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<mask> (; 22 December 1930 – 13 July 1989) was an Kurdish politician and Kurdish leader. <mask> was the Secretary-General of the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (KDPI) from 1973 until his assassination in 1989 by individuals suspected of being agents of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Early life and education
Born in Rezaieh, West Azerbaijan, Iran to a wealthy feudal family, his father was <mask>, a landowning Kurdish nationalist Agha and Khan from the Kurdish Shekak tribe who was born in 1875. His mother was Nana Jan Timsar, an Assyrian Christian. His father was an adviser to the Shah of Iran, who gave him the title "Wussuq-e Divan." He completed his early education in Urmia and then in Tehran. He witnessed the era of the Republic of Mahabad and became a co-founder member of the youth wing of KDP-I at the age of 15.<mask> moved to France to continue his studies at the Sorbonne. He met his wife Helen Krulich in Czechoslovakia. They had two daughters together, Mina (1953) and Hewa (1955). <mask> was fluent in 8 languages; Kurdish, Persian, Arabic, Azerbaijani, French, English, Czech, and Russian. He was also familiar with German, Slovak, and Polish. Career
<mask> went back to Kurdistan in 1952 after completing his studies. He then spent several years as an active militant in the Kurdish military fields.In 1973, during the Third Congress of the PDKI, he was elected to the position of secretary general of the party, a position to which he was reelected several times until his assassination. In 1979, his party supported the revolution which ended in the fall of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. Khomeini considered their last hour participation in the revolution as "opportunistic". Kurds belonging to the party had overtaken the military compounds in the Kurdish areas. Khomeini demanded all armed groups to become part of one revolutionary organization and requested that Kurdish soldiers "return" their weapons. Ghasemlou demanded autonomy for Kurds and refused to lay down weapons. The party boycotted the referendum for the new constitution.Following two bloody confrontation between Kurdish people and forces loyal to Khomeini, the Kurdish struggle turned into a war. Shortly, after the beginning of the armed Kurdish rebellion, Ayatollah Khomeini declared a "holy war" against the PDKI and Kurdistan. This was the start of confrontation of the party and the new state, which ended in a military defeat of the Kurdish rebels. In 1982 <mask>, attempted to overthrow the Shia clerics in an alliance with the former and dismissed president of Iran Abolhassan Banisadr, but Banisadr declined to join his pro-Kurdish alliance due to ambitions for independence among the Kurds. The armed conflict continued up to 1984 in the middle of Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988) where both countries supported the armed rebels in each other's territory. After the defeat of the armed rebellion, <mask> settled in Paris and joined the National Council of Resistance of Iran that was founded by the PDKI and other opposition forces: the Islamist-Marxist People's Mujahedin, the liberal-leftist National Democratic Front, the United Left of small socialist groupings, and the independent Islamist-leftist former president of Iran Abolhassan Bani Sadr in October 1981. Books
"Kurdistan and Kurd" is a book on the history of Kurds and their land written by <mask> and published in 1964 in Slovak, 1965 in English, 1967 in Arabic, 1969 in Polish, and 1973 in Kurdish.Assassination and funerals

In 1988, after the war had ended, the Iran government decided to meet with him. Several meetings followed in Vienna, on 28 December, 30 December and 20 January 1989. Another meeting was set up for 13 July, again in Vienna. The Tehran delegation was as before, namely Mohammed Jafar Sahraroudi and Hadji Moustafawi, except that this time there was also a third member: Amir Mansur Bozorgian who was a bodyguard. The Kurds also had a three-man delegation: <mask> <mask>, his aide <mask> Azar (a member of the PDKI Central Committee) and Fadhil Rassoul, an Iraqi Kurdish university professor who had acted as a mediator. The next day, 13 July 1989, in the very room where the negotiation took place, <mask> was killed by three bullets fired at very close range. His assistant Ghaderi Azar was hit by eleven bullets and Rassoul by five.Hadji Moustafawi succeeded in escaping. Mohammad Jafar Sahraroudi received minor injuries and was taken to a hospital, questioned and allowed to go. Amir Mansur Bozorgian was released after 24 hours in police custody and took refuge in the Iranian Embassy. His deputy, Sadegh Sharafkandi, succeeded <mask> as secretary-general until his assassination on 17 September 1992 in the Mykonos restaurant in Berlin, Germany. <mask> Azar and <mask> <mask> were buried on 20 July in Paris at Père Lachaise Cemetery. Investigation
According to PDKI
In late November 1989 the Austrian courts issued a warrant for the arrest of the three Iranian representatives and the Austrian Government expressly accused the Iranian Government as having instigated the attack on <mask> <mask>. The three representatives of Iran's government in the negotiations with the Kurdish leaders returned to Iran freely.One of them had never been in custody, one was escorted by Austrian police to the Vienna airport nine days after the assassination, and the third, after one night of the arrest, spent a few months in the Iranian embassy in Vienna before he disappeared from Austria. One of the suspects was Mohamed Magaby, whom the Kurdish protesters in Vienna requested to be arrested and be put under travel ban. Warrants for their arrest were not issued until November 1989. The warrants have never been executed. Unlike the German Mykonos trial for the assassination of <mask>'s successor Sadegh Sharafkandi in Berlin, the assassination in Vienna was never clarified by any court. The Mykonos verdict of 1 April 1997 put the responsibility on the Iranian government of the time for the murders in Berlin and in Vienna. References

External links

1930 births
1989 deaths
Iranian Muslims
People from Urmia
Iranian Assyrian people
Iranian Kurdish people
Iranian people murdered abroad
People murdered in Austria
Deaths by firearm in Austria
Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan politicians
Iranian emigrants to France
Members of the Assembly of Experts for Constitution
National Council of Resistance of Iran members
Assassinated Kurdish politicians
Assassinated Iranian Kurdish dissidents
1980s murders in Austria
1989 crimes in Austria
1989 murders in Europe
Iranian elected officials who did not take office

masks:
Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou
Ghassemlou
Mohammad Vesugh Ghassemlou
Ghassemlou
Ghassemlou
Ghassemlou
Ghassemlou
Ghassemlou
Ghassemlou
Abdul Rahman
Ghassemlou
Abdullah Ghaderi
Ghassemlou
Ghassemlou
Abdullah Ghaderi
Abdul Rahman
Ghassemlou
Abdul Rahman
Ghassemlou
Ghassemlou


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Quatawapea or <mask> (c. 1760 – 1826), also known as <mask> and <mask>, was a Shawnee leader for whom Lewistown, Ohio, is named. <mask> fought in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) and the Northwest Indian War (1785–1795) as part of Shawnee opposition to the expansion of the United States into Shawnee territory. After the 1795 Treaty of Greenville, he sought to preserve Shawnee autonomy by promoting accommodation with the U.S., working with Black Hoof, the principal Shawnee spokesman. <mask> served in the War of 1812 as an American ally. After the war, he signed a number of treaties with the U.S., eventually getting Lewistown recognized as an Indian reservation for his band of Shawnees, along with Senecas also living at Lewistown. <mask> made several trips to Washington, D.C. to meet with U.S. officials, including Presidents Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe, to promote Shawnee land rights. Continued American encroachment on Shawnee lands convinced <mask> to give up on remaining in Ohio.He broke with Black Hoof and advocated Shawnee relocation to the west, promoting a Native confederacy with allied Cherokees in Missouri and the Arkansas Territory. He died before this plan could be realized. After his death, the Shawnees and Senecas of Lewistown, known as the "Mixed Band", were in 1831 compelled to cede their reservation in Ohio and move to Indian Territory. The Lewistown Shawnees eventually became the Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma. Early life
Little is known of <mask>'s early life or family background. His year of birth has been estimated as 1760 and 1766. Evidence suggests he was born in the Ohio Country, in one of the Shawnee villages on the Pickaway Plains along the Scioto River, near present-day Circleville, Ohio.In the 1680s, the Shawnees had been driven out of the Ohio Country by the Iroquois. By the mid 1700s, they had begun to reunite in their traditional homeland. <mask>'s Shawnee name was Quatawapea, which was spelled in a variety of ways, including Quitewepea, and has been translated as "the Man Who Swims Below and Above the Water" and "Man on the Water Who Sinks and Rises Again." Shawnees of <mask>'s era belonged to one of five tribal divisions: Kispoko, Chalahgawtha (Chillicothe), Mekoche, Pekowi (Piqua), and Hathawekela. <mask> probably belonged to the Piqua division. In addition, each Shawnee belonged to a clan that was named after a totemic animal. <mask> belonged to the Turtle clan.When <mask> was a child, the Iroquois ceded land south of the Ohio River (including present Kentucky) to the British in the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix. The Shawnees, who used Kentucky as their seasonal hunting ground, had not been consulted in the treaty. They attempted to organize Native resistance to colonial occupation of the region, culminating in the 1774 Battle of Point Pleasant. <mask> fought in the battle as a young man. After losing the battle, the Shawnees were compelled to cede Kentucky to the American colonists. Shawnee resistance to American occupation of Kentucky continued in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). <mask> joined Shawnee war parties that raided colonial settlements in Kentucky and Virginia.After the war, the Americans, victorious over the British, claimed the Ohio Country by right of conquest. The Natives of the region continued to resist American encroachment, however, which led to the Northwest Indian War (1785–1795). <mask> fought in that war as well, taking part in St. Clair's defeat (1791) and the Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794), although not in a leading role. The defeat at Fallen Timbers compelled the Shawnees and other Natives to cede much of present-day Ohio to the United States in the 1795 Treaty of Greenville. <mask> likely attended the treaty negotiations, though he did not sign the document. In the mid-1780s, <mask> married Polly Kaizer, a white captive who had been adopted into the Shawnee tribe as a child. They had two children.He married a second time to Mary Succopanus, who was of mixed Shawnee-Mingo heritage. They apparently had no children together. Lewistown

