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 discontinue his work in diplomacy and demand political asylum in Switzerland. He was advised to do so by a friend, Victor Popescu (son of Universul editor Stelian Popescu). Brazilian exile
The Bacius registered their case with the International Refugee Organization (IRO), who processed them to determine if they were or had been undercover agents of a secret service. During the interval, Baciu was publishing essays and in Literarische Tat, and Mira was working for the Zytglogge pharmacy. The Bacius simultaneously applied for asylum in Brazil, Peru and Venezuela (meanwhile, Mira's uncles had managed to escape to Argentina). Cleared by the IRO in early 1949, the Bacius were given asylum rights in Brazil, and arrived at Rio de Janeiro in March.They had a rough start in the new country, and struggled to make ends meet. <mask> <mask> resumed his work in poetry, translating Latin American novellas into German and Raúl Otero Reiche's América into Romanian, and publishing his own surrealist works, including Analiza cuvântului dor (Valle Hermoso, 1951). In late 1952, alongside Faust Brădescu, he was editing Înșir-te Mărgărite, a magazine for the Romanian Brazilian community, which also reached Romanian communities from Argentina to Francoist Spain. Its stated purpose was the preservation and publicizing of Romanian poetry and prose. Romania's Securitate secret police, which was following his movements, noted Brădescu's Iron Guard affiliation as a sign of Baciu's own fascism. Also in 1953, <mask> was made editor of the foreign politics page at Carlos Lacerda's Tribuna da Imprensa. According to the Securitate, this was a "newspaper of the fascist kind".He published occasional contributions to Revista da Semana, Diário Carioca, and Maquis, and, in 1957, two volumes of his Portuguese-language poetry: Aula de solidão ("Lesson in Solitude"), Dois Guatemaltecos ("Two Guatemalans"). Meanwhile, <mask> worked as a translator for the Deputies' Chamber. With Tribuna da Imprensa credentials, Baciu traveled across Latin America. In Mexico, he interviewed Natalia Sedova, widow of Leon Trotsky. In 1956, he was at Lima, where he met the Romanian writer-violinist Grigore Cugler. The two began a correspondence, with Baciu persuading Cugler to republish his 1930s avant-garde stories. He prepared for publishing Cugler's Afară de unul singur, but the manuscript was lost in the process (although an earlier print was eventually recovered in 1998).Baciu also embarked on a mission to popularize Romanian avant-garde writers, publishing Spanish and Portuguese essays about Urmuz and Constant Tonegaru. By then, Baciu was also involved with the anti-authoritarian left-wing movement on the South American continent. As he saw it, the caudillo regimes of Alfredo Stroessner, Juan Perón or Anastasio Somoza were generally equivalent to Eastern European Stalinism. Together with Salvadorean diplomat Rafael Barraza Monterrosa, the Bacius managed a Panhispanist association, called Ruy Barbosa Circle, building personal contacts with Juan Bosch, the exiled Dominican socialist, and Carlos Mérida, the Guatemalan painter. In 1956, he had an encounter with Cuban revolutionary Fidel Castro, and became a sympathizer of his 26th of July Movement. CCF and Cuban Revolution
The Bacius were eventually granted Brazilian citizenship, and became fully integrated in Brazil's cultural life. The couple counted among their writer friends Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Manuel Bandeira and Cecília Meireles.In April 1958, <mask>, Meireles and Bandeira were among the 42 intellectuals who set up a Brazilian chapter of the anticommunist Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF), which, from 1959, put out the Portuguese-language review Cadernos Brasileiros. The organization was in part funded by the Central Intelligence Agency, through its Paris agent, John Hunt (with whom Baciu corresponded), and answered directly to the Spaniard Julián Gorkin. Baciu joined the staff of Cadernos as editor in chief (with Afrânio Coutinho as editorial manager) and was General Secretary of the CCF until August 1962; Mira was the Executive Secretary. Baciu was with Bosch in Venezuela, celebrating Rómulo Betancourt's victory in the election of December 1958. Together with Bosch, he organized a negative campaign against the Republic of Cuba, but Bosch refused any explicit endorsement of Castro's guerrilla. In January 1959, following the success of the Cuban Revolution, Baciu was invited by the new government in Havana, to report on the work of the revolutionary tribunals. He declined the invitation but, later that year, he made his way there to interview Castro.He recorded in particular Castro's disdain for the Cuban Communists. In March, he happened to meet Castro's communist inspiration, Che Guevara, but they only discussed literature. Also in 1959, Baciu published in Rio the essay Um continente em busca de uma doutrina ("A Continent Searching for a Doctrine"). In 1960, he was awarded honorary citizenship of Rio. He was working on the book of memoirs in Portuguese, Bucareste-Estação Norte ("Bucharest-Northern Station"), which came out at Edições o Cruzeiro in 1961. Meanwhile, <mask>'s Romanian relatives were suffering under communist persecution. Dinu Simian was mistreated and tortured in Sighet prison, where he eventually died; Dinu's wife, Constanța, was also detained, and, upon her 1962 release, had to struggle to make ends meet.In 1962, through the intercession of Brazilian President Juscelino Kubitschek, <mask> persuaded the Romanian authorities to grant her mother safe passage to Brazil. With his 1961 reportage Cortina de hierro sobre Cuba ("The Iron Curtain over Cuba"), prefaced by Salvador de Madariaga, Baciu made public his criticism of Castroist communism, and condemned its spread to other Latin American nations. He rendered it even more explicit in the poem Eu nu îl cînt pe Che ("I Do Not Sing for Che"), known in Spanish as Yo no canto al Ché. This change of attitudes was radical, as Baciu moved to confront the communists directly, and, in his letters to Gorkin, stated his desire to purge the CCF itself of "camouflaged" Brazilian Communists. Such ideas alarmed the CIA, since they risked alienating the anticommunist left. John Hunt and Keith Botsford repeatedly asked Baciu to focus on anti-Casto, rather than "right-wing", propaganda (Hunt referred to Baciu as "a right-wing democratic socialist", a Betancourt associate, and a "maniac"). By then, the Brazilian CCF was vulnerable, its CIA connections brought up for public debate by communist intellectuals like Jorge Amado and Egídio Squeff.Although he did not formally adhere to any Romanian anticommunist organization, Baciu was in correspondence with Constantin Vișoianu and the Romanian National Committee, publishing anticommunist essays in the latter's România gazette. Allegedly, Baciu found himself threatened by the Cuban Intelligence Directorate. However, it was Baciu's extreme anticommunism that prompted Hunt to demand his resignation and appoint Vicente de Paulo Barretto as the new CCF General Secretary. Baciu later commented that the CCF had committed "suicide" by moderating its tone, noting that its "constructive dialogue with proven communists" was a moral victory for "Eurocommunism". Between Seattle and Honolulu
Baciu's Rio colleagues backed him in his bid for the Brazilian literature chair at the University of Washington. He obtained it, and moved to Seattle, where Mira began her own career as a Spanish-language teacher. However, Mira detested the Oceanic climate, and the couple was often taking trips back to Latin America.In 1963, Baciu and his wife were in Santo Domingo, celebrating Bosch's victory in the Dominican presidential suffrage. Afterwards, they also visited neighboring Haiti, where Baciu was trying to recover for publishing the obscure surrealist works of Clément Magloire-Saint-Aude. The same year, Baciu published in Mexico City his poetic cycle Poemele poetului pribeag ("Poems of the Outcast Poet"). In 1964, Baciu obtained a professorship in Latin American literature at the newly founded University of Hawaii. He enjoyed his work there, but felt bad about the smaller attendance his classes inevitably received. In 1965, the Bacius set up their own magazine, International Poetry Letter – Mele (from the Hawaiian for "song"), which sought to establish connections between Latino, French, American and Romanian literature. Although noted for the quality of its illustrations, Mele had a very minor circulation, with at most 300 copies per issue, all of them xerographed by Baciu's students.Mele sought to popularize Romanian authors, and, doubling as a publishing house, put out periodic selections from Baciu's own poems in Romanian and Spanish. Baciu helped discover and popularize Andrei Codrescu, the neo-avant-garde Romanian exile writer. In 1967, the Bacius' home in Honolulu hosted Valeriu Anania, the writer and abbot of the Romanian Orthodox Church in America. A former Iron Guard man and prisoner of the communists, released with the spell of liberalization in 1964, Anania was treating his depression in Hawaii. He was putting to paper a novel and poetry that he had "written inside his brain" while in jail, and doing research into Hawaiian folklore. Anania later recalled that Mira Baciu had fallen in love with him, and that he had to fend off her advances while remaining friends with her and her husband. Baciu returned to Romanian-language publishing with the 1967 Ukulele, put out by George Uscătescu's Editura Destin in Spain.He also made a comeback to Portuguese letters with the 1966 essay Manuel Bandeira de corpo inteiro ("The Complete Manuel Bandeira"). He followed up with a 1967 essay on the politics of Juan Bosch and Spanish-language poetry volumes, Semblanza y explicación de Latinoamérica ("A Profile and Explanation of Latin America") of 1968 and the 1973 Nasserismo ("Nasserism"). In 1972, he published in Madrid's Colecția Start a complete collection of his Romanian poems. They featured a preface by Lucian Boz and a portrait by Marcel Janco. Baciu also translated Romanian poetry into Spanish, and published several anthologies, beginning with the 1969 Poetas rumanos. He was under contract with publishing houses in West Germany, such as Peter Hammer and Neues Leben, translating for them five volumes of poetry by Ernesto Cardenal. Anthologist
Inspired by an encounter with French surrealist Benjamin Péret, Baciu had begun a vast work of research into the history of Latin American avant-garde literature, and spent some time in Peru and Bolivia.By his own account, he interviewed "my great friend" Tristán Marof, Luis Alberto Sánchez, Javier Sologuren and Emilio Adolfo Westphalen, and helped rediscover the anticommunist surrealist Rafael Méndez Dorich. As noted by Sologuren, Baciu's studies also helped revive interest in the poetry of César Moro. In Argentina, Baciu befriended Aldo Pellegrini, who let him discover early avant-garde texts by Jorge Luis Borges and "the extraordinary" Antonio Porchia. Pellegrini also introduced him to Enrique Gómez Correa and the Chilean surrealist scene. Introduced to Jean Charlot by Mérida, Baciu researched the history of Mexican muralism, and discovered the proto-surrealism of José Guadalupe Posada. He was still following with interest the work of writers in Romania, and published his translations of neomodernist Romanian literature in a special issue of Peru's Haraui review. Baciu also followed the work of Romanians who translated Latino literature into Romanian.He found these attempts inauthentic and superficial, and criticized them in the 1970 essay Brazilia masacrata. To the irritation of Editura Dacia publishers, he mailed them copies of this critique. Baciu later exposed communist censorship, noting for instance the cuts that had been made into the published diaries of Șuluțiu, and the exclusion of concrete poetry from the Brazilian anthologies of Darie Novăceanu. As he put it, "I believe it a duty of the exile writer to defend the Romanian language from the 'party-minded' invasion of the mediocrities, the boot-lickers, the savvy ones and the

