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<mask><mask> is a Caribbean-American infectious disease physician and an Assistant Professor in the Department of Internal Medicine at the University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC). Marcelin is also the Associate Medical Director of the Antimicrobial Stewardship Program and as well as the Co-Director of Digital Innovation and Social Media Strategy at UNMC. Marcelin is dedicated to advancing diversity, inclusion, and equity in her communities and is a founding member of the Infectious Diseases Society of America Inclusion, Diversity, Access & Equity Taskforce. Marcelin uses social media to advance medicine, diversity, and patient advocacy and has published articles on how to effectively use social media for these purposes. Early life and education
<mask> was born on the island of Dominica in the Caribbean. She grew up in Antigua, where she began to develop an interest in infectious disease. In high school, Marcelin explored the epidemiology of mosquito-born infectious diseases.Marcelin moved to Canada in 2002 to pursue her undergraduate degree at St. Mary's University in Halifax, Nova Scotia. She completed a double major in Biology and Chemistry and also obtained a Diploma in Forensic Science from St. Mary's. She was also on the track team at St. Mary's while in college. In 2006, after completing her Bachelors of Science, Marcelin pursued her medical training at the American University of Antigua College of Medicine. She completed her medical training in 2011, becoming the Valedictorian of her medical class. Following her medical training, Marcelin pursued her residency in Internal Medicine at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. During her residency, Marcelin found her passion for practicing infectious disease medicine.She obtained her board certification in Internal Medicine in 2014 and then completed her Fellowship in Infectious Diseases at the Mayo Clinic in 2017. Career and research
In 2017, <mask> was recruited to the University of Nebraska Medical Center, and was appointed Assistant Professor of Medicine in the Division of Infectious Diseases. She is also the Associate Medical Director of the Antimicrobial Stewardship Program and she was also appointed Co-Director of the Digital Innovation and Social Medical Strategy in the Division of Infectious Disease. As Associate Director of the Antimicrobial Stewardship residency program, Marcelin educates and supports future residents in this field. <mask>'s clinical practice in infectious disease focuses on treating skin and soft tissue infections as well as caring for patients with HIV. In addition to her roles at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, <mask> is a member of the Inclusion, Diversity, Access and Equity Taskforce and the Vice Chair for Digital Strategy Advisory Group for the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). She is also a member of the Medical Scholars Program Committee and the Medical Education Community of Practice for IDSA.Marcelin is also a founding member of Time's Up Healthcare which focuses on creating a more diverse and equitable healthcare space. Social media and infectious disease

Marcelin uses social media to advance the field of infectious disease as well as advocate for diversity, equity, and inclusion in medicine. Marcelin is the founding vice-chair of the Digital Strategy Advisory Group for IDSA and in this role she uses social media as a way to engage the community through enhancing collaborations and discussions of new findings and literature. In 2019, Marcelin published an article with her collaborators discussing how social media platforms can be leveraged to increase the speed and reach of research in infectious disease and antimicrobial stewardship. Advocacy
Marcelin advocated for diversity, equity, and inclusion in medicine and conducts research and publishes articles to support her work. Marcelin reported the success and the challenges of improving diversity, equity, and inclusion within the field of infectious diseases. Marcelin also proposed the "Be Ethical Campaign" where she challenged leaders in healthcare to document gaps in equity in the workplace and move towards closing these gaps.Marcelin educates her community on the presence and impact of unconscious bias in the workplace. She wrote an article that explained how unconscious biases can perpetuate inequalities in healthcare and she described the various types of bias that exist in healthcare. Marcelin proposed ways in which the field of infectious disease could begin to mitigate the bias and the negative effects of bias in the workplace such as commitment to inclusion, diversity training and use of the implicit attitudes test, as well as individual strategies such as mindfulness and reflection. Marcelin has also co-authored papers on the barriers that exist for women in pediatrics. She focuses on using a scientific and data driven approach to work towards a more equitable work environment. Awards and honors
 2018 Race Against Resistance Scholar
 2018 Top Teacher Infectious Diseases Fellowship
 2019 Bronze Fellowship Mayo Clinic Social Media Network https://socialmedia.mayoclinic.org/2019/03/27/new-mcsmn-bronze-fellow-jasmine-marcelin-m-d/
 2019 Student Senate Distinguished Mentor Award University of Nebraska Medical Center
 2019 Top Teacher Internal Medicine Residency
 2020 Elected Fellow of American College of Physicians
 2020 Minority Faculty Leadership Award

Select media
 2018 Doximity Network opinion editorial "Do Women in Academic Infectious Diseases Need to Win Nobel Prizes to be Promoted?" 2018 Helio Infectious Diseases News "Women in ID push against glass ceiling"
 2018 Physician's Weekly article "Dear Stewardship People: Can't We All Just Get Along?"2020 Forbes article "'I Am Tired': What Black Doctors Need You To Know Right Now"
 2020 Physician's Weekly article "The Weekly Corona with Dr. <mask> Lamarche"

Select publications
 <mask> JR, Beam E, Razonable RR. "Cytomegalovirus infection in liver transplant recipients: updates on clinical management". World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(31):10658-10667. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10658
 <mask> JR, Tan EM, <mask> A, et al. "Assessment and improvement of HIV screening rates in a Midwest primary care practice using an electronic clinical decision support system: a quality improvement study". BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2016;16:76.Published July 4, 2016. doi:10.1186/s12911-016-0320-5
 <mask> JR, Bares SH, Fadul N. "Improved Infectious Diseases Physician Compensation but Continued Disparities for Women and Underrepresented Minorities". Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019;6(2):ofz042. Published February 4, 2019. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofz042
 "Using social media to disseminate research in infection prevention, hospital epidemiology, and antimicrobial stewardship". Cawcutt, K. A., <mask>, J. R., Silver, J. K.; Infection control and hospital epidemiology. August 28, 2019
 <mask> <mask>, Jennifer Manne-Goehler, Julie K Silver, "Supporting Inclusion, Diversity, Access, and Equity in the Infectious Disease Workforce", The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 220, Issue Supplement_2, September 15, 2019, Pages S50–S61, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz213
 "Women in Pediatrics: Progress, Barriers, and Opportunities for Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion". Spector, N. D., Asante, P. A., <mask>, J. R., Poorman, J.A., Larson, A. R., Salles, A., Oxentenko, A. S., Silver, J. K.; Pediatrics. September 25, 2019
 "Let Me Tell You What I Wish I'd Known When I Was Young: A Letter to New Physicians". <mask>, J. R., Salles, A., O'Glasser, A. Y.; Journal of graduate medical education. February 2020
 <mask> JR, Chung P, Van Schooneveld TC. "Antimicrobial stewardship in the outpatient setting: A review and proposed framework" [published online ahead of print, April 28, 2020]. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;1-8. doi:10.1017/ice.2020.94

References

Saint Mary's University (Halifax) alumni
University of Nebraska Medical Center faculty
American infectious disease physicians
American women epidemiologists
American epidemiologists
Dominica emigrants to the United States
21st-century American women physicians
21st-century American physicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Antigua and Barbuda physicians

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<mask> (1859–1929) was a valet at the court of Tsar Nicholas II. He escaped a death march at Perm in September 1918 and survived to write his memoirs about his time at court and his escape. These include his experience of events such as the Khodynka Tragedy. Early life
<mask> was born in the town of Old-Ioriev, Kozlov District, Tambov Guberniya. As a young adult, he entered the Russian Army and rose through the ranks. He was on guard and witnessed the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881. Later he was a military instructor to Tsar Nicholas II.From 1886, he was in service to Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia. He became a valet at the court of the Tsar in 1910. He was the Tsarina's personal servant and often pushed her wheelchair. Exile
<mask> followed the Tsar's family and household into internal exile following the Russian Revolution of 1917, but was separated from them at Ekaterinburg and imprisoned at Perm. There, he heard that the Tsar had been murdered by Bolsheviks, though he was unaware that the Tsarina and their children had also been shot. Escape from death
On 4 September 1918, he was taken from his prison cell in the middle of the night and led to the prison office, where he saw lady-in-waiting Anastasia Hendrikova and the elderly tutor Catherine Schneider. They were joined by eight other prisoners, including the chambermaid from the house where Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia had lived.They had an escort of twenty-two guards, none of whom were Russian. <mask> asked a guard where they were being taken and was told they were being taken "to the house of arrest." Hendrikova, who had been in the washroom, asked a guard the same question when she came out. She was told they were being taken "to the central prison." Hendrikova asked him, "and from there?" The guard replied, "Well! to Moscow."Hendrikova repeated this conversation to her fellow prisoners and made the sign of the cross with her fingers. Volkov took her gesture to mean "they will not shoot us." The sailor at the prison office door kept checking the front door that led to the street to make sure no one was there. After a while another sailor said, "Let's go." They lined the prisoners up in the street in rows of two, the men in front and the women in back. The group walked all the way to the edge of town and onto the Simbirsk road. Volkov asked another prisoner where the central prison was and was told they had long passed it.<mask> realized they were being taken into the woods to be shot. He broke from the group and ran for his life at the first opportunity. A bullet whizzed past his ear. Behind him he heard gunshots as the other prisoners in the group were shot and killed. <mask> eventually joined other refugees at the White Army headquarters in Omsk and made his escape from Russia through Vladivostok and the Far East. In 1922, he settled in Estonia. He later lived in Denmark, where he was highly respected in the émigré community because of his lifelong loyalty to the Romanov family.Anna Anderson
In 1925, Prince Valdemar of Denmark asked <mask> to visit Anna Anderson, who claimed to be Valdemar's great-niece, Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia. Anderson was being treated at St. Mary's Hospital in Berlin for a tubercular infection of her arm. When <mask> first arrived at the hospital, on 3 July 1925, he caught a glimpse of Anderson when she went for a walk in the hospital grounds. At that point, <mask> thought Anderson resembled Anastasia, but the next day, they met one another and <mask> was dismayed to find that Anderson could not or would not speak Russian with him. Anderson did not recognise him, and <mask> was unable to discern a facial resemblance to Anastasia. The following day, <mask> returned for a third time and expressed his doubts as to her identity, but would not say definitely that Anderson was not Anastasia. On his final visit the following day, 6 July 1925, Anderson correctly answered some of his questions, and recounted stories of Grand Duchess Anastasia's life before the Revolution that moved <mask> to tears.At the conclusion of his visit, <mask> did not say whether he thought Anderson was or was not Anastasia. Afterwards, in an interview with the Russian-language newspaper Poslednyi Novosti, published in Estonia on 15 January 1926, <mask> denied Anderson was Anastasia, and decried her as an impostor. <mask>'s memoirs, Souvenirs d'Alexis Volkov, were published by Payot of Paris in 1928, a year before his death in 1929. Serge Ostrogorsky, a Russian courtier who knew <mask>, claimed after <mask>'s death that <mask> had told him that Anderson was not Anastasia and that the encounter had moved him to tears, but also that he admitted that he had kissed her hand. Ostrogorsky claimed that he pressed Volkov to account for the hand-kissing, which "he would never have done if someone other than Grand Duchess Anastasia had been standing before him". At which point, according to Ostrogorsky, <mask> said, "I believe that she is the Grand Duchess, but how can the Grand Duchess speak no Russian?" In 1995, DNA tests confirmed that Anderson was not Anastasia, but was instead a Polish woman with a history of mental illness who went missing just before Anderson first appeared in Germany.It is now known that Anastasia was murdered along with the rest of the immediate Imperial family on July 18, 1918, but that she and her brother Alexei were buried in a separate location from the rest, and her body was not located until 2007. Notes

