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<mask><mask> (born September 17, 1964, in Huế, Vietnam) is an artist, writer, independent curator, and Co-Founder and Artistic Director of The Brooklyn Rail, a free monthly arts, culture, and politics journal. <mask> was named one of the "100 Most Influential People in Brooklyn Culture" by Brooklyn Magazine in 2014. In 2015, The New York Observer called him a "ringmaster" of the "Kings County art world." <mask> was the recipient of the 2021 American Academy of Arts and Letters Award for Distinguished Service to the Arts. He lives in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. Publisher, writer, and editor
In addition to fostering the creative energy behind The Brooklyn Rail, Bui publishes Rail Editions, a venture that features experimental poetry, fiction, artist interviews, and art criticism, and has published titles on artist Ron Gorchov, art critic Irving Sandler, poet Luigi Ballerini, and a collection of poems by Florbela Espanca, the first collection of the Portuguese modernist poet to appear in English. Bui contributes essays, reviews, and interviews to the Brooklyn Rail, and creates portraits of each month's featured interviewees.He has written articles for Matador Magazine, Art in America, and Riot of Perfume, among others, as well as essays for exhibition catalogues and books on artists. In addition to his writing, he is the producer and host of the program Off The Rail, hosted by Clocktower Productions's Clocktower Radio, where he interviews artists, art historians, and art writers. In 2018, <mask> launched the River Rail, a biannual publication devoted to the environment, climate change, and the "urgent subject of nature: its beauty, abuse, and changing climate that is gravely affecting every aspect of the planet’s ecosystem, and our lives." Curator
<mask> has curated over 50 monographic and group shows since 2000, including the first anniversary commemoration in 2013 of Hurricane Sandy: Come Together: Surviving Sandy, Year 1, "a sprawling, encompassing, inspiring exhibition of works by some 300 artists," according to Roberta Smith of the New York Times. The show was ranked as New York's #1 exhibition in 2013 by Jerry Saltz of New York Magazine. In 2013 he initiated the Rail Curatorial Projects which aims to curate exhibitions as social experiments. In 2014, <mask> curated Bloodflames Revisited which featured the work of more than two dozen artists at Paul Kasmin Gallery and Spaced Out: Migration to the Interior at Red Bull Studios, featuring nearly 40 artists.In 2015, <mask> organized a two-part exhibition entitled Intimacy in Discourse: Reasonable and Unreasonable Sized Paintings taking place at both Mana Contemporary and the SVA Chelsea Gallery. His most recent curatorial project was a two-part exhibition with Mana Contemporary in 2017, titled Occupy Mana: Artists Need To Create On the Same Scale That Society Has the Capacity To Destroy & Friends In Solidarity, Year 1. This exhibit included over 60 artists addressing social and political issues, including human rights and equality, immigration, foreign relations, the environment, and climate change, and continued <mask>'s curatorial activation of Peter Lamborn Wilson's concept of the Temporary Autonomous Zone, "a space wherein the fluctuation of artistic energy establishes the flow of information, and in so doing aligns—however fleetingly—a great collective imagination. Here one finds the potential for awakening one’s perception and agency of self-discovery." The show has since seen new realizations in two different spaces. Firstly in May 2019 as part of the Venice Biennale titled, Social Environment: Artists Need To Create On the Same Scale That Society Has the Capacity To Destroy. Secondly the show has had its most revisitation at the Colby College Museum of Art in July 2019 titled, Occupy Colby: Artists Need to Create on the Same Scale That Society Has the Capacity to Destroy, Year 2.<mask> served as curatorial advisor at MoMA PS1 from 2007 to 2010 where he organized monographic exhibitions of artists including Robert Bergman, Jonas Mekas, Joanna Pousette-Dart, Tony Fitzpatrick, Harriet Korman, and Jack Whitten, and numerous group exhibitions including Irrational Profusion: Nicole Cherubini, Marc Leuthold, Joyce Robins, Peter Schlesinger and Orpheus Selection: Nicola Lopez & Lisa Sigal. <mask> has curated other exhibitions at various galleries including recent work by Ron Gorchov at Cheim & Read as well as Exquisite Fucking Boredom, a exhibition of Polaroid images by artist and writer Emma Bee Bernstein at Microscope Gallery. Artist

A graduate of the University of the Arts in Philadelphia, PA, <mask> continued his postgraduate studies at the New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting, and Sculpture and studied independently with Nicolas Carone. <mask> is a multi-disciplinary artist whose work includes painting, sculpture, and site-specific installation. Since 2012 he has been working on his on-going social sculpture/environment, which attempts to realize "art as social activity" and to reinforce the notion that "the process of art making is the art." In 2006, <mask> won the Award in Art from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and the Eric Isenbeurger Annual Prize for Installation from the National Academy Museum. His work has been included in group exhibitions at Pierogi, the Brooklyn Museum of Art, and the North Dakota Museum of Art.<mask> has lectured at Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture, Columbia University, Cooper Union, Bard College, and taught at Yale University, Rhode Island School of Design, University of Pennsylvania, and the School of Visual Arts where he is currently giving graduate seminars in MFA Writing and Criticism and MFA Photography, Video, and Related Media. He has won an Arcadia Traveling Fellowship, a Hohenberg Traveling Fellowship, and a Pollock-Krasner Foundation Fellowship, and in 2014 was the keynote speaker of The Scholastic Art and Writing Awards, and was the Visionary Honoree at Art in General's Annual Benefit. In 2017, <mask> was awarded the Dorothea and Leo Rabkin Foundation Prize in Fine Arts Journalism. In 2019, the Lunder Institute named Bui a 2019 Lunder Institute Fellow. In July 2019, Bui received the Jetté Award for Leadership in the Arts 2019 from Colby College as well as curating Occupy Colby: Artists Need to Create on the Same Scale That Society Has the Capacity to Destroy, Year 2  at Colby Museum of Art. References

External links
Phong <mask>'s Official Website
In Conversation: Phong Bui with Constance Lewallen SFAQ
Phong Bui by Will Corwin
<mask> Bui with Maury Colton UMVA
Bui exhibition at Sarah Bowen Gallery
The Brooklyn Rail's Official Website
The Miami Rail
The Third Rail

1964 births
Living people
American publishers (people)
American art curators
People from Huế
University of the Arts (Philadelphia) alumni
American artists of Vietnamese descent
American writers of Vietnamese descent
Vietnamese emigrants to the United States

masks:
Phong H
. Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Bui
Phong


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<mask> (born December 16, 1988) is an American mixed martial artist and graduated collegiate wrestler currently competing in the bantamweight division of Bellator MMA. As a wrestler, he is a two-time NCAA Division II champion. As of February 1, 2022, he is #3 in the Bellator Bantamweight Rankings. Background
<mask> grew up modestly in Houston, Texas with his mother and two brothers. He started wrestling in his junior year at Klein Oak High School after the passing of his mother. He then earned a scholarship at Labette Community College and became an All-American with a fourth place finish in the NJCAA level as a freshman (08'-09'). As a sophomore (09'-10'), he once again qualified for the NJCAA tournament, but did not place.He then transferred to the University of Nebraska-Kearney (NCAA Division II), where he was forced to take a medical redshirt instead of a junior season (10'-11'). When he came back as a junior (11'-12'), he won his first DII title with a record of 30 wins and 6 losses, helping the team reach the team title. As a senior (12'-13'), he compiled his second NCAA title and helped the team win the team championship before graduating. When transferring from collegiate wrestling to mixed martial arts, <mask> found that it wasn't only his work ethic but also the body awareness that helped him move over and adapt to the new sport quickly. During his transition, fellow Nebraska at Kearney wrestler-turned-MMA, Kamaru Usman took <mask> under his wing as a mentor. Usman was pushed to <mask> by his mother due to the Nigerian roots both wrestlers shared. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
<mask> got into mixed martial arts after being introduced to the sport by Jens Pulver and Pat Miletich.After turning pro in May of 2015, he compiled 8 wins and no losses before competing at a regional event featured on the Lookin' for a Fight show, in an attempt of getting signed by the UFC. After losing the bout, he compiled 4 more wins before getting signed by Bellator MMA. <mask> chose to sign with Bellator out of LFA due to where he saw the promotion heading. <mask> said the signing of prospects in the sport instead of former UFC fighters was a big reason, giving him the opportunity to fight some of the best in the world. In addition to that, the Grand Prix tournaments put on by the promotion was another deciding factor for <mask>. Bellator MMA
In his promotional debut, <mask> faced Cheyden Leialoha on December 21, 2019 at Bellator 236. He won the bout by unanimous decision.<mask> faced Cass Bell on July 24, 2020 at Bellator 242. He won the match via submission in the third round. <mask> faced Keith Lee at Bellator 253 on November 19, 2020. He won the fight by unanimous decision. <mask> faced Josh Hill at Bellator 258 on May 7, 2021. He won the bout via unanimous decision. <mask> was scheduled to face Magomed Magomedov on July 31, 2021 at Bellator 263.On July 19, it was announced that the bout was scratched from the event. It was rescheduled for Bellator 264 on August 13, 2021. <mask> won the bout via unanimous decision. Personal life
<mask> has a son, Clarence (born 2018). colspan="8"| NCAA Division II Championships Matches
|-
! Res.
! Record
!Opponent
! Score
! Date
! Event
|-
! style=background:white colspan=6 |2013 NCAA (DII) Championships  at 149 lbs
|-
|Win
|8–0
|align=left|Jacobd Horn
|style="font-size:88%"|4-3
|style="font-size:88%" rowspan=4|March 8-9, 2013
|style="font-size:88%" rowspan=4|2013 NCAA Division II Wrestling Championships
|-
|Win
|7-0
|align=left|James Martinez
|style="font-size:88%"|MD 12-4
|-
|Win
|6–0
|align=left|Ryan Maus
|style="font-size:88%"|6-1
|-
|Win
|5–0
|align=left|Nate Herda
|style="font-size:88%"|3-2
|-
!

