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<mask> (or Yablonskii) () is an expert in the area of chemical kinetics and chemical engineering, particularly in catalytic technology of complete and selective oxidation, which is one of the main driving forces of sustainable development. His theory of complex steady-state and non-steady state catalytic reactions, is widely used by research teams in many countries of the world (USA, UK, Belgium, Germany, France, Norway and Thailand). Now, <mask> serves as an Associate Research Professor of Chemistry at Saint Louis University’s Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology and SLU’s College of Arts and Sciences. Since 2006, <mask> is an editor of the Russian-American almanac "Middle West". Some recent scientific achievements

<mask> – together with Lazman, developed the general form of steady-state kinetic description (‘kinetic polynomial’) which is a non-linear generalization of many theoretical expressions proposed previously (Langmuir – Hinshelwood and Hougen–Watson equations).<ref>M. Lazman and G.S<mask>, "Overall Reaction Rate Equation of Single Route Catalytic Reaction", Advances in Chemical Engineering, 34:47–102, 2008</ref> <mask> also created a theory of precise catalyst characterization for the advanced worldwide experimental technique (temporal analysis of products) developed by John T. Gleaves, Washington University in St. Louis.In 2008–2011, <mask> – together with Constales and Marin (Ghent University, Belgium) and Alexander Gorban (University of Leicester, UK) – obtained new results on coincidences and intersections in kinetic dependences, and found a new type of symmetry relations between the observable and initial kinetic data.G. S<mask>, D. Constales, G. Marin, "Equilibrium relationships for non-equilibrium chemical dependences", Chemical Engineering Science, 66:111–114, 2011

Recently together with Alexander Gorban he developed the theory of chemical thermodynamics and detailed balance in the limit of irreversible reactions.A.N. Gorban, E.M. Mirkes, G.S. <mask>, "Thermodynamics in the limit of irreversible reactions", Physica A 392 (2013) 1318–1335. Catalytic trigger and catalytic oscillator

A simple scheme of the nonlinear kinetic oscillations in heterogeneous catalytic reactions has been proposed by Bykov,  Yablonskii, and Kim in 1978. Authors have started from the catalytic trigger (1976), a simplest catalytic reaction without autocatalysis that allows multiplicity of steady states. Then they have supplemented this classical adsorption mechanism of catalytic oxidation by a "buffer" step

Here, A2, B and AB  are gases (for example, O2, CO and CO2), Z is the "adsorption place" on the surface of the solid catalyst (for example, Pt), AZ and BZ are the intermediates on the surface (adatoms, adsorbed molecules or radicals) and (BZ) is an intermediate that does not participate in the main reaction

Let the concentration of the gaseous components be constant.Then the law of mass action gives for this reaction mechanism a system of three ordinary differential equations that describes kinetics on the surface

where  is the concentration of the free places of adsorption on the surface ("per one adsorption centre"), x and y are the concentrations of AZ and BZ, correspondingly (also normalized "per one adsorption centre") and s is the concentration of the buffer component (BZ). This three-dimensional system includes seven parameters. The detailed analysis shows that there are 23 different phase portraits for this system, including oscillations, multiplicity of steady states and various types of bifurcations. Reactions without interaction of different components

Let the reaction mechanism consist of reactions

where  are symbols of components, r is the number of the elementary reaction and  are the stoichiometric coefficients (usually they are integer numbers). (We do not include the components that are present in excess and the components with almost constant concentrations)

The Eley–Rideal mechanism of CO oxidation on Pt provides a simple example of such a reaction mechanism without interaction of different components on the surface:
2Pt(+O2) <=> 2Pt; \;\; {PtO} + CO <=> {Pt} + CO2\!\uparrow. Let the reaction mechanism have the conservation law

and let the reaction rate satisfy the mass action law:

where  is the concentration of . Then the dynamic of the kinetic system is very simple: the steady states are stable and all solutions  with the same value of the conservation law  monotonically converge in the weighted  norm: the distance between such solutions ,

monotonically decreases in time.This quasithermodynamic property of the systems without interaction of different components is important for the analysis of dynamics of catalytic reactions: nonlinear steps with two (or more) different intermediate reagents are responsible for nontrivial dynamical effects like multiplicity of steady states, oscillations or bifurcations. Without interaction of different components the kinetic curves converge in a simple norm even for open systems. The extended principle of detailed balance

Detailed mechanism of many real physico-chemical complex systems includes both reversible
and irreversible reactions. Such mechanisms are typical in homogeneous combustion,
heterogeneous catalytic oxidation and complex enzyme reactions. The classical
thermodynamics of perfect systems is defined for reversible kinetics and has no limit for
irreversible reactions. In contrary, the mass action law gives the possibility to write the chemical kinetic equations for any
combination of reversible and irreversible reactions. Without additional restrictions
this class of equations is extremely wide and can approximate any dynamical system
with preservation of positivity of concentrations and the linear conservation laws.(This
general approximation theorem has been proved in 1986.) The model
of real systems should satisfy some restrictions. Under the standard microscopic reversibility requirement, these restrictions should be formulated as follows: A
system with some irreversible reactions should be a limit of the systems with all reversible reactions and the detailed balance conditions. Such systems have been completely described in 2011. The extended principle of detailed balance is the
characteristic property of all systems which obey the generalized mass action law and are
the limits of the systems with detailed balance when some of the reaction rate constants
tend to zero (the Gorban-Yablonsky theorem). The extended principle of detailed balance consists of two parts:

 The algebraic condition: The principle of detailed balance is valid for the reversible part. (This means that for the set of all reversible reactions there exists a positive equilibrium where all the elementary reactions are equilibrated by their reverse reactions.)The structural condition: The convex hull of the stoichiometric vectors of the irreversible reactions has empty intersection with the linear span of the stoichiometric vectors of the reversible reactions. (Physically, this means that the irreversible reactions cannot be included in oriented cyclic pathways.) The stoichiometric vector of the reaction  is the gain minus loss vector with coordinates
. (It may be useful to recall the formal convention: the linear span of empty set is {0},
the convex hull of empty set is empty.) The extended principle of detailed balance gives an ultimate and complete answer to the following problem: How to throw away some reverse reactions without violation of thermodynamics and microscopic reversibility?'' The answer is: the convex hull of the stoichiometric vectors of the irreversible reactions should not intersect with the linear span of the stoichiometric vectors of the reversible reactions and the reaction rate constants of the remained reversible reactions should satisfy the Wegscheider identities. Career
From 1997 to 2007, Yablonsky was in the Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis as a Research Associate Professor.Since 2007, <mask> became an associate professor at Saint Louis University's Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology, as well as the Department of Chemistry. During his career, G<mask> has organised many conferences and workshops at national and international levels. He is always in the centre of interdisciplinary dialogue between mathematicians, chemists, physicists and chemical engineers. <mask> was selected in 2013 for the James B. Eads Award, which recognizes a distinguished individual for outstanding achievement in engineering or technology. Honors and awards
 Lifetime Achievement Award, in recognition of outstanding contributions to the research field of chemical kinetics, Mathematics in Chemical Kinetics and Engineering, MaCKiE, 2013
 James B. Eads Award, Academy of Science of St. Louis Outstanding Scientist Award (2013)
 Honorary Doctor Degree from the University of Ghent, Belgium (2010)
 Chevron Chair Professorship at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Madras (2011)
 Honorary Fellow of the Australian Institute of High Energetic Materials, Gladstone, Australia (2011)

Professional memberships and associations
Yablonsky has numerous international designations as Honorary Professor, Fellow, Doctor and Member of prestigious science academies and universities in Belgium, India, China, Russia and Ukraine. 1996 – present:	American Institute of Chemical Engineers
 2011 – present:	American Chemical Society
 2011 – present:     Member of the Scientific Council on Catalysis at the Russian Academy of Sciences
 2013 – present:     Fellow, Academy of Science of St. Louis

Notable publications
<mask> is the author of seven books, most recently of "Kinetics of Chemical Reactions: Decoding Complexity" Wiley-VCH (2011) (together with Guy B. Marin), and more than 200 papers. See also
 Temporal analysis of products
 Chemical Reaction Network Theory
 Detailed Balance

References

External links
Yablonsky's faculty profile at Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology
Yablonsky's account on Google Scholar

Living people
American chemical engineers
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Saint Louis University mathematicians
Saint Louis University faculty
Jewish scientists
1940 births
Soviet chemists
20th-century chemists
Soviet mathematicians

masks:
Grigoriy Yablonsky
Grigoriy Yablonsky
Yablonsky
Yablonsky
. Yablonsky
Yablonsky
Yablonsky
. Yablonsky
Yablonsky
Yablonsky
. Yablonsky
Yablonsky
Yablonsky


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<mask> (born 6 October 1964) is a Norwegian lawyer and politician for the Labour Party. He served as Minister of Justice under Jens Stoltenberg from 2005 to 2011. He is currently serving as Governor of Innlandet since 2019. Early life and education
<mask> was born in the small town of Elverum, Hedmark, on 6 October 1964. The son of forester <mask> (1921–1992) and nurse Marit Drangsholt-Salvesen (1923–1992). After completing high school, he attended the University of Oslo, graduating first in 1985, receiving an associate degree in Political science, he later received a law degree after completing law school at the same university in 1990. Political career
From 1992 to 2002 he worked as an attorney-at-law, participating in several high-profile cases, including at the supreme court.He was namely a defense attorney. On the local level he was a member of Elverum municipal council for the Labour party from 1991 to 1999. Parliament
He was first elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Hedmark in 2001, and was re-elected on three occasions. He had previously served as a deputy representative during the terms 1993–1997 and 1997–2001. In October 2005 he was appointed Minister of Justice and the Police in the second cabinet Stoltenberg. His seat in parliament was taken by Thomas Breen between 2005 and 2009, and by Thor Lillehovde between 2009 and 2011. After his resignation as minister, <mask> signaled his intention to run for reelection as member of parliament for his native Hedmark county.It had been suggested that his chance for party nomination is in jeopardy due to his support for the controversial Temporary and Agency Workers Directive. The directive is vehemently opposed by the labor unions which have significant influence over the nomination of Labour party candidates. On 1 December 2012, he was however renominated with acclamation and got the top spot on Hedmark Labour Partys's ballot for the 2013 election. On 14 June 2016, <mask> announced that he would not be seeking re-election in the 2017 election. On Facebook, he stated that “new forces just step in”. Minister of Justice and the Police

