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M<mask> (born September 27, 1950) is the President and CEO of the Boston Foundation, the community foundation serving the Greater Boston area since 1915. A native of Wichita, Kansas, <mask> studied English literature at Wichita State University and Harvard University. He then held various deanship positions at Colgate University and Dartmouth College before becoming president of Willamette University (1998-2011) and Emerson College (2011-2021). On June 1, 2021, <mask> took the helm at the Boston Foundation. Early life
M<mask> was born on September 27, 1950, to Clarence and <mask>. He has three sisters. He grew up in Wichita, Kansas, where he graduated from Wichita North High School.His father worked as a laborer and later as a manager for the police department for the city of Wichita while his mother acted as a homemaker. In 1974, <mask> graduated from Wichita State University. There he earned a degree in English and psychology, while graduating magna cum laude with a focus in 19th century British literature. He earned a doctorate in English and American literature from Harvard University in 1984. Career
From 1974 to 1983, while working on his doctorate at Harvard, <mask> served as an instructor and teaching fellow in the English Department. After receiving his PhD in 1983, he became Senior Tutor of Winthrop House, one of Harvard's undergraduate colleges. He left Harvard in 1986, to become Dean of Students at Colgate University in Hamilton, N.Y.He served in that capacity until being named Dean of the College in 1988. <mask> left Colgate in 1991, when he was named dean of Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire. While at Dartmouth he was responsible for the largest administrative body of the school, and held an academic appointment in the Department of English. In July 1998, <mask> was appointed as the 22nd president of Willamette University in Salem, Oregon, the first university in the western United States. He expanded the faculty with 26 new tenured-track professorships and increased minority enrollment to 24 percent, up from 11 percent when he started. The school built two new buildings, Ford Hall and Kaneko Commons, and purchased several others adjacent to the campus in downtown Salem, and raised $131 million in a fund-raising campaign. At the end of the 2010 academic year <mask> left to take the same position at Emerson College in Massachusetts, replaced at Willamette by Stephen E. Thorsett.Under <mask>’s leadership since 2011, Emerson College adopted a strategic plan that outlines five guiding strategies for the institution: Academic Excellence, Civic Engagement, Internationalization and Global Engagement, Innovation, and Financial Strength. During <mask>’s tenure at Emerson, the College enhanced its Emerson Los Angeles program when it established a new physical presence in Hollywood in 2014 by opening a building for learning and living on Sunset Boulevard in West Hollywood. Emerson College played a leading role in the revival of Boston’s theatre district when it purchased and renovated two leading theatres; the Cutler Majestic Theatre and Paramount Center theatres. The purchase and recent renovation of the historic Emerson Colonial Theatre, which hosted the first performances of Porgy and Bess (1935) and Oklahoma! (1943), among other major productions, cemented Emerson’s role in the revival of that section of the city. The theatre is now managed in partnership with Ambassador Theatre Group (ATG). In 2018, the College established its Global Portals program on several continents, opening doors for students from around the world to gain an Emerson College degree.An alliance with Marlboro College in Marlboro, VT, a private liberal arts college founded in 1946, was announced in November 2019, with the intention of keeping the legacy of the small liberal arts alive on Emerson’s Boston campus. Finalized in July 2020, the alliance moved Marlboro’s academic program, known for its self-directed nature, to Emerson and renamed Emerson’s liberal arts and interdisciplinary studies program to the Marlboro Institute for Liberal Arts and Interdisciplinary Studies. Existing Marlboro students were invited to matriculate and tenured and tenure-track faculty had the option to teach at Emerson. Emerson College has acquired or redeveloped several buildings to expand the institution’s footprint as outlined in Pelton's vision. In 2019, it reopened the 1,035-bed, 14-story Little Building building, which features 11 floors of student residences; black box cabaret theaters, dance practice rooms in the basement-level; a modern student mail center and street accessible retail spaces on the first floor; and classrooms and conference center-style spaces on the second floor. During the building’s renovation, the College also initiated a digitally projected public art display – the Uncommon Project – on the face of the building. Opened a new 18,000 square foot, 550-seat dining hall
 Opened a new residence hall at 2 Boylston Place, featuring 18 stories and 375 beds
 Purchased 172 Tremont Street to house student life and services
 Began the expansion of the sidewalk along Boylston Street in front of the recently renovated Little Building and created new retail food eatery spaces on Little Building street level.Created a new student dining facility, the Lion’s Den
 Opened a new Visitor Center at 104 Boylston Street
 Created the Urban Arts: Media Art Gallery

On December 1, 2020, Dr. <mask> announced his resignation as president of Emerson College to students and staff via email. On June 1, 2021, Pelton joined the Boston Foundation as President and CEO. Other
Pelton holds or has held positions on several educational and cultural boards and committees including the American Council on Education, the Harvard University Board of Overseers, the Oregon Shakespeare Festival, the Oregon Symphony, Oregon Health & Science University Foundation, American Association for Higher Education, National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities, and National Collegiate Athletic Association. He also serves on the Board of Directors for the Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce, and on the Board of Trustees of public media pioneer GBH and the Barr Foundation, a philanthropic organization with more than $3 billion in assets. Pelton served on the board of directors of Portland General Electric, the local publicly traded electric utility. He was married to <mask> <mask> from 1974 to 1981, Kristen Wilson from 1981 to 2005, and to Carol (Leslie<mask>, manager of the Oregon Cultural Trust from 2006 to 2008. He has three children.

masks:
. Lee Pelton
Pelton
Pelton
. Lee Pelton
Rosa Lee Pelton
Pelton
Pelton
Pelton
Pelton
Pelton
Pelton
Pelton
Pelton
Marlys
Miller
) Pelton


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<mask> (born March 3, 1955 in Frankfurt) is a German historian. He holds the Chair of Modern and Contemporary History at the University of Jena, Germany, and leads the Jena Center of 20th Century History. <mask>'s research work investigates how German society came to terms with Nazism and the Third Reich in the aftermath of World War II. Career

