text_chunks:
<mask> (January 1, 1908 – December 3, 1963) was an American spy and member of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA). She served the Soviet Union from 1938 to 1945 until she defected from the Communist Party and Soviet intelligence by contacting the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and reporting on her own activities. She became widely known after testifying in various trials and before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). In 1952, <mask> became an informant for the USA, and was paid by the FBI for her frequent appearances before different committees and investigations. She exposed two spy networks, ultimately naming more than 80 Americans who she said had engaged in espionage. Early life

<mask> was born in New Milford, Connecticut, the daughter of  <mask>, a dry-goods merchant, and May Charlotte Turrill, a schoolteacher. In 1915, her parents moved to Ithaca, New York.By 1920, the family had moved to McKeesport, Pennsylvania. Later that year, they returned to New York, settling in Rochester. Her parents were described as a straight-laced Episcopalians from New England. She attended Vassar College, graduating in 1930 with a degree in English, Italian, and French. In 1933, while she was attending graduate school at Columbia University, she won a fellowship at the University of Florence. While in Italy, she briefly joined a local fascist student group, the Gruppo Universitario Fascista. Under the influence of her anti-fascist faculty advisor Mario Casella, with whom she had an affair while at Columbia, <mask> soon shifted her politics.During her master's degree, she attended meetings of the American League Against War and Fascism. Although she would later say that she found Communist literature unreadable and "dry as dust", she was attracted to the sense of community and social conscience she found among her friends in the league. When she learned that most were members of the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA), she joined the party in March 1935. Espionage activity

<mask> entered into espionage in 1935, when she obtained a job at the Italian Library of Information in New York City. This was fascist Italy's propaganda bureau in the United States. She reported the job to CPUSA headquarters, telling them of her willingness to spy on the fascists. Juliet Stuart Poyntz, who also worked at the Italian Library of Information, approached and recruited <mask>.The Communists were interested in the information <mask> could provide, so NKVD officer Jacob Golos was assigned in 1938 to be her contact and controller. Golos (born Yakov Naumovich Reizen) was an immigrant from Russia, who became a naturalized United States citizen in 1915. He was one of the Soviet Union's most important intelligence agents in the United States. When they met, Golos was involved in planning the assassination of Leon Trotsky, which would take place in Mexico City in 1940. <mask> and Golos soon became lovers. At this point, <mask> thought she was spying solely for the American Communist Party. It was more than a year before she learned his true name, and, according to her later testimony, two years before she knew that he was working for Soviet intelligence.In 1940, two years into their relationship, the Justice Department forced Golos to register as an agent of the Soviet government under the Foreign Agents Registration Act. This increased the risk of contacting and accepting documents from his network of American spies. He gradually transferred this responsibility to <mask>. Golos also needed someone to take charge of the day-to-day business of the United States Service and Shipping Corporation, a Comintern front organization for espionage activities. <mask> took on this role as well. Although she was never directly paid for any of her espionage work, she would eventually earn $800 a month as vice president of U.S. Service and Shipping, a considerable salary at the time,  (per month). As <mask> acquired an important role in Soviet intelligence, the Soviets gave her the code name Umnitsa, loosely translated as "wise girl" or "clever girl" (in some literature, it is more erroneously translated as "good girl").Silvermaster group
Most of <mask>'s contacts were in what prosecutors and historians would later call the "Silvermaster group", a network of spies centered around Nathan Gregory Silvermaster. This network became one of the most important Soviet espionage operations in the United States. Silvermaster worked with the Resettlement Administration and later with the Board of Economic Warfare. He did not have access to much sensitive information, but he knew several Communists and sympathizers within the government who were better placed and willing to pass such information to him. Using <mask>, he sent it to Moscow. At this time, the Soviet Union and the United States were allies in the Second World War and much of the information Silvermaster collected for the Soviets had to do with the war against Nazi Germany. As the Soviets were bearing the burden of the ground war in Europe, they were interested in American intelligence.American intelligence included secret estimates of German military strength, data on U.S. munitions production, and information on the Allies' schedule for opening a second front in Europe. The contacts in Golos's and <mask>'s extended network ranged from dedicated Stalinists to, in the words of <mask>'s biographer Kathryn Olmsted, "romantic idealists" who "wanted to help the brave Russians beat the Nazi war machine". Conflicts with Soviet spymasters
In late 1943, Golos suffered from a fatal heart attack. After meeting with CPUSA General Secretary Earl Browder, <mask> decided to continue her espionage work and accepted Golos' place. Her new contact in Soviet intelligence was Iskhak Akhmerov, the leading NKGB Illegal Rezident, or undercover spy chief working without diplomatic cover. Under orders from Moscow, Akhmerov wanted <mask> to report her contacts directly to him. <mask>, Browder, and Golos had resisted this change, believing that using an American intermediary was the best way to handle their sources and fearing that Russian agents would endanger the American spies and possibly drive them away.With Browder's support, <mask> initially ignored a series of orders that she "hand over" her agents to Akhmerov. She expanded her spy network when Browder gave her control over another group of agents. This was the "Perlo group", with contacts in the War Production Board, the United States Senate, and the Treasury Department. Since her days in Florence, <mask> suffered from bouts of depression and alcohol abuse. More despondent and lonely after the death of Golos and under increasing pressure from Soviet intelligence, she began to drink more heavily. She missed work at U.S. Service and Shipping, and neighbors described her as drinking "all the time". In early June 1944, Browder acceded to Akhmerov's demands and agreed to instruct the members of the Silvermaster group to report directly to the NKGB.<mask> later said that this was the event that turned her against Communism in the United States. During her grand jury testimony in 1948, she said "I discovered then that Earl Browder was just a puppet, that somebody pulled the strings in Moscow". Her biographers suggest that <mask>'s objections, rather than being ideological, were related more to a lifelong dislike of being given orders and a sense that the reassignments of her contacts left her with no meaningful role. Later in 1944, <mask> was ordered to give up all of her remaining sources, including the Perlo group. Her Soviet superior also told her that she would have to leave her position as vice president of U.S. Service and Shipping. Break with Soviets

In 1945, <mask> began an affair with a man who she came to suspect was either an FBI or a Soviet agent sent to spy on her. Her Soviet contact suggested that she should emigrate to the Soviet Union, but <mask> feared that might end with her execution there.In August 1945, <mask> went to the FBI office in New Haven, Connecticut, and met with the agent-in-charge. She did not immediately defect. She seemed to be "feeling out" the FBI, and it was not until November that she began to tell her full story to the agency. In the meantime, her personal situation continued to worsen. In September, she met with Anatoly Gorsky, her NKGB controller, and arrived drunk to the meeting. She became angry with Gorsky, berated him and his fellow Russian agents for being "gangsters", and obliquely threatened to turn into an FBI informant. She soon realized that her tirade could have put her life in danger.When Gorsky reported this to Moscow, his recommendation was to "get rid of her". Moscow advised Gorsky to be patient with <mask> and calm her down. A few weeks later it was revealed that Louis Budenz, editor of the CPUSA newspaper and one of <mask>'s sources, had defected to the United States. Budenz had not yet revealed any of his knowledge of espionage activity, but he knew <mask>'s name and knew she was a spy. Imperiled from multiple directions, <mask> made her final decision to defect and went back to the FBI on November 7, 1945. Defection and after
In a series of debriefing interviews with the FBI beginning November 7, 1945, <mask> implicated nearly 150 people in spying for the Soviet Union, including 37 federal employees. The FBI already suspected many of those she named, and some had been named by earlier defectors Igor Gouzenko and Whittaker Chambers.This increased FBI confidence in her account and person. They gave her the code name "Gregory", and J. Edgar Hoover ordered the strictest secrecy measures be taken to hide her identity and defection. Hoover advised Sir William Stephenson, head of British Security Coordination for the Western hemisphere, of <mask>'s defection, and Stephenson duly notified London. But Kim Philby, then-head of the British Secret Intelligence Service's (SIS or "MI6") new Section IX (counter-espionage against the Soviet Union), was a Soviet double agent who would escape to the Soviet Union in 1963. Philby promptly alerted Moscow about <mask>, and they shut down all contact with <mask>'s network, just as the FBI was beginning surveillance of them. <mask>'s NKGB contact Gorsky again recommended to Moscow that the American be "liquidated", and again Moscow rejected the idea. The breach of secrecy around <mask>'s defection foiled a year-long attempt by the FBI to have her act as a double agent.Additionally, because of the shutdown of Soviet espionage activity, the FBI surveillance of the agents <mask> had named turned up no evidence that could be used to prosecute them. Some 250 FBI agents were assigned to the <mask> case, following up the leads she had provided and, through phone tap, surveillance, and mail openings, investigating people she had named. The FBI, grand juries, and congressional committees would eventually interview many of these alleged spies, but each of them would either invoke their Fifth Amendment right not to testify or maintain their innocence. For Hoover and a few highly placed FBI and army intelligence personnel, the definitive corroboration of <mask>'s story came sometime in the late 1940s to early 1950s, when the highly secret Venona project succeeded in decrypting wartime cables sent between Soviet intelligence agents and Moscow. In these cables, <mask> was referred to by the codename which she had told the FBI and there were discussions of several of her known contacts and documents which she was known to have passed on to the Soviets. The Venona project was classified and was considered so secret that the U.S. Government was unwilling to expose it by allowing any material from it to be used as evidence in any trial. Neither presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt nor Harry Truman were aware of the Venona project by name, though they received some of its conclusions as summarized by J. Edgar Hoover in weekly intelligence reports.Public testimony

With the chances of successful prosecution looking unlikely, Hoover gave the names of some of <mask>'s contacts to certain U.S. Congressmen, with the understanding that the accused spies would be questioned before congressional committees. He believed that the publicized suspicion and accusations would be sufficient to ruin their careers. Additionally, Attorney General Tom C. Clark decided to present the <mask> case to a grand jury, although he thought there was little chance they would be able to return any indictments. <mask> testified before this grand jury on several occasions, lasting until April 1948. During this period, some details of her case began to leak to the press. <mask> decided to reveal her full story herself, to exert more control.She met with Nelson Frank and Norton Mockridge, journalists from the New York World-Telegram. During four consecutive days, the newspaper published a series of front-page stories about the unnamed "beautiful young blonde" who had exposed a ring of spies. The articles were:
 "Red Ring Bared by Blond Queen" (July 21, 1948)
 "Super-Secrecy Veiled Russia's Spy Cells Here" (July 22, 1948)
 "Citizens Tricked into Spy Ring by U.S. Reds" (July 23, 1948)
 "Commie Chieftains Ordered Budenz to Aid Red Spy Queen" (July 26, 1948)