A long-time proponent of reforming the Norwegian policy towards narcotics and drug use, he declared in June 2010 that he no longer wants to punish drug use altogether. Using Portugal as an example of the positive effects of decriminalization of narcotics.<mask> is also a key supporter of criminal rehabilitation, having built Norway's most modern prison in Halden in 2009. The prison facility included tiled bathrooms and flat-screen TV-sets in each cell. The project received criticism for being a "luxury hotel" for criminals. Storberget rebuked the critics by declaring the prison "a beacon of light" and that Norway does not put prisoners "into cold dungeons". He also declared to have eradicated the "incarceration queue" of convicts who is waiting to serve time in prison due to prisons being full. He attributes this to reforms making the judicial system more efficient, as well as the construction of more prisons. However the Opposition claimed it is mainly caused by more early releases of convicts and thus more free cells in prison.A year later, the queue was reported to have again doubled. Governor of Innlandet
On 21 June 2017, he was nominated to become the first county governor of Innlandet county. He assumed office on 1 January 2019, a year before Hedmark and Oppland were officially merged to become Innlandet. Controversies
During Storberget's six years as cabinet minister, numerous controversies has erupted. Late political scholar Hanne Marthe Narud attributed the disproportional number of controversies to Storbergets poor planning skills. The Hijab affair
In February 2009 the National Police Directorate recommended to Storberget, who was then Minister of Justice and the Police, that the religious garment known as Hijab should be allowed used as a part of the standard police uniform. A press release from Storberget later confirmed that the new rules would be applied.The decision caused a storm of criticism and brought fierce reactions from the National Police Unions, the opposition Conservative, Progress, Centre parties and members of the government coalition. In the immediate aftermath, the press release was suddenly removed from the Justice department's website, and Storberget denied having taken a decision on the matter. Prime minister Jens Stoltenberg admitted to the Storting that the issue was not "explored" sufficiently. The issue was canceled altogether by Storberget on 20 February. During a press conference regarding the matter, journalists challenged Storberget as to whether he himself had made the decisions on the issue. Facing extreme pressure to resign, he refused to comment on who was responsible and how it could have happened, uttering the word "prosess" (lit: Process) almost forty times during the thirty-minute session. Days later he was briefly hospitalized after experiencing a "Medical episode".Analysts have noted that as <mask> was on vacation at the time, he probably did not know about the proposal or the decision to approve it, which was authored by his state secretaries Astri Aas-Hansen and Hadia Tajik. However the allegations against Aas-Hansen and Tajik have never been confirmed, and other newspapers have reported that the Minister of Justice himself may have authored the decision, leaving the two with the blame when the storm came. Allegations of coercion
A lawyer for victims of the Utøya massacre, Mette Yvonne Larsen, was telephoned by Storberget on 19 August 2011, and allegedly the minister asked her to reduce her criticism (after she publicly criticized some of actions by police during and after the massacre, and after having asked, on behalf of her clients, why police did not arrive earlier to the scene of the massacre, and asked why there was no helicopter [belonging to the Government] on standby). Storberget said that he could not remember (having called the lawyer and asking her to soften her criticism (dempe kritikken). Resignation
Facing mounting pressure in the aftermath of the 2011 Norway attacks over the state of the police and security, <mask> announced his resignation. He declared that six years as justice minister was sufficient and that he wished to focus his attention on remaining in parliament and his family. He was replaced by defense minister Grete Faremo.Bibliography
<mask>, <mask>: Miscellaneous articles
<mask>, <mask>: Legal control of alcohol policy decisions, Oslo 1993
<mask>, <mask>: Legal and alcohol policy, Oslo 1995
<mask>, <mask>: "The bear sleeps", Aschehoug Oslo 2007

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
People from Elverum
Members of the Storting
Government ministers of Norway
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Hedmark politicians
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian lawyers
Norwegian temperance activists
21st-century Norwegian politicians
Ministers of Justice of Norway

masks:
Knut Storberget
Storberget
Lars Storberget
Storberget
Storberget
Storberget
Storberget
Storberget
Storberget
Knut
Storberget
Knut
Storberget
Knut
Storberget
Knut


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<mask> (born 31 January 1963 in Amsterdam) is a distinguished professor of social psychology at Utrecht University since September 2015. Career
<mask> studied social psychology at Rijksuniversiteit Groningen from 1981 to1987 and graduated in 1991 in Groningen with her thesis Identity management strategies, followed by a position as assistant professor and later as associate professor at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. Between 1999 and 2015 she was a professor at Universiteit Leiden with the assignment  sociale psychologie van de organisatie (Social psychology of the organization). Since September 2015 she is distinguished professor at Universiteit Utrecht. In 2019 she became honorary professor at School of Psychology University of Queensland in Australia.] <mask> is since  2015 member supervisory board PricewaterhouseCoopers Nederland. She is chair of the KNAW advisory committee Breeding ground prevention of undesirable behaviour in academia.Work
<mask> researches the way people live and work together in groups. She especially focusses on how people's behaviour is influenced by others around them - whether they are present or not. She does experiments on brain activity and physical stress, but also looks into how people behave at work. Specialization: diversity & inclusion and integrity & ethical behaviour

In 2009, <mask> received the KNAW Merianprijs (Academy Merian Prize). A year later she received the prestigious Spinoza Prize for her work regarding her specialization. In 2018 she received the senior Career Contribution Award of Society for Personality and Social Psychology. In 2019 she received the  Aristoteles Prize from the European Federation of Psychology Associates (EFPA), as well as an honorary doctorate from the Université catholique de Louvain.In 2010, <mask> was appointed member of Koninklijke Hollandsche Maatschappij van Wetenschappen (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) and as of 2011 she is member of Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2014 she was appointed corresponding fellow of the British Academy for the Humanities and Social Sciences, and in 2020 she was appointed member of Academia Europaea. In 2005 she together with three other prominent female professors, Ineke Sluiter, Judi Mesman en Eveline Crone, established Athena's Angels, an organization which defend the interests of women academics

<mask> is one of the lead applicants and chair of the board of the NWO Gravity Program Sustainable Cooperation (SCOOP). She is one of the initiators of The Netherlands Inclusiveness Monitor which investigates the measures and actions organizations take to become more inclusive. It connects these findings to the experiences of employees and provides organizations with advice on which steps to take to become truly inclusive. She cooperates with various compliance officers, among others Autoriteit Financiële Markten  in order to give advice on and to reinforce behaviour and culture in organizations. In 2019 the Dutch feminist monthly magazine Opzij elected her for the Opzij top 100 of most powerful women of the Netherlands in the category education and science.Publications (selection)
Based on her academic acknowledgement, <mask> writes popularizing texts about current issues. For the Dutch Financial Newspaper, Het Financieele Dagblad (FD), she writes a monthly expert column, and she writes a blog about 'social climates' for Psychology Today. Her scientific work consist of more than 200 magazine articles, among others in Science, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Nature Human Behavior, Academy of Management Review, Psychological Review, Annual Review of Psychology, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. A few distinctive publications are:

 <mask>, N. (2021). Science as collaborative knowledge generation (Landmark article). British Journal of Social Psychology, 60, 1-28. doi:10.1111/bjso.12430
 <mask>, N. (2018). Gender stereotypes.Annual Review of Psychology], 69, 275–298. Van Bavel, J. J., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N. Drury, J., Dube, O., <mask>, N., Finkel, E. J., Fowler, J. H., Gelfand, M., Han, S., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., Kitayama, S., Mobbs, D., Napper, L. E., Packer, D. J., Pennycook, G., Peters, E., Petty, R. E., Rand, D. G., Reicher, S. D., Schnall, S., Shariff, A., Skitka, L. J., Smith, S. S., Sunstein, C. R., Tabri, N., Tucker, J. A., van der Linden, S., Van Lange, P. A. M., Weeden, K. A., Wohl, M. J. A., Zaki, J., Zion, S. & Willer, R. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behavior, 4, 460–471. ()
 <mask>, N. (2017).Morality and the regulation of social behavior: Groups as moral anchors. Milton Park, UK: Routledge / Taylor & Francis. Neuroscience of prejudice and intergroup relations. Edited by Belle Derks, Daan Scheepers, and <mask>. New York, Psychology Press, 2013. <mask>, N., & De Gilder, D. (2012). Je werkt anders dan je denkt.Business Contact. <mask>: Ethisch klimaat op het werk: Op zoek naar het nieuwe normaal, Inaugurele rede Universiteit Utrecht, 2017. <mask>: Betrokkenheid bij het werk. Een kwestie van verstand of gevoel?, Inaugurele rede Universiteit Leiden, 2000. Social identity. Context, commitment, content. Edited by <mask>, Russell Spears and Bertjan Doosje.Oxford, Blackwell, 1999. <mask>: Identity management strategies. The influence of socio-structural variables on strategies of individual mobility and social change. Proefschrift RU Groningen, 1991

References

External links

 Profielpagina <mask>, Universiteit Utrecht
 Athena's Angels
 Organisatiegedrag.nl
 GoogleScholar