From 1973 to 1978 Frei studied modern history, political and communication sciences in Munich, where he also completed editorial training at the German School of Journalism. In 1979, he received his doctorate with a thesis on the "National Socialist conquest of the provincial press". Between 1979 and 1997 he worked as a research assistant at the Institute of Contemporary History in Munich. While there, from 1987 he worked as an editorial member of quarterly periodicals for contemporary history and was editor of the series of quarterly issues.He was at Harvard University in 1985 and 1986, on a John F. Kennedy Fellowship. After his time at the University of Bielefeld in 1996, he wrote a highly regarded study on the policies of the Adenauer era, in book form titled  ("Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration"). Frei joined the Ruhr University Bochum in 1997. For the summer semester 2005 he moved to the Friedrich Schiller University Jena. For the years 1995 and 1996 he was a freelance Fellow at the Berlin Institute for Advanced Study. For the years 2008 and 2009 he was a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, N.J. In the academic.In year 2010/2011, he taught as Theodor Heuss Professor at the New School for Social Research in New York. In the summer semester of 2013, he held a visiting professorship at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In the summer semester of 2019 he was Gerda Henkel Visiting Professor in The Department of German Studies of Stanford University. Frei is a member of numerous scientific advisory boards and commissions. From 1996 to 2003 and again since 2018 he worked on the Scientific Advisory Board of the Fritz Bauer Institute in Frankfurt. Since 1999 he is Chairman of the Scientific Board of Trustees of the Buchenwald and Mittelbau-Dora Memorials Foundation. From 2000 to 2016 Frei was a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Institute for German History at the University of Tel Aviv.From 2005 to 2017, he was chairman of the Scientific Advisory Council of the Koebner Minerva Center for German History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. From 1999 to 2002 he was a member of the Independent Historical Commission for the Study of the History of Bertelsmann in the "Third Reich". In 2011 <mask> was elected as a full member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Leipzig. <mask>'s longer-term research projects concerned the practice of reparation in Germany and Israel since 1952 and the history of the Flick Group in the Third Reich, both completed in 2009. In 2005, German Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer appointed <mask> to the Independent Commission of Historians - Foreign Office, which thoroughly examined the history of the Foreign Service in National Socialism and its handling of this past after 1945. In October 2010, the Commission published its findings as a book entitled The Office and the Past, followed by a controversial discussion. Larger ongoing research projects concern the history of political education in the Federal Republic and the experience of the long transformation in East Germany (1970-2010).Since 2012 <mask> has led the interdisciplinary working group "Human Rights in the 20th Century" of the Fritz Thyssen Foundation, which also runs the website "Sources on the History of Human Rights". <mask> participated in numerous contemporary historical debates and endeavors to convey scientific findings to a broader public. Since 2016, he has written a column in the Süddeutsche Zeitung, a national daily newspaper. Controversy

In his 2000 book Standort-und Kommandanturbefehle des Konzentrationslagers Auschwitz 1940–1945 ("Auschwitz 1940-1945 Concentration Camp Commands and Command Orders"), Frei published a collection of documents from eastern European archives. In 2015, right-wing extremists and Holocaust deniers such as Ursula Haverbeck and Hans Püschel cherry-picked information from the book in order to argue that The Holocaust did not take place. In a 2015 television interview on the mainstream German ARD channel, Frei explained that the book contains a wealth of information about Auschwitz concentration camp and also Birkenau. Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
In 1997 Frei investigated how the myth of the clean Wehrmacht was created through the official policies of the West German government led by Konrad Adenauer.His book was called Vergangenheitspolitik: Die Anfänge der Bundesrepublik und die NS-Vergangenheit ("Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration"). <mask> wrote that the widespread demand for the freedom of Nazi war criminals in the aftermath of World War II was an indirect admission of the entire German society's enmeshment in Nazism. He added the war crimes trials were a painful reminder of the nature of the Third Reich that many ordinary people had identified with. In this context, there was an overwhelming demand for the rehabilitation of the Wehrmacht. Works
Monographs
 with Franka Maubach, Christina Morina and Maik Tändler: Zur rechten Zeit. Wider die Rückkehr des Nationalismus. Ullstein, Berlin 2019, .(co-author) Michael Brenner (Hrsg. ): Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland von 1945 bis zur Gegenwart. Politik, Kultur und Gesellschaft. Beck, Munich 2012, .
 with Eckart Conze, Peter Hayes and Moshe Zimmermann: Das Amt und die Vergangenheit. Deutsche Diplomaten im Dritten Reich und in der Bundesrepublik. Blessing, Munich 2010, ; paperback edition: Pantheon, Munich 2012, .
 with Ralf Ahrens, Jörg Osterloh and Tim Schanetzky: Flick. Der Konzern, die Familie, die Macht.Blessing, Munich 2009, ; Pantheon paperback, Munich 2011, . 1968. Jugendrevolte und globaler Protest. dtv, Munich 2008, . 1945 und wir. Das Dritte Reich im Bewußtsein der Deutschen. Beck, Munich 2005, ; dtv paperback, Munich 2009, .
 with Saul Friedländer, Trutz Rendtorff, Reinhard Wittmann: Bertelsmann im Dritten Reich.2 vols. Bertelsmann, Munich 2002,  and . (as editor and co-author) Hitlers Eliten nach 1945. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 2001, ; soft cover edition: dtv, Munich 2003; 9th edition Munich 2018, . Vergangenheitspolitik. Die Anfänge der Bundesrepublik und die NS-Vergangenheit. Beck, Munich 1996, .Many further editions. New edition: Beck, Munich 2012, .
 with Johannes Schmitz: Journalismus im Dritten Reich. Becksche Reihe, Munich 1989, . Many further editions. Der Führerstaat. Nationalsozialistische Herrschaft 1933–1945. dtv, Munich 1987, .Many further editions. Translated into English as: National Socialist Rule in Germany: The Führer State 1933–1945. Translated by Simon B. Steyne. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers 1993,
 Amerikanische Lizenzpolitik und deutsche Pressetradition. Die Geschichte der Nachkriegszeitung Südost-Kurier (= Schriftenreihe der Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. Nr. 52).Oldenbourg, Munich 1986, . Nationalsozialistische Eroberung der Provinzpresse. Gleichschaltung, Selbstanpassung und Resistenz in Bayern (= Studien zur Zeitgeschichte. vol. 17). DVA, Stuttgart 1980,  (also Dissertation at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich 1979). Publications
 Wie bürgerlich war der Nationalsozialismus?Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2018, . Die Geschichte ist offen. In memoriam Fritz Stern. Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2017, .
 with Dominik Rigoll: Der Antikommunismus in seiner Epoche. Weltanschauung und Politik in Deutschland, Europa und den USA, Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2017, . Die Deutschen und der Nationalsozialismus. Munich 2015 ff.,  and  (5 of 7 volumes released so far).with Annette Weinke: Toward a New Moral World Order? Menschenrechtspolitik und Völkerrecht seit 1945. Göttingen 2013, .
 with José Brunner, Constantin Goschler: Die Globalisierung der Wiedergutmachung. Politik, Moral Moralpolitik. Göttingen 2013, .
 with Wulf Kansteiner: Den Holocaust erzählen. Historiographie zwischen wissenschaftlicher Empirie und narrativer Kreativität. Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2013, .
 with Dietmar Süß: Privatisierung.Idee und Praxis seit den 1970er Jahren. Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2012, .
 with Martin Sabrow: Die Geburt des Zeitzeugen nach 1945. Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2012, .
 with Tim Schanetzky: Unternehmen im Nationalsozialismus. Zur Historisierung einer Forschungskonjunktur. Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2010, .
 with José Brunner, Constantin Goschler: Die Praxis der Wiedergutmachung. Geschichte, Erfahrung und Wirkung in Deutschland und Israel. Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2009, .Martin Broszat, der „Staat Hitlers“ und die Historisierung des Nationalsozialismus. Göttingen 2007, . Was heißt und zu welchem Ende studiert man Geschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts? Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2006, . Transnationale Vergangenheitspolitik. Der Umgang mit deutschen Kriegsverbrechern in Europa nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg.Göttingen 2006, .
 with Frank Bösch: Medialisierung und Demokratie im 20. Jahrhundert. Göttingen 2006, .
 with Volkhard Knigge: Verbrechen erinnern. Die Auseinandersetzung mit Holocaust und Völkermord. Munich 2002, .
 with Sybille Steinbacher: Beschweigen und Bekennen. Die deutsche Nachkriegsgesellschaft und der Holocaust. Göttingen 2001, .
 with Dirk van Laak, Michael Stolleis: Geschichte vor Gericht.Historiker, Richter und die Suche nach Gerechtigkeit. Munich 2000, .
 with Sybille Steinbacher, Bernd C. Wagner: Ausbeutung, Vernichtung, Öffentlichkeit. Neue Studien zur nationalsozialistischen Lagerpolitik. Munich 2000, . (co-editor) Standort- und Kommandanturbefehle des Konzentrationslagers Auschwitz 1940–1945. Munich 2000, . Medizin und Gesundheitspolitik in der NS-Zeit.Munich 1991, .
 with Hermann Kling: Der nationalsozialistische Krieg. Frankfurt am Main 1990, .
 with Martin Broszat: Das Dritte Reich im Überblick. Chronik. Ereignisse. Zusammenhänge. Munich 1983, ; revised new edition 2007, .
 with Franziska Friedlaender: Ernst Friedlaender. Klärung für Deutschland.Leitartikel in der ZEIT 1946–1950. Munich 1982

