text_chunks:
 his poetry books for his small press Hangman Books.In 1995 she was interviewed in the Minky Manky show catalogue by Carl Freedman, who asked her, "Which person do you think has had the greatest influence on your life?" She replied:
Uhmm... It's not a person really. It was more a time, going to Maidstone College of Art, hanging around with <mask>, living by the River Medway. Emin's work Everyone I Have Ever Slept With 1963–1995 (1995) was first exhibited in the show, and <mask>'s name was displayed prominently in it. The Stuckists

In 1999 <mask> and Thomson co-founded the Stuckist art movement. Thomson coined the group name from <mask>'s "Poem for a Pissed Off Wife" (Big Hart and Balls 1994), where he had recorded Emin's remark to him:
"Your paintings are stuck, you are stuck!– Stuck! Stuck! Stuck!" The group was strongly pro-figurative painting and anti-conceptual art. <mask> wrote a number of manifestos with Thomson, the first of which contained the statement:
"Artists who don't paint aren't artists." The Stuckists soon achieved considerable press coverage, fuelled by Emin's nomination for the Turner Prize. They then announced the inauguration of a cultural period of Remodernism to bring back spiritual values into art, culture and society.The formation of The Stuckists directly led to Emin severing her 14-year friendship with <mask> in 1999. <mask> has said: "The Stuckist art group was formed in 1999 at the instigation of Charles Thomson, the title of the group being taken from a poem of mine written and published in 1994. I disagreed with the way Charles presented the group, particularly in the media. For these reasons I left the Stuckists in 2001. I never attended any Stuckist demonstrations and my work was not shown in the large Stuckist exhibition held in the Walker Art Gallery in 2004." British artist Stella Vine, who was a member of the Stuckists for a short time in 2001, first joined the group having developed a "crush" on <mask> while attending his music events. In June 2000, Vine went to a talk given by <mask> and fellow Stuckist co-founder Charles Thomson on Stuckism and Remodernism, promoted by the Institute of Ideas at the Salon des Arts, Kensington.Vine formed The Unstuckists one month after joining, and has since said she did not agree with Stuckism's principles, and described them as bullies. Conceptual art
As a young man, <mask> was highly influenced by Dada, and the work of Kurt Schwitters in particular. <mask> has a Kurt Schwitters poem tattooed on his left buttock and made a short film on Schwitters's life, titled The Man with Wheels, (1980, directed by Eugean Doyan). In his poetry, <mask> mentions that he once had a bank account under the name of Kurt Schwitters. As to what is now termed conceptual art, <mask> has said "I respect the right of detractors and champions alike as we live in a democracy." The Chatham Super 8 Cinema
In 2002, along with Wolf Howard, Simon Williams and Julie Hamper, <mask> formed The Chatham Super 8 Cinema. The group makes super 8 films on a second-hand camera Wolf Howard bought at a local flea market.In 2004, <mask> released a 30-minute documentary titled Brass Monkey, about a march undertaken in Great War uniform commemorating the 90th anniversary of the British retreat from Mons in 1914. Discography

Solo LPs
I've Got Everything Indeed (1987)
The 1982 Cassettes (1988)
"i remember..." (1988)
50 Albums Great (1991)
Torments Nest (1993)
Made With a Passion – Kitchen Demo's (1996)

Compilations
I Am the <mask>ish (1991)
Der Henkermann – Kitchen Recordings (1992)
Native American Sampler – A History 1983–1993 (1993)
Crimes Against Music-Blues Recordings 1986–1999 (1999)
25 Years of Being Childish (2002)
My First Billy Childish Album (2006)
Archive From 1959 – The <mask> Story (2009)
Punk Rock Ist Nicht Tot – 1977–2018 (2019)

Spoken word albums
Poems of Laughter and Violence (1988)
The Sudden Fart of Laughter (1992)
Trembling of Life (1993)
Hunger at the Moon (1993)
Poems of a Backwater Visionary (2007)

Collaborations
Laughing Gravy (1987) Wild Billy Childish & Big Russ Wilkins
Long Legged Baby (1989) Wild Billy Childish & the Natural Born Lovers
At the Bridge (1993) <mask> with The Singing Loins
Devil in the Flesh (1998) <mask>/Dan Melchior
In Blood (1999) <mask> & Holly Golightly

with Sexton Ming
Which Dead Donkey Daddy? (1987)
Plump Prizes & Little Gems (1987)
YPRES 1917 Overture (Verdun Ossuary) (1988)
The Cheeky Cheese (1999)
Here Come the Fleece Geese (2002)
Muscle Horse Was in the War (2002)
Dung Beetle Rolls Again (2012)

with The Pop Rivets
(1979) Greatest Hits
(1979) Empty Sounds from Anarchy Ranch
(1985) Fun in the U.K (Compilation)
(1990) Live in Germany '79 (Live)
(1997) Chathams Burning – Live 77 & 78 Demo's (Compilation)

with Thee Milkshakes
 LPs
(1981) Talking 'Bout... Milkshakes
(1982) Fourteen Rhythm and Beat Greats
(1983) After School Sessions
(1983) The Milkshakes IV – The Men with Golden Guitars
(1984) Thee Milkshakes vs. The Prisoners
(1984) 20 Rock & Roll Hits of the 50s & 60s
(1984) Nothing Can Stop These Men
(1984) They Came They Saw They Conquered
(1984) Thee Knights of Trashe
(1987) Thee Milkshakes Revenge – The Legendary Missing 9th Album
(1992) Still Talking 'Bout... Milkshakes! Compilations
(1984) Showcase
(1990) 19th Nervous Shakedown

with Thee Mighty Caesars
 LPs
(1985) Thee Mighty Caesars
(1985) Beware the Ides of the March
(1986) Thee Caesars of Trash
(1987) Acropolis Now
(1987) Wiseblood
(1987) Live in Rome [studio recordings with overdubbed 'live' effects]
(1987) Don’t Give Any Dinner to Henry Chinaski (1987) [demos]
(1989) John Lennon’s Corpse Revisited
(1992) Caesars Remains (demos etc)

 Compilations
(1987)Punk Rock Showcase
(1989) Thusly, thee Mighty Caesars (English Punk Rock Explosion) (LP Comp U.S.)
(1989) Surely They Were the Sons of God (C.D.Comp U.S.)
(1994)Caesars Pleasure (CD Comp)

with The Delmonas
Dangerous Charms (1985)
The Delmonas 5 (1986)
Do the Uncle Willy (1988)
The Delmonas (1989)

as Wild <mask> & the Blackhands
Play: Capt'n Calypso's Hoodoo Party (1988)
The Original Chatham Jack (1992)
Live in the Netherlands (1993)

as Jack Ketch & the Crowmen
Brimful of Hate (1988) as Jack Ketch & the Crowmen

as Thee Headcoats
Headcoats Down! (1989)
The Earls of Suavedom (1990)
Beach Bums Must Die (1990)
The Kids Are Square – This is Hip! (1990)
Heavens to Murgatroyd, Even! It’s ! (Already) (1990)
W.O.A.H! Bo in Thee Garage (1991)
Headcoatitude (1991)
The Wurst is Yet to Come (1993)
The Good Times Are Killing Me (1993)
Cavern by the Sea (1993)
Connundrum (1994)
The Sound of the Baskervilles (1995 – Thee Headcoats featuring Thee Headcoatees)
In Tweed We Trust (1996)
Knights of the Baskervilles (1996)
The Jimmy Reid Experience (1997)
The Messerschmits Pilots Severed Hand (1998)
Sherlock Holmes Meets the Punkenstien Monster (1998 Japanese Compilation)
Brother is Dead…but fly is gone! (1998)
17% Hendrix Was Not the Only Musician (1998) <mask> & His Famous Headcoats
English Gentlemen of Rock‘N’Roll/the Best Vol.2 (1999) (Japanese Compilation)
I Am the Object of Your Desire (2000)
Elementary Headcoats – Thee Singles 1990–1999 (2000 – compilation)

as Thee Headcoats Sect (with The Downliners Sect)
Deerstalking Men (1996)
Ready Sect Go!(2000)

as The Buff Medways
This is This (2001)
Steady the Buffs (2002)
The XFM Sessions (2003)
1914 (2003)
Medway Wheelers (2005)

as The Chatham Singers
Heavens Journey (2005)
Juju Claudius (2009)
Kings of the Medway Delta (2020)

as The Musicians of the British Empire
Punk Rock at the British Legion Hall (2007)
Christmas 1979 (2007)
Thatcher's Children (2008)

as The Vermin Poets
Poets of England (2010)

as The Spartan Dreggs
Forensic R & B (2011)
Dreggredation (2012)
Coastal Command (2012)
Tablets of Linear B (2012)
 Archeopteryx vs. Coelacanth (2014)
 A Tribute To A. E. Housman (2013 – CTMF & The Spartan Dreggs)

with CTMF
 All Our Forts Are With You (2013)
 Die Hinterstoisser Traverse (2013)
 Acorn Man (2014)
 SQ1 (2016)
 Brand New Cage (2017)
 In The Devil's Focus (10" BBC 6 Music Sessions) (2017)
 Brand New Cage (2017)
 Last Punk Standing... (2019)

as The William Loveday Intention
 People Think they Know Me But They Don't Know Me (2020)
 Will There Ever Be A Day That You're Hung Like A Thief? Note: some copies appear with different titles and different author and publisher: 'Art War, Man Taken from Guts' and 'Insolunce in the Face of Art' being examples. Unknowable but Certain (2009)
Paraffin Van (2011) (Also published under the title "I Fuckt Frida Kahlo" as a Faber and Faber lookalike.) the sudden wren or painting lessons for poets and other mediochur cunts (2013)
In the Teeth of Deamons (2015)
1 of the rist (2016)
The Uncorrected (2018
If you fly with the crows... Selected Poetry 2015 – 2019 (2019)
Vipers Tongue Press Poetry Pamphlets (2020) – includes '100 yds of crash barrier' (Pamphlet 001), 'Cancer of the gallows' (Pamphlet 002), 'Poems nobody wants' (Pamphlet 003)

Fiction
 Conversations with Dr X (1987)
 Cannon-fodder, by Louis-Ferdinand Céline. Trans. References

