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<mask> (born November 22, 1976) is a German entrepreneur and co-founder of Sapinda Group. In 2015, he was ranked in the Sunday Times Rich List, with his net worth reported as being £320 million. He notably founded businesses in his teens, filing for bankruptcy in 2003 as a result of the Dot-com bubble. The following year, Windhorst co-founded the Sapinda Group. Following restructuring, Sapinda Holding BV, founded in 2009, is the group's parent company. Windhorst is its Non-Executive Chairman. In December 2007, shortly after Christmas, Windhorst was severely injured during a plane crash in Kazakhstan.One of the pilots died when the Bombardier Challenger 604 hit a wall and exploded after leaving the runway in Almaty. Early life
While aged 14, Windhorst, the son of a local stationery store owner, turned the family garage in his hometown of Rahden, into a makeshift computer lab. He mobilised his classmates to help him build PCs, which he later sold in his father's shop, while seeking suppliers of individual components in China. In 1993 while still at school, he established his first company. He was helped in administering its operations by his parents, given he was underage, such as by signing contracts on his behalf and driving him to work. Windhorst became well known as one of the most successful young entrepreneurs in Germany. Being termed the "Wunderkind" and Germany's Bill Gates, he was invited to join the former German Chancellor Helmut Kohl on a trip to Asia as part of the official government delegation.It was on this trip that Windhorst developed international business contacts, being the youngest participant in the World Economic Forum in Davos. Early businesses
In October 1993, Windhorst founded his first company, Windhorst Electronics GmbH, alongside Chinese businessman Ming Rong Zhang. The activities of Windhorst Electronics GmbH initially focused on the import and trade of electronic components and computer parts from Asia as well as the sale of IT products throughout Germany and Europe. Just one year after the company was founded, Windhorst Electronics, with a total of 80 employees, reported a turnover of £80 million. In 1995, Windhorst moved to Hong Kong and founded Windhorst Asia Pacific Holding Limited, a holding company for the business operations of the group in Asia. Until 1996, the Windhorst Group expanded its business as a trading and investment firm in the electronics, industry, trade, real estate and finance sectors. The company had offices and branches in Europe and Asia, including mainland China and Vietnam.In 2000, Windhorst founded Windhorst New Technologies AG with a focus on investments in the internet and new technologies sectors. In 2002 Windhorst New Technologies AG was set to be listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. However, with the onset of the economic crisis the group found itself in difficulties and had to subsequently declare bankruptcy in 2003. Sapinda / Tennor Group
In 2004, Windhorst became co-founder of the Sapinda investment group, which coordinates financing with its affiliate, Anoa Capital, to provide funding to public, private and start-up companies. In approximately five years Sapinda processed investments to the value of more than €2 billion. During the global financial crisis the Group, and its German company Vatas Holding GmbH in particular, sustained considerable losses. As a result of the global financial crisis in 2008, during the latter half of the year the company started restructuring talks; in January 2009 the partners had to file for bankruptcy for the German subsidiary Vatas.In April 2009, all business activities were restructured and the new parent company for the group became Sapinda Holding BV, founded that same year in Amsterdam. The Group now has offices in several countries and employs a team of more than 80 employees worldwide. Sapinda Holding BV combines investments in agriculture and food processing with mining/raw materials, oil and gas extraction and production, in both public and private companies. It also holds stakes in the media, technology and real estate sectors. In February 2018 Sapinda acquired luxury brand La Perla. Together with Carl Heinrich Bruhn, <mask> set up Amatheon Agri to give Sapinda Holding BV exposure to the African agricultural sector, according to German news magazine Der Spiegel. In an interview, Windhorst stated the Sapinda business organised investments amounting to around €3.5 billion between 2009 and 2012, including loans for companies like Air Berlin and Infineon.Sapinda's partners include management consultant Roland Berger, its advisory board being managed by Hubertus von Grünberg, who is also Chairman of Swiss corporation ABB Ltd. The group changed its name in May, 2019, to Tennor (Tennor Holding B.V.). Lawsuits
Windhorst filed for personal bankruptcy in the summer of 2007. According to an article in German news magazine Focus from 3 September 2007, the lawsuit against him presented by his joint creditor, Ulrich Marseille, was rejected by the German Federal Court of Justice in August, meaning Windhorst's debts were cleared. The Public Prosecutor in Berlin pressed charges against Windhorst for fraud, breach of trust, embezzlement and several counts of insolvency offences in 2009. Windhorst's breach of trust involved transferring €800,000 of personal funds into one of his alternative accounts. After a plea-bargain, prosecutors agreed to drop the fraud charges if he paid a fine of €1 million, repaid €2.5 million to his alleged victim and admitted a breach of trust offence, for which he was given a one-year probation period.At proceedings commencing on 18 December 2009, these charges were discontinued, and the amount was paid back. In 2010, Windhorst also faced a civil suit by Alki Partners, an American hedge fund, which filed papers in a Manhattan court alleging that he and others took part in a "fraudulent scheme" to "manipulate" the share price of Remote DX, a US company. The complaint was dismissed later that year. Philanthropy
Windhorst is a founding patron of the Serpentine Sackler Gallery and member of the Council of Trustees of the Serpentine Gallery in London. Since 2014 <mask> has supported the C/O-Gallery in Berlin, a private museum specialising in photographic-art, acting as a "Patron". Windhorst purchased part of the Christo and Jeanne-Claude collection, including documents and objects (such as scaffolding) involved in the 1995 Reichstag "wrapping". In November 2015, Norbert Lammert, President of the Bundestag, and the artist Christo opened an exhibition displaying 400 original drawings and sketches of the wrapping after Windhorst donated the works to the Bundestag until 2035.From 2002 to 2012, Windhorst served as board of trustees of the Mentor Foundation, and collaborates with the Ein Herz für Kinder foundation. Hertha BSC
In June 2019, he bought stakes of Bundesliga side Hertha BSC. In 2020, he bought more stakes of the club. References

External links
 Lars Windhorst Archive

1976 births
Living people
Child businesspeople
German expatriates in the United Kingdom
German investors
German football chairmen and investors
Hertha BSC

