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 but he was unable to land a telling blow, although in the fourth-round he cut open <mask>'s left eyebrow. This however, acted as a tonic on <mask>, and he became far more aggressive, applying to the body as well as to the head. The sustained efforts of Jacovacci tired him, and then it was then when <mask> came into his own. He boxed calmly and with deliberation, carefully scoring at every conceivable opportunity. After the bout, the question of the status of Jacovacci European title came into question, with regards to the I.B.U. On 20 December 1928, <mask> and Ignacio Ara, the middleweight champion of Spain, had signed articles to fight a fifteen-round middleweight contest at The Ring for 31 December. The contest was set at 160 lbs for £100 a-side.<mask> won comfortably via points decision. <mask> dominated the fight with his left-had, and though Ara was badly punished, he was always dangerous and even towards the close of the fight, when his left eye was completely closed. At times, Ara used his right-hand effectively, and more than once steadied <mask> with a punch from said hand. On 22 January 1929, <mask> avenged his two losses by outclassing and outpointing Sunny Jim Williams at King's Hall, Manchester. The bout was billed as an eliminator for the world middleweight title. The contest was one of fifteen three-minute rounds at 160 lbs, which included side-stakes of £2,500. Williams had already beat <mask> twice in Australia, though <mask> was confident of being able to win at the third time of asking.<mask>, albeit having the half-pound weight advantage, had little difficulty in evading Williams' rushes within the early rounds. Williams swung his blows wildly, but generally, <mask> in straight-lefts to the face. Williams was more successful in the eighth round, in which his left swings found the body, and there were times when <mask> was fighting on the defensive. <mask>, however, scored freely to the face in the twelfth round, but he was shaken by some hard rights to the body in the fourteenth, which was Williams' best round. After the fight, <mask> showed little signs of damage against Williams, while a challenge was sent to the New York State Athletic Commission for a world middleweight championship bout against Micky Walker. <mask> stated that he had received a good offer to fight in America, though won't consider it after his next fight. Additionally, Williams spoke of wanting a fourth fight with <mask>.Return to light-heavyweight

Champion of the North of England
On 22 March 1929, The Leeds Mercury reported that <mask>'s next engagement would be with Belgian light-heavyweight Gerard Debarbieux at Liverpool on 1 April, while the newspaper noted that <mask> could be a likely opponent for Harry Crossley. On 6 May, the match arranged for 3 June in Leeds, between <mask> and Crossley, meant that the Northern light-heavyweight title was at stake, with the contract specifying for the men weighing in at 175 pounds. At the weigh in, Debarbieux weighed in at 175 pounds (79.4 kg), while <mask> came in lighter at 168 pounds (76.2 kg). <mask> won the fight with a fusillade of left-hands which continually troubled Debarbieux, who retired in the ninth-round with a damaged hand. In his preparation for Crossley, <mask> had gone to Upwell, near Wisbech, to do his training, as he realised the importance of the fight and that Crossley was a formidable rival, while there were rumours that Fred Shaw would be <mask>'s chief sparring partner. Both <mask> and Crossley at the weigh-in were within the 175 pound limit. Both men were measuring each other in the opening rounds, in which <mask> got the better of with left digs to the body, whilst Crossley landed two blows to the head.In the next two rounds there was some smart feinting and footwork on the part of <mask>, but this did not prevent Crossley from getting in several right-hooks to the head. <mask> then proceeded to attack Crossley's body, but like Crossley, he occasionally delivered a straight left to the face. Crossley was very forceful at the next meeting and shook <mask> with powerful double-handed blows to the head and body, to which <mask> recovered, however, and before the round was over he landed a splendidly-timed straight-left to Crossley's face. The fifth-round was even, both men being short with their leads, while Crossley was rather wild with his attempts to get home a right upper-cut. Hard hitting took place in the next round, in which <mask>'s right eye was swollen and Crossley's left eye was cut. Up to that point, <mask> had displayed the better boxing abilities, but his opponent fought gamely in the middle rounds, after which <mask> led well on points. He continued to do so until the end, and his smarter footwork enabled him to worry Crossley round the ring.Crossley landed two right upper-cuts in the eleventh and twelfth rounds. <mask> proceeded to play on Crossley's damaged eye, but the latter took his punishment well. <mask> went the full fifteen rounds at Fenton Street Drill Hall, Leeds, defeating Crossley via a points decision whilst winning the inaugural Northern Area light-heavyweight title. A few weeks later, on 21 June, at the open-air boxing tournament of Clapton Stadium, <mask> defeated Marcel Moret of France in the fourth-round, with the referee intervening. <mask> scored a very easy win, in which he fought coolly and quickly, obtaining the measure of his opponent, dealt out much punishment with both hands. Morat's face was badly bleeding when in the fourth-round the referee stopped the bout and declared <mask> the winner via points decision. Many spectators at Clapton Stadium had cried out to the referee to stop the fight prior to the stoppage.After defeating Moret, <mask> vacated the Northern Area light-heavyweight title, which was later contested by Harry Crossley and Frank Fowler on 29 June at National Sporting Club in Leeds. <mask> v Bonaglia
After vacating his title, <mask> then had three fights in the space of one month, defeating Emile Egrel and Lode Wuestenraedt by way of stoppage, and Pierre Gandon by a points decision. On 26 November, after defeating Gandon, it was announced that <mask> had been matched with Michele Bonaglia of Italy (38-1-1), the European light-heavyweight champion, who had only lost to future heavyweight champion Max Schmeling. <mask> gained a points victory over Bonaglia in a fifteen-round contest at King's Hall, Manchester, winning the majority of the rounds by a comfortable margin on 17 December. <mask> opened in confident fashion, getting over one right which upset the Italian, but Bonaglia was up immediately. Giving a masterly display of boxing both in attack and defence, <mask> won the first seven rounds in fairly easy fashion, but at times he treated Bonaglia cheaply, and paid forfeit for this failing in the eighth round. Bonaglia dropped <mask> with a right to the side of the head, but <mask> was not down long enough to take the count, although he was obviously upset by the experience.The following round went to the Italian, though Johnsom, from this point, boxed skillfully and gained a very easy points victory. By the end of 1929, supporters of <mask> had failed in another attempt to persuade the Home Office to remove the colour bar in British boxing championship regulations. <mask> v Jacovacci III
On 9 April 1930, Jimmy Johnston, who acted as Phil Scott's American manager when the boxer was in the United States, informed a Reuters' correspondent that <mask> was on his way to the U.S., with Johnston stating that he was arranging a number of matches for the light-heavyweight boxer. <mask> returned to the ring on 12 June 1930 to face Bob Carvill, with whom he beat via a wide points decision at Liverpool Stadium. The fight was <mask>'s first bout since his return from America in May, which was a fruitless errand for <mask> as his colour was raised as an objection, therefore was not given a chance. On 17 June 1930, he returned to face current European and Italian middle-weight champion Leone Jacovacci at St James Hall, Newcastle. <mask> defeated Jacovacci via referee technical decision, which was later revealed to be due to Jacovacci's injured hand.In the seventh-round, a short jolt to the body sent Jacovacci to the canvas for a count of nine. At the end of the round, Jacovacci went to his corner, where he received the usual attention, but when the bell went for the eighth-round he refused to leave his chair. He was cautioned by the referee, who immedtiately commenced to count him out. Jacovacci then rose from his chair and held out his hand to <mask> in token of defeat. Prior to the stoppage, <mask> had outboxed Jacovacci in every department. Retirement and frustration