masks:
Raufeon Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots
Stots


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<mask> FBA FRAI (23 June 1905 Garies, Cape Colony – 26 June 2003 London, England), was a social anthropologist at the London School of Economics specialising in South Africa. He was notable for his contributions of ethnographic and typological studies of the indigenous peoples of Botswana and South Africa. Additionally, he was one of the founders of the group that would develop British social anthropology. Not only did Schapera write numerous publications of his extensive research done in South Africa and Botswana, he published his work throughout his career (1923–1969), and even after he retired. As an anthropologist he focused on the lives and customs of the indigenous peoples of South Africa and was considered to be a specialist in the topic. Early in his career he would focus on studies of the Khoisan of South Africa until the 1930s, when he would begin to focus on Tswana of Botswana. Schapera also received many honours and titles, such as being the president of the Royal Anthropology Institute.Additionally, he was awarded an honorary doctorate when the University of Botswana was founded in 1985, was elected as Chair of the Association of Social Anthropology, and the Journal of African Law was founded in his honour. To compile his work for future generations and note his anthropological contributions a bibliography was published in the Botswana Journal of African African Studies. This academic journal has also dedicated an entire issue to the work he had done throughout his career. In 2003 his obituary was published in the academic journal Anthropology Today, titled "The Legacy of <mask>". In the wake of his death, photographs he had taken of South Africa were published in a book Picturing a Colonial Past; The African Photographs by <mask> and the Recovering the Botswana project would be dedicated to him. Life, education, and career

<mask> was born in Garies, Namaqualand, South Africa where his father owned a general store. In his youth he attended school, and later university, in Cape Town, South Africa.During his early university career he was enrolled in law, but would later switch to anthropology. He was a student of Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown, who is considered a founder of structural-functionalism theory in anthropology. After finishing his Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts in anthropology, <mask> completed his doctorate at the London School of Economics and Politics (LSE) where he would be influenced by Bronislaw Malinowski. His thesis was titled The tribal system in South Africa: a study of the Bushmen and the Hottentots. Thereafter he taught briefly at the University of Witwatersrand before returning to Cape Town. There he worked as a professor of social anthropology before joining the Department of Anthropology at LSE. His continued to work there until he retired in 1969.Schapera's students would include future important figures of anthropology, such as Eileen Krige, Hilda Kuper, Max Gluckman, John Comaroff, Johan Frederik Holleman and Jean Comaroff. After his death, a research program called "Recovering the Schapera Project" was carried out by the University of Botswana to build upon Schapera's research. As a professor he was noted by Kuper as "not being an inspiring lecturer, but [having] wonderful material". <mask>'s life was his work, and he never married. In his later years, Schapera rarely returned to the place of his studies, but did return to Botswana to receive the honorary degree awarded to him by the University of Botswana. Additionally, because of the damages to his vocal cords caused by surgery, he withdrew from socializing, though he maintained contact with students to stay up to date with ongoing anthropological studies. His legacy

"Recovering the Schapera Project" is the continuation of the extensive research made by Schapera of the people of Botswana.His style of recording and studying was applied to all aspects of life and thus resulted in a wealth of unpublished material. This material includes unpublished genealogies, history, and other culturally significant data. The Shapera Project is funded by the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Botswana for the university overtook assessing this data and building upon it after Schapera's death. Published material

He published numerous journal articles, nearly 200, as mentioned in the academic Journal of African Studies, which published a bibliography in 1998. Notable titles include: "The Khoisan Peoples of South Africa" (Schapera; 1930), "A Handbook of Tswana Law and Custom" (Schapera; 1938), "Married Life in an African Tribe" (Schapera; 1940), "The Ethnic Composition of Tswana Tribes" (Schapera; 1952); "The Tswana" (Schapera; 1953), "Government and Politics in Tribal Societies", (Schapera; 1956), "Praise Poems of Tswana Chiefs" (Schapera; 1965), "David Livingstone's Journals and Letters" (Schapera; 1841–1856 (6 vols), 1959–1963), "David Livingstone: South African papers" (Schapera; 1849–1853, 1974). Further reading

 Heald Suzette, "The Legacy of <mask>a", Anthropology Today Vol. 19 No. 6, (December 2003) 18–19.Heald Suzette, "<mask>: A Bibliography", Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies Vol. 12 No. 1 & 2 (1998) 100–115. <mask> <mask>, Picturing a Colonial Past; The African Photographs by <mask>, ed. Comaroff et al. (University of Chicago; 2007). References

Archives
Catalogue of the papers of <mask> held at LSE Archives
Catalogue of books from the library of <mask>, mainly on the subject of David Livingstone

1905 births
2003 deaths
South African anthropologists
Academics of the London School of Economics
Alumni of the London School of Economics
British anthropologists
British Jews
Fellows of the British Academy
Jewish scientists
South African Jews
University of Cape Town alumni
Fellows of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
Presidents of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
Jewish anthropologists
20th-century anthropologists

masks:
Isaac Schapera
Isaac Schapera
Isaac Schapera
Schapera
Schapera
Schapera
Isaac Scper
Isaac Schapera
Schapera
Isaac
Isaac Schapera
Isaac Schapera
Isaac Schapera


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<mask>axaca (21 April 1915 – 3 June 2001), known professionally as <mask>, was a Mexican-born American actor, painter, writer, and film director. He was known for his portrayal of earthy, passionate characters "marked by a brutal and elemental virility" in numerous critically acclaimed films both in Hollywood and abroad. His notable films include La Strada, The Guns of Navarone, Guns for San Sebastian, Lawrence of Arabia, The Shoes of the Fisherman, The Message, Lion of the Desert, and A Walk in the Clouds. He also had an Oscar-nominated titular role in Zorba the Greek. <mask> won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor twice: for Viva Zapata! in 1952 and Lust for Life in 1956. In addition, he received two Academy Award nominations in the Best Leading Actor category, along with five Golden Globe nominations and two BAFTA Award nominations.In 1987, he was presented with the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Lifetime Achievement Award. Through both his artistic endeavours and civil rights activism, he remains a seminal figure of Latin-American representation in the media of the United States. Life and career

1915–1936: Childhood, studies and early acting

Manuel Antonio Rodolfo <mask>axaca was born 21 April 1915, in Chihuahua, Mexico, during the Mexican Revolution to Manuela "Nellie" (née Oaxaca) and Francisco "Frank" <mask>. <mask> was born to an Irish immigrant father from County Cork, and a Mexican mother. Frank reportedly rode with Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa, then later moved to the East Los Angeles neighborhood of City Terrace and became an assistant cameraman at a movie studio. In <mask>'s autobiography, The Original Sin: A Self-portrait by <mask>, he denied being the son of an "Irish adventurer" and attributed that tale to Hollywood publicists. <mask> later said he was not regarded as Mexican because of his surname.When he was 6 years old, <mask> attended a Catholic church and even contemplated becoming a priest. However, at age 11 he joined the Pentecostals at the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, which was founded and led by the evangelical preacher Aimee Semple McPherson. For a time <mask> played in the church's band and was an apprentice preacher with the renowned evangelist. "I have known most of the great actresses of my time, and not one of them could touch her", <mask> once said of the spellbinding McPherson, whom he credited with inspiring Zorba's gesture of the dramatically outstretched hand. <mask> grew up first in El Paso, Texas, and later in East Los Angeles and in the Echo Park area of Los Angeles, California. He attended Hammel Street Elementary School, Belvedere Junior High School, Polytechnic High School and Belmont High School in Los Angeles, with future baseball player and General Hospital star John Beradino, but left before graduating. Tucson High School in Arizona, many years later, awarded him an honorary high school diploma.As a young man, <mask> boxed professionally to earn money, then studied art and architecture under Frank Lloyd Wright at the designer's Arizona residence and his Wisconsin studio, Taliesin. The two men became friends. When <mask> mentioned he was drawn to acting, Wright encouraged him. <mask> said he had been offered $800 per week by a film studio and didn't know what to do. Wright replied, "Take it, you'll never make that much with me." During a 1999 interview on Private Screenings with Robert Osborne, <mask> said the contract was for only $300 per week. 1936–1952: Beginnings on Cinema
After a short time performing on the stage, <mask> launched his film career performing character roles in the 1936 films The Plainsman (1936) as a Cheyenne Indian after Custer's defeat with Gary Cooper,  Parole (in which he made his debut) and The Milky Way, his first motion picture, although he was not credited.He played "ethnic" villains in Paramount films such as Dangerous to Know (1938) and Road to Morocco, and played a more sympathetic Crazy Horse in They Died with Their Boots On with Errol Flynn. A breakthrough in his career occurred in 1941 when he received an offer to play a matador in the bullfighting-themed Blood and Sand with Tyrone Power and Rita Hayworth. In 1942, he co-starred alongside Power in another critical and financial success, the swashbuckling adventure The Black Swan. In 1943, he had a role in the Oscar-nominated western The Ox-Bow Incident. He co-starred in Sinbad the Sailor (1947) with Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. and Maureen O'Hara. By 1947, he had appeared in more than fifty films and had played a variety of characters, including Indians, Mafia dons, Hawaiian chiefs, Filipino freedom-fighters, Chinese guerrillas, and Arab sheiks. He returned to the theater, replacing Marlon Brando as Stanley Kowalski in A Streetcar Named Desire on Broadway.In 1947, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He returned to Hollywood in the early 1950s and was cast in a series of B-adventures such as Mask of the Avenger (1951). He solidified his position as one of Hollywood's premier actors in Elia Kazan's Viva Zapata! (1952) opposite Marlon Brando. <mask>'s performance as Zapata's brother won <mask> an Oscar for Best Supporting Actor while Brando lost the Oscar for Best Actor to Gary Cooper in High Noon. He holds the distinction of being the first Mexican-American to win an Academy Award. 1953–1959: International films and career success
In the late 1950s, <mask> traveled to Rome where he collaborated with several renowned Italian filmmakers and established himself as a star of world cinema.He worked with Dino De Laurentiis and Carlo Ponti in the Kirk Douglas film Ulysses, and starred as Attila the Hun with Sophia Loren in Attila. In 1953, he turned in one of his best performances as a dim-witted, thuggish and volatile strongman in Federico Fellini's Oscar winning La Strada (1954) opposite Giulietta Masina. <mask> won his second Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of painter Paul Gauguin in Vincente Minnelli's Lust for Life (1956), alongside Kirk Douglas, who portrayed Vincent van Gogh. He also starred as Quasimodo in the French language film The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Even after his return to the United States, <mask> would continue to periodically appear in European films. His frequent portrayal of Italian characters and appearance in Italian films led to the popular misconception that he was in fact Italian. 1959–1969: Return to Hollywood and Broadway
The following year, he received an Oscar nomination for Best Actor for his part in George Cukor's Wild Is the Wind.He starred in the film The Savage Innocents (1959) as Inuk, an Eskimo who finds himself caught between two clashing cultures. He teamed with Kirk Douglas once again in the western Last Train from Gun Hill (1959). He appeared on Broadway to great acclaim in Becket, as King Henry II to Laurence Olivier's Thomas Becket in 1960. His performance earned him a Tony Award nomination for best leading actor and Becket received the award for best play. An erroneous story arose in later years that during the run <mask> and Olivier switched roles and <mask> played Becket to Olivier's King. In fact, <mask> left the production for a film, never having played Becket, and director Peter Glenville suggested a road tour with Olivier as Henry. Olivier happily agreed and Arthur Kennedy took on the role of Becket for the tour and brief return to Broadway.As the decade ended, <mask> allowed his age to show and began his transformation into a major character actor. His physique filled out, his hair grayed, and his once smooth, swarthy face weathered and became more rugged. He played a Greek resistance fighter in The Guns of Navarone (1961), an aging boxer in Requiem for a Heavyweight, and the Bedouin shaikh Auda abu Tayi in Lawrence of Arabia (both 1962). Lawrence of Arabia would go on to win the Oscar and Golden Globe for best picture, and <mask> received a Golden Globe nomination for best actor alongside co-star Peter O'Toole. He also played the title role in the 1961 film Barabbas, based on a novel by Pär Lagerkvist. In 1962, he returned to Broadway, playing the role of Caesario Grimaldi in the Tony Award nominated Tchin-Tchin, and had the lead role in the film Requiem for a Heavyweight. The success of Zorba the Greek in 1964 resulted in another Oscar nomination for Best Actor.Other films included The 25th Hour, The Magus, Guns for San Sebastian and The Shoes of the Fisherman. In 1969, he starred in The Secret of Santa Vittoria with Anna Magnani; each was nominated for a Golden Globe Award. 1970–1979: Television and later films

