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<mask> is an American painter, sculptor, and mixed media artist in Laguna Beach, California noted for wall sculptures that depict humorous subject matter. In 1992, the Smithsonian's Museum of Natural History commissioned Spaghetti Meets Tomato in the Collision of the Continental Plates, a high relief map of the world with depictions of various foods making up the topography and borders of countries. <mask> was born in Lynwood, California. He received his art training at Orange Coast College, The Art Institute of Southern California Laguna Beach and the University of Colorado where he studied electronic optics, physics, holography, and photography. Roark specializes in 2.5 dimensional wall sculptures made from wood, resin, and acrylic, often depicting humorous scenarios: pets that match sofas, an out of control executive with 4 arms, chefs cooking up a storm and other whimsical subject matter including, hearts, martinis, shoes, and coffee cups. He ran The Sherwood Gallery in Laguna Beach from 1979 to 1988. In the 1980s Roark created several 2.5 dimensional pieces for Warner Bros. depicting their characters in humorous scenarios, including his Daffy Executive and Golfer Taz.In addition to light-hearted work, Roark painted portraits of his friends and family . He told Dawn Pettit of Orange Coast Magazine that his most favorite pieces are the two portraits of his wife that are displayed in his Laguna Beach home. In 2007 he debuted his B-Side, a more serious body of abstract contemporary work featuring light paintings, underwater photography, and 3D Abstract sculpture printed on both traditional and nontraditional materials (plexi-glass and metal). Projects

The Liquescent Project

Liquescent is becoming liquid. We come from, are made of, and consume liquid. Water is an integral part of who we are. With breakthrough footage Roark is exploring and rediscovering this underwater world.Liquescent takes you on a journey back to our essence and the aesthetic beauty within. Liquescent is a short film/documentary that showcase underwater footage of the human form in a liquid environment. By exploring the beautiful local water around Southern California, this pilot film is a treatment to promote a larger Liquescent film. It brings awareness of site specific local water’s beauty and need to preserve. The film is used to further funding for Liquescent II. The pilot film has been shown in local galleries, museums, hotels, art/film festivals, on the internet, and on local television to a broad audience. Liquescent captures the link between our world’s water and humanity, ultimately transcending them as one.With the use of modern media techniques, <mask> has developed his own proprietary lighting style known as Liquescent. While this style appears at times to be out of focus Roark coins it as out of time. “Typically photography is a snapshot of reality, a split second of time. Instead what I am capturing is a window of time-continuous movement from point A to B, in a world of no gravity.”

Liquescent allows you to see what the naked eye can not- movement that is fluid, flowing, unrestricted and graceful. As the beauty unfolds the human form transcends, becoming liquid. The film will reveal this ground breaking technology as well. Liquescent Project on FaceBook

Roark Studio on FaceBook

Smithsonian Seeds of Change Exhibition

In 1992 <mask> <mask> was invited to create a work of art by the heads of The Smithsonian's Natural History Museum, Herman J. Viola, and Carolyn Margolis for the upcoming "Seeds of Change" exhibit.The exhibit was to commemorate the 5th centennial of Columbus discovering the Americas. The exhibit was an attempt to interpret the true meaning of Columbus' voyage and both the negative and positive consequences that followed. The exhibit is named for five "seeds": corn, potatoes, sugar, diseases and horses that through their roles in initiating changes 500 years ago shaped the course of human history in the Americas and altered the lives of people around the world. Spaghetti Meets Tomato was commissioned by the Smithsonian Institution  to capture the biological and cultural impacts of the encounter between Old and New Worlds. <mask>'s piece was to tell the story of how the spaghetti met the tomato in a humorous way. The result was a 10'x10'x5'  high relief map of the world with depictions of various foods making up the topography and borders of countries. The Foark Tour
In 1999 Roark launched his infamous guerrilla art project, "Forks by Roark".He gathered a team of art students and planted several over-sized brightly colored forks into off-limits Laguna Beach City soil across the street from the annual Festival of the Arts. The purpose of the project he claimed was to amuse people with "giant, unauthorized floating untensils"  Not only did the project amuse, it also poked fun at the absurdities of the system. After several unauthorized "Foarking" stints in the Laguna Canyon, "Team Foark" was officially invited by several cities around the country to get "Foarked". The first stop was Portland, Oregon where Roark's Foarks graced the elegant grounds of the historic Pittock Mansion. A reception was hosted for the "Foark Team" at the First Avenue Gallery. Other locations included the Rhode Island School of Design. Edinburg Children's Hospital Installation
In February 2006, <mask> <mask> worked with The Edinburg Children's Hospital to create a light-hearted environment for children suffering from terminal illnesses.He worked with the hospital to create a jungle themed environment that would feel more like a play room than a hospital. References

Further reading
Pettit, Dawn "The Artists; Creative Expression is a Way of Life for these Nine Locals" Orange Coast Magazine, Sept. 2006 p. 83
Andrews, Jennifer "Take a Walk for Art's Sake" 944 Magazine, Oct. 2007 p. 35
Rodriguez, Charlene "Artist Gives Kids Joy" The Edinburg Review" May 26–28, 2006
Stauffer, Barbara "Seeds of Change" The New World Spring/Summer 1991 No.2 pp. 6–7
Saar, Mayray "Rebel Artist Takes to the Hills in Laguna" The Orange County Register, Wednesday, June 9, 1999
Hunsberger, Brent "Forks in the Road"The Oregonian, August 18, 2000
Goldner, Liz "<mask> <mask>: Artist with a Mission" OC Metro, 2003

1949 births
Living people
Sculptors from California

masks:
Roark Gourley
Career Roark
Roark
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Gourley
Roark
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<mask> ( ; born July 12, 1978) is an American actor. He is known for portraying Eric Forman in the Fox sitcom That '70s Show, Eddie Brock / Venom in Sam Raimi's film Spider-Man 3, Pete Monash in Win a Date with Tad Hamilton!, Carter Duryea in In Good Company, Edwin in Predators, Getty in Interstellar, Adrian Yates in American Ultra, and David Duke in Spike Lee's film BlacKkKlansman. His other film roles include Traffic, Mona Lisa Smile, Valentine's Day, Take Me Home Tonight, The Big Wedding, War Machine, Breakthrough, and Irresistible. He currently stars as Tom Hayworth in the comedy series Home Economics. Early life
<mask> was born in New York City, the son of Pat, an assistant to the schoolmaster of the New Canaan Country School, and <mask>, a Madison Avenue executive. He has a sister, Jenny. His paternal grandmother was from a German-Jewish family, whereas his mother is of Irish descent.<mask> grew up in Darien, Connecticut, where actress Kate Bosworth was a middle-school friend, and actress Chloë Sevigny—who later appeared with him in high school stage plays—was sometimes his babysitter. Career
<mask> was cast as Eric Forman on Fox's That '70s Show, which debuted in 1998. He played the role until the show's 8th and final season. His character was written out and replaced with a new character named Randy Pearson (Josh Meyers). <mask> made a brief guest appearance in the final episode. <mask> played a prep school student who used marijuana and introduced his girlfriend to freebasing in director Steven Soderbergh's 2000 film Traffic, as well as having uncredited cameos as himself in Soderbergh's Ocean's Eleven and its 2004 sequel, Ocean's Twelve. "The joke is that you're supposed to play the worst version of yourself and I don't think too many people are comfortable with that.I never thought for a second that people were really going to think that's what I was like. I think that people will know that I was faking it in those movies", he told Flaunt magazine in 2007. He planned to cameo in Ocean's Thirteen. However, due to his role in Spider-Man 3, he had to abandon these plans. As <mask> said, "I was doing reshoots on Spider-Man 3. I was bummed. I actually talked to Steven Soderbergh about that and we had a thing and then I couldn't do it."He appeared in director Mike Newell's 2003 film Mona Lisa Smile. In 2004, <mask> played the leading roles in Win a Date with Tad Hamilton! and In Good Company. That same year, he starred in P.S., which received only a limited theatrical release. <mask> won the National Board of Review's 2004 award for Breakthrough Performance Actor for his work in In Good Company and P.S. On January 15, 2005, <mask> hosted Saturday Night Live. In 2007, <mask> portrayed Eddie Brock/Venom in Spider-Man 3, directed by Sam Raimi.<mask> himself was a fan of the comics and read the Venom stories as a child. In 2009, <mask> became the subject of a recurring column on the entertainment/pop culture site Videogum, entitled "What's Up With Topher <mask>?" In 2010, <mask> appeared in the ensemble comedy Valentine's Day and played the character of Edwin in Predators. In 2011, <mask> appeared in the 1980s retro comedy Take Me Home Tonight. He co-wrote the script and co-produced the film. <mask> also starred opposite Richard Gere in the spy thriller The Double. In 2012, <mask> starred alongside Mary Elizabeth Winstead and Matthew Gray Gubler in the social film The Beauty Inside, which won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding New Approach to an Original Daytime Program or Series in 2013.The film was directed by Drake Doremus and written by Richard Greenberg. In 2014, <mask> starred in the indie thriller The Calling, alongside Susan Sarandon, and appeared in Christopher Nolan's sci-fi adventure Interstellar, in a supporting role. In October 2013, <mask> joined HBO comedy pilot People in New Jersey with Sarah Silverman, but in January 2014, the pilot was passed on. <mask> co-starred in the comedy film American Ultra (2015), alongside Jesse Eisenberg and Kristen Stewart, playing a CIA agent. That same year, he co-starred in Truth, with Robert Redford and Cate Blanchett, and based on the story of CBS's 60 Minutes report that George W. Bush had received preferential treatment to keep him out of the Vietnam War. <mask> played Mike Smith, a researcher on the story. In January 2018, <mask> joined the supernatural-thriller Delirium, which centers on a man recently released from a mental institute who inherits a mansion after his parents die.After a series of disturbing events, he comes to believe it is haunted. In August 2018, <mask> portrayed David Duke in the biographical crime film BlacKkKlansman, directed by Spike Lee, alongside John David Washington and Adam Driver. In 2019, he played Billy Bauer in the 2nd episode of Black Mirror’s 5th season, titled "Smithereens". In 2020, <mask> was cast in ABC's Home Economics pilot. Editing and "Lou's Cafe"
<mask> has long held an interest in making his own edits of popular films, particularly those involving Star Wars. He has stated that this has become a source of relaxation for him. His edits were shared on his now-defunct pop-culture website Cereal Prize.In 2012, he edited the Star Wars prequel trilogy into one 85-minute film, titled Star Wars: Episode III.5: The Editor Strikes Back and showed it to select audiences. The edit utilized original footage, music from the Clone Wars series, and a portion from Anthony Daniels' audiobook recordings. In 2014, he created a cut of Boogie Nights that served as a reconstruction of the character Brock Landers' fake movie "Angels Live in My Town". In 2018, he created his own edit of The Hobbit, stating that “I think that maybe The Hobbit should’ve been one movie, and many people would agree. Money drives a lot of those franchises. It's better when the art leads”. He specifically edited this as a way to relax while portraying David Duke in Spike Lee's BlacKkKlansman.In 2019, <mask> and editor Jeff Yorkes started a Twitter account for "Lou's Cafe", the pseudonym by which the two credit their work. The name comes from the diner featured in the film Back to the Future. Later that year, he and Yorkes were commissioned by Pixar to edit a retrospective for Toy Story 4, which was titled "Toy Story 4 Ever" and released on Pixar's YouTube account. Personal life
<mask> started dating actress Ashley Hinshaw in January 2014, and the two became engaged in January 2015. On May 29, 2016, <mask> and Hinshaw married near Santa Barbara, California. On August 1, 2017, Hinshaw confirmed that she and <mask> were expecting their first child. Their daughter, Mabel Jane <mask>, was born on November 1, 2017.On January 5, 2020, Hinshaw confirmed that she and <mask> were expecting their second child together; their child was born in 2020. <mask> is a supporter of FINCA International, a microfinance organization. Filmography

