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 fear of prosecution for publishing secret documents. <mask> declined and instead sent a letter to Defense Secretary Melvin Laird asking him to declassify the Pentagon Papers.In 1971, Fulbright held another set of hearing about the Vietnam. The Fulbright Hearings included the notable testimony of Vietnam veteran and future Senator and Secretary of State <mask>. In February 1970, South Dakota Senator George McGovern accused the former Viet Cong detainee <mask>. Rowe of being dispatched by the Pentagon to criticize him, Fulbright, and Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield, who had indicated their opposition to continued American involvement in Vietnam. On March 11, Fulbright introduced a resolution regarding the commitment of American troops or air forces for combat in Laos by Nixon, who, under the guidelines of the resolution, would not be able to combat forces in or over Laos without congressional affirmative action. In his address introducing the resolution, Fulbright said, "The Senate must not remain silent now while the President uses the armed forces of the United States to, fight an undeclared and undisclosed war in Laos." The following month, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee voted to repeal the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. Fulbright admitted the repeal would now have little to no legal impact and described the action as one intended to be part of an ongoing process of clearing out legislation that was now out of date.On August 22, <mask> stated his support for a bilateral treaty to grant the United States authority to use military force to guarantee both "territory and independence of Israel within the borders of 1967" and that the proposed measure would obligate Israel not to violate those frontiers, which had been created prior to the Six-Day War. In October, Defense Department officials disclosed publication of testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee showing the United States entered a 1960 agreement supporting a 40,000-man Ethiopian army in addition to beginning Ethiopia's opposition to threats against its territorial integrity. <mask> responded to the disclosure by saying the wording seemed to go "much further than saying a good word in the United Nations" and suggested the U.S. had agreed to aid the Ethiopian Emperor if the possibility of facing an internal insurrection arose. On February 28, 1971, <mask> announced his intent to submit a bill compelling the Secretary of State and other Nixon administration officials to appear before Congress to explain their position on Vietnam. <mask> said that the measure would be warranted by the refusal of <mask>. Rogers, Henry A. Kissinger, and other officials to appear before Congress. He reasoned that that they would not appear because "they know there are a number of people who don't agree with them, and it makes it embarrassing and they don't like it; they especially don't like to have it in front of television." On October 31, <mask> pledged his support to less-controversial aspects of foreign aid such as refugee relief and military aid to Israel and predicted the Nixon administration would be met with defeat or contention in the event of proposed aid for Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, and Greece.<mask> said a meeting between the Foreign Relations Committee the following day would see "that some kind of interim program will probably be devised" and expressed his disdain for "the continuing resolution approach." In March 1972, Fulbright sent a letter to Acting Attorney General Richard G. Kleindienst to request to the Justice Department not to use the Information Agency documentary Czechoslovakia 1968 for use in New York. He stated that it appeared to violate the 1948 law that created the agency, which he stated "was created for the purpose of the dissemination abroad of information about the United States, its people, and policies." In April, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee announced the end of an inquiry into a drinking incident involving United States Ambassador to France Arthur K. Watson. <mask> said that he did not expect the committee to pursue the matter and published a letter on the subject from Rogers. On August 3, the Senate approved the treaty limiting defense missiles for the United States and the Soviet Union. The following day, <mask> held a closed meeting with members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee to form a strategy against the Nixon administration's attempts to attach additional reservations to the intercontinental missile agreement signed by Nixon the previous May.On July 11, 1973, during a speech at an American Bankers Association meeting, Fulbright criticized Capitol Hill attempts to block trade concessions to the Soviet Union until it allowed the emigration of Jews and other groups: "Learning to live together in peace is the most important issue for the Soviet Union and the United States, too important to be compromised by meddling — even idealistic meddling — in each other's affairs." In August, Nixon announced his choice of Kissinger to replace the retiring Rogers as Secretary of State. Ahead of the hearings, Kissinger was expected to have the advantage of cultivating relationships with members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Vermont Senator George Aiken noting that Kissinger "met with us at Senator Fulbright's house for breakfast at least twice a year." In November 1973, Fulbright endorsed the Middle East policy of Secretary of State Kissinger in a Senate speech, arguing for the central requirement of a peace requirement prior to "another military truce hardens into another untenable and illusory status quo" and added that both sides would need to make concessions. <mask> stated that Washington, Moscow, and the United Nations were responsible for spearheading the peace settlement. He also led the charge against confirming Nixon's conservative Supreme Court nominees Clement Haynsworth and Harold Carswell. In May 1974, <mask> disclosed the existence of a weapon stockpile for South Korea, South Vietnam, and Thailand, and the Defense Department released a statement three days later that confirmed <mask>'s admission.Throughout 1974, Kissinger was investigated for his possible role in initiating wiretaps of 13 government officials and four newsmen from 1969 to 1971. In July, <mask> stated that nothing significant had emerged from the Kissinger testimony during his nomination for Secretary of State the previous fall, and <mask> indicated his belief that opponents of détente with the Soviet Union were hoping to unseat Kissinger from the investigation into his role in the wiretapping. Defeat and resignation
In 1974, <mask> was defeated in the Democratic primary in Arkansas by then-Governor Dale Bumpers. His well-documented stances on Vietnam, the Middle East, and Watergate were out of step with the Arkansan majority, and his campaign powers had atrophied. Bumpers won by a landslide. Speaking to congressmen in the weeks after <mask>'s primary loss, Nixon mocked the defeat. At the time that he formally resigned the Senate in December 1974, <mask> had spent his entire 30 years in the Senate as the junior senator from Arkansas, behind <mask>. McClellan who entered the Senate two years before him.Only Tom Harkin, who served as junior Senator from Iowa from 1985–2015 (to senior Senator Chuck Grassley), was a junior Senator for longer. Political and foreign policy views

American foreign policy
In The Arrogance of Power, Fulbright offered his analysis of American foreign policy:
Throughout our history two strands have coexisted uneasily; a dominant strand of democratic humanism and a lesser but durable strand of intolerant Puritanism. There has been a tendency through the years for reason and moderation to prevail as long as things are going tolerably well or as long as our problems seem clear and finite and manageable. But... when some event or leader of opinion has aroused the people to a state of high emotion, our puritan spirit has tended to break through, leading us to look at the world through the distorting prism of a harsh and angry moralism. <mask> also related his opposition to any American tendencies to intervene in the affairs of other nations:
Power tends to confuse itself with virtue and a great nation is particularly susceptible to the idea that its power is a sign of God's favor, conferring upon it a special responsibility for other nations—to make them richer and happier and wiser, to remake them, that is, in its own shining image. Power confuses itself with virtue and tends also to take itself for omnipotence. Once imbued with the idea of a mission, a great nation easily assumes that it has the means as well as the duty to do God's work.He was also a strong believer in international law:
Law is the essential foundation of stability and order both within societies and in international relations. As a conservative power, the United States has a vital interest in upholding and expanding the reign of law in international relations. Insofar as international law is observed, it provides us with stability and order and with a means of predicting the behavior of those with whom we have reciprocal legal obligations. When we violate the law ourselves, whatever short-term advantage may be gained, we are obviously encouraging others to violate the law; we thus encourage disorder and instability and thereby do incalculable damage to our own long-term interests. Cold War and communism
Like his friend Adlai Stevenson II, Fulbright was regarded as a "Cold War liberal." Fulbright viewed the Cold War as a struggle between the United States and a new imperialist Russia. To that end, he advocated vigorous aid and armament for Europe as opposed to a global anti-communist policy, which would include opposition to the People's Republic of China.<mask> additionally believed that conflict with the Soviet Union would almost certainly lead to nuclear war and potentially global annihilation. He initially favored the policy of containment of the Soviet Union, instead of the more aggressive rollback policy. <mask> saw the Cold War as more of a political struggle than a military struggle and criticized excessive military spending as a means of victory. After the Cuban Missile Crisis, he further modified his position toward the Soviets to détente. Segregation and civil rights
In 1950, <mask> cosponsored an amendment, which, if enacted, would allow soldiers to choose whether or not to serve in a racially-integrated unit. In 1952, <mask> assisted with blocking an Alaska statehood bill entirely because of his view that legislators from the state would support civil rights bills. According to biographer Randall Bennett Woods, <mask> believed the South was not yet ready for integration but that education would eventually eradicate prejudice and allow blacks to "take their rightful place in American society."In 1954, <mask> signed Strom Thurmond's Southern Manifesto in opposition to the Brown v. Board of Education decision. In a letter to a constituent at the time, he compared the Manifesto favorably to the alternative of secession. Privately, he assured aides that signing the Manifesto was his only means of maintaining influence with the Southern delegation. He, along with <mask>, Lister Hill, and Price Daniel, submitted a version that acknowledged theirs was a minority position and pledged to fight the Brown ruling through legal means. In later years, he insisted his intervention had led to a more moderate version of the Manifesto than Thurmond originally proposed, and his claims were generally accepted by Arkansan black leadership. <mask> was one of only two Southern members of Congress to condemn the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham, Ala., in 1963 by white supremacists that killed four girls and injured between 14 and 22 other people. With other southern Democrats, <mask> participated in the filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and opposed the 1965 Voting Rights Act.However, in 1970, <mask> voted for a five-year extension of the Voting Rights Act. Israel and Zionism
In 1963, <mask> claimed that $5 million tax-deductible from philanthropic Americans was sent to Israel and then recycled back to the U.S. for distribution to organizations seeking to influence public opinion in favor of Israel. On April 15, 1973, <mask> said on Face the Nation, "Israel controls the U.S. Senate. The Senate is subservient to Israel, in my opinion much too much. We should be more concerned about the United States interest rather than doing the bidding of Israel. This is a most unusual development." Retirement and death

After his retirement, <mask> practiced international law at the Washington, D.C. office of the law firm Hogan & Hartson from 1975–1993.On May 5, 1993, President Bill Clinton presented the Presidential Medal of Freedom to Fulbright at his eighty-eighth birthday celebration from the Fulbright Association. <mask> died of a stroke in 1995 at the age of 89 in Washington, DC. A year later, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary dinner of the Fulbright Program held June 5, 1996 at the White House, President Bill Clinton said, "Hillary and I have looked forward for some time to celebrating this 50th anniversary of the Fulbright Program, to honor the dream and legacy of a great American, a citizen of the world, a native of my home state and my mentor and friend, Senator <mask>." Fulbright's ashes were interred at the Fulbright family plot in Evergreen Cemetery in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Legacy
In 1996, The George Washington University renamed a residence hall in his honor. The J. <mask>lbright Hall is located 2223 H Street, N.W., at the corner of 23rd and H Streets. It received historic designations as a District of Columbia historic site on January 28, 2010 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 18, 2010.On October 21, 2002, in a speech at the dedication of the Fulbright Sculpture at the University of Arkansas, fellow Arkansan Bill Clinton said,

