text_chunks:
<mask> (born <mask>; April 7, 1947 – February 18, 2018) was an American art collector, educator, civil rights activist, philanthropist, and socialite. Early life and education

Family life
Born <mask>, <mask> belonged to one of the wealthiest African American families in Mobile, Alabama. She later changed her name legally to her childhood nickname, "<mask>." The <mask> family gained their wealth through <mask>'s father, <mask>., who owned insurance and mortuary businesses across the state. Her father and her mother, nee Gladys Mouton, were socially acquainted with famous jazz musician Duke Ellington, namesake of the Duke Ellington School of the Arts, which <mask> would go on to co-found. Elementary school
<mask> was raised Catholic in the segregated Jim Crow South. As a child, she attended a Catholic elementary school for Black children.<mask> traces her love of art back to her childhood, at least to the age of seven or eight, when she was mesmerized by her parents' print of the painting Bottle and Fishes by Georges Braque, a French cubist. She studied it closely, rearranging elements of the painting in her head, and, as she got older, making up stories based on it. Her mother furthered this appreciation of visual art by having <mask> sit with her and look through coffee table books on art. Around this time, she also developed a love of reading from both the library of children's books kept in the family room, as well as from sneaking into her father's private library, which was filled with classics of the Western canon as well as books by and about Black people. Reading James Baldwin's Notes of a Native Son as a child was a formative experience. It introduced her to the idea that one could both love the United States and criticize it, "a license which I would use for the rest of my life." In the sixth grade, Cafritz had the opportunity to meet Martin Luther King Jr. With her father, she attended a talk King gave while promoting his book Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story.Afterward, Dr. King came to her family's home and signed a copy of his book for <mask>, saying "that I should aspire to be a quiet, strategic leader like my dad." At the age of 10, Cafritz was sent to a Catholic summer camp in Michigan, where she was the only Black camper. Her father sent here there knowingly, believing it was important for her to get to know the white world. There she was the only camper put into a cabin alone, and she faced racist pranks, such as when other campers would tell her her mother had to come to visit, only for Cafritz to encounter another camper's Black maid. When she called home crying, her father told her she needed to learn how to deal with such racism, because it would happen to her all her life. She was sent back there again the following year. High school
After her father tried to enroll his eldest son in a whites-only Jesuit high school, Cafritz and her siblings were banned from attending their local Catholic high schools.Instead, she was sent to boarding school at the predominantly white Saint Mary's Academy in Indiana. In 1962, her junior year of high school, she met the family of Dr. Roland Wesley Chamblee and his wife, Dorothy. The Chamblees for years had welcomed many Black students into their home, where they had lively debates about religion, race, and morals. <mask> credits the Chamblees for influencing not only "how I see formal art, but the beauty of my Black body, mind, and soul." Her high school experience furthered her interest in art by providing her many field trips to Chicago, where they attended plays, symphonies, and art exhibits. The summer after graduating from high school, Cafritz and her friends decided to test the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which had recently been passed. They visited Mobile restaurants and, if the restaurant refused to serve them, they would report it to the Justice Department.When <mask> and her friends buzzed for service at a drive-in restaurant, several white teenage boys approached their car, spat on them, threw soda through their car window, and jumped on the trunk and hood of the car, rocking it back and forth. Two police officers watched from nearby but did nothing. <mask> and her friends were scared to drive away, afraid they would end up in prison if one of the boys on the car were injured, so they stayed inside the car until the boys left. <mask> never spent another summer in Mobile. College and law school

In 1964, during the civil rights movement, <mask> moved to Washington, D.C. to attend George Washington University (GW). As soon as she arrived, she learned the school had not accepted very many Black students, and that segregation was still the norm there. She later wrote, "It almost made me happy.I just knew that I could use the skillset my father had forced me to develop to serve a great plate of change." She began this work on the first day of orientation, when she joined with other Black students to try to join fraternities and sororities, a move that attracted the press, forcing the university to publicly speak about their segregated Greek system. "Thus began my career as an activist in D.C.," she wrote. Whille at GW, she helped create the Black Student Union (then called the Black Peoples Union) and worked successfully for the integration of fraternities and sororities. Being in D.C. also gave her the opportunity to visit all the Smithsonian museums and take trips to New York City to visit museums there, as well. She discussed with her friends their shared frustration with the exclusion of Black people from the museum world as well as the performing arts and other cultural institutions. <mask> went on to attend George Washington University Law School, and received her J.D.degree in 1971. After Cafritz's father died by suicide during her first year in law school, Cafritz took out a loan to keep her youngest brother in boarding school. She said her father's suicide stemmed from financial difficulties. Career
Cafritz wanted to bring the money of the white people and the power of the black people in Washington, D.C., together in unity. Early career
In 1972, Cafritz began work at Post-Newsweek stations, later renamed Graham Media Group, where she was an assistant to Harry Belafonte and M. Carl Holman, president of the National Urban Coalition. She also began making documentaries, a job in which she was tenacious. When she was unable to get an appointment to meet with the painter Jacob Lawrence for a documentary she wanted to make about him, she got his travel schedule and flew to Chicago's O’Hare Airport, where she found him getting off a plane and convinced him to speak with her.The two became lifelong friends. In addition to working at Post-Newsweek, she also worked throughout the 1970s as a documentary producer for the D.C. television station WTOP (now WUSA) and as an arts reviewer at D.C.'s PBS affiliate, WETA. Over the course of this work, she earned both Emmy and Peabody awards. Duke Ellington School of the Arts
In 1968, while still a student at GW, <mask> chaired a Black Arts Festival, sponsored by the Black Peoples Union and held in partnership with DC Public Schools and the city's Parks and Recreation department. The festival gave city kids an opportunity to be both participants and performers in the arts, while interacting with Black professionals who exposed them to a variety of career paths. One such professional was Emmett J. Rice, future head of the Federal Reserve, and his wife Lois Rice, who served on the College Board and helped create the Pell Grant.While working on the festival, <mask> became good friends with GW grad student and choreographer Mike Malone. When she lamented to him that the students at the festival had some real talent and it was a shame they didn't have the training to further that talent, the two friends decided to start a school. When she told her father of the plan, he encouraged her to keep the goal a secret so no one could tell them “no." Cafritz turned that first festival into a regular summer arts festival. The president of GW, Lloyd H. Elliott, gave her free space at GW but asked her to fundraise for it, connecting her with one donor, who introduced her to others. In the program's second year, their faculty included the Emmy-award-winning dancer Debbie Allen. <mask> and Malone kept the summer festivals, renamed the Workshops for Careers in the Arts, focused on giving the least fortunate among D.C.’s students an opportunity for arts education they wouldn't otherwise have.After six long years, they finally succeeded in opening the public magnet school Duke Ellington School of the Arts in Georgetown in 1974. It was modeled after New York City's High School of Performing Arts. Cafritz and Malone's goal was to start an arts-education program for local children who had shown promise but had no outlet to demonstrate their potential. Ellington was the only public high school in Washington, D.C., to train students with a curriculum in both academics and intensive professional arts training. Cafritz wanted students to defy the common art world belief that artists of color needed to eschew abstract art in favor of making narrative art that addressed inequality. Cafritz's ultimate hope was for artists of color to have absolute freedom to make any art they chose, to continue on to higher education, and to take up leadership positions in the art world. Ellington alumni include Dave Chappelle, Denyce Graves, Hank Willis Thomas, and Meshell Ndegeocello.Ellington continued to be important to <mask> for the rest of her life, and she took on several roles within the school and its fundraising organization, the Ellington Fund. Even years after the school was established, <mask> wrote, "the overwhelming percentage of my energy was spent institutionalizing the Duke Ellington School of the Arts, so that it could permanently serve talented children in D.C., especially those who needed it most." Contributions to the Art World
<mask> began her art collection in college by purchasing several pieces of African art brought back from the continent by members of Howard University's Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, some of whom had dropped out of college and supported themselves by reselling art they bought in Africa. Another person from whom she purchased art while still a student was Warren M. Robbins, whose collection of African art would later lead to the creation of the Smithsonian's National Museum of African Art. <mask>'s relationship with <mask>, who was born into wealth and was also a successful real estate developer, gave her the ability to become a serious art collector. She was critical of the lack of inclusion of and opportunity for Black artists in the mainstream American art world, and her interest in racial equity was linked to her values as an art collector. As she continued to visit museums, and got to know scores of young artists as they graduated from Ellington and fought to begin artistic careers, the more her interest in the arts became enmeshed with her values in the political and social arenas.She got involved in the political side of the arts, and she made it her “purpose that this nation face the absence, the erasure, the impermanence, the non-inclusion of African Americans in our cultural treasure.” In 1968, she became a founding member of the DC Commission on the Arts and Humanities, which she also chaired from 1989 to 1999. In 1989 she became co-chair of the Smithsonian's Cultural Equity Committee. She was the youngest trustee ever appointed to the American Film Institute. She joined the Painting and Sculpture Acquisitions Committee at the Whitney Museum of American Art. In 2009, a house fire destroyed her home in D.C.'s Kent neighborhood, ravaging the eight-bedroom architectural landmark where she held salons and kept her art collection, one of the largest private collections of African American and African art. Among those 300 works destroyed in the fire were works by Jacob Lawrence and Romare Bearden. She reached a settlement with the District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority over the fire for their inadequate pressure in the hydrants.<mask> moved to Dupont Circle in 2010 and continued to grow her collection. Included in the Cafritz collection is Carrie Mae Weems, El Anatsui, Chris Ofili, Mickalene Thomas, Glenn Ligon, Simone Leigh, Titus Kaphar, LaToya Ruby Frazier, William Villalongo, Tschabalala Self, Nathaniel Mary Quinn and Njideka Akunyili Crosby, whose work is featured on the cover of a 2018 book about Cafritz's collection. Upon her death, she bequeathed more than 250 works by Black artists to the Duke Ellington School of the Arts and over 400 to the Studio Museum in Harlem, marking the largest gift ever made of contemporary art by artists of African descent. Cafritz was the first collector for many visual artists and has sponsored many projects including Spike Lee's Malcolm X. Other Positions and Accomplishments
In the 1970s she was the youngest fellow of Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Cafritz was DC school board president from 2000 to 2006. Personal life
In Cafritz's 2018 book, she called her professional life “spectacularly lucky” but her emotional life “tumultuous, sometimes tortured.” The comfort she received from art, she wrote, is one of the things that drove her art collecting, along with its social and cultural impact.In 1981, after living together for eight years, <mask> married multimillionaire real estate executive <mask>, son of the real estate developer and philanthropist <mask>. She was Catholic and he was Jewish. Together they had three children, the first of whom was born after the assistance of in vitro fertilization, made necessary by Cafritz's endometriosis. They adopted two other children. The couple divorced in 1998; in the divorce documents, <mask> said her husband had cheated on her and had contempt for her friends and family who were black. Cafritz had many mentees, unofficial foster children, and several godchildren, including Susan Rice and her brother, John. Cafritz was a prominent figure in the Washington, D.C. social scene, socializing with cultural and political figures including Quincy Jones, Gloria Steinem, Bill Clinton, Vernon Jordan, and Alma Powell.Her brother, Algernon J<mask>, Jr, served as the first Black mayor of Prichard, Alabama, and was one of the first Black mayors in the modern era. Death

