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 seized was the one who had accosted her. Somehow, Bryant learned that the boy in the incident was from Chicago and was staying with Mose Wright. Several witnesses overheard Bryant and his 36-year-old half-brother, John William "J. W." Milam, discussing taking <mask> from his house. In the early morning hours of August 28, 1955, sometime between 2 and 3:30a.m., Bryant and Milam drove to Mose Wright's house. Milam was armed with a pistol and a flashlight. He asked Wright if he had three boys in the house from Chicago. <mask> was sharing a bed with another cousin; there were eight people in the small two-bedroom cabin.Milam asked Wright to take them to "the nigger who did the talking". <mask>'s great-aunt offered the men money, but Milam refused as he rushed <mask> to put on his clothes. Mose Wright informed the men that <mask> was from up north and didn't know any better. Milam reportedly then asked, "How old are you, preacher?" to which Wright responded "64". Milam threatened that if Wright told anybody he wouldn't live to see 65. The men marched <mask> out to the truck.Wright said he heard them ask someone in the car if this was the boy, and heard someone say "yes". When asked if the voice was that of a man or a woman Wright said "it seemed like it was a lighter voice than a man's". In a 1956 interview with Look magazine, in which they confessed to the killing, Bryant and Milam said they would have brought <mask> by the store in order to have Carolyn identify him, but stated they did not do so because they said <mask> admitted to being the one who had talked to her. They tied up <mask> in the back of a green pickup truck and drove toward Money, Mississippi. According to some witnesses, they took <mask> back to Bryant's Groceries and recruited two black men. The men then drove to a barn in Drew. They pistol-whipped him on the way and reportedly knocked him unconscious.Willie Reed, who was 18 years old at the time, saw the truck passing by. Reed recalled seeing two white men in the front seat, and "two black males" in the back. Some have speculated that the two black men worked for Milam and were forced to help with the beating, although they later denied being present. Willie Reed said that while walking home, he heard the beating and crying from the barn. He told a neighbor and they both walked back up the road to a water well near the barn, where they were approached by Milam. Milam asked if they heard anything. Reed responded "No".Others passed by the shed and heard yelling. A local neighbor also spotted "Too Tight" (Leroy Collins) at the back of the barn washing blood off the truck and noticed <mask>'s boot. Milam explained he had killed a deer and that the boot belonged to him. Some have claimed that <mask> was shot and tossed over the Black Bayou Bridge in Glendora, Mississippi, near the Tallahatchie River. The group drove back to Roy Bryant's home in Money, where they reportedly burned <mask>'s clothes. In an interview with William Bradford Huie that was published in Look magazine in 1956, Bryant and Milam said that they intended to beat <mask> and throw him off an embankment into the river to frighten him. They told Huie that while they were beating <mask>, he called them bastards, declared he was as good as they, and said that he had sexual encounters with white women.They put <mask> in the back of their truck, drove to a cotton gin to take a  fan—the only time they admitted to being worried, thinking that by this time in early daylight they would be spotted and accused of stealing—and drove for several miles along the river looking for a place to dispose of <mask>. They shot him by the river and weighted his body with the fan. Mose Wright stayed on his front porch for twenty minutes waiting for <mask> to return. He did not go back to bed. He and another man went into Money, got gasoline, and drove around trying to find <mask>. Unsuccessful, they returned home by 8:00 am. After hearing from Wright that he would not call the police because he feared for his life, Curtis Jones placed a call to the Leflore County sheriff, and another to his mother in Chicago.Distraught, she called <mask>'s mother Mamie <mask>. Wright and his wife Elizabeth drove to Sumner, where Elizabeth's brother contacted the sheriff. Bryant and Milam were questioned by Leflore County sheriff, George Smith. They admitted they had taken the boy from his great-uncle's yard, but claimed they had released him the same night in front of Bryant's store. Bryant and Milam were arrested for kidnapping. Word got out that <mask> was missing, and soon Medgar Evers, Mississippi state field secretary for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and Amzie Moore, head of the Bolivar County chapter, became involved. They disguised themselves as cotton pickers and went into the cotton fields in search of any information that might help find <mask>.Three days after his abduction and murder, <mask>'s swollen and disfigured body was found by two boys who were fishing in the Tallahatchie River. His head was very badly mutilated, he had been shot above the right ear, an eye was dislodged from the socket, there was evidence that he had been beaten on the back and the hips, and his body weighted by a fan blade, which was fastened around his neck with barbed wire. He was nude, but wearing a silver ring with the initials "L. T." and "May 25, 1943" carved in it. His face was unrecognizable due to trauma and having been submerged in water. Mose Wright was called to the river to identify <mask>. The silver ring that <mask> was wearing was removed, returned to Wright, and next passed on to the district attorney as evidence. Funeral and reaction

Although lynchings and racially motivated murders had occurred throughout the South for decades, the circumstances surrounding <mask>'s murder and the timing acted as a catalyst to attract national attention to the case of a 14-year-old boy who had allegedly been killed for breaching a social caste system.<mask>'s murder aroused feelings about segregation, law enforcement, relations between the North and South, the social status quo in Mississippi, the activities of the NAACP and the White Citizens' Councils, and the Cold War, all of which were played out in a drama staged in newspapers all over the U.S. and abroad. After <mask> went missing, a three-paragraph story was printed in the Greenwood Commonwealth and quickly picked up by other Mississippi newspapers. They reported on his death when the body was found. The next day, when a picture of him his mother had taken the previous Christmas showing them smiling together appeared in the Jackson Daily News and Vicksburg Evening Post, editorials and letters to the editor were printed expressing shame at the people who had caused <mask>'s death. One read, "Now is the time for every citizen who loves the state of Mississippi to 'Stand up and be counted' before hoodlum white trash brings us to destruction." The letter said that Negroes were not the downfall of Mississippi society, but whites like those in White Citizens' Councils that condoned violence. <mask>'s body was clothed, packed in lime, placed into a pine coffin and prepared for burial.It may have been embalmed while in Mississippi. Mamie <mask> demanded that the body be sent to Chicago; she later said that she worked to halt an immediate burial in Mississippi and called several local and state authorities in Illinois and Mississippi to make sure that her son was returned to Chicago. A doctor did not examine <mask> post-mortem. Mississippi's governor, Hugh L. White, deplored the murder, asserting that local authorities should pursue a "vigorous prosecution". He sent a telegram to the national offices of the NAACP, promising a full investigation and assuring them "Mississippi does not condone such conduct". Delta residents, both black and white, also distanced themselves from <mask>'s murder, finding the circumstances abhorrent. Local newspaper editorials denounced the murderers without question.Leflore County Deputy Sheriff John Cothran stated, "The white people around here feel pretty mad about the way that poor little boy was treated, and they won't stand for this." Soon, however, discourse about <mask>'s murder became more complex. Robert B. Patterson, executive secretary of the segregationist White Citizens' Council, used <mask>'s death to claim that racial segregation policies were to provide for blacks' safety and that their efforts were being neutralized by the NAACP. In response, NAACP executive secretary Roy Wilkins characterized the incident as a lynching and said that Mississippi was trying to maintain white supremacy through murder. He said, "there is in the entire state no restraining influence of decency, not in the state capital, among the daily newspapers, the clergy, nor any segment of the so-called better citizens." Mamie <mask> told a reporter that she would seek legal aid to help law enforcement find her son's killers and that the State of Mississippi should share the financial responsibility. She was misquoted; it was reported as  "Mississippi is going to pay for this."The A. A. Rayner Funeral Home in Chicago received <mask>'s body. Upon arrival, Bradley insisted on viewing it to make a positive identification, later stating that the stench from it was noticeable two blocks away. She decided to have an open-casket funeral, saying: "There was just no way I could describe what was in that box. No way. And I just wanted the world to see." Tens of thousands of people lined the street outside the mortuary to view <mask>'s body, and days later thousands more attended his funeral at Roberts Temple Church of God in Christ.Photographs of his mutilated corpse circulated around the country, notably appearing in Jet magazine and The Chicago Defender, both black publications, generating intense public reaction. According to The Nation and Newsweek, Chicago's black community was "aroused as it has not been over any similar act in recent history". Time later selected one of the Jet photographs showing Mamie <mask> over the mutilated body of her dead son, as one of the 100 "most influential images of all time": "For almost a century, African Americans were lynched with regularity and impunity. Now, thanks to a mother's determination to expose the barbarousness of the crime, the public could no longer pretend to ignore what they couldn't see." <mask> was buried on September 6 in Burr Oak Cemetery in Alsip, Illinois. News about <mask> <mask> spread to both coasts. Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley and Illinois Governor William Stratton also became involved, urging Mississippi Governor White to see that justice was done.The tone in Mississippi newspapers changed dramatically. They falsely reported riots in the funeral home in Chicago. Bryant and Milam appeared in photos smiling and wearing military uniforms, and Carolyn Bryant's beauty and virtue were extolled. Rumors of an invasion of outraged blacks and northern whites were printed throughout the state, and were taken seriously by the Leflore County Sheriff. T. R. M. Howard, a local businessman, surgeon, and civil rights proponent and one of the wealthiest blacks in the state, warned of a "second civil war" if "slaughtering of Negroes" was allowed. Following Roy Wilkins' comments, white opinion began to shift. According to historian Stephen J. Whitfield, a specific brand of xenophobia in the South was particularly strong in Mississippi.Whites were urged to reject the influence of Northern opinion and agitation. This independent attitude was profound enough in Tallahatchie County that it earned the nickname "The Freestate of Tallahatchie", according to a former sheriff, "because people here do what they damn well please", making the county often difficult to govern. Tallahatchie County Sheriff Clarence Strider, who initially positively identified <mask>'s body and stated that the case against Milam and Bryant was "pretty good", on September 3 announced his doubts that the body pulled from the Tallahatchie River was that of <mask>. He speculated that the boy was probably still alive. Strider suggested that the recovered body had been planted by the NAACP: a corpse stolen by T. R. M. Howard, who colluded to place <mask>'s ring on it. Strider changed his account after comments were published in the press denigrating the people of Mississippi, later saying: "The last thing I wanted to do was to defend those peckerwoods. But I just had no choice about it."Bryant and Milam were indicted for murder. The state's prosecuting attorney, Hamilton Caldwell, was not confident that he could get a conviction in a case of white violence against a black male accused of insulting a white woman. A local black paper was surprised at the indictment and praised the decision, as did The New York Times. The high-profile comments published in Northern newspapers and by the NAACP were of concern to the prosecuting attorney, Gerald Chatham; he worried that his office would not be able to secure a guilty verdict, despite the compelling evidence. Having limited funds, Bryant and Milam initially had difficulty finding attorneys to represent them, but five attorneys at a Sumner law firm offered their services pro bono. Their supporters placed collection jars in stores and other public places in the Delta, eventually gathering $10,000 for the defense. Trial
The trial was held in the county courthouse in Sumner, the western seat of Tallahatchie County, because <mask>'s body was found in this area.Sumner had one boarding house; the small town was besieged by reporters from all over the country. David Halberstam called the trial "the first great media event of the civil rights movement". A reporter who had covered the trials of Bruno Hauptmann and Machine Gun Kelly remarked that this was the most publicity for any trial he had ever seen. No hotels were open to black visitors. Mamie <mask> arrived to testify, and the trial also attracted black congressman Charles Diggs from Michigan. Bradley, Diggs, and several black reporters stayed at T. R. M. Howard's home in Mound Bayou. Located on a large lot and surrounded by Howard's armed guards, it resembled a compound.The day before the start of the trial, a young black man named Frank Young arrived to tell Howard he knew of two witnesses to the crime. Levi "Too Tight" Collins and Henry Lee Loggins were black employees of Leslie Milam, J. W.'s brother, in whose shed <mask> was beaten. Collins and Loggins were spotted with J. W. Milam, Bryant, and <mask>. The prosecution team was unaware of Collins and Loggins. Sheriff Strider, however, booked them into the Charleston, Mississippi, jail to keep them from testifying. The trial was held in September 1955 and lasted for five days; attendees remembered that the weather was very hot. The courtroom was filled to capacity with 280 spectators; black attendees sat in segregated sections.Press from major national newspapers attended, including black publications; black reporters were required to sit in the segregated black section and away from the white press, farther from the jury. Sheriff Strider welcomed black spectators coming back from lunch with a cheerful, "Hello, Niggers!" Some visitors from the North found the court to be run with surprising informality. Jury members were allowed to drink beer on duty, and many white male spectators wore handguns. The defense sought to cast doubt on the identity of the body pulled from the river. They said it could not be positively identified, and they questioned whether <mask> was dead at all. The defense also asserted that although Bryant and Milam had taken <mask> from his great-uncle's house, they had released him that night.The defense attorneys attempted to prove that Mose Wright—who was addressed as "Uncle Mose" by the prosecution and "Mose" by the defense—could not identify Bryant and Milam as the men who took <mask> from his cabin. They noted that only Milam's flashlight had been in use that night, and no other lights in the house were turned on. Milam and Bryant had identified themselves to Wright the evening they took <mask>; Wright said he had only seen Milam clearly. Wright's testimony was considered remarkably courageous. It may have been the first time in the South that a black man had testified to the guilt of a white man in court—and lived. Journalist James Hicks, who worked for the black news wire service, the National Negro Publishers Association (later renamed the National Newspaper Publishers Association), was present in the courtroom; he was especially impressed that Wright stood to identify Milam, pointing to him and saying "There he is", calling it a historic moment and one filled with "electricity". A writer for the New York Post noted that following his identification, Wright sat "with a lurch which told better than anything else the cost in strength to him of the thing he had done".A reporter who covered the trial for the New Orleans Times-Picayune said it was "the most dramatic thing I saw in my career".