Almost immediately following the World-Telegram articles, <mask> was subpoenaed to testify at a public hearing of the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) on July 31, 1948 (see hearing transcript). According to Olmsted's biography, reporters' accounts and analyses of <mask>'s testimony varied with their politics. The strongly anti-communist New York Journal-American described <mask> as a "shapely" "blonde

masks:
Elizabeth Terrill Bentley
Bentley
Elizabeth Terrill Bentley
Charles Press Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Elizabeth Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley


text_chunks:
 and blue-eyed New Yorker" who "lured" secrets from her sources, while A. J. Liebling of The New Yorker ridiculed her story and called her the "Nutmeg Mata Hari". <mask> portrayed herself as naïve and innocent, corrupted by her liberal professors at Vassar and seduced into espionage by Golos. Starting on August 3, 1948, during additional HUAC hearings, <mask> received some corroboration from Chambers.Under subpoena by HUAC, he testified that he knew at least two of <mask>'s contacts, Victor Perlo and Charles Kramer, as communists and members of his earlier Ware group. He also supported her accusation that Harry Dexter White, a prominent economist who had worked in the Treasury Department, was a communist sympathizer. Comparing their testimony, Chambers wrote in his memoir:
I knew that I was simply back-stopping <mask>, that hers was the current testimony. The things that I had to tell were ten years old and I had only to let the shadows, dust and cobwebs conspicuously drape them to leave the stand unscathed. Some reporters and commentators were skeptical about <mask>'s claims. Because some of those she accused were prominent figures in two Democratic administrations, Democrats were especially eager to have her discredited. President Truman at one point characterized her testimony as a Republican-inspired "red herring".Republicans, in turn, accused Truman of "covering up" communist espionage. Conflicts of this nature, along with fears of Soviet communist power in Europe and the increasingly publicized hearings of HUAC, were the background to the rise of McCarthyism. The witch hunt for communists initiated by Senator Joseph McCarthy (R-Wisconsin) became a central factor in domestic American politics in the 1950s. Meet the Press

On August 6, 1948, <mask> appeared on NBC Radio's Meet the Press, broadcast at 10 p.m. via WOR. On Sunday, September 12, 1948, she appeared on the first-ever television broadcast of NBC's Meet the Press, via WNBT, and was the first person interviewed. Journalists included Nelson Frank, Inez Robb, Cecil Brown, and Lawrence Spivak. Brown asked <mask> three times whether she would accuse William Remington of being a communist, outside of congressional protection, and she finally did so.When Remington was called before a Truman Loyalty Review Board, Joseph L. Rauh Jr. defended him. His attorney Richard Green asked on Remington's behalf for <mask> to withdraw the allegations by September 30. When she did not, Green filed a libel suit on October 6, 1948 against <mask>, NBC, and its television sponsor General Foods Corporation, seeking $100,000 in damages. <mask> failed to appear in court in October. On December 29, 1948, Green said he had personally served a summons on her. (The same day, judges and lawyers agreed to suspend Alger Hiss's libel suit against Chambers because of Department of Justice indictments of Hiss on two counts of perjury two weeks before). Trials and credibility
Most of the people accused by <mask> invoked the Fifth Amendment and refused to answer her charges.However, a few specifically denied them. Most notable of these was Harry D. White. He was already suffering from known heart disease; he died of a heart attack days after his testimony before HUAC. Others who denied <mask>'s charges were Lauchlin Currie, formerly President Roosevelt's economic affairs advisor; Remington and William Henry Taylor, both mid-level government economists; Duncan Lee, formerly with the Office of Strategic Services (OSS); and Abe Brothman, a private-sector chemist who worked on defense projects. As noted above, in October 1948, Remington sued <mask> and NBC for libel. In hopes of discrediting her, Remington's attorneys hired private detectives to look into her past. They produced evidence of her alcoholism, periods of severe depression, and a suicide attempt while a student in Florence; they alleged that her master's thesis had been written by someone else, and that, by the standards of the day, she had been sexually promiscuous since her college days.<mask> loyalty board hearing, and NBC settled the libel case out of court for $10,000. <mask> testified in the trials of four accused spies: The perjury trial of Remington, a case against Abe Brothman for obstruction of justice, and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg trials on charges of conspiracy to commit espionage. <mask> was peripherally involved in the Rosenberg case. She was used by the prosecution to develop two points: first, the actions of American Communists in becoming spies for the Soviet Union; and second, to establish, if only vaguely in the jury's mind, a connection between Julius Rosenberg and Golos. She testified that she would receive calls from a man who identified himself as Julius, after which Golos would go out to meet him. After defecting to American authorities, <mask>'s personal life became increasingly tumultuous. She continued to drink heavily, was involved in car accidents, and had a relationship with a man who beat her severely.She avoided subpoenas on a number of occasions. These incidents, along with generally erratic behavior, resulted in her FBI handlers worrying that she was "bordering on some mental pitfall". <mask> was described as invariably calm and professional on the witness stand, earning praise from the prosecutors whose cases she was supporting. However, during her repeated appearances before grand juries, congressional committees, and jury trials, she refined and embellished some details of her story. For example, information passed to her about a process for manufacturing synthetic rubber that was originally "vague" and "probably of no value" became "super-secret" and "an extremely complicated thing". She would also assert that her espionage gave her advance notice of the Doolittle raid on Japan and the D-Day invasions of France, both claims that appeared to have been exaggerated. William Remington
Remington's first trial began in late December 1950.Roy Cohn, later to become famous as chief counsel for Senator Joseph McCarthy’s Government Operations Subcommittee and already a noted anti-communist, joined the prosecution's legal team. <mask> later supplied a wealth of detail about Remington's involvement with her and the espionage conspiracy. Remington's defense was that he had never handled any classified material, hence could not have given any to <mask>. But she remembered all the facts about the rubber-from-garbage invention:
"We had searched through the archives and discovered the files on the process. We also found the aircraft schedules, which were set up exactly as she said, and interoffice memos and tables of personnel which proved Remington had access to both these items. We also discovered Remington's application for a naval commission in which he specifically pointed out that he was, in his present position with the Commerce Department, entrusted with secret military information involving airplanes, armaments, radar, and the Manhattan Project (the atomic bomb)." During the trial, eleven witnesses claimed they knew Remington to be a communist.This included <mask>; ex-wife Ann Remington; Professor Howard Bridgeman of Tufts University; Kenneth McConnell, a Communist organizer in Knoxville; Rudolph Bertram and Christine Benson, who worked with him at the Tennessee Valley Authority; and Paul Crouch, who provided him with copies of the southern edition of the communist newspaper, The Daily Worker. Occupation currency plates

<mask> also testified that Harry Dexter White was responsible for passing Treasury plates for printing Allied currency in Occupied Germany to the Soviet Union, which used them to print millions of marks. Russian soldiers exchanged these marks for goods and hard currency. They were catalysts for a black market and serious inflation throughout the occupied country, and costing the U.S. a quarter of a billion dollars. <mask> wrote in her autobiography Out of Bondage (1951) that she had been "able through Harry Dexter White to arrange that the United States Treasury Department turn the actual printing plates over to the Russians". In her 1953 testimony before McCarthy's Senate subcommittee, she elaborated, testifying that she was following instructions from NKVD New York rezident Iskhak Abdulovich Akhmerov to pass word through Ludwig Ullmann and Silvermaster for White to "put the pressure on for the delivery of the plates to Russia". <mask> had not previously mentioned the printing plates in any earlier debriefings or testimony.There was no evidence at the time that she had any role in the transfer of the plates. <mask> biographer Kathryn Olmsted concluded that <mask> was "lying about her role in the scandal". She cited historian Bruce Craig's conclusion "that the whole 'scheme' was a complete fabrication"; i.e., that neither <mask> nor Harry Dexter White had a role in the plate transfer. After Olmsted's 2002 biography was published, a memorandum found in the newly accessible Soviet archives and also published in 2002, corroborated <mask>'s testimony in this matter. In it, Gaik Ovakimian, head of the American desk of the NKVD, cites an April 14, 1944 report reporting that "following our instructions" via Silvermaster, White had "attained the positive decision of the Treasury Department to provide the Soviet side with the plates for engraving German occupation marks". Since <mask> was the Soviets' contact to Silvermaster at this time, her involvement in this incident is substantiated. Paid informer (1952)
After her defection, <mask> was frequently asked to provide testimony before various bodies investigating communist espionage and influence in the USA.She continued occasional consultations with the FBI for the rest of her life. In 1952, she began accepting payments for times when she testified, making her a "paid informer" for the FBI. Biographer Olmsted writes that she received frequent requests from Catholic and veteran groups "happy to pay her $300 fee". Conversion and Speaking Circuit
Though she had been a successful executive with a profitable shipping company while she was with the Communists, she changed fields after her defection. First she supported herself through secretarial work and then through a variety of teaching jobs. In 1948 she was converted to Roman Catholicism by Fr. Fulton Sheen, later Auxiliary Bishop of New York.She was frequently invited to lecture on Communism, and her experience of the Communist movement, by Catholic groups. Death
<mask> died on December 3, 1963, aged 55, from abdominal cancer at Grace-New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut. Obituaries were published in The New York Times and The Washington Post. Olmsted notes in <mask>'s biography the marked contrast between the notice paid to <mask>'s death and that of Chambers two years earlier: the National Review devoted a special memorial issue to Chambers' death, but it allotted only a paragraph to <mask>. Time magazine had devoted two pages to its Chambers obituary but gave <mask>'s death a two-sentence mention in its "Milestones" section. Legacy
Although <mask> did not name Chambers in her late July 1948 testimony, Robert E. Stripling said her testimony had made him "think of Chambers". He had him subpoenaed and Chambers appeared only a few days after <mask>, thus launching the Hiss Case.In sum, <mask> exposed two networks of spies, ultimately naming more than 80 Americans who had engaged in espionage for the Soviets. Her public testimony, which began in July 1948, became a media sensation and had a major effect on the prosecution of cases of Soviet espionage in the 1950s. It also added to American fears of a widespread communist conspiracy within the government, fanned by Senator McCarthy. <mask> provided no documentary evidence to support her claims. Reporters and historians were divided for decades as to the validity of her allegations. In the 1990s, declassification of both Soviet documents and the U.S. codebreaking Venona project lent some credence to <mask>'s allegations. After she defected, the Soviet Union temporarily suspended espionage activities in the United States.See also
 Devin-Adair Publishing Company

