text_chunks:
<mask><mask> is an attorney, entrepreneur, former diplomat, and educator who is currently serving his second term as New Castle County Executive. Born in Michigan, <mask> currently resides in Wilmington, Delaware. He was elected New Castle County Executive in 2016 and again in 2020. <mask> speaks fluent Swahili and conversational Spanish. He has also studied Hebrew, Arabic, French and Wolof. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Bay City, Michigan, and grew up in Wilmington, Delaware. He graduated from Wilmington Friends School, Brown University (cum laude in political science and computer science), and the University of Michigan Law School (member, Michigan Law Review).<mask> worked on then-U.S. Senator Joe Biden’s first presidential campaign in 1988 while in high school at the Wilmington Friends School. He then worked on the upstart, though successful, 1990 gubernatorial campaign of Bruce Sundlun while attending Brown University. Career
<mask> taught public school in Washington, D.C., through Teach for America for three years. He also taught at Prestige Academy in Wilmington. He won a Skadden Fellowship upon graduation from law school and used it to work for Community Legal Aid in Wilmington. He then became an attorney working in mergers and acquisitions with Simpson Thatcher and Bartlett.He served in Iraq as a diplomat for the U.S. State Department, as a senior economic adviser on the ground in Mosul, Iraq, working with military and economic aid leaders to assist the Iraqi people. <mask> learned more about Americans and military leadership style after living on a base for about a year with 10,000 soldiers. Later, he worked as an economic advisor to Delaware Governor Jack Markell and was a partner at Potomac Law Group. He has started two businesses, Ecosandals and VituMob, both in Kenya. He appeared on CNN to discuss Ecosandals and on using technology to create jobs in poor neighborhoods. In 2003 at the Kennedy Center in Washington, <mask> was awarded the Sam Beard Jefferson Award for the Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years and Under; at that same ceremony Condoleezza Rice received a Jefferson Award. Al Gore's Current TV called him an "all around super human."New Castle County Executive

2016 election
In the Democratic primary for New Castle County Executive, <mask>'s campaign focused on integrity and economic policy. On September 13, <mask> upset three-term incumbent Tom Gordon by a margin of 4.66% in the primary, winning 21,487 votes (52.33%) to Gordon's 19,678 votes (47.67%). <mask> defeated Republican Mark Blake in the general election in November with 67% of the vote. He took office on January 3, 2017. 2020 election
On September 15, <mask> clinched the Democratic nomination again for County Executive, defeating challenger Maggie Jones in the Democratic primary. <mask> clinched a key endorsement video days before the election from Hollywood star and Delaware native, Aubrey Plaza. <mask> won 43,833 votes (56.51%), while Jones received 33,735 votes (43.49%).Appointments
<mask> selected the first African-American police chief and chief administrative officer in the 106-year history of the New Castle County Police Department. Environmentalism
New Castle County Executive <mask> and Delaware Wild Lands’ Executive Director Kate Hackettsigned a first-of-its-kind partnership agreement on June 30, 2021 to preserve over 220 acres of land in southern New Castle County, named Fortner Farm. Resolution 20-060 was co-sponsored by County Councilmembers Bell, Kilpatrick, and Sheldon in March 2020, which urged the County administration to investigate acquiring the property, initiating the process that resulted in this partnership. Jack Markell <mask> helped open the Jack A. Markell Trail (JAM) which connects New Castle to Wilmington by a mixed-use trail. COVID-19 response
A joint report by National Association of Counties and National Academy of Public Administration on the use of federal CARES Act funds recognized New Castle County for using “innovative strategies in deploying Coronavirus Relief Fund dollars, with special attention to programs focusing on inclusive economic recovery and on assisting vulnerable and underserved populations.”

In a July 2020 editorial for The News Journal, <mask> advocated for sending all teachers and students back to school in the fall during the coronavirus pandemic. Using CARES funds the county began paying Delawareans in the HealthCorps to "provide translation services at vaccination sites, assist with social media campaigns, participate in community outreach efforts, [and] conduct research", among other activities. In October 2020, New Castle County purchased the former Sheraton South Hotel at auction with a winning bid of $19.5 million, also using CARES funds.The hotel can house more than 350 residents. The facility officially opened its doors in December 2020. <mask> also directed the county to invest $5,500,000 in Delaware State University's new genomics testing laboratory, which opened on January 29, 2021. Potential 2024 gubernatorial run
<mask>, as a second-term County Executive, is limited to serving two consecutive terms in office. He is widely considered a front-runner for the Democratic Party's nomination for Governor of Delaware in 2024. Controversies
In June 2020, six current and former New Castle County employees filed a federal lawsuit against <mask> and other New Castle County officials alleging serial sexual harassment and assault by former New Castle County Police lieutenant colonel Quinton Watson. These accusations were made prior to <mask> being County Executive.The lawsuit calls New Castle County government a “sanctuary” for sexual harassers. In July 2020, <mask> faced allegations he made "belligerent" calls to two mayors who were supporting his opponent, Maggie Jones, in the 2020 Democratic primary for New Castle County Executive. Both Elsmere mayor Eric Scott Thompson and Newark mayor Jerry Clifton said <mask>'s phone conversations with them were heated, and they felt the county executive made threats toward their communities by telling them that he "will remember this." <mask> refused to specifically address the accusations. Awards
On November 11, Delaware Chapter of the American Planning Association awarded County Executive <mask> their 2021 Distinguished Leadership Award for his work on water quality protection, limiting rural sprawl, and better planning for how communities sustainably grow. On Saturday, October 23, 2021 County Executive <mask> was recognized by Premiere Charities in "appreciation for his dedication to serving the homeless in our community." In Spring of 2019, <mask> was awarded the Military Order of the Purple Heart Special Recognition Award for 'dedication and support honoring America's combat wounded veterans becoming the 'Purple Heart County.'The award was presented by The Patriot Members of The Department of Delaware Military Order of the Purple Heart, USA. In 2018, <mask> was presented a Delaware Hispanic Award for 'increasing access and opportunities for the local Latino community.' In 2018, <mask> was recognized by the AIA for the 2018 AIA Delaware Design Award in recognition for design excellence for the Route 9 Library and Innovation Center, and recognizing the design team of Tetra Tech. On April 24, 2019, <mask> was presented a Public Service Commendation Medal for 'exceptional service contributing to the defense of the United States while serving as New Castle County Executive and supporting the mission of the Aberdeen Proving Grounds.' On March 10, 2020, <mask> was presented with the 2019 Legislative Award by Carol Dougherty, President, Delaware Recreation and Parks Society in recognition of his support for parks and recreation in New Castle County. September 2020, <mask> was honored by Nuestras Raices Delaware for continued support and contributions to the Hispanic community. On May 6, 2001, the Delaware Library Association awarded <mask> its Distinguished Service Citation, with Delaware State Librarian Annie Norman saying, “The selection of County Executive <mask> as the recipient of the Delaware Library Association’s highest honor is a great choice.County Executive <mask> is an effective collaborator and appreciates libraries’ leadership role in the social infrastructure for the benefit of Delawareans.”

References

External links
 Ecosandals
 VituMob
 2020 campaign website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Delaware Democrats
New Castle County Executives
People from Wilmington, Delaware
Brown University alumni
University of Michigan Law School alumni
Simpson Thacher & Bartlett

masks:
Matthew S
. Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Matt Meyer
Trail Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Matt Meyer
Meyer


