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Alan Melikdjanian (; Russian: Алан Меликджанян; born April 13, 1980), known by the alias <mask>sillusion, is a Latvian-American independent filmmaker and YouTuber. Melikdjanian has been active in the founding of video-sharing sites Openfilm and Filmnet.com, and is the creator of the webseries Captain Disillusion, which focuses on critical analysis of visual effects and video editing while promoting critical thinking and skepticism. Early life
Melikdjanian was born to Soviet-era circus performer parents, and is of Armenian and Russian descent. His father, Vilen, was a particularly well-known performer. He toured the Soviet Union with his parents until age 6, where he would live with his grandmother while attending school. During summer, he would resume touring with his parents. In his youth, Melikdjanian would spend most of his free time trying to copy the styles of Disney animators.His family defected to the United States in the late 1980s; he rejoined them two years later, attending the William H. Turner Technical Arts High School in Miami, where he studied video production and 3D animation. He graduated from the Miami International University of Art & Design with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in film production. Career

FilmNet.com and Openfilm
Melikdjanian was the co-founder and creative director of FilmNet.com, and was the co-founder and chief creative officer of Openfilm. Both were intended as alternatives to popular video-sharing site YouTube, but for serious amateur filmmakers who "don't want to place their work alongside YouTube's mediocrities." Openfilm closed in August 2015. "Captain Disillusion" YouTube Channel, 2007–present

The "Captain Disillusion" YouTube Channel has approximately 2.26 million subscribers and 214 million views (). On the channel he debunks - amongst other things - viral and paranormal "hoax" videos, doing so humorously, and with a heavy focus on visual effects.He edits his videos using various software programs beginning with Avid Media Composer followed by Adobe After Effects, Blender, and Da Vinci Resolve. In his videos, Melikdjanian wears a vintage 1980s tracksuit, and the skin of the lower part of his face is covered in metallic paint. Melikdjanian described how he designed his superhero costume:

Format
Firstly, the Captain addresses the audience. A typical introduction to his videos is "Greetings, children, Captain Disillusion here." Secondly, he goes on to show a popular video, usually a paranormal or viral video which is "too good to be true" (often starting with humorous topics to set a lighthearted mood, and then using his wristband—a gift from James Randi—to lead him to talk about the real topic). Thirdly, he reviews the footage, utilizing his expertise in digital editing, to break down the video and show how the result was accomplished. He also likes to recreate effects from the videos he debunks, often incorporating this into episodes.He ends each video with his motto: "Love with your heart. Use your head for everything else." His videos often conclude with a humorous ending sequence, which occasionally relates with the preceding video. DVD
In 2011, Melikdjanian released a DVD of his Captain Disillusion series, entitled Captain Disillusion – Fame Curve Collection. It contains the first 16 episodes remastered with optional commentary and additional bonus features. He debuted it at TAM9, and later made it available for purchase online. Recognition
Melikdjanian's work has gained recognition from The Huffington Post, Kotaku, Russian TV International, Phil Plait, the James Randi Educational Foundation, Fortean Times, Home Media Magazine, and Sun Sentinel, among others.He has also received thanks from people for debunking videos they had shared. Interviews

In 2008, during an interview for The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe, Melikdjanian describes Captain Disillusion as a YouTube web series that tackles paranormal and illusion videos uploaded by others on YouTube. He started this effort as a blog entry on Myspace but later saw these items as ready made scripts for short videos. He notes that Penn & Teller were instrumental to his current interest and eventually found the skeptical movement involved in similar work. He finds that his followers like to learn about the illusions. It is not his intent to spoil legitimate entertainment or a current performer's work. His intent in showing how video illusions are created is to clear up misconceptions.Melikdjanian describes the basis for Openfilm briefly, saying it "was formed for film makers. The goal is to provide higher quality product and a group of serious content creators." During an interview for The Skeptic Zone, in 2010, Melikdjanian describes <mask>sillusion as a superhero. And in a following 2011 interview, he describes that his work as <mask>sillusion is done "in the maximum fun way possible". He describes his work with James Randi, Randi calling him to participate in The Amaz!ng Meeting and his video work with Randi in a later project. During an interview by Susan Gerbic for Skeptical Inquirer, he states "I think it's best to focus on what you know—something you're already an expert on outside of skepticism—and explore the ways in which it's connected to skepticism. With <mask>sillusion, I connected a random thing—visual effects—to skepticism in a way that people seem to find engaging.I'm sure that can be done with many other fields in different ways." In a 2017 interview with Richard Saunders from The Skeptic Zone, Melikdjanian described the video effects editing process, saying, "You know, the tools change but the methods really don't. It's all about making things look questionable and kinda crappy and low quality and then you can pretty much get away with anything." In replying to a follow up question regarding believing what you see on the internet, he said, "When I started out, people just kinda believed everything. It was like shooting fish in a barrel, but these days, people are just really asking me 'is this fake? ', 'is this fake? ', 'is this fake?', and half the stuff they show me is just, you know, a juggler juggling a lot of balls. They can't conceive that that could be real. People just don't believe anything anymore. I guess that's good for me because I get to explain lots of stuff but I wish people could finally strike that balance where they're not too credulous but they also know not to just dismiss everything out of hand." Credits

Filmography

Additional work
Still Life (2009) (short), steadicam operator
The Shift (2013) (thanks), starring Danny Glover

Television / Web series

Awards

References

External links

 Captain Disllusion on Social Blade
 Captain Disllusion on YouTube

1980 births
Living people
Film people from Riga
American film directors
21st-century American composers
American male child actors
American YouTubers
Soviet emigrants to the United States
American people of Russian descent
American people of Armenian descent
Male YouTubers
Skepticism
Comedy YouTubers
YouTube filmmakers
Shorty Award winners

masks:
Captain Di
Captain Di
Captain Di
Captain Di


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<mask> (; nicknamed Gorba, born May 9, 1945) is an expatriate Iranian Jewish arms dealer and former SAVAK agent. According to the Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, Ghorbanifar was a double agent for Iran and Israel. The CIA director William Casey believed that Ghorbanifar was an Israeli agent. He is best known as a middleman in the Iran–Contra Affair during the Ronald Reagan presidency. He re-emerged in American politics during the lead-up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq during the first term of President George W. Bush as a back-channel intelligence source "in order to report on any interaction and attempts at negotiations between Iranian officials and US ambassador to Iraq, Zalmay Khalilzad". Prior to the Iraq War, Ghorbanifar had passed allegations to the Bush administration that “enriched uranium was smuggled from Iraq into Iran and some may remain hidden in Iraq” which the CIA later discovered to be a fabrication created by Ghorbanifar. Ghorbanifar was linked to the Niger uranium forgeries which were forged documents initially released by SISMI that would later be used partly as justification for the Iraq War.Career
Prior to the 1979 Iranian Revolution Ghorbanifar was an agent of Iran's SAVAK intelligence service, and a partner in an Israeli-Iranian shipping company, Starline Iran, which shipped oil from Iran to Israel. <mask> knew Israel's military attache in Tehran, Yaakov Nimrodi, who helped build SAVAK. In 1980 Ghorbanifar was the liaison between the Shah's last Prime Minister, Shahpour Bakhtiar, in exile in Paris, and conspirators in the Iranian armed forces organising what is sometimes known as the Nojeh Coup. The plot was exposed, and hundreds of officers were arrested at Nojeh Air Base on 9-10 July 1980. <mask> had owned a shipping company and headed the logistics branch of the Niqab network which organised the civilian part of the plot. He had been recommended for the role by Bakhtiar. Some Iranian sources later accused Ghorbanifar of leaking information to the Iranian government which helped thwart the coup plot.In December 1985 Adnan Khashoggi said in an interview that Ghorbanifar was head of European intelligence under Mir-Hossein Mousavi (Prime Minister from 1981). In 1981 Ghorbanifar was the source for the Washington Posts stories about Libyan hit squads targeting President Reagan and other senior US figures; in 1986 he said he had created the story "To hurt Libya, an enemy of Israel". Ghorbanifar's contribution to the Libyan story contributed to the CIA's 1984 decision to issue a "burn notice" against Ghorbanifar. In the early 1980s Ghorbanifar accompanied Cyrus Hashemi to Israel to arrange a $50m arms shipment, codenamed "Cosmos", to Iran. The deal was cancelled at the last minute with much of the equipment already loaded onto a ship in Eilat. During the 1980s, Ghorbanifar arranged the transaction of PROMIS software to Khalid bin Mahfouz, a prominent Saudi billionaire. Iran–Contra Affair
In the 1980s, Ghorbanifar's principal American contacts were National Security Council agents Oliver North and Michael Ledeen.Ledeen vouched for Ghorbanifar to National Security Adviser Robert McFarlane. Oliver North later claimed that Ghorbanifar had given him the idea for diverting profits from TOW and HAWK missile sales to Iran to the Nicaraguan Contras. Ghorbanifar's suspected duplicity during the Iran–Contra deal led CIA Director William Casey to order three separate lie-detector tests, all of which he failed. Iranian officials also suspected Ghorbanifar of passing them forged American documents. The CIA issued a burn notice (or "Fabricator Notice") on Ghorbanifar in 1984, meaning he was regarded as an unreliable source of intelligence, and a 1987 congressional report on Iran–Contra by the Congressional Committees Investigating The Iran-Contra Affair cites the CIA warning that Ghorbanifar "should be regarded as an intelligence fabricator and a nuisance". His own cohorts in the arms trading affair were also incredulous. "I knew him to be a liar," North eventually acknowledged.Ronald Reagan had described Ghorbanifar as a “devious character.” Robert McFarlane, the national-security adviser who approved the Iran–Contra arms trades, once described Ghorbanifar as "one of the most despicable characters I have ever met." Former CIA official and Iran-Contra figure George Cave, who was involved in the 1984 decision to issue the burn notice, has described Ghorbanifar as "the most totally amoral person I have ever met". According to a report in Time, <mask>'s links with the CIA led to internal disputes, with the counter-terrorism division supporting him and Middle East officers attempting to discredit him. <mask>'s anger at being labelled a liar may have led him to urge Iranian contacts to leak the Iran-Contra story. The affair first became public in a Lebanese newspaper, apparently leaked by Mehdi Hashemi. French–Lebanese hostage crisis
<mask> has been suspected of being a former French DGSE informer, and allegedly accompanied Jean-Charles Marchiani, the right-hand man of former French Interior Minister Charles Pasqua, during his meetings with the deputy Iranian foreign minister to negotiate the release of the French hostages in Lebanon in the mid-1980s. War on terrorism
In December 2001 Michael Ledeen organized a three-day meeting in Rome, Italy between <mask> <mask> and Defense Intelligence Agency officials Larry Franklin and Harold Rhode.Also present were two officials from Italy's SISMI. In addition to a position at the American Enterprise Institute, Ledeen was working as a consultant to then U.S. Undersecretary of Defense for Policy Douglas Feith, who oversaw the Office of Special Plans. The 2001 meeting took place with the approval of then-Deputy National Security Advisor Stephen Hadley. The meeting concerned a secret offer from reportedly dissident Iranian officials to provide information relevant to the War on Terrorism and Iran's relationship with terrorists in Afghanistan. Summer 2003 news reports of the meetings prompted an internal review, as well as an investigation by the U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld characterized the meetings as insignificant, saying, "There wasn't anything there that was of substance or of value that needed to be pursued further."News reports also indicated that Ghorbanifar sought to be paid for the middleman role. Subsequent contacts with Ghorbanifar were abandoned. <mask> <mask> has emerged as the probable origin of the information cited by Congressman Curt Weldon's book, Countdown to Terror: The Top-Secret Information that Could Prevent the Next Terrorist Attack on America... and How the CIA has Ignored it (Regnery Publishing, June 2005) . Weldon cites an anonymous source, "Ali," believed to be Fereidoun Mahdavi, a former Iranian minister of commerce before the Iranian Revolution who is a close associate of Ghorbanifar. References

