text_chunks:
is a Japanese psychiatrist. His specialties are criminal psychopathology, psychiatric history, clinical psychiatry and mental health studies. He is Professor Emeritus at Tokyo Institute of Technology and a winner of the Prize of the Japanese Association of Criminology (2002). Early life and education
<mask> was born in Koriyama, Fukushima Prefecture in 1948. He graduated from the Tokyo Medical and Dental University in 1972. For two years, Kageyama received psychiatric training at the University Psychiatric Clinic. Career
In his 2011 lecture at the International Congress of the Society of Criminology <mask> created, defined and proposed the terms and concepts of "Comprehensive Criminology” and “Integrative Criminology”.He pointed out that E Kraepelin's psychiatric disease concept is actually based not on disease (morbid) entity, but on disease (morbid) form. <mask> reformulated H Ey's psychiatric integrated theory Organo-dynamism as Organo-psychodynamism, which was the basis of the “Integrative Anthropology” and “Psychiatric Treatment Integration” (PTI) that Kageyama proposed. Other new concepts formulated by Kageyama include “Empathy Based Medicine (Psychiatry)" which emphasizes the important significance of “Triple E’s” (Evidence, Ethics and Empathy based medicine / psychiatry). <mask> <mask> summarized his main works on violent and juvenile crime in Japan as follows:
Era of “Egopathy” (Pathology of Self) and “Modern Type Crime”; “Empty Self” and Crime of “Self-Affirmation (Self-Validation)”
 Violent Crimes in Japan; decrease and qualitative changes
 The homicide rate and the rates for violent crimes of various kinds have declined (Kageyama J, 1987). The remarked decreasing homicide rate in modern Japan could be caused mainly by the warless period of Japan without conscription for more than 60 years (Kageyama J, 2000). Crime of “Self-Affirmation (Self-Validation)” Type (qualitative changes)
 Taking into account the various trends and characteristics of recent crimes, the author has come up with his own naming for a model fitting the patterns, namely the “self-affirmation” or “self-validation” model. What the author means by this term is that by committing such actions, the individuals try to affirm or reaffirm their own existence to society or validate their own power.The author believes that such crimes are rooted in these motives whose underlying psychological background is “Egopathy (pathology of the self)” or the “Empty Self”. These kinds of crimes occur in “postindustrial society, or the age of what Toffler refers to as the “third wave”. Or we might also call it the “information society” or “cyber society”. <mask> has published many papers and books on criminal psychopathology; political assassination (“Assassinology”), mass murder, alcohol crime, harassment, filicide，mentally disordered offenders etc. As a psychiatric expert, he has conducted more than 900 forensic examinations. His studies include the history of psychiatry and he has published books on the European, French and German history of psychiatry. Academic posts
In 1974 he was assistant at Department of Criminal Psychiatry, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University.From 1978 to 1979, overseas researcher of Ministry of Education (Institute of Criminology at Paris University). In 1981, Doctor of Medicine (Tokyo Medical and Dental University). In 1994, professor (mental health, science on human relations) at Health Service Center and Engineering Faculty of Tokyo Institute of Technology. In 1998, professor at Tokyo Institute of Technology Graduate School. In 2012, honorary professor of Tokyo Institute of Technology; senior advisor of Kôriyama Psychiatric Research Institute. In 2014, Showa Women's University guest professor (mental health studies). Academic Societies
President of the Japanese Association of Criminology (2012-2018)
Director of the Japanese Psychiatrical Historical Society (1997-2018)
Japanese Forensic Psychiatry Society councillor (2005-2018)
Mental Health Society participation in Japan
Honorary membership of the Japan University Health Association
Honorary membership of Japanese Association of Mental Health
Membre d'honneur du comité scientifique de la revue de l'Association pour la Fondation Henri Ey (les Cahiers Henri Ey) (membre correspondant de l'Association pour la Fondation Henri Ey)

Selected publications
Books

Kageyama J: Assassinology.(in Japanese) Sekai-Shoin, Tokyo, 1984
Kageyama J: Études histriques des Délires chroniques en psychiatrie française. (en japonais) Chuohyohshso-shuppan, Tokyo, 1987
Kageyama J: Study on Alcohol Crime. (in Japanese) Kongoh-shuppan, Tokyo, 1992
Kageyama J: Egopathy. (in Japanese) Nihon-Hyohron-Sha, Tokyo, 1997
Kageyama J: Era of Empty Self. (in Japanese) NHK Books, Tokyo, 1999
Kageyama J: Study on Criminal Psychiatry; Construction of Criminal Psychopathology. (in Japanese) Kongoh-shuppan, Tokyo, 2000
Kageyama J: New Type of Modern Crime: “Post-Nobita Syndrome”. (in Japanese) Kawadeshobosinsha, Tokyo, 2000
Kageyama J: New Type of Modern Crime: d“Self-Validation Type”.(in Japanese) Kohdansha, Tokyo, 2001
Kageyama J: Criminal Psychopothology; Its Practice and Development. (in Japanese) Kongoh-shuppan, Tokyo, 2010
Kageyama J: Works on Criminology and History of Psychiatry. (in Japanese) vol.1, Kongoh-shuppan,  Tokyo, 2015
Kageyama J: Works on Criminology and History of Psychiatry. (in Japanese) vol.2, Kongoh-shuppan, Tokyo, 2017

Articles

Kageyama J: Emotional Acts under Alcohol Intoxications. Act. Crim. Japon 41: 206-216, 1975
Kageyama J, Nakata O: Alcohol Intoxication and Suicide (cases of attempted suicide under abnormal alcohol intoxication and consideration on the problem of mechanisms of aggression's inward turning)　Act.Crim. Japon 48: 38-40, 1982
Kageyama J, Yamagami A and Nakata O: Characteristics of stimulant drug abuse prisoners with advanced criminality: psychiatric study. Bull. Crim. Res. Dept. 26: 17-22, 1983 *Kageyma J: Sur l’histoire de la monomania.L’évolution psychiatrique 49: 155-162, 1984
Kageyama J: A Case Report of Capgras Syndrome Observed in Glue-Sniffing-Induced Psychosis (Parricide). Act. Crim. Japon 45:131-132,1985. *Kageyama J: Cases and Statistical Study on Mass Murder. Act. Crim.Japon 53: 170-183, 1987
<mask> J, Ishii T and Nakata O: Aggression and Drinking. Act. Crim. Japon 55: 267-272, 1989
Kageyama J: Comparative Study of Assassination Among Japan, Europe and America(USA). Act. Crim. Japon 56: 78-85, 1990
<mask> J and Ishii T: Comparions of Pre- and Postwar Suicide and Homicide Rates in Japan -Aggression and Social Problem-.Act. Crim. Japon 63: 122-132, 1997
<mask> J, Ishii T and Hasegawa: Ａ Statistical Study on Mentally Disordered Offenders -Comparison among Substance Dependent and Functional Psychotic Offenders-. Act. Crim. Japon 64: 10-21, 1998
<mask> J, Ishii T, Hasegawa N, Saito K and Kusaka K: The Nature and Diurinal Variation of Criminal Acts Committed by Patients with Mood disorders. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 23: 53-59, 2000
<mask> J: Juvenile Crime and Its Psychology.Foreign Press Center, 2000
Kageyama J: Juvenile violent Crime in Japan and “Self-Validation Type”. Bulletin of Health Service Center of Tokyo Tech. 31: 59-65, 2004
Kageyama J: Harassment; Psychopathology and practical classification. (in Japanese) Mind Science 122 (7): 6-15, 2005
Kageyama J: Multiple Murder (Multicide) -Actuality and Future-. Act. Crim. Japon 74: 166-181, 2008
Kageyama J: New Type of Modern Crime; “Nobita syndrome” and “Self-Validation Type”.Journal of the Japan Society of Applied Science 21: 19-36, 2007
<mask> J: Harassment; New Modern Crime -Basic Point of View, Configurative Structure and Criminalization-. Act. Crim. Japon 75: 147-157, 2009
Yasumi K and <mask> J: Filicide and fatal abuse in Japan, 1994-2005: Temporal trends and regional distribution. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 16: 70-75, 2009
Kageyama J: Prevention of Primary Crime by Mentally Disordered Persons. Act. Crim.Japon 76: 130-133, 2010

References

1948 births
Living people
Japanese psychiatrists
Tokyo Medical and Dental University alumni
Tokyo Institute of Technology faculty
Showa Women's University faculty

masks:
Jinsuke Kageyama
Jinsuke Kageyama
Kageyama
Jinsuke
Kageyama
Kageyama
Kageyama
Kageyama
Kageyama
Kageyama
Kageyama
Kageyama
Kageyama


text_chunks:
<mask> (2 June 1965 – 21 December 2020) QC CSI was the Attorney General of the Solomon Islands. He was born in Fiji and educated in Australia. Moti worked as an adjunct professor of law at Bond University on Australia's Gold Coast from 1992, and taught comparative constitutional law, public and private international law, transnational litigation and arbitration, international trade, and finance and investment in Australasia and the Pacific. He was the founding president of the Pacific Islands Branch of the International Law Association (ILA), served on the ILA Committee on Compensation for Victims of War and has been a visiting professorial fellow at the Centre for Law and Governance at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi, India, and a visiting professor at Gujarat National Law University in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. Controversial allegation of child sex offence

<mask>, an Australian citizen, has been wanted in Australia for serious alleged overseas child sex offences. He has been at the centre of an international dispute following efforts by the Australian Government to extradite him from both Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands to face charges in relation to an incident alleged to have taken place in Vanuatu in 1997. The proceedings involved a number of distinguished visiting judges: John Von Doussa, now the president of Australia's Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, Bruce Robertson, the president of the New Zealand Law Commission, and Daniel Fatiaki,  former Chief Justice of Fiji.The Australian lawyer, journalist and biographer David Marr cites that the original charges against <mask> had been thrown out of court and considerable legal costs were ordered to be paid as the magistrate ruled that he had no case to answer, although he also quotes suggestions that the magistrate was corrupt. The magistrate in question, denies the accusation in an affidavit. Marr also, however, points out numerous "serious weaknesses" in the case against Mr <mask>, including
six disturbing statements [the complainant] made over ... four months. All are in English, though it appears she only spoke French. None was in her own writing. None was sworn. The underlying story doesn't change from statement to statement, but details are contradictory.Others appear fanciful. She claimed he had three testicles, but Port Vila GP Dr Frank Spooner would later examine <mask> and concluded he had two.... Dates are changed; at one stage she withdrew her allegations entirely, then renewed them a few weeks later saying her previous statement was 'not of my own free will' and asked police to investigate. In several statements she described being beaten and raped by Moti but in others that she loved him. 'I wanted to say that I love <mask> very much,' she stated in March 1998. 'He is a reach [rich] man he can take me anywhere I wanted and this is my belief of my future with <mask> because he is so kind....'