External links

 Billy Childish official site
 Guardian Interview 2009
 Art Basel 2010 – Billy Childish interview at Theartnewspaper.tv
 Slashstroke Magazine 2011 – Billy Childish interview and photoshoot

1959 births
Living people
Alumni of the University for the Creative Arts
20th-century English painters
English male painters
21st-century English painters
21st-century male artists
20th-century English novelists
21st-century English novelists
English male singers
English male poets
English punk rock guitarists
English punk rock singers
People from Chatham, Kent
Punk blues musicians
Sympathy for the Record Industry artists
British indie rock musicians
Alumni of Saint Martin's School of Art
Musicians from Kent
English contemporary artists
English male novelists
20th-century English male writers
21st-century English male writers
English male

masks:
Childish
Childish
Childish
Childish
Childish
Childish
Childish
Childish
Childish
Childish
Childish
Childish
Childish
Childish
Childish
Billy Child
Billy Childish
Billy Childish
Billy Childish
Billy Childish
Billy Childish
Billy Childish


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<mask> (April 4, 1937 – April 24, 1996) was a major league outfielder for the Cleveland Indians, Boston Red Sox, Atlanta Braves, and Houston Astros from (1958-1970). He was born in Sand Ridge, Illinois. His offseason home while a major leaguer was Murphysboro, Illinois. His wife Lyn's parents were St. Louis, Missouri residents. Career statistics
His career batting average was .246, with 77 home runs and 283 runs batted in. He was a weak hitter against left-handed pitching. He fielded 985, with 24 lifetime errors.He was a fast runner, once timed at 3.5 seconds from home plate to first on a bunt. <mask> ranked 8th in stolen bases in 1959 & 1961 with 9 & 16 steals respectively, but as high as 2nd in 1962 with 18 steals although he was caught 11 times. <mask> is one of three Red Sox to hit an inside-the-park grand slam home run at Fenway Park. His came in 1961. The others to accomplish the feat are Don Lenhardt (1952) and Mike Greenwell (September 1, 1990). He was signed as an amateur free agent by the St. Louis Cardinals in 1954. Cleveland drafted him as a pitcher from the Cards' Rochester Red Wings top farm club on December 2, 1957.He was , but weighed only 168 lb. He liked to keep his weight between 171 & 175 lb, but was often unable to and even dropped below 135 lb following an ulcer operation. He batted left and threw right, and in July 1958  was accidentally beaned by Camilo Pascual of the Washington Senators. Boston Red Sox (1959–1965)
On December 2, 1958, the Indians received Jimmy Piersall from the Red Sox for Geiger and veteran slugger Vic Wertz (no money was involved) after Geiger had hit .231 in 91 games as a 21-year-old Cleveland rookie. In late March 1959, late in spring training, Geiger collided with teammate (shortstop) Don Buddin chasing a foul ball in left field, in Scottsdale, Arizona. He was knocked unconscious and severely bruised. But he recovered to play left field later that year.On July 29, 1960, he was operated on for a collapsed lung at Sancta Maria Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and was advised to rest fully afterwards. Doctors said Geiger would miss the remainder of the season. <mask>'s Topps 1961 baseball card was featured in the 2000 film Skipped Parts as part of a baby's mobile at the end of the film. In March 1961, during spring training, <mask> made a game-saving catch in Palm Springs, California for the Red Sox against the new expansion Los Angeles Angels, robbing Julio Bécquer of a sure double in deep right center field in an 8–7 Boston win. Earlier in the game, he had collected three hits and scored three runs. Batting second and playing center field on April 17, 1961, early in the regular season, he hit a game-winning home run into the Fenway Park right field bullpen in the 7th inning of a 3-2 Boston win over the Angels. But then he dropped a fly ball hit by Brooks Robinson with two outs in the 9th inning of a 5–4 Red Sox loss to the Baltimore Orioles on May 27.It should have been an easy catch, but <mask> bobbled it when he and two other Red Sox players tried to glove it. The error was the first by Boston in ten games. He had accounted for a Red Sox run in the 5th by doubling and scoring on a single by Wertz. He broke up what might have been a second consecutive shutout by 18-year-old $125,000 bonus baby Lew Krausse, Jr. on June 23 with a game-winning three-run home run in the 7th inning after a walk to Pete Runnels and an error on Chuck Schilling's sacrifice bunt. Krausse had pitched a 4-0 shutout of the Angels in his major league debut for the Kansas City Athletics the week before. <mask> and Jackie Jensen launched home runs in the late innings of a 9–4 Red Sox win over the new expansion Washington Senators on August 23. In the second game of a doubleheader <mask> pinch-hit for Carroll Hardy, connecting for a triple off Cal McLish which scored Pumpsie Green to earn Boston a split with the Chicago White Sox.In November, it was reported that <mask>, Schilling and star pitcher Bill Monbouquette were likely to be lost to Boston for military service after <mask> had led the Red Sox with 18 home runs in 1961, but it didn't happen. (Catcher Jim Pagliaroni was 2nd with 16.) On June 9, 1962, <mask> crashed directly into the center field wall at Fenway Park attempting to catch a Tito Francona drive as the Red Sox lost to his old team Cleveland in 13 innings. He ventured back on the dirt track and looked as if he were going to come up with the ball. He made a sudden leap for it but struck the wall, and the ball caromed back onto the field. He landed on his feet, clapped his head with his arm, sank slowly to his knees and fell flat on the ground. He was removed on a stretcher and taken to a hospital.On May 27, 1963, a recovered <mask> and shortstop Eddie Bressoud hit 8th-inning home runs against the Detroit Tigers in a 6–5 Boston win at Tiger Stadium. But on February 27, 1964, Geiger underwent surgery for a bleeding ulcer at St. Luke's Hospital in St. Louis after having been stricken en route to training camp. Doctors advised him to remain in the hospital for 7–10 days before returning for spring training in Arizona. He was placed on the voluntary retired list at his own request on May 13, and was expected to be sidelined for at least 40 days. He ended up taking the rest of 1964 off because of general fatigue, lack of stamina and an underweight and weakened constitution, but returned the next year. On June 8, 1965, he sustained a triple fracture of the left hand diving for a Tom McCraw double in the 8th inning of a game won by the White Sox 7–3, after racing in from deep center field and diving for the shallow fly ball. That October, the Red Sox sold him along with seven other players to their Triple-A affiliate Toronto Maple Leafs in the International League.Atlanta Braves (1966–1967), Houston Astros (1969–1970)
In May 1966, the newly relocated Atlanta Braves were reportedly desperate for pitchers. <mask>, Rico Carty and Gene Oliver were outfielders mentioned as possible "trade bait". But <mask> was still with the Braves on July 28, 1967 when they rose to 3rd place in the National League. Filling in for an injured Mack Jones, he was a whiz in center field with a fine catch in the 6th inning to help the Braves out of a bases-loaded jam and then, the next inning,  caught a fly ball against the fence. He batted 8th for the Houston Astros in 1969, and played left and right field. On June 23, he drove in three runs as a pinch-hitter to help the Astros to a 7th consecutive win on June 23. On June 26, 1970, the Astros repurchased him from the Triple-A Oklahoma City 89ers (Oklahoma Redhawks) of the American Association (20th Century).Manager
On December 7, 1971, the Cardinals chose <mask> to manage their Cedar Rapids Cardinals farm team in the Midwest League. Personal life
<mask> wore false teeth after his own, too soft to take fillings, had all been extracted by age 22. He overcame his pronounced fear of flying, making every trip with the teams he played with, albeit reluctantly. References

External links

Muir, Jim. "Family, community remember baseball player <mask>" The Southern Illinoisan (Carbondale, Illinois), Monday, May 1, 2006. 1937 births
1996 deaths
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball players from Illinois
Boston Red Sox players
Cleveland Indians players
Deaths from cirrhosis
Hamilton Cardinals players
Hannibal Cardinals players
Houston Astros players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Oklahoma City 89ers players
Omaha Cardinals players
People from Murphysboro, Illinois
Rochester Red Wings players
Tulsa Oilers (baseball) players
Alcohol-related deaths in Illinois

masks:
Gary Merle Geiger
Geiger
Geiger
Geiger
Geiger
Geiger
Geiger
Geiger
Geiger
Geiger
Geiger
Geiger
Geiger
Geiger
Geiger
Geiger
Gary Geiger


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<mask> (; May 27, 1819 – October 17, 1910) was an American poet and author, known for writing "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" and the original 1870 pacifist Mother's Day Proclamation. She was also an advocate for abolitionism and a social activist, particularly for women's suffrage. Early life and education
<mask> was born in New York City. She was the fourth of seven children. Her father <mask> was a Wall Street stockbroker, banker, and strict Calvinist. Her mother was the poet <mask>, related to Francis Marion, the "Swamp Fox" of the American Revolution. She died during childbirth when <mask> was five.<mask> was educated by private tutors and schools for young ladies until she was sixteen. Her eldest brother, Samuel Cutler <mask>, traveled in Europe and brought home a private library. She had access to these books, many contradicting the Calvinistic view. She became well-read, though social as well as scholarly. She met, because of her father's status as a successful banker, Charles Dickens, Charles Sumner, and Margaret Fuller. Her brother, Sam, married into the Astor family, allowing him great social freedom that he shared with his sister. The siblings were cast into mourning with the death of their father in 1839, the death of their brother, Henry, and the deaths of Samuel's wife, Emily, and their newborn child.Personal life

Though raised an Episcopalian, <mask> became a Unitarian by 1841. In Boston, <mask> met Samuel Gridley <mask>, a physician and reformer who had founded the Perkins School for the Blind. <mask> had courted her, but he had shown an interest in her sister Louisa. In 1843, they married despite their eighteen-year age difference. She gave birth to their first child while honeymooning in Europe. She bore their last child in December 1859 at the age of forty. They had six children: <mask> <mask> (1844–1886), Florence Marion <mask> (1845–1922), Henry Marion <mask> (1848–1922), Laura Elizabeth <mask> (1850–1943), <mask> (1855–1948), and Samuel Gridley <mask>, Jr. (1859–1863).<mask> was an aunt of novelist Francis Marion Crawford. <mask>’s marriage to <mask> was troublesome for her. He did not approve of her writing and did everything he could to disrupt her creative efforts. <mask> raised her children in South Boston, while her husband pursued his advocacy work. She hid her unhappiness with their marriage, earning the nickname "the family champagne" from her children. She made frequent visits to Gardiner, Maine, where she stayed at "The Yellow House," a home built originally in 1814 and later home to her daughter Laura. In 1852, the <mask>s bought a "country home" with 4.7 acres of land in Portsmouth, Rhode Island, which they called "Oak Glen."They continued to maintain homes in Boston and Newport, but spent several months each year at Oak Glen. Career