masks:
Lars Windhorst
Lars Windhorst
Lars Windhorst


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<mask> (24 October 1923 – 20 December 1997) was a British-born naturalised American poet. She was a recipient of the Lannan Literary Award for Poetry. <mask>'s 'What Were They Like?' is currently included in the Pearson Edexcel GCSE (9–1) English Literature poetry anthology, and the Conflict cluster of the OCR GCSE (9-1) English Literature poetry anthology, 'Towards a World Unknown.' Early life and influences
<mask> was born and grew up in Ilford, Essex. Her mother, Beatrice Adelaide (née Spooner-Jones) Levertoff, came from a small mining village in North Wales. Her father, Paul Levertoff, had been a teacher at Leipzig University and as a Russian Hasidic Jew was held under house arrest during the First World War as an 'enemy alien' by virtue of his ethnicity.He emigrated to the UK and became an Anglican priest after converting to Christianity. In the mistaken belief that he would want to preach in a Jewish neighbourhood, he was housed in Ilford, within reach of a parish in Shoreditch, in East London. His daughter wrote, "My father's Hasidic ancestry, his being steeped in Jewish and Christian scholarship and mysticism, his fervour and eloquence as a preacher, were factors built into my cells". <mask>, who was educated at home, showed an enthusiasm for writing from an early age and studied ballet, art, piano and French as well as standard subjects. She wrote about the strangeness she felt growing up part Jewish, German, Welsh and English, but not fully belonging to any of these identities. She notes that it lent her a sense of being special rather than excluded: "[I knew] before I was ten that I was an artist-person and I had a destiny". She noted: "Humanitarian politics came early into my life: seeing my father on a soapbox protesting Mussolini's invasion of Abyssinia; my father and sister both on soap-boxes protesting Britain's lack of support for Spain; my mother canvasing long before those events for the League of Nations Union; and all three of them working on behalf of the German and Austrian refugees from 1933 onwards… I used to sell the Daily Worker house-to-house in the working class streets of Ilford Lane".When <mask> was five years old she declared she would be a writer. At the age of 12, she sent some of her poems to T. S. Eliot, who replied with a two-page letter of encouragement. In 1940, when she was 17, <mask> published her first poem. During the Blitz, <mask> served in London as a civilian nurse. Her first book, The Double Image, was published six years later. In 1947, she met and married American writer Mitchell Goodman and moved with him to the United States the following year. Although <mask> and Goodman would eventually divorce in 1975, they did have one son, Nikolai, together and lived mainly in New York City, summering in Maine.In 1955, she became a naturalised American citizen. <mask>'s first two books had comprised poems written in traditional forms and language. But as she accepted the US as her new home and became more and more fascinated with the American idiom, she began to come under the influence of the Black Mountain poets and most importantly William Carlos Williams. Her first American book of poetry, Here and Now, shows the beginnings of this transition and transformation. Her poem "With Eyes at the Back of Our Heads" established her reputation. Later life and work
During the 1960s and 70s, <mask> became much more politically active in her life and work. As poetry editor for The Nation, she was able to support and publish the work of feminist and other leftist activist poets.The Vietnam War was an especially important focus of her poetry, which often tried to weave together the personal and political, as in her poem "The Sorrow Dance," which speaks of her sister's death. Also in response to the Vietnam War, <mask> joined the War Resisters League, and in 1968 signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the war. <mask> was a founding member of the anti-war collective RESIST along with Noam Chomsky, Mitchell Goodman, William Sloane Coffin, and Dwight Macdonald. Much of the latter part of <mask>'s life was spent in education. After moving to Massachusetts, <mask> taught at Brandeis University, MIT and Tufts University. She also lived part-time in Palo Alto and taught at Stanford University, as professor of English (professor emeritus). There she befriended Robert McAfee Brown, a professor of religion at Stanford and pastor.Franciscan Murray Bodo also became a spiritual advisor to her. In 1984 she uncovered notebooks of her mother and father, resolving some personal and religious conflict. In 1989 she moved from Somerville, Massachusetts to Seattle, Washington, and lived near Seward Park on Lake Washington, with a view of her beloved Mount Rainier. On the West Coast, she had a part-time teaching stint at the University of Washington and for 11 years (1982–1993) held a full professorship at Stanford University, where she taught in the Stegner Fellowship program. In 1984 she received a Litt. D. from Bates College. After retiring from teaching, she travelled for a year doing poetry readings in the US and Britain.In 1990 she joined the Catholic Church at St. Edward’s Parish, Seattle; she became involved in protests of the US attack on Iraq. She retired from teaching at Stanford. In 1994 <mask> was diagnosed with lymphoma, and also suffered pneumonia and acute laryngitis. Despite this she continued to lecture and participate at national conferences, many on spirituality and poetry. In February 1997 she experienced the death of Mitch Goodman. In December 1997, <mask> died at the age of 74 from complications due to lymphoma. She was buried at Lake View Cemetery in Seattle, Washington.Her papers are held at Stanford University. The first full biography appeared in October 2012 by Dana Greene <mask>: A Poet's Life (Chicago: University of Illinois, 2012). Donna Krolik Hollenberg's more substantial biography, A Poet's Revolution: The Life of <mask>, was published by the University of California Press in April 2013. Political poetry
Both politics and war are major themes in <mask>'s poetry. <mask> was published in the Black Mountain Review during the 1950s, but denied any formal relations with the group. She began to develop her own lyrical style of poetry through those influences. She felt it was part of a poet's calling to point out the injustice of the Vietnam War, and she also actively participated in rallies, reading poetry at some.Some of her war poetry was published in her 1971 book To Stay Alive, a collection of anti-Vietnam War letters, newscasts, diary entries, and conversations. Complementary themes in the book involve the tension of the individual vs. the group (or government) and the development of personal voice in mass culture. In her poetry, she promotes community and group change through the imagination of the individual and emphasizes the power of individuals as advocates of change. She also links personal experience to justice and social reform. Suffering is another major theme in <mask>'s war poetry. The poems "Poetry, Prophecy, Survival," "Paradox and Equilibrium," and "Poetry and Peace: Some Broader Dimensions" revolve around war, injustice, and prejudice. In her volume Life at War, <mask> uses imagery to express the disturbing violence of the Vietnam War.Throughout these poems, she addresses violence and savagery, yet tries to bring grace into the equation, mixing the beauty of language and the ugliness of the horrors of war. The themes of her poems, especially "Staying Alive," focus on both the cost of war and the suffering of the Vietnamese. In her prose work, The Poet in the World, she writes that violence is an outlet. <mask>'s first successful Vietnam poetry was her book Freeing of the Dust. Some of the themes of this book of poems are the experience of the North Vietnamese, and distrust of people. She attacks the United States pilots in her poems for dropping bombs. Overall, her war poems incorporate suffering to show that violence has become an everyday occurrence.After years of writing such poetry, <mask> eventually came to the conclusion that beauty and poetry and politics can't go together. This opened the door wide for her religious-themed poetry in the later part of her life. Religious influences
From a very young age <mask> was influenced by her religion, and when she began writing it was a major theme in her poetry. Through her father she was exposed to both Judaism and Christianity. <mask> always believed that her culture and her family roots had inherent value to herself and her writing. Furthermore, she believed that she and her sister had a destiny pertaining to this. When <mask> moved to the United States, she fell under the influence of the Black Mountain Poets, especially the mysticism of Charles Olson.She drew on the experimentation of Ezra Pound and the style of William Carlos Williams, but was also exposed to the Transcendentalism of Thoreau and Emerson. Although all these factors shaped her poetry, her conversion to Christianity in 1984 was the main influence on her religious writing. Sometime shortly after her move to Seattle in 1989, she became a Roman Catholic. In 1997, she brought together 38 poems from seven of her earlier volumes in The Stream & the Sapphire, a collection intended, as <mask> explains in the foreword to the collection, to "trace my slow movement from agnosticism to Christian faith, a movement incorporating much doubt and questioning as well as affirmation." Religious themes
<mask> wrote many poems with religious themes throughout her career. These poems range from religious imagery to implied metaphors of religion. One particular theme was developed progressively throughout her poetry.This was the pilgrimage/spiritual journey of <mask> towards the deep spiritual understanding and truth in her last poems. One of her earlier poems is "A Tree Telling of Orpheus" from her book Relearning the Alphabet. This poem uses the metaphor of a tree, which changes and grows when it hears the music of Orpheus. This is a metaphor of spiritual growth. The growth of the tree is like the growth of faith, and as the tree goes through life we also go through life on a spiritual journey. Much of <mask>'s religious poetry was concerned with respect for nature and life. Also among her themes were nothingness and absence.In her earlier poems something is always lacking, searching, and empty. In "Work that Enfaiths" <mask> begins to confront this "ample doubt" and her lack of "burning surety" in her faith. The religious aspect of this is the doubt vs. light debate. Levertov cannot find a balance between faith and darkness. She goes back and forth between the glory of God and nature, but doubt constantly plagues her. In her earlier religious poems Levertov searches for meaning in life. She explores God as he relates to nothing(ness) and everything.In her later poetry, a shift can be seen. A Door in the Hive and Evening Train are full of poems using images of cliffs, edges, and borders to push for change in life. Once again, <mask> packs her poetry with metaphors. She explores the idea that there can be peace in death. She also begins to suggest that nothing is a part of God. "Nothingness" and darkness are no longer just reasons to doubt and agonise over. "St. Thomas Didymus" and "Mass" show this growth, as they are poems that lack her former nagging wonder and worry.In Evening Train, <mask>'s poetry is highly religious. She writes about experiencing God. These poems are breakthrough poems for her. She writes about a mountain, which becomes a metaphor for life and God. When clouds cover a mountain, it is still huge and massive and in existence. God is the same, she says. Even when He is clouded, we know He is there.Her poems tend to shift away from constantly questioning religion to accepting it simply. In "The Tide," the final section of Evening Train, <mask> writes about accepting faith and realizing that not knowing answers is tolerable. This acceptance of the paradoxes of faith marks the end of her "spiritual journey." <mask>'s heavy religious writing began at her conversion to Christianity in 1984. She wrote a great deal of metaphysical poetry to express her religious views, and began to use Christianity to link culture and community together. In her poem "Mass" she writes about how the Creator is defined by His creation. She writes a lot about nature and individuals.In the works of her last phase, <mask> sees Christianity as a bridge between individuals and society, and explores how a hostile social environment can be changed by Christian values. Accomplishments
<mask> wrote and published 24 books of poetry, and also criticism and translations. She also edited several anthologies. Among her many awards and honours, she received the Shelley Memorial Award, the Robert Frost Medal, the Lenore Marshall Prize, the Lannan Award, a Catherine Luck Memorial Grant, a grant from the National Institute of Arts and Letters, and a Guggenheim Fellowship. This is not to be confused with the 2002 US volume of the same title. From Neil Astley, of Bloodaxe Books:

"Selected Poems (1986) had no editor as such: the book was edited by Bloodaxe Books in consultation with <mask>, with helpful suggestions made by Linda Anderson and Cynthia Fuller. It was originated by Bloodaxe Books for publication in the UK and there was no corresponding US edition.It had no introduction or preface." Selected Poems (NY: New Directions Publishing Corporation, 2002), preface by Robert Creeley, edited with an afterword by  Paul A. Lacey
New Selected Poems (UK: Bloodaxe Books, 2003), preface by Robert Creeley, edited with an afterword by Paul A. Lacey

The latter two volumes are identical in contents. From Neil Astley, of Bloodaxe Books:

"New Selected Poems was first published in the US by New Directions in 2002 under the title Selected Poems, and published by Bloodaxe Books in the UK in 2003 under the title New Selected Poems to avoid confusion with the previous UK edition called Selected Poems. It was edited with an afterword by Paul A. Lacy and has a preface by Robert Creeley. So it is the same book as New Directions' Selected Poems." Prose
The Poet in the World (NY: New Directions Publishing Corporation, 1973)
Light Up the Cave (NY: New Directions Publishing Corporation, 1981)
New & Selected Essays (NY: New Directions Publishing Corporation, 1992)
Tesserae: Memories & Suppositions (NY: New Directions Publishing Corporation, 1995)

Letters
The Letters of <mask> and William Carlos Williams, Edited by Christopher MacGowan (1998).The Letters of Robert Duncan and <mask> (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004), Edited by Robert J. Bertholf & Albert Gelpi. Bibliography
A Bibliography of <mask> (New York: Phoenix Book Shop, Paper, 1972), Compiled by Robert A. Wilson. <mask>ov: An Annotated Primary and Secondary Bibliography (NY: Garland Publishing, Garland Reference Library of the Humanities, Vol. 856, November 1988), Liana Sakelliou-Schultz. Criticism
Critical Essays on <mask> (Boston, MA: G. K. Hall & Co., Critical Essays on American Literature, January 1991), Edited by Linda Wagner-Martin. <mask> (DeLand, FL: Everett/Edwards, 1972), Charles Molesworth. <mask> (NY: Twayne Publishers, Inc., Twayne's United States Authors Series 113, 1967), Linda Welshimer Wagner.<mask>: In Her Own Province (NY: New Directions Publishing Corporation, Insights, Working Papers in Contemporary Criticism, Paper, May 1979), Edited by Linda W. Wagner. <mask>: New Perspectives (West Cornwall, CT: Locust Hill Press, 2000), Edited by Anne Colclough Little and Susie Paul. <mask> Revisited (Boston, MA: Macmillan Library Reference/Twayne Publishers, Inc., 30 July 1997), Diana Surman Collecott. <mask>: Selected Criticism (Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press, Paper, 1993), Edited, with an Introduction, by Albert Gelpi . <mask>: The Poetry of Engagement (Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, Associated University Presses, Inc., March 1993), Audrey T. Rodgers. From Out of the Vietnam Vortex: a study of poets and poetry against the war (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1974), James F. Mersmann. A House of Good Proportion: Images of Women in Literature (NY: Simon and Schuster, 1973), Michele Murray.Levertov's Poetry of Revelation, 1988–1998: The Mosaic of Nature and Spirit (Athens, Greece: George Dardanos, Paper, June 1999/February 2002), Liana Sakelliou.Our Last First Poets: Vision and History in Contemporary American Poetry (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1981), Cary Nelson.The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Poetry in English (NY: Oxford University Press, 1994), Edited by Ian Hamilton.The Oxford Companion to Women's Writing in the United States (NY: Oxford University Press, 1995), Edited by Cathy N. Davidson and Linda Wagner-Martin.Poetics of the Feminine: Authority and Literary Tradition in William Carlos Williams, Mina Loy, <mask>, and Kathleen Fraser (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Studies, March 1994), Linda A. Kinnahan.The Poetry of Politics, the Politics of Poetry (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, Paper, 2006), Edited by Albert Gelpi and Robert J. Bertholf.Poets in Progress: Critical Prefaces to Thirteen Modern American Poets (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1967), Edited by Edward Buell Hungerford.Revelation and Revolution in the Poetry of <mask> (London: Binnacle Press, 1981), Peter Middleton. Understanding <mask> (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1988), Harry Marten.Writing in a Nuclear Age (Hanover, NH: New England Review and Bread Loaf Quarterly: Distributed by University Press of New England, 1984), Edited by Jim Schley. Biography
Green, Dana. <mask>ov: A Poet's Life (Chicago: University of Illinois, 2012). First full biography of the author. Hollenberg, Donna Krolik, A Poet's Revolution: The Life of <mask> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 17 April 2013). More authoritative biography of the author.Further reading
 Keillor, Garrison. "Poems by <mask>ov", The Writer's Almanac''

