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<mask> (30 November 1866 – 20 February 1951) was a British-Australian feminist, suffragette and social reformer. She was the first suffragette to be tried by jury, and one of the first hunger strikers. She was known as '<mask>' in the suffragist movement. Early life
<mask> was born in Birmingham, England, in 1866 to <mask>née Hunt) and James Edward Hunt, a gun maker. She began work at Joseph Chamberlain's ordnance factory aged eleven. At age fourteen, <mask> joined her parents in working with the Salvation Army. Upon attaining the rank of lieutenant, now aged twenty, she was sent to work as an evangelist in an independent working men's mission in Bolton.In this role, she was also called upon to act as a police court missionary caring for women who had been arrested. On 26 September 1888 in Bolton she married <mask>, a boot and shoemaker, and the couple had five children between 1888 and 1899 three of whom survived childhood. Between motherhood and working as a sewing machinist, there was little time for public activities. Yet Baines' commitment never wavered, her youngest surviving child was six years old when she was imprisoned for the third time. Annie Kenney called her 'one of the most kind-hearted woman one could meet, a born revolutionary'. Baines also joined the Independent Labour Party, the feeding of school children committee and the unemployed committee. Campaigning for women's suffrage
In October 1905, Baines read about the arrest of suffragists Annie Kenney and Christabel Pankhurst for assault and this motivated her to join the Women's Social and Political Union.Initially this was as a voluntary basis but in February 1908, <mask> was made a paid organiser on a wage of £2 a week, organising open-air rallies, disrupting meetings and establishing new branches of the WSPU in the North of England and the Midlands. Later this same year, in November 1908, Baines was to be tried of unlawful assembly at the Coliseum in Leeds, the first ever member of the WSPU to be tried by jury. Refusing to be bound over, she was convicted to six weeks imprisonment in Armley Goal, Leeds because "she did ‘not recognise the laws of this Court administered by men". One of the first to advocate militant methods, <mask> was imprisoned some fifteen times for her part in protests. In July 1909 with twelve others, including Mary Leigh, Lucy Burns, Alice Paul, Emily Davison and Mabel Capper and another in her wheelchair [May Billinghurst perhaps] she was jailed for obstruction for trying to stop Lloyd George's public budget meeting in Limehouse. The protest was witnessed by Annie Barnes who was inspired to join the East London Federation and influenced by Sylvia Pankhurst. On the way to Holloway prison the women arrested had shouted and sung protests and demanded to be treated in 'first division' in their own clothes as 'political' prisoners rather than criminals, this was not granted and the women broke 150 panes of glass at the prison and refused to give their names, prison officers had to use 'force necessary' to get the women into prison clothes.In Liverpool, in 1910, Baines was making speeches with Ada Flatman and Patricia Woodlock, when she was interrupted by Constance Lytton disguised as '<mask>' a seamstress asking 'the men and women of Liverpool to be the first to wipe out the stain [of force-feeding]' and a crowd followed them to the prison Governor John Dillon's house, chased by police. In July 1912, Baines was part of an attempt, under the name 'Lizzie Baker' along with Gladys Evans and Mary Leigh and Mabel Capper, to burn down the Theatre Royal in Dublin the night before a scheduled visit from then Prime Minister, H.H. Asquith, to speak on Home Rule. For this Baines was sentenced to seven months hard labour  and Central Bridewell prison, Dublin. Joining her fellow suffragette prisoners on hunger strike, she was released after five days. The next year, on 8 July 1913, with her husband George and son Wilfred, Baines was accused of attempting to bomb first-class railway carriages at a Lancashire and Yorkshire railway siding, and leaving suffragist material, near where they lived in Manchester. A bomb, loaded revolver, masks and cutting tools and two catapults were found at their premises.As a result, her husband and son were charged with malicious damage and not imprisoned, but Baines was re-arrested under the 'Cat and Mouse act' and imprisoned at Holloway Prison. She again went on hunger strike, refusing food and water, and was released in a 'very serious condition'. Baines suffered from chorea ( St Vitus’ Dance ) causing spasms brought on by emotional stress, making it almost impossible to force-feed her. Baines had been given a Hunger Strike Medal 'for Valour'. In May 1913 another arrest for obstruction during a meeting in Hyde Park, and a month sentence led WSPU leaders to determine that her health could not endure another stint in prison,  so <mask> and her family were smuggled into Wales as the 'Evans' family and set sail aboard The Ballarat, bound for Australia, before their trial (as a family) was due in November 1913. The trial went ahead and acquitted George and Wilfred <mask>. WSPU saw this migration as a reward for all Baines had done, as Australia had achieved the female federal vote in 1902.Later life in Australia
After being smuggled out of England, Baines arrived in Melbourne, Australia in December 1913. She was forty-seven years old. Adele Pankhurst would later arrive in 1914. Upon settling in the Melbourne suburb of Fitzroy, the Baines family joined the Victorian Socialist Party and the Labour Party while <mask> busied herself working with the Women's Political Association as early as January 1914 and co-founded the Women's Peace Army. With Adele Pankhurst, Baines campaigned against World War I conscription in 1916-1917 and against the spiralling cost of living,  as profiteering. Both were sentenced to nine months imprisonment but both were freed on appeal on a legal technicality. Baines was again jailed in March 1919 for flying the prohibited red flag on the Yarra Bank and became the first prisoner in Australia to undergo hunger strike.A special Federal Cabinet meeting was held and her release after four days starving  was secured on the advice of the Attorney-General. In 1920, <mask> helped establish the Communist Party in Victoria. Five years later, she would be expelled and this saw her rejoin the Labour Party. In 1926, the family relocated to Port Melbourne and Baines was appointed special magistrate to the Children's Court there from 1928 to 1948. Death and legacy
Although her post Second World War activities were curtailed by her failing sight, <mask> <mask> continued her "fiery eloquence on the hustings" until her death from cancer, only giving up public speaking a few months before she died on 20 February 1951 in Port Melbourne. Survived by her husband and her three children, Baines's legacy could perhaps be summed up in her own words:

'To fight for that which is better and nobler in this world is to live in the highest sense, but to submit and tolerate the evils which exist is to merely vegetate in the sewers of iniquity'. Jennie <mask> quoted in The Socialist, 11 April 1919.See also
 Adele Pankhurst
 Women's Social and Political Union
 Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom

References

External links

 'Surveillance Photograph of Militant Suffragettes' - Image of Jennie <mask> at the National Portrait Gallery. 'Jennie Baines' by Criminal Record Office - Image of Jennie <mask> at the National Portrait Gallery. English suffragists
British social reformers
1866 births
1951 deaths
Australian women activists
People from Birmingham, West Midlands
English emigrants to Australia
Women's Social and Political Union
19th-century Australian women
20th-century Australian women
Hunger Strike Medal recipients

masks:
Sarah Jane Baines
Jennie Baines
Sarah Jane Baines
Sarah Ann (
Sarah
George Baines
Baines
Baines
Jane Wharton
Baines
Baines
Sarah
Baines
Sarah Jane
Baines
Baines
Baines
Baines


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<mask> (born 10 January 1984) is an Irish football coach and former professional player who played as a right-back or midfielder. He is an academy coach at  club Luton Town. He began his career at Preston North End and later played for Southend United, Charlton Athletic and Swindon Town before signing for Brentford in 2013. He was capped at schoolboy and U19 level by the Republic of Ireland. Club career