text_chunks:
<mask> (18 November 1935 – 5 December 1997) was a dissident from East Germany who, since his death, has been recognised as a philosopher, political figure and author. <mask> was a leader of the West German party The Greens, but became disenchanted with its political organization, left the party and explored spiritual approaches to sustainability. Early life and education
<mask> was the eldest of three children of <mask>, a livestock-industry consultant, and <mask> (née Conrad). Until 1945, the family lived in Lower Silesia: first in the spa town of Bad Flinsberg and then in neighboring Gerlachsheim, where Bahro attended the village school. Towards the end of World War II <mask> was drafted into the Volkssturm, and, after his capture, detained as a Polish prisoner. As the Eastern Front approached, the family was evacuated and Bahro was separated from his mother and siblings during the flight (the rest of <mask>'s family, with the exception of his father, died of typhoid soon afterwards). Bahro lived with an aunt in Austria and Hesse, spending several months in each location and eventually reuniting with his father, who was managing a widow's farm in Rießen (now part of Siehdichum).From 1950 to 1954, <mask> attended high school in Fürstenberg (now part of Eisenhüttenstadt). Since it was assumed that all high-school students would join the Free German Youth (FDJ), Bahro reluctantly joined in 1950. This was, as he later commented, the only time he did something against his will under pressure. In 1952 he applied for membership in the Socialist Unity Party (SED), which he joined in 1954. <mask> was regarded as intelligent, and graduated from high school with honors. He attended Humboldt University in Berlin from 1954 to 1959 and studied philosophy. Among his teachers were Kurt Hager (who later became the philosopher of the SED), Georg Klaus and Wolfgang Heise.The topic of his thesis was "Johannes R. Becher and the relationship of the German working class and its party to the national question of our people". Until 1956, <mask> was an admirer of Lenin and Stalin; Khrushchev's leaked "secret speech" in February 1956 changed his views. He followed the Polish October and the Hungarian Revolution with great interest, expressed his solidarity with the insurgents in a wall newspaper and openly criticized the restricted-information policy of the GDR leadership. As a result of his views, national security spied on him for two years. Party work
After passing the government licensing examination, the SED sent <mask> to Sachsendorf (a part of Lindendorf). He edited a local newspaper, Die Linie (The Line) and encouraged the area's farmers to join the LPG agricultural cooperative. In 1959 <mask> married Gundula Lambke, a Russian language teacher.The couple had two daughters (one of whom died at birth) and a son, in addition to Gundula's daughter. In 1960 <mask> was appointed to the party leadership of the University of Greifswald, where he founded the Unsere Universität ("Our University") newspaper and served as editor-in-chief. The same year saw the publication of his first book, a collection of poems entitled In dieser Richtung (In This Direction). Beginning in 1962, <mask> worked as a consultant for the Corporate Executive Committee of the Union of Science (one of the divisions of the Free German Trade Union Federation) in Berlin; in 1965 he was appointed deputy chief of the Freie Deutsche Jugend (FDJ) student magazine, Forum. During <mask>'s tenure with the FDJ he was hampered by conflict with the increasingly restrictive policies of the SED, which made him a target of criticism. Due to the unauthorized publication of an article by Volker Braun, <mask> was dismissed as deputy chief in 1967. Evolution of ideas
From 1967 to 1977 Bahro worked for a number of companies in the rubber and plastics industry as an organization development specialist.Seeing conditions in the factories soon brought him to the conclusion that the East German economy was in a crisis and the primary reason for this was that workers had little voice in the workplace. He expressed this view in a December 1967 letter to the Chairman of the State Council, Walter Ulbricht, proposing a transfer of workplace responsibility to the workers with grassroots democracy. A few weeks later, the Prague Spring began; <mask> took a lively interest, supported the movement. In May 1968 he was interviewed by a member of the Central Committee, who made it clear that his solidarity with the "counter-revolution" was no longer tolerated. This led <mask> to develop his ideas systematically, and to publish them. His decision was reinforced by the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia on 21 August. This was, as Bahro later said, "the blackest day" of his life and the reason for his final break with the SED.He decided not to make the break publicly, to protect his book project. In 1972 <mask> began part-time work on his dissertation on development conditions of high-school and technical-college groups in the VEBs (state-owned enterprises of the GDR). At the same time, he secretly wrote a thematically broader manuscript which later became The Alternative. In 1973, Gundula filed for divorce; both spouses said later this was as a precautionary measure to protect the children against government reprisals. However, in 1974 Gundula informed state security about the secret book project and handed over a copy of the manuscript; after that, Bahro was under surveillance. In 1975 <mask> submitted his dissertation at the Technische Hochschule Leuna-Merseburg, which was evaluated favorably by three reviewers. The Stasi intervened, engineering two opposing reviews.His work on The Alternative was unhindered, but <mask> was convinced that he would be unable to disseminate his book to the GDR citizenry. In December 1976 he learned that one of his samizdats had fallen into Stasi hands, which prompted him to finish his work quickly. Intermediaries arranged a contract with Europäische Verlagsanstalt, a West German publisher. Swiss musicologist Harry Goldschmidt smuggled the finished manuscript into West Berlin, and copies of the manuscript reached individuals in the GDR by mail. Later in West Germany, <mask> said that the theoretical bases for The Alternative were Karl August Wittfogel's 1957 Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power and earlier Marxist works. He was unable to cite Wittfogel because of the latter's anticommunism. Wittfogel also influenced <mask>'s later ecological work.The Alternative
The Alternative is divided into three parts:
 The non-capitalist path to an industrial society
 Anatomy of socialism
 Strategy for a communist alternative
The introduction begins with the premise that the Communist movement did not lead to the theoretically expected situation, but instead continued on the capitalist path with only superficial changes. "Alienation and the subaltern mentality of the working masses continue on a new level." The book analyzes the reasons for this, and offers solutions. The first part is a historical analysis of the development of socialism in the Soviet Union. <mask> concludes that in the Soviet Union (and, consequently, also in countries such as the GDR) not the theoretically expected socialism but a form of proto-socialism had emerged. For the reason, he posits that at the time of the October Revolution the Soviet Union was far from the stage of development presumed in Marx's theory of history. Nevertheless, the path chosen by Lenin was correct.<mask> regards Stalin's subsequent massive industrialization as a necessary development, justifying the party purge as inevitable. In the second part, <mask> analyzes the existing social system, which he believes was incorrectly called "real socialism" when in reality it was still a class society. He detailed how this society worked, and argues that this provided the rationale for the observed economic stagnation. In the third part, he developed solutions, including a call for a new revolution which would transform not only the social circumstances but the people. Its intention is to overcome the subaltern mentality, the "form of existence and way of thinking of ordinary people." He demanded the abolition of the division of labor; all should participate in science, art and menial work. Response
On 22 August 1977, the West German magazine Der Spiegel published an extract from The Alternative and an interview with <mask>, during which he admitted writing the book.The next day, <mask> was arrested and taken to the Berlin-Hohenschönhausen prison. That evening, West German television stations ARD and ZDF broadcast <mask>'s interview. In early September, the book went on sale. The first edition was sold out before delivery, and was translated into other languages. The Alternative sparked debate in the West European left about the nature of socialism. For Herbert Marcuse, <mask>'s book was "the most important contribution to Marxist theory and practice that has appeared in recent decades"; a similar view was expressed by the Trotskyist Ernest Mandel. To Lawrence Krader, Bahro was the "conscience of the revolution, the strength of the truth".Rudi Dutschke was critical, classifying <mask> as detached from Leninism with too little respect for human rights and calling his suggestions "totally unrealistic". These analyses were accompanied by a broad wave of publicly expressed solidarity with <mask>, climaxing in a letter by Heinrich Böll and Günter Grass in The Times on 1 February 1978 which was also signed by Arthur Miller, Graham Greene, Carol Stern, Mikis Theodorakis and other celebrities. In the GDR, however, <mask>'s recognition was suppressed and he was told nothing of the reaction to his book and subsequent arrest. About half of the copies of The Alternative which <mask> had posted shortly before his arrest in the GDR were intercepted by the authorities. His influence of East German students was limited. To write and publish a book was, in itself, legal in the GDR; however, <mask> was accused of working for the West German intelligence service (from whom he was thought to have obtained his information). On 30 June 1978, <mask> was convicted in camera of treason and betraying state secrets, and sentenced to eight years' imprisonment.Evidence indicates a kangaroo court, with a predetermined verdict; an appeal to the Supreme Court of the GDR filed by defense attorney Gregor Gysi was summarily rejected as unfounded. The verdict immediately sparked violent protests and expressions of solidarity in the West. The Committee for the Release of Rudolf Bahro organized an international conference, held 16 to 19 November 1978 in West Berlin and attended by over 2,000 participants. The depth of solidarity is illustrated by an appeal to the State Council of the GDR in the Frankfurter Rundschau of 11 May 1979, organized by Bahro Committee in 12 countries and signed by a number of celebrities. <mask> was awarded the Carl von Ossietzky Medal by the International League for Human Rights (Berlin) and made a member of the Swedish and Danish chapters of PEN International. On 11 October 1979, the 30th anniversary of the founding of the GDR, <mask> was granted amnesty. On 17 October he was deported with his former wife, their two children and his partner Ursula Beneke to the Federal Republic of Germany, in accordance with his July request.West German work
In West Germany <mask> soon joined the nascent Greens party, making a commitment to unite socialist and values-based coservatism currents in the new

masks:
Rudolf Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Max Bahro
Irmgard Bahro
Max Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro


text_chunks:
 party since compromise was a necessity. A 1980 book formulated elements of a new policy: the relationship between ecology and socialism. Breaking from his position in The Alternative, <mask> now felt that classical Marxism was no longer appropriate. Another new motif in <mask>'s thinking was religion. While in custody he had studied the Bible, and when he moved to the west he noticed unhappiness in spite of material prosperity. He interpreted this as a lack of introspection and transcendence, rejecting the traditionally materialistic outlook of socialism. The goal of human emancipation was represented (in different ways) by Karl Marx and Jesus Christ.In this context, Bahro referred to early Christianity and liberation theology. At the beginning of 1980, Bahro studied with Oskar Negt at the Leibniz University Hannover. His thesis appeared as a book, A Plea for Creative Initiative. In 1983, he earned his habilitation in social philosophy. In 1982, <mask> adopted a more radical position due to the contemporary economic crisis. He advocated a restructuring of society in economic, environmental and social-policy terms, which should be linked to a broad retreat from the world market and a move away from capitalist industry. Bahro also became involved in the peace movement, advocating a nuclear-free Europe.Bahro's Dare Commune was an alternative community during the early days of the Greens. He believed that the transformation of society must begin on a small scale, requiring a change in the people themselves and a rediscovery of spirituality. <mask> was influenced by the Congregation of the Benedictines and the mystical experience of God. In 1981 Bahro visited the North Korea, where he was received as a guest of the state. He saw this as his most important trip, to a state he admired with a system "to satisfy all the basic requirements of security". As part of a lecture tour of the United States in summer 1983, Bahro enjoyed several weeks at Rajneeshpuram with Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh (Osho). After the Green Party entered the Bundestag for the first time in March 1983, the question arose whether they would join a coalition with the Social Democratic Party of Germany (the SPD) or remain in opposition.<mask> strongly favored the latter option (which placed him in opposition to Joschka Fischer), and believed in renewal rather than reform. In his December 1984 "Hamburg speech", <mask> made a comparison with the political and social situation in the Weimar Republic: At that time, there had also been a broad movement in society which was dissatisfied with prevailing conditions and wanted change. What mattered now was to prevent the errors and political disasters of the past. In the Weimar Republic, the "brown" pole of the political spectrum (the Nazis) overpowered the left with "nationalist mythology in disguise; therefore, resistance to capitalist development" could not begin. <mask>'s "popular uprising" could occur this time without violence, but it was important that the Greens "are not lost" in the system. Bahro also called for the conquest of the right-left divide; to escape its minority position, the Greens should also "penetrate the territory of the Bavarian CSU". <mask>'s Hamburg speech ended with the allegation that Joschka Fischer's supporters had a lust for power, a situation that could lead to civil war and subsequent dictatorship.During the summer of 1985 <mask> left the Greens and focused on his new book, which was published in 1987 as Logic of Salvation. In it he described a "logic of self-extermination" and its consequences for humanity at present, presenting a "logic of life" requiring a "leap in consciousness" and a withdrawal from the industrial "mega-machine". It was important to implement a "rescue policy", before the worsening environmental crisis leads to an emergency government. <mask> called for long-term goals, the elimination of short-term tactics and government decentralization. He advocated an "invisible church", which would provide the necessary spiritual dimension. As a conservative on the left, he noted common ground with CDU politician and critic Kurt Biedenkopf. Inspired by Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika, <mask> hoped for a "prince of environmental change" and suggested the establishment of a consensus-oriented body similar to the British House of Lords.The book met a mostly negative response, and <mask>'s references to a prince and an invisible church were criticized. In 1986, Bahro held "learning workshops" at his home in Worms, which featured discussion of his ideas and meditation. He met Beatrice Ingermann, who had been conducting a similar project since 1983 that was also a community in the Eifel. <mask> joined her group; they married in 1988, and had a daughter. In Berlin after the fall of the Wall
Seeing the rapid decline of the GDR, at the end of 1989 Bahro went to East Berlin to fight against the feared  "sellout of the GDR," its absorption by the Federal Republic. He wanted to work to ensure that the regime could keep its autonomy and maintain what he thought was its greatest political achievement: the primacy of politics over economics. On 16 December 1989, Bahro had the opportunity of speaking to the assembled delegates of the extraordinary party conference of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, whose chairman had, a week ago, been his former legal counsel, Gysi.The main item on the agenda was whether the party should continue or be dissolved. What was finally decided was that the party should continue under a new name: Socialist Unity Party of Germany – Party of Democratic Socialism (German: Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands – Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus, abbreviated SED-PDS). <mask>'s request to address the conference as a guest speaker found only a slight majority (54%), and he was granted only 30 minutes, not the requested 45 minutes. <mask> was annoyed at this and had to improvise. After reading out the names of all the people who had helped him with his book, Die Alternative, he criticized the previous speaker, Minister President and Deputy Party Chairman Hans Modrow, as well as Karl Marx, Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin. He went on to present his vision of a "socio- ecological" restructuring of the GDR. His radical environmental ideas, which were hardly known in the GDR at that time, were far removed from the problems that interested the delegates, and his polemical introduction provoked fierce resentment.<mask> concluded that he no longer had anything in common with this party. In the spring of 1990, he began setting up an "Institute for Social Ecology" at the Humboldt University of Berlin. Instead of the usual discussion of the ecological crisis, he wanted this institute to address the issue holistically and, above all, study the deeper social and cultural causes of the crisis and develop practical alternatives. <mask> thus set up his own school of social science that is not to be confused with others that also go by the name of social ecology. On 16 June 1990, again represented by Gysi, <mask> was rehabilitated by the Supreme Court of the GDR. On 15 September, shortly before the end of the GDR, the Minister of Education and Science appointed him associate professor of social ecology at Humboldt University. From the winter semester 1990/1991, <mask> regularly held lectures on issues of the environmental crisis, where he further developed the theories that he had put forward in his book Logik der Rettung (published in English as Avoiding social and ecological disaster: the politics of world transformation: an inquiry into the foundations of spiritual and ecological politics).The lectures, to which he frequently invited guest speakers, were aimed at students in all years and also attracted an audience from outside the university. In the first years, the main lecture hall (auditorium maximum)  of the university was consistently full, and this also resulted in increased sales of his book on which the lectures were based. However, the Institute remained a temporary arrangement that could only exist thanks to financial support from the Schweisfurth Foundation. It was not until 1995 that the institute was integrated into the university as a working group of the Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture. In 1990, there were accusations that <mask> was striving for "eco-dictatorship". This accusation was made particularly aggressively by the , a right-wing organization founded in Zurich which, in a work entitled The Fascism of the New Left, claimed that <mask>'s real goal was an "eco-fascist dictatorship". <mask> indignantly denied this but soon found himself confronted with more accusations of this nature.The accusations were based on quotations from his book Logik der Rettung. In 1992, a former party colleague of his, Jutta Ditfurth joined the debate when, in her book Feuer in die Herzen [Putting Fire in the Hearts], she accused him of turning to esoteric, authoritarian and nationalist ideas. In addition to his activities in Berlin, until 1991 Bahro also active in the Lernwerkstatt [Learning Workshop] a non-profit organization in Niederstadtfeld, and he planned similar experiments with new sustainable living and economic systems in the former GDR. A conversation with the Minister-President of Saxony, Kurt Biedenkopf, in the summer of 1991 led to the socio-ecological futurology project LebensGut in the village of Pommritz, near Bautzen. There, the socio-ecological research begun at the Humboldt University is also being continued, mainly by Bahro's former associate Maik Hosang. In September 1993, <mask>'s wife Beatrice committed suicide following a marital dispute. He was so devastated that he had to cancel a semester of lectures.In the spring of 1994, he also became physically ill, and in the autumn of that year he was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. <mask> was convinced that his illness was the consequence of traumatic experiences such as the suicide of his wife and resisted conventional therapy, instead trying various alternative methods of diagnosis and therapy and temporarily moving into a monastery. Only after his condition deteriorated dramatically, he agreed to another course of chemotherapy. In May 1995, on his sickbed, he married his girlfriend and companion Marina Lehnert, who had been caring for his daughter for some time. After a year's break due to illness, in summer 1996 <mask> resumed teaching, but only to a limited extent. He gave his last lecture in July 1997. After that, he caught pneumonia and the cancer broke out again.<mask> died in Berlin on 5 December 1997 and was buried at the Dorotheenstadt cemetery in Berlin. Publications available in English

 The Alternative In Eastern Europe, New Left Books/Verso,  [1977 (German), 1978 (English)]
 Socialism and Survival [1980 (German); 1982 (English)]
 From Red To Green [1984]
 Building The Green Movement [1986]
 Avoiding Social & Ecological Disaster: The Politics of World Transformation [1987 (German), 1994 (English)]

Selected publications

 "Rapallo? Why Not? Reply to Gorz". TELOS 51 (Spring 1982). New York: Telos Press

References

External links

 Criticism of <mask>'s claimed ecofascism
 Answer to this criticism and general analysis of <mask>'s ideas

1935 births
1997 deaths
East German journalists
East German writers
Ecosocialists
German anti-capitalists
German communists
German male non-fiction writers
German Marxists
German politicians
German socialists
People from the Province of Lower Silesia
People from Świeradów-Zdrój
Anti-Stalinist

masks:
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Bahro
Rudolf Bahro
Bahro
Bahro


text_chunks:
<mask>  (born 1929) is an Australian philosopher. He is an Emeritus Professor in the philosophy department at La Trobe University in Victoria, Australia, and Professional Fellow in philosophy at the University of Melbourne. He was the Editor of the Australasian Journal of Philosophy for twelve years. He is one of the major proponents of the New Essentialist school of philosophy of science. Philosophical work

New essentialism
The new essentialism is a comprehensive philosophy of nature. Philosophers around the world, including Sydney Shoemaker, Charles Martin, George Molnar, George Bealer, John Bigelow, Caroline Lierse, Evan Fales, Crawford Elder, Nicholas Maxwell, Nancy Cartwright and John Heil, have contributed to in various ways to its development. The new essentialism is an emerging metaphysical perspective that is the culmination of many different attempts to arrive at a satisfactory post-Humean philosophy of nature.However, this list of claimed allies has been disputed by Stephen Mumford, at least with regard to Shoemaker, Martin, Molnar, Heil and Cartwright. "Causal Powers and Categorical Properties"

In the chapter "Causal Powers and Categorical Properties" of The Metaphysics of Powers: Their Grounding and Their Manifestations, <mask> argues that categorical properties and causal powers are distinct from one another, and that categorical properties are not dispositional, but quiddities. Quidditism accounts for identity of a property based only on what it is rather than what it disposes its bearer to do. Although categorical properties do not necessarily dispose their bearers to do anything, they do determine where active properties of things may exist, or be distributed, and thus where the effects of such activities can be observed. He gives a detailed logical account of how a causal power can be defined. <mask> defines a causal power as a quantitative property that positions its bearer in specific circumstances to take part in a physical causal process with a certain outcome. Such powers are to either act or resist change within the bearer (e.g.temperature, elasticity). All causal powers must meet two criteria. First, they must all have contingent locations, since they have to act from somewhere. Second, they all must have laws of action outlining their nature. Such laws reference both the location of the object that possesses the power, as well as the location of things it interacts with. Locations, however, are impotent. <mask> argues that neither locations nor categorical properties such as shape and size are causal powers, yet they can make a difference in outcomes.Publications

Articles

"Basic concepts of measurement". Physics Today. American Institute of Physics, 1966. "Casual Laws and Singular Causation". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 61:329–351. Wiley-Blackwell, 2000."Critical Notice of Scientific Realism: How Science Tracks the Truth by Stathis Psillos". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 68:495–497. Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. "Has the Universe a Beginning in Time?". Australasian Journal of Philosophy 32–37. Routledge, 1955."Humanism and Morality". Sophia: an International Journal for Philosophical Theology and Cross-Cultural Philosophy of Religion. 50:135–139. Springer Verlag, 2011. "Internal Realism". Synthese. 76: 409–434.Springer Verlag, 1988. "Katzav on the Limitations of Dispositionalism". Analysis. 65(285). Oxford University Press, 2005. "Marc Lange on Essentialism". Australasian Journal of Philosophy.83:75–79. Routledge, 2005. "Physical Realism". Ratio: an International Journal of Analytic Philosophy. 18:371–384. Wiley, 2005. "Retrospective and Prospective Utilitarianism".Nous. 15: 325–328. Wiley, 1981. "Scientific Platonism". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A. 23:665–679. Elsevier, 1992."Two Theories of Indicative Conditionals". Australian Journal of Philosophy. 62: 50–66. Routledge, 1984. "Truth and Objectivity". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. Wiley, 1993."Universals, the Essential Problem and Categorical Properties". Ratio: an International Journal of Analytic Philosophy. 18:462–472. Wiley, 2005. "What Science Aims to Do". Images of Science: Essays on Realism and Empiricism. 48–74.University of Chicago Press, 1985. Books

Labor's Historic Mission, Vol.1. Vic Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2015. The Metaphysics of Scientific Realism. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2009. The Philosophy of Nature: A Guide to the New Essentialism. McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002.Scientific Essentialism. Cambridge University Press, 2001. Social Demand: and How to Provide for It, Vol.2. Vic Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2016. Social Humanism: A New Metaphysics. Routledge, 2012. Chapters

 "The Categorical Dimensions of the Causal Powers".Properties, Powers and Structures: Issues in the Metaphysics of Realism. 11–26. Routledge, 2012. "Causal Powers and Categorical Properties". The Metaphysics of Powers: Their Grounding and Their Manifestations. 133–142. Routledge, 2010."Constructing an Ontology". Topics on General and Formal Ontology. 15–26. Polimetrica, 2006. "From Conventionalism to Scientific Metaphysics". History of Philosophy in Australia and New Zealand. 329–359.Springer Netherlands, 2014. "A Review Essay on God, Chance and Necessity". Sophia, 38. 311–316. Springer Verlag, 2007. "History and Philosophy of Science". Idealist Origins: 1920s and Before.707–772. Springer Netherlands, 2014. "Human Agency, Realism and the New Essentialism". Australian Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. 193–208. Springer Dordrecht, 2002. La Trobe University.238–242. 2010. La Trobe University. 248–252. 2014. "Universals, the Essential Problem and Categorical Properties". Ratio.88–97. Wiley, 2006. References