In October 2008, The Australian Newspaper reported that Vanuatu magistrate Bruce Kalotiti, who heard the case against Moti in 1999, had been bribed by Moti to dismiss the case in exchange for <mask>'s paying for Kalotiti to study at the University of Western Sydney. The report cited university records and evidence obtained by the Australian Federal Police in September 2004.Kalotiti resigned from the bench as a result of the allegations and the evidence which supported them, gathered at the request of the Vanuatu government. Escape from Papua New Guinea to Solomon Islands

After his arrest in Papua New Guinea in September 2006, <mask> was released on bail pending an extradition hearing, but went into hiding in the Solomon Islands High Commission in Port Moresby. (He later claimed that his life had been threatened, and so sought sanctuary.) The Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands Governments denied knowledge of his whereabouts, but on 10 October he was secretly flown aboard a Papua New Guinea Defence Force aircraft to Solomon Islands where he was arrested by officers of RAMSI on his arrival in Munda, Western Province. When he left PNG, <mask> was in breach of the bail conditions imposed by Madam Justice Catherine Davani of the PNG National Court, and had failed to appear at a PNG court hearing on 30 September. The PNG Government declined to say who in the PNG Defence Force or Government had given the order to fly <mask> out. In response, the Australian Government immediately cancelled planned visits by the PNG Prime Minister, Grand Chief the Right Honourable Sir Michael Somare, and Defence Minister Martin Aini, and postponed the annual Australia-PNG Ministerial Forum, and called for an investigation into the flight and prosecution of whoever was responsible.A PNG Defence Force Board of Inquiry into the escape has since recommended that Sir Michael Somare and a number of his advisers be charged with offences in relation to the escape, including breaching PNG's constitution. Somare has sought to suppress the Inquiry's report, challenging the Inquiry's standing in PNG's National Court. As yet the Court has not ruled on the validity of Somare's challenge to the public release of the Commission of Inquiry's findings, with the presiding judge likening Somare's attempts to suppress the findings of the report as a scandal on par with Watergate. The Howard government in Canberra insisted that in its pursuit of Moti there is no political agenda with respect to ongoing issues between it and the Solomon's government of Manasseh Sogavare, while Prime Minister Sogavare insisted that <mask>'s arrest constituted a violation of Solomon Islands' national sovereignty, and Mr <mask> himself has described the charges as a politically motivated "witch-hunt". Sogavare faced much criticism from the former Howard government for his refusal to allow the extradition of <mask>. Sogavare and Sir Michael Somare stated that they considered that the Australian Government were politically persecuting Moti and that a new trial was uncalled for as the issue was "unconditionally concluded in Vanuatu in 1999" and the Australian government had failed to produce any new evidence to justify an extradition. On 10 July 2007, the then-Prime Minister Sogavare appointed <mask> as Attorney General of the Solomon Islands.The Government of SI subsequently sent 666 questions to Australian Director of Public Prosecutions, Damian Bugg , regarding the affair. The 666 questions can now be read online. Extradition from the Solomon Islands to Australia
In December 2007, Solomon Islands Prime Minister Sogavare was toppled in a vote of no confidence. It has been suggested that Sogavare's refusal to extradite <mask> was the main cause of the Prime Minister's downfall. Opposition leader Fred Fono promised in November that Mr <mask> would be extradited if the opposition came to power. The Fiji Times suggested that Mr <mask> might then flee to Fiji. After Derek Sikua was elected prime minister later in December, he said that Mr <mask> would be deported to Australia.On 24 December, it was reported that <mask>'s position as attorney general had been terminated by the Sikua government, and that he faced a deportation order. <mask> appealed unsuccessfully to the Solomon Islands High Court to halt the extradition process. Prime Minister Sir Michael Somare of Papua New Guinea at this point has reportedly "threatened local media with contempt of court over their calls for the official release of the PNG Defence Force Inquiry report that recommends he faces charges" and Somare reportedly does not now support Mr <mask>. It does not yet reliably appear that any untoward payment has been made to Somare for his alleged part in <mask>'s passage through Papua New Guinea. On 27 December, Mr <mask>  was extradited to Australia and was arrested on arrival. On 4 January 2008 <mask> was granted bail, set at A$100,000, with the conditions that he report to police daily, reside with his parents, and, surrender his passport, (travel documents) within 7 days, matter to be heard again on 15 February 2008. On 14 March 2008, <mask>'s lawyers asked for more time to prepare for his committal hearing, with the matter adjourned by the Court until April.On 2 January 2008, former prime minister Manasseh Sogavare stated that <mask>'s extradition had violated a Magistrate Court order which had aimed at halting the extradition process while <mask>'s asylum application was processed. Sogavare said the arrest and extradition were "an example of the continuing disregard of the laws of Solomon Islands", and claimed that they demonstrated  a "desire to control" on the part of 's Australian Federal Police and the Royal Solomon Islands Police. Later that month, the Solomon Islands government declared <mask> to be a "prohibited immigrant", and explained that he would not be allowed back into the Solomons (for as long as the Sikua government remains in office), irrespective of whether or not his name is cleared in Australia. Stay of indictment
On 15 December 2009 Justice Debra Mullins of the Queensland Supreme Court ruled that there had been an abuse of process and stayed the indictment against <mask>. She held that "questions about the integrity of the administration of the Australian justice system [arise] when witnesses who live in a foreign country, expected to be fully supported by the Australian Government until they gave evidence at the trial in Australia." The stay was set aside by the Queensland Court of Appeal in June 2010. In December 2011, the High Court of Australia ordered a stay of charges, ruling that Australian officials' participation in <mask>'s extradition from the Solomons had been unlawful under Solomon Islands law.Summarising its ruling, the court said: "Further prosecution of the charges would be an abuse of process because of the role that Australian officials in Mr <mask> being deported to Australia". This was a permanent stay of prosecution putting an end to all court proceedings against <mask>; the ruling was a majority decision of six judges to one. Manasseh Sogavare stated, in response to the ruling: "I am so pleased. This matter has hung like a dark cloud over me and my government. This decision has vindicated me". Mr <mask> regained his Fijian citizenship in 2012. He was admitted as a legal practitioner in Fiji on Monday 24 June 2013.In September, he was appointed Professor of Law at the University of Fiji. References

1965 births
2020 deaths
Fijian people of Indian descent
Australian lawyers
Australian people of Indian descent
Solomon Islands politicians
Attorneys general
People extradited to Australia
People extradited from the Solomon Islands
Australian people of Indo-Fijian descent
Solomon Islands people of Indo-Fijian descent
Fijian emigrants to Australia
Jawaharlal Nehru University faculty
Bond University faculty

masks:
Julian Ronald Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Julian Moti
Julian
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Julian Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti
Moti


text_chunks:
<mask> (3 May 1760 – 21 August 1824) was a German pianist, Kapellmeister and conductor as well as the first municipal music director in Düsseldorf and co-founder of the Lower Rhenish Music Festival. He is the father of the composers <mask> and Norbert Burgmüller. Life and work

Burgmüller was born on 3 May 1760 in Magdeburg and baptized on 6 May with the names "<mask>". In the older literature the first names are also "<mask>" or "<mask>", the latter in most handwritten sources. He himself signed mostly briefly "<mask>üller". His father was Johann Christian Burgmüller (1734-1776), organist at the Magdeburger Dom, who taught him how to play the piano. From 1783 Burgmüller studied in Leipzig and Erfurt, but dropped out in 1785 and went from Erfurt to Weimar to the theatre troupe of the principal Joseph Bellomo (real name Joseph Edler von Zambiasi, 1752/54-1833).Burgmüller worked there as Kapellmeister, but also as an actor, and composed a Singspiel and stage music for the troupe. Already in autumn 1786 he changed to <mask> Wilhelm Großmann and his co-director Christian Wilhelm Klos at their newly founded theater company ato Cologne with which he also gave guest performances in Düsseldorf and Bonn. At last Klos led the company alone and led it into bankruptcy in July 1788 in Aachen. From this outstanding ensemble emerged the so-called Bonner Nationaltheater, which was subsidized by Elector Maximilian Franz with 15,000 Reichstalers annually and opened on January 3, 1789. Together with other members of the Klosschen Troupe - including Christiane Keilholz, Carl Demmer, Joseph Lux, Johann Baptist Spitzeder and Heinrich Vohs - Burgmüller also went to Bonn and became Kapellmeister there. His theatre orchestra consisted mainly of musicians from the Bonn court orchestra, among them the 18-year-old Ludwig van Beethoven, who played viola. Beethoven obviously hoped that Burgmüller would perform his Cantata on the Death of Emperor Joseph II WoO 87, because he wrote to the Hofkammerrat August von Schall on 16 June 1790:

The whimsical letter still contains numerous news from Bonn's cultural life, but even in Bonn Burgmüller did not endure long.In the same year he moved to the Nationaltheater in Mainz. After the French occupation of the city in 1792 he went to Düsseldorf where he settled as a piano teacher. Here he met his pupil and later wife Therese von Zandt. When in October 1794 Düsseldorf was also occupied by the French, he lost sight of her again for many years. <mask> fled again to Mainz and took over the musical direction of various acting troupes around <mask> Hunnius and Johann Ludwig Büchner. With the two troupes he also played in Aachen, Cologne and Düsseldorf. Due to a search advertisement published by Therese von Zandt in the Leipzig newspaper Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung on 9 November 1803, Burgmüller left the Rhineland and travelled to Regensburg in August 1804, where he saw his former fiancée again and married on 13 May 1805.On the recommendation of the Privy Councillor Karl Christian Ernst von Bentzel-Sternau, Burgmüller was appointed Music director of the newly built Theater Regensburg. In addition he founded the first German drama school there, decisively supported by the influential Elector and Reich Chancellor Karl Theodor von Dalberg. Burgmüller's move to Regensburg can presumably be explained by the fact that Therese's father had done everything in his power to break the liaison with the musician, so that the two could only live together in "exile". Half a year after his last festival leadership in Düsseldorf, 1822, he was dismissed for inexplicable reasons by the theatre directors Josef Derossi and Wolf, which led to severe financial losses for Burgmüller, as a result of which he fell seriously ill. He did not recover from this suffering and finally died on 21 August 1824. He was buried at the . After his death a benefit concert was organized in favour of his family.The people of Düsseldorf thanked him afterwards in 1949 for his merits with a new grave plate and the inscription: "Städtischer Musikdirektor <mask> Burgmüller, founder of the Niederrheinischen Musikfeste, 1760-1824". His two sons <mask>üller and Norbert Burgmüller also became respected pianists and composers, with Norbert becoming the more talented and successful musician despite his short life and following in his father's footsteps. He also played an outstanding role in the Düsseldorf music scene. Burgmülller died in Düsseldorf at the age of 64. Work
 Drama music to Macbeth, Weimar 1785, (lost)
 Das hätt ich nicht gedacht (libretto: <mask> Vulpius), Singspiel, Weimar 1785/86, verschollen
 Ariette In questa tomba oscura (text Giuseppe Carpani), ca. 1805
 Vier Gesänge (ext: Theodor von Haupt), ca. 1818
 Frühlingslüftchen, Düsseldorf: Comtoir der National-Industrie, um 1818 (Numerised)
 Cantate zur Feier des fünfzigjährigen Amts-Jubiläums des Herren Pfarrers und Consistorialraths Hartmann in Düsseldorf am 17.Oktober 1823 / von J. F. Wilhelmi. Musik von Burgmüller. Düsseldorf: Dänzer, 1823 (Numersied libretto)