External links
 Michael Ledeen, "Truth About Ghorbanifar", with reply by Theodore H. Draper. New York Times Book Review 36, no. 7, 27 April 1989."Regime Change in Iran? One Man's Secret Plan". Newsweek, 22 December 2002. James Risen. How a Shady Iranian Kept the Pentagon's Ear, New York Times, 7 December 2003. "Arms dealer in talks with US officials about Iran". Sydney Morning Herald, 9 August 2003.Michael Ledeen, "Iran-contra Revisited?". National Review, 14 August 2003. Laura Rozen and Jeet Heer, "The Front". The American Prospect, 1 April 2005. Dana Priest, "Lawmaker's Book Warns of Iran". Washington Post, 9 June 2005: A08. Laura Rozen, "Curt Weldon's Deep Throat".The American Prospect, 10 June 2005. Larisa Alexandrovna. Spurious attempt to tie Iran, Iraq to nuclear arms plot bypassed U.S. intelligence channels, Raw Story, 11 January 2006. Larisa Alexandrovna. Ghorbanifar Back on U.S. Payroll, Raw Story, 20 April 2006. Laura Rozen, Three Days in Rome (Mother Jones magazine)

1945 births
Living people
Arms traders
History of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Iran–Contra affair
Exiles of the Iranian Revolution in the United States
People of SAVAK
Iranian emigrants to France
Iranian emigrants to the United States
Exiles of the Iranian Revolution in France
Double agents

masks:
Manucher Ghorbanifar
Ghorbanifar
Ghorbanifar
Ghorbanifar
Ghorbanifar
Ghorbanifar
Manucher
Ghorbanifar
Manucher
Ghorbanifar


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<mask>, also known as <mask>, (ca.1945 – 18 October 2000), was an American citizen journalist, editor and publisher of Neighborhood News, a weekly e-mail newsletter, that reported on crime in Venice, California. <mask> was murdered at his Oakwood neighborhood home, one convicted assailant was sentenced to 16 years in prison, and the anniversary of his death is honored by locals. Personal
<mask> was 55 years old at the time of his murder. He had lived on the 700 block of Vernon Ave for 20 years and in Venice since 1969. <mask> was known in his community as a local anti-crime activist, block captain for the Model Neighborhood Program, and a member of the Community Police Advisory Board. His hometown was Dayton, Ohio. After attending Catholic schools in Dayton, he went on to earn his BA degree from Ohio State University.He then studied at UC Berkeley graduated with a master's degree in business. Before turning to citizen journalism, <mask> had established himself as a house painter, property manager, and real estate agent. His memorial service was held at Church of St. Mark, Oakwood. <mask> was survived by his older sister Rita, his companion Cynthia Jean Moore and her two children. Citizen journalism
<mask> reported on criminal activity in the Oakwood neighborhood for around three years and was known by residents to be a "controversial" figure. As part of his activism against crime, <mask> became a citizen journalist focusing on local crime, and he edited and published an Oakwood neighborhood e-mail newsletter, which he published from his home in Venice, California. <mask> was known for reporting what he had heard on crime scanners, visiting crime scenes—often arriving first—and investigating criminals and even photographing drug deals for Neighborhood News.The Neighborhood News published a listing of crimes, such as shootings, drug sales, thefts, and vandalism. Death
<mask> <mask> was known as a "controversial" figure in the community, according to Ruth Galanter, a Venice city councilwoman. She called <mask>' killing "a straightforward assassination." Galanter said <mask>' stance and activism against crime had made him a highly visible obstacle to crime elements and attracted many enemies as a result. Police believed that two assailants murdered <mask>. Police said his murderers waited for him and shot him several times in his driveway after he returned home in his camper van from a workout at an all night gym around 4:15 a.m.

Legal investigation and prosecution
Police carried out an investigation into <mask>' premeditated murder. Initially, police said they did not have any leads and the Los Angeles City Council established a $25,000 reward.Police investigated a conspiracy to kill <mask>. A man was sentenced on 24 February 2003 to 25 years in prison for his role in a national cocaine ring, and it was also believed that he and others were linked to the slaying of <mask>. <mask> kept tabs on the crime activity in his neighborhood and police believed others had conspired to kill him. It was alleged that <mask> was killed because the people in the crime ring thought he was giving police information about their operations. The indictment indicated that <mask> murder and the attempted murder of an unidentified man were meant to further the individuals criminal enterprise. There was also a conviction in another case against a person believed to be the only surviving assailant. Byron Lopez, a.k.a."Crook", who was arrested 26 February 2002 and later pleaded guilty and did not contest the pre-meditated murder charges brought against him. He was sentenced to 16 years in prison. Context
Venice, California had experienced a wave of gang-related violence during the 1990s, especially from 1994 to 1997, and experienced a resurgence prior to <mask>' murder. In response, police, under the leadership of LAPD Chief of Police Bernard C. Parks, established a Model Neighborhood Program that placed more police in the neighborhoods who were regular patrolling within a zone while at the same time the city of Venice, according to advocate councilwoman Ruth Galanter, would use city resources to clean up vandalism and involve citizens. <mask>' Oakwood neighborhood is located in Venice, California and is about 12 city square blocks in size. Impact
The city of Venice designated 18 October, the anniversary of <mask>' murder, as "Jim Richards Day", which has been observed since 2008. Reactions
As the investigation began, L.A. Police Lt. Horace Frank said, "people ought to be outraged by every murder.We're outraged by every murder and will pursue every murder aggressively." In reaction to <mask>' murder, Venice residents spoke of a climate of fear that was settling in as a result of the violence. Ruth Galanter, a Venice councilwoman representing Oakwood, said, "It is a heinous act meant to intimidate the community and threaten residents into staying quiet in the face of a criminal takeover of their community by gang members and drug dealers." Vanessa Celentano, <mask>' neighbor, said, "People are going to be more worried now than ever. The fact that the block captain got shot to death, I mean, where does that leave us? It's scary." Resident Patt Morrison wrote about the intimidation that neighbors in Oakwood felt about talking about <mask>' murder, the complacency of residents about the neighborhood's problems, and the admiration for <mask>' activism in an atmosphere of fear.In the 2008 proposal to create a day of commemoration, Galanter said, "Jim was a brave and dedicated man. The city and the community owe a debt of gratitude to him. Those who believe they can intimidate this community have sorely underestimated the good people of Oakwood." See also
 List of journalists killed in the United States
 Venice Shoreline Crips
 Venice 13
 Culver City Boys 13

References

1945 births
2000 deaths
Anti-crime activists
Deaths by firearm in California
Journalists from California
Assassinated American journalists
Ohio State University alumni
People from Venice, Los Angeles
University of California, Berkeley alumni
People murdered in California
2000 murders in the United States
American male journalists
20th-century American writers
20th-century American journalists

masks:
James Edwin Richards
Jim Richards
Richards
James Edwin Richards
Richards
Richards
Richards
Richards
Jim Richards
Richards
James Edwin
Richards
Richards
Richards
Jim Richards
Richards
Richards
James Richards
Richards
Richards
Richards
Richards
Richards
Richards
Richards
Jim Richards
Richards
Richards


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<mask> (December 31, 1910 – March 5, 1976) was an American screenwriter and film director. He was born into a theatrical family in New York, and after his parents divorced, was raised in California by his aunt, Marion Davies, actress and mistress to newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst. A child prodigy, he entered the University of California, Berkeley at age 13, but dropped out after a few years to work as a journalist with Hearst's newspapers. <mask> is recognized for his comic and acerbic adaptations and collaborative screenplays of the 1940s and early 1950s. His screenplays frequently delved into the corrosive influences of wealth and power. His comedy writing was considered among the best of the period, and he, along with writer friends Ben Hecht and Herman Mankiewicz, became major contributors to the film genre known as "screwball comedy". Among his notable screenplays which he wrote or co-wrote, were The Front Page (1931), the critically acclaimed His Girl Friday (1940), Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953), The Spirit of St. Louis (1957), Ocean's 11 (1960), and Mutiny on the Bounty (1962).Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in New York City to two prominent figures in the American theater, Broadway producer <mask> and singer Reine Davies. After his parents were separated, <mask> and his older sister Pepi moved to California and were raised by his mother's sister, actress Marion Davies. He grew up in Hollywood, spending much time at San Simeon, the "enchanted castle on the hill", where his aunt reigned as publisher William Randolph Hearst's mistress. He was a child prodigy and was admitted to UC Berkeley at the age of 13, but dropped out a few years later to work as a journalist for Hearst's newspapers. According to biographer William MacAdams, "Hollywood was home to Lederer, where for most people it was a place they moved to in order to work for the movies. Virtually none of the film community had grown up in Los Angeles, but Lederer had been brought there when he was 11 by Marion Davies, his mother's sister... Lederer thus knew the movie colony inside out as seen from the top and wasn’t impressed ..."