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links
 by  <mask> <mask>, German National Library
 Page:  Uni Jena, CV und list of publications by  <mask> <mask>

1955 births
Nazi war crimes
Nazism
20th-century German historians
21st-century German historians
Historians of World War II
German journalists
Living people
Historians of fascism

masks:
Norbert Frei
Frei
Frei
Frei
Frei
Frei
Frei
Frei
Norbert
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Norbert
Frei


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Sir <mask>,  (26 January 1867 – 26 September 1932) was a Canadian railway builder, High Commissioner of Northern Nigeria and the East Africa Protectorate. Education
Born in Montreal, Quebec, the son of Désiré <mask> and Essie Cranwill, he attended Collège de Montréal (1877–1878) and College St. Joseph in Trois-Rivières (1879–1882) and graduated from the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario, in 1886. Girouard's father was a wealthy French-Canadian lawyer who went on to become a Conservative MP and Supreme Court justice while his mother was an Irish immigrant. Unlike most of the other members of the French-Canadian elite of Montreal, Girourad was not educated at Laval University, the traditional training ground of the Francophone elite, instead electing for an education in English at the Royal Military College. Girouard graduated first in his class as an engineer, and was the first Roman Catholic ever to be awarded a degree in engineering at the Royal Military College. Career
Girouard worked for two years on the Canadian Pacific Railway's "International Railway of Maine" in Greenville, Maine, before he was commissioned in the Royal Engineers in 1888. Quickly earning a reputation as a very able and tough railroad man due to his work in Maine led to Girouard being offered a position in Britain in 1890.Girouad's family wanted him to stay in Canada, but <mask> wanted to see the world by building railroads all over the British Empire. Railway-building in Sudan and Egypt
From 1890–1895 he was in charge of the Woolwich Arsenal Railway before he joined the Dongola Expedition in 1896 and was asked by Kitchener to supervise the extension of the old Wadi-Halfa to Akasha railroad, which marked the beginning of the Sudan Military Railroad. Kitchener had asked for <mask> as he was reputably the best railroad builder in the entire British Empire. On 20 March 1896, the town of Akasheh was taken by Sir Archibald Hunter, and Girouard went to work building a railroad across the desert. By 4 August 1896 Girouard reported to Kitchener the railroad now extended from Wali Halfa to Kosheh, covering some 116 miles of arid desert. Building a railroad in the desert in the 19th century presented major challenges such as attacks from the Ansar, a workforce of about 800 Sudanese who knew nothing about building railroads and had to be taught everything, the occasional heavy rain that washed away the track, the need to import everything, and a cholera epidemic which killed off most of the workers in August 1896. Girouard had to establish two technical schools to train his Sudanese workers about how to work as station masters, yard shunters and signalers as none of those skills were known in the Sudan which had never known railroads.In his 1899 book The River War, Winston Churchill praised <mask> as an extraordinarily capable man who made the advance into the Sudan possible. After the British defeated the Ansar at the Battle of Hafir on 19 September 1896, Dongola was taken on 24 September 1896. These victories were largely made possible by the railroad Girouard built, which allowed Kitchener to bring in enough supplies and men to apply crushing firepower against the Ansar. In 1897 he was ordered by Kitchener to build a railway from Wadi Halfa to Abu Hamed, 235 miles directly across the Nubian Desert, which eliminated 500 miles of navigation up the Nile River. This was highly risky as Girouard had always built his railroad close to the Nile, where there were gunboats to protect his workers from Ansar attacks, but he accepted the risk and went to work. Girouard frequently traveled up and down the railroad, supervising the work as he had little faith in the ability of his Sudanese workers to build a railroad on their own. When Kitchener purchased several locomotives that Girouard deemed too light to operate in the desert, the latter went to Britain to personally buy heavier locomotives from the United States and while borrowing several more from Cecil Rhodes in South Africa.The millionaire Rhodes, who made a fortune in the diamond and gold mines of South Africa had a great dream of building the Cape to Cairo Railway that would run from Cape Town across Africa to Cairo. In turn, the "Cape to Cairo railroad" would be the device for the British colonization of much of Africa as Rhodes had grandiose plans for settling millions of British settlers in Africa. As such, Rhodes was keen to do everything to help Kitchener conquer the Sudan so he could build his "Cape to Cairo railroad". The strong-willed <mask> was well known for his willingness to argue with Kitchener, a man whom many found to be very intimidating, and despite their frequent disagreements Kitchener never sacked him. This line that <mask> built allowed Kitchener to move the Egyptian and British armies under his command into the heart of the Sudan and defeat the forces of the Khalifa at Atbara and Omdurman in 1898. He received the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) following the defeat of the Sudanese. By then <mask> had been appointed President of Egyptian State Railways and was responsible for clearing the congestion at the Port of Alexandria.In 1902, he was awarded the Second Class of the Imperial Ottoman Order of the Medjidie "in recognition of his services as President of the Council of Administration of the Egyptian Railways, Telegraphs, and the Port of Alexandria". South Africa, 1899–1904
In October 1899 <mask> was sent by the War Office to South Africa to advise on the railway situation of the Cape Colony. When the Boer War (1899–1902) broke out he became Director of Imperial Military Railways which included the lines in the Cape, as well as the lines taken over from the Boers in the Orange Free State and the Transvaal. His rapid reconstruction of the damaged lines and the innovative low level deviations around destroyed bridges, enabled the rapid movement of men and material to support the rapid advance of Lord Robert's forces in 1900 to capture Pretoria. He was mentioned in dispatches (31 March 1900 and 23 June 1902), received the South Africa Medal, and in November 1900 he was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) for his service in the war. Lord Kitchener wrote in a despatch how <mask> had been his "principal adviser in all the numerous and intricate questions pertaining to railway administration in South Africa", and concluded that "he is an officer of brilliant ability." After the end of the war, the Imperial Military Railways was renamed as the Central South African Railways in July 1902.<mask> remained in South Africa as Commissioner of the Railways (with the local rank of lieutenant-colonel) until pressure from the Johannesburg mine owners to reduce railway expenses forced his resignation in 1904. High Commissioner, Nigeria and East Africa, 1906–1912
In 1906, Winston Churchill, then Under-Secretary of State at the Colonial Office, promoted Girouard as the successor to Sir Frederick Lugard as High Commissioner in Northern Nigeria. <mask> was also responsible for building a railway from Baro, on the Niger River, 366 miles north to the ancient city of Kano. As High Commissioner he also supported the work of the Northern Nigerian Lands Committee and the legislation which resulted from this work had the effect of preventing the establishment of private property in land. He then served as Commissioner of the British East Africa Protectorate (Kenya) from 1909 to 1912. His involvement in the controversial move of the Maasai led to a smoldering dispute with the Colonial Secretary, Lord Milner, who accepted his resignation in 1912. By then Girouard had been offered a position as the managing director of the Eslwick Works of the armaments and shipbuilding concern of Armstrong Whitworth and Co. Ltd.