References

Further reading

 K. Wachter, Actenstücke, betr. den Musicdirector Burgmüller (1812). In Beiträge zur Geschichte des Niederrheins. Jahrbuch des Düsseldorfer Geschichtsvereins, volume 4 (1889),
 Klaus Martin Kopitz, Der Düsseldorfer Komponist Norbert Burgmüller. Ein Leben zwischen Beethoven – Spohr – Mendelssohn, Kleve 1998
 Klaus Tischendorf, Was in der Dinge Lauf jetzt missklingt, tönt einst in ewigen Harmonien."Der Düsseldorfer Städtische Musikdirektor <mask>üller als Begleiter der Sängerin Angelica Catalani. In Düsseldorfer Jahrbuch. Beiträge zur Geschichte des Niederrheins, Volume 71 (2001),
 Matthias Nagel, Stationen eines Unermüdlichen. <mask>, der erste Musikdirektor des Regensburger Theaters. In Mälzels Magazin. Zeitschrift für Musikkultur in Regensburg, Jg. 7, No 4 from Oct.– to Dec. 2004,  (Numerised)
 Klaus Martin Kopitz, <mask>üller als Lehrer des Leipziger Musikästhetikers <mask> Michaelis.Eine Miszelle zur Beethoven-Biographie. In Nota Bene Norbert Burgmüller. Studien zu einem Zeitgenossen von Mendelssohn and Schumann, edited by Tobias Koch and Klaus Martin Kopitz, Dohr, Cologne 2009,

External links
 Grabtafel Friedrich August Burgmüller
 Städtischer Musikverein zu Düsseldorf e.V. – Lebenslauf: Geschichte – Daten – Episoden

German classical pianists
Male classical pianists
19th-century classical pianists
18th-century German composers
18th-century male musicians
19th-century German composers
German Freemasons
German conductors (music)
1760 births
1824 deaths
Musicians from Magdeburg
19th-century male musicians

masks:
Friedrich August Burgmller
Friedrich Burgmller
Anton Friedrich
Friedrich August
Johann August Franz
August Bm
Gustav Friedrich
Burgmüller
Friedrich Wilhelm
Friedrich August
Friedrich Burgm
Christian August
August Burgm
August Burgmller
August Bm
Christian Friedrich


text_chunks:
<mask> (June 8, 1918 – November 30, 2006) was an American inventor and aerodynamics engineer who held more than 200 patents, many of which are aviation-related. He is most well known for his contributions to aviation technology, including his invention, the Aircraft Stall Warning device, which warns pilots when a deadly aerodynamic stall is imminent. To build the device, <mask> established the Safe Flight Instrument Corporation in 1946. Apart from his inventive life, <mask> also served as the founder and president of the Institute for Socioeconomic Studies, a think tank to address issues such as poverty and social awareness. Additionally, he co-founded the Corporate Angel Network, a charitable organization that flies patients in corporate aircraft. In 1991, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. <mask> died on November 30, 2006 at the age of 88 in Mamaroneck, New York.The cause was complications from lung cancer. Early life & family
<mask><mask> was born in New York City on June 8, 1918. <mask>, his chemist father, and Lyn Furman <mask>, his artist mother, encouraged their son to create his own toys. His parents made him a gift of their old stove, which he could take apart. <mask> experienced poverty as a youth during the Depression and never forgot it. When <mask> was 16, his father had passed away. <mask> first married Beverly Kaufman, with whom he had three children; this, however, ended in divorce.Then, he adopted four children of his second wife, Phyllis Saks <mask>, with whom he had another child. Phyllis Saks <mask>, an heiress of the Saks Fifth Avenue department store family, died in 1965. <mask>’s third marriage was to Joyce Teck Meller in 1967, which also ended up in divorce in 2005. A son from the second marriage, <mask>, died September 11, 2001, abroad United Airlines Flight 93 when it crashed in Pennsylvania. Education
<mask> graduated in 1938 from the City College of New York with a B.S. in Chemistry, and went on to receive a M.S. in aeronautical engineering.He received a pilot’s license at the age of 19 and later did postgraduate work in aeronautics at the Guggenheim School of Aeronautics at New York University. In 1977, he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Civil Law honoris causa by Pace University. Inventions

Aviation & safe flight instruments

Stall Warning Device
During World War II, <mask> joined the Grumman Aircraft Corporation in Bethpage, NY, as an aerodynamicist and engineering test pilot. There he witnessed an aircraft crash caused by stall. In aviation, a stall occurs when the airflow over the wings is no longer sufficient to provide lift – essentially, a stalled wing ceases to function. This happens when the wing exceeds its critical angle of attack. <mask> realized that the accident could have been avoided if the pilot had been warned of an imminent stall.Aerodynamic stalls caused the majority of aviation deaths at the time. In the mid-1940s, <mask> developed the first practical way to warn the pilot of the aerodynamic stall. His first design and apparatus included threaded bolts, a bicycle horn and other odd components, all powered by flashlight batteries. <mask> filed his device for a patent in 1944, and the patent was issued in 1949. In order to develop his design, <mask> founded the Safe Flight Instrument Corporation in White Plains, NY, in 1946. There, he refined and marketed the stall warning indicator. Basically, his device sounded an alert when the plane was in danger of not having enough lift to stay flying.This alert would allow time for the pilot to take corrective measures. Since its invention, this device became standard equipment for all aircraft and has also helped reduce the number of accidents due to stalling. The Stall Warning Indicator was called “the greatest lifesaver since the invention of the parachute”[14] by the Saturday Evening Post and the device received the Flight Safety Foundation’s first Air Safety Award. Automatic Throttle System & Wind Shear Warning System
After developing the Stall Warning Device, <mask> continued developing aviation inventions. He and his engineering staff at Safe Flight went on to conceive devices now commonplace in aircraft, including an automatic throttle system in 1956 and a wind-shear warning system that warns a pilot if an aircraft enters a dangerous microburst and provides escape guidance. He developed the latter in the late 1970s after a series of wind-shear-related crashes that claimed hundreds of lives. Supersonic aircraft
In his 2001 book Inventorship: The Art of Innovation, <mask> described finding "creative ideas in the simplest things."8 To address a key problem of supersonic aircraft – window-shattering sonic booms when they break the sound barrier – he turned to the earthworm for inspiration. Just as an earthworm eats and excretes the earth to move past mounds of dirt, he figured a supersonic aircraft's deafening boom is caused from its inability to move air out of its way fast enough to avoid external shock waves. He patented a device, sold to Boeing in 1994, that would use a hollow fuselage and strategically placed ducts to suck in, compress, and then release air through a plane's tail. Outcome
Today, his firm supplies unique air safety and performance technology to virtually every major air carrier, the U.S. Armed Forces, and aircraft manufacturers worldwide. Safe Flight products are installed on over two-thirds of the world’s aircraft – in the general aviation, commercial, and military sectors. Safe Flight made <mask> a multimillionaire. He remained involved in the business until his death and as recently as 1998 co-patented and marketed an airborne power line detector and warning system for helicopters.Non-aviation interests
While running Safe Flight, <mask> received dozens of patents for his varied interests; many of them went un-marketed. They included a three-dimensional chess game, a device to aid blind painters by using musical notes to identify colors, and an instrument of revenge against telemarketers who interrupted dinner. When a pitchman called, the harassed resident could press a code that alerted the marketer that he would be liable for a surcharge for continuing the call. Policy and charitable work

Institute for Socioeconomic Studies
As a successful businessman, <mask> implemented innovative employment policies, barring mandatory retirement age, actively recruiting the differently abled, and providing profit sharing at his own manufacturing facility. Seeking a broader forum and greater impact for his ideas, in 1974 he founded and financed the Institute for Socioeconomic Studies (ISES), a small policy research organization in White Plains, NY, that helped advance his ideas on welfare reform, health care, tax reform – and after <mask>’s son was killed in the September 11 attacks in 2001 – foreign affairs. According to Ostergren, who worked with Green at ISES, “He didn’t consider himself a Republican or Democrat, conservative or liberal,”13 but searched for practical solutions to problems that intrigued him. He advocated a national tax rebate – $12,000 for any family of four, regardless of income, for instance – to alleviate poverty.<mask> criticized the Great Society anti-poverty programs of the 1960s as ineffective, a waste of taxpayer dollars, and a disincentive to work. He has also made his mark as a social activist, having designed a plan to transform the federal social budget to provide greater income security, middle class tax relief, and market incentives for productivity growth. In pursuit of these interests, <mask> was a member of both the Special Committee on Welfare & Income Maintenance and the Council on Trends & Perspectives of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. He also served as a member in the Income Maintenance Committee of the Community Service Society and the Work Group on Welfare Reform of the Task Force on the New York City fiscal crisis. Corporate Angel Network
In 1981, <mask>, whose second wife died of cancer, helped start and finance Corporate Angel Network (CAN), a charitable organization which arranges free transportation on corporate jets for cancer patients. This organization has 500 participating corporations who generously offer their empty seats to cancer patients. CAN flies more than 2,500 cancer patients a year.To date, the organization has flown more than 50,000 patients to treatment centers nationwide. <mask> flew the first Corporate Angel Network Flight on December 22, 1981, when he brought a 16-year-old cancer patient home to Detroit who had just received treatment in New York City. Sailing
An avid sailor, <mask> became a technical adviser to several America's Cup races before buying two-time winner Courageous from Ted Turner in the early 1980s. Sailing under the aegis of the Yale Corinthian Yacht Club, the only undergraduate sailing club ever to participate, the Courageous Syndicates 1986 run at the Cup spearheaded <mask>'s campaign to restore the Corinthian ideals of amateur sportsmanship to the competition, and more broadly, to team sports in general. Despite several of <mask>'s modifications to the keel, the boat's age remained a problem, and his team withdrew during the 1986 competition. Following the 1997 donation of Courageous to the Museum of Yachting in Newport, RI, the famed 12-meter was named Rhode Island's State Yacht. Awards and achievements
Private Sector Initiative Commendation of the President of the United States (1982 and 1984)
National Inventors Hall of Fame (1991)
Senator John H. Glenn Jr., a former astronaut, inducted <mask> into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1991 and placed him among "American inventors who have changed our world in ways we can see every day of our lives."2
Recipient of the 2002 Philip J. Klass Award for Lifetime Achievement
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office's Contribution to American Innovation Award (2002)
Special Act Award of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Flight Safety Foundation’s:
Air Safety Award (1949 and 1981)
Award for Meritorious Service (1981)
Allied Signal/Bendix Trophy Award for Aviation Safety (1999)
National Business Aviation Association's:
Pilot Safety Award (1961)
Award for Meritorious Service to Aviation (1996)
Aviation Week & Space Technology's:
Laurels Award in the Field of Electronics (1999)
Laureate Award for Lifetime Achievement as a Pioneer in Flight Safety, Performance and Innovation (2001)
Foundation for Westchester Community Colleges:
Medallion Award for Distinguished Achievement in Business, Science and Humanitarianism
Life member of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots

Key patents
<mask>, , "Air Stall Warning Device for Airplanes"
<mask>, , "Aircraft Auto Throttle System"
<mask>, , "Wind Shear Warning System"
<mask>, , "Supersonic Aircraft"

References

Bailey, Jeff. "<mask>. <mask>, 88, Inventor, Dies." The New York Times. December 11, 2006. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/11/business/11greene.html (accessed March 30, 2009). Riordan, Teresa. "Patents." The New York Times.March 7, 1994. (accessed April 7, 2009). Institute for SocioEconomic Studies. "About ISES - Founder." https://web.archive.org/web/20081224155520/http://www.socioeconomic.org/About_ISES/Founder/founder.HTM (accessed March 30, 2009). Further reading
Corporate Angel Network. "<mask>, Co-Founder of Corporate Angel Network, 1918-2006."CAN Flight Lines, Spring 2007: 1. <mask>, <mask>. Free enterprise without poverty. 1st Edition. New York: Norton, 1981. —. Inventorship: The Art of Innovation.New York: Wiley, 2001. —. The national tax rebate: a new America with less government. Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 1998. Ostergren, Allan. "The Legacy of <mask>." BIG Annual Convention.New York City, 2009. 1918 births
2006 deaths
Engineers from New York (state)
Philanthropists from New York (state)
City College of New York alumni
Deaths from lung cancer
People from New York City
Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
20th-century American philanthropists

masks:
Leonard Michael Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Leonard M
. Greene
Max Greene
Greene
Greene
Leonard
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Donald Greene
Leonard Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Leonard Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Greene
Leonard M
Greene
Leonard Greene
Greene
Leonard
Leonard Greene


text_chunks:
<mask> ( ; ) was a Chinese general, military strategist, writer, and philosopher who lived in the Eastern Zhou period of ancient China. <mask> is traditionally credited as the author of The Art of War, an influential work of military strategy that has affected both Western and East Asian philosophy and military thinking. His works focus much more on alternatives to battle, such as stratagem, delay, the use of spies and alternatives to war itself, the making and keeping of alliances, the uses of deceit, and a willingness to submit, at least temporarily, to more powerful foes. <mask> is revered in Chinese and East Asian culture as a legendary historical and military figure. His birth name was <mask> () and he was known outside of his family by his courtesy name Changqing (). The name <mask> by which he is more popularly known is an honorific which means "Master <mask>". <mask>'s historicity is uncertain.The Han dynasty historian Sima Qian and other traditional Chinese historians placed him as a minister to King Helü of Wu and dated his lifetime to 544–496 BC. Modern scholars accepting his historicity place the extant text of The Art of War in the later Warring States period based on its style of composition and its descriptions of warfare. Traditional accounts state that the general's descendant <mask> wrote a treatise on military tactics, also titled The Art of War. Since <mask> and <mask> were referred to as <mask> in classical Chinese texts, some historians believed them identical, prior to the rediscovery of <mask>'s treatise in 1972. <mask>'s work has been praised and employed in East Asian warfare since its composition. During the twentieth century, The Art of War grew in popularity and saw practical use in Western society as well. It continues to influence many competitive endeavors in the world, including culture, politics, business and sports, as well as modern warfare.Life

The oldest available sources disagree as to where <mask> was born. The Spring and Autumn Annals and Sima Qian's later Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji) state that <mask> was born in Qi. Both sources also agree that <mask> was born in the late Spring and Autumn period and that he was active as a general and strategist, serving King Helü of Wu in the late sixth century BC, beginning around 512 BC. <mask>'s victories then inspired him to write The Art of War. The Art of War was one of the most widely read military treatises in the subsequent Warring States period, a time of constant war among seven ancient Chinese statesZhao, Qi, Qin, Chu, Han, Wei, and Yanwho fought to control the vast expanse of fertile territory in Eastern China. One of the better-known stories about <mask>, taken from Sima Qian, illustrates <mask>'s temperament as follows: Before hiring <mask>, the King of Wu tested <mask>'s skills by commanding him to train a harem of 180 concubines into soldiers. <mask> divided them into two companies, appointing the two concubines most favored by the king as the company commanders.When <mask> first ordered the concubines to face right, they giggled. In response, <mask> said that the general, in this case himself, was responsible for ensuring that soldiers understood the commands given to them. Then, he reiterated the command, and again the concubines giggled. <mask> then ordered the execution of the king's two favored concubines, to the king's protests. He explained that if the general's soldiers understood their commands but did not obey, it was the fault of the officers. <mask> also said that, once a general was appointed, it was his duty to carry out his mission, even if the king protested. After both concubines were killed, new officers were chosen to replace them.Afterward, both companies, now well aware of the costs of further frivolity, performed their maneuvers flawlessly. Sima Qian claimed that <mask> later proved on the battlefield that his theories were effective (for example, at the Battle of Boju), that he had a successful military career, and that he wrote The Art of War based on his tested expertise. However, the Zuozhuan, a historical text written centuries earlier than the Shiji, provides a much more detailed account of the Battle of Boju, but does not mention <mask> at all. Historicity
Around the 12th century AD, some Chinese scholars began to doubt the historical existence of <mask>, primarily on the grounds that he is not mentioned in the historical classic Zuo zhuan, which mentions most of the notable figures from the Spring and Autumn period. The name "<mask>" () does not appear in any text prior to the Records of the Grand Historian, and may have been a made-up descriptive cognomen meaning "the fugitive warrior"—the surname "<mask>" can be glossed as the related term "fugitive" (xùn ), while "Wu" is the ancient Chinese virtue of "martial, valiant" (wǔ ), which corresponds to <mask>'s role as the hero's doppelgänger in the story of Wu Zixu. The only historical battle attributed to <mask>, the Battle of Boju, has no record of him fighting in that battle. Skeptics cite possible historical inaccuracies and anachronisms in the text, and that the book was actually a compilation from different authors and military strategists.Attribution of the authorship of The Art of War varies among scholars and has included people and movements including <mask>; Chu scholar Wu Zixu; an anonymous author; a school of theorists in Qi or Wu; <mask>; and others. <mask> appears to have been an actual person who was a genuine authority on military matters, and may have been the inspiration for the creation of the historical figure "<mask>" through a form of euhemerism. The name <mask> does appear in later sources such as the Shiji and the Wu Yue Chunqiu, but were written centuries after <mask>'s era. The use of the strips in other works however, such as The Methods of the Sima is considered proof of <mask>'s historical priority. According to Ralph Sawyer, it is very likely <mask> did exist and not only served as a general but also wrote the core of the book that bears his name. It is argued that there is a disparity between the large-scale wars and sophisticated techniques detailed in the text and the more primitive small-scale battles that many believe predominated in China during the 6th century BC. Against this, Sawyer argues that the teachings of <mask> were probably taught to succeeding generations in his family or a small school of disciples, which eventually included <mask>.These descendants or students may have revised or expanded upon certain points in the original text. Skeptics who identify issues with the traditionalist view point to possible anachronisms in The Art of War including terms, technology (such as anachronistic crossbows and the unmentioned cavalry), philosophical ideas, events, and military techniques that should not have been available to <mask>. Additionally, there are no records of professional generals during the Spring and Autumn period; these are only extant from the Warring States period, so there is doubt as to <mask>'s rank and generalship. This caused much confusion as to when The Art of War was actually written. The first traditional view is that it was written in 512 BC by the historical <mask>, active in the last years of the Spring and Autumn period (c. 722–481 BC). A second view, held by scholars such as Samuel Griffith, places The Art of War during the middle to late Warring States period (c. 481–221 BC). Finally, a third school claims that the slips were published in the last half of the 5th century BC; this is based on how its adherents interpret the bamboo slips discovered at Yinque Shan in 1972 AD.The Art of War

The Art of War is traditionally ascribed to <mask>. It presents a philosophy of war for managing conflicts and winning battles. It is accepted as a masterpiece on strategy and has been frequently cited and referred to by generals and theorists since it was first published, translated, and distributed internationally. There are numerous theories concerning when the text was completed and concerning the identity of the author or authors, but archeological recoveries show The Art of War had taken roughly its current form by at least the early Han period. Because it is impossible to prove definitively when the Art of War was completed before this date, the differing theories concerning the work's author or authors and date of completion are unlikely to be completely resolved. Some modern scholars believe that it contains not only the thoughts of its original author but also commentary and clarifications from later military theorists, such as Li Quan and Du Mu. Of the military texts written before the unification of China and Shi Huangdi's subsequent book burning in the second century BC, six major works have survived.During the much later Song dynasty, these six works were combined with a Tang text into a collection called the Seven Military Classics. As a central part of that compilation, The Art of War formed the foundations of orthodox military theory in early modern China. Illustrating this point, the book was required reading to pass the tests for imperial appointment to military positions. <mask>'s The Art of War uses language that may be unusual in a Western text on warfare and strategy. For example, the eleventh chapter states that a leader must be "serene and inscrutable" and capable of comprehending "unfathomable plans". The text contains many similar remarks that have long confused Western readers lacking an awareness of the East Asian context. The meanings of such statements are clearer when interpreted in the context of Taoist thought and practice.<mask> viewed the ideal general as an enlightened Taoist master, which has led to The Art of War being considered a prime example of Taoist strategy. The book has also become popular among political leaders and those in business management. Despite its title, The Art of War addresses strategy in a broad fashion, touching upon public administration and planning. The text outlines theories of battle, but also advocates diplomacy and the cultivation of relationships with other nations as essential to the health of a state. On 10 April 1972, the Yinqueshan Han Tombs were accidentally unearthed by construction workers in Shandong. Scholars uncovered a collection of ancient texts written on unusually well-preserved bamboo slips. Among them were The Art of War and <mask>'s Military Methods.Although Han dynasty bibliographies noted the latter publication as extant and written by a descendant of <mask>, it had previously been lost. The rediscovery of <mask>'s work is regarded as extremely important by scholars, both because of <mask>'s relationship to <mask> and because of the work's addition to the body of military thought in Chinese late antiquity. The discovery as a whole significantly expanded the body of surviving Warring States military theory. <mask>'s treatise is the only known military text surviving from the Warring States period discovered in the twentieth century and bears the closest similarity to The Art of War of all surviving texts. Legacy