Cafritz died in Washington, D.C. on February 18, 2018, from complications from pneumonia after a period of declining health. Works and publications

References

External links
 Duke Ellington School of the Arts Project

1947 births
2018 deaths
American art collectors
American women philanthropists
Activist Women's Voices oral history project
Women art collectors
People from Mobile, Alabama
Philanthropists from Alabama
Philanthropists from Washington, D.C.
Members of the District of Columbia Board of Education
Saint Mary's College (Indiana) alumni
Deaths from pneumonia in Washington, D.C.
African-American Catholics
American art educators
George Washington University Law School alumni
Catholics from Alabama
People from Dupont Circle

masks:
Peggy Cooper Cafritz
Pearl Alice Cooper
Pearl Alice Cooper
Peggy Cafritz
Peggy
Cooper
Peggy
Algernon Johnson Cooper Sr
Cafritz
Cafritz
Cafritz
Cafritz
Cafritz
Cafritz
Cafritz
Cafritz
Cafritz
Cafritz
Cafritz
Cafritz
Cafritz
Cafritz
Cafritz
Cafritz
Cafritz
Cafritz
Conrad Cafritz
Cafritz
Cafritz
Conrad Cafritz
Morris Cafritz
Peggy
. Cooper


text_chunks:
<mask> (born <mask>; 17 January 1977) is a Malaysian independent English and Malay language singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, academic and writer. He is also a journalist and filmmaker by training. His works have ranged from folk-country singer-songwriter styles to experimental guitar improvisations to punk and indie-noise rock, solo and with various bands he has founded and recorded with. All of his solo recordings are released on his own Rapidear label (his earlier obscure cassette home recordings are out of print) and Troubadours. A former street musician, he is noted for his strong songwriting and lyrics, and laidback on-stage presence yet energetic live shows. He has also composed and collaborated for film, television, theatre, dance and spoken word/poetry productions. Early life
<mask> was born on 17 January 1977 in Pantai Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur.He is a son of Yusof Husin, an entomology professor and Norani Abdul Samad, a microbiology professor. Yunor has a younger brother, Azree who is eight years his junior. He grew up in Adelaide, Australia where his parents continuing their studies until he was 4 years old. His family moved to Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor when he was 12. He attended the Sekolah Rendah Kebangsaan Jalan Gurney (1). Music career
With the release of the country folk-flavored Tenets EP (2005 / produced by <mask> <mask> & Ron Khoo) in 2005 to acclaim, he garnered wider attention of the press and established himself as one of the main movers of the burgeoning Malaysian singer-songwriter scene along with the likes of Meor Aziddin Yusof, Pete Teo, Shanon Shah and Shelley Leong. He has also recorded and released lo-fi recordings under the name Thunder Coffee Club.He was voted as one of KLue magazine's '20 Under 40 – Significant & Young Individuals or Collectives' along with the likes of Mawi, Daphne Iking, Tiara Jacquelina, and Amir Muhammad in 2006. His bi-lingual album Warga (2010 / produced by <mask> <mask> & Ariff Akhir) saw him launch a self-funded 20-month tour to promote it. His latest album Wilayah (2012 / produced by <mask> <mask> & Ron Khoo) was recorded with his touring band the Sigarettes. He is a co-founder and member of the Experimental Musicians and Artists Co-operative Malaysia (Emacm) and a co-founder of Troubadours Enterprise, organisers of the annual singer-songwriter festival KL Sing Song from 2005 to 2009. He was also a guitarist for Damo Suzuki's Network in Malaysia for a performance together in 2010. A musical named after one of his popular songs "Something I Wrote" (directed by Mark Teh, produced by the Five Arts Centre) based on his life and works was staged in August 2013, during which he also launched a retrospective cd Revenge of the Rabak: Selected Works from the Lo-fi Years 1997–2005 comprising selected songs from his lo-fi cassette releases and the Tenets EP in its entirety. The Pedra Branca EP (2014 / produced by Ronnie Khoo, <mask> <mask>, & Jeremy Lee), a split EP with Singaporean doom folk artist Hell Low, was released in April 2014 and they both toured Singapore and Peninsula Malaysia to promote the release.After the disbandment of <mask> <mask>myl Yunor & Orkes Padu with collaborator/ producer and ex-Sigarettes drummer Raje. The band released its debut single "Tanah air Ku" ("My Motherland") from the new album on Malaysia Day and made its debut festival performance at Urbanscapes 2014. He released his latest album John Bangi Blues (2020 / produced by Ariff Akhir & Azmyl Yunor) in September 2020 to positive reviews for its stripped down live electric arrangement and lyrics which explored contemporary social themes. He lectures media, film and popular music studies at Sunway University. He has also performed as a duo with fellow singer-songwriter Shanon Shah. Discography
John Bangi Blues (2020)
PKP EP (2020)
Ampang Park EP (2017)
 Was Was (2015)
 The Pedra Branca EP (split EP with Hell Low) (2014)
 Revenge of the Rabak: Selected Works from the Lo-fi Years 1997–2005 (2013)
 Wilayah (2012)
 H.I.D.U.P. : Hari Ini Di Ukay Perdana (2010)
 Warga (2010)
 Tenets EP (2005)
 jikalauan EP (2004)
 ends (2003)*
 The Photocopy Album (2001)*
 PRE-DUSK GLIMMER (1999)*
 FOLK (1998)*
 Watever (1997)*
Note: * cassette only releases

Filmography
 Songs From The Mekong (2012.Dir: Steve Northcott & Gary Blanton)- Actor / Composer
 Tolong! Awek Aku Pontianak (2011. Dir: James Lee)- Cameo & Film Composer
 I Want To Remember (2011. Dir: Sherman Ong) – Film Composer
 Year Without A Summer (Berkelana) (2011. Dir: Tan Chui Mui) – Film Score/ Composer
 Rojak (2009. Dir: Suleiman Brothers) – Supporting Role
 Before We Fall in Love Again (2006. Dir: James Lee) – Film Composer
 The Flowers Beneath My Skin (2006.Dir: Kit Ong) – Film Score/ Composer
 Sehingga KL Ku Menyanyi (Until My KL Sings) (2006. Dir: Mien Lor) – Supporting Role

Publication
 "Busking the Days Away" (in 'What's After SPM? ', editor: Roshan Thiran. Leaderonomics Publishing, Kuala Lumpur 2011.) "Facing the Music: Music Subcultures and 'Morality' in Malaysia" (in 'Media, Culture & Society in Malaysia. ', editor: Yeoh Seng Guan. Taylor & Francis Routledge, London 2010.)Television
 Kias Ramadhan (2011)
 Anak-Anak Ramadhan (2009)

Appearances
 The Maharajah Commission/Gangly Youth split 7-inch – The Maharajah Commission (2012)
 Rasa Sayang Jalan Sultan compilation – various artists (2012)
 On The Beat and Path compilation – various artists (2012)
 Radio Demokratika compilation – various artists (2011)
 Soal Kelentong Batu Cheng – Ladang Gempak (2006)
 Voices From Next Door compilation – various artists (2006)
 Mamak Conspiracy – Ben's Bitches (2006)
 It's Great To Have An EP... – Ciplak! (2006)
 Panic in the Peninsula compilation – various artists (2005)
 Come Together compilation – various artists (2005)
 National Disservice – Ben's Bitches (2004)
 Punkrawkoholic vol. 1 compilation (as Thunder Coffee Club) – various artists (2003)
 Dialogue Amoreaux – The Maharajah Commission (2003)
 The Experimental Musicians & Artists Co-op Malaysia SELECTED LIVE JAN-FEB 2003 (2003) – various artists (2003)

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
Malaysian male singer-songwriters
Malaysian singer-songwriters
Malaysian people of Javanese descent
Malaysian people of Minangkabau descent
People from Kuala Lumpur
Malay-language singers
Malaysian folk singers

masks:
Azmyl Yunor
Azmyl Yusof
Azmyl Yunor
Azmyl
Yunor
Azmyl
Yunor
Azmyl
Yunor
Azmyl
Yunor
Azmyl
Yunorz


text_chunks:
Jean-<mask> (10 July 1941 – 28 December 2019),sometimes referred to by his initials JPM, was a French musician, composer, record producer, sound engineer, and recording studio owner. His prolific output between the 1960s and 1990s ranged across pop instrumentals, psychedelic rock and disco music, often incorporating elements of musique concrète, field recordings and samples in an eccentrically experimental and unique style. His work is usually credited under one-off band names such as Les Maledictus Sound, Horrific Child, and Herman's Rocket. He has been called "the French Joe Meek". The Guardians reviewer Ben Thompson called his work "a fetid miasma of sick humour, sound effects and unexpectedly first-rate musicianship", and reviewer William Rauscher described him as "a freewheeling auteur whose outrageous forays in trashy pop culture mix low-brow sensuality with oddball experimentation". Early life and career
<mask> was born in Nice, France, but grew up in Córdoba and Buenos Aires, Argentina. After learning guitar, he returned to France when in his teens, and formed the instrumental beat group, Les Milords.<mask> played lead guitar; the other band members were Pierre Malaussena (rhythm guitar), Patrick Batteu (bass), and Francis Cavallaro (drums). After several singles in the style of British and American instrumental groups such as the Shadows and the Ventures, <mask> and Malaussena formed a new band in 1964, under the name of Les Monégasques, with Fernand "Nicky" Cafiero (bass) and Jean Haumont (drums). The band also played on recordings by pop singer Gérard Brent.Commentaires sur Les Monégasques, Bide & Musique, 20 November 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2019