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties

 ↑ Leidse hoogleraren - <mask>, <mask>. Universiteit Leiden. Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ Sociaal psycholoog <mask> benoemd tot universiteitshoogleraar in Utrecht.Universiteit Utrecht (28 April 2015). Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ (en) Our people - Social Identity and Groups Network (SIGN). Universiteit van Queensland. Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ Raad van commissarissen. PricewaterhouseCoopers.Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. "<mask> is lid van de raad van commissarissen en van de commissie publiek belang van PwC sinds 1 mei 2015." ↑ Organisatiegedrag. organisatiegedrag.nl. Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ (en) 2018 SPSP Award Recipients Announced - SPSP. Society for Personality and Social Psychology (Engelstalige Wikipedia).Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ (en) Doctors Honoris Causa PSP-IPSY Anniversaries. Université catholique de Louvain. Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ <mask>, Prof. dr. N. (<mask>) — KNAW. Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen. Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021.↑ (en) Professor <mask> FBA. British Academy. Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ (en) Academy of Europe: Ellemers <mask>. Academia Europaea. Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ (en) Core group.SCOOP - Sustainable Cooperation. Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ Home • Nederlandse InclusiviteitsMonitor. Nederlandse InclusiviteitsMonitor. Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ AFM en Universiteit Utrecht introduceren leerstoel ‘Psychologie van Toezicht’. Autoriteit Financiële Markten.Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ <mask> brengt wetenschap en praktijk samen. Universiteit Utrecht (20 December 2019). Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ <mask>. Het Financieele Dagblad. Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021.↑ Social Climates. Psychology Today. Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ Most Read Articles of 2020. Annual Reviews. Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. ↑ Ethisch klimaat op het werk; op zoek naar het nieuwe normaal.Oratie <mask>. Universiteit Utrecht (9 February 2017). Geraadpleegd op 24 januari 2021. 1963 births
Living people
Utrecht University faculty
Dutch social psychologists
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
Leiden University faculty
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Writers from Amsterdam
Spinoza Prize winners
Dutch women psychologists

masks:
Naomi Ellemers
Ellemers
Ellemers
Naomi Ellemers
Ellemers
Ellemers
Ellemers
Ellemers
Ellemers
Ellemers
Ellemers
Ellemers
Naomi Ellemers
Ellemers
Naomi Ellemers
Naomi Ellemers
Naomi Ellemers
Naomi Ellemers
Ellemers
Ellemers
Naomi
Naomi Ellemers
Naomi Ellemers
Ellemers
Naomi
Naomi Ellemers
Naomi
Naomi Ellemers
Naomi Ellemers
Naomi Ellemers


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<mask>. (January 1, 1854 – July 9, 1928) was an American attorney, politician, and public official in Oregon. A native of Mississippi and member of the Democratic Party, <mask>'s political achievements included appointment followed by election as the first Attorney General of Oregon, a stint as the state's 11th Governor, and two terms in the United States Senate in Washington, DC. Biography

Early life

<mask> was born in Natchez, Mississippi, on January 1, 1854. The <mask> family were early immigrants to North America from England, helping to pioneer in the state of Massachusetts. His father, Dr. <mask>, was born in Delaware and attended medical school in Philadelphia before moving to the small southern town of Natchez in 1837, attracted by the prospects offered there for a newly coined medical practitioner. Dr. <mask> quickly built a large and prosperous practice, which enabled him to maintain his Maryland-born wife, the former Pamelia H. Archer, and family in comfort. Pamelia Archer herself hailed from an illustrious pioneer family, being the granddaughter of Maryland Congressman John Archer (1741–1810), the daughter of Maryland Congressman Stevenson Archer Sr. (1786–1848), and the sister of Maryland Congressman Stevenson Archer Jr. (1827–1898).<mask> <mask> was the couple's third child. <mask> <mask> attended public schools in Natchez, completing his secondary education in 1870 at the age of 16. Following graduation he first worked two years as a clerk in a general merchandise store before leaving for Washington and Lee University in 1872. <mask> successfully complete the course of work there, graduating with dual degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Law in July 1876, gaining membership in Phi Kappa Psi fraternity in the process. Following graduation from Washington and Lee, <mask> briefly returned home to Natchez but decided that professional prospects in the post-bellum South were marginal at best and he departed for a new life in Oregon, arriving on December 6, 1876. <mask>'s first job in the west was a brief and poor-paying stint as the teacher of a country school in Linn County, Oregon. Late in 1877 he was appointed deputy clerk of Linn County, remaining in that position until the summer of 1879.In the interim he passed the Oregon state bar, enabling him to practice law in the state. In 1879, <mask> married Sallie Newman Welch, with whom he would have seven children. He was widowed on May 26, 1925. In 1878 he served in the Linn County Rifles, a volunteer militia formed to fight against belligerents from the Bannock, Shoshone, and Paiute peoples in the so-called Bannock War. Political career

A member of the Democratic Party, <mask> ran for the Oregon House of Representatives in November 1880, winning election to a two-year term. In 1884, <mask> was named district attorney for Oregon's 3rd judicial district. His skill in that position gained the notice of Democratic Governor Sylvester Pennoyer and when in 1891 the state legislature established the new position of Oregon Attorney General, <mask> was appointed in May as the first to serve that position.He stood for election to the position in the fall, winning at the polls despite being the candidate of the minority party in the state. <mask> would remain Oregon's Attorney General until January 1895, following the expiration of his term. He would be the only Democrat to serve that position for 58 years, until Robert Y. Thornton was elected in 1952. After leaving the Oregon Attorney General's position, <mask> went into the banking business, taking positions with the First National Bank and later the Linn County National Bank in his new hometown of Albany. <mask> next moved north to Portland and in 1900 stood for election as the district attorney for Multnomah County. He won a more than 1,000 votes, despite the county's 4,000 person Republican majority. This again put <mask> in the public eye for a run at statewide office.Governor of Oregon

In 1902, he was nominated by the Democratic Party of Oregon for Governor by acclamation at the party's nominating convention. <mask> was elected Governor of Oregon in a tight election by just 256 votes, this in a state which delivered 15,000 more votes to the Republicans in the concurrent congressional elections. <mask> was reelected in 1906, resigning his term when elected to the Senate. United States Senator
In 1908 he was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate; he was reelected in 1914 and served from March 4, 1909, to March 3, 1921. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Senate in 1920; while a Senator, he was chairman of the Committee on Geological Survey (Sixty-second Congress) and a member of the Committee on Military Affairs (Sixty-third through Sixty-fifth Congresses), the Committee on Public Lands (Sixty-third Congress), and the Committee on Expenditures in the War Department (Sixty-sixth Congress). The Chamberlain Military Preparedness Bill of 1918, which he wrote, bears his name. Death and legacy

He was a member of the United States Shipping Board from 1921 to 1923 and engaged in the practice of law in Washington, D.C.

<mask> married his longtime personal secretary, Carolyn B. Shelton, on July 12, 1926 in Norfolk, Virginia.<mask> died there on July 9, 1928, and interment was in Arlington National Cemetery. During his life <mask> was a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias, and was a 32nd degree Mason in Portland. He was also a member of the Commercial Club of Portland, the Multnomah Athletic Club, the Oregon Historical Society, and was a life member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. See also
 <mask> <mask> House
 National Irrigation Congress

Footnotes

External links

1854 births
1928 deaths
Governors of Oregon
Members of the Oregon House of Representatives
Oregon Attorneys General
Politicians from Natchez, Mississippi
People from Washington, D.C.
United States senators from Oregon
People from Albany, Oregon
Democratic Party United States senators
Oregon Democrats
Washington and Lee University alumni
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
District attorneys in Oregon
Democratic Party state governors of the United States

masks:
George Earle Chamberlain Sr
Chamberlain
George Earle Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Charles Thomson Chamberlain
Chamberlain
George Earle
Chamberlain
George Earle
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
Chamberlain
George Earle
Chamberlain


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<mask>, (born March30,1948) is a Romanian-born author, composer, and teacher of Tai Chi. He had a nationally syndicated PBS series which aired on 134 stations, which includes worldwide distribution, from 1994present, entitled Tai Chi Innerwave with <mask>, comprising 23programs. <mask> teaches Tai Chi Ch’uan and other martial art styles. His students have included golfer Maggie Will and musician Ben Taylor. <mask> is, as well, a professional magician. Over a 20-year-period <mask> studied the Yogic Saraswati tradition under the tutelage of teacher Swami Satchidananda. While living in Taipei, Taiwan, from 19731975, he studied Tai Chi, Chi Kung, Tang Lang, and other styles and absorbed Taoist and Buddhist practices.He is the author of the book entitled See Man Jump See God Fall: Tai Chi vs. Technology, released in 1997. He is a graduate of The Magic Castle in Hollywood, California, and performs magic acts which demonstrate Mentalism. <mask>'s album Steel Dragonfly: Dance of the Tao includes the title track "Jade Pillow" that was used in his PBS series, for which he also composed the music. Early studies and teaching

<mask> was born into a Roma family in Sibiu, Romania in 1948, and moved to Montreal, Quebec, Canada in 1962. He is a naturalized Canadian citizen, presently lives in Mill Valley, California and has permanent resident status in the United States. Over a 20-year-period, he studied the Yogic Saraswati tradition, under the tutelage of teacher Swami Satchidananda. From 19731975, he lived in Taipei, Taiwan where he studied Tai Chi, Chi Kung, Tang Lang, and absorbed Taoist and Buddhist practices.<mask> then established himself as a Tai Chi teacher in Montreal, teaching Tai Chi and Chi Kung, along with various weaponry including Swordplay, Staff and Iron Fan. Among <mask>'s notable students are Maggie Will, three times winner on the LPGA Tour, Ben Taylor, son of folk rock artist James Taylor, Margot Lande of the Bronfman family, among others. <mask> teaches the Tai Chi Ch’uan style developed by the Yang family, and which he learned from the Gao family; the latter were disciples of Yang Pin Er. He expanded his studies in the local Wu Shu style, in and around Taiwan, in cities like Tai Chung. He went on to study other Wu Shu styles as well; Tang Lang Northern Mantis, Chen Family/Chi Kung Silk-reeling, Shao Lin Kempo Karate and some unique forms of Chinese Boxing. Tai Chi Innerwave with <mask> (PBS series)

