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<mask> (born 1955) is an Australian artist who works in sculpture, photography and painting. She is best known for her hyper real images of adolescents. She has exhibited widely in Australia as well as Paris and Brazil. Her works are in the collections of Australian galleries including the National Gallery of Australia, National Gallery of Victoria, Art Gallery of New South Wales, Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney and the Gallery of Modern Art Brisbane,  as well as major regional galleries. She represented Australia in the XXV biennale in São Paulo, Brazil. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Melbourne in 1955 and attended the Victorian College of the Arts, graduating in 1983. In 2018 she completed a PhD at Deakin University, Faculty of Arts & Education, School of Communication and Creative Arts, Melbourne.Her thesis, titled Lasagna composting: strategies for painting in a digital age proposed strategies for the survival of painting in a digital age. Career
As a painter, <mask> originally explored landscape and in the 1980s focused on politics of occupations and space. <mask> produced drawings in crayon. After the mid-1980s, <mask> focused on ideas about woman's place in society, and the invisibility of women in society. Her works incorporated traditional crafts including plaster work and basket weaving. In 1989–91 <mask> produced a series of works called The Long Century. In her work International Behaviour (2000)  she imposed a photograph of Vietnam refuges in boats on a background of vivid, psychedelic colours and patterns.In 1994, <mask> exhibited sculptures recalling the grand canyon and the Amazon jungle: simple shapes on plinths. Even then critics noted her theatricality and comment on the traditional presenting of works on plinths. <mask>'s more recent works are hyper realistic, and recall the gloss of advertising and magazine. Her works portray people between their worlds and their desires, often adolescents. <mask>'s best known series is Walking in Tall Grass, portraits of adolescents, that <mask> worked on for fifteen years, ending in 2016. <mask> began with photographing people she knew as well as strangers. She drew on the photographs for the paintings, which may combine a head, a torso and features from multiple subjects she has photographed.When she paints the portraits, <mask> adds vibrant colours and often paints reflections in eyes or sunglasses. To heighten vibrancy, <mask> has painted exhibition walls in vibrant colours. Each young adolescent is dressed and accessorized to express individuality as well as fashion at the time the painting was done. Yet each individual looks away from the viewer, suggesting they are looking inward uncertain of where they are going. In an interview, <mask> noted that when walking in tall grass you can't go back, you have to go forward, but you can't see where you are going. Work
<mask>'s works exploit emotional, textural and chromatic intensity, oscillating between fear and power, complacency and dissent. Layered within the artist's work is the personal experience of her own formative years during the social, political and cultural tumult of the 1970s.<mask>'s multi-disciplinary practice, which encompasses painting, sculpture, photography and installation, concentrates on the role of the visual in the construction and experience of the developing self. Both alluring and disquieting, her work's dynamism stems from the artist's preoccupation with states of change. <mask>'s suggested narratives frequently involve pivotal moments, transformations and the in-between spaces in which the potential for change and transcendence operate. For instance, in the 1990s her paintings (Anticipating Transcendence,1996 and An Ordinary Life, 1997) explored iconic tropes of modernism by refiguring the work of Yves Klein and Piero Manzoni. The series culminating in the exhibition Incident 1960, which examined issues of simulation and the relationship between painting, photography and 3D objects. In the early 2000s <mask> began her hyperrealist, hyper coloured painting series, Walking in Tall Grass. As MCA senior curator Rachel Kent writes: '<mask>'s paintings are unapologetically representational, their subjects painted meticulously from photographs taken by the artist, rather than from studio sittings.Collectively titled Walking in Tall Grass, her works take as their subject a young person – male or female – on the cusp of adolescence. Highly individual, with distinctive features, clothing and other pieces of visual information (a pom-pom hat, badges, a particular anorak), they are one step removed from their viewer in that they are discretely turned away and do not meet the eye directly. This 'disconnect' or refusal to engage has been described by some critics as reflecting the nature of adolescence, with its solitary introspection and avoidance of adult engagement. Each portrait is singular, the figure presented against a simple, coloured background.' 'Increasingly, they are a composite of several people who are digitally combined, the head of one, the torso or arms of another, and so forth…. This subsequent step then becomes an exercise in going beyond the truth of the photograph, introducing a hyper-reality and powerful intensity of colour and emotion so that, in <mask>'s words, the painting "begins to vibrate". [Further intensifying the scene <mask> often exhibits these works on] hand-painted striped gallery walls which introduces an abstract, chromatic intensity and contrast to the figuration of the canvases.In 2013, her exhibition Strange Days grafted symbols of 1970s idealism onto Occupy Melbourne and the activities of the local environment movement. Riffing on her earlier 'bleached' cast 3D works, ... <mask>'s installation continued to vibrate with the energy of 'the real' and to oscillate between the often-conflicting states of vulnerability and defiance. The three works that made up the exhibition (each 1:1 cast replicas of objects from real life) specifically came from the artist's own experience. For instance, Defiance, a rendered water barrier, meticulously detailed in shape and surface but devoid of any colour other than that of the cast, was lifted from the Occupy Melbourne protest in Melbourne's City Square, when on the 21st October the camp was barricaded by police using water barriers and cyclone fencing. Within the circle of linked barriers, one lone barrier sat abandoned inside the camp. The solitary unit, useless without its connection to its fellow barriers, becoming a potent symbol of how power is only achieved when individuals join together. This image was further galvanized as a symbol of defiance when a single graffitied tag appeared.This irreverent gesture later reconstructed by the street artist Sirum 1's Venom tag which was applied to <mask>'s Defiance as a reiteration of the act of reclamation. Importantly for <mask> the labour of the human hand is perceived as a performative act, exposing the gap between the constant striving towards perfection and the flawed reality of our idiosyncratic humanity. As she writes "as with all of my work, the meaning is contained within the process where the handmade meets acute industrial precision. Whether it is a hyper-real exact replica of a photograph or screen, an abstracted minimal rendering of stripes on a wall or the incessant manufacture of 3D objects, all are managed from a set of instructions, followed exactly to perform a kind of perfection, and more importantly, to give rise to problematising the very nature of representation. In acting out this exactness it is my aim to claim a type of witness to the anxiety and struggle of contemporary living." Awards and honours
 1983–1984 Australian Council for the Arts grant awarded to support her residency at the Owen Tooth Cottage, Vence, France
 1984–1985 Australian Council for the Arts Project Grant awarded
1986 Artist in Residence, Victorian College of the Arts
2003–2004 Australia Council grant awarded
2004 John McCaughey Memorial Art Prize at National Gallery of Victoria
 2009 Arthur Guy Art Prize, Bendigo Art Gallery

Collections
Art Gallery of New South Wales
Bendigo Art Gallery
Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney
National Gallery of Victoria
National Gallery of Australia
Queensland Art Gallery/Gallery of Modern Art
Art Gallery Western Australia
Monash University Museum of Art
Ian Potter Museum of Art
Heide Museum of Modern Art

References

External links

1955 births
Living people
20th-century Australian women artists
20th-century Australian artists
21st-century Australian women artists
21st-century Australian artists
Artists from Melbourne
Deakin University alumni
Victorian College of the Arts alumni

masks:
Jan Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Nelson
Jan Nelson
Nelson
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Nelson


