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<mask> (August 24, 1922January 27, 2010) was an American historian, playwright, philosopher, socialist thinker and World War II veteran. He was chair of the history and social sciences department at Spelman College, and a political science professor at Boston University. <mask> wrote over 20 books, including his best-selling and influential A People's History of the United States in 1980. In 2007, he published a version of it for younger readers, A Young People's History of the United States. <mask> described himself as "something of an anarchist, something of a socialist. Maybe a democratic socialist." He wrote extensively about the civil rights movement, the anti-war movement and labor history of the United States.His memoir, You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train (Beacon Press, 2002), was also the title of a 2004 documentary about <mask>'s life and work. <mask> died of a heart attack in 2010, at age 87. Life and career

Early life
<mask> was born to a Jewish immigrant family in Brooklyn on August 24, 1922. His father, <mask>, born in Austria-Hungary, immigrated to the U.S. with his brother Samuel before the outbreak of World War I. His mother, Jenny (Rabinowitz) <mask>, emigrated from the Eastern Siberian city of Irkutsk. His parents first became acquainted as workers at the same factory. His father worked as a ditch digger and window cleaner during the Great Depression.His father and mother ran a neighborhood candy store for a brief time, barely getting by. For many years, his father was in the waiters' union and worked as a waiter for weddings and bar mitzvahs. Both parents were factory workers with limited education when they met and married, and there were no books or magazines in the series of apartments where they raised their children. <mask>'s parents introduced him to literature by sending 10 cents plus a coupon to the New York Post for each of the 20 volumes of Charles Dickens' collected works. As a young man, <mask> made the acquaintance of several young Communists from his Brooklyn neighborhood. They invited him to a political rally being held in Times Square. Despite it being a peaceful rally, mounted police charged the marchers.<mask> was hit and knocked unconscious. This would have a profound effect on his political and social outlook. He also studied creative writing at Thomas Jefferson High School in a special program established by principal and poet Elias Lieberman. <mask> initially opposed entry into World War II, influenced by his friends, by the results of the Nye Committee, and by his ongoing reading. However, these feelings shifted as he learned more about fascism and its rise in Europe. The book Sawdust Caesar had a particularly large impact through its depiction of Mussolini. Thus, after graduating from high school in 1940, <mask> took the Civil Service exam and became an apprentice shipfitter in the New York Navy Yard at the age of 18.Concerns about low wages and hazardous working conditions compelled <mask> and several other apprentices to form the Apprentice Association. At the time, apprentices were excluded from trade unions and thus had little bargaining power, to which the Apprentice Association was their answer. The head organizers of the association, which included <mask> himself, would meet once a week outside of work to discuss strategy and read books that at the time were considered radical. <mask> was the Activities Director for the group. His time in this group would tremendously influence his political views and created for him an appreciation for unions. World War II
Eager to fight fascism, <mask> joined the United States Army Air Forces during World War II and became an officer. He was assigned as a bombardier in the 490th Bombardment Group, bombing targets in Berlin, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary.As bombardier, <mask> dropped napalm bombs in April 1945 on Royan, a seaside resort in western France. The anti-war stance <mask> developed later was informed, in part, by his experiences. On a post-doctoral research mission nine years later, <mask> visited the resort near Bordeaux where he interviewed residents, reviewed municipal documents, and read wartime newspaper clippings at the local library. In 1966, <mask> returned to Royan after which he gave his fullest account of that research in his book, The Politics of History. On the ground, <mask> learned that the aerial bombing attacks in which he participated had killed more than a thousand French civilians as well as some German soldiers hiding near Royan to await the war's end, events that are described "in all accounts" he found as "une tragique erreur" that leveled a small but ancient city and "its population that was, at least officially, friend, not foe." In The Politics of History, <mask> described how the bombing was ordered—three weeks before the war in Europe ended—by military officials who were, in part, motivated more by the desire for their own career advancement than in legitimate military objectives. He quotes the official history of the U.S. Army Air Forces' brief reference to the Eighth Air Force attack on Royan and also, in the same chapter, to the bombing of Plzeň in what was then Czechoslovakia.The official history stated that the Skoda works in Pilsen "received 500 well-placed tons", and that "because of a warning sent out ahead of time the workers were able to escape, except for five persons. "The Americans received a rapturous welcome when they liberated the city. <mask> wrote:I recalled flying on that mission, too, as deputy lead bombardier, and that we did not aim specifically at the 'Skoda works' (which I would have noted, because it was the one target in Czechoslovakia I had read about) but dropped our bombs, without much precision, on the city of Pilsen. Two Czech citizens who lived in Pilsen at the time told me, recently, that several hundred people were killed in that raid (that is, Czechs)—not five. <mask> said his experience as a wartime bombardier, combined with his research into the reasons for, and effects of the bombing of Royan and Pilsen, sensitized him to the ethical dilemmas faced by G.I.s during wartime. <mask> questioned the justifications for military operations that inflicted massive civilian casualties during the Allied bombing of cities such as Dresden, Royan, Tokyo, and Hiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II, Hanoi during the War in Vietnam, and Baghdad during the war in Iraq and the civilian casualties during bombings in Afghanistan during the current war there. In his pamphlet, Hiroshima: Breaking the Silence written in 1995, he laid out the case against targeting civilians with aerial bombing.Six years later, he wrote:Recall that in the midst of the Gulf War, the U.S. military bombed an air raid shelter, killing 400 to 500 men, women, and children who were huddled to escape bombs. The claim was that it was a military target, housing a communications center, but reporters going through the ruins immediately afterward said there was no sign of anything like that. I suggest that the history of bombing—and no one has bombed more than this nation—is a history of endless atrocities, all calmly explained by deceptive and deadly language like 'accident', 'military target', and 'collateral damage'. Education
After World War II, <mask> attended New York University on the GI Bill, graduating with a B.A. in 1951. At Columbia University, he earned an M.A. (1952) and a Ph.D. in history with a minor in political science (1958).His master's thesis examined the Colorado coal strikes of 1914. His doctoral dissertation Fiorello LaGuardia in Congress was a study of Fiorello LaGuardia's congressional career, and it depicted "the conscience of the twenties" as LaGuardia fought for public power, the right to strike, and the redistribution of wealth by taxation. "His specific legislative program," <mask> wrote, "was an astonishingly accurate preview of the New Deal." It was published by the Cornell University Press for the American Historical Association. Fiorello LaGuardia in Congress was nominated for the American Historical Association's Beveridge Prize as the best English-language book on American history. His professors at Columbia included Harry Carman, Henry Steele Commager, and David Donald. But it was Columbia historian Richard Hofstadter's The American Political Tradition that made the most lasting impression.<mask> regularly included it in his lists of recommended readings, and, after Barack Obama was elected President of the United States, <mask> wrote, "If Richard Hofstadter were adding to his book The American Political Tradition, in which he found both 'conservative' and 'liberal' Presidents, both Democrats and Republicans, maintaining for dear life the two critical characteristics of the American system, nationalism and capitalism, Obama would fit the pattern." In 1960–61, <mask> was a post-doctoral fellow in East Asian Studies at Harvard University. Academic career

<mask> was professor of history at Spelman College in Atlanta from 1956 to 1963, and visiting professor at both the University of Paris and University of Bologna. At the end of the academic year in 1963, <mask> was fired from Spelman for insubordination. His dismissal came from Dr. Albert Manley, the first African-American president of that college, who felt <mask> was radicalizing Spelman students. In 1964, he accepted a position at Boston University (BU), after writing two books and participating in the Civil Rights Movement in the South. His classes in civil liberties were among the most popular at the university with as many as 400 students subscribing each semester to the non-required class.A professor of political science, he taught at BU for 24 years and retired in 1988 at age 66. "He had a deep sense of fairness and justice for the underdog. But he always kept his sense of humor. He was a happy warrior," said Caryl Rivers, journalism professor at BU. Rivers and <mask> were among a group of faculty members who in 1979 defended the right of the school's clerical workers to strike and were threatened with dismissal after refusing to cross a picket line. <mask> came to believe that the point of view expressed in traditional history books was often limited. Biographer Martin Duberman noted that when he was asked directly if he was a Marxist, <mask> replied, "Yes, I'm something of a Marxist."He especially was influenced by the liberating vision of the young Marx in overcoming alienation, and disliked what he perceived to be Marx's later dogmatism. In later life he moved more toward anarchism. He wrote a history text, A People's History of the United States, to provide other perspectives on American history. The book depicts the struggles of Native Americans against European and U.S. conquest and expansion, slaves against slavery, unionists and other workers against capitalists, women against patriarchy, and African-Americans for civil rights. The book was a finalist for the National Book Award in 1981. In the years since the first edition of A People's History was published in 1980, it has been used as an alternative to standard textbooks in many college history courses, and it is one of the most widely known examples of critical pedagogy. The New York Times Book Review stated in 2006 that the book "routinely sells more than 100,000 copies a year."In 2004, <mask> published Voices of a People's History of the United States with Anthony Arnove. Voices is a sourcebook of speeches, articles, essays, poetry and song lyrics by the people themselves whose stories are told in A People's History. In 2008, the Zinn Education Project was launched to support educators using A People's History of the United States as a source for middle and high school history. The project was started when a former student of <mask>, who wanted to bring <mask>'s lessons to students around the country, provided the financial backing to allow two other organizations, Rethinking Schools and Teaching for Change to coordinate the project. The project hosts a website with hundreds of free downloadable lesson plans to complement A People's History of the United States. The People Speak, released in 2010, is a documentary movie based on A People's History of the United States and inspired by the lives of ordinary people who fought back against oppressive conditions over the course of the history of the United States. The film, narrated by <mask>, includes performances by Matt Damon, Morgan Freeman, Bob Dylan, Bruce Springsteen, Eddie Vedder, Viggo Mortensen, Josh Brolin, Danny Glover, Marisa Tomei, Don Cheadle, and Sandra Oh.Civil rights movement
From 1956 through 1963, <mask> chaired the Department of History and Social Sciences at Spelman College. He participated in the Civil Rights Movement and lobbied with historian August Meier "to end the practice of the Southern Historical Association of holding meetings at segregated hotels." While at Spelman, <mask> served as an adviser to the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and wrote about sit-ins and other actions by SNCC for The Nation and Harper's. In 1964, Beacon Press published his book SNCC: The New Abolitionists. In 1964 <mask>, with the SNCC, began developing an educational program so that the 200 volunteer SNCC civil rights workers in the South, many of whom were college dropouts, could continue with their civil rights work and at the same time be involved in an educational system. Up until then many of the volunteers had been dropping out of school so they could continue their work with SNCC. Other volunteers had not spent much time in college.The program had been endorsed by the SNCC in December 1963 and was envisioned by <mask> as having a curriculum that ranged from novels to books about "major currents" in 20th-century world history, such as fascism, communism, and anti-colonial movements. This occurred while <mask> was in Boston. <mask> also attended an assortment of SNCC meetings in 1964, traveling back and forth from Boston. One of those trips was to Hattiesburg, Mississippi, in January 1964 to participate in a SNCC voter registration drive. The local newspaper, the Hattiesburg American, described the SNCC volunteers in town for the voter registration drive as "outside agitators" and told local blacks "to ignore whatever goes on, and interfere in no way..." At a mass meeting held during the visit to Hattiesburg, <mask> and another SNCC representative, Ella Baker, emphasized the risks that went along with their