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Baciu
Baciu
Mira Baciu
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Mira Baciu


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 profiteers, be they talented or talentless." Baciu's inclusion in a poetry anthology, put out in Bucharest by Nicolae Manolescu, scandalized the communist apparatus; the work was soon withdrawn from bookstores by the censors. Nevertheless, the new communist regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu made some efforts to appease Baciu and enlist him to write "propaganda for Romanian art and culture during the years of socialist consolidation", and even allowed Romanian journalists to contact him on the phone. Baciu claimed to have cut short such attempts, identifying them as a Securitate diversion.His rejection did not prevent Iron Guard loyalists such as Horia Stamatu from labeling Baciu a spy and avoiding all contact with him. In 1974, Baciu ultimately put out at SUNY Press an overall anthology of Latin American poetry (Antología de la poesía latinoamericana), and at Editorial Joaquín Mortiz, in Mexico City, a critical anthology of Latin American surrealism, Antología de la poesía surrealista latinoamericana. The latter book was enthusiastically reviewed in Plural magazine by the writer Octavio Paz, who noted that it was "indispensable" to the study of local surrealism and that it marked the "end of gossip" about the phenomenon. It is seen by literary historians as "orthodox" in comparison with Pellegrini's earlier chrestomathy. In 1975, he edited in Madrid posthumous reissue of Cugler's Vi-l prezint pe Țeavă. The following year, at San José, Baciu put out a volume of his own essays on Costa Rica. Meanwhile, <mask>, who discovered her artistic talents and became Mele illustrator, had completed her specialization at the University of Strasbourg under Jacques Borel, she lectured in Spanish language, then became a professor of French.She befriended artist Jacques Hérold, who illustrated her poetry volume of 1973, Houla, Macumba, Hora. She died of cancer, on July 2, 1978, bequeathing her estate to fund a Romanian literature scholarship at the University of Hawaii. Mira's death left Baciu in near-complete isolation from the Romanian-speaking public. As he later noted: "I literally have no one to whom I would read the things I write. There are at most ten Romanian speakers living in Honolulu and none of them, absolutely none, has ever been to a bookstore or a library to peek into, or to ask for, or to purchase a single book of poetry." He honored her memory with a 1979 semi-autobiographical novel, eponymously titled Mira. A new volume of his memoirs saw print in Honolulu in 1980, as Praful de pe tobă ("The Dust on the Drum").It was taped by Virgil Ierunca and serialized by Radio Free Europe (RFE), which broadcast clandestinely into Romania. In 1979, Antología de la poesía surrealista latinoamericana was reissued by the University of Valparaíso. Baciu also issued a new chrestomathy of Romanian-to-Spanish translations: 11+11 poetas rumanos contemporáneos, published by the National Autonomous University of Nicaragua (UNAN). In addition to putting out Mele and his own works therein, Baciu published the Spanish-language collection of his poetry, El que pierde gana ("He Who Loses Wins", UNAN, 1978) and Pasaporte y pãnuelo ("Passport and Handkerchief", Revista Conservadora del Pensamiento Centroamericano, 1982). He returned to Portuguese-language writing in 1982, with Carioca honorário ("An Honorary Carioca"), which came out in 1982 at Pernambuco's Edições Pirata, and Lavradio 98, a memoir of his work under Lacerda, at Editora Nova Fronteira of Rio. These were followed in 1984 by Un rumano en el Istmo ("A Romanian in the Isthmus"), at Universidad Veracruzana; and in 1985 by translations from Lucian Blaga (co-written with Eugenio Montejo), at Fundarte of Caracas, and a Heredia University biography of Francisco Amighetti. Among <mask>'s later contributions include several essays such as Centroamericanos  (San José, 1986) and a biography of Tristán Marof (La Paz, 1987).Final years
Throughout the late 1970s and early '80s, despite <mask>'s isolation, Mele managed to obtain collaborations from many other Romanian writers, acquiring a relevant role in Romanian literary history. It hosted selections from the poetry of George Ciorănescu, who was at the time a chronicler for RFE. Ciorănescu returned the favor by popularizing <mask>'s work in one of his broadcasts. Mele was especially noted for its reissue of works by the 1940s Romanian avant-garde. Baciu repeatedly tried to persuade Sesto Pals, who had returned to his regular job as an engineer, to publish a selection of his lifetime works. The May 1985 issue of Mele was entirely dedicated to Pals' poetry. Baciu also tracked down and interviewed poet-draftsman Paul Păun, who, like Pals, moved from Romania to Israel.However, his friendship with Lucian Boz had deteriorated from 1978, when Mele hosted a piece by César Tiempo, seen by Boz as "ferociously antisemitic". Baciu maintained a close relationship with dissidents and avant-garde writers in his native Romania—over 100 people, according to concerned Securitate operatives. Such figures include Nicolae Carandino, Alexandru Paleologu, Radu Tudoran, Corneliu Coposu, Ion Dezideriu Sîrbu, Constantin Noica, Dan Culcer and Daniela Crăsnaru. He also corresponded with Constantin Mateescu, who provided him with references for the history of Mira's native city, Râmnicu Vâlcea. As Mateescu recalls, Vâlcea was still Baciu's "charming land". Baciu wrote a complete list of his own works, addressing it to literary critic Nicolae Steinhardt; like his other letters home, it was intercepted by the Securitate. As remarked by Mateescu, in 1984 the correspondence was abruptly interrupted, "even though [Baciu], well informed about our country's realities, was prudent and restrained in his statements".Baciu's file shows that the Securitate also made note of this prudence, and was undecided about how to interpret it:Albeit he misses his country, [Baciu] does not wish to return for a visit, his refusal backed up by confused explanations, by 'poetic' statements according to which 'he carries his country inside him'. Although [Baciu] is adamant about his refusal of our country's current socio-political system, one may conclude that his literary activity, his propagation of Romanian literature, art and traditions, is positive in nature. The secret police repeatedly tried but failed to recruit Baciu's Romanian relatives as informants, and resorted to harassing them at their workplaces. With some of his late works of autofiction, Baciu saluted the anticommunist revolt in his native Brașov. He was enthusiastic about the success of Romania's 1989 Revolution. According to his diaspora friend Constantin Eretescu, he hoped to see a rapid transition to a Western-style democracy, but was soon disappointed by the National Salvation Front regime. Interviewed by Marta Petreu for Apostrof, he noted that "one has a hard time adjusting after forty-six years in exile".His contribution was honored abroad: retired from Hawaii University as a professor emeritus, he was also Bolivia's honorary consul in Honolulu. In 1991, he became Commander of the Bolivian Order of Merit. Baciu died in Honolulu on January 6, 1993, allegedly while talking to his sister Ioana over the phone. His corpus of works, beginning with Poemele poetului tânăr, was being republished in Romania, following efforts by his sister and his brother-in-law, Ovidiu Mărgineanu. A new edition of Praful de pe tobă saw print at Editura Eminescu in 1995. Mira was also republished, by Editura Albatros, in 1998. In 2006, when his Cetatea lui Bucur was reissued to critical acclaim, the "Yellow House" in Brașov was opened for the public as a Ștefan Baciu Memorial House, presently maintained by Brașov City Hall.Poetry
Critic Vladimir Streinu saw Ștefan <mask>'s early poetry as "boastful", but lacking "a timber of its own", and ultimately "neutral". His first surrealist episode was with Start, ridiculed at the time by the mainstream review Viața Românească for its "jolly good" metaphors: "It tells us that hounds feed on warm meat and that legs will sing when they walk." In Poeme de dragoste, Streinu suggests, "the tone is youthful", but the subject matter is excessively lyrical and self-absorbed. The poet soon moved into a more traditionalist format, with echoes from Ion Pillat and Parnassianism. The result is visualized by critic Daniel Cristea-Enache as a "lace of impressionism" with a "thin but strong" expressionistic thread. According to România Literară reviewer Cosmin Ciotloș, this is an "exact and painstaking", but also "stunning", species of poetry. In Cetatea lui Bucur, Baciu outlined his vision of a decadent-but-fascinating Bucharest, with its many paradoxes: "How much I hate thee, my beloved city"; "Your bitter joy has done me in".As noted by Ciotloș, in Baciu's Bucharest "everything is alive, everything is artificial". The poetic cycle shows Baciu as a social critic, repulsed by the luxurious churches surrounded by slums, but also fascinated with the morbid aspects of Bucharest society, from the "grave-blackened women" of Bellu cemetery to the pleasure-seekers on Calea Victoriei—as noted by Cristea-Enache, the latter is merely an anti-capitalist "cliché of that era". Political inspiration also fueled some of Baciu's other juvenile works, including poems attacking the Nazis and honoring the August 23 Coup—written with a Social Democratic bias but owing ultimate inspiration to Vladimir Mayakovsky, the Soviet poet laureate. His more conventional humorous poetry, which came out around 1945, owed inspiration to the jocular verse of Păstorel Teodoreanu and George Topîrceanu. Returning to the avant-garde with Muzica sferelor, with its homages to unconventional heroes such as Urmuz and George Ciprian, Baciu crafted his own poetic style. In large part, such lyrical work is explicitly self-referential, and inevitably linked to his diaspora experience. His nostalgia for Râmnicu Vâlcea and Brașov slowly replaced his memory of Bucharest.As noted by philologist Andrei Bodiu, he was not Brașov's first poetic chronicler, but the only such poet to be "urban and cosmopolitan" rather than elegiac and traditionalist. Baciu wrote poems dedicated in part to each Latin American country he visited, and made unexpected connections between them and his native country. One such piece, honoring the Cuban dissident movement, reads:

<mask>'s other poems include a set of pastiches and parody pieces, from Emil Botta, Lucian Blaga, Ion Barbu and Ion Vinea. They stand alongside satirical pieces targeting poets who had made compromises with the political system. In one such work, Baciu scolds Tudor Arghezi:

References
Notes

Bibliography
Ștefan <mask>,
Juan Bosch: un hombre solo, Artes Gráficas Benzal, Madrid, 1967. "Historia de una antología del surrealismo", in Revista de la Universidad de México, Vol. 37, January 1983, pp.8–11
 Andrei Bodiu, "Orașul din memorie", in Țara Bârsei, Nr. 6/2007, pp. 224–226
Lucian Boia, Capcanele istoriei. Elita intelectuală românească între 1930 și 1950, Humanitas, Bucharest, 2012. Elizabeth Cancelli, O Brasil e os outros: o poder das ideias, EDIPUCRS, Porto Alegre, 2012. Ovid Crohmălniceanu, Evreii în mișcarea de avangardă românească, Editura Hasefer, Bucharest, 2001. Victor Frunză, Istoria stalinismului în România, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1990.Mihaela Gligor, Miriam Caloianu (eds. ), Teodor Lavi în corespondență, Presa Universitară Clujeană, Cluj-Napoca, 2014. Ioan Șt. Lazăr, "Mira Simian (1920–1978) – 90 de ani de la naștere", in Buridava, Nr. 8/2010, pp. 293–308
Monica Lovinescu, Unde scurte, Humanitas, Bucharest, 1990. Tudor Opriș, Istoria debutului literar al scriitorilor români în timpul școlii (1820-2000), Aramis Print, Bucharest, 2002.Mircea Popa, "<mask> Baciu - colaborări și versuri uitate", in Steaua, Nr. 10-11/2011, pp. 90–93
 Raluca Nicoleta Spiridon, Mihaela Toader, "Sub lupa Securității. <mask> <mask> – un destin al exilului românesc (1918-1993)", in Caietele CNSAS, Nr. 2/2010, pp. 161–173

Further reading
Daniel Ioniță, Eva Foster, Daniel Reynaud, Rochelle Bews (eds. ), Testament.Anthology of Modern Romanian Verse (1850–2015), Editura Minerva,

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<mask> (December 30, 1867 – January 7, 1965) was an American lawyer and politician who served as a delegate to the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention, the first President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate, and the seventh governor of Oklahoma. He would become the second governor in Oklahoma history to be impeached and removed from office. As governor, <mask> successfully proposed the establishment of a crippled children's hospital and a large increase to school aid funds. His trouble began with complaints about his private secretary holding too much power and making executive decisions that he should be making. After an unsuccessful and unconstitutional special session to impeach the governor in 1927, a new group of state lawmakers impeached the governor in 1929. <mask> died in 1965 and is buried in Perry, Oklahoma. Early life
Born in a log cabin on December 30, 1867, <mask> was a native of Evansville, Indiana.At age 24, <mask> would move to Colorado where he studied law and passed the bar exam in 1891. After a few years in Colorado, <mask> would move to Perry in Oklahoma Territory where he would become a powerful and popular figure throughout the area of Noble County. Upon announcement that Oklahoma and Indian Territories were to combine into one state, <mask> was elected in 1906 to represent Noble and the surrounding counties at the Oklahoma Constitutional Convention. During the convention, <mask> would be elected to serve in the body's number-two office as the President Pro Tempore of the Convention. <mask> met future governors Charles N. Haskell, William H. Murray and Robert L. Williams. These men would work together to write one of the most progressive Constitutions of any U.S. state, as well as the longest governing document in the world at the time. On November 16, 1907, the United States Congress accepted the Oklahoma Constitution.On the same day, Charles N. Haskell was inaugurated as the state's first governor. Before the state constitution was approved, <mask> ran and was elected to the Oklahoma Senate to serve in the 1st Oklahoma Legislature. A popular figure, <mask> was selected to serve as the first President Pro Tempore of the Oklahoma Senate, the state senate's highest official behind the Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma, who serves as President of the Oklahoma Senate. Among his most powerful supporters were prohibitionists, Protestant churchmen, and Freemasons. <mask> himself would serve as the Grand Master of the Masonic Lodge of Oklahoma. So popular was <mask> that he placed his name in the Democratic primary in 1926 to run for Governor of Oklahoma to replace outgoing Governor Martin E. Trapp. During the campaign, <mask> was supported by the Ku Klux Klan.Winning the general election, <mask> was inaugurated as the seventh governor of Oklahoma. Governor of Oklahoma
On January 10, 1927, <mask> was inaugurated as the seventh Governor of Oklahoma with all the hopes of a successful administration. Immediately, the Oklahoma Legislature approved <mask>'s appropriation proposals to establish a crippled children's hospital and increased school aid funds to over $1,500,000 a year. As one observer cited, it was the "highest public school subsidy in state history at the time." However, problems would haunt <mask>'s governorship from the beginning. Before the state legislature adjourned in May 1927, complaints were raised against <mask>'s private secretary, Mrs. O. O. Hammonds. The legislative leaders believed Hammonds held too much power over the governor.It was even believed that she went so far to make executive decisions and appointments in her own right. Believing that <mask> was neglecting his duties, the leaders of the state legislature's demanded that she be immediately discharged from the governor's services. Determined to impeach <mask> for neglect of his duties by the end of 1927, the legislative leaders met in special session under a newly adopted initiative proposition. This measure was introduced to deal with Governor Jack C. Walton's impeachment four years earlier. In this special session, the state legislature announced its plans to investigate the governor. Before the Oklahoma Legislature could act, the Oklahoma Supreme Court intervened to the benefit of <mask>. The court ruled in the case Simpson v. Hill that the Legislature's actions were unconstitutional and that they could only meet during regular sessions or at the call of the governor in special session.Following the Supreme Court's example, Oklahoma City's district court issued an injunction against the Oklahoma Legislature, preventing state lawmakers from convening. Ignoring both courts, the state legislature proceeded with its plans and headed for the Oklahoma State Capitol to continue with impeachment charges. The Oklahoma Legislature was only stopped when Oklahoma National Guard troops, under the orders of <mask>, prevented them from entering the Capitol. This did not stop the Legislature from acting. The Legislature convened on December 13, 1927 in the Huckins Hotel in downtown Oklahoma City. There, the Oklahoma House of Representatives raised charges, which the Oklahoma Senate as the Court of Impeachment agreed to, against Governor <mask> and many members of his administration. However, realizing that the judicial branch sided with the executive branch on this matter and that the courts were concerned over the legality of their session, the state senate dismissed the issues and the state legislature adjourned.The whole event only made <mask> more popular and powerful. The people loved him for using the courts to decide the issue, rather than martial law. Impeachment