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 Mamie <mask> testified that she had instructed her son to watch his manners in Mississippi and that should a situation ever come to his being asked to get on his knees to ask forgiveness of a white person, he should do it without a thought. The defense questioned her identification of her son in the casket in Chicago and a $400 life insurance policy she had taken out on him. While the trial progressed, Leflore County Sheriff George Smith, Howard, and several reporters, both black and white, attempted to locate Collins and Loggins. They could not, but found three witnesses who had seen Collins and Loggins with Milam and Bryant on Leslie Milam's property. Two of them testified that they heard someone being beaten, blows, and cries. One testified so quietly the judge ordered him several times to speak louder; he said he heard the victim call out: "Mama, Lord have mercy.Lord have mercy." Judge Curtis Swango allowed Carolyn Bryant to testify, but not in front of the jury, after the prosecution objected that her testimony was irrelevant to <mask>'s abduction and murder. It may have been leaked in any case to the jury. Sheriff Strider testified for the defense his theory that <mask> was alive, and that the body retrieved from the river was white. A doctor from Greenwood stated on the stand that the body was too decomposed to identify, and therefore had been in the water too long for it to be <mask>. In the concluding statements, one prosecuting attorney said that what <mask> did was wrong, but that his action warranted a spanking, not murder. Gerald Chatham passionately called for justice and mocked the sheriff and doctor's statements that alluded to a conspiracy.Mamie Bradley indicated she was very impressed with his summation. The defense stated that the prosecution's theory of the events the night <mask> was murdered was improbable, and said the jury's "forefathers would turn over in their graves" if they convicted Bryant and Milam. Only three outcomes were possible in Mississippi for capital murder: life imprisonment, the death penalty, or acquittal. On September 23 the all-white, all-male jury (both women and blacks had been banned) acquitted both defendants after a 67-minute deliberation; one juror said, "If we hadn't stopped to drink pop, it wouldn't have taken that long." In post-trial analyses, blame for the outcome varied. Mamie <mask> was criticized for not crying enough on the stand. The jury was noted to have been picked almost exclusively from the hill country section of Tallahatchie County, which, due to its poorer economic make-up, found whites and blacks competing for land and other agrarian opportunities.Unlike the population living closer to the river (and thus closer to Bryant and Milam in Leflore County), who possessed a noblesse oblige outlook toward blacks, according to historian Stephen Whitaker, those in the eastern part of the county were virulent in their racism. The prosecution was criticized for dismissing any potential juror who knew Milam or Bryant personally, for fear that such a juror would vote to acquit. Afterwards, Whitaker noted that this had been a mistake, as those who knew the defendants usually disliked them. One juror voted twice to convict, but on the third discussion, voted with the rest of the jury to acquit. In later interviews, the jurors acknowledged that they knew Bryant and Milam were guilty, but simply did not believe that life imprisonment or the death penalty were fit punishment for whites who had killed a black man. However, two jurors said as late as 2005 that they believed the defense's case. They also said that the prosecution had not proved that <mask> had died, nor that it was his body that was removed from the river.In November 1955, a grand jury declined to indict Bryant and Milam for kidnapping, despite their own admissions of having taken <mask>. Mose Wright and a young man named Willie Reed, who testified to seeing Milam enter the shed from which screams and blows were heard, both testified in front of the grand jury. After the trial, T. R. M. Howard paid the costs of relocating to Chicago for Wright, Reed, and another black witness who testified against Milam and Bryant, in order to protect the three witnesses from reprisals for having testified. Reed, who later changed his name to Willie Louis to avoid being found, continued to live in the Chicago area until his death on July 18, 2013. He avoided publicity and even kept his history secret from his wife until she was told by a relative. Reed began to speak publicly about the case in the PBS documentary The Murder of <mask> <mask>, aired in 2003. Media discourse
Newspapers in major international cities and religious, and socialist publications reported outrage about the verdict and strong criticism of American society.Southern newspapers, particularly in Mississippi, wrote that the court system had done its job. <mask>'s story continued to make the news for weeks following the trial, sparking debate in newspapers, among the NAACP and various high-profile segregationists about justice for blacks and the propriety of Jim Crow society. In October 1955, the Jackson Daily News reported facts about <mask>'s father that had been suppressed by the U.S. military. While serving in Italy, <mask> raped two women and killed a third. He was court-martialed and executed by hanging by the Army near Pisa in July 1945. Mamie <mask> and her family knew none of this, having been told only that Louis had been killed for "willful misconduct". Mississippi senators James Eastland and John C. Stennis probed Army records and revealed <mask>'s crimes.Although <mask> <mask>'s murder trial was over, news about his father was carried on the front pages of Mississippi newspapers for weeks in October and November 1955. This renewed debate about <mask> <mask>'s actions and Carolyn Bryant's integrity. Stephen Whitfield writes that the lack of attention paid to identifying or finding <mask> is "strange" compared to the amount of published discourse about his father. According to historians Davis Houck and Matthew Grindy, "<mask> became a most important rhetorical pawn in the high-stakes game of north versus south, black versus white, NAACP versus White Citizens' Councils". In 2016, reviewing the facts of the rapes and murder for which <mask> had been executed, John Edgar Wideman posited that, given the timing of the publicity about <mask>'s father, although the defendants had already confessed to taking <mask> from his uncle's house, the post-murder trial grand jury refused to even indict them for kidnapping. Wideman also presented evidence suggesting that the conviction and punishment of <mask> may have been racially motivated. Protected against double jeopardy, Bryant and Milam struck a deal with Look magazine in 1956 to tell their story to journalist William Bradford Huie for between $3,600 and $4,000.The interview took place in the law firm of the attorneys who had defended Bryant and Milam. Huie did not ask the questions; Bryant and Milam's own attorneys did. Neither attorney had heard their clients' accounts of the murder before. According to Huie, the older Milam was more articulate and sure of himself than the younger Bryant. Milam admitted to shooting <mask> and neither of them believed they were guilty or that they had done anything wrong. Reaction to Huie's interview with Bryant and Milam was explosive. Their brazen admission that they had murdered <mask> caused prominent civil rights leaders to push the federal government harder to investigate the case.<mask>'s murder contributed to congressional passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957: it authorized the U.S. Department of Justice to intervene in local law enforcement issues when individual civil rights were being compromised. Huie's interview, in which Milam and Bryant said they had acted alone, overshadowed inconsistencies in earlier versions of the stories. As a consequence, details about others who had possibly been involved in <mask>'s abduction and murder, or the subsequent cover-up, were forgotten, according to historians David and Linda Beito. Later events
<mask>'s murder increased fears in the local black community that they would be subjected to violence and the law would not protect them. According to Deloris Melton Gresham, whose father was killed a few months after <mask>, "At that time, they used to say that 'it's open season on n*****s.' Kill'em and get away with it." After Bryant and Milam admitted to Huie that they had killed <mask>, the support base of the two men eroded in Mississippi. Many of their former friends and supporters, including those who had contributed to their defense funds, cut them off.Blacks boycotted their shops, which went bankrupt and closed, and banks refused to grant them loans to plant crops. After struggling to secure a loan and find someone who would rent to him, Milam managed to secure  and a $4,000 loan to plant cotton, but blacks refused to work for him. He was forced to pay whites higher wages. Eventually, Milam and Bryant relocated to Texas, but their infamy followed them; they continued to generate animosity from locals. In 1961, while in Texas, when Bryant recognized the license plate of a Tallahatchie County resident, he called out a greeting and identified himself. The resident, upon hearing the name, drove away without speaking to Bryant. After several years, they returned to Mississippi.Milam found work as a heavy equipment operator, but ill health forced him into retirement. Over the years, Milam was tried for offenses such as assault and battery, writing bad checks, and using a stolen credit card. He died of spinal cancer on December 30, 1980, at the age of 61. Bryant worked as a welder while in Texas, until increasing blindness forced him to give up this employment. At some point, he and Carolyn divorced; he remarried in 1980. He opened a store in Ruleville, Mississippi. He was convicted in 1984 and 1988 of food stamp fraud.In a 1985 interview, he denied killing <mask> despite having admitted to it in 1956, but said: "if <mask> <mask> hadn't got out of line, it probably wouldn't have happened to him." Fearing economic boycotts and retaliation, Bryant lived a private life and refused to be photographed or reveal the exact location of his store, explaining: "this new generation is different and I don't want to worry about a bullet some dark night". He died of cancer on September 1, 1994, at the age of 63. <mask>'s mother married Gene Mobley, became a teacher, and changed her surname to <mask>. She continued to educate people about her son's murder. In 1992, <mask>-Mobley had the opportunity to listen while Bryant was interviewed about his involvement in <mask>'s murder. With Bryant unaware that <mask> was listening, he asserted that <mask> had ruined his life, expressed no remorse, and said: "<mask> <mask> is dead.I don't know why he can't just stay dead." In 1996, documentary filmmaker Keith Beauchamp, who was greatly moved by <mask>'s open-casket photograph, started background research for a feature film he planned to make about <mask>'s murder. He asserted that as many as 14 people may have been involved, including Carolyn Bryant Donham (who by this point had remarried). Mose Wright heard someone with "a lighter voice" affirm that <mask> was the one in his front yard immediately before Bryant and Milam drove away with the boy. Beauchamp spent the next nine years producing The Untold Story of <mask> <mask>, released in 2003. That same year, PBS aired an installment of American Experience titled The Murder of <mask> <mask>. In 2005, CBS journalist Ed Bradley aired a 60 Minutes report investigating the <mask> murder, part of which showed him tracking down Carolyn Bryant at her home in Greenville, Mississippi.A 1991 book written by Stephen J. Whitfield, another by Christopher Metress in 2002, and Mamie <mask>'s memoirs the next year all posed questions as to who was involved in the murder and cover-up. Federal authorities in the 21st century worked to resolve the questions about the identity of the body pulled from the Tallahatchie River. In 2004, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) announced that it was reopening the case to determine whether anyone other than Milam and Bryant was involved. David T. Beito, a professor at the University of Alabama, states that <mask>'s murder "has this mythic quality like the Kennedy assassination". The DOJ had undertaken to investigate numerous cold cases dating to the civil rights movement, in the hope of finding new evidence in other murders as well. The body was exhumed, and the Cook County coroner conducted an autopsy in 2005. Using DNA from <mask>'s relatives, dental comparisons to images taken of <mask>, and anthropological analysis, the exhumed body was positively identified as that of <mask>.It had extensive cranial damage, a broken left femur, and two broken wrists. Metallic fragments found in the skull were consistent with bullets being fired from a .45 caliber gun. In February 2007, a Leflore County grand jury, composed primarily of black jurors and empaneled by Joyce Chiles, a black prosecutor, found no credible basis for Beauchamp's claim that 14 people took part in <mask>'s abduction and murder. Beauchamp was angry with the finding. David Beito and Juan Williams, who worked on the reading materials for the Eyes on the Prize documentary, were critical of Beauchamp for trying to revise history and taking attention away from other cold cases. The grand jury failed to find sufficient cause for charges against Carolyn Bryant Donham. Neither the FBI nor the grand jury found any credible evidence that Henry Lee Loggins, identified by Beauchamp as a suspect who could be charged, had any role in the crime.Other than Loggins, Beauchamp refused to name any of the people he alleged were involved. Historical markers

