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<mask> (born 9 January 1957) is a French priest and historian, professor of contemporary history at the Catholic University of Lyon. Works
Les Classiques païens dans les collèges catholiques ? Le combat de Mgr Gaume, (Histoire religieuse de la France, 6), Paris, Le Cerf, 1995, 485 p.
Sources et méthodes en histoire religieuse, Lyon, Profac, 2000, 192 p.
Béatifiés de l’an 2000. Pie IX, Jean XXIII, Guillaume-Joseph Chaminade, Dom Columba Marmion, Tommaso Reggio, Paris, , 2000, 204 p.
Guide bibliographique des sciences religieuses, Paris, Salvator, 2000, 488 p.
Le Concile Vatican II, (Tout simplement, 34), Paris, Éditions de l’Atelier, 2002, 192 p.
La Séparation des Églises et de l’État en Bourbonnais, Yzeure, Amis du Patrimoine Religieux en Bourbonnais, 2004, 283 p.
Genèse de la laïcité. À travers les textes fondamentaux de 1801 à 1959 (Droit civil ecclésiastique), Paris, Éditions du Cerf, 2005, 303 p.
Laïcat catholique et société française. Les Comités catholiques (1870-1905) (« Histoire religieuse de la France », 33), Paris, Le Cerf, 2008, 592 p.
Au cœur du monde. Henri Chaumont, un prêtre dans l’Esprit de Jésus, Éd.Beaurepaire – Société Saint-François-de-Sales, 2010, 292 p.
Vatican II raconté à ceux qui ne l’ont pas vécu, Paris, Éditions de l’Atelier, 2012, 111 p.
L’Église catholique à Montluçon au XXe siècle, Yzeure, APRB, 2012, 478 p.
Prêtres soldats dans la Grande Guerre. Les clercs bourbonnais sous les drapeaux, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2014, 336 p. ill.
Université catholique de Lyon. Entre passé et avenir, Toulouse, Privat, 2015, 160 p. ill.
L’Église, la guerre et la paix, Paris, Le Cerf, 2016, 265 p.

in collaboration
 Nadine-Josette Chaline, Gardiens de la mémoire. Les monuments aux morts de la Grande Guerre dans l’Allier, Yzeure, Amis du Patrimoine religieux en Bourbonnais, 2008, 328 p.
Direction de : Vitraux du XIXe siècle en Bourbonnais-Auvergne, Yzeure, Amis du Patrimoine religieux en Bourbonnais, 1992, 145 p.
Direction de : L’Histoire en christianisme. Hommage à Jean Comby, Lyon, Profac, 2002, 116 p.
Direction de : La Séparation de 1905 : les hommes et les lieux, Paris, Éd. de l’Atelier, 2005, 274 p.
Direction de : Théologie et politique. Cent ans après la loi de 1905, Lyon, Profac, 2007, 326p.Codirection de : Le Diaconat permanent. Relectures et perspectives (« Théologies  »), Paris, Le Cerf, 2007, 375 p.
Codirection de : Jubilé et culte marial (Moyen Âge – Époque contemporaine), Publications de l’université de Saint-Étienne, 2009,

As publisher
Édition de Paul Pelletier, , évêque de Moulins (1850–1893), Charroux, Éditions des Cahiers Bourbonnais, 1994, 482 p.
Edition (en collaboration avec Jean-Noël Dumont) de Charles de Montalembert, L’Église libre dans l’État libre, précédé des Intérêts catholiques au XIXe siècle (La nuit surveillée), Paris, Le Cerf, 2010, 475 p.
Adaptation française de Manfred Heim, Les dates-clés de l’histoire de l’Église, Paris, Salvator, 2007, 352 p.
Édition de Michel Cancouët, L’Afrique au Concile. Journal d’un expert, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2013, 240 p.

Last articles
« Bilan historiographique sur la séparation des Églises et de l’État en France », dans L’État sans confession. La laïcité à Genève (1907) et dans les contextes suisse et français (Michel Grandjean et Sarah Scholl dir. ), (« Histoire et société », 51), Genève, Labor et Fides, 2010, p. 139-170. « Réactions catholiques face aux tentatives d’union des Églises au début du XXe siècle », La Conférence missionnaire mondiale Édimbourg 1910. Histoire et missions chrétiennes, n° 13, mars 2010, p. 137-154.« Le groupe Chevalier et les réseaux lyonnais », dans Humanisme et philosophie citoyenne. Joseph Vialatoux et Jean Lacroix (Emmanuel Gabellieri et Paul Moreau dir. ), Paris, DDB – Lethielleux, 2010, p. 181-202. Notices “Bougon”, “Gonon”, “Jacquin”, “Penon”, “Quelen”, Dictionnaire des évêques de France au XXe siècle, (Dominique-Marie Dauzet et Frédéric Le Moigne dir. ), Paris, Le Cerf, 2010, p. 94-95, 305-306, 354-355, 518, 551-552. « L’engagement des laïcs catholiques au XIXe siècle », dans Les Laïcs en mission ecclésiale, Esprit et vie, hors série n° 2, novembre 2010, p. 19-36. « Jean-Marie Vianney, figure de prêtre, et sa réception dans l’histoire », Théophilyon, 2010, XV-2, p. 421-450.« Notices : "Montaignac (Louise de)", "Noaillat (Marthe de", "Raffin (Louise de)", "Tamisier (Émilie)" », dans : Anne Cova et Bruno Dumons dir., Destins de femmes. Religion, culture et société France XIXe-XXe siècles, (Mémoire chrétienne au présent), Paris, Letouzey et Ané, 2010, p. 290-292, 301-302, 339-340, 413-415. « Débats autour du culte des images en Église », Lignes de crêtes, n°10, (2010), p. 18-19. « El santo cura de Ars como figura de sacerdote y su recepción en la historia », dans : Gabina Uribarri Bilbao dir., El Ser sacerdotal. Fundamentos y dimensiones constitutivas,  (Publicaciones de la Universidad pontificia Comillas, Teología, 02), Madrid, San Pablo – Universidad pontificia Comillas, 2010, p. 265-283. « Lacordaire : un catholique libéral », Lumière et vie, tome LX-1, p. 57-66. « Le curé d’Ars et la Vierge Marie », María en los caminos de santidad cristiana.Ephemerides mariologicae, LXI-1, (January–March 2011), p. 33-46. « Regard rétrospectif sur l’apostolat des laïcs en France », Esprit et vie, n°237, juillet 2011, p. 13-22, n°238, août 2011, p. 10-20. « Le diocèse de Lyon et la loi de Séparation 1905 », La Grâce d’une cathédrale. Lyon primatiale des Gaules, (Philippe Barbarin dir. ), Strasbourg, La Nuée bleue, 2011, p. 443-449. « Émile Amagat (1841–1915) », Revue de l’Université catholique de Lyon, n°20, 2011, p. 87-90. « Autour de Charles de Montalembert : un parti catholique ?», Les catholiques et la démocratie, (Jean-Noël Dumont dir. ), Lyon, Le collège supérieur, 2012, p. 29-51. « Réflexions sur l’herméneutique de Vatican II », La Documentation catholique, n°2483, 5 February 2012, p. 145-148. « Les Comités catholiques. Pour la restauration d’une monarchie chrétienne en France ? », “Blancs” et contre-révolutionnaires en Europe. Espaces, réseaux, cultures et mémoires (fin XVIIIe – début XXe siècles) (Bruno Dumons et Hilaire Multon dir.), (« Collection de l’École française de Rome »), Rome, École française, 2011, p. 295-305. « Charles de Montalembert et Louis Veuillot », Charles de Montalembert et ses contemporains, (Jean-Noël Dumont dir. ), (La nuit surveillée), Paris, Le Cerf, 2012, p. 67-84. “Regard sur l’histoire de l’Église catholique à Montluçon au XXe siècle”, Bulletin des Amis de Montluçon, n° 63 (2012), p. 7-28. “Le synode des évêques sur les laïcs de 1987”, Théophilyon, XVII-1, 2012, p. 153-171. “L’Université catholique de Lyon des origines au milieu du XXe siècle”, Les universités et instituts catholiques. Regards sur leur histoire (1870-1950), (Guy Bedouelle et Olivier Landron dir.), Paris, Parole et Silence, 2012, p. 35-50. “Vatican II et les signes des temps”, Spiritus, 208, septembre 2012, p. 263-270 ; trad. espagnole, Spiritus. Edicion hispanoamericana, 208, septembre 2012, p. 97-103. “Mgr Odon Thibaudier (1823-1892)”, Revue de l’Université catholique de Lyon, n° 22, 2012, p. 71-73. “La liberté religieuse comme refus de domination”, Lignes de crêtes, n°17, octobre-décembre 2012, p. 19-20. “Sources et élaboration de l’histoire du concile Vatican II”, Archives de l’Église de France, n°78, 2nd semester 2012, p. 27-29.“Un concile, pour quoi faire ?”, Vatican II, un concile pour le monde, Monaco, Archevêché de Monaco, 2013, p. 15-31. L’usage de la notion de ‘signes des temps’ au concile Vatican II”, Signes des temps, traces de Dieu. Théophilyon, tome XVIII, vol. 1, 2013, p. 27-44. “Notes pour servir à l’histoire des églises de Neuilly-le-Réal, Saint-Pourçain-sur-Besbre et Vaumas, visitées lors de l’excursion du mois de juin 2013”, Nos églises bourbonnaises, n° 26 (2013), p. 25-90. “Les Comités catholiques et l’apprentissage de la modération (1870-1905)”, Les « chrétiens modérés » en France et en Europe, 1870-1960, (Jacques Prévotat et Jean Vavasseur-Desperriers dir. ), Villeneuve d’Ascq, Presses universitaires du Septentrion, 2013, p. 179-193.“Le concile Vatican II dans la province d’Auvergne”, Actes des journées Anniversaire Vatican II, Clermont-Ferrand, ITA, 2013, p. 19-32. “Montalembert et le défi du choix de la liberté”, Montalembert pensatore europeo, (Manuel Ceretta et Mario Tesini dir. ), Roma, Ed. Studium, 2013, p. 289-306. “La résistance spirituelle à la lecture des Cahiers du témoignage chrétien”, Résistance de l’esprit – esprit de Résistance. Échos saléviens, n° 21, Annecy, La Salévienne, 2014, p. 95-103. “Emmanuel Mounier à la prison Saint-Paul de Lyon”, Revue de l’Université catholique de Lyon, n° 25, juin 2014, p. 9-16.“Pascal Thomas. Des laïcs acteurs d’une théologie pratique”, Les laïcs prennent la parole. Débats et controverses dans le catholicisme après Vatican II. Actes du colloque 30 janvier – 1er février 2014, (Jean-François Galinnier-Pallerola, Philippe Foro et Augustin Laffay dir. ), Paris, Parole et Silence, 2014, p. 183-201. “L’église Sainte-Croix [de Gannat] à l’époque contemporaine”, Nos églises bourbonnaises, n°27 (2014), p. 58-86. “L’université au fil de l’histoire”, Théophilyon, tome XIX-2, 2014, p. 315-329.“De Léon XIII à Pie XI, la référence à la ‘chrétienté’, hier, aujourd’hui, demain”, dans La mémoire chrétienne, une mémoire sélective, (Jean-Marie Gueulette dir. ), Paris, Le Cerf, 2015, p. 13-29. “Correspondance de guerre de l’abbé Georges Malvielle”, La Feuille de garance, n° 36, July 2015, p. 30-45. “L’Église et la ‘pastorale de la peur’”, L’inquiétude : peut-on y échapper ? Croire, n° 301, September 2015, p. 29-32. “Églises et vie religieuse dans la région gannatoise : Charroux, Naves, Veauce, Vicq. Excursion du 8 mai 2015”, Nos églises bourbonnaises, n° 28, novembre 2015, p. 37-108.“Prêtres et séminaristes bourbonnais prisonniers de guerre (1914-1918)”, Bulletin de la Société d’histoire et d’archéologie de Vichy et de ses environs, n° 1165, 2nd semester 2015, p. 7-27. “L’Université catholique de Lyon de 1965 à nos jours”, 50 ans de catholicisme à Lyon. De Vatican II à nos jours (1965-2015), (Bernadette Angleraud, Valérie Aubourg et Olivier Charelan dir. ), (« Histoire des mondes chrétiens »), Paris, Karthala, 2016, 183-195. External links
 <mask>et on data.bnf.fr
 <mask>et on Laboratoire de Recherche historique Rhône-Alpes
 <mask>, Figures et courants du catholicisme français contemporain on Chrétiens et société
 Père <mask>et - Vatican II: le destin contrasté de deux constitutions concilaires on YouTube
  <mask>, Guide bibliographique des sciences religieuses. 2000 (note bibliographique) on Persée
 Publications on CAIRN