Writing

She attended lectures, studied foreign languages, and wrote plays and dramas. <mask> had published essays on Goethe, Schiller and Lamartine before her marriage in the New York Review and Theological Review. Her first volume of poetry, Passion-Flowers was published anonymously in 1853. The book collected personal poems and was written without the knowledge of her husband, who was then editing the Free Soil newspaper The Commonwealth. Her second anonymous collection, Words for the Hour, appeared in 1857. She went on to write plays such as Leonora, The World's Own, and Hippolytus.These works all contained allusions to her stultifying marriage. She went on trips including several for missions. In 1860, she published A Trip to Cuba, which told of her 1859 trip. It had generated outrage from William Lloyd Garrison, an abolitionist, for its derogatory view of Blacks. <mask> believed it was right to free the slaves but did not believe in racial equality. Several letters on High Newport society were published in the New York Tribune in 1860, as well. <mask>'s being a published author troubled her husband greatly, especially due to the fact that her poems many times had to do with critiques of women's roles as wives, her own marriage, and women's place in society.Their marriage problems escalated to the point where they separated in 1852. Samuel, when he became her husband, had also taken complete control of her estate income. Upon her husband's death in 1876, she had found that through a series of bad investments, most of her money had been lost. <mask>'s writing and social activism were greatly shaped by her upbringing and married life. Much study has gone into her difficult marriage and how it influenced her work, both written and active. Politics
In the early 1870s, <mask> was nominated by William Claflin the governor of Massachusetts as justice of the peace. However, there were uncertainties surrounding her appointment, as many believed women were not fit to hold office.In 1871, the Massachusetts supreme court made the decision that women could not hold any judicial offices without explicit authorization from the legislature, thereby nullifying <mask>'s appointment to justice of the peace. This led to activists petitioning for legislation allowing women to hold office, separate from legislating women's suffrage. Women's supporters believed that petitioning for officeholding before petitioning for a women's suffrage amendment would expedite women's involvement in politics. Social activism

She was inspired to write "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" after she and her husband visited Washington, D.C., and met Abraham Lincoln at the White House in . During the trip, her friend James Freeman Clarke suggested she write new words to the song "John Brown's Body", which she did on November 19. The song was set to William Steffe's already existing music and <mask>'s version was first published in the Atlantic Monthly in . It quickly became one of the most popular songs of the Union during the American Civil War.<mask> produced eleven issues of the literary magazine, Northern Lights, in 1867. That same year she wrote about her travels to Europe in From the Oak to the Olive. After the war, she focused her activities on the causes of pacifism and women's suffrage. By 1868, <mask>'s husband no longer opposed her involvement in public life, so <mask> decided to become active in reform. She helped found the New England Women's Club and the New England Woman Suffrage Association. She served as president for nine years beginning in 1868. In 1869, she became co-leader with Lucy Stone of the American Woman Suffrage Association.Then, in 1870, she became president of the New England Women's Club. After her husband's death in 1876, she focused more on her interests in reform. In 1877 <mask> was one of the founders of the Women's Educational and Industrial Union in Boston. She was the founder and from 1876 to 1897 president of the Association of American Women, which advocated for women's education. Unlike other suffragists at the time, <mask> supported the final version of the Fifteenth Amendment, which had omitted the inclusion of language originally barring discrimination against women as well as people of color. Her reason for supporting this version of the Fifteenth Amendment was that "she viewed black men's suffrage as the priority." In 1872, she became the editor of Woman's Journal, a widely-read suffragist magazine founded in 1870 by Lucy Stone and Henry B. Blackwell.She contributed to it for twenty years. That same year, she wrote her "Appeal to womanhood throughout the world", later known as the Mother's Day Proclamation, which asked women around the world to join for world peace. (See :Category:Pacifist feminism.) She authored it soon after she evolved into a pacifist and an anti-war activist. In 1872, she asked that "Mother's Day" be celebrated on the 2nd of June. Her efforts were not successful, and by 1893 she was wondering if the 4th of July could be remade into "Mother's Day". In 1874, she edited a coeducational defense titled Sex and Education.She wrote a collection about the places she lived in 1880 called Modern Society. In 1883, <mask> published a biography of Margaret Fuller. Then, in 1885 she published another collection of lectures called Is Polite Society Polite? ("Polite society" is a euphemism for the upper class.) In 1899 she published her popular memoirs, Reminiscences. She continued to write until her death. In 1881, <mask> was elected president of the Association for the Advancement of Women.Around the same time, <mask> went on a speaking tour of the Pacific coast and founded the Century Club of San Francisco. In 1890, she helped found the General Federation of Women's Clubs, to reaffirm the Christian values of frugality and moderation. From 1891 to 1893, she served as president for the second time of the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association. Until her death, she was president of the New England Woman Suffrage Association. From 1893 to 1898 she directed the General Federation of Women's Clubs, and headed the Massachusetts Federation of Women's Clubs. <mask> spoke at the 1893 World's Parliament of Religions in Chicago reflecting on the question, What is Religion?. In 1908 <mask> was the first woman to be elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters, a society; its goal is to "foster, assist, and sustain excellence" in American literature, music, and art.Death and legacy

<mask> died of pneumonia October 17, 1910, at her Portsmouth home, Oak Glen at the age of 91. She is buried in the Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. At her memorial service approximately 4,000 people sang "Battle Hymn of the Republic" as a sign of respect as it was the custom to sing that song at each of <mask>'s speaking engagements. After her death, her children collaborated on a biography, published in 1916. It won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography. In 1987, she was honored by the U.S. Postal Service with a 14¢ Great Americans series postage stamp.Several buildings are associated with her name:
 The <mask> <mask> School of Excellence in Chicago's Austin community is named in her honor. The Howe neighborhood in Minneapolis, MN was named for her. The <mask> <mask> Academics Plus Elementary School in Philadelphia was named in her honor in 1913. Her Rhode Island home, Oak Glen, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. Her Boston home is a stop on the Boston Women's Heritage Trail. Awards and honors
 January 28, 1908, at age 88, <mask> became the first woman elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. 1970, inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.In 1998, inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. Selected works

Poetry
Passion-Flowers (1854)
Words for the Hour (1857)
From Sunset Ridge: Poems Old and New (1898)
Later Lyrics (1866)
At Sunset (published posthumously, 1910)

Other works
The Hermaphrodite. Incomplete, but probably composed between 1846 and 1847. Published by University of Nebraska Press, 2004
From the Oak to the Olive (travel writing, 1868)
Modern Society (essays, 1881)
Margaret Fuller (Marchesa Ossoli) (biography, 1883)
Woman's work in America (1891)
Is Polite Society Polite? (essays, 1895)
Reminiscences: 1819–1899 (autobiography, 1899)

See also

List of peace activists
List of suffragists and suffragettes
List of women's rights activists
Timeline of women's suffrage
Ann Jarvis
Gardiner, Maine, <mask>'s home for many years
Samuel Gridley and <mask> <mask> House

References

Further reading
 Clifford, Deborah Pickman. Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory: A Biography of <mask> <mask>. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1978. .
 Sketches of Representative Women of New England.Boston: New England Historical Pub. Co., 1904. .
 Richards, Laura Elizabeth. <mask> <mask>, 1819–1910. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1916. Two vol. .
 Showalter, Elaine. The Civil Wars of <mask> <mask>. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017. .External links

Works and papers

Howe Papers at Harvard University
Articles by Howe Archive at "Making of America" project, Cornell University Library
Poetry at Representative Poetry Online (University of Toronto)
Mother's Day Proclamation (1870)
Julia Ward Howe.org Electronic archive of <mask>'s life and works
Finding Aid for the <mask> <mask> Papers at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro

Papers,1857–1961. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. Papers of the <mask> <mask> family, 1787–1984. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. Biographies
<mask> <mask>, biography by Laura E. Richards, online at the University of Pennsylvania
Michals, Debra. "<mask> <mask>". National Women's History Museum."2015. Biography Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography
<mask> <mask> at Answers.com
 Schowalter, Elaine. "The Civil Wars of <mask> <mask>" New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017
Plaque on the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C. marking where <mask> wrote the Hymn

Other

1819 births
1910 deaths
19th-century American poets
19th-century American women writers
19th-century Unitarians
20th-century American poets
20th-century American women writers
20th-century Unitarians
Activists from New York City
American abolitionists
American anti-war activists
American feminists
American pacifists
American suffragists
American Unitarians
American people of English descent
American women hymnwriters
American women poets
American women's rights activists
Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
Converts to Unitarianism
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
People from Gardiner, Maine
People from Portsmouth, Rhode Island
Women in the American Civil War
Writers from New York City
Women civil rights activists
19th-century American women musicians

