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 principal Orcadian, Þórfinnr Sigurðarson, Earl of Orkney.In fact, Þórfinnr appears to have been in open conflict with Mac Bethad. This violence may be evidenced by (chronologically suspect) saga-tradition, which appears to indicate that Mac Bethad and his father warred with Orcadian earls. Saga-tradition may also reveal that Echmarcach suffered from Þórfinnr's military advances. For example, the thirteenth-century Orkneyinga saga states that, after Þórfinnr's consolidation of Orkney and Caithness—an action that likely took place after the death of his brother Brúsi—Þórfinnr was active in the Isles, parts of Galloway and Scotland, and even Dublin. The saga also reveals that Brúsi's son, Rǫgnvaldr, arrived in Orkney at a time when Þórfinnr was preoccupied with the after-effects of such campaigns, as it states that he was "much occupied" with men from the Isles and Ireland. Another source, Óláfs saga helga, preserved within the thirteenth-century saga-compilation Heimskringla, claims that Þórfinnr exerted power in Scotland and Ireland, and that he controlled a far-flung lordship which encompassed Orkney, Shetland, and the Hebrides. Further evidence of Þórfinnr's activities in the region may be preserved by Þórfinnsdrápa, composed by the contemporary Icelandic skald Arnórr Þórðarson, which declares that Þórfinnr raided throughout the Irish Sea region as far south as Dublin.It is possible that Knútr took other actions to contain Orkney. Evidence that Knútr installed Hákon as overlord of the Isles may be preserved by the twelfth-century Ágrip af Nóregskonungasǫgum. The historicity of this event is uncertain, however, and Hákon's authority in the Isles is not attested by any other source. Be that as it may, this twelfth-century text states that Hákon had been sent into the Isles by Óláfr, and that Hákon ruled the region for the rest of his life. The chronology outlined by this source suggests that Hákon left Norway at about the time Óláfr assumed the kingship in 1016. The former is certainly known to have been in Knútr's service soon afterwards in England. One possibility is that Knútr installed Hákon as overlord of Orkney and the Isles in about 1016/1017, before handing him possession of the Earldom of Worcester in about 1017.If this was the case, Hákon would have been responsible for not only a strategic part of the Anglo-Welsh frontier, but also accountable for the far-reaching sea-lanes that stretched from the Irish Sea region to Norway. It seems likely that Knútr was more concerned about Orkney and the Isles, and the security of the sea-lanes around Scotland, than surviving sources let on. Hákon's death at sea would have certainly been a cause of concern for Knútr's regime, and could have been directly responsible to the meeting between him and the three kings. If Hákon had indeed possessed overlordship of the Isles, his demise could well have paved the way for Echmarcach's own rise to power. Having come to terms with the three kings, it is possible that Knútr relied upon Echmarcach to counter the ambitions of the Orcadians, who could have attempted to seize upon Hákon's fall and renew their influence in the Isles. Uí Briain alliance and the conquest of Dublin

Following his meeting with Knútr, Echmarcach appears to have allied himself with the Uí Briain, the descendants of Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig, High King of Ireland. In 1032, the eleventh- to fourteenth-century Annals of Inisfallen states that Donnchad <mask>, King of Munster married the daughter of a certain Ragnall, adding: "hence the saying: 'the spring of Ragnall's daughter'".This woman is elsewhere identified as Cacht ingen Ragnaill. Like <mask> himself, Cacht's patronym could be evidence that she was a near relation of the Ragnalls who ruled Waterford, or else a descendant of Ragnall mac Gofraid. She could have therefore been a sister or niece of Echmarcach himself. At about the time of his union with Cacht, Donnchad aspired to become High King of Ireland. With powerful maritime forces at his command, Echmarcach would have certainly been regarded as an important potential ally. Clear evidence of an alliance between Echmarcach and the Uí Briain exists in the record of a marriage between Echmarcach's daughter, Mór, and Toirdelbach Ua Briain's son, Tadc, preserved by the twelfth-century Banshenchas, a text which records the marriage of Echmarcach's daughter, Mór, to Tadc, son of Toirdelbach Ua Briain. Annalistic evidence of such an alliance is found well into the late eleventh century.In fact, kinship between Echmarcach's descendants and the Uí Briain even led to the accession of one of Echmarcach's maternal grandsons, Domnall mac Taidc, to the kingship of the Isles at about the turn of the twelfth century. If Echmarcach was a son of Ragnall mac Gofraid, this alliance with the Uí Briain would have been a continuation of amiable relations between the two families. For example, the father of Ragnall mac Gofraid appears to have combined forces with Brian Bóruma in 984, and Ragnall <mask> himself is recorded to have died in Munster, the heartland of the Uí Briain. If, on the other hand, Echmarcach and Cacht were descended from the Waterford dynasty, an alliance between the Uí Briain and this family may have been undertaken in the context of a struggle between the Uí Briain and the Uí Cheinnselaig. The contemporary leader of the latter kindred was Donnchad's principal opponent, Diarmait mac Maíl na mBó, King of Leinster. Whilst the Uí Briain certainly allied themselves to Cacht and Echmarcach, Diarmait appears to have backed the descendants of Amlaíb Cuarán, a man whose family appear to have opposed Echmarcach at a latter date. In 1036, <mask> replaced Amlaíb Cuarán's son, Sitriuc mac Amlaíb, as King of Dublin.The Annals of Tigernach specifies that Sitriuc fled overseas as Echmarcach took control. An alliance with Donnchad could explain Echmarcach's success in seizing the kingship from Sitriuc. Although Donnchad and Sitriuc were maternal half-brothers—as both descended from Gormlaith ingen Murchada—Donnchad's hostility towards Sitriuc is demonstrated by the record of a successful attack he led upon the Dubliners in 1026. Another factor behind Echmarcach's actions against Sitriuc could concern Knútr. Echmarcach's seizure of Dublin occurred only a year after the latter's death in 1035. There appears to be numismatic evidence, annalistic evidence, and charter evidence indicating that Knútr and Sitriuc had cooperated together in terms of trade and military operations in Wales. In contrast to this apparent congeniality, the relationship between Knútr and Echmarcach appears to have been less amiable.In fact, it is possible that Echmarcach's meeting with Knútr may have bound him from taking action against Sitriuc, and that the confusion caused by Knútr's demise may have enabled Echmarcach to exploit the situation by seizing control of the Irish Sea region. According to a poetic verse composed by the contemporary Icelandic skald Óttarr svarti, Knútr's subjects included Danes, Englishmen, Irishmen, and Islesmen. These Islanders could refer to either the folk of the Isles or Orkney, whilst the Irish seems to refer to the Dubliners. Although the poet's implication that Knútr possessed authority over Sitriuc is not corroborated by any other source, and may therefore be poetic hyperbole, the fact that Sitriuc had been able to undertake a pilgrimage and return home to an intact kingdom in 1028 may demonstrate the extent of influence that Knútr held over the Irish Sea region. This authority, and Sitriuc's apparent close connections with Knútr, could account for the security Sitriuc enjoyed during Knútr's reign. If Echmarcach was a member of the Waterford dynasty, his action against Sitriuc may have been undertaken in the context of continuous dynastic strife between Dublin and Waterford in the tenth- and eleventh centuries. This could mean that Echmarcach's expulsion of Sitriuc was a direct act of vengeance for the latter's slaying of Ragnall ua Ímair (then King of Waterford) the year before.Little is known of Echmarcach's short reign in Dublin other than an attack on Skryne and Duleek, recorded by the seventeenth-century Annals of the Four Masters in 1037. This strike could have been undertaken in the context of the Dubliner's gradual loss of power in Brega, and an attempt to regain authority of Skryne. Although there is no direct evidence that Echmarcach controlled Mann at this point in his career, Sitriuc does not appear to have taken refuge on the island after his expulsion from Dublin. This seems to suggest that the island was outwith Sitriuc's possession, and may indicate that Mann had fallen into the hands of Echmarcach sometime before. In fact, it is possible that Echmarcach may have used the island to launch his takeover of Dublin. Strife in the Isles, Ireland, and Wales

The evidence of Þórfinnr's power in the Isles could suggest that he possessed an active interest in the ongoing struggle over the Dublin kingship. Þórfinnr's predatory operations in the Irish Sea region may have contributed to Echmarcach's loss of Dublin in 1038.Just as Echmarcach may have seized upon Knútr's demise to expand, it is possible that the vacuum caused by Knútr's death allowed Þórfinnr to prey upon the Irish Sea region. Certainly, the corresponding annal-entry of the Annals of Tigernach—stating that Ímar mac Arailt succeeded Echmarcach as King of Dublin that year—appears to indicate that Echmarcach had been forced from the kingship. Ímar appears have been a descendant (possibly a grandson) of Amlaíb Cuarán, and thus a close relative of the latter's son, Sitriuc, whom Echmarcach drove from the kingship only two years before. It is possible that Ímar received some form of support from Knútr's son and successor in England, Haraldr Knútsson, King of England. The latter was certainly in power when Ímar replaced Echmarcach, and an association between Ímar and Haraldr Knútsson could explain why the Annals of Ulster reports the latter's death two years later. The fact that Ímar proceeded to campaign in the North Channel could indicate that Echmarcach had held power in this region before his acquisition of Mann and Dublin. Whatever the case, Ímar's reign lasted only eight years.In 1046, the Annals of the Four Masters records that he was expelled by Echmarcach, who was then elected king by the Dubliners. The Annals of Tigernach, on the other-hand, simply state that <mask> succeeded Ímar. Echmarcach may well have controlled Mann throughout his second reign in Dublin. Silver hoards uncovered on Mann, dated by their coins to the years 1030s–1050s, may well be the by-product of the intense conflict over control of the island. There is evidence indicating that, at some point in the early eleventh century—perhaps in the 1020s–1030s—a mint may have developed and functioned on Mann. Coins that appear to have been minted on the island roughly coincide with Echmarcach's rule. These coins are very similar to those produced in Dublin, and may be evidence that Echmarcach attempted to harmonise the coinage utilised within his realm.The production of coins on Mann appears to be evidence of a sophisticated economy in the Isles. In fact, the wealth and sophistication of commerce in Echmarcach's realm could in part explain why the constant struggle for control of Dublin and the Isles was so bitter, and could account for Þórfinnr's apparent presence in the region. During his second reign, Echmarcach may have been involved in military activities in Wales with Gruffudd ap Rhydderch. For instance in the year 1049, English and Welsh sources record that Norse-Gaelic forces were utilised by Gruffudd ap Rhydderch against his Welsh rivals and English neighbours. Specifically, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century Brut y Tywysogyon, and the twelfth-century Chronicon ex chronicis record that a Norse-Gaelic fleet sailed up the River Usk, and ravaged the surrounding region. These sources further reveal

