text_chunks:
<mask> QC, LLD, DCL, FBA (born July 10, 1944) is a Greek-British barrister and legal scholar currently holding the position of Jamail Regents Professor at the University of Texas, Austin. He was previously Professor of Common and Civil Law at University College London. Early life and education
Sir <mask> was born in Athens, Greece. He is the son of Greek politician Spyros Markezinis. He holds dual British and Greek citizenship. He started his education at the law school of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens from where he graduated with a first class degree followed by a Doctor Iuris, Athens - "Summa Cum Laude". Sir <mask> then went to read law at the University of Cambridge where he earned MA and PhD (York Prize) in 1970.In 1972, he was called to the bar at Gray's Inn, of which he is now a Bencher. He took silk, thus becoming a senior barrister, in 2001. Sir <mask> has been awarded an honorary degree from Cambridge (1988), Gent (1992), Oxford (1995), Paris I (1998), Munich (1999) and Athens (2006). Career
He has held office as Assistant Professor of Roman and Byzantine Law at the University of Athens (1966–8), Fellow and Director of Studies in Law at Trinity College, Cambridge (1974–1986), Lecturer in the Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge (1978–1986), Denning Professor of Comparative Law at Queen Mary and Westfield College, Professor of European Private Law at University College London, Clifford Chance Professor of European Law and Director of the Institute of European and Comparative Law, and Fellow of Lady Margaret Hall, University of Oxford (1995–1999) and Clifford Chance Professor of Comparative Law and Fellow of Brasenose College. Other positions have included Director and Founder of the Institute of Anglo-American Law, Leiden, member of the Council of Management of the British Institute of International and Comparative Law, member of the Board of Management of the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, member of the Board of Editors of European Review of Private Law, Revue de droit internationale et de droit comparé, and The Netherlands Journal of International Law. He has held visiting professorships at Cornell Law School, University of Paris I, Panthéon-Assas University, the University of Michigan Law School, the University of Ghent, and the University of Siena. He has authored or co-authored thirty books and more than one hundred and twenty articles in languages including English, French, German, and Greek.Commandeur dans l'Ordre National de la Légion d’Honneur (2000) (Awarded by President Jacques Chirac “for exceptional services to France, Europe and the science of Comparative Law”.) Grand Officier dans l'Ordre National de la Légion d'Honneur (France) (2003) (Awarded by President Chirac “pour couronner un des plus grands spécialistes du droit comparé en Europe. »

Cavaliere di Gran Croce dell' Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana (Italy), awarded by President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi for “services to Comparative Law, Italian Law and European Integration”. (2002)

Knight Commander of the Order of Merit (Germany), awarded by President Johannes Rau for “exceptional services rendered to German-British relations”. (2003). Knight Bachelor (New Year’s Honours List, 2005). Chevalier Grand-Croix dans l'Ordre National du Mérite, (France) (2006).He is a Fellow of the British Academy, the Academy of Athens, the Institut de France and the Royal Belgian Academy. He has been a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences since 1995. He is also a member of the American Law Institute, of the Commercial Bar Association, and the London Common Law and Commercial Bar Association. Family
Professor <mask> is married to Eugenie Trypanis and they have two children. Bibliography
1. Σκιές απο την Αμερική. Άρθρα και Δοκίμια πάνω στον Σύγχρονο Αμερικανικό Επεκτατισμό, Εκδοσεις Λιβάνη, 2009 (σελίδες 364) (Greek)

2.Επικοινωνιακή Διπλωματία και Διπλωματία Βάθους, Εκδόσεις Λιβάνη (2009) (σελίδες 317). (in Greek)

3. Το Καλό και το Κακό στην Τέχνη και το Δίκαιο. Ενα Εκτενές Δοκίμιο, Εκδόσεις Λιβάνη (2010) (σελίδες 397). (Greek)

4. Engaging with Foreign Law (co-author), Hart Publishing (2009). 5.The Duality of Genius, Jan Sramek Verlag, illustrated, Vienna (2008) (pages 469)

6. Σκοτεινό Μεγαλείο, Εικονογραφημένο (σελίδες 175), Ελληνικά Γράμματα

7. Good and Evil in Art and Law. An Extended Essay, Springer Verlag, Wien-New York, (2007), 264 pages. [Chinese and Portuguese editions in preparation]. 8. Judicial Recourse to Foreign Law: A New Source of Inspiration?(co-author), (Rutledge/ Cavendish Press, 2006) (409 pages). 9. Juges et Universitaires face au droit comparé. Histoire des trente-cinq dernières années, Dalloz (2006) (with a foreword of President Guy Canivet). [French translation of book no 6, below, but up-dated and with an additional chapter on French/USA constitutional law.] 10. The German Law of Contract: A Comparative Treatise, 2nd ed.(co-author) [Completely re-cast and re-written to take into account the recent reform of German Contract Law; 2006, 979 pages plus liv. New edition to appear in 2011]

11. Patterns of Federalism and Regionalism (co-editor), Hart Press (2006) (280 pages). 12. <mask> and Deakin's Tort Law (co-author), Oxford (6th ed., 2007)

Articles

 “Weltliteratur and Global Law Lessons from Goethe”, Liber Amicorum for Lord Bingham, Senior Law Lord, Oxford University Press (2009)(reprinted in the Common Law Review (2009)). « La politisation de la pensée juridique américaine », Mélanges Geneviève Viney, Dalloz (2008). "Human and Divine Justice" 6th Denning Lecture delivered at Lincoln’s Inn and to appear in the forthcoming Liber Amicorum Guido Alpa, Giuffré, Milano, (2007).“Political thinking, Human Rights law, and Legal Transplants”, Inaugural address at the University of Athens on the occasion of the award of a Doctorate Honoris Causa by the faculty of Law. (University of Athens, 2007; in Greek). “Understanding American Law by Looking at it through Foreign Eyes. Towards a Wider Theory for the Study and Use of Foreign Law”, The Irvine Lecture, Cornell, 22 August 2006 in 81 No 1 Tulane Law Review (2006) ( pp. 123–185). “Judicial Mentality: Mental Disposition or Outlook as a Factor Impeding Recourse to Foreign Law”, Centenary Lecture of the Society of Comparative Legislation, 80 Tulane Law Review, Issue 4 (April 2006) (pp1325–1375). 41.“Le droit étranger devant le juge américain et le juge français”. Lecture at the Institut de France delivered on 13 March 2006. Institute webpage of that date and (to be reproduced in the Academia Analecta for 2007).41 “National Self- Sufficiency or Intellectual Arrogance? The Current Attitude of American Courts Towards Foreign Law”, The Ninth Peter Taylor Memorial Lecture, Lincoln’s Inn, 2006, 65 No 2, Cambridge Law Journal (2006) pp. 301–329. "Die Kunst und die Wissenschaft deutsches Kultur im Ausland zu fördern", Festschrift für Claus-Wilhelm Canaris zum 70. Geburstag, C.H.Beck Verlag

 “Concerns and Ideas about our Developing Law of Privacy (and how Knowledge of Foreign Law Might be of Help)” (co-author); vol: LII The American Journal of Comparative Law, pp. 133– 208 (2004). [Reproduced in website of Institute of Global Law of UCL: www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/global_law/]

 “Case law and Comparative Law: Any Wider Lessons to be Learnt?”, European Review of Private Law (2003). “Scholarship, Reputation of Scholarship, and Legacy: Some Provocative Reflections from a Comparatist’s Point of View.” The John Maurice Kelly Memorial Lecture, The Irish Jurist, 2003

 “Caroline of Monaco, Zeta Jones, Naomi Campbell: the private lives of public figures and the Press” Lecture delivered at the Academy of Athens. ( Academia Analecta, 2003.) “Liability of Experts in German and American Law: An Exercise in Comparative Methodology” (co-authored), The American Journal of Comparative Law, Autumn issue, 2003

 “Foreign Law Inspiring National Law: Lessons from Greatorex v. Greatorex 61 Cambridge Law Journal, 2002, pp. 386–404.See also
 Spyros Markezinis

References

External links
 Curriculum Vitae of Sir <mask>
 "The russo-turkish relations and the position of Greece" (an article in greek of Sir <mask> in the greek newspaper To Vima)
 "Russia and the EU: The Inevitable Rapprochement", an article in English and Greek from Sir <mask> published by the Center for European and International Affairs, University of Nicosia
 Various articles in greek by Sir <mask>, published by Antibaro

