text_chunks:
Sir Dove-<mask> (15 June 1901 – 14 August 1989) was Mayor of Auckland City from 1959 to 1965 and from 1968 to 1980, the longest tenure of any holder of the office. He was a colourful character and became affectionately known across New Zealand as "Robbie". He was one of several Jewish mayors of Auckland, although he rejected Judaism as a teenager and became a lifelong atheist. He has been described as a "slight, bespectacled man whose tiny stature was offset by a booming voice and massive ego". Biography

Early life and career
Born <mask> in Sheffield, England, he was the sixth of seven children of Ida Brown and <mask>. While his father described himself as a master jeweller, he actually sold trinkets and second-hand furniture, and the family was poor and often on the move. <mask>'s mother influenced his upbringing by transmitting the strict values her rabbi father had taught her.His Jewish heritage ensured that he was often targeted by anti-semitic violence in the schools he attended. The family moved to New Zealand in 1914, where his father worked as a pawnbroker. Dove-Myer, as he later called himself (ignoring his <mask> family name), found New Zealand agreeable and lacking in the intermittent persecutions he had previously faced. <mask> began working as a travelling salesman, selling motorcycles. In Gore he met Adelaide (Adele) Elizabeth Matthews, the first of his four wives and on 12 September 1924 the two married, having two daughters. The pair divorced in 1932. He established Robinson's Motor Cycle and Bicycle Depot in 1930, but the business struggled as a result of the Great Depression, expanding to include cars.He married Veda Alice Davis, a 17-year-old, on 7 December 1937. The marriage only lasted a month and in 1940 they divorced. <mask> had begun living with Bettine (Betty) Williams, a seamstress, and on 15 March 1941 they married and had two daughters and one son. He raced motorcycles as well as selling them and for a time he was a sidecar racing champion. He held the World 500cc Speedway title in 1936. His racing injuries (and impaired eyesight) excused him from military service in World War II. During and after the war he and Betty focused on creating their own company, Childswear Ltd, into a prosperous clothes manufacturing business.Political activism

<mask> entered politics in the late 1940s when he led the opposition to a sewage dumping scheme championed by Auckland Mayor Sir John Allum (the Browns Island plan) that would have discharged untreated effluent into Waitemata Harbour. <mask> joined the Auckland and Suburban Drainage League, a group opposed to the idea of disposing Auckland's sewage and slaughterhouse waste into the harbour and intent on finding an alternative. <mask>'s first attempt saw him take a petition containing 43,000 signatures to Parliament to try to convince the government to block the plan, but was unsuccessful. Allum dismissed <mask> labeling him a as a "noisy crank" and disliked the challenge to his authority. Graham Bush, an Auckland historian, later termed the clash between Allum and <mask> as one "between two men of steely character who ... deserve being ranked among the half-dozen greatest men in Auckland municipal history". When a vacancy occurred on the Auckland City Council in 1952 <mask> stood as an independent candidate in the subsequent by-election. He used the publicity he had gained in his fight against Browns Island to stand out from the crowd and won the election.It was the first victory for an independent candidate in an Auckland City election since 1935. Now as a council member he was appointed as a council representative on the Auckland Drainage Board, the body proposing the Browns Island plan, and opposed it from within. To try to break the deadlock, <mask> formed a new political party, the United Independents, and at the 1953 elections the new group won five seats (including <mask>) giving them the balance of power between the Citizens & Ratepayers and Labour Party tickets. They also endorsed the candidacy for mayor of John Luxford, who defeated Allum. With Allum removed from the council (and by extension the Drainage Board), <mask> assumed chairmanship of the Drainage Board. There, he proposed and eventually realised a scheme to break down the sewage in oxidation ponds ('Robbie's ponds') near the Manukau Harbour. Browns Island instead became a public reserve.His success in the scheme earned <mask> a reputation as a visionary later on helped him gain the popularity to be elected Mayor of Auckland City. <mask> had established a public profile during his lengthy political struggle against the Browns Island plan, but it took a toll on his private life. His third marriage ended and he divorced Betty in 1959. On 15 June that same year he married Thelma Thompson, an executive at Childswear Ltd, with whom he had one daughter. Mayor of Auckland City

First term as mayor

In 1959, campaigning on a populist platform as "Robbie" he defeated the incumbent Citizens & Ratepayers mayor Keith Buttle which caused much resentment. A hallmark of <mask>'s first two terms as mayor was the perpetual animosity between himself and the Citizens & Ratepayers councillors, who despised <mask>'s popularity, working-class origins and social conduct. <mask> was also infamously known for walking from his home in Remuera to work at the town hall shirtless, often media cameras in tow.<mask>'s main drive in his first period as mayor was a proposed merging of the 32 separate city, borough and county councils in greater Auckland into a regional authority that could collectively decide on issues of regional importance. He won over smaller councils (who mostly opposed the reforms) and exploited Parliamentary recommendations for compulsory council amalgamations to forge the issue ahead successfully on condition that the existing councils were left intact. After being re-elected in 1962, the Auckland Regional Authority (ARA) was established in 1963 and <mask> was chosen as its founding chairman. <mask> described 1965 as his annus horribilis. He had a very public break-up with his fourth wife Thelma (who only wanted two terms as mayoress), he lost the 1965 mayoral election by 1,134 votes to Citizens & Ratepayers candidate Roy McElroy and despite being re-elected to the ARA, he was denied any chairman responsibilities. He endured a three-year political hiatus and was now a single parent. Second term as mayor
In 1968 he in turn defeated McElroy by 5,972 votes becoming the first Mayor of Auckland to serve non-consecutive terms.His niece, Barbara Goodman, became his mayoress for the rest of his time as mayor. He cultivated a more constructive relationship with the newer Citizens & Ratepayers councillors, most of whom were uninvolved in the feuding of previous council terms and more appreciative of <mask>'s role in the Browns Island affair. He was again returned to the ARA where he was appointed to the transit committee. <mask>'s main focus during his second period as mayor was his advocacy for rapid transit system for Auckland. <mask>'s proposal for a bus-rail rapid transit plan was "to provide fast, modern electrified railways through the main traffic corridors of the region". The proposal had passenger trains every three minutes running from an underground subway terminal in the city centre with above ground tracks leading to Howick, Auckland Airport and a tunnel to the North Shore. The scheme was heavily criticized for its cost (an estimated $273 million in 1973) and both the ARA chairman Tom Pearce and most of its members opposed the scheme.The Third Labour Government reneged on an election pledge to pay for the scheme and the rapid rail proposal disappeared. Retrospectively, <mask>'s idea to implement rapid rail was seen as a possible long-term solution to Auckland's subsequent transportation difficulties. The phrase; "If we'd only listened to Robbie..." has become common speech in Auckland whenever the city's transport system is debated. During his career, <mask> also became involved in the incipient movement of Green politics, particularly the anti-nuclear movement, and supported the Third Labour Government's opposition to French nuclear testing in the Pacific. He was appointed a Knight Bachelor in the 1970 Queen's Birthday Honours, for outstanding services as mayor of Auckland. <mask>'s influence declined in the 1970s and after his 1977 election victory he promised not to run again. However, he recanted and stood again in 1980, but his age was against him and he lost to Colin Kay.Later life and death
<mask> was loath to retire and twice attempted to re-enter politics. He stood for mayor again in 1983 but finished a distant fourth. At the 1986 local-body elections he was a candidate for a council seat in the Remuera ward but was unsuccessful. Strained relationships with most of his children caused his unintentional retirement to be a lonely one. His niece, Dame Barbara Goodman told papers on his death "I think he did much better in his relationship with the public than in his private relationships". <mask> lived out his remaining years in a retirement village in Auckland until his death on 14 August 1989, survived by his six children. A civic funeral was held for him at the Auckland Town Hall with a secular service led by Reverend Selwyn Dawson (a former councillor).Legacy

<mask> has been described as one of New Zealand's most popular and colourful politicians, politically independent, rationalist, environmentalist and alternative medicine advocate. In 1983 John Roberts, a Professor of Political Studies, commented on <mask>'s charisma:

Dame Barbara Goodman, former Auckland Mayoress and councillor, was his niece, and spearheaded a campaign for the Auckland City Council to build a statue of him in Aotea Square; the statue was completed in 2002. Dove Myer <mask> Park, formerly the Parnell Rose Gardens, was named after him. The park was where previous mayor John Logan Campbell once lived. See also
United Independents

References

Notes

|-

1901 births
1989 deaths
Jewish atheists
Jewish mayors
Jewish New Zealand politicians
New Zealand atheists
Mayors of Auckland
People from Sheffield
New Zealand people of English-Jewish descent
New Zealand Knights Bachelor
British emigrants to New Zealand
English Jews
20th-century New Zealand politicians
New Zealand politicians awarded knighthoods
Independent politicians in New Zealand

masks:
Myer Robinson
Mayer Dove Robinson
Moss Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson


text_chunks:
<mask> (also spelled Metcalf)  (c. 1741 – 1794) was a British-born American surveyor and one of the first American maritime fur traders to visit the Pacific Northwest coast. As early visitors to the Hawaiian Islands in 1789, <mask> and his son <mask> unwittingly provided Western military weapons and advisors for Kamehameha I, when two of their men and a ship and its armaments were captured. These helped the chief win strategic battles and unify the Hawaiian Islands. The son Thomas and most of his crew were killed about 1789-1790 in an attack by Hawaiian warriors, which the father never learned about. <mask> later returned to the Pacific Northwest. He and all but one of his crew were killed in 1794 in an attack by Haida warriors who were allowed on the ship for trading. This was in what were then known as the Queen Charlotte Islands, now known as Haida Gwaii in present-day British Columbia, Canada.Life
<mask> was born in London, England, April 23, 1741. He was the son of George and <mask> of Askrigg, Yorkshire. Due to a recent inheritance, they had moved to Shadwell, London, at the time of <mask>'s birth. <mask> was baptized at 9 days old on May 1, 1741, at St. Pauls, Shadwell. In his early life he trained for a career at sea with the East India Company. He was married in Bolton-on-Swale, Yorkshire, on May 12, 1763, to Catherine Humphrey, daughter of Thomas and Elizabeth Humphrey of that town. Metcalfe said at that time that his address was Dowgate Street, London and that he was a merchant.His brother Bernard Metcalfe was his witness. He and Catherine Humphrey had at least nine children. About 1765, the family: <mask>, Catherine and baby Elizabeth emigrated to the Province of New York, leaving son George in Yorkshire with <mask>'s brother Bernard, so that the boy could be educated. The Metcalfe family first settled in New York City, a major port. Metcalfe found employment as a surveyor and worked on the survey of the Fort Stanwix Treaty line in about 1769 in the western part of the province. He was promoted to Deputy Surveyor in the Province of New York by 1770. In 1771, Governor Dunmore of New York granted  of land to <mask> and his wife.This land was called Prattsburgh and is now part of Swanton and Highgate in Vermont. With his family settled on this land, Metcalfe established a fur trading post at the mouth of the Missisquoi River. During the American Revolutionary War, Metcalfe supported the American cause. He was taken prisoner by the British and held in Montreal. As his wife accompanied him, three of his children were born in Montreal around 1777, 1779 and 1781. In early August 1781 their son George arrived with the fleet from England to join the family in Montreal, shortly before <mask> and Thomas escaped. In 1783, after the Revolutionary War, the British released Catherine Metcalfe and 8 children as prisoners from Canada.Metcalfe's property located on Lake Champlain was destroyed during the war. After the war was over, Metcalfe moved with his family to Albany, the capital of the new state of New York. Maritime fur trade

