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<mask> (October 21, 1874 – April 15, 1953) was an American wildlife and paleoartist best known for his detailed paintings of dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals. His works have been reproduced in many books and are currently on display at several major museums in the United States. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York City. As a child, <mask> was deeply interested in nature and animals, and spent many hours copying the illustrations from his father's natural history books. Though legally blind because of astigmatism and a subsequent injury to his right eye, <mask> pursued his artistic talents with the help of specially designed glasses, and at the age of twelve, he enrolled at the Metropolitan Art School to become a commercial artist. In 1890, he was hired by a church-decorating firm to design stained-glass windows, and after two years with them, became a freelance illustrator for books and magazines, specializing in nature scenes. In his free time, <mask> visited the American Museum of Natural History, attracting the attention of Dr. Jacob Wortman, who asked <mask> to paint a restoration of a prehistoric pig, Elotherium, whose fossilized bones were on display.<mask> applied his knowledge of modern pig anatomy, and used his imagination to fill in any gaps. Wortman was thrilled with the final result, and the museum soon commissioned <mask> to produce an entire series of watercolors to grace their fossil halls. His paintings were hugely popular among visitors, and <mask> continued to work with the museum until the late 1930s, painting what would become some of the world's most iconic images of dinosaurs, prehistoric mammals, and prehistoric humans. One of <mask>'s best-known pieces for the American Museum of Natural History is 1897's Leaping Laelaps, which was one of the few pre-1960s images to present dinosaurs as active, fast-moving creatures (thus anticipating the "Dinosaur Renaissance" theories of modern paleontologists like <mask>). Other familiar American Museum paintings include <mask>'s portrayals of Agathaumas, Allosaurus, Apatosaurus, Brontosaurus, Smilodon, and the Woolly Mammoth. All of these have been reproduced in numerous places and have inspired many imitations. <mask>'s work for the museum was not without critics, however.Although he spent considerable time at zoos studying the movements and habits of living animals, many curators argued that his work was more artistic than scientific, and protested that he did not have sufficient scientific expertise to render prehistoric animals as precisely as he did. While <mask> himself agreed that his murals for the Hall of the Age of Man were "primarily a work of art," he insisted that he had as much paleontological knowledge as the museum's own curators. Nationwide attention

After <mask> established a reputation at the American Museum of Natural History, other natural history museums began requesting paintings for their own fossil exhibits. In 1925, for example, <mask> produced an elaborate mural for the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County which portrayed some of the birds and mammals whose remains had been found in the nearby La Brea Tar Pits. The following year, <mask> began a 28-mural series for Chicago's Field Museum of Natural History, a project which chronicled the history of life on earth and took four years to complete. At the Field Museum, he produced one of his best-known pieces, a mural featuring Tyrannosaurus and Triceratops. This confrontation scene between a predator and its prey became iconic and inspired a huge number of imitations, establishing these two dinosaurs as "mortal enemies" in the public consciousness.The Field Museum's Alexander Sherman says, "It is so well-loved that it has become the standard encounter for portraying the age of dinosaurs". <mask>'s work also found its way to the Carnegie Museums in Pittsburgh, the Smithsonian Institution, and Yale's Peabody Museum of Natural History, among others. Several zoos, such as the Bronx Zoo, the Lincoln Park Zoo, and the Brookfield Zoo, also approached <mask> to paint murals of their living animals, and <mask> enthusiastically complied. <mask> was actually the only person in America allowed to paint Su Lin, a giant panda that lived at Brookfield Zoo during the 1930s. While making murals for museums and zoos, <mask> continued illustrating books and magazines, and became a frequent contributor to National Geographic. He also wrote and illustrated several books of his own, such as Before the Dawn of History (<mask>, 1935), Life Through the Ages (1946), Animal Drawing: Anatomy and Action for Artists (1947), and Prehistoric Man: The Great Adventure (1949). Additionally, <mask> became a popular lecturer, describing prehistoric life to audiences across the country.Eventually, <mask> began to retire from the public sphere to spend more time with his grandchildren, who shared his passion for animals and prehistoric life. In 1951, he painted his last work, a mural for the Everhart Museum in Scranton, Pennsylvania. He died in New York City, two years later. Legacy

<mask> has been hailed as "one of the great popularizers of the prehistoric past", and as having influenced generations of museum-goers. Examples of <mask>'s work frequently appeared in dinosaur books published in the US during the first half of the twentieth century and countless other artists and illustrators borrowed heavily from <mask>'s conceptions of dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals. More recent works also include examples of <mask>'s paintings; for example, Stephen Jay Gould used one of <mask>'s paintings for the cover of his 1991 book Bully for Brontosaurus and another in his 1996 book Dinosaur in a Haystack. Though many other paleoartists have succeeded <mask> (most notably Zdeněk Burian) <mask>'s paintings still remain very popular among dinosaur and paleontology enthusiasts.A commemorative edition of <mask>'s 1946 book Life Through the Ages  was recently published by Indiana University Press, and a 2007 calendar  of <mask>'s paintings is also currently available. Additionally, fantasy artist William Stout has compiled a series of Charles Knight Sketchbooks, which contain many rare and previously unpublished drawings and studies by <mask>. Because <mask> worked in an era when new and often fragmentary fossils were coming out of the American west in quantity, not all of his creations were based on solid evidence; dinosaurs such as his improbably-adorned Agathaumas (1897) for example, were somewhat speculative. His depictions of better-known ceratopsians as solitary animals inhabiting lush grassy landscapes were largely imaginative (the grasslands that feature in many of his paintings didn't appear until the Cenozoic). Although <mask> sometimes made musculoskeletal studies of living animals, he did not do so for his dinosaur restorations, and he restored many dinosaurs with typical reptilian-like limbs and narrow hips (Paul, 1996). In the 1920s, studies by the celebrated palaeontologists <mask> and Gerhard Heilmann (Heilmann, 1926) had confirmed that dinosaurs had broad avian-like hips rather than those of a typical reptile. <mask> often restored extinct mammals, birds and marine reptiles in very dynamic action poses, but his depictions of large dinosaurs as ponderous swamp-dwellers destined for extinction reflected more traditional concepts (Paul, 1996).In his catalogue to Life through the Ages (1946), he reiterated views that he had written earlier (<mask>, 1935), describing the great beasts as "slow-moving dunces" that were "unadaptable and unprogressive" while conceding that small dinosaurs had been more active. Some of his pictures are now known to be wrong, such as the tripod kangaroo-like posture of the hadrosaurs and theropods, whereas their spinal column was roughly horizontal at the hip; and the sauropods standing deeply in water whereas they were land-dwellers. <mask> also drew dinosaur tails dragging on the ground, whereas they were held out approximately horizontally. The late Stephen Jay Gould was one of <mask>'s most well-known fans, notably refusing to refer to Brontosaurus as "Apatosaurus" because <mask> had always referred to the creature with the former name. Gould writes in his 1989 book Wonderful Life, "Not since the Lord himself showed his stuff to Ezekiel in the valley of dry bones had anyone shown such grace and skill in the reconstruction of animals from disarticulated skeletons. <mask><mask>, the most celebrated of artists in the reanimation of fossils, painted all the canonical figures of dinosaurs that fire our fear and imagination to this day". Other admirers have included special effects artist <mask>, who writes in his autobiography An Animated Life, "Long before Obie (Willis O'Brien), myself, and Steven Spielberg, he put flesh on creatures that no human had ever seen.[…] At the L.A. County Museum I vividly remember a beautiful <mask> mural on one of the walls depicting the way the tar pits would have looked in ancient times. This, plus a picture book about <mask>'s work my mother gave me, were my first encounters with a man who was to prove an enormous help when the time came for me to make three-dimensional models of these extinct beings". Paleoartist Gregory S. Paul has also mentioned <mask> as a big influence on him. In 2012, a book about <mask> and his art written by <mask> titled <mask><mask> The Artist Who Saw Through Time was published. An homage to the painter was also made in the 1998 IMAX feature film, T-Rex: Back to the Cretaceous, in which he was portrayed by actor Tuck Milligan. Works

<mask>'s works are currently included as part of the permanent collections of these colleges, libraries, museums, and zoos:
Academy of Natural Sciences (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
American Museum of Natural History (New York, New York)
Bethune-Cookman College (Daytona Beach, Florida)
Bronx Zoo (Bronx, New York)
Carnegie Museum of Natural History (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
The Dinosaur Museum (Blanding, Utah)
Everhart Museum (Scranton, Pennsylvania)
Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago, Illinois)
Florida Museum of Natural History (Gainesville, Florida)
Illinois State Museum (Springfield, Illinois)
Mesa Southwest Museum (Mesa, Arizona)
Museum of the Earth (Ithaca, New York)
National Museum of Natural History (Washington, DC)
National Zoo (Washington, DC)
Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County (Los Angeles, California)
Princeton University (Princeton, New Jersey)
Science Museum of Minnesota (Saint Paul, Minnesota)
Sebring Public Library (Sebring, Florida)
Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History (New Haven, Connecticut)

In addition, a touring exhibit, Honoring the Life of Charles R. Knight, was launched in 2003 and has visited several locations throughout the United States. Publications
Before the Dawn of History, 1935
Life Through the Ages, 1946
Animal Drawing: Anatomy and Action for Artists, 1947
Prehistoric Man: The Great Adventurer, 1949
Charles R. Knight, Autobiography of an Artist, 2005

See also

 Paleoart
 Wildlife art

Notes

References
Heilmann, G. (1926).The Origin of Birds. London, H.F. & G. Witherby. Paul, G.S. (1996). The art of <mask><mask>. Scientific American 274 (6): 74-81. For <mask>'s dark side see: <mask>, Henry Fairfield Osborn: Race and the Search for the Origins of Man (Ashgate, 2002).External links

The World of Charles <mask>, a website maintained by <mask>'s granddaughter <mask> <mask> (includes most of his paintings)
<mask><mask> biography at Field Museum website
<mask><mask> biography at American Museum of Natural History website
Time Traveler: The Art of <mask><mask>; March 26, 2012; Scientific American

