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<mask>  (22 September 1800 – 10 September 1884) was an English botanist, described by the weed botanist Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century". Born into a distinguished family, he initially studied law, but had a fascination with botany from an early age, which he soon pursued, becoming president of the Linnaean Society in 1861, and a fellow of the Royal Society in 1862. He was the author of a number of important botanical works, particularly flora. He is best known for his taxonomic classification of plants in collaboration with Joseph Dalton Hooker, his Genera Plantarum (1862–1883). He died in London in 1884. Life
<mask> was born in Stoke, Plymouth, on 22 September 1800. His father, Sir <mask>, a naval architect, was the only brother of <mask> to survive into adulthood.His mother, Mary Sophia <mask>, was a botanist and author. <mask> had no formal education but had a remarkable linguistic aptitude. By the age of seven, he could speak French, German and Russian, and he learned Swedish during a short residence in Sweden while still a child. The family made a long tour through France, staying two years at Montauban, where <mask> studied Hebrew and mathematics in the Protestant Theological School. They eventually settled near Montpellier where Sir Samuel bought a large estate. While studying at Angoulême, <mask> came across a copy of A. P. de Candolle's Flore française, and became interested in the analytical tables for identifying plants. He immediately tested them on the first plant he saw.The result was successful and he applied it to every plant he came across. In London in 1823, he met English botanists. His uncle pushed him to study law at Lincoln's Inn. He was called to the bar and in 1832 held his first and only legal brief. However, his interest in botany never flagged and he became secretary of the Horticultural Society of London from 1829 to 1840. In 1832, he inherited the property of his uncle, <mask>. Having inherited his father's estate the previous year, he was now sufficiently well off to do whatever he wanted, which was botany, jurisprudence and logic.<mask> married Sarah Jones (1798–1881), daughter of Sir Harford Jones Brydges, on 11 April 1833; they did not have children. <mask> died at his London home on 10 September 1884, aged 83. He was interred in Brompton Cemetery. Career

Views on evolution
<mask>'s life spanned the Darwinian revolution, and his young colleague Joseph Dalton Hooker was Darwin's closest friend and one of the first to accept Darwin's ideas. Until then, <mask> unquestioningly believed that species were fixed. In 1874 he wrote that "Fifteen years have sufficed to establish a theory of evolution by natural selection". <mask>'s conversion to the new line of thought was complete, and included a change from typology in taxonomy to an appreciation that "We cannot form an idea of a species from a single individual, nor of a genus from a single one of its species.We can no more set up a typical species than a typical individual." Honours and awards
<mask> was awarded the Royal Medal of the Royal Society in 1859 and elected a Fellow in 1862. He served as president of the Linnean Society of London from 1861 to 1874. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1866. He was appointed CMG (Companion of St Michael & St George) in 1878. His foreign awards included the Clarke Medal of the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1879. Works
<mask>'s first publication was his Catalogue des plantes indigènes des Pyrénées et du Bas Languedoc (Paris 1826), the result of a careful exploration of the Pyrenees in company with G. A. Walker Arnott (1799–1868), afterwards professor of botany in the University of Glasgow.In the catalogue <mask> adopted the principle from which he never deviated, of citing nothing at second-hand. This was followed by articles on various legal subjects: on codification, in which he disagreed with his uncle, on the laws affecting larceny and on the law of real property. But the most remarkable production of this period was the Outline of a new system of logic, with a critical examination of Dr Whately's Elements of Logic (1827). In this the principle of the quantification of the predicate was first explicitly stated. This Stanley Jevons declared to be undoubtedly the most fruitful discovery made in abstract logical science since the time of Aristotle. Before sixty copies had been sold the publisher became bankrupt and the stock went for wastepaper. The book passed into oblivion, and it was not till 1873 that <mask>'s claims to priority were finally vindicated against those of Sir William Hamilton by Herbert Spencer.In 1836 he published his Labiatarum genera et species. In preparing this work he visited, between 1830 and 1834, every European herbarium, several more than once. The following winter was passed in Vienna, where he produced his Commentationes de Leguminosarum generibus, published in the annals of the Vienna Museum. In 1842 he moved to Pontrilas in Herefordshire. His chief occupation for the next few years was his contributions to the Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, which was being carried on by his friend, A. P. de Candolle. In all these dealt with some 4,730 species. In 1844, he provided the botanical descriptions for The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S.Sulphur. The editor, Richard Brinsley Hinds, had been surgeon on HMS Sulphur 1835-41 while she explored the Pacific coast of the Americas. In 1854 he found the maintenance of a herbarium and library too expensive. He, therefore, offered them to the government on the understanding that they should form the foundation of such necessary aids to research in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. At the same time, he contemplated the abandonment of botanical work. However, he yielded to the persuasion of Sir William Jackson Hooker, John Lindley and other scientific friends. In 1855 he took up his residence in London, and worked at Kew for five days a week, with a brief summer holiday, from this time onwards till the end of his life.In 1857, the government sanctioned a scheme for the preparation of a series of Floras or descriptions in the English language of the indigenous plants of British colonies and possessions. <mask> began with the Flora Hongkongensis in 1861, which was the first comprehensive work on any part of the little-known flora of China and Hong Kong, including Hong Kong croton. This was followed by the Flora Australiensis, in seven volumes (1863–1878), the first flora of any large continental area that had ever been finished. His greatest work was the Genera Plantarum, begun in 1862, and concluded in 1883 in collaboration with Joseph Dalton Hooker. His most famous work, however, was the Handbook of the British flora, begun in 1853 and first published in 1858. This was used by students for over a century, running into many editions. After his death, it was edited by Hooker, and was known simply as Bentham & Hooker.He is most famous for his extensive and excellent classification of plants, especially angiosperms, along with Hooker, forming the "Bentham & Hooker system", which was published in three volumes as Genera Plantarum between 1862 and 1883. Selected publications

Legacy

The following plants have been named in his honour:

Genera
Benthamia A.Rich. <mask>iella Speg. Species
Acanthocephalus benthamianus Regel
Andropogon benthamianus Steud. Gardenia benthamianus F.Muell. Croton benthamianus Müll.Arg. Distemonanthus benthamianus Baill.Garcinia benthamiana (Planch. & Triana) Pipoly
Nicotiana benthamiana Domin
Pinus ponderosa ssp. benthamiana Hartw. Thelymitra benthamiana Rchb.f. Verbascum sinaiticum

See also
 Bentham & Hooker system
 <mask>'s taxonomic arrangement of Adenanthos
 <mask>'s taxonomic arrangement of Banksia
 :Category:Taxa named by <mask>

References

Citations

Sources

 Jean-Jacques Amigo, « Bentham (<mask>) », in Nouveau Dictionnaire de biographies roussillonnaises, vol. 3 Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Perpignan, Publications de l'olivier, 2017, 915 p. ()

Further reading

External links

  "Bentham, <mask>" at Botanicus Missouri Botanical Garden Library

English botanists
English taxonomists
1800 births
1884 deaths
British pteridologists
Botanists active in Kew Gardens
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Zoological Society of London
Presidents of the Linnean Society of London
Botany in Australia
Environment of Hong Kong
People from Plymouth
Royal Medal winners
19th-century British botanists
19th-century English people
Burials at Brompton Cemetery

masks:
George Bentham
Bentham
Samuel Bentham
Jeremy Bentham
Bentham
Bentham
Bentham
Bentham
Jeremy Bentham
Bentham
Bentham
Bentham
Bentham
Bentham
Bentham
Bentham
Bentham
Bentham
Bentham
Bentham
Bentham
Bentham
George Bentham
George
George


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<mask> (born 1951)  is a Canadian scholar, author, and Greenshields Professor of English at McGill University, where he specializes in Canadian literature. He received the H. Noel Fieldhouse Award for Distinguished Teaching at McGill University in 1996. <mask> is a leading authority on Canadian literature. In 2012, <mask> was named a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in recognition of his influential studies on literary value in English Canada and Canadian cultural identity. In addition to his teaching and academic writing, <mask> has held a number of prominent positions in the Canadian publishing industry throughout his career. He founded ECW Press in 1997, he co-edited the Canadian literary journal Essays on Canadian Writing between 1975 and 2004, he has edited several anthologies of Canadian and international literature, and he currently heads a literary agency in Montreal, the Robert Lecker Agency. Biography

Early life and education
<mask> was born and raised in Montreal, Quebec and began his university studies at Sir George Williams University (now Concordia University) in 1970.The following year, he transferred to York University in Toronto where he met Jack David, who had founded the critical journal Essays on Canadian Writing in 1974. <mask> joined the editorial board of ECW in 1975. Academic training and teaching posts
<mask> completed his BA (1974), MA (1976), and PhD (1980) in English at York and was awarded a number of fellowships and scholarships throughout these years. <mask> discusses his formative experiences at York in his 2006 memoir, Dr. Delicious. His PhD dissertation, “Time and Form in the Contemporary Canadian Novel,” examines disruptive representations of time in seven Canadian novels written between 1968 and 1977. In 1977 <mask> and Jack David founded ECW Press, which was originally devoted to publishing reference works and critical studies about Canadian literature.The press expanded and moved into commercial trade publishing in the mid-1990s. <mask> managed the Montreal office and David ran the Toronto office. In 2003, <mask> left the press to start his own literary agency, Robert Lecker Agency. Between 1978 and 1982, <mask> was Assistant Professor of English at the University of Maine at Orono. <mask> began teaching at McGill University in 1982. He was Associate Chair of the Department of English from 1984 to 1986, and directed the M.A. Program from 1989 to 1993.He also served as a sexual harassment and discrimination officer for McGill University from 1995 to 1997 and 2005 to 2007. From 1996 to 1998 <mask> was a member of the adjudication committee for the Canada-U.S. Fulbright Program, and in 1999 he was Chair of that committee. <mask> was named Greenshields Professor of English at McGill University in 2007. In 2012 he was named a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. Books and articles
<mask> is the author of nine books, which are all critical studies of either Canadian authors or theoretical problems related to the study and history of Canadian literature. Over the past 15 years he has focused on two areas in particular: canonicity in Canadian literature and anthology formation as a reflection of the evolution of literary value and taste. He is currently completing a study of Canadian authors and their literary agents.In addition to his book publications, <mask> has authored over 60 scholarly articles in journals and books in Canada, the US, and overseas, including PMLA, Critical Inquiry, Canadian Literature, Canadian Poetry, Open Letter, Studies in Canadian Literature, Australasian Canadian Studies, and the American Review of Canadian Studies. Who Was Doris Hedges? The Search for Canada's First Literary Agent (2020)

Doris Hedges (1896-1972) was a Montreal author who started Canada’s first literary agency in 1946. She published several novels, short stories, and books of poetry; was influential in Montreal literary circles; did a stint as a radio broadcaster; and provided reports to the Wartime Information Board during World War II, possibly as an American spy. The book deals with all of Hedges’ works in a chronological fashion, mixing biographical commentary with literary analysis to produce a picture of a writer’s life and concerns during a period when Canada’s literature was coming of age. Keepers of the Code: English-Canadian Literary Anthologies and the Representation of Nation (2013)