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 efforts, a subject probably in their minds since a well-known civil rights activist, Medgar Evers, had been murdered getting out of his car in the driveway of his home in Jackson, Mississippi, only six months earlier. Evers had been the state field secretary for the NAACP. <mask> was also involved in what became known as Freedom Summer in Mississippi in the summer of 1964.Freedom Summer involved bringing 1,000 college students to Mississippi to work for the summer in various roles as civil rights activists. Part of the program involved organizing "Freedom Schools". <mask>'s involvement included helping to develop the curriculum for the Freedom Schools. He was also concerned that bringing 1,000 college students to Mississippi to work as civil rights activists could lead to violence and killings. As a consequence, <mask> recommended approaching Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett and President Lyndon Johnson to request protection for the young civil rights volunteers. Protection was not forthcoming. Planning for the summer went forward under the umbrella of the SNCC, the Congress of Racial Equality ("CORE") and the Council of Federated Organizations ("COFO").On June 20, 1964, just as civil rights activists were beginning to arrive in Mississippi, CORE activists James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner were en route to investigate the burning of Mount Zion Methodist Church in Neshoba County when two carloads of KKK members led by deputy sheriff Cecil Price abducted and murdered them. Two months later, after their bodies were located, <mask> and other representatives of the SNCC attended a memorial service for the three at the ruins of Mount Zion Methodist Church. <mask> collaborated with historian Staughton Lynd mentoring student activists, among them Alice Walker, who would later write The Color Purple, and Marian Wright Edelman, founder and president of the Children's Defense Fund. Edelman identified <mask> as a major influence in her life and, in the same journal article, tells of his accompanying students to a sit-in at the segregated white section of the Georgia state legislature. <mask> also co-wrote a column in The Boston Globe with fellow activist Eric Mann, "Left Field Stands". Although <mask> was a tenured professor, he was dismissed in June 1963 after siding with students in the struggle against segregation. As <mask> described in The Nation, though Spelman administrators prided themselves for turning out refined "young ladies", its students were likely to be found on the picket line, or in jail for participating in the greater effort to break down segregation in public places in Atlanta.<mask>'s years at Spelman are recounted in his autobiography You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train: A Personal History of Our Times. His seven years at Spelman College, <mask> said, "are probably the most interesting, exciting, most educational years for me. I learned more from my students than my students learned from me." While living in Georgia, <mask> wrote that he observed 30 violations of the First and Fourteenth amendments to the United States Constitution in Albany, Georgia, including the rights to freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and equal protection under the law. In an article on the civil rights movement in Albany, <mask> described the people who participated in the Freedom Rides to end segregation, and the reluctance of President John F. Kennedy to enforce the law. <mask> said that the Justice Department under Robert F. Kennedy and the Federal Bureau of Investigation, headed by J. Edgar Hoover, did little or nothing to stop the segregationists from brutalizing civil rights workers. <mask> wrote about the struggle for civil rights, as both participant and historian.His second book, The Southern Mystique, was published in 1964, the same year as his SNCC: The New Abolitionists in which he describes how the sit-ins against segregation were initiated by students and, in that sense, were independent of the efforts of the older, more established civil rights organizations. In 2005, forty-one years after he was sacked from Spelman, <mask> returned to the college, where he was given an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters. He delivered the commencement address, titled "Against Discouragement", and said that "the lesson of that history is that you must not despair, that if you are right, and you persist, things will change. The government may try to deceive the people, and the newspapers and television may do the same, but the truth has a way of coming out. The truth has a power greater than a hundred lies." Anti-war efforts

Vietnam

Zinn wrote one of the earliest books calling for the U.S. withdrawal from its war in Vietnam. Vietnam: The Logic of Withdrawal was published by Beacon Press in 1967 based on his articles in Commonweal, The Nation, and Ramparts.In the opinion of Noam Chomsky, The Logic of Withdrawal was <mask>'s most important book:"He was the first person to say—loudly, publicly, very persuasively—that this simply has to stop; we should get out, period, no conditions; we have no right to be there; it's an act of aggression; pull out. It was so surprising at the time that there wasn't even a review of the book. In fact, he asked me if I would review it in Ramparts just so that people would know about the book." <mask>'s diplomatic visit to Hanoi with Reverend Daniel Berrigan, during the Tet Offensive in January 1968, resulted in the return of three American airmen, the first American POWs released by the North Vietnamese since the U.S. bombing of that nation had begun. The event was widely reported in the news media and discussed in a variety of books including Who Spoke Up? American Protest Against the War in Vietnam 1963–1975 by Nancy Zaroulis and Gerald Sullivan. <mask> and the Berrigan brothers, Dan and Philip, remained friends and allies over the years.Also in January 1968, he signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the war. In December 1969, radical historians tried unsuccessfully to persuade the American Historical Association to pass an anti-Vietnam War resolution. "A debacle unfolded as Harvard historian (and AHA president in 1968) John Fairbank literally wrestled the microphone from <mask>'s hands." Daniel Ellsberg, a former RAND consultant who had secretly copied The Pentagon Papers, which described the history of the United States' military involvement in Southeast Asia, gave a copy to <mask> and Roslyn <mask>. Along with Noam Chomsky, <mask> edited and annotated the copy of The Pentagon Papers that Senator Mike Gravel read into the Congressional Record and that was subsequently published by Beacon Press. Announced on August 17 and published on October 10, 1971, this four-volume, relatively expensive set became the "Senator Gravel Edition", which studies from Cornell University and the Annenberg Center for Communication have labeled as the most complete edition of the Pentagon Papers to be published. The "Gravel Edition" was edited and annotated by Noam Chomsky and <mask>, and included an additional volume of analytical articles on the origins and progress of the war, also edited by Chomsky and <mask>.Beacon Press became the subject of an FBI investigation, an outgrowth of which was Gravel v. United States in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in June 1972 that the Speech or Debate Clause in the US Constitution did grant immunity to Gravel for his reading the papers in his subcommittee, and did grant some immunity to Gravel's congressional aide, but granted no immunity to Beacon Press in relation to its publishing the same papers. <mask> testified as an expert witness at Ellsberg's criminal trial for theft, conspiracy, and espionage in connection with the publication of the Pentagon Papers by The New York Times. Defense attorneys asked <mask> to explain to the jury the history of U.S. involvement in Vietnam from World War II through 1963. <mask> discussed that history for several hours, and later reflected on his time before the jury. I explained there was nothing in the papers of military significance that could be used to harm the defense of the United States, that the information in them was simply embarrassing to our government because what was revealed, in the government's own interoffice memos, was how it had lied to the American public. ... The secrets disclosed in the Pentagon Papers might embarrass politicians, might hurt the profits of corporations wanting tin, rubber, oil, in far-off places.But this was not the same as hurting the nation, the people. Most of the jurors later said that they voted for acquittal. However, the federal judge who presided over the case dismissed it on grounds it had been tainted by the Nixon administration's burglary of the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist. <mask>'s testimony on the motivation for government secrecy was confirmed in 1989 by Erwin Griswold, who as U.S. solicitor general during the Nixon administration sued The New York Times in the Pentagon Papers case in 1971 to stop publication. Griswold persuaded three Supreme Court justices to vote to stop The New York Times from continuing to publish the Pentagon Papers, an order known as "prior restraint" that has been held to be illegal under the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The papers were simultaneously published in The Washington Post, effectively nullifying the effect of the prior restraint order. In 1989, Griswold admitted there had been no national security damage resulting from publication.In a column in the Washington Post, Griswold wrote: "It quickly becomes apparent to any person who has considerable experience with classified material that there is massive over-classification and that the principal concern of the classifiers is not with national security, but with governmental embarrassment of one sort or another." <mask> supported the G.I. anti-war movement during the U.S. war in Vietnam. In the 2001 film Unfinished Symphony: Democracy and Dissent, <mask> provides a historical context for the 1971 anti-war march by Vietnam Veterans against the War. The marchers traveled from Bunker Hill near Boston to Lexington, Massachusetts, "which retraced Paul Revere's ride of 1775 and ended in the massive arrest of 410 veterans and civilians by the Lexington police." The film depicts "scenes from the 1971 Winter Soldier hearings, during which former G.I.s testified about "atrocities" they either participated in or said they had witnessed committed by U.S. forces in Vietnam. <mask> also took part in the 1971 May Day protests (with among others Noam Chomsky and Daniel Ellsberg).In later years, <mask> was an adviser to the Disarm Education Fund. Iraq