1944 births
Living people
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
American lawyers
Fellows of the British Academy
Academics of University College London
Academics of Queen Mary University of London
University of Siena faculty
University of Michigan Law School faculty
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Queen's Counsel 1901–2000
British people of Greek descent
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Officiers of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques
Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (France)
Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Commanders of the Order of Honour (Greece)
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
People from Athens

masks:
Sir Basil Markesinis
Basil
Basil
Basil
Markesinis
Markesinis
Basil Markesinis
Basil Markesinis
Basil Markesinis
Basil Markesinis


text_chunks:
<mask> (July 7, 1924–December 19, 2001) was a clinical psychologist who was raised in Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America. <mask> had an interest in music, which happened to be her undergraduate major and a subject she integrated into her work. Once reaching graduate school, she became an advocate for Gestalt therapy; a therapy aimed towards self-awareness. <mask> was the co-founder of The Gestalt Training Centre. <mask> was the co-author of two novels (Gestalt Therapy Integrated and From the Radical Centre), and the sole author of Eve’s Daughters. <mask> died due to cancer, in 2001. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> on July 7, 1924 to Aaron Friedman and Minnie Rachbuch, a Jewish family in Cleveland, Ohio.<mask>'s family was consistently described as being loving and supportive of <mask>'s aspirations. Her father worked for the U.S. Postal Service at the time of the Great Depression, despite having a degree in law. Her mother was a housewife. <mask> had one brother who was five years older than her, Larry. Career
<mask>'s initial passion was music. She attended Miami University and completed her bachelor's degree in music in 1946.She did additional studies at the Cleveland Institute of Music in regard to vocal performance. <mask> met Erving <mask> in 1949, and the two were married in October. They have two children, Adam and Sarah. Both children had poor health as Adam had cerebral palsy and Sarah died from colon cancer in July 2001. In 1953, the Gestalt Institute of Cleveland was founded by key figures in the history of Gestalt theory, including Fritz Perls, Laura Perls, Isadore From, and Paul Goodman. Her husband, Erving <mask>, was among the founding faculty members, and his involvement in workshops that trained individuals in new Gestalt therapeutic techniques piqued her interest in psychology. <mask> went back to school and received her doctorate in clinical psychology from Case Western Reserve University in 1967.Theory
Gestalt therapy is an experiential and humanistic approach that aims to develop self-knowledge, acceptance, and growth. One aspect of therapy is establishing contact with the environment and self through our sensory organs which is essential to healthy development. <mask> and her husband Erving <mask> are responsible for furthering the development of the concept of contact-boundary. Boundaries function to help people to connect to their environment and withdraw from it when necessary. A disturbance of these boundaries can result in confluence, isolation, retroflection, introjection, projection, and deflection. Confluence refers to losing the boundary between self and others which is on the opposite spectrum of isolation in which the boundary becomes impermeable and connection to others is lost. Retroflection is restraining parts of your self from being expressed.Introjection is the passive acceptance of other people's ideas. Projection refers to attributing parts of self onto others and Deflection is the fear of conflict. All of these disturbances can fluctuate between healthy and unhealthy depending on your level of awareness. Literature

1973: Gestalt Therapy Integrated: Contours of Theory and Practice
Gestalt Therapy Integrated is the first novel written by Erving and <mask>. The Polsters wanted their book to serve as an extensive overview of Gestalt theory and therapeutic techniques, a textbook on the practices of Gestalt. In addition, Erving wanted to include personal interpretations of wider Gestalt theory and incorporated his own theories, including contact-boundary. Polster did not contribute a large part of her own theories and interpretations, but she aided Erving by discussing concepts in his theories with him that had been developed through his teachings and workshops at the Gestalt Institute of Cleveland.The novel is regarded by many scholars and students as a comprehensive introductory novel to Gestalt therapy. 1992: Eve’s Daughters: The Forbidden Heroism of Women
Eve’s Daughters is a novel that <mask> wrote alone. The novel emphasizes women's abilities to be heroes in a world that views heroism as a male dominated role. <mask> explains that heroism appears in different forms. <mask> mentions that the trend of gender roles, places limits to the potential of everyone. Eve’s Daughters exemplifies the discrepancies of the male and female gender through the story of Eve, and the story of Prometheus. Prometheus stole fire from the Gods and received punishment.After sanction, Prometheus was seen viewed as a brave and likeable character. In the story of Eve, she had eaten an apple despite being told otherwise by God. Unlike Prometheus, Eve is disciplined and perceived as an unlikable and disobedient figure. The novel points out that in a sense, Eve leads a wave of women making their own decisions on how they live; because of her choice to not follow an unrationalized command. Furthermore, Eve’s Daughters justifies, that Eve's story provides lessons used today (i.e. the concept of consequences following our actions). 1999: From the Radical Centre: The Heart of Gestalt Therapy

From the Radical Center: The Heart of Gestalt Therapy is a novel written by <mask> and Erving <mask>.It is a collection of their selected writings that covers the history of psychotherapy touching on theoretical and practical applications. The novel first sets the stage by describing the principles of Gestalt therapy, illustrating the application and transformation of the theories. They then discuss the role and implications of the community on the individual. Various aspects of theory and therapy are integrated in this novel to encompass the full spectrum of psychotherapy. Legacy
<mask> and her husband Erving <mask> started out by running couple and family workshops. They led groups together but did not do so in their own fields as much. <mask> and Erving <mask> founded the Gestalt Training Centre in San Diego, California.They taught and trained many professionals in Gestalt therapy all around the world. Literature stated that they were known as some of the most influential Gestalt therapists, and their training inspired others to take on Gestalt therapy training themselves. <mask> was also a member of the faculty of the Gestalt Institute in Cleveland, Ohio. She was involved with the Institute before and after she was a graduate student and was present at many workshops. Death
In 1994, <mask> was diagnosed with, and survived, both breast cancer and endometrial cancer; she died on December 19, 2001 at the age of 77 after a relapse in the endometrial cancer. References

1924 births
2001 deaths
20th-century American writers
American psychologists
20th-century psychologists
Miami University alumni

masks:
Miriam Polster
Polster
Polster
Polster
Miriam Polster
Miriam Polster
Miriam Friedman
Polster
Polster
Polster
Polster
Miriam Polster
Polster
Polster
Polster
Polster
Polster
Miriam Polster
Miriam Polster
Polster
Polster
Miriam
Polster
Miriam Polster
Polster
Miriam
Polster
Polster
Polster


text_chunks:
<mask> (1813–4 March 1877) was a pioneer British trade unionist and radical politician. He is best remembered as the head of the London Trades Council during the period of formation of the Trades Union Congress and as the first President of the First International. Biography

Early years

<mask> was born in 1813 in Roborough, Devon, England. Odger's father was a miner from Cornwall and the family was an impoverished one, forcing <mask> to be apprenticed as a shoemaker at about 10 years of age. Odger's formal education was limited and primitive, but he was able to expand his intellectual horizons through self-education and reading. Odger travelled the country in search of work as a shoemaker, eventually landing in London around the age of 20. There he became active in the nascent trade union movement, joining the Ladies Shoemakers' Society, which later became part of the Amalgamated Society of Cordwainers.Trade union leader

<mask> first came to public attention in 1859 when he served on a general committee to coordinate aid for striking workers in the London builders' strike of that year. This led to active participation in the London Trades Council when it was founded the following year, followed by election to the position of Secretary of that organisation in 1862. Also in 1862, Odger became the Chairman of the Manhood Suffrage and Vote by Ballot Association. A vigorous supporter of the anti-slavery Republicans in the American Civil War, Odger is credited with helping shift the editorial line of the labour newspaper The Bee-Hive from supporting the Confederate States of America in the conflict. Odger was associated with the Workman's Advocate, which became the press organ of the International and the Reform League, and from 1866–67 he was editor of the renamed Commonwealth. Also in 1866, he represented the London Trades Council at the first conferences the United Kingdom Alliance of Organised Trades, while in 1867, he joined the Conference of Amalgamated Trades. Shortly after the Reform League's Hyde Park demonstration in 1867, Odger attended a private meeting of a dozen senior members of the league in which the French revolutionary Gustave Paul Cluseret proposed they start a civil war in England.According to John Bedford Leno, <mask> spoke out in support of Cluseret's proposal but this was misreported in the next days issue of The Times. <mask> was in the minority of the league, which rejected the proposal overwhelmingly. President of the First International

On 28 September 1864 a meeting was held at the St. Martin's Hotel in London to launch an international association bringing together trade union leaders from Great Britain and the European continent, with a view to forestall the ability of employers to use unwitting foreign workers as a means of enforcing lockouts or breaking strikes. As a leading member of the British trade union movement, <mask>r not only attending this foundational gathering but was a prominent speaker at the event. The organisation resulting from the gathering would be known as the International Workingmen's Association, remembered today as the so-called First International. <mask> would be named to the governing General Council of this organisation, remaining in that position until his resignation in 1872. During this interval Odger also remained active in the Trades Union Congress (TUC), he was the Secretary of its Parliamentary Committee, the post later to become the General Secretary, from 1872 to 1873.Electoral politician

<mask> put himself forward electorally for the first time in the new constituency of Chelsea in the 1868 General election – the first held since passage of the Reform Act 1867 that granted the right to vote to part of the male urban working class for the first time. Although his participation had been sought by a great number of local voters, controversy erupted that Odger's participation would split the Liberal vote and he subsequently withdrew from the race. In June 1869 Odger was one of four Liberal candidates to compete for two seats in the borough of Stafford. Odger would finish in third place in the primary election, with the two Liberal victors defeated in the general election by Thomas Salt and Reginald Arthur James Talbot. Odger also stood as a Lib–Lab candidate in Southwark in the February 1870 by-election there, losing by about 300 votes out of more than 9,000 cast in a three-way race. Death and legacy