After their defeat in the Northwest Indian War, the Shawnees were divided between those who sought accommodation with the United States, those who wished to continue resisting, and those who left the U.S. by moving west of the Mississippi River. <mask> was among those Shawnees who hoped to hold onto their remaining Ohio lands by accommodating the United States. Around 1796, he and his followers established the Shawnee village of Lewistown, in present-day Logan County, Ohio, just north of the Greenville Treaty line. Nearby were two other Shawnee settlements: Hog Creek and Wapakoneta. Wapakoneta was the home of Chief Black Hoof, the principal spokesman of the Ohio Shawnees and foremost advocate of accommodation with the United States.On February 5, 1802, <mask> was part of a Shawnee and Lenape (Delaware) delegation that met with President Thomas Jefferson and Secretary of War Henry Dearborn in Washington, D.C. Black Hoof spoke for the Shawnees. He complained about white American poachers trespassing on their lands, and asked the government for a deed for their Ohio lands, hoping to secure permanent Shawnee title to their homeland. The U.S. officials promised to punish the poachers, but they refused to issue a deed, saying that the division of lands on the Indian side of the Greenville boundary was outside of their jurisdiction. <mask> received a "peace medal" from Jefferson on this trip, which he would often wear. Back in Ohio, <mask> and Black Hoof encouraged their fellow Shawnees to adopt some American-style practices to better coexist with their white neighbors. Working with Quaker missionaries, Shawnee men were encouraged to give up hunting and begin farming, which among Shawnees had been considered women's work. In 1808, Black Hoof and <mask> were the only Shawnees to sign the Treaty of Brownstown, which granted the United States a right-of-way to build a road through northwestern Ohio.<mask> and Black Hoof faced opposition from an emerging Shawnee leader named Tenskwatawa, who became known as the Shawnee Prophet. In 1806, Tenskwatawa and his brother Tecumseh established a new town, Greenville, less than fifty miles from Lewistown. There they attracted hundreds of converts to a movement that rejected the accommodationist program, which represented a challenge to the Shawnee chiefs who sat on the tribal council at Wapakoneta. Most Ohio Shawnees followed Black Hoof's path and rejected the Prophet's leadership. Sugden (1997) wrote that <mask> initially supported the Prophet's movement, but Edmunds (2017) disagreed, saying that <mask> was by 1807 a proponent of Black Hoof's acculturation program. In 1808, Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh moved to a new town, Prophetstown, north of present-day Lafayette, Indiana. As the Americans continued to acquire additional Native land in a series of treaties, tensions arose between Prophetstown and the governor of the Indiana Territory, William Henry Harrison.In 1811, Harrison assembled an army to march on Prophetstown, hoping to disperse the settlement and bring an end to the Prophet's movement. Black Hoof and <mask> assured American officials they would remain at peace during the conflict. War of 1812

After Harrison destroyed Prophetstown, Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh joined forces with the British in Upper Canada at the outset of the War of 1812. <mask> and other Shawnee leaders agreed to act as scouts and interpreters for the American army under General William Hull that was marching through Ohio to protect Detroit. <mask> took no part in the early skirmishing around Detroit; instead, he and Black Hoof encouraged other Natives to remain neutral in the conflict. This proved to be difficult after Tecumseh helped the British capture Detroit and Hull's entire army. Many Natives decided to side with the British, who seemed to have the upper hand in this early stage of the war.The tide began to turn in September 1812 when a new American army under William Henry Harrison began a campaign to recapture Detroit. <mask> and several other Shawnees, including Captain Logan, served as scouts for Harrison's army. American soldiers made little distinction between hostile and friendly Natives, however. On January 25, 1813, while <mask> and Black Hoof were meeting with Ohio militia General Edward Tupper, an unknown American militiaman shot Black Hoof in the face. Black Hoof survived the assassination attempt; the assailant was never caught. While Black Hoof recovered, <mask> continued to scout for the Americans. In April, he was in Fort Meigs with Harrison when Tecumseh and a British force under General Henry Procter unsuccessfully laid siege to the fort.Although <mask> and other Natives served with the Americans in the war, many whites continued to distrust them. To demonstrate their loyalty, Captain <mask> joined more than 200 Shawnee and Delaware warriors for Harrison's invasion of Upper Canada, serving as scouts and skirmishers. <mask> and his men were present at the Battle of the Thames on October 5, 1813, in which Tecumseh was killed. <mask>'s men were still encircling the British position when the Americans charged, and so the battle was over before <mask> and his warriors were engaged. Although Tecumseh is popularly associated with Shawnee resistance to the United States, more Shawnees served in Harrison's army at the Battle of the Thames than alongside Tecumseh. <mask> returned to Lewistown after the battle, only to find that a mob of Americans had attacked his village, burning some cabins and destroying the cornfields. Indian agent <mask> restored peace and provided the Shawnees with food to get through the winter.In the 1814 Treaty of Greenville, the Americans sought to gain the loyalty of Natives who had been fighting for the British. <mask> signed the treaty, although he doubted the sincerity of some of the other signatories. In October 1814, <mask> and 65 Shawnees joined Colonel Duncan McArthur's invasion of Upper Canada, fighting at the Battle of Malcolm's Mills on November 6. The Shawnees suffered no casualties in the battle. At the end of the war, <mask>, Black Hoof, and other Shawnees signed the Treaty of Spring Wells on September 8, 1815, which confirmed that the Shawnees still owned the land guaranteed to them in the 1795 Treaty of Greenville. Reservation
The American population in Ohio continued to rise after the War of 1812, increasing pressure on the Shawnees to cede their territory and move west of the Mississippi. <mask> and Black Hoof resisted these pressures, and worked to secure a definitive title to their lands.In the 1817 Treaty of Fort Meigs, they and leaders from other tribes ceded northwestern Ohio to the United States in exchange for carefully delineated reservations. The treaty created three small Shawnee reservations in Ohio: Wapakoneta, Lewistown, and Hog Creek, encompassing about . The Lewistown reservation was , divided between Shawnees and Senecas who lived at Lewistown. The treaty authorized the Lewistown chiefs to divide the reservation into lots assigned to individual families. According to Lakomäki (2014), "The United States had finally recognized exclusive Shawnee ownership of clearly bounded territories. Now no other nation would be able to sell the land under Shawnee feet." The Treaty of Fort Meigs met with opposition in the United States Senate.Senators disliked the notion of Natives holding land in fee simple, and so they instructed U.S. officials to renegotiate the treaty. A supplemental agreement, the 1818 Treaty of St. Mary's, was created with language that made clear the U.S. government still ultimately controlled the land, and if Shawnees sold the land, they could only sell it to the U.S. government. <mask> signed the second treaty, although he was likely discouraged by the change. Indian agent <mask> reported that there were 800 Shawnees living in Ohio in 1819: 559 at Wapakoneta, 169 at Lewistown, and 72 at Hog Creek. Although the Ohio Shawnees now had reservations, white settlers continued to poach on their lands. In 1820, <mask> and Black Hoof made another trip to Washington, D.C., where they met with Secretary of War <mask>. Calhoun. The Shawnees wanted to secure patents in fee simple to their lands, but their request was denied.Officials in Washington now favored a policy of Indian removal, which encouraged Natives to cede their lands to the government and resettle west of the Mississippi. Removal

After the failed 1820 trip to Washington, <mask> seemed to have concluded that remaining in Ohio was no longer feasible. In 1822, he took his family and a small band of followers from Lewistown to the Arkansas Territory, establishing a village near present-day Yellville, Arkansas. There <mask> supported Cherokee Chief Takatoka's plan to create a Native confederacy of tribes in Arkansas and southern Missouri. The confederacy would defend against white trespassers as well as Osages, who were in frequent conflict with the Native immigrants. <mask> soon became a leading figure of the proposed confederacy. In August 1823, he traveled back to Ohio to invite the Shawnees to join.On the way he met with Indian agent William Clark and told him about the plan. Clark endorsed the idea and wrote Secretary Calhoun, urging him to support it as well. Back in Ohio, some Shawnees supported <mask>'s proposal to relocate, but Black Hoof was steadfastly opposed. In October 1823, <mask> traveled to Kaskaskia, Illinois, to meet with a Cherokee delegation headed by Takatoka. Takatoka became ill and died at Kaskaskia, depriving <mask> of his most influential ally in creating the confederacy. <mask> returned to Wapakoneta with Indian agent Pierre Menard to make another attempt at convincing Black Hoof to emigrate to the west, which was again unsuccessful. In February 1825, <mask> made another trip to Washington, D.C., where he met with Calhoun and President James Monroe.Monroe disapproved of <mask>'s plan, because American politicians from Missouri and Arkansas opposed settling more Natives there. Instead, U.S. officials proposed creating a Native reservation even further west. <mask> supported the idea, but Black Hoof and <mask> worked against the plan. <mask> spread rumors that <mask> was only attempting to enrich himself, telling American officials that <mask> was no longer a chief. A council was held at Wapakoneta in May 1825, where <mask> tried to convince Shawnees to emigrate to the west. In attendance was <mask>, governor of the Michigan Territory, who had brought Tenskwatawa, <mask>'s old opponent, to help promote the removal plan. Black Hoof still opposed removal, and he criticized <mask> for promoting the idea without the support of the Wapakoneta council.In the autumn of 1825, <mask> left Lewistown with 255 Shawnees and a few Senecas to settle in the west. In November he met with William Clark at St. Louis, and told him that he and his followers would no longer return to Ohio. <mask> disappeared from the historical record after this time, and appears to have died of natural causes in Arkansas in 1826. Legacy
After the passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830, American officials increased pressure on Natives still living in Ohio to sign treaties and move to the West. In the 1831 Treaty of Lewistown, the Shawnees and Senecas of Lewistown, known as the "Mixed Band", were compelled to cede their reservation in Ohio and move to Indian Territory. In a treaty with the United States finalized in 1868, the Mixed Band of Senecas and Shawnees separated into two groups, the Shawnees becoming the Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma. Treaties signed

Treaty of Brownstown (1808) as "Koitawaypie, or Col. Lewis"
Treaty of Greenville (1814) as "Quitawepeh, or captain <mask>"
Treaty of Spring Wells (1815) as "Quatawwepay, or capt.<mask>"
Treaty of Fort Meigs (1817) as "Quitawepea, or Captain <mask>"
Treaty of St. Mary's (1818) as "Quitawepa, or Colonel <mask>"