In 1971, after the success of a TV movie named The City, where <mask> played Mayor Thomas Jefferson Alcala, he starred in the television series, The Man and the City. <mask>'s subsequent television appearances were sporadic, including Jesus of Nazareth. In 1972, he co-starred with Yaphet Kotto in the blaxploitation film Across 110th Street. He played NYPD Captain Frank Martelli, who along with Kotto, was investigating a robbery-homicide of Italian and Black gangsters in Harlem, New York City. He played the old racist violent Captain against Kotto's modern, educated, enlightened Lieutenant.In 1976, he starred in the movie Mohammad, Messenger of God (also known as The Message), about the origin of Islam, as Hamza, a highly respected uncle of Mohammad, the prophet of Islam. In 1981, he starred in Lion of the Desert. <mask> played real-life Bedouin leader Omar Mukhtar who fought Benito Mussolini's Italian troops in the deserts of Libya. In 1979, <mask> starred in the film, The Passage, as a Basque shepherd during WWII. He was tasked with leading a scientist and his family across the Pyrenees, while pursued by Nazis. Also starred James Mason and Malcolm McDowell. 1980–1994: Final works
In 1983, he reprised his role as Zorba for 362 performances in a successful musical version, called Zorba, opposite fellow film co-star Lila Kedrova, reprising her role as Madame Hortense.<mask> performed in the musical both on Broadway and at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. In 1990, he starred in The Old Man and the Sea, a television movie based on the novel by Ernest Hemingway. <mask>'s film career slowed during the 1990s, but he nonetheless continued to work steadily, appearing in Revenge (1990), Jungle Fever (1991), Last Action Hero (1993), A Walk in the Clouds (1995) and Seven Servants (1996). In 1994, <mask> played the role of Zeus in five television movies focusing on the legendary journeys of Hercules. These were, in order, Hercules and the Amazon Women, Hercules and the Lost Kingdom, Hercules and the Circle of Fire, Hercules in the Underworld, and Hercules in the Maze of the Minotaur

Personal life

Relationships and children

<mask>'s first wife was the actress Katherine DeMille, the adopted daughter of Cecil B. DeMille; they wed in 1937. The couple had five children: Christopher (1938–1941), Christina (born 1 December 1941), Catalina (born 21 November 1942), Duncan (born 4 August 1945), and Valentina (born 26 December 1952). Their first child, Christopher, aged two, drowned in the lily pond of next-door neighbor W. C. Fields.In 1965, <mask> and DeMille divorced because of his affair with Italian costume designer Jolanda Addolori (died 2016), whom he married in 1966. They had three children: <mask> (22 March 1963 – 5 August 2011), <mask> (born 16 April 1964), and <mask> (born 7 May 1966). In the 1970s, during his marriage to Addolori, <mask> also had two children with Friedel Dunbar, an event producer in Los Angeles: <mask> (born 7 February 1973) and <mask> <mask> (born 30 December 1976). By the 1990s, <mask> then had two children with his secretary, Katherine Benvin; daughter Antonia Patricia Rose <mask> (born 23 July 1993) and son Ryan Nicholas <mask> (born 5 July 1996). His marriage with Addolori finally ended in divorce in August 1997. He then married Benvin in December 1997 and remained married until his death. Civil rights activism
<mask>, who experienced discrimination growing up in Los Angeles, participated in various civil rights and social causes.He provided funding for the Latino advocacy group, the Spanish-Speaking People's Congress. He assisted in fundraising efforts for the legal defense of Mexican American youth in the racially charged Sleepy Lagoon murder trial in 1942. While in Paris, he and several other prominent Americans, composed a petition endorsing the 1963 March on Washington; the petition, which was reprinted in several high-profile publications, was intended to rally support among Americans living abroad, according to Elliott Miller, writing in CounterPunch. In 1969, he visited with Native American student activists occupying Alcatraz Island in protest, promising to offer assistance. In 1970, <mask> was a panelist at the Mexican-American Conference. In 1971, he narrated a documentary film by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission discussing job discrimination faced by Hispanic Americans. He was a supporter of the United Farm Workers organization led by his friend and labor activist Cesar Chavez.Painting and writing

Art critic Donald Kuspit explains, "Examining <mask>'s many expressions of creativity together—his art, collecting, and acting—we can see that he was a creative genius". Early in life <mask> had an interest in painting and drawing. Throughout his teenage years he won various art competitions in California and focused his studies at Polytechnic High School in Los Angeles on drafting. Later, <mask> studied briefly under Frank Lloyd Wright through the Taliesin Fellowship — an opportunity created by winning first prize in an architectural design contest. Through Wright's recommendation, <mask> took acting lessons as a form of post-operative speech therapy, which led to an acting career that spanned over six decades. Apart from art classes taken in Chicago during the 1950s, <mask> never attended art school; nonetheless, taking advantage of books, museums, and amassing a sizable collection, he managed to give himself an effective education in the language of modern art. By the early 1980s, his work had caught the eyes of various gallery owners and was exhibited internationally, in Mexico City, Los Angeles, New York City and Paris.His work is now represented in both public and private collections throughout the world. He wrote two memoirs, The Original Sin (1972) and One Man Tango (1997), a number of scripts, and a series of unpublished stories currently in the collection of his archive. Mafia
<mask> made an appearance at the John Gotti trial, according to John H. Davis, author of Mafia Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Gambino Crime Family. He told reporters he wanted to play Paul Castellano, the boss of the Gambino family after Carlo Gambino. Gotti had Castellano murdered, becoming the boss of the Gambino family thereafter. Gotti was on trial concerning a variety of felony charges when <mask> visited the courtroom. Although he tried to shake hands with Gotti, federal marshals prevented him from doing so, Davis says.The actor interpreted the testimony of Sammy ("The Bull") Gravano, Gotti's underboss, against Gotti as "a friend who betrays a friend." He had not come to "judge" Gotti, <mask> insisted, but only because he wanted to portray Castellano, who inspired the actor because he had had a "thirty-year-old" mistress, which <mask> believed was "a beautiful thing". He would later portray Gambino family underboss Aniello Dellacroce in the 1996 HBO film Gotti as well as Joe Masseria in the 1991 film Mobsters. <mask> had a personal relationship with New York City Mafia crime boss Frank Costello and other Genovese gangsters. Death
<mask> spent his last years in Bristol, Rhode Island. He died of respiratory failure (due to complications from radiation treatment for lung cancer) on 3 June 2001, in Boston, at age 86. <mask>'s funeral was held in the First Baptist Church in America in College Hill, Providence, Rhode Island.His wife asked for the permission of Bristol authorities to bury him in his favorite spot in the backyard of his house, near an old maple tree. They had bought the property in 1995; it had a view of the Narragansett Bay. Permission was granted and he was laid to rest there. Tributes and legacy

On 5 January 1982, the Belvedere County Public Library in East Los Angeles was renamed in honor of <mask>. The present library sits on the site of his family's former home. In 1984, artist Eloy Torrez produced a 70-foot high portrait mural of <mask> titled both <mask> and The Pope of Broadway in Los Angeles. It depicts <mask> in his famous Zorba the Greek role, and it remains one of the largest portrait murals in California, United States.Both the portrait mural and <mask> himself are the subject of a 2018 Google Arts & Culture exhibit. In his birthplace of Chihuahua, Mexico, there is a statue of <mask> doing his famous "Zorba the Greek" dance. There is an Anthony Quinn Bay and Beach in Rhodes, Greece, just  south of the village of Faliraki (aka Falirakion or Falirákion). <mask> bought the land during the filming of The Guns of Navarone in Rhodes; however, it was reclaimed by the Greek government in 1984 due to a change in property law. Since 2002, the National Council of La Raza has given the Anthony Quinn Award for Excellence in Motion Pictures as an ALMA Award. His widow, Katherine Benvin <mask>, established the Anthony Quinn Foundation which advocates the importance of arts in education. Filmography