The first highway marker remembering <mask> <mask>, erected in 2006, was defaced with "KKK", and then completely covered with black paint. In 2007, eight markers were erected at sites associated with <mask>'s lynching. The marker at the "River Spot" where <mask>'s body was found was torn down in 2008, presumably thrown in the river. A replacement sign received more than 100 bullet holes over the next few years. Another replacement was installed in June 2018, and in July it was vandalized by bullets. Three University of Mississippi students were suspended from their fraternity after posing in front of the bullet-riddled marker, with guns, and uploading the photo to Instagram.As stated by Jerry Mitchell, "It is not clear whether the fraternity students shot the sign or are simply posing before it." In 2019, a fourth sign was erected. It is made of steel, weighs , is over  thick, and is said by its manufacturer to be indestructible. Claim that Carolyn Bryant recanted her testimony
In 2017, author Timothy Tyson released details of a 2008 interview with Carolyn Bryant. He claimed that during the interview she had disclosed that she had fabricated parts of her testimony at the trial. Tyson said that during the interview, Bryant retracted her testimony that <mask> had grabbed her around her waist and uttered obscenities, saying "that part's not true". The jury did not hear Bryant's testimony at the trial as the judge had ruled it inadmissible, but the court spectators heard.The defense wanted Bryant's testimony as evidence for a possible appeal in case of a conviction. In the 2008 interview, the 72-year-old Bryant said she could not remember the rest of the events that occurred between her and <mask> in the grocery store. She also said: "nothing that boy did could ever justify what happened to him". Tyson said that Roy Bryant had been abusive toward Carolyn, and "it was clear she was frightened of her husband". Tyson believed Carolyn embellished her testimony under coercive circumstances. Bryant described Milam as "domineering and brutal and not a kind man". An editorial in The New York Times said, regarding Bryant's admission that portions of her testimony were false: "This admission is a reminder of how black lives were sacrificed to white lies in places like Mississippi.It also raises anew the question of why no one was brought to justice in the most notorious racially motivated murder of the 20th century, despite an extensive investigation by the F.B.I." The New York Times quoted Wheeler Parker, a cousin of <mask>'s, who said: "I was hoping that one day she [Bryant] would admit it, so it matters to me that she did, and it gives me some satisfaction. It's important to people understanding how the word of a white person against a black person was law, and a lot of black people lost their lives because of it. It really speaks to history, it shows what black people went through in those days." In a report to Congress in March 2018, the U.S. Department of Justice stated that it was reopening the investigation into <mask>'s death due to new information. However, the 'recanting' claim made by Tyson was not on his tape-recording of the interview. "It is true that

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 that part is not on tape because I was setting up the tape recorder" Tyson said.Donham's daughter-in-law, Marsha Bryant, who was present for the two interviews, said her mother-in-law "never recanted". The support Tyson provided to back up his claim, was a handwritten note that he said had been made at the time. In December 2021, the U.S. Justice Department announced that it had closed its investigation in the case. Influence on civil rights

<mask>'s case attracted widespread attention because of the brutality of the lynching, the victim's young age, and the acquittal of the two men who later admitted killing him. It became emblematic of the injustices suffered by blacks in the South. In 1955 The Chicago Defender urged its readers to react to the acquittal by voting in large numbers; this was to counter the disenfranchisement since 1890 of most blacks in Mississippi by the white-dominated legislature; other southern states followed this model, excluding hundreds of thousands of citizens from politics. Myrlie Evers, the widow of Medgar Evers, said in 1985 that <mask>'s case resonated so strongly because it "shook the foundations of Mississippi—both black and white, because ... with the white community ... it had become nationally publicized ... with us as blacks ... it said, even a child was not safe from racism and bigotry and death."The NAACP asked Mamie <mask> to tour the country relating the events of her son's life, death, and the trial of his murderers. It was one of the most successful fundraising campaigns the NAACP had ever conducted. Journalist Louis Lomax acknowledges <mask>'s death to be the start of what he terms the "Negro revolt", and scholar Clenora Hudson-Weems characterizes <mask> as a "sacrificial lamb" for civil rights. NAACP operative Amzie Moore considers <mask> the start of the Civil Rights Movement, at the very least, in Mississippi. The 1987 Eyes on the Prize, a 14-hour Emmy award-winning documentary, begins with the murder of <mask> <mask>. Accompanying written materials for the series, Eyes on the Prize and Voices of Freedom (for the second time period), exhaustively explore the major figures and events of the Civil Rights Movement. Stephen Whitaker states that, as a result of the attention <mask>'s death and the trial received,

