text_chunks:
 lawsuit filed by Jennifer Araoz. She stated that an associate for <mask> had recruited her outside Talent Unlimited High School at age 14 and she was gradually groomed for over a year before <mask> raped her in his New York City mansion when she was 15. Araoz filed her suit on August 14, 2019, when New York State law was updated to allow one year for adult survivors of child sexual abuse to sue for previous offenses, regardless of how long ago the abuse took place. In October 2019, Araoz amended her complaint to include over 20 corporate entities associated with <mask> and named the additional individuals Lesley Groff and Cimberly Espinosa as enablers. Katlyn Doe, et al.v. <mask>'s estate (2019)
Three women (Katlyn Doe, Lisa Doe and Priscilla Doe) sued the estate of <mask> on August 20, 2019. Two of the women were 17 and one was 20 when they met <mask>. The women allege they were recruited, subjected to unwanted sex acts, and controlled by <mask> and a "vast enterprise" of co-conspirators. Jane Doe v. <mask>'s estate (2019)
A New York accuser of <mask>, known only as Jane Doe, announced a federal lawsuit against his estate in the Southern District of New York on September 18, 2019, stating that she was recruited in 2002 and sexually abused by <mask> for three years starting at age 14. Teresa Helm, et al. v. <mask>'s estate (2019)
Five women (Teresa Helm, Annie Farmer, Maria Farmer, Juliette Bryant, and an unidentified woman), represented by David Boies, sued <mask>'s estate in Federal District Court in Manhattan in November 2019, accusing him of rape, battery and false imprisonment and seeking unspecified damages. Jane Doe 15 v. <mask>'s estate (2019)
On November 18, 2019, a woman identified as Jane Doe 15 made a public appearance with her attorney Gloria Allred to announce that she was suing the estate of <mask> in the District Court for the Southern District of New York, alleging that he manipulated, trafficked, and sexually abused her in 2004, when she was 15 years old.Teala Davies v. <mask>'s estate (2019)
On November 21, 2019, Teala Davies appeared with her attorney Gloria Allred and announced her lawsuit in Manhattan federal court against <mask>'s estate. Davies stated that after meeting <mask> in 2002, he sexually assaulted and trafficked her in New York, New Mexico, Florida, the Virgin Islands and France. Jane Does 1-9 v. <mask>'s estate (2019)
On December 3, 2019, lawyer Jordan Merson filed a lawsuit in New York on behalf of nine anonymous accusers (Jane Does 1–9) and against <mask>'s estate for battery, assault, and intensional emotional distress. The claims date from 1985 through the 2000s, and include individuals who were 13, 14, and 15 when they first encountered <mask>. JJ Doe v. <mask>'s estate (2019)
The lawsuit was filed by Bradley Edwards on behalf of his client in late December 2019. The accuser, JJ Doe, is described as being a 14-year-old resident of Palm Beach County at the time <mask> abused her in 2004. US Virgin Islands v. <mask>'s estate, et al.(2020)
A lawsuit was filed in Superior Court of the U.S. Virgin Islands in January 2020 alleging that <mask> ran a sex trafficking conspiracy for over two decades, through 2018, with children as young as 11 years old on Epstein's Caribbean islands. According to Attorney General Denise George, his alleged criminal activities on the islands were concealed through a complex network of companies. Jane Doe v. Maxwell and <mask>'s estate (2020)
In January 2020, a lawsuit was filed against Maxwell and <mask> alleging that they recruited a 13-year-old music student at the Interlochen Center for the Arts in 1994 and subjected her to sexual abuse The suit states that Jane Doe was repeatedly sexually assaulted by <mask> over a four-year period and that Maxwell played a key role in both her recruitment and by participating in the assaults. Jane Does v. <mask> estate (2020)
In August 2020 9 Jane Does filed suit accusing <mask> of sexual abuse. The alleged victims in the lawsuit include a 11 and 13 year old and a victim who alleged abuse in 1975. Jane Doe v. <mask> estate (2020)
In August 2020 <mask> was sued by a Jane Doe accusing him of sexually abusing her for one and a half years, beginning when she was an 18-year-old aspiring singer and model in New York. Jane Doe v. <mask> estate (2021)
A civil suit was filed against <mask>'s estate in March 2021 by a Broward County woman who accused <mask> and Maxwell of trafficking her after repeatedly raping her in Florida in 2008.Second criminal case

Trafficking charges

On July 6, 2019, <mask> was arrested by the FBI-NYPD Crimes Against Children Task Force at Teterboro Airport in New Jersey on sex trafficking charges. He was jailed at the Metropolitan Correctional Center in New York City, which has held prisoners such as John Gotti, Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman, and Paul Manafort. According to witnesses and sources on the day of his arrest, about a dozen FBI agents forced open the door to his Manhattan townhouse, the Herbert N. Straus House, with search warrants. The search of his townhouse turned up evidence of sex trafficking and also found "hundreds – and perhaps thousands – of sexually suggestive photographs of fully – or partially – nude females". Some of the photos were confirmed as those of underage females. In a locked safe, compact discs were found with handwritten labels including the descriptions: "Young [Name] + [Name]", "Misc nudes 1", and "Girl pics nude". Also found in the safe were $70,000 in cash, 48 diamonds, and a fraudulent Austrian passport, which expired in 1987, that had <mask>'s photo but another name.The passport had numerous entrance and exit stamps, including entrance stamps that showed the use of the passport to enter France, Spain, the United Kingdom, and Saudi Arabia in the 1980s. The passport showed his place of residence as Saudi Arabia. According to his attorneys, <mask> had been advised to acquire the passport because "as an affluent member of the Jewish faith", he was in danger of being kidnapped while traveling abroad. On July 8, prosecutors with the Public Corruption Unit of the Southern District of New York charged him with sex trafficking and conspiracy to traffic minors for sex. The grand jury indictment alleges that "dozens" ofunderage girls were brought into <mask>'s mansions for sexual encounters. Judge Kenneth Marra was to decide whether the non-prosecution agreement that protected <mask> from the more serious charges should still stand. <mask> requested to be released on bond, offering to post $100million with the condition that he would also submit to house arrest in his New York City mansion.U.S. District Judge Richard M. Berman denied the request on July 18, saying that <mask> posed a danger to the public and a serious flight risk to avoid prosecution. On July 23, <mask> was found injured and semiconscious at 1:30a.m. on the floor of his cell, with marks around his neck that were suspected to be the result of either a suicide attempt or an assault. His cellmate, former New York City police officer Nicholas Tartaglione, who was charged with four counts of murder, was questioned about <mask>'s condition. He denied having any knowledge of what happened. <mask> himself said he recollected nothing. According to NBC News, two sources said that <mask> might have tried to hang himself, a third said the injuries were not serious and could have been staged, and a fourth source said that an assault by his cellmate had not been ruled out.On August 29, 2019, following <mask>'s death 10 days prior, the case against <mask> was closed after Judge Berman dismissed all sex trafficking charges. However, he also expressed support for <mask>'s accusers. Prosecutors objected to the ruling and stated they would continue an investigation for potential co-conspirators. Investigation in France
On August 23, 2019, the prosecutor's office in Paris, France, opened a preliminary investigation into <mask>. He is being investigated for rape and sexual assault of minors under and over the age of 15, criminal association with a view to committing crimes, and association with criminals with a view to committing offenses. The prosecutors said that the goal of the investigation is to find possible crimes committed in France and elsewhere against French citizens. Personal life
Previous long-term girlfriends associated with <mask> include Eva Andersson-Dubin and publishing heiress Ghislaine Maxwell.<mask> was romantically linked to Andersson-Dubin for an 11-year period mostly in the 1980s and the two later remained friendly well after her marriage to Glenn Dubin. <mask> met Maxwell, daughter of disgraced media baron Robert Maxwell, by 1991. <mask> had Maxwell come to the United States in 1991 to recover from her grief following the death of her father. Maxwell was implicated by several of <mask>'s accusers as procuring or recruiting underage girls in addition to once being <mask>'s girlfriend. In a 2009 deposition, several of <mask>'s household employees testified that Maxwell had a central role in both his public and private life, referring to her as his "main girlfriend" who also handled the hiring, supervising, and firing of staff starting around 1992. In 1995, <mask> renamed one of his companies the Ghislaine Corporation in Palm Beach, Florida; the company was dissolved in 1998. In 2000, Maxwell moved into a 7,000-square-foot townhouse, less than 10blocks from <mask>'s New York mansion.This townhome was purchased for $4.95million by an anonymous limited liability company, with an address that matches the office of J. Epstein & Co. Representing the buyer was Darren Indyke, Epstein's longtime lawyer. In a 2003 Vanity Fair exposé, <mask> refers to Maxwell as "my best friend". <mask> was a longtime acquaintance of Prince Andrew and Tom Barrack, and attended parties with many prominent people, including Bill Clinton, George Stephanopoulos, Donald Trump, Katie Couric, Woody Allen, and Harvey Weinstein. His contacts included Rupert Murdoch, Michael Bloomberg, Richard Branson, Michael Jackson, Alec Baldwin and the Kennedys. His contacts also included Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak, British prime minister Tony Blair, and Saudi Arabian crown prince Mohammed bin Salman. Both Clinton and Trump claimed that they never visited Epstein's island.<mask> owned a private Boeing 727 jet and traveled in it frequently, logging "600 flying hours a year ... usually with guests on board". The jet was nicknamed the Lolita Express by the locals in the Virgin Islands, because of its frequent arrivals at Little Saint James with apparently underage girls. In 2003, <mask> flew to Cuba aboard his plane with Colombian president Andrés Pastrana Arango at the invitation of Cuban president Fidel Castro. According to Fabiola Santiago of the Miami Herald, <mask> was likely considering relocating to Cuba in order to escape U.S. law enforcement; <mask> was under investigation from U.S. law enforcement at the time. In 2009, <mask>'s brother Mark claimed Trump had flown on <mask>'s plane at least once. He later told The Washington Post that Trump flew "numerous times" on Epstein's airplane, although Mark was present on only one of the flights. According to Michael Corcoran, Trump flew Epstein on his own airplane at least once.In September 2002, <mask> flew Clinton, Kevin Spacey, and Chris Tucker to Africa in this jet. Flight records obtained in 2016 show Bill Clinton flew 27times to at least a dozen international locations. Flight logs did not list any Secret Service detail for at least five flights, on an Asia trip, and Secret Service stated that there is no evidence of the former president making a trip to <mask>'s private island. In 2019, a Clinton spokesperson stated that, in 2002 and 2003, Clinton took four trips on <mask>'s airplane, making stops on three continents, all with his staff and Secret Service detail. At the time of <mask>'s 2019 arrest, Clinton's spokeswoman Angel Ureña stated that Clinton had "not spoken to <mask> in well over a decade, and has never been to Little St. James Island, Epstein's ranch in New Mexico, or his residence in Florida." In a profile of <mask> in New York magazine in 2002, former Democratic Senate leader George J. Mitchell said of Epstein, "I would certainly call him a friend and a supporter". In the same article, Donald Trump remarked, "I've known Jeff for fifteen years.Terrific guy. He's a lot of fun to be with. It is even said that he likes beautiful women as much as I do, and many of them are on the younger side. No doubt about it – <mask> enjoys his social life." In July 2019, Trump said "I knew him like everybody in Palm Beach knew him," stating four times he had not been "a fan" of <mask> and that he had not spoken to him in about fifteen years. A video shot in 1992 surfaced showing the two men partying together at Mar-a-Lago. By 2007, Trump reportedly banned <mask> from his Mar-a-Lago club for unseemly pursuit of young females.The ban allegation was included in court documents filed by attorney Bradley Edwards, although Edwards later said it was a rumor he tried to, but could not, confirm. Bill Clinton lauded <mask> as "a committed philanthropist" with "insights and generosity". At the time <mask> was on the board of Rockefeller University, a member of the Trilateral Commission and the Council on Foreign Relations, and was a major donor to Harvard University. <mask> visited the White House while Clinton was president on four known occasions. In 1993, he went to a donor event at the White House with his companion Ghislaine Maxwell. Around the same time, he also met with President Clinton's aide Mark Middleton on at least three occasions at the White House. In 1995, financier Lynn Forester discussed "<mask>tein and currency stabilization" with Clinton.<mask>, according to his own accounts, was heavily involved in the foreign exchange market and traded large amounts of currency in the unregulated forex market. In 1995, <mask> also attended a small political fundraiser dinner for Bill Clinton which included 14 other people including Ron Perelman, Don Johnson, Jimmy Buffett, and dinner organizer Paul Prosperi. From the 1990s to mid-2000s, <mask> often socialized with the future President Donald Trump. Author Michael Wolff wrote that Trump, <mask>, and Tom Barrack were at the time like a "set of nightlife musketeers" on the social scene. <mask> and Trump socialized both in New York City and Palm Beach, where they both had houses. In April 2003, New York magazine reported <mask> hosted a dinner party in his Manhattan residence to honor Bill Clinton, who did not attend, although Trump did attend. According to The Washington Post, one person who knew <mask> and Trump during this time noted that "they were tight" and "they were each other's wingmen".In November 2004, <mask> and Trump's friendship ran into trouble when they became embroiled in a bidding war for a $40million mansion, Maison de L'Amitie, which was being auctioned in Palm Beach. Trump won the auction for $41million, and successfully sold the property four years later for $95million to the Russian billionaire Dmitry Rybolovlev. That month was the last time <mask> and Trump were recorded to have interacted. Wealth