Preston North End and loan spells
McCormack was born in Dublin and began his career with Stella Maris. He moved to England to sign for First Division club Preston North End in December 2002 after impressing on trial, and progressed to sign a professional contract in 2003. He joined Leyton Orient of the Third Division on 29 August 2003 on a one-month loan and made the first professional appearance of his career in a 4–1 home defeat to Cheltenham Town the following day, when he replaced Billy Jones at half-time.<mask> received the first red card of his career in a 0–0 draw with Lincoln City on 13 September, after committing two bookable offences. In late September, caretaker manager Martin Ling extended <mask>'s loan until 1 November. He was sent off again in a 1–1 draw with Northampton Town on 25 October. He made 11 appearances, accumulating six yellow and two red cards, before his loan expired. <mask> made his Preston debut on 6 March 2004 in a league match against Burnley, when he replaced Dickson Etuhu after 55 minutes. He made four further appearances before the end of the 2003–04 season. After making four substitute appearances at the beginning of the 2004–05 season, <mask> was made available for transfer in September 2004.He joined League Two club Southend United on loan on 16 March 2005 and made his debut three days later, starting in a 3–0 victory over Cheltenham Town. In April, the loan was extended until the end of the 2004–05 season. He was an 81st-minute substitute for Mark Gower during the 2005 Football League Trophy Final against Wrexham at the Millennium Stadium, but was denied the first silverware of his career when Wrexham won the match 2–0 after extra time. <mask> scored the first senior goals of his career with a brace in a 2–1 away victory over Macclesfield Town on 19 April. He made eight appearances and scored two goals during his loan spell. He spent the entire 2005–06 season on loan at Motherwell of the Scottish Premier League, making 28 appearances in all competitions, scoring two goals, accumulating 12 yellow cards and one red. <mask> made his first Preston appearance in nearly two years when he replaced Kelvin Wilson after 41 minutes of a 1–1 Championship home draw with Queens Park Rangers on 19 August 2006.He played two further matches in September, with the latter match against Stoke City on 30 September being his final Preston appearance. He made a total of 12 appearances for the club. Looking back in August 2012 on his time with Preston, McCormack said "I had a great few years there and I learnt a hell of a lot – enough to help me go on and continue my career in the professional game in England. I've got a lot of time and a lot of credit for that, I look back and I never have a bad word to say about it. I've got nothing but good things to say about the club, I'll always have fond memories of the place". Return to Southend United on loan and permanent transfer
In November 2006 and with his contract set to expire at the end of the 2006–07 season, McCormack handed in a transfer request, before rejoining Championship club Southend United on loan on 18 November 2006, initially until 1 January 2007, with a view to a permanent move. After an impressive first month of his spell, assistant manager Paul Brush confirmed on 11 December that McCormack would transfer to the club permanently and he subsequently signed on a two-and-a-half-year contract.In what remained of the 2006–07 season, McCormack made 26 appearances and scored three goals, but he was unable to prevent Southend's relegation to League One. <mask> formed a central midfield partnership with Nicky Bailey during the 2007–08 season and the pair scored 20 goals between them, with <mask> scoring nine, which included a run of five goals in seven appearances in September 2007. The season ended with a play-off semi-final defeat to Doncaster Rovers, and in June 2008, he signed a new three-year contract. <mask> suffered a knee injury during the 2008–09 pre-season, which kept him out of action for eight weeks. After returning to fitness, he made 38 appearances during the season, scoring two goals. <mask> played the full 90 minutes in a 1–1 draw with Chelsea at Stamford Bridge in the FA Cup third round on 3 January 2009, but missed the replay, which Southend lost 4–1. <mask> made 43 appearances and scored three goals during the 2009–10 season, but what would be his final season at Roots Hall culminated in the club's relegation to League Two.His contract was terminated by mutual consent on 24 June 2010. Over the course of his two spells with Southend, McCormack made 166 appearances and scored 19 goals. Charlton Athletic
McCormack remained in League One and signed a two-year contract with Charlton Athletic on 6 July 2010. He made 31 appearances and scored one goal during the 2010–11 season as Charlton finished in mid-table. <mask>'s contract was terminated by mutual consent in July 2011. Looking back in August 2014 on his time with the Addicks, McCormack said "it wasn't a great year and I didn't play particularly well. It was a bit hostile.There was a lot of stuff on the internet sent to me, so it wasn't a pretty time and I don't look back at it with fond memories". Swindon Town
After a spell training with Swindon Town, McCormack signed a two-year contract with the League Two club on 21 July 2011. He was moved from his natural midfield position to the defence and formed a centre-back partnership with Aden Flint. He enjoyed a successful first season with the club, making 51 appearances, scoring two goals, winning the League Two championship and the Swindon Town Player of the Year award. He was a losing finalist in the Football League Trophy for the second time in his career, after Swindon were beaten 2–0 by Chesterfield in the 2012 final. Under the management of Paolo Di Canio, McCormack had a good 2012–13 season back in League One, being named captain, making 47 appearances and helping Swindon to a sixth-place finish which saw the club qualify for the play-offs, where they were defeated on penalties by Brentford in the semi-finals. He was released by the club after the season, after failing to agree a new contract.McCormack made 98 appearances and scored two goals during his two seasons with the Robins. After leaving the club, he stated his reason for departing as being because "the first offer I got from Swindon disappointed me, I just felt that I was worth more to the club than a one-year offer. When they sent me the offer I was really gutted and disappointed and that really let me know in my head that maybe it was time to move on to another club". Brentford

2013–2015
On 24 June 2013, <mask> signed a two-year contract with Brentford, who had remained in League One after suffering defeat in the 2013 League One play-off Final. He began the 2013–14 season in his natural midfield position, before being moved to right-back by manager Uwe Rösler in October, to replace out-of-form Shay Logan. <mask> scored his first Brentford goal in an FA Cup first round tie against local neighbours Staines Town on 9 November, opening the scoring with a penalty in a 5–0 victory. A near ever-present under Uwe Rösler and his successor Mark Warburton, <mask> celebrated promotion to the Championship after a 1–0 victory over former club Preston North End on 18 April 2014.He finished the 2013–14 season with 45 appearances and two goals. <mask> won the Brentford Supporters' Player of the Year award and was named as the right-back in the League One Team of the Year. After starting in each of the Bees' first seven league matches of the 2014–15 season, <mask> signed a new two-year contract, with the option of a third year. His status as an ever-present in league matches came to an end after he suffered an ankle ligament injury during a 3–1 defeat to Bolton Wanderers on 25 October 2014. He returned to light training in January 2015, but had lost the right-back position to Moses Odubajo and made just four further appearances before the end of the 2014–15 season. <mask> made 18 appearances and scored one goal during the season. 2015–2017
The departure of right-back Moses Odubajo on the eve of the 2015–16 season and injuries in midfield saw <mask> reinstated in the team.His ever-present status ended in early December 2015, due to groin and calf injuries. <mask> finally returned to the team for a West London derby versus Queens Park Rangers on 12 March 2016 and he played the full 90 minutes of the 3–0 defeat. After six further starts, the option to extend his contract for a further year was triggered. He finished the 2015–16 season with 29 appearances. <mask> made his first appearance of the 2016–17 season in a 1–0 defeat to League Two team Exeter City in the EFL Cup first round on 9 August 2016, in which he was substituted in the 12th minute after suffering a foot injury. He returned to the team seven weeks later, but made just three appearances before being handed a five-match suspension and a £6,000 fine on 20 October, for charges relating to the use of "abusive and/or insulting words towards a match official" during a match against Cardiff City on 19 April 2016. After his return from suspension, he made just eight substitute appearances, making his final appearance as a substitute for Konstantin Kerschbaumer in the final match of the season, a 3–1 defeat to Blackburn Rovers.<mask>ack signed for League Two club Luton Town on 1 June 2017 on a contract of undisclosed length, effective from 1 July. He scored with a 25-yard volley on the opening day of the 2017–18 season in an 8–2 win at home to Yeovil Town, which was named the League Two Goal of the Month for August 2017. He was a regular in the team during the first six weeks of the season, starting in every league match until suffering a groin injury in a 2–1 away victory over Wycombe Wanderers. He suffered an injury setback after sustaining a calf injury, having been scheduled to make his return in December. <mask> made his first appearance in six months in a 1–1 draw away to Newport County, coming on as an 88th-minute substitute for Luke Gambin. He made a further seven starting appearances and finished the season with 16 appearances and one goal, at the end of which Luton were promoted to League One as League Two runners-up.<mask> signed a new one-year contract in May 2018. He started in each of Luton's opening three league matches of the 2018–19 season, before losing his place in the team to Glen Rea. His next starting appearance in the league came over three months later in a 2–2 draw with Walsall after Rea was ruled out for the rest of the season with cruciate ligament damage. <mask> started the following 11 league matches until suffering a hamstring injury in a 1–0 win away to Bradford City. He made his return on the final day of the season, playing 82 minutes to help Luton to a 3–1 home victory over Oxford United and the League One title. <mask> made 23 appearances in all competitions and was released when his contract expired at the end of the season. Northampton Town
He signed for League Two club Northampton Town on 5 June 2019 on a one-year contract, effective from 1 July.McCormack started as Northampton beat Exeter City 4–0 at Wembley Stadium in the 2020 League Two play-off Final on 29 June 2020 to earn promotion to League One. He was released at the end of the season. Third spell with Southend United
McCormack returned to Southend United, who were newly relegated to League Two, on 17 September 2020 on a contract until January 2021. He signed a contract extension until the end of the 2020–21 season on 19 January 2021. After being released by Southend at the end of the 2020–21 season, <mask>ack was appointed assistant to manager Steve Tilson at Isthmian League North Division club Heybridge Swifts on 24 September 2021, reuniting the pair after Tilson signed McCormack as a player at Southend United. As a result of the club undergoing a lack of available players in January 2022, <mask> came out of retirement and was registered as a player, making his debut in a 1–0 home defeat to Aveley.International career
<mask>'s first exposure to international football came at schoolboy level. Injury to Darren Potter saw McCormack called up to the Republic of Ireland under-19 team for three 2003 European U19 Championship second qualifying round matches in May 2003. He failed to make the squad for the first two matches against England and Switzerland, but started the third match against Slovenia, which resulted in a 2–0 win. Style of play
The Coventry Telegraph described <mask> as "a no-nonsense tough-tackling midfielder who is prepared to put his body in places others wouldn't. He has a similar style of play to fellow countryman Roy Keane and while he has not quite reached the same level as the former Manchester United skipper, he has adopted the same dogged and determined style of football". Coaching career
<mask> began taking his coaching badges in late September 2014 and hinted that he is interested in entering coaching and management after his playing career is over. Following his retirement from playing, <mask> returned to Luton Town as an academy coach in October 2021.Career statistics

Honours
Southend United
Football League Trophy runner-up: 2004–05

Swindon Town
Football League Trophy runner-up: 2011–12
Football League Two: 2011–12

Brentford
Football League One runner-up: 2013–14

Luton Town
EFL League Two runner-up: 2017–18
EFL League One: 2018–19

Northampton Town
EFL League Two play-offs: 2020

Individual
Swindon Town Player of the Year: 2011–12
Brentford Supporters' Player of the Year: 2013–14
Football League One Team of the Year: 2013–14
EFL League Two Goal of the Month: August 2017

References

External links
Profile at the Football Association of Ireland website

1984 births
Living people
Association footballers from Dublin (city)
Republic of Ireland association footballers
Republic of Ireland youth international footballers
Association football defenders
Association football midfielders
Stella Maris F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Leyton Orient F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
Motherwell F.C. players
Charlton Athletic F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C.players
Brentford F.C. players
Luton Town F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Heybridge Swifts F.C. players
English Football League players
Scottish Premier League players
Isthmian League players
Association football coaches
Luton Town F.C. non-playing staff

masks:
Alan McCormack
McCormack
McCormack
McCormack
McCormack
McCormack
McCormack
McCormack
McCormack
McCormack
McCormack
McCormack
McCormack
McCormack
McCormack
McCormack
McCormack
McCormack
McCormack
McCormack
McCormack
McCormack
McCormackCorm
McCormack
McCormack
McCormack
McCormack
McCormackCorm
McCormack
McCormack
McCormack
McCormack
McCormack