<mask> opposed the 2003 invasion and occupation of Iraq and wrote several books about it. In an interview with The Brooklyn Rail he said, We certainly should not be initiating a war, as it's not a clear and present danger to the United States, or in fact, to anyone around it. If it were, then the states around Iraq would be calling for a war on it. The Arab states around Iraq are opposed to the war, and if anyone's in danger from Iraq, they are. At the same time, the U.S. is violating the U.N. charter by initiating a war on Iraq. Bush made a big deal about the number of resolutions Iraq has violated—and it's true, Iraq has not abided by the resolutions of the Security Council.But it's not the first nation to violate Security Council resolutions. Israel has violated Security Council resolutions every year since 1967. Now, however, the U.S. is violating a fundamental principle of the U.N. Charter, which is that nations can't initiate a war—they can only do so after being attacked. And Iraq has not attacked us. He asserted that the U.S. would end Gulf War II when resistance within the military increased in the same way resistance within the military contributed to ending the U.S. war in Vietnam. <mask> compared the demand by a growing number of contemporary U.S. military families to end the war in Iraq to parallel demands "in the Confederacy in the Civil War, when the wives of soldiers rioted because their husbands were dying and the plantation owners were profiting from the sale of cotton, refusing to grow grains for civilians to eat." <mask> believed that U.S. President George W. Bush and followers of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, the former leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq, who was personally responsible for beheadings and numerous attacks designed to cause civil war in Iraq, should be considered moral equivalents.Jean-Christophe Agnew, Professor of History and American Studies at Yale University, told the Yale Daily News in May 2007 that <mask>'s historical work is "highly influential and widely used". He observed that it is not unusual for prominent professors such as <mask> to weigh in on current events, citing a resolution opposing the war in Iraq that was recently ratified by the American Historical Association. Agnew added: "In these moments of crisis, when the country is split—so historians are split." Socialism
<mask> described himself as "something of an anarchist, something of a socialist. Maybe a democratic socialist." He suggested looking at socialism in its full historical context as a popular, positive idea that got a bad name from its association with Soviet Communism. In Madison, Wisconsin, in 2009, <mask> said:

FBI files

On July 30, 2010, a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request resulted in the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) releasing a file with 423 pages of information on <mask>'s life and activities.During the height of McCarthyism in 1949, the FBI first opened a domestic security investigation on <mask> (FBI File # 100-360217), based on <mask>'s activities in what the agency considered to be communist front groups, such as the American Labor Party, and informant reports that <mask> was an active member of the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA). <mask> denied ever being a member and said that he had participated in the activities of various organizations which might be considered Communist fronts, but that his participation was motivated by his belief that in this country people had the right to believe, think, and act according to their own ideals. According to journalist Chris Hedges, <mask> "steadfastly refused to cooperate in the anti-communist witchhunts in the 1950s." Later in the 1960s, as a result of <mask>'s campaigning against the Vietnam War and his

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 communicating with Martin Luther King Jr. (prior to disavowing any communication with communists) the FBI designated him a high security risk to the country by adding him to the Security Index, a list of American citizens who could be summarily arrested if a state of emergency were to be declared. The FBI memos also show that they were concerned with <mask>'s repeated criticism of the FBI for failing to protect blacks against white mob violence. <mask>'s daughter said she was not surprised by the files; "He always knew they had a file on him." Personal life

<mask> married Roslyn Shechter in 1944.They remained married until her death in 2008. They had a daughter, Myla, and a son, Jeff. Myla is the wife of mindfulness instructor Jon Kabat-<mask>. <mask> was swimming in a hotel pool when he died of an apparent heart attack in Santa Monica, California, on January 27, 2010, at age 87. He had been scheduled to speak at Crossroads School and Santa Monica Museum of Art for an event titled "A Collection of Ideas... the People Speak." In one of his last interviews, <mask> stated that he would like to be remembered "for introducing a different way of thinking about the world, about war, about human rights, about equality," and

for getting more people to realize that the power which rests so far in the hands of people with wealth and guns, that the power ultimately rests in people themselves and that they can use it. At certain points in history, they have used it.Black people in the South used it. People in the women's movement used it. People in the anti-war movement used it. People in other countries who have overthrown tyrannies have used it. He said he wanted to be known as "somebody who gave people a feeling of hope and power that they didn't have before." Notable recognition
2008 <mask> was selected as a special senior advisor to Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann, the president of the United Nations General Assembly 63rd session. Established by a former Boston University student of <mask>'s and two nonprofit organizations (Rethinking Schools and Teaching for Change) while he was alive, the Zinn Education Project is <mask>'s legacy to middle- and high-school teachers and their students.The project offers classroom teachers free lessons based on A People's History of the United States and like-minded history texts. Awards

In 1991 the Thomas Merton Center for Peace and Social Justice in Pittsburgh awarded <mask> the Thomas Merton Award for his activism and work on national and international issues that transform our world. For his leadership in the Peace Movement, <mask> received the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award in 1996. In 1998 he received the Eugene V. Debs Award, the Firecracker Alternative Booksellers Award in the Politics category for The Zinn Reader: Writings on Disobedience and Democracy, and the Lannan Literary Award for nonfiction. The following year he won the Upton Sinclair Award, which honors those whose work illustrates an abiding commitment to social justice and equality. In 2003, <mask> was awarded the Prix des Amis du Monde diplomatique for the French version of his seminal work, Une histoire populaire des Etats-Unis. On October 5, 2006, <mask> received the Haven's Center Award for Lifetime Contribution to Critical Scholarship in Madison, Wisconsin.Controversy and critiques
In July 2013, the Associated Press revealed that Mitch Daniels, when he was the sitting Republican Governor of Indiana, asked for assurance from his education advisors that <mask>'s works were not taught in K–12 public schools in the state. The AP had gained access to Daniels' emails under a Freedom of Information Act request. Daniels also wanted a "cleanup" of K–12 professional development courses to eliminate "propaganda and highlight (if there is any) the more useful offerings." In one of the emails, Daniels expressed contempt for <mask> upon his death:

At the time the emails were released, Daniels was serving as the president of Purdue University. In response, 90 Purdue professors issued an open letter expressing their concern. Because of Daniels' attempt to remove <mask>'s book, the former governor was accused of censorship, to which Daniels responded by saying that his views were misrepresented, and that if <mask> were alive and a member of the Purdue faculty, he would defend his free speech rights and right to publish. But he said that would not give <mask> an "entitlement to have that work foisted on school children in public schools."Stanford education professor Sam Wineburg has publicly criticized <mask>'s research. Reviewing a critique by Wineburg, reviewer David Plotnikoff credits Wineburg for showing that "A People's History perpetrates the same errors of historical practice as the tomes it aimed to correct," for "<mask>'s desire to cast a light on what he saw as historic injustice was a crusade built on secondary sources of questionable provenance, omission of exculpatory evidence, leading questions and shaky connections between evidence and conclusions," for which he provides many examples. Daniel J. Flynn, an author and columnist at The American Spectator, likewise charges <mask> with presenting biased history. Michael Kazin, professor at Georgetown University, also faults <mask>, stating that "A People's History is bad history, albeit gilded with virtuous intentions. Zinn reduces the past to a Manichean fable." In early 2017, Arkansas Representative Kim Hendren (R) submitted a "Bill introduced to ban <mask>'s books from Arkansas public schools." Bibliography