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mac Briain
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mac Gofraid
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 that Gruffudd ap Rhydderch and his Norse-Gaelic allies later surprised and routed the English forces of Ealdred, Bishop of Worcester. Since Echmarcach's extensive imperium appears to have spanned the Irish Sea region, it is possible that he was regarded as a threat by Siward, Earl of Northumbria.There is reason to suspect that, by the mid eleventh century, this Anglo-Danish magnate extended his authority into what had previously been the Kingdom of Strathclyde. Echmarcach's apparent descent from the Uí Ímair—a dynasty that once reigned over York as kings—combined with Echmarcach's accumulation of power after Knútr's demise, could well have been a cause of concern to the York-based earl. Such unease could partly account for Siward's extension of power into the Solway region, a sphere of insecure territory which may have been regarded as vulnerable by Echmarcach. Downfall in Dublin and Mann

In 1052, Diarmait drove Echmarcach from Dublin. The event is documented by the Annals of the Four Masters, the Annals of Tigernach, the Annals of Ulster, and Chronicon Scotorum. These annalistic accounts indicate that, although Diarmait's conquest evidently began with a mere raid upon Fine Gall, this action further escalated into the seizure of Dublin itself. Following several skirmishes fought around the town's central fortress, the aforesaid accounts report that Echmarcach fled overseas, whereupon Diarmait assumed the kingship.With Diarmait's conquest, Norse-Gaelic Dublin ceased to be an independent power in Ireland; and when Diarmait and his son, Murchad, died about twenty years later, Irish rule had been exercised over Fine Gall and Dublin in a degree unheard of before. In consequence of Echmarcach's expulsion, Dublin effectively became the provincial capital of Leinster, with the town's remarkable wealth and military power at Diarmait's disposal. The fact that in 1054, Ímar mac Arailt is styled on his death "rí Gall", a title meaning "king of the foreigners", could indicate that Diarmait reinserted him as King of Dublin after Echmarcach's expulsion. Murchad appears to have been granted the kingship by 1059, as evidenced by the title tigherna Gall, meaning "lord of the foreigners", accorded to him that year. Murchad was evidently an energetic figure, and in 1061 he launched a successful seaborne invasion of Mann. The Annals of the Four Masters, and the Annals of Tigernach further reveal that Murchad extracted a tax from Mann, and that the son of a certain Ragnall (literally "mac Raghnaill" and "mac Ragnaill") was driven from the island. The gathering of cáin or tribute was a mediaeval right of kingship in Ireland.In fact, Murchad's collection of such tribute from the Manx could be evidence that, as the King of Dublin, Murchad regarded himself as the rightful overlord of Mann. If the vanquished son of Ragnall was Echmarcach himself, as seems most likely, the record of Murchad's actions against him would appear to indicate that Echmarcach had seated himself on the island after his expulsion from Dublin. Another possibility is that <mask> had only been reestablished himself as king in the Isles after Ímar mac Arailt's death in 1054. Magnús Haraldsson and Ælfgar Leofricson

In 1055, after being outlawed for treason in the course of a comital power-struggle, English nobleman Ælfgar Leofricson fled from England to Ireland. Ælfgar evidently received considerable military aid from the Irish to form a fleet of eighteen ships, and together with Gruffudd ap Llywelyn, King of Gwynedd and Deheubarth invaded Herefordshire. Although this campaign ultimately secured Ælfgar's reinstatement, Ælfgar (then Earl of Mercia) was again exiled from England in 1058, and proceeded to ally himself with Gruffudd ap Llywelyn and a Norse fleet. Notwithstanding the fact that Scandinavian sources fail to report this operation, the Annals of Tigernach reveals that the leader of the fleet was Magnús, son of Haraldr Sigurðarson, King of Norway, and further reports that Magnús' forces were composed of Orcadians, Islesmen, and Dubliners.Exactly who Ælfgar received aid from in the Irish Sea region is uncertain. It is conceivable that, after his flight from England in 1055, Ælfgar was outfitted in Dublin, then ruled by Murchad (with Diarmait as overlord). Likewise, since Diarmait's forces had previously driven Echmarcach from Dublin in 1052, and apparently from Mann in 1061, the joint campaign of Ælfgar and Magnús in 1058—which utilised Islesmen and Dubliners—could well have involved Diarmait's cooperation as well. That being said, there are several reasons to doubt a part played by Diarmait in Ælfgar's military undertakings. For instance, Diarmait seems to have lent assistance to Ælfgar's enemies—the Godwinsons—in the 1050s and 1060s. Diarmait also appears to have previously backed Cynan ab Iago, a man who was a bitter rival and seemingly the eventual slayer of Ælfgar's ally and son-in-law, Gruffudd ap Llywelyn. Ælfgar's Irish confederate of 1055 is not identified in any source, and it is not clear that Diarmait had a part to play in the aforesaid events of that year.In fact, it is possible that Ælfgar received aid not from Diarmait, but from Donnchad—Diarmait's enemy and Echmarcach's associate—a man who then controlled the Norse-Gaelic enclaves of Limerick and possibly Waterford. Furthermore, although Diarmait appears to have gained overlordship of Mann by 1061, Echmarcach presumably enjoyed overlordship of at least part of the Hebrides in 1058. Since Magnús utilised Islesmen during his English campaign of that year, it is conceivable that Echmarcach may have played a prominent part in these operations. If Echmarcach was indeed involved in the campaign, the enmity between him and Diarmait could indicate that these two were unlikely to have cooperated as allies. The prime motivation behind Magnús' cooperation with Ælfgar is uncertain. One possibility is that he was attempting to establish Norwegian authority in the west as a means to prepare an invasion of England. In so doing, Magnús may have backed the cause of a local faction that opposed Echmarcach.Certainly, the thirteenth- to fourteenth-century Chronicle of Mann records that Ímar's apparent son, Gofraid Crobán—a future ruler of Dublin and the Isles—backed the Norwegian invasion of England led by Magnús' father in 1066. Pilgrimage and death in Rome

In 1064, <mask> seems to have accompanied by Donnchad upon a pilgrimage to Rome. By this time the two may well have been of an advanced age, and both appear to have died in the city soon afterwards. Surviving sources give conflicting dates for <mask>'s passing, and it is uncertain whether he died in 1064 or 1065. The Annals of Inisfallen, the Annals of Loch Cé, and the Annals of Ulster indicate that he died in 1064. The eleventh-century Chronicon of Marianus Scotus records that Echmarcach died in 1065, in a statement which implies that <mask> and Donnchad travelled to Rome together. Donnchad himself seems to have died in 1064, as a multitude of sources report his pilgrimage to Rome and demise that year.Several of these sources appear to indicate that Donnchad died at Santo Stefano Rotondo, an ancient basilica on the Caelian Hill. This building was an important place of pilgrimage to contemporaries, and apparently housed both Echmarcach and Donnchad before they died. Pilgrimages such as those of <mask> and Donnchad were not unheard of amongst high-ranking Gaelic and Norse-Gaelic contemporaries, and several such high-status figures are known to have perished undertaking pilgrimages of their own to Rome. If Echmarcach's father was indeed Ragnall mac Gofraid, and if Echmarcach had been born only a few years before his father's death, Echmarcach would have thus been about sixty-five when he himself was laid to rest. Marianus Scotus' account of Echmarcach accords him the Latin title "rex Innarenn". On one hand, this may be a garbled form of the Latin "rex insularum", meaning "King of the Isles". If so, the titles "ri Gall" and "rí Gall" accorded to him by the Annals of Ulster and the Annals of Inisfallen in 1064 could indicate that he was still regarded as ruler of Mann.On the other hand, "rex Innarenn" could instead mean "King of the Rhinns", in reference to the Rhinns of Galloway. During Echmarcach's floruit, the Rhinns appears have also included what is today known as the Machars. The entire region would have thus stretched from the North Channel to Wigtown Bay, and would have likely encompassed an area similar to the modern boundaries of Wigtownshire. Earlier in the century, the entire region may have formed part of Sitriuc's realm, and various Irish and Welsh sources indicate that it may have been held by one of the latter's two sons named Amlaíb. If Echmarcach was indeed the son of Ragnall mac Gofraid, and succeeded his father sometime in the 1030s, Echmarcach may well have first gained control of the Rhinns when he apparently began his domination of the Irish Sea region in 1036 (the year he first seized Dublin). Even if such a chronology is correct it does not necessarily mean that Echmarcach owed his rule in the Rhinns to ancestral connections in the Isles—it could have instead derived from his new-found position in Dublin. Although in practice, the collection of cáin could be undertaken without the displacement of an underking, if "rex Innarenn" indeed refers to the Rhinns it could reveal that, after having been defeated by Murchad on Mann, the defeated Echmarcach fled to this mainland region.Furthermore, if Echmarcach was a native of what is today the south-west of Scotland, the title could be evidence that, on the collapse of Echmarcach's once expansive kingdom, Echmarcach proceeded to entrench himself in the protection of his native home. Margaðr and Guthormr Gunnhildarson

Echmarcach has sometimes been identified as a certain Margaðr who appears in various mediaeval sources documenting the contemporary Irish Sea adventures of Margaðr and Guthormr Gunnhildarson. One such source is Haralds saga Sigurðarsonar, within Heimskringla. According to this source, Margaðr was King of Dublin, and a close friend of Guthormr, an accomplished man who was a nephew of the Norwegian kings Óláfr and Haraldr Sigurðarson. Late one summer, the saga relates that Margaðr and Guthormr took part in particularly successful raid in Wales. As their loot of silver was being assessed, Margaðr demanded Guthormr's share, forcing the latter to fight for his portion of the plunder. Although outnumbered sixteen ships to five, the saga relates that, through the miraculous intervention of God and Guthormr's saintly uncle (Óláfr), Guthormr was able to defeat and slay Margaðr and all his followers in the ensuing battle.The fateful encounter between Margaðr and Guthormr is sometimes dated to 1052 on the presumption that Margaðr is identical to Echmarcach, and that the event must have taken place at the conclusion of Echmarcach's second reign in Dublin. In fact, the Old Norse personal name Margaðr is a form of the Gaelic personal name Murchad, and the aforesaid accounts of Margaðr likely refer to Echmarcach's nemesis Murchad, rather than Echmarcach himself. Although the saga claims that a thankful Guthormr donated a portion of his looted silver to the shrine of his saintly uncle at Niðaróss, it is unlikely that any church would have accepted property known to have been looted from Christians. Instead, it is possible that Guthormr's hoard of silver was actually the tax that Murchad which had collected from Mann in 1061 during the expulsion of Echmarcach. Such a date corresponds to the implied date of about 1061 given by Heimskringla. Notes

Citations

References

Primary sources

Secondary sources

External links
Iehmarc 1 (Male) at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England

11th-century Irish monarchs
11th-century rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles
11th-century monarchs in Europe
11th-century Scottish people
Monarchs of Dublin
Monarchs of the Isle of Man
Rulers of the Kingdom of the Isles
Uí Ímair
Lords