In the 1780s, Metcalfe took a consignment of seal furs from the Falkland Islands, which were being stored in New York City for trading. In 1787 he acquired the brig Eleanora (sometimes spelled Eleanor). In September 1787 he set sail for China on the Eleanora with a cargo of furs for trading. He continued as a maritime fur trader for the next seven years. He probably did not return to New York after leaving in 1787.<mask> might have been the first American to sail to the Pacific Northwest coast to pursue fur trading. In command of the Eleanora, he may have been on the Northwest Coast in 1787 or 1788, perhaps before the arrival of American captains Robert Gray and John Kendrick in August and September 1788. In 1789, both <mask> and his son Thomas Humphrey <mask> were caught up in the Nootka Crisis at Nootka Sound, near present-day Vancouver Island. Major European powers were competing with the new United States and each other to establish control over trading in this area. Although the events at Nootka were mainly directed toward British merchant vessels, the Spanish naval officer Esteban José Martínez seized <mask>'s small schooner, the . <mask>fe approached Nootka Sound and the Eleanora was almost captured as well, but he managed to escape. The Fair American and its crew were taken to the Spanish naval base at San Blas.They were quickly released. The Metcalfes had planned to spend the winter in the Hawaiian Islands. After being released, Thomas Metcalfe sailed the Fair American to Hawaii, hoping to join his father. Olowalu massacre

The Eleanora under <mask> arrived in the islands first. In Kohala on the island of Hawaiʻi, Metcalfe was greeted by local chief Kameʻeiamoku. Metcalfe had the chief flogged for some infraction. The captain was said to believe in strong and immediate punishment when his rules were broken.By most accounts he was irascible and harsh. He sailed to the neighboring island of Maui to trade along the coast. Kameʻeiamoku vowed revenge on whatever ship next came his way. Metcalfe ran into more trouble on the coast of Maui when a boat and sailor went missing. It was discovered that the boat had been stolen and the sailor killed. His retaliation became known as the Olowalu Massacre. He sailed to Olowalu, the village of the suspected thieves.Feigning peaceful intent, he invited the villagers to the Eleanora for trade. Many canoes gathered at the ship. Metcalfe directed them to come to one side, where he had loaded his cannon with ball and shot. He ordered a broadside fired at point-blank range, which blasted the vessels to pieces. About 100 Native Hawaiians were killed and several hundred wounded. Because Hawaiians considered Olowalu a pu'u honua, or place of refuge, this attack had profound and long-lasting consequences, ultimately undermining the site's cultural stability. After the massacre, Metcalfe weighed anchor and returned to the island of Hawai'i.At Kealakekua Bay he began what seemed to be friendly trade for provisions. Capture of the Fair American

Meanwhile, his son Thomas Humphrey <mask>, then 19 years old, arrived near Kawaihae Bay, in the Fair American. By coincidence the Fair American was the next ship to visit the territory of chief Kameʻeiamoku, who was eager for revenge. The schooner was manned by only four sailors plus its relatively inexperienced captain. The Hawaiians easily captured it, and killed <mask> and most of his small crew. The only survivor was Isaac Davis, who was badly injured but spared by chief Kameʻeiamoku. The chief appropriated the ship, its guns, ammunition, and other valuable goods, as well as Davis.At the time the Hawaiians did not realize that the late captain of the Fair American was the son of <mask>fe, whose Eleanora was anchored at Kealakekua Bay, about  away. The chief eventually gave Fair American and Davis to King Kamehameha I. When Kamehameha learned about the capture of the Fair American, he prohibited further contact between the natives and the Eleanora. <mask> sent the boatswain John Young ashore to investigate. Young was captured by the Hawaiians, and Metcalfe was puzzled by the sudden silence. He waited two days for Young to return, firing guns in hope that the sound would guide Young back. Finally, sensing danger or becoming frustrated, Metcalfe left and set sail for China, not knowing that his son had been killed nearby.He never learned about the attack on the Fair American or the fate of his son. These events mark a turning point in Hawaiian history. The two Americans, John Young and Isaac Davis, were put to use by Kamehameha, who drew on their knowledge and the armament from the Fair American for his military ventures. He eventually conquered and unified the Hawaiian Islands under his rule. Young and Davis became respected translators and military advisors for Kamehameha. Their skill in gunnery, as well as the cannon from the Fair American, helped Kamehameha win many battles. He won the Battle of Kepaniwai later in 1790, which defeated the forces of Maui.The two men married members of the royal family, raised their families in Hawaii, and received valuable lands. Death
<mask>fe continued to trade around the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean for another 4 years. He was in Macao in 1791. In 1792 he purchased a small French brig at Port Louis, Isle of France (now known as Mauritius), to serve as a tender to Eleanora. He named this brig Ino and appointed his younger son Robert to command her. When the Eleanora sank in the Indian Ocean in September 1792, Metcalfe took command of the Ino. In 1794, Metcalfe visited Houston Stewart Channel, at the southern end of the Haida Gwaii, and anchored in Coyah's Sound, in the area now known as British Columbia.He began friendly trading with the local Haida natives under Chief Koyah. Metcalfe let a great number come aboard the Ino. The Haida took advantage of their superiority in numbers and attacked. Within a few minutes, the natives had killed nearly every man on board, including <mask>fe, save one who fled into the rigging. The natives ordered the man to come down, and kept him as a slave for about a year. Eventually that man was ransomed to a visiting European ship, whose captain dropped him off in Hawaii. There he told the story to John Young, who passed it on to other captains who visited the northwest Pacific islands.In 1794 the Haida also captured the schooner Resolution, tender to the Boston ship Jefferson under captain Josiah Roberts. Those warriors were led by Chief Cumshewa. As with the Ino, they killed all but one of the crew. References

External links
 Letter from Captain Metcalf, 1790, to King Kamehameha
 Surprise Visitor at Nootka Sound, Tacoma Public Library
 Cultural History of Three Traditional Hawaiian Sites (Chapter 3), Overview of Hawaiian History, National Park Service
 "Historic Kealakekua Bay". Papers of the Hawaiian Historical Society. Honolulu, Hawaii. 1928.Howay, Frederic William (1925). "Captain <mask>fe and the Brig 'Eleanora'". Washington Historical Quarterly. 16 (2): 114-121. 1741 births
1794 deaths
Ancient Hawaii
American fur traders
British emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
History of British Columbia
History of Maui
Sea captains
Oregon Country
Sealers
Fur traders
Sailors from London

masks:
Simon Metcalfe
Metcalfe
Thomas Humphrey Metcalfe
Simon Metcalfe
Simon Metcalfe
Anne Metcalfe
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon
Simon Metcalfe
Simon
Metcalfe
Simon Metcalfe
Metcalfe
Thomas Metcalfe
Simon Metcal
Simon Metcalfe
Metcalfe
Thomas Metcalfe
Simon Metcal
Simon Metcalfe
Simon Metcal
Simon Metcal
Simon Metcal


text_chunks:
<mask> is an American journalist and educator who has written extensively on energy, economic, and ecological issues, including oil depletion. He is the author of 13 books, and presently serves as the senior fellow at the Post Carbon Institute. Early life
<mask> grew up in  St. Joseph, Missouri. His father, <mask>, was a chemist and high-school physics and chemistry teacher. <mask>'s interest in science came from his father, but at an early age, he rejected his parents' fundamentalist Christian beliefs. At one point he lived at Colorado's Sunrise Ranch, headquarters of the " Emissaries of Divine Light" group, which Heinberg referred to as "a sort of benign cult." Career
After two years in college and a period of personal study, in November 1979 <mask> became personal assistant to Immanuel Velikovsky.After Velikovsky's death, <mask> assisted his widow in editing manuscripts. He published his first book in 1989, Memories and Visions of Paradise: Exploring the Universal Myth of a Lost Golden Age, which was the result of ten years of study of world mythology. An expanded second edition was published in 1995. He began publishing his alternative newsletter, the MuseLetter, in 1992. His next book – published in 1993 – was Celebrate the Solstice: Honoring the Earth's Seasonal Rhythms through Festival and Ceremony. In June 1995, speaking to the International Society for the Comparative Study of Civilizations in Dayton, Ohio, <mask> provided "A Primitivist Critique of Civilization" and discussed the ways in which "we are, it would seem, killing the planet." In February 2007, <mask> addressed the Committee on International Trade of the European Parliament and served as an advisor to the National Petroleum Council in its report to the U.S. Secretary of Energy on Peak Oil.In October 2007, the Green Party of Aotearoa organised a speaking tour of New Zealand for <mask>, which included a presentation in the Beehive theatrette within the New Zealand Parliament building. In 2008 he was a Mayor's appointed member of the Oil Independent Oakland 2020 Task Force (Oakland, California), which was convened to chart a path for the city to dramatically reduce its petroleum dependence. <mask> is now the Senior Fellow of the Post Carbon Institute in Santa Rosa, California. He is also a violinist, illustrator, and book designer. He is married to Janet Barocco. <mask> has proposed an international protocol to peak oil management with the aim of reducing the impact of the arrival of the peak. The adoption of the Protocol would mean that oil-importing nations should deal to reduce their importations in an annual percentage, while exporting countries should deal to reduce their exportations in the same percentage.The Uppsala Protocol has been focused in a similar direction. <mask> is the editor of MuseLetter, which has been included in Utne Magazine's annual list of Best Alternative Newsletters. He has appeared in the documentaries The End of Suburbia, The 11th Hour, Crude Impact, Oil, Smoke & Mirrors, Chasing God, What a Way to Go: Life at the End of Empire, The Great Squeeze, The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil, A Farm for the Future and Ripe For Change. <mask> serves on the advisory board of The Climate Mobilization, a grassroots advocacy group calling for a national economic mobilization against climate change on the scale of the home front during World War II, with the goal of 100% clean energy and net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2025. <mask> is one of the more moderate commentators on peak oil (compared with others like James Howard Kunstler.) Books
<mask>'s books from the later 1990s address the relationships between humanity and the natural world. In 1998, he began teaching at New College of California in the "Culture, Ecology and Sustainable Community" program, which he helped design.He remained a member of the Core Faculty until 2007, when the College closed its doors. His book The Party's Over: Oil, War, and the Fate of Industrial Societies, published in 2003, was one of the first full-length analyses of peak oil. In 2004, <mask> provided the closing address for the First US Conference on Peak Oil and Community Solutions. His title was "Beyond the Peak." Publications
 Memories and Visions of Paradise: Exploring the Universal Myth of a Lost Golden Age (1989; revised edition, 1995; British edition, 1990; Portuguese edition, 1991)
 Celebrate the Solstice: Honoring the Earth’s Seasonal Rhythms through Festival and Ceremony (1993; Italian edition, 2002; Portuguese edition, 2002)
 A New Covenant with Nature: Notes on the End of Civilization and the Renewal of Culture (1996; Portuguese edition, 1998)
 Cloning the Buddha: The Moral Impact of Biotechnology (1999; Indian edition, 2001; Japanese edition, 2001; Chinese edition, 2001)
 The Party's Over: Oil, War, and the Fate of Industrial Societies (2003; British, Italian, German, Spanish, and Arabic editions, 2004–2005; revised North American edition, 2005; Spanish edition, 2007; French edition, 2008 German Edition)
 Powerdown: Options and Actions for a Post-Carbon World () (2004; British edition 2005)
 The Oil Depletion Protocol: A Plan to Avert Oil Wars, Terrorism and Economic Collapse (2006, ),
 Peak Everything: Waking Up to the Century of Declines (2007, ). Blackout: Coal, Climate, and the Last Energy Crisis (June, 2009). ()
 The Post Carbon Reader: Managing the 21st Century’s Sustainability Crises, edited by <mask> Heinberg & Daniel Lerch (2010)
 The End of Growth: Adapting to Our New Economic Reality, (2011)
 Snake Oil: How Fracking's False Promise of Plenty Imperils Our Future (2013)
 Afterburn: Society Beyond Fossil Fuels (2015)
 Our Renewable Future: Laying the Path for One Hundred Percent Clean Energy (2016) , co-authored by Richard Heinberg and David Fridley
 Power: Limits and Prospects for Human Survival (2021)