Later career and life, 1912–1932
From 1912 until 1923 Girouard remained at Armstrong's except for a brief period in 1915 when the "Shell Crisis" forced the British Government to abandon its "business as usual" policy.Kitchener had asked <mask> for advice on the production of munitions and supported his appointment as Director General of Munitions in the newly formed Ministry of Munitions under Lloyd George. But <mask> could not work under a politician and six weeks later he returned to work at Armstrongs. <mask> died in London, England, in 1932. He is buried in Brookwood Cemetery in Surrey. Family
In 1903 he married Mary Gwendolen Solomon, the only child of Sir Richard Solomon, at Pretoria, Transvaal. Their only child was Richard Desire <mask> (1905–1989), who is the father of <mask>, the writer and architectural historian. Legacy

Mount Girouard, which is located in the Bow River Valley south of Lake Minnewanka, Fairholme Range, in Banff National Park, Alberta.was named in his honour in 1904. Latitude 51; 14; 15, longitude 115; 24; 05. The Girouard Academic Building at the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario, was named in his honour in 1977. A plaque honouring Sir Edouard <mask> Girouard 1867–1932 was erected in 1985 by the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada in a breezeway between the Girouard and Sawyer Buildings at the Royal Military College of Canada "Born in Montréal, Girouard was educated at Royal Military College, Kingston, commissioned in the Royal Engineers in 1888, and appointed to the Royal Arsenal Railways at Woolwich. Charged in 1896 with construction of the Wadi Halfa – Khartoum Railway, he was later director of railways in South Africa and as high commissioner in Northern Nigeria superintended the building of a line to Kano. Governor of Northern Nigeria (1908–9), of East Africa (1909–12), and director general of munitions supply in the British government (1915–16), he also wrote several books on the strategic importance of railways." The Irish historian Donal Lowry used Girouard's career as an example of "French-Canadian loyalism" to the British Empire in the Victorian and Edwardian eras, using him together with men such as Sir Wilfrid Laurier, who served as Prime Minister between 1896-1911; Louis-Honoré Fréchette, considered to be the most talented French-Canadian poet of his generation; Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier who wrote the national anthem O Canada in 1880; and Major Talbot Mercer Papineau, the politician and soldier who might had become Prime Minister had he not been killed at the battle of Passchendaele in 1917; who all identified with the British Empire.References

 Sir Édouard <mask> <mask> at The Canadian Encyclopedia

Books and articles
4237 Dr. Adrian Preston & Peter Dennis (Edited) "Swords and Covenants" Rowman And Littlefield, London. Croom Helm. 1976. H16511 Dr. Richard Arthur Preston "To Serve Canada: A History of the Royal Military College of Canada" 1997 Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1969. H16511 Dr. Richard Arthur Preston "Canada's RMC – A History of Royal Military College" Second Edition 1982
H16511 Dr. Richard Preston "R.M.C. and Kingston: The effect of imperial and military influences on a Canadian community" 1968 Kingston, Ontario. H1877 R. Guy C. Smith (editor) "As You Were!Ex-Cadets Remember". In 2 Volumes. Volume I: 1876–1918. Volume II: 1919–1984. RMC. Kingston, Ontario. The R.M.C.Club of Canada. 1984
Kirk-Greene, A.H.M "Canada in Africa: Sir <mask>, Neglected Colonial Governor" pages 207-239 from African Affairs, Volume 83, No 331, April 1984. Lowry, Donal "The Crown, Empire Loyalism, and Assimilation of Non-British White Subjects in the British World: An Argument against 'Ethnic Determinism'" pages 98–120 from The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, Volume 31, Issue 2, June 2003
Pigott, Peter Canada In Sudan War Without Borders, Toronto: Dundurn Press, 2009

External links
 Sir <mask>, Governor of Northern Nigeria, 1907–1909

 The Crown, Empire Loyalism, and Assimilation of Non-British White Subjects in the British World: An Argument against 'Ethnic Determinism'

1867 births
1932 deaths
Colonial governors and administrators of Kenya
Canadian Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Canadian Militia officers
French Quebecers
People from Montreal
Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 2nd class
Royal Military College of Canada alumni
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
British Governors and Governors-General of Nigeria
Burials at Brookwood Cemetery
British Kenya people

masks:
Édouard Percy Cranwill Girouard
Girouard
Girouard
Girouard
Girouard
Girouard
Girouard
Girouard
Girouard
Girouard
Girouard
Girouard
Girouard
Girouard
Girouard
Girouard
Mark Girouard
Percy Cranwill
Percy Cranwill
Girouard
Percy Girouard
Percy Girouard