Films

Music videos

Television

Theatre

Video games

Awards and nominations

Film

Television

Notes

References

External links

 IGN Films interview (December 22, 2004)
 About.com interview (January 2004)

1978 births
Living people
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American people of German-Jewish descent
American people of Irish descent
Daytime Emmy Award winners
Jewish American male actors
Male actors from Connecticut
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
People from Darien, Connecticut
Darien High School alumni
21st-century American Jews

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Christopher John Grace
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John Grace
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<mask> (, ; born 3 August 1986) is a retired Belarusian biathlete and coach who competed in the Biathlon World Cup from 2006 to 2018. She won a gold medal in the 4×6 km relay and a silver medal in the mass start competition at the 2018 Winter Olympics, three gold medals in the pursuit, individual, and mass start competitions at the 2014 Winter Olympics, and a bronze medal in the individual competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics. She was a Biathlon World Cup overall winner for the 2014–15 season. Career
Domracheva started her sports career with cross-country skiing in 1992 but switched to biathlon in 1999. She originally represented Russia at the junior level but received an offer to transfer to Belarus in 2004. She joined Belarus’ national biathlon team in 2006 (having made her junior team debut in 2005). Domracheva won sprint and pursuit at the 2005 IBU Youth and Junior World Championships in Kontiolahti (Finland).She finished 40th in the individual race (the diopter fell off, and she missed 5 targets at the third shooting stage.) Domracheva took 3rd place in the pursuit and 4th place in the individual events at the 2006 Junior World Championships in Presque Isle, Maine. In 2007, she picked up two silver medals in sprint and pursuit at the Junior World Championships in Martell, Italy. Her breakthrough came during the 2008/2009 season when she earned two third places and one second place. At the 2010 Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver, she won the bronze medal in the Women's 15-kilometer individual race at the Whistler Olympic Park venue. Later in the same season, on 13 March, she won her first World Cup race in the sprint in Kontiolahti, Finland. The next day she also won the pursuit.Domracheva was named Belarus' Female Athlete of the Year in 2010, and was also given the title of Honoured Master of Sport that year. She continued to improve after the Vancouver Olympics, winning 10 world cup races between the 2011–2013 seasons, as well as becoming the world champion in the pursuit in 2012, and the mass start in 2013. In 2014 Domracheva was given the Hero of Belarus medal, after winning three gold medals at the 2014 Winter Olympics. In August 2015, Domracheva decided to skip the 2015–16 World Cup season due to mononucleosis which was diagnosed in July. Domracheva confirmed her pregnancy in April 2016, and said that she plans to return to compete in 2017. <mask> returned to the World Cup in January 2017 for the 2016–17 season. Her comeback ended up being successful, winning a silver medal at the 2017 world championships in the individual pursuit in preparation for the 2018 Winter Olympic Games.At the 2018 Winter Olympics, she was unable to defend her Olympic titles from Sochi; however she was still able to pick up a silver medal in the mass start individually, and helped the Belarusian team win the historic first Olympic gold medal in the relay. She finished the 2018 season ranked 3rd overall in the Biathlon World Cup, and announced her retirement in June, citing difficulties in combining both elite sport and parenting. She finished her career as Belarus’ most decorated winter Olympian, and most decorated Olympian of either the winter or summer games to compete for Belarus as an independent nation; gymnasts Olga Korbut and Vitaly Scherbo both have more medals, but Korbut competed for the Soviet Union and Scherbo only received 4 of his medals competing for Belarus; his remaining medals were won as part of the Unified Team. She was coached by former World Champion and Olympic medalist Klaus Siebert. In September 2019, she along with her husband Ole Einar Björndalen were appointed as biathlon coaches for the Chinese team, preparing the team for the 2022 Olympic Winter Games in Beijing. World Cup
Domracheva won the Pursuit World Cup 2011–2012 and won the Mass Start World Cup 2011–2012. In the Total World Cup 2011–2012 she ended the season second with 1188 points behind Magdalena Neuner's 1216 points.In the 2010–2011 season Domracheva won the Mass Start World Cup. Her biggest achievement was in the 2014–2015 when Domracheva won the Overall World Cup title with 1092 points, 48 points more than second and twice winner Kaisa Mäkäräinen. She also won the Sprint World Cup title in that season. Overall record

* Results in all IBU World Cup races, Olympics and World Championships. Statistics as of 16 December 2007. Record
Olympic Games6 medals (4 gold, 1 silver, 1 bronze)World Championships7 medals (2 gold, 4 silver, 1 bronze)Individual victories34 victories (9 Sp, 11 Pu, 4 In, 10 MS) * Results are from UIPMB and IBU races which include the Biathlon World Cup, Biathlon World Championships and the Winter Olympic Games.'' Personal life

Domracheva was born in Minsk.When she was four, her parents, who are architects, moved to the small town of Nyagan in Siberia. Domracheva started skiing when she was six. In cross-country ski races she was competing with boys, as she had no rivals among girls. A biathlon school was opened in Nyagan in 1999, which Domracheva attended. Domracheva attended university in Tyumen, and studied sports management from 2002 until 2003. Domracheva's family moved back to Minsk in 2003. There was no faculty of Sports Management in Minsk, so Domracheva changed to studying Tourism Management at the Belarusian State Economic University.In 2009, she was writing her diploma thesis on the subject: Advertising in the tourism industry. Until 2014, Domracheva was an employee of the Belarusian branch of security agency KGB, one of the few to have retained its name from the Soviet Union era. Domracheva presented the voting result of Belarus in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 final on 18 May. On 5 April 2016, Norwegian biathlete Ole Einar Bjørndalen confirmed that he and Domracheva are in a relationship and that Domracheva would give birth to their first child in October 2016. They were married 16 July 2016. Domracheva gave birth to a daughter, Xenia, on 1 October 2016. She retired from competitions in June 2018 to focus on raising her daughter.During the 2020 Belarusian protests, Domracheva called on riot police to stop using violence against protesters and to resolve conflict through peaceful means. Film
Domracheva used a video camera to document herself, her teammates and athletes from other countries from 2008 until after the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. The 500 hours of material was edited into a 50-minute movie. The movie gives a unique insight into the life of world class athletes during the whole year, from the few weeks of relaxation and rest in the spring, through the hard training during the summer and the fall, to the competition season between December and March. The movie shows athletes from many countries, living together, traveling together and competing together. References

External links

Official Online-store

1986 births
Living people
Belarus State Economic University alumni
Belarusian female biathletes
Biathlon World Championships medalists
Competitors at the 2007 Winter Universiade
Biathletes at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Holmenkollen medalists
Olympic biathletes of Belarus
Olympic gold medalists for Belarus
Olympic bronze medalists for Belarus
Olympic medalists in biathlon
Olympic silver medalists for Belarus
Medalists at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics
National Heroes of Belarus
Sportspeople from Minsk
Universiade gold medalists for Belarus
Universiade medalists in biathlon
Cross-country skiing coaches
Belarusian sports coaches

masks:
Darya Uladzimirauna Domracheva
Domracheva


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<mask> (April 20, 1928 – April 12, 2013) was an American chess player and chess author who held the FIDE title of Grandmaster (GM). He won the U.S. Championship in 1972, and was a World Chess Championship Candidate in 1974. <mask> represented the United States nine times in Chess Olympiads from 1952 to 1976 and won seven medals. He was the chess columnist from 1972 to 2006 for The New York Times, which ran his final column (a recounting of his 1952 victory over David Bronstein) on November 12, 2006. <mask> worked as a university professor for many years, before becoming a chess professional in the early 1970s. Early years
<mask> was born in Brooklyn, the son of Elizabeth Eleanor (Cattalier) and <mask>. He and his younger brother Donald grew up in New York City and were among the "Collins Kids", promising young players who benefited from the instruction and encouragement of John W. Collins.Both ultimately became college professors and among the leading chess players in the country. They were part of a talented new generation of young American masters, which also included Larry Evans, Arthur Bisguier, and George Kramer. <mask>'s first Master event was Ventnor City in 1945, where he scored a respectable 4/9 to place 8th; the winner was Weaver Adams. He tied 1st–2nd in the Premier Reserves section at the U.S. Open Chess Championship, Pittsburgh in 1946. College studies limited his opportunities for the next several years; he represented the U.S. in a 1950 radio match against Yugoslavia. In the 1951 Maurice Wertheim Memorial, New York, <mask> scored 6/11 for a tied 6–7th place; this was a Grandmaster round-robin with 6 of the world's top 36 players, and it was won by Samuel Reshevsky. <mask> became an International Master based on his results at the 1952 Chess Olympiad at Helsinki (bronze medal on third board).In that same year he graduated from Yale University. He went on to become a professor of philosophy at Indiana University, and his academic career left him little time for chess. He did represent the U.S. in team matches against the Soviet Union at New York in 1954 (losing 1½–2½ to Alexander Kotov), and Moscow 1955 (losing ½–3½ to Paul Keres). Grandmaster

