text_chunks:
<mask> (, ) is a Montenegrin pianist. Biography
<mask> was born in Kotor, Montenegro, then Yugoslavia, where he completed the elementary music school; he continued his education in Novi Sad at the Isidor Bajić Music school and at the Academy of Art in the class of the world-renowned pianist Kemal Gekić. He graduated in 1999 playing in
one night Bach's »Goldberg Variations«, Beethoven's »Hammerklavier« Sonata, Chopin's Four Ballades, and Prokofiev's Toccata to great critical acclaim. He received his master's degree in 2002, playing an all Bach program. At present, <mask> works at the Academy of Arts, as the youngest piano professor. He has had advanced studies with well-known pedagogues and pianists such as Karl-Heinz Kämmerling, Hiroko Nakamura, Jacques Rouvier, Arie Vardi, Sergio Perticaroli, Arbo Valdma, Alexei Nasedkin, Jelena Richter, Victor Liadov and Marian Ribicky. He has performed in over 350 recitals, chamber concerts, concertos with orchestra.He played in all major domestic concert halls such as the Sava centar, Kolarac Memorial Hall, the Montenegrin National Theater, the Novi Sad Synagogue, the Serbian National Theatre, Subotica Town Hall, as well as on podiums in Rome (Sala Baldini), Salzburg (Leopold Mozart Hall), Bonn, London (St. James Picadilly, St. John's Smith Square), Taipei (Small Hall of the National Theater), Miami (FIU Great Hall),  Helsinki (Sibelius Academy Hall), Warsaw, Hamamatsu, Paris (UNESCO hall),  Helsingborg (Great hall of Helsingborg Symphony Orchestra), Cologne (Deutsche Welle Hall), Zagreb (Lisinski Hall), Luxembourg (Auditoire Banque de Luxembourg), Turku and elsewhere. <mask> plays as soloist with orchestras such as the Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra, the Novi Sad Chamber Orchestra, Helsingborg Symphony Orchestra, the Young European Soloists Chamber Orchestra (South-Eastern Europe), Vojvodina Symphony Orchestra, »Saint George« String Orchestra, the Radio-Television Serbia Symphony Orchestra, the Stanislav Binicki Symphony Orchestra, Academy of Arts Symphony Orchestra, Niš Symphony Orchestra, Tapiolla Simfonietta, Ciudad de Juarez Chamber Orchestra, collaborating with conductors such as Emil Tabakov, Peter Sundkvist, Carlos Garcia Ruiz, David Porceline, Andrej Bursać, Aleksandar Ostrovski, Angel Surev, Pavle Medaković and Petar Ivanović. He regularly performs in festivals such as, NOMUS (Novi Sad Music Festival), NIMUS (Nis Music Festival), Mozart Point Festival (Ljubljana), BEMUS (Belgrade Music Festival), Festival of the Nations (Rome), Beethoven Fest (Bonn), Budva Summer Festival, OKTOH (Kragujevac), KotorArt (Kotor)

Martinović is also an experienced chamber musician performing regularly with violinist Roman Simović (2005 winner of Lipizer competition), the Rubicon, Tippett (Great Britain) and TAJJ string quartet, cellists Bozidar Vukotić and Dragan Djordjević, percussionist Benn Toth and others. After initial successes in piano competitions at very early age, Ratimir Martinović withdrew from the competition scene, devoting his time to playing concerts. Awards
He is the winner of domestic and international awards and tributes. First prize, Montenegro National competition, Kotor, 1990, 1991
 First Prize, The Yugoslav piano Competition, Niš, 1993
 First Prize, The Dunav-Donau-Denjub International Piano Competition, Novi Sad, 1993
 First Prize, International Frederic Chopin Piano Competition, Taipei, 1996
 Two Special Prizes (awarded by the president of the jury),
for a compulsory author and a performance of Chopin’s works, Taipei, 1996
 First Prize, The “FLAME” International Competition, Paris, 1997
 Fourth Prize, Bronze Medal, South Missouri International Piano Competition, Joplin, USA, 1994
 Special prize from the University of Novi Sad, for outstanding talent, 1997, 1998
 Prize for the »Most promissin young artist of the year«, (ZAMTES) Montenegro, 1999

Discography
Debut recording (Bach/Tausig, Mozart, Chopin, Brahms,  Prokofiev) (2001)
Bach (Goldberg variations BWV 988)
Skryabin Concerto F Sharp Minor and Tchaikovsky Concerto No. 2  G major op.44
Mendelssohn:
Concerto  G Minor
Concerto   A Minor (for string orchestra)
Concerto for piano, violin and string orchestraHe has recorded for Radio Television of Montenegro, Radio Television of Serbia, POLTEL(Poland), Deutsche Welle (Germany), NHK (Japan), SVT (Sweden), Luxembourg Television, HRT (Croatia), Radio Slovenia and Radio Romania. He has recorded two CDs, one with the works by Bach/Tausing, Mozart, Chopin, Brahms, Prokofiev and the »Goldberg variations«. <mask> initiated a successful collaboration with the TV director Misko Milojevic in the field of visualisation of classical music opening  new dimensions of visual and multimedial interpretation of music. To date, he has made seven video-clips (Ginastera, Prokofiev, Chopin, Rachmaninoff, Bach, Brahms, Ravel) produced by Radio Television Montenegro and Radio Television Serbia, broadcast with great success, so far, in Serbia, The Czech Republic, Canada, Bulgaria, Tunisia. In 2006 a DVD with all 7 classical music spots will be released by KotorArt Production. Five documentary movies have been recorded about his work, of which the last one, »The Heaven And Soul« has won first prize in the International TV Festival in Albena, Bulgaria in 2004, and was officially the »Best musical TV production in 2004.« in Radio-Television Serbia. <mask> made his conducting debut in 2001. with the Novi Sad Chamber Orchestra, conducting Symphonies by Haydn and Mozart and playing and conducting the Mozart Piano Concerto F Major KV 459.<mask> <mask> is the founder and Artistic director of KotorArt Music festival, held every year in Kotor, Montenegro,  bringing to this medieval town ensembles such as the Zagreb Philharmonic, the Vojvodina Symphony, the Split Chamber Orchestra, “LADO” and soloist and teachers such as Mikhail Voskresensky, Aleksandar Madzar, Konstantin Bogino, Grigory Zhislin, Itamar Golan, Lovro Pogorelich, Francesco Libetta, and many others. »The ideal combination of intellect, technique and passion, refinement of touch, perfect technique, concentration and control, exceptional dynamic potential, original ideas and unconventional interpretation« give <mask> <mask>, by the critics' words, one of the leading places among pianists of the younger generation''. <mask> is President of EPTA Montenegro (European Piano Teachers Association). External links
Official website
Mp3 files (mp3 format)
Video clips

Living people
People from Kotor
Serbian classical pianists
Montenegrin classical pianists
University of Novi Sad alumni
21st-century classical pianists
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Ratimir Martinović
Martinović
Martinović
Martinović
Martinović
Martinović
Ratimir
Martinović
Ratimir
Martinović
Martinović


text_chunks:
<mask>  (; 19 March 1813 – 1 May 1873) was a Scottish physician, Congregationalist, and pioneer Christian missionary with the London Missionary Society, an explorer in Africa, and one of the most popular British heroes of the late 19th-century Victorian era. He had a mythic status that operated on a number of interconnected levels: Protestant missionary martyr, working-class "rags-to-riches" inspirational story, scientific investigator and explorer, imperial reformer, anti-slavery crusader, and advocate of British commercial and colonial expansion. Livingstone's fame as an explorer and his obsession with learning the sources of the Nile River was founded on the belief that if he could solve that age-old mystery, his fame would give him the influence to end the East African Arab–Swahili slave trade. "The Nile sources", he told a friend, "are valuable only as a means of opening my mouth with power among men. It is this power [with] which I hope to remedy an immense evil." His subsequent exploration of the central African watershed was the culmination of the classic period of European geographical discovery and colonial penetration of Africa. At the same time, his missionary travels, "disappearance", and eventual death in Africaand subsequent glorification as a posthumous national hero in 1874led to the founding of several major central African Christian missionary initiatives carried forward in the era of the European "Scramble for Africa".Early life

Livingstone was born on 19 March 1813 in the mill town of Blantyre, Scotland, in a tenement building for the workers of a cotton factory on the banks of the River Clyde under the bridge crossing into Bothwell. He was the second of seven children born to <mask> (1788–1856) and his wife Agnes (née Hunter; 1782–1865). According to Scottish literary scholar Ronald Black, the poet <mask>, an anti-racist and anti-colonialist poet and major figure in 20th-century Scottish Gaelic literature, grew up being told that his grandfather, <mask>, was <mask>'s uncle. <mask> was employed at the age of ten in the cotton mill of Henry Monteith & Co. in Blantyre Works. He and his brother John worked twelve-hour days as piecers, tying broken cotton threads on the spinning machines. <mask> was a Sunday school teacher and teetotaller who handed out Christian tracts on his travels as a door-to-door tea salesman. He read books on theology, travel, and missionary enterprises extensively.This rubbed off on the young <mask>, who became an avid reader, but he also loved scouring the countryside for animal, plant, and geological specimens in local limestone quarries. Neil feared that science books were undermining Christianity and attempted to force his son to read nothing but theology, but <mask>'s deep interest in nature and science led him to investigate the relationship between religion and science. In 1832, he read Philosophy of a Future State, written by Thomas Dick, and he found the rationale that he needed to reconcile faith and science and, apart from the Bible, this book was perhaps his greatest philosophical influence. Other significant influences in his early life was Thomas Burke, a Blantyre evangelist, and <mask>, his Sunday school teacher. At age fifteen, <mask> left the Church of Scotland for a local Congregational church, influenced by preachers like Ralph Wardlaw, who denied predestinarian limitations on salvation. Influenced by revivalistic teachings in the United States, Livingstone entirely accepted the proposition put by Charles Finney, Professor of Theology at Oberlin College, Ohio, that "the Holy Spirit is open to all who ask it". For Livingstone, this meant a release from the fear of eternal damnation.Livingstone's reading of missionary Karl Gützlaff's Appeal to the Churches of Britain and America on behalf of China enabled him to persuade his father that medical study could advance religious ends. Livingstone's experiences in H. Monteith's Blantyre cotton mill were also important from ages 10 to 26, first as a piecer and later as a spinner. This monotonous work was necessary to support his impoverished family, but it taught him persistence, endurance, and a natural empathy with all who labour, as expressed by lines that he used to hum from the egalitarian Rabbie Burns song: "When man to man, the world o'er/Shall brothers be for a' that". Education
Livingstone attended Blantyre village school, along with the few other mill children with the endurance to do so despite their 14-hour workday (6 am–8 pm). Having a family with a strong, ongoing commitment to study reinforced his education. After reading the appeal by Gutzlaff for medical missionaries for China in 1834, he began saving money to enter Anderson's University, Glasgow in 1836, where he made lifelong friends including James Young, as well as attending Greek and theology lectures at the University of Glasgow. To enter medical school, he required some knowledge of Latin.He was tutored by a local Roman Catholic man, Daniel Gallagher. Later in life, Gallagher became a priest and founded the third oldest Catholic Church in Glasgow: St Simon's, Partick. In addition to his other studies, he attended divinity lectures by Wardlaw, a leader at this time of vigorous anti-slavery campaigning in the city. Shortly after, he applied to join the London Missionary Society (LMS) and was accepted subject to missionary training. He was a student at the Charing Cross Hospital Medical School in 1838–40, with his courses covering medical practice, midwifery, and botany. During this period he also spent time on missionary training in London and in Ongar, Essex, to become a minister within the Congregational Union serving under the LMS. While training under the LMS, he and other students were taught Greek, Latin, Hebrew and theology by the Reverend Richard Cecil.Despite his impressive personality, he was a plain preacher, described by Cecil as "worthy but remote from brilliant" and would have been rejected by the LMS had the director not given him a second chance to pass the course. He qualified as a Licentiate of the Faculty (now Royal College) of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow on 16 November 1840, and was later made an Honorary Fellow of the Faculty, on 5 January 1857. Vision for Africa