Further reading
 Bird, Alexander. Nature's Metaphysics: Laws and Properties. Oxford University Press, 2010. Lange, Marc. Laws and Lawmakers: Science, Metaphysics, and the Laws of Nature.Oxford University Press, 2009. External links
 His University of Melbourne Faculty Page
 His La Trobe University Faculty Page

20th-century Australian philosophers
21st-century Australian philosophers
Essentialism
Metaphysics of science
Philosophers of science
Living people
1929 births

masks:
Brian Ellis
Ellis
Ellis
Ellis


text_chunks:
<mask> the Conqueror KG (in Breton Yann IV, in French Jean IV, and traditionally in English sources both <mask> of Montfort and <mask>) (1339 – 1 November 1399), was Duke of Brittany and Count of Montfort from 1345 until his death and 7th Earl of Richmond from 1372 until his death. Ordinal number
He was the son of <mask> of Montfort and Joanna of Flanders. His father claimed the title Duke of Brittany, but was largely unable to enforce his claim for more than a brief period. Because his father's claim to the title was disputed, with only the English king recognising it, the subject of this article is often numbered in French sources as "<mask> IV" and his father as simply "<mask> of Montfort" (Jean de Montfort), while in English sources he is known as  "<mask>". However, the epithet of "The Conqueror" makes his identity unambiguous. Conquest
The first part of his rule was tainted by the Breton War of Succession, fought by his father against his cousin Joanna of Penthièvre and her husband Charles of Blois. With French military support Charles was able to control most of Brittany.After his father's death, <mask>'s mother Joanne attempted to continue the war in the name of her baby son. She became known as "Jeanne la Flamme" (Fiery Joanna) for her fiery personality. However, she was eventually forced to retreat with her son to England to ask for the aid of Edward III. She was later declared insane and imprisoned in Tickhill Castle in 1343. <mask> and his sister Joan of Brittany were taken into the King's household afterwards. <mask> returned to Brittany to enforce his claim, with English help. In 1364, <mask> won a decisive victory against the House of Blois in the Battle of Auray, with the support of the English army led by <mask>.His rival Charles was killed in the battle and Charles's widow Joanna was forced to sign the Treaty Guérande on 12 April 1365. In the terms of the treaty, Joanna gave up her rights to Brittany and recognized <mask> as sole master of the duchy. Power struggles
Having achieved victory with English support (and having married into the English royal family), Duke <mask> was constrained to confirm several English barons in positions of power within Brittany, especially as controllers of strategically important strongholds in the environs of the port of Brest, which gave the English military access to the peninsula, and which took revenue from Brittany to the English crown. This English power-base in Brittany was resented by the Breton aristocrats and the French monarchy, as was <mask>'s use of English advisers. However, <mask> declared himself a vassal to king Charles V of France, not to Edward III of England. Nevertheless, this gesture did not placate his critics, who saw the presence of rogue English troops and lords as destabilizing. Faced with the defiance of the Breton nobility, <mask> was unable to muster military support against King Charles V, who took the opportunity to exert pressure over Brittany.Without local support, in 1373, he was once more forced into exile to England. However, King Charles V made the mistake of attempting to completely adjoin the duchy of Brittany to France. Bertrand de Guesclin was sent to make the duchy submit to the French king by force of arms in 1378. The Breton barons revolted against the takeover and invited Duke <mask> back from exile in 1379. He landed in Dinard and took control of the duchy once more with the support of local barons. An English army under Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, landed at Calais and marched towards Nantes to take control of the city. However, <mask> subsequently reconciled with the new French king, Charles VI of France, and paid off the English troops to avoid a confrontation.He ruled his duchy thereafter in peace with the French and English crowns for over a decade, maintaining contact with both, but minimizing open links to England. Between 1380 and 1385, <mask> built the Château de l'Hermine (Castle of Hermine) in Vannes, which became a defensive fortress and dwelling for the Dukes of Brittany. He built it in order to benefit from the central position of the city of Vannes in his duchy. In 1397, Duke <mask> finally managed to extricate Brest from English control by using diplomatic pressure and financial inducements. Clisson affair
In 1392 an attempt was made to kill Olivier V de Clisson, the Constable of France, in Paris who was an old enemy of the duke's. The attacker, Pierre de Craon, fled to Brittany. <mask> was assumed to be behind the plot, and Charles VI took the opportunity to attack Brittany once more.Accompanied by the Constable, he marched on Brittany, but before he reached the duchy the king was seized with madness. Relatives of Charles VI blamed Clisson, and instituted legal proceedings against him to undermine his political position. Stripped of his status as Constable, Clisson now took refuge in Brittany himself, and was reconciled with <mask> (1397), becoming a close adviser to the duke. English knighthood
<mask> was knighted by King Edward III between 1375 and 1376 as a member of the Order of the Garter. He is believed to be the only Duke of Brittany to have attained this English honour. Family

Marriages
Duke <mask> married three times:
1) Mary of England (1344–1362), daughter of King Edward III and Philippa of Hainault. 2) Lady Joan Holland (1350–1384), daughter of Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent and Joan of Kent, in London, in May 1366.3) Joan of Navarre (1370–1437), daughter of King Charles II of Navarre and Joan of Valois, at Saillé-près-Guérande, near Nantes, on 2 October 1386. Joan of Navarre was the mother of all of <mask>'s children. After his death, she served as Regent to their son, <mask>, Duke of Brittany, and eventually married King Henry IV of England. Children
 Jeanne of Brittany (Nantes, 12 August 1387 – 7 December 1388). Isabelle of Brittany (October 1388 – December 1388). <mask>, Duke of Brittany (Château de l'Hermine, near Vannes, Morbihan, 24 December 1389 – manoir de La Touche, near Nantes on 29 August 1442). Marie of Brittany (Nantes, 18 February 1391 – 18 December 1446), Lady of La Guerche, married at the Château de l'Hermine on 26 June 1398 <mask> of Alençon.Marguerite of Brittany (1392 – 13 April 1428), Lady of Guillac, married on 26 June 1407, Alain IX, Viscount of Rohan and Count of Porhoët (d. 1462)
 Arthur III, Duke of Brittany (Château de Succinio, 24 August 1393 – Nantes, 26 December 1458). Gilles of Brittany (1394 – Cosne-sur-Loire, 19 July 1412, Bourges), Lord of Chantocé and Ingrande. Richard of Brittany (1395 – Château de Clisson 2 June 1438), Count of Benon, Étampes, and Mantes, married at the Château de Blois, Loir-et-Cher on 29 August 1423 Margaret d'Orléans, Countess of Vertus, daughter of Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans. Blanche of Brittany (1397 – bef. 1419), married at Nantes on 26 June 1407 <mask>, Count of Armagnac. See also
Dukes of Brittany family tree

References

|-

1339 births
1399 deaths
14th-century dukes of Brittany
14th-century peers of France
14th-century English nobility
Dukes of Brittany
Earls of Richmond (1268)
Knights of the Garter
House of Montfort
Montfort of Brittany
Medieval Brittany

masks:
John IV
John
John V
John
John
John
John V
John
John
John
John
John Chandos
John
John IV
John
John IV
John IV
John IV
John IV
John IV
John IV
John
John
John IV
John IV
John
John V
John V
John I
John IV


text_chunks:
<mask> (born <mask>; 21 December 1934 in Bucharest) is a Romanian-French scientist, bilingual writer, biologist, philosopher and a historian of science. He has studied genetics. Background
His father Dumitru Peligrad a boyar and philanthropist was placed under house arrest after the invasion of Romania by the Red Army (starting 23 August 1944), but he refused to submit to regular police checks. Although belonging to a class deemed "unhealthy" by the then communist regime, the young researcher was a brilliant undergraduate at the University of Bucharest. Pioneer of Romanian radio-genetics (his first studies focused on the influence of electricity on the life of plants), agronomist (1956), Doctor (Ph.D) in Genetics (1961), then a professor at the University of Bucharest, he fought theories of Lysenkoism, imposed by the ex-USSR in the former so-called "popular democratic" countries of Central and Eastern Europe. After 1948 his laboratories were destroyed three times and he was banned from the university in the late 1950s. In his first book, published in Romanian, in 1969, General Biology, Genetics and Improvement, <mask> did not hesitate to formally confront Lysenkoism amidst repressive political and social campaigns undertaken in science and agriculture by the powerful Stalinist director Trofim Lysenko and his followers, starting year 1920.History of Science
Naturalized French in 1972, he undertook a work of history and philosophy of science, embodied by his thesis of Doctor (Ph.D) of State (1983), History of Genetics and Evolutionism in France, the first true history of this science published in France. In 1989, his book The Revolution of Evolution received a Grand Prize from the French Academy. In 1997, he presided over the "Biology and Medical Science" section of the twentieth International Congress of History of Science (Liege, Belgium). Professor of history of science at the French University of Paris X-Nanterre (1983–2003), he is the author of a new theory of evolution, the "Synergistic Theory of Evolution". Publications
A writer in Romanian and French, <mask> has published several collections of poems, in sensitivity close to poems written by Romanian poets Mihai Eminescu, Lucian Blaga and Tudor Arghezi. Haunted by nothingness, these short poems, very dense, open up a universe that is not unlike that of Romanian philosopher Emil Cioran. Romania's First Radiobiology Laboratory
In 1955 he founded the first radiobiology laboratory of Romania and, the following year, he graduated this university as an agricultural engineer.Fighting tirelessly Lysenkoism's theories (which caused to his lab to be destroyed three times: in 1956, 1960 and 1962), he continues his research on plants' resistance to cold and on the heterosis (or hybrid vigor) for hybrids of Zea mays (the maize). His works, which were initially the subject of a first doctorate (Ph.D) thesis, in natural science (defended and published in Bucharest, Romania, in 1961), will be extended, completed and introduced, after his arrival in France, in a second doctoral thesis (defended and published at the Faculty of Sciences, in Paris, France, in 1970). Theorist of biology, <mask> has developed a new model called "Synergistic Theory of Evolution". It updates and complements the previous "Synthetic Theory" having in view that the natural selection underlined by Charles Darwin is to be applied only to phenotype, so that certain phenomena (such as lethal mutations) were not sufficiently taken into account by this old model. <mask>'s theory and model have introduced "a new concept in the evolutionary and hereditary process - i.e the pre-selection genotyping" - which may be defined as "the natural operation which eliminates a priori, to genotype level, any genetic combination or mutation which is unfit for the survival of it" (The revolution of evolution, 1989). Guided by the "Systems Theory" of Ludwig von Bertalanffy, <mask>'s theory envisages synergistic multi-pole selection which would be able to act within every living (from the atom to human being). French Teacher
Philosopher and historian of science Visiting professor at the Sorbonne University (1969–1974), senior lecturer at the University of Dijon (1974–1980) and at the University of Paris I (1980–1983), <mask> Buican teaches Philosophy and History of biological sciences, while preparing a third (state) doctoral thesis on the history of genetics in France, under the direction of .Philosopher of sciences, he redefines notably the place of chance in evolution, in departing positions adopted by Jacques Monod: beyond the absolute chance postulated by the Nobel Prize, he introduces an "oriented chance" (called "evolving orthodromic") and considers (in "Chance, necessity and logic of living", La Nouvelle Revue Française, 225, 1971) the opportunities to be offered by genetic manipulation – which will be confirmed by the first genetic engineering work done in 1974. New Theory
<mask> has also developed a new theory of knowledge, called Biognoséologie, which attempts to exceed the Kantian distinction between phenomena and noumènes (those "things by themselves" which, according to Kant, can not be investigated by human beings) : based on ethology's data and on advances in molecular biology, he considered the so-called "relative noumènes", which would likely capture a probable reality. Historian, based on the epistemological model of Thomas Kuhn (The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 1962), he also considered the introduction of genetics in France as a "run with obstacles": the science of heredity was accepted only in 1945, not without some resistance by biologists themselves, most of them being attached to . He is also the author of an essay, "The eternal return of Lysenko" (1978) dedicated to the interpretation of Lysenkoism: denouncing the theories of the philosopher Dominique Lecourt (author of the essay Lysenko published in 1976), which denied any liability to Marxism in the emergence then the triumph of Stalin's Lysenkoism theses. On the contrary he shows that the roots of Lysenkoism are to be found in the messianism and determinism of Marx and Engels. Becoming a professor at University of Paris X – Nanterre, in 1983, <mask> Buican devoted most of his research on the history of Darwinism, Evolution and Genetics, he publishes many books. Respect For The Individual
A free man without illusions about Western democracies - which he did not consider to be truly democratic and readily qualified them as being only "police- and plutocratic demagogies" - he calls, on contrary, for an open, meritocratic society, based on the principles of power separation and reciprocal control of powers (according to Montesquieu), on the respect for the individual value and on equal opportunities.Probabilistic, he wished that the human society will enable everyone to freely and fully develop her/ his hereditary potential. Very critical in respect to the French university system - which he readily denounces as having a clan structure, attitudes and behaviors - he considers that "a society aiming to be simultaneously equitable and efficient does require a selective - and even a micro-selective - educational system being able to offer to everyone, from cradle to the grave, the possibility to develop herself / himself without any discrimination of class or race, of religion or customs, as far as her/ his genetic heritage does allow." (The university as sacred mad cow of the Republic, Paris, F.-X. de Guibert, 2004, p. 127). Bibliography