Awards and nominations

References

External links

 The Estate of <mask> Quinn

1915 births
2001 deaths
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American male film actors
American Pentecostals
American people of Irish descent
Belmont High School (Los Angeles) alumni
Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners
Cecil B. DeMille Award Golden Globe winners
Deaths from cancer in Massachusetts
Hispanic and Latino American male actors
Mexican emigrants to the United States
Mexican evangelicals
Mexican male film actors
Mexican people of Irish descent
Mexican people of indigenous peoples descent
Paramount Pictures contract players
People from Bristol, Rhode Island
People from Chihuahua City
People from Echo Park, Los Angeles
Stella Adler Studio of Acting alumni
Members of the Foursquare Church
Converts to evangelical Christianity from Roman Catholicism
Male Western (genre) film actors

masks:
Manuel Antonio Rodolfo Quinn O
Anthony Quinn
Quinn
Quinn O
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Frank Quinn
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Anthony Quinn
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Francesco Quinn
Danny Quinn
Lorenzo Quinn
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Sean Quinn
Alexander Anthony
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Anthony Quinn
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Anthony Quinn
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<mask>ae  (; born October 10, 1954) is a Zainichi Korean conductor. Early life
The first experience of music at his early age was an upright piano at his mother's maiden home. In 1967, he entered Amagasaki Korean Middle School and studied clarinet in school band. He also studied improved Korean folk instruments sent from North Korea. In 1969, School Band of Amagasaki Korean Middle School won a grand prize of 'Competition of Korean Students resident in Japan' under his direction. In 1973, <mask> entered Toho Gakuen School of Music as one of the first Korean nationals. He changed his clarinet major to conducting with Ken Takaseki and Naoto Otomo in 1975.Before his graduation in 1977, he attended the classes of, among others, Seiji Ozawa, Kazuyoshi Akiyama, Tadashi Mori and Shunsaku Tsutsumi. On Tsutsumi's recommendation, he was appointed as resident conductor of Tokyo City Philharmonic Orchestra when he studied in Toho. In 1977, he conducted Toho Orchestra with Seiji Ozawa on podium at Toho Gakuen's graduation concert. Début, competition, and television concerts
After graduation, <mask> was début officially with Tokyo City Philharmonic Orchestra on March 22, 1978 at Shibuya Public Hall, Tokyo. This concert, titled 'Special Concert of (North) Korean Orchestral Works,' got a sensational response-not only the first conductor of Korean nationality but of any work premièred in Japan. Following this year, he participated in Tokyo International Conductors' Competition and was awarded the second prize with a special prize named after Hideo Saito. In the same year, he was invited by North Korea to conduct the State Symphony Orchestra of DPRK.In 1980, he conducted the concerts of prizewinners from Hokkaidō to Kyūshū. <mask> was appointed as the conductor of television program titled 'Here comes the orchestra' of Tokyo Broadcasting System(TBS) with Kazushi Ono and Deryck Inoue in 1980. Following this year, he conducted other television program titled 'My Concert' of Nippon Television(NTV). During these two years, he conducted numerous works from Bach to Shostakovich and accompanied many well-known soloists including Hiroko Nakamura, Mitsuko Uchida, Toshia Eto, Ko Iwasaki, Jean-Yves Thibaudet and Mikhail Pletnev with two regular orchestras-New Japan Philharmonic and Yomiuri Nippon Symphony Orchestra-and other cities' orchestras. In 1981, <mask> became a principal guest conductor of Tokyo City Philharmonic Orchestra. His other important positions were principal guest conductor of Nagoya Philharmonic Orchestra since 1985 and principal guest conductor of Kyoto Symphony Orchestra since 1987. He toured with Kyoto Symphony Orchestra in Pyongyang and Wonsan-first appearance of Japan's orchestra in North Korea-in 1987.He also appeared in Beijing with China Broadcasting Symphony Orchestra (now China Philharmonic Orchestra) in 1988. Meetings with Isang <mask> met the composer Isang Yun in 1986 and became an admirer of his music. He conducted Yun's first work Exemplum, in memoriam Kwangju on stage of '1st Hankyore Concert' in April 1989. He resigned three orchestras' positions and went to Germany in September. He studied Yun's works with the composer himself. In 1990, he participated in 'Pan-Nation Unification Concert' held in Pyongyang and conducted Yun's Fanfare und Memorial in presence of the composer. And in 1992, <mask> appeared on '75th Birthday Celebration Festival of Isang Yun' held in Tokyo and conducted Yun's Third Symphony''' premiered in Japan.<mask> conducted more than pieces of Yun's works premiered in Japan, and was highly praised by the composer. Crossover, Hankyoreh Concert, and other appearances
<mask>'s activities were not only formal classical concerts but crossover and concerts of Korean residents in Japan including Hankyoreh Concert (1989–1993). He introduced many North and South Korean songs and orchestral works, including those produced by his maternal uncle Cheol-Woo Lee. The 8th Hankyore Concert held in Carnegie Hall of New York City in September 1992, which was also <mask>'s début concert in the US. He also met Joe Hisaishi, a well-known composer of Hayao Miyazaki and Takeshi Kitano's film music, with whom he appeared in many concerts together since 1991. <mask> also conducted crossover concerts with Jazz musicians including Aiko Takahashi and Terumasa Hino. And he conducted many concert bands in Japan, including Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra and Osaka Municipal Symphonic Band, of which he was a principal conductor from 1991 to 1994.In 1998, he conducted opening ceremony of 7th Winter Paralympic Games held in Nagano (produced by Hisaishi.) Following this appearance, he received music prize named after Akeo Watanabe and became the only one that won two grand prizes for Japanese conductor at that time. First appearance in South Korea
<mask> and South Korean violinist Jeong Chan-Woo held a concert named 'Unity Concert' in June 2000. This concert was previously planned in 1985, but South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs did not approve of Jeong's departure to Japan due to his North Korean nationality. Thus this concert was a famous event not only to Korean residents in Japan but also in South Korea. In October 2000, he visited South Korea for the first time for ASEM Music Festival held in Seoul where he conducted Isang Yun's Muak'' and Asian premiere of Ferruccio Busoni's Piano Concerto played by the well-known pianist Baek Geon-Woo (Kun-Woo Paik) and KBS Symphony Orchestra. At that time <mask> still held North Korean nationality.He switched to South Korean nationality in August 2005. By this time, <mask> conducted nearly all orchestras of Japan except NHK Symphony Orchestra. He conducts not only professional but orchestras of university, citizens and other amateur orchestras and concert bands. And he appeared several concerts of KBS Symphony Orchestra, Korean Symphony Orchestra and National Orchestra of Korea in South Korea. Since November 2007, <mask> was appointed to his very first position in South Korea as a principal conductor of the Ulsan Symphony Orchestra. References

Bibliography
 "Hong-Jae <mask>, I Conducts Fate (김홍재, 나는 운명을 지휘한다)" by Hong-Jae <mask> (dictate) & Seong-Mi Park (editor), Gimm-Young Publishers, Inc. (Korean only)

External links
 Official Homepage

1954 births
Korean conductors (music)
Living people
People from Itami, Hyōgo
Toho Gakuen School of Music alumni
Zainichi Korean people
North Korean expatriates in Germany
North Korean expatriates in Japan
South Korean expatriates in Japan
21st-century conductors (music)

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Kim Hong j
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<mask> (September 18, 1733 – September 21, 1798) was a politician from New Castle in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a Continental Congressman from Delaware, a delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention of 1787, president of Delaware, and a member of the Federalist Party, who served as U.S. Senator from Delaware and Chief Justice of Delaware. <mask> was a Founding Father of the United States, one of only two statesmen who signed four of the great state papers on which the country's history is based: the original Petition to the King of the Congress of 1774, the Continental Association, the Declaration of Independence, and the Constitution of the United States. Father

<mask> was the son of John and Mary (Howell<mask>. <mask> was born in Dublin, Ireland, the son of an Englishman of large fortune belonging to the family of <mask> of Berkshire, Hertfordshire, and Oxfordshire.The death of his beloved having left him bereft, <mask> came to the American colonies and, with a view of diverting his mind, entered into extensive enterprises in Maryland and Delaware. Soon after his arrival in America, <mask> purchased a large estate in Cecil County, Maryland, and founded with six associates the city of Charlestown on the headwaters of Chesapeake Bay, with the intention of creating a new market for the northern trade. They developed northern Maryland and built up the neighboring iron works of the Principio Company, in which the older generations of the Washington family, and at a later period General <mask>, were also largely interested. As an original proprietor of Charlestown, <mask> was appointed by the colonial legislature of Maryland one of the commissioners to lay it out and govern it. He held various military offices during his life, and in his later years resided on his plantation in New Castle County. Early life
<mask> was born in Cecil County, Maryland, on September 18, 1733. When he was an infant, the family moved to New Castle County, Delaware, settling near the village of Christiana.As he grew up, <mask> joined Thomas McKean at the Rev. Francis Allison's Academy at New London, Pennsylvania, and then studied law in Philadelphia with John Moland. He was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar in 1753, and a year later he returned home to establish a practice at New Castle. In 1763 he married Gertrude Ross Till, daughter of the Rev. <mask>, the Anglican rector of Immanuel Church in New Castle and widowed sister of <mask>, also a future signer of the Declaration of Independence. They had four children, John, <mask>., William, and Mary, who married Matthew Pearce (she is often confused with her paternal aunt, <mask>, who in 1769 married Gunning Bedford, Sr., a future Governor of Delaware). They lived on The Strand in New Castle, and their house was in what is now the garden of the present Read House and Gardens, owned by the Delaware Historical Society.They were members of Immanuel Episcopal Church. In 1763 John Penn, the proprietary governor, appointed <mask> crown attorney general for the three Delaware counties, and he served in that position until leaving for the Continental Congress in 1774. He also served in the Colonial Assembly of the lower Delaware counties for twelve sessions, from 1764/65 through 1775/76. American Revolution

