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<mask> (born 20 December 1951) is a German scientist and author. He published the first German monograph on issues of cold shortening and electrical stimulation,
but he became mainly known for his books about Jesus of Nazareth and early Christianity in which he doubts the historicity of Jesus of Nazareth. He also argues that the development of Christianity is a result of religious and political disputes on the basis of ancient pagan sources. <mask> was born in Koethen (Anhalt). He studied at the University of Halle-Wittenberg and graduated in 1978 with a doctoral thesis to Dr. rer. nat. In 1986 he obtained his post-doctoral qualification at the Humboldt University of Berlin to Dr.-Ing.habil. in the field of food technology. In 1987 he became a university lecturer at the Technical University Koethen and later at the Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg. Activity as a scientist and author
As chemist and food technologist Specht worked mainly on problems of air separation and also catalysis and cold treatment of meat. He was a member of the German Chemical Society and also of editorial advisory boards as well as of brain trusts. In addition to publishing numerous scientific publications <mask> operated increasingly also as a filmmaker and book author. He wrote screenplays, film commentaries and novels but mainly non-fiction books on cultural, historical, philosophical and religious studies topics (see works – book selection).Here <mask> argued that some contents of the New Testament are not historical occurrences but are compiled inventions of the second century and later. Furthermore, he doubts the Paul's authorship of the St. Paul's epistles. Works (book selection)
Kaelteverkuerzung und Elektrostimulation bei Fleisch – Untersuchungen an Schaf- und Rindfleisch, Leipzig, 1990, . Von Isis zu Jesus – 5000 Jahre Mythos und Macht, Leipzig 2004, . Geschichte(n) der Dummheit – Die sieben Sünden des menschlichen Schwachsinns, Leipzig 2004, . Geschichte(n) der Lust – Zwölf Kapitel Leidenschaft und Laster, Leipzig 2005, . Geschichte(n) der Lüge – Amüsantes und Skandalöses rund ums 8.Gebot, Leipzig 2006, . Die Geburt des Abendlandes – Band 1: Der Tempel der Weisheit und die zweiundsiebzig Namen Gottes, Leipzig 2008, . Die Geburt des Abendlandes – Band 2: Das Buch der Weisheit und die Spuren des Lichts, Leipzig 2008, . Jesus? Tatsachen und Erfindungen, Leipzig 2010, . Der Jahwe-Code – Auf den Spuren der heiligen Zahl 72, Leipzig 2011, . Liebe, Laster, Leidenschaft – Geheimnisse großer Gemälde, Leipzig 2014, .Das Erbe des Heidentums – Antike Quellen des christlichen Abendlands, Marburg 2015 and Baden-Baden 2017, . Reviews and reception (selection)
H. Sielaff, Humboldt-Univ. zu Berlin, review in journal “Fleisch”, 43 (7), 1989. K. O. Honikel, Institut für Fleischforschung Kulmbach, review in journal “Fleischwirtschaft”, 70 (9), 1990. G.J.D. Soares, J.A.G.Areas, J.P.Batistuti: "Effect of High Voltage Electrical Stimulation on Buffalo Meat Conditioning", review in Rev. Bras.de AGROCIÊNCIA, v.1, No. 2, p 61, 1995. H. Detering: “<mask>: Jesus? Tatsachen und Erfindungen”, review in journal „Aufklaerung und Kritik”, Zeitschrift für freies Denken und humanistische Philosophie, Nuernberg, 18. Jahrgang, 2/2011 ISSN 0945-6627, p. 241 ff
D. Walz: “Als ich noch der Pontius Pilatus war. Ein Wiedergänger schreibt Geschichte", Leipzig 2013, Chapter 9. R. Weber: “Was bleibt vom Christentum ohne Jesus?”, review in journal: “Saekulare Humanisten”, Giordano Bruno Stiftung GBS Rhein-Neckar, Mannheim 09/2014, p 1.R. Weber: “Denken statt glauben – Wie das Christentum wirklich entstanden ist”, Norderstedt 2015, p 212 ff. S. R. Krebs: “Ueber das Erbe des Heidentums im ‘christlichen’ Abendland”, review in: “Ein Freigeist, Ein Forum aus Weimar”, Weimar 05/2016. W. Müller: "Ueber das Erbe im 'christlichen' Abendland", review in: "Wissen bloggt. Humanismus Hic Habitat", Unterfoehring 05/2016. S.R. Krebs: "Nicht nur Satire: Christlicher Klerus und menschliche Sexualität", in: "Ein Freigeist, Ein Forum aus Weimar", Weimar 07/2016
S. R. Krebs: “Verborgenes Wissen um die Zahl 72 in einem ‘Bibel-Code’?, review in: “Ein Freigeist, Ein Forum aus Weimar”, Weimar 08/2016. A. Markt-Huter: “<mask>: Das Erbe des Heidentums”, review in: Lesen in Tirol, Tiroler Bildungsservice, 08/2016.W. Roble: “Lichtachsen, Pentagramme und der Goldene Schnitt-Die Wiederentdeckung der Stadtplanung von der Antike bis zur Neuzeit”
D. Wolf: “Das christlich-patriarchale ›Feindbild Frau‹”, archemama, 20.Sept. 2016
S. R. Krebs: "5000 Jahre Mythos und Macht: Von ISIS zu Jesus und Maria", review in: "Ein Freigeist, Ein Forum aus Weimar", Weimar 08/2016
M.B. : "Das Erbe des Heidentums", review in "De omnibus dubitandum – Radikalkritik – Beiträge zur historischen Kritik der fruehchristlichen Geschichte", 11. Dec. 2016,
H.-G. Weiske: "Die Erfindung des Christentums", Books on Demand, 2017
A. Markt-Huter: "<mask>, Jesus? Tatschen und Erfindungen", review in: Lesen in Tirol, Tiroler Bildungsservice, 4.1.2017
 Encyclopedia AnthraWiki: Lemma "Zweiundsiebzig Sprachen", first reference: <mask>: Der Jahwe-Code. Auf den Spuren der heiligen Zahl 72, Leipzig 2011, , 7. Febr.2017, see: https://anthrowiki.at/Zweiundsiebzig_Sprachen
G. Vobig: "Wenn Kleines groß geschrieben wird", 24.4.2017 in: https://guidovobig.com/2017/04/22/wenn-kleines-gross-geschrieben-wird/
S. Karlhuber: "Vom Blut des Adonis und den Wurzeln der Anemone – Ueberlegungen zum Ursprung des Wortes 'Anemone' im Zusammenhang mit dem Adonismythos", BoD Norderstedt, Paperback, 12. Juni 2017, p. 73 and 187,
S.R. Krebs: "Problemfall Priesterkaste II – Religions-und kirchenkritische Rezensionen 2015–2017", Reutlingen 2017, p. 83–89, p. 92–94, p. 96–100, p. 109–113, 121–128, p. 131–136, p. 151–156
R. Weber: "Jesus Römer Christentum – Makaberste Tragödie des Abendlands", Norderstedt 2017
H. Detering: "Christi Brueder – Wie heidnische Mythen das Christusbild prägten", Vol. I, Wroclaw 2017, p. 89, p. 95,
Έ. Μυθικιστές: "Ο πάστορας Hermann Detering και ο Μυθικισμός στη Γερμανία", 8. Dec. 2017
D. Wolf: "Wer war ECHNATON? : Eine etwas andere Sicht auf den weltberühmten ›ersten Monotheisten"
A. Müller: "Zur Entwicklung des religiösen Glaubens – Eine kurze Literaturauswertung mit Ergänzungen zur Entstehung und Weiterentwicklung des Glaubens an Geister, Seelen und Götter", pp. 47, 49, 67f
 "Kraft-Buch des Monats: 'Geschichten der Lust – Zwölf Kapitel Leidenschaft und Laster' (Harald Specht, 2005, Engelsdorfer Verlag)", review in: Newsletter 9 der AnuKan Buddies, September 2017, p. 3
 D. Wolf: "Das andere Aegypten-Buch – Der Kampf gegen Weisheit und Macht der matriarchalen Urkultur Aegyptens.

masks:
Harald Specht
Life Specht
Harald Specht
Specht
Harald Specht
Harald Specht
Harald Specht
Harald Specht


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<mask> (Tzvi<mask>  (January 30, 1883, Lübeck, German Empire – March 26, 1942, Biķerniecki forest, near Riga, Latvia) was an Orthodox rabbi and Jewish-German scholar and natural scientist (Naturwissenschaftler). Early life and family

Carlebach was the eighth child of Esther Adler (1853–1920), the daughter of the former rabbi of Lübeck, Rabbi Alexander Sussmann Adler (1816–1869), and Lübeck's then Rabbi <mask> (1845–1919). In 1919 <mask> and his former pupil Charlotte Preuss (1900–1942) married. They had nine children. One of them is rabbi <mask>. Education and early career
<mask> became rabbi, like many of his brothers, to wit <mask>, <mask> (rabbi in Memel and Cologne), <mask> (rabbi in Berlin, Baden near Vienna and New York), and <mask> (rabbi in Leipzig). <mask> completed extensive studies in natural sciences.From 1901 on he studied at Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin natural sciences, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy and history of art. The quantum physicist Max Planck and the philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey (hermeneutics) were among his teachers. In 1908 he graduated as high-school teacher (Oberlehrer-Examen) of natural sciences (at summa cum laude). In the same time Carlebach attended the orthodox Rabbinical Seminary in Berlin. In 1905 to 1907 Carlebach interrupted his studies in Germany and taught at the Lämel-School in Jerusalem. There Carlebach learned to know a number of excellent rabbis. In 1909 Carlebach passed degrees in mathematics, physics and Hebrew at Ruprecht-Karls-Universität in Heidelberg.There he also did his doctorate on the mathematician Levi ben Gershon (Lewi ben Gerson als Mathematiker). Carlebach gained academic reputation by books on Levi ben Gershon as well as on Albert Einstein's relativity theory in 1912. From 1910 to 1914 Carlebach finished his studies at the rabbinical seminary under rabbi David Hoffmann. In 1914 Carlebach was ordained rabbi. World War I service
During World War I Carlebach served in the imperial German Army, at the beginning as telegraphist. In 1915 he was assigned as educator - after recommendation by his brother-in-law Leopold Rosenak, a German Army Field Rabbi active in promoting German culture among the Jews in Lithuania and Poland during the German occupation (1915–1918). Erich Ludendorff's intention was to evoke pro-German attitudes among Jews and other Poles and Lithuanians, in order to prepare the installation of a Polish and a Lithuanian state dependent on Germany.Part of the effort was the establishment of Jewish newspapers (e.g. the folkist Warszawer Togblat, וואַרשעווער טאָגבלאַט), of Jewish organisations (e.g. <mask>'s brother German Army Field Rabbi <mask> (*1874-1927*) initiated in Łomża the foundation of the hassidic umbrella organisation Agudas Yisroel of Poland, part of a non-Zionist movement founded in Germany in 1912) and of modern educational institutions of Jewish alignment. <mask> founded the partly German-language Jüdisches Realgymnasium גימנזיום עברי (academic high school) in Kaunas (Kovno; the interwar capital of Lithuania) and directed it until 1919. The school was based on the German Torah im Derech Eretz model. The school provided both Jewish and secular studies both for men and women (separately) and was the model for the Yavneh network that <mask> later founded in collaboration with Leo Deutschlander. In 1925 Yavneh was taken over by <mask> Bloch (*1860-1930*), who relocated it to Telšiai (Russ.: Telshe, Yidd. : Telz טעלז) and incorporated it into the Rabbinical College of Telshe, which managed to re-establish in 1942 in the USA. From 1919 to 1921 he was rabbi of his native home town Lübeck. In 1921 Carlebach became headmaster of the Talmud Torah high school in Hamburg. Between 1925 and 1936 he served as chief rabbi of the Hochdeutsche Israeliten-Gemeinde zu Altona, after which he changed as chief rabbi to the Deutsch-Israelitische Gemeinde zu Hamburg, where he served until his deportation into death in 1941. The renowned Israeli jurist Haim Cohn described the effect Carlebach had on his students (as well as illustrating Carlebach's fairly unusual position that Orthodox Jews may visit churches):

