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<mask> (alias John Davis) was one of the earliest and most active of the English buccaneers on Jamaica. Early life
Nothing, to date, is known of his early life. The famous buccaneer chronicler, Esquemeling, states that <mask> was “born at Jamaica,” but this seems unlikely, since that island did not become an English dominion until 1655. <mask>'s career as a “gentleman of fortune” was marred by frequent quarrels with Sir Thomas Modyford, royal governor of Jamaica, who usually befriended buccaneers. Piracy

The Cagway
Searle's first known ship was the 60-ton, 8-gun Cagway, the largest of four Spanish merchantmen captured by Sir Christopher Myngs as he returned from his raid on Santa Marta and Tolú (Colombia) in 1659. Four years later, <mask> captained the Cagway as part of Myng's expedition against Santiago de Cuba. This force of 1,300 men and a dozen vessels sailed from Port Royal (Jamaica) on 1 October 1662 and two-and-a-half weeks later disembarked to the east of their intended target.Santiago was overrun the following day and a considerable amount of booty carried back to Jamaica. In 1664, the political situation in Europe and the Caribbean was volatile. Constant raiding by English buccaneers had prompted repeated and vociferous protests from Madrid, delivered by the Spanish ambassador to King Charles II of England. In turn, a letter to Governor Modyford from the king stated that “His Majesty cannot sufficiently express his dissatisfaction at the daily complaints of violence and depredation” against the Spanish by the ships of Jamaica. Modyford was “again strictly commanded not only to forbid the prosecution of such violence for the future, but to inflict condign punishment upon offenders, and to have the entire restitution and satisfaction made to the sufferers.”

That letter, signed in London 11 days after Modyford first landed at Port Royal, in early June, did not arrive until the beginning of September. It caused something of a sensation on the island. At that moment there were two rich Spanish prizes from Cuba at anchor in Port Royal's harbor.Both were heavily guarded and prizes to <mask>, who had already landed the boxes and bags of Spanish coin so that the king's share could be calculated. Modyford promptly summoned the Council of Jamaica and showed them the letter. The alarmed Council decided that the governor of Cuba should be told at once that the captured ships and money were being returned. It was resolved that “all persons making further attempts of violence upon the Spaniards be looked upon as pirates and rebels, and that Captain <mask>’s commission be taken from him and his rudder and sails taken ashore for security.”

<mask>'s ship was restored, rudder and sails intact, with the outbreak of the Second Anglo-Dutch War in 1665. In early March 1666, he and his crew sailed as one of nine ships and 650 soldiers raised by Colonel Edward Morgan (Sir Henry Morgan’s uncle) in an expedition against the Dutch islands of Sint Eustatius and Sabá. This force was described in a letter by Modyford as “chiefly reformed privateers, scarce a planter amongst them, being resolute fellows and well armed with fusils [muskets ~ed.] and pistols.” The governor was particularly pleased that they would be serving “at the old rate of no purchase, no pay, and it will cost the King nothing considerable, some powder and mortar pieces.” Although they landed successfully, Morgan dropped dead from heat exhaustion.The good old colonel, leaping out of the boat and being a corpulent man, got a strain, and his spirit being great, he pursued overearnestly the enemy on a hot day, so that he surfeited and suddenly died. While these islands were quickly subdued, the English force disintegrated because of poor plunder and differences over who should succeed the late Col. Morgan as leader. The next year, <mask> and a Captain Stedman took two small ships and 80 men to the Dutch island of Tobago, near Trinidad, and sacked the island from end to end. Lord Willoughby, governor of the English colony of Barbados, had also fitted out an expedition to take Tobago, but the Jamaicans were three or four days before him. The latter were busy pillaging when Willoughby arrived and demanded the island in the king's name. The buccaneers condescended to leave the fort and governor's house standing only on the condition that Willoughby gave them liberty to sell their booty in Barbados. Governor Modyford forbade further raids in June 1667 and recalled all privateering commissions issued in Jamaica.Again, he had to deal with <mask>, who was to be punished for his part in a straightforward piece of tit-for-tat. Soon after Sir Henry Morgan’s raid on Maracaibo (Venezuela), <mask> and his ship were lying at New Providence in the Bahamas when a vengeful Spanish force attacked the English settlement there. This spurred several angry privateersmen, among them <mask>, to sail for Florida and sack the presidio of St. Augustine, Florida in May 1668. Coming so soon after Modyford's proclamation withdrawing all commissions, and so obviously intended as retaliation, the governor decided that he would have to punish the leader, who by general consent was <mask>. Henry Woodward, the first settler of South Carolina, had been captured by the Spanish and held at St. Augustine. <mask>'s 1668 raid resulted in Woodward's escape, who then served for several years as a surgeon on privateer ships. When he returned to Jamaica, <mask> guessed that he might be out of favour.Instead of sailing into Port Royal, he took the Cagway to a bay on the southwestern end of the island, out of the governor's reach. Governor Modyford reported to Lord Arlington, England’s Secretary of State:

There arrived also at Port Morant the Cagway, Captain <mask>, with 70 stout men, who hearing that I was much incensed against him for that action of St. Augustine, went to Macary Bay, and there rides out of command. I will use the best ways to apprehend him, without driving his men to despair. Arrest
Shortly thereafter, <mask> ventured ashore and was seized by the governor, who placed him under arrest in Port Royal. Weeks passed without further orders from England and the governor wrote to Arlington again, stating that <mask> was still in the custody of Jamaica's Provost Marshal, awaiting trial. Release
Ironically, he was freed after some months to take part in one of the buccaneer's greatest land battles, Sir Henry Morgan’s famous sack of Panama City (Panama). <mask> was one of Morgan's lieutenants during this renowned action and was given the important task of preventing any Spanish ships from escaping the port.At the port, <mask> and his crew discovered a barque lying fast aground, which the Spaniards had attempted to burn. The buccaneers succeeded in extinguishing the fire before much harm had been done. This vessel proved to be a valuable prize and, in a few days, <mask> had captured three other ships. Commanding this tiny flotilla, he scoured the islands which stretched offshore – Perico, Taboga and Tobogilla, and Otoque, the most distant before reaching the Pearl Islands (Las Islas del Rey). He harried the ill-fated refugees concealed there, taking many prisoners and much property. The President of Panama, Don Juan Pérez de Guzmán wrote:

The English, having got possession of the Relicks of our town, found a Bark in the Fasca, although I had given order that there should be none, yet had they not complied with my command, and when they would have set it on Fire, the Enemy came fast and put it out and with it they did us great damage, for they took three more with it, and made great havock of all they found in the Islands of Taboga, Otoque, and Las Islas del Rey, taking and bringing from thence many Prisoners. <mask> was looking primarily for vessels which, laden with valuables, were known to be hiding in various anchorages along the Panama coast or among the islands.On the island of Taboga, while looking for fugitives, <mask> and his crew discovered a hidden store of Peruvian wine. The seamen promptly started drinking and by evening, most were helplessly drunk. They were far too drunk to post lookouts and therefore did not notice a Spanish galleon coming from seaward and anchor. Nor did they see a boat being lowered and rowed to shore full of casks. They first learned of all this when they accidentally surprised and captured the boat's seven-man crew as they looked for fresh water. The Spaniards were taken to <mask>, who threatened them with torture. He discovered that the ship was none other than the 400-ton Santissima Trinidad very richly laden with all the King's Plate and a great quantity of riches of gold, pearls, jewels, and other most precious goods of all the best and richest merchants of Panama.On board this galleon were also the religious women belonging to the nunnery of the said city, who had embarked with them all the ornaments of the church, consisting of a great quantity of gold, plate, and other things of great value. This single ship, which was reported to be armed with only seven cannon and 10-12 muskets, poorly supplied with food and water, and bearing only the uppermost sails of the main mast, carried the bulk of the gold, silver, and jewels which the government, private citizens, and the Church in Panama had shipped away for safety. Instead of fleeing to Lima (Peru), her captain, Don Francisco de Peralta, had simply put to sea. He apparently intended to return to Panama with his cargo and passengers after the buccaneers had left, since he believed they had no ships. <mask> immediately ordered to his men to seize the galleon, but they would not leave their wine or, more likely, were unable to obey. De Peralta, alarmed when his men failed to return and suspicious of the barque moored nearby, weighed anchor with some difficulty and fled into the night, being out of sight by daybreak. When the main body of buccaneers eventually learned of this missed opportunity a few days later, they were outraged.Esquemeling, even writing several years after the event, scornfully related how, when the watering party had been brought before <mask>, the old rover “had been more inclined to sit drinking and sporting with a group of Spanish women he had taken prisoner, than to go at once in pursuit of the treasure ship.<mask> was bitterly reproached by Morgan and never regained his favour. Years later, Captain de Peralta was captured by the English privateer, William Dampier, in the Pacific and told the story of his narrow escape from <mask> with much relish. Death
In later years, <mask> relocated to Honduras, where William Dampier wrote that he was killed in a duel with an Indigenous logwood cutter. Thus the Jamaican buccaneer met his death near a small sandy islet at the northern end of the Gulf of Campeache (in the Laguna de Términos), known to his brother pirates as “Serles's Key.”

At the North-end, and about the middle of the East Lagune, there is another small Creek like that which comes out against One-Bush-Key, but less and shallower, which dischargeth it self into Laguna Termina, against a small sandy Key, called by the English Serles's Key, from one Captain Serles, who first careen’d his vessel here, and was afterwards killed in the Western Lagune, by one of his company as they were cutting Logwood together. References