Notes

References

Biographies

Currently, two biographies of <mask> have been published:

Other references

External links

The Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) has the full text of former KGB agent Alexander Vassiliev's Notebooks, containing evidence on <mask>'s cooperation with the Soviets. An Interactive Rosenberg Espionage Ring Timeline and Archive

Truman Presidential Library Oral History Interview with Stephen J. Spingarn
Underground Soviet Espionage (NKVD) in Agencies of the United States Government October 21, 1946, FBI (350+ page file describing <mask>'s allegations, and FBI surveillance reports on the people she named)

Images
 Library of Congress
 Getty Images
 Vassar Encyclopedia
 Vassar Info
 Fine Art America
 Wired
 National Women's History Museum
 Spartacus Educational
 Historic Images
 AuthenticHistory.com
 AllPosters.com

Video
 Getty Images
 NBC Meet the Press

Further reading

1908 births
1963 deaths
Admitted Soviet spies
American communists of the Stalin era
American spies for the Soviet Union
American people in the Venona papers
Anti-communism in the United States
Deaths from cancer in Connecticut
Columbia University alumni
Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism
Federal Bureau of Investigation informants
Female wartime spies
American communists
McCarthyism
Members of the Communist Party USA
People from New Milford, Connecticut
University of Florence alumni
Vassar College alumni
Writers from Connecticut
Catholics from Connecticut
American

masks:
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Miss Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentleymington
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Bentley
Elizabeth Bentley
Bentley
Bentley


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 24 November 1953) is an English jazz author, presenter,  critic, and jazz bassist. Early life
<mask> became interested in jazz in his youth and formally studied cello, but also played double bass in a school jazz band. He played both cello and bass in the West Surrey Youth Orchestra, and played in the first performance of John Dankworth's "Tom Sawyer's Saturday" commissioned for the Farnham Festival. After winning an open scholarship to read English at St Edmund Hall, Oxford, he ran the university jazz club. During that time he played with many guests who appeared there, including George Melly. The trumpeter with Melly, John Chilton, dates Melly's decision to go on the road with the Feetwarmers to their appearance with <mask> in Oxford in 1973. At Oxford, <mask> also wrote for the student magazine Isis and directed plays, including Ben Jonson's The Alchemist.He had a keen interest in visual arts and was one of the authors of the catalogue of paintings in the collection of St Edmund Hall. He subsequently studied for his PhD (2004) in music at Oxford Brookes University. Later life and career
On leaving university, <mask> became an editor at Macmillan Publishers, working on primary school books and teenage fiction. His first book length publication was an anthology of short stories on the theme of fantasy for John Murray (1982). For Macmillan he produced editions of secondary school English texts. During this time he played bass in the New Iberia Stompers, subsequently joining Sammy Rimington's band and the group led by jazz traditionalist Ken Colyer. In the 1980s, he became the publisher of Grove's Dictionaries of Music.As Music Publisher at Macmillan he established a series of oral histories of jazz musicians, including lives of Barney Bigard, Buck Clayton, Art Rollini and Bill Coleman. His own first book, a biography of Fats Waller was published in 1988. In 1987 he moved to Oxford to manage the reference publishing at Blackwell Publishers, also establishing the NCC Blackwell computer publishing imprint with the National Computing Centre in Manchester. He began broadcasting on the Oxford local radio station Fox FM in 1989, going on to join BBC Radio 3 the same year with a series based on his Waller biography. For six years he was a presenter on the BBC World Service's Jazzmatazz, and was a regular contributor to (and then co-presenter of) the BBC Radio 3 series Impressions, which was mainly hosted by Brian Morton during its run from 1992 to 1998. In 2001 <mask> was named "Jazz Writer of the Year" at the British Jazz Awards. From 1998 to 2001 he presented the late night programme Jazz Notes for Radio 3, going on to introduce many editions of the documentary strand Jazz File.In 2003 he won the Willis Conover/Marian McPartland Lifetime Achievement in Jazz Broadcasting award from the Jazz Journalists' Association. In 2010 he was Jazz Broadcaster of the Year in the UK Parliamentary Jazz Awards. From 2007 until 2012 he presented Jazz Library on BBC Radio 3, before taking over the long-running programme Jazz Record Requests in May from Geoffrey Smith. From 2016 to 2019 he was executive producer of BBC Radio 3's new series "Jazz Now". He also served as executive producer for Radio 3's Sunday Morning classical show from 2012 to 2019. The author of biographies (in addition to Waller) of Bud Powell (co-author), Dizzy Gillespie (winner of the 2001 ARSC Award for Jazz Research), and Ian Carr, his New History of Jazz first appeared in 2001; a revised edition was published in 2007. Shipton was critical of Ken Burns′ 2000 Jazz documentary.<mask> has also published biographies of Jimmy McHugh (2009),  Cab Calloway (2010) and Harry Nilsson (2013). His Nilsson biography won an ASCAP Deems Taylor Award for pop biography and an ARSC Award for research in Pop Music. His subsequent book was a collaboration with the jazz musician Chris Barber on Barber's autobiography. He has recently published the memoirs of 1960s pop star Billy J. Kramer Do You Want To Know a Secret. He wrote on jazz for The Times from 1992 to 2012, and still occasionally contributes to the paper; he has also written on jazz for The Guardian, The Daily Telegraph, Gramophone, and Jazzwise for which he still writes a monthly review of reissues. He is series editor for the Popular Music History book programme at Equinox Publishing, among the most recent additions to which is "The History of European Jazz" (ed. Francesco Martinelli, 2018).<mask> has been an active musician throughout his career, working with the London Ragtime Orchestra (with whom he recorded two LPs), the big band Vile Bodies, Bill Greenow's bands Chansons and Rue Bechet, and he currently co-leads the Buck Clayton Legacy Band. The band's CD "Claytonia" recorded in concert at Sage, Gateshead, by BBC Radio 3 was released in 2013. Shipton appears on records with Ken Colyer (also on DVD), Herb Hall, Pat Halcox, Bill Greenow, Sammy Rimington, Bob Wilber, and Butch Thompson's King Oliver Centennial Band. <mask> has taught jazz history at several universities including Oxford Brookes University and City University, London. He is at present a lecturer in jazz history and a research fellow at the Royal Academy of Music, London.

masks:
Alyn Shipton
Shipton
Shipton
Shipton
Shipton
Shipton
Shipton
Shipton
Shipton


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 1962) is a judge of the Superior Court of California in and for the County of San Francisco. He was formerly a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. A practicing attorney, he defeated Superior Court judge Thomas J. Mellon, Jr. in a runoff election held in November 2008 after coming in first, but not obtaining a majority of votes cast in the June 2008 primary election. <mask>, a Democrat, represented the 11th district of San Francisco, which encompasses the Excelsior neighborhood. In 2005, he ran for San Francisco County assessor, but lost to appointed incumbent Phil Ting. <mask> was first elected to the Board of Supervisors in December 2000, and was re-elected in November 2004. In March 2000 he was elected to the San Francisco Democratic Central Committee.Early life

<mask>'s mother was a garment worker and homemaker. His father was a gardener and union organizer. Except for his oldest brother, who is developmentally disabled, all of <mask>'s siblings graduated from college. He was in the first Head Start class in 1966 and considers himself a product of Lyndon Johnson's "Great Society". He is fully bilingual in Spanish and has traveled extensively in Latin America, Asia and Europe. Sandoval is married to the former Amy Harrington, and they have two daughters. Sandoval attended Loyola High School in Los Angeles before graduating from the University of California, Berkeley in 1987.In 1989 he received his Master's degree in City and Regional Planning from UC Berkeley, with a specialization in real estate and housing development. He wrote his master's thesis on using tax credits to build affordable housing. Sandoval received his law degree from Columbia University Law School. Sandoval is the first in his family to receive an advanced degree. Career
Sandoval worked as an assistant to San Francisco Mayor Art Agnos from 1990 to 1992, where he was responsible for budget and finance issues. He worked as a trial attorney and Deputy Public Defender in the San Francisco Public Defender's Office for five years. He was formerly an associate at Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP, the largest law firm in the United States.<mask> also completed a three-year term on San Francisco's Public Transportation Commission, an agency with over $350 million in expenditures and 3500 employees. As Supervisor, <mask> passed a consular identification ordinance in San Francisco. The ordinance requires that City employees (including police officers, airport workers, and health care workers) accept as identification the ID cards issued by foreign consulates if the cards have sufficient safeguards against fraudulent duplication and are accepted by the foreign government for entry into their national territory. This landmark legislation has been duplicated in many major US cities including Los Angeles, New York and Chicago. Most major US banks also accept the identification cards. The cards are used by individuals traveling temporarily in the US such as Mexican truck drivers who are allowed under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) to enter the US. The cards also allow individuals to open bank accounts and otherwise access commonly available financial services.The ordinance has been criticized by opponents as allowing undocumented workers to more easily live in the US. Supporters of the ordinance have argued that such legislation by local governments is necessary to fill the vacuum in policy left due to inaction from federal and state governments. Controversy and activism

Anti-Semitic remarks
Shortly after his election, <mask> made statements that were criticized as anti-Semitic, and Sandoval apologized at a press conference, saying "It was an unfortunate example and I apologize for it... I want to thank everyone for bringing this to my attention. As a Latino, a Mexican-American, I am sensitive to discrimination." The criticized statements were made when Sandoval spoke out against an $80 million legal settlement that the City of San Francisco was paying to its biggest corporations. At a community meeting, Sandoval stated that the issue was not a legal one but a political one.Sandoval articulated an argument that San Franciscans should leave no stone unturned in trying to fight back, stating people should protest at "corporate headquarters, at the homes of CEOs, and their birthdays, weddings, bar mitzvahs or wherever" as the lawsuit would take money away from underserved segments of the population. Statements on U.S. military
In an interview on Hannity & Colmes, San Francisco Supervisor Sandoval said that "I don't think we should have a military." He then claimed that local police and firefighters should be responsible for national defense. Sandoval also stated in the same interview, "we should invest our money in our kids." This video can be found on YouTube. In a February 20 op-ed for the San Francisco Chronicle, he defended his remarks by stating that his own views are in line with a municipal resident current which runs against further military involvement in city life. Response to criticism of immigrants
Sandoval introduced a resolution "condemning the defamatory language used by talk radio host Michael Savage" after Savage criticized undocumented immigrant protesters who were fasting in support of the controversial DREAM Act, which would give qualifying undocumented immigrants a path to US citizenship as well as enable them to receive tax payer funded in-state college tuition.While the original 9-1 vote on August 14, 2007 failed to receive the required unanimous vote, the Board’s second attempt on October 2, 2007 passed after the one dissenting supervisor had been suspended from the Board by the Mayor. See also
 List of Hispanic/Latino American jurists