I admired him. I liked him. On the occasions when we disagreed, I loved arguing with him. I never loved getting in an argument with anybody as much in my entire life as I loved fighting with Bill Fulbright. I'm quite sure I always lost, and yet he managed to make me think I might have won. During the removal of monuments during the George Floyd protests, Fulbright's legacy was examined by the University of Arkansas community with respect to an on-campus statue and the name of the J. William Fulbright College of Arts and Sciences. Fulbright was a 1925 alumnus, professor, and university president from 1939-41.A spirited debate discussed his reputation as a racist who defended segregation and signed the Southern Manifesto. Defenders noted his record on international affairs and education, especially the Fulbright Program. One Fulbright biographer who knew Fulbright claimed he was not a racist, but supported segregationist policies expected of a Southern senator at the time, while another biographer summarized Fulbright's legacy as "a political giant in Arkansas, in both good and awful ways". A university panel voted to remove the statue and rename the college, but the University of Arkansas System Board of Trustees (which Fulbright once chaired as UA president) voted to keep both due to a state law requiring Arkansas General Assembly approval to remove monuments. Other honors
1982 awarded an honorary degree, doctor honoris causa, at the Norwegian Institute of Technology, later part of Norwegian University of Science and Technology. 1992 awarded a doctor honoris causa degree at the University of Tampere, Finland. Association for Asian Studies (AAS), 1985 Award for Distinguished Contributions to Asian Studies
 1987 Foreign Language Advocacy Award.Fulbright Program

The Fulbright Program was established in 1946 under legislation introduced by then-Senator J<mask> Fulbright of Arkansas. The Fulbright Program is sponsored by the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the United States Department of State. Approximately 294,000 "Fulbrighters", 111,000 from the United States and 183,000 from other countries, have participated in the Program since its inception over sixty years ago. The Fulbright Program awards approximately 6,000 new grants annually. Currently, the Fulbright Program operates in over 155 countries worldwide. The Thank You Fulbright project was created in April 2012 to provide an annual opportunity for alumni and friends of the Fulbright program to celebrate Fulbright's legacy. Publications

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Brown, Eugene (1985).J. <mask>: Advice and Dissent. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. .
 Clinton, Bill (2005). My Life. Vintage. .
 Finley, Keith M. (2008). Delaying the Dream: Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights, 1938–1965. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. <mask>, Haynes and Gwertzmann, Bernard (1968).Fulbright: The Dissenter. Doubleday. Powell, Lee Riley (1996). J. <mask>lbright and His Time: A Political Biography. Guild Bindery Press. . External links

 US Department of State biography
 The Two Americas (Conclusion in "The Arrogance of Power")

 A collection of works by J. <mask>lbright

Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

1905 births
1995 deaths
Alumni of Pembroke College, Oxford
Alumni of University College, Oxford
American Disciples of Christ
American legal scholars
American Rhodes Scholars
Arkansas Democrats
Arkansas Razorbacks football players
Democratic Party United States senators
George Washington University Law School alumni
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Arkansas
People from Chariton County, Missouri
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Leaders of the University of Arkansas
United States Department of Justice lawyers
Candidates in the 1952 United States presidential election
United States senators from Arkansas
University of Arkansas School of Law faculty
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
20th-century American lawyers
Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs
20th-century American politicians
Recipients of the Four Freedoms Award
Chairmen of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
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<mask> (born 1 January 1986) is a Northern Irish actor. He is best known for playing the title character in the BBC fantasy series Merlin (2008-2012) and as Billy Clanton in Kenneth Branagh’s Belfast (2021). <mask> made his London theatre debut in 2007 as the title character in DBC Pierre's Vernon God Little. He went on to appear in the theatre productions Pedro Almodóvar's Todo sobre mi madre ("All About My Mother") in 2007, Thomas Babe's A Prayer for My Daughter in 2008, Pedro Miguel Rozo's Our Private Life in 2011, Step in Time at The Old Vic 24 Hour Musicals Celebrity Gala in 2012, Shakespeare's The Tempest in 2013, and Jez Butterworth's Mojo during 2013 and 2014. In July 2008, Screen International named <mask> as a "Star of Tomorrow". For his performance in Merlin, <mask> was nominated for Outstanding Actor (Drama) in the Monte Carlo TV Festival Awards in 2009, 2010, and 2011, and Best Actor in Drama Performance: Male in the National Television Awards in 2013. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Armagh, Northern Ireland, the son of Bernard, a painter and decorator, and Bernadette, a nurse.He is the younger of two brothers; they were both raised Roman Catholic. In 1997, <mask> began studies at Integrated College Dungannon. <mask> starred in several college productions including Surgical Sensations at St. Senapods and Bad Day at Black Frog Creek. <mask> was awarded a National Diploma in Performing Arts from the Belfast Institute of Further and Higher Education in 2004. He graduated from the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland in 2007. In the final year of his undergraduate course, he was discovered by theatre director Rufus Norris and made the decision to leave three-quarters of the way through to make his professional London West End theatre debut as the title character in Vernon God Little. <mask>'s performance was well received and used as an assessment for his final grade.In November 2010, the Belfast Metropolitan College honoured <mask> with an Award of Distinction for his contribution to the Arts. Career

Theatre
<mask> made his professional stage debut in London as the titular character Vernon God Little mounted at the Young Vic in 2007. The Telegraph said that <mask> "captures all the vulnerability, confusion and gallows humour of the adolescent hero who finds himself in no end of trouble." That same year, <mask> went on to play the role of Esteban, an aspiring teenage writer, in the Old Vic stage adaptation of Pedro Almodóvar's Todo sobre mi madre (All About My Mother) opposite Diana Rigg. For both of these roles, <mask> was nominated for the 2007 London Newcomer of the Year in the Whatsonstage.com Theatregoers' Choice Awards. In 2008, <mask> appeared in the Young Vic production of Thomas Babe's A Prayer for My Daughter. The Independent noted <mask> brought Jimmy to life through "twisting, twitching mood-swings and mix of half-druggy cackling punk and half-angelic visionary."Variety also singled out his "remarkable level of twitchy intensity." In 2011, <mask> performed in the Royal Court Theatre production of Pedro Miguel Rozo's play Our Private Life to favourable reviews as Carlos, a "bipolar compulsive fantasist" homosexual who suspects he was molested by his father as a child. On 9 December 2012, <mask> performed the role of Gary, a flamboyant dance instructor trying to win the heart of one of his students, in Step in Time at The Old Vic 24 Hour Musicals Celebrity Gala in aid of The Old Vic Trust. He played Ariel opposite Roger Allam's Prospero in the 2013 Globe Theatre production of The Tempest, which was later broadcast to cinemas as part of Globe On Screen in May 2014, with a subsequent DVD release in July 2014. For this role, <mask> sought to imbue his portrayal of Ariel with "ethereal stillness" and "acrobatic precision". The Washington Post critic said that he "can't remember a better Ariel," and that <mask>'s portrayal was "mysterious, in a way I've never quite experienced before — also wonderfully vulnerable". From 2013 to 2014, <mask> made his West End debut as Skinny Luke in Jez Butterworth's dark comedy Mojo at the Harold Pinter Theatre.Radio Times described <mask>'s performance as "an accomplished study in human weakness ... played with precision and pathos." In 2017, <mask> returned to London theatre, appearing in Branden Jacobs-Jenkins' Gloria, a comic drama. <mask> made his National Theatre debut in May 2018, starring in the new production of Brian Friel's Translations, directed by Ian Rickson. He will appear at the Bridge Theatre in early 2020, appearing in Caryl Churchill's A Number opposite Roger Allam. Television

2007–08: Early years
In television, <mask> first appeared in 2007 as the embarrassed gay son John Leary in sketches on The Catherine Tate Show'''s "Christmas Special." In 2008, he portrayed the conflicted teenager Jethro Cane opposite David Tennant in the fan-favourite Doctor Who episode "Midnight." 2008–2012: Merlin