References

Citations

Bibliography

Kappler, Charles J., comp. and ed. (1904). Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties, Volume 2: Treaties. Washington: Government Printing Office. Native Americans in the War of 1812
Shawnee people
People from Logan County, Ohio
Year of birth uncertain
1826 deaths
Native Americans of the Northwest Indian War

masks:
John Lewis
Captain Lewis
Colonel Lewis
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John C
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<mask> (1781 – 22 July 1852) was a Scottish architect. His career started in 1805 and he was appointed as the official city architect of Aberdeen in 1807, the first person to hold this post. Together with Archibald Simpson, he contributed significantly to the architecture of Aberdeen, and many of the granite buildings that gave the city the nickname 'The Granite City' or also 'The Silver City' are attributed to them. <mask> was the son of a successful builder and architect and his own son, William, continued the family tradition by also becoming an architect. After completing his training in London, <mask> quickly became established throughout the north-east of Scotland. He secured private commissions to design, renovate or alter numerous country houses, parish churches and castles; his official capacity as City Architect ensured he is also credited with several extensive public works. Towards the middle of his career around the 1830s, as his individuality developed, he gained the nickname of 'Tudor <mask>'; an indication his designs were starting to favour a Tudor Gothic styling.Ancestry and early life
<mask> was born in Aberdeen in 1781. His father was William 'Sink-em' <mask> (d. 1815), also a successful builder and architect. The younger <mask> attended Aberdeen Grammar School before serving an apprenticeship as a stonemason in his father's building firm. He undertook further architectural design training in London, possibly under the tutelage of James Playfair, but as Playfair died in 1794, the offices of Robert Lugar seem more likely. By the end of 1804, <mask> returned to Aberdeen, where construction and development was rapidly evolving. Career

One of <mask>'s first major commissions was to design a town house for the merchant Patrick Milne in 1805. Sited on Union Street, Aberdeen, Crimonmogate was a two-storey "Greek inspired country house" with a five windowed frontage.He is next credited with the design of Footdee, an area within Aberdeen. Consisting of 56 but and ben one storey thatched houses arranged in two squares, the plans quickly received Council approval and construction was completed by 1809. The new housing accommodated residents formerly living in condemned properties beside the harbour; the re-location of these tenants allowed the Council to begin initial proceedings for Thomas Telford's 1824 Aberdeen Harbour improvements, which <mask> was also associated with. <mask> was appointed as the official architect for Aberdeen in 1807. He is credited with compiling the first map showing a correct outline of Aberdeen city in 1810 indicating present and planned improvements. Archibald Simpson returned to Aberdeen in 1813, establishing a business competing with <mask>. Both firms were successful despite uncertainties due to the War and their careers were described by Miller as "destined to run remarkably parallel".Although at times rivals, <mask> often collaborated with Simpson and between these two men their buildings became the nucleus of establishing the style of the heart of the Aberdeen city centre. As the buildings were constructed from silver granite, the city gained the name of the Silver City or alternatively the Granite City. <mask> became known as "<mask>" as his later designs around the 1830s, particularly for mansions and churches, incorporated a Tudor-Gothic form. However, his civic designs in Aberdeen city remained in a neo-classical style. Miller designates <mask>'s design for the North Church in Aberdeen as "generally considered to be his greatest building" and further states "Undisputedly by far the finest neoclassical church in the City of Aberdeen." Sited on the corner of Queen Street and King Street the design gained approval from the Town Council in September 1828. The church opened in June 1831 but it was years later before sufficient funding was available to install clocks.A Greek Revival style was used in the construction of the  by  rectangular building with a circular pepper pot tower set upon a two-stage box tower. It was the tallest building in Aberdeen until its height was surpassed by the spire of the Triple Kirk designed by Simpson. Suitable to seat 1600 at services, congregation numbers declined and the church closed in 1954. It was used as the Aberdeen Arts Centre from the early 1960s. One of the last designs before his death was for Balmoral Castle; he initially did some work re-building the tower for Robert Gordon, 5th son of the 3rd Earl of Aberdeen, who was leasing Balmoral in 1830. Subsequently, he was involved with drawing up the initial plans for the new castle, by this time owned by Queen Victoria and Price Albert after meeting Price Albert on Friday 11 September 1848. After <mask> died in 1852 the final designs and work were undertaken by his son William.He is buried with his wife, Margaret Grant, in the churchyard of the Kirk of St Nicholas on Union Street in Aberdeen. Works
With a career spanning the years from 1805 until his death in 1852, the list of works <mask> was associated with, both in his official capacity as City Architect and private commissions, is lengthy; some examples are given below. Bridges

Captain Samuel Brown designed the Wellington Suspension Bridge, which spanned the River Dee in Aberdeen at Craiglug; <mask> competed against Simpson to win the contract to design the structures architectural sections. The bridge opened in May 1831 and featured arched granite pylons. <mask>'s contract also included building three miles of approach road and he designed/built the toll house at the north-east end of the bridge. <mask>'s design for the widening of the historic medieval Bridge of Dee in 1841 was described by Paxton and Shipway as "an exemplary widening of a historic bridge". In 1837, <mask> designed the St Devenick's Bridge.It was also known as Morrison's Bridge after Reverend George Morrison who commissioned its design and paid for the construction; another name was the Shakkin' Briggie because it would shake whenever anyone walked over it. The bridge was  long with a span of  and followed the same style as the Wellington Suspension Bridge. Castles

In 1814–1815 <mask> was commissioned to design modifications to Brucklay Castle including remodelling the main entrance hall and frontage; this was in the neoclassical style. Work was also undertaken on the second and third storeys of the north elevation. Returning in 1820, <mask> extended the old stable block in a mainly one and a half-storey Gothic style with a central pyramid roofed two-storey tower. That year he also began work on an extensive enlargement of Cluny Castle for Colonel <mask>. Originally a Z-plan castle built c. 1604, the later extensions were described by architectural historian H. Gordon Slade as "the most shocking mis-use of architectural effort and granite in the north east of Scotland."<mask> also worked on nearby Castle Fraser constructing an access stairway between the great hall on the first floor and the rear courtyard entrance. The two-storey building it was housed within had a glazed cupola at its centre under a lead roof. Two crow stepped gatehouses were constructed between an arched gateway entrance and various access passages joined the first floor wings. He was also responsible for the library design. Roof repairs carried out at Craigievar Castle were essential in the 1820s as the structure had fallen into decay. The owner, Sir <mask>, had considered demolishing the tower but <mask> advised against it stating it was: "one of the finest specimens in the Country of the age and style in which it was built." The work lasted two years and involved the re-construction of almost all of the top floor.The windows, external harling and pointing were replaced and it is likely <mask> also designed the gardener's cottage. Although Drumtochty Castle was built to the designs of James Gillespie Graham with further extensions c. 1815, the actual work of the extensions was undertaken by <mask>. Miller speculates Gillespie Graham could have had a dispute with the owner, George Drummond, but considers <mask>'s closer proximity to the site is a more plausible scenario. The rugged cliff tops to the north of Cruden Bay were the setting for Slains Castle where, in 1836, <mask> was engaged by William Hay, 18th Earl of Erroll and Lord Lieutenant of Aberdeenshire to renovate his existing courtyard house into a stylish residence suitable for a person of his standing. <mask>'s design enveloped the previous building, encasing it in a new structure of pink Peterhead granite and featured round towers. Churches

The construction, restoration, renovation or alteration to several parish churches throughout Aberdeenshire, Angus and Kincardineshire are credited to <mask>. One of his first rural church designs was at Fintray, Aberdeenshire in 1821; later that year he also designed Udny Parish Church.These formed the basis of designs that <mask> would evolve and develop in future years for other parish churches. Udny Parish Church was the first of <mask>'s Tudor-Gothic ecclesiastic designs. A box tower above the main entrance features a crenellated top with louvred pointed panels, belfry and clock incorporated in the front (south) gable with walls of rough granite. The main church is a basic rectangle with a slated roof. The north aisle of St Machar's Cathedral was restored to <mask>'s designs in 1832 and the entrance lodges and gateway were re-built. A new session house was also added. He also undertook work at Skene Parish Church in 1840 and constructed the parish church in Longside in 1835.Country houses

<mask> undertook considerable work for the Fergusons at their Pitfour estate in Aberdeenshire. Starting in 1809, the third laird of Pitfour, James Ferguson commissioned him to design a new house. This was a three-storey house,  square by high, with 365 windows. There were Greek pediments included on top of the side elevations, stone margins set into the rendered walls and it conveyed an impression of northern Italy. Over the following years, <mask> designed several other structures within the policies at Pitfour. These included: the horseshoe-shape, neo-classical two-storey riding stables to the rear of the mansion during the time of the fifth laird in 1820; gatehouses and bridges; a small replica six-bay Greek Doric temple, styled after the Temple of Theseus; and the Observatory, an eight-sided crenellated three-storey tower. Among other country houses featuring <mask>'s designs was the Neo-Greek style Dunecht House in 1820.Comprising two storeys and a full basement, it was constructed from granite. A low parapet hid the slate, low pitched roof. The original <mask> designed house was later extensively expanded by William, his son. Work was undertaken at Haddo House on the kitchens and peripheral buildings in 1843. He returned there in 1845 and built the gate houses at the North and South entrances. Constructed in a rough coarse granite, these single-storey buildings are in a Tudor style. Sometime before 1830 William Rickart Hepburn commissioned <mask> to design Rickarton House in Kincardineshire.Forglen House near Turriff was designed by <mask> for Sir Robert Abercromby. The new mansion house was described by architectural historian Charles McKean as an "Elizabethan Gothic confection". Other works
The re-construction of the front of King's College, Aberdeen was undertaken by <mask> in 1825. The work incorporated other renovations as the building had fallen into a ruinous condition. Designs were drawn up for the section named Cromwell's Tower and its original six storeys were replaced with four modern levels and included a ground floor flat for the housekeeper with classrooms above. Predominantly in a Tudor style, some of the extensive designs were not enacted; however, eventually the joining of the Chapel, Cromwell's Tower and the old Crown Tower was achieved. The work was one of <mask>'s earlier Tudor-Gothic designs.<mask> completed a contract started by William Burn to the back and west boundary walls of Robert Gordon's College with extra wings and other alterations continued from 1830 until 1833. During the same years (1830–1833) the "Ionic Screen" at the front of Kirk of St Nicholas on Union Street, Aberdeen was installed. Featuring a triumphal arch with paired Ionic columns set to each side, the columns were originally supposed to be of cast iron. Death and legacy
<mask> married Margaret Grant, a daughter of George Grant of Auchterblair. Most of their eight children died at an early age but their fourth child, William, joined his father in business and also became city architect in Aberdeen. The couple also had a daughter, Margaret Grant <mask>. Having suffered a lengthy, painful illness, <mask> died in 1852 at the home he inherited from his wife's father.There is a plaque to commemorate him sited at the Kirk of St Nicholas in Union Street, Aberdeen. Gallery