Sources
Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, America and the West Indies, 1661–68, 789, Minutes of the Council of Jamaica, E.
Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, America and the West Indies, 1661–68, 1082
Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, America and the West Indies, 1661–68, 1125
Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, America and West Indies 1827 (? ), King Charles II to Sir T. Modyford, 15 June 1664
Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, America and West Indies 842, Sir T. Modyford to Lord Arlington, 12 April 1665
Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, America and West Indies 979, Sir T. Modyford to Lord Arlington, 20 April 1665
Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, America and West Indies 162, Sir T. Modyford to Lord Arlington, 15 March 1670
Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, America and the West Indies, Sir T. Modyford to Lord Arlington, 20 April 1670
Cruikshank, E. A. The Life of Sir Henry Morgan, with an Account of the English Settlement of the Island of Jamaica (1665–1688).Toronto: Macmillan Co. of Canada, Ltd., 1935. Dampier, William. Dampier's Voyages: Consisting of a New voyage round the World, a Supplement to the Voyage round the world, Two voyages to Campeachy, a Discourse of winds, a Voyage to New Holland, and a Vindication, in answer to the Chimerical relation of William Funnell. London: E. Grant Richards, 1906. Esquemeling, John. The Buccaneers of America. Williamstown, MA: Corner House Publishers, 1976.Gosse, Philip Henry George. The Pirates’ Who's Who. London: Dulau, 1924. Haring, Clarence Henry. The Buccaneers in the West Indies in the XVII Century. Hamden, CN: Archon Books, 1966. Interesting Tracts Relating to the Island of Jamaica, Consisting of Curious State Papers, Councils of War, Letters, Petitions, Narratives, etc., which Throw Great Light on the History of That Island from Its Conquest Down to the Year 1702.St. Jago de la Vega (Kingston, Jamaica): Lewis, Lunan and Jones, 1800. Marley, David F. Pirates and Privateers of the Americas. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 1994. Pope, Dudley. The Buccaneer King: the Biography of Sir Henry Morgan, 1635-1688. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1978. Rogozinski, Jan. Pirates: an A-Z Encyclopedia.New York: Da Capo Press, 1996. The Voyages and Adventures of Capt. Barth. Sharp and Others in the South Sea, Being a Journal of the Same; Also Capt. Van Horn with His  of La Veracruz; to Which is Added the True Relation of Sir Henry Morgan His Expedition Against the Spaniards in the West-Indies and His Taking Panama; Together with the President of Panama's [i.e., Juan Perez de Guzman] Account of the Same Expedition, Translated Out of the Spanish; and Col. Beeston's Adjustment of the Peace Between the Spaniards and English in the West Indies. London: Printed by B.W. for R.H. and S.T.and are to be sold by Walter Davis..., 1684. English privateers
17th-century pirates
17th-century English people
Spanish Florida
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown

masks:
Robert Searle
Searle
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Robert Searle
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<mask> (); (born 26 February 1977, Moscow) is a Russian architect, engineer, publisher, the recipient of various architectural awards and a participant in various architectural exhibitions. He is the founder of the BERNASKONI bureau . <mask> is a founding member of the Urban Council Board at the Skolkovo Innovation Center in Moscow. <mask> first achieved international recognition in 2008 when he won an international competition for the Perm Museum of Modern Art that was juried by Peter Zumthor and had participants like Coop Himmelbau, Zaha Hadid and Asymptote. His Matrex project received high acclaim at the 15th Venice Biennale of Architecture in 2016. In 2019 <mask> participated in several events at the Davos World Economic Forum, talking on transformable architecture in the cities of the future and urban digitalization. Background
<mask> is Russian and was born in Moscow, but inherits his surname from a family of Swiss-Italian immigrants to Russia in the late eighteenth century.The Bernasconi family of Lugano had produced many baroque and classical artists, stuccoists and architects who were active across Europe. <mask>'s own ancestors came to Russia work on the palaces of Saint Petersburg and its environs, and include such figures as Antonio and Giuseppe Bernasconi. Education
<mask> graduated in Architecture from the Moscow Academy of Architecture, having studied in the department of "Housing and Social Design Construction" under the supervision of Professors Belov, Khazanov and Pakhomov. In 2000 <mask> completed a 2-years long course of Marketing at the Plekhanov Russian Academy of Economics. He then joined a postgraduate course in "Composition in Architecture" at the Moscow Academy of Architecture in 2000-2003. Teaching
In 2001 he led a "sense analyses" seminar for students of the Moscow Academy of Architecture. Since 2003 he has been a lecturer at the Moscow Academy of Architecture's Urban Planning department.In 2004 he has led a project seminar in New York for students of the Moscow Academy of Architecture invited by the Harvard Design School. Architectural works
<mask> set up his practice as soon as he graduated in 2000. He founded an interdisciplinary bureau that works at the intersection of architecture, communication and industrial design. The bureau specializes in the design and realization of various architectural objects: urban projects, office and residential buildings, exhibitions and museums, country houses and industrial objects. The bureau's portfolio includes many significant projects: Matrex, the main public building at the Skolkovo Center; Hypercube, also at Skolkovo; masterplans for Preobrazhensky in Yaroslavl Oblast and the Red October chocolate factory complex in Moscow; New Holland Summer in Saint Petersburg; the country houses Volgadacha and Mirror Mongayt; competitive projects for the Russia Pavilion in Shanghai, PERMMUSEUMXXI, the Tetris residential building, reconstruction of the Central House of Artists (CHA) in Moscow; the exhibitions OLEGKULIK and Kandinsky Prize; identity and the interior of the Government of Russia Press Center and the BBDO Moscow office space; and industrial design of the national class sailing boat EM-KA. This project provides a basis for the development of informational and energy efficient technologies, with a special emphasis on transparency of space and work. The mixed-use building combines Class A and startup offices, apartments, the transforming hall, the spiral museum (exhibit spiral), the restaurant.The truncated pyramid contains an internal space in the form of a giant Matryoshka, or Russian nestling doll. Yeltsin Centre

A first for Russia, the Yeltsin Center is a presidential centre on the model of US presidential libraries. It is a social, cultural and educational institution built in the city of Yekaterinburg, birthplace of President <mask>. The centre houses a museum (2016's European Museum of the Year), art gallery, educational centre, documentary film centre, bookshop, café and other public facilities. Due to lack of vacant sites, <mask> redesigned an existing business centre, to which he added a new form. This was achieved mainly through a curtain wall, covering half the premises in a sheet of steel, perforated with a series of openings displaying rotational symmetry. The resultant Center is a modest and neutral structure that nevertheless has a visual identity and silhouette distinct from any other building in Yekaterinburg, which the architect has characterized as its “urban supergraphics”.Hypercube

Hypercube is the first building at the Skolkovo Innovation Center. The decision to erect the Hypercube building was made by Russian president Dmitry Medvedev in 2010. The building is a platform for communication, combining the roles of a public space and generator for new start-up enterprises, and part of a university campus. The building has its own energy and water supplyautonomous systems. Hypercube was built in accordance with the green standard "Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design" (LEED v3). Arc

The Arc pavilion was created especially for Archstoyanie, an architecture festival held in Nikola-Lenivets, Russia. Arc stands on the border between forest and field.Its wooden elements are stacked on top of each other with gaps forming rooms and stairs leading up to a viewpoint. The interior is annually transformed into an art installation. The materials Arc is made of are to be reused for useful construction or fuel for domestic heating purposes. Mirror Mongayt

<mask> solves the problem of how to build an eco-friendly designer villa with a small budget. The front facade is designed as a temporary structure made up of mirror panels. It is assumed that the facade will change every eight years. The space inside is vast, with high ceilings, open plan spaces and an abundance of bare wood.Books

MATREX, August 2016

The book forms an integral part of the Matrex exhibition project at the Venice Biennale of Architecture. In tracing the unconventional cultural histories of the Matryoshka and the Pyramid, the book discovers their various interconnections, with the core of the publication covering the concept, architecture and program of the Matrex building at the Skolkovo Innovation Center. Hypercube, May 2015

This book is about the ideology, programme, technologies and aesthetics of the Hypercube. The study will focus on the materials, solutions and technologies that enable the building to respond to global energy, ecological, social and economic challenges. Interface Antifoster, August 2008

This book is about architects' solutions to a social dispute. The book contains extracts from publications on Norman Foster's projects for the "Inteco" development company, the opinions of experts, open letters to the Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin and architect Norman Foster, and an alternative project for an International Culture Center on the disputed territory. MUSEЙ, May 2008

The book includes exhibits, exhibition spaces and museums designed by Bernaskoni bureau in 2000-2008.The projects are arranged in the following order: from exhibition pieces to a building, thereby demonstrating the idea of a gradual transformation of museum space from an introverted object (Message to Kazimir) into a spatial environment (PERMMUSEUMXXI). The book covers 12 projects, each of which reflects a different treatment of the idea of museum space. Exhibitions
 2001 – "Underconstruction" pavilion at the Arch Moscow Exhibition. 2001 – New Russian Flag Project at a private gallery in Moscow. 2002 – Presentation of the Matrex project at the Arch Moscow Exhibition. 2002 – "Message to Kazimir" at Art Moscow. 2002 – Member of the Expert Board at the 7th International Exhibition of Architecture and Design Arch Moscow.2003 – Supervisor of the 8th International Exhibition of Architecture and Design Arch Moscow "PresentPerfect". 2003 – President's Cabinet, Design Innovation Award finalist Moscow Review of the Best work of Architecture in 2002–2003. 2003 – Winner of the year at Golden Section 2003. 2004 – Supervisor of the 9th International Exhibition of Architecture and Design Arch Moscow "Dead End". 2006 – "Moscow 4" at the Mendrisio Academy, Switzerland. 2008 – 11th Venice Biennale of Architecture. <mask> used his space in the Russian pavilion to campaign against Norman Foster's controversial redevelopment plans for Moscow's Central House of Artists.2011 – Hypercube Skolkovo, at the Arch Moscow Exhibition. 2012 – "Identity" project at the 3rd Moscow Biennale of Architecture. 2012 – 13th Venice Biennale of Architecture. 2013 – "Black" Exhibition of Nikolay Nasedkin, Moscow Museum of Modern Art, со-curator. 2014 – Matrex preview at the Skolkovo Innovation Center, Moscow, curator. 2016 – 15th Venice Biennale of Architecture. Bernaskoni showcased a model of the Matrex building, combining a pyramid with a Matryoshka-shaped open space.Awards and recognition
 2010 – Volgadacha awarded Best Russian Design of 2010. 2011 – Volgadacha won the Archiwood Award for the Country House category. 2012 – Hypercube won the Gold award at the Zodchestvo – 2012 International Festival of Architecture and Design. 2013 – Arc received a Special Mention at the Architizer A+ Awards in the Landscape Parks category. 2014 – Hypercube selected as a Finalist in the Architizer A+ Awards in the Architecture +Technology category. 2015 – Hypercube book won the Gold award at the Zhar-Kniga Russian National Book Design Competition. References list

External links

 Hypercube: building – book
 Intelligent design: the interactive architecture of <mask>oni
 A Philosophical Machine / Uncubemagazine
 State of architecture.30 best Russian projects
 Interview at Moscow 24
 Interview at GQ magazine
 Interview at BG magazine
 Wallpaper's Russian architecture picks
Design Talk with Martina Starke and <mask>

1977 births
People from Moscow
Living people
21st-century Russian architects

masks:
Boris Bernaskoni
Boris Bernaskoni
Boris Bernaskoni
Bernaskoni
Bernaskoni
Boris
Bernaskoni
Boris
Bernaskoni
Boris Yeltsin
Bernaskoni
Bernaskoni
Bernaskoni
Boris Bernask
Boris Bernaskoni


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<mask> (born January 7, 1983) is an American former professional basketball player. She was born in Oceanside, California and raised in Chicago, Illinois. Pondexter is known for her scrappy play, quick crossovers and midrange jumpshot. In 2011, she was voted in by fans as one of the Top 15 players in Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) history. High school
While growing up in Chicago, Pondexter was a close friend of basketball star Dee Brown. Pondexter played for John Marshall Metropolitan High School in Chicago where she was named a WBCA All-American. She participated in the 2001 WBCA High School All-America Game where she scored sixteen points, and earned MVP honors.College
Pondexter attended college at Rutgers University. She led the Scarlet Knights to a 97–22 record and back-to-back Big East Championships in 2005 and 2006. She competed in four NCAA Tournaments, including an Elite Eight appearance in 2005. During the 2005–2006 season, Rutgers compiled a 27–5 record, including a 16–0 record in Big East Conference play. Pondexter took home several awards, including the 2006 Women's Basketball News Service National Player of the year. In her career, the guard scored over 2,000 points. Rutgers statistics
Source