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<mask> (or <mask>) was born in Insuela, Loureiro parish (Cerdedo-Cotobade), on December 28, 1905, and died in Santiago de Compostela on November 5, 1999. He was an important Galicianist historian, ethnographer, anthropologist, and geographer. In 1923 he and some of his fellows founded the Sociedade da Lingua, whose main goals were the defense of the Galician language and the creation of a dictionary. He was a member of Irmandades da Fala and Seminario de Estudos Galegos and was high school professor after the Spanish Civil War broke out. He was part of the Father Sarmiento Institute for Galician Studies and the Royal Galician Academy, and was director and president of the Museum of the Galician People, member of the Council of Galician Culture, and a chronicler of Galicia. He spent his life studying Galician culture and its territory from different perspectives, with a special focus and mastery on anthropology. Career
He was born in  (Santiago de Loureiro, Cotobade), on 28 December 1905.His father was <mask> Rodrigues, a single stonemason who emigrated to Niterói—capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro at the time, shortly before Fraguas was born. His mother was <mask> Vázquez, also the daughter of a stonemason, was born in Listanco (Armeses, Maside) in 1873. He went to public school in Costa. His father came back from America in 1912, then married his mother and recognized his son on the 7th of August of that year. In 1918, his parents decided to emigrate together to Brazil, where Antonio was meant to become a train driver, learning from his father's cousin. But the idea was reconsidered because of a teacher in Famelga (Augasantas), who saw his potencial to become a teacher. From 1919 to 1924 he studied Secondary Education in Pontevedra High School, where some of his teachers were Daniel Fraga Aguiar, Alfredo de la Iglesia, Ramón Sobrino Buhigas, Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez Castelao and especially <mask> Losada Diéguez, who influenced him and turned him toward Galicianism.Then, in 1923, at the age of 18, he established the “Sociedade da Lingua” (Language Society) in Pontevedra along with Sebastián González García-Paz and other fellow students. Its goal was to defend the Galician language and publish a dictionary, which they did not accomplish. In 1924, he began studying Philosophy and Literature in USC

His first public appearance was to present Joaquín Núñez de Couto, and speak out against tyrants. The first year he went to a preparatory school, where there were three professors: Ciriaco Pérez Bustamante (History), Armando Cotarelo Valledor (Literature) and Ramón Gallego García (Philosophy). He lived in Santiago de Compostela in number 24 Horreo Street (Rúa do Hórreo). Encouraged by Ramón Martínez López, he joined the Irmandade da Fala, which was presided over by Vicente Risco. He started to collaborate with the Seminario de Estudios Galegos, where he was admitted as a member in 1928, in the Geography department (directed by Ramón Otero Pedrayo), Ethnography department (directed by Risco) and Prehistory department (directed by Florentino López Cuevillas).At the seminary, the grant from the Junta para Amplificación de Estudios allowed him to participate in the cataloging of castros in the area around Lalin and he started studying Galicia's historic geography. He also focused on the Rías Baixas and the Cotobade area. As an ethnographer, he started studying Galician Carnival traditions. He also was a librarian in the institution. He was dedicated to compiling Galician bibliographies and he participated in the foundation of the Museo Etnográfico do Seminario at the Colexio de Fonseca. He graduated in 1928. In 1929 he started studying geography and history at Santiago de Compostela University, where he worked as a teacher until 1933.He married Teresa Martínez in Valga on 16 July 1932. He was a teacher in A Estrada from 1933 until the Spanish Civil War. In July 1936 he founded La Voz de Cotobade. He participated in the campaigns for the  and after the July 1936 military uprising in Melilla. He suffered repression due to his Galicianist leanings, and was fired. After his arrest, he was forced to delete the graffiti in favor of the statute. He had to work in private education and, with the priest Ramon Davila Garcia, created the Academia Menendez y Pelayo in the  starting in 1950.He was able to retake high school classes and also was awarded a doctorate at the Complutense University of Madrid. On 6 May 1950, he was named Professor of Geography and History in the . There he was a secretary and Director of Studies. He also collaborated with the  and with the . In 1959, he requested to move to Santiago's , where he worked as a Director of Studies until he retired in 1975. <mask> was one of the protagonists of the transformation of the Seminario de Estudos Galegos, which was dissolved on . In the  created in 1944, he worked as librarian, secretary and director of the section of Ethnography and Folklore, publishing his research in the  magazine.On the 19 April 1951 he was named tenure member of the Real Academia Gallega (English: Royal Galician Academy), where he was admitted on 8 May, taking over Castelao's place. He was introduced by Salustiano Portela Pazos, Ramón Otero Pedrayo and Luís Iglesias Iglesias, and his entrance speech “Roseiras e paxariños nas cantigas dun serán (Coplas que se cantaban nas ruadas de Loureiro de Cotobade)”, was answered by Otero Pedrayo. In 1997 he became the President of the Institution. In 1955 he worked at the Sociedade Económica de Amigos do País de Santiago (English: Economic Society of Friends of the Country in Santiago) library. In 1963 he was appointed Director of the Municipal Museum of Santiago, situated in St Dominic Monastery, which is now called the Museo do Pobo Galego (English: Museum of the Galician People) in 1975. Xaquín Lorenzo was the president of the foundation, and after his death in 1989, <mask> took on the posts of director and president. In 1969 <mask> organized, in collaboration with Xoán Naya Pérez and Ricardo Carballo Calero, an exposition about the traditional Galician dress for the Padre Sarmiento Institute.Other roles and activities that <mask> carried out in his life were the coordination of the Cultural Anthropology section of the Galician Culture Council; promoter, librarian of the Real Academia Galega de Ciencias; correspondent for the Real Academia de la Historia, the Associação dos Arqueólogos Portugueses and the Portuguese Association of Anthropology and Ethnography. In 1992 the council of the Xunta de Galicia proclaimed Fraguas general chronicler of Galicia. In 1994 he donated his personal library of around 20,000 volumes. He died of heart disease at the Santiago Clinic Hospital on November 5, 1999 at the age of 93. His wake was held at the auditorium in the Galician People Museum, before his remains were laid to rest next to Aurelio Aguirre and Ramón María del Valle Inclán, in Boisaca cemetery. Awards and honours
During his life, his importance was recognized by these awards: Pedrón de Ouro, Castelao Medal, Premio Trasalba, Premio Otero Pedrayo, Premio das Artes e das Letras de Galicia and Premio San Martiño de normalización lingüística. On July 7th, 2018, the Real Academia Galega decided that <mask>iño: vida e obra (1986)
 Romarías e santuarios (1988)
 Celso Emilio Ferreiro (1989)
 La Puerta Santa (1993)
 Do Entroido (1994)
 As cousas de Antonio de Insuela (1996)
 A festa popular en Galicia (1996)

In addition to previous publications, <mask> wrote numerous well-known articles in specialized and non-specialized newspapers and magazines, as well as collaborations in joint publications with other Galician ethnographic personalities. References

Pages with unreviewed translations
1905 births
1999 deaths
Writers from Galicia (Spain)
Spanish anthropologists
Spanish ethnographers
Spanish geographers
Spanish historians
Castelao Medal recipients
20th-century anthropologists
20th-century historians
20th-century geographers

masks:
Antonio Fraguas Fraguas
Antón Fraguas Fraguas
Manuel Fraguas
Teresa Fraguas
Antón
Fraguas
Fraguas
Fraguas
Fraguas
Fraguasquivar
Fraguas


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<mask> (December 7, 1920 – January 22, 1994) was an American actress who played leads and supporting roles in many 1930s and 1940s movies. Early years
<mask> was born and raised in Long Beach, California, and at the age of 16, applied to UCLA School of Law with no intention of pursuing an acting career. With a friend, she visited the studios of Samuel Goldwyn to watch a film being made, and while there, was spotted by a talent scout, who brought her to the attention of Goldwyn, who signed her to an acting contract. Career

After only receiving minor roles, <mask> moved to RKO, where she was cast in several uncredited supporting roles in films of the late 1930s, including Stage Door (1937) starring Katharine Hepburn and Ginger Rogers. <mask> married actor James Dunn on Christmas Day 1937. In 1939, she landed her first leading role in the low-budget Mercy Plane, opposite her husband. A planned retirement was interrupted briefly when she played another uncredited role in James Stewart's break-out film Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939).<mask> played several more minor roles before she was, in 1941, lent to Republic Pictures and cast in the role which would arguably produce her most enduring fame: as the semiclad Nyoka in Jungle Girl, a 15-chapter movie serial, based very loosely on the novel by Edgar Rice Burroughs. The role was the first time since Pearl White in the silent era that an actress had played the lead in the movie serial genre. The following year, Republic made a sequel Perils of Nyoka, but <mask> was no longer available and the heroine's part was played by Kay Aldridge. In the Walt Disney feature The Reluctant Dragon (1941), <mask> had a leading role as Doris, a studio artist. With <mask>'s film career gaining momentum and Dunn's on the decline, partly due to his struggles with alcoholism, the marriage had failed by 1942. She left RKO for Paramount Pictures, where she acted in several films, including The Glass Key (1942). In 1943, she made another jungle movie, costarring with Johnny Weissmuller in Tarzan Triumphs at RKO.That year, she also left Paramount and moved to the prestigious Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio with the sponsorship of an MGM executive. At MGM, she had more success, playing leading roles in such films as Our Vines Have Tender Grapes (1945) opposite Edward G. Robinson and She Went to the Races (1945), receiving billing over Ava Gardner, followed by the more notable  The Arnelo Affair (1947). <mask> also played in supporting roles, including Thrill of a Romance (1945) with Esther Williams, and Luxury Liner (1948) with Jane Powell. Later years
On December 31, 1947, <mask> was almost killed in a car accident. She "sustained a fractured and cut nose." A film executive who was with her in the car had a compound fracture of a leg. The event sidelined her career and caused a decline in her health.She received severe head injuries, resulting in a drastic change in her personality. She began to lose confidence in her abilities and found it difficult to come back to films. Losing her contract with MGM, she attempted a comeback in two early 1950s films, Riding High (1950) and Sky Commando (1953). During the 1950s, her mental and physical health declined to the point where she was placed into Camarillo State Mental Hospital in 1958. She spent almost the entire next 25 years in and out of various institutions. In 1983, Richard S. Fisher, a journalist for a film magazine, tracked down <mask>, who had lately been volunteering at the Pasadena, California, City Library, having apparently recovered. She spent her final years in quiet obscurity and died of emphysema in a convalescent center in Pasadena at the age of 73.Her cremains are interred at Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California. <mask> was of the Roman Catholic faith and a lifelong Democrat who supported Adlai Stevenson's campaign during the 1952 presidential election. Recognition
In 1941, <mask> was selected as "the ideal Pan-American girl" by 200 chapters of the Pan-American League on college campuses across the United States. Partial filmography