The exact origin of <mask>'s wealth is unknown. Leslie Wexner was one source of <mask>'s original wealth. An assistant of <mask> also stated that he got his fortune started through Robert Maxwell, the media mogul father of Ghislaine Maxwell. When <mask> pleaded guilty in 2008 to soliciting and procuring prostitution, his lawyers stated he was a billionaire with a net worth of over one billion dollars.A number of sources, however, have questioned the extent of <mask>'s wealth and his status as a billionaire. According to an article in The New York Times, his "fortune may be more illusion than fact". <mask> lost "large sums of money" in the 2008 financial crisis, and "friends and patrons"—including retail billionaire Leslie Wexner, "deserted him" following his pleading guilty to prostitution charges in 2008. New York magazine claimed that "there's scant proof" of <mask>'s "financial bona fides", and Forbes also ran an article entitled "Why sex offender <mask> is not a billionaire". Spencer Kuvin, an attorney for three of <mask>'s alleged victims in the case where <mask> pleaded guilty to sexual activity with minors, stated that "he and his team 'pursued every possible angle' to find out Epstein's net worth but found that much of his wealth is offshore." An investigation by the Miami Herald of the Swiss Leaks documents indicated that <mask> had multiple financial accounts with millions of dollars in offshore tax havens. In the Paradise Papers, records showed that <mask> in February 1997, became a client of Appleby, a Bermuda-based law firm which specialized in the creation of offshore companies and investment vehicles for the ultra-wealthy.A client profile of <mask> described his job cryptically as the "Manager of Fortune". Federal prosecutors on July 12, 2019, stated in court documents that, based on records from one financial institution, that <mask> was "extravagantly wealthy" and had assets worth at least $500million and earned more than $10million a year. The extent of his wealth, however, was not known, since he had not filled out a financial affidavit for his bail application. According to Bloomberg News, "Today, so little is known about <mask>'s current business or clients that the only things that can be valued with any certainty are his properties." The Miami Herald in their investigation of the Paradise Papers and Swiss Leaks documents concluded that <mask>'s wealth is likely spread secretly across the globe. In 2020 <mask> estate's finances revealed that it had paid out nearly $50 million between June 2020 and December 2020 to more than 100 women who brought claims to the "Epstein Victims Compensation Fund" set up in the U.S. Virgin Islands. By February 2021, the estate was valued at about $240 million, down from estimates of $630 million a year earlier.This prompted the attorney general of the U.S. Virgin Islands, Denise George, to file an emergency motion seeking the immediate asset freeze. She contended in the court filing, which the victims joined, that the estate executors had "mismanaged" the money. Residences

<mask>

masks:
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Jeffrey Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Jeffrey Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Jeffrey
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Jeffrey Eps
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Jeffrey Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Jeffrey Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein


text_chunks:
 owned the Herbert N. Straus House on 9 East 71st Street in the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City. It was originally purchased for $13.2million in 1989 by <mask>'s mentor, Les Wexner, who renovated it completely. <mask> moved into the mansion in 1995 after Wexner married and moved with his wife to Columbus, Ohio, to raise their family. He took full possession of the mansion in 1998, when he paid Wexner $20million for it. The house was valued in 2019 by federal prosecutors at $77 million, while the city assessed its value at $56 million.The mansion is reputedly the largest private residence in Manhattan at . Hidden under a flight of stairs, there is a lead-lined bathroom fitted with its own closed-circuit television screens and a telephone, both concealed in a cabinet under the sink. The house also has its own heated sidewalk to melt away the snow. The entrance hall is lined with rows of individually framed prosthetic eyeballs that were made in England for injured soldiers. The financier's other properties include a residence in Palm Beach, Florida, purchased in 1990; seven units in an apartment building near the Arc de Triomphe at 22 Avenue Foch in Paris, France; a  ranch named Zorro Ranch near Stanley, New Mexico, purchased in 1993; a private island near Saint Thomas in the U.S. Virgin Islands called Little Saint James, which includes a mansion and guest houses, purchased in 1998; and the neighboring island of Great Saint James purchased in 2016. <mask> was building a compound on the latter including an amphitheater and "underwater office & pool" but ran into problems when a stop-work order was issued in late 2018; work continued despite the order. <mask>, previous to his final Manhattan home, lived in a spacious townhouse, which was a former Iranian government building that had been taken over by the State Department during the Iranian revolution, at 34 East 69th Street for a rate of $15,000 a month from 1992 to 1995.He also previously owned a mansion outside Columbus, Ohio, near Wexner's home from 1992 to 1998 which he purchased from his mentor. Before the Herbert Straus house was purchased, Wexner purchased in 1988 the adjacent townhouse at 11 East 71st Street. Like in the case of the 9 East 71st Street house, <mask> was on the deed of the 11 East 71st Street house as the trustee. The townhouse was sold in 1996 to the Comet trust which holds part of the assets of the de Gunzburg/Bronfman family. <mask> rented offices for his business dealings in the Villard House at 457 Madison Avenue. Steven Hoffenberg originally set up the offices for <mask> in 1987 when he was consulting for Tower Financial. <mask> used these offices until at least 2003.Around this time, Michael Wolff saw the financier in his office, which in the past were the offices of Random House. Wolff noted that <mask>'s offices were a strange place which did not have a corporate feel at all. Wolff stated that the offices were "almost European. It's old—old-fashioned, unrehabbed in its way." Wolff continued that "the trading floor is filled with guys in yarmulkes. Who they are, I have no idea. They're like a throwback, a bunch of guys from the fifties.So here is <mask> in this incredibly beautiful office, with pieces of art and a view of the courtyard, and he seems like the most relaxed guy in the world. You want to say 'What's going on here?' and he gives you that Cheshire smile." <mask> rented multiple apartment units for his employees, models, and guests since the 1990s at 301 East 66th Street. The majority of the apartment complex at this address is owned by Ossa properties, which is owned by <mask>'s brother, Mark, who purchased the complex in the early 1990s from Wexner. Over the years <mask> has housed different friends at 11 East 71st Street, including his ex-girlfriend Eva Andersson, who is now married to his hedge-fund friend Glenn Dubin, MC2 Models founder Jean-Luc Brunel, and on occasions former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak. He has housed some of his workers, including his pilot, housekeeper and office work staff, in the apartment complex.<mask> has also housed underage girls, who Brunel scouted for his MC2 modeling agency. On August 6, 2012, a model and party promoter associated with MC2, Pedro Gaspar, who lived above another of the modeling agency's locations in Manhattan, died of what some consider to be a suspicious drug overdose. Political donations
From 1989 until 2003, <mask> donated more than $139,000 to U.S. Democratic Party federal candidates and committees and over $18,000 to U.S. Republican Party candidates and groups. <mask> contributed $50,000 to Democrat Bill Richardson's successful campaign for Governor of New Mexico in 2002 and again for his successful run for reelection in 2006. Also that year, he contributed $15,000 to Democrat Gary King's successful campaign for Attorney General of New Mexico. He later contributed $35,000 to King's 2014 unsuccessful campaign for Governor. Other contributions in New Mexico included Epstein $10,000 toward Jim Baca's campaign to become head of the land commission and $2,000 toward Santa Fe County Sheriff Jim Solano's bid for reelection.In 2010, <mask> received a notice from New Mexico Department of Public Safety which said, "You are not required to register [as a sex offender] with the state of New Mexico." This was in contravention of federal law, which would seem to say that the conviction in Florida required him to register in New Mexico. Philanthropy

