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<mask> (; born 14 September 1965) is a Russian politician serving as deputy chairman of the Security Council of Russia since 2020. <mask> served as president from 2008 to 2012 and as prime minister from 2012 to 2020. <mask> was elected president in the 2008 election. He was regarded as more liberal than his predecessor, Vladimir Putin, who was also appointed prime minister during <mask>'s presidency. <mask>'s top agenda as president was a wide-ranging modernisation programme, aiming at modernising Russia's economy and society, and lessening the country's reliance on oil and gas. During <mask>'s tenure, the New START nuclear arms reduction treaty was signed by Russia and the United States, Russia emerged victorious in the Russo-Georgian War, and recovered from the Great Recession. <mask> also launched an anti-corruption campaign, despite later being accused of corruption himself.He served a single term in office and was succeeded by Putin following the 2012 presidential election. <mask> was then appointed by Putin as prime minister. He resigned along with the rest of the government on 15 January 2020 to allow Putin to make sweeping constitutional changes; he was succeeded by Mikhail Mishustin on 16 January 2020. On the same day, Putin appointed <mask> to the new office of deputy chairman of the Security Council. Background

Early life

<mask> was born on 14 September 1965 in Leningrad, in the Soviet Union. His father, Anatoly Afanasyevich <mask> (November 1926 – 2004), was a chemical engineer teaching at the Leningrad State Institute of Technology. <mask>'s mother, Yulia Veniaminovna <mask>a, born 21 November 1939), studied languages at Voronezh University and taught Russian at Herzen State Pedagogical University.Later, she would also work as a tour guide at Pavlovsk Palace. The Medvedevs lived in a 40 m2 apartment at 6 Bela Kun Street in the Kupchino Municipal Okrug (district) of Leningrad. <mask> was his parents' only child. The Medvedevs were regarded at the time as a Soviet intelligentsia family. His maternal grandparents were Ukrainians whose surname was Kovalev, originally Koval. <mask> traces his family roots to the Belgorod region. As a child, <mask> was intellectually curious, described by his first grade teacher Vera Smirnova as a "dreadful why-asker".After school, he would spend some time playing with his friends before hurrying home to work on his assignments. In the third grade, <mask> studied the ten-volume Small Soviet Encyclopedia belonging to his father. In the second and third grades, he showed interest in dinosaurs and memorised primary Earth's geologic development periods, from the Archean up to the Cenozoic. In the fourth and fifth grades he demonstrated interest in chemistry, conducting elementary experiments. He was involved to some degree with sport. In grade seven, his adolescent curiosity blossomed through his relationship with Svetlana Linnik, his future wife, who was studying at the same school in a parallel class. This apparently affected <mask>'s school performance.He calls the school's final exams in 1982 a "tough period when I had to mobilize my abilities to the utmost for the first time in my life." Student years and academic career

In the autumn of 1982, 17-year-old <mask> enrolled at Leningrad State University to study law. Although he also considered studying linguistics, <mask> later said he never regretted his choice, finding his chosen subject increasingly fascinating, stating that he was lucky "to have chosen a field that genuinely interested him and that it was really 'his thing'". Fellow students described <mask> as a correct and diplomatic person who in debates presented his arguments firmly, without offending. During his student years, <mask> was a fan of the English rock bands Black Sabbath, Led Zeppelin, and Deep Purple, fond of sports and participated in athletic competitions in rowing and weight-lifting. He graduated from the Law Department of Leningrad State University in 1987 (together with Ilya Yeliseyev, Anton Ivanov, Nikolay Vinnichenko and Konstantin Chuychenko, who later became associates). After graduating, <mask> considered joining the prosecutor's office to become an investigator however, he took an opportunity to pursue graduate studies as the civil law chair, deciding to accept three budget-funded post-graduate students to work at the chair itself.In 1990, <mask> defended his dissertation titled, "Problems of Realisation of Civil Juridical Personality of State Enterprise" and received his Candidate of Sciences degree in private law. Anatoly Sobchak, a major democratic politician of the 1980s and 1990s was one of <mask>'s professors at the university. In 1988, <mask> joined Sobchak's team of democrats and served as the de facto head of Sobchak's successful campaign for a seat in the new Soviet parliament, the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. After Sobchak's election campaign <mask> continued his academic career in the position of docent at his alma mater, now renamed Saint Petersburg State University. He taught civil and Roman law until 1999. According to one student, <mask> was a popular teacher; "strict but not harsh". During his tenure <mask> co-wrote a popular three-volume civil law textbook which over the years has sold a million copies.<mask> also worked at a small law consultancy firm which he had founded with his friends Anton Ivanov and Ilya Yeliseyev, to supplement his academic salary. Early career

Career in St Petersburg

In 1990, Anatoly Sobchak returned from Moscow to become Chairman of the Leningrad City Council. Sobchak hired <mask> who had previously headed his election campaign. One of Sobchak's former students, Vladimir Putin, became an adviser. The next summer, Sobchak was elected Mayor of the city, and <mask> became a consultant to City Hall's Committee for Foreign Affairs. It was headed by Putin. In November 1993, <mask> became the legal affairs director of Ilim Pulp Enterprise (ILP), a St. Petersburg-based timber company.<mask> aided the company in developing a strategy as the firm launched a significant expansion. <mask> received 20% of the company's stock. In the next seven years Ilim Pulp Enterprise became Russia's largest lumber company with an annual revenue of around $500 million. <mask> sold his shares in ILP in 1999. He then took his first job at the central government of Russia. The profits realised by <mask> are unknown. Career in the central government

In June 1996, <mask>'s colleague Vladimir Putin was brought into the Russian presidential administration.Three years later, on 16 August 1999, he became Prime Minister of Russia. Three months later, in November 1999, <mask> became one of several from St. Petersburg brought in by Vladimir Putin to top government positions in Moscow. On 31 December, he was appointed deputy head of the presidential staff, becoming one of the politicians closest to President Putin. During the 2000 Presidential elections, he was Putin's campaign manager. Putin won the election with 52.94% of the popular vote. <mask> was quoted after the election commenting he thoroughly enjoyed the work and the responsibility calling it "a test of strength". As President, Putin launched a campaign against corrupt oligarchs and economic mismanagement.He appointed <mask> chairman of gas company Gazprom's board of directors in 2000 with Alexei Miller. <mask> put an end to the large-scale tax evasion and asset stripping by the previous corrupt management. <mask> then served as deputy chair from 2001 to 2002, becoming chair for the second time in June 2002, a position which he held until his ascension to presidency in 2008. During <mask>'s tenure, Gazprom's debts were restructured and the company's market capitalisation grew from $7.8 billion in 2000 to $300 billion in early 2008. <mask> headed Russia's negotiations with Ukraine and Belarus during gas price disputes. In October 2003, <mask> replaced Alexander Voloshin as presidential chief of staff. In November 2005, <mask> moved from the presidential administration of the government when Putin appointed him as the First Deputy Prime Minister of Russia.In particular, <mask> was made responsible for the implementation of the National Priority Projects focusing on improving public health, education, housing and agriculture. The program saw an increase of wages in healthcare and education and construction of new apartments but its funding, 4% of the federal budget, was not enough to significantly overhaul Russia's infrastructure. According to opinion polls, most Russians believed the money invested in the projects had been spent ineffectively. Presidential candidate

Following his appointment as First Deputy Prime Minister, many political observers began to regard <mask> as a potential candidate for the 2008 presidential elections, although Western observers widely believed <mask> was too liberal and too pro-Western for Putin to endorse him as a candidate. Instead, Western observers expected the candidate to arise from the ranks of the so-called siloviki, security and military officials many of whom were appointed to high positions during Putin's presidency. The silovik Sergei Ivanov and the administrator-specialist Viktor Zubkov were seen as the strongest candidates. In opinion polls which asked Russians to pick their favourite successor to Putin from a list of candidates not containing Putin himself, <mask> often came out first, beating Ivanov and Zubkov as well as the opposition candidates.In November 2006, <mask>'s trust rating was 17%, more than double than that of Ivanov. <mask>'s popularity was probably boosted by his high-profile role in the National Priority Projects. Many observers were surprised when on 10 December 2007, President Putin announced that <mask> was his preferred successor. The announcement was staged on TV with four parties suggesting <mask>'s candidature to Putin, and Putin then giving his endorsement. The four pro-Kremlin parties were United Russia, Fair Russia, Agrarian Party of Russia and Civilian Power. United Russia held its party congress on 17 December 2007 where by secret ballot of the delegates, <mask> was officially endorsed as their candidate in the 2008 presidential election. He formally registered his candidacy with the Central Election Commission on 20 December 2007 and said he would step down as chairman of Gazprom, since under the current laws, the president is not permitted to hold another post.His registration was formally accepted as valid by the Russian Central Election Commission on 21 January 2008. Describing his reasons for endorsing <mask>, Putin said:

2008 presidential election

Election campaign

As 2 March 2008 election approached, the outgoing President, Vladimir Putin, remained the country's most popular politician. An opinion poll by Russia's independent polling organisation, the Levada Center, conducted over the period 21–24 December 2007 indicated that when presented a list of potential candidates, 79% of Russians were ready to vote for <mask> if the election was immediately held. The other main contenders, the Communist Gennady Zyuganov and the LDPR's Vladimir Zhirinovsky both received in 9% in the same poll. Much of Putin's popularity transferred to his chosen candidate, with 42% of the survey responders saying that <mask>'s strength came from Putin's support to him. In his first speech after being endorsed, <mask> announced that, as president, he would appoint Vladimir Putin to the post of prime minister to head the Russian government. Although constitutionally barred from a third consecutive presidential term, such a role would allow Putin to continue as an influential figure in Russian politics.Putin pledged that he would accept the position of prime minister should <mask> be elected president. Although Putin had pledged not to change the distribution of authority between the president and prime minister, many analysts expected a shift in the center of power from the presidency to the prime minister post when Putin assumed the latter under a <mask> presidency. Election posters portrayed the pair side by side with the slogan "Together We Win" (""). <mask> vowed to work closely with Putin once elected. In December 2007, in preparation for his election campaign, <mask> announced that funding of the National Priority Projects would be raised by 260 billion rubles for 2008. <mask>'s election campaign was relatively low-key and, like his predecessor, <mask> refused to take part in televised debates, citing his high workload as first deputy prime minister as the reason. Instead, <mask> preferred to present his views on his election website Medvedev2008.ru.In January 2008, <mask> launched his campaign with stops in the oblasts. On 22 January 2008, <mask> held what was effectively his first campaign speech at Russia's second Civic Forum, advocating a liberal-conservative agenda for modernising Russia. <mask> argued that Russia needed "decades of stable development" because the country had "exhausted its share of revolutions and social upheavals back in the twentieth century". <mask> therefore emphasised liberal modernisation while still aiming to continue his predecessor's agenda of stabilisation. On 15 February 2008, <mask> held a keynote speech at the Fifth Krasnoyarsk Economic Forum, saying that:

In the Krasnoyarsk speech, <mask> harshly condemned Russia's "legal nihilism" and highlighted the need to ensure independence of the country's juridical system and the need for an anti-corruption program. In economy, <mask> advocated private property, economic deregulation and lower taxes. According to him, Russia's economy should be modernised by focusing on four "I"s: institutions, infrastructure, innovation and investment.Election win

<mask> was elected President of Russia on 2 March 2008. The final election results gave him 70.28% (52,530,712) of votes with a turnout of 69.78% of registered voters. The main contenders, Gennady Zyuganov and Vladimir Zhirinovsky received 17.72% and 9.35% respectively. Three-quarters of <mask>'s vote was Putin's electorate. According to surveys, had Putin and <mask> both run for president in the same elections, <mask> would have received 9% of the vote. The fairness of the election was disputed by international observers. Andreas Gross, head of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) mission, stated that the elections were "neither free nor fair".Moreover, the few western vote monitors bemoaned the inequality of candidate registration and the abuse of administrative resources by <mask> allowing blanket television coverage. Russian programmer Shpilkin analysed the results of <mask>'s election and came to the conclusion that the results were falsified by the election committees. However, after the correction for the alleged falsification factor, <mask> still came out as the winner although with 63% of the vote instead of 70%. Presidency (2008–12)

Inauguration

On 7 May 2008, <mask> took an oath as the third President of the Russian Federation in a ceremony held in the Grand Kremlin Palace. After taking the oath of office and receiving a gold chain of double-headed eagles symbolising the presidency, he stated:

His inauguration coincided with the celebration of the Victory Day on 9 May. He attended the military parade at Red Square and signed a decree to provide housing to war veterans. Personnel appointments

On 8 May 2008, <mask> appointed  Vladimir Putin Prime Minister of Russia as he had promised during his election campaign.The nomination was approved by the State Duma with a clear majority of 392–56, with only Communist Party of the Russian Federation deputies voting against. 12 May 2008, Putin proposed the list of names for his new cabinet which <mask> approved. Most of the personnel remained unchanged from the period of Putin's initial presidency but there were several high-profile changes. The Minister of Justice, Vladimir Ustinov was replaced by Aleksandr Konovalov; the Minister of Energy, Viktor Khristenko was replaced with Sergei Shmatko; the Minister of Communications, Leonid Reiman was replaced with Igor Shchyogolev and Vitaliy Mutko received the newly created position of Minister of Sports, Tourism and Youth policy. In the presidential administration, <mask> replaced Sergei Sobyanin with Sergei Naryshkin as the head of the administration. The head of the Federal Security Service, Nikolai Patrushev, was replaced with Alexander Bortnikov. <mask>'s economic adviser Arkady Dvorkovich and his Press Attaché Natalya Timakova became part of the President's core team.<mask>'s old classmate from his student years, Konstantin Chuichenko, became his personal assistant. <mask> was reported to have taken care not to upset the balance of different factions in the Presidential administration and in the government. However, the influence of the powerful security/military-related siloviki weakened after <mask>'s inauguration for the first time in 20 years. In their place, <mask> brought in the so-called civiliki, a network of St. Petersburg civil law scholars preferred by <mask> for high positions. "Tandem rule"

From the beginning of <mask>'s tenure, the nature of

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 his Presidency and his relationship with Vladimir Putin was subject to considerable media speculation. In a unique situation in the Russian Federation's political history, the constitutionally powerful President was now flanked with a highly influential Prime Minister (Putin), who also remained the country's most popular politician. Previous Prime Ministers had proven to be almost completely subordinate to the President and none of them had enjoyed strong public approval, with Yevgeny Primakov and Putin's previous tenure (1999–2000) as Prime Minister under Boris Yeltsin being the only exceptions.Journalists quickly dubbed the new system with a practically dual-headed executive as "government by tandem" or "tandemocracy", with <mask> and Putin called the "ruling tandem". Daniel Treisman has argued that early in <mask>'s presidency, Putin seemed ready to disengage and started withdrawing to the background. In the first year of <mask>'s presidency, two external events threatening Russia—the late-2000s financial crisis and the 2008 South Ossetia war—changed Putin's plans and caused him to resume a stronger role in Russian politics. Main external events

2008 South Ossetia war

The long-lingering conflict between Georgia and the separatist regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, which were supported by Russia, escalated during the summer of 2008. In the night of 7–8 August, Georgia launched a military operation in South Ossetia with 10,000–11,000 soldiers and 75 tanks. Several Russian peacekeepers were killed in the fighting, and many South Ossetians who had Russian citizenship. At the time of the attack, <mask> was on vacation and Putin was attending the opening ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympics.At about 1:00 a.m on 8 August, <mask> held a telephone conversation with the Defence Minister, Anatoliy Serdyukov. It is likely that during this conversation, <mask> authorised the use of force against Georgia. The next day, <mask> released a statement, in which he said:

In the early hours of 8 August, Russian military forces launched a counter-offensive against Georgian troops. After five days of heavy fighting, all Georgian forces were routed from South Ossetia and Abkhazia. On 12 August, <mask> announced an end to the Russian military operation, entitled "Operation to force Georgia into peace". Later on the same day, a peace deal brokered by the French and EU President, Nicolas Sarkozy, was signed between the warring parties. On 26 August, after being unanimously passed by the State Duma, <mask> signed a decree recognising South Ossetia and Abkhazia as independent states.The five-day conflict cost the lives of 48 Russian soldiers, including 10 peacekeepers, while the casualties for Georgia was 170 soldiers and 14 policemen. The Russian popular opinion of the military intervention was broadly positive, not just among the supporters of the government, but across the political spectrum. <mask>'s popularity ratings soared by around 10 percentage points to over 70%, due to what was seen as his effective handling of the war. Shortly in the aftermath of the conflict, <mask> Doctrine. On 30 September 2009, the European Union–sponsored Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Conflict in Georgia stated that, while preceded by months of mutual provocations, "open hostilities began with a large-scale Georgian military operation against the town of Tskhinvali and the surrounding areas, launched in the night of 7 to 8 August 2008." 2008–09 economic crisis
In September 2008, Russia was hit by repercussions of the global financial crisis. Before this, Russian officials, such as the Finance Minister, Alexei Kudrin, had said they believed Russia would be safe, due to its stable macroeconomic situation and substantial reserves accumulated during the years of growth.Despite this, the recession proved to be the worst in the history of Russia, and the country's GDP fell by over 8% in 2009. The government's response was to use over a trillion rubles (more than $40 billion U.S. Dollars) to help troubled banks, and initiated a large-scale stimulus programme, lending $50 billion to struggling companies. No major banks collapsed, and minor failures were handled in an effective way. The economic situation stabilised in 2009, but substantial growth did not resume until 2010. <mask>'s approval ratings declined during the crisis, dropping from 83% in September 2008 to 68% in April 2009, before recovering to 72% in October 2009 following improvements in the economy. According to some analysts, the economic crisis, together with the 2008 South Ossetia war, delayed <mask>'s liberal programme.Instead of launching the reforms, the government and the Presidency had to focus their efforts on anti-crisis measures and handling the foreign policy implications of the war. Domestic policy

Economy

In the economic sphere, <mask> has launched a modernisation programme which aims at modernising Russia's economy and society, decreasing the country's dependency on oil and gas revenues and creating a diversified economy based on high technology and innovation. The programme is based on the top 5 priorities for the country's technological development: efficient energy use; nuclear technology; information technology; medical technology and pharmaceuticals; and space technology in combination with telecommunications. In November 2010, on his annual speech to the Federal Assembly <mask> stressed for greater privatisation of unneeded state assets both at the federal and regional level, and that Russia's regions must sell-off non-core assets to help fund post-crisis spending, following in the footsteps of the state's planned $32 billion 3-year asset sales. <mask> said the money from privatisation should be used to help modernise the economy and the regions should be rewarded for finding their own sources of cash. <mask> has named technological innovation one of the key priorities of his presidency. In May 2009, <mask> established the Presidential Commission on Innovation, which he will personally chair every month.The commission comprises almost the entire Russian government and some of the best minds from academia and business. <mask> has also said that giant state corporations will inevitably be privatised, and although the state had increased its role in the economy in recent years, this should remain a temporary move. On 7 August 2009, <mask> instructed the Prosecutor General, Yury Chayka, and the Chief of the Audit Directorate of the Presidential Administration of Russia, Konstantin Chuychenko, to probe state corporations, a new highly privileged form of organisation earlier promoted by President Putin, to question their appropriateness. In June 2010, he visited the Twitter headquarters in Silicon Valley declaring a mission to bring more high-tech innovation and investment to the country. Police reform