<mask>'s Art of War has influenced many notable figures. The Chinese historian Sima Qian recounted that China's first historical emperor, Qin's Shi Huangdi, considered the book invaluable in ending the time of the Warring States. In the 20th century, the Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong partially credited his 1949 victory over Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang to The Art of War.The work strongly influenced Mao's writings about guerrilla warfare, which further influenced communist insurgencies around the world. The Art of War was introduced into Japan  and the book quickly became popular among Japanese generals. Through its later influence on the Sengoku period "Great Unifiers" of Japan, Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu, it significantly affected the unification of Japan in the early modern era. The mastery of its teachings was honored among the samurai and its teachings were both exhorted and exemplified by influential daimyōs and shōguns. After the Meiji Restoration, it remained popular among the Imperial Japanese armed forces. The Admiral of the Fleet Tōgō Heihachirō, who led Japan's forces to victory in the Russo-Japanese War, was an avid reader of <mask>. Ho Chi Minh translated the work for his Vietnamese officers to study.His general Võ Nguyên Giáp, the strategist behind victories over French and American forces in Vietnam, was likewise an avid student and practitioner of <mask>'s ideas. America's Asian conflicts against Japan, North Korea, and North Vietnam brought <mask> to the attention of American military leaders. The Department of the Army in the United States, through its Command and General Staff College, has directed all units to maintain libraries within their respective headquarters for the continuing education of personnel in the art of war. The Art of War is mentioned as an example of works to be maintained at each facility, and staff duty officers are obliged to prepare short papers for presentation to other officers on their readings. Similarly, <mask>'s Art of War is listed on the Marine Corps Professional Reading Program. During the Gulf War in the 1990s, both Generals Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. and Colin Powell employed principles from <mask> related to deception, speed, and striking one's enemy's weak points. However, the United States and other Western countries have been criticised for not truly understanding <mask>'s work and not appreciating The Art of War within the wider context of Chinese society.In the 1987 film Wall Street, the protagonist Gordon Gekko frequently cites passages from The Art of War as guiding principles for his aggressive trading techniques. Daoist rhetoric is a component incorporated in the Art of War. According to Steven C. Combs in "Sun-zi and the Art of War: The Rhetoric of Parsimony", warfare is "used as a metaphor for rhetoric, and that both are philosophically based arts." Combs writes: "Warfare is analogous to persuasion, as a battle for hearts and minds." The application of The Art of War strategies throughout history is attributed to its philosophical rhetoric. Daoism is the central principle in the Art of War. Combs compares ancient Daoist Chinese to traditional Aristotelian rhetoric, notably for the differences in persuasion.Daoist rhetoric in The Art of War warfare strategies is described as "peaceful and passive, favoring silence over speech". This form of communication is parsimonious. Parsimonious behavior, which is highly emphasized in The Art of War as avoiding confrontation and being spiritual in nature, shapes basic principles in Daoism. Mark McNeilly writes in Sun Tzu and the Art of Modern Warfare that a modern interpretation of <mask> and his importance throughout Chinese history is critical in understanding China's push to becoming a superpower in the twenty-first century. Modern Chinese scholars explicitly rely on historical strategic lessons and The Art of War in developing their theories, seeing a direct relationship between their modern struggles and those of China in <mask>'s time. There is a great perceived value in <mask>'s teachings and other traditional Chinese writers, which are used regularly in developing the strategies of the Chinese state and its leaders. In 2008, the Chinese television producer Zhang Jizhong adapted <mask>'s life story into a 40-episode historical drama television series entitled Bing Sheng, starring Zhu Yawen as <mask>.The video game Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition contains challenge missions based on <mask>'s The Art of War, which explains the military tactics and strategies. See also
 Sun Bin
 The Art of War

References

Citations

Sources

 . .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 . External links

Translations

 <mask> and Information Warfare at the Institute for National Strategic Studies of National Defense University

544 BC births
496 BC deaths
6th-century BC Chinese people
6th-century BC Chinese writers
5th-century BC Chinese people
5th-century BC Chinese writers
Ancient Chinese military writers
Cultural critics
Military strategists
Military theorists
People whose existence is disputed
Philosophers of culture
Philosophers of education
Philosophers of social science
Philosophers of war
Political philosophers
Political realists
Chinese social commentators
Social critics
Social philosophers
Zhou dynasty generals
Zhou dynasty philosophers
Zhou dynasty writers

masks:
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Wu
Sun Tzu
Sun
Sun Tzu
Sun Bin
Sun Wu
Sun Bin
Sun Tzu
Sun Bin
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Wu
Sun
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun
Sun Bin
Sun Bin
Sun Tzu
Sun Wu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Wu
Sun Bin
Sun Wu
Sun Tzu
Sun Wu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Bin
Sun
Sun Bin
Sun Bin
Sun Tzu
Sun Bin
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sun Tzu
Sunzu


text_chunks:
<mask> (May 16, 1917 – September 1, 2015) was the only American of Japanese descent in the United States Army Air Forces to serve in combat operations in the Pacific theater of World War II. He flew a total of 58 combat missions over Europe, North Africa, and Japan during World War II. Childhood and Army enlistment
<mask> was born in Gothenburg, Nebraska to Japanese immigrants, Shosuke and Naka (née Yokoyama) Kuroki on May 16, 1917; they had 10 children. When <mask> was a year old the <mask> family relocated to Hershey, Nebraska, where they owned and operated a farm. The Lincoln County town had a population of about 500. He attended Hershey High School and was the Vice-President of his senior class, graduating in 1936. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941, <mask>'s father encouraged him and his brother Fred to enlist in the U.S. Military.The brothers were initially rejected by the recruiters in Grand Island, so they tried again at North Platte, where their enlistment was processed without any questions — perhaps, as a humorous story suggests, the recruiters thought that Kuroki was a Polish name. In retelling the enlistment story, <mask>i said the recruiter in North Platte told him that nationality was not a problem as he made $2 for every recruit. Later, two other brothers, Bill and Henry Kuroki also served in the military during the war. When <mask> and Fred enlisted in the U.S. Army they were among the first Nisei to do so. After enlisting they were sent to basic training at Sheppard Field, Texas in January 1942, not much more than a month after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Military career
Assigned to the 93rd Bombardment Group at Fort Myers, Florida, he was told that Japanese Americans would not be allowed to serve overseas. In 1942 Kuroki petitioned his commanding officer and was allowed to work as a clerk for the Eighth Air Force at a base in England.The need for aerial gunners was high and after <mask> volunteered, he was sent to gunnery school for two weeks and became a dorsal turret gunner on a B-24 Liberator, the most widely produced American heavy bomber to be used by Allied forces in World War II. <mask> was in a B-24 that crash landed in Spanish Morocco and was captured by Spanish authorities. His crew was released by the Spanish after three months. After the U.S. Department of State secured his release, he returned to England and rejoined his squadron. On August 1, 1943, he participated in the bombing mission known as Operation Tidal Wave, an effort to destroy the major oil refinery located in Ploiești, Romania. Kuroki flew 30 combat missions in the European theater, when the regular enlistment only required 25. After a medical review, he was allowed to fly 5 more missions above the mandated enlistment.Kuroki said he did so for his brother Fred, who was still stationed stateside. On his 30th mission he was slightly injured when his gun turret was hit by flak. During rest and recovery back in the United States, Kuroki was directed by the Army to visit a number of Japanese American internment camps in order to encourage able-bodied males to enlist in the U.S. military. Kuroki was the subject of a number of news articles including one in Time magazine. Kuroki requested but was denied the opportunity to participate in the Pacific theater. Only after the intervention of Henry Stimson, the Secretary of War was that request granted. Kuroki was later permitted to join the crew of a B-29 Superfortress (who named its plane Sad Saki after Kuroki) in the 484th Squadron, 505th Bombardment Group, 20th U.S. Army Air Force, based on Tinian Island.Kuroki then participated in another 28 bombing missions over mainland Japan and other locations. <mask> is the only Japanese American known to have participated in air combat missions in the Pacific Theater of Operations during the war. <mask> was awarded one Distinguished Flying Cross for his 25 missions in Europe and another for participation in the Ploiești raid. After another 28 missions in the Pacific Theater, Kuroki was awarded a third Distinguished Flying Cross as well as the Air Medal with five oak leaf clusters. By the end of the war, <mask>i had completed 58 combat missions and was promoted to the rank of Technical Sergeant. The New York Times recalled in an editorial on December 7, 1991, the 50th anniversary of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, how “Gen. George Marshall asked to meet [Kuroki]; so did Generals Bradley, Spaatz, Wainwright and Jimmy Doolittle.”

Advocacy efforts
Fiercely patriotic, but understanding first-hand some of the racial and other inequalities people of color had to endure, after the war Kuroki continued to speak about the need for racial equality and against racial prejudice.He engaged in a series of speaking tours discussing these issues, which he funded with his own savings and with minor donations, including proceeds from Ralph G. Martin's biography written about him entitled Boy From Nebraska: The Story of <mask> (1946). When asked about his battle to overcome prejudice which almost prevented him from being allowed to participate in overseas aerial combat missions, Kuroki stated, "I had to fight like hell for the right to fight for my own country". Post-military career
<mask> later attended the University of Nebraska, attaining a Bachelor's degree in journalism in 1950. He was a reporter and editor for a number of newspapers in several different states, retiring in 1984. On August 12, 2005, <mask> was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal for his impressive combat participation during the war and for overcoming numerous incidents of prejudice. He was awarded an honorary Doctorate from the University of Nebraska on August 13, 2005 and is the subject of the Public Broadcasting Service documentary "Most Honorable Son: <mask>'s Amazing War Story". On September 1, 2015 he died in hospice care in Camarillo, California at the age of 98.Awards

See also

History of Nebraska
Frank Fujita, a Japanese-American soldier from Oklahoma who served with the "Lost Battalion", a US Army unit that was captured by the Japanese during the Dutch East Indies Campaign in 1942. He spent more than 3 years in Japanese captivity. Notes

References

Book list
 Martin, Ralph G. (1946). Boy from Nebraska: The Story of <mask>i. New York: Harper & Brothers. OCLC 1287006
 Sterner, C. Douglas. (2007).Go for Broke: The Nisei Warriors of World War II Who Conquered Germany, Japan, and American Bigotry, Clearfield, Utah: American Legacy Media. OCLC 141855086
 Yenne, Bill. (2007). Rising Sons: The Japanese American GIs Who Fought for the United States in World War II. New York: Macmillan. External links
 "Most Honorable Son: <mask>i's Amazing War Story" Official website. Includes a recent photo of Kuroki.Family tree