New Faces of 1937 (1937) - Showgirl
The Big Shot (1937) - Bertram's Secretary (uncredited)
Stage Door (1937) - Mary McGuire (uncredited)
Woman Chases Man (1937)
There Goes the Groom (1937) - Minor Role (uncredited)
Living on Love (1937) - Bus Passenger (uncredited)
Bringing Up Baby (1938) - Minor Role (uncredited)
Night Spot (1938) - Nightclub Patron (uncredited)
Maid's Night Out (1938) - Ticket Seller - Octopus Concession (uncredited)
Having a Wonderful Time (1938) - Salesgirl (uncredited)
Sky Giant (1938) - Stewardess (uncredited)
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939) - Hopper Girl (uncredited)
Mercy Plane (1939) - Brenda Gordon
Forty Little Mothers (1940) - Granville Girl (uncredited)
Hold That Woman! The RKO Story. London: Octopus Books, 1982. .
 Maltin, Leonard. Leonard Maltin's Movie Encyclopedia.New York: Dutton, 1994. .
 McClelland, Doug. The Golden Age of B Movies. New York: Bonanza Books, 1978. .
 Weiss, Ken and Ed Goodgold. To be Continued ...: A Complete Guide to Motion Picture Serials. New York: Bonanza Books, 1973. . External links

<mask> bio
Allmovie bio

Obituary from The New York Times

1920 births
1994 deaths
20th-century American actresses
American film actresses
American television actresses
Deaths from emphysema
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
Actresses from Long Beach, California
Paramount Pictures contract players
Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City
California Democrats
American Roman Catholics
American librarians
American women librarians

masks:
Mary Frances Gifford
Gifford
Gifford
Gifford
Gifford
Gifford
Gifford
Gifford
Gifford
Gifford
Gifford
Gifford
Gifford
Frances Gifford


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<mask> was a member of the Parliament of Scotland, 1703-1707, representing Kirkcaldy and, later, the member for Dysart Burghs in the House of Commons of Great Britain. Early life
He was born in 1650, second son of <mask> of Kirkcaldy in Fife and Isobel Anderson. His father was a merchant navy captain and he followed the same occupation becoming a wealthy captain. It was noted that in 1681 he was a captain trading to Holland and bringing back goods on his own account. By 1689 he was a burgess of Kirkcaldy and successfully petitioned the Privy Council to relieve the burden of taxation on Kirkcaldy, because of the decay of trade of the burgh. Contested Election to Parliament

Under an Act of Parliament of 1469, burgh members of Parliament were chosen by the town councils, so for the election of 1702 the town council of Kirkcaldy met on 8 September. The member, called "burgh commissioner", since 1689 had been John Boswell, but Captain <mask> stood against him.Since 1690 the Earl of Leven had been annually re-elected as provost. There followed a power struggle between the Earl of Leven and the <mask> family lasting almost a year. First, Captain <mask> claimed that the Earl of Leven, the provost, could not take part in the election meeting on several grounds. On his part, the provost disallowed four <mask> supporters from voting, councillors <mask>, John Durie (future father in law of his son <mask>) and two others. In the election there were 9 votes for Boswell, including the provost, and 9 votes for <mask>, including himself and <mask>. However <mask>, as procurator, produced a formal document protesting the exclusion of the four above and recording their votes. The provost declared Boswell elected, but the majority of the council were recorded as electing Captain <mask>.But on 5 October <mask> was elected provost in place of the Earl of Leven and a week later the council voted to send Captain <mask> (and advocates) to Edinburgh to claim his seat in Parliament. However, the Earl of Leven's father, George, Earl of Melville, was president of the Privy Council, and on 26 November the Privy Council decreed there had been no lawful quorum in the Kirkcaldy council, declared the election of officials null and void, that Captain <mask> and 7 other councillors were ineligible to vote at the next election. Captain <mask> was ordered to seek pardon, "on his knees" from the Earl of Leven for "opprobrious words uttered by him against the earl". When the new Parliament first met in May 1703, it placed Kirkcaldy on a list of contested elections and thus the contest went to the Committee for Controverted Elections. With the aid of the Earl of Rothes, hereditary sheriff of Fife, <mask> was able to overturn Leven’s influence and on 17 August, he was admitted to Parliament. Meanwhile on 15 December 1702, the Earl of Leven's father was replaced as president of the Privy Council, by the Marquis of Annandale. The Privy Council on 15th Sept. 1703 cancelled their previous decision and the burgh officials (<mask>'s allies) were reinstated.Parliament
In parliament he allied with the Country party, rather than Rothes' Squadrone group. The Country party led by the Duke of Hamilton arose in 1702-3 to address various grievances against the governing party, but they were divided between those in favour and against the 1689 revolution settlement. Shortly before <mask> was admitted to Parliament, it passed the Act of Security on 13 August 1703, which stipulated that the successor to Queen Anne must be a protestant, but not the same person who sat on the English throne, unless various trade and other conditions were met. However, the royal assent was withheld until 1704. The Duke of Hamilton tabled a motion on 17 July 1704 proposing these conditions and refusing assent to government funding until this was enshrined in law. <mask> voted in favour of the Duke of Hamilton’s motion. With the help of Rothes' group this was passed and the royal assent given to the Act.When the proposed union with England came before Parliament, it first considered Article 1 of the treaty of union, namely that the two Kingdoms should on 1 May 1707 be united into one. Before the question was put, the Duke of Atholl presented a resolution against an Incorporating Union. The Country party urged that such a union was against the interests and honour of the country. <mask> voted for this protest, which was recorded in the parliamentary record. <mask> then voted against Article 1, but it was carried by a majority of 34 votes. When Parliament considered Article 3 of the treaty, namely the amalgamation of the parliaments into one, <mask> voted for the resolution of the Marquis of Annandale against an Incorporating Union, but the vote was lost. He lost likewise when voting against the article itself, which abolished the Scottish Parliament.<mask> was consistently in opposition to the proposed union. He, together with Scrymgeour of Dundee, Allardyce of Aberdeen, William Sutherland of Elgin, and Andrew Watson of St Andrews set about amending later articles give better terms. All, except Scrymgeour, were nationalists, with Allardyce and Sutherland furthermore being Jacobites. <mask> missed the final vote ratifying the treaty, by which time Kirkcaldy burgh council called him home to save expense. Burgh of Kirkcaldy
Back in Kirkcaldy, <mask> was elected as Provost in 1706–8, 1710–12 and 1714–15. As Provost in 1714, he concurred in the council’s unanimous decision, motivated by ‘true and just principles of loyalty’, to celebrate the coronation of George I. Parliament of Great Britain
By the Acts of Union 1707 burgh constituencies of Scotland (except Edinburgh) were put into groups, each only electing one member of the Union parliament.In the group each burgh had one vote and in case of a tie the presiding burgh, which rotated, had a casting vote. Kirkcaldy was placed in the Dysart Burghs group, which had 4 burghs. In 1710, the first M.P. for Dysart burghs was found not qualified and <mask>, the illegitimate half-brother of the Duke of Hamilton, was elected at a by-election. Later that year, a general election came about in the wake of the collapse of the Whig government led by Godolphin and the Whig Junto, who instigated the Union in 1707. Abercromby was overawed by the recent election of <mask> as provost of Kirkcaldy, which would be presiding burgh at that election with a casting vote. Abercromby calculated he could only win if <mask> did not stand against him.As he did stand, Abercromby withdrew and <mask> was elected unopposed. In Parliament, <mask> aligned with the Tories, who won the general election on a policy of pursuing peace with France. <mask> persuaded his constituency to send a motion for peace in July 1712, when it seemed in prospect. When in May 1713 he notified Kirkcaldy of the Peace of Utrecht, which ended the War of Spanish Succession, a great celebration was held in the town. No speech by <mask> in the House of Commons was recorded. In 1711 he partook in the drafting of a bill to regulate the Scottish linen industry. He voted against Mungo Graham when he was unseated on petition on 10 February 1711.On 7 Feb. 1712 he voted in favour of the Scottish toleration bill. Following the death of the Duke of Hamilton, his half brother Abercromby had no hope of retaking Dysart Burghs and <mask> was re-elected on 22 Sept. 1713. But he retired at the next election in 1715 because of his age. Dunnikier

Dunnikier House, now Path House, in Kirkcaldy, was built by John Watson in 1692, but was sold to <mask> in 1703 when he was Dean of Guild. From then until 1938, <mask>'s descendants owned the estate of Dunnikier. However, in 1791-93, his great grandson <mask> <mask> arranged for a new mansion to be built in the northern part of the parish of Kirkcaldy, by Alexander Laing. but the estate continued to be named Dunnikier.The family lived there until the last of the line, Colonel St Clair <mask>, C.R., died at Dunnikier House on 14th Dec 1938. and his wife, on her death in 1973, was interned at Dunnikier. Later life
In 1715, his son and heir also called <mask> married Ann Durie, daughter of John Durie, <mask>’s ally in Kirkcaldy council. He died in 1716. He was succeeded as owner of Dunnikier by his son <mask> (1685-1725), then by his son also called <mask> (1715–69), who like his grandfather became M.P. for Dysart Burghs, in 1741. Bibliography