In Montgomery, Rosa Parks attended a rally for <mask>, led by Martin Luther King Jr.Soon after, she refused to give up her seat on a segregated bus to a white passenger. The incident sparked a year-long well-organized grassroots boycott of the public bus system. The boycott was designed to force the city to change its segregation policies. Parks later said when she did not get up and move to the rear of the bus, "I thought of <mask> <mask> and I just couldn't go back." According to author Clayborne Carson, <mask>'s death and the widespread coverage of the students integrating Little Rock Central High School in 1957 were especially profound for younger blacks: "It was out of this festering discontent and an awareness of earlier isolated protests that the sit-ins of the 1960s were born." After seeing pictures of <mask>'s mutilated body, in Louisville, Kentucky, young Cassius Clay (later famed boxer Muhammad Ali) and a friend took out their frustration by vandalizing a local railyard, causing a locomotive engine to derail. In 1963, Sunflower County resident and sharecropper Fannie Lou Hamer was jailed and beaten for attempting to register to vote.The next year, she led a massive voter registration drive in the Delta region, and volunteers worked on Freedom Summer throughout the state. Before 1954, 265 black people were registered to vote in three Delta counties, where they were a majority of the population. At this time, blacks made up 41% of the total state population. The summer <mask> <mask> was killed, the number of registered voters in those three counties dropped to 90. By the end of 1955, fourteen Mississippi counties had no registered black voters. The Mississippi Freedom Summer of 1964 registered 63,000 black voters in a simplified process administered by the project; they formed their own political party because they were closed out of the Democratic Regulars in Mississippi. Legacy and honors

 A statue was unveiled in Denver in 1976 (and has since been moved to Pueblo, Colorado) featuring <mask> with Martin Luther King Jr.In 1984, a section of 71st Street in Chicago was named "<mask> <mask> Road" and in 2005, the 71st street bridge was named in his honor. In 1989, <mask> was included among the forty names of people who had died in the Civil Rights Movement; they are listed as martyrs on the granite sculpture of the Civil Rights Memorial in Montgomery, Alabama. A demonstration for <mask> was held in 2000 in Selma, Alabama, on the 35th anniversary of the march over the Edmund Pettus Bridge. His mother Mamie <mask> attended and later wrote in her memoirs: "I realized that <mask> had achieved the significant impact in death that he had been denied in life. Even so, I had never wanted <mask> to be a martyr. I only wanted him to be a good son. Although I realized all the great things that had been accomplished largely because of the sacrifices made by so many people, I found myself wishing that somehow we could have done it another way."In 2005, James McCosh Elementary School in Chicago, where <mask> Louis Till Math And Science Academy". In 2006 the "Emmett Till Memorial Highway" was dedicated between Greenwood and Tutwiler, Mississippi; this was the route his body was taken to the train station, to be returned to his mother for burial in Chicago. It intersects with the H. C. "Clarence" Strider Memorial Highway. In 2006 the Emmett Till Memorial Commission was established by the Tallahatchie Board of Supervisors
 In 2007, the Emmett Till Memorial Commission issued a formal apology to <mask>'s family at an event attended by 400 people. It reads
We the citizens of Tallahatchie County recognize that the <mask> <mask> case was a terrible miscarriage of justice. We state candidly and with deep regret the failure to effectively pursue justice. We wish to say to the family of <mask> <mask> that we are profoundly sorry for what was done in this community to your loved one.The same year, Georgia congressman John Lewis sponsored a bill to provide a plan for investigating and prosecuting unsolved (cold case) Civil Rights-era murders. The Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act was signed into law in 2008. In 2008 a memorial plaque that was erected in Tallahatchie County, next to the Tallahatchie River at Graball Landing where <mask>'s body was retrieved, was stolen, and never recovered. The plaque was a "frequent target for racist vandalism". The location is in a remote area and down a gravel road, meaning that vandals had to go out of the way to get to it. Its replacement was soon also shot up, as was the replacement sign after that. In October 2019, a new bulletproof sign costing over $10,000, and weighing over  was installed.In November 2019, a group of white supremacists was caught making a propaganda video in front of the sign raising new concerns that more vandalism is being planned. The group was carrying a white flag with a black St. Andrews cross, a flag commonly used by a racist Neo-Confederate group called the League of the South. The group quickly scattered when they set off alarms designed to protect the sign. The Tallahatchie County Courthouse in Sumner, site of the 1955 trial of <mask>'s killers, was restored and re-opened in 2012. The Emmett Till Interpretive Center opened across the street and is also serving as a community center. The Emmett <mask> Memorial Project is an associated website and smartphone app to commemorate <mask> <mask> archives. A 2018 film about the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine introduced a starship named after <mask>, the USS Emmett <mask>. In 2020, the National Trust for Historic Preservation named Roberts Temple Church of God in Christ, the site of <mask>'s funeral, as one of America's most endangered historic places. In 2022, the U.S. Senate voted to award <mask> <mask> and his mother, Mamie <mask>, the Congressional Gold Medal, forwarding the measure for concurrent action in the U.S. House of Representatives. Casket

During a renewed investigation of the crime in 2005, the Department of Justice exhumed <mask>'s remains to conduct an autopsy and DNA analysis which confirmed the identification of his body. As required by state reburial law, <mask> was reinterred in a new casket later that year.In 2009, his original glass-topped casket was found, rusting in a dilapidated storage shed at the cemetery. The casket was discolored and the interior fabric torn. It bore evidence that animals had been living in it, although its glass top was still intact. The Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, D.C. acquired the casket a month later. Representation in culture
Langston Hughes dedicated an untitled poem (eventually to be known as "Mississippi—1955") to <mask> in his October 1, 1955, column in The Chicago Defender. It was reprinted across the country and continued to be republished with various changes from different writers. Author William Faulkner, a prominent white Mississippi native who often focused on racial issues, wrote two essays on <mask>: one before the trial in which he pleaded for American unity and one after, a piece titled "On Fear" that was published in Harper's in 1956.In it he questioned why the tenets of segregation were based on irrational reasoning. <mask>'s murder was the focus of a 1957 television episode for the U.S. Steel Hour titled "Noon on Doomsday" written by Rod Serling. He was fascinated by how quickly Mississippi whites supported Bryant and Milam. Although the script was rewritten to avoid mention of <mask>, and did not say that the murder victim was black, White Citizens' Councils vowed to boycott U.S. Steel. The eventual episode bore little resemblance to the <mask> case. Gwendolyn Brooks wrote a poem titled "A Bronzeville Mother Loiters in Mississippi. Meanwhile, A Mississippi Mother Burns Bacon" (1960).The same year Harper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird, in which a white attorney is committed to defending a black man named Tom Robinson, accused of raping a white woman. Lee, whose novel had a profound effect on civil rights, never commented on why she wrote about Robinson. Literature professor Patrick Chura noted several similarities between <mask>'s case and that of Robinson. Writer James Baldwin loosely based his 1964 drama Blues for Mister Charlie on the <mask> case. He later divulged that <mask>'s murder had been bothering him for several years. Anne Moody mentioned the <mask> case in her autobiography, Coming of Age in Mississippi, in which she states she first learned to hate during the fall of 1955. Audre Lorde's poem "Afterimages" (1981) focuses on the perspective of a black woman thinking of Carolyn Bryant 24 years after the murder and trial.Bebe Moore Campbell's 1992 novel Your Blues Ain't Like Mine centers on the events of <mask>'s death. Toni Morrison mentions <mask>'s death in the novel Song of Solomon (1977) and later wrote the play Dreaming Emmett (1986), which follows <mask>'s life and the aftermath of his death. The play is a feminist look at the roles of men and women in black society, which she was inspired to write while considering "time through the eyes of one person who could come back to life and seek vengeance". Emmylou Harris includes a song called "My Name is <mask> <mask>" on her 2011 album, Hard Bargain. According to scholar Christopher Metress, <mask> is often reconfigured in literature as a specter that haunts the white people of Mississippi, causing them to question their involvement in evil, or silence about injustice. The 2002 book Mississippi Trials, 1955 is a fictionalized account of <mask>'s death. The 2015 song by Janelle Monáe "Hell You Talmbout" invokes the names of African-American people – including <mask> <mask> – who died as a result of encounters with law enforcement or racial violence.In 2016 artist Dana Schutz painted Open Casket, a work based on photographs of <mask> in his coffin as well as on an account by <mask>'s mother of seeing him after his death. Documentaries
  The Murder and the Movement: The Story of the Murder of <mask> <mask> (1985) by Rich Samuel and produced by Anna Vasser (originally aired on WMAQ-TV in Chicago)
 The Murder of <mask> <mask> which aired during Season 15 of the TV series American Experience: website links to program transcript and additional materials for the PBS film
 The Untold Story of <mask> <mask> (2005) by Keith Beauchamp
 Eyes on the Prize:  Transcript of 2006 PBS documentary

Books, plays, and other works inspired by <mask>

This section includes creative works inspired by <mask>. For non-fiction books on <mask>, see Bibliography, below. Songs
 "The Death of Emmett <mask>", (1955) written by A. C. Bilbrew, recorded by The Ramparts with Scatman Crothers
 "The Ballad of Emmett <mask>" (1956), recorded by Red River Dave (David McEnery), in the TNT label's True Story Series
 "My Name is <mask> <mask>", (2013) from Hard Bargain, the twenty-sixth studio album by Emmylou Harris. "Too Many Martyrs" (1964) by Phil Ochs, mentions and eulogizes <mask>
"The Death of Emmett <mask>" (1962), also known as "The Ballad of Emmett <mask>", by Bob Dylan
 "Emmett's Ghost" written and recorded by American blues singer Eric Bibb. Other
 Poem: "Emmett Till" (1991) by James Emanuel
 Wolf Whistle (1993) by Lewis Nordan
 Juvenile fiction: Mississippi Trial, 1955 (2003) by Chris Crowe
 Drama: The State of Mississippi and the Face of Emmett Till (2005) by David Barr
 Poem: "A Wreath for <mask> Till" (2005) by Marilyn Nelson
 The Sacred Place (2007) by Daniel Black
 Musical: The Ballad of Emmett Till (2008) by Ifa Bayeza
 Drama: Anne and <mask> (2009) by Janet Langhart. An imaginary conversation between Till and Anne Frank, both killed as young teenagers because of racial persecution, the play features recorded narration by Morgan Freeman.Gathering of Waters (2012) by Bernice L. McFadden
 Painting: <mask> <mask>: How She Sent Him and How She Got Him Back (2012) by Lisa Whittington, on display at the Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
 Film: Ava DuVernay was commissioned by the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture to create a film which debuted at the museum's opening on September 24, 2016. This film, August 28: A Day in the Life of a People (2016), tells of six significant events in African-American history that happened on the same date, August 28. Events depicted include (among others) <mask>'s lynching. Film: My Nephew Emmett dramatizes <mask>'s uncle Mose Wright waiting for <mask>'s killers. The film was nominated for the Oscar for best live action short, 2018. Television series: HBO's science-fiction horror series Lovecraft Country features a version of <mask>, portrayed by Rhyan Hill, as a recurring character who appears in 2 episodes. The episode "Jig-A-Bobo" recreates <mask>'s funeral in Chicago.Gallery