Freakbeat and progressive rock
In 1967, <mask> set up his own recording studio, Studio d’Enregistrement Méditerranéen (SEM) in Nice, with good quality recording equipment, and began recording local musicians including drummer André Ceccarelli and singers Jocy (later known as Jessy Joyce, real name Joyce Pepino) and Basile. In 1968 he composed and produced the album Attention, credited to Les Maledictus Sound. As well as <mask> and Ceccarelli, the musicians included guitarist Patrick Djivas, later of the band PFM. One track was contentiously called "Jim Clark Was Driving Recklessly" – the racing driver Jim Clark had been killed in a crash a few months previously.In late 1968, <mask> sold his studio and moved to Quebec, but returned to France the following year. <mask> continued to work as a producer for pop and freakbeat musicians in the late 1960s and early 1970s, including the single "Pardon pour Buchenwald" by Erik, on which he included samples of Nazi speeches. He also added a variety of electronic effects on the 1971 heavy rock album Chico Magnetic Band by Mahmoud "Chico" Ayari. In 1972, with the support of his half-brother Bernard Torelli, he opened a new 16-track studio, Antibes Studio 16, known as the Azurville studio. The studio was used by John McLaughlin, Bill Wyman, and many others. In 1974, he composed and produced the album Visitors, with an extraterrestrial theme. The musicians included vocalist Gérard Brent, violinist Didier Lockwood (later of Magma), and Bernard Torelli on guitar.This was followed in 1976 by Atlantide, with Patrick Attali on lead vocals and Torelli on guitar, sitar and Mellotron. Also in 1976, <mask> composed and produced one of his most notable albums, L'Etrange Mr. Whinster, credited to the act Horrific Child and marketed as a "psychological experience". The album incorporated African rhythms, samples, spoken excerpts from writers Baudelaire, Lovecraft and Lautréamont, and contributions from <mask>'s regular contributors Torelli, Brent, and Jessy Joyce, among others. He also co-wrote and co-produced Jessy Joyce's album Love Me, and the single "Toi qui rève de baisers" credited to Sex Convention. The 1977 album Turn Radio On, was co-composed by <mask> and Torelli, and co-produced by <mask> and Georges Colleuil. <mask> also produced folk rock albums by Valéry Btesh, and engineered releases by proto-punk band Little Bob Story. <mask>'s next album, Phantasmes, was credited to JPM & Co. and contains a mixture of styles including chanson, disco, experimental electronic music and prog rock, as well as the track "Dali court", a parody of Boney M's "Daddy Cool" dedicated to Salvador Dalí, and a version of Michel Legrand's "Les moulins de mon coeur".Also in 1977, <mask> issued a single under his own name, "Aime moi", a version of Deep Purple's "Child in Time". Disco music and later projects
The following year he co-wrote and produced the album Space Woman, credited to the act Herman's Rocket. The "cosmic disco" album was commissioned by record label owner Humbert "Mémé" Ibach, and the title track became one of <mask>'s best-known tracks. <mask>'s next album, Galactic Soul (also known as Synthetic Soul) followed a similar approach, but this time was credited as being by Venus Gang. Both albums were produced with Torelli as arranger, and both included reworkings of <mask>'s earlier material as well as that of others. Also in 1978, <mask> co-wrote and co-produced Jessy Joyce's disco album J. Joyce & Co., and co-wrote and produced one of his best-known albums, Human Egg, the name of both the album and the act. The prog rock album featured many of Massiera's regular contributors including Bernard Torelli, Patrick Attali, Tony Bonfils, Jessy Joyce and André Ceccarelli.Before the end of the 1970s, <mask> also produced disco albums by Micky & Joyce (Hold Up) and Trans Am Dancing by Friends featuring singer Sparkle Tuhran. He left Antibes in 1979, and opened the studio Jean Jaurès in Paris for Philips Records. In 1981 he produced the jazz-rock album Debbi by Francis Lockwood, the disco-reggae album La Chica by African Magic Combo, and a second album credited to Visitors, as well as numerous singles for other artists, in some cases as a co-producer with Torelli or others. Through the 1980s <mask> continued to work as a writer and producer, but at a lower level of intensity than before, sometimes using the pseudonyms Areisam or Sierra. With Torelli in 1983, he wrote and produced the 12-inch single "Inch Allah", credited as Orient Express. In the mid-1980s he left Paris and established a new studio in Le Bar-sur-Loup. In 1992, on the occasion of Columbus' quincentennial, he co-wrote and produced the album Red Power by Indian Nation'''.A second album on the same theme, Red Soul, was issued in 1995. Reissues
Selections of <mask>'s work have been issued on CD, as Psychoses Freakoïd (1963-1978),  Psychoses Discoïd (1976-1981) (both issued by the Canadian label Mucho Gusto Records, 2007), and Midnight Massiera: The B-Music of Jean-Pierre <mask>'' (Finders Keepers Records, 2009). References

External links

1941 births
2019 deaths
French record producers

masks:
Pierre Massiera
Massiera
Massiera
Massiera
Massiera
Massiera
Massiera
Massiera
Massiera
Massiera
Massiera
Massiera
Massiera
Massiera
Massiera
Massiera
Massiera
Massiera
Massiera
Massiera
Massiera
Massiera
Massiera


text_chunks:
<mask> (Old Persian 𐎶𐎰𐎡𐏁𐎫, Maθišta; Greek Μασίστης, Masístēs; Old Iranian *Masišta) (?- c. 478 BC) was a Persian prince of the Achaemenid Dynasty, son of king Darius I  (reign: 520-486 BC) and of his wife Atossa, and full brother of king Xerxes I (reign: 486-465 BC). He was satrap (governor) of Bactria during his brother's reign, where he attempted to start a revolt in 478 BC. Chief marshal

<mask> was one of the six chief marshals of the Greek campaigns of Xerxes (480-479 BC). Along with general Mardonius, he commanded the army column that crossed Thrace along the coast; however, he was almost completely absent during the course of the war, including the battles of Salamis and Plataea. He reappeared close to the end of the war, when he fought in the Battle of Mycale (479 BC). According to Herodotus, the battle was just about to take place at sea, but the Persians decided to come ashore in Ionia, Asia Minor, and fight on land. The Greek and the Persian armies finally fought in Mycale, and the Persians were completely defeated.Commanders Tigranes and Mardontes died during the battle, but Artayntes and Itamithres, as well as <mask>, managed to escape. According to Herodotus, on their way to Sardis, where the king stayed, Masistes accused Artayntes of cowardice and blamed him of being "worse than a woman". In response, Artayntes unsheathed his sword and tried to kill <mask>, but was stopped by a Carian named Xenagoras of Halicarnassus. <mask>' family stayed near the battle, in Sardis, Lydia, which was a common practice of the nobility of the Persian Empire. In Herodotus' Histories, he comments that while <mask> was fighting, his brother, king Xerxes, seduced <mask>' wife (see below). Love affairs and Masistes' revolt

The tale
<mask> is one of the main characters in a bloody episode in Herodotus' Histories (IX 108-110). Herodotus relates that, after his defeat in Greece, Xerxes fell in love with the wife of <mask>, but failed in all attempts to win her favour.In order to be closer to his sister-in-law, Xerxes married his son Darius to his niece Artaynte, a daughter of Masistes. The wedding was celebrated in Sardis, but when the court returned to Susa, Xerxes decided that he wanted the daughter rather than the mother, and Artaynte became his lover. One day, Xerxes visited Artaynte wearing a robe that had been woven by queen Amestris. He offered Artaynte to grant her whatever wish she desired. She chose the robe, and when she wore it in public, the affair was discovered. When Amestris heard the news she sought revenge, not from Artaynte, strangely enough, but from her mother, the wife of Masistes. It was customary in Persia that on the king's birthday he had to grant all the wishes he was asked, so Amestris waited until that date to ask Xerxes to have Masistes' wife killed.Under Amestris' orders, <mask>' wife was tortured and mutilated: her breasts, nose, ears, lips and tongue were cut out. In the meantime, Xerxes offered Masistes the hand of one of his daughters. <mask> refused, and when he saw his mutilated wife he fled to Bactria to start a revolt; however, he was intercepted on his way by troops sent by the king, and put to death along with his followers and his three sons. Historical background
The tale refers to an ill-fated attempt of <mask> to lead a revolt against his brother Xerxes. Although the exact date is unknown, it could not have happened too long after the battle of Mycale (479 BC), perhaps in 478 BC. It was originally considered that Xerxes, affected by his defeats in Greece, became involved in harem intrigues that would cause turmoil in the court and eventually result in the decadence and ruin of the Empire. This view is widely criticised by more modern authors.Many of the episode's themes appear in many legendary tales of Persian origin - the plot is the same, only the names of the characters are changed. Thus, although the tale is based on Persian oral accounts of Masistes' revolt, it is impossible to consider it as a historical fact and to derive literal conclusions from it. Relating to this, it has been argued that the royal robe (which Amestris wove for Xerxes in the story) was not just a piece of clothing but a symbol of the Persian monarchy. According to this reasoning, and within the symbolic context of Persian culture of this period, when Artaynte asked Xerxes for his robe she was actually asking for the throne, although not for her, as she was married to the heir, prince Darius, but perhaps for her father Masistes. This could explain why Amestris punished Masistes' wife instead of her daughter Artaynte. It has also been noted that the punishment that Masistes' wife received was usually reserved for rebels. Other legendary Persian episodes share the theme of the royal robe, amongst these:
Cyrus the Great receives the royal Mede robe when he marries the daughter of Mede king Astyages (Xenophon, Cyropaedia VIII 5 18).Cyrus the Younger is just about to kill his brother, king Artaxerxes II, but stops when he sees him dressing himself with the royal robe (Plutarch, Artoxerxes III 1-4). During a hunting expedition, nobleman Tiribazus wears the royal robe of king Artaxerxes II, causing disgust amongst his courtiers, as it is forbidden (Plutarch, Artoxerxes V 2). Masistes and mathishta
It has been noted that the name Masistes (which the Greek sources give) is related to the Old Persian title mathishta (maθišta, "the greatest", "the highest", "the longest"; "chief [of the troop]"; as a title, "the greatest after the king", "the second after the king") given to the royal heir designated by the king. The problem lies in that the heir designated by Darius I is Xerxes, not Masistes, although the succession was not free of conflict. According to Herodotus, the eldest son by Darius was Artabazanes, but he had been born prior to Darius' ascent to the throne. Xerxes was the first-born son of Darius after he was crowned king, and he was also son of Atossa, the daughter of Cyrus the Great, founder of the empire. After many disputes in the court, Darius finally chose Xerxes.This is corroborated by Xerxes himself, who in his "Harem Inscription" of Persepolis  states that his father designated him mathishta despite having other sons. Pompeius Trogus, a later author, relates the same story, but refers to Artabazanes as Ariamenes. On the other hand, Plutarch states that Xerxes, when he is chosen as heir, offers Ariamenes the position of "second after the king". The Ariamenes who appears in Plutarch, although he plays the role of the Artabazanes referred to by Herodotus and the Ariamenes referred to by Trogus, has similarities with Masistes. First, Ariamenes governs over Bactria in Plutarch's version, just as Masistes does in Herodotus. Also, the phrase "second after the king" coincides with the meaning of the title mathishta, which seems to be related to the name of Masistes. However, in Plutarch, the "second after the king" refers to the most powerful person after the king himself, but not to the heir, as occurs with the title mathishta.It is possible, as it has been argued, that <mask> was not the real name of the younger brother of Xerxes, but simply his title,  (mathishta). Facing this possibility, it is important to note that <mask> was in fact a given name used at the time. In a clay cuneiform tablet ( a commercial document, specifically) from the Babylonian city of Nippur dated to 429 BC (during Artaxerxes I's reign) mention is made of a certain Masishtu (Masištu), whose name has been identified as the Akkadian form of Masistes. Notes