 <mask> (translator and continuation author), "History of Scotland of George Buchanan and Continuation to the Present Time"; publ. Blackie & Son, Edinburgh, 1856
 Keith M. Brown et al.(eds.), "The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707" (online publication, University of St Andrews, 2007–2009). Website: rps.ac.uk (retrieved July 2020)
 Joseph Foster, "Members of Parliament, Scotland, Including the Minor Barons, the Commissioners for the Shires and the Commissioners for the Burghs, 1357-1882"; print. by Hazell, Watson and Viney, London, 1882. Michael Fry, "The Union: England, Scotland and the Treaty of 1707"; publ. Birlinn, Edinburgh, 2006
 House of Commons, "Report from the select committee to whom the several petitions from the Royal Burghs of Scotland were referred"; publ. House of Commons, Westminster, 14–15 June 1821. George Lockhart, "Memoirs Concerning the Affairs of Scotland from Queen Anne's Accession to the Throne, to the Commencement of the Union of the Two Kingdoms of Scotland and England, in May 1707"; publ.J. Baker, London, 1714
 Lachlan Macbean, "The Kirkcaldy Burgh Records with the Annals of Kirkcaldy, the town's charter"; publ.The Fifeshire Advertiser, Kirkcaldy,1908. Edward Porritt, "The Unreformed House of Commons - parliamentary representation before 1832";publ. Cambridge, University Press, 1909. P. W. J. Riley, Union of England and Scotland"; publ. Manchester Univ.Press, 1978. Sir Robert Sibbard, "The History, Ancient and Modern, of the Sheriffdoms of Fife and Kinross "; publ. R.Tullis,London, 1803.D.Szechi, "Jacobitism and Tory Politics 1710-14"; publ. John Donald, Edinburgh, 1984. C. S. Terry, The Scottish Parliament: its constitution and procedure, 1603–1707''; publ. James MacLehose and Sons, Glasgow, 1905. Nicholas Tindal (translator and continuation author), "The History of England by Mr.Rapin de Thoyras Continued from the Revolution to the Accession of King George II"; publ. John and Paul Knapton, London, 1745
 David Wilkinson, "Dysart Burghs" in "The History of Parliament: the House of Commons, 1690-1715", Vol.2 "Constituencies", eds. Eveline Cruickshanks, Stuart Handley, D. W. Hayton; publ.Cambridge University Press, 2002;
Also online: // www.histparl.ac.uk/volume/1690-1715/constituencies/dysart-burghs (retrieved June 2020)

 David Wilkinson, "<mask>, <mask> (d. 1716), of Dunnikier, Fife" in "The History of Parliament: the House of Commons, 1690-1715", Vol.5 "Members O-Z", eds.Eveline Cruickshanks, Stuart Handley, D. W. Hayton"; publ.Cambridge University Press, 2002;
Also online: //www.histparl.ac.uk/volume/1690-1715/member/oswald-james-1716 (retrieved May 2020)

References and Notes

Members of the Parliament of Scotland 1702–1707
Burgh Commissioners to the Parliament of Scotland
British MPs 1710–1713
British MPs 1713–1715
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Scottish constituencies
People from Kirkcaldy
Politics of Fife

masks:
James Oswald
Thomas Oswald
James Oswald
Oswald
Oswald
Oswald
Henry Oswald
James
Captain Oswald
Thomas Oswald
Thomas Oswald
Oswald
Henry Oswald
Oswald
James Oswald
Oswald
Oswald
Oswald
Oswald
Oswald
Oswald
Oswald
Oswald
Oswald
Oswald
Oswald
James Abercromby
James Oswald
Oswald
Oswald
Oswald
Oswald
Oswald
Oswald
James Oswald
James Oswald
James Townsend
Oswald
Oswald
James
Captain Oswald
James Oswald
James Oswald
James Aikman
Oswald
James


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Matthew Bowman (born January 2, 1969) is an American professional wrestler, best known by his ring name "Wiseguy" <mask>, who has worked for the United States Wrestling Association, Extreme Championship Wrestling, the World Wrestling Federation and various other promotions on the independent circuit. He also works at the Independent Pro Wrestling Association Wrestling School and has trained several wrestlers who later worked for major promotions. Professional wrestling career
<mask> was trained for his career in professional wrestling by former WWF Champion Ivan Koloff. In 1994, he held the Carolina Championship Wrestling Alliance Tag Team Championship as a member of a tag team known as the Country Club along with Steve Storm. Later that year, the teamed with Brian Perry to form the Rat Pack. On November 17, they won a tournament to become the promotion's first tag team champions. On March 25, 1995, they lost the title to the team of Billy Simmons and Sean Powers.In 1996, he appeared in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), where he formed a tag team with Balls Mahoney in a loss to Spike and Buh Buh Ray Dudley. <mask> also had matches in ECW against Taz and Axl Rotten in 1996 and 1997. In December 1996, <mask> wrestled against Mahoney, who was using the ring name Boo Bradley, in the Mid-Eastern Wrestling Federation (MEWF), and defeated him to win the MEWF Mid-Atlantic Championship, which <mask> held for six months. He continued to compete for MEWF and held the promotion's Tag Team Championship a total of four times in 1997, three times with Steve Corino and once with Julio Sanchez. In July 1997, he competed for the National Wrestling Alliance's NWA 2000 promotion, where he won a battle royal to become the first NWA 2000 Heavyweight Champion. He held the belt for over five months before a loss to Lance Diamond. In 1997, he wrestled for the West Virginia-based Championship Pro Wrestling.He competed against his former student Christian York and defeated him at the promotion's "Hot August Night" event. <mask> had a brief stint in the Memphis based USWA feuding with Paul Diamond, Steve Corino and Flash Flanagan. <mask> also made his debut with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1997. He wrestled several matches for the WWF as a jobber; this included a handicap match on the January 12, 1998 episode of Raw is War, in which <mask> teamed with Lance Diamond in a loss to Kurrgan. <mask> continued to compete for the WWF until late in 1998. While wrestling on the American Atlantic Coast for the Independent Professional Wrestling Alliance in 1997, <mask> competed in a tournament to determine the promotion's Heavyweight Champion. He made it to the final round but ultimately lost to Salvatore Sincere.He later claimed the belt after defeating champion Lance Diamond on February 19, 1998. He held the belt for almost four months before dropping it to Buddy Landel. He later formed a tag team with Cueball Carmichael, and the pair held the promotion's Tag Team Championship twice in 1998 and 1999. He also appeared regularly in Maryland Championship Wrestling (MCW). He formed a tag team with Julio Sanchez to compete in a tournament for the initial MCW Tag Team Championship. They made it to the final match on August 18, 1998 but ultimately lost to The Headbangers. The following month, <mask> and Sanchez won the title belts by defeating The Headbangers.They held the belts until November, when they dropped them to Stevie Richards and Earl the Pearl. <mask> regained the title the following year, however, while teaming with Romeo Valentine; they held the belts for over four months before losing them to The Bruiser and Jerry Lawler. <mask> also held the promotions's Heavyweight Championship, as he defeated The Bruiser for the title on July 19, 2000. He dropped the belt four months later to Adam Flash; his rivalry over the belt with Flash continued, as <mask> regained it that December before losing it to Flash again in May 2001. While competing for MCW, <mask> also wrestled in the Pennsylvania-based Allied Powers Wrestling Federation (APWF), where he held the APWF Heavyweight Championship for one month in 1999 before dropping it to Stevie Richards. He was also awarded the APWF Television Championship on July 30, 1999, which he held until October 2001. Also in 2000, <mask> teamed with Dino Devine in Atlantic Terror Championship wrestling to hold the promotion's tag team title.The duo won the belts on July 15 and held them until the following January, when they dropped them to the team of Mark Shrader and Gregory Martin. <mask> went on to compete for 6 years in the Pittsburg PA based RWA where he held the heavyweight title twice ,the tag team titles twice with his son Dr. <mask> (Michael Bowman) as well as Akuma. He lost a lengthy feud with Bronco McBride which culminated in a bloody Dog Collar Match. <mask> was the head trainer of the IPWA Wrestling School; among those trained by <mask> were IMPACT wrestler Christian York and WWE wrestler Joey Matthews. On December 29, 2012, <mask> was inducted into the MCW Hall of Fame. RU Daily Targum  2 October 2000
 "Canada, Scotland, Whatever". Ledger-Inquirer.8 June 2001

External links
 JimmyCiceroWrestling.com

1969 births
American male professional wrestlers
Living people
Professional wrestlers from New York (state)
Professional wrestling trainers

masks:
Jimmy Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Jack Cicero
Cicero
Cicero
Cicero