Keepers of the Code is the first book-length history of English-Canadian literary anthologies from 1837 to the present. <mask> aims to show that these anthologies, like all literature, are shaped by the conflict and contact among various individuals and institutions, including publishers, writers, reviewers, professors, tenure committees, funding agencies, critical journals, banks, and the bookselling industry.<mask> comments in detail on approximately 75 anthologies. Although there are scattered articles that focus on these questions in terms of English-Canadian anthologies, this is the first sustained historical study. The book was released in March 2013 and was positively reviewed in the Times Literary Supplement. The Cadence of Civil Elegies (2006)

Dennis Lee’s poem, Civil Elegies, originally published in 1968 and revised in 1972, remains one of the most potent poems devoted to the nature of Canadian identity and civil space. In this study, <mask> shows us the poem's importance to Canada's literary canon, by emphasizing Lee's new vision of Canada. Dr. Delicious: Memoirs of a Life in CanLit (2006)

<mask>'s tragicomic memoir, Dr.Delicious, reviews his career as a publisher and editor of Canadian literature and criticism. The book is an irreverent history of an explosive era in Canadian literature, a glimpse into the mind of a preoccupied professor, and a unique record of the generation that made Canadian literature what it is today. English-Canadian Literary Anthologies: An Enumerative Bibliography (1997)

English-Canadian Literary Anthologies is first detailed bibliography of Canadian anthologies from 1837 to the present. It lists approximately 2000 anthologies and is the departure point for any comprehensive commentary on anthology formation in Canada. Making It Real: The Canonization of English-Canadian Literature (1995)

Eight wide-ranging essays are brought together in this study of the origins and development of Canadian literary canons. <mask> explores many of the myths surrounding the teaching, studying, publishing, and promotion of Canadian literature. He focuses on the work of Northrop Frye, Frank Davey, and the New Canadian Library series.An Other I: The Fictions of Clark Blaise (1988)

An Other I is a study of the fiction of Clark Blaise. <mask> (1986)

<mask> is a study of the poetry, fiction, and literary criticism of <mask>. On the Line: Readings in the Short Fiction of Clark Blaise, John Metcalf, and Hugh Hood (1982)

On the Line includes detailed readings of individual stories by three prominent Canadian writers. Consult the McGill faculty website for a full list of <mask>'s publications, including academic articles. Editorial work
In 2018, <mask> was named co-editor (with Lorraine York) of the Routledge series of critical studies of Canadian literature. <mask> also edited the 24-volume series entitled Canadian Writers and Their Works: Essays on Form, Context, and Development with Jack David and Ellen Quigley. This 24-volume series comprises almost 10,000 pages of commentary on 100 Canadian writers from the nineteenth century to the present.Each author is treated in a discrete essay that provides a biography, a critical overview, a description of the writer's milieu, an analysis of each of the writer's works, and a bibliography of primary and secondary material. The volumes are organized chronologically so as to present a historical perspective. The editors coordinated the production of these essays by 100 scholars and released the existing series over a ten-year period. <mask> was the senior editor for several multi-volume series published by Macmillan (New York) and G.K. Hall (Boston), including Masterworks and Critical Essays on World Literature. He was also the Canadian editor for Twayne's World Authors Series. <mask> has edited numerous anthologies of Canadian literature from 1981 to the present, including one large anthology for HarperCollins in New York (the only anthology of Canadian literature published by a mainstream American publisher since 1943). Robert Lecker Agency
In 2004, <mask> established the Robert Lecker Agency in Montreal.The agency provides international literary representation, consulting services, and editorial services. Selected bibliography

Books
 Who Was Doris Hedges? The Search for Canada's First Literary Agent. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2020. Keepers of the Code: English-Canadian Literary Anthologies and the Representation of Nation. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013. Dr.Delicious: Memoirs of a Life in CanLit. Montreal, Véhicule Press, 2006. The Cadence of Civil Elegies. Toronto: Cormorant, 2006. English-Canadian Literary Anthologies: An Enumerative Bibliography. Compiler. Teeswater, ON: Reference, 1997.Making It Real: The Canonization of English-Canadian Literature. Toronto: Anansi, 1995. An Other I: The Fictions of Clark Blaise. Toronto: ECW, 1988. <mask>. Boston: Twayne, 1986. On the Line: Readings in the Short Fiction of Clark Blaise, John Metcalf, and Hugh Hood.Downsview, ON: ECW, 1982. Anthologies and books edited
 Anthologizing Canadian Literature: Theoretical and Cultural Perspectives. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier UP. 2015. Open Country: Canadian Literature in English. Toronto: Thomson Nelson, 2007. Borderlands: Essays in Canadian-American Relations.Toronto: ECW, 1991. Canadian Canons: Essays in Literary Value. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1991. (Shortlisted for the 1993 Canadian Federation for the Humanities Raymond Klibansky Book Prize for best work in the humanities)
 The New Canadian Anthology: English-Canadian Poetry and Short Fiction. Toronto: Nelson, 1988. With Jack David. Introduction to Literature: British, American, Canadian.New York: Harper & Row, 1987. With Jack David and Peter O'Brien. Canadian Writers and Their Works: Essays on Form, Context, and Development (CWTW). Twenty-four volumes to date, in two series, 1982-  (Poetry and Fiction). With Jack David and Ellen Quigley. Introduction to Fiction. Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983.The Annotated Bibliography of Canada's Major Authors (ABCMA). Eight volumes to date, 1982- . With Jack David. Anthology of Maine Literature. Orono, Maine: U of Maine P, 1982. With Kathleen Brown. Canadian Poetry.Two Volumes. New Press Canadian Classics. Don Mills, ON: General. Volume One, 1982. Volume Two, 1982. With Jack David. Introduction to Poetry: British, American, Canadian.Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1981. With Jack David. References

External links
Robert Lecker Agency

Academics from Montreal
Canadian non-fiction writers
McGill University faculty
Living people
Writers from Montreal
1951 births

masks:
Robert Lecker
Lecker
Lecker
Lecker
Lecker
Lecker
Lecker
Lecker
Lecker
Lecker
Lecker
Lecker
Lecker
Lecker
Lecker
Lecker
Lecker
Lecker
Lecker
Lecker
Lecker
Lecker
Robert Kroetsch
Robert Kroetsch
Robert Kroetsch
Lecker
Lecker
Lecker
Lecker
Lecker
Lecker
Robert Kroetsch


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<mask> (October 26, 1941 – August 5, 2005) was a political figure in the Philippines. He was the standard-bearer of Aksyon Demokratiko, which he founded in 1997 as a vehicle for his presidential bids in 1998 and 2004. He was a former senator and Secretary of the Department of Education under the presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. He had a strong following among young voters in the Philippines due to his efforts to promote honesty and good governance. Early life and education

<mask> was born in Naga City in the Philippine province of Camarines Sur, the son of farmer <mask> and public school teacher Rosario Orlanda Sagarbarria. <mask> finished elementary school at age 12 from Naga Parochial School, and high school at age 16 from Ateneo de Naga. He graduated magna cum laude from San Beda College (now San Beda University) in Manila with a degree in English at the age of 20.Then, he was also the Editor-in-Chief of The Bedan working with the likes of Rene Saguisag and Jaime Licauco. Later, <mask> received a Bachelor of Laws degree (also at San Beda College) and was the college's Abbott Awardee for Over-All Excellence. In the United States, he obtained his Master of Laws at the University of Pennsylvania, while also enrolled at the Wharton School. He was the president of the National Union of Students of the Philippines in 1961 and was named one of the Ten Outstanding Students of the Philippines in 1964. His wife Sonia was the Most Outstanding Student that same year. As a result of his various other achievements, he had been awarded seven honorary doctorates. Political/professional career

After he passed the bar in 1965, <mask> lobbied for the holding of a Constitutional Convention that aimed to amend the 1935 Philippine Constitution.He campaigned for a seat to represent his district in Camarines Sur. He won and thus became convention's youngest Bicolano delegate. From 1983 to 1985, he served as president of the Integrated Bar of the Philippines. While there, he was on the legal staff of the late Philippine Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino, and he drafted the Study Now, Pay Later law. Alongside his work in law, he has also served as a film producer. In 1974, he was the executive producer of the late film director Lino Brocka's movie Tinimbang Ka Ngunit Kulang; this film won six FAMAS awards that year, including best film. Among all legislators of the Eighth Congress of the Philippines (which lasted from 1987 to 1992), he was adjudged by the Ford Foundation and the University of the Philippines Institute of Strategic and Development Studies as first in over-all performance.Senate
<mask> was elected to the Senate in 1992 and 1995 serving until 2001, making many contributions that led many to recognize him as an "outstanding senator". He wrote the law which reformed the nation's banking system; this earned him the title "Father of the Bangko Sentral". Some other laws that he wrote resulted in the liberalization of the banking industry and the strengthening of the thrift banks. In addition, he wrote the Intellectual Property Code and the Securities Regulation Code. <mask> has also made several contributions to education in the Philippines. He helped fund the teachers' cooperatives as well as the increment mandated by the Magna Carta for Public School Teachers for retiring public school teachers. On the students' side, he helped bring computers into Philippine universities, colleges, and public schools.In addition, he devised a plan for meal scholarships for poor students at the Philippine Normal University. <mask> wrote several bills targeted at protecting and prioritizing women in the Philippines. He wrote the Women in Nation Building Law, the Nursing Act, the Anti-Sexual Harassment Law, the Anti-Rape Law, and the Child and Family Courts Act. He also let women play major roles in the Department of Education's literacy program. Out of thanks to his services for women, many women's groups named him an "Honorary Woman". He also drafted a bill that abolished double taxation on Filipinos working abroad. He was given the Bantay Katarungan award by Kilosbayan for playing an integral role in the Senate impeachment trial of then-president Joseph Estrada who was impeached by the House of Representatives on 2000 for graft and corruption, bribery, betrayal of public trust, and culpable violation of the 1987 Philippine Constitution.Unfortunately, the impeachment trial was not concluded and in 2001, Estrada was ousted from power by another People Power uprising. As Secretary of Education
<mask> took over as education secretary of the Philippines in 2001, at a time when the Philippines had not only one of the ten most corrupt governments in the world (according to Transparency International), but its Department of Education was also the fourth-most corrupt of its agencies (as named by the Asia Foundation - Social Weather Stations Survey of Enterprises on Public Sector Corruption). To combat this corruption, Roco imposed a department-wide transparency policy which also held employees accountable for the purchase of textbooks, which had been a major source of the department's corruption. This allowed the department to purchase textbooks for a much lower price, and after just eight months under <mask>'s leadership, the Department of Education gained a 73% public approval rating and became the most trusted government agency in the Philippines. During his tenure in that position, <mask> allowed free public education (through high school) as required by the Philippine Constitution. He also enacted a reform of basic education curriculum in order that children would focus their studies on reading, writing, arithmetic, science, and Makabayan. In addition, he made sure that teachers were paid promptly and ended the 3% "service fee" that the department had long been deducting from teachers' pay.Candidacy for President