<mask> placed shared 4–7th at the 1957 U.S. Open Chess Championship in Cleveland with 9/12, a point behind joint winners Bobby Fischer and Arthur Bisguier. <mask> did not play in his first U.S. Chess Championship until age 30 in 1958–59, placing tied 9–10th with 4/11; the winner was Bobby Fischer. But <mask> improved dramatically the next year in the same event to place 2nd with 8/11, ahead of Reshevsky and Pal Benko, as Fischer won again.In 1960, <mask> increased his serious play, winning the U.S. Open Chess Championship at St. Louis, and taking a silver medal on third board at the Olympiad in Leipzig. A poor result of 8–11th places in the U.S. Championship 1960–61, with only 4½/11, was balanced by his fine tied 2nd–5th places at Mar del Plata 1961 with 11½/15, behind winner Miguel Najdorf. On that same South American trip, he dominated a small but strong event at Santa Fe with 6½/7, ahead of Miroslav Filip, Aleksandar Matanović, and Hector Rossetto. In the U.S. Championship of 1961–62, he tied for 2nd–3rd places on 7/11, half a point behind Larry Evans. He placed 6th in the U.S. Championship 1962–63 with 6/11, as Fischer won again. In the U.S. Championship 1963-64 he again placed 6th with 5½/11, as Fischer defeated <mask> brilliantly in 21 moves and won the tournament with a perfect score. Of his game against Fischer, <mask> wrote: "The culminating combination is of such depth that, even at the very moment at which I resigned, both grandmasters who were commenting on the play for the spectators in a separate room believed I had a won game!"In 1964, <mask>'s third-place finish at the Buenos Aires tournament (behind Paul Keres and World Champion Tigran Petrosian), with 11½/17, made him an International Grandmaster. <mask> shared 2nd–3rd places in the U.S. Championship 1965–66 with 7½/11; Fischer won again, but <mask> defeated Fischer in their individual game. He shared the 1966 U.S. Open title with Pal Benko at Seattle. He scored 4½/11 for a shared 8–10th place, in the U.S. Championship 1966–67, with Fischer winning. <mask> qualified for his first Interzonal tournament, Sousse 1967, but scored just 7½/22, far short of advancing. U.S. Champion, Candidate
By the late 1960s, he was playing chess semi-professionally. He won the 1972 U.S. Championship; after tying with Samuel Reshevsky and Lubomir Kavalek in the tournament proper, <mask> won the 1973 playoff at Chicago.<mask> achieved his career highlight of third place at the Leningrad Interzonal in 1973, with 12½/17, which made him only the fourth American (after Samuel Reshevsky, Bobby Fischer, and Pal Benko) to qualify for the Candidates Tournament (part of the world chess championship process). <mask> lost his first-round Candidates' match to former world champion Boris Spassky by 1½–4½ at San Juan, Puerto Rico, in 1974. As a 1974 Candidate, <mask> was seeded directly to the 1976 Biel Interzonal, where he performed very strongly, but missed a playoff berth by only half a point, sharing 5–6th places with 11½/19, behind Larsen (first with 12½), Tal, Portisch and Petrosian (2–4 with 12). At the Olympiads
<mask> played nine times for the United States, with a total of (+51−12=53), for 66.8 per cent, and won seven individual and team medals. His detailed results follow. Helsinki 1952, board 3, 10½/15 (+8−2=5), board bronze;
 Leipzig 1960, board 3, 12/15 (+9−0=6), board silver, team silver;
 Varna 1962, board 4, 8½/13 (+7−3=3);
 Havana 1966, board 2, 6½/13 (+3−3=7), team silver;
 Lugano 1968, board 4, 7½/12 (+4−1=7);
 Skopje 1972, board 2, 9½/14 (+6−1=7);
 Nice 1974, board 2, 12/16 (+8−0=8), team bronze;
 Haifa 1976, board 1, 7/10 (+5−1=4), team gold;
 Buenos Aires 1978, board 4, 4/8 (+1−1=6), team bronze. Later career and legacy

When he became the columnist for the Times in 1972, he became less active as a player.He did, nevertheless, win tournaments at Torremolinos (1976–77), Harare (1983), and Lagos (1993). He has also been a frequent contributor to Chess Life magazine, the publication of the United States Chess Federation. He has chaired USCF's committee on masters' affairs and been one of its vice presidents. <mask> was inducted into the U.S. Chess Hall of Fame in 1994. Throughout his career, <mask> improved his results level by level in major competitions, at the U.S. Open, the U.S. Championship, the Olympiad, and the Interzonal. He made original contributions in several opening systems.He was the first to play 6.Be3 against the Najdorf Variation of the Sicilian Defense (1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 a6 6.Be3); this system has been named for him and has been very popular since the mid-1980s. He developed the Byrne Variation of the King's Indian Defense against the Saemisch Variation, with a quick queenside expansion by Black. He used the Dutch Defense with success when that opening was rarely seen at the top level. His opening repertoire was wide with both colors, and featured both Open and Closed games, which made him a challenge to prepare for. <mask> played competitively until age 74 in 2002, with an average of a couple of significant events per year even past age 60. He retired from writing his chess column at age 78. <mask> died in 2013 at his home in Ossining, New York, from Parkinson's disease.Notable games
 David Bronstein vs <mask>, Helsinki Olympiad 1952, Queen's Gambit Accepted (D24), 0–1 Very impressive win over the 1951 World finalist. <mask> vs Miroslav Filip, Mar del Plata 1961, King's Indian Defense, Fianchetto Variation (E60), 1–0 <mask> defeats a player who became a Candidate the next year. Miguel Najdorf vs <mask>, Buenos Aires 1964, King's Indian Defense, Classical / Petrosian Variation (E93), 0–1 A key victory from the tournament where <mask> earned his GM title. Bobby Fischer vs <mask>, U.S. Championship, New York 1965–66, French Defense, Tarrasch / Guimard Variation (C03), 0–1 <mask> finds a very clever tactical possibility to bring down the phenomenal Fischer. <mask> vs Leonid Stein, Sarajevo 1967, Sicilian Defense, Accelerated Dragon Variation (B35), 1–0 <mask> defeats the Soviet champion Stein in one of his favourite variations. Vladimir Savon vs <mask>, Moscow 1971, King's Indian Attack (A07), 0–1 Another Soviet champion has to tilt his King right in Moscow. Samuel Reshevsky vs <mask>, U.S. Championship Playoff, Chicago 1973, King's Indian Defense, Classical Variation (E92), 0–1 A critical win which helped propel <mask> to the Interzonal later that year.Reshevsky had a clear win before he blundered to allow a winning queen sacrifice. Bent Larsen vs <mask>, Leningrad Interzonal 1973, King's Indian Defense, Saemisch Variation (E80), 0–1 <mask> upsets one of the tournament favourites by undermining Larsen's overextended centre. <mask> vs Mark Taimanov, Leningrad Interzonal 1973, Sicilian Defense, Taimanov Variation (B46), 1–0 <mask> overcomes Taimanov's patented defense. Jan Timman vs <mask>, Nice Olympiad 1974, Queen's Gambit Declined (D53), 0–1 One of the strongest young Grandmasters learns to respect the veteran <mask>. <mask> vs Viktor Korchnoi, Moscow 1975, Pirc Defense, Austrian Attack (B09), 1–0 Korchnoi's form during this period took him to two world championship challenges in the years ahead. <mask> vs Vasily Smyslov, Biel Interzonal 1976, French Defense, Winawer / Positional Variation (C19), 1–0 <mask> succeeds with a line which Smyslov himself had made famous in the 1940s. <mask> vs Joel Benjamin, U.S. Championship, Berkeley 1984, Sicilian Defense, Classical Richter–Rauzer Variation (B60), 1–0 Benjamin neglects his development and King safety, and pays the ultimate price.Books
 Beginning Chess (1972)
  Both Sides of the Chessboard (1974) (with Iivo Nei)
 New York Times Book of Great Chess Victories & Defeats (1990) (collection of Times columns)

References

Further reading
 "A Life in American Chess", by Frank Niro, Chess Life, July 2013, pp. 19–25. External links

1928 births
2013 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American chess players
American chess writers
American columnists
American instructional writers
American male non-fiction writers
Chess Olympiad competitors
Chess grandmasters
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Indiana University faculty
Neurological disease deaths in New York (state)
People from Ossining, New York
The New York Times columnists
Writers from Brooklyn
Yale University alumni

masks:
Robert Eugene Byrne
Byrne
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Robert Byrne
Robert Byrne
Robert Byrne
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Byrne
Robert Byrne
Robert Byrne
Byrne
Robert Byrne
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Robert Byrne
Byrne
Robert Byrne
Byrne
Robert Byrne
Robert Byrne
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Robert Byrne
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Robert Byrne
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<mask> (January 23, 1938 – May 16, 2005) was an American mass murderer and serial killer who killed six of his family members in Iowa between 1961 and 1962. Before the murders, <mask> had been living in Denver, but due to problems there had come to Martinsburg, Iowa to live with his stepmother. When he had problems with her as well, he moved to the home of his uncle Andrew. Murders
On May 27, 1962, <mask> murdered Andrew McBeth, 51, and Dora McBeth, 41, and their three children: Amos and Anna McBeth, 19, and Donna Jean Kellogg, 17. <mask>, then 24, a nephew of the elder McBeths', confessed to the crime. He also confessed to having murdered his stepmother, <mask>, who had been missing for several months. The McBeth family lived in rural Iowa, about four miles north of Martinsburg, and <mask> had been living with them at the time.Another daughter, Patsy Lou, 15, was wounded by <mask> but escaped in the night and ran to a nearby farm for help. Kellogg's six-month-old baby, Perry, was in a crib and left unharmed. On the night of the murders, the McBeth children – Amos, Anna, and Donna Jean – had driven to Brighton, Iowa for a dance and Donna Jean, as was her custom, had left her infant in the care of her parents. "<mask> remained at the dance a short time, then disappeared until midnight, according to court records. He came back to pick up the group after the dance ended. Thunder, lightning and heavy rain began as the five went to a truck stop for food. When they returned to their farmhouse, the lights were out."The children found flashlights and made their way around the house to investigate. Donna and Amos found the murdered bodies of their parents in the garage, where they'd been dragged. They tried to call for help but discovered the lines had been cut. "Suddenly, <mask> appeared before them with a flashlight and a gun. He shot Amos in the face, then Donna. He shot Patsy in the shoulder. Though badly wounded, Amos pleaded for his life but was shot again.Patsy escaped to another room where she found her older sister, Anna, already dead. "<mask> chased her to a ditch in the countryside. She played cat and mouse through the ditches, crawling and crouching to escape his roving flashlight through the early morning hours. She finally reached a nearby farmhouse, where she called her uncle, Firman McBeth." <mask> went into hiding but was found four days later in a barn near Lake Wapello. After being arrested, he confessed both to the McBeth murders in Martinsburg and also to the murder of his stepmother, Juanita <mask>, the previous October in Hedrick, Iowa. At the time, Iowa still had capital punishment, and prosecutors wanted <mask> hanged.Facing an almost certain death sentence if the case was taken to trial, <mask> pleaded guilty to six counts of murder, leaving his fate up to the judge. Arguing for a death sentence, prosecutors said <mask> had "attempted to exterminate an entire family." A psychiatric evaluation of <mask> concluded that he was sane. His lawyers did not call any witnesses and did not contest that <mask> was sane and the crimes were premeditated, choosing instead to plead with Judge C. R. Carson for mercy. Ultimately, Carson spared his life. After finding him guilty of five counts of first degree murder and one count of second degree murder, he instead sentenced <mask> to six life terms at hard labor. The sentences were ordered to run consecutively to ensure he would spend the rest of his natural life in prison.Infant Perry was adopted by his uncle Firman, Andrew McBeth's brother, and raised with Firman's own nine biological children. Perry, the child in the crib, has spoken about the problems he faced growing up. "All the way through school I was a bully because I wanted people to hurt as bad as I did. I hated everything and everybody," he said. "I'm sorry about that now. When I see those people today, I try to tell them that, but they just don't understand." Perry graduated from Pekin Community High School.In 1971, <mask> filed an unsuccessful motion for a new trial. He was interviewed in prison in 1974 by the The Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier. In it, <mask> accepted the fact that he would die in prison. He said he was excited to get an education in prison. He started off by working through a lengthy series. At the time of the article, <mask> was more than half way to a college degree. "I had 68 quarter hours in commercial cooking and I've completed 66 quarter hours in academic courses so far," he said.He performed well in both subjects, having a 3.75 GPA in the cooking program and a 3.3 GPA in academics. <mask> said he hoped to work with juvenile delinquents and help other young people with his newfound knowledge. <mask> also spoke about making changes to the prison system. "I'd like to go to Des Moines and speak to the legislature," he said. "I'd like to talk to then about this institution itself, about some of their laws, and some of their rehabilitation programs. All prison systems are inhumane. You take a man from society who 'fails' when he's in an abnormal situation and put him in one of these places.It's an abnormal situation here in itself, then you say to the man, 'rehabilitate yourself'. YOU DON'T send a person on the street to a mental hospital and say, 'make yourself well'. There's nothing in here to change you. You can let prison society destroy you or you can get some education and change yourself." <mask> <mask> died from heart problems on May 16, 2005. He had been transferred to a hospital shortly before his death. <mask>'s body was cremated and buried in Mount Zion Cemetery next to the plot of his mother.After hearing of <mask>'s death, Perry said he wished he'd been hanged. "I'm glad he's dead," he said. It was the best day of my life. I hope he burns in hell forever. See also
 List of serial killers in the United States