Screenwriting career
When he was 19, Lederer became friends with Ben Hecht, who introduced him to the New York literati. His friendship with Hecht led to his being hired to write additional dialogue for the film The Front Page.He later moved back to Hollywood to become a full-time screenwriter. <mask> is recognized for his acerbic wit, with adaptations and collaborative screenplays written mostly during the 1940s and early 1950s. His screenplays frequently delved into the corrosive influences of wealth and power. His comedy writing was also among the best of the period, and he, along with Hecht and Herman Mankiewicz became major contributors to the film genre known as "screwball comedy". He was friends with screenwriters Joseph and Herman Mankiewicz. Herman would later become co-screenwriter of Citizen Kane. After becoming friends with <mask>, "Herman told Joe to come to the office of their mutual friend <mask> ... "  Herman, who met Hearst as a result of his friendship with <mask>, later "saw Hearst as ‘a finagling, calculating, Machiavellian figure.’ But also, with <mask>, ... wrote and had printed parodies of Hearst newspapers ..."

As explained by The New Yorker film critic Pauline Kael, "Mankiewicz found himself on story-swapping terms with the power behind it all, Hearst himself.When he had been in Hollywood only a short time, he met Marion Davies and Hearst through his friendship with <mask>, a writer, then in his early twenties, whom Ben Hecht had met and greatly admired in New York when <mask> was still in his teens. <mask>, a child prodigy, who had entered college at thirteen, got to know Mankiewicz ... <mask> was Marion Davies’s nephew – the son of her sister Reine ... Marion was childless, and <mask> was very close to her; he spent a great deal of his time at her various dwelling places, and took his friends to meet both her and Hearst.”

After finishing the script for Citizen Kane, Mankiewicz gave a copy to <mask>, which Kael explains was foolish:

<mask>, however, told director Peter Bogdanovich that Kael was totally incorrect in this matter, and "she never bothered to check with him." He did not, in fact, ever give the script to Davies. <mask> explains:

According to Hecht biographer, William MacAdams, "When Hecht began looking around for a new collaborator ... he thought of <mask>, whom he had met on one of his first trips to Los Angeles....In a letter to screenwriter Gene Fowler, Hecht called <mask> "a very tender soul....[who] captivated the New York literati just as the other Charlie (MacArthur) had a few years earlier." Leading screenplays

His friendship with Hecht led to his being hired in 1931, when he was 20, to write additional dialogue for the film version of the 1928 play The Front Page. The film would be nominated for three Academy Awards, including Best Picture. In 1933, he made contributions to Hecht's screenplay for Topaze, along with many others, without being credited.From 1940 to 1943 <mask> worked at MGM where he wrote a series of light comedies, usually centering on mismatched couples. Comrade X (1940), written in collaboration with Ben Hecht and directed by King Vidor is the story an American in Russia (Clark Gable) who falls in love with a streetcar conductor (Hedy Lamarr). In 1942 he directed his first film, Fingers at the Window, although he did not write the screenplay. He penned the screenplay for the classic 1951 science-fiction/horror film The Thing from Another World, directed largely by Howard Hawks but credited to Christian Nyby and co-wrote the original 1960's Ocean's 11. <mask> wrote or co-wrote screenplays (notably with Ben Hecht) for Howard Hawks's production of His Girl Friday (a remake of The Front Page), Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, and the Lewis Milestone remake of Mutiny on the Bounty, starring Marlon Brando. His Girl Friday has remained his most popular and critically acclaimed screenplay. At the suggestion of the film's director, Howard Hawks, <mask> changed the sex of the lead character in the play, Hildy Johnson, from male to female.With Ben Hecht, he co-wrote the original Kiss of Death which was to feature the actor Richard Widmark's chilling debut as the psychopathic killer with a giggle. In addition, he wrote and directed the 1959 film Never Steal Anything Small, an adaptation of a play by Maxwell Anderson and Rouben Mamoulian, starring James Cagney. The Spirit of St. Louis was <mask>'s last significant film work. The films that followed that were primarily vehicles for established stars. <mask> was valued as a Hollywood screenwriter who produced lively, acerbic adaptations and worked well in collaboration with others. He was also a member of another circle of writers on the East Coast which included Moss Hart, George S. Kaufman, Howard Dietz, Robert Benchley, Dorothy Parker, and editor Harold Ross. These writers were to become the nucleus of the Algonquin Round Table.Awards
In 1954, he won three Tony Awards for the Broadway Musical Kismet, as Best Producer (Musical), as Best Author (Musical) with Luther Davis, and as co-author of the book which, with several collaborators, contributed to the Best Musical win. Personal life

Marion Davies' nephew

<mask> and his sister Pepi were raised by his aunt, actress Marion Davies. He grew up in Hollywood, and spent much of his time at Hearst Castle in San Simeon, his aunt's primary home with newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst. According to Davies's biographer Fred Guiles, "Everyone close to Marion knew that Charlie was her favorite person after Hearst. . . . He was her knight-errant and no one, not even Hearst, ever reckoned with Marion alone from then on; they knew that they were dealing, too, with nephew Charlie." <mask>'s father, <mask>, produced her first film, Runaway Romany. Hearst, who at that time had not known Davies, saw the film and offered Davies a one-year acting contract, leading to their future relationship and further roles for Davies.In July 1928, Davies and Hearst left on a summer vacation to Europe. Among those invited who joined them, at Hearst's expense, were <mask> and his sister Pepi. During another summer trip to Europe in 1934, Hearst and Davies considered having <mask> write a scenario for a movie project called Movie Queen, a proposed film and vehicle for Davies that had been discussed in Hollywood. Hearst also asked <mask> to help rewrite the script for another Davies film, Hearts Divided (1936), which he did without credit. In 1950, Hearst personally asked <mask> to find him an attorney to draw up a trust agreement for his will in order to provide Davies with a lifetime income from the Hearst estate after his death. <mask> remained close to Davies after Hearst's death in 1951. When Davies died in 1961 at age 64, nearly recovering from cancer treatments and deterioring health from years of heavy drinking, <mask>, along with Davies' husband and her sister, were at her bedside.During his visits at Hearst's estate, <mask> befriended Charlie Chaplin, also a frequent visitor, and got a small role in his 1931 film, City Lights. The scene was cut from the final film, however, and the seven-minute clip was first publicly shown in the 1983 documentary Unknown Chaplin. Marriages

<mask> married Virginia Nicolson Welles, ex-wife of Orson Welles, May 18, 1940, in Phoenix, Arizona. <mask>, at the time, was a "good friend" of Welles, notes Welles biographer Peter Bogdanovich According to Guiles, "she married Charlie… coming back to the Lederer home on Bedford Drive [in Los Angeles] with her young daughter, Chris, Welles’ first-born child.” The couple divorced in 1949. <mask>'s second wife was actress Anne Shirley whom he married in 1949. Friendships

Orson Welles
Welles biographer Barbara Leaming states that after <mask> married Welles's first wife in 1940, "earnestly trying to protect the best interests of Virginia and particularly of his daughter Chris, Lederer had angry run-ins with Orson, whom he accused of not living up to the divorce settlement. Now, in the unlikeliest of turnarounds, Orson and the witty, intelligent Lederer became great chums."Welles himself said of the Lederers, "I liked them together," and he soon entered into a friendly relationship that he describes as a "strange design for living at the beach." Welles became famous in the movie world after the release of Citizen Kane in 1941, a story based in part on the life of William Randolph Hearst. The story attempts to solve the mystery of newspaper publisher <mask> Kane's last dying word: "Rosebud". Film critic David Thomson calls the word "the greatest secret in cinema." In 1989, author Gore Vidal disclosed that "Rosebud" was in fact a nickname which Hearst playfully used for the clitoris of his mistress, Marion Davies. Vidal said that Davies told this intimate detail to <mask>, who mentioned it to him. The claim about the meaning of "Rosebud" was repeated in the 1996 documentary The Battle Over Citizen Kane and again in the 1999 dramatic film RKO 281.Years later, after Welles's second marriage to actress Rita Hayworth ended in 1948, he moved to a beach house next door to the palatial Marion Davies estate where his first wife Virginia and <mask>, her husband, resided. Welles lived there with Irish actress Geraldine Fitzgerald, and he soon became a "member of the household" of his former wife and <mask>. Chris Welles, in her biography, describes how her mother and stepfather remained friends with Welles despite the earlier problems:

According to Welles biographer Frank Brady, <mask> and Welles would sometimes spend hours, or days, discussing various film projects or related properties that they might want to collaborate on. They both loved Tennessee Williams' The Glass Menagerie. There were also awkward periods that Welles remembers:

<mask> would often take Chris and Virginia to visit San Simeon, where Davies lived with William Randolph Hearst. She recalls, "Whenever we visited San Simeon, the grandiose castle . . . Charlie could not resist pulling the old man's leg:

Chris Welles adds that "aunt Marion, who had lost most of her relatives, was extremely close to Charlie."<mask> agreed, saying that "we're more like partners in crime than aunt and nephew." She remembers one occasion: "Charlie and Marion would exchange a wicked glance and then begin turning somersaults in unison on one of Hearst's priceless Persian rugs." She writes, however, that she was unaware at the time of the complications that her visits to San Simeon caused:

Virginia Welles gave some of the reasons <mask> became close friends with Welles:

After completing Macbeth in late 1947, Welles planned to live and work in Europe to save on production costs. Before leaving, however, he came down with chicken pox, which he contracted from his daughter. He was forced to stay in New York's Waldorf hotel for three days, during which time <mask> remained with him while they worked on a script for The Shadow, which Welles was to direct. Later, after Welles had been living in Europe, spending most of his time and energy trying to obtain funds to both live and produce other films, <mask> loaned him $250,000. Harpo, Ben Hecht, and a Comeuppance
Lederer was great friends with Harpo Marx and the two constantly cooked up practical jokes at the balls and parties they attended at Hearst Castle, the estate of William Randolph Hearst, such as stealing all the female guests' fur coats and draping them over the statues outside the estate during a heavy rainstorm.<mask> was a close and lifelong friend of screenwriter Ben Hecht, with whom he co-wrote numerous screenplays. Hecht noted that <mask> was "half Jewish and half Irish," and soon after meeting him, wired Rose, his wife, "I have met a new friend. He has pointed teeth, pointed ears, is nineteen years old, completely bald and stands on his head a great deal. His name is <mask>. I hope to bring him back to civilization with me." Hecht's 1963 autobiography, Gaily, Gaily, was dedicated, "For <mask>, to read in his tub." <mask> was famed on both coasts as a sardonic wit and "incessant practical joker," which endeared him to Hecht.Bennett Cerf's book Shake Well Before Using describes an incident during <mask>'s career in the Army during World War II, when <mask> took revenge on an Englishwoman who had been making "rabid and noisy" remarks against Jews:

Final years
According to Mankiewicz' biographer Richard Meryman, <mask> "isolated himself in his last years, contorted from arthritis, addicted to narcotics." He died in 1976, aged sixty-five. References

External links

<mask> family papers, Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

American male screenwriters
American film directors
1910 births
1976 deaths
American theatre managers and producers
Tony Award winners
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters

masks:
Charles Davies Lederer
Lederer
Charles Davies
Lederer
George Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Charlie Lederer
Lederer
Charlie Lederer
Charles Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Charlie Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
George Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Charles Foster
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Charles Lederer
Charles Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Lederer
Charles Lederer


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<mask>, Baron Miglianico (Livorno, Italy September 15, 1909 – Caracas, Venezuela October 16, 1991) was a prominent military engineer of the Italian Regia Marina, Major of Genio Navale and belonging to the recognized Decima Flottiglia MAS as director of the Office of Submarine Secret Weapons during Second World War. He was awarded the Silver Medal of Military Valor. Biography

First Years, Military Career

<mask> joined the Livorno Naval Academy in 1925, being number one in the entrance exam, among a large group of students. Later he was sent to the Polytechnic of Turin, where he earned an honors degree in Industrial Engineering, before obtaining a PhD in Mechanical Engineering. World War II

At the start of the war in 1939, he was conducting technical studies aboard various naval vessels such as the Battleship Andrea Doria and the Submarine Scirè where he familiarized with Prince Junio Valerio Borghese, by then commander of the submarine, who already knew of his years at the Academy. In 1940, Borghese requested him to form part of the newly restructured Decima Flottiglia MAS. Along with captain Travaglini, step hold Office of Submarine Secret Weapons, where, after several losses and failed attacks on the British base in Malta, he made improvements to the first human torpedoes, originally designed by Teseo Tesei and known as Siluro a lenta Corsa (SLC) and nicknamed "Maiale" (Pig, in English), eliminating the cause of many problems.Using the experience gained and scientific, industrial, and technological progress, he began the construction of a similar design, but with significantly higher characteristics. Launched from the submarine Scire, two men maneuvered it from a cockpit. Once near the boat, they placed the explosives with a timer. As director of the Office of Submarine Secret Weapons, he also designed and updated the Motoscafo Armato Silurante (MAS), motorboats of between 20 and 30 tons displacement, with a crew of 10 men armed with two torpedoes, plus several machine guns and occasionally a small-caliber cannon. The biggest success of the Maiale occurred on December 19, 1941, when Lieutenant Luigi Durand de la Penne and Emilio Bianchi used two maiale to defend the port of Alexandria, Egypt, and severely damaged two British battleships ( and )
Other weapons were designed and built by the Office of Submarine Secret Weapons: these included acoustic mines and incendiary bombs which were designed so that the pilots of the torpedoes could introduce them into enemy ports. Siluro San Bartolomeo
When using the Maiale Human Torpedo, Masciulli noticed some limitations, demonstrating the need for an updated version. The improvement in the materials available for the assembly and parallel new technologies led to a far superior product to the point of not being able to identify and as an outgrowth of the "Siluro a Lenta Corsa" SLC Maiale.So the Siluro San Bartolomeo had born. The project was managed and developed by the engineer of the Genio Navale, Major <mask>, with the help of Captain G.N Travaglino,  with help from engineer Guido Cattaneo. Also helping with the direction of Submarine Weapons Arsenal, La Spezia. Armistice, September 8, 1943
The new Badoglio government of Italy signed an armistice with the Allies. Further attacks on Gibraltar using the new and larger replacement for the SLC (the Siluro San Bartolomeo type), and a planned raid on New York City were called off due to the Italian surrender. Just three Siluro San Bartolomeo had been manufactured for the date of the Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces, two remained in La Spezia and one was sent to Venice, which was found at the end of the war. Both of La Spezia were consigned to the La Castagna Task Force, an old battery of the Decima Flottiglia MAS under the command of Lieutenant Augusto Jacobacci (Siluro San Bartolomeo pilot).Those had been designated to attack Gibraltar, but the action was suspended with the Armistice signed on 3 September 1943 but made public on 8 September, between the Kingdom of Italy and the Allies armed forces. After War
The engineer <mask>i was injured in a leg and both hands, for a technical accident in 1943, while he was doing a personal test aboard a Maiale. After the war he was promoted to the rank of colonel, always maintained close contact with Borghese. Later plays for several years as director of the important company " Pirelli ", based in Milan. The company had already demonstrated their competence and high capacity when the engineer, as head of the Office of Submarine Secret Weapons, asking them material for the preparation of the costumes used by the "Frogmen". In 1957 known in Milano, Italy, the Vice Admiral Carlos Larrazabal, Venezuelan Military attache in Italy and brother of the next President Wolfgang Larrazabal. He then asked for his vast knowledge, to teach at the Naval Academy and decided to move and settle in Caracas.The rest of his life he worked as an entrepreneur in Venezuela along with several Italians who had also belonged to the Regia Marina. He died in Caracas, of natural causes on October 16, 1991, in peace. For the 1953 Italian war film  Siluri umani (internationally released as Human Torpedoes)  directed by Antonio Leonviola. narrated the adventures of this secret weapons. One of its military advisors was <mask> and the former admiral Marcantonio Bragadin. Leonviola came into conflict with the film's producers just before its completion and was replaced by Carlo Lizzani. See also
Regia Marina
Siluro San Bartolomeo
Human torpedo
Decima Flottiglia MAS
MAS (boat)

External links
La Decima MAS
Comando Supremo: Italy at War - Italian naval assault units: Decima Flottiglia MAS
Associazione Combattenti X Flottiglia MAS
Siluro a Lenta Corsa

Bibliography

 Schofield, William.Frogmen First Battles. New York, 2000

References

1909 births
1991 deaths
20th-century Italian inventors
People from the Province of Livorno
Regia Marina personnel of World War II

masks:
Mario Elbano Masciulli Manelli
Masciulli
Mario Masciulli
Mario Masciull
Masciulli


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<mask> "<mask>" <mask> (20 August 1922 – 27 July 1994) was a Nigerian educator and author. He established the famous Mayflower School, Ikenne, Ogun State in 1956. In 1952, <mask> became the principal of Molusi College, Ijebu Igbo, a post he held till 1956 when he became the proprietor and principal of Mayflower School. Early life
<mask> was born in Ikenne, Ogun State, in Western Nigeria on 20 August 1922, the first child in a set of twins. His twin sister, <mask> died in 1991 at about 69 years. He attended Wesley College Ibadan. Solarin was inspired by the writings of Nnamdi Azikiwe who encouraged young people to travel abroad for study.His initial attempt to gain a passport fell through but he later enlisted in the British Air Force and served with the Royal Air Force as a navigator in the Second World War. He remained in Britain, studying at University of Manchester, and then at the University of London. <mask> married English-born Sheila Mary Tuer in 1951. <mask> returned to Nigeria and became a tutor at Molusi  College, which was supported by the community and Christians in Ijebu-Igbo. In 1952, he was appointed the school's principal succeeding Stephen Awokoya who had just been appointed the regional Minister for Education. <mask>, an humanist had a mission to 're-educate' the community and decided to make some changes. He removed morning prayers and religious studies as a subject in the school.However, some of the changes found opposition within the local community where his brother was a reverend. He decided to quit and found his own school with the approval of Awokoya the former Principal. He established Mayflower school on January 27, 1956. Mayflower
The Mayflower campus, which he established, is made up of hundreds of hectares of land, based in <mask>in's birth Place, Ikenne, Ogun State. Approximately 15,000 students are in attendance . The campus includes classrooms, administration buildings, small houses for many of the teachers, dormitory accommodations for about 5,000 boarders, and a farm. The school is noted for very high academic achievement.Post independence critics
<mask> is one of the post-Independence civil rights critics and activists in his native Nigeria; some others were Fela Anikulapo-Kuti (musician) Beko Ransome-Kuti, Wole Soyinka (Nobel Laureate), Ayodele Awojobi, Dele Giwa, Gani Fawehinmi (lawyer), and Ken Saro-Wiwa. For the majority of the first forty years after independence, Nigeria had no effective opposition to the mostly military government of the day. These activists acted as an effective opposition to the ruling government. In 1975, when the General Gowon Regime delayed returning power to a civilian regime, <mask> published his "The Beginning of the End" statement, which he then physically distributed on the roadside. He was subsequently imprisoned for this act. Throughout his lifetime <mask> fought running battles with various governments in a bid to improve the lot of Nigerians. Mr. <mask> was an intellectual guru for Nigeria's disenchanted and disfranchised for four decades.His writings in magazines and newspapers, highlighting what he called the hypocrisy and vulgarity of the Nigeria of his day, frequently angered people in power. He was a vehement critic of military rule in Nigeria, Africa's most populous nation, and an ombudsman in three states in 1976 and 1977
As a columnist, <mask> was a relentless critic of Nigerian military rule, as well as of corruption in the government and the church. He was often jailed for his public remarks. Modesty
In a country and an age where dignitaries wore flowing Agbada to show their wealth and position, <mask> was known to always wear simple khaki shorts and shirt. Quotes
'I fight with an indomitable spirit, my back to the wall, defeat is for those who accept it' 'The greatest strands of affection are woven in adversity. Leadership means suffering. The Leader, who has no marks, indelible marks to show either on his physical body or in his mind have never led'.'How many Socrates did Greece breed? How many Nehru's did India breed? They have one each but they all had one thing in common, sense of mission. An unquenchable thirst to get things done. We need as in this instance only one courageous Nigerian to take a stand. But no Nigerian wants to offer his head to break a coconut'. Prophet of self-reliance
One of <mask>in's basic principles was self-reliance, a part of the curriculum at Mayflower.The Peoples Bank
In 1989, The Peoples Bank was founded by the government, and <mask> became the first chairman. The bank was created to disburse soft loans and other forms of credit to the very poor to start their own businesses. Humanist
<mask> was also a well known humanist and misunderstood by some as atheist who opposed the ownership of the schools by churches. <mask>in once said that "black(people) hold onto their God just as the drunken man holds on to the street lamp post—for physical support only." In 2004, the Mayflower School played host to an International Humanist Conference, commemorating the life and work of <mask>in. It was attended by guests from the United States, Africa and Europe. <mask> wrote regularly for the Daily Times, the Nigerian Tribune and The Guardian.Tai Solarin University of education
In November 2005, the Nigerian National Universities Commission (NUC) formally recognised the "Tai Solarin University of Education" (TASUED) Ogun State, as the first specialised university of education, the 27th state university and the 76th university in Nigeria. Works
Towards Nigeria's Moral Self-Government,
Thinking with You. A Message for Young Nigerians. To Mother With Love. Mayflower; the story of a school. Timeless Tai. References