Author
LaGuardia in Congress (1959; based on his 1958 Ph.D. dissertation Fiorello LaGuardia in Congress) .The Southern Mystique (1962) . SNCC: The New Abolitionists (1964) . New Deal Thought (editor) (1965) . Vietnam: The Logic of Withdrawal (1967) . Disobedience and Democracy: Nine Fallacies on Law and Order (1968, re-issued 2002) . The Politics of History (1970) (2nd edition 1990) . The Pentagon Papers Senator Gravel Edition.Vol. Five. Critical Essays. Boston. Beacon Press, 1972. 341p. plus 72p.of Index to Vol. I–IV of the Papers, Noam Chomsky, <mask>, editors. .
Justice in Everyday Life: The Way It Really Works (Editor) (1974) . Justice? Eyewitness Accounts (1977) . A People's History of the United States: 1492 – Present (1980), revised (1995)(1998)(1999)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2010) . Playbook by Maxine Klein, Lydia Sargent and <mask> (1986) . Declarations of Independence: Cross-Examining American Ideology (1991) .A People's History of the United States: The Civil War to the Present Kathy Emery and Ellen Reeves, <mask> (2003 teaching edition) Vol. I: . Vol II: . Failure to Quit: Reflections of an Optimistic Historian (1993) . You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train: A Personal History of Our Times (autobiography)(1994)
A People's History of the United States: The Wall Charts by <mask> and George Kirschner (1995) . Hiroshima: Breaking the Silence (pamphlet, 1995) . The Zinn Reader: Writings on Disobedience and Democracy (1997) ; 2nd edition (2009) .The Cold War & the University: Toward an Intellectual History of the Postwar Years (Noam Chomsky (Editor) Authors: Ira Katznelson, R. C. Lewontin, David Montgomery, Laura Nader, Richard Ohmann, Ray Siever, Immanuel Wallerstein, <mask> (1997) . Marx in Soho: A Play on History (1999) . The Future of History: Interviews With David Barsamian (1999) . <mask> on War (2000) . <mask> on History (2000) . La Otra Historia De Los Estados Unidos (2000) . Three Strikes: Miners, Musicians, Salesgirls, and the Fighting Spirit of Labor's Last Century (Dana Frank, Robin Kelley, and <mask>) (2002) .Terrorism and War (2002) . (interviews, Anthony Arnove (Ed.)) The Power of Nonviolence: Writings by Advocates of Peace Editor (2002) . Emma: A Play in Two Acts About Emma Goldman, American Anarchist (2002) . Artists in Times of War (2003) . The 20th century: A People's History (2003) . A People's History of the United States: Teaching Edition Abridged (2003 updated) .Passionate Declarations: Essays on War and Justice (2003) . Iraq Under Siege, The Deadly Impact of Sanctions and War, co-author (2003)
<mask> On Democratic Education Donaldo Macedo, Editor (2004) . The People Speak: American Voices, Some Famous, Some Little Known (2004) . Voices of a People's History of the United States (with Anthony Arnove, 2004) ; 2nd edition (2009) . A People's History of the Civil War: Struggles for the Meaning of Freedom by David Williams, <mask> (Series Editor) (2005) . A Power Governments Cannot Suppress (2006) . Original Zinn: Conversations on History and Politics (2006) <mask> and David Barsamian.A People's History of American Empire (2008) by <mask>, Mike Konopacki and Paul Buhle. .
A Young People's History of the United States, adapted from the original text by Rebecca Stefoff; illustrated and updated through 2006, with new introduction and afterword by <mask>; two volumes, Seven Stories Press, New York, 2007. Vol. 1: Columbus to the Spanish–American War. .
Vol. 2: Class Struggle to the War on Terror. .
One-volume edition (2009) . The Bomb (City Lights Publishers, 2010) . The Historic Unfulfilled Promise (City Lights Publishers, 2012) . <mask> Speaks: Collected Speeches 1963-2009 (Haymarket Books, 2012) .Truth Has a Power of Its Own: Conversations About A People's History by <mask> and Ray Suarez (The New Press, 2019) . Contributor
Ars Americana Ars Politica: Partisan Expression in Contemporary American Literature and Culture. by Peter Swirski (2010) . Admirable Radical: Staughton Lynd and Cold War Dissent, 1945–1970 (2010), Kent State University Press by Carl Mirra . A Gigantic Mistake by Mickey Z (2004) . A People's History of the Supreme Court by Peter H. Irons (2000) . A Political Dynasty In North Idaho, 1933–1967 by Randall Doyle (2004) .American Political Prisoners: Prosecutions Under the Espionage and Sedition Acts by Stephen M. Kohn (1994) . American Power and the New Mandarins by Noam Chomsky (2002) . Broken Promises Of America: At Home And Abroad, Past And Present: An Encyclopedia For Our Times by (Douglas F. Dowd (2004) . Deserter From Death: Dispatches From Western Europe 1950–2000 by Daniel Singer (2005) . Ecocide of Native America: Environmental Destruction of Indian Lands and Peoples by Donald Grinde, Bruce Johansen (1994) . Eugene V. Debs Reader: Socialism and the Class Struggle by William A. Pelz (2000) . From a Native Son: Selected Essays in Indigenism, 1985–1995 by Ward Churchill (1996) .Green Parrots: A War Surgeon's Diary by Gino Strada (2005) . Hijacking Catastrophe: 9/11, Fear And The Selling Of American Empire by Sut Jhally editor, Jeremy Earp editor (2004) . If You're Not a Terrorist...Then Stop Asking Questions! by Micah Ian Wright (2004) . Iraq: The Logic of Withdrawal by Anthony Arnove (2006) . Impeach the President: The Case Against Bush and Cheney Dennis Loo (Editor), Peter Phillips (Editor), Seven Stories Press: 2006 . Life of an Anarchist: The Alexander Berkman Reader by Alexander Berkman Gene Fellner, editor (2004) .Long Shadows: Veterans' Paths to Peace by David Giffey editor (2006) . Masters of War: Latin America and United States Aggression from the Cuban Revolution Through the Clinton Years by Clara Nieto, Chris Brandt (trans) (2003) . Peace Signs: The Anti-War Movement Illustrated by James Mann, editor (2004) . Prayer for the Morning Headlines: On the Sanctity of Life and Death by Daniel Berrigan (poetry) and Adrianna Amari (photography) (2007) . Silencing Political Dissent: How Post-9-11 Anti-terrorism Measures Threaten Our Civil Liberties by Nancy Chang, Center for Constitutional Rights (2002) . Soldiers In Revolt: GI Resistance During The Vietnam War by David Cortright (2005) . Sold to the Highest Bidder: The Presidency from Dwight D. Eisenhower to George W. Bush by Daniel M. Friedenberg (2002) .The Autobiography of Abbie Hoffman Intro by Norman Mailer, Afterword by HZ (2000) . The Case for Socialism by Alan Maass (2004) . The Forging of the American Empire: From the Revolution to Vietnam, a History of U.S. Imperialism by Sidney Lens (2003) . The Higher Law: Thoreau on Civil Disobedience and Reform by Henry David Thoreau, Wendell Glick, editor (2004) . The Iron Heel by Jack London (1971) . The Sixties Experience: Hard Lessons about Modern America by Edward P. Morgan (1992) .You Back the Attack, We'll Bomb Who We Want by Micah Ian Wright (2003) . A People's History of the American Revolution by Ray Raphael (2002) . <mask> Foreword for New Press People's History Series. Recordings
A People's History of the United States (1999)
Artists in the Time of War (2002)
Heroes & Martyrs: Emma Goldman, Sacco & Vanzetti, and the Revolutionary Struggle (2000)
Stories Hollywood Never Tells (2000)
You Can't Blow Up A Social Relationship, CD including Zinn lectures and performances by rock band Resident Genius (Thick Records, 2005)

Theatre
Emma (1976)
Daughter of Venus (1985)
Marx in Soho (1999)

See also
 List of peace activists

References

Further reading
 Duberman, Martin. <mask>: A Life on the Left. (The New Press, 2012). Ellis, Deb and Mueller, Denis.<mask>: You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train. (film 2004)
 . Retrieved 2010-03-09. Greenberg, David. "Agit-Prof: <mask>'s influential mutilations of American history", The New Republic March 19, 2013
 Joyce, Davis D. <mask>: A Radical American Vision. (Prometheus Books, 2003). Lynd, Staughton.Doing History from the Bottom Up; On E.P. Thompson, <mask>, and Rebuilding the Labor Movement from Below. Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2014. Interviews
 2001 Interview with <mask> about A People's History of the United States, religion, and movies
 Interview with Guernica: a magazine of arts and politics. The Tavis Smiley Show: "<mask> and the Omissions of U.S. History", November 27, 2003, National Public Radio. An Interview with <mask> on Anarchism: Rebels Against Tyranny by AK Press
 "War is the Health of the State: An Interview with <mask>", By Paul Glavin & Chuck Morse, Perspectives on Anarchist Theory, Vol. 7, No.1, Spring 2003
 "A Great Faith in Human Beings." In Klin, Richard and Lily Prince (photos), Something to Say: Thoughts on Art and Politics in America. (Leapfrog Press, 2011)

Obituaries
 Helene Atwan, director of Beacon Press on "The Loss of <mask>inn" January 29, 2010. <mask>, Historian, is Dead at 87, By Michael Powell, New York Times, January 28, 2010
 Obituary in the Oxonian Review

Videos
 The Legacy of <mask>  – video by Big Think
 <mask> on why there are no just wars: "Holy Wars" – video by

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<mask>, known by her stage name <mask>, is a Filipina actress and singer. After beginning her career in GMA in 2001, she transferred to its rival network, ABS-CBN, where she played mostly minor and supporting roles before returning to GMA in 2006. During the first two years of her second stint with GMA, she continued to play supporting roles in series such as Boys Nxt Door and Asian Treasures before landing a lead role in the television remake of the film Kaputol ng Isang Awit. She appeared in villain roles in the remakes of Kung Aagawin Mo ang Lahat sa Akin and Stairway to Heaven, and on the musical series Diva before finally achieving leading lady status in the fantasy series Grazilda in 2010. In addition to her television appearances, she has also acted in a number of mainstream and independent films, including Sukob, Patikul, Batanes, and Still Life. She leads also in a top-rating primetime series called The Rich Man's Daughter. As a singer, <mask> has so far released four albums: Magbalik Ka, released in 2001, the self-titled Glaiza, released in 2006,  Synthesis, released in 2015, and Magandang Simulain, released in 2017.On April 4, 2016, <mask> <mask> was announced as she played the role of Pirena in the 2016 remake of Encantadia. Acting career

Early career: minor roles on television and in movies (2002–2006)