20th-century French historians
21st-century French historians
French historians of religion
1957 births
Living people

masks:
Daniel Moulinet
Daniel Moulin
Daniel Moulin
Daniel Moulinet
Daniel Moulin
Daniel Moulinet


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<mask> (born 15 January 1983) is an Irish former footballer, who played most of his career with League of Ireland side St Patrick's Athletic, as well as English club Birmingham City. He played predominantly as a central midfielder, but also occasionally as a winger. Fahey started his professional career as a trainee with Arsenal. He played for Aston Villa, Bluebell United, St Patrick's Athletic and Drogheda United before his transfer to Birmingham City. With Birmingham City he won the 2011 League Cup in England, as well as helping the club gain promotion from the Football League Championship to the Premier League during the 2008–09 season. He left the club at the end of the 2012–13 season, and returned to St Patrick's Athletic for a third spell with the club. With the Republic of Ireland national team, Fahey gained 16 caps.He was part of the squad that secured qualification for UEFA Euro 2012. Manager Giovanni Trapattoni called <mask> into the Irish squad for the tournament, but he was later sent home due to injury. Club career

Early career
Fahey started his professional career as a trainee with Arsenal before signing for Aston Villa in April 2000 for a fee of £250,000. He played for Villa's youth and reserve teams, but never made a first-team appearance. Return to Ireland
Having failed to settle in England, Fahey returned home in 2003. He initially played a few games in non-League football for Bluebell United, before a six-week trial at St Patrick's Athletic led to a contract. He made his League of Ireland debut and had a goal disallowed at Waterford United on 21 April.He contributed to St Pats's victory in the League of Ireland Cup and scored a "stunning" free kick in extra time of the semi-final replay against Bohemians to reach the FAI Cup final. However the final turned out to be very disappointing for both team and player, who was sent off for a "two-footed lunge" on Longford Town's Sean Prunty after 77 minutes as the Saints lost 2–0. He joined Drogheda United in exchange for Alan Reilly and a cash adjustment in July 2005. He was involved in Mark Leech's golden goal that won the Setanta Cup for Drogheda in April 2006, but a few months later was released, following a disagreement with manager Paul Doolin, and returned to St Pats. RTÉ reported that "Danger man Fahey was quieter than usual" as Pats lost 2–0 to Hertha BSC in the first round of the 2008–09 UEFA Cup, held at the Olympiastadion; however, in the second leg, despite Pats' "excellent performance" failing to overturn the deficit, an RTÉ feature picked out "<mask>'s control of the game, dictating almost every Pat's attack with that delicate but incisive right foot of his. Fahey stood head and shoulders above the many highly decorated full internationals in the Hertha team, showing the full range of his passing from deep and from close range, and generally showing a poise and guile on the ball that you would not expect from a League of Ireland player amongst such illustrious company." His performances for St Pats in 2008, in which he scored 11 goals in all competitions, earned Fahey the PFAI Player of the Year award.He also won Monday Night Soccers 2008 Goal of the Season. After Pats were beaten by Bohemians in the FAI Cup, <mask> declared that he wished to move to an English club to further his career. Birmingham City
On 2 December 2008, Fahey signed a pre-contract agreement with Football League Championship side Birmingham City to join the club when the transfer window opened in January 2009. The Irish season having finished, <mask> joined up with Birmingham in mid-December for training, though manager Alex McLeish suggested supporters should not "expect him to walk straight into the team" when he became eligible in January. <mask> made his Birmingham debut on 17 January 2009, coming on as a late substitute in a 1–1 draw against Cardiff City. He scored his first goal for the club, a "delicate lob" which the player admitted was meant to be a cross, to clinch a 2–0 home victory against Nottingham Forest on 14 February. His second goal gave the Blues a 1–0 home win over Southampton some weeks later.<mask> retained his place in the side for the rest of the season (keeping loan signings Scott Sinclair and Hameur Bouazza out of the starting eleven), and was a key player for Birmingham in their successful bid for promotion to the Premier League, scoring a goal and making a goal in a vital 2–1 win at Reading on the last day of the campaign. <mask> made his Premier League debut in the opening game of the 2009–10 season at Old Trafford, in the 1–0 defeat against Manchester United. He made 34 appearances in his first Premier League season (18 of which he started), but failed to score all season, as Birmingham finished in ninth place, their highest ever position in the Premier League. In July 2010, Fahey's contract was extended to 2013, in recognition of his having "proved to [McLeish] that he's a Premier League player". He was part of the starting eleven as Birmingham won the 2011 League Cup, defeating favourites Arsenal 2–1 at Wembley Stadium. However, the season would prove to be less successful for both player and club, with Fahey making only 24 appearances in the league (although he did score his first Premier League goal), and Birmingham finishing 18th, and being relegated on the last day of the season, following a 2–1 defeat to Tottenham Hotspur. Following relegation from the Premier League at the end of the 2010–11 season, Barry Ferguson and Lee Bowyer left the club, giving <mask> the chance to establish himself in his preferred central position.After recovering from hernia surgery early in the 2011–12 season, he partnered Jonathan Spector in a solid midfield supporting two attacking wide players. Later in the season, he played a defensive support role alongside the more attacking Jordon Mutch, and manager Chris Hughton suggested he was "enjoying playing in that central role and he's enjoying the development he's had there all season". When he suffered a groin problem that caused him to miss the last few weeks of the season, Hughton called it "a real blow for us ... because he's a player that has been in really good form". He scored four goals during the season, including "a venomous left-foot drive from 20 yards" at Barnsley and a goal he "couldn't have hit ... any sweeter first time, or with any more power" at home to Crystal Palace that earned him the club's Goal of the Season award. Fahey returned to the team in mid-September, and made seven appearances, four of which were starts. In November, he returned home to Ireland on indefinite compassionate leave for personal and family reasons. After two months away, Fahey took part in pre-season training with Shamrock Rovers, ahead of a full fitness assessment which preceded his return to training with Birmingham in mid-February.However, <mask> was ruled out for the rest of the season in April with a recurrence of a hip problem, having played just twice since his return from compassionate leave. At the end of the season, Fahey announced he was leaving Birmingham as the club had decided not to take up their option to extend his contract. Return to St. Patrick's Athletic
After a few months out of the game, Fahey trained with Sheffield United in October 2013. Following this, he returned to Ireland, where he rejoined his old club St Patrick's Athletic on 23 December 2013. Commenting on his move back to Richmond Park, he said "Both the fans and the club have always been great to me, and the stability of the club behind the scenes really made me want to come back and play my football in Inchicore again." He made his third debut for the club in a 2–1 victory over Dundalk on 17 February 2014 in a Leinster Senior Cup match, scoring a free kick. On 2 March 2014, Fahey scored the only goal as St Patrick's Athletic became the first team to win the FAI President's Cup, defeating Sligo Rovers in the process.His goal drew praise from Republic of Ireland manager Martin O'Neill and from Sligo Rovers' Alan Keane, who stated "A wonder goal won it, it was a great strike. No keeper in the world could have saved that." Fahey started the first day of the season in the 1–1 away draw against Cork City. In the 1–1 draw away to Legia Warsaw in the second qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League, his through ball found Ian Bermingham who crossed for Christy Fagan's goal that gave Pats the lead. He started the return leg in Tallaght in which Pats lost 5–0. Fahey scored his first goal of the season against UCD in a 3–2 win. Overall Fahey made 26 league appearances scoring two goals throughout the season.Shamrock Rovers
On 11 November 2014, <mask> switched to Shamrock Rovers. He announced his retirement in August 2015 having failed to recover from knee surgery. His last ever game of professional football was the 2–1 FAI Cup loss to his old club St Patrick's Athletic at Richmond Park as he was substituted off with his knee injury. Return to Bluebell United
In 2017, Fahey returned to senior football and linked up with his former club Bluebell United in the Leinster Senior League Senior Division. Fahey played three games for Bluebell, a 3–0 FAI Cup First Round win over Sherriff YC, a 1–0 win over League of Ireland First Division side Cabinteely in the next round of the cup (Fahey was sent off in the last minute making him miss the FAI Cup Quarter final away to Shamrock Rovers) and his final appearance in football came in a 5–1 defeat of Firhouse Clover in a top-of-the-table Leinster Senior League clash. Fahey retired from football in November 2017 after twisting his knee in training once again, later stating that "I'm glad now that it's (his career) finished. I am at the right place now, 100 percent."International career
<mask> played for the Republic of Ireland at the 2000 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship and scored against their English counterparts. He also played at the 2003 FIFA World Youth Championship, where he contributed to Ireland topping their group to reach the knockout stages. In the second round match against Colombia under-20, he came on as a late substitute to assist Kevin Doyle's goal and help turn the game around, coming back from a two-goal deficit only to lose on the golden goal. On 25 May 2010, Fahey won his first senior cap for the Republic of Ireland in a 2–1 win against Paraguay at the RDS Arena, replacing Damien Duff in the 77th minute. He made his first start against Argentina on 12 August, in the first international match at the new Aviva Stadium. Fahey scored his first goal for the Republic of Ireland eight minutes into his competitive debut, coming off the bench to score the only goal in a Euro 2012 qualifying win over Armenia in Yerevan on 3 September 2010. On his first competitive start, in a 1–1 draw against Slovakia in Žilina on 12 October, Fahey delivered the free kick that led to Ireland's goal, scored by Sean St.Ledger. In February 2011, he scored his second goal for Ireland in a 3–0 defeat of Wales in the 2011 Nations Cup, and his third came in March 2011, a penalty against Uruguay. <mask> was part of the squad that clinched victory in the inaugural Nations Cup with a 1–0 win over Scotland on 29 May 2011 at the Aviva Stadium. He was called into the UEFA Euro 2012 squad but withdrew due to injury before the tournament. Career statistics
Club