He spent a full day with the boys in the Cologne Cathedral, expertly explaining every detail of the statues, the glass windows, the ornaments, and the intricacies of the Catholic faith and ritual; but I was not allowed to participate, being a Cohen who may not be under the same roof with a corpse or with tombs, lest he become impure; and although, according to the letter of the Law, it is only the Jewish dead the contact with whom renders impure, and not the non-Jewish dead, still Carlebach held that the least possibility that among the dead buried in the cathedral may have been a person of Jewish origin (even though ultimately converted to Christianity), sufficed to make the place taboo to me. Persecution and Murder under Nazi regime

After Nazi Germany banned Jewish students from attending German schools together with "Aryan" German children, Rabbi Carlebach set up a number of schools throughout Germany to educate Jewish children.His schools bore his name and were known as <mask>-Schulen. He was deported to the Nazi concentration camp Jungfernhof by the Nazis, where he was murdered on March 26, 1942 during the mass shooting of approximately 1600 Jews, mostly older people and children, that became known as the Dünamünde Action. This occurred in the Biķerniecki forest, near Riga, Latvia, which was the site of numerous other shootings perpetrated by the Nazis and their Latvian collaborators, in particular, the Arajs Kommando. His wife and younger children were also killed during the Holocaust. Of his surviving children, one son Rabbi Shlomo <mask> became the mashgiach ruchani ("spiritual supervisor" [of students]) at the Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin in Brooklyn, New York City after the war, and his third daughter Professor Miriam Gillis-Carlebach emigrated to Israel in October 1938. She taught Education and Hebrew reading at Bar-Ilan University, in Ramat Gan. In 1992 she became the head of the Joseph Carlebach Institute at Bar-Ilan University and has dedicated herself to researching her father's writings as well as the writing of other Jewish leaders of the same time period.Rabbi <mask>'s wife managed to send her elder children to England, and they survived the war. Commemoration and legacy

On 18 August 1954 Jerusalem honoured <mask>'s work, among others at the local Lämel-School, by naming a street, Rekhov Carlebach/Karlibakh רחוב קרליבך, after him in the neighbourhood of Talpiot. The memory of <mask> is held in great honor by the City of Hamburg and its Jewish community. In 1990, part of the University Campus, the Bornplatz, the former location of the Main Synagogue of Hamburg and Carlebach's last pulpit, was named as the "Joseph-Carlebach-Platz". In honor of his 120th Birthday in 2003, the "<mask>-Carlebach-Preis" (<mask> Carlebach prize) for Jewish studies was established, awarded every two years, by the State University of Hamburg. Works
<mask>, <mask>. Die drei grossen Propheten Jesajas, Jirmija und Jecheskel; eine Studie.Pp. 133. Frankfurt am Main: Hermon-Verlag, 1932
<mask>, <mask>. Les trois grands prophetes, Isaie, Jeremie, Ezechiel. Traduit de l'allemand par Henri Schilli. Pp. 141.Paris: Editions A. Michel, 1959
<mask>, <mask>. Moderne paedagogische Bestrebungen und ihre Beziehungen zum Judentum. Pp. 19. Berlin, Hebraeischer Verlag "Menorah", 1925
<mask>, <mask>. Mikhtavim mi-Yerushalayim (1905–1906): Erets Yi'sra'el be-reshit ha-me'ah be-`ene moreh tsa`ir, ma'skil-dati mi-Germanyah. (Ed.and transl. Miryam Gilis-Karlibakh). Pp. 141, ill. Ramat-Gan: Orah, mi-pirsume Mekhon Yosef Karlibakh; Yerushalayim: Ariel, c1996
<mask>, <mask>. Ausgewaehlte Schriften mit einem Vorwort von Haim H. Cohn; herausgegeben von Miriam Gillis-Carlebach. 2 vols. Hildesheim; New York: G. Olms Verlag, 1982
<mask>, <mask>.Lewi ben Gerson als Mathematiker; ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Mathematik bei den Juden. Von Dr. phil. 238, [2]. Berlin: L. Lamm, 1910
Carlebach, <mask>. Das gesetzestreue Judentum. Pp. 53.Berlin: Im Schocken Verlag, 1936. <mask>, <mask>. Juedischer Alltag als humaner Widerstand: Dokumente des Hamburger Oberrabiners Dr. <mask> aus den Jahren 1939-1942. Ed. Miriam Gillis-Carlebach. Pp. 118, ill. Hamburg: Verlag Verein fuer Hamburgische Geschichte, 1990
Gerhard Paul; Miriam Gillis-Carlebach (Eds.).Menora und Hakenkreuz: zur Geschichte der Juden in und aus Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck und Altona (1918–1998)''. Pp. 943, ill. Neumuenster: Wachholtz Verlag, 1998

Notes

External links

 Joseph Carlebach Institute
 Personality of the Week - Carlebach at www.bh.org.il
Review of the book: Ish Yehudi: The Life and the Legacy of a Torah Great, Rav <mask>zvi Carebach

Joseph
1883 births
1942 deaths
Scientists from Lübeck
German Orthodox rabbis
German military personnel of World War I
German Jews who died in the Holocaust
Jewish military personnel
People who died in Jungfernhof concentration camp
The Holocaust in Latvia
German civilians killed in World War II
People from Schleswig-Holstein executed in Nazi concentration camps
Jewish scientists
Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary alumni
Clergy from Lübeck

masks:
Joseph Hirsch
) Carlebach
Salomon Carlebach
Joseph Carlebach
Shlomo Carlebach
Joseph Carlebach
David Carlebach
Emanuel Carlebach
Hartwig Naftali Carlebach
Ephm Carlebach
Joseph Carlebach
Joseph
Emanuel Carlebach
Joseph Carlebach
Carlebach
Joseph Leib
Carlebach
Carlebach
Joseph Carlebach
Carlebach
Joseph Carlebach
Joseph
Joseph
Carlebach
Joseph
Carlebach
Joseph
Carlebach
Joseph
Carlebach
Joseph
Carlebach
Joseph
Carlebach
Joseph
Joseph
Carlebach
Joseph
Joseph Carlebach
Joseph T


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<mask> (19 November 1827 – 16 December 1895) was a German missionary, clergyman, ethnolinguist, translator and philologist who served with the Basel Mission. He was devoted to the study of the Twi language in what was then the Gold Coast, now Ghana. He was instrumental, together with African colleagues, Akan linguists, David Asante, Theophilus Opoku, Jonathan Palmer Bekoe, and Paul Keteku in the translation of the Bible into the Akuapem dialect of Twi. Christaller was also the first editor of the Christian Messenger, the official news publication of the Basel Mission, serving from 1883 to 1895. He is recognised in some circles as the "founder of scientific linguistic research in West Africa". Early life and education
<mask> was born in Winnenden, near Stuttgart in Germany. His father was a tailor and a subsistence farmer of modest background, who was keen on books and had a large personal library with more than 2000 books.<mask>r had two sisters, <mask> and Christiane. His father died when Christaller was only a year old, throwing the family into extreme poverty. To make ends meet, his mother and sister started a sewing business and lending books from his late father's library. J. G. Christaller spent his childhood days honing his talent in philology and linguistics by reading his father's books. Christaller received basic additional private instruction in Latin and Greek. He was a brilliant student and won a bursary, freeing his family from paying tuition at school. Christaller, influenced by the Pietist movement within the German Lutheran church, decided very early in his life to become a missionary.Later, from 1841 to 1844, Christaller was an apprentice and an assistant to a town clerk in the mayor's printing office in Winnenden Among his options after his apprenticeship were entering the public service, going to a university to study languages or going to the seminary in Basel. He opted to enroll at the seminary. In May 1847, Christaller applied for admission to the Basel Mission Seminary and Training School in Basel, Switzerland, starting his studies in September 1848 at age of 20. At Basel in 1852, he started learning the Twi language through Hans Nicolaus Riis whose uncle was the first Basel missionary survivor on the Gold Coast, Andreas Riis. He was ordained as a pastor on 7 November 1852. During his studies there, he helped edit the grammar of the Twi language. By the end of his seminary education, in addition to his native German, he had become fluent in English, Greek, Hebrew and Latin.Literary work on the Gold Coast
According to scholars, Christaller was “deeply influenced by the sociohistorical theories of <mask> Herder (1744–1803), whose views on the life cycle of communities and on the equality of different cultures was opposed to the historical conception of the Enlightenment, which considered Western civilization as superior to other cultures and as the ideal and goal toward which other cultures did or should aspire.”