WNBA career

Pondexter was selected 2nd overall in the 2006 WNBA Draft by the Phoenix Mercury.As a rookie, she was named to the western conference WNBA all star team. In 2007, alongside Diana Taurasi and Penny Taylor, Pondexter played a key role in the Mercury's championship run, and was named 2007 WNBA Finals Most Valuable Player after averaging 22 points per game during the hard-fought five-game series. During the 2009 WNBA season Pondexter became the first player in WNBA history to win 3 consecutive Western Conference Player of the week awards. She was also named to her third WNBA All-star team as a Western Conference reserve. At the end of the 2009 season, Pondexter helped the Mercury defeat the Indiana Fever 3 games to 2 to win the WNBA championship, the second title for the team in 3 years. In March 2010, Pondexter was traded to the New York Liberty as part of a three-team, multiplayer deal. Pondexter indicated in interviews that she had requested the trade.In 2011, she was voted in by fans as one of the Top 15 players in the fifteen-year history of the WNBA. In February 2015, Pondexter was traded to the Chicago Sky for Epiphanny Prince. In 2016, Pondexter was named in the WNBA Top 20@20, a list of the top 20 players of all-time in the WNBA in celebration of the league's twentieth anniversary. In 2018, Pondexter signed with the Los Angeles Sparks. On June 28, 2018 Pondexter was released by the Sparks. On July 1, 2018, the Indiana Fever signed Pondexter to a free-agent contract. On April 16, 2019, Pondexter announced her retirement from the WNBA after 13 seasons in a post on Instagram.She was a major contributor to the success of the Fenerbahçe Istanbul club. When her side's quarter-final match-up against Ros Casares was tied at 67, Pondexter scored the winning basket with just seconds remaining to lift Fenerbahçe to victory. In that same game, she registered 10 assists and 4 steals. Pondexter was among the top five in scoring throughout the season. Fenerbahçe Istanbul (2006–08)
Turkish Championship: 2007, 2008
Turkish Cup: 2007
Turkish Presidents Cup: 2007, 2008
 2006–07 FIBA Euro All-Star MVP
UMMC Ekaterinburg (2008–12)
Russian Championship: 2009, 2010
Russian Cup: 2009, 2010, 2011
 Fenerbahçe Istanbul (2012–14)
Turkish Championship: 2012, 2013
Turkish Presidents Cup: 2012, 2013

After successful two seasons at Fenerbahçe, Pondexter signed with the UMMC Ekaterinburg club in the Russian Superleague, where she played during the winters of 2008–09 and 2009–10. She signed again with Fenerbahçe Istanbul for the 2012–13, 2013–14 European seasons. In 2015, Pondexter signed with Beşiktaş JK for the 2015-16 European season.In November 2016, Pondexter signed with Girne Üniversitesi for the 2016-17 European season. USA Basketball

On the international stage, Pondexter was a member of the USA Women's U18 team which won the gold medal at the FIBA Americas Championship in Mar Del Plata, Argentina. The event was held in July 2000, when the USA team defeated Cuba to win the championship. Pondexter averaged 6.6 points per game. Pondexter was named to the USA Women's U19 team which represented the USA in the 2001 U19 World's Championship, held in Brno, Czech Republic in July 2001. Pondexter scored 11.0 points per game, and helped the USA team to a 6–1 record and the bronze medal. Pondexter won gold medals with the USA at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, 2005 World University Games, 2003 FIBA World Championship for Young Women, 2002 World Championship for Young Women Qualifying Tournament and 2000 Junior World Championship Qualifying Tournament.Awards and achievements
 2006 Big East Conference Women's Basketball Player of the Year
 2009 WNBA All-Star Selection

4 Seasons Style Management
Cappie started a style management company, 4 Seasons Style Management, which has since styled the new urban rock band Guitars N Bandanaz. 4 Seasons has now rebranded and moved to Los Angeles, California. While rebranding was happening in 2014, they continued to operate out of the New York headquarters. :

Controversy
In March 2011, Pondexter drew controversy after posting comments on her Twitter account regarding the devastating 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan. Pondexter tweeted: "What if God was tired of the way they treated their own people in there  own country! Idk guys he makes no mistakes." She later tweeted: "u just never knw!They did pearl harbor so u can't expect anything less." In response to the negative response to her comments, Pondexter replied: "I wanna apologize to anyone I may hurt or offended during this tragic time. I didnt realize that my words could be interpreted in the manner which they were people that knw  me would tell u 1st hand im  a very spiritual person and believe that everything, even disasters happen 4 a reason and that god  will shouldnt be questioned. But this is a very sensistive  subject at a very tragic time and I shouldnt  even have given a reason for the choice of words I used. If youve lost respect for me thats totally fine but please dont let me or my words lose the respect of u the WNBA and what it stands for." Notes

External links
Official Website
WNBA Player Profile
USA Basketball Bio
BBALLX College and Pro Profile
Player Profile at fenerbahce.org

1983 births
Living people
All-American college women's basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Russia
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
American women's basketball players
Basketball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Basketball players from California
Basketball players from Chicago
Chicago Sky players
Fenerbahçe women's basketball players
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
New York Liberty players
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball
Phoenix Mercury draft picks
Point guards
Rutgers Scarlet Knights women's basketball players
Shooting guards
Sportspeople from Oceanside, California
Universiade gold medalists for the United States
Universiade medalists in basketball
Women's National Basketball Association All-Stars
Medalists at the 2005 Summer Universiade


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<mask> (January 18, 1900 – May 19, 1993) was an American geographer and distinguished professor in the Department of Geography and Anthropology at Louisiana State University for over 64 years. Kniffen had a background in anthropology, geography, and geology when he arrived at Louisiana State University in the late 1920s. While there, he made great strides in the Department of Geography and Anthropology that led to the development of new research areas, additional courses, and well trained graduate students. Kniffen stressed the importance of learning and understanding the history of geography, along with blending physical geography and anthropology with cultural geography. During <mask>'s time at Louisiana State University, he was an advocate for interdisciplinary research. Kniffen became a distinguished professor in the department in 1966, later becoming <mask> professor in 1967. Early life and education
Kniffen was born in Britton, Michigan, on January 18, 1900.Most of his ancestors were of English descent. Kniffen's father had many jobs while he was growing up, some of which included a lumberjack and a brickmaker. His mother was a school teacher who encouraged him to excel in his studies and instilled in him a passion for learning. When Kniffen was six years old, his family moved to Coffeyville, Kansas. There, he excelled in school and was able to skip a grade. The family then moved to Superior, Wisconsin after Kniffen's first year of high school. Once he completed high school, Kniffen enlisted in the army.After the army, Kniffen enrolled at the Superior State Normal School, where he earned college credits for three semesters. While taking courses at the Superior State, Kniffen had a strong desire to earn a university degree. He ultimately ended up transferring to the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Kniffen graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree in geology in 1922. After graduation, he bounced around from job to job, some of which included a pipe-fitter and a store keeper. Kniffen developed an interest in geography (especially the human aspect) during his undergraduate years at the University of Michigan as a result of long conversations with Carl O. Sauer.Therefore, he enrolled at the University of California, Berkeley to study geography and anthropology under Carl O. Sauer and Alfred L. Kroeber. Kniffen's doctoral research focused on the Colorado River Delta's cultural and natural landscape. Kniffen graduated with his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree in 1929. Career
Once Kniffen received his doctorate degree, he promptly took a position as an assistant professor at Louisiana State University in the fall of 1929. During this time, one of Kniffen's main job duties included formalizing the geography curriculum in the department in tandem with other colleagues. Kniffen's teaching load during his early years was very intense (15 – 20 hours per week), and included courses in forest geology, mineralogy, and a handful of courses in geography. In the beginning of Kniffen's career at Louisiana State University, the Departments of Geography and Anthropology were initially separate.Kniffen was the head of the Department of Anthropology before the merge (of Geography and Anthropology). During this time, he taught courses in geography as well. Kniffen's courses were said to be rigorous, but widely popular with students. He was said to have a passion and enthusiasm for geography along with a very strong work ethic. In 1951, along with colleague Richard J. Russell, Kniffen introduced the culture region concept in geography with the publishing of Culture Worlds. This book remained standard in the discipline for over three decades. Kniffen emphasized cultural landscapes in many of his teaching styles.This was due in large part to his history at the University of California, Berkeley and his work with Carl O. Sauer, Oskar Schmieder, and Alfred L. Kroeber. Perhaps Kniffen's most widely recognized accomplishment and contribution to the discipline was in the topic of folk housing and folk geography. Kniffen's interest in this topic began in the late 1940s as he had several projects dealing with folk geography. Some of which include the folk-ways of sport hunting, geographical myths of Louisiana, and costumes of American working men. In addition to geography and anthropology, Kniffen conducted  archaeological research, especially in Louisiana. Specifically, he conducted research on the geomorphic history of Bayou Manchac. There, he discovered three pottery assemblages, corresponding to varying time periods.Lastly, Kniffen contributed greatly to the understanding of French Louisiana by encouraging his students to conduct theses and dissertations on the topic. Kniffen mentored seven Master of Science (M.S.) students, eight Master of Arts (M.A.) students, and twenty-eight Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) students during the period 1936 – 1970. He was also committee chair on numerous undergraduate theses while at Louisiana State University. Death and legacy
Kniffen died on May 19, 1993, at the age of 93 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He was survived by his wife, three sons, a daughter, five grandchildren, and five great-grandchildren.At the time of Kniffen's death, the flag on campus was flown at half-mast. A professorship was established in his name in 1991 entitled the "<mask>. Kniffen Professorship". In 1994, a wing of the Geosciences Building on Louisiana State University's campus was named the "<mask> B. Kniffen" wing. During the past sixty years, over thirty festschrifts, dedications, and tributes have been made in his honor. Awards and honors
 1922:  Phi Beta Kappa
 1929:  Scholar, Southwest Laboratory of Anthropology
 1938 – 1939: Rosenwalk Fellow, Europe
 1959 – 1962: Councillor, Association of American Geographers
 1961 – 1963: Consultant, College Geography Committee, Association of American Geographers
 1963: Chairman, Publications Committee, Association of American Geographers
 1964 – 1965: Honorary President, Association of American Geographers
 1966 – 1967: Distinguished Professor, Louisiana State University Foundation
 1967: <mask> Professor, Louisiana State University
 1982: First Annual Award, Louisiana Folklore Society