<mask> made reforming Russia's law enforcement one of his top agendas, the reason for which was a shooting started by a police officer in April 2009 in one of Moscow's supermarkets. <mask> initiated the reform at the end of 2009, with a presidential decree issued on 24 December ordering the government to begin planning the reform. In early August 2010, a draft law was posted on the Internet at the address  for public discussion.The new website received more than 2,000 comments within 24 hours. Based on citizen feedback, several modifications to the draft were made. On 27 October 2010, President <mask> submitted the draft to the lower house of the Russian parliament, the State Duma. The State Duma voted to approve the bill on 28 January 2011, and the upper house, the Federation Council followed suit on 2 February 2011. On 7 February 2011, President <mask> signed the bill into law. The changes came into effect on 1 March 2011. Under the reform, the salaries of Russian police officers were increased by 30%, Interior Ministry personnel were cut and financing and jurisdiction over the police were centralised.Around 217 billion rubles ($7 billion) were allocated to the police reform from the federal budget for the time frame 2012–2013. Anti-corruption campaign

On 19 May 2008, <mask> signed a decree on anti-corruption measures, which included creation of an Anti-Corruption Council. In the first meeting of the council on 30 September 2008, <mask> said:

In July 2008, <mask>'s National Anti-Corruption Plan was published in the official Rossiyskaya Gazeta newspaper. It suggested measures aimed at making sanctions for corruption more severe, such as legislation to disqualify state and municipal officials who commit minor corruption offences and making it obligatory for officials to report corruption. The plan ordered the government to prepare anti-corruption legislation based on these suggestions. The bill that followed, called On Corruption Counteraction was signed into law on 25 December 2008 as Federal Law N 273-FZ. According to Professor Richard Sakwa, "Russia now at last had serious, if flawed, legislation against corruption, which in the context was quite an achievement, although preliminary results were meagre."Russia's score in Corruption Perceptions Index rose from 2.1 in 2008 to 2.2 in 2009, which "could be interpreted as a mildly positive response to the newly adopted package of anti-corruption legislation initiated and promoted by president <mask> and passed by the Duma in December 2008", according to Transparency International's CPI 2009 Regional Highlights report. On 13 April 2010, <mask> signed presidential decree No. 460 which introduced the National Anti-Corruption Strategy, a midterm government policy, while the plan is updated every two years. The new strategy stipulated increased fines, greater public oversight of government budgets and sociological research. According to Georgy Satarov, president of the Indem think tank, the latest decree "probably reflected <mask>'s frustration with the fact that the 2008 plan had yielded little result." In January 2011, President <mask> admitted that the government had so far failed in its anti-corruption measures. On 4 May 2011, <mask> signed the Federal Law On Amendments to the Criminal Code and the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation to Improve State Anti-Corruption Management.The bill raised fines for corruption to up to 100 times the amount of the bribe given or received, with the maximum fine being 500 million rubles ($18.3 million). Education

President <mask> initiated a new policy called "Our New School" and instructed the government to present a review on the implementation of the initiative every year. Development of the political system

Regional elections held on 1 March 2009 were followed by accusations of administrative resources being used in support of United Russia candidates, with the leader of A Just Russia, Sergey Mironov, being especially critical. Responding to this, <mask> met with the chairman of the Central Election Commission of Russia, Vladimir Churov, and called for moderation in the use of administrative resources. In August 2009, <mask> promised to break the near-dominant position of United Russia party in national and regional legislatures, stating that "New democratic times are beginning". The next regional elections were held on 11 October 2009 and won by United Russia with 66% of the vote. The elections were again harshly criticised for the use of administrative resources in favour of United Russia candidates.Communist, LDPR and A Just Russia parliamentary deputies staged an unprecedented walkout on 14–15 October 2009 as a result. Although <mask> often promised to stand up for more political pluralism, Professor Richard Sakwa observed, after the 2009 regional elections, a gulf formed between <mask>'s words and the worsening situation, with the question arising "whether Medvedev had the desire or ability to renew Russia's political system." On 26 October 2009, the First Deputy Chief of Staff, Vladislav Surkov, warned that democratic experiments could result in more instability and that more instability "could rip Russia apart". On 6 November 2010, <mask> vetoed a recently passed bill which restricted antigovernment demonstrations. The bill, passed on 22 October, prohibited anyone who had previously been convicted of organising an illegal mass rally from seeking permission to stage a demonstration. In late November 2010, <mask> made a public statement about the damage being done to Russia's politics by the dominance of the United Russia party. He claimed that the country faced political stagnation if the ruling party would "degrade" if not challenged; "this stagnation is equally damaging to both the ruling party and the opposition forces."In the same speech, he said Russian democracy was "imperfect" but improving. BBC Russian correspondents reported that this came on the heels of discontent in political circles and opposition that the authorities, in their view, had too much control over the political process. In his first State of the Nation address to the Russian parliament on 5 November 2008, <mask> proposed to change the Constitution of Russia in order to increase the terms of the President and State Duma from four to six and five years respectively (see 2008 Amendments to the Constitution of Russia). <mask> on 8 May 2009, proposed to the legislature and on 2 June signed into law an amendment whereby the chairperson of the Constitutional Court and his deputies would be proposed to the parliament by the president rather than elected by the judges, as was the case before. In May 2009, <mask> set up the Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia's Interests. In August of the same year, he stated his opposition to the equating of Stalinism with Nazism. <mask> denied the involvement of the Soviet Union in the Soviet invasion of Poland together with Nazi Germany.Arguments of the European Union and of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) were called a lie. <mask> said it was Joseph Stalin who in fact "ultimately saved Europe". On 30 October 2009, due to the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions, President <mask> published a statement in his video blog. He stressed that the memory of national tragedies is as sacred as the memory of victory. <mask> recalled that for twenty of the pre-war years entire layers and classes of the Russian people were destroyed (this period includes the Red Terror mainly under the lead of Felix Dzerzhinsky, the crimes of Joseph Stalin and other evil deeds of the Soviet Bolsheviks). Nothing can take precedence over the value of human life, said the President. In a speech on 15 September 2009, <mask> stated that he approved of the abolition in 2004 of direct popular elections of regional leaders, effectively in favour of their appointment by the Kremlin, and added that he didn't see a possibility of a return to direct elections even in 100 years.Election law changes

In 2009, <mask> proposed an amendment to the election law which would decrease the State Duma election threshold from 7% to 5%. The amendment was signed into law in Spring 2009. Parties receiving more than 5% but less than 6% of the votes would henceforward be guaranteed one seat, while parties receiving more than 6% but less than 7% will get two seats. These seats will be allocated before the seats for parties with over 7% support. Russian election law stipulates that parties with representatives in the State Duma are free to put forward a list of candidates for the Duma elections, while parties with no current representation need first to collect signatures. Under the 2009 amendments initiated by <mask>, the number of signatures required was lowered from 200,000 to 150,000 for the 2011 Duma elections. In subsequent elections, only 120,000 signatures will be required.Foreign policy

In August, during the third month of <mask>'s presidency, Russia took part in the 2008 South Ossetia war with Georgia, which drove tension in Russia–United States relations to a post–Cold War high. On 26 August, following a unanimous vote of the Federal Assembly of Russia, <mask> issued a presidential decree officially recognising Abkhazia and South Ossetia as independent states, an action condemned by the G8. On 31 August 2008, <mask> announced a shift in the Russian foreign policy under his government, built around five main principles:

 Fundamental principles of international law are supreme. The world will be multipolar. Russia will not seek confrontation with other nations. Russia will protect its citizens wherever they are. Russia will develop ties in friendly regions.In his address to the parliament on 5 November 2008 he also promised to deploy the Iskander missile system and radar-jamming facilities in Kaliningrad Oblast to counter the U.S. missile defence system in Eastern Europe. Following U.S. President Barack Obama's announcement on 17 September 2009, that Washington would not deploy missile-defense elements in the Czech Republic and Poland, <mask> said he decided against deploying Iskander missiles in Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast. On 21 November 2011, <mask> claimed