Odger died on 4 March 1877. He was remembered at the time of his death as a "good, clear writer and a fluent speaker.He was not what is called 'eloquent,' but he was better; he spoke with force, with effect, with a knowledge of his subject." Henry James wrote of the funeral: "The element of the grotesque was very noticeable to me in the most marked collection of the shabbier English types that I had seen since I came to London. The occasion of my seeing them was the funeral of Mr. <mask>, which befell some four or five weeks before the Easter period. Mr. <mask>r, it will perhaps be remembered, was an English Radical agitator of humble origin, who had distinguished himself by a perverse desire to get into Parliament. He exercised, I believe, the useful profession of a shoemaker, and he knocked in vain at the door that opens but to the refined. But he was a useful and honourable man, and his own people gave him an honourable burial." <mask> is buried in Brompton Cemetery.<mask> is listed on the Reformers' Memorial in Kensal Green Cemetery in London. Odger Street on the John Burns' Latchmere Estate in Battersea is named after him. A London County Council commemorative Blue Plaque was erected at Odger's former residence, 18 St Giles High Street, in the 1950s. After this house was demolished in the 1970s the plaque was rescued and can now be seen in the lobby of St Giles in the Fields having been placed there in 1974. Footnotes

Further reading

 Keith Gildart and David Howell (eds. ), Dictionary of Labour Biography: Vol. XIII.Basingstoke 2010; pp.292–300. "<mask>," Obituary in The Spectator, 10 March 1877; pg. 12. General Secretaries of the Trades Union Congress
People from South Hams (district)
1813 births
1877 deaths
English socialists
English trade unionists
English people of Cornish descent
Liberal-Labour (UK) politicians
Burials at Brompton Cemetery
Members of the International Workingmen's Association
Members of the Parliamentary Committee of the Trades Union Congress

masks:
George Odger
George Odger
George
Odger
George Odger
George Odger
George Odge
George Odger
Odger
George Odger
George Odge
George Odger
Odger
George Odger


text_chunks:
<mask> (April 18, 1948 – April 11, 2007) was an American businessman and long-time member of the LaRouche movement, an organization founded by American political activist Lyndon LaRouche. He was president of PMR Printing Co. and World Composition Services Inc., in Sterling, Virginia, printing businesses set up in 1978 to print material for the LaRouche movement, which received most of the money the LaRouche organisation spent on producing pamphlets; but the companies also worked for other clients including the United Nations and the Ford Foundation. He was also co-founder and editor of Fidelio, the magazine of the Schiller Institute, a LaRouche movement think-tank founded by Helga Zepp-LaRouche. <mask> died after jumping from a highway overpass on April 11, 2007, in what a spokesman for the Loudoun County Sheriff's Office said was an apparent suicide—the cause of death also recorded on the death certificate. Education and career
<mask> was born in the Bronx, New York. He graduated at the age of 16 from Bronx High School of Science, and graduated in 1968 with a bachelor's degree from St. John's College, Santa Fe, New Mexico; he then spent a year as a junior fellow at the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions with Robert M. Hutchins in Santa Barbara, California. In discussing his time at St. John's and the Center years later, <mask> described himself as a "Socratic revolutionary."He did graduate work in economics at the New School for Social Research Graduate Faculty in New York, and was employed as an editor by the American Institute of Physics, Marcel Dekker, and John Wiley & Sons. He directed amateur theater, specializing in Shakespeare, and taught classes in poetry and drama. He edited various LaRouche-related cultural magazines (Campaigner, Fidelio) and wrote on many topics, including "How to Read Poetry"; the economy, demography, and culture of Ancient Rome; William Gilbert and his work on magnetism. " . Involvement with the LaRouche movement

Kronberg became involved with the LaRouche movement, regarded by critics as a political cult,<ref>Chip Berlet. [http://www.publiceye.org/larouche/LaRouche_Theories.html "Lyndon LaRouche: Fascist Demagogue, LaRouche's Antisemitic Conspiracism], Public Eye.</ref> in 1971 after reading a LaRouche newspaper (New Solidarity) at a friend's house. A friend told Avi Klein of Washington Monthly: "He was sold on the guy from the beginning."In The Washington Monthly, Avi Klein writes that the relationship with LaRouche seemed to be a perfect fit for <mask> with his publishing experience, because the LaRouche movement's growth was being driven by its publication of political pamphlets and newspapers, which members would hand out on campuses and on the streets. Klein's sources, including ex-members and <mask>'s wife,  say <mask>che movement, and that in the early 1970s, LaRouche began to engage in "ego stripping" sessions with senior members in which the member's core beliefs and relationship with his family were attacked. During one such session, <mask> was allegedly so disgusted that he threw a soda bottle across the room and walked out. Klein reports that <mask> was also shocked by the so-called Chris White affair in 1974, when LaRouche became convinced that White, his ex-girlfriend's new husband, had been brainwashed and sent by British intelligence to assassinate him. LaRouche "deprogammed" White over a period of two weeks. The New York Times obtained a tape recording of the sessions, during which "weeping and vomiting" could be heard, as well as someone saying "Raise the voltage," though LaRouche later said this had to do with the bright lights used during the questioning, not an electric shock.April Witt. "No Joke", The Washington Post, October 24, 2004

Despite his misgivings, <mask> believed LaRouche was a genius.Klein writes that <mask> "rationalized his leader's seemingly crackpot ideas," telling family members that LaRouche didn't really believe all the things he was saying. In 1974, <mask> became a national committee member of the National Caucus of Labor Committees (NCLC), part of the LaRouche movement. He was the production editor of their newspaper, New Solidarity, edited their magazine, The Campaigner, and later co-founded and edited Fidelio, a publication of LaRouche's Schiller Institute. He was a founding board member of Caucus Distributors, one of the key LaRouche companies. In 1978, he founded World Composition Services, which typeset material for LaRouche; according to Klein, Kronberg's companies also worked for other clients such as the United Nations and the Ford Foundation, as "low-cost printing" for LaRouche in reality often meant "free printing". According to a memorial posted on a LaRouche website, <mask> also played a leading role in promoting the ideas of Heinrich Heine and the Yiddish Renaissance. He did research, wrote, and taught classes on the English scientist William Gilbert, and on the Roman Empire.His poem honoring Indira Gandhi was given to her son, Rajiv Gandhi, then the Prime Minister of India, who had it published in the April 1987 issue of Congress Varnika, the magazine of the then-ruling Congress Party. But his greatest love was Shakespeare, LaRouche's views about whom Kronberg disputed. <mask>'s widow and family maintain a website dedicated to him that can be found at http://www.kennethkronberg.com/kk/. Print shop's financial problems
Nicholas F. Benton, owner of the Falls Church News-Press'' and himself a former member of the LaRouche movement, writes that at the beginning of 2007, the LaRouche movement realized Kronberg's printing company (PMR) was on the verge of bankruptcy. He says that the financial problems stemmed from the movement's failure to pay the print shop for its services, as a consequence of which the company was in arrears with its tax payments, including employee withholding. One ex-LaRouche supporter told Nicholas Benton: "There was never any money at PMR and members were paid only half their salaries, which were already pittances, and then Ken paid himself only once a month." Klein writes that in March 2007, the LaRouche Political Action Committee told Kronberg that they had decided not to pay the money they owed him, and that they also asked that he return a $100,000 advance to the company, which Avi Klein writes Kronberg had already spent.Klein writes that <mask> feared the movement would raid an escrow account that held $235,000 the company owed the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). So long as <mask> was in control of the printing operation, Klein writes, he hoped he was safe from LaRouche movement attacks on his family, because the print shop was so central to the movement's existence. When he realized it was about to collapse, he reportedly told his wife, two days before his death: "I will be vilified. You and I will be vilified like nothing you've seen yet. It will be ugly; it will be brutal. This is going to be the worst week of my life." Death

At 10:17 a.m. on the morning of his death, after reportedly reading the "morning briefing" in his office, <mask> instructed his accountant by e-mail to transfer to the IRS the $235,000 held in the escrow account.He drove to the Dulles Mail Facility where he mailed some family bills, then headed back toward PMR over the Waxpool Road overpass in Sterling. He pulled his car off the road on the overpass, left his emergency lights blinking, and jumped. He died after jumping from the overpass at 10:30 a.m. onto the northbound lanes of Route 28. A spokesman for the Loudoun County Sheriff's Office said the death was an apparent suicide. At his death, <mask> left his wife of 36 years, Molly; their son, Max Isaac <mask>, 22; a brother, <mask>; two nephews; and three cousins. Avi Klein and Nicholas Benton have linked Kronberg's death to a daily internal document, the so-called "morning briefing," which is circulated among members of the LaRouche movement, and which Benton writes they regard as authoritative. The briefing circulated on the morning of Kronberg's death appears to have been addressed to the movement's younger generation.It attacked the print shop, calling it among the worst of the failures of the "baby boomer" generationreferring to members who joined the movement in the 1960s and 1970s. It continued: "the Boomers will be scared into becoming human, because you're in the real world, and they're not. Unless they want to commit suicide." <mask> told Klein that her husband killed himself to draw public attention to the print shop's financial position and the reasons for it, and that it was "...as such ...the bravest political act of his life." In an interview conducted by PRA, <mask> stated that she believes her husband's suicide was an attempt by him to escape the "terrible tension [in her opinion caused by LaRouche's alleged anti-semitism and megalomania], and his legal and financial entanglements on behalf of the organization." <mask>