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<mask>'Kinley (1766–1852) was a Royal Navy officer who served during the American Revolutionary, French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. He joined the navy in 1773 but did not go to sea until 1777. In December 1778, the vessel he was serving on, , was captured and M'Kinley was a prisoner of war until his exchange the following January. In 1781, M'Kinley was aboard , fighting at the Battle of Fort Royal on 29 April and the Battle of the Capes on 5 September. In January 1782, he was rated lieutenant aboard  and in April took part in the Battle of the Saintes and the Battle of the Mona Passage. When war with France resumed in 1793, M'Kinley was sent to the Mediterranean, where, as first lieutenant under Robert Linzee, he took part in operations against Corsica. As a lieutenant, M'Kinley was given command of the 14-gun cutter Liberty in March 1795.Serving in the English Channel, he joined Sir Sidney Smith for an attack on a French squadron near Cap Fréhel and was mentioned in dispatches for his efforts. Promoted to Master and Commander of the 14-gun brig-sloop,  on 16 May 1798, M'Kinley was in the task force sent to invade Holland the following year. While serving in the Baltic in 1801, M'Kinley's Otter had a minor role in the Battle of Copenhagen; part of a light division, attached to Lord Nelson's squadron. Soon after, on 20 October, M'Kinley made Post-Captain and on the same day, set sail for the West Indies in his new command . He remained in American waters until July 1802, serving aboard  then , in which he returned home. Following the short-lived peace of Amiens, M'Kinley was appointed to , a guardship at Leith. It was on board, during a gun drill, where he was temporarily blinded in an explosion and had to be excused from duties for several weeks.In 1807, M'Kinley was operating off Lisbon in  and rescued British merchant vessels from the Tagus when French troops threatened the capital. M'Kinley commanded a small squadron off Galicia in 1809, co-operating with the local resistance and aiding in the recapture of Santiago de Compostela. The following year, M'Kinley's ship was wrecked off the coast of Malta but he was cleared of blame by a court martial and returned to duty. Apart from a single trip to the South Atlantic, M'Kinley remained in home waters until the end of his sea service, finally coming ashore in 1817. He rose through the ranks to become Vice Admiral of the White in 1841 and died in 1852. Early life and career
<mask>'Kinley was born in Devonport, Plymouth, in 1766. His father and both his brothers were Royal Navy officers who all died during the American Revolutionary War: His father, a lieutenant, when M'Kinley was eleven and his brothers; Samuel in 1780, while in command of HMS Comet on the American Station, and John in 1782, off Hispaniola.M'Kinley received the patronage of Samuel Barrington and John Leveson Gower and on 5 August 1773, was entered on the books of Gower's ship, , at Portsmouth. In 1777 he joined the 18-gun sloop, , under James Dacres and was quickly rated able seaman and then midshipman. He was still aboard Ceres when she was captured off St Lucia by the French frigate, Iphigénie on 17 December 1778 and consequently was a prisoner of war until exchanged at the beginning of the 1779. Following his release, M'Kinley returned to the West Indies where he served on HMS Surprise,  then  in which he fought at the Battle of Fort Royal on 29 April 1781 and the Battle of the Capes on 5 September. He later joined , where it came to the attention of Rear-Admiral Samuel Hood, whose flag she was flying at the time. On 14 January 1782, M'Kinley was made lieutenant of the sloop , a position he was unable to take up due to the vessel's capture. He therefore remained on Barfleur and was at the Battle of the Saintes, at the beginning of April.While in the Mona Passage, on 19 April, Hood's fleet captured the French ships , ,  and recaptured the sloop, Ceres. After the battle, M'Kinley transferred to the 24-gun  under Captain Alexander Hood and, in July 1783, sailed for home aboard Aimable. M'Kinley remained in active service after the war, first on the New Foundland Station in the 14-gun sloop,  and then aboard , a guardship at Portsmouth. In 1787, M'Kinley was in the 16-gun , engaged in the suppression of smuggling along the English coast. He was very nearly given up for dead when, having taken off after a smuggler in the sloop's jolly boat, he was caught in a violent storm and went missing for 30 hours. In 1789, M'Kinley was reunited with Gower, first in  and later in . On 1 December 1792, M'Kinley boarded  as first lieutenant.In February 1793 Britain joined the First Coalition in the French Revolutionary War and in September, Alcide, under Commodore Robert Linzee, took part in operations preceding the Invasion of Corsica. M'Kinley followed Linzee into the 98-gun  before joining , under Captain William Young. On 8 February 1794 as part of the siege of Saint-Florent, Fortitude and , made an unsuccessful attack on the tower at Mortella Point. Command
As a lieutenant, M'Kinley received his first command, the 14-gun cutter, , in March 1795, operating in the waters around the Channel Islands. In 1796, M'Kinley came to the attention of Sir Sidney Smith when he offered the services of Liberty and her crew, for an attack on a French squadron that had been chased into the port of Herqui, near Cap Fréhel. At 12:00 on 18 March, Smith's ship, , Liberty and a hired lugger named Aristocrat, entered the narrow entrance of the harbour. A party of marines and seamen were put ashore to silence one of the gun batteries while the British vessels engaged the French Corvette, four brigs, two sloops and a lugger, within.Liberty, having a shallower draught than Diamond was able to maintain a close action with the 16-gun corvette. At 22:00, with all the enemy's ships ablaze but the guns ashore still firing, the British withdrew. M'Kinley was mentioned in dispatches for his, "Gallant and judicious manner" in this action. M'Kinley was promoted to Master and Commander of the 14-gun brig-sloop,  on 16 May 1798, taking part in the invasion of Holland the following year. In August, Otter was present at, although she took no active part in, the Vlieter incident; the surrender of a Dutch squadron near Texel. He later commanded a detachment of marines in operations ashore; holding the town of Enkhuizen until the evacuation. At the Battle of Copenhagen in 1801, M'Kinley's Otter was part of a light division, attached to Lord Nelson's squadron.Immediately after the battle, M'Kinley was placed in temporary command of , her previous captain, Sir Thomas Boulden Thompson, being incapacitated through the loss of a leg. M'Kinley had just finished refitting the ship when he was appointed another, ; aboard which, he returned to England. M'Kinley was confirmed Post-Captain on 20 October and, on the same day, sailed for the West Indies aboard . On arrival, he took up his new position on . In March 1802, Britain signed the Treaty of Amiens and on 23 July, M'Kinley transferred to , sailing her first to Halifax, Nova Scotia, before heading home. War resumed in the May following and on 11 July 1803, M'Kinley was appointed to , a guardship at Leith. While stationed there, M'Kinley was temporarily blinded by an exploding powder horn during a gun drill.He returned to duty some weeks later, when Roebuck took up her new position in the Yarmouth Roads. On 23 January 1806, M'Kinley took command of  off the Dutch coast. He transferred to  20 May. In 1807, when Lisbon came under threat from French troops under Jean-Andoche Junot, Lively was tasked with the evacuation of a British factory and the removal of British merchant vessels, moored in the river Tagus. In 1809, with a small squadron under his command, M'Kinley operated off the coast of Galicia, where he supported local guerrilla groups. Such alliances resulted in the surrender of French forces at Vigo on 27 March, and the recapture of the city of Santiago de Compostela on 3 July. Lively was wrecked off Malta in 1810, M'Kinley and his crew having worked for 8 weeks to try to salvage her.A court martial acquitted M'Kinley of blame and commended him for his efforts. On 19 April 1811, M'Kinley took the position of flag captain to Sir Charles Cotton, aboard . Following the retirement of Lord Gambier, Cotton was given command of the Channel Fleet and San Josef and M'Kinley went with him. M'Kinley was appointed to  on 5 May 1812, initially cruising off the mouth of the Scheldt before being sent to St Helena. On his return, he served in the Channel, where he saw out the remainder of the war. M'Kinley came ashore in 1817, having spent an almost unbroken period of 33 years at sea; twenty-two in command. Later career and death
On 16 January 1818, M'Kinley took up a position at the Royal Greenwich Hospital.On its amalgamation with the Royal Naval Asylum in April 1821, he was nominated Superintendent and rewarded for his services with a special pay increase in 1828. M'Kinley was promoted Rear-Admiral of the Blue on 13 October 1830 and Vice Admiral of the White on 23 November 1841. He died in Alverstoke in 1852. Citations