References

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Citations

Bibliography

1781 births
1852 deaths
19th-century Scottish architects
British neoclassical architects
Architects from Aberdeen

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<mask> (born <mask>, September 15, 1876February 17, 1962) was a German-born conductor, pianist and composer. Born in Berlin, he escaped Nazi Germany in 1933, was naturalised as a French citizen in 1938, and settled in the United States in 1939. He worked closely with Gustav Mahler, whose music he helped to establish in the repertory, held major positions with the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, New York Philharmonic, Concertgebouw Orchestra, Salzburg Festival, Vienna State Opera, Bavarian State Opera, Staatsoper Unter den Linden and Deutsche Oper Berlin, among others, made recordings of historical and artistic significance, and is widely considered to be one of the great conductors of the 20th century. Biography

Early life
Born near Alexanderplatz in Berlin to a middle-class Jewish family, he began his musical education at the Stern Conservatory at the age of eight, making his first public appearance as a pianist when he was nine; he performed a concerto movement with the Berlin Philharmonic in 1889 and a full concerto with them in February 1890. He studied composition at Stern with Robert Radecke, and remained active as a composer until about 1910 (see list of compositions below). But it was hearing a concert in 1889 by the Berlin Philharmonic led by Hans von Bülow, he wrote, that "decided my future. Now I knew what I was meant for.No musical activity but that of an orchestral conductor could any longer be considered by me." He made his conducting début at the Cologne Opera with Albert Lortzing's Der Waffenschmied in 1894. Later that year he left for the Hamburg Opera to work as a chorus director. There he first met and worked with Gustav Mahler, whom he revered and with whose music he later became strongly identified. Conducting
In 1896, he was appointed Kapellmeister of the Stadttheater (municipal opera) in Breslau, on the strength of a recommendation from Mahler to the theater's director, Theodor Löwe. However, Löwe required that before taking up this position the young conductor change his last name from Schlesinger—which literally means Silesian—"because of its frequent occurrence in the capital of Silesia". In a letter to his brother, paraphrased by biographers Erik Ryding and Rebecca Pechefsky, <mask> said that he had "suggested several names, which Mahler wrote down and gave to Löwe, who returned the contract with the name <mask>".These biographers add that <mask> wrote to his parents that he found that "having to change his name was 'terrible'". They report that Mahler and his sisters "pressed" <mask> to make the change of name, and add that contrary to occasional unsubstantiated reports, it "is unknown" whether Löwe's stipulation had anything to do with a desire to conceal <mask>'s Jewish origins. In 1897, <mask> became Chief Conductor at the municipal opera in Pressburg (now Bratislava). He found the town provincial and depressing, and in 1898 took the position of Chief Conductor of the Riga Opera, Russian Empire. While there, he converted to Christianity, probably Roman Catholicism. In 1899 <mask> was appointed music director of the Temeswar, Austria-Hungary (now Timișoara, Romania) Opera, the current Banatul Philharmonic of Timișoara. <mask> then returned in 1900 to Berlin, where he assumed the post of Royal Prussian Conductor at the Staatsoper Unter den Linden, succeeding Franz Schalk; his colleagues there included Richard Strauss and Karl Muck.While in Berlin he also conducted the premiere of Der arme Heinrich by Hans Pfitzner, who became a lifelong friend. In 1901, <mask> accepted Mahler's invitation to be his assistant at the Court Opera in Vienna. <mask> led Verdi's Aida at his debut. In 1907 he was elected by the Vienna Philharmonic to conduct its Nicolai Concert. In 1910, he helped Mahler select and coach solo singers for the premiere of Mahler's Symphony No. 8. In the following years <mask>'s conducting reputation soared as he was invited to conduct across Europe—in Prague, in London where in 1910 he conducted Tristan und Isolde and Ethel Smyth's The Wreckers at Covent Garden, and in Rome.When Mahler died on May 18, 1911, <mask> was at his deathbed. On June 6, he wrote to his sister that he was to conduct the premiere of Mahler's Das Lied von der Erde; he did so in Munich on November 20, 1911, in the first half of an all-Mahler concert (the second half contained Mahler's Symphony No. 2). On June 26, 1912 he led the Vienna Philharmonic in the world premiere of Mahler's Symphony No. 9. Munich
Although <mask> became an Austrian citizen in 1911, he left Vienna in 1913 to become the Royal Bavarian Music Director and General Music Director of the Bavarian State Opera in Munich. While there, argue Erik Ryding and Rebecca Pechefsky, "<mask>'s contribution to the history of Wagner performance [was] more significant than many realize.The Bayreuth Festival was suspended after 1914 and resumed only in 1924. During those nine years, Munich was the centre of authentic Wagner performance; its Prinzregenttheather was closely patterned after the Festspielhaus in Bayreuth, and its National Theatre had seen the world premieres of Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, Das Rheingold, Die Walküre, and Tristan und Isolde. <mask> was the city's music director for most of this period, and he presided over most of the Wagnerian repertoire." In January 1914, <mask> conducted his first concert in Moscow. During the First World War he remained actively involved in conducting, giving premieres to Erich Wolfgang Korngold's Violanta and Der Ring des Polykrates as well as Hans Pfitzner's Palestrina. In 1920, he conducted the premiere of <mask>fels' Die Vögel. In Munich, <mask> was a good friend of Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli (later Pope Pius XII).<mask>'s close friendship with Thomas Mann seems to have begun in Munich by 1914. United States
<mask> ended his Munich appointment in 1922 (being succeeded by Hans Knappertsbusch) and left for New York in 1923, working with the New York Symphony Orchestra in Carnegie Hall; he later conducted in Detroit, Minnesota and Boston. Berlin, Leipzig, Vienna
Back in Europe, <mask> made his debuts with both the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra and the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra in 1923, and was Music Director of the Deutsche Oper Berlin (Städtische Oper) from 1925 to 1929. He made his debut at La Scala in 1926, and was chief conductor of the German seasons at Covent Garden in London from 1924 to 1931. <mask> served as Principal Conductor of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra from 1929 until March 1933, when his tenure was cut short by the new Nazi government, as detailed below. In speeches in the late 1920s, Nazi leader Adolf Hitler had complained bitterly about the presence of Jewish conductors at the Berlin opera, and mentioned <mask> a number of times, adding to <mask>'s name the words "alias Schlesinger." When the Nazis took power, they undertook a systematic process of barring Jews from artistic life.As reported by biographers Erik Ryding and Rebecca Pechefsky, when Hitler became Chancellor in January 1933, <mask> was conducting in New York, but the next month sailed back to Leipzig planning to conduct his previously scheduled concerts with the Gewandhaus Orchestra in March. However, Leipzig's Chief of Police informed management that he would cancel the concerts if <mask> was to conduct them. Management resisted and <mask> led rehearsals, but on the day that the first concert was to take place, the police, "in the name of the Saxon ministry of the interior," forbade the dress rehearsal and the concerts; <mask> left Leipzig. <mask> was then scheduled to conduct the Berlin Philharmonic on March 20, but its management was warned by Joseph Goebbels that "unpleasant demonstrations" might occur at the concert, and the Propaganda Ministry clarified this by saying that there would be violence in the hall. Hearing of this, <mask> chose to withdraw, saying to management, "Then I have no further business here." The concert in the end was conducted by Richard Strauss. <mask> later wrote, "The composer of Ein Heldenleben ["A Hero's Life"] actually declared himself ready to conduct in place of a forcibly removed colleague."A concert that <mask> was scheduled to lead in Frankfurt was also cancelled. <mask> left Germany and was not to conduct there again until after the war. Austria became his main center of activity for the next several years. He and his family moved to Vienna, where he regularly conducted the Vienna Philharmonic—with whom he made a number of momentous recordings during this period—and at the Salzburg Festival. In 1936 he accepted an offer to be Artistic Director of the Vienna State Opera, where he occupied the same office that had once been Mahler's. He was also appointed Permanent Guest Conductor (eerste dirigent) of the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra from 1934 to 1939, and made guest appearances such as in annual concerts with the New York Philharmonic from 1932 to 1936. When Nazi Germany annexed Austriathe Anschlussin 1938, <mask> was in the Netherlands conducting the Concertgebouw Orchestra.His elder daughter Lotte was in Vienna at the time, and was arrested by the Nazis; <mask> was able to use his influence to free her. He also used his influence to find safe quarters in Scandinavia for his brother and sister during the war. <mask>'s daughter Gretel was murdered on August 21, 1939 by her husband Robert Neppach, who then killed himself; his motive was jealousy over her growing relationship with the Italian bass singer Ezio Pinza. <mask>'s wife fell into a permanent depression and died in 1945, and <mask> blamed himself for the tragedy, as his daughter had met Pinza only because <mask> had made special efforts to hire him to sing the role of Don Giovanni. Return to the United States
On November 1, 1939, he set sail for the United States, which became his permanent home. He settled in Beverly Hills, California, where his many expatriate neighbors included Thomas Mann. While <mask> had many influences within music, in his Of Music and Making (1957) he notes a

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 profound influence from the philosopher Rudolf Steiner.He notes, "In old age I have had the good fortune to be initiated into the world of anthroposophy and during the past few years to make a profound study of the teachings of Rudolf Steiner. Here we see alive and in operation that deliverance of which Friedrich Hölderlin speaks; its blessing has flowed over me, and so this book is the confession of belief in anthroposophy. There is no part of my inward life that has not had new light shed upon it, or been stimulated, by the lofty teachings of Rudolf Steiner ... I am profoundly grateful for having been so boundlessly enriched ... It is glorious to become a learner again at my time of life. I have a sense of the rejuvenation of my whole being which gives strength and renewal to my musicianship, even to my music-making." {{ external media | align = center|width=200px |audio1 = You may listen to <mask> conducting the New York Philharmonic in:  Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Symphony No.40 in G minor  Richard Strauss' tone poem Don Juan in E major, Op. 20  with commentary in 1953 here on archive.org}}