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 that the war on Georgia had prevented further NATO expansion. In 2011, during the performance at the Yaroslavl Global Policy Forum, President <mask> has declared that the doctrine of Karl Marx on class struggle is extremist and dangerous. Progressive economic stratification which can be less evident in period of economic growth, leads to acute conflicts between rich and poor people in period of downturn. In such conditions, the doctrine on class struggle is being revived in many regions of the world, riots and terrorist attacks become reality, by opinion of <mask>. In August 2014, President Barack Obama said: "We had a very productive relationship with President <mask>.We got a lot of things done that we needed to get done." During the official visit to Armenia on 7 April 2016, Prime Minister <mask> visited the Tsitsernakaberd Memorial Complex to pay tribute to the victims of the Armenian genocide. <mask> laid flowers at the Eternal Fire and honoured the memory of the victims with a minute of silence. Russia recognised the crime in 1995. Relationship with Putin
Although the Russian constitution clearly apportions the greater power in the state to the President, speculation arose over the question of whether it was <mask> or Prime Minister Vladimir Putin who actually wielded the most power. According to London Daily Telegraph, "Kremlin-watchers" note that <mask> uses the more formal form of 'you' (Вы, 'vy') when addressing Putin, while Putin addresses <mask> with the less formal 'ty' (ты). According to a poll conducted in September 2009 by the Levada Center in which 1,600 Russians took part, 13% believed <mask> held the most power, 32% believed Putin held the most power, 48% believed that the two shared equal levels of influence, and 7% failed to answer.However, <mask> attempted to affirm his position by stating, "I am the leader of this state, I am the head of this state, and the division of power is based on this." 2012 presidential elections
As both Putin and <mask> could have run for president in the 2012 general elections, there was a view from some analysts that some of <mask>'s contemporaneous actions and comments at the time were designed to separate his image from Putin's. BBC News suggested these might include his dealings in late 2010 with NATO and the United States, possibly designed to show himself as being better able to deal with Western nations, and comments in November about the need for a stronger opposition in Russian politics, to present himself as a moderniser. BBC News observed other analysts considered the split to be exaggerated, that <mask> and Putin were "trying to maximise support for the authorities by appealing to different parts of society". There was belief that the court verdict on former oligarch Mikhail Khodorkovsky and his partner Platon Lebedev, both of whom funded opposition parties before their arrests, would indicate whether or not Putin was "still calling all the shots". On 24 September 2011, while speaking at the United Russia party congress, <mask> announced that he would recommend the party nominate Vladimir Putin as its presidential candidate and that the two men had long ago cut a deal to allow Putin to return to the presidency in 2012 after he was forced to stand down in 2008 by term limits. This switch was termed by many in the media as "rokirovka", the Russian term for the chess move "castling".<mask> said he himself would be ready to perform "practical work in the government". Putin accepted <mask>'s offer the same day, and backed him for the position of the Prime Minister of Russia in case the United Russia, whose list of candidates in the elections <mask> agreed to head, were to win in the upcoming Russian legislative election. The same day, the Russian Orthodox Church endorsed the proposal by President <mask> to let Putin return to the post of President of Russia. On 22 December 2011, in his last state of the nation address in Moscow, <mask> called for comprehensive reform of Russia's political system — including restoring the election of regional governors and allowing half the seats in the State Duma to be directly elected in the regions. "I want to say that I hear those who talk about the need for change, and understand them", <mask> said in an address to the Duma. "We need to give all active citizens the legal chance to participate in political life." However, the opposition to the ruling United Russia party of <mask> and Prime Minister Putin dismissed the proposals as political posturing that failed to adequately address protesters who claimed 4 December election was rigged.On 7 May, on his last day in office, <mask> signed the last documents as the head of state: in the sphere of civil society, protection of human rights and modernisation. He approved the list of instructions by the results of the meeting with the Presidential council on Civil Society and Human Rights, which was held on 28 April. <mask> also approved with his decree "Presidential programme for raising skills of engineers for 2012–2014" for modernisation and technological development of the Russian economy. Prime Minister (2012–2020)

First term

On 7 May 2012, the same day he ceased to be the President of Russia, <mask> was nominated by President Vladimir Putin to the office of Prime Minister. On 8 May 2012, the State Duma of the Russian Federation voted on the nomination submitted by the new president, and confirmed the choice of <mask> to the post. Putin's United Russia party, now led by <mask>, secured a majority of the Duma's seats in the 2011 legislative election, winning 49% of the vote, and 238 of the 450 seats. <mask>'s nomination to the office of Prime Minister was approved by the State Duma in a 299–144 vote.First year

<mask> took office as Prime Minister of Russia also on 8 May 2012, after President Vladimir Putin signed the decree formalising his appointment to the office. On 19 May 2012, <mask> took part in the G-8 Summit at Camp David, in the United States, replacing President Putin, who decided not to represent Russia in the summit. <mask> was the first Prime Minister to represent Russia at a G-8 meeting. On 21 May 2012, his Cabinet was appointed and approved by the President. On 26 May, he was approved and officially appointed as the Chairman of United Russia, the ruling Party. Earlier in the same week <mask> was officially joined the party and thereby became Russia's first prime minister affiliated to a political party. Crimea
In the wake of the 2014 Ukrainian revolution, Russia annexed the Crimean Peninsula.On 31 March 2014, <mask> visited Crimea after the peninsula became part of Russia on 18 March. During his visit he announced the formation of the Federal Ministry for Crimea Affairs. Second term

On 7 May 2018, <mask> was nominated as Prime Minister by Vladimir Putin for another term. On 8 May, <mask> was confirmed by the State Duma as Prime Minister, with 374 votes in favour. On 15 May, Putin approved the structure and on 18 May the composition of the Cabinet. In March 2017, discontentment was triggered through <mask>'s depiction in an investigative film by the Anti-Corruption Foundation titled He Is Not Dimon to You. This sparked demonstrations in central Moscow, with the crowd chanting "Medvedev, resign!"as well as "Putin is a thief!" In the summer of 2018, protests country-wide protests took place against the retirement age hike introduced by <mask>'s government. The plan was unexpectedly announced by the government on 14 June, which coincided with the opening day of the 2018 FIFA World Cup hosted by Russia. As a result of the demonstrations, the ratings of <mask> as well as President Putin significantly declined. Following the 2019 Siberia wildfires, <mask> proposed revising regulatory acts on extinguishing fires in regions, and instructed to consult with foreign experts in developing proposals to fight with wildfires. Resignation
<mask>, along with his entire Cabinet resigned on 15 January 2020, after Putin delivered the Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly, in which he proposed several amendments to the constitution. <mask> stated that he was resigning to allow President Putin to make the significant constitutional changes suggested by Putin regarding shifting power away from the presidency.<mask> said that the constitutional changes would "significantly change Russia's balance of power". Putin accepted the resignation. It was announced that <mask>'s Cabinet was the second cabinet that voluntarily resigned after Mikhail Fradkov's cabinet in 2007. Although it was announced that <mask> had voluntarily resigned (part 1 of Article 117 of the constitution), the Executive Order that was released stated that Putin had announced the resignation as per Article 83 (c) and part 2 of Article 117 of the constitution. Kommersant reported that the use of these sections revealed that it was Putin who had sacked <mask> and that the resignation was not voluntary but forced, since these sections give power to the president to dissolve the government without explanation or motivation. Putin suggested that <mask> take the post of deputy chairman of the Security Council. Deputy Chairman of the Security Council (2020–present)
On 16 January 2020, <mask> was appointed to the post of Deputy Chairman of Security Council of Russia.His salary was set at 618,713 rubles (8,723.85 USD). In a July interview with Komsomolskaya Pravda, <mask> said he retains "good friendly relations" with President Putin, which was in contrast with the opinion of many circles that his departure from the role of Prime Minister was a result of a rift in the domestic policies of both men. Personal life

<mask> is married and has a son named Ilya Dmitrevich <mask> (born 1995). His wife, Svetlana Vladimirovna <mask>, was both his childhood friend and school sweetheart. They married several years after their graduation from secondary school in 1982. <mask> is a fan of British hard rock, listing Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath, Pink Floyd, and Deep Purple as his favourite bands. He is a collector of their original vinyl records and has previously said that he has collected all of the recordings of Deep Purple.As a youth, he made copies of their records, even though these bands were then on the official state-issued blacklist. In February 2008, <mask> and Sergei Ivanov attended a Deep Purple concert in Moscow together. During a visit to Serbia, <mask> received the highest award of the Serbian Orthodox Church, the Order of St. Sava, for "his contribution to the unity of the world Orthodoxy and his love to the Serbian people." <mask> always reserves an hour each morning and again each evening to swim and weight train. He swims  twice a day. He also jogs, plays chess, and practices yoga. Among his hobbies are reading the works of Mikhail Bulgakov and he is also a fan of the Harry Potter series after asking J. K. Rowling for her autograph when they met during the G-20 London Summit in April 2009.He is also a fan of football and follows his hometown professional football team, FC Zenit Saint Petersburg. <mask> is an avid amateur photographer. In January 2010, one of his photographs was sold at a charity auction for 51 million rubles (US$1,750,000), making it one of the most expensive ever sold. The photo was purchased by Mikhail Zingarevich, a co-founder and member of the board of directors of the Ilim Group at which <mask> worked as a lawyer in the 90s. <mask>'s reported 2007 annual income was $80,000, and he reported approximately the same amount as bank savings. <mask>'s wife reported no savings or income. They live in an upscale apartment house "Zolotye Klyuchi" in Moscow.Despite this supposedly modest income, a video by anti-corruption activist Alexei Navalny purports to show "the vast trove of mansions, villas and vineyards accumulated" by <mask>. On the Russian-language Internet, <mask> is sometimes associated with the Medved meme, linked to padonki slang, which resulted in many ironic and satirical writings and cartoons that blend <mask> with a bear. (The word medved means "bear" in Russian and the surname "Medvedev" is a patronymic which means "of the bears".) <mask> is familiar with this phenomenon and takes no offence, stating that the web meme has the right to exist. <mask> speaks English, in addition to his native Russian, but during interviews he speaks only Russian. Corruption allegations

In September 2016, opposition leader Alexei Navalny published a report with information about <mask>'s alleged summer residence ("dacha") – an 80 hectare estate with plethora of houses, a ski run, a cascading swimming pool, three helipads and purpose-built communications towers. The estate even includes a house for ducks, which received public ridicule and led to ducks becoming a protest symbol in Russia a year later.The area is surrounded by a six-foot (1.82 meter) fence and is allegedly 30 times the size of Red Square, the iconic square in Moscow. This summer residence is an expensively renovated 18th century manor called  and located in Plyos on the shore of Volga River. In March 2017, Navalny and the Anti-Corruption Foundation published another in-depth investigation of properties and residences used by <mask> and his family. A report called He Is Not Dimon To You shows how <mask> allegedly owns and controls large areas of land, villas, palaces, yachts, expensive apartments, wineries and estates through complicated ownership structures involving shell companies and foundations. Their total value is estimated at around US$1.2 billion. The report states that the original source of wealth is gifts by Russian oligarchs and loans from state owned banks. An hour long YouTube video in Russian was released together with the report.A month after release, the video had more than 24 million views. <mask> dismissed the allegations, calling them "nonsense". These revelations have resulted in large protests throughout Russia. Russian authorities responded by arresting protesters in unauthorised protests—hundreds were arrested including Alexei Navalny, which the government called "an illegal provocation". An April 2017 Levada poll found that 45% of surveyed Russians supported the resignation of <mask>. Publications