<mask>'s PBS series Tai Chi Innerwave demonstrates the Tai Chi Beijing style from Mainland China, filmed at PBS/WEDU television studios. It became Nationally Syndicated  and is arguably the longest running instructional series on the PBS Network from 19942002.It also received international exposure in countries like the Netherlands. <mask> demonstrates the Yang family legacy of Martial Arts. The 23 programs comprising the Tai Chi Innerwave series were carried by over 100 PBS stations across the US and Canada from 19942002. The Tampa Tribune took note that "Master Instructor <mask> masterfully demonstrates taking control of your body and mind". In 1997 Janson Media became exclusive copyright distributor of the DVD series, Tai Chi Innerwave with <mask>. The DVD is held by the Phoenix Public Library and the Free Library of Philadelphia among many others. Gustavo Sagastume, Vice President of PBS, was the Executive Producer.<mask> was the director and writer. The musical soundtrack presented on the PBS Tai Chi Innerwave series is composed by <mask> which can be found on his Steel Dragonfly Album. Wisconsin Bookwatch wrote that the PBS series is; "An excellent introduction to an art useful for exercise, relieving stress and tension, posture improvement, and mental focus". The content of the PBS television series intended to bridge a gap between Eastern meditation and Western physical fitness, using Tai Chi's slow, rhythmic movements to create harmony between mind and body. The Tai Chi postures demonstrated included White Crane Spreads Wings, Wave Hands Like Clouds and Part the Wild Horse’s Mane. The program promised viewers of all ages and physical abilities an increase of strength and endurance, improving postural alignment and body tonicity, reducing overall tension and sharpening mental acuity. <mask> described the benefits of Tai Chi; "...dynamic exercise approach that delivers both cardiovascular and muscle strength, as well as reinforcing heartfelt creative expression"

Steel Dragonfly Album

<mask> composed the music for his album Steel Dragonfly: Dance of the Tao for use in his PBS series, featuring the title track "Jade Pillow".Other songs on the album include  "Life to Life", "Dream Time", "Out There", "Pearl Asylum", and "Tong Ship Sailing". Magician and writer

As a professional magician, <mask> uses the stage name Jando. <mask> entertains audiences with magic performances that demonstrate Mentalism, a performing art in which its practitioners, known as mentalists, appear to demonstrate highly developed mental or intuitive abilities. He has entertained audiences behind closed doors in the Los Angeles underground scene at Petit Ermitage, The Aqua Lounge in Beverly Hills, as well as the ‘Séance Room’ at the legendary Magic Castle in Hollywood. He has also performed his mentalist act at private events in San Francisco. He has given private presentations for Kevin Bacon at the Sarasota Film Festival in Florida, Bonnie Raitt in Mill Valley, California, Dana Carvey in San Anselmo, California, and the Bronfman family of Canada and other celebrities. <mask> has been a member of The Magic Castle since 2004.He fulfilled all requirements set forth by The Academy of Magical Arts, Inc. and earned his diploma, thus receiving all rights and privileges of the Magic Castle. In 1997, <mask> released his book entitled See Man Jump... See God Fall: Tai Chi vs Technology. The book "describes the battle between Tai Chi and Technology and takes you on a journey inward to greater fulfillment." See also

References

External links
 A Comparative Study of Yang Styles
 Chen Family Tai Chi
 PBSTai Chi Beijing Official 24 Short-Form
 Sri Swami Satchidananda website
 Chi Kung - Master Andrew Dearlove

1948 births
Living people
People from Sibiu
Romanian Romani people
Tai chi practitioners

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<mask>. ( ; born Leslie Lynch King Jr.; July 14, 1913December 26, 2006) was an American politician who served as the 38th president of the United States from 1974 to 1977. Earlier, he served as the leader of the Republican Party in the House of Representatives, and then as the 40th vice president of the United States from 1973 to 1974. When President Richard Nixon resigned in 1974, <mask> succeeded to the presidency, but was defeated for election to a full term in 1976. Born in Omaha, Nebraska, and raised in Grand Rapids, Michigan, <mask> attended the University of Michigan, where he was a member of the school's football team, winning two National Championships. Following his senior year, he turned down offers from the Detroit Lions and Green Bay Packers, instead opting to go to Yale Law School. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, he enlisted in the U.S. Naval Reserve, serving from 1942 to 1946; he left as a lieutenant commander.<mask> began his political career in 1949 as the U.S. representative from Michigan's 5th congressional district. He served in this capacity for 25 years, the final nine of them as the House minority leader. In December 1973, two months after the resignation of Spiro Agnew, <mask> became the first person appointed to the vice presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment. After the subsequent resignation of President Nixon in August 1974, <mask> immediately assumed the presidency. To date, this was the last intra-term U.S. presidential succession. As president, <mask> signed the Helsinki Accords, which marked a move toward détente in the Cold War. With the collapse of South Vietnam nine months into his presidency, US involvement in the Vietnam War essentially ended.Domestically, <mask> presided over the worst economy in the four decades since the Great Depression, with growing inflation and a recession during his tenure. In one of his most controversial acts, he granted a presidential pardon to Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During <mask>'s presidency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, and by the corresponding curb on the powers of the president. In the Republican presidential primary campaign of 1976, <mask> defeated former California Governor Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination. He narrowly lost the presidential election to the Democratic challenger, former Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter. Surveys of historians and political scientists have ranked <mask> as a below-average president. Following his years as president, <mask> remained active in the Republican Party.His moderate views on various social issues increasingly put him at odds with conservative members of the party in the 1990s and early 2000s. In retirement, <mask> set aside the enmity he had felt towards Carter following the 1976 election, and the two former presidents developed a close friendship. After experiencing a series of health problems, he died at home on December 26, 2006. Early life

<mask> was born Leslie Lynch King Jr. on July 14, 1913, at 3202 Woolworth Avenue in Omaha, Nebraska, where his parents lived with his paternal grandparents. He was the only child of Dorothy Ayer Gardner and Leslie Lynch King Sr., a wool trader. His father was the son of prominent banker Charles Henry King and Martha Alicia King (née Porter). Gardner separated from King just sixteen days after her son's birth.She took her son with her to Oak Park, Illinois, home of her sister Tannisse and brother-in-law, Clarence Haskins James. From there, she moved to the home of her parents, Levi Addison Gardner and Adele Augusta Ayer, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Gardner and King divorced in December 1913, and she gained full custody of her son. Ford's paternal grandfather Charles Henry King paid child support until shortly before his death in 1930. <mask> later said that his biological father had a history of hitting his mother. In a biography of Ford, James M. Cannon wrote that the separation and divorce of Ford's parents was sparked when, a few days after Ford's birth, Leslie King took a butcher knife and threatened to kill his wife, infant son, and Ford's nursemaid. <mask> later told confidants that his father had first hit his mother when she had smiled at another man during their honeymoon.After living with her parents for two-and-a-half years, on February 1, 1917, Gardner married <mask> <mask>, a salesman in a family-owned paint and varnish company. Though never formally adopted, her young son was referred to as <mask> <mask>. from then on; the name change was formalized on December 3, 1935. He was raised in Grand Rapids with his three half-brothers from his mother's second marriage: Thomas Gardner "Tom" <mask> (1918–1995), Richard Addison "Dick" <mask> (1924–2015), and James Francis "Jim" <mask> (1927–2001). <mask> was involved in the Boy Scouts of America, and earned that program's highest rank, Eagle Scout. He is the only Eagle Scout to have ascended to the U.S. presidency. <mask> attended Grand Rapids South High School, where he was a star athlete and captain of the football team. In 1930, he was selected to the All-City team of the Grand Rapids City League.He also attracted the attention of college recruiters. College and law school