References

Briant, P (1997): " Bulletin d'Histoire Achéménide", in Topoi 1. Briant, P. (2002): From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire, Eisenbrauns. Brosius, M (1998): Woman in Ancient Persia, Clarendon Press. Burn, AR (1962): Persia and the Greeks, St. Martin's Press.Dandamaev, M (1989): A Political History of the Persian Empire, Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden, trad. de W. Vogelsang. Eddy, SK (1961): The King Is Dead: Studies in the Near Eastern Resistance to Hellenism, 334-31 B. C, University of Nebraska Press. García Sánchez, M (2005): " La figura del sucesor del Gran Rey en la Persia Aqueménida", in V. Troncoso (ed. ), Anejos Gerión 9, La figura del sucesor en las monarquías de época helenística. Green, P (1998): The Greco-Persian Wars, University of California Press.Shrimpton, GS (1997): History and Memory in Ancient Greece, McGill-Queens University Press. Lendering, J (a): "Atossa", in Livius.org
Lendering, J (b): "Mathišta", in Livius.org
Olmstead, ATE (1959) [1948]: History of the Persian Empire, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Sancisi-Weerdenburg, H. (2002): "The Personality of Xerxes, King of Kings ", in Brill's Companion to Herodotus, Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden, originally published in L. de Meyer & E. Haerinck (eds.) Archaeologia Iranica et Orientalis Miscellanea in Honorem Louis Vanden Berghe Peeters, Gent, 1989, pp. 549–560. Sancisi-Weerdemburg, H (2005) [1983]: "Exit Atossa: Images of Woman in Greek Historiography on Persia", in A. Kuhrt & A. Cameron (eds.) Images of Woman in Antiquity, Routledge.Wiesehöfer, J (2006) [2001]: Ancient Persia from 550 BC to 650 AD, I. B. Tauris, translated by A. Azodi. Zadok, R; & T. Zadok (1997): "LB texts from the Yale Babylonian Collection", in NABU 1997-13. Achaemenid satraps of Bactria
5th-century BC Iranian people
Family of Darius the Great
Achaemenid princes

masks: Masistes Masistes Masistes Masistes Masistes Masistes Masistes Masistes Masistes Masistes Masistes Masistes Masistes Masistes


text_chunks:
Sir <mask> "Freddie<mask>  (; 29 October 1910 – 27 June 1989), usually cited as A. J<mask>, was an English philosopher known for his promotion of logical positivism, particularly in his books Language, Truth, and Logic (1936) and The Problem of Knowledge (1956). He was educated at Eton College and the University of Oxford, after which he studied the philosophy of logical positivism at the University of Vienna. From 1933 to 1940 he lectured on philosophy at Christ Church, Oxford. During the Second World War <mask>r was a Special Operations Executive and MI6 agent. He was Grote Professor of the Philosophy of Mind and Logic at University College London from 1946 until 1959, after which he returned to Oxford to become Wykeham Professor of Logic at New College. He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1951 to 1952 and knighted in 1970. He was known for his advocacy of humanism, and was the second President of the British Humanist Association (now known as Humanists UK).Life
<mask>r was born in St John's Wood, in north west London, to <mask> Cyprien <mask> and Reine (née Citroen), wealthy parents from continental Europe. His mother was from the Dutch-Jewish family who founded the Citroën car company in France; his father was a Swiss Calvinist financier who worked for the Rothschild family, including for their bank and as secretary to <mask>. <mask>r was educated at Ascham St Vincent's School, a former boarding preparatory school for boys in the seaside town of Eastbourne in Sussex, in which he started boarding at the comparatively early age of seven for reasons to do with the First World War, and Eton College. It was at Eton that <mask>r first became known for his characteristic bravado and precocity. Although primarily interested in furthering his intellectual pursuits, he was very keen on sports, particularly rugby, and reputedly played the Eton Wall Game very well. In the final examinations at Eton, <mask>r came second in his year, and first in classics. In his final year, as a member of Eton's senior council, he unsuccessfully campaigned for the abolition of corporal punishment at the school.He won a classics scholarship to Christ Church, Oxford. After graduation from Oxford, <mask>r spent a year in Vienna, returned to England and published his first book, Language, Truth and Logic in 1936. The first exposition in English of logical positivism as newly developed by the Vienna Circle, this made <mask>r at age 26 the 'enfant terrible' of British philosophy. As a newly famous intellectual, <mask>r played a prominent role in the Oxford by-election campaign of 1938. <mask>r campaigned first for the Labour candidate Patrick Gordon Walker, and then for the joint Labour-Liberal "Independent Progressive" candidate Sandie Lindsay who ran on an anti-appeasement platform against the Conservative candidate, Quintin Hogg who ran as the appeasement candidate. The by-election when it was held on 27 October 1938 was quite close with Hogg winning a narrow victory over Lindsay. In the Second World War he served as an officer in the Welsh Guards, chiefly in intelligence (Special Operations Executive (SOE) and MI6).<mask>r was commissioned second lieutenant into the Welsh Guards from Officer Cadet Training Unit on 21 September 1940. After the war, he briefly returned to the University of Oxford where he became a fellow and Dean of Wadham College. He thereafter taught philosophy at London University from 1946 until 1959, when he also started to appear on radio and television. He was an extrovert and social mixer who liked dancing and attending the clubs in London and New York. He was also obsessed with sport: he had played rugby for Eton, and was a noted cricketer and a keen supporter of Tottenham Hotspur football team, where he was for many years a season ticket holder. For an academic, <mask>r was an unusually well-connected figure in his time, with close links to 'high society' and the establishment. Presiding over Oxford high-tables, he is often described as charming, but at times he could also be intimidating.<mask>r was married four times to three women. His first marriage was from 1932–1941 to (Grace Isabel) Renée (d. 1980), with whom he had a son - alleged to be in fact the son of <mask>r's friend and colleague, philosopher Stuart Hampshire- and a daughter. Renée subsequently married Stuart Hampshire. In 1960 he married <mask> (Dee) Wells, with whom he had one son. <mask>r's marriage to Wells was dissolved in 1983 and that same year he married Vanessa Salmon, former wife of politician Nigel Lawson. She died in 1985 and in 1989 he remarried Dee Wells, who survived him. <mask>r also had a daughter with Hollywood columnist Sheilah Graham Westbrook.In 1950, <mask>r attended the founding meeting of the Congress for Cultural Freedom in West Berlin, through he later stated that he only went because of the offer of a "free trip". <mask>r gave a speech on why he felt that <mask> Mill's classic liberal conceptions of liberty and freedom was still valid for the 20th century. Together with the historian Hugh Trevor-Roper, <mask>r fought against <mask> and Franz Borkenau, arguing that the latter two were far too dogmatic and extreme in their anti-communism, and were in fact proposing illiberal measures in the defense of liberty. Adding to the tension was the location in West Berlin together with the fact that the Korean War had just broke on 25 June 1950 on the fourth day of the congress, giving a feeling that the world was on the brink of war. From 1959 to his retirement in 1978, Sir <mask> held the Wykeham Chair, Professor of Logic at Oxford. He was knighted in 1970. After his retirement, <mask>r taught or lectured several times in the United States, including serving as a visiting professor at Bard College in the fall of 1987.At a party that same year held by fashion designer Fernando Sanchez, <mask>r, then 77, confronted Mike Tyson who was forcing himself upon the (then) little-known model Naomi Campbell. When <mask>r demanded that Tyson stop, the boxer reportedly asked, "Do you know who the fuck I am? I'm the heavyweight champion of the world," to which <mask>r replied, "And I am the former Wykeham Professor of Logic. We are both pre-eminent in our field. I suggest that we talk about this like rational men". <mask>r and Tyson then began to talk, allowing Campbell to slip out. <mask>r was also involved in politics being involved in anti-Vietnam War activism, supporting the Labour Party (and then later the Social Democratic Party), Chairman of the Campaign Against Racial Discrimination in Sport, and President of the Homosexual Law Reform Society.In 1988, a year before his death, <mask>r wrote an article entitled, "What I saw when I was dead", describing an unusual near-death experience. Of the experience, <mask>r first said that it "slightly weakened my conviction that my genuine death ... will be the end of me, though I continue to hope that it will be." However, a few weeks later he revised this, saying "what I should have said is that my experiences have weakened, not my belief that there is no life after death, but my inflexible attitude towards that belief". <mask>r died on 27 June 1989. From 1980 to 1989 <mask>r lived at 51 York Street, Marylebone, where a memorial plaque was unveiled on 19 November 1995. Philosophical ideas
In Language, Truth and Logic (1936), <mask>r presents the verification principle as the only valid basis for philosophy. Unless logical or empirical verification is possible, statements like "God exists" or "charity is good" are not true or untrue but meaningless, and may thus be excluded or ignored.Religious language in particular was unverifiable and as such literally nonsense. He also criticises C. A. Mace's opinion that metaphysics is a form of intellectual poetry. The stance that a belief in "God" denotes no verifiable hypothesis is sometimes referred to as igtheism (for example, by Paul Kurtz). In later years <mask>r reiterated that he did not believe in God and began to refer to himself as an atheist. He followed in the footsteps of Bertrand Russell by debating with the Jesuit scholar Frederick Copleston on the topic of religion. <mask>r's version of emotivism divides "the ordinary system of ethics" into four classes:
"Propositions that express definitions of ethical terms, or judgements about the legitimacy or possibility of certain definitions"
"Propositions describing the phenomena of moral experience, and their causes"
"Exhortations to moral virtue"
"Actual ethical judgments"
He focuses on propositions of the first class—moral judgments—saying that those of the second class belong to science, those of the third are mere commands, and those of the fourth (which are considered in normative ethics as opposed to meta-ethics) are too concrete for ethical philosophy. <mask>r argues that moral judgments cannot be translated into non-ethical, empirical terms and thus cannot be verified; in this he agrees with ethical intuitionists.But he differs from intuitionists by discarding appeals to intuition of non-empirical moral truths as "worthless" since the intuition of one person often contradicts that of another. Instead, <mask>r concludes that ethical concepts are "mere pseudo-concepts":