List of Key Works and Publications
 Culture Worlds (1951). New York: Macmillan. (with Richard J. Russell).Culture Worlds (1961). New York: Macmillan. (with Richard J. Russell and Evelyn Pruitt). Folk Housing: Key to Diffusion (1965). Annals of the Association of American Geographers 55: 549 – 577. The Indians of Louisiana (1966). 2nd ed.Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing Company. Why Folk Housing? (1965). Annals of the Association of American Geographers 65: 59 – 63. Louisiana: Its Land and People (1968). Louisiana State University Press. See also
 Berkeley School of Latin Americanist Geography
 Carl O. Sauer
 Alfred L. Kroeber
 Geography
 Cultural Geography
 List of Geographers

External links
 List of <mask><mask>'s Awards and Publications
 List of <mask><mask>'s Papers (LSU Libraries)

References

American geographers
American anthropologists
20th-century American geologists
University of Michigan alumni
Cultural geographers
Louisiana State University faculty
1900 births
1993 deaths
20th-century anthropologists
20th-century geographers

masks:
Fred Bowerman Kniffen
Kniffen
Boyd
Fred B
Fred
Boyd
Fred B
. Kniffen
Fred B
. Kniffen


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<mask> (born 20 February 1987) is a Finnish former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder. Sparv was born in Oravais, and started his football career in Norrvalla FF youth team before moving to Southampton's junior organisation. He began his senior club career playing for Halmstad, before signing with Groningen in 2010. Sparv made his international debut for Finland in February 2009, at the age of 21 and went on to make 84 caps, including appearing in 2010, 2014 and 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifications. His family is a member of the Swedish-speaking population of Finland. Club career

Southampton
Born in Oravais, Ostrobothnia, Sparv spent three years in the youth academy of Southampton. He was a member of Southampton's youth team that reached the final of the FA Youth Cup in 2005, where he played alongside Theo Walcott, losing on aggregate to Ipswich Town.He was named in the first team squad for 2006–07 season and made numerous reserve team appearances but, as Southampton had a plethora of midfielders from which to choose, he was unable to break through into the first team itself. Halmstad
On 7 January 2007, he moved to Halmstads BK to play in Allsvenskan, on the advice of both his father and former Halmstads BK player Michael Svensson. He made his Allsvenskan debut on 9 April 2007 in a match against Helsingborg when he replaced Andreas Johansson as a substitute for the second period. On 1 May 2008, he was loaned out to Vaasan Palloseura after suffering illness as well as a lack of playing time with Halmstads. Groningen
In August 2009, he was close to a move to Groningen, but Halmstad refused to let him go at that point. On 14 August, FC Groningen announced that Sparv would join them as of 1 January 2010. He made his Eredivisie debut on 7 March 2010 in a 1–0 victory over VVV-Venlo, coming on for Fredrik Stenman in the 78th minute.He scored his first goal for Groningen in the opening match of the 2010–11 season, a 1–1 draw against AZ. His goal came in the 76th minute. Greuther Fürth
In May 2013 Sparv signed a three-year contract with Greuther Fürth. He made his 2. Bundesliga debut on 21 July 2013 in a match against Arminia Bielefeld. He scored his first and only league goal for the club on 30 September 2013 in a 4–0 victory over Dynamo Dresden. The goal was the last of the game and came in the 86th minute.FC Midtjylland
On 3 July 2014, <mask>v signed a four-year contract with Danish Superliga side FC Midtjylland. On 20 August 2015, he scored against former club Southampton in the 2015–16 Europa League play-off first leg, which ended in a 1–1 draw. He also started the second leg in Denmark which Midtjylland won, to secure the Danish club a place in the group stage and send Southampton out of the competition. AEL FC
On 26 August 2020, Sparv signed a two-year contract with Greek Super League club AEL. On 14 May 2021, there was an official announcement about the termination of the player's contract by mutual agreement. HJK
On 22 July 2021, Sparv joined HJK. He made his debut on 12 August when he came in as a substitute for Filip Valenčič on 82nd minute in a UEFA Europa League match against Neftçi Baku.International career

Finland youth teams
Sparv was the second youngest player in the squad for the 2003 FIFA U-17 World Championship played at home but did not make an appearance in the tournament. He made his Finland U21 debut on 7 October 2006 and played a big part in the successful 2009 European Championship qualifying campaign, playing in nine out of ten games and scoring three goals. He was made team captain during the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship and scored a penalty in a 2–1 defeat by England on 15 June 2009. Finland first team
On 4 February 2009, Sparv made his debut for the senior team in a friendly match against Japan, which ended in a 5–1 defeat. He played his first FIFA World Cup qualification game on 10 October 2009 when Stuart Baxter chose him to the starting line up against Wales in Helsinki Olympic Stadium. He was named captain of the national team for the first time for a match against Greece on 4 September 2015. Sparv was called up for the UEFA Euro 2020 pre-tournament friendly match against Sweden on 29 May 2021.In UEFA Euro 2020 Group B he captained Finland in matches against Denmark and Belgium but missed match against Russia. Personal life
Sparv is a Swedish-speaking Finn. Sparv is in a relationship with Jitka Nováčková, a Czech model and winner of the Czech Miss 2011 beauty pageant. Their daughter Leah was born in January 2021. In September 2021, Sparv publicly criticized the conditions for migrant workers that had been constructing the stadiums for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar in an article in The Players' Tribune. Career statistics

Club

International

Scores and results list Finland's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Sparv goal. Honours
FC Midtjylland
 Danish Superliga: 2014–15, 2017–18, 2019–20
 Danish Cup:  2018–19

Finland
Baltic Cup: runner-up 2012; bronze 2014

Individual
Finland U21 Player of the Year: 2007
FC Midtjylland Player of the Year: 2015
Finnish Footballer of the Year: 2015

References

External links

 FC Midtjylland official profile
 <mask>v – SPL competition record

1987 births
Living people
People from Vörå
Finnish footballers
Finnish expatriate footballers
Finland international footballers
Finland youth international footballers
Finland under-21 international footballers
Association football midfielders
Southampton F.C.players
Halmstads BK players
Vaasan Palloseura players
FC Groningen players
SpVgg Greuther Fürth players
FC Midtjylland players
Athlitiki Enosi Larissa F.C. players
Allsvenskan players
Veikkausliiga players
Eredivisie players
2. Bundesliga players
Danish Superliga players
Super League Greece players
UEFA Euro 2020 players
Expatriate footballers in England
Finnish expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate footballers in Sweden
Finnish expatriate sportspeople in Sweden
Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands
Finnish expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Expatriate footballers in Denmark
Finnish expatriate sportspeople in Denmark
Expatriate footballers in Germany
Expatriate footballers in Greece
Swedish-speaking Finns

masks:
Tim Sparv
Tim Spar
Tim Spar


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<mask> (born <mask>; 9 November 1912 – 15 June 1971) was an Indian film actor known for his work in Malayalam cinema. Known for his own style and versatility in acting, Satyan was one of the pioneers of realistic acting in Indian film industry. He is respectfully called <mask>. He was also a soldier in the British Indian Army and later a police officer with the Travancore State Police. <mask> won the best actor award at the first Kerala film state award ceremony for his double role in Kadalpalam. He won the Kerala state award for best actor again in 1971 for his film Karakanakadal. <mask> served as an officer in the British Indian Army during World War II.After the war he joined the Travancore state police as an inspector in late 1940s. During this time he got interested in acting and acted in amateur stage plays. He made his debut film in 1952 film Athmasakhi and rose to stardom with the critically acclaimed film Neelakuyil in 1954. He dominated the Malayalam film industry over two decades ( 1952 – 1971) along with his contemporary Prem Nazir. He is remembered for his performances in Anubhavangal Palichakal (1971), Karinizhal(1971),  Kadalpalam (1969),Yakshi (1968), Odayilninnu (1965), Udhyogastha (1967), Veettu Mrugam (1969), Vazhvemayam (1970),Oru penninte kadha (1971), karakanakadal(1971),Pakalkinavu (1966), Ningalenne Communist Akki(1970), kayamkulam kochunni(1966),Sarasayya(1971), Rowdy(1966), Mooladhanam (1969),Chemmeen (1965), Ammayenna Sthree (1970),Kuttavali (1970),Crossbelt (1970), Adimakal (1969), Thacholi Othenan(1964), Adhya kiranangal(1964), Mudiyanaya Puthran (1961). Personal life

<mask> was born in an L.M.S. (C.S.I.)Nadar family at Aramada, Thrikkannapuram, Thiruvananthapuram on 9 November 1912 as the first child of Cheruvilakathu Veettil Manuel and Emily. He has four siblings named Chellayya, Neshan, Devadas, and Jacob. <mask> passed the Vidwan exam, equivalent to Master of Arts before joining St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Thiruvananthapuram as a teacher. After some time, he got job as a clerk in the Kerala Secretariat and worked there for about a year. He joined the army in 1941 and got posted as a Commissioned Officer of the Viceroy of India. He served the British army in Manipur, Burma (now Myanmar) and British Malaya (now Malaysia) during the World War II period. After finishing his term in the army, he returned home and joined the then Travancore State Police as a police inspector.During the Punnapra-Vayalar uprising in 1947–1948, <mask> was the inspector at Alappuzha North Police Station. <mask> was married to Jessy. They have three sons. Entry to films

<mask>'s entry into the field of acting started during his tenure as the police officer. At that time he acted in several amateur plays and that experience made him more interested in acting. His entry to film industry was accidental. He got introduced to a film musician Sebastian Kunjukunju Bhagavathar during his tenure as Inspector in Alappuzha North Police Station.The musician introduced <mask> to various film personalities and one producer promised to cast him in a film; however, <mask> did not get any calls from the producer. <mask> came to know about a film that Kaumudi Chief Editor and his neighbour K. Balakrishnan was planning. He met Balakrishnan and the latter was impressed by Sathyan. Balakrishnan cast him as the protagonist in the film written and produced by him, titled Thyagaseema. The then Deputy Superintendent of Police, Mary Arputham, objected to Sathyan acting in the film. <mask> resigned from his job to act in this film and shortened his name to <mask> from <mask>. However, the film was dropped.Thyagaseema was also incidentally the first film for Prem Nazir. In 1952 P. Subramaniam established Neela Productions. He happened to see the rushes of Thyagaseema and was impressed by <mask>'s performance. Subramaniam invited <mask> to act as hero in his first film Athmasakhi (1952) which was Sathyan's first release. Film career

Rise to stardom

In 1952, <mask>'s first film got released. The film was titled Athmasakhi and it earned him recognition in the industry. <mask> rose to fame with the legendary Neelakkuyil (1954).The film was also a milestone in Malayalam film history. It was the first film to have an authentic Malayalam story. The film was written by renowned literary figure Uroob and directed by Ramu Karyat-P. Bhaskaran duo. The songs in the film written by P. Bhaskaran and set to tunes by K. Raghavan were superhits. The film became the first Malayalam film to win national recognition when it was awarded the Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus Award). The film's success at the box office raised <mask> and his co-star Miss Kumari to stardom. Peak time