See also
 Energy descent
 Oil depletion
 Peak oil
 Petrodollar warfare

References

External links

2008 interview on Global Public Media Heinberg on Post Carbon Institute's Green New Deal

  on the Keiser Report

Living people
American male journalists
Journalists from California
American non-fiction environmental writers
Ecological economists
People associated with criticism of economic growth
Newsletter publishers (people)
Writers from Santa Rosa, California
Activists from California
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Richard William Heinberg
Heinberg
William Heinberg
Heinberg
Heinberg
Heinberg
Heinberg
Heinberg
Heinberg
Heinberg
Heinberg
Heinberg
Heinberg
Heinberg
Heinberg
Heinberg
Richard


text_chunks:
<mask> or <mask> (1 January 1746 – 7 August 1802) was a German botanist nurseryman born in Helmstedt. Graeffer/Graefer is remembered by garden historians as having introduced a number of exotic plants to British gardens and to have worked for the king of Naples at the palace of Caserta. Trained by Philip Miller at the Chelsea Physic Garden, London, one of the most prominent botanical gardens of Europe during the 18th century, <mask> was subsequently gardener to the Earl of Coventry at Croome Court, Worcestershire,<ref>Peter Hayden, Russian Parks and Gardens (2005:84).</ref> which was being landscaped by Capability Brown, and then to James Vere, of Kensington Gore, a founder of the Royal Horticultural Society <mask> struck out on his own as a partner with Archibald Thompson and the prominent nurseryman James Gordon in Gordon's long-established Mile End nursery near the New Globe, Stepney, just beyond the East End of London. After Gordon's retirement and his death in 1780, the nursery at Mile End was inherited by Gordon's three sons. In August 1781, it was reported in L'ésprit des Journaux, that MM Grœffer et Bessel had been issued a royal patent (dated 30 December 1780) for their preparation of cooked and preserved vegetables for the Royal Navy and the use of those on sea voyages; it was the first recorded patent for preserving vegetables by drying them. For that purpose, it was reported, they had purchased 200 arpents of land near the "nouvelle globe", Mile End, for plantings, which appears to be Gordon's long-established plant nursery. The patent was issued for preserving "a vegetable of the Brassica kind, generally known by the name of green and brown borecole, scotch or other kale with a salt solution and drying so it will keep for up to a year."Among <mask>'s introductions to British horticulture by far the most familiar was the variegated form of Aucuba japonica, the loved and loathed "Spotted Laurel" of gardens, which he introduced to British horticulture in 1783, at first as a plant for a heated greenhouse; it became widely cultivated as the "Gold Plant" by 19th-century gardeners. According to <mask> Loudon he was also responsible for the introduction of Pyrus bollwylleriana, the Bollwyller pear (later called Shipova), and P. baccata (later called Malus baccata), the Siberian wild crab. Another of his introductions was Sideroxylon melanophloeos (later called Rapanea melanophloeos), from the Cape Province, 1784. Not all his introductions took: in 1783 Graeffer introduced Fumaria nobilis, a little alpine plant native to the Altai in Siberia, but it was subsequently lost to horticulture and reintroduced; he catalogued 80 species of plants suitable for rock gardens in 1789. Graham Stuart Thomas who knew the 1794 edition, found it "certainly the first 'quick reference' book on alpines that I have come across: he gives full particulars of descriptions and cultivation in a tabulated list. I think he was entitled to claim: 'The Author proposes in his use of his great variety of Herbaceous Plants a more constant and uniform and gay Attraction of Gardens, than has been hitherto pointed out, or adopted'". He also issued A Descriptive Catalogue of Upwards of Eleven Hundred Species and Varieties of Herbaceous Or Perennial Plants that same year.In the 1790s <mask> obtained a recommendation from Sir Joseph Banks, to be employed as head gardener to the king of Naples; at the royal palace of Caserta he introduced elements of the English landscape garden to the extensive formal plan, the Giardino Inglese instigated by Sir William Hamilton, for King Ferdinand, who eventually took an interest in it, after Sir William had urged Queen Maria Carolina, as Hamilton reported to Banks from Caserta 22 April 1794,  "that it would be a constant reproach to this country the having had by your goodness such a man as Graeffer for more than ten years without having had the least profit from his well known talents". A knowledgeable visitor, Sir James Edward Smith, founder of the Linnean Society, has left an account of Graeffer's unsuccessful try at introducing the English taste:
Mr <mask>, a very ingenious gardener recommended to the queen of Naples by sir Joseph Banks, was then employed in laying out a garden for her majesty in the English taste, to which purpose a portion of ground was allotted nor far from the palace; but unluckily in full view of a stupendous brick wall , built with Herculean labour for the purpose of keeping the above-mentioned cascade in its place. No plantation whatever could conceal this glaring wall from any part of the garden; nor could any climbing plants reach near to its top. The ground was besides occupied by miserable olives, with scarcely a picturesque tree to turn to account. Nevertheless Mr. <mask> had succeeded, we thought, wonderfully. He had formed some very pleasant lawns, interspersed with clumps of myrtle and other shrubs, and the whole wore a very promising appearance. But unfortunately none of the Neapolitans could see any kind of beauty in his performances, and they complained of his introducing so vulgar a thing as myrtle!The queen was much disposed to be pleased, but she could not stem the tide of opinion; nor did the king approve of the expense: so the whole was given up some time after. With more success, <mask>, who must have had plenty of time on his hands, published a catalogue of the plants at Caserta, Synopsis plantarum regii viridarii Caserti'' (Naples 1803). In 1799, on Sir William Hamilton's suggestion, he became bailiff of Admiral Horatio Nelson's estate at Bronte, Sicily, where <mask> was expected to reorganize the agriculture along progressive English lines; his  extravagant ideas, however, consumed the income Nelson expected from the estate: to Lady Hamilton Nelson wrote "I hope Graeffer is going on so at Bronté; I am sure I take nothing from that estate.". <mask> died in Bronte in 1802. Notes

1746 births
1802 deaths
German horticulturists
People from Brunswick-Lüneburg
People from Helmstedt

masks:
John Graefer
Johann Andreas Graeffer
Graeffer
Graeffer
Graeffer
John Claudius
Graeffer
Graeffer
Graeffer
Graeffer
Graeffer
Graeffer


text_chunks:
<mask>. (February 3, 1935 – May 17, 1996), known professionally as “<mask>” <mask>, was an American musician and singer-songwriter. A flamboyant showman and electric guitarist in the style of T-Bone Walker, his recording career spanned forty years, and encompassed rhythm and blues, funk and soul music. <mask> recorded throughout the 1950s and 1960s with some success. His creative reinvention in the 1970s with funk overtones, saw <mask> have hits with "Ain't That a Bitch" and "Superman Lover". His highest charting single was 1977's "A Real Mother for Ya". Early life
<mask> was born in Houston, Texas. His father John Sr. was a pianist, and taught his son the instrument.But young <mask> was immediately attracted to the sound of the guitar, in particular the electric guitar as played by T-Bone Walker and Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown. His grandfather, a preacher, was also musical. "My grandfather used to sing while he'd play guitar in church, man," <mask> reflected many years later. When <mask> was 11, his grandfather offered to give him a guitar if, and only if, the boy didn't play any of the "devil's music". His parents separated in 1950, when he was 15. His mother moved to Los Angeles, and took <mask> with her. Early career
In his new city, <mask> won several local talent shows.This led to his employment, while still a teenager, with jump blues-style bands such as Chuck Higgins's Mellotones and Amos Milburn. He worked as a vocalist, pianist, and guitarist. He quickly made a name for himself in the African-American juke joints of the West Coast, where he first recorded for Federal Records in 1952. He was billed as Young John <mask> until 1954. That year, he saw the Joan Crawford film <mask>, and a new stage name was born. In 1953, Shorty Rogers had <mask> as part of his Orchestra perform for the famed ninth Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles which was produced by Leon Hefflin, Sr. on June 7. Also featured that day were Roy Brown and his Orchestra, Don Tosti and His Mexican Jazzmen, Earl Bostic, Nat "King" Cole, and Louis Armstrong and his All Stars with Velma Middleton.<mask> affected a swaggering, yet humorous personality, indulging a taste for flashy clothes and wild showmanship on stage. His "attacking" style of playing, without a plectrum, resulted in him often needing to change the strings on his guitar once or twice a show, because he "stressified on them" so much, as he put it. <mask>'s ferocious "Space Guitar" single of 1954 pioneered guitar feedback and reverb. <mask> would later influence a subsequent generation of guitarists. His song "Gangster of Love" was first released on Keen Records in 1957. It did not appear in the charts at the time, but was later re-recorded and became a hit in 1978, becoming <mask>'s "most famous song". He toured and recorded with his friend Larry Williams, as well as Little Richard, Don and Dewey, The Olympics, <mask> and, in the mid-1970s with David Axelrod.In 1975 he was a guest performer on two tracks (flambe vocals on the out-choruses of "San Ber'dino" and "Andy") on the Frank Zappa album One Size Fits All. He also played with Herb Alpert and George Duke. But as the popularity of blues declined and the era of soul music dawned in the 1960s, <mask> transformed himself from southern blues singer with pompadour into urban soul singer in a pimp hat. His new style was emphatic – wearing the gold teeth, broad-brimmed hats, flashy suits, fashionable outsized sunglasses and ostentatious jewelry. He modified his music accordingly. His albums Ain't That a Bitch (included funk blues singles "Superman Lover" and "I Need It") and Real Mother For Ya (1977) fused funk and blues. <mask> had album Love Jones in 1980.Reviewing <mask>'s 1977 LP A Real Mother for Ya, Robert Christgau wrote in Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981): "<mask> has been perfecting his own brand of easy-listening funk for years, and this time he's finally gone into the studio with his guitar Freddie and his drummer Emry and a bunch of electric keyboards and come up with a whole album of good stuff. The riff-based tracks go on too long but go down easy and the lyrics have an edge. Granted, <mask> can't match George Benson's chops, but this is dance music, chops would just get in the way. And I prefer his Lou-Rawls-without-pipes to Benson's Stevie-Wonder-ditto." Later career