During his years in the United States, <mask> worked with many famous American orchestras. In December 1942, he was offered the music directorship of the New York Philharmonic, but declined, citing his age; then in February 1947, after the resignation of Artur Rodzinski, he accepted the position but changed the title to "Music Adviser" (he resigned in 1949). Among other orchestras he worked with were the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the NBC Symphony Orchestra, and the Philadelphia Orchestra. From 1946 onwards, he made numerous trips back to Europe, becoming an important musical figure in the early years of the Edinburgh Festival and in Salzburg, Vienna and Munich. In September 1950 he returned to Berlin for the first time since the aborted concert of 1933; he conducted the Berlin Philharmonic in a program of Beethoven, Mozart, Richard Strauss, and Brahms, and "gave a lecture for the students of the Municipal Conservatory – formerly his old school, the Stern Conservatory – at the students' request". His late life was marked by stereo recordings with the Columbia Symphony Orchestra, an ensemble of professional musicians assembled by Columbia Records for recordings.He made his last live concert appearance on December 4, 1960 with the Los Angeles Philharmonic and pianist Van Cliburn. His last recording was a series of Mozart overtures with the Columbia Symphony Orchestra at the end of March in 1961. Death
<mask> died of a heart attack in his Beverly Hills home in 1962. He is buried in the cemetery of Gentilino in Canton Ticino, Switzerland. Work

Recordings

<mask>'s work is documented on hundreds of recordings made between 1900 (when he was 24) and 1961. Most listeners became familiar with him through the stereo recordings made in his last few years, when his health was declining.Some critics have suggested that these recordings do not fully convey what <mask>'s art must have sounded like in its prime. The late recordings are said to have a geniality that contrasts with the energetic, intense and mercurial performances of earlier decades.Furthermore, <mask>'s late recordings focus mostly on older compositions, whereas in his youth he often conducted what was then considered newer music. <mask> worked closely with Mahler as an assistant and protégé. Mahler did not live to perform his Das Lied von der Erde or Symphony No. 9, but his widow, Alma Mahler, asked <mask> to premiere both. <mask> led the first performance of Das Lied in 1911 in Munich and of the Ninth in 1912 in Vienna with the Vienna Philharmonic. Decades later, <mask> and the Vienna Philharmonic (with Mahler's brother-in-law Arnold Rosé still a concertmaster) made the first recordings of Das Lied von der Erde in 1936 and of the Ninth Symphony in 1938. Both were recorded live in concert, the latter only two months before the Nazi Anschluss drove <mask> (and Rosé) into exile.These recordings are of special interest for the performance practices of the orchestra and also for intensity of expression. <mask> was to re-record both works successfully in later decades. His famous Decca Das Lied von der Erde with Kathleen Ferrier, Julius Patzak and the Vienna Philharmonic was made in May 1952, and he recorded it again in stereo, with the New York Philharmonic, in 1960. He conducted the New York Philharmonic in the 1957 stereo recording of the Second Symphony. He recorded the Ninth in stereo in 1961. These recordings, as well as his other American recordings, were released initially by Columbia Records and later on CD by Sony. Since Mahler himself never conducted the Ninth Symphony and Das Lied von der Erde, <mask>'s performances cannot be taken as documentations of Mahler's interpretations.However, in the light of <mask>'s personal connection with the composer and his having given the original performances, they have another kind of primary authenticity. In his other (greatly esteemed) recordings of Mahler—various songs and the First, Second, Fourth, and Fifth Symphonies—there is the great added interest that he had heard Mahler's own performances of most of them. <mask> made many highly acclaimed recordings of other great Germanic composers, such as Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven, Schubert, Johannes Brahms, Johann Strauss Jr., and Anton Bruckner, as well as of Bach, Wagner, Schumann, Dvorak, Richard Strauss, Tchaikovsky, Smetana, and others. <mask> was a leading conductor of opera, and recordings of Mozart's Don Giovanni and The Marriage of Figaro from both the Metropolitan Opera and the Salzburg Festival, of Beethoven's Fidelio, and of Wagner and Verdi are now available on CD. Also of great interest are recordings from the 1950s of his rehearsals of Mozart, Mahler and Brahms, which give insight into his musical priorities and into the warm and non-tyrannical manner—as contrasted with some of his colleagues—with which he related to orchestras. Compositions
<mask> composed actively until at least 1910. As detailed in the biography by Erik Ryding and Rebecca Pechefsky, his compositions include:
 Symphony No.1 in D minor (composed circa 1907; premiered in Vienna, 1909; recorded by CPO #777 163–2, 2007)
 Symphony No. 2 in E (composed circa 1910)
 Symphonic Fantasia (composed 1904; premiered by Richard Strauss in 1904)
 String Quartet in D major (1903; premiered in Vienna by the Rose Quartet)
 Piano Quintet (premiered in 1905 in Vienna by the Rose Quartet)
 Piano Trio (premiered in 1906 in Vienna by <mask> and members of the Rose Quartet)
 Sonata for Violin and Piano in A (circa 1908; premiered by <mask> and Rose in Vienna in February 1909; recorded VAI vaia #1155, 1997)
 Incidental music for "King Oedipus" (1910. The production was an adaptation of the Sophocles play by Hugo von Hofmannsthal. It was directed by Max Reinhardt, and premiered in September 1910 in Munich, followed by performances in Berlin, Cologne, and Vienna. Numerous songs
 Choral Works

Written works
 Gustav Mahler's III. Symphonie. In: Der Merker 1 (1909), 9–11
 Mahlers Weg: ein Erinnerungsblatt.In: Der Merker 3 (1912), 166–171
 Über Ethel Smyth: ein Brief von <mask>. In: Der Merker 3 (1912), 897–898
 Kunst und Öffentlichkeit. In: Süddeutsche Monatshefte (Oktober 1916), 95–110
 Beethovens Missa solemnis. In: Münchner Neueste Nachrichten (30. Oct. 1920), Beethoven suppl., 3–5
 Von den moralischen Kräften der Musik. Vienna 1935
 Gustav Mahler. Wien 1936
 Bruckner and Mahler.In: Chord and Discord 2/2 (1940), 3–12
 Thema und Variationen – Erinnerungen und Gedanken. Stockholm 1947
 Von der Musik und vom Musizieren. Frankfurt 1957
 Mein Weg zur Anthroposophie. In: Das Goetheanum 52 (1961), 418–21
 Briefe 1894–1962. Hg. L.W. Lindt, Frankfurt a.M. 1969

Notable recordings
 1935: Richard Wagner, Die Walküre (Act I), with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, feat.soloists Lotte Lehmann, Lauritz Melchior, Emanuel List, et al. (EMI Great Recordings of the Century, Naxos Historical)
 1938: Gustav Mahler, Symphony No. 9, with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. (Dutton, EMI Great Artists of the Century, Naxos Historical)
 1941: Ludwig van Beethoven, Fidelio, with the Metropolitan Opera, feat. soloists Kirsten Flagstad, Alexander Kipnis, Herbert Janssen, et al. (Naxos Historical)
 1952: Gustav Mahler, Das Lied von der Erde, with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, feat. soloists Kathleen Ferrier and Julius Patzak.(Decca Legends, Naxos Historical)
 1956: The Birth of a Performance: <mask>'s rehearsals and finished performance of Mozart's "Linz" Symphony, with the Columbia Symphony Orchestra. A then-rare instance of rehearsals of a performance being issued on a commercial recording. (Sony Masterworks)
 1958–1961: Ludwig van Beethoven, Symphony No. 4, Symphony No. 6 and Symphony No. 9, with the Columbia Symphony Orchestra. (Sony Bruno Walter Edition)
 1960: Johannes Brahms, Symphony No.2 and Symphony No. 3, with the Columbia Symphony Orchestra. (Sony Bruno Walter Edition)

Source: Grove Music Online

References

Bibliography

External links

 The <mask> Papers in the Music Division of The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts
 <mask> Heritage at Vienna Music University

 Page with an mp3 file: <mask> conducts Gustav Mahler (1. Symphony, Trio of 2d Movement)
 <mask> biography at Sony Classical
 Conducting the London Philharmonic

1876 births
1962 deaths
Musicians from Berlin
People from the Province of Brandenburg
Austrian conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
German conductors (music)
German male conductors (music)
American male conductors (music)
20th-century American conductors (music)
Music directors (opera)
Anthroposophists
Deutsche Grammophon artists
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
Royal Philharmonic Society Gold Medallists
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism
Berlin University of the Arts alumni
Jewish classical musicians
Analysands of Sigmund Freud
Music directors of the New York Philharmonic
Salzburg Festival

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<mask> (April 15, 1866 – January 21, 1935) was an American stockbroker, sportsman, and politician who served as the 52nd Governor of Rhode Island. Early life
<mask> was born on April 15, 1866 in New York City, New York. He was the son of <mask> (1823–1874) and Margaret Atherton (née Foster) <mask> (1832–1904). His sister, <mask>, was married to Louis Lasher Lorillard, the son of Pierre Lorillard III, and another sister, <mask>, was married to New York banker Amos Tuck French. His family ancestry can be traced back to Dutch settlers of New Amsterdam dating to 1654. His ancestors include <mask>, Declaration signer <mask> and "The Chancellor" <mask>. His family owned the financial firm Lapsley Beeckman & Co.When <mask> was young, his family moved to Newport, Rhode Island. He left school at the age of sixteen to become a stockbroker. Career
At the age of 16, <mask> began his career at a stock brokerage firm in New York. At age 21, <mask> became one of the youngest ever members of the New York Stock Exchange, being a member from 1887 until 1906. By 1916, he retired from the brokerage business. After this time, he was a member of the board of directors of several corporations, including the Industrial Trust Company, the Newport Trust Company, the International Silver Company, and the Newport Casino. Sportsman
<mask> was also a prominent polo player and tennis player.He played in the finals of the 1886 United States National Tennis Championships, which took place in Newport. He lost to defending champion Richard Sears with the score was 4–6, 6–1, 6–3, 6–4. Political career
<mask>'s first political office was a Rhode Island state Representative in the General Assembly from Newport, from 1908 to 1912. At the time, <mask> said "he was entering active politics because he believed it to be his duty. He felt the time had come for the step, which he had weighed carefully before accepting the responsibilities the office would incur." He was a state Senator from 1912 to 1914, until his election as the governor of Rhode Island in 1914. He held the governor's office from January 5, 1915 to January 4, 1921.During his administration, <mask> pushed for reforms in State institutions including hospitals, prisons, and insane asylums, established an inheritance tax, and established a state Parole Board. He was the governor during the First World War. He visited Rhode Island troops on the battlefield in France and pushed for state appropriations to provide for dependent families of servicemen. <mask> advocated for removing the property qualification for Rhode Island voters. A close friend of then Ohio Senator Warren G. Harding, he was mentioned as a possible vice presidential candidate in 1920, but ultimately Calvin Coolidge was selected and became president upon Harding's death in 1923. <mask> was governor during the Spanish flu pandemic, which struck the state in early September 1918. Acting on the advice of superintendent of health Charles V. Chapin, <mask> delayed issuing a closure order until October 6.The peak of the pandemic occurred October 3–9, with over 6,700 cases reported. <mask> lifted the closure order on October 25. A second, smaller wave hit Rhode Island schools in January, and the flu was declared eradicated in Rhode Island in February 1919. After <mask> stepped down from the governorship after three terms, he unsuccessfully ran in 1922 to represent Rhode Island in the United States Senate, losing to the incumbent Democratic senator, Peter Goelet Gerry. During the campaign, it was alleged that <mask> and his campaign manager, J. Henry Reuter, attempted to bribe Herve J. Lagage with $1,500. <mask> admitted to the payment, but "insist[ed] that it was their understanding that Lagace had agreed to work for <mask> and that the money paid to him was to be used for legitimate expenses of the campaign." Personal life