In 1853, <mask>r was posted to Ghana by the Basel Mission Home Committee, stationed at Akropong, about 32 miles (51 km) north of Accra while his classmate August Steinhauser was sent to Christiansborg, Osu. Christaller arrived at Osu, now a suburb of Accra, on 25 January 1853. At the Akropong mission station, he met other missionaries, Widmann,  Dieterle and Joseph Mohr. After his arrival on the Gold Coast, he became an instructor at the recently founded Basel Mission Seminary at Akropong-Akuapem, established in 1848. The seminary had ten students at the time. The Basel Mission by that time had also started a boys' school that had forty-one pupils and a girls' school with thirty-two pupils. It became apparent to Christaller that without a written local language, the efforts by the mission to propagate the Gospel would prove futile.His giftedness in linguistics allowed him to transform an oral language into written form. His main assignments included the translation of the Bible and complex Christian literary works for the growing native Christian communities, after quickly mastering the Twi language. Christaller also stayed at Aburi, 20 miles (32 km) north of Accra, from 1862 to 1865. From 1865 to 1867, he was based at Kyebi in Akyem Abuakwa, 50 miles (80 km) north of Accra. He again lived in Akropong from 1867 to 1868. There were variations in Twi as Christaller encountered and the language was known as Odschi, Oji, Tschi or Twi in that period. Hans Nicolaus Riis who he had earlier met in Basel had done philological work on the Gold Coast in 1845: Elemente des Akwapim Dialects de Odschi Sprache (1853) and Grammatical Outline and Vocabulary of the Oji Language with Special Reference to the Akuapem Dialect Together with a Collection of Proverbs by the Natives (1854).These works were a useful guide to Christaller. Based on these literary works, Christaller chose the Akuapem dialect to be the written form of Twi even though he learnt the version spoken at Akyem Abuakwa while living in Kyebi. Moreover, the Basel Mission on the Gold Coast had its headquarters at Akropong and the dialect of spoken Twi first assumed a written form by 1853. He justified this selection in one of his published books, Grammar of the Asante and Fante Language Called Tschi (1875): "The Akan and Fante dialects do not differ so much as ancient Greek dialects or as the different English and German dialects; neither are they spoken by as many individuals. And when more than forty millions of Germans enjoy a common book-language, half a million Fantes may more easily be brought to a common medium of communication by writing." He further commented on the choice of Akuapem Twi for his literary works, "It is an Akan dialect influenced by Fante, steering in the middle course between other Akan dialects and Fante in sounds, forms and expressions; it admits peculiarities of both branches as far as they do no contradict each other, and is, therefore, best capable of being enriched from both sides." To buttress his point, his fellow linguist and native Akan missionary, David Asante added, "Akuapem easily admits of enrichment and admixture from Akyem and even Fante; and Fante also admits and receives such foreign elements; but if the same should be done in the Akyem dialect, it would not sound well.”

Due to ill health, he returned to Germany between 1858 and June 1862 just before he was stationed at Aburi.The Acts of the Apostles and the Four Gospels were published in Twi in 1859 and 1864 respectively. Different volumes of the entire New Testament became publicly available in 1863 followed by Psalms and Proverbs in 1866. The Twi translations of several Pauline epistles were also published in Basel: Letter to the Romans, 1 and 2 Peter, James and Jude, 1, 2 and 3 John, Revelation (1861); 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and 1 and 2 Thessalonians (1862); 1 and 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, and Hebrews (1863). After the death of his wife in 1866, he relocated to Akropong. He worked on translating the complete text of the Bible into Twi together with David Asante and Theophilus Opoku. The fully corrected manuscript was finally published in Basel in December 1871. The work on the second edition of the Twi Bible was carried out from 1897 to 1900 and eventually published by British and Foreign Bible Society.He stayed largely in Ghana until 1868 when he went back to Europe and settled in Schorndorf. Christaller published his scientific grammar of the Twi language in 1875. The Dictionary of the "Asante and the Fante Language—called Twi" (two volumes) was published in 1881 which by all accounts was the masterpiece of his literary career. This dictionary was a lexicon of Akan socio-cultural and religious customs. Between 1883 and 1895 Christaller became the editor-in-chief of the Christian Messenger, which is the oldest continuously perating faith-based newspaper in Ghana. The first edition of that newspaper was published on 1 March 1883. In an appraisal of his work, the scholar, Noel Smith noted, "Christaller’s work achieved three things: it raised the Twi language to a literary level and provided the basis of all later work in the language; it gave the first real insight into Akan religious, social, and moral ideas; and it welded the expression of Akan Christian worship to the native tongue.”

In his later years, he was an Elder in his local church and attended several Pietist fellowships in the area.From time to time, he visited his old colleagues in Basel. Other views
Translation as a mediation tool

J. G. Christaller believed that had the British colonial administrators known the depth and breadth of literary work conducted in Twi, the Sagrenti War between 1873 and 1874 during which the British invaded Asante could have been prevented. In his grammar book published in 1875, Christaller noted that a letter written in English from the then British Governor, Sir Garnet Wolseley to the Asantehene, Otumfuo Nana Kofi Karikari, which suggested a peace treaty between the British and Asante could have been authored in the Twi language. That letter was intercepted by Amankwa Tia, a subject of the Ashanti stool. Fante literary work by English scholars

Christaller did not have a high opinion on the literary work, Mfantsi Grammar (1868) written by British philologists, D. L. Carr and J. P. Brown and printed in Cape Coast. The book mimicked English principles in phonetics and orthography which Christaller saw as ill-suited for the Akan language in general. In 1913, an updated second edition was published by J. P. Brown in response to Christaller's criticism.Personal life

<mask>r married Christiane Emilie Ziegler, a fellow missionary and a native of Waiblingen on 27 January 1857 at Akropong. Ziegler had earlier arrived on the Gold Coast in December 1856. Her parents were Christian Ludwig Ziegler and Rosine Kübler. They had five children in all, four sons and a daughter. They include Erdmann Gottreich Christaller, a Protestant pastor and writer, Theodor Benjamin Christaller, "Empire" school teacher in Cameroon and Hanna Christaller, who wrote "Kolonial novellen (Togo)". Emilie died on 13 August 1866 at Kyebi in Akyem Abuakwa at the age of 37. She was buried under a palm tree at the old Basel Mission cemetery in Keybi.He returned to Germany in 1868. He later married Bertha Ziegler, sister of his late wife Christiane in 1872. They also had four sons and a daughter. Publications and awards
His best known publications include  A Grammar of the Asante and Fante Language Called Tshi (Twi, Chee) Based on the Akuapem Dialect with Reference to Other (Akan and Fante) Dialects published in 1875 and  A Dictionary of the Asante and Fante Language Called Twi, , published in 1871 followed by an updated edition in 1881 and a revised version in 1933. These were both done in Basel. He also wrote a book on Catechism (1857) as well as Hymnbooks (1878–1891) and Twi Proverbs, a Collection of 3600 Twi Proverbs (1879). He was awarded the Volney Prize by the Institut de France in 1876 and 1882.Selected works
The following publications are some of Christaller's literary works:

 Christaller, J. G. (1875)  “A Grammar of the Asante and Fante Language Called Tschi (Chwee, Twi) Based on the Akuapem Dicalect, With Reference to Other (Akan and Fante) Dialects” – “Twi mmebusem mpensa-ahansia mmoaano”, Basel
 Christaller, J. G., Asante, David, Opoku, Theophilus (1871) “Anyamesem anase Kyerew Kronkron Apam-dedaw ne Apam-foforo nsem wo Twi kasa mu” (“The Holy Bible translated from the original tongues into the Twi language”), Basel
 Christaller, J. G., Locher, C. W., Zimmermann, J. (1874) “A Dictionary, English, Tshi (Asante), Akra; Tshi (Chwee) Comprising as Dialects: Akan and Fante; Accra connected with Adangme; Gold Coast, West Africa,” Basel
 Christaller, J. G., (1879) “A collection of 3,600 Tshi Proverbs In Use Among the Africans of the Gold Coast as Speaking the Asante and Fante Language, Collected, Together with their Variations, and Alphabetically Arranged,” Basel
 Christaller, J. G., (1881) “A Dictionary of the Asante and Fante Language Called Tschi (Chwee, Twi) With a Grammatical Introduction and appendices on the Geography of the Gold Coast and Other Subjects,” Basel, 2nd rev. ed., edited by J. Schweizer in 1893, published as “A Dictionary of the Asante and Fante Languages Called Tshi (Twi),” Basel
 Clerk, N. T. and Christaller, J. G. (1890), "Neue Reise in den Hinterländen von Togo, nach Nkonya, Buem, Obooso, Salaga, Krakye, 2. Dezember 1889 bis 5. Februar 1890," Mitteilungen der geographischen Gesellschaft für Thüringen, vol. IX, pp. 77 – 98 [An account of the northern Volta of the Gold Coast, written entirely in German in the "Missionsgeorgraphischer Teil" of the periodical, Journal of the Geographical Society of Thuringia]
 Christaller, J. G. (1892), “Die Sprechen Afrikas,” Stuttgart
 Christaller, J. G. (1929) Missionar J. G.Christaller: Erinnerungen aus seinem Leben Stuttgart and Basel

Death and legacy
Christaller died on 16 December 1895, just before undergoing surgery.His last words were, "My work is coming to an end and my Sabbath is coming. The marked hands and legs [of Christ] have done all of that for me." Akrofi-Christaller Institute
The Akrofi-Christaller Institute of Theology, Mission and Culture is a postgraduate research and training Institute located at Akropong which awards its own degrees. It promotes "the study and documentation of Christian history, thought and life in Ghana and in Africa as a whole, in relation to their African setting and to world Christianity". It was named after ethnolinguists, Clement Anderson Akrofi and <mask>b Christaller. Literature
Friedrich Agster, Winfried Maier-Revoredo, Margarete Henninger: "... destined for Africa". On the 100th anniversary of the death of the missionary and linguist <mask>b Christaller.Protestant church community and city Winnenden, Winnenden 1995
Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz: Christaller, <mask>tlieb. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 1, Bautz, Hamm 1975. 2nd, unchanged edition Hamm 1990, , Sp. 1001-1002. (Biographical Bibliographic Church Lexicon)
Paul Steiner: Christaller, Joh. Gottlieb.In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 47, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1903, pp. 480-483. Diedrich Hermann Westermann: Christaller, <mask>b. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Volume 3, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1957, , p. 219 ( digitized). See also
Basel Mission