United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Air Medal
University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
People from Gothenburg, Nebraska
People from Lincoln County, Nebraska
1917 births
2015 deaths
American military personnel of Japanese descent
United States Army Air Forces soldiers

masks:
Ben Kuroki
Ben Kuroki
Ben
Kuroki
Ben
Ben Kurok
Ben
Kuroki
Kuroki
Kuroki
Kuroki
Ben Kurok
Ben Kuroki
Kuroki
Kuroki
Ben Kuroki
Ben Kurok
Ben Kurok


text_chunks:
<mask> (; 13 January 1970 – 14 February 2004) was an Italian road racing cyclist, widely regarded among the greatest, if not the greatest, climbing specialist in the history of the sport by measures of his legacy, credits from other riders, and records. He recorded the fastest ever climbs up the Tour’s iconic venues of Mont Ventoux (46:00) and Alpe d'Huez (36:50), and all-time greats including Lance Armstrong and Charly Gaul have hailed <mask>’s superior climbing skills. He won both the Tour de France and the Giro d'Italia in 1998, being the sixth Italian after Ottavio Bottecchia, Gino Bartali, Fausto Coppi, Felice Gimondi and Gastone Nencini to win the Tour de France. He is the last cyclist, and one of only seven, to win the Giro and the Tour in the same year. <mask>'s attacking style and aggressive riding turned him into a fan favorite in the late 1990s. He was known as "Il Pirata" (English: "The Pirate") because of his shaven head and the bandana and earrings he wore. At  and , he was said to have the classic build for a mountain climber.His style has been contrasted with that of time-trialling experts such as the five-times Tour winner Miguel Indurain. Although <mask> never tested positive during his career, his career was beset by doping allegations. In the 1999 Giro d'Italia, he was expelled due to his irregular blood values. Although he was disqualified for "health reasons", it was implied that <mask>'s high haematocrit was the product of EPO use. Following later accusations, <mask> went into a severe depression from which he never fully recovered. He died of acute cocaine poisoning in 2004. Early life and amateur career
<mask> was born on 13 January 1970 in Cesena, Romagna, the son of Ferdinando (referred to as Paolo) and Tonina.He joined the Fausto Coppi cycling club of Cesenatico at the age of eleven. As an amateur, he won the 1992 Girobio, the amateur version of the Giro d'Italia, after finishing third in 1990 and second in 1991. Professional career

1992–1996: Early years
His success at the Girobio led to his turning professional for the remainder of the 1992 season with Davide Boifava's . While signing the contract, barely above the minimum established, he asked Boifava what would happen if he were to win the Giro d'Italia or the Tour de France, requesting a change in the contract. He finished 12th in his first professional race, the Gran Premio Città di Camaiore. In 1993, his first full season as a professional, he finished fifth at the mountainous course of Giro del Trentino and debuted at the Giro d'Italia in order to help his team leader, Claudio Chiappucci. He was forced to abandon the race in the 18th stage due to tendinitis.In 1994, he finished fourth at the Giro del Trentino and the Giro di Toscana before his second participation at the Giro d'Italia, where he was supposed to help Chiappucci. He won two consecutive mountain stages, earning his first victory as a professional in the fourteenth stage to Merano. In the following stage to Aprica, which featured the renowned Stelvio Pass and the Mortirolo Pass, <mask> attacked at the base of Mortirolo and broke free at the Valico di Santa Cristina to win the stage at Aprica and place second in the overall classification. He ultimately finished the race behind Eugeni Berzin but ahead of Miguel Indurain, who had won the two previous Giros. That same year <mask> made his Tour de France debut, coming in third and winning the young rider classification along the way. In 1995, he was hit by a car while training, preventing him from riding the Giro, but he rode the Tour and won stages at Alpe d'Huez and Guzet-Neige. He also finished thirteenth and claimed his second successive best young rider prize.He also won a stage at the Tour de Suisse and finished third in the 1995 World Championships road race in Duitama, Colombia, behind Spaniards Abraham Olano and Miguel Indurain. Shortly after returning to Italy, he collided head-on with a car during the Italian Milano–Torino race, sustaining multiple fractures to the left tibia and fibula, injuries that threatened his career and forced him to miss most of the 1996 season. 1997: Move to Mercatone Uno

When Carrera Jeans manufacturers stopped sponsoring the renowned Italian cycling team  at the end of 1996, a new team based in Italy was formed with <mask> as the team leader. Luciano Pezzi founded , taking with him as directeur sportifs Giuseppe Martinelli, Davide Cassani and Alessandro Giannelli and ten of the riders from Carrera. <mask> returned to the Giro in 1997, but he was injured when a black cat caused an accident in front of him during one of the first stages. Even though he completed the stage, he was treated at a hospital for a muscle injury in the same leg he had hurt in 1995. He returned to action at the 1997 Tour de France and won two stages in the Alps, establishing a record time for the climb of Alpe d'Huez and winning two days later at Morzine.Jan Ullrich won, with <mask> third behind Richard Virenque. In 1997, <mask> rode the final 14.5 km to L`Alpe d`Huez in 37'35" minutes, which is the record to this day based on 14.5 km. Since the actual climb is just 13.8 km long, <mask>'s time in 1997 was 36'55" minutes based on 13.8 km. His personal record for 13.8 km was in 1995, when he rode the climb in 36'50" minutes, which remains the fastest ascent time to this day. He also holds the second and third fastest time at 36'55" in 1997 and 37'15" in 1994, followed by Lance Armstrong at 37'36" in 2004 and Jan Ullrich at 37'41" in 1997. 1998: Giro and Tour wins

In 1998, <mask> was considered a favorite to win the Giro d'Italia. Other contenders included Alex Zülle, 1996 winner Pavel Tonkov and 1997 winner Ivan Gotti.Zülle won the initial prologue in Nice and also won the sixth stage to Lago Laceno, but <mask> recovered some time in the mountain stage to Piancavallo. <mask> lost further time to his main rivals during the fifteenth stage, an individual time trial in Trieste. By that point, <mask> faced a disadvantage of almost four minutes to Zülle before the Dolomites mountain stages and an individual time trial on the penultimate stage, a discipline that favored Zülle and Tonkov. In the seventeenth stage to Selva di Val Gardena, <mask> took the maglia rosa, the leader's jersey, for the first time in his career after attacking Zülle on the Marmolada climb. Although <mask> crossed the finish line behind Giuseppe Guerini, he finished over four minutes ahead of Zülle, maintaining an advantage of thirty seconds on the general classification over Tonkov, thirty-one seconds on Guerini and over a minute on Zülle. In the following stage to Alpe di Pampeago, he finished second behind Tonkov but maintained the general classification lead over him and gained further time on Zülle and Guerini. In the eighteenth stage to Plan di Montecampione, he repeatedly attacked Tonkov, dropping him in the last three kilometers and winning the stage to face the individual time trial on the penultimate stage with a lead of almost a minute and a half.Zülle lost contact with the favorites in the first climb and ended up losing over thirty minutes. Having won over two minutes on <mask> in the previous time trial, Tonkov was considered superior to <mask> on the time trial discipline, but the Italian finished third in the penultimate stage, gaining an additional five seconds on Tonkov. <mask> was thus able to maintain his lead to win the Giro d'Italia with a minute and a half over Tonkov and more than six minutes over Guerini. He also won the Mountains classification and finished second in the Points classification. In the Tour de France, <mask> started the race by finishing 181st of 189 riders in the opening prologue, and losing over four minutes in the first individual time trial to 1997 Tour de France winner Jan Ullrich. <mask> pulled back these early time losses to Ullrich, first in the Pyrenees by taking 23 seconds off Ullrich in the stage to Luchon and winning the stage to Plateau de Beille, where he took an additional minute and forty seconds from Ullrich. Although he was still three minutes behind Ullrich after the Pyrenees, he defeated him by almost nine minutes in the first mountain stage in the Alps, from Grenoble to Les Deux Alpes, via the Col de la Croix de Fer and Col du Galibier.<mask> launched an attack on the ascent of Galibier, forty-eight kilometers from the finish. He stopped to put on a rain jacket at the summit to win on the final ascent to Deux Alpes. <mask> turned his three-minute deficit on Ullrich into a six-minute advantage that he maintained in the following stages to win the Tour de France ahead of Jan Ullrich and Bobby Julich. <mask> became the first Italian since Felice Gimondi in 1965 to win the Tour and the seventh rider in history to achieve the Giro-Tour double, a feat which no one had achieved since Miguel Indurain succeeded in 1993. As of 2021, he is the last rider to win the Giro and the Tour in the same year. Following his success in the Tour, he stated that he may have won the cleanest Tour because of the fear of police following the Festina affair. Although he had just ended what would be his most successful season and he had always dreamed about winning the yellow jersey, he later stated that he felt more alone than ever.French cycling magazine Vélo Magazine awarded him the Velo d'Or as the best rider of 1998. 1999: Expelled at Madonna di Campiglio
In 1999, <mask> started the season by winning a stage and the overall classification of Vuelta a Murcia as well as a stage at the Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme. <mask> was leading the Giro d'Italia, with only one mountain stage left, when a blood test at Madonna di Campiglio showed that he had a 52-percent hematocrit reading, above the 50-percent upper limit set by UCI. He was expelled from the race and forced to take a two-week break from racing, with no further action taken. Although the hematocrit test is officially branded as a "health check", a high reading suggests that a rider may have been blood doping with EPO. At the time of his disqualification, <mask> had won four stages and held a comfortable lead of five minutes and thirty-eight seconds over Paolo Savoldelli and also led in the points and mountains classifications. As a result, the entire  team withdrew from the race.<mask> stayed away from the rest of the year's races. Years later news emerged that said drug test may have been rigged by Italian organised crime running illegal bets and interested in having <mask> not winning the Giro. The technique used was deplasmation, the removal of plasma that increases hematocrit but decreased the platelets to a number out of the normal possible range for <mask>. 2000–2003: Late years