After his second defeat of Jacovacci, in June, it was revealed that promoter Johnny Best was attempting to match <mask> with Jack Etienne, who was one of the best light-heavyweights in Europe. <mask> had already been defeated by Etienne, though he later avenge such a loss; with a third fight arousing considerable interest.On 24 August, it was announced that <mask>, who was due to meet future Italian heavyweight champion Merlo Prescio on 8 September at The Ring, had asked for his contract to be cancelled. <mask> declared that he is retiring due to the colour bar preventing him obtaining a championship fight, while he is barred from the Royal Albert Hall and the National Sporting Club. During the announcement, <mask> stated "I have been trying for years to get championship fights, but I always find it impossible, because of the prejudice in some sporting circles against men of colour. I don't blame the general sporting public. Followers of boxing want to see me fight." He added "I issue a challenge to any of the well-known fighters - Scott, Harvey, Hood and the rest - for a fight. Winner take all, but I know that they will not take it up."Additionally, Hugh Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale was interviewed and stated while he had the greatest admiration for <mask>, both as a fighter and as a man, the colour question debarred him from fighting for a Lonsdale Belt. The Ring management have refused to release <mask> from his contract to meet Prescio, though had offered a gold belt for a fight between him and any other light-heavyweight on <mask>'s terms. According to a Daily Express representative, <mask> had not received contact from the Ring management. Their offer, he said, would make no different to his decision to retire in which he explained "I signed no contract to appear on September 8. My father signed it for me, and they cannot force me to fight. I shall not turn up unless the British Boxing Board of Control will guarantee me a fight for the cruiserweight championship." He also stated that he intends to carry on a bookmaking business, whilst stating "My aim was to become a world's champion, but I am coloured, and that seems to be against me."Of <mask>'s claims, Victor Berliner, head of the Ring Syndicate, stated that <mask> had repudiated his contact and remarked that "We deserve the right to take what action we like in the matter [...] If boxers are allowed to break definite contracts, which involve promoters in heavy loss and their supporters in disappointment, the name might as well be thrown up." By September, the Ring Syndicate maintained that <mask> was still under contract. Comeback
In September 1930, Tommy Richie, boxing promoter, attempted to secure a match with <mask> and Harry Crossley for a gold belt, purse and the light-heavyweight championship of Britain. Lancashire Evening Post stated that "If [Richie] succeeds it will be one of the most important fights of the year in the North", though highlighted the apparent difficulty in obtaining <mask>'s signature. On 1 September, Richie sent a telegram to <mask>, <mask>'s father and manager, inviting <mask> to fight Crossley in Preston, though the reply was met with the fact <mask> shall not be entering into any more boxing contracts. In October 1930, negotiations were confirmed in progress for a fight between <mask> and American Dave Shade at Manchester, with <mask> recently altering his decision to retire, and being eagar to face Shade. On 13 October, <mask> defeated Pierre Gandon, of France, via a narrow fifteen-round points decision at The Ring.<mask> seemed very eagar to set the pace when the fight began. His footwork was exceedingly light and quick, and his left-hand flushed into Gandon's face with fine accuracy. The Frenchman was slow by comparison, not only on his feet but also with his hands. But when he did land there was power in the punch. <mask> was twice compelled to cover up after receiving powerful rights to the body, and during the third round he came off badly from a collision of heads, receiving a cut high up over the temple. As the fight progressed, it became evident that if Gandon was to win it would only be from a single punch. With a battered face, and sometimes bewildered mind, he fought an uphill battle with fine determination.<mask> switched his attack to the body, while Gandon aimed his blows to the head. In an exchange of blows, Gandon connected with a good-right that toppled <mask> to the canvas. The crowd went wild, and Gandon was on his toes eager to set loose. <mask> rose immediately, and boxing warily, stalled till the bell, although he napped another stiff punch from his opponent. <mask> was shaken by a right-swing to the jaw in the eleventh round, though the Frenchman was unable to press the advantage home. <mask>'s left eye was now half-closed and appeared to be bothering him, but he boxed cleverly to the end of round-fourteen and the final round. On 21 October 1930, he returned to face Giuseppe Malerba at Free Trade Hall, Manchester, where he defeated Malerba via referee technical decision in the seventh-round.Inches short in reach than <mask>, Malerba simply couldn't get inside that left-hand. He tried all he knew but <mask>'s left-hand was like a ramrod, as it kept flicking the Italian's nose and straightened him out. <mask> v Crossley II
On 11 October, it was reported that negotiations were still proceeding for a match at catchweight between <mask> and Crossley, providing sanction is not obtained from the British Boxing Board of Control for a match for the light-heavyweight title. On 29 October, both parties had come to terms for a meeting on 18 November, at Manchester. The fight was confirmed not to be at catchweight, and the colour ban still remained, therefore the match wasn't for Crossley's British light-heavyweight championship. At the weigh-in, <mask> was well inside the stipulated weight of 177 pounds (80 kg), while Crossley scaled at 174 pounds (79 kg). In front of a large crowd at the Free Trade Hall on 17 November, <mask> and Crossley fought a 15-round split decision draw, in which a great amount felt that <mask> had won the fight.<mask> surprised the crowd in a number of rounds by throwing defence to the winds and going all out for a knock-out, particularly in the seventh and fifteenth rounds. He carried the fight from Crossley from the second-round onwards. His long left kept finding its way into Crossley's face. The champion took most of his points for his work at close-quarters, but a great many of the blows landed on <mask>'s arms and gloves, whose defence was splendid throughout. <mask> had to hold occasionally due to the heavy blows to the body by Crossley, and was cautioned; Crossley at one point had <mask> weakened, though he neglected to follow up. In the third-round, <mask> opened a wound on Crossley's left eye, and <mask> started to force matters from the fifth-round onwards, and scored heavily. In the seventh-round, <mask> nearly finished the fight when he sent the champion down with three hard-rights to the jaw, but the bell came to the aid of Crossley.Crossley improved in the eighth and ninth rounds, scoring with two-handed punches to <mask>'s body, but did not do any material damage. <mask> had the far better closing rounds, being busy all the time with his left. Crossley adopted the policy of going for <mask>'s body all the way through. Many of the right arm punches at the ribs were taken on <mask>'s left arm and Crossley, ignoring the fact that they weren't point-scoring, continued to punch at that arm. The result was that well before the end of the fight, <mask>'s left was no longer of use as a weapon of offence. The decision of referee, P.J. Morris, was received with mixed reception.In the post-fight interview, Crossley spoke of being satisfied with the verdict, and praised