<mask> wrote two short articles on the subject of his doctoral dissertation in Russian law journals. He is also one of the authors of a textbook on civil law for universities first published in 1991 (the 6th edition of Civil Law.In 3 Volumes. was published in 2007). He is the author of a university textbook, Questions of Russia's National Development, first published in 2007, concerning the role of the Russian state in social policy and economic development. He is also the lead co-author of a book of legal commentary entitled, A Commentary on the Federal Law "On the State Civil Service of the Russian Federation". This work considers the Russian Federal law on the civil service, which went into effect on 27 July 2004, from multiple perspectives — scholarly, jurisprudential, practical, enforcement- and implementation-related. In October 2008, President <mask> delivered the first podcast at the presidential website. His videoblog posts have also been posted in the official LiveJournal community blog_medvedev

On 23 June 2011, <mask> participated in launching of the "Eternal Values" project of RIA Novosti state-operated news agency together with Russian chapter of Wikimedia Foundation.RIA Novosti granted free Creative Commons licences to one hundred of its images, while <mask> registered as <mask> for RIAN and personally uploaded one of those photographs to Wikimedia Commons. On 13 April 2009, <mask> gave a major interview to the Novaya Gazeta newspaper. The interview was the first one he had ever given to a Russian print publication and covered such issues as civil society and the social contract, transparency of public officials and Internet development. Photo book. Electoral history

Presidential election

Prime minister nominations

References

Citations

General sources

  Photo book. External links

 Personal website
 Personal video-blog
 Official site of the Prime Minister of Russia
 Video blogs
 Official profile of <mask> at VK

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Kremlin Chiefs of Staff
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People of the Russo-Georgian War
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Presidents of Russia
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Russian photographers
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20th-century Russian politicians
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Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 1st class
Recipients of the Order of St. Sava
Recipients of the Order of the Sun of

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<mask> (July 31, 1911 – November 2, 1978) was an American Hollywood talent agent who played a large role in developing the beefcake craze of the 1950s. He was known for his stable of young, attractive clients, including Rock Hudson, Tab Hunter, Chad Everett, Robert Wagner, Nick Adams, Guy Madison, Troy Donahue, Mike Connors, Rory Calhoun, John Saxon, Yale Summers, Clint Walker, Doug McClure, Dack Rambo, Ty Hardin, and John Derek. He noticed Rhonda Fleming as she was walking to Beverly Hills High School, brought her to the attention of David O. Selznick, and helped groom her for stardom. He was also instrumental in advancing Lana Turner's career. Early life
<mask> was born into a prominent show business family in Lansdowne, Pennsylvania. His father, Horace, was the vice-president of the Columbia Phonograph Company and advanced to the presidency in 1922. <mask> came in close contact with many Broadway theatre, opera, and vaudeville performers.Will Rogers, Fanny Brice, and Fred Stone numbered among the family's friends, after they moved to Forest Hills, an upscale neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens. Concerned about his son's interest in tap dance, the elder <mask> enrolled <mask> in the Asheville School in North Carolina, where he hoped the school's many team sports and rugged weekend activities, such as rock climbing and backpacking, would have a positive influence on the boy. He later attended Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut, spending weekends in Manhattan, where he wrote weekly gossip columns for Variety. Hollywood years
In 1933, <mask> traveled to Hollywood by steamship via the Panama Canal. On board he cultivated a friendship with Bing Crosby's wife, Dixie Lee, who introduced him to the Hollywood elite and secured him a job with Photoplay, where his first article was about the newborn Gary Crosby. He began writing for The Hollywood Reporter and the New Movie Magazine, became a junior agent at the Joyce & Polimer Agency, moved into a Beverly Hills home purchased by his father, and became a regular at Sunset Strip gay bars, where he wooed young men for both professional and personal reasons. One of his first clients was Junior Durkin, whose career was cut short when he died in an automobile accident on May 4, 1935.<mask> joined the Zeppo Marx Agency, where he represented newcomers Marjorie Belcher, Jon Hall, and William T. Orr. He was introduced to Judy Turner, a Hollywood High School student, in 1937, whom he renamed "Lana Turner" and got cast in small roles, finally introducing her to Mervyn LeRoy at Warner Bros. In 1943, David O. Selznick hired <mask> to head the talent division of his newly formed Vanguard Pictures. The first film he cast was the World War II drama Since You Went Away (1944) with Claudette Colbert, Jennifer Jones, and Shirley Temple. He placed Guy Madison, Craig Stevens, and John Derek (billed as Dare Harris) in small supporting roles. <mask> eventually opened his own talent agency, where he nurtured the careers of his young finds, frequently coercing them into sexual relationships in exchange for publicity and film roles. In his book, Screened Out: Playing Gay in Hollywood from Edison to Stonewall, Richard Barrios writes, "talent agent <mask>... had a singular knack for discovering and renaming young actors whose visual appeal transcended any lack of ability.Under his tutelage, Robert Mosely became Guy Madison, Orison Whipple Hungerford Jr. was renamed Ty Hardin, Arthur Gelien was changed to Tab Hunter, and Roy Scherer turned into Rock Hudson. So successful was the beefcake aspect of this enterprise, and so widely recognized was <mask>'s sexuality, that it was often, and often inaccurately, assumed that all of his clients were gay. In her book "Natasha: The Biography of Natalie Wood", Suzanne Finstad confirms that "some of the would-be actors <mask> represented were heterosexual, but a disproportionate number were homosexual, bisexual, or 'co-operated' with Willson 'to get gigs,' in the observation of Natalie [Wood]'s costar Bobby Hyatt. ..." "if a young, handsome actor had <mask> for an agent, 'it was almost assumed he was gay, like it was written across his forehead,' recalls Ann Doran, one of <mask>'s few female clients." His most prominent client was Rock Hudson, whom he transformed from a clumsy, naive, Chicago-born truck driver named Roy Scherer into one of Hollywood's most popular leading men. The two were teamed professionally until 1966. In 1955, Confidential magazine threatened to publish an exposé about Hudson's secret homosexual life, and <mask> disclosed information about Rory Calhoun's years in prison and Tab Hunter's arrest at a gay party in 1950 in exchange for the tabloid not printing the Hudson story.At his agent's urging, Hudson married <mask>'s secretary Phyllis Gates in order to put the rumors to rest and maintain a macho image, but the union dissolved after three years. Later years and death
In his later years, <mask> struggled with drug addiction, alcoholism, paranoia, and weight problems. Because his own homosexuality had become public knowledge, many of his clients, both gay and straight, distanced themselves from him for fear of being branded the same. In 1974, the unemployed and destitute agent moved into the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital, where he remained until he died of cirrhosis of the liver. With no money to cover the cost of a gravestone, he was interred in an unmarked grave in Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery in North Hollywood, California. A headstone was eventually placed at his burial site with the epitaph "Star - Star Maker". In popular culture
<mask> is portrayed by Jim Parsons in the 2020 Netflix miniseries Hollywood, a counterfactual re-imagining of post World War II Hollywood.Notes

References
Richard Barrios, Screened Out: Playing Gay in Hollywood from Edison to Stonewall (2002). Robert Hofler, The Man Who Invented Rock Hudson: The Pretty Boys and Dirty Deals of <mask>on. Carroll & Graf, 2005,

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<mask>, also known as "<mask>" (9 November 1931 – 4 January 2009), was a supporter of Aboriginal rights in Australia, actor, vocalist, writer, musician and storyteller. Childhood
<mask> was born on 9 November 1931, in Rockhampton, Queensland, her mother's Kungulu country and attended school in the Dawson Valley, where she involved herself heavily in sport. In 1944, at the age of 13, she was forced to leave her education after obtaining a serious injury falling off a horse. During adolescence, she worked alongside her father and developed skills in shooting kangaroos, trapping dingos, mustering, droving and branding cattle, picking cotton, planting seed crops, driving tractors and bulldozing. Throughout her childhood, her family and visitors talked of political and social issues, which with her natural storytelling ability, assisted her in the rest of her life. Personal life
In 1952, at the age of 21, <mask> married Harold Bayles, a Wakka Wakka man from Eidsvold, Queensland. Together they had five sons and, in 1970 together with her family, she moved to Brisbane.She joined the growing Aboriginal rights movement and commenced an arts degree at the University of Queensland. She was a founding member of a number of Indigenous organisations including Radio Redfern (now Koori Radio) and the Aboriginal people's gallery. Political activism
In 1982, along with her brother, Ross, <mask> attended and was at the forefront of the Aboriginal protests at the Commonwealth Games in Brisbane. The protesters gathered and marched in Musgrave Park in South Brisbane, because they wanted the Aborigines Act removed, as Queensland was the last state to retain it. Hundreds of people were arrested, including <mask> who was arrested three times. Achievements and community contributions