References

External links
Literature by and about <mask> Christaller in the Catalog of the German National Library
Bibliography for "Who was Christaller?"Akrofi-Christaller Institute of Theology, Mission and Culture
Biography of <mask> Christaller on Dictionary of African Christian Biography

1827 births
1895 deaths
Clergy from Baden-Württemberg
German Protestant missionaries
German philologists
Gold Coast (British colony) people
Linguists from Germany
Protestant missionaries in Ghana
Presbyterian College of Education, Akropong faculty
Missionary linguists

masks:
Johann Gottlieb Christaller
Johann Christaller
Johann Christalle
Johanna
Johann Gottfried
Johann Christalle
Johann Christalle
Johann Gottlie
Johann Gottlie
Johann Got
Johann Gottlie
Johann Gottlieb
Johann G


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Richard Barrington "<mask>" Beadle-Blair MBE (born July 1961) is a British actor, director, screenwriter, playwright, singer, designer, choreographer, dancer and songwriter of British/West Indian origin. He is the artistic director of multi-media production company Team Angelica.<ref>Laura Barnett, "My Edinburgh" (interview with , The Guardian, 20 August 2007.</ref>

Early life
Blair was born in Camberwell and raised in Bermondsey, both in south London, by a single mother, Monica Beadle (who was born in 1944 in Jamaica). She had moved to Britain when she was 12 and was the first black child in her school in Peckham. <mask> was brought up with a brother, Gary Beadle (also an actor, of Eastenders fame), four years younger, and a sister, eight years younger. He attended Lois Acton's Experimental Bermondsey Lampost Free School. Career

When he was 17 he performed a capella concerts at the Gay's the Word bookshop in Bloomsbury, London, with fellow singers Robert Chevara and Michelle Baughan. The group went under the name of "Three People".He was also involved with the Gay Liberation Front (GLF). In 1979 he won the Evening Standard′s Edward Bond's Young Playwright award for the play A-Z. In the film Sirens he played Blue, a punky Scouse heroin junkie. His band Boysie included Sean Mayes on piano, Leonard Davies on bass, Baden Hill on guitar and Martin Harmer on drums. In 1994, he wrote the screenplay for Nigel Finch's film Stonewall, about the Stonewall Riots. In 1999 he wrote Native, a Radio 4 play that became a short film directed by Rene Mohandas. In 2000 he wrote and performed a series of short radio plays for Radio 4 – including Fares Fair, Puppy Love, Finders Keepers, Silly Me and Open Pores.In 2001 he adapted Boy George's autobiography Take It Like A Man for a BBC film. This has not yet been produced. In March 2001, he wrote, produced, and directed the Channel 4 television series Metrosexuality in which he played a lead role. This also featured Noel Clarke, who went on to write and star in the movie Kidulthood. Beadle-Blair co-wrote and co-produced the soundtrack album with Mark Hawkes. On the album he sings a duet with Davie Fairbanks who played "Bambi" in the series. Noel Clarke contributes two raps to the album, which also features a track performed by Mat Fraser.The same year, he hosted the Big Up Yourself And Be Proud show at The Brixtonian during Mardi Gras Festival in aid of GMFA, a London-based gay men's health charity whose Big Up initiative (targeting black men) he is supporting. In 2002, his documentary Roots of Homophobia, for BBC Radio 4 won the Sony Radio Academy Awards for Best Radio Feature. There he brings his own experience as a gay black man to inform his investigation into homophobic attitudes in Jamaican pop music. He was the Executive story editor for both seasons of the US TV series Noah's Arc. He was also a writer on season two (credited for eps 2 & 4). He was supervising director for the South African organisation for first-time filmmakers  Out of Africa. in 2004 and 2005

Beadle-Blair has written songs for Kevin Marques.His theatre company, Team Angelica, is resident at the Tristan Bates Theatre in Covent Garden, London. In 2005, Beadle-Blair wrote and directed the play Bashment for Theatre Royal Stratford East. The play tackled homophobia in the ragga/hip-hop music scene and ran two seasons in May and September. Beadle-Blair also wrote the music. Bashment was nominated for "Best New Play" at the national TMA Awards. Beadle-Blair has adapted his own screenplay of Stonewall for the stage and his production company Team Angelica, which he took to the 2007 Edinburgh Festival. He also directed, produced, designed both sets & costumes, & choreographed on the show.The play was nominated for "Best Ensemble" at The Stage Awards for Acting Excellence. In May 2006, Beadle-Blair wrote and directed Jucy for Queer Contact at the Contact Theatre in Manchester, as part of the Queer Up North Festival. In Autumn 2007, FIT, a play for young people commissioned by the Manchester-based arts organisation queerupnorth and the gay equality organisation Stonewall, went on tour around the UK. The play was developed to help tackle homophobic bullying in Britain's schools. The play was performed at The Drill Hall in London, The Birmingham Rep, The Contact Theatre in Manchester, the Unity Theatre in Liverpool, and the CCA in Glasgow. The show was performed in schools in London, Greater Manchester, Bournemouth, Brighton and Glasgow. Beadle-Blair, directed, choreographed, composed and wrote the show.His "painful" comedy play Familyman opened for a month at Theatre Royal Stratford East in May 2008 – the lead role of "Caesar Ramsay" was being played by Gary Beadle, his brother. The play was named "Show of the Week" for Time Out. In May 2008 he directed Best Man by Greg Owen at the Dublin Gay Theatre Festival. Greg Owen won the Oscar Wilde Award for New Writing. The play was developed under the Team Angelica umbrella. Beadle-Blair previewed a trio of new plays in June 2008 at the Tristan Bates Theatre, all written simultaneously: Screwface – about nine teenage murderers in a prison drama workshop, Touch – centred on gay life in Iraq today, and Home – which looked at teenagers emerging from the care system into their own accommodation and sperm donor offspring who are searching for their siblings. In October–November 2008 there was a second shorter but higher-profile tour of FIT, touring to Edinburgh, Birmingham, Liverpool and London, including shows at St Stephen's in Edinburgh, The Birmingham Rep and the Drill Hall Theatres.In November 2008 he was the M.C. for the "Liverpool is Burning" Vogue Ball at the Adelphi Ballroom in Liverpool, produced by Duckie for Homotopia. In January 2009 Team Angelica, in association with the fledgling Achilles Productions, founded by actors Ian Sharp and Rebecca Joerin staged a one-off theatrical presentation of Beadle-Blair screenplay KickOff at the Riverside Studios in Hammersmith. In February 2009 he curated Louder than Words at the Tristan Bates Theatre, a season of new writing featuring 14 plays by mostly first-time writers. He directed 10 of the plays. Beadle-Blair has a long-standing creative association with fellow writer John R Gordon, who was also a writer for Noah's Arc. Beadle-Blair Directed John's first short film script, Souljah (2007), which premiered in the London Film Festival and is currently touring the Film Festival circuit.He also appeared in John's first play, Wheels of Steel, which John R. Gordon directed. The two-hander also featured Karl Collins, who went on to play Beadle-Blair's ex-husband Jordan in Metrosexuality. Gordon now runs the Team Angelica books division. He has helped to develop new work by playwrights Matt Harris, Jai Rajani, John R. Gordon, Greg Owen, Stephen Hoo & Hannah Chalmers. He teaches a six-week course at the Actor's Centre called "In the Room" that mentors Actors and creatives. He has developed an advanced module called 'Seizing the Room'. In June 2008 he was included in the Independent on Sunday newspaper's "Pink List" as one of the UK's most powerful/influential gay people.In July 2008 his short film Souljah won the award for best short film at the Rushes Soho Shorts festival. Written by John Gordon and produced by Beadle-Blair, Gordon and Carleen Beadle. In June 2009 he hosted the Urban Stage at London Pride. In June 2009 he completed the 35min short 7 Dials, in which the lives of 33 characters intersect and intertwine in the Seven Dials area of London's Covent Garden. Beadle-Blair wrote and directed this showcase for the participants of BBC Talent Boost – A scheme to increase visibility for minority actors in the UK. In June/July 2009 he shot the feature film Kickoff – a Team Angelica co-production with Achilles Entertainments and Shorthouse Productions. Post-production was completed in November 2009.In August or 2009 he was a course director at the National Youth Theatre for the second year running. In September 2009 he wrote and directed, the Feature-Film/DVD version of Fit, featuring the original cast members, along with 36 other actors. The film was financed by Stonewall, and produced by Diane Shorthouse, Carleen Beadle and <mask> Beadle-Blair for Stonewall, The Shorthouse Organisation and Team Angelica. On 19 November 2009, Beadle-Blair/Team Angelica staged a double-bill of plays at the Drill Hall Theatre – Fucking Charlie and The Grope Box. In December 2009 he directed Stripped at the Tristan Bates Theatre, written and performed by Hannah Chalmers. Stripped was originally written and developed with the guidance of Beadle-Blair and John R Gordon as part of the "Louder than Words" season in February. Stripped ran for a month in Edinburgh at the Gilded Balloon.In June 2010 he wrote and directed the feature-film version of Bashment, featuring members of the original cast. In December 2010 he wrote and directed the Team Angelica production twothousandandSex – featuring 35 actors – at the Drill Hall Theatre. In March 2011 he was awarded an achievement award by the Outfest/Fusion festival in Los Angeles. The award was presented by Guillermo Diaz, who played LaMiranda in the movie of Stonewall at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood. The ceremony was accompanied by a gala screening of Fit. In April 2011 he was commissioned by the Royal Albert Hall to write direct and design the short film Butterfly. It was based on the winning entries from a schools competition in which students had to pitch a modern version of Madam Butterfly.In October–November 2011 he wrote, directed and designed Shalom Baby at Theatre Royal Stratford East. In November 2011, Beadle-Blair along with John R. Gordon, established Team Angelica Books. Its first publication was Beadle-Blair's first book What I Learned Today, compiled from a year's worth of his Facebook statuses. Subsequently, the company has published Fairytales for Lost Children, a book of short writings by gay Somalian Diriye Osman, plus two novels by John R Gordon, Faggamuffin and Colour Scheme.In 2011, 2012 2013, 2014, Beadle-Blair and John R. Gordon ran the Angelic Tales new-writing festival, mentoring several new writers of varied experience, staged readings were performed at Theatre Royal Stratford East. Several of the plays went to full productions – including Crowning Glory by Somalia Seaton at the Theatre Royal Stratford East. Lean by Isley Lynn at the Tristan Bates and Stepby Lynette Linton. In September 2012, One of the Angelic Tales plays Slap by Alexis Gregory was invited to present another more-developed staged reading at Channel 4's London HQ, directed by Beadle-Blair.The Q&A was hosted by Gok Wan