References

External links

 "Former Supervisor <mask> Sandoval: District 11". City of San Francisco. 1962 births
Columbia Law School alumni
Living people
San Francisco Board of Supervisors members
California Democrats
Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom alumni

masks:
Gerardo Compos Sandoval
Sandoval
Sandoval
Sandoval
Gerardo
Sandoval
Sandoval
Sandoval
Gerardo


text_chunks:
<mask> (16 October 1819 in Seehausen, today part of Bremen – 19 November 1883 in Bonn) was a German ancient historian, who was a professor of history at the University of Greifswald (1857-1865) and then at the University of Bonn (1865-1883). Academic background
After attending the  from 1833 to 1838, Schaefer studied philology and history at the University of Leipzig. His teachers included Moritz Haupt (1808–1874), Gottfried Hermann (1772–1848) and Wilhelm Wachsmuth (1784-1866). After his graduation, Schaefer initially attempted a habilitation project on Old High German, supervised by Moritz Haupt. Due to a favourable job offer from the educationalist Karl Justus Blochmann (1786–1855) Schaefer was persuaded to relocate to Dresden, where he subsequently taught classes in history and ancient languages at the . Schaefer was already producing a large number of publications at this time, including the school textbook Commentatio de libro vitarum decem oratorum (Commentary on the Book of the Lives of the Ten Orators, 1844) and Geschichtstabellen zum Auswendiglernen (Historical tables for memorisation, 1847), a practical handbook for students, which contained important dates in world history from antiquity to his own day, divided into three sections: general history, epochal history, and cultural history. By 1888 it had been through 17 editions, the last two of which (1885 and 1888) were edited by Schaefer's colleague Julius Asbach.In 1851, Schaefer was appointed to the Gymnasium St. Augustine in Grimma. There he completed the first two volumes of his three volume work Demosthenes und seine Zeit (Demosthenes and his Time, 1856-1858), on which he had been working for ten years. His valedictory speech at the school discussed Demosthenes' On the Crown. On 30 November 1857, Schaefer became an ordinary professor of history at the University of Greifswald. In his lectures and seminars (for the university's history department, which he founded in 1863), Schaefer dealt with all periods and fields of history, but with a focus on Roman history and the modern history of Prussia. He maintained friendly links with colleagues in various fields, including the economist , the archaeologist Adolf Michaelis, and the philologists Martin Hertz, Georg Friedrich Schömann, and Hermann Usener. He refused a post at the University of Königsberg in 1863, to fill the vacancy left by Wilhelm von Giesebrecht's departure.In the summer of 1865, Schaefer moved to the University of Bonn, where he held the Chair of History until his death in 1883. The faculty of history was established at the same time; before this all professors of history had been part of the philology faculty. In the academic year 1871/72, Schaefer served as rector of the university. In Bonn, Schaefer continued his lectures from Greidswald. Source criticism of Greek and Roman historical texts formed an important part of his lessons, forming the foundations for his publication in 1867 of Abriß der Quellenkunde der griechischen Geschichte bis auf Polybios (Outline of Source Criticism of Greek History up to Polybios). A second volume of the work was published shortly before his death under the title Abriß der Quellenkunde der griechischen und römischen Geschichte (Outline of Source Criticism of Greek and Roman History, 1883). His successor, Heinrich Nissen produced a second edition of this work in 1885, which itself received a second printing in 1867.The studies of Prussian history which Schaefer had begun in Greifswald intensified in Bonn. He published the Geschichte des siebenjährigen Kriegs (History of the Seven Years' War) in three volumes between 1867 and 1874. The work was praised by the domestic and foreign press for his novel depiction of the operations. Shortly after the publication of the final volume, Schaefer undertook an extended educational tour of Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, and Italy. In 1879, he visited Rome for the celebrations of the fiftieth anniversary of the German Archaeological Institute there, and in 1880 he visited the Peloponnese, spending a great deal of time in Olympia. On the return journey he was struck by a severe bout of rheumatism, from which he recovered by a trip to a health spa. A few weeks after his return from the health spa, on 19 November 1883, Schaefer unexpectedly died at work from a stroke.His grave is in the Alter Friedhof. In his final years, Schaefer had been working on a new edition of his work on Demosthenes, to take account of the numerous papyrus finds and textual emendations that had occurred in the thirty years since the publication of the original work. The work was completed by Max Hoffmann and it appeared in three volumes, shortly after his death (1885-1887). In 1894, Schaefer's widow, Eugenie <mask> née Großmann (daughter of the theologian Christian Gottlob Großmann) donated 100,000 marks to found the "Arnold-Schäfer-Fund" to support students and young scholars at the University of Bonn, which is still active today. Selected works
Largely known for his writings on ancient Greek and Roman history, Schaefer also made contributions in studies involving the history of Prussia. The following are a few of his principal works:
 Geschichtstabellen zum Auswendiglernen (1847) - Historical Tables for Memorization (Online)
 Demosthenes und seine Zeit (1856–58) - Demosthenes and his Times. De ephoris Lacedaemoniis (1863) - On the Spartan ephors
 Disputatio de rerum post bellum Persicum usque ad tricennale foedus in Graecia gestarum temporibus (1865) - Computation of the Dates of Events in Greece from the Persian War until the Thirty Years' Peace
 Abriß der Quellenkunde der griechischen Geschichte bis auf Polybios (1867) - Outline of Source Criticism of Greek History up to Polybios.Geschichte des siebenjährigen Kriegs (1867–74), three volumes - History of the Seven Years' War. Abriß der Quellenkunde der griechischen und römischen Geschichte (1883) - Outline of Source Criticism of Greek and Roman History. References

 ADB: Shepherd, <mask> @ Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
 WorldCat Search (publications)
 Julius Asbach: Zur Erinnerung an <mask> Schaefer. Leipzig 1895. Johannes Poeschel: Das Kollegium der Fürsten- und Landesschule Grimma von 1849 bis 1900. Grimma 1901, S. 29–32. Roderich Schmidt: <mask>er, 1819–1883.In: Ders. : Fundatio et confirmatio universitatis. Von den Anfängen deutscher Universitäten (Bibliotheca Eruditorum. Internationale Bibliothek der Wissenschaften, Bd. 13). Goldbach 1998 (zuerst erschienen: 1968), S. 349–368. Michael Czolkoß, Studien zur Geschichte der Geschichtswissenschaft.Die Universität Greifswald in der preußischen Hochschullandschaft (1830-1865). Marburg  2015, Tectum, . 1883 deaths
1819 births
19th-century German historians
Writers from Bremen
University of Bonn faculty
University of Greifswald faculty
Leipzig University alumni
German male non-fiction writers

masks:
Arnold Dietrich Schaefer
Schaefer
Arnold Dietrich
Arnold Dietrich
Arnold Schaef


text_chunks:
<mask> (18 September 1965), also known as Alva Noto, is a German musician and visual artist. He is a member of the music groups Diamond Version with Olaf Bender (Byetone), Signal with Frank Bretschneider and Olaf Bender, Cyclo with Ryoji Ikeda, ANBB with Blixa Bargeld, ALPHABET with Anne-James Chaton, Opto with Thomas Knak, and Alva Noto + Ryuichi Sakamoto with whom he composed the score for the 2015 film The Revenant. Life and career
<mask> was born in Karl-Marx-Stadt (now Chemnitz) of Saxony, GDR in 1965. He studied architecture and landscape design before pursuing art. In 1994 he founded the label NOTON, following which a collaboration with RasterMusic began and by 1999 the two labels had merged into Raster-Noton, which operated until 2017. Returning to the labels origin in 2017, Nicolai runs NOTON separately. In 2009 Nicolai wrote the opera Sparkie: Cage and Beyond in collaboration with Michael Nyman.Nicolai performed and created installations in many of the world's most prestigious spaces including the Guggenheim, New York, the SF MoMA, Modern Art Oxford, NTT Tokyo, Tate Modern and Venice Biennale, Italy. As a member (and co-founder) of the Raster-Noton label he was responsible for the acclaimed CD series 20 to 2000 that went on to win the Golden Nica prize at Prix Ars Electronica, 2000. <mask> <mask> also works as a visual artist. In 2013, Nicolai participated as a visual artist in Biennale Documenta, an official collateral show of the 55th Venice Biennale of Art. <mask> started his professorship in art with focus on digital and time-based media with Dresden Academy of Fine Arts since 2015. Nicolai scored the music for Alejandro González Iñárritu's The Revenant. The score was nominated for a Golden Globe, BAFTA, Grammy and Critics' Choice Movie Awards.In 2018 he created the sound design for Iñárritu’s groundbreaking VR project "Carne y Arena" Flesh and Sand. Solo exhibitions (selection)
 2019: Parallax Symmetry, Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf
 2012: unidisplay, Hangar Bicocca, Milan
 2007: static fades, shown at PaceWildenstein, New York City and in Haus Konstruktiv, Zürich
 2006: inver, shown at Frieze Art Fair, London and at Galerie EIGEN + ART, Leipzig
 2006: Polylit, Kunstmuseum Stuttgart
 2005: Audio Visual Spaces, Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst (S.M.A.K. DVD release
 utp_ — September 2008 (Raster-Noton)
 Summvs — May 2011 (Raster-Noton)
 Alva Noto, Mika Vainio, Ryoji Ikeda - Live 2002 - 19 January 2018 (NOTON)
 "Glass" — February 2018 (NOTON)
 Two (Live At Sydney Opera House) — November 2019 (NOTON)

With Ryoji Ikeda, as "Cyclo." Cyclo. — 2001 (Raster-Noton)
 Cyclo.id — 2011 (Raster-Noton)
 Cyclo. — 2017 (NOTON)
 Cyclo.id — 2017 (NOTON)

With Mika Vainio, as "noto"
 Ø + noto - mikro makro - 1997 (NOTON)
 Ø + noto - wohltemperiert - 2001 (NOTON)