The shooting death of his friend Larry Williams in 1980 and other personal setbacks led to <mask> briefly withdrawing from the spotlight in the 1980s. "I got caught up with the wrong people doing the wrong things", he was quoted as saying by The New York Times. The release of his album Bow Wow in 1994 brought <mask> more visibility and chart success than he had ever known.The album received a Grammy Award nomination. In a 1994 interview with David Ritz for liner notes to The Funk Anthology, <mask> was asked if his 1980 song "Telephone Bill" anticipated rap music. "Anticipated?" <mask> replied. "I damn well invented it! ... And I wasn't the only one. Talking rhyming lyrics to a groove is something you'd hear in the clubs everywhere from Macon to Memphis.Man, talking has always been the name of the game. When I sing, I'm talking in melody. When I play, I'm talking with my guitar. I may be talking trash, baby, but I'm talking". In 1995, he was given a Pioneer Award from the Rhythm and Blues Foundation in a presentation and performance ceremony at the Hollywood Palladium. In February 1995, <mask> was interviewed by Tomcat Mahoney for his Brooklyn, New York-based blues radio show The Other Half. <mask> discussed at length his influences and those he had influenced, referencing Guitar Slim, Jimi Hendrix, Frank Zappa and Stevie Ray Vaughan.He made a special guest appearance on Bo Diddley's 1996 album A Man Amongst Men, playing vocoder on the track "I Can't Stand It" and singing on the track "Bo Diddley Is Crazy". His music was sampled by Redman (who based his "Sooperman Luva" saga on <mask>'s "Superman Lover"), DJ Jazzy Jeff and The Fresh Prince, The Real Roxanne, Ice Cube, Eazy-E, Snoop Dogg, Dr. Dre, Jay-Z, and Mary J. Blige. Snoop Dogg and Dr. Dre borrowed P-Funk's adaptation of <mask>'s catchphrase "Bow wow wow yippi-yo yippi-yay" for Snoop's hit "Who Am I? (What's My Name?)". <mask> also played the guitar on the G-funk remix of Dr. Dre's Grammy Award-winning single "Let Me Ride" in 1993. "<mask> was always aware of what was going on around him", recalled Susan Maier <mask> (later to become the musician's wife) in an interview printed in the liner notes to the album The Very Best of <mask> 'Guitar' <mask>. "He was proud that he could change with the times and not get stuck in the past".Death
<mask>

<mask>, a recognized master of the Fender Stratocaster guitar, has been compared to Jimi Hendrix and allegedly became irritated when asked about this comparison, supposedly stating: "I used to play the guitar standing on my hands. I had a 150-foot cord and I could get on top of the auditorium – those things Jimi Hendrix was doing, I started that shit." Frank Zappa stated that "<mask>'s 1956 song 'Three Hours Past Midnight' inspired me to become a guitarist". <mask> contributed to Zappa's albums One Size Fits All (1975), Them or Us (1984),  Thing-Fish (1984) and  Frank Zappa Meets the Mothers of Prevention (1985). Zappa also named "Three Hours Past Midnight" his favorite record in a 1979 interview.Steve Miller not only did a cover of "Gangster of Love" on his 1968 album Sailor (substituting "Is your name "Stevie 'Guitar' Miller?" for the same line with <mask>'s name), he made a reference to it in his 1969 song "Space Cowboy" ("And you know that I'm a gangster of love") as well as in his 1973 hit song "The Joker" ("Some call me the gangster of love"). Miller had also borrowed the sobriquet for his own "The Gangster Is Back", on his 1971 album Rock Love. Jimmie Vaughan, brother of Stevie Ray Vaughan, is quoted as saying: "When my brother Stevie and I were growing up in Dallas, we idolized very few guitarists. We were highly selective and highly critical. <mask> 'Guitar' <mask> was at the top of the list, along with Freddie, Albert and B.B. King.<mask> influenced Jimi Hendrix, Sly Stone, Etta James, and Stevie Ray Vaughan. Bobby Womack said: "Music-wise, he (<mask>) was the most dangerous gunslinger out there, even when others made a lot of noise in the charts ～　I'm thinking of Sly Stone or George Clinton". Etta James stated, in an interview at the 2006 Rochester International Jazz Festival: "<mask>Guitar' <mask>... Just one of my favorite singers of all time. I first met him when we were both on the road with <mask> in the '50s, when I was a teenager. We traveled the country in a car together so I would hear him sing every night. His singing style was the one I took on when I was 17 – people used to call me the female <mask> 'Guitar' <mask> and him the male Etta James... He knew what the blues was all about...".James is also quoted as saying: "I got everything from <mask>... He was my main model... My whole ballad style comes from my imitating <mask>'s style... He was the baddest and the best... <mask> <mask> was not just a guitarist: the man was a master musician. He could call out charts; he could write a beautiful melody or a nasty groove at the drop of a hat; he could lay on the harmonies and he could come up with a whole sound." Pearl Jam recorded a song entitled "Johnny Guitar", about <mask>, for their 2009 album Backspacer. <mask>'s 1976 song "Superman Lover" features on the soundtrack of the video game Grand Theft Auto V.

Discography

Albums

 1958 Gangster of Love (King)
 1963 I Cried for You (Cadet 4056) (featuring <mask> on piano)
 1963 <mask> <mask> (King)
 1964 The Blues Soul of <mask> <mask>
 1965 Larry Williams Show with <mask> <mask> (guest musician)
 1967 Bad
 1967 In the Fats Bag
 1967 Two for the Price of One (with Larry Williams)
 1973 Listen (Fantasy 9437)
 1975 I Don't Want to Be Alone, Stranger (Fantasy 9484)
 1975 The Gangster Is Back
 1976 Ain't That a Bitch (DJM 3)
 1976 Captured Live
 1977 A Real Mother for Ya
 1977 Funk Beyond the Call of Duty (DJM 714)
 1978 Watsonian Institute- Master Funk" (DJlPA-13)
 1978 Giant (DJM 19)
 1978 Gettin' Down with <mask> "Guitar" <mask> 1979 What the Hell Is This? / Can You Handle It (DJM 1106)

See alsoThe Gangster of Love – <mask> "Guitar" <mask>: Performer, Preacher, Pimp'' (2009), Vincent Bakker, CreateSpace, , Extended Edition (2014), 476 pages, 300 illustrations, CreateSpace, .References

External links

 Discography at Soulful Kinda Music. <mask> <mask> Audio Interview at the Internet Archive. 1935 births
1996 deaths
20th-century American guitarists
20th-century American pianists
American blues drummers
American blues guitarists
American blues pianists
American blues singers
American funk guitarists
American male guitarists
American male pianists
Bell Records artists
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Class Records artists
Combo Records artists
DJM Records artists
Federal Records artists
Fingerstyle guitarists
Guitarists from Texas
Keen Records artists
Kent Records artists
King Records artists
Musicians from Houston
Musicians who died on stage
Northern soul musicians
Okeh Records artists
RPM Records (United States) artists
Texas blues musicians
West Coast blues musicians
African-American pianists
African-American guitarists
20th-century African-American male singers

masks:
John Watson Jr
Johnny Guitar
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Johnny
Watson
Watson
Watson
Johnny Guitar
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Johnny Otis
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Johnny
Watson
Johnny
Watson
Watsonnce
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Johnny
Watson
Watson
Watson
Johnny '
Watson
Johnny Otis
Johnny
Watson
Johnny
Johnny
Johnny Guitar
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Johnny Guitar
Watson
Johnny Guitar
Watson
Johnny Guitar
Watson
Johnny
Watson
Johnny
Watson
Johnny Guitar
Watson


text_chunks:
<mask> (6 June 1926 – 1 October 2011) was an Israeli-born American rabbi. He was the last Chief Rabbi of St. Louis, Missouri, and the last chief rabbi of one of only a few cities in the United States that has ever had a chief rabbi. He held the post of Chief Rabbi from 1983 until 2005 and was Chief Rabbi Emeritus until his death in 2011. He was also a chief judge on the Beth Din of the Rabbinical Council of America, and head of the Vaad Hoeir of St. Louis, the governing body of the St. Louis Orthodox Jewish community. He was an expert in Jewish law, especially family and divorce law, and was consulted by rabbis and rabbinical courts around the world. Early life and education
<mask> was born June 6, 1926, at Hadassah Hospital in Jerusalem. His father was Rabbi <mask>, a protégé and beloved chasid  of Rabbi <mask> (also known as “the Rashab”), the fifth Rebbe (spiritual leader) of the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic movement.His mother was Nacha <mask> (née Heber) of Kalisz, Poland. Rabbi Moshe Ber and Nacha married in 1920 and their daughter, Ella, was born in 1921. In 1924, Moshe Ber <mask> was sent by the Rashab to Palestine to be the dean of a rabbinical school, the Yeshivas Toras Emes in Jerusalem, where their son, <mask>, was born. Following the 1929 Palestine riots, <mask>'s family emigrated to the United States and settled in Borough Park, Brooklyn, where <mask>'s father become the dean of Yeshiva Torah Vodaath. His mother was one of the founders of the Shulamith School for Girls in Borough Park, Brooklyn, the first girls’ yeshiva in the United States. She became a renowned Hebrew  textbook author and Jewish educator, championing day school education for Orthodox Jewish girls. <mask> became a rabbinical scholar at the Yeshiva Torah Vodaath and Beth Medrash Elyon and was an exemplary student of Rabbis Shlomo Heiman and Reuvain Grozovsky.He received his rabbinic ordination at Yeshiva Torah Vodaath. and a second, advanced semicha from Rabbi Moshe Binyamin Tomashoff, who, when he was ordained, called him "among the most gifted of his generation." Early career and marriage