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<mask> is an Indian film scholar, historian, critic, curator and writer from Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. He worked as consultant content developer for the National Museum of Indian Cinema set up by the National Council of Science Museums in Mumbai. He was actively involved with India’s film society movement and was secretary of Screen Unit, and Regional Secretary of Federation of Film Societies’ Western Region. Curator of Experimenta (first in Mumbai and now in Bangalore), Shai Heredia in an interview with <mask>, draws the history of Screen Unit and the film society movement in India over the years; he is credited to have been one of the pioneers in ushering in the serious film appreciation in Mumbai. He has also been holding film appreciation workshops all over Gujarat and at various educational and institutional spaces in India. <mask> has been working in the field of cinema in various capacities for over three decades. He has been part of production and creative teams of numerous feature, documentary, short films and video installations by artists from Europe and Scandinavia.For the past several years, he has been engaged with his new theoretical-philosophical concept Cinema of Prayoga or Cinema Prayoga. Cinema of Prayoga: A New Concept
<mask> <mask> has been responsible for coining, developing and theorizing his new theoretical concept of 'Cinema of Prayoga' or 'Cinema Prayoga'  that aims at substituting and expanding the generally accepted Euro-American-centric term the 'Experimental Film' while celebrating the cinematographic idiom deeply located in the polyphony of Indian philosophy and cultural imagination, including the perception of 'time' and 'space'. Since his first public presentation of 'Cinema of Prayoga' at the Experimenta, Mumbai in 2005, he has been presenting it at various venues and fora in India and abroad. Films by Amit Dutta, Ashish Avikunthak, Vipin Vijay, Kabir Mohanty and Arghya Basu fall within the ambit of this concept. Authorship: Books – English, and other Indian languages (Original or Tr.) Roopantar, adaptations from literature to cinema, Arunodaya Prakashan, Ahmedabad – in Gujarati, 2014. Walter Kaufmann: The Music that Still Rings at Dawn, Every Dawn, Goethe Institute, Mumbai, 2013.Cinema Vimarsh, Gujarat Sahitya Akademi, Gandhinagar – in Gujarati, 2012. Mumbai 24 x 7, essays on the city of Mumbai, Arunodaya Prakashan, Ahmedabad – in Gujarati, 2 011. Cinema. Culture. Capital. Context: India, Monfakira, Kolkata, 2010. Sohrab Modi: The Great Mughal of Historicals (in the series, the Legends of Indian Cinema), Wisdom Tree, New Delhi, 2008.Paul Zils and the Indian Documentary, Goethe Institute, Mumbai, 2003. Satyajit Ray Ani Tyanche Chitrapat (Marathi), Lokvangmaya Griha, Mumbai, 2002. (Tr. from original English)
 Franz Osten and the Bombay Talkies: A Journey from Munich to Malad, 2001, Goethe Institute, Mumbai. seven Parichay Pustika (Introductory Booklets), Parichay Trust, Mumbai - in Gujarati (2000-2013)
 Bimal Roy
 Sohrab Modi
 Bharatiya Cinema ma Navo Juval (The New Wave in Indian Cinema)
 Yadgar Dastaveji Chitro (Memorable Documentary Films)
 Bharat na Uttam Balchitro (The Best of Indian Children’s Films)
 Charlie Chaplin
 Rashtriya Film Sangrahalaya (The National Film Archive of India)
 National School of Drama
 Bharatiya Cinema ni Shatabdi (100 Years of Indian Cinema)

Editorship, Co-Editorship: Books – English, Gujarati, Danish (Tr.) Art in India: A mighty river of the unique and the universal, ARTiT (Japan’s first bilingual art quarterly), special number on Indian contemporary art, co-ordination and co-editing with Johan Pijnappel, 2007. Jainism: Walking into Eternity, Eds.Birthe Molhave, <mask> <mask>, Kuntal <mask> and Kristian Molhave (Danish), 2001, Systime, Aarhus, Denmark.Indian Cinema: A Visual Voyage (with Virchand Dharamsey), 1998, Publication Division, New Delhi. (contd.) Edited the National Film Development Corporation’s monthly bulletin, 1995. The Rigour of Austerity: Robert Bresson and Luis Buñuel, 1989, Federation of Film Societies of India, Mumbai. Ed. Andrei Tarkovsky: A Homage, 1987, Screen Unit, Mumbai. Ed.Ritwik Ghatak: Arguments / Stories (with Ashish Rajadhyaksha), 1984, Screen Unit, Mumbai. Also published Ritwik Ghatak: A Return to the Epic, the first major book in English on Ritwik Ghatak by Ashish Rajadhyaksha on behalf of Screen Unit,                                 Bombay,1982
 Gujarati Cinema: At 1982 (with Manilal Gala), Screen Unit, Mumbai. Edited the main and retrospective catalogues of the Mumbai International Festival for Documentary, Short and Animation Films from
1990 uptil1998, as also of the Children’s Film Festival of India, and of the National Film Development Corporation. Part of Publications
 Unveiling Desire: Fallen Women in Literature, Culture, and Films of the East, Eds. Devaleena Das and Colette Morrow, Rutgers – Forthcoming
 The Unposted Letter, A collection of articles by and on Shri Goverdhan Panchal, an expert on Sanskrit Theatre, Architecture, Ed. Hasmukh Baradi, TMC, Ahmedabad, 2014. Kalaveethi, Eds.Ajaysingh Chouhan, et al., Pranav Prakashan, Ahmedabad, 2013. Ritwik Ghatak: A Return to the Epic, Ashish Rajadhyaksha, Screen Unit, Mumbai, 1982. Essays, Poems contributed to Books, Catalogues and Journals: English, Gujarati, Kachchhi, Marathi, Bengali, Malayalam, Tamil, French, Spanish, Finnish, Danish, Norwegian, German, Swish, Swedish, Russian, Persian (Tr.) (Select)
 Buddhadeb Dasgupta: Poet of Celluloid, Federation of Film Societies of India, Kolkata, 2014. Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinema, Eds. K. Moti Gokulsing and Wimal Dissanayake, Routledge, London, 2013. Moving Image Review & Art Journal (MIRAJ), London, Ed.Catherine Elwes, 2012. Swarnim Gujaratno Swapnadrashta: Veer Narmad, Ed. Jagdish Gurjar, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, 2011. The Chawls of Mumbai: Galleries of Life, Ed. Neera Adarkar, imprint One, New Delhi, 2011. Focus: Design & Informal Cities, Indian Architect and Builder, Mumbai, 2010. Revisioning Mumbai: Conceiving a Manifesto for Sustainable Development, Eds.Vimal Shah, Pankaj Joshi, The Asiatic Society, Mumbai, 2010. Asian Film Journeys, Eds. Rashmi Doraiswamy, Latika Padgaonkar, Wisdom Tree, New Delhi 2010.
 the kernel is a fact, Kabir Mohanty, Gallery SKE, Bangalore, 2010. Girls and Girlshood at Threshold of Youth & Gender, Ed. Vibhuti Patel, The Women Press, Delhi, 2009. INDIA: Cine de , documental independiente y ideocreacion (1899-2008, La Casa Encendida, Madrid, 2008. (Spanish) .Espace Croise 1994–2006, cahier # 2, Roubaix, France, 2008. (French)
 Vishva na Yadgar Pravachano, Ed. Suresh Dalal, Mahesh Dave, Image Publications Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, Ahmedabad, 2008. (Gujarati)
 Masala: Bollywood – sa furnkar det, Ed.Katarina Przybtl, Ostasiatiska Museet, Stockholm, Sweden, 2008. (Swedish)
 India Express: Sacred and Popular, Eds. Erja Pusa, et al., Helsinki City Art Museum, Helsinki, Finland.(Finnish, Swedish, English)
 Song for an Ancient Land, Kabir Mohanty, Gallery SKE, Bangalore, 2006. Bollywood in Switzerland, Ed. Alexandra Schneider, The Museum of Design, Zurich, Switzerland, 2005. (German)
 The Best of Speaking Tree, Vols. 1 and 4, The Times of India, 2004, 2007. Enduring Legacy: Parsis of the 20th Century (in 4 parts), Ed. Nawaz B. Mody, K.R.Cama Oriental Institute, Mumbai 2005. The Best of Speaking Tree, Vol. 4, The Times of India, 2007. Ardhi Sadi ni Vachanyatra, Ed. Mahendra Meghani, Lok Milap Trust, Bhavnagar, 2006. (Gujarati)
 Film & Philosophy, Ed. K. Gopinathan, University of Calicut, 2003.
 International Film, an Iranian Film Quarterly, Ed.Houshang Golmakani Tehran, Iran, 2001.Frames of Mind: Reflections on Indian Cinema, Ed. Aruna Vasudev, ICCR, UBS, New Delhi, 1995. Bombay: Mosaic of Modern Culture, Eds. Alice Thorner and Sujata Patel, OUP, 1995. Bombay and Mumbai: The City in Transition, Eds. Sujata Patel and Jim Masselos, OUP, 2003. Indomania, Ed.Dominique Paini, Cinematheque Francais, Paris, 1996. (French)
 Figures, Facts, Feeling: A Direct Diasporic Dialogue, Parthiv Shah, 2000. Images of India in European Cinema, Goethe Institute, Mumbai, 2000. (long essay)
 Germany in Upheaval: A Series of Documentary Films, Goethe Institute, Mumbai, 1999 (long essay)
 DEFA: Documentary Films, Goethe Institute, Mumbai, 1998. (long essay). Voices of Emergency: An All India Anthology of Protest Poetry of the 1975-77 Emergency, Ed. John Oliver Perry, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1983.Essays and poems published in numerous other catalogues, journals and dailies (English, Gujarati, Malayalam, etc.) including the Cinemaya, Osian’s Cinemaya, Art India, Lensight, the journal of the Film & Television Institute of India, Danish Film Institute Journal, Farbas Trimasik, Etad, Tathapi, Pratyaksha, Sameepe, Mumbai Samachar, Janmabhoomi Pravasi, Nav Gujarat Times, etc. Conceptualization and Curatorship of Programs (Select): India and Abroad
 Cinema of Prayoga, Kochi-Muziris Biennale, 2014
 Film Programs, Tapi Festival, Surat, India, 2014. Kshaya of Akasa is also the Kshyaya of Chetana: Some Reflections on the shrinking of Sky in Cinema, Pondicherry, 2016. Cinema of Prayoga, Danish Film Institute, Copenhagen: Indian Film Program, March 2012 . Tribute to Mani Kaul, 12th Osian’s Cine-Fan Film Festival, 2012, New Delhi. For the first time the practitioners (camerapersons, soundpersons, editors and production persons) came together to discuss aesthetics and the philosophy of Mani Kaul’s cinematography.Hosted and curated (along with Neville Tuli) Deewar: Celebrating 100 Years of Cinematic Heritage of India, 12th Osian’s Cine-Fan Film Festival, 2012, New Delhi. Cinema of Prayoga, Conference at the Viswabharati University, Santiniketan, 2011. Chelsea College of Art & Design, University of the Arts London, Moving Image Art and Global Media Spectacle, June 2011. Centre Pompidou, Paris: Indian Experimental Films, June 2011. Saat Sarjak. Saat Samvad (Seven Creators. Seven Dialogues), a seven-month-long (monthly) program on Cinema of Prayoga, National Centre for the Performing Arts (NCPA), Mumbai, 2008.National Centre for the Performing Arts, Mumbai: Short Films about Sufism (2006). Arts Reverie, Ahmedabad:  Fana’a, 2007 – Sufi Soul: A Bouquet of International Short Films; Sufi Films, Ahmedabad Art Festival, 2012 (shown at the National Institute of Design). Katha Centre for Film Studies, Mumbai: Curatorial Workshops-numerous. Katha Centre for Film Studies, Mumbai: Chalchitra Chawlchitra: Conceived and curated a program of films around Mumbai’s chawls. Bollywood Film Posters: Worked with the Norwegian Film Institute, Oslo, Norway in putting together hand painted billboards and writing a lead article for its exhibition, continuing from August 2007. INDIA: Bollywood and Living Gods: Worked with the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm, Sweden in putting together visual material pertaining to popular Hindi cinema within the exhibition (September 2007 – March 2008) concept. Cinema of Prayoga (the term he coined to substitute the Anglo-American Experimental or Avantgarde Film.)Tate Modern, London presented this program along with a seminar in which he also spoke, 2006. Devi Diva - Images of woman in Indian cinema, a short compilation of film excerpts, with Berenice Ellena, during an exhibition at Musee des

