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<mask> (born 17 April 1976), known by his stage name Okyeame Kwame and nicknamed Rap Doctor, is a Ghanaian musician, songwriter, creative director and entrepreneur. Life and career

Early life
Apau was born in Kumasi, Ashanti Region of Ghana. He is the third of six siblings. His two younger brothers, Kwaku Nsiah Boamah nicknamed "Flowking Stone" and Kwaku Nsiah Amankwah nicknamed "Kunta Kinte", also perform as a duo, under the brand name "Bradez". Growing up, Kwame's parents expected him to become a physician, yet he gained interest in rap music from a very young age, when he wrote his own songs and performed at local shows since his days at the Anglican Senior High School in Kumasi. Tertiary Education
Kwame is a product of  Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology where he studied Akan and Sociology for his first degree with formal education in music under the tutelage of Dr Daniel Amponsah a.k.a. Agya Koo Nimo.Agya Koo Nimo taught him Classical Guitar and Philosophy in African Music. Subsequently, he enrolled at the University of Ghana and graduated in 2016 with a master's degree in Strategic Marketing. He is also an associate co-opted member of the Chartered Institute of Marketing Ghana in recognition of his professional use of marketing in creative arts. Music career
In 1997 he achieved notoriety as a member of the "Akyeame" hiplife duo, together with fellow Ghanaian Daniel Kofi Amoateng (under the stage name Okyeame Kofi). They recorded together the albums "Nyansapo" ("Witty Knot", 1997), "Nkonsonkonson" ("Shackles", 1998), "Ntoaso" ("Continuity", 2000) and "Apam Foforo" ("New Testament", 2002). He performed solo under his own record label One Mic Entertainment, in Accra since they parted in 2004. He also featured renowned Ghanaian highlife and hiplife artists as Daddy Lumba, Kojo Antwi and Ofori Amponsah.For declaring himself B.R.A (Best Rapper Alive) in a song he recorded after winning Ghana Music Awards Artist of the Year award in 2009, <mask> Kwame sparked a conflict with fellow Ghanaian rapper Obrafour, who saw himself more deserving. This resulted in one of the memorable feuds the Ghanaian music scene has seen, with Obrafour challenging <mask> Kwame to a rap battle on the streets which was never honored. In 2011, after Obrafour had apologized for his actions <mask> Kwame explained he declined Obrafour's challenge because there was no need for it at the time, as winning Artist of the Year was vindicative enough. <mask> Kwame has contributed his due to education and the promotion of scholarship, his rap lyrics (which incorporate didactic themes, social consciousness and poetry) being studied in some Ghanaian universities. He recently came out with a song titled Yeeko ft Ghana's very own highlife artist Kuami Eugene. Style
<mask> Kwame raps and sings mostly in Twi dialect of the Akan language of Ghana. However, his versatile prowess sees him do songs in English as well.His stage name Okyeame chosen to reflect his lyrical fluidity means "linguist (of the royal court)" in his native Akan. Other venues
Aside from musical performances, Kwame launched in 2012 "The Versatile Show", produced by himself and performed biannually at the National Theatre, a theater show in which he blends music with drama and poetry. Business career
Kwame runs his own record label One Mic Entertainment and also Firm Bridges Communications, co-founded with his wife, and he is partner in the shoe manufacturing company Horseman Shoes. He is also a partner to Sante's Hair for Kids, a hairline business that produces local hair products for kids with his daughter as the Brand Ambasssador. Corporate Associations
Due to his notoriety as a national icon in native Ghana, Kwame has become an iconic figure for corporate Ghana. He has so far become brand ambassador for MTN Group, GT Bank and Coca-Cola in Ghana, aside being appointed the public relations officer of the Musicians Union of Ghana (MUSIGA) from 2012 and the Ghana Music Right Owner (GHAMRO) in 2014. From 2015, Kwame has was appointed as ambassador for "My African Union, My Voice" campaign launched by the African Union in Addis Ababa as part of the activities of the "State of the Union" (SoTU) – a Pan-African Civil Society Organizations project which is currently being implemented in African countries including Ghana.The stated goals of the campaign are to help creating public awareness of the objectives of the African Union and to promote active citizen participation in the implementation of its protocols, conventions and policy decisions at the level of the member states of the Union. In the same year, he was appointed ambassador for the Junior Boys Mentoring Conference, a youth-focused non-governmental initiative in Accra which seeks to equip young people with the necessary knowledge and skills that will enable them to tackle challenges as they come into contact with the outside world. Kwame has also collaborated with MDS Lancet Laboratories on his hepatitis B project, vaccinating more than 10,000 Ghanaians. The screening exercise is aimed at creating public awareness about hepatitis b which has become rampant among Ghanaians. Research has shown that insurance penetration has been low in Ghana, partly because a chunk of the population have still not come to terms with the relevance of insurance policies. The need therefore arises for insurance companies to diversify in achieving the intended purpose. To this end, Kwame was appointed by the Insurance Awareness Coordinators Group as ambassador for its GET INSURED CAMPAIGN project with the responsibility of whipping up the interest among Ghanaians to get insured particularly against hard times.In 2020, he was appointed Ambassador for Technical and Vocational Training, TVET by the Ghana education Service with the responsibility of promoting the preference of TVET among Ghanaians. He shares the same platform with Ghana's first lady, Rebecca Akufo-Addo, ace broadcaster, <mask> Sefa Kayi, television host, Berla Mundi, actress, Martha Ankoma, Founder and chief executive officer of McDan Group of Companies, Daniel McKorley, Founder and chief executive officer of Makeup Ghana, Rebecca Donkor among other distinguished men and women in Ghana. Discography

Kwame released his first solo album "Boshe Ba" (Promised Child) in 2004, just after the breakup of the Akyeame band. He followed in 2008 with "Manwesem" (My Poetry) and in 2011 with "The Clinic", launched at the Aphrodisiac Night Club in Accra. In 2012 he launched "The Versatile Show" ("Konfanko"). In 2020, he teamed up with Jamaica dancehall act, Sizzla Kalonji on a song titled Come Home which urges all Africans in the diaspora to always remember to come back to their mother land. Film and television

<mask> Kwame has helped to discover native African talents by working as a judge on music reality shows in Ghana and has also acted in Ghanaian films Ties That Bind, The Comforter and Amsterdam Diary.Personal life

<mask> has been married since 2009 to Annica Nsiah-Apau and they have two children together, Sir <mask> Bota and Sante Antwiwaa. His two younger brothers are also rappers, using the stage names Flowking Stone and Kunta Kinte. The two are collectively known as Bradez. Philanthropy

<mask> Kwame founded in 2009 the Okyeame Kwame Foundation, to raise public awareness on hepatitis B and to provide screening, prevention and education to mitigate the disease in Ghana, backed by MTN Ghana and the MDS-Lancet Laboratories. Periodic screening and vaccination campaigns are held throughout Ghana, attended by hundreds of people who receive free vaccines. In 2014, he staged the Celebrity Car Wash, an event including sports, games and photoshoots with celebrities in East Legon, to raise funds in support of his campaign to provide free vaccination to at least 1000 Ghanaian. The foundation has initiated and sponsored the construction of a hepatitis B treatment facility in Tamale.For his work in raising the funds to provide free screening for the Ghanaian urban and rural poor, Kwame has been appointed Hepatitis B Ambassador for the Ghana Health Service. Honors

John Cranley, Mayor of the city of Cincinnati in Ohio USA on 21 November 2016 presented <mask> Kwame with a Key to the City and declared 17 November each year as ‘Okyeame Kwame Day’ to solemnise his status as International Cultural Ambassador to the city. Kwame was also honored on 3 February 2017 by the Chartered Institute of Marketing Ghana with the status of an associate co-opted member for his professional use of marketing in the creative arts. At the 2017 Ghana Music Honours, he was given the best video honour for his song titled Small Small which features MzVee. Adding up, the rapper and philanthropist received a United States Presidential Volunteer Service Award. This award scheme is normally given to Americans but exception was made for the Ghanaian rapper dubbed (Kingdom Humanitarian Award) in recognition of his outstanding contribution towards kicking away hepatitis b. The People's Choice Practitioners Awards, organised by Media Men Ghana in April 2017 saw Okyeame receive the ‘Outstanding Health Ambassador’ honours presented to him by the Asantehene, his Majesty Otumfuo Osei Tutu II.Again in 2017, <mask> Kwame joined David Beckham, Hugh Jackman as UNICEF Super Dad Ambassadors. His selection as ambassador comes at the back of his recognition as a father with an enviable, amazing relationship with his children which had taken centre stage in the media over the years. Developmental projects