<mask> returned to serve for several months without any harassment from the state legislature. However, everything changed toward the end of 1928. That year, the Democrats had selected <mask> as their U.S. presidential nominee to challenge the Republican nominee, Herbert Hoover. Supporting his Democratic ally, <mask> campaigned in the state on <mask>'s behalf. <mask>, a Catholic, supported the end of prohibition and he spoke out against "religious bigots."Hoover won the presidency in an overwhelming national landslide with 58% of the popular vote. In Oklahoma, Hoover did even better and trounced <mask> with 63.7% of the vote and many Oklahoma Republicans won state offices on his coattails, including seats on the Oklahoma Supreme Court, a near majority in the Oklahoma House, and large gains in the Oklahoma Senate. <mask> was left alone as the only strong Democratic figure in the state. When the state legislature met in regular session in 1929, both Democrats and Republicans crafted a second wave of impeachment charges. Of the thirteen charges presented by the Oklahoma House of Representatives, the state senate accepted eleven. On January 21, <mask> was officially suspended from office and Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma William J. Holloway became acting governor. <mask>'s impeachment trial began on February 6 and would last over six weeks.The trial came to an end on March 20 with the state senate removing <mask> from office on the eleventh charge: general incompetence. The ten other charges were dismissed. On the same day, Holloway became the eighth governor of Oklahoma. He was the second lieutenant governor to become governor through the gubernatorial succession process in state history, the first being Martin E. Trapp. Later life and legacy
Following impeachment, <mask> returned to practice law in Perry. Four years later, he would win a term in the state senate, serving from 1933 to 1937. After leaving the Senate, he would once again return to practice law in Perry, where he died at the age of 97 on January 7, 1965.He was the longest-lived governor in Oklahoma history, before or since. <mask> is buried in Perry. The removal of <mask> proved to be the Oklahoma Legislature's apex of dominance against the other two branches of state government. Over the first two decades of Oklahoma's state existence, the state legislature had brought impeachment charges against four governors and had removed two. Only Governors Charles N. Haskell and Robert L. Williams would wield great executive power during this time. Nationwide, it would be nearly 60 years before another U.S. governor was impeached—Governor Evan Mecham of Arizona in 1988. State of the State Speeches
First State of the State Speech
Second State of the State Speech

Sources
Governor <mask>
Oklahoma Supreme Court Case Simpson v. Hill

References

External links
 Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - <mask>, Henry

1867 births
1965 deaths
People from Perry, Oklahoma
Politicians from Evansville, Indiana
Governors of Oklahoma
Oklahoma state senators
Oklahoma Democrats
Oklahoma lawyers
Impeached United States officials removed from office
Colorado lawyers
Democratic Party state governors of the United States

masks:
Henry Simpson Johnston
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Johnston
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Alfred Smith
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Smith
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<mask>, née Crowe  (12 April 1908  – 3 December 2013), was a British writer of several short-stories and over 125 romance novels that were published under her married name, <mask>, and under a number of different pseudonyms: Joan M. Allen; Susan Barrie, Pamela Kent, Averil Ives, Anita Charles, Barbara Rowan, Jane Beaufort, Rose Burghley, Mary Whistler and Marguerite Bell. She has sold millions of copies over her 90-year career. She has been referred to as the "world's oldest novelist" who was still active at 105 and continued writing until her death. On the occasion of her 105th birthday, <mask> was appointed honorary vice-president of the Romantic Novelists' Association, having been one of its founding members. <mask> and her husband, Lt Colonel <mask>, DSO (1888–1971), a veteran of war and Winston Churchill's collaborator and editor, had a daughter, <mask>, who is also a romance writer. <mask>'s autobiography, Starlight, published in 2009 at 100 years, tells the story of the start of her career, her marriage, and the relation of her husband with his ex-wife Enid Blyton. She was also an oil painter, who was selected for inclusion in a national exhibition in 2004, at the age of 96.Biography

First years
Born <mask> Crowe on 12 April 1908 in Lewisham, Kent, England, she was the daughter of Fanny Osborn, whose father was an architect in Victorian London, and her husband Arthur Crowe, but <mask> claimed to be illegitimate. Still unmarried, her mother began an affair with a supposed Russian duke, but, after her parents' death, her mother married Arthur Crowe, an old widower with a distant connection to Lord Nelson. A year or so later her mother resumed her affair with her Russian lover and became pregnant, but her daughter obtained her husband's surname. Her mother lived alone when <mask> was born, and she narrowly escaped being smothered with a pillow by the nurse who attended her birth. Her mother had a difficult time raising her and she was almost adopted by a rich uncle. Encouraged by her mother, she began to write while still at school. At 14, she published her first thriller, The Hills of Raven's Haunt.At age 20, she was living with her mother in Hastings and already had several stories in major magazines and short novels in print. She visited George Newnes's office in London, to sell her first full-length manuscript; Palanquins and Coloured Lanterns, a novel set in 1920s Shanghai. Six months later, she discovered they had mislaid it. After they found it, she returned to London to meet one of its editors, the 39-year-old Hugh Alexander <mask> (1888–1971), a distinguished veteran of World War I. Hugh had been married since 1924 to his second wife, the popular children's writer Enid Blyton, and was divorced from his first wife, Marion Atkinson, with whom he had two sons, William Cecil Alexander (1914–16) and Edward Alistair (1915–69). George Newnes bought her manuscript and contracted with her to write two more novels. She became a full-time writer in the 1930s, writing short stories under pseudonyms. She decided to travel alone to Morocco, after suffering a mental breakdown.World War II years and family
During World War II, <mask> worked at a hostel for girls in London during the Blitz; at this time Hugh, who had left publishing to join the Army, was Commandant of a school for Home Guard officers. Hugh had two daughters with Enid Blyton, Gillian Mary (1931–2007) and Imogen Mary (born 1935), but his marriage had difficulties and his wife began a series of affairs. He offered <mask> a post as civilian secretary at the Army Training Centre in the Surrey Hills. During a bungled firearms training session on a firing range, Hugh was hit by shrapnel and <mask> contacted Enid, who declined to visit her husband because she was busy and hated hospitals. In 1941 Enid met Kenneth Fraser Darrell Waters, a London surgeon with whom she began another relationship, and the marriage had broken down. In May 1942, while <mask> was visiting her mother's home in Hastings a bomb destroyed the house. She escaped unhurt, but her mother was in hospital for two weeks.Hugh paid for <mask> to stay at Claridges and he said he was divorcing his wife. To get a quick divorce, Hugh blamed himself for adultery at divorce petition. On 26 October 1943 <mask> and Hugh were married at London's Guildhall Register Office, six days after Enid's marriage to Darrell Waters. In 1944 they had a daughter <mask> who has also become a romance writer. Enid changed the names of their daughters and Hugh did not see them again, although Enid had promised access as part of his taking the blame for the divorce. Romance writing career
After World War II, George Newnes, Hugh's old firm, decided not to work with him anymore. They also represented Enid Blyton and were not willing to let her go.After this the marriage experienced financial problems and, in 1950, Hugh had to declare bankruptcy while he struggled with alcoholism. <mask> decided to write popular contemporary romances and sold her first novel to Mills & Boon in 1952. Being in print with several major international publishers at the same time, she decided to use multiple pseudonyms. In the 1950s she wrote as Susan Barrie, Pamela Kent, Rose Burghley, and Mary Whistler to Mills & Boon; as Averil Ives and Barbara Rowan to Ward Lock; as Anita Charles to Wright & Brown; and as Jane Beaufort to Collins. In 1964, she published under her married name, <mask>, her first historical novel, The Gentle Masquerade, and after the success of it, Mills and Boon's "Masquerade" series of historical romances was launched. Under her last pseudonym, Marguerite Bell, she also wrote historical romances. Most of her novels have been reprinted by Mills & Boon (or Harlequin in the United States).During her marriage she travelled widely and lived in many parts of England. It was their daughter's asthma that brought the Pollocks to Cornwall. They also lived in Ireland, France, Italy, Malta and Switzerland, where they successfully obtained a lasting cure for Rosemary's debilitating condition. Hugh died on 8 November 1971 in Malta, where he is buried in the British military cemetery. After her husband's death, <mask> returned with her daughter to England and they lived for several years in Wiltshire, before moving to Lanreath in 1986. In the 1970s she slowed the rhythm of publication, but continued to write. Besides romances, she published – as Barbara Rowan – a suspense novel, and her novel, A Distant Drum (2005), is based around the Battle of Waterloo.She has been referred to as the "world's oldest novelist" who was still active at 105. After her death, her medieval story: Sir Faintheart was published in 2015, and there are still at least two unpublished Regency romances pending publication, including The Runaway. Today many of her old novels are being reedited. Later years
In addition to writing, <mask> constructed model houses, usually scale miniatures of Georgian or Tudor buildings. She was also an oil painter, who was selected for inclusion in a national exhibition in 2004, at the age of 96. But her sight deteriorated and she returned to writing. After her 100th birthday, her autobiography, Starlight, was published on 15 November 2009, and she tells the story of the start of her career, her marriage, and the relation of her husband with his ex-wife Enid Blyton.In 1960 she was a founding member of the Romantic Novelists' Association, and in 2010 she helped in its 50th anniversary. On the occasion of her 105th birthday, she was appointed its honorary vice-president. She died 3 December 2013, aged 105. Bibliography

As <mask>e

Single novels
The Hills of Raven's Haunt, 1922

As Joan M. Allen

Single novels
Palanquins and coloured lanterns, 1930? Her Chinese Captor, 1935
Indian Love, 1935