In January 2013 Beadle-Blair directed and designed a full production of Step, written by first-time playwright Lynette Linton and performed Theatre Royal Stratford East's Young Actor's company. The tour included the Soho Theatre and Theatre Royal Stratford East. The play had been developed through the Angelic Tales New Writing Festival at Theatre Royal Stratford East. In May 2013 he wrote, directed and designed Gutted at Theatre Royal Stratford East. The cast was headed by Louise Jameson of Dr Who fame, and also featured Ashley Campbell, Frankie Fitzgerald, Gavin McClusky, Jamie Nichols, Jennifer Daley, James Farrar, and Sasha Frost. In November 2013, Beadle-Blair with guitarist Joni Levinson, performed a number onstage at the Kings Head in London as part of Robert Chevara's production of Die Fleidermaus. In February 2014, the US independent feature Blackbird premiered as the closing film at the Pan-African Film Festival in Los Angeles.The movie was co-written by Beadle-Blair and Patrik-Ian Polk and starred Oscar-winning actress Mo'Nique. In March 2014, Beadle-Blair, directed, designed and co-produced a short run of slap by Alexis Gregory at Theatre Royal Stratford East. This was a special "immersive" production with the audience integrated into the set of the show, sometimes touching the actors. In March 2014, Beadle-Blair completed and premiered FREE, the "sibling" film to FIT, also co-produced and released by Stonewall. This film was created to challenge homophobic bullying in primary schools and was made available to every school in the UK. Beadle-Blair was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to drama. Selected plays

 Kick-Off – January 2009, Riverside Studios
 Fit (Autumn 2008) St Stephen's Edinburgh, Birmingham Rep Theatre, Drill Hall Theatre and Schools in Liverpool, Edinburgh and London
 Home – Tristan Bates Theatre (June 2008)
 Touch – Tristan Bates Theatre (June 2008)
 Screwface – Tristan Bates Theatre (June 2008).Familyman – Theatre Royal Stratford East (May 2008, directed by Dawn Reid). Text published by Oberon Books.FIT (2007) – National Tour – adapted for filmStonewall (2006/7) – stage adaptation of the BBC film. Taken In (2005) – Set in a halfway house for homeless youths.Bashment (2005) – explores the controversy around dancehall reggae music and the consequences of homophobic lyrics  – Theatre Royal Stratford East. Text published by Oberon Books.Totally Practically Naked in My Room on a Wednesday Night (2005) – a night in the life of 17-year-old Dylan, desperate to lose his virginity. South London Passion Plays trilogy (Gutted, Laters and Sweet) (2004) – Tristan Bates TheatreCaptivated (1997) – the story of a gay black man imprisoned for murder. Shane corresponds with an Asian pen pal who writes him as an act of charity. Shane's self-hatred turns into a soul-searching journey from cockiness to agonised self-reflection, and finally ultimate gratitude for his unseen friend.This was released on video (now deleted) Directed by David SquireAsk and Tell – homosexuality and the Army.twothousandandSex – an ensemble play about sex and sexuality featuring 35 actors – at the Drill Hall Theatre. Four one-hour ensemble plays
 Exposures Street Art The Grope Box Fucking Charlie Below the Radar – a straight guy/gay guy pair of roommates and their sexual misadventures in New Orleans.Human – two terminally ill cancer patients get together for a final riotous love affair.Prettyboy – described as a 'Dogma Style Musical"  at the Oval House Theatre.Gunplay (he did not direct)Wild at Heart Riverside Studios (1988)

Beadle-Blair directed Greg Owen and Nick McGarrigle in their play Best Man at the Dublin Gay Theatre Festival. The play won the writers the Oscar Wilde Award for best writing. He directed and appeared in Matt Harris's comedy play Venom at the Oval house 2003. He directed the staged readings of Jai Rajani's onenight.com at the Tristan Bates and the Contact Theatre Manchester in 2007. He performed as part of the 40th anniversary of the Stonewall Riots at the Southbank Centre. Other speakers/performers included Professor Jeffrey Weeks, Peter Tatchell, Lindsay River, and Michael Twaits, 9 July 2009.See also
London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival

References

External links and sources
Personal MySpace
Team Angelica MySpace

The Guardian: Theatre that's FIT for purpose: tackling homophobia, November 2008
Pink News: FIT playwright on why we must fight homophobia in schools – December 2007 (republished November 2008)
Interview on Rainbow Network, 6 June 2005
<mask> Beadle-Blair on Metrosexuality
interview in Closer Magazine, April 2002 ? script of Roots of Homophobia (scroll down to No 6)
Interview of Beadle-Blair in The Independent, August 2007
 Interview of Beadle-Blair in The Guardian'', August 2007

Living people
1961 births
Black British male actors
English people of Jamaican descent
English gay actors
Gay artists
English gay musicians
British gay writers
LGBT Black British people
LGBT theatre directors
LGBT dancers
LGBT musicians from England
LGBT writers from England
Members of the Order of the British Empire
National Youth Theatre members
People from Bermondsey
People from Camberwell
20th-century LGBT people
21st-century LGBT people
LGBT singers from the United Kingdom
LGBT television directors

masks: Rikki Rikki Rikki Rikki


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<mask> ( Born November 8, 1964)  is the first professor of  Choreography and Performing Aesthetics from Nigeria. A former Dean of Postgraduate School, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti,, former Chief  Executive Officer (CEO),and Artistic Director,Abuja Carnival and member,National Academy of Letters. <mask> started his career in theater arts as a  theater apprentice under Jimoh Aliu and Chief Hubert Ogunde ,afterward he pursued the profession in the academic world.. As an apprentice, he premiered in " Aropin N'Teniyan"  a celluloid film by Hubert Ogunde, 1981/82.. He graduated with a B.A(Hons) in Theater Arts and M A in Play Directing and Playwright  from  the University of Calabar, Rivers State and  he later obtained a Ph.D. in Choreography and Dance Studies from Ahmadu Bello University, ABU, Zaria. As an academic, he started as Graduate Assistant in 1990. By1992, he was a Lecturer II and at the end of 1992 he has become Lecturer 1. He rose to the position of  a Senior Lecture by the year 2000.In 2005, he was an Associate professor and full Professor in 2011.As of  2003,  <mask> was the Artiste- Scholar in – residence at the University of West Indies, Edna Monkey School of Performing Arts and National Dance Theater Company. In the same year, he was at the University of Pretoria, South Africa for collaborative research on African Musical Arts Education. As a result of his commitment to the field of theater arts in Nigeria, he became the first Nigerian scholar to bag all the three Fellowship in the field of performing arts: a Fellow of Theater Arts (NANTAP), Fellow, Society of Nigeria Theatre Artisities, and Felow, Dance Guild of Nigeria. He has anchored many presidential inaugurations for Nigerian former presidents : Jagunmolu , Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, Voyage, Alhaji Musa Yaradua. and Langbodo . Dr.Goodluck Jonathan.. In recognition of his impact in Art and Culture in Ekiti state,  Bakare and the other 13 professional indigenes of Ekiti were honored as Cultural Ambassador by Governor Kayode fayemi.As of January 2020, he was the commissioner for Art, Culture and Tourism in Ekiti State. His professional career has taken him outside the shore of Nigeria ; between 1994–1996, <mask> worked as Choreographer to the Gambia's National Troupe. <mask>, married to Dr.Lilian, a specialist in Costume and a lecturer at the Department of Theater and Media Arts,Federal University Oye-Ekiti. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Aramoko Ekiti in 1964. As a child , he grew up with love for singing, dancing and watching masquerade performances. <mask> and his father were not on a good term because of  his intention to study theater arts. On one of the occasions, his father bought him a  JAMB form to study Law at a Nigerian University, he felt otherwise and tore the form.He was later reconciled with his dad after his international exploit in Bulgaria

He started his education from the College of Education, Ikere, Ekiti where he studied Yoruba Language and Religious Studies. After obtaining his National Certificate Education ( NCE), <mask>, moved to the University of Calabar to study Theater Arts. At the same institution, he obtained his B.A(Hons) in Theater Arts and M.A in Play Directing and Playwright while he earned a PhD in Choreography and Dance Studies from Ahmadu Bello University, Abu, Zaria. As a 200 level student, he represented Nigeria in a dance competition and won a gold medal. Career
<mask> started his career as a theater apprentice under Chief Jimoh Aliu, Herbert Ogunde. Between 1981/82,  he featured in " Aropin N'Teniyan"  a celluloid film produced by Chief Ogunde. After graduating from the College of Education, he was employed at Ondo State Radiovision Corporation as an Assistant Drama Producer, actor and Yoruba Chants Presenter.From here, he got admission to the University of Calabar to study Theater Arts. In 1990, he was retained as a Graduate Assistant at the same university. He was promoted to the position of  lecturer in 1992. In 2000, he became a Senior Lecturer. In 2005, after five years of academic work, he became an Associate Professor and later in 2011 he earned his full Professor. He was Artiste- Scholar in – residence at the University of West Indies, Edna Manley School of Performing Arts and National Dance Theater Company, Jamaica in 2003. In the same year, he got a grant for collaborative research on African Musical Arts Education.He became a member of the Carnival Research Roundtable, Trinidad and Tobago, 2012 and by 2013, he was a member of the Teaching Artists Research Group, Oslo, Norway. He has represented Nigeria in many international competitions; Friendship International Festival, North Korea, 1997, Afrika- in Tyrol Festival, Austria, 1999, Africa Peace Tour, Mozambique, 2002, Gauteng Carnival, Soweto, South Africa, 2010. He was a leading member of Nigeria’s contingent to Cervantino Theatre Festival, Mexico in 2001. Between 1994-1996, he was the Choreographer, Gambia National Troupe and the Artistic Director/ CEO Nigeria National Carnival, Abuja ,2009-2013. As a performance director, he has directed over 200 performances among them are the three Presidential Inauguration command performances: Jagunmolu,1999, Voyage, 2007 and Langbodo , 2011. He directed the culture content of the Heart of Africa project with performances in London, Paris and other cities of the World. <mask> is also a member of International Dance Council ( CID),UNESCO, Member,National Academy of Letters.He is  the first Nigeria Scholar with the three Fellowship available in  the field of Performing Arts in Nigeria; Fellow of the Guild (fdgn),2013, Fellow of the Learned Academic Society (Fsonta) ,2018 and Fellow of the industry,2019. At one time or the other in his academic career, he has worked as lecturer at  University of Calabar, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, University of Uyo and University of Abuja. He has also worked in Imo State University, Delta State University, Kogi State University,  Olabisi Onabanjo University and Federal University Oye Ekiti. References