In 1991, <mask> was one of four donors who pledged to raise  for a Hillel student building Rosovsky Hall at Harvard University. In 2000, <mask> established the Jeffrey Epstein VI Foundation, which funds science research and education. Prior to 2003, the foundation funded Martin Nowak's research at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. In May 2003, <mask> pledged a series of donations totaling  to create a mathematical biology and evolutionary dynamics program at Harvard which was run by Martin Nowak. According to The Boston Globe, the actual amount received from Epstein was .In 2019, Forbes deleted a 2013 article that called <mask> "one of the largest backers of cutting edge science" after The New York Times revealed its author, Drew Hendricks, had been paid $600 to submit it falsely as his own. According to attorney Gerald B. Lefcourt, <mask> was "part of the original group that conceived of the Clinton Global Initiative". <mask> co-organized a science event with illusionist and skeptic Al Seckel called the Mindshift Conference. The conference took place in 2010 on <mask>'s private island Little Saint James. In attendance were scientists Murray Gell-Mann, Leonard Mlodinow, and Gerald Jay Sussman. The true extent of <mask>tein VI Foundation fails to disclose information which other charities routinely disclose.Concerns have been raised over this lack of transparency. In 2015, the Attorney General of the state of New York was reported to be trying to gain information but was refused since the charities were based outside of the state and did not solicit in New York State. <mask>tein Interest, the COUQ Foundation, and Gratitude American Ltd. According to federal tax filings, <mask> donated $30million between 1998 and 2018, through these three charities. Following his death, a number of scientists and institutions—including Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)—came under criticism for accepting money from <mask> and his foundation, with some individuals offering to give away money donated by <mask>. Interest in eugenics and transhumanism
According to various sources, beginning in the early 2000s <mask> developed a strong interest in improving the human race through genetic engineering and artificial intelligence, including using his own sperm. He addressed the scientific community at various events and occasions and communicated his fascination with eugenics.It was reported in August 2019 that <mask> had planned to "seed the human race with his DNA" by impregnating up to 20 women at a time using his New Mexico compound as a "baby ranch", where mothers would give birth to his offspring. He was an advocate of cryonics and his own idiosyncratic version of transhumanism, and had said that he intended to have his penis and head frozen. Kathleen Hall Jamieson, director of the Annenberg Public Policy Center at the University of Pennsylvania said: "Scientists need funding for important work ... if the funding is for legitimate scientific work, there is nothing wrong with accepting support from a billionaire. However it would have been wrong for scientists to accept his funding if they were aware that he was planning a eugenics experiment that might draw legitimacy from his association with them." Professor George Church also publicly apologized for meeting <mask> after his 13-month sentence, saying "There should have been more conversations about, should we be doing this, should we be helping this guy? There was just a lot of nerd tunnel vision." Death

On July 23, 2019, three weeks prior to his death, <mask> was found unconscious in his jail cell with injuries to his neck.<mask> said he believed that he was attacked by his cellmate, who was awaiting trial for four counts of murder, while the correctional staff suspected attempted suicide. After that incident, he was placed on suicide watch. Six days later, on July 29, 2019, <mask> was taken off suicide watch and placed in a special housing unit with another inmate. <mask>'s close associates said he was in "good spirits". When <mask> was placed in the special housing unit, the jail informed the Justice Department that he would have a cellmate, and that a guard would look into the cell every 30 minutes. These procedures were not followed on the night of his death. On August 9, 2019, <mask>'s cellmate was transferred out, but no one took his place.Later in the evening, contrary to the jail's normal procedure, <mask> was not checked every 30 minutes. The two guards who were assigned to check his jail unit that night fell asleep and did not check on him for about three hours; the guards falsified related records. Two cameras in front of <mask>'s cell also malfunctioned that night. <mask> was found dead in his cell at the Metropolitan Correctional Center (MCC) in New York City at 6:30a.m. EDT on August 10, 2019. The Bureau of Prisons said lifesaving measures were initiated immediately upon the discovery of <mask>'s body. Emergency responders were called and he was taken to a hospital.On August 10, 2019, the Bureau of Prisons and U.S. Attorney General William Barr called the death an apparent suicide, although no final determination had been made. The circumstances leading up to his death are being investigated by the United States Department of Justice. Autopsy

On August 11, 2019, an autopsy was performed. It appeared likely that <mask> had thrown himself violently off the cell's top bunk, which would explain the damage he suffered, other than strangulation. The preliminary result of the autopsy found that <mask> sustained multiple breaks in his neck bones. Among the bones broken in <mask>'s neck was the hyoid bone. Such breaks of the hyoid bone can occur from those who hang themselves, but they are more common in victims of homicide by strangulation.A 2010 study found broken hyoids in 25 percent of cases of hangings. A larger study conducted from 2010 to 2016 found hyoid damage in just 16 of 264, or six percent, of cases of hangings. Hyoid bone breaks become more common with age, as the bones become more brittle. Forensic pathologist Cyril Wecht noted that hanging by leaning forward would not result in broken cervical bones. On August 16, 2019, Barbara Sampson, the New York City medical examiner, ruled <mask>'s death a suicide by hanging. The medical examiner, according to <mask>'s defense counsel, only saw nine minutes of footage from one security camera to help her arrive at her conclusion. <mask>'s defense lawyers were not satisfied with the conclusion of the medical examiner and were conducting their own independent investigation into the cause of <mask>'s death, including taking legal action, if necessary, to view the pivotal camera footage near his cell during the night of his death.<mask>'s lawyers said that the evidence concerning <mask>'s death was "far more consistent" with murder than suicide. Michael Baden, an independent pathologist hired by the <mask> estate, observed the autopsy. In October 2019, Dr. Baden said that Mr. <mask>, 66, experienced a number of injuries – among them a broken bone in his neck – that "are extremely unusual in suicidal hangings and could occur much more commonly in homicidal strangulation". Baden stated that he thinks that the evidence points to homicide rather than suicide." Final will
On August 18, 2019, it was reported that <mask> had signed his last will and testament on August 8, 2019, two weeks after being found injured in his cell and two days before his death. Until this time, <mask> had been depositing money in other inmates' commissary accounts to avoid being attacked. The signing of the will was witnessed by two attorneys that knew him.The will named two longtime employees as executors, and immediately gifted all of his assets, and any assets remaining in his estate, to a trust. Burial
Following the autopsy, <mask>'s body was claimed by his brother Mark. On September 5, 2019, <mask>'s body was buried in an unmarked grave next to those of his parents at the I.J. Morris Star of David Cemetery in Palm Beach, Florida. The names of his parents were also removed from their tombstone in order to prevent vandalism. Investigations
Attorney General Barr ordered an investigation by the Department of Justice Inspector General in addition to the investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, saying that he was "appalled" by <mask>'s death in federal custody. Two days later Barr said there had been "serious irregularities" in the prison's handling of <mask>, promising "We will get to the bottom of what happened, and there will be accountability."On August 14, 2019, Manhattan federal court Judge Richard M. Berman, who was overseeing <mask>'s criminal case, wrote to the Metropolitan Correctional Center warden Lamine N'Diaye inquiring as to whether an investigation into the millionaire's apparent suicide would include a probe into his prior (July 23) injuries. Judge Berman wrote that to his knowledge it has never been definitely explained what they concluded about the incident. The national president of the Council of Prison Locals C-33, E. O. Young, stated that prisons "can't ever stop anyone who is persistent on killing themselves". Between 2010 and 2016, around 124 inmates killed themselves while in federal custody, or around 20 prisoners per year, out of an inmate population of 180,000. The previous reported inmate suicide in the MCC facility in Manhattan was in 1998. The union leader Young said it was unclear if there was video of <mask>'s hanging or direct observations by jail officials.He said that while cameras are ubiquitous in the facility, he did not believe that the interior of inmates' cells were within their range. Young said union officials had long been raising concerns regarding staffing, as the Trump administration had imposed a hiring freeze and budget cuts on the Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP), adding "All this was caused by the administration." President Serene Gregg, of the American Federation of Government Employees Local 3148, said MCC is functioning with fewer than 70 percent of the needed correctional officers, forcing many to work mandatory overtime and 60 to 70-hour workweeks. In previous congressional testimony, Attorney General Barr admitted the BOP was "short" about 4,000 to 5,000 employees. He had lifted the freeze and was working to recruit sufficient new officers to replace those who had departed. <mask>'s attorneys asked Judge Berman to probe their client's death, alleging they could provide evidence that the incident resulting in his death was "far more consistent with assault" than suicide. One week after having signed his final will; it had been reported that at least one camera in the hallway outside <mask>'s cell had footage that was unusable, although other usable footage was recorded in the area.Two cameras that malfunctioned in front of <mask>'s cell were sent to an FBI crime lab for examination. Federal prosecutors subpoenaed up to 20 correctional officers concerning the cause of <mask>'s death. On November 19, 2019, federal prosecutors in New York charged Metropolitan Correctional Center guards Michael Thomas and Tova Noel with creating false records, and with conspiracy, after video footage obtained by prosecutors revealed that <mask> had, against regulation, been in his cell unchecked for eight hours prior to being found dead. On May 22, 2021, the two guards admitted they falsified records but were spared from any time behind bars under a deal with federal prosecutors. As part of a deferred prosecution agreement, on May 25, both officers pleaded guilty to falsifying records and conspiracy to defraud the United States. They were sentenced to six months supervisory release and will be required to perform 100 hours of community service. In popular culture

<mask>'s death became the subject of widespread controversy and debate, with the belief that his death was a homicide becoming a popular meme.HBO is creating a limited series on <mask>'s life and death to be directed and executive produced by Adam McKay. Sony Pictures Television is additionally developing miniseries based on <mask>'s life. In the season four finale of the CBS series The Good Fight, the plot revolves around <mask>'s death. The Netflix documentary series <mask>: Filthy Rich premiered in May 2020. The Lifetime documentary Surviving <mask> premiered in August 2020. On July 1, 2020, a statue of <mask> appeared in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Footage of Trump and <mask> talking at the 1992 Mar-a-Lago party appears in the 2020 comedy mockumentary Borat Subsequent Moviefilm, where the footage is shown inspiring Borat to gift his teen daughter to someone in Trump's inner circle (with Borat deciding on Mike Pence, and later Rudy Giuliani).Later in the film, one of Borat's children also changes his name

masks:
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Jeffrey
Epstein
Jeffrey Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epsteinps
Epsteinpsps
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Jeffrey Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Epstein
Jeffrey Epstein
Jeffrey Epstein
Epstein
Epstein


text_chunks:
Brigadier General Jan-<mask> (born 7 April 1947) is a retired Swedish Army officer. <mask> has served extensively abroad, in Cyprus, Lebanon, Yugoslavia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Afghanistan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. His senior commands include commanding officer of the Norrbotten Engineer Corps and the Haparanda Border Regiment, deputy force commander of MONUC and brigade commander of the Ituri Brigade and the Kivu Brigade. Early life
<mask> was born on 7 April 1947 in Enskede Parish, Stockholm. <mask> graduated from Military Academy Karlberg (the same officer course as Ulf Henricsson) in 1969 and was commissioned as an officer the same year in Svea Engineer Regiment with the rank of lieutenant. Career