In 1947, at age 21, <mask> was appointed a rosh yeshiva (dean) at Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin school in Brooklyn. However, in 1949, at the encouragement of the sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, <mask> moved to St. Louis, Missouri, to become the rabbi of the Nusach Ha'Ari congregation. He also became the Jewish chaplain at the Veterans Administration Hospital at Jefferson Barracks and an administrator and counselor at Epstein Hebrew Academy. In 1954 married Paula Zuckerman, the only child of Rabbi Dov Berish Zuckerman and Hinda Zuckerman. Paula's family had fled Austria after the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in 1938.They  subsequently had two children, Bentzion and Yocheved. In 1959, the family moved to Seattle, where <mask> became the rabbi of Congregation Bikur Cholim. In 1970, they moved to Queens, N.Y., where <mask> served as rabbi of Young Israel of Wavecrest and Bayswater. National Beth Din judge
After moving to Queens, <mask> was appointed chief judge (dayan) of the Beth Din (Court of Jewish Law) of  America Rabbinical Council of America. He held this post for 15 years. <mask> was known for his compassion and sensitivity in dealing with often sensitive issues. He was a renowned expert in halakha (Jewish law), and an international authority on Jewish divorce law.Rabbis and rabbinical courts from all over the world consulted him on these matters. He also traveled to the Soviet Union to perform Jewish religious divorces. <mask> was often at the forefront of dealing with new issues in the area of Jewish family law. For example, in the 1980s, he decided to allow a Jewish woman to undergo in vitro fertilization and this decision subsequently influenced others in the area of Jewish medical ethics. Chief Rabbi of St. Louis

The Vaad Hoeir (community council) of St. Louis invited <mask> to return to St. Louis as Chief Rabbi, following the death in 1981 of the previous chief rabbi, Rabbi Menachem Eichenstein, who had served in that position since 1941. In 1983, <mask> succeeded Eichenstein as Chief Rabbi. For the next 22 years, <mask> presided as Chief Rabbi over the St. Louis Rabbinical Court and led the Vaad Hoeir of St. Louis, a council that supervises facets of Jewish observance ranging from kosher practice to education to religious divorce.He was the final arbiter of all cases of Jewish law of the Rabbinical Court, and both his scholarship and care for others were noted as hallmarks of his term of office. In 2005, <mask> retired as Chief Rabbi due to ill health and he was named Chief Rabbi Emeritus. No new appointment was made to fill his position. The institution of Chief Rabbi was rare in the United States and existed only in a few U.S. cities; St. Louis was the last city in which a chief rabbi led the Orthodox Jewish community, and <mask> was thus the last chief rabbi of a city in the United States. Family
After their marriage in 1954, Paula (Pepi) <mask> became a clinical psychologist. She was an advocate for women and a co-founder of the Jewish Council Against Family Violence. She was also a community leader, serving as a member of the board of directors of the Jewish Federation of St. Louis, the board and advisory committee of the St. Louis Jewish Light, and as a driving force behind the renovation of the community mikveh.The couple was married for 56 years, until Paula died January 7, 2011, aged 78. Their son, Rabbi Benzion <mask>, was the 41st in a continuous line of rabbis in the <mask> family. Their daughter Yocheved (Jacqueline) <mask> Rubin is a journalist living in New York City. Jacqueline's husband, attorney Edward Rubin, is deceased. The Rivkins had two grandchildren, Rabbi Levi Yitzchak <mask> (wife, Sarah) and Nacha <mask> Rubin; and two great grandchildren, Bracha <mask> and Yakov Moshe <mask>. A third greatgrandchild was born in December 2011 and is named Tova Pesia, after her greatgrandmother, the rebbetzin

<mask> died on October 1, 2011, of complications from Parkinson's disease. He was 85 years old.Three memorial services were held: one at Young Israel in St. Louis, in keeping with the tradition that the funeral of the Gadol Ha’ir (the rabbinic leader of the city) take place inside a synagogue;  a second at Yeshivah Torah Vodaath in New York, and the third in Jerusalem. <mask> was buried next to his wife, parents and grandparents at the Mount of Olives Cemetery in Jerusalem. References

1926 births
2011 deaths
American Orthodox rabbis
Chief rabbis of cities
Orthodox Judaism in the United States
Jews and Judaism in St. Louis
Clergy from St. Louis
People from Borough Park, Brooklyn
Burials at the Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives
Religious leaders from Missouri
20th-century American rabbis
21st-century American rabbis

masks:
Rabbi Sholom Rivkin
Sholom Rivkin
Moshe Ber Rivkin
Sholom Dovber Schneersohn
Rivkin
Rivkin
Sholom
Rivkin
Rivkin
Rivkin
Rivkin
Rivkin
Rivkin
Rivkin
Rivkin
Rabbi Rivkin
Rivkin
Rivkin
Rivkin
Rivkin
Rivkin
Rivkin
Rivkin
Rivkin
Rivkin
Rivkin
Rivkin
Rivkin
Rivkin
Rivkin
Rivkin
Rivkin


text_chunks:
<mask> (August 27, 1959 – June 24, 2006) was an American professor of electrical engineering and academic administrator. She was the ninth chancellor of the University of California, Santa Cruz. Biography

Early years
<mask> was born in El Campo, Texas in Wharton County. She was the oldest child of <mask> and Carolyn Irene Drab. <mask> earned her bachelor's and master's degrees (1982), EE (1983) and PhD (1987) in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. <mask> spent two summers and an academic year in the late 1970s and early 1980s at Fairchild Semiconductor, where her projects included 64K static RAM design. After graduation, she accepted a professorship at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in the Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering, which was interested in her work in plasma deposition and polymerization.She was the first woman to win tenure in engineering, and she was quickly promoted to full professor. Career
<mask> held academic appointments at the University of Massachusetts Lowell and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich. In 1996, <mask> was hired as the Dean of the College of Engineering and professor of electrical engineering at the University of Washington. She was the first woman in the United States to lead an engineering college of a major research university. <mask> received attention for her response to Harvard President Larry Summers' suggestion, in January 2005, that one of the reasons that women had achieved less in science could be innate differences between the sexes. "Of course he has the right to say anything and of course there are biological differences," <mask> said. "What some of us were concerned about is that his hypotheses were not grounded in the best and latest scholarly work, and could be refuted by anyone in the field."University of California
Denton was the first openly gay, and at 45, the youngest person to be appointed to be chancellor in the University of California system by UC President Robert Dynes. She succeeded Martin Chemers, who served as acting chancellor following the resignation of M. R. C. Greenwood who became the University of California Provost. Denton's recruitment package would eventually include a $275,000 salary, $68,750 as a moving allowance, improvements to the chancellor's on-campus residence which included a  $30,000 dog pen initially budgeted at $7,000. Included in the deal was a tenured professorial appointment with a $192,000 salary, and a housing assistance allowance of up to $50,000 for her partner, Gretchen Kalonji. Although much of the  of her residence was used for campus functions, the approximately $600,000 renovation cost, and overall cost of Denton's recruitment brought criticism. This contrasts sharply against increasing student fees, up 79 percent in four years, and low pay raises for clerical and service staff. After an April 2005 campus protest over these issues resulted in the arrest of 19 students, 200 faculty signed a petition condemning her "unwarranted" use of force.She also was allegedly a victim of personal harassment, in the form of verbal insults. A barricade was tossed through her guest-bedroom window on June 10, 2005. Protesters advocating higher wages for custodians blocked <mask> in her car outside her office for about five minutes on June 6, 2006 while performing a skit about racism. On April 5, 2005 anti-war protesters forced military recruiters at a campus career fair to leave campus. <mask> received dozens of threatening phone calls and e-mails. When it was discovered that protest was listed as a "credible threat" on the TALON database managed by the Pentagon's Counterintelligence Field Agency, <mask> helped persuade California Senators Boxer and Feinstein to request an investigation. Ultimately, campus protests were removed from the database.After <mask>'s death, astronomy and astrophysics professor George Blumenthal was named Acting Chancellor, and officially became the university's tenth Chancellor on September 19, 2007. Boards and memberships
<mask> was a member of the UC President's Committee to select recipients of the Medal of Science, and the committee to select recipients of the Alan T. Waterman Award sponsored by the NSF. She was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Association for Women in Science, and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). She was a member of the NSF Engineering Directorate Advisory Committee and a member of the Visiting Committee for the California Institute of Technology Division of Engineering and Applied Science. <mask> served as chair of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (NAS/NRC) Board on Engineering Education. Among many other appointments, she was a member of the NRC Committee on Advanced Materials and Fabrication Methods for Microelectromechanical Systems and of MIT's Advisory Board for Initiatives to Diversify the Professoriate. Chancellor <mask> was also a member of the Board of Directors of the Silicon Valley Leadership Group and the Board of Directors of Joint Venture Silicon Valley.Personal life
<mask>, who was openly lesbian, resided part-time in downtown San Francisco with her partner of more than ten years, Gretchen Kalonji, a professor of materials science. On June 24, 2006, one day following <mask>'s discharge from the Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute where she had been treated for depression, she leapt 33 stories to her death from The Paramount, a high-rise in which she shared an apartment with Kalonji. In August 2007 <mask>'s partner Gretchen Kalonji filed a lawsuit against <mask>'s estate seeking $2.25 million. Kalonji claims <mask>'s failure to revise her will or name Kalonji as a beneficiary to her UC life insurance policy was inadvertent and a violation of their oral agreement. In July 2009, a probate judge awarded Kalonji only one half of a Canadian vacation home that the coupled had shared while giving the rest of <mask>'s estate to <mask>'s parents and siblings. Honors and awards
Among other numerous awards she won the Maria Mitchell Women in Science Award (2006), a national recognition of exceptional work that advances opportunities in the sciences for women and girls; the NOGLSTP LGBTQ+ Educator of the Year Award (2006); the IEEE/HP Harriett B. Rigas Award (1995); the ASEE George Westinghouse Award (1995); the W. M. Keck Foundation Engineering Teaching Excellence Award (1994); the Benjamin Smith Reynolds Teaching Award (University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1994); the Eta Kappa Nu C. Holmes MacDonald Distinguished Young Electrical Engineer National Teaching Award (1993); the American Society of Engineering Education AT&T Foundation Teaching Award (1991); the Kiekhofer Distinguished Teaching Award (University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1990); and the National Science Foundation (NSF) Presidential Young Investigator Award (1987). Portland State University Maseeh College of Engineering has endowed its Best Woman Engineer award after Denton.References

External links
More than 1,000 mourners remember UCSC chancellor at campus memorial
Pentagon Spying Coverage
UCSC Administrative Message on Chancellor's Death June 24, 2006