With Scanner (Robin Rimbaud)
 Uniform: SF MoMA 2001. CD Contains 1 track, "Uniform," performed and recorded by Carsten Nicolai and Robin Rimbaud (Scanner) for the exhibition of ""010101: Art in Technological Times"" at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA) on 3 March 2001.With Blixa Bargeld, as ANBB
 Ret Marut Handshake — 2010 (Raster-Noton)
 Mimikry — 2010 (Raster-Noton)

With Opiate (Thomas Knak), as Opto
 Opto Files — 2001 (Raster-Noton). Limited CD release. Number 6 in the raster.static series. CD Comes in a silver anti-static bag with green card insert. Opto: 2nd — June 2004 (Hobby Industries). The CD contains ten tracks, all titled with times of the day. The collaboration was created in a 48-hour period and was inspired by the restored recording from a cassette found in a forest in Eastern Germany.With Zeitkratzer
 Zeitkratzer & <mask> Nicolai: Electronics — 2008 (Zeitkratzer Records)

With Anne-James Chaton and Andy Moor
 Anne-James Chaton With Alva Noto And Andy Moor - Décade (CD, Album, Ltd, Boo), Raster-Noton, R-N 135, 2012

With Anne-James Chaton as Alphabet
 Alva Noto & Anne-James Chaton - ALPHABET (CD, Digital Album), NOTON, 2019

With Olaf Bender (Byetone), as Diamond Version
 EP1 — 2012 (Mute)
 EP2 — 2012 (Mute)
 EP3 — 2013 (Mute)
 EP4 — 2013 (Mute)
 EP5 — 2013 (Mute)
 CI — 2 / 3 June 2014 (Mute)

With Iggy Pop and Tarwater
 Leaves of Grass'' — February 2016 (Morr Music). A seven-track EP on which Iggy Pop performs the poetry of Walt Whitman to music composed by Alva Noto and Tarwater. Compilation appearances (exclusive/non-albums tracks)
 "Monophaser 4" from "V.a. – :2" (2008)
 "Garment" from "Sound Canvas | 1" (2008)
 "Planet Rock" from "Recovery" (2008)
 "Stalker" from "In Memoriam Andrey Tarkovsky" (2008)
 "Haloid Xerrox Copy 3 (Paris)" from "Mind The Gap Volume 70" (2007)
 "06.1 Quanta Random" from "Tribute to Iannis Xenakis" (2007)
 "Sonolumi (For Camera Lucida)" from "Camera Lucida" (2007)
 "Odradek (Music to Play in the Dark)" from "It Just Is In Memoriam Jhonn Balance" (2005)
 "Re10" from "Landscape 2" (2005)
 "Post-Remo" from "Richard Chartier + Various – Re'Post'Postfabricated" (2005)
 "Party Plasibenpuis (for Rune Lindblad)" from "The Hidden City: Sound Portraits from Goteborg" (2004)
 "Time...Dot (3)" from "An Anthology of Noise & Electronic Music Third A-Chronology 1952-2004" (2004)
 "m6re" from "SoundxVision 2004" (2004)
 "Obi 2 Min." from "Frecuencies [Hz]" (2003)
 "60 sec" from "Soundcultures" (2003)
 "Strategies Against War 1.0—Covering All Information with White Noise" from "60 Sound Artists Protest the War" (2003) as Carsten Nicolai
 "MM", "Time Dot" from "Raster-Noton. Archiv 1" (2003) as Noto
 "Obi_2.3" from "Electrograph 02 – Athens Sound Media Festival 02" (2002)
 "Menschmaschine" from "Klangmaschine_Soundmachine" (2002)
 "Crystal R" from "Various – Live Sets At Ego 1998-2000" (2002) as Noto
 "M 06 Short" from "Electric Ladyland Clickhop Version 1.0" (2001)
 "Neue Stadt (Skizze 8)" from "Clicks & Cuts, Vol. 2" (2001)
 "Modul 4", "Impulse" from "Raster-Noton.(O)acis Box" (2001) as Noto
 "Neue Stadt Skizze 1" from "Between Two Points" (2001) as Noto
 "Sound Mobile" from "Ringtones" (2001)
 "Prototyp P" from "Raster-Noton. Oacis" (2000)
 "Prototype n." from "Clicks & Cuts" (2000)
 "Crystal s 10 60 sec." from "Computer Music Journal Sound Anthology, vol.

masks:
Carsten Nicolai
Carsten Nicolai
Carsten
Nicolai
Nicolai
Carsten


text_chunks:
<mask>, MBE is a British/Indian chef, food writer, author and broadcaster. She was the owner and head chef at Romy's Kitchen in Thornbury, South Gloucestershire. In 2016 she was appointed an MBE in the Queen's 90th birthday honours list. As of September 2020, <mask> is one of the chefs on the new series of Ready Steady Cook on BBC One and has previously appeared on Sunday Brunch,  The One Show, Countryfile, Celebrity MasterChef, Hairy Bikers Comfort Food, Saturday Morning with James Martin and many more. She is also a regular on The Food Programme on BBC Radio 4, and in 2021, appeared on Steph's Packed Lunch hosted by Steph McGovern on Channel 4. <mask> is the author of ZAIKA - Vegan Recipes from India, and regularly contributes to national and international publications, including The New York Times, The Sunday Times and The Daily Telegraph. <mask> was invited to speak at The MAD Symposium 2018 and, in February 2020, was invited to cook at the prestigious James Beard Foundation in New York.<mask> is writing her next book - On The Himalayan Trail: Recipes and Stories from Kashmir to Ladakh - which will be published in Spring 2022. In summer 2021, she also filmed a short series of films with BBC Food, focusing on seasonal vegetables. Early life and inspirations
<mask> grew up in Burnpur, West Bengal, India, where she learned to cook from her mother. When <mask> moved to the UK in 1993, she began hosting dinner parties for friends, later running cookery classes, which led to her launching her own range of sauces, pickles, chutneys and spice mixes. She gave cookery demonstrations both in England and further afield, and in September 2013 she opened her first restaurant, Romy's Kitchen. Style of cooking
<mask>'s style of Indian cooking is very different from that found at the majority of Indian restaurants in the UK. She avoids the use of unnatural food colourings, and is a fan of combining Indian and British cuisine.She combines spices and flavours that she grew up with in India with ingredients that she was only introduced to when she moved to the UK, creating dishes such as gurnard cooked in coconut milk, tomatoes, tomato puree, ginger, garlic and her own spice blend; and monkfish marinated in turmeric and lemon juice, then cooked with onions, ginger, garlic, mustard seeds, 5 spice mix paste and her own spices. Restaurant

<mask> opened her first restaurant, Romy's Kitchen, in Thornbury, South Gloucestershire in September 2013. In order to open her restaurant, <mask> applied to a number of banks for a loan, but was turned down by every one apart from NatWest, providing her with the business loan that she needed to get her restaurant underway, leading her to be featured on the BBC News in a segment about the struggles that entrepreneurs face when trying to raise the necessary funds to start a new, local business. The restaurant closed in August 2019. Awards and achievements
In 2014 <mask> was shortlisted for the 15th Asian Women of Achievement Awards (AWA), which celebrate women who make an "outstanding contribution to our culture and economy". In the same year, her restaurant, Romy's Kitchen, was shortlisted as "Best Newcomer" in the British Curry Awards. <mask> was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to the hospitality industry.Cookery demonstrations and other events
<mask> demonstrates her cooking at festivals both in the UK and abroad. In the UK, she has given demonstrations at the Foodies Festival, Grand Designs exhibitions and at food and cultural festivals in Abu Dhabi, New York City and other locations. In addition, she gives talks and cookery demonstrations in schools where she discusses how food is cultivated, the importance of eating with the seasons and the impact of food on the environment. <mask>, along with two other female Indian chefs and Atul Kochhar, gave a demonstration at Kochhar's restaurant, Benares, in November 2012 to raise money for charity, and is an avid fundraiser for charity Frank Water. <mask> has also appeared on BBC Radio Bristol with Laura Rawlings, and has appeared in a video where she taught rugby star Olly Barkley how to cook Indian food. In May 2014, <mask> was heavily involved with the Bristol Food Connections festival: a citywide celebration of local food and drink. Along with other top chefs such as Martin Blunos, Tom Kerridge and Ken Hom, <mask> took to the BBC Stars' Kitchen to give live demos of some of her popular recipes.During the Bristol Food Connections festival, <mask> was also a guest on Saturday Live, alongside Jay Rayner and others. In 2016, <mask> was a guest chef at Carousel London, and returned for another stint a year later. In 2017, <mask> gave demonstrations at a range of festivals, including the BBC Good Food Show, the Abergavenny Food Festival, the Big Feastival, Dartmouth Food Festival and the Padstow Christmas Festival. Food writing

<mask> contributes regularly to food publications such as Crumbs, Olive, Delicious, Saveur and Food52, and has featured in The Guardian, where she had a residency in April 2016, The Observer, The Telegraph & The Independent newspapers. In 2017, <mask> travelled to India with Suitcase Magazine, where she explored and wrote articles on Ladakh and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Her first cookbook, Zaika: Vegan recipes from India, was published in 2019. Television appearances

<mask> appeared as a guest judge on Celebrity MasterChef 2016, and also cooked alongside The Hairy Bikers in their Comfort Food series.She has featured as the subject of a film short on "Family Dinners" on Food Network UK, with more BBC and ITV appearances in the pipeline. In March 2020, she began to appear on Ready Steady Cook. Personal life

<mask> lives in Thornbury, South Gloucestershire with her husband and two daughters. She is an active runner. References

External links

1971 births
Living people
English chefs
Indian chefs
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Indian emigrants to England
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People from Asansol

masks:
Romy Gill
Romy
Gill
Gill
Romy
Gill
Gill
Gill
Gill
Gill
Gill
Gill
Gill
Gill
Gill
Romy
Romy
Romy
Romy
Romy
Romy
Romy
Romy
Gill


text_chunks:
<mask> (, 1818–1875) was one of the first Greek architects of the modern Greek state. Educated in Munich, he is a representative of a strict neoclassic style in architecture. He built some of the most characteristic neoclassic buildings, both public and private, of Athens, many of which still survive today. Biographical information
<mask> (or <mask>) was born in 1818 into an old Athenian family. His father, Michael, was killed during the siege of the Acropolis during the Greek War of Independence and he, himself, was taken prisoner. After the creation of the independent Greek state, he worked as an employee of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. From 1837 he started studies in architecture with a scholarship provided by King Otto.Upon his return to Greece, he was employed as an architect at the Ministry of Internal Affairs. It has been reported that with this capacity he worked as an assistant of the Bavarian architects Riedel and Hoch, who built the Royal Palace upon the plans of Friedrich von Gaertner. From 1851 onwards he collaborates with the Greek Archaeological Service for the survey of the monuments on the Acropolis of Athens. His plans of the Erechtheion were published in 1853. He was a member of the commission constituted in 1860 upon the initiative of the Municipal Council of Athens for the drawing of a topographical plan of the capital. He died in Athens on 18 November 1875. Main works