References

External links
 Photograph of <mask>'s grave marker. American mass murderers
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
People from Keokuk County, Iowa
1938 births
2005 deaths
Criminals from Iowa
American serial killers
Parricides
People convicted of murder by Iowa
Male serial killers

masks:
Gayno Gilbert Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Juanita Smith
Gayno Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
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Smith
Smith
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Smith
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<mask>, OAM (born 13 August 1977) is a Polish-born Australian swimmer, Olympic gold medallist, world champion, and former world record-holder of the 1990s and 2000s. Early years
He was born in Gdynia, Poland. He was educated at the University High School, Melbourne and Wesley College, Melbourne where he is currently employed as the college's elite head coach of swimming. <mask> began swimming after falling out of a window, when it was suggested to him that a low impact exercise would aid his recovery. Career
<mask> was first selected to represent Australia in the 1994 Commonwealth Games in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, while still a student at Wesley College, Melbourne. For his achievements he was named the Male Swimmer of the Year by Swimming World Magazine in 1997. In 1999, he set a world record in the 100 m butterfly twice, in a FINA-sanctioned time trial (51.81 s).It was broken at the 2003 World Championships in Barcelona by the Ukrainian Andriy Serdinov in the first semifinal of the 100 m butterfly, and then broken another time in the next semifinal by <mask>. Phelps's record was bested by Ian Crocker in the final the following day. <mask> was Australian Institute of Sport Athlete of the Year in 1998 and 1999 and was inducted into the AIS ' Best of the Best' in 2001. <mask> was the only Australian to win a gold medal at both the Sydney 2000 Olympics and the 2006 Melbourne Commonwealth Games. Medal achievements
In 1996, he arrived at the Atlanta Olympics ranked first in the world for the 200 m freestyle, but was surprisingly eliminated in the heats. He rebounded to qualify for a finals in the 100m butterfly, and swam the freestyle leg in the 4×100 m medley relay, in which Australia claimed a bronze medal. Atlanta Olympics (USA) :
 Men's 4×100m Medley Relay.1998 was <mask>'s year in the sun. In January, the World Aquatics Championships were held in Perth, Western Australia, and in front of a boisterous home crowd, he was the leading swimmer of the meet. He triumphed in the 200 m freestyle and the 100 m butterfly, and added silver in the 100 m freestyle, and bronze in the 50 m freestyle. He was a member of each of Australia's three relay teams, winning gold in the 4×200 m freestyle relay and 4×100 m medley relay, and a silver in the 4×100 m freestyle relay. FINA World Championships 1998 in Perth, Australia:
 200m Freestyle. 100m Freestyle. 50m Freestyle.100m Butterfly. 4×100m Freestyle Relay. 4×200m Freestyle Relay. 4×100m Medley Relay. At the 2000 Summer Olympics, <mask> set a world record (48.18) leading off the 4×100 m freestyle relay, which paved the way for a world record (3:13.67). Three days later, he was part of the 4×200 m freestyle relay, which set another world record (7:07.05), which left the opposition over 5 seconds in arrears on its way to victory. His 100m freestyle world record bested by Pieter van den Hoogenband in the semi's, in the final he finished with a bitter 4th place, he turned first at the wall but he claimed his legs gave away in the second half.In the 100 m butterfly, he was the world record holder, again turning first at the wall heavily under world record pace, but was cut down in the closing stages by Sweden's Lars Frölander, finishing second. On the final night he claimed silver as part of the 4×100 m medley relay team. 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia:
 100m Butterfly. 4×100m Freestyle Relay. 4×200m Freestyle Relay. 4×100m Medley Relay. In 2001, hampered by an ankle injury <mask> was restricted to relay duties, and contributed to another world record, winning gold in the 4×200 m relay (7:04.66).He also collected a gold medal in the 4×100 m freestyle relay. FINA World Championships 2001 in Fukuoka, Japan:
 4×100m Freestyle Relay. 4×200m Freestyle Relay. 2002–2007

In 2002 and 2003, due to chronic back and shoulder problems, <mask> was inactive throughout these years. <mask> failed to qualify for the 2004 Athens Olympics, but was later selected as part of the relay team, which came second behind USA in the 4×200m, race. The relay team did not win a medal in the 4x100m and failed to qualify for the medley relay final. 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece:
 4×200m Freestyle Relay.In 2005, <mask> swam at the World Aquatics in Montreal, returning to individual action, but failed to progress to the finals in the 50m & 100m Freestyle. He won bronze as part of the 4×100 m freestyle relay. FINA World Championships 2005 in Montreal, Canada:
 4×100m Freestyle Relay. In 2007, he swam as part of the B team in the Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay, in the final the Australian team won the gold medal. 2007 World Aquatics Championships in Melbourne, Australia:
 4×100m Medley Relay. Retirement
On 26 June 2007 <mask> retired from competitive swimming. He finished the year ranked 94 in the 100 freestyle with the Olympics 14 months away.Return to competitive swimming
On 14 February 2011 <mask> announced his return to competitive swimming, hoping to compete in the London 2012 Olympics. Ultimately <mask> failed to qualify for the team. Second retirement
After failing to compete at the London Olympics, <mask> retired from competitive swimming and became founder and CEO of a skin care company "Milk and Co" . Personal life
<mask> married Lindy Rama, a former model and fashion entrepreneur, in April 2006. Rama (known in Bali as Anak Agung) is a Balinese princess, being the niece of Ida Cokorde Pamecutan XI, the king of Denpasar. The couple have two daughters and a son. <mask> supports the St Kilda Saints in the Australian Football League.<mask> and Lindy announced their  separation in February 2016.

masks:
Michael George Klim
Michael Klim
Klim
Michael Phelps
Klim
Klim
Michael Klim
Klim
Klim
Michael Klim
Klim
Klim
Klim
Klim
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<mask> (September 6, 1877 – January 9, 1947) was an American marine painter. Dougherty (pronounced dog-er-tee) was recognized for his American Impressionism paintings of the coasts of Maine and Cornwall in the years after the turn of the 20th century. His work has been described as bold and masculine, and he was best known for his many paintings of breakers crashing against rocky coasts and mountain landscapes. Dougherty also painted still lifes, created prints and sculpted. The son of a prominent attorney, Dougherty graduated from law school and passed the bar, but chose art over the law. His artistic training was relatively brief. An erudite man and a world traveler, Dougherty sketched and exhibited extensively on both the east and west coasts of the United States, in the British Isles, throughout Europe and in Asia.He spent the first half of his career based in the east, but he moved west in 1928 and eventually spent the summers in  Carmel, California and the cooler winter months in the desert. Dougherty won almost every major award at the annual exhibitions of the National Academy of Design in New York, as well as a Gold Medal at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco. By 1915 many American museums had purchased his works for their permanent collections. He was elected to membership of the National Academy of Design. Early life
<mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York. He was the eldest of six children born to J. Hampden <mask>, a prominent attorney, legal scholar and leader of the New York State Bar Association. While his father wanted to see him pursue a career in law, Dougherty was always drawn to art, and sketched and painted incessantly.He graduated from Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute in 1896 where he received some training in art. His talent in art was always apparent and by the time he was eighteen one of his works was accepted for the Annual Exhibition of the National Academy of Design. In spite of his artistic abilities, he diligently followed through on his education and graduated from New York Law School and passed the bar, but he was never to practice law. Information on his artistic training can be contradictory and sketchy. In filling out an information card for the National Academy, he stated that he studied with the noted landscape painter Henry Ward Ranger in 1897, which is the only formal training he mentioned. However, there are accounts that he studied with the innovative ship designer and marine painter William S. Barnett (1854–1927) from Rockport, Maine, who had been living in Brooklyn since 1885 when he returned from his studies at the Académie Julian. Dougherty did share a studio in Brooklyn early in his career with Barnett as well as Gustave Wiegland (1870–1957), George McCord and Harry Roseland.About 1901 these artists were joined by Frederick and Joseph Boston, Charles Burlingame, Edward Rorke, and Benjamin Eggleston in forming The Brooklyn Ten which then became known as The Society of Brooklyn Painters. The first annual exhibition of the society was held at the Hooper Gallery on Fulton Street in Brooklyn in 1903. European travel and early career