<mask> was married first to Eleanor Thomas of Zanesville, Ohio in 1902.She was the daughter of Gen. Samuel Russell Thomas and Ann Augusta (née Porter) Thomas and the sister of Edward Russell Thomas. Upon her father's death in 1903, she inherited the income from half of his $10,000,000 estate. After his first wife's death in 1920, he remarried Edna (née Marston) Burke at Bar Harbor, Maine in September 1923. Edna, who was divorced from Oscar Meech Burke, was the daughter of Edwin Sprague Marston, the former president and chairman of the board of directors of the Farmers' Loan & Trust Company (predecessor firm of Citigroup), and Emma Bennett (née Doty) Marston. He had no children. He was an active member of the Freemasons. He died on January 21, 1935 at his winter home in Santa Barbara, California, of a heart attack.He was interred at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York. After his death, his widow remarried to Archibald Gourley Thacher in 1937. Residences
In 1903, <mask> purchased the former home of Wallace C. Andrews at 854 Fifth Avenue between 66th and 67th Streets for $325,000. He hired architects Warren & Wetmore to build him a six-story Beaux-Arts residence which was completed in 1905. They owned the home until 1912 when they decided to live full-time in Rhode Island and, after leasing it to Pittsburgh banker Benjamin Thaw Sr. for a number of years, the home was sold to George Grant Mason for $700,000. In 1911, while staying at the Ritz Hotel in Paris during a tour of France, "a drunken man" lurched in front of <mask> and his wife's automobile. "The drunken man in the roadway was killed on the spot," <mask> broke his arm and cut his head, and despite being thrown ten feet from the car, his wife was not injured.In 1912, it was reported that "R<mask> <mask>, who has survived more railroad, polo, and yachting accidents than any other member of Newport society," was in a railroad accident in Sulphur Springs which he escaped without serious injury. The <mask>'s also owned a winter home in Providence, Rhode Island, which was damaged by a fire in January 1912. Their Newport estate, known as Lands End, was also damaged by a fire in September 1912. He later became a winter resident of Santa Barbara, California, where he rented the home of Arthur Meeker, although he was renting the Edward Ryerson house at the time of his death. References
Notes

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1866 births
1935 deaths
Governors of Rhode Island
Rhode Island Republicans
Burials at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery
Republican Party state governors of the United States
American male tennis players
Rhode Island state senators
<mask> family
Beekman family

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Thomas Jacob "<mask>" <mask> (born August 28, 1969) is an American actor, comedian, musician, and songwriter. <mask> is known for his roles in the films High Fidelity (2000), Shallow Hal (2001), Orange County (2002), School of Rock (2003), Envy (2004), Gulliver's Travels (2010), Bernie (2011) and The House with a Clock in Its Walls (2018), in addition to his role in the Jumanji franchise. He also voices the giant panda named Po from DreamWorks Animation's Kung Fu Panda films. He gained Golden Globe nominations for his work in School of Rock and Bernie, and he was given a star on Hollywood's Walk of Fame in 2018. <mask> is also the lead vocalist of the Grammy Award–winning comedy rock duo Tenacious D, which he formed in 1994 with long time friend, Kyle Gass. They have released multiple studio albums including their self titled debut Tenacious D, The Pick of Destiny, Rize of the Fenix, and Post-Apocalypto,  in addition to their television series Tenacious D (1997–2000) and film Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny (2006). Since 2018, <mask> has maintained a YouTube channel called Jablinski Games.Early life
Thomas Jacob <mask> was born in Santa Monica, California, on August 28, 1969, the son of satellite engineers Thomas William <mask> and Judith Love Cohen. He was raised in Hermosa Beach, California. His mother worked on the science ground station for the Hubble Space Telescope and was also a writer. He has three older half-siblings through his mother:  scientist Neil Siegel, Howard Siegel, and Rachel Siegel. His mother was born Jewish, and his father converted to Judaism. <mask> was raised Jewish, attending Hebrew school and having a bar mitzvah. <mask>'s parents divorced when he was 10, and his father then stopped practicing Judaism.<mask> moved to Culver City with his father and frequently visited his mother's home. As a child, he appeared in a commercial for the Activision game Pitfall! in 1982. For high school, <mask>'s parents enrolled him at the Poseidon School, a private secondary school designed for students struggling in the traditional school system. He also attended the Crossroads School, where he excelled in drama. He later attended University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) but dropped out during his sophomore year to pursue a career in entertainment. Fellow UCLA student Tim Robbins later cast <mask> in Bob Roberts.In 1995 and 1996, he gained recurring roles in the HBO sketch comedy series Mr. Show. Career

Acting career

Early roles

In 1982, <mask>'s first acting job was in a television commercial at age 13 for the video game Pitfall!. In 1987, <mask> joined the Actors' Gang, a theater troupe founded by UCLA students including Tim Robbins, and appeared in a variety of stage productions. <mask>'s adult career began with small roles on prime time television, including Life Goes On, Northern Exposure, Mr. Show, Picket Fences, The Golden Palace, and The X-Files. <mask> appeared in the unaired TV pilot Heat Vision and Jack, directed by Ben Stiller, in which he played an ex-astronaut pursued by actor Ron Silver. He was accompanied by his friend who had merged with a motorcycle, voiced by Owen Wilson. After Robbins cast him in Bob Roberts, <mask> began appearing in small film roles such as Airborne (1993), Demolition Man, Waterworld, The Fan, The Cable Guy, Mars Attacks!, Dead Man Walking, The Jackal, Crossworlds, Enemy of the State, and others.He had a small role in True Romance as a security guard, but the scene was deleted. Leading roles

In 2000, <mask> co-starred in the film High Fidelity as a wild employee in a record store run by John Cusack. <mask> considers his role in High Fidelity as his breakout into the Hollywood scene. He quickly gained leading roles in films such as Shallow Hal, Nacho Libre, Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny, Year One, and Gulliver's Travels. He received particular praise for his starring role in the well-received School of Rock, earning critical acclaim and a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy. He starred in one of his few dramatic roles as the obsessed filmmaker Carl Denham in <mask>'s 2005 remake of King Kong, a performance he based on Orson Welles. He voiced the title role in Kung Fu Panda, which grossed  on its opening day, June 6, 2008, as well as Kung Fu Panda 2 and Kung Fu Panda 3; this is his favorite role and he praises the tutoring of co-star and two-time Academy Award winner Dustin Hoffman.His next film, The Big Year, a competitive birdwatching comedy co-starring Owen Wilson, Steve Martin, and JoBeth Williams, was released in October 2011. <mask> garnered a second Golden Globe Award nomination, this time in the category Best Actor in a Comedy, for his 2011 starring role in Richard Linklater's black comedy, Bernie. He played as real-life murderer Bernie Tiede, a funeral director in a small East Texas town, who befriends and eventually murders a rich widow, played by Shirley MacLaine. <mask>'s subdued portrayal, authentic East Texas accent, and musical talent – he sings several gospel hymns as well as "Seventy-six Trombones" – had Roger Ebert describing <mask>'s work as "one of the performances of the year." Later television roles

In 2004, <mask> guest-starred in the first episode of Cartoon Network's Adult Swim show Tom Goes to the Mayor. He appeared in the post-Super Bowl episode of The Office along with Cloris Leachman and Jessica Alba in a fake movie within the show. In 2010, <mask> made a guest appearance on Community and also guest-starred on Nickelodeon's TV show iCarly in an episode titled, "iStart a Fan War".<mask> has appeared numerous times on the "untelevised TV network" short film festival Channel 101, created by Dan Harmon and Rob Schrab, starring in the shows Computerman, Timebelt, and Laserfart. He also provided an introduction for the unaired sketch comedy Awesometown, donning a Colonial-era military uniform. In the introduction, he claims to be George Washington and takes credit for the accomplishments of other American Presidents such as Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln. Hosting work and appearances

<mask> took part in the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? celebrity edition along with Denis Leary, Jimmy Kimmel, and others and was handed the prize of  in October 2001. On December 14, he hosted the 2008 Spike Video Game Awards. <mask> has hosted the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards and Acceptable.TV.He presented the tribute to rock legends Led Zeppelin when the band was named as 2012 recipients of Kennedy Center Honors. In 2016, <mask> joined the climate change documentary show Years of Living Dangerously as one of its celebrity correspondents. In 2018, <mask> appeared in the music video for Gorillaz song "Humility". Voice acting

In addition to Kung Fu Panda, <mask> has voice acted on other occasions, including "Husbands and Knives" from The Simpsons which aired November 18, 2007, portraying Milo, the friendly owner of the rival comic book store. He provided the voice of the main character, roadie Eddie Riggs, in the heavy metal-themed action-adventure video game Brütal Legend. In 2009, at the Spike Video Game Awards, he earned the Best Voice award for the voice of Eddie Riggs in Brütal Legend. In April 2009, <mask> starred in an episode of Yo Gabba Gabba!, in which he vocalized children songs, such as "It's Not Fun to Get Lost", "Friends", and "The Goodbye Song".He has also had starring voice-overs in animated features, including Zeke in Ice Age (2002) and Lenny in Shark Tale (2004). <mask> voiced Darth Vader in Bad Lip Reading's parodies of the Star Wars original trilogy on YouTube. In 2015, <mask> played a fictional version of real-life author R. L. Stine for Goosebumps, and provided the voices of two of Stine's creations, Slappy the Dummy and The Invisible Boy. He reprised the Stine role in the film's 2018 sequel, Goosebumps 2: Haunted Halloween. He also voiced himself and many other additional characters on the animated  YouTube series "Tenacious D in Post-Apocalypto”, which he also co-directed and co-wrote, along with his Tenacious D partner Kyle Gass. <mask> will be providing the voice of Bowser in the upcoming Mario film, schedule to release in December 2022. Musical career