Several well known buildings are included among <mask>'s works:
The mansion of publisher Andreas Koromilas on Syntagma Square, situated on the south side of the square at the corner of Ermou Street.Built in 1853, it was initially two-storey, with a third floor added after King Otto's expulsion. The building was demolished in early 1960s. The Varvakeion Lyceum (boys’ high school), built with a donation of Ioannis Varvakis, a wealthy member of the Greek diaspora in the years 1857–1859 on the square bearing the same name, delimited between the streets Athinas, Sokratous, Armodiou and Aristogeitonos. The Parliament House (today Old Parliament Building, housing the National Historical Museum), which was to house the assemblies of Parliament and of the Senate. It was founded in 1858 and construction started upon the plans of the French architect François/Florimond Boulanger. After the expulsion of King Otto (1862) and the implementation of the Constitution of 1864, the Senate was abolished. After an interruption of the building works, the plans were modified by <mask> <mask>.The main change in these plans was the abolishment of the Senate assembly hall. The building was thus completed in 1871. The block of flats belonging to I. Koutsogiannis, member of the Municipal Council. The building was built on Deligiorgis 8 and Agisilaou streets at the Metaxourgeio neighbourhood. It is a typical three-storey urban Athenian house, containing five independent flats, built around 1870. The initial building of the old Acropolis Museum, founded in 1865 at the southeast corner of the Acropolis of Athens and completed in 1874. In 1875 <mask>, acting as a collaborator of the Archaeological Service, coordinated the transfer of the antiquities within its halls.The museum was later extended and several internal changes were brought to its internal disposition. The Athens City Hall on Athinas street in Kotzia Square. It was built with two storeys between 1872 and 1874. The Municipal Nursery (today Municipal Art Gallery of Athens) on Koumoundourou square on Pireos Street. Built between 1872 and 1875. The Municipal School (today 74th Primary School of Athens), the first public peer education school in Athens. It is a one storey building on Adrianou Street (at the corner of Flessa Street) in Plaka, built between 1875 and 1876.<mask> also contributed in the completion of the following buildings. Amalieion Orphanage: construction began by architect Dimitrios Zezos in the plot between today’s streets Herodou Attikou, Lykeiou, Stisihorou and Georgiou II΄. After Zezos’s death in 1857, <mask> was entrusted with the completion of the building. Athens Metropolitan Cathedral (Orthodox Cathedral): founded in 1842 upon plans by Theophil Hansen. The initial plans were revised by Dimitrios Zezos, who continued the construction in a "Hellenic Byzantine" style. After Zezos's death in 1857 the works were taken over, with further modifications of the plans, by François/Florimond Boulanger, while <mask> was entrusted with the supervision of the building site till its completion in 1860. Church of Panagia Chrysospiliotissa on Aiolou street: built on the site of a previous church, ruined during the 1821 Greek War of Independence.<mask> worked for the new church since 1863 (when the permit was issued) implementing the plans of Dimitrios Zezos, but he died before its completion. National Archaeological Museum on Patission Street: founded in 1866, construction was begun upon plans and supervision of <mask>, who had revised an older building proposal by Lange. <mask> worked on the museum building till the very day of his death. References

Bibliography
Vogiatzi, Ι. Markassioti Ν., Chorianopoulou, Μ., Athens: The City, the People, the Events, Historical and Ethnological Society of Greece, Athens 2014. Εγκυκλοπαιδικόν Λεξικόν Ελευθερουδάκη [Eleftheroudakis Encyclopedia Lexicon], vol. 7, p. 109, Athens 1929. Kokkou, A., Η Μέριμνα για τις Αρχαιότητες στην Ελλάδα και τα Πρώτα Μουσεία [The Care for Antiquities in Greece and the First Museums], Athens 1977.Mallouchou-Tufano, F., Η Αναστήλωση των Αρχαίων Μνημείων στη Νεώτερη Ελλάδα (1834–1939) [The Anastylosis of Ancient Monuments in Modern Greece (1834–1939)], Βιβλιοθήκη της εν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας [Library of the Archaeological Society of Athens] no. 176, Athens 1998. Biris, Κ. Η., Αι Αθήναι από του 19ου εις τον 20όν Αιώνα [Athens from the 19th to the 20th Century], Athens 1995 2. Biris, M., Kardamitsi-Adami, M., Νεοκλασική αρχιτεκτονική στην Ελλάδα [Neoclassical Architecture in Greece], Athens 2001. Biris M.G., Νεοελληνική Αρχιτεκτονική 1875–1925 [Neohellenic Architecture 1875–1925], Athens 2003 2. Παγκόσμιο Βιογραφικό Λεξικό (λήμμα Μάνου Μπίρη) [Universal Biographical Lexicon (entry on Manos Biris), vol. 4, p. 218, Ekdotike Athinon, Athens 1985.Papyros  – Larousse – Britannica, Athens 2007, vol. 26, p. 656. 1818 births
1875 deaths
Architects from Athens
19th-century Greek architects

masks:
Panagis Kalkos
Panagis Kalkos
Kalkos Vretos
Kalkos
Panagis
Kalkos
Kalkos
Kalkos
Kalkos
Kalkos
Kalkos
Kalkos
Kalkos


text_chunks:
<mask> (November 25, 1870 – July 31, 1957), born <mask>, was a priest of the Catholic Church in the United States and was a professed member of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin. He was known during his lifetime as a wonderworker, for his great faith and his abilities as a spiritual counselor, but especially for his great attention to the sick, for whom he celebrated special Masses. The friar was much sought-after and came to be revered in Detroit, where he resided. He was also a noted lover of the violin, a trait he shared with his eponym, Saint <mask>. His cause for beatification commenced over a decade after his death, and he received the title of Venerable in 1995. After a miraculous healing attributed to him was approved by Pope Francis in 2017, he was beatified in Detroit at Ford Field on November 18, 2017. Life

Childhood and studies
<mask> (nicknamed "Barney") was born on November 25, 1870, on a farm in the town of Oak Grove, Pierce County, Wisconsin, the sixth of sixteen children born to Irish immigrants <mask> and Ellen Elizabeth Murphy.He was baptized on December 18, 1870. He contracted diphtheria in 1878, which permanently damaged his voice, leaving it wispy and slightly impaired; two of his siblings died from the disease during that year. The family later moved to Hudson, Wisconsin. In 1878, he began school at Saint Mary's, but this was cut short in October 1882 when the family relocated again, to Burkhardt in Saint Croix County. In 1887, he left the farm for a series of jobs in his home state and in nearby Minnesota, working as a lumberjack, a hospital orderly, a guard in the Minnesota state prison, and a street car operator in Superior. His time as a prison guard saw him befriend a couple of Jesse James' cohorts. At first, he desired married life, but the mother of a girl to whom he had proposed suddenly sent her off to a boarding school.While working at his last job, he witnessed a brutal murder that caused him to evaluate his life and future. Driving his car in a rowdy section of Superior, he saw a drunken sailor stab a woman to death. He then acted on a call to the priesthood. Due to his limited formal education, he enrolled at Saint Francis High School Seminary, the minor seminary of the Archdiocese of Milwaukee, in January 1891, hoping to become a diocesan priest. Classes there were taught in either German or Latin, neither of which he knew. In due course, he was advised that he should consider joining a religious order if he wanted to become a priest due to his academic limitations. There, he could be ordained as a "simplex" priest, who could preside at a Mass but would not have the faculties for public preaching or hearing confessions.He returned home before deciding to make his application. While reflecting before a statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary, he heard her spiritual voice telling him to "go to Detroit". He then applied to the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin in that city, and was received into it on January 14, 1897. He was given the religious name of "<mask>" after Saint <mask>; both men shared a love of the violin. He made his vows on July 21, 1898. He struggled through his studies, but received ordination to the priesthood on July 24, 1904, from Archbishop Sebastian Messmer at Saint Francis of Assisi Church in Milwaukee. Because he had not performed well enough in his studies, he was indeed ordained as a "simplex" priest.He celebrated his first Mass on July 31, 1904, in Appleton, with his family present. Ministry
He served for two decades in a succession of friaries in New York. His first assignment was at Sacred Heart Friary in Yonkers. He was later transferred to New York City, where he first served at Saint John's Church next to Penn Station and later at Our Lady Queen of Angels in Harlem. He was recognized as an inspiring speaker. In August 1924, he was transferred to the Saint Bonaventure convent in Detroit, where he worked until 1945. During this time, he mostly served as the simple porter (or receptionist and doorkeeper).Each Wednesday afternoon, he conducted well-attended services for the sick, and through these services, he became known for his great compassion and the fantastic results of his consultations with visitors. People considered him instrumental in cures and other blessings. He loved to kneel before the Eucharist in the quiet of the night. During his time at St. Bonaventure's, <mask> was involved in the formation of the Capuchin Soup Kitchen. The soup kitchen was founded in 1929 to provide food for Detroit's poor during the Great Depression. <mask> is considered one of the founders of the soup kitchen, which is still in operation today. As a violinist, he loved to play Irish songs for his fellow friars during recreation time, but he had a terrible singing voice, attributed to his childhood speech impediment.Other friars could not refrain from rolling their eyes or coughing, so he would excuse himself politely and sneak down to the chapel to entertain a spiritual audience at the tabernacle. He ate little. Until his late seventies, he joined the younger religious in games of tennis and volleyball. Declining health and death