<mask> attended the University of Michigan, where he played center, linebacker, and long snapper for the school's football team and helped the Wolverines to two undefeated seasons and national titles in 1932 and 1933. In his senior year of 1934, the team suffered a steep decline and won only one game, but <mask> was still the team's star player. In one of those games, Michigan held heavily favored Minnesota—the eventual national champion—to a scoreless tie in the first half. After the game, assistant coach Bennie Oosterbaan said, "When I walked into the dressing room at halftime, I had tears in my eyes I was so proud of them. <mask> and [Cedric] Sweet played their hearts out. They were everywhere on defense."Ford later recalled, "During 25 years in the rough-and-tumble world of politics, I often thought of the experiences before, during, and after that game in 1934. Remembering them has helped me many times to face a tough situation, take action, and make every effort possible despite adverse odds." His teammates later voted Ford their most valuable player, with one assistant coach noting, "They felt Jerry was one guy who would stay and fight in a losing cause." During Ford's senior year, a controversy developed when Georgia Tech said that it would not play a scheduled game with Michigan if a black player named Willis Ward took the field. Students, players, and alumni protested, but university officials capitulated and kept Ward out of the game. <mask> was Ward's best friend on the team, and they roomed together while on road trips. <mask> reportedly threatened to quit the team in response to the university's decision, but he eventually agreed to play against Georgia Tech when Ward personally asked him to play.In 1934, <mask> was selected for the Eastern Team on the Shriner's East–West Shrine Game at San Francisco (a benefit for physically disabled children), played on January 1, 1935. As part of the 1935 Collegiate All-Star football team, <mask> played against the Chicago Bears in the Chicago College All-Star Game at Soldier Field. In honor of his athletic accomplishments and his later political career, the University of Michigan retired <mask>'s No. 48 jersey in 1994. With the blessing of the <mask> family, it was placed back into circulation in 2012 as part of the Michigan Football Legends program and issued to sophomore linebacker Desmond Morgan before a home game against Illinois on October 13. Throughout life, <mask> remained interested in his school and football; he occasionally attended games. <mask> also visited with players and coaches during practices; at one point, he asked to join the players in the huddle.Before state events, <mask> often had the Navy band play the University of Michigan fight song, "The Victors," instead of "Hail to the Chief." <mask> graduated from Michigan in 1935 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics. He turned down offers from the Detroit Lions and Green Bay Packers of the National Football League. Instead, he took a job in September 1935 as the boxing coach and assistant varsity football coach at Yale University and applied to its law school. <mask> hoped to attend Yale Law School beginning in 1935. Yale officials at first denied his admission to the law school because of his full-time coaching responsibilities. He spent the summer of 1937 as a student at the University of Michigan Law School and was eventually admitted in the spring of 1938 to Yale Law School.That year he was also promoted to the position of junior varsity head football coach at Yale. While at Yale, <mask> began working as a model. He initially worked with the John Robert Powers agency before investing in Harry Conover's agency, with whom he modelled until 1941. While attending Yale Law School, <mask> joined a group of students led by R. Douglas Stuart Jr., and signed a petition to enforce the 1939 Neutrality Act. The petition was circulated nationally and was the inspiration for the America First Committee, a group determined to keep the U.S. out of World War II. His introduction into politics was in the summer of 1940 when he worked for the Republican presidential campaign of Wendell Willkie. <mask> graduated in the top third of his class in 1941, and was admitted to the Michigan bar shortly thereafter.In May 1941, he opened a Grand Rapids law practice with a friend, Philip W. Buchen. U.S. Naval Reserve

Following the December 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor, <mask> enlisted in the Navy. He received a commission as ensign in the U.S. Naval Reserve on April 13, 1942. On April 20, he reported for active duty to the V-5 instructor school at Annapolis, Maryland. After one month of training, he went to Navy Preflight School in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, where he was one of 83 instructors and taught elementary navigation skills, ordnance, gunnery, first aid, and military drill.In addition, he coached all nine sports that were offered, but mostly swimming, boxing, and football. During the year he was at the Preflight School, he was promoted to Lieutenant, Junior Grade, on June 2, 1942, and to lieutenant, in March 1943. Sea duty
After <mask> applied for sea duty, he was sent in May 1943 to the pre-commissioning detachment for the new aircraft carrier , at New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey. From the ship's commissioning on June 17, 1943, until the end of December 1944, <mask> served as the assistant navigator, Athletic Officer, and antiaircraft battery officer on board the Monterey. While he was on board, the carrier participated in many actions in the Pacific Theater with the Third and Fifth Fleets in late 1943 and 1944. In 1943, the carrier helped secure Makin Island in the Gilberts, and participated in carrier strikes against Kavieng, New Ireland in 1943. During the spring of 1944, the Monterey supported landings at Kwajalein and Eniwetok and participated in carrier strikes in the Marianas, Western Carolines, and northern New Guinea, as well as in the Battle of the Philippine Sea.After an overhaul, from September to November 1944, aircraft from the Monterey launched strikes against Wake Island, participated in strikes in the Philippines and Ryukyus, and supported the landings at Leyte and Mindoro. Although the ship was not damaged by the Empire of Japan's forces, the Monterey was one of several ships damaged by Typhoon Cobra that hit Admiral William Halsey's Third Fleet on December 18–19, 1944. The Third Fleet lost three destroyers and over 800 men during the typhoon. The Monterey was damaged by a fire, which was started by several of the ship's aircraft tearing loose from their cables and colliding on the hangar deck. <mask> was serving as General Quarters Officer of the Deck and was ordered to go below to assess the raging fire. He did so safely, and reported his findings back to the ship's commanding officer, Captain Stuart H. Ingersoll. The ship's crew was able to contain the fire, and the ship got underway again.After the fire, the Monterey was declared unfit for service. <mask> was detached from the ship and sent to the Navy Pre-Flight School at Saint Mary's College of California, where he was assigned to the Athletic Department until April 1945. From the end of April 1945 to January 1946, he was on the staff of the Naval Reserve Training Command, Naval Air Station, Glenview, Illinois, at the rank of lieutenant commander. <mask> received the following military awards: the American Campaign Medal, the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with nine " bronze stars (for operations in the Gilbert Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, Marshall Islands, Asiatic and Pacific carrier raids, Hollandia, Marianas, Western Carolines, Western New Guinea, and the Leyte Operation), the Philippine Liberation Medal with two " bronze stars (for Leyte and Mindoro), and the World War II Victory Medal. He was honorably discharged in February 1946. U.S. House of Representatives (1949–1973)

After <mask> returned to Grand Rapids in 1946, he became active in local Republican politics, and supporters urged him to challenge Bartel J. Jonkman, the incumbent Republican congressman. Military service had changed his view of the world."I came back a converted internationalist", <mask> wrote, "and of course our congressman at that time was an avowed, dedicated isolationist. And I thought he ought to be replaced. Nobody thought I could win. I ended up winning two to one." During his first campaign in 1948, <mask> visited voters at their doorsteps and as they left the factories where they worked. <mask> also visited local farms where, in one instance, a wager resulted in <mask> spending two weeks milking cows following his election victory. <mask> was a member of the House of Representatives for 25 years, holding Michigan's 5th congressional district seat from 1949 to 1973.It was a tenure largely notable for its modesty. As an editorial in The New York Times described him, <mask> "saw himself as a negotiator and a reconciler, and the record shows it: he did not write a single piece of major legislation in his entire career." Appointed to the House Appropriations Committee two years after being elected, he was a prominent member of the Defense Appropriations Subcommittee. <mask> described his philosophy as "a moderate in domestic affairs, an internationalist in foreign affairs, and a conservative in fiscal policy." He voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, 1964, and 1968, as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. <mask> was known to his colleagues in the House as a "Congressman's Congressman". In the early 1950s, <mask> declined offers to run for either the Senate or the Michigan governorship.Rather, his ambition was to become Speaker of the House, which he called "the ultimate achievement. To sit up there and be the head honcho of 434 other people and have the responsibility, aside from the achievement, of trying to run the greatest legislative body in the history of mankind ... I think I got that ambition within a year or two after I was in the House of Representatives". Warren Commission

On November 29, 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed <mask> to the Warren Commission, a special task force set up to investigate the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. <mask> was assigned to prepare a biography of accused assassin Lee Harvey Oswald. He and Earl Warren also interviewed Jack Ruby, Oswald's killer. According to a 1963 FBI memo that was released to the public in 2008, <mask> was in contact with the FBI throughout his time on the Warren Commission and relayed information to the deputy director, Cartha DeLoach, about the panel's activities.In the preface to his book, A Presidential Legacy and The Warren Commission, <mask> defended the work of the commission and reiterated his support of its conclusions. House Minority Leader (1965–1973)

In 1964, Lyndon Johnson led a landslide victory for his party, secured another term as president and took 36 seats from Republicans in the House of Representatives. Following the election, members of the Republican caucus looked to select a new minority leader. Three members approached <mask> to see if he would be willing to serve; after consulting with his family, he agreed. After a closely contested election, <mask> was chosen to replace Charles Halleck of Indiana as minority leader. The members of the Republican caucus that encouraged and eventually endorsed <mask> to run as the House minority leader were later known as the "Young Turks" and one of the members of the Young Turks was congressman Donald H. Rumsfeld from Illinois's 13th congressional district, who later on would serve in Ford's administration as the chief of staff and secretary of defense. With a Democratic majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, the Johnson Administration proposed and passed a series of programs that was called by Johnson the "Great Society".During the first session of the Eighty-ninth Congress alone, the Johnson Administration submitted 87 bills to Congress, and Johnson signed 84, or 96%, arguably the most successful legislative agenda in Congressional history. In 1966, criticism over the Johnson Administration's handling of the Vietnam War began to grow, with Ford and Congressional Republicans expressing concern that the United States was not doing what was necessary to win the war. Public sentiment also began to move against Johnson, and the 1966 midterm elections produced a 47-seat swing in favor of the Republicans. This was not enough to give Republicans a majority in the House, but the victory gave Ford the opportunity to prevent the passage of further Great Society programs. Ford's private criticism of the Vietnam War became public knowledge after he spoke from the floor of the House and questioned whether the White House had a clear plan to bring the war to a successful conclusion. The speech angered President Johnson, who accused Ford of having played "too much football without a helmet". As minority leader in the House, Ford appeared in a popular series of televised press conferences with Illinois Senator Everett Dirksen, in which they proposed Republican alternatives to Johnson's policies.Many in the press jokingly called this "The Ev and Jerry Show." Johnson said at the time, "<mask> is so dumb he can't fart and chew gum at the same time." The press, used to sanitizing Johnson's salty language, reported this as "<mask> can't walk and chew gum at the same time." After Richard Nixon was elected president in November

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 1968, <mask>'s role shifted to being an advocate for the White House agenda. Congress passed several of Nixon's proposals, including the National Environmental Policy Act and the Tax Reform Act of 1969. Another high-profile victory for the Republican minority was the State and Local Fiscal Assistance act. Passed in 1972, the act established a Revenue Sharing program for state and local governments.Ford's leadership was instrumental in shepherding revenue sharing through Congress, and resulted in a bipartisan coalition that supported the bill with 223 votes in favor (compared with 185 against). During the eight years (1965–1973) that <mask> served as minority leader, he won many friends in the House because of his fair leadership and inoffensive personality. Vice presidency (1973–1974)