1998

<mask> ran for president in the 1998 Philippine election. He lost to Vice-President Joseph Estrada but had a remarkable showing in a field of eleven candidates despite being an independent candidate. His strong showing was attributed to the widespread support he received from young Filipinos who eventually formed his party, Aksyon Demokratiko, and its youth arm, Aksyon Kabataan. Party leaders then included Jaime Galvez Tan, Lorna Patajo-Kapunan and Darwin Mariano. 2004

<mask> rode his success in the Department of Education into a run for the Philippine presidency. His candidacy was based on his ability to fight corruption and to display fair play, decency, and honor. His Aksyon Demokratiko party formed a coalition with Promdi and Reporma, the parties of 1998 presidential candidates Lito Osmeña and Renato de Villa, to form the Alyansa ng Pag-asa (Alliance of Hope).<mask> was a front-runner in pre-election surveys and was considered a strong contender. However, during the campaign, he battled with recurrence of his cancer,  after remission from his bout with prostate cancer in 1996. His illness forced him to leave the campaign trail for medical attention in the United States. Doctors told him that his condition was not life-threatening and that he could continue his run for the presidency. He returned to the campaign trail, but concerns about his illness greatly diminished his support. He lost the election to the incumbent, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, and finished fourth in a field of 5 candidates. He was the President of Aksyon Demokratiko until his death.Personal life
<mask> was married to Sonia Cubillo Malasarte from Bohol. They have six children (Robbie Pierre, <mask> Jr., Sophia, Sareena, Rex and Synara)

Death

On 5 August 2005, <mask> <mask> died of prostate cancer, at St Luke's Medical Center in Quezon City. He was buried on August 11 in Naga City, Camarines Sur. His widow, Sonia, lost her bid for Senator under the Genuine Opposition (formerly United Opposition) umbrella in the May 14, 2007 midterm elections. She still represents the party he started, Aksyon Demokratiko, in the hope of continuing the advocacies that her late husband had started.

masks:
Raul Sagarbarria Roco
Raul Roco
Sulpicio Azuela Roco
Roco
Roco
Roco
Roco
Roco
Roco
Roco
Roco
Roco
Roco
Roco
Roco
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Raul
Raul
Roco


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<mask> (January 13, 1709 – January 31, 1810) born as  Mary Dobbs was the operator of a ferry service at Palisades, New York in the United States, before and after the American Revolution. During the war she was prohibited from running the ferry because of her British sympathies. <mask> is listed as a Woman of Distinction by the New York Senate. Early life
<mask> was born Mary Dobbs in Westchester County, New York in 1709. Her parents, John and Abigail Dobbs, baptized her in Tarrytown, New York. <mask> grew up with two half-brothers by her father's first wife and four siblings by her mother, his second wife. The Dobbs Family operated a ferry across the Hudson River.Ferry operation began with <mask>'s half-brother, William, in 1730, departing from an Indian village called Wysquaqua, later Dobbs Ferry. (see "Dobbs Ferry: The Beginning" by Jean Fritz in The Ferryman newsletter published by Dobbs Ferry Historical Society, November 1993 p2 http://dobbsferryhistory.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/026-1993_November.pdf) The route of Dobbs Ferry across the Hudson River is recognized as one of the earliest of the Hudson ferry routes. <mask>'s husband, <mask> Jr., though a carpenter and farmer by trade, assisted William in running the ferry. It is not known if <mask> experienced ferry operations first-hand, but given her future vocation and both her family's and husband's connection to the trade, it is conceivable she did. The date of <mask>'s wedding with <mask> Dobbs is uncertain, but the birth of their first child is recorded as 1733. The couple continued living on the east side of the Hudson for several years, during which time they gave birth to four more children. West of the Hudson

<mask> and Robert moved directly across the Hudson from Dobbs Ferry with their five children in about 1740, where it is believed they rented from a local land-owner named Robert Corbett.Their new home was on land which was claimed by both New York and New Jersey. The dispute was not legally settled for nearly 30 years, when a commission appointed by the King of England set the border officially in 1769. The surveyor's description measures the state line as 79 chains and 27 links south of the Sneden house, placing their property in New York. Although this was new property for the Snedens, both <mask> and Robert would have known it well as the landing site of the Dobbs's ferry. While living on the west side of the Hudson, <mask> and Robert had four more children, the last born in 1750. This brought the total number of their children to nine. After their move in 1740 Robert worked at his farming profession, and <mask> relieved his burden of labor by operating the ferry landing.She may have run a ferry as early as 1745. A surveyor's map from that year illustrating the larger area known as the Lockhart Patent shows "Sneedings house the ." The ferry received a boost when an improved road was built down the hilly terrain to the landing in 1745. Whether or not she began as ferry mistress in 1745, <mask> <mask> was certainly acting in that capacity by 1753. The original Dobbs ferry was said to be a periauger, a row-and-sail dugout, sometimes with two masts. <mask> <mask> would have known this, and she probably began her ferry with periaugers. They were popular colonial craft capable of negotiating shallow water while carrying heavy loads.Vessels of this variety were typically used in early ferry operations on the Hudson, and several miles downriver by Fort Lee, Stephen Bourdette began his ferry service using one. In addition to periaugers,  <mask> <mask> would have used larger craft; for she ferried wagons as well as people. A larger type of ferry used on the Hudson during this period was powered by a paddle wheel, which in turn was rotated by horses or mules on a treadmill. She definitely would have required a larger vessel for a crossing she is said to have made in 1775 carrying a coach. It bore Martha Washington and her son, John, complete with his wife, liveried footmen and postillon, when Martha was en route to visit George Washington in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Hudson River is relatively wide between Sneden's Landing and Dobbs Ferry, and a crossing varied in duration. The length of time was affected by variable winds and the tides, which are still strong only a few miles above New York Harbor.Not only did the Sneden ferry cross the Hudson River, it also transported goods southward to New York City. Robert and <mask> purchased  in 1752, which included the ferry site and Corbett house. Robert died in 1756 at the age of 46, and the eldest son, Abraham, inherited all of his property, in accordance with English law. In that same year, the widow <mask> <mask> was granted a license to operate a tavern. The Ferry continued with other Dobbs Family members at the helm,  with the help of her seven sons in 1758 or 1759. Although Dobb's Ferry had always used this landing as the western terminus of its ferry service, until now it had been called different names:  sometimes simply "the ferry," sometimes Paramus or Rockland, and occasionally Dobbs Ferry on both sides of the river. From this period the landing took the name Sneden's Landing.Thus, Dobbs Ferry took the Family name and Sneden's Landing took Mollies married name. Through the 1800s Sneden's Landing remained the center for riparian activities for the local region, which is called Palisades today. <mask> had been licensed to operate a tavern in 1756, and in 1763 she received a  license to operate a public house serving "strong Liquors" which she operated from "Stone House," her dwelling. Two years later a marriage license was granted to <mask> <mask> and George Calhoun. It is not clear if <mask> actually carried out the marriage license by marrying George Calhoun. She is noted as living with her bachelor son, Dennis, but never with George Calhoun. In 1765, her first son, Abraham, distributed his father's property in ten equal segments, one portion going to his mother.A Tory during the Revolutionary War
With the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, communities were split by political factions. Except for <mask> and Robert's son John, nicknamed "The Patriot," the Snedens were branded as Tories, or British sympathizers. All but John were forbidden to operate the ferry during the war. It has been suggested by the historian Howard Durie that they were, in fact, all Tories. According to this suggestion, the Snedens avoided having their land confiscated by having one family member espouse patriotism. Such an action would also have allowed the ferry to remain operational and in Sneden control. A story credits <mask> Sneden with saving a British soldier during this period:  The story goes that a British soldier was pursued down the gully by some patriots; she hid him in her house in a large chest on which she set pans of cream to rise, and when the patriots arrived she misinformed them; they were tired and asked for refreshment, and she offered them all the milk she had, but told them not to disturb the pans of cream which she had just set out.In the evening she is said to have ferried the soldier across the river. Through proximity and possible communication with Dobbs Ferry, <mask> <mask> would have been aware of the tremendous activity of 6,000 men across the river, when General Cornwallis prepared to embark on a night crossing of the Hudson in late November 1776. The British and Hessians, commanded by Cornwallis, were ferried in row galleys and landing craft from Dobbs Ferry, New York to Closter, New Jersey, closing in on George Washington and the badly outnumbered Continental Army. After this experience, heady for British sympathizers, she would have known in 1781 through gossip and John's ferry connection that General George Washington had established headquarters in Dobbs Ferry. Here he was to plan with Marshal Rochambeau the Yorktown campaign which would bring the Revolutionary War to an end. After the British surrendered, at the nadir of Tory experience, she would have witnessed the first naval 17 gun salute to General Washington fired from the British Warship, H.M.S. Perseverance, which was anchored offshore in the Hudson River.After the Revolutionary War

<mask> left Sneden's Landing after the war ended. With her bachelor son, Dennis, she moved to New York City, leaving operation of the ferry to John, "The Patriot." Other sons moved to the British colonies of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. In about 1788, when she would have been 79, <mask> returned with Dennis to Sneden's Landing and took up residence in a house adjacent to the landing known as the "<mask> Sneden House," 14 Washington Spring Road. She resumed involvement with the ferry and continued to work in this connection until shortly before her death. <mask> <mask> died on January 31, 1810 at the age of 101 years and 18 days, surviving her husband by 66 years. She is buried in the Palisades Cemetery, also known as the Sneden's Landing Cemetery, in Palisades, New York.Her original grave marker was replaced in 1982 by the local historical society because it had crumbled and become illegible. Notes

1709 births
1810 deaths
American centenarians
Colonial American women
Women in the American Revolution
New York (state) in the American Revolution
People of colonial New York
Ferries of New York (state)
Ferries of New Jersey
People from Palisades, New York
Women centenarians

masks:
Mollie Sneden
Mollie Sneden
Mollie Sneden
Mollie
Mollie
Mollie
Robert Sneden
Mollie
Robert Sneden
Mollie
Mollie
Mollie
Mollie
Mollie
Mollie
Sneden
Mollie
Sneden
Mollie
Sneden
Mollie
Mollie
Sneden
Mollie
Mollie
Sneden
Mollie
Mollie
Mollie
Mollie
Sneden
Mollie
Mollie
Mollie
Mollie
Sneden