<mask>'s wife, Marielle ("Molly") Hammett, was for years deeply involved with the movement, being elected to the National Committee in December 1982. <mask> and Hammett met in 1971.She joined the movement in 1973 so that they could marry, becoming pregnant shortly afterwards. According to Klein, Kronberg persuaded her to have an abortion, because LaRouche taught that families were a "dangerous distraction." The <mask>s went on to have a son, Max, in 1984, "in defiance of LaRouche," Klein writes. She helped to found the New Benjamin Franklin Publishing House in 1978, which published Dope Inc., a LaRouche book. Avi Klein writes that Molly had to take out personal loans to pay her husband's printing company for the publication costs, and when they proved insufficient, she traveled across the country trying to persuade LaRouche supporters to sign promissory notes to the movement. As part of the LaRouche trials of the late 1980s, starting with LaRouche's own federal trial, conviction, and imprisonment, <mask> was tried with other LaRouche followers in 1989 in New York and convicted of one count of scheme to defraud. She was sentenced to five years probation; the other LaRouche followers convicted, Robert Primack and Lynne Speed, were sentenced to prison, although Lynne Speed was later able to argue successfully before the state Court of Appeals that the Judge's leniency towards Kronberg should extend to herself as well.According to Avi Klein, <mask> strenuously opposed having LaRouche testify in the New York trial. In 2004 and 2005, <mask> made contributions of $1,501 to the Republican National Committee and the election campaign of George W. Bush. According to Klein, LaRouche felt that this "foreshadowed her treachery to the movement." In October 2008, a year and a half after <mask>'s suicide, <mask> joined Erica Duggan, the mother of Jeremiah Duggan, and a number of former LaRouche members, journalist Chip Berlet, and Members of Parliament from Germany and the United Kingdom in a conference in Berlin, discussing the danger of the LaRouche movement. Earlier, immediately after <mask>'s suicide in April 2007, <mask> began posting on the FACTnet website documents and other items about <mask>'s death, the LaRouche movement's connection to it, and, more broadly, LaRouche movement behavior over the years. As she indicated in discovery during her lawsuit against LaRouche and others (see below), she posted as Eaglebeak. On August 21, 2009, <mask> filed suit against LaRouche in Federal Court, Eastern District of Virginia, charging harassment and libel.The suit includes numerous references to the circumstances of <mask>'s death. Co-counsel for Mrs. Kronberg was John Markham, who, as one of the Federal prosecutors against LaRouche in 1988, secured his conviction in the same Federal Court in which the Kronberg case is filed. By spring 2010, however, the LaRouche legal team, including Ben DiMuro, Nina Ginsberg, and Edward McMahon—the latter two, Ginsberg and McMahon, having been members of the ACLU's John Adams Project—had succeeded in disqualifying Markham because of his role as a former prosecutor. For a while Mrs. Kronberg was represented by local counsel John Bond, who bowed out of the case in the fall of 2010 citing ill health. The case was dismissed without prejudice, and refiled by Mrs. <mask>'s third counsel, Jim DelSordo. Meanwhile, the LaRouche team had gone to the appellate level, seeking to have the Kronberg lawsuit dismissed with prejudice, and seeking to have the case dismissed. Ultimately (January 2012) the appellate panel denied both LaRouche motions, and the case went back to the trial court—where the same judge denied the LaRouche motion to dismiss again, making a total of three times since the case was first filed.In July 2012, during the discovery phase, the case was withdrawn, because of <mask>'s inability to continue paying her lawyer. References

LaRouche movement
1948 births
2007 suicides
St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe) alumni
Suicides by jumping in the United States
Suicides in Virginia
People from the Bronx
People from Sterling, Virginia
The Bronx High School of Science alumni

masks:
Kenneth Lewis Kronberg
Kronberg
Kronberg
Kronberg
Kronberg
Kronberg
Kronbergou
Kronberg
Kronberg
Kronberg
Kronberg
Kronberg
Kronberg
Kronberg
Kronberg
Kronberg
Kronberg
Kronberg
Thomas Kronberg
Richard Kronberg
Molly Kronberg
Molly Kronberg
Molly Kronberg
Kronberg
Kronberg
Kronberg
Molly Kronberg
Molly Kronberg
Molly Kronberg
Ken Kronberg
Molly Kronberg
Ken Kronberg
Molly Kronberg
Kronberg
Molly Kronberg
Ken Kronberg
Kronberg
Molly Kronberg


text_chunks:
<mask> (born December 7, 1977) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1997 to 2007. He was a two-time light middleweight world champion, having held the IBF title from 1998 to 2000, and the WBA title from 2001 to 2002. With his IBF title win, <mask> became the youngest boxer in history to win a light middleweight world title, at age 21. As an amateur he won a bronze medal in the light welterweight division at the 1995 Pan American Games, and reached the second round of the welterweight bracket at the 1996 Olympics. <mask> is best known for his heated rivalries against Oscar De La Hoya, Shane Mosley, and Ricardo Mayorga. Amateur career
In his youth <mask> compiled a remarkable amateur record of 100–5. In 1992, he won the 132 lb.championships at the Junior Olympics Box-Offs, and came in second at the Junior Olympics. In 1993, he captured the triple crown of amateur boxing: the Junior Olympics Box-Offs, the Junior Olympics, and the Junior Olympics International tournament. The following year he solidified his position as one of the premier amateur fighters in the world by winning the 132 lb gold medal at the Olympic Festival, seizing the U.S. Junior Championships at 132 lb, and by becoming the youngest fighter ever to win the U.S. Championships. In 1995, he was selected to the 1996 U.S. Olympic Team. <mask> lost a controversial decision in the second round of the 1996 Atlanta Olympics. He was scheduled to turn pro in November 1996, however, while training for his debut bout he broke his right hand.Eager to turn pro and begin his march toward a world championship, <mask> "ferociously" followed his physical therapy program, and within five months he was ready for his professional debut. Amateur achievements
Won the 132-lb Junior Olympics Box-Offs; came in second at the Junior Olympics (1992)
Won the Junior Olympics Box-Offs, the Junior Olympics, and the Junior Olympics International tournament (1993)
Won the 132-lb gold medal at the U.S. Olympic Festival (1994), seizing the U.S. Championships at 132 pounds, becoming the youngest boxer ever to win the U.S. Championships (Seniors). Participated at the 1994 World Junior Championships, losing in the quarter-finals. 1995 Pan American Games Bronze Medalist in Mar Del Plata (ARG)
Selected to the 1996 U.S. Olympic Team, defeated Tengiz Meskhadze (Georgia) 10–4, but lost to Marian Simion (Romania) 7–8 in the second bout. Professional career
In his professional debut on March 25, 1997, <mask> crushed Jorge Morales in just 56 seconds. He quickly beat his next five opponents, spending only eight rounds in his first six bouts. By the time of his first world championship he won all his 14 bouts by knockout.He won his first world title in 1998, knocking out Yori Boy Campas in seven rounds for the IBF light middleweight championship. <mask> successfully defended the title throughout 1999, with victories over Howard Clarke (TKO 4), Raúl Márquez (TKO 11), Winky Wright (MD 12), and Ike Quartey (UD 12). Trinidad vs. <mask> lost the title to Félix Trinidad in 2000. <mask> was knocked down twice in the first round, he was able to fight his way back by knocking down Trinidad in the fourth round until finally being knocked out in the 12th and final round. Legal troubles
In 2001 <mask> was sentenced to 90 days in House Arrest stemming from a 1999 assault charge. <mask> and four friends were originally charged with assault with a deadly weapon and conspiracy to commit a crime stemming from a July 25, 1999 altercation at a Summerland, California home. The defendants were accused of assaulting Doug Rossi, 23, who had broken up a fight between <mask> and a female friend's ex-boyfriend.De La Hoya vs. <mask>
On September 14, 2002, <mask> surrendered his WBA title to Oscar De La Hoya in a historical light middleweight championship unification showdown that filled the Mandalay Bay Events Center to capacity and sold approximately one million pay-per-view buys. In the early rounds <mask> bullied De La Hoya against the ropes and landed right hands to the head and body; however, in the middle and late rounds <mask> fatigued and De La Hoya's hand speed took over. After hurting <mask> at the end of round 10, De La Hoya dropped <mask> in the next round with a left hook to the head, and stopped him moments later with a flurry at the 1:48 mark of the round. During the mandatory drug testing after the de la Hoya fight, <mask> tested positive for the banned steroid stanozolol better known as Winstrol. <mask> said the steroids were given to him without his knowledge, but he accepted full responsibility. The Nevada Athletic Commission announced on November 20 of 2002 that it would fine <mask> $100,000 because of his use of steroids. <mask> was suspended for nine months.Comeback trail
Despite these problems, <mask> remained an accessible and popular celebrity, known for signing many autographs. After his knockout win over Fitz Vanderpool on July 26, 2003, he stood in a corner and yelled "I love you guys!" to his fans. <mask> continued his comeback, on December 12, with a seventh-round knockout of Tony Marshall that was shown live nationwide from Tucson, on TeleFutura. During that fight, <mask> injured a disc in his back, and his doctor recommended surgery, but <mask> chose to rehabilitate his back himself without having the procedure. This caused him to spend almost two years in inactivity, but, on March 26, 2005, he returned to boxing with a ten-round unanimous decision win over Ray Joval in Corpus Christi, Texas. On August 20, 2005, he returned to the boxing ring to fight fellow former world light middleweight champion Javier Castillejo of Spain.<mask> dropped Castillejo in the third round, but he apparently broke his right hand and went on to win by a ten-round unanimous decision. Mosley vs. <mask> I & II
On February 25, 2006, <mask> once again returned to the ring to face fellow Southern California boxer Sugar Shane Mosley. In a tightly contested battle, <mask>' left eye became grotesquely swollen and referee Joe Cortez decided to stop the fight in the 10th round to minimize further damage, granting a technical knockout (TKO) victory to Mosley. The reasoning behind the stoppage, explained Nevada State Athletic Commission czar Marc Ratner, was that the referee and the fight doctor deemed that <mask> was unable to defend himself adequately against Mosley's right-hand shots. At the time of the stoppage, two judges had Mosley winning the fight 86–85. One judge had <mask> winning the fight 86–85. Fightnews.com had the bout scored 86-85 for Mosley.In the post fight press conference, <mask> made it clear that he would resume his boxing career and stated that a rematch with Mosley should be in order because the match was stopped on a technicality. ESPN boxing expert Dan Rafael wrote: "<mask> is so utterly delusional about what actually happened in his first fight with Mosley that we think he might have a concussion. When will he stop lying to himself -- and when will his team stop going along with him? He needs to admit that: (a) The swelling around his eye was caused by a clean punch, not a headbutt; and (b) He was not winning the fight when it was stopped in the 10th round." In their highly anticipated July 15, 2006 rematch, <mask> was stopped in the 6th round via TKO. When the sixth round began, Mosley landed a huge left hook that sent <mask> crashing to the canvas. <mask> rolled over onto all fours and was unsteady, but after stumbling twice he finally beat referee Kenny Bayless' count.Moments later, Mosley unleashed another flurry as <mask> could only protect his face, and the referee stopped the fight at 2:38 as a beaten and disoriented <mask> staggered back to his corner. Showdown with Ricardo Mayorga
It was confirmed on May 13, 2007, that <mask> would face Ricardo Mayorga  on September 8, 2007, on Showtime PPV for the vacant WBC Continental Americas super middleweight title. However the fight was postponed after it was discovered during a routine blood test that <mask> was suffering from a severe iron deficiency. Doctors ordered <mask> not to participate in the upcoming bout until he received the necessary weeks of treatment to correct the problem. When the bout eventually took place it would be fought at 162 pounds, a weight that neither boxer has ever fought at. Many sources claim that <mask> had complained about fighting at the Jr. Middleweight limit of 154 pounds, stating that it's "too much for his body to take". <mask> has stated that fighting at that weight was the reason he did poorly against Mosley in the second fight.<mask> claimed that this would be the last fight of his career regardless of the result. He warned Mayorga that he would not tolerate any insults from him like the ones he hurled at Oscar De La Hoya in their press conferences. <mask> stayed true to his promise when at the first official press conference for the fight, Mayorga said some offensive things towards <mask> and attempted to slap him. <mask> immediately jumped up from his seat and retaliated with punches and a brawl broke out between the two fighters' camps, though order was quickly restored. <mask> also recalled the time when Mayorga said <mask> was scared of him when he had defeated Javier Castillejo, then was stripped of his WBC light middleweight title rather than face Mayorga, who then defeated Michele Piccirillo for the vacant title. Ultimately the contestants faced off, and Mayorga defeated <mask> by majority decision on November 23, 2007. The scores were 113-113, 114–112, and 115–111.Crucially, <mask> was knocked down in the 1st round and again in the 11th round. Post-fight Ricardo Mayorga apologized to <mask> and the two forgave each other. <mask> officially declared his retirement soon after. Cancelled return to boxing in 2011
It was confirmed that after a three-year hiatus, former world champion <mask> would return to the boxing ring against super middleweight Henry Buchanan on April 16, 2011, at Hard Rock Casino in Las Vegas. However, the fight was cancelled for unknown reasons. Acting career
<mask> had a role in the Crime Drama film Alpha Dog where he played Tiko "TKO" Martinez. <mask> also plays an unnamed guest star on the television show Moesha.Season 2 Episode 3 titled "Mama said knock you out." Reality television series
In 2014, <mask> and his family became the subjects of a reality show on Mun2 television station, Welcome to Los Vargas. He also participated, alongside Judith Grace, Maripily and Pedro Rivera; and Sissi Fleitas, among others, in the Telemundo reality contest, Top Chef Celebrity. Professional boxing record