International

International goals

Honours
ClubSt Patrick's AthleticLeague of Ireland Cup: 2003
President's Cup: 2014
Leinster Senior Cup: 2014
FAI Cup: 2014Drogheda UnitedSetanta Sports Cup: 2006Birmingham CityFootball League Championship runner-up: 2008–09
Football League Cup: 2011

InternationalRepublic of Ireland'''
Nations Cup: 2011

Individual
PFAI Players' Player of the Year: 2008
Monday Night Soccer Goal of the Season: 2008
Birmingham City Goal of the Season: 2011–12 (vs Crystal Palace)

References
Infobox statistics
Aston Villa, St Patrick's Athletic, Drogheda United, Birmingham City:
Republic of Ireland under-20:
Republic of Ireland:

Specific

External links

<mask>'s second coming of age: Interview with Irish Independent'' newspaper

1983 births
Living people
Association footballers from Dublin (city)
Republic of Ireland association footballers
Association football midfielders
Republic of Ireland international footballers
Republic of Ireland youth international footballers
Cherry Orchard F.C. players
Arsenal F.C. players
Aston Villa F.C.players
Bluebell United F.C. players
St Patrick's Athletic F.C. players
Drogheda United F.C. players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Shamrock Rovers F.C. players
League of Ireland players
English Football League players
Premier League players
Republic of Ireland expatriate association footballers
Expatriate footballers in England
Irish expatriate sportspeople in England
Leinster Senior League (association football) players

masks:
Keith Declan Fahey
Fahey
Keith Fey
Fahey
Fahey
Fahey
Fahey
Fahey
Fahey
Fahey
Fahey
Fahey
Fahey
Fahey


text_chunks:
<mask> (March 26, 1916 – May 12, 2001) was an American curator, art historian, and a specialist on the works of Goya. She was the first woman to serve as departmental curator at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Working as curator of prints and drawings, she collected Goya's etchings from museums around the world to catalogue and create international exhibits. She was awarded a knighthood with the Lazo de Dama in the Order of Isabella the Catholic by Spain in 1975 and the Gold Medal of Merit in the Fine Arts in 1991. Early life

<mask> was born on March 26, 1916 at Jefferson Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Jessie Woodrow (née Wilson) and <mask>, Sr. She was the granddaughter of President Woodrow Wilson, who served as her godfather at her christening on 11 November 1916 at St. John's Protestant Episcopal Church in Williamstown, Massachusetts. Her mother was active with the YWCA and women's rights organizations, while her father was a law professor at Harvard Law School and later the Assistant Secretary of State, under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and a diplomat. When she was three years old, the family relocated from Williamstown to Cambridge, Massachusetts and then in 1923, moved to Siam, where Sayre's father worked as an advisor to the Siamese government, until 1929, when they returned to Cambridge.She studied art at Bryn Mawr College, graduating with a bachelor's degree in 1938. While looking for a summer job, after graduation, Sayre interviewed with Paul J. Sachs at Harvard University's Fogg Art Museum and was hired to work in the print department. Finding that she enjoyed working with prints, Sayer enrolled in graduate courses at Harvard, where she studied for two years under Sachs. She also developed an interest in Goya when Philip Hofer, founder of Harvard's department of printing and graphic arts suggested she might find the artist interesting. Career
Sayre began her career at the Yale University Art Gallery and in 1942 continued her career with a brief post at the Lyman Allyn Museum in New London, Connecticut. That same year, she was hired as an assistant curator in the education department and worked at the Rhode Island School of Design Museum in Providence. In 1945, she joined the staff of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, working under Henry Rossiter.In 1951 when Rossiter bought the proofs of Goya's series The Disasters of War, which had at one time been owned by Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, 9th Baronet, Sayre began studying the prints. In 1954, she secured a grant from the American Philosophical Society to conduct research in Spain on Goya's prints. Five years later, in 1959, she identified "the earliest known drawing by Goya" in a folio containing what had been tagged as sporting prints from England. In 1960, <mask> was promoted to assistant curator of prints and drawings and in 1963, she was awarded a Ford Foundation grant to return to Spain to make further study of Goya's works. That same year, she identified a Goya miniature and was able to authenticate its pedigree, prompting the MFA to purchase the piece. In 1967, she became the curator of prints and drawings when Rossiter retired, making her the first woman to head a department at the Museum since it was founded 97 years earlier. With her staff of six employees, Sayer aimed to improve the holdings of the museum.Among exhibits which she prepared were 300 Dürer prints from the collection of Tomás Harris and a collection of Rembrandt prints. Beginning in the 1970s, she taught print seminars at Harvard and in 1971 wrote Late Caprichos by Goya: Fragments from a Series, as her commentary and notes on a series of works by Goya. She developed an innovative exchange with Hugh MacAndrew from the Ashmolean Museum, where the two spent 1975 living in each other's homes and working each other's careers. That same year, Sayre assembled an exhibition of 255 Goya works called The Changing Image: Prints by Francisco Goya which illustrated how the artist developed an idea from the preliminary study of a subject through the final printed version. To create the exhibit, she joined holdings from the Boston MFA with drawings from Madrid's Museo del Prado and proofs borrowed from the Art Institute of Chicago, the Biblioteca Nacional de España, and the British Museum. Included were the graphic images of the devastation of war in the series called Disasters, his prints depicting vices plaguing Spain which were called Caprichos (capriciousness), the series demonstrating the absurdity of humanity named Disparates (nonsense), and his works recording the history of the bullfight, known as Tauromaquia. The traveling exhibit was presented at various international museums, including the National Gallery of Canada and the Lang Gallery of Claremont Colleges, near Los Angeles, California.In appreciation of her scholarship on Goya, Sayre was awarded the Lazo de Dama of the Order of Isabella the Catholic from the Spanish crown in 1975. In 1977, Sayre curated an exhibit on Beatrix Potter, combining drawings and book illustrations with a mini-zoo, provided by the Boston park system. Retiring in 1984, she continued to support the MFA as curator emeritus, organizing Goya and the Spirit of Enlightenment in 1989 for the museum. Once again, calling on worldwide museums, such as the Prado and the Metropolitan Museum of Art, she worked with Alfonso Pérez Sánchez, director of the Prado, to create the scholarly catalogue and exhibit featuring 200 of Goya's works. The catalogue explored how Goya's images serve to reflect the philosophical and political realities of his time. In 1991, she was awarded the Gold Medal of Merit in the Fine Arts by Juan Carlos I, King of Spain. Death and legacy
Sayre died in her home at Cambridge, Massachusetts on May 12, 2001.She was known during her lifetime as the "foremost American authority on Goya's graphic work". References

Citations

Bibliography

  and

  and

External links
Oral History Interview of Sayre by Robert F. Brown, for the Smithsonian's Archives of American Art

1916 births
2001 deaths
People from Philadelphia
People from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Bryn Mawr College alumni
Harvard University alumni
American art curators
American women curators
Recipients of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Woodrow Wilson family
20th-century American women
American art historians
Women art historians
Historians from Pennsylvania
Historians from Massachusetts
American women historians
20th-century American people

masks:
Eleanor Axson Sayre
Eleanor Axson Sayre
Francis Bowes Sayre
Sayre


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<mask> was born in 1949, Havana, Cuba, and raised in Miami, Florida. He attended Miami-Dade Community College, the University of Miami,  and the University of Michigan, where he earned a Ph.D. in Comparative Literature. He taught at Duke University from 1979 to 1999 and is the David Feinson Professor in the Humanities at Columbia University. He serves on the editorial advisory board of Chiricú. Honors
<mask> is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and has been the recipient of fellowships from the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Council of Learned Societies, and the Mellon Foundation. In 1995, <mask>t was named Duke University Scholar/Teacher of the Year. In 1997 Newsweek included him among “100 Americans to watch for the 21st century” and Hispanic Business Magazine selected him as one of the “100 most influential Hispanics” in the United States.In 2004 he was named one of New York’s thirty “outstanding Latinos” by El Diario La Prensa. He was featured in the documentary CubAmerican and in the 2013 PBS series Latino Americans. See also

 Latino literature

Works
<mask> is the author of  books and essays on Latinx literature, philosophy, and culture. His books of literary and cultural criticism include:

 Idle Fictions (Duke, 1982; rev. ed. 1993)
 Literature and Liminality (Duke, 1986)
 The Cuban Condition (Cambridge, 1989; rpt. 2005)
 Do the Americas Have a Common Literature?(Duke, 1990)
 Life on the Hyphen (Texas, 1994, Rpt. 1996, 1999; revised and expanded edition 2012); Spanish version: Vidas en vilo, Colibrí, 2000; rev. ed. Hypermedia, 2015)
 My Own Private Cuba (Colorado, 1999)
 Cincuenta lecciones de exilio y desexilio (Universal, 2000; rev. ed. Hypermedia, 2016)
 Tongue Ties (Palgrave, 2003)
 The Havana Habit (Yale, 2010)
 The Norton Anthology of Latino Literature [Co-editor] (Norton, 2010)
 A Cuban in Mayberry: Looking Back at America's Hometown (Texas, 2014)
 Sin lengua, deslenguado (Ediciones Cátedra, 2017)
Poesía romántica inglesa by Heberto Padilla [Editor] (Linden Lane Press, 2018)
He has also published several collections of poetry in English and Spanish: Carolina Cuban (Bilingual Press, 1987), Equivocaciones (Betania, 1989), Bilingual Blues (Bilingual Press, 1995); Scar Tissue (Bilingual Press, 2005); The Last Exile (Finishing Line Press, 2016); Viejo verde (Main Street Rag, 2019); a novel, Anything But Love (Arte Público, 2000); and a memoir, Next Year in Cuba: A Cubano's Coming-of-Age in America (Doubleday 1995; rev. ed.2000; rpt. Arte Público, 2005; Spanish version: El año que viene estamos en Cuba, Arte Público, 1997). <mask>’s poems have appeared in many magazines, journals and anthologies. Next Year in Cuba was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize in non-fiction in 1995. Life on the Hyphen was awarded the Eugene M. Kayden Award for 1994 and received Honorable Mention in the Modern Language Association’s Katherine Singer Kovács Prize and the Latin American Studies Association’s Bryce Wood Book Award. References