Early military career
From 1969 to 1975, <mask> served as platoon leader and company commander. He attended the Engineering Officers School at the Artillery and Engineering Officers School from 1971 to 1972 and the Swedish Armed Forces Staff College from 1975 to 1978 and served in the Army Staff from 1978 to 1983, whereupon <mask> served as company commander 1984 to 1985.His first mission abroad was with the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) in Cyprus in 1984. <mask> was head of the Army Field Work Department in the Operation Section 4 in the Joint Operations (Operationsledningen, OPL) in the Defence Staff from 1985 to 1988 and he was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1986 He served as battalion commander from 1988 to 1990, after which he was commander of the Swedish Lebanon Battalions L106/L21 from 1990 to 1991 and commanding officer of the Swedish Army Field Work School (Fältarbetsskolan, FarbS) from 1991 to 1993 and at the same time head of the Swedish UN Stand-by Force in 1992. 1990s to early 2000s
In January 1992 during the Yugoslav Wars, during the planning stage of the Swedish contribution to the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), there was thought that the Swedish unit JK01 could largely amount to a battalion, possibly in cooperation with other nationalities. Battalion commander would be the then colonel <mask>, but politicians and other senior decision makers wanted otherwise. The force finally came to include a purely Swedish company instead, now led by major Jan Söderberg. In January 1993, <mask> was appointed to command Nordbat 1 (Nordic Battalion 1) with the United Nations Protection Forces/Macedonia (UNPROFOR/M), a joint Nordic unit consisting of a mechanized infantry company from Sweden, Norway and Finland, as well as a joint staff and train company from these countries. In mid-1993, American troops were sent to Macedonia and were put under <mask>'s command.This was the first a Swedish officer commanded American soldiers. In 1993, <mask> was also appointed commanding officer of the Norrbotten Engineer Corps (Ing 3) and the Haparanda Border Regiment (Haparanda gränsregemente) (that consisted of the 2nd brigade of the Norrbotten Regiment) which comprised more than 6,000 men. In the 1990s, he also served as adviser in Bulgaria. In 1996, <mask> served in the Bosnia Army Corps Staff of the Implementation Force (IFOR). <mask> served at the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters in Stockholm from 1997 to 1999: as head of the Program Department (1997–1998), as head of the Ground Warfare Department in the Joint Forces Directorate (Krigsförbandsledningen) (1998–1999). <mask> served as Senior Military Adviser at the United Nations Special Mission to Afghanistan (UNSMA) from 1999 to 2000 and from 2001 to 2003 he served as head of the Baltic Cooperation Department at the Swedish Armed Forces Headquarters. Congo
In 2003, the UN decided to seriously deal with the war in the Congo.It had been going on for six years and the situation in northeastern Congo in 2003 was described as a slow-going genocide. Although a peace agreement had been signed in 2002, it was broken by militia groups in the eastern part of the country. <mask> arrived in Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in late July 2003 to take up his post as deputy force commander of the UN peacekeeping mission in the DRC, known as MONUC. On 21 August 2003, <mask> was appointed acting commander of the Ituri Brigade - the UN force that took over on 1 September from the French-led Interim Emergency Multinational Force (IEMF) that had completed its mandate of securing the eastern town in Bunia in the embattled Ituri District. Overall, Isberg commanded 5,000 men in the Ituri District. The Ituri Brigade included personnel from Morocco, Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan; an Indian aviation unit; and a Bangladeshi and Indonesian engineering unit. In October 2003, <mask>, superseded as brigade commander by a Pakistani brigadier general, returned to his regular position at the MONUC headquarters in Kinshasa, a time as Acting Force Commander; the regular, Mountaga Diallo, was replaced in December by major general Somaila Ilyia from Nigeria, a superior with whom Isberg had easy cooperation.<mask> was later appointed commander of the Kivu Brigade from March 2004. He was the only western soldier in his brigade, which was composed of a Uruguayan and a Bangladeshi battalion, totalling 4,000 men. During this time, <mask> was repeatedly sent to Ituri to lead the Ituri Brigade, and periodically he commanded both brigades, a total of 9,000 professional soldiers. In March 2004, <mask> suspended the work of raising the Kivu Brigade temporarily. Due to new unrest, he was sent back to Bunia to confront the UPC militias. In mid-March, he led from helicopters and from the ground four major operations aimed at cracking down on the UPC militia's core areas. There, among other things, the UPC brigade staff and other support points were destroyed.Later during the most extensive operation, they entered a large area of three militia camps. The main force was equipped with twenty armored vehicles. One company was landed by helicopter in the back of the militia. The militia quickly opened fire, and in the coming hours, battles were fought over a large area. Eventually, the militia took refuge. The attack helicopters were used to fight militias camps. After the cleaning operations, about twenty-one militiamen were arrested.<mask> would command the Kivu Brigade during 11 month, March 2004 to February 2005. <mask> has described his service in the Congo in his book By all necessary means: Brigadier General Jan-Gunnar <mask>'s experiences from service in the Congo 2003-2005 (2012). Later career
<mask> served as project manager for the Swedish Armed Forces international leadership exercises (Project Viking) from 2005 to 2010. In 2007, <mask> served as exercise director of Illuminated Summer 07, a multinational exercise with participants from Sweden, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Norway and the United Kingdom. In 2008 he was responsible for the VIKING 08 exercise. At the end of the 2000s, internal and external criticism had been made of the fact that the Swedish Armed Forces did not manage to take care of and implement experience, especially in the context of more complex missions. Furthermore, an experience management process had already been proposed in the mid-2000s for the then Joint Forces Command (OPIL), but this was considered not to have been fully implemented.As a direct result of this, an internal investigation, under the direction of brigadier general <mask>, was added to analyze and propose measures to accelerate the development and implementation rate of systematic experience management. In 2010, <mask> led a commission of inquiry into the killings of two Swedish officers in Afghanistan. Later life
<mask> was the chairman of the Fortifikationsklubben ("Fortification Club"), an association of fortification officers, engineer officers and officers of the Road and Waterway Construction Service Corps. Dates of rank
1969 – Lieutenant
19?? – Captain
19?? – Major
1986 – Lieutenant Colonel
19?? – Colonel
????– Brigadier General

Honours
Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences (9 April 2007)

Bibliography

References

1947 births
Living people
Swedish Army brigadier generals
United Nations military personnel
United Nations Protection Force soldiers
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences
Swedish officials of the United Nations

masks:
Gunnar Isberg
Isberg
Isberg
Isberg
Isberg
Isberg
Isberg
Isberg
Isberg
Isberg
Isberg
Isberg
Isberg
Isberg
Isberg
Isberg
Isberg
Isberg
Isberg
Isberg
Isberg
Isberg
Isberg
Isberg
Isberg
Isberg
Isberg
Isberg