Owing to his willingness to contribute to making Africa a better place, Kwame was recently unveiled as the Climate Change Ambassador for the Ghana Dedicated Grant Mechanism (DGM),  one of the leading projects of Solidaridad, an international Civil Society Organization with 50 years of global experience in facilitating the development of socially responsible, ecologically sound and profitable supply chains. The move is to make him a voice for positive change in the bid to reducing the impact of climate change in Africa <mask> Kwame and the DGM Project have since visited 52 farming communities in the Brong Ahafo and the Western Regions of Ghana. Some of the activities they engaged in was to use <mask> Kwame's name as a catalyst to draw the public into small and big gatherings where extensive interactions of climate smart activities and positive land use practices are discussed with community folks. His foundation, the Okyeame Kwame Foundation has also embarked on a Hepatitis B vaccination project since 2009, to help end the issue of Hepatitis B which was at its peak in Ghana. Since then, the Okyeame Kwame Foundation has screened over 10,000 people and vaccinated some 5000 more for free.His latest album, Made in Ghana which features some of Ghana's most sensational artistes including Kidi and Kwami Eugene has renewed calls for Ghanaians to feel proud of who they are and to patronize goods made in Ghana in order to promote national identity. It is interesting to know that Kwame's dress style which is often influenced by his root culture, Asante has influenced many youth in Ghana who now prefer making up unique styles with African prints than other prints. Following the launch of the Made in Ghana album and the concept it portrays, the Ministry of Trade and Industry appointed Kwame as Ambassador the for the ‘Made in Ghana’ campaign of the Ministry. Kwame later extended his campaign to the Tourism Ministry where he interacted with the Tourism Minister, Catherine Afeku towards a collaborative effort to instilling in Ghanaians the need to purchase Made in Ghana goods and services. He is also a board member of World Reader, a non profit organization that delivers e-books to people in the developing world. The organization uses e readers, mobile phones and other digital technology to provide readers in 53 countries with a digital library of over 45,000 book titles. In May 2021, <mask> Kwame and his wife launched a book called Love Locked Down.Awards and nominations

References

Ghanaian rappers
Living people
1976 births
Musicians from Kumasi
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology alumni
University of Ghana alumni
Male musicians
Ghanaian hip hop musicians

masks:
Kwame Nsiah Au
Okyeame
Okyeame
Okyeame
Okyeame
Okyeame
Kwame
Okyeame
Kwame
Kwame
Okyeame
Okyeame
Okyeame
Okyeame
Okyeame
Okyeame


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<mask> (4 July 1933 – 20 May 2012) was a British  Jewish activist best known for organising the departure of Jewish children from Morocco when he was 28. He then worked as a lobbyist at the United Nations in Geneva and was also an historian. He was married to Bat Ye'or. Biography
<mask> was born on 4 July 1933, in London, England. He was educated at Canford School, Dorset, England (1951), and Trinity College, Dublin, where he earned his BA with honours and MA degrees in Modern History and Political Science, followed by post-graduate studies at the Institute of Archaeology, University of London. He married his wife Gisèle (née Orebi; originally from Egypt and later known by her nom de plume Bat Ye'or), in September 1959. They moved to Lausanne, Switzerland, the following year.The Littman Library of Jewish Civilization was founded by his brother, Louis Littman. Operation Mural
In 1961, Littman volunteered for a clandestine humanitarian mission to evacuate Jewish children from Morocco to Israel, via Switzerland. Moroccan Jews had been forbidden from leaving the country since 1956. Littman thought he was working for the Jewish Agency – years later it was revealed it was arranged with the assistance of the Mossad. From March–July 1961, posing with his wife and baby daughter as Christians, Littman ran the Casablanca office of the Geneva-based international NGO for children Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants de l'Afrique du Nord (OSSEAN). His code name was "Mural", and the code name for the mission was "Operation Mural". After months of negotiation by Littman, the children left Morocco in five convoys under the guise of a supposed holiday in Switzerland (with Littman accompanying the last convoy), and from Switzerland went to Israel.In all, he assisted in evacuating 530 Jewish children to Israel. The children's families joined them several years later. An article about Operation Mural by Shmuel Segev was published in the magazine Maariv in 1984. Littman's work was then recognized by President Chaim Herzog and later President Shimon Peres, who presented him with the Mimouna award in 1986. A documentary film on the operation, filmed by Yehuda Kaveh, screened in 2007. On 1 June 2008, at a special private commemorative event at the presidential Jerusalem residence – with Littman, his wife, two children, three grandchildren and former key agents from the Mossad, who had worked with Littman – Israeli President Shimon Peres, said:
"Well, it is a belated ceremony, but it doesn't lose its value, because what you did stands on its own legs and is not affected by time. I think that the saving of 530 children is, I imagine, the most moving experience a man can have.You say in Hebrew: 'The one who saves one life, is like the one that saved the life of the whole world.' But when you save 530 children, it’s really unforgettable. I want to express, on behalf of our people, our nation, our recognition of your courage, your wisdom, of your determination under extremely difficult conditions". A year later Littman was honoured by the Israel Intelligence Heritage and Commemoration Center in a unique ceremony on 1 July 2009, with 200 persons, when the "Hero of Silence" Order was conferred on him, he being the 9th person to receive it since 1985. ("An order of highest esteem and appreciation, awarded to <mask> Littman: A clandestine warrior, who risked his life and who served a sacred cause of the People and of the State of Israel"). A few months earlier a Casablanca French newspaper, Le Soir Echos, interviewed him through a Swiss colleague, with their own questions; and published the Operation Mural story integrally in four successive issues (23–26 March) with their own positive titles and sub-titles throughout, and no editing. It was the first time that Moroccans learned about the affair.Activism
In 1970, the Littmans helped to found the Centre d'Information et de Documentation sur le Moyen Orient (CID) in Geneva, which published studies on Middle East subjects until the mid-1980s. He supervised its publications until 1974, and then served as an advisor. Since 1986, he has appeared several times before the United Nations Human Rights Council (formerly the United Nations Commission on Human Rights) on behalf of various NGOs. From 1986–91 he was main representative of the World Union for Progressive Judaism (WUPJ). In February 1992, he joined René Wadlow (main representative of the International Fellowship of Reconciliation; (IFOR)), then with the World Federalist Movement (WFM). He has been an accredited representative for the Association of World Citizens (AWC) and for the Association for World Education (AWE) since 1997, and an accredited representative and main spokesman for the WUPJ again since 2001. He has made oral and written statements (some jointly) at the UN Commission on Human Rights for the WUPJ, IFOR, WFM, International Committee for European Security and Cooperation (ICESC), Christian Solidarity International (CSI), Simon Wiesenthal Center, International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU), AWC, AWC, and other NGOs.Release of Russian Jews
In March 1987, the Soviet delegation to the UN walked out when Littman arranged for Natan Sharansky to speak to the Commission about refuseniks. Also in 1987, he accused the Soviet delegate of antisemitism when he appeared before the UN Commission on Human Rights. In 1988 he requested that several Jews in the USSR who were refused permission to emigrate should be allowed to do so. He repeated the request to Boris Yeltsin in 1991. In August 1989, he appeared before the Commission representing WUPJ. Hamas
From January 1989 Littman sought to make public at the Commission the fact that Hamas in its ideology calls for the annihilation of Israel, and points to Islamic texts for support of its position. Release of Syrian Jewish women
In October 1990, as the WUPJ's representative to the Commission, he petitioned for the release of single Jewish women from Syria; in March 1991 he requested that they appoint a special representative to investigate; and in August 1991, he urged it to work for their release.Lebanese Jewish hostages
In August 1991, he appeared before the Commission on behalf of the WUPJ to urge the release of Lebanese Jews held as hostages in Lebanon. In December 1991, he wrote a letter on behalf of the WUPJ appealing to UN Secretary-General Javier Perez de Cuellar, asking him to discover the fate of the 11 Lebanese Jews who had been kidnapped in the mid-1980s. Claim of UN conference being hijacked
When Israel withdrew from the Durban World Conference Against Racism in 2001, joining the US in protesting perceived anti-Israel and anti-Semitic remarks, The Hindu reported that Littman and WUPJ Rabbi Francois Garai filed a statement saying that the conference had been "hijacked by dictatorial regimes" interested in pursuing jihad against Israel. Christoph Blocher
In December 2003, when Christoph Blocher, who was known in the first instance for his inflammatory anti-immigrant rhetoric, won a seat in the Swiss Federal Council, Littman defended him from charges of anti-Semitism, saying "I personally do not accept the accusation that he is anti-Semitic and await with interest the new policies he will propose for Switzerland." Shariah, violence against women, and anti-semitism
The New York Daily News referred to Littman as a "rare but tenacious [voice] who confront[s] Islamic human rights abuses at the UN at every turn," and cited his complaining to the Council that Iranian law "still allows the marriage of girls at only 9 years old, and justifies the stoning of women for alleged adultery." When Littman sought to make a three-minute statement before the Council's eighth session in June 2008 (on behalf of the AWE) with regard to various forms of violence against women (including female genital mutilation) and shariah, he was blocked after 22 seconds from finishing his statement. Representatives from Egypt, Pakistan, and Iran (speaking on behalf of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference) forced a halt to the proceedings, saying that any discussion of Islamic religious law was insulting to the faith.After deliberations, Council president Doru Romulus Costea of Romania said: "The Council is not prepared to discuss religious questions and we don’t have to do so. Declarations must avoid judgments or evaluation about religion." He told Littman to amend his remarks. Littman gave and amended statement and released copies of the original statement for review. A similar incident occurred at the Council's ninth session, when Littman had prepared a text protesting the antisemitic writings of the Grand Sheikh of Al-Azhar University in Egypt. He was ordered by the new Council President Martin Ihoeghian Uhomoibhi to desist. In March 2009 he was again denied the opportunity to speak, this time for being "off topic" when calling for a universal condemnation of defamations of Judaism during a discussion of freedom of expression and hate speech.Writings
Early in his career, Littman's writings were published in the Wiener Library Bulletin, a periodical of the Wiener Library. Others were published by the CID, which disseminated its publications by mailing them to prominent people and institutions. He also published historical writings with Les Editions de l'Avenir, which distributed its publications in a similar manner. Since 1971, Littman has published articles on historical and human rights issues in academic journals, including in Jean-Paul Sartre's Les Temps Modernes, in the press, and in three books. He also published a chapter in The Century of Moses Montefiore (1985), published by the Littman Library of Jewish Civilization, under the auspices of the Oxford University Press. Littman contributed multiple chapters to The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims (2005), edited by Robert Spencer, Prometheus Books 2005, . He translated many articles by Bat Ye'or into English and co-translated three of her major books, the last published in 2005.Published work
 Jews and Arabs: myths and realities, <mask>, 1973
Arab theologians on Jews and Israel: extracts from the proceedings of the fourth conference of the Academy of Islamic Research, D. F. Green (nom de plume of <mask> and Yehoshafat Harkabi), Majmaʻ al-Buḥūth al-Islāmīyah, Éditions de l'avenir, 3 eds. in English, 2 eds. in French, 1ed. in German (over 70,000 copies of all editions), 1974
 "Jews under Muslim Rule in the late Nineteenth Century," Wiener Library Bulletin 28, n.s. 35/36 (1975)
 "Jews under Muslim Rule, II: Morocco 1903–1912", Wiener Library Bulletin 29, n.s. 37/38 (1976)
 "Protected Peoples under Islam" by <mask> and Bat Ye'or, CID, Geneva, 1976
 "Quelques Aspects de la Condition de Dhimmi: Juifs d'Afrique du Nord avant la Colonisation," in Yod, Revue des Etudes Hébraiques et juives modernes et contemporaines, (Publications Orientalistes de France), 2: 1, October 1976 (+ Geneva, Avenir, 10 May 1997)
Peuples protégés en terre d'Islam, by <mask>, Centre d'Information et de Documentation sur le Moyen-Orient, 1977
 "Jews under Muslim Rule: The Case of Persia," Wiener Library Bulletin, 32, n.s. 49/50 (1979)
 "Les Juifs en Perse avant les Pahlevi," Les Temps Modernes, 395, pp.1,910–35, Juin 1979
 The Century of Moses Montefiore, (ed. Sonia and V.D. Lipman), "Mission to Morocco (1863–1864)", pp. 171–229, by <mask>, in Oxford University Press, 1985
L'histoire du relief de Jérusalem (1864–1985), by <mask>, Centre d'information et de documentation sur le Moyen-Orient, 1986
Statements made by the representatives of the World Union for Progressive Judaism <mask> and Martin Gilbert forty-third session; UN Commission on Human Rights, Geneva, [2 February – 13 March], 1987, Union mondiale pour le judaïsme libéral, Martin Gilbert, <mask>, WUPJ, UN. Commission des droits de l'homme, 1987
 "Human Rights and Human Wrongs," N° 1 – 11, 344 pages (verbatim oral and written statements: 1986–91 made by all accredited representatives of the WUPJ to the UNCHR and UN Sub-Commission, Geneva: 84 texts, of which 68 (oral) and 9 (written) by <mask>, WUPJ, Geneva, 1986–91
 "Utopia: A 'United States of Abraham'," Part 5, Chapter 48 (pp. 453–68) (Lecture: Society for Semitic Studies, Lund University, Sweden, 23 November 1994). Part 5, Chapter 48 (pp.453–68), in The Myth of Islamic Tolerance
 "The U.N. Finds Slavery in the Sudan", Middle East Quarterly (Philadelphia), September 1996
 "Quelques Aspects de la Condition de Dhimmi: Juifs d'Afrique du Nord avant la Colonisation," in Yod, Revue des Etudes Hébraiques et juives modernes et contemporaines (Publications Orientalistes de France), 2: 1, October 1976 (Geneva, Avenir, 10 May 1997)
 "Dangerous Censorship of a U.N. Special Rapporteur," Rene Wadlow and <mask>, Justice (Tel Aviv) No. 14, September 1997
 "UN Special Rapporteur Censured on Islamist and Arab Antisemitism," by Rene Wadlow and <mask>, Midstream, vol. 44, pp. 8–12, February–March 1998
 "Universal Human Rights and 'Human Rights in Islam,'" Midstream (New York) February/March 1999, pp. 2–7
 "Islamism Grows Stronger at the United Nations," Middle East Quarterly, September 1999, vol. 6, No. 3, pp.59–64
 "Syria's Blood Libel Revival at the UN: 1991–2000," Midstream, February/March 2000
 "Jihad and Jihadist Bombers; What’s in a name? ", <mask><mask> Arafat & co.", <mask><mask>, National Review, 26 September 2002
 "The Truth About the Mideast; Fourteen fundamental facts about Israel and Palestine", by <mask>. <mask>, National Review, 7 October 2002
 "The Forgotten Refugees; An exchange of populations", <mask><mask>, National Review, 3 December 2002
 "Human Rights and Human Wrongs; Sharia can’t be an exception to international human-rights norms", by <mask><mask>, National Review, 19 January 2003
 "Islamists' Perpetual Jihad," <mask><mask>, FrontPageMagazine, 15 August 2003
 "Yasser's Terrorist Jesus," by <mask><mask>, FrontPageMagazine, 15 November 2004
 The Myth of Islamic Tolerance: How Islamic Law Treats Non-Muslims, edited by Robert Spencer, "Human Rights and Human Wrongs at the United Nations," Part 5 (pp. 305–472), <mask><mask>, Prometheus Books, , contributor of multiple chapters, 2005
 Copts in Egypt: A Christian Minority under Siege; papers presented at the First International Coptic Symposium, Zürich, September 23–25, 2004, Martyn Thomas, Adly A. Youssef, "Need of a State for all Citizens," by <mask>, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, , , 2006
 Encyclopedia of the Jewish diaspora: origins, experiences, and culture, Volume 1, M. Avrum Ehrlich, p. 382, "Modern Jewish Refugees from Arab Countries," David G. Littman, ABC-CLIO, , , 2008
 "L'Exil au Maghreb, La condition juive dans l'Islam, 1148–1912", Paul B. Fenton et <mask> G. Littman, 17 November 2010, Presses de l'Université Paris-Sorbonne,