As Susan Barrie

Single novels
Mistress of Brown Furrows, 1952
Gates of Dawn, 1954
Marry a Stranger, 1954
Carpet of dreams, 1955
Hotel Stardust = Hotel at Treloan, 1955
Dear Tiberius = Nurse Nolan, 1956
So Dear to my Heart, 1956
The House of the Laird, 1956
Air Ticket, 1957
Four Roads to Windrush, 1957
Heart Specialist, 1958
Stars of San Cecilio, 1958
The wings of the morning, 1960
Bride in Waiting, 1961
Moon at the Full, 1961
Royal Purple, 1962
A Case of Heart Trouble, 1963
Mountain Magic, 1964
Castle Thunderbird, 1965
No Just Cause, 1965
Master of Melincourt, 1966
Rose in the Bud, 1966
The Quiet Heart, 1966
Accidental Bride, 1967
Victoria and the Nightingale, 1967
Wild Sonata, 1968
The Marriage Wheel, 1968/12
Night of the Singing Birds, 1970/04

Omnibus collections
Marry A Stranger / Rose in the Bud / Marriage Wheel, 1976
House of the Laird / A Case of Heart Trouble / The Quiet Heart, 1976
Return to Tremarth / Night of the Singing Birds / Bride in Waiting, 1980

Anthologies in collaboration
Golden Harlequin Library Vol. X: The Wild Land Isobel Chance / Surgeon for Tonight / Four Roads to Windrush (1971) (with Isobel Chace by Elizabeth Houghton)
Golden Harlequin Library Vol. XVII: No Silver Spoon / Nurse Nolan / The Time and the Place (1971) (with Jane Arbor and Essie Summers)
Golden Harlequin Library Vol.XXI: The Doctor's Daughters / Gates of Dawn / The Gift at Snowy River (1972) (with Anne Weale and Joyce Dingwell)
Children's Nurse / Heart Specialist / Child Friday (1972) (Sara Seale and Kathryn Blair)
Romance Treasury (1975) (with Karin Mutch and Yvonne Whittal)
Harlequin Classic Library (1980) (with Elizabeth Hoy, Alex Stuart, Mary Burchell, Juliet Shore, Jean S. MacLeod, Elizabeth Houghton and Jill Tahourdin)

As Pamela Kent
(* Novels reedited as <mask>)

Single novels
Moon over Africa*, 1955
Desert Doorway, 1956
City of Palms, 1957
Sweet Barbary, 1957
Meet Me in Istanbul*, 1958
Dawn on the High Mountain, 1959
Flight to the Stars, 1959
The Chateau of Fire    1961
Bladon's Rock = Doctor Gaston, 1963
The Dawning Splendour, 1963
Enemy Lover    1964
Gideon Faber's Chance* = Gideon Faber's Choice, 1965
Star Creek, 1965
The Gardenia Tree, 1965
Cuckoo in the Night, 1966
White Heat, 1966
Beloved Enemies, 1967
The Man Who Came Back, 1967
Desert Gold, 1968
Man from the Sea, 1968
Nile Dusk, 1972/12
Night of Stars, 1975/12

Anthologies in collaboration
Golden Harlequin Library Vol. VIII: Choose The One You'll Marry / Sweet Barbary / Senior Surgeon at St. David's (1970) (with  Mary Burchell and Elizabeth Gilzean)

As Averil Ives

Single novels
Haven of the Heart, 1956
The Secret Heart, 1956
Doctor's Desire = Desire for the Star, 1957
The Uncertain Glory = Nurse Linnet's Release, 1957
Island in the Dawn, 1958
Love in Sunlight = Nurse for the Doctor, 1958
Master of Hearts, 1959

Omnibus collections
Island in the Dawn / Fox and His Vixen, 1975

As Anita Charles

Single novels
The Black Benedicts, 1956
My Heart at Your Feet, 1957
One Coin in the Fountain, 1957
Interlude for Love, 1958
The Moon and Bride's Hill, 1958
Autumn Wedding, 1962
The King of the Castle, 1963
White Rose of Love, 1963

As Barbara Rowan

Single novels
Silver Fire = In Care of the Doctor, 1956
Flower for a Bride, 1957
Love is Forever, 1957
Mountain of Dreams, 1958
The Keys of the Castle, 1959
House of Sand, 1986/08

Anthologies in collaboration
Golden Harlequin Library Vol. XXXIII: Flower for a Bride / Bachelors Galore / Hope for the Doctor (1970) (with Essie Summers and Margaret Malcolm)
Tuesday's Jillaroo / Fires of Toretta / The Keys of the Castle (1985) (with Kerry Allyne and Iris Danbury)

As Jane Beaufort

Single novels
A Nightingale in the Sycamore, 1957
Dangerous Lover = Dangerous Love, 1959
Love in High Places, 1960
A Quest for Lovers, 1963
Interlude in Snow, 1964

As Rose Burghley

Single novels
 (* Novels reedited as Susan Barrie)

And Be Thy Love, 1958
Love in the Afternoon, 1959
The Sweet Surrender, 1959
Bride by Arrangement, 1960
A Moment in Paris, 1961
Highland Mist, 1962
The Garden of Don Jose*, 1965/06
Man of Destiny, 1965/10
A Quality of Magic, 1966
The Afterglow = Alpine Doctor, 1966
Bride of Alaine, 1966/10
Folly of the Heart, 1967/04
The Bay of Moonlight, 1968/01
Return to Tremarth*, 1969/08

Anthologies in collaboration
Golden Harlequin Library Vol.

masks:
Ida Julia Pollock
Ida Pollock
Pollock
Ida
Hugh Alexander Pollock
Rosemary Pollock
Ida
Ida Julia
Pollock
Pollock
Pollock
Ida
Ida
Ida
Ida
Ida
Ida
Rosemary Pollock
Ida
Ida Pollock
Pollock
Ida
Ida Crow
Ida Pollock


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<mask> (born January 3, 1981) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 16 seasons with the New York Giants. After playing college football at Ole Miss, he was selected first overall in the 2004 NFL Draft by the San Diego Chargers and traded to the Giants during the draft. He is the youngest son of former NFL quarterback <mask> and younger brother of former NFL quarterback <mask>. Although <mask> struggled with consistency throughout much of his career, he is recognized for twice leading the Giants to underdog Super Bowl victories against the New England Patriots' dynasty in Super Bowl XLII and Super Bowl XLVI. The former, which saw the wild card Giants defeat a Patriots team that was the first to win all 16 regular season games, is regarded as one of the greatest sports upsets of all time. <mask> was named Most Valuable Player in both championships, making him one of five players to have multiple Super Bowl MVP awards. As the Giants' starting quarterback from 2004 to 2019, <mask> holds the franchise records for passing yards, touchdown passes, and completions.Never missing a game due to injury, he started 210 consecutive games from 2004 to 2017, the third-longest consecutive starts streak by an NFL quarterback. <mask> ranks eighth all-time in passing yards and ninth in touchdowns. Early life
<mask> was born in New Orleans, the youngest of three boys for Olivia (née Williams) and NFL quarterback <mask> Archibald "Archie" <mask> III, both natives of Mississippi. His older brothers, Cooper and Peyton were also quarterbacks. <mask> attended high school at the Isidore Newman School in New Orleans, where he played football and basketball for the Greenies. In his high school career, <mask> passed for 7,389 yards and 89 touchdowns. On February 7, 1999, he committed to play college football at the University of Mississippi.College career

<mask> entered college in the shadow of his brother Peyton, quarterback of the Indianapolis Colts, and his father, who was considered a "folk hero" at Ole Miss. During his years with the Rebels, <mask> set or tied 45 single-game, season and career records. His career numbers include 10,119 passing yards (fifth on the SEC career list), 81 touchdown passes (third on the SEC career list), and a passer rating of 137.7 (tied for sixth on the SEC career list). 2000 season

As a freshman, <mask> competed with veteran Romaro Miller for the starting quarterback position and saw little playing time. He appeared in six games and passed for 170 total yards and one interception. 2001 season

With the departure of Miller, <mask> became the Rebels' starting quarterback as a sophomore. In the first game, against Murray State, he converted 20-of-23 pass attempts for 271 yards and five passing touchdowns in the 49–14 victory.In the following game, a 27–21 loss to Auburn, he had 265 passing yards, one passing touchdown and one interception. Over the next few games, <mask> helped lead the Rebels to victories over Kentucky, Alabama and LSU. On November 3, in a 58–56 loss to Arkansas, <mask> passed for 312 passing yards and six passing touchdowns. Overall, <mask> had a solid first year as the Rebels' starting quarterback with 2,948 passing yards, 31 touchdowns, and nine interceptions, as the Rebels finished with a 7–4 record. 2002 season

<mask>'s junior season started out promising with a 31–3 victory over Louisiana-Monroe and a 38–16 victory over Memphis. <mask> had four passing touchdowns and one interception combined in those two games. In the next game, a 42–28 loss to Texas Tech, <mask> passed for 374 yards, three touchdowns and one interception.The Rebels won their next three games, which were over Vanderbilt, #6 Florida and Arkansas State to earn Ole Miss a #21 ranking in the AP Poll. <mask> had five touchdowns and one interception in that stretch. The Rebels' fortunes turned in the latter half of the season with a five-game losing streak. In the stretch was a 48–28 loss to Arkansas, in which <mask> completed 42-of-56 passes for 414 yards, two touchdowns, and two interceptions. In addition, he had a rushing touchdown. After a 24–12 win over rival Mississippi State, the Rebels qualified for the Independence Bowl with a 6–6 record to face off against Nebraska. <mask> passed for 313 yards and one touchdown in the 27–23 victory.Overall, <mask> finished with 3,401 passing yards, 21 touchdowns, and 15 interceptions in his junior season. 2003 season