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<mask> (born October 29, 1941) is an American diplomat and scholar who served as Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs from June 9, 1981, to April 21, 1989, in the Reagan administration. Crocker, architect of the U.S. policy of "constructive engagement" towards Southern Africa including apartheid-era South Africa, is credited with setting the terms of Namibian independence. Background
<mask> was born in New York City in 1941. He attended Ohio State University and graduated with distinction in History in 1963. He obtained a master's degree at Johns Hopkins University in 1965, followed by a Ph.D at the School of Advanced International Studies. From 1969-1970, <mask> was a lecturer in African government and politics at the American University in Washington DC. He was recruited to join the National Security Council by Henry Kissinger  in 1970, but returned to academia in 1972 as director of the Master of Science in Foreign Service program at Georgetown University, where he lectured in African politics and international relations.Over the course of the next nine years, Crocker advanced to assistant professor, and finally became associate professor at Georgetown University. Constructive engagement
As chairman of Ronald Reagan's 1980 presidential election campaign's "Africa working group", Crocker sought to change US policy on apartheid South Africa away from what he saw as the confrontational approach adopted by the Carter presidency and towards a new policy which he termed "constructive engagement." Shortly after the election, Crocker attracted the attention of the Reagan transition team with an article he wrote in the winter 1980/81 edition of the Foreign Affairs journal. In the article, Crocker was highly critical of the outgoing Carter administration for its apparent hostility to the white minority government in South Africa, by acquiescing in the United Nations Security Council's imposition of a mandatory arms embargo (UNSCR 418/77) and the UN's demand for the end of South Africa's illegal occupation of Namibia (UNSCR 435/78). Crocker's policy linked the removal of South African forces from Namibia with the removal of Cuban forces from Angola, which many U.S. diplomats considered to be of vital importance. Without Cuban withdrawal, it was deemed unlikely by diplomats that South Africa would see an incentive to begin the removal of its own troops from Namibia. It was hoped that Cuba would view the withdrawal of its troops as a successful conclusion to their efforts in Africa as it would confirm Cuba's role as a significant player on the diplomatic stage.On February 7, 1981, Crocker formally proposed that the United States should link Namibian independence to the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola, where they had formed a 700 km defensive line to prevent South African assaults similar to the 'Zulu' invasion of 1975. In April 1981, Assistant Secretary of State <mask> was dispatched to Africa on a two-week, eleven-nation tour to lay the groundwork for the new policy. However, Crocker was met with distrust on one side – the black leaders wary of the Reagan administration's friendly approach towards the white-minority government in South Africa – and hostility from the other, with prime minister P. W. Botha refusing to meet with him. Undeterred, Crocker continued to insist that a comprehensive solution was the only way to allay the fears on both sides. In his testimony before the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on February 15, 1983 he argued:

Security, of which the Cuban troop issue is an integral part, has always been a prerequisite for agreement on Namibian independence. As a practical diplomatic matter, it will not be possible to obtain a Namibian independence agreement without satisfactory regional security assurances. Resolution 435 already required South Africa to leave Namibia so the incorporation of Cuba and Angola was deemed unnecessary in the eyes of some.The policy's requirement to cooperate with the South African government was viewed unfavorably by politicians and human rights organizations on account of the implicit condoning of apartheid. Author/journalist Christopher Hitchens gives credit for the independence agreement to the South-West Africa People's Organization, rather than to constructive engagement. However, UN diplomat Martti Ahtisaari contended that "South Africa had not the least intention of relinquishing Namibia." Crocker's analysis of the situation from the perspective of the South African government concluded that this delay would never be overcome unless the South Africans felt that the execution of resolution 435 offered them an incentive. In spite of such criticisms and the initial distrust among black African leaders, Crocker persevered in his pursuit of a negotiated settlement for the related conflicts in Angola and Namibia. With help from skilled subordinates such as Frank G. Wisner and Vernon Walters, he managed to gain the trust of Kenneth Kaunda, the Zambian president. Kaunda visited the White House for talks with Ronald Reagan in March 1983, and agreed to host an international conference in February 1984 which resulted in the Lusaka Accords, a small but significant step forward in the search for peace in southern Africa.Relaxing the arms embargo
On April 3, 1984 Richard Knight of the American Committee on Africa reported to the United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid on the effects the new policy was having:

The Reagan administration's policy of constructive engagement has already led to a significant relaxation of the arms embargo. Stressing the goal of regional stability, the American government has now adopted a policy which they see as an 'even-handed' approach to all countries in the region. Thus the Reagan administration seeks to blame all sides equally for the violence in the region, ignoring the fact that the violence stems from apartheid. In reality there is no even-handedness in the US's engagement in southern Africa: a policy which in the last three years has resulted in an increased South African ability to harass and dominate regionally. A study of the easing of the arms embargo reveals that more than $28.3 million worth of military equipment was authorised for sale to South Africa for fiscal years 1981-1984, as compared to $25,000 for 1979. While the FNLA and UNITA were funded by South Africa and the U.S., the Soviet Union had provided billions of dollars in military support for the MPLA, which was identified as a socialist group. By the end of the 1970s, Angola had become the focus of the USSR's African policy.Namibian independence

<mask> intensified his mediation efforts in successive years. In May 1988 he headed a U.S. mediation team which brought negotiators from Angola, Cuba and South Africa, and observers from the Soviet Union together in London. Intense diplomatic maneuvering characterized the next seven months so as to implement United Nations Security Council Resolution 435 and secure Namibian independence. At the Reagan/Gorbachev summit in Moscow (May 29-June 1, 1988) it was decided that Cuban troops would be withdrawn from Angola, and Soviet military aid would cease, as soon as South Africa withdrew from Namibia. The Tripartite Accord, which gave effect to these decisions, were signed at UN headquarters in New York on December 22, 1988. Crocker attended the signing ceremony along with George Shultz. UNSR Martti Ahtisaari took over from Crocker in April 1989 and began the implementation of UNSCR 435.In May 1989 <mask> stepped down as Assistant Secretary of State and returned to academia at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service. Elections were held from the 7–11 November 1989 and Namibia finally achieved independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990. Chas. W. Freeman Jr commented at the time that "the emergence of Namibia as a stable, decent society with a well-managed economy would inspire more rapid change away from apartheid in South Africa." He later commented in a 1995 interview with Charles Stuart Kennedy for the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training that "there is no doubt that the South African opening to the outside world, which Crocker's diplomacy ultimately brokered and which produced the Cuban troop withdrawal from Angola and the Namibian independence in 1989, was a fundamental factor in impelling P. W. Botha's successor, F. W. De Klerk, in the direction of releasing Mandela and opening the political process to black South African participation." Martti Ahtisaari was also of the opinion that the policy of constructive engagement acted as an undeniable catalyst for resolution. He remarked that "those of us close to the matter were aware that if nothing new was put forward we would remain in this situation for the rest of our lives.But we couldn't declare publicly that this was an excellent idea – although in the final analysis it was a bold and adroit move by Crocker." Notable positions held
From 1969-70 Crocker was Professional Lecturer in African Government and Politics at the American University, before he left to join the National Security Council staff. He returned to academia in 1972, as Director of the Master of Science in Foreign Service Program at Georgetown University, a position he held until 1978. He held several other professorial roles, including director of African Studies at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (1976–80) and James R. Schlesinger Professor in the Practice of Strategic Studies at Georgetown University (1999–present). Other notable positions held include service at the United States Institute of Peace, which supports research, education and training, as well as operating programs in conflict zones. He held the position of Chairman of the Board from 1992 to 2004, after which <mask> continued on as a Board Member until 2011. He is also a member of the Global Leadership Foundation, an independent, non-profit organisation which lends the expertise of established diplomats and world leaders to current governments.From May 2014 Crocker acted as a distinguished fellow with CIGI's Global Security & Politics Program, leading a project that examines Africa's regional conflict management strategy. In addition to these, Crocker sits on the Board of Directors for the International Peace and Security Institute, which offers intensive education and training to young professionals from world leaders in an effort to promote peaceful diplomacy. Awards
In 1989, Ronald Reagan awarded Crocker with the Presidential Citizen's Medal. In 1992, Crocker was awarded an honorary doctorate from Rhodes University. On September 18, 2008, Crocker was appointed to the World Bank's new Independent Advisory Board, (IAB), which will provide advice on anti-corruption measures. List of Affiliations
G3 Good Governance Group – Group Executive Chairman
 Global Leadership Foundation – Founder and Board Member
 International Peace and Security Institute, Board of Directors
 U.S. Institute of Peace – Board of Directors
 Georgetown University School of Foreign Service – James R. Schlesinger Professor in the Practice of Strategic Studies
 Center for International Governance Innovation – Distinguished Fellow
 Universal Corporation, Inc – Board Member
 Ngena Foundation – Board Member
 International Advisory Board, International Affairs (Chatham House) - Member
 Council on Foreign Relations – Member
 International Institute of Strategic Studies – Member
 American Academy of Diplomacy - Member