In order to advance his studies, <mask> and his younger brother, the stage actor Walter Hampden <mask> (1879–1955), left on an extended trip to Europe. On this sojurn, he sketched and painted throughout the continent and studied the Old Masters in museums in order to educate himself. Munich, Venice, Paris and Florence were all stops on the Dougherty brother's European tour. In 1901 Dougherty sent a landscape painting home for the annual exhibit of the National Academy of Design and he showed his landscapes with the Academy for the next several years. In Paris he met a young Swedish music student named Antje Berthe Lund and they were married in 1902.The <mask>s returned to America and the artist opened a home and studio in Nutley, New Jersey, where their daughter Lisa was born. Tragically, Antje <mask> died of appendicitis just weeks later. Soon after returning to the United States, Dougherty began to work on Monhegan Island, Maine, an area which was already a famous summer place for painters. In Maine, the young painter began to build his first significant body of the marine paintings he would become known for and the dramatic views of the Island offered him a host of subjects. He joined the Society of American Artists in 1904, a group of younger painters who had broken away from the National Academy years before because it was then dominated by the aging members of the Hudson River School. When the Society merged with the National Academy in 1905, Dougherty automatically became an Associate Member. In 1907 he had his first exhibition at the William Macbeth's Macbeth Gallery in New York City.Irish born William Macbeth (1851–1917) was the first dealer to only represent American artists and he opened his first gallery in 1892. Macbeth and Dougherty forged a lasting friendship and the young painter began a long series of successful exhibitions in the 5th Avenue Gallery. St. Ives
The famous art colony of St. Ives lies on the Cornish Peninsula in Southwestern England and Dougherty worked there extensively. While J.M.W. Turner (1775–1851) did a pencil sketch of St. Ives as early as 1811, it wasn't until the completion of a rail line to Penzance in 1859, that artists began to frequent the area and paint its dramatic views. After the mining industry collapsed, more artists began to visit including James Whistler and his students, who painted there in 1884. By 1886, there was a colony of painters in St. Ives, led by the American Edward Simmons and the Victorian marine painter Adrian Stokes (1854–1935).Simmons influenced the Swedish painter Anders Zorn who learned to work in oil in St. Ives. The British painter Julius Olsson was one of the most influential artists in St. Ives in the years after the turn of the 20th century and he brought many other painters to the area. <mask> came to love St. Ives and some of his most dramatic works were done of the dramatic cliffs there. Dougherty spent about six months a year there from 1908 to 1913. For many years, Dougherty lived a bi-continental existence, splitting his time between his New York studio and Europe. In the spring and summer he went on lengthy sketching trips abroad, coming back to New York for the fall and winter exhibitions. In May 1915 for example he applied for a new passport, stating that his travels would take him to England, France, Italy, Switzerland and Spain.In 1921 for yet another passport he stated he would travel to Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Spain. Mid-career
As Dougherty reached middle age, he kept up his exhibitions and travels. He spent the late spring and summer of each year abroad, usually arriving home in October or November. His New York studio changes locations almost annually. In the 1920s he exhibited his watercolors more frequently and in 1920 and 1921 alone his work in this medium was exhibited at the Cleveland Museum of Art, the Memorial Art Gallery in Rochester New York, the Brooklyn Museum and the Art Institute of Chicago. While his friend and dealer William Macbeth (1851–1917) had died in 1917, Dougherty's long relationship with Macbeth Galleries continued through his rotund son, Robert Wilson Macbeth who took over the gallery upon his father's death. Even though the modern movements were becoming more popular, especially in New York City, landscape and marine paintings still remained popular and had a dedicated constituency.Another major feature on Dougherty appeared in the pages of the International Studio, the most famous English language art publication in 1921 and again, the writer, Ameen Rihani, compared the painter to Winslow Homer: "...there is no doubt that the mantle of Winslow Homer has fallen on <mask>ty. Does it fit? Does it trail? Does it inspire respect? I can answer the last question in the affirmative." Artistic recognition
As he reached the heart of his career, Dougherty became more interested in light and experimented with "broken color" techniques and "optical blending." In 1913, in the museum journal Aesthetics, he was described   said to be..."now pre-eminently a painter of light, as much an exponent of it as Claude Monet."Dougherty had a solo exhibition at the Art Institute of Chicago in the summer of 1914. In an attempt to become known for landscapes as well as marines paintings he was represented by a number of his pictures of the Swiss Alps including "Evening Calm." In the bulletin of the Art Institute the editor said that "Mr. Dougherty is now chiefly thought of as a painter of accomplished marines; but his mountain pictures, though less well known are no less important." In 1915 the Panama-Pacific International Exposition was held in San Francisco to celebrate the city's rebirth after the San Francisco earthquake and fire. The San Francisco world's fair featured a massive exhibition of paintings from the history of art as well as hundreds of works by contemporary artists from the United States and Europe. This exhibition is considered a turning point in California Art and it was also a triumph for <mask>ty who had four works exhibited and was awarded a Gold Medal. In his guide to the exhibition, the writer Michael Williams stated that "Another marine artist whose work is well and favorably known and which has been awarded a Gold Medal, is <mask>.Four pictures by him hang on Wall A. <mask> is a New York man, of such independence of mind that he studied without any masters in Paris, London, Florence, Venice and Munich. Examples of his work hang in all the principal galleries of the country." Dougherty was in such demand that a 1916 issue of the Bulletin for the Detroit Museum of Art mentioned him among the American artists who had "reached the zenith of their power" whose works they were seeking for their permanent collection. That December, his watercolors were the subject of an exhibition at Macbeth Gallery and in a review, the writer for the New York Times complimented Dougherty's progress by saying that "in his oil pictures has worked during the last ten years with a steadily increasing appreciation of chromatic values, is showing at the Macbeth Galleries a group of water colors that challenge comparison with the best of their kind." Move to California
By the 1920s, Dougherty was beginning to suffer the debilitating effects of arthritis. Although he did not move to California for a number of years, he was painting on the Monterey Peninsula by 1925 because he entered "Evening at Monterey" in the large exhibition of American watercolors that Macbeth Gallery opened in December of that year. Searching for a better climate to ease its effects, he and his last wife, the socialite <mask>, moved west, first to the dry desert climate of Tucson, Arizona.Still wanting to be near the sea, In 1931 the <mask>s found a home in the art colony of Carmel, California, a picturesque spot on the rugged central coast of California, south of San Francisco. He joined the Carmel Art Association and became active in the local art scene. He became a member of the CAA board of directors for ten years and served as president for one term. There, he sketched Carmel Bay and the coastal inlets from vantage points on the cliffs. For a number of years, Dougherty spent the cooler months in the desert and the rest of

masks:
Paul Hampden Dougherty
Paul Dougherty
Dougherty
Dougherty
Dougherty
Dougherty
Dougherty
Paul Dougherty
Paul Dougher
Paul Dougher
Paul Dougherty
Paul Dougherty
Paula Gates
Dougherty