Epistemology and History of science
 General Biology, Genetics and Improvement, in collaboration with Bogdan Stugren,  Bucharest, Didactic and Pedagogic Editions, 1969 (in Romanian). The Eternal Return of Lysenko, Paris, Copernicus, 1978 (translated into Italian, Armando Armando, 1983). Heredity and the Future of the Man, Paris, Serge Fleury, 1983.History of Genetics and Evolutionism in France, Paris, PUF, 1984. Preface by Pierre Chaunu. The Genetics and Evolution, Paris, PUF, Que sais-je?, 1986 reissue.,1993 (translated into Portuguese by Editions Europa America, 1987). Genetics and Evolutionary Thinking, Paris, SEDES, 1987. Darwin and Darwinism, Paris, PUF, Que sais-je?, 1987 reissue., 1994 (translated into Portuguese - Brazil - Editions Zahar, 1990, Turkish, Ilev, 1991 and Chinese, 1999). Lysenko and Lysenkoism, Paris, PUF, Que sais-je?, 1988. The Revolution of Evolution, Paris, PUF, 1989.Preface by Pierre Chaunu (translated into Romanian, Scientific Editions, 1994). The evolution and Evolutionism, Paris, PUF, Que sais-je?, 1989; reissued under the title The Darwinism and Evolutionism, Paris, Frisian-Roche, 2005. The biological explosion, La Garenne-Colombes, published by the European, 1991. Charles Darwin, Paris, Criterion, 1992 (translated into Italian, Armando Armando, 1996, Romanian, All editions, 1999). Mendel and genetics of yesterday and today, Paris, Criterion, 1993 (translated into Romanian, Ed. All, 1997). Biognoséologie.Evolution and revolution of knowledge, Paris, Kimé, 1993 (translated into Romanian, Ed. All, 1993). Jean Rostand, the iconoclastic patriarch of Ville d'Avray, Paris, Kimé, 1994. History of biology. Heredity-Evolution, Paris, Nathan, 1994 (translated into Spanish, Acento editorial, 1995, in Greek, Ed. Savalas, 1996, in Portuguese, Ed. Europa-America, 1996).Evolution of Biological Thought, Paris, Hachette, 1995. Evolution today, Paris, Hachette, 1995. Comparative Ethology, Paris, Hachette, 1995. Evolution, the great adventure of life, Paris, Nathan, 1995. Evolution and evolutionary theories, Paris, Masson, 1997. Dictionary of biology. Essentials, Paris, Larousse, 1997 (translated into Romanian, enciclopedic Universe, 2001, in Portuguese, Circulo de lettore, 2002).Proceedings of the XXth International Congress of History of Science (Liège, 20–26 July 1997). (ed. with D. Thieffry): Biological and Medical Sciences, Turnhout (Belgium), Brepols Publishers, 2002. The epic life. The evolution of the biosphere and human avatars, Paris, Frisian-Roche, 2003 (translated into Romanian, CD Press, 2004). The Odyssey of evolution, Paris, Ellipses, 2008. Darwin in the history of biological thought, Paris, Ellipses, 2008.Mendel in the history of genetics, Paris, Ellipses, 2008. Biology. History and philosophy, Paris, CNRS éditions, 2010. Evolution. History and controversies (co-author: Cédric Grimoult), Paris, CNRS éditions, 2011. Darwin and the Evolutionism's epic, Paris, Perrin, 2012. Essays

 Dracula and his avatars – from Vlad the Impaler to Stalin and Ceausescu, La Garenne-Colombes, published by the European, 1991.The changing face of Dracula. The history and legend, Paris, Le Feline, 1993. The University as sacred mad cow of the Republic, Paris, François-Xavier de Guibert, 2004. Memoirs (A stormy life between East and West), Bucharest, CD Publishing Press, 2007. Secular Mosaic, Bucharest, CD Publishing Press, 2010. (French-Romanian edition)

Literary Works

 Single Tree (poems), Price Cino del Duca, Paris, Pierre-Jean Oswald, 1974. Blind Light (poems), Paris, Editions Saint-Germain-des-Pres, 1976.Mamura (poems), Bucharest, Editura Demiurg, 1993. (in Romanian)
 SPICE - Old and New Poems, Bucharest, CD Publishing Press, 2006. (in Romanian)
 Black Jewellery, Bucharest, Bucharest, CD Publishing Press, 2008. (in Romanian)
 Torture wheel - Light wheel, Bucharest, CD Publishing Press, 2009. (French-Romanian edition)

References

External links
 Gilles Smadja, « Le mauvais dissident » Gilles Smadja, "The poor dissident," Humanity, 19 December 1990
 Decision of the Administrative Court of Appeal of 15 December 2005
 Cédric Grimoult,Cédric Grimoult, "History of thought scientific, historical, philosophical: <mask> and the Biosphere", Organon (Warsaw), 34-2005, 217-238.
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090503103516/http://membres.lycos.fr/denisbuican/
 Kaleidoscope (excerpt), texts translated from the French, published in The Black Herald, issue 3, 2012

1934 births
Living people
Romanian emigrants to France
University of Burgundy faculty
French biologists
Scientists from Bucharest
University of Bucharest faculty
Historians of biology
Paris Nanterre University faculty

masks:
Denis Buican
Dumitru Buicangrad
Denis Buican
Denis Buican
Denis Buican
Buican
Buican
Denis
Denis Buican
Denis
Denis Buican


text_chunks:
<mask><mask> (born September 21, 1975) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Texas Rangers, Toronto Blue Jays, Milwaukee Brewers, Arizona Diamondbacks, and Chicago Cubs. <mask> was born in Sacramento, California, and went to Northgate High School in Walnut Creek, California, where he played football and baseball. He was drafted by the Los Angeles Dodgers following his senior year in high school, but did not sign. <mask> attended Diablo Valley College after high school and played baseball. He later attended the City College of San Francisco, where he earned Second Team All-Conference honors as a pitcher in his junior season. Minor league career
<mask> was drafted by the Texas Rangers in the 10th round of the 1996 Major League Baseball Draft.<mask> began his minor league career for the Texas Rangers rookie league affiliate, the Gulf Coast Rangers, in 1996 where he went 3–1 with a 1.90 ERA in 8 games and 42 innings. In 1997 <mask> started his season with the Gulf Coast Rangers going 3–1 with a 1.70 ERA in 4 games before being promoted to the High-A Charlotte Rangers where he spent the rest of 1998 and 1998, going 16–10 over that period. In 1999, <mask> began the season in AA Tulsa posting an impressive 2.42 ERA over 74 innings with a record of 4–4, which earned him a promotion to the AAA Oklahoma RedHawks where he finished the season with a 7–0 record, 3.00 ERA. <mask> made his major league debut in 1999, and then spent time between AAA and the Major Leagues from 1999 to 2003 before becoming a full-time major league player, going 17–6 during that period. Major league career