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 <mask>'s boxing, in which he continued by stating: "[...] <mask> is a very good man. He takes a lot of hitting with that stance of his, and he is very clever on his feet. I was confident enough, but somehow I had a hunch that it would be a draw. He scored a lot with his lefts, but they were only light flips, and I do not think people saw how many I was getting in under his left arm." After the fight, <mask> attended the Manchester Royal Infirmary, as his damaged left-arm was placed under X-rays; it was noted the injury occurred prior to the fight, while causing him considerable pain against Crossley. <mask> v N.S.C., Etienne III & IV
On 2 January 1931, The Leicester Evening Mail exclusively announced that Larry Gains had a scheduled meeting with Sam Russell of the National Sporting Club, with a view of removing the colour bar in British boxing, to which Gains stated, "[...] It will mean that <mask> will be able to fight Harry Crossley for the Londsale cruiserweight belt [...] You can guess what the lifting of the ban would mean to me." As of 5 February, the National Sporting Club had scrapped the rule prohibiting coloured boxers on their programmes, and it was hoped that some amends would be made to <mask>.On 25 February, The Western Morning News announced that <mask> had signed up for three matches in Manchester, with the Belle Vue Syndicate proposing to match him with Harry Crossley and <mask>, light-heavyweight and middleweight champions, respectively. On 27 March, Northampton Chronicle & Echo reported that <mask> would appear at King's Hall, Manchester on 6 April, in a match at light-heavyweight against Jack Etienne, who was regarded as one of the best light-heavyweights in Europe. Leading up to the fight, <mask> was the major betting-line favourite, though on 6 April, Etienne narrowly outpointed him over fifteen-rounds at King's Hall, Manchester. <mask> was particularly keen to win the rubber-match with Etienne in view of the possibilities of a rematch with <mask>. <mask> started off well, and in the earlier rounds had a slight lead, but Etienne was always the stronger of the two. The Belgian fighter launched a fierce two-handed attack from the start and found frequent loopholes in <mask>'s defence. During the post-fight interviews, <mask>, father and manager of <mask>, remarked that his son had won the fight, in which he expanded: "[...] the referee thought otherwise.That is all there is to that. The boys meet again on Monday next, and if Etienne's party think that the Belgian can confirm what the referee thought: I have £100 ready to place on the table to say he can't [...]" The rematch was set for two-weeks later on 21 April, for £50 a-side. On 21 April, <mask> avenged his recent loss by defeating Etienne via points-decision over fifteen-rounds at King's Hall, Manchester. In the fourth meeting of <mask> and Etienne, with a crowd of 5,000, both boxed cautiously at the start, but afterwards indulged in some clever left leading, while Etienne was particularly smart at in-fighting. <mask> was the aggressor in practically every round and gave a fine exhibition of ringcraft, and Etienne countered accurately and compelled his opponent to make some bad misses. Etienne was very worrying to <mask> in the closing rounds, when he sent in some powerful lefts and rights to the body, and at close he had a great reception. After defeating Etienne, <mask> sent out a challenge to the heavyweight division by announcing his interest in competing within the division, to which he openly challenged British heavyweight champion Reggie Meen and Larry Gains.Since his second defeat of Etienne, <mask> hasn't fought except in his own boxing booth, but of moving up in weight he stated "I mean to meet as many good [light-heavyweights] and heavy-weights as I can. I think Mr. Broadribb can get me the fights. In the middleweight class I could find no fights with any money in them, so I am going after the big fellows." Royal Albert Hall's colour bar
As with the Collins fight of 1926, <mask>'s fight with Adolf Pott is considered a turning point in boxing history because <mask> was the first black fighter who fought at the Royal Albert Hall. On 13 January 1932, it was reported that <mask> would return to middleweight and be matched with Marcel Thil, the middleweight champion of France, on 25 January at the Palais des Sports, Paris, however, it was later revealed that <mask> would appear on the undercard of Larry Gains' defense of his British Empire heavyweight title against Don McCorkindale at the Royal Albert Hall, London. By 23 January, the action of the British Boxing Board of Control in lifting the colour bar had given Larry Gains the opportunity to win the British Empire heavyweight title, as well as <mask> to win the Lonsdale belt. It was remarked that members of the British Boxing Board of Control consulted with prominent individuals at the Home Office, and the natural inference being that the authorities are no longer antagonistic to black and white title fights.Of the decision, manager Ted Broadribb stated that "British boxing in the future will have a much better chance in so far as the world's championships are concerned. In such men as [Gains] and [<mask>] we have boxers who, as British champions, could be sent to fight the world's best. Hitherto, they had been victims of an unfair regulation." It was arranged that German heavyweight, Egon Stief, would be <mask>'s opponent, despite <mask> being 28 pounds lighter, and on 27 January, one day before the fight, it was announced that Adolf Pott, of Cologne, would substitute the position of Stief, who was unable to appear at Royal Albert Hall. At the weigh-in, <mask> came in at the weight of 176 pounds (80 kg), one of his heaviest, while, by contrast, heavyweight Pott scaled in at 186 pounds (84 kg). The bout was cut from ten-rounds to eight-rounds in view of the increase in the number of rounds in the Gains v McCorkindale fight from twelve to fifteen-rounds. On 28 January 1932, in an eight-round contest, <mask> outclassed Pott to secure a points-decision at Royal Albert Hall.<mask> never wasted his punches, and he picked out his blows to drive Pott around the ring, though Pott fought strongly at the end. At the same time it was skill against brawn. In the opening round, <mask>'s skilful boxing dominated, for Pott was too slow and clumsy. Towering above his opponent, Pott couldn't connect with his opponent, though <mask> punished him with right-hand punches to the body. For four-rounds, Pott's swinging punches were countered and he began to use his weight and hang on, though <mask> made him pay for it with punishing rights to the body. Pott was bleeding from an injured right-eye in the fifth-round, and <mask>, who was both confident and calm, had the measure of his man, with referee C.B. Thomas awarding <mask> an eight-rounds points decision.By 6 February, the Board of Control in regard to the Gains and McCorkindale encounter by waving the objection of years to black and white title contests, in which they altered the rule governing such bouts to read "British" instead of "born in the British Isles", which made it possible for anyone in the Empire, whether black or white, to win home titles. The ruling had given rise to animated discussion and divergent views. Additionally, the British Boxing Board of Control still adhered to Regulation 31, which confines such contests to legally British subjects, "born of white parents", which quelled any thoughts of <mask> and Harvey fighting the Lonsdale belt. <mask> then had two more fights in March, defeating both Steve McCall and Lode Wuestenraedt via knockout within four-rounds. <mask> v Harvey II
On 27 April, <mask> returned to the Royal Albert Hall to face former French light-heavyweight champion Arthur Vermaut, who was knocked out in half-a-minute into round-one with a perfectly timed left to the body from <mask>. <mask> disregarded the Frenchman's left, and when they went into clinches <mask> hit heavily with both hands. After half a minute of fighting, <mask>, in a breakaway, got in a left and a right and then another left to the side of the body.Vermaut went down in agony, to be counted out. After knocking out Vermaut, on 27 April, it was announced that <mask> would rematch <mask> in a fifteen-round contest at the Royal Albert Hall on 11 May. Additionally, it was also revealed to be taking place under strict championship conditions at the middleweight poundage, and that the contest would be a championship affair, albeit won't be sanctioned by the British Boxing Board of Control, which does not allow coloured boxers to box for British titles. Harvey had campaigned against the colour bar which had prevented black boxers competing for titles, in which he insisted on fighting <mask> and then Larry Gains. On 4 May, Jeff Dickson, promoter of the Royal Albert Hall, was said to be ignoring the British Boxing Board of Control by announcing the contest between <mask> and Harvey as an "unofficial championship". The referee for the bout would be known at the weigh-in, with the names of C.B. Thomas, Jack Bloomfield and Jim Kenrick being put into a hat with the first name drawn being the person who'd officiate, which resulted in C.B.Thomas' selection on 11 May. At the weigh-in, <mask>, 29 at the time of the fight, was inside the stipulated weight limit of 161 pounds; as did Harvey, 24, who was also within the limit. After the weigh-in, <mask> spoke of his confidence "I have never had such a fine preparation in my life, and I shall do even better than the last time [...] I shall stop him". On 11 May, in a fifteen-round contest, <mask> narrowly lost to Harvey via a points-decision for the British middleweight title. The Nottingham Journal stated <mask> was a better stylist and that the rounds were extremely close, with Harvey taking nine of the fifteen rounds "always by a mere shade". It was the opinion of the newspaper that <mask> had difficulty in doing the weight - coming down from light-heavyweight, thus was quite unsure of his strength. He resorted to body blows in his attempt to weaken Harvey, and during the final round he had Harvey clinging on desperately to escape the danger of a knockout.After a short spar, Harvey tried a left swing to the face, but <mask> evaded the blow, with both men clinching. On the break Harvey caught <mask> with a left-hook under the ear and followed with a right to the head. He attempted this again but <mask> was quick to escape while landing a right to the body, in which Harvey followed with a right-swing to the head. In the second-round, Harvey was the first to score with a left, but <mask> was evading; Harvey found it difficult to penetrate <mask>'s guard, though Harvey attacked with a left which resulted in <mask> countering to the head and body, and then connected a fine left to Harvey's chin. In the third-round, Harvey's right-eye showed a slight abrasion. <mask> stopped Harvey's rush and took the initiative, but Harvey's defence was accurate and <mask> had difficulty in scoring. There was too much in-fighting and Harvey missed with a right-swing as the round ended.Harvey, in the fourth-round, scored with two beautifully-timed lefts flush to <mask>'s face and then steered clear of a vicious uppercut from <mask>. <mask> then scored with a hard-left under the heart which caused Harvey to stand still momentarily. He was fighting hard immediately afterwards, but <mask> took the upper hand and got in several well-timed lefts to the face and rights to the body. In the fifth-round, both men rushed to the centre of the ring and fell into a clinch, and it appeared a difficult matter for C.B. Thomas to separate them. Harvey was relying on his left, while <mask> was concentrating upon a short right-arm jolt under the heart, and with this blow he scored several times with terrific force. And then in the sixth, Harvey was the first to score, and he used his left to perfection, but many attempts to bring the right across to <mask>'s jaw were futile.<mask> met his advances with left-uppercuts and blows to the body. Following the sixth, both led simultaneously with lefts and both received a punch to the face. <mask> was boxing in good form, but Harvey landed a hard right which landed at the back of the neck. <mask> drove one punch to the stomach that almost brought Harvey to his knees. <mask> came back with straight lefts; Harvey, in going backwards to his attack, slipped down and <mask> gallantly stepped forward and assisted Harvey to his feet. <mask> got home with three hard left-hooks to the head. Following the seventh-round, Harvey started with several lefts under <mask>'s ear and followed up with a tremendous right to the jaw.<mask> didn't appear any the worse, and was after Harvey with heavy body-blows. Harvey compelled him to break away with a fine uppercut; <mask> then forced Harvey into a corner and scored with several double-handed blows to the head. In the ninth, Harvey started mixing it, and after a left to the body, he brought the right across to <mask>'s jaw, under which <mask> squired and got into close-quarters. Harvey pushed his man away, and after scoring several rights he steadied <mask> with cleverly delivered lefts. Harvey at this stage was having the better of the exchanges. In round-ten, Harvey had had distinctly the better of the fight: he was confident and immediately set to work to outbox <mask>, who did not appear to cope effectively with Harvey's two-handed punches. At the beginning of the eleventh, Harvey rushed out of his corner, and before <mask> had realised what had happened Harvey had made points with straight-lefts to the face and a right to the body.Harvey's left was seldom out of <mask>'s face, and <mask> attempted to close-in but Harvey kept him away. As the twelfth round began, <mask> had shown less of his ability which had brought him great renown. He appeared slow and his blows lacked power, whereas Harvey had little difficulty in getting away from him. In round-thirteen, <mask> came out smartly out of his corner and made an attempt to take the initiative, but Harvey outpointed him by use of the left, though his leads began to miss. <mask> made a great effort, and for a time he looked better, until Harvey eventually forced the pace. In the penultimate round, both men were in-fighting, but after they were parted by referee Thomas, Harvey led with a left to the face and then a left to the body. <mask> then countered with both hands to the face, but his blows lacked power, and it seemed that his getting down to the middleweight limit had cost him much speed and punching power.The last round saw both men fighting viciously, wherein <mask> was the better of the two, but his blows met with some good counters. <mask> concentrated on the body and scored with great effect. Once, after a delivery, Thomas spoke to <mask> about the lowness of the punch. He kept up his body attack, but could not get home an effective blow, whilst Harvey was scoring with round-arm blows about the head. Harvey was palpably in trouble, and two body blows caused him to grunt and wince. He clung desperately, and just escaped the danger of a knockout in the final moments of the round, before Thomas awarded Harvey the decision. After the fight, <mask> wasn't quite so elated by C.B.Thomas' decision: "I certainly thought I did enough to win. It seemed to me I had scored just as many points as Harvey. I agree it was a fine fight, and there might not have been much in it, but it's my opinion that I won." Additionally, <mask> hinted at a third fight, whilst praising Harvey, in which he stated, "I shall try again. I have beaten Harvey once ad I can do it again, I'm sure. But it was a great scrap, and Harvey is a fine fellow." Later career