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 the year in Carmel where he still painted prolifically. Despite his ailments, he and his wife <mask> still traveled abroad, going to Europe in 1934 and 1937. Still   By the 1940s, the effects of old age began to creep up on him and he was unable to work for the last four years of his life.Finally, he was struck with cancer and died in Palm Springs, California where he was wintering, at the age of sixty-nine. Dougherty's Palm Springs home, designed by the architect John Porter Clark, was designated a Class One Historic Site by the City of Palm Springs in 2014. Assessment and oeuvre
<mask> was a prolific and successful painter. He forged a national artistic reputation early in his life and his works sold steadily until the modern movements eventually supplanted traditional art in the 1930s. In 1978 the art historian Mahonri Sharp Young wrote of him that "Everything came to him; all his pictures sold, he won all the prizes...the rich delighted to honor him, and his wives were glamorous." While he is primarily recognized for his coastal scenes, he also painted landscapes, mountain scenes and even the arid desert. His best known paintings were rugged coastal scenes of Maine, Cornwall, Brittany and the Monterey peninsula in California.His artistic production is well divided between scenes of the Maine Coast, the Cornish Coast of England, pictures from his extensive travels in Europe, Asia and the Caribbean, a bold series of Alpine paintings and hundreds of paintings done in Carmel, where he had his last studio. Most of these works were in oil, with many smaller works on board and larger works on canvas, but he also worked extensively in watercolor. In her summary of Dougherty's work for the National Arts Club's collection, art historian Carol Lowrey wrote that "The drama and realism of Dougherty's marines also prompted comparisons to Winslow Homer and indeed, the master's later seascapes served as an aesthetic and thematic model for Dougherty and a number of artists of his generation, such as Frederick Waugh. Like Homer, Dougherty liked to depict churning, turbulent waters, exemplified in canvasses such as Grey Sea, a work that demonstrates his favorite compositional scheme - an outcropping of rocks pounded by the rough surf in the foreground, a high horizon line, and an expansive of cloud streaked sky. As in the majority of his coastal scenes, Dougherty avoids allusions to man, architecture or boats, preferring to concentrate on the tumultuous motion of the sea and the glimmer of light on the wave crests and the rocky shore - denoted here by means of an energetic brushwork and a palette of blues, mauves, greens and browns with a pale yellow, gray and white. While his approach is grounded in the Realist tradition, Dougherty's painterly touch and iridescent hues indicate a debt to Impressionism as well." Galleries
<mask>'s works were exhibited in a number of leading commercial galleries in his lifetime, but then primarily on the east coast of the United States.New York's Macbeth Gallery was always his primary dealer. Today his work is primarily sold by galleries in California, where he spent the last fifteen years of his life. 23-23, Hudson Hills Press, New York, 2008 (Biographies of all the Artist Life Members of the National Arts Club)
Davenport, Ray, Davenport's Art Reference: The Gold Edition, 2005 (Biographical entry)
Richter, Marianne & Greenhouse, Wendy, Union League Club of Chicago Art Collection, Union League Club of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 2003
Stone, William, 'Celebrating 75 Years of Local Art, Carmel Art Association,' Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, 2002
Hughes, Edan, Milton, Artists in California, Hughes Publishing, San Francisco, California, 2001 (Biographical entry)
Klein, Barbara, 'The Carmel Monterey Peninsula Art Colony: A History,' American Art Review, Volume VIII, Number 4, September–October 1996, pp. 110–117. Ship, Steve, American Art Colonies, 1850-1930: A Historical Guide to America's Art Colonies and their Artists, Greenwood Press, 1996 (Entry on Dougherty on the Carmel Colony)
Klein, Barbara, 'Carmel Monterey Art Colony,' American Art Review, October, 1996
Kendall-Hess, Wendy, 'A Legacy of Beauty,' American Art Review, June, 1995
Whybrow, Marion, St. Ives, Portrait of a Colony: 1893-1993, Antique Collectors Club, Woods, Suffock, 1994 (Story of the St. Ives art colony on the Cornish coast which Dougherty was a member of)
Donovan, Gael, Our First Five National Academicians, Carmel Art Association, Carmel, California, 1989 (Short essay in catalog)
McGlynn, Betty Hoag, The Carmel Art Association: A History, Carmel-by-the-Sea: Carmel Art Association, 1987, 9-11. Westphal, Ruth Lilly, Editor, Plein-Air Painters of California: The North, Westphal Publishing, Irvine, California 1986 (Biographical Summary from landmark California Plein-Air reference)
Nelson, Mary Carroll, Paul Dougherty, 1877–1947, Hickory Museum of Art, Hickory, North Carolina (Carroll's catalog essay reprinted from Southwest Profile, September/October 1986)
Seavey, Kent, Monterey, The Artist's View: 1925 - 1945, Monterey Peninsula Museum of Art November 6 - December 31, 1982. Kirk, Chauncey, A., 'Bohemia Rendezvous, Nineteenth-Century Monterey: California's First Artists Colony,' Cupertino: The American West Magazine, 1979,37-44.Ingraham, John Douglas, William S. Barnett (1854–1927): Paintings of the Sea and Shore, The Schenectady Museum, Schenectady, New York, November 25, 1978 – February 4, 1979 (Exhibition Catalog)
Spangenberg, Helen, Yesterday's Artists on the Monterey Peninsula: Monterey, Monterey Peninsula Museum, 1976, Pg. 16-22, Monterey Peninsula Museum of Art
Mahorini Young, <mask>, Macbeth Gallery, Art News 29, February 29, 1931 (Exhibition Review)
Exhibition of Watercolors by Distinguished American Artists, December 8, 1925 – January 4, 1926, Exhibition Catalog, Macbeth Gallery, New York, New York (Three California scenes listed in exhibition catalog)
9th Annual Exhibition at the Detroit Institute of the Arts, Exhibition Catalog, April 11-May 23, 1923 (Dougherty exhibits #29 "Dahlias and Gladiolas")
American Magazine of Art, January–December, 1921 (Watercolor Exhibition at Metropolitan Museum of Art, Dougherty with Homer, Sargent, etc.) 10, July–September, 1917 (Dougherty's 'Coast of Cornwall' recorded at #4 of Permanent Collection)
'Landscapes and Ocean Scenes by <mask>ty' Art Notes, New York Times, December 13, 1916, New York, New York (Review of Dougherty's solo watercolors at exhibition at Macbeth Galleries)
'Exhibition at Mystic,' in Notes, American Magazine of Art, November, 1916, American Federation of the Arts, Washington, D.C. (Notes that Dougherty is among exhibitors in 3rd Annual Exhibition)
 Brinton, Christian, 'Impressions of Art' at the Panama-Pacific Exposition, John Lane, Company, 1916 (Review of World's Fair Art Exhibition by prominent art writer)
 29th Annual Exhibition of American Oil Paintings and Sculpture, The Art Institute of Chicago, Exhibition Catalog, AIC, Chicago, Illinois, 1916 (Dougherty has 'October Morning' in catalog)
'Art in Toledo: American Artists in Toledo,' American Magazine of Art, Vol. 7, Pg 250-1, April, 1916 (Exhibition of American artists including Dougherty)
Ward, Felicia, 'Hyblas Bees: An Art Colony in the Catskills,' American Magazine of Art, Volume 7, Pg. 324-7, June 1916, American Federation of the Arts, Washington, D.C. (Article on Catskill colony mentions Dougherty, Carson, Murphy)
'New Items, City Art Museum St. Louis,' American Magazine of Art, Volume 7, Pg. 342, June 1916, American Federation of the Arts, Washington, D.C. ("After the Gale" added to St. Louis permanent collection)
'Art in Youngstown, Loan Exhibition at Mahoning Institute,' American Magazine of Art, Volume 7, Pg. 208, 1916, American Federation of the Arts, Washington, D.C. (Loan exhibition including Dougherty)
 'American Paintings Now on Exhibit,' The New York Times, January 16, 1916 (Review of Exhibition of Painter Members of the National Arts Club, including painting by Dougherty)
Permanent Collection, 'Bulletin of the Detroit Museum of Art,' Pg.3,Volume  X, No. 5, January, 1916, Detroit Museum of Art, Detroit, Michigan (He is mentioned as an artist they would like to have in permanent collection)
'Landscapes and Ocean Scenes by <mask>ty,' New York Times, December 13, 1915 (Review of exhibition at Macbeth Galleries, December 12, 1915 – January 15, 1916)
 'Preview of 9th Annual Exhibition of American Oil Painters and Sculptors,' Bulletin of the Art Institute of Chicago, Volume IX, No. 8, December 1, 1915 (Dougherty was on jury, exhibited out of competition)
'A Brief Guide to the Department of Fine Arts Panama-Pacific International Exposition,' Michael Williams, Wahlgreen Company, San Francisco, California 1915 (Notes room with four Doughertys at World's Fair)
 'Art Notes,' New York Times, April 16, 1914 (Preview of Carnegie International Exhibition makes note that "<mask>ty is to be represented by alarge group of marine and landscape subjects")
Friends of American Art Loan Exhibition at the Art Institute of Chicago, Exhibition Catalog, January 8–28, 1914, The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (Dougherty had five works in exhibition)
Hoeber, Arthur, 'American Painters of the Sea,' The Mentor Magazine, July 14, 1913 (Feature on prominent marine painters)
Prize Paintings in Spring Academy, <mask>ty a Winner, New York Times, April 15, 1913 (Review of National Academy Spring Exhibition, Dougherty wins Inness Award)
Wyer, Raymond, <mask>, Aesthetics, Volume 1, No. 2, January, 1913, Muskegon, Michigan Pg. 31-32 (Column on museum purchase of 'A Golden Light' and a reproduction of the painting)
7th Annual Exhibition of Selected American Paintings, Exhibition Catalog, City Art Museum, St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, 1912 (Dougherty resume included, he exhibited "Base of the Cliff")
'List of Accessions, May 20-June 20, 1911,' Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1911, New York, New York (Lists Dougherty's "October Seas" as a new accession)
Harrison, Birge, 'Some Recent Tendencies in Marine Painting,' Scribner's Magazine, Volume XLIX, Pages 469-477, January–June, 1911, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York  (Article on marine painters, Dougherty, Carlsen, Woodbury, Waugh, Harrison are selected and discussed)
Baliey, Henry Turner, 'The Virile Compositions of Paul Dougherty,' cited in column on The International Studio, School Arts, September 1908-June 1909, Volume 8, Page 408, Davis Press, Worster, Massachusetts, 1909
Rockwell, Edwin, A., 'Paul Dougherty - Painter of Marines: An Appreciation,' International Studio, Volume XXXVI, No. 141, John Lane Company, London, November, 1908 (Feature Article)
Museum Notes, in Academy Notes, Volume 4, Issue 10, Page 180, 1908 (Review of PAFA 104th Exhibition where Dougherty served on the jury)
'With the Artists, Current Art Here and Abroad,' New York Times, February 17, 1907 (Results of Dougherty's exhibition at Macbeth's Gallery)

External links

Paul Dougherty Feature in The International Studio, 1909
Several older exhibition catalogs featuring Dougherty from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF)

19th-century American painters
American male painters
20th-century American painters
American Impressionist painters
American marine artists
Painters from California
1877 births
1947 deaths
People from Carmel-by-the-Sea,

masks:
Paula
Paul Dougherty
Paul Dougherty
Paul Dougherty
Paul Dougher
Paul Dougher
Paul Dougher
Paul Dougher
Paul Dougherty


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Derek "<mask><mask> (born 4 February 1951) is a British comic and magazine editor, and author of a number of books on comics. As head of Marvel Comics' operations in England in the late 1970s, Skinn reformatted existing titles, launched new ones, and acquired the BBC license for Doctor Who Weekly. After leaving Marvel UK, Skinn founded and edited Warrior, which featured key works by Alan Moore. Called by some the "British Stan Lee," <mask> is one of British comics' most influential figures. He has also caused no small amount of controversy in his career, specifically related to legal issues regarding his publishing new adventures of the 1950s character Marvelman, as well as charges of plagiarism about Skinn's 2004 book Comix: The Underground Revolution. Fandom
Skinn first came to prominence in the world of British comics fandom. As a teenager he contributed articles to the seminal fanzine Fantasy Advertiser, published by Frank Dobson (known as the "Godfather of British Fandom").When Dobson left for Australia in 1970, he handed the zine on to two contributors, <mask> and Paul McCartney, to continue. As editors, Skinn and McCartney expanded the magazine to include more articles and artwork. (Skinn stayed on at Fantasy Advertiser even after starting his professional career at IPC Magazines; finally leaving the fanzine in 1976.) In 1971 <mask> and Bram Stokes produced Comicon '71 (the British Comic Art Convention) at the Waverley Hotel in London; the guest of honor was Frank Bellamy and other guests include Frank Dickens, Mick Farren, and Edward Barker. Skinn returned in 1981 to produce the final incarnation of Comicon, co-organized with Frank Dobson. He also produced the 2005 Brighton Comic Expo. Career

IPC
<mask>'s professional career started at IPC Magazines (now known as IPC Media) in 1970, where he was sub-editor on Whizzer and Chips, Cor!!, and Buster. He was promoted to be an editor on the Buster Book of Spooky Stories in 1975 and 1976. While at IPC, he also served as Father of the chapel of the local branch of the National Union of Journalists. Warner Bros.
Skinn left IPC in 1976 to expand the comics arm of Warner Communications' publishing arm, Williams Publishing. He took over editing MAD UK, Tarzan, Korak, and Larry Harmon's Laurel & Hardy, revived Monster Mag, and launched House of Hammer. Two of Skinn's publications were given Eagle Awards in 1977 — House of Hammer for "Favourite Specialist Comics Publication — Pro" and Mad UK for "Favourite Black & White Comicbook — Humour." Starburst
In January 1978, Skinn independently created the science fiction monthly Starburst, published under Skinn's own Starburst Publishing Ltd.Sporting the tagline "Science Fantasy in Television, Cinema and Comix," Starburst contained news, interviews, features, and reviews of science fiction material in various media (including TV, film, soundtracks, multimedia, comics and "collectibles"). Starburst won the 1978 Eagle Award for Favourite British Pro Comics Publication. Marvel UK
In August 1978, thanks in part to the success of Starburst, Skinn was hired by Stan Lee to reshape Marvel's floundering UK reprint division. (With issue #4, Marvel also bought and began to publish Starburst.) In his 15 months as editorial director for Marvel UK, Skinn reported directly to Lee; he reformatted the existing titles Marvel Comic, Star Wars Weekly, and Spider-Man Comics Weekly, plus the monthlies Rampage and Savage Sword of Conan. In addition, Skinn launched Doctor Who Weekly and Hulk Comic, among many other titles — Frantic Magazine, Marvel Pocket Books, Star Heroes, TV Heroes, summer specials, winter specials, etc. In 2010 Skinn received a Guinness World Records certificate and credit for creating the world's longest-lasting TV tie-in magazine for Doctor Who Weekly.Quality Communications
Leaving Marvel in 1980 for his own company, the London West End Studio System, Skinn worked primarily in advertising design for both the film and fashion industry. In 1982 he returned to publishing with his own company, Quality Communications, where Skinn founded and edited the comics anthology Warrior. Warrior went on to win 17 Eagle Awards, introduce V for Vendetta, and revive Marvelman/Miracleman. During this period, Skinn also operated Quality Comics, "South London's top fantasy shop," located at 3 Lewisham Way, opposite Goldsmith College. In 1990, Quality Communications launched the comics trade magazine Comics International, which Skinn published and edited for the following 16 years. His "Sez Dez" column was a regular feature in issues #100–#200, at which point Skinn sold the magazine in 2006 to Cosmic Publications. Quality went defunct as a publisher  2008.Columnist
<mask> now writes a column called "The Skinny" for Future plc's comics trade magazine Comic Heroes. Because of his strong beliefs in education through entertainment and the increasing world levels in illiteracy, he has recently begun working with the Abu Dhabi Music and Arts Foundation, initially chairing a discussion there on comics and literacy in the Middle East, which led to his becoming curator of the Middle East Film and Comic Con, which debuted in 2012. Controversy