1922 births
1994 deaths
Yoruba educators
Yoruba activists
People from Ogun State
Nigerian atheists
Nigerian activists
Nigerian writers
Alumni of the University of London
Alumni of the Victoria University of Manchester
20th-century Nigerian writers
Yoruba writers
English-language writers from Nigeria
Nigerian humanists
Nigerian people of World War II
20th-century Nigerian educators
Prisoners and detainees of Nigeria
Founders of Nigerian schools and colleges
Navigators
Twin people from Nigeria
Fraternal twins
Heads of schools in Nigeria

masks:
Augustus Taiwo
Tai
Solarin
Solarin
Solarin
Kehinde Solarin
Tai Solarin
Solarin
Solarin
Tai Solar
Tai Solarin
Tai
Tai
Solarin
Tai
Tai
Tai Solar
Tai Solarin
Tai Solarin
Tai Solar
Tai Solar
Tai Solarin


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<mask> (born December 9, 1979) is an American screenwriter, film director, and producer from New York City. She has won multiple awards for her film Never Rarely Sometimes Always, which include the New York Film Critics Circle Award and the National Society of Film Critics Award—both for best screenplay. Early life

<mask> was born and raised in Flatbush, Brooklyn. She grew up with her father, an anthropologist, and her mother, a social worker. As she grew up she attended Edward R. Murrow High School in Brooklyn, where she was a theater buff. She graduated from Indiana University in 2001 with a BA in theater and drama, but later went on to study art and film, and in 2010 received her MFA from the School of Film/Video at California Institute of the Arts. <mask> is Jewish.In between the time of her BA and MFA, <mask> staged plays back in New York City. She didn’t see a future or career in theater. This is jump to film is what ultimately led her to California Institute of the Arts. While at the California Institute of the arts, she met her partner Scott Cummings. They share a child, born circa 2014. Career

In 2010, <mask> wrote and directed a short film while in grad school titled, Second Cousins Once Removed. This short film premiered at Oberhausen festival in Germany, and was the first film she ever submitted to any festival.Her short film Forever's Gonna Start Tonight premiered at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival and was on Indiewire's "The Best of the Best" list. <mask>'s first feature film, It Felt Like Love, premiered at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival and opened at the IFC Center in New York in March 2014. It has received positive reviews, with a score of 84% on Rotten Tomatoes. It was a Critic's Pick of both The New York Times and the Village Voice. She was named one of Filmmaker Magazine'''s 25 New Faces of Indie Film in 2013. Her second film Beach Rats, was selected for the 2015 Sundance Screenwriter's Lab, had its world premiere at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival on January 23, 2017, and was acquired by Neon. Her third film, Never Rarely Sometimes Always, is about two teenagers in rural Pennsylvania who travel to New York City to access an abortion for an unwanted pregnancy.It premiered at the 2020 Sundance Film Festival, where it won a Special Jury Award for Neo-Realism. The film was also selected to compete for the Golden Bear in the main competition section at the 70th Berlin International Film Festival and won Silver Bear Grand Jury Prize, the second most prestigious prize at the festival. In a 2020 interview with FF2 Media, <mask> explains the balance she struck between documentary cinema vérité and narrative: "[Planned Parenthood] read drafts, gave me access to people to interview, and allowed us to shoot in their facility. It was a balance, I think, because obviously, I'm not a documentary filmmaker. The film is ultimately a character study. I really tried to absorb as much perspective and information as I could but then sort of shape it into a unique fictional story." As far as future work, in an interview from 2020, Hittman says she has "something simmering inside my head."Style and themes
<mask> has been noted to make films that surround teen sexuality and female hardships. Her first feature film It Felt Like Love has its plot embedded in the sexualization of a young teenage girl and how she navigates a world of predatory men. Her second film Beach Rats is a story that highlights the idea of masculinity in young men and their sexual interests. Her most recent film, Never Rarely Sometimes Always, follows two girls on their struggle to get an abortion. In terms of visuals, <mask>’s camera work tends to frame the characters very closely, usually in long takes. Filmography
 Film

 Television

 Short films

Accolades
In 2014, for It Felt Like Love, she was nominated for the Bingham Ray Breakthrough Director Award, and for the John Cassavetes Spirit Award. With her sophomore film, Beach Rats, in 2017 <mask> won the Directing Award: Dramatic at the Sundance Film Festival, Best Screenwriting in a U.S.Feature at Outfest, the Grand Jury Prize at the Independent Film Festival Boston, and the Future/Now Prize at the Montclair Film Festival. Beach Rats was nominated for several more awards during its premiere season. In 2017, Beach Rats premiered in the US Dramatic Competition at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival, where she won the Directing Award, and internationally premiered at Locarno in the Golden Leopard Competition and was the Centerpiece Film at New Directors / New Films. In 2018, it was nominated for Best Cinematography and Best Male Lead at the Independent Spirit awards and a Breakthrough Actor Award for the Gothams Awards.Beach Rats was also the winner of the Best Narrative Film at the 2017 Independent Film Festival of Boston, the Best Feature Film at the 2017 Hamburg Film Festival, and the Outstanding Screenwriting in a U.S. Feature at the L.A. Outfest Awards.. This film was very accomplished in 2017. She was a recipient of a Guggenheim Fellowship for film-video in 2018.In 2020, <mask> was nominated for and won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Screenplay for Never Rarely Sometimes Always''. She also won the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Screenplay. In 2021, she was selected as Jury President for International competition section of 74th Locarno Film Festival held from 4 to 14 August. See also
 List of female film and television directors
 List of LGBT-related films directed by women

References

External links

American women film directors
American women screenwriters
American people of Jewish descent
Jewish American screenwriters
California Institute of the Arts alumni
Edward R. Murrow High School alumni
Film directors from New York City
Indiana University alumni
Living people
People from Flatbush, Brooklyn
Screenwriters from New York (state)
Sundance Film Festival award winners
Writers from Brooklyn
American television directors
American women television directors
21st-century American women writers
21st-century American screenwriters
1979 births
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Eliza Hittman
Hittman
Hittman
Hittman
Hittman
Hittman
Hittman
Hittman
Hittman
Hittman
Hittman


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<mask> (1756/57–1822) was an English painter, illustrator and etcher of animals, hunting, horse-racing and landscape scenes. He worked in both oils and watercolors. Life and work