<mask> v Thil
After the Harvey rematch, <mask> was touring County Durham with his boxing booth, and during this period The Belfast Telegraph reported that <mask>, who for some years has been experiencing eyesight trouble, was likely to give up active participation in boxing.It was revealed that he had to decline a number of fights, to which the newspaper added "<mask> has been fighting resolutely against an increasing disability, but a commonsense view of the danger he runs, should he ignore skilled advice, may lead him to a retirement decision". His father, William, of the predicament remarked "It is a terrible disappointment, but the blessing of sight is, after all, greater than the blessing of a boxing trophy." <mask>'s eyesight issues began in

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 1926, during his visit to Australia, where he was advised to wear glasses for reading and writing. Additionally, since then, <mask> was involved as an acting second to his protégée, bantamweight Andy Byrne, and olympian Don McCorkindale. On 24 September, it was announced that <mask> would make a return to middleweight and be matched with Marcel Thil, the middleweight champion of France, on 3 October, at the opening of the winter season at the Palais des Sports, Paris, though due to Thil spraining his ankle, the fight was postponed to 31 October. In the interim of training for the Thil fight, future British heavyweight champion Jack London had accepted <mask>'s offer to fight him. In preparation for Thil, <mask> was sparring Jim Stanley and Valenzo Pinca.At the weigh-in, <mask> scaled in at 163 and a half-pounds, whereas Thil came in lighter at 161 and a half-pounds. On 31 October, in front of a crowd of 25,000 at the Palais des Sports, <mask> was defeated by Thil via a referee-technical decision. After seven fierce rounds, <mask> was forced to give up. The gong sounded for the eighth-round, but <mask> rose from his corner and said that he was unable to continue. Of the seven rounds fought, Thil won five, and the other two were even rounds. After his defeat to Thil, <mask> was confirmed as an opponent for Seaman Albert Harvey, the middleweight champion of the Eastern Counties, however, as <mask> was unable to fight, <mask> deputised in his stead. On 25 November, it was announced that <mask> had decided to retire from boxing and intended to become a manager, due to a severe attack of rheumatism in his elbows.Return to the ring
By January 1933, <mask> had managed a variety of fighters including welterweight Tommy Kenny and heavyweight Bert Ikin. By April 1933, he challenged Jack Kid Casey, the Northern Area middleweight champion, to a contest. By May 1933, <mask> had decided to return as a boxer, with rumours of his possible opponent being Harry Crossley. On 18 May, it was revealed that <mask> would return to light-heavyweight to face Kid Scott, a protégée of Johnny Cuthbert, while having thoughts at possibly challenging for a light-heavyweight title in the future. In front of a crowd of 10,000 at Hyde Park, Sheffield, <mask> lost a narrow points-decision to Scott. Early in the bout, Scott had difficulty in penetrating <mask>'s defence, and ultimately Scott's youth and strength served him well, and later he used a left hand effectively. <mask> was set to return to the ring to face European light-heavyweight champion John Andersson on 29 May, however, Andersson was substituted for Kid Scott.On 29 May, nine days after losing to Scott, <mask> avenged his loss at the Royal Albert Hall after Scott quit on his stool after round-three. Scott walked to his corner, before blowing his nose and returning to resume the fight; though the referee, Charles Darby, stopped the contest in favour of <mask>. Scott had sustained a severe blow from <mask> over the temple, and was too dazed to continue. Of his defeat, Scott stated that everything went blank: "<mask> was hitting me about the head, and it must have been one of those punches that caught my temple. I have been boxing for three years, and never before experienced such an ordeal." He returned to the Royal Albert hall, on 26 June, to knockout Arthur Vermaut in the first round. Moving to heavyweight
On 3 July, it was announced that the  scheduled fight with Del Fontaine, the light-heavyweight champion of Canada, at Loftus Road was cancelled by doctors in attendance, who pronounced <mask> unfit, as he was suffering from a cataract in his left eye.The master of ceremonies introduced <mask> from the ring, and explained that the doctor who examined the eye announced that if <mask> fought it would be at the risk of permanent blindness. On 22 August, articles were signed for a fifteen-round contest between <mask> and Eddie Pierce, the light-heavyweight champion of South Africa, at the Ring on 24 September. Shortly after, it was announced that <mask> would make his heavyweight debut against future British heavyweight champion Jack London at Liverpool Stadium on 31 August. <mask>, on the advice of his doctor, decided to abandon boxing, for it was thought that his eyesight would be permanently damaged were he to continue. However, a second examination by an eye specialist revealed that he was, at the time, suffering from a strain, and, after his weeks rest, his eyes are completely better again. On 31 August, <mask> defeated heavyweight London via a points-decision at the Liverpool Stadium. The contest was a walk-over for <mask>, and was generally calling the tune, as far as boxing went, although there was always a dangerous of London getting home one of his heavy-rights he continually swung over.In the second-round, London connected a right and <mask> went down, though rising unhurt. London pressed home the advantage in weight by leaning on <mask>, while being warned several times for holding. <mask> opened, in what for him, what was a carefree mood: jumping in to land on the body, but two or three heavy-rights which he only just slipped caused him to pay more attention to his defence. In the fifth, <mask> unleashed a tremendous left-hook to the body, which London claimed to be low, put the heavyweight down for a count of five. London was greatly hurt, and in round-six, <mask>'s punches seemed to take away what little strength London had, and for three rounds he was an easy target for <mask>. Towards the close of the ninth-round, a wild right from London opened a cut over <mask>'s left eye, from which blood oozed freely, handicapping the Manchester man, and his opponent attempted to make a play for the wound, but was denied by the cleverness of <mask>. In the tenth, in trying to repeat his damaging left-hook to the body, <mask> landed low but the punch was only a light one and did no damage, and escaped the referee's attention.Due to London's inability to land on it, <mask>'s damaged eye was not the disadvantage it might have been, and he not only kept going but completely outboxed and outfought London. Just before the end of the final bell, <mask> got home the left-hook to the body, which dropped London, who claimed a foul. He had only reached "two" when the gong signalled the end of the contest. On 9 September, it was revealed that <mask>'s fight with Eddie Pierce had changed to 1 October. Return to light-heavyweight
On 29 September, papers were signed for <mask> to meet Jim Winters, the light-heavyweight champion of Scotland, on 13 October. On 1 October, fighting through five rounds with his left eye completely closed and bruised, <mask> was defeated by Pierce via a technical-knockout in round-twelve at The Ring. <mask> displayed extreme courage and fortitude under a severe handicap, and after he had strenuously protested against the suggestion of his seconds and of the referee to abandon the fight at the end of the tenth-round.However, he had to retire, with the referee intervening in the eleventh-round, when Pierce was hitting <mask> with left and rights almost as he wished. It was later revealed that J. Bloom, Pierce's manager, had advised Pierce to adopt a bobbing and weaving technique due to <mask>'s eyes not being too accurate due to his damaged eyesight. After the Pierce loss, <mask> returned to the ring to face Jim Winters, however, was defeated via a points-decision at the Music Hall, Edinburgh on 12 October. One couldn't say that <mask> was a finished man, as he was still the foxy fighter of old, and in the last three rounds of the bout, Winters tried every move to get through the Mancunian's guard to land a finishing punch, but to no avail. <mask> appeared fresher at the finish than he had been at the end of the third round. Winters had a distinct advantage in weight - as he looked a trifle too big - and he made the most of it. On occasion, <mask> tried to take the initiative with pawing left-leads and short half-arm jolts to the body as he weaved in, but Winters was fast and employed the left well in the opening sessions, while his heavy work to the body soon caused <mask> to cover up.There was too much sparring in the opening-round, but Winters kept poking his left into <mask>'s face. A few heavy body punches were landed in round-two, with Winters doing the leading-out work. Midway through the third-session, the exchanges became keener, and both landed to the body, but <mask>'s judgement was faulty. Winters continued to pile up the points, and in round-four was very aggressive with his left, with which he scored twice. <mask> seemed at sea with Winters' left, and he was told twice or thrice to lay off. Winters opposed the sixth-session with a slash to the jaw, and midway through <mask> was down for a count of three, and then was spoken to for a low hit. In that very round, <mask> came back and caused Winters to wince with a right to the body.The seventh and eight sessions were <mask>'s best. In the former, he was enterprising enough to take a clip on the chin in order to get in a hard half-arm jolt to Winters' ribs, and he mixed matters well right up to the finish. Both missed in the early stages of the eighth-round, but <mask> brought his right into action to Winters' ribs. Winters was on top, and <mask> landed a right to Winters' jaw in a fierce rally, which became <mask>'s best round. Winters opened round-nine with a well timed left, but <mask> retaliated with two-handed punching to the body. The covering-up work of <mask> was smart, and his elusiveness got him out of many tight corners. From the tenth to the end, Winters forced the fight and kept adding to his points tally, but to the credit of <mask> never left an opening for his younger and stronger opponent.Winters opened the eleventh-session with a left-lead and a right-swing before <mask> countered to the body. The last round finished in a hurricane fashion, with Winters using his left well. After he awarded Winters the verdict via points-decision, referee, Ben Green, announced <mask>'s retirement from boxing, wherein the crowded house rose and cheered <mask> to the echo, as <mask> had become a popular figure by reason of his ability and good sportsmanship. Retirement
On 11 October 1933, at the age of 30, <mask> announced that he was retiring from boxing on account to his failing eyesight. He ended his professional career with 96 wins in 135 fights, 37 by knockout, while competing in 6 title fights. Upon retiring, <mask> wrote: "Altogether, I have done not so badly considering that my first fights found me to be useless [...]", while adding that despite the setbacks and frustrations, and if he had his time over again: "[I] wouldn't have changed a thing". Personal life
In 1926, <mask> married Annie Forshaw, a former bookbinder of Irish descent; though sadly, while he was in the United States trying to launch his boxing career, one of their two children became ill and died.<mask> later revealed that they did not make it home in time for the child's burial. Following the tragedy, <mask> travelled back to America and stayed at Grupp's Gym in New York, where he sparred with Ted "Kid" Lewis and Mike McTigue, though an American debut fight fell through when Phil Kaplan turned the fight down. His marriage with Annie eventually fell apart and they divorced. <mask> later remarried, Maria Reid, a sister nurse whose three white children he adopted. Later, when Maria's sister died, the pair would go on to adopt her three children. He was a close friend of Paul Robeson, the American singer and political activist, with both corresponding by letter for 30 years. <mask> was a teetotaller, and a member of the Lancashire section of the Showmen's Guild of Great Britain.While working as a truck driver in later years, <mask> began writing a monthly boxing column for The Daily Worker, and he was instrumental in forming the first Ex-Boxers' Association in Manchester in 1952, where it would eventually become the Ex-Boxers' Association of Great Britain. By the age of 70 he had finally managed to retire from his job as a foreman for Jack Silverman in Oldham, and once remarked that "if I had been a champion things would have been different". <mask> wrote an autobiographical essay of his life, part of his collection of works at the Working Class Movement Library in Salford, which also includes records and documents from the 1945 Congress. Later years