1959 births
2006 suicides
American electrical engineers
Chancellors of the University of California, Santa Cruz
LGBT people from Texas
Lesbian academics
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Suicides by jumping in California
University of Washington faculty
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
People from El Campo, Texas
20th-century American engineers
Electrical engineering academics
20th-century LGBT people
21st-century LGBT people

masks:
Denice Dee Denton
Denton
Bob Glenn Denton
Denton
Denton
Denton
Denton
Denton
Denton
Denton
Denton
Denton
Denton
Denton
Denton
Denton
Denton
Denton
Denton
Denton
Denton
Denton
Denton


text_chunks:
<mask> () is a Chinese political scientist and political commentator who has studied and written on contemporary China and especially on Chinese politics. <mask> joined the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen in September 2020 and was appointed Director of the Advanced Institute of Global and Contemporary China Studies. He was a professor and director of the East Asian Institute, National University of Singapore since 2008 until his resignation in 2020 amid alleged incidents of sexual misconduct. Education and career
<mask> was born in Yuyao, Zhejiang, China in 1962. After completing his secondary education in Yuyao, he moved to Peking University for his undergraduate and master's studies in political science. After his graduation from Peking University in 1988, he worked for two years as assistant professor in the Department of Politics and Public Administration at Peking University. Later, he studied at Princeton University, in the United States between 1990 and 1995 and obtained PhD in political science in 1995.After a two-year term at Harvard as SSRC-MacArthur Fellow in International Peace and Security, <mask> moved to the newly founded East Asian Institute in Singapore as a research fellow (1997-2002) and later a senior research fellow (2002-2005). In 2005, he was appointed full professor and founding Research Director of the China Policy Institute at the University of Nottingham, United Kingdom. In July 2008, he succeeded Prof. Dali Yang and has since served as director of the East Asian Institute, a Singaporean think tank under a statute of the National University of Singapore. <mask> also serves as advisor to independent think tank Longus Research Institute, giving talks and contributing essays to their Longus Review. <mask> is a co-editor of China: An International Journal, East Asian Policy and Series on Contemporary China published by World Scientific in Singapore and editor of the China Policy Series published by Routledge. Academic work

<mask>'s academic works are mainly on politics of the People's Republic of China. His earlier works in the United States, including the PhD thesis in Princeton and post-doctoral research at Harvard, dealt with China's central-local relations  and state-society interactions in Chinese nationalism.Since late 90s, his research topics have included the impact of globalization  and information technology on Chinese politics and government. In his most recent work, The Chinese Communist Party as Organizational Emperor, <mask> argues that the Chinese Communist Party is not a political party in the usual sense of the word but rather an organizational form of traditional institution of the Emperor, similar to an organizational form of the Machiavellian prince à la Gramsci. According to an interview with Chinese journal Nanfengchuang, his current works in progress include a study on the structure of China's political economy and the nature of the modern Chinese polity as non-nation state. Political commentary
Since the 2000s, <mask> has been a columnist, writing weekly commentaries on China for Hong Kong Economic Journal (until 2004) and the Lianhe Zaobao (since 2002). His weekly commentaries featured a broad range of critical issues in contemporary China's political, economic, social and cultural development. In these commentaries he consistently argues for gradual reforms in China's social, economic and political lives. In the recent China Model debate, he takes the stand that while China definitely has a model of its own consistent and continuous with its historical patterns of development, the model needs constant reforms to avoid systemic crisis.As an internationally recognized authority on Chinese politics, he was frequently consulted and quoted by the New York Times on recent developments in China's domestic politics in 2012, an eventful year of the Chinese Communist Party's power transition. Besides being a columnist, he also appeared on TV programs. In the 2006 CCTV documentary The Rise of Great Nations, he was quoted to have expressed the view that the strength of a Great Power lies within its domestic institutions, its external powers merely reflecting an extension of its domestic institutions. Alleged sexual misconduct
In August 2020, a staff member at the East Asian Institute (EAI) of the National University of Singapore (NUS) accused <mask> of sexual harassment early as May 2018. The accuser, who identified herself as “Charlotte” on Twitter, reported <mask> to the police in May 2019 “after a year’s struggle.” According to the accuser, a warning for “offence for Outrage of Modesty” was given to <mask> in May 2020. She also claimed that the EAI was well aware of <mask>’s alleged behavior, but “[pretended] not to know” and used “bullying and retaliation” against her. In early September 2020, the NUS confirmed that <mask> had already resigned from the EAI amid the allegation of sexual misconduct and was granted leave until the expiry of his contract later in the month.<mask> later denied the accusation, along with another alleged incident of sexual misconduct, via his attorney. In November 2020, the NUS determined that <mask> had behaved indecently with a subordinate by touching her without her consent during a work meeting. In a statement issued on November 17, the NUS noted that <mask>’s behavior was “inappropriate in a professional setting” and had breached the university’s code of conduct for staff. The university said that they “became aware” of the allegations in May 2019 and suspended <mask> on May 20 that year. <mask> would have been given a written warning accordingly, but since he had already resigned, the NUS recorded the outcome of its internal review in its staff records. English-language publications
 Singapore-China Relations: 50 Years. (ed.with Liang Fook Lye) (World Scientific Series on Singapore's 50 Years of Nation-Building) NJ: World Scientific, 2016
 Contemporary China: A History Since 1978 (Blackwell History of the Contemporary World) . Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013
 Hong Kong Under Chinese Rule: Economic Integration and Political Gridlock. (ed. with Chiew Ping Yew) NJ: World Scientific, 2013
 China: Development and Governance. (ed. with Gungwu Wang) NJ: World Scientific, 2012
 East Asia: Developments and Challenges. (ed.with Liang Fook Lye) (Series on Contemporary China) NJ: World Scientific, 2012
 Goh Keng Swee on China: Selected Essays. (ed. with John Wong) NJ: World Scientific, 2012
 Wang Gungwu: Educator and Scholar. (ed. with Kok Khoo Phua) NJ: World Scientific, 2012
 China and the Global Economic Crisis. (ed. with Sarah Y Tong) (Series on Contemporary China) NJ: World Scientific, 2010
 The Chinese Communist Party as Organizational Emperor: Culture, Reproduction and Transformation.London and New York: Routledge, 2010
 China and International Relations: The Chinese View and the Contribution of Wang Gungwu. (edited). London: Routledge, 2010
 China's Opening Society: The Non-State Sector and Governance. (ed. with Joseph Fewsmith) London: Routledge, 2009. China's Information and Communications Technology Revolution: Social Changes and State Responses London: Routledge, 2009
 Politics of Modern China (in 4 volumes) (ed. with Lu Yiyi and Lynn White), London and New York: Routledge, 2009
 China in the New International Order (ed.with Wang Gungwu), London: Routledge, 2008
 Technological Empowerment: The Internet, the State and Society in China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008
 De Facto Federalism in China: Reforms and Dynamics of Central-Local Relations (Series on Contemporary China). NJ: World Scientific, 2007
 The Communist Party in Reform (ed. with Kjeld Erik Brodsgaad), New York and London: Routledge, 2006
 Globalization and State Transformation in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004 (cloth and paper editions). (This book is also in Chinese language.) Will China Become Democratic?Elite, Class, and Regime Transition. Singapore, London and New York: Eastern Universities Press, 2004
 Discovering Chinese Nationalism in China: Modernization, Identity, and International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999 (cloth and paper editions) (This book is now also in Korean language.) References

1962 births
Chinese political scientists
Educators from Ningbo
International relations scholars
Living people
People's Republic of China writers
Princeton University alumni
Peking University faculty
Writers from Ningbo

masks:
Zheng Yongnian
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng
Zheng


text_chunks:
<mask> (born Jean Guillaume de la Fléchère; 12 September 1729 – 14 August 1785) was a Swiss-born English divine and Methodist leader. Of French Huguenot stock, he was born in Nyon in Vaud, Switzerland. <mask> emigrated to England in 1750 and there he became an Anglican vicar. He began to work with <mask>, becoming a key interpreter of Wesleyan theology in the 18th century and one of Methodism's first great theologians. <mask> was renowned in Britain for his piety and generosity; when asked if he had any needs, he responded, "...I want nothing but more grace." Early life
Jean Guillaume de la Fléchère was born in 1729 and baptized on 19 September 1729 in Nyon. He was the eighth and last child of Jacques de la Fléchère, an army officer, and Suzanne Elisabeth,  Crinsoz de Colombier.He was educated at Geneva, but, preferring an army career to a clerical one, went to Lisbon and enlisted. An accident prevented his sailing with his regiment to Brazil, and after a visit to Flanders, where an uncle offered to secure a commission for him, he went to England in 1750. He had harboured a secret desire to travel to England, and had studied the English language prior to his arrival in London. In the autumn of 1751, he became tutor to the sons of Thomas and Susanna Hill, a wealthy Shropshire family, who spent part of the year in London. On one of the family's stays in London, <mask> first heard of the Methodists and became personally acquainted with <mask> and Charles Wesley, as well as his future wife, Mary Bosanquet. Ministry
In 1757 <mask> was ordained as deacon (6 March 1757) and priest (13 March 1757) in the Church of England, after preaching his first sermon at Atcham being appointed curate to the Rev. Rowland Chambre in the parish of Madeley, Shropshire.In addition to performing the duties of his curacy, he sometimes preached with <mask> and assisted him with clerical duties in Wesley's London chapels. As a preacher in his own right, but also as one of Wesley's coadjutors, <mask> became known as a fervent supporter of the Evangelical Revival. <mask> perceived a vocational call from God to parochial ministry, and being led by this calling rather than by the temptation to wealth and influence, he refusing an offer to be presented to the wealthy living of Dunham, accepting instead the humble industrialising parish of Madeley in Shropshire. He had developed a sincere religious and social concern for the people of this populous part of the West Midlands where he had first served in the Christian ministry, and here, for twenty-five years (1760–1785), he lived and worked with unique devotion and zeal, described by his wife as his, "unexampled labours" in the epitaph she penned for his iron tomb. <mask> was devoted to the Methodist concern for spiritual renewal and revival, and committed himself to the Wesleys by correspondence and by coming to their aid as a theologian, while maintaining a never-wavering commitment to the Church of England. Indeed, much of <mask>'s controversial theological writings claimed their foundation was the 39 Articles, the Book of Common Prayer, and the Homilies of the Church of England. Yet, for all his support of <mask>'s and his Methodist societies which in many cases came into tension with the parish clergy, <mask> believed the Methodist model functioned best within the parochial system, and himself implemented his own brand of Methodism in his own parish.<mask> had chosen <mask> to lead the Methodist movement upon Wesley's passing, but <mask> died prior to Wesley. Marriage