<mask> began her career with GMA-7 playing a minor role in the soap opera Ikaw Lang Ang Mamahalin. However, after only a few months with the company, she transferred to rival network ABS-CBN and became a contracted artist of Star Magic, the company's training ground for young talent. During her time in ABS-CBN, she continued to play both supporting and minor roles, two of the most prominent being the role of Halley in the teen-oriented show, Berks. Between 2002 and 2005, she would only appear in films sporadically, playing bit parts in movies such as Singsing ni Lola (2002) and Miss Pinoy (2005). By 2006, she began to appear in films more frequently, with minor parts in the horror films Sukob and White Lady, as well as the Manny Pacquiao biographical film, Pacquiao: The Movie. Her most prominent film role during this point in her career was in the film adaptation of Carlo Vergara's graphic novel, Zsazsa Zaturnnah; the film was an entry to the 2006 Metro Manila Film Festival.Return to GMA and breakout roles (2006–2008)
After four years with ABS-CBN, <mask> returned to its rival GMA Network in 2006. One of her first roles back was as Honey on the fantasy-adventure series, Fantastikids, where she starred alongside Marky Cielo, Jackie Rice and Ryza Cenon, as well as former child star Paolo Contis and former beauty queen Melanie Marquez. The reception to the show was mostly warm; journalist Paul Daza of The Philippine Daily Inquirer compared it favorably to its counterpart on ABS-CBN (fantasy-drama anthology Komiks), and commented that, based on ratings, "it would seem like the new [GMA-7] stars are outshining the more established [ABS-CBN] performers." At this time, she also performed regularly on GMA's regular Sunday variety show, SOP Rules. In 2007, <mask> appeared in the afternoon teen drama Boys Nxt Door. The series has been dubbed in Malay on the Malaysian channel 8TV and became the first Filipino drama to air in South Korea, via KBS2. The second role was in the 2007 action-adventure series, Asian Treasures, GMA-7's most expensive show to date.<mask> played Clara, an expert on history and geography who would use this knowledge to help the main characters find the titular treasures. 2007 also saw her featured prominently in the independent film Still Life, a film written and directed by Katski Flores, about an artist stricken with a terminal illness who has traveled to an isolated island to paint his last work. In the film, <mask> plays Emma, a woman who relates her past to the main character. Her portrayal of Emma was noted by film critic Tito Valiente of Business Mirror as "one reason the short life on that island becomes very real." Valiente went on to note that <mask>'s character was "vulnerable but not whiny. Even in tears she conjures an image of a woman whose only way out of life is finding life in anything." The film was a finalist at that year's Cinemalaya Philippine Independent Film Festival, where <mask> received a Golden Screen Awards nomination in the Best Actress category.She also played a supporting role that year in the romantic film Batanes, alongside top GMA actress Iza Calzado, Taiwanese singer-actor Ken Chu, and Marky Cielo. The following year, 2008, she started shooting another independent film, Rakenrol. The film is based on director Quark Henares' views on growing up in the local rock scene, as well as his own personal experiences in starting a band. <mask> described the film, which was still in production as of March 2009, as "a lighter version of Almost Famous and "a fun, feel-good movie". In 2008, she played the lead role in the television adaptation of the 1991 film, Kaputol ng Isang Awit. In the series, <mask> played Sarah Monteza a poor girl with a good voice but low self-esteem. <mask> herself would later go on to say that the role was her "biggest break" thus far.Career resurgence (2009–present)
After another supporting role in the television adaptation of comic-book writer Carlo J. Caparas' graphic novel Gagambino, <mask> once again landed a lead role on another television adaptation of a Filipino film, Kung Aagawin Mo ang Lahat sa Akin opposite Patrick Garcia, Maxene Magalona, Jackie Rice and JC Tiuseco. In the series she played Gladys Andrada (a role originated by co-star Jackie Lou Blanco), the jealous, only biological child of Gilbert (played by Nonie Buencamino) and Clara Andrada (played by Blanco). Her portrayal was well-received; columnist Jason John Lim commented that while she knew she was breaking out of her comfort zone, "What she didn't know that she would also begin breaking the expectations of everybody." Right after Kung Aagawin Mo ang Lahat sa Akin, she played another supporting role on an episode of the drama anthology SRO Cinemaserye, which chronicled the life story of singer Eva Castillo (portrayed in this episode by Manilyn Reynes). Shortly thereafter, she landed another role in the Philippine remake of the widely popular Korean television drama, Stairway to Heaven, alongside Dingdong Dantes, Rhian Ramos and TJ Trinidad. She portrayed Eunice Manansala (serving as the counterpart for Han Yoori, played by actress Kim Tae-hee), the envious stepsister of Jodi Reyes (played by Rhian Ramos). To prepare for the role, <mask> watched the original series in order to attempt to get an idea of who her character was as a person.<mask> also commented on the relative complexity of her character in this series compared to her character in Kung Aagawin Mo Ang Lahat Sa Akin: "Unlike my previous role, you don't know what is going on inside the mind of Eunice. What's going inside her head is really devious. She is subtle in her approach and very scheming... Despite being evil, she still has a heart and there's a reason she became a bad person. If she is stepping down on people, she is also being stepped on by other people. She also has to fulfill her needs and wants and she will do everything for the person she loves." As with her two previous major roles, her portrayal was also well received by critics; Jerry Donato of The Philippine Star, in particular, has gone so far to say that "So far, Glaiza has given her Korean counterpart a run for her money."In 2009, <mask> appeared in five films. In the first, the independent political thriller Benteshe replaced former StarStruck contestant and fellow GMA star Jewel Mische when the latter refused to film a sex scene she considered "beyond [her] moral standards". as directed by Mel Chionglo. The film was released in June 2009 and received mixed reviews, with Rito Asilo of the Philippine Daily Inquirer citing its thematic substance and Gomez's and Calzado's "insightful performances", while also going on to blast the film's "disparate stories", "incohesive feel and style", and sudden ending "in a convenient anticlimax". The second film was the horror movie Tarot, released on August 26. The film, about a girl who is able to predict the future through the use of tarot cards, was directed by Jun Lana and was top-billed by Marian Rivera and Dennis Trillo. A third film, Ang Manghuhula, was released commercially in September (it had been shown at the Cinemanila International Film Festival the previous year).The film was directed by Paolo Herras and saw <mask> playing the daughter of Messina (played by Eula <mask>), a seer. The production was received warmly, with Noelani Torre of the Philippine Daily Inquirer noting its "fascinating subject matter", "colorful cast" and "visual richness and clarity". The fourth film <mask> starred in that year was the independent film Astig (international title: Squalor) alongside Sid Lucero, Edgar Allan Guzman, Arnold Reyes and Dennis Trillo (who also directed the film). In Astig, <mask> playing Elgine, a teenager afflicted with a sexually transmitted disease who eventually becomes the love interest of Trillo's character. The film, released in July of that year, was a critical and financial success, topping the box office in that year's Cinemalaya Film Festival, with a profit of P137,890.00. Darwin Chiong of

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 GMANews.tv called the film's cinematography "remarkable" and praised the cast as a whole, saying, "The movie gathers an ensemble of actors that deliver in the acting department, even those in supporting roles like <mask> <mask> and Malou Crisologo." Her performance in this film earned her a nomination in the Best Supporting Actress Category at the 33rd Gawad Urian Awards.The fifth film was the sixth film under the Mano Po banner, subtitled A Mother's Love. The film, directed by Joel Lamangan and top-billed by Sharon Cuneta, Zsa Zsa Padilla, Heart Evangelista and Dennis Trillo, saw <mask> playing a younger version of Cuneta's character, Melinda Uy. The film was released on December 25 and was an entry to that year's annual Metro Manila Film Festival. Her first project on GMA for 2010 was in another villain role in what was billed as the Philippines' first musical, comedy-drama series, Diva, which debuted on GMA Network on March 1, 2010 and ended on July 30 of that year. The show, which also starred Regine Velasquez, Mark Anthony <mask>, TJ Trinidad and singer Jaya and is partly based on the American movie trilogy High School Musical and the American television series Glee, saw <mask> playing the ambitious Tiffany, who is Lady's (Rufa Mae Quinto) assistant and soon-to-be a villainess to singer-actress Regine Velasquez's heroine Melody. After Diva, <mask> auditioned for and won the title role on the primetime fantasy series Grazilda. The show, a sequel to the Cinderella story, centers on Grazilda, who is in turn based on one of <mask>'s wicked stepsisters, Drizella.The plot revolves around Grazilda's banishment from her home world of Fantasia to the human world, where she suffers a fate similar to <mask>'s. The series, which premiered on September 13, 2010, also stars Geoff Eigenmann, Yasmien Kurdi, Jolina Magdangal and Cherie Gil, and marks <mask>'s first lead role in a primetime series. Prior to the show's debut, the actress was constantly quoted as being unable to believe her success; she had by then been accustomed to playing only villainous roles and expected to do so for the remainder of her career. The show was both a critical and commercial success, beating its rival show 1DOL by a margin of five points in the AGB Mega Manila ratings. In light of the show's success, <mask>'s manager, Manny Valera, has decided to turn down any further villain roles on behalf of his talent in order to build her up as a lead star. On October 30, it was announced that <mask> would no longer be cast in the remake of the film Temptation Island and would instead be launched as a lead star in the 2011 remake of the 1992 film Aswang, produced by Regal Films with film director Topel Lee. But her lead role went to Lovi Poe instead.<mask> later played the major role in an epic drama Amaya, opposite Marian Rivera and Sid Lucero. In 2012, <mask> first appear on Tweets for My Sweet playing the role of Kimberly, the long lost daughter and a sister to Meg which is portrayed by Marian Rivera and on the 3rd Quarter of the year she was chosen to be cast on the Philippine adaptation of Temptation of Wife, playing the role of Heidi which is originally by Alessandra <mask> when she declined the role. In 2013, <mask> will co-star Vampire Ang Daddy Ko which is top billed by Vic Sotto and Oyo Boy Sotto. In 2015, another major role has landed to <mask>'s career. She played the role of Althea Guevarra in the hit TV lesbian series, "The Rich Man's Daughter" alongside Rhian Ramos. In 2016, she played the role of Pirena in the hit Telefantasya, "Encantadia" originally by Sunshine Dizon. In 2017, she reprised the role in the series Mulawin vs. Ravena.In March 2018, she took on the title role in the revenge series Contessa. Other works
In March 2016, <mask> was part of UN Women's Safe Cities Program, a program that aims to increase the awareness and stop street harassment and sexual violence against women in public spaces. As part of the program, <mask> was part of Quezon City's campaign against sexual harassment. Music
<mask> has so far released four albums. The first one, titled Magbalik Ka, was released under XAX Music Entertainment, in 2001, when she was thirteen. Five years later, she released a second album, the self-entitled Glaiza, this time released under Dyna Records. The latter album, described by <mask> herself as "more defined" compared to her first album, comprises pop and R&B songs, and contains mostly original content except for three tracks: a cover of Joey Albert's song "How Can I Make You See", as well as a Tagalog version (titled "Paano"), and an English version of Dingdong Avanzado's "Basta't Kasama Kita".When asked why it took her half a decade to release a second album, <mask> explained that after the first album was completed, she did not renew her contract with the record company and instead focused on her television career. In June 2008, Glaiza was officially launched, two years after the album was released. In 2015, <mask> launched her third, self-produced album Synthesis. She did mall shows to promote this album. It was her most successful album so far. In 2017, <mask> <mask> released her fourth album under PolyEast Records titled Magandang Simulain. After its release, <mask> mounted a concert to promote the songs under this album.The concert was held at the Music Museum. <mask> received critical acclaim for her in-character covers of the Asin songs "Himig ng Pag-ibig" and "Pagbabalik" when she played anti-dictatorship activist Cecilia Flores-Oebanda in the 2018 film Liway. Moviegoers were noted to be so emotional during the film that they often clapped in the cinemas after being moved by <mask>'s performance, both in terms of acting and in performing the songs. Public image
Despite gaining wider recognition for her roles as a villain in Kung Aagawin Mo Ang Lahat Sa Akin and Stairway to Heaven, <mask> has reportedly had qualms about portraying a villain again in future projects. Of this, she commented, "I don't want to be typecast as an antagonist forever because it's difficult to get rid of that sort of image." However, she has expressed preference for antagonist roles over "sexy" roles. She later retracted this statement, saying that she "didn't think [she'd] get typecast because [she] plays different kinds of women each time" and explained this by saying, "The stories are different, so [her] characters' [motivations] are also different."Although she had, in the past, considered posing for magazines such as FHM "for instant fame and fortune", she eventually decided against it and opted to hone her craft as a serious actress, saying, "I just want to start on the right foot by focusing more on acting than diverting my attention to other interests. I want to become an actress and to show what I can do." She has also expressed interest in playing "out-of-the-box and extreme roles", in the vein of Natalie Portman in V for Vendetta and Charlize Theron in Monster. In 2008, she spoke of her preference for independent film, commenting in Taglish, "As for me, I feel fulfilled in indie films. I'm given roles in indie projects that are heavier compared to the mainstream. And I'm rarely offered roles in mainstream [films] anyway." Advocacy and political positions