Notes and references

1933 births
2012 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Alumni of the UCL Institute of Archaeology
British lobbyists
British human rights activists
British Jewish writers
People educated at Canford School
People from Lausanne
People of the Mossad
Writers from London

masks:
David Gerald Littman
David Littman
David Gerald
David Littman
Littman
David Littman
David Littman
David Littman
David Littman
David Littman
David Littman
David Littman
David Littman
David Littman
David G
. Littmansser
David G
. Littman
David G
Littman
David G
. Littman
David G
. Littman
David G
. Littman
David G
. Littman
David G
. Littman
David Littman
David


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<mask>, AM (9 August 1805 – 21 January 1877) was an American Presbyterian minister, lawyer, writer, and poet well known for his involvement in the nativist and anti-Catholic movements in Upstate New York during the mid-1800s. He was also a leading theologian of conservative Presbyterianism in the mid-19th century, serving as Moderator of the 63rd General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1852. Early life
<mask> was born in Washington, New Hampshire on 9 August 1805 to parents Reverend <mask>, a Congregational minister and <mask>. Born in Cornish, New Hampshire, his mother was a cousin of Salmon P<mask>, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. He had four brothers, two who became clergymen: <mask>, who later became a Presbyterian minister in Springfield, New York, and <mask>, who grew up to be an Episcopal priest and writer in Vicksburg, Mississippi, and two who became lawyers: <mask>, Judge of the Circuit Court of St. Louis, Missouri, and <mask>, who established the law firm of Lord & Lord in New York City. When he was five, his family moved to the small Town of Burlington in Otsego County, New York. It was there that <mask> began his education, at a local public elementary school.At age 12, he transferred to Union Academy, a boarding school in Plainfield, New Hampshire. Union Academy was founded by his uncle, Hon. Daniel Kimball, and its current title, Kimball Union Academy, bears his name. He stayed at Union Academy for three years, graduating with a class of 40 boys and five girls. He then went to Madison Academy, and later Madison College. At age 17, he went off to Hamilton College in Clinton, New York. Not caring for athletics, his two years at Hamilton were his formative intellectual years.He began writing poetry, and placed reading books of his personal interests above his class reading assignments, which was the reason for his mediocre grades. During his college years, <mask> was not a Christian and generally hostile to religion. He wrote in a memoir:

Like Augustine in the years when he studied at Carthage, he gave promise of an enemy, rather than a friend of Jesus of Nazareth. He was never dissolute, but during his collegiate course, and for some years after, he was thoroughly indifferent, and did whatever his tastes led him to believe would be pleasurable. Law career
After two years at Hamilton, <mask>'s growing disaffection with college life caused him to suddenly move to Canada with a friend, where he became editor-in-chief of a national newspaper, The Canadian. After just one year in that position, he decided to move back to the United States and specifically Buffalo. In his diary, he cites finances as a reason; indeed, when he arrived in Buffalo, he had enough money for just a single meal and only one night's stay in a hotel.Almost immediately after his arrival, he was hired by the law firm of Love & Tracy, then the preeminent lawyers of western New York. He quickly became a popular figure, and well respected by Buffalo society, and was chosen to represent the city in the United States semi-centennial celebrations. In 1825, at Buffalo's quarter-century celebrations, he was also chosen to speak, in which he recounted the more colorful side of Buffalo's history, recalling a panther killed in the street, the city's vicious rivalry with nearby Black Rock during its village years, and the construction of the Erie Canal. To supplement his income, he started an academy on Main Street for one winter, and, because of his respected status, it was quite successful, producing many of Buffalo's important citizens at the time. He was made Deputy Clerk of Erie County in 1827, and on 18 February 1828 was admitted to the Bar. On 9 December 1828, he married his first sweetheart, Mary Elizabeth <mask>, the daughter of Dr. Ebenezer <mask>, who later became the first Mayor of Buffalo. The eloped with only the Lord parents present, as the <mask>'s opposed their daughter's marriage.They later changed their minds and became great friends with <mask>. Conversion and ministry
During this period of his life, <mask> attended First Presbyterian Church, at the time the only of its denomination in Buffalo, and was elected a trustee of the congregation. Despite his clear involvement with the church, he was still not yet a deeply committed Christian, never publicly speaking at services. However, <mask>'s biography reports that he truly "converted" to the Christianity for unknown reasons, and offered public prayer at services one day. When his mother learned of this, she reportedly cried of happiness, and said that she was now "ready to depart in peace." In his new religious fervor, <mask> felt the calling to become a minister, and in 1830, enrolled in Auburn Seminary. After graduating in 1833, he ministered in Fayetteville, New York for several months.In September 1833, he was ordained and installed minister of Presbyterian Church of Geneseo in Livingston County, New York. From his seminary years on, <mask> was known as an especially orthodox and earnestly dogmatic in his adherence to Calvinism, which he considered as truest of any Christian branch. His congregations were generally enthusiastic to receive him as a minister, for he was known as intelligent and charismatic. In 1835, the Buffalo Presbytery voted to establish a second church in addition to the First Presbyterian Church in Buffalo. Known as the Pearl Street Presbyterian Church, it began with 33 members who had transferred from First Church, and <mask> was appointed as its first minister. Upon arrival, he described the new church building: "The edifice was rudely constructed of hemlock boards doubled upon scantling, and filled in with tan-bark. It cost about three hundred dollars."He did not desire this new post, instead hoping to pursue missionary work in Mississippi, but accepted out of duty. His first sermon to his new flock was in November 1835. A year later, the youthful, quickly growing congregation had constructed a superior church structure, costing $30,000 (Equivalent to $749,456 in 2015). He set to work creating a vibrant community at the church, creating a large choir featuring brass instruments, and offered many of the fiery sermons that made him so famous. He quickly became more popular than the Pearl Street Church, offering praise for Buffalo and its citizens, but also criticism of their common sins, that other preachers overlooked. In 1836, he was honored as a New York representative to the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America. The next year, the liberal and conservative factions, commonly called the Old and New Schools, of the Church split into two autonomous wings that would not reunite until 1869.During these tumultuous times, <mask>'s church was the sole bastion of Presbyterian traditionalist beliefs in Buffalo. His alma mater, Hamilton College, awarded him an honorary Doctor of Divinity in 1841. In 1849, <mask> spoke in his Quarter Century Sermon, spoke of Buffalo's experience of the cholera epidemic:

<mask> began the year 1850 with his famous New Year's Sermon, widely published by local newspapers for its eloquence:

By now a nationally famous figure in theology, his lectures titled "The Land of Ophir," "The Progress of Civilization," "The Star Aldebaran," "The War of the Titans," and "The Romance of History" were published as a collection in 1851. After years serving as a delegate, <mask> was chosen as the Moderator of the 63rd General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America in 1852, which took place in Charleston, South Carolina. Also in 1852 was the completion of the new Central Presbyterian Church in Buffalo, which housed the congregation of the former Pearl Street Presbyterian Church, and the construction of which began in 1848. The new church was at the time the largest place of worship in western New York, an ovular structure filled with natural lighting. A newspaper at the time described it as "not unlike the famous City Temple of London."During the winter 1859-1860, <mask> took six months off from his duties at Central Presbyterian Church, staying in Mobile, Alabama and preaching weekly at the Government Street Presbyterian Church. He returned to Buffalo just prior to the outbreak of the Civil War. <mask>'s loyalties were strongly Unionist. While he had defended the legality of slavery in earlier years, he had also always been an implacable critic of the practice itself. Sisters of Charity Hospital
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Buffalo was created in 1847, and Bishop <mask>, its first prelate, immediately saw the lack of an organized healthcare system in the City of Buffalo. There were some private clinics, but no large central hospital, public or private. The city's mainly Protestant and nativist leadership, of whom <mask><mask> was the de facto leader did not adequately address the healthcare needs of the rapidly growing and mostly Catholic working class, partly due to prejudice.Some did try to establish a Protestant hospital, but efforts faded away for lack of popular interest. Bishop Timon took efforts into his own hands, traveling to Baltimore in March 1848, seeking a religious order to administer the new hospital. The Sisters of Charity (now known as the Daughters of Charity) agreed to the task, and on 3 June 1848,[3] eight Sisters of Charity, Sisters Ursula Mattingly, Ann de Sales Farren, Hieronimo O'Brien, Anacaria Hoey, Clare McDurby, Mary Aloysia Lilly, Mary Eliza Dougherty, and Agatha O'Keefe,[4] arrived in Buffalo. On 1 October 1848, Sisters of Charity Hospital officially opened as the city's first large healthcare facility, under the leadership of Sister Ursula Mattingly, DC. [3] The first patients were a group of six sailors. Very little attention at first was given to the hospital originally, with The Buffalo Morning Express reporting the news simply by writing: "The city is well received in having a hospital for its own. "[6] The New York State Legislature provided funding for sectarian hospitals in locations where there were no nonsectarian hospitals, and Sisters of Charity Hospital was eligible for and received $9,000 (equivalent to $266,667 in 2015 dollars).The state funding was done rather inconspicuously, and the news only gained attention a few months later, when some of Buffalo's Protestant doctors protested the state funding of a Catholic institution as the city's first hospital. Tensions were high in New York at this time due to the recent Seneca Falls Convention, at which 68 women and 32 men out of 300 attendees signed the now-famous Declaration of Sentiments, which listed men's

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 abuses of women's freedom and rights. The event was still fresh in the minds of the people of New York, and the Protestant men of Buffalo felt threatened, increasing their strong objection to the educated, Catholic females who were running a now-state funded hospital. Buffalo's elite began speaking out against the Sisters Hospital and its state funding, criticizing its all-female leadership, lack of physicians' influence in decision making, and small staff. In early February 1850, Protestant doctors Josiah Trowbridge, Austin Flint, and James White privately complained to <mask>, possibly Buffalo's most influential citizen at the time, about the administration of the hospital, arguing that three Sisters alone was not proper for the management of an entire hospital. He was enraged, seeing it not only as a religious threat but a political concern. Letter-writing feud
On 16 February 1850, the Saturday edition of The Buffalo Morning Express published an anonymous letter to the editor condemning the state legislature for providing public funding for Sisters of Charity Hospital "without securing the rights of the public therein or requiring any of the usual guarantees of the appropriation of that money.Much dissatisfaction has been felt and expressed in regard to the actions of the legislature. "[8] The letter was written by <mask> under his admitted pseudonym "Constituents". The inflammatory message resulted in a series of letters from both the Diocese of Buffalo and "Constituents", all published by The Buffalo Morning Express, a Whig Party-dominated and strongly anti-Catholic publication. Bishop Timon expressed dismay when shown the letter, and two days later The Buffalo Morning Express published a reply letter, in which he wrote that the Sisters of Charity Hospital was an "institution resting on the broad lines of charity, without reference to creed, color or country." <mask> wrote a heated letter in reply, calling the idea of the hospital as charitable "ridiculous". He contended that the hospital funding was granted to win political favor, as it was granted just prior to an election. Bishop Timon responded with a letter implying that bigotry towards the charity of the Catholic Church is the reason for the letters written by "Constituents."<mask>, through his pseudonym, responded in his own defense, stating that "Roman Catholic institutions, charitable if they please to call them so" are not what is opposed by Protestants, only the fact that the state legislature is "[funding] not a public hospital but a Roman Catholic one," and were "willing to do for the Papists what they have never done for their own religious institutions." He accused the government of being in collaboration with the Catholic Church, arguing that the funding was illegal. He warned that Sisters of Charity Hospital would make "citizens become subjects of Romish magic," and asked "are Roman Catholics to be almoners of Protestant charities to the poor and destitute?" In another letter, he asserted that the hospital funding was illegal because "not a single Protestant is in the Corporation or has any supervision of its affairs." In the Christian Advocate, a Protestant newspaper at which <mask> was editor, he questioned why anyone who defends the Constitution "will be willing to be taxed to build up an institution the control of which is beyond the votes of a free republican people." Vicar General Fr. O'Reilly responded with a letter the next day reminding that the hospital existed to provide "corporeal mercy" for the sick and injured and that "the doors of that institution are as free to the clergy of one denomination of believers as they are to that of another."In yet another letter, <mask> wrote falsehoods about the Sisters and the hospital: "... had not the migrating body of sisters abandoned their location in another state ... May not the hospital here be closed at any time by the departure of its inmates to a new locality?" He also accused the Sisters of providing Catholic priests for patients who requested Protestant ministers and of offering patients free treatment if they converted to Catholicism. In reality, Bishop Timon, carefully recognizing the risk of proselytizing in such a hostile area, specifically forbad the Sisters of Charity from ever mentioning religion to Protestants unless one initiated the topic independently. He then published the statements of two former patients, who testified that Sister Ursula Mattingly, the director of the hospital, improperly treated non-Catholic patients, was not "properly trained in the medicines," and was a foreigner. One, named Michael Murphy, swore out an affidaviton 1 March 1850. He reported that <mask> offered him clothes and enough money to travel to Canada, where he was relocating, if he would tell the "emigrant agent office" that he was treated poorly by the Sisters of Charity. While Bishop Timon's and "Constituents"' letters were prolific during the month of February, by March Buffalo had a more pressing concern: a cholera epidemic was reaching its height after several months.Bishop Timon abruptly ceased responding to <mask>'s public letters; he was too busy with his efforts procuring additional state funding to expand the hospital. Also on his mind was the longterm missions of literally building a diocese from the ground up. New parishes, schools, colleges, seminaries, and an orphanage were needed to serve the growing Catholic population, who now made up more than half the population of Buffalo. <mask> published one last attack in The Buffalo Morning Express on 2 March 1850, warning local Protestants that Catholic priests and nuns seek "the conversion of Protestant children to the Romish faith." He warned, "beware of the Romish priesthood," claiming they ignore their vows of celibacy and use the Catholic Church for profit. In 1850, after months of public feuding between the Catholic and Protestant leaders of Buffalo, the New York State Legislature passed multiple bills denying additional funding to Sisters of Charity Hospital. The laws were pushed through by State Assemblyman <mask>, a close friend of <mask>, who wrote of the events in his memoir, "the apostate and tyranny of Rome was discovered and the State wisely chose to listen to the people for there is a law greater than the Constitution."Later life and death
According to his biography, from 1868 on he began to feel overburdened by his pastorate, as his church was very large with only a single minister. This led to the 1870 hiring of Rev. A. L. Benton from Lima, New York. However, the co-pastor was lost in 1872, when Benton accepted a new position ministering at the Fredonia Presbyterian Church of Fredonia, New York. By now an older man, and with the difficult task on ministering to a large church without any help, <mask> felt the need to leave the position of pastor to someone else. In September 1873, his resignation was reluctantly accepted by the Central Presbyterian Church, after 38 years as pastor. Following his retirement, <mask> had the honor of traveling to Cleveland, Ohio as Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America.He cofounded a local Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and spent much time and money on the organization. He continued attending Central Presbyterian Church when his health permitted. In the fall of 1876, <mask>'s health began to fail, and he acknowledged that his time was near. For two days he was unconscious, and on the evening of Sunday, 21 January 1877, he died, surrounded by his parishioners. The Revs. A. T. Chester and D. R. Frazer spoke at his funeral, with Rev. Charles Wood officiating the service.Beliefs
Addressing Hamilton College students, <mask> spoke of the necessity of the inclusion of the supernatural in Christian theology:

A strong critic of Islam, in his lecture "The Romance of History," <mask> defended the Crusades and harshly condemned the control of the Holy Land by Muslims, and also encouraged the conversion of the Jews:

<mask> publicized his view opposing slavery during the early 1850s, with a sermon published in newspapers in which he concludes that although God does not condone the practice, citizens have no right to oppose it as a legal and constitutional institution. The sermon caused a national controversy, as some incorrectly interpreted <mask>'s view as being that the government can essentially make any sinful action legal or mandatory, including murder and theft, among others. He was called a Judas and a Benedict Arnold, although the controversy simmered out fairly quickly as his true views became clarified. Indeed, he was eventually commended by fellow clerics, and by President Millard Fillmore, who sent him the following letter:

Bibliography
 Annual address by the Rev. <mask><mask>, D. D.: Preachers, pedagogues and poets of Buffalo in 1825 (1825)
 Sermons to Young Men (1838)
 Lectures on the Progress of Civilization and Government, and Other Subjects (1851)
 Causes and Remedies of the Present Convulsions: A Discourse (1854)
 Occasional Poems (1869)
 Memoirs and Papers of Reverend Doctor <mask> Lord
 Memoir of <mask><mask>, D.D. : pastor of the Central Presbyterian Church for thirty-eight years (1878)

Sermons
 "The Character and Influence of Washington, Before the Union Continentals, of Buffalo" (22 February 1863)
 "Connection of Sacred and Profane History"
 "Descendants of Ishmael"
 "Errors in Theory, Practice, and Doctrine"
 "The Higher Law as applicable to the Fugitive Slave Bill" (30 November 1850)
 "The Justice of Our National Cause" (26 September 1861)
 "The Land of Ophir"
 "The Progress of Civilization"
 "The Romance of History"
 "Signs of the Times" (26 November 1837)
 "The Star Aldebaran" (14 February 1848)
 "The Throne of Iniquity" (26 November 1863)
 "The War of the Titans"

See also
 Chase family

References

External links
 A Review of Rev. Dr. Lord's Thanksgiving Sermon, in Favor of Domestic Slavery, Entitled The Higher Law, in its Application to The Fugitive Slave Bill
 "The Justice of Our National Cause" sermon

1805 births
1877 deaths
19th-century American lawyers
19th-century American writers
19th-century Congregationalists
19th-century Presbyterian ministers
Auburn Theological Seminary alumni
Activists from New Hampshire
Activists from New York (state)
American Presbyterian ministers
American letter writers
American religious writers
Critics of the Catholic Church
Converts to Presbyterianism
Former Congregationalists
Hamilton College (New York) alumni
Religious leaders from Buffalo, New York
People from Sullivan County, New Hampshire
19th-century American

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<mask> (15 February 1972 – 15 May 2006) was an English mountaineer who died near the summit of Mount Everest. His death caused controversy and debate because he was passed by a number of other climbers heading to and returning from the summit as he was dying, although a number of others tried to help him. <mask> had previously summitted Cho Oyu and was noted as being a talented rock climber who seemed to acclimatise well, and was known for being in good humour around mountaineering camps. He appeared briefly in season one of the television show Everest: Beyond the Limit, which was filmed the same season as his ill-fated expedition to Everest. <mask> had a degree from the University of Nottingham and pursued climbing as a hobby. He had worked for an engineering firm and took time off to go on adventures and climbing expeditions, but had been planning to start work as a school teacher in the autumn of 2006. Early life
<mask> was born in Harpenden, near London, and later attended Prior Pursglove College and the University of Nottingham.He graduated with a Mechanical Engineering degree in 1993. He worked for global security company QinetiQ. In 2005 he quit this job and took a teacher training course, and was planning to start work as a teacher in the autumn of 2006. <mask> was also an experienced and accomplished mountaineer, and had climbed some of the world's tallest mountains including Cho Oyu in the Himalayas. <mask> did not believe in using a guide for mountains he was familiar with, local climbing assistance or artificial enhancements, such as high altitude drugs or supplementary oxygen, to reach the top of a mountain. Expeditions and summits