Between 1945 and 1947, together with Russell and George Orwell, he contributed a series of articles to Polemic, a short-lived British "Magazine of Philosophy, Psychology, and Aesthetics" edited by the ex-Communist Humphrey Slater. <mask>r was closely associated with the British humanist movement. He was an Honorary Associate of the Rationalist Press Association from 1947 until his death. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1963. In 1965, he became the first president of the Agnostics' Adoption Society and in the same year succeeded <mask> as president of the British Humanist Association, a post he held until 1970. In 1968 he edited The Humanist Outlook, a collection of essays on the meaning of humanism.In addition he was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto. Works
<mask>r is best known for popularising the verification principle, in particular through his presentation of it in Language, Truth, and Logic (1936). The principle was at the time at the heart of the debates of the so-called Vienna Circle which <mask>r visited as a young guest. Others, including the leading light of the circle, Moritz Schlick, were already offering their own papers on the issue. <mask>r's own formulation was that a sentence can be meaningful only if it has verifiable empirical import;  otherwise, it is either "analytical" if tautologous or "metaphysical" (i.e. meaningless, or "literally senseless"). He started to work on the book at the age of 23 and it was published when he was 26.<mask>r's philosophical ideas were deeply influenced by those of the Vienna Circle and David Hume. His clear, vibrant and polemical exposition of them makes Language, Truth and Logic essential reading on the tenets of logical empiricism;  the book is regarded as a classic of 20th century analytic philosophy, and is widely read in philosophy courses around the world. In it, <mask>r also proposed that the distinction between a conscious man and an unconscious machine resolves itself into a distinction between "different types of perceptible behaviour", an argument that anticipates the Turing test published in 1950 to test a machine's capability to demonstrate intelligence. <mask>r wrote two books on the philosopher Bertrand Russell, Russell and Moore: The Analytic Heritage (1971) and Russell (1972). He also wrote an introductory book on the philosophy of David Hume and a short biography of Voltaire. <mask>r was a strong critic of the German philosopher Martin Heidegger. As a logical positivist <mask>r was in conflict with Heidegger's proposed vast, overarching theories regarding existence.These he felt were completely unverifiable through empirical demonstration and logical analysis, and this sort of philosophy an unfortunate strain in modern thought. He considered Heidegger to be the worst example of such philosophy, which <mask>r believed to be entirely useless. In Philosophy in the Twentieth Century (1982) <mask>r accuses Heidegger of "surprising ignorance" or "unscrupulous distortion" and "what can fairly be described as charlatanism." In 1972–1973 <mask>ord Lectures at University of St Andrews, later published as The Central Questions of Philosophy. In the preface to the book, he defends his selection to hold the lectureship on the basis that Lord Gifford wished to promote "natural theology", in the widest sense of that term", and that non-believers are allowed to give the lectures if they are "able reverent men, true thinkers, sincere lovers of and earnest inquirers after truth". He still believed in the viewpoint he shared with the logical positivists: that large parts of what was traditionally called "philosophy"including the whole of metaphysics, theology and aestheticswere not matters that could be judged as being true or false and that it was thus meaningless to discuss them. In The Concept of a Person and Other Essays (1963), <mask>r heavily criticized Wittgenstein's private language argument.<mask>r's sense-data theory in Foundations of Empirical Knowledge was famously criticised by fellow Oxonian J. L<mask> in Sense and Sensibilia, a landmark 1950s work of common language philosophy. <mask>r responded to this in the essay "Has <mask> Refuted the Sense-datum Theory? ", which can be found in his Metaphysics and Common Sense (1969). Awards
He was awarded a Knighthood as Knight Bachelor in the London Gazette on 1 January 1970. Selected publications
 1936, Language, Truth, and Logic, London: Gollancz. (2nd ed., 1946.) Reprinted 2001 with a new introduction, London: Penguin.1940, The Foundations of Empirical Knowledge, London: Macmillan. 1954, Philosophical Essays, London: Macmillan. (Essays on freedom, phenomenalism, basic propositions, utilitarianism, other minds, the past, ontology.) 1957, "The conception of probability as a logical relation", in S. Korner, ed., Observation and Interpretation in the Philosophy of Physics, New York, N.Y.: Dover Publications. 1956, The Problem of Knowledge, London: Macmillan. 1957, "Logical Positivism - A Debate"  (with F. C. Copleston) in: Edwards, Paul, Pap, <mask> (eds. ), A Modern Introduction to Philosophy; readings from classical and contemporary sources
 1963, The Concept of a Person and Other Essays, London: Macmillan.(Essays on truth, privacy and private languages, laws of nature, the concept of a person, probability.) 1967, "Has <mask> Refuted the Sense-Data Theory?" Synthese vol. XVIII, pp. 117–140. (Reprinted in <mask>r 1969). 1968, The Origins of Pragmatism, London: Macmillan.1969, Metaphysics and Common Sense, London: Macmillan. (Essays on knowledge, man as a subject for science, chance, philosophy and politics, existentialism, metaphysics, and a reply to <mask> on sense-data theory [<mask>r 1967].) 1971, Russell and Moore: The Analytical Heritage, London: Macmillan. 1972, Probability and Evidence, London: Macmillan. 1972, Russell, London: Fontana Modern Masters. 1973, The Central Questions of Philosophy, London: Weidenfeld. 1977, Part of My Life, London: Collins.1979, "Replies", in G. F. Macdonald, ed., Perception and Identity: Essays Presented to A. J<mask>r, With His Replies, London: Macmillan; Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. 1980, Hume, Oxford: Oxford University Press
 1982, Philosophy in the Twentieth Century, London: Weidenfeld. 1984, Freedom and Morality and Other Essays, Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1984, More of My Life, London: Collins. 1986, Ludwig Wittgenstein, London: Penguin. 1986, Voltaire, New York: Random House. 1988, Thomas Paine, London: Secker & Warburg.1990, The Meaning of Life and Other Essays, Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 1991, "A Defense of Empiricism" in: Griffiths, A. Phillips (ed. ), A. J<mask>r: Memorial Essays (Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplements). Cambridge University Press. 1992, "Intellectual Autobiography" and Repiies in: Lewis Edwin Hahn (ed. ), The Philosophy of <mask><mask>r (The Library of Living Philosophers Volume XXI), edited by Lewis Edwin Hahn, Open Court Publishing Co.

See also
 A priori knowledge
 List of British philosophers

References

Footnotes

Works cited
 <mask>r, <mask>.(1989). "That undiscovered country", New Humanist, Vol. 104 (1), May, pp. 10–13. Rogers, Ben (1999). <mask><mask>r: A Life.New York: Grove Press. . (Chapter one and a review by Hilary Spurling, The New York Times, 24 December 2000.) Further reading
<mask>, "Positive Thinking" (review of Karl Sigmund, Exact Thinking in Demented Times:  The Vienna Circle and the Epic Quest for the Foundations of Science, Basic Books, 449 pp. ), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXIV, no. 20 (21 December 2017), pp. 74–76. Ted Honderich, <mask>r's Philosophy and its Greatness.<mask>, <mask> <mask>. Proceedings of the British Academy, 94 (1996), pp. 255–282. Graham Macdonald, <mask> <mask>, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 7 May 2005. External links

 "Logical Positivism" (video) Men of Ideas interview with Bryan Magee (1978)
"Frege, Russell, and Modern Logic" (video) The Great Philosophers interview with Bryan Magee (1987)
<mask>r's Elizabeth Rathbone Lecture on Philosophy & Politics
 <mask>r entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
 A.J.

masks:
Alfred Jules
" Ayer
. Ayer
Aye
Aye
Jules Louis
Ayer
Alfred Rothschild
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Alberta Constance
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
John Stuart
Aye
Arthur Koestler
Alfred
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Julian Huxley
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Aye
Ayeiff
Aye
Aye
. Austin
Aye
Austin
Arthur
Austin
Aye
Austin
Aye
. Aye
. Aye
A J
. Aye
Aye
A J
A J
. Aye
Jim Holt
Aye
Anthony Quinton
Alfred Jules
Ayer
Alfred Jules
Ayer
Aye
Aye


text_chunks:
<mask> (born August 21, 1987), known mononymously as Kibum, is a South Korean actor and singer. He was a member of Super Junior. After the release of Super Junior's third studio album Sorry, Sorry in 2009, <mask> announced his leave from the group to pursue his acting career. In 2015, <mask> announced he ended his contract with SM Entertainment and departure from the group. <mask> made his television debut in the Korean television drama, April Kiss, in 2004. Life and career

1987–2005: Early life and career beginnings
<mask> was born in Seoul, South Korea. He has a younger sister, <mask>e-hee, who lives with his mother.One of his cousin is an actor and model, Shin Dong-wook. At the age of ten, he moved to Los Angeles, California, United States where he attended Santa Monica High School. In 2002, he was discovered by a talent agent from South Korea and was recommended to audition for the Starlight Casting System by SM Entertainment. <mask> signed a contract with SM Entertainment and became an official trainee, being trained in areas of singing, acting, dancing, and other performing talents such as hosting and modeling. Although he resided in Seoul at the time, he constantly returned to Los Angeles to visit his family and to attend short school sessions. <mask> debuted as an actor on April 21, 2004 in KBS drama April Kiss as young Han Jung Woo. This was followed in March 2005, with Joo Yeo Myeong in another KBS drama, Sharp 2, co-starring labelmates Go Ara and Heechul.In November 2005 he played a small role in the MBC drama, Marrying a Millionaire, appearing in one episode where he plays the young <mask>on. 2005–09: Debut with Super Junior and solo activities