Living people
University of Calabar faculty
1964 births
Yoruba academics
University of Calabar alumni
Ahmadu Bello University alumni
People from Ekiti State

masks:
Rasak Ojo Bakare
Rasak
Bakare
Rasak
Bakare
Bakare
Rasak
Rasak
Rasak
Bakare


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<mask> (born 18 February 1988) is an English footballer who plays for  club Yorkshire Amateur as a defender and a forward. He began his career at Bradford City in the lower divisions of the Football League, and then spent three seasons playing for Guiseley before transferring to Luton Town. He was released by Luton in July 2013 and subsequently spent 18-month spells at FC Halifax Town and Bradford Park Avenue. After 18 months with Harrogate Town and a three-month loan to Wrexham, <mask> signed for Darlington in 2018. Career
Born in Shipley, near Bradford, West Yorkshire, <mask> is a product of Bradford City's youth system, winning a senior contract in March 2006. He broke into the first team the following season making his debut in a 2–1 defeat to Scunthorpe United on 17 October 2006 in the Football League Trophy. He made his first league appearance the following month before his first start was in a 4–0 FA Cup victory over Crewe Alexandra on 4 November 2006.He played four times during November 2006 winning praise from his manager Colin Todd, a former England international centre back. Ainge played a total of 11 games during the 2006–07 season but he was limited to just four games the following season, including three as substitute, and was instead given a trial at Scunthorpe United. He returned to Bradford before he joined Conference club Halifax Town in January 2008 in a loan deal for the rest of the season. <mask> was an unused substitute as Halifax went out of the FA Trophy as they lost to Rushden & Diamonds 2–0, and instead made his league debut the following weekend against the same team when he gave away a penalty for handball. Two days earlier Ainge had been one of five substitutes, who were all on loan at Halifax, during their 4–1 West Riding County Cup victory over Ossett Albion. Ainge came on during the victory but Halifax were later thrown out of the competition because loan players were not eligible. <mask> did not feature again for Halifax until 24 March 2008, when he came on as a substitute in the 16th minute when Halifax lost 2–0 to Droylsden.On 15 April 2008, he received the first red card of his career, for two bookable offences during Halifax's 2–1 defeat by Burton Albion. He played 12 games during his loan spell for Halifax, helping them to avoid relegation from the Conference by just one point from Altrincham. He returned to Bradford in time to play in their final game of the season with Wycombe Wanderers as a late substitute. <mask> made his first start for City in more than a year as replacement for injured full backs Paul Arnison and TJ Moncur in a 1–1 draw with Luton Town on 4 October 2008. It was <mask>'s only game for Bradford during the 2008–09 season, and instead he joined Cambridge United of the Conference on another loan deal on the March transfer deadline day for the final two months of the season. He made his debut for Cambridge as a substitute in their 1–0 victory against Woking. At the end of the 2008–09 season, <mask> was released by Bradford City; he joined their cross-city rivals Bradford Park Avenue of the Northern Premier League Premier Division in July 2009.He stayed at Avenue until November 2009 after playing in only three games, when he signed for their league rivals Guiseley. <mask> was part of the Guiseley team that won promotion to the Conference North during the 2009–10 Northern Premier League season, and he was made the club's captain for the start of the 2010–11 season. Ainge led Guiseley to a highest ever league position of fifth, but the club lost in the play-off final to AFC Telford United to a stoppage-time goal. In the 2011–12 season he captained Guiseley to an even higher finish of second place though they again lost in the play-offs, this time to Nuneaton Town at the semi-final stage. <mask> scored eight goals from central defence during the campaign. At the end of the season, <mask> was called up to play for the England C semi-professional national team in a game against Russia U23 on 5 June 2012, which England C lost 4–0. He later captained England C to a 2–1 win over Belgium U23 on 12 September 2012.<mask>'s performances for Guiseley were picked up by Conference Premier side Luton Town, who moved to take him on an initial one-month loan on 27 September 2012. After playing in four wins and one loss, in which he scored one goal, Luton extended his loan for a further two months and reached an agreement with Guiseley for the transfer to become permanent in January 2013. <mask> officially joined Luton for an undisclosed fee on 2 January 2013. He was transfer listed by the club in April 2013 following a change in Luton's management, and his contract was terminated on 4 July 2013. Following his release from Luton Town, he joined newly promoted Conference Premier club FC Halifax Town. On 11 August 2013, <mask> made his debut for Halifax in a heavy 5–1 defeat to Cambridge United. In January 2015, Ainge rejoined Bradford Park Avenue.He signed for Harrogate Town in May 2016. He arrived as a defender, but a switch to striker under manager <mask> was extremely successful, and led him to the National League North Player of the Month award for February 2017 and a place in the 2016–17 National League North team of the season. In February 2018, Ainge joined Wrexham on loan. Ainge signed a two-year contract with National League North club Darlington ahead of the 2018–19 season; the fee was undisclosed. He was a regular in the team, used either in defence or attack, throughout the season, but was then allowed to leave the club for financial reasons. He signed for another National League North club, Boston United, on loan for the 2019–20 season. In August 2020, Ainge joined Gainsborough Trinity.He made ten appearances and scored three goals in all competitions before the season was abandoned. He signed for Northern Premier League Division One East club Yorkshire Amateur in April 2021. Career statistics

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Shipley, West Yorkshire
English footballers
England semi-pro international footballers
Association football defenders
Association football forwards
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Halifax Town A.F.C. players
Cambridge United F.C. players
Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. players
Guiseley A.F.C.players
Luton Town F.C. players
FC Halifax Town players
Harrogate Town A.F.C. players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Darlington F.C. players
Boston United F.C. players
Gainsborough Trinity F.C. players
Yorkshire Amateur A.F.C.players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Northern Premier League players

masks:
Simon Christopher Ainge
Ainge
Simon Ainge
Ainge
Ainge
Ainge
Ainge
Ainge
Ainge
Ainge
Ainge
Ainge
Ainge
Ainge
Simon Weaver


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<mask> (3 September 1875 – 30 January 1951) was a German Bohemian automotive engineer and founder of the Porsche AG. He is best known for creating the first gasoline-electric hybrid vehicle (Lohner-Porsche), the Volkswagen Beetle, the Auto Union racing car, the Mercedes-Benz SS/SSK, several other important developments and Porsche automobiles. An important contributor to the German war effort during World War II, Porsche was involved in the production of advanced tanks such as the VK 4501 (P), the Elefant (initially called "<mask>") self-propelled gun, and the Panzer VIII Maus super-heavy tank, as well as other weapon systems, including the V-1 flying bomb. <mask> was a member of the Nazi Party and an officer of the Schutzstaffel (SS). He was a recipient of the German National Prize for Art and Science, the SS-Ehrenring and the War Merit Cross. Porsche was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 1996 and was named the Car Engineer of the Century in 1999. Early life

<mask> was born to <mask> (nee Ehrlich) and <mask>, in Maffersdorf (Vratislavice nad Nisou) in northern Bohemia, part of Austria-Hungary at that time, and today part of the Czech Republic.<mask> was his parents' third child. His father was a master panel-beater. <mask> showed a great aptitude for technology, and was especially intrigued by electricity from a young age. He was already attending classes at the Imperial Polytechnical College in Reichenberg ( - some  from his home) at night, while still helping his father in his mechanical shop by day. Thanks to a referral, Porsche landed a job with the Béla Egger & Co. Electrical company in Vienna (later Brown Boveri, now ABB), and moved there in 1893, at the young age of 18. While working in Vienna, he enrolled as a part-time student at what is now the Vienna University of Technology, and went there whenever he could after work. Other than attending classes there, Porsche did not complete any formal engineering education.During his five years with , he built their first electric wheel-hub motor, the concept for which had been developed by American inventor Wellington Adams, and Porsche also raced it, in 1897. After the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of World War I, he chose Czechoslovak citizenship. In 1934, either Adolf Hitler or Joseph Goebbels made Porsche a naturalized German citizen. Early career

In 1897 or 1898, Porsche joined the Vienna-based factory Jakob Lohner & Company, which produced coaches for Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria as well as for the monarchs of the UK, Sweden, and Romania. Jakob Lohner had begun construction of automobiles in 1896 under Ludwig Lohner in the trans-Danubian suburb of Floridsdorf. Their first design was the Egger-Lohner vehicle (also referred to as the C.2 Phaeton). First unveiled in Vienna, Austria, on 26 June 1898, Porsche had engraved the code "P1" (standing for Porsche, number one, signifying <mask> Porsche's first design) onto all the key components.The Egger-Lohner was a carriage-like car driven by two electric motors within the front wheel hubs, powered by batteries. This drivetrain construction was easily expanded to four-wheel drive, by mounting two more electric motors to the rear wheels, and a four-motor example was ordered by Englishman E. W. Hart in 1900. In December that year, the car was displayed at the Paris World Exhibition under the name Toujours-Contente. Even though this one-off vehicle had been commissioned for the purposes of racing and record-breaking, its  of lead–acid batteries was a severe shortcoming. Though it "showed wonderful speed when it was allowed to sprint", the weight of the batteries rendered it slow to climb hills. It also suffered from limited range due to limited battery life. Still employed by Lohner, Porsche introduced the "Lohner-Porsche Mixte Hybrid" in 1901: instead of a massive battery-pack, an internal combustion engine built by the German firm Daimler drove a generator which in turn drove the electric wheel hub motors.As a backup a small battery pack was fitted. This is the first petroleum-electric hybrid vehicle on record. Since sufficiently reliable gears and couplings were not available at the time, he chose to make it a series-hybrid, an arrangement now more common in diesel-electric or turbo-electric railway locomotives than in automobiles. Though over 300 Lohner-Porsche chassis were sold up to 1906, most of them were two-wheel drive; either front- or rear-wheel driven trucks, buses and fire-engines. Some four wheel drive buses were produced, but no four wheel drive automobiles. The vehicles achieved speeds of up to , broke several Austrian speed records, and also won the Exelberg Rally in 1901, with Porsche himself driving a front-wheel drive hybrid. It was later upgraded with more powerful engines from Daimler and Panhard, which proved to be enough to gain more speed records.In 1905 Porsche was awarded the Pötting prize as Austria's most outstanding automotive engineer. In 1902 he was drafted into military service. He served as a chauffeur to Archduke <mask> of Austria, the crown prince of Austria whose assassination has been credited with contributing to the start of WWI. Austro-Daimler
In 1906, Austro-Daimler recruited Porsche as their chief designer. Porsche's best known Austro-Daimler car was designed for the Prince Henry Trial in 1910, named after Wilhelm II's younger brother Prince Heinrich of Prussia. Examples of this streamlined, 85 horsepower (63 kW) car won the first three places, and the car is still better known by the nickname "Prince Henry" than by its model name "Modell 27/80". He also created a 30 horsepower model called the Maja, named after Mercedes Jellinek's younger sister, Andrée Maja (or Maia) Jellinek.Porsche had advanced to Managing Director by 1916 and received an honorary doctorate from the Vienna University of Technology in 1916: the title "Dr. Ing. h.c." is an abbreviation of "Doktor Ingenieur Honoris Causa". Porsche successfully continued to construct racing cars, winning 43 out of 53 races with his 1922 design. In 1923, Porsche left Austro-Daimler after differences ensued about the future direction of car development. A few months later Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft hired Porsche to serve as Technical Director in Stuttgart, Germany, which was already a major center for the German automotive industry. In 1924, he received another honorary doctorate from the Stuttgart Technical University for his work at Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft in Stuttgart and was later given the honorary title of Professor. While at Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft he came up with several very successful race car designs.The series of models equipped with superchargers that culminated in the Mercedes-Benz SSK dominated its class of motor racing in the 1920s. In 1926, Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft and Benz & Cie merged into Daimler-Benz, with their joint products beginning to be called Mercedes-Benz. However, Porsche's ideas for a small, light-weight Mercedes-Benz car was not popular with Daimler-Benz's board. He left in 1929 for Steyr Automobile, but due to the Great Depression Porsche ended up being made redundant. Founding of Porsche