Marvelman (a.k.a. Miracleman)
Before launching Warrior, Skinn contacted writer Alan Moore, telling him that "Marvelman's copyright had belonged to the publisher L. Miller & Son, ... that they had gone bankrupt in 1963[,] and that the rights to Marvelman had passed to the Official Receiver [and therefore] could be purchased for a very small amount..."; and asked Moore if he "would ... like to ... contribute to this new retelling of Marvelman." A quarter-century later Moore found out that Marvelman creator "Mick Anglo had always owned the copyright, that it had never been owned by L. Miller & Son, and that they had not gone bankrupt, but had concluded their affairs quietly in 1963 .... Basically, Mick Anglo had been robbed of his ownership of [Marvelman]." According to Moore, "I was not on the best of terms with <mask> Skinn by the end of the Warrior experience. I didn't trust the man, and my opinion – for what that is worth – is that there was knowing deceit involved in the Marvelman decision."But according to Skinn, he had met with Anglo three times before assigning creators to Marvelman and Anglo had expressed no problem with the relaunch then or for the following 20+ years. Skinn cites quotes by Mick Anglo from George Khoury's 2001 book Kimota! : The Miracleman Companion, "[Regarding ownership] I don't know; that was Miller's sort of thing ... <mask> contacted me and he wanted to revive it and I said go ahead and do what you like." After Warrior magazine folded due to poor sales, Skinn signed a deal with independent American publisher Eclipse Comics to reprint the Marvelman stories (under the title Miracleman) before continuing the storyline with new material by Moore and later Neil Gaiman. According to an editorial by then-Eclipse editor Cat Yronwode in Miracleman #24:

For Kimota! : The Miracleman Companion George Khoury interviewed both <mask> and Yronwode — separately — and asked each about the claims published in Miracleman No. 24.Skinn claimed to Khoury that "[a]bout ten years after that Miracleman No. 24 letters page," he and Yronwode had a "conversation via e-mail about that outrageous stuff." According to Skinn, Yronwode informed him that "Dean [Mullaney, Eclipse Comics co-founder,] had filled her head with those stories" and apologised to him. But when Khoury relayed this to Yronwode during his interview with her she denied it, maintaining that the "conversation with <mask> Skinn about that" never happened and that she never apologised. Comix: The Underground Revolution
In 2004 Collins & Brown published <mask>'s book Comix: The Underground Revolution. Skinn's authorship of the book was contested by Patrick Rosenkranz and Trina Robbins. Rosenkranz alleged that "Skinn's book extensively "borrowed" from [his own book] Rebel Visions: The Underground Comix Revolution 1963–1975" by using as its title "the same four words, cleverly rearranged, [used] as the subtitle of [his] book," "helping himself to quotes from many interviews [he] conducted, repeating facts and figures that [he] dug up," and "reprint[ing] seven of [his] photographs without permission."Skinn responded by insisting that "No theft was intended". Skinn claims that those seven photographs had been implemented by one of the ghost writers subcontracted by him and when he found out about it, he apologised to and paid Rosenkranz. Skinn claims also that the book title was chosen by the commissioning publisher. Robbins noted that she wrote Chapter 6, "Girls on Top?" for Comix: The Underground Revolution but was not given credit. "... Dez e-mailed me with a request to contribute a chapter on women in the underground ... I did get paid for it ... one usually expects to be credited for what one writes".<mask> claims that he informed Robbins that no sub-contractors were credited in any of the publisher's titles, and that as the chapter was primarily about her, any such credit would have completely undermined its purported objectivity.

masks:
Dez
" Skinn
Skinn
Skinn
Skinn
Skinn
Skinn
Dez
Dez
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<mask> of Portugal (24 October 1503 – 1 May 1539) was the empress consort and queen consort of her cousin Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, who was the ruler of the Spanish Empire. She was Queen of Spain and Germany, and Lady of the Netherlands, from their marriage on 10 March 1526 until her death in 1539. After Charles was crowned as emperor in February 1530, <mask> became Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Italy. She was the regent of Spain because of her husband's constant travels through Europe, ensuring that the kingdom remained independent of imperial policies and economically healthy during her lifetime. She had five children, of whom three survived including King Philip II of Spain and Maria, another Holy Roman Empress. Childhood

<mask> was born in Lisbon on 24 October 1503 and named after her maternal grandmother (<mask>) as well as her aunt, who had been her father's first wife. She was the second child and first daughter of King Manuel I of Portugal and his second wife, Maria of Aragon.<mask> was second-in-line to the throne until the birth of her brother Luis in 1506. She seemed to be close with her siblings, who were punished by their mother, "when they deserved it, without pardoning any of them." <mask> was educated under the supervision of her governess Elvira de Mendoza. Her studies presumably included politics, mathematics, the languages of Latin, Spanish and French besides her native Portuguese, as well as Renaissance classics, and the Christian doctrine. As the eldest daughter of Manuel the Fortunate, <mask> was a rather attractive candidate for marriage. At the age of 14, her mother died. She and her sisters inherited her properties, plus the income from Viseu and Torres Vedras.Engagement and marriage

The ideal candidate for <mask>'s husband was her first cousin Charles, son of Maria's sister, Joanna of Castile and her husband Philip, Duke of Burgundy. A marriage would bring a strong alliance between the kingdoms of Spain and Portugal, in accordance with the wishes of their grandparents, <mask> of Castille and Ferdinand II of Aragón: It would facilitate the continued exploration of the oceans without incurring clashes, as Portugal was the only naval power that could challenge Spain's supremacy in the Atlantic ocean. Plus, as Charles was sovereign of multiple kingdoms, it was necessary that Portugal (Christendom's richest kingdom) would fall under Spain's orbit and not of France, which had happened in the War of Castilian Succession. Moreover, because Charles had been raised in Burgundy, the nobles and his Spanish subjects reportedly insisted that he marry a princess from the Iberian peninsula. However, the 18-year-old King was in no hurry to marry and instead sent his sister, Eleanor, to marry <mask>'s widowed father in 1518. Charles's Flemish advisors, especially William de Croÿ, later convinced him to relegate the Portuguese alliance to the background and replace it with an alliance with England. In 1521, Charles became engaged to his other first cousin Mary Tudor, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, who was sixteen years younger than Charles and still a child.Their engagement sought to undo an alliance between England and France articulated by the ambitious Cardinal Thomas Wolsey. Many in Portugal took their Infanta's rejection as an offence, but <mask> remained determined that she only would marry her powerful cousin or else  enter a convent. By 1525, Charles was no longer interested in an alliance with England and could wait no longer for Mary Tudor to get older because he was determined to have legitimate children. His engagement was called off, the alliance with England was abandoned, and he finally sought to marry <mask>. There were many more advantages - she was closer to him in age (she was only three years his junior), fluent in Spanish, and offered a dowry of 900,000 Portuguese cruzados or Castilian folds which was more than enough to solve many of his financial problems brought on by the recent war. Charles wasted no time in securing a papal dispensation for first cousins and the marriage contract for an alliance with Portugal were made - <mask> would marry him and her brother, King John III of Portugal, would marry his youngest sister, Catherine of Austria. The young Emperor intended to wed and then leave his future wife as regent to govern Spain while he went to Central Europe to deal with political and religious troubles there.In January 1526, <mask> traveled to Spain. Upon her arrival, she met the Duke of Calabria, the Archbishop of Toledo and the Duke of Béjar at the Spanish-Portuguese border. They escorted her to Seville, where she was to wait for Charles for a week. At the end, their wedding took place the very next day just after midnight on 11 March in the Palace of Alcázar of Seville. Although their marriage was a political arrangement, <mask> captivated her husband, who tarried with her longer than anticipated. They honeymooned for several months at the Alhambra in Granada, where Charles ordered the seeds of a Persian flower that had never been seen before in Spain. The seeds eventually grew into the red carnation which delighted <mask>.Her husband ordered thousands more to be planted in her honour, establishing the red carnation as Spain's floral emblem. Despite the mutual affection the royal couple shared, their marriage was not easy. Charles's first absence lasted from 1529 to April 1533. He remained in Spain for two years, only to depart again in December 1536. Although he came back briefly in 1538, he left almost immediately, returning in November 1539. As agreed by the nobles, their children were raised in Spain. <mask> supervised their education and taught them Portuguese.She wrote to her husband regularly, but often spent months without receiving letters. Regency

As he had planned, Charles appointed <mask> regent and governor of Spain during his absence from the peninsula to lead his military campaigns and attend the administration of his other kingdoms between 1529-33 and 1537–39. She attended meetings of the governing councils and consulted with the ministers. As time passed, the Empress took a more active role in the policy-making process, suggesting her own solutions rather than merely accepting recommendations. The Emperor considered her deliberations "very prudent and well thought out." Economy

<mask> was a profound connoisseur of the problems of the peninsular kingdoms, intransigently defending the good common to particular interests. At the external level, her sensible actions were decisive in the defence of the coasts of the peninsula and of North Africa, those infested by piracy.This allowed the flow of precious metals and turned Spain into one of the chief sources of the Imperial treasury. Through her regencies, <mask> ensured that Spain remained independent of the empire's expensive military policies and thus relatively prosperous during her lifetime. However, Castile became integrated into Charles's empire and suffered from high inflation after her death. The enormous budget deficit accumulated and inflation during her husband's later reign resulted in declaring bankruptcy during the reign of their son Philip II. Diplomacy