In 1781, <mask> returned from the Continent where he had been convalescing from a severe respiratory disorder. Upon his return he picked up a correspondence with a woman he had met nearly thirty years previous, Mary Bosanquet, who in the early 1770s had become one of the first woman preachers authorised by <mask> to preach. <mask> and Bosanquet first met during the mid-to-late 1770s at The Foundery. When they met, <mask> had considered proposing to Bosanquet, but thought that she was too rich to accept his proposal, and that he would do better dedicating himself to God. Mr. <mask> and Miss Bosanquet carried on a correspondence during June 1781, in which <mask> confessed that he had admired her since they had met. <mask> and Bosanquet were married at Batley Church in Yorkshire on 12 November 1781.<mask> exchanged pulpits with the evangelical vicar of Bradford, <mask>, to settle his wife's affairs in Yorkshire. They returned to Madeley together on 2 January 1782. Their marriage was to be short-lived, for <mask> died less than four years later, on 14 August 1785. After his death, <mask> was allowed to continue living in the vicarage by the new vicar, Henry Burton, a pluralist clergyman who was also the incumbent of Atcham parish, near Shrewsbury. Though <mask> attempted to persuade Mrs. <mask> to leave Madeley for a ministry with the Methodists in London, she refused, believing she was called to carry on her late husband's work in the parish. This she did for the next thirty years. She died in the parish and was buried in the same grave as her husband in December 1815.Theology

In theology he upheld the Arminian doctrines of unlimited atonement, free will, and conditional election against the Calvinist doctrines of unconditional election and limited atonement. His Arminian theology is most clearly outlined in his famous Checks to Antinomianism. He attempted to confront his (and <mask>'s) theological adversaries with courtesy and fairness, although some of his contemporaries judged him harshly for his writings. His resignation on doctrinal grounds of the superintendency (1768–1771) of the Countess of Huntingdon's college at Trevecca left no unpleasantness. <mask> was characterised by saintly piety, rare devotion, and blamelessness of life, and the testimony of his contemporaries to his godliness is unanimous. Although <mask>'s funeral sermon was preached by his friend Rev. Thomas Hatton, a like-minded clergyman from a neighbouring parish, Wesley wrote an elegiac sermon in the months after <mask>'s death, reflecting upon the text of Psalm 37:37, "Mark the perfect man".He characterised him as "unblamable a character in every respect", the holiest man he had ever met, or ever expected to meet, "this side of eternity". Southey said that, "no age ever provided a man of more fervent piety or more perfect charity, and no church ever possessed a more apostolic minister." His fame was not confined to his own country, for it is said that Voltaire, when challenged to produce a character as perfect as that of Christ, at once mentioned <mask> of Madeley. There remains to date no complete edition of his Works, although varying editions of collections of his writings were first published after his death, first in 1795, with subsequent editions in 1806, 1822, 1836, 1859–60, 1873, and 1883 (among others, including a twentieth-century reprint by Schmul Publishers). The chief of his published works, written against Calvinism, were his Five Checks to Antinomianism, Scripture Scales, and his pastoral theology, Portrait of St Paul. See lives by <mask> (1786); Luke Tyerman (1882); F. W. Macdonald (1885); J. Maratt (1902); also J C Ryle, Christian Leaders of the 18th Century. Most of <mask>'s theological publications date from the period between 1770 and 1778, when there was great conflict between Wesley and the Methodists and British Calvinists (although, much of the thought found in these treatises can be traced to the early days of his ministry as the Vicar of Madeley).When Wesley's Calvinist opponents made the charge that Wesley had endorsed works righteousness, <mask> demonstrated that this was not the case. Rather, <mask> countered that Wesley's language was an attempt to attack antinomianism in the British Church. <mask>'s subsequent publication Checks to Antinomianism supported Wesley further; this was the first distinctively Wesleyan theological writing published by someone other than <mask> or Charles Wesley. <mask> often wrote about entire sanctification, which has been influential to the holiness movements in Methodism, as well as in the development of Pentecostal theology. <mask> influenced, and was influenced by, the writings of <mask> concerning perfection through the cleansing of the heart to be made perfect in love. <mask> became the chief systematiser of Methodist theology. Addressing Wesley's position on the sovereignty of God as it relates to human freedom, <mask> developed a particular historical perspective espousing a series of three dispensations (time periods) in which God worked uniquely in creation.(This is not to be confused with Dispensational theology, which was fashioned long after <mask>'s death.) Through these dispensations, God's sovereignty was revealed not in terms of ultimate power but in terms of an unfathomable love. <mask> sought to emphasise human freedom while connecting it firmly with God's grace. Writing style
<mask>'s writings, while serious in nature, display his keen wit, sometimes demonstrated by the use of clever satire. His typical form for constructing his arguments was a theological treatise written in epistolary fashion, though he used the literary convention of hypothetical Socratic "dialogues", as well as writing sermons and poetry, the most famous poem of which is his La Grace et la Nature. His Portrait of St. Paul, written in French, but translated and published posthumously, fit well within the genre of clerical training books of the period. He typically wrote of God in terms of divine moral qualities rather than in terms of power or wrath.His themes were:

"1. Man is utterly dependent upon God's gift of salvation, which cannot be earned but only received; and

2. The Christian religion is of a personal and moral character involving ethical demands on man and implying both human ability and human responsibility." <mask> himself summarised his theological position:

"The error of rigid Calvinists centers in the denial of that evangelical liberty, whereby all men, under various dispensations of grace, may without necessity choose life [...] And the error of rigid Arminians consists in not paying a cheerful homage to redeeming grace, for all the liberty and power which we have to choose life, and to work righteousness since the fall [...] To avoid these two extremes, we need only follow the Scripture-doctrine of free-will restored and assisted by free-grace." Although the entire Methodist family uses <mask>'s work, his writings have found particular popularity among Holiness theologians. Works
Below is a selection of <mask>'s notable works :

Notes and references

Citations

Sources

Further reading

External links
 A website dedicated to the scholarly study of the lives, ministries, theologies, and contexts of <mask> and <mask>
 Works by <mask> at the Internet Archive

1729 births
1785 deaths
18th-century English Anglican priests
18th-century English Christian theologians
Arminian ministers
Arminian theologians
Converts to Methodism
English male non-fiction writers
English Methodist ministers
English evangelicals
Methodist theologians
People from Nyon
Systematic_theologians

masks:
John William Fletcher
Fletcher
John Wesley
Fletcher
Fletcher
John
Fletcher
John Wesley
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
John Wesley
Fletcher
John Wesley
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
John Wesley
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
John Crosse
Fletcher
Mary Fletcher
John Wesley
Fletcher
John Wesley
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
John Wesley
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
John
Fletcher
John Wesley
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
John
Mary Fletcher
John Fletcher


text_chunks:
<mask>  (16 June 1878 – 14 September 1954) was a Canadian entomologist, plant pathologist and virologist who worked as the first director of agriculture in Mysore State in southern India. He conducted pioneering research on the pests and diseases affecting agriculture in the region and was instrumental in establishing several agricultural research and educational institutions including the Hebbal Agricultural School which later became a part of the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore and the Central Coffee Research Institute at Balehonnur. His major contributions to plant protection included measures to control a rot disease of coffee caused by Pellicularia koleroga (now Ceratobasidium noxium) known in southern India as koleroga. <mask> established measures for koleroga, a generic name for rot-causing diseases in Kannada, that caused complete destruction in areca plantations. Sprays of inexpensive Bordeaux mixture on the growing crowns helped control infection caused by what he described as Phytophthora arecae (now considered as Phytophthora palmivora). Early life

<mask> was born in Durham County, Ontario, Canada, on 16 June 1878 to Elizabeth and Francis T<mask>. He had three brothers and two sisters.The family appears to have moved between Toronto and Spokane, Washington as <mask> went to the Arthur High School and Harbord Collegiate Institute after which <mask> became a primary school teacher (following his brother Norman Frank <mask> who became a President of Reed College while another brother Herbert was principal of Spokane High School). In 1900 he joined the University of Toronto and graduated in science with a Governor General's Gold medal in 1904. <mask> spent the summer of 1904 at the marine research stations at Malpeque and at Georgian Bay where he studied oyster cultivation. He received the Frederick Wyld Prize for English Essay in 1905. He moved to Germany for further study and obtained a doctorate from the University of Göttingen. Here he studied nitrification by soil bacteria. He trained in mycology under Heinrich Klebahn.From 1906, he worked at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Agriculture and Forestry in Berlin for two years before he obtained a five-year appointment as Mycologist and Entomologist in the State of Mysore in India in 1908. India