masks:
Julia Ward Howe
Howe
Samuel Ward III
Julia Rush Cutler Ward
Howe
Howe
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Julia
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Julia Romana
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Maud Howe
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Julia Ward
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Julia Ward
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Julia Ward
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Julia Ward
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Julia Ward
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Julia Ward
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,  stage name of Akio Kato (加藤晃夫), was a Japanese actor. He starred in Season of the Sun, Endless Desire, My Second Brother, Stolen Desire, and Sukeban Deka, and Yo-Yo Girl Cop. Life and career
<mask> was born in Kyoto City and came from an illustrious film family. His younger brother Masahiko Tsugawa is an actor. His wife Yōko Minamida was an actress. His grandfather is the director Shōzō Makino, nicknamed the Father of Japanese Film; his father, Kunitarō Sawamura, and his mother, Tomoko Makino, were both actors. His aunt and uncle through his father are the actors Sadako Sawamura and Daisuke Katō.His niece was the actress Mayuko and she referred to him as "Achi" (Uncle Akio). Masayuki Makino, his cousin from his mother's side, was the first principal of the Okinawa Actors School. He had no children with his wife Yoko. He is distantly related to the modern Japanese comedian Daisuke Miyagawa. After graduating from Hanazono High School, Nagato entered into Ritsumeikan University's Depart of Literature but dropped out. Former Hanshin Tigers coach Yoshio Yoshida attended Ritsumeikan at the same time as Nagato but also dropped out. Acting career
His first movie appearance was in the 1940 film Zokushi Mizuminato (續清水港).He was a widely known child actor before World War II. During his school years he took a temporary break from acting but after the war he joined the entertainment company Nikkatsu where he resumed film-making. He starred in the first installment book-turned-movie Taiyouzoku series, Season of the Sun, with his co-star, Yujiro Ishihara who debuted with this movie. Combined with director Shohei Imamura, the movie left him with the reputation of having acting and gave him the nickname of "Nikkatsu's Billboard Star". In 1961 Nagato married Yoko Minamida and the following year he left Nikkatsu. In 1964, together with his wife, he established the film company Ningen Production. In 1968 he produced and starred in the television drama Katsudoya Ichiyo on MBS.However, due to compounding issues with the series, it plunged him 200 million yen into debt. From 1982 he also became known as a personality appearing on the KBS Kyoto's charity radio show Great Snail War. The show provided help and raise money for  children who were orphaned because of accidents. His wife also participated alongside him starting from 1984. He and his wife continued appearing until the campaign's end in 2005. He also worked together alongside other celebrities born in the same year as him (1934): Yujiro Ishihara, Kinya Aikawa, Koizumi Ohashi, Ichiro Zaitsu, Jiro Sakagami, Shunji Fujimura, Gorō Mutsumi, Shuichiro Moriyama to form the friendship association Showa 9 Nenkai (昭和9年会). The 9th year of the Showa era is the equivalent of 1934.To Yoko Controversy
In November 1985, <mask> published an exposé called To Yoko(洋子へ); it was published by the publisher Datahouse.(データハウス) . It was a series of confessions to his wife, in which he wrote about his numerous infidelities without changing any names of those he had affairs with. It astounded the Japanese media. Junko Ikeuchi, who was among the people included in the book under her real name, voiced a strong objection in response. Nagato and Datahouse recalled the first edition and issued a revised version  in which the problem areas were re-written. <mask> also took out an ad in the Ikeuchi newspaper to apologize over the situation. Nagato argued that, "Because [I] used a ghostwriter, my true intentions were not conveyed."However the entire incident seriously damaged his and his wife's careers. They were forced to resign from all the programs and commercials they had currently appeared in. He went on numerous different celebrity gossip shows for interviews about the event and repeatedly slammed his book against the desk while disparaging it. After a long time Nagato recovered from the incident and even went back to thriving, performing mainly antagonist or villain roles in television dramas. Last Years
In his last years, Nagato devoted himself to making amends with his wife for all his affairs (and the scandal caused by the book) and became her caregiver when she was diagnosed with dementia. At the same time, he also increasingly started co-starring more with his younger brother Tsugawa, who he had been feuding with for many years. He also appeared in works directed by Tsugawa who assumed the name of Makino Masahiko.On 21 October 2009, Yoko Minamida, died of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) at the age of 76. At a press conference held at the Meiji Theater the day Minamida died, Nagato stated, with tears in his eyes, "From now on, I will step into a world without my wife. Yoko lives on in my memories. This is what eternity means. [...] These four years of caring for her has been my rebirth and has changed my outlook on life." Death
After his wife's death, Nagato continued working until right before his own final days. On 21 May 2011, one year and seven months after the death of his wife, Nagato passed away at Juntendo Clinic in Tokyo at 5:20pm.He was 77. That night, Tsukawa stated that his brother's condition was "A complication caused by pneumonia, but he was fine the day before", and revealed that his condition had changed suddenly the day of his death. Tsugawa along with Nagato's private friend of 60 years Ruriko Asaoka,  rushed to respond to the press media's coverage.Upon receiving Nagato's obituary, Enzo Tachibana, who had been close to Nagato for many years and a member of the Showa 9 Nenkai, announced his condolences saying, "(With the death of Hiroshi Tamaki and Sakagami) more and more friends are now gone." Others who had a friendly relationship with Nagato commended their own condolences. Aimi Higa, who co-starred with him in DonDon Hare, wrote a comment on her blog in memory of Nagato. Toshiyuki Nishida, who co-starred with him in Ikenaka Genta 80 Kg, said that the titular character "weeps" for his death. Kinichi Hagimoto, who was long loved by  Nagato and his wife like a younger brother, when paying his own condolences and choked up with grief said, "He was the ultimate mentor, friend, and brother."The wake and funeral service were held on 24 May at Zenpukuji in Minato-ku, Tokyo, with Tsugawa serving as the funeral officiant. The body was then cremated at the Kirigaya Yasaijyou in Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo. Kiichi Nakai and Takashi Sasano read the condolences at wake while Tetsuko Kuroyagi and Eiji Okuda read the condolences at the funeral and memorial ceremony. Nagato was given the posthumous name, traditional in Buddhist funeral ceremonies, of "Gokugeiin Shijojoaki"(極芸院釋浄晃). <mask>'s last movie appearance was in Aoi Aoi Sora (青い青い空) released on 9 October 2010. His last TV drama appearance was on the last episode of the NHK Saturday drama Onmitu Happyaku Yacho (隠密八百八町) broadcast on 26 March 2011, about two months before his death. Filmography

Films

Television

External links

1934 births
2011 deaths
Male actors from Kyoto
Ritsumeikan University alumni

masks: Nagato Nagato Nagato Nagato


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<mask> (1776 – October 10, 1800), today commonly known as <mask>, was a literate enslaved blacksmith who planned a large slave rebellion in the Richmond, Virginia area in the summer of 1800. Information regarding the revolt was leaked prior to its execution, and he and twenty-five followers were hanged. <mask>'s uprising was notable not because of its results—the rebellion was quelled before it could begin—but because of its potential for mass chaos and widespread violence. There were other slave rebellions, but this one "most directly confronted" the Founding Fathers "with the chasm between the ideal of liberty and their messy accommodations to slavery." Virginia and other state legislatures passed restrictions on free blacks, as well as prohibiting the education, assembly, and hiring out of slaves, to restrict their ability and chances to plan similar rebellions. In 2002, the City of Richmond passed a resolution in honor of <mask> on the 202nd anniversary of the planned rebellion. In 2007, Governor Tim Kaine gave <mask> and his followers an informal pardon, in recognition that his cause, "the end of slavery and the furtherance of equality for all people—has prevailed in the light of history".Biography

<mask> was born into slavery in 1776 at Brookfield, a large tobacco plantation in Henrico County, Virginia. He and two brothers, Solomon and Martin, were held in bondage by slaveholder <mask>, the owner of Brookfield. <mask> was literate. He was one of the rare 5% of enslaved people of the colonial era who were able to learn to read and write. <mask> trained as a blacksmith and a carpenter. His brother Solomon, and perhaps his father, was a blacksmith. <mask>, "hired out" by his enslaver to work in Richmond foundries, was able to keep a portion of the wages that he earned.The bulk of it went to <mask>. <mask> traveled freely throughout Richmond and Henrico County to work for plantation and business owners. <mask> was married to Nanny, an enslaved woman. They were not known to have had any children. He was described in newspaper articles as having stood "six feet two or three inches high". His long and "bony face, well made", was marred by the loss of his two front teeth and "two or three scars on his head". White people as well as black people regarded the literate young man as "a fellow of great courage and intellect above his rank in life".In 1799, <mask>, his brother Soloman, and a man named Jupiter, tried to steal a pig from Absalom Johnson. <mask> got into a scuffle with Johnson and he bit off part of Johnson's ear. Jupiter was charged with stealing a hog, which was a misdemeanor and Soloman was not charged. It was a capital offense for an enslaved person to assault a white person. He could have been hanged for the assault. Because he was a valuable bondsman for <mask>, the judge sentenced him to jail for one month and had his thumb branded. <mask> was released from jail when slaveholder <mask> paid a bond for his release and he promised a year of good behavior.Richmond history professor and slave law expert Philip J. Schwarz states that it showed <mask>'s intention "to consciously challenge the system of slave control." See also History of slavery in Virginia § Food. Historian Douglas R. Egerton and author of <mask>'s Rebellion, states: "He was physically big, he was literate, he's a fighter, he's a skilled artisan. For all these reasons, he was a natural leader." Background to the Revolt
In Richmond, there were slightly more blacks than whites, with a total population of 5,700 in 1800. Richmond was a slave town, with a community whipping post where slaveholders had punishment meted out in a public square. Enslaved men loaded and moved flatboats of tobacco and other cargo.Throughout the state in 1800, 39.2% of the total population were slaves; they were concentrated on plantations in the Tidewater region and west of Richmond. <mask>, living in Virginia in the late eighteenth century, was influenced by the prevailing themes of liberty expounded by the supporters of the American, French, and Haitian Revolutions. During his lifetime, the number of free people of color had grown markedly in the Upper South. Many slaves were manumitted thanks in part to the efforts of Methodist and Quaker abolitionists. Their number was augmented by free black refugees from the Haitian Revolution, many of whom had been slaveowners themselves. Some Virginia slaveholders were nervous about the sharp increase in the number of free blacks in the slave state. <mask>'s Rebellion