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<mask> ( ; December 15, 1890) was a Hunkpapa Lakota leader who led his people during years of resistance against United States government policies. He was killed by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation during an attempt to arrest him, at a time when authorities feared that he would join the Ghost Dance movement. Before the Battle of the Little Bighorn, <mask> had a vision in which he saw many soldiers, "as thick as grasshoppers," falling upside down into the Lakota camp, which his people took as a foreshadowing of a major victory in which many soldiers would be killed. About three weeks later, the confederated Lakota tribes with the Northern Cheyenne defeated the 7th Cavalry under Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer on June 25, 1876, annihilating Custer's battalion and seeming to bear out <mask>'s prophetic vision. <mask>'s leadership inspired his people to a major victory. In response, the U.S. government sent thousands more soldiers to the area, forcing many of the Lakota to surrender over the next year. <mask> refused to surrender, and in May 1877, he led his band north to Wood Mountain, North-Western Territory (now Saskatchewan).He remained there until 1881, at which time he and most of his band returned to U.S. territory and surrendered to U.S. forces. After working as a performer with Buffalo Bill's Wild West show, <mask> returned to the Standing Rock Agency in South Dakota. Due to fears that he would use his influence to support the Ghost Dance movement, Indian Service agent James McLaughlin at Fort Yates ordered his arrest. During an ensuing struggle between <mask>'s followers and the agency police, <mask> was shot in the side and head by Standing Rock policemen Lieutenant <mask> (Tatankapah, ) and Red Tomahawk (Marcelus Chankpidutah, ), after the police were fired upon by <mask>'s supporters. His body was taken to nearby Fort Yates for burial. In 1953, his Lakota family exhumed what were believed to be his remains, reburying them near Mobridge, South Dakota, near his birthplace. Early life
<mask> was born on land later included in the Dakota Territory.In 2007, <mask>'s great-grandson asserted from family oral tradition that <mask> was born along the Yellowstone River, south of present-day Miles City, Montana. He was named Ȟoká Psíče (Jumping Badger) at birth, and nicknamed Húŋkešni  or "Slow" said to describe his careful and unhurried nature. When he was fourteen years old he accompanied a group of Lakota warriors (which included his father and his uncle Four Horns) in a raiding party to take horses from a camp of Crow warriors. He displayed bravery by riding forward and counting coup on one of the surprised Crow, which was witnessed by the other mounted Lakota. Upon returning to camp his father gave a celebratory feast at which he conferred his own name upon his son. While the name, Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake, in the Lakota language roughly translates to "Buffalo Who Sits Down", Americans came to commonly refer to him as "<mask>". Thereafter, <mask>'s father was known as Jumping <mask>.At this ceremony before the entire band, <mask>'s father presented his son with an eagle feather to wear in his hair, a warrior's horse, and a hardened buffalo hide shield to mark his son's passage into manhood as a Lakota warrior. During the Dakota War of 1862, in which <mask>'s people were not involved, several bands of eastern Dakota people killed an estimated 300 to 800 settlers and soldiers in south-central Minnesota in response to poor treatment by the government and in an effort to drive the whites away. Despite being embroiled in the American Civil War, the United States Army retaliated in 1863 and 1864, even against bands which had not been involved in the hostilities. In 1864, two brigades of about 2200 soldiers under Brigadier General Alfred Sully attacked a village. The defenders were led by <mask> Bull, Gall and Inkpaduta. The Lakota and Dakota were driven out, but skirmishing continued into August at the Battle of the Badlands. In September, <mask> Bull and about one hundred Hunkpapa Lakota encountered a small party near what is now Marmarth, North Dakota.They had been left behind by a wagon train commanded by Captain James L. Fisk to effect some repairs to an overturned wagon. When he led an attack, <mask> was shot in the left hip by a soldier. The bullet exited through the small of his back, and the wound was not serious. Red Cloud's War
From 1866 to 1868, Red Cloud as a leader of the Oglala Lakota fought against U.S. forces, attacking their forts in an effort to keep control of the Powder River Country of Montana. In support of him, <mask> led numerous war parties against Fort Berthold, Fort Stevenson, and Fort Buford and their environs from 1865 through 1868. The uprising has come to be known as Red Cloud's War. By early 1868, the U.S. government desired a peaceful settlement to the conflict.It agreed to Red Cloud's demands that the U.S. abandon forts Phil Kearny and C.F. Smith. Gall of the Hunkpapa (among other representatives of the Hunkpapa, Blackfeet, and Yankton Dakota) signed a form of the Treaty of Fort Laramie on July 2, 1868, at Fort Rice (near Bismarck, North Dakota). <mask> did not agree to the treaty. He told the Jesuit missionary, Pierre Jean De Smet, who sought him out on behalf of the government:  "I wish all to know that I do not propose to sell any part of my country." He continued his hit-and-run attacks on forts in the upper Missouri area throughout the late 1860s and early 1870s. The events of 1866–1868 mark a historically debated period of <mask>'s life.According to historian Stanley Vestal, who conducted interviews with surviving Hunkpapa in 1930, <mask> was made "Supreme Chief of the whole Sioux Nation" at this time. Later historians and ethnologists have refuted this concept of authority, as the Lakota society was highly decentralized. Lakota bands and their elders made individual decisions, including whether to wage war. Great Sioux War of 1876

<mask>'s band of Hunkpapa continued to attack migrating parties and forts in the late 1860s. When in 1871 the Northern Pacific Railway conducted a survey for a route across the northern plains directly through Hunkpapa lands, it encountered stiff Lakota resistance. The same railway people returned the following year accompanied by federal troops. <mask> and the Hunkpapa attacked the survey party, which was forced to turn back.In 1873, the military accompaniment for the surveyors was increased again, but <mask>'s forces resisted the survey "most vigorously." The Panic of 1873 forced the Northern Pacific Railway's backers (such as Jay Cooke) into bankruptcy. This halted construction of the railroad through Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota territory. After the 1848 discovery of gold in the Sierra Nevada and dramatic gains in new wealth from it, other men became interested in the potential for gold mining in the Black Hills. In 1874, Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer led a military expedition from Fort Abraham Lincoln near Bismarck to explore the Black Hills for gold and to determine a suitable location for a military fort in the Hills. Custer's announcement of gold in the Black Hills triggered the Black Hills Gold Rush. Tensions increased between the Lakota and European Americans seeking to move into the Black Hills.Although <mask> did not attack Custer's expedition in 1874, the U.S. government was increasingly pressured by citizens to open the Black Hills to mining and settlement. Failing in an attempt to negotiate a purchase or lease of the Hills, the government in Washington had to find a way around the promise to protect the Sioux in their land, as specified in the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie. It was alarmed at reports of Sioux depredations, some of which were encouraged by <mask>. In November 1875, President Grant ordered all Sioux bands outside the Great Sioux Reservation to move onto the reservation, knowing full well that not all would comply. As of February 1, 1876, the Interior Department certified as "hostile" those bands who continued to live off the reservation. This certification allowed the military to pursue <mask> Bull and other Lakota bands as "hostiles". Based on tribal oral histories, historian Margot Liberty theorizes that many Lakota bands allied with the Cheyenne during the Plains Wars because they thought the other nation was under attack by the U.S.Given this connection, she suggests the major war should have been called "The Great Cheyenne War". Since 1860, the Northern Cheyenne had led several battles among the Plains Indians. Before 1876, the U.S. Army had destroyed seven Cheyenne camps, more than those of any other nation. Other historians, such as Robert M. Utley and Jerome Greene, also use Lakota oral testimony, but they have concluded that the Lakota coalition, of which <mask> was the ostensible head, was the primary target of the federal government's pacification campaign. During the period 1868–1876, <mask> developed into one of the most important Native American political leaders. After the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) and the creation of the Great Sioux Reservation, many traditional Sioux warriors, such as Red Cloud of the Oglala and Spotted Tail of the Brulé, moved to reside permanently on the reservations. They were largely dependent for subsistence on the U.S. Indian agencies.Many other chiefs, including members of <mask>'s Hunkpapa band such as Gall, at times, lived temporarily at the agencies. They needed the supplies at a time when white encroachment and the depletion of buffalo herds reduced their resources and challenged Native American independence. In 1875, the Northern Cheyenne, Hunkpapa, Oglala, Sans Arc, and Minneconjou camped together for a Sun Dance, with both the Cheyenne medicine man <mask> or Ice and <mask> in association. This ceremonial alliance preceded their fighting together in 1876. <mask> had a major revelation. At the climactic moment, "<mask> intoned, 'The Great Spirit has given our enemies to us. We are to destroy them.We do not know who they are. They may be soldiers.' Ice too observed, 'No one then knew who the enemy were – of what tribe. '...They were soon to find out." — Utley 1992: 122–24

<mask> Bull's refusal to adopt any dependence on the U.S. government meant that at times he and his small band of warriors lived isolated on the Plains. When Native Americans were threatened by the United States, numerous members from various Sioux bands and other tribes, such as the Northern Cheyenne, came to <mask>'s camp. His reputation for "strong medicine" developed as he continued to evade the European Americans.After the ultimatum on January 1, 1876, when the U.S. Army began to track down as hostiles those Sioux and others living off the reservation, Native Americans gathered at Sitting Bull's camp. He took an active role in encouraging this "unity camp". He sent scouts to the reservations to recruit warriors and told the Hunkpapa to share supplies with those Native Americans who joined them. An example of his generosity was <mask> Bull's provision for Wooden Leg's Northern Cheyenne tribe. They had been impoverished by Captain Reynold's March 17, 1876, attack and fled to Sitting Bull's camp for safety. Over the course of the first half of 1876, <mask> Bull's camp continually expanded as natives joined him for safety in numbers. His leadership had attracted warriors and families, creating an extensive village estimated at more than 10,000 people.Lt. Col. Custer came across this large camp on June 25, 1876. <mask> did not take a direct military role in the ensuing battle; instead, he acted as a spiritual leader. A week prior to the attack, he had performed the Sun Dance, in which he fasted and sacrificed over 100 pieces of flesh from his arms. Battle of the Little Bighorn