References
Klier, John; Mingay, Helen (1995). The Quest for Anastasia. London: Smith Gryphon. Kurth, Peter (1983). Anastasia: The Life of Anna Anderson. London: Jonathan Cape.von Nidda, Roland Krug (1958). Commentary in: Anderson, Anna (1958). I, Anastasia: An autobiography with notes by Roland Krug von Nidda translated from the German by Oliver Coburn. London: Michael Joseph. 1859 births
1929 deaths
People from Staroyuryevsky District
People from Tambov Governorate
Monarchists of the Russian Empire
Memoirists of the Russian Empire
White Russian emigrants to Denmark
Court of Nicholas II of Russia

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Aleksei Andreyevich Volkov
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<mask> (born November 12, 1968) is a Dominican-American former professional baseball right fielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for 19 seasons, primarily with the Chicago Cubs. After playing for the Texas Rangers and Chicago White Sox, <mask> joined the Cubs in 1992 and became regarded as one of the game's best hitters. <mask> hit his 400th home run in his 1,354th game and his 5,273rd at-bat, reaching this milestone quicker than any player in National League history. He is one of nine players in MLB history to hit 600 career home runs. In 1998, <mask> and Mark McGwire achieved national fame for their home run-hitting prowess in pursuit of Roger Maris' home run record. With the Cubs, <mask> became a 7-time All-Star while holding numerous team records.He finished his career with stints with the Baltimore Orioles and the Rangers for a second time. With the Rangers, <mask> hit his 600th career home run to become the fifth player in MLB history to reach the milestone. <mask> is second all-time in home runs among foreign-born MLB players and is one of only three National League players since 1900 to reach 160 RBIs in one season (2001). He is also the only player to have hit 60 or more home runs in a single season three times, which he accomplished in 1998, 1999 and 2001. He did not lead the league in home runs in any of those seasons, although he did lead the league in 2000 with 50 home runs. In a 2005 congressional hearing, Sosathrough his attorneydenied having used performance-enhancing drugs during his playing career. Early life and education
<mask> was born in the Dominican Republic and is partially of Haitian descent.Though born in a Batey community in Consuelo, his officially registered birthplace is San Pedro de Macorís, which was "the largest town nearby". <mask> is known to family and friends as "Mikey". His maternal grandmother suggested his birth name of Samuel, and also came up with his nickname: "[She] heard the name on a soap opera she liked and decided from that moment on he would be Mikey." Major league career

Texas Rangers, Chicago White Sox (1989–1991)
<mask> made his major league debut on June 16, 1989, with the Texas Rangers, wearing #17 and leading off as the starting left fielder. He hit his first career home run off Roger Clemens. On July 29, 1989, the Rangers traded <mask> with Wilson Álvarez and Scott Fletcher to the Chicago White Sox for Harold Baines and Fred Manrique. In 1990, Sosa batted .233 with 15 home runs, 70 runs batted in, 10 triples, and 32 stolen bases.He also struck out 150 times, fourth most in the American League. <mask> started the 1991 season by hitting two home runs and driving in five runs. However, he slumped for the rest of the year and batted .203 with 10 home runs and 33 runs batted in. Chicago Cubs (1992–2004)
The White Sox traded <mask> and Ken Patterson to the Chicago Cubs for outfielder George Bell before the 1992 season. <mask> batted .260 with eight home runs and 25 RBIs in his first season with the Cubs. In 1993, <mask> batted .261 with 33 home runs with 93 RBIs. He also showed his speed by stealing 38 bases and became the Cubs' first 30-30 player.<mask> continued to hit for power and speed in 1994 but he also improved his batting average. He ended up batting .300 with 25 home runs, 70 RBIs, and 22 stolen bases. <mask> was named to his first All-Star team in 1995. In 144 games, he batted .268 with 36 home runs and 119 RBIs. <mask> continued his success with the Cubs in 1996 as he batted .273 with 40 home runs and 100 RBIs. However, in 1994, <mask> batted just .251 with a .300 on-base percentage, and led the league in strikeouts with 174 despite hitting 36 home runs with 119 RBIs. After years as a respected power/speed threat with a rocket arm in right field, he emerged during the 1998 season as one of baseball's greatest.It was in this season that both <mask> and Mark McGwire were involved in the "home run record chase", when both players' prowess for hitting home runs drew national attention as they attempted to pass Roger Maris' single season home run mark of 61 home runs. In the early months of the year, <mask> trailed McGwire significantly, being as many as 16 homers behind at one point in May. But as the chase progressed, <mask> eventually tied McGwire with 46 home runs on August 10. However, McGwire pulled away slightly and reached 62 home runs to break the record first on September 8. <mask> tied McGwire once again at 62 on September 13. Eleven days later, with two games left to play in the season, the two were tied at 66 home runs each. <mask> ended the season with 66, finishing behind McGwire's 70.It was during that season that Cubs announcer Chip Caray nicknamed him "Slammin' <mask>", a nickname that quickly spread. <mask> produced then career-highs in batting average and slugging percentage, at .308 and .647 respectively. <mask> also led the league in RBIs and runs scored. Also in 1998, <mask>'s 416 total bases were the most in a single season since Stan Musial's 429 in 1948. <mask>'s performance in the month of June, during which Sosa belted 20 home runs, knocked in 47 runs, and posted an .842 slugging percentage, was one of the greatest offensive outbursts in major league history. <mask> won the National League Most Valuable Player Award for leading the Cubs into the playoffs in 1998, earning every first-place vote except for the two cast by St. Louis writers, who voted for McGwire. He and McGwire shared Sports Illustrated magazine's 1998 "Sportsman of the Year" award.<mask> was honored with a ticker-tape parade in his honor in New York City, and he was invited to be a guest at US President Bill Clinton's 1999 State of the Union Address. 1998 was also the first time the Cubs made the post-season since 1989. The Cubs qualified as the NL Wild Card team, but were swept by the Atlanta Braves in the NLDS. In the 1999 season, <mask> hit 63 home runs, again trailing Mark McGwire, who hit 65. In the 2000 season, <mask> led the league by hitting 50 home runs. He received the Babe Ruth Home Run Award for leading MLB in homers. In 2001, he hit 64 home runs, becoming the first player to hit 60 or more home runs three times.However, he did not lead the league in any of those seasons; in 2001, he finished behind Barry Bonds, who hit 73 homers, breaking the single-season home run record set by McGwire in 1998 (70). In 2001, he also set personal records in runs scored (146), RBI (160), walks (116), on-base percentage (.437), slugging percentage (.737), and batting average (.328). He led the majors in runs and RBI, was second in home runs, second in slugging percentage, first in total bases, third in walks, fourth in on-base percentage, 12th in batting average, and 15th in hits. He also surpassed his 1998 number in total bases, racking up 425. <mask> once again led the league in home runs with 49 in 2002. In recognition of his accomplishments as a hitter, <mask> won the Silver Slugger Award (an award for offensive output, voted on by managers and coaches) in 1995 and in 1998 through 2002. In 2003, the Cubs won the National League Central Division title.In May, he spent his first period on the disabled list since 1996 after having an injured toenail removed. On June 3, 2003, <mask> was ejected from a Chicago Cubs-Tampa Bay Devil Rays game in the first inning when umpires discovered he had been using a corked bat. Major League Baseball confiscated and tested 76 of <mask>'s other bats after his ejection; all were found to be clean, with no cork. Five bats he had sent to the Hall of Fame in past years were also tested, and were all clean as well. <mask> stated that he had accidentally used the corked bat, which he claimed he only used during batting practice, and apologized for the incident. When Cubs manager Dusty Baker was interviewed later, he stated any use of corked bats on his team is strictly prohibited. On June 6, <mask> was suspended for eight games which was reduced to seven games on June 11 after appeal.<mask> finished the season with 40 home runs and hit two more in the 2003 NLCS against the Florida Marlins, falling to the team in seven games. In May 2004, <mask> suffered an odd injury while sitting next to his locker chatting with reporters before a game in San Diego's Petco Park. He sneezed very violently, causing severe back pain. He was diagnosed with back spasms and placed on the disabled list. He finished with 35 homers, far below his numbers of his best years. Despite his declining production and release from the team at the end of the 2004 season, between 1995 and 2004 <mask> clubbed 479 home runs which is the most home runs by a player in history over a 10-year span. He also owns numerous team records for the Cubs and he holds the major-league record for the most home runs hit in a month (20, in June 1998).Baltimore Orioles and year off (2005–2006)