Livingstone hoped to go to China as a missionary, but the First Opium War broke out in September 1839 and the LMS suggested the West Indies instead. In 1840, while continuing his medical studies in London, Livingstone met LMS missionary Robert Moffat, on leave from Kuruman, a missionary outpost in South Africa, north of the Orange River. He was excited by Moffat's vision of expanding missionary work northwards, and by abolitionist T.F. Buxton's arguments that the African slave trade could be destroyed by substituting "legitimate trade" and spreading Christianity. When he questioned if he would do for Africa, Livingstone was deeply influenced by Moffat's affirmation that, instead of going to an old mission, he should go to the vast plains to the north of Bechuanaland, where Moffat had glimpsed "the smoke of a thousand villages, where no missionary had ever been."Livingstone set off on 8 December 1840,  passenger on a sailing brig. During the long voyage he studied Dutch and Tswana language, and the captain gave him extensive tuition in navigation. On 15 March 1841 the ship arrived at Cape Town, where he stayed with Dr. Philip who defended Xhosa people, and learnt of colonist and missionary factions opposed to native rights. The ship took Livingstone on to Algoa Bay, from 19 May to 31 July he was on the long trek to the Kuruman Mission. The Moffats had not yet returned from Britain, he immersed himself in Tswana life and from September to late December went a long trek with the missionary Roger Edwards who had been at Kuruman since 1830. In 1842 Lingstone went on two treks with African companians, the principals were mission members Paul and Mebalwe, a deacon. In June 1843, Edwards got LMS approval to set up a mission station with his wife at Mabotsa, Botswana (near Zeerust, North West Province, South Africa.).Livingstone moved there with them and helped to build the mission station. He wrote to tell LMS secretary Arthur Tidman, saying he would be delighted to call Mabotsa "the centre of the sphere of my labours", but would try to hold himself "in readiness to go anywhere, provided it be forward". The Moffats reached the Vaal River in January 1844, Livingstone rode out to meet them there, then sat in the ox-cart talking with Robert for hours during the seventeen or eighteen days it took to get home to Kuruman. For the first time, he met their daughter Mary, who had been born and brought up in Africa. Lions often attacked herds of the Mabotsa villagers,  on 16 February Mebalwe and Livingstone joined them defending sheep. Livingstone got a clear shot at a large lion, but while he was re-loading it attacked, crushing his left arm, and forced him to the ground. His life was saved by Mebalwe diverting its attention by trying to shoot the lion.He too got bitten. A man who tried spearing it was attacked just before it dropped dead. Livingstone's broken bone, even though inexpertly set by himself and Edwards, bonded strongly. He went for recuperation to Kuruman, where he was tended by Moffat's daughter Mary, and they became engaged. His arm healed, enabling him to shoot and lift heavy weights, though it remained a source of much suffering for the rest of his life, and he was not able to lift the arm higher than his shoulder. Livingstone and Mary were married on 9 January 1845. Exploration of southern and central Africa

Livingstone was obliged to leave his first mission at Mabotsa in Botswana in 1845 after irreconcilable differences emerged between him and his fellow missionary, Rogers Edwards, and because the Bakgatla were proving indifferent to the Gospel.He abandoned Chonuane, his next mission, in 1847 because of drought and the proximity of the Boers and his desire "to move on to the regions beyond". At Kolobeng Mission Livingstone converted Chief Sechele in 1849 after two years of patient persuasion, but only a few months later Sechele lapsed. In 1851, when Livingstone finally left Kolobeng, he did not use this failure to explain his departure, although it played an important part in his decision. Just as important had been the three journeys far to the north of Kolobeng which he had undertaken between 1849 and 1851 and which had left him convinced that the best long-term chance for successful evangelising was to explore Africa in advance of European commercial interest and other missionaries by mapping and navigating its rivers which might then become "Highways" into the interior. Livingstone departed from the village of Linyanti, located roughly in the center of the continent on the Zambezi river. Livingstone had reached this point coming from the south, in Cape Town, it was the northern frontier missionary post. Livingstone set out from Linyanti to the north-west, up the Zambezi, believing this would map the best "highway" into Africa.He had the help of 27 African guides and warriors loaned by Sekeletu, chief of the Kololo in Linyanti. They reached the Portuguese city of Luanda on the Atlantic after profound difficulties and the near-death of Livingstone from fever. Livingstone realized the route would be too difficult for future traders, so he retraced the journey back to Linyanti. Then with 114 men, loaned by the same chief, he set off east down the Zambezi. On this leg he became the first European to see the Mosi-oa-Tunya ("the smoke that thunders") waterfall, which he named Victoria Falls after Queen Victoria. Eventually he successfully reached Quelimane on the Indian Ocean, having mapped most of the course of the Zambezi river. In this way Livingstone became the first European to cross south-central Africa which had never been crossed by Europeans at that latitude before.Livingstone's accomplishment made him famous. But it was not wholly without precedent; a few years earlier, in 1853–1854, two Arab traders crossed the continent from Zanzibar to Benguela; and in the first decade of the 1800s, two native traders crossed from Angola to Mozambique; and Portuguese traders had already penetrated to the middle of the continent from both sides. Nonetheless, the Portuguese had not made the full crossing and the non-European accomplishments were little known or cared about in Europe. Therefore, Livingstone was hailed the explorer who "opened up" Africa. Livingstone advocated the establishment of trade and religious missions in central Africa, but abolition of the African slave trade, as carried out by the Portuguese of Tete and the Arab Swahili of Kilwa, became his primary goal. His motto—now inscribed on his statue at Victoria Falls—was "", a combination that he hoped would form an alternative to the slave trade, and impart dignity to the Africans in the eyes of Europeans. He believed that the key to achieving these goals was the navigation of the Zambezi River as a Christian commercial highway into the interior.Author and campaigner
He returned to Britain in December 1856, his work as a geographer was recognised by the Royal Geographical Society which presented him with their gold medal. Encouraged by the London Missionary Society, he wrote up his journal, but unconventionally had his Missionary Travels published in 1857 by John Murray, making it a bestselling travelogue. The book included his field science, and exceptionally sympathetic descriptions of African people. He proposed that missions and "legitimate commerce" by river into central Africa would end slave trading. Livingstone was encouraged by the response in Britain to his discoveries and support for future expeditions. He proposed to do more exploration, primarily to find routes for commercial trade which he believed would displace slave trade routes, more so than for solely missionary work. The London Missionary Society (LMS) on learning of his plans sent a letter which Livingstone received at Quelimane, congratulating him on his journey but said that the directors were "restricted in their power of aiding plans connected only remotely with the spread of the Gospel".This brusque rejection for new mission stations north of the Zambesi and his wider object of opening the interior for trade via the Zambezi, was not enough to make him resign from the LMS at once. When Roderick Murchison, president of the Royal Geographical Society, put him in touch with the Foreign Secretary, Livingstone said nothing to the LMS directors, even when his leadership of a government expedition to the Zambezi seemed increasingly likely to be funded by the Exchequer. "I am not yet fairly on with the Government," he told a friend, "but am nearly quite off with the Society (LMS)." Livingstone resigned from the London Missionary Society in 1857, and in May of that year he was appointed as Her Majesty's Consul with a roving commission, extending through Mozambique to the areas west of it. In February 1858 his area of jurisdiction was stipulated to be "the Eastern Coast of Africa and the independent districts in the interior". While he negotiated with the government for his new position as Consul, the LMS thought that he would return to Africa with their mission to the Kololo in Barotseland, which Livingstone had promoted. That mission eventually suffered deaths from malaria of a missionary, his wife, a second missionary's wife and three children.Livingstone had suffered over thirty attacks during his previous journey but had understated his suffering and overstated the quality of the land they would find, and the missionaries set out for the marshy region with wholly inadequate supplies of quinine. Biographer Tim Jeal considered this episode a major failing for Livingstone, and indicative of a pattern of putting his goals and career above the lives of those around him. Livingstone was now a celebrity, in great demand as a public speaker, and was elected to the Royal Society. He gained public backing for his plans, and raised finances for his next expedition by public subscription, as well as £5,000 from the government to investigate the potential for British trade via the Zambezi. Zambezi expedition
In December 1857 the Foreign Office proposed a huge expedition. Livingstone had envisaged another solo journey with African helpers, in January 1858 he agreed to lead a second Zambesi expedition with six specialist officers, hurriedly recruited in the UK. The prefabricated iron river steamer Ma

masks:
David Livingstone
Neil Livingstone
Duncan Livingstone
Alexander Livingstone
David Livingstone
David
Neil Livingstone
David
David
David Hogg
David