<mask> was a member of an old Nottinghamshire Quaker family. In early life he lived at Chigwell, near Epping Forest, Essex, was financially independent and devoted himself to field sports. However he ran into financial difficulties and was obliged to turn to art as a profession - which up until then he had engaged in as a talented amateur. Coming to London, he was for a time a drawing master at <mask>'s school in Ealing. In 1783, he exhibited 3 coloured drawings of hunting subjects with the Incorporated Society of Artists.From time to time he continued to exhibit there and at the Royal Academy, beginning in 1784 with a hunting piece, followed in 1785 by two landscapes - "A view of the ruins of an abbey" and "Fairlop Oak". In 1793 he showed "Jaques and the Deer" and "A Fox Hunt"; in 1794, "Smugglers alarmed"; in 1800, two  pictures titled "Deer"; in 1814 "Dead game"; and in 1815, "Bella, horrida Bella". He probably exhibited so little because he was in such demand as a commercial illustrator. <mask> worked both in oils and water-colours, for the most part confining himself to sporting subjects and illustrations of natural history, which were carefully executed, spirited and truthful. These, as <mask> represented in his New Work of Animals, were “drawn from the life" and published so as to "assist the pencil of the designer who has not had an opportunity to pay the same attention to this branch of the art”. However, notes in one sketchbook containing watercolours of apes and monkeys indicate that, while some there certainly were viewed in private menageries, others were studies of stuffed specimens from William Bullock’s museum and the British Museum. <mask> was closely associated in his art with Thomas Rowlandson, whose sister he married, and his works did, at one time, often pass for those of his brother-in-law; but, unlike Rowlandson, he was a practical sportsman, and his scenes were more accurately composed.He was a clever and industrious etcher, and published a great number of plates similar in character to his drawings, and delicately executed with a fine needle. He also produced a number of caricatures in the manner of Rowlandson. <mask> was particularly noted for the illustrations in (Captain) Thomas Williamson's Oriental Field Sports (1807), based on sketches made by the author in India . He also illustrated several other works: Thoughts on Hunting (London: D. Bremner, 1798), Other publications included Miscellaneous Etchings of Animals (50 plates, 1803); British Field Sports (20 coloured plates, 1807); The Angler's Manual (12 plates, 1808); A New Work of Animals (100 plates, 1811); Groups of Animals (24 plates, 1811); The British Sportsman (70 plates, 1812); Foreign Field Sports (110 plates, 1819). In 1822 <mask> died in Somers Town, London, and was buried in St. Pancras cemetery. A new work of animals
Some idea of <mask>’s ingenuity and commercial resourcefulness can be gained from considering his compilation of A New Work of Animals, a series of copper engravings in quarto format “principally designed from the fables of Aesop, Gay and Phaedrus”. The idea of an album of animal portraits is presented in a prefatory note as a new venture  that “strange as it may appear, has never before been done by any British artist”.<mask> “has preferred representing most of the animals in fables, as allowing more scope for delineating the expression, the character and the passions,” and he hopes that, by being "studious to attain correctness, he may deserve the approbation of the natural historian" and instruct fellow painters. This will explain why, out of a hundred plates, only 56 illustrate fables, the rest being of animal or hunting subjects. For the text of the fables, <mask> had extracted those of Aesop (and Phaedrus) from the prose collection of <mask>, including his lengthy moralising "applications". John Gay's fables are in rhyme and only account for 27 pages out of 106 of text. Separate plates were bound in sideways opposite the title, followed by one of the supplementary illustrations. However, beneath the title of each plate there is an inscription indicating that some of these were designed in the years 1809-10, antedating the publication of the book itself in 1811 and suggesting that they were sold separately at that date, and probably afterwards too. Since fables carried a moral, they had wider popular appeal than elitist sporting subjects and could be mounted on walls for the edification of whoever saw them.Such plates were available in both black and white and in tinted versions. In addition, <mask> also created watercolours from the designs that were sold with the moral printed round the card mount. In this way, from a single work the artist was able to extract three sources of income. A second edition of the whole book was published in 1818. <mask>'s plates were also to be republished after his death. Further evidence of the esteem in which his work continued to be held was the use made of six illustrations as the basis of the Mintons, Hollins set of Aesop's Fables tiles, first issued in 1870, sixty years later. These included “The Tortoise and the Hare”, “The Cock, the Dog and the Fox”, “The Sick Stag”, “The Boar and the Fox”, “The Bear and the Travellers” and “The Bear and the Bees”.References

Bibliography (selected)
Illustrated by Howitt:
 Oriental Field Sports: Being a Complete, Detailed, and Accurate Description of the Wild Sports of the East; and Exhibiting, in a Novel and Interesting Manner, the Natural History of the Elephant, the Rhinoceros, the Tiger, the Leopard, the Bear, the Deer, the Buffalo, the Wolf, the Wild Hog, the Jackall, the Wild Dog, the Civet, and Other Undomesticated Animals: As Likewise the Different Species of Feathered Game, Fishes, and Serpents, London 1807, Volume 1
Groups of Animals, Containing Forty-four Plates, Drawn from the Life and Etched, London 1811
A New Work of Animals, London 1811; a better and more complete copy is accessible in the Online Archive
Foreign Field Sports, Fisheries, Sporting Anecdotes,&c, London 1819

External links

Works by <mask> (Heatons of Tisbury)
<mask>itt online (ArtCyclopedia)
Howitt on Artnet

Animal artists
18th-century English painters
English male painters
19th-century English painters
English watercolourists
Landscape artists
People from Nottinghamshire
1756 births
1822 deaths
People from Chigwell

masks:
Samuel Howitt
Howitt
Samuel Goodenough
Howitt
Howitt
Howitt
Howitt
Howitt
Howitt
Howitt
Howitt
Samuel Croxall
Howitt
Howitt
Samuel Howitt
Samuel How


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<mask> () is an Iraqi novelist and journalist born in Al Basrah, Iraq. He earned his doctorate (PhD) in Physics and Mathematics from Moscow State University (1993). He has published four novels, the most recent of which was Baghdad's Dead, as well as three collections of short stories and books about press release, literature and politics, both original works and translations. He has worked for several international and Arab newspapers. He has also won awards for stories, theater and journalism. Literary activity

Early works

<mask>'s first novel, A Summer at the South, was published in 1983, followed by the publication of two novels in the 1980s, Lighthouses and The Twin, in addition to three collections of short stories: A Fading Shadow, The Living Shrine and The Coronets. Baghdad's Dead
In 2008, the writer published Baghdad's Dead, a novel about a man who returns to Iraq during war.This man (anonymous throughout the novel) acquired a deep knowledge of the ontology of the dead through bonding with them in the morgue while studying medicine in Moscow, in addition to physics and mathematics. This was reflected in the recurrence of quotes, which are used as the chapter openers of the novel, thus forming a poetic rhythm to the language of the dead engraved on their chests as an Ouija legendary board. <mask> <mask> has built a strategy that roams around hundreds of notations, using extracts from ancient books and those of more recent times to support his theory about the "Human truth" in its finest forms, deepest connotations and utmost prospects. This arduous work requires consideration of the poetic quality of death, research about "the Creation – Genetic Modification" of the characteristics of individuals and ethnic groups and the prediction of their biological and social future, as well as going through Gilgamesh, Al-Maʿarri, Dante and dozens of contemporary writers. Baghdad's Dead revealed an epic vision of the reality of the post-US invasion of Iraq through the forensic medicine morgue in the capital, where the protagonist in the novel seeks the creation of the new "Adam" out of modified genes extracted from the bodies of victims of the occupation, militias and gangs. Baghdad's Dead, published in 2008, was considered the first novel in Iraq to adapt the idea of "creating" a human model out of the corpses of the victims. The novelist invested all the data of modern science such as medicine, anatomy and genome to embrace the tragic occupation in an Iraqi novel that was considered one of the most important novels covering Iraq's history at this stage.<mask> <mask> used in this novel the literary style embracing fictional metaphors and artistic expressions revealing a passion for literature. On the other hand, and because of his academic background in science, <mask> <mask> adopted the scientific style when necessary, combining science and literature through a narrative plot that mixed reality and fiction along with scientific and literary knowledge. Documentary literature

Based on his previous job as a war correspondent, a collection of books in documentary literature by <mask> <mask> was published: Wheat of Fire – Women during the Nights of War, Initiating the Needle's Hole that covers his experience during the war in Afghanistan, Hell's Awakening that covers his experience during the war in Chechnya, Flowers' Altar that covers his experience during the war in Kurdistan, Imams Lobbies/ Windows that covers his experience during the war in Iraq, The Galaxy Bloom that covers his experience in the Iraqi Marshes (Al Ahwar). In 2013, another book was published, The Breakage of the Sunflower: pain of a war correspondent, diaries, Afghanistan, Chechnya, Kurdistan, Iraq, wrapping all his experiences while covering the conflicts and wars in those regions. In his book Wheat of Fire – Women during the Nights of War, <mask> <mask> used his famous poetic language to influentially intensify women's conditions in Afghanistan, Chechnya, Kurdistan and Iraq, revealing all the chaos in these regions as an attempt to briefly summarize the history's lessons and its nonexistent justice. The book highlights women's conditions in the countries that lived the war for a long period of time, affecting its social structures, thus exposing these women to another kind of war in the absence of men. The book includes live testimonies, facts and statements captured from onsite suffering, transmitted by the writer with a style that reflects the pain that these women underwent due to oppression and tyranny, yet abiding by the principles of the journalistic report regarding its main elements.The book includes the following chapters: The Afghan woman (How does the Afghani woman spend her day; searching for the missing body; unveiling the Afghan beauty); the Chechen woman (the other Chechen woman; the scorched-earth women); the Kurdish woman (the Kurdish woman tree); the Wheat of Fire (Wheel of Desire; Blessed love; pretty women, but preserved); the Iraqi woman (unveiled announcement for "veiled" women in the Iraqi parliament; Girls Street; the joy of beautiful and patient women; her rush to the feast to break the anger; love in Baghdad; beauty contest between Iraq and Iran; harps of war; drivers in the ways of death and chaos; the Marsh Arabs Times). Sonnets
Two sonnets books by <mask> <mask> were published: Gratis Iraq and CV CUPIDO (The Book of Love). He also published The Great Men's Letters, a book that comprises a selection of extracts and expressions quoting famous authors, novelists and storytellers from around the world. In Gratis Iraq, the author describes the miserable situation in Iraq due to the war, blockades and political corruption, using heavy expressions in short passages. These texts hold a huge grief in regarding the situation in the author’s country during the last decades. In CV CUPIDO (The Book of Love), the author talks about the résumé of love through short passages, although its preface is quite long and poetic, in addition to some short articles. The book also includes quotes to writers, artists and thinkers selected and translated by <mask> <mask>.The book treats questions such as: “Why has true love become so rare?” It also discusses subjects such as farewells, jealousy, confusion, fear of love, and many other subjects through a literary combination of diverse styles. In The Great Men's Letters, the author recalls the tradition of Arab heritage in gathering, preparing and selecting the nomad, stating "these are not extracts nor quotes, these are a complete fusion and a harmony I grasped from those who made our lives better and beautiful." The book does not include an index or arranged chapters, for this book is a parade of selected quotes with no separations. The author might intend that the reader directly examines these texts. Journalism