Eighteenth-century Delaware was politically divided into loose factions known as the "Court Party" and the "Country Party." The majority Court Party was generally Anglican, strongest in Kent and Sussex Counties, worked well with the colonial proprietary government and was in favor of reconciliation with the British government. The minority Country Party was largely Ulster-Scot, centered in New Castle County, and quickly advocated independence from the British. <mask> was often the leader of the Court party faction, and as such he generally worked in opposition to Caesar Rodney and his friend and neighbor Thomas McKean.<mask>, like most other people in Delaware, was in favor of trying to reconcile differences with Great Britain. He opposed the Stamp Act and similar measures of Parliament but supported anti-importation measures and dignified protests. He was quite reluctant to pursue the option of outright independence. Nevertheless, from 1764 he led the Delaware Committee of Correspondence and was elected to serve along with the more radical McKean and Rodney in the First and Second Continental Congress from 1774 to 1777. He was frequently absent, and when the Congress voted on American Independence on July 2, 1776, <mask> surprised many by voting against it. That meant that Rodney had to ride overnight to Philadelphia to break the deadlock in Delaware's delegation for independence. However, when the Declaration of Independence was finally adopted, <mask> signed it despite his caution.Government of Delaware
Anticipating the Declaration of Independence, the General Assembly of the lower counties declared its separation from the British government on June 15, 1776, in the New Castle Court House. Once the Declaration of Independence was actually adopted, the General Assembly called for elections to a Delaware constitutional convention to draft a constitution for the new state. <mask>ean-drafted document, which became the Delaware Constitution of 1776. <mask> was elected to the first Legislative Council of the Delaware General Assembly and was selected as the speaker in both the 1776/77 and 1777/78 sessions. At the time of the capture of President John McKinly, <mask> was in Philadelphia attending Congress; after narrowly escaping capture himself while he was returning home, he became president on October 20, 1777, serving until March 31, 1778. The British occupied Philadelphia and were in control of the Delaware River. <mask> tried, mostly in vain, to recruit additional soldiers and to protect the state from raiders from Philadelphia and off ships in the Delaware River.The Delaware General Assembly session of 1777/78 had to be moved to Dover, Delaware, for safety, and the Sussex County General Assembly delegation was never seated because disruptions at the polls had negated the election results. After Rodney was elected to replace him as president, <mask> continued to serve in the Legislative Council until the 1778–79 session. After a one-year rest nursing ill health, he was elected to the House of Assembly for the 1780/81 and 1781/82 sessions. He returned to the Legislative Council in the 1782/83 session and served two terms until the 1787/88 session. On December 5, 1782, he was elected judge of the Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture. Federalist

<mask> was again called to national service in 1786 when he represented Delaware at the Annapolis Convention. Because so few states were represented, this meeting produced only a report calling for a broader convention to be held in Philadelphia the next year.At what became the Constitutional Convention, <mask> again represented Delaware. Quoting from Wright & Morris in their Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution,

<mask> immediately argued for a new national government under a new Constitution, saying 'to amend the Articles was simply putting old cloth on a new garment.' He was a leader in the fight for a strong central government, advocating, at one time, the abolition of the states altogether and the consolidation of the country under one powerful national government. 'Let no one fear the states, the people are with us;' he declared to a Convention shocked by this radical proposal. With no one to support his motion, he settled for protecting the rights of the small states against the infringements of their larger, more populous neighbors who, he feared, would 'probably combine to swallow up the smaller ones by addition, division or impoverishment.' He warned that Delaware 'would become at once a cipher in the union' if the principle of equal representation embodied in the New Jersey (small-state) Plan was not adopted and if the method of amendment in the Articles was not retained. He favored giving Congress the power to veto state laws, making the federal legislature immune to popular whims by having senators hold office for nine years or during good behavior, and granting the U.S. President broad appointive powers.Outspoken, he threatened to lead the Delaware delegation out of the Convention if the rights of the small states were not specifically guaranteed in the new Constitution. Once the rights were assured, he led the ratification movement in Delaware, which, partly as a result of his efforts, became the first state to ratify and did so unanimously. Senator
Following the adoption of the U.S. Constitution, the Delaware General Assembly elected <mask> as one of its two U.S. Senators. His term began on March 4, 1789, and he was reelected in 1791 but resigned on September 18, 1793. <mask> served with the Pro-Administration Party majority in the First and Second Congress, under President Washington. He supported the assumption of state debts, establishment of a national bank, and the imposition of excise taxes.He resigned to accept an appointment as chief justice of the Delaware Supreme Court and served in that capacity until his death. <mask>'s resignation from the Senate was before the first session of the Third Congress assembled, but it was not until February 7, 1795, four weeks before it adjourned, that Henry Latimer was elected to replace him. One of Delaware's Senate seats was, therefore, vacant from September 18, 1793, until February 7, 1795. Death and legacy

<mask> died at New Castle on September 21, 1798, from heart problems and is buried there in the Immanuel Episcopal Church Cemetery. William T<mask> in his Life and Correspondence describes <mask> as "tall, slightly and gracefully formed, with pleasing features and lustrous brown eyes. His manners were dignified, bordering upon austerity, but courteous, and at times captivating. He commanded entire confidence, not only from his profound legal knowledge, sound judgment, and impartial decisions but from his severe integrity and the purity of his private character."However, a fellow delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1787 noted that "his legal abilities are said to be very great, but his powers of oratory are fatiguing and tiresome to the last degree; his voice is feeble and his articulation so bad that few can have patience to attend him." Historians like John Monroe have generally recognized that all in all, <mask> was the dominating figure in Delaware politics during his career, directly or indirectly providing consistent and reliable leadership to the new state. His home, Stonum, is a historic landmark. There is a school in New Castle and a dorm at the University of Delaware named for <mask>. In popular culture
In the Broadway musical 1776, <mask> is portrayed in a minor role as a proper, conservative, somewhat effete, and wealthy planter who has difficulty getting along with the other two members of the Delaware contingent who are for Independence. Duane Bodin played the character in the original Broadway cast and Leo Leyden appeared in the film version. <mask>'s brother Thomas was an officer in the Continental Navy during the war.Another brother, James, was an officer in the Continental Army and was later active in managing the navy under the Articles of Confederation. <mask>'s son <mask> Jr. served as the first U.S. Attorney for Delaware, and his grandson <mask> III served as the second. Another son, John, was a noted lawyer and banker of Philadelphia. <mask>'s great-granddaughter, Louisa, married Major Benjamin Kendrick Pierce, the brother of future President Franklin Pierce. Positions held
Elections for the Delaware General Assembly were held on October 1, and members took office on October 20 or the following weekday. The colonial attorney general was appointed by the Crown. The Legislative Council was created in 1776, and its councilmen had a three-year term.State assemblymen had a one-year term. The whole General Assembly chose the Continental Congressmen for a one-year term and the state president for a three-year term. <mask> served as interim state president, filling the vacancy created by the resignation of McKean. The chief justice of the state Supreme Court was also selected by the General Assembly for the life of the person appointed. The General Assembly chose the U.S. Senators, who took office March 4 for a six-year term. However, <mask>'s first term was only two years to establish a rotation.See also
 Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence

Notes

References

External links
 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
 Biography by Russell Pickett
 Delaware's Governors
 The Political Graveyard
 Hall of Governors Portrait Gallery; Portrait courtesy of Historical and Cultural Affairs, Dover. Delaware Historical Society; website
 University of Delaware; Library website
 Read House and Gardens
 Immanuel Episcopal Church

1733 births
1798 deaths
People from Cecil County, Maryland
People of colonial Maryland
People of colonial Delaware
American people of English descent
American Episcopalians
Continental Congressmen from Delaware
Signers of the Continental Association
Signers of the United States Declaration of Independence
Signers of the United States Constitution
Pro-Administration Party United States senators from Delaware
Delaware Federalists
Delaware Independents
Governors of Delaware
Independent state governors of the United States
Members of the Delaware House of Representatives
Delaware state senators
Chief Justices of Delaware
American slave owners
People from New Castle, Delaware
Delaware lawyers
Burials in New Castle County, Delaware