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<mask>ore, also known as <mask> of Flora and in Italian <mask> (c. 1135 – 30 March 1202), was an Italian Christian theologian, Catholic abbot, and the founder of the monastic order of San Giovanni in Fiore. According to theologian Bernard McGinn, "<mask> of Fiore is the most important apocalyptic thinker of the whole medieval period." Later followers, inspired by his works in Christian eschatology and historicist theories, are called <mask>ites. Biography
Born in the small village of Celico near Cosenza, in Calabria (at the time part of the Kingdom of Sicily), <mask> was the son of Mauro de Celico, a well-placed notary, and of Gemma, his wife. He was educated at Cosenza, where he became first a clerk in the courts, and then a notary himself. In 1166–1167 he worked for Stephen du Perche, archbishop of Palermo (c. 1167–1168) and counsellor of Margaret of Navarre, regent for the young William II of Sicily. About 1159 he went on pilgrimage to the Holy Land, where he experienced a spiritual crisis and conversion in Jerusalem that turned him away from a worldly life.When he returned, he lived as a hermit for several years, wandering and preaching before joining the Cistercian abbey of Sambucina near Luzzi in Calabria, as a lay brother without taking the religious habit. There he devoted his time to lay preaching. The ecclesiastical authorities raising objections to his mode of life, he joined the monks of the Abbey of Corazzo, and was ordained a priest, apparently in 1168. He applied himself entirely to Biblical study, with a special view to uncovering the arcane meanings he thought were concealed in the Scriptures, especially in the apostle John's Revelation. To his dismay, the monks of Corazzo proclaimed him their abbot (c. 1177). He then attempted to join the monastery to the Cistercian Order, but was refused because of the community's poverty. In the winter of 1178 he appealed in person to William II, who granted the monks some lands.In 1182 <mask> appealed to Pope Lucius III, who relieved him of the temporal care of his abbey, and warmly approved of his work, bidding him continue it in whatever monastery he thought best. <mask> spent the following year and a half at the Cistercian Abbey of Casamari, where he engaged in writing his three great books. There the young monk, Lucas (afterwards Archbishop of Cosenza), who acted as his secretary, was amazed to see so famous and eloquent a man wearing such rags, and the wonderful devotion with which he preached and said Mass. In 1184 he was in Rome, interpreting an obscure prophecy found among the papers of Cardinal Matthew of Angers, and was encouraged by Pope Lucius III. Succeeding popes confirmed the papal approbation, though his manuscripts had not begun to circulate. <mask> retired first to the hermitage of Pietralata, writing all the while, and then founded the Abbey of Fiore (Flora) in the mountains of Calabria. He refused the request of King Tancred of Sicily (r. 1189–1194) to move his new religious foundation to the existing Cistercian monastery of Santa Maria della Matina.On Good Friday in 1196, Empress Constance, also Queen of Sicily, summoned <mask> of Fiore to Palermo to hear her confession in the Palatine Chapel. Initially the empress sat on a raised chair, but when <mask> told her that as they were at the places of Christ and Mary Magdalene, she needed to lower herself, she sat on the ground. <mask> became the center of a new and stricter branch of the Cistercian order, approved by Celestine III in 1198. In 1200 <mask> publicly submitted all his writings to the examination of Innocent III, but died in 1202 before any judgment was passed. The holiness of his life was widely known: Dante affirmed that miracles were said to have been wrought at his tomb, and, though never officially beatified, he is still venerated as a beatus on May 29. He theorized the dawn of a new age, based on his interpretation of verses in the Book of Revelation, in which the Church would be unnecessary and in which infidels would unite with Christians. Members of the spiritual wing of the Franciscan order acclaimed him as a prophet, however <mask> denied being a prophet himself.His popularity was enormous in the period. Richard the Lionheart met with him in Messina before leaving for the Third Crusade of 1189–1192 to ask for his prophetic advice. His famous Trinitarian "IEUE" interlaced-circles diagram was influenced by the different 3-circles Tetragrammaton-Trinity diagram of Petrus Alphonsi, and in turn led to the use of the Borromean rings as a symbol of the Christian Trinity (and possibly also influenced the development of the Shield of the Trinity diagram). Theory of the three ages

The mystical basis of his teaching is his doctrine of the "eternal gospel", founded on an interpretation of Revelation 14:6 (Rev 14:6, "Then I saw another angel flying in midheaven, with an eternal gospel to proclaim to those who live on the earth—to every nation and tribe and language and people." NRSV translation.). His theories can be considered millenarian; he believed that history, by analogy with the Trinity, was divided into three fundamental epochs:

 The Age of the Father, corresponding to the Old Testament, characterized by obedience of mankind to the Rules of God;
 The Age of the Son, between the advent of Christ and 1260, represented by the New Testament, when Man became the son of God;
 The Age of the Holy Spirit, impending, a contemplative utopia. The Kingdom of the Holy Spirit, a new dispensation of universal love, would proceed from the Gospel of Christ, but transcend the letter of it.In this new Age the ecclesiastical organization would be replaced and the Order of the Just would rule the Church. This Order of the Just was later identified with the Franciscan order by his follower Gerardo of Borgo San Donnino. <mask>'s idea of the Age of the Holy Spirit would also later greatly influence the Cult of the Holy Spirit which would in later centuries have considerable impact in Portugal and its colonies, and would suffer severe persecution by the Portuguese Inquisition. According to <mask>, only in this third age will it be possible to truly understand the words of God in their deepest meanings, and not merely literally. In this period, instead of the parousia (second Advent of Christ), a new epoch of peace and concord would begin; also, a new religious "order" of spiritual men will arise, thus making the present hierarchy of the Church almost unnecessary. <mask> distinguished between the "reign of justice" or "of law" in an imperfect society, and the "reign of freedom" in a perfect society. <mask> saw that a pope will be the Antichrist and that Rome represents Babylon.Condemnation

<mask>'s theories were refuted by Thomas Aquinas in his Summa Theologica (written 1265-1274). In contrast, Dante Alighieri situated <mask> in the Paradiso of his Divine Comedy (composed c. 1320). Among the Spirituals, the stricter branch of the Franciscans, a Joachite group arose, many of whom saw Antichrist already in the world in the person of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (who died in 1250). As the appointed year approached, spurious works began to circulate under <mask>'s name: De Oneribus Prophetarum, an Expositio Sybillae et Merlini ("Exposition of the Sibyl and Merlin") and commentaries on the prophecies of Jeremiah and Isaiah. The Fourth Council of the Lateran, in 1215, condemned some of his ideas about the nature of the Trinity. In 1263, the archbishop Fiorenzo enhanced the condemnation of his writings and those of his follower Gerardo of Borgo San Donnino, joining a commission in the Synod of Arles, in which <mask>'s theories were declared heretical. The accusation was of having an unorthodox view of the Holy Trinity.His views also inspired several subsequent movements: the Amalricians, the Dulcinians and the Brethren of the Free Spirit. All of these were eventually declared heretical by the Catholic Church. Joachimite interpretations became popular in the Protestant reformation, and even influenced some Protestant interpretations. <mask> also possibly influenced Dante. Of importance is the fact that <mask> himself was never condemned as a heretic by the Church; rather, the ideas and movement surrounding him were condemned. <mask> the man was held in high regard during his lifetime. Literary references
W. B. Yeats's short story "The Tables of the Law" tells about a single surviving copy of a certain book by <mask> of Flora and its powerful effects on its owner.For full discussion see Warwick Gould and Marjorie Reeves, <mask> of Fiore and the Myth of the Eternal Evangel in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Oxford: Clarendon, 2001), rev & enlarged ed., Ch ix, "W. B. Yeats: a Noble Antinomianism", pp. 221–298. <mask>, referred to as <mask>, is referenced in James Joyce's Ulysses and Giacomo Joyce. <mask> is mentioned in Umberto Eco's medieval mystery The Name of the Rose. His influence on the Franciscan Spirituals and the rediscovery of his books foreseeing the advent of a new age are part of the book's background story in which an inquisitorial debate is held in a remote monastery where a number of murders take place. The sprawling conspiracy satire entitled the Illuminatus! trilogy of novels by Robert Anton Wilson and Robert Shea also reference <mask> of Fiore repeatedly.His writings fit well with the eschatological tone of the story. The authors attempt to confuse matters and give an air of authenticity to the madness of the various plotlines by including references to real people and events. A hoax circulated that Barack Obama referred to <mask>'s third age three times in his campaign speeches during the 2008 presidential election. He is said to have spoken of him as a master of contemporary civilization who had sought to create a better world, but there is no evidence Obama ever quoted or mentioned <mask>. Works

Liber Concordiae Novi ac Veteris Testamenti (Harmony of the Old and New Testaments/Book of Concordance), completed in 1200. Expositio in Apocalipsim (Exposition of the Book of Revelation), finished around 1196–1199. The Liber introductoris in Apocalypsim, sometimes cited as a separate work, forms an introduction to this.Psalterium Decem Cordarum (Psaltery of Ten Strings). Tractatus super quatuor Evangelia (Treatise on the four Gospels). Lesser works include:
Genealogia (Genealogy), written about 1176. De prophetia ignota, dateable to 1184. Adversus Judeos (also known as Exhortatorium Iudeorum), probably written in the early 1180s. De articulis fidei, probably written in the early 1180s. Professio fidei, probably written in the early 1180s.Tractatus in expositionem vite et regule beati Benedicti, sermons belonging to the late 1180s. Praephatio super Apocalipsim. Written around 1188–1192. Intelligentia super calathis. Written in 1190–1. De ultimis tribulationibus, which is a short sermon by <mask>. Enchiridion super Apocalypsim.Written in 1194-6, this is an earlier and shorter version of the Liber introductorius that prefaces <mask>'s Expositio in Apocalipsim. De septem sigillis. It is uncertain when this was written. The Liber figurarum was drawn together soon after <mask>'s death in 1202, and is a collection of 24 'figurae' drawn by <mask>. The name was used in thirteenth-century manuscripts to describe a work attributed to <mask> of Fiore, but it was only in the mid-twentieth century that it was identified in relation to three extant manuscripts. The late thirteenth-century set of pseudo-prophecies, united with a later series under the title Vaticinia de Summis Pontificibus was falsely attributed to <mask> of Fiore without any basis in truth.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.research-projects.unizh.ch/p2061.htm |title=Frank Schleich, Ascende calve: the later series of the medieval pope prophecies |access-date=September 2, 2016}}</ref>

See also
 Cult of the Holy Spirit
 Ernesto Buonaiuti (one of the first researchers in Joachinism)
 List of Christian mystics
 Vaticinia de Summis Pontificibus