<mask>'s career was influenced by great directors like K. S. Sethumadhavan, P. Venu, A. Vincent and Ramu Karyat.Sathyan's roles in various films directed by K. S. Sethumadhavan like Pappu in Odayil Ninnu, Jayarajan in Daham, Prof. Sreeni in Yakshi (first psychological thriller in Malayalam) and the pratogonist in Vazhve Mayam were well appreciated. <mask>'s other major performances include those in Udhyogastha, Snehaseema, Nairu Pidicha Pulivalu, Veettu Mrugam, Mudiyanaya Puthran, Bharya, Shakuntala, Kayamkulam Kochunni, Adimakal and Karakanakadal. His famous title character 'Othenan' in the film Thacholi Othenan became highly popular among the masses. His role in Chemmeen, the poignant love story set against the background of the coast of Alappuzha did not win him the best actor award for the year, but is one of the most popular roles of his career. He acted in over 150 Malayalam films and two Tamil films. <mask> won the first Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor in 1969 for the double role in Kadalpalam. Final films

Vazhve Mayam, Anubhavangal Paalichakal, Karakanakadal which won high critical acclaim were among his final films.Other releases were Bhikara Nimishankal, Aranazhikaneram and Oru Penninte Katha (as Madhavan Thambi). <mask> died before completing the movie 'Anubhavangal Paalichakal.' It is said that the expressions of Sathyan in the song 'Pravaachankanmare' in that movie is real because of the pain he suffered in real life. It is also said that, the final scenes of <mask> in the movie are made with a dupe and the crying scene of Sheela in the climax is real because of the departure of <mask> in real life. He was posthumously awarded the Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor in 1971 for his performance in Karakanakadal. Mammootty and Suresh Gopi debuted in film as child artists in <mask>'s movies. Mammootty in Anubhavangal Paalichakal and Suresh Gopi in Odayil Ninnu.Death

<mask> died of leukemia after fighting it for a year and four months on 15 June 1971 at Madras. He was aged 58 at the time of his death. His body was taken back to his native place Thiruvananthapuram, and was buried with full state honours. Thousands attended his funeral. His wife outlived him for 16 years, dying in 1987. His eldest son <mask> died on Vishu day in 2014. Accolades and legacy

<mask> was a prominent actor to be considered as a superstar in Malayalam film industry after Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair.During the late 1950s and the whole of the 1960s, he and Prem Nazir formed a bipolar industry with a considerable number of films starring at least one of them. He won the inaugural Kerala State Film Award for best actor in 1969 & again posthumously in 1971. There is a Sathyan Memorial Art Gallery in Thiruvananthapuram. Awards and recognition
Kerala State Film Awards:
1969: Best Actor – Kadalpalam (First State Award receiver)
1971: Best Actor – Karakanakkadal

Film Film Awards:
1969: Adimakal

Popular roles
Below are a few of the most popular & critically praised characters played by Sathyan:
Neelakuyil (1954) – Sreedharan Nair
Thacholi Othenan (1964) – Othenan
Odayil Ninnu (1965) – Pappu
Chemmeen (1965) – Palani
Yakshi (1968) – Sreeni
Kadalpalam (1969) – Double Role
Mooladhanam (1969) – multistarrer with Nazeer
Vazhve Mayam (1970) – Sudhi
Karinizhal (1970) – Colonel
Anubhavangal Paalichakal (1971) – Chellappan
Karakanakadal (1971) – posthumous state award winner

Memorials

Awards established in his name
 Sathyan National Film Award (Sathyan Foundation) : An award instituted by the "Sathyan Foundation"  a charitable organization formed with the basic objective of perpetuating the memory of veteran actor <mask> by his children and grand child. The "Sathyan National Film Award" is presented annually to an eminent personality of Indian cinema. Memento, certificate and 25000rs/- are given as award for the awardees. Winners: Murali, Thilakan, P. Bhaskaran, Balachandra Menon, Kalabhavan Mani, Sheela, Nedumudi Venu, Dileep, K. S. Chithra, K.J Yesudas, Kalabhavan Mani, Madhu, Sharada, Suresh Gopi,M.Jayachandran, Sreekumaran Thampi, Jerry Amaldev. Sathyan Award: An award instituted by the Kerala Cultural Forum. The award carries a sum of Rs. 10000 and a plaque. Winner: Innocent (2007)

Sathyan Memorial Film Award: An award instituted by the Sathyan Memorial Arts and Sports Club. The award is given in various fields including Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Anti-Hero, Best Comedian, Best Newcomer and Best Singers (male and female), taking the last year's performances into consideration.

masks: Chuvilakathu Veetil Manuel Sathyanesan Nadar


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<mask> (born October 16, 1989; ) is a Brazilian-born Japanese mixed martial artist who competes in the Featherweight division. He is currently fighting for the Japanese organization Rizin Fighting Federation and is the former KSW Featherweight Champion. Background
Born in São Paulo, Brazil, to a Japanese father and a Brazilian mother, <mask> lived in Brazil in his teenage years, until financial troubles led his parents to move to Japan. Erbst initially stayed in Brazil with relatives, but at the age of 14, joined them in Japan. Initially intending to help his parents and return to Brazil, but once he met jiu-jitsu, he decided to stay in Japan. When financial crisis hit Japan, his parents decided to move back to Brazil, leaving behind an 18 years old Erbst who wanted to stay. To finance his fighting career, Erbst took odd jobs such as construction, trash collection, etc.to pay for the sign-up fees. Mixed martial arts career
Bonsai Jiu-jitsu club competitor, submission specialist. His favorite technique is Triangle choke. A holder of a black belt Brazilian jiu-jitsu from the city of Iwata. In 2008–2014 he fought mainly at Japanese galas  DEEP and  Rings, beating at that time, among others of the former Shooto champion of Hideki Kadowaka. Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki
At the KSW 30 gala: Genesis defeated Anzor Azhiev by triangular choke in the 1st round. After a successful debut for the federation KSW, he took part in a featherweight tournament organized by the Chinese federation Rebel FC, which won and became a champion, defeating the American  Miguel Torres.At KSW 33: Materla vs. Khalidov, which took place on November 28, 2015, fought a duel with Artur Sowiński for the inaugural KSW Featherweight Championship, eventually losing by the judges' decision. After another stint returning to Asia, picking two third round submission wins at Pancrase 277 and  Rebel FC 4, <mask> returned to KSW, facing Leszek Krakowski on October 1, 2016 at KSW 36. He won the bout via triangle choke in the first round. On May 27, 2017, at the KSW 39 gala held at the Stadion Narodowy, he won the KSW Featherweight Championship, defeating then featherweight champion Marcin Wrzosek unanimously for points. <mask> was to defend his title against Artur Sowiński at KSW 41 on December 23, 2017. However, after missing weight, <mask> was stripped of the belt, meaning only Sowiński was eligible for the title. Erbst won the bout via rear-naked choke in the third round.<mask> was to rematch Marcin Wrzosek for the vacant featherweight title on June 9, 2018 at KSW 44. However Wrzosek suffered a pectoral muscle tear and was forced out of the rematch. As a result, Marian Ziolkowski stepped in against Erbst in a catchweight fight. <mask> won the bout via armbar in the first round. <mask> faced Mateusz Gamrot on December 1, 2018 at KSW 46: Narkun vs. Khalidov 2. He lost the bout via an unanimous decision. Rizin Fighting Federation
After a first round submission win at ONE Japan Series against Akiyo Nishiura,<mask> made his Rizin debut on December 31, 2020 at during Rizin 26 against Kyle Aguon He won the bout via brabo choke in the first round.<mask> faced Kazumasa Majima at Rizin 27 on March 21, 2021. He won via triangle choke in the second round. <mask> faced Mikuru Asakura at Rizin 28.He won the bout after choking Mikuru unconscious via triangle choke. <mask> headlined Rizin Trigger 2 on February 23, 2022 against Ulka Sasaki. After overcoming a knockdown in the first round, <mask> submitted Sasaki in the second round via rear-naked choke.

masks:
Kleber Koike Erbst
Kleber
Kleber
Kleber
Erbst
Kleber
Erbst
Kleber
Kleber
Kleber
Kleber
Kleber
Kleber