Animal artists
American muralists
19th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century American painters
People from Brooklyn
1874 births
1953 deaths
Paleoartists
People associated with the American Museum of Natural History
People associated with the Field Museum of Natural History
Artists from New York City
Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
19th-century male artists

masks:
Charles Robert Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Robert Bakker
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Alfred Romer
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Charles R
. Knight
Ray Harryhausen
Knight
Knight
Knight
Knight
Richard Milner
Charles R
. Knight
Knight
Charles R
. Knight
Knight
Brian Regal
Knight
Knight
Rhoda
Knight Kalt
Charles R
. Knight
Charles R
. Knight
Charles R
. Knight


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<mask> (19 April 1926 – 28 January 2019) was a Korean women who became a human rights activist that campaigned against sexual slavery and war rape. She was a young women who was put into sexual slavery by the Japanese Imperial Army; a military that systematically recruited girls between the ages of 10 to 18 years of age from colonized and occupied countries from the 1930s until the end of World War II. From age 14, she was put into comfort stations for eight years across different countries in Asia. Her experiences evoked in her a feminist consciousness and led her to become an activist; advocating the end of war-time sexual violence, anti-imperialism, workers' rights, and inter-Korean reconciliation. Along with the other so-called "comfort women", she made the three-fold demand from the Japanese government: a formal state-level apology, reparations, and correction of Japanese history (including amending Japanese history textbooks to include the truth of the "comfort women" issue). In addition, <mask> herself also supported other "comfort women" to step forward, and was a leader and spokesperson in the "comfort women" movement. <mask> died in Seoul, South Korea, in a hospital, on January 28, 2019.Biography
<mask>-dong was born in Yangsan, Gyeongnam, Korea in March 1926. She was the fourth of six daughters. Her family was wealthy when she was young. However, later her family struggled economically and faced poverty. As a result, she had to put an end to her education. Bok-dong's father died when she was eight years old. Her three older sisters married to escape the hard times, but Bok-dong remained at home with her two younger sisters.Until at age 14~15 in 1941, <mask>-dong and her mother were lied to by Japanese authorities. <mask>-dong was told that she was to support the war efforts by working in a military clothing factory and would return in three years. If not, her family would be considered traitors. The Japanese authorities did not take <mask>-dong away but demanded that her mother sign a document. Her mother could not read so she conceded to the demand, believing that her daughter would work in a factory in Japan. Instead, she was put into militarized sexual slavery in Japanese occupied territories for eight years, including Guangdong, Hong Kong, Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia. <mask>-dong had to have sex every day, especially from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. on Sundays.She attempted to commit suicide with two other girls by alcohol poisoning, but Japanese soldiers found them unconscious. The army took them to the hospital and medics revived them by pumping their stomachs. Ten days later, she woke up. She said if her father had been alive, she might not have been helplessly taken away. At age 21 and after the war, Bok-dong returned to her hometown. She did not tell her family what happened to her, except to her mother. However, her mother became very distressed and died from a heart attack.After the Korean War, she owned and operated a successful restaurant in Busan where her older sisters lived. <mask>-dong eventually met a man whom she fell in love with. Despite having this love, she suffered throughout her life because she was never able to have a child. She believes this was a result of the sexual abuse she endured. Along with this, her husband later died, not knowing her story. It was not until after he died that she began to speak about her experience. Activism
<mask>-dong stated, "Even as I returned to my homeland, it was never true liberation for me."After her husband died she began to speak out, and later joined another woman seeking official recognition as victims of Japanese sex slavery. In 1992, a year after <mask>-sun first broke the silence on the issue, <mask>-dong finally publicly began to share her experience and detail what happened to her during her time as a sex slave. This was also the year in which she began to participate in the weekly protest, the Wednesday Demonstration, in front of the Japanese Embassy. Then in 1993, <mask>-dong attended and testified at the "World Human Rights Conference" in Vienna, Austria. She had also testified during other events in Japan and the United States. Bok-dong traveled around other parts of the world to tell her story and continued to participate in weekly protests. In an interview, <mask>-dong stated, "by presenting my testimony, I regain my sense of self and feel supported and connected with other women."Networking and connecting with other women allowed her to recognize that there are many people who suffered like she did and gave her a sense of community. She attended the Wednesday rallies to demand a formal apology from Japan and legal reparations from the Korean women who were forced into sexual slavery during the war. Bok-dong acknowledges and recognizes that she has gained a platform where she is able to receive support from both ordinary people and the Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan (KCWD). She emphasizes to her supporters and the public at large that they should do the right thing not just for her but for those without a voice, who have gone through similar struggles she has faced as well as for the next generation. The Butterfly Fund
Standing in solidarity with other ‘comfort women’ and wartime rape victims, <mask>-dong and Gil Won-ok established The Butterfly Fund, in an effort to help female victims of sexual violence in armed conflicts around the world. The symbolic meaning behind the name was stated by Bok-dong that, "We as activist would like the victims to be free from their hurtful past, like a butterfly that has just come out of its cocoon.". The fund was started with money from personal donations.In the early stages of the fund, <mask>-dong and Gil Won-ok declared that they would donate all the money they received as reparations from the Japanese to other women as reparation to those who suffered from war just like they had. Eventually, the KCWD formally established the "Butterfly Fund" in order to accomplish Gil Won-ok and <mask>-dong's objective. The fund began to provide support in the form of $500 per month to a victim support group in the Congo in July 2012. This amount would then be expanded once the Japanese governments payed reparations. The first beneficiary of the fund was Rebecca Masika Katsuva, who now runs a shelter for victims like herself. <mask>-dong stated, "It will fly high as [an] emancipatory butterfly to many women war victims with the name of the halmeon." The overarching idea behind the fund was to help and network with sexual violence victims in other countries, not only women in the same geographic space as the founders.For example, the fund has been used to aid Vietnamese women who were raped by Korean soldiers from 1964 to 1973 during the Vietnam War. <mask>-dong also highlighted that Korea too should make efforts to acknowledge war crimes committed by its own people. Artwork
In addition to sharing her stories to the public verbally, <mask>-dong also created art to share with the public. In 1992, <mask>-dong began to live in the House of Sharing due to living a lonely life in Busan. During her time at the nursing home, she participated in an art therapy program. Her artwork told her history to future generations. Artwork from the House of Sharing was included in campaigns to raise awareness and educate the global public on the 'comfort women' issue.Her artistic themes included childhood memories, the experience of Japanese military slavery, and her present life and feelings. She worked in paint, woodblock print, and pencil. Her works included The Day a 14 year old Girl is Stolen Away (1998), As Youth Slips Away, and Suddenly I am Old and Grey (1998), Japan Do Not Trespass -  Dok Island is Our Land (1998), and The Leaves of that Gaunt Tree will Blossom Someday (1998). References

1926 births
2019 deaths
Comfort women
South Korean activists
South Korean women activists
People from Yangsan

masks:
Kim Bok dong
Kim Bok dong
Kim Bok dong
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Hak
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok
Kim Bok


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<mask> (born 9 July 1933, in Argentina at Las Palmeras colony, a Santa Fe provincial settlement for Jewish immigrants escaping from the Russian pogroms of 1880), the grandson and son of Jewish gauchos, he studied in Buenos Aires and Rosario. He is best known as an interfaith activist, most recently with the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation. In an interview to Zenit News Agency, he was asked about his nomination for the Nobel Prize, to what he replied: "Who am I?...just a descendant of slaves". <mask> characterized his life as being dedicated "to thank those human beings who saved lives, who risked themselves. [...] At the Wallenberg Foundation we work intensively to discover, among others, the exceptional deeds of those heroic human beings." The Wallenberg Foundation aims to pay tribute to the "Saviors of the Holocaust", recognizing those who "risked their lives and freedom to save thousands of Jews from a certain death in hands of the Nazis during the Second World War", the site of the foundation explains. Since 2005 the foundation's charter has expanded to highlight the legacies of rescuers in other major conflicts, such as the victims of the Armenian Genocide.<mask> <mask> is a resident of Gibraltar and a member of its small and bustling Jewish community. From Gibraltar, he continues his relentless voluntary work to further the mission of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation. Education and activism

In 1952, <mask> graduated from the Higher Institute of Judaic Religious Studies. As a teacher and a professor he taught Hebrew and Yiddish language and literature, the Torah, the Prophets and Mishnah. In 1955, he was appointed Director of the Moises Ville Teacher's Seminar in the province of Santa Fe where he taught the Old Testament and philosophy. He was First General Director of the Argentine-Israeli Cultural Institute (ICAI). Important undertakings in the field of education were set in motion and announced from his office, including bar mitzvah tours and the founding of the Tarbut School, among others.He organized the first Latin-American Bible contest. He translated Spanish classics into Hebrew and 'Haskala' literature into Spanish. He launched the idea of establishing interfaith monuments by promoting the creation of a fresco by the Argentine master painter Raúl Soldi at the main church in Nazareth, which was completed in 1968. In 1965, he was a Latin American promoter of the first visit by a Pope to Jerusalem. Granted an award for his work by the Vatican, he was invited to a ceremony at the Vatican City and was received by Pope Paul VI on January 13, 1965. At a separate public ceremony, Monsignor Antonio Caggiano, Cardinal Primate of Argentina, presented him with an Argentine Church award, granted for the very first time for a Jew Jew in Argentina. Along with writer Jorge Luis Borges, he founded la Casa Argentina en Jerusalem, with branches in Buenos Aires and Jerusalem.He has worked on interreligious initiatives with Rabbi Guillermo Schlesinger, Father Carlos Cuccetti, Pastor Sosa, and Father Ernesto Segura, who was the first President of Argentine House in Israel. Tenembaum's Jewish and humanist education is a result of a deep devotion of his teacher and mentor, Rabbi Jacobo Fink, an orthodox rabbi who initiated him in the Jewish knowledge and the Kabbalah, and guided him all of his life. Even if they were far away (he was Great Rabbi in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Haifa, Israel, and Buenos Aires, Argentina) so close was their relationship that every Friday they had a conversation, which was never ever postponed until the last day of his life. In 2009 world gambling operator Ladbrokes gave <mask> <mask> a 1/40 odds to win the Nobel Peace Prize, as opposed to 1/20 to the actual winner, US President Barack Obama. He was the co-author, together with Dr. Shalom Rosenberg, professor of philosophy at the Hebrew University at Jerusalem, of the book 'Holy Places in the Holy Land'. Kidnapping