<mask> is known as a Women’s Rights and Protection Advocate, having won a Media People's Choice Award for her advocacy in 2017.After performing the role of anti-Marcos activist Cecilia Flores-Oebanda in 2018, <mask> has spoken against historical negationism regarding the Philippines' martial law era, which was the setting of the film. She agreed that it was a polarizing topic, but said that Filipino youth need to be “made more aware of it, because it’s important to know history and learn from it. It’s necessary for everyone’s growth.” In 2020, she participated in activities denouncing the then newly-signed Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020, joining numerous artists in reciting Charlie Chaplin's final speech in the film The Great Dictator, as translated into Filipino by writer Rody Vera. Personal life
She also maintained a close friendship with consistent on-screen partner Marky Cielo for a significant part of the latter's career until his death in 2008. In the wake of her friend's death, <mask> recounted an exchange she had the day before Cielo died: she told Cielo about a dream she had about him and Rich Asuncion; according to her, Cielo had other people tell him they had dreams about him, which he took to be an omen of death. Filmography

Film

Television

Discography

Albums
Magbalik Ka (2001)
Glaiza (2006)
Synthesis (2015)
Magandang Simulain (2017)

Synthesis soundtrack
 "Dusk 'til Dawn"
 "Sayo Pa Rin"
 "Country Tree"
 "Waiting Shed"
 "Pag-ikot"
 "Makaturok"
 "Barcelona"
 "Memo"

Magandang Simulain soundtrack
 "Ganti"
 "Itanong Mo sa Mga Bata"
 "Dukha"
 "London"
 "Bato sa Buhangin"
 "Sinta"
 "Ang Himig Natin"
 "Magandang Simulain"

Singles

Concerts

Poetry books

Awards and nominations

References

External links
 at GMANetwork.com

1988 births
Living people
Star Magic
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Filipino child actresses
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Filipino Pentecostals
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Count <mask> (2 June 1621 – 17 April 1693), also known as <mask> was a soldier, officer and civil servant in Swedish service, being appointed Lieutenant General in 1670, General in 1674, Field Marshal in 1678, Governor General of the Scanian provinces, in 1680, and Royal Councilor in 1681. Biography
<mask> was born on the estate Berbonen (Perbohnen) in Courland (today part of Latvia) on 2 June 1621. He was of an old Westphalian family that had emigrated to Courland in the 16th century. His parents were <mask> and <mask>. Thirty Years' War
At the age of 13 he served as page for Colonel Brink of the Swedish army fighting in the Thirty Years' War in Germany. He was present at a number of major battles, including the Battle of Nördlingen in 1634. In 1639 he left the army for studies in France.At the age of 19 he was drafted to a Hessian cavalry regiment in Swedish service. He distinguished himself at the Battle of Wolfenbüttel 1641. In the Battle of Breitenfeld in 1642 he was wounded and captured by the enemy, but later rescued. During the remaining part of the Thirty Years' War, Ascheberg fought under Field Marshals Lennart Torstenson and Carl Gustaf Wrangel. He distinguished himself on a number of occasions and was made Cornet in 1644, Captain Lieutenant in 1645 and Rittmeister in 1646. After the peace was settled in 1648, Ascheberg remained in Germany. He held a position as bailiff 1651–1655.In 1655, he was offered a position as Lieutenant Colonel and command of a regiment within the Swedish army, which prepared for a war against Poland-Lithuania. Second Northern War (1655–1660)
The war, known as the Second Northern War, initially took place in Poland-Lithuania. Ascheberg proved to be successful during the campaign. In March 1656. after capturing the city of Jarosław, Ascheberg was promoted Colonel. In July of the same year, he attended the Battle of Warsaw. He commanded the Swedish forces in the Battle of Chojnice (Konitz), in which he was highly successful according to some sources. As a token of his appreciation, Swedish king Charles X Gustav gave <mask> a rapier he had used in battle.<mask> also received valuable jewellery and an estate in Prussia. Denmark attacked Swedish dominions in Germany in 1657. This meant that the Swedish army, including the forces under Ascheberg's command, left Poland to instead engage their Danish enemy. In 1658, Ascheberg spearheaded the March across the Belts as the Swedish army marched across the ices of Little Belt and Great Belt in order to reach the Danish island of Zealand. He narrowly escaped being caught when the enemy under Frederick William of Brandenburg and Polish commander Stefan Czarniecki attacked Sønderborg in December 1658. In February 1659, he was badly wounded during the assault on Copenhagen. After spending 10 weeks abed, a recovered <mask> returned to the battlefield in time to be in charge of the conquest of the island Møn in May 1659.He remained on the island until the war ended in 1660. Promotions and knighting
In 1664, <mask> was promoted to Major General and in 1665, he took part when Field Marshal Wrangel led Swedish troops to the German city of Bremen during the conflict between Sweden and Bremen. He returned to Sweden when the conflict was settled. In 1670 he reached the rank of Lieutenant General and in 1673, he was declared Freiherr of the estate Kastellgården outside Kungälv. In 1674 he was promoted to General. Scanian War (1675–1679)
In the Scanian War, Ascheberg first was responsible for the defence of Bohuslän against attacks from Norway. His force won a battle close to Kviström.He left Bohuslän for Scania and acted as commander in a number of battles, often alongside king Charles XI. He distinguished himself at the Battle of Halmstad in August 1676, where he was wounded in the arm. After recovering in Gothenburg, he joined the army in Scania in time to play a significant part in the largest battle of the war, the Battle of Lund in December. He contributed actively to the Swedish victory in the Battle of Landskrona 1677 after which he was appointed Lieutenant Field Marshal. Before the war ended he received highest command of the Swedish army in Scania. In November 1678, after the hostilities had practically ended but before a peace treaty had been negotiated, <mask> was handed the highest position within the Swedish army; Field Marshal. Governor-General and Count
After the Scanian war had ended, in December 1679, <mask> was appointed Governor-General of Gothenburg, Bohuslän and Dalsland.In 1680, Scania and Halland was added to his governorship. He was declared Royal Councillor in 1681 and Count in 1687. Mentor of the king
King Charles XI, who rose to the throne as a four-year-old when his father king Charles X Gustav died in 1660, saw <mask> as his military master. In a letter to <mask>, written 1680, Charles XI acknowledged that "...the little that I have learnt in this war, I have got Herr Field Marshal to thank for, and for as long as I live, I will acknowledge that". Death
<mask> died in Gothenburg on 17 April 1693. He was buried in German Church (Tyska kyrkan), also known as Kristine Church, Gothenburg, on 26 August 1694. King Charles XI attended the funeral.Among the manors and estates that <mask> owned at the time of his death were Kastellegården, Gullmarsberg, Holma, Torreby, Stenungsön and Ström, in Bohuslän, as well as Sövdeborg, Agerup and Tosterup in Scania. Marriage and children
In 1650, Ascheberg married Maria Eleonora <mask>, member of a noble family from Hessen. She lived 1632–1690 and was buried in 1691, in the same church that Ascheberg would be buried three years later. The couple had the following children:

 George Fredrik <mask>cheberg
 Margareta Sabina <mask>cheberg
 Ludvig Volrath <mask>cheberg
 Anna <mask> Ascheberg
 Karl Gustaf <mask>cheberg
 <mask> <mask>cheberg
 Gustaf Adolf von Ascheberg
 Kristian Ludvig von Ascheberg
 Eleonora Elisabet <mask> (1663–1737). She was born on 13 September 1663. On 14 September 1679 she married David Makeléer and she died on 13 November 1737. Sofia Lovisa <mask> (1664–1720), who married Hans Wachtmeister
 Otto Vilhelm <mask> (1665–1671)
 Margareta <mask> (1671–1753) who married Kjell Kristoffer Barnekow (1663–1700) on 26 January 1691

Legacy
A major street (Aschebergsgatan) is named in his honor in the city of Gothenburg.Notes

References

Citations

Sources
Björlin, Gustaf. : Kriget mot Danmark 1675–1679. Stockholm 1885. Wahlöö, Claes & Larsson, Göran. : Slaget vid Lund. Lund 1998. See also
List of Swedish military commanders
List of Swedish wars
Dominions of Sweden

1621 births
1693 deaths
Field marshals of Sweden
Governors-General of Sweden
Swedish counts
Swedish people of German descent
Members of the Privy Council of Sweden
17th-century Latvian people
Swedish people of the Thirty Years' War
Military personnel of the Thirty Years' War
Second Northern War
17th-century Swedish politicians

masks:
Rutger von Ascheberg
Roger von Asberg
Ascheberg
Wilhelm von Ascheberg
Margaretha von der Osten
von Ascheberg
von Ascheberg
von Ascheberg
Ascheberg
Ascheberg
Ascheberg
Ascheberg
Ascheberg
Ascheberg
Ascheberg
von Bussech
von As
von As
von As
Elisabeth von
von As
Rutger
von As
von Asberg
von Asberg
von Asberg
von Asberg


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<mask> (born 20 July 1989) is an Italian footballer who plays as a midfielder for  club Trento. Club career