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<mask> (–1612) was a Roman Catholic conspirator, involved in the Babington Plot to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I of England. Family
<mask>, born about 1546, was a younger son of the statesman <mask>, 1st Baron <mask>, and his wife, Anne Preston, the daughter and heir of Henry Preston. Paget had three brothers, Henry, Thomas, and Edward (died young), and six sisters who married well. Education
Paget left University of Cambridge on 27 May 1559 as a fellow commoner of Caius College. When Paget's father died in 1563, Paget inherited the lordship of Weston-on-Trent in Derbyshire. The following year he was present when Queen Elizabeth visited Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Like many other students he left the university without taking a degree, and although he was admitted to the Middle Temple in 1560, he never practised law.Exile
Like many other members of his family, Paget was a zealous Catholic, and in 1581 he went into exile, and for seven years lived principally in Paris, but also in Rouen. While in Paris he became closely associated with Thomas Morgan, an agent of Mary, Queen of Scots. Paget and Morgan endeavoured to keep Mary informed of events in France and other parts through correspondence with her two secretaries in England, Claude Nau and Gilbert Curle, and it was said that 'they four governed from thenceforth all the queen's affairs at their pleasure.' Paget and Morgan also helped Mary's ambassador to the French court, James Beaton, Archbishop of Glasgow, administer Mary's income from her dower lands in France (said to have been thirty million crowns a year), from which all three were granted pensions. According to Holmes, although Morgan and Paget's enemies accused them of fraud, 'the degree of control which they were able to exercise over Mary's finances was probably quite slight', and it is known that in 1586 Mary herself concealed from Paget the fact that she had received funds from Philip II of Spain, because she owed Paget 4000 crowns. Paget and Morgan were involved in several plots against the English government. In 1582 the Jesuit Robert Persons and William Allen conceived a plot which would have had Henry I, Duke of Guise, Philip II of Spain, and Pope Gregory XIII work in concert with Scottish and English Catholics to bring about a successful invasion of England with the objective of releasing Mary, Queen of Scots, and deposing Elizabeth.Persons later claimed that <mask> and Morgan did not fully support the plan. Whether Paget and Morgan acted out of caution or for other motives is unclear. It is also said that an alliance between Paget and Morgan and Owen Lewis in Rome was the cause of disagreement among the Catholics. Persons states that the original cause of Paget and Morgan's disagreement with Allen and himself was their exclusion, at the request of Henry I, Duke of Guise and Beaton, from the meeting held at Paris in 1582, and that after their exclusion <mask> and Morgan inspired Mary with distrust of Spain and the Jesuits. Paget appears to have been a double agent, plotting against Queen Elizabeth while passing on information to her ministers. On 8 January 1582 he wrote from Paris to Sir Francis Walsingham that:
God made me known to you in this town, and led me to offer you affection; nothing can so comfort me as her Majesty's and your favour. And again on 28 September 1582:
In my answer to her Majesty's command for my return to England, assist me that she may yield me her favour and liberty of conscience in religion. . . .If this cannot be done, then solicit her for my enjoying my small living on this side the sea, whereby I may be kept from necessity, which otherwise will force me to seek relief of some foreign prince. On 23 October 1582 Paget informed Walsingham of his intention to go to Rouen for his health, and to drink English beer. He professed dutiful allegiance to Elizabeth, and his readiness to be employed in any service, matter of conscience in religion only excepted. Secret visit to England
In the summer of 1583 Paget travelled from Rouen secretly into England, using the pseudonym Mope. It is alleged that the object of his journey was to concert measures for an invasion by the Duke of Guise and the King of Scots. For a time he hid in the house of William Davies, at Patching, Sussex. On 8 September he had an interview at Petworth with Henry Percy, 8th Earl of Northumberland.He was afterwards secretly conveyed to a lodge in the Earl's park called Conigar Lodge, where he stayed for about eight days. His brother, Thomas, was also summoned to Petworth. On 16 September Paget met in a wood, called Patching Copse, with William Shelley, who was subsequently convicted of treason. Paget likely also met at this time with Lord Henry Howard, who had come to Sussex from Norfolk. In a letter written on 25 October 1582 <mask> told Paget that his abiding in Rouen was more misliked in England than his abiding in Paris, considering that he consorted there with men like John Lesley, Bishop of Ross, adding that:
he was sorry to hear by some good friends that he carried himself not so dutifully as he ought to do, and that he would disown him as a brother if he forgot the duty he owed to England. From this letter it would seem that <mask>'s interview with his brother at Petworth must have been of a more innocent character than has been generally supposed. However, about the end of November <mask> himself fled to Paris, and was from thenceforth suspected of complicity in all his brother's treasons.On 2 December 1583, Sir Edward Stafford, the English ambassador to the French court, wrote from Paris to Sir Frances Walsingham that:
 Lord <mask>, with <mask> and <mask>, suddenly entered my dining chamber before any one was aware of it, and Lord Paget says they came away for their consciences, and for fear, having enemies. They also told him that for all things but their consciences they would live as dutifully as any in the world. After this, <mask>, in conjunction with Morgan and other malcontents at home and abroad, continued their plans, which were well known to the English government, and in June 1584 Sir Edward Stafford, the English ambassador to the French court, made a formal demand, in the name of Queen Elizabeth, for the surrender of <mask>, <mask>, <mask>, Thomas Throckmorton, and Thomas Morgan for having conspired against the life of the English Queen. The King of France, however, refused to deliver them up, although he did imprison Morgan in the Bastille, and sent his papers to Queen Elizabeth. Paget was regarded with the utmost distrust and suspicion by Walsingham, who, in a despatch sent to Stafford on 16 December 1584, wrote that: <mask>t is a most dangerous instrument, and I wish, for Northumberland's sake, he had never been born. Although all his plots had signally failed, Paget appears to have clung to the hope that the Protestant religion in England could be subverted by a foreign force. Writing under the signature of 'Nauris,' from Paris, to one Nicholas Berden alias Thomas Rogers on 31 January 1588 he observed, in reference to the anticipated triumph of the Spanish Armada:
 When the day of invasion happens, the proudest Councillor or Minister in England will be glad of the favour of a Catholic gentleman.In the same letter he stated that all Walsingham's alphabets or ciphers had been interpreted by him. Brussels
In March 1588 Paget entered the service of the Philip II of Spain, and went to live in Brussels, where he remained for the next eleven years. His name appears in the list of English exiles in Flanders who refused to sign the address of the English fathers of the Society of Jesus. He continued his correspondence:
 I am incited to boldness with you by your favour to my nephew Paget, and the good report I hear of your sweet nature, modesty, and wisdom. I desire ardently to do a service agreeable both to the queen and the king of Spain. I am under obligation to the one as an English subject, and
to the other as a catholic prince who has relieved me in my banishment. He added that
His Highness ' was willing to treat with allies, and particularly with the queen, that the crowns of England and Spain might return to their old amity
On 27 April 1598 Paget wrote from Liège to Thomas Barnes in London: I am unspeakably comforted that the queen inclines to listen to my humble suit.The profits of my land are worth £200 a year to myself; it is a lordship called Weston-upon-Trent. ... I cannot capitulate with the Queen; but the greater my offence has been, the greater is her mercy in pardoning and restoring me to my blood and living, showing the liberality which makes her famous, and obliging me to spend my life at her feet. Paris and the Scottish faction
The English Catholic exiles eventually split into two parties, the one, called the Spanish faction, supporting the claims of the Infanta of Spain to the English crown, while the other, denominated the Scottish faction, advocated the right of James VI of Scotland. Paget was the acknowledged head of the Scottish faction, and in 1599 he threw up his employment under the King of Spain, and returned to Paris. Among the State Papers is a letter from a Catholic in Brussels to his friend, a monk at Liège, giving a detailed account of Paget and his 'practices'. The writer says that from the first hour that his years permitted him to converse with men, he has been tampering in broils and practices, betwixt friend and friend, man and wife, and, as his credit and craft increase, betwixt prince and prince.Animated by intense hatred of the Spanish faction, <mask> lost no time after his arrival at Paris in putting himself in communication with Sir Henry Neville, the English ambassador, who forwarded a detailed account of the circumstances to Sir Robert Cecil in a despatch dated 27 June (O.S.) 1599. Cecil seems to have been by no means anxious to encourage Paget, but Neville was more favourable to him. Paget said he felt himself slighted by the English government, but he nevertheless seems to have given from time to time important intelligence to Neville and to Ralph Winwood the succeeding ambassador at the French court. His attainder appears to have been reversed in the first parliament of James I, probably by the act restoring in blood his nephew William, Lord Paget, and it is presumed that he returned to England. His paternal estate, including the manor of Weston on Trent and other manors in Derbyshire, was restored to him on 13 July 1603; and on 18 August in the same year James I granted him £200 per annum, part of a fee-farm rent reserved by a patent of Queen Elizabeth, bestowing the lands of <mask> on <mask> and his heirs. He died, probably in England, about the beginning of February 1611 – 1612, leaving a good estate to the sons of one of his sisters.Major works
 A proposition for calling the Jesuits out of England, by means of the French king, during the treaty, and entitled  A Brief Note of the Practices that divers Jesuits have had for killing Princes and changing of States, June 1598. Manuscript in the State Papers, Dom. Eliz. vol. cclxvii. art. 67.Answer to Dolman [Robert Parsons] on the Succession to the English Crown, Paris, 1600. John Petit, writing from Liège to Peter Halins, 25 July (O.S.) 1600, remarks : ' A book has come out in answer to that one on the succession to the crown of England, which is all for the Scot, but I cannot get sight of it. Clitheroe was the author, and he being dead, <mask> has paid for its printing' (Cal. State Papers, Dom. Eliz. 1598–1601, pp.456, 460). It appears that the latter part of the book was written by Paget. An Answere made by me, <mask>, Esquier, to certayne untruthes and falsityes, tochinge myselfe, contayned in a booke [by Robert Parsons] intitled a briefe Apologie or defence of the Catholicke Hierarchie & subordination in Englande, Printed with Dr. Humphrey Ely's ' Certaine Briefe Notes vpon a Briefe Apologie set out under the name of the Priestes united to the Archpriest,' Paris 1603

Footnotes

References

1540s births
1612 deaths
16th-century English people
17th-century English people
People from South Derbyshire District
<mask> sons of barons

masks:
Charles Paget
Charles Paget
William Paget
Paget
Paget
Paget
Thomas Paget
Thomas Paget
Thomas Paget
Paget
Charles Paget
Charles Arundel
Charles Paget
Thomas Paget
Charles Paget
Charles Arundel
Charles Page
Paget
Lord Paget
William Paget
Charles Paget
Charles Paget
Charles Younger


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<mask> ( ; 1 March 181214 September 1852) was an English architect, designer, artist and critic who is principally remembered for his pioneering role in the Gothic Revival style of architecture. His work culminated in designing the interior of the Palace of Westminster in Westminster, London, England, and its iconic clock tower, later renamed the Elizabeth Tower, which houses the bell known as Big Ben. Pugin designed many churches in England, and some in Ireland and Australia. He was the son of <mask>, and the father of <mask> and <mask>, who continued his architectural firm as Pugin & Pugin. He also created Alton Castle in Alton, Staffordshire. Biography