On January 28, 2005, the Cubs traded <mask> to the Baltimore Orioles in exchange for infielder-outfielder Jerry Hairston, Jr., infielder Mike Fontenot, and RHP Dave Crouthers. To facilitate the deal, <mask> and his agent agreed to waive the clause that guaranteed his 2006 salary, and the players' union indicated it would not object to that agreement. Under the deal, <mask> earned $17.875 million for the 2005 season, with the Cubs paying $7 million of his salary. By playing for the 2005 Orioles alongside fellow 500-home-run batter Rafael Palmeiro, <mask> and Palmeiro became the first 500 home run club members in history to play together on the same team after reaching the 500 home run plateau. <mask> finished the 2005 season batting .221 with 14 home runs, his worst performance since 1992, and continuing his post-2001 trend of declines in batting average, homers, total bases, and RBI. On December 7, 2005, the Orioles decided not to offer him an arbitration contract, effectively ending his Baltimore Orioles tenure and making him a free agent. In 2005, The Sporting News published an update of their 1999 book Baseball's 100 Greatest Players.<mask> did not make the original edition, but for the 2005 update, with his career totals considerably higher, he was ranked at Number 95. During a stretch of nine consecutive years, <mask> hit 35 or more home runs and 100+ RBIs, all with the Chicago Cubs. At the end of January 2006, the Washington Nationals offered <mask> two different minor-league offers, both of which he turned down. On February 15, 2006, <mask>'s agent Adam Katz stated: "We're not going to put him on the retirement list. We decided that [not putting him on that list] was the best thing to do. But I can say, with reasonable certainty, that we've seen <mask> in a baseball uniform for the last time." During that year, <mask> accompanied President Leonel Fernández of the Dominican Republic on several diplomatic trips including to the United States, Japan, and Taiwan.Texas Rangers and end of career (2007–2009)

The Texas Rangers, <mask>'s original team, signed him to a minor league deal worth $500,000 on January 30, 2007. This was the same contract that <mask> turned down the previous year from the Nationals. The contract included an invitation to spring training, where <mask> competed for a spot in the lineup with Nelson Cruz, Jason Botts, and other rookies/prospects. <mask> was successful during spring training and was added to the team's 25-man roster. He started the 2007 season as the Rangers' designated hitter and occasional right fielder. At the same time, the Chicago Cubs awarded <mask>'s number 21 to new pitcher Jason Marquis, who coincidentally served up <mask>'s 600th career home run. This caused some concern, due to <mask>'s accomplishments with the Cubs, including his status as the Cubs' all-time home run leader.On April 26, 2007, <mask> made history by hitting a home run in his 45th major league ballpark. He has also homered in The Ballpark at Disney's Wide World of Sports, near Orlando, Florida, a usually minor-league and Spring training park that hosted a regular season series between the Rangers and the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in May 2007, although he did not hit a homer at the two regular season games the Cubs played at the Tokyo Dome in 2000 vs. the Mets. On June 20, 2007, <mask> hit a home run off of Jason Marquis during an inter-league game against the Chicago Cubs. <mask> became only the fifth man in history, following Babe Ruth, Willie Mays, Hank Aaron, and Barry Bonds, to hit 600 regular season home runs. The home run was the first one that <mask> had recorded against the Cubs, and as a result he has hit a home run against every active MLB team. <mask> is the Cubs' all-time home run leader, having hit 545 with that team. On May 28, 2008, <mask> announced that he instructed his agent not to offer his services to any MLB team for the 2008 season, and planned on filing for retirement, but never did.On December 25, 2008, <mask> announced he intended to unretire and play in the World Baseball Classic and once again test the free agent market in hopes of signing with a Major League ballclub in 2009. <mask> said that he had been keeping in shape at his home, and was hoping that after a strong World Baseball Classic he would prove to major-league teams that he was still capable of playing in the MLB. However, he was not selected as part of the Dominican Republic's roster. He remained a free agent and did not actively look for a team. On June 3, 2009, <mask> announced his intention to retire from baseball. He made the announcement in the Dominican Republic and said that he was calmly looking forward to his induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame since his statistics were up to par. Drug test controversy and Hall of Fame consideration

On June 16, 2009, The New York Times reported that <mask> was on a list of players who had tested positive for performance-enhancing drugs in 2003, in baseball's steroids scandal.The paper stated that this information had been obtained from unnamed attorneys with knowledge of Major League Baseball drug test results from 2003. Previously, <mask> sat alongside Rafael Palmeiro, Jose Canseco and Mark McGwire at a 2005 hearing before Congress. His attorney testified on his behalf, stating, "To be clear, I have never taken illegal performance-enhancing drugs. I have never injected myself or had anyone inject me with anything. I have not broken the laws of the United States or the laws of the Dominican Republic. I have been tested as recently as 2004, and I am clean." In an interview with ESPN Deportes, <mask> said he would "calmly wait" for his induction into the National Baseball Hall of Fame, for which he became eligible in 2013.In results announced on January 9, 2013, <mask> was not elected by the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) into baseball's Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York, receiving 12.5% in his first year on the ballot—the requirement for election is 75%. In the following years, his voting percentage dropped as low as 6.6% in 2015 to a high of 18.5% in 2022. A candidate remains eligible for inclusion on subsequent ballots as long as he receives a minimum of 5.0% of the vote in a given year, and is removed from consideration by the BBWAA after 10 years of not being elected; thus, <mask>'s final appearance was on the 2022 ballot. Personal life
<mask> is married to Sonia Rodríguez, a former Dominican TV dancer, with whom he has six children. In 2009, <mask> appeared at a music awards show looking much lighter in complexion than he had just months earlier. The buzz around this drastic change prompted him to go on a Spanish-language television station to deny that he was ill, or that he hated being dark-skinned, or that his new skin tone was the result of steroid use. Sosa explained that he uses a bleaching cream before going to bed that softens and lightens his skin.See also

30–30 club
50 home run club
List of Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders
List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
List of Major League Baseball home run records
List of Major League Baseball runs-batted-in champions
List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

extended biography and photos Latino Sports Legends

1968 births
American sportspeople of Dominican Republic descent
Baltimore Orioles players
Charlotte Rangers players
Chicago Cubs players
Chicago White Sox players
Dominican Republic emigrants to the United States
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Canada
Drugs in sport in the United States
Gulf Coast Rangers players
Gastonia Rangers players
Iowa Cubs players
Living people
Major League Baseball controversies
Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Major League Baseball right fielders
National League All-Stars
National League home run champions
National League Most Valuable Player Award winners
National League RBI champions
Oklahoma City 89ers players
Sportspeople from San Pedro de Macorís
Silver Slugger Award winners
Texas Rangers players
Tulsa Drillers players
Vancouver Canadians players
West Tennessee Diamond Jaxx players

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Samuel Peralta Sosa
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<mask> (born May 5, 1943) is an American basketball coach. She was the first coach in women's basketball history to lead teams from two different schools to national championships. She coached California State-Fullerton team from 1969 to 1977 (she won the AIAW national title in 1970 in her first year with the team) and UCLA team from 1977 to 1993 (winning the AIAW national title in 1978). Her overall college coaching record is 436-196. <mask> was born in Humansville, Missouri. Her family later lived in several places in neighboring Kansas before settling in Westmoreland. Despite the fact that her father had been a coach of both boys and girls basketball in Westmoreland, the family moved to Topeka, where <mask> did not play basketball for her high school because the school was too small to sponsor any athletic teams.However, she was invited to play for an industrial team sponsored by Ohse Meats Company. <mask> started her coaching experience as an assistant at Southern Illinois University where she pursued her master's degree. In addition to basketball, she played softball for the Raybestos Brakettes, with Lou Albrecht, who was the women's basketball coach at Cal State Fullerton. Albrecht left that position and recommended <mask> for an interview. <mask> was hired as women's basketball coach and athletic director. In her first year as coach, her team would go on to win the national championship. <mask> coached teams would make it to the Final Four in 1970, 1972, 1975, 1978, and 1979.While the USA had competed in International events such as Jones Cup, World University Games, Pan American Games and World Championships, the Olympics focuses attention like no other event. Team member Juliene Simpson would explain, "Up until then, many people didn't know we had national teams playing in international competition. After the Olympics, that changed quite a bit." In 1976, the Olympics decided to add women's basketball to the list of sports. <mask>, who had been the assistant coach of the 1975 USA Women's Pan American Team which won the gold medal in Mexico, was selected to be the first head coach of the first USA team. <mask> coached the US Olympic women's basketball team to a silver medal in Montreal Olympics. After her Olympic coaching experience, <mask> was hired at UCLA to coach the basketball team.In her first year, the team finished 27–3 and won the AIAW Women's Basketball Tournament. UCLA beat Maryland 90–74 in front of over 9,000 fans—at that time, the largest crowd ever to see a women's championship game. <mask> was enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1999 and in the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame in the same year. <mask> received the Naismith's Women's Outstanding Contribution Award in 2002. <mask> is the author of Basketball, theory and practice. USA Basketball
<mask> was named the assistant coach of the team representing the US at the World University Games held in Moscow, Soviet Union in August 1973. The event, also called the Universiade, is the eighth event to have women's basketball, but the first in which the USA participated.The USA team was assigned to the same preliminary round group as the Soviet team, and drew them as their first opponent. The game was not close, as the USSR defeated the USA 92–43. The USA went on to defeat France and Mexico. Their 2–1 record qualified them for the medal round, but the rules of the competition carried the preliminary round results into the medal round, so they could not afford another loss. They won their next three games, all by single digit margins, against Bulgaria, Romania and Cuba. That performance qualified the USA team for the gold medal game, but it matched them up against undefeated USSR. While the game was closer, the Soviets were much too strong and won 82–44 to claim the gold.The USA team earned a silver medal in their first ever World University Games competition. <mask> was named to the coaching staff on the USA National Team as an assistant coach in 1975. Because the World Championships and the Pan American Games were scheduled only eight days apart, USA basketball put together a squad of players and coaches for both events. The World Championship was help in Cali, Colombia at the end of September through early October. The USA team had a disappointing result finishing 4–3 and missing the medal rounds. In the opening game, the USA lost by two points to Japan. They bounced back to beat Australia, but then faced Czechoslovakia and lost by a single point.This relegated the team to the consolation rounds, where the team won three of four, losing only to Canada, and finishing in eighth place. The USA Basketball team had had success in the Pan American games with gold medals in 1955,1959, and 1963, but had come in second place in both 1967 and 1971. In 1975, the team was determined to win the gold, and <mask> <mask> was named assistant coach. One of the leading players on the Pan American team was Lusia Harris, whose Delta State team had beaten Immaculata in the 1975 Championship game, and would do so again in 1976. There were other notable players on the team, such as Pat Head (Summitt), Ann Meyers and others, as well as a 17-year-old high school player, Nancy Lieberman. The games were originally planned for Chile, then Brazil when Chile withdrew the offer to host, and then Mexico City, where they were eventually held in October. The USA's team first opponent was Mexico, a team that finished ahead of the US at the World Championships, and would end up the silver medal winning in this competition.The USA team beat them 99–65, setting a tone for the event. The USA next beat Canada 75–56. They followed that game with a convincing 116–28 victory over El Salvador. Their following game against Cuba was the only close game, with the USA winning by six points 70–64. The USA team then went on to defeat the Dominican Republic 99–50, and Columbia 74–48. This set up the final with Brazil. The team from Brazil had beaten the USA team in the prior three Pan American competitions, and had won the gold medal in two of them.This time, the USA team won easily 74–55, earning the gold medal for the first time in twelve years. Publications