Historians assert that <mask> became the leader of the planned rebellion because he was a blacksmith, and enslaved people respected and feared blacksmiths because of their ability to forge weapons and their connection to the spirit of iron Ogun.Ogun is the "god of iron," warfare  and metalwork in West Africa. In West Africa, blacksmiths are feared and respected because they can forge weapons and they hold the secrets to the mysteries of metal and its spiritual properties. On plantations in Virginia, enslaved blacks continued the West African tradition of holding blacksmiths to a high degree of respect and fear. During the slave trade, Virginia imported blacksmiths from West Africa into the colony and the state. Enslaved and free African-American men in Virginia taught their metalwork skills to their sons. During the spring and summer of 1800, <mask> began to plan a revolt that intended to end slavery in Virginia. Plans were made with enslaved people over 10 counties and the cities of Richmond, Norfolk, and Petersburg, Virginia.He and his brothers, as well as other blacksmiths, turned scythe blades into as many as twelve dozen swords. Musket balls and 50 spears were created. They intended to steal muskets from a tavern. Hundreds of slaves from central Virginia expected to march into Richmond and take control of the Virginia State Armory and the Virginia State Capitol. The plan was to hold Governor James Monroe hostage so that they could negotiate for their freedom. But on  August 30, 1800, the planned day of attack, heavy rain flooded the streets of Richmond and the creeks in central Virginia. In addition, two slaves told their owner, Mosby Sheppard, about the plans.Sheppard warned Virginia's Governor, James Monroe, who called out the state militia. They patrolled the area and began picking up conspirators. <mask> escaped downriver to Norfolk, but he was spotted and betrayed there by another slave named Will "Billy" King. More than 70 enslaved men were arrested by law enforcement for conspiracy and insurrection. <mask> was returned to Richmond for questioning, but he did not submit. The trial was heard by five justices in courts of oyer and terminer, rather than a jury. A recruit, Ben Woolfolk, testified that <mask> intended on writing the words 'death or liberty' on a silk flag, referring to Patrick Henry's Give me liberty, or give me death!speech of 1775. One of the enslaved men reportedly said "I have nothing more to offer than what General Washington would have had to offer, had he been taken by the British and put to trial." <mask>, his two brothers, and 23 other slaves were hanged. One individual committed suicide before his arraignment. Eight enslaved men were moved or sold outside of Virginia. Thirteen were found guilty, but were pardoned by the governor. Twenty five were acquitted.Two men received their freedom for informing their slaveholder of the plot. Influence
The rebellion was reported in newspapers across the country. James Monroe and Thomas Jefferson were concerned about the optics of having so many people executed. Jefferson said, "the other states & the world at large will forever condemn us if we indulge in a principle of revenge." The Federalists argued that the rebellion occurred as a result of the Democratic-Republican Party's support of the French Revolution. Fears of a slave revolt regularly swept major slaveholding communities. After the rebellion, many slaveholders greatly restricted the slaves' ability to travel after a second conspiracy was discovered in 1802 among enslaved boatmen along the Appomattox and Roanoke Rivers.New laws were enacted to restrict free blacks and slaves. The Virginia Assembly in 1802 made it illegal for blacks, whether free or enslaved, to obtain and pilot's boat or to navigate a boat. Two years later, they were unable to meet in groups after their work was done or on Sundays. In 1808, state legislators banned hiring out of slaves and required freed blacks to leave the state within 12 months or face re-enslavement. The growing population of free blacks had to petition the legislature to stay in the state. Historiography
The historian Douglas Egerton offered a new perspective on <mask> in his book <mask>'s Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 & 1802 (1993). He based this on extensive primary research from surviving contemporary documents.Egerton concluded that <mask> would have been stimulated and challenged at the foundries by interacting with co-workers of European, African and mixed descent. They hoped Thomas Jefferson's Republicans would liberate them from domination by the wealthy Federalist merchants of the city. The internal dynamics of Jefferson's and Monroe's party in the 1800 elections were complex. A significant part of the Republican base were major planters and colleagues of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Egerton believes that any sign that white radicals, and particularly Frenchmen, had supported <mask>'s plan could have cost Jefferson the presidential election of 1800. Slaveholders feared such violent excesses as those related to the French Revolution after 1789 and the rebellion of slaves in Saint-Domingue. Egerton believed that <mask> planned to take Governor Monroe hostage to negotiate an end to slavery.Then he planned to "drink and dine with the merchants of the city". Egerton noted that <mask> instructed his followers not to kill white Methodists, Quakers and Frenchmen. During this period, Methodists and Quakers were active missionaries for manumission. Legacy and honors
<mask>'s rebellion served as an important example of slaves' taking action to gain freedom. In 2002, the City of Richmond adopted a resolution to commemorate the 202nd anniversary "of the execution of the patriot and freedom fighter, <mask>, whose death stands as a symbol for the determination and struggle of slaves to obtain freedom, justice and equality as promised by the fundamental principles of democratic governments of the Commonwealth of Virginia and the United States of America". The Spring Park Historic Site in Henrico County commemorates <mask>. In 2004, the Virginia Board of Historic Resources approved a marker at the spot where <mask> was hanged on October 10, 1800.It is between 15th and 16th streets, on the north side of East Broad Street. The state worked with individuals from a group called the Defenders for Freedom, Justice & Equality. In the fall of 2006, the Virginia State Conference of the NAACP requested Gov. Tim Kaine pardon <mask> in recognition of his contributions to the civil rights struggle of African Americans and all peoples. On August 30, 2007, Governor  Kaine informally pardoned <mask> and his co-conspirators. Kaine said that <mask>'s motivation had been "his devotion to the ideals of the American revolution—it was worth risking death to secure liberty". Kaine noted that "<mask>'s cause—the end of slavery and the furtherance of equality of all people—has prevailed in the light of history", and added that "it is important to acknowledge that history favorably regards <mask>'s cause while consigning legions who sought to keep him and others in chains to be forgotten".Popular culture
Arna Bontemps wrote Black Thunder (1936), a historical novel based on <mask>'s Rebellion. In Roots, Alex Haley's historical fiction, the rebellion is heard of by the book's characters. In Sally Hemings, Barbara Chase-Riboud's 1979 novel about Hemings's relationship with Thomas Jefferson, Monroe writes Jefferson asking his advice on what to do about the insurrectionists still in jail after "(m)ore than thirty-five" had been executed. Hemings intercedes on their behalf, telling Jefferson, "I think there has been enough hanging", and suggests they be exiled instead. Although it is not made explicit in the novel, it is implied that Jefferson followed her suggestion and advised Monroe accordingly. At the end of the chapter, Hemings says, "I heard that the last of <mask>'s rebels had been reprieved and banished from Virginia by James Monroe. I had not pleaded in vain."Songs
 Tim Barry, a singer/songwriter from Richmond, wrote and performed "Prosser's <mask>" for the album 28th & Stonewall. It chronicles the events of <mask>'s life, focusing on the attempted revolution. <mask> is mentioned in Public Enemy's song "Prophets of Rage". <mask> is the hero of a cleverly subversive sea shanty recorded some forty years after events in Frederick Marryat's book, Poor Jack (1840). See also
 Denmark Vesey
 History of slavery in Virginia
 List of enslaved people
 Nat Turner
 Slavery in the United States

Notes

References

Further reading

 Aptheker, Herbert. American Negro Slave Revolts. New York: International Publishers, 1943.Egerton, Douglas R<mask>'s Rebellion: The Virginia Slave Conspiracies of 1800 and 1802. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993. Nicholls, Michael L. Whispers of Rebellion: Narrating <mask>'s Conspiracy. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2012. Schwarz, Philip J. "<mask>'s Challenge: Slaves and Crime in Late Eighteenth-Century Virginia", Virginia Magazine of History and Biography Volume 90, Issue 3, pp. 283–309, 1982.Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2006. 1776 births
1800 deaths
18th-century executions of American people
American rebel slaves
18th-century American slaves
Conflicts in 1800
Executed African-American people
Executed revolutionaries
History of Richmond, Virginia
History of slavery in Virginia
People executed by Virginia by hanging
People from Henrico County, Virginia
Executed people from Virginia
Recipients of American gubernatorial pardons
Slave rebellions in the United States