<mask> <mask> is currently working for Al-Qabas, the Kuwaiti newspaper. He has worked for many Arab and international media organizations such as Moscow Times and the newspaper Al Bayan in UAE. His reports on war were also published in Al Khaleej newspaper in United Arab Emirates as well as in the London-based newspaper Al-Zaman and in some Russian newspapers.He has also worked as an analyst for the Russian affairs in Al Jazeera News Channel and an analyst for the Iraqi affairs in the Orbit Channel. Although he studied Physics, <mask> <mask>'s early interest in journalism was attributed to its correlation with literature. He points out that this literary-scientific blend has paved his path in journalism, in which he became famous as a war correspondent. <mask> <mask> covered the Iran–Iraq War, the wars among Soviet republics, and the wars in Chechnya, Afghanistan, Bosnia, Kurdistan, Darfur, Iraq and Lebanon. In addition to the hundreds of investigative journalism published, he issued a series of books about documentary literature related to the areas of conflict he had visited. <mask> <mask> considers, the war correspondent as the warning device that announces disasters settled by advertising agencies but wasted by distant wars through additional scandalous reports. He states that we should not be writing about cities, especially enraged ones, based on our passion or hate towards them, but based on what is worth to be added to the timeline, the future memories and the generations' lesson.<mask> <mask> perceives the photo/ image as a large professional and documentary value within the press reportage, thinking that it challenges and overcomes the written text, guarantees the provision of the subject and treating it based on wider angles, and expands the reader's perspectives leading him to the heart of the subject. <mask> <mask> has published many articles and research studies that covered political affairs in Iraq, Russia and Iran. He has also recorded many interviews with Iraqi politicians such as Jalal Talbani and Massoud Barzani. He has also published several articles and studies in cinema, literature, science and technology. For example, he published in 2011 a series of research articles addressing the cultural change after the collapse of totalitarian regimes in Romania, Poland, Czech Republic and Russia. Academic work

<mask> <mask> has worked as a lecturer in physics at Basra University before joining the University of Moscow to pursue his master's degree and doctorate in nuclear physics. Once he graduated, he worked as a professor of physics at the same university until 2003.Awards

Journalist of 2014 Award

<mask> <mask> won the Journalist of 2014 Award from the Arab Academy for Human Rights in the United Kingdom in 2014. This awards honors the work of the reporters and media workers and writers, to devote freedom of expression and defend human rights in order to mark out their efforts in the global and local media. According to the merits of the jury's decision to award the prize to <mask> <mask>, "the latter has an exceptional ability and courage that enabled him to document the moment of abuse and trauma, destruction and loss despite the fact that he was putting his life to danger; he can also communicate the feelings of fear through his writings to the readers and awaken the feelings of hope in them at the same time." The jury particularly praised his books; Wheat of Fire and The Breakage of the Sunflower, noting that Wheat of Fire – Women during the Nights of War is an investigative work and study of the conditions of women during the war, in which he covered the horrific attacks in Chechnya, Afghanistan, Kurdistan and Iraq, and reveals the ways women managed to take care of their families and protect them during the war. He also documents the courageous spirit, initiative and persistence and draws a picture of strength in confronting adversity. As for The Breakage of the Sunflower: pain of a war correspondent, the jury described it as a large documentary work full of emotions, and a diary of pain and destruction of the war correspondent which he experienced daily. This book documents the devastation the war left behind on the environment and the human mind at the same time.".Arab Journalism Award 2005

<mask> <mask> won the Arab Journalism Award in its fourth cycle for investigative journalism category. This award was established in 1999 aiming to contribute to the development of the Arab press, and to the promotion of its path by honoring excellent and distinguished Arab journalists. <mask> <mask> was the first Iraqi journalist to be granted the award for an overall of ten investigative reports published in Al-Qabas newspaper about the city of Najaf in Iraq, entitled (Najaf on fire). The jury described this investigation "as a direct field work for the writer, comprising new information on a delicate issue by the time, a personal intervention from the core, an interpretation of information and a pursuit to uncover its background. All these are necessary conditions for the investigative reports".". Literary awards

<mask> <mask> won numerous literary awards in novel, short story and theater writing starting in 1983, when his novel A Southern Summer won a discretionary award, followed by his two novels Lighthouses and The Twin, as well as many other short stories. Extracts

"As if he split himself into two parts: the first part being dedicated to the loved ones and the second to book the tickets for the dead, he realized that all the tricks that he evaluated scientifically and practically will bring him nothing but half a ticket, half a breeze and half a thread for the high hopes he put to face the harsh resistance of death, which embrace its residence during this time and at this place.""He who knows them will not let them live on the other's death, reconciling the will flowing out of his hands, not to embrace lilies which has bloomed, but which will bloom." Baghdad's Dead

“Women stories struggling through the wars will remain the most excessive stories weighing the truth, as the butterflies wandering in a slower pace above the scorching fields; these women who only have their skin, their children's confusion and the sore Wolds streets. Yet, we can never tell the reason behind the frozen picture in our memories, the picture that remains still in our minds after each war we live and write about, the picture of a woman scattering the whole alphabet to find the right lesson to be taught.”

“For example, if we pass by Chechen and Afghan women, the only song you can hum and sing with the Kurdish women in Iraq is the song that talks about half a century of wars, battles, fatigue arcades and ceilings of the shelters for rebels and stalkers; and a husband who barely spends half of the night with his wife getting an unremarkable kiss in return, leaving her cheek thirsty while awaiting his return or his coffin.”

Wheat of Fire – Women during the Nights of War

“We should not be writing about cities, especially enraged ones, based on our passion or hate towards them, but based on what is worth to be added to the timeline, the future memories and the generations' lesson. The war correspondent is considered the warning device that announces disasters settled by advertising agencies but wasted by distant wars through additional scandalous reports.”

The Breakage of the Sunflower: pain of a war correspondent, diaries, Afghanistan, Chechnya, Kurdistan, Iraq

“One trick can make you resist;

that what you see in this country does not exist,

but what you hold in your memories,

is Real.”

“When the war never ends and,

stays…

stays,

for many years,

questioning who started it becomes

senseless.”

“The worst part in the end of a war

is when women start counting what was left of men.”

Gratis Iraq

"I am all the lovers... I am their prediction, their confusion, their anger, their noise, their dignity, their way, their delight, their sadness, their steps, their ashes, their aches, their spikes, their acceleration, their buttons, their instinct, their evacuation, their shadows, their erasers, their days, their dreams, their betrayal, their memorial, their song, their shine, their defeat, their beauty and their retreat." I am the most charming dress of love, its most beautiful psalms, its sweetest shine, its most violent thunder, its most honorable blastulas, its best wings, its deepest quotes, its purest flames, its empty dissipation, its clearest thoughts, its extreme freshness, its lowest cliffs, its highest springs, its protected wishes, its boldest prophecies, its most fertile seeds, its brightest crowns, its longest praise, its noisiest steps, its thinnest crosses, its most transparent days and its smartest craziness."

masks:
Jamal Hussein Ali
Jamal Hussein Ali
Jamal Hussein
Ali
Jamal Hussein
Ali
Jamal Hussein
Ali
Jamal Hussein
Ali
Jamal Hussein
Ali
Jamal Hussein
Ali
Jamal Hussein
Ali
Jamal Hussein
Ali
Jamal Hussein
Ali
Jamal Hussein
Ali
Jamal Hussein
Ali
Jamal Hussein
Ali
Jamal Hussein
Ali
Jamal Hussein
Ali
Jamal Hussein
Ali
Jamal Hussein
Ali
Jamal Hussein
Ali
Jamal Hussein
Ali
Jamal Hussein
Ali


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<mask> (September 27, 1930January 23, 2002) was a German-born American harpsichordist, pianist and conductor. Biography
The son of Metropolitan Opera bass <mask>, he was born in Berlin, where his father was singing with the Berlin State Opera. Although Jewish, the elder <mask> was popular in Germany during Nazism's rise to prominence. Employing the stratagem of a vocal injury, the elder <mask> fled Germany for Austria. When the Nazis annexed that country, the family was touring Australia. From there they moved to the US in 1938. He learned the piano with his maternal grandfather, Heniot Levy; attended the Westport School of Music, and received his B.A.from Harvard University, where he served as the program director of WHRB, Harvard's undergraduate radio station. He studied harpsichord with Fernando Valenti, and made his concert debut in New York in 1959. He was an honorary member of Phi Beta Kappa (Harvard, 1977), and in 1993 he was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters by Illinois Wesleyan University. <mask> lived in Redding, Connecticut. For five years he was president and artistic director of the Friends of Music of Fairfield County, the Connecticut chamber music series, in addition to having served thirteen years as co-artistic director of the Connecticut Early Music Festival. Dr. <mask> was also a member of the faculty of Fairfield University in the early 1970s, teaching between tours. He married Judith Robison on January 6, 1953.Their son, Jeremy R<mask>, became a film and record producer. <mask> and <mask> divorced in May 1996, but reconciled shortly before her death on March 1, 2001. He died in his home in Redding, Connecticut, of renal cancer. His last concert was a solo piano recital in October 2001, in San Francisco. Music career

Following his debut in 1959, harpsichordist, fortepianist, duo-pianist, and clavichordist <mask> performed in recital and as soloist with orchestras throughout the world, including North, Central, and South America, Western and Eastern Europe, Israel, and Australia. <mask> performed as harpsichord soloist with the New York Philharmonic, the Chicago, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, Louisville, Dallas, Denver, Baltimore, Milwaukee, Seattle, Vancouver, Honolulu, and National Symphonies, the Minnesota Orchestra, the Capella Cracoviensis, the Boston Pops, the Munich Philharmonic, the New Amsterdam Sinfonietta, the Los Angeles, St. Paul, Cologne, Israel, New Stockholm, McGill, and Polish Chamber Orchestras, the New York Chamber Symphony, the Smithsonian Chamber Players, the Sinfonia of Sydney, and the Academy of St. Martin-in-the-Fields. His appearances at international and domestic festivals included Bachwoche Ansbach, the Internationale Bachakademie Stuttgart, and Ludwigsburg in Germany, the Bath Festival in Great Britain, Gulbenkian in Portugal, Lanaudière in Canada, the Israel Festival, the Melbourne International Festival of Organ and Harpsichord, the Madeira Bach Festival, Poland's Music in Old Crakow, the Indianapolis Early Music Festival, and Prague Spring International Music Festival.<mask>'s enormous harpsichord repertoire encompassed not only the traditional 16th through the 18th Century composers but also includes contemporary music and jazz as well. He is especially noted for his entertaining concert-length presentation, The Light and Lively Harpsichord, which samples the full range of the harpsichord repertoire, from Bach to Brubeck, as well as for his informal mini-concerts whose format he has extensively pioneered at college student centers throughout the United States, and, additionally, for his performances and recordings on related early keyboard instruments, the fortepiano and clavichord, and for directing ensembles from the keyboard. In 1995, he formed a duo with New York pianist Karen Kushner, internationally performing works for (modern) piano, four hands. Broadcasting