References

1766 births
1852 deaths
Royal Navy officers
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Royal Navy officers who were court-martialled

masks:
George M
George M


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<mask> (born 1969, Dangyang County Hubei Province, China) is a Chinese artist based in Wuhan and Beijing. He studied at Hubei Academy of Fine Arts in China where he majored in sculpture and mastered an array of traditional styles and techniques. He graduated in 1994. He is particularly known for his first solo exhibition in the United States at Chambers Fine Art in New York  Na Zha Baby Boutique exhibition, a series of stainless steel sculptures depicting baby accessories—rattle, cot, stroller, etc.—made from razor-sharp blades (Na Zha is a child warrior deity in Chinese mythology). He is violent and sly and flamboyantly dressed in flaming trousers with fireball feet. Today, he is associated with lottery, gambling, and the high life and is the star of a cartoon TV show. <mask>g humorously depicts Na Zha in his exhibition as the “new face of Mothercare.” <mask> describes Na Zha as “a supernatural youthful hero who always recovers and refuses to grow up.He has three heads, nine eyes and eight arms, with blue clouds coming from his mouth, flamed wheels under his feet, and all kinds of powerful weapons in his hands. He needs only to shout for clouds to turn into rain. He cuts his own flesh and commits suicide to save his father, fights the dragon king, and overturns the universe.” This is the Na Zha portrayed in <mask>'s artwork. Chambers Fine Art described this work as a "dialogue, at once menacing and ironic, between the forms of mythic Chinese culture and modern day globalization". He returned to this theme for his Secret Book of Cool Weapons, which portrayed corporate logos such as the Nike Swoosh as martial arts weapons. <mask> has shown work internationally in many exhibitions including Shanghai Cool: Creative Reproduction at the Shanghai Duolun Museum of Modern Art, Mahjong at Kunstmuseum Bern  in Switzerland, Alors, La Chine? at the Pompidou Center in Paris, and Too Much Flavour at Chambers Fine Art in New York.Artistic Style
<mask>'s main material is large amounts of stainless steel. This gives his artwork a gleaming, polished, and cold look with razor sharp edges. <mask> is known for his childcare products and weaponry. In 2002, his exhibition Secret Book of Cool Weapons transformed common corporate logos into an array of ancient weaponry. Despite his heavy portrayal of machines in his work, <mask> is not interested in modern-day machinery. Many details and additions seen on his pieces do not even offer any practical use. <mask> adds his own experience and direction to his artwork, giving it a sense of rebellion and contradiction to humanity and morals.This sets his work apart from the typical art of contemporary China. <mask> moved out of the explorative stage of form and language, saying that “language is of suspicious nature, especially that with characteristics such as the attractive logo of brands as seen in the commercial market.” The mechanical form depicted in <mask>'s artwork is a metaphor for real life experience. While <mask>'s work is not intended to give off a message, he observes social norms and customs with a neutral perspective and then creates a twisted analysis of it. <mask> has a very broad mentality, believing that every thing has many surfaces and directions from which to view it. This includes his artistic materials such as steel and charcoal. <mask> enjoys exploring different kinds of physical forces, including artificial, natural, and unnamed. Influences
Three major events had an influence on <mask>'s life: the radical socio-cultural transformation in China, Foucault’s madness and civilization, and the birth of his first daughter.All of these caused the artist to investigate ideas of transformation and control. Much of <mask>’s work is a combination of mythic Chinese culture and modern day globalization. Recent Works
<mask>'s solo exhibition, Penetrate (2011), was shown at Today Art Museum, Beijing. Penetrate was a large scale sculptural installation curated by art critic Karen Smith. <mask> used charcoal, wood, metal, and other materials in his pieces. The giant scale and number of pieces shown in the exhibition as well as the amount of discard involved in the process of replacing new with old and the impact on the environment was all supposed to portray the excesses of modern China. The exhibition was literally a physical mass.<mask> collected discarded materials and made them into his own artwork. For example, he took wooden beams from traditional architectural structures and bound them together with old tree trunks, pipes, tubes, and steel joists. The message of this piece was to be more aware of the harm we cause on a daily basis when we recklessly pursue our interests and desires without taking our impact on the environment into consideration. Earlier Works
<mask> has been known to break away from his typical steel structures. In 2003, he presented an installation at the Centre Pompidou called A Life of Sugar. The installation was made out of caramel and sugar and designed to melt over the course of the show. The idea of the exhibition was to critique disposable consumer goods.<mask>'s Tree Motorcycles (2008) consisted of a tree for the frame and working motorcycle parts on the inside
, making them drivable. “I dreamt that a trunk with a big light was running on the road.” <mask>song said in an interview. “I just wanted to know what a big tree – which is four or five meters long – with a speed of more than 100 km per hour looks like.”

<mask> also created fancy metallic motorcycles to show in the 2008 Shanghai Biennale. <mask> was included in one of the first groups to participate in the exhibition. He created his own humorous logo name, “Ha Ke Long”, for his motorcycles which resemble Harley Davidson’s. The logo was based on the words “halong-kellong” and “tuolaji”, meaning "walking tractor" in Chinese. The motorcycles, carved with symbols of the dragon and phoenix and equipped with karaoke and video instruments, were meant to be driven around the museum by a muscular man dressed as Arnold Schwarzenegger.Exhibition History

2016

Chinese Whispers, Kunstmuseum Bern, Bern, Switzerland

2011

Penetrate, Today Art Museum, Beijing

2009

Take Off The Armor's Mountain, Space Station Beijing China

Huashan Plan, design courses Shanghai, China

Drama Peach Blossom Prose, Shi Jinsong Studio Beijing China

A Brick Which Crushed Wang Jianguo's Head Bone, ARCO

Madrid International Contemporary Art Fair, Spain

2008

Independent Foot of Crane - <mask>'s giant free standing foot of a crane made from bronze, along with a similar claw of an eagle, fishbone of a carp, and the tooth of a dog, emphasize the distance between material culture and art through extreme magnification.

masks:
Shi Jinsong
Shi Jinson
Shi
Shi
Shi
Shi
Shi
Shi
Shi
Shi
Shi
Shi
Shi
Shi
Shi
Shi
Shi
Shi
Shi
Shi
Shi
Shi Jin
Shi
Shi
Shi


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<mask>. (May 18, 1889 – November 2, 1944) was an American mechanical and chemical engineer. He played a major role in developing leaded gasoline (Tetraethyllead) and some of the first chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), better known in the United States by the brand name Freon; both products were later banned from common use due to concerns about their impact on human health and the environment. He was granted more than 100 patents over the course of his career. The New Scientist called him a "one-man environmental disaster". Early life

<mask> was born in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, to a family with a history of invention. His father, <mask>., was an inventor notably in the field of automobile tires. His maternal grandfather was James Emerson, who invented the "inserted tooth saw".His mother was Hattie <mask> (née Emerson). He grew up in Columbus, Ohio, and graduated from Cornell University in 1911 with a degree in mechanical engineering. On August 3, 1911, <mask> married Carrie M. Reynolds of Delaware, Ohio. Career