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 1956) is an American Bay Area visual, public and performance artist whose work includes murals, paintings, sculpture and multimedia installations. She has split her practice between community-based public art and gallery and performance works that mix satire, feminism and cultural critique. Poethig emerged in the 1980s as socially engaged collaborations with youth and marginalized groups (e.g., by artists such as Tim Rollins and K.O.S.) gained increasing attention; she has worked as an artist and educator with diverse immigrant communities, children from five to seventeen, senior citizens, incarcerated women and mental health patients, among others. Artweek critic Meredith Tromble places her in an activist tradition running from Jacques-Louis David through Diego Rivera to Barbara Kruger, writing that her work, including more than fifty major murals and installations, combines "the idealist and caustic." Poethig has been commissioned to create public art projects throughout the Bay Area and California, and in Chicago, Milwaukee, Cuba and Tbilisi, Georgia. She has exhibited internationally, and at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Bronx Museum of the Arts, Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (BAM/PFA), Asian Art Museum (San Francisco) and Yerba Buena Center for the Arts.She has been recognized with awards from the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) and California Arts Council, among others. Poethig is based in Oakland, California. Early life and career
Poethig was born in 1956 in Morristown, New Jersey. Her parents, Eunice and Richard, both Presbyterian missionaries, moved the family to Manila shortly after Poethig's birth; she grew up in a Filipino community, speaking fluent Tagalog and learning about social issues and global politics from a Filipino perspective. In 1972, the family moved to Chicago, where she studied at the American Academy of Art and became interested in public art, by William Walker among others. In the late 1970s, she attended University of California, Santa Cruz, earning a BA in anthropology, politics and art in 1980. After graduating, Poethig moved to San Francisco and made connections with women artists and the SoMA (South of Market) Filipino community.Her work on a mural for the The Women's Building with six artists in 1982 set her on a collaborative, public-art path. In the subsequent decade, she won mural commissions in the Bay Area and Los Angeles and California Arts Council awards; she also taught art at a SoMA mental health center. Poethig augmented these experiences with graduate studies at Mills College (MFA, 1992), which added a more conceptual layer to her work. In 1994, she founded Inner City Public Arts Projects for Youth and served as artistic director for six years on a number of collaborative projects in San Francisco's Tenderloin and SoMA neighborhoods. That same year, she joined the faculty of the Visual and Public Art department at California State University, Monterey Bay (CSUMB), where she taught until 2018 and is Professor Emerita. Work
In both public and gallery/performance art, Poethig draws on her cross-cultural experience and social consciousness to create inclusive work intended to offer an alternative to dominant advertising messages and American conventions of individualism and competition. Writers place her among a second generation of San Francisco community muralists, distinguished by their greater eclecticism, departure from the original Mexican mural model, and focus on identity issues.Her murals are noted for their mix of realist and expressionist modes, balance of message and aesthetics, atypical use of stylization and abstraction, and emphasis on previously unrecognized Southeast Asian communities. Poethig's gallery/performance work takes a satirical feminist approach, often critiquing glamour, consumerism and constructions of identity. Murals
Many of Poethig's murals pay tribute to San Francisco immigrant groups. Ang Lipi ni Lapu-Lapu (1984) depicts the origin legends and history of Filipino immigration to the United States, while Gabrielino Nation (1995, San Pedro, with Roberto Salas) recognizes the Gabrielinos, the area's earliest inhabitants. In Lakas Sambayanan (People's Power) (1986), she commemorated the peaceful overthrow of the Marcos dictatorship and rise to power of Corazon Aquino in the Philippines; its surreal central image depicts marchers pouring out of a shattered Ferdinand Marcos bust alongside images of Aquino cradling her slain husband, protesters and symbols of the country's catholic, Muslim and historic influences. The I-Hotel Mural (2010)—on San Francisco's International Hotel, a home to pioneer Chinese and Filipino immigrants demolished in 1977 and reopened in 2005—depicts the long struggle for low-income housing and features former (evicted) residents and activists in that fight. The multistory Calle de la Eternidad (1993) represents the dislocation, adaptation and aspiration of the Los Angeles Latina/o community through a monumental pair of hands outstretched toward the sky (and background skyscrapers), which emerge from an Aztec calendar containing an Octavio Paz poem; the title references the Broadway Avenue location, once a funeral procession route known as the "Street of Eternity."The colorful, three-dimensional Tiene la lumbre por dentro (He Has the Fire Within Him) (2000, Sonoma State University) honors César Chavez and the Farm Workers Movement with images of Chavez, Dolores Huerta. the Filipino labor movement and workers' hands, Chavez's words, and non-traditional layered wood surfaces expressing the rawness of the land. Some of Poethig's other well-known murals include the four-story Harvey Milk Memorial Mural (1988), depicting Milk in a free-spirited scene at a pride parade; To Cause To Remember (1992), an 80-foot image of a fallen Statue of Liberty chained at the feet, suggesting the nation's unrealized intentions; the 200-foot-long Stamps of Victory along Los Angeles's 110 Freeway (commissioned for the 1994 World Cup), which celebrates sport as a conduit for communication and international relations with global soccer-themed postage stamps; and Loop Tattoo (2005, Chicago), which employs a central swirl of dancers, musicians and athletes to represent the city's rich cultural life and a community sensibility. Two later works expand on the community theme: Intertwined (2010) encircles a Tenderloin low-income housing development in a colorful, eight-story ceramic-tile ribbon with outstretched hands and uplifting text, while the glass-mosaic Rainbow Power (2019, Oakland) uses a colorful light-wave-like backdrop that intersects local youth figures as a metaphor for the benefits of shared culture, ideas and friendship. Skylight: Transmission of Knowledge/Windows to Justice (2019, CSUMB) takes a more global perspective that includes an oculus open to the sky and symbolic references to the environment and sustenance, justice, ancient and modern knowledge, and multi-national perspectives. Other public works
Poethig's other collaborative public projects include ceramic-tile floor works and reliefs developed from fantastical children's drawings and youth workshops, playground and park sculptural installations, and city-sponsored poster and advertisement programs that incorporate conceptual approaches and critiques of capitalism. For Underdog Ad Agency (1995–6, with Delfina Piretti), she designed bus shelter posters with incarcerated women that lampooned corporate marketing strategies and encouraged positive change; a 1999 collaboration with prison inmates and CSUMB students produced bus shelter posters that addressed rising incarceration rates.Subsequent projects include "How I Saved San Francisco: New Media Heroes" (2000)—featuring youths cast as social-change heroes in imitation-movie posters installed in city kiosks—and "Cab Top Ads" (2001, also with Piretti), a series of ads on taxis that offered alternatives to media images of women and critical messages regarding objectification, sex work and gender issues. In 2014, Poethig and Mildred Howard were chosen by the East Bay Transit board as lead artists, with Peter Richards and Joyce Hsu, to integrate public art into the architecture of 34 planned stations along a new 9.5-mile system. The project, Cultural Corridor/Urban Flow—completed in early 2021—uses the title's flow motif, visually connecting the stations with a ribbon of descriptive and poetic words and images reflecting the many neighborhoods it passes through. Its elements were rendered in laser-cut aluminum on handrail panels and decorative windscreens. They incorporate community input, ideas and facts as well as aesthetic cues (e.g., traditional cultures' cut papercrafts, architecture, colors), while also taking advantage of shifts in light and cast shadow conditions to create. shifting visual interest. Gallery work and performance
Poethig's wide-ranging gallery and performance art investigates issues involving colonization, identity and glamour, consumerism and technology through statuettes and paintings, subversive mock products, installations, games, and performance.She has collaborated on video/sound collaborations with her husband, composer Chris Brown, and performances with the artist collective DIWA Arts and the group WIGband (herself, Barbara Golden, and sometimes others). Since 1986, WIGband has produced politically incorrect shows ("Lifestyles of the Poor and Shameless", 1989), films (the exercise video Silver Abs and Golden Buns), songs and CDs (Lick Me to Heaven). Much of Poethig's work explores mainstream and cross-cultural constructions of identity. Her NEA-award-winning "The Untouchables" (1996) consisted of small ceramic figures cast from the ubiquitous Barbie doll mold that were adapted into representations of the American white upper class. That work mutated into "Babaylan Barbies" depicting Filipino archetypes and idols—including a shamaness, beauty pageant queen and biker—which were featured in a Manila/San Francisco exhibit of Filipina-American artists at San Francisco State University in 1998. Poethig's exhibition Barrionics Does Barrioque (2003, with Anne Perez and Rico Reyes) explored similar themes through paintings (gold-framed vignettes of body parts) and mixed-media performance that employed exaggeration and incongruity to comment on Filipinaness, femininity, imperialism and globalization; Artweek'''s Mark van Proyen described it as "a new performativity" embracing camp, cultural leveling and mockery of commodity fetishism.Van Proyen, Mark. "'Barrionics does Barrioque' at Togonon Gallery," Artweek, May 2003, p. 16.In 2016, Poethig curated "Songs for Women Living With War" (ProArts Gallery), which memorialized and gave voice to the experiences of women in war, in particular, Filipino "comfort women" during World War II.Santos, Dorothy. "Artists Help Break the Silence Around Abuse of Women in War," Hyperallergic, November 1, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2020. Poethig contributed Bahay Ni Lola (2016), a large, three-walled installation/monument that included the faces of comfort women, a woven banig (Filipino grass mat) draped with stories from women collected by author M. Evelina Galang, and voices knit into an abstract sound composition by Anne Perez. Poethig also frequently examines the excesses and contradictions of consumer capitalism. In the late 1990s, she conceived a fictitious consumer products conglomeration (International House of Cargo) and alter-ego (CEO Angel Savage, costumed as a hospital candy-striper/nun) in order to satirize the "cargo cult" mentality of American market culture.Helfand, Glen. "<mask>g," <mask>hig: RX, San Francisco: Washington Square Gallery, 2000.The firm's painted and sculpted offerings included technologically advanced pharmaceuticals (the "RX Series"), new age cures (Omega 3-infused cigarettes and Spring Chicken: Genomix, a bio-engineered, therapeutic snack food), beauty products and fashions, pitched as effortless solutions to a conflicting array of fears, fetishes and neuroses. In two multimedia exhibitions—"The Glamour Summit" (2000) and "Glamorgeddon" (2015)—Poethig considered glamour as a form of colonization and social construct, poking fun at fashion aesthetics and obsessions with paintings, performances and refigured objects (e.g., bedazzled hardhats, traffic cones and bowling pins); reviewers describe the shows as "kitschy, trashy, intelligent" balances of "extravagance and thoughtfulness. "Nataraj, Nirmala. "'Glamorgeddon: The Spectacle' looks to entertain and empower,"  San Francisco Chronicle, January 7, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2020. In the show "Driven" (2007, Togonon Gallery), Poethig narrowed her focus to the American dependency on large, gas-guzzling vehicles to assuage angst (loneliness, inadequacy, fear); the show featured paintings of women seemingly seduced or pacified by their vehicles and a large painted-tile rendering of a Hummer (Security), accompanied by an ominous, almost subliminal soundtrack conceived with Chris Brown. In the later shows "Positional Vertigo," "Phyllotaxis and Parastichy in a Time of Love and War," and "Impossible Matter" (Mercury 20 Gallery, 2017–9), Poethig explored the innate search for the mystical in a culture of media overload, mathematical patterns in nature's terrestrial and extraterrestrial life systems, and alternative natural histories through spinning wheels of fortune, paintings, prints, sculpture costumes and props, and original texts.Frock, Christian L. "Positional Vertigo," San Francisco Chronicle, 2017.Frock, Christian L. "Jill McLennan, Johanna Poethig, Fernando Reyes," San Francisco Arts Chronicle Monthly, November 2019.Awards
Poethig has been recognized by the California Arts Council (1989, 1995, 1996), Social and Public Art Resource Center (SPARC) in Los Angeles (1993 commission; Siqueiros Award, 2013), National Endowment for the Arts (1996), and Potrero Nuevo Fund Prize (1999), among others; her ceramic-and-paint mural Dragonfly'' won a San Francisco Beautification Award (2001). In 2021, she was awarded a California Arts Council Legacy Artist Fellowship. She has received artist residencies in Manila and Tblisi (Georgia), and at the Montalvo Arts Center and Headlands Center for the Arts, among others. References

External links
Johanna Poethig official website
Johanna Poethig, San Francisco Mural Arts
Johanna Poethig page, Public Art and Architecture from Around the World
Johanna Poethig artist page, Mercury 20 Gallery
Johanna Poethig: Public artist, Mata ng Agila