 www.gustavoperezfirmat.com
 Alonso Gallo, Laura. "Un largo archipiélago de otras incubaciones: La condición cubana del exilio en la obra de <mask> Firmat."Revista Hispano Cubana 13 (2002). Álvarez Borland, Isabel. Cuban-American Literature of Exile: From Person to Persona. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1998. Dalleo, Raphael, and Elena Machado Sáez. The Latino/a Canon and the Emergence of Post-Sixties Literature. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. pp.133–158. Figueredo, D.H. "<mask>, <mask> (1949-)." The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Literature. Vol. 2: M-Z. Edited by Danilo Figueredo. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2006: 624-625.López, Iraida H., "The Notion of Volver in Cuban-American Memoirs: <mask> <mask>'s Next Year in Cuba as a Case of Mistaken Coordinates." South Atlantic Review 77.3-4 (2012): 59-76. Lowe, John Wharton. "Southern Ajiaco: Miami and the Generation of Cuban American Writing." in Calypso Magnolia: The Crosscurrents of Caribbean and Southern Literature. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016. 243-338.Luis, William, "Exiled Hyphenated Identities in <mask> Firmat's Next Year in Cuba." Cuban-American Literature and Art: Negotiating Identities. Edited by Isabel Álvarez Borland and Lynette M. Bosch. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2009. 93-107. Rolando <mask> (Cuban poet). “Bilingual Blues.” (<mask>-Firmat).Encyclopedia of Hispanic-American Literature. Edited by Luz Elena Ramírez. NY: Facts on File 2008: 37-38. Torres, Rodolfo D., and Francisco H. Vázquez. Latino/a Thought: Culture, Politics, and Society. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003. Interviews
 A Poet's Truth: Conversations With Latino/Latina Poets.Interview by Bruce Allen Dick. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2003. "<mask> Firmat, poeta deslenguado." Interview by José Antonio Martínez. "Los personas del verbo." Onda regional de Murcia, November 25, 2017. "<mask> Firmat, con la lengua afuera."Interview by Yannelys Aparicio. Revista Letral 19 (2017): 139-145. "Un barrio de La Habana llamado Miami, un suburbio de Miami llamado La Habana." Interview by Jorge Enrique Lage. Hypermedia Magazine. April 20, 2016. https://hypermediamagazine.com/2016/04/19/jorge-enrique-lage-un-barrio-de-la-habana-llamado-miami-un-suburbio-de-miami-llamado-la-habana
"Living in Parts, Dreaming of Wholeness." Interview by Aneta Pavlenko.Psychology Today. March 22, 2016. https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/life-bilingual/201603/living-in-parts-dreaming-wholeness
 "¿Existe una literatura cubanoamericana? "Interview by José Prats Sariol. Diario de Cuba, January 18, 2014. http://www.diariodecuba.com/cultura/1389988797_6740.html
 "For a Bilingual Writer No One True Language." National Public Radio Morning Edition. October 17, 2011.  http://npr.org/2011/10/17/141368408/for-a-bilingual-writer-no-one-true-language
 “El Derecho a la Equivocación: Conversación con <mask> Firmat." Interview by Rolando <mask> (Cuban poet).Boletín de la Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española. No. 14. 2011: 351-363. https://www.academia.edu/4895461/_El_Derecho_a_la_Equivocaci%C3%B3n_Conversaci%C3%B3n_con_Gustavo_P%C3%A9rez_Firmat_

Columbia University faculty
Duke University faculty
Latin Americanists
Living people
Miami Dade College alumni
20th-century Cuban poets
Cuban male poets
Cuban male novelists
American male novelists
Cuban essayists
American male essayists
Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies alumni
21st-century Cuban poets
21st-century male writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Miami alumni
20th-century Cuban novelists
21st-century Cuban novelists

masks:
Gustavo Pérez Firmat
Pérez Firmat
Pérez Firma
Pérez Firmat
Pérez Firmat
Gustavo Pérez
Pérez Firmat
Gustavo
Gustavo Pérez
Firmat
Gustavo Pérez
Pérez
Gustavo Pérez
Gustavo Pérez
Gustavo Pérez
Gustavo Pérez
Pérez


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<mask> is a neuroscientist and Assistant Professor in the Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City. Rajan trained in engineering, biophysics, and neuroscience, and has pioneered novel methods and models to understand how the brain processes sensory information. Her research seeks to understand how important cognitive functions — such as learning, remembering, and deciding — emerge from the cooperative activity of multi-scale neural processes, and how those processes are affected by various neuropsychiatric disease states. The resulting integrative theories about the brain bridge neurobiology and artificial intelligence. Early life and education
Rajan was born and raised in India. She completed a Bachelors of Technology (B.Tech.) from the Center for Biotechnology at Anna University in Tamil Nadu, India in 2000, majoring in Industrial Biotechnology and graduating with distinction.In 2002, Rajan pursued a post-graduate degree in Neuroscience at Brandeis University, where she did experimental rotations with Eve Marder and Gina G. Turrigiano, before joining Larry Abbott's laboratory where she completed her master's degree (MA). In 2005 she transferred to the Ph.D. program in Neuroscience at Columbia University when Dr. Abbott moved from Brandeis to Columbia, and began her Ph.D. with Abbott at the Center for Theoretical Neuroscience. Doctoral research
In Rajan's graduate work, she used mathematical modelling to address neurobiological questions. The main component of her thesis was the development of a theory for how the brain interprets subtle sensory cues within the context of its internal experiential and motivational state to extract unambiguous representations of the external world. This line of work focused on the mathematical analysis of neural networks containing excitatory and inhibitory types to model neurons and their synaptic connections. Her work showed that increasing the widths of the distributions of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic strengths dramatically changes the eigenvalue distributions. In a biological context, these findings suggest that having a variety of cell types with different distributions of synaptic strength would impact network dynamics and that synaptic strength distributions can be measured to probe the characteristics of network dynamics.Electrophysiology and imaging studies in many brain regions have since validated the predictions of this phase transition hypothesis. To do this work, powerful methods from random matrix theory and statistical mechanics were employed. Rajan's early, influential work with Abbott and Haim Sompolinsky integrated physics methodology into mainstream neuroscience research — initially by creating experimentally verifiable predictions, and today by cementing these tools as an essential component of the data modelling arsenal. Rajan completed her Ph.D. in 2009. Postdoctoral research
From 2010 to 2018, Rajan worked as a postdoctoral research fellow at Princeton University with theoretical biophysicist William Bialek and neuroscientist David W. Tank. At Princeton, she and her colleagues developed and employed a broad set of tools from physics, engineering, and computer science to build new conceptual frameworks for describing the relationship between cognitive processes and biophysics across many scales of biological organization. Modelling feature selectivity
In Rajan's postdoctoral work with Bialek, she explored an innovative method for modelling the neural phenomenon of feature selectivity.Feature selectivity is the idea that neurons are tuned to respond to specific and discrete components of the incoming sensory information, and later these individual components are merged to generate an overall perception of the sensory landscape. To understand how the brain might receive complex inputs but detect individual features, Rajan treated the problem like a dimensionality reduction instead of the typical linear model approach. Rajan showed, using quadratic forms as features of a stimulus, that the maximally informative variables can be found without prior assumptions of their characteristics. This approach allows for unbiased estimates of the receptive fields for stimuli. Recurrent neural network modelling
Rajan then worked with David Tank to show that sequential activation of neurons, a common feature in working memory and decision making, can be demonstrated when starting from neural network models with random connectivity. The process, termed “Partial In-Network Training”, is used as both model and to match real neural data from the posterior parietal cortex during behavior. Rather than feedforward connections, the neural sequences in their model propagate through the network via recurrent synaptic interactions as well as being guided by external inputs.Their modelling highlighted the potential that learning can derive from highly unstructured network architectures. This work uncovered how sensitivity to natural stimuli arises in neurons, how this selectivity influences sensorimotor learning, and how the neural sequences observed in different brain regions arise from minimally plastic, largely disordered circuits – published in Neuron. Career and research
In June 2018, <mask> became an Assistant Professor in the Department of Neuroscience and the Friedman Brain Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. As the Principal Investigator of the Rajan Lab for Brain Research and AI in NY (BRAINY), her work focuses on integrative theories to describe how behavior emerges from the cooperative activity of multi-scale neural processes. To gain insight into fundamental brain processes such as learning, memory, multitasking, or reasoning, Rajan develops theories based on neural network architectures inspired by biology as well as mathematical and computational frameworks that are often used to extract information from neural and behavioral data. These theories use neural network models flexible enough to accommodate various levels of biological detail at the neuronal, synaptic, and circuit levels. She uses a cross-disciplinary approach that provides critical insights into how neural circuits learn and execute functions, ranging from working memory to decision making, reasoning, and intuition, putting her in a unique position to advance our understanding of how important acts of cognition work.Her models are based on experimental data (e.g., calcium imaging, electrophysiology, and behavior experiments) and on new and existing mathematical and computational frameworks derived from machine learning and statistical physics. Rajan continues to apply recurrent neural network modelling to behavioral and neural data. In collaboration with Karl Deisseroth and his team at Stanford University, such models revealed that circuit interactions within the lateral habenula, a brain structure implicated in aversion, were encoding experience features to guide the behavioral transition from active to passive coping – work published in Cell. In 2019, Rajan was one of twelve investigators to receive funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF) though its participation in the White House's Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative. The same year, she was also awarded an NIH BRAIN Initiative grant (R01) for Theories, Models, and Methods for Analysis of Complex Data from the Brain. Starting in 2020, Rajan became co-lead of the Computational Neuroscience Working Group, part of the National Institutes of Health's Interagency Modeling and Analysis Group (IMAG). Awards and honors

 Next Generation Leaders, Allen Institute for Brain Science (2021)
National Science Foundation (NSF) CAREER Award (2021)
The Harold & Golden Lamport Basic Research Award (2021)
Friedman Brain Institute Research Scholars Award from the Dyal Foundation (2020)
 Friedman Brain Institute Research Scholars Award from the DiSabato Family (2019)
 Sloan Research Fellowship in Neuroscience (2019)
 Mindlin Foundation 1Tweet1P Award, Neuroscience meets Graphic Novel (2018)
 Understanding Human Cognition Scholar Award from the James McDonnell Foundation (2016)
 Visiting Research Fellowship, Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (2016)
 Brain and Behavior Foundation (formerly, NARSAD) Young Investigator Award (2015-2017)
 Lectureship, Department of Molecular Biology and the Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University for Methods and Logic in Quantitative Biology (2011-2013)
 Grant from the Organization for Computational Neurosciences (OCNS) (2011)
 Sloan-Swartz Theoretical Neuroscience Postdoctoral Fellowship (2010-2012)
 Pulin Sampat Memorial Teaching Award, Brandeis University (2004)
 Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Junior Research Fellowship (2001-2002)