On June 25, 1876, Custer's scouts discovered <mask>'s camp along the Little Big Horn River (known as the Greasy Grass River to the Lakota). After being ordered to attack, Custer's 7th Cavalry's troops lost ground quickly and were forced to retreat. <mask>'s followers, led into battle by Crazy Horse, counter-attacked and ultimately defeated Custer while surrounding and laying siege to the other two battalions led by Reno and Benteen. Aftermath of the Battle of the Little Bighorn
The Native Americans' victory celebrations were short-lived.Public shock and outrage at Custer's defeat and death, as well as the government's understanding of the military capability of the remaining Sioux, led the War Department to assign thousands more soldiers to the area. Over the next year, the new American military forces pursued the Lakota, forcing many of the Native Americans to surrender. <mask> refused to do so and in May 1877 led his band across the border into the North-West Territories, Canada. He remained in exile for four years near Wood Mountain, refusing a pardon and the chance to return. When crossing the border into Canadian territory, <mask> was met by the Mounties of the region. During this meeting, James Morrow Walsh, commander of the North-West Mounted Police, explained to <mask> that the Lakota were now on British soil and must obey British law. Walsh emphasized that he enforced the law equally and that every person in the territory had a right to justice.Walsh became an advocate for <mask> and the two became good friends for the remainder of their lives. While in Canada, <mask> also met with  Crowfoot, who was a leader of the Blackfeet, long-time powerful enemies of the Lakota and Cheyenne. <mask> wished to make peace with the Blackfeet Nation and Crowfoot. As an advocate for peace himself, Crowfoot eagerly accepted the tobacco peace offering. <mask> was so impressed by Crowfoot that he named one of his sons after him. <mask> and his people stayed in Canada for four years. Due to the smaller size of the buffalo herds in Canada, <mask> and his men found it difficult to find enough food to feed their starving people.<mask>'s presence in the country led to increased tensions between the Canadian and the United States governments. Before <mask> left Canada, he may have visited Walsh for a final time and left a ceremonial headdress as a memento. Surrender

Hunger and desperation eventually forced <mask> and 186 of his family and followers to return to the United States and surrender on July 19, 1881. <mask> had his young son Crow Foot surrender his Winchester lever-action carbine to Major David H. Brotherton, commanding officer of

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 Fort Buford. <mask> said to Brotherton, "I wish it to be remembered that I was the last man of my tribe to surrender my rifle". In the parlor of the Commanding Officer's Quarters in a ceremony the next day, he told the four soldiers, 20 warriors and other guests in the small room that he wished to regard the soldiers and the white race as friends but he wanted to know who would teach his son the new ways of the world. Two weeks later, after waiting in vain for other members of his tribe to follow him from Canada, <mask> and his band were transferred to Fort Yates, the military post located adjacent to the Standing Rock Agency.This reservation straddles the present-day boundary between North and South Dakota. <mask> and his band of 186 people were kept separate from the other Hunkpapa gathered at the agency. Army officials were concerned that he would stir up trouble among the recently surrendered northern bands. On August 26, 1881, he was visited by census taker William T. Selwyn, who counted twelve people in the Hunkpapa leader's immediate family. Forty-one families, totaling 195 people, were recorded in <mask>'s band. The military decided to transfer <mask> and his band to Fort Randall to be held as prisoners of war. Loaded onto a steamboat, the band of 172 people was sent down the Missouri River to Fort Randall (near present-day Pickstown, South Dakota) on the southern border of the state.There they spent the next 20 months. They were allowed to return north to the Standing Rock Agency in May 1883. In 1883, The New York Times reported that <mask> had been baptized into the Catholic Church. James McLaughlin, Indian agent at Standing Rock Agency, dismissed these reports, saying that "The reported baptism of <mask>-Bull is erroneous. There is no immediate prospect of such ceremony so far as I am aware." Meets Annie Oakley
In 1884 show promoter Alvaren Allen asked Agent James McLaughlin to allow <mask> to tour parts of Canada and the northern United States. The show was called the "Sitting Bull Connection."It was during this tour that <mask> met Annie Oakley in Minnesota. He was so impressed with Oakley's skills with firearms that he offered $65 (equal to $ today) for a photographer to take a photo of the two together. The admiration and respect was mutual. Oakley stated that <mask> made a "great pet" of her. In observing Oakley, <mask>'s respect for the young sharpshooter grew. Oakley was quite modest in her attire, deeply respectful of others, and had a remarkable stage persona despite being a woman who stood only five feet in height. <mask> felt that she was "gifted" by supernatural means in order to shoot so accurately with both hands.As a result of his esteem, he symbolically "adopted" her as a daughter in 1884. He named her "Little Sure Shot" – a name that Oakley used throughout her career. Wild West Show
In 1885, <mask> was allowed to leave the reservation to go Wild Westing with Buffalo Bill Cody's Buffalo Bill's Wild West. He earned about $50 a week (equal to $ today) for riding once around the arena, where he was a popular attraction. Although it is rumored that he cursed his audiences in his native tongue during the show, the historian Utley contends that he did not. Historians have reported that <mask> gave speeches about his desire for education for the young, and reconciling relations between the Sioux and whites. The historian Edward Lazarus wrote that <mask> reportedly cursed his audience in Lakota in 1884, during an opening address celebrating the completion of the Northern Pacific Railway.According to Michael Hiltzik, "...<mask> declared in Lakota, 'I hate all White people.' ... 'You are thieves and liars. You have taken away our land and made us outcasts.'" The translator, however, read the original address which had been written as a 'gracious act of amity', and the audience, including President Grant, was left none the wiser. <mask> stayed with the show for four months before returning home. During that time, audiences considered him a celebrity and romanticized him as a warrior. He earned a small fortune by charging for his autograph and picture, although he often gave his money away to the homeless and beggars.Ghost Dance Movement
<mask> Bull returned to the Standing Rock Agency after working in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show. The tension between <mask> and Agent McLaughlin increased and each became warier of the other over several issues including division and sale of parts of the Great Sioux Reservation. During that period, in 1889 Indian Rights Activist Caroline Weldon from Brooklyn, New York, a member of the National Indian Defense Association "NIDA", reached out to <mask>, acting to be his voice, secretary, interpreter and advocate. She joined him, together with her young son Christy at his compound on the Grand River, sharing with him and his family home and hearth. In 1889, during a time of harsh winters and long droughts impacting the Sioux Reservation, a Paiute Indian named Wovoka spread a religious movement from Nevada eastward to the Plains that preached a resurrection of the Native. It was known as the "Ghost Dance Movement" because it called on the Indians to dance and chant for the rising up of deceased relatives and the return of the buffalo. The dance included shirts that were said to stop bullets.When the movement reached Standing Rock, <mask> allowed the dancers to gather at his camp. Although he did not appear to participate in the dancing, he was viewed as a key instigator. Alarm spread to nearby white settlements. Death and burial

In 1890, James McLaughlin, the U.S. Indian Agent at Fort Yates on Standing Rock Agency, feared that the Lakota leader was about to flee the reservation with the Ghost Dancers, so he ordered the police to arrest him. On December 14, 1890, McLaughlin drafted a letter to Lieutenant <mask> (noted as <mask> in lead), an Indian agency policeman, that included instructions and a plan to capture <mask>. The plan called for the arrest to take place at dawn on December 15 and advised the use of a light spring wagon to facilitate removal before his followers could rally. <mask> decided against using the wagon.He intended to have the police officers force <mask> to mount a horse immediately after the arrest. Around 5:30 a.m. on December 15, 39 police officers and four volunteers approached <mask>'s house. They surrounded the house, knocked and entered. <mask> told <mask> that he was under arrest and led him outside. <mask> and his wife noisily stalled for time: the camp awakened and men converged at the house. As <mask> ordered <mask> to mount a horse, he said the Indian Affairs agent wanted to see the chief, and then <mask> could return to his house. When <mask> refused to comply, the police used force on him.The Sioux in the village were enraged. Catch-the-Bear, a Lakota, shouldered his rifle and shot <mask>, who reacted by firing his revolver into the chest of <mask>. Another police officer, Red Tomahawk, shot <mask> in the head, and <mask> dropped to the ground. <mask> died between 12 and 1 p.m.

A close-quarters fight erupted, and within minutes, several men were dead. The Lakota killed six policemen immediately, while two more died shortly after the fight, including <mask>. The police killed <mask> and seven of his supporters at the site, along with two horses. <mask>'s body was taken to Fort Yates, where it was placed in a coffin (made by the Army carpenter) and buried.A monument was installed to mark his burial site after his remains were reportedly taken to South Dakota. In 1953, Lakota family members exhumed what they believed to be <mask>'s remains, transporting them for reinterment near Mobridge, South Dakota, his birthplace. A monument to him was erected there. Legacy
 Following <mask>'s death, his cabin on the Grand River was taken to Chicago for use as an exhibit at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. Native American dancers also performed at the Exposition. On September 14, 1989, the United States Postal Service released a Great Americans series 28¢ postage stamp featuring a likeness of <mask>. On March 6, 1996, Standing Rock College was renamed Sitting Bull College in his honor.Sitting Bull College serves as an institution of higher education on <mask>'s home of Standing Rock in North Dakota and South Dakota. The American historian Gary Clayton Anderson of the University of Oklahoma published Sitting Bull and the Paradox of Lakota Nationhood (2010), a revisionist examination of the Lakota medicine man. Anderson stresses the Little Big Horn in light of past successes of the Lakota Nation and the merits of <mask> himself, rather than simply a mishap by Custer. In August 2010, a research team led by Eske Willerslev, an ancient DNA expert at the University of Copenhagen, announced their intention to sequence the genome of <mask>, with the approval of his descendants, using a hair sample obtained during his lifetime. In October 2021, Willerslev's research confirmed Lakota writer and activist Ernie Lapointe (who had previously proclaimed himself to be <mask>'s great-grandson) and his three sisters to be <mask>'s biological great-grandchildren. Representation in popular culture
<mask> was the subject of, or a featured character in, several Hollywood motion pictures and documentaries, which have reflected changing ideas about him and Lakota culture in relation to the United States. Among them are:
 <mask>: The Hostile Sioux Indian Chief (1914)
 <mask> at the Spirit Lake Massacre (1927), with Chief Yowlachie in the title role
 Annie Oakley (1935), where he is played by Chief Thunderbird
 Annie Get Your Gun (1950), where he is played by J. Carrol Naish
 Sitting <mask> (1954), with J. Carrol Naish again in the title role
 Cheyenne (1957), with Frank DeKova as <mask>
 Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or <mask>'s History Lesson (1976), where he is played by Frank Kaquitts
 Buffalo Girls  (1995 miniseries), where he is played by Russell Means
 Into the West (2005 miniseries), where he is portrayed by Eric Schweig
 Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee (2007), where he is portrayed by August Schellenberg
 Sitting Bull: A Stone in My Heart (2008) Documentary
 Woman Walks Ahead (2017), where he is played by Michael Greyeyes