Texas Rangers
<mask> made his MLB debut on August 9, 1999 for the Rangers, appearing in only 2 games. <mask> pitched out of the bullpen for the majority of the season while also making 13 starts. He also threw a complete game against the Red Sox on August 21.<mask> was inserted into the Rangers rotation, making 30 starts. He finished 11–10 in 186 innings. <mask>' 2002 season was cut short due to injury, managing to make just 10 starts for the Rangers. In 2003, <mask> only made 1 start, pitching 3 innings while allowing 4 runs. Toronto Blue Jays
<mask> was claimed off waivers on April 30 by the Blue Jays. He started 11 games for them, going 4–6 with a 5.00 ERA. Milwaukee Brewers
<mask> signed with the Milwaukee Brewers after becoming a free agent in mid July.He made 5 starts in AAA before being called up on August 11, 2003. On September 19, he allowed a home run to Hall of Fame pitcher Randy Johnson, the only home run of his career. <mask> was an anchor for the Brewers in 2004. He had career bests in all pitching categories, notching 12 wins while allowing a career low 14 home runs. <mask> continued with the Brewers in 2005, going 11–11 with a 3.84 ERA. On Mother's Day, May 14, 2006, <mask> was one of more than 50 batters who brandished a pink bat to benefit the Breast Cancer Foundation. <mask> made a brief appearance in 2005 as a potential home buyer on the A&E television program Flip This House episode "It's a Rat Race".He finished the 2006 season 11–11 with a 4.91 ERA and 102 walks. Arizona Diamondbacks
On November 25, 2006, <mask> was traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks along with pitcher Dana Eveland and outfielder Dave Krynzel, for catcher Johnny Estrada, and pitchers Greg Aquino and Claudio Vargas. The Diamondbacks and <mask> agreed to a three-year, $22 million deal. In his first season for the Diamondbacks, <mask> went 13–12 with a 4.25 ERA and 144 strikeouts in 192 innings. On July 29, 2008, <mask> took a perfect game into the bottom of the 7th inning at Petco Park. <mask>' 2008 season was cut short due to injury, making 26 starts, and finishing with a record of 6–8. On August 12, 2009, <mask>' former team, the Milwaukee Brewers, put a waiver claim on him, but he was not traded.<mask> ended the season with a 9–14 record, with a 4.12 ERA and 1.51 WHIP. He tied for the major league lead in errors by a pitcher with 5, and also led the league in walks with 103. Second Stint with Brewers
On January 22, 2010, <mask> signed a one-year contract with the Milwaukee Brewers for $4.25 million in 2010, with a $6.5 million mutual option for 2011 with a $1 million buyout. <mask> endured a rough season in 2010, making only 8 starts and going 1–4 with a 7.51 ERA. He spent most of the season on the disabled list. His option was declined after the season. Chicago Cubs
On April 12, 2011, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Chicago Cubs, stipulating that if he were to join the Cubs major league team that season, he would make $900,000 with possible bonuses that could bring his total salary to nearly $2 million.The Cubs purchased his contract on May 14. <mask> was released on June 29 by the Cubs after going 1–7 with a 6.50 ERA in 9 starts. Chicago White Sox
<mask> signed a minor league contract with the Chicago White Sox on July 15, 2011. Kansas City Royals
On May 12, 2012, <mask> signed a minor league contract with the Kansas City Royals. He remained the whole season at AAA, going 9–4 with a 4.66 ERA in 16 starts for the Omaha Storm Chasers. Pitching style
<mask> threw four pitches: a four-seam fastball at 84–87 mph, a cutter at 80–84, a curveball at 68–72, and a changeup at 78–81. <mask>'s four-seamer was the slowest fastball among left-handed starters in the 2011 season.<mask> typically had a high walk rate throughout his career. He has finished in the top 2 in the National League in walks four times, including first in 2009. He was known for his windup, a slow process that could be compared to the "two-stage" motions many Japanese pitchers have used. Personal life
<mask> is married to Chantelle <mask>, with whom he has two children, Dylan and Gavin. He also has a daughter, Drew, and a son, Jordan, with his ex-wife. In his off time, he enjoys golf, chess, fishing, and spending time with his kids. On March 28, 2008, <mask> was diagnosed with thyroid cancer.<mask> made two starts in the regular 2008 season before having surgery to remove his thyroid, a procedure scheduled for April 10. Following surgery, <mask> was given a radioactive iodine treatment to kill any remaining cancer. He was expected to take 4–6 weeks to recover, and doctors reported a 97% chance of full recovery. On May 9, 2008, it was announced by the Diamondbacks that <mask> had undergone a series of tests, the results of which indicated that he was, by then, cancer-free. He was expected to make two rehab starts in the minor leagues before returning to the Diamondbacks' Major League roster. He returned to the Diamondbacks rotation on May 23, 2008 against the Atlanta Braves. He pitched seven innings, allowing only one run and striking out five in an 11–1 win for Arizona.His father was in the stands for his return. References

External links

Doug <mask> Foundation

1975 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Arizona Diamondbacks players
Baseball players from Sacramento, California
Charlotte Knights players
Charlotte Rangers players
Chicago Cubs players
City College of San Francisco Rams baseball players
Daytona Cubs players
Diablo Valley College alumni
Gulf Coast Rangers players
Huntsville Stars players
Indianapolis Indians players
Iowa Cubs players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Milwaukee Brewers players
Nashville Sounds players
Oklahoma RedHawks players
Omaha Storm Chasers players
Sportspeople from Walnut Creek, California
Texas Rangers players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Tucson Sidewinders players
Tulsa Drillers players
Wisconsin Timber Rattlers players

masks:
Douglas N
. Davis
Youth Davis
College Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Doug Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Renee Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis


text_chunks:
<mask> (born February 2, 1951 in Buffalo, New York) is an American painter. His art has been exhibited in over 70 solo and over 150 group exhibitions throughout North America and Europe and is included in the permanent collections of over 70 museums, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, National Gallery of Art, and Smithsonian American Art Museum. <mask> has received fellowships and grants from the New York State Council on the Arts, National Endowment for the Arts, Adolph and Esther Gottlieb Foundation, the Pollock-Krasner Foundation, and the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation. Early life and education
<mask> was born and raised in Buffalo, New York where he attended Hutchinson Central Technical High School. He then attended Pratt Institute in Brooklyn from 1969-1970 where the two-dimensional design teacher Joseph Phillips, introduced Artforum magazine to him. <mask> dropped out and on January 5, 1971 decided that he would devote his life to art. He traded his sculptor's assistant services for studio space with artist Larry W. Griffis Jr., at the Ashford Hollow Foundation's 30 Essex Street former ice-house facility.From 1971-1972 he attended the Ontario College of Art and was introduced to the artists and galleries of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He observed closely the organization of A-Space, a not-for-profit gallery which exhibited emerging artists. This model along with that of Artists Space in New York provided the example that <mask> followed in forming Hallwalls Center for Contemporary Art. By 1973 many of the University at Buffalo's and Buffalo State's art professors had rented studios at 30 Essex Street. One of these, Joseph Panone, brought his student, Robert Longo and introduced him to <mask>, which resulted in the program of exhibitions and artists' visits which became Hallwalls in 1974. Larry W. Griffis Jr. and the Ashford Hollow Foundation shared its space and its Internal Revenue Service's 501 c3 status to seek and be awarded grants by the National Endowment for the Arts and New York State Council on the Arts. Artists whose works were presented during the early years of Hallwalls include, amongst others Vito Acconci, Kathy Acker, Laurie Anderson, Lynda Benglis, Ross Bleckner, Barbara Bloom, Eric Bogosian, Jonathan Borofsky, Chris Burden, Robert Creeley, Eric Fischl, Philip Glass, Jack Goldstein, Dan Graham, Robert Irwin, Sol LeWitt, Robert Mangold, Malcolm Morley, David Salle, Julian Schnabel and Michael Snow.In 1978 after separating Hallwalls from the Ashford Hollow Foundation, establishing its board of directors and obtaining its own 501 c3 status, <mask> returned to New York City to pursue his art. Artwork
<mask> has said, of his artwork, "What I like most about painting, all kinds of painting, is that it ain't what it looks like. Not that it's simply an illusion. I like the contradiction, that my things can have an old master look, the look of Abstract Expressionism and a look of shiny smoothness. I like those paradoxes—flatness and its opposite, the way the photo reveals and the paint conceals. Shuffling and reshuffling, then adding another deck and reshuffling that." In his autobiographical book of images, Pepfog Clufff, <mask> has written of the period following his commitment to art that: "my examination of impulses, desires, and intentions finally began to coalesce in my journal-like Studio Notes with which I have developed the themes and procedures which articulate my meanings to this day.At that point I had abandoned illustrational strategies for paint-as-material processes, generally, as established by Pollock and his progeny. My wood carving gave way to making maquettes for Tony Smith-like sculptures. My photographs reflected Walker Evans on the one hand and Jan Dibbets on the other." Pepfog Clufff includes the following categories of works: 1. The Arrow 2. The Composites 3. Flung, Stroked, Squeegeed, and Ground 4.The Studio Notes 5. The Photo Reveals and the Paint Conceals 6. Clouds 7. Paint Creatures 8. Male and Female 9. Group Portraits 10.The History of Foolish Hope 11. Old Masters and Utopias 12.C-notes 13. Display Models 14. The Airbrush Detour 15. The Big Finger 16. The Vortices 17. Sun Wei 18. Arena Painting 19.The Stereos 20. Sticks and Stones 21. The Polychromes 22. Tinnitus and the Movies 23. Caesura 24. The Zodiac Conclusion 25. The Zodiac Macros 26.The Terminal Painting 27. Stream 28. The Tributaries 29. The Westerly Sculpture 30. The Books 31. The Segue 32. Pepfog.Pepfog Clufff includes "Chance and Choice," <mask>'s statement of concerns, excerpted here: "My subject is a web of metaphysical categories including:
1. Unity: wholeness, integrity, fragmentation, connectedness, and cosmic parameters. 2. Identity: similarities and differences, sums of distinguishing characteristics, units of consciousness and processes of projection, introjection, and transference. 3. Freedom: the fixed limits of nature, the shifting limits of society, the free exchange of ideas, and the boundless imagination. 4.Creation: the process of nature as a metaphor for thought and action and the correlation of form and content to establish the symbolic realm. 5. Truth: the limits of nature, the nature of belief, and the interpretation of the ambiguous. 6. Utopia: progress or a timeless ideal, perfect moments or a state of grace. 7. Nothingness: death, oblivion, the absolute, the infinite and/or the unimaginable."Beginning in 1978 Herbert and Dorothy Vogel (New York City) began collecting <mask>'s art and since then acquired over four hundred works, many of which were distributed to a museum in each of the fifty (United) States through a project implemented by the National Gallery of Art (Washington). <mask> has been awarded grants by National Endowment for the Arts (1982, 1989), New York State Council on the Arts (1983) and the Pollock-Krasner Foundation (2009). [1] His work was included in The Metropolitan Museum of Art's The Pictures Generation, 1974–84, from April 21-August 2, 2009. As of July, 2015 <mask> established his studio, and the Clufffalo Institute, on the Roycroft Campus in East Aurora, New York, outside of Buffalo, New York. Personal life
<mask> is married to book designer Liz Trovato, and they are the parents of Edward George <mask> (b. 1980) and Nicolas Henry <mask> (b. 1982).References