Select publications

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Indian women scientists
Computational biologists
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai faculty
Columbia University alumni
American women neuroscientists
American neuroscientists
American women academics
21st-century American women

masks:
Kanaka Rajan
Rajan


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<mask> (20 August 1908 – 16 November 1996) was a British Conservative politician who served as a Liverpool Member of Parliament (MP) for fourteen years. He served in the governments of the 1950s and 1960s, playing an important role in establishing independent television. Early life
Born in Liverpool, Lancashire, Bevins was one of five children. He was educated at the Dovedale Road School and then at Liverpool Collegiate School. He joined the insurance business, and also became interested in politics: he joined the Labour Party. In 1935 he was elected to Liverpool City Council. Wartime service
At the outbreak of the Second World War, Bevins enlisted in the Royal Artillery.He served as a gunner in 1940, and was stationed in the middle-east and in Europe. He completed his tour of duty as a Major in the Royal Army Service Corps, and became a strong supporter of the Conservative Party. At the conclusion of the war he immediately sought a Parliamentary nomination. He was chosen to run for the West Toxteth division Labour-held seat; he lost by 4,814 votes, on a pro-Labour swing much less than the national average. Search for a seat
<mask>, who remained on the City Council after his change of parties, became a popular figure in the Liverpool Conservative Association. In 1947 he was chosen to fight the Liverpool Edge Hill division in a by-election. Although he did not win, he reduced the Labour majority to less than 2,000.Boundary changes announced the next year created a united seat in Liverpool Toxteth, and the sitting Member of Parliament for East Toxteth, Patrick Buchan-Hepburn, chose to move constituencies to Beckenham. <mask> was chosen to attempt to retain the new seat for the Conservatives. Parliament
He succeeded in the 1950 general election by 2,620 votes. When the Conservative Party returned to office in 1951, <mask> was appointed as Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of Housing and Local Government, Harold Macmillan. His knowledge of Liverpool municipal housing issues was valuable to the Minister who was leading a housing drive. In November 1953, he was brought into the government himself as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Works. Rise through Government
Macmillan became Prime Minister in January 1957 and moved Bevins back to the Ministry of Housing and Local Government.He had a key role in guiding through Parliament the Rent Act 1957, which removed rent control and was highly controversial. After the 1959 general election, Bevins was appointed Postmaster-General, placing him in control of a government department. Although the role was not in Macmillan's cabinet and rather low in the formal priorities, it had a higher public profile than this situation would suggest. Bevins was also appointed to the Privy Council and became "The Right Honourable <mask>". Postmaster General
Among the responsibilities for the Postmaster General was television. Bevins was, like Macmillan, a supporter of commercial television, which many in the Conservative Party then regarded as un-British. He had guidance from a friend of Macmillan, Norman Collins, who was involved in Associated TeleVision (ATV).Bevins had a delicate role as the potential profitability of the new entertainment medium was high; Bevins observed that when Lord Thomson said commercial television was "a licence to print money", he had been more indiscreet than inaccurate. In November 1962, Bevins was telephoned by journalists who asked him about the new BBC satire programme That Was The Week That Was; Bevins said he intended to do something about it. However, Macmillan immediately sent him a memo telling him to do nothing. After the Great Train Robbery in August 1963, Bevins was criticised for laxity in security as the robbery had happened on a mail train. He moved to increase security, but resisted calls to have armed police guarding the trains. That October, Bevins was shocked at the choice of Sir Alec Douglas-Home as the new Prime Minister (to replace Macmillan), as he thought Douglas-Home was part of the upper-class traditional leadership of the Conservatives who would find it difficult to win support from the electorate. The General Post Office workers' pay negotiations of 1964 were particularly fraught.The government was running an incomes policy, but Bevins pressed for an offer of 5%; the Cabinet insisted on a lower offer, which resulted in a strike threat. The eventual settlement was 6·5%, and Bevins ended up taking the blame for fuelling wage inflation; he felt resentful, on the ground that his own approach would have led to a lower settlement. Defeat
At the 1964 general election, <mask> lost his marginal seat. He immediately declared he would have no further political involvement until the upper-class establishment was removed from the Conservative leadership. Although supporting <mask>, he was cheered by Edward Heath's election in 1965. He knew he would have no chance of a comeback in politics and wrote a book called The Greasy Pole, which laid bare his bitterness with his treatment. He also called for reforms of Parliamentary procedure to reduce the Parliamentary week to three days and to sit for only 20 weeks in the year.Bevins worked for Francis Industries, an engineering company. His son <mask> became a political journalist. References
John Biffen, "<mask>vins: Prototype Thatcherite" (Obituary), The Guardian, 19 November 1996
"<mask>vins" (Obituary), The Times, 19 November 1996

"Who Was Who", A & C Black

1908 births
1996 deaths
British Army personnel of World War II
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Councillors in Liverpool
Politicians from Liverpool
Royal Artillery soldiers
Royal Army Service Corps officers
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
United Kingdom Postmasters General
People from Toxteth
Ministers in the third Churchill government, 1951–1955
Ministers in the Eden government, 1955–1957
Ministers in the Macmillan and Douglas-Home governments, 1957–1964

masks:
John Reginald Bevins
Bevins
Bevins
Bevins
Reginald Bevins
Bevins
Reginald Maudling
Anthony Bevins
Reginald Be
Reginald Be


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<mask> (; born April 9, 1952) is an American aerospace engineer, author, and advocate for human exploration of Mars. He and his colleague at Martin Marietta, David Baker, were the driving force behind Mars Direct, a proposal in a 1990 research paper intended to produce significant reductions in the cost and complexity of such a mission. The key idea was to use the Martian atmosphere to produce oxygen, water, and rocket propellant for the surface stay and return journey. A modified version of the plan was subsequently adopted by NASA as their "design reference mission". He questions the delay and cost-to-benefit ratio of first establishing a base or outpost on an asteroid or another Apollo program-like return to the Moon, as neither would be able to provide all of its own oxygen, water, or energy; these resources are producible on Mars, and he expects people would be there thereafter. Disappointed with the lack of interest from government in Mars exploration and after the success of his book The Case for Mars (1996), as well as leadership experience at the National Space Society, <mask> established the Mars Society in 1998. This is an international organization advocating a human mission to Mars as a goal, by private funding if possible.Early life and education
<mask> was born in New York City's Brooklyn borough on April 9, 1952. His father was descended from Russian Jewish immigrants. He was a science teacher for 7 years before becoming an engineer. Qualifications and professional career
<mask> holds a B.A. in Mathematics from the University of Rochester (1974), a M.S. in Nuclear Engineering (1984), a M.S. in Aeronautics and Astronautics (1986), and a Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering (1992) — all from the University of Washington.He has developed a number of concepts for space propulsion and exploration, and is the author of over 200 technical and non-technical papers and several books. He is also President of both the Mars Society and Pioneer Astronautics, a private company that does research and development on innovative aerospace technologies. <mask> is the co-inventor on a U.S. design patent and a U.S. utility patent on a hybrid rocket/airplane, and on a U.S. utility patent on an oxygen supply system (see links below). <mask> was awarded his first patent at age 20 in 1972 for Three Player Chess. His inventions also include the nuclear salt-water rocket and co-inventor (with Dana Andrews) of the magnetic sail. <mask> is fellow at Center for Security Policy. During his professional career, <mask> was a member of Lockheed Martin's scenario development team charged with developing strategies for space exploration.He was also "a senior engineer with the Martin Marietta Astronautics company, working as one of its leaders in development of advanced concepts for interplanetary missions". During his time at Martin Marietta, he drafted ideas for a potential single-stage-to-orbit spacecraft, and developed the Black Colt. However, he would eventually leave Martin Marietta to co-form Pioneer Rocketplane with Mitchell Burnside Clapp, an aerospace engineer from the US Air Force, due to a perceived lack of interest in reducing launch costs at larger aerospace firms. In his book, Entering Space: Creating a Spacefaring Civilization, Zubrin would write about how both large aerospace firms, and the US Government, would fail to reduce the costs of spaceflight. In 1998, Zubrin founded the Mars Society, and in the following years, was able to attract large amounts of public interest to potential human colonisation on Mars. The work of the Mars Society was successful enough as to encourage the US Government to not cut funding for several Mars rover missions. Pioneer Energy
In 2008, Zubrin founded Pioneer Energy, a research and development firm headquartered in Lakewood, Colorado.The company's focus is to develop mobile Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) systems that can enable CO2-based EOR for both small and large oil producers in the United States. The company has also developed a number of new processes for manufacturing synthetic fuels. Books
 The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must (1996)
 Entering Space: Creating a Spacefaring Civilization (1999). Mars On Earth: The Adventures of Space Pioneers in the High Arctic (2003). First Landing (2001). The Holy Land (2003). Benedict Arnold: A Drama of the American Revolution in Five Acts (2005).Energy Victory: Winning the War on Terror by Breaking Free of Oil (2007). How to Live on Mars (2008). Merchants of Despair: Radical Environmentalists, Criminal Pseudo-Scientists, and the Fatal Cult of Antihumanism (2011). Mars Direct: Space Exploration, the Red Planet, and the Human Future (2013). The Case for Space: How the Revolution in Spaceflight Opens Up a Future of Limitless Possibility Prometheus Books (2019)

Books edited or co-authored
<mask> has also edited or co-edited the following books, most of which include his contributions:
 Islands in the Sky: Bold New Ideas for Colonizing Space (1996), co-edited with Stanley Schmidt. From Imagination to Reality: Mars Exploration Studies of the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society : Precursors and Early Piloted Exploration Missions (1997). From Imagination to Reality: Mars Exploration Studies of the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society : Base Building, Colonization and Terraformation (1997).Proceedings of the Founding Convention of the Mars Society (1999), co-edited with <mask>. On to Mars: Colonizing a New World (2002 Apogee Books), co-edited with Frank Crossman. On to Mars 2: Exploring and Settling a New World (2005 Apogee Books), co-edited with Frank Crossman. Selected publications

 1991, Mars Direct: A Simple, Robust, and Cost Effective Architecture for the Space Exploration Initiative, AIAA Journal
2004, Getting Space Exploration Right, The New Atlantis
2006, An Energy Revolution, The American Enterprise
2007, The Hydrogen Hoax, The New Atlantis

The ethics of terraforming

Dr. <mask> is known as an advocate of a moderately anthropocentric position in the ethics of terraforming. Discussions of the ethics of terraforming often make reference to a series of public debates <mask> has held with his friend Christopher McKay, who advocates a moderately biocentric position on the ethics of terraforming. For example, a written account of some of these debates is available in On to Mars: Colonizing a New World, as a joint article, "Do Indigenous Martian Bacteria have Precedence over Human Exploration?" (pp.177–182)