Notes

Further reading
Thomas Gil, "Zeitkonstruktion als Kampf- und Protestmittel: Reflexionen über <mask>'s von Fiore Trinitätstheologische Geschichtskonstruktion und deren Wirkungsgeschichte." In Constructions of Time in the Late Middle Ages, ed.Carol Poster and Richard Utz (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1997), pp. 35–49. Warwick Gould and Marjorie Reeves,  <mask> of Fiore and the Myth of the Eternal Evangel in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries  (Oxford: Clarendon, 2001), rev & enlarged from 1987 ed. Henri de Lubac, La Postérité spirituelle de <mask> Flore, Lethielleux, 1979 and 1981
Marjorie Reeves, <mask> of Fiore & the prophetic future : a medieval study in historical thinking, 	Stroud : Sutton Pub., 1999. Matthias Riedl, <mask> Fiore. Denker der vollendeten Menschheit, Koenigshausen & Neumann, 2004. Gian Luca Potestà, Il Tempo dell'apocalisse - Vita di Gioacchino da Fiore, Laterza, Bari, 2004.Valeria de Fraja, Oltre Cîteaux. Gioacchino da Fiore e l'ordine florense, Viella, Roma 2006. E. Randolph Daniel, Abbot <mask> of Fiore and Joachimism, Variorum Collected Studies Series, Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2011. P. Lopetrone, L'effigie dell'abate Gioacchino da Fiore", in Vivarium, Rivista di Scienze Teologiche dell'Istituto Teologico S. Pio X di Catanzaro, Anno XX, n. 3, Edizioni Pubblisfera 2013, pp. 361–386. "The Eternal Gospel" by Leoš Janáček, a 1913 composition described as A legend for soprano, tenor, chorus and orchestra. External links

International Center for Joachimist Studies
<mask> of Fiore’s Constitution of Future Society
<mask> of Fiore's circles diagram and Trinitarian symbolism
Neo-Joachimism

1130s births
1202 deaths
12th-century apocalypticists
12th-century Christian mystics
12th-century Latin writers
12th-century Italian Roman Catholic theologians
Italian abbots
Italian Christian monks
People from the Province of Cosenza
Roman Catholic mystics

masks:
Joachim of Fi
Joachim
Gioacchino da Fiore
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Fiore
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim Abbas
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim de
Joachim
Joachim von
Joachim
Joachim
Joachim


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<mask>  (9 June 1713 – 29 May 1785), was an English antiquary, librarian, and archivist. He was also a lawyer practising civil law (a "civilian"), and a member of the College of Civilians. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 9 June 1713 in Paris. His parents, <mask> (1680–1718) and Jeanne Crommelin (1690–1723), were Huguenots from Normandy. Jacques was a banker and merchant, who achieved ennoblement in 1713 with the title Marquis de Chateau de Muids. He died in 1718, just as a new wave of Huguenot persecution was beginning, and in 1719 Jeanne fled with her three infant sons first to Amsterdam, and then, in 1721, to England. They settled in Greenwich, where Jeanne married her second husband, Jacques Girardot, another Huguenot.In 1728 <mask> was sent to be educated at Eton. The following year he suffered a serious accident there in which he lost one eye: he spent three months under the medical care of Sir Hans Sloane. In 1731 he matriculated at Oxford from Trinity College, but transferred shortly afterwards to St John's. In 1734, while still undergraduates, he and his brother were naturalized. Ducarel graduated in 1738 as a Bachelor of Civil Law, and then moved to Trinity Hall, Cambridge. He was created Doctor of Civil Law in 1742, and graduated as a "grand compounder" on 21 October 1748. He was admitted a member of the College of Advocates at Doctors' Commons 3 November 1743, and afterwards served as librarian there 1754–7, and as treasurer 1757–61.Legal and administrative career
Ducarel was appointed "commissary or official" (i.e. an ecclesiastical judge) of the royal peculiar of St Katharine's by the Tower by Archbishop Thomas Herring in 1755; of the city and diocese of Canterbury by Archbishop Thomas Secker in December 1758; and of the sub-deaneries of South Malling, Pagham, and Tarring in Sussex, by Archbishop Frederick Cornwallis, on the death of Dr. Dennis Clarke, in 1776. In 1756, on the outbreak of the Seven Years' War, he was appointed to the High Court of Admiralty to take depositions for prize ships. Antiquarian, library and archival career
On 22 September 1737 Ducarel was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, and he was one of the first fellows of the society nominated by the president and council on its incorporation in 1755. He was also elected a member of the Society of Antiquaries at Cortona on 29 August 1760, was admitted a fellow of the Royal Society of London on 18 February 1762, became an honorary fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Cassel in November 1778, and of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in 1781. In 1755 he failed to obtain the post of sub-librarian at the British Museum; but in 1757 he was appointed keeper of Lambeth Palace Library by Archbishop Hutton. His predecessors in this post (who had included Henry Wharton, Edmund Gibson and David Wilkins) had all been clergymen who treated the post as a part-time responsibility and as a stepping-stone to more lucrative ecclesiastical preferments.<mask>, by contrast, remained in post for nearly thirty years, under five archbishops (Herring, Hutton, Secker, Cornwallis, and Moore), until his death. He greatly improved the catalogues both of the printed books and the manuscripts at Lambeth, and made a digest, with a general index, of all the registers and records of the province of Canterbury. He was assisted by his friend, Edward Rowe Mores, the Rev. Henry Hall (his predecessor in the office of librarian), and the engraver Benjamin Thomas Pouncy, who was for many years his clerk and deputy librarian. Ducarel's contribution was seriously impeded by his complete blindness in one eye, and the weakness of the other. Besides the digest preserved among the official archives at Lambeth, he formed another personal manuscript collection in forty-eight volumes: after his death this passed to the antiquary Richard Gough, and in 1810 was bought for the British Museum library. He also took a more general interest in the ecclesiastical antiquities of the province of Canterbury, and, with Mores, compiled a history of Croydon Palace and of the town of Croydon.This was completed and presented to Archbishop Herring in manuscript in 1755, and published in 1783. However, the work led to a virulent rift between the two friends, when Mores, who had made significant contributions to it, discovered that he was not named on the title page. In 1763 Ducarel was appointed by the government, with Sir Joseph Ayloffe and Thomas Astle, to sort and catalogue the records of the state paper office at Whitehall, and afterwards those in the augmentation office. On the death of Archbishop Secker in 1768 Ducarel applied for the post of secretary to the new archbishop, Frederick Cornwallis, but without success. Wider antiquarianism
For many years Ducarel used to go in August on an antiquarian tour through different parts of the country, in company with his friend Samuel Gale, and attended by a coachman and footman. They travelled about fifteen miles a day, and put up at inns. After dinner, while Gale smoked his pipe, Ducarel transcribed his topographical and archaeological notes.In an engraving of London Bridge Chapel by George Vertue, the figure measuring is Ducarel, and that standing is Gale. In 1752, with a friend, Thomas Bever, he undertook a tour of Normandy. Through his publications Tour through Normandy in a letter to a Friend (1754), later greatly expanded and illustrated as Anglo-Norman Antiquities Considered (1767), he effectively put the Duchy on the map for the late 18th-century English traveller. He was one of the first Englishmen to see and appreciate the significance of the Bayeux Tapestry, and included an account of it written by his late friend Smart Lethieullier – the first detailed description in English – as an appendix to Anglo-Norman Antiquities. Character sketches
Francis Grose described Ducarel in scathing terms:

Grose further wrote:

Horace Walpole similarly formed a negative opinion of him:

According to John Nichols, who knew him well:

Death and legacy
Ducarel was a fit and athletic man, who believed that he would live to a great age. The immediate cause of his final illness was the shock of receiving a letter at Canterbury informing him that his wife was at the point of death. He hurried home to South Lambeth, took to his bed, and died three days later, on 29 May 1785.He was buried on the north side of the altar in the church of St Katharine's by the Tower. In the event, Mrs Ducarel survived him more than six years, dying on 6 October 1791. His coins, pictures, and antiquities were sold by auction on 30 November 1785, and his books, manuscripts, and prints in April 1786. The greater part of the manuscripts passed into the hands of Richard Gough and John Nichols. Personal life
In 1749 Ducarel married Sarah Desborough (1696–1791). She was a widow seventeen years his senior, who had previously been his housekeeper. He is said to have married her out of gratitude, after being nursed by her through a severe illness.In Grose's view, these circumstances "tended greatly to his future establishment, Mrs. Ducarrel being a sober, careful woman". There were no children of the marriage. Works
A Tour through Normandy, described in a letter to a friend (anon.) (London, 1754); republished in a greatly enlarged form (and under Ducarel's name) as Anglo-Norman Antiquities considered, in a Tour through part of Normandy, illustrated with 27 copperplates (London, 1767)
De Registris Lambethanis Dissertatiuncula (London, 1766)
A Series of above 200 Anglo-Gallic, or Norman and Aquitain Coins of the antient Kings of England (London, 1757)
Some Account of Browne Willis, Esq., LL.D. (London, 1760)
A Repertory of the Endowments of Vicarages in the Diocese of Canterbury (London, 1763; 2nd edn, 1782)
A Letter to William Watson, M.D., upon the early Cultivation of Botany in England; and some particulars about John Tradescant, gardener to Charles I (London, 1773); appeared originally in Philosophical Transactions, vol. 63, p. 79
Account of William Stukeley, in vol. 2 of Stukeley's Itinerary (1776)
A List of various Editions of the Bible, and parts thereof, in English; from the year 1526 to 1776 (London, 1776) (enlarged from a manuscript originally prepared by Joseph Ames)
Some Account of the Alien Priories, and of such lands as they are known to have possessed in England and Wales, collected by John Warburton, Somerset Herald, and Ducarel, 2 vols (London, 1779; 2nd edn 1786)
History of the Royal Hospital and Collegiate Church of St. Katharine, near the Tower of London (1782)
Some Account of the Town, Church, and Archiepiscopal Palace of Croydon (1783) [written with Edward Rowe Mores]
History and Antiquities of the Archiepiscopal Palace of Lambeth (1785); in Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica, vol.2

References

References from DNB

William Thomas Lowndes's Bibliographer's Manual (Bohn), p. 680
John Cave-Browne, Lambeth Palace and its associations (1883), preface, pp. ix, xi, 66–8, 105, 106

Bibliography

External links

<mask> Record at the Royal society

1718 births
1785 deaths
English antiquarians
18th-century antiquarians
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
Members of Doctors' Commons
English librarians
Huguenots
English people of French descent
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland

masks:
Andrew Coltée Ducarel
Ducarel
Jacques Coltée Ducarel
Andrew
Ducarel
Andrew Ducarel


text_chunks:
<mask> (; born John Reidy; 1 August 1931 – 3 October 1971), was an Irish composer and arranger of Irish traditional music. Through his incorporation of modern and traditional techniques he became the single most influential figure in the revival of Irish traditional music during the 1960s. <mask>n, compositions, writings and broadcasts. His best-known pieces in the classical tradition include Nomos No. 1: Hercules Dux Ferrariae (1957), but he became particularly famous for his film scores Mise Éire (1959) and Saoirse?(1960). He left a lasting influence as founder and director of the ensemble Ceoltóirí Chualann (from 1961). His music still endures: his mass in Irish is still sung to this day in many churches in the Irish-speaking regions of Ireland. <mask> died in 1971, two months after his fortieth birthday. Early life