Early career
Born in Padua, Pasquato began his career in the youth ranks of Padova at age six. After just one season with his hometown club, however, he joined the youth setup of Montebelluna, where he ultimately would remain until 2003, when he was scouted out by Juventus officials. Juventus
Pasquato officially joined Juventus in July 2003 and instantly earned early comparisons to club legend Alessandro Del Piero, most notably due to their origins at Padova, but also due their similar field positions and free-kick abilities. In 2006, Pasquato reached the Primavera team after winning the Allievi title. Being a free kick specialist, Pasquato scored the winner against Internazionale in the Supercoppa Primavera final. After six years in the Juventus youth sector, Pasquato began to earn senior call-ups from coach Claudio Ranieri during the 2007–08 Serie A season, and made his first team debut on 11 May 2008, the final matchday of that season, as a second-half substitute.Following the Primavera final, <mask> was promoted to the first team. Pasquato continued with the Juventus first team during the 2008–09 pre-season and impressed throughout the summer. He also competed with the team in the UEFA Champions League. Loan Deals
On 24 August 2008, it was confirmed that <mask> had signed for Serie B side Empoli on a one-year loan deal. With the Tuscan club, Pasquato made 23 league appearances and scored one goal in his first full season in the professional leagues. On 1 July 2009, he returned to Juventus, though his loan with Empoli would be extended for one more season soon after. During the andata of the 2009–10 Serie B campaign, Pasquato managed just nine league appearances, scoring one goal.Because of his lack of match time, Juventus recalled the young forward back to Turin during the 2010 January transfer window before ultimately re-loaning the player back to the second division with Triestina. During his loan with the club from Trieste, Pasquato made 16 league appearances and scored one goal. His efforts were not enough to save the club from relegation to the Lega Pro Prima Divisione at the end of the season. After returning to Juventus on 30 June 2010 following the expiration of his six-month loan deal with Triestina, <mask> was again loaned out, this time to Modena, another Serie B club. He spent the entire 2010–11 season at Modena, scoring nine goals and notching 13 assists in 40 league games for the club. After the highly productive season with the gialloblu, Pasquato returned to Juve once more, and after training with the first team for the entire pre-season and competing in several summer tournaments and friendly matches, it was believed that the youngster would remain in Turin under new coach Antonio Conte. On 26 July 2011, <mask> notably scored the winning goal for Juventus in a 1–0 win over América in the 2011 World Football Challenge.<mask> began the match as a starter on the left-wing of Conte's 4–2–4, and scored a brilliant volley past Armando Navarrete after 42 minutes of play. The match was held in New York at CitiField. On 31 August 2011, <mask> was once again sent out on loan by Juventus: he was loaned to fellow Serie A club Lecce – along with teammate Manuel Giandonato – on a season-long loan. He was, however, recalled from his loan period at Lecce on 27 January 2012 due to limited play time. He was loaned out to city-rivals Torino in the Serie B just two days later, on 29 January 2012. Udinese
On 30 June 2012, <mask> returned to Juventus, although the club sold half of his registration rights to Udinese for €1.5 million as part of a deal that also saw Kwadwo Asamoah and Mauricio Isla move from Udinese to Juventus, also in co-ownership deals. Loan to Bologna
<mask> was then immediately sent on loan by Udinese to Bologna on a season-long loan deal, where he teamed up with former Juve teammates Marco Motta, Michele Pazienza and Frederik Sørensen.On 26 August he made his debut in Serie A, as a substitute replacing Robert Acquafresca in the 88th minute of a 2–0 away defeat against ChievoVerona. On 28 November he scored his first goal for Bologna, in the fourth round of Coppa Italia, in the 35th minute of a 1–0 home win over Livorno. On 29 December, <mask> scored his second goal, in the round of 16 of Coppa Italia, in the 38th minute of a 2–1 away win over Napoli. On 15 January 2013, <mask> played in the quarter-finals of Coppa Italia, he was replaced by Manolo Gabbiadini in the 55th minute of a 3–2 away defeat against Inter. On 27 January he scored his first Serie A goal for Bologna, as a substitute, in the 54th minute of a 3–3 home draw against Roma. On 3 March he scored his second goal in Serie A, again as a substitute in the 92nd minute of a 3–0 home win over Cagliari. <mask> ended his loan to Bologna with 18 apparences, 4 goals and 1 assist.On 17 June 2013, Udinese and Juventus renewed the co-ownership agreement of the player, with Udinese continuing to hold onto his registration rights. Loan to Padova
On 8 August 2013, Udinese loaned Pasquato to Serie B club Padova. On 11 August he made his debut for Padova, in the second round of Coppa Italia, as a substitute replacing Andrea Raimondi in the 66th minute and he scored his first goal for Padova in the 83rd minute of a 2–1 home win over Virtus Entella. On 17 August, Pasquato played in the third round of Coppa Italia, he was replaced by Davide Voltan in the 55th minute of a 1–0 away defeat against Trapani. On 24 August he made his Serie B debut for Padova, he was replaced by Andrea Raimondi in the 72nd minute of a 2–0 home defeat against Trapani. On 8 September, Pasquato played his first full match for Padova, a 3–0 home defeat against Palermo. On 21 September, Pasquato scored his first goal in Serie B for Padova in the 14th minute of a 3–1 away defeat against Empoli.On 4 October he scored his second goal in 61st minute of a 3–2 home win over Varese. On 19 October, Pasquato scored his third goal in the 89th minute of a 2–1 home win over Juve Stabia. Pasquato ended his season-long loan to Padova with 39 apparences, 8 goals and 5 assists. Return to Juventus
On 20 June 2014, Juventus confirmed the outright purchase of <mask> from Udinese on a three-year contract for €1.5 million fee. Loan to Pescara
On 1 September 2014, <mask> was signed by Pescara. On 7 September, <mask> made his debut in Serie B for Pescara in a match against Ternana, he scored his first goal for Pescara in the 55th minute and he was replaced by Roberto Guana in the 70th minute of a 1–1 away draw. On 4 October, <mask> scored his second goal, as a substitute in the 82nd minute of a 4–0 home win over Virtus Entella.On 12 October he scored his third goal in the 42nd minute of a 4–1 away win over Crotone. On 2 December he played, as a substitute, in the fourth round of Coppa Italia, he replaced Birkir Bjarnason in the 83rd minute of a 1-0 away defeat against Sassuolo. On 17 January 2015, Pasquato scored 2 goals in a 4–2 away win over Trapani. On 24 January he played his first full match for Pescara, a 2–1 home defeat against Ternana. On 12 February he was sent off with a double yellow card in the 42nd minute of a 1–0 home win over Catania. Pasquato ended his season-long loan to Pescara with 38 apparences, 7 goals and 7 assists. Loan to Livorno and Pescara
On 31 August 2015, Pasquato was signed by Livorno on a 6-month loan deal.On 6 September he made his debut for Livorno in Serie B, he was replaced by Riccardo Cazzola in 61st minute of a 4–0 home win over Pescara. On 21 September he played his first full match for Livorno, a 3–2 away win over Ternana, in this match he scored his first goal for Livorno in the 86th minute. On 26 September, <mask> scored his second goal for Livorno, as a substitute, in the 72nd minute of a 2–1 home defeat against Spezia. On 24 October he scored twice in a 2–0 home win over Modena. <mask> finished his loan to Livorno with 19 apparences, 4 goals and 2 assists. On 1 February 2016, <mask> returned to Pescara on a 6-month loan deal.On 6 February he made his debut for Pescara as a substitute replacing Ahmed Benali in the 67th minute of a 2–2 away draw against Salernitana. On 19 April, <mask> played his first full match for Pescara in this season, a 1–0 away win over Spezia.On 1 June he scored his first goal for Pescara in this season in the 34th minute of a 4–2 home win over Novara. <mask> ended his loan to Pescara with 15 apparences and 1 goal. Loan to Krylia Sovetov
On 10 August 2016, <mask> joined Russian Premier League club Krylia Sovetov on a season-long loan. He also added one more year to his current contract with Juventus (to 2018). On 26 August he made his debut for Krylia Sovetov as a substitute replacing Sergey Tkachev the 79th minute of a 1–0 home defeat against Ufa. On 22 September he played in the round of 32 of Russian Cup in a 2–0 away win over Shinnik. On 26 September, Pasquato played his first full match, in Premier League, for Krylia Sovetov, a 0–0 away draw against Amkar Perm.On 27 October, Pasquato played, as a substitute, in the round of 16 of Russian Cup in a 3–1 home defeat against Lokomotiv Moscow. On 20 November, <mask> scored his first goal for Krylia Sovetov in the 4th minute of a 3–1 away defeat against Zenit. On 1 December he scored his second goal in the 59th minute of a 4–0 home win over Spartak Moscow. On 15 April 2017 he scored his third goal in the 64th minute of a 3–1 away win over Anzhi Makhachkala. <mask> ended his loan to Krylia Sovetov with 28 appearances, 5 goals and 8 assists. Legia Warsaw
On 19 July 2017, <mask> joined Polish Ekstraklasa side Legia Warsaw. On 22 July he made his debut in Ekstraklasa for Legia Warsaw as a substitute replacing Sebastian Szymanski in the 57th minute of a 1–1 home draw against Korona Kielce.On 25 October he scored his first goal for Legia Warsaw in the 29th minute of a 3–1 away win over Bytovia Bytow in the first leg of quarter-finals of the Polish Cup. Campodarsego
On 2 July 2019, <mask> began a free agent when his contract with Legia Warsaw expired. On 21 October 2019, Pasquato joined Campodarsego, a team competing in Serie D - Girone C, the fourth tier of Italian football. Gubbio
On 21 August 2020 he signed with Serie C club Gubbio. Trento
On 8 September 2021, he joined Trento as a free agent. International career
<mask> has represented Italy at every youth level, from under-15 to under-21. On 25 March 2009, he made his debut with the Italy U-21 squad in a friendly match against Austria.Style of play
A versatile player, <mask> is capable of playing in several attacking and offensive midfield roles. He has been deployed as a second striker, in the centre as an attacking midfielder, and as a left winger, a position which enables him to take on opponents in one on one situations, cut into the middle, and strike on goal with his stronger right foot. A quick, diminutive, creative, and agile player, with good technique, dribbling skills, vision, and a slender build, as well as an ability to create chances for teammates, he was regarded as a promising talent in his youth. He is also considered to be a set-piece specialist, and is known for his bending shots and free kicks. Career statistics

Club

Honours

Club
Juventus Primavera
 Supercoppa Primavera: 2007
 Champions Youth Cup: 2007 (runner-up)
 Allievi Nazionali Youth League: 2005–06