On January 31, 1976, <mask> <mask> was kidnapped by rightwing extremists belonging to the Triple-A (Argentine Anti-subversive Alliance) a clandestine state terrorist organization founded under the aegis of José López Rega, a sinister character of great influence during the government of President Isabel Perón. Together with members of the military and police, the Triple-A supposedly began the "disappearance" of people in Argentina which, by the end of the military dictatorship in 1983, came to a total of 30,000 persons.The kidnappers allegedly accused him of "infecting the Catholic Church with the virus of Judaism" and "of spreading ideas of alleged coexistence so as to destroy Christian principles" through his inter-faith work, which they claimed, "leads to the destruction of the Creole republic". Additionally, they accused him of being a part of the sinister "conspiracy" known as the Plan Andina. In a dramatic turn of events, his wife Perla volunteered as a hostage and was also kidnapped herself. While he was in captivity Father Horacio Moreno spoke out for him, calling for his freedom from his pulpit at Fatima Church and later holding a face-to-face meeting with the kidnappers who self-defined themselves as "concerned Catholics". Finally, he was liberated. Since then Mr. Tenembaum resides outside of Argentina, from where he leads the international affairs of the Wallenberg Foundation. Activism and events

<mask> <mask> promoted the idea of installing a memorial mural dedicated to the victims of the Holocaust inside the Buenos Aires Cathedral.This mural is the first monument of its kind, it contains Jewish religious texts and was inaugurated by the then Cardinal of Argentina and Archbishop of Buenos Aires Antonio Quarracino and unveiled by <mask> <mask> and Lech Wałęsa, Nobel Peace Prize, in April 1997. In February 1998 Cardinal Quarracino died and a unique homage of survivors of the Holocaust over the grave of a Primate Cardinal in a Catholic Cathedral was held on April, that same year. So outstanding was the impact of this mural that on 2004, in a moving ceremony, the Vater-Unser Church in Berlin inaugurated a replica of this memorial. <mask> <mask> was invited by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, to a meeting specially held on the day of the 90th anniversary of the birth of the Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg. During the meeting, that took place at the Secretary General's residence in New York, <mask> presented a Commemorative Medal specially commissioned and coined to mark the anniversary. Mrs. Nane Annan, the wife of the world leader and niece of the Swedish diplomat, also attended the event. This was the second time Kofi Annan met the founder of the IRWF.<mask> continued his work on humanitarian causes searching for gentiles who helped Jews during World War II. After eight years in self-imposed exile, and following the fall of the military dictatorship, he renewed his visits to Argentina. <mask> was one of the founders of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation. Raoul Wallenberg was the Swedish diplomat who disappeared in the Soviet Gulag after saving the lives of thousands of Jews and other persecuted by the Nazis during World War II. The foundation honors Wallenberg's memory, and continues to hunt for him or his remains. The Wallenberg Foundation also honors other righteous gentiles who saved Jews during The Holocaust or shoah. The most outstanding cases of saviors of the Holocaust brought up by the foundation are Uruguayan Dr. Alejandro Pou, Polish savior Irena Sendler, Luiz Martins de Sousa Dantas (whose story was investigated by Brazilian professor Fabio Koiffman- awarded by the IRWF), and especially Monsignor Angelo Roncalli, in whose honor The Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli International Committee, an international grouping of distinguished scholars, historians, journalists, and other personalities, was founded within the framework of the IRWF.Its mission is to carry out investigations into the rescue actions performed during the Second World War in Istanbul by the then Vatican Nuncio who later became Pope John XXIII. In 2001, under the auspices of Casa Argentina en Israel - Tierra Santa and the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation, the website www.bialikencastellano.com was created, which became the most comprehensive and important online source on the life and work from the famed Israeli national writer and poet. In October 2003, United States Congressman Tom Lantos made a speech on the floor of the House of Representatives to honor Tenembaum, and had a fuller tribute inserted into the Congressional Record Wallenberg apparently was instrumental in saving Lantos from the Nazis. Tenembaum also received the Royal Order of the Polar Star from H.M. King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden. Tenembaum has had an audience with the Pope. He frequently has letters to the editor published. On July 9, 2014, the United States Congress presented the Congressional Gold Medal to Raoul Wallenberg, following an initiative by the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation.The ceremony took place at the Capitol Rotunda, with the presence of living relatives of Raoul, including his half-sister, Nina Lagergren, and Matti von Dardel (widow of his late half-brother, Professor Guy von Dardel). In a previous luncheon ceremony at the Congress, a distinguished group of dignitaries, senators, congressmen, and diplomats recognized the distinctive role played by the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation. <mask> <mask> and Elsa Kononowicz are the parents of Mookie <mask>, a published philosopher, lawyer and conceptual artist, Yoav <mask>, an historian and author, and <mask>, a strategy consultant. He also has six grandchildren and one great-grandson. Honours
Among the decorations received it is worth mentioning the following:
The Order of the Croatian Star with the Effigy of Katarina Zrinska, Croatia
Order of Merit, Romania
Royal Order of the Polar Star, Sweden
Order of Merit, Portugal
Order Bernardo O´Higgins, Chile
Cross "Komandorski" of Merit, Poland
Tribute from the House of Representatives U.S. Congress, United States
Distinguished Citizen of the Province of Santa Fe, Argentina
Distinguished Citizen of the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina

References

1933 births
People from San Cristóbal Department
Raoul Wallenberg
Argentine Jews
Illustrious Citizens of Buenos Aires
Living people

masks:
Baruch Tenembaum
Tenembaum
Baruch
Tenembaum
Tenembaum
Baruch
Tenembaum
Baruch
Tenembaum
Baruch
Tenembaum
Baruch
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Baruch
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Baruch
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Abigail Tenembaum


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<mask> is a Malaysian politician who served as Selangor State Executive Councillor. He had also served as one of the Board of Directors of the Selangor State Development Corporation (PKNS). In 2014, he was rumoured to be appointed the Menteri Besar (Chief Minister) of the Selangor State but Mohamed Azmin Ali was chosen. He is currently the National Treasurer of the Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS). He is an old boy of the Malay College Kuala Kangsar (MCKK). He has a British degree in Architecture. PAS Vice President For 2 Terms
In the 2015 Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party leadership election he was chosen as one of the three Vice Presidents after securing 672 votes from the delegates.At the 2017 party election, the incumbents were challenged by Temerloh Member of Parliament, Ustaz Nasrudin Hassan but he was not successful. <mask> managed to retain his Vice President post by securing 703 votes. 2016 Sungai Besar By-Election
In May 2016, <mask> as the Vice President of PAS said that the party's decision to contest the 2016 Sungai Besar by-election is final and should not be questioned by anyone. He also said that it is a traditional PAS seat. In a related event, Selangor Chief Minister (Menteri Besar) Mohamed Azmin Ali denied allegation that he had asked the State Executive Councillors from PAS to resign from government if PAS intend to contest the by-election. Finally the Sungai Besar Parliamentary by-election was contested by Barisan Nasional (BN), PAS and Parti Amanah Negara (Amanah), a three-cornered fight. The candidates were from BN with Budiman Mohd Zohdi, PAS with Dr <mask> Osman and Amanah with Azhar <mask>r.The by-election was won by BN with a 9,191 votes majority. Their candidate reaped 16,800 votes leaving Dr <mask> (6,902 votes) and Azhar (7,609 votes) far behind. Dropped As The PAS' State Commissioner For Selangor. After winning the Vice President post for the second time he was dropped as the PAS' State Commissioner for Selangor. He is said to be in favour of working with other opposition parties and could be the reason he was axed. However, PAS Secretary General, Datuk Takiyuddin Hassan clarified that Iskandar has been promoted and given the task of monitoring the party's machinery in the central and south zones (Selangor, Melaka, Negri Sembilan and Johor). He was replaced by Ustaz Sallehen Mukhyi from Sabak.Declined To Defend His Vice President Post
<mask> declined to defend his Vice President post in the 2019 Malaysian Islamic Party leadership election. Subsequently Terengganu Menteri Besar (Chief Minister), Dr Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar won uncontested together with incumbents Ustaz Idris Ahmad and Datuk Nik Mohd. Amar Nik <mask>. According to Iskandar he wanted to give way to a more high profiled candidate. He however was one of the 18 Central Committee members elected, finishing fourth garnering 856 votes from the 1,230 delegates. Housing
In September 2016, Iskandar announced that it will be compulsory for developers to build 10% to 20% affordable units for their serviced apartment, small office/home office (Soho) or small office/virtual office (Sovo) projects. These units will be controlled by the Selangor  Housing And Property Board (Lembaga Perumahan Dan Hartanah Selangor / LPHS) and can only be sold to those eligible.Each unit will cost between RM230,000 to RM270,000. In March 2018, <mask> informed that the Selangor State Government had resolved 53 abandoned housing projects involving 24,660 units from 2008 to 2017. In December 2008, there were 116 abandoned housing projects or 42,541 units. Caring Government Residents' Improvement Aid (CERIA)
During <mask>'s tenure as the State Executive Councillor, the Selangor State Government launched the Caring Government  Residents' Improvement Aid (CERIA) scheme in 2010 to repair and rehabilitate low cost and medium cost apartments on a cost sharing basis. Initially the State Government pays 80 percent and the houseowners pay 20 percent. In July 2017, he announced that 183 low cost and medium cost housing projects had been rehabilitated since 2010 under the CERIA programme costing more than RM55 million. He also said 88 lifts from 17 projects will be rehabilitated at a cost of more than RM22 million under the SMART LIFE programme.While 90 lifts from 22 projects will be maintained by the Selangor State Government at a cost of almost RM800,000. Rumah Selangorku
The Rumah Selangorku (My Selangor Home) programme is the  Selangor State's affordable housing scheme started in 2014 when Iskandar was the Executive Councillor in charge of housing where developers must build homes ranging between RM42,000 and RM250,000 per unit. Under the scheme it is compulsory for developers that develop more than 10 acres of land to dedicate a certain percentage of their development for affordable housing. In September 2016, Iskandar urged the Federal Government to follow the Rumah Selangorku policy where priority is being given to constructing affordable homes. There are several types namely RM42,000, RM100,000, RM150,000, RM180,000, RM220,000 and RM250,000. In March 2017, Iskandar reported 20,675 unit of affordable homes under the Rumah Selangorku programme from 24 projects are being constructed. While 665 units from 2 project have been completed.In total, 89,396 units have been approved and 24,700 units in 24 project have already obtained the planning approval. While 3,803 units in 13 projects have obtained the building plans approval. Smart Sewa
In January 2017, Iskandar as the Selangor State Executive Councillor for Housing, Building Mangaement and Urban Living announced that the State Government will spend RM100 million to buy the Rumah Selangorku Affordable Homes. The houses will be rented out under the Smart Sewa (Smart Rental) scheme to people who failed to get the financing to buy their own home or those who are not yet ready to buy a house. Under the scheme, 30% of the rent paid will be returned to them at the end of their rental contract. They can use the money to buy their own home. Iskandar reported 260 units of Affordable Homes have been identified and will be bought at a cost of RM46.5 million.The units are at Pangsapuri De Kiara (30 units), Pangsapuri De Bayu (30 units), Pangsapuri Bandar Bukit Raja (50 units), Apartment Trifolis, Bandar Botanic (30 units), Jade Hills Kajang (50 units), Pangsapuri Bandar Rimbayu (50 units) and Bandar Seri Coalfields, Sungai Buloh (20 units). REACH
He is the founder and Head Coordinator of the Pusat Sumber Untuk Kemajuan Masyarakat Dan Perumahan or Research Centre For The Advancement Of The Community And Housing (REACH). On 18 March 2020, REACH urged the Malaysian Government to instruct the banks and other financial institutions to allow borrowers to suspend their loan repayments due to the Covid-19 pandemic. On 17 April 2020, Iskandar as the Head Coordinator of REACH said the government will be a laughing stock if they did not appoint suitable or qualified people for the government linked companies and agencies. On 5 October 2020, REACH proposed mandatory prison term and whipping for owners of industries found guilty of polluting water source resulting in disruption of water supply. REACH also proposed their assets to be seized. Election results