List of Published Works
 <mask>, High Noon in Southern Africa: Making Peace in a Rough Neighborhood. New York, NY: W. W. Norton, 1992.<mask> and David Smock, African Conflict Resolution: The U.S. Role. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace, 1995. <mask> and Fen Osler Hampson, Managing Global Chaos: Origins of and Responses to International Conflict. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace, 1996. <mask>, Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, Herding Cats: Multiparty Mediation in a Complex World. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace, 1999. <mask>, Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict.Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 2001. <mask>, Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, Taming Intractable Conflicts: Mediation in the Hardest Cases. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 2004. <mask>, Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall, Grasping the Nettle: Analyzing Cases of Intractable Conflict. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 2005. <mask> <mask>, Fen Osler Hampson, and Pamela Aall, ed. Leashing the Dogs of War: Conflict Management in a Divided World.Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 2007. <mask>, Casimir Yost, and Thomas Pickering, America's Role in the World: Foreign Policy Choices for the Next Administration. Washington D.C.: Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, 2008. <mask>, Fen Osler Hampson, and Pamela Aall, Rewiring Regional Security in a Fragmented World. Washington, DC: U.S. Institute of Peace Press, 2010. <mask><mask>, Fen Osler Hampson and Pamela Aall (ed. ), Managing Conflict in a World Adrift (2015)
 <mask><mask> and Pamela Aall, ed.Minding the Gap: African Conflict Management in a Time of Change. Canada: Centre for International Governance Innovation, 2016. References

Further reading
 Campbell, Horace. "Constructive Engagement? <mask> and American Policy in South Africa, Namibia and Angola 1981-1988." International Journal of African Historical Studies (2008): 333-336. <mask>, <mask>.High Noon in Southern Africa: Making Peace in a Rough Neighborhood (1992). 533 pp; his memoir. Kagan-Guthrie, Zachary. "<mask> and the South African Border War, 1981–1989: A Reappraisal of Linkage." Journal of Southern African Studies 35.1 (2009): 65-80. External links
Interview with <mask> about Southern Africa from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives

1941 births
Assistant Secretaries of State for African Affairs
American diplomats
Cold War diplomats
Walsh School of Foreign Service faculty
International relations scholars
Living people
United States Assistant Secretaries of State
Ohio State University College of Arts and Sciences alumni
Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies alumni

masks:
Chester Arthur Crocker
Crocker
Crocker
Crocker
Crocker
Crocker
Crocker
Chester Crocker
Chester Crocker
Chester Crocker
Chester Crocker
Chester Crocker
Chester Crocker
Chester Crocker
Chester A
Crocker
Chester Crocker
Chester Crocker
Chester A
. Crocker
Chester A
. Crocker
Chester Crocker
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<mask> (; 18 July 1702 – 18 January 1735) a titular queen of England, Scotland and Ireland by marriage to James Francis Edward Stuart, a Jacobite claimant to the British throne. The granddaughter of the Polish king John III Sobieski, she was the mother of Charles Edward Stuart, aka "Bonnie Prince Charlie", and of Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart. Biography

Early life
She was born on  18 July 1702 in Oława (Ohlau), Silesia, then part of the Holy Roman Empire and now in Poland. Her parents were James Louis Sobieski (1667–1737), the eldest son of King John III, and Countess Palatine Hedwig Elisabeth of Neuburg (1673–1722). Her older sister <mask> (known as Charlotte) was the Duchess of Bouillon by marriage. Marriage
Being one of Europe's wealthiest heiresses from inheriting vast estates in Poland from her paternal grandfather, she was betrothed to James Francis Edward Stuart. King George I of Great Britain was opposed to the marriage because he feared that the union might produce heirs to James Francis Edward's claim to his thrones.To placate him, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI (<mask>'s own maternal first cousin) had her arrested while on her way to Italy to marry James Francis Edward. She was confined in Innsbruck Castle but eventually the guards were deceived and, with the help of Charles Wogan, <mask> escaped to Bologna, where, for safety from further intrusions, she was married by proxy to James, who was in Spain at that time. <mask>'s father, James Louis Sobieski, approved her escape, declaring that, as she became engaged to James Francis Edward, she ought to "follow his fortune and his cause". <mask> and James Francis Edward were formally married on 3 September 1719 in the chapel of the episcopal palace of Montefiascone, Italy, in the Cathedral of Santa Margherita. Following their marriage, James and <mask> were invited to reside in Rome at the special request of Pope Clement XI, who acknowledged them as the king and queen of England, Scotland and Ireland. Titular queen
The Pope provided them with a papal guard of troops and gave them the Palazzo Muti in the Piazza dei Santi Apostoli in Rome to live in, as well as a country villa at Albano. The Catholic Church also provided them with an annual allowance of 12,000 crowns out of the papal treasury.Popes Clement XI and Innocent XIII considered James and <mask>ina, both Catholics, the rightful king and queen of England, Scotland and Ireland. The married life of James and <mask> proved turbulent and unhappy. Reportedly, James initially had a favourable impression of her because of her beauty, while she disliked him because of his lack of it, as well as his passive nature. She befriended the governess of her son, a Mrs Sheldon, who became her confidant and favourite. On the other hand, she disliked the influence of James's favourite John Hay of Cromlix and his wife Marjorie, and reportedly, she suspected James of having an affair with Marjorie Hay. In 1725, soon after their second child's birth, James fired Sheldon and appointed James Murray as the guardian of their sons against the wishes of <mask>. She left him and went to live in convent of St. Cecilia in Rome with her favourite Sheldon and the rest of her personal retinue.She accused her husband of adultery, while he said it was sinful to leave him and her children. Upon the advice of Cardinal Alberoni, who claimed it was her only chance to gain support against her husband, <mask> claimed that James wished to give his son a Protestant education. This claim secured her the support of the Pope as well as the Kingdom of Spain against James and the sympathy of the public when she demanded that James remove the Duke of Dunbar and the Hays from his court and reinstate Sheldon in her position. In April 1726, James granted her sons permission to visit her. The whole affair was seen as a scandal in Europe and reported about by anti-Jacobite agents in Rome. In May 1727, through the mediation of the duke of Liria, James removed the Hay couple from his court, and in January 1728, <mask> and James reconciled in Bologna. In practice, however, <mask> and James lived the rest of their marriage separated: James preferred to reside in Albano, while <mask> lived in the Palazzo Muti in Rome.She was prone to depression, spending much of her time praying and submitting to religious fasting and other Catholic ascetic rituals, which is thought to have played a role in the fact that she never conceived again. Her sexual relations with James soon discontinued; they seldom dined together, and though they were officially reconciled, she preferred to avoid him outside formal occasions. <mask> did perform the ceremonial functions she had as Jacobite queen: in June 1729, for example, she gave an audience for Montesquieu. Her favourite Mrs Sheldon did not officially reside at the Jacobite court, but she provided her with a residence close to it, and kept her as a confidante. Her relation to her younger son was not close, as he was his father's favourite, but she was close to their elder son Charles, who was his mother's favourite: during an illness of Charles in 1732, for example, <mask> tended to him despite the fact that he fell ill in Albano and she was thus forced to meet James. Death
Her health was weakened by her ascetic life style and deteriorated as the years went by. <mask> died at the early age of 32 on 18 January 1735.She was interred with full royal honours in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Pope Clement XII ordered that she have a state burial. Pope Benedict XIV commissioned Pietro Bracci (1700–1773) to sculpt a monument to her memory, which was erected in the Basilica. Issue
<mask> and James Francis Edward had two sons:

Charles Edward Louis Philip John Casimir Stuart (31 December 1720 – 31 January 1788), aka "Bonnie Prince Charlie", married Louise of Stolberg-Gedern and had no issue; had affair with his cousin Marie Louise de La Tour d'Auvergne and had issue; had issue with his mistress <mask> Walkinshaw;
Henry Benedict <mask> Thomas Francis Xavier Stuart (11 March 1725 – 13 July 1807), later known as the Cardinal Duke of York, never married. Ancestry