<mask> debut as part of 12-member rotational project group Super Junior 05 on November 6, 2005 on SBS's music programme Popular Songs, performing their first single, "TWINS (Knock Out)". Their debut album SuperJunior05 (Twins) was released a month later on December 5, 2005 and debuted at No. 3 on the monthly MIAK K-pop album charts. In 2006, he took on the lead role in the MBC daily sitcom, Rainbow Romance, sharing the lead with <mask> for 243 episodes. This was followed by <mask>'s second drama with Go Ara, Snow Flower in November on SBS. In March 2006, SM Entertainment began to recruit new members for the next Super Junior generation.However, plans changed and the company declared a halt in forming future Super Junior generations. Following the addition of thirteenth member Kyuhyun, the group dropped the suffix "05" and became officially credited as Super Junior. The re-polished group's first CD single "U" was released on June 7, 2006, which was their most successful single until the release of "Sorry, Sorry" in March 2009. He appeared in Attack on the Pin-Up Boys, a 2007 high school Korean film that starred all members of Super Junior except Kyuhyun. He plays the narrator of the story; a student who investigates the mysterious happenings at school. In April 2008, <mask> returned to acting after 16 months, starring in another daily MBC drama, Chunja's Happy Events alongside Wang Bitna. He was picked as the co-presenter of Thailand's 12 Plus Powder along with the primary presenter, bandmate Choi Siwon, in early 2008.However, the co-presenter was switched to bandmate Donghae for another product of 12 Plus – "roll-on". In 2009 when Super Junior released their third album, Sorry, Sorry, <mask> was absent during promotions for the first single, "Sorry, Sorry", leading to speculation that he left Super Junior, which was denied by both SM Entertainment and band members. When Super Junior released their second single, "It's You", <mask> had no singing solo and was again absent from all promotions. SM finally issued a statement stating that <mask> was busy with solo projects, and re-confirmed he would be absent from promotional activities, but that he had not left Super Junior. Even though he is featured in promotional material for their concert tour Super Show 2 Tour, <mask> did not take part due to an injury to his foot requiring six weeks of rest. After the release of "Sorry, Sorry – Answer", <mask> who was absent from the music video, stated "Firstly, I am in the process of preparing for the play and releasing the drama. Whether I will participate in the fourth album, resume solo activities, or continue acting, need to be further discussed with my company".2010–15: Acting career and departure from SM Entertainment
In 2010, <mask> starred in his second film Jumunjin, released on the January 21. It is a love story of a ghost man (<mask>) and a girl that lives in the country side. From January 26 to March 28, <mask> starred in theatrical play A Nap, at Baekam Art Hall in Samseong-dong, Seoul. He played a young version of male lead Young-jin with Lee Joo-seung. The play is based on a short story of the same name by Park Min-gyu and directed by filmmaker Hur Jin-ho. In May 2010 it was confirmed that <mask> would neither participate in the fourth album, Bonamana, nor any further Super Junior activities until further notice, as he would be focusing on his acting career. In October 2011 <mask> played Joseon scholar-official Pak Paengnyeon in historical drama Deep Rooted Tree.In May 2012, <mask> will star as the male lead Geum Eun-dong in I Love Lee Tae-ri, where he plays a 14-year-old middle school student who goes to a performance of his favorite singer and becomes a man in his 20s, who is the secretary of a haughty heiress, Lee Tae-ri, played by Park Ye-jin. <mask> will star as Duan Yu in the 2013 Chinese television drama, The Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils and the title character in 2014 Chinese television drama, Lucky Tianbao. On August 18, 2015, Kibum announced via his personal SNS that his contract with SM Entertainment had ended. 2016–present:  Return to acting
In 2017 Kibum starred in the Chinese film My Kitchen Lover, released on August 25. On June 25, 2018, Kibum as an actor signed with Clover Company. Kibum was confirmed on Nov 8 to be in the new SBS Plus variety show Two Feet Life. On January 13, 2022, it confirmed that Kibum left from Clover Company and signed an exclusive contract with PA Entertainment and plans to accelerate his acting activities in the future, starting with fan meetings in March 2022.Discography

 2006: "Can It Be Love?" – Nonstop OST

Filmography

Film

Television drama

Television show

Music video

Theater

References

External links
 <mask>-bum on Daum
 Official agency profile

1987 births
Living people
Male actors from Seoul
Rappers from Seoul
Japanese-language singers of South Korea
South Korean male idols
South Korean pop singers
South Korean male singers
South Korean rhythm and blues singers
South Korean male film actors
South Korean male television actors
South Korean television presenters
South Korean radio presenters
Super Junior members
South Korean Christians

masks:
Kim Ki bum
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim Sa
Kim
Kim
Kim Youngho
Kim
Kim Heechul
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim
Kim Ki


text_chunks:
Giacobbe "<mask>" <mask> (July 10, 1922 – September 19, 2017) was an American professional boxer, world middleweight champion, and stand-up comedian. Nicknamed "The Bronx Bull" or "Raging Bull", <mask> was a rough fighter who was not a particularly big puncher, but he would subject his opponents to vicious beatings in the ring. With use of constant stalking, brawling and inside fighting, he developed the reputation for being a "bully"; he was what is often referred to today as a swarmer and a slugger. Due to his hard style of fighting, LaMotta often took in as much as he dished out in an era of great middleweights. With a thick skull and jaw muscles, LaMotta was able to absorb incredible amounts of punishment over the course of his career, and is thought to have one of the greatest chins in boxing history. <mask>'s six-fight rivalry with Sugar Ray Robinson was one of the most notable in the sport. Although each fight was close and LaMotta dropped Robinson to the canvas multiple times, LaMotta won only one of the bouts.<mask>, who lived a turbulent life in and out of the ring, was portrayed by Robert De Niro in the 1980 film Raging Bull; <mask> was managed by his brother <mask>, played by Joe Pesci in Martin Scorsese's movie. <mask> was ranked 52nd on Ring Magazines List of the 80 Best Fighters of the Last 80 Years. The magazine ranked him as one of the 10 greatest middleweights of all time. He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in the inaugural class of 1990. Early life
<mask> was born on the Lower East Side of New York City on July 10, 1922, to Italian parents, Elizabeth (Merluzzo) and <mask>. Many sources had reported his year of birth as 1921, but his daughter Christi said in a Facebook post immediately following his death that it was in fact 1922. His mother was born in the United States to Italian immigrants, while his father was an immigrant from Messina, Sicily, who came with family including his brother Joseph.The family lived briefly in Philadelphia before returning to New York and settling in the Bronx. <mask>'s father forced the boy to fight other boys in order to entertain neighborhood adults, who threw pocket change into the ring. <mask>'s father collected the money and used it to help pay the rent. One of <mask>'s cousins on his father's side was <mask>, who became an entrepreneur and creator of the Chipwich ice cream treat. LaMotta learned to box while in a reformatory in upstate New York, where he'd been sent for attempted robbery. Afterward he fought undefeated in amateur bouts, turning professional at age 19 in 1941. During World War II, he was rejected for military service due to a childhood mastoid operation on one of his ears which affected his hearing.Boxing career
As a middleweight in his first fifteen bouts, <mask> went 14–0–1 (3 KOs) before losing a highly controversial split decision to Jimmy Reeves in Reeves' hometown of Cleveland, Ohio. Chaos erupted after the decision was announced. Fights broke out around the ring and the crowd continued to boo for 20 minutes. The arena's organist tried (but failed) to calm down the crowd by playing the "Star Spangled Banner". One month later, <mask> and Reeves fought again in the same arena. <mask> lost a much less controversial decision. A third match between the two took place on March 19, 1943 in Detroit, Michigan.The first five rounds were close, though Reeves was struggling in the fourth. In the sixth round, <mask> floored Reeves, who was only down for a second. Once the fight resumed, <mask> landed a left on Reeves' chin, sending him down face-first. Reeves was blinking his eyes and shaking his head as the referee counted him out. <mask> vs. Robinson I–<mask> fought Sugar Ray Robinson in Robinson's middleweight debut at Madison Square Garden, New York, October 2, 1942. <mask> knocked Robinson down in the first round of the fight. Robinson got up and took control over much of the fight, winning via a unanimous 10-round decision.A 10-round rematch took place February 5, 1943, at Olympia Stadium in Detroit, Michigan. The eighth round was historic. <mask> landed a right to Robinson's head and a left to his body, sending him through the ropes. Robinson was saved by the bell at the count of nine. <mask>, who was already leading on the scorecards before knocking Robinson out of the ring, pummeled and outpointed him for the rest of the fight. Robinson had trouble keeping <mask> at bay. <mask> won via unanimous decision, giving Robinson the first defeat of his career.The victory was short-lived, as the two met on February 26, 1943, in what was another 10-round fight, once again at Olympia Stadium in Robinson's former home of Detroit. Robinson was knocked down for a nine-count in Round 7. Robinson later stated, "He really hurt me with a left in the seventh round. I was a little dazed and decided to stay on the deck." Robinson won the close fight by unanimous decision, using a dazzling left jab and jarring uppercuts. <mask> said the fight was given to Robinson because he would be inducted into the army the next day. A fourth fight, the duo's final 10 rounder, took place nearly two years after the third, on February 23, 1945, at Madison Square Garden, New York.Robinson won again by a unanimous decision. <mask> and Robinson had their fifth bout at Comiskey Park, Chicago, Illinois on September 26, 1945. Robinson won by a very controversial split decision, contested over 12 rounds. The decision was severely booed by the 14,755 people in attendance. <mask> later said in his autobiography that the decision was widely criticized by several newspapers and boxing publishers. Robinson said afterward, "This was the toughest fight I've ever had with LaMotta." <mask> vs. Fox
On November 14, 1947, <mask> was knocked out in the fourth round by Billy Fox.Suspecting the fight was fixed, the New York State Athletic Commission withheld purses for the fight and suspended LaMotta. The fight with Fox would come back to haunt him later in life, during a case with the Federal Bureau of Investigation. In his testimony and in his later book, LaMotta admitted to throwing the fight to gain favor with the Mafia. All involved agreed the fix was obvious and their staging inept. As LaMotta wrote,
The first round, a couple of belts to his head, and I see a glassy look coming over his eyes. Jesus Christ, a couple of jabs and he's going to fall down? I began to panic a little.I was supposed to be throwing a fight to this guy, and it looked like I was going to end up holding him on his feet... By [the fourth round], if there was anybody in the Garden who didn't know what was happening, he must have been dead drunk. The thrown fight and a payment of $20,000 to the Mafia got <mask> his title bout against World Middleweight Champion Marcel Cerdan. <mask> vs. Cerdan
<mask> won the World Middleweight title on June 16, 1949 in Detroit, Michigan, defeating Frenchman Marcel Cerdan. <mask> won the first round (in which he knocked Cerdan down), Cerdan the second, and the third was even. At that point it became clear something was wrong. Cerdan dislocated his arm in the first round, apparently damaged in the knockdown, and gave up before the start of the 10th round. <mask> damaged his left hand in the fifth round, but still landed 104 punches in the ninth round, whereas Cerdan hardly threw a punch.The official score had <mask> as winner by a knockout in 10 rounds because the bell had already rung to begin that round when Cerdan announced he was quitting. A rematch was arranged, but while Cerdan was flying back to the United States to fight the rematch, his Air France Lockheed Constellation crashed in the Azores, killing everyone on board. World Middleweight Champion
<mask> made his first title defense against Tiberio Mitri on July 7, 1950, at Madison Square Garden, New York. <mask> retained his title via unanimous decision. <mask>'s next defense came on September 13, 1950, against Laurent Dauthuille. Dauthuille had previously beaten <mask> by decision before LaMotta became world champion. By the fifteenth round, Dauthuille was ahead on all scorecards (72–68, 74–66, 71–69) and seemed to be about to repeat a victory against <mask>.<mask> hit Dauthuille with a barrage of punches that sent him down against the ropes toward the end of the round. Dauthuille was counted out with 13 seconds left in the fight. This fight was named Fight of the Year for 1950 by The Ring magazine. Saint Valentine's Day Massacre of boxing