text_chunks:
 Robert was quickly built in portable sections, and loaded onto the Colonial Office steamer Pearl, which took them out on its way to Ceylon.They left on 10 March, at Freetown collected twelve Kru seafarers to man the river steamer, and reached the Zambezi on 14 May. The plan was for both ships to take them up the river to establish bases, but it turned out to be completely impassable to boats past the Cahora Bassa rapids, a series of cataracts and rapids that Livingstone had failed to explore on his earlier travels. Pearl offloaded their supplies on an island about  upstream. From there, Ma Robert had to make repeated slow journeys, getting hauled across shoals. The riverbanks were a war zone, with Portuguese soldiers and their slaves fighting the Chikunda slave-hunters of Matakenya (Mariano), but both sides accepted the expedition as friends. The experts, stuck at Shupanga, could not make the intended progress, and there were disagreements. Artist Thomas Baines was dismissed from the expedition.Others on the expedition became the first to reach Lake Nyasa and they explored it in a four-oared gig. In 1861 the Colonial Office provided a new wooden paddle survey vessel, Pioneer, which took the Universities' Mission to Central Africa (UMCA) led by Bishop Charles MacKenzie up the Shire river to found a new mission. Livingstone raised funds for a replacement river steamer, Lady Nyasa, specially designed to sail on Lake  Nyasa. It was shipped out in sections, contary to his request, with a mission party including Mary Livingstone, and arrived in 1862. The Pioneer was delayed getting down to the coast to meet them, and there were further delays after it was found that the Bishop had died. Mary Livingstone died on 27 April 1862 from malaria. Livingstone took Pioneer up the coast and investigated the Ruvuma River, the physician John Kirk wrote "I can come to no other conclusion than that Dr Livingstone is out of his mind and a most unsafe leader".When Pioneer returned to Shupanga in December 1862, they paid (in cloth) their "Mazaro men" who left and engaged replacements. On 10 January 1863 they set off, towing Lady Nyasa, and went up the Shire river past scenes of devastation as Mariano's Chikunda slave-hunts caused famine, and they frequently had to clear the paddle wheels of corpses left floating downstream. They reached Chibisa's and the Murchison Cataracts in April, then began dismantling Lady Nyasa and building a road to take its sections past the cataracts, while explorations continued. He brought the ships downriver in 1864 after the government ordered the recall of the expedition. The Zambezi Expedition was castigated as a failure in many newspapers of the time, and Livingstone experienced great difficulty in raising funds to further explore Africa. John Kirk, Charles Meller, and Richard Thornton, scientists appointed to work under Livingstone, contributed large collections of botanical, ecological, geological, and ethnographic material to scientific Institutions in the United Kingdom. Nile River
In January 1866, Livingstone returned to Africa, this time to Zanzibar, and from there he set out to seek the source of the Nile.Richard Francis Burton, John Hanning Speke, and Samuel Baker had identified either Lake Albert or Lake Victoria as the source (which was partially correct, as the Nile "bubbles from the ground high in the mountains of Burundi halfway between Lake Tanganyika and Lake Victoria"), but there was still serious debate on the matter. Livingstone believed that the source was farther south and assembled a team to find it consisting of freed slaves, Comoros Islanders, twelve Sepoys, and two servants from his previous expedition, Chuma and Susi. Livingstone set out from the mouth of the Ruvuma river, but his assistants gradually began deserting him. The Comoros Islanders had returned to Zanzibar and (falsely) informed authorities that Livingstone had died. He reached Lake Malawi on 6 August, by which time most of his supplies had been stolen, including all his medicines. Livingstone then travelled through swamps in the direction of Lake Tanganyika, with his health declining. He sent a message to Zanzibar requesting that supplies be sent to Ujiji and he then headed west, forced by ill health to travel with slave traders.He arrived at Lake Mweru on 8 November 1867 and continued on, travelling south to become the first European to see Lake Bangweulu. Upon finding the Lualaba River, Livingstone theorised that it could have been the high part of the Nile River; but realised that it in fact flowed into the River Congo at Upper Congo Lake. The year 1869 began with Livingstone finding himself extremely ill while in the jungle. He was saved by Arab traders who gave him medicines and carried him to an Arab outpost. In March 1869, Livingstone suffered from pneumonia and arrived in Ujiji to find his supplies stolen. He was coming down with cholera and had tropical ulcers on his feet, so he was again forced to rely on slave traders to get him as far as Bambara—where he was caught by the wet season. With no supplies, Livingstone had to eat his meals in a roped-off enclosure for the entertainment of the locals in return for food.On 15 July 1871, Livingstone recorded in his field diary his immediate impressions as he witnessed around 400 Africans being massacred by Arab slavers at the Nyangwe market on the banks of the Lualaba River, while he was watching next the leading Arab trader Dugumbe who had given him assistance. The cause behind this attack is stated to be retaliation for actions of Manilla, the head slave who had sacked villages of Mohombo people at the instigation of the Wagenya chieftain Kimburu. The Arabs attacked the shoppers and Kimburu's people. Researchers from the Indiana University of Pennsylvania who scanned Livingstone's diary suggest that in putting his fragmentary notes about the massacre into the narrative of his journal, he left out his concerns about some of his followers, slaves owned by Banyan merchants who had been hired by John Kirk, acting Consul at Zanzibar, and sent to get Livingstone to safety. These slave had been liberated and added to his party, but had shown violent conduct against local people contrary to his instructions, and he feared they might have been involved in starting the massacre. His diary noted "Dugumbe's men murdering Kimburu and another for slaves" and implied that the slave Manilla played a leading part, but looking back at the events, he says Dugumbé's people bore responsibility, and started it to make an example of Manilla. In the diary he described his sending his men with protection of a flag to assist Manilla’s brother, in his journal version it was to assist villagers.The version edited by Waller in the "Last Journals", published in 1874, left out the context of Livingstone's earlier comments about Kirk and bad behaviour of the hired Banyan men, and omitted the villagers' earlier violent resistance to Arab slavers, so it portrayed the villagers as passive victims. The section on the massacre itself had only minor grammatical corrections. Further research into diary notes continues. The massacre horrified Livingstone, leaving him too shattered to continue his mission to find the source of the Nile. Following the end of the wet season, he travelled  from Nyangwe back to Ujiji, an Arab settlement on the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika – violently ill most of the way – arriving on 23 October 1871. Geographical discoveries
Livingstone was wrong about the Nile, but he identified numerous geographical features for Western science, such as Lake Ngami, Lake Malawi, and Lake Bangweulu, in addition to Victoria Falls mentioned above. He filled in details of Lake Tanganyika, Lake Mweru, and the course of many rivers, especially the upper Zambezi, and his observations enabled large regions to be mapped which previously had been blank.Even so, the farthest north he reached was the north end of Lake Tanganyika – still south of the Equator – and he did not penetrate the rainforest of the River Congo any farther downstream than Ntangwe near Misisi. Livingstone was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society of London and was made a Fellow of the society, with which he had a strong association for the rest of his life. Stanley meeting

Livingstone completely lost contact with the outside world for six years and was ill for most of the last four years of his life. Only one of his 44 letter dispatches made it to Zanzibar. One surviving letter to Horace Waller was made available to the public in 2010 by its owner Peter Beard. It reads: "I am terribly knocked up but this is for your own eye only... Doubtful if I live to see you again..."

Henry Morton Stanley had been sent to find him by the New York Herald newspaper in 1869.He found Livingstone in the town of Ujiji on the shores of Lake Tanganyika on 10 November 1871, apparently greeting him with the now famous words "Dr Livingstone, I presume?" Livingstone responded, "Yes", and then, "I feel thankful that I am here to welcome you." These famous words may have been a fabrication, as Stanley later tore out the pages of this encounter in his diary. Even Livingstone's account of this encounter does not mention these words. However, the phrase appears in a New York Herald editorial dated 10 August 1872, and the Encyclopædia Britannica and the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography both quote it without questioning its veracity. The words are famous because of their perceived humour, Livingstone being the only other white person for hundreds of miles, along with Stanley's clumsy attempt at appearing dignified in the bush of Africa by making a formal greeting one might expect to hear in the confines of an upper-class London club. However, readers of the Herald immediately saw through Stanley's pretensions.As noted by his biographer Tim Jeal, Stanley struggled his whole life with a self-perceived weakness of being from a humble background, and manufactured events to make up for this supposed deficiency. Stanley's book suggests that this greeting was truly motivated by embarrassment, because he did not dare to embrace Livingstone. Despite Stanley's urgings, Livingstone was determined not to leave Africa until his mission was complete. His illness made him confused and he had judgment difficulties at the end of his life. He explored the Lualaba and, failing to find connections to the Nile, returned to Lake Bangweulu and its swamps to explore possible rivers flowing out northwards. Christianity and Sechele
Livingstone is known as "Africa's greatest missionary," yet he is recorded as having converted only one African: Sechele, who was the chief of the Kwena people of Botswana (Kwena are one of the main Sotho-Tswana clans, found in South Africa, Lesotho, and Botswana in all three Sotho-Tswana language groupings). Sechele was born in 1812.His father died when Sechele was 10, and two of his uncles divided the tribe, which forced Sechele to leave his home for nine years. When Sechele returned, he took over one of his uncle's tribes; at that point, he met Livingstone. Livingstone immediately became interested in Sechele, and especially his ability to read. Being a quick learner, Sechele learned the alphabet in two days and soon called English a second language. After teaching his wives the skill, he wrote the Bible in his native tongue. Livingstone was known through a large part of Africa for treating the natives with respect, and the tribes that he visited returned his respect with faith and loyalty. He could never permanently convert the tribesmen to Christianity, however.Among other reasons, Sechele, by then the leader of the African tribe, did not like the way that Livingstone could not demand rain of his God like his rainmakers, who said that they could. After long hesitation from Livingstone, he baptised Sechele and had the church completely embrace him. Sechele was now a part of the church, but he continued to act according to his African culture, which went against Livingstone's teachings. Sechele was no different from any other man of his tribe in believing in polygamy. He had five wives, and when Livingstone told him to get rid of four of them, it shook the foundations of the Kwena tribe. After he finally divorced the women, Livingstone baptised them all and everything went well. However, one year later one of his ex-wives became pregnant and Sechele was the father.Sechele begged Livingstone not to give up on him because his faith was still strong, but Livingstone left the country and went north to continue his Christianizing attempts. After Livingstone left the Kwena tribe, Sechele remained faithful to Christianity and led missionaries to surrounding tribes as well as converting nearly his entire Kwena people. In the estimation of Neil Parsons of the University of Botswana, Sechele "did more to propagate Christianity in 19th-century southern Africa than virtually any single European missionary". Although Sechele was a self-proclaimed Christian, many European missionaries disagreed. The Kwena tribe leader kept rainmaking a part of his life as well as polygamy. Death

Livingstone died on 1 May 1873 at the age of 60 in Chief Chitambo's village at Chipundu, southeast of Lake Bangweulu, in present-day Zambia, from malaria and internal bleeding due to dysentery. Led by his loyal attendants Chuma and Susi, his expedition arranged funeral ceremonies.They removed his heart and buried it under a tree near the spot where he died, which has been identified variously as a mvula tree or a baobab tree but is more likely to be a mpundu tree, as baobabs are found at lower altitudes and in more arid regions. That site, now known as the <mask> Memorial, lists his date of death as 4 May, the date reported (and carved into the tree's trunk) by Chuma and Susi; but most sources consider 1 May—the date of Livingstone's final journal entry—as the correct one. The expedition led by Chuma and Susi then carried the rest of his remains, together with his last journal and belongings, on a journey that took 63 days to the coastal town of Bagamoyo, a distance exceeding . Seventy-nine followers completed the journey, the men were paid their due wages, and Livingstone's remains were returned by ship to Britain for burial. In London, his body lay in repose at No.1 Savile Row, then the headquarters of the Royal Geographical Society, prior to interment at Westminster Abbey. Livingstone and slavery