World War II and philanthropy
Although <mask> had given up active boxing, he was still connecting himself to the sport, such as refereeing for Jack McKnight v Jim Hunter at East Hull Baths on 18 December 1933, as well as a boxing trainer and discovering talent such as Matt Moran, Al Binney and Jack Samari. He also turned his hand to writing, producing a series of short stories set in the world of boxing which were published in The Topical Times, while he continued to drive Leyland Trucks since 1935. On 20 February 1939, also briefly tried his hand at professional wrestling, where he defeated Rough House Conroy at Ulster Hall. <mask> devoted himself to his boxing booth, which had already been touring for a number of years, appearing at fairs up and down the country.He sold his booth when World War II began and worked in the Civil Defence Rescue Squad in Manchester, where he entered air raid damaged buildings to retrieve the injured or dead. <mask> later joined the unit in Cumbria as a specialist in first aid and physical training, to which his group officer, A.C. Rowell remarked that boxing was "the one subject he never talked about [and] he never encouraged any young person to become interested in this subject", a point which author Michael Herbert attributed to <mask>'s wealth of experience of the injuries he sustained in the ring. He served with distinction in the National Fire Service, in which he received promotion. After the war he worked as a bus driver, only for tragedy to strike when a child stepped out into the road and was killed by the bus he was driving. He also worked as a bookie and had driven fire engines in Moss Side from 1939 as part of his role in the Transport and General Workers' Union. He later worked as a lorry driver for Jack Silverman in Oldham, while also being involved in matchmaking boxing shows during 1947 and 1948 at Ardwick Stadium. On 11 March 1949, <mask> announced that he was offering free tuition to aspiring young boxers at his club in Ducie-street, Oxford Road, to which he stated, "This is no catch.No scheme to find and exploit potential champions. I just feel I can help along youngsters who fancy the game and teach them things they ought to know." In 1949, he assisted members of the Unity Theatre, Manchester in their production of Clifford Odets' Golden Boy (1937). Humanitarianism and politics
<mask>'s encounters with racism and his observation of the poverty of most of his class in Britain, lead him to radical politics. He was also aware that The Daily Worker had waged a ground-breaking campaign against the colour bar in boxing. These factors, in addition to the great popularity of the Soviet Union in the struggle against fascism during the Second World War, lead him joining the Communist Party of Great Britain by the end of the war. Additionally, in 1932, <mask> had come to know closely Paul Robeson, the American singer, actor and political activist, who encouraged <mask> in his long-running battle with the British boxing colour bar.In The Topical Times, in January 1933, <mask> wrote: "[Robeson] is a great man. [He] put new life in me with a few words. He drew me a picture of his fight for recognition. He pointed out that my job was fighting, and that if I could fight in the ring I ought to be able to fight outside it. I took his words to heart and made every effort to show the British public that the colour bar is just so much nonsense." According to Mike Luft, whose father fought for <mask>, <mask>'s campaign on behalf of his fellow boxers was to ensure "they didn't get battered like he suffered", and his battling against discrimination and for civil rights made him an important example of "how there are different ways to fight, both in the ring and outside it". He began speaking across Manchester from 1945, in discussions pertaining to Pan Africanism, sports and the colour bar, as well as the subject labour-communist unity alongside both Arthur Horner and J.B. S. Haldane. On 15 October 1945, and an additional five days, <mask> was one of the eighty-seven to ninety delegates who attended the 5th Pan-African

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 Congress in Manchester, that represented fifty organizations, with a total of 200 audience members present. The topics debated included "The Colour Problem in Britain", "Oppression in South Africa", and "The Problems in the Caribbean". Notable delegates were George Padmore, Kwame Nkrumah, and Jomo Kenyatta, among others. A number of black activists living in Manchester at the time were also in attendance, including <mask>, Dr Pater Milliard from Guyana who had formed the Negro Association, T. Ras Makonnen of the International African Service Bureau (IASB) that C. L. R. James had established in 1937, and James Taylor, who ran the Negro Welfare Centre. The meetings led partially to the creation of the Pan-African Federation, founded in 1946 by Kwame Nkrumah and Jomo Kenyatta, as well as advancing Pan-Africanism and applying it to decolonize the African continent. By 1946, Manchester's black community had increased to around 10,000 people, as black ex-servicemen and migrant workers settled down in areas such as Moss Side.<mask>, himself wise to the discrimination they were facing and could potentially face, set up the New International Club on Grafton Street with his friends Syd Booth and Wilf Charles – two white working-class Mancunians who had fought against the fascists in Spain. The New International attempted to channel what it called the "growing feeling of frustration" with substandard housing and jobs for black people in Manchester, and wanted to be both a social club and an organising space for black people to unite and solve their problems in Manchester. The principles of the club were declared in its founding statement: "true internationalism; colonial liberation; the ending of racial discrimination; peace." On 9 January 1947, it was reported that <mask> and a committee of leading townspeople were organising a petition to the American Ambassador in London, Lord Inverchapel, against the death sentence of two African American boys, aged fourteen, for alleged murder at Jackson, Mississippi. <mask> had hoped to get 10,000 signatures, whilst noting that time was short: "This week Governor of Mississippi, Fielding L. Wright, will announce the final decision on the fate of these children, and unless sanity prevails they will meet their death on January 17." The club was friendly with I. T. A. <mask>, and it had links with the Civil Rights Congress. The club's internationalist sensibility informed <mask> and Charles' local work in the city, where although they counted their membership at just 222, they were able to challenge racism at the Manchester Labour Exchange, whilst calling attention to inequalities in local housing, policing, and educational policy.The club was one of the first places to hold African and Caribbean club nights in Manchester, and where young black and white workers could blend and meet each other. But it was also the bedrock of building connections between Manchester's workers movement with black people all over the world, including, in December 1948, organising solidarity with the Trenton Six, a group of black men sentenced to death by an all-white jury for a murder they didn't commit. The New International's biggest success was hosting Paul Robeson in 1949 in Manchester and Liverpool, where the guest of honour sang, was greeted at receptions, and spoke at public forms. In all, perhaps 20,000 people turned out for these events, which brought renewed funds and attention to the club. They were thus able to continue to hold conferences, publicise international campaigns, and defend workers of colour in marine, mining, and transport sectors, all while arguing that these activates were part of wider struggles against imperialism. On 28 August 1949, had his name taken by an undercover police officer after a meeting organised by Blackpool Communists on a beach, wherein he was the principal speaker. The meeting was in protest and defiance of the Blackpool Tory Town Council ban, to which <mask> argued that the ban closed an important avenue open to the ordinary people to have free speech.The Society's activities trailed off by the early 1950s, but as individuals, <mask> took part in the British "Let Robeson Sing" campaign - which according to Robeson's biographer "would be a considerable embarrassment to the U.S. government" - after Robeson's passport was revoked, while Wilf Charles went on to become an advocate for pensioners' rights in Manchester. The New International Club and other International African Service Bureau initiatives against British racism were an important part of the post-Congress activism within the United Kingdom. <mask> also unsuccessfully stood for Moss Side East as a candidate for his party in 1949, 1955 and 1961 to become elected to Manchester City Council, though acted for many years as an unofficial representative of the city's black community – personally intervening in disputes involving inequality and racism. On 30 September 1953, he played a significant role in overturning the Old Abbey Taphouse in Greenheys' policy on separating white and black patrons. According to Wilf Charles, friend and co-founder of the New International Club, <mask> had "ordered two pints and they said we don't serve Black men [...] I insisted they would serve him or no-one else would get served. So they brought in the police and they asked us to go—we created a tremendous problem inside the pub." Of the incident, <mask> stated "I was most embarrassed.I have spent the greater part of my life in Manchester and this is the first time I have ever been refused a drink." On 1 October 1953, he launched a campaign and enlisted the help of the then Lord Mayor of Manchester, Abraham Moss and the Bishop of Manchester, William Greer and over the course of the next three days, more than 200 people, black and white, gathered to take part in a demonstration outside, standing together against the licensee's ban. Eventually it was overturned and <mask> - who was teetotal - was invited inside and sat down to share a drink with the publican. Death