Honours
  :
  Knight Commander of the Order of the Crown of Selangor (DPMS) – Dato' (2014)

References

Living people
People from Selangor
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
Malaysian Islamic Party politicians
Members of the Selangor State Legislative Assembly
Selangor state executive councillors
21st-century Malaysian politicians
1961 births

masks:
Iskandar bin Abdul Samad
Iskandar
Iskandar
Abdul Rani
Abdul Shuku
Abdul Rani
Iskandar
Abdullah
Iskandar
Iskandar


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<mask> (born August 30, 1953) is a former Republican member of the Maryland House of Delegates. From January 2007 to January 2015 he represented District 30 in the Maryland General Assembly located within Anne Arundel County. He shared this district with Democratic member House Speaker Michael E. Busch and Republican Herbert H. McMillan. Redistricting after 2010 placed <mask> in District 33. He sought the Republican nomination for Governor of Maryland in 2014, but finished fourth in the primary. In December 2014, <mask> expressed interest in being appointed to the District 33 House of Delegates seat vacated by Cathy Vitale, who was appointed a judge. <mask> unsuccessfully ran in 2018 for the state Senate in District 30, which includes Annapolis.<mask> has been a successful Maryland business owner for over 20 years. He owns Ron George Jewelers located in Annapolis and formerly in Severna Park. Biography
Born in Syracuse, New York, August 30, 1953. Master goldsmith certificate, jewelry design and repair, Bowman Technical School for Jewelry Making and Design, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1972. Syracuse University, B.A. (visual & performing arts), 1978. Institute for Psychological Sciences, M.S.(clinical), 2005. Jeweler. Owner, Ron George Jewelry & Repair, 1987–91; Ron George Jewelers, Inc., 1991–present; State House Inn, 2002–07. Volunteer counselor, Covenant House (emergency youth shelter), New York, 1979–81. Volunteer Director, Conquest Boys Club, 1996–2002. National Board member, Traditions of Roman Catholic Homes (home-schooling support organization), 1998-. Volunteer Executive Director, Springhill Center for Family Development, 2002–08.Member, Annapolis Business Association; Maryland Chamber of Commerce; National Federation of Independent Businesses. <mask> Award, Annapolis Republican Central Committee, 2005. Legislator of the Year, Annapolis/Anne Arundel Chamber of Commerce, 2008. Distinguished Service Award, Republican Women of Anne Arundel County, 2009. Former Sunday School teacher, St. Mary's Catholic Church, Annapolis. Married; six children, two grandchildren. As a delegate in the Maryland House of Delegates, <mask> served on the Ways and Means Committee, the Transportation, Education, and Election Law subcommittees, the Sportsmans Caucus, and the Veterans Caucus.<mask> founded Maryland's Doctors Caucus and advisory board. Gubernatorial campaign

Delegate <mask> announced his candidacy for Governor of Maryland on June 5, 2013. During his announcement speech, <mask> unveiled his 10 Point Promise. The Promise calls for building the tax base in Baltimore City, creating safe school zones in Baltimore modeled after the Harlem Children's Zone, conducting independent audits of all state agencies, and lowering corporate and unemployment taxes among other initiatives. This plan prompted the Baltimore Sun Editorial Board on July 17, 2013, to name <mask> "The leader so far in providing a specific platform". <mask> finished last in the primary, behind Larry Hogan, who won the nomination, David Craig, and Charles Lollar. Legislative record
 Voted against in-state tuition for illegal immigrants in 2007 (HB6)
 Sponsored Wind Energy at Greenbury Point in 2010 (HJ7)
 Sponsored Lawful Presence Requirement for Maryland Drivers Licenses (HB195)
 Sponsored Voltage Regulation Technology - Income Tax Subtraction Modification (HB320)
 Sponsored Local Correctional Facilities - New Construction - Residential Programs for Substance Abuse Treatment (HB967)
 Co-Sponsored Intellectual Disability (Rosa's Law) (HB20)
 Co-Sponsored State Property Tax - Homeowner's Property Tax Assessment Cap Reduction (HB156)
 Co-Sponsored 	State Retirement and Pension System - Military Service Credit (HB191)
 Co-Sponsored Silver Alert Program - Establishment (HB317)
 Co-Sponsored Sales and Use Tax - Exemptions - Veterans' Organizations (HB317)
 Co-Sponsored Natural Resources - Oysters - Dredge Devices (ban repealed.Chapter) (HB218)

Election results

2010 Race for Maryland House of Delegates – 30th District
Voters to choose three:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|-
|<mask>, Rep.
|25,631
|  19.25%
|   Won
|-
|-
|Michael E. Busch, Dem. |23,995
|  18.02%
|   Won
|-
|-
|Herb McMillan, Rep.
|22,553
|  16.94%
|   Won
|-
|-
|Virginia P. Clagett, Dem. |21,142
|  15.88%
|   Lost
|-
|-
|Seth Howard, Rep.
|20,080
|  15.08%
|   Lost
|-
|-
|Judd Legum, Dem. |19,670
|  14.77%
|   Lost
|-
|Other Write-Ins
|      89
|    0.07%
|
|-
|}

2014 Republican Gubernatorial Primary Election

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|Larry Hogan / Boyd Rutherford
|92,376
|  43.0%
|   Won
|-
|David R. Craig / Jeannie Haddaway
|62,639
|  29.1%
|   Lost
|-
|Charles Lollar / Kenneth R. Timmerman
|33,292
|  15.5%
|   Lost
|-
|<mask> / Shelley Aloi
|26,628
|  12.4%
|   Lost
|}

2018 Race for Maryland Senate – 30th District

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Votes
!Percent
!Outcome
|-
|Sarah K. Elfreth, Dem. |29,736
|  53.8%
|   Won
|-
|<mask>, Rep.
|24,639
|  44.6%
|   Lost
|-
|Christopher Wallace, Sr., Lib. |     826
|    1.5%
|   Lost
|-
|Other Write-Ins
|       38
|    0.1%
|
|}

Volunteer work

Prior to his jewelry work, <mask> was a volunteer counselor at Covenant House in New York City for two years. He has also been a volunteer director for the Conquest Boys' Club, volunteering from 1996 until 2002.He has been working for the Springhill Center for Family Development since 2002 and has been a National Board member of Traditions of Roman Catholic Homes, a home-schooling support organization, since 1998. <mask> is also a member of the Annapolis Business Association, the Maryland Chamber of Commerce, and the National Federation of Independent Businesses. He received the Ronald Reagan Award from the Annapolis Republican Central Committee in 2005. Additionally, he is a Sunday School teacher for St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church in Annapolis. Acting career
<mask> is a member of the Screen Actors Guild. He has made appearances in movies such as Chances Are and Broadcast News. He has also appeared in The Doctors, a soap opera, in the late 1970s.Notes and references

External links

 <mask> Campaign website
 <mask> George Jewelers website

1953 births
Living people
Maryland Republicans
Members of the Maryland House of Delegates
People from Columbia, Maryland
Politicians from Syracuse, New York
Syracuse University alumni
People from Anne Arundel County, Maryland
21st-century American politicians

masks:
Ronald Alan George
George
George
George
George
Ronald Reagan
George
George
George
George
George
George
Ron George
Ron George
Ron George
George
Ron George
George
Ron George
Ron