Notes

References

External links
 Basketball Hall of Fame page on <mask>

1943 births
Living people
American Olympic coaches
American women's basketball coaches
American women's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Kansas
Basketball players from Kansas
Cal State Fullerton Titans women's basketball coaches
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
National team coaches
People from Humansville, Missouri
People from Westmoreland, Kansas
Southern Illinois Salukis women's basketball coaches
Southern Illinois University alumni
UCLA Bruins women's basketball coaches
United States women's national basketball team coaches
21st-century American women

masks:
Billie Jean Moore
Background Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Billie Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Billie Jean
Moore
Moore


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<mask> (April 19, 1885 – June 17, 1971) was an American Universalist minister who also worked as a writer, lecturer and editor. Academically, he is regarded as one of the foremost authorities on the 17th-century British author and scholar Robert Burton. However, he is most well known for originating the hoax art movement Disumbrationism. Life and ministry

<mask> (his name was not hyphenated until later in life; see below) was born in Wytheville, Virginia. His father, John Wesley Smith, was a Southern Methodist minister who dreamed of starting a college and invested in land in Dade County, Georgia, outside Chattanooga, Tennessee. His wife (the former Lucy Jordan) and son joined him there in 1891, but the venture failed and the family returned to Virginia. While a student at Emory and Henry College, <mask> secretly married Ethel Sloan Park in September 1904.Their daughter Lucille Isabella (Isabel Jordan) Smith was born in August 1905. He graduated from U.S. Grant University in Chattanooga, Tennessee in 1906. A local Unitarian minister recommended that he study for the ministry, and although admitted to Harvard Divinity School he enrolled in the more affordable Ryder Divinity School of the Universalist Lombard College in Galesburg, where he received a bachelor of divinity degree in 1908. He served briefly as a minister at Universalist churches in Unionville, Missouri, and Kansas City and developed a reputation as an outstanding lecturer on science and religion. He moved to Chicago in 1910, where he worked at the Independent Religious Society and later got a job as a minister and ran a settlement house. He also enrolled part-time in graduate classes at the University of Chicago and developed a broad acquaintance among both literary and social activist circles, including lawyer Clarence Darrow, activist Emma Goldman, novelist John Cowper Powys, editor and publisher Margaret Anderson, writer Floyd Dell, Chicago Little Theatre founder Maurice Browne, and bookseller George Millard. In the process, he became a passionate book collector and decided on a career in literature.Jordan Smith also developed an interest in art through visits to the Art Institute of Chicago. In 1913 his wife Ethel divorced him and his mother died. After a few months in the South, he traveled to Berkeley, California with letters of introduction, filled in for a minister in Eureka in the summer of 1914, and enrolled as a doctoral student and teaching fellow in the English Department at the University of California, Berkeley. He was hired as a substitute minister of the First Unitarian Church of Berkeley after Arthur Maxson Smith resigned when his wife, the heiress Sarah Bixby Smith, caught him having an affair and sued for divorce. <mask>-Smith became romantically involved with Sarah, a writer, and their involvement became  public, to their dismay, before the divorce was final. It was around this time that <mask> assumed the hyphenated Jordan-Smith as his last name, in part to disguise his liaison with Sarah, which he feared might damage his academic career. Despite this precaution, the English Department—then headed by Charles Mills Gayley—voted not to renew his fellowship, putting an end to his plans for an academic career.Jordan-Smith married Sarah on March 30, 1916, immediately after her divorce came through. The couple then moved with Sarah's children to her former home in Claremont, California, which had been rented to a school for boys. In 1917, the school's lease ended and they began renovating the house back into a private residence, which they named Erewhon after the Samuel Butler novel. Around this time, they met and subsequently became friends with one of Sarah's cousins, the photographer Edward Weston, who made several photographic portraits of Jordan-Smith. Eventually, the couple moved to a mansion on Los Feliz Boulevard in Los Angeles, where Jordan-Smith had a detached library and writing studio on the property. Though Jordan-Smith did not have to work (thanks to Sarah's inherited wealth), he lectured around southern California, at women's clubs such as the Friday Morning Club (of which Sarah was later president), at the Ebell Club, and elsewhere. He also taught courses on English and American literature at the new University of California Extension program in Los Angeles.Encouraged by some of the philanthropists who attended his talks, he took on leadership of the recently formed People's Council of America for Peace and Democracy, an antiwar organization. The group did well until its leaders came under attack when the U.S. government began to crack down on antiwar opposition through the Espionage Act of 1917. To avoid prosecution, Jordan-Smith was obliged to give up making antiwar speeches and to swear that he did not have any German affiliations or friends. Jordan-Smith served for a time as the educational director of the Walt Whitman School, a progressive secondary school founded in East Los Angeles in 1919. Jordan-Smith eventually left Sarah for his cousin Dorothy and the couple divorced. He died on June 17, 1971. Jordan-Smith had three children.His son Wilbur Jordan Smith was head of UCLA Library's Department of Special Collections from 1951 to 1971, and Wilbur's son <mask>-Smith helped D.M. Dooling found Parabola magazine and served as its Epicycle editor. Literary career

Jordan-Smith was a great admirer of the 17th-century British author and scholar Robert Burton. He co-edited the first all-English translation (having himself translated all of the Latin quotes) of Burton's magnum opus, The Anatomy of Melancholy, following it up with  Bibliographica Burtoniana, which included both a study of Burton and a scholarly key to the sources Burton used in The Anatomy of Melancholy. He collected books relating to Burton, and after Sarah died, he gave the core of his collection to the Claremont Colleges Library in her memory. The Robert Burton Collection, as it is called, includes copies of the first six editions of Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy, a copy of the 1927 edition edited by Smith and Floyd Dell, and editions of various Renaissance Latin authors and others cited by Burton. Jordan-Smith also wrote one of the first books on James Joyce, A Key to the Ulysses of James Joyce.He dedicated this book to Powys, who had persuaded him in 1922 to buy a then-rare and expensive first edition of Ulysses during one of Powys's stays at Erewhon, which they then read together. Inspired by Sarah's ideas, Jordan-Smith collaborated with her on a feminist manifesto entitled The Soul of Woman: An Interpretation of the Philosophy of Feminism. It was published under his name in 1916. He also served for a time in the 1940s and 1950s as the literary critic for the Los Angeles Times. and as such was seen on the cinema screen in 1949 introducing the trailer for the new MGM motion picture The Secret Garden, under the headline "Great Books Make Great Pictures." His autobiography, The Road I Came, was published in 1960. His papers are housed in the UCLA Library Special Collections.Disumbrationism

Jordan-Smith may be best known today for a hoax that he initiated in 1924, in part out of a dislike of modern art that was evident as far back as 1913, when he saw (and largely rejected) the traveling version of the notorious Armory Show at the Art Institute of Chicago. Giving himself the Russian-sounding pseudonym Pavel Jerdanowitch, Jordan-Smith painted a small group of crudely Postimpressionist canvases that he then entered in art exhibitions around the country as exemplars of a new art movement known as Disumbrationism (i.e. painting without shadows). His canvases were well received on the whole until he got tired of sustaining the role and outed himself to a Los Angeles Times reporter in 1927. Books

(as editor, with Floyd Dell) The Anatomy of Melancholy by Robert Burton. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1927. (English translation of the original Latin text.)Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy and Burtoniana. Oxford University Press, 1959. (A catalogue.) A Key to the Ulysses of James Joyce. 1927. Republished in 1968 by Haskell House, New York. Bibliographia Burtoniana: A Study of Robert Burton's "The Anatomy of Melancholy" with a Bibliography of Burton's Writings.Oxford University Press and Stanford University Press, 1931. Cables of Cobweb. New York: Lieber & Lewis, 1923 (novel). For the Love of Books: The Adventures of an Impecunious Collector. Oxford University Press, 1934. Nomad. Minton, Balch, 1925 (novel, dedicated to James Branch Cabell).On Strange Altars: A Book of Enthusiasms. 1923. Republished by Gordon Press Publishers, 1972. The Road I Came: Some Recollections and Reflections Concerning Changes in American Life and Manners Since 1890. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1960. The Soul of Woman: An Interpretation of the Philosophy of Feminism. San Francisco: Paul Elder Company, 1916.References

External links

1885 births
1971 deaths
American male journalists
Journalists from California
Writers from Los Angeles
Lombard College alumni
20th-century American non-fiction writers
People from Wytheville, Virginia
20th-century American male writers

masks:
Paul Jordan Smith
Paul Jordan Smith
Paul Jordan Smith
Paul Jordan
Paul
Paul Jordan