<mask> joined as an entomologist in the agricultural research establishment begun in the State of Mysore by Adolf Lehmann, a Canadian chemist of German descent. Lehmann's appointment as a chemist had followed from the recommendations of a committee headed by Dr J.A. Voelcker to improve agriculture in India and while his focus had been on soil fertility he found the need for plant protection expert. After the retirement of Lehmann, <mask> headed the Chemistry department of the Mysore Agricultural Department while also studying crop pests and diseases. He was appointed as the Director of Agriculture in 1913 and held the position until 1934 with a break between 1925 and 1928. <mask> was also involved in the establishment of the Hebbal Agricultural School in July 1913 (serving as its founding principal) and three vernacular agricultural schools were started at Chikkanhalli, Hassan, and Ramakrishnapur.The school at Hebbal later became the Agricultural College at Hebbal in Bangalore (on 14 June 1946) and in 1964 became a part of the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. Another innovation was the establishment of the Mysore Agricultural and Experimental Union in 1918, consisting of land owning cultivators interested in carrying out experiments and scientific investigations on new methods, conduct manure and crop trials just like the government experimental farms while also popularising new ideas among farmers. At the 1912 Dasara exhibition in Mysore, he organized an exhibit of insect pests and measures for their management. A field day was held once a year in November. The Union was based on a similar idea in Ontario and published a quarterly journal in English (Journal of the Mysore Agricultural Experimental Union now called the Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences) and a Kannada monthly. In 1918, <mask> spoke at the Mysore Economic Conference on the Japanese approach to consolidation of small farmer holdings to reduce wastage of land for boundaries and noted that such an idea would be difficult to implement in India due to the Hindu laws of inheritance. From January 1919 to July, he taught biology to Canadian army personnel returning from the First World War in a makeshift training centre in Ripon, Yorkshire.This six month course at the Khaki University was accepted by Canadian universities as equal to a full year of coursework. <mask> reflected on his experience in education in this setup in a Mysore University publication noting how the lack of a proper building hardly affected the aim of providing education. From the 1920s <mask> was increasingly responsible for administration with the department of sericulture (but moved back under the director of industries and commerce in 1923) and the Civil Veterinary and Amrut Mahal Departments placed under the care of his department. <mask> helped establish a number of new institutions including the Central Coffee Research Institute at Balehonnur in 1925 with an original eighteen acres of coffee land leased out by C.S. Crawford. <mask>'s research in the 1930s included studies on coffee rust, Hemileia vastatrix, and a disease of areca caused by Phytophthora palmivora (then called P. arecae). He also studied a mycoplasma infection that affected sandal and caused sandal spike.As a research administrator <mask> recruited and mentored the Indian entomologist K. Kunhikannan and the mycologist M. J. Narasimhan who worked as assistants. In 1921 and 1933 he introduced Agromyzid flies (Ophiomyia lantanae) from Hawaii for the control of Lantana. <mask> suggested experiments on X-ray induced mutation for breeding new sugarcane varieties based on observations of similar attempts on Tobacco at the Klaten Experimental Station in Java. These mutation experiments were then conducted by Venkatrao K. Badami. <mask> was involved in the passing of the Diseases and Pests Act (1917), the first attempt in India to manage pests through legislation and was aimed at control of the white stem borer in coffee, a major export commodity from Mysore. The act made it compulsory for planters to take measures to control coffee stem-borer. Mass campaigns involving school children to collect hairy caterpillars for control were also novel.<mask> helped introduce improved agricultural equipment including the Holder knapsack sprayer and the Kolar mission plough imported from the United States by the Kolar Mission Institute and later modified and locally produced as the "Mysore plough". <mask> also examined economic policies and was an advisor to many government bodies both in Mysore State and on deputation to the government of British India. In 1933, Mysore Sugar Company (or Mysugar), the first joint-stock private company in India with the government as a majority shareholder was established to process sugar at the Mysore Sugar Factory (begun 15 January 1934) produced by sugarcane farmers in the (then called the Irwin canal, now Visveshwariah) canal irrigated region of Mandya. The farmers were contracted to sell all their produce through what was then a novel "oppige" (Kannada for agreement or contract, making it among the oldest examples of industrial "contract farming") system. The first laboratory for breeding parasites to help control sugarcane stem borer was established in 1935-36 at Mandya following research begun in 1933.As a member of the board of agriculture in India, <mask> headed various advisory committees and was responsible for approving the establishment of a dedicated statistical unit at the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute. A grasshopper genus, <mask>ia and another species Parahieroglyphus colemani were named after him by Ignacio Bolívar. <mask> made an extensive study of <mask>ia sphenarioides, a pest in some regions that affected sorghum.The scale insect Coccus colemani found on coffee was named after him by his assistant entomologist Kunhi Kannan in 1918. <mask> was interested in the role of natural parasites and predators for the control of pests. He took up measures to control Opuntia in Kolar district that included manual removal, their conversion of into green manure, and the use of cochineal insects in their control. He reared and studied many species of parasites. Telenomus colemani, Anastatus colemani, and Tetrastichus colemani are named after him. Return to Canada
In 1925 <mask> briefly returned to Canada due to ill health to take up a position in the Toronto University department of botany. In 1927 a part-time position of plant pathologist in Ontario was created.He worked briefly on the dead arm of grapes caused by Cryptosporella viticola. <mask> did not continue for long and resigned to return to India. In 1929 he published a report on the work done in Mysore and how it compared with the recommendations made by the Royal Commission on Agriculture in India. <mask> was made Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire in 1931. Working again for a few years in Mysore, <mask> retired from his position as Director of Agriculture in 1934 and left India to work at Toronto University, teaching and researching genetics. He worked on the cytology of Gasteria and Allium in 1936. In 1948 he studied the cytology of a grasshopper.<mask> was married twice. His first wife Mary MacDonald Urquhart (born Oct 19, 1882) died on May 10, 1918 in the Biligirirangan Hills from diabetes and was buried in the Honnametti estate of R.C. Morris. They had a son John Urquhart <mask>. <mask> married Phebe Ropes (born 1890), daughter of Willis H. Ropes of Danvers, Massachusetts, an artist trained in Boston, on 23 May 1923. They had two daughters and a son. Towards the end of 1953 <mask> visited Karnataka privately, but on hearing about his visit, the then chief minister Kengal Hanumanthaiah declared him a state guest and organized a tour of Karnataka to examine the state of agriculture and to visit the places where he had worked.Shortly after returning to Canada in 1954, while driving to his lab in Saanichton through dense fog, his car hit a culvert and he was killed. References

External links
 Rooting around for history
 VIP for a day
 Biographical sketch video

Canadian virologists
Canadian entomologists
1878 births
1954 deaths
Scientists from Ontario
University of Toronto alumni
Canadian expatriates in India
University of Göttingen alumni
Agricultural researchers in India

masks:
Leslie Charles Coleman
Coleman
Leslie Coleman
. Coleman
Coleman
Leslie
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman
Coleman


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 27 February 1974) is a former Australian rules football player and is the former senior coach of the Adelaide Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). Career

Early career
Originally from Adelaide, South Australia, Sanderson moved from Sturt to Adelaide as one of their 10 concession picks. While at Sturt he injured his right leg and had to learn to kick left footed, this subsequently became his primary kicking foot. He finally made his debut in 1992 but had limited opportunities and played just 6 games until he moved to . He played just 4 games with the club following two hamstring injuries during the year, but <mask> once said he learned a lot about the right attitude to preparation and training, as he learned from living with Nathan Buckley. Geelong
In 1995 Sanderson moved to  and reinvented himself as a half-back flanker, generating a lot of run out of defence. He had his best season in 2001, when he took out the Carji Greeves Medal as well as earning International rules selection.In 2005 before the finals series, <mask> announced he would be retiring from AFL football. His last match was the semi-final loss to the Sydney Swans at the SCG. Coaching career

Port Adelaide Football Club assistant coach (2005-2007)
Immediately after <mask>'s retirement from playing he moved back to Adelaide to become an assistant coach at Port Adelaide Football Club in 2005 under senior coach Mark Williams,

Geelong Football Club assistant coach (2007-2011)
<mask> then headed back to Geelong to become an assistant coach under senior coach Mark Thompson in 2007. Adelaide Football Club senior coach (2011-2014)
On Monday 19 September 2011, <mask> was appointed senior coach of the Adelaide Football Club ahead of red hot favourite Scott Burns and premiership captain Mark Bickley. <mask> replaced caretaker senior coach Mark Bickley, who replaced Neil Craig after Craig resigned in the middle of the 2011 season. After getting to within a goal of reaching the AFL Grand Final in 2012, the Crows underachieved in the ensuing two years, finishing 11th and 10th respectively and therefore failing to make the finals. As a result, on 17 September 2014 (almost three years to the day since he was appointed) <mask> was sacked as senior coach of the Adelaide Crows.He left the Crows having won 39 of his 69 games in charge – a 56.5 per cent success rate – the second-best of any Crows coach to date. <mask> was then replaced by Phil Walsh as Adelaide Football Club senior coach. AFL National Academy Head coach (2015-2016)
<mask> was Head Coach at the AFL National Academy from 2015 to 2016. Collingwood Football Club assistant coach (2016-2021)
In 2016, <mask> was appointed as a Senior Assistant Coach at the Collingwood Football Club under senior coach Nathan Buckley, overseeing forward line and ball movement. Sanderson left the Collingwood Football Club at the end of the 2021 season. Personal life
<mask> was at the Sari Club, just hours before the 2002 Bali bombings killed 202 people. He is also a qualified pilot.Statistics

Playing statistics

|-
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1992
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 36 || 4 || 3 || 2 || 25 || 26 || 51 || 9 || 3 || 0.8 || 0.5 || 6.3 || 6.5 || 12.8 || 2.3 || 0.8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1993
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 36 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 11 || 13 || 24 || 7 || 2 || 0.5 || 0.5 || 5.5 || 6.5 || 12.0 || 3.5 || 1.0
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1994
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 17 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 20 || 17 || 37 || 9 || 3 || 0.3 || 0.0 || 5.0 || 4.3 || 9.3 || 2.3 || 0.8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1995
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 27 || 13 || 2 || 0 || 60 || 57 || 117 || 42 || 7 || 0.2 || 0.0 || 4.6 || 4.4 || 9.0 || 3.2 || 0.5
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1996
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 27 || 21 || 2 || 2 || 224 || 124 || 348 || 101 || 23 || 0.1 || 0.1 || 10.7 || 5.9 || 16.6 || 4.8 || 1.1
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1997
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 27 || 21 || 8 || 6 || 205 || 81 || 286 || 84 || 29 || 0.4 || 0.3 || 9.8 || 3.9 || 13.6 || 4.0 || 1.4
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1998
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 27 || 22 || 5 || 3 || 291 || 98 || 389 || 102 || 33 || 0.2 || 0.1 || 13.2 || 4.5 || 17.7 || 4.6 || 1.5
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 1999
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 27 || 15 || 4 || 5 || 204 || 55 || 259 || 81 || 14 || 0.3 || 0.3 || 13.6 || 3.7 || 17.3 || 5.4 || 0.9
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2000
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 27 || 23 || 1 || 0 || 247 || 102 || 349 || 107 || 29 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 10.7 || 4.4 || 15.2 || 4.7 || 1.3
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2001
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 27 || 22 || 2 || 1 || 240 || 98 || 338 || 104 || 29 || 0.1 || 0.0 || 10.9 || 4.5 || 15.4 || 4.7 || 1.3
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2002
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 27 || 12 || 1 || 1 || 105 || 40 || 145 || 48 || 24 || 0.1 || 0.1 || 8.8 || 3.3 || 12.1 || 4.0 || 2.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2003
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 27 || 22 || 2 || 0 || 264 || 120 || 384 || 116 || 38 || 0.1 || 0.0 || 12.0 || 5.5 || 17.5 || 5.3 || 1.7
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2004
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 27 || 17 || 1 || 0 || 147 || 74 || 221 || 76 || 21 || 0.1 || 0.0 || 8.6 || 4.4 || 13.0 || 4.5 || 1.2
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2005
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 27 || 11 || 1 || 2 || 93 || 77 || 170 || 64 || 20 || 0.1 || 0.2 || 8.5 || 7.0 || 15.5 || 5.8 || 1.8
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 209
! 34
! 23
! 2136
! 982
!3118
! 950
! 275
! 0.2
! 0.1
! 10.2
! 4.7
!14.9
! 4.5
! 1.3
|}

Coaching statistics

|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal" | 2012
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 25 || 18 || 7 || 0 || 72.0% || 2 || 18
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal" | 2013
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 22 || 10 || 12 || 0 || 45.5% || 11 || 18
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal" | 2014
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 22 || 11 || 11 || 0 || 50.0% || 10 || 18
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=2| Career totals
!69
! 39
! 30
! 0
! 56.5%
! colspan=2|
|}

References

External links

Adelaide Football Club players
Collingwood Football Club players
Geelong Football Club players
Carji Greeves Medal winners
Sturt Football Club players
Sportspeople from Adelaide
1974 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
Adelaide Football Club coaches

masks:
Brenton James Sanderson
Sanderson
Sanderson
Sanderson
Sanderson
Sanderson
Sanderson
Sanderson
Sanderson
Sanderson
Sanderson
Sanderson