Notes

External links

 Profile and poems at the Academy of American Poets
 Profile and poems at the Poetry Foundation
 Profile at Modern American Poetry
 Levertov Chronology
 <mask>ov Page on New Directions Publishing

1923 births
1997 deaths
American tax resisters
English women poets
English people of Russian-Jewish descent
English people of Welsh descent
English Roman Catholics
Black Mountain poets
Catholic poets
Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism
British emigrants to the United States
20th-century British poets
Jewish poets
People from Ilford
Roman Catholic writers
20th-century American poets
20th-century English women writers
20th-century English writers
20th-century American women writers

masks:
Priscilla Denise Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Denise Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levert
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levertov
Denise Levert
Denise Levertov
Denise Levert
Denise Levert


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<mask> (February 24, 1924 – February 1, 2022) was a Canadian bishop of the Catholic Church. He was Bishop of Victoria from 1962 to 1999 and the longest-serving Catholic bishop in Canada at the time of his retirement. He was also the last living bishop who had attended all sessions of the Second Vatican Council. He was notable for his advocacy of social justice and for making investments that impacted diocesan finances. Early life
<mask> was born in Swan Lake, Manitoba, on February 24, 1924. He was the second of eight or nine children; his sister became a Ursuline nun and his younger brother also became a priest. His first language was Flemish.<mask> attended seminary at St. Boniface seminary in Winnipeg starting when he was 15 years old. On June 8, 1950, he was ordained to the Catholic priesthood in his hometown. He subsequently undertook postgraduate studies at the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas in Rome, obtaining a Doctor of Sacred Theology degree in 1952. Presbyteral ministry
<mask>'s first pastoral assignment was as assistant parish priest at Holy Cross Parish in Winnipeg's Norwood neighbourhood shortly after his ordination. He then became diocesan director of Catholic Action the following year, before serving as vice-chancellor of the Archdiocese of Saint Boniface and secretary to Maurice Baudoux. He eventually became parish priest at Holy Cross in 1960, his final position before becoming bishop in 1962. He ultimately served as a priest in Saint Boniface for 12 years.Episcopal ministry
<mask> was appointed as the thirteenth Bishop of Victoria on October 29, 1962. The see had been vacant since March of that year, when James Michael Hill died. He was consecrated bishop on December 14, 1962, at Saint Boniface Cathedral in Winnipeg, with Maurice Baudoux serving as the principal consecrator. He was installed in Victoria six days later on December 20. He was the youngest Catholic bishop at the time, as well as the first Bishop of Victoria born in Western Canada. During his tenure as diocesan bishop, <mask> was known as a strong proponent of social action and liberation theology and was a critic of capitalism. He was the main force behind the 1983 Canadian bishops' statement "Ethical Reflections on the Economic Crisis".That document stated that the "goal of serving the human needs of all people in our society must take precedence over the maximization of profits and growth""  He also supported the ordination of women and married priests. His decision to broach the latter subject during a lunch with Pope John Paul II and other bishops in 1994 drew the ire of the pope, while his address to a conference in the US calling for a dialogue about the former resulted in <mask> being summoned to Rome in 1986 and reprimanded by Joseph Ratzinger, the prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith at the time. <mask> co-wrote the book In the Eye of the Catholic Storm with a former nun in 1992. The decision by Catholic newspapers in the nearby Archdiocese of Vancouver (The B.C. Catholic) as well as Toronto (The Catholic Register) not to run ads promoting the book made national headlines, underscoring the friction between conservative and liberal Catholics. At around the time of his retirement, he intended to address an international convention of married Catholic priests in Atlanta. However, he ultimately backed out after the Vatican told him not to proceed.<mask> was at the centre of a financial scandal that left his diocese nearly bankrupt. Over a 15-year period, despite being a critic of capitalism he made a series of large investments in real estate and in a horse-breeding ranch without adhering to canonical requirements for consent from the Vatican, consultation with diocesan clergy, or financial record-keeping. When the ventures failed the diocese was left with a debt of over $17 million. <mask> was not accused of fraud but did not obtain Vatican approval for any of these transactions. Vatican approval is required for transactions over $3.5 million. In May 2000, <mask> issued an apology to all Catholics in his former diocese which was printed in parish bulletins. In the apology he wrote that "I am truly sorry and beg your forgiveness."The diocese sold off assets and issued bonds to clear the debt. The diocese eventually sold the land it owned in Washington state in November 2006. This allowed it to pay off its debts completely, including to the many parishioners who had purchased bonds. <mask> was ultimately cleared of any wrongdoing by a jury in the civil action, which determined that he had actually made a sound investment. Second Vatican Council
<mask> attended all four sessions of Vatican II and was the last living bishop who had attended the council. This experience deeply affected him and he referred to himself as "a pilgrim of the Second Vatican Council". He described attending the sessions as "a voyage of discovery that would radically alter my whole outlook on reality" and "it was indeed a time of euphoria".After his retirement, <mask> continued to travel and lecture about Vatican II and gave the keynote address, "Rebuild My Church – A Vatican Council Father Shares an Inspired Vision", at a Call to Action conference in 2008. Later life
After 37 years of serving as Bishop of Victoria, <mask> reached the mandatory retirement age of 75 in February 1999. His resignation was accepted by Pope John Paul II less than one month later on March 11. He was the longest serving Canadian bishop at the time of his retirement. He subsequently remained on Vancouver Island and retired near to Nanaimo. <mask> continued to give lectures and minister into his nineties. He was also an Enneagram of Personality teacher and co-authored a book on the subject in 2002.<mask> died on February 1, 2022, at the Mount St. Mary's nursing home in Victoria. He was 97 years old. He was the last surviving bishop to have participated in the Second Vatican Council. References

1924 births
2022 deaths
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in Canada
Canadian anti-capitalists
Canadian expatriates in Italy
Liberation theologians
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
People from Northern Region, Manitoba
Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas alumni
Roman Catholic bishops of Saint Boniface
Roman Catholic bishops of Victoria in Canada
University of Manitoba alumni

masks:
Remi Joseph De Roo
De Roo
De Roo
De Roo
De Roo
De Roo
De Roo
De Roo
De Roo
De Roo
De Roo
De Roo
De Roo
De Roo
De Roo
De Roo
De Roo