masks:
George Read
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John Read
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George Washington
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George Ross
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Mary Read
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<mask> (17 January 1902 – 22 March 1986) was a German military aviator and general. Harlinghausen specialised in maritime interdiction and anti-warship operations. During World War II Harlinghausen was the leading exponent of anti-ship warfare with the destruction of 22 ships credited to him. Born in 1902 Harlinghausen joined the Reichsmarine, the Weimar navy. In 1931 he transitioned from sailor to pilot. After formation of the Third Reich in 1933, Harlinghausen was compelled to join the Luftwaffe. In 1936 he was selected to command an anti-shipping unit in the Condor Legion and subsequently served in the Spanish Civil War.Harlinghausen developed effective combat tactics and was highly decorated by Nationalist Spain. <mask> was appointed chief of staff of the anti-shipping Fliegerkorps X in 1939. During World War II Harlinghausen flew combat missions even while a staff officer. On 5 May 1940 he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for commanding anti-shipping units in the Norwegian Campaign. In mid–1940 Fliegerkorps X transferred to German-occupied France. The command supported the Kriegsmarine in the Battle of the Atlantic and the Battle of Britain. In January 1941 he was awarded the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross.In February 1941, <mask> was appointed commanding officer of the newly established Fliegerführer Atlantik. Harlinghausen lobbied hard for the expansion of his forces but other military theatres received priority. In October 1941 he was wounded in action while attacking a convoy leaving the command leaderless. On 5 January 1942 Ulrich Kessler replaced Harlinghausen. Harlinghausen was simultaneously appointed Geschwaderkommodore of Kampfgeschwader 26 and Bevollmächtigter for das Lufttorpedowesen (Plenipotentiary for airborne torpedoes). In January 1943 Harlinghausen was given command of Fliegkorps II and relieved five months later on 10 June. He returned to duty in October 1943 as chief of staff to the General der Kampfflieger.His last command was Luftgau XIV from 21 August 1944 through to April 1945. During the appointment Harlinghausen was promoted to Generalleutnant on 1 December 1944. Harlinghausen was captured in 1945 and remained a prisoner of war until 1947. He served in the Bundesluftwaffe from 1957 to 1961. Harlinghausen either resigned his commission or was forced into retirement after disputes with superiors. Early life
<mask> was born in Rheda, the German Empire in 1902. Son of industrialist <mask> (1866–1942) and Therese Zurmühlen.He married Inge Ruhenstroth in 1940. Harlinghausen received his elementary and secondary education in 1922. After completing his Abitur he studied law for one semester at the University of Göttingen. He joined the Reichsmarine (German Navy) on 1 April 1923 and trained on torpedo boats. In 1931 Harlinghausen began pilot training. He received his commission as Leutnant zur See in 1927 and the Oberleutnant zur See in 1929. With the Nazi seizure of power, and the founding of the Third Reich, he transferred to the Luftwaffe, the aerial warfare branch of the Wehrmacht (Nazi German Armed Forces) in October 1933.At this time Harlinghausen held the lowly rank of Leutnant zur See (Lt zS or LZS). In 1934 he began work as an instructor in training schools. After training as an observer in October 1934 he joined the training section of the Reichsluftfahrtministerium. At the ministry became an associate of Hans Geisler. The two men became the foremost anti-shipping experts in Germany. He served at the Air War academy at Berlin–Gatow for much of 1935 through to 1937. Harlinghausen served under Geisler at Warnemünde naval base in 1931.Harlinghausen was given command of 1 seestaffel in 1937, an elevated to the position of Staffelkapitän. In October 1937 he was appointed to command küsten mehrzweck staffel 3./506 (coastal squadron of the 506th air group). Spanish Civil War
In January 1938, Harlinghausen, then ranked as Hauptmann (Captain) took command of AS/88 (Seefliegerstaffel—sea flying squadron), an anti-shipping unit in the Condor Legion. The frequency of bombing operations against merchant ships increased under his command. The squadron had been engaged in the Spanish Civil War since its outbreak. The main weapon of this unit was the Heinkel He 59. From January 1937 the type began experimenting with air-dropped torpedoes against transport and warships.Harlinghausen expanded the target list to include coastal communications with bombs and small-arms fire. Harlinghausen preferred the He 59 for the aircraft's ability to sustain severe damage and remain airborne. On one such mission over Barcelona, the aircraft was damaged by the blast from the bombs he had just dropped. The He 59 survive with a twisted fuselage and the lower wings broken in several places. Under his direction AS/88 developed ship and coastal-attack tactics. A particularly well-used approach against land targets was to fly at high altitude with engines switched off, then dive and release the bombs at 1,000 ft (300 metres), then start the engines for a hasty departure. By August 1938 16 sorties per week were flown, in small formations of three with each aircraft carrying a ton of bombs.12 He 59s were lost in 1938 and 1939—three to night fighters. Losses were replaced by aircraft flown in from Mallorca, via Sardinia. At this time the unit operated two Heinkel He 115s and evaluated them. AS/88 operations in Spain were undermined by a lack of support services. The He 59 units had been transferred to the Luftwaffe by the Kriegsmarine yet the navy still stored the spares for the complex machine. The only engineering unit was based in Seville, permanently and was not transferred to meet operational needs. The aircraft had to be sent back to Germany.They were flown to Cadiz, dismantled and shipped; a process that lasted three months and often left the unit severely under resourced. In his first combat mission he destroyed the Campsa fuel depots in Valencia which had been a priority target for some time. <mask> became the first pilot to sink a ship using an air-dropped torpedo when he sank a cargo ship off Valencia harbour on 21 July 1938. The 4,798-ton freighter was named Thorpeness and British. It sank one nautical mile from Valencia. Francisco Franco informed the English that the ship had struck a mine. On 1 August 1938 <mask> was promoted to Major.In commanding in Spain, Harlinghausen became a pioneer of attacking ships accurately with bombs. German aircraft—mainly Heinkel He 59 and Heinkel He 60s—sank 144 ships out of the 554 lost by the Republican forces. Before the fall of Barcelona in 1939, for example, German aircraft sank 30 ships and damaged scores more in the harbour. At the end of the war, which ended in a Nationalist victory for Franco, Hitler and Mussolini, AS/88 had been credited with 52 ships sunk. Nevertheless, the anti-shipping arm failed to achieve any strategic results in Spain. Harlinghausen continued to develop this neglected sphere in opposition to the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe. The high command remained aloof from naval air power matters because it did not foresee a war with the British Empire.<mask> left AS/88 to return the air war school at Gatow in December 1938. In April 1939 he became the operations officer for Luftflotte 2 (Air Fleet 2) known at the time as Luftflottenkommando 2 (Air Fleet Command 2). World War II
On 3 September 1939—two days after the invasion of Poland—Hans Geisler was removed the staff of Luftflotte 2 and given command of Fliegerkorps X, which was initially named Fliegerdivision 10 upon formation on 5 September. <mask> was appointed as chief of staff, effective from 1 November 1939. The headquarters located to Blankenese, Hamburg. The OKL regarded the war at sea and the destruction of British sea communications as secondary to the defeat of the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the British aviation industry. In September 1939, Harlinghausen's Fliegerkorps carried out sporadic operations off Eastern England with some success.After it was renamed and formed from a division to a corps on 3 October 1939 the command was given I./Kampfgeschwader 30 and I./Kampfgeschwader 26, equipped with the Junkers Ju 88 and Heinkel He 111. The air corps operated in the North Sea during the Phoney War period. In a memorandum, dated 15 January 1940, the navy wished to procure the Dornier Do 217 bomber, then under development, but Hermann Göring, commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe, refused citing the intent to transfer all offensive operations over to Fliegerkorps X, along with all new types. The He 115 was allocated to the navy instead. Harlinghausen was influential in ending production of the He 115 in favour of the He 111 for naval operations. For Harlinghausen, the war began in the autumn. On 17 October 1939, elements of the air corps attacked Scapa Flow, a major anchorage for the Royal Navy.Nazi propaganda wrongly claimed the aircraft carrier Ark Royal sunk. Operations in the north sea over the course of 17-19 December 1939 sank 10 vessels, all fishing trawlers, for a meagre 2,949 tons. On 17 December 1939, five trawlers were sunk, with at least two dead and five wounded. The following day there were three deaths aboard two sunken trawlers. Another was damaged and lost three crew killed. On 19 December, Star of Scotland suffered three dead in an attempt to sink her. From 9–30 January 1940, the air corps sank 12 freighters for 23, 994 gross register tons off eastern England.Specifically, KG 26 and 30 sank four ships and damaged four more in a single operation on 29 January. The following day, 35 Heinkel He 111s sank a further two and damaged a further eight. Shipping operations were extended to Scotland in 1940. In March 1940 German aircraft attacked 57 merchant ships and 38 Trawlers. Seven of the former and one of the latter were seriously damaged. Despite being the chief of staff in Fliegerkorps X, Harlinghausen flew missions and sank two merchant ships of , and severely damaged the 8,441 grt passenger ship Domala. The attack, carried out off St Catherine's Point, killed 98 people.On 1 March 1940, a He 111 from the Korpsführungkette (Corps Command Section)/Fliegerkorps X with Harlinghausen aboard, sank the 1,388 grt Norwegian freighter, Vestfoss south-east of Copinsay Island. On 20 March he sank the transport Barn Hill (5,439 grt) on a southward armed reconnaissance mission into the English Channel. The ship sank off Brighton. The vessel settled on a sand bank in shallow water and her cargo was salvaged. Operations incurred casualties. No. 12 Group RAF and No.13 Group RAF moved into Scottish and Northumbrian airfields in greater strength. With this move, the number of interceptions by RAF Fighter Command increased. 10  26 bombers were lost from 17 October 1939 to 15 August 1940 over Northumbria and Durham. 30 lost a further aircraft; all but one to fighter aircraft. A number of these interceptions were made during attacks on the Orkney islands from 8–10 April, made as a precursor to the invasions of Norway and Denmark. Operation Weserübung

Anti-shipping operations were interrupted. On 5 March 1940, Harlinghausen and Geisler travelled to Berlin.They were informed of the intention to invade Denmark and Norway. The planning for these invasions ended the prospect of intensive operations in the North Sea. In April 1940 the air corps' order of battle showed considerable reinforcement. The Luftwaffe order of battle April 1940 included transport groups KGr zbv 101–108, equipped with the Junkers Ju 52. Kampfgeschwader 4, 26 and 30 provided its bombing power. Harlinghausen remained chief of staff. The long coastline allowed for the use of longer range aircraft.Only weak dive-bomber units were allocated. Fliegerkorps X was given 500 aircraft; just 40 were dive-bombers. The air corps issued an order to all naval and land forces with the finalised plans, suggesting the air staff had a strong influence on the invasion plans. Operation Weserübung began on 9 April 1940. Denmark was in German hands within the day. Airborne forces assiste in the Capture of Egersund, Kristiansand and the Oslo Airport, Fornebu. All ports, from Stavanger in the south to Trondheim in the north were to be reinforced by air once captured.From the second week, Fliegerkorps X turned to defeating the Åndalsnes landings and supported the Battle of Dombås and Namsos campaign. Southern and central Norway was secured within days. In the north, the Royal Navy prevented the capture of Narvik and the subsequent Battles of Narvik ended in a series of German naval defeats. Harlinghausen earned a reputation as one of the more aggressive commanders and excelled in his command of the ad hoc Fliegerführer Trondheim. The Royal Navy acknowledged the air corps' effectiveness. Admiral Charles Forbes kept his distance from the Norwegian coast after a series of damaging air attacks on his Home Fleet. Forbes was especially concerned about his smaller ships; his cruiser and destroyers after the loss of  Gurkha.Harlinghausen's air corps flew in supplies to Eduard Dietl in the days following the invasion, as his forces fought the Battles of Narvik. The snow and weather conditions made landing and take off difficult. Aircraft were vulnerable in the narrow fjords. The supply operations had limited effect; they improved morale but did not improve the battle-readiness of Dietl's forces. On 30 April 1940 Harlinghausen flew a patrol between Trondheim and Namsos in one of two staffel KüFlGr (Coastal Flying Group) 506's He 115s. Over Namsfjord he discovered many targets. His reconnaissance mission guided 3./StG 1 to the area and the Junkers Ju 87 Stukas sank the anti-submarine warfare trawlers Siretoko, Jardine and Warwickshire.was also badly damaged necessitating her scuttling by . <mask> was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () on 5 May 1940 for his service piloting Heinkel He 115s and commanding an ad hoc group named Fliegerführer Stavanger. Harlinghausen's command made a significant operational contribution to the German victory in the Norwegian Campaign by rendering Allied sea communications insecure. On 18 May 1940 Harlinghausen probably sank the 55-year old 988 brt Sirius—claimed as a 1,500 grt freighter. The campaign ended on 9 June with the Allied evacuation from Norway. The Luftwaffe tipped the balance, compensating for the weakness of Wehrmacht sea power. Interdicting shipping lanes, air superiority and transport operations were crucial to the eventual German victory.The invasion cost Fliegerkorps X 1,130 air crew; 341 killed in action and 448 missing in action. Battle of Britain to Mediterranean