Leaded gasoline

<mask> began working at General Motors in 1916. In December 1921, while working under the direction of Charles Kettering at Dayton Research Laboratories, a subsidiary of General Motors, <mask> discovered that the addition of tetraethyllead (TEL) to gasoline prevented "knocking" in internal combustion engines. The company named the substance "Ethyl", avoiding all mention of lead in reports and advertising. Oil companies and automobile manufacturers, especially General Motors which owned the patent jointly filed by Kettering and Midgley, promoted the TEL additive as an inexpensive alternative superior to ethanol or ethanol-blended fuels, on which they could make very little profit.In December 1922, the American Chemical Society awarded <mask> the 1923 Nichols Medal for the "Use of Anti-Knock Compounds in Motor Fuels". This was the first of several major awards he earned during his career. In 1923, <mask> took a long vacation in Miami, Florida, to cure himself of lead poisoning. He found "that my lungs have been affected and that it is necessary to drop all work and get a large supply of fresh air". In April 1923, General Motors created the General Motors Chemical Company (GMCC) to supervise the production of TEL by the DuPont company. Kettering was elected as president, and <mask> was vice president. However, after two deaths and several cases of lead poisoning at the TEL prototype plant in Dayton, Ohio, the staff at Dayton was said in 1924 to be "depressed to the point of considering giving up the whole tetraethyl lead program".Over the course of the next year, eight more people died at DuPont's plant in Deepwater, New Jersey. In 1924, unsatisfied with the speed of DuPont's TEL production using the "bromide process", General Motors and the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey (now known as ExxonMobil) created the Ethyl Gasoline Corporation to produce and market TEL. Ethyl Corporation built a new chemical plant using a high-temperature ethyl chloride process at the Bayway Refinery in New Jersey. However, within the first two months of its operation, the new plant was plagued by more cases of lead poisoning, hallucinations, insanity, and five deaths. On October 30, 1924, <mask> participated in a press conference to demonstrate the apparent safety of TEL, in which he poured TEL over his hands, placed a bottle of the chemical under his nose, and inhaled its vapor for 60 seconds, declaring that he could do this every day without succumbing to any problems. However, the State of New Jersey ordered the Bayway plant to be closed a few days later, and Jersey Standard was forbidden to manufacture TEL again without state permission. <mask> would later have to take leave of absence from work after being diagnosed with lead poisoning.He was relieved of his position as vice president of GMCC in April 1925, reportedly due to his inexperience in organizational matters, but he remained an employee of General Motors. Freon

In the late 1920s, air conditioning and refrigeration systems employed compounds such as ammonia (NH3), chloromethane (CH3Cl), propane, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) as refrigerants. Though effective, these were toxic, flammable or explosive. The Frigidaire division of General Motors, at that time a leading manufacturer of such systems, sought a non-toxic, non-flammable alternative to these refrigerants. Kettering, the vice president of General Motors Research Corporation at that time, assembled a team that included <mask> and Albert Leon Henne to develop such a compound. The team soon narrowed their focus to alkyl halides (the combination of carbon chains and halogens), which were known to be highly volatile (a requirement for a refrigerant) and also chemically inert. They eventually settled on the concept of incorporating fluorine into a hydrocarbon.They rejected the assumption that such compounds would be toxic, believing that the stability of the carbon–fluorine bond would be sufficient to prevent the release of hydrogen fluoride or other potential breakdown products. The team eventually synthesized dichlorodifluoromethane, the first chlorofluorocarbon (CFC), which they named "Freon". This compound is more commonly referred to today as "Freon 12", or "R12". Freon and other CFCs soon largely replaced other refrigerants, and later appeared in other applications, such as propellants in aerosol spray cans and asthma inhalers. The Society of Chemical Industry awarded <mask> the Perkin Medal in 1937 for this work. Later life and death

In 1941, the American Chemical Society gave <mask> its highest award, the Priestley Medal. This was followed by the Willard Gibbs Award in 1942.He also held two honorary degrees and was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences. In 1944, he was elected president and chairman of the American Chemical Society. In 1940, at the age of 51, <mask> contracted polio, which left him severely disabled. He devised an elaborate system of ropes and pulleys to lift himself out of bed. In 1944, he became entangled in the device and died of strangulation. Legacy

<mask>'s legacy has been scarred by the negative environmental impact of leaded gasoline and Freon. Environmental historian J. R. McNeill opined that <mask> "had more impact on the atmosphere than any other single organism in Earth's history", and Bill Bryson remarked that  <mask> possessed "an instinct for the regrettable that was almost uncanny".Use of leaded gasoline, which he invented, released large quantities of lead into the atmosphere all over the world. High atmospheric lead levels have been linked with serious long-term health problems from childhood, including neurological impairment, and with increased levels of violence and criminality in cities. Time magazine included both leaded gasoline and CFCs on its list of "The 50 Worst Inventions". <mask> died three decades before the ozone-depleting and greenhouse gas effects of CFCs in the atmosphere became widely known. In 1987, the Montreal Protocol phased out the use of CFCs like Freon. References

External links

1889 births
1944 deaths
People from Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania
20th-century American chemists
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
Accidental deaths in New York (state)
Deaths by strangulation in the United States
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Inventors killed by their own invention
20th-century American inventors
People with polio

masks:
Thomas Midgley Jr
Midgley
Thomas Midgley Sr
Midgley
Midgley
Midgley
Midgley
Midgley
Midgley
Midgley
Midgley
Midgley
Midgley
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Sir <mask>  (30 August 1847 – 21 February 1908) was an administrator in British India and an author. He served as Chief-Commissioner of the Central Provinces and Berar from 1898 to 1899 and Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab in 1907. Early life
<mask> was born in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire on 30 August 1847, the oldest son of Denzil <mask> (1823 – 10 August 1871), who was at that time working as a civil engineer on the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway. The family moved to Adelaide, Australia after his father took holy orders and became a vicar there, notably of St John's Church, Adelaide in 1861–1871. <mask> was educated at St Peter's College, Adelaide and St John's College, Cambridge. Ibbetson obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics in 1869, being ranked as a senior optime. He had come third in the competitive examination for the Indian Civil Service in the previous year.Career in India
<mask> arrived in the Punjab Province of India on 8 December 1870, having married Louisa Clarissa Coulden earlier in that year. Once there, according to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, "He formed part of a new élite of ‘competition-wallahs’ which intellectually outshone the earlier generation of Punjabi military political officials and well-connected alumni of Haileybury College." He held various administrative offices. From 1898 to around 1900 he was Chief-Commissioner of the Central Provinces and Berar, at which time he had to return temporarily to England due to poor health. In September 1901 he was appointed a Member of the Council of the Governor-General of India. He served temporarily as Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab in 1905 and took over the position permanently in March 1907 when Sir Charles Montgomery Rivaz retired. Dogged by further ill health that had necessitated another period in England, <mask> retired on 21 January 1908 and left India.He died on 21 February at his home at 60 Montague Mansions, York Street, London. He was cremated at Golders Green and survived by his wife. Contribution to India census and view on castes
The censuses of India carried out in 1865, 1872 and 1881 had attempted to classify people according to the Brahmanic ritual ranking system of varna but this proved not to reflect the realities of social relationships, however much it might have met with approval from scholars of Sanskrit and ancient texts. Furthermore, the Brahmanic system had no practical purpose from an administrative point of view. The latter was of considerable significance as there was a desire to use ethnography and other means in order to develop further the British influence in India. <mask>, who was Deputy Superintendent for the 1881 census operation in Punjab, had written in his 1883 Report on the exercise that