Books
<mask> produced an audiobook of numerous children's stories in 1994, called From Dreamtime to Spaceships. She created a children's picture book, Kaiyu's Waiting: An Aboriginal Story, illustrated by David Verral, and published in 1984.Poetry
<mask> had a strong interest in both theatre and poetry. This helped her create numerous pieces of poetry, her first collection being published in 1982. In her poetry, she describes how Aboriginal people are viewed by the rest of society as well as how they view the modern world. Black Child, written in 1977, poetry
 I Too Am Human, written in 1977, poetry
 Black Reflections, written in 1982, short stories and poetry
 Memo to J.C, written in 1988, poetry
 Female of the Species, written in 1988, poetry
 Stepping Out, written in 1988, poetry
 Don't Bash the Loving Out of Me, written in 1995, poetry
 Kangaroo, Kangaroo, Where Have You Been? : Nursery Rhymes and Storytelling, written in 1999, an autobiography poetry prose dreaming story

Involvement in theatre industry
<mask> was involved in the theatre industry as an actor, vocalist, narrativist, adaptor and writer. Performances took her on tours throughout Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria as well as other places around the globe. The plays she contributed to include:
 Vocalist in “New Sky”, October 1983, performed at Playhouse, Newcastle, New South Wales
 Narrated in "Mundu Nyuringu", 1983, a film by Robert Bropho
 Acted in "Honey Spot", July 1988, performed at Cremorne Theatre, South Brisbane, Queensland as well as numerous other theatres through New South Wales and Victoria
 Adaptor in "You Came to My Country But You Didn't Turn Black", 1990, performed at the Queensland Museum, in South Bank, Queensland
 Wrote "Through Murri Eyes", September 1992, performed at the Jagera Arts Centre, South Brisbane, Queensland
 Acted in "Little White Dress", June 1996, performed at Performing Arts Centre, Southbank, Queensland
 Wrote and acted in "Kickin' Up the Dust", May 1998, performed at Swinburne University, Hawthorn, Victoria

Gallery
In 1981, she moved to Sydney, where she set up the Aboriginal peoples gallery in Redfern.It was difficult to get permission for the gallery. The shop was not aimed at making a profit, it was more for those who wanted to put their work on display and to express who they are through their art work. Radio
Watson was a driving force behind the development of the indigenous broadcasting in Sydney community radio. With her son, Tiga Bayles, she laid the foundation of Radio Redfern in 1981. Radio Redfern was allowed 10 hours of airtime weekly. Radio Skid Row gave them this opportunity because they were allocated a community broadcasting licence in 1984. The station was initially broadcast from the University of Sydney, but then later moved to a terrace house on Cope Street in Redfern, still under the license of 2RSR.The station was considered the voice for Aboriginal people in Sydney. In 1988 it played a big role in co-ordinating political protests against the Bicentennial celebrations and Aboriginal deaths in custody in the early 1990s. Radio Redfern grew to have 40 broadcast hours each week, with all the announcers contributing their time voluntarily. Awards
<mask> was the recipient of numerous honours, including the United Nations Association Global Leadership Prize in 1996, for her labour in contributing to creating a cross-cultural understanding and harmony amongst the community. In 1996, in recognition of her national and international contribution towards bringing awareness to Aboriginal arts, she was presented the Australia Council's Red Ochre Award. Australia Council for the Arts
The Australia Council for the Arts is the arts funding and advisory body for the Government of Australia. Since 1993, it has awarded a Red Ochre Award.It is presented to an outstanding Indigenous Australian (Aboriginal Australian or Torres Strait Islander) artist for lifetime achievement. |-
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Work with Sisters Inside
An experienced and qualified neuro-linguistic programming counsellor, <mask> worked with Sisters Inside, an independent support group for women in prison. Death
On 4 January 2009, at approximately 3 pm, <mask> had a stroke which proved fatal. In the days before her death, she spent time with her 24 grandchildren and numerous great grandchildren on Stradbroke Island. Her funeral service took place on 12 January 2009 at Murri School in Acacia Ridge, Queensland. References

1931 births
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<mask> is an American sports broadcaster and talk show host. He began his career in 1999 and is currently a radio and television personality at ESPN. Background

<mask> was born in New York and raised in Miami, Florida. He attended Monsignor Edward Pace High School and Florida International University. He interned at CBS Sportsline and Westwood One Radio, where he worked under Scott Kaplan and Sid Rosenberg. Radio career

Early career
<mask>, began his career in 1999 as a host/update anchor/producer at WAFN-AM 1700 The Fan in Miami. He hosted a midday sports show with John DeCandido as well as hosting a weekend pro wrestling show at the height of the industry's "Monday Night Wars".At The Fan, <mask> was the lead-in show for former nationally syndicated sports talk host John Renshaw. In 2001, <mask> moved to Clear Channel's Miami sports talk station WRFX-AM 940 Fox Sports (now WINZ-AM), where he got his first chance at hosting a drive time show. He was quickly handed the reins of the station's afternoon drive show, Sports Talk South Florida. Fox Sports Radio Network
In February 2004, Sedano was given an opportunity to host a late night national weekend show on Fox Sports Radio Network. Five months later, after the departure of their overnight weekday host Jim Daniels, FSR auditioned Sedano as a possible replacement. In August 2004, <mask> was named the host of the weekday overnight show, The Third Shift on Fox with <mask>. Despite Fox Sports Radio's programming originating out of Los Angeles, Sedano's show mostly originated out of a studio in Miami (due to his duties with the Miami Heat Radio Network).At that time he was known as, "The Dean" of late-night sports talk. During his tenure, his show was the most cleared show, in late night syndicated sports radio. <mask> hosted The Third Shift on Fox until September 2007. He left the position to take a weekday job in his hometown of Miami, at WAXY 790 The Ticket. Sedano continued to host weekend specialty shows for Fox Sports Radio Network through 2009. Miami Heat Radio Network
Beginning in 2004, while Sedano was working on Fox Sports Radio, he was also the host of the Miami Heat Radio Network on 610 WIOD-AM. <mask>'s opportunity to host the teams radio network coincided with Miami's trade for Shaquille O'Neal.<mask> was the studio host on radio for three seasons, beginning with the 2004-2005 season through the 2006-2007 season and including the NBA Championship year of the 2005-06 Miami Heat season. During his time on the radio broadcasts, he worked with play by play voice Mike Inglis, and analysts John Crotty and Tony Fiorentino. 790 The Ticket
Sedano returned home full-time, to work at Miami's WAXY AM 790 The Ticket. His show on WAXY was called The <mask> Show. While at The Ticket, he hosted several different time slots. He began his career at The Ticket hosting two midday slots over the course of two years. The first was 10am-1pm where he beat South Florida ratings king Neil Rogers and Noon-3pm, where he was the lead in to the Dan Le Batard show.Later in 2009, he was named the morning show host. The show aired weekday mornings from 6am-10am. Within one year, <mask>'s show became the highest rated morning sports show in Miami. On April 10, 2012, <mask> announced on his Twitter account that he was leaving his morning radio show. At that time, <mask> announced that he was leaving to pursue other projects in the media industry. 560 WQAM
It was announced on August 30, 2012, that <mask> would join WQAM. He was named program director and afternoon drive host (3pm-7pm).ESPN Radio
On July 15, 2013, it was reported that Sedano would leave his positions as program director and afternoon talk show host at WQAM to join ESPN Radio. At ESPN Radio he hosted The Sedano Show from 7pm-9pm ET. On March 25, 2015, it was reported that Sedano would join Bomani Jones and Freddie Coleman as part of a restructured ESPN Radio lineup. In 2016, Sedano began co-hosting mornings with Keyshawn Johnson and LZ Granderson on Los Angeles ESPN affiliate KSPN. Sedano moved to afternoons in 2018 and to early evenings in August 2019. As of February 2020, he is heard from 10 AM to noon. In August 2020, Sedano will begin hosting late afternoons with LZ Granderson.Television career

CBS 4 WFOR-TV
In November 2010, <mask> was added as third sports anchor for CBS 4 WFOR-TV. He continued in that role at the CBS O&O through August 2012. Fox Sports/Sun Sports
It was announced on August 30, that <mask> would be the studio host for Sun Sports Miami Heat road telecasts. He hosted the studio with John Crotty throughout the 2012-13 NBA Season. ESPN
On September 6, 2013 it was announced by ESPN, Sedano would become a full-time host on ESPN Radio. In addition to his new role on ESPN Radio, Sedano will contribute to SportsCenter and other ESPN studio programming. Other previous TV work
In 2008, Sedano also appeared on a reality TV show Model Latina as a judge for the show's second season in Miami.From 2010-2012, Sedano was a regular contributor to the NFL Network's Top 10 show. In 2012, he hosted a fantasy baseball show for CBSSports.com. Play-by-play
<mask> served on the Florida International University football broadcast team for the 2009 & 2010 seasons. During the NBA Lockout, Sedano was selected to the television broadcast of the South Florida Charity All Star Classic. A charity basketball game, that aired on WBFS-TV My TV 33 (Miami), was held on October 8, 2011 and was hosted by LeBron James, Dwyane Wade, Chris Bosh, along with Isiah Thomas and the FIU Athletic Department. Both teams that competed in the event were manned by some of the biggest stars in the NBA. Sedano, handled play by play duties, along with pre game interviews with the NBA stars.Print
For two years beginning in 2010, Sedano served as a contributor for The Miami Herald sports section. Awards and recognition
In 2004, Sedano was a finalist for the Florida Associated Press Radio Sportscaster of the Year Award. In 2010, <mask> was Miami's Best AM Radio Personality awarded to him by the Miami New Times. In 2012, <mask> was named one of the Top 20 Professionals Under the Age of 40 by the Miami publication Brickell Magazine. References

Miami Heat announcers
American radio personalities
Living people
1977 births
People from Miami
Florida International University people
National Basketball Association broadcasters
American television reporters and correspondents
American talk radio hosts
American television sports announcers
Radio personalities from Miami

masks:
Jorge Sedano
Jorge
Jorge Sedano
Jorge
Sedano
Sedano
Jorge Sedano
Jorge
Sedano
Sedano
Jorge Sedano
Sedano
Sedano
Sedano
Sedano
Jorge
Sedano
Jorge
Jorge
Jorge Sedano