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<mask> (蘇良嗣) (606 – February 24, 690), formally the Duke of Wen (溫公), was an official of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, serving as chancellor during the regency of Empress dowager Wu. Background
<mask> was born in 606, during the reign of Emperor Yang of Sui. His father <mask> () was then an official for Sui Dynasty, and had been an official for <mask>i's predecessor Northern Zhou. After <mask>'s fall in 619, <mask> initially submitted to one of the contenders to succeed <mask>i, Wang Shichong the Emperor of Zheng, but after Zheng was defeated by Tang Dynasty forces in 621, submitted to Tang and became a Tang official, subsequently serving under its first two emperors Emperor Gaozu and Emperor Taizong. <mask>'s family was from Yong Prefecture (雍州, roughly modern Xi'an, Shaanxi) -- the capital prefecture for both Sui and Tang. During Emperor Gaozong's reign
During the reign of Emperor Taizong's son Emperor Gaozong, <mask>si served as the military advisor to Emperor Gaozong's son Li Xian the Prince of Zhou. It was said that because Li Xian was young, his behaviors were often against regulations; <mask> would sternly advise against such behavior, and Li Xian feared and respected him.It was also said that many staff members were not capable officials, but <mask> carefully governed the staff and there were few violations against regulations, earning him much praise from Emperor Gaozong. Later in Emperor Gaozong's reign, he was made the secretary general at Jing Prefecture (荊州, roughly modern Jingzhou, Hubei). On an occasion in 682, Emperor Gaozong sent eunuchs to the Yangtze River region to seek out unusual bamboo plants, hoping to transplant them to the imperial garden. The eunuchs were said to abuse this authority to overpower the people, and when they went through Jing Prefecture, <mask> arrested them and submitted a petition to Emperor Gaozong, stating, "Looking for unusual things afar and disturbing the regions on the way is not the way for holy ones to show that they love the people. Further, these frivolous persons are abusing their authority and causing damage to the imperial reputation." Emperor Gaozong commented to his powerful wife Empress Wu (later known as Wu Zetian), "I did not think this through carefully, and I drew a rebuke from <mask>si." He wrote an edict thanking <mask>, and ordered that the collected bamboo plants be thrown into the river.However, while serving at Jing Prefecture, <mask> was also involved in an embarrassing event that caused people to believe that he did not study well. In Jing Prefecture was a Buddhist temple that Emperor Xuan of Western Liang had built named Hedong Temple (), dedicated to Emperor Xuan's older brother Xiao Yu () the Prince of Hedong, who had been killed early by their uncle Emperor Yuan of Liang. <mask>, when he saw the temple, unaware of its connection with the Prince of Hedong, commented, "What does Hedong have to do with this region between the Yangtze and the Han River?" (Hedong originally referred to the region east of the Yellow River, in modern Shanxi.) He submitted a request, later approved, that the temple be torn down. This caused the people of the region to complain that he was unaware of history. During Emperor Gaozong's Yongchun era (682-683), <mask> was made the secretary general of Yong Prefecture.At that time, the Guanzhong region (i.e., the region around the capital Chang'an) was suffering from a famine that was so severe that people resorted to cannibalism, and there were many thefts and robberies. <mask> was said to be a strict governor, and criminal cases were usually solved within three days. During Empress dowager Wu's regency
Emperor Gaozong died in 683 and was succeeded by Li Xian (then Crown Prince with the name Li Zhe) (as Emperor Zhongzong), but actual power was in the hands of Empress Wu, as empress dowager and regent. In 684, when Emperor Zhongzong showed signs of independence, she deposed him and replaced him with his brother Li Dan the Prince of Yu (as Emperor Ruizong), but thereafter held onto power even more firmly. Around this time, <mask>si was made the minister of public works, and in 685 he was made Nayan () -- the head of the examination bureau of government and a post considered one for a chancellor, replacing Wang Dezhen. As Empress Dowager Wu had taken up permanent residence at the eastern capital Luoyang, <mask> was made the official in charge of Chang'an; he was also created the Duke of Wen. As he departed Luoyang, Empress Dowager Wu personally recited a poem to send him off.At that time, the director of imperial constructions, Pei Feigong (), was in charge of the imperial garden at Chang'an and proposed that the fruits and vegetables in the garden be gathered and sold to supplement the imperial budget. <mask> rejected the proposal, pointing out that it was inappropriate for the imperial government to be competing on the market with farmers. In 686, <mask> was recalled to Luoyang to serve as Wenchang Zuo Xiang () -- one of the heads of the executive bureau and also a post for a chancellor—and further given the chancellor designation Tong Fengge Luantai Sanpin (). Around this time, there was an incident where he encountered Empress Dowager Wu's lover, the Buddhist monk Huaiyi. Huaiyi did not greet him and displayed himself arrogantly. In anger, <mask> ordered his guards to seize Huaiyi and slap him. When Huaiyi complained to Empress Dowager Wu, she responded semi-jocularly, "Your Eminence should enter through the North Gate [(i.e., directly into the palace without going through the governmental buildings to the south of the palace)].The Southern Palace is where chancellors gather; do not violate it." In spring 690, <mask> was removed from his post as head of the executive bureau, but was given the honorific title Tejin () and continued to serve as a chancellor de facto with the Tong Fengge Luantai Sanpin designation. He was said to have a poor relationship with fellow chancellor Wei Fangzhi, and later that spring, when Wei was accused of capital offenses, Wei, during interrogation, intentionally stated that <mask> was related to the case as well. Empress Dowager Wu, however, stated publicly herself that she did not believe <mask> was involved, and <mask>, in fear, bowed to her to thank her, but could not get up after bowing. He was delivered on an imperial wagon back to his house, and Empress Dowager Wu sent the imperial physicians Zhang Wenzhong () and Wei Cizang () to look after him. Still, he died that same day and was buried with great honors. However, soon, after his son <mask>an () was accused of crimes and exiled to the Lingnan region, <mask>si's honors were posthumously stripped, and his assets were seized.His other sons <mask> () and <mask> () were also involved. <mask> died in Lingnan. In 707, after Emperor Zhongzong had been restored to the throne in 705, <mask>'s titles were restored, and <mask>'s son <mask> () was allowed to inherit the title of Duke of Wen. Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 75. New Book of Tang, vol. 103.Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 203, 204. Sui dynasty people
Chancellors under Emperor Ruizong of Tang
606 births
690 deaths
Politicians from Xi'an
Tang dynasty politicians from Shaanxi

masks:
Su Liangsi
Su Liangsi
Su Shizhang
Su
Sui
Su
Su
Su
Su Liang
Su
Su
Su
Su Liang
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su Liang
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su
Su Jiany
Su Liang
Su Jianzhong
Su Jianyi
Su Jianyan
Su Liangsi
Su Jianyan
Su Wuxuan


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<mask>  (; 4 March 1929 – 21 October 2021) was a Dutch conductor and violinist. He was the principal conductor of several international orchestras, beginning with the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra in 1961. He moved to London, as principal conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra from 1967 to 1979, music director at Glyndebourne Opera from 1978 to 1988 and of the Royal Opera House from 1987 to 2002, when he became principal conductor of the Staatskapelle Dresden. Finally, he was principal conductor of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra from 2006 to 2010. The focus of his prolific recording was classical symphonies and orchestral works, but he also conducted operas. He conducted 90 concerts at The Proms in London, the last on 3 September 2019 with the Vienna Philharmonic. His awards include Grammy Awards and the 2015 Gramophone Award for his lifetime achievements.Early life
Haitink was born on 4 March 1929 in Amsterdam, the son of <mask>, a civil servant who later became director of the Amsterdam electricity board, and Anna Clara (Verschaffelt), who worked for Alliance française. His maternal grandmother was Jewish, and left the country during World War II. He studied the violin and conducting, with Felix Hupka, who conducted the school's orchestra, at the Conservatorium van Amsterdam. He then played the violin in orchestras before taking courses in conducting under Ferdinand Leitner in 1954 and 1955. Career