Pay-per-view bouts

See also
List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences

References

External links

Living people
1977 births
American boxers of Mexican descent
Sportspeople from Oxnard, California
Boxers from California
Participants in American reality television series
Doping cases in boxing
American sportspeople in doping cases
World Boxing Association champions
International Boxing Federation champions
Boxers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Boxers at the 1995 Pan American Games
Olympic boxers of the United States
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
American male boxers
Super-middleweight boxers
Light-welterweight boxers
Welterweight boxers
World light-middleweight boxing champions
Pan American Games medalists in boxing
Sportspeople from Ventura County, California
Medalists at the 1995 Pan American Games

masks:
Fernando Javier Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Fernando Vargas
Fernando
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Fernando Vargas
Vargas
Vargas
Vargas


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 1971, Corpus Christi, TX) is a Latina American author, political pundit affiliated with the Republican Party, and founder/CEO of Impacto Group LLC, a Washington, D.C.-based market research and consulting firm. Early life
<mask> was born in Corpus Christi, Texas and is a third-generation Mexican American. <mask>'s grandfather came to the United States from Mexico in the early 20th century. <mask>'s parents separated at age 15 and she moved with her mother to an apartment in Sugar Land, a suburb in the Houston metropolitan area. <mask> took a job during high school to assist her family with finances. After high school, <mask> sold Collier's encyclopedias door to door. In four years, she worked in 1,000 counties in 23 states.<mask> was salesperson, eventually advancing to Field Manager and earned money to assist in supporting her family and earning for her college tuition. <mask> attended George Washington University, graduating in 1997 with a degree in Journalism. In 2002, <mask> obtained a Masters in Business Administration from Johns Hopkins University's Carey Business School. Political work
<mask>'s political work began in the 1990s. While a student at GWU, she volunteered in several campaigns and acquired experience in this field. During this time, <mask> went to work in the office of Rep. Henry Bonilla, R-TX, as a legislative assistant on appropriations. <mask> worked on border issues and immigration legislation.After college, <mask> held several public relations and marketing positions in the Capitol and worked with the staff of House Speaker Dennis Hastert. In 1999, <mask> became a deputy press secretary for the Republican National Committee where she developed communication strategies for the Hispanic market and served as the Committee's chief spokesperson to the Hispanic community. The results were tangible: "Until <mask>, the Republican Party wasn't talking to Univision," according to one colleague. The following year, <mask> was asked by the 2000 Bush presidential campaign to work on Hispanic outreach. Together with V. Lance Tarrance, Jr., a Republican pollster, <mask> was a principal architect for two, "watershed Hispanic surveys," recognized as a thorough, political and cultural survey taken of Hispanic voters. Additionally, <mask> helped create a multimillion-dollar RNC marketing campaign aimed toward the Hispanic market in key states during the 2000 election cycle. This program was cited as contributing to Bush receiving 37 percent of the Hispanic vote.This was the highest percentage of Latino vote for a Republican presidential candidate as of that time. In 2001, outgoing RNC chairman Jim Nicholson credited <mask>, the Committee's Hispanic-voter liaison director, for her role in that effort. On May 29, 2001, President George W. Bush appointed <mask> executive director of the White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanic Americans. Created in 1990 by President George H. W. Bush, the program's mission is to provide advice and guidance to the Secretary of Education on educational issues related to Hispanics and means to address academic excellence and opportunities to the Hispanic community. In her role as director, <mask> "monitored and evaluated Hispanic participation in education programs in 29 federal departments and agencies." <mask> created a grassroots alliance of 20,000 students, parents, and educators nationwide, and assembled a strategic coalition of 30 Fortune 500 companies, financial institutions, and government agencies. Also in 2001, <mask> was named one of the "100 Most Influential Hispanics" by Hispanic Business and was selected for the 4th Annual Young Hispanic Leaders Program where she earned a diploma at the Universidad Internacional Menéndez Pelayo in Santander, Spain.Around this time, she entered the MBA program at Johns Hopkins University's School of Professional Studies in Business and Education (now extant). On June 25, 2003, <mask> resigned her White House Initiative position to form her own consulting firm, Impacto Group, LLC, the "first Republican political strategy and research group aimed solely at the U.S. Hispanic marketplace." Pollster Tarrance joined her as head of research and development for Impacto Strategies, a division of the Group, and chairman of its board of advisors. Impacto also deals with social and economic issues related to women. Consultant and commentator