While talking about the slave trade in East Africa in his journals:

Livingstone wrote about a group of slaves forced to march by Arab slave traders in the African Great Lakes region when he was travelling there in 1866:

He also described:

Livingstone's letters, books, and journals did stir up public support for the abolition of slavery; however, he became dependent for assistance on the very slave-traders whom he wished to put out of business. He was a poor leader of his peers, and he ended up on his last expedition as an individualist explorer with servants and porters but no expert support around him.At the same time, he did not use the brutal methods of maverick explorers such as Stanley to keep his retinue of porters in line and his supplies secure. For these reasons, he accepted help and hospitality from 1867 onwards from Mohamad Bogharib and Mohamad bin Saleh (also known as "Mpamari"), traders who kept and traded in slaves, as he recounts in his journals. They, in turn, benefited from Livingstone's influence with local people, which facilitated Mpamari's release from bondage to Mwata Kazembe. Livingstone was furious to discover that some of the replacement porters sent at his request from Ujiji were slaves. Livingstone's figures on slaves have however been criticised as highly exaggerated. Legacy

By the late 1860s Livingstone's reputation in Europe had suffered owing to the failure of the missions he set up, and of the Zambezi Expedition; and his ideas about the source of the Nile were not supported. His expeditions were hardly models of order and organisation.His reputation was rehabilitated by Stanley and his newspaper, and by the loyalty of Livingstone's servants whose long journey with his body inspired wonder. The publication of his last journal revealed stubborn determination in the face of suffering. In 1860, the Universities' Mission to Central Africa was founded at his request. Many important missionaries, such as Leader Stirling and Miss Annie Allen, would later work for this group. This group and the medical


text_chunks:
 missionaries it sponsored came to have major, positive impact on the people of Africa. Livingstone made geographical discoveries for European knowledge. He inspired abolitionists of the slave trade, explorers, and missionaries.He opened up Central Africa to missionaries who initiated the education and healthcare for Africans, and trade by the African Lakes Company. He was held in some esteem by many African chiefs and local people and his name facilitated relations between them and the British. Partly as a result, within 50 years of his death, colonial rule was established in Africa, and white settlement was encouraged to extend further into the interior. However, what Livingstone envisaged for "colonies" was not what we now know as colonial rule, but rather settlements of dedicated Christian Europeans who would live among the people to help them work out ways of living that did not involve slavery. Livingstone was part of an evangelical and nonconformist movement in Britain which during the 19th century helped change the national mindset from the notion of a divine right to rule 'lesser races', to more modernly ethical ideas in foreign policy. The <mask> Livingstone Centre in Blantyre celebrates his life and is based in the house in which he was born, on the site of the mill in which he started his working life. His Christian faith is evident in his journal, in which one entry reads: "I place no value on anything I have or may possess, except in relation to the kingdom of Christ.If anything will advance the interests of the kingdom, it shall be given away or kept, only as by giving or keeping it I shall promote the glory of Him to whom I owe all my hopes in time and eternity." According to Alvyn Austin in 1997:
During the anti-colonial 1960s, Livingstone was debunked: he made only one certified convert, who later backslid; he explored few areas not already traveled by others; he freed few slaves; he treated his colleagues horribly; he traveled with Arab slave traders; his family life was in shambles—in short, to many he embodied the "White Man's Burden" mentality. Nonetheless, at a time when countries are being renamed and statues are being toppled, Livingstone has not fallen. Despite modern Africans' animosity toward other Europeans, such as Cecil Rhodes, Livingstone endures as a heroic legend. Rhodesia has long since purged its name, but the cities of Livingstone (Zambia) and Livingstonia (Malawi) keep the explorer's appellation with pride. In 2002, <mask> was named among the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote. Family life

While Livingstone had a great impact on British imperialism, he did so at a tremendous cost to his family.In his absences, his children grew up missing their father, and his wife Mary (daughter of Mary and Robert Moffat), whom he married in 1845, endured very poor health, and died of malaria on 27 April 1862. He had six children:

 Robert died in the American Civil War; He took the name Rupert Vincent and was the substitute for Horace Heath, and took his place in Company H of the 3rd New Hampshire Volunteers. Robert ended up being captured and he died at the Salisbury POW camp in North Carolina. Agnes (born 1847 or 1857, died 1912; married A.L. Bruce, a wealthy Scottish brewery executive.) Thomas, died in Egypt in 1876 at the age of 27 from bilharzia, a disease he contracted as a child living in Africa. Elizabeth (who died at two months)
 William Oswell (nicknamed Zouga because of the river along which he was born, in 1851; died in 1892 in Trinidad where he practiced medicine.)Anna Mary (born 1858, died 1939)

Only Agnes, William Oswell and Anna Mary married and had children. His one regret in later life was that he did not spend enough time with his children. Archives
The archives of <mask> are maintained by the Archives of the University of Glasgow (GUAS). On 11 November 2011, Livingstone's 1871 Field Diary, as well as other original works, was published online for the first time by the David Livingstone Spectral Imaging Project. Papers relating to Livingstone's time as a London Missionary Society missionary (including hand-annotated maps of South East Africa) are held by the Archives of the School of Oriental and African Studies. Digital archives unifying these and other sources are made publicly available by the Livingstone Online project at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Place names and other memorials

Africa

 The Livingstone Memorial in Ilala, Zambia marks where <mask>e died
 The city of Livingstone, Zambia, which includes a memorial in front of the Livingstone Museum and a new statue erected in 2005.The Rhodes–Livingstone Institute in Livingstone and Lusaka, Zambia, 1940s to 1970s, was a pioneering research institution in urban anthropology. David Livingstone Teachers' Training College, Livingstone, Zambia. The <mask> Memorial statue at Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, erected in 1934 on the western bank of the falls. quoted 1954 which is wrong. The statue was unveiled on 5 August 1934
 A new statue of <mask> was erected in November 2005 on the Zambian side of Victoria Falls. A plaque was unveiled in November 2005 at Livingstone Island on the lip of Victoria Falls marking where Livingstone stood to get his first view of the falls. Livingstone Hall, Men's Hall of residence at Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.The town of Livingstonia, Malawi. The city of Blantyre, Malawi is named after Livingstone's birthplace in Scotland, and includes a memorial. The <mask>e Scholarships for students at the University of Malawi, funded through Strathclyde University, Scotland. The David Livingstone Clinic was founded by the University of Strathclyde's Millennium Project in Lilongwe, Malawi. The Kipengere Range in south-west Tanzania at the north-eastern end of Lake Malawi is also called the Livingstone Mountains. Livingstone Falls on the River Congo, named by Stanley. The Livingstone Inland Mission, a Baptist mission to the Congo Free State 1877–1884, located in present-day Kinshasa, Zaire.A memorial in Ujiji commemorates his meeting with Stanley. The Livingstone–Stanley Monument in Mugere (present-day Burundi) marks a spot that Livingstone and Stanley visited on their exploration of Lake Tanganyika, mistaken by some as the first meeting place of the two explorers. Scottish Livingstone Hospital in Molepolole 50 km west of Gaborone, Botswana
 There is a memorial to Livingstone at the ruins of the Kolobeng Mission, 40 km west of Gaborone, Botswana. The church tower of the Holy Ghost Mission (Roman Catholic) in Bagamoyo, Tanzania, is sometimes called "Livingstone Tower" as Livingstone's body was laid down there for one night before it was shipped to London. Livingstone House in Stone Town, Zanzibar, provided by the Sultan for Livingstone's use, January to March 1866, to prepare his last expedition; the house was purchased by the Zanzibar government in 1947. Plaque commemorating his departure from Mikindani (present-day Tanzania) on his final expedition on the wall of the house that has been built over the house he reputedly stayed in. <mask>e Primary School in Salisbury, Rhodesia (present-day Harare, Zimbabwe).Dr Livingstone Primary School in Nairobi, Kenya. <mask>e Secondary School in Ntabazinduna about 40 km from Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. <mask>e Senior Secondary School in Schauderville, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Livingstone House in Harare, Zimbabwe, designed by Leonora Granger. Livingstone House, Achimota School, Ghana (boys' boarding house). Livingstone Street, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. <mask>e Museum in Sangwali, north-eastern Namibia.Livingstone stayed at Sangwali in the 1850s before travelling further north. Livingstone Kolobeng College, a private secondary school in Gaborone, Botswana. Livingstone Hospital, Port Elizabeth, South Africa. New Zealand
Livingstone Street in Westmere, Auckland
Livingstone Road in Flaxmere, Hastings

Scotland

 The <mask> Birthplace Museum in Blantyre, South Lanarkshire, is a museum in his honour, operated by the <mask>e Trust. <mask>e Memorial Primary School in Blantyre. <mask>e Memorial Church of the Church of Scotland in Blantyre. A statue of Livingstone in Cathedral Square, Glasgow.A statue of Livingstone in Princes Street Gardens, Edinburgh. A bust of Livingstone is among those of famous Scotsmen in the Wallace Monument near Stirling. Strathclyde University, Glasgow (which evolved from Anderson's University, later the Royal College of Science and Technology), commemorates him in the David Livingstone Centre for Sustainability and the Livingstone Tower where there is a statue of him in the building's foyer. The <mask> Livingstone Room in the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. A portrait of Livingstone by Thomas Annan (a photograph painted over in oils) hangs outside the room. The <mask> (Anderson College) Memorial Prize in Physiology commemorates him at the University of Glasgow. Livingstone Place, a street in the Marchmont neighbourhood of Edinburgh.Livingstone Street in Addiewell. A memorial plaque commemorating the centenary of Livingstone's birth was dedicated in St. James's Congregational Church in Hamilton, the church he attended as a boy. Livingstone lived at 17 Burnbank Road in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, for a short time in 1862. The house still stands and has a memorial plaque outside. He was awarded the Freedom of the Town of Hamilton. London
 A statue of <mask> stands in a niche on the outer wall of the Royal Geographical Society on Kensington Gore, London, looking out across Kensington Gardens. It was unveiled in 1953.Livingstone is one of the four houses at Eltham College. Canada
 The Livingstone Range of mountains in southern Alberta. <mask>e Elementary School, Vancouver. <mask>e Community School, Winnipeg. Bronze bust in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Gold bust in the city of Borden, Ontario. Livingstone Avenue in Barrie, Ontario.Livingstone Street, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. United States
 The town of Livingston, California
 Livingstone College, Salisbury, North Carolina. Livingstone Adventist Academy, Salem, Oregon. Livingston Falls, Busch Gardens, Tampa Bay