Haitink conducted his first concert on 19 July 1954 with the Netherlands Radio Union Orchestra (later the Netherlands Radio Philharmonic Orchestra [RFO]). He became second conductor of the orchestra in 1955 and chief conductor in 1957. His conducting debut with the Concertgebouw Orchestra was on 7 November 1956, substituting for Carlo Maria Giulini.After the sudden death of Eduard van Beinum, <mask> was named first conductor of the Concertgebouw on 1 September 1959. He became principal conductor in 1961, sharing that position with Eugen Jochum until 1963, when Haitink became sole principal conductor. With the Concertgebouw Orchestra, Haitink made many recordings for the Philips label, and later for Decca and EMI Classics. He toured widely with the orchestra. In the early 1980s, <mask> threatened to resign his Concertgebouw post in protest at threatened reductions to its subsidy from the Dutch government, which could have led to the dismissal of 23 musicians from the orchestra. The financial situation was eventually settled, and <mask> remained chief conductor until 1988. In 1999, he was named the honorary conductor of the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra.In December 2012, following his advocacy for the RFO in the wake of proposed budget cuts to the orchestra and Dutch music in general, <mask> accepted the title of patron of the RFO. In March 2014, <mask> told the Dutch newspaper Het Parool that he wished to renounce the title of RCO conductor laureate and to no longer guest-conduct the orchestra in protest of the orchestra's administrative management. In September 2015, the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra announced a rapprochement with <mask>, with a scheduled guest-conducting engagement with the orchestra in the 2016–17 season. <mask> was principal conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra from 1967 to 1979. He was also music director at Glyndebourne Opera in England from 1978 to 1988. He was music director of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, from 1987 to 2002, where his musicianship was praised, though he also received criticism for his degree of attachment to the organisation as a whole. From 2002 to 2004, <mask> was chief conductor of the Staatskapelle Dresden.His original contract with Dresden ran to 2006, but he resigned in 2004 over disputes with the Staatskapelle's Intendant, Gerd Uecker, over the orchestra's choice of successor. <mask> was principal guest conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra from 1995 to 2004, when he took on the new title of conductor emeritus. In addition, he appeared with l'Orchestre National de France and the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO). In the early 2000s, he recorded the complete Beethoven and Brahms symphony cycles with the LSO for the LSO Live label. Haitink was an honorary member of the Berlin Philharmonic. In April 2006, after an acclaimed two-week engagement in March 2006 with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO), the CSO appointed <mask> to the newly created position of principal conductor, effective from the 2006–07 season. The contract's duration was four years.Haitink had declined the CSO's offer to be music director, citing his age. Of this contract, Haitink said, "every conductor, including myself, has a sell-by date." He concluded his Chicago principal conductorship in June 2010 with a series of concerts of the complete Beethoven symphonies and was awarded the Theodore Thomas Medallion by the orchestra. In 2004, Haitink said he would no longer conduct opera, but he made exceptions in 2007, directing three performances of Parsifal in Zürich in March and April and five of Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande in Paris (Théâtre des Champs-Élysées) in June. Also in 2004 he said he did not plan to conduct again at the Royal Opera, Covent Garden, but he returned to the Royal Opera in December 2007, with the same Zurich production of Parsifal. Haitink led master classes for young conductors in Lucerne for several years. In June 2015, the European Union Youth Orchestra announced his appointment as its conductor laureate, effective immediately.In June 2019, <mask> said in an interview with the Dutch daily De Volkskrant that his final concert as conductor was to be in September 2019, formalising his previously announced sabbatical into retirement. His final concert  with the Netherlands Radio Philharmonic Orchestra was on 15 June 2019. His final UK concert was at The Proms in London on 3 September 2019, his 90th Prom, with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. His last concert was in Lucerne at the KKL on 6 September 2019, with the Vienna Philharmonic. Personal life
<mask> had five children from his first marriage to Marjolein Snijder. Their marriage ended in the late 1970s. His second and third marriages, in the 1980s and 1990s, were respectively to a cellist, and to a violinist from the Concertgebouw Orchestra.Both those marriages also ended in divorce. <mask> married his fourth wife, Patricia (née Bloomfield), a barrister and former viola player in the orchestra of the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, in 1994. They lived in West London. In 2019, Bärenreiter published the book Dirigieren ist ein Rätsel (Conducting is a Mystery), a collaboration between Haitink and the journalists Peter Hagmann and Erich Singer that includes personal reflections by Haitink on his life and career. Haitink died on 21 October 2021, aged 92, at his home in London. Awards and honours

National
 Kilyeni Medal of Honor, Bruckner Society of America (US, 1970)
 Knight of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (France, 1972)
 Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (UK, 1977)
 Officer of the Order of the Crown (Belgium, 1977)
 Honorary medal for Arts and Science of the Order of the House of Orange (Netherlands, 2000)
 Honorary Companion of Honour (UK, 2002)
 Commander of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (Netherlands, 2017)

Music industry and cultural
 Gold Medal of the  Vienna
 Gramophone Awards for his recordings in 1980 (Debussy orchestral works), 1985 (Mozart's Don Giovanni), 1986 and 1990 (Vaughan Williams symphonies)
 Erasmus Prize (Netherlands, 1991)

 Musical America "Musician of the Year" (USA, 2007)
 Grammy Awards (USA, 2003 and 2008)
 Echo Klassik (Germany, 2013) for his recording of Mahler's Ninth Symphony (BR-KLASSIK)
 Gramophone Awards Lifetime Achievement Award (United Kingdom, 2015)
 BBC Music Magazine 2018 "Recording of the Year" / "Orchestral Winner" Award for his recording of Gustav Mahler: Symphony No. 3 (BR-KLASSIK)
 Honorary member of the Wiener Philharmoniker (2019)

Recordings

Haitink recorded with several orchestras, including the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, Boston Symphony Orchestra, Chicago Symphony Orchestra, London Philharmonic Orchestra, London Symphony Orchestra and Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra.He focused on classical symphonies and other orchestral works, conducting cycles of the complete symphonies by Beethoven, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Bruckner, Mahler, Vaughan Williams and Shostakovich. Haitink recorded the complete five piano concertos of Beethoven and the two piano concertos by Brahms with Claudio Arrau. Other recordings include the complete orchestral works of Debussy, and the two symphonies of Elgar. In the field of opera, he conducted the three Mozart/Da Ponte operas, and Wagner's Tannhäuser and Der Ring des Nibelungen.

masks:
Bernard Johan Herman Haitink
Willem Haitink
Haitink
Haitink
Haitink
Haitink
Haitink
Haitink
Haitink
Haitink
Haitink
Haitink
Haitink
Haitink
Haitink


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<mask> (October 4, 1879 – November 9, 1938) was an American plant geneticist, botanist, agronomist and eugenicist. He is known for his experiments that led to the development of hybrid corn and his support of 'forced' elimination of the 'unfit' based on eugenic findings. He worked at the Bussey Institute of Harvard University where he performed a key experiment showing the outcome of crosses between lines that differ in a quantitative trait. Work in eugenics
<mask> was a prominent figure in early American genetics and a strong supporter of the eugenics movement in the United States. He was strongly influenced by the work of Thomas Malthus, especially Essay on the Principle of Population (1798). This influence led <mask> to create many of his ideas concerning birth control and immigration policy. He applied many of the ideas that he had developed in his research on the applications of genetics to agriculture to his ideas about human society.<mask> wrote two major works on eugenics, Mankind at the Crossroads (1923) and Heredity and Human Affairs (1927), in which he compared groups of people based upon the racial categorizations of the time. In his book Heredity and Human Affairs (1927), he made quite a few pointed comments against interbreeding and miscegenation in the human species, stating that "the negro race as a whole is possessed of undesirable transmissible qualities both physical and mental, which seem to justify not only a line but a wide gulf to be fixed permanently between it and the white race". Another principal concern of <mask>'s was the existing social policy, and his perception that it favored the "imbecile" over the "genius", and that the continued use of public funds to this end would have negligible value, if not directly causing harm. Work in biology: inbreeding and outbreeding
In 1919, <mask><mask> and Donald F. Jones worked together on monographs on experimental biology, including a book on inbreeding and outbreeding and their genetic and sociological significance. This work covers reproduction among plants and animals, the mechanism of reproduction, the mechanism of heredity, mathematical considerations of inbreeding, inbreeding experiments with animals and plants, hybrid vigor or heterosis, conceptions as to the cause of hybrid vigor, sterility and its relations to inbreeding and crossbreeding, the role of inbreeding and outbreeding in evolution, and the value of inbreeding and outbreeding in plant and animal improvement. <mask> and Jones explicitly considered inbreeding and outbreeding in man, their effect on the individual, and the intermingling of races and review the national stamina literature. In Inbreeding and Outbreeding: Their Genetic and Sociological Significance, East proposed the theory that inbreeding in a genetically diverse stock caused increased homozygosity.Believing with the Drosophila workers that most mutations were recessive and deleterious, <mask> concluded that the increased homozygosity caused by inbreeding should generally be accompanied by detrimental effects. His theory also explained why inbreeding was not necessarily deleterious in all cases. Unless deleterious recessives were present, inbreeding caused no ill effects. Outbreeding of course had the opposite effect of increasing heterozygosity and was often accompanied by heterosis, or hybrid vigor. In later years <mask> continued to work on the physiological interpretation of heterosis and published a long paper on the subject only two years before his death. The Jones and East book was well received, the theory presented with a wealth of evidence. It was widely read and cited by geneticists.Biography
<mask> was born on October 4, 1879 in DuQuoin, Illinois to William Harvey <mask> and Sarah Granger Woodruff. William had considerable mechanical skills and had studied mechanical engineering at the University of Illinois from 1875 to 1876. He then worked as a machinist, manufacturer of machinery, and chief engineer for a clay products firm. When <mask> was young he rapidly developed reading and writing skills. He diligently studied his collection of birds' eggs, which he purchased with money he earned working at the local grocery store. He acquired a .22 rifle, as did most boys his age, and became a very skilled marksman. After graduating high school at age fifteen he worked in a machine shop for two years developing mechanical drawing skills and shop methods.Here he saved money for college and eventually attended the Case School of Applied Science in Cleveland in 1897. One lasting impression the experience gave him was when a professor gave him a zero on an essay for making one mistake, an experience he often mentioned. As <mask> advanced in his studies, he decided that he was more interested in general science rather than applied mechanics. He transferred to the University of Illinois, and received his Bachelor of Science in 1900, Master of Science in 1904, and Doctor of Philosophy in 1907. During this time he met and married Mary Lawrence Biggs; they had two daughters. His master's thesis was in the study of the chemical and bacteriological studies on the self-purification of running streams. <mask>'s first scientific position was as an assistant chemist in C.G.Hopkins' Laboratory. His job was to take chemical analyses of samples of corn. <mask> was recommended to undertake the new work of improving the chemical compositions in corn, and accepted the appointment in Newhaven in 1905. Although he only spent four years at New Haven, he completed a lot work in that time. He continued intensive studies of the three economy plants: tobacco, potato, and maize. Some of his studies done in New Haven were used in his submission of his thesis to the University of Illinois. His work on tobacco paved the foundation for his genetic work on the Nicotiana plant.His most notable research was with maize, where he discovered the genetic mechanism known as multiple factors. His work done at New Haven was on inbreeding and cross-breeding. His published paper  "Inheritance in Maize" was the result of this work. The first inbred strains were grown in 1908. His first book, Inbreeding and Outbreeding, was on this subject. East played an important role in the development of hybrid corn. His main interest was in the theoretical interpretations from inbreeding leading to reduction and crossbreeding leading to increased growth.His ideas were developed further, led to the introduction of alleles, and were published in 1936 in Heterosis. Much of <mask>'s life was spent battling an illness. References

External links
 National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
 Cohen, E. 2016. Harvard's Eugenics Era. Harvard Magazine 118 (4), 48-52

American geneticists
American botanists
1879 births
1938 deaths
American agronomists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Du Quoin, Illinois