Cultural references
An aging <mask> also appears as a background character in The Martian Race (1999) by Gregory Benford, a science fiction novel depicting early human explorers on Mars in the very near future. Benford, who is also an astrophysicist, is a longtime member of both the board of directors and the steering committee of the Mars Society. <mask> was also featured in a 2007 CBC Television documentary special, The Passionate Eye, dubbed "The Mars Underground". The songwriter and musician Frank Black (alias Black Francis of the Pixies) penned an homage to Zubrin, "<mask>", on the album Dog in the Sand. The lyrics are in the form of an acrostic, spelling "Robert The Case For Mars Zubrin". In 2010 <mask> was featured in the Symphony of Science video "The Case for Mars" along with Carl Sagan, Brian Cox, and Penelope Boston. The fictional character Dr. Zachary Walzer in the 2010–2011 independent VODO series Pioneer One was inspired by Zubrin.In 2016, <mask> was one of several scientists and engineers interviewed in the National Geographic miniseries Mars. References

External links
 <mask>'s articles in National Review

American aerospace engineers
Space advocates
Mars Society
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American science writers
American science fiction writers
American satirists
University of Washington College of Engineering alumni
1952 births
Living people
American nuclear engineers
Exploration of Mars
Mars One
Lockheed Martin people
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers

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Robert Zubrin
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Robert Zubrin
Robert Zubrin
Robert Onion
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<mask> (born January 5, 1940) is a media activist, founder of Paper Tiger Television and co-founder of the Deep Dish Satellite Network, the first grass roots community television network. She is Professor Emerita in the Department of Communication at the University of California, San Diego. Career

Her first film, Children Make Movies (1961), was about a film-making project at Lillian Wald's Henry Street Settlement in Lower Manhattan. Her film, Mural on Our Street was nominated for an Academy Award in 1965. She has led media workshops with elementary school children, reform school youth, senior citizens and migrant farmers. In 1976 she was co-director of the Child-Made Film Symposium, which was a fifteen-year assessment of media by youth throughout the world. She has served as a trustee of the American Film Institute, Women Make Movies and the Instructional Telecommunications Foundation.She has authored numerous articles in Film Library Quarterly, Film Culture, High Performance, The Independent, Leonardo, Afterimage and other media journals. Her book, Hand Held Visions: the Impossible Possibilities of Community Media is published by Fordham University Press. She co-edited Public Broadcasting and the Public Interest with M.E. Sharpe, and has written essays for a number of collections on independent media. In 1989 she received a Guggenheim Fellowship for an ecological series for the Deep Dish Network. She received two Rockefeller Media Fellowships for The Gringo in Mañanaland (1995), a compilation film about stereotypes of Latin Americans in U.S. films, which was featured at the Venice Film Festival, the London Film Festival and won a special jury prize at the Trieste Festival for Latin American Film and first prize from the American Anthropological Association's Visual Anthropology Division in 1998. Ah!The Hopeful Pageantry of Bread and Puppet. made in 2000 in collaboration with Tamar Schumann, was shown at the Woodstock Film Festival, The PDX Experimental Film Festival in Portland, Oregon, the Vermont Film Festival and the Dallas Video Festival. She has received five awards for lifetime achievement: an Indy from the Association of Independent Video and Filmmakers, The George C. Stoney Award from the Alliance for Community Media (ACM); The Life Time Achievement Award of the National Alliance for Media Arts and Culture (NAMAC), the Herbert Schiller Award from the 2003 Schmio Awards and the 2007 Dallas Smythe Award from the Union for Democratic Communication. She has co-coordinated Paper Tiger installations at the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Austrian Triennial of Photography in Graz, the Wexner Center in Columbus Ohio, the Gallery at the San Francisco Art Institute and the Berkeley Art Museum. In 1990, before the first Gulf War started, she worked with a team of Paper Tiger and Deep Dish producers to create a series on the impending war, called The Gulf Crisis TV Project which ultimately produced ten half-hour programs which were widely shown on Public-access television stations, film festivals, the Whitney Museum, Channel Four in the UK and NHK in Japan. Her work with Deep Dish TV includes a twelve part series on the prison industrial complex in the United States entitled, Bars and Stripes (1996) and Shocking and Awful, (2004-2005) a thirteen part series on the 2003 invasion and occupation of Iraq. She is currently finishing a four-hour compilation of speeches and interviews from the World Tribunal on Iraq, which Deep Dish filmed in Istanbul in June 2005.<mask> has been closely involved with the Independent Media Center movement, which now totals over 180 centers in sixty countries. She was one of the initial group of media activists that developed the first center in Seattle during the World Trade Organization protests. Her role was to develop the initial funding proposal for the center, raise funds from individual donors and organize 5 days of satellite broadcasting from that historic event. That work evolved into the television version of Democracy Now!, the Pacifica Network daily radio news series. After retiring from the University of California in 2001, <mask> worked full-time for a year (on a volunteer basis) to create the infrastructure and resources for Democracy Now! television, building on the contacts already established by Deep Dish. This daily news program is now on over 650 community television and radio stations and on the Dish Network of 15 million subscribers via Freespeech TV.As President of the Association of Independent Video and Film Makers (AIVF) in the nineteen seventies, Halleck led a media reform campaign in Washington, testifying twice before the House Sub-Committee on Telecommunication for increased support and channel space for independent video and film. This work ultimately lead to the creation of ITVS, the Independent Television Service. <mask>’s work in media reform includes working with a coalition of national organizations to insure public interest set-asides for Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS). That successful campaign created the provisions which have allowed Free Speech TV, Link TV and a number of universities to have 24-hour television networks via satellite. Halleck has been involved in media policy reform on the international level as a member of the MacBride Roundtable on Communication, Communication Rights in the Information Society (CRIS) and as an official delegate to the World Summit on the Information Society in Geneva 2003 and in Tunis in 2005. Halleck is now working with Victoria Maldonado on a series entitled "Waves of Change", which looks at community media around the world. Halleck was the lead respondent in the 2019 Supreme Court case Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck.In 2021, she was one of the participants in John Greyson's experimental short documentary film International Dawn Chorus Day. References

Sources
Hand Held Visions, Fordham University Press, 2002. Roar, Paper Tiger Catalog, Wexner Center, Ohio State University, 1996. External links
 http://www.deedeehalleck.blogspot.com
 http://www.deepdishwavesofchange.blogspot.com

American academics
American anti-war activists
American documentary filmmakers
1940 births
Living people