The sixth and final fight between <mask> and Robinson took place at Chicago Stadium. This fight was scheduled for 15 rounds and was for the middleweight title. Held on February 14, 1951, Saint Valentine's Day, the fight became known as boxing's version of the Saint Valentine's Day Massacre. In the last few rounds, <mask> began to take a horrible beating and was soon unable to defend himself from Robinson's powerful blows.But <mask> refused to go down. Robinson won by a technical knockout in the 13th round, when the fight was stopped. Light heavyweight
LaMotta moved up to light heavyweight after losing his world middleweight title. He had poor results at first. He lost his debut against Bob Murphy, lost a split decision to Norman Hayes, and drew with Gene Hairston in his first three bouts. In his next three fights, <mask> had rematches with Hayes, Hairston, and Murphy, and defeated all of them by unanimous decision. On December 31, 1952, <mask> had his next fight against Danny Nardico.He knocked <mask> down for the only time in his career (not counting his thrown 1947 fight) by a right hand in the seventh round. LaMotta got up and was beaten against a corner by Nardico until the bell rang. <mask>'s corner stopped the bout before the eighth round began. Following that fight, LaMotta took time off; when he returned, in early 1954, he knocked out his first two opponents, Johnny Pretzie (TKO 4) and Al McCoy (KO 1), but a controversial split decision loss to Billy Kilgore on April 14, 1954 convinced him to retire. Post-boxing
After retiring from the ring, <mask> owned and managed a bar at 1120 Collins Ave in Miami Beach. He also became a stage actor and stand-up comedian. In 1958 he was arrested and charged with introducing men to an underage girl at a club he owned in Miami.He was convicted and served six months on a chain gang, although he maintained his innocence. LaMotta appeared in more than 15 films, including The Hustler (1961) with Paul Newman and Jackie Gleason, in which he had a role as a bartender. He appeared in several episodes of the NBC police comedy Car 54 Where Are You? (1961–63). A lifelong baseball fan, he organized the <mask> All-Star Team in the Bronx. The LaMotta team played in Sterling Oval which was located between 165th and 164th Streets between Clay and Teller Avenue. In 1965, <mask> appeared as "Big Jule" in the New York City Center production of Guys and Dolls for 15 performances alongside  Alan King and Jerry Orbach.In 1960 <mask> was called to testify before a U.S. Senate sub-committee that was looking into underworld influence on boxing. He testified that he had thrown his bout with Billy Fox so that the mob would arrange a title bout for him. Fighting style
LaMotta is recognized as having had one of the best chins in boxing. He rolled with punches, minimizing their force and damage when they landed, but he was also able to absorb many blows. In the Saint Valentine's Day Massacre, his sixth bout with Robinson, LaMotta suffered numerous severe blows to the head. Commentators could be heard saying "No man can take this kind of punishment!" But LaMotta did not go down.The fight was stopped by the referee in the 13th round, declaring it a TKO victory for Robinson. <mask> was one of the first boxers to adopt the "bully" style of fighting, in that he always stayed close and in punching range of his opponent, by stalking him around the ring, and sacrificed taking punches himself in order to land his own shots. Due to his aggressive, unrelenting style he was known as "The Bronx Bull." He boasted "No son-of-a-bitch ever knocked me off my feet", but that claim was ended in December 1952 at the hands of Danny Nardico when Nardico caught him with a hard right in the seventh round. <mask> fell into the ropes and went down. After regaining his footing, he was unable to come out for the next round. Raging Bull: My Story
Raging Bull: My Story is a 1970 second edition of <mask>'s memoir.The autobiographical details include: <mask>'s life as a young teenage criminal; his reformation in prison; his extensive career as an amateur and professional boxer; his struggles with organized crime (the mafia) who kept the boxing title out of reach; and his jealous obsession with his wife, Vikki. The book details his life, from childhood until the end of his fame. The first edition is:
La Motta, <mask> with Carter, Joseph and Savage, Peter (1970). Raging Bull: My Story. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall [1970]. . Raging Bull

Hollywood executives approached LaMotta with the idea of a movie about his life, based on his 1970 memoir Raging Bull: My Story. The film, Raging Bull, released in 1980, was initially only a minor box office success, but eventually received overwhelming critical acclaim for both director Martin Scorsese and actor Robert De Niro, who gained about 60 pounds during the shooting of the film to play the older LaMotta in later scenes.To accurately portray the younger <mask>, De Niro trained with LaMotta until LaMotta felt he was ready to box professionally. De Niro lived in Paris for three months, eating at the finest restaurants in order to gain sufficient weight to portray <mask> after retirement. De Niro won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance. Later life and death

LaMotta had a troubled personal life, including a spell in a reformatory, and was married seven times. He admitted having raped a woman, having beaten his wives, and coming close to beating a man to death during a robbery. In February 1998, <mask>'s elder son, <mask> Jr., died of liver cancer. In September 1998, his younger son, <mask>, died in the crash of Swissair Flight 111.His nephew, <mask>, fought in the heavyweight-novice class of the 2001 Golden Gloves championship tournament. John later became an actor, and one of his roles was as "Duke", who ran the bar of that name featured in the television comedy series Frasier. Another nephew, William Lustig, is a well-known director and producer of horror films and the president of Blue Underground, Inc.

LaMotta had four daughters, including Christi by his second wife Vikki <mask> and Stephanie by his fourth wife Dimitria. He married his seventh wife, his longtime fiancée Denise Baker, on January 4, 2013. LaMotta remained active on the speaking and autograph circuit, and published several books about his career, his life, and his fights with Robinson. LaMotta appeared in a 50-minute New York stage production, Lady and the Champ, in July 2012. The production focused on <mask>'s boxing career, and was criticized by The New York Times as poorly executed and a "bizarre debacle".LaMotta is the subject of a documentary directed and produced by Greg Olliver. The film features an appearance by Mike Tyson among other notable athletes, actors and <mask>'s family and friends. Also in production was a sequel to Raging Bull, although MGM filed suit to halt the project, saying that LaMotta did not have the right to make a sequel. The lawsuit was settled on July 31, 2012, when LaMotta agreed to change the title of the film to The Bronx Bull. LaMotta: The Bronx Bull stars actor William Forsythe as <mask>, while Paul Sorvino plays his father. It also features Joe Mantegna, Tom Sizemore, Penelope Ann Miller, Natasha Henstridge, Joey Diaz and Ray Wise. LaMotta died on September 19, 2017, from complications of pneumonia in a nursing home in Florida, at the age of 95.Professional boxing record

See also
List of middleweight boxing champions
Bronx Walk of Fame

References

External links

 Whitney Martin (AP), "Lamotta Near End Of Trail", Lewiston Daily Sun, January 3, 1953

1922 births
2017 deaths
American boxers of Italian descent
American male stage actors
American stand-up comedians
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
Middleweight boxers
Boxers from New York City
Sportspeople from the Bronx
American male boxers
Deaths from pneumonia in Florida

masks:
Jake
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
Joey LaMotta
Jake
LaMotta
Joseph LaMotta
Jake
LaMotta
LaMotta
Richard LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
V LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
Jake LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
Jake LaMotta
Jake LaMotta
Jake
LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
Jake LaMotta
Joseph LaMotta
John LaMotta
LaMotta
LaMotta
Jake
LaMotta


text_chunks:
<mask>. (January 28, 1898 — September 24, 1976) was an American real estate developer. He was the developer of the Carew Tower (1931) in Cincinnati, Ohio, at the time the tallest building west of the Alleghenies, and the Netherland Plaza Hotel, opened at the same time. He was a major figure in the city's cultural life for more than four decades. Early life
<mask> was born in New York City on January 28, 1898. He was the son of <mask>. (1835–1908), a real-estate millionaire, and Lela (née Alexander<mask> (1867–1953), daughter of General Charles T. Alexander, of Washington. Among his siblings was <mask>, who married the impecunious Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia; <mask>, who married first Capt. Alastair Mackintosh (second husband of Constance Talmadge) and secondly Hély, the Marquis de Talleyrand; and  Alexandra, who married Benjamin Moore and Robert Gordon McKay.His paternal grandfather was <mask>, who was born in Bedford, England and settled in Cincinnati in 1832. His maternal grandparents were General Charles Tripler Alexander and <mask> (née Barrett) Alexander of St. Paul, Minnesota and Bar Harbor, Maine. He was raised on the East Coast and in Europe, after his mother married, as her second husband, the Hon. Alfred Anson, a British stockbroker living in New York City, in 1912. Anson was the seventh son of Thomas Anson, 2nd Earl of Lichfield and Lady Harriett Georgiana Hamilton (the eldest daughter of <mask>, 1st Duke of Abercorn). As a child and young man, his family moved each year between their houses in New York City (5 East 68th Street), Bar Harbor, Maine (The Turrets, now owned by The College of the Atlantic), Palm Beach (where his mother owned several houses) and Paris and Biarritz, France (where his mother owned a large house, later converted into a school). <mask> prepared at Groton for Harvard, where his education was interrupted by World War I when he served as an ensign in Naval Aviation.After he returned from War, he received his BA degree, cum laude, in 1920. He spent one year at Harvard Law School and then went to Trinity College, Oxford, where received a diploma in Economics in 1922. Career
His grandfather founded a lard oil and candle business in 1840, known as Emery Candle Company, that his father developed into the Emery Chemical Company, later known as Emery Industries. His grandfather had also assembled sizable real estate holdings in the center of Cincinnati, which was enlarged by <mask>'s father. In 1924, <mask>, who was planning on going into the publishing business with Cass Canfield, returned to Cincinnati on a visit and stayed to manage what he perceived to be the faltering family business. He proceeded to consolidate the family's real estate holdings into several blocks in downtown Cincinnati. The real estate company, Thomas Emery's Sons, built the first substantial apartment houses in Cincinnati as well as numerous other buildings downtown (Mercantile Library Building, The Cincinnatian Hotel and others) and in the immediately adjacent hills.After World War II, Thomas Emery's Sons built the Terrace Plaza Hotel, designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, placing the hotel lobby on the eighth floor, reached by elevators that by-passed the commercial floors. For the hotel he commissioned three works of art that passed to the Cincinnati Art Museum when he sold the Terrace Plaza: a mural by <mask> and a cartoon mural by Saul Steinberg and a giant mobile by Alexander Calder. He was a founder of the Cincinnati Country Day School, a leading trustee and important benefactor of the Cincinnati Art Museum. He served as vice-president of the Boy Scouts of America in the Cincinnati area, and was an original member of the Cincinnati Public Recreation Commission. He was a trustee of the Children's Symphony Orchestra, Cincinnati Summer Opera, the Conservatory of Music and the Taft Museum of Art, as well as a trustee of the National Cultural Center in Washington, D.C. Personal life
In 1926, he married Irene Langhorne (née Gibson) Post (1897–1973). Irene was the daughter of the celebrated illustrator Charles Dana Gibson and the niece of Lady Astor, the first woman elected to the British Parliament.Irene was the mother of George B. Post IV and Nancy Langhorne Post from her first marriage to George B. Post III (grandson of the architect George B. Post). Together, <mask> and Irene were the parents of four children, all born in Cincinnati:

 <mask> (1927–2017), who married painter Robert Perkins Goodale at the Académie Julian art school in Paris, in 1946. Lela <mask> (1929–2006), who married <mask>. Steele (b. 1924) in 1967.<mask> (1933–1999), who married Lloyd Addison Lanier (1924–2002) in 1953. <mask> (1937-2021), a 1959 graduate of Harvard who married Liliane Solmsen in 1962. After his first wife's death in 1973, he remarried to widow Adele Sloane (née Hammond) Olyphant (1902–1998) on December 3, 1975. Adele, a member of the Vanderbilt family, was the sister of record producer <mask>, the daughter of Emily Vanderbilt Sloane, a granddaughter of Emily Thorn Vanderbilt and William Douglas Sloane, and a great-granddaughter of William Henry Vanderbilt. Adele was also the grandmother of actor Timothy Olyphant. <mask> died on September 24, 1976 and is buried at the Indian Hill Church near Cincinnati. Residences
<mask> and his family spent summers in Dark Harbor, Maine on Seven Hundred Acre Island, where his father-in-law, Charles Dana Gibson, had built a house beginning in 1904.During those summers, the children were tutored in preparation for school, including daughter Lela who prior to leaving home for the Foxcroft School in 1944 was tutored by Connie Frazer at their homes at Peterloon and on Seven Hundred Acre Island. In 1929, he began constructing his  estate, Peterloon immediately north of Indian Hill, then a rural outer suburb of Cincinnati to which some affluent citizens of Cincinnati, Ohio were moving in search of a country life-style. Indian Hill of the 1930s revolved around the Camargo Club and the Camargo Hunt. Since his death, much of Peterloon has been divided into housing lots, leaving the neo-Georgian brick house on  as an event destination owned by The Peterloon Foundation. The house was designed by Delano and Aldrich of New York, who also designed a five-bedroom stucco cottage nearby, in which the <mask> family could live while the Peterloon house was being built. Awards and honors
<mask> was the recipient of the "Great Living Cincinnatian" award from The Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce; the William Booth Award from the Salvation Army; the "President's Award for Excellence" from the University of Cincinnati. He also received an honorary Doctor of Music degree from the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music and a Doctor of Humane Letters from the University of Cincinnati.References

External links

 <mask> <mask> at the University of Cincinnati. 1898 births
1976 deaths
20th-century American businesspeople
Harvard Law School alumni
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford

masks:
John Josiah Emery Jr
Jack Emery
John Josiah Emery Sr
) Emery
Audrey Emery
Lela Emery
Thomas Emery
Julia
James Hamilton
Emery
Emery
Emery
Joan Miró
John
Irene Emery
Emery
John F
Melissa Emery
Ethan Emery
John Hammond
Emery
Emery
Emery
Emery
John Josiah
Emery


text_chunks:
<mask> (; born September 28, 1967) is an American actress. She won the Academy Award and Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Woody Allen's Mighty Aphrodite (1995). She also starred in the films Romy and Michele's High School Reunion (1997), Mimic (1997), Lulu on the Bridge (1998), The Replacement Killers (1998), Summer of Sam (1999), and Like Dandelion Dust (2009). For her work in television, <mask> was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie for her portrayal of Marilyn Monroe in Norma Jean & Marilyn (1996), and twice nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film, again for her performance as Marilyn Monroe and for her leading role in Human Trafficking (2005). Early life
<mask> was born in Manhattan, New York City to Lorraine Ruth Davis, a drama therapist for Alzheimer's disease patients and a former actress; and <mask>, an actor and film director. She has two siblings, <mask> and Amanda. She is of Italian descent on her father's side.She was raised in Tenafly, New Jersey, where she wrote and acted in backyard plays with her childhood friend Hope Davis, and in theater productions at Dwight-Englewood School. As a child, she was strongly influenced to pursue social causes by her mother, who participated in the March on Washington. Sorvino excelled in high school and was accepted into Harvard University. She studied for one year as an exchange student with CIEE in Beijing, China, where she became fluent in Mandarin Chinese. In 1989, she graduated from Harvard magna cum laude with a degree in East Asian studies. She also helped found the Harvard-Radcliffe Veritones, one of Harvard's co-ed a cappella groups, in 1985. Career
Sorvino's first major screen appearance was in the teen television series Swans Crossing, where she appeared in six episodes.When the 1993 film Amongst Friends entered preproduction, she was hired as third assistant director, then promoted to casting director, then to assistant producer, and finally offered a lead role. The positive reviews she received led to more acting opportunities. After small roles in Robert Redford's Quiz Show and Whit Stillman's Barcelona, she was cast in Woody Allen's Mighty Aphrodite (1995). Her portrayal of a happy-go-lucky prostitute made her a star, winning her an Academy Award and Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress. Although the film brought her international recognition, she described its shooting as extremely stressful: "I was absolutely neurotic doing Mighty Aphrodite," she recalled. "Every night brought a new nervous breakdown. I'd cry and talk to God, I was so nervous.Then the next day, I'd show up and do my scenes." Her other credits include Romy and Michele's High School Reunion with Lisa Kudrow, At First Sight with Val Kilmer, and Spike Lee's Summer of Sam. She portrayed Marilyn Monroe for the 1996 HBO film Norma Jean & Marilyn, for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe; and had the lead role in Guillermo del Toro's horror film Mimic. In 1995, she portrayed Conchita Closson in the BBC miniseries The Buccaneers, based on Edith Wharton's last novel. She starred as Daisy Buchanan in the 2000 television film The Great Gatsby. In 2002, Sorvino appeared as the lead in The Triumph of Love, an adaptation of the 1732 Marivaux play. That year she also starred in WiseGirls alongside Mariah Carey and Melora Walters.In 2006, she received a Golden Globe nomination for her role as an Immigration and Customs Enforcement agent in the Lifetime film Human Trafficking. She had a supporting role in the drama Reservation Road (2007) with Mark Ruffalo. In February 2008, she guest-starred as psychiatrist Cate Milton in the "Frozen" episode of the medical television drama House. Plans to make hers a recurring character were interrupted by the writers' strike. She starred in Attack on Leningrad (2009), Multiple Sarcasms (2010) with Timothy Hutton and Stockard Channing, and Nancy Savoca's Union Square (2012), with Patti Lupone and Tammy Blanchard. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival to good reviews. In the same year, Sorvino played the mother of the lead in the film adaptation of Wendy Mass's popular children's book Jeremy Fink and the Meaning of Life.In 2014, she reappeared as Head Detective Betsy Brannigan on the final season of Psych, and on the fourth season of Falling Skies as John Pope's love interest, Sara. Sorvino also joined the cast of the television series Intruders, playing the role of Amy Whelan. In 2016, she appeared in the Netflix series Lady Dynamite as an actor working on a sitcom pilot named White Trash. In 2018, Sorvino played the role of Amy in the psychological thriller Look Away, alongside Jason Isaacs and India Eisley. In 2019, Sorvino was cast in the Netflix miniseries Hollywood, as an actor whose career stalled out after a relationship with a studio head. Personal life
Between 1996 and 1998, <mask> was romantically involved with director Quentin Tarantino, who was her escort to the Academy Awards ceremony where she won Best Supporting Actress for Mighty Aphrodite. Sorvino met actor Christopher Backus at a friend's charades party in August 2003.On June 11, 2004, they married in a private civil ceremony at the Santa Barbara, California courthouse, then later had a hilltop ceremony in Capri, Italy. They have four children: daughters born in 2004 and 2012, and sons born in 2006 and 2009. In honor of Sorvino's role as Susan Tyler, an entomologist who investigated deadly insect mutations in the film Mimic, the discovery of a compound excreted as a defense mechanism by the sunburst diving beetle was named mirasorvone by entomologist Thomas Eisner. In September 2014, Sorvino gave a wide-ranging interview on The Nerdist Podcast where she discussed her education, living in China, and her varied interests. She is a Christian and resides with her family in Los Angeles, California. In 2017, Sorvino came out publicly about the sexual harassment she endured from producer Harvey Weinstein and believes her career was damaged after she rebuffed Weinstein's advances. According to Peter Jackson, Weinstein blocked Sorvino and Ashley Judd, another of his alleged victims, from being considered for parts in The Lord of the Rings films.In 2019 she also made public that she was a date rape victim. Political activism
Sorvino has been affiliated with Amnesty International since 2004. In 2006 she was honored with their Artist of Conscience Award, given to those who have made longstanding philanthropic and humanist efforts. From 2009 to 2012 she was a United Nations Goodwill ambassador for combatting human trafficking, and has lobbied Congress to abolish the practice in Darfur. Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations

Works and publications

References

External links

 <mask> at the American Film Institute

 Honolulu Advertiser interview (October 24, 2005)
 Mira Sorvino Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America

1967 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from New Jersey
Actresses from Los Angeles
Actresses from New York City
American Christians
American film actresses
American people of Italian descent
American television actresses
Best Supporting Actress Academy Award winners
Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners
Dwight-Englewood School alumni
Harvard University alumni
People from Manhattan
People from Tenafly, New Jersey

masks:
Mira Katherine Sorvino
Sorvino
Sorvino
Paul Sorvino
Michael Sorvino
Mira Sorvino
Mira Sorvino