To become House Speaker, <mask> worked to help Republicans across the country get a majority in the chamber, often traveling on the rubber chicken circuit. After a decade of failing to do so, he promised his wife that he would try again in 1974 then retire in 1976. On October 10, 1973, Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned and then pleaded no contest to criminal charges of tax evasion and money laundering, part of a negotiated resolution to a scheme in which he accepted $29,500 ($228,847 in 2020 dollars) in bribes while governor of Maryland. According to The New York Times, Nixon "sought advice from senior Congressional leaders about a replacement." The advice was unanimous.House Speaker Carl Albert recalled later, "We gave Nixon no choice but <mask>." <mask> agreed to the nomination, telling his wife that the vice presidency would be "a nice conclusion" to his career. <mask> was nominated to take Agnew's position on October 12, the first time the vice-presidential vacancy provision of the 25th Amendment had been implemented. The United States Senate voted 92 to 3 to confirm <mask> on November 27. On December 6, 1973, the House confirmed <mask> by a vote of 387 to 35. After the confirmation vote in the House, <mask> took the oath of office as vice president. <mask> became vice president as the Watergate scandal was unfolding.On Thursday, August 1, 1974, Chief of Staff Alexander Haig contacted <mask> to tell him to prepare for the presidency. At the time, <mask> and his wife, Betty, were living in suburban Virginia, waiting for their expected move into the newly designated vice president's residence in Washington, D.C. However, "Al Haig asked to come over and see me", <mask> later said, "to tell me that there would be a new tape released on a Monday, and he said the evidence in there was devastating and there would probably be either an impeachment or a resignation. And he said, 'I'm just warning you that you've got to be prepared, that things might change dramatically and you could become President.' And I said, 'Betty, I don't think we're ever going to live in the vice president's house. Presidency (1974–1977)

Swearing-in

When Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974, <mask> automatically assumed the presidency. This made him the only person to become the nation's chief executive without having been previously voted into either the presidential or vice-presidential office by the Electoral College.Immediately after <mask> took the oath of office in the East Room of the White House, he spoke to the assembled audience in a speech that was broadcast live to the nation. <mask> noted the peculiarity of his position: "I am acutely aware that you have not elected me as your president by your ballots, and so I ask you to confirm me as your president with your prayers." He went on to state:

He also stated:

A portion of the speech would later be memorialized with a plaque at the entrance to his presidential museum. On August 20, <mask> nominated former New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller to fill the vice presidency he had vacated. Rockefeller's top competitor had been George H. W. Bush. Rockefeller underwent extended hearings before Congress, which caused embarrassment when it was revealed he made large gifts to senior aides, such as Henry Kissinger. Although conservative Republicans were not pleased that Rockefeller was picked, most of them voted for his confirmation, and his nomination passed both the House and Senate.Some, including Barry Goldwater, voted against him. Pardon of Nixon

On September 8, 1974, Ford issued Proclamation 4311, which gave Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he might have committed against the United States while president. In a televised broadcast to the nation, <mask> explained that he felt the pardon was in the best interests of the country, and that the Nixon family's situation "is a tragedy in which we all have played a part. It could go on and on and on, or someone must write the end to it. I have concluded that only I can do that, and if I can, I must." Ford's decision to pardon Nixon was highly controversial. Critics derided the move and said a "corrupt bargain" had been struck between the two men, with it being believed that <mask>'s pardon was granted in exchange for Nixon's resignation, elevating <mask> to the presidency.Ford's first press secretary and close friend Jerald terHorst resigned his post in protest after the pardon. According to Bob Woodward, Nixon Chief of Staff Alexander Haig proposed a pardon deal to Ford. He later decided to pardon Nixon for other reasons, primarily the friendship he and Nixon shared. Regardless, historians believe the controversy was one of the major reasons Ford lost the 1976 presidential election, an observation with which Ford agreed. In an editorial at the time, The New York Times stated that the Nixon pardon was a "profoundly unwise, divisive and unjust act" that in a stroke had destroyed the new president's "credibility as a man of judgment, candor and competence". On October 17, 1974, <mask> testified before Congress on the pardon. He was the first sitting president since Abraham Lincoln to testify before the House of Representatives.In the months following the pardon, <mask> often declined to mention President Nixon by name, referring to him in public as "my predecessor" or "the former president." When <mask> was pressed on the matter on a 1974 trip to California, White House correspondent Fred Barnes recalled that he replied "I just can't bring myself to do it." After <mask> left the White House in January 1977, he privately justified his pardon of Nixon by carrying in his wallet a portion of the text of Burdick v. United States, a 1915 U.S. Supreme Court decision which stated that a pardon indicated a presumption of guilt, and that acceptance of a pardon was tantamount to a confession of that guilt. In 2001, the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation awarded the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award to Ford for his pardon of Nixon. In presenting the award to Ford, Senator Edward Kennedy said that he had initially been opposed to the pardon, but later decided that history had proven Ford to have made the correct decision. Draft dodgers and deserters
On September 16 (shortly after he pardoned Nixon), Ford issued Presidential Proclamation 4313, which introduced a conditional amnesty program for military deserters and Vietnam War draft dodgers who had fled to countries such as Canada. The conditions of the amnesty required that those reaffirm their allegiance to the United States and serve two years working in a public service job or a total of two years service for those who had served less than two years of honorable service in the military.The program for the Return of Vietnam Era Draft Evaders and Military Deserters established a Clemency Board to review the records and make recommendations for receiving a Presidential Pardon and a change in Military discharge status. Full pardon for draft dodgers came in the Carter administration. Administration
When <mask> assumed office, he inherited Nixon's Cabinet. During his brief administration, he replaced all members except Secretary of State Kissinger and Secretary of the Treasury William E. Simon. Political commentators have referred to Ford's dramatic reorganization of his Cabinet in the fall of 1975 as the "Halloween Massacre". One of Ford's appointees, William Coleman—the Secretary of Transportation—was the second black man to serve in a presidential cabinet (after Robert C. Weaver) and the first appointed in a Republican administration. Ford selected George H. W. Bush as Chief of the US Liaison Office to the People's Republic of China in 1974, and then Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in late 1975.Ford's transition chairman and first Chief of Staff was former congressman and ambassador Donald Rumsfeld. In 1975, Rumsfeld was named by Ford as the youngest-ever Secretary of Defense. Ford chose a young Wyoming politician, Richard Cheney, to replace Rumsfeld as his new Chief of Staff; Cheney became the campaign manager for Ford's 1976 presidential campaign. Midterm elections

The 1974 Congressional midterm elections took place in the wake of the Watergate scandal and less than three months after Ford assumed office. The Democratic Party turned voter dissatisfaction into large gains in the House elections, taking 49 seats from the Republican Party, increasing their majority to 291 of the 435 seats. This was one more than the number needed (290) for a two-thirds majority, the number necessary to override a Presidential veto or to propose a constitutional amendment. Perhaps due in part to this fact, the 94th Congress overrode the highest percentage of vetoes since Andrew Johnson was President of the United States (1865–1869).Even Ford's former, reliably Republican House seat was won by a Democrat, Richard Vander Veen, who defeated Robert VanderLaan. In the Senate elections, the Democratic majority became 61 in the 100-seat body. Domestic policy

Inflation

The economy was a great concern during the Ford administration. One of the first acts the new president took to deal with the economy was to create, by Executive Order on September 30, 1974, the Economic Policy Board. In October 1974, in response to rising inflation, Ford went before the American public and asked them to "Whip Inflation Now". As part of this program, he urged people to wear "WIN" buttons. At the time, inflation was believed to be the primary threat to the economy, more so than growing unemployment; there was a belief that controlling inflation would help reduce unemployment.To rein in inflation, it was necessary to control the public's spending. To try to mesh service and sacrifice, "WIN" called for Americans to reduce their spending and consumption. On October 4, 1974, <mask> gave a speech in front of a joint session of Congress; as a part of this speech he kicked off the "WIN" campaign. Over the next nine days, 101,240 Americans mailed in "WIN" pledges. In hindsight, this was viewed as simply a public relations gimmick which had no way of solving the underlying problems. The main point of that speech was to introduce to Congress a one-year, five-percent income tax increase on corporations and wealthy individuals. This plan would also take $4.4 billion out of the budget, bringing federal spending below $300 billion.At the time, inflation was over twelve percent. Budget

The federal budget ran a deficit every year Ford was president. Despite his reservations about how the program ultimately would be funded in an era of tight public budgeting, Ford signed the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, which established special education throughout the United States. Ford expressed "strong support for full educational opportunities for our handicapped children" according to the official White House press release for the bill signing. The economic focus began to change as the country sank into the worst recession since the Great Depression four decades earlier. The focus of the Ford administration turned to stopping the rise in unemployment, which reached nine percent in May 1975. In January 1975, Ford proposed a 1-year tax reduction of $16 billion to stimulate economic growth, along with spending cuts to avoid inflation.Ford was criticized for abruptly switching from advocating a tax increase to a tax reduction. In Congress, the proposed amount of the tax reduction increased to $22.8 billion in tax cuts and lacked spending cuts. In March 1975, Congress passed, and Ford signed into law, these income tax rebates as part of the Tax Reduction Act of 1975. This resulted in a federal deficit of around $53 billion for the 1975 fiscal year and $73.7 billion for 1976. When New York City faced bankruptcy in 1975, Mayor Abraham Beame was unsuccessful in obtaining Ford's support for a federal bailout. The incident prompted the New York Daily News famous headline "Ford to City: Drop Dead", referring to a speech in which "Ford declared flatly ... that he would veto any bill calling for 'a federal bail-out of New York City. Swine flu