Mountaineering summary
While growing up in England, <mask> climbed Roseberry Topping. At university, he was a member of the Mountaineering Club.<mask> also took a six-month sabbatical from his job to go on a backpacking trip through South America and Asia. In May 2002, <mask> summited the  Cho Oyu with Jamie McGuinness and Tsering Pande Bhote. Cho Oyu is the sixth highest peak in the world and is near Mount Everest. The leader of the Cho Oyu expedition, impressed with <mask>'s strength, acclimatisation abilities, and rock climbing talent, invited him to join an expedition to Everest the next year. 2001 Gasherbrum II expedition
In 2001, <mask> went on an expedition to Gasherbrum II, an  mountain located in the Karakoram, on the border between Gilgit–Baltistan province, Pakistan-administered Kashmir, and Xinjiang, China. The expedition, led by Henry Todd, did not summit due to bad weather. 2002 Cho Oyu expedition
In 2002, <mask> went on an expedition to Cho Oyu, an  peak in the Himalayas, with a group led by Richard Dougan and McGuinness of the Himalayan Project.They did make it to the summit, but one member died from falling into a crevasse; this opened up a slot on the group's trip to Everest the next year. Dougan regarded <mask> as a strong climber, but noted that he was tall and skinny, possessing a light frame with little body fat; in cold-weather mountaineering, body fat can be critical to survival. 2003 Mount Everest expedition
<mask>'s first Mount Everest expedition was in 2003 with a group led by British climber Richard Dougan. The party also included Terence Bannon, Martin Duggan, Stephen Synnott, and McGuinness. Only Bannon and McGuinness reached the summit, but the group incurred no fatalities. Dougan noted that <mask> had acclimatised well and was their strongest team member. In addition, <mask> was noted for being a pleasant person at camp and had a talent for rock climbing.However, when <mask> started to get frostbite on the group's ascent, most of the group agreed to turn back with him from the summit. Dougan and <mask> helped a struggling Spanish climber who was heading up at that time, and gave him some extra oxygen. <mask> lost some of his toes to frostbite on this climb. 2004 Mount Everest expedition
In 2004, <mask> joined a Franco-Austrian expedition to the north side of Mount Everest, climbed to , but did not reach the summit. <mask> could not keep up with the others and stopped before the First Step. The expedition's leader was Hugues d’Aubarede, a French climber who was later killed in the 2008 K2 disaster (his third attempt to climb that mountain), but who became, on this 2004 expedition, the 56th French person to summit Everest. D'Aubarede's group reached the summit on the morning of 17 May and included Austrians Marcus Noichl, Paul Koller, and Fredrichs "Fritz" Klausner as well as Nepalis Chhang Dawa Sherpa, Lhakpa Gyalzen Sherpa, and Zimba Zangbu Sherpa (also known as Ang Babu).When <mask> died in 2006, d'Aubarede was on an expedition to K2. D'Aubarede said <mask> disagreed with him that it was wrong to climb alone and to attempt summiting without using supplementary oxygen. This is confirmed by <mask>'s emails to other climbers in which he stated he did not believe in using extra oxygen. He joined four climbers on this expedition, so <mask> relented on that point of disagreement, but only for a time, as he would return in 2006 for his solo attempt. As a result of his 2004 attempt, <mask> incurred frostbite on his fingers during the expedition. 2006 Mount Everest expedition
Two years later, <mask> returned to Everest to reach the summit on a solo climb arranged through Asian Trekking. The attempt ultimately cost him his life.<mask> was climbing alone and had intended to reach the summit without using supplementary oxygen, which is considered to be extremely risky even for very strong acclimatised mountain climbers or Sherpas. However, <mask> apparently did not consider it a challenge to climb Everest with supplementary oxygen. <mask> was climbing with a bare-bones "basic services" package from Asian Trekking that does not offer support after a certain altitude is reached on the mountain or a Sherpa to climb with as a partner, although this option was available to <mask> for an additional fee. He was grouped with 13 other independent climbers – including Vitor Negrete, Thomas Weber, and Igor Plyushkin who also died attempting to summit that year – on the International Everest Expedition. This package only provided a permit, a trip into Tibet, oxygen equipment, transportation, food, and tents up to the Mount Everest "Advance Base Camp" (ABC) at an elevation of about . The group <mask> was with was not really an "expedition" and had no leader, although it is considered good climbing ethics that members of the group make some effort to keep track of one another. Before <mask> booked his trip with Asian Trekking, his friend McGuinness, an experienced climber and guide, invited him to join his organised expedition at a discount.<mask> acknowledged this as a good deal but declined so he could act independently and climb at his own pace. Critically, <mask> opted to climb alone without a Sherpa, deciding not to bring sufficient supplementary oxygen (reportedly only two bottles, which is enough for about 8 to 10 hours of climbing at high altitude) and without a radio to call for help if he encountered problems. <mask> was transported by vehicle to the Base Camp, and his equipment was transported by yak train to the Advance Base Camp, as part of the Asian Trekking "basic services" package. <mask> remained there for five days to acclimatise to the altitude. He made several trips up and down the mountain to set up and stock his upper camps and further acclimatise himself. <mask> likely set out from a camp high on the mountain below the Northeast Ridge to make a summit attempt during the late evening of May 13th. He needed to climb what is referred to as the "Exit Cracks", traverse the Northeast Ridge, including the Three Steps, reach the summit, then climb down to return to his high camp while reportedly bringing his limited supply of supplementary oxygen which he intended to use only in an emergency.<mask> either managed to reach the summit or turned back near the summit to descend very late in the day on May 14th. In the end, he was forced to bivouac on the mountain during his descent in the dark at about  under a rocky overhang known as Green Boots' Cave situated near the so-called First Step. There he was overcome by the elements without any remaining supplementary oxygen, possibly combined with equipment problems, likely also suffering some degree of altitude sickness due to a lack of oxygen on one of the coldest nights of the season. <mask>'s predicament was not immediately known for several reasons: he was not climbing with an expedition that would monitor climbers' locations; he had not told anyone beforehand of his summit attempt (although other climbers spotted him on his ascent); he did not have a radio or satellite phone with him to let anyone know where he was or that he was in trouble and two other more inexperienced climbers from his group went missing at around the same time. One of the two missing climbers was Malaysian Ravi Chandran, who was eventually found but required medical attention after getting frostbite. Some members of the group of climbers <mask> was with, including George Dijmarescu, realised <mask> was missing when he did not return later in the evening on May 15th and nobody reported seeing him. <mask> was an experienced climber who had previously turned around when he had experienced problems and it was surmised that <mask> had sought shelter at one of the higher camps or bivouacked somewhere higher up on Everest, so his failure to return to camp did not initially cause serious concern.High-altitude bivouacs are very risky but are sometimes recommended in certain extreme situations. <mask> ultimately died under the rocky overhang, sitting with arms clasped around his legs, next to Green Boots. The "cave" is situated approximately  above the high camps, commonly called Camp 4 but the extreme cold, fatigue, lack of oxygen and darkness made a descent to Camp 4 very dangerous or next to impossible. Accounts of the Fatal Climb

Himex Expedition – First Team
Himex organised several teams to climb Everest during the 2006 climbing season expedition. The first team was guided by mountain climber and guide Bill Crouse. At around 01:00 on May 14th, Crouse's expedition team passed by <mask> during their ascent near the location on the North route known as the "Exit Cracks". When Crouse's team descended around 11:00, they saw <mask> once again but this time he was higher up on the mountain at the base of the Third Step.By the time Crouse's expedition had descended to the Second Step, more than one hour later, they looked back to see that <mask> was above the Third Step but was climbing very slowly and had only moved about . Turkish Team
Another source of information about <mask> were reports from a team of Turkish climbers. They left their high camp in the evening on May 14th and were essentially traveling in three separate groups. Late in the evening to early morning, the Turkish team members encountered <mask> in the darkness while they were ascending. The first group encountered <mask> around midnight, noticed he was alive and thought that he appeared to be a climber taking a short break. <mask> supposedly waved them on. Some time later, others who noticed <mask> thought he was already dead; recovery of a dead climber's body is almost impossible due to the conditions so far up the mountain.It is thought that <mask> might've fallen asleep between these two encounters. The fact that <mask> wanted to sleep was noted by other climbers who encountered him later on, a quote telling people that he wanted to sleep was later reported in some news media stories. Some of the Turkish team summited early in the morning on May 15th while some turned back near the summit due to difficulties one of their team members was having. The Turkish team members who turned back encountered <mask> again at about 07:00 and one of them was the Turkish team leader, Serhan Pocan, who had previously passed

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 <mask> in the night and thought <mask> was a climber who had recently died. In the daylight, Pocan realised that <mask> was alive and in serious trouble. <mask> had no oxygen left, had serious frostbite and some limbs were frozen. Two of the Turkish climbers stayed, gave him something to drink and tried to help him move.When they themselves began to run low on oxygen, they were forced to leave but with the intent to return with more oxygen. Their initial effort to help was complicated by their own problems trying to get Burçak Özoğlu Poçan down safely; she was the climber in their group having medical problems. Serhan Pocan placed radio calls to the rest of the team coming down from the summit about <mask> and continued descending with Burçak. At about 08:30, two other members of the Turkish team cleaned out <mask>'s iced up mask to give him oxygen but they had started to run out themselves and had to descend. The remaining Turks later attempted to further help <mask> along with some Himex expedition members. Himex Expedition – Second Team
The vanguard of the second team of Himex climbers included Max Chaya, New Zealand double-amputee Mark Inglis, Wayne Alexander (who designed Inglis' prosthetic climbing legs), Discovery cameraman Mark Whetu, experienced climbing guide Mark Woodward, and their Sherpas, including Phurba Tashi. The team left their high camp around  late in the evening near midnight on May 14th.Chaya and the Sherpa he was climbing with were out in front by about half an hour. At about 01:00, Woodward and his group (including Inglis, Alexander, Whetu and some Sherpas) encountered <mask>, who Woodward knew should not be there. He was neither conscious nor moving, was suffering from severe frostbite but they could see that he was breathing. Woodward noticed <mask> had thin gloves and no oxygen and said that they yelled at <mask> to get up, get moving and follow the headlamps back to the high camps. Woodward shined his headlamp in <mask>'s eyes, but <mask> was unresponsive. Woodward thought he was almost dead and in a hypothermic coma, commenting, "Oh, this poor guy, he's stuffed", and believed <mask> could not be rescued. Woodward attempted to radio their Advanced Base Camp about <mask> but got no reply.Alexander commented, "God bless... Rest in peace", before the group moved on. Woodward said it was not an easy decision to make but his chief responsibility was the safety of his own team members. Stopping in the extreme cold at that time would have risked the lives of his entire team. At that elevation, one has to be conscious and able to walk to attempt a rescue. Maxime Chaya reached the summit at around 06:00. During his descent, Chaya and the Sherpa he was with, Dorjee, encountered <mask> a little after 09:00, noticed he was shivering and tried to help him. Chaya also notified the Himex expedition manager Russell Brice over the group's radio.He had not seen <mask> in the darkness of the ascent. Chaya observed that <mask> was unconscious, shivering severely and was wearing a thin pair of wool gloves with no hat, glasses or goggles. <mask> was severely frostbitten, had frozen hands and legs and was found with only one empty oxygen bottle. At one point <mask> stopped shivering, leading Chaya to believe he had died; some time later he started shivering again. They attempted to give him oxygen, but there was no response. After about an hour, Brice advised Chaya that he was running out of oxygen and there was nothing he could do, so he needed to come down. Chaya told The Washington Post: "it almost looks like he [<mask>] had a death wish".Soon after Chaya descended, some of the others from the second Himex group and a Turkish group encountered <mask> again during their descent and attempted to help him. Phurba Tashi, the lead Sherpa for Himex, and a Turkish Sherpa gave <mask> oxygen from a spare bottle they found, patted him to try to get circulation going and tried to give him something to drink. At one point <mask> mumbled a few sentences. The group tried to get <mask> to his feet, but he was not able to stand, even with assistance. They moved <mask> into the sunlight and descended. It took the two strongest Sherpas about 20 minutes just to move <mask> about four steps into the sunlight, so they could not have taken <mask> with them. Mark Inglis Controversy
Following <mask>'s death, Mark Inglis was initially severely criticised by the media and others, including Sir Edmund Hillary, for not helping <mask>.Inglis stated that <mask> had been passed by 30 to 40 other climbers heading for the summit who made no attempt at a rescue, but he was criticised for not helping <mask> simply because he was more well known. Inglis said he believed that <mask> was ill-prepared, lacking proper gloves, not bringing enough supplementary oxygen and was already doomed by the time of his ascent. He also initially stated, "I... radioed, and  [expedition manager Russell Brice] said, 'Mate, you can't do anything. He's been there X number of hours without oxygen. He's effectively dead.' Trouble is, at 8500 meters it's extremely difficult to keep yourself alive, let alone keep anyone else alive". Statements by Inglis suggest that he believed that <mask> was probably so close to death as to have been beyond help by the time the Inglis party passed him during his group's ascent and the reported radio calls to their base camp.However Brice, who was initially criticised for reportedly advising Inglis during his ascent to move on without assessing the situation at that time or the possibility of rescue for <mask>, denies the claim that any radio call was received about the stranded climber until he was notified some eight hours later by climber Maxime Chaya, who had not seen <mask> in the darkness of the ascent. At this time <mask> was unconscious and shivering violently with severe frostbite, with no gloves or oxygen. It was revealed that Brice kept detailed logs of radio calls with his expedition members, recorded all radio traffic, and that the Discovery channel was filming Brice during this time, all of which confirmed that Brice was first notified of <mask> being in trouble when climber Chaya contacted Brice at about 09:00. In the documentary Dying for Everest, Mark Inglis stated: "From my memory, I used the radio. I got a reply to move on and there is nothing that I can do to help. Now I'm not sure whether it was from Russell [Brice] or from someone else, or whether you know... it's just hypoxia and it's ... it's in your mind." It is believed that if Inglis did in fact have a radio conversation where he was told that "he's been there X number of hours without oxygen" that it must have been on Inglis' descent, as there was no way for Brice or other climbers to have known how long <mask> had been where he was found during the climber's ascent.In July 2006 Inglis retracted his claim that he was told to continue his ascent after informing Brice of a climber in distress, blaming the extreme conditions at altitude for the uncertainty in his memory. The Discovery Channel was filming the Himex expedition for a documentary Everest: Beyond the Limit, including an HD camera carried by Whetu (that became unusable during the ascent due to the extreme cold) and helmet cameras for some of the Himex Sherpas, which included footage indicating that <mask> was only found by Inglis's group on their descent. However, the group of climbers with Inglis confirmed that they did discover <mask> on the ascent, but they do not confirm that Brice was contacted regarding <mask> during the ascent. By the time the Inglis group reached him on the descent and contacted Brice they were low on oxygen, heavily fatigued, with several cases of severe frostbite and other problems on the mountain, making any rescue by them impossible. Jamie McGuinness
New Zealand mountaineer Jamie McGuinness reported about a Sherpa that reached <mask> on the descent, "...Dawa from Arun Treks also gave oxygen to <mask> and tried to help him move, repeatedly, for perhaps an hour. But he could not get <mask> to stand alone or even stand resting on his shoulders. Dawa had to leave him too.Even with two Sherpas it was not going to be possible to get <mask> down the tricky sections below". McGuinness was part of an expedition that successfully climbed Cho Oyu with <mask> in 2002. He also was on the 2003 expedition to Mount Everest with <mask> and other climbers, and in 2006 offered <mask> the opportunity to climb Everest with his organised expedition for little more than what he ultimately paid Asian Trekking, which <mask> declined as he wanted to climb Everest independently. In the documentary Dying For Everest, McGuiness noted that <mask> did not expect to be rescued - "absolutely not, he was clear to me that he understood the risks and he did not want to endanger anyone else". Discovery Channel TV series
<mask> was briefly caught on a camera in the morning on 15 May during filming of the first season of a television show Everest: Beyond the Limit, which was filmed the same season as his ill-fated expedition. The footage was from the helmet camera of a Himex Sherpa who encountered <mask>, along with one of the Himex group of climbers who included Mark Inglis, during their descent, and was attempting to help <mask> along with a Turkish Sherpa. Reactions