Fliegerkorps X remained in Norway. It formed the only combat formation of Luftflotte 5 (Air Fleet 5). KG 26 and 30, the anti-shipping specialists were the only bomber units under its command. 4 was reassigned to Fliegerivision 9, the minelaying unit, which was formed into a flying corps of the same number in October 1940. While Fall Gelb was put into effect—the Battle of the Netherlands, Battle of Belgium and Battle of France—Fliegerkorps X continued in attacks on British coastal shipping. By the conclusion of the campaigns in June 1940, JG 77 provided

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Wilhelm Harlinghausen
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 the only single-engineḍ fighter group.ZG 76 was the long-range fighter group present for fighter escort over the North Sea. The air corps sat out the Battle of Britain until mid-August 1940, while Luftlfotte 2 and 3 carried out the main effort in southern Englanḍ. On 15 August 1940, Luftflotte 5 carried out its only large scale bombing attack of the battle on land-based targets. The OKL hoped to divide Fighter Command's fighter squadrons and destroy them by attacking the British Isles from all directions. The operation was a failure and the air corps suffered heavy losses among bombers and long range fighter escorts. The air fleet (effectively Fliegerkorps X) lost 10 percent of its strength on one sortie. ZG 76 suffered one-third losses; some 19 aircraft over the North Sea and English Channel.The German air fleets lost 77 aircraft that day. Operations against the mainland were out of the question thereafter. The air fleet did not venture over Britain again for the duration of the battle. The Norwegian and Danish-based German aircraft resumed the war against the Royal Navy and merchant traffic. Harlinghausen refined and developed ship-attack tactics that the Luftwaffe used over Great Britain in 1940. The bomber approached on the beam at low-level and released bombs to damage the ship's hull below the water line. The types of vessels targeted extended to Lightships and fishing boats which the Germans saw as legitimate targets.The number of ships attacked and damaged in 1940 rose to 127 in 1940 and to a peak of 164 in 1941. On 3 November 1940 <mask> was credited with sinking a 6,000 grt ship, probably the 3,871 grt Kildale off Kinnaird Head bringing his claim total to approximately 100,000 grt. The air corps was sent to Sicily, Italy in late 1940. It formed the first wave of attacks on the intensively bombed British base at Malta and to support the Axis powers in the Battle of the Mediterranean. The air corps moved to Axis-held Greece in June 1941, by which time <mask> had left the corps. During its operations in the first half of 1941, the air corps effectively suppressed the Royal Navy Submarine Service, and its 10th Submarine Flotilla. Even with two antishipping experts occupying the position of commander, and chief of staff, the air corps failed to neutralise or paralyse the island's defences.The staff blamed limited supplies and the distractions on other fronts for the failure to achieve more; and above all, closing the Strait of Sicily to British naval forces. Harlinghausen tried to secure assistance from the Regia Marina to help shut the straits. His idea was for naval forces to patrol in darkness for his air corps could not see the enemy. The Italians could shadow the enemy until daybreak when his air power could be used against them. His efforts were in vain. The major success in this region was achieved on 11 January with the sinking of the cruiser Southampton and damaging of Gloucester. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves () 30 January 1941.Harlinghausen was part of the disastrous raid on British convoys moving through the Suez Canal. After four hours they reached the southernmost region, but found nothing. Harlinghausen ordered the other seven to seek alternative targets. After attacking a Ferry, Harlinghausen spotted the scattered convoy in the Great Bitter Lake. The head winds were double than expected, and all the He 111s ran out of fuel. Harlinghausen and Kowalewski crash landed in the desert 280 km south east of Benghazi. They were rescued after five days; three crew were captured.Fliegerführer Atlantik
On 28 February 1941 <mask> was appointed Fliegerführer Atlantik (Flying Leader Atlantic). As a ship-attack expert, he was a logical choice to lead Atlantic air operations. His headquarters were stationed in the village of Brandérion. Harlinghausen was responsible for organising fleet and U-boat support, meteorological missions and even coastal protection, although Küstenfliegergruppe (KuFlGr) (coastal aircraft group), Minensuchgruppe (MSGr—minesearch group) existed for that purpose. He had barely 100 aircraft operational. His commitment to the Mediterranean Theatre of Operations while managing the staff of X Fliegerkorps, delayed his command until 31 March 1941. He agreed with the operational methods of Karl Donitz at BdU, who favoured using the four-engine Focke-Wulf Fw 200 "Condors" to shadow convoys and direct U-Boats to their quarry; then to begin a coordinated air-sea attack to defeat the convoy.Harlinghausen was given meagre forces to achieve these ends owing to Hermann Göring's intransigence. Among his duties was to coordinate attacks on convoys with the Kriegsmarine's U-Boats. Harlinghausen's command was effective, and often transmitted accurate locations of convoys but because of a paucity in submarines, they failed to respond. Harlinghausen remonstrated with Dönitz who decided a more flexible approach was needed, rather than close cooperation. Harlinghausen frequently clashed with the Admiral over operational deployments, and opposed the shifting of air operations to interdict Gibraltar sea lanes as opposed to the Western Approaches. Harlinghausen's appointment coincided with the "First Happy Time", which was already rapidly approaching its end when Harlinghausen took charge. By Christmas 1940, KG 40, for example, had sunk 19 ships of approximately 100,000 tons and damaged 37– 180,000–tons worth of shipping.In January 1941, 17 ships were sunk amounting to 65,000 tons and five damaged. February was worse for the British, losing 21 ships to Fw 200s, totalling 84,301 tons. During the first quarter of 1941, the Condors sank , the vast majority being lone ships. In one case, a sustained attack upon convoy OB 290 on 26 February 1941 accounted for seven to nine vessels (), all sunk by KG 40 Fw 200s. However, with never more than eight aircraft operational, this was an exception. Soon, British CAM ship (catapult aircraft merchantmen) appeared, and the time of light Condor losses ended. Three months into his leadership, <mask> was held responsible for the Luftwaffe'''s failure to prevent the loss of the battleship Bismarck, which sank on 27 May 1941.His command was reinforced by II./KG 1, II./KG 54 and I./KG 77, to help the Bismarck, but the air effort failed to reach the combat area before the ship sank. No German Capital ship sailed into the Atlantic again, leaving only the U-boat war in operation. The last half of 1941 had been a severe blow to Fliegerführer Atlantik. It had sunk just four ships (10,298 tons) and damaged two for the loss of 16 Condors, including seven to convoy defences. From 15 March to 31 October 1941 Fliegerführer Atlantik reported 57 convoys. Through cooperation with U-boats 74 ships, totalling 390,000 tons, one aircraft carrier, and one destroyer were sunk. The command sank 161 vessels for 903,000 grt, probably sank seven for 31,000 grt, damaged 113 for 590,000 grt.Within six months, this trend underwent a radical change. The transfer of Condors to other theatres, according to  OKL wartime report, in mid-December 1941 brought air-submarine cooperation to "a standstill". <mask>'s insistence on flying combat operations left his command leaderless after he was shot down and wounded without his usual pilot Robert Kowaleski on 13 October while attacking a transport ship in the Irish Sea. The crew managed to slip back to the French coast near Vannes,  where they were rescued by fishermen. He spent the next three months in hospital. In January 1942 he was replaced by Ulrich Kessler as Fliegerführer Atlantik. North Africa, return to Mediterranean
In January 1942 <mask> was appointed Geschwaderkommodore of Kampfgeschwader 26, an anti-shipping bomber wing.KG 26 operated three Gruppen, groups, simultaneously but often they operated in different theatres. Harlinghausen and the staff command remained based in the Mediterranean. Harlinghausen had long been a supporter of torpedo bomber development. Along with the operational command, he was appointed Bevollmächtigten for das Lufttorpedowesen—Plenipotentiary for airborne torpedoes. KG 26 relocated to Italy in early 1942, and began torpedo training at Grosseto. Harlinghausen soon lost one Staffeln (6) to the Black Sea campaigns. I and III./KG 26 were ready for operations and deployed to Norway while II./KG 26 transferred to the Eastern Front in April, only to return in early August.<mask> remained wing commander through the intensive attacks on Malta convoys in February 1942. Among their successes was the Rowallan Castle, which sank after her escorts scuttled her. III./KG 26 moved to France near Rennes from Norway. Southwest of the  Scilly Isles on 3 and 4 August it carried out its first torpedo attack against a small convoy and claimed six ships totalling 20,000 grt. 6./KG 26, recalled from the Soviet Union, claimed two freighters from the infamous Pedestal convoy in mid–August. From May 1942, KG 26 engaged targets from Norway and sank a significant number of ships. Convoy PQ 10 and Convoy PQ 14 by KG 26 and 30 resulted in the sinking of two by air and two by submarine attack.It attacked Convoy PQ 16 and achieved success. In September 1942, I./KG 26 were involved in the destruction of Convoy PQ 17 and attacks on Convoy PQ 18, during the Arctic convoys. In the later operation, the III./KG 26 lost 52 crew missing, seven wounded and five killed. Against PQ17, aircraft sank 10 of the 24 ships; though U-boats claimed ships that had already been crippled by air attack. This amounted to 56,000 of the 142,000 grt sunk. 26 were supported by torpedo-equipped He 115s. Against PQ18 ten of the 13 ships were sunk by air attack.26 and 30 had a hand in sinking a further three; all in 300 sorties. But the cost was high; 44 aircraft. The operations, despite the losses, were a vindication of Harlinghausen and the use of torpedo bombers. In November 1942 the Axis front in North Africa began to collapse. The Second Battle of El Alamein destroyed their foothold in Egypt and led to their pursuit across Libya by the British; Operation Torch had seized Algeria, Morocco and threatened to take Tunisia. The OKW reacted swiftly and dispatched air and land forces to Tunisia to maintain a bridge head. The Run for Tunis was narrowly won by the Axis beginning the Tunisian Campaign.Harlinghausen was appointed Fliegerführer Tunesien. Harlinghausen was responsible to the Commander in Chief South, Albert Kesselring, in the initial stages, who was given complete command of the Tunisian bridgehead. The limited forces available forced the Axis to establish their lines on defencible terrain with the shortest logistics line, one as far inland from the main supply ports as Axis forces could maintain. Harlinghausen led three companies of 1st Tunis Field Battalion, one company of paratroopers, one antiaircraft artillery company, 14th Company, 104th Panzer Grenadier Regiment, advance detachment of the 5th Parachute Regiment of the Hermann Göring Panzer Division (3 officers and 150 enlisted men). Harlinghausen's forces seized the key positions in Tunis with his troops after the bulk of the Vichy French forces had withdrawn from the city on the night of 13–14 November. Harlinghausen had 140 aircraft, including 109 fighters. Harlinghausen was given command of Fliegerkorps II from February to May 1943.The air corps fought a defensive battle over Tunisia into 1943. Axis air forces in Tunisia were under constant threat of fuel and ammunition starvation. Supplies that reached Tunis were immediately used up. From March to April Allied naval and air forces sank 108 ship—41 percent of all Axis supply shipping. In contrast, Harlinghausen ordered his anti shipping units to abandon forward bases in Sardinia for the mainland, due to Allied air raids. The daily sorties against Allied warships fell from 11 to two. In April 1943 Operation Flax permanently disrupted the air bridge from Sicily to Tunisia.At the end of April there was no fuel left to run radar sets, or move tanks from workshops. The vain effort to supply Tunisia was disastrous. In April and first week of May, 1943, 177 Junkers Ju 52s were lost; six months after the beginning of the failed air lift during the Battle of Stalingrad. Harlinghausen escaped the 13 May capitulation in which 130,000 soldiers, starved of food, fuel and ammunition, surrendered. <mask> survived a month longer until dismissed from command on 10 June 1943 following a series of disputes with Kesselring. <mask>'s desire to rest and rebuild his Kampfgruppen was overruled by Göring. The Reichsmarschall demanded air attacks on Allied ports at night in strength.Harlinghausen's complaints to Kesslering were counter productive and the main reason for his dismissal. Later commands