South America
The Livingstone Healthservice in Jardín América, Misiones, Argentina is named in his honour. Banknotes
In 1971–1998 Livingstone's image was portrayed on £10 notes issued by the Clydesdale Bank. He was originally shown surrounded by palm tree leaves with an illustration of African tribesmen on the back. A later issue showed Livingstone against a background graphic of a map of Livingstone's Zambezi expedition, showing the River Zambezi, Victoria Falls, Lake Nyasa and Blantyre, Malawi; on the reverse, the African figures were replaced with an image of Livingstone's birthplace in Blantyre, Scotland.Science
The following species have been named in honour of <mask>e:
 Livingston's cichlid, Nimbochromis livingstonii
 Livingstone's eland, Taurotragus oryx livingstonii
 Livingstone's fruit bat, Pteropus livingstonii

The mineral livingstonite is named in his honor. It was described in 1874 from Mexico. Portrayal in film and books
 Livingstone has been portrayed by M.A. Wetherell in Livingstone (1925), Percy Marmont in <mask>e (1936), Sir Cedric Hardwicke in Stanley and Livingstone (1939), Bernard Hill in Mountains of the Moon (1990) and Sir Nigel Hawthorne in the TV movie Forbidden Territory (1997). Marvel Comics' The Young Allies #2 featured an explorer named "<mask>" who discovered a new territory he dubbed "New America" and claimed it for the United States. Bucky Barnes greets him with the famous, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" The story was at least partially drawn by Ernie Hart, but the writer is unknown--Otto Binder had written the preceding issue and Stan Lee the following one.The 1949 comedy film Africa Screams is the story of a dimwitted clerk named Stanley Livington (played by Lou Costello), who is mistaken for a famous African explorer and recruited to lead a treasure hunt. The character's name appears to be a play on Stanley and Livingstone. Stanley Livingston, played by Mort Marshall, whose name invokes both Stanley and <mask>, was the zoo director on Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales, a 1963-66 animated series. Out of Darkness, Shining Light (2019) by Petina Gappah is a fictionalized account of how Dr. Livingstone's body, papers, and maps traveled 1,500 miles across the continent of Africa, so his remains could be returned to England and his work preserved there. In popular culture

The Moody Blues 1968 single "Dr. Livingstone, I Presume" paints the adventures of Livingstone, Captain Scott, and Columbus with the refrain "What did you find there? Did you stand awhile and stare? Did you meet anyone?", followed by a repeated chorus of "We're all looking for someone". The ABBA song "What about Livingstone?" mentions Livingstone "traveling up the Nile". Livingstone made 4 great journeys into Africa, three of them starting in Cape Town, South Africa and the last at Zanzibar. None of the routes traveled on the Nile which lay far to the north. He may have crossed sections of the headwaters of Nile on his final expedition but he would not have known so as these areas were not considered in the Nile watershed until much later. Stanley's search for and discovery of Livingstone is the subject of the Hugh Masekela song "Witch Doctor" that appears on his 1976 album, Colonial Man.See also
Thomas Baines
John Kirk
Livingstone Inland Mission
History of Christianity in Zambia

References

Notes

Citations

Sources and further reading

 Austin, Alvyn. "Discovering Livingstone" Christian History (1997) 16#4 pp. 10–19. Holmes, Timothy (1993). Journey to Livingstone: Exploration of an Imperial Myth. Edinburgh: Canongate Press. ; scholarly biography
, scholarly biography
 , first American edition

 <mask>, <mask> and James I. Macnair (eds) (1954).<mask>'s Travels. London: J.M. Dent. <mask>, <mask> (1999) [1875]. Dernier Journal. Paris: Arléa;
 Maclachlan, T. Banks. <mask>, Edinburgh: Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier, 1901, ("Famous Scots Series").Martelli, George (1970). Livingstone's River: A History of the Zambezi Expedition, 1858–1864. London: Chatto & Windus. scholarly biography
 Mathews, Basil Joseph, Livingstone, the Pathfinder, illustrated by Ernest Prater (Oxford and London: Henry Frowde Oxford University Press, 1913)
 Morrill, Leslie, and Madge Haines (1959). <mask>, Trail Blazer for God. Mountain View: Pacific Press Publication Association. Philip, M. NourbeSe (1991).Looking for Livingstone: An Odyssey of Silence. Stratford: The Mercury Press;
 Rea, W. F. "Livingstone's Rhodesian Legacy." History Today (Sept 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 9, pp. 633–639 online. Seaver, George. <mask>: His Life and Letters (1957), a standard biography
 Shepperson, George."<mask>e 1813–1873: a centenary assessment." Geographical Journal (1973): 205–219. Stuart, John. "<mask>, British Protestant missions, memory and empire." in Dominik Geppert, ed., Sites of imperial memory (Manchester University Press, 2016). Waters, John (1996). <mask>: Trail Blazer.Leicester: Inter-Varsity;
 Wisnicki, Adrian S. (2009). "Interstitial Cartographer: <mask> and the Invention of South Central Africa". Victorian Literature and Culture 37.1 (Mar. ): 255–71. External links

Livingstone Online
Livingstone Spectral Imaging Project. Many of Livingstone's original papers spectrally imaged. Livingstone Online – Explore the manuscripts of <mask>e Images of original documents alongside transcribed, critically edited versions
<mask> (c. 1956).Archive film from the National Library of Scotland: Scottish Screen Archive

Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa
A Popular Account of Dr <mask>'s Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries
The Personal Life of <mask>

 The Lost Diary of Dr<mask> Documentary produced by the PBS Series Secrets of the Dead
 How Livingstone discovered the Falls. by J. Desmond Clark M.A. PH.D. F.S.A. Curator of the Rhodes-Livingstone Museum. 1955
 Interactive map of Dr<mask>'s Zambezi expedition

1813 births
1873 deaths
Alumni of Charing Cross Medical School
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Big cat attack victims
Burials at Westminster Abbey
Congregationalist missionaries in Africa
Deaths from dysentery
Deaths from malaria
Explorers of Africa
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
Fellows of the Royal Society
Infectious disease deaths in Zambia
Medical missionaries
People from Blantyre, South Lanarkshire
Scottish clergy
Scottish Congregationalist missionaries
Scottish explorers
Scottish evangelicals
Deaths from

masks:
David
David Livingstone
David Livingstone
David Livingston
David Livingstone
David Livingstone
David Livingston
David Livingston
David Livingston
David Livingston
David Livingston
David Livingstone
David Livingston
David Livingston
David Livingston
David
David Livingstone
David Livingstone
David Livingston
David Livingston
David Livingston
David Livingston
Martin Livingstone
David Livingtone
Livingstone
David
Livingstone
Livingstone
David
David Livingstone
Livingstone
David Livingston
David Livingston
David Livingstone
David Livingstone
David Livingstone
David Livingston
David Livingstone
Livingstone
David Livingstone
. Livingstone
. Livingstone


text_chunks:
<mask><mask> () is the director of the Institute for Comics Studies and co-founder and co-chair of the Comics Arts Conference, which runs during the San Diego Comic-Con International and San Francisco WonderCon. Biography
<mask> gained a doctorate in American Studies from Michigan State University, with his dissertation “The Secret Origin of the Superhero: The Emergence of the Superhero Genre in America from Daniel Boone to Batman” (2002), which he revised for wider publication in 2006 (see below). He coined the term Wold-Newtonry in a paper titled "Wold-Newtonry: Theory and Methodology for the Literary Archeology of the Wold Newton Universe." In it, he talks about literary archaeology, a term which he says was inspired (for him) by Warren Ellis's term mystery archeologists in Ellis and Cassaday's Planetary comics. The paper is available online at Philip José Farmer's Wold Newton pages, and as a chapter in Win Scott Eckert's (ed.) Myths for the Modern Age book, published by MonkeyBrain Books. <mask> co-edited (with Randall William Scott) the Comic Art Studies newsletter and also set up the Comics Studies Email service to "coordinate communication about comic scholarship."The newsletter's motto was Comica Amica Nobicum ("Comics Are Our Friends!") and originated from the Russel B. Nye Popular Culture Collection, to "facilitate communication about the Comic Art Collection at Michigan State University, and communication about public comics collecting and scholarship in general." In 2005, <mask> presented a paper titled "The Definition of the Superhero" at the interdisciplinary Holy Men in Tights Superheroes Conference at the School of Art History, Cinema, Classics & Archaeology (AHCCA), University of Melbourne in Melbourne, Australia. In 2012, <mask> was award the Inkpot Award. Institute for Comics Studies
<mask> is the founder of the Institute for Comics Studies. The mission of the Institute for Comics Studies is to promote the study, understanding, recognition, and cultural legitimacy of comics. Comics Arts Conference

<mask> is co-founder (with Randy Duncan), co-chair, and co-organizer of the Comics Arts Conference which is held annually at the San Diego Comic-Con International and at WonderCon.The purpose of the conference is to "bring together comics scholars, practitioners, critics, and historians who want to be involved in the dynamic process of evolving an aesthetic and a criticism of the comics art form." Superhero: The Secret Origin of a Genre
In 2006, MonkeyBrain Books published a much revised and expanded form of his dissertation as Superhero: The Secret Origin of a Genre (MonkeyBrain Press, 2006), with a foreword by Batman-legend Dennis O'Neil. The book's main purpose is to define the superhero genre, and produce a standard definition for the term itself. <mask> writes:
“The term superhero is often applied to all sorts of characters and people from Beowulf and Luke Skywalker to Tiger Woods and Michael Jordan. These applications come out of a metaphoric use of the term to describe characters and people who seem a step above others in their class, whether epic, science fiction, or sports.”
He draws a distinction between terms used as metaphors and terms used literally, concluding that - at least part of - the problem is a lack of scholarly definition of the superhero genre. Comics writer and critic <mask>, in his "Comics in Context" columns dealing with <mask>'s Superhero, summarizes the contention over the term "superhero" by noting that some fictional characters not "explicitly portrayed as superhuman... nonetheless perform feats that real people would be unlikely to duplicate," citing Luke Skywalker and Jack Bauer as two examples. <mask>'s remit, therefore, is to clarify these issues and:
“provide a basis for the study of superheroes and help to make more studies possible in the future.”
Sanderson also notes that <mask> - and his publisher, MonkeyBrain, who also publish Jess Nevins' annotations on Alan Moore's The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen - are not following the common trend in academic circles to largely ignore the superhero genre when comics are discussed.<mask> seeks to define not merely the superhero as a character, but also the genre itself, thereby discussing not just individual attributes, but types of story, noting that the superhero:
“is generically distinct, i.e., can be distinguished from characters of related genres (fantasy, science fiction, detective, etc.) by a preponderance of genre conventions.”