Gallery

References

External links
Nuptials of <mask> Sobieska at the Wilanów Palace Museum
 Gaetano Platania, Angielskie małżeństwo ;arii Klementyny Sobieskiej, in "Sobótka", 2, 1980, pp. 401–410. Gaetano Platania, Morte di <mask> <mask> Stuart: il caso di Michele Marieschi progettista di apparati funebri, in ARTE/Documento.Rivista di Storia e tutela dei Beni Culturali, 4, 1990, pp. 164–173. Gaetano Platania, La politica europea e il matrimonio inglese di una principessa polacca: <mask> <mask>, Accademia Polacca delle Scienze-Biblioteca e Centro Studi a Roma, Manziana (Roma), Vecchiarelli editore, 1993. Gaetano Platania, Viaggio a Roma sede d'esilio. Sovrane alla conquista di Roma: secoli XVII-XVIII, Istituto Nazionale di Studi Romani, Roma 2002, pp. 99–118. 1702 births
1735 deaths
<mask>ina
<mask>ina
Jacobites
18th-century Polish novelists
18th-century Polish women
Burials at St. Peter's Basilica
Polish people of German descent

masks:
Maria Clementina Sobieska
Maria Karolina
Maria Clementina
Maria Clementina
Maria Clementina
Maria Clementina
Maria Clementina
Maria Clement
Maria Clementina
Maria Clementina
Maria Clementina
Maria Clementina
Maria Clementina
Maria Clementina
Maria Clementina
Maria Clementina
Maria Clementina
Maria Clementina
Clementina
Maria Clement
Maria Klementyna
Maria Clementina
Sobieska
Maria Clementina
Sobieska
Maria Clement
Maria Clement


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<mask> (born August 20, 1988) is an American former  professional basketball player. He played a year of college basketball for the Arizona Wildcats after playing high school basketball at St. Mary's High School in Phoenix, where he scored a career-high 52 points in a loss to eventual state champions, Mesa Mountain View. He was selected 11th overall in the 2008 NBA draft by the Indiana Pacers and was then traded to the Portland Trail Blazers. College career
As a freshman at Arizona in 2007–08, <mask> led the Wildcats in scoring with average of 19.7 points per game with 45.8% shooting (40.7% 3-point shooting). He also averaged 4.0 assists and 2.7 rebounds and 35.7 minutes per game in 30 games. He became the first freshman in school history to lead Arizona in scoring, as well as the first freshman to win team MVP honors since Sean Elliott did so in 1985–86. He earned multiple awards including All-Pac-10 second team and All-Freshman honors, First Team All-District honors by the National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC) and United States Basketball Writers Association (USBWA), named Honorable Mention All-America by The Associated Press, and was a finalist for the Wooden Award.The Wildcats finished the regular season with a 19–14 record (8–10 in the Pac-10), making it through to the first round of the NCAA tournament where they lost to West Virginia. On April 5, 2008, he declared for the NBA draft, forgoing his final three years of college eligibility. Professional career

Portland Trail Blazers (2008–2010)
<mask> was selected by the Indiana Pacers with the 11th overall pick in the 2008 NBA draft. He was subsequently traded by Indiana with Ike Diogu to the Portland Trail Blazers in exchange for Jarrett Jack, Josh McRoberts and Brandon Rush on July 9. At the 2008 Las Vegas Summer League, he earned the Most Valuable Player award after leading the league in scoring at 29.8 points per game and leading the Trail Blazers to a 3–2 win/loss record. <mask> scored a career-high 31 points on December 23, 2009 against the San Antonio Spurs, setting a franchise record for points by a Trail Blazer making his first career start. New Orleans Hornets (2010)
<mask> was traded by the Trail Blazers to the New Orleans Hornets in exchange for a 2011 first-round draft pick that would become Tobias Harris on October 23, 2010.Toronto Raptors (2010–2012)
<mask> was traded by New Orleans with Peja Stojaković to the Toronto Raptors in exchange for David Andersen, Marcus Banks and Jarrett Jack on November 20, 2010. On December 11, 2010, he tied his career-high of 31 points against the Detroit Pistons. He recorded a double-double with 11 points and 10 assists on February 22, 2011 against the Charlotte Bobcats, tying career-highs by shooting 11-of-12 from the free throw line, making him the first NBA player to record a points/assists double-double without a made field goal since Magic Johnson did so in 1996. In the lockout shortened 2011–12 season, <mask> set career-highs in scoring (11.4 points), assists (3.8), FG% (.424), 3P% (.423) and FT% (.852) in 31 games (11 starts). Memphis Grizzlies (2012–2014)
On July 13, 2012, <mask> signed a two-year deal with the Memphis Grizzlies. On June 30, 2013, he exercised his player option with the Grizzlies for the 2013–14 season. Boston Celtics (2014)
On January 7, 2014, <mask> was traded to the Boston Celtics in a three-team trade that involved the Grizzlies and the Oklahoma City Thunder.Milwaukee Bucks (2014–2016)

On July 31, 2014, <mask> signed with the Milwaukee Bucks. He had a solid first half of the 2014–15 season before his form dropped post All-Star break. During the season, <mask> was often relied upon to carry a significant load as he knew the system and head coach Jason Kidd's trust. This was especially true in the first week that followed the All-Star break, as newly acquired Michael Carter-Williams was still nursing a toe-injury. On December 28, 2015, <mask> returned to the Bucks' lineup after missing 11 games with a left ankle sprain and led Milwaukee with 19 points and seven assists off the bench in a loss to the Dallas Mavericks. He later missed six games in early January with the same injury, and a further five games in late February with a left knee injury. Philadelphia 76ers (2016–2018)
On July 13, 2016, <mask> signed with the Philadelphia 76ers.Due to a left wrist injury, <mask> was assigned to the Delaware 87ers of the NBA Development League on November 14 for an injury rehabilitation assignment. He was recalled on November 16 and made his season debut for the 76ers on November 21 after missing the first 13 games of the season; he scored four points in 16 minutes against the Miami Heat. He made three appearances for the 76ers before the injury forced him to the sidelines again. On December 15, he was ruled out for the rest of the season after he underwent successful surgery to repair a torn ligament in his left wrist. <mask> started the first seven games of the 2017–18 season before quickly lost his starting job and then had his thumb injury resurface. After missing six games, he returned to the rotation, but he struggled with his shot and defense. With the young talent that was emerging on the roster, <mask> found himself out of the rotation by mid-January.<mask> sat out the start of the 2018–19 season to rehabilitate a hyperextended right knee. Minnesota Timberwolves (2018–2019)
On November 12, 2018, <mask> was traded to the Minnesota Timberwolves, along with Robert Covington, Dario Šarić and a 2022 second-round pick, in exchange for Jimmy Butler and Justin Patton. He made his season debut on December 21 against the San Antonio Spurs. On January 30, 2019, he recorded 19 points and a career-high 12 assists in a 99–97 overtime win over the Memphis Grizzlies. It was his first double-double since November 7, 2015, and just the fifth of his career. 9 overall recruit and the No. 2 shooting guard by both Scout.com and Rivals.com.College
2008 Second-team All-Pac-10
2018 University of Arizona Ring of Honor

See also

2006 high school boys basketball All-Americans

References

External links

Milwaukee Bucks bio
Official website
Arizona bio

1988 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Canada
American men's basketball players
Arizona Wildcats men's basketball players
Basketball players from Phoenix, Arizona
Boston Celtics players
Indiana Pacers draft picks
McDonald's High School All-Americans
Memphis Grizzlies players
Milwaukee Bucks players
Minnesota Timberwolves players
New Orleans Hornets players
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Philadelphia 76ers players
Portland Trail Blazers players
Shooting guards
Toronto Raptors players