In 1946, in failing health and suffering from eczema over his entire body, he was transferred to the Capuchin novitiate of Saint Felix in Huntington, Indiana, where he lived until a 1956 hospitalization in Detroit. In 1957, he was rushed to the hospital for food poisoning; upon his release, friars noted that he was walking much more slowly and scratching his legs; it turned out that his skin was raw and infected, prompting a return to the hospital. The doctors diagnosed him with erysipelas or possibly psoriasis, which was beyond treatment, and they considered limb amputation, but the ulcers began to heal. On July 2, 1957, he was readmitted to the hospital for the final time due to his skin deterioration.He was given oxygen therapy. Martha came to visit him after being notified of the seriousness of his condition; the two prayed the rosary together. He died from erysipelas at 11:00 am on July 31, 1957, at Saint John Hospital in Detroit, with only his nurse at his side. A commemorative plaque was placed outside the door of the room. His last words were reportedly: "I give my soul to Jesus Christ." An estimated 20,000 people filed past his coffin prior to his funeral and burial in the cemetery of his Detroit monastery. On July 8, 1987, his remains were exhumed and reinterred inside the Father Solanus <mask> Center at Saint Bonaventure Monastery; his remains were found to be incorrupt, except for slight decomposition on the elbows.His remains were clothed in a new habit before reinternment in a steel casket at the north transept. A range of miraculous cures has been attributed to his intercession, both during his earthly life and death. Exhumation
His remains were exhumed to collect first- and second-class relics on August 1, 2017. They were then placed in a new black casket and reinterred in a glass case instead of the previous wooden sarcophagus. Beatification
His beatification cause commenced in Detroit in 1976 with an investigation involving witness interrogatories and documentation compiling. The Congregation for the Causes of Saints validated this phase on November 7, 1986; around 1995, it received the Positio dossier from postulation officials. The theological advisors approved the dossier on April 7, 1995; the cardinal and bishop members of the Congregation did so on June 20, 1995.On July 11, 1995, Pope John Paul II, in a private audience with Congregation prefect Alberto Bovone, confirmed that <mask> had lived a life of heroic virtue and titled him Venerable. For a person to be beatified, a miracle (normally, healing) must be approved following confirmation that science could not explain it. Numerous cases were investigated, including one validated by the Congregation on April 3, 1998, which was later debunked. The diocese deemed another case miraculous on January 18, 2015. This received Congregation validation on October 12, 2015; approval by a panel of medical experts on September 22, 2016; and theological consulters' approval on January 19, 2017. The Congregation approved the miracle on May 2, 2017, and Pope Francis did so two days later, meaning that the late friar would be beatified. On November 18, 2017, the beatification took place at Ford Field in Detroit in front of an estimated crowd of 60,000.The Mass and beatification rite was led by Cardinal Angelo Amato, the prefect for the Congregation. <mask> now has the title Blessed and is one step closer to sainthood. <mask>'s confirmed miracle involved the curing of Paula Medina Zarate's ichthyosis, a genetic skin condition. The miracle occurred at St. Bonaventure Monastery in Detroit in 2012. The postulator for <mask>'s cause was his fellow Capuchin friar Carlo Calloni. The vice-postulator is Edward Foley. Quotations

 The only science that gives purpose to every other science is the science of religion—the science of our happy relationship with and providential dependence on God and our neighbor.We are continually immersed in God's merciful grace like the air that permeates us. Gratitude is the first sign of a thinking, rational creature. Thank you, God, in all your designs. Confidence is the very soul of prayer. Do not pray for easy lives; pray to be stronger people. Do not pray for tasks equal to your powers; pray for powers equal to your tasks. Like the Holy Trinity, Faith, Hope, and Charity are one.Theoretically, Faith, like the Eternal Father, comes first, but in both cases, they are essentially one. God condescends to use our powers if we don't spoil His plans by ours. We must be faithful to the present moment or we will frustrate the plan of God for our lives. Many are the rainbows, the sunbursts, the gentle breezes—and the hailstorms—we are liable to meet before, by the grace of God, we shall be able to tumble into our graves with the confidence of tired children into their places of peaceful slumber. “I had been in agony for at least 40 hours, though no one else seemed to know it, and while I tried to thank God for it all, my principal prayer—at least 1,000 times repeated—was ‘God help us.'" "I'm offering my sufferings that all might be one. If only I could see the conversion of the whole world.""Thank God ahead of time." See also

 Franciscan
 Franciscan orders
 Gifts of healing
 Studies on intercessory prayer
 Conrad of Parzham

References

Further reading
<mask>, <mask>; <mask>, Bernadine (ed.). Letters from <mask> <mask> OFM. Cap. : God Bless You and Yours. Detroit: Father Solanus Guild, 2000. Derum, James Patrick.The Porter of Saint Bonaventure's: The Life of <mask> <mask>, Capuchin. Detroit: Fidelity Press, 1968. Odell, Catherine. <mask>: The Story of <mask>. Huntington, Ind. : Our Sunday Visitor Press, 1988. Della Balda, Gabriele.Una carezza di Dio. Vita del beato <mask> <mask>, cappuccino statunitense. Roma, Istituto Storico dei Cappuccini 2019 (ITALIAN)

External links
 Solanus Casey Center
 Hagiography Circle
 Father Solanus Guild
 Find-a-Grave

 Film: The Healing Prophet: <mask> <mask>
 Newspaper article

1870 births
1957 deaths
19th-century venerated Christians
19th-century Roman Catholic priests
19th-century American people
20th-century venerated Christians
20th-century American Roman Catholic priests
20th-century American people
American Roman Catholic clergy of Irish descent
Beatifications by Pope Francis
Burials in Michigan
Capuchins
Clergy from Detroit
People from Pierce County, Wisconsin
People of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York
Religious leaders from Michigan
Religious leaders from Wisconsin
Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II
Catholics from Wisconsin
American beatified people

masks:
Solanus Casey
Bernard Francis Casey
Francis Solanus
Bernard Francis Casey
Bernard James Casey
Solanus
Francis Solanus
Casey
Casey
Casey
Casey
Casey
Casey
Casey
Casey
Solanus
Casey
Solanus
Casey
Father Solanus
Casey
Father Solanus
Father Solanus
Solanus
Casey
Solanus
Casey


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 14 September 1973) is an Iranian poet and journalist currently residing in Trondheim, Norway. She is a Women's Rights activist fighting against the death penalty in general and specifically against the stoning of women and minors in Iran. Early life
<mask> grew up in the Mazandaran Province in northern Iran. She was the third of four sisters. Her family originated from the gentry of feudal times. Aminis father was a teacher. <mask> and her sister's spent a lot of time reading, writing and painting.She started visiting an afternoon's poetry circle at a local library. Asieh wanted to become a painter or writer. <mask>'s life changed after the Iranian Revolution. She hated the mandatory black hijab all girls had to wear and cried when she put it on. Her mother explained to her that it was a rule no one could disobey. Career
<mask> started studying journalism at Tabataba'i University in Tehran in 1993. While still studying she started writing for newspapers.Later, she moved on to the larger newspaper Iran. When a colleague was supposed to interview a poet that <mask> liked he took her along. The poet invited her into his writer's circle. The newspaper Iran started a youth supplement and <mask> became the cultural editor. For these times in Iran, a woman being in such a senior position was unusual. When Mohammad Khatami was elected president in 1997, the bans were lifted a little and more daring publications emerged. More women entered journalism.<mask> took up a job at the newspaper Zan, which covered women's affairs. Although <mask> opposed the idea of segregating news by gender, she took on the job. The newspaper Zan was unfortunately banned. Subsequently, <mask> took on freelancer work. After giving birth <mask> started working as the social editor of the newspaper Etemaad. She also ran a website called Women in Iran. After the presidential election 2009, many of journalists and activists were arrested and situation in Iran became too dangerous for her.<mask> decided to leave the country. Through a friend she got the opportunity to become a guest writer within the ICORN network in Trondheim, Norway from 2010 until 2012. She stayed in Norway and completed a master's degree in Equality and diversity at NTNU. <mask> is a member of the Norwegian PEN Board of Directors. Activism
<mask> founded the 'Stop Stoning Forever Campaign' in October 2006. She worked together with a well known feminist from Iran and two writers from outside the country who could publish without censorship. She is fighting gender- based injustices in Iran's judicial system and is advocating for an end of stoning as a form of execution.She started her activism when she met a 16-year-old girl named Atefeh Sahaaleh who had endured a lifetime of sexual abuse. As a result of that abuse she had turned to sex work and was eventually sentenced for extramarital sex to death by stoning. <mask> felt compelled to write about and investigate the practice of stoning. During her investigations she found out that despite Iran's commitment to the international community to abolish the practice stoning were still going on in secret. In 2002, Iran's chief justice declared a moratorium on stoning. <mask> tried to publish her story but was soon after fired from her newspaper. The editor-in-chief of her newspaper said that it was impossible for them to publish the story as she was fighting Sharia law and the Iranian judicial system.She sent the story to another newspaper but they declined. After a long search, a women's publication agreed to publish an edited version. Soon after the publishing of the story of Atefeh <mask> heard of another similar story concerning the fate of Leyla, a nineteen-year old with mental age of an eight year old who was supposed to be hanged for chastity. <mask> found out that the girl was still alive in a prison in Arak and decided to help her. The girl had first been put out for prostitution by her own mother at the age between five and eight. From then onward her mother prostituted her and lived from the money. Leyla gave birth to her first child at age nine and received a 100 lashes sentence for chastity for the first time.She was sentenced to death for incest among other things as her brothers had been among the townsmen who had raped her. <mask> visited the judge who had sentenced Leyla and he said that the law is the law and that he was just applying it. He further stated, under <mask>'s account, that if the society was an apple Leyla was a worm. <mask> wrote a story about Leyla in the magazine Zanan. The story echoed internationally. Even the Norwegian prime minister Kjell Magne Bondevik wrote a letter to Iranian president Khatami. Eventually Leyla had a second trial.With the help of a friend of Shadi Sadr, her human rights attorney, <mask> was able to have Leyla be removed from prison and put in a social organization that provided her with private lessons and helped her to learn to read and to write. In 2007 <mask> was arrested and imprisoned. After this experience <mask> founded the 'Stop Stoning Forever Campaign'. She fights to have to practice of stoning stopped, researches cases of women who have been sentenced to death by stoning and shares their stories with the public. After the re-election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in 2009 the situation of humans rights activists became dangerous in Iran. <mask>'s phone calls were wiretapped, her e-mail messaged were surveilled. Four months after the re-election <mask> went to exile in Norway.In Norway she continued to be a contributor to a newspaper. She was also a guest writer in Trondheim City of Refuge from 2010 to 2012. Family
At the newspaper Zan Amini met Javad Montazeri, a photographer who came from the Mazandaran region like her. After eight months they decided to get married. After giving birth to her daughter Ava her husband encouraged her to continue to work. When she became pregnant for a second time, she tried to take medicine that would induce a miscarriage, which would make it possible to go to an emergency room in a hospital and have the fetus removed. This was necessary because abortion is illegal in Iran.However, the medicine didn't work and <mask> thought that she had damaged the fetus irreparably. So she proceeded to have an illegal abortion with complications but was able to return to work afterwards. Awards
 Hellman/ Hammett Award by Human Rights Watch in 2009
 Best Iranian poet by UNESCO's office in Tehran in 2005
 Oxfam Novib/ PEN award
 Ord i Grenseland Award in 2014