<mask>'s definition makes reference to DC's lawsuit against Victor Fox, who published Wonder Man in 1939 (not to be confused with the similarly named Marvel hero), in imitation of Superman. The presiding Judge Learned Hand identified three defining characteristics in his ruling(see: here), which form a key part of <mask>'s argument:
 “These three elements–mission, powers, and identity, establish the core of the genre.”

<mask>, noted Marvel Comics historian and author of the Comics in Context blog at QuickStopEntertainment, while not agreeing completely with <mask>'s points, nevertheless states that the book "should become a basic text for study of the superhero genre," recommending it to all fans of the genre. (For more on <mask>'s in-depth critique, commentary and analysis of <mask>'s work, see Comics in Context #162, #163, #164, #165 and #166.) Bibliography
 The 'Zine #1-5 (Kent, OH 1986–1987) 'zine, a publication of the Young Adults Breakfast Club
 Comic Art Studies #47 - ? (newsletter) edited by <mask> and Randall William Scott (May 2, 1992 - ?) "Science Fiction Comics" in Anatomy of Wonder 4 by Neil Barron (ed.)(pp. 673–689)  (New Providence, N.J. : R.R. Bowker, 1995)
 "Reading Comics : Language, Culture, and the Concept of the Superhero in Comic Books" in International Journal of Comic Art, v. 3, no. 1 (pp. 278–280) (Spring 2001)
 "Wold-Newtonry: Theory and Methodology for the Literary Archeology of the Wold Newton Universe" in Myths for the Modern Age: Philip Jose Farmer's Wold Newton Universe by Win Scott Eckert (ed.) (MonkeyBrain (November 25, 2005))
 Superhero: The Secret Origin of a Genre by <mask> (Introduction by Denny O'Neil) (MonkeyBrain (July 25, 2006))

References

External links
Institute for Comics Studies
Some of Coogan's Comics-related writings, at Michigan State's Comic Art Collection

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American male writers
Comics critics
Comics scholars
Inkpot Award winners
Michigan State University alumni
Wold Newton family

masks:
Peter M
. Coogan
Peter Coogan
Coogan
Coogan
Coogan
Coogan
Coogan
Coogan
Peter Sanderson
Coogan
Coogan
Coogan
Coogan
Coogan
Coogan
Peter Sanderson
Coogan
Peter Sanderson
Coogan
Coogan
Peter Coogan


text_chunks:
<mask> (; 2 September 185225 December 1935) was a French novelist and critic. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature five times. Life
<mask> was born in Amiens in the Somme département of Picardy, France. His father, a professor of mathematics, was later appointed to a post in the college at Clermont-Ferrand, where Bourget received his early education. He afterwards studied at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand and at the École des Hautes Études. Between 1872 and 1873, he produced a volume of verse, Au Bord de la Mer, which was followed by others, the last, Les Aveux, appearing in 1882. Meanwhile, he was making a name in literary journalism and in 1883 he published Essais de Psychologie Contemporaine, studies of eminent writers first printed in the Nouvelle Revue, and now brought together.In 1884 <mask> paid a long visit to Britain, where he wrote his first published story (L'Irréparable). Cruelle Enigme followed in 1885; then André Cornelis (1886) and Mensonges (1887) - inspired by Octave Mirbeau's life - were received with much favour. <mask>, who had abandoned Catholicism in 1867, began a gradual return to it in 1889, fully converting only in 1901. In 1893, in an interview he gave in America, he spoke about his changed views: "For many years I, like most young men in modern cities, was content to drift along in agnosticism, but I was brought to my senses at last by the growing realization that...the life of a man who simply said 'I don't know, and not knowing I do the thing that pleases me,' was not only empty in itself and full of disappointment and suffering, but was a positive influence for evil upon the lives of others." On the other hand, "those men and women who follow the teachings of the church are in a great measure protected from the moral disasters which...almost invariably follow when men and women allow themselves to be guided and swayed by their senses, passions and weaknesses." These were the themes of his novel Le Disciple (1889), which he wrote, as he says in his American interview, just after abandoning his "drifting and comfortable belief in agnosticism". It is the story of philosopher Adrien Sixte, whose advocacy of materialism and positivism wields a terrible influence over an admiring but unstable student, Robert Geslon, whose actions, in turn, lead to the tragic death of a young woman.Le Disciple caused a stir in France and became a bestseller. Exemplifying the novelist's graver side, it was one of Gladstone's favourite books. John Cowper Powys listed Le Disciple at number 33 in his One Hundred Best Books. Études et portraits, first published in 1888, contains impressions of <mask>'s stay in England and Ireland—especially reminiscences of the months which he spent at Oxford and in 1891 Sensations d'Italie, notes of a tour in that country, revealed a fresh phase of his powers; and Outre-Mer (1895), a book in two volumes, is his critical journal of a visit to the United States in 1893. Also in 1891 appeared the novel Coeur de Femme, and Nouveaux Pastels, "types" of the characters of men, the sequel to a similar gallery of female types (Pastels, 1890). His later novels include La Terre Promise (1892); Cosmopolis (1892), a psychological novel, with Rome as a background; Une Idylle tragique (1896); La Duchesse bleue (1897); Le Fantôme (1901); Les Deux Sœurs (1905); and some volumes of shorter stories—Complications Sentimentales (1896), the powerful Drames de famille (1898), and Un Homme d'Affaires (1900). L'Etape (1902) was a study of the inability of a family raised too rapidly from the peasant class to adapt itself to new conditions.This powerful study of contemporary manners was followed by Un Divorce (1904), a defence of the Roman Catholic position that divorce is a violation of natural laws. He was admitted to the Académie française in 1894, and in 1895 was promoted to be an officer of the Légion d'honneur, having received the decoration of the order ten years before. Several new novels were to follow, including La Vie Passe (1910), Le Sens de la Mort (1915), Lazarine (1917), Némésis (1918), and Laurence Albani (1920), as well as three volumes of short stories and plays, La Barricade (1910) and Le Tribun (1912). Two other plays, Un Cas de Conscience (1910) and La Crise (1912) were written by him in collaboration with others. A volume of critical studies appeared in 1912, and another set of travel sketches, Le Démon du Midi, in 1914. On 16 March 1914, he was present in the offices of the newspaper, Le Figaro when the newspaper's editor, his friend Gaston Calmette was shot and killed by Henriette Caillaux the wife of a former Prime Minister of France. Her subsequent trial caused an enormous scandal at the time.He was a contributor to Le Visage de l'Italie, a 1929 book about Italy prefaced by Benito Mussolini. <mask> died on Christmas Day 1935, aged 83, in Paris. Literary significance and criticism

As a writer of verse Bourget's poems, which were collected in two volumes (1885–1887), throw light upon his mature method and the later products of his art. It was in criticism that he excelled. Notable are the Sensations d'Italie (1891), and the various psychological studies. <mask>'s reputation as a novelist is assured in some academic and intellectual circles but while they were widely popular in his time, his novels have long been largely forgotten by the general reading public. Impressed by the art of Henry Beyle (Stendhal), he struck out on a new course at a moment when the realist school was the vogue in French fiction.With Bourget, observation was mainly directed to the human character. At first his purpose seemed to be purely artistic, but when Le Disciple appeared, in 1889, the preface to that story revealed his moral enthusiasm. After that, he varied between his earlier and his later manner, but his work in general was more seriously conceived. He painted the intricate emotions of women, whether wronged, erring or actually vicious; and he described the ideas, passions and failures of the young men of France. One of his poems was the inspiration for an art song by Claude Debussy titled Beau Soir. Other settings by Debussy of poems by Bourget include 'Romance' and 'Les Cloches'. Works

In English translation

 A Cruel Enigma (1887).A Woman's Heart (1890). Was it Love (1891). Pastels of Men (1891). Impressions of Italy (1892, rep. as The Glamour of Italy, 1923). A Love Crime (1892). A Saint (1892). Cosmopolis: A Novel (1893).The Son (1893, rep. as The Story of André Cornélis, 1909). The Land of Promise (1895). Outre-Mer: American Impressions (1895). A Living Lie (1896). A Tragic Idyl (1896). Antigone, and Other Portraits of Women (1898). The Blue Duchess (1898).Domestic Dramas (1899). The Disciple (1901). (T. Fisher Unwin)
 Days in the Isle of Wight (1901). The Screen (1901). Some Impressions of Oxford (1901). Monica, and Other Stories (1902). A Divorce (1904).The Weight of the Name (1908). The Night Cometh (1916). The Gaol (1924). Selected articles
 "The New Moral Drift in French Literature," The Forum (1893). "My Favorite Novelist and His Best Book," Munsey's Magazine (1897). "Gustave Flaubert," The Living Age (1897). "The Evolution of Modern French Novel," Appleton's Magazine (1903)."For Intellectual France," The Living Age (1919). "The Decline of the Diary," The Living Age (1921). "Pascal and Renan," The Living Age (1923). References