External links
 Official Website
 Vogel 50x50
 Pollock-Krasner Foundation

1951 births
Living people
Artists from Buffalo, New York
Pratt Institute alumni
Artists from New York City
OCAD University alumni

masks:
Charles Sidney Clough
Clough
Charles Clough
Clough
Clough
Clough
Clough
Clough
Clough
Clough
Clough
Clough
Clough
Charles Clough
Clough
Clough


text_chunks:
<mask> was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire, who reigned from 1509 to 1529. He was the third ruler of the Tuluva dynasty. He ruled the largest empire in India after the decline of the Delhi Sultanate. Presiding over the empire at its zenith, he is regarded as an icon by many Indians. <mask> earned the titles Karnatakaratna simhasanadeeshwara (lit. "Lord of the Jewelled Throne of Karnataka"), Yavvana raja pratistaphanacharya (lit. "Establishment of young king to Bahmani throne"), Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana (lit."Lord of the Kannada empire), Andhra Bhoja (lit. "Scholar of Andhra"), Gaubrahmana Pratipalaka (lit. "Protector of Brahmins and Cow") and Mooru Rayara Ganda (lit. "Lord of three kings"). He became the dominant ruler of the peninsula by defeating the sultans of Bijapur, Golconda, the Bahmani Sultanate and the Gajapatis of Odisha, and was one of the most powerful Hindu rulers in India. When the Mughal Emperor Babur was taking stock of the potentates of north India, he rated Krishnadevaraya the most powerful, with the most extensive empire in the subcontinent. He earned the titles of 'Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana', 'Andhra Bhoja' and 'Mooru Rayara Ganda'.Portuguese travellers Domingo Paes and Fernao Nuniz visited the Vijayanagara Empire during his reign. Travelogues indicate that the king was not only an able administrator but also an excellent general, leading from the front in battle and even attending to the wounded. On many occasions, the king changed battle plans abruptly, turning a losing battle into victory. The poet Muku Timmana praised him as the destroyer of the Turks. <mask> benefited from an able prime minister Timmarusu, whom he regarded as a father figure responsible for his coronation. Krishnadevaraya was well advised by the witty Tenali Ramakrishna. Early life
Krishna Deva Raya was the son of Tuluva Narasa Nayaka and his concubine Nagamamba.Tuluva Narasa Nayaka was an army commander under Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, who later took control to prevent the disintegration of the empire and established the Tuluva dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire. He was married to Srirangapatna's princess Tirumala Devi and Chinna Devi. He was father to Tirumalamba (from Tirumala Devi),  Vengalamba (from Chinna Devi) and Tirumala Raya (from Tirumala Devi). His daughters were married to Prince Aliya Rama Raya of Vijayanagara and his brother Prince Tirumala Deva Raya. Military career
His main enemies were the Bahamani Sultans (who, though divided into five small kingdoms, remained a constant threat), the Gajapatis of Odisha, who had been involved in constant conflict since the rule of Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, and Portugal, a rising maritime power which controlled much of the sea trade. Success in Deccan
The raid and plunder of Vijayanagar towns and villages by the Deccan sultans came to an end during the Raya's rule. In 1509, <mask>'s armies clashed with them and Sultan Mahmud was severely injured and defeated.Yusuf Adil Shah was killed and the Raichur Doab was annexed. Taking advantage of the victory, the Raya reunited Bidar, Gulbarga, and Bijapur into Vijayanagar and earned the title "establisher of the Yavana kingdom" when he released Sultan Mahmud and made him de facto ruler. The Sultan of Golconda Sultan Quli Qutb Shah was defeated by Timmarusu, the prime minister of Sri Krishnadevaraya. War with Kalinga
The Gajapatis of Odisha ruled a vast land comprising Bengal, Andhra region and Odisha. Krishna Deva Raya's success at Ummatur provided the necessary impetus to carry his campaign into Coastal Andhra region which was in control of the Gajapati Raja Prataparudra Deva. The Vijayanagar army laid siege to the Udayagiri fort in 1512. The campaign lasted for a year before the Gajapati army disintegrated due to starvation.Krishna Deva Raya offered prayers at Tirupati thereafter, along with his wives Tirumala Devi and Chinnama Devi. The Gajapati army was then met at Kondaveedu, where the armies of Vijayanagara, after establishing a siege for a few months, began to retreat due to heavy casualties. Then Timmarusu discovered a secret entrance to the unguarded eastern gate of the fort and launched a night attack that culminated with the capture of the fort and the imprisonment of Prince Virabhadra, the son of Prataparudra Deva. Vasireddy Mallikharjuna Nayak took over as governor of Kondaveedu thereafter. <mask> planned an invasion of Kalinga, but Prataparudra, learned of this plan and formulated his own plan to defeat Krishandevaraya and the Vijayanagara Empire at the fort of Kalinganagar. But the wily Timmarusu discovered Prataparudra's plan by bribing a Telugu deserter from the service of Prataparudra. When the Vijayanagara Empire did invade, Prataprudra was driven to Cuttack, the capital of the Gajapati Kingdom.Prataparudra eventually surrendered to the Vijayanagara Empire, and gave his daughter, Princess Jaganmohini, in marriage to Sri Krishnadevaraya. Krishandevaraya returned all the lands that the Vijayanagara Empire had captured north of the Krishna River; this made the Krishna river the boundary between the Vijayanagar and Gajapati Kingdoms. <mask> established friendly relations with the Portuguese in Goa in 1510. The Emperor obtained guns and Arabian horses from the Portuguese merchants. He also utilized Portuguese expertise to improve the water supply to Vijayanagara City. Final conflict and death

The complicated alliances of the empire and the five Deccan sultanates meant that he was continually at war. In one campaign, he defeated Golconda and captured its commander Madurul-Mulk, crushed Bijapur and its sultan Ismail Adil Shah, and restored the Bahmani sultanate to the son of .The highlight of his conquests occurred on 19 May 1520 where he secured Raichur Fort from Ismail Adil Shah after a difficult siege in which 16,000 Vijayanagara soldiers were killed. The exploits of the military commander, Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu of the Pemmasani Nayaks, during the Battle of Raichur were distinguished and lauded by Krishnadevaraya. It is said that 700,000-foot soldiers, 32,600 cavalry, and 550 elephants were used in the Battle of Raichur. Finally, in his last battle, he razed to the ground the fortress of Gulburga, the early capital of the Bahmani sultanate. His empire extended over the whole of South India. In 1524, Krishnadevaraya made his son Tirumala Raya the Yuvaraja (crown prince). The prince did not survive for long: he was poisoned.Suspecting Timmarusu, Krishna Deva Raya had him blinded. At the same time, <mask> was preparing for an attack on Belgaum, which was in the Adil Shah's possession. Around this time, <mask> fell ill and eventually died in 1529, succeeded by his brother, Achyuta Deva Raya. Internal affairs
During his reign he kept strict control over his ministers, and dealt severely with any minister who committed misdeeds. He abolished obnoxious taxes such as the marriage fee. To increase revenues, he brought new lands under cultivation, ordering the deforestation of some areas and undertook a large-scale work to obtain water for irrigation around Vijayanagar. Foreign travelers such as Paes, Nunez and Barbosa who visited Vijayanagar spoke highly of the efficiency of his administration and the prosperity of the people during his reign.The administration of the empire was carried along the lines indicated in his Amuktamalyada. He was of the opinion that the King should always rule with an eye towards Dharma. His concern for the welfare of the people is amply proved by his extensive annual tours all over the empire, during which he studied everything personally and tried to redress the grievances of the people and punish evildoers. With regard to the promotion of the economic progress of his people, Krishnadevaraya says: "the extent of the kingdom is the means for the acquisition of wealth. Therefore even if the land is limited in extent, excavate tanks and canals and increase the prosperity of the poor by leasing him the land for low ari and koru, so that you may obtain wealth as well as religious merit." Art and literature

The rule of Krishna Deva Raya was an age of prolific literature in many languages, although it is particularly known as a golden age of Telugu literature. Many Telugu, Kannada, Sanskrit, and Tamil poets enjoyed the patronage of the emperor, who was fluent in many languages,.The king himself composed an epic Telugu poem Amuktamalyada. The Telugu poet Mukku Timmanna praised him as a great general and stated: "O Krishnaraya, you Man-Lion. You destroyed the Turks from far away with just your great name's power. Oh Lord of the elephant king, just from seeing you the multitude of elephants ran away in horror. Telugu literature

The rule of Krishna Deva Raya is known as golden age of Telugu literature. Eight Telugu poets were regarded as eight pillars of his literary assembly and known as Ashtadiggajas. Krishna Dev Raya himself composed an epic Telugu poem Amuktamalyada.During the reign of Krishnadevaraya Telugu culture and literature flourished and reached their heyday. The great emperor was himself a celebrated poet having composed Amuktamalyada. In his court, eight Telugu poets were regarded as the eight pillars of the literary assembly. In the olden days, it was believed that eight elephants were holding the earth in eight different directions. The title Ashtadiggajas celebrates this belief and hence the court was also called Bhuvana Vijayam (Conquest of the World). This period of the Empire is known as the "Prabandha Period," because of the quality of the prabandha literature it produced. Allasani Peddana is considered to be the greatest and given the title of Andhra Kavita Pitamaha (the father of Telugu poetry).Svarocisha Sambhava or Manucharita, his popular prabandha work, was dedicated to Krishnadevaraya
Nandi Thimmana wrote Parijathapaharanam
Madayyagari Mallana wrote Rajasekhara Charitramu
Dhurjati wrote Kalahasti Mahatyamu
Ayyalaraju Ramabhadrudu wrote Sakalakatha Sangraha and Ramaabhyudayamu
Pingali Surana wrote Raghava Pandaviyamu, Kalapurnodayam and Prabhavate Pradyamana
--Raghavapandaveeyamu is a dual work with double meaning built into the text, describing both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. --Kalapurnodayam ("full bloom of art") has been considered the first original poetic novel in Telugu literature. Battumurthy, alias Ramarajabhushanudu, wrote Kavyalankarasangrahamu, Vasucharitra, Narasabhupaliyam and Harischandranalopakhyanamu, a dual work which tells simultaneously the story of King Harishchandra and Nala and Damayanti
Tenali Ramakrishna first wrote Udbhataradhya Charitramu, a Shaivite work. However, he later converted to Vaishnavism and wrote the Vaishnava devotional texts Panduranga Mahatmyamu, and Ghatikachala Mahatmyamu. Tenali Rama remains one of the most popular folk figures in India today, a quick-witted courtier ready even to outwit the all-powerful emperor. Other well-known poets were Sankusala Nrisimha Kavi, who wrote KavikarnaRasayana, Chintalapudi Ellaya, who wrote Radhamadhavavilasa and Vishnumayavilasa, the poet Molla, who wrote a version of the Ramayana, Kamsali Rudraya, who wrote Nirankusopakhyana, and Addanki Gangadhara, who wrote Basavapurana. Manumanchi Bhatta wrote a scientific work called Hayalakshana Sastra.Kannada literature
He patronised the Kannada poet Mallanarya, who wrote Veera-shaivamruta, Bhava-chinta-ratna and Satyendra Chola-kathe, Chatu Vittalanatha who wrote Bhagavatha''' and Timmanna Kavi, who wrote a eulogy of his king in Krishna Raya Bharata.Prof K.A.N. Sastri, History of South India pp 355-366 Vyasatirtha, the great Dvaita saint from Mysore of the Madhva tradition was his Rajaguru. Krishna Deva Rayana Dinachari in Kannada is a recently discovered work. The record highlights the contemporary society during Krishna Deva Raya's time in his personal diary. However, it is not yet clear if the record was written by the king himself. Tamil literature