<mask> is the lead singer and guitarist for the comedy rock/hard rock band Tenacious D along with Kyle Gass.They have released four albums, a self-titled debut, The Pick of Destiny, Rize of the Fenix, and Post-Apocalypto. One of their songs from their album The Pick of Destiny, titled "The Metal," was used in the music video games Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock and Brütal Legend. "Rock Your Socks," from the album Tenacious D, was played in the music video game Rock Band Unplugged as well. "Master Exploder" from The Pick Of Destiny went on to be used in music video games Guitar Hero Van Halen, Rock Band 2, and Brütal Legend, along with their song "Tribute" from Tenacious D. "Master Exploder" and "The Metal" featured in the comedy film Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny. The film, directed by Tenacious D veteran Liam Lynch, featured recurring characters from <mask>'s comedy such as Lee the super-fan and the Sasquatch. Several celebrities had roles in the film; actor Tim Robbins cameos as does Dave Grohl as Satan. Ben Stiller also makes an appearance as a worker at a Guitar Center, even having a role in the music video for "Tribute."Tenacious D helped the United Mitochondrial Disease Foundation raise awareness of these diseases and funds for the organization in Los Angeles on December 20, 2001, and in San Diego, California on June 16, 2007. Tenacious D can be seen performing in the 90s-era Pauly Shore film Bio-Dome where the duo is performing its song "The Five Needs" at a "Save the Environment" party. <mask> was also a guest star on an episode of The Ellen DeGeneres Show entitled "Ellen the Musical," alongside Broadway star Kristin Chenoweth and teenage singer-actress Olivia Olson. On the show, besides singing, he discussed his then-upcoming film Nacho Libre with the host. In 2000, <mask> (along with Kyle Gass) provided backing vocals to punk rock band The Vandals' song "Fourteen," which appears on their album Look What I Almost Stepped In.... <mask> has also appeared on Dave Grohl's Probot album, providing vocals for the hidden song "I Am The Warlock," and Lynch's Fake Songs album, providing vocals for the song "Rock and Roll Whore". <mask> performed a cover of Marvin Gaye's "Let's Get It On" in the last sequence of High Fidelity. He lent his musical abilities to the Queens of the Stone Age song "Burn the Witch" with rhythmic stomps and claps.He also provided vocals for two tracks on the 2006 album Death by Sexy by Eagles of Death Metal, and on The Lonely Island's track "Sax Man" from the album Incredibad. <mask> also recorded a duet on Meat Loaf's album, Hang Cool Teddy Bear, on the song "Like a Rose." Meat Loaf also played <mask>'s father in the Pick of Destiny movie. <mask> has appeared in music videos of Beck's "Sexx Laws"; Foo Fighters' "Learn To Fly," "Low," and "The One"; The Eagles of Death Metal's "I Want You So Hard (Boy's Bad News)"; Sum 41's "Things I Want"; Dio's "Push"; Weezer's "Photograph"; The Mooney Suzuki's "In a Young Man's Mind"; "Weird Al" Yankovic's "Tacky," and Die Antwoord's "Ugly Boy". In October 2010, Tenacious D appeared at BlizzCon 2010, a convention hosted by the game designers, Blizzard Entertainment. In 2012, <mask> joined up with other celebrities to record "Book People Unite," a song sponsored by the Library of Congress and RIF. <mask> did guest vocals and appeared on the Dethklok soundtrack album The Doomstar Requiem.He sings the parts for Dethklok's original band manager as well as a blogger. <mask>, as a member of Tenacious D, won the award for Best Metal Performance at the 57th Grammy Awards. The song "The Last in Line" won the award, a cover of the song of the same name by Dio that appeared on the tribute album This Is Your Life. YouTube channel

On December 21, 2018, <mask> created a YouTube channel called Jablinski Games. Within one week of its launch, it had amassed over 1 million subscribers. The videos published on the channel are typically either candid vlogs involving <mask> and his two sons, or gaming content. <mask> created the channel largely in order to bond with his son, who serves as videographer and editor of the channel.On July 21, 2019, <mask> took part in a Minecraft stream with popular YouTuber PewDiePie in order to raise money for the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), in the wake of the suicide of Etika in June 2019. After two days of streaming, they raised $30,479 with the stream being broadcast live both on YouTube and on the streaming platform DLive. As of May 2021, Jablinski Games has over four million subscribers and 172 million video views. Awards and nominations

<mask> was nominated for two Golden Globes. On September 18, 2018, <mask> was inducted into Hollywood's Walk of Fame. Electric Dynamite Productions, Inc. In August 2006, <mask> registered his own production company, Electric Dynamite Productions, Inc.The company's first work produced was the 2009 mockumentary Branson, which was a co-production with BranMo Productions and Perfect Weekend. In 2011, the company would produce two TV-movies, My Life As an Experiment and Shredd. In 2013, the company notably produced TV series Ghost Ghirls for the now-defunct Yahoo! Screen, as well as obtained the rights to adapt the UK mockumentary Wizard's Way into a feature film. The company would also be a producer credit on The D Train (2015) and The Polka King (2017), both of which featured <mask> in the starring role. The company produced The Aquabats! RadVentures!in 2018, the dark-comedy film Happily in 2021. Personal life

At the age of 14, <mask> struggled with cocaine use. He said, "I was having a lot of troubles with cocaine... I was hanging out with some pretty rough characters. I was scared to go to school because one of them wanted to kill me. I wanted to get out of there." One of <mask>'s brothers, Howard, died of AIDS in 1991 at the age of 36.His oldest brother, Neil, is an engineer, scientist, and musician. <mask> dated actress Laura Kightlinger between 1996 and 2005. In January 2006, <mask> became engaged to singer Tanya Haden, a daughter of jazz bassist Charlie Haden. They had both attended Crossroads School and, after graduation, met again 15 years later at a friend's birthday party. They married on March 14, 2006, in Big Sur, California. Their first son, Samuel Jason <mask>, was born in June 2006 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. Their second son, Thomas David <mask>, was born on May 23, 2008.Although an atheist, <mask> identifies as nominally Jewish, and fatherhood influenced his decision to raise his children in the Jewish faith. <mask> endorsed Barack Obama's 2012 re-election campaign. In 2015, he visited Kampala as part of Comic Relief USA's Red Nose Day. <mask> is an outspoken critic of Donald Trump. On the day of Trump's presidential inauguration, he and Tenacious D bandmate Kyle Gass performed their 2006 protest song "The Government Totally Sucks". <mask> said to the audience beforehand, "We haven't played [this song] for years, because it just never felt appropriate—but now, we're happy to unleash the beast. The government totally sucks."References

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20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American comedians
21st-century American male actors
1969 births
Jewish American atheists
American comedy musicians
American male child actors
American male comedians
American male film actors
American male guitarists
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American rock singers
American rock songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
American television writers
American YouTubers
California Democrats
Crossroads School alumni
Grammy Award winners
Guitarists from California
Jewish American comedians
Jewish American male actors
Jewish American musicians
Jewish singers
Living people
Male actors from Santa Monica, California
American male television writers
Male YouTubers
Musicians from Santa Monica, California
Rhythm guitarists
Screenwriters from California
Tenacious D members
UCLA Film School alumni
Writers from Santa Monica, California
YouTube channels launched in 2018
American tenors
Singer-songwriters from California

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<mask>., (January 27, 1930 – January 15, 2012), was a Louisiana politician and businessman from Chalmette, the seat of St. Bernard Parish in the New Orleans suburbs. From 1964 to 1969, Nunez was a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives. From 1969 to 1996, the Democrat Nunez was a state senator. He was the State Senate President from 1983 to 1988 and from 1990 to 1996, when his legislative tenure ended in defeat. He was the State Senate President Pro Tempore from 1980 to 1983 and 1988 to 1990. In 1973, he was a delegate to the Louisiana State Constitutional Convention, where he pushed for inclusion of the homestead exemption on property taxes. Background
Nunez's forebears came from the Canary Islands.He was the son of <mask> Sr. (1910–1977) and Leonia <mask> (1912–2002) After the death of the senior Nunez, Leonia married Arthur John Alphonso (1911–1999), a shipyard foreman from Violet in St. Bernard Parish. Nunez had a brother, Hillary Joseph "Tookie" <mask>, who predeceased him. Nunez graduated from Joseph Maumus High School in Arabi in St. Bernard Parish. From 1951 to 1955, he served in the United States Air Force during the Korean War war era. Following his Air Force service, he received a Bachelor of Science degree from Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. In 1983, Nunez became Senate President by acclamation when Michael H. O'Keefe of New Orleans was indicted, maintained his innocence, but was ultimately convicted of a federal crime and imprisoned. Political career