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<mask> is an ethnobotanist working in the areas of floristics, ethnobotany and community health. Since 2005, she has worked at The New York Botanical Garden in the Institute of Economic Botany. She has worked on ethnobotanical projects in North America, the Caribbean, and South America. Education
In 1991, <mask> received a BSc. in biology from Ghent University in Belgium with research in the fields of morphology and systematics. Her undergraduate dissertation was on the effects of naloxone and apomorphine on captivity-induced stereotyped behavior in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus). In 1998, she received a Ph.D. in Medical Sciences from Ghent University with a graduate dissertation titled "Research into the neurobiochemical background of captivity-induced stereotyped behavior in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus): ethopharmacology and intra-cerebral microdialysis".Career

Ghent University

From 2000 until 2002, Vandebroek worked as a postdoctoral researcher and was the lead researcher on a project funded by the Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology of the Belgian government through Ghent University. The project was based in Bolivia and known as "Medicinal Plant Explorations in the Andes and Amazon Regions of Bolivia Ethnographic and ethnobotanical research was conducted in a traditional farming community in the Andes and in indigenous communities in the Amazon in Bolivia." She summarized the results as follows. "The results demonstrated that knowledge held by traditional healers about medicinal plants can also be high in an environment such as the Andes that is significantly affected by human activity and is less diverse as compared to the tropical rainforest. In the Amazon, knowledge about medicinal plants was inversely related to the use of pharmaceutical products and to distance from Western primary healthcare services." Outreach activities associated with this research project included two community guidebooks in Spanish that were developed to return research results to the communities to help preserve their cultural heritage. The New York Botanical Garden
In 2005, Vandebroek joined The New York Botanical Garden as a postdoctoral research associate in the Institute of Economic Botany.From 2005 until 2010 she worked on projects related to the Dominican Republic. Most notably, she directed "Dominican Ethnomedicine and Culturally Effective Health Care in New York City" (principal investigator: Michael Balick) and "Dominican Traditional Medicine for Urban Community Health". These projects focused on the question of what happens to the medicinal plant knowledge that people from the Dominican Republic have once they move to New York City. The research found that medicinal plant knowledge was not lost by this community after migration; in fact, the importance of food as medicine became even greater within this relocated population. Vandebroek drew upon her research during this time for her 2007 book, Traveling Cultures and Plants: The Ethnobiology and Ethnopharmacy of Human Migrations, which she co-edited with Andrea Pieroni and authored chapters with others. From 2010 until 2014 Vandebroek worked as an Ethnomedical Research Specialist at the New York Botanical Garden. She directed "Improving Healthcare for Underserved Immigrant Latino Communities in New York City," "Cultural Competency Training for Health Care Professionals in Latino Ethnomedical Systems in New York City," "Dominican Ethnomedicine and Culturally Effective Health Care in New York City," and "Dominican Traditional Medicine for Urban Community Health."From 2014 until the present day, <mask> has been the Matthew Calbraith Perry Assistant Curator of Economic Botany and Caribbean Program Director at the New York Botanical Garden. In this capacity, she directs the Caribbean and Latino Ethnomedicine Program, which investigates and compares the use of medicinal plants for healthcare by Latino and Caribbean communities living in New York City and their countries of origin. Dominicans, Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, Jamaicans are the central populations involved in these research studies. She and her team study wild and cultivated plants that are used culturally as medicines and foods, as well as "folk illnesses," and how they are related to mainstream biomedicine, in terms of the biological efficacy and safety of these plants, and the gap in biomedical knowledge about illnesses with a strong cultural component. The project aims to use research results in order to develop materials used for medical education. She has been interviewed about her work on PBS, WNBC, The Wall Street Journal, The Smithsonian Magazine, National Geographic's The Plate and The New York Times. Other work
Vandebroek is also a lecturer at the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies and an adjunct member of the City University of New York Biology Doctoral Faculty Plant Sciences Subprogram at (The Graduate Center, CUNY).Vandebroek is Deputy Editor for the Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, Associate Editor for Economic Botany, and Editorial Board Member for Ethnobiology and Conservation. She has been a council member for professional societies, including the International Society of Ethnobiology from 2008 to 2010, and the Society for Economic Botany from 2010 to 2013. Selected publications

Books

Selected peer-reviewed journal articles

 Van Andel, Tinde, Hugo J. de Boer, Joanne Barnes & <mask> <mask> (2014). Medicinal plants used for menstrual disorders in Latin America, the Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa, South and Southeast Asia and their uterine properties: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 155: 992–1000. <mask>, <mask> & Michael J. Balick (2014) Lime for Chest Congestion, Bitter Orange for Diabetes: Foods as Medicines in the Dominican Community in New York City. Economic Botany 68: 177–189.Hanazaki, Natalia, Dannieli Firme Herbst, Mel Simionato Marques & <mask> <mask> (2013) Evidence of the shifting baseline syndrome in ethnobotanical research. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 9: 75. <mask>, <mask> (2013) Intercultural health and ethnobotany: How to improve healthcare for underserved and minority communities? Journal of Ethnopharmacology 148: 746–754. Van Andel, Tinde, Sylvia Mitchell, Gabriele Volpato, <mask> <mask>, Jorik Swier, Sofie Ruysschaert, Carlos Ariel Rentería Jiménez & Niels Raas (2012). In search of the perfect aphrodisiac: Parallel use of bitter tonics in West Africa and the Caribbean. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143: 840–850.Henderson, Flor, <mask> <mask>, Michael J. Balick & Edward J. Kennelly (2012) Ethnobotanical research skills for students of underrepresented minorities in STEM disciplines. Ethnobotany Research & Applications 10: 389–402. Mathez-Stiefel, Sarah-Lan, <mask> <mask> & Stephan Rist (2012) Can Andean medicine coexist with biomedical healthcare? A comparison of two rural communities in Peru and Bolivia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 8: 26
 <mask>, <mask> & Michael J. Balick (2012) Globalization and loss of plant knowledge: Challenging the paradigm. PloS ONE 7: 5
 Mathez-Stiefel, Sarah-Lan & <mask> <mask> (2012) Distribution and Transmission of Medicinal Plant Knowledge in the Andean Highlands: A Case Study from Peru and Bolivia. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012
 Ceuterick, Melissa, <mask> <mask> & Andrea Pieroni (2011) Resilience of Andean urban ethnobotanies.A comparison of medicinal plant use among Bolivian and Peruvian migrants in the United Kingdom and in their countries of origin. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 136: 27–54. Thomas, Evert, David Douterlungne, <mask> <mask>, Frieke Heens, Paul Goetghebeur & Patrick Van Damme (2011) Human impact on wild firewood species in the rural Andes community of Apillapampa, Bolivia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 178: 333–347. <mask>, <mask>, Victoria Reyes-García, Ulysses Paulino de Albuquerque, Rainer W. Bussmann & Andrea Pieroni (2011) Local knowledge: Who cares? Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 7: 35
 <mask>, Ina (2010) The dual intracultural and intercultural relationship between medicinal plant knowledge and consensus. Economic Botany 64: 303–317.<mask>, <mask>, Michael J. Balick, Andreana Ososki, Fredi Kronenberg, Jolene Yukes, Christine Wade, Francisco Jiménez, Brígido Peguero & Daisy Castillo (2010) The importance of botellas and other plant mixtures in Dominican traditional medicine. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 128: 20–41. Keller, Amy, <mask> <mask>, Youping Liu, Michael J. Balick, Fredi Kronenberg, Edward J. Kennelly & Anne-Marie B. Brillantes (2009). Costus spicatus tea failed to improve diabetic progression in C57BLKS/J db/db mice, a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 121: 248–254
 Thomas, Evert, <mask> <mask> & Patrick Van Damme (2009) Valuation of forests and plant species in Indigenous Territory and National Park Isiboro-Sécure, Bolivia. Economic Botany 63: 229–241. Thomas, Evert, <mask> <mask>, Patrick Van Damme, Lucio Semo & Zacaria Noza (2009) Susto etiology and treatment according to Bolivian Trinitario people: a "masters of the animal species" phenomenon.Medical Anthropology Quarterly 23: 298–319. Thomas, Evert, <mask> <mask>, Patrick Van Damme, Paul Goetghebeur, David Douterlungne, Sabino Sanca & Susana Arrazola (2009) The relation between accessibility, diversity and indigenous valuation of vegetation in the Bolivian Andes. Journal of Arid Environments 73: 854–861. Thomas, Evert, <mask> <mask>, Sabino Sanca & Patrick Van Damme (2009) Cultural significance of medicinal plant families and species among Quechua farmers in Apillapampa, Bolivia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 122: 60–67. <mask>, <mask>, Evert Thomas, Sabino Sanca, Patrick Van Damme, Luc Van Puyvelde & Norbert De Kimpe (2008) Comparison of health conditions treated with traditional and biomedical healthcare in a Quechua community in rural Bolivia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 4:1.Ceuterick, Melissa, <mask> <mask>, Bren Torry & Andrea Pieroni (2008) Cross-cultural adaptation in urban ethnobotany: The Colombian folk pharmacopoeia in London. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 120: 342–359. Thomas, Evert, <mask> <mask>, Patrick Van Damme, Paul Goetghebeur, Sabino Sanca & Susana Arrazola (2008) The Relationship between Plant Use and Plant Diversity in the Bolivian Andes, with Special Reference to Medicinal Plant Use. Human Ecology 36: 861- 861–879
 Thomas, Evert, <mask> <mask> & Patrick Van Damme (2007). What works in the field? A comparison of different interviewing methods in ethnobotany with special reference to the use of photographs. Economic Botany 61: 376–384.Bussmann, Rainer W., Douglas Sharon, <mask> <mask>, Ana Jones & Zachary Revene (2007). Health for sale: The medicinal plant markets in Trujillo and Chiclayo, Northern Peru. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 3:37. Delanoy, Marleen, Xavier Scheldeman, <mask> <mask>, Patrick Van Damme & Stephan Beck (2007) Small-scale Cultivation of Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa and Passiflora ligularis in the Yungas of La Paz, Bolivia. Belgian Journal of Botany 140: 150–160. Pieroni, Andrea, Lisa Leimar Price & <mask> Vandebroek (2005) Welcome to the Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (Editorial). Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 1:1
 <mask>, <mask>, Patrick Van Damme, Luc Van Puyvelde, Susana Arrazola & Norbert De Kimpe (2004) A comparison of traditional healers' medicinal plant knowledge in the Bolivian Andes and Amazon.Social Science & Medicine 59: 837–849
 <mask>, <mask>, Jan-Bart Calewaert, Stijn De Jonckheere, Sabino Sanca, Lucio Semo, Patrick Van Damme, Luc Van Puyvelde & Norbert De Kimpe (2004) Use of medicinal plants and pharmaceuticals by indigenous communities in the Bolivian Andes and Amazon. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 82: 243–250 (IF 2,4). Leading article in the Research Section. De Cupere, Françoise, <mask> <mask>, Mayra Puentes, Sinesio Torres & Patrick Van Damme (2001) Evaluation of vegetal extracts as biological herbi- and pesticides for their use in Cuban agriculture. Mededelingen / Universiteit Gent, Faculteit Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen (Currently Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences) 66/2a: 455–462. References