At Impacto, <mask> attained multiple clients, including Cisco Systems and Prudential Financial. Impacto's analytical work has also received attention from political watchers. In 2004, the Independent Women's Forum commissioned a psycholinguistic survey of Hispanic and Caucasian female voters that is considered seminal in the field.<mask> mainly operates as a consultant and also on television as a political commentator. Since founding Impacto, she has made appearances on political shows including CNN's The Situation Room, Fox News Channel's O'Reilly Factor, and PBS's The McLaughlin Group, To the Contrary, and The News Hour with Jim Lehrer. <mask> has been a commentator on Fox and CNN, MSNBC, Telemundo, and Univision. <mask> has worked for several election-related projects. In 2004 and 2006, she worked for the BBC as a call-in speaker for their coverage of the presidential and congressional elections. In 2008, she served as a political contributor for CNN's election coverage series. In 2009, CNN was awarded the distinguished Peabody Award for its reporting on the 2008 presidential campaign.<mask>'s commentary is featured in the PBS documentary Latinos 08 which observed the presidential election through from the perspective of Latino voters. <mask> has written multiple editorials, opinion pieces, and other articles for various publications including:  Wall Street Journal, New York Times, Washington Post, and US News & World Report. <mask> is credited with authoring two book. Her first, Los Republicanos: Why Republicans and Hispanics Need Each Other, was published in 2007. In it, <mask> makes the argument that since most Hispanics share core beliefs with the Republican Party (GOP) and represent the fastest growing minority, they should garner more attention. One reviewer described the book as "a proto-type analysis that can be applied to other minority groups in America." <mask>'s second book, You've Come a Long Way, Maybe: Michelle, Sarah, Hillary and the Shaping of the New American Woman, was released in October 2009 by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of St Martin's Press.<mask> has been observed as critical of what she perceives as the GOP's patronizing attempts in courting Hispanics since the 2008 elections. Calling the immigration debate, "Prop. 187 on steroids," <mask> warns that "Republicans embrace anti-immigrant fervor at their own peril." <mask> expresses that the Party should re-adopt the successful strategies employed by Presidents Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush, who appealed to Hispanics, <mask> claims, "not as Hispanics or immigrants but as Americans with an equal stake in the future of the country." The Apprentice: Martha Stewart
In 2005, <mask> was one of 16 candidates on The Apprentice: Martha Stewart. Already considered a "Latina Martha Stewart" by close associates, she had been encouraged to try out as soon as the show's existence had become known. <mask> finally relented when she was invited to audition by the GWU Alumni Association.She lasted for 10 of 13 weeks in the competition before finally being ejected. Despite what some have considered a particularly severe dismissal (Stewart told her that she would rather hire the "doer rather than the talker"), <mask> preferred in a later interview to focus on Stewart's complimentary remarks regarding her marketing and communication skills. Her appearance on The Apprentice apparently boosted <mask>'s business as well as her fan following. Miscellany
Among her many activities and honors, past and present, are the following:
 Co-director of the Congressional Border Caucus
 Member, U.S.-Spain Council for the Young Hispanic Leaders Program
 Ex-officio member of the President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status
 Hispanic Business magazine's "100 Most Influential Hispanics"
 Member, Women's Business Enterprise National Council
 Board of Directors, Providence Health Foundation
 Johns Hopkins Alumni Association
 The George Washington University Alumni Association
 National Society of Hispanic MBAs
 Visiting Fellow, Independent Women's Forum
 Texas Federation of Republican Women
 Latin Chamber of Commerce
 Albuquerque Hispano Chamber of Commerce
 American Cancer Society Relay for Life

See also
 List of Latino Republicans

References

External links
 Impacto Group, LLC
 LeslieSanchez.com
 <mask>'s CNN Blog
 Los Republicanos: Why Republicans and Hispanics Need Each Other
 White House Initiative on Educational Excellence for Hispanic Americans

1971 births
American political commentators
George Washington University School of Media and Public Affairs alumni
Johns Hopkins Carey Business School alumni
Living people
American politicians of Mexican descent
Virginia Republicans
United States Department of Education officials
Hispanic and Latino American women in politics
American women chief executives
Texas Republicans

masks:
Leslie Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Leslie Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Sanchez
Leslie Sanchez


text_chunks:
<mask> (born August 10, 1949) is a retired Mexican professional boxer. Palomino is a former World Welterweight Champion and member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame. <mask> is also an actor who has been featured in several television shows and films. He achieved a considerable amount of fame during the 1970s, especially among Mexican and Southern California fans. Early life
He moved to Los Angeles, California from his native Mexico when he was ten years old. Amateur boxing career
<mask> was an All-U.S. Army champion in 1971 and 1972. As an amateur, <mask> won the 1972 National AAU Light Welterweight Champion at 137 lb., defeating eventual Olympic gold medalist Ray Seales.He was discharged from the Army later that year and enrolled at Orange Coast College and later Long Beach State, where he obtained a degree. Professional boxing career
In 1972, his name was becoming better known in California. This was likely caused by the number of his fights taking place there. He won five fights (one by knockout) in 1973. In 1974, <mask> went through an increment in quality of opposition. He won six fights and lost one. He beat David Arellano twice, by a decision in ten and by knockout in nine, as well as Tommy Howard, by decision in ten, but he lost to Andy Price, who was a title contender at the time, by decision in ten in San Diego.In 1975, he won four fights, and drew in two. He and Zovek Baraja had two bouts that year, the first one resulting in a ten-round draw and the second one being a nine-round knockout win for <mask>. He also drew with Hedgemon Lewis. WBC Welterweight Championship
After winning two fights in 1976, <mask> found himself and his trainers travelling to London, where an internationally televised world championship bout awaited him against WBC world Welterweight champion John H. Stracey, a British boxing teacher who had dethroned José Nápoles as world champion. <mask> became a world champion on the night of June 22 of that year at Wembley Arena, after Stracey eventually succumbed to a blistering body attack and was put on the canvas twice from left hooks to the liver. Many Mexicans who viewed Nápoles, a Cuban born resident of Mexico, as another countryman, saw this as a revenge from Stracey. He waited six months for his next fight, against another very popular boxer of Mexican background: cross-town rival Armando Muñíz.This was a fight that had many fans guessing who'd win it for months before it happened, but it also made history in the boxing books: When <mask> and Muñíz met, on January 21, 1977, it was the first time in boxing history two college graduates met for a world title. <mask> earned a degree in recreation administration from Long Beach State, while Muniz had graduated from Cal State Los Angeles, where he majored in Spanish and minored in math, and was working toward a graduate degree in administration. <mask> and Muniz (now a high school teacher in California) fought what the book The Ring: Boxing in the 20th. Century has described as one of the best fights of 1977. After 14 rounds, all three judges had the fight tied on their scorecards, but <mask> scored two knockdowns in the fifteenth and final round and he retained the world title by a knockout in that final round. A return to London resulted in an 11th-round knockout victory over Dave Boy Green, after which he defended against Everaldo Costa Azevedo and Jose Palacios, Azevedo being defeated by decision in fifteen and Palacios by knockout in thirteen. Azevedo was actually beating Palomino for the first 10 rounds of the fight.In 1978, he defended his crown with a win over Ryu Sorimachi by a knockout in seven, a knockout in nine over Mimoun Mohatar, and a decision in fifteen in his long-awaited rematch with Muniz. His championship run ended in 1979, when he traveled to Puerto Rico, where he was defeated on January 13 by hometown boxer Wilfred Benítez via a controversial fifteen-round split decision. Referee Zach Clayton scored the fight 145–142 in <mask>'s favor, but judges Jay Edson and Harry Gibbs disagreed. Edson scored the bout 146-142 for Benítez. Gibbs also scored for Benítez, 146–143. <mask> vs. Durán
In his next fight, <mask> met legendary Roberto Durán on June 22 of that year at Madison Square Gardens, in another nationally televised bout, as part of the Larry Holmes–Mike Weaver world Heavyweight championship bout's undercard. <mask> lost to Duran by decision in ten rounds, and he announced his retirement from boxing right away.Boxing comeback
<mask> began his comeback on January 10, 1997, beating Ismaél Díaz by a knockout in round nine. He won four fights that year, including one over former world champion Rene Arredondo, but when he lost by decision in ten to former Oscar De La Hoya world title challenger Wilfredo Rivera on May 30, 1998, he decided to retire for good, and has stayed in retirement ever since. After boxing

Acting career
In 1978 while still the WBC Welterweight Champion, Palomino appeared as '<mask>ne' in the ABC sitcom Taxi. Appearing in the second episode of the opening season ("One-Punch Banta"), he spars with Tony Banta (Tony Danza – himself a former professional boxer with a 9–3 record) and takes a dive. Palomino appears as himself in an episode of "The White Shadow" in 1979. In 1980, Miller Lite beer signed <mask> as a spokesman as part of a television commercial campaign that also included Walt Frazier and other noted athletes. As a consequence of the enjoyable experience and the media exposure that followed, he decided to launch a career as an actor.He participated in a number of movies and television series, before deciding to launch a boxing comeback at the age of 48, in 1997. <mask> appeared on Star Trek: Voyager episode "The Fight". This episode was original aired on March 24, 1999. <mask> was elected as chairman of the California State Athletic Commission, where he performed for a few years. He is now involved in charity work, most notably Tony Baltazar's charity organization, and he travels around the United States to attend charity events and do autograph shows. IBHF
Palomino was selected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame on January 8, 2004. He was inducted on June 13.Personal life

On March 14, 1980, his younger brother, <mask> – a member of the U.S. boxing team en route to Poland for a competition – was killed in the crash of LOT Polish Airlines Flight 007. On December 19, 2008, <mask>'s girlfriend, Daliene Ingram, was featured in an episode of Are You Smarter Than A Fifth Grader?. Her daughter Alexa, a fifth grader, was the extra classmate at the Mystery Desk for the occasion. Professional boxing record