As time passed, Sitting Bull has become a symbol and archetype of Native American resistance movements as well as a figure celebrated by descendants of his former enemies:

 Legoland Billund, the first Legoland park, contains a 36-foot tall Lego sculpture of Sitting Bull.<mask> is featured as the leader for the Native American Civilization in the computer game Civilization IV. <mask> is listed as one of 13 great Americans in President Barack Obama's children's book, Of Thee I Sing: A Letter to My Daughters. See also
 Crazy Horse
 Black Elk
 Henry Mabb

Footnotes

References

 Documentary: <mask> Bull: A Stone in My Heart , 82 minutes

 Greene, Jerome A., ed. Lakota and Cheyenne: Indian Views of the Great Sioux War, 1876–1877. Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. Matteoni, Norman E. Prairie Man: The Struggle between <mask> and Indian Agent James McLaughlin. Guilford, Conn., 2015
 McLaughlin, James.Account of the Death of <mask> and of the Circumstances Attending It . Philadelphia, 1891. "<mask> Rises Again – Two Indians Deny Bones of Chief Were Taken to South Dakota. " The New York Times. December 19, 1953. Further reading

 Nelson, Paul D., A shady Pair' and an 'attempt on his life' – <mask> and His 1884 visit to St. Paul", Ramsey County History Quarterly V38 #1, Ramsey County Historical Society, St Paul, MN, 2003. Adams, Alexander B.<mask> Bull: An Epic of the Plains. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1973. Brown, Dee. Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970. DeWall, Robb. The Saga of <mask> Bull's Bones: The Unusual Story Behind Sculptor Korczak Ziolkowski's Memorial to Chief <mask>.Crazy Horse, S.D. : Korczak's Heritage, 1984. Manzione, Joseph. "I Am Looking to the North for My Life": <mask>: 1876–1881. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1991. Newson, Thomas McLean. Thrilling scenes among the Indians, with a graphic description of Custer's last fight with <mask> .Chicago: Belford, Clarke and Co., 1884. "Confirmation of the Disaster ." The New York Times. July 7, 1876. "The Death of <mask> Bull ." The New York Times. December 17, 1890."The Last of Sitting Bull ." The New York Times. December 16, 1890. Reno, Marcus Albert. The official record of a court of inquiry convened at Chicago, Illinois, January 13, 1879, by the President of the United States upon the request of Major Marcus A. Reno, 7th U.S. Cavalry, to investigate his conduct at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, June 25–26, 1876 . (Reprint online) Pacific Palisades, Calif.: 1951. Sifakis, Stewart.Who's Who In The Civil War. New York: Facts on File Publishing, 1988. Urwin, Gregory. Custer Victorious: The Civil War Battles of General George Armstrong Custer. Lincoln, Neb. : Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1990.Utley, Robert M. The Last Days of the Sioux Nation. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1963. Utley, Robert M. <mask>: The Life and Times of an American Patriot
 Yenne, Bill. "Sitting Bull." Yardley, PA: Westholme, 2008. Vestal, Stanley. <mask> Bull: Champion of the Sioux, a Biography.New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1932. External links

 <mask> Bull's ledger drawings, Smithsonian Institution
 Sitting Bull's Winchester, Catalogue No. E384119, Department of Anthropology, NMNH, Smithsonian Institution
 "Sitting Bull", The West, PBS

1831 births
1890 deaths
1890 murders in the United States
American animists
American refugees
Battle of the Little Bighorn
Canada–United States relations
Deaths by firearm in South Dakota
First Nations history
Folk healers
Hunkpapa people
Indigenous leaders in Saskatchewan
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Male murder victims
Murdered Native American people
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People from South Dakota
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<mask> QC (born 1936) is an Australian lawyer and judge who served on the Supreme Court of Victoria from 1990 to 2004. Early life

<mask> was born in 1936. He was educated at Scotch College in Melbourne, Victoria and obtained his high school matriculation in 1953. He left his school as equal Dux. <mask> went on to study law at the University of Melbourne, graduating with Honours. He also won the Supreme Court Prize during his studies at university, and served as one of the inaugural editors of the Melbourne University Law Review. He left university to undertake articles to become a solicitor of the Supreme Court.He undertook this with William Clarke in the firm of W.J. Clarke & Co.  That firm was later incorporated into the firm of Purvis Clarke Richards, and which is now part of the national legal firm Gadens Lawyers. Legal career

Whilst undertaking his articles, <mask> was the founding co-editor of the Melbourne University Law Review in 1957. The Review had developed from the earlier publications “Res Judicatae “ published by the Law School in Melbourne University and ‘A Magazine of Legal and General Literature’ by the then Articled Clerks' Society of Victoria. After completing his articles, <mask> was admitted to practice as a solicitor of the Supreme Court of Victoria on 2 March 1959. During his time as a solicitor, he worked as a judge's associate to Justice Douglas Menzies of the High Court of Australia. <mask> read with Richard Newton of Eagle Star Chambers, who was to become a justice of the Supreme Court.In 1961 <mask> was called to the Bar, and set up chambers in the newly opened Owen Dixon Chambers in Melbourne. He specialized in commercial law, equity and probate law. During this time, he served as the Bar's representative on the Supreme Court Rules Committee for two and a half years. During his time at the bar, he earned himself the moniker of “Equity Jack”, a reference to his specialization as a barrister in the equity jurisdiction of the court. The term was apparently coined by the chamber's clerk to distinguish him from the other <mask> who specialized in criminal law. The other <mask> was to later become the Chief Justice of Victoria. <mask> married his wife Eva in 1965 and took silk in 1977 as a Queens Counsel.High Court judge and former Supreme Court judge Kenneth Hayne was a notable person who read under <mask>. Judicial career

<mask> was appointed to the Supreme Court of Victoria in 1990. In 1995 he was appointed as one of the first judges to the newly created Court of Appeal as a judge of appeal. This court acted as a permanent appeal court for the State of Victoria. <mask> also was appointed to the court's Rule Committee. This committee was responsible for drafting and issuing rules relating to the procedure of the Supreme Court. In later years, <mask> became the chair of the committee for several years.<mask> dealt with many cases during his judicial career. Two cases attracted media attention. In 2003, <mask> was a member of the appeal court which imposed what is believed to be the highest sentence imposed in Victoria for incest. The court imposed a sixteen-year imprisonment with a minimum term of thirteen and a half years. The court increased the previous sentence by four years for a man who abused six children in his care for more than 16 years. In the same year, <mask> was also a member of the appeal court which refused a prosecution appeal against the decision of a County Court that allowed four young men to escape convictions for armed robbery. The appeal court concluded that the trial judge had properly exercised his discretion in not convicting the four men.In Victoria, armed robbery carries a prison term of up to 25 years. However, the appeal court warned  that "in all but the most exceptional case" armed robbers should expect to be convicted. <mask> retired from the court in May 2004 as a permanent judge as his had reached the statutory retirement age for judges. He returned in October 2004 to the Supreme Court as a reserve judge. He retired as a reserve judge in 2005. Support for independence of the judiciary

<mask>' retirement speech generated debate in Victoria on judicial independence. In the Australian experience, government is separated into three branches, the executive, legislative and judicial branches.Each branch is independent of the others, and is recognised in the Australian Constitution at the federal level. <mask> on his retirement was critical of the intrusion of the executive into the work of the courts, being the judicial branch. For example, the Supreme Court was referred to as "Business Unit 19" by the Victorian Government. <mask> did not suggest that the Victorian Government would attempt to influence directly a decision of the court. However, there appeared to be "What is evolving ...a perception of the court as some sort of unit of functionary within the Department of Justice”. <mask> was also critical of the Victorian Government's decision to appoint acting judges from the ranks of barristers, solicitors and legal academics despite sustained criticism from judges, magistrates and lawyers. Traditionally, judges are appointed permanently so that there no scope for a judge to be removed because a decision is made that a government may not like.This enables judges to act without fear or favour. Acting judges allow a government to appoint short term judges whose appointments do not need to be renewed. This may lead to a perception that acting judges will not make decisions that are not pleasing to government in fear of not being reappointed. As <mask> noted, "a court … will rarely, if ever, be popular with politicians”. <mask> also referred to the previous Victorian government's decision not to allow that the court's chief administrator to be appointed by the governor. Instead, the administrator is appointed by the government and answerable to the Department of Justice. Journalist Richard Ackland has criticized this general argument made by judges.Ackland argues that the courts' view of independence are inflated and unrealistic. He reasons that courts cannot be co-equal with elected governments, and that courts, like other government bodies, need to compete for funds to provide services to the public. He sums up this view by saying  'What on earth are they on about?' <mask> is not alone in his criticism of government. He received support in 2006 when retiring judge William Ormiston agreed with <mask>’ comments. Chief Justice Marilyn Warren responded to the criticism by saying that "bureaucrats did not tell her what to do". Warren noted that whilst there were disagreements between her and the government from time to time, the judges run the courts, not public servants.Warren said
"The court, as part of our structure of government, is independent. As part of Victoria's constitutional arrangements, the Supreme Court is the third arm of government." References

Sources

 “Supreme Court of Victoria : the Honourable <mask>” Victorian Bar News (132) Autumn 2005 pp 48–50. Who's Who Australia 2007. Speech – Supreme Court of Victoria – 17 March 2005
http://www.supremecourt.vic.gov.au/CA256902000FE154/Lookup/Speeches2005/$file/SpeechFarewellJDPhillips17March05.pdf

Living people
1936 births
Judges of the Supreme Court of Victoria
Australian Queen's Counsel

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John David Phillips
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