During her time as regent, <mask> effectively defended the royal power and the monarch's supreme authority, something essential because of the previous rebellions against the Emperor for his foreign relationships. She traveled regularly in the autumn between Toledo, Valladolid, Seville, Barcelona and Majorca. To deal with important matters of the empire, the royal couple wrote to each other more regularly.In foreign policy, <mask> actively intervened in the negotiations of marital alliances between the French and Spanish royal families. She was concerned that her own children wouldn't be forced to wed the much older offspring of King Francis I. Death

During several years, <mask> and the court traveled from city to city, moving in part to avoid exposure to epidemics. There is speculation that she suffered from consumption, with a contemporary describing <mask>: "The Empress is the greatest pity in the world; she is so thin as to not resemble a person". In 1539, she became pregnant for the seventh time, but contracted another fever in the third month that caused antenatal complications and gave birth to a stillborn son. <mask> died two weeks later on 1 May 1539 at the age of 35, without her husband present. Charles was left so devastated that he couldn't bring himself to accompany her body to the Royal Chapel of Granada, the burial place of the Catholic Monarchs.He instead instructed their son Philip to accompany his mother's body with Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gandía. Decomposition had so disfigured it, however, that Gandía couldn't recognize the Empress and was allegedly so horrified at what death had done to her beauty that he later became a Jesuit, gaining fame as San Francisco de Borja. Charles was so grief-stricken by his wife's death that he shut himself in a monastery for two months, praying and mourning for her in solitude. Charles never recovered from her death. He wore black for the rest of his life to show his eternal mourning. He never remarried, though he had an affair only once long after <mask>'s death that resulted in the birth of an illegitimate son. Charles died as a widower in 1558 while holding the same cross in his hand which <mask> held in her hand when she died.In 1574, the body of Empress <mask> was transferred by her son to the Royal Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, where she was originally interred into a small vault along with her husband directly underneath the altar of the Royal Chapel. This was done in accordance with Charles's last will and testament, in which he left a codicil asking for the establishment of a new religious foundation in which he and <mask> would be reburied together side by side, "half-body under the altar and half under the priest's feet". They remained in the Royal Chapel while the famous Basilica of the Monastery and the Royal Crypt were still under construction. In 1654, after the Basilica and Royal Crypt were finally completed during the reign of their great-grandson Philip IV, the remains of <mask> and Charles were moved into the Royal Pantheon of Kings, which lies directly under the Basilica. On one side of the Basilica are bronze effigies of Charles and <mask>, with effigies of their daughter Maria of Austria and Charles's sisters, Eleanor of Austria and Maria of Hungary, behind them. Exactly adjacent to them on the opposite side of the Basilica are effigies of their son Philip with three of his wives and their ill-fated grandson, Carlos, Prince of Asturias. Post-mortem tributes

In memory of his wife <mask>, Charles commissioned several tributes through art and music, beginning in 1540 when he commissioned the Flemish composer Thomas Crecquillon to compose new music in honour of the Empress.Crecquillon composed his Missa Mort m'a privé as a memorial to <mask>, which expresses the Emperor's grief and wish for a heavenly reunion with his beloved wife. Another musical tribute to <mask> is Carole cur defles Isabellam that was composed in 1545 by the Franco-Flemish composer Nicolas Payen. In 1543, Charles commissioned his favourite painter Titian to paint posthumous portraits of <mask> by using earlier ones of her as his model. Titian painted several portraits of the Empress, which included his Portrait of The Empress Isabel of Portugal and La Gloria. He later painted a double portrait of the imperial couple together, of which there is a copy by Peter Paul Rubens. Charles kept these portraits with him whenever he travelled and after he retired to the Monastery of Yuste in 1555. Issue

Ancestry

Cultural depictions
<mask> of Portugal is portrayed by Blanca Suárez in the TVE series Carlos, Rey Emperador.See also
Descendants of <mask> of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon
Descendants of Manuel I of Portugal

References

Bibliography
<mask> of Portugal (1503–1539)

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1503 births
1539 deaths
People from Lisbon
16th-century Portuguese people
House of Aviz
Spanish royal consorts
Castilian queen consorts
Leonese queen consorts
Galician queens consort
Majorcan queens consort
Aragonese queen consorts
Countesses of Barcelona
Duchesses of Burgundy
Countesses of Burgundy
Countesses of Flanders
Duchesses of Brabant
Duchesses of Luxembourg
Duchesses of Limburg
Countesses of Artois
Countesses of Holland
Countesses of Hainaut
Portuguese people of Spanish descent
Regents of Spain
16th-century women rulers
16th-century women of the Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empresses
Austrian royal consorts
Royal consorts of Naples
Royal consorts of Sicily
Italian queens consort
German queens consort
Deaths in childbirth
Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial

masks:
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella I
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella I
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella
Isabella I
Isabella


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<mask>, Marquis de l'Hôpital (; sometimes spelled L'Hospital; 1661 – 2 February 1704), also known as <mask>-<mask>ôpital, Marquis de Sainte-Mesme, Comte d'Entremont, and Seigneur d'Ouques-la-Chaise, was a French mathematician. His name is firmly associated with l'Hôpital's rule for calculating limits involving indeterminate forms 0/0 and ∞/∞. Although the rule did not originate with l'Hôpital, it appeared in print for the first time in his 1696 treatise on the infinitesimal calculus, entitled Analyse des Infiniment Petits pour l'Intelligence des Lignes Courbes. This book was a first systematic exposition of differential calculus. Several editions and translations to other languages were published and it became a model for subsequent treatments of calculus. Biography

L'Hôpital was born into a military family. His father was <mask>'Hôpital, a Lieutenant-General of the King's army, Comte de Saint-Mesme and the first squire of Gaston, Duke of Orléans.His mother was Elisabeth Gobelin, a daughter of <mask>, Intendant in the King's Army and Councilor of the State. L'Hôpital abandoned a military career due to poor eyesight and pursued his interest in mathematics, which was apparent since his childhood. For a while, he was a member of Nicolas Malebranche's circle in Paris and it was there that in 1691 he met young Johann Bernoulli, who was visiting France and agreed to supplement his Paris talks on infinitesimal calculus with private lectures to l'Hôpital at his estate at Oucques. In 1693, l'Hôpital was elected to the French academy of sciences and even served twice as its vice-president. Among his accomplishments were the determination of the arc length of the logarithmic graph, one of the solutions to the brachistochrone problem, and the discovery of a turning point singularity on the involute of a plane curve near an inflection point. L'Hôpital exchanged ideas with Pierre Varignon and corresponded with Gottfried Leibniz, Christiaan Huygens, and Jacob and Johann Bernoulli. His Traité analytique des sections coniques et de leur usage pour la résolution des équations dans les problêmes tant déterminés qu'indéterminés ("Analytic treatise on conic sections") was published posthumously in Paris in 1707.Calculus textbook

In 1696 l'Hôpital published his book Analyse des Infiniment Petits pour l'Intelligence des Lignes Courbes ("Infinitesimal calculus with applications to curved lines"). This was the first textbook on infinitesimal calculus and it presented the ideas of differential calculus and their applications to differential geometry of curves in a lucid form and with numerous figures; however, it did not consider integration. The history leading to the book's publication became a subject of a protracted controversy. In a letter from 17 March 1694, l'Hôpital made the following proposal to Johann Bernoulli: in exchange for an annual payment of 300 Francs, Bernoulli would inform l'Hôpital of his latest mathematical discoveries, withholding them from correspondence with others, including Varignon. Bernoulli's immediate response has not been preserved, but he must have agreed soon, as the subsequent letters show. L'Hôpital may have felt fully justified in describing these results in his book, after acknowledging his debt to Leibniz and the Bernoulli brothers, "especially the younger one" (Johann). Johann Bernoulli grew increasingly unhappy with the accolades bestowed on l'Hôpital's work and complained in private correspondence about being sidelined.After l'Hôpital's death, he publicly revealed their agreement and claimed credit for the statements and portions of the text of Analyse, which were supplied to l'Hôpital in letters. Over a period of many years, Bernoulli made progressively stronger allegations about his role in the writing of Analyse, culminating in the publication of his old work on integral calculus in 1742: he remarked that this is a continuation of his old lectures on differential calculus, which he discarded since l'Hôpital had already included them in his famous book. For a long time, these claims were not regarded as credible by many historians of mathematics, because l'Hôpital's mathematical talent was not in doubt, while Bernoulli was involved in several other priority disputes. For example, both H. G. Zeuthen and Moritz Cantor, writing at the cusp of the 20th century, dismissed Bernoulli's claims on these grounds. However, in 1921 Paul Schafheitlin discovered a manuscript of Bernoulli's lectures on differential calculus from 1691 to 1692 in the Basel University library. The text showed remarkable similarities to l'Hôpital's writing, substantiating Bernoulli's account of the book's origin. L'Hôpital's pedagogical brilliance in arranging and presenting the material remains universally recognized.Regardless of the exact authorship (the book was first published anonymously), Analyse was remarkably successful in popularizing the ideas of differential calculus stemming from Leibniz. Personal life
L'Hôpital married Marie-<mask> Romilley <mask> Chesnelaye, also a mathematician and a member of the nobility, and inheritor of large estates in Brittany. Together, they had one son and three daughters. Notes

References
 G. L'Hôpital, E. Stone, The Method of Fluxions, both direct and inverse; the former being a translation from <mask>'Hospital's "Analyse des infinements petits," and the latter, supplied by the translator, Edmund Stone, London, 1730
 G. L'Hôpital, Analyse des Infiniment Petits pour l'Intelligence des Lignes Courbes, Paris, 1696
 G. L'Hôpital, Analyse des infinement petits, Paris 1715
  William Fox, <mask>-<mask> L'Hôpital, Catholic Encyclopedia, vol 7, New York, Robert Appleton Company, 1910
 C. Truesdell The New Bernoulli Edition Isis, Vol. 49, No. 1. (Mar., 1958), pp.54–62, discusses the strange agreement between Bernoulli and <mask>'Hôpital on pages 59–62. A.P. Yushkevich (ed), History of mathematics from the most ancient times to the beginning of the 19th century, vol 2, Mathematics of the 17th century (in Russian). Moscow, Nauka, 1970

External links

1661 births
1704 deaths
17th-century French mathematicians
18th-century French mathematicians
History of calculus
Mathematical analysts
Officers of the French Academy of Sciences

masks:
Guillaume François Antoine
Guillaume François
Antoine Marquis de l H
Anne Alexandre de l
Claude Gobelin
Charlotte de
de La
de l
Guillaume François
Antoine de
de l