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<mask> (born October 11, 1961) is an American former professional football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 15 seasons, primarily with the San Francisco 49ers. He also played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Prior to his NFL career, he was a member of the Los Angeles Express in the United States Football League (USFL) for two seasons. <mask> played college football for Brigham Young University (BYU), setting school and NCAA records en route to being runner-up for the 1983 Heisman Trophy. <mask> was named the AP's NFL Most Valuable Player in 1992 and 1994, and was the MVP of Super Bowl XXIX. During his 1994 MVP campaign, he set a new NFL record for passer rating at 112.8. He is a member of the College Football Hall of Fame and the Pro Football Hall of Fame.<mask> was an extremely efficient passer – leading the league in passer rating a record six times, and completion percentage and yards per attempt five times. At the time of his retirement, he had the highest passer rating among NFL quarterbacks with at least 1,500 passing attempts (96.8). As of the end of the 2020 season, he is ranked tenth all-time in passer rating, and is ranked fourth highest amongst retired players, behind only Drew Brees, Tom Brady, and Tony Romo. His 43 career rushing touchdowns are second among quarterbacks, while his 4,239 rushing yards ranks fifth all time. Early years
Born in Salt Lake City, Utah, <mask> attended Greenwich High School in Greenwich, Connecticut, where he played quarterback on its Cardinals football team. He earned 1978 All-FCIAC West Division First Team honors in his junior year, his first year as a starter. In his senior year he rushed for 13 touchdowns and earned All-FCIAC West Division First Team honors, and was named to the CIAC All-State team.In the rush-first option offense run by Greenwich he completed only 41 percent of his throws for 1,220 yards, but ran the ball 267 times for 1,928 yards. On Thanksgiving Day in November 1979, Greenwich lost to Darien High School, known for its "Tidal Wave Defense", 17–0. During his senior year, he was co-captain of the football, basketball and baseball teams. In basketball, he averaged 15 points a game. In baseball, he hit .384 and played center field when he wasn't pitching. He was 5–1 and threw a 3–0 no-hitter against New Canaan High School. College football
<mask> was heavily recruited by the University of North Carolina.Coach Dick Crum was enamored by <mask>'s running ability, and wanted him to run his option offense. <mask> instead chose BYU. Initially, he struggled at throwing the ball, and BYU's coaching staff considered switching him to defensive back because of his athleticism. However, he worked hard to improve his passing skills and eventually succeeded record-setting Jim McMahon as BYU's starting QB. <mask>'s senior season (1983) was spectacular. He passed for 3,902 yards and 33 touchdowns in the regular season, and his 71.3% completion percentage set an NCAA single-season record. He also added 544 yards rushing.With <mask> at quarterback, BYU set an NCAA record by averaging 584.2 yards of total offense per game, with 370.5 of those yards coming from <mask>'s passing and rushing. The Cougars finished the year with an impressive 11–1 record; <mask> was named a unanimous All-American and received the Davey O'Brien National Quarterback Award, which recognizes the nation's best collegiate quarterback each year. He also finished second in voting for the Heisman Trophy, behind Nebraska running back Mike Rozier. <mask> capped his college career by scoring the game-winning touchdown on a pass from the halfback in BYU's 21–17 victory over Missouri in the 1983 Holiday Bowl. <mask> finished his college career with 592 pass completions for 7,733 yards and 56 touchdowns, along with 1,048 yards and 18 touchdowns rushing. He was enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame in 2001. Professional football

USFL

Los Angeles Express
<mask> was selected by the Los Angeles Express in the first round (11th overall) of the 1984 USFL Draft.He signed a record ten-year, $40 million contract with the Express in  He agreed to take his payment in the form of an annuity paid out over forty years to help the fledgling team. It was taken for granted that <mask> would be the first pick in the 1984 NFL Draft, and that he would be selected by the Cincinnati Bengals, who were three years removed from the Super Bowl and had landed the No. 1 pick in a trade with the then-moribund Tampa Bay Buccaneers. However, the Bengals still had Ken Anderson as their quarterback and planned to have <mask> sit behind Anderson for the 1984 season before possibly taking over in 1985. <mask> found that prospect unappealing, which opened the door for the Express. Express general manager Don Klosterman told <mask> that if he signed with the Express, his head coach would be John Hadl, a former All-Pro quarterback who had shepherded John Elway through his first year in the NFL. Klosterman also told <mask> that Hall of Fame coach Sid Gillman, who had been hired as a consultant, would tutor him on how to be a pro quarterback.<mask> was convinced, and signed with the Express. At the time, it was another huge signing by the fledgling league, which had already succeeded in signing both the reigning Heisman Trophy winner, running back Mike Rozier of Nebraska; and the previous winner, Georgia running back Herschel Walker. After missing the first six games of his rookie season while taking some college classes in order to graduate on time, <mask> started the final twelve. He had a respectable year, highlighted by becoming the first pro football player ever to pass for 300 yards and rush for 100 in a single game. Despite being surrounded with talent which included such future NFL players as Jojo Townsell, Mel Gray, and Kevin Nelson, and making the playoffs in <mask>'s first season, the Express was never able to create a sustaining fan base in Los Angeles. Late in the season, The New York Times published an investigation of owner J. William Oldenburg's finances that suggested Oldenburg was not as well off as he claimed. The FBI had been investigating Oldenburg since the middle of the season.A week after the Times article, Oldenburg stopped paying the Express' bills, forcing the league to draw on the team's emergency line of credit to keep it going through the playoffs. Houston Gamblers minority partner Jay Roulier stepped in to buy the team, only to be pushed out when it emerged that he too had misrepresented his net worth. The league took control of the team and cut expenditures to the bare minimum. The other teams made contributions to keep the Express going through the season – enough to meet payroll, but not much else. Under the circumstances, the 1985 season rapidly became a fiasco. Before one game, the team bus driver refused to drive the Express to their final home game – which had been moved to Los Angeles Pierce College in the San Fernando Valley – unless he was paid up front in cash. <mask> contributed some money, as did the team trainer, and the driver took them to the game.In the season finale at Orlando, <mask> had to line up at tailback because a rash of injuries had left the Express without any healthy running backs. The owners had refused to allocate any money to allow the Express to replace injured players. It was reported that <mask> had insured the contract and would still be paid until 2027. However, a 1985 Los Angeles Times article stated that he received a $1.4 million settlement on the annuity. The league ceased operations in 1986 after losing most of its claims in an antitrust suit against the NFL, with its top talent absorbed by the NFL in a dispersal draft conducted in the aftermath. NFL

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
<mask> grew increasingly dissatisfied with the disarray surrounding the Express. Just a week before what proved to be the last USFL title game, <mask> gave the USFL an ultimatum – find a new owner for the Express, or allow him to buy out his contract and go to the NFL.Soon after the league decided to suspend the Express's operations for the 1986 season, <mask> bought out his Express contract and signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, who had made him the first pick in a supplemental draft of USFL and CFL players a year earlier. By this time, the Bucs were in the midst of what would be 12 consecutive 10-loss seasons. They posted identical 2–14 records in <mask>'s two seasons with them, going 3–16 with him as a starter. <mask> threw for only 11 touchdowns with 21 interceptions while completing fewer than 55% of his passes. San Francisco 49ers
The Buccaneers selected University of Miami quarterback Vinny Testaverde first overall in the 1987 NFL Draft because <mask> was deemed a bust. <mask> was traded to the San Francisco 49ers on April 24, 1987 to serve as a backup to Joe Montana. 49ers coach Bill Walsh was impressed by <mask>'s natural abilities, and believed his lackluster numbers were primarily due to the lack of talent around him in Tampa Bay.The Buccaneers received second and fourth round draft picks in the trade, which they used to draft Miami linebacker Winston Moss, and Arizona State wide receiver Bruce Hill, respectively. Montana's backup: 1987–1990