masks:
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Amrit Gangar
Gangar
Amrit
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 Arts Asiatiques, Nice, France, 2006. Kali: A program of Indian cutting edge short films about Kali presented at Gallery Espace Croise, Roubaix, France. It was part of the bigger event about Mumbai / India in Lille, France,2007. India Express: Presented an Indian film program in aesthetical context at the exhibition of Indian popular art at the Helsinki City Art Museum, Finland. Also helped organize a workshop by the Bollywood billboard painters during the exhibition. Bollywood in Switzerland: Presented a film program in historical context and helped the exhibition organized by the Museum of Design in Zurich, Switzerland, 2001.Dogma film program for the International Film Festival of Kerala in Trivandrum, Kerala. Experimenta 2005:  First time presented his new theoretical concept of Cinema of Prayoga, at this first of its kind cutting edge film festival in Mumbai. Kala Ghoda Artfest: Curated film programs continuously for four years until 1998. Was commissioning editor for several short films on Kala Ghoda area made by different professional and amateur filmmakers, Mumbai, 1999. Mumbai International Film Festival of Documentary, Short & Animation Films (MIFF). Curated retrospective programs from 1990 until 1996. Curatorial Advisor, National Curatorial Program initiated by the India Foundation for the Arts and the Katha Centre for Film Studies, Mumbai.125th Birth Anniversary of Charlie Chaplin and the Chaplin Town, Adipur, Kachchh, 2014. Five Devdas Films and One Novella, National Book Fair, Ahmedabad, 2014. Indian Cinema: One Hundred Years of Fortitude, Hyderabad Literary Festival, 2014. Indian Cinema: One Hundred Years of Fortitude, Whistling Woods International Film School, Mumbai, 2013. Indian Cinema:  One Hundred Years of Fortitude, as part of the Key-Note Address, International Seminar on Cinema, St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, 2013. Cinematographic Symbiosis: Germany and India, Excellence on Tour, DWIH, Kolkata, 2014, Ahmedabad 2013, Mumbai 2013. Cinematographic Symbiosis: Germany and India, Indo-German Chamber of Commerce, Mumbai 2013.Cinematographic Symbiosis: Germany and India, Max Mueller Bhavan, Mumbai, 2013. Cinema of Prayoga: Contemplating a Cinematographic Moment, York University, Toronto, Canada, 2013. Cinema of Prayoga, No Cultural Boundaries, York University and SAVAC, Toronto, Canada, 2013. The Moving Image Looped to be Mukt! – the Cinema of Prayoga conscience, the University of the Arts, London, 2011. Film Workshops in India and Elsewhere
 Over the years, conducted film appreciation and film and literature related workshops in Surat, Palanpur, Bharuch, Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Sadra, Bombay and other places. Several other such workshops are underway.National seminar ‘Roopantar’ (Literature to Cinema) organized in Nadiad was the outcome of the ‘Roopantar’ series in the journal Pratyaksha. Delivered the key-note address at the Nadiad conference. Was invited to Asmita Parva-14 (14 – 18 April 2011) at Mahua by Morari Bapu to present a talk on film kala nu anubhavan with reference to cinematographic experience. The program was televised internationally on Astha channel. Conducted several Indian film workshops in different gymnasiums (schools) and institutions in Denmark. Program Consultant
 Goethe Institute, Max Mueller Bhavan, Mumbai. Cultural Centre of Russia, Mumbai.2012: One of the active members of the organizing group on ‘Classic Incantations: The German Film Orchestra Babelberg performs A.R. Rahman,’ a massive musical that showcased over a hundred orchestral musicians from the German Film Orchestra Babelsberg and KM Music Conservatory, Chennai and travelled across five Indian metros. It was exclusively presented by Lapp Group; conceived and coordinated by Goethe Institute, Mumbai. Awards
 2007:  University of Mumbai, a silver plaque for his contribution to the book “Photobiography of the University of Mumbai.”
 2007: A trophy from Naval Dockyard Mumbai for discovering and preserving the documentary film “India’s Struggle for National Shipping.”
 2005: Taramati Visanji Award for contribution to art and culture. 2002: Cinematographers’ Combine honored him with a trophy (miniature Mitchel camera) for his writing and curatorial work for the cinema. 1989: The International Federation of Film Clubs honored him with a plaque in Germany for his persistent and imaginative work in the Indian film society movement. Indian Correspondent

ARTiT, a bilingual (English, Japanese) quarterly on contemporary art published from Tokyo.Film International, Tehran. Film Festival Juries and Committees

Nomination on several film festival juries and selection committees in India and abroad. Select list:
 2017 Chairperson, SiGNS Film Festival, Kochi, Kerala. 2017 Selection, International Cinema, IFFK, Trivandrum, Kerala
 2017 Member, National, Indian Documentary Producers’ Association. 2014: Cinema Verite, Tehran, Iran. 2010: Chairperson, Int. Jury of the International Film Festival of Ahmedabad.2009: Member, International Jury, Oberhausen Short Film Festival, Germany. 2008: Member National Jury, Indian Documentary Producers’ Association. 2007: Member, Indian Documentary Producers’ Association, National Jury. 2007: Member, International Jury, International Short Film Fest, Tehran, Iran. 2006: Chairperson, Int. Jury, International Short Film Fest, Tehran, Iran. 2005: Member, Indian Documentary Producers’ Association, National Jury.2005: Member, International Jury, Three-Continent Film Festival
 2008: Member, Advisory Committee, NCPA, Mumbai. 1990-1995: Various national committees of the Mumbai International Film Festival for Documentary, Short & Animation Films. 1989: Member, National Short Film Jury, National Film Festival, India. Academic - Lectures / Conferences
 John Abraham Memorial Lecture, SiGNS Film Festival, Kochi, Kerala. Cinema of Prayoga: The Rigour of Austerity, Junoon, Kitabkhana, Mumbai. Students’ Centre, Zagreb, Croatia – Cinema of Prayoga and Indian Experimental Films. Royal College of Art, Copenhagen, Denmark; Yale University, New Haven, USA; Columbia University, New York, USA.Shri Rajmohan Gandhi’s Asia Plateau, Panchgani, Maharashtra – lectured on Indian cinema to students from various North American universities. Asmita Parva – 14, Mahua, Gujarat, a presentation on anubhāvan of cinema. Goethe Institute (Max Mueller Bhavan), Mumbai. University of the Arts London, June 2011. Georges Pompidou Centre, Paris, June 2011
Kalabhavana, Santiniketan, August 2011. Several conferences and seminars in India and abroad, including in Australia, Sri Lanka, Iran, etc. Archiving / Databasing
 Was responsible for discovering and restoring the historic and rare documentary India’s Struggle for National Shipping by Paul Zils
 Conceived, developed and set up a comprehensive easy-to-retrieve database of the Films Division’s library of documentary films, etc.from 1948 to 1993, about 9000 documentary, short and animation films (with Subhash Chheda). Film Directorship
 Mumbai and the Informal City, presented at the International Conference of Architects and Town Planners, Mumbai, 2010. Harbour Line Stories, Etc., for Cell – Initiators of Incidents, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. About the city of Mumbai – including some historic episodes, e.g. explosion in a steamer in 1944 in Bombay harbour. Temples in Trains, produced and directed, a documentary about Mumbai’s local trains and commuters ingeniously create temples inside compartments and sing songs every morning. (contd.)Kandivli: A River Saga, produced and directed this 6-minute film about how a pure-water river has turned into a filthy nullah. Bandra in Bollywood. Compiling film excerpts from films that show Bandra as location as a historic document – for the Bandra Festival. Representation of Bombay in Films: An hour-long compilation of films recording and representing the city of Bombay, for the Urban Research & Development Institute. Film Production

 As production consultant, manager, line producer, researcher, etc. on various European, Scandinavian, Australian and other films over past two decades:
 Mumbai: In the Painter’s Courtyard (Mumbai, La Cour des Peintres), Louise de Champfleury, Dominique Dindinaud, Paris. Consultant.(a film on Bollywood billboard painters.) Mumbai, a documentary film on the city by Camilla Nielssen and Frederik Jacobi (as part of the Danish Film Institute’s series of four-film series Cities on Speed including Bogota, Cairo, Shanghai and Mumbai, First AD and Production Consultant / Controller. Bollywood Boy, a documentary on a child actor by Andre Hormann, Berlin. Shot entirely in Mumbai. Line Producer. Touch, a video installation by Marika Seidler. Produced entirely in Mumbai.Executive Producer. The Boot Cake, an Australian documentary on Charlie Chaplin by Katherine Millard shot in India. Production management and research. Five Obstructions, Lars von Trier and Jorgen Leth’s documentary, partly shot in Mumbai. Production-in-charge. After the Wedding, a Danish feature film by Susanne Bier, partly shot in Mumbai. Production manager, casting director and location scouting.Note: Both Five Obstructions and After the Wedding were nominated for the Academy Awards (Oscars) in the Foreign Language Film category. Sound of a Universe: Bollywood and its Music, a documentary by Nele Muenchmeyer, Berlin, for ARTE channel. Production consultant. Happiness and Misery, a video installation by Lars Mathisen. This was produced and shot entirely in Mumbai. Script Consultant, Line Producer. Bombay Lunch, a documentary on Mumbai’s dabbawallas (lunch box carriers) by Lau Leth Larsen.Line Producer. Total Masala Slammer, a dance-theatre production by Michael Laub for Hebbel Theatre, Berlin, Germany. A large part of this project was auditioned and organized in various parts of India. Artistic Consultant (India) with Marina Abramovoch (Europe). Walking Towards Eternity, a documentary on Jainism, with Birthe Molhave, Aarhus, Denmark. Production Consultant, Line Producer. Mumbai Mosaic, a documentary on the city of Mumbai, with the Molhaves, Denmark.Production Consultant, Line Producer. <mask> <mask> has been working on production of numerous projects by German Television (ZDF) besides productions from Denmark and several other countries. Positions held
 Consultant Content Developer of National Council of Science Museums for the project National Museum of Indian Cinema, Ministry of I&B, Government of India. Hon. Secretary, Screen Unit, Mumbai. Hon. Secretary, Western Region, The Federation of Film Societies of India.Founder Director, Datakino, Mumbai. Member, Procurement Committee, National Museum of Indian Cinema, Ministry of I&B, Government of India. Member, Script Committee, the Children's Film Society of India, Ministry of I&B, Government of India
 Director, Osian’s Film Archive. Editorial Board
 MIRAJ (Moving Image Review & Art Journal), a new magazine being published by the University of Arts, London, Ed: Catherine Elwes. References