See also

 1920 Duluth lynchings
 Isaac Woodard
 Louis Allen
 Ossian Sweet
 Scottsboro Boys

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Federal Bureau of Investigation (February 9, 2006). Prosecutive Report of Investigation Concerning (<mask> <mask>) Part 1 & Part 2 (PDF). Retrieved October 2011. Further reading

 The original 1955 Jet magazine with <mask> <mask>'s murder story pp. 6–9, and <mask> <mask>'s Legacy 50 Years Later" in Jet, 2005. NPR pieces on the <mask> <mask> murder
 Devery S. Anderson, "A Wallet, a White Woman, and a Whistle: Fact and Fiction in <mask> <mask>'s Encounter in Money, Mississippi" (PDF) The Southern Quarterly (July 2008)
 Booknotes interview with Christopher Benson on Death of Innocence: The Story of the Hate Crime That Changed America, April 25, 2004. Testimony of Carolyn Bryant at trial of Roy Bryant and J. W. Milam

External links

Emmett Till Archives Florida State University
Documents regarding the Emmett <mask> Case Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
Video interview with Mamie <mask> <mask> <mask>'s mother
"Emmett <mask> Murder", Civil Rights Digital Library.Treading the Tightrope of Jim Crow: <mask> <mask>. The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks. 2006 FBI investigation and transcript of 1955 trial (464 pages)
Emmett Till Interpretative Center
Emmett Till Historic Intrepid Center
Mamie Till Mobley Memorial Foundation

1941 births
1955 deaths
1955 murders in the United States
African-American history of Mississippi
Burials in Illinois
Deaths by beating in the United States
Deaths by firearm in Mississippi
History of African-American civil rights
Incidents of violence against boys
Lynching deaths in Mississippi
Male murder victims
Murdered African-American people
Murdered American children
People from Summit, Illinois
People murdered in Mississippi
Racially motivated violence against African Americans
Tallahatchie County, Mississippi

Burials at Burr Oak

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<mask> (born April 23, 1967) is an American politician. He has been a Republican member of the Virginia House of Delegates since 2002. In 2013, <mask> ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for Attorney General of Virginia. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Palo Alto, California on April 23, 1967. <mask> worked as a convention volunteer and part-time intern for game company Iron Crown Enterprises (ICE) while attending classes at the University of Virginia, and began working for ICE full-time as an editor in 1988. <mask> expanded and unified the Hero System from Hero Games, licensed by ICE. The fourth edition of the role-playing game Champions (1989) was largely the work of <mask>; aside from writing the book, he had also coordinated a volunteer effort with dozens of gaming groups to give input and feedback on the Hero System.<mask> left ICE in 1990. After attending the University of Virginia, <mask> served as a state prosecutor in Orange County for five years. He later entered politics, occasionally continuing to take criminal defense matters. Virginia House of Delegates

Election
<mask> was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates in November 2001, representing the 58th district in the Virginia Piedmont, including Greene County and parts of Albemarle, Fluvanna and Rockingham Counties. <mask>'s seat was previously held by Thomas Jefferson. Abortion
In 2012, <mask> voted in favor of a bill requiring all women to undergo a transvaginal ultrasound prior to having an abortion, except in cases of rape and incest, wherein police reports must be presented. While hundreds of people participated in a silent protest outside the Virginia state capitol, <mask>, as the bill's patron, postponed a vote on the bill, which passed the next day.On March 1, 2012, <mask> voted in favor of an amended version of the bill requiring women to undergo a transabdominal ultrasound prior to an abortion if written consent for a transvaginal ultrasound is not obtained, and no ultrasound at all if the physician deems it impossible to determine fetal age through the prescribed means. In 2020, <mask> voted against the House Bill 552 on the definition of birth control "for the purposes of the regulation of medicine, as contraceptive methods that are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and provides that birth control shall not be considered abortion for the purposes of Title 18.2 (Crimes and Offenses Generally)." Citizenship inquiries
During the 2012 legislative session, <mask> was the primary sponsor of a bill requiring police to inquire into the citizenship of anyone arrested, regardless of criminal charges. The bill was widely criticized by civil rights organizations and failed to pass. Education
In 2012 and 2013, <mask> patroned the "Tebow Bill", named for Tim Tebow, which would allow homeschooled students meeting academic standards the opportunity to participate in public school sports teams and other extracurricular activities. In 2020, <mask> voted against HB-1355 which authorized the development of community schools where parents and children can receive aid from social services. In 2021, <mask> voted against HB-1980 that establishes scholarships and support for descendants of enslaved people to empower them out of the cycle of generational poverty.Employment
In 2020, Bell voted against HB-984 that allows civil action against an employer that knowingly misclassified an employee often as an independent contractor to avoid properly paying for labor. In 2020, Bell voted against HB-582 that authorizes local government employees to form unions and bargain collectively. LGBT community
In 2020, <mask> voted against the HB-1663 which "prohibited discrimination; public accommodations, employment, credit, and housing: causes of action; sexual orientation and gender identity"

In 2020, <mask> voted against HB-1041 that provided the opportunity for individuals to issue a new certificate to show a change of sex after their transition of their sex and verification from their healthcare provider to prove that the individual underwent the appropriate gender transition procedures. In 2021, during a special session, <mask> voted against HB-2132 which outlined that a person's sexual orientation and identity does not provide a proper defense to any charge of capital murder. Public safety
As of 2013, <mask> serves as the chairman of the Virginia State Crime Commission. In 2006, <mask> proposed legislation to bar violent sex offenders from school property, following public outrage over a convicted sex offender serving as a Santa Claus at an elementary school. In 2012, he proposed a bill expanding this ban to cover school buses and school-affiliated events.In 2008, <mask> proposed legislation to require school superintendents to screen job applicants for a history of child abuse convictions in Virginia and other states, as well as criminalize the misrepresentation of an applicant's offender status. Property rights
<mask> sponsored a legislatively referred constitutional amendment seeking to reform eminent domain in Virginia. The effort was initiated in part as a reaction to a 2005 US Supreme Court decision upholding the right of the government to seize property for economic development. The Virginia General Assembly approved the amendment in 2011, and then-Governor Bob McDonnell endorsed it. The proposed amendment was placed on the November 6, 2012, ballot as a statewide referendum, where it was approved. Attorney General campaigns
On December 6, 2011, <mask> announced that he was a candidate for the 2013 Republican nomination for Attorney General of Virginia. State Senator Mark Obenshain won the nomination over <mask> by a 55%–45% margin at a statewide convention in Richmond on May 18, 2013.On December 3, 2015, <mask> announced he would run again for the Republican nomination for Attorney General in the 2017 election, and vowed to oust incumbent Mark Herring, whom he cast as a liberal crusader with no regard for the law. However, on November 21, 2016, <mask> abruptly announced that he was ending his campaign because his children, one of whom has special needs, were facing "new challenges" and stated, "Despite my best efforts, it has become clear to me that I can’t possibly fulfill my responsibilities as a father while making a statewide run." He announced that he would return donations made to his attorney general campaign, and would run for re-election to his House seat. Electoral history

References

External links

Profile at Vote Smart

1967 births
20th-century American lawyers
21st-century American politicians
Candidates in the 2013 United States elections
Living people
Members of the Virginia House of Delegates
People from Albemarle County, Virginia
People from Palo Alto, California
Role-playing game designers
University of Virginia alumni
University of Virginia School of Law alumni
Virginia lawyers
Virginia Republicans