<mask> was born John Reidy in Cork City. He spent his early years in Adare, Co Limerick, where his father, a  Garda sergeant, was stationed. After beginning school in Adare, he later attended St Finbarr's College, Farranferris and whilst he was there he received musical education from Aloys Fleischmann (Senior).He moved to St Munchin's College in Limerick where he completed his Leaving Certificate in 1948. He played violin, piano and organ, and studied Greek and Latin classics at University College Cork, with Aloys Fleischmann (Junior) and graduated in 1952. While at college, <mask>da was the auditor of the UCC Philosophical Society. That year he became assistant director for Radio Éireann. He married Ruth Coughlan in 1953. During the evening he played piano with dance bands. In 1955 <mask>da spent several months in France and consolidated his interest in techniques of musical modernism.On his return in July he became music director of the Abbey Theatre, Dublin (until 1962), where he wrote, arranged and directed music for the small pit orchestra, also continuing his work in radio. Most of his original, modern orchestral compositions were also written in this time, which included his Nomos No. 1: Hercules Dux Ferrariae for string orchestra (1957), Nomos No. 4 for piano and orchestra (1958) and the Triptyche pour orchestre (1960) as well as an early version of his ambitious Nomos No. 2 for baritone solo, mixed choir and orchestra (1965). As his work with Ceoltóirí Chualann developed, his engagement with the modern musical avantgarde decreased, but was never abandoned. Mise Éire
<mask>iada composed and directed orchestral music for theatre and film, combining traditional Irish tunes and "sean-nós" (old style) songs in the classical tradition, similar to nationalist composers such as Dvořák (Czech), Bartók (Hungarian) and Ralph Vaughan Williams (English).In 1959 he scored a documentary film by George Morrison called Mise Éire ("I am Ireland"), about the founding of the Irish Republic. The recording is conducted by <mask>da himself. Mise Éire brought him national acclaim and allowed him to start a series of programmes on Irish radio called Our Musical Heritage. <mask>da told people that one should listen to sean-nós song either as a child would listen or as if they were songs from India. Ceoltóirí Chualann
Between 1961 and 1969 <mask>da led the Ceoltóirí Chualann group. They played in concert halls dressed in black suits with white shirts and black bow ties, but relied on traditional songs and tunes. An ordinary céili band or show-band would have musicians who competed with each other to grab the audience's attention.Ceoltóirí Chualann played sparse lucid arrangements. <mask>da sat in the middle at front playing a harpsichord and a bodhrán, a hand-held frame-drum. This was an instrument that had almost died out, being played only by small boys in street parades. Ceilí bands generally had jazz-band drum-kits. <mask>da also wanted to use the clarsach or wire-strung harp in the band, but as these were as yet unavailable, he played the harpsichord instead – in his opinion the nearest sound to a clarsach. The harpsichord he used on a regular basis was made by Cathal Gannon. Unknown to <mask> Chualann overlapped with that of The Chieftains. They recorded the soundtrack of the film Playboy of the Western World (original play by John Millington Synge) in 1962. Their last public performance was in 1969, the album was then called "Ó Riada Sa Gaiety". Final years
In 1963 <mask> was appointed lecturer in music at University College, Cork. He moved to Baile Bhúirne, and not Cúil Aodha (a common misconception) in West Cork, an Irish-speaking area, where he established Cór Chúil Aodha, a male voice choir. He turned toward choral church music, composing two settings of the Mass. Ceol an Aifrinn ("Music of the Mass") was the first Mass written in the Irish language.This featured the hymn "Ag Críost an Síol", which has become popular in its own right, and with such good phrasing, that it is (wrongly) thought by many today to be an ancient medieval tune. Aifreann 2 ("Mass 2") premiered posthumously in 1979. Further works in the "classical" tradition include Five Epigrams from the Greek Anthology (1958) and In memoriam Aloys G. Fleischmann (1964) to words by Hölderlin. <mask>da also set the poetry of Thomas Kinsella (Three Poems, 1954), who returned the favour by praising <mask>da in verse. He became involved in Irish politics and was a friend of several influential leaders. <mask>da and his wife Ruth drank regularly at a local pub which still advertises itself as being his local. Death
He suffered cirrhosis of the liver.He was flown to King's College Hospital, London, for treatment and died there. He is buried in St Gobnait's graveyard, Baile Bhuirne, County Cork. Willie Clancy played at his funeral. Legacy
<mask> <mask> and Ceoltóirí Chualann set to music the Peadar <mask>ín lyric Mná na hÉireann, which has been recorded or re-used by many artists. As performed by the Chieftains, it is used as a romantic overture throughout the Stanley Kubrick movie Barry Lyndon and is the basis of The Christians' 1989 single Words. <mask>da's daughter Liadh Ní Riada was elected as Sinn Féin Member of the European Parliament in 2014. She was the Sinn Féin candidate in the 2018 presidential election.The Irish poet Séamus Heaney included the poem "In Memoriam <mask> <mask>da" in his 1979 collection Field Work. In 2008, a life-sized statue was erected in the grounds of Sépéil Naomh Gobnait, Cúil Aodha. On 23 April 2010 Ceoltóirí Chualann reformed under the leadership of Peadar <mask>da to play a tribute concert to <mask> <mask> in Dublin's Liberty Hall. In 2011, A festival, Féile na Laoch, was organised in his honour by his son, Peadar, between 30 September and 3 October in the honour of heroes (laochra) from the seven 'Muses': Storytelling, Sport, Singing, Poetry, Music, Dancing and Acting centring on <mask>da. Two schools are named 'Scoil Uí Riada' after him: a Gaelscoil in Kilcock, Co. Kildare, and another, in Bishopstown, Cork City. Works
Opera
Spailpín a Rúin. Opera in 3 acts (1960).First performance: Dublin, Damer Theatre (St Stephen's Green), 15 September 1960. Orchestral
Overture Olynthiac (1955)
The Banks of Sulán. A Pastoral Elegy (1956)
Nomos No. 1: Hercules Dux Ferrariae for string orchestra (1957)
Nomos No. 4 for piano and orchestra (1958)
Aspects of Irish Traditional Music (1959)
Seoladh na nGamhan. Festival Overture (1959)
Triptyche pour orchestre symphonique (1960)
Nomos No. 6 (1966)

Voice with orchestra
The Lords and the Bards (Robert Farren) for narrator, soloists, chorus, orch.(1959)
Nomos No. 2 (Sophocles) for baritone, chorus, orch. (1963)

Choral music (without orchestra)
'Five Epigrams from the Greek Anthology (anon.) for flute, guitar and mixed chorus (1958)
Ceathramhhaintí Éagsamhla (author?) for satb choir a capella (1962)
Requiem for a Soldier (author?) for soloists, chorus and organ (1968)

Songs for voice and piano
Four Songs (1954). Contains: Autumn; Winter; Spring; Summer.Lustra (anon. Chinese in transl.) (1954)
Three Poems by Thomas Kinsella (1954). Contains: Classical; Night Song 1; Night Song 2. Serenade (author?) (1955)
Four Nursery Rhymes (trad.) (1956).Contains: Humpty Dumpty; Tom, Tom; Rockabye, Baby; Seothín Seó. In memoriam Aloys G. Fleischmann (Johann Christian Hölderlin) (1956). Contains: Die Heimath; Fragment; Hälfte des Lebens; An Zimmern. Hill Field (John Montague) (1965)
Sekundenzeiger (Hans Arp) (1966)
Lovers on Aran (Seámus Heaney) (1968)
Mná na hÉireann (Peadar <mask>irnín) (1968)

Piano
Eight Short Preludes (1953)
Five Epigrams (1954)
Piano Piece (1957)
Aon lá sa Mhuileann for harpsichord (1968)
Ceol (n.d.)

Film scores for orchestra
Mise Éire (1959)
Saoirse? (1960)
Kennedy's Ireland (1960)
The Death of a Lord Mayor (1960)
Young Cassidy (1965)
An Tine Bheo (1966)
Ceol na Laoi (c.1966)

Others
Suite of Greek Folksongs for flute, oboe, viola, cello, piano (1958)
Ceol Máirseála i gcóir Socraide for military band (1968)

Religious music
Ceol an Aifrinn / Ó Riada Mass (1968)
Aifreann nua / Aifreann 2 (1970)
Requiem Mass (1970)

Incidental music to several plays at the Abbey Theatre including An Crúiscín Lán (1956), The Playboy of the Western World (1956), Súgán Sneachta (1959), Mac Uí Rudaí (1961), Ulysses agus Penelope (1965). Recordings
Ceolta Éireann / Music of Ireland: Gael-Linn CEF 001 (LP, 1958), re-issued as Gael-Linn CEFCD 001 (CD, 2009). Contains eight traditional Irish songs arranged for baritone and piano.Mise Éire: Gael-Linn CEF 002 (EP, 1960); re-issued on Gael-Linn CEF 080 (LP & MC, 1979). Saoirse? : Gael-Linn GL 1 (EP, 1960); re-issued on Gael-Linn CEF 080 (LP & MC, 1979). Irische Volkslieder: Harmonia Mundi HMS 30691 (LP, 1965). Contains five traditional Irish songs arranged for chamber choir. An Tine Bheo: Gael-Linn GL 2 (EP, 1966); re-issued on Gael-Linn CEF 080 (LP & MC, 1979). Ceol na Laoi: Gael-Linn GL 14 (EP, 1966).Vertical Man: Claddagh Records CSM 1 (LP & MC, 1969). Contains: Nomos No. 1: Hercules Dux Ferrariae, Three Poems by Thomas Kinsella, In memoriam Aloys G. Fleischmann, Hill Field, Sekundenzeiger, Lovers on Aran. Ceol na hÉireann – Music of Ireland: Gael-Linn CEF 019 (LP, 1969). Contains: Slán le máigh, Feirmeoir an ghallbhaile (trad. arr. for orch.).Ceol an Aifrinn / Ó Riada Mass: Gael-Linn CB 3 (LP & MC, 1971). Aifreann nua / Aifreann 2: Gael-Linn CEF 081 (LP & MC, 1979). Mise Éire: Gael-Linn CEF CD 134 (CD & LP, 1987). Contains: Mise Éire, Saoirse?, An Tine Bheo. Romantic Ireland: Marco Polo 8.223804 (CD, 1995). Contains: The Banks of Sulán. <mask> <mask>da: Orchestral Works: RTÉ Lyric fm CD 136 (CD, 2011).Contains: Overture Olynthiac, The Banks of Sulán, Nomos No. 1: Hercules Dux Ferrariae, Seoladh na nGamhan, Nomos No. 4, Mise Éire. Recordings by Ceoltóirí Chualann
Reacaireacht an Riadaigh: Gael-Linn CEF 010 (LP, 1961). The Playboy of the Western World: Gael-Linn CEF 012 (LP, 1962). Ceol na nUasal: Gael-Linn CEF 015 (LP, 1967). ding dong: Gael-Linn CEF 016 (LP, 1967).Ó Riada sa Gaiety: (LP, 1971); currently available as Gael-Linn ORIADACD01. <mask>da's Farewell: Claddagh Records CC 12 (LP, 1972). Port na bPúcaí (<mask>da solo, but with trad. material, previously unreleased recordings): Gael-Linn ORIADACD07 (CD, 2014)