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was a Japanese author. His most notable work is the novel Black Rain. Early life and education
Ibuse was born in 1898 to a landowning family in the village of , which is now part of Fukuyama, Hiroshima. Ibuse failed his entrance exam to Hiroshima Middle School but in 1911 he gained admission to Fukuyama Middle School. Fukuyama Middle School was an elite academy and was linked to eminent scholars. Fukuyama's teachers boasted about the school's pedigree but Ibuse did not care much for this. Ibuse spoke of this school as following Western ideals; in The First Half of My Life he said that the school emphasized Dutch learning and French military exercises.Ibuse was made fun of at this school; he even went so far as to avoid wearing glasses in an effort to avoid being ridiculed. Although Ibuse enjoyed the Western influences of his education, his grandfather arranged for a private tutorial in Chinese literature, however, this training came to a stop when Ibuse's tutor died. At his school, Ibuse had to often deal with rules that forbade students to read fictional literature; this prevented Ibuse from reading popular works during this period. However Ibuse managed to read works from Shimazaki Toson and Mori Ogai. In 1916, Ibuse even wrote a letter to Ogai with the pseudonym Kuchiki Sansuke. Ogai believed Sansuke was a famous scholar and sent a reply to Sansuke expressing his gratitude. While in middle school, Ibuse's brother Fumio submitted a poem to the Tokyo journal Shusai Bundan using Ibuse's name.Ibuse was reprimanded by the principal of Fukuyama Middle School but he was also praised by receiving two fan letters. The reprimand Ibuse received influenced him to express an interest in the visual arts. Ibuse studied the arts at Fukuyama Middle School; he enjoyed the classes but did not feel he wanted to commit his life to becoming an artist. Ibuse graduated from middle school in 1917; he wanted to continue his artistic endeavours under the tutorship of established painter Hashimoto Kansetsu but this opportunity was denied by Kansetsu. University education
In 1917, at nineteen years of age, Ibuse started studying at Waseda University, in Tokyo; he was greatly influenced by his brother Fumio and by a friend of his, Yamane Masakazu. Ibuse was at first interested in studying poetry and painting but was encouraged to study fiction and ended up specialising in French literature. Upon moving to Tokyo, Ibuse was ambivalent at leaving the countryside of Fukuyama and moving to the big city.Ibuse described this experience in Thoughts One February Ninth: "sometimes I feel that half of me wants to return to the country while the other half would like to cling to Tokyo until the very end". Tokyo appeared surreal to Ibuse; he felt lonely and missed his Fukuyama home. Nevertheless, Ibuse decided to stay in a boardinghouse near Waseda University; he often moved but always stayed near Waseda and visited Fukuyama only occasionally. During his stay at Waseda University, Ibuse witnessed political unrest and the expressed radicalism of university students. But the political ideologies of the era did not appeal to Ibuse. In fact, he was dissatisfied with the continual strikes and revolts. In Tokyo, Ibuse befriended eccentric young men and literary hopefuls, but often found inspiration in his loneliness and in his encounters with geisha and went so far as to pawn a watch to try to understand the necessitousness of writers.In 1918, Ibuse met naturalist writer Iwano Homei. Homei's literature appealed to Ibuse and would later influence some of Ibuse's literary works. Ibuse also befriended student Aoki Nampachi at Waseda. Aoki was a mentor and a great influence on the writings of Ibuse. Aoki's influence can be found in "The Carp", where Ibuse idealizes Aoki's friendship and represents his feelings towards this friendship as a carp. Ibuse was also influenced by the works of Shakespeare and Bashō, as well as by French fiction and poetry. Ibuse's first literary works were in prose and he started writing his first essays in 1922, shortly after the death of Aoki.He was sexually harassed by a gay professor named Noburu Katagami, so he had to leave the university before graduation. He severed his ties with Waseda University and started writing for small magazines. Literary career
Ibuse began publishing stories in the early 1920s. One of his first contributions was to the magazine Seiki. It was originally written for Aoki in 1919 and titled "The Salamander". In 1923 it was renamed "Confinement". Ibuse began to be recognised in the late 1920s, when his work was favorably mentioned by some of Japan's top critics.With the publication of Salamander in 1929, he began to write in a style characterized by a unique blend of humour and bitterness. He was awarded the Naoki Prize for John Manjirou, the Cast-Away: his Life and Adventure and continued to publish works filled with warmth and kindness, while at the same time showing a keen power of observation. The themes he employed were usually intellectual fantasies that used animal allegories, historical fiction, and the country life. During World War II Ibuse worked for the government as a propaganda writer. Ibuse was known and appreciated for most of his career, although it wasn't until after the war that he became famous. He won the inaugural Yomiuri Prize in 1949 for . In 1966 he published his novel Black Rain, which won him international acclaim and several awards, including the Noma Prize and the Order of Cultural Merit, the highest honor that can be bestowed upon a Japanese author.The novel draws its material from the bombing of Hiroshima and the title refers to the nuclear fallout. Ibuse was not present at the time of the bombing, but used the diaries of survivors to construct his narrative. An earlier story by Ibuse, Kakitsubata ("The Crazy Iris", first published in 1951), deals with similar themes. Selected works
 Yu Hei Confinement, 1923
 Sanshouo, 1929 – Salamander and Other Stories (trans. by John Bester)
 Sazanami Gunki, 1930–1938 – Waves: A War Diary
 Shigotobeya, 1931
 Kawa, 1931–1932 – The River
 Zuihitsu, 1933
 Keirokushu, 1936 – Miscellany
 Jon Manjiro Hyoryuki, 1937 – John Manjiro, the Cast-Away: His Life and Adventures
 Shukin Ryoko, 1937
 Sazanami Gunki, 1938 – trans. in Waves: Two Short Novels
 Tajinko Mura, 1939
 Shigureto Jokei, 1941
 Ibuse Masuji Zuihitsu Zenshu, 1941 (3 vols.) Hana No Machi, 1942 – City of Flowers
 Chushu Meigetsu, 1942
 Aru Shojo No Senji Nikki, 1943 – A Young Girl's Wartime Diary
 Gojinka, 1944
 Wabisuke, 1946 – trans.in Waves: Two Short Novels
 Magemono, 1946
 Oihagi No Hanashi, 1947
 Ibuse Masuji Senshu, 1948 (9 vols)
 Yohai Taicho, 1950 – Lieutenant Lookeast and other stories
 Kakitsubata, 1951 – The Crazy Iris
 Kawatsuri, 1952
 Honjitsu Kyushin, 1952 – No Consultations Today,
 Ibuse <mask> Sakuhinshu, 1953 (5 vols.) Hyomin Usaburo, 1954–1955
 Nyomin Nanakamado, 1955
 Kanreki No Koi, 1957
 Ekimae Ryokan, 1957
 Nanatsu No Kaidō, 1957
 Chinpindo Shujin, 1959
 Bushu Hachigatajo, 1963
 Mushinjo, 1963
 Ibuse <mask> Zenshu, 1964 (2 vols.) Kuroi Ame, 1966 – Black Rain (trans. by John Bester)
 Gendai Bungaku Taikei, 1966
 Hanseiki, 1970 – The First Half of My Life
 Shincho Nihonbungaku, 1970
 Tsuribito, 1970
 Ibuse <mask> Zenshu, 1975 (14 vols.) Choyochu No Koto, 1977–1980 – Under Arms
 Ogikubo Fudoki, 1981 – An Ogikybo Almanac

Adaptations
 Black Rain, 1989, dir. by Shohei Imamura

References

 Encyclopædia Britannica 2005 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD, article- "Ibuse Masuji"

External links

 http://www.f.waseda.jp/mjewel/jlit/authors_works/modernlit/ibuse_masuji.html

1898 births
1993 deaths
20th-century Japanese novelists
Japanese male short story writers
Japanese essayists
People from Fukuyama, Hiroshima
Winners of the Naoki Prize
Winners of the Yomiuri Prize
20th-century Japanese short story writers
20th-century essayists
20th-century Japanese male writers

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<mask> (June 29, 1892  in Passau, Bavaria– December 31, 1972) was an early homosexual rights activist in the United States. Inspired by the work of Germany's Magnus Hirschfeld and his Scientific-Humanitarian Committee and by the organisation Bund für Menschenrecht by Friedrich Radszuweit and Karl Schulz, <mask> founded the Society for Human Rights (SHR) in 1924, the nation's first known homosexual organization, and Friendship and Freedom, the first known American homosexual publication. SHR was short-lived, as police arrested several of its members shortly after it incorporated. Although embittered by his experiences, <mask> maintained contacts within the fledgling homophile movement of the 1950s and continued to agitate for the rights of homosexuals. <mask> has been repeatedly recognized for his contributions to the LGBT movement. Early life
<mask> was born Heinrich Joseph Dittmar (some sources say "Josef") on June 29, 1892, in the city of Passau in Bavaria. He changed his name to "<mask>" upon emigrating  to the United States in 1913.He and others in his family settled in Chicago because of its large German immigrant population. In 1917, <mask> was briefly committed to a mental institution because of his homosexuality. When the United States declared war on Germany, <mask> was given a choice: be interned as an enemy alien or enlist in the Army. <mask> chose the Army and he was assigned to work as a printer and proofreader with the Allied Army of Occupation in Coblenz. He served for around three years. During his time in Germany, Gerber learned about Magnus Hirschfeld and the work he and his Scientific-Humanitarian Committee were doing to reform anti-homosexual German law (especially Paragraph 175, which criminalized sex between men). <mask> traveled to Berlin, which supported a thriving gay subculture, on several occasions and subscribed to at least one homophile magazine.He absorbed Hirschfeld's ideas, including the notion that homosexual men were naturally effeminate. Following his military service, <mask> returned to the United States and went to work for the post office in Chicago. Society for Human Rights

Inspired by Hirschfeld's work with the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, <mask> resolved to found a similar organization in the United States. He called his group the Society for Human Rights (SHR) and took on the role of secretary. <mask> filed an application for a charter as a non-profit organization with the state of Illinois. The application outlined the goals and purposes of the (SHR):  To promote and protect the interests of people who by reasons of mental and physical abnormalities are abused and hindered in the legal pursuit of happiness which is guaranteed them by the Declaration of Independence and to combat the public prejudices against them by dissemination of factors according to modern science among intellectuals of mature age. The Society stands only for law and order; it is in harmony with any and all general laws insofar as they protect the rights of others, and does in no manner recommend any acts in violation of present laws nor advocate any manner inimical to the public welfare.>B)Since sodomy was illegal in every state in 1924, any participation in or advocacy of sex with other men would constitute a recommendation of an act in violation of a present law.Illinois was the first state to repeal its law but did not do so until 1962 B)(Hogan and Hudson, p. 634). An African American clergyman named John T. Graves signed on as president of the new organization and Gerber, Graves and five others were listed as directors. The state granted the charter on December 10, 1924, making SHR the oldest documented homosexual organization in the nation. Gerber created the first known American gay-interest publication, called Friendship and Freedom, as the SHR newsletter. However, few SHR members were willing to receive mailings of the newsletter, fearing that postal inspectors would deem the publication obscene under the  Comstock Act. Indeed, all gay-interest publications were deemed obscene until 1958. Friendship and Freedom lasted two issues.Gerber and Graves decided to limit SHR membership to gay men and exclude bisexuals. Unknown to them, SHR vice-president Al Weininger was married with two children. Weninger's wife reported SHR to a social worker in the summer of 1925, calling them "degenerates". The police interrogated <mask> and arrested him, Graves, Weininger and another man; the Chicago Examiner reported the story under the headline "Strange Sex Cult Exposed". <mask> was tried three times. Charges against <mask> were eventually dismissed but his defense cost him his life savings, some or all of which may have been in the form of bribes paid through his lawyer. <mask> lost his post office job for "conduct unbecoming a postal worker" and Weninger paid a $10 fine for "disorderly conduct".SHR was destroyed and <mask> was left embittered that none of the wealthy gays of Chicago came to his aid for a cause designed to advance the common good. Later life
<mask>'s activities between the demise of SHR and 1927 are undocumented. In 1927, <mask> travelled to New York City, where a friend from his Army days introduced him to a colonel. The officer encouraged <mask> to re-enlist and he did. <mask> was posted to Fort Jay on Governors Island and his post-war talents as a proofreader and editor likely put to use by the Army Recruiting Bureau in the production of their magazines and recruiting publications. It was likely that such low profile office work allowed him to continue in the Army, with occasional harassment until 1945, when he received an honorable discharge. During his second enlistment, <mask> ran a pen pal service called "Connections" beginning in 1930.The service typically had between 150 and 200 members, the majority of whom were heterosexual. He continued writing articles for a variety of magazines, including one called Chanticleer, in which he sometimes made the case for homosexual rights. It was the norm for gay writers to use pseudonyms when writing on gay matters; <mask> sometimes wrote under his own name but sometimes used the name "Parisex". <mask> continued to write for the next 30 years. In the mid-1940s, <mask> moved to Washington, D.C., where he explored the city's gay scene, including the popular cruising area in Lafayette Park. In 1953, the editors of ONE magazine—the first nationally syndicated homophile periodical available in the U.S.—published a letter from <mask> in which he briefly recounted the story of the Society for Human Rights. Almost a decade later, in 1962, ONE published a full-length article, written by <mask>, providing a detailed history of SHR.During the emergence of the homophile movement in the U.S., <mask> maintained a voluminous correspondence with other gay men, discussing gay organizing and strategies for answering societal prejudice. <mask> was an early member of the Washington chapter of the Mattachine Society, though he resigned after clashing with chapter president B. Dwight Huggins. <mask> spent the last decades of his life as a resident of the Soldiers' and Airmen's Home. There he worked on his memoirs (the manuscripts are thought to be lost) and translations of German novels. Gerber was 80 years old when he died at the home on December 31, 1972. He was buried in the adjoining United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery . <mask> was posthumously inducted into the Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame in 1992.The <mask>ber House, located at 1710 N. Crilly Court, Chicago, contains the apartment in which <mask> lived when he founded SHR. It was designated a Chicago Landmark on June 1, 2001. In June 2015 it was named a National Historic Landmark. The Gerber/Hart Library at 6500 North Clark Street is named in honor of Gerber and early civil rights defender Pearl M. Hart. Gerber serves as a direct link between the LGBT-related activism of the Weimar Republic and the American homophile movement of the 1950s. In 1929, a young man named Harry Hay was living in Los Angeles. He soon discovered the cruising scene in Pershing Square, where he met Champ Simmons, who had been a lover of one of Gerber's SHR compatriots.Simmons told Hay about the Society's brief history. Although Hay would later deny that he had any knowledge of previous LGBT activism, he was inspired by this knowledge to conceive in 1948 a proposal for gay men's political and social group. In 1950 Hay's idea reached fruition when he and several other men founded the Mattachine Society, the first enduring LGBT rights organization in the United States. Notes