masks:
Gabriel
Gabriel Prosser
Gabriel Prosser
Gabriel
Gabriel
Gabriel
Thomas Prosser
Gabriel
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Gabriel
Thomas Prosser
Gabriel
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Prosser
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<mask> (March 1788 – 18 February 1820) was a professional boxing pioneer and the first Irish-born heavyweight champion. He was posthumously inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame, Pioneers Category in 2008. Early life
<mask> was born in the docks of Dublin, Ireland in March 1788. He came from a family of seventeen children. Donnelly grew up in poverty; his father was a carpenter, but suffered from chest complaints and was frequently out of work. As soon as he was able, Donnelly also went to work as a carpenter. On the streets of Dublin, Donnelly had a reputation of being a hard man to provoke, but was known to be "handy with his fists", and he became the district's new fighting hero.There are a number of anecdotes about <mask>'s life in this period, including his rescue of a young woman being attacked by two sailors at the dockside, leading to his arm being badly mangled. He was taken to the premises of the prominent surgeon Dr. Abraham Colles who saved Donnelly's arm from amputation, describing him as a "pocket Hercules". Another tale concerns Donnelly's insistence of carrying the body of an old lady who had died of a highly contagious fever to a local graveyard, where he buried the body himself in a grave that had been "reserved for a person of distinction". Early boxing career
<mask> was nearly six feet (1.83 m) tall and weighed almost 14 stone (196 lbs, 89 kg). He was described as "a courageous man". As news of his fighting exploits with Dublin's feuding gangs spread swiftly. He gained a reputation for keeping local criminals in check.One boxer, recognized as champion of the city, became jealous of <mask>'s reputation and took to following him around the local taverns demanding a fight. Eventually, Donnelly relented and the fight was staged on the banks of the Grand Canal. The event aroused a great deal of interest in Dublin, and a good crowd turned up. Right up to the time they took sparring positions, Donnelly tried to talk his rival out of fighting, but his pleas fell on deaf ears. As the fight dragged on, Donnelly gradually overcame his rival, and in a furious attack in the 16th round, beat him to the ground. Donnelly was declared the new champion of the city. Around this time, an Irish aristocrat was sitting in an English tavern.Captain William Kelly listened as a pair of English prize-fighters mocked Ireland's reputation as a nation of courageous men. Kelly considered this an affront to his native land and resolved to find a fighting Irishman to take up the challenge. His search eventually took him to Dublin and to <mask>. King of the Curragh
When prize fights were first introduced, it was the Fancy who tended to the boxers. The Fancy were aristocrats who followed the sport in the 18th and 19th centuries. They organized the training, the matches, and the finance. Donnelly's first big fight under the patronage of Captain Kelly, was staged at the Curragh in County Kildare on 14 September 1814.The spot was known at the time as Belcher's Hollow, a natural amphitheatre that was regularly used for big prize fights. <mask>'s opponent was a prominent English fighter, Tom Hall, who was touring Ireland, giving sparring exhibitions and boxing instruction. By one o'clock when the bout was due to start, an estimated 20,000 people packed onto the sides of the hollow, at the base of which a 22-foot (6.71 m) square had been roped off. Boxing at that time was very different from the boxing of today. There were few rules. There was no boxing organization to oversee the sport or lay down regulations or procedures. There was no formal end to the fights:  they would go on until one fighter was unable to continue or would give up.A now obsolete practice was that of the seconds. The seconds would wait in the ring during the fight, and assist the boxer between rounds. There were no restrictions regarding fight tactics. For example, a fighter could hit his opponent's head off a corner post, or wrestle his opponent to the ground, or pull his hair, or wrap his arm around his neck in a choking motion and then hit him in the face with the other hand. The fights were very severe and often brutal, and they would continue until the end. A round could last as long as six or seven minutes, or a little as 30 seconds. The round would end when one person was on the ground.He would then have 30 seconds to get up and continue the fight. For a few rounds, Hall was showing his skill was paramount. He scored first blood, which was an important occasion in bare-fist boxing; there were bets made on who would draw first blood. But as the rounds went on, Donnelly's strength began to tell. Hall would slip down onto his knee, without being in any danger. This was a tactic, because once he went down the round was over, he got a 30-second rest, and came back refreshed. He was doing this just a bit too often for Donnelly's liking, and at one stage, Donnelly was just about to lash out when he was down, and his second shouted out an admonishment that <mask> would lose the fight if he did so.Eventually he did lose his temper, and as Hall slipped down yet again, Donnelly lashed out and hit him on the ear; the blood flowed. That was the end of the round. Hall refused to continue, saying he had been fouled, that Donnelly should be disqualified. Donnelly fans voiced that no, <mask> had definitely won, Hall didn't want to fight on, Donnelly was the champion. The fight ended in some controversy, but to the Irish, he was the conquering hero. Belcher's Hollow was rechristened Donnelly's Hollow and <mask> was now acclaimed as Ireland's Champion. For a short while, at least, the country celebrated its new hero.The Irish saw sporting heroes like <mask> as the symbolic winner of the bigger fight. While Ireland was left without its own government, England was becoming increasingly more powerful. Whenever <mask>'s right hand bloodied an English nose, it was hailed as a strike, however small, against the oppressors. Cooper's challenge
It was the summer of 1815, and while Ireland was at its weakest, England had never seemed stronger. Wellington had beaten Napoleon at Waterloo and Britannia certainly ruled the waves. In the minds of the populace, <mask>y epitomized the national struggle in an Ireland governed by mad old George III, championing their seemingly hopeless cause against the intransigent representatives of the Crown. In Irish folk tradition, the hero took center stage.That goes back to the storytelling tradition which still exists today. The hero is revered; he's someone who is willing to stand up and fight for himself and his people. <mask> was synonymous with Ireland as he was a patriot. He lived and fought in the period after the 1798 Rebellion and the Act of Union, and during the Catholic Emancipation movement. Spirits and morale were good in Ireland at that time. As a patriotic man himself, the timing couldn't be better for Donnelly. The political climate between Ireland and Britain is better and more peaceful today than it has been in a very long time, but if a rugby or soccer game is held between the two countries, there is a certain amount of tension or jingoism.<mask> and his boxing matches embodied this mentality in the early 19th century. It's symbolic of how the Irish and the English fought their political battles on the football pitch and in the boxing ring. Donnelly was a national hero, but he was also broke. He drank away the purse from beating Tom Hall, but the chance of another big payday eventually presented itself. He was approached by George Cooper and Tom Molyneux, two leading prize-fighters who were touring Ireland on an exhibition tour to teach the art of boxing. These two came to Dublin, heard of Donnelly, and invited him to meet them in a local pub. They prevailed upon him to fight Molyneux originally, and he said no.He had no desire to fight a conquered man, because Molyneux had just been beaten by the other man of the company, George Cooper. Molyneux was hurt by this curt refusal, but he was calmed down by his companion. Arrangements were made for the fight with Cooper. The bout was set for 13 November 1815. Once again, it was to be staged at Donnelly's Hollow on the Curragh in County Kildare. News of Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo was resounding around Europe. George Cooper was a hotter favorite than the Iron Duke had been in his bout with the Little Corporal.Cooper was a bargeman with a fearful reputation. He was of gypsy blood and he was 10/1 on to batter <mask>y. From early morning, crews began to converge on Donnelly's Hollow. They came from far and wide, using every horse-drawn contraption they could find, or on horseback. If they couldn't do so, they gladly walked the distance. There were 20,000 people packed in there on that day. Excitement was intense.Bets were made back then as is still customary to this day. Bets were made on the results of the fight, on who'd draw the first blood, or on who would score the first knockdown. There were rules, but they were designed to accommodate gambling, the public, and those who organized the fight. The boxers themselves were of no consequence. It was a fight that went one way then the other for a round. Again, Donnelly's strength would always tell in a bare-knuckle fight to the finish. In one round, Cooper used the cross-buttock tactic with Donnelly and severely winded him.The cross-buttock was more a wrestling maneuver than a boxing one, but it was legitimate under the rules of the time. A competitor gets, more or less, in front of his opponent, and throws his adversary over his hip, causing him to land with great force on the ground. If one popular story is to be believed, <mask>, who was being badly beaten in the fifth round, was saved by the magical properties of a lump of sugar cane slipped to him by Captain Kelly's sister. She had been pleading with <mask> to win, telling him she had bet her entire estate on the outcome. When Donnelly failed to respond, she slipped him a piece of the sugar cane, while urging him, "Now my charmer, give him a warmer!" The Irish champion was rejuvenated and the course of the fight changed. In the seventh round, he sent Cooper flat on his back on the turf and jumped on top of him, winding Cooper so badly he could hardly rise.He did rise for the next round, but in the eleventh, Donnelly finished him off with a tremendous right hand that smashed Cooper's jaw. The sound of the cheering was likened to the sound of artillery going off. The cheers could be heard in villages for miles around. Donnelly was the conquering hero. As Donnelly proudly strode up the hill towards his carriage, fanatical followers dug out imprints left by his feet. Leading from the monument which commemorates the scene of his greatest victory, "The Steps to Strength and Fame" are still to be seen in <mask>'s Hollow. Donnelly politely declined all invitations to celebrate his triumph in the taverns of County Kildare.He had promised his friends and family he would return to Dublin immediately after the fight. Newspapers in the 18th century had many references to boxing. However, this was bare-knuckle fighting, fighting that was severe and sometimes brutal. That type of boxing was at its most popular during <mask>'s time. Boxing champions in those days became well-renowned. He was aware that political conflict was very much to the fore then. He accepted that he was representing the Irish people in this area in which he was active.He was a patriot, who, if needed, would stand up for his beliefs. Later life
Donnelly became a publican, hoping his notoriety would entice extra customers eager to hear stirring tales of his prize-ring. He had a reputation for being a gambler, a womanizer and a drunkard. Donnelly was the proprietor of a succession of four Dublin pubs, all of them unprofitable. Fallon's Capstan Bar is the only one still in existence. In his third and final fight on 21 July 1819, he defeated Tom Oliver in 34 rounds on English turf, at Crawley Down in Sussex. A full fight report was filed by the foremost prizefighting chronicler of the period, Pierce Egan.Egan irately described the reception accorded to Donnelly during a benefit night (6 April 1819) as 'rather foul': 'It was very unlike the usual generosity of John Bull towards a stranger – It was not national – but savoured something like prejudice' (Boxiana, vol. III). This animosity was borne predominantly from concern over the Irishman's fighting prowess, and Egan underscored the combination of resentment and overwhelming interest when reporting Donnelly's fight with Oliver: 'The English amateurs viewed him as a powerful opponent [and...] jealous for the reputation of the "Prize Ring", clenched their fists in opposition, whenever his growing fame was chaunted' (Boxiana, vol. III)

He died at Donnelly's Public House, the last tavern he owned, on 18 February 1820 at the age of 31. An oval wall plaque commemorates the site of his death. A squat, weather-beaten, gray obelisk surrounded by a short iron fence marks the exact site of the Cooper bout. The inscription on the monument: DAN DONNELLY BEAT COOPER ON THIS SPOT 13 December 1815.The date inscribed was inaccurate, as the bout actually took place one month earlier, on 13 November 1815, as reported in the Freeman's Journal the following day. Donnelly's arm
Donnelly was laid to rest, albeit briefly, at Bully's Acre, one of the city's oldest cemeteries. After just a few nights, grave robbers put Donnelly's body in a sack and delivered him to an eminent surgeon who paid good money for cadavers for study. They may even have been working to order. Donnelly's admirers tracked the body to the home of a surgeon by the name of Hall and threatened him with death. There was a quick negotiation and he agreed to give the body back as long as he could keep the right arm, the one that slew the English champions, for medical observation. The arm was preserved in red lead paint, and traveled to a medical college in Scotland where it was used by medical students for a number of years to study how all the bones worked together.From an Edinburgh classroom, the arm became an exhibit in a Victorian travelling circus, and it journeyed around Britain many times. In the early 20th century, it finally came back to Ireland. In 1904, a Belfast bookmaker, Hugh "Texas" McAlevey, acquired the arm and displayed it in his pub. The publican got tired of it and thought the grisly-looking sight might be frightening off customers, so he stuck it up in an attic. A betting parlor employee remembers as a teenager being told not to go up in the attic—that Donnelly's ghost was up there. Donnelly's arm made it back to Kilcullen in the 1950s. Publican Jim Byrne came up with the idea of recreating Donnelly's fight with George Cooper in the Curragh.The fight was promoted by bringing Donnelly's arm back to where it defeated the English opponent. The pageant brought the historic contest alive again, rekindling the <mask> fire. It was An Tóstal, an Irish festival started at that time nationwide in an effort to promote tourism. Each region was encouraged to have some sort of festival to attract visitors. This was the genesis of the <mask> pageant. Kevin McCourt, an army officer, was picked to play George Cooper, the English champion; Jim Berney was chosen to portray <mask>, the Irish champion. George Cooper and <mask>, as played by McCourt and Berney, had a group of supporters as well, dressed up and cheering, carrying them down into the arena.Two "supporters" performed getting involved in a ruckus. Local sporting clubs and townspeople comprised the spectators. Donnelly's arm found a new home in Jim Byrne's pub, "The Hideout." It became a popular attraction in Kilcullen. It was on display there for 43 years until Jim Byrne died and the pub passed to his son, Desmond, who was unaware of the arms value, and in 1997 he eventually sold the pub. The arm sat in his and Josephine's basement piled under junk for almost a decade until an American relative, <mask>, began a national search for the arm. After several radio interviews and articles, the nations intrigue began to grow again on the whereabouts of the arm.Des died in 2005. After the media search gained traction, Josephine revealed that they kept the arm during the sale and it was disrespectfully laying in their basement. Josephine wouldn't let the human limb that was almost 200 years old go into a cargo hold for transportation to America. One of Des's bandmates had been Henry Donohoe, then the chief pilot for Aer Lingus. She called him and asked how to get the arm to the States. He told her that he would take it in the cockpit with himself. Josephine sat in first class.A special box was made for the arm, crating around it to prevent it from getting banged around. It fit into the cockpit with two inches to spare. As the centerpiece of the Fighting Irishmen Exhibit, <mask>'s arm went on display at the Irish Arts Center in New York City, in the autumn of 2006. The show traveled across the city to the South Street Seaport Museum in 2007. Its next appearance was at Boston College's John J. Burns Library in 2008. The arm returned to Ireland in 2009 when the show arrived at the Ulster American Folk Park in Omagh. 2010 was a homecoming when the exhibition appeared at the Gaelic Athletic Association museum at Croke Park in Dublin.Legends
Almost two centuries after his death. Donnelly remains the subject of urban legend. One contends that he had the longest arms in boxing history, with the ability to touch his knees without bending down. Another claims that he was knighted by the Prince Regent. His arms were actually of normal length for a man of his size. No known documentation exists to support the latter. See also
 Donnelly and Cooper, a ballad
 List of bare-knuckle boxers