Ford was confronted with a potential swine flu pandemic.In the early 1970s, an influenza strain H1N1 shifted from a form of flu that affected primarily pigs and crossed over to humans. On February 5, 1976, an army recruit at Fort Dix mysteriously died and four fellow soldiers were hospitalized; health officials announced that "swine flu" was the cause. Soon after, public health officials in the Ford administration urged that every person in the United States be vaccinated. Although the vaccination program was plagued by delays and public relations problems, some 25% of the population was vaccinated by the time the program was canceled in December 1976. Equal rights and abortion

Ford was an outspoken supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment, issuing Presidential Proclamation no. 4383 in 1975:

As president, <mask>'s position on abortion was that he supported "a federal constitutional amendment that would permit each one of the 50 States to make the choice". This had also been his position as House Minority Leader in response to the 1973 Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade, which he opposed.<mask> came under criticism for a 60 Minutes interview his wife Betty gave in 1975, in which she stated that Roe v. Wade was a "great, great decision". During his later life, <mask> would identify as pro-choice. Foreign policy

Ford continued the détente policy with both the Soviet Union and China, easing the tensions of the Cold War. Still in place from the Nixon administration was the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT). The thawing relationship brought about by Nixon's visit to China was reinforced by Ford's own visit in December 1975. The Administration entered into the Helsinki Accords with the Soviet Union in 1975, creating the framework of the Helsinki Watch, an independent non-governmental organization created to monitor compliance which later evolved into Human Rights Watch. <mask> attended the inaugural meeting of the Group of Seven (G7) industrialized nations (initially the G5) in 1975 and secured membership for Canada.<mask> supported international solutions to issues. "We live in an interdependent world and, therefore, must work together to resolve common economic problems," he said in a 1974 speech. In November 1975, Ford adopted the global human population control recommendations of National Security Study Memorandum 200 – a national security directive initially commissioned by Nixon – as United States policy in the subsequent NSDM 314. The plan explicitly states the goal was population control and not improving the lives of individuals despite instructing organizers to "emphasize development and improvements in the quality of life of the poor", later explaining the projects were "primarily for other reasons". Upon approving the plan, <mask> stated "United States leadership is essential to combat population growth, to implement the World Population Plan of Action and to advance United States security and overseas interests". Population control policies were adopted to protect American economic and military interests, with the memorandum arguing that population growth in developing countries resulted with such nations gaining global political power, that more citizens posed a risk to accessing foreign natural resources while also making American businesses vulnerable to governments seeking to fund a growing population, and that younger generations born would be prone to anti-establishment behavior, increasing political instability. According to internal White House and Commission documents posted in February 2016 by the National Security Archive at The George Washington University, the Gerald Ford White House significantly altered the final report of the supposedly independent 1975 Rockefeller Commission investigating CIA domestic activities, over the objections of senior Commission staff.The changes included removal of an entire 86-page section on CIA assassination plots and numerous edits to the report by then-deputy White House Chief of Staff Richard Cheney. Middle East

In the Middle East and eastern Mediterranean, two ongoing international disputes developed into crises. The Cyprus dispute turned into a crisis with the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in July 1974, causing extreme strain within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance. In mid-August, the Greek government withdrew Greece from the NATO military structure; in mid-September, the Senate and House of Representatives overwhelmingly voted to halt military aid to Turkey. Ford, concerned with both the effect of this on Turkish-American relations and the deterioration of security on NATO's eastern front, vetoed the bill. A second bill was then passed by Congress, which Ford also vetoed, although a compromise was accepted to continue aid until the end of the year. As Ford expected, Turkish relations were considerably disrupted until 1978.In the continuing Arab–Israeli conflict, although the initial cease fire had been implemented to end active conflict in the Yom Kippur War, Kissinger's continuing shuttle diplomacy was showing little progress. Ford considered it "stalling" and wrote, "Their [Israeli] tactics frustrated the Egyptians and made me mad as hell." During Kissinger's shuttle to Israel in early March 1975, a last minute reversal to consider further withdrawal, prompted a cable from Ford to Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, which included:

On March 24, Ford informed congressional leaders of both parties of the reassessment of the administration's policies in the Middle East. In practical terms, "reassessment" meant canceling or suspending further aid to Israel. For six months between March and September 1975, the United States refused to conclude any new arms agreements with Israel. Rabin notes it was "an innocent-sounding term that heralded one of the worst periods in American-Israeli relations". The announced reassessments upset the

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 American Jewish community and Israel's well-wishers in Congress.On May 21, Ford "experienced a real shock" when seventy-six U.S. senators wrote him a letter urging him to be "responsive" to Israel's request for $2.59 billion (equivalent to $ billion in ) in military and economic aid. Ford felt truly annoyed and thought the chance for peace was jeopardized. It was, since the September 1974 ban on arms sales to Turkey, the second major congressional intrusion upon the President's foreign policy prerogatives. The following summer months were described by Ford as an American-Israeli "war of nerves" or "test of wills". After much bargaining, the Sinai Interim Agreement (Sinai II) was formally signed on September 1, and aid resumed. Vietnam

One of Ford's greatest challenges was dealing with the continuing Vietnam War. American offensive operations against North Vietnam had ended with the Paris Peace Accords, signed on January 27, 1973.The accords declared a cease-fire across both North and South Vietnam, and required the release of American prisoners of war. The agreement guaranteed the territorial integrity of Vietnam and, like the Geneva Conference of 1954, called for national elections in the North and South. The Paris Peace Accords stipulated a sixty-day period for the total withdrawal of U.S. forces. The agreements were negotiated by US National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese Politburo member Lê Đức Thọ. South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu was not involved in the final negotiations, and publicly criticized the proposed agreement. However, anti-war pressures within the United States forced Nixon and Kissinger to pressure Thieu to sign the agreement and enable the withdrawal of American forces. In multiple letters to the South Vietnamese president, Nixon had promised that the United States would defend Thieu's government, should the North Vietnamese violate the accords.In December 1974, months after <mask> took office, North Vietnamese forces invaded the province of Phuoc Long. General Trần Văn Trà sought to gauge any South Vietnamese or American response to the invasion, as well as to solve logistical issues, before proceeding with the invasion. As North Vietnamese forces advanced, Ford requested Congress approve a $722 million aid package for South Vietnam, funds that had been promised by the Nixon administration. Congress voted against the proposal by a wide margin. Senator Jacob K. Javits offered "...large sums for evacuation, but not one nickel for military aid". President Thieu resigned on April 21, 1975, publicly blaming the lack of support from the United States for the fall of his country. Two days later, on April 23, Ford gave a speech at Tulane University.In that speech, he announced that the Vietnam War was over "...as far as America is concerned". The announcement was met with thunderous applause. 1,373 U.S. citizens and 5,595 Vietnamese and third-country nationals were evacuated from the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon during Operation Frequent Wind. In that operation, military and Air America helicopters took evacuees to U.S. Navy ships off-shore during an approximately 24-hour period on April 29 to 30, 1975, immediately preceding the fall of Saigon. During the operation, so many South Vietnamese helicopters landed on the vessels taking the evacuees that some were pushed overboard to make room for more people. Other helicopters, having nowhere to land, were deliberately crash-landed into the sea after dropping off their passengers, close to the ships, their pilots bailing out at the last moment to be picked up by rescue boats. Many of the Vietnamese evacuees were allowed to enter the United States under the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act.The 1975 Act appropriated $455 million toward the costs of assisting the settlement of Indochinese refugees. In all, 130,000 Vietnamese refugees came to the United States in 1975. Thousands more escaped in the years that followed. East Timor

The former Portuguese colony of East Timor declared its independence in 1975. Indonesian president Suharto was a strong U.S. ally in Southeast Asia. In December 1975, Suharto discussed the plans to invade East Timor during a meeting with Ford and Henry Kissinger in the Indonesian capital of Jakarta. Both Ford and Kissinger made clear that the U.S. would not object to the proposed Indonesian annexation of East Timor.According to Ben Kiernan, the invasion and occupation resulted in the deaths of nearly a quarter of the Timorese population from 1975 to 1981. Mayaguez and Panmunjom
North Vietnam's victory over the South led to a considerable shift in the political winds in Asia, and Ford administration officials worried about a consequent loss of U.S. influence there. The administration proved it was willing to respond forcefully to challenges to its interests in the region on two occasions, once when Khmer Rouge forces seized an American ship in international waters and again when American military officers were killed in the demilitarized zone (DMZ) between North and South Korea. The first crisis was the Mayaguez incident. In May 1975, shortly after the fall of Saigon and the Khmer Rouge conquest of Cambodia, Cambodians seized the American merchant ship Mayaguez in international waters. Ford dispatched Marines to rescue the crew, but the Marines landed on the wrong island and met unexpectedly stiff resistance just as, unknown to the U.S., the Mayaguez sailors were being released. In the operation, two military transport helicopters carrying the Marines for the assault operation were shot down, and 41 U.S. servicemen were killed and 50 wounded, while approximately 60 Khmer Rouge soldiers were killed.Despite the American losses, the operation was seen as a success in the United States, and Ford enjoyed an 11-point boost in his approval ratings in the aftermath. The Americans killed during the operation became the last to have their names inscribed on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial wall in Washington, D.C. Some historians have argued that the Ford administration felt the need to respond forcefully to the incident because it was construed as a Soviet plot. But work by Andrew Gawthorpe, published in 2009, based on an analysis of the administration's internal discussions, shows that Ford's national security team understood that the seizure of the vessel was a local, and perhaps even accidental, provocation by an immature Khmer government. Nevertheless, they felt the need to respond forcefully to discourage further provocations by other Communist countries in Asia. The second crisis, known as the axe murder incident, occurred at Panmunjom, a village that stands in the DMZ between the two Koreas. Encouraged by U.S. difficulties in Vietnam, North Korea had been waging a campaign of diplomatic pressure and minor military harassment to try to convince the U.S. to withdraw from South Korea.Then, in August 1976, North Korean forces killed two U.S. officers and injured South Korean guards who were engaged in trimming a tree in Panmunjom's Joint Security Area. The attack coincided with a meeting of the Conference of Non-Aligned Nations in Colombo, Sri Lanka, at which Kim Jong-il, the son of North Korean leader Kim Il-sung, presented the incident as an example of American aggression, helping secure the passage of a motion calling for a U.S. withdrawal from the South. At administration meetings, Kissinger voiced the concern that the North would see the U.S. as "the paper tigers of Saigon" if they did not respond, and Ford agreed with that assessment. After mulling various options the Ford administration decided that it was necessary to respond with a major show of force. A large number of ground forces went to cut down the tree, while at the same time the air force was deployed, which included B-52 bomber flights over Panmunjom. The North Korean government backed down and allowed the tree-cutting to go ahead, and later issued an unprecedented official apology. Assassination attempts