References

Bibliography
 Blasius, Marc and Shane Phelan, eds. (1997). We Are Everywhere: A Historical Sourcebook of Gay and Lesbian Politics. New York, Routledge. .
 Hogan, Steve and Lee Hudson (1998).Completely Queer: The Gay and Lesbian Encyclopedia. New York, Henry Holt and Company. .
 Kepner, Jim and Stephen O. Murray. "<mask> (1895–1972): Grandfather of the American Gay Rights Movement". Collected in Bullough, Vern L. (2002). Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context. New York, Harrington Park Press, an imprint of The Haworth Press. .
 Loughery, John (1998). The Other Side of Silence – Men's Lives and Gay Identities: A Twentieth-Century History.New York, Henry Holt and Company. .
 Murdoch, Joyce, and Deb Price (2001). Courting Justice: Gay Men and Lesbians v. the Supreme Court. New York, Basic Books. .
 Riemer, Matthew and Leighton Brown (2019). We Are Everywhere: Protest, Power, and Pride in the History of Queer Liberation. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. . The National Museum & Archive of Lesbian and Gay History (1996). The Gay Almanac.New York, Berkeley Books. .

1892 births
1972 deaths
American gay writers
American LGBT military personnel
LGBT rights activists from Germany
LGBT rights activists from the United States
German gay writers
20th-century American writers
Bavarian emigrants to the United States
Burials at United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery
20th-century American male writers
Gay military personnel
20th-century LGBT people

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<mask> (born October 4, 1941) is an American experimental theater stage director and playwright who has been described by The New York Times as "[America]'s – or even the world's – foremost vanguard 'theater artist. He has also worked as a choreographer, performer, painter, sculptor, video artist, and sound and lighting designer. <mask> is best known for his collaboration with Philip Glass and Lucinda Childs on Einstein on the Beach, and his frequent collaborations with Tom Waits. In 1991, <mask> established The Watermill Center, "a laboratory for performance" on the East End of Long Island, New York, regularly working with opera and theatre companies, as well as cultural festivals. <mask> "has developed as an avant-garde artist specifically in Europe amongst its modern quests, in its most significant cultural centers, galleries, museums, opera houses and theaters, and festivals". Early life and education
<mask> was born in Waco, Texas, the son of Loree Velma (née Hamilton) and D.M<mask>, a lawyer.He had a difficult youth as the gay son of a conservative family. "When I was growing up, it was a sin to go to the theater. It was a sin if a woman wore pants. There was a prayer box in school, and if you saw someone sinning you could put their name in the prayer box, and on Fridays everyone would pray for those people whose names were in the prayer box." He was stuttering and taken to a local dance instructor called Bird "Baby" Hoffman, who helped him overcome his stutter. After attending local schools, he studied business administration at the University of Texas from 1959 to 1962. He moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1963 to change fields, study art and architecture.At some point he went to Arizona to study architecture with Paolo Soleri at his desert complex. <mask> found himself drawn to the work of pioneering choreographers George Balanchine, Merce Cunningham, and Martha Graham, among others. He engaged in therapeutic theater work with brain-injured and disabled children in New York. He received a BFA in architecture from the Pratt Institute in 1965. He directed a "ballet for iron-lung patients where the participants moved a fluorescent streamer with their mouths while the janitor danced dressed as Miss America". During this period, he also attended lectures by Sibyl Moholy-Nagy (widow of László Moholy-Nagy), and studied painting with artist George McNeil. Career

Theater
In 1968, he founded an experimental performance company, the Byrd Hoffman School of Byrds (named for a teacher who helped him manage a stutter while a teenager).With this company, he directed his first major works, beginning with 1969's The King of Spain and The Life and Times of Sigmund Freud. He began to work in opera in the early 1970s, creating Einstein on the Beach with composer Philip Glass and choreographer Lucinda Childs. This work brought the artists worldwide renown. Following Einstein, <mask> worked increasingly with major European theaters and opera houses. For the New York debut of his first opera, the Metropolitan Opera allowed <mask> to rent the house on a Sunday, when they did not have a production, but would not produce the work. In 1970, <mask> and a group of collaborators, including choreographer Andy deGroat and the dancer and actor Sheryl Sutton, devised the "silent opera" Deafman Glance in Iowa City, where it premiered at the Center for New Performing Arts on December 15. The large cast of the premiere production of Deafman Glance included Raymond Andrews and Ana Mendieta.The show subsequently traveled to the Nancy Festival in France and to the Brooklyn Academy of Music. It later opened in Paris, championed by the designer Pierre Cardin. The Surrealist poet Louis Aragon loved it and published a letter to the Surrealist poet André Breton (who had died in 1966), in which he praised <mask> as: "What we, from whom Surrealism was born, dreamed would come after us and go beyond us". In 1975, <mask> dissolved the Byrds and started to use professional actors. In 1983/84, <mask> planned a performance for the 1984 Summer Olympics, the CIVIL warS: A Tree Is Best Measured When It Is Down; the complete work was to have been 12 hours long, in 6 parts. The production was only partially completed; the full event was cancelled by the Olympic Arts Festival, due to insufficient funds. In 1986, the Pulitzer Prize jury unanimously selected the CIVIL warS for the drama prize, but the supervisory board rejected the choice and gave no drama award that year.In 1990 alone, <mask> created four new productions in four different West German cities: Shakespeare's King Lear in Frankfurt, Chekhov's Swan Song in Munich, an adaptation of Virginia Woolf's Orlando in West Berlin, and The Black Rider a collaboration by <mask>, Tom Waits and William S. Burroughs, in Hamburg. In 1998, <mask> staged August Strindberg's A Dream Play, first in Stockholm, then in Nice, London, and New York. In 2010 <mask> was working on a new stage musical with composer (and long-time collaborator) Tom Waits and the Irish playwright, Martin McDonagh. His theatrical production of John Cage's Lecture on Nothing, which was commissioned for a celebration of the Cage centenary at the 2012 Ruhrtriennale, had its U.S. premiere in Royce Hall, UCLA, by the Center for the Art of Performance. <mask> performed Lectures on Nothing in its Australian premiere at the 2019 Supersense festival at the Arts Centre Melbourne. In 2013 <mask>, in collaboration with Mikhail Baryshnikov and co-starring Willem Dafoe, developed The Old Woman, an adaptation of the work by the Russian author Daniil Kharms. The play premiered at MIF13, Manchester International Festival.<mask> wrote that he and Baryshnikov had discussed creating a play together for years, perhaps based on a Russian text. The final production included dance, light, singing and bilingual monologue. Since 1999, <mask> has premiered nine theatrical works in Berlin. By contrast, as of 2013, his last commission in the United States was 21 years ago. As of 2010, he continued to direct revivals of his most celebrated productions, including The Black Rider in London, San Francisco, Sydney, Australia, and Los Angeles; The Temptation of St. Anthony in New York and Barcelona; Erwartung in Berlin; Madama Butterfly at the Bolshoi Opera in Moscow; and Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen at Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris. <mask> also directs all Monteverdi operas for the opera houses of La Scala in Milan and the Palais Garnier in Paris. In 2021 <mask> directed a revival of Shakespeare's The Tempest at the Ivan Vazov National Theatre in Sofia, Bulgaria.Visual art and design
In addition to his work for the stage, <mask> has created sculpture, drawings, and furniture designs. Exhibited in December 1976 at the Paula Cooper Gallery, <mask>'s storyboards were described by one critic as "serial art, equivalent to the slow-motion tempo of [<mask>'s] theatrical style. In drawing after drawing after drawing, a detail is proposed, analyzed, refined, redefined, moved through various positions." He won the Golden Lion at the 1993 Venice Biennale for a sculptural installation. In 2004, Ali Hossaini offered <mask> a residency at the television channel LAB HD. Since then <mask>, with producer Esther Gordon and later with Matthew Shattuck, has produced dozens of high-definition videos known as the Voom Portraits. Collaborators on this well-received project included the composer Michael Galasso, the late artist and designer Eugene Tsai, fashion designer Kevin Santos, and lighting designer Urs Schönebaum.In addition to celebrity subjects, sitters have included royalty, animals, Nobel Prize winners and hobos. In 2011, <mask> designed an art park dedicated to the Finnish designer Tapio Wirkkala (1915–1985), situated in the Arabianranta district of Helsinki. His plans for the rectangular park feature a central square divided into nine equally sized fields separated by bushes. Each field will be installed with objects related to the home. For example, one unit will consist of a small fireplace surrounded by stones that serve as seating. The park will be lit by large, lightbox-style lamps build into the ground and by smaller ones modelled on ordinary floor lamps. In 2013 American pop singer Lady Gaga announced that she would collaborate with <mask> as part of her ARTPOP project.He subsequently designed the set for her 2013 MTV Video Music Awards performance. <mask> also suggested that Gaga pose for his Voom Portraits. Knowing he had an upcoming residency as guest curator at the Louvre, <mask> chose themes from the museum's collection, all dealing with death. They shot the videos in a London studio over three days, Gaga standing for 14 or 15 hours at a time. Called "Living Rooms," the resulting exhibition included two video works: one inspired by Jacques-Louis David's The Death of Marat, hung in the painting galleries, and another in which Lady Gaga brings to life a painting by Ingres. In the Louvre's auditorium, <mask> hosted and took part in a series of performances, conversations, film screenings, and discussions. The centerpiece of the residency is a room filled with objects from the artist's personal collection in New York, including African masks, a Shaker chair, ancient Chinese ceramics, shoes worn by Marlene Dietrich and a photo of <mask> and Glass taken in the early 1980s by <mask>.Personal life
<mask> lives in New York. As of 2000, he estimated that he "spends 10 days a year at his apartment in New York". For many years he was romantically involved with Andy de Groat, a dancer and choreographer with whom he collaborated in the 1970s. <mask> is known for pushing the boundaries of theatre. His works are noted for their austere style, very slow movement, and often extreme scale in space or in time. The Life and Times of Joseph Stalin was a 12-hour performance, while KA MOUNTain and GUARDenia Terrace was staged on a mountaintop in Iran and lasted seven days. Language
Language is one of the most important elements of theatre and <mask> feels at home with commanding it in many different ways.<mask>'s impact on this part of theatre alone is immense. Arthur Holmberg, professor of theatre at Brandeis University, says that "In theatre, no one has dramatized the crisis of language with as much ferocious genius as <mask>." <mask> makes it evident in his work that whats and whys of language are terribly important and cannot be overlooked. Tom Waits, acclaimed songwriter and collaborator with <mask>, said this about <mask>'s unique relationship with words:

Words for Bob are like tacks on the kitchen floor in the dark of night and you're barefoot. So Bob clears a path he can walk through words without getting hurt. Bob changes the values and shapes of words. In some sense they take on more meaning; in some cases, less.<mask> shows the importance of language through all of his works and in many varying fashions. He credits his reading of the work of Gertrude Stein and listening to recordings of her speaking with "changing [his] way of thinking forever." <mask> directed three of Stein's works in the 1990s: Doctor Faustus Lights the Lights (1992), Four Saints in Three Acts (1996), and Saints and Singing (1998). <mask> considers language and, down to its very ingredients, words, as a sort of "a social artifact". Not only does language change with time but it changes with person, with culture. Using his experience of working with mentally handicapped children and enlisting the collaboration of Christopher Knowles, a renowned autistic poet, has allowed <mask> to attack language from many views. <mask> embraces this by often "juxtaposing levels of diction – Miltonic opulence and contemporary ling, crib poetry and pre-verbal screams" in an attempt to show his audience how elusive language really is and how ever-changing it can be.Visually showing words is another method <mask> uses to show the beauty of language. Often his set designs, program covers, and posters are graffiti'd with words. This allows the audience to look at the "language itself" rather than "the objects and meanings it refers to.". The lack of language is essential to <mask>'s work as well. In the same way an artist uses positive and negative space, <mask> uses noise and silence. In working on a production of King Lear, <mask>man Glance is a play without words, and his adaptation of Heiner Müller's play  contained a fifteen-minute wordless prologue. Holmberg describes these works stating,

Language does many things and does them well.But we tend to shut our eyes to what language does not do well. Despite the arrogance of words – they rule traditional theatre with an iron fist – not all experience can

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 be translated into a linguistic code. Celebrated twentieth century playwright Eugène Ionesco said that <mask> "surpassed Beckett" because "[<mask>'s] silence is a silence that speaks". This silence onstage may be unnerving to audience members but serves a purpose of showing how important language is by its absence. It is <mask>'s means of answering his own question: "Why is it no one looks? Why is it no one knows how to look? Why does no one see anything on stage?"Another technique <mask> uses is that of what words can mean to a particular character. His piece, I was sitting on my patio this guy appeared I thought I was hallucinating, features only two characters, both of whom deliver the same stream-of-consciousness monologue. In the play's first production one character was "aloof, cold, [and] precise" while the other "brought screwball comedy … warmth and color … playful[ness]". The different emphases and deliveries brought to the monologue two different meanings; "audiences found it hard to believe they heard the same monologue twice." Rather than tell his audience what words are supposed to mean, he opens them up for interpretation, presenting the idea that "meanings are not tethered to words like horses to hitching posts." Movement
Movement is a key element in <mask>'s work. As a dancer, he sees the importance of the way an actor moves onstage and knows the weight that movement bears.When speaking of his "play without words" rendition of Ibsen's When We Dead Awaken, <mask> says:

I do movement before we work on the text. Later we'll put text and movement together. I do movement first to make sure it's strong enough to stand on its own two feet without words. The movement must have a rhythm and structure of its own. It must not follow the text. It can reinforce a text without illustrating it. What you hear and what you see are two different layers.When you put them together, you create another texture. With such an emphasis on movement, <mask> even tailors his auditions around the necessity of it. In his auditions, "<mask> often does an elaborate movement sequence" and "asks the actor to repeat it." Thomas Derrah, an actor in the CIVIL warS, found the audition process to be baffling: "When I went in, [<mask>] asked me to walk across the room on a count of 31, sit down on a count of 7, put my hand to my forehead on a count of 59. I was mystified by the whole process". To further cement the importance of movement in <mask>'s works, Seth Goldstein, another actor in the CIVIL warS, stated "every movement from the moment I walked onto the platform until I left was choreographed to the second. During the scene at table all I did was count movements.All I thought about was timing." When it comes time to add the text in with movement, there is still much work to be done. <mask> pays close attention to the text and still makes sure there is enough "space around a text" for the audience to soak it up. At this point, the actors know their movements and the time in which they are executed, allowing <mask> to tack the actions onto specific pieces of text. His overall goal is to have the rhythm of the text differ from that of the movement so his audience can see them as two completely different pieces, seeing each as what it is. When in the text/movement stage, <mask> often interrupts the rehearsal, saying things like "Something is wrong. We have to check your scripts to see if you put the numbers in the right place."He goes on to explain the importance of this:

I know it's hell to separate text and movement and maintain two different rhythms. It takes time to train yourself to keep tongue and body working against each other. But things happen with the body that have nothing to do with what we say. It's more interesting if the mind and the body are in two different places, occupying different zones of reality. These rhythms keep the mind on its toes, consciously and subconsciously taking in the meanings behind the movement and how it is matching up with the language. Similar to <mask>'s use of the lack of language in his works, he also sees the importance that a lack of movement can have. In his production of Medea, <mask> arranged a scene in which the lead singer stood still during her entire song while many others moved around her.<mask> recalls that "she complained that if I didn't give her any movements, no one would notice her. I told her if she knew how to stand, everyone would watch her. I told her to stand like a marble statue of a goddess who had been standing in the same spot for a thousand years". Allowing an actor to have such stage presence without ever saying a word is very provocative, which is precisely what <mask> means to accomplish with any sense of movement he puts on the stage. Lighting
<mask> believes that "the most important part of theatre" is light. He is concerned with how images are defined onstage, and this is related to the light of an object or tableau. He feels that the lighting design can really bring the production to life.The set designer for <mask>'s the CIVIL warS, Tom Kamm, describes his philosophy: "a set for <mask> is a canvas for the light to hit like paint." He explains, "If you know how to light, you can make shit look like gold. I paint, I build, I compose with light. Light is a magic wand." <mask> is "the only major director to get billing as a lighting designer" and is recognized by some as "the greatest light artist of our time". He designs with light to be flowing rather than an off-and-on pattern, thus making his lighting "like a musical score." <mask>'s lighting designs feature "dense, palpable textures" and allow "people and objects to leap out from the background.In his design for Quartett, <mask> used four hundred light cues in a span of only ninety minutes. He is a perfectionist, persisting to achieve every aspect of his vision. A fifteen-minute monologue in Quartett took two days for him to light while a single hand gesture took nearly three hours. This attention to detail expresses his conviction that, "light is the most important actor on stage." Props
<mask>'s interest in design extends to the props in his productions, which he designs and sometimes participates in constructing. Whether it is furniture, a light bulb, or a giant crocodile, <mask> treats each as a work of art in its own right. He demands that a full-scale model of each prop be constructed before the final one is made, in order "to check proportion, balance, and visual relationships" on stage.Once he has approved the model, the crew builds the prop, and <mask> is "renowned for sending them back again and again and again until they satisfy him". He is so strict in his attention to detail that when Jeff Muscovin, his technical director for Quartett, suggested they use an aluminum chair with a wood skin rather than a completely wooden chair, <mask> replied:

No, Jeff, I want wood chairs. If we make them out of aluminum, they won't sound right when they fall over and hit the floor. They'll sound like metal, not wood. It will sound false. Just make sure you get strong wood. And no knots.Such attention to detail and perfectionism usually resulted in an expensive collection of props. "Curators regard them as sculptures" and the props have been sold for prices ranging from "$4,500 to $80,000." Exhibitions
Extensive retrospectives have been presented at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris (1991) and the Boston Museum of Fine Arts (1991). He has presented installations at the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, Museum Boymans-van Beuningen, Rotterdam (1993), London's Clink Street Vaults (1995), Neue Nationalgalerie (2003), and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York and the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao. His tribute to Isamu Noguchi was exhibited at the Seattle Art Museum and his Voom Portraits exhibition traveled to Hamburg, Milan, Miami, and Philadelphia. In 2012, Times Square Arts invited <mask> to show selections from his three-minute video portraits on more than twenty digital screens that lined Times Square. In 2013 he participated at the White House Biennial / Thessaloniki Biennale 4.<mask> is represented exclusively and worldwide by RW Work, Ltd. (New York), and his gallerist in New York City is Paula Cooper Gallery. The Watermill Center
In 1991 <mask> established The Watermill Center on the site of a former Western Union laboratory on the East End of Long Island, New York. Originally styled as "a laboratory for performance", The Watermill Center operates year-round artist residencies, public education programs, exhibitions, and performances. The center is situated within a  campus of gardens and designed landscape, and contains numerous works of art collected by <mask>. Théâtre du Châtelet, Paris, 1999. Orchestre Révolutionnaire et Romantique & Monteverdi Choir, John Eliot Gardiner, cond. ; Magdalena Kožená (Orphée); Madeline Bender (Eurydice); Patricia Petibon (Amour); Arthaus Musik #100062 (2000)/ Warner Classics # 16577 (2009)
 Alceste by Christoph Willibald Gluck.Théâtre du Châtelet, Paris, 1999. English Baroque Soloists & Monteverdi Choir, John Eliot Gardiner, cond. ; Anne Sofie von Otter (Alceste), Paul Groves (Admète), Dietrich Henschel (High Priest and Hercules), Yann Beuron (Evandre), Ludovic Tézier (A Herald and Apollo), Frédéric Caton (Oracle and Infernal God), Hjördis Thébault (Coryphée). Image Entertainment ID9307RADVD (2000) / Warner Classics #16570 (2009)
 Madama Butterfly by Giacomo Puccini, 2003. Netherlands Opera Chorus, Netherlands Philharmonic Orchestra Edo de Waart, cond. ; Richard Stilwell (Sharpless), Catherine Keen (Suzuki), Martin Thompson (Pinkerton), Cheryl Barker (Butterfly), Peter Blanchet (Goro), Anneleen Bijnen (Kate Pinkerton). Kultur Video # 937 (2003)
 L'Orfeo by Claudio Monteverdi, La Scala, Milan 2009.Milan Teatro alla Scala Orchestra, Concerto Italiano, Rinaldo Alessandrini, cond. ; Georg Nigl (Orfeo); <mask> (La Musica/Euridice/Eco); Sara Mingardo (Sylvia/Speranza); Luigi de Donato (Caronte); Raffaella Milanesi (Proserpina); Giovanni Battista Parodi (Plutone); Furio. OPUS ARTE 1044
 Pelléas et Mélisande by Claude Debussy. Paris, 2012. Orchestre de l'Opéra national de Paris, Philippe Jordan, cond. ; Chœur de l'Opéra national de Paris, Patrick Marie Aubert. Stéphane Degout (Pelléas); Elena Tsallagova (Mélisande); Vincent Le Texier (Golaud); Anne Sofie von Otter (Geneviève); Franz Josef Selig (Arkel); Julie Mathevet (The little Yniold); Jérôme Varnier (Un berger, le médecin).Naive # 2159