Sir Edmund Hillary
Sir Edmund Hillary was highly critical of the decision not to try to rescue <mask>, as reported by the media at that time, saying that leaving other climbers to die is unacceptable, and the desire to get to the summit has become all-important.He also said, "I think the whole attitude towards climbing Mount Everest has become rather horrifying. The people just want to get to the top. It was wrong if there was a man suffering altitude problems and was huddled under a rock, just to lift your hat, say good morning and pass on by". He told the New Zealand Herald that he was horrified by the callous attitude of today's climbers. "They don't give a damn for anybody else who may be in distress and it doesn't impress me at all that they leave someone lying under a rock to die", and that, "I think that their priority was to get to the top and the welfare of one of the ... of a member of another expedition was very secondary." Hillary also called Mark Inglis "crazy". <mask>'s mother
<mask>, <mask>'s mother does not blame other climbers.She told The Sunday Times, "Your responsibility is to save yourself – not to try to save anybody else." <mask>
Mountaineer <mask>, who was on Everest that season on the North side, commented to The Washington Post: "It's too bad that none of the people who cared about <mask> knew he was in trouble", because "the outcome would have been a lot different." Watson thought it was possible to save <mask>, and he said <mask> had worked with other climbers in 2004, to save a Mexican climber who had gotten into trouble. Watson was alerted the morning of 16 May by Phurba Tashi. Watson went to <mask>'s tent and showed <mask>'s passport to Tashi, who confirmed his identity. Around this time, a Korean team gave a radio report that the climber in red boots [<mask>] was dead. He had his rucksack with him, but his camera was missing, so it is not known if he summited.Fate of the body
<mask>'s body remains on the mountain, but was removed from sight in 2007. See also
1996 Mount Everest disaster
Beck Weathers
Lincoln Hall (climber)
 List of people who died climbing Mount Everest
 List of Mount Everest expeditions

References

Further reading
 Dr. Morandeira: "Could <mask> have been saved? Definitely", includes a chronology of the incident – mounteverest.net
 Everest 2006: "My name is <mask> and I am with Asian Trekking" – everestnews.com

External links
 Picture of where <mask> died
 List of deceased UK Everest climbers

1972 births
2006 deaths
British summiters of Mount Everest
Deaths from hypothermia
English mountain climbers
Mountaineering deaths on Mount

masks:
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David Sharp
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Col. <mask>, Rajah of Ambong and Marudu, (April 22, 1828 in Bath, Maine; – June 22, 1885 in Boston) was an American merchant, president of the American Trading Company of Borneo and co-founder of the American colony "Ellena" (in present-day Kimanis) together with Thomas Bradley Harris on the island of Borneo. He was known as "Yankee Rajah" and served as a U.S. vice-consul to Siam. Early life
<mask> was born on April 22, 1828 in the American small town of Bath in Maine. He was the son of <mask> and Emily Houghton. His father practiced the craft of a printer and was also the founder of the Maine Gazette, which is the town first newspaper. In 1834, the family moved to Roxbury, a district of Boston. Torrey graduated from the Boston High School under Rev.Dr. Leach. At first, he also learned the printing business and worked for several years in the company of his father, which brought him into contact with the satirical magazine, Carpet Bag by Benjamin Penhallow Shillaber. Torrey served in several companies and was a member of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Boston. However, the authenticity of his military grade "Colonel" is questioned. Further career
In 1853, he left Boston and went to Melbourne, Australia, where he worked as a clerk at Caldwell, Train & Co., Commission Merchants and Steam Packet Agents. He was also a member of Torrey & Foodrich and Company, Discharging Clerks. In addition to his work, he began studying law; although it was not known if he received an academic degree in law.In Melbourne, he joined the Masonic lodge and later became the Grand Master. On September 22, 1854, during his time in Australia, he married his first wife, Eliza Lydia Ewer in Victoria. The couple had two children, Emiline Eliza (born in 1856) and Cordelia Grace (born in 1858). One year after the birth of their second children, Eliza however died young after battling with a short illness at the age of 27 years. Torrey returned with his two children to Roxbury in 1860, where they grew up with their grandparents. In 1860, Torrey moved to British Hong Kong, where he became the editor of The China Mail, the first British daily newspaper in Hong Kong. He later took over the publication of the Hong Kong Times.In 1862, he joined Montgomery & Parker as a ship broker and commissioner. In 1863, Torrey married again. His second wife, the first fifteen-year-old Charlotte Ann "Lemon" Mills, bore him a son <mask> (born on September 16, 1864) and a daughter named Elena Charlotte (born in 1867). He later bought his own ship from the ship broker company, which he baptized as Ellen - probably named after his newest youngest daughter. Foundation of the Ellena Colony

In August 1865, the American consul in Brunei, Charles Lee Moses concluded a 10-year lease with the Sultan Abdul Momin and his successor, Pengiran Temenggung who guaranteed land rights in various areas in the north of Borneo. Looking for a quick profit, the consul immediately sought buyers for his concessions following the signing of the lease. Moses bid raised the interest among his countrymen including Torrey himself and Thomas Bradley Harris.Blessed with exuberant reports of a land rich in gold, diamonds, precious stones, spices and treasures waiting to be delivered to the markets of Hong Kong and China, they bought the concessions of Moses in September 1865. In October 1865, Torrey and Harris, together with Chinese lenders Lee Assing and Pong Ampong under the American Trading Company of Borneo decided to build a colony in the area of today's Kimanis. Taking note of the fact that the acquisition of the concession of Moses was also recognized by the Sultan of Brunei, Torrey made a new concession letter drawn up on November 24, 1865 at the Brunei Palace provided with the seals of the Sultan and three of his ministers. The document confirms his concession acquisition which is not only guaranteed for Torrey to be the ruler of life and death, but the Sultan even gave him the title of "Rajah of Ambong and Marudu". In December 1865, Torrey with 12 Americans and 60 Chinese founded the colony of "Ellena" and appointed himself as the governor, then bestowed by His Majesty the Sultan of Brunei as the Rajah of Ambong and Marudu, and Harris as vice-governor. His plans to make Ellena attractive to further settlers by cultivating sugarcane, tobacco and rice failed soon after. This was mainly caused by the unfortunate choice of the position of Ellenas; in the mouth of the sluggish Kimanis River which favored the outbreak of malaria and other diseases.The colony also lacked a solid financial base which meant that <mask> was forced to temporarily leave his own colony to his deputy, Harris to look for investors in Hong Kong and Shanghai. While Torrey desperately tried to raise additional funds in Hong Kong for his colony in Borneo, his friend Harris died of malaria on May 22, 1866. Torrey buried his business partner on the top of a nearby hill in his colony area in Borneo, now known as Governor's Hill. Torrey made the following inscription to his tombstone:

As early as 1866, the American colony was abandoned because of a lack of capital, a lack of labor, riots among the workers and serious diseases. The end of Ellena left Torrey penniless. Driven on the one hand by the predominantly Chinese investors, unlike Charles Lee Moses who was still waiting for the payment of the purchase price, he tried to continue selling his rights profitably. However, only nine years later, just before the ten-year term expired, Torrey succeeded in selling all rights to Baron von Overbeck from Germany in January 1876 in Hong Kong.The purchase price of $15,000 was linked to the condition that within nine months it was necessary to obtain an extension of the concessions from the ruler of Brunei. Diplomatic service
From 1877 to 1880, Torrey was a vice-consul at the U.S. Consulate in Siam (present-day Thailand). In his capacity as a vice-consul, he also belonged to the American delegation who accompanied ex-President Ulysses S. Grant during his visit to meet Chulalongkorn, the king of Siam. It seems, however, that Torrey presence was not well-liked by all, as he could not arrange with his superior. After his resignation as vice-consul, he remained a member of the American Legation in Bangkok. Later life and death
Torrey returned to America in 1883. A few days before his death, the news from the King of Siam reached him, telling that he should be appointed as the king's chief adviser.Before he decided whether to take office or not, <mask> died suddenly on June 22, 1885, at his home on Wabon Street in Roxbury. Although he already died, he still recognized by the government for representing his lost kingdom as his body was dressed in the uniform of a high oriental dignitary for three days before his black coffin of walnut wood was taken to the St. James Episcopal Church. A large crown of flowers in the colors of the flag of Ellenas-yellow and red-formed the central view, a half-moon with thirteen stripes on a blue background, and thirteen stars which testified the American origin of the rajah. He was buried at the Torrey Family Cemetery of the Forest Hills Cemetery. Miscellaneous
<mask>ley's Believe It or Not! in the year of 1950. Notes

Literature
 <mask> Torrey: American Trading Company of Borneo Organized Under Special Concession from His Highness the Sultan of Borneo, and the General Laws of the State of New York.1868

References

Borneo
History of Sabah
1828 births
1885 deaths

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Joseph William Torrey
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Joseph Gendall Torrey
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<mask> is a British children's writer and illustrator. She won both the Costa Children's Book Award and the Carnegie Medal for Maggot Moon (Hot Key Books, 2012). Under her pseudonym Wray Delaney she has also written adult novels. Life
<mask> is the daughter of two lawyers, raised in Birmingham, her parents separated and later divorced when she was five. Her mother, Nina Lowry was a barrister and judge at the Old Bailey. <mask> recalls being badly bullied in school, even being nicknamed 'Silly <mask>' on account of her then undiagnosed dyslexia. She was formally diagnosed with severe dyslexia at 12 and didn't learn to read until she was 14, with the first book she read in full being Wuthering Heights.Noticed by teachers for her creative flair, she did very well in art college and then in drama college, and worked as a theatre set designer before turning to illustration and writing. She lives in London. In 2019 <mask> became an Ambassador for audiobook charity Listening Books. Writer
Her first book as a writer was published by Orion Books in 1993: The Little Nut Tree, a children's picture book that she also illustrated. Her first full-length novel was a breakthrough, as I, Coriander won the Smarties Prize in 2005 (reader category 9–11 years). It is set in Cromwellian London and tells the story of Coriander, the unhappy daughter of a silk merchant. The Red Necklace: A story of the French Revolution and its sequel The Silver Blade are set primarily in France during the Revolution and the Reign of Terror, also in contemporary London.They feature an aristocratic girl and a gypsy boy who are 12 and 14 years old when the story opens. The boy Yann has been trained to assist a stage magician but has or develops genuine magic powers; a starred review (unusually good) by the American service Kirkus Reviews labels even The Red Necklace fantasy. The Double Shadow is historical fantasy that opens in 1937 Britain. Tinder (2013) is a historical novel set during the Thirty Years War. Maggot Moon (2012) won the Carnegie Medal from the British librarians, which annually recognises the best new book for children or young adults published in the UK. The alternate history is set in 1950s England during the space race, under the thumb of the so-called Motherland. Kirkus says the unnamed "Motherland's distinguishing features scream "Nazi Germany"" and suggests that we "call it Auschwitz lite".Its reviewer judged that the book must fail between younger and older readers: on the one hand, "short chapters and simple vocabulary and syntax ... oversimplified characters, a feeble setting and inauthentic science"; on the other hand, brutal content. Three months later it was recommended for ages 11+ by the panel of British librarians that named it to the Carnegie Medal shortlist with the comment: "A stunning book with an underdog hero, Maggot Moon offers a powerful depiction of an utterly convincing and frightening dystopia. With clever plotting, conspiracy theory and a truly original concept at the heart of it, this is a real tour de force without a hint of sentimentality." The inspiration for Maggot Moon comes from moon landing conspiracies and her research on "what if histories". In 2016 she wrote her first adult novel entitled An Almond for a Parrot which The Guardian called 'an irresistible erotic fairytale'

Children's Books

As writer and illustrator
 The Little Nut Tree (Orion Books, 1993)
 My Little Princess (1994)
 A Book of Princesses (Orion, 1997) – classic fairy tales retold
 The Strongest Girl in the World (1999)
 The Fairy Catalogue: everything you need to make a fairy tale (2000)
 The Smallest Girl Ever (2000)
 The Boy Who Could Fly (2001)
 The Glass Heart: a tale of three princesses (2001)
 Mama, Don't Go Out Tonight (2002)
 The Invisible Boy (2002)
 Boolar's Big Day Out (2003)
 Fairy Shopping (2003)
 The Boy with the Magic Numbers (2003)
The Countess's Calamity (2003)
 I, Coriander (2005)
 A Hoof in the Door (2005)
 The Boy with the Lightning Feet (2006)
 The Red Necklace (2007)

() Five classic fairy tales retold and illustrated by Gardner in A Book of Princesses (1997) were reissued by Orion in 2011, singly, as the Magical Princesses series: Cinderella; The Frog Prince; The Princess and the Pea; Sleeping Beauty; Snow White. () The Magical Children series, originally published by Dolphin Paperbacks, comprises "stories about ordinary children who suddenly develop magical powers". As writer only
 I, Coriander (2005)
 Lucy Willow (2006)
 The Red Necklace: A Story of the French Revolution (2007)
 The Silver Blade (2008) (sequel to The Red Necklace)
 The Double Shadow (2011)
 Maggot Moon (2012), illus.Julian Crouch
 Tinder (2013), illus. David Roberts
 The Door That Led to Where (2015)
 My Side of the Diamond (2017), illus. Nat Barlex
  The Snow Song (2020)

Wings & Co: The Fairy Detective Agency
illustrated by David Roberts and published by Orion
Operation Bunny (2012)
 Three Pickled Herrings (2012)
 The Vanishing of Billy Buckle (2013)
 The Matchbox Mysteries (2014)
 The Flying Carpet Thief (2017)
 Murder of Mrs Mop (forthcoming)

As illustrator only
 Robert and the Giant (Hamish Hamilton, 1990), by Marjorie Newman
 Suzi, Sam, George & Alice (1993), Beverley Birch
 Playtime Rhymes (1995)
 Gynormous! : The Ultimate Book of Giants (1996), Adrian Mitchell
 Hello? Is Anybody There? (1997), Jostein Gaarder, 144 pp. – orig.Hallo? Er det noen her? , 1996
 The Real Fairy Storybook (1998), Georgie Adams
 Polly's Running Away Book (2000), Frances Thomas
 Polly's Absolutely Worst Birthday Ever (2001), Thomas
 Polly's Really Secret Diary (2002), Thomas

Adult novels under pseudonym of Wray Delaney
 An Almond for a Parrot (2016)
 The Beauty of the Wolf (2019)

Awards and nominations
 2003 The Countess's Calamity, Nestlé Children's Book Prize bronze runner-up and Kids' Club Award winner, ages 6–8 years
 2005 I, Coriander, Nestlé Children's Book Prize winner, ages 9–11 years
 2006 I, Coriander, shortlisted for the British Children's Book of the Year
 2007 I, Coriander, shortlisted for the Stockton Children's Book of the Year
 2012 Maggot Moon, Costa Book Awards, children's category
 2013 Maggot Moon, Carnegie Medal

References

External links

 Blog

<mask> at Book Browse – short biography, interview, etc. (plus at least 3 early works by another <mask>)

English children's writers
English historical novelists
English illustrators
British children's book illustrators
British women illustrators
Carnegie Medal in Literature winners
Costa Book Award winners
20th-century illustrators of fairy tales
21st-century illustrators of fairy tales
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People with dyslexia
People from Birmingham, West Midlands
Dyslexic writers

masks:
Sally Gardner
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Sally Gardner