 Goa Arts & Literary Festivalhttps://web.archive.org/web/20150528073503/http://www.goaartlitfest.com/galf2014/speakers2014.php%7B%7Bcommons category|<mask> Gangar}}
 The Hindu newspaperhttp://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/a-carnival-sans-cash/article5623294.ece

Living people
Indian film critics
Year of birth missing (living

masks: Amrit Gangar Amrit


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General <mask> (December 27, 1864 – April 13, 1955) was a United States Army officer who served as Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1918, during the final year of World War I, until 1921. He is largely responsible for designing the powerful role of the Chief of Staff in the 20th century. Early life and education
<mask> was born on December 27, 1864 in Easton, Pennsylvania, to <mask> and Mildred (<mask><mask>. His father was a college professor, and is regarded as the principal founder of modern comparative linguistics in Old English. His mother descended from Thomas Stone, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, and was Moncure D. <mask>'s sister. <mask> attended Lafayette College, where his father occupied the first chair of English language and comparative philology in the United States. While at Lafayette College, <mask> was a member of the Rho chapter of Delta Kappa Epsilon.After graduating with honors in 1884, he was appointed to West Point and graduated in 1888, ranked 10th in a class of 44. Among his classmates there were several men who would, like <mask> himself, eventually attain the rank of general officer, such as James W. McAndrew, William M. Morrow, William Robert Dashiell, Robert Lee Howze, <mask> Harris, Eli Alva Helmick, <mask> McKinstry, Henry Jervey Jr., William Voorhees Judson, John Louis Hayden, Edward Anderson, William H. Hart, <mask> Hedekin and William S. Peirce. Military career

After his initial assignment to the 3rd Artillery, <mask> was assigned to the 5th Artillery as a 1st lieutenant in 1894. He was sent to the Artillery School at Fort Monroe, Virginia in September 1896 and graduated in April 1898, at the outbreak of the Spanish–American War. As he was not immediately assigned, he watched as his classmates went off to various commands, and began fearing he would not see combat. In early May, that changed when he was offered to lead what later became known as the Astor Battery, named so because it was personally financed by John Jacob Astor IV. He organized, equipped and subsequently commanded the battery when it was sent to the Philippines during the Spanish–American War.Historian <mask> Adamson has written about Henry Bidwell Ely (Adamson's great grandfather) who was placed in charge of The Astor Battery by John Jacob Astor IV, to give <mask> whatever he needed. <mask> credited Ely as having "an open check book" to purchase uniforms, mules and the cannons. After the battery returned from the Philippines in 1899, <mask> was assigned as the aide to Major General Arthur MacArthur, Jr. during the Philippine–American War. Later that year he was promoted to major. He continued to serve in the Philippines, participated as part of General Loyd Wheaton's expedition in battles at San Fabian, Buntayan Bridge and San Jacinto. He commanded the U.S. forces in the Battle of Tirad Pass, 2 December 1899, where General Gregorio del Pilar was killed, and received the surrender of General Venacio <mask>, Chief of Staff to Philippine President Aguinaldo at Cayan, 5 December 1899. He served as provincial governor of districts including Lepanto-Bontoc and Ilocos Sur from February to June 1900, and then the Abra Province from June 1900 to February 1901.He then served as Commissary General of Prisoners for the Philippine Islands through 30 June 1901, when he mustered out of the U.S. Volunteers. In 1903, he was sent to Fort Riley and commanded the 19th Battery of the Field Artillery. Later that year, he was sent to Washington, D.C. and served on the newly created General Staff. From 21 March to 30 November 1904, <mask> was one of several American military attachés serving with the Imperial Japanese Army in the Russo-Japanese War. Of the seventeen military attachés observing both sides of the Russo-Japanese War for the United States, eight were later promoted to be generals. In 1907, <mask> commanded the 1st Battalion, 6th Field Artillery.<mask> then served as adjutant of Fort Riley, Kansas and then served as adjutant at several other commands, including at the War Department. In 1916, he was promoted to colonel and commanded the 8th Field Artillery Regiment on the Mexican border during the Pancho Villa Expedition. World War I and Chief of Staff

In June 1917, shortly after the American entry into World War I, <mask> was promoted to brigadier general and commanded the 1st Field Artillery Brigade, 1st Division, American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) and, accompanied by First Lieutenant Stanley E. Reinhart (later a major general in World War II) as his aide-de-camp, went to France with the 1st Division. Later that year, <mask> was promoted to major general and commanded the artillery units of the First United States Army and all non-divisional artillery units. In March 1918, he was recalled to Washington, took over as acting Army Chief of Staff on March 4 and was Army Chief of Staff on May 20, 1918. He was promoted to temporary general. Joseph M. Swing (a lieutenant general in World War II) was his new aide-de-camp.<mask> was highly critical of President Wilson's decision to send an American Expedition to North Russia and Siberia in 1918 during the Russian Civil War (the so-called Siberian Intervention) ostensibly to prop-up the White movement war effort, secure the railroads, support the Czech Legion trapped there, and stop the Japanese from exploiting the chaos in order to colonize Siberia. <mask> wrote after the pull-out of American forces in 1920:

In 1919, <mask> was admitted as an honorary member of the Virginia Society of the Cincinnati. He served as Chief of Staff until June 30, 1921. As Chief of Staff he reorganized the Army structure, and abolished the distinctions between the Regular Army, the Army Reserves, and the Army National Guard during wartime. He created new technical branches in the service including the United States Army Air Corps, Chemical Warfare Service, Transportation Corps, and Tank Corps. He also centralized control over supply. After the war ended, he supervised the demobilization of the Army.As Chief of Staff he often came into disagreement with General John J. Pershing, who wanted to conduct the AEF as an independent command. <mask> was a highly efficient and capable administrator who did much to modernize the American Army and prepare it for combat in the First World War. Retirement and death
<mask> retired as a major general in 1921 at the age of 56. In June 1930, <mask> was advanced to general on the retired list as the result of a law which enabled World War I generals to retire at the highest rank they had held. In December 1922, <mask> was elected honorary president of Delta Kappa Epsilon during the fraternity's 78th Annual Convention. After retirement, he travelled Europe, Africa and Turkey. In 1932, he published his war memoirs, The Nation at War.During World War II, reporters for Time and Life magazines regularly sought his opinions of events. He was a fan of the Washington Senators and regularly attended their home games. <mask> died at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center on April 13, 1955, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. In his funeral marched "the escort commander and his staff; the United States Army Band; one battalion of cadets from the US Military Academy; one company of infantry; one battery of field artillery; one company of armor; the U.S. Marine Band; one company of Marines; one company of bluejackets; one squadron of airmen; and one composite company of servicewomen." The estimated total strength of the military escort was 1,200 soldiers, sailors, airmen and Marines. At the grave "was a large group of military, civilian, and foreign dignitaries headed by Vice President Richard M. Nixon. Also in attendance were representatives of the Society of the Cincinnati, the Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, and the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity, to all of which General <mask> had belonged."Family
March married <mask> (née Smith, 18 December 1862 – 18 November 1904), the widowed daughter of his battery commander, Lieutenant Colonel Lewis Smith, on July 4, 1891. She died in November 1904, while <mask> was still observing the Imperial Japanese Army. Between 28 November 1917 and 8 June 1918, their daughters Mildred (1893–1967), Josephine (1895–1972) and Vivian (1899–1932) had all married army officers, Josephine marrying <mask>'s aide-de-camp in World War I, Joseph M. Swing. Josephine had a twin brother, named <mask>. who died ten days after their birth. <mask>'s second son, also named <mask>., was killed in a plane crash in Texas during World War I. March AFB in Riverside, California was named in his honor. A third son, Lewis Alden <mask>, was born in 1904 and died in 1928.While traveling in Italy, he met <mask> McEntee (1897–1964), and married her in August 1923.

masks:
Peyton Conway March
March
Francis Andrew March
Conway
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Conway
Peyton March
March
March
Peter Charles
Charles Hedges
Charles Aloysius
March
Bruce Campbell
Peyton March
March
March
Conceción
March
March
March
March
March
March
March
March
March
March
March
March
March
March
Josephine Cunningham
March
March
Peyton Jr
March
Peyton Jr
March
Cora Virginia


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Kang Seul-gi (; born February 10, 1994), known mononymously as Seulgi, is a South Korean singer and dancer. She is a member of the South Korean girl group Red Velvet and its sub-unit Red Velvet - Irene & Seulgi. She is also a member of South Korean supergroup Got the Beat. Life and career

1994–2014: Early life and career beginnings

Kang Seul-gi was born on February 10, 1994, in Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. Her family consists of her parents and an older brother. She studied in Ansan Byeolmang Middle School and attended School of Performing Arts Seoul. She can speak both Korean and Japanese.Kang began training in SM Entertainment in 2007. On December 2, 2013, she was one of the first three trainees introduced to the public through SM Entertainment's pre-debut project, SM Rookies, alongside now-NCT members Jeno and Taeyong. Various pre-debut clips of Seulgi were released by SM, one of which was a dance performance with Irene covering ‘Be Natural’, a song that was sung originally by S.E.S. In July 2014, she was featured in Henry Lau's song "Butterfly" from his second EP Fantastic. She also appeared in the music video of the single "Fantastic". On August 1, 2014, Kang made her official debut as a member of Red Velvet. 2015–present: Solo activities and sub-unit