References

External links
Myler, Patrick."Irish <mask>: Still On Tour 178 Years After His Death," The Ring (magazine). A portrait of legendary bare-knuckle boxer <mask>. 1788 births
1820 deaths
Bare-knuckle boxers
Sportspeople from Dublin (city)
Irish male boxers
Heavyweight boxers

masks:
Daniel Donnelly
Donnelly
Donnelly
Donnelly
Donnelly
Dan Donnelly
Donnelly
Dan
Dan
Dan Donnelly
Dan Donnelly
Dan
Dan Donnell
Dan
Dan Donnelly
Dan Donnell
Donnelly
Dan
Donnelly
Dan
Dan Donnelly
Dan Donnelly
Dan Donnelly
Dan Donnelly
Thomas Donnelly
Donnelly
Dan Donnelly
Dan Donnelly


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<mask> (July 29, 1952 – January 15, 2021) was an author of children's books and a former book editor. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, in 1952 and grew up in Wilmette, Illinois. She graduated from the girls' preparatory Regina Dominican High School in Wilmette, studied music at Northwestern University, and then earned a B.A. in 1974 from Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin, magna cum laude, majoring in English, minoring in music. Career
Krull worked as a children’s book editor for companies in the Midwest, including at Western Publishing from 1974 to 1979, where she edited and wrote books in the Trixie Belden series under the pseudonym of Kathryn Kenny. She moved to San Diego to work as a senior editor at Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, editing authors including Tomie dePaola, Eve Bunting, Patricia Hermes, Anne Lindbergh, Jane Yolen, Arnold Adoff, Amy Schwartz, Judy Delton, and Lael Littke. While at Harcourt, Krull She left publishing in 1984 to establish herself as a children's book author.She collaborated with Jill Biden on Joey: The Story of Joe Biden, which was released in August 2020 by Simon & Schuster. Her papers are cataloged at the University of Minnesota's Kerlan Collection. Personal life
<mask> died in January 2021 after being diagnosed with cancer. She lived in San Diego with her husband, Paul Brewer, a children’s book illustrator and author whom she married in 1989. Selected works

 Lives of the Musicians: Good Times, Bad Times (and What the Neighbors Thought), illustrated by Kathryn Hewitt, Harcourt (San Diego, CA), 1993. Louisa May's Battle: How the Civil War Led to Little Women, illustrated by Carlyn Beccia (San Diego, CA), 2012. Lives of the Writers: Comedies, Tragedies (and What the Neighbors Thought), illustrated by Kathryn Hewitt, Harcourt (San Diego, CA), 1994.V Is for Victory: America Remembers World War II, Knopf (New York, NY), 1995. Lives of the Artists: Masterpieces, Messes (and What the Neighbors Thought), illustrated by Kathryn Hewitt, Harcourt (San Diego, CA), 1995. Wilma Unlimited: How Wilma Rudolph Became the World's Fastest Woman, illustrated by David Diaz, Harcourt (San Diego, CA), 1996. Lives of the Athletes: Thrills, Spills (and What the Neighbors Thought), illustrated by Kathryn Hewitt, Harcourt (San Diego, CA), 1997. Wish You Were Here: Emily's Guide to the Fifty States, illustrated by Amy Schwartz, Doubleday (New York, NY), 1997. Lives of the Presidents: Fame, Shame (and What the Neighbors Thought), illustrated by Kathryn Hewitt, Harcourt (San Diego, CA), updated edition 2011. They Saw the Future: Psychics, Oracles, Scientists, Inventors, and Pretty Good Guessers, illustrated by Kyrsten Brooker, Atheneum (New York, NY), 1999.A Kid's Guide to America's Bill of Rights: Curfews, Censorship, and the 100-Pound Giant, illustrated by Anna DiVito, Avon Books (New York, NY), 1999. Lives of Extraordinary Women: Rulers, Rebels (and What the Neighbors Thought), illustrated by Kathryn Hewitt, Harcourt (San Diego, CA), 2000. M Is for Music, illustrated by Stacy Innerst, Harcourt (Orlando, FL), 2003. Harvesting Hope: The Story of Cesar Chavez, illustrated by Yuyi Morales, Harcourt (San Diego, CA), 2003. The Boy on Fairfield Street: How Ted Geisel Grew Up to Become Dr. Seuss, illustrated by Steve Johnson and Lou Fancher, Random House (New York, NY), 2004. A Woman for President: The Story of Victoria Woodhull, illustrated by Jane Dyer, Walker (New York, NY), 2004. Houdini: World's Greatest Mystery Man and Escape King, illustrated by Eric Velasquez, Walker (New York, NY), 2005.Pocahontas: Princess of the New World, illustrated by David Diaz, Walker (New York, NY), 2007. Fartiste: An Explosively Funny, Mostly True Story, (with Paul Brewer) illustrated by Boris Kulikov, Simon & Schuster (New York, NY), 2008. Hillary Rodham Clinton: Dreams Taking Flight, illustrated by Amy June Bates, Simon & Schuster (New York, NY), 2008. The Road to Oz: Twists, Turns, Bumps, and Triumphs in the Life of L. Frank Baum, illustrated by Kevin Hawkes, Knopf (New York, NY), 2008. The Boy Who Invented TV: The Story of Philo Farnsworth, illustrated by Greg Couch, Knopf (New York, NY), 2009. A Boy Named FDR: How Franklin D. Roosevelt Grew up to Change America, illustrated by Steve Johnson and Lou Fancher, Knopf (New York, NY), 2011. Kubla Khan: Emperor of Everything, illustrated by Robert Byrd, Viking (New York, NY), 2010.Lincoln Tells a Joke: How Laughter Saved the President (and the Country), (with Paul Brewer) illustrated by Stacy Innerst, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (Boston, MA), 2010. Lives of the Pirates: Swashbucklers, Scoundrels (Neighbors Beware! ), illustrated by Kathryn Hewitt, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (Boston, MA), 2010. The Brothers Kennedy: John, Robert, Edward, illustrated by Amy June Bates, Simon & Schuster (New York, NY), 2010. Big Wig: A Little History of Hair, illustrated by Peter Malone, Arthur A. Levine Books (New York, NY), 2011. Jim Henson: The Guy Who Played with Puppets, illustrated by Steve Johnson and Lou Fancher, Random House (New York, NY), 2011. The Beatles Were Fab (and They Were Funny) co-authored with Paul Brewer, illustrated by Stacy Innerst, Harcourt Children (Boston, MA), 2013

Giants of Science series

 Leonardo da Vinci, illustrated by Boris Kulikov, Viking (New York, NY), 2005.Isaac Newton, illustrated by Boris Kulikov, Viking (New York, NY), 2006. Sigmund Freud, illustrated by Boris Kulikov, Viking (New York, NY), 2006. Marie Curie, illustrated by Boris Kulikov, Viking (New York, NY), 2008. Albert Einstein, illustrated by Boris Kulikov, Viking (New York, NY), 2009. Charles Darwin, illustrated by Boris Kulikov, Penguin (New York, NY), 2010. Benjamin Franklin, illustrated by Boris Kulikov, Penguin (New York, NY), 2012. References

External links

 <mask> at Reading Rockets with short biography, video interview, list of books
 <mask> Papers finding aid at the Children's Literature Research Collections, University of Minnesota Libraries

1952 births
2021 deaths
American children's writers
American book editors
American science writers
Charles Darwin biographers
People from Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri
People from Wilmette, Illinois
Writers from San Diego
Lawrence University alumni

masks:
Kathleen Krull
Krull
Krull
Kathleen Krull
Kathleen Krull


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<mask> ( ,  , ; 9 July 187918 April 1936) was an Italian composer, violinist, teacher, and musicologist and one of the leading Italian composers of the early 20th century. His compositions range over operas, ballets, orchestral suites, choral songs, chamber music, and transcriptions of Italian compositions of the 16th–18th centuries, but his best known and most performed works are his three orchestral tone poems which brought him international fame: Fountains of Rome (1916), Pines of Rome (1924), and Roman Festivals (1928). <mask> was born in Bologna to a musical and artistic family. He was encouraged by his father to pursue music at a young age, and took formal tuition in the violin and piano. In 1891, he enrolled at the Liceo Musicale di Bologna, where he studied the violin, viola, and composition, was principal violinist at the Russian Imperial Theatre, and studied briefly with Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. He relocated to Rome in 1913 to become professor of composition at the Liceo Musicale di Santa Cecilia. During this period he married his pupil, singer Elsa Olivieri-Sangiacomo.In 1923, Respighi quit his professorship to dedicate time to tour and compose, but continued to teach until 1935. He performed and conducted in various capacities across the United States and South America from 1925 until his death. In late 1935, while composing his opera Lucrezia, Respighi became ill and was diagnosed with bacterial endocarditis. He died four months later, aged 56. His wife Elsa outlived him for almost 60 years, championing her late husband's works and legacy until her death in 1996. Conductor and composer Salvatore Di Vittorio completed several of Respighi's incomplete and previously unpublished works, including the finished Violin Concerto in A major (1903) which premiered in 2010. Biography