References

Further reading
 Brecht, Stefan. 1978. The Theatre of Visions: <mask>. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp. Brockett, Oscar G. and Franklin J. Hildy. 2003. History of the Theatre.Ninth edition, International edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. .
 Gussow, Mel. 1998. Theatre on the Edge. New York: Applause. Macián, José Enrique, Sue Jane Stocker, and Jörn Weisbrodt, eds. 2011.The Watermill Center – A Laboratory for Performance: <mask>'s Legacy. Stuttgart: DACO-VERLAG. .
 Morey, Miguel and Carmen Pardo. 2002. <mask>. Barcelona: Edicion Poligrafa S.A.
 Otto-Bernstein, Katharina. 2006. Absolute <mask>: The Biography.New York: Prestel. Quadri, Franco, Franco Bertoni, and <mask>. 1998. <mask>. New York: Rizzoli. Schroeder, Jonathan, Stenport, Anna W., and Szalczer, Ezster (eds.) (2019), August Strindberg and Visual Culture: The Emergence of Optical Modernity in Image, Text and Theatre, London: Bloomsbury.Shyer, Laurence. 1989. <mask> And His Collaborators. New York: Theatre Communications Group. Weber, Carl, ed. & trans. 1989.Explosion of a Memory: Writings by Heiner Müller. By Heiner Müller. New York: Performing Arts Journal Publications. .

film, theatre
 Katharina Otto-Bernstein, Absolute WilsonWill Bond Bob. ''one-man play, 1998
Carl von Karstedt <mask>, Die Schönheit des Geheimnisvollen (The Beauty of the Mysterious), ARTE TV, documentary, 52 minutes, 2021

External links

 RobertWilson.com Official site
 Absolute Wilson documentary film site
 Interview with <mask> by Bruce Duffie, September 6, 1990
 <mask>: Video Portraits of Lady Gaga Louvre, Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac, Watermill Center NY, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Bernier/Eliades gallery, 2013–2015 by art critic Kostas Prapoglou. Finding aid to <mask> papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. 1941 births
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
American lighting designers
American opera directors
American theatre directors
Bessie Award winners
American gay writers
LGBT dramatists and playwrights
LGBT people from Texas
Living people
Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin
People from Waco, Texas
Postmodern theatre
Pratt Institute alumni
Scenographers
Writers from

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<mask> (; born 1977) is an Israeli investigative journalist writing for Haaretz newspaper and other publications. He is specialized in military affairs, corruption and "follow the money" investigations. <mask> was convicted of possession of classified IDF documents and sentenced to community service for his role in the Kamm-Blau affair. Career
<mask> began his journalistic career in Kol Ha'ir, a Jerusalem weekly newspaper. He specialized in exposing cases of misconduct by IDF soldiers. Unlike other military correspondents, he did not join the Military Reporters Section and tended to rely on low-ranking enlisted personnel, rather than high-ranking officers. In 2005 <mask> joined the daily Haaretz and published a articles exposing alleged corruption by Ehud Olmert, then leader of Kadima Party, candidate for Prime Minister and later Prime Minister.This exposé has led to a criminal investigation and to Olmert's indictment. Another investigation that led to a major police investigation was about Avigdor Liberman, head of Israel Beitenu party. <mask> revealed that a company owned by Liberman's daughter, who was in her early twenties, received unexplained payment in the millions of dollars  Other investigations focused on former Prime Minister Ehud Barak, Former IDF Chief Moshe Yaalon, the Kabbalah Laam organization and more, such as an article about exploring his roots in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Israeli connections to a mine in Kosovo. IN 2014 <mask> completed a fellowship at the Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard University. He has published articles and investigations in various publications, including AP, ProPublica, Washington Post, Quartz, The Nation, Mashable, Times of Israel and more. <mask> is a member of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists ICIJ. He is a member of the 2017 Pulitzer Prize winning team for the Panama Papers project, and contributed to other global investigations such as the FinCEN Files.As part of that investigation he co-produced the BBC documentary "The Settlers’ Billionaire Backer"  about the role of Roman Abramovich owned companies in supporting settler group Ir David Foundation. Anat Kamm affair

Background
In November 2008, Blau published a story in Haaretz saying that the targeted killing of one of two Islamic Jihad militants killed in Jenin in June 2007 had violated a prior ruling of the Supreme Court of Israel. The ruling had "heavily restricted the circumstances in which they were permissible, effectively saying that killing should not take place if arrest was possible." The report reproduced two IDF memos classified as top secret, indicating that the IDF had ignored the Supreme Court ruling. Publications dealing with military affairs have to be submitted to the Israeli Military Censor; the censor approved the publication of this report. This fact would later be used as argument that no damage was done by the publication. Speculation began immediately about who Blau's inside source was.It took a year before attention focused on Anat Kamm, a former clerk in the office of a senior IDF commander. She had worked as a journalist before and after her military service. A week before Operation Cast Lead began (December 2008), <mask> submitted to the censor an exposé revealing he had possession of IDF military plans for the Operation. At first, the report was approved for publication. Then, just before it was distributed the censor changed its mind and Haaretz agreed to withdraw the story. Arrest of Anat Kamm
In the year, leading up to Kamm's arrest, <mask> also published another article regarding Defense Minister Ehud Barak and Chief of Staff Gaby Ashkenazi. The reporter claimed that Barak, on becoming minister, had transferred his private consulting company to his three daughters, violating the regulation allowing such a transfer only if the daughters were actually employed by the company.Furthermore, the company which he gave to his daughters took in nearly $2-million from unknown sources after he entered the government. <mask> also claimed that after leaving the army and joining the private sector, Ashkenazi approached Barak about entering into business with him. In September 2009, the Shin Bet negotiated a written agreement with <mask> to hand over 50 classified documents and destroy his work computer. In return the IDF agreed not to pursue or prosecute his source. In December 2009, the Shin Bet secretly arrested Anat Kamm and began interrogating her. Eventually, she was accused of leaking as many as 2,000 documents to the reporter. Blau and Haaretz viewed the soldier's arrest as a violation of their agreement.<mask>, who had left Israel on an Asian backpacking trip that same month of Kamm's arrest, decided to remain abroad pending resolution of the case and eventually ended up in London. The Shin Bet publicly announced that they want to question and perhaps prosecute him. He claimed journalistic privilege and refused to return until he has guarantees about the outcome of his case. On October 24, 2010 <mask> <mask> returned to Israel. Israelis have exhibited mixed feelings about <mask>. Some view him as little better than a traitor out to harm the national security. Others support his work.A group of 12 senior Israeli journalists petitioned the government not to prosecute <mask> if he returns from London and gives back any outstanding documents he may still possess. After <mask> became the first journalist in Israel convicted for possession of classified information, Freedom House dropped Israel to ‘Partially Free’ status in its 2013 “Freedom of the Press Index”. Indictment of <mask>
In March 2011 the Israeli Ministry of Justice announced its intention to put <mask> on trial, subject to the hearing, charged with maintaining classified items without authorization. In May 2012 it was announced that he will be indicted for "possession of classified IDF documents." In July 2012, <mask> accepted a plea bargain that would see him sentenced to four months' community service but avoid serving any time in prison. He completed four months community service in January 2013, publishing an article about the experience in Haaretz newspaper in August 2013. Civil Lawsuit
In April 2013 Kamm sued Haaretz, its publisher and Blau for allegedly operating in a negligent way that eventually led to her exposure as Blau's source.In 2018 Tel Aviv District Court accepted Kamm's lawsuit. Haaretz and Blau appealed to Israel's Supreme Court against that verdict. Their appeal was accepted. In January 2020 Supreme Court dismissed the District Court verdict in its entirety. As a gesture of good will Haaretz has agreed to participate in paying part of Kamm's legal fees, at the amount of $100,000. See also
Anat Kamm – <mask> <mask> affair
<mask> <mask>'s Personal Website

References

Israeli journalists
Living people
1977 births
Haaretz people

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Uri Blau
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<mask> (born 30 September 1977) is a Northern Irish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper. He is best known for his spells at Wigan Athletic, Manchester United (where he won a Premier League winners medal and the 2004 FA Cup) and Olympiacos (where he won the Greek Superleague and the Greek Cup twice). He has also represented Northern Ireland 45 times at full international level, gaining his first cap in 1997, aged 19. <mask> has also had a one-game managerial career, leading Barnet to a 2–1 victory in the 2011 Herts Senior Cup final against Stevenage. Therefore, <mask> holds the unusual honour of having won a trophy in his only game as a manager. Early career and personal life
<mask> was brought up in Tamlaght, County Fermanagh, and began his career with local sides Fivemiletown United and Ballinamallard United. In November 2001, <mask> received a Red Cross Humanitarian Award for his kindness to a child with leukemia.In November 2006, he entered rehabilitation for alcohol-related addiction. 'Stress' was cited by the <mask> family. Club career