Bibliography
Charles Acton: "Seán <mask>iada: The Next Phase", in: Éire-Ireland 2 (1967) 4, pp. 113–22. Charles Acton: "Interview with <mask> <mask>da", in: Éire-Ireland 6 (1970) 4, pp. 106–15.Bernard Harris & Grattan Freyer: Integrating Tradition: The Achievement of <mask> O Riada (Ballina: Irish Humanities Centre & Keohanes, and Chester Springs, Penn. : Dufour Editions, 1981); . Thomas Kinsella & <mask> Cannain: Our Musical Heritage (Dublin: Dolmen Press, 1982); . Tomás <mask>ainn / Gearóid Mac an Bhua Gerard Victory: <mask> <mask>da: A Shaol agus a Shaothar (Blackrock, Co. Dublin: Gartan, 1993); . Harry White: The Keeper's Recital: Music and Cultural History in Ireland 1770–1970 (Cork: Cork University Press, 1998); . Tomás <mask>ainn: <mask> <mask>da: His Life and Work (Cork: Collins Press, 2003); . Harry White: "<mask>iada, Seán", in: The Encyclopaedia of Music in Ireland, ed.H. White & B.Boydell (Dublin: UCD Press, 2013), vol. 2, p. 803–6; . References

External links
 <mask>da's Vision at The Journal of Music

1931 births
1971 deaths
20th-century Irish people
20th-century classical composers
20th-century male musicians
20th-century musicologists
Alumni of University College Cork
Bodhrán players
Ceoltóirí Chualann members
Claddagh Records artists
Classical composers of church music
Deaths from cirrhosis
Irish classical composers
Irish film score composers
Irish male classical composers
Irish music arrangers
Irish musicologists
Male film score composers
Musicians from Cork (city)
People educated at St Munchin's College

masks:
Seán Ó Riada
Ó Riadaoltóí Chualan
Ó Riada
Ó Riada
Ó Ria
Ó Ria
Ó R
Ó Ria
Ó Ria
Ó Ria
Ó Ria
Ó Ria
Ó Riaí
Ó Riada
Ó Ria
Ó Ria
Ó Ria
Seán
Ó Riada
Ó Doirn
Ó Ria
Seán
Ó Ria
Ó Ria
Seán
Ó Riada
Ó Ria
Ó Do
Seán
Ó Ria
Ó Ria
Ó Ria
Ó R
Seán
Ó Ria
Seán
Tomas Ó
Ó Can
Seán
Ó Ria
Ó Can
Seán
Ó Ria
Ó R
Ó Ria


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<mask>ki (born 9 June 1957 in Sodankylä) is a researcher of history, Jutikkala Professor at the University of Eastern Finland and Docent of Finnish and Scandinavian history at the University of Helsinki. She has produced many scientific monographs and textbooks and written a great number of articles. Career

In her research Lähteenmäki has specialized into the transnational regions (Lapland, the North Calotte, the Barents Euro-Arctic Region, North of Europe), 19th and 20th century's society history, history of women and social history of war. With her research Jänkäjääkäreitä ja parakkipiikoja. Lappilaisten sotakokemuksia 1939–45 (SKS 1999) Lähteenmäki earned the reward of the Väinö Tanner Foundation (2000), as well as the President Urho Kekkonen's 70th Anniversary Fund's prize from her research Kalotin kansaa. Rajankäynnit ja vuorovaikutus Pohjoiskalotilla 1808–1889 (SKS 2004). The research has been published in English under the title: The Peoples of Lapland.Boundary Demarcations and Interaction in the North Calotte from 1808 to 1889. It has been published in the Series of the Finnish Science Academy (2006). Lähteenmäki's latest monograph Maailmojen rajalla. Kannaksen rajamaa ja poliittiset murtumat 1911–1944 (SKS 2009) deals with Finland's and Russia's/Soviet Union's vulnerable border area Terijoki in the Karelian Isthmus from historical perspective. Lähteenmäki has caused a lot of debates with her daring interpretations. For example, when writing about the War of Lapland Lähteenmäki notes that Finnish military leaders agreed to surrender Lapland lightly to German warzone without giving a thought for fact that civilians were left to dangerous border areas (Helsingin Sanomat 29.3.1999, Suomen Kuvalehti 13.8.1999). From the basis of her Terijoki-research Lähteenmäki argues that memories of the lost Finnish Karelia are mainly based on childhood memories and have resulted in corrupted and one-sided picture from Karelia (Helsingin Sanomat 4.8.2009).Lähteenmäki has highlighted in different connections that Finland has been built from borders and that is why research of ordinary people living in border areas is important for national history research beside the research of elites and centers. Lähteenmäki graduated as baccalaureate from Sodankylä upper secondary school (1977) and studied at the University of Helsinki, Finnish history as her primary subject. Her dissertation concerns the history of women (Mahdollisuuksien aika. Työläisnaiset ja yhteiskunnan muutos 1910–30-luvun Suomessa, SKS. E-book:  ). Lähteenmäki archived docentship of Finnish and Scandinavian history in 1999. She worked as an assistant and lecturer of history in 1991-2001, and as professor in 2003 and 2007 at the University of Helsinki as well as Senior Researcher in the Finnish Academy in 2001-2009.<mask> has been a Professor of Finnish history and Jutikkala Professor at the University of Eastern Finland since the August 2009. Other publications of <mask>äki
Alueiden Lappi. Edited by <mask>ki. University publishing of Lapland. Rovaniemi 2006. Identiteetit liikkeessä. Suomalaisten kokemuksia Belgiasta.Edited by <mask>ki & Minna Aalto. Siirtolaisuusinstituutti. Turku 2007. Jänkäjääkäreitä ja parakkipiikoja 1999. E-book: http://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/16047
Kansainvälinen naistenpäivä 1910–1990. Marjaliisa Hentilä & <mask>ki. E-book: http://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/14104
Koteja vanhuksille.Ikäihmisten asuminen ja hoiva hyvinvointiyhteiskunnan haasteena. Vanhus- ja lähimmäispalvelun liitto ry. Helsinki 2003. Maa, seutu, kulmakunta. Näkökulmia aluehistorialliseen tutkimukseen. Edited by <mask>äki. SKS.Helsinki 2009. Naiset eduskunnassa. Irma Sulkunen & <mask>äki & Aura Korppi-Tommola. Suomen eduskunta 100 vuotta. Part 4. Edita. Helsinki 2006.Passages Westward. Edited by <mask>ki & Hanna Snellman. Studia Fennica. Ethnologica 9. SKS/FLS. Helsinki 2006. Pitkänsillan tuolla puolen... Puheenvuoroja työväenliikkeen historiasta, tilasta ja tulevaisuudesta.Edited by <mask>ki & Anu Suoranta. Työväen Arkiston julkaisuja 5. Helsinki 2010. Tarja Halonen: Mahtinaisen malli. Teoksessa Suuret suomalaiset. Otava. Helsinki 2004, 66–79.Terra Ultima. A Short History of Finnish Lapland. Otava. Helsinki 2006. The Flexible Frontier: Change and Continuity in Finnish-Russian Relations. Edited by <mask>äki. Aleksanteri Series 5/2007.Helsinki 2007. The North Calotte. Perspectives on the Histories and Cultures of Northernmost Europe. Edited by <mask>äki & Päivi <mask>. Publications of the Department of History 18. University of Helsinki. Puntsi.Inari 2005. Vuosisadan naisliike. Naiset ja sosialidemokratia 1900-luvun Suomessa. Sosialidemokraattiset Naiset. Helsinki 2000. E-book: http://hdl.handle.net/10138/16243
Yksi kamari – kaksi sukupuolta. Suomen eduskunnan ensimmäiset naiset.Edited by Pirjo Markkola & <mask>äki & Aleksandra Ramsay et alia. Eduskunnan kirjaston tutkimuksia ja selvityksiä 4. Helsinki 1997. Sources

<mask>mäki.Blog: http://marialahteenmakiblogi.blogspot.com
Autio Veli-Matti, Suomen Historiallisen Seuran matrikkeli 1875–2007. SKS. Helsinki 2007, 124–125. Homepages of University of Helsinki: http://www.helsinki.fi/historia/henkilokunta/lahteenmaki.html
Kinnunen Helena, Akatemiatutkija ja HS-toimittaja saivat UKK-palkinnot.Helsingin Sanomat 29.9.2005. Kuka kukin on. Otava. Helsinki 2009, 599. Lappalainen Tuomo, Oikea sota hävisi historiasta. Suomen Kuvalehti 13.8.1999, 24–27. Luukka Teemu, Ruohonjuuritason historioitsija.Helsingin Sanomat 9.10.2005. <mask> <mask>, Kevyesti luovutettu Lappi. Pohjois-Suomen erikoisasema toisen maailmansodan aikana on purkamaton tabu. Vieraskynä. Helsingin Sanomat 29.3.1999. Lähteenmäki <mask>, Kuva menetetystä Karjalasta on vinoutunut ja kuvitteellinen. Vieraskynä.Helsingin Sanomat 4.8.2009. Oksanen Emmi, Kipeä Karjala. Karjalainen 15.8.2009. Summa Markku, Muisti- ja tutkimustietoa yhdistämällä realistisempi kuva menetetystä Karjalasta. Karjala 13.8.2009. Finnish scientific academy's homepages, Toimintakertomus 2008: https://web.archive.org/web/20101122194124/http://www.acadsci.fi/toimintakertomus.htm
Tasala Markku, Mainettaan yhtenäisempi kalotin kansa. Lapin Kansa 12.2.2005.Vakkuri Marjukka, Valtavirtaa vastaan. Lapin Kansa 29.10.2005. 1957 births
Living people
People from Sodankylä
University of Eastern Finland faculty
Finnish women academics
Academics of the University of Helsinki

masks:
Maria Lähteenmä
Lähteenmäki
Maria Lähteenm
Maria Lähteenmä
Maria Lähteenmä
Maria Lähteenmä
Maria Lähteenm
Maria Lähteenm
Maria Lähteenmä
Maria Lähteenmä
Maria Lähteenm
Maria Lähteenm
Maria Pihlaja
Maria Lähteenm
Maria Läeen
Lähteenmäki
Maria
Maria