In 1954, health problems resulted in him spending several months convalescing at a Black Sea resort in the Soviet Union for a pneumonectomy, and later returned to England to resume his political activities in the Communist Party, though lived for years in relative anonymity and growing poverty. By the early sixties, <mask>'s physical health was in rapid decline, of which he spent at Waterloo Street, Oldham, with his wife Maria. <mask> died on 28 September 1974 at Oldham General Hospital, and The Morning Star ran an obituary written by Jim Arnison. <mask> died two years before Britain passed the landmark Race Relations Act 1976 and thus did not see the faltering progress as Britain evolved into an ever more diverse, multi-racial nation.In his obituary for the Manchester Evening News he was quoted as saying: "[I was] never a fighter, always a boxer, and all for a fiver and second-class travelling expenses." Memorial
In June 2020, Stephen Miller started a petition on Change.org to erect a statue of <mask> in Piccadilly Gardens, following the toppling of the Statue of Edward Colston on 7 June. Following Miller's example, on 10 June, Deej <mask> started a similar petition for a monument to be included for <mask>, based on his contributions to Manchester. On 10 June, British Labour Party politician Afzal Khan had openly encouraged the idea of memorialising <mask>. By October 2020, almost 800 people signed <mask>'s petition calling for Manchester City Council to build a permanent monument honouring <mask> to be built in Manchester. When asked whether he'd support the proposal, the leader of Manchester City Council, Sir Richard Leese, stated it to be a "brilliant" idea, to which he remarked "I think it would be great to have a statue of [<mask>] in Manchester if people want to come forward with proposals [...] We've only got a couple of busts or status of black Mancunians, the very first one was done in the late 1980s when there was a bust of Yomi Mambu, who was the first black Lord Mayor of Manchester." Additionally, Andy Burnham, the Mayor of Greater Manchester, stated that <mask>'s story was one that "hasn't been told enough [..] He wasn't just a boxer, it was more what he did to contribute to the civil rights movement, working with the likes of Paul Robeson and others, which was perhaps his biggest contribution."On 20 October 2020, the topics of a permanent memorial and <mask>'s difficulties with the National Sporting Club and the British Boxing Board of Control were mentioned by Welsh Labour Party politicians Gerald Jones and Nick Smith, respectively, at the Palace of Westminster. Legacy
Today, the legacy of <mask> is widely forgotten. However, he was once considered one of the greatest welterweights and middleweights of his age by many fellow boxers, boxing experts and publications:

Ron Olver, correspondent of The Ring and former assistant editor of Boxing News remarked: "He was well-respected both as a fighter and as a man, but found himself battling against an opponent he could never lick — the colour bar. Noted for his defensive skills, he had a gem of a left hand and could block punches in a style rarely seen today." <mask>, three divisional British champion and world light-heavyweight contender, maintained the view: "<mask> was one of the finest boxers I have ever met. Only his colour prevented him from winning the highest honours in the game. He had a perfect style, and it was a joy to watch him using that colossally long left of his, unless, of course, you happened to be facing the business end of it."Harry Jennings, a sports writer for The Leeds Mercury, expressed: "That <mask> is one of the cleverest artists of the era is beyond dispute." The Sheffield Telegraph proclaimed that "[<mask>] is undoubtedly one of the best boxers in the world. He already has to his credit a decision over Harry Crossley [...]". Martin Pugh, historian and author, wrote in We Danced All Night that <mask> was "one of the best welterweights of the period [...]". Eugene Corri, well known British boxing referee, included <mask> on his 1925 honours list of coming champions, in which he wrote: "<mask> has been a noted name among [black] pugilists, including the great and only <mask> [...]". He later remarked of <mask> that, "My diagnosis of <mask> is this: that he has a streak of indifference, inborn or assumed, and prefers to amble to victory rather than employ all his natural gifts, so as to crash his way to triumph. I have been often tempted to say that if <mask> were not sure that he is a master of defensive boxing, we should rate him to be the finest specimen of a middleweight we have produced for years."Eric Stone, sports writer for The Leicester Evening Mail, wrote: "The night that Harry Corbett lost his title, <mask> won a title. Yet, it was not long before that Harvey had been beaten by a man who had stopped the great Kid Lewis. That man was <mask>: one of the greatest middleweights we have ever seen." The Western Morning News described <mask> as "one of the most skillful boxers of the day." The Belfast Telegraph acknowledged <mask> as, "one of the cleverest defensive boxers of his age [...]". Harold Lewis, sports writer for The Westminster Gazette, wrote of <mask>: "[...] a more relentless in-fighter than Ted "Kid" Lewis there never was. ", while describing his defence as "impregnable".The Liverpool Echo in praising <mask>, wrote: "As a middleweight he was about the cleverest boxer at that weight in the world." Solar Plexus, sports writer for The Referee, praised <mask> and compared him to Jem Mace: "Victory came to <mask> per medium of the old Jem Mace style. Some say it is obsolete and of no avail against the methods of today, but they do not understand their business. With but one exception <mask> is very much of the old school." The Brisbane Courier wrote: "Ever since the English middleweight champion, <mask> landed in Australia [...] Brisbane followers of boxing have been anxious to again see this exponent of the Jem Mace school of boxing in action." James Butler, a sports writer for The Daily Herald, regarded <mask> as "one of the cleverest boxers in Europe." Ben Green, a British referee, regarded <mask> as "one of the greats" whilst acknowledging him as one of the greatest British middleweights.The Referee wrote: "A good big man in boxing should always beat a good little man. When the big man has abnormal reach and good height, allied with real boxing skill, he is generally an artist in the roped area. Such a man is <mask>." Pollux, sports writer for The Daily Herald, while noting <mask>'s "rare defence", had remarked that "His boxing has improved wonderfully during the past few months, and Ted "Kid" Lewis will find his equal in ringcraft." Dr Neil Carter, senior research fellow at De Montfort University, wrote: "[<mask>] from Manchester was reckoned to be the best welterweight in Europe in the 1920s but was unable to prove this because of his colour." Popular culture
<mask> inspired British lightweight champion <mask>, who took the surname "<mask>" in homage to his hero. In 1987, a musical based on the life and work of the <mask>, Struggle for Freedom, was the final part of the performance by young people from Rochdale schools, which was produced by Frontline Culture and Education and directed by British playwright Dan Baron Cohen.Baron Cohen acknowledged the contributions of Sid Booth, who was involved in the original production which toured Ireland, Wilf Charles whose life helped shape the play and African Dawn, the African cultural group from London. On 15 July 2014, <mask> Johnson Fighter, a play focusing on <mask>'s, and written by Colin Conner and directed by Nick Birchill, debuted at the 2014 Greater Manchester Fringe Festival. Colin Conner's play was inspired by Michael Herbert's book Never Counted Out (1992), and the collection of <mask>'s memorabilia at the Working Class Movement Library in Salford. After its runs at the Fringe Festival in 2014, <mask> Fighter performed at the King's Arms, Salford from 11 May, to 12 May 2015, and later the Octagon Theatre, Bolton from 20 May, to 21 May 2015. The cast consisted of Jarreau Benjamin, Alastair Gillies, Richard Patterson, Matt Lanigan, Sarah Burrill and Katie McArdle. Benjamin, who was nominated for a Manchester Theatre Award for his portrayal of <mask>, remarked: "I'm so passionate about all the things he was fighting for. He was a boxer and he went on to do some amazing things.I'm really glad to be a part of it. It is really emotional." On 31 December 2019, Peter Howarth created a piece of digital artwork titled Nobody Knows, featuring <mask>, Leone Jacovacci and <mask>. Professional boxing record

See also

 Dorothy Kuya
 Billy Strachan
 Charlie Hutchison
 Trevor Carter
 Claudia Jones

Notes

References

Further reading
 Fleming, Denis. The Manchester Fighters (Neil Richardson Publications, 1986)
 Herbert, Michael. Never Counted Out! The Story of <mask>, Manchester's Black Boxing Hero and Communist (Dropped Aitches Press, 1992)
 Adi, Hakim and Marika, Sherwood.The 1945 Manchester Pan-African Congress Revisited (1995)
 Howard, Rob.Boxing's Uncrowned Champion: <mask> and the Colour Bar (The Author, 2009)
 Early, Gerald.The Cambridge Companion to Boxing (Cambridge University Press, 2019)