See also

 List of Mexican boxing world champions
 List of WBC world champions
 List of welterweight boxing champions

References

External links

 <mask>o ESPN article by Tim Graham (June 11, 2004)
  Miller Light 1981 television commercial

1949 births
Living people
Boxers from Sonora
Sportspeople from San Luis Río Colorado
Welterweight boxers
World boxing champions
World Boxing Council champions
World welterweight boxing champions
Winners of the United States Championship for amateur boxers
United States Army soldiers
American male boxers

masks:
Carlos Palomino
Palomino
Palomino
Palomino
Palomino
Palomino
Palomino
Palomino
Palomino
Palomino
Palomino
Palomino
Palomino
Palomino
Palomino
Palomino
Palomino
Carlos Navaro
Palomino
Palomino
Palomino
Paul Palomino
Palomino
Carlos Palomin


text_chunks:
<mask>, also called <mask> and <mask> (full name: Valerius Licinianus Licinius;  – ), was the son of the Roman emperor <mask>. He held the imperial rank of caesar between March 317 and September 324, while his father was augustus, and he was twice Roman consul. After losing a civil war, his father lost power and both he and <mask> the Younger were eventually put to death. Family and background
<mask> I married Flavia Julia Constantia, daughter of the augustus Constantius Chlorus and half-sister of the augustus Constantine I. They wed at Mediolanum (Milan) in February 313. Three years later, Constantine attacked Licinius in the Cibalensean War. Constantine defeated Licinius at the Battle of Cibalae at Cibalae (Vinkovci) in Pannonia Secunda on the 8 October 316 and again at the Battle of Mardia near Hadrianopolis in Haemimontus (Edirne).Life
<mask> II, son of Licinius, grandson of Constantius I, and half-nephew of Constantine, was born to Flavia Julia Constantia in July or August 315. While the augustus Licinius marched against Constantine in 316, <mask> <mask> was left with his mother and the augustus's treasury at Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica). After <mask> was defeated by Constantine at the Battle of Cibalae, and lost two thirds of his army, he fled to Sirmium and thence to Singidunum (Belgrade), where he crossed the river Sava and destroyed the bridge to delay Constantine's pursuit of him. With this delay, Licinius and his family reached Hadrianopolis. After Constantine reached Philippopolis (Plovdiv), and after he and Licinius failed to come to terms over Licinius's appointment of Valerius Valens as co-augustus, the Battle of the Mardia (or "of Campus Ardiensis", probably Harmanli) ensued, in which Licinius was again defeated. Licinius failed to flee towards Byzantium (Istanbul) as expected, and outmanoeuvred Constantine by marching to Beroea (Veria) while Constantine continued to Byzantium. As a result, Licinius and Constantine made peace: excepting the dioecesis of Thrace, all the territory formerly administered by Licinius in the Balkans was ceded to Constantine's control.Constantine was to be recognized as senior augustus, and all Licinius and Constantine's sons were to be mutually recognized as caesares. Caesar
On the 1 March 317 <mask> <mask> was raised to the imperial rank of caesar by agreement between his father and Constantine. Constantine's sons Crispus and the infant <mask> were elevated to caesar on the same day, at Serdica (Sofia). The date was chosen especially; it was the dies imperii (date of accession) of Constantine's father and Licinius's father-in-law Constantius I, the grandfather of all the new caesares. Crispus was no older than 17, while <mask> was, at seven months, even younger than Licinius II, who was then only 20 months old. Sharing the same day of investiture, none of the caesares could claim seniority. <mask> II retained his title until 324, throughout the time his father remained in power.Licinius is said by Themistius to have been educated by the grammaticus, and later consul, Flavius Optatus. Licinius was mentioned in the inscription of a Roman milestone from Viennensis as . <mask> <mask> was made consul in 319. His colleague was his uncle Constantine. In 321, the relationship between the two augusti had worsened and each made different nominations for the consulship: <mask> II was made consul for the second time with his father in the east, but Constantine and Crispus held the office in the west (see: list of Roman consuls). Licinius's quinquennalia was celebrated on the 1 March 321. The Munich Treasure was made for the occasion of the quinqennalia; besides a silver bust of Licinius I, three large silver bowls were made for largitio, each weighing a Roman pound – .The largitio bowls were decorated with portraits of the two emperors, with inscriptions celebrating the quinquennalia of <mask> II as well as a vota (vow of good rulership) for a decennalia. After his defeats by Constantine and Crispus at the Battle of Chrysopolis and the Battle of the Hellespont (18 September 324), <mask> I surrendered himself and his remaining forces to Constantine at Nicomedia. At the intercession of Flavia Julia Constantia, Constantine spared his brother-in-law and nephew. <mask> the Elder retired to Thessalonica as a private citizen. Immediately after his father's defeat and capitulation the <mask> <mask> was stripped of the title of caesar. Constantine seems to have regretted his leniency and the former augustus was hanged in the spring of 325. The former augustus had been accused of plotting to renew hostilities and was executed on this pretext, real or imagined.Licinius's co-emperor and augustus Martinian was also executed, either at this time or in 324. <mask> II survived until the following year. Death
The younger Licinius was executed by his uncle Constantine in 326. He fell victim to the augustus's suspicions and died at Pola, possibly in the context of the execution of Crispus. Like his father, <mask> II was the subject of a posthumous damnatio memoriae and their names were expunged from official inscriptions. Liciniani filius in the Codex Theodosianus
A , is noted in two laws in the Codex Theodosianus dated 336. According to the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, this was not Licinius II, but rather an illegitimate son legitimated by rescript.This son of the augustus was, by legislation, forced into slavery in the imperial textile factories (gynaeceum) in Carthage, Africa. The text contains a directive that he be reduced to the slave status of his birth. No son of Constantine's sister would have been referred to in this manner, therefore, this "son of Licinianus" must have been the illegitimate son of the emperor by a woman of servile status. References

Further reading
 Dietmar Kienast: Römische Kaisertabelle. Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie. Wiss. Buchgesellschaft, 3.Auflage, Darmstadt 2004 (unveränderter Nachdruck der 2., durchgesehenen und erw. Auflage 1996), S. 296, . External links

315 births
326 deaths
Imperial Roman consuls
Constantinian dynasty
Licinii
Valerii
Executed ancient Roman people
People executed by the Roman Empire
4th-century executions
Constantine the Great
4th-century Romans
Year of birth unknown
Executed children
Caesars (heirs apparent)
Tetrarchy
Sons of Roman emperors
Heirs apparent who never acceded

masks:
Licinius II
Licinius Junior
Licinius Caesar
Licinius I
Licinius
Licinius
Licinius
Licinius
II
Licinius
Licinius
II
Constantine II
Constantine II
Licinius
Licinius
II
Licinius
Licinius
Licinius
Licinius
Licinius
II
Licinius
Licinius


text_chunks:
Nouhad Wadie' Haddad (; born November 20, 1934), known as <mask> (; also spelled Fairouz, Feyrouz or Fayrouz), is a Lebanese singer. She is considered by many as one of the leading vocalists and most famous singers in the history of the Arab world. <mask> is considered the musical icon of Lebanon and is popularly known as "the soul of Lebanon". <mask> began her musical career as a teenager at the national radio station in Lebanon in the late 1940s as a chorus member. Her first major hit, "Itab", was released in 1952 and made her an instant star in the Arab world. In the summer of 1957, <mask> held her first live performance at the Baalbeck International Festival where she was awarded with the honor of "Cavalier", the highest medal for artistic achievement by Lebanese president Camille Chamoun. <mask>'s fame spread throughout the Arab world in the 1950s and 1960s, leading her to  perform outside of Lebanon in various Arab capitals, including Damascus, Amman, Cairo, Rabat, Algiers, and Tunis.She has received multiple recognition and awards throughout her career including a Lebanese memorial stamp issued in 1969, the Key to the Holy City awarded by the Jerusalem Cultural Committee, the Jordanian Medal of Honor presented by King Hussein of Jordan, the Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres (Order of Arts and Letters) awarded by French President François Mitterrand in 1988, the Highest Artistic Distinction, awarded by Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, the Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur (National Order of the Legion of Honor) awarded by French President Jacques Chirac and Honorary Doctorate from the American University of Beirut in 2005. Throughout the years, she headlined at the most important venues in the world such as Albert Hall and Royal Festival Hall in London, Carnegie Hall, Lincoln Center and United Nations General Assembly Lobby in New York, the Olympia and Salle Pleyel in Paris, the Odeon of Herodes Atticus in Athens and the Royal Theatre Carré in Amsterdam. In a career spanning over six decades, Fairuz has recorded nearly 1500 songs, released more than 80 albums, 20 musicals and sold over 150 million records worldwide, making her the highest selling Middle-Eastern artist of all time and one of the best-selling music artists in the world. Early life