Hull City
<mask> joined Hull City in September 1995 as a trainee and went on to make 50 appearances for the club in all competitions but he was sold two seasons later to pay off Hull's mounting debts. Wigan Athletic
<mask> signed for Wigan Athletic in April 1997 for a then club-record £350,000. Despite this, he would have to wait seven months to make his first appearance in November 1997 when he replaced Lee Butler in a 2–1 defeat of Watford. He made 170 appearances in all competitions in four years. He played a key role in Wigan's unbeaten run of 26 league games in 1999–2000 and was voted the best goalkeeper in the second division by his fellow professionals, a feat made all the more remarkable by the fact he missed the last seven games of the season having had to undergo an emergency appendix operation.Despite speculation of a move to a Premier League club, <mask> remained at Wigan for the 2000–01 season, during which he went on to keep 13 clean sheets in 34 first-team games to help his team reach the play-offs for a second consecutive season. In the play-off semi final second leg against Reading the aggregate score was 1-1 as the game entered the final minute. Reading were awarded a penalty which <mask> saved from Jamie Cureton, but Nicky Forster scored from the rebound to send Reading through. Manchester United
He was signed by defending Premier League champions Manchester United in July 2001 for an undisclosed fee believed to be £2.5 million. He made his debut in a 1–1 draw with Aston Villa on 26 August 2001. <mask> faced stiff competition against Fabien Barthez at United but won a Premier League winners' medal in the 2002–03 season. <mask> received yet more competition for the 2003–04 season, when Manchester United signed American goalkeeper Tim Howard after Barthez left to join Marseille.He won an FA Cup winners' medal in May 2004 when he came on as substitute for Howard in the 84th minute. On 19 February 2005, in an FA Cup match against Everton, <mask> was struck on the back of the head by any of various projectiles including coins and mobile phones, in a match high on security for teammate and Everton returnee Wayne Rooney which Manchester United won 2–0. <mask> gained his greatest infamy for the "goal that never was" against Tottenham Hotspur in January 2005; a speculative shot from the half-way line by Pedro Mendes that <mask> dropped well behind his goal-line then scooped back into play. The referee and his linesmen were unable to verify that the ball had gone over the line and the goal was not given. Though <mask> got away with that particular gaffe, his error led to him being dropped for a few matches. He made a second blunder in a 1–0 defeat by Milan, where he spilled a shot into the path of Hernán Crespo, who then scored. He was released by Manchester United on 27 May 2005 after his contract expired; he refused to sign a new deal after the club failed to assure him that he would be first choice for the next season.West Ham United
Three weeks after leaving Old Trafford, <mask> signed for West Ham. <mask> enjoyed a successful start to his West Ham career, making 19 appearances. However, a back injury sustained in a game against Fulham on 23 January 2006 left him needing surgery, and he was sidelined for the remainder of the 2005–06 season, including the FA Cup Final against Liverpool. Shaka Hislop was his replacement. He made just 17 appearances in the 2006–07 season, due to personal problems relating to alcohol and gambling and the arrival of Robert Green. His final game for the Hammers took place on 3 February 2007 against Aston Villa. On 25 May 2007, West Ham stated that he had been released after asking for a transfer to achieve regular first team football.Rangers
<mask> signed for Rangers on a one-year contract on 7 July 2007, initially as cover for Allan McGregor but also to challenge for a starting place. He made his only appearance for Rangers against East Fife in a League Cup match on 26 September 2007. Derby County

On 9 January 2008, it was revealed that <mask> was in line for a move to Premier League side Derby County. <mask> was allowed permission to talk with Derby and personal terms were agreed, but the deal hinged on Rangers signing a replacement goalkeeper. After over a week with little progress, Derby County called off the move, but when <mask> offered to pay the loan fee so Rangers could sign Sunderland keeper Darren Ward, the deal was revived. <mask> hoped to join Derby on loan for the rest of the 2007–08 season but the move was again held up by Rangers as they refused to release his registration until they found another keeper. After Rangers signed Neil Alexander from Ipswich Town, <mask> was free to sign for Derby, and a deal was completed on deadline day.He signed a three-year contract with the club on 21 January 2008, and made his debut in a Premier League match against Birmingham City on 2 February 2008. <mask> could not help the club avoid relegation to the Championship after just one season. <mask> started the 2008–09 season as the club's first choice goalkeeper, but after getting sent off in a 2–1 victory at Norwich City he lost his place and was restricted to making appearances in cup competitions. He was part of the Derby side that reached the 2008–09 Football League Cup semi-final, where they lost 4–3 on aggregate to his former side Manchester United. After Paul Jewell resigned in December 2008, he was replaced by Nigel Clough. Clough made it clear <mask> was not in his plans and, a week into the 2009–10 season, it was announced that <mask>'s contract with The Rams would be cancelled to allow him to move to Danish side Odense BK. Odense Boldklub
Carroll signed a three-year contract with Danish Superliga side Odense BK on 17 August 2009.His debut was granted on the very same day and only hours after he had signed the deal, when he managed to keep a clean sheet in the 1–0 win against FC Midtjylland. Having played just 14 Superliga games, he was named 2009 Superliga Goalkeeper of the Year in December 2009, in a vote amongst the league goalkeepers. In November 2010, <mask> announced his decision to leave Odense BK in order to return to Britain to be closer to his family. The club soon signed Stefan Wessels as his replacement. <mask>'s contract was mutually terminated on 31 January 2011 and he left Odense BK as a free agent, in search of a new club. 2011 trial spells
<mask> was on trial at Sheffield United in March 2011. However, he conceded two goals within ten minutes and was sent off, which led to a penalty during a reserve match against Barnsley.As a result of his poor performance whilst on trial, he was not offered a contract with the Blades. Later that same month, <mask> joined League Two strugglers Barnet on a trial with a view to a role as player-coach. After the departure of Martin Allen as manager in April 2011, and with caretaker manager Giuliano Grazioli on a scouting mission, <mask> was appointed as manager for the Herts Senior Cup final against Stevenage, which Barnet won 2–1. Thus, <mask> won a trophy in his only game as a football manager. He reportedly left the club in protest in April 2011, as his former Northern Ireland manager Lawrie Sanchez was set to take a managerial role in the club. In July 2011, <mask> joined Preston North End on trial and played in a 7–1 friendly victory at Kendal Town. However, despite a deal for Preston to sign <mask> being close, the club opted to sign Iain Turner instead.OFI Crete
In August 2011 <mask> signed a two-year contract with Greek Superleague side OFI Crete. Despite struggling for fitness and form in pre-season, <mask> appeared 16 times for the club, putting in some impressive performances, which made him highly regarded in Greece. He was ranked third in shots saved statistics amid speculation that bigger clubs in Greece were interested in <mask>. Olympiacos
In January 2012 <mask> signed a contract with Greek Superleague champions Olympiacos for a reported transfer fee of . His first appearance was against Rubin Kazan in Moscow in the first match for the round of 32, in the Europa League, coming on as a late substitute after Balázs Megyeri conceded a penalty and was given a red card. <mask> saved the penalty with the first touch of his Olympiacos career and his team went on to win 0–1. In the return leg, <mask> put in a performance considered legendary by the fans, after producing a string of saves in whilst carrying a visible hamstring injury.<mask> became the first choice goalkeeper at the club in 2012–13 and featured in his first Champions League game since February 2005, when he played in a 2–1 win at Montpellier on 24 October 2012, after displacing Megyeri who started the opening two European games. In Olympiacos' first ten league games, <mask> played a part in a team which conceded only five goals and kept six clean sheets as they won the opening nine games, drawing the other. In an interview with British press, <mask> said that he was happy with his life in Greece and hopeful on extending his contract at Olympiacos. In his first twenty games for Olympiacos in all competitions, he was part of the winning side in eighteen games, drawing the other two, conceded ten goals and kept twelve clean sheets, losing in his twenty-first appearance against Schalke 04 0–1 on 21 November 2012. <mask>i in January, being relegated to cup appearances as Olympiacos won the double for a second consecutive season. Notts County
Following his departure from Greek Superleague champions, Olympiacos, <mask> signed a one-year contract with Football League One side Notts County on 4 August 2014. <mask> resigned for the 2015–16 season, he was released at the end of the season.On 15 November 2014, less than 24 hours after playing an international for Northern Ireland in Bucharest, Romania, <mask> kept a clean sheet as Notts County won 1–0 away at Coventry City. Linfield
<mask> joined Linfield in 2016. After suffering a serious knee injury in January 2019, he left the club in May 2019 but planned to continue his playing career. Dungannon Swifts
After a brief period playing for Mid-Ulster Football League junior side FC Mindwell, <mask> returned to the Irish League to sign for Dungannon Swifts in January 2021.

International career
<mask> gained his first full international cap on 21 May 1997 in a game against Thailand. For many years, <mask> fought a losing battle to be Northern Ireland's first-choice keeper to the experienced Maik Taylor. Despite this, <mask> had still amassed 19 caps up to September 2006. The last of these 19 caps came in a Euro 2008 qualifying match against Spain at Windsor Park.Northern Ireland pulled off a memorable 3–2 win, but <mask> had to be substituted after only 12 minutes due to a groin injury. After a six-year absence from the international team, <mask> was named in the friendly squad to face the Netherlands on 2 June 2012. He came on as a substitute for the second half, conceding two goals as Northern Ireland lost 6–0. He made his competitive return to the Northern Ireland team on 7 September 2012, when he started in Northern Ireland's 2–0 defeat away to Russia in their opening qualifier for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. In May 2013, <mask>
Herts Senior Cup: 2010–11

References

External links

<mask> at Olympiacos.org

<mask> at bbc.co.uk

1977 births
Living people
People from Enniskillen
People educated at Devenish College
British expatriates in Greece
British expatriates in Denmark
Association footballers from Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland under-21 international footballers
Northern Ireland international footballers
Expatriate association footballers from Northern Ireland
Expatriate footballers in Denmark
Expatriate footballers in Greece
Association football goalkeepers
Hull City A.F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Manchester United F.C. players
West Ham United F.C. players
Rangers F.C. players
Derby County F.C. players
Odense Boldklub players
OFI Crete F.C.players
Olympiacos F.C. players
Dungannon Swifts F.C. players
Notts County F.C. players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Danish Superliga players
Super League Greece players
Barnet F.C. non-playing staff
UEFA Euro 2016 players
FA Cup Final players
Fivemiletown United F.C. players
Ballinamallard United F.C. players

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Carroll
Carroll
Carroll
Carroll
Carroll
Carroll
Carroll
Carroll
Carroll
Carroll
Carrollyer
Carroll
Carroll
Carroll
Carroll
Carroll
Carroll
Carroll
Carroll
Carroll
Carroll
Carrollnet
Roy Carroll
Roy Carroll