<mask> is best known for playing the title role in BBC TV series Merlin from 2008 to 2012 Merlin chronicles the adventures of a young warlock who serves as Arthur's servant and Gaius' ward; Merlin must secretly develop his magical gifts under the gaze of Kings Uther and Arthur, both of whom despise the art.The show was loosely based on the Arthurian legends of Merlin and his relationship with King Arthur. <mask> was nominated for and won multiple acting awards, including the Caron Keating Outstanding Newcomer Award in the 56th annual Variety Club Showbiz Award ceremony on 16 November 2008 (at the start of the series) and the Best Actor in Drama Performance: Male award in the 2013 National Television Awards (at the conclusion of the series). The role of Merlin proved difficult to cast, according to co-creator and executive producer Johnny Capps. "We had to find an actor who has a broad playing range, someone with the lightness of touch who will be able to deal with action and magic", Capps said in a 2011 interview. "We had an instinct about <mask>. At first we weren't sure about him but then saw him again and again and we watched back his final auditions and said, 'He's perfect for the part.'" Before auditioning for the role, <mask> received the script for Prince Arthur by mistake.He only had five minutes before his audition to read over the correct part. 2014–present
After spending 2013 in back-to-back stage productions, <mask> reappeared on television as an ambitious journalist in an episode of the 1950s Irish crime drama Quirke, based on the books by John Banville. Later that year, he took on the role of detective sergeant alongside Gillian Anderson and Jamie Dornan in the second series of The Fall. <mask> was approached to play the role, meeting with writer Allan Cubitt and lead actress Gillian Anderson in London to discuss his involvement. To prepare for his performance, <mask> read up on police procedures and spoke to the set's police advisor. He also did an impromptu interview of two police officers he saw in the street in London. In June 2015, <mask> began his role as the mysterious fugitive Leo Elster in Humans, a British-American AMC/Channel 4 eight-part science fiction drama adapted from the Swedish series Real Humans.Humans was Channel 4's highest-rated drama since The Camomile Lawn (1992). Reviewer Paul Simpson described <mask> as one who "always rises to strong material, and [whose] performance has become increasingly engaging as the series has progressed." In the summer of 2016, <mask> starred with actress Charlotte Spencer in the BBC One Victorian era ghost hunter series The Living and the Dead as the central character Nathan Appleby. Later that year, he reprised his roles in The Fall's Series 3, and in Series 2 of Humans. Film
<mask> portrayed a homeless drug-addict opposite Colm Meaney in the 2010 independent Irish film Parked, for which he spent several weeks in Dublin researching drug addiction and homelessness. <mask>'s performance was praised by multiple critics and director Darragh Byrne. In 2011, <mask> appeared in the film Island, an independent adaptation of Jane Rogers' novel Island.<mask> next portrayed WWI British soldier Victor Richardson, in a BBC Films and Heyday Films feature adaptation of Vera Brittain's World War I memoir Testament of Youth. To prepare for the role of the soldier, <mask> read Brittain's works, as well as personal letters exchanged between Vera, Victor, and their friends. He also contacted a Blind Veterans Charity in Brighton, which allowed him to interview blind people. The British Film Institute's brochure said, "Shining brightly and lingering long in the mind afterwards, are the performances of three rising British stars – <mask>, Taron Egerton and Kit Harington”. In the autumn of 2015, <mask> was featured as Frankie Shea, brother-in-law and personal driver of Tom Hardy's Reggie Kray, in the 1960s London gangster film Legend based on the book The Profession of Violence: The Rise and Fall of the Kray Twins by John Pearson. For two days in Blackpool, from 9 to 10 May 2015, <mask> filmed The Laughing King, a short film by White No Sugar TV and Funky Films in support of the UK charity Campaign Against Living Miserably's (CALM) push to raise awareness regarding depression, mental illness and male suicide. He played the role of Jake, a young man who arrives in Blackpool, the seaside town of his childhood, determined to end his life.It was released on 12 January 2016, in the London Short Film Festival. <mask> filmed Waiting for You from May to June 2015, co-starring with French actress Fanny Ardant. In April 2016, <mask> portrayed the Duke of Blackwood in the Snow White and the Huntsman spin-off, The Huntsman: Winter's War. In the fall of 2016, <mask> filmed the Oscar Wilde biopic The Happy Prince alongside Rupert Everett and <mask>, in Bavaria, Germany. In the summer of 2017, <mask> played the title role in Benjamin, a film written and directed by Simon Amstell. In 2021, <mask> appeared in Kenneth Branagh’s  film Belfast , based on the director’s childhood during The Troubles. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture.Radio
<mask> took part in BBC Radio play Cry Babies by Kim Newman on BBC Radio 4 in March 2009, playing the part of Roger. In December 2014, he starred as Newton Pulsifer in the first audio dramatisation of the popular book Good Omens, written by Neil Gaiman and Terry Pratchett, directed and adapted by Dirk Maggs, and produced by Heather Larmour, also on BBC Radio 4. On 4 December 2016, <mask> read Autumn Journal on BBC Radio 3, which was about Louis MacNeice's poetic testament of life in 1938, written against the turbulent backdrop of the Munich Agreement, the fall of Barcelona and Britain's preparations for an inevitable war. Narration
For the 100th anniversary of the Titanic's sinking on 14 April 2012, <mask> performed readings from survivor accounts and testimonials during Titanic: A Commemoration in Music and Film, broadcast live on BBC2 from Belfast's Waterfront Hall. On 27 August 2014, <mask> narrated Big Mountain Productions' Addicts Symphony on Channel 4. The one-off documentary followed composer, musician and recovering alcoholic James McConnel as he brought together ten classical musicians whose lives had been blighted by addiction for a spectacular concert. Video games
<mask> voiced Merlin's game sequences in 2012's Merlin: The Game.Personal life

<mask> is a vegetarian, citing allergies and lactose intolerance. He has advocated ethical consumerism and practises yoga. <mask> does not participate in social media, saying: "There's no social media or googling yourself. You only have to do it once to learn never to do it again." <mask> has also criticised celebrity culture:Something has been lost somewhere along the way with the craft of story-telling ... When the creativity is overshadowed by the 'business' I often feel disappointed by that. We have some amazing filmmakers who are keeping the spirit of the craft alive and that's a hub of excitement I want to be in.Charity and social action
From October 2009 until its conclusion in March 2011, <mask> was an ambassador for the A Night Less Ordinary scheme in which Arts Council England offered free theatre tickets to anyone under 26 years old. He contributed a painting from the Merlin: Colin and Bradley Quest series to the 2010 BBC Children in Need auction. It sold for £620.00. On 9 April 2011, <mask> collected funds for the Great Ormond Street Hospital. On 9 December 2012, he was a part of the 24 Hour Musicals'' at the Old Vic Theatre, which brought together more than 30 actors, directors, writers and composers to create four short musicals in just 24 hours. The process culminated in four world premieres presented to an audience of more than 1,000, and raised £182,000 towards the work that the theatre does with emerging talent, schools and the community. Filmography

Theatre

Television

Film

Radio

Narration

Video games

Other credits

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 <mask> at United Agents

1986 births
Living people
People from Armagh (city)
Alumni of the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland
Male stage actors from Northern Ireland
Male television actors from Northern Ireland
Male film actors from Northern Ireland
Male radio actors from Northern Ireland
Male Shakespearean actors from Northern Ireland
21st-century male actors from Northern Ireland
Merlin (2008 TV series)

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<mask> (May 1, 1925 – March 21, 2015), nicknamed "Concrete Charlie", was an American professional football player in the National Football League (NFL). He was one of the most devastating tacklers in the history of the NFL and its last 60-minute man, or full-time two-way player. A Slovak American from the Lehigh Valley region of Pennsylvania, Bednarik played for the Philadelphia Eagles from 1949 through 1962 and, upon retirement, was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1967, his first year of eligibility. Early life, military service and college career

<mask>'s parents emigrated in 1920 from Široké, a village in eastern Slovakia, for work, settling in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and working for Bethlehem Steel. Their son Charles was born in 1925. He attended school at SS. Cyril & Methodius in Bethlehem, which was a Slovak parochial school with Slovak the language of instruction.<mask> began playing football in Bethlehem. He played for Bethlehem's Liberty High School. Following his graduation from high school, he entered the United States Army Air Forces and served as a B-24 waist gunner with the Eighth Air Force. Bednarik flew on 30 combat missions over Germany, for which he was awarded the Air Medal and four Oak Leaf Clusters, the European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal and four Battle Stars. <mask> subsequently attended the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, where he was a 60-minute man, excelling as both center and linebacker, as well as occasional punter. He was a three-time All-American, and was elected a member of the College Football Hall of Fame, as were two of his teammates on the 1947 squad—tackle George Savitsky and tailback Tony Minisi—and his coach, George Munger. At Penn, he also was third in Heisman Trophy voting in 1948 and won the Maxwell Award that year.In 1969, he was voted by a panel of sportswriters, coaches and hall of fame players as "The Greatest Center of All-Time." Professional football career

<mask> was the first player drafted in the 1949 NFL Draft, by the Philadelphia Eagles, starring on both offense (as a center) and defense (as a linebacker). He was a member of the Eagles' NFL Championship teams in 1949 and 1960. In the final play of the 1960 NFL Championship Game, <mask>, the last Eagle between Green Bay's Jim Taylor and the end zone, tackled Taylor at the Eagles' eight-yard line, and remained atop Taylor as the final seconds ticked off the clock, ensuring the Packers could not run another play and preserving a 17–13 Eagles victory. The controversy surrounding this play led to the NFL putting in a rule penalizing defensive players for not allowing an offensive player to get up off the field. In 1960, Bednarik knocked Frank Gifford of the New York Giants out of football for over 18 months, with one of the most famous tackles in NFL history. <mask> was criticized after the game by Giants players and fans for apparently celebrating Gifford's injury and a picture from Sports Illustrated became iconic, showing <mask> in mid-celebration, right above Gifford as he laid on the field, unconscious.Bednarik defended himself by saying that he was celebrating the fumble caused by the hit, which the Eagles recovered and was going to clinch the game for them, and the right to play for the NFL Championship. Years later, Gifford called the hit "a clean shot", and said, "<mask> hit me exactly the way I would have hit him." <mask> had a famous quarrel with <mask>, who once, as a player for the Cleveland Browns, smashed him in the face during a fourth-down punting play. A few years later, Bednarik punched Noll in an on-field confrontation after a game, in retaliation. NFL commissioner Bert Bell fined <mask> $500 and ordered him to apologize to Noll for the punch. According to Bednarik, when he gave the apology, Noll simply responded, "Bullshit." <mask> proved extremely durable, missing just three games in his 14 seasons.He was named All-Pro eight times and was the last of the NFL's "Sixty-Minute Men," players who played both offense and defense on a regular basis. <mask>'s nickname, "Concrete Charlie," originated from his off-season career as a concrete salesman for the Warner Company, not (contrary to popular belief) from his reputation as a ferocious tackler. Nonetheless, sportswriter Hugh Brown of The Evening Bulletin in Philadelphia, credited with bestowing the nickname, remarked that Bednarik "is as hard as the concrete he sells." <mask> served as an analyst on the HBO program Inside The NFL for its inaugural season in 1977–78. In 1999, he was ranked number 54 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players. This made him the highest-ranking player to have spent his entire career with the Eagles, the highest-ranking offensive center and the eighth-ranked linebacker in all of professional football. In 2010, <mask> was ranked number 35 on the NFL Network's "The Top 100: NFL's Greatest Players".Ranked one spot ahead of Bednarik at #34 was Deion Sanders, a player for whom Bednarik has held open contempt in regards to being a two-way player. Bednarik was not the highest placed Eagle on the NFL Network's list. That distinction was held by Reggie White at number 7. Opinions on current NFL players
<mask> was an outspoken, even bitter critic of modern NFL players for playing on only one side of the ball, calling them "pussyfoots", noting that they "suck air after five plays" and that they "couldn't tackle my wife Emma". He even criticized Troy Brown of the New England Patriots and Deion Sanders of the Dallas Cowboys, two players who also have played both offense and defense. Bednarik noted that Brown and Sanders saw time at both wide receiver and cornerback, positions that did not require as much contact as he endured while playing both center and linebacker. Relationship with the Eagles
<mask>'s former Eagles number, 60, has been retired by the Eagles in honor of his achievements with the team and is one of only eight numbers retired in the history of the franchise.When the Eagles established their Honor Roll in 1987, <mask> was one of the first class of inductees. He attended reunions for the 25th anniversary of the 1960 NFL Championship team in 1985 and the 40th anniversary of the 1948–49 NFL Championship team in 1988 (though he had not played for the 1948 team), held in pregame ceremonies at Veterans Stadium. <mask> quarreled with current Eagles owner Jeffrey Lurie in 1996. Lurie refused to buy 100 copies of <mask>'s new book for $15 each for the entire team, as that was against NFL rules, and that grudge carried over into the Eagles' Super Bowl appearance in 2005, when he openly rooted against his former team. He was a consistent critic of several league issues, including his pension, today's salaries, and one-way players. During Eagles training camp in the summer of 2006, <mask> and the Eagles reconciled, seemingly ending the feud between <mask> and Lurie. At the same time, however, Bednarik made disparaging remarks regarding Reggie White, leading to a somewhat lukewarm reception of the reconciliation by Eagles' fans.In the edition of August 4 of Allentown's Morning Call newspaper, however, it was reported that <mask> apologized, stating he had been confused, and meant to make the statement about former Eagles wide receiver Terrell Owens. Health and death
On March 26, 2011, <mask> was reportedly taken to St. Luke's Hospital in Bethlehem. Hospital spokesmen stated that he was "in serious condition", but did not give any further details. The next day, however, it was announced that he was doing fine and had no pre-existing medical conditions. His son-in-law stated that he had passed out from shortness of breath and low blood pressure, but did not suffer a heart attack or anything related and was expected to make a full recovery. In his last years, Bednarik resided in Coopersburg, Pennsylvania, in the Lehigh Valley with his wife, Emma. <mask> died at 4:23 a.m. on March 21, 2015, after having fallen ill the previous day.He was 89. Although the Philadelphia Eagles released a statement saying he died after a "brief illness", <mask>'s eldest daughter, Charlene Thomas, disputed that claim. She said he had Alzheimer's disease, had been suffering from dementia for years, and that football-related injuries played a role in his decline. See also
<mask>ik Award (awarded annually in Bednarik's honor to the best collegiate defensive player.) References