External links

 Cyber Boxing Zone Profile: <mask>
 In the Red Corner
 Boxing at Belle Vue
 British Boxing History: <mask> An account of <mask>'s record. Kid Lewis Gives In A 1925 newspaper account of <mask> defeating Ted "Kid" Lewis. The Prince at the Ring A 1928 newspaper account of <mask>'s loss to <mask>. <mask> - Manchester Municipal Elections

1902 births
1974 deaths
English Roman Catholics
English people of Irish descent
People of Sierra Leone Creole descent
British male writers
20th-century British male writers
20th-century British non-fiction writers
British pan-Africanists
English male boxers
Boxers from Manchester
People from Clayton
England Boxing champions
Welterweight boxers
Middleweight boxers
Light-heavyweight boxers
Heavyweight boxers
Commonwealth Boxing Council champions
English humanitarians
English communists
English socialists
British civil rights activists
Communist Party of Great Britain members
British human rights activists
Community organizing
Nonviolence advocates
British community activists
Black British activists
Civil rights movement
Activists for African-American civil rights
American civil rights activists
Anti-imperialism
Burials at Southern Cemetery,

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<mask> (born 1955) is an American poet, spoken-word performer, playwright, author, writing teacher, and former journalist. She has published poems in literary magazines and journals including TriQuarterly, Poetry, The Paris Review, Tin House, and in anthologies including American Voices and The Oxford Anthology of African-American Poetry. She is on the faculties of the Stonecoast MFA Program in Creative Writing and the Low-Residency MFA Program in Creative Writing at Sierra Nevada University. She is a four-time individual National Poetry Slam champion and appeared in the 1996 documentary SlamNation, which followed various poetry slam teams as they competed at the 1996 National Poetry Slam in Portland, Oregon. <mask> is hailed as the first African-American woman to publish a weekly metro column for the Boston Globe. Her many accomplishments include a Guggenheim fellowship, acceptance as a Civitellian, a National Endowment for the Arts grant recipient, and two-time winner of the Pushcart Prize. She is a former fellow of Yaddo and the MacDowell Colony, and she is the most successful poet of the National Poetry Slam competition.Currently, <mask> is a professor at the College of Staten Island, a core faculty member in the MFA program at Sierra Nevada University, and a resident in VONA and in the Vermont College of Fine Arts Post-Graduate Residency Program. <mask>'s poetry has appeared in literary journals including The Paris Review and TriQuarterly, and dozens of anthologies, including The Oxford Anthology of African-American Poetry, The Outlaw Bible of American Poetry and Gathering Ground: A Reader Celebrating Cave Canem's First Decade. She has read her poetry at venues including the Poets Stage in Stockholm, Urban Voices in South Africa, Rotterdam's Poetry International Festival, the Aran Islands International Poetry and Prose Festival and on tour in Germany, Austria and Holland. In the U.S., she's performed at the National Book Festival, Carnegie Hall, and the Dodge Poetry Festival. The book Blood Dazzler was the basis for a dance/theater production which sold out a week-long series of performances at New York's Harlem Stage. A selection of <mask>'s poetry was produced as a one-woman play by Nobel Prize-winner Derek Walcott and performed at both Boston University Playwrights Theater and the historic Trinidad Theater Workshop. Another play, based on Life According to Motown, was staged by Company One Theater in Hartford, Ct., and reviewed favorably in The New York Times.In an interview with Tony Leuzzi (a poet known for his Fib poetry and the poem "The Burning Door”"), <mask> talks about how she started writing poetry. She says: "I got introduced to poetry via the stage, where there isn’t a place to crawl behind the language." <mask> talks about her first Chicago slam poetry night where she performed her poems for the first time. This scene became <mask>'s social circle as well as her recreational exercise, but after performing for a while, people began to view <mask>'s poems as literature rather than just performance. These people challenged <mask> to make a commitment to her writing. <mask> discusses how she had written four poetry books before admitted into an MFA program. Though the MFA program taught her the “bones and muscles of language,” the poet claims she established herself as a poet and her content way before her academic studies.<mask> responds to Leuzzi's question about attending an MFA program later in life by affirming the freedom she had in academics because she was already an established and published poet, so <mask> did not need to go after grants and awards or university validation. In addition to her poetry and journalism, <mask> is also a performer in two one-woman plays and in a one-woman show called Professional Suicide. In Priya Parmar and Bryonn Bain's article "Spoken Word and Hip Hop: The Power of Urban Art and Culture", the authors argue that <mask> along with Taylor Mali and Saul Williams ushered in a new era of poetry in the film documentary SlamNation. <mask> has contributed to various notable anthologies including Unsettling America: An Anthology of Contemporary Multicultural Poetry, Aloud: Voices from the Nuyorican Poets Café, Short Fuse: The Global Anthology of New Fusion Poetry, Bum Rush the Page, The Oxford Anthology of African American Poetry and Pushcart Prize XXXII: Best of the Small Presses. In addition to her personal works, she also offers individual and group rates for poetry instruction from kindergarteners to senior citizens..

Works
As her first book, <mask> published Life According to Motown in September 1991 and now it has been republished for the 20th anniversary edition. Like much of her poetry, this collection draws upon her roots in Chicago during the 1960s, recounting lessons learned through the hardships and glamour of Motown. After Life According to Motown, <mask> published Big Towns, Big Talks which serves as a type of sequel to its predecessor, examining life after childhood in Chicago.In September 1993, <mask> published Close to Death, which explores black male life expectancy in relation to homicide, drug abuse, and AIDS. <mask>'s poems give voice to the thousands of black males in New York City, Chicago, and Boston who have run out of options and expect to lose their lives without first given a chance to live. Publishers Weekly says, "Her acute ear for the intricacies of speech adds to the vitality of poems written in the voice of black men she encounters amid the inner-city squalor of Chicago and Boston." Her Teahouse of the Almighty is a collection of her free-verse poems on various topics such as love, family, religion, feminism, and the role of poetry. The poem "Boy Dies, Girlfriend Gets His Heart" is about an actual event where a fifteen-year-old boy gave his heart to his girlfriend, and in another poem, <mask> discusses her views on religion and her Baptist upbringing. Many critics have praised this work: Diane Scharper in Library Journal called it a "stunning mix of sound and sense and a Publishers Weekly critic stated: "<mask> appears to be that rarest of creatures, a charismatic slam and performance poet whose artistry truly survives on the printed page." She authored a book of history, Africans in America: American's Journey through Slavery, that was commissioned to accompany a PBS series of the same name, and which included short passages written by Charles Johnson and the WGBH Series Research Team.Her collection Incendiary Art grapples with black bodies of the African-American community against the backdrop of the killing of Emmett Till. This collection uses various forms of poetry such as prose, ghazels, sestinas, and sonnets. In Gotta Go Gotta Flow, <mask> combines her poems with Michael Abramson's photography of the '70s in Chicago's South Side. Donna Seman from Booklist praised this collection, saying that it is "a supremely arresting and affecting match of potent images and singing words." For Shoulda Been Jimi Savannah, <mask> won three awards: the Lenore Marshall Poetry Prize, the Rebekah Bobbitt National Prize for Poetry, and the Phillis Wheatley Book Award in Poetry. The collection contains poems about the urban areas of Chicago and Detroit, discussing themes of first love, Motown, personal narrative, and cultural journey. Gregory Orr, judge of the 2014 Lenore Marshal Prize, said that her poems “plunge to the soul-depths of the people who inhabit them."Journalism controversy
As an editorial assistant at the Chicago Sun-Times in the late 1980s, she wrote a review of a concert that she allegedly had not attended. She gained notoriety when The Boston Globe asked her to resign after editors discovered her metro column contained fictional characters and fabricated events in violation of journalism practice. <mask> admitted to four instances of fabrications in her columns. Speaking in 2015 of her subsequent career, the Globe editor who discovered her fabrications, Walter V. Robinson, noted: "The fact of the matter is that in life, for all of us, we are judged very much by how we bounce back from adversity.... In that sense, I’m really heartened by what's happened in her life." Awards