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Edward Murray East
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<mask> (June 21, 1896 – May 25, 1967), nicknamed "Swede", was born in Flushing, New York. He was an American pioneer in submarine rescue for the United States Navy, and he invented the underwater escape device later called the "Momsen lung", for which he received the Navy Distinguished Service Medal in 1929. In May 1939, <mask> directed the rescue of the crew of Squalus (SS-192). Early years in the Navy
<mask> entered the U.S. Naval Academy in 1914, but he was dismissed after a widespread cheating scandal during the spring of his first year there. However, <mask> pursued another appointment to the Academy, received it, repeated his plebe year, and graduated in 1919 — one year early, due to the involvement of the United States in World War I. From 1919 to 1921, <mask> served on the battleship Oklahoma (BB-37).In 1921, he entered the Submarine School in New London, Connecticut, graduating in January 1922. 18 months later, he took command of the submarine O-15 (SS-76). A few years later, he was given command of S-1 (SS-105), one of the newest US Navy designed submarines of that time. Diving and rescue

Early interest
It was aboard S-1 <mask>'s attention became drawn to the urgent need for a way to rescue trapped submariners. On September 25, 1925, S-1s sister ship, S-51 (SS-162), collided with freighter City of Rome in the vicinity of Block Island and sank in  of water. <mask> was ordered to take S-1 to search for the crippled submarine. S-1 found the oil slick marking the spot where S-51 had sunk, but without any sonar, there was no way for his crew to locate her on the bottom, nor was there a way for trapped crewmen to escape.<mask> began to look for ways to rescue submariners. He conceived a diving bell, which could be lowered to a submarine in distress, mated to an escape hatch, and opened to allow trapped submariners to climb in. A watertight seal to the submarine could be achieved by placing a rubber gasket around the diving bell's bottom and reducing the air pressure once the bell was over the escape hatch. Then, the hatch could be opened, and the trapped submariners could climb aboard. <mask> diagrammed his idea and sent it up the chain of command. He waited more than a year for a response, heard nothing, and concluded there must have been something technically wrong with the concept. <mask>'s next tour of duty took him to the Submarine Division of the Bureau of Construction and Repair.Shortly after he reported aboard, he came across his diving bell drawings. They had been disapproved as impractical. He stated his case again, but to no avail. Shortly thereafter, in December 1927, another submarine, the S-4 (SS-109), sank off Cape Cod. All forty of her crew died. Six sailors survived three days in the forward torpedo room, but had no way to escape. The Momsen lung

After the S-4 incident, Momsen began working on a device to help trapped submariners escape safely to the surface.Officially called the Submarine Escape Lung, it consisted of an oblong rubber bag that recycled exhaled air. The press enthusiastically received the device and they dubbed it the "Momsen lung", a name that stuck. The Momsen lung contains a canister of soda lime, which removes poisonous carbon dioxide from the exhaled air and then replenishes the air with oxygen. Two tubes lead from the bag to a mouthpiece: one with which to inhale air and the other to with which to exhale spent air. The device hangs around the wearer's neck and is strapped around the waist. Besides providing oxygen for the ascent, it also allows a submariner to rise slowly to the surface, thus avoiding embolisms. Between June 1929 and September 1932, Lieutenant <mask> developed the lung along with Chief Gunner's Mate Clarence L. Tibbals and Frank M. Hobson, a civilian employee of the Bureau of Construction and Repair (later the Bureau of Ships).In 1929, <mask> received the Navy Distinguished Service Medal for personally testing the device at a depth of . The Momsen lung saved its first lives in October 1944, when eight submariners used it to reach the surface after Tang (SS-306) sank in  of water in the East China Sea. The Momsen lung was eventually supplemented by the Steinke hood and free-ascent techniques. The diving bell
<mask> returned to his diving bell idea in 1930. He built a prototype, constructed from a water-tight aircraft hangar pirated from S-1 and tested it off Key West, Florida. <mask> stated the bell was unstable, tipped, and leaked, and had several changes in mind for the diving bell, but was sent to the Bureau of Construction and Repair to teach submariners how to use the Momsen lung before he could make the changes. He charged Lieutenant Commander Al McCann to make the changes he wanted and McCann was put in charge of the final revisions on the Momsen / McCann diving bell.When the redesigned diving bell was completed in late 1930, it was introduced as the McCann Submarine Rescue Chamber. The final bell, with the revisions and changes that <mask> authorized, included a floor bulkhead, pneumatic winch and a pressure seal allowing direct transfer of survivors to the diving bell in a dry environment. Gas mixtures
From 1937 to 1939, <mask> led an experimental deep-sea diving unit at the Washington Navy Yard which achieved a major breakthrough in the physiology of the human lung's gas mixtures under high pressure. At depths greater than , on pure oxygen, and , on air, the oxygen turns toxic. Underwater, breathing air, nitrogen enters the blood, then tissues, and below  may cause euphoria commonly called "nitrogen narcosis". Also, divers who ascend too rapidly can get decompression sickness, commonly known as "the bends," which happens when nitrogen in the blood forms bubbles. These bubbles can block blood flow and cause intense pain, even death.In experiments often performed by <mask> himself, the team replaced the nitrogen with nontoxic helium and mixed it with varying levels of oxygen depending on the depth. Today's divers use the knowledge to operate safely deeper than . The Squalus rescue

<mask>, already famous for the invention of his Momsen lung, achieved even more fame for directing the rescue and recovery of the 33 crewmen of the submarine Squalus, which sank in May 1939 in  of water off the Isles of Shoals, New Hampshire. Working from the submarine rescue ship USS Falcon (ASR-2), <mask> instructed the team of deep-sea divers as they dived to the submarine and attached cables to the rescue chamber. He also supervised rescue chamber operators  as it made four dives to bring the submariners to the surface and a fifth to check the flooded aft section for survivors. The fourth dive was marred by a cable jam, and the chamber had to be hauled to the surface by hand over hand pulling by all on board. All 33 surviving crewmen were rescued.26 men had perished. <mask> led the diving operations in the effort to salvage the Squalus, which took 113 days. She was taken to the drydock at the Portsmouth Navy Yard. Along with Commander McCann, <mask> received a letter of commendation from President Franklin D. Roosevelt for the successful rescue of the crewmen from the Squalus and the subsequent salvage of the submarine. After her repairs, the Squalus was renamed the USS Sailfish, and the name Squalus was never used by the U.S. Navy again. World War II

During World War II, <mask> served as Commander, Submarine Squadron 2 (ComSubRon 2) and Commander, Submarine Squadron 4 (ComSubRon 4). While <mask> was ComSubRon 2 in the U.S. Pacific Fleet, captains under his command reported their Mark 14 torpedoes were not functioning properly.When fired from the preferred perpendicular angle of impact, the torpedoes did not always explode. However, when fired to hit at acute angles, the torpedoes usually exploded. When officers of <mask>'s own squadron complained, he decided to find out why. He took torpedoes to the shallow waters and sheer cliffs of the Hawaiian Island of Kahoolawe and fired until he got a dud. Then, risking his own life, he dove into the water to find the unexploded torpedo. With help, he recovered the dangerous live torpedo and brought it on board. A small problem with the firing pin inside the primer cap of the warhead was causing the duds: it was becoming crushed, rather than firing the warhead.In Fall 1943, ComSubPac initiated the Navy's first wolfpack. <mask> drilled his captains and their executive officers in tactics, planning to have three boats act in company, one boat making the first attack on a convoy then acting as "trailer", while the other two attacked alternatively on either flank afterward. He also developed a simple code for use on Talk Between Ships (TBS). The pack consisted of Edgar McGregor's Shad, experienced skipper Dave White's new Cero, and Grayback, fresh from refit in Mare Island (and with one of the Submarine Force's first  deck gun), under newcomer John Moore. <mask>, without any combat experience, flew his flag in Cero. The pack arrived in the East China Sea in October 1943. It proved unable to solve the problems of communication and risk of fratricide, and made only one joint attack on a single convoy, but was credited at the time with sinking five Japanese ships for 88,000 tons and damaging eight others for 63,000 tons between them.(This was reduced to three sunk for 23,500 tons by JANAC postwar.) <mask> also received the Legion of Merit for work on the Navy's wolfpacks from February 1943 to June 1944. <mask> earned a Navy Cross for his efforts. <mask> commanded the battleship South Dakota from December 1944 through August 1945. For his distinguished service in command, <mask> was awarded a Gold Star (with Combat "V"), in lieu of a third award of the Legion of Merit. Military decorations
In addition to the Navy Cross once and the Legion of Merit with two Gold Stars (to show repeat awards) and "V" device, <mask> earned the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, Army Distinguished Service Medal, Navy Commendation Medal with "V" device, World War I Victory Medal with escort clasp, American Defense Service Medal with Fleet Clasp, American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with four service stars, World War II Victory Medal, Navy Occupation Service Medal, National Defense Service Medal, Philippine Liberation Medal with one bronze star and the Submarine Warfare insignia. Later years
In November 1945, he directed a fleet of nearly 200 surplus Army and Navy ships, manned by Japanese crews, that evacuated the first of nearly six million Japanese from Manchuria, Formosa, and islands in the Pacific.<mask> served on the Navy General Board from June 1947 until May 1948. He served as Assistant Chief of Naval Operations for Undersea Warfare from 1948 to 1951, then became Commander of the Submarine Force's Pacific Fleet. <mask> also took part in developing the streamlined Albacore submarine. To avoid Navy interference, Admiral <mask> directed Bureau of Ships to design an unarmed submarine for speed, and told the Navy that the submarine would be a practice target for anti-submarine aircraft from aircraft carriers. Vice Admiral <mask> died of cancer on May 25, 1967. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Namesake
The 42nd  guided missile destroyer,  is named in his honor.<mask> Hall, the 75-man Bachelor Officer Quarters at the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC), Andros Island, Bahamas, was named in his honor in 1969. On November 10, 2009, the U.S. Navy's newest trainer, the Submarine Escape Trainer, was named in honor of Admiral <mask> in ceremonies at the New London Submarine Base. See also