In 1976, Senator <mask> introduced the bill to extend Louisiana's unique nonpartisan blanket primary, also called the jungle primary to cover state congressional elections.State Senator <mask>, a Republican from Morehouse Parish, objected on the grounds that insufficient time existed to review the proposed legislation. The open primary had already taken effect on November 1, 1975, for state and local offices. Nunez's service as Senate president was interrupted from 1988 to 1990 by <mask> of Lafayette, a leader of the anti-abortion forces in the legislature. Senator Sydney B. Nelson of Shreveport had mounted a challenge for Senate president, but Governor <mask>, sided with <mask>. In 1990, in a slap at Roemer, senators removed <mask> as president and returned Nunez to the post. From 1988 to 1990, Nunez nonetheless held the title of Senate President Pro Tempore. During his legislative tenure, he was involved in the establishment of the Louisiana Superdome, the New Orleans Arena and the Ernest Morial Convention Center, named for Ernest Morial, the first African American mayor of New Orleans.He was the driving force behind construction of the Crescent City Connection, Interstate 510, and the West Bank Expressway. In 1986, Nunez was among fourteen candidates in the primary for the United States Senate seat vacated by the retiring Russell B. Long. He polled 69,855 (5.9 percent), a distant third-place finish. Long's successor was his fellow Democrat, U.S. Representative <mask> of Louisiana's 7th congressional district, who defeated the Republican choice, Henson Moore of Louisiana's 6th congressional district, in a general election showdown. After a month of consideration, Nunez endorsed <mask> over Moore. In 1988, Nunez became the subject of national attention when he met with LSU Chancellor James Wharton regarding the readmission to the university graduate school of a student who is one of Nunez's female relatives.The student, whose identity was not revealed, had been accused of plagiarism and was required to withdraw from LSU for a semester. However, the graduate council required her to withdraw for two years. Dr. Wharton sided with the one-semester suspension and readmitted the student. He thereafter resigned as chancellor and returned to the classroom as a tenured professor of chemistry. Senator <mask>'s last election victory occurred on October 19, 1991, when he defeated fellow Democrat Mary B. Faucheux, 29,553 (68.2 percent) to 13,793 (31.8 percent). In the 1987 nonpartisan blanket primary, Nunez faced tougher competition, but he prevailed with 23,370 votes (50.7 percent) over six opponents, including the runner-up and only Republican in the field, Lynn Dean, an industrialist from Braithwaite in Plaquemines Parish, who drew 11,916 ballots (25.8 percent). Early in 1995, Nunez removed state Senator Foster Campbell of Bossier Parish, much later a candidate for governor and the United States Senate, from the chairmanship of a committee established to consider a proposed oil and natural gas processing tax on foreign energy imports.Campbell criticized Nunez: "As a legislator for thirty years, he supported billions of dollars in new taxes, including taxes on food, drugs, and utilities. He finally found a tax he doesn't like." Nunez replied that the processing tax could cost the state critically needed jobs. In the 1995 primary, Lynn Dean led Nunez, 19,794 (46.4 percent) to 15,137 (35.5 percent). A third candidate, Democrat Gilbert Andry, held the remaining 7,773 (18.2 percent). In the general election Dean trumped Nunez, 23,939 (53.7 percent) to 20,682 (46.3 percent) despite Andry's enthusiastic endorsement of Nunez. In that same election Republican Mike Foster won the governorship over the African-American Democrat Cleo Fields.Nunez was one of several pro-gambling legislators who were defeated or forced to retire following the 1995 legislative session. Two of Nunez' most prominent Senate colleagues, <mask> of Sunset in St. Landry Parish and Sixty Rayburn of Bogalusa in Washington Parish, lost re-election bids, while Senators <mask> of Baton Rouge and Gerry Hinton of Slidell stood down. Also failing in his re-election bid was Rep. Raymond Lalonde of Sunset, the author of the 1992 bill which allowed for a land-based casino to operate in New Orleans. Senator Dean served two terms and was succeeded in 2004 by the Republican, later Democrat, <mask>. As a Democrat, <mask> finished a distant second to Republican <mask> in the 2007 governor's race, as Jindal easily captured the requisite majority n the primary to avoid a runoff.,

In 2004, Nunez, at seventy-four, pondered entering the race to choose a successor to the retiring U.S. Representative <mask> in Louisiana's 3rd congressional district, but he never entered the race, ultimately won by the Democrat Charlie Melancon. Tauzin's second wife, Cecile, served as a legislative aide to Nunez while she was a student at LSU in Baton Rouge. In 2006, Nunez was among campaign contributors to both Melancon and the since convicted Democratic U.S. Representative William Jefferson of Louisiana's 2nd congressional district.Later years and legacy

Long after his legislative service, Nunez was a member of the board of commissioners of the Port of New Orleans. He operated an insurance agency. Nunez and his Senate successor and former rival, Lynn Dean, were honorary members of the Nunez Community College Foundation board of directors in Chalmette. The college is named for Nunez's late wife, Elaine P<mask>. On January 30, 2010, Nunez was inducted into the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in Winnfield, along with the late Charlton Lyons and William "<mask>" Nungesser, sitting U.S. Representative Rodney Alexander, and former State Senator Randy Ewing. Nunez died in 2012 at the age of eighty-one of complications of Parkinson's disease and pneumonia. The Roman Catholic Nunez was living in Plaquemines Parish at the time of his death in New Orleans.He was survived by his second wife, Cynthia Wall <mask>; two nieces, Caroline Grace Watkins and Christie Lee <mask>, and a nephew, <mask>. Interment was at St. Bernard Memorial Gardens in Chalmette. Pallbearers included his nephew <mask> and current Louisiana State Senate President John Alario, former state Senator Hank Lauricella, former state Representative Kenneth L. Odinet Sr., St. Bernard Parish District Attorney Jack Rowley, and former Jefferson Parish District Attorney John Mamoulides. Notes

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1930 births
2012 deaths
American businesspeople in insurance
American politicians of Spanish descent
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Neurological disease deaths in Louisiana
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Louisiana Democrats
Louisiana Isleño people
Louisiana state senators
Louisiana State University alumni
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<mask> (; born 31 October 1964) is the former President of the partially recognized state South Ossetia. His term in office lasted just under ten years, beginning December 2001 and ending December 2011. Early life

<mask> (, ; , ; , ; surname also rendered as <mask> or Kokoyti or in a Russified version as , ) was born in Tskhinvali, in the Georgian SSR, a part of the Soviet Union at the time. He was a member, and champion, of the Soviet Union's national wrestling team. Prior to 1989, he was the First Secretary of the Tskhinvali branch of the Komsomol, the Young Communist League. He moved to Moscow in 1992, where he became a businessman, after learning about capitalism. In 2001, he moved back to South Ossetia.2001 presidential election
Kokoyty was elected president, at the age of 38, with a majority in the presidential elections of November–December 2001. In the first round of the elections on 18 November 2001, he collected 45% of the vote, with Stanislav Kochiev collecting 24%, and incumbent Lyudvig Chibirov collecting 21%. In the Second and final round, he won 53% of the vote to Stanislav Kochiev's 40% on 6 December. Kokoyty assumed office on 18 December 2001. Kokoyty's victory was unexpected and owed much to the support of the Tedeyev clan, one of South Ossetia's most powerful families. He had gained key support from Albert "Dik" Tedeyev and his brother Dzhambolat, also a champion wrestler, who organized and financed Kokoyty's election campaign. The clan had previously supported Lyudvig Chibirov, but broke off support for him after he attempted to move against them.After Kokoyty was elected president, members of the Tedeyev clan took over responsibility for the republic's customs service and for freight traffic along the Transcaucasian highway. Revenues from the highway provide much of the South Ossetian government's revenue. In July 2003, Kokoyty moved against the Tedeyevs. Sacking Albert Tedeyev, the Secretary of the Security Council, and ordering their private militias to be disarmed. According to Kokoyty, the Security Council Secretary, along with the Defense and Security Chiefs had links with criminals. The affair prompted an outbreak of gunfire in Tskhinvali, but no casualties were reported. President
Kokoyty has taken a strong position against reunification with Georgia, although he has expressed a willingness to negotiate a peace settlement on the basis of South Ossetia being treated as an independent state (a precondition rejected by the Tbilisi government).Following a tense stand-off with the central Georgian government in July 2004, he claimed "Georgia wants war. But we are ready for self-defense." Prior to the 2006 presidential elections, he stated that the Georgian-Ossetian conflict was not an inter-ethnic, but clearly a political one caused by Georgia's desire to impose on Ossetians the norms of Western democracy which could not be superior to the Caucasian traditional laws. He has also criticized the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe mission in the region on several occasions, accusing the organization of bias and likening its activities to "[those] of Georgia's secret services". He was reelected on 12 November 2006 following the 2006 presidential election. On the same day, Georgian-backed forces organized an alternative election in the territories controlled by Georgia or only loosely controlled by the South Ossetian government. Dmitry Sanakoyev, a former prime minister of South Ossetia, who was sacked by Kokoyty in 2001, was elected as a rival president.On 10 December 2011, he resigned as President of South Ossetia. Prime Minister Vadim Brovtsev was acting president until the presidential election rerun on 25 March 2012. <mask> was constitutionally barred from serving a third term in office. Although attempts were made to call a referendum to change the constitution, this was blocked by the Supreme Court. Kokoyty himself stated he had no intention in seeking a third term, and called on everybody to refrain from initiatives to allow him to serve a third term. After multiple elections and several rounds of voting, Leonid Tibilov was elected president 8 April 2012. Controversy
On 11 September 2008 Kokoyty stated that independent South Ossetia would eventually become part of the Russian Federation, a claim that was quickly denied by Russian officials and shortly thereafter retracted by Kokoyty.Kokoyty is a Eurasianist and argues that South Ossetia never left the Russian Empire. Since December 2008, Kokoyty's former allies have subjected him to heavy criticism in a series of interviews with the Russian media. Kokoyty's erstwhile insider and the Russia-based businessman Albert Dzhussoyev accused the Kokoyty administration of hijacking Russian funds meant for South Ossetia and claimed the region was on the brink of a "social catastrophe". Similar charges have been brought by South Ossetia's former defense minister Anatoly Barankevich and prime minister Yury Morozov. Barankevich further claimed that Kokoyty had fled Tskhinvali during the 2008 South Ossetia War and accused him of personally torturing a captured Georgian soldier. South Ossetia's former interior minister and chair of the supreme court, Alan Parastayev, told the Georgian Imedi TV that Kokoyty had organized a series of terrorist attacks and ordered murders for which he blamed Georgia. Representatives of the Kokoyty administration dismissed the allegations, claiming these allegations were part of a plot against Kokoyty.On 3 March 2009, the Russian newspaper Kommersant reported that Kokoyty's administration and the Kremlin were at odds over the control of aid funds allocated from Russia's federal budget to South Ossetia and Tskhinvali was at the verge of "social explosion". In May 2009, Albert Dzhussoyev and Dzhabulat Tadeyev announced they would seek to organize early presidential elections in order to remove Kokoyty whom they accused of authoritarianism, corruption and being "unreliable" for Russia. The first attempt at organizing an Ossetian opposition rally in Moscow was dispersed by the Russian OMON. In spring 2010, Kokoyty again received much criticism, mostly regarding the use of Russian aid. An opinion poll held by the International Center of Political Analysis (MTsPA) showed an approval rating for Kokoyty of 12.4%, with 66.3% of respondents having a negative opinion. Kosta Dzugaev, an advisor to Kokoyty, immediately blasted the poll as "lies", claiming the MTsPA had never actually done any research in South Ossetia. The MTsPA has been linked to Prime Minister Vadim Brovtsev, who is himself under attack for mismanaging Russian funds.See also
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1964 births
Living people
Ossetian people
People from Tskhinvali
People of the Russo-Georgian War
Presidents of South Ossetia
Soviet wrestlers
Unity Party (South Ossetia) politicians

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