<mask> played behind Montana for four years, but shone as a backup. Substituting for an injured Montana, early in the first quarter of a 1987 game against the Chicago Bears, he threw four touchdown passes in a 41–0 victory. In their 1987 divisional playoff game against the Minnesota Vikings, he replaced Montana in the second half after the team fell behind 27–10. The 49ers still lost the game, but <mask> had a good performance, completing 12 of 17 pass attempts for 158 yards and a touchdown, with one interception, while also leading San Francisco in rushing with 72 yards and a touchdown on six carries. On October 30, 1988, <mask> ran for a 49-yard, game-winning touchdown against the Vikings. He started the game out with a 73-yard touchdown pass to John Taylor, after Montana went down with an injury.The play earned the 49ers a 24–21 victory and a bit of revenge on the Vikings for their previous season's playoff loss. The win turned out to be crucial, as without it the 49ers would have finished the season 9–7 and missed the playoffs, as two other teams in their division, the Los Angeles Rams and New Orleans Saints, had 10–6 records. Instead, the 49ers won their division, earned the #2 playoff seed, and went on to win the Super Bowl. In 1989, he displayed potential to become the team's starter in the future. While Montana won the NFL MVP award and led the team to victory in Super Bowl XXIV, <mask> still had a good season, completing 69% of his passes for 1,001 yards and eight touchdowns, with only three interceptions. On October 22, 1989, he posted a perfect passer rating of 158.3 when he completed 11 of 12 passes for 188 yards and three touchdown passes in a 37–20 victory over the New England Patriots. He rushed for a career-high 102 yards on just eight carries against the New Orleans Saints on December 23, 1990, making him only the second 49ers quarterback to rush for at least 100 yards in a single game.The 49ers lost the game 13–10. In his four seasons as a backup, <mask> threw 23 touchdown passes and only six interceptions. 1991 season
Following an injury to Montana's elbow in the 1990 NFC Championship Game, which forced him to miss the entire 1991 season, <mask> got his chance to lead the 49ers. He got off to a rough start. Midway through the season, the 49ers found themselves struggling with a 4–4 record. In the ninth game of the season, after throwing a franchise-record 97-yard touchdown pass to Taylor, <mask> suffered a knee injury and was replaced by backup quarterback <mask>. After a loss in that game and the next, Bono led the 49ers to five consecutive victories, playing so well that coach George Seifert decided to keep him in the starting lineup after <mask> had recovered.It wasn't until late in the 15th game of the season, after Bono went down with an injury of his own, that <mask> got to play again. <mask> then closed out the season by throwing for 338 yards and three touchdowns and also rushing for 63 yards and another touchdown in a 52–14 win over the Chicago Bears in a Monday Night Football game at Candlestick Park. <mask> finished the season with an NFL best 101.8 passer rating. Despite missing five full games and most of a sixth, he still threw for 2,517 yards and 17 touchdowns with only 8 interceptions. But despite <mask>'s strong season, the season for the team was widely regarded as a disappointment. The 49ers had slipped from a 14–2 record in the previous season to a 10–6 record in 1991. While 10 wins is usually enough to make the playoffs, this time it was not, and San Francisco ended up not playing in the postseason for the first time since 1982.It was thought by many that <mask>'s days as the 49ers starter were numbered due to the impending return of Montana from the injury to his right elbow, and some observers said the 49ers should trade <mask> and keep Montana and Bono. However, the trade never happened. 1992 season: first MVP

By the start of the 1992 season, it appeared that <mask>'s starting job was in serious peril. In addition to having to compete with Bono, Montana appeared to be close to recovering from his elbow tendon surgery. San Francisco came close to trading <mask> to the Los Angeles Raiders, but no deal was finalized and it turned out that Montana would not recover in time to start in the opening game. Montana would not return until the final game of the 1992 season, a Monday Night home game against the Detroit Lions. Montana played the entire second half of that final game and guided the 49ers to victory.<mask> ended up as San Francisco's starting quarterback, but once again got off to a rough start. On the fifth play of the opening game at the Giants, he suffered a concussion and was replaced by Bono, who threw two touchdown passes while leading the 49ers to a 31–14 win. The following week, San Francisco lost 34–31 to the Buffalo Bills, despite a career-high 449 passing yards and three touchdowns from <mask>, in a game that for the first time in NFL history had zero punts from either team. <mask> recovered and led the 49ers on a five-game winning streak, capped off by a 56–17 win over the Atlanta Falcons in which <mask> passed for 399 yards and three touchdowns. After missing most of the next game (a 24–14 loss to the Cardinals) with the flu, he led San Francisco to victory in all of their remaining games of the season, giving the team a 14–2 record. He went on to throw for 227 yards and 2 touchdowns, and rush for 73 yards, in a

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 20–13 divisional playoff win over the Washington Redskins. The 49ers lost the NFC title game, however, 30–20 against the eventual Super Bowl champion Dallas Cowboys.<mask> threw for 313 yards, completing 71.4% of his passes while passing for one touchdown and rushing for another. He also threw two interceptions, but the final one came with the outcome of the game already decided. <mask> finished the season with 3,465 passing yards and 537 rushing yards, along with an NFL-best 25 touchdown passes and 107.0 passer rating, earning him the NFL Most Valuable Player Award and his first selection to the Pro Bowl. He was the first quarterback ever to record a triple-digit rating in consecutive seasons. Many credit <mask>'s turnaround to the mentoring of the 49ers' new offensive coordinator Mike Shanahan, who worked with <mask> on combining his running skill with on-the-move passing decisions. 1993 season
Before the start of the 1993 season, team owner Eddie DeBartolo Jr. announced that he wanted Montana to resume his role as starting quarterback for the 49ers. However, a rift in the locker room had developed, with players split on whom they wanted at quarterback.In the spring of 1993, at Montana's request, San Francisco traded Montana to the Kansas City Chiefs. <mask> was now the 49ers' undisputed starter, and would remain so for the rest of his career. But once again, he had a rough start to the season. Over the first four games of 1993, <mask>, who was hindered by a swollen thumb on his throwing hand, threw eight interceptions, more than he had thrown during the entire 1992 season. But after his thumb healed, <mask> went on an incredible streak over a span of seven games, throwing 16 touchdown passes with only 2 interceptions and a 122.2 passer rating. By the end of the year, <mask> set franchise records for most passing yards (4,023), and consecutive passes thrown without an interception (189), (later eclipsed by Alex Smith in 2012) while leading the NFL in touchdown passes (29) and passer rating (101.5). The team slipped to a 10–6 record, but advanced to the NFC championship game again by blowing out the New York Giants 44–3 in the divisional round.However, once again they were defeated by the Dallas Cowboys, this time 38–21. 1994 season: second MVP and Super Bowl run
After several key free agent signings including All-Pro cornerback Deion Sanders and NFL Draft selections, the 49ers looked to win their first Super Bowl since 1989. They started fast, beating the Los Angeles Raiders 44–14 on the strength of four touchdown passes from <mask>, one of four games during the regular season in which he had at least four. After a loss in a much-anticipated game to Joe Montana and the Kansas City Chiefs, the 49ers won their next two games before losing to the Philadelphia Eagles 40–8 at Candlestick Park, a game in which <mask> was eventually benched in the middle of an offensive series. Although head coach George Seifert later said he only pulled <mask> because he was getting manhandled by the Eagles' defense, <mask> had had enough of being scapegoated for 49er shortfalls and loudly (and visibly) lambasted Seifert over his decision while standing on the sideline during the game. But the game was considered a turning point in the season; from there, <mask> led the team to 10 consecutive wins, by an average of 20 points, before losing the meaningless finale against the Vikings in which <mask> completed his first 12 of 13 attempts before going to the sidelines. They finished an NFL best 13–3, securing home-field advantage throughout the NFC playoffs.The 49ers had the number-one offense in the NFL, and were so dominant that Seifert often took <mask> out of games early if he felt that the 49ers had an insurmountable lead at the time. After an easy 44–15 victory over the Chicago Bears in the divisional round of the playoffs, the 49ers jumped out to a 31–14 halftime lead over the Dallas Cowboys in the NFC Championship Game, holding on to win 38–28. <mask> threw for two touchdowns, while adding 47 yards and another touchdown on the ground. As a result, he went to his first Super Bowl as a starting quarterback. The 49ers were heavy favorites to become the first team with five Super Bowl victories. On the strength of a six-touchdown performance that surpassed the previous Super Bowl record of five, owned by the man <mask> replaced, Joe Montana, <mask> was named the MVP of Super Bowl XXIX, as the 49ers defeated the San Diego Chargers, 49–26. <mask> also threw for 325 yards and rushed for 49 yards, making him the first player ever to finish a Super Bowl as the game's leader in both rushing and passing yards.The victory capped off an incredible year for <mask>, who had one of the best seasons by a quarterback in NFL history. He threw for 3,969 yards, a then-franchise record 35 touchdown passes with only 10 interceptions, completed 70.3 percent of his passes – the highest completion percentage of the 1990s, third all-time, and at the time, the best completion percentage by any quarterback with more than 400 attempts (later eclipsed by Drew Brees in 2009). Additionally, <mask> broke Joe Montana's single-season mark with a then-record 112.8 passer rating, and also once again demonstrated his great scrambling ability, accumulating another 289 yards and 7 touchdowns on the ground. For his record-breaking season performances, <mask> was awarded his second AP NFL MVP award, becoming the 7th player in NFL history to win both league and Super Bowl MVP honors in the same season. Later years and injuries
In the three years following Super Bowl XXIX, the 49ers would be eliminated each year by Brett Favre and the Green Bay Packers, twice in San Francisco. In addition to the early playoff exits, <mask> suffered a series of injuries that forced him to miss several games from 1995 to 1997. <mask> entered the 1998 season at age 37 and some began to wonder if his skills would diminish because of his history of injuries and a general decline in his game due to age.However, he silenced all critics once again, putting up career numbers in passing yards (4,170) and passing touchdowns (36). The 49ers finally beat Favre and the Packers in an NFC wild card game that year, as <mask> threw the winning touchdown to wide receiver Terrell Owens with three seconds remaining to win the game 30–27. In reference to Dwight Clark's legendary catch against the Dallas Cowboys in the 1981 NFC championship game, Owens's grab was called "The Catch II". A week later, however, Garrison Hearst broke his ankle on the 49ers' first play from scrimmage. Without the threat of a running game, <mask> threw three interceptions (the last one a Hail Mary pass with under 30 seconds remaining in the game) and the 49ers were defeated by the Atlanta Falcons 20–18. Over that span of seasons from 1995 to 1998, <mask> led the NFL in passer rating twice (in 1996 and 1997), and led the NFL with 36 touchdown passes in 1998. The 1999 season would turn out to be <mask>'s last in the NFL.<mask> was plagued by concussions throughout his career. During a Week 3 Monday Night Football game against the Arizona Cardinals, <mask> was violently sacked by Cardinals cornerback Aeneas Williams on a blitz. Running back Lawrence Phillips was supposed to pick up Williams, but missed. <mask> was knocked out of the game with a concussion, and didn't return again for the rest of the season due to symptoms of post-concussion syndrome. The concussion he suffered against the Cardinals was reportedly his second in a season that was only three weeks old, and the seventh (at least) of his career. Following the season, the 49ers told him that he would be released if he did not retire. Although <mask> was offered a job as the starting quarterback of the Denver Broncos (where his former offensive coordinator, Mike Shanahan, was the head coach), he retired because of his repeated concussions.In a 2013 Frontline interview, <mask> said that, partially based upon their own experiences, he and many retired players are increasingly concerned about repeated concussions and subconcussive hits. He is particularly concerned about certain positions that take frequent hits, such as running backs and linemen. Career statistics and records