In 2000, he was back in the Giro after deciding to ride only the day before the race started. He lost time and could not attack until the last mountain stage to Briançon, in which he helped his teammate Stefano Garzelli to win. <mask> rode the 2000 Tour de France. He was off the pace in the Pyrenees, but matched Lance Armstrong on Mont Ventoux, leaving the field behind.Armstrong eased and appeared to allow <mask> the stage victory. <mask> said that he felt insulted by the gesture, causing bad feelings between the two which were exacerbated when Armstrong referred to him as Elefantino (Italian for "Little Elephant"), a reference to his prominent ears. In that same Tour, he won another stage, to Courchevel, that

masks:
Marco Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Marco Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani


text_chunks:
 turned out to be his last victory as a professional. At that point, he was sixth in the overall classification, facing a disadvantage of nine minutes to Armstrong. On the next stage, which featured the hors categorie Col de Joux-Plane to Morzine, <mask> broke away with 120 km to go, trying to crush Armstrong, but he suffered stomach problems and withdrew the next day. He never raced the Tour again. Later in the year, he represented Italy in the Sydney Olympics Road Race, finishing 69th.After that, he raced sporadically in 2001 and 2002, although he was demoralised from doping suspicions and had poor results. During the 2001 Giro d'Italia, Italian police raided the rooms of riders from all 20 teams and a syringe containing traces of insulin was found in <mask>'s room. He was banned for eight months by the Italian Cycling Federation but later won an appeal due to an absence of proof. In 2003, <mask> made another comeback in the Giro d'Italia, finishing 14th overall. His best stage result was a fifth position after launching an unsuccessful attack on the slopes of Monte Zoncolan, while he launched his last attacks on the nineteenth stage to Cascata del Toce. It was the last time he rode a professional cycling race. After his team was not invited to the 2003 Tour de France, it was speculated that he would join Bianchi in order to ride the Tour, but he made a plea for privacy in late June following his admission to a psychiatric clinic which specialised in nervous disorders, drug addiction and alcoholism.After being released from the clinic, he was acquitted of a pending court case for sporting fraud regarding his blood values in 1999 Giro d'Italia because doping was not considered a crime in 1999. <mask> told an Italian newspaper that cycling fans had to forget about <mask> as an athlete, while stating that cycling was the last thing on his mind and that he had gained weight. Doping

After being disqualified at the 1999 Giro d'Italia for a hematocrit reading of 52 percent, above the 50-percent upper limit set by UCI, <mask> faced persistent allegations of doping throughout the rest of his career. The trial for the 1999 Giro d'Italia irregular blood values began in April 2003 and <mask> was eventually acquitted because doping was not considered a crime by the law at that time. In early June 1999, a few days after <mask> was expelled from the 1999 Giro d'Italia, a court condemned the city of Turin to compensate him for an accident in the 1995 edition of the Milano–Torino, which forced <mask> to undergo several surgeries and a long recovery to get back on his bike. A few days later, Italian prosecutor Raffaele Guariniello accused <mask> of a "sporting offence" after he discovered, by looking through trial and medical records, that <mask>'s hematocrit after the accident was over 60 percent. Although the results did not surface until 1999, the UCI had decided to implement blood testing in early 1997, imposing a 50-percent upper limit for hematocrit.A rider with a value above 50 percent was given a compulsory two-week suspension. The test was designated as a "health test", although it was administered on suspicion that the athlete was using the banned blood-boosting drug, EPO. During the proceeding, investigators tried to find a reason for <mask>'s high hematocrit values, including an hematocrit value of 57.6% recorded on 1 May 1995, at a hospital after he had an accident while training, an investigation in which the doctor pointed out the presence of abnormal hematological values. Upon Guariniello's request to see <mask>'s medical record after his accident at the 1997 Giro d'Italia, it was revealed that the blood test results had disappeared from the folder at the hospital and the police did not rule out "intentional removal". <mask> was eventually indicted on a so-called "fraud in sport", but his lawyers argued that <mask>'s hematocrit may have been elevated by a combination of training at high altitude in September, suffering from dehydration during the race, trauma of his accident and a margin of error for the sampling method. The original case started in Turin but was moved to Forlì upon <mask>'s lawyers' requests. Although he initially received a three-month suspended sentence, <mask>'s lawyers appealed and the case was dismissed in late 2001 because the law itself had been passed only in 1999.In 1999, the Italian newspaper la Repubblica published information that linked <mask> to an investigation on the use of performance-enhancing substances in Italian sports. According to the information released by the newspaper, Francesco Conconi administered EPO to Italian athletes from 1993 to 1998, including <mask> and other cyclists of . It was revealed that <mask>'s name appeared on a file marked "Dblab", seized from Conconi's Biomedical Research Institute at Ferrara, which detailed athlete's hematocrit levels between 1993 and 1995. In 1994, his haematocrit values fluctuated from 40.7% on 16 March, early in the season, to 54.55% on 23 May, during the first stages of the Giro d'Italia. His values reached 58% on 8 June, after winning two stages of the race, and were 57.4% on 27 July, after the Tour de France. In March 1995, his hematocrit values had dropped to 45%, but they reached 56% in July during the Tour de France, where he won two stages; and over 60% in October, after the accident in the Milano–Torino. In 2004, Conconi and his two assistants were acquitted by judge Franca Oliva because the actions were not deemed illegal at the time, although they were deemed "morally guilty" of promoting doping.During the 2001 Giro d'Italia, a syringe containing traces of insulin was found in <mask>'s room. <mask> claimed that the insulin had been planted and that he did not stay in the room that night. In 2002, he was banned for eight months by the Italian Cycling Federation, but he later won an appeal due to an absence of proof. In 2006, two years after his death, <mask> was linked to the Operación Puerto doping case. According to documentation released by Spanish radio network Cadena SER, <mask> was allegedly given the code name "PTNI" by Eufemiano Fuentes, with a detailed program in 2003, his last season, including EPO, growth hormone, Insulin, Levothroid and IGF-1. Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera indicated that he was administered over 40,000 units of EPO, seven doses of growth hormone, thirty doses of anabolic steroids and four doses of hormones used to treat menopause. In 2006, Jesús Manzano, a Spanish professional road racing cyclist whose statements led the Guardia Civil to conduct the Operación Puerto investigation, disclosed in an interview with French television channel France 3 that <mask> was a client of Fuentes.On the penultimate stage of 1998 Giro d'Italia, <mask>'s teammate Riccardo Forconi was expelled from the race for an haematocrit value above 50 percent. Ivano Fanini, the manager of , suggested during the early stages of 1999 Giro d'Italia that <mask> and Forconi had exchanged their blood samples in order to avoid <mask>'s disqualification. According to Fanini, Forconi's haematocrit value was only 47 percent the previous day. In 2008, Fanini further claimed that Forconi had received a house for the exchange but Forconi refuted these claims. Matt Rendell's biography of <mask> suggests he used recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) throughout his professional career. It alleges that seasonal hematocrit levels from several sources showed variations which exceeded those possible naturally, and that <mask>'s main victories were probably won also thanks to blood hematocrit levels which could have been up to 60%. A French senate report into doping released in July 2013 confirmed that <mask> had tested positive for EPO during retroactive testing of samples from the 1998 Tour de France conducted in 2004.Death

In the early evening of 14 February 2004, <mask> was found dead at a hotel in Rimini, Italy. An autopsy revealed he had cerebral edema and heart failure, and a coroner's inquest revealed acute cocaine poisoning. <mask> spent the last days of his life isolated from his friends and family and barricaded himself inside his hotel room. <mask>'s ex-girlfriend Christina Jonsson, in an April 2004 interview to Swiss news magazine L'Hebdo, indicated that following his expulsion from the 1999 Giro d'Italia, <mask> had confessed to her he had started using cocaine. In 2008, Fabio Carlino was convicted of supplying <mask> with a dose of ultra-pure cocaine that caused his death. The conviction was overturned in 2011 by the Court of Cassation after the acting Prosecutor expressed doubts regarding the verdict, while stating that he "had the impression that the exaggerated media publicity surrounding Mr. <mask>'s death led the judges to an excessive attribution of responsibility." In 2016 the case was opened again, but shelved, and then yet again; with Italian prosecutors citing about fifty pages of new evidence to consider, in November 2021.<mask> was buried in his hometown, Cesenatico. Twenty thousand mourners were at his funeral, which was attended by Franco Ballerini, Alberto Tomba, Azeglio Vicini, Mario Cipollini and Diego Maradona among others. During the funeral, his manager Manuela Ronchi read notes that <mask> had written in his passport during a trip to Cuba:

Miguel Indurain, five-times Tour de France winner, praised <mask> by saying: "He got people hooked on the sport. There may be riders who have achieved more than him, but they never succeeded in drawing in the fans like he did." Legacy

In the years following his death, <mask> was the subject of several articles, books, songs and a film. Biographies and accounts on the life of <mask> have been written by sports journalists John Wilcockson and Matt Rendell, among others. Manuela Ronchi, <mask>'s manager for five years, published an account on the last few years of <mask>'s life titled Man on the Run.His mother Tonina <mask> also published a book in 2008 titled Era mio figlio (English: He Was My Son). A graphic novel titled Gli ultimi giorni di <mask> (English: The Last Days of <mask>tani) was released in 2011, chronicling the events that led up to <mask>'s death. It was based on a book published by French journalist Philippe Brunel, a friend of <mask>, suggesting that <mask> may have been murdered. Italian television RAI aired a television film in 2007 titled Il Pirata: <mask>tani, a biographical film which starred Rolando Ravello as <mask>. A documentary on <mask>'s life titled Pantani: The Accidental Death of a Cyclist was released in May 2014 in cinemas. The Memorial Marco Pantani has been organised annually since 2004 in his memory. The race starts in Cesenatico, <mask>'s hometown, and follows a route towards his birthplace, Cesena.Giro d'Italia's organisers decided to dedicate a mountain pass to <mask>'s memory every year. In the 2004 edition, the first Cima Pantani was Mortirolo Pass, a mountain that played a key role in <mask>'s history. When Mortirolo was included in the Giro for the third time in 1994, <mask> attacked and left everyone behind to earn a win at Aprica. The 16th stage of 2004 Tour de France was dedicated to <mask>'s memory. This stage was an individual time trial up to Alpe d'Huez, where <mask> won in 1995 and 1997. A number of monuments and memorials have been erected in his honor at, among other places, Mortirolo Pass, Colle Fauniera, Col du Galibier, and his hometown

masks:
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Marco Pantani
Marco Pan
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Marco Pan
Marco Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Pantani
Marco Pantani