A frequent guest on both television and radio, such as the syndicated program First Hearing, <mask> for three seasons hosted his own The Age of Baroque over WQXR in New York and was host on WGBH-Boston's  syndicated program, The Classical Organ. In 1978, he was the first harpsichordist to perform on the Grammy Awards telecast. Editions, reviews and articles

Oxford University Press has published numerous of his keyboard editions, including his anthology, A First Harpsichord Book. He was also noted for his record reviews and articles in such periodicals as  The International Classic Record Collector, The International Piano Quarterly, Gramophone Early Music, Goldberg, Early Music America, the internet music magazines Music & Vision and Stereo Times, Stereophile, Audio, FI, Schwann/Opus, Stereo Review, The American Record Guide, Clavier, Opus, Chamber Music Magazine, Early Keyboard Studies Newsletter, and The Yale Review, as well as having written for The Washington Post, the New York Post, and the New York Herald Tribune.He was also involved in compiling A Harpsichord Resource Book for Greenwood Press, and editing the harpsichord and clavichord volume of a three-volume set – Encyclopedia of Keyboard Instruments, of which the harpsichord and clavichord volume was published in 2007, Routledge published the set – vol.1 The Piano (2003); vol.2 The Organ (2006); and <mask>'s vol.3 The Harpsichord and Clavichord (2007). <mask> also wrote Instruments writing A Harpsichord Tutor for Oxford University Press, and, for Amadeus Press, preparing a biography of his father, the late Metropolitan Opera bass, <mask>. He was also for a time responsible for the covers and background sleeve notes for Westminster Records. He was the co-author of a book about Mozart, Mozart and the Royal Society, which he published together with Bern Dibner for the Burndy Library in 1985. Recordings

He was a prolific recording artist, with 106 albums to his credit, of which 93 were solo. Among the honors he received were 9 Grammy nominations, three "Record of the Year" awards from Stereo Review,  the 1969 Deutsche Schallplatten Prize, and the 1988 Gold Star award from the Italian periodical, Musica. Keyboard, in that magazine's annual readers' poll, named him "Best Harpsichordist" in 1978, 1979, and 1980 and "Best Classical Keyboardist" in 1982 and 1986.Among his last record releases were The Virtuoso Scarlatti, fifteen sonatas played on five harpsichords after historical prototypes built by Hubbard of Boston  and Vivaldi‘s The Four Seasons, in which he directed members of the Connecticut Early Music Festival from the keyboard (both on Chesky Records – produced and recorded by his son, <mask>), Sony CD reissues of The Spanish Harpsichord, the complete Bach Harpsichord Concertos with Neville Marriner conducting, Bach's Italian Concerto and Second English Suite (together with works for clavichord), Harpsichord – Greatest Hits, as well as the complete Fantasias of J. S. Bach for harpsichord and clavichord (on Arabesque), A Treasury of Harpsichord Favorites and Mozart on the 1793 Fortepiano (two anthologies on Music & Arts), and <mask> – The First Solo Harpsichord Recordings (on VAI). He recorded for Epiphany, Chesky, Angel (EMI), Sony Music/CBS, VAI, Arabesque, Music & Arts Programs of America, London (Decca), Musical Heritage Society, Intercord, Teichiku, Nonesuch, MCA, CRI, Grenadilla, Vanguard, Nitepro, King, Start, Golden Crest and Newport Classic. References

External links
 Interview with <mask>, April 5, 2001
 Mind My Harpsichord!, In Affectionate Memory of <mask>, by Bill Newman, Music & Vision, March 15, 2002, retrieved October 4, 2006
 A Man of Many Talents, by Jennifer Paull, January 25, 2002, retrieved October 4, 2006
 Stereophile Obituary, by Wes Phillips, February 3, 2002, retrieved October 4, 2006
 [ Biography], by Joseph Stevenson, allmusic, retrieved October 4, 2006

1930 births
2002 deaths
20th-century American musicians
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century German musicians
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American harpsichordists
Chesky Records artists
Classical piano duos
Deaths from cancer in Connecticut
Deaths from kidney cancer
German emigrants to the United States
Harvard University alumni
Jewish American classical musicians
Musicians from Connecticut
Musicians from Berlin
People from Redding, Connecticut
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Igor Kipnis
Alexander Kipnis
Kipnis
Kipnis
Kipnis
Kipnis
. Kipnis
Igor
Judith Kipnis
Kipnis
Igor Kipnis
Kipnis
Kipnis
Kipnis
Kipnis
Alexander Kipnis
Jeremy Kipnis
Igor Kipnis
Igor Kipnis
Igor Kipnis


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<mask> (23 November 1758 or 1751 – 9 December 1831) was a French Army general during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. Biography

1768–1795
Born in Mont-Louis to the mercenary general <mask>, he became a cadet in the Lyonnais Regiment on 30 June 1768, aged nine, with the rank of sub-lieutenant. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1774 and captain in 1782, both in the same regiment. He fought in the naval campaigns of 1779 to 1783 under the command of Charles-Gustave de Falkenhayn, including service at the sieges of Mahon and Gibraltar. He was made a chevalier de Saint-Louis for long service in 1791 and lieutenant-colonel of the 34th Line Infantry Regiment on 5 February 1792. He thus served in the Army of the North under generals Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette and Charles-François Dumouriez, commanding the 1st Grenadier Battalion in its reserves from 1 August to 15 September 1792. In that role he converged to guarantee the armée du Grand-Pré's safe retreat to Sainte-Menehould, bringing in all the position's artillery under enemy fire and beat off several Prussian attacks at the entrance to Senuc wood.However, in taking his battalion and a squadron under Chamborand in to support, he was attacked by seven enemy squadrons protected by light artillery and was badly wounded in the arm by a sabre. Wishing to reward his services, the commander in chief made him a colonel on the field of battle, ranking in his regiment from 24th of the previous month, the date at which a vacancy had appeared at the rank of colonel. Pierre Riel de Beurnonville, then a general and minister for war, also showed the government's appreciation by sending him a fully equipped horse. After recovering from his wounds, Meunier returned to the Army of the North, in which he now acted as a brigadier general. He was commanded to man the defence lines at Pont-à-Marcq and Mons-en-Pévèle and given a force of 8,000 men to do so. Next he commanded the citadel at Lille when that city was threatened by the enemy – he organised eight newly raised battalions, then (as a result of recruiting) moved to the Vendée to command 1st Battalion of the 34th Line Infantry Regiment. There he fought against the Quiberon Expedition and was made a brigadier general by the commander in chief Lazare Hoche on the field of battle on 16 July 1795 – this rank was confirmed on 23 August.Republic to Empire
Later in 1795 he was put in command of one of the divisions of the Army of the Coasts of Brest, later known as the Army of the Coasts of the Ocean. Soon Hoche, Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse and Laurent Truguet put him in command of a planned expedition to capture the Cape of Good Hope, though this never came to fruition. Hoche then ordered <mask> to raise 17,000 men as the second half of the planned Expédition d'Irlande and put Meunier in command of them. Hoche and his invasion force set off for Ireland on 15 December 1796 but when it reached the open sea the frigate carrying the general was separated from the main force by a storm and the other ships dispersed and headed back to Brest. In September 1797 Meunier was assigned to the armée d'Angleterre for a planned invasion of the United Kingdom – its commander was Napoleon Bonaparte. On 13 April 1798 he was put on the military committee and on 16 October 1798 was made head of the Dépôt de la Guerre. On 2 December 1799 he took command of Finistère, which he had already exercised.He actively put Brest on a war footing, sending a memo on the topic to Napoleon (now First Consul). The commander-in-chief Guillaume Marie-Anne Brune praised Meunier in a report to the government. His successor in that role was general Frédéric-Christophe Houdelot – at the time of the handover, they both led the operation which forced Georges Cadoudal to surrender. In year X (1801–1802) Meunier moved to 12th Military Division. He was made a member of the Légion d'honneur on 11 December 1803 and a commander in the same order on 14 June 1804. On 29 April he was made a member of the commission set up to write a military code, but this was dissolved before completing its work. Meunier had been attached to the section charged with editing the ordnance on infantry manoeuvres – he completed the work and presented it to the government.First Empire
In 1806 he was made part of the Grande Armée, coming to Paris to wait for orders on 21 September 1807. He was retired on 23 November 1807 and succeeded Régis Barthélemy Mouton-Duvernet as inspector of several line infantry and artillery regiments on 26 December 1807. He was granted lands in Westphalia and the title of baron de l'Empire by Napoleon on 19 March 1808, who on that date also made him inspector of the infantry in the 21st Military Division on 30 April and later commander of the Méditerranée department in Tuscany. Meunier briefly retired for health reasons on 14 October 1809 but otherwise remained in his position until 21 June 1810, when he was put in charge of a branch of the Hôtel des Invalides in Louvain. From 1 July 1812 to 30 July 1814 he was in charge of the École militaire de Saint-Cyr. On 10 August 1814 he was promoted to lieutenant general, on 16 August 1814 he was made a chevalier de Saint-Louis and on 22 September 1814 commander of the Vienne department (12th Military Division). He commanded it until 17 February 1815.A decree of 30 March 1815 made him commander of the École militaire de La Flèche and he finally retired on 1 August that year. He died at Poitiers in 1831. Works
  Évolutions par brigades, ou Instruction servant de développement aux manœuvres de ligne indiquées dans les règlements. Ouvrage dédié au Duc de Berri, Paris, 1814, in-8°, avec 16 planches. References

Bibliography
 Biographie universelle ancienne et moderne Supplément. Côte S.H.A.T. : 7 Yd 671.1758 births
1831 deaths
French Republican military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
French commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Barons of the First French Empire
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
Knights of the Order of Saint Louis
École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr commandants

masks:
Hugues Alexandre Joseph Meunier
Hugues Meunier
Meunier