USFL career

NFL career

Records and legacy

Although <mask> did not become the 49ers' starter until his 8th NFL season, and he played a full season only three times (all consecutively) during his 15-year career, <mask> had a significant impact on the NFL. A two-time league MVP, he completed 2,667 of 4,149 passes for 33,124 yards and 232 touchdowns, with 107 interceptions, and 43 rushing touchdowns. His 96.8 career passer rating is the sixth highest in NFL history and second highest among retired players, behind Tony Romo; his 4,239 rushing yards are the fourth most ever gained by a quarterback, behind Michael Vick, Cam Newton, and Randall Cunningham. He was the NFL's top rated passer in six different seasons and led the league in touchdown passes four times. In 20 postseason games, he threw 20 touchdown passes with only 13 interceptions, and scored 8 touchdowns on the ground.In his stint with the San Francisco 49ers, <mask> passed for 29,907 yards, 221 touchdowns, and 86 interceptions, with a passer rating of 101.4, highest in franchise history. He was also sacked 290 times, also most in franchise history. (10/9/94) to vs. StL (11/26/95) note: (DNP in 5 games in 1995)
 Best completion percentage (career): 65.8
 Most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback (career): 43

In 1999, he was ranked No. 63 on The Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Football Players. <mask> was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame on February 5, 2005; he was the first left-handed quarterback to be so honored. He was enshrined August 7, 2005. His induction speech was given by his father, LeGrande "Grit" <mask>.The San Francisco 49ers had his No. 8 jersey retired during a halftime ceremony against the New England Patriots on October 5, 2008. He was the 11th player in team history to receive this honor. He is also the only 49er in team history to wear No. 8. Post-football

Business career

In 1994, <mask> received a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from BYU's J. Reuben Clark Law School.In 2000, <mask> spoke at the Republican National Convention. In 2007, <mask> co-founded Huntsman Gay Global Capital (HGGC), with billionaire industrialist Jon M. Huntsman and former Bain Capital executive Robert C. Gay. After being involved in business ventures with the private equity firm, he has continued to serve as a managing director. In 2011, <mask> was one of several notable BYU athletes and coaches who appeared in the school's "Real Cougar" advertising campaign, which featured the individuals telling an actual cougar about being a "real cougar". In one of the ads, <mask> poked fun at himself:
<mask>: I love BYU so much I even got my law degree here. Cougar: (growls)
<mask>: Lawyers... I know.Acting career
<mask> has both performed dramatic roles and appeared as himself in a limited acting career. He appeared in one episode of Frasier and one episode of Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (cast as Lois' former high school football quarterback boyfriend, Joe Maloy). He also made a guest appearance as himself in the Dharma & Greg episode "Are You Ready for Some Football?" encouraging Dharma, the team's Number One Fan. In 1995, <mask> appeared as himself in the Season 6, Episode 12 episode of Beverly Hills, 90210. He also made cameo appearances in the LDS comedy The Singles Ward (2002) and in a season 5 episode of BYUtv's Studio C (2014). <mask> also made a guest appearance as himself in season 8 of the NBC comedy series Wings in the episode "Just Call Me Angel".<mask> was originally offered a part in the 1998 movie There's Something About Mary, but turned the role down. He was replaced by Brett Favre. Philanthropy

<mask> serves as a National Advisor to ASCEND: A Humanitarian Alliance. This non-profit organization plans expeditions to African and South American countries to provide life skills mentoring with sustainable solutions in education, enterprise, health and simple technology. In 1993, <mask> founded a charitable foundation known as the Forever Young Foundation, which serves children facing significant physical, emotional, and financial challenges by providing academic, athletic, and therapeutic opportunities otherwise unavailable to them. <mask> also serves as the national spokesman for an organization founded by former Save Darfur Coalition executive director and founder, David Rubenstein. He began his affiliation with the organization in 2009, when he became the honorary league commissioner for their charitable dodgeball tournaments held on college campuses nationwide.Personal life
<mask> is a great-great-great-nephew of <mask>, second president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for whom BYU is named. His father, LeGrande "Grit" <mask>, played football at BYU in the late 1950s. He led the school in scoring in 1955 and in rushing and total offense in 1959. <mask>'s younger brothers, Mike and Tom, both played quarterback at BYU after <mask>, but neither received much playing time. <mask> has been married to Barbara Graham since 2000. They have two sons and two daughters. According to A Football Life: As his playing career ended before his eldest child was born, he wrote his autobiography QB: My Life Behind the Spiral initially as a private memoir for his children.See also
 Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame
 List of NCAA major college football yearly passing leaders
 List of NCAA major college football yearly total offense leaders
 List of NFL quarterbacks who have posted a perfect passer rating

References

External links

1961 births
All-American college football players
American color commentators
American football quarterbacks
American male television actors
American philanthropists
Brigham Young University alumni
BYU Cougars football players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Greenwich High School alumni
J. Reuben Clark Law School alumni
Latter Day Saints from California
Latter Day Saints from Connecticut
Latter Day Saints from Utah
Living people
Los Angeles Express players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
National Football League Most Valuable Player Award winners
National Football League Offensive Player of the Year Award winners
National Football League players with retired numbers
Players of American football from Connecticut
Players of American football from Salt Lake City
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Richards–Young family
San Francisco 49ers players
Sportspeople from Greenwich, Connecticut
Super Bowl MVPs
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
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<mask> (; born 21 January 1983) is a British Labour Party politician serving as the Shadow Secretary of State for Health and Social Care since 2021, and the Member of Parliament (MP) for Ilford North since 2015. He served as Shadow Secretary of State for Child Poverty from May to November 2021, as Shadow Minister for Schools from 2020 to 2021, and as Shadow Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury from April to October 2020. He was previously the President of the National Union of Students (NUS), as well as Deputy Leader of Redbridge London Borough Council and its Cabinet Member for Health. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Stepney, London, where he grew up in a council flat. He attended Westminster City School, a comprehensive state school in Victoria, London. He went on to study history at Selwyn College, University of Cambridge. <mask> served as Selwyn College's Junior Common Room (JCR) President, in which capacity he was a member of Cambridge University Students' Union (CUSU) Council.He was subsequently elected CUSU President for the 2004–5 academic year, a sabbatical officer role. As CUSU President, he campaigned against the proposed closure of Cambridge's architecture department. Early career