In April 1931, Porsche returned to Stuttgart and founded his consulting firm Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche GmbH, Konstruktionen und Beratungen für Motoren und Fahrzeugbau (designs and consulting services for motors and vehicles). With financial backing from his son-in-law the Austrian advocate Anton Piëch and Adolf Rosenberger, Porsche successfully recruited several former co-workers he had befriended at his former places of employment, including Karl Rabe, Erwin Komenda, Franz Xaver Reimspiess, and his son, <mask>.Their first project was the design of a middle class car for Wanderer. Other commissioned designs followed. As the business grew, <mask> decided to work on his own design as well, which was a development of the small car concept from his days at Daimler-Benz in Stuttgart. He financed the project with a loan on his life insurance. Later Zündapp decided to help sponsor the project, but lost interest after their success with motorcycles. NSU then took over the sponsorship, but also lost interest due to the high tooling costs. With car commissions scarce due to the depressed economic climate, Porsche founded a subsidiary company, Hochleistungs Motor GmbH (High Performance Engines Ltd.), to develop a racing car for which he had no customer.Based on Max Wagner's mid-engined layout the 1923 Benz Tropfenwagen, or "Teardrop" aerodynamic design, the experimental P-Wagen project racing car (P stood for Porsche) was designed according to the regulations of the 750 kg formula. The main regulation of this formula was that the weight of the car without driver, fuel, oil, water and tires was not allowed to exceed . In 1932, Auto Union Gmbh was formed, consisting of struggling auto manufacturers Audi, DKW, Horch and Wanderer. The Chairman of the Board of Directors, Baron Klaus von Oertzen wanted a showpiece project, so at fellow director Adolf Rosenberger's insistence, von Oertzen met with Porsche, who had done work for him before. At the 1933 Berlin Motor Show German Chancellor Adolf Hitler announced his intention to motorize the nation, with every German owning either a car or a tractor in the future, and unveiled two new programs: the "people's car" and a state-sponsored motor racing programme to develop a "high speed German automotive industry"; to initiate this, Mercedes-Benz were to be given an annual grant of 500,000 Reichsmark. These projects led to two projects for Porsche, and set a precedent for the rest of the decade, with Porsche undertaking further projects for the German Government, including the Tiger tank and the Elefant tank destroyer. Volkswagen Beetle and Government Commission

In June 1934, Porsche received a contract from Hitler to design a people's car (or "Volkswagen"), following on from his previous designs such as the 1931 Type 12 car designed for Zündapp.The first two prototypes were completed in 1935. These were followed by several further pre-production batches during 1936 to 1939. The car was similar to the contemporary designs of Hans Ledwinka of Tatra, in particular the Tatra V570 and Tatra 97. This resulted in a lawsuit against Porsche claiming infringement of Tatra's patents regarding air-cooling of the rear engine. The suit was interrupted by the German invasion of Czechoslovakia: several years after World War II Volkswagen paid a settlement. Since being engaged by the National-Socialist authorities in building the Volksauto, Porsche was praised as the Great German Engineer. Hitler considered Czechs

masks:
Ferdinand Porsche
Ferdinand
Porsche
Ferdinand Porsche
Anna Porsche
Anton Porsche
Ferdinand
Ferdinand
Ferdinand
Franz Ferdinand
Ferry Porsche
Porsche


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 subhuman and Porsche was urged to apply for German citizenship in 1934.A few days later, he indeed filed a declaration giving up the Czechoslovak citizenship at a Czechoslovak consulate in Stuttgart. In 1937, he joined the Nazi Party (becoming member no. 5,643,287) as well as the SS. By 1938, he was using the SS as security personnel and drivers at his factory, and later set up a special unit called SS Sturmwerk Volkswagen. In 1942, he reached the rank of SS-Oberführer, and during the war, he was further decorated with the SS-Ehrenring and awarded the War Merit Cross. As the war progressed his proposed solutions to new developments became more complex and he gained a reputation in certain circles as a "mad scientist" especially with Albert Speer (mainly due to his newfound affinity for "pointy" designs). A new city, "Stadt des KdF-Wagens" was founded near Fallersleben for the Volkswagen factory, but wartime production concentrated almost exclusively on the military Kübelwagen and Schwimmwagen variants.Mass production of the car, which later became known as the Beetle, began after the end of the war. The city is named Wolfsburg today and is still the headquarters of the Volkswagen Group. Auto Union racing car

German racing driver Hans Stuck had met Hitler before he became Chancellor, and not being able to gain a seat at Mercedes, accepted the invitation of Rosenberger to join him, von Oertzen and Porsche in approaching the Chancellor. In a meeting in the Reich Chancellery, Hitler agreed with Porsche that for the glory of Germany, it would be better for two companies to develop the project, resulting in Hitler agreeing to split the money between Mercedes and Auto Union with 250,000 Reichsmark to each company. This highly annoyed Mercedes, who had already developed their Mercedes-Benz W25, and resulted in a heated exchange both on and off the racing track between the two companies for the period until World War II. Having obtained state funds, Auto Union bought Hochleistungs Motor GmbH and hence the P-Wagen Project for 75,000 Reichsmark, relocating the company to Chemnitz. As Porsche became more involved with the construction of the Wolfsburg factory, he handed over his racing projects to his son, Ferry.The dominance of the Silver Arrows of both brands was only stopped by the outbreak of World War II in 1939. Military vehicles
Porsche produced a heavy tank design in 1942, the VK4501 also known as "Tiger (P)". Due to the complex nature of the drive system, a competing design from Henschel was chosen for production instead. Ninety chassis that had already been built were converted into self-propelled anti-tank guns; these were put into service in 1943 as the Panzerjäger Tiger (P) and known by the nickname "Ferdinand". The Ferdinand was driven by a hybrid electric powertrain, and was armed with a long barrel development of the 88mm anti-aircraft gun. The most common reason for losses was because the vehicle became stuck or broke down, and so the crews often had to destroy their own vehicles to avoid allowing them to be captured. It had a kill ratio of nearly 10:1, but as with most German wartime vehicles, lack of supplies made maintenance a serious problem, reducing the effectiveness of the vehicles, and forcing crews to destroy many otherwise operational vehicles.Post war
In November 1945, Porsche was asked to continue the design of the Volkswagen in France and to move the factory equipment there as part of war reparations. Whilst in France, Porsche was also asked to consult on the design/manufacture of the upcoming Renault 4CV, which led to serious conflict with the recently appointed head of Renault, the former resistance hero, Pierre Lefaucheux. Differences within the French government and objections from the French automotive industry put a halt to the Volkswagen project before it had even begun. On 15 December 1945, French authorities arrested Porsche, Anton Piëch, and <mask> as war criminals. While Ferry was freed after 6 months, <mask> and Anton were imprisoned first in Baden-Baden and then in Paris and Dijon. While his father was in captivity, Ferry worked diligently to keep the company in business; and developing a business for the repair of automobiles, water pumps, and winches. A contract with Piero Dusio was completed for a Grand Prix motor racing car, the Type 360 Cisitalia.The innovative 4WD design never raced. The legal circumstances of Piëch and Porsche's imprisonment and trial could be largely apportioned to <mask>'s contribution to his country's war effort. In the Porsche family's own account, the affair was a thinly veiled attempt at extorting money and forcing them to collaborate with Renault. But the family was deceptive about the use of forced labor and the size of their wartime operation. It was later shown that approximately 300 forced laborers were employed, including Poles and Russians. During the war, it was common practice for German factories of this size (about 1000 workers) to use what was essentially slave labor, often with Slavic prisoners of war, who were frequently worked to death. The post-war French government required a payment of one million francs, variously described as ransom or bail, for the release of Piëch and Porsche.Initially unable to obtain this amount of money, the family eventually raised it through their contract with Cisitalia. During a trial, witnesses were brought forward to testify that no French prisoners had been imported to work at the plant. In addition to its work with Cisitalia, the company also started work on a new design, the Porsche 356, the first car to carry the Porsche brand name. The company then was located in Gmünd in Carinthia, where they had relocated from Stuttgart to avoid Allied bombing. The company started manufacturing the Porsche 356 in an old saw mill in Gmünd. They made only 49 cars, which were built entirely by hand. Return to Stuttgart
The Porsche family returned to Stuttgart in 1949 not knowing how to restart their business.While the banks would not give them credit, as the company's plant was still under American embargo and could not serve as collateral, they did still possess considerable resources. So Ferry Porsche took one of the limited series 356 models from Gmünd and visited Volkswagen dealers to raise some orders. He asked the dealers to pay for the ordered cars in advance. The series production version made in Stuttgart had a steel body, welded to the central-tube platform chassis, instead of the aluminium body used in the initial limited Gmünd-made series. When Ferry Porsche resurrected the company he counted on series production figures of about 1,500. More than 78,000 Porsche 356s were manufactured in the following 17 years. Porsche was later contracted by Volkswagen for additional consulting work and received a royalty on every Volkswagen Beetle manufactured.This provided Porsche with a comfortable income as more than 20 million Type I were built. In November 1950, Porsche visited the Wolfsburg Volkswagen factory for the first time since the end of World War II. Porsche spent his visit chatting with Volkswagen president Heinrich Nordhoff about the future of VW Beetles, which were already being produced in large numbers. A few weeks later, Porsche suffered a stroke. He did not fully recover, and died on 30 January 1951. In 1996, Porsche was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame and in 1999 posthumously won the award of Car Engineer of the Century. Views on labor
Porsche visited Henry Ford's operation in Detroit many times where he learned the importance of productivity.There he learned to monitor work. He was also surprised at how the workers and the managers treated each other as equals; even he, as a visiting dignitary, had to carry his own tray in the cafeteria and eat with the workers. The need to increase productivity became a primary interest of Porsche's. Conventional methods for increasing productivity included longer working hours, a faster rate of work, and new labour-saving techniques. Originally, the Volkswagen project was to be a collaboration of the existing German auto manufacturers, but they bowed out of the project, and a complete workforce was needed. The Volkswagen plant was completed in 1938 after Italian labour was brought in. Volkswagen, under <mask>, profited from forced labour.This included a large number of Soviets. By early 1945, German nationals only made up 10% of Volkswagen's workforce. Controversy in Porsche's birthplace
Following protests from local World War II survivors that Porsche's Czech birthplace Vratislavice nad Nisou was promoting Nazism by displaying signs commemorating its native son, in 2013 the town authorities removed the signs and changed the content of a local exhibition so that it would cover not only his automotive achievements, but also his Nazi party and SS membership, and the importance of his work for the Nazi war cause. The move was criticized by the local association of Porsche car owners as silly and intent on smearing the name of Porsche. Moreover, Porsche AG removed cars that it had previously provided for the museum. Notes