<mask> started off his senior season with a 2–2 record. He played well in that stretch with 1,329 passing yards, 11 touchdowns and four interceptions, with victories over Vanderbilt and Louisiana-Monroe, but had losses to Memphis and Texas Tech. The Rebels went on a six-game winning streak that included victories over major SEC opponents #24 Florida, Alabama, #21 Arkansas, South Carolina, and Auburn. <mask> passed for 1,552 yards, 12 touchdowns, and four interceptions in the winning streak. Overall, he led the Rebels to a 10–3 record, and a 31–28 SBC Cotton Bowl Classic victory over #21 Oklahoma State, with 259 passing yards and two touchdowns in 2003. As his senior year came to a close, <mask> won many awards, including the Maxwell Award as the nation's best all-around player, the Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award, the National Football Foundation and College Football Hall of Fame Scholar-Athlete Award, the Sporting News Radio Socrates Award, and the SEC Most Valuable Player Award.He was also a candidate for the 2003 Heisman Trophy, finishing third in the voting after winning quarterback Jason White (University of Oklahoma) and wide receiver Larry Fitzgerald (University of Pittsburgh). <mask> was a member of the Sigma Nu fraternity (as was his father), and he was named Sigma Nu Athlete of the Year in 2001 and 2003. <mask> graduated from the University of Mississippi with a degree in marketing and a GPA of 3.44 and was on the Dean's Honor Roll. With <mask> being the most coveted player in the draft, it appeared that the Chargers' intentions were to draft him first overall. Meanwhile, <mask> and his father <mask> stated that he would refuse to play for the Chargers if drafted by them. <mask> asked the father of former Chargers quarterback Ryan Leaf before the draft about his son's experience with the team. In hearing that the Chargers did not help Leaf with his personal problems, it then became part of why <mask> refused to play for the team.The Chargers selected <mask> with the first pick overall nonetheless, as the team had a deal with the New York Giants, whereby the Giants would draft and then trade Philip Rivers and a 2004 third-round pick, used to select placekicker Nate Kaeding; a 2005 first-round pick, used to select linebacker Shawne Merriman; and a 2005 fifth-round pick (which was later traded away) to the Chargers for <mask>. He signed a six-year, $45 million contract with the Giants. <mask> was one of 17 quarterbacks taken in the 2004 NFL Draft, along with Rivers and the Pittsburgh Steelers' Ben Roethlisberger. All three would enjoy lengthy and successful careers with the teams that signed them and have been compared favorably to the 1983 NFL Draft, which included Hall of Fame quarterbacks John Elway, Jim Kelly, and Dan Marino. <mask> posted the lowest passing yards, touchdowns, pass completions, completion percentage, TD–INT ratio, passer rating, wins, winning percentage, and Pro Bowl honors of the three, but cemented his legacy with his two upset Super Bowl victories against the New England Patriots' dynasty. While both <mask> and Roethlisberger were part of two Super Bowl-winning teams, <mask> is the only quarterback of the three to earn Super Bowl MVP honors, which he received in both victories. 2004 season: Rookie year

<mask> made his NFL regular season debut in Week 1 against the Philadelphia Eagles.He came into the game toward the end the fourth quarter in relief of Kurt Warner. He finished the 31–17 loss 3-of-9 for 66 yards. <mask> made his first career regular season start against the Atlanta Falcons at Giants Stadium on November 21, 2004. In the game, <mask> threw his first career touchdown on a six-yard pass to Jeremy Shockey in the third quarter. In his fourth start, against the Baltimore Ravens at M&T Bank Stadium on December 12, 2004, he ended the day with a 0.0 passer rating and was benched in the second half in favor of Warner, but remained the Giants starter through the end of the season. In Week 15, against the Pittsburgh Steelers, he recorded his first multi-touchdown performance with 182 passing yards, two touchdowns, and one interception in the 33–30 loss in a duel with fellow rookie quarterback Ben Roethlisberger. In the regular season finale, <mask> passed for 144 yards, three touchdowns, and one interception in the 28–24 victory over the Dallas Cowboys, getting his first win as a starter.The Giants finished with a 6–10 record and were 1–6 in games that <mask> started in. He finished with 1,043 passing yards, six touchdowns, and nine interceptions. 2005 season: NFC East champions

Following 2004, Warner left the Giants, and <mask> was named the starter for 2005. <mask> led the Giants to a 2–0 record with victories against the Arizona Cardinals and New Orleans Saints, before traveling to the West Coast for a test in a road game against the San Diego Chargers. Chargers fans did not forget the snub, and on September 25, 2005, when <mask> and the Giants made their first trip to San Diego for a game since that draft day, the crowd booed <mask> loudly every time he touched the ball. San Diego defeated the Giants 45–23, but <mask> displayed what may have been his most impressive performance of his young career, going 24-of-41 for 352 yards and two touchdowns. <mask> returned home to throw for almost 300 yards and a career-high four touchdowns against the St. Louis Rams at Giants Stadium in a 44–24 romp.Two games later, he led a last-minute drive against the Denver Broncos to secure a 24–23 victory for the Giants. The drive culminated in a two-yard touchdown to Amani Toomer with five seconds remaining. Two weeks later, <mask> overcame a weak first half against the San Francisco 49ers to help his team secure their first official road victory of the season, 24–6. Despite a poor performance at home against the Minnesota Vikings, throwing four interceptions, he again led his team back to tie the game in the final minutes before the Vikings won on a late field goal. <mask> finished among the top five quarterbacks in both passing yards and touchdown passes, while leading an offense that finished third in the NFL in scoring with a total of 422 points. It was the most points the Giants scored in a single season since 1963. The Giants won the NFC East with an 11–5 record and advanced to the postseason as the #4-seed.In the Wild Card Round against the Carolina Panthers, <mask> was 10-of-18 for 113 yards and three interceptions in the 23–0 loss. 2006 season

<mask>'s second full season was reminiscent of his 2005 season. He started off playing well and completed over 65 percent of his passes through the first four games. However, he struggled in the second half of the season and his production diminished towards the end of the regular season. After losing a tough game to his brother Peyton and the Indianapolis Colts on opening day, <mask> and the Giants rebounded from a 24–7 fourth quarter deficit en route to a 30–24 overtime victory over the division rival Philadelphia Eagles in Week 2. <mask> threw for a career-high 371 yards in the win with three touchdowns including a game-winning pass to Plaxico Burress in overtime to earn NFC Offensive Player of the Week. Following a poor performance against the Seattle Seahawks the next week, <mask> and the Giants responded by winning five straight games including wins over the Washington Redskins, Dallas Cowboys and Atlanta Falcons, to push their record to 6–2.Following this winning streak, key injuries including one to wide receiver Amani Toomer pushed <mask> and the Giants into a downward slide. Playing against the Chicago Bears, <mask> started well, but the Giants' offense was derailed by the loss of left tackle Luke Petitgout to a broken leg. <mask> was held to only 141 yards passing with two interceptions. Petitgout's loss left a gaping hole at the crucial left tackle position, and <mask> was unable to repeat his first-half success. <mask> struggled the next week against the Jacksonville Jaguars and the week after that, a costly interception helped to culminate a huge collapse on the road against the Tennessee Titans, with the Giants seeing a 21-point fourth quarter lead simply evaporate. <mask> improved the following week, throwing for 270 yards and two touchdowns against the Dallas Cowboys, but the Giants lost 23–20. Finally regaining momentum, <mask> threw three touchdowns in a win on the road against the Carolina Panthers, but then he stumbled badly in the final three games.He threw two interceptions against the Philadelphia Eagles and tallied only 73 passing yards in a game against the New Orleans Saints. Although the Giants battled back to 8–8 the following week on the road against the Washington Redskins, <mask> completed only 12 of 26 passes for 101 yards and one touchdown. The Giants qualified for the postseason as the #6-seed and met the Philadelphia Eagles. Although he did significantly better in this game than the 2005 playoff game against the Carolina Panthers, completing 16 of 27 passes for 161 yards and two touchdowns, the Giants lost in the Wild Card Round on a last-second field goal by the Eagles. For the year, <mask> threw for 3,244 yards, 24 touchdowns, and 18 interceptions. He completed 57.7 percent of his passes, a five-point improvement from 2005, but he again struggled badly in the second half of the season. <mask> finished the season with a quarterback efficiency rating of 77.0 (18th in the league) with 6.2 yards per attempt.2007 season: Super Bowl champions