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 16 December 1981) is a retired female cricketer who played for Australia from 2006 to early 2010. She was a right-arm fast bowler and a right-handed lower-order batsman. After playing in the Second XI in 2000–01, <mask> made her debut for New South Wales in the 2001–02 Women's National Cricket League (WNCL). In her debut season, she was dropped multiple times and not given much of a workload with the ball. She took five wickets and was omitted for the first half of the next season before ending with six wickets despite never bowling a full quota of overs. At the end of the summer, she was selected for the Australian Under-23 team. In 2003–04, <mask> played a full season for the first time and took seven wickets.In the second final against Victoria, she bowled a full quota of overs for the first time, in her 21st match. On an Under-23 tour of Sri Lanka, she made her first-class debut against the hosts' senior team, taking four wickets. <mask> had a poor 2004–05 WNCL, taking only five wickets, and then started the following season poorly, taking only three wickets in the first six matches. She took career-best figures of 5/16 and followed it with 3/45 the next day, both against Victoria. She then took 3/32 in the first final against Queensland and ended with five for the finals series as New South Wales won the first of five consecutive titles. <mask> ended with 16 wickets for the tournament and was rewarded with selection for the national team, making her Test and One Day International (ODI) debut at the end of the season against India. She took 2/48 on her Test debut and 3/21 in her first ODI.After taking ten wickets in her first six ODIs, <mask> took 15 wickets in New South Wales' 2006–07 WNCL win. She struggled during a quadrangular series on the spin-friendly pitches of India and was used only sporadically, taking three wickets in four matches, but returned to form in the home Rose Bowl series against New Zealand, taking nine wickets in five matches. In 2007–08, <mask> was in and out of the Australian team and played in six ODIs, taking seven wickets. She was then dropped for the home series against India at the start of the 2008–09 season and was responded by taking 13 wickets in the WNCL to earn a recall. <mask> made sporadic appearances in the Rose Bowl series ahead of the 2009 World Cup, in which she played in four of Australia's seven matches, taking five wickets as Australia came fourth. She was selected for the 2009 World Twenty20 in England, and played in all of Australia's four matches, taking two wickets. In the subsequent bilateral series hosted by England, <mask> took her career best figures of 4/50 and ended with eight ODI wickets.<mask> took 14 wickets in the 2009–10 WNCL as New South Wales won again, and in the following Rose Bowl series, she bowed out of competitive cricket with ten wickets in seven ODIs as Australia swept the series. Early career

In January 2000, <mask> played for New South Wales in Under-19 interstate championships. She took 11 wickets at 6.00, with a best of 4/13 in the qualifying match against Victoria. New South Wales won all of their seven matches, defeating Victoria in the final. New South Wales' batting was rarely challenged by their outclassed opposition, so <mask> was only required to bat three times in the lower-order, scoring 15 runs at 7.50. She also took six catches. In 2000–01, <mask> played in three Second XI fixtures for New South Wales.She scored a total of 19 runs in three brief innings that all ended in not outs, and took two wickets at 38.50 and an economy rate of 3.34. Domestic debut

<mask> made her senior debut for New South Wales in the 2001–02 Women's National Cricket League, playing in seven matches, all of which ended in victory. Although she was a specialist bowler who batted at the end of the tail and was never required in matches during the season, she was not entrusted with a substantial workload with the ball, sending down an average of only four overs per match. She took 0/10 from five overs in her debut against South Australia, before taking her maiden wickets in the second match of the double-header, claiming 2/7 from three overs. She took only one wicket in the next two matches against Queensland and was dropped for the double-header against Western Australia, before being recalled for the last two round-robin matches against Victoria. She did not bowl in the first, and took 1/17 from six overs in the next. The two teams met again in the finals series, and <mask> was dropped for the first match, before being recalled and taking 1/16 from four overs in the next match as New South Wales won their sixth title in a row with a 2–0 triumph.<mask> ended her first season with five wickets at 16.80 and an economy rate of 3.00. At the end of the season, <mask> was selected for Australia Youth team to play against New Zealand and New Zealand A. She bowled her full quota of 30 overs in three matches, taking three wickets at 19.00 at an economy rate of 1.90. She also scored 21 runs at 21.00 in three innings. Her best performance was 2/13 in the last match against the senior New Zealand team. The following season, <mask> missed the first four matches of the WNCL. She took 3/18 in her second match of the season against Queensland and took one wicket in the three other group matches.In the first final against Victoria, Andrew took 0/15 from four overs in a three-wicket defeat. She was dropped for the second final, which Victoria won to end New South Wales' six-year run. <mask> ended with six wickets at 14.83 at an economy rate of 3.17 and scored 3 runs at 3.00. She averaged less than six overs a match. At the end of the summer, she played for the Australian Under-23 team against England; she took a total of 0/47 from 19 overs in a two-innings match and scored 21 in Australia's only innings. In 2003–04, <mask> played her first full season in the WNCL, taking to the field in all 11 of New South Wales' matches. She took only five wickets in the first five matches, including figures of 2/30 from seven overs in a tie against Victoria.She then went wicketless in the last three fixtures of the round-robin stage. In the first final against defending champions Victoria, she took 0/18 from five overs in a six-wicket defeat. She was retained for the second final despite the four consecutive wicketless matches, and took 2/28 from her ten overs to set up a five-wicket win. This was the first time in her 21 WNCL matches that <mask> had bowled a full quota of overs. In the deciding final, she was taken out of the attack after being hit for 17 runs in three overs; New South Wales ended up winning by three wickets to regain the WNCL title. <mask> ended the season with seven wickets at 36.14 at an economy rate of 3.51 and eight runs at 8.00. <mask> was selected for the Australia Youth team to play New Zealand A at the end of the season.She took three wickets at 35.00 at an economy rate of 3.00, and hit 54 in a six-wicket defeat in the fourth and final match of the series. Before the 2004–05 season started, <mask> toured Sri Lanka in September as part of the Australian Under-23s to play against the hosts' national team. Australia won three of the four one-dayers, the other was washed-out. <mask> took six wickets at 13.00, including 3/44 in the second match, and scored 10 not out and 31 not out in her only innings. The tour ended with a first-class match against the Sri Lankan team. <mask> took 3/24 and 1/11 in a 144-run win. She also made seven and a duck on her first-class debut.<mask> had a quiet and ineffective 2004–05 WNCL season, taking only five wickets at 44.80 at an economy rate of 3.01 from ten matches. Her best performance came in a round-robin match against Victoria, taking 2/29 in a four-wicket defeat. The teams met again in the finals. In the first match, she took 0/30 from nine overs in a 21-run win. The second match saw a fightback from the Victorian bowlers, who dismissed New South Wales for 71, <mask> making 19 not out in a tail-wagging performance. She then took 1/10 from six overs but Victoria reached their target with five wickets in hand to square the series. <mask> took 0/11 from six overs to help restrict Victoria to 6/159, but she made only one before being run out as the defending champions fell 50 runs short and ceded their title.<mask> ended the season with 23 runs at 23.00. The 2005–06 season started poorly for <mask>. She went wicketless in the first three matches, and took only three wickets in the first six matches. Her form turned around in the last two round-robin matches against Victoria. In the first match, having made ten with the bat, she took 5/16, her career best bowling performance, as New South Wales won by 48 runs. The next day, she took 3/45, helping to set up a five-wicket victory. New South Wales faced Queensland in the finals.In the first match, she took 3/35 to dismiss Queensland for 174, setting up a ten-wicket win. In the second final the following day, she made nine not out as New South Wales collapsed to be all out for 154. She took 1/32 from 10 overs as Queensland squared the series with a three-wicket victory. In the last final, <mask> could only make one as New South Wales capitulated to be all out for 146. She then took 1/18, taking the final wicket by bowling Megan White as New South Wales took a thrilling two-run win, sealing the WNCL title. <mask> ended with 20 runs at 10.00 and 16 wickets at 18.81 at an economy rate of 3.48.

International debut

<mask> was rewarded with selection for Australia for the home series against India held in Adelaide at the end of the season. She made her debut in the one-off Test at the Adelaide Oval, and came in at No.11 after Australia batted first. she made three from six balls before being run out as the hosts made 250. Opening the bowling with Cathryn Fitzpatrick, she took 2/29 from nine overs in the first innings. She had opener Monica Sumra caught by Karen Rolton in her second over, and then trapped the other opener Karu Jain for 21 to leave the Indians at 2/41. In the following over, without further addition to the score, <mask> took her maiden Test catch to dismiss leading Indian batsman and captain Mithali Raj from the bowling of Fitzpatrick. The Indians eventually collapsed to be all out for 93. Australia enforced the follow on and <mask> took 0/19 from 17 overs and caught Sunetra Paranjpe in the second innings as the tourists lost by an innings.After missing the first ODI, she made her debut in the second match, coming in at No. 11 and scoring four not out from seven balls in Australia's 173 all out. She then took 3/21 from six overs to help secure a 12-run win. In the next match she took 1/33 in a nine-wicket win and ended the series with four wickets at 13.50 and an economy rate of 3.33. <mask> is the 148th woman to play Test cricket for Australia, and the 106th woman to play One Day International cricket for Australia. At the start of the 2006–07 season, <mask> made her Twenty20 international debut against New Zealand at the Allan Border Field in Brisbane, having never played in the format at domestic level. She was attacked by the opposition batsmen, ending with 1/42 from four overs in a tied match.The rest of the Australians conceded their runs at 6.18 per over. After missing the first ODI, she returned to take two wickets in each of the next three matches before going wicketless in the fifth match. She ended with six wickets at 24.50 at the relatively high economy rate of 4.59; Australia won all of the last four matches. The second ODI was a close call as Australia won by one wicket?? from the ?? ball of the match. <mask> came in upon the fall of the eighth wicket and scored two from three balls before being run out, but ??and ?? saw Australia to victory. Having broken into international cricket, <mask> started the 2006–07 WNCL season strongly, taking 3/18 to set up a three-wicket win over Victoria in the opening matches of the season. In the fourth match of the tournament, against Queensland, she made a tail-wagging 16 and took 3/27 from her ten overs, but was not able to defend New South Wales' meagre 9/162 as they lost by six wickets. In the sixth match, she made an unbeaten 13 help New South Wales scrape home by two wickets against Western Australia. <mask> took 13 wickets in the eight qualifying matches. New South Wales reached the finals hosted by Victoria after winning five of their eight matches.She took 0/39 from nine overs as the hosts were dismissed for 136 in the first match. New South Wales struggled in the run-chase and <mask> made 17 in the lower order before the defending champions scraped home by one wicket. In the second final, New South Wales's batsmen against struggled and <mask> made 36 to push the total to 144. She took 0/31 from ten overs as the home team reached their target with eight wickets in hand. In the deciding match, <mask> took 2/40 to help restrict Victoria to 7/205 and then made one as New South Wales took a hard-fought three-wicket win and a second consecutive WNCL title. <mask> ended the season with 15 wickets at 22.60 and an economy rate of 3.53. She was also more prominent with the bat than in the past,

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