In January 2015, she starred in an SM Entertainment musical School Oz, playing the lead role of Dorothy.From April to May, she was part of the JTBC variety show Off to School. In July 2016, she released the song "Don't Push Me" with Wendy as part of the soundtrack of the KBS2 drama, Uncontrollably Fond. In October 2016, Seulgi appeared on King of Mask Singer as a contestant under the alias Cinema Heaven. On November 18, Seulgi sang "You, Just Like That" (그대는 그렇게), as the theme song of NCSoft's MMORPG Blade & Soul. The song was later officially released as digital single in 2017. On December 30, Seulgi with bandmate Wendy and other SM artists released a digital single titled "Sound of Your Heart" for SM Station. In January 2017, she released the song "You're the Only One I See" with Wendy as part of the soundtrack of the KBS2 drama, Hwarang: The Poet Warrior Youth.She released a duet titled "Darling U" with Super Junior's Yesung on January 22, as part of SM Station. In February 2017, <mask> and Hwang Chi-yeul collaborated for the song "Our Story", which serves as the final single track for Hwang's girl group duet project 'Fall, in girl'. In March 2017, Seulgi featured in NCT Mark's "Drop", an original song performed on High School Rapper, a survival hip hop reality TV show. <mask>, alongside six other female idols, was cast in Idol Drama Operation Team that was aired on May 29, 2017, wherein they created their own drama series, 'Let's Only Walk the Flower Road', by becoming accredited scriptwriters as well as acting in the series as fictional versions of themselves in a girl group. Their group, called 'Girls Next Door', also released the song "Deep Blue Eyes" and held their debut stage on July 14, 2017 at Music Bank. On October 27, she, along with Kangta and Wendy, released a remake of the 2001 song "인형 (Doll)" by Shinhwa's Shin Hye-sung and Lee Ji-hoon as part of the second season of the SM Station project. Its music video used footage from their live performance of the song at the SMTOWN LIVE TOUR V in JAPAN and was released on the same day.In the same month, she featured in a duet "Heart Stop" with Taemin of Shinee released on his second full Korean album, Move. In February 2018, <mask> was confirmed as part of the cast for Law of the Jungle in Mexico. In April, <mask> was also confirmed as part of the cast of JTBC new variety show Secret Unnie together with Sunmi. Seulgi was also featured on Moonbyul's solo debut single "Selfish", which was released on May 23, 2018. In June 2018, <mask> and Wendy was announced filming in Austria for Battle Trip’s special 100th episode themed ‘The Country I Want to Live in’, which first episode aired on July 21, 2018. In September 2018, she released a single "Wow Thing" as part of a mini group, Station Young, with (G)I-dle's Soyeon, GFriend's SinB, and solo artist Chungha. In October 2018, Seulgi was announced as cast of JTBC's new show Cool Kids, along with Yoo Jae-suk, Kim Shin-young, and other celebrity representatives.Each cast member was introduced with an aspect that is widely acknowledged about them, <mask> was the one on the "trend". On October 15, <mask> was featured on South Korean hip-hop and R&B artist Zion.T's single "Hello Tutorial", which peaked at number 2 on the Gaon Digital Chart. On February 12, 2019, Seulgi released “Always”, a ballad song about eternal love for the tvN drama The Crowned Clown. In November 2019, during their La Rouge concert in Seoul, Seulgi performed the song "Uncover", which was first revealed then for her solo stage. On April 20, 2020, SM confirmed that Seulgi, alongside member Irene, would form Red Velvet's first sub-unit. Red Velvet - Irene & Seulgi debuted on July 6 with the extended play Monster. This EP contained the full studio version of <mask>'s solo song "Uncover".She and Irene also starred in the spin-off version of their group's reality show the Level Up Project! On October 31, 2020, <mask> was one of the guests of Yoon Do-hyun of YB Band for his virtual Acoustic Forest tour. On November 23, 2020, <mask> was confirmed to debut as an art essay translator for the book series "Art Gallery By My Side: Love, Happiness, Sleep". On January 25, 2021, Seulgi was featured in the music video of TVXQ Yunho's "Eeny Meeny". On February 1, <mask> and rapper Bewhy's commercial MV for their Volkswagen "Born Confident" campaign was  officially released online. On March 30, it was announced that <mask> will be featuring in one of Wendy's solo album debut tracks titled, "Best Friend", to be released on April 5, 2021. On April 2, it was announced that <mask> will co-host a web music program titled, The Wise Music Encyclopedia.On June 1, she also started hosting her own live show, Seulgi.zip, on Naver Now. On December 27, 2021, Seulgi was revealed as a member of supergroup Got the Beat alongside Red Velvet groupmate Wendy. The group debuted on January 3, 2022. Artistry

Arts and photography
In addition to being a skilled dancer and vocalist, <mask> is also recognized for her art and photography skills. Photos of her artworks have circulated on various online communities, with many viewers praising her work. In 2016, Seulgi was chosen as the honorary ambassador for the 18th Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival to further help spread the festival's mission, which was to improve public awareness on animated films so students and lesser known artists in the field would gain more opportunities. In 2019, Seulgi lent her voice to serve as an audio guide during M. Chat exhibit of world class graffiti artists at Seoul Arts Center.L'Occitane collaborated with <mask> in 2019 for their 'City Palette' campaign. Through that brand's concept, Seulgi herself designed a city map, which later produced into eco bags that conveys the message of coloring the beauty of nature in cities that are losing charm due to pollution. Due to her love for arts, the Art Museum By My Side (2020) series project by Maronie Books was offered to her to translate. The book series is a collection of 35 artworks for each theme: Love, Happiness, Sleep. Seulgi's translation of the book, originally in English by Shana Gozansky, presents both the original text and Seulgi's own feelings and interpretations. She also personally picked her favorite artworks and wrote her own thoughts and feelings. The series aims to serve as guide to those people who usually find it difficult to enjoy art due to lack of professional knowledge.Fashion

Seulgi is also recognized for her fashion sense. Her casual yet chic and trendy attires made her an emerging leader in casual fashion, and a reference for MZ generation. Her influence was often highlighted on the rise of minimalist fashion trend among Koreans in their 20s and 30s. In her show Seulgi.zip, which is mainly a fashion-themed program, she would talk about fashion items, style points, and favorite styles with her guests, and would give advice to her listeners too. She has also proven her influence as a fashion icon in the global fashion world when she became the first K-pop star to be selected as a global ambassador for Italian luxury brand Salvatore Ferragamo. A representative of the brand said that they selected her in anticipation of even greater synergy with her for being a fashion icon, a globally popular kpop-star, and an influential entertainer who shows outstanding performances in various ways. Public image and influence
Seulgi is known as an all-rounder artist through her performances and artworks.Brands often cite her positive vibes, creativity, passion for her craft, and her unique sensibility and style on why they choose her to represent them— a cultural icon supported by millennials. In Gallup Korea's Idol Preference poll (before it was discontinued in 2020), Seulgi ranked as one of the topmost popular idols, both in 2018 and 2019. She had also topped the monthly ‘Individual Girl Group Members Brand Power Ranking’ published by the Korean Corporate Reputation Research Institute a couple of times. In a survey among soldiers doing mandatory military service in South Korea in 2019, Seulgi ranked as the fourth most popular female K-pop idol. Seulgi is also well-loved by Korea Queer Women Community, consistently ranking on the top of the annual poll, due to her girl crush image. Other ventures

Endorsements
Aside from various endorsements with her bandmates, Seulgi became ambassadors of known big brands. On March 21, 2018, Seulgi was picked to model Nike's collection for South Korea national football team - The Red Devils 2018 Collection.Since August 2018, <mask> has been the face of Converse Korea, becoming their first female brand ambassador. Starting with the 'One Star Campaign' under the slogan 'no one can evaluate me', <mask> and Converse have campaigned for support on one's own values and standards. On December 23, 2019, she was announced, alongside with Park Bo-gum, as the face for Coca-Cola's 2020 campaign 'Little Big Moments'. On December 26, L'Occitane posted their new campaign that featured Seulgi, and two other artists, art director Cha In-cheol and illustrator Kim Se-dong. Seulgi is an ambassador for L'Occitane x OMY's 'City Palette' campaign for their shea butter hand cream. In January 2021, Seulgi became the new ambassador of Volkswagen. She is the face of a new campaign for their new T-Roc model, and promotes it with an original jingle and music video for their slogan 'Born Confident'.On February 24, <mask> was officially announced as South Korea's brand ambassador of the Italian luxury brand Salvatore Ferragamo through her photoshoot with Harper's Bazaar; and was later on announced on June 29 as their global brand ambassador through their shoe capsule collection campaign, 'Let's Dance'. On April 29, Seulgi was announced as the newest model for cosmetics brand AMUSE. Discography

Filmography

Film

Television series

Television shows

Web shows

Radio shows

Music videos

Theatre

Awards and nominations

Notes

References

External links

 Official website

Red Velvet (group) members
South Korean female idols
1994 births
Living people
SM Rookies members
South Korean guitarists
People from Seoul
South Korean women pop singers
South Korean female models
South Korean television personalities
South Korean dance musicians
South Korean musical theatre actresses
21st-century South Korean women singers

masks: Seulgi Seulgi Seulgi Seulgi Seulgi Seulgi Seulgi Seulgi Seulgi Seulgi Seulgi Seulgi Seulgi Seulgi Seulgi Seulgi Seulgi Seulgi


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<mask> (born 9 August 1953) is a French professor of economics at Toulouse 1 Capitole University. He focuses on industrial organization, game theory, banking and finance, and economics and psychology. In 2014 he was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his analysis of market power and regulation. Education
<mask> received engineering degrees from the École Polytechnique in Paris in 1976, and from the École nationale des ponts et chaussées in 1978. He graduated as a member of the elite Corps of Bridges, Waters and Forests. <mask> pursued graduate studies at the Paris Dauphine University and was awarded a DEA degree in 1976 and a Doctorat de troisième cycle in decision mathematics in 1978. In 1981, he received a Ph.D. in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for his thesis titled Essays in economic theory, under the supervision of Eric Maskin.Career