External links

1925 births
2015 deaths
American football centers
American football linebackers
Penn Quakers football players
Philadelphia Eagles players
All-American college football players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Eastern Conference Pro Bowl players
Maxwell Award winners
National Football League first overall draft picks
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Neurological disease deaths in Pennsylvania
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
Liberty High School (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania) alumni
Sportspeople from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
American people of Slovak descent
National Football League players with retired numbers
Recipients of the Air Medal

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<mask>e <mask> (c. 19 February 1779 – 1 December 1864) was an English Australian woman who in the period 1855 to 1859 sued the Commissioners of the City of Sydney and won compensation for the sum of over £15,600 (plus costs) for the inundation of her property at Botany. <mask> is noted for her pertinacity. Despite in late 1855 partially winning her case through the New South Wales courts, <mask> appealed and three years later in early 1859 won fully after taking her case as far as the Privy Council in England, the final court of appeal then available to a British subject living in the Colony of New South Wales. In 1859, in the 70-year-old Colony of New South Wales, her court case, although largely ignored by historians, was nevertheless an achievement: women did not have the vote; and <mask> lived in a male-dominated society governed by British law where women had little power. Married women had no power at all, and <mask> was only able to sue as being a widow she was no longer married. Having experienced life as a woman in Victorian society, single, married and widowed, <mask> became concerned with what today would be called a feminist issue. She stipulated in her will that any bequests made to her daughters and granddaughters were to be given to them in their own right and that their husbands should not have any say.She attempted to give her daughters and granddaughters control over their own inheritances. The law of the day overrode her stated wishes. Remembering that colonies in Australia were largely governed by English law, prior to the English 1887 Married Woman's Property Act (which was a rallying point for many first-wave feminists in the late nineteenth century, and was only passed after years of intense political lobbying by dedicated women) a married woman could own no property, and was the chattel of her husband. Any property that she had owned as a single woman, or that she inherited as a married woman whether in goods, money, or land, passed into the ownership of her husband. <mask> was born in Halesowen, Worcestershire, England in 1779, the eldest child of <mask> and Sarah Blunn. <mask> also had a younger brother John who was born two years later. After being transported to Sydney as a teenage convict, <mask> became the unmarried partner of Captain John Black (1778–1802) the privateer (state-sanctioned pirate), whaler, ship's captain, navigator and master mariner who named King Island; and later the wife of Simeon Lord (1771–1840) a wealthy entrepreneurial emancipist merchant and magistrate.Convict
In November 1795, at the age of 16, <mask> was accused of stealing items of clothing from Francis Deakin, her employer, including 1 black silk cloak, 1 muslin shawl, 1 cotton gown, 1 dimity petticoat, 2 pair of cotton stockings and 1 pair of scissors. On 21 March 1796, at the age of 17, <mask>, who also used her mother’s name as an alias, was sentenced at the Warwickshire Assizes to seven years' transportation to New South Wales for theft. She was not transported until 1798. On 18 July 1798 <mask> arrived in Sydney, one of 95 female convicts on board the Britannia, a whaling ship that had also previously brought convicts to Sydney in May 1797. Females were in short supply in the colony, and competition for the newly arrived female convicts on that day was described by David Collins in An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales as like a cattle auction. The lot of the women who arrived that day was to be a servant or a "wife" to a stranger, or a hut-keeper for convict males at Parramatta for those who would not go with one man. As <mask> stayed in Sydney, it can only be assumed that she was initially chosen by one of the men in the "cattle auction" on board the deck of the Britannia II.Relationship with John Black
In August 1798, when they were both 19 years old, <mask> met John Black, a ship's officer who had survived the mutiny on the Lady Shore in 1797, and who that month had arrived in Sydney on board the Indispensable. <mask> came under John’s "protection" and fell pregnant almost immediately, and they went on to have two children. <mask>, however, was often "keeping the home fires burning" as John was away for months at a time either whaling or otherwise working his trade as a ship's captain. The longest time that <mask> got to spend with Black was from 11 January 1801 to 1 January 1802, when he entered into the liquor trade and established a shop on his leased land. On 31 May 1799, <mask> gave birth at home to her first child, John Henry Black (1799–1867). Home since March had been on land leased from the government by John Black, near what is now De Mestre Place in Sydney, on the eastern side of George Street, between Hunter Street and Martin Place. Three days after the birth Black again sailed, and <mask> was left to care for her newborn alone until he next returned.John Black's business saw him sailing in and out of the port of Sydney, and their child was not baptised until he was three months old. In 1800 it was recorded that ‘’<mask>(sic) and her son were off the’’ (government) ‘’stores’’. This was because <mask> "living on the lease of Mr. Black; and owing 7 sheep, 4 pigs and 3 goats" had been able to meet a level of self-sufficiency, something the government greatly encouraged in an effort to cut costs. On 7 September 1801, Governor Philip Gidley King granted <mask> an Absolute Pardon, eighteen months before her sentence would have expired. Back in January 1801, when John Black had returned to Sydney from one of his long voyages, <mask> became pregnant with their second child. <mask> Black was born at home on 1 October 1801. On 1 January 1802, after being home for nearly 12 months, Black sailed for Bombay (now Mumbai) and then Calcutta (now Kolkata) in the Fly.<mask> was left at home as the sole parent of two children under the age of three, and one only 3 months old. Then in about May 1802, on the return voyage from Kolkata, John Black's ship was lost at sea with all hands. News did not reach Sydney until 12 months later, in May 1803, that Black's ship was missing, but Black's death was not confirmed until April 1804. <mask> was not left completely destitute when Black sailed in January 1802. She had the house and shop on the land leased in Black's name, and what remained of the money and supplies that Black had left behind before he had sailed. Relationship with Simeon Lord
About 1805 <mask> began a new relationship with a business associate of her late partner. He was the former convict, and one of early Sydney's great characters, businessman Simeon Lord, who in addition to becoming a magistrate also happened to be one of the most litigious men in the colony.Simeon Lord knew both <mask> and her previous partner through trading dealings involving Black’s ships whose goods had been stored in his warehouse. Simeon Lord became step-father to <mask>'s two children. Simeon also brought into the relationship a nearly teenage adopted daughter, the orphan of two convicts who had died before she was 4 years old. In 1806 Lord's adopted daughter married one of his business partners when she was no more than 14 years old. Also in 1806 <mask>'s first child to Lord was born. <mask> and Simeon went on to have 8 children of their own over the next 15 years. With investments in Lord's name, they also became one of the richest couples in the Colony of New South Wales, with only six Sydney residents having greater landholdings.In 1807 <mask> sent her daughter, <mask>, to England with Simeon Lord's adopted daughter Joanna and her husband Francis Williams, to be placed into the care of the child's grandfather, Reverend John Black. In February 1807 the then five-year-old left on board Lord's ship the Commerce, but the ship returned to Sydney in April 1807 after picking up shipwrecked men, and sustaining damage in a storm. In July 1807 her daughter was baptised at St Philip's Church, Sydney. Then in November 1807 her daughter began the voyage to England for a second time aboard another of Lord's ships, the Sydney Cove. Young <mask> Black did not return to Australia until 1814 after her grandfather's death. <mask> married her partner Simeon Lord on 27 October 1814 at St Philip's Church, Sydney. Their fifth child was only one week old.A witness to the wedding was William Charles Wentworth, the son of magistrate and family friend D'arcy Wentworth. In the 1820s the family moved from their ‘city’ home in Macquarie Place, Sydney, to their ‘country’ home in Botany, nearer to the site of their factory. Widow
When her husband Simeon Lord died in 1840, <mask> had a mourning brooch made containing her husband's woven hair in a gold setting with a border of half-pearls. Simeon, the legal holder of the couple's wealth, had died an "immensely wealthy man". Under the terms of the will, <mask>, a woman, was made executor of the estate. Lord's estate was divided between his wife and 8 children, the youngest of whom was 18. <mask> became one of the wealthiest women in the colony.<mask> then lived about another 24 years as a widow, and continued to reside in the family home until her death. After her husband's death, in addition to managing large livestock and landholdings, <mask> continued the manufacturing business in the factory at Botany. She employed many local people in the milling and dressing of cloth, and in the making of hats, stockings, leather, shoes, candles and harnesses, until the business had to be closed due to the flooding of part of her Botany property and the loss of the stream which drove the mill. Beginning in 1855, in litigation worthy of her late husband, <mask> sued the Commissioners of the City of Sydney. In July 1855, by notification in the Government Gazette of Colonial Act of the 17 Vic, No. 33, entitled "An Act for supplying the City of Sydney, and portions of the Suburbs thereof, with Water", approximately  were resumed for a reserve for a water supply for Sydney. The land resumed including land owned by <mask> on which stood her woollen mill.Compensation was offered, but the amount offered was disputed as unreasonable. Under the Colonial Act, questions of disputed compensation are tried in the form of an action brought against the Commissioners. In order to gain reasonable compensation for this resumption the then 76-year-old <mask> took the Commissioners of the City of Sydney to the Supreme Court of New South Wales. "For thirty one and a half acres, with a mill, a dwelling-house, some outbuildings, and water privileges, Mrs. <mask> claimed £30,000." In December 1855, in the third and last action taken by residents whose land had been resumed, she partially won her case. The two cases that were heard before <mask>'s case, and which had established <mask>'s right to compensation for the deprivation of her land, buildings, and enough water to provide the motive power to run her mill, were Darvall V. The City Commissioners that was heard by Mr. Justice Dickinson in October 1855, and Edward Lord V. The City Commissioners that was heard by Mr. Justice Dickinson in November 1855. For the loss of  and buildings the jury returned a verdict for Darvall of damages of £3200; and contingent damages of £800 in the event of the plaintiff establishing at law his claim to the use of water.Mr. Justice Dickinson ruled that plaintiff, having no mill that was deprived of its motive power, was not entitled to damages to the use of the water, but that this could only be decided by a decision by the full court, on appeal. For the loss of  and buildings and the motive power of water to his mill, the jury returned a verdict for Edward Lord of damages for £11,000; and contingent damages of £4,000 for the loss of water for other purposes than those of his mill, namely, for possible wool washing, and other purposes. Mr. Justice Dickinson ruled that the use of the water for possible wool washing was incompatible with the terms of the original land grant, but that this could only be decided by a decision by the full court, on appeal. Held over two days, <mask>'s case included the special jury of twelve travelling from the court house to Botany to view the land that had been resumed. Unquestioned was <mask>'s right to compensation for the deprivation of her land, buildings, and enough water to provide the motive power to run her mill. The jury assessed the damages for these at £11,460. What was still in question was her right for damages for the deprivation of water for other purposes like the use of her machinery.The jury, under instructions from the judge Mr. Justice Dickinson, assessed contingent damages for the loss of additional water usage at another £7,200 - but only if <mask> had been entitled to the undisturbed use of the water that, previous to the resumption by the Commissioners of the City of Sydney, had been flowing from the land further upstream owned by her son Edward Lord. As in the previous cases, whether <mask> had been entitled to the undisturbed use of the water was something that Mr. Justice Dickinson ruled could only be decided by a decision by the full court, on appeal. The amount of damages of £11,460 awarded to <mask> were reduced after further action by the Commissioners. They did not question the amount of damages on the land and buildings that had been awarded against them, but they did question the amount of damages on the water for the motive power for the mill. The Supreme Court directed a new trial unless <mask> agreed to reduce the amount of the damages that she had been awarded, to which she consented. The fight was not yet over, however, as there was still the issue of the contingent damages of £7,200 to which she believed she was entitled. Showing her pertinacity, <mask> appealed her case to the Privy Council in England, the final court of appeal then available to a British subject living in the Colony of New South Wales.The judgment of the Lords of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council on the appeal of <mask> v. Commissioners for the City of Sydney was delivered on 12 February 1859, after <mask> had turned 80 years of age. News of the verdict took over two months to reach Australia, but <mask> had been awarded the final £7,200 and her costs. Lord Kingsdown (Judge of the Admiralty Court), Lord Justice Knight Bruce, Sir Edward Ryan, and Sir John Taylor Coleridge had decided, despite contrary arguments from the defendants, that <mask> had been entitled to the undisturbed use of the water on her land that had been resumed, and that she was entitled to the extra £7,200 compensation. Her total compensation as a result of the court actions was now over £15,600. Historical research would need to be done to establish if <mask> has an even more important place in Australian history. Due to the prohibitive circumstances under which Australian women were living legally and socially, and that for anyone living in Australia prior to or during the Victorian era it was expensive and geographically difficult to appeal a case in England, <mask> is perhaps the first, and possibly only, female and/or female convict, to have taken a legal case from New South Wales to the Privy Council. <mask> died on 1 December 1864 at the age of 85 in the family home of "Banks House" (named after Sir Joseph Banks) at Botany.She was the matriarch of a large, notable, Australian family, and had already settled large amounts of her estate on her children before she died. Probate of her remaining estate was granted on 24 August 1865 and was valued at £11,000. In her will she named all her ten children, although some had predeceased her. <mask> was also specifically concerned for her daughters and granddaughters. She stipulated that any bequests made to her daughters and granddaughters were to be given to them in their own right and that their husbands should not have any say. She attempted to give her daughters and granddaughters control over their own inheritances. The law of the day overrode her stated wishes.Remembering that colonies in Australia were largely governed by English law, prior to the English 1887 Married Woman's Property Act a married woman could own no property, and was the chattel of her husband. Any property that she had owned as a single woman, or that she inherited as a married woman whether in goods, money, or land, passed into the ownership of her husband. <mask>'s sons became well known in public life. One of them, George William Lord (1818–1880), a pastoralist, was elected to the first New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1856, and transferred to the legislative council in 1877. He was colonial treasurer in the third Martin ministry from December 1870 to May 1872. Her eldest son to Simeon Lord, Simeon Lord Jnr. (1810–1892), was a pastoralist in Tasmania and Queensland.Another son, Francis Lord (1812–1897), was a member of parliament for many years, and a third son, Edward Lord (1814–1884), became city treasurer at Sydney and mayor of St Leonards. Her eldest son John Henry Black (1799–1867) later became the first manager of the Bank of New South Wales. One of her sons-in-law was another successful merchant in Sydney, Prosper de Mestre (1789–1844) who married her daughter <mask> Black (1801–1861). An ambrotype photographic portrait of <mask> (Mrs Simeon Lord), in its case, and taken sometime in the period 1845–1860, is in the collection of the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney. Notes