Early years
Respighi was born on 9 July 1879 at 8 Via Guido Reni, an apartment building to the side of Palazzo Fantuzzi.He was the youngest child of Giuseppe and Ersilia (née Putti) Respighi. His brother Alberto died at age nine, and he had one sister, Amelia. His parents came from artistic families; his maternal grandfather and great-grandfather were distinguished sculptors, and his paternal grandfather was a cathedral organist. Giuseppe was an accomplished pianist and teacher who encouraged his son's musical inclinations, giving basic tuition in piano and violin from an early age. To his father's initial disappointment, Respighi showed little interest in music until he was almost eight. Shortly after Respighi began formal violin tuition, he quit abruptly after his teacher hit him on the hand with a ruler when he played a passage incorrectly. He resumed lessons several weeks later, this time with a more patient teacher.His piano skills, too, were a hit-and-miss affair initially, but his father arrived home one day and was surprised to find his son performing the Symphonic Studies by Robert Schumann; Respighi had learned to play the piece in secret. Respighi quickly took to other instruments; for example, he learned to play the harp in the course of several days. Life in Bologna, 1890–1913

Respighi was schooled at Ginnasio Guinizelli in Bologna for two years from October 1890. In 1891, he enrolled at the Liceo Musicale di Bologna, where he studied the violin and viola for the next seven years with his teacher, Federico Sarti. Among Respighi's earliest completed and dated compositions at this time were  and  for orchestra. Four years into his course at the Liceo Musicale, Respighi began classes in musical composition with Giuseppe Martucci, the Liceo's director, and music history with Luigi Torchi. By the time he reached twenty, Respighi was performing in the orchestra at the Teatro Comunale di Bologna.Martucci, a proponent of Bologna's musical life and composer of non-operatic Italian music, became an influential figure for the young Respighi. In 1899, he received a diploma in the playing of the violin. By this time, Respighi had developed a fondness for languages, demonstrated by his large book collection, which contained atlases and dictionaries. In his lifetime, Respighi became fluent in eleven languages and read literature in all of them. In the winter of 1900, Respighi accepted the role of principal violist in the orchestra of the Russian Imperial Theatre in Saint Petersburg during its season of Italian opera. While there he met Russian composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, whom Respighi greatly admired, and studied orchestration and composition with him over the course of five months. Respighi returned to Russia in the winter of 1902 for further performances and received more tuition from Rimsky-Korsakov; both meetings heavily influenced his orchestrations.Respighi finalised his studies at the  with an advanced course in composition, for which he completed  ("Prelude, Chorale and Fugue"), written under Rimsky-Korsakov's guidance. The piece was first performed as part of Respighi's final examination in June 1901, and was a resounding success. The 21-year-old Respighi then received his diploma in composition and Martucci said of the composer: "Respighi is not a pupil, Respighi is a master." In 1902, Respighi travelled to Berlin where he received brief tuition from composer Max Bruch. Despite sources incorrectly stating that he studied with Bruch in 1908, Respighi's wife would later state that Respighi in fact did not study with Bruch at all. From 1903 to 1908, while his local reputation as a composer grew, Respighi's principal activity was his place as first violinist in the Mugellini Quintet, a touring five-piece founded by composer Bruno Mugellini. Respighi remained with the chamber group until he moved to Rome in 1913.In 1906, Respighi completed his first of many transcriptions of pieces by 17th and 18th century composers; his version of "Lamento d'Arianna" by Claudio Monteverdi for voice and orchestra became his first international success during his visit to Berlin two years later. This second stay in Germany lasted for almost one year from September 1908 after Hungarian soprano Etelka Gerster invited him to work as an accompanist at her singing school, which influenced his vocal compositions. The composer met Arthur Nikisch, then conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic who arranged to conduct the Monteverdi transcription on stage with famed singer Julia Culp as soloist. The critical success of the performance encouraged Respighi to have his other transcriptions of older works performed in Berlin and this is considered to be a milestone in the rediscovery of Monteverdi's output. The musical influence from Respighi's stay in Germany is discernible in his second operatic work, Semirâma. The opera was premiered in Bologna in November 1910 to considerable success; two years later, critic Giannotto Bastianelli wrote that the piece marked a transition in Respighi's style from verismo to Decadentism and praised his use of rich polyphony. Working on the opera, however, left Respighi exhausted and he wrote each individual score by hand to save money.At the post-performance banquet, the composer fell asleep. It is thought that Respighi's inconsistent sleeping patterns throughout his life may have been caused by narcolepsy. In 1910, Respighi was involved in a short lived group named the Lega dei Cinque, which also included Ildebrando Pizzetti, Gian Francesco Malipiero, Giannotto Bastianelli, and Renzo Bossi. Life in Rome, 1913–1918

In January 1913, Respighi left Bologna to become professor of composition at the Liceo Musicale di Santa Cecilia in Rome, a position that he held for almost a decade. Composers Vittorio Rieti and Daniele Amfitheatrof were among his students during this time. The busy atmosphere of Rome unnerved Respighi, however, and composing and teaching became increasingly difficult. He became withdrawn, suffered from irregular sleep, and wished to return to Bologna.Later in 1913, Respighi went back to Germany for some performances and then upon returning to Rome, turned his attention primarily on composition. In 1915, composer Alfredo Casella returned to Rome after living in France for many years. He joined the staff at the  and wished to modernise Italian music as a result of his travels. Despite showing little interest, Respighi had a small involvement in Casella's new organisation, the Società Italiana di Musica Moderna. When Italy entered World War I in May 1915 Respighi, aged 36, was eligible to join the army, though his position at the Liceo Musicale granted him temporary exemption from military service. After a holiday in more peaceful surroundings for the summer, Respighi returned to Rome to continue teaching. One of his new students in his fugue and composition class was Elsa Olivieri-Sangiacomo; the two started a relationship and Elsa, fourteen years his junior, married the composer in January 1919.Their friend, librettist Claudio Guastalla, spoke of their marriage: "It functioned on an almost transcendental level of human and spiritual harmony." Respighi was deeply saddened by his mother's death in March 1916. On hearing that she had become ill he delayed his departure from Rome and by the time he arrived in Bologna, she had already died from pneumonia. Respighi returned to Rome and went back to work, but this would not last and he returned to Bologna. Elsa recalled Respighi retiring to bed and refusing to eat or see anyone. He recovered in Eremo di Tizzano, a religious retreat in the country hills some 20 km south of Bologna. While there, he composed the short piece  for organ.In a letter to his friend, singer Chiarina Fino Savio, from January 1917, Respighi wrote: "I am alone, sad and sick." In the midst of such difficult times, a turning point in Respighi's career arrived on 11 March 1917 when the first of his Roman trilogy of tone poems, Fountains of Rome, was premiered in Rome with conductor Antonio Guarnieri. The premiere was originally scheduled in late 1916, but an audience riot during the first half of the concert due to their distaste for German music caused the show to end early. Respighi's disappointment with the lukewarm response from the audience fuelled his effort to start on a follow-up. Following the premiere, Respighi made a short tour of Italy and Switzerland with a group of musicians, including violinist Arrigo Serato, pianist Ernesto Consolo, and Fino Savio. Upon returning to Rome, he resumed work at the  until the end of that academic year. While on vacation in Bologna in the summer of 1916, Respighi visited Viareggio to meet Russian ballet impresario Sergei Diaghilev, operator of the Ballets Russes, who wished to stage new productions based on the baroque and classical periods.Respighi accepted a sum of 1,500 lire from Diaghilev and contributed orchestrations of the piano works from Péchés de vieillesse by Gioachino Rossini which formed the basis of the music to a new ballet, La Boutique fantasque. The commission for Diaghilev may have inspired Respighi to gather scores for what would become Suite No. 1 of his Ancient Airs and Dances, a trilogy of orchestral suites transcribed from lute pieces by 16th century Italian composers. Suite No. 1 premiered in December 1917 in Rome, after which the full score was somehow lost and Respighi was forced to re-write it using individual orchestral parts. Rise to fame, 1918–1925
An important milestone in Respighi's career took place when Arturo Toscanini asked the composer to have one of his compositions performed in a series of twelve concerts in Milan in February 1918. Respighi reluctantly picked Fountains of Rome, which had thus far only been performed at its 1917 premiere.The concert was a huge success and placed Respighi as one of the leading Italian composers of the early 20th century, prompting the start of a longterm, though sometimes tumultuous, relationship with Toscanini. Two months after the concert, Respighi allowed Casa Ricordi to publish the score of the tone poem in a deal that granted the composer 40% of the rental and performance rights of the work. Respighi succumbed to illness soon after with a mild case of Spanish flu. By the summer of 1918, Respighi had entered negotiations to translate and publish Italian versions of Theory of Harmony (1922) by composer Arnold Schoenberg and a book on musical counterpoint by Sergei Taneyev, but these never materialised. In the summer of 1919, Respighi reconnected with Diaghilev in Naples to discuss another commission for the Ballets Russes. This time, Diaghilev wished to stage a revised version of Le astuzie femminili by Domenico Cimarosa, which concluded with a series of dances based on Russian musical themes. Respighi accepted, and provided new arrangements of the ballet score which premiered in Paris in 1920.Respighi was also commissioned to score for a revival of La serva padrona by Giovanni Paisiello, which also had a Russian connection. He delivered the finished manuscript one month late, in March 1920. However, Diaghilev had decided against a full stage production and used the music as part of a series of different songs and dance numbers. The score was shelved and considered lost until it was rediscovered 90 years later, after which it was performed in full in August 2014 in Bologna. In January 1921, Respighi and Elsa began their first tour as joint performers, marking Elsa's debut as a performing concert artist. They were joined by violinist Mario Corti. The tour saw dates across Italy, followed by Prague, Brno, and Vienna.The time away from his teaching duties at the Liceo Musicale in Rome led to his employers issuing a letter suggesting he return to fulfil them for the remaining months of the academic year. By 1921, Respighi had begun a lifelong friendship with the writer and journalist Claudio Guastalla, who encouraged him to compose a new opera and offered to write its libretto. This created a spell

masks:
Ottorino Respighi
Respighi