<mask> trained in the Meadowlands with offensive coordinator Kevin Gilbride and new quarterbacks coach Chris Palmer prior to the 2007 regular season. For the first time ever, Plaxico Burress and Jeremy Shockey practiced in the off-season with <mask> to perfect their timing and chemistry rather than training alone in Miami as they did in previous years. 2007 regular season
<mask> opened the 2007 season with an outstanding personal performance against the Dallas Cowboys, completing 28 of 41 passing attempts for 312 yards, four touchdowns, and an interception, but suffered a shoulder sprain and was removed from the game late in the second half. Although he did play against the Green Bay Packers in Week 2 while throwing for 211 yards with one touchdown, the Giants defense performed poorly again and the team dropped to 0–2 with Green Bay winning, 35–13. In week three, <mask> got a come-from-behind victory as the Giants defense improved, pitching a shutout in the second half and stopping the Washington Redskins on a fourth and goal situation, winning the game 24–17. The Giants defense then shut down the Philadelphia Eagles with an NFL record-tying 12 sacks, holding the Eagles offense to one field goal. The Giants won with a score of 16–3.The following week, <mask> overcame a dismal first half to throw for two second-half scores in a 35–24 win over their in-city rivals, the New York Jets. Following two straight home victories, <mask> and the Giants obtained their fourth consecutive victory with a 31–10 defeat of the Atlanta Falcons in the Georgia Dome on Monday Night Football. <mask> performed well, completing 27 of 39 passes for 303 yards along with a pair of touchdowns while giving away two interceptions. Behind a dominant defensive effort, the Giants improved to 5–2 the next week with a 33–15 win over the San Francisco 49ers. <mask> played well again, throwing for two touchdowns in the effort. In week 8, the Giants played a road game against the Miami Dolphins on October 28, 2007, in London's Wembley Stadium. <mask> only threw for 59 yards in the rain and mud, but he scored the Giants' only touchdown on a 10-yard run.This touchdown was the first in an NFL regular season game that was played outside of North America. The Giants defeated the Dolphins, 13–10, bringing the Giants to a 6–2 record at the mid-way point of the 2007 season. After losing to their division rivals the Dallas Cowboys in Week 9, New York Giants co-owner John Mara publicly questioned <mask>'s ability to lead the Giants in 2007, but more importantly, in the future:

After a week of criticism in the New York media and being outplayed by Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo, <mask> had a bounce-back victory against their conference Wild Card competitors the Detroit Lions. <mask> threw for 283 yards and one touchdown but most importantly, no interceptions in a critical road game. The following week in a 41–17 loss to the Minnesota Vikings, <mask> threw four interceptions and had three of them returned for touchdowns. He continued to struggle until the last game of the season, against the 15–0 New England Patriots. With a playoff spot secured, the Giants could have rested their starters for the playoffs, but they instead chose to keep in the regulars and attempt to stop New England's quest for an undefeated regular season.The Giants lost 38–35, with <mask> completing 22 of 32 passes for 252 yards, with four touchdowns and one interception. 2007 playoffs

The Giants entered the playoffs as the #5-seed. On January 6, 2008, in the Wild Card Round, <mask> went 20-of-27 for 185 yards playing on the road against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The underdog Giants won 24–14, and <mask> had two touchdown passes. On January 13, 2008, in the Divisional Round <mask> led the Giants to an upset victory over the

masks:
Elisha Nelson Manning
Archie Manning
Peyton Manning
Manning
Manning
Manning
Manning
Manning
Elisha
Manning
Manning
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Archie Manning
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Eli
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 heavily favored Dallas Cowboys, the number one seed in the NFC. For the third straight game, <mask> played well, completing 12 of 18 passes for 163 yards and two touchdowns with no interceptions. The Giants were the first team to beat an NFC number one seed in the Divisional Round since the start of the 12-team format in 1990.This victory secured an NFC Championship berth against the Green Bay Packers on January 20, 2008. In the NFC Championship, the Giants beat the Packers in overtime, with a score of 23–20. The dramatic victory secured <mask> and the Giants a trip to Super Bowl XLII. This was the first Super Bowl appearance for the New York Giants since Super Bowl XXXV in 2001, and their first Super Bowl victory since Super Bowl XXV. Super Bowl XLII

In front of a record-setting American television audience and on the strength of a late fourth quarter drive led by <mask>, the Giants beat the 12.5 point-favored, undefeated New England Patriots 17–14. Trailing 14–10 with 2:42 remaining, <mask> led the Giants 83 yards on a game-winning touchdown drive. On a crucial third-and-5 at the Giants' 44-yard line, <mask> connected with David Tyree on a play in which he avoided several sacks and Tyree caught the ball off his helmet for a large gain.Four plays later, Plaxico Burress caught a 13-yard touchdown pass with just 35 seconds remaining for the winning margin. <mask> became only the second quarterback in NFL history to throw two go-ahead fourth quarter touchdowns in a Super Bowl (Joe Montana being the first in Super Bowl XXIII in 1989). <mask> also became the first quarterback to throw a last-minute, championship-winning touchdown in the NFL title game (including the pre-Super Bowl era) when a field goal would not at least tie the game. <mask> was named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl XLII. He and his brother Peyton are the only brother combination to play at quarterback in the Super Bowl and the only set of brothers to win Super Bowl MVP, doing so in successive years. For winning Super Bowl MVP, he was given his choice of any 2008 model Cadillac, and <mask> chose an Escalade Hybrid. The Wednesday following the Super Bowl he appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman.2008 season: NFC East champions

<mask> and the Giants opened the 2008 season with a win over their division rivals, the Washington Redskins, 16–7. <mask> completed 19 passes of 35 for 216 yards, and had one rushing touchdown and one interception. Post-match, he said: "It was a great opening to the season. There was a lot of emotion, a lot of excitement. You could feel it in the crowd." In the Giants' next game, against the St. Louis Rams, they won again, 41–13, behind a stellar <mask> performance. <mask> finished the game with 20 completions, 260 yards passing and threw three touchdowns to three different receivers.The victory also marked the team's fourth straight victory over the Rams. The following week, <mask> rallied the Giants to more fourth-quarter magic, overcoming a late deficit to throw the go-ahead touchdown pass to tight end Kevin Boss, and then in overtime, throwing a clutch 31-yard pass to Amani Toomer in the Giants' 26–23 win over Cincinnati Bengals. The fourth week of the season saw the Giants score on each of their first six possessions and dominate the Seattle Seahawks, 44–6. <mask> threw for two touchdowns, completing 19 of 25 passes for 267 yards as the Giants totaled 523 yards on offense, their most since 2002. Following a poor team performance in a 35–14 loss on the road against the Cleveland Browns, <mask> and the Giants responded with a 29–17 win over the 49ers and battled to a hard earned 21–14 win over the Pittsburgh Steelers at Pittsburgh's Heinz Field. <mask> completed 19 of 32 passes for 199 yards and one touchdown in the crucial win, which pushed the Giants to a 6–1 record. The following week, the Giants beat the Dallas Cowboys at home 35–14 to get to 7–1 at the midway point of the regular season.<mask> threw three touchdowns in the game. New York improved to 8–1 with a 36–31 win on the road against the Philadelphia Eagles. <mask> threw two touchdowns in the victory, but the crucial play occurred in the third quarter. With the Giants trailing by four, <mask> appeared to make an illegal forward pass to tight end Boss. After review, it was determined that the pass was legal. The Giants scored a touchdown two plays later. Week nine pitted the Giants in a battle with the visiting Baltimore Ravens.The Ravens had come into the game with the league's third-ranked defense; nevertheless, <mask> led the Giants to a decisive 30–10 victory, improving to 9–1, which included a 200-yard rushing effort by running backs Brandon Jacobs, Derrick Ward and Ahmad Bradshaw. Two weeks later, the Giants faced the Redskins at Washington in their second encounter in the season. <mask> threw his first 300-yard game of the season going 21-of-34 with an interception and a 40-yard touchdown pass to Toomer. The Giants beat the Redskins 23–7. In November, <mask> was named the NFC Offensive Player of the Month. For the month, <mask> threw for 1,036 yards and ten touchdowns, and compiled a 94.9 passer rating while leading the Giants to a perfect 5–0 record. <mask> was named to his first Pro Bowl on December 16, making him the first Giants quarterback to earn the honor since Phil Simms in 1993.In week 15, <mask> and the Giants visited Texas Stadium, where Tony Romo battled through a lower back contusion and connected with nine different receivers, finishing 20-of-30 for 244 yards and two touchdowns leading the Dallas Cowboys to a 20–8 victory. In week 16 against the Carolina Panthers with NFC homefield advantage on the line, <mask> had a passing day of 17 of 27 for 181 yards and no interceptions. <mask> led the Giants back from deficits of 21–10 and 28–20 to tie the game with just over three minutes left, including a bullet pass to Domenik Hixon for a key two-point conversion to tie the game at 28. The game was played in freezing conditions. After becoming the No. 1 seed in the NFC with a 12–4 record, the Giants had a first playoff round bye week and homefield advantage through the rest of the playoffs. In the Divisional Round, they faced their archrival Philadelphia Eagles at Giants Stadium with its signature windy conditions.Philadelphia went on to win the game 23–11. <mask> completed 15 out of 29 passes for 169 yards with no touchdowns and two interceptions. 2009 season