1956 births
Living people
21st-century American artists
American women painters
Mixed-media artists
People from Morristown, New Jersey
Public art
Artists from San Francisco
University of California, Santa Cruz alumni
Mills College alumni
21st-century American women artists

masks:
Johanna Poethig
Johanna Poethi
Johanna Poet


text_chunks:
<mask> is the main alias of the Indo (Eurasian) intellectual and writer Jan Boon (born Nijmegen, 10 January 1911; died The Hague, 22 April 1974) also known as Vincent Mahieu. His father Cornelis Boon, a Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL) sergeant, was Dutch and his Indo-European mother <mask> was part Scottish and Javanese. He is considered to be the author of unique Indo literature. <mask> became the most influential post war Indo activist of his generation and the most important promoter of Indo culture anywhere. In his essay "Sweet Java, about <mask>." Rudy Kousbroek, one of the Netherlands foremost essayists, simply called him "one of the greatest Dutch writers". His aim as cultural guardian was to preserve Indo culture for the future or as he put it himself: "To create living monuments for an immortal past.".In his most vivid description of the Eurasian nature of his Indo identity <mask> Robinsion wrote:
"I did not care that people wanted to call me ‘neither fish nor fowl,’ and wanted to label me (an Indo), either Indonesian or Dutch. For them I just had to choose between the two, right? Nevertheless, I stubbornly named the turtle as ‘neither fish nor fowl,’ and praised this animal as a unique, land-and-sea-lover who lives to very old ages, whose meat has an excellent taste, and who cuts through oceans from continent to continent. I said, "Just as I do not find the turtle inferior, although he is neither fish nor fowl, I do not think the Indo inferior." <mask> <mask>'s book 'Tjies' was awarded a literary prize by the municipality of Amsterdam in 1958. <mask> is the best read Dutch author in Indonesia. Life in the Dutch East Indies
Born in Nijmegen, the Netherlands, he spent the first 44 years of his life in the Dutch East Indies.When he was a 3-months-old baby his family returned to the Dutch East Indies. As a child he lived and went to primary school in Meester Cornelis (now Jatinegara). He attended secondary schooling (MULO) in Batavia (now Jakarta). Although an eager and astute student he was also an avid and allround athlete and boxer, winning the Silver medal at the high jump and the Gold medal at the pentathlon during the Athletics Championships of Java in 1933. After completing college and obligatory military service he got married and went on to become a teacher at the so-called 'Wild (unsubsidised) Schools' on Java and Sumatra. In 1936 he became a contributing editor for the 'Batavian Newspaper' (Dutch: Bataviaasch Nieuwsblad), founded in 1885 by author P.A. Daum.It was one of the leading newspapers in the Dutch East Indies, that had also employed other important Indo writers like Karel Zaalberg, Ernest Douwes Dekker and Victor Ido. During World War II (1942–1945) he was interned in various Japanese concentration camps such as Tjimahi and the infamous Changi Prison. Imprisoned in Tjimahi <mask> <mask> kept on writing. He was part of a small group of intellectuals (including Leo Vroman and Rob Nieuwenhuys) that engaged in cultural activity. For a while <mask> <mask> was even able to print a camp periodical named 'Kampkroniek' (Camp Chronicles) and a pamphlet named 'Onschendbaar Domein' (Inviolable Domain). The gruesome war experience obviously influenced his life philosophy, nevertheless <mask> <mask> never wrote much about his years as a POW. On occasion he tried to reflect with an uneasy mix of shame and fascination: "Sometimes I reluctantly look back at that time I am supposed to hate.(60 years and 60 thousand emotions packed into 1 night.) Surrounded by life-threatening situations and you know your alone against Fate. Fight, Johny Brown, fight. Ulcers, malaria, diphtheria, bullits and landmines. [...] Knowing physical exhaustion, the stench of swamps, the rattling of snakes, anachoic hunting grounds." After the war he survived the bedlam of the Bersiap period (1945–1946) and even worked as editor in chief for the magazine Wapenbroeders (Brothers in Arms), where he was also the creator of the popular 'Taaie & Neut' cartoon series. In 1946 he was promoted to captain and served as war correspondent for the KNIL's Public Relations Office (Dutch: Leger voorlichtings dienst) in amongst others the volatile region of Kediri, East Java.After Indonesia gained independence he remarried in 1950 and moved to Borneo with his new wife, who was working for the Bruynzeel corporation in the timber industry. There he adopted the alias 'Vincent Mahieu' (named after Indo icon Auguste Mahieu (1865–1903), founder of the Komedie Stamboel Indo opera) and wrote much of his work for the books 'Tjies' & 'Tjoek'. His wife Lillian Ducelle recalls:
... he was home writing. We lived outside of the city along a river. Rats as big as cats ran through our little house. Sometimes we had no water or electricity - but he had the time of his life. In our time there he wrote most of his 'Vincent Mahieu' oeuvre.Typewriter on a wooden case turned over, he just kept on typing. He said: "This is where I live." Scholar, translator and poet E.M. Beekman describes the work as follows: "These stories show a refined talent, a powerful imagination, an inquisitive intellect and a whole lot of feeling." Both books were translated into Indonesian in 1976 by H.B. Jassin. The latter book into German in 1993 by W.Hüsmert. English translations by M. Alibasah were published in 1995.From 1952 to 1954 he worked as journalist for the newspaper 'Nieuwsgier' where he was continuously reflecting on life in his ever-changing homeland and wrote most of his often re-printed work 'Piekerans van een straatslijper.' 'Piekerans' (Musings) is the Petjok word <mask> <mask> used to name his weekly essays in the newspaper, which in essence do not significantly differ from the work of his famous Dutch contemporary in the Netherlands Simon Carmiggelt. Together their work grew into a separate genre in Dutch literature and found successors in among others Rudy Kousbroek. He also became contributing editor with the cultural and literary magazine 'Orientatie', which published many of his short stories. In his story writing he excelled as a literary interpreter of everyday life of Indos in the Dutch East Indies. Life in the Netherlands
In 1955 he left for the Netherlands and first lived in Amsterdam and later in The Hague, where he became a zealous activist for the preservation of Indo culture. Initially he wrote columns reflecting on repatriation in Dutch newspaper 'Het Parool', where he became a direct colleague of Simon Carmiggelt, and simultaneously kept catering for the Indos still in Indonesia by writing for Surabaya based 'De Vrije Pers' (The Free Press).He originally attempted to find connection with the cultural and literary establishment of the Netherlands, but unwilling to assimilate he wanted to establish his own cultural network of Indo authors and artists. To groom the 62-year-old Indo author Maria Dermoût who successfully debuted in 1955 he wrote her: "I am Mrs Dermoût, a barefoot child of the free seas and free mountains. Even when death would be my prediction, I will keep fighting an injustice that does not threaten me personally, but our cultural conscience (if there is such a thing)." He soon started a short-lived magazine called 'Gerilja' (Guerrilla), sub-titled 'Magazine for Self-preservation', after which he took over editorial responsibility of the monthly magazine 'De Brug' (The Bridge) in 1957, which he wanted to transform into a weekly Indo magazine. This became the predecessor of his magazine ‘Tong Tong’, sub-titled 'The only Indo magazine in the Netherlands', established one year later (1958) and that lives on to this day under the name ‘Moesson’. The magazine's main target audience was the Indo community in diaspora. At its peak in 1961 the magazine had 11,000 paying subscribers and reached an estimated 77,000 readers, one third of the Indo community in the Netherlands.Another living monument of his achievements is the annual Pasar Malam Besar (renamed to 'Tong Tong Fair' in 2009) which he co-founded in 1959. In a 1958 example how <mask> <mask> used the Tong Tong Magazine to elucidate both his own Indo community and Dutch public opinion, his editorial reaction to a government study about the repatriation from Indonesia contradicts the widespread notion Indo culture was merely a thin facade laid over a Dutch foundation. Using the evidence of centuries old Portuguese family names many Indos carried and matriarchal kinship relations within Eurasian communities, he argued that in origin the Indos
sprang from an ancient mestizo culture going back all the way to the beginning of the European involvement in Asia. When in 1960 and 1961 he published his best-known work, respectively the books Tjies and Tjoek, Dutch literary critics immediately praised his style and narrative. However they found it hard to comprehend the Indies environment he was describing. <mask> <mask> himself consequently decided to give all his focus to the advancement of the Indo community in diaspora and the social objectives he coupled to that, by solely publishing in his own magazine. In 1963 he wrote: "I couldn't care less about literary life, in reality that only means your a name in a bookcase.Writing should have a living social function. 90% of what we call literature is just phraseology, obsequious embellishment and blatherskite." <mask> <mask> developed a life philosophy that evolves around the nature of the Hunt, regularly writing about the

masks:
Tjalie Robinson
Fela Robinson
Tjalie Robinson
Tlie Robinson
Tjalie
Tjalie
Robinson
Robinson
Tjalie
Robinson
Tjalie
Robinson
Tjalie
Robinson
Tjalie
Robinson
Tjalie
Robinson
Tjalie
Robinson
Tjalie
Robinson