References
<mask>, Perth Dead Persons Society – Convicts to Australia
The Black Family, Elizabeth Draper – de Mestre Family Tree
Simeon Lord and <mask> Black, Vicki Court – Family Connections

1779 births
1864 deaths
19th-century Australian businesspeople
English emigrants to colonial Australia
People from Halesowen
People from Sydney
Women of the Victorian era
Australian convict women
British female criminals
Female

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<mask> (German <mask>; 16 September 16512 November 1716) was a German naturalist, physician, explorer and writer known for his tour of Russia, Persia, India, Southeast Asia, and Japan between 1683 and 1693. He wrote two books about his travels. Amoenitatum exoticarum, published in 1712, is important for its medical observations and the first extensive description of Japanese plants (Flora Japonica). His History of Japan, published posthumously in 1727, was the chief source of Western knowledge about the country throughout the 18th and mid-19th centuries, when it was closed to foreigners. Early life
Kaempfer was born at Lemgo in the Principality of Lippe, within the Holy Roman Empire. His father was a pastor and his mother helped support the congregation. He studied at Hameln, Lüneburg, Hamburg, Lübeck and Danzig (Gdańsk), and after graduating at Kraków, spent four years at Königsberg in Prussia, studying medicine and natural science.Travels and studies

Persia
In 1681, Kaempfer visited Uppsala in Sweden, where he was offered inducements to settle. His desire for foreign travel led him to become secretary to the second embassy of the Swedish ambassador Ludvig Fabritius, whom Charles XI sent through Russia to Persia in 1683. Kaempfer's travelogue of this embassy was later published. He reached Persia by way of Moscow, Kazan and Astrakhan, landing at Nizabad "in Shirvan" (actually now in Azerbaijan) after a voyage in the Caspian Sea. From Shemakha in Shirvan, he made an expedition to the Baku peninsula, being perhaps the first modern scientist to visit the "fields of eternal fire" around Baku. In 1684 Kaempfer reached Isfahan, then the Persian capital. When after a stay of more than a year the Swedish embassy prepared to return to its homeland, Kaempfer joined the fleet of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in the Persian Gulf as chief surgeon.In spite of fever caught at Bander Abbasi, he saw something of Arabia (visiting Muscat in 1688) and many of the western coastlands of India. Siam and Japan
In September 1689, Kaempfer reached Batavia. He spent the following winter studying Javanese natural history. In May 1690 he set out for Japan as physician to the VOC trading post in Nagasaki. En route to Japan, the ship in which he sailed touched at Siam, whose capital he visited. He recorded his meeting with Kosa Pan, the Siamese Minister and former ambassador to France. In September 1690 Kaempfer arrived in Nagasaki, the only Japanese port then open to Dutch and Chinese ships.Kaempfer stayed two years in Japan, during which time he twice visited Edo and the shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi. He conducted extensive studies on local plants, many of which were published in his "Flora Japonica" (part of Amoenitatum Exoticarum). When he visited Buddhist monks in Nagasaki in February 1691, he was the first western scholar to describe the tree Ginkgo biloba. He brought some Ginkgo seeds back that were planted in the botanical garden in Utrecht. The trees have survived to the 21st century. (The "awkward" "–kgo" spelling appears to be an error Kaempfer made in his notes, a more precise romanization would have been "Ginkjo" or "Ginkio"). Kaempfer also collected materials and information on Japanese acupuncture and moxibustion.His treatise on the cure of colic (Japanese senki) using needles and his presentation of a Japanese "Moxa-mirror" had a considerable influence on the reception of Far Eastern medicine in 18th-century Europe. In his posthumously published notes on Japan, he mixes careful observation with a strong desire to make these observations conform to European conceptions of Asia. He argues that the Japanese have a separate ethnic origin from the Chinese and claims they descend directly from the builders of the Tower of Babel. Thus he links Shinto to Babylonian religion. At the same time, he was among the first Europeans to claim that Japan had a diversity of religions rather than one religion that corresponded to ethno-national identity. During his stay in Japan, Kaempfer's tact, diplomacy and medical skill overcame the cultural reserve of the Japanese. He elicited much valuable information.In November 1692 he left Japan for Java. Return to Europe
After twelve years abroad, Kaempfer returned to Europe in 1695, landing at Amsterdam. He was awarded a doctorate in medicine at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands. Kaempfer settled in his native city of Lemgo, where he became the physician of the Count of Lippe. In Germany he published the book Amoenitatum exoticarum (Lemgo 1712). Among many other Japanese plants, it included an illustration of a camellia and introduced 23 varieties. It was notable for its description of the electric eel, acupuncture, moxibustion, and the hyena.This was the first scientific description of the hyena (about which until then only confused and downright fanciful things had been "reported" since antiquity), and Linnaeus used it extensively. It can be argued that the modern zoological name of the striped hyena, Hyaena hyaena Linnaeus, could or should include the name Kaempfer based on the tradition of taxonomic naming based on who described something first. <mask>'s other work was also often praised by Linnaeus, including his systematic description of tea, as well as his other work on Japanese plants, and Linnaeus adopted some of Kaempfer's plant names, such as Ginkgo. In 1716, Kaempfer died at Lemgo. Most of his manuscripts and many objects from his collection are preserved in the British Library and the British Museum. Kaempfer's works on Japan had a profound influence on European and German research on East Asia, which culminated in the studies by Philipp Franz von Siebold. Manuscripts