<mask> is chairman of the board of the Jean-Jacques Laffont Foundation at the Toulouse School of Economics, and scientific director of the Industrial Economics Institute (IDEI) at Toulouse 1 University Capitole. After receiving his doctorate from MIT in 1981, he worked as a researcher at the École nationale des ponts et chaussées until 1984. From 1984–1991, he worked as Professor of Economics at MIT. His work by 1988 helped to define modern industrial organization theory by organising and synthesising the main results of the game-theory revolution vis-à-vis understanding of non-competitive markets. From 1994 to 1996 he was a professor of economics at the École Polytechnique. <mask> was involved with <mask> Laffont in the project of creating a new School of Economics in Toulouse. He is Engineer General of the Corps of Bridges, Waters and Forest, serving as Chair of the Board of the Toulouse School of Economics, Visiting Professor at MIT and Professor "cumulant" at the École des hautes études en sciences sociales since 1995.He was president of the Econometric Society in 1998 and of the European Economic Association in 2001. Around this time, he was able to determine a way to calculate the optimal prices for the regulation of natural monopolies and wrote a number of articles about the regulation of capital markets—with a focus on the differential of control between decentralised lenders and the centralised control of bank management. <mask> has been a member of the Académie des Sciences morales et politiques since 2011, the Conseil d'analyse économique since 2008 and the Conseil stratégique de la recherché since 2013. In the early 2010s, he showed that banks generally tend to take short-term risks and recommended a change in quantitative easing towards a more quality-based market stimulation policy. Contributions to economics
Tirole's textbook, The Theory of Industrial Organization, synthesised modern models of oligopolistic competition, analysing various cases where industries consist of a small number of firms with significant market power. He and Oliver Hart published a paper showing the conditions in which a vertical merger can result in foreclosure. Rochet and Tirole analysed the implications of 2-sided markets for competition policy.Fudenberg and Tirole also created a taxonomy of strategic effects in oligopolistic competition models. Awards
<mask> was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2014 for his analysis of market power and the regulation of natural monopolies. <mask> received doctorates honoris causa from the Université libre de Bruxelles in 1989, the London Business School and the University of Montreal in 2007, the University of Mannheim in  2011, the Athens University of Economics and Business and the University of Rome Tor Vergata in 2012 as well as the University of Lausanne in 2013. <mask> also received the inaugural BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the Economics, Finance and Management category in 2008, the Public Utility Research Center Distinguished Service Award (University of Florida) in 1997, and the Yrjö Jahnsson Award of the Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation and the European Economic Association in 1993. He is a foreign honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1993) and of the American Economic Association (1993). He has also been a Sloan Fellow (1985) and a Guggenheim Fellow (1988). He was a fellow of the Econometric Society in 1986 and an Economic Theory Fellow (Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory) in 2011.In 2013 <mask> was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In 2007 he was awarded the highest award (the Gold Medal or médaille d'or) of the French CNRS. In 2008, he received the Prix du Cercle d'Oc; in 2009, he received an  Outstanding Contributions to the Profession Award (International Association for Energy Economics); in 2010, he was granted the Chicago Mercantile Exchange – Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (CME-MSRI) prize in Innovative Quantitative Innovations in Finance,  the Tjalling Koopmans Asset Award (Tilburg University), and  the "Prix Claude Levi-Strauss". He is among the most influential economists in the world according to IDEAS/RePEc. Besides his numerous academic distinctions, he was the recipient of the Gold Medal of the city of Toulouse in 2007, a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur since 2007 and an Officer in the Ordre national du Mérite since 2010. Publications
<mask> has published about 200 professional articles in economics and finance, as well as 10 books, including  The Theory of Industrial Organization, Game Theory (with Drew Fudenberg), A Theory of Incentives in Procurement and Regulation (with <mask> Laffont), The Prudential Regulation of Banks (with Mathias Dewatripont), Competition in Telecommunications (with <mask> Laffont), Financial Crises, Liquidity, and the International Monetary System, and  The Theory of Corporate Finance. His research covers industrial organization, regulation, game theory, public economics, banking and finance, psychology and economics, international finance and macroeconomics.Books
 Dynamic Models of Oligopoly (with D. Fudenberg), 1986. The Theory of Industrial Organization, MIT Press, 1988. Description and chapter-preview links. Dynamic Models of Oligopoly (avec Drew Fudenberg, Harwood Academic Publishers GMbH, 1986. Game Theory (with D. Fudenberg), MIT Press, 1991. A Theory of Incentives in Regulation and Procurement (with J.-J. Laffont), MIT Press,1993.Description & chapter-preview links. The Prudential Regulation of Banks (with M. Dewatripont), MIT Press,1994. Competition in Telecommunications, MIT Press, 1999. Financial Crises, Liquidity and the International Monetary System, Princeton University Press, 2002. The Theory of Corporate Finance, Princeton University Press, 2005. Description. Association of American Publishers 2006 Award for Excellence.Balancing the Banks (with Mathias Dewatripont, and <mask> Rochet), Princeton University Press, 2010. Inside and Outside Liquidity (with Bengt Holmström), MIT Press, 2011. Théorie de l'organisation industrielle, Economica, 2015
 Économie du bien commun, Presses universitaires de France, 2016

References

External links
 Personal info and curriculum vitae on the IDEI website
  Bibliography
 Biography
 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards
 Econ Focus interview, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Fourth Quarter 2017

|-

1953 births
Living people
People from Troyes
French economists
Nobel laureates in Economics
Corporate finance theorists
Financial economists
Game theorists
Information economists
Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
French Nobel laureates
Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Sloan Fellows
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Presidents of the Econometric Society
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni
École Polytechnique alumni
Corps des ponts
Paris Dauphine University alumni
École Polytechnique faculty
Toulouse School of Economics faculty
Officers of the National Order of Merit (France)
Labor economists
20th-century economists
21st-century economists
Nancy L. Schwartz Memorial Lecture speakers
Fellows of the European Economic Association

masks:
Jean Tirole
Tirole
Tirole
Tirole
Tirole
Jean Jacques
Tirole
Tirole
Tirole
Tirole
Tirole
Tirole
Jean Jacques
Jean Jacques
Jean Charles


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<mask> (born 11 February 1993) is a South African professional rugby union player for the Benetton in Pro14. He usually plays as a fullback, but can also play as a fly-half or winger. Rugby career

Leopards / NWU Pukke

2012 season

<mask> was born and grew up in Paarl in the Western Cape, but never earned a provincial call-up while at high school level. Upon finishing school, he moved to Potchefstroom where he joined the  academy. He was included in the  squad that participated in the 2012 Under-19 Provincial Championship, making ten appearances and scoring 38 points for his side that finished in fifth position on the log. He scored three tries during the competition in matches against  on his debut, against  in his second match and against . 2013 season

<mask> made twelve appearances for the  squad in the 2013 Under-21 Provincial Championship, scoring 33 points for his side, including tries in matches against  and , but again missed out on the play-offs, with the team finishing in sixth place on the log.2014 season

<mask> was included in the university team 's squad for the 2014 Varsity Cup and was named in the matchday squad for all nine of their matches, but made just two starts and five appearances as a replacement. His side finished top of the log to qualify for the semi-finals. <mask> scored just two points throughout the season, but it proved to be absolutely vital, as he kicked a last-minute penalty in their match against  in the semi-final in a 19–18 victory. He was an unused replacement in the final, which  won in dramatic fashion as they fought back from 33–15 down with five minutes to go to achieve a 39–33 victory. In the second half of 2014, <mask> returned to the  squad for their 2014 Under-21 Provincial Championship campaign. He started their first eight matches of the competition, scoring 87 points to make him the Leopards' top scorer during the competition and the fifth top scorer overall. His points tally consisted of hat-tricks of tries in their matches against  and , a brace of tries against , three further tries in matches against Sharks U21,  and  and 32 points with the boot.He missed the team's run-in to the season after being promoted to the senior team, playing in the 2014 Currie Cup First Division. He made his senior debut in their third-last match of the regular season against the  in Welkom, coming on as a replacement during their 31–37 defeat. He was promoted to the starting line-up for their second match against the  in East London and also scored his first senior try in the 17th minute of a match that finished 34–19 to the visitors after a floodlight failure forced the game to be abandoned after 58 minutes. He played his first full match the following week, kicking five conversions in a 50–29 victory over the , a result that saw the Leopards finish top of the log to qualify for the semi-finals. They faced the Falcons for the second consecutive week in their semi-final encounter; <mask> scored two first-half tries, but it was not enough for the home side, as the Falcons avenged their defeat from a week earlier to win 31–24, eliminating the Leopards from the competition. 2015 season

<mask> firmly established himself in the  team for the 2015 Varsity Cup, starting all nine of their matches. He scored tries in their matches against , ,  and  during the regular season, helping them qualify for a play-off spot by finishing in fourth position on the log.<mask>'s three penalties and one conversion proved crucial in their semi-final match against  as they won 29–28 to qualify for their second successive final. However, as in 2014, <mask> find himself on the losing side in the final, as Bloemfontein-based university  easily won 63–33 in the final. In total, <mask> scored 101 points during the competition to finish as the overall top scorer. He was named the Player That Rocks for the competition and also included in a Varsity Cup Dream Team that was named at the conclusion of the season. <mask> scored a try (which was later nominated as the try of the season) and kicked a conversion in the Dream Team's defeat to the South Africa Under-20s as the latter prepared for the 2015 World Rugby Under 20 Championship. <mask> then featured in two Vodacom Cup matches for the , scoring one try in their 22–47 defeat to . He appeared in all six of their matches during the 2015 Currie Cup qualification series, scoring four tries – one against the  and  and a brace against the .The Leopards fell just short of qualifying for the 2015 Currie Cup Premier Division, finishing a single point behind Griquas, qualifying for the First Division instead. With the Leopards' only defeat in the qualification series to Griquas being expunged from their record in the First Division, the team won their remaining five matches to finish with a 100% record, winning all ten of their matches. <mask> remained a key part of this success, starting all their remaining matches in the season, scoring 25 points, which included tries against the Boland Cavaliers,  and the . He scored a fourth try in their semi-final match against the Falcons, avenging their defeat to the same opposition at this stage in 2014, before helping the team to a 44–20 victory over the  in the final to win the First Division title for the first time in their history. <mask> was nominated for First Division Player of the Year after his performances and won the award at a ceremony in early 2016. 2016 season

As in the previous two seasons, <mask> started 2016 by playing Varsity Cup rugby for NWU Pukke. He started all nine of their matches, scoring 73 points, the third-highest points total in the competition.He was now firmly established as the side's first-choice kicker, with all his points coming with the boot. He helped the Pukke finish in third place on the log in a competition marred by on-campus violence and match postponements. <mask> scored 19 points with the boot as Pukke qualified for their third consecutive final, beating  35–7 in Johannesburg. After two consecutive final defeats, the NWU Pukke won the Varsity Cup title for the first time after beating  7–6 in the final, with <mask> emerging as the match-winner, converting a Marno Redelinghuys try scored some ten minutes into injury time at the end of the match. Right after the conclusion of the Varsity Cup, <mask> again linked up with the  for their 2016 Currie Cup qualification campaign. He started nine matches, scoring 136 points – the second-most behind  fly-half George Whitehead – for the Leopards in the competition before linking up with the Sharks' Super Rugby squad. However, he could not help the Leopards to qualify for the 2016 Currie Cup Premier Division by finishing in the top three non-franchise teams, with the team instead qualifying for the First Division, where they could attempt to defend their title.Sharks

In 2016, <mask> was included in the ' squad for their 2016 Super Rugby match against the . He made his Super Rugby debut ten minutes into the second half, replacing fullback Odwa Ndungane in a 10–37 defeat in Johannesburg. Cheetahs

From 2018 to 2020, <mask> was included in the  squad for Pro 14 team as well as Super Rugby Unlocked in the end of 2020. He played also the Currie Cup with  until January 2021. Rugby international career

In 2018 <mask> was named in the South Africa Sevens squad for the 2018 Hong Kong Sevens. References