Pugin was the son of the French draughtsman <mask>, who had immigrated to England as a result of the French Revolution and had married Catherine Welby of the Welby family of Denton, Lincolnshire, England. Pugin was born on 1 March 1812 at his parents' house in Bloomsbury, London, England.Between 1821 and 1838, Pugin's father published a series of volumes of architectural drawings, the first two entitled Specimens of Gothic Architecture and the following three Examples of Gothic Architecture, that not only remained in print but were the standard references for Gothic architecture for at least the next century. Religion
As a child, his mother took Pugin each Sunday to the services of the fashionable Scottish Presbyterian preacher Edward Irving (later the founder of the Holy Catholic Apostolic Church), at his chapel in Cross Street, Hatton Garden, Camden, London. Pugin quickly rebelled against this version of Christianity: according to Benjamin Ferrey, Pugin "always expressed unmitigated disgust at the cold and sterile forms of the Scottish church; and the moment he broke free from the trammels imposed on him by his mother, he rushed into the arms of a church which, pompous by its ceremonies, was attractive to his imaginative mind". Education and early ventures
Pugin learned drawing from his father, and for a while attended Christ's Hospital. After leaving school, he worked in his father's office, and in 1825 and 1827 accompanied him on visits to France. His first commissions independent of his father were for designs for the goldsmiths Rundell and Bridge, and for designs for furniture of Windsor Castle from the upholsterers Morel and Seddon. Through a contact made while working at Windsor, he became interested in the design of theatrical scenery, and in 1831 obtained a commission to design the sets for the production of the new opera Kenilworth at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden.He also developed an interest in sailing, and briefly commanded a small merchant schooner trading between Great Britain and Holland, which allowed him to import examples of furniture and carving from Flanders, with which he later furnished his house at Ramsgate in Kent. During one voyage in 1830, he was wrecked on the Scottish coast near Leith, as a result of which he came into contact with Edinburgh architect James Gillespie Graham, who advised him to abandon seafaring for architecture. He then established a business supplying historically accurate carved wood and stone detailing for the increasing number of buildings being constructed in the Gothic Revival style, but the enterprise quickly failed. Marriages
In 1831, at the age of 19, Pugin married the first of his three wives, Anne Garnet. She died a few months later in childbirth, leaving him a daughter. He had a further six children, including the future architect Edward Welby <mask>, with his second wife, Louisa Burton, who died in 1844. His third wife, Jane Knill, kept a journal of their marital life, from their marriage in 1848 to Pugin's death, which was later published.Their son was the architect Peter Paul <mask>. Salisbury
Following his second marriage in 1833, <mask> moved to Salisbury, Wiltshire, with his wife, and in 1835 bought  of land in Alderbury, about  outside the town. On this he built a Gothic Revival style house for his family, which he named St. Marie's Grange. Of it, Charles Eastlake said "he had not yet learned the art of combining a picturesque exterior with the ordinary comforts of an English home." Conversion to the Roman Catholic Church
In 1834, Pugin converted to the Roman Catholic Church and was received into it the following year. British society at the start of the 19th century often discriminated against dissenters from the Church of England, although things began to change during Pugin's lifetime, helping to make Pugin's eventual conversion to Roman Catholicism more socially acceptable. For example, dissenters could not take degrees at the established universities of Oxford and Cambridge until 1871, but the University of London (later renamed University College London) was founded near Pugin's birthplace in 1826 with the express purpose of educating dissenters to degree standard (although it would not be able to confer degrees until 1836).Dissenters were also unable to serve on parish or city councils, be a member of Parliament, serve in the armed forces or on a jury. A number of reforms across the 19th century relieved these restrictions, one of which was the Roman Catholic Relief Act of 1829, which allowed Roman Catholics to become MPs. Pugin's conversion acquainted him with new patrons and employers. In 1832 he made the acquaintance of John Talbot, 16th Earl of Shrewsbury, a Catholic sympathetic to his aesthetic theory and who employed him in alterations and additions to his residence of Alton Towers, which subsequently led to many more commissions. Shrewsbury commissioned him to build St. Giles Roman Catholic Church, Cheadle, Staffordshire, which was completed in 1846, and Pugin was also responsible for designing the oldest Catholic Church in Shropshire, St Peter and Paul Church, Newport. Contrasts
[[File:Contrasted Residences for the Poor.jpg|thumb|"Contrasted Residences for the Poor" from Pugin's Contrasts]]
In 1836, Pugin published Contrasts, a polemical book which argued for the revival of the medieval Gothic style, and also "a return to the faith and the social structures of the Middle Ages". The book was prompted by the passage of the Church Building Acts of 1818 and 1824, the former of which is often called the Million Pound Act due to the appropriation amount by Parliament for the construction of new Anglican churches in Britain.The new churches constructed from these funds, many of them in a Gothic-Revival style due to the assertion that it was the "cheapest" style to use, were often criticised by Pugin and many others for their shoddy design and workmanship and poor liturgical standards relative to an authentic Gothic structure. Each plate in Contrasts selected a type of urban building and contrasted the 1830 example with its 15th-century equivalent. In one example, Pugin contrasted a medieval monastic foundation, where monks fed and clothed the needy, grew food in the gardens – and gave the dead a decent burial – with "a panopticon workhouse where the poor were beaten, half-starved and sent off after death for dissection. Each structure was the built expression of a particular view of humanity: Christianity versus Utilitarianism." Pugin's biographer, Rosemary Hill, wrote: "The drawings were all calculatedly unfair. King's College London was shown from an unflatteringly skewed angle, while Christ Church, Oxford, was edited to avoid showing its famous Tom Tower because that was by Christopher Wren and so not medieval. But the cumulative rhetorical force was tremendous."In 1841 he published his illustrated The True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture, which was premised on his two fundamental principles of Christian architecture. He conceived of "Christian architecture" as synonymous with medieval, "Gothic", or "pointed", architecture. In the work, he also wrote that contemporary craftsmen seeking to emulate the style of medieval workmanship should reproduce its methods. Ramsgate
In 1841 he left Salisbury, having found it an inconvenient base for his growing architectural practice. He sold St. Marie's Grange at a considerable financial loss, and moved temporarily to Cheyne Walk in Chelsea, London. He had, however, already purchased a parcel of land at West Cliff, Ramsgate, Thanet in Kent, where he proceeded to build for himself a large house and, at his own expense, a church dedicated to St. Augustine, after whom he thought himself named. He worked on this church whenever funds permitted it.His second wife died in 1844 and was buried at St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham, which he had designed. Architectural commissions
Following the destruction by fire of the Palace of Westminster in Westminster, London, in 1834, Pugin was employed by Sir Charles Barry to supply interior designs for his entry to the architectural competition which would determine who would build the new Palace of Westminster. Pugin also supplied drawings for the entry of James Gillespie Graham. This followed a period of employment when Pugin had worked with Barry on the interior design of King Edward's School, Birmingham. Despite his conversion to the Roman Catholic Church in 1834, Pugin designed and refurbished both Anglican and Catholic churches throughout England. Other works include St. Chad's Cathedral, Erdington Abbey, and Oscott College, all in Birmingham, England. He also designed the collegiate buildings of St. Patrick and St. Mary in St. Patrick's College, Maynooth, Ireland; though not the collegiate chapel.His original plans included both a chapel and an aula maxima (great hall), neither of which were built because of financial constraints. The college chapel was designed by a follower of Pugin, the Irish architect J. J. McCarthy. Also in Ireland, Pugin designed St. Mary's Cathedral in Killarney, St. Aidan's Cathedral in Enniscorthy (renovated in 1996), and the Dominican Church of the Holy Cross in Tralee. He revised the plans for St. Michael Church in Ballinasloe, County Galway, Ireland. Bishop Wareing also invited Pugin to design what eventually became Northampton Cathedral, a project that was completed in 1864 by Pugin's son Edward Welby <mask>. Pugin visited Italy in 1847; his experience there confirmed his dislike of Renaissance and Baroque architecture, but he found much to admire in the medieval art of northern Italy. Illness and death

In February 1852, while travelling with his son Edward by train, Pugin suffered a total breakdown and arrived in London unable to recognise anyone or speak coherently.For four months he was confined to a private asylum, Kensington House. In June, he was transferred to the Royal Bethlem Hospital, popularly known as Bedlam. At that time, Bethlem Hospital was opposite St George's Cathedral, Southwark, one of Pugin's major buildings, where he had married his third wife, Jane, in 1848. Jane and a doctor removed Pugin from Bedlam and took him to a private house in Hammersmith where they attempted therapy, and he recovered sufficiently to recognise his wife. In September, Jane took her husband back to The Grange in Ramsgate, where he died on 14 September 1852. He is buried in his church next to The Grange, St Augustine's, Ramsgate. On Pugin's death certificate, the cause listed was "convulsions followed by coma".Pugin's biographer, Rosemary Hill, suggests that, in the last year of his life, he was suffering from hyperthyroidism which would account for his symptoms of exaggerated appetite, perspiration, and restlessness. Hill writes that Pugin's medical history, including eye problems and recurrent illness from his early twenties, suggests that he contracted syphilis in his late teens, and this may have been the cause of his death at the age of 40. Palace of Westminster

In October 1834, the Palace of Westminster burned down. Subsequently, the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel, wanted, now that he was premier, to disassociate himself from the controversial John Wilson Croker, who was a founding member of the Athenaeum Club; a close associate of the pre-eminent neoclassical architects James Burton and Decimus Burton; an advocate of neoclassicism; and a repudiator of the neo-gothic style. Consequently, Peel appointed a committee chaired by Edward Cust, a detestor of the style of John Nash and William Wilkins, which resolved that the new Houses of Parliament would have to be in either the 'gothic' or the 'Elizabethan' style. <mask>. N<mask>, the foremost expert on the Gothic, had to submit each of his designs through, and thus in the name of, other architects, Gillespie-Graham and Charles Barry, because he had recently openly and fervently converted to Roman Catholicism, as a consequence of which any design submitted in his own name would certainly have been automatically rejected; the design he submitted for improvements to Balliol College, Oxford, in 1843 were rejected for this reason. The design for Parliament that Pugin submitted through Barry won the competition.Subsequent to the announcement of the design ascribed to Barry, William Richard Hamilton, who had been secretary to Elgin during the acquisition of the marbles, published a pamphlet in which he censured the fact that 'gothic barbarism' had been preferred to the masterful designs of Ancient Greece and Rome: but the judgement was not altered, and was ratified by the Commons and the Lords. The commissioners subsequently appointed Pugin to assist in the construction of the interior of the new Palace, to the design of which Pugin himself had been the foremost determiner. Pugin's biographer, Rosemary Hill, shows that Barry designed the Palace as a whole, and only he could co-ordinate such a large project and deal with its difficult paymasters, but he relied entirely on Pugin for its Gothic interiors, wallpapers and furnishings. The first stone of the new <mask>-Barry design was laid on 27 April 1840. During the competition for the design

masks:
Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin
Auguste Pugin
Edward Welby Pugin
Peter Paul Pugin
Auguste Pugin
Pugin
Pugin
Pugin
Pugin
Augustus W
. Pugin
Pugin


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 of the new Houses of Parliament, Decimus Burton, 'the land's leading classicist', was vituperated with continuous invective, which Guy Williams has described as an 'anti-Burton campaign', by the foremost advocate of the neo-gothic style, <mask>. N. <mask>, who was made enviously reproachful that Decimus "had done much more than Pugin's father (<mask> <mask>) to alter the appearance of London". Pugin attempted to popularize advocacy of the neo-gothic, and repudiation of the neoclassical, by composing and illustrating books that contended the supremacy of the former and the degeneracy of the latter, which were published from 1835. In 1845, Pugin, in his Contrasts: or a Parallel Between the Noble Edifices of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries and Similar Buildings of the Present Day, which the author had to publish himself as a consequence of the extent of the defamation of society architects therein, satirized John Nash as "Mr Wash, Plasterer, who jobs out Day Work on Moderate Terms", and Decimus Burton as "Talent of No Consequence, Premium Required", and included satirical sketches of Nash's Buckingham Palace and Burton's triumphal arch at Hyde Park.Consequently, the amount of commissions received by Decimus declined, although Decimus retained a close friendship with the aristocrats amongst his patrons, who continued to commission him. At the end of Pugin's life, in February 1852, Barry visited him in Ramsgate and Pugin supplied a detailed design for the iconic Palace clock tower, in 2012 dubbed the Elizabeth Tower but popularly known as Big Ben. The design is very close to earlier designs by Pugin, including an unbuilt scheme for Scarisbrick Hall, Lancashire. The tower was Pugin's last design before descending into madness. In her biography, Hill quotes Pugin as writing of what is probably his best-known building: "I never worked so hard in my life [as] for Mr Barry for tomorrow I render all the designs for finishing his bell tower & it is beautiful & I am the whole machinery of the clock." Hill writes that Barry omitted to give any credit to Pugin for his huge contribution to the design of the new Houses of Parliament. In 1867, after the deaths of both Pugin and Barry, Pugin's son Edward published a pamphlet, Who Was the Art Architect of the Houses of Parliament, a statement of facts, in which he asserted that his father was the "true" architect of the building, and not Barry.Pugin in Ireland