National Union of Students
Streeting was elected as President of the National Union of Students (NUS) in April 2008 as a candidate from Labour Students, with the support of the Union of Jewish Students. He had been a member of the NUS National Executive Committee since 2005, having previously held the post of Vice-President (Education) from 2006 to 2008. In April 2009, he was elected to a second term as President of the NUS. He also served as a member of the National Committee of Labour Students for four years during this time. In March 2009, Pink News listed him as the 33rd-most powerful LGBT politician in the UK.As President of the NUS, <mask> was a strong proponent of his predecessor Gemma Tumelty's proposed reforms to the NUS governance structures, which had been denounced and narrowly defeated by many left-wing groups in NUS as an attack on NUS democracy. His election was reported by The Guardian as "a move that will lend weight to the fight to modernise the union". On 26th February 2009, The Independent reported <mask>'s controversial support for tuition fees with the headline "<mask>: 'Moving to the right on Tuition Fees Makes Sense'". The article explains that the surprising move for the Student Union leader "puts [the NUS] to the right of the Liberal Democrats who have recently reaffirmed their commitment to free higher education for all". He was a leading figure in efforts to change the NUS's position on higher education funding in advance of the government's 2009/10 independent review of higher education funding in England. As NUS President, <mask> was a non-executive director of the NUS's trading arm, NUS Services Ltd, and of Endsleigh Insurance. He was also a non-executive director of the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS), as well as the Higher Education academy, having served on their board as Vice President (Education) when he was also a non-executive director of the Office of the Independent Adjudicator for Higher Education (OIAHE).Shortly after his election as NUS President, <mask> was appointed as a member of the government's Youth Citizenship Commission, chaired by Professor Jonathan Tonge of Liverpool University, which published its report in June 2009. Professional career
<mask> worked for the Labour Party-related organisation Progress for a year. After completing his term as President of the NUS, <mask> served as Chief Executive of the Helena Kennedy Foundation, an educational charity that promotes access to higher education for students from further education colleges. He went on to serve as Head of Education at Stonewall, a lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights charity, where he led their Education for All campaign to tackle homophobia in schools. He was subsequently a public sector consultant with PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), which he gave up on election as a councillor, because Redbridge Council was a "current audit client" of the firm; this forced him to choose between keeping his job or forcing a second by-election. In 2010, shortly after leaving PwC, <mask> was appointed as Head of Policy and Strategic Communications for Oona King's unsuccessful bid to win the Labour Party's nomination to be its candidate in the 2012 London Mayoral election. Local government
In a July 2010 by-election, <mask> was elected as a Labour councillor for the Chadwell ward on Redbridge London Borough Council.He held the seat for Labour by 220 votes, winning with 31.5% of the vote (a fall of 1.4% for Labour in the ward) on a 25.5% turnout (a fall of 34.5% in turnout). The by-election had been triggered by a previous elected candidate subsequently being found to be ineligible to serve on the council. <mask> was elected as Deputy Leader of the Labour Group in October 2011. In 2014, he contested the Aldborough ward on Redbridge Council, winning 2,100 votes and defeating Conservative opponent Ruth Clark. At a public meeting of the Redbridge Citizens' Assembly on 6 May 2014, Cllr <mask> on behalf of his group promised that, if elected, he would not reduce the level of Council Tax Support provided to low-income working-age residents. Once elected, the Labour council cut the level of support, so as to treble from April 2016 the amount of Council Tax paid by supported residents; the council made a further reduction from April 2017, and made a third reduction from April 2018. In May 2014, Labour took control of Redbridge Council for the first time and <mask> was appointed Deputy Leader of the Council.He resigned the latter in May 2015, shortly after being elected Member of Parliament for Ilford North. Whilst he remained a backbench councillor following his election to Parliament he chose not to claim his councillor allowance. <mask> did not stand for re-election after being elected to Parliament, and ceased to be a councillor on Monday 7 May 2018. Parliamentary career
In the 2015 general election, <mask> was elected as the Member of Parliament for Ilford North. Representing the Labour Party, he overturned a Conservative majority of 5,404, winning by 589 votes. After being elected to Parliament, <mask> was elected Honorary President of the British Youth Council. He is also a Vice President of the Local Government Association and a Patron of LGBT Labour.Parliamentary backbencher (2015–2020)
Following his election, <mask> was described as a "long-time critic" of Jeremy Corbyn, who was leader of the Labour Party from 2015 to 2020. He accused Corbyn of a "flat-footed and lackadaisical attitude" to tackling antisemitism which is "simply unacceptable". He stated prior to the 2017 general election that he was "not going to pretend to have had a damascene conversion" with regard to Corbyn's suitability to be prime minister. His views provoked a response from Corbyn's supporters such as Ken Livingstone and the trade union leader Len McCluskey. Livingstone described him as "consciously undermining Jeremy and damaging the Labour party" while McCluskey said his reason for raising issues had been "about attacking Jeremy Corbyn". Streeting was among the 70 per cent of Labour MPs who nominated Owen Smith in the 2016 party leadership election. In 2016 Streeting criticised the Labour Party for refusing a £30,000 donation from McDonalds.According to Labour, the firm was penalised because of its poor record on trade unions and workers' rights. <mask> campaigned against Brexit in the run-up to the 2016 EU membership referendum. His constituency subsequently voted by a small-margin in favour of leaving the European Union. Afterwards, <mask> campaigned for a People's Vote, a campaign group calling for a public vote on the final Brexit deal between the UK and the European Union. Ilford North has among the largest Jewish and Muslim communities in the UK. <mask> is a vice-chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Antisemitism, a co-chair of the All Party Parliamentary Group on British Jews and a supporter of Labour Friends of Israel. He is also a co-chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on British Muslims and a supporter of Labour Friends of Palestine and Middle East.In September 2018, he held the last in a series of London-wide consultations to create the Working Definition of Islamophobia. In July 2018, <mask> called for “targeted economic sanctions” against Israeli settlements in the West Bank in response to the Israeli government “grossly infringing on the human rights of Palestinians”. In July 2019, <mask> was reported in the media as using abusive language towards a non-Jewish antisemitism campaigner. Shortly before the 2019 general election, <mask> told a Labour First meeting that the party faced electoral oblivion in any snap poll due to the leadership's poor handling of Brexit and allegations of antisemitism. Following Labour's defeat in the general election, <mask> nominated Jess Phillips and Rosena Allin-Khan in the 2020 Labour Party leadership and deputy leadership elections, and endorsed Ian Murray for the deputy leadership. Opposition frontbencher
Until the 2019 general election, <mask> was a member of the Treasury Select Committee. After the election of Keir Starmer as Leader of the Labour Party, <mask> was appointed Shadow Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury.On 16 October 2020, <mask> became Shadow Minister for Schools following the resignation of Margaret Greenwood the previous day following her opposition to the Covert Human Intelligence Sources (Criminal Conduct) Bill. Abena Oppong-Asare replaced <mask> as Shadow Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury. In the May 2021 British shadow cabinet reshuffle, <mask> was appointed to the Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Secretary of State for Child Poverty. He was promoted to the post of Shadow Secretary of State for Health and Social Care in the November 2021 British shadow cabinet reshuffle. Personal life
<mask> lives in Redbridge, London. His partner is Joseph Dancey, a communications and public affairs adviser. <mask> has strongly criticised those campaigning against LGBT+ education in schools.In May 2021, <mask> revealed he had been diagnosed with kidney cancer and would be stepping back from frontline politics while he received treatment for it. On 27 July 2021, <mask> announced that he had been declared cancer-free, following an operation to remove one of his kidneys. References

External links

 Councillor <mask>, Redbridge London Borough Council
 Interview with Tiger Television at Birmingham City University

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1983 births
Living people
Alumni of Selwyn College, Cambridge
Councillors in the London Borough of Redbridge
Gay politicians
Labour Party (UK) councillors
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Labour Party (UK) people
Labour Friends of Israel
Labour Friends of Palestine and the Middle East
LGBT members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
LGBT politicians from England
Presidents of the National Union of Students (United Kingdom)
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–present
Shadow Secretaries of State for Health

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