After his dismissal, Harlinghausen briefly returned to Fliegerführer Atlantik as a member of Kessler's staff but was placed in reserve on 26 June 1943. In October 1943 he was appointed General der Kampfflieger. On 11 November, Reichsmarschall (Marshal of the Realm) Hermann Göring, in his role as commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe, organized a meeting of high-ranking Luftwaffe officers, including Nordmann. The meeting, also referred to as the "Areopag" was held at the Luftkriegsakademie (air war academy) at Berlin-Gatow. This Luftwaffe version of the Greek Areopagus—a court of justice—aimed at finding solutions to the deteriorating air was situation over Germany. In December 1944 Harlinghausen was appointed Chef des Luftwaffenkommandos "West", a position he held until the cessation of hostilities.He was captured by American troops and was released in 1947. Postwar career
<mask> served in the new West German Air Force from 1957 to 1961. He was sent into retirement, having been politically uncomfortable during his post-war career, after demanding a proper investigation in the 1961 F-84 Thunderstreak incident, after which Oberstleutnant Siegfried Barth, commander of Jagdbombergeschwader (JaBoG) 32, was removed from his post without a proper investigation. <mask> died in Gütersloh in March 1986. Awards
 Spanish Cross in Gold with Swords and Diamonds
 Iron Cross (1939)
 2nd Class (30 January 1940)
 1st Class (3 February 1940)
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 Knight's Cross on 4 May 1940 as Major in the general staff and chief of staff of the X. Fliegerkorps
 8th Oak Leaves on 30 January 1941 as Oberstleutnant'' in the general staff and chief of staff of the X. Fliegerkorps
 Great Cross of Merit

References

Citations

Bibliography

1902 births
1986 deaths
People from Rheda-Wiedenbrück
Luftwaffe World War II generals
German World War II pilots
People from the Province of Westphalia
Lieutenant generals of the German Air Force
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
German military personnel of the Spanish Civil War
Condor Legion personnel
Reichsmarine personnel
Bundeswehr generals
Lieutenant generals of the Luftwaffe
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United

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<mask> (June 22, 1922 – June 12, 2002) was an American fashion designer, born in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He was the recipient of many fashion awards, including seven Coty Awards and the Fashion Institute of Technology's Lifetime Achievement Award (1999). Early life
<mask> was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana, the son of <mask>, a traveling hardware salesman, and his wife, Ethyl (Keyser<mask>. In his autobiography, <mask> wrote that the margins in his school books were filled with sketches of Hollywood-inspired fashions instead of notes. At fifteen, he began sewing and selling evening gowns for $25 each to a New York manufacturer. At seventeen he had saved enough money to move to Manhattan and study fashion. At eighteen, he was the first male to win Mademoiselle's Design for Living award.He spent his salary of $30 a week on clothing, shoes and elegant meals. In 1943, <mask> enlisted in the Army. Due to his intelligence and talent, he was assigned to the 603rd Camouflage Battalion. Its mission was to deceive the German Army into believing the Allies were positioned in fake locations, for example by using dummy tanks. He served in this unit at several major operations including the Battle of the Bulge, and the Rhine River crossing. Fashion career

After the war, <mask> returned to New York, and was promptly hired as Anne Klein's assistant. However, he was soon fired; allegedly, Anne told him that while he had good manners, he had no talent.He was a protégé of Baron de Gunzburg. In 1970, after two decades of success in menswear and womenswear, he bought Maurice Rentner Ltd., which he had joined in 1959, and renamed it Bill Blass Limited. Over the next 30 years he expanded his line to include swimwear, furs, luggage, perfume, and chocolate. In 1967, he was the first American couture fashion designer to start a men's wear line. That part of his business grew to offer everything from ties, socks and belts to suits and evening clothes. It was made by 18 licensees. Like many designers, his women's couture collections lost money but served to promote other parts of his business.By the mid-1990s, his ready to wear business grossed about $9 million annually and his 97 licensing agreements had retail sales of more than $700 million a year. His clients, many of whom were also his friends, included Happy Rockefeller, Brooke Astor, Nancy Kissinger, Jessye Norman, Gloria Vanderbilt and Patricia Buckley. Design Style
<mask> is largely credited with creating the relaxed, elegant look that American fashion favored in the late 20th century. In a time period where international attention was solely focused on French fashion, <mask> was able to create designs that would eventually shift the focus onto American fashion as well. Inspired by European fashion designers like Coco Chanel, <mask> modernized womenswear by allowing them comfort while still maintaining a sense of glamour; he would create designs typical of sportswear, but create them using luxurious fabrics. His signature style consisted of feminine ruffles, luxury materials such as mink or cashmere, and sharply-cut, simple silhouettes. <mask>'s looks would incorporate Golden Age Hollywood's glamour with sportswear, taking sportswear silhouettes, and creating them with luxurious materials such as mink, silk, and cashmere, or blending pieces traditionally found in sportswear with dramatic ball skirts.<mask> was the first American to incorporate fabrics traditionally only found in menswear, such as pinstripes and houndstooth, into womenswear. His clothing was always very wearable, a characteristic that set him apart from his contemporaries, as most of them were focused on creating fantastical clothes. Advertisements
<mask> was one of the first designers bold enough and recognizable enough to star in his own advertisements. In one such campaign launched during the 1960's, <mask> was pictured alongside two models wielding machine guns. Text proclaiming, "They can't knock off <mask>" was emblazoned across the image. Employing witty slogans such as ''Positively Blassphemous", <mask> became a celebrity in his own right. Versailles 1973
During November 1973, at the Palace of Versailles, five American fashion designers, one of whom was <mask>, faced off against five French designers who were at the time considered to be the best of the best: Hubert de Givenchy, Yves Saint Laurent, Emanuel Ungaro, Pierre Cardin, and Marc Bohan of Christian Dior, in a battle of fashion shows.The event is often credited as the event that put American fashion in the international spotlight. The Bill Blass Edition Continental Mark series
Beginning in 1975, and continuing until 1992, <mask> lent his talents to the Ford Motor Company for an edition of their Continental Mark series of automobiles. In 1976, he shared model configurations with Emilio Pucci, Hubert de Givenchy, and Cartier. Each year, as goes true fashion, the interior and exterior color combinations would be updated. One of the most popular was the 1979 edition honoring a nautical theme, as did the Blass logo of the time. Small anchors were incorporated into the exterior accent striping and interior accents within the Blass "back-to-back B" design theme. The 1979 through 1983 Mark series Blass models were available with a "carriage roof" giving a convertible top look to the cars.After 1983, the <mask> edition became a color option with rear quarter window model designations and a few features that were options on the standard model. Awards and recognition
Over the years, <mask> won three Coty American Fashion Critics Awards. He won the 1968 Coty for men's wear. The Council of Fashion Designers of American awarded <mask> their Lifetime Achievement Award in 1987 and was the group's first winner of their Humanitarian Leadership Award in 1996. He was also named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame List. New York Public Library
In 1994, <mask> gave $10 million to the New York Public Library. In recognition of the gift, the Public Catalog Room of the New York Public Library Main Branch at Fifth Avenue and 42nd Street was named the <mask> Public Catalogue Room.Retirement and death
In 1999, <mask> sold Bill Blass Limited for $50 million to Michael Groveman and retired to his home in New Preston, Connecticut. <mask> was diagnosed with oral/tongue cancer in 2000, not long after he began writing his memoir. His cancer later developed into throat cancer, resulting in his death on June 12, 2002, ten days away from his 80th birthday. <mask> collected art and was a connoisseur of antiquities and in his will bequeathed half of his $52 million estate, as well as several important ancient sculptures, to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Quote

"The beauty of being able to draw, or paint, from an early age is that you never feel trapped, least of all by your immediate circumstances." "The secret of living is not staying too long. I have learned when to leave the party."“When in doubt, wear red.”

“Fashion can be bought by anybody; style takes discernment, it has to do with individuality.”

“Sometimes the eye gets so accustomed that if you don't have a change, you're bored. It's the same with fashion, you know. And that, I suppose, is what style is about.”

“Simplicity is the soul of modern elegance.”

Publications
 Dining in Manhattan Cookbook: A Collection of Gourmet Recipes for Complete Meals from Manhattan's Finest Restaurants, with Joan G. Hauser (1983)
 Bare Blass, edited by Cathy Horyn (2002)

See also

 <mask> Group

References

External links
 Official website of Bill Blass Group

 American Ingenuity: Sportswear 1930s-1970s, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on <mask> (see index)

1922 births
2002 deaths
American fashion designers
Artists from Fort Wayne, Indiana
Deaths from throat cancer
Deaths from cancer in Connecticut
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army soldiers
People from New Preston, Connecticut

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