text_chunks:
<mask> (March 11, 1903 – May 17, 1992) was an American accordionist, bandleader, and television impresario, who hosted the television program The Lawrence Welk Show from 1951 to 1982. His style came to be known to his large audience of radio, television, and live-performance fans (and critics) as "champagne music". Early life
<mask> was born in the German-speaking community of Strasburg, North Dakota. He was sixth of the eight children of Ludwig and Christiana (née Schwahn) <mask>, Roman Catholic ethnic Germans who emigrated in 1892 from Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine). Welk was a first cousin, once removed, of former Montana governor Brian Schweitzer (Welk's mother and Schweitzer's paternal grandmother were siblings). Welk's  paternal great-great grandparents, Moritz and <mask>, emigrated in 1808 from Germanophone Alsace-Lorraine to Ukraine. The family lived on a homestead that is now a tourist attraction.They spent the cold North Dakota winter of their first year inside an upturned wagon covered in sod. Welk left school during fourth grade to work full-time on the family farm. Welk decided on a career in music and persuaded his father to buy a mail-order accordion for $400 (equivalent to $ in ) He promised his father that he would work on the farm until he was 21, in repayment for the accordion. Any money he made elsewhere during that time, doing farmwork or performing, would go to his family. Welk did not learn to speak English until he was twenty-one and never felt comfortable speaking it in public. Welk became an iconic figure in the German-Russian community of the northern Great Plains—his success story personified the American dream. Early career
On his 21st birthday, having fulfilled his promise to his father, Welk left the family farm to pursue a career in music.During the 1920s, he performed with various bands before forming an orchestra. He led big bands in North Dakota and eastern South Dakota, including the Hotsy Totsy Boys and the Honolulu Fruit Gum Orchestra. His band was also the station band for the popular radio programming WNAX in Yankton, South Dakota. The Lawrence Welk Orchestra scored an immediate success and began a daily radio show, which lasted from 1927 to 1936. The radio show led to many well-paying engagements for the band throughout the midwestern states. In 1927, he graduated from the MacPhail School of Music in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Although many associate <mask>'s music with a style quite-separate from jazz, he recorded one notable song in a ragtime style in November 1928 for Gennett Records, based in Richmond, Indiana: "Spiked Beer", featuring <mask> and his Novelty Orchestra.During the 1930s, <mask> led a traveling big band specializing in dance tunes and "sweet" music (during this period, bands performing light-melodic music were referred to as "sweet bands" to distinguish them from the more rhythmic and assertive "hot" bands of artists like Benny Goodman and Duke Ellington). Initially, the band traveled around the country by car. They were too poor to rent rooms, so they usually slept and changed clothes in their cars. The term champagne music was derived from an engagement at the William Penn Hotel in Pittsburgh, after a dancer referred to his band's sound as "light and bubbly as champagne." The hotel also lays claim to the original "bubble machine," a prop left over from a 1920s movie premiere. <mask> described his band's sound, saying, "We still play music with the champagne style, which means light and rhythmic. We place the stress on melody; the chords are played pretty much the way the composer wrote them.We play with a steady beat so dancers can follow it." <mask>'s big band performed across the country, but particularly in the Chicago and Milwaukee areas. In the early 1940s, the band began a 10-year stint at the Trianon Ballroom in Chicago, regularly drawing crowds of several thousand. His orchestra also performed frequently at the Roosevelt Hotel in New York City during the late 1940s. In 1944 and 1945, <mask> led his orchestra in 10 "Soundies", three-minute movie musicals considered to be the early pioneers of music videos. <mask> collaborated with Western artist Red Foley to record a version of Spade Cooley's "Shame on You" in 1945. The record (Decca 18698) was number 4 to Cooley's number 5 on Billboard'''s September 15 "Most Played Juke Box Folk Records" listing.From 1949 through 1951, the band had radio programming on ABC, sponsored by Miller High Life, "The Champagne of Bottled Beer." Recordings
In addition to the above-mentioned "Spiked Beer", <mask>'s territory band made occasional trips to Richmond, Indiana, and to Grafton, Wisconsin, to record a handful of sessions for the Gennett and Paramount companies. In November 1928 he recorded four sides for Gennett spread over two days (one side was rejected), and in 1931 he recorded eight sides for Paramount (in two sessions) that were issued on the Broadway and Lyric labels. These records are rare and highly valued. From 1938 to 1940, he recorded frequently in New York and Chicago for Vocalion Records. During this period <mask> recorded numerous instrumentals especially for radio stations; these transcription records became a broadcasting staple. <mask> signed with Decca Records in 1941, then recorded for Mercury Records and Coral Records for short periods of time before moving to Dot Records in 1959.In 1967, <mask> left Dot Records and joined its former executive Randy Wood in creating Ranwood Records. <mask> bought back all his masters from Dot and Coral, and Ranwood became the outlet for all of Welk's many artists. They started with a huge reissue of old Dot albums in 1968 to get them started on the right foot. Wood's interest was sold to Welk in 1979. In 2015, Welk Music Group sold the Vanguard and Sugar Hill labels to Concord Bicycle Music while retaining ownership of the Ranwood catalog. <mask>'s estate licensed the Ranwood catalogue to Concord Music Group for 10 years. The <mask> Welk Show

In 1951, Welk settled in Los Angeles.The same year, he began producing The Lawrence Welk Show on KTLA in Los Angeles, where it was broadcast from the Aragon Ballroom in Venice Beach. The show became a local hit and was picked up by ABC in June 1955. During its first year on the air, the Welk hour instituted several regular features. To make Welk's "Champagne Music" tagline visual, the production crew engineered a "bubble machine" that spouted streams of large bubbles across the bandstand. While the bubble machine was originally engineered to produce soap bubbles, complaints from the band members about soapy build-ups on their instruments led to the machine being reworked to produce glycerine bubbles instead. During the show's first year, the bubble machine operated continuously, with the bubbles wafting across the musicians' faces and instruments for the entire hour. Within a year, the bubble machine was retired except for the opening and closing "Champagne Music" selections.Whenever the orchestra played a polka or waltz, <mask> himself would dance with the band's female vocalist, the "Champagne Lady". This was a long-standing tradition in the Welk band; the first Champagne Lady was Lois Best (1939 to 1941), followed during the war years by Jayne Walton. Beginning with the Welk show's freshman year, Welk was careful to program current songs in addition to the traditional big-band standards. The Boyd Bennett rock-and-roll hit "My Boy Flat Top" was featured on two different programs (November 26, 1955 and December 10, 1955, the latter featuring Buddy Merrill on electric guitar). The policy was relaxed over the next year, with new songs still being included but now being treated as novelty arrangements. In the December 8, 1956 broadcast, "Nuttin' for Christmas" became a vehicle for Rocky Rockwell dressed in a child's outfit, and Elvis Presley's "Don't Be Cruel" was sung by the violinist Bob Lido, wearing fake Presley-style sideburns. In another episode, the Lennon Sisters and Norma Zimmer performed the Orlons' No.2 pop hit "The Wah-Watusi" with the bass singer Larry Hooper wearing a beatnik outfit. These stood in comparison to the contemporary American Bandstand, which catered to a teenager audience and featured the latest acts. In a 1971 episode, Welk infamously billed the Brewer & Shipley single, "One Toke Over the Line" (performed as a duet by Gail Farrell and Dick Dale), as a "modern spiritual"; social conservatives of the era saw it as subversive. Later in the 1970s, however, Welk's programs often included current adult contemporary songs performed by his singers, including "Feelings" and "Love Will Keep Us Together" (made famous by Morris Albert and Captain & Tennille, respectively), and current songs were included up through 1982, the final year of production of the show. Whenever a Dixieland tune was scheduled, Welk harked back to his days with the Hotsy Totsy Boys and enthusiastically led the band. Befitting the target audience, the type of music on The <mask>lk Show was conservative, concentrating on popular music standards, show tunes, polkas, and novelty songs, delivered in a smooth, calm, good-humored easy-listening style and "family-oriented" manner. Although described by one critic, Canadian journalist and entertainment editor Frank Rasky, as "the squarest music this side of Euclid", this strategy proved commercially successful, and the show remained on the air for 31 years.Welk's musicians included accordionist Myron Floren, the concert violinist Dick Kesner, the guitarist Buddy Merrill, and the New Orleans Dixieland clarinetist Pete Fountain. Though Welk was occasionally rumored to be tight with a dollar, he paid his regular band members top scale. Long tenure was common among the regulars. For example, Floren was the band's assistant conductor throughout the show's run. He was noted for spotlighting individual members of his band. Welk had a number of instrumental hits, including a cover of the song "Yellow Bird". His highest charting record was "Calcutta", written by Heino Gaze, which achieved hit status in 1961.<mask> himself was indifferent to the tune, but his musical director, George Cates, said that if <mask> did not wish to record the song, he (Cates) would. <mask> replied, "Well, if it's good enough for you, George, I guess it's good enough for me." Although the rock-and-roll explosion in the mid-1950s had driven most older artists off the charts, "Calcutta" reached number 1 on the U.S. pop charts between 13 and 26 February 1961; it was recorded in only one take. The tune knocked the Shirelles' "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" out of the number 1 position, and it kept the Miracles' "Shop Around" from becoming the group's first number-1 hit, holding their recording at number 2. It sold more than one million copies and was awarded a gold disc. The album Calcutta! also achieved number-one status.The albums Last Date, Yellow Bird, Moon River, Young World and Baby Elephant Walk and Theme from the Brothers Grimm, produced in the early 60s, were in Billboards top ten; nine more albums produced between 1956 and 1963 were in the top twenty. His albums continued to chart through 1973. <mask>'s insistence on wholesome entertainment led him to be a taskmaster at times. For example, he fired Alice Lon, at the time the show's "Champagne Lady," because he believed she was showing too much leg. <mask> told the audience that he would not tolerate such "cheesecake" performances on

masks:
Lawrence Welk
Welk
Welk
Magdalena Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Lawrence
Welk
Lawrence We
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk


text_chunks:
 his show; he later tried unsuccessfully to rehire the singer after fan mail indicated overwhelmingly that viewers opposed her dismissal. He then had a series of short-term "Champagne Ladies" before Norma Zimmer filled that spot on a permanent basis. Highly involved with his stars' personal lives, he often arbitrated their marital disputes.His musical conservatism caused occasional controversies as well. Despite the authentic New Orleans Dixieland clarinet that made him a popular cast member, Pete Fountain left the orchestra in a dispute with Welk over adding a jazz solo to a Christmas song. Reflecting the controversies about the quality of Welk's music among the cognoscenti, in 1956, musical satirist Stan Freberg, known for his love of jazz, wrote and recorded a biting Welk satire, "Wunnerful! Wunnerful!" Freberg impersonated Welk. Recorded with some of Hollywood's best jazz musicians, arranged by Billy May to sound like authentic Welk, the single mocked Welk's accordion work, his sometimes-stumbling patter between songs and the music of such Welk favorites Rocky Rockwell ("Stony Stonedwell"), Champagne Lady Alice Lon ("Alice Lean") and Larry Hooper ("Larry Looper"). Welk was not amused, and when he met Freberg years later, claimed he never used the "Wunnerful!Wunnerful!" term. Ironically, it became the title of Welk's 1971 autobiography. Despite its staid reputation, The Lawrence Welk Show nonetheless kept up with the times and never limited itself strictly to music of the big-band era. During the 1960s and 1970s, for instance, the show incorporated material by such contemporary sources as the Beatles, Burt Bacharach and Hal David, Neil Sedaka, the Everly Brothers and Paul Williams (as well as, in the most notorious example, Brewer & Shipley), all arranged in a format that was easily digestible to older viewers. Originally produced in black and white, in 1957 the show began being recorded on videotape, and it switched to color for the fall 1965 season. During its network run, The Lawrence Welk Show aired on ABC on Saturday nights at 9 p.m. (Eastern Time), moving up a half-hour to 8:30 p.m. in the fall of 1963.In fact, <mask> headlined two weekly prime-time shows on ABC for three years. From 1956 to 1958, he hosted Top Tunes and New Talent, which aired on Monday nights. The series moved to Wednesdays in the fall of 1958 and was renamed The Plymouth Show, which ended in May 1959. During that time, the Saturday show was also known as The Dodge Dancing Party. During this period, the networks were in the process of eliminating programming that was seen as having either too old an audience, did not appeal to urban residents, or both (the so-called Rural Purge). As The Lawrence Welk Show fit into this category, ABC ended its run in 1971. Welk thanked ABC and the sponsors at the end of the last network show.The <mask>lk Show continued on as a first-run syndicated program shown on 250 stations across the country until the final original show was produced in 1982, when <mask> decided to retire. While many longtime TV shows suffered a serious ratings drop during the counterculture movement of the late 1960s, The Lawrence Welk Show survived largely intact and even had increased viewership during this time. For the entire run, musical numbers were divided fairly evenly between prerecorded lip- and finger-sync performances and those recorded live on film or tape. Generally, the big production numbers featuring dancing and singing performances were recorded earlier in the day or the day before, often at famous recording studios in and around nearby Hollywood, while the more intimate numbers were recorded live on tape or film. Personal life

<mask> was married for 61 years, until his death in 1992, to Fern Renner (August 26, 1903 – February 13, 2002), with whom he had three children. One of his sons, <mask> Jr., married fellow Lawrence Welk Show performer Tanya Falan; they later divorced. Welk had many grandchildren and great-grandchildren during his lifetime.Known as a skillful businessman, <mask> had investments in real estate and music publishing. He was the general partner in a commercial real estate development at 100 Wilshire Boulevard in Santa Monica, California. The 21-story white tower, located on the bluffs overlooking Santa Monica Bay at Ocean Avenue, is the tallest building in Santa Monica. It was a joint venture with the engineering firm Daniel, Mann, Johnson & Mendenhall. Its largest original tenant was GTE, now Verizon. <mask> also owned the adjacent 16-story luxury apartment building at 1221 Ocean Avenue-- the "Lawrence Welk Champagne Towers", and <mask> made his personal residence in the complex. He built the adjacent 11-story Wilshire Palisades office building at 1299 Ocean Avenue at Arizona Street.Designed to resemble a white ocean liner, it has a wedge-shaped "bow" edge, receding "decks" with railings, and air conditioner covers that look like smokestacks. Its shape creates a landscaped plaza on the corner, and the result is a landmark. <mask> enjoyed playing golf, which he first took up in the late 1950s, and was often a regular at many celebrity pro-am tournaments, such as the Bob Hope Desert Classic. Welk was awarded four US design patents:

A musically themed restaurant menu

 An accordion-themed tray for serving food at a restaurant

 An accordion-themed tray for serving food at a restaurant

 An accordion-themed ashtray

A devout Roman Catholic, Welk was a daily communicant, as corroborated by numerous biographies, by his autobiography and by his family and his many staff, friends and associates throughout the years. Later years

After retiring from his show and from the road in 1982, Welk continued to air reruns of his shows, which were repackaged first for syndication and, starting in 1986, for public television. He also starred in and produced a pair of Christmas specials in 1984 and 1985. In addition, he owned a restaurant and club in Escondido, where he filmed lead-ins for reruns of The Lawrence Welk Show.<mask> died of pneumonia on May 17, 1992 at age 89 in his Santa Monica apartment, surrounded by his family. He was buried in Holy Cross Cemetery, in Culver City, California. Singles

* "Shame On You" also made the US Country charts (No. 1) as well as its flip side, "At Mail Call Today" (No. 3)** "Calcutta" also made the US R&B chart, reaching No. 10

Honors
In 1961, <mask> was inducted as a charter member of the Rough Rider Award from his native North Dakota. In 1967, he received the Horatio Alger Award from the Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans.He later served as the Grand Marshal for the Rose Bowl's Tournament of Roses parade in 1972. <mask> received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1980. In 1994, <mask> was inducted into the International Polka Music Hall of Fame. <mask> has a star for recording on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, located at 6613½ Hollywood Boulevard. He has a second star at 1601 Vine Street for television. In 2007, <mask> was a charter member of the Gennett Records Walk of Fame in Richmond, Indiana. <mask>'s band continues to appear in a dedicated theater in Branson, Missouri.In addition, the television show has been repackaged for broadcast on PBS stations, with updates from show performers appearing as wraparounds where the original shows had commercial breaks. The repackaged shows are broadcast at roughly the same Saturday night time slot as the original ABC shows, and special longer rebroadcasts are often shown during individual stations' fund-raising periods. These repackaged shows are produced by the Oklahoma Educational Television Authority. A resort community developed by <mask> and promoted heavily by him on the show is named for him. Formerly known as Lawrence Welk Village, the Welk Resort and Champagne Village are just off Interstate 15 north of Escondido, California, about  north of downtown San Diego. Welk lived in a rather affluent "cottage" in Lawrence Welk Village. The resort is open to the public and contains two golf courses, dozens of upscale timeshares, and a theater that contains a museum of <mask>'s life.The Welk Resort Theatre performs live Broadway musicals year-round. His organization, the Welk Group, includes Welk Resorts (run by his grandson Jon Fredricks), properties in Escondido; Palm Springs; Branson, Missouri; Lake Tahoe; and Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. It also includes Welk Syndication, which broadcasts the show on public television, and the Welk Music Group, which operates the record labels Sugar Hill, Vanguard and Ranwood. From the late 1950s to the mid-1980s, the Welk Group was known as Teleklew, in which tele stood for television and klew was Welk spelled backwards. The "Live Lawrence Welk Show" makes annual concert tours across the United States and Canada, featuring stars from the television series, including Ralna English, Mary Lou Metzger, Jack Imel, Gail Farrell and Anacani. Welk's variety show has been repeatedly parodied in U.S. popular entertainment for decades. The comedy show Saturday Night Live had a recurring sketch during the late 2000s and early 2010s, in which he was portrayed by Fred Armisen.Books by Welk
All books written with Bernice McGeehan and published by Prentice Hall (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.), except where indicated:
 Wunnerful, Wunnerful: The Autobiography of <mask>, 1971,
 Ah-One, Ah-Two! Life with My Musical Family, 1974,
 My America, Your America, 1976,
 <mask>'s Musical Family Album, 1977,
 Welk with McGeehan, <mask>'s Bunny Rabbit Concert,  illustrated by Carol Bryan, Indianapolis: Youth Publications/Saturday Evening Post Co., 1977,  (children's book)
 You're Never Too Young, 1981,

See also
 The Lennon Sisters – mainstay singers for Welk from 1955 to 1968
 Aragon Ballroom (Ocean Park)

References

Further reading
 Coakley, Mary Lewis. Mister Music Maker, <mask>lk (1958). Govoni, Albert. The <mask> Welk Story (1961)
 Kloberdanz, Timothy J. "Symbols of German-Russian Ethnic Identity on the Northern Plains." Great Plains Quarterly 8#1 (1988): 3–15  online.Miller, John. "From the Great Plains to LA: The Intersecting Paths of <mask> and Johnny Carson." Virginia Quarterly Review 79.2 (2003): 265. Miller, John E. "<mask> and John Wooden: Midwestern small-town boys who never left home." Journal of American Studies 38.1 (2004): 109–125. Schweinher, William K. <mask>lk: An American Institution (1980). Vickery-Bareford, Melissa."<mask>, <mask>" American National Biography (1999) https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1803327
 Zehnpfennig, Gladys. <mask>lk: Champagne Music Man'' (1968)

External links

Stars of the Lawrence Welk Show

North Dakota State Univ. database of <mask> Welk Music Arrangements
<mask>'s recordings in the 1920s and 1930s, along with other info
Welk Musical Family website
Welk Musical Family blog

1903 births
1992 deaths
20th-century accordionists
20th-century American male musicians
American accordionists
American bandleaders
American people of German-Russian descent
Big band bandleaders
Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City
Catholics from California
Catholics from North Dakota
Coral Records artists
Deaths from bronchopneumonia
Deaths from pneumonia in California
Dot Records artists
Gennett Records artists
Mercury Records artists
Musicians from Los Angeles
Musicians from North Dakota
People from Emmons County, North Dakota
Polka musicians
Sweet band musicians
Television personalities from Los

masks:
Welk
Lawrence We
Welk
Welk
Lawrence Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Welk
Legacy Welk
Welk
Welk
Lawrence Welk
Lawrence Welk
Lawrence Welk
Lawrence We
Lawrence
Lawrence Welk
Lawrence Welk
Lawrence We
Welk
Lawrence
Lawrence We
Lawrence
Lawrence Welk