At Kaempfer's death his mostly unpublished manuscripts were purchased by Sir Hans Sloane via George I's court physician Johann Georg Steigerthal and conveyed to England.Among them was a History of Japan, translated from the manuscript into English by Sloane's librarian John Gaspar Scheuchzer (1702–1729). It was first published at London, in 2 vols., in 1727. The original German (, Japan of Today) had not been published; the extant German version was translated from the English. Besides Japanese history, this book contains a description of the political, social and physical state of the country in the 17th century. For upwards of a hundred years, when Japan was closed to foreigners, it was the chief source of information for the general reader. In the 21st century it is considered to have some value. A life of the author is prefixed to the History.Kaempfer's original manuscripts are held by the British Library. Most have been published since 2001:
<mask> <mask>, Werke. Kritische Ausgabe in Einzelbänden. Herausgegeben von Detlef Haberland, Wolfgang Michel, Elisabeth Gössmann. Vol 1/1 <mask> Kaempfer: Heutiges Japan. Herausgegeben von Wolfgang Michel und Barend J. Terwiel. 2001.[xiv, 779 pp., 93 ills. Transliteration of EKs manuscript, British Library London, Ms Sl 3060, reproduction of drawings, index]
 Vol 1/2 <mask> Kaempfer: Heutiges Japan. Herausgegeben von Wolfgang Michel und Barend J. Terwiel. 2001 [vii, 828 pp., 56 ills.] [Extensive commentary by Michel on Kaempfer's manuscript and drawings, Japanese and Western coworkers, Kaempfer's research context, his Japanese collection etc. including a bibliography]
 Vol 2 Briefe 1683–1715. München: Iudicium Verl., 2001.["Letters 1683–1715"]
 Vol 3 Zeichnungen japanischer Pflanzen. München: Iudicum Verl., 2003. ["Drawings of Japanese plants"]
 Vol 4 <mask> Kaempfer in Siam. München: Iudicum Verl., 2003. –  ["Kaempfer in Siam"]
 Vol 5 Notitiae Malabaricae. München: Iudicum Verl., 2003. ["Notes on Malabar": on the southern India region, known as South Kerala]
 Vol 6 Russlandtagebuch 1683.München: Iudicum Verl., 2003. ["Russia diary 1683"]

<mask>'s works

 Exercitatio politica de Majestatis divisione in realem et personalem, quam [...] in celeberr. Gedanensium Athenaei Auditorio Maximo Valedictionis loco publice ventilendam proponit Engelbertus Kämpffer Lemgovia-Westphalus Anno MDCLXXIII [= 1673] d. 8. Junii h. mat. Dantisci [= Danzig], Impr. David Fridericus Rhetius. Disputatio Medica Inauguralis Exhibens Decadem Observationum Exoticarum, quam [...] pro gradu doctoratus [...] publico examini subjicit <mask> Kempfer, L. L. Westph.ad diem 22. Aprilis [...] Lugduni Batavorum [= Leiden], apud Abrahanum Elzevier, Academiae Typographum. MDCXCIV [= 1694]. Amoenitatum exoticarum politico-physico-medicarum Fasciculi V [= quinque], Quibus continentur Variae Relationes, Observationes et Descriptiones Rerum persicarum & [= et] ulterioris Asiae, multâ attentione, in peregrinationibus per universum Orientum, collectae, ab Auctore <mask> Kaempfero, D. Lemgoviae [= Lemgo], Typis & Impensis Henrici Wilhelmi Meyeri, Aulae Lippiacae Typographi, 1712 (Google, biodiversitylibrary.org)
 The History of Japan, giving an Account of the ancient and present State and Government of that Empire; of Its Temples, Palaces, Castles and other Buildings; of Its Metals, Minerals, Trees, Plants, Animals, Birds and Fishes; of The Chronology and Succession of the Emperors, Ecclesiastical and Secular; of The Original Descent, Religions, Customs, and Manufactures of the Natives, and of their Trade and Commerce with the Dutch and Chinese. Together with a Description of the Kingdom of Siam. Written in High-Dutch [= Hochdeutsch – High German] by <mask> <mask>, M. D. Physician to the Dutch Embassy to the Emperor's Court; and translated from his Original Manuscript, never before printed, by J. G. Scheuchzer, F. R. S. and a Member of the College of Physicians, London. With the Life of the Author, and an Introduction.Illustrated with many Copperplates. Vol. I/II. London: Printed for the Translator, MDCCXXVII [= 1727]. De Beschryving van Japan, behelsende een Verhaal van den ouden en tegenwoordigen Staat en Regeering van dat Ryk, van deszelfs Tempels, Paleysen, Kasteelen en andere Gebouwen; van deszelfs Metalen, Mineralen, Boomen, Planten, Dieren, Vogelen en Visschen. Van de Tydrekening, en Opvolging van de Geestelyke en Wereldlyke Keyzers. Van de Oorsprondelyke Afstamming, Godsdiensten, Gewoonten en Handwerkselen der Inboorllingen, en van hunnen Koophandel met de Nederlanders en de Chineesen.Benevens eene Beschryving van het Koningryk Siam. In 't Hoogduytsch beschreven door <mask> <mask>, M. D. Geneesherr van het Hollandsche Gezantschap na 't Hof van den Keyzer, Uyt het oorspronkelyk Hoogduytsch Handschrift, nooit te vooren gedrukt, in het Engelsch overgezet, door J. G. Scheuchzer, Lidt van de Koninklyke Maatschappy, en van die der Geneesheeren in London. Die daar by gevoegt heeft het Leven van den Schryver. Voorzien met kunstige Kopere Platen, onder het opzicht van den Ridder Hans Sloane uytgegeven, en uyt het Engelsch in 't Nederduytsch vertaalt. MDCCXXIX [= 1729]. <mask> Kaempfer: 16511716. Seltsames Asien (Amoenitates Exoticae).In Auswahl übersetzt von Karl Meier-Lemgo, Detmold 1933
 "<mask> Kaempfer: Am Hofe des persischen Großkönigs (1684–1685)", Ed. Walther Hinz, Stuttgart 1984. <mask> Kaempfer: Der 5. Faszikel der "Amoenitates Exoticae" - die japanische Pflanzenkunde. Herausgegeben und kommentiert von Brigitte Hoppe und Wolfgang Michel-Zaitsu. Hildesheim/Zuerich/New York: Olms-Weidmann, 2019. Literature on E<mask>
 Van Der Pas, Peter W.: <mask>, <mask>.Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
 Kapitza, Peter: <mask> <mask> und die europäische Aufklärung. Dem Andenken des Lemgoer Reisenden aus Anlaß seines 350. Geburtstags am 16. September 2001. München: Iudicum Verlag, 2002. Haberland, Detlef (Hrsg. ): <mask> <mask> – Werk und Wirkung.Stuttgart, Franz Steiner, 1993. Haberland, Detlef (Hrsg. ): <mask> <mask> (1651–1716): Ein Gelehrtenleben zwischen Tradition und Innovation. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 2005. David Mervart: "A closed country in the open seas: <mask> Kaempfer's Japanese solution for European modernity's predicament," in: History of European Ideas, 35,3 (2009), 321–329. Andreas W. Daum: "German Naturalists in the Pacific around 1800: Entanglement, Autonomy, and a Transnational Culture of Expertise,” in Explorations and Entanglements: Germans in Pacific Worlds from the Early Modern Period to World War I, ed. Hartmut Berghoff, Frank Biess and Ulrike Strasser.New York: Berghahn Books, 2019, 79-102. See also
 Genroku
 Japanese era names
 Sakoku
 List of Westerners who visited Japan before 1868

Notes

References

Bibliography
 <mask>, <mask>. (1727). The history of Japan : giving an account of the ancient and present state and government of that empire ... of the chronology and succession of the emperors ... together with a description of the kingdom of Siam (translated by John Gaspar Scheuchzer). London: printed for the translator. OCLC 234194789
 <mask>, <mask>. (1906) The History of Japan: Together with a Description of the Kingdom of Siam, 1690–92, Vol I. London: J. MacLehose and sons.OCLC 5174460
 <mask>, <mask>. (1906)  The History of Japan: Together with a Description of the Kingdom of Siam, 1690–92, Vol II. London: J. MacLehose and sons. OCLC 5174460
 <mask>, <mask>. (1906) The History of Japan: Together with a Description of the Kingdom of Siam, 1690–92, Vol III. London: J. MacLehose and sons. OCLC 	5174460
 Beatrice Bodart-Bailey, Derek Massarella.The Furthest Goal: <mask> <mask>'s Encounter with Tokugawa Japan. Routledge, 2012. External links

 Bibliography, Source Material etc. by W. Michel
 Illustrations: Amoenitates Exoticae (1712)
 <mask> Kaempfer info from the Hauck Botanical online exhibit
 Items associated with Kaempfer in the holdings of the New York Public Library
 Items associated with Kaempfer in the holdings of the British Museum