Krishna Deva Raya patronised the Tamil poet Haridasa, and Tamil literature soon began to flourish as the years passed by. Sanskrit literature
In Sanskrit, Vyasatirtha wrote Bhedo-jjivana, Tat-parya-chandrika, Nyaya-mrita (a work directed against the Advaita philosophy) and Tarka-tandava.Krishna Deva Raya, himself an accomplished scholar, wrote Madalasa Charita, Satyavadu Parinaya and Rasamanjari and Jambavati Kalyana.Prof K.A.N. Sastri, History of South India pg.239-280

Religion and culture

Krishna Deva Raya respected all sects of Hinduism. He is known to have encouraged and supported various sects and their places of worship. He rebuilt the Virupaksha Temple and other Shiva shrines. He gave land grants to the temples of Tirumala, Srisailam, Amaravati, Chidambaram, Ahobilam, and Tiruvannamalai. He lavished on the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple numerous objects of priceless value, ranging from diamond studded crowns to golden swords to nine kinds of precious gems. Krishna Deva Raya made Venkateshwara his patron deity.He visited the temple seven times. Out of the around 1,250 temple epigraphs published by the Tirumala Devasthanam, 229 are attributed to Krishna Deva Raya. A statue of Krishna Deva Raya with two of his wives is found at the temple complex of Tirumala. These statues are still visible at the temple at the exit. He also contributed in building parts of the Srisailam temple complex where he had rows of mandapas built. Krishna Deva Raya himself was formally initiated into the Sri Vaishnava Sampradaya. He wrote a Telugu work on Andal, a Tamil Sri Vaishnava female saint, called the Amuktamalyada.Venkata Tathacharya of the Sri Vaishnava sect was Krishna Deva Raya's Rajaguru, and he was considered influential. The Madhwa text Vyasayogicarita claims that the Madhwa seer Vyasatirtha was the rajaguru of Krishna Deva Raya. However, given the lack of supporting epigraphical evidence, this claim has been dismissed as "hyperbolic." References

 Sources

 Smith, Vincent, Oxford History of India, Fourth Edition, pgs. 306–307, and 312–313. Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002). Prof K.A.Nilakanta Sastri, History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002)

External links

The Golden Era of Telugu Literature from the Vepachedu Educational Foundation
<mask>aya and his wives at Tirupati. Gold coins issued during <mask>'s reign
A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar): a contribution to the history of India (Translation of the Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga'' written by Domingos Paes and Fernão Nunes about 1520 and 1535, respectively, with a historical introduction by Robert Sewell)

Indian monarchs
People of the Vijayanagara Empire
People from Karnataka
History of Karnataka
1529 deaths
Indian Hindus
Hindu monarchs
Culture of Andhra Pradesh
16th-century Indian monarchs
Indian military leaders
Vijayanagara Poets

masks: Krishnadevaraya Krishnadevaraya Krishnadevaraya Krishnadevaraya Krishnadevaraya Krishnadevaraya Krishnadevaraya Krishnadevaraya Krishnadevarayavar Krishnadevaraya


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 22 March 1947) is an American music educator and composer. Biography
<mask> was born in New York to a Quaker family and grew up in New Canaan, Connecticut. She began her first efforts at composition at an early age and went on to receive BA, MM and DMA degrees in Music Composition from Brown University and the Hartt School of Music, where she studied under Arnold Franchetti. She married composer David Burton on September 12, 1969; they divorced in 1974. She taught music for fourteen years at Hartt School of Music, the Hartford Conservatory and the Oberlin College Conservatory, and then moved to a dairy farm in Vermont and went to work as a full-time composer. In 1988, she helped found the Consortium of Vermont Composers and later became the director of the organization. Awards
1999 Brock Commission (American Choral Directors Association)
2000 Lifetime Achievement Award (Vermont Arts Council)
2008 Athenaeum Award for Achievement in the Arts and Humanities (St. Johnsbury, Vermont, Athenaeum)
2012 Elected as a Fellow of the Vermont Academy of Arts and Sciences
2017 Composer in Residence with the Great Lakes Chamber Orchestra in Petoskey, Michigan

Works and discography
<mask>'s compositions include song cycles, jazz, folksongs and spirituals, rock-and-roll, choral music, traditional folk songs, ballads and cantatas.Orchestral:
An American Concerto for Violin and Orchestra on the CD "from the Mid-Columbia
An American Concerto for Violin and Orchestra on the CD Paul Freeman Introduces... Siegmeister, <mask>, Creston, Staar-Levy

Instrumental:
A Vision of Hills, Fantasy Etudes for violin and piano,
New World Dances for piano trio, Craftsbury Trio for piano trio, Touch the Sky for cello and piano, and Vigil for violin and piano on the CD A Vision of Hills
Fantasy Etudes for violin and piano on the CD Done e Doni
Five Pieces for Flute and Guitar on the CD Returning the Muse to Music
Five Pieces for Flute and Guitar and Silvermine Suite for flute and guitar on the CD Celestials
Four American Folk Songs on the CD Birds
Four Pieces for Lute on the CD The Renaissance Lute
Raise the Roof! for brass quintet on the CD Americana: A University of Iowa Celebration and Strophes of the Night and Dawn
Shaker Tunes for brass quintet on the CD Season to Dance
Theme and Variation for flute and piano on the CD Legacy of the American Woman Composer

Choral:
An Hour to Dance for SATB chorus and piano
Harlem Songs for SATB chorus and piano
Love -- By the Water for SATB chorus and piano
Three Days by the Sea for SATB chorus and piano
This Train for SATB chorus
God's Grandeur for SATB chorus on the CD An Hour to Dance
Now Let Us Sing! for SSA chorus, brass quintet, percussion, and piano
How Can I Keep From Singing? for SSA chorus, brass quintet, percussion, and piano
Peace, I Ask Of Thee O River for SSA chorus, brass quintet, percussion, and piano
Songs for Women's Voices for SSA chorus and piano
I Thank You God for SSA chorus and piano
Crossing the Bar for SSA chorus and piano
Hebrides Lullaby for SSA chorus
Let Evening Come for SSA chorus and piano
The Spirit of Women for SSA chorus
Gifts from the Sea for SSA chorus and piano on the CD Now Let Us Sing! Come All Ye Fair and Tender Ladies and Shenendoah on the CD Sounds So Entrancing
The Christ-Child's Lullaby on the CD Christmas a cappella: Songs from around the World
Three American Portraits for String Quartet, The Golden Harp for Chorus and String Quartet, and White Horses for SATB Chorus and Piano, and Cheek to Cheek for SATB Chorus and Piano on the CD The Golden Harp
Hebrides Lullaby on the CD A Retro Christmas With CONCORA
Hebrides Lullaby on the CD Christmas in Our Time
How Can I Keep from Singing? on the CD Abbondanza! Abundant Joys
I Thank You God on the CD ACDA Raymond W. Brock Endowment, Commissioned Compositions, Volume I
I Thank You God on the CD Amazing Day, 20th Century Music for Women's Choir
My Girls on the CD Celestial Sirens Demo 2000
My Love Walks in Velvet on the CD Vox Femina Los Angeles -- 2000 LA Regional ACDA Convention
Rejoice!-- Christmas Songs on the CD Juletide 2001 -- Luther College
River Songs on the CD Sounds & Colors of Vermont
Songs for Women's Voices on the CD When I Sing
Mornings Innocent and In Autumn on the CD Taking Shape
Sounding Joy on the CD Sounding Joy
This Train on the CD 1998 All-OMEA Festival Concert

Vocal Works:
Song cycles though love be a day, Mornings Innocent, The Sun is Love, and solo piano Semplice and Rhythms from the North Country are on the CD "The Sun Is Love" performed by Michelle Areyzaga, soprano and Jamie Shaak, piano
Song cycles though love be a day, Songs of the Night Wind, No Ordinary Woman! and selected opera arias are on the CD Scattering Dark and Bright: Song Cycles and Arias by <mask> <mask>
As A Branch in May and Weave No Cloak Against Tomorrow are on the CD Music Sweet as Love
Four American Folk Songs and Songs for Voice and Guitar on the CD Arise: Music of the Americas for Voice and Guitar
maggie and millie and mollie and may on the CD "Women's Voices"
No Ordinary Woman! on the CD "No Ordinary Woman! "though love be a day on the cassette "Music of Her Own"though love be a day on the CD "though love be a day"I Speak for the Earth on the CD "Donne e Doni Vol. II"

Keyboard Works:Cantos for the End of Summer on the CD Character SketchesEvensong from Cantos for the End of Summer for piano on the CD Piano Portraits of the SeasonsIn Celebration for organ on the CD "Women Composers for Organ"Rhythms from the North Country for piano on the cassette Alive and Well''

External links
Composer's website

References

1947 births
Living people
20th-century classical composers
American women classical composers
American classical composers
American music educators
American women music educators
People from New Canaan, Connecticut
University of Hartford Hartt School alumni
University of Hartford Hartt School faculty
Brown University alumni
Oberlin College faculty
20th-century American women musicians
20th-century American composers
20th-century women composers
American women academics
21st-century American women

masks:
Gwyneth Van Anden Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Gwyneth
Walker