References

Additional references
 (Television movie.) <mask>.org points to a biographical page on his granddaughter's otherwise unrelated website, Hart Enterprises: Professional Embroidery. "Rescue and Salvage of U.S.S. Squalus" by Commander <mask><mask>, USN, (Lecture delivered to the Harvard Engineering Society on 6 October 1939)

1896 births
1967 deaths
People from Flushing, Queens
Military personnel from New York City
United States Navy admirals
United States Naval Academy alumni
Submarine pioneers
United States submarine commanders
United States Navy personnel of World War I
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Navy World War II admirals
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
American people of Swedish descent
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery

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Charles Bowers Momsen
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<mask> (born <mask>; 11 April 1984) is an Indian singer, born and raised in Jamshedpur. She completed her Master's in Applied Statistics from St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, before working as a jingle singer for three years. During her college days, Mithoon offered her to record the song "Javeda Zindagi" from Anwar (2007), making her Bollywood career debut. "Javeda Zindagi" is one of the most popular songs of 2007. <mask> rose to widespread prominence with the release of Woh Ajnabi from "The Train" 2007 and "Khuda Jaane" from Bachna Ae Haseeno (2008). She was nominated for the Best Female Playback Singer award for the song, in 54th Filmfare Awards. The following year, she collaborated with Ilaiyaraaja for Paa (2009), where she performed the song "Udi udi Ittefaq Se" for which she received another nomination in the same category during 55th Filmfare Awards ceremony.In 2012, <mask> teamed up with A.R. Rahman and came up with the song "Ishq Shava" from Jab Tak Hai Jaan which was a commercial success, followed by Pritam-composed "Malang" from Dhoom 3 (2013) and Vishal-Shekar's "Meherbaan" in Bang Bang! (2014). <mask>'s collaborations with Amit Trivedi were particularly described "delightful hearings" with songs like "Manmarziyan" from Lootera (2013), being critically acclaimed. She had the honour of becoming the second and the last musician from India to get a chance of singing in the famous and critically acclaimed Coke Studio Pakistan with the song "Paar Chanaa De" (2016) and received praise for singing the song "Aaj Jaane Ki Zid Na Karo" from the deluxe edition of the Ae Dil Hai Mushkil soundtrack (2016). These accomplishments have led <mask> to become one of the top female singers in India. <mask> <mask> is particularly known in the media for trying new styles in her songs and singing for different genres.<mask>, who considers her father as her biggest inspiration in the music career, has supported charitable organisations for a number of causes. Early life
Born on 11 April 1984 in Jamshedpur, <mask> was initially named as Apeksha <mask> but later changed to <mask> <mask>. According to her, she relates to the name <mask> more, since the name has "to do with art". She started singing while she was a kid, tutored and instructed by her father, S Venkat <mask>, who holds a degree in music. He taught <mask> to understand the "nuances" of different ragas: "His method of teaching was casual and at the same time very effective because it was designed to pique my interest". For her education, <mask> went to Little Flower School and Loyola School, Jamshedpur, where she was part of the choir group in school. In 1997, she visited to Mumbai along with her family, to do a postgraduate diploma in statistics from the University of Mumbai.<mask> was motivated to be a singer upon meeting with Hariharan, at the age of 13, and commenced training under Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan, insisted by Hariharan. Initially, she found herself struggling in "finding references" and meeting music composers since she was not "so active" in social networking media during the time. About her early days in the city, <mask> said: "Jamshedpur is home for me but Mumbai with the people, the place, the pace everything has made a more patient person and a more hardworking artist I could ever be". In 2001 she began performing live with Hariharan at different venues, subsequently winning a national-level talent hunt in New Delhi. Shankar Mahadevan—one of the judges in the contest—asked her to settle in Mumbai. In 2004, she shifted to Mumbai and completed Master's in Applied Statistics from St. Xavier's College, Mumbai. Mahadevan gave <mask> few contacts of people who helped her in getting to sing jingles.<mask> mentioned that singing jingles was "perhaps the best way" to start in Mumbai as it helped her making the best contacts in the studios. She worked as a jingle singer for three years and established a life of her own. She sang songs for products such as Cadbury's Munch, Sunsilk, Anchor Gel and No Marks. Career

2007–08: Career beginnings and Bachna Ae Haseeno

While <mask> was studying at college, she met with Mithoon, who called her for recording of the song "Tose Naina" from Anwar (2007). Considering the song as her "most innocent rendition" she had done, <mask> said, "This song is extremely close to my heart and has taught me what thrill and gratitude of music is and can be". Though <mask> credits "Tose Naina" as her career debut song, the soundtrack of the film Ek Ajnabee (2005) has a semi-instrumental track titled "Stranger On The Prowl" which has <mask>'s alap incorporated within it. She collaborated with Mithoon in two other projects during the year; Aggar and The Train.Though "Sehra" from the former met with negative reactions from music critics, both "Woh Ajnabee" and "Teri Tamanna" from the latter was well received; Raja Sen from Rediff.com praising <mask>'s "strong vocals" in particular. While shooting for Salaam-e-Ishq, music composer Shankar Mahadevan from the trio Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy suggested <mask>'s name to director Nikhil Advani, landing up with the song "Saiyaan Re". Sukanya Verma who praised <mask>'s "perfectly impish delivery" of the song wrote: "Despite Shankar Mahadevan's dynamic presence, [<mask>], to watch out for, is never once intimidated". She again teamed up with Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy for the Hindi version of the track "All For One" from the soundtrack of High School Musical 2. <mask>'s first release of 2008 came with Raghav Sachar-composed remix version of "Gup Chup" from One Two Three, followed by "Ek Lau" from Aamir, composed by Amit Trivedi. According to <mask>, "Ek Lau" was a song of "hope for many people for the 26/11 Mumbai attacks". She affirmed that the song will inspire people and picked "Ek Lau" as one of the "few compositions" that is "close" to her.Apart from rendering "Main Sajda" for Anu Malik in Good Luck!, she was heard in a "faint alaap" at the beginning of the song "Koi Na Jaane" from Hijack, along with KK. The duo, earlier worked during the year, in Vishal–Shekhar's "Khuda Jaane" from Bachna Ae Haseeno. <mask>, calling the song a "timeless classic", felt it was beautifully composed and written. She mentioned that she feels "fortunate to be a part" of the song. It fetched her first nomination in Filmfare Awards for Best Female Playback Singer. 2009–12: Paa and Jab Tak Hai Jaan
<mask>, a friend of music composer Amit Trivedi, introduced him to Anurag Kashyap, director of the film Dev.D (2009) who was searching for a new composer with a "distinct vision" for his film. The song, "Dhol Yaara Dhol" from the soundtrack of the film was recorded three years ago, "free of cost".She was next heard in Piyush Mishra-composed Gulaal, where she performed the track "Aisi Sazaa". Sen from Rediff.com credited <mask>'s "distinctively dulcet tones" for making the song a memorable track. After recording "Manzaraat" from Sikandar, <mask> performed the track "Mudi Mudi Ittefaq Se" for Ilaiyaraaja's Paa. She described the song as the "most difficult experience" and believed that lyrics and "musical bounces" in the song was a "test" in proving her versatility. The song garnered positive response from critics; Chandrima Pal from Rediff.com picked the track as the "most significant song of the album". The soundtrack album had another track titled "Udi Udi Ittefaq Se" by <mask>, with slight variations in the arrangements and lyrics. "Mudi Mudi Ittefaq Se" garnered her second Filmfare Award nomination in Best Female Singer category.[[File:<mask> <mask> 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|250px|alt=<mask> <mask> looking at the camera in a maroon dress|<mask> at the Hindustan Times'''s Brunch Dialogues, 2012]]
In 2010, <mask> collaborated with Pritam for the first time, and performed "Ittefaq Tu Nahin" for Mallika and "Dil Le Jaa" for Toh Baat Pakki!. She again teamed up with Trivedi for Admissions Open and Vishal–Shekhar for Anjaana Anjaani. Though her previous releases during the year received mixed response from critics, "I Feel Good" and "Anjaana Anjaani" from the latter was positively received; Joginder Tuteja from Bollywood Hungama ascribed the "beauty of the songs" to <mask> for holding fort and giving "good company" to her co-singers. She did playback for Bappi Lahiri in "Ankhiya Na Maar" of Apartment and performed two tracks for Lahore; Piyush Mishra's Sufi song "O Re Bande" and M.M. Kreem's Punjabi flavored "Rang De". The Times of India appraised the work of <mask> in Lahore, since she tried performing different tracks within the same album. In the year, <mask> Shankar Raja-composed Naan Mahaan Alla along with Javed Ali.<mask>'s third collaboration with Pritam came along with the song "Allah Maaf Kare" from Desi Boyz (2011). She lent her voice for Trivedi in "Yeh Pal" from No One Killed Jessica, where NDTV noted that the song is "effectively voiced" by <mask>. The year marks her first collaboration with Salim–Sulaiman, by recording "Jazba" from Ladies vs Ricky Bahl. <mask>'s vocals in the energetic track was critically acclaimed; Vivek Warrier from Koimoi declared that her vocals are "refreshing" and "have great presence". During the year, she teamed up with Raghu Dixit as the composer and Ash King as the co-singer in "Uh-Oh Uh-Oh" from Mujhse Fraaandship Karoge. <mask> collaborated with lyricist Neelesh Misra and composer Amartya Rahut and formed the Band Called Nine, which works for the traditional Indian craft of storytelling. During the year, they released their debut album, Rewind, consisting of songs and storytelling, put together with a narrative.Besides, <mask> appeared in several TV series including MTV Unplugged and The Dewarists, where she performed acoustic versions for some of her previously released songs for the former and the song "I Believe" with Parikrama and Agnee for the latter. <mask> considered MTV Unplugged "very challenging" to do since she had to create a totally different version of songs and "present it to people, who have heard it earlier and liked it". After Ladies vs Ricky Bahl, <mask> worked again with Salim–Sulaiman for "Jab Main Tumhare Saath Hun" from Jodi Breakers (2012). Tuteja reviewing the song from Bollywood Hungama perceived that she "deserves to be heard much more often". Apart from rendering "Yaariyaan" of

masks:
Shilpa Rao
Apeksha Rao
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