a nuclear-free Europe and had close contacts to this movement. Interest in languages
<mask> studied English and French, Latin and Italian at universities in the United States, Norway and France.As a student of English he also read Old English. In his teens he learned Esperanto, and in high school, German, in addition to English and French. In the 1980s he studied basic Russian and Greek. His interest in languages is deeply rooted, as is his interest in the relationship between language and cognition. Family and personal life
<mask> is the son of teacher <mask> (1903–1990) and his wife Ragna Veitebergsbakke (1909–2000). His grandparents were farmers in Jølster, Norway. Publications
<mask> has published several books in Norwegian and English, has contributed to Norwegian encyclopedias and reference works and has written articles for newspapers and for Norwegian and foreign language magazines.Selected publications in English, Norwegian and French
Books:
 Hydra. Seksti augnekast og nokre ord. Oslo 2021. ISBN 978-82-691870-1-4
 Ferdinand Alois Grobs biletalbum – og våre handlingars utkantvegar. Oslo 2021. ISBN 978-82-691870-3-8
 Mirabilia Urbis Romae. Stort og smått i Roma.Oslo 2021. ISBN 978-82-691870-2-1
 Gente di Roma. Vandringar under Romas himmel. Oslo 2019. Italiareiser. Oslo 2018. Roma Stenopeica.Vandringar med camera obscura i Roma. Oslo 2018. Roma Stenopeica. Pinhole Wanderings in Rome. Oslo 2017. Iceland. Black and White Photographs.Oslo 2016. Oslo Revisited. Fourteen Pinhole Photographs. Oslo 2016. Föhr, Svolvær, Hydra. Fifteen Pinhole Photographs. Oslo 2015.Pinhole Images 1992–2014. Oslo 2014. Camera Obscura. Ten Pinhole Photographs. Oslo 2013. Building a Large Format Camera. Oslo 1996, (second edition 2000).Krig i vår tid? Forsvar og fredspolitikk i 1980-åra. Oslo 1979
 Transarmament Strategies and Civilian Defence for Small Nations. Oslo 1978 (Conference report, co-editor Berit G. Holm)
 Bruk av språklaboratorium i vidaregåande skular. Oslo 1975
 Mardøla : dokumentasjon og perspektiv. Oslo 1971
Selected articles:
 Pinhole Photography – History, Images, Cameras, Formulas (online article, first published 1996)
 «Nynorsk programvare – nokre milesteinar» (online article, 2000, oppdated 2009)
 «Opplæringlova og elektroniske læremiddel – førearbeid, lov og forskrift, rundskriv» (online article, 2000, oppdated 2008)
 «Språkleg jamstilling på datamaskinen». Språknytt, 3, 2000
 «Språkteknologi på norsk».Mål og makt, 1, 1999
 «Kryssarrakettane i nord og norsk politikk». Samtiden, 1, 1986
 «Stjernekrig som myte og røyndom». Syn og Segn, 4, 1985
 «Ikkje-militære forsvarsformer». Ikkevold, 3, 1984
 «Fredsbevegelsen». PaxLeksikon, bd. 7, Oslo 1983
 «Eurorakettane : utplassering i Europa og fredsbevegelsens oppgaver». Kontrast, 5–6, 1983
 «The Peace Movement in the Nordic Countries».END Papers 4, Nottingham 1982
 «Norway and the Struggle for Nuclear Disarmament». A paper prepared for the '81 World Conference against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs, Tokyo, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 3–9 August 1981
 <mask>: «Norway's Fight against New Nuclear Weapons». European Nuclear Disarmament: A Bulletin of Work in Progress (Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation), No. 2, 1980
 «Sivilmotstand». PaxLeksikon, bd. 5, Oslo 1980
 <mask>, Robert Polet, Jean-François Lecocq: Transarmement. Les Monographies de la Défence Civile XI.Liège 1979
 «Disarmament, Transarmament and Non-Military Defence». Supplement to WRI Newsletter No 144, May–June 1978
 «Verneplikt og militærnekting i nytt lys». Kirke og Kultur, 8, 1977 (co-author Sigmund Jarle Jacobsen)

References

Wesleyan University alumni
People from Skien

masks:
Jon Grepstad
Jon Grepstad
Jon Grepstad
Jon Grepstad
Jon Grepstad
Jon Grepstad
Jon Grepstad
Jon Grepstad
Andreas Grepstad
Jon Grepstad
Jon Grepstad
Jon Grepstad