On August 5, 2009, he signed a six-year US$97.5million contract extension. <mask> and the Giants opened the 2009 season with a win over their division rival, the Washington Redskins, 23–16. <mask> played well completing 20 of 29 passing attempts for 256, one touchdown and one interception. <mask> and the Giants traveled to Dallas to play the Dallas Cowboys in the opening of their new Cowboys Stadium on Sunday Night Football. <mask> played outstanding completing 25 of 38 passing attempts for 330 yards, two touchdowns and no interceptions which resulted in a 33–31 win for the Giants on a last-second field goal.In Week 3, <mask> and the Giants played the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, where he completed 14 of 24 passes for 161 yards, with two touchdowns and no interceptions. As the Giants had a big lead, he was taken from the game at the start of the second quarter, the Giants ended up winning 24–0. In Week 4, the Giants played the Kansas City Chiefs. <mask> was playing well up until the start of the fourth quarter when on a play-action fake, he injured his heel while passing downfield to Steve Smith. He stayed in for the next play completing a 54-yard touchdown to Hakeem Nicks. It was discovered that <mask> had plantar fasciitis (inflammation of connective tissue within the soles of the feet) and there was speculation he would not play against the Oakland Raiders in Week 5. However, in Week 5, <mask> played well, completing eight of ten passes for 173 yards and two touchdowns with the Giants winning 44–7.This was the first time in his career that <mask> had a posted a perfect passer rating. After this five-game winning streak, the Giants fell to a four-game losing streak, losing to the New Orleans Saints, the Arizona Cardinals, the Philadelphia Eagles and the San Diego Chargers, before winning again after a bye week on Week 11 when they played the Atlanta Falcons, winning 34–31 in overtime. Against the Falcons, <mask> posted a career-high 384 passing yards with three touchdowns and one interception. On Thanksgiving, the Giants traveled to Denver to play the Denver Broncos where they lost 26–6. <mask> completed 24 of 40 passes for 230 yards, with no touchdowns and an interception. In Week 14, they played their divisional rivals, the Philadelphia Eagles, and lost 45–38, where it was a close game from the start. <mask> passed for a career-high 391 yards, three touchdowns and no interceptions but was not able to win the game.Next week, on Monday Night Football, <mask> and the Giants dominated the Redskins, winning the game 45–12. The next week, in the final game in Giants Stadium, <mask> and the Giants lost 41–9 against the Carolina Panthers. The Giants did not fare better the next week on the road against the Minnesota Vikings in the final regular season game, losing 44–7 while down 38 points in the fourth quarter. After the games, <mask> apologized to the fans for the team's performance. The Giants finished the 2009 season with an 8–8 record and missed the playoffs. <mask> ended the 2009 season with career highs including 4,021 passing yards, 27 touchdowns, a 62.3 completion percentage rating, and a passer rating of 93.1. 2010 season

On August 16 during a preseason game against the New York Jets, <mask> was hit by Brandon Jacobs, then by Calvin Pace, which knocked off his helmet, then went face first into Jim Leonhard's face mask.As a result, <mask> had a large gash that needed 12 stitches, and he left the game. <mask> started the season with 263 passing yards, three touchdowns, and three interceptions in the 31–18 victory over the Carolina Panthers. In a Week 3 game with the Tennessee Titans, <mask> put together a season-high 386 passing but two interceptions in the 29–10 loss to put the Giants at 1–2. The Giants went on a five-game winning streak following the loss. In that stretch was a Week 7 41–35 victory over the Dallas Cowboys, where <mask> passed for 306 yards, four touchdowns and three interceptions. In Week 15, he had 289 passing yards, four touchdowns, and one interception in the 38–31 loss to the Philadelphia Eagles. In Week 16, <mask> connected on with <mask> on a then-career-high 85-yard receiving touchdown in a 45–17 loss to the Green Bay Packers.The mark was broken the next week when <mask> completed a 92-yard passing touchdown to <mask> in the 17–14 victory over the Washington Redskins. The Giants ended the 2010 NFL season with a 10–6 record. <mask> led the Giants to a 17–14 win in the last game of the season against the Washington Redskins, however, because of the Packers' 10–3 win over the Chicago Bears, the Giants did not make the playoffs. He ended the season with 4,002 yards, a career-high 31 touchdowns, but also a career-high 25 interceptions, which marked the most by a quarterback in the 2010 season, and a 62.5 completion percentage. 2011 season: Second Super Bowl championship

In August 2011, <mask> generated mild controversy in the sports media during a radio interview on The Michael Kay Show. When asked by host Michael Kay whether he was an elite "Top 10, Top 5" quarterback in the same class as Tom Brady, he responded:

<mask> received criticism for the quote for trying to inflate his own status and skills, with critics pointing out his past inconsistent stats, including his 25 interceptions in the previous season, as evidence contradicting his claims. However, <mask> also received support for his comments from Giants coach Tom Coughlin, and teammates such as wide receiver Hakeem Nicks.Later in the season, Dallas Cowboys defensive coordinator Rob Ryan commented on the quote, agreeing with <mask> that he was an elite quarterback "for sure." 2011 regular season
The Giants opened the 2011 season with a slow start, losing to the rival Washington Redskins 28–14– in an emotional game for both fanbases on the 10th anniversary of the September 11 attacks. <mask> completed 18 of 32 passes for 268 yards but threw a costly interception in the third quarter to linebacker Ryan Kerrigan, who returned it for a touchdown and swung the momentum of the game. However, the Giants recovered and won their next three games, including over the arch-rival Philadelphia Eagles, where he had 254 passing yards and four touchdowns in the 29–16 victory to earn NFC Offensive Player of the Week. During this streak, <mask> improved, throwing for 266 yards per game with eight total touchdowns and one interception. After a 6–2 start, including a 24–20 last-minute comeback by <mask> over the New England Patriots that evoked comparisons to Super Bowl XLII, the Giants entered a tough stretch of their schedule, facing off against the San Francisco 49ers, the New Orleans Saints and the Green Bay Packers, the respective eventual NFC West, South and North champions. The Giants lost all three games as well as falling to the Philadelphia Eagles at home, leading them into a four-game skid and once again putting their postseason hopes in jeopardy.However, unlike the previous three seasons, the Giants finished strong, winning three of their last four games. This included a key win over their crosstown rival New York Jets, where <mask> tied an NFL record by completing a 99-yard touchdown pass to Victor Cruz, as well as a sweep of their fellow division rival Dallas Cowboys. In the final regular-season game against the Dallas Cowboys, <mask> threw for 346 yards and three touchdowns, giving the Giants the win, the NFC East title, and a playoff berth for the first time in three years. He earned a Pro Bowl nomination for his performance in the 2011 season. He threw for at least 400 yards in three separate games, setting a new franchise record. 2011 playoffs

The Giants entered the 2011 postseason as underdogs, with the worst record of any NFC playoff team. However, <mask> and his team would once again demonstrate their endurance and durability late in the year.The Giants first easily routed the Atlanta Falcons 24–2 in the Wild Card Round and then stunned the defending Super Bowl champions and top-seeded Green Bay Packers in the Divisional Round to advance to the NFC Championship Game. In the win, <mask> completed 21 out of 33 attempts and threw three touchdowns and one interception. The following week, the Giants avenged their regular season loss to the San Francisco 49ers with a dramatic 20–17 overtime win in the NFC Championship Game. In the game, <mask> set franchise playoff records with 32 completions on 52 attempts, good enough for 316 yards and two touchdowns despite being sacked a franchise-record-tying six times. This victory secured <mask> and the Giants a second trip in five years to the Super Bowl, setting up a highly anticipated Super Bowl XLII rematch against Tom Brady and the New England Patriots. The Giants also made history as the first Super Bowl team ever outscored in the regular season (394 points scored, 400 points allowed). Super Bowl XLVI

In the most-watched program in the history of United States television, <mask> once again led the Giants to an upset victory over the -point-favored Patriots 21–17, his second Super Bowl win and the fourth overall for the franchise.While trailing the Patriots 15–17 in the final minutes, <mask> led the Giants 88 yards down the field to a touchdown that many observers described as "accidental". With just over a minute of time left in the game, the Giants called a running play and <mask> handed off the ball to Ahmad Bradshaw with the hopes of stopping short of the goal line and forcing the Patriots to use their final time out, thus allowing the Giants to run out the clock. The Patriots, in turn, did not attempt to tackle Bradshaw in his run, and he then fell over the goal line despite making an attempt to stop. However, the remaining time was not enough for Patriots quarterback Tom Brady to lead a comeback and the Giants held onto the lead to win. <mask> was again named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl XLVI, becoming the third quarterback in a row to win the award. The Giants also became the first team ever with fewer than ten wins in a 16-game regular season to win the Super Bowl. <mask> also became the first quarterback in NFL history to throw for 4,900+ yards and win a Super Bowl in the same season.The Giants were the first team with a running game ranked last (32nd) and a defense ranked as low as 27th to win a Super Bowl. For winning the Super Bowl, <mask> and the Giants received a victory parade in Manhattan and were honored with symbolic keys to the city by Mayor Michael Bloomberg. He was ranked 31st by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2012. 2012 season

The Giants endured a disappointing season following their Super Bowl run in 2011. <mask> led the Giants to a 6–2 record to begin their season, including a career-best 510 passing yards to go along with three passing touchdowns and three interceptions in a Week 2 41–34 win over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He finished second only to Phil Simms's game with 513 passing yards in 1985 for the franchise record. However, <mask> averaged an anemic 204 yards per game and 74.3 passer rating from Week 8 to Week 16, including his lowest rating in five years (38.9) in a 34–0 loss to the Atlanta Falcons in Week 15.He ended the 2012 season on a high note, throwing a career-high five touchdown passes while completing 13 of 21 pass attempts and passing for 208 yards with no

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