Further reading

 Austin, Lloyd J. (1940). <mask>t. Sa vie et son œuvre jusqu'en 1889 Paris: Librairie E. Droz.Beaufort, M. Pearde (1915). "<mask> and Ireland," The Irish Monthly, Vol. 43, No. 509, pp. 695–703. Blaze de Bury, Yetta (1897). "<mask>," The Forum, Vol.23, pp. 497–514 (Rep. in French Literature of To-day. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Company, 1898, pp. 107–132.) Bowman, Edgar Milton (1925). The Early Novels of <mask>t. New York: Carranza & Co.
 Crawford, Virginia M. (1935)."<mask> and Some Successors," Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, Vol. 24, No. 95, pp. 433–441. Dimnet, Ernest (1913). <mask>t. London: Constable & Company, Ltd.
 Doumic, René (1899)."<mask>t." In: Contemporary French Novelists. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Company, pp. 177–211. Dworski, Sylvia (1941). <mask>, Novelist and Short Story Writer. Ph.D.Diss., Yale University. Fewster, J.C. (1992). "Au Service de l'Ordre: <mask>t and the Critical Response to Decadence in Austria and Germany," Comparative Literature Studies, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 259–275. France, Anatole (1922)."Science and Morals: M. <mask>t". In: On Life and Letters. London: John Lane, The Bodley Head, Ltd., pp. 53–74. Goetz, T.H. (1978). "<mask>'s Le Disciple and the Text-Reader Relationship," The French Review, Vol.52, No. 1, pp. 56–61. Gosse, Edmund (1905). "Some Recent Books of <mask>t." In: French Profiles. New York : Dodd, Mead and company, pp.239–265. Guérard, Albert Léon (1916). "<mask>t." In: Five Masters of French Romance. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 177–211. Lynch, Hannah (1902)."<mask>, Preacher," Contemporary Review, Vol. 82, pp. 305–340. Jones, Edward A. (1940). "<mask>t and French Traditionalism," Phylon, Vol. 1, No.2, pp. 165–174. Keating, L. Clark (1957). "Mark Twain and <mask>t," The French Review, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp. 342–349.Keeler, M. Jerome (1936). "<mask>," The Catholic World, Vol. 142, pp. 554–561. Klerkx, Henri (1946). <mask> et ses Idées Littéraires. Nimègue: Van de Vegt.Lemaître, Jules (1886). "<mask>t." In: Les Contemporains: Études et Portraits Littéraires. Paris: Boivin & Cie., pp. 337–364 (tr. by A.W. Evans, "<mask>t."In: Literary Impressions. London: Daniel O'Connor, 1921, pp. 43–79). Marsile, M.J. (1893). "<mask>t and French Literature," The Globe, Vol. IV, No. 13, pp.650–655. Mathias, Yehoshua (1995). "<mask>, Écrivain Engagé," Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'Histoire, No. 45, pp. 14–29. Maurras, Charles (1923)."Les Idées Politiques de M. <mask>t," Revue Hebdomadaire, Vol. 12, pp. 296–313. O'Rell, Max (1898). "Mark Twain and <mask>," The North American Review, Vol. 160, No. 460, pp.302–310. Secor, Walter Todd (1948). <mask> and the Nouvelle. New York: King's Crown Press. Singer, Armand E. (1976). <mask>. Boston: Twayne Publishers.Smith, Garnet (1892). "<mask>t," The Gentleman's Magazine, Vol. 272, pp. 370–385. Turquet-Milnes, G. (1921). "<mask>t." In: Some Modern French Writers: A Study in Bergsonism.New York: Robert M. McBride & Company, pp. 107–130. Twain, Mark (1895). "What <mask>t Thinks of Us," The North American Review, Vol. 160, No. 458, pp. 48–62 (Rep. in How to Tell a Story, and Other Essays.New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1898, pp. 181–212.) Vickers, Jackie (1992). "Women and Wealth: F. Scott Fitzgerald, Edith Wharton and <mask>," Journal of American Studies, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 261–263.External links

 Works by <mask>, at Hathi Trust

1852 births
1935 deaths
People from Amiens
Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
École pratique des hautes études alumni
French literary critics
French psychological fiction writers
19th-century French novelists
French travel writers
20th-century French non-fiction writers
20th-century French male writers
French monarchists
Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism
French Roman Catholics
Roman Catholic writers
Members of the Académie Française
People affiliated with Action Française
Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery
French male novelists
Members of the Ligue de la patrie française
19th-century French male writers
French male non-fiction writers

masks:
Paul Charles Joseph Bourget
Paul Bourget
Bourget
Bourget
Bourget
Bourget
Bourget
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourge
Paul Bourget
Paul Bourget


text_chunks:
<mask> (1867–1916) was a Belgian engineer and sociologist. He was a member of the Royal Academy of Belgium as well as the International Institute of Statistics (Sarton 1917: 168). <mask> was born in Mechelen, Belgium, 22 May 1867, and died in a street accident in London, where he was attached to the London School of Economics, in late June 1916 (Sarton 1917: 168). <mask>'s education included taking the “highest degree” in engineering from the University of Ghent, and then spending a year in the United States, where he studied labor questions and industrial organization (Sarton 1917: 168). In 1895, he was appointed head of the statistics section of the Belgian Office of Labor, and from 1897 on, <mask> taught courses in political and financial economics, statistics and demographics, as well as descriptive sociology, at the Université Libre de Bruxelles (Sauveur 1924: 395–396). These teaching obligations did not prevent him, however, from serving, beginning in 1901–1902, as director of the Solvay Institute of Sociology (Sarton 1917: 168; Sauveur 1924: 395). In addition to his career-long emphasis on the importance of statistics as an analytical tool for all of the life sciences (Sauveur 1924: 397; Waxweiler 1909a), <mask>'s major scientific contribution was his conception of sociology as a subfield of biology, in particular, ethology (Waxweiler 1906).In his Esquisse d’une sociologie of 1906, Waxweiler defined sociology (along with its alternative names of “social ethology” and “social energetics”), as “the science, one could almost say, the physiology of reactive phenomena caused by the mutual excitations of individuals of the same species, without distinctions of sex” (Waxweiler 1906: 62–63). Furthermore, Waxweiler early on advocated a system of profit-sharing by which employees become co-partners with their employers (Waxweiler 1898; Gide 1899: 240; Willoughby 1899: 121), and also argued for compulsory education laws and limits on child labor in Belgium (McLean and Waxweiler 1906). In the final two years of his life, Waxweiler published two popular books dealing with Germany's invasion of Belgium in 1914 (Waxweiler 1915; 1916). Esquisse d’une sociologie
Waxweiler's Esquisse d’une sociologie [Sketch of a sociology] was published as the second fascicule of the Solvay Institute of Sociology’s Notes et Mémoires series. As George Sarton (1924: 168) explained, “The Esquisse displayed a vast programme of research that Waxweiler had been obliged to outline as a working basis for the Institute of Sociology. This Institute had been founded a few years before, thanks to Ernest Solvay’s munificence, and entrusted to Waxweiler in 1902.”

The Esquisse, along with the other fascicules of the Notes et Mémoires series published by the Solvay Institute of Sociology in 1906, was reviewed by A. F. Chamberlain in the April 1907 issue of the American Journal of Psychology:

In his “Outlines of Sociology,” Emile Waxweiler, who is a professor of the University of Brussels, treats, in the first part, of sociology (adaptation to environment, living milieu and social milieu, sociological phenomena in comparative sociology) and, in the second, sociological analysis (sources and method, social formation, social aptitudes, activities and synergies). Professor Waxweiler defines “social ethology,” or “sociology,” since that term already exists, as “the science, or rather, the physiology of the reactional phenomena due to the mutual excitations of individuals of the same species without distinction of sex.” The basis of social affinity is the “impression of organic likeness (similitude),” and the evolution of man’s nervous system has determined characteristic phenomena from the sociological point of view,—”the faculty of perceiving inter-individually specific likeness of organization proceeds on a par with what is called the manifestations of intelligence, i. e., with the complexity of the nervous system” (p. 74).More and more has man become “the animal formed by the other individuals of his species.” [...] The only activities of the individual which interest the sociologist are his external activities, and those only in so far as they “produce effectively in another individual of the same species, without distinction of sex, a certain reaction” (p. 169). Activities are distinguished as conjunctive, protective, injurious, competitive, divulgative, gregarious, repetitive, initiative, acquisitive, selective; the social synergies a[s] conformity, interdependence, cephalization, co-ordination, conscience, etc. There is much interesting matter in this volume and the bibliography (pages 297–306, 2 cols. to page) proves the author’s wide reading,—he has made good use of the Pedagogical Seminary and the writings of American devotees of “child study.” But for all this his book is, as he terms it, properly enough, “a sketch.” A useful feature is the “sociological dictionary” (pages 281–295) containing some 2,200 terms without definitions, of more or less sociological import, gleaned from the vocabulary of the French language (Chamberlain 1907: 261–262). A. W. Small’s review in the November 1906 issue of the American Journal of Sociology, however, took a dimmer view of this last-mentioned “sociological dictionary:”

There is a curious appearance of something short of precision in the “Lexique sociologique,” appended to the volume. This glossary contains upwards of 2,400 words without definition or explanation, “Susceptibles de suggérer directement un phénomène sociologique c’est-à-dire un phénomène réactionnel entre deux ou plusieurs individus de la même espèce, sans distinction de sex” (!). Why the invidious distinction in favor of these 2,400 terms, and against the remaining thousands in the vocabulary?Whether a syllable of human speech suggests a sociological reaction to our mind does not depend upon the syllable, but upon our knowledge of its history. As phenomena of human association words are of one common origin, and if they do not suggest sociological relations it is our fault. Such a list would be absolutely useless, except as a measure of the sociological suggestibility of a given individual (Small 1906: 425). On the other hand, Joseph Schumpeter, writing in the pages of the Economic Journal, called Waxweiler's Sketch one “of the few which really advance the science” (Schumpeter 1907: 109), as well as “a book which ought not to be overlooked by anyone interested in sociology, or even in social science in general” (Schumpeter 1907: 111). Notes and references