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<mask> (March 8, 1922 – January 21, 1989), nicknamed "The Reading Rifle" and "Skoonj", was an American professional baseball right fielder who played in Major League Baseball (MLB), spending his entire career with the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers. A member of seven National League (NL) champions from  to  inclusive, Furillo batted over .300 five times, winning the  batting title, with a .344 average — then the highest by a right-handed hitting Dodger since 1900. Noted for his strong and accurate throwing arm, he recorded 10 or more assists in nine consecutive seasons, leading the league twice, and retired with the fifth-most games in right field (1,408) in NL history. Early years, minor league baseball
<mask> was born in Stony Creek Mills, Pennsylvania. He was born from Italian immigrants from Campania. His father was from the province of Caserta and his mother was from the province of Benevento. He left school in the eighth grade, and often felt awkward among his teammates as a result; they would later recall that he rarely socialized with players who were better-educated.He signed with the Reading, Pennsylvania, team in the Interstate League, earning one of his nicknames with his powerful arm; the Dodgers were sufficiently impressed by his ability that they purchased the entire minor league franchise to acquire him. His other nickname, "Skoonj", came from the Italian word scungilli ("snail"), which was his favorite dish. Major league career
Arriving in the major leagues in , he batted .295 for the  NL pennant winners, finishing the year ninth in the league with 88 runs batted in. He was one of the key members on the Dodgers'  champions, hitting .322 (4th in the NL) with 18 home runs, and placing among the league's top ten players in RBI (106), slugging average (.506), hits (177), runs (95), triples (10) and total bases (278); he finished sixth in the voting for the MVP Award. In 1950 he batted .305 (7th in the league) with 18 home runs, 106 RBI, and a career-high 99 runs. He achieved a personal best with 197 hits, finishing third in the NL for the second year in a row, for the 1951 team which lost a legendary pennant playoff to the New York Giants; he also batted .295 (9th in the NL) with 91 RBI and 93 runs. In that year he set a team record with 667 at bats, exceeding Ivy Olson's  total of 652; Maury Wills broke his mark with 695 in .He became skilled at negotiating balls hit off the high right-field wall at Ebbets Field, and after he led the NL in assists in both 1950 (18) and 1951 (24), opposing runners were increasingly reluctant to challenge his arm. On August 27, 1951, he threw out Pittsburgh Pirates pitcher Mel Queen by two feet at first base after Queen had apparently singled into right field. During spring training of 1952, the New York Journal-American called <mask> "one of the best players in the game," calling his style one of "close mechanical perfection." <mask> batted only .247 for the  pennant winners, though he was selected to his first All-Star team. Diagnosed with cataracts, he had surgery in the offseason and returned with perhaps his best season, winning the batting title and collecting 21 home runs and 92 RBI with a career-best 38 doubles (3rd in the NL). His .344 average was the highest by a right-handed Dodgers hitter since Oyster Burns hit .354 in 1894; Tommy Davis would better him with a .346 mark in 1962. He was again named an All-Star, ending the year fifth in the league in slugging (.580), and finished ninth in the MVP balloting.<mask>'s season ended on September 6 against the Giants – he was batting against Rubén Gómez in the second inning, and opposing manager Leo Durocher was yelling for Gomez to "stick it in his ear"; <mask> was hit on the wrist by a pitch, and proceeded to first base, but with a 3–2 count on the next batter, Durocher and <mask> charged towards each other. <mask> got Durocher in a headlock, and in the ensuing brawl, Monte Irvin of the Giants stepped on <mask>'s hand, fracturing a knuckle on his little finger. For the  champions he was seventh in the league with a .314 average, along with 95 RBI and a career high of 26 homers. With the  team which repeated as NL champions, earning the team's seventh pennant in ten years, he slipped to a .289 average but maintained solid power totals with 21 homers, 83 RBI and 30 doubles. He hit .306 in the Dodgers' last season in Brooklyn in 1957, and batted .290 in their first year in Los Angeles, finishing eighth in the league with 83 RBI. With the  pennant team, his playing time was reduced to only 50 games, with just 25 of them in the outfield. But he had one last highlight in the playoff series against the Milwaukee Braves when he beat out a ground ball in the 12th inning of the second and final game, with Gil Hodges scoring from second base to win the NL flag.Release and controversy
The Dodgers released <mask> in May  while he was injured with a torn calf muscle; he sued the team, claiming they released him to avoid both the higher pension due a 15-year player and medical expenses, eventually collecting $21,000. He would later maintain that he was blackballed as a result and was unable to find a job within the sport – a charge denied by Commissioner Ford Frick. World Series exploits
<mask> played in seven World Series with the Dodgers, six of them against the New York Yankees, winning in 1955 and in 1959 against the Chicago White Sox. He had an excellent 1947 World Series, batting .353 in a seven-game loss; he had two RBI and scored a run in a 9–8 Game 3 victory, and scored the run which gave Brooklyn the lead for good in an 8–6 win in Game 6. He preserved a 6–5 victory in Game 5 of the 1952 World Series when he made a spectacular catch over the fence of an apparent home run by Johnny Mize – who had already homered three times in the Series – with one out in the eleventh inning. In the 1953 World Series he hit .333, and drove in the tying run in the seventh inning of Game 1, though Brooklyn went on to lose; in the final Game 6, his 2-run homer with one out in the ninth tied the game 3–3, but New York scored in the bottom of the inning to win the game and the Series. In the victorious 1955 Series he started the scoring with a solo home run in his first at bat of Game 1, which New York won 6–5.In Game 7 he advanced Roy Campanella to third base on a groundout in the fourth inning, with Campanella later scoring, and was walked intentionally with one out and runners on second and third in the sixth, with another run following on a sacrifice fly by Hodges. The two runs held up for a 2–0 victory, and Brooklyn earned the only World Series title in franchise history. In the 1959 Series he was limited to four pinch-hitting appearances and his 2-run single in the seventh inning of Game 3 broke a scoreless tie. Los Angeles held on for a 3–1 win. Statistical summary
In his 15-year career, <mask> batted .299 with 192 home runs, 1,910 hits, 1,058 RBI, 895 runs, 324 doubles, 56 triples, 48 stolen bases, a .458 slugging average and 514 walks for a .355 on-base percentage. As an outfielder, he had 3,322 putouts, 151 assists, 34 double plays and 74 errors for 3,547 total chances and a .979 fielding percentage. If he had one more hit in his career, he would have statistically had a .300 batting average.In 40 World Series games, he batted .266 (34-for-128) with 13 runs, 9 doubles, 2 home runs, 13 RBI and 13 walks. After baseball
After retiring as a player, <mask> left the sport for good. While writing his 1972 book The Boys of Summer about the 1952 and 1953 pennant-winning teams, author Roger Kahn located Furillo installing elevators at the World Trade Center. During the mid-1960s, he owned and operated a deli in Flushing, Queens. <mask> later worked as a night watchman; he developed leukemia, and died in Stony Creek Mills, Pennsylvania at 66 years of age of an apparent heart attack. Although Furillo felt that baseball completely forgot about him and his accomplishments, his funeral was attended by many of his Dodger teammates, including hall-of-famers Sandy Koufax and Duke Snider. He is interred at Forest Hills Memorial Park in Reiffton, Pennsylvania.In a 1976 Esquire magazine article, sportswriter Harry Stein published an "All Time All-Star Argument Starter", consisting of five ethnic baseball teams. <mask> was the right fielder on Stein's Italian team. See also

List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
List of Major League Baseball batting champions
List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise

References

 Baseball: The Biographical Encyclopedia (2000). Kingston, New York: Total/Sports Illustrated. . External links

<mask> at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
<mask> at Baseball Library

<mask> at The Deadball Era

1922 births
1989 deaths
American sportspeople of Italian descent
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Brooklyn Dodgers players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Major League Baseball right fielders
Montreal Royals players
National League All-Stars
National League batting champions
People from Berks County, Pennsylvania
Pocomoke City Chicks players
Reading Brooks players
Reading Chicks players
Sportspeople from the Delaware Valley

masks:
Carl Anthony Furillo
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Carl Furillo
Carl Furillo


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<mask> (10 May 1914 – 27 June 2014) was a Brazilian botanist who was the best-known collector of the Brazilian Cerrado plant species of the 20th century. He lived in Ituiutaba, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. He started his collection in 1943 when he was a teacher of natural sciences in the Instituto Marden, Ituiutaba. He collected most of his plant material in the Cerrado vegetation of the states of Minas Gerais, Goiás, Maranhão and Pará. He collected also in the regions of the villages of Natividade, Porto Nacional and Filadelfia, at the time part of the state of Goiás, although now part of the state of Tocantins. Plant specimens from his collection are in several herbaria in Brazil and outside. Between 1943 and 2007 he collected 6,008 plant specimens, several of them are considered new species and some were named for him by fellow botanists.<mask>, the son of Otavio <mask>, a farmer from the Triângulo Mineiro in the State of Minas Gerais (MG), and Maria da Gloria Chaves <mask>, was married to Celia Duarte <mask>. The couple had four daughters: Regina, Marilia, Beatriz and Maria do Carmo. He was born Campina Verde, Brazil and attended primary school in Ituiutaba and secondary school in Campanha, Minas Gerais. Afterwards he was a student at the Escola Superior de Viçosa, now known as the Universidade Federal de Viçosa (Federal University of Viçosa) - UFV, Minas Gerais, as a technician in agriculture. In 1935 he moved to Ituiutaba, MG, to teach primary school classes at the new Instituto Marden. Soon he was teaching mathematics, sciences and technical design in the secondary classes of the same Institute. He was a teacher of statistics at the Commerce School and was responsible for the administration of the Instituto Marden when his brother-in-law was on leave.At the time he was also responsible for the classes of mathematics and sciences at the Colegio Santa Tereza, a Roman Catholic school run by nuns in Ituiutaba. As a teacher of Natural Sciences he had to teach the scientific names of common plant species; since his pupils were for the most part sons of farmers from the region and they were particularly interested to know the Latin names of the plants that were growing on their farms. He had to study to learn this subject and decided also to have field classes with his students. He wrote to well-known botanists in Brazil asking for help in how to collect and prepare plant specimens. He collected most of his plant material in the cerrado vegetation of the States of Minas Gerais, Goiás, Maranhão and Pará. He collected also in the regions of the villages of Natividade, Porto Nacional and Filadelfia, at the time part of the State of Goiás, although now part of the state of Tocantins. His first plant specimen was collected on May 3, 1943, in Ituiutaba – Roupala tomentosa Pohl.He travelled all over the cerrado region and wrote diaries of his trips in which he describes the plants, the environment, the villages, the customs of the people, the food, the transport, the rivers and so on. When he retired from teaching, he started a new life as a farmer, but continued collecting plant material. One day collecting material in the farm he was struck by a branch of Bauhinia bongardi Steud. which left him totally blind of his left eye. Tributes
He has a mention from the British Museum of Natural History for his work with the Brazilian flora. In 1958 he received a medal, Medalha de Mérito Dom João VI, from the Brazilian government for his services to the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden. Exchanges with well-known botanists
He learned from and kept an exchange of correspondence with Brazilian botanists, such as Joaquim Franco de Toledo, Oswaldo Handro, Frederico Carlos Hoehne, Graziela Maciel Barroso, Carlos de Toledo Rizzini, Alexandre Curt Brade, Guido Frederico João Pabst, Gil Martins Felippe, and Lúcia Rossi e João Aguiar Nogueira Batista.He also was in frequent touch with botanists outside Brazil, such as Carlos M.D.E. Legrand, from Uruguay, Lorenzo R. Parodi and Arturo E. Burkart, from Argentina, Harold N. Moldenke, Richard Sumner Cowan, Robert E. Woodson Jr., Conrad V. Morton, Jason R. Swallen, and Lyman B. Smith, from the United States, Noel Y. Sandwith, from England, Joseph V. Monachino, an Italian working in the United States, and Erik Asplund, from Sweden. Plant specimens
Plant specimens from his collection are all over herbaria of Brazil and outside. In 1963 he donated a herbarium of 1,723 plant specimens to the Instituto de Botânica de São Paulo. Between 1943 and 2007 he collected 6,008 plant specimens, several of them are considered new species and some were named after him by fellow botanists. New species collected by Macedo
Acanthaceae
Amphiscopia grandis Rizzini
Chaetothylax erenthemanthus Rizzini
Chaetothylax tocantinus var longispicus Rizzini
Hygrophila humistrata Rizzini
Lophothecium paniculatum Rizzini
Ruellia capitata Rizzini
Ruellia rufipila Rizzini
Amaryllidaceae
Amaryllis minasgerais H.P. Traub
Asclepiadaceae
Ditassa maranhensis Fontella & C. Valente
Bignoniaceae
Distictella dasytricha Sandwith
Bromeliaceae
Bromelia interior L.B.Smith
Compositae
Gochnatia barrosii Cabrera
Tricogonia atenuata G.M.Barroso
Connaraceae
Rourea psammophila E. Forero
Gramineae
Luziola divergens J.R. Swallen
Olyra taquara Swallen
Panicum pirineosense Swallen
Paspalum crispulum Swallen
Paspalum fessum Swallen
Paspalum formosum Swallen
Paspalum latipes Swallen
Paspalum pallens Swallen
Sporobolus hians van Schaack
Labiatae
Hyptis argentea Epling & Mathias
Salvia expansa Epling
Liliaceae
Herreria latifolia Woodson
Melastomataceae
Rhynchanthera philadelphensis Brade
Velloziaceae
Vellozia hypoxoides L.B. Smith