masks:
DeeDee Halleck
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<mask>  (born September 27, 1965) is a Canadian lawyer and politician. He was a Member of Parliament from 1997 to 2015 and has served as Minister of Justice and Attorney General (2013–2015), Minister of National Defence (2007–2013), and Minister of Foreign Affairs (2006–2007) in the Cabinet of Canada under Prime Minister Stephen Harper. <mask> was the final leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada (PC Party), and he agreed to merge the party with Stephen Harper's Canadian Alliance in 2003, forming the Conservative Party of Canada and making <mask> one of the co-founders of the current conservative wing of Canadian politics. The son of Canadian politician and Minister of Public Works <mask>, <mask> received his undergraduate degree from Carleton University and his law degree from Dalhousie University. <mask> represented the riding of Pictou—Antigonish—Guysborough from 1997 to 2004, and the riding of Central Nova from 2004 until 2015, when he decided not to run in that year's federal election. With the defeat of the Conservatives in the 2015 federal election, he was considered a potential candidate to succeed Stephen Harper as permanent leader of the party. Between 2015 and 2020, he was a partner with Baker McKenzie at their Toronto office.On January 15, 2020, <mask> announced his candidacy for the 2020 Conservative leadership race. He was defeated by former veterans affairs minister Erin O’Toole on the third ballot of the leadership vote. Since the race, he moved back to Nova Scotia and is now a senior counsel with the law firm McInnes Cooper, and a strategic advisor with Deloitte Canada. Early life and career
<mask> was born in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia. His father, <mask>, is a former PC cabinet minister, lumber businessman, and lawyer. His mother, Eirene Macha <mask> (née Delap; 1938–2017), was a psychologist and peace activist; through her, <mask> is descended from James Alexander, 3rd Earl of Caledon and James Grimston, 1st Earl of Verulam. <mask> grew up in Wolfville, Nova Scotia with his three siblings.He graduated from Horton High School in Greenwich, Nova Scotia, and then went on to graduate with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Acadia University/Carleton University in 1987. <mask> then studied law at Dalhousie University and was called to the Nova Scotia Bar in June 1991. He worked for Thyssen Henschel, a steel producer, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, and in Düsseldorf and Kassel, Germany. In 1993, <mask> accepted an appointment as Crown Attorney for the Central Region of Nova Scotia. He prosecuted cases at all levels, including youth and provincial courts as well as the Supreme Court of Canada. <mask> has publicly stated that the major impetus for his entry into federal politics was his frustrations with the shortcomings in the justice system, particularly his perception that the courts do not care about the impact crime has on victims. Member of Parliament
<mask> was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the June 2, 1997 federal election for Pictou—Antigonish—Guysborough, a riding in northeastern Nova Scotia.He was one of a handful of newly elected "Young Turk" PC MPs (including John Herron, André Bachand and Scott Brison), who were under 35 years old when elected and were considered the future leadership material that might restore the ailing Tories to their glory days. In his first term of office, <mask> served as Justice Critic and House Leader for the Progressive Conservative parliamentary caucus. <mask> was the PC member of the Board of Internal Economy and the Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights. He also acted as an associate member of the Standing Committees on Canadian Heritage, Finance and the sub-committee on the Study of Sport. <mask> served as PC Party House Leader from September 23, 1997, to September 12, 2001. <mask> was re-elected in the 2000 federal election and was frequently touted by the media as a possible successor to PC Party leader Joe Clark. Many of his initial supporters referred to his strong performances in the House of Commons and magnetism as key attributes that would make him a popular leader.<mask> has been voted the "sexiest male MP in the House of Commons" by the Hill Times (a Parliament Hill newspaper) for six years in a row. When asked in a 2001 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation documentary on the resurgence of the PC Party if he would ever consider running for the PC leadership, <mask> quipped, "If there's one thing I've learned in politics it's 'never say never.' Jean Charest taught me that." In August 2001, he was one of several PC MPs to engage in open cooperation talks with disaffected Canadian Alliance MPs in Mont-Tremblant, Quebec. Eventually a union of sorts was created between the PCs and the newly formed Democratic Representative Caucus (DRC). <mask> was appointed House Leader of the new PC-DR Parliamentary Coalition Caucus when it was formally recognized as a political body on September 10, 2001. The PC-DR initiative collapsed in April 2002, raising questions about Clark's leadership.Clark announced his impending resignation as party leader at the PC Party's bi-annual convention held in Edmonton, Alberta in August 2002. <mask>'s name was one of the first to be raised as a possible leadership contender. 2003 Progressive Conservative leadership race
<mask> was largely seen as the assumed victor of the race from the outset of the leadership contest. Ultimately, his candidacy was helped by the absence of so-called "dream candidates" such as provincial Progressive Conservative Premiers Bernard Lord, Mike Harris and Ralph Klein who did not run for the leadership. <mask> formally launched his leadership campaign in his hometown of New Glasgow in January 2003. From the onset of the campaign, <mask> insisted that his primary goal upon assuming the leadership would be the rebuilding the fractured conservative movement from within the PC tent. For much of the race, <mask> was the clear front-runner.Several opponents, including former PC Party Treasurer Jim Prentice, social conservative candidate Craig Chandler, and Red Tory Nova Scotia MP Scott Brison, painted <mask> as a status quo or "establishment" candidate who could effectively question the Prime Minister. <mask>'s campaign was largely based on his leadership skills and a national organization rather than on policies or new directions. <mask> is largely viewed by political analysts as a Red Tory. He voted in favour of same-sex marriage in 2006. Leadership convention
<mask> entered the first ballot of the PC leadership convention held on May 31, 2003 with roughly 41% of the delegates supporting him. However, on the second ballot, <mask>'s support dropped to 39%. On the third ballot, <mask>'s support reached 45% but many of his supporters were convinced that he had hit his popular peak.Some analysts noted that the eliminated third-place challenger David Orchard drew his 25% bulk of delegate supporters largely from the Western prairie provinces. Orchard was prepared to speak with either <mask> or Prentice to determine if a deal could be reached over some of the issues that he raised during the leadership campaign. As the results of the third ballot were called, <mask>'s campaign manager, PC Senator Noël Kinsella, hastily arranged a backroom meeting between <mask>, Orchard, and their campaign advisors. During the meeting, <mask> reached a deal with his rival, and Orchard emerged from the room urging his delegates to support <mask>. Press officials immediately demanded to know what had inspired Orchard's surprise move. Orchard repeatedly referred to a "gentleman's agreement" made between himself and MacKay that had led to his qualified support. <mask> won the final ballot with nearly 65% of the delegates supporting him.For the next few weeks, the specific details of the "Orchard deal" remained vague:  a secret between <mask>, Orchard, and their advisors. However, it was eventually revealed that the "Orchard deal" promised a review of the PC Party's policies on the North American Free Trade Agreement, no merger or joint candidates with the Canadian Alliance, and a promise to redouble efforts to rebuild the national status of the Progressive Conservative Party. The agreement also included re-examining the PC Party's policies on government subsidies for national railways and preserving the environment. The deal also requested that <mask> "clean up" the party's head office and specifically requested that the party's National Director be fired. Further evidence later revealed Scott Brison's cellphone number written in the margins of the note for some unexplained reason. In an attempt to heal internal rifts after the convention, <mask> edited out the number. After Brison defected to the Liberal party, however, <mask> revealed the original copy.The agreement prompted much outrage and controversy amongst United Alternative supporters and was ribaldly referred to by CA MP Jason Kenney as "a deal with the Devil". At first, <mask> seemed to be willing to adhere to the deal. In June, several Clark-appointed personnel were let go from the party's main office and <mask> appointed new experienced staff whose loyalties were more closely linked to himself and former Prime Minister and PC Party leader Brian Mulroney. <mask> also appointed a couple of low level staff workers who had been supportive of David Orchard's leadership bid. In July, <mask> struck up a "Blue Ribbon PC Policy Review Panel", made up of conservative MPs, Senators, and Orchard himself, that was to be chaired by MP Bill Casey, in order to reexamine the party's policies on NAFTA. The committee was scheduled to hold talks across the country and make a report to the leader by January 2004. By mid-July, political opponents and fellow Tories began attacking <mask> over the "Orchard deal."<mask>'s conservative rival Stephen Harper suggested that the PC Party had hit rock-bottom when its policies and directions would be beholden to a "prairie socialist." The secretive nature of the deal also led to concerns from within the party's headquarters and constituency associations. David Orchard was seen by many within the party as an "outsider" who was attempting to turn the Progressive Conservative Party into the "Prairie Co-operative Party". Some felt that <mask>'s credibility and leadership were undermined by the deal and that electoral expectations were low for the upcoming election that was expected to occur in less than a year's time. Rex Murphy noted in a Globe and Mail column that <mask>'s leadership arrived "stillborn" and that, perhaps for the first time in recent memory, a party immediately emerged from a leadership convention grievously weakened and even less united than when it entered the convention. Conservative party merger
Public musings that the divided PCs would be marginalized in a future election between a relatively stable western-based CA under Stephen Harper and the massively popular Paul Martin Liberals (although Jean Chrétien remained the Liberal leader until November 2003, he had announced he would not run again), <mask> encouraged talks between high-profile members of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservatives. On October 15, 2003, the merger talks culminated in <mask> and Alliance leader Stephen Harper signing an Agreement in Principle on the establishment of the Conservative Party of Canada, whereby the Progressive Conservatives and the Canadian Alliance would merge to form a new Conservative Party of Canada.While <mask> was roundly criticized in some Red Tory circles for permitting a union under his watch, <mask>'s efforts to sell the merger to the PC membership were successful: 90.4% of the party's elected delegates supported the deal in a vote on December 6, 2003. Some PC caucus members refused to accept the merger: long-time MP and former Prime Minister Joe Clark continued to sit as a "Progressive Conservative" for the remainder of the Parliament, as did MPs John Herron and André Bachand, while Scott Brison left the new party to join the Liberal Party in December 2003. In January 2004, several Senators left the party to sit as independents or "Progressive Conservatives". <mask> announced on January 13, 2004, that he would not run for the leadership of the new Conservative Party. On March 22, he was named deputy leader of the new party by newly elected

masks:
Peter Gordon MacKay
MacKay
MacKay
Elmer MacKay
MacKay
MacKay
MacKay
Peter MacKay
Elmer MacKay
MacKay
Peter MacKay
MacKay
MacKay
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Peter MacKay
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 leader Stephen Harper. He was easily re-elected in the June 28, 2004 federal election in the newly redistributed riding of Central Nova. On September 29, 2005, the Premier of Nova Scotia, John Hamm, announced his intention to resign.There was speculation that <mask> would return to the province to pursue provincial politics and enter the Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia leadership race to become the Premier. <mask> would have been considered a front-runner in the race; however, he decided to remain with the Federal Conservatives. The Liberal government lost a motion of non-confidence on November 28, 2005. In the resulting January 2006 election, the Conservative Party was elected with a minority government. He did retain his seat by a comfortable margin. Government

Minister of Foreign Affairs

Following the Conservative victory in the 2006 election, Prime Minister Stephen Harper named <mask> as Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister for the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency; he was also tasked to be the political minister for both his home province, and for neighbouring Prince Edward Island, just as his father Elmer had done between 1988 and 1993. During the first mandate, his biggest issue was the Lebanon–Israel–Hezbollah crisis that occurred in July 2006.The government decided to evacuate thousands of Canadians from Lebanon to safer locations and many back to Canada. <mask> responded to critics saying that the process was slow, that the boats (those which were used to evacuate) had limited capacity. <mask>'s statements in support of the Israelis during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict created a national debate in Canada, especially among Arabs and Muslim Canadians who opposed <mask>'s position. During this period <mask> and the Conservative Party of Canada joined the Bush Administration in opposing the United Nations' call for a ceasefire. It was also during this period that <mask> made a controversial statement in which he referred to Hezbollah as a "cancer" in Lebanon. Hezbollah is formally recognized by the government of Canada as a terrorist organization. On October 19, 2006, during a debate on the Conservative Party's clean air plan, MP Mark Holland said that a Liberal colleague, David McGuinty asked <mask> about the impact of pollution on humans and animals by asking, "What about your dog?".This referred to <mask> posing for photographs on a farm with his neighbour's dog following his break-up with Belinda Stronach. <mask> then allegedly pointed to Stronach's vacant chair and replied "You already have her." Holland lodged a complaint with the Commons Speaker and demanded an apology from <mask>. Stronach has said that the comment was disrespectful to both herself and Canadian women, and has herself asked for an apology. <mask> has denied referring to Stronach as a "dog". The alleged comment was not heard by Speaker of the House <mask>n and it was not recorded in the official Hansard. Afterwards, Milliken and his staff said that they could not hear the remarks on the tape recording.Minister of National Defence

On August 14, 2007, Stephen Harper shuffled <mask> from Foreign Affairs to Defence, replacing Gordon O'Connor. On November 6, 2007, while attending a meeting at Forward Operating Base Wilson, 20 kilometres west of Kandahar City, Mackay was unharmed as two rockets struck the base at about 11 a.m. local time. Mackay described the incident: "There was an explosion. It was a loud bang", said MacKay. "When it happened, we heard the explosion, we heard the whistle overhead, we were told to get down and we did." The incident happened on the same day that a suicide bomber detonated an explosive in Baghlan in the northeastern part of the country killing at least 75 including several politicians. While Taliban insurgents were suspected of being behind the bombing, it was not believed to be related to the attack in Kandahar.In 2008, <mask> announced a broad exhaustive and very expensive program to upgrade the Canadian military's equipment, spending over $400 billion over 25 years. Unlike every previous spending announcement of its kind, no "white paper" or detailed breakdown of this number was available nor was any claimed to exist. This led to widespread speculation that an election was coming. Stephen Harper did in fact declare Parliament "dysfunctional" in August 2008 and called on Governor General of Canada Michaëlle Jean to dissolve parliament for the 2008 federal election. In July 2010, <mask> was accused of inappropriately using public funds when he combined the use of a Canadian Cormorant military helicopter for both a search and rescue demonstration, and to transport the minister from a private fishing camp in Newfoundland to Gander Airport. The cost of this to taxpayers was approximately $16,000. <mask>, then the Minister of National Defence, defended his use of the military helicopter stating, "Three days into the visit I participated in a search and rescue demonstration with 103 squadron 9 Wing Gander.I shortened my stay by a day to take part in that demonstration". In 2009, he undertook two days of basic military training as part of CBC Television's Make the Politician Work. On June 5, 2012, it was revealed that a widely publicized 2010 news conference announcing Conservative plans to buy 65 F-35 Stealth Fighters had cost $47,000. Documents provided to parliament by <mask> indicated that Lockheed Martin had delivered the F-35 mockup used in the photo-op for free, and that the cost was primarily for services to support the news conference and one hundred invited guests. Minister of Justice and Attorney General
On July 15, 2013, the cabinet was shuffled, and Mackay became the Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada, replacing Rob Nicholson, who took over the defence portfolio. On March 5, 2014, <mask> generated controversy when, in response to opposition Liberal MP Kevin Lamoureux, he tossed documents purporting to concern the issue of missing and murdered Aboriginal women onto the floor of the House of Commons. The following week, he apologized to the Commons for his outburst.Out of Parliament