South African rugby union players
Living people
1993 births
Sportspeople from Paarl
Rugby union fly-halves
Rugby union wings
Rugby union fullbacks
Leopards (rugby union) players
Sharks (rugby union) players
Sharks (Currie Cup) players
Cheetahs (rugby union) players
Free State Cheetahs players
Benetton Rugby players

masks:
Rhyno Christo Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith


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<mask> (September 28, 1874 – November 7, 1960) was a United States Army general. Following his retirement in 1938, he became controversial for his fiercely anti-immigrant and antisemitic views. Early life and career

<mask> was born in Evanston, Illinois, on September 28, 1874. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1899 and was commissioned second lieutenant in the cavalry. He served in the Philippines twice, from 1900 to 1903 and 1906 to 1907, where his assignments included commanding a troop of the 1st Cavalry and serving as Aide-de-Camp to Generals J. M. Bell and J. M. Lee. In 1901 Moseley, accompanied by only one other officer, without escort and under conditions of great danger, penetrated a major Philippine insurgent stronghold. 2nd Lt. <mask> and 1st Lt. <mask> convinced Brigadier General Ludovico Arejola to sign the peace agreement in Taban, Minalabac (Philippines) on 25 March 1901.The honor graduate of the Army School of the Line in 1908, <mask> also graduated from the Army Staff College in 1909 and the Army War College in 1911. During World War I, <mask> served as assistant chief of staff for logistics (G-4) on the staff of the American Expeditionary Force headquarters. Moseley married Mrs. Florence DuBois in July 1930. Moseley held camp and Washington assignments from 1920–1929. He was a member of several important commissions, including the Harbord Commission to investigate Armenian issues. After commanding the Second Field Artillery Brigade, in 1921 he was detailed as assistant to General Dawes in organizing the newly created Bureau of the Budget. In 1921 he was promoted brigadier general, Regular Army.Commanding the 1st Cavalry Division (1927–1929), he successfully interceded, under fire, with principals in a 1929 Mexican insurrection. His actions stopped stray gunfire from Juarez, Mexico, from endangering life and property in adjacent El Paso, Texas, and precluded further incidents. In 1931 he was promoted major general, Regular Army. Senior assignments
<mask> was the executive for the Assistant Secretary of War, from 1929 to 1930 and Deputy Chief of Staff of Army from 1930 to 1933. He served as General Douglas MacArthur's Deputy Chief of Staff during the 1932 Bonus March on Washington, D.C., in the course of which he recorded his fears of a Communist conspiracy against the United States and his identification of Jews with radicals and undesirables. He wrote in a private letter:

In 1934, Moseley asked MacArthur to consider the immigration issue in terms of military manpower, contrasting a group of "southern lads" of "good Anglo-Saxon stock" with their counterparts from the North with names "difficult to pronounce" that "indicated foreign blood". Moseley linked the latter to labor problems and "so much trouble in our schools and colleges."MacArthur expressed skepticism in response to <mask>'s argument that "It is a question of whether or not the old blood that built this fine nation ... is to continue to administer that nation, or whether that old stock is going to be destroyed or bred out by a lot of foreign blood which the melting pot has not touched." <mask> was Commanding General of the 5th Corps Area, from 1933 to 1934 and 4th Corps Area from 1934 to 1936. His final assignment was as commander of the Third United States Army from 1936 to 1938. Controversy
While still on active service, <mask> expressed controversial opinions in public. In 1936, he proposed that the Civilian Conservation Corps be expanded "to take in every 18-year-old youth in the country for a six-month course in work, education and military training." In the late 1930s, when admitting refugees from Nazi persecution was a matter of national controversy, <mask> supported admitting refugees but added the proviso "that they all be sterilized before being permitted to embark. Only that way can we properly protect our future."Retirement
<mask> retired from the Army in October 1938 with a statement that described the New Deal as a growing dictatorship: "We do not have to vote for a dictatorship to have one in America ... We have merely to vote increased government responsibility for our individual lives, increased government authority over our daily habits, and the resultant Federal paternalism will inevitably become dictatorship." Secretary of War Harry Woodring called his statement "flagrantly disloyal." In April 1939 he attacked Jews and said that he foresaw a war fought for their benefit. He attacked President Franklin D. Roosevelt for appointing Felix Frankfurter to the U.S. Supreme Court. He predicted that the U.S. army would not follow the orders of FDR's leftist Administration if they "violate all American tradition." He described fascism and nazism as good "antitoxins" for the United States, adding that "the finest type of Americanism can breed under their protection as they neutralize the efforts of the Communists." <mask> understood that as a retired general, he remained subject to the War Department's jurisdiction, writing to a friend:  "“The only good I can do now is in keeping up quite a large correspondence with men who are in a position to influence public affairs.The enemy has completely silenced me, and I am handicapped, as I am still a Government official.". Moseley also tried to lobby the New York National Guard adjutant to "cleanse" the state forces of all Jews and persons of color. Time reported his view that "more money should be spent on syphilis prevention and less on national defense" Two months after leaving the military, he questioned the President's proposed increases in military spending: "Much of our present weakness is in the fear and hysteria being engendered among the American people for ... political purpose. ... A nation so scared and so burdened financially is not in a condition to lick anybody. And then, who in  hell are we afraid of? With Japan absorbed ... with the balance of power so nearly equal in Europe, where is there an ounce of naval or military strength free to threaten us?" He became increasingly more outspoken and instead of the language of Social Darwinism expressed anti-Semitic and conspiratorial views overtly.In Philadelphia, he told the National Defense Meeting that Jewish bankers had financed the Russian Revolution and that "The war now proposed is for the purposes of establishing Jewish hegemony throughout the world." He said that Jews controlled the media and might soon control the federal government. In June 1939, <mask> testified for five hours before the House Un-American Activities Committee. He said that a Jewish Communist conspiracy was about to seize control of the U.S. government. He believed the President had the authority to counteract the planned coup and could do so "in five minutes" by issuing an order "to discharge every Communist in the government and everyone giving aid and comfort to the Communists." He said the President could use the army against "the enemy within our gates" but did not seem willing to do so. He said he held no anti-Semitic views and that "the Jew is an internationalist first ... and a patriot second."He praised the "impressively patriotic" German-American Bund and said its purpose was to "see that Communists don't take over the country." Among Moseley's supporters who attended the hearing were Donald Shea, head of the American Gentile League and James True of America First Inc. The Committee found a prepared statement he read into the record so objectionable it was deleted from the public record. A few days later, Thomas E. Stone, head of the Council of United States Veterans, accused Moseley of treason and wrote that his praise of the Bund "abets a foreign government in the preparation of disruption against the eventuality of possible future hostilities, and that this he is acting in treason to our national safety." <mask> held anti-immigrant views throughout his life. In his unpublished autobiography, he quoted approvingly from Madison Grant's The Passing of the Great Race. He used the language of Social Darwinism to describe the problem the United States faced:

<mask> described the Jew as a permanent "human outcast."They were "crude and unclean, animal-like things ... something loathsome, such as syphilis." Following the Nazi invasion of France he wrote that in order to match the Nazi threat, the U.S. needed to launch a program of "selective breeding, sterilization, the elimination of the unfit, and the elimination of those types which are inimical to the general welfare of the nation." In December 1941, <mask> wrote that Europe's Jews were "receiving their just punishment for the crucifixion of Christ ... whom they are still crucifying at every turn of the road." He proposed a "worldwide policy which will result in bleeding all Jewish blood out of the human race." Shortly after the December 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor, <mask> wrote to former president Herbert Hoover alleging that a conspiracy of the British government and Jews in the United States goaded Japan to make war on the United States. In 1947, <mask> said of his years as a West Point cadet, "there was one Jew in my class, a very undesirable creature, who was soon eliminated." In the 1950s he became a critic of the Eisenhower Administration and championed the rehabilitation of convicted Nazi war criminal, Karl Doenitz.In 1951, the president of Piedmont College in Georgia invited <mask> to speak. Students and faculty protested because of his racist views. TIME called him a "trumpeter for Aryan supremacy." One faculty member was fired for speaking in opposition to the speaking engagement. Calls for the president's resignation followed. Almost the entire faculty and 9 trustees resigned in the next two years and enrollment fell by two thirds. In 1959, <mask> was one of the founders of Americans for Constitutional Action, an anti-Semitic successor to America First.In retirement <mask> lived at the Atlanta Biltmore Hotel in Atlanta, Georgia. He died on November 7, 1960. Although he had disappeared from the public's view, he continued to influence a generation of other officers, including Albert Wedemeyer who shared similar bigoted beliefs. According to Professor Joshua Kastenberg at the University of New Mexico, prior to the January 6, 2021 insurrection in Washington D.C., <mask> was the most extreme example of a retired officer seeking to subvert the Constitution. Awards
Moseley's awards included the Army Distinguished Service Medal (one oak leaf cluster); Commander of the Order of the Crown (Belgium); Companion of the Order of the Bath (United Kingdom); Commander of the Legion of Honor and Croix de Guerre with Palm (France); and Commander of the Order of the Crown of Italy. He was also a recipient of the Philippine Campaign Medal, Mexican Service Medal and the World War I Victory Medal. Family
<mask> had three sons.He married Alice Dodds in 1902 and married Florence DuBois in July 1930. Alice was mother to George & Francis, Florence was mother to James. Colonel <mask> <mask> Jr. led the 502d Parachute Infantry Regiment into Normandy in 1944. Francis L<mask> was an inventor and Vice President at the Hewlett-Packard Company. James W<mask> was a longstanding figure in the UFO enthusiast community. Notes

Sources
 Bendersky, Joseph W., The Jewish Threat (Basic Books, 2002)
 James, D. Clayton, The Years of MacArthur, vol. 1: 1880–1941 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970)

 Smith, Richard Norton, An Uncommon Man: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover (NY: Simon & Schuster, 1981, )
 Weintraub, Stanley, 15 Stars: Eisenhower, MacArthur, Marshall, Three Generals Who Saved the American Century (NY: Simon & Schuster, 2007, )
Kastenberg, Joshua E., The Crisis of June 202:  The Case of the Retired General and Admirals and the Clarion Calls of their Critics in Lex Non Scripta (Historic) Perspective, 99 University of Nebraska Law Review, 594, 610 (2021)

External links

 United States Third Army biography
 <mask> <mask>seley papers at Library of Congress
 Finding Aid

1874 births
1960 deaths
American conspiracy theorists
American white supremacists
Anti-immigration politics in the United States
Commanders of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Military personnel from Illinois
Old Right (United States)
People from Evanston, Illinois
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
United States Army generals of World War I
United States Army generals
United States Army War College alumni
United States Military Academy alumni
American anti-communists

masks:
George Van Horn Moseley
Moseley
Moseley
George Curry
Moseley
Moseley
Moseley
Moseley
Moseley
Moseley
Moseley
Moseley
Moseley
Moseley
Moseley
Moseley
Moseley
Moseley
Moseley
Moseley
Moseley
Moseley
Moseley
Moseley
George Van
Horn Moseley
. Moseley
. Moseley
George Van
Horn Mo