text_chunks:
<mask> (born Paola, Kansas, October 6, 1946, and grew up in Leavenworth, Kansas) is an American film critic, historian, author, painter, and pianist. He is currently a film professor at the University of Kansas. Career
After receiving a Ph.D. in 1982 from the University of Kansas in multi-disciplinary studies—art history, theater, photography, and film (the first person to complete what was then regarded as an experimental curriculum in multi-disciplinary studies)-Tibbetts was tenured as an associate professor. Under the general rubric of "visual literacy", his course work includes film history, media studies, and theory and aesthetics. Before entering the academy, <mask> worked from 1980 to 1996 as a full-time broadcaster. He was an arts and entertainment editor and producer for a variety of radio and television outlets, including KCTV (Kansas City’s CBS affiliate), KMBC Radio, and KXTR-FM radio. During that time he also contributed many broadcast stories about musicians, painters, playwrights, and filmmakers to CBS Television, the Monitor Radio Network, Voice of America, and National Public Radio.More recently, he has produced two radio series about music, including the 15-part The World of Robert Schumann and the 17-part Piano Portraits, that have been broadcast worldwide and are now a part of the permanent collection of the Rodgers & Hammerstein Archives in Lincoln Center, New York. Both derive from his knowledge of music and feature numerous interviews with musicians and scholars in the musical field. Music, theater, literature, and film play a substantial part in his 25 books and more than 250 articles. Recent book publications include The Gothic Imagination (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), which featured his interviews with dozens of prominent figures in literature, music, painting, and film. Individual studies of filmmakers, writers, and composers include Douglas Fairbanks and the American Century (Mississippi University Press, 2014), Peter Weir: Interviews (Mississippi University Press, 2014), The Gothic Worlds of Peter Straub (McFarlen, 2016), and Schumann: A Chorus of Voices (Amadeus Press, 2010). Other book publications include Dvorak in America (Amadeus Press, 1993), which was a multicultural study of the famous Czech composer's sojourn in America from 1892 to 1895. The eminent cultural historian, Robert Winter, greeted the book enthusiastically: "Of all the books on American music at the turn of the century, none brings together so many interesting and richly interrelated dimensions as Dvorak in America."An historical overview of the interactions of theater and film is explored in The American Theatrical Film (Popular Press, 1985), which is currently being used by Professor <mask> as a text in his courses at Yale University. Film adaptations of theater and literature are the subjects of his various edited reference works, including The Encyclopedia of Novels into Film (Facts on File, 1998; rev., 2002), The Cinema of Tony Richardson (SUNY Press, 1999), The Encyclopedia of Stage Plays into Film (2001), and Shakespeare into Film (2002). The dramatization on film of the lives of classical and popular composers, Composers in the Movies: Studies in Musical Biography (Yale University Press, 2005), is the first scholarly study of the subject. It was praised by the dean of cultural studies, Professor Jacques Barzun, as "a welcome and worthwhile endeavor." It received second prize from the prestigious International Association of Media Historians for "Best Book on Media Studies" in 2007. <mask> continues to pursue his work as a painter, illustrator, and writer of fiction. He has published several short stories, in Twilight Zone magazine, Weird Fiction Review, and been anthologized in Ballantine Books' anthology series, The Year’s Best Horror Stories, Series Eight.He has executed many covers and interior illustrations for his articles and books. His work has been featured in gallery exhibitions in Kansas City and at the University of Kansas, where the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences has reserved a wall for his paintings. He has had a lifelong passion for portraits, and claims to have painted thousands of them, on commission and on his own. He has exploited his opportunities as a broadcast interviewer to draw hundreds of images of popular actors, filmmakers, musicians, many personally inscribed and autographed. These images, numbering in excess of 700, are currently housed in the University of Kansas Spencer Research Library, where they are available for scholarly study and exhibition. His hundreds of video and audio interviews with prominent figures in the film, music, and literary fields can be accessed on his web site, "Over the Rainbow," as part of the University of Kansas Digital Initiatives program. His ability as a pianist of twelve years' training has resulted in a secondary career accompanying silent movies at venues including the American Film Institute Theatre in Washington, D.C., the Silent Film Festival in Topeka, Kansas, and the annual Buster Keaton Celebrations in Iola, Kansas.In addition to his teaching responsibilities and mentoring activities at the University of Kansas (where he has served as Associate Chair for the Department of Theater and Film), Tibbetts brings his knowledge and experience in the arts to a wider community service. For the Kansas Humanities Council he has lectured and presented topics on the arts and local history to many communities around the state, such as Garden Grove, Ottawa, and Council Grove. For more than twenty years he has appeared as an arts commentator and critic on the Walt Bodine Show on KCUR-FM radio, Kansas City, and, more recently, as a reporter and film critic on Kansas Public Radio. He organized the "Buster Keaton Celebrations," held annually in Iola, Kansas since 1992 and sponsored by the Kansas Humanities Council. In the 1980s he provided program notes for the concerts of the Kansas City Camerata Chamber Orchestra. Tibbetts was the recipient of Kansas Educator of the Year in 2008. National Film Society of America
In 1976, the National Film Society of America, founded as an offshoot of the Bijou Film Society, of Bridgeport, Connecticut, which was associated with The Bijou Theatre, of Bridgeport, first published in 1976, American Classic Screen magazine, until 1985.Tibbetts was a member of the board of governors. National Film Society convention 1979
On May 27, 1979, a National Film Society convention was convened in Los Angeles, by Randolph "Randy" Neil, of Kansas City, founder and president of the 5000-member society. Attending were: Mike Nichols, Jack Haley, Glenn Ford, Louise Fletcher, Don "Red" <mask> Houseman, Richard Donner, <mask>, Victor Jory, Fritz Feld, Franco Nero, <mask>, Earl Holliman, Henry Brandon, Joan Leslie, Vivian Blaine, Henry Wilcoxon, Una Merkel, George Pal, Jackie Joseph, Ida Lupino, George Raft, <mask> Law, Steve Landesberg, <mask>, <mask>, Mel Torme, <mask>, <mask>, Janet Leigh, <mask>, Jamie Lee <mask>, Olivia Hussey, and Yvonne De <mask>. Publications

Publications on music
 "Grieg and Andsnes", American Record Guide, Vol. 68, No. 5 (September–October 2005), pp. 36–37."Whose Chopin? Politics and Patriotism in A Song to Remember (1945)", American Studies, Vol. 46, No. 1 (Spring 2005), pp. 115–140. "Ken Russell’s The Debussy Film (1965)", Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, Vol. 25, No.1 (March 2005), pp. 81–99. "Elgar’s Ear: A Conversation with Ken Russell", Quarterly Review of Film and Video, Vol. 22, No. 1 (January–March 2005), pp. 37–49. "The Voice that Fills the House: Opera Fills the Screen", Literature/Film Quarterly, Vol.32, No. 1 (2004), pp. 2–11. "Marc-Andre Hamelin", The American Record Guide, Vol. 66, No. 4 (July–August 2003), pp. 4–7."Shostakovich’s Fool to Stalin’s Czar: Tony Palmer’s Testimony (1987)", The Historical Journal of Film, Radio, and Television, Vol. 22, No. 2 (June 2002), pp. 173–196. "Howard’s End: A Lisztian Pianist Crosses the Finish Line", The American Record Guide, Vol. 62, No. 3 (May–June 1999), pp.10–13. "Words and Music: <mask>, Immersed in Schubert", The American Record Guide, Vol. 62, No. 6 (November–December 1999), pp. 22–25. "Andras Schiff: The Focus Is on Robert Schumann", The American Record Guide, Vol. 61, No.5 (September–October 1998), pp. 47–49, 75. "Virgil Thomson: A Portrait in Music", The World and I, Vol. 11, No. 11 (November 1996), pp. 112–117. "Baffling Bartok: Secrets Beyond the Seventh Door", The American Record Guide, Vol.58, No. 6 (November–December 1995), pp. 12–14, 21. "Firkusny’s Lasting Legacy", The World and I, Vol. 10, No. 1 (January 1995), pp. 112–117."Robert Schumann's Illness", The American Record Guide, Vol. 57, No. 5 (September–October 1994), pp. 41–42. "Diese herrliche Frau", The World and I, Vol. 9, No. 10 (October 1994), pp.112–117. "Young Berlioz Revealed", The World and I, Vol. 9, No. 2 (February 1994), pp. 112–117. "Rachmaninoff’s Piano Legacy", The World and I, Vol. 8, No.3 (March 1993), pp. 114–121. "Remembering Rachmaninoff", The American Record Guide, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Jan-Feb 1993), pp. 6–14. "The Lyre of Light", Film Comment, January–February 1992, pp.66–73. "A Midsummer Night’s Mendelssohn", The World and I, (November 1991), pp. 175–179. "In Search of Stephen Foster", The World and I, July 1991, pp. 253–259. "Dvorak in the New World", Classical Magazine, Vol. 3, No.2 (February 1991), pp. 32–36. "In Search of <mask>n", Helicon Nine: The Journal of Women’s Arts and Letters, No. 16 (Winter 1986), pp. 76–87. Books and articles on literature and film
 "August Wilson Interview", Literature/Film Quarterly, Vol. 30, No.4 (2002), pp. 238–242. "Backstage with the Bard; or, Building a Better Mousetrap", Literature/Film Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 2 (2001), pp. 147–164. "Brian Aldiss’ Billion Year Spree", Literature/Film Quarterly, Vol.32, No. 4 (2004), pp. 246–254. "Back to Barsoom! Filmfax, No. 104 (October–December 2004), pp. 74–81, 138."House of Mirth: Rooms with a View", Literature/Film Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 3 (2003), pp. 199–202. "The Hard Ride: Jayhawkers and Bushwhackers in the Kansas-Missouri Border Wars—Ride with the Devil", Literature/Film Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 3 (1999), pp.189–195. "The Illustrating Man: The Screenplays of Ray Bradbury", Creative Screenwriting, Vol. 6, No. 1 (January–February 1999), pp. 45–54. "The Illustrating Man: The Screenplays of Ray Bradbury," The New Ray Bradbury Review, Vol. 2, No.1 (2008), 61–78. "Flying into the Winds of Time: An Interview with Ray Bradbury", Outre, No. 26 (2001), pp. 30–34. "The Man Who Knew Too Much", The World and I, Vol. 4, No. 1 (April 1992), pp.362–371. "The Third Elephant: An Interview with Joseph Mugnaini, the Illustrator of Ray Bradbury", Horror Magazine, No. 8 (Summer 1997), pp. 50–56 (reprinted in Outre, No. 19 (2000), pp. 32–37. "Time on His Hands: The Fantasy Fiction of Jack Finney", Outre: The World of Ultramedia, No.16 (1999), pp. 52–56, 75, 81. "Lanford Wilson", The Journal of Dramatic Theory and Criticism, Vol. V, No 2 (Spring 1991), pp. 175–180. "Men, Women, and Ghosts: The Supernatural Fiction of Edith Wharton", Helicon Nine: The Journal of Women’s Arts and Letters, No. 9 (Winter 1983), pp.44–53. "The New Woman on Stage: Women’s Issues in American Drama, 1890–1915", Helicon Nine: The Journal of Women’s Arts and Letters, No. 7 (Winter 1982), pp. 6–19. "The Stage Goes West: Routes to The Virginian", Indiana Social Studies Quarterly, Vol. XXXIV, No. 2 (Autumn 1981), pp.26–37. "The old dark house: the architecture of ambiguity in The Turn of the Screw and The Innocents", in <mask>, Steve and Julian Petley, eds.,

masks:
John Carter Tibbetts
Tibbetts
Charles Musser
Tibbetts
Barry John
Virginia Christine
John McCook
John Phillip
Robert Cummings
Rosemary DeCamp
Judy Canova
Diana Canova
Kelly Curtis
Curtis
Carlo
Graham Johnson
Clara Schuman
Chibnall