2015–present
On May 29, 2015, <mask> announced that he would not be a candidate in the 2015 federal election. In February 2016, <mask> joined law firm Baker McKenzie as a partner. <mask>'s family now resides in The Beaches area of Toronto. On November 17, 2017,  <mask> said he had not ruled out the possibility of running for the leadership of the Nova Scotia Progressive Conservative Party. After the Conservative defeat in the 2015 election, <mask> was considered a potential candidate to succeed former Prime Minister Stephen Harper as permanent leader of the Conservative Party. On September 12, 2016, <mask> announced he would not seek the Conservative party leadership. On January 15, 2020, <mask> announced his intention to run for the 2020 Conservative Party of Canada leadership race.Cielo Waste Solutions Corp.(CSE:CMC) announced the appointment of former cabinet minister the Hon. <mask>, P.C., Q.C. to its Board of Directors effective April 8, 2021. The Hon. <mask> has over two decades of public service and private sector work. Mr. <mask> will provide strategic advice and invaluable guidance on government and public services industry practice, infrastructure, economic development and will represent Cielo as a catalyst to Cielo’s growth moving forward. 2020 Conservative leadership race

On October 10, 2019, The Globe and Mail reported that <mask> supporters were preparing to launch a leadership bid should Conservative Party leader Andrew Scheer fail to secure a government in the 2019 federal election.<mask> responded to questions by saying that he was "not [aware]" of Conservatives backers organizing a campaign, and that he was "doing everything I can to help Andrew and support him and his team. I’m not entertaining that at all.”

On December 12, 2019, Scheer announced he was resigning as Conservative party leader, but would stay on until a new leader was chosen. On January 15, 2020, <mask> announced his intention to run for the 2020 Conservative Party of Canada leadership race. After weeks of speculation, <mask> tweeted from his Twitter account: "I'm in. Stay tuned." He officially launched his campaign on January 25, 2020 at the Nova Scotia Museum of Industry in Stellarton, Nova Scotia. On January 26, 2020, a Washington Post columnist posted a comparison of <mask>'s campaign logo and that of personal finance blog Maple Money, which started comparisons to the previous Canadian Energy Centre trademark issues.<mask> was defeated by Erin O’Toole on the third ballot of the leadership vote. After the vote, it was revealed that <mask> spent $124,000 on security during the campaign in response to numerous death threats that were lodged against him and his family. Personal life
<mask> was chosen as "Canada's Sexiest Male MP" by The Hill Times from 1999–2007 and 2009, coming in second in 2008 to Maxime Bernier. His former longtime girlfriend was Lisa Michelle Merrithew, daughter of former Mulroney cabinet minister Gerald Merrithew. They reportedly ended their relationship in 2004. He then was romantically linked to fellow MP Belinda Stronach in published reports. In an interview in the Toronto Star on January 8, 2005, Stronach confirmed that she and <mask> were dating.Stronach, elected as a Conservative in the 2004 election, crossed the floor to the Liberal Party on May 17, 2005. On May 18, 2005, <mask> told the CBC that his relationship with Stronach was indeed over, and that it had come as a surprise to him that she had crossed the floor. According to Don Martin, a National Post columnist who wrote a biography, Belinda: the Political and Private Life of Belinda Stronach in September 2006, <mask> reacted "with volcanic fury" when he learned about her defection. On November 26, 2005, the National Post revealed that Mackay and Sophie Desmarais of the billionaire Power Corporation family were dating. By September 2006, <mask>'s romantic life was again in the papers, with The New York Times reporting on gossip about his alleged involvement with United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. The New York Times described him as "Tall, athletic, young, blond", and having "a tan and the build of someone who spends his time on the rugby field, not holed up reading G-8 communiqués." <mask> had been seen in public dating Jana Juginovic, director of programming at CTV News Channel, after having kept their relationship private for many months.They attended the annual Black & White Opera Soirée together at the National Arts Centre in Ottawa on February 21, 2009. <mask>'s engagement to Juginovic was announced on November 1, 2009. <mask> and Juginovic later called off the engagement in June 2010. On January 4, 2012, <mask> married Nazanin Afshin-Jam, an Iranian-born former beauty queen, in a ceremony in Mexico. Afshin-Jam holds degrees in international relations and political science. She is co-founder and president of Stop Child Executions, a human rights group whose aim is to focus world attention on the plight of young people on death row in Iran. The couple has two sons, Kian <mask>, born April 1, 2013, and Caledon <mask>, born July 28, 2018  as well as one daughter, Valentia Makaja <mask>, born September 30, 2015.In his spare time, <mask> has served on many volunteer boards including New Leaf and Tearmann House. He has also been active in Big Brothers Big Sisters, the Pictou County Senior Rugby Club and the YMCA. A sports enthusiast, <mask> was active in local rugby, baseball, football and hockey teams in Pictou County, Nova Scotia. He played for the Nova Scotia Keltics rugby union club. Electoral record

External links

 Former campaign site

References

1965 births
Acadia University alumni
Canadian Ministers of Foreign Affairs
Canadian monarchists
Canadian prosecutors
Canadian Queen's Counsel
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Canadian rugby union players
Conservative Party of Canada MPs
Schulich School of Law alumni
Defence ministers of Canada
Lawyers in Nova Scotia
Living people
Members of the 28th Canadian Ministry
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Nova Scotia
Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
People from Kings County, Nova Scotia
People from New Glasgow, Nova Scotia
Progressive Conservative Party of

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MacKay


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The Rev Prof <mask> (1796 – 26 February 1870), also known as 'Rabbi' <mask>, was a minister of the Free Church of Scotland, a missionary to the Jews in Hungary, and Professor of Hebrew and Oriental Languages at New College, Edinburgh. He is best remembered for his aphorisms. <mask> was born in Gilcomston, Aberdeen, the son of a shoemaker. He studied at Marischal College in the University of Aberdeen and obtained an MA in 1814. <mask> embarked upon theological study while still an atheist, first through the Anti-Burgher Secession Church and then the Established Church. He completed his studies in 1821 and subsequently became a theist, but according to his later testimony was not yet converted when he was licensed to preach in 1825. <mask> was converted in 1826 through the ministry of César Malan, and in 1830 commenced ministry at Persie in Perthshire.The following year he moved to Glasgow, and was finally ordained as the minister of Milton parish church on 28 April 1836. On the occurrence of a vacancy in the chair of oriental languages in the University of Glasgow, he offered himself as a candidate, stating in his application that he knew Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, Persian, Sanscrit, Bengali, Hindostani, and Mahratti; while in Hebrew literature he professed everything, including grammarians, commentators, law books, controversial books, and books of ecclesiastical scholastics, and of belles-lettres. His application failed, but his college gave him the degree of LL.D. in 1840. On 7 October 1840, as a consequence of an increased interest in the Church of Scotland concerning the conversion of the Jews, and of his own deep interest in Israel, <mask> was appointed the first Missionary to the Jews from the Church of Scotland. He set out for Pest (part of Budapest) in Hungary in 1841. Macleod writes that "since the days of the Apostles there is hardly on record such a striking work of grace among the Jews as took place in the days of his labours in Buda-Pesth," and that Adolph Saphir and Alfred Edersheim were converted through <mask>'s work there.Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg was most friendly, and helped the mission in many ways. <mask> stayed in Hungary for two years, until the Disruption of 1843 led to an invitation to fill the chair of Hebrew and Oriental Languages at New College, Edinburgh. <mask> occupied this position until his death in 1870. He is buried under a large obelisk in the north-east section of the Grange Cemetery in Edinburgh. His tombstone refers to him as "an eminent scholar and metaphysician, a profound theologian, a man of tender piety and of a lowly loving spirit." Legacy

<mask>'s knowledge of Hebrew and passion for the Jewish people earned him the affectionate epithet "Rabbi". Sinclair describes him as "remarkably absent-minded, in regard to the common things of life," but "intensely exercised about the higher and eternal realities."He did not write any books, although he edited a British edition of Edward Robinson's Lexicon of the Greek New Testament in 1838 and published a few lectures. Rather, <mask> described himself as "just a talker," and had a "genius for epigrammatic wisdom." His aphorisms continue to be quoted. William Knight remarked on <mask>'s death that "with him has perished a breathing library of wisdom." William Garden Blaikie suggested that "his profound originality, his intellectual honesty, his deep piety, and childlike simplicity, humility, and affectionateness, commanded the respect of every student." Aphorisms

<mask> was only a moderately successful theological educator. His undisciplined yet highly fertile mind did not give of its best in the classroom.Some considered that the Church would have been better served if he had been permitted to abandon formal lectures in order to conduct walks twice a week with his students in Edinburgh's Princes Street Gardens. Referring to <mask>'s peripatetic conversations, one of his students, A. Taylor Innes, said, “It seemed as if Pascal had shuffled into the sandals of Socrates, and walked up and down Edinburgh streets.” (A. Taylor Innes, Studies in Scottish History London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1892, p. 183). The primary source for many of <mask>'s striking aphorisms is the volume compiled by another of his students, William Knight, Colloquia Peripatetica: Deep Sea Soundings (Edinburgh: David Douglas, 1889). An edited version, with additions, was compiled in 1997, by <mask>l: <mask>. Brentnall, Just a Talker: Sayings of <mask> `Rabbi' <mask> (Edinburgh: Banner of Truth Trust, 1997). The two cited below, both found in Colloquia Peripatetica, are good examples of his style. "I am first a Christian, next a catholic, then a Calvinist, fourth a paedobaptist, and fifth a Presbyterian. I cannot reverse this order.""Hyper-Calvinism is all house and no door: Arminianism is all door and no house." Family
He married:
(1) 18 January 1837, Janet (died two years later as a consequence of the premature birth of her second child - 24 January 1839), daughter of Dr J. Towers of the island of St Croix and had issue:
Annie, born 1838 (married 1861, <mask>, West Indies)
(2) Janet (died 28 October 1852), daughter of James Douglas, minister of Stewarton, and widow of <mask>, surgeon, Kilmarnock. and had issue:
Maria, born 1842 (married 1865, Adolph Spaeth, Lutheran minister, Philadelphia, U.S.A.

References
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External links
Biographical Sketch by James Steven Sinclair
Rabbi <mask> by A. Moody Stuart
The legacy of <mask> by <mask>. Ross (International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 29, No. 3 (July 2005), pp. 150–3)
Adolph Saphir Homepage

1796 births
1870 deaths
Scottish Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Scottish philologists
Christian Hebraists
19th-century Ministers of the Free Church of Scotland
Scottish orientalists
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Converts to Christianity
People from Aberdeen
Scottish Protestant missionaries
19th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians
Old Testament scholars
Protestant missionaries in Hungary
Missionary linguists

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