Poetry
Her book Shoulda Been Jimi Savannah was awarded the 2014 Rebekah Johnson Bobbitt Award. She is also a 2008 National Book Award finalist, winner of the Hurston-Wright Legacy Award in Poetry, the Carl Sandburg Literary Award, the National Poetry Series award, the Patterson poetry award, two Pushcart Prizes, and the Rattle poetry prize.She also won the Robert L. Fish Memorial Award for short story writing and had work selected to appear in both Best American Poetry and Best American Essays. In 2006, she was inducted into the International Literary Hall of Fame for Writers of African Descent, and she was the recipient of both McDowell and Yadoo fellowships. For Shoulda Been Jimi Savannah she won the Lenore Marshall Prize, presented by the Academy of American Poets in recognition of "the most outstanding book of poetry" published in America the previous year. And "Incendiary Art" won the NAAACP Image Award and was named a Finalist for the Pulitzer Prize. "Incendiary Art," a 2017 collection of poems published by Northwestern University Press won the 2018 Kingsley Tufts (Kingsley and Kate Tufts Poetry Awards) poetry award and the 2018 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work – Poetry. The collection also won the Los Angeles Times Book Prize for poetry. <mask> won the Distinguished Writing Award for Commentary from the American Society of Newspaper Editors (ASNE), 1997.However, The Boston Globe returned the ASNE award and withdrew her from consideration for a Pulitzer Prize after the newspaper acknowledged that some of her columns contained fabricated people, events, and quotes. Personal life
<mask> was born in 1955 in Chicago, Illinois. She attended Southern Illinois University and Northwestern University. <mask> is married to Bruce DeSilva, journalist and Edgar Award-winning author. She lives in Howell, New Jersey. Bibliography

Poetry collections
Incendiary Art: Poems poems about Emmett Till, Northwestern University Press, 2016. Blood Dazzler - poems about Hurricane Katrina, Coffee House Press, 2008, a National Book Award finalist.Teahouse of the Almighty - selected as a National Poetry Series winner, published in 2006 by Coffee House Press
Close to Death - poetry, 1993, Zoland Books
Big Towns, Big Talk - poetry, 1992, Zoland Books
Life According to Motown - poetry, 1991, Tía Chucha Press

List of poems

Non-fiction
Africans in America - history, companion book to the PBS television series of the same name, Harcourt Brace, 1998 (co-authored with Charles Johnson)

Children's books
Janna and the Kings - 2003, Lee & Low, winner of the New Voices Award for new children's book authors

See also
Poetry slam
Journalism scandals

References

External links
The Book of Voices
Modern American Poetry: <mask>
Personal website
The Academy of American Poets - <mask>
<mask>: An American Poet

1955 births
Living people
African-American poets
20th-century American poets
African-American women writers
American children's writers
American feminist writers
American women poets
Sierra Nevada College
Journalistic hoaxes
The Boston Globe people
Writers from Chicago
American women children's writers
American women dramatists and playwrights
Stonecoast MFA alumni
21st-century American poets
21st-century American women writers
20th-century African-American writers
20th-century African-American women

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Patricia Smith
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Patricia Smith
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Patricia Smith
Patricia Smith


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<mask> (1891– May 25, 1968) was an American economist, statistician, businessman, inventor and author, known from his seminal work on graphical methods, and economic forecasting. Life and work
Born in Bloomington, Indiana to <mask>f E. and Eleanor S<mask>, <mask> received his education as economist and statistician. He was student at the University of Illinois in 1907–1908, and at the University of Chicago in 1908–1909, and obtained his BA from the University of New Mexico in 1911 and from Oxford University in 1914 on a Rhodes Scholarship. From 1914 to 1916 he was graduate student at the Columbia University. <mask> started his career as Newspaper Reporter and Publicity Agent in New York City in 1916. The next year he settled as independent consulting statistician, and founded Karsten Statistical Laboratory in New Haven, Connecticut. As statistician Karsten was also specialized in unemployment remedies.In 1926 he became president and general manager of the Kardex Institute, a company founded in 1921 by James Rand, Jr. to collect and disseminate information on good business record-keeping and filing practices. Late 1920s <mask> founded the Karsten Forecasts, inc. in New Haven, and early 1930s the Irving Fisher Index Number Institute with Irving Fisher also in New Haven, CT. From 1934 to 1942 he was appointed in multiple federal agencies. <mask> had joint the Liberal Club of New York and the Anti-Militarism League in the 1910s. In 1917 he married his first wife Elinor Cox, and had a daughter together. In the 1920s Karsten build a summer stack out in Far Rockaway, where the invited Henry Miller and his family in the summer of 1925. Later, he married Helen Tippy. Work
Since the 1920s Karsten published a series of works on charts and graphs and economic forecasting.He also he invented and patented several information processing devices. Charts and graphs, 1923
In the 1910s charts and graphs had become a prominent subject in the theoretical discussion of methodology in the social sciences, and <mask> was one of the first to publish a book solely on this topic. <mask> (1923) explained:

In and since the [First World] War the use and developments of charts has been almost phenomenal — so large, indeed, that one able economist who is interested in such things think that we as a country have gone chart-mad. But the development has not been confined to this country, and it has a very solid base in practical utility. There is little question that the chart represents a genuine saving in time and mental effort. In 1923 he published his most known work "Charts and graphs: An introduction to graphic methods in the control and analysis of statistics." This work was especially focussed on statistics, and years ahead of its time.It the 1910s statistics and graphs were introduced in production control and management in the US and in Britain. <mask>'s work, over 700 page and 500 illustrations, was designed for educational purposes and not as handbook for businessmen. In Britain it inspired <mask> Rose (1886-1963), who wrote since the 1930s on higher control in management, management accounting and business charts. The Theory of Quadrature in Economics, 1924/26
In his 1924 "Theory of Quadrature in Economics" <mask> "showed a detailed understanding of how some economic time series could be generated as partial sums of others and that there could, therefore, be a pair of series where one was the cumulation of the other." The basic idea of this quadrature was described by Karsten:

Two forces are said by Mr. Edge to be in quadrature when they trace curves such that the fluctuations of one of the curves correspond to the fluctuations of a curve of the integration or cumulation of the data of the other curve. When a cause-and-effect relation exists between such two phenomena, the first may then be said to be cumulatively affected by the second.An furthermore:

The quadrature method therefore applies cumulation to obtain a series representing the integral function, and differencing to obtain a series of data representing the derivative. <mask> suggested in this theory, that "the aim of correlation analysis should ultimately be the recovery of causal connections." The next year Jan Tinbergen confirmed this claim of Karsten in an ongoing discussion. Boumans (2004) recalls, that "Karsten ... had touched 'not without merit' on the problem of causal relations, had shown the existence of cumulative relations between the three Harvard barometer indices, which he interpreted as causal relationships. In the first place, he found, using correlation analysis, that the cumulative values of the Harvard B-index parallel those of the Harvard A- index, with a lag of 3 ... Second, he found the empirical relationship that the C-index was a cumulative of bot the A and B indices ... Thus according to Karsten (1926:417), the B-index was the 'generating force' of the three; the other two indices depended upon, and were derived from, changes in the business index." Scientific forecasting, 1931
Kasten had founded Karsten Statistical Laboratory in New Haven, Connecticut, specifically to develop so called "barometers", to theoretically forecasts business conditions.Lhabitant (2011) explained that these forecasts included "barometers of volume of trade, of building activity, of interest rates, of the wholesale price level, of indices of certain industries, of railroad stocks, of public utility stocks, of steel stocks, of oil stocks, of automobile stocks, and of  store stocks." His 1931 Scientific forecasting was based on Karsten's experience as stock market analyst, and was written as a handbook for stockbrokers. This work on scientific forecasting focussed on the methods and application to practical business and to stock market operations, and relied on the techniques of the economic barometers. According to Keuzenkamp (1987) "Karsten was fairly optimistic about his abilities to make prognoses, but, as he had to admit , 'at the present time this investigation can not account for economic changes which are wholly due to the element of mob-, crowd- or herd-psychology'. In general, however, Karsten's conclusion is that these psychological factors are relatively unimportant, which leads him to find reason to state that his results support "economic determinism". There is only one exception: the stock market. Of course it is not surprising that Karsten was
moderate with claims about stock market prediction, so shortly after the generally unexpected crash of 1929."Selected publications
 <mask>, <mask>. Charts and graphs: An introduction to graphic methods in the control and analysis of statistics. Prentice-Hall, 1923, 1925. <mask>, <mask>. Scientific forecasting; its methods and application to practical business and to stock market operations. New York, Greenberg. 1931. Articles, a selection:
 <mask>, <mask>. "The theory of quadrature in economics." Journal of the American Statistical Association 19.145 (1924): 14–29.<mask>, <mask>. "The Harvard Business Indexes—A New Interpretation." Journal of the American Statistical Association. 21.156 (1926): 399–418. Patents
Patents, a selection:
 <mask>, <mask>. "Information-dispensing set." U.S. Patent No. 1,537,640. 12 May 1925.<mask>, <mask>. "Package for dates, figs, candies, and like products," U.S. Patent No. 1,556,608. 13 Oct. 1925. <mask>, <mask>. "Map," U.S. Patent No. 1,556,609. 13 Oct. 1925. <mask>, <mask>. "Centrifugal machine,"  U.S. Patent No.1,575,846. 9 Mar. 1926. <mask>, <mask>. "Tridimensional chart." U.S. Patent No. 1,700,318. 29 Jan. 1929.<mask>, <mask>. "Radio Program Detector" U.S. Patent No. 1,752,302. 1 Apr. 1930. References

1891 births
1968 deaths
Economists from Indiana
American Rhodes Scholars
American statisticians
University of New Mexico alumni
20th-century American economists

masks:
Karl Gustaf Karsten
Gusta
. Daggett Karsten
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Karsten
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Karsten
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Thomas Gerald
Karsten
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Karl G
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