Writings
 "Hey, ... You Who Have Gone  "
 "Kom ikke til mine drømmer med gevær" ("Do not come into my dream with a gun")
 "Jeg savner å savne deg" ("I miss missing you")
 "Election Fallout- (Participated writer), Directed by Marcus Michaelsen"

References

1973 births
Living people
People from Mazandaran Province
Iranian women activists
Iranian women's rights activists
Iranian anti–death penalty activists
Iranian dissidents
Iranian political journalists
Iranian women poets
20th-century Iranian poets
21st-century Iranian poets
Iranian women journalists
Newspaper journalists
Iranian prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Iran
Iranian exiles
Iranian expatriates in Norway
20th-century Iranian women writers
21st-century Iranian women writers

masks:
Asieh Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini
Amini


text_chunks:
<mask> (Greek: Aριστεíδης Δαμαλάς, alternative spellings Aristidis or Aristide; 15 January 1855 – 18 August 1889), known in France by the stage name <mask>, was a Greek military officer-turned-actor, who is mostly remembered as being husband to Sarah Bernhardt for a number of years. <mask>'s characterisation by modern researchers is far from positive. His handsomeness was as notable as his insolence and Don Juan quality. Writer Fredy Germanos describes him as an opportunistic and hedonistic person, whose marriage to the great diva would inevitably intensify and maximise his vices, namely, his vanity and obsession with women, alcohol, and drugs. Diplomatic career and notorious social life
<mask> was born at Piraeus, Greece on 15 January 1855 to an aristocratic family. He was the second of three children to Ambrosios (Ambrouzis<mask> (2 June 1808 – 29 July 1869), a wealthy shipping magnate, who later served as mayor of Ermoupoli and Piraeus and his wife, Calliope Ralli (6 June 1829 – 14 February 1891), whose father, Loukas Rallis, had also once served as mayor of Piraeus and Ermoupolis, Syros (he had also came up with the name "Ermoupoli") and was a member of the Executive Committee which attempted the liberation of Chios in 1827, during the Greek War of Independence. The other two children of Ambrouzis and Calliope were a son, Paul (Pavlos) <mask> (17 July 1853 – 25 December 1925) and a daughter, Eirini (ca 1857 – ?).The family later moved to Marseille, France, where they spent several years, until they relocated to Ermoupoli, Syros, after Ambrosios was appointed mayor there. The family later returned to Marseille and eventually to Piraeus. After finishing school in Piraeus, <mask> spent four years abroad, mainly in England and France, where he pursued diplomatic studies. During his time abroad, he became acquainted with representatives of high society, as well as representatives of the theatre world, since he had the dream of excelling as an actor one day. He returned to Greece in 1878 and recruited in the army. He was later trained in the Page Corps in Russia but eventually decided to drop his studies there and return to Paris. By the early 1880s, he had earned a post as a military attaché to the Greek Diplomatic Corps.He quickly acquired a reputation of being "the handsomest man in Europe", as well as the nickname "Diplomat Apollo" by his friends and the assumption of being the most dangerous man in Paris, among the several husbands who feared their wives would fall victim to his charms and be seduced by the young diplomat. <mask> was indeed considered as the epitome of handsomeness of his time, and many women of the high society of Paris were infatuated with him. He rapidly earned the reputation of being a merciless heartbreaker and womaniser of the high circles. Besides his passion for women, he was also said to enjoy the company of young men, as well. His affair with the wife of a Parisian banker, Paul Meisonnier, had ruined the woman's reputation to the extent of forcing her to leave France. It was also rumoured that he had driven two women to divorce and one to suicide. One of his documented affairs was with the young daughter of a Vaucluse magistrate who had left her parents and home to follow <mask> to Paris, where he deserted her when their illegitimate child was born.The young girl was never heard from again; she is presumed to have committed suicide. Following these scandals, <mask> was reassigned to Russia. Meeting with Bernhardt and stay in Saint Petersburg

Prior to his transfer, he was introduced to Sarah Bernhardt by her half-sister, Jeanne, shortly before the summer of 1881. <mask> and Jeanne belonged to a circle of well-known morphine-takers who were associated with the stage world. <mask> had begun playing small parts as an amateur actor with the stage name of "Daria", and used to frequent the green rooms of theatres, along with fellow actors who shared a similar passion for morphine. He also frequented these places out of his desire to socialise with people from the theatre world and thus promoting his ambitions of becoming a great actor. Jeanne spoke to Bernhardt of <mask>, and Bernhardt felt simultaneously repelled and fascinated by the perspective of meeting the most notorious man in Paris.Their meeting was a highly anticipated one from both parties. Madame Pierre Berton, who wrote a biography for Sarah Bernhardt, remarks the following:

"It was inevitable that Bernhardt, the famous actress, and <mask>, the equally notorious bon-viveur, should eventually meet. Each knew the reputation of the other and their reputation was only the more whetted thereby (...) Bernhardt prided on her ability to conquer men, to reduce them to the level of slaves; <mask> vaunted his ability as a hunter and a spoiler of women (...) Their two natures were inevitably attracted towards each other (...) <mask> boasted to his friends that, as soon as he looked at her, the great Sarah Bernhardt would be counted in his long list of victims; and Bernhardt was no less certain that she had only to command for Damala to succumb". The two soon met. Even though Bernhardt was appalled by <mask>'s insolence towards her, she was nevertheless strongly attracted to him and soon fell madly in love with the Greek. During that period, Bernhardt was about to begin her world tour; knowing that <mask> was transferred in Saint Petersburg and interested in meeting him again, she decided to arrange a six-month stay in Russia, despite the fact she had previously – repeatedly – rejected offers of making appearances there. Indeed, she resided in Saint Petersburg for a few months, as an official guest of Emperor Alexander III of Russia, during which her romance with <mask> flourished.The openness of their affair scandalised the social circles of the city and proved a common topic of discussion. Marriage and new career
The match was far from being blissful. <mask> developed the habit of openly criticising and mocking Bernhardt in front of her friends. Bernhardt, in return, called him "Gypsy Greek" in an equal attempt to degrade him. However, in most cases, Bernhardt was so overwhelmed by her infatuation for him that she tolerated his insults and even begged him for forgiveness, behaviour which reaffirmed that <mask> had the upper hand in the relationship. After Bernhardt left Russia to extend her tour to other European countries, <mask> resigned from the Diplomatic Corps and followed Sarah's theatre circle. While in London, completing the final part of her tour, Bernhardt had yet another fight with <mask>.Bernhardt was supposed to have created the role of playwright Victorien Sardou Theodora during the tour. Instead, she sent Sardou the telegram: "I am going to die and my greatest regret is not having created your play. Adieu." A few hours later, Sardou received a second message by Bernhardt which simply stated: "I am not dead, I am married". When asked later by Sardou why she had wed, she somewhat naïvely responded that it was the only thing she had never done. Her impulsive decision to marry was probably at her own initiative, as <mask> sarcastically admitted to friends that it was she who had proposed to him. The wedding took place on 4 April 1882 in London, a city that proved a convenient choice for marriage, since religious differences would have been a hindrance for a possible marriage in Paris: Bernhardt was a Roman Catholic and Damala Greek Orthodox.Bernhardt's son, Maurice, was hostile to <mask> and against this marriage. Even though Bernhardt presented <mask> to reporters with the phrase "This ancient Greek god is the man of my dreams", the marriage became the object of criticism and even satire for press. Caricatures of Bernhardt and <mask> virtually flooded newspapers for months. A review of Les Mères Ennemies featured Bernhardt holding <mask> like a puppet, manipulating his limbs. <mask>'s marriage to Bernhardt made him even more unfaithful. Three weeks after the wedding, he had a fight with Bernhardt when he insisted she should change her stage name to <mask> to honour him. Following her refusal, he left the house.He was missing for a few days, much to Bernhardt's anxiety, and during this time was seen in the company of a young Norwegian girl. Upon his return, Sarah accepted his excuses. The tour went on to Ostend. At their last night there, <mask> fled again and was heard from two days later in Brussels, where he was accompanied by a Belgian woman. Bernhardt forgave him again when he returned. Despite the humiliations she endured, giving money to <mask> so as to pay his mistresses and debts to prostitutes, and the fact her husband's infidelity had been a common topic for gossip, the lovelorn Benrhardt tolerated all of these. Following their return to Paris, <mask>, compelled by the perspective of becoming a theatre star, decided to pursue an acting career.Some time later, Bernhardt bought a theatre, the Théâtre de l'Ambigu, and made the unfortunate decision of appointing Maurice as the manager and <mask> as the leading man. Bernhardt's friends could not understand what she saw in him. Her contemporaries were puzzled by her decision to discard professional actors so as to perform next to a rank amateur. Bernhardt seems to have been blinded by emotion: <mask> has been described as exceptionally untalented, lacking any acting qualifications, technique, or timing, and possessing an unintelligible Greek accent. Bernhardt was oblivious of all these shortcomings, and on the basis of her attraction for him, considered him appropriate and cast him as Armand Duval in La Dame aux Camélias (The Lady with the Camelias). Bernhardt is cited as telling a (rather shocked) Alexandre Dumas about <mask>: "Won't he make an excellent Armand? Only by looking at him, you understand why Marguerite Gautier dies in the way she does!".The couple returned to Paris and performed La Dame aux

masks:
Aristides Damalas
Jacques Damala
Damala
Damala
) Damalas
Damalas
Damala
Damala
Damala
Damala
Damala
Damala
Damala
Damala
Damala
Damala
Damala
Damala
Damala
Damala
Damala
Damala
Damala
Damala
Damala
Damala
Damala
Damala
Damala
Sarah Damala
Damala
Damala
Damala
Damala
Damala
Damala