<mask> was the target of two assassination attempts during his presidency.In Sacramento, California, on September 5, 1975, Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, a follower of Charles Manson, pointed a Colt .45-caliber handgun at Ford and pulled the trigger at point-blank range. As she did, Larry Buendorf, a Secret Service agent, grabbed the gun, and Fromme was taken into custody. She was later convicted of attempted assassination of the President and was sentenced to life in prison; she was paroled on August 14, 2009, after serving 34 years. In reaction to this attempt, the Secret Service began keeping Ford at a more secure distance from anonymous crowds, a strategy that may have saved his life seventeen days later. As he left the St. Francis Hotel in downtown San Francisco, Sara Jane Moore, standing in a crowd of onlookers across the street, fired a .38-caliber revolver at him. The shot missed Ford by a few feet. Before she fired a second round, retired Marine Oliver Sipple grabbed at the gun and deflected her shot; the bullet struck a wall about six inches above and to the right of Ford's head, then ricocheted and hit a taxi driver, who was slightly wounded.Moore was later sentenced to life in prison. She was paroled on December 31, 2007, after serving 32 years. Judicial appointments

Supreme Court

In 1975, Ford appointed John Paul Stevens as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States to replace retiring Justice William O. Douglas. Stevens had been a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, appointed by President Nixon. During his tenure as House Republican leader, <mask> had led efforts to have Douglas impeached. After being confirmed, Stevens eventually disappointed some conservatives by siding with the Court's liberal wing regarding the outcome of many key issues. Nevertheless, in 2005 Ford praised Stevens."He has served his nation well," <mask> said of Stevens, "with dignity, intellect and without partisan political concerns." Other judicial appointments

<mask> appointed 11 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 50 judges to the United States district courts. 1976 presidential election

<mask> reluctantly agreed to run for office in 1976, but first he had to counter a challenge for the Republican party nomination. Former Governor of California Ronald Reagan and the party's conservative wing faulted <mask> for failing to do more in South Vietnam, for signing the Helsinki Accords, and for negotiating to cede the Panama Canal. (Negotiations for the canal continued under President Carter, who eventually signed the Torrijos–Carter Treaties.) Reagan launched his campaign in autumn of 1975 and won numerous primaries, including North Carolina, Texas, Indiana, and California, but failed to get a majority of delegates; Reagan withdrew from the race at the Republican Convention in Kansas City, Missouri. The conservative insurgency did lead to <mask> dropping the more liberal Vice President Nelson Rockefeller in favor of U.S.Senator Bob Dole of Kansas. In addition to the pardon dispute and lingering anti-Republican sentiment, <mask> had to counter a plethora of negative media imagery. Chevy Chase often did pratfalls on Saturday Night Live, imitating <mask>, who had been seen stumbling on two occasions during his term. As Chase commented, "He even mentioned in his own autobiography it had an effect over a period of time that affected the election to some degree." <mask>'s 1976 election campaign benefitted from his being an incumbent president during several anniversary events held during the period leading up to the United States Bicentennial. The Washington, D.C. fireworks display on the Fourth of July was presided over by the President and televised nationally. On July 7, 1976, the President and First Lady served as hosts at a White House state dinner for Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip of the United Kingdom, which was televised on the Public Broadcasting Service network.The 200th anniversary of the Battles of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts gave Ford the opportunity to deliver a speech to 110,000 in Concord acknowledging the need for a strong national defense tempered with a plea for "reconciliation, not recrimination" and "reconstruction, not rancor" between the United States and those who would pose "threats to peace". Speaking in New Hampshire on the previous day, Ford condemned the growing trend toward big government bureaucracy and argued for a return to "basic American virtues". Televised presidential debates were reintroduced for the first time since the 1960 election. As such, <mask> became the first incumbent president to participate in one. Carter later attributed his victory in the election to the debates, saying they "gave the viewers reason to think that Jimmy Carter had something to offer". The turning point came in the second debate when Ford blundered by stating, "There is no Soviet domination of Eastern Europe and there never will be under a Ford Administration." Ford also said that he did not "believe that the Poles consider themselves dominated by the Soviet Union".In an interview years later, <mask> said he had intended to imply that the Soviets would never crush the spirits of eastern Europeans seeking independence. However, the phrasing was so awkward that questioner Max Frankel was visibly incredulous at the response. In the end, Carter won the election, receiving 50.1% of the popular vote and 297 electoral votes compared with 48.0% and 240 electoral votes for Ford. Post-presidency (1977–2006)

The Nixon pardon controversy eventually subsided. Ford's successor, Jimmy Carter, opened his 1977 inaugural address by praising the outgoing President, saying, "For myself and for our Nation, I want to thank my predecessor for all he has done to heal our land." After leaving the White House, the Fords moved to Denver, Colorado. Ford successfully invested in oil with Marvin Davis, which later provided an income for Ford's children.He continued to make appearances at events of historical and ceremonial significance to the nation, such as presidential inaugurals and memorial services. In January 1977, he became the president of Eisenhower Fellowships in Philadelphia, then served as the chairman of its board of trustees from 1980 to 1986. Later in 1977, he reluctantly agreed to be interviewed by James M. Naughton, a New York Times journalist who was given the assignment to write the former President's advance obituary, an article that would be updated prior to its eventual publication. In 1979, <mask> published his autobiography, A Time to Heal (Harper/Reader's Digest, 454 pages). A review in Foreign Affairs described it as, "Serene, unruffled, unpretentious, like the author. This is the shortest and most honest of recent presidential memoirs, but there are no surprises, no deep probings of motives or events. No more here than meets the eye."During the term of office of his successor, Jimmy Carter, <mask> received monthly briefs by President Carter's senior staff on international and domestic issues, and was always invited to lunch at the White House whenever he was in Washington, D.C. Their close friendship developed after Carter had left office, with the catalyst being their trip together to the funeral of Anwar el-Sadat in 1981. Until <mask>'s death, Carter and his wife, Rosalynn, visited the Fords' home frequently. <mask> and Carter served as honorary co-chairs of the National Commission on Federal Election Reform in 2001 and of the Continuity of Government Commission in 2002. Like Presidents Carter, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton, <mask> was an honorary co-chair of the Council for Excellence in Government, a group dedicated to excellence in government performance, which provides leadership training to top federal employees. He also devoted much time to his love of golf, often playing both privately and in public events with comedian Bob Hope, a longtime friend. In 1977, he shot a hole in one during a Pro-am held in conjunction with the Danny Thomas Memphis Classic at Colonial Country Club in Memphis, Tennessee. He hosted the Jerry Ford Invitational in Vail, Colorado from 1977 to 1996.In 1977, <mask> established the Gerald R. Ford Institute of Public Policy at Albion College in Albion, Michigan, to give undergraduates training in public policy. In April 1981, he opened the Gerald R. Ford Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan, on the north campus of his alma mater, the University of Michigan, followed in September by the Gerald R. Ford Museum in Grand Rapids. <mask> considered a run for the Republican nomination in 1980, forgoing numerous opportunities to serve on corporate boards to keep his options open for a rematch with Carter. <mask> attacked Carter's conduct of the SALT II negotiations and foreign policy in the Middle East and Africa. Many have argued that <mask> also wanted to exorcise his image as an "Accidental President" and to win a term in his own right. <mask> also believed the more conservative Ronald Reagan would be unable to defeat Carter and would hand the incumbent a second term. <mask> was encouraged by his former Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger as well as Jim Rhodes of Ohio and Bill Clements of Texas to make the race.On March 15, 1980, <mask> announced that he would forgo a run for the Republican nomination, vowing to support the eventual nominee. After securing the Republican nomination in 1980, Ronald Reagan considered his former rival <mask> as a potential vice-presidential running mate, but negotiations between the Reagan and Ford camps at the Republican National Convention were unsuccessful. <mask> conditioned his acceptance on Reagan's agreement to an unprecedented "co-presidency", giving <mask> the power to control key executive branch appointments (such as Kissinger as Secretary of State and Alan Greenspan as Treasury Secretary). After rejecting these terms, Reagan offered the vice-presidential nomination instead to George H. W. Bush. <mask> did appear in a campaign commercial for the Reagan-Bush ticket, in which he declared that the country would be "better served by a Reagan presidency rather than a continuation of the weak and politically expedient policies of Jimmy Carter". On October 8, 1980, <mask> said former President Nixon's involvement in the general election potentially could negatively impact the Reagan campaign: "I think it would have been much more helpful if Mr. Nixon had stayed in the background during this campaign. It would have been much more beneficial to Ronald Reagan."On October 3, 1980, Ford cast blame on Carter for the latter's charges of ineffectiveness on the part of the Federal Reserve Board due to his appointing of most of its members: "President Carter, when the going gets tough, will do anything to save

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