1651 births
1716 deaths
18th-century German botanists
German Japanologists
Botanists active in Japan
Explorers of Asia
People from the Principality of Lippe
German male non-fiction writers
Dutch East India Company people
People from Lemgo
17th-century German botanists

masks:
Engelbert Kaempfer
Engelbert Kaempfer
Kaempfer
Engelbert
Kaempfer
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Engelbert
Engelbert
Kaempfer
Engelbert
Engelberto
Engelbertus
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Major General <mask>Mike" <mask> (17 February 1886 – 10 December 1973) was a senior officer of the United States Army, best known during World War II for commanding the VI Corps during Operation Avalanche, the Allied landings at Salerno, Italy, in 1943. After the landings, he was relieved of his command by Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark, commander of the Fifth Army, and returned to the United States. Early life and education
<mask> was born on 17 February 1886 in Antigo, Wisconsin. After graduation from Ripon College in Ripon, Wisconsin, he entered the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York, in 1906, at the age of 20. He graduated four years later on 15 June 1910 and was also commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Field Artillery Branch of the United States Army. Among his fellow graduates were <mask>, Emil F. Reinhardt, <mask>n, <mask>, Oscar Griswold, <mask> and Lewis Burton. Military career
<mask> served in both the United States and in the Philippines, attending various schools.He took part in the Mexican Punitive Expedition in 1916, serving under the command of Brigadier General <mask>. Pershing. World War I
With the American entry into World War I, which occurred in April 1917, <mask> was transferred to the newly created 7th Field Artillery Regiment stationed at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. The 7th Field Artillery was assigned to the 1st Infantry Division. Together with his division <mask>, by now a captain (having been promoted in May), was sent to the Western Front as part of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), which was commanded by <mask>, who <mask> had served with in Mexico the previous year. After arrival in France, <mask> attended a short course in l'Ecole d'Artillerie at Fontainebleau and was appointed the executive officer (XO) for the Saumur Artillery School. He was promoted to major in February 1918. He stayed in this capacity until May 1918, when he was transferred to the 12th Field Artillery Regiment, part of the 2nd Infantry Division.For his service with the 12th Field Artillery, <mask> was decorated with the Silver Citation Star for gallantry in action near Vierzy, France. At the end of July 1918, he was transferred to the General Staff of the U.S. First Army. He was also promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel in this capacity. He was briefly assistant chief of staff for the field artillery of the U.S. Second Army. During this assignment the war ended, on 11 November 1918. On 20 November he served with the 16th Field Artillery Regiment, part of the 4th Infantry Division. <mask> remained in the army after the war, which ended on 11 November 1918, and in the subsequent interwar period.World War II
Prior to the war, <mask> was a colonel on the permanent army promotion list. In 1940, <mask> became division artillery commander of the 7th Infantry Division, commanded by Major General <mask>. He was then appointed temporary brigadier general, and in September 1941 <mask> took command of the 40th Infantry Division, an Army National Guard formation. December 1941 saw the American entry into World War II, due to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. In April 1942 he was promoted by his close friend, Lieutenant General Lesley J. McNair, commander of Army Ground Forces, to the temporary rank of major general and given command of the VI Corps. In early 1943, the corps was sent to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO), initially to participate in the Allied invasion of Sicily, where it was to come under command of the Seventh Army, commanded by Lieutenant General George S. Patton. However, Lieutenant General Omar Bradley's II Corps, which had been in action in the Allied campaign in North Africa, was chosen instead.The VI Corps was instead selected for participation in the Allied invasion of Italy, coming under command of Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark's U.S. Fifth Army. The relationship between Clark and <mask> was not always easy, with Clark being a decade younger than <mask> and less senior. VI Corps comprised the 36th Infantry Division, under Major General Fred L. Walker, and the 45th Infantry Division, under Major General Troy H. Middleton, both National Guard divisions. Both Walker and Middleton had, like <mask>, fought in World War I. The corps took part in the Allied invasion of Italy at Salerno on 9 September 1943, with the British X Corps also under Fifth Army command, as part of Operation Avalanche. The stiffness of the German defenses sorely tested VI Corps, inflicting heavy casualties. German attempts to throw the American force back into the sea were thwarted by the artillery of both divisions, strongly supported by naval and aerial bombardment and the approach of the British Eighth Army from the south.Although thought highly of by many officers, <mask> had been moved on by Patton in Sicily (although this was mainly due to Patton wanting an experienced corps commander) and his suitability for high command had been questioned by the Supreme Allied Commander in the MTO, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, and British General Sir Harold Alexander, the 15th Army Group commander, who described <mask> as a "broken reed". After the problems at Salerno, during which Clark brought in Major General Matthew Ridgway, commander of the 82nd Airborne Division, to act as the VI Corps deputy commander, <mask> was relieved of command of VI Corps by Clark on 20 September 1943. Many, including both Walker and Middleton, along with Colonel <mask>, commander of the 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment, believed Clark used Dawley as a scapegoat to cover his own failures and thought Clark should be the one to go. <mask> was replaced as VI Corps commander by Major General <mask>. Lucas, who was in turn replaced in February 1944 during Operation Shingle. <mask> left Salerno for Algiers, where he was to meet with Eisenhower; however, Eisenhower was not available, and <mask> was handed a brief letter informing him that by command of General Eisenhower, as of 23 September 1943 his temporary rank of major general was terminated, and as of 24 September 1943 he was reverted to his permanent rank of colonel of Field Artillery, Regular Army. <mask> returned to the United States and was assigned as the commander of the Tank Destroyer School and Center in the United States, the first of several appointments to military training establishments. Upon his retirement on 30 September 1947. he was promoted to brigadier general.However, the "Biographical Dictionary of World War II Generals" states that he was "commanding general" of the Tank Destroyer Center from February 1944 – March 1945." After <mask> retired from the army in 1947 he was promoted to the rank of major general (retired) on 29 June 1948. Postwar
<mask> died on 8 September 1973 at Silas B. Hays Army Hospital at Fort Ord, California, almost exactly 30 years since the Salerno landings. His body was cremated and ashes scattered at sea. Decorations
Here is the ribbon bar of Major General <mask>:

References

External links
Generals of World War II

|-

1886 births
1973 deaths
People from Antigo, Wisconsin
Military personnel from Wisconsin
Ripon College (Wisconsin) alumni
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
United States Army War College alumni
United States Army personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Silver Star
Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
United States Army generals of World War II
United States Army generals

masks:
Ernest Joseph "
Dawley
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Jack Heard
John Milliki
James Muir
Jack McCoach
Dawley
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John Pershing
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Joseph Stilwell
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<mask> (born November 22, 1978), known professionally as <mask>, is a South Korean-born American singer, songwriter, musician, and record producer. She is the lead vocalist for the American rock band Yeah Yeah Yeahs. Early life
She was born in Busan, South Korea, the daughter of a Korean mother and a Polish father. The family eventually moved to Englewood, New Jersey, where she grew up and graduated from Dwight-Englewood School. About her childhood, she stated that "it's almost embarrassing how well-behaved I was, which is probably why I do things like spit water on myself on stage as an adult". She attended Oberlin College before transferring to New York University's Tisch School of the Arts. <mask> is best known as the lead vocalist for the band Yeah Yeah Yeahs.She has also been noted for her sense of fashion, wearing ostentatious outfits made by her friend, fashion designer Christian Joy. In the early days of the band, she became well known for her outrageous antics during live shows. Their first ever gig was opening for The White Stripes. During a tour for the 2003 Livid Festival in Australia, at a sideshow at The Metro in Sydney, <mask> accidentally danced off the stage and was reluctantly taken to a hospital. A few days later, at the Sydney leg of the Livid Festival, she appeared in a wheelchair pushed onstage by Angus Andrew. In 2007, <mask> was placed at number three on Spinner.com's Women Who Rock Right Now. She began working on a small side project called Native Korean Rock and the Fishnets with fellow NYC musicians in 2008.In 2009, she contributed backing vocals, screaming animal sounds, and noises to the songs "Gemini Syringes", "I Can Be A Frog", and "Watching the Planets" on The Flaming Lips album Embryonic. In 2011, she contributed vocals on the song "Pinky's Dream" on the David Lynch debut album Crazy Clown Time. In 2012, she collaborated with experimental rock group Swans on the song "Song for a Warrior" on their album The Seer. She also lends vocals to the song "GO!" on Santigold's 2012 album Master of My Make-Believe. On the collaboration project with N.A.S.A. on The Spirit of Apollo, she appears on the track "Strange Enough", together with Ol' Dirty Bastard and Fatlip.<mask>'s vocal approach has been described as "ethereal", and has been described as "yelping" at times. She described her approach:

<mask> has also collaborated with James Iha on his second solo LP Look to the Sky in 2012. In 2014, Target used a version of the song "A Marshmallow World" sung by <mask>. In 2015 she did a remake of Animotion's Obsession, written by legendary songwriter, Holly Knight for a new STARZ show, Flesh and Bone. On May 5, 2015, a song by <mask> in tribute to Nellie Bly was used as part of a Google doodle commemorating Bly's 151st birthday. The same year, Microsoft approached <mask> to pen a theme song for Square Enix's game Rise of the Tomb Raider, which resulted in the song "I Shall Rise". Soundtrack work
<mask> was featured in the track "Cut Me Up" by Har Mar Superstar for the soundtrack to the 2005 horror film House of Wax.For the movie Jackass 2, <mask> collaborated with electronic artist Peaches and Johnny Knoxville to record a track entitled "Backass"; for Jackass 3D, she covered the Roger Alan Wade's "If You're Gonna Be Dumb" under the alternative title of "If You're Gonna Be Dumb, You Gotta Be Tough". In 2007, she also contributed vocals to a version of Bob Dylan's "Highway 61 Revisited" for the I'm Not There film soundtrack. At the end of episode 409, "Brothers Cinco", of the Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job! she performed a short song. She also has a song titled "Strange Love" on the album "Frankenweenie Unleashed!" <mask> collaborated with Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross on a cover version of Led Zeppelin's "Immigrant Song" for the soundtrack to the 2011 film The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, for which Reznor and Ross composed the score. In December 2011, it was announced that the song would open the soundtrack album, be released as the opening single, and be available free to all who pre-ordered before the official release date of December 9.Work with Spike Jonze
<mask> and Spike Jonze collaborated on a 2005 Adidas commercial, Hello Tomorrow, after Jonze had directed the video for the Yeah Yeah Yeahs' 2004 single "Y Control". <mask> composed all songs on the soundtrack of Jonze's film Where the Wild Things Are (with the exception of a cover of the Daniel Johnston song "Worried Shoes") in collaboration with Carter Burwell. She is listed on the soundtrack as "<mask> and the Kids". The song "All Is Love", written by <mask> and Nick Zinner and included in this soundtrack, was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media, a songwriter's award, at the 2010 Grammy Awards. <mask> also contributed "The Moon Song" to Jonze's 2013 film Her. <mask> and Jonze were nominated in 2014 for an Academy Award for Best Original Song for "The Moon Song". Video work
In 2004, <mask>, using the moniker Marshmellow, directed the music video for "We Fenced Other Gardens with the Bones of Our Own" by Liars, fronted by her then-boyfriend Angus Andrew.The following year, she directed the "Blessed Evening" video for Foetus with her then-boyfriend Spike Jonze working as cinematographer. In 2006, she directed the Yeah Yeah Yeahs video for "Cheated Hearts". Under the moniker Kids with Canes, <mask> and her now-husband Barnaby Clay directed the music video for the Tiny Masters of Today song "Hologram World", released in 2008. <mask> also contributed vocals to the song and served as choreographer of the video, in which she appears with Yeah Yeah Yeahs bandmates Nick Zinner and Brian Chase, as well as Mike D from the Beastie Boys, Gibby Haynes from the Butthole Surfers, Russell Simins from the Blues Explosion, and Sam James from The Mooney Suzuki. KO at Home demo leak
On December 10, 2006, a home-recorded album titled KO at Home was leaked via an invite-only BitTorrent tracking site. The album, originally a personal gift to Dave Sitek of TV on the Radio, was discovered inside a suitcase that Sitek had left behind in a New York City apartment. The disc's 14 tracks and scan of the cover (a photograph of <mask> with a poem written by <mask> on the back side of the photo) quickly spread.News sites broke the story of the leak when Sitek lashed out at the fan who leaked the demos. Eventually, Sitek followed up his comments with an apology letter. In response to the leak, <mask> said that "shit happens", and although she was "a little grossed out", she offered commentary on which of the songs she liked the most. Solo career
<mask>'s debut solo album, Crush Songs, was released on September 9, 2014. It was released on Cult Records via Kobalt Label Services. On February 17, 2015, <mask> released a live album titled Live from Crush Palace, recorded during three shows at Hollywood Forever Cemetery's Masonic Lodge in Los Angeles in September 2014. The album features live renditions of songs from Crush Songs, as well as "Hideaway" from Where the Wild Things Are and "The Moon Song" from Her.On January 11, 2018, <mask> released the song "Yo! My Saint", featuring guest vocals from Michael Kiwanuka, in support of Kenzo's Spring Summer 2018 collection. Lux Prima