Legia Warsaw
 Polish Cup: 2018
 Ekstraklasa: 2017–18

International
Italy U–17
 U–17 Pepsi International Tournament: 2005

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Padua
Italian footballers
Association football forwards
Serie A players
Serie B players
Serie C players
Serie D players
Juventus F.C. players
Empoli F.C. players
U.S. Triestina Calcio 1918 players
Modena F.C.players
U.S. Lecce players
Torino F.C. players
Udinese Calcio players
Bologna F.C. 1909 players
Calcio Padova players
Delfino Pescara 1936 players
U.S. Livorno 1915 players
A.S. Gubbio 1910 players
A.C. Trento 1921 players
Russian Premier League players
FC Krylia Sovetov Samara players
Ekstraklasa players
Legia Warsaw players
Italian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Russia
Italian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Expatriate footballers in Poland
Italian expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Italy under-21 international footballers

masks:
Cristian Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato
Pasquato


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<mask><mask> (born September 18, 1951) is an American politician who served as a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts from 1997 to 2015. He is a Democrat who represented the state's , which includes the state's North Shore and Cape Ann. Born and raised in Salem, Massachusetts, <mask> graduated from Salem State College and Suffolk University Law School. He worked in private law and served on the Salem Chamber of Commerce from 1976 to 1997. <mask> first ran for the House of Representatives in 1994 against Republican incumbent Peter G. Torkildsen, losing by a small margin. He defeated Torkildsen in a rematch in 1996. A liberal member of Congress, <mask> voted along with other Democratic Representatives from Massachusetts.He sat on the House Committee on Education and Labor, where his priorities included green energy and increased college access. He co-authored several pieces of legislation, including the Green Jobs Act of 2007 and the College Affordability and Accountability Act of 2008. He is the former chairman of the Subcommittee on National Security and Foreign Affairs, where he helped establish the Commission on Wartime Contracting in Iraq and Afghanistan. From 1998 to 2010, <mask> comfortably won re-election in each cycle. He faced tougher challenges after his wife Patrice was convicted of felony tax fraud in 2010, narrowly defeating his Republican opponent in 2012. In the 2014 election, he lost the Democratic primary to Seth Moulton, who went on to hold the seat in the general election. In February 2016, <mask> was appointed the executive director of the Council for a Livable World and the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, the council's affiliated education and research organization.Early life, education, and career
<mask><mask> was born September 18, 1951, in Salem, Massachusetts. His mother, Doris H. (née Gelineau) <mask>, was a Salem native who worked a split shift at the New England Telephone Company, where she remained for 42 years. His father, Albert R<mask>, was a bookkeeper for Nabisco and a local fuel company. <mask> was one of three children, along with his brother Michael A. and sister Catherine. His father was of Irish descent and his mother was of half French-Canadian and half Irish ancestry. He moved with his family to his grandmother's home when he was five years old. He began working at the Kernwood Country Club in Salem as a caddie when he was 8 and soon adopted a paper route.He later attended Salem High School. When he was young, <mask> campaigned for his uncle, a Peabody ward councilor, and he ascribes his political interest in part to this experience. <mask> attended Salem State College, majoring in political science. While in college he performed work study, while also stocking shelves at a grocery store, working in sales at a clothing store, and performing deliveries. For three years he was president of his class, and his final year he served as President of the Salem State Student Government Association (SGA). As SGA president Tierney responded to racial incidents on campus by organizing a school-wide meeting leading to several days of discussion. He graduated in 1973, and returned in 2009 to give a commencement address, receiving an honorary degree.While working as a law office clerk and a State House janitor, <mask> attended Suffolk University Law School. <mask> graduated with a Juris Doctor in 1976, and was admitted to the Massachusetts bar. <mask> worked as a solo practitioner until 1981, when he became a partner at the North Shore community law firm Tierney, Kalis, & Lucas. <mask> remained at the firm until taking office in 1997. <mask> served on the Salem Chamber of Commerce from 1976 to 1997, becoming the organization's president in 1995. U.S. House of Representatives

Elections
<mask> first ran for Congress in 1994 against one-term Republican incumbent Peter G. Torkildsen, having won a competitive Democratic primary with a plurality of 33.8 percent. He ran on a platform promoting a stronger federal focus on drug abuse, federal aid to promote after-school programs, consideration of means testing for Social Security, and single-payer health care.A primary issue in the campaign was crime: <mask> criticized Torkildsen for his vote against a 1994 crime bill, and advocated stronger gun control, while Torkildsen criticized <mask>'s positions on gun control and drug legalization. <mask> was defeated in the general election by 4%. <mask> successfully ran for Congress in 1996, defeating Torkildsen by a narrow margin and increasing his margin in a 1998 rematch. Over the next five elections, <mask> won with over 68% of the vote. In 2010, he faced a stronger challenge from Republican candidate Bill Hudak, after his wife Patrice was convicted of felony tax fraud; he won with 57% of the vote. In his 2012 race for re-election, <mask> faced former State Senator and 2010 nominee for Lieutenant Governor Richard Tisei. Tisei, who is openly gay, was endorsed by the Log Cabin Republicans.He was also endorsed by The Rainbow Times, a Boston-based LGBT newspaper. Gay Democratic Congressman <mask> endorsed <mask>, likening gay Republicans to Uncle Tom. <mask> narrowly won re-election on November 6, 2012, with 48% of the vote to Tisei's 47%. <mask> ran for re-election against four challengers for the Democratic nomination in 2014. With 27 percent of precincts reporting, <mask> trailed Seth Moulton 51 percent to 40 percent and conceded. Tenure

<mask>, described as "an unwavering liberal" by CQ's Politics in America, has consistently high approval ratings from Democratic and liberal interest groups such as Americans for Democratic Action, and low approval ratings from conservative groups such as the American Conservative Union. His votes have been closely aligned with the other Democratic representatives from his state.Described as "a favorite of the House Democratic leadership," he maintains a close relationship with former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi; her daughter Christine Pelosi served as his chief of staff from 2001 to 2005. <mask> was speculated as a candidate to succeed United States Senator Ted Kennedy in a special election after Kennedy's death in 2009, but he decided not to run. In 2010 Washington paper The Hill published a speculation that <mask>, with a $1.3 million war chest, was a likely candidate to run against Kennedy's successor Scott Brown in the 2012 election. <mask> later stated that he would not contest the Senate seat and would instead seek a ninth term as Congressman. Domestic policy

<mask> and Rep. Hilda Solis coauthored the Green Jobs Act of 2007, which allocated $125 million to green jobs training. The bill was incorporated into the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 and signed into law. <mask> was initially opposed to the Troubled Asset Relief Program proposal of 2008, although he ultimately voted for the bill, saying, "The state of panic in the markets compels Congress to act."The House included several of his proposals in the Higher Education Opportunity Act of 2008, one which prevented states from cutting education funding as federal aid increased, and one which forgave federal loans for students who went into some public service professions. Throughout his career, <mask> has repeatedly introduced a bill called "Clean Money, Clean Elections", which would create a national, publicly financed clean elections system. With little support in Congress, the proposal has been unsuccessful. <mask> is a supporter of universal health care. In early 2010, <mask> came under fire from some in his district for his support of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. On March 6, 2013 <mask> and several House Democrats walked out on a Committee on Education and the Workforce vote, accusing Republican counterparts on the committee of not negotiating "in a bipartisan manner." <mask> has introduced a version of Elizabeth Warren's "Bank on Student Loans Fairness Act" into the House, which would reduce federally subsidized education loans to 0.75%, the rate paid by banks.A February 2012 Washington Post report revealed that 33 members of Congress helped direct more than $300 million in earmarks to public projects in close proximity to commercial and residential real estate owned by the lawmakers or their family members. According to the investigation, <mask> has helped direct about $3.5 million toward a 950-space parking garage and commuter rail station in Salem, Mass. The facility will be located roughly 1/4 mile from a commercial building <mask> co-owns. Foreign policy
<mask> was a member of the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform and chairman of the Subcommittee on National Security and Foreign Affairs during the 110th and 111th Congresses. <mask> introduced the 2007 House legislation that created the Commission on Wartime Contracting in Iraq and Afghanistan to study government contracting related to the Afghanistan War and the Iraq War. The same year <mask> chaired a congressional hearing over conditions at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. The center had been criticized in the press for its dilapidated conditions and inadequate care, as well as for prioritizing a "VIP ward" for non-soldiers.The House approved <mask>'s amendment to direct $75,000,000 to secular school construction in Pakistan to compete against Islamic madrassas. <mask> is a critic of U.S. investment in missile defense, and has called for large budget cuts to the Missile Defense Agency. He introduced an amendment to redirect $966 million in funding from missile defense systems to other military initiatives. The proposal, opposed by Armed Services Committee leaders as "going too far", was rejected in a House vote. Personal life
<mask> dated Patrice M. (Eremian) Chew of Marblehead throughout his 1996 campaign. They married in a small ceremony in April 1997 and now live in Salem, where Patrice works as a jewelry designer. <mask> has three stepchildren from his wife's first marriage.In June 2000, <mask>'s stepson <mask> was arrested when about 25 grams (0.9 oz) of cocaine and $1,000 in cash were found in his Marblehead apartment. Wife's tax fraud conviction
In August 2010, <mask>'s wife Patrice's brothers Robert and Daniel Eremian were indicted in federal court for operating an illegal internet gambling business. Robert had allegedly, with Daniel's help, operated the business out of St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda, and funneled a portion of the profits into a Bank of America account in Massachusetts. In October 2010, Patrice was charged in U.S. District Court with four counts of "aiding and abetting the filing of false tax returns" by Robert. <mask> issued a statement announcing his wife's intention to plead guilty, stating that Patrice accepted "full responsibility for being 'willfully blind' to what her brother was doing." Patrice pleaded guilty on October 6, 2010, and on January 13, 2011, was sentenced to 30 days in prison followed by five months of house arrest. The conviction bolstered the campaign of Bill Hudak, <mask>'s Republican opponent in the November 2010 election, but <mask> was re-elected.In June 2012, a federal judge ordered Daniel Eremian to forfeit $7.7 million in assets for his role in the illegal offshore sports betting scheme. Following his sentencing, Daniel Eremian told reporters that the congressman "knew everything that was going on", a charge which <mask> rebutted. Electoral history

|-
| colspan=10 |U.S.

masks:
John F
. Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
John F
. Tierney
Tierney
. Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Barney Frank
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
John Chew
Tierney
John Tierney
Tierney
Tierney
Tierney