External links

 <mask> <mask> Vandebroek at Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies|
 Ina <mask> at Graduate Center, CUNY

20th-century American botanists
21st-century American botanists
Ethnobotanists
Living people
American women botanists
Year of birth missing (living people)
20th-century American women
21st-century American women

masks:
Ina Vandebroek
Vandebroek
Vandebroek
Ina
Vandebroek
Vandebroek
Ina
Ina
Vandebroek
Vandebroek
Ina
Ina
Vandebroek
Ina
Vandebroek
Ina
Vandebroek
Vandebroek
Ina
Ina
Vandebroek
Ina
Vandebroek
Ina
Vandebroek
Vandebroek
Ina
Vandebroek
Vandebroek
Ina
Ina
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Ina
Vandebroek
Ina
Vandebroek
Ina
Vandebroek
Ina
Vandebroek
Vandebroek
Ina
Ina
Vandebroek
Ina
Vandebroek
Ina
Vandebroek
Ina
Vandebroek
Ina
Vandebroek
Ina
Vandebroek
Ina
Vandebroek
Ina
Ina
Vandebroek
Ina
Vandebroeka
Vandebroek


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<mask> (born May 12, 1965) is a French author and cognitive neuroscientist whose research centers on a number of topics, including numerical cognition, the neural basis of reading and the neural correlates of consciousness. As of 2017, he is a professor at the Collège de France and, since 1989, the director of INSERM Unit 562, "Cognitive Neuroimaging". <mask> was one of ten people to be awarded the James S. McDonnell Foundation Centennial Fellowship in 1999 for his work on the "Cognitive Neuroscience of Numeracy". In 2003, together with Denis Le Bihan, <mask> was awarded the Grand Prix scientifique de la Fondation Louis D. from the Institut de France. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2010. In 2014, together with Giacomo Rizzolatti and Trevor Robbins, he was awarded the Brain Prize. <mask> is an associate editor of the journal Cognition, and a member of the editorial board of several other journals, including NeuroImage, PLoS Biology, Developmental Science, and Neuroscience of Consciousness.Training
<mask> began his training as a mathematician, studying mathematics at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris from 1984 to 1989. He obtained his master's degree in Applied mathematics and computer science in 1985 from the University of Paris VI. He turned to neuroscience and psychology after reading Jean-Pierre Changeux's book, L'Homme neuronal (Neuronal Man: The Biology of The Mind). Inspired by his reading of Changeux's work, Dehaene began to collaborate with him on computational neuronal models of human cognition, including working memory and task control, collaborations which continue to the present day. <mask> then completed his PhD in Experimental Psychology in 1989 with Jacques Mehler at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), Paris. After receiving his doctorate, <mask> became a research scientist at INSERM in the Cognitive Sciences and Psycholinguistics Laboratory (Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique) directed by Mehler. He also spent two years, from 1992 to 1994, as a post-doctoral fellow at the Institute of Cognitive and Decision Sciences, with Michael Posner at the University of Oregon.<mask> then returned to France, where he began his own research group, which today numbers nearly 30 graduate students, post-doctoral fellows and researchers. In 2005, he was elected to the newly created Chair of Experimental Psychology at the Collège de France. Expertise

Numerical cognition

<mask> is best known for his work on numerical cognition, a discipline which he popularized and synthesized with the publication of his 1997 book, The Number Sense (La Bosse des maths) which won the  for best French language general-audience scientific book. He began his studies of numerical cognition with Jacques Mehler, examining the cross-linguistic frequency of number words, whether numbers were understood in an analog or compositional manner, and the connection between numbers and space (the "SNARC effect"). With Changeux, he then developed a computational model of numerical abilities, which predicted log-gaussian tuning functions for number neurons, a finding which has now been elegantly confirmed with single-unit physiology

With long-time collaborator Laurent Cohen, a neurologist at the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris, Dehaene also identified patients with lesions in different regions of the parietal lobe with impaired multiplication, but preserved subtraction (associated with lesions of the inferior parietal lobule) and others with impaired subtraction, but preserved multiplication (associated with lesions to the intraparietal sulcus). This double dissociation suggested that different neural substrates for overlearned, linguistically mediated calculations, like multiplication, are mediated by inferior parietal regions, while on-line computations, like subtraction are mediated by the intraparietal sulcus. Shortly thereafter, <mask> began EEG and functional neuroimaging studies of these capacities, showing that parietal and frontal regions were specifically involved in mathematical cognition, including the dissociation between subtraction and multiplication observed in his previous patient studies.Together with Pierre Pica, and Elizabeth Spelke, <mask> <mask> has studied the numeracy and numeral expressions of the mundurucu (an indigenous tribe living in Para, Brazil). Consciousness
<mask> subsequently turned his attention to work on the neural correlates of consciousness, leading to numerous scientific articles, an edited book, "The Cognitive Neuroscience of Consciousness" and is the Past President of the Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness. <mask> has developed computational models of consciousness, based on Bernard Baars's Global Workspace Theory, which suggest that only one piece of information can gain access to a "global neuronal workspace". To explore the neural basis of this global neuronal workspace, he has conducted functional neuroimaging experiments of masking and the attentional blink, which show that information that reaches conscious awareness leads to increased activation in a network of parietal and frontal regions. However, some of his work on this subject has been called into question due to a methodological flaw in the "standard reasoning of unconscious priming". Neural basis of reading
In addition, Dehaene has used brain imaging to study language processing in monolingual and bilingual subjects, and in collaboration with Laurent Cohen, the neural basis of reading. <mask> and Cohen initially focused on the role of ventral stream regions in visual word recognition, and in particular the role of the left inferior temporal cortex for reading written words.They identified a region they called the "visual word form area" (VWFA) that was consistently activated during reading, and also found that when this region was surgically removed to treat patients with intractable epilepsy, reading abilities were severely impaired. Dehaene, Cohen and colleagues have subsequently demonstrated that, rather than being a single area, the VWFA is the highest stage in a hierarchy of visual feature extraction for letter and word recognition. More recently, they have turned their attention to how learning to read may depend on a process of "neuronal recycling" that causes brain circuits originally evolved for object recognition to become tuned to recognize frequent letters, pairs of letters and words, and have tested these ideas examining brain responses in a group of adults who did not learn to read due to social and cultural constraints. Bibliography

As editor
 Dehaene, S. (Ed.) Numerical Cognition. Oxford, Blackwell. .
 Dehaene, S.(Ed.) Le Cerveau en action: l'imagerie cérébrale en psychologie cognitive. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1997. .
 <mask>, S. (Ed.) The Cognitive Neuroscience of Consciousness. MIT Press, 2001. .
 <mask>, S. Duhamel, J.R., Hauser, M. and Rizzolatti, G. (Ed.)From Monkey Brain to Human Brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005. .

As author
 La Bosse des maths. Paris: Odile Jacob, 1997. . The number sense. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997; Cambridge (UK): Penguin press, 1997. .
 Vers une science de la vie mentale. Paris: Fayard, 2007. (Inaugural Lecture at the Collège de France). .
 Les neurones de la lecture.Paris: Odile Jacob, 2007. .
 Reading in the brain. New York: Penguin, 2009.  .
 Consciousness and the Brain: Deciphering How the Brain Codes Our Thoughts. Viking Adult, 2014. . Le Code de la conscience, Paris: Odile Jacob, 2014,
 How We Learn: Why Brains Learn Better Than Any Machine . . . for Now Viking, 2020. .

References

External links

 Laboratory Website
 College de France Entry
 Biography from the Edge Foundation

1965 births
Living people
French neuroscientists
Mathematical cognition researchers
Collège de France faculty
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
École Normale Supérieure alumni
Winners of the Heineken Prize
Fellows of the Cognitive Science Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Consciousness researchers and theorists
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy

masks:
Stanislas Dehaene
Dehaene
Dehaene
Dehaene
Dehaene
Dehaene
Dehaene
Dehaene
Dehaene
Dehaene
Stanislas
Dehaene
Dehaene
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Dehaene
Dehaene