Lux Prima is the collaborative album from <mask> and musician-producer Danger Mouse, released 15 March 2019. The two originally met to discuss collaboration in 2007 as mutual admirers, but did not collaborate until 2016 due to scheduling and availability, resulting in the album Lux Prima three years later. An Encounter with Lux Prima

"An Encounter with Lux Prima" was an immersive art piece and communal listening experience soundtracked by <mask> and Danger Mouse's collaborative album Lux Prima. The installation premiered at Los Angeles' Marciano Art Foundation in April 2019, where it played to sold-out audiences. The piece saw the duo collaborate with a number of artists, including creative director Barnaby Clay, sound designer Ren Klyce, lighting designer Tobias Rylander and visual artist Davy Evans, in collaboration with George Lucas' Skywalker Sound and Meyer Sound on audio design and build, as well as MSG's Obscura Digital on projection mapping.Personal life
<mask> has dated Spike Jonze and Liars lead singer Angus Andrew, the latter of whom was the subject of the Yeah Yeah Yeahs' song "Maps". In December 2011, she married director Barnaby Clay. Their son Django was born in August 2015. Discography

Studio albums
 Crush Songs (2014)
 Lux Prima (2019) with Danger Mouse

Live albums
 Live from Crush Palace (2015)

Soundtrack albums
 Where the Wild Things Are: Motion Picture Soundtrack  (2009)

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

Other charted songs

Guest appearances

Awards
In 2006, <mask> was nominated for the GAFFA-Prisen Award for Best Foreign Female Act. Notes

References

External links

1978 births
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
American women rock singers
American women singer-songwriters
American indie rock musicians
American musicians of Korean descent
American people of Polish descent
Dwight-Englewood School alumni
Living people
Musicians from Busan
NME Awards winners
Oberlin College alumni
People from Englewood, New Jersey
Singer-songwriters from New Jersey
Singers from New York City
South Korean emigrants to the United States
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
Yeah Yeah Yeahs members
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American women singers
Cult Records artists
Singer-songwriters from New York (state)

masks:
Karen Lee Orzolek
Karen O
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<mask> is a fine artist who studied at the Escola Superior de Belas Artes do Porto (Oporto School of Fine Arts). As a result of the years spent in London and elsewhere in the United Kingdom, his work shows clear influences of Anglo-Saxon culture. He works mainly as a painter and sculptor, with a definite realist style, and he is also known as a portrait painter. Oil Painting is his medium of choice, and his subjects, other than portraits, include the feminine figure, draperies, still-life, symbolic and magic realism, as well as scenes from ordinary life. Amongst his numerous portraits are those of the President of the Portuguese Parliament, Dr. <mask>, the Bishops of Oporto  D. Armindo Coelho and D. Manuel Clemente and those at the Constitutional Court, Dr Artur Maurício and Dr Luis Nunes de Almeida. Paintins of his can be seen in several institutions, both public and private and he has exhibited both  on his own and collectively, national and internationally. His works are referred to and illustrated in numerous publications, specially those  published by Galeria Cordeiros  and their associates.Highlights:

First Prize (Stanley Grimm) at the Royal Institute of Oil Painters exhibition, in 1989

Honorable mention at the Placência Bienal Exhibition in 1999

Member of Sociedade Nacional de Belas Artes

Member of Cooperativa Árvore

Referred to in: Dicionário de Pintores e Escultores Portugueses de Dr. Fernando de Pamplona

Academic Qualifications
<mask> <mask> obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree with the Open University In the United Kingdom, and before that, he attended Art School in Oporto (Escola Superior de Belas Artes do Porto). Professional Training

In 1975 he moved to London, and later on to Tunbridge Wells, where after training with a local picture restorer, he became technical consultant to the Pantiles Gallery, in that town. His work as a painter was then promoted by John Whiteley Ltd, in London and later on by W.H. Patterson Gallery in Albemarle Street, London. Having had training in sculpture at Art School, he has produced pieces of sculpture from 1986 onwards. His ever-present interest in painting materials and techniques developed through the close study of works from the past, the conservation work done in collaboration with picture restorers, through the production of copies and works inspired in the great periods of picture making. Career

1969-73: A.M. discovers a passion for Drawing and Painting and develops his skills in this area, through contacts with fellow students and established artists but mainly through  his own efforts.1973-74: He attends the local Art School (Escola Superior de Belas Artes do Porto) in the courses of Painting  and Sculpture which were taught simultaneously in the first years of a student’s degree. 1975: Unsatisfied with the teaching methods at Art School, he travels to London where he takes up residence, and where he continues his research in the painting methods of the past and makes some contacts amongst practicing artists of the day. Two painters were of great help in this period: Daniel Samuels, and Harold Hitchcock. His work starts to be promoted by John Whiteley Ltd in London. 1977: He moves from London to Tunbridge Wells, Kent, where he starts his apprenticeship in oil painting conservation techniques with local picture restorers. 1978: He  becomes part of a small group of artists  whose work is promoted by the Pantiles Gallery, in Tunbridge Wells, Kent. 1979: He exhibits at the Royal Academy Summer Exhibition, at Burlington House, Piccadilly

1982: He exhibits at a collective show at the Gillridge Gallery in Mayfield, East Sussex.1983: First one-man show at the Fundação Engenheiro António de Almeida, Oporto

1984: Second exhibition at the Fundação Engenheiro António de Almeida, Oporto. He  participates in several collective shows both in Portugal and in the U.K. and his work is then sold and  promoted by W.H. Patterson Gallery, London. 1986: One-man show at the Galeria do Museu Municipal de Aveiro. He also completes his BA degree with the Open University in the U.K. He starts producing pieces of sculpture as well as paintings (including portraits ) from this time onwards. (e.g.portrait bust of his father). 1987: His work is promoted and sold  through Christopher Wood Gallery (London). He participates in several collective exhibitions In Portugal, Japan, France and the U.K.1988: One-man show, again at the Fundação Engenheiro António de Almeida, Oporto
1989: He is invited to have a one-man show in Santa Maria da Feira’s Town Hall. He has work in several collective shows too, and wins the first prize (Stanley Grimm) at the exhibition of the Royal Institute of Oil Painters (Mall Galleries, London)

1991/92/93/94: He participates in several collective exhibitions in Portugal, Germany and the U.K.

1995: One-man show at Galeria Narareth (Oporto). One-man show at Galeria Euroarte (Lisbon) and a number of other collective exhibitions

1996: One-man show at the Fundação António Cupertino de Miranda (Oporto). He also participates in a collective show at Galeria Mellado (S. Lorenzo del Escorial-Madrid, Spain)

1997: He participates for the first time in the "Mestres de Pintura" collective shows at Galeria Cordeiros (Oporto).1998: His work starts being sold and promoted in Portugal by Galeria Cordeiros (Oporto); first one-man show at Galeria Cordeiros, and other collective shows, namely the Vila Nova de Cerveira bienal exhibition. Honorable mention at the Bienal de Arte de Placência (Spain).[2]Dicionário de pintores e escultores portugueses ou que trabalharam em Portugal (in Portuguese). Porto, Portugal: Livraria Civilização Editora. .
 António de Macedo – Book published by BIAL – 1989
 Aspectos das Artes Plásticas em Portugal, Book published by Fernando Infante do Carmo, 1992
 António de Macedo –- Documentary film by Adriano Nazareth, first shown in RTP 1 television channel in July 1993
 1995/96 – Anuário das Artes Plásticas . Estar Editora
 Mestres da Pintura – 21 November-1 December 1996 (catalogue)
 Mestres da Pintura – 8–18 May 1997 (catalogue)
 Exposição da Pintura – Cruz vermelha Portuguesa, Expo’98 (catalogue)
 Mestres da Pintura – 7–17 May 1998 (catalogue)
 António Macedo – 5–16 November 1998 (catalogue)
 Mestres da Pintura – 19–29 November 1998 (catalogue)
 Mestres da Pintura – 6–16 May 1999 (catalogue)
 Mestres da Pintura – 18–28 November 1999 (catalogue)
 António Macedo – Book published by BIAL – 1999
 António <mask> – Sala da Cidade – 20 January – 16 February 2000 (catalogue)
 Mestres da Pintura – 18–28 May 2000 (catalogue)
 Mestres da Pintura – 16–26 November 2000 (catalogue)
 Cordeiros Gallery Catalogue (2001). António <mask>. 2012
 Figurativas 13 – 7º concurso de pintura y escultura, Fundació de les Arts i els Artistes (catalogue)

External links
Official website (English language version)
Galeria Cordeiros (Portuguese)

1955 births
Living people
Realist artists
Portuguese painters
Portuguese male painters
Contemporary painters
Artists from Porto
University of Porto alumni

masks:
António Macedo
António Almeida Santos
António
Macedo
Macedo
Macedo