Nouhad Haddad was born on November 20, 1934, in Lebanon into a Syriac and Maronite Christian family. Her father was born in Mardin, Turkey. The family later moved into a home in a cobblestone alley called Zuqaq el Blatt in Beirut. Living in a single room of a typical Lebanese stone house facing Beirut's Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate school, they shared a kitchen with the neighbors.Her father Wadīʿ was a Lebanese of the Syriac Orthodox faith, and worked as a typesetter in a print shop. By the age of ten, Nouhad was already known at school for her unusual singing voice. She would sing regularly during school shows and on holidays. This was how she came to the attention of Mohammed Flayfel, a well-known musician and a teacher at the Lebanese Conservatory, who happened to attend one of the school's shows in February 1950. Impressed by her voice and performance, he advised her to enroll in the conservatory, which she did. At first, Nouhad's conservative father was reluctant to send her to the conservatory. However, he eventually allowed her to go on the condition that her brother accompanies her at the persuasion of his brother Nouhad's uncle.Mohammed Flayfel took a close interest in Nouhad's talent. He started training her through the chanting of Koranic verses (in the recitative style known as Tajweed) which is the way preceding artists sang, a tactic to help with her control on classic Arabic intonation and poetic form. In an audition, Nouhad was heard singing by Halim el Roumi, head of the Lebanese radio station established in 1938 making it one of the oldest stations in the Arab world. Roumi was impressed by her voice and noticing that it was flexible allowing her to sing both Arabic and Western modes. At Nouhad's request, El Roumi appointed her as a chorus singer at the radio station in Beirut, where she was paid twenty-one U.S dollars every month which adjusted for inflation, in 2020 would amount to one hundred ninety-five dollars. He also went on to compose several songs for her and chose for her the stage name Fairuz, which is the Arabic word for turquoise. A short while later, <mask> was introduced to the Rahbani brothers, Assi and Mansour, who also worked at the radio station as musicians.Their chemistry was instant, and soon after, Assi started to compose songs for Fairouz. One of these songs was "Itab" (the third song he composed for her), which was an immediate success in all of the Arab world. It established <mask> as one of the most prominent Arab singers on the Arabic music scene. <mask> rose to fame during the golden era of Arabic music and is one of the last figures and contributors of that time alive today. <mask>'s music was the pop culture of its time in the Arab world,. Throughout her career, she has established a style of universality and relatability as she made music that tackled issues ranging from adolescence and love to political plight and patriotism, even "snappy Christmas carols" which made her work accessible to all. <mask> is known for her particularly forlorn style of music, that is a fusion of western and Arab sounds.Her music is set apart by its melancholic and nostalgic humor along with <mask>'s stoic image as well as yearning voice, that is almost prayer-like, often described by experts as airy, clear and flexible, different from the common ornamentation style commonly found in Arab music. Career

1950s
<mask>'s first large-scale concert was in 1957, as part of the Baalbeck International Festival which took place under the patronage of Lebanese President Camille Chamoun. She performed in the Folkloric section of the festival representing "The Lebanese Nights". Fairuz was paid one Lebanese pound for that show, but she and the Rahbani brothers would become staples of the festival and featured most years until the civil war in Lebanon. The trio's performances at first were just small skits, but eventually they became full-blown musical operettas and concerts followed for many years, establishing <mask> as one of the most popular singers in Lebanon and throughout the Arab world. <mask> amassed more fame when she aligned herself with the Palestinian cause in their conflict with Israel and even produced a number of militaristic and patriotically somber songs for them. 1960s – establishment of a new star
<mask> and the Rahbani brothers started to garner more and more attention with their innovative ventures and went on to revolutionize the blueprint for Lebanese music.It started with incorporating western sounds into their music and eventually shaping the Lebanese style of music, since before the music had to fit into a certain mold. This mold was the dominant Egyptian style of music, in the Egyptian dialect that would typically have a duration of thirty minutes. The trio started working with their own prototype, which was shorter three-minute songs in the Lebanese dialect that would tell a story. This change was received as well as it was due to growing discontent for traditional and indigenous music. Beirut at this time was undergoing rapid modernization and cultural expansion. Some who lived in the city were not even of Arab background making it even harder to relate to the music forms of the time. So when <mask> and the Rahbani brothers introduced a more modern yet still traditional form of music, they drew in mass appeal.This helped reshape the modern Lebanese identity especially in music and would go on to make significant contributions to the history of oriental music. These songs would also customarily included commentary and themes of local and regional socio-political and historical issues. [33] As the 1960s wore on, <mask> became known as the "First Lady of Lebanese singing", as Halim Roumi dubbed her. During this period the Rahbani brothers wrote and composed for her hundreds of famous songs, most of their operettas, and three motion pictures. In those productions, they also chose to abandon the popular improvisatory nature of Arab performances for more well-rehearsed and produced ones. In 1971, <mask>'s fame became international after her major North American tour, which was received with much excitement by the Arab-American and American community and yielded very positive reviews of the concerts. To date <mask> has performed in many countries around the globe including Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, France, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Netherlands, Greece, Canada, United States, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Italy, and her home country Lebanon.On September 22, 1972, Assi suffered a brain hemorrhage and was rushed to the hospital. Fans crowded outside the hospital praying for him and lighting candles. After three surgeries, Assi's brain hemorrhage was halted. Ziad Rahbani, the eldest son of <mask> and Assi, at age 17 gave his mother the music of one of his unreleased songs "Akhadou el Helween" (that he had composed to be sung by Marwan Mahfouz in "Sahriyyi" Ziad's first play). His uncle Mansour Rahbani re-wrote new lyrics for it to be called "Saalouni n'Nass" ("The People Asked Me") which talked about Fayrouz being on stage for the first time without Assi. Three months after suffering the hemorrhage, Assi attended the premiere performance of that musical Al Mahatta in Piccadilly Theatre on Hamra Street. Elias Rahbani, Assi's younger brother, took over the orchestration and musical arrangement for the performance.In 1978, the trio toured Europe and the Persian Gulf nations, including a concert at the Paris Olympia. As a result of this busy schedule, Assi's medical and mental health began to deteriorate. Assi Rahbani eventually died in 1986, no longer married to <mask> but due to the influence, his family and Fairuz had in Lebanon the factions in Beirut had a cease-fire allowing the funeral procession to travel from the Muslim side of the city to where Assi would be buried on the Christian side. <mask> then began to work  almost exclusively with Ziad Rahbani, her son on producing her music. Amid the Lebanese Civil War, <mask>'s fame catapulted. Unlike many of her famous peers, she never left Lebanon to live abroad. She did not hold any concerts there with the exception of the stage performance of the operetta Petra, which was performed in both the western and eastern parts of the then-divided Beirut in 1978.The war lasted fifteen years (1975–1990), took 150,000 lives, and fostered a divided nation. This was the period where her role as a prominent Lebanese figure would be cemented. She and the Rahbani brothers would frequently express their dissent for the war in their music, and their refusal to take sides and non-partisan stances helped them appeal to all of Lebanon, which then allowed <mask> to become a voice of reason and unification for the Lebanese people. This was especially important because the war itself was so multifaceted and involved many conflicting opinions between the state and different militias. To the Lebanese, she became a lot more than just an entertainer. She became a representation of Lebanon, as well as stability in a time of insecurity and uncertainty. 1980s – A new production team
After the artistic divorce between Fairouz and the Rahbani brothers in 1979, <mask> carried on with her son, composer Ziad Rahbani, his friend the lyricist Joseph Harb, and composer Philemon Wahbi.Ziad Rahbani was a constant driving force in the evolution of <mask>'s music style, as he worked to break away from what his parents had previously established. The songs he went on to compose for <mask> would stray from the nostalgic nationalism that showcased the folkloric style <mask> and the Rahbani brothers were known for; instead, he and <mask> would go on to delve into a more modern sound in the form of jazz and funk. <mask> made a second and final European Television appearance on French TV on October 13, 1988, in a show called Du côté de chez Fred. <mask>, who had scheduled a concert at the POPB of Paris Bercy concert hall three days later on October 16, was the main guest of French TV presenter Frédéric Mitterrand. The program features footage of her rehearsals for her concert at Bercy in addition to the ceremony featuring then French Minister of Culture Jack Lang awarding <mask> the medal of Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres. It also includes a video montage of her previous movies and concerts. In that show, <mask> also sang the three songs "Ya hourrié", "Yara" and "Zaali tawwal".Her first CD, The Very Best of Fairuz, was published in 1987 and contained the emblematic song "Aatini al Nay wa ghanni" (Give me the flute and sing), based on a poem in "The Procession" by Khalil Gibran. It was first sung at the end of the sixties. 1990s – present
In the 1990s, Fairuz produced six albums (two Philemon Wahbi tributes with unreleased tracks included, a Zaki Nassif album, three Ziad Rahbani albums, and a tribute album to Assi Rahbani orchestrated by Ziad) and held a number of large-scale concerts, most notably the historic concert held at Beirut's Martyr's Square in September 1994 to launch the rebirth of the downtown district that was ravaged by the civil war. She appeared at the Baalbeck International Festival in 1998 after 25 years of self-imposed absence where she performed the highlights of three very successful plays that were presented in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1992, Madonna used some parts of <mask>'s songs in her album without permission; the singers settled the matter outside of court, but Madonna's album and single were prohibited in Lebanon. She also performed a concert in Las Vegas at the MGM Grand Arena in 1999 which was attended by over 16,000 spectators, mostly Arabs. Ever since, <mask> has held sold-out concerts at the Beiteddine International Festival (Lebanon) from 2000 to 2003, Kuwait (2001), Paris (2002), the United States (2003), Amman (2004), Montreal (2005), Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Baalbeck, BIEL

masks: Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz Fairuz