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<mask> (born October 18, 1982) is a former professional baseball relief pitcher. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Florida Marlins, Oakland Athletics and Texas Rangers. He bats and throws right-handed. He has also played for the SK Wyverns of the Korea Baseball Championship. <mask> attended Newton Community High School in Newton, Illinois and Wabash Valley College in Mount Carmel, Illinois. Professional career
<mask> was selected by the Montreal Expos in the 47th round (1390th overall) in the 2001 Major League Baseball draft. However, he refused to sign with them and remained a free agent.He was selected the following year by the Florida Marlins in the 18th round (533rd overall) in the 2002 Major League Baseball draft, this time accepting the position. After the 2013 season, he moved to Korea Baseball Championship. SK Wyverns is his new team. Florida Marlins
<mask> was assigned to Short-Season Jamestown, where in 11 starts, he went 2-4 with a 4.66 ERA, striking out 18 in 46.1 innings. <mask> played 2003 with Single-A Greensboro, where in 27 games, he went 6-1 with a 1.61 ERA, striking out 26 in 50.1 innings. <mask> played 2004 with High-A Jupiter, where in 43 games, he went 11-7 with a 2.60 ERA and 5 saves, striking out 58 in 90 innings, tying for 4th in wins despite not starting a single game. <mask> played 2005 with Double-A Carolina, where in 54 games, he went 5-4 with a 4.96 ERA, striking out 59 in 78 innings.<mask> began 2006 with Carolina, where he pitched in 12 games before earning a promotion to Triple-A Albuquerque in May. He pitched in 48 games with the Isotopes to finish the season. In 60 games in 2006, he went 5-3 with a 4.05 ERA, striking out 41 in 66.2 innings. <mask> opened 2007 with Albuquerque, where he had a 2.82 ERA in 41 games before earning a promotion to Florida. On August 9, <mask> had his contract purchased. He made his major league debut on August 10 against the Mets, pitching 0.1 scoreless innings. On August 25, <mask> was optioned back to Albuquerque, but he didn't stay for long, returning on September 4 after the rosters expanded.He got his first major league strikeout on September 5, against Wily Mo Peña of the Nationals. In 14 games with the Marlins in 2007, he went 0-1 with an 11.68 ERA, striking out 6 in 12.1 innings. After beginning 2008 on the disabled list, he made 3 rehab appearances with Jupiter starting on May 19, and was assigned to Albuquerque at their conclusion. On May 31, he was outrighted off the major league roster. In 41 games in 2008, he went 5-2 with a 3.77 ERA, striking out 27 in 43 innings. After the season, he became a minor league free agent. Baltimore Orioles
On December 1, 2008, <mask> signed a minor league deal with the Baltimore Orioles.<mask> played all of 2009 with Triple-A Norfolk, where in 47 games, he went 4-2 with a 3.95 ERA, striking out a career-high 73 in 82 innings. He signed another minor league deal with Baltimore for the 2010 season. He began 2010 with Norfolk, going 0-2 with a 1.88 ERA, striking out 26 in 38.1 innings before being traded

Oakland Athletics
On June 22, 2010, <mask> was traded to the Oakland Athletics for Jake Fox. He was assigned to Triple-A Sacramento, where he pitched in 7 games before earning a promotion. On July 7, he was called up by Oakland, replacing <mask>. He made his Athletics debut on July 10 against the Angels. After not pitching since July 29, he was optioned to Sacramento on August 22 when closer Andrew Bailey was reinstated from the disabled list.When the rosters expanded on September 1, <mask> was recalled. In 11 games with Oakland, he had a 4.26 ERA, striking out 9 in 12.2 innings. On October 7, <mask> was outrighted off the roster, and he elected free agency 2 days later. Houston Astros
On November 9, 2010, <mask> signed a minor league deal with the Houston Astros. <mask> played 2011 with Triple-A Oklahoma City, where in 56 games, he went 4-3 with a 4.76 ERA, striking out 55 in 73.2 innings. After the season, he became a minor league free agent. Return to Baltimore
The Baltimore Orioles signed him on January 9, 2012.After playing 7 games with Double-A Bowie, he was released on April 22. Texas Rangers
On April 27, <mask> signed a minor league deal with Texas Rangers, and was assigned to Double-A Frisco. After 15 appearances, he was promoted to Triple-A Round Rock on June 12. He bounced between them during June and July before settling with Frisco on July 14. In 50 games in 2012, he went 3-1 with a 3.18 ERA, striking out 58 in 62.1 innings. After signing with the Rangers for 2013, he was assigned to Frisco, making one appearance before being promoted to Round Rock to join their rotation, his first time starting since his professional debut in 2002, excluding one start in 2005. After 6 starts with Round Rock, he was promoted to the Rangers.After scheduled starting pitcher Nick Tepesch had a blister form on his pitching hand, <mask> got the chance to make a start with the Rangers. On May 22, <mask> was called up to start against Oakland, where he gave up 1 run in 5 innings, earning his first career win. Instead of being optioned back to Round Rock, he stayed with Texas in the bullpen. On June 8, 2013, <mask> pitched 6.2 innings of relief in an 18-inning showdown between the Texas Rangers and the Toronto Blue Jays in which he gave up 1 unearned run in the bottom of the 18th inning. He became the fourth pitcher in 50 years to throw at least 6.2 innings with 0 earned runs and get stuck with a Loss. The most recent was current Rangers broadcaster Steve Busby who, ironically, lost to the Rangers in his game. <mask> made more 2 starts in July but was otherwise used in the bullpen.From August to the end of the season, he only appeared in 5 games. In 22 games with the Rangers in 2013, he went 1-3 with a 4.15 ERA and 1 hold, striking out 21 in 47.2 innings. On November 4, <mask> was outrighted off the roster and quickly signed a minor league deal with the Rangers with an invitation to spring training. SK Wyverns
On December 13, <mask> exercised an opt-out clause in his contract to pitch with the SK Wyverns of the Korea Baseball Championship. Return to Texas
After leaving the SK Wyverns, <mask> signed a minor league deal with the Texas Rangers on December 11, 2014. Announced his retirement from professional baseball on February 21, 2016. References

External links

Career statistics and player information from Korea Baseball Organization

1982 births
Living people
Florida Marlins players
Oakland Athletics players
Texas Rangers players
SK Wyverns players
Wabash Valley Warriors baseball players
Jamestown Jammers players
Greensboro Bats players
Jupiter Hammerheads players
Carolina Mudcats players
Albuquerque Isotopes players
Norfolk Tides players
Sacramento River Cats players
Oklahoma City RedHawks players
Bowie Baysox players
Frisco RoughRiders players
Round Rock Express players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Illinois
People from Effingham, Illinois
American expatriate baseball players in South Korea
Peoria Saguaros players

masks:
Ross Garrett Wolf
Wolf
Wolf
Wolf
Wolf
Wolf
Wolf
Wolf
Wolf
Wolf
Wolf
Wolf
Wolf
Wolf
Tyson Ross
Wolf
Wolf
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Wolf
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<mask> (; 25 January 1743 – 10 March 1819) was an influential German philosopher, literary figure, and socialite. He is notable for popularizing nihilism, a term coined by Obereit in 1787, and promoting it as the prime fault of Enlightenment thought particularly in the philosophical systems of Baruch Spinoza, Immanuel Kant, Johann Fichte and <mask>. Jacobi advocated Glaube (variously translated as faith or "belief") and revelation instead of speculative reason. In this sense, Jacobi can be seen to have anticipated present-day writers who criticize secular philosophy as relativistic and dangerous for religious faith. In his time, he was also well known among literary circles for his critique of the Sturm and Drang movement, and implicitly close associate and intimate partner of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and his visions of atomized individualism. His literary projects were devoted to the reconciliation of Enlightenment individualism with social obligation. He was the younger brother of poet <mask> and the father of the great psychiatrist <mask>.Biography

Early life
He was born at Düsseldorf, the second son of a wealthy sugar merchant, and was educated for a commercial career, which included a brief apprenticeship at a merchant house in Frankfurt-am-Main during 1759. Following, he was sent to Geneva for general education. <mask>, of a retiring, meditative disposition, associated himself at Geneva mainly with the literary and scientific circle (of which the most prominent member was Le Sage). He studied  closely the works of Charles Bonnet, as well as the political ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Voltaire. In 1763 he was recalled to Düsseldorf, and in the following year he married Elisbeth von Clermont and took over the management of his father's business. After a short time, he gave up his commercial career, and in 1770 he became a member of the council for the duchies of Jülich and Berg. He distinguished himself by his ability in financial affairs and his zeal in social reform.Jacobi kept up his interest in literary and philosophic matters by an extensive correspondence. His mansion at Pempelfort, near Düsseldorf, was the centre of a distinguished literary circle. He helped to found a new literary journal with Christoph Martin Wieland. Some his earliest writings, mainly on practical or economic subjects, were published in Der Teutsche Merkur. Here too appeared in part the first of his philosophic works, Edward Allwill's Briefsammlung (1776), a combination of romance and speculation. This was followed in 1779 by Woldemar, a philosophic novel, of very imperfect structure, but full of genial ideas, and giving the most complete picture of <mask>'s method of philosophizing. In 1779, he visited Munich following his appointment as minister and privy councillor for the Bavarian department of customs and commerce.He opposed the mercantilistic policies of Bavaria and intended to liberalize local customs and taxes; but, after a short stay there, differences with his colleagues and with the authorities of Bavaria, as well as his unwillingness to engage in a power struggle, drove him back to Pempelfort. The experience as well as its aftermath led to the publication of two essays in which Jacobi defended Adam Smith's theories of political economy. These essays were followed in 1785 by the work which first brought Jacobi into prominence as a philosopher. Pantheism controversy

A conversation with Gotthold Lessing in 1780 in which Lessing avowed that he knew no philosophy in the true sense of that word, save Spinozism, led him to a protracted study of Spinoza's works. After Lessing's death, just a couple of months later, Jacobi continued to engage with Spinozism in an exchange of letters with Lessing's close friend Moses Mendelssohn, which began in 1783. These letters, published with commentary by Jacobi as Briefe über die Lehre Spinozas (1785; 2nd ed., much enlarged and with important Appendices, 1789), expressed sharply and clearly Jacobi's strenuous objection to a dogmatic system in philosophy, and drew upon him the vigorous enmity of the Aufklärer. Jacobi was ridiculed for trying to reintroduce into philosophy the antiquated notion of unreasoning belief, was denounced as an enemy of reason, as a pietist, and as a Jesuit in disguise, and was especially attacked for his use of the ambiguous term "belief".His next important work, David Hume über den Glauben, oder Idealismus und Realismus (1787), was an attempt to show not only that the term Glaube had been used by the most eminent writers to denote what he had employed it for in the Letters on Spinoza, but that the nature of the cognition of facts as opposed to the construction of inferences could not be otherwise expressed. In this writing, and especially in the Appendix, Jacobi came into contact with the critical philosophy, and subjected the Kantian view of knowledge to searching examination. In 1787, <mask> <mask> addressed, in his book On Faith, or Idealism and Realism, Kant's concept of "thing-in-itself." Jacobi agreed that the objective thing-in-itself cannot be directly known. However, he stated, it must be taken on faith. A subject must believe that there is a real object in the external world that is related to the representation or mental idea that is directly known. This faith or belief is a result of revelation or immediately known, but logically unproved, truth.The real existence of a thing-in-itself is revealed or disclosed to the observing subject. In this way, the subject directly knows the ideal, subjective representations that appear in the mind, and strongly believes in the real, objective thing-in-itself that exists outside of the mind. By presenting the external world as an object of faith, Jacobi legitimized belief and its theological associations. Schopenhauer would later state: "…[B]y reducing the external world to a matter of faith, he wanted merely to open a little door for faith in general…." Ironically, the Pantheism Controversy led later German philosophers and writers to take an interest in pantheism and Spinozism. Jacobi's fideism remained unpopular, and instead his critique of Enlightenment rationalism led more German philosophers to explore atheism and wrestle with the perceived loss of philosophical foundations for theism, myth, and morality. <mask> and the Pantheism Controversy he ignited remain important in European intellectual history, because he formulated (albeit critically) one of the first systematic statements of nihilism and represents an early example of the death of God discourse.Later life
The Pempelfort era came to an end in 1794 when the French Revolution spilled over into Germany following the outbreak of war with the French Republic. The occupation of Düsseldorf by French Troops forced him to resettle and for nearly ten years live in Holstein. There he became intimately acquainted with Karl Leonhard Reinhold (in whose Beitrage his important work, Uber das Unternehmen des Kriticismus, die Vernunft zu Verstande zu bringen, was first published), and with Matthias Claudius, the editor of the Wandsbecker Bote. Atheism dispute