text_chunks:
 practice of hunting as a parable for 'real' and 'truthful' living as he saw it. In his stories the Hunt often returns as a theme to intellectually explore 'dangerous' and 'courageous' life and particularly to depict the life and culture of Indos. In the Netherlands he emerged as a sharp critic of assimilation, putting the hunting lifestyle of the Indo opposite to mundane lifestyle in the West. <mask> <mask> has been attributed to having single-handedly preserved the historic hybrid Indo culture of the Dutch East Indies in literature.... with the wisdom of hindsight we now know that <mask> <mask> was one of the most original writers of post war Dutch literature, that in the nick of time he secured something that otherwise would have been lost to us: how people felt, thought and spoke in the now lost world of the Indo community on Java. Rudy Kousbroek, 1989.Later years
In search of a global vision on Indo culture and in a continued effort to resist assimilation <mask> <mask> traveled to Latin America, where he compared the Indo community with the racially mixed people of that continent. Already in the Dutch East Indies he had admired the status of the Creole language Papiamento and the cultural expressions of the Dutch Antilles. He also sympathised with the philosophical writings of the Spanish essayist Jose Ortega y Gasset, an outspoken proponent of perspectivism and in 1961 even initiated the creation of an Indo enclave in Spain, named 'El Atabal'. Later he moved to the United States (1963–1968) and lived in Whittier, California, where he founded 'The American Tong Tong’. He felt there was less resistance in the USA to ethnic profiling of minorities and to create a cultural sanctuary for Indos he set up the Indo Community Center 'De Soos' in Victorville, near Los Angeles, which only allowed membership to people that were also subscribed to the 'American Tong Tong' magazine. Already before his emigration to the USA he was full of admiration for multi-cultural New York City and wrote: "All these different ethnic minorities (in New York City) are allowed to be who they are (only in Holland we still believe in the folly of assimilation) and – strange as it may sound – they are all American. And now look at how richly they affect New York.All these people that can remain true to themselves, give their own flair and character to American life." His literary work found comparisons with Flannery O'Connor, writer of Mystery and Manners. Occasional Prose. (as well as other Southern United States authors like Faulkner and Eudora Welty), who appropriately wrote that "great talent can put a small local history into a universal light". In his analysis of Tjalie <mask> professor E.M. Beekman also pointed out that he quite often cited or referred to American authors like: Mark Twain, Henry Miller, Tennessee Williams, T. S. Eliot and even Robert Frost when he was still an unknown writer in Europe. To save the Dutch 'Tong Tong' magazine that was suffering from a dwindling number of subscribers he returned to the Netherlands in 1968, where he spent the final years of his life. <mask> <mask> died in 1974.The necrology of this "avant garde visionary" reads: "In The Hague at the age of 63 Indo journalist and author <mask> <mask> passed away. After his return from Indonesia he had wholeheartedly given his all to preserve the unique identity of the Indo community in the Netherlands. [...] Many of his endeavours encountered resistance, but appreciation was paramount." His ashes were scattered in the Java Sea at Sunda Kelapa in Jakarta the same year. His son recalls: "Then – under the soft sounds of Kroncong music – the urn was slowly emptied into the sea. <mask> was home." Legacy
Part of his literary legacy is the fact that he wrote much of his work in the Indo mix language called Petjok, also known as petjo or pecuk, giving it a status that it never had in the Dutch East Indies and providing academic linguistic research a substantial database.His work varies between the melancholy reminiscence of the Indos in diaspora, caught in the term Tempo Doeloe, the positioning of post-colonial Indo identity and the study of a global Eurasian cultural domain. ... an outstanding figure who helped shape and pass on the legacy of the Dutch colonial past from the East Indies, <mask> <mask>. An author who not only was a prominent voice in the colonial period, but also throughout the years of decolonisation, and during the ensuing postcolonial era. In his life and work can be detected a reflection of twentieth-century processes of change in the relations between the Netherlands and its former colony in the East. (Professor Dr. Wim Willems describing Tjali <mask> as a cultural mediator from the East.) His greatest achievement as described by Kousbroek may have been that he was: "... the only one that has restored their (Indo) self respect and granted us insight into their culture and has written about it with the hand of a master." His work is still regularly re-issued by publisher Moesson, The Hague.and often cited in academic studies. In 1992 on the facade of <mask> <mask>'s place of birth, Dominicanenstraat 117 in Nijmegen, a memorial was unveiled by the 'Literary Cafe Nijmegen', in collaboration with the Municipality of Nijmegen and the 'Cultural Council Gelderland'. In 2008 it was announced that a square would be named after him in The Hague. In 2008 Wim Willems published his biography: <mask> <mask>, Indo writer and in 2009 his compiled letters Writing with your fists, <mask> <mask>s letters for which the author received the literary award 'Witte Prijs' in 2010. In 2009 commemorating <mask> <mask>'s death 35 years ago a modern multi-media theater play based on his stories was performed in Bandung and Jakarta, Indonesia. The play was also performed during the 2011 Tong Tong Fair in The Hague, Netherlands. The 'Tong Tong' magazine, renamed to 'Moesson' in 1978 lives on to this day with his widow Lillian Ducelle as director and chief editor up to 1993.Lillian Ducelle: "I can not replace my husband, but I can continue his work." 50 seasons of published editions of both the Dutch and American magazine are available online in the digital archive of the official website. The 'American Tong Tong' magazine, renamed 'The Indo' lives on to this day with Rene Creutzburg as editor and publisher, who in 2007 was awarded a Royal ribbon in the 'Order of Orange-Nassau' for his efforts over the past 44 years. This Dutch and English language magazine is still an official body of the Indo Community Center 'De Soos', established by <mask> <mask> in 1963. His Tong Tong Fair remains an annual event in The Hague and many Pasar Malam events inspired by it are held throughout the Netherlands yearly. Family
He married Edith de Bruijn in 1934. After her death in 1938 he married Ivonne Benice Christine Niggebrugge in 1940.After their divorce in 1949 he married Lilly Mary Hermine van Zele, also known under alias Lillian Ducelle, in 1950. He has 1 son and 2 daughters from his first marriage, 1 son and 1 daughter from his second marriage and 1 son and 1 daughter from his third marriage. Many of his family (wife, children, grandchildren) were actively involved in running both his magazine and festival. Publications (selection)
 1960 Tjies (Alias Vincent Mahieu) First edition 1955. Second edition 1958. 1961 Tjoek (Alias Vincent Mahieu)
 1965 Piekerans van een straatslijper (Alias Tjalie <mask>) Compiled work from amongst others his Dutch East Indies 'Nieuwsgier' newspaper columns. 1974 Piekeren in Nederland (Alias Tjalie <mask>) Compiled work from amongst others his Dutch 'Het Parool' newspaper columns.1974 Piekerans bij een voorplaat (ed. L. Ducelle)
 1979  'Memory and agony: Dutch stories from Indonesia (collected and introduced by Rob Nieuwenhuys, translated to English by Adrienne Dixon)
 1984 Ik en Bentiet (Alias Tjalie <mask>) Humorous dialogues containing much Petjo language in the narrative context. 1989 Schuilen voor de regen (Alias Vincent Mahieu)
 1990 Schat, schot, schat (Alias Vincent Mahieu)
 1992 Verzameld werk (Alias Vincent Mahieu)
 1992 Didi in Holland (Alias Didi) Essays written under alias Didi from his column in newspaper Het Parool. 1993 The Hunt for the Heart: Selected Tales from the Dutch East Indies (Alias Vincent Mahieu) Work translated to English by Margaret M. Alibasah. 16, Nr. 1/2: 1–28

Further reading
 Beekman E.M. Fugitive dreams: an anthology of Dutch colonial literature (Publisher: University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, 1988)

External links
  Interview with <mask> <mask> at 07:30m.Dossier Karpaan (NCRV TV channel, 16-10-1961) Original video footage TV documentary about Spijtoptanten on Dutch History Website. Retrieved 09-10-2011
  Comprehensive online selection of stories & poetry by <mask> <mask>. Article on <mask> <mask>'s 'Pasar Malam Besar' aka 'Tong Tong Fair' by Jean van de Kok for RNW, 2005. Research programme Berkeley University
 Research programme Amsterdam University
  DBNL - Digital library of Dutch literature
  ING - Institute for Dutch history
  Fragments of Tjalie <mask>'s writings. Retrieved 27 oct 2010

Notes

1911 births
1974 deaths
Dutch writers
Indo people
People of the Dutch East Indies
Dutch people of Indonesian descent
Dutch people of Scottish descent
World War II civilian prisoners held by Japan
Postcolonialism
Neocolonialism
Postcolonial literature
People from Nijmegen
People from Batavia, Dutch

masks: Tjalie Robinson Tjalie Robinson Tjalie Robinson Robinson Tjalie Robinson Tjalie Robinson Tjalie Tjalie Robinson Robinson Tjalie Robinson Tjalie Robinson Tjalie Robinson Tjalie Robinson Tjalie Robinson Robinson Robinson Robinson Tjalie Robinson Tjalie Robinson Tjalie Robinson Robinson