Notes

Waxweiler bibliography
McLean, F. H., and <mask>, E. (1906). Child labor in Belgium. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol.28, pp. 105–113. Slosse, A., and <mask>, E. (1910). Enquête sur le régime alimentaire de 1065 ouvriers belges. Bruxelles: Misch et Thron. <mask>, E. (1895). Les hauts salaires aux Etats-Unis.Paris: Bibliothèque Gilon. <mask>, E. (1896a). Les lois protectrices du travail. Notes de Suisse. Bruxelles: Christophe Bruylant. <mask>, E. (1896b). La réglementation du travail du dimanche en Suisse.Rapport à M. le Ministre de l’Industrie et du Travail sur une mission d’études faite en août, 1895. Bruxelles: Lebègue. <mask>, E. (1897). L’organisation internationale de la statistique du travail. Congrès de la législation du travail, Bruxelles. [Cited in Sauveur (1924).] <mask>, E. (1898).La participation aux bénéfices: Contribution à l'étude des modes de rémunération du travail. Paris: Arthur Rousseau. <mask>, E. (1900). Du rôle d'une union internationale pour la protection légale des travailleurs. Paris. [Cited in Sauveur (1924).] <mask>, E. (1901).Die belgische Lohnstatistik und die Lohngestaltung der Kohlenarbeiter 1896–1900. Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Dritte Folge Bd. XXII (LXXVII), pp. 161–187. <mask>, E. (1905). Recherches statistiques sur l’alimentation ouvrière. Bulletin de l’Institut International de Statistique, tome XIV, pp.206–213. <mask>, E. (1906a). Esquisse d’une sociologie. Bruxelles & Leipzig: Misch & Thron. <mask>, E. (1906b). Sur l’interprétation sociologique de la distribution des salaires. Remarque additionnelle to C. Henry (1906), Mesure des capacités intellectuelle et énergétique.Notes d’analyse statistique. Bruxelles & Leipzig: Misch & Thron. <mask>, E. (1909a). La statistique et les sciences de la vie. Bulletin de l’Institut International de Statistique, tome XVIII, pp. 211–219. <mask>, E. (1909b).L’enquête de l’Institut Solvay sur l'alimentation de la classe ouvrière en Belgique. Bulletin de l’Institut International de Statistique, tome XVIII, pp. 462–473. <mask>, E. (1912). Sur les conditions sociales de la formation et de la diffusion d’une doctrine scientifique dans ses rapports avec la religion et la magie. Bulletin de l’Institut Solvay, no. 21, pp.916–936. <mask>, E. (1915). La Belgique neutre et loyale. Paris: Payot. <mask>, E. (1916). Le procès de la neutralité belge, réplique aux accusations. Paris: Payot.<mask>, E. (1974). Recueil de textes sociologiques d’<mask> <mask>, 1906–1914. Introduction par F. Vanlangenhove. Bruxelles: Palais des Académies. Other references
Bie, P. de. (1974). La sociologie d’<mask> <mask>.Bruxelles: Palais des Académies. Chamberlain, A. F. (1907). Instituts Solvay. Travaux de Sociologie. Notes et Mémoires. Misch et Thron, Éditeurs. Bruxelles et Leipzig, 1906.[Review of Fascicules 1–6 of Notes et Mémoires.] The American Journal of Psychology, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 261–264. Frost, H. H. (1960). The functional sociology of <mask> <mask> and the Institut de Sociologie Solvay.Bruxelles: Académie Royale de Belgique. Gide, C. (1899). [Review of: La Participation aux Bénéfices, by <mask> <mask>.] The Economic Journal, vol. 9, no. 34, pp. 238–240.Small, A. W. (1906). [Review of: Esquisse d’une sociologie, by <mask> <mask>.] The American Journal of Sociology, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 424–426. Sarton, G. (1917).<mask> <mask> (1867–1916). The Nation, vol. 104, no. 2693, pp. 168–169. Sauveur, M. (1924). <mask>, <mask>.Bulletin de l’Institut International de Statistique, tome XXI, pp. 394–398. Schumpeter, J. (1907). [Review of: Esquisse d’une Sociologie, by E<mask>.] The Economic Journal, vol.17, no. 65, pp. 109–111. Vatin, F. (1996). [Review of: L’univers de la sociologie en Belgique de 1900 à 1940, by Jean-François Crombois.] Revue Française de Sociologie, vol. 37, no.3, pp. 485–487. Willoughby, W. F. (1899). [Review of: La participation aux bénéfices: Contribution à l'étude des modes de rémunération du travail, by <mask> <mask>.] Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol. 13, pp. 120–121.See also
Sociophysiology
Solvay Institute of Sociology
G. P. Zeliony

Belgian sociologists
Ghent University alumni
1916 deaths
1867 births

masks:
Emile Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Emile
Waxweiler
Emile
Waxweiler
Emile
Waxweiler
Emile
Waxweiler
Emile
Waxweiler
Emile
Waxweiler
Waxweiler
Emile
. Waxweiler
Emile
Waxweiler


text_chunks:
<mask> (; April 13, 1962 – June 25, 1988)  was an Israeli-American musician best known as the founding guitarist of the Los Angeles rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers, with whom he recorded two albums. His guitar work was rooted in funk and hard rock, and he often experimented with other genres including reggae and speed metal. He is considered to have been a major influence on the Red Hot Chili Peppers' early sound. Born in Haifa, Israel, he moved to Nahariya and later to a Kibbutz before emigrating to the United States with his family in 1967. Slovak met future bandmates Anthony Kiedis, Flea, and Jack Irons while attending Fairfax High School in Los Angeles. There, he formed the group What Is This? with Irons, Alain Johannes and Todd Strassman; Flea later replaced Strassman.Slovak, Flea, Kiedis, and Irons founded Red Hot Chili Peppers in 1983, gaining popularity in Los Angeles through their energetic stage presence and spirited performances. Slovak eventually quit to focus on What is This?, which had been signed to a record deal, leaving the Red Hot Chili Peppers to record their 1984 debut album without him, including five songs co-written by him. He rejoined the Chili Peppers in 1985, and recorded the albums Freaky Styley (1985) and The Uplift Mofo Party Plan (1987) with them. During his career, Slovak developed a serious heroin addiction. He attempted to quit many times, but died of an overdose on June 25, 1988 at age 26. Several Red Hot Chili Peppers songs have been written as tributes to Slovak, including "Otherside", "Knock Me Down", "My Lovely Man", "This Is the Place", "Dosed" and "Feasting on the Flowers". In 1999, his brother <mask> published a book, Behind the Sun: The Diary and Art of <mask> <mask>, which features Slovak's diaries and paintings.Slovak was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Red Hot Chili Peppers on April 14, 2012, with his brother accepting the award on his behalf. Life and career

1962-80: Early life and Anthym
<mask> <mask> was born in Haifa, Israel, to Jewish parents who were survivors of the Holocaust. They settled in the Queens borough of New York City, then in 1967 relocated to Southern California. As a child, Slovak developed an interest in art, and often spent time painting with his mother, Esther. He attended Laurel Elementary School in West Hollywood and Bancroft Jr. High School in Hollywood, where he met future bandmates Jack Irons and Michael "Flea" Balzary. Slovak received his first guitar at age 13 as a bar mitzvah present, and regularly played the instrument into the late hours of the night. During this time, he was highly influenced by hard rock music such as Jimi Hendrix, Led Zeppelin, and Kiss.As a freshman at Fairfax High School, Slovak formed a band with Irons on drums and two other high school friends, Alain Johannes and Todd Strassman. They called their band Chain Reaction, then changed the name to Anthem after their first gig. After one of the group's shows, Slovak met audience member Anthony Kiedis, and invited him to his house for a snack. Kiedis later described the experience in his autobiography Scar Tissue: "Within a few minutes of hanging out with <mask>, I sensed that he was absolutely different from most of the people I'd spent time with ... He understood a lot about music, he was a great visual artist, and he had a sense of self and a calm about him that were just riveting." Slovak, Kiedis and Flea became best friends and often used LSD, heroin, cocaine and methamphetamine recreationally. The original bassist for Anthem, which renamed to Anthym, was deemed unsatisfactory, so Slovak began teaching Flea to play bass.Following several months of commitment to the instrument, Flea developed proficiency and a strong musical chemistry with Slovak. When Strassman saw Flea playing Anthym songs on his equipment he quit the band, with Flea quickly replacing him. Shortly afterwards Anthym entered a local Battle of the Bands contest and won second place. Anthym started to play at local nightclubs, despite the fact that the members were all underage. After graduating from high school, the band changed their name to What Is This?. Flea left Anthym around this time to accept an offer of playing bass in the prominent L.A. punk band Fear. What Is This?continued on and performed many shows along the California coast. 1980-82: Red Hot Chili Peppers formation

Slovak, Kiedis, and Flea began to create their own music after finding inspiration in a punk-funk fusion band called Defunkt. The three formed a band with former Anthym-drummer Jack Irons called Tony Flow and the Miraculously Majestic Masters of Mayhem. The band had only one song, entitled "Out in L.A.", and was formed for the purpose of playing the song once. The song was based on a guitar riff that Slovak wrote while "jamming" with Irons, and was not meant to become a real song until Kiedis decided to rap over the music. Following the group's first show at The Rhythm Lounge, the owner of the bar asked them to return, but with two songs instead of one. After several more shows, and the addition of several songs to their repertoire, the band's name was changed to Red Hot Chili Peppers.After the band started to gain popularity amongst the L.A. club scene, Kiedis began writing more lyrics. The lyrics would eventually become songs such as "Green Heaven" and "True Men Don't Kill Coyotes", and the band's concert repertoire quickly grew to nine songs as a result of months of playing local nightclubs and bars. Over the course of the next six months, the Red Hot Chili Peppers played many shows in L.A. clubs and became something of an underground hit. Slovak, Kiedis, and Flea moved into a small house in a high-crime area in Hollywood where they collaborated musically and continued their drug addictions. The threesome traveled to New York City to perform more shows and to "spread Chili Pepperdom". Shortly after the trip, Slovak moved out of the group's shared house to live with his girlfriend. 1982-88: What is This?stint, Freaky Styley, and The Uplift Mofo Party Plan
The Red Hot Chili Peppers entered Bijou Studios to record a demo tape and subsequently secured a record deal with EMI. Flea left Fear to pursue the Red Hot Chili Peppers. At the same time, What is This? had also gotten a record deal. Since Slovak considered the Chili Peppers to merely be a side project and not a serious commitment, he left them to concentrate on What is This?. Flea ultimately respected the decision, but felt the band would suffer musically without him and Irons. He and Kiedis hired drummer Cliff Martinez and guitarist Jack Sherman to fill Irons' and Slovak's places, respectively.During the recording of the second What is This? album, Slovak became frustrated with the band and contacted Flea about rejoining the Red Hot Chili Peppers. This came at an opportune time, as the group was dissatisfied with Slovak's replacement, Jack Sherman. Kiedis felt that Sherman's guitar work "didn't have the same spirit" that Slovak contributed to the band's sound. When Flea asked Kiedis how he felt about Slovak rejoining the band, Kiedis responded by saying, "I'd give my firstborn son to get him back in the band." After the culmination of the promotional tour for their first album, Sherman was fired and Slovak rejoined the band. Slovak returned to the Chili Peppers for their second album, Freaky Styley, which was released on August 16, 1985.What is This? had finally disbanded, and Irons returned to the Chili Peppers in mid 1986 after Martinez was fired. Flea, Slovak and Kiedis especially were involved in heavy drug use and their relationships became strained. Flea recalled that "it began to seem ugly to me and not fun; our communication was not healthy". Kiedis became dependent on heroin, leaving the rest of the group to work on much of the album's material by themselves. The band lived in Detroit for a portion of the recording of the album, where Kiedis and Slovak indulged in heavy cocaine use. When Slovak was under the influence, he would often wear brightly colored clothing and dance in a "shuffling" fashion, which became the inspiration for the song "Skinny Sweaty Man" from the band's next album.After Kiedis completed a stint in rehab, he rejoined the Red Hot Chili Peppers in Los Angeles to record their third album The Uplift Mofo Party Plan. Slovak felt a deep connection to the album; he reflected in his diary "It was so fun. I'm so extremely proud of everybody's work—it is at times genius." Slovak was the subject of the songs "Skinny Sweaty Man", "Me and My Friends", & "No Chump Love Sucker". He was nicknamed "Slim Bob Billy", "Slim", or "Huckleberry", and throughout the albums Kiedis calls him by these nicknames before he starts a guitar solo. On The Uplift Mofo Party Plan, Slovak experimented with different musical styles, playing the sitar on the song "Behind the Sun". Health decline

Heroin addiction
Slovak and Kiedis became addicted to

masks:
Hillel Slovak
James Slovak
Hillel
Slovak
Hillel
Slovak
Hillel