Gottlieb Fichte was dismissed from Jena in 1799 as a result of a charge of atheism. He was accused of this in 1798, after publishing his essay "Ueber den Grund unsers Glaubens an eine göttliche Weltregierung" ("On the Ground of Our Belief in a Divine World-Governance"), which he had written in response to <mask> Forberg's essay "Development of the Concept of Religion", in his Philosophical Journal. For Fichte, God should be conceived primarily in moral terms: "The living and efficaciously acting moral order is itself God. We require no other God, nor can we grasp any other" ("On the Ground of Our Belief in a Divine World-Governance").Fichte's intemperate "Appeal to the Public" ("Appellation an das Publikum", 1799) as well as a more thoughtful response entitled “From a Private Letter” (1799), provoked F. H<mask> to publish Letter to Fichte (1799), in which he equated philosophy in general and Fichte's transcendental philosophy in particular with nihilism and the relation of his own philosophic principles to theology. President of Academy of sciences and retirement
Soon after his return to Germany, <mask> received a call to Munich in connection with the new academy of sciences just founded there. The loss of a considerable portion of his fortune induced him to accept this offer; he settled in Munich in 1804, and in 1807 became president of the academy. In 1811 appeared his last philosophic work, directed against <mask> specially (Von den göttlichen Dingen und ihrer Offenbarung), the first part of which, a review of the Wandsbecker Bote, had been written in 1798. A bitter reply from Schelling was left without answer by Jacobi, but gave rise to an animated controversy in which Fries and Baader took prominent part. In 1812 <mask> retired from the office of president, and began to prepare a collected edition of his works. He died before this was completed.The edition of his writings was continued by his friend F. Koppen, and was completed in 1825. The works fill six volumes, of which the fourth is in three parts. To the second is prefixed an introduction by Jacobi, which is at the same time an introduction to his philosophy. The fourth volume has also an important preface. Philosophical work
Jacobi's philosophy is essentially unsystematic. A fundamental view which underlies all his thinking is brought to bear in succession upon those systematic doctrines which appear to stand most sharply in contradiction to it, and any positive philosophic results are given only occasionally. The leading idea of the whole is that of the complete separation between understanding [comprehension] and apprehension of real fact.For Jacobi, Understanding, or the logical faculty, is purely formal or elaborative, and its results never transcend the given material supplied to it. From the basis of immediate experience or perception thought proceeds by comparison and abstraction, establishing connections among facts, but remaining in its nature mediate and finite. The principle of reason and consequent, the necessity of thinking each given fact of perception as conditioned, impels understanding towards an endless series of identical propositions, the records of successive comparisons and abstractions. The province of the understanding is therefore strictly the region of the conditioned; to it the world must present itself as a mechanism. If, then, there is objective truth at all, the existence of real facts must be made known to us otherwise than through the logical faculty of thought; and, as the regress from conclusion to premises must depend upon something not itself capable of logical grounding, mediate thought implies the consciousness of immediate truth. Philosophy therefore must resign the hopeless ideal of a systematic (i.e. intelligible) explanation of things, and must content itself with the examination of the facts of consciousness.It is a mere prejudice of philosophic thinkers, a prejudice which has descended from Aristotle, that mediate or demonstrated cognition is superior in cogency and value to the immediate perception of truths or facts. As Jacobi starts with the doctrine that thought is partial and limited, applicable only to connect facts, but incapable of explaining their existence, it is evident that for him any demonstrative system of metaphysic which should attempt to subject all existence to the principle of logical ground must be repulsive. Now in modern philosophy the first and greatest demonstrative system of metaphysic is that of Spinoza; it is, therefore, sensible that upon Spinoza's system Jacobi should first direct his criticism. A summary of the results of his examination is thus presented (Werke, i. 216–223):
Spinozism is atheism;
the Kabbalistic philosophy, insofar as it is philosophy, is nothing but undeveloped or confused Spinozism;
the philosophy of Leibniz and Wolff is not less fatalistic than that of Spinoza, and carries a resolute thinker to the very principles of Spinoza;
every demonstrative method ends in fatalism (nihilism);
we can demonstrate only similarities (agreements, truths conditionally necessary), proceeding always in identical propositions; every proof presupposes something already proved, the principle of which is immediately given (Offenbarung, revelation, is the term here employed by Jacobi, as by many later writers, e.g. Lotze, to denote the peculiar character of an immediate, unproved, given truth);
the keystone (Element) of all human knowledge and activity is belief (Glaube, or "faith"). Of these propositions, only the first and fourth require further explanation.Jacobi, accepting the law of reason and consequent as the fundamental rule of demonstrative reasoning, and as the rule explicitly followed by Spinoza, points out that, if we proceed by applying this principle so as to recede from particular and qualified facts to the more general and abstract conditions, we land ourselves, not in the notion of an active, intelligent creator of the system of things, but in the notion of an all-comprehensive, indeterminate Nature, devoid of will or intelligence. Our unconditioned is either a pure abstraction, or else the impossible notion of a completed system of conditions. In either case the result is atheism, and this result is necessary if the demonstrative method, the method of understanding, is regarded as the only possible means of knowledge. Moreover, the same method inevitably lands in fatalism/nihilism. For, if the action of the human will is to be made intelligible to understanding, it must be thought as a conditioned phenomenon, having its sufficient ground in preceding circumstances, and, in ultimate abstraction, as the outflow from nature which is the sum of conditions. But this is the fatalist conception, and any philosophy which accepts the law of reason and consequent as the essence of understanding is fatalistic/nihilistic. Thus for the scientific understanding there can be no God and no liberty.It is impossible that there should be a God, for if so he would of necessity be finite. But a finite God, a God that is known, is no God. It is impossible that there should be liberty, for if so the mechanical order of phenomena, by means of which they are comprehensible, would be disturbed, and we should have an unintelligible world, coupled with the requirement that it shall be understood. Cognition, then, in the strict sense, occupies the middle place between sense perception, which is belief in matters of sense, and reason, which is belief in supersensuous fact. Works
Early essays in Der Teutsche Merkur. Available online. Edward Allwill’s Briefsammlung (1781).Etwas das Lessing gesagt hat (1782). Werke, vol. 2, pp. 325-388. Über die Lehre des Spinoza in Briefen an den Herrn Moses Mendelssohn (1785). 2nd edition, 1789. NYPL.<mask> <mask> wider Mendelssohns Beschuldigungen betreffend die Briefe über die Lehre des Spinoza (1786). Oxford. David Hume über den Glauben, oder Idealismus und Realismus (1787). University of Lausanne. Woldemar (1794). 2 volumes. Oxford.2nd edition, 1796. NYPL. <mask> an Fichte (1799). University of Michigan. Text 1799/1816, Italian Translation, 3 Appendices with <mask>'s and Fichte's complementary Texts, Commentary by A. Acerbi): La Scuola di Pitagora, Naples 2017, . Ueber das Unternehmen des Kriticismus (1801). Werke, vol.3, pp. 59-195. Ueber Gelehrte Gesellschaften, ihren Geist und Zweck (1807). Harvard. Von den göttlichen Dingen und ihrer Offenbarung (1811). University of California. <mask> <mask>'s Werke (1812–1825).Volume 1, 1812. Harvard; NYPL; University of Michigan; University of Michigan (Morris). Volume 2, 1815. Harvard; NYPL; University of Michigan; University of Michigan (Morris). Volume 3, 1816. Harvard; NYPL; University of Michigan; University of Michigan (Morris). Volume 4, 1819.Harvard. Parts 1 & 2: Oxford; University of Michigan (Morris). Part 1. NYPL; University of Michigan. Part 2. NYPL; University of Michigan. Part 3.NYPL; University of Michigan (Morris). Volume 5, 1820. Harvard; NYPL; University of Michigan; University of Michigan (Morris). Volume 6, 1825. NYPL; University of Michigan (Morris). <mask> <mask>'s auserlesener Briefwechsel (1825–27). 2 volumes.Volume 1, 1825. Harvard; University of Michigan. Volume 2, 1827. Harvard; University of Michigan. Notes

External links

<mask> <mask>, George Di Giovanni (1994). "The Main Philosophical Writings and the Novel Allwill". McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, . .

1743 births
1819 deaths
Writers from Düsseldorf
19th-century German writers
19th-century German male writers
18th-century German novelists
18th-century philosophers
19th-century philosophers
German philosophers
German Protestants
People from Berg (state)
Members of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences
German male novelists
Spinoza scholars

masks:
Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi
Friedrich Schelling
Johann Georg Jacobi
Maximilian Jacobi
Jacobi
Jacobi
Friedrich Heinrich
Jacobi
Jacobi
Friedrich Karl
. Jacobi
Jacobi
Friedrich Schelling
Jacobi
Friedrich Heinrich
Jacobi
Jacobi
Jacobi
Friedrich Heinrich
Jacobi
Friedrich Heinrich
Jacobi
Friedrich Heinrich
Jacobi