Pugin was invited to Ireland by the Redmond family, initially to work in County Wexford. He arrived in Ireland in 1838 at a time of greater religious tolerance, when Catholic churches were permitted to be built. Most of his work in Ireland consisted of religious buildings. Pugin demanded the highest quality of workmanship from his craftsmen, particularly the stonemasons. His subsequent visits to the country were brief and infrequent. He was the main architect of St Aidan's Roman Catholic Cathedral for the diocese of Ferns in Enniscorthy, County Wexford. Pugin was the architect of the Russell Library at St. Patrick's College, Maynoooth, although he did not live to see its completion.Pugin did the initial design of St. Mary's Cathedral, Killarney. Pugin and Australia

The first Catholic Bishop of New South Wales, Australia, John Bede Polding, met Pugin and was present when St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham and St Giles' Catholic Church, Cheadle were officially opened. Although Pugin never visited Australia, Polding persuaded Pugin to design a series of churches for him. Although a number of churches do not survive, St Francis Xavier's in Berrima, New South Wales, is regarded as a fine example of a Pugin church. Polding blessed the foundation stone in February 1849, and the church was completed in 1851. St Stephen's Chapel, now in the cathedral grounds in Elizabeth Street, Brisbane, was built to a design of Pugin. Construction began in 1848, and the first Mass in the church was celebrated on 12 May 1850.In 1859 James Quinn was appointed Bishop of Brisbane, Brisbane becoming a diocese, and Pugin's small church became a cathedral. When the new cathedral of St Stephen was opened in 1874 the small Pugin church became a schoolroom, and later church offices and storage room. It was several times threatened with demolition before its restoration in the 1990s. In Sydney, there are several altered examples of his work, namely St Benedict's, Chippendale; St Charles Borromeo, Ryde; the former church of St Augustine of Hippo (next to the existing church), Balmain; and St Patrick's Cathedral, Parramatta, which was gutted by a fire in 1996

According to Steve Meacham writing in the Sydney Morning Herald, Pugin's legacy in Australia is particularly of the idea of what a church should look like:Pugin's notion was that Gothic was Christian and Christian was Gothic... It became the way people built churches and perceived churches should be. Even today if you ask someone what a church should look like, they'll describe a Gothic building with pointed windows and arches. Right across Australia, from outback towns with tiny churches made out of corrugated iron with a little pointed door and pointed windows, to our very greatest cathedrals, you have buildings which are directly related to Pugin's ideas.After his death, Pugin's two sons, E. W<mask> and Peter Paul <mask>, continued operating their father's architectural firm under the name Pugin & Pugin. Their work includes most of the "Pugin" buildings in Australia and New Zealand. Reputation and influence
Eastlake, writing in 1872, noted that the quality of construction in Pugin's buildings was often poor, and believed he was lacking in technical knowledge, his strength lying more in his facility as a designer of architectural detail. <mask>'s legacy began to fade immediately after his death. This was partly due to the hostility of John Ruskin. In his appendix to The Stones of Venice (1851), Ruskin wrote of Pugin, "he is not a great architect but one of the smallest possible or conceivable architects". Contemporaries and admirers of Pugin, including Sir Henry Cole, protested at the viciousness of the attack and pointed out that Ruskin's idea on style had much in common with Pugin's.After <mask>'s death, Ruskin "outlived and out-talked him by half a century". Sir Kenneth Clark wrote, "If Ruskin had never lived, Pugin would never have been forgotten." Nonetheless, Pugin's architectural ideas were carried forward by two young architects who admired him and had attended his funeral, W. E. Nesfield and Norman Shaw. George Gilbert Scott, William Butterfield and George Edmund Street were influenced by Pugin's designs, and continued to work out the implication of ideas he had sketched in his writings. In Street's office, Philip Webb met William Morris and they went on to become leading members of the English Arts and Crafts Movement. When the German critic Hermann Muthesius published his admiring and influential study of English domestic architecture, Das englische Haus (1904), Pugin was all but invisible, yet "it was he ... who invented the English House that Muthesius so admired". An armoire that he designed (crafted by frequent collaborator John Gregory Crace) is held at the Victoria and Albert Museum.It was shown at the Great Exhibition of 1851, but was not eligible for a medal, as it was shown under Crace's name and he was a judge for the Furniture Class at the exhibition. On 23 February 2012 the Royal Mail released a first class stamp featuring <mask> as part of its "Britons of Distinction" series. The stamp image depicts an interior view of the Palace of Westminster. Also in 2012, the BBC broadcast God's Own Architect, an arts documentary program on his achievements hosted by Richard Taylor. The only church he built entirely with his own money
St. Maries Church, Rugby, Rugby (1845) – much added to
St Lawrence's, Tubney (1845) – extant
Highland Tolbooth Kirk/Victoria Hall, Edinburgh (1845) – with James Gillespie Graham, now a Festival venue
St Edmund's College chapel, Old Hall Green 1846 – extant
St Mary's, West Tofts (1845) – disused and inaccessible
St Thomas of Canterbury Church, Fulham (1847) – extant
St Osmund's, Salisbury (1847) – much added to
Chancel of St Oswald's Church, Winwick (1847) – extant
Erdington Abbey, Birmingham (1848)
Chapel restoration, Jesus College, Cambridge (1849) – extant
Rolle Mortuary Chapel, Bicton Grange, Bicton (1850) – extant
St Nicholas' Church, Boldmere, Sutton Coldfield (1841) – demolished
St James-the-Less, Rawtenstall (1844) – extant, restored 1993–95
Bolton Priory, North Yorkshire, set of six windows (1854) – extant

Railway cottages
Slightly less grand than the above are the railway cottages at Windermere railway station in Cumbria which have been loosely attributed to Pugin or a follower. Believed to date from 1849, and probably some of the first houses to be built in Windermere, the terrace of cottages was built for railway executives. One of the fireplaces is a copy of one of his in the Palace of Westminster.Buildings in Ireland

Church of Assumption of Mary, Bree, County Wexford. 1837–1839. Patronage from the Redmond family
Church of St. John the Baptist, Bellevue, Ballyhogue, County Wexford. 1859
St. Peter's College, Summerhill Road, Wexford, County Wexford. Chapel.1838–1841. 6 bay chapel integrated as part of the College. Built in Wexford red sandstone.Various Pugin elements including stations of cross, balcony, rood screen etc. were removed in the renovation of 1950. Church of St. James's, Ramsgrange, County Wexford. 1838–1843
Chapel at Loreto Abbey, Rathfarnham, Dublin. Currently vacant and out of use
Church of St. Michael the Archangel, Gorey, County Wexford. 1839–1842. Cruciform plan in Romanesque style.9 bay nave. Low square tower over the crossing. The design may have been influenced by Dunbrody Abbey, County Wexford. Built in Ballyscartin limestone with Wicklow granite dressings. Spire not constructed. Patronage of Sir Thomas Esmonde and family
Loreto Convent, St. Michael's Road, Gorey, County Wexford. 1842–1844
St. Mary's Cathedral, Killarney, County Kerry.1842–1856. Cruciform early English style in limestone. Much modified. 12 bay nave and spire over the crossing completed by others. Two Villas, Cobh, County Cork. 1842 for 5th Viscount Midleton
Church of St. Mary's, Tagoat, County Wexford. 1843–1848.Cruciform plan. 5 bay nave and aisles. Contains Pugin brasses, tiles etc. Damaged in fire 1936
St. Aidan's Cathedral, Enniscorthy, County Wexford. 1843–1860. Cruciform plan
Church of St. Alphonsus or Blessed Virgin Mary, Barntown, County Wexford. 1844–1848.7 bay church with nave and aisles. Scissors roof truss. Design may be based on an early church at Stanton, Cambridgeshire. Interior much modified
Houses, Midleton, County Cork. For Viscount Midleton. 1845
St. Patrick's College, Maynooth, County Kildare. 1845–1850.Quadrangles
Presentation Convent, Waterford, County Waterford. Quadrangle and internal cloister
Presentation Monastery, Port Road, Killarney, County Kerry. 1846–1862
Adare Manor, Adare, County Limerick. 1846. Alterations including hall ceiling, staircase, gallery etc. St. John's Convent of Mercy, Birr, County Offaly. 1846–1856.Completed by E. W. Pugin

See also
 Mintons Ltd
 John Dibblee Crace

References

Sources
Brian Andrews, 2001, Creating a Gothic Paradise: Pugin at the Antipodes, Hobart, Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery. Exhibition catalogue. Charles Locke Eastlake, A History of the Gothic Revival, London, Longmans, Green & Co, 1872. Benjamin Ferrey, 1861, Recollections of A.N. Welby.Pugin, and his Father <mask>, London, Edward Stanford. Michael Fisher, Alexandra Wedgwood, 2002, Pugin-Land: A W N Pugin, Lord Shrewsbury and the Gothic Revival in Staffordshire, Stafford Fisher. Michael Fisher,Gothic For Ever!<mask>, Lord Shrewsbury, and the Rebuilding of Gothic England, Reading, Spire Books, 2012,
Rachel Hasted, 1995, Scarisbrick Hall – A Guide, Social History at Lancashire County Museum Service, 1984. Rosemary Hill, <mask> Northmore Pugin: A Biographical Sketch, in A.W.N. Pugin: Master of Gothic Revival, New Haven and London, Yale University Press. Rosemary Hill, 2007, God's Architect: Pugin and the Building of Romantic Britain. Allen Lane. (Published in five volumes between 1821 and 1838)

External links

The Pugin Society
<mask>lby Northmore Pugin 1812–1852, A comprehensive overview of Pugin's life with nearly 400 images
The Pugin Foundation – Australian Works of <mask> Welby Northmore Pugin
New Advent Catholic encyclopaedia, Pugin entry
<mask>'s Map Room - UK Parliament Living Heritage
St Giles' Roman Catholic Church, Cheadle, Staffordshire with 360° images of the interior
Papers of AWN Pugin at the UK Parliamentary Archives
"Pugin's manifesto": an essay on Pugin's early work from TLS, 1 August 2007. A Victorian Novel in Stone: the Houses of Parliament tell the story of Britain's past and its peculiar constitution The Wall Street Journal'', 21 March 2009
Pugin: God's Own Architect BBC4, 19 January 2012

 Floriated Ornament: A Series of Thirty-One Designs <mask>, <mask>. N. London: H.G.Bohn, 1849. NA997 P8.8o. Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute. Library
 Table designed by A.W.N. <mask> for Windsor Castle, 1828., Butchoff Antiques, London. A. W. N. Pugin Drawings. James Marshall and Marie-Louise Osborn Collection.Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. Parliamentary Archives, Papers of AWN <mask>, (1812-1852); Architect

1812 births
1852 deaths
19th-century English architects
Architects of cathedrals
Architects of Roman Catholic churches
British stained glass artists and manufacturers
Converts to Roman Catholicism
English ecclesiastical architects
English people of French descent
English Roman Catholics
Gothic Revival architects
People educated at Christ's Hospital
People with mental disorders
Augustus
Architects from

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