text_chunks:
<mask> (born JoAnne Deborah Byron; July 16, 1947; also  married name, JoAnne Chesimard) is a former member of the Black Liberation Army (BLA), who was convicted in the first-degree murder of State Trooper Werner Foerster during a shootout on the New Jersey Turnpike in 1973. Shakur is wanted by the FBI and there is a $2 million reward for her apprehension. Born in Flushing, Queens, she grew up in New York City and Wilmington, North Carolina. After she ran away from home several times, her aunt, who would later act as one of her lawyers, took her in. She became involved in political activism at Borough of Manhattan Community College and City College of New York. After graduation, she began using the name <mask>, and briefly joined the Black Panther Party. She then joined the  BLA, a loosely knit offshoot of the Black Panthers, which engaged in an armed struggle against the US government through tactics such as robbing banks and killing police officers and drug dealers.Between 1971 and 1973, she was charged with several crimes and was the subject of a multi-state manhunt. In May 1973, Shakur was arrested after being wounded in a shootout on the New Jersey Turnpike. Also involved in the shootout were New Jersey State Troopers Werner Foerster and James Harper and BLA members Sundiata Acoli and Zayd <mask>. State Trooper Harper was wounded; Zayd <mask> was killed; State Trooper Foerster was killed. Between 1973 and 1977, Shakur was charged with murder, attempted murder, armed robbery, bank robbery, and kidnapping in relation to the shootout and six other incidents. She was acquitted on three of the charges and three were dismissed. In 1977, she was convicted of the murder of State Trooper Foerster and of seven other felonies related to the 1973 shootout.Her defense had argued medical evidence suggested her innocence. While serving a life sentence for murder, Shakur escaped in 1979 from the Clinton Correctional Facility for Women in Union Township, NJ, now the Edna Mahan Correctional Facility for Women. She surfaced in Cuba in 1984, where she was granted political asylum. Shakur has lived in Cuba since, despite US government efforts to have her returned. She has been on the FBI Most Wanted Terrorists list since 2013 as Joanne Deborah Chesimard and was the first woman to be added to this list. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born Joanne Deborah Byron, in Flushing, Queens, New York City, on July 16, 1947. She lived for three years with her mother, school teacher Doris E. Johnson, and retired grandparents, Lula and Frank Hill.In 1950, Shakur's parents divorced and she moved with her grandparents to Wilmington, North Carolina. After elementary school, Shakur moved back to Queens to live with her mother and stepfather (her mother had remarried); she attended Parsons Junior High School. Shakur still frequently visited her grandparents in the south. Her family struggled financially and argued frequently; Shakur spent little time at home. She often ran away, staying with strangers and working for short periods of time, until she was taken in by her mother's sister Evelyn A. Williams, a civil rights worker who lived in Manhattan. Shakur has said that her aunt was the heroine of her childhood, as she was constantly introducing her to new things. She said that her aunt was "very sophisticated and knew all kinds of things.She was right up my alley because i [sic] was forever asking all kinds of questions. I wanted to know everything." Williams often took the girl to museums, theaters, and art galleries. Shakur converted to Roman Catholicism as a child and attended the all-girls Cathedral High School, for six months before transferring to public high school. She attended for a while before dropping out. Shakur is no longer Catholic. Her aunt helped her to later earn a General Educational Development (GED) degree.Often there were few or no other black students in her Catholic high school class. Shakur later wrote that teachers seemed surprised when she answered a question in class, as if not expecting black people to be intelligent and engaged. She said she was taught a sugar-coated version of history that ignored the oppression suffered by people of color, especially in the United States. In her autobiography, she wrote: "I didn’t know what a fool they had made out of me until I grew up and started to read real history". Shakur attended Borough of Manhattan Community College (BMCC) and then the City College of New York (CCNY) in the mid-1960s, where she became involved in many political activities, civil rights protests, and sit-ins. She was arrested for the first time—with 100 other BMCC students—in 1967, on charges of trespassing. The students had chained and locked the entrance to a college building to protest the low numbers of black faculty and the lack of a black studies program.In April 1967, she married Louis Chesimard, a fellow student-activist at CCNY. Their married life ended within a year; they divorced in December 1970. In her 320-page memoir, Shakur gave one paragraph to her marriage, saying that it ended over their differing views of gender roles. Black Panther Party and Black Liberation Army
After graduation from CCNY, Shakur moved to Oakland, California, where she joined the Black Panther Party (BPP). In Oakland, Shakur worked with the BPP to organize protests and community education programs. After returning to New York City, Shakur led the BPP chapter in Harlem, coordinating the Free Breakfast Program for children, free clinics, and community outreach. But she soon left the party, disliking the macho behavior of the men and believing that the BPP members and leaders lacked knowledge and understanding of United States black history.Shakur joined the Black Liberation Army (BLA), an offshoot whose members were inspired by the Vietcong and the Algerian independence fighters of the Battle of Algiers. They mounted a campaign of guerilla activities against the U.S. government, using such tactics as planting bombs, holding up banks, and murdering drug dealers and police. She began using the name <mask> Olugbala <mask> in 1971, rejecting Joanne Chesimard as a "slave name". Assata is a West African name, derived from the Arabic name Aisha, said to mean "she who struggles", while Shakur means "thankful one" in Arabic. Olugbala means "savior" in Yoruba. She identified as an African and felt her old name no longer fit: "It sounded so strange when people called me Joanne. It really had nothing to do with me.I didn’t feel like no Joanne, or no negro, or no amerikan. I felt like an African woman". Allegations and manhunt
Beginning in 1971, Shakur was allegedly involved in several incidents of assault and robbery, in which she was charged or identified as wanted for questioning, including attacks on New York City police and bank robberies in the area. On April 6, 1971, Shakur was shot in the stomach during a struggle with a guest at the Statler Hilton Hotel in Midtown Manhattan. According to police, Shakur knocked on the door of a guest's room, asked "Is there a party going on here? ", then displayed a revolver and demanded money. In 1987, Shakur confirmed to a journalist that there was a drug connection in this incident but refused to elaborate.She was booked on charges of attempted robbery, felonious assault, reckless endangerment, and possession of a deadly weapon, then released on bail. Shakur is alleged to have said that she was glad that she had been shot; afterward, she was no longer afraid to be shot again. Following an August 23, 1971, bank robbery in Queens, Shakur was sought for questioning. A photograph of a woman (who was later alleged to be <mask>) wearing thick-rimmed black glasses, with a high hairdo pulled tightly over her head, and pointing a gun, was widely displayed in banks. The New York Clearing House Association paid for full-page ads displaying material about Shakur. In 1987, when asked in Cuba about police allegations that the BLA gained funds by conducting bank robberies and theft, Shakur responded, "There were expropriations, there were bank robberies." On December 21, 1971, <mask> was named by the New York City Police Department as one of four suspects in a hand grenade attack that destroyed a police car and injured two officers in Maspeth, Queens.When a witness identified <mask> and Andrew Jackson from Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) photographs, a 13-state alarm was issued three days after the attack. Law enforcement officials in Atlanta, Georgia, said that <mask> and Jackson had lived together in Atlanta for several months in the summer of 1971. Shakur was wanted for questioning for wounding a police officer on January 26, 1972 who was attempting to serve a traffic summons in Brooklyn. After an $89,000 Brooklyn bank robbery on March 1, 1972, a Daily News headline asked: "Was that JoAnne?" Shakur was identified as wanted for questioning after a September 1, 1972, bank robbery in the Bronx. Based on FBI photographs, Monsignor John Powis alleged that Shakur was involved in an armed robbery at Our Lady of the Presentation Church in Brownsville, Brooklyn, on September 14, 1972. In 1972, Shakur became the subject of a nationwide manhunt after the FBI alleged that she led a Black Liberation Army cell that had conducted a "series of cold-blooded murders of New York City police officers".The FBI said these included the "execution style murders" of New York City Police Officers Joseph Piagentini and Waverly Jones on May 21, 1971, and NYPD officers Gregory Foster and Rocco Laurie on January 28, 1972. Shakur was alleged to have been directly involved with the Foster and Laurie murders, and involved tangentially with the Piagentini and Jones murders. Some sources identify Shakur as the de facto head of the BLA after the arrest of co-founder Dhoruba Moore. Robert Daley, Deputy Commissioner of the New York City Police, for example, described Shakur as "the final wanted fugitive, the soul of the gang, the mother hen who kept them together, kept them moving, kept them shooting". Years later, some police officers argued that her importance in the BLA had been exaggerated by the police. One officer said that they had created a "myth" to "demonize" Shakur because she was "educated", "young and pretty". As of February 17, 1972, when Shakur was identified as one of four BLA members on a short trip to Chattanooga, Tennessee, she was wanted for questioning (along with Robert Vickers, Twyman Meyers, Samuel Cooper, and Paul Stewart) in relation to police killings, a Queens bank robbery, and the grenade attack on police.Shakur was reported as one of six suspects in the ambushing of four policemen—two in Jamaica, Queens, and two in Brooklyn—on January 28, 1973. On April 16, 1981, Shakur was allegedly in the back seat of a van connected with a burglary. After the vehicle was pulled over, two men stepped out of the vehicle and opened fire on NYPD officers John Scarangella and Richard Rainey. The two men were charged with the murder of Officer Scarangella and attempted murder of Officer Rainey. By June 1973, an apparatus that would become the FBI's Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) was issuing nearly daily briefings on Shakur's status and the allegations against her. According to Cleaver and Katsiaficas, the FBI and local police "initiated a national search-and-destroy mission for suspected BLA members, collaborating in stakeouts that were the products of intensive political repression and counterintelligence campaigns like NEWKILL". They "attempted to tie Assata to every suspected action of the BLA involving a woman".The JTTF would later serve as the "coordinating body in the search for <mask> and the renewed campaign to smash the BLA", after her escape from prison. After her capture, however, Shakur was not charged with any of the crimes for which she was purportedly the subject of the manhunt. <mask> and others claim that she was targeted by the FBI's COINTELPRO as a result of her involvement with the black liberation organizations. Specifically, documentary evidence suggests that Shakur was targeted by an investigation named CHESROB, which "attempted to hook former New York Panther Joanne Chesimard (Assata <mask>) to virtually every bank robbery or violent crime involving a black woman on the East Coast". Although named after Shakur, CHESROB (like its predecessor, NEWKILL) was not limited to Shakur. Years later when she was living in Cuba, <mask> was asked about the BLA's alleged involvement in the killings of police officers. She said, "In reality, armed struggle historically has been used by people to liberate themselves...But the question lies in when do people use armed struggle... There were people [in the BLA] who absolutely took the position that it was just time to resist, and if black people didn't start to fight back against police brutality and didn't start to wage armed resistance, we would be annihilated." New Jersey Turnpike shootout
On May 2, 1973, at about 12:45 a.m., <mask> <mask>, along with Zayd <mask> (born James F. Costan) and Sundiata Acoli (born Clark Squire), were stopped on the New Jersey Turnpike in East Brunswick for driving with a broken tail light by State Trooper James Harper, backed up by Trooper Werner Foerster in a second patrol vehicle. The vehicle was "slightly" exceeding the speed limit. Recordings of Trooper Harper calling the dispatcher were played at the trials of both Acoli and Assata Shakur. The stop occurred  south of what was then the Turnpike Authority administration building. Acoli was driving the two-door vehicle, <mask> <mask> was seated in the right front seat, and Zayd <mask> was in the right rear seat.Trooper Harper asked the driver for identification, noticed a discrepancy, asked him to get out of the car, and questioned him at the rear of the vehicle. With the questioning of Acoli, accounts by participants of the confrontation begin to differ (see the witnesses section below). A shootout ensued in which  Trooper Foerster was shot twice in the head with his own gun and killed, Zayd <mask> was killed, and <mask> <mask> and Trooper Harper were wounded. According to initial police statements, at this point one or more of the suspects had begun firing with semiautomatic handguns, and Trooper Foerster fired four times before falling mortally wounded. At Acoli's trial, Harper testified that the gunfight started "seconds" after Foerster arrived at the scene. At this trial, Harper said that Foerster reached into the vehicle, pulled out and held up a semi-automatic pistol and ammunition magazine, and said "Jim, look what I found", while facing Harper at the rear of the vehicle. The police ordered <mask> <mask> and Zayd <mask> to put their hands on their laps and not to move; Harper said that <mask> <mask> reached down to the right of her right leg, pulled out a pistol, and shot him in the shoulder, after which he retreated to behind his vehicle.Questioned by prosecutor C. Judson Hamlin, Harper said he saw Foerster shot just as <mask> <mask> was hit by bullets from Harper's gun. In his opening statement to a jury, Hamlin said that Acoli shot Foerster with a .38 caliber semiautomatic pistol and used Foerster's own gun to "execute him". According to the testimony of State Police investigators, two jammed semi-automatic pistols were discovered near Foerster's body. Acoli drove the car (a white Pontiac LeMans with Vermont license plates)—which contained <mask> <mask>, who was wounded, and Zayd <mask>, who was dead or dying— down the road. The vehicle was chased by three patrol cars and the booths down the turnpike were alerted. Acoli stopped and exited the car and, after being ordered to halt by a trooper, fled into the woods as the trooper emptied his gun. <mask> <mask> walked toward the trooper with her bloodied arms raised in surrender.Acoli was captured after a 36-hour manhunt—involving 400 people, state police helicopters, and bloodhounds. Zayd <mask>'s body was found in a nearby gully along the road. According to a New Jersey Police spokesperson, <mask> <mask> was on her way to a "new hideout in Philadelphia" and "heading ultimately for Washington". A book in the vehicle was said to contain a list of potential BLA targets. <mask> <mask> testified that she was on her way to Baltimore for a job as a bar waitress. With gunshot wounds in both arms and a shoulder, <mask> <mask> was moved to Middlesex General Hospital under "heavy guard" and was reported to be in "serious condition". Trooper Harper was wounded in the left shoulder, reported in "good" condition, and given a protective guard at the hospital.<mask> <mask> was interrogated and arraigned from her hospital bed. Her defense team alleged that her medical care during this period was "substandard". She was

masks:
Assata Olugbala Shakur
Assata Shakur
Malik Shakur
Shakur
Assata
Shakur
Assata
Shakur
Shakur
Shakur
Shakur
Shakur
Assata
Shakur
Shakur
Shakur
Assata
Shakur
Malik Shakur
Assata
Shakur
Shakur
Shakur
Assata
Shakur
Assata
Shakur
Shakur
Assata
Shakur
Assata
Shakur
Assata
Shakur
Shakur
Assata
Shakur
Shakur
Assata
Shakur
Assata
Shakur
Assata
Shakur
Assata
Shakur