References

 - Total pages: 160

Further reading

 Barber, Chris (2003). Birth of the Beetle: The Development of the Volkswagen by <mask>.Haynes Publishing. .

Hiott, Andrea: "Thinking Small: The Long Strange Trip of the Volkswagen Beetle." Random House, 2012, . Ludvigsen, Karl E. (2008). Porsche: Excellence Was Expected – The Comprehensive History of the Company, Its Cars and Its Racing Heritage. Brooklands Books. Hans Mommsen; Manfred Grieger: Das Volkswagenwerk und seine Arbeiter im Dritten Reich, ECON Verlag, Düsseldorf 1996,
 Peter Müller: <mask>. Der Vater des Volkswagens, 4.Aufl., 1998
 Martin Pfundner: Austro Daimler und Steyr. Rivalen bis zur Fusion. Die frühen Jahre des Ferdinand Porsche. Böhlau, Wien 2007. External links

 West Ham's Cedes Stoll Trolleybus Porsche design
 Website of the Society of Automotive Historians about him
 Hybrid-Vehicle.org: The Lohner-Porsche. Hybrid-Vehicle.org: The Landwehr and C-train

1875 births
1951 deaths
Austrian automobile designers
German automotive pioneers
Czech automobile designers
German automobile designers
German Bohemian people
German founders of automobile manufacturers
20th-century German inventors
German industrialists
German prisoners of war in World War II held by France
International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees
Naturalized citizens of Germany
Nazi Party members
People from Liberec
Ferdinand
Recipients of the Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross
SS-Oberführer
Volkswagen Group people
Automotive businesspeople
19th-century German

masks:
Ferry Porsche
Ferdinand
Ferdinand Porsche
Ferdinand Porsche
Ferdinand Porsche
Ferdinand Porsche


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<mask> (born February 17, 1976) is an American former professional baseball utility infielder. He played for the San Francisco Giants, Houston Astros, New York Yankees, Philadelphia Phillies, Arizona Diamondbacks Milwaukee Brewers, San Diego Padres, and Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball. Early life
Ransom was raised in Mesa, Arizona. He attended Chandler High School in Chandler, Arizona. He was selected by the Cleveland Indians in the 43rd round (1,202nd overall) in the 1995 Major League Baseball draft but did not sign with the Indians. He instead attended South Mountain Community College. He was a survivor of a fatal van accident when his South Mountain Community College baseball team's van blew a tire on a team trip to Tucson, causing the van to roll over.Two of Ransom's teammates died. After spending two years at South Mountain, Ransom spent the 1997 season at Mesa State, helping the Mavericks to the NCAA Division II regional. Ransom transferred to Grand Canyon University for the 1998 season, and was a key member of an Antelopes squad that won the Western Athletic Conference Northern Division. Ransom started every game at shortstop, hitting .330 with eight home runs and 48 RBIs while leading the team with 20 doubles. Professional career

San Francisco Giants
Ransom was drafted again in 1998, this time by the San Francisco Giants in the ninth round (278th overall). After signing, he spent his first professional season with the Single-A Salem-Keizer Volcanoes. Ransom made his major league debut on September 5, 2001, against the Arizona Diamondbacks.For the next three seasons from 2002 to 2004, he played for the Triple-A Fresno Grizzlies and the major league club. He was mainly used as a defensive replacement by the Giants. On August 8, 2003, he hit his first major league home run off Philadelphia Phillies starting pitcher Vicente Padilla. Following the 2004 season, he was granted free agency by the Giants. He was signed by the Chicago Cubs on January 20, 2005. On March 30, 2005, he was acquired by the Texas Rangers for cash considerations. He played for the Triple-A Oklahoma Redhawks and played in 24 games in which he batted .261 with five home runs.He was released on May 25, 2005. He re-signed with the Chicago Cubs two days later and played with the Triple-A Iowa Cubs for the rest of the season. He was granted free agency after the season. Houston Astros
Ransom signed with the Seattle Mariners on January 27, 2006, with an invitation to Spring Training. He played in 19 games during Spring Training in which he batted .219 with no home runs. After being reassigned to minor league camp, he was acquired by the Houston Astros for cash considerations on March 30, 2006. He played for the Triple-A Round Rock Express for 2006 season.He batted just .247 with 21 home runs in 122 games. He returned to the Round Rock Express for the 2007 season. He played for the Express until the end of the minor league season. Ransom batted .263 in 134 games and led the Express in home runs (28) and RBIs (90). He was also second on the team in hits with 131. His good performance earned him a call up on September 4, 2007. On September 16, 2007, against the Pittsburgh Pirates, Ransom hit a home run off Paul Maholm.It was Ransom's first home run in the major leagues since 2004. New York Yankees

Ransom signed a minor league contract with the New York Yankees before the 2008 season and was called up to the Yankees on August 15. He homered in both his first and second Yankee at bats, the first hitter in Yankee history to do so. The first occurred on August 17, 2008, against the Kansas City Royals; the second was on August 22, 2008, against the Baltimore Orioles. On September 21, 2008, Ransom made the last putout in Yankee Stadium history. Baltimore Orioles second baseman Brian Roberts hit a slow ground ball down the first baseline that Ransom fielded, then stepped on first for the deciding out in a 7–3 Yankees win. On September 26, Ransom had his first multi-home run game against the Boston Red Sox.Both home runs came on the first pitch of the at bat. Ransom was one of only three Yankees to hit a home run while serving as a pinch hitter. Ransom started the 2009 season as the Yankees' starting third baseman due to the hip surgery recovery of Alex Rodriguez; however, Ransom too was put on the disabled list on April 25 after an injury to his right quadriceps. On August 5, 2009, Ransom was designated for assignment. He was released August 7, 2009, but re-signed with the Yankees to a minor league contract on August 10, and was assigned to the Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees. He was placed on the 7-day disabled list for an unknown injury on August 16, 2009. Philadelphia Phillies
On December 11, 2009, Ransom signed a minor league contract with the Philadelphia Phillies.On July 3, 2010, the Phillies called him up to the majors after injuries to Chase Utley and Plácido Polanco. Ransom played in 22 games in July and August, making starts at third, second and first base. He had eight hits and two home runs in 42 at-bats. One of them was a game-tying home run with two outs in the bottom of the ninth inning against the Cincinnati Reds on July 7. Arizona Diamondbacks
On January 19, 2011, Ransom signed a minor league contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks. On July 21, 2011, Ransom was called up from the Triple-A Reno Aces to replace an injured Stephen Drew. Ransom played in 12 total games at shortstop and third base in July and August.He elected free agency on October 10. The Diamondbacks re-signed Ransom to a minor league contract on December 11. He again started the year in Reno, but was called up on April 18 when Chris Young went on the disabled list. He made 13 starts at third base, hitting .269, before the Diamondbacks designated Ransom for assignment on May 21, 2012. Milwaukee Brewers
On May 23, 2012, Ransom was claimed off waivers from the Arizona Diamondbacks by the Milwaukee Brewers. On July 13, 2012, Ransom hit his first career grand slam against the Pittsburgh Pirates, lifting the Brewers to victory 10–7. Ransom made 33 starts at shortstop, nine at third base, and two at second for the Brewers, hitting .196 with six home runs in 168 total at-bats.Return to the Diamondbacks
On August 31, 2012, the Arizona Diamondbacks claimed Ransom off waivers from the Milwaukee Brewers. He played in nine games for Arizona in September, making starts at shortstop and third and picking up seven hits in 23 at-bats. San Diego Padres
On December 21, 2012, Ransom signed a minor league contract with the San Diego Padres. With injuries to Chase Headley and Logan Forsythe in spring training, Ransom made his third Opening Day roster and second Opening Day line-up starting at third base. He was designated for assignment on April 12, 2013. Chicago Cubs
Ransom was claimed off waivers by the Chicago Cubs on April 16, 2013. He was designated for assignment on September 8, 2013, and released on September 16.Seibu Lions
Ransom signed a contract with the Seibu Lions of Nippon Professional Baseball for the 2014 season. Personal life
Ransom is married to Ericka, and they have a daughter named Mackenzie and son named Jordan. A 2009 YouTube video of his 60-inch box jump in a training session has received almost 400,000 hits. References

External links

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