New species dedicated to Amaro Macedo
Acanthaceae
Sericographis macedoana Rizzini — Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 8; 357, 1948
Aspidiaceae
Polybotrya macedoi Brade — Bradea l: 24, 1969
Bromeliaceae
Bromelia macedoi L.B.Sm. — Buli. Bromeliad Soe.8: 12, 1958
Dyckia macedoi L.B.Sm. — Arch. Bot. São Paulo n. ser. 2: 195, 1952
Compositae
Mikania macedoi G.M.Barroso — Arch. Jard. Bot.Rio de Janeiro 16: 247, 1959
Vernonia macedoi G.M.Barroso — Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 13: 9, 1954
Wedelia macedoi H.Rob. — Phytologia 55:396, 1984
Convolvulaceae
Ipomoea macedoi Hoehne — Arq. Bot. Estado São Paulo n s. 2: 110, 1950
Dryopteridaceae
Polybotrya macedoi Brade — Bradea 1: 24, 1969
Gramineae
Paspatum macedoi Swallen — Phytologia 14: 377, 1967
Lauraceae
Aiouea macedoana Vattimo-Gil — Anais 15 Congr.Soc. Bot. Brasil 168, 1967
Leguminosae–Caesalpinioideae
Cassia macedoi H.S.Irwin &. Barneby — Mem. New York Bot. Gard, 30; 136,1978
Chamaecrista macedoi (H.S.Irwin & Barneby) H.S.Irwin & Barneby — Mem. New York Bot.Gard. 35: 654,1982
Leguminosae–Mimosoideae
Mimosa macedoana Burkart — Darwiniana 13: 389,1964
Leguminosae–Papilionoideae
Arachis macedoi Krapov. & W.C.Greg. — Bonplandia (Corrientes) 8: 55, 1994
Harpalyce macedoi R.S.Cowan — Brittonia 10: 31,1958
Malpighiaceae
Banisteriopsis macedoana L.B.Sm. — J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 45: 198, 1955
Stigmaphyllon macedoanum C. E. Anderson — Contr.Univ. Michigan Herb. 17: 10, 1990
Malvaceae
Peltaea macedoi Krapov. & Cristobal —Kurtziana 2:196, 1965
Melastomataceae
Macairea macedoi Brade — Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 16: 31, 1959
Microlicía amaroi Brade — Arch.Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 16:29, 1959
Microlicia macedoi L.B.Sm. & Wurdack — J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 45: 200, 1955
Tococa macedoi Brade — Arch. Jard.Bot. Rio de Janeiro 16: 32, 1959
Myrtaceae
Eugenia macedoi Mattos & D.Legrand — Loefgrenia 67: 24,1975
Hexachlamys macedoi D.Legrand — Loefgrenia 55: 1, 1972
Marlierea macedoi D.Legrand —Bot. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevideo, 3: 27, 1962
Psidium macedoi Kausel — Lilloa 33: 108, 1971 (publ.1972)
Ochnaceae
Luxemburgia macedoi Dwyer — J. Wash. Acad. Sci.45: 198, 1955
Onagraceae
Pelozia macedoi Krapov. & Cristóbal — Kurtziana 2: 196, 1965
Opiliaceae
Agonandra macedoi Toledo — Arch. Bot. São Paulo n.s. 3:13, 1952
Orchidaceae
Cyrtopodium macedoi J.A.N.Bat. & Bianch. — Novon 16: 17, 2006
Piperaceae
Peperomia macedoana Yunck.— Bol. Inst. Bot. (São Paulo) 3:189, 1966
Piper macedoi Yunck. — Boi. Inst. Bot.(São Paulo) 3: 51, 1966
Polypodiaceae
Pecluma macedoi (Brade) M.KessIer &. A.R.Sm. — Candollea 60: 281, 2005
Polypodium macedoi Brade — Arch. Jard. Bot. Rio de Janeiro 11: 30, 1951
Rubiaceae
Galianthe macedoi E.L.Cabral — Bonplandia (Corrientes) 10:121, 2000
Rutaceae
Teclea macedoi Exell & Mendonça — Garcia de Orta. Ser.Bot. 1: 93, 1973
Vepris macedoi (Exell &. Mendonça) W.Mziray —Symb. Bot. Upsal. 30: 73, 1992
Velloziaceae
Vellozia macedonis Woodson— Ann. Missouri Bot.Gard. 37: 398, 1950
Verbenaceae
Lippia macedoi Moldenke — Phytologia 6: 327, 1958
Stachytarpheta macedoi Moldenke — Phytologia 3: 276, 1950
Viscaceae
Phoradendron macedonis Rizzini — Rodriguesia 18-19: 163, 1956

References

Brazilian Orchids Orchids News #31. Last visited 2009-07-19. Clifford, H. T. & Bostock, P. D. Etymological Dictionary of Grasses. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. Felippe, Gil e <mask>, Maria do Carmo. Amaro <mask> – o solitário do cerrado, 1.ª edição, Cotia - SP, Brazil.Ateliê Editorial, 2009,
Jornal do Pontal 2009-05-22 <https://web.archive.org/web/20110706153327/http://www.jornaldopontal.com.br/index.php?ac=colunas&id=82>. Last visited 2009-07-19. Jusbrasil - Entrega de Títulos Emociona Convidados. Last visited 2009-07-17. Brazilian botanists
Brazilian centenarians
Men centenarians
1914 births
2014 deaths

masks:
Amaro Macedo
Biography Macedo
Macedo
Macedo
Macedo
Macedo
Macedo


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<mask> was a Chinese historical figure who led an armed rebellion against the then ruling Song Dynasty in early 12th century. His band marauded over a region straddling the present-day Chinese provinces of Shandong and Henan. They eventually surrendered to the Imperial Court. The historical <mask> was turned into a fictional character in Water Margin, which became one of the four top Classic Chinese Novels. He is the central figure in the book, the No. 1 man among 108 heroes, who come together as bandits in Shandong's Liangshan Marsh and are alleged to be 108 Stars of Destiny from Heaven. Life
<mask> is mentioned in the History of Song, the most authoritative of records on the history of the Song dynasty.His name occurs in the portion relating to Emperor Huizong () that:

Another account, from the portion relating to Zhang Shuye in the History of Song, records the following:

In Water Margin

The fictional <mask> in Water Margin is based on the historical one and folktales that had been circulating in the Shandong region. One tale, for example, is about "36 huge banners and 72 smaller banners of local bandits", a likely origin of the 108 Stars of Destiny in Water Margin. Background
In Water Margin, <mask> is depicted as short, swarthy, and having a big squarish mouth and eyes like those of a fenghuang. He lives and works in Yuncheng County, where he serves as a clerk of the magistrate. He is nicknamed "Timely Rain" because he is generous and helpful, often assisting heroes in difficulties and the indigent. As he is known to be filial, he is also called "Filial and Righteous Dark Third Son" and "Dark Song Jiang", with "dark" referring to his complexion. After all the 108 Stars of Destiny come together at Liangshan, he goes by another nickname, "Protector of Justice", to advertise his conviction in life.He is trained in both scholarly and martial arts, but he is apparently not a great fighter. He has a younger brother named <mask>. <mask> is a close friend of Yuncheng's chief constables, Zhu Tong and Lei Heng, as well as Chao Gai, the headman of Yuncheng's Dongxi Village. After Chao and his six confederates hijacked valuables from a conveyance to the Grand Tutor Cai Jing in the imperial capital Dongjing, the government of Jizhou is under pressure to solve the case as Yellow Mud Ridge, the site of the robbery, is within its jurisdiction. He Tao, the chief constable of Jizhou, is tasked with tracking down the robbers. <mask> runs into He at the magistrate office of Yuncheng, who tells him he has identified Chao Gai as the mastermind. Upon hearing this, <mask> excuses himself and rushes to Dongxi Village to warn Chao.The robbers thus manage to pack up in time and escape. They seek refuge in the outlaw stronghold at Liangshan Marsh. But Wang Lun, the chief of Liangshan, does not welcome them. Chao is elected in his place after Lin Chong kills Wang. Killing Yan Poxi
Meanwhile, <mask> has taken Yan Poxi as his mistress at her mother's insistence as their repayment for his funding of her father's funeral. They got along without problem initially. However, Yan Poxi soon detested <mask>, who has no fancy for women, after knowing Zhang Wenyuan, <mask>'s clerical assistant, and getting into an affair with him.To convey his gratitude, Chao Gai sends Liu Tang to deliver one hundred pieces of gold each to <mask> and Zhu Tong, who has also aided his escape. Liu also brings along a letter from Chao for <mask>. <mask> is shocked to find Liu greeting him on the street one night. He refuses to take all the gold, accepting only one piece as a token. That night he is forced to go to sleep with Yan Poxi by Yan's mother. Yan discovers Chao's letter, which reveals <mask>'s involvement with the outlaws of Liangshan. She threatens to report him to the authorities unless he meets three demands: divorce her and allow her to marry Zhang Wenyuan; let her keep all the things he has given her; and hand over all the gold pieces he received from Chao.<mask> agrees to the first two but could not accede to the third as he has accepted only one gold piece. As Yan refuses to believe him and repeatedly threatens to expose him, <mask> becomes agitated and kills her with a dagger that he always carries in his bag. He flees to hide in a pit in the house of his father. Zhu Tong, who is sent to arrest him, locates him in the vault as <mask> has once told him about it. But Zhu lets him go. <mask> runs away from Yuncheng and becomes a fugitive. Battle of Qingfeng Fort
<mask> takes shelter in the residence of nobleman Chai Jin, where he meets <mask>.He meets Wu again, who has become an itinerant priest to hide his identity after committing a series of killings, when he stays at the Kong Family Manor at Mount White Tiger. <mask> next moves to the house of Hua Rong, garrison commandant of Qingfeng Fort (清風寨; in present-day Qingzhou, Shandong), invited by Hua. When he is near to the fort, he is trapped and nearly killed by the three chieftains of Mount Qingfeng (清風山) -- Yan Shun, Wang Ying and Zheng Tianshou. The trio treat him with respect upon learning he is <mask> as his chivalrous deeds are widely known. <mask> prevents Wang Ying from raping a woman he has abducted and secures her release when he finds out she is the wife of Liu Gao, the governor of Qingfeng Fort and Hua Rong's superior. On the Lantern Festival night, <mask>, who is then living in Hua Rong's house, goes outdoor to watch the celebrations. Liu Gao's wife spots him and lies to her husband that <mask> had abducted her at Mount Qingfeng and attempted to rape her.Believing his wife, Liu orders <mask> arrested. Hua Rong barges into Liu's house and frees <mask>. As <mask> flees to Mount Qingfeng following Hua's advice he is waylaid and re-arrested by Liu's men. Meanwhile, Hua is seized in an ambush by Huang Xin, a military officer sent from Qingzhou prefecture, which oversees Qingfeng Fort. As Huang escorts <mask> and Hua back to Qingzhou, the convoy is intercepted by the bandits of Mount Qingfeng, who rescue the two prisoners. Liu is killed in the fight while Huang escapes. Qingzhou sends Qin Ming, a higher officer, to eliminate Mount Qingfeng.But Qin is caught in a trap and brought before <mask>. Although Qin is glad to meet <mask>, having heard much about him, he refuses to join the stronghold. As Qin spends the night at Mount Qingfeng, <mask> sends bandits led by a man disguised as him to pillage and raze a suburb of Qingzhou. Murong Yanda, the governor of Qingzhou, falls for the ruse and executes Qin's family. That forces Qin to defect to <mask>'s camp. As Qinghou is likely to send a bigger force, <mask> suggests the group go join the band at Liangshan. But he leaves the group halfway when he runs into Shi Yong, who hands him a letter from <mask> which falsely claims that their father has passed away.Exile to Jiangzhou
<mask> returns to Yuncheng to find his father alive. The old man has faked death to lure him back to prevent him from falling into bad company. Alerted to his return, Yuncheng's authorities arrest <mask> over the killing of Yan Poxi. Due to his past service at the magistrate office, <mask> is spared the death penalty. He is tattooed on the face and exiled to Jiangzhou (江州; present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi). On the way, <mask> and his two escorts pass by Jieyang Ridge and are nearly butchered by the innkeeper Li Li after being drugged. He is saved by Li Jun, another of his admirers.Informed of <mask>'s exile, Li Jun has been waiting by the Xunyang River expecting to meet him. He happens to come to Li Li's inn for refreshment. They revive <mask> after confirming his identity through the official document on the escorts. They treat him with hospitality before seeing him off. At Jieyang Town, <mask> generously tips Xue Yong, a street performer of martial arts, seeing that no onlooker awards him for his show. In doing that he offends the brothers Mu Hong and Mu Chun, who wield immense influence over the town. Because Xue, who is from out of town, has not gone to pay them respects, the Mus have ordered the townsfolk to not give him a cent.That night <mask> and his escorts happen to be offered accommodation in the Mus' house by their kindly father. When he discovers they are in danger, the three flee. Pursued by the Mus, they desperately board the boat of pirate Zhang Heng at Xunyang River. Midway across the river, Zhang wants to kill them. <mask> is again saved by Li Jun, who passes by in his boat. Zhang and the Mu brothers are shocked to learn that the man is <mask>. <mask> receives warm treatment from his new friends before proceeding on to Jiangzhou.At Jiangzhou, <mask> meets the chief warden Dai Zong, who is a friend of Wu Yong, the chief strategist of Liangshan, and jailer Li Kui. He and Li take to each other as <mask> is generous and Li straightforward. <mask> also meets the fishmonger Zhang Shun, Zhang Heng‘s younger brother. As <mask> is allowed to move freely in and out of jail by Dai, one day he goes alone to drink at a restaurant on the bank of the Xunyang River. Feeling miserable over his misfortunes, he writes a poem in drunkenness on the wall in the eatery. He forgets the incident the next day. Huang Wenbing, a petty official, discovers the poem, which he determines to be seditious, and reports it to Cai Jiu, the prefect of Jiangzhou.Cai, a son of Cai Jing, orders <mask> arrested and sends Dai Zong to Dongjing to seek advice from his father on the matter. However, Dai ends up in Liangshan disclosing the news to the outlaws. Wu Yong forges a letter ordering Cai Jiu to transfer <mask> to Dongjing. The plan is to rescue <mask> when he is conveyed there. But Huang Wenbing spots a giveaway in the letter. Furious, Cai Jiu sentences both <mask> and Dai to death. Wu Yong meanwhile has realised the mistake and sends a number of chieftains to Jiangzhou to rescue them.They storm the execution ground and carry the two away. But they are stranded at a riverbank. Fortunately Li Jun arrives with all the friends of <mask> from the Jieyang region in boats and they are ferried to safety. After killing Huang Wenbing, <mask> goes with the bunch to Liangshan, where he takes the second position after Chao Gai. As chief of Liangshan
<mask> goes home to fetch his father and <mask> to Liangshan. But news of his return leaks and constables come after him. Fleeing, <mask> stumbles into the temple of a goddess and hides in a closet.Falling into a nap, he dreams of meeting the goddess, who gives him three heavenly books which she says would guide him in his leadership of Liangshan. He wakes up to find himself holding the three books. In almost every of Liangshan's military conflicts, <mask> is the commander. He leads the three offensives on the Zhu Family Manor, the attack on Gaotangzhou to save Chai Jin, the fight against Huyan Zhuo's attempt to stamp out Liangshan, the battle at Qingzhou which ends with absorption of three strongholds, the effort to rescue Shi Jin and Lu Zhishen at Huazhou, the engagement with Fan Rui at Mount Mangdang, the assault on Daming to save Lu Junyi and Shi Xiu, the face-off against Guan Sheng, and the expedition against the Zeng Family Fortress to avenge the death of Chao Gai. Chao is killed in action when he, for the first time heading a military force, battles with the Zeng Family Fortress. <mask> becomes Liangshan's acting chief pending the capture of Chao's killer Shi Wengong. Chao has left word that whoever seizes his killer would succeed him.Although it is Lu Junyi who catches Shi, in the end <mask> becomes the chief of Liangshan. That comes after he beat Lu in a contest in which they agreed whoever overran the prefecture assigned to him first would be made chief. <mask> conquered Dongping first while Lu stalled in his effort to take Dongchang. Although his crimes are egregious and he is regarded as a colossal threat by the government, <mask> harbours the wish to serve the Song Empire. He crafts a slogan "Deliver Justice on Heaven's behalf" (替天行道)" to signal that Liangshan is committed to just causes and is led by people loyal to the emperor. After many attempts, including enlisting the help of Li Shishi, a courtesan patronised by Emperor Huizong, <mask> finally wins amnesty for Liangshan. But the emperor sends them on a series of expeditions against invaders from the Liao Empire and rebel forces in Song territory to prove their loyalty.The last of these, which is against the rebel Fang La, is highly costly, with at least two thirds of the 108 heroes killed in action or by disease. Death
Through with the expeditions, <mask> is appointed governor of Chuzhou (楚州; present-day Huai'an, Jiangsu). But the corrupt officials in the imperial court are unhappy that he is doing fine. They send him a jar of poisoned wine in the emperor's name which he is obliged to drink. When <mask> realises he has been poisoned, he is worried that the hot-tempered Li Kui will rebel against the Song Empire and tarnish the good name of Liangshan. So, he invites Li to Chuzhou and offers him the same wine. Both of them die.In the last chapter of Water Margin, the ghosts of <mask> and Li Kui appear in Emperor Huizong's dream and tell him about their wrongful deaths. Although the emperor orders an inquiry, it comes to nothing as the key witness – the emissary who sent the wine to <mask> – has died mysteriously on the way back to Dongjing. The emperor makes amends to <mask> only by conferring on him a posthumous title. <mask>'s seditious poem
The following two poems were written by <mask> at Xunyang Tower in Jiangzhou after he got drunk. It is the second one that carries a seditious message. <mask> then reads what he has written, laughing hysterically. He consumes more drink and starts to dance in a frenzy of joy.He picks up the inkbrush and writes another four lines:

He then signs off: "Work by <mask> from Yuncheng" (鄆城宋江作). The second poem is deemed seditious because of the last two lines. Huang Chao launched an uprising near the end of the Tang dynasty, which led to its collapse. Huang Wenbing interprets these two lines to mean: "If <mask> ever gets an opportunity to start a rebellion against the Song dynasty, he will do worse things than even Huang Chao did." See also

 List of Water Margin minor characters#<mask>'s story for a list of supporting minor characters from <mask>'s story. Notes

References

 Toqto'a (ed.) (1343).History of Song (Song Shi). Specific

36 Heavenly Spirits
Song dynasty rebels

masks:
Song Jiang
Song Jiang
Song Jiang
Song Jiang
Song Jiang
Song Qing
Song Jiang
Song
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Wu Song
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Song
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Song Jiang
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Song Jiang
Song Jiang