The 1872 census was, in the opinion of Crispin Bates,

Ibbetson had seen the imperfections of the 1872 census. These informed the decision by the administration in Punjab Province to adopt categorisation by occupation in 1881, regardless of the approach adopted elsewhere.Together with John Collinson Nesfield's Brief view of the caste system of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, published in 1885, <mask>'s 1883 Report was influential in bringing about a change in categorisation method throughout the country. <mask> argued against the contemporary understanding of caste and the 1891 census adopted classification by occupation rather than the Brahmanic system. He argued that the conventional belief in caste as a purely Hindu construct was erroneous, that people who had converted from Hinduism to Islam remained affected by the system, and that therefore it should be viewed more as a social than a religious mechanism. Furthermore, he believed that the varna categories of Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra were not reflected in reality, and that indeed it was likely that Kshatriya no longer existed and Vaishya certainly did not. He pointed out that there were Brahmins who were viewed as being outcastes even by the lowest ritual rank, the Shudra, and that the latter term was primarily used as a form of abuse rather than in any categorical sense. Finally, he argued that the contemporary belief that caste and the ritual ranks associated with it were inherited had no basis in fact, that different generations could have different identities and that the ancient basis of castes probably lay in shared origins of a tribal nature and were akin to guilds. Despite their influence on the processes adopted for the 1891 census, the ideas of Ibbetson and Nesfield subsequently lost favour in the administration of the British Raj.Bates says that

The anecdotal evidence of a racial basis for caste, which could be traced back to the late-18th century speculations of William Jones, was being buttressed by the relatively new field of study known as anthropometry and this gave rise to a form of scientific racism epitomised by the work of people such as Herbert Hope Risley, who became Census Commissioner for India in 1901. Bates remarks that <mask>'s "classification of castes, however logical and useful it might have proven, lacked a 'scientific' basis, as well as completely neglecting the problem of status." In the longer term, however, <mask>'s theories have attracted support from John Henry Hutton and Edmund Leach and have been "cherished by successive generations of non-Marxist, non-Dumontian historians and anthropologists working in the classical British tradition of structural-functionalism, first established by Radcliffe Brown." His written works include A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province. Based on the census report for the Punjab, 1883 with Horace Arthur Rose and Sir Edward Maclagan, and Panjab castes, being a reprint of the chapter on "The races, castes, and tribes of the people" in the report on the census of the Panjab. The latter was a posthumous reprint of a section of his 1883 report on the 1881 census of the Punjab. See also
Census of India prior to independence

References
Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

1847 births
1908 deaths
Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Administrators in British India
Governors of Punjab (British India)
People educated at St Peter's College, Adelaide
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
People from Gainsborough, Lincolnshire

masks:
Denzil Charles Jelf Ibbetson
Denzil Ibbetson
John Holt Ibbetson
Ibbetson
Ibbetson
Ibbetson
Ibbetson
Ibbetson
Ibbetson
Ibbetson
Ibbetson


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is a Japanese voice actress and singer who is currently affiliated with Office Anemone. Notable among her numerous roles in anime are Lacus Clyne in Mobile Suit Gundam Seed and Mobile Suit Gundam Seed Destiny, Chi in Chobits, Hikari Kujou/Shiny Luminous in Futari wa Pretty Cure Max Heart, Minna-Dietlinde Wilcke in Strike Witches and Suigintou in the anime adaptation of Rozen Maiden. In video games, she provides the voice of title character Neptune in the Hyperdimension Neptunia franchise, Morrigan Aensland in Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 and Project X Zone, Sesshoin Kiara in Fate/Extra and Fate/Grand Order, Murata Himeko in Honkai Impact 3rd, Mitsuru Kirijo in Persona 3, Lisa in Genshin Impact and Ciel in Megaman Zero. Biography
When <mask> was in elementary school, she was a member of the book club. She loved to read to others, and would give picture story shows to the younger students in the morning before the homeroom teacher came to the classroom. One of the activities of the book committee was to hold a picture-story show competition in the audio-visual room, and when the students saw her picture-story show, they were delighted. She loved reading and illustrations to begin with, especially those of Mutsumi Inomata, and her desire to become a voice actress was directly triggered when she bought and listened to the drama CD CD Theater Dragon Quest, whose jacket illustration was done by Inomata, at a bookstore.When she was in high school, she was a member of the Manga Research Club and participated in the Manga Nationals, where she directly appealed to Kazuhiko Shimamoto, a judge from her hometown, that she wanted to be a voice actor. After graduating from high school, she moved to Tokyo and enrolled in the voice acting course at Yoyogi Animation Academy. As she was very fond of reading and taking care of children, becoming a nursery teacher was also a big dream of hers. She was torn between going on to higher education and becoming a nursery teacher or becoming a voice actor, but she chose the latter because she wanted to bring her voice to children in a larger world, not stopping at one world. While still in school, <mask> won the grand prize at the vocal audition held by MediaWorks & Scitron Digital Contents. She made her debut in the entertainment industry when she sang the opening theme song for the PlayStation version of "Eien no Shin'yū" in Yūkyū Gensōkyoku 2nd Album. This is why her debut as a singer was earlier than her debut as a voice actor.At the same time, she also participated in the theatrical anime Rurouni Kenshin: The Motion Picture as a minor role. She made her debut as an agency voice actress in 1999, playing the role of Mitsuki Sanada, one of the heroines in Dual! Parallel Trouble Adventure. 2006 saw her first starring role as Hiroko Matsukata in Hataraki Man. Due to management reasons, <mask> moved from Dramatic Department, to which she had belonged for many years, to Retreat on April 1, 2008, and to Office Anemone on March 1, 2019. In addition to voice acting, <mask> is also active in music, singing character songs for some works, and sometimes releasing singles under her own name. On April 26, 2019, it was announced that she will be working as a Youtuber under the show name "Rie Tanaka TV."Personal life
<mask>'s favorite phrase is "Never get discouraged, never run away, never give up," and she has been actively increasing her Twitter friends since around 2010, including Rina Satō and Kenjiro Hata. However, on June 23, 2013, a man with a knife intruded a Neptunia promotion where <mask> was present, yelling "Give me <mask>! I am the victim!". In the hustle, <mask> fell and bruised her knee, and after the incident, she took a break from Twitter and later returned in 2014. On June 17, 2012, <mask> announced on her blog that she had married voice actor Kōichi Yamadera. A year later, she disbanded her official fan club, "Cafe de Rie." She co-starred with Yamadera as Kusuo's maternal parents in 2016's The Disastrous Life of Saiki K.. On August 3, 2018, she announced on Twitter that she and Yamadera had divorced in July.Filmography

Anime

Film

Video games

Tokusatsu

Drama CDs

Dubbing

Discography

Songs anime/video games
 Azumanga Daioh
 Oishii Kimitachi (Yomi's image song)
 Sorezore no One Way (Yomi's second image song)
 Bakuretsu Tenshi – Breathe (Sei's image song)
 Chobits
 Raison d'être (ED1) (Reason To Be)
 Ningyo hime (ED2) (Doll/Mermaid Princess)
 I Hear You Everywhere (Chi image song)
 Hitomi no Tonneru
 Shiranai Sora
 Dual! Parallel Trouble Adventure
 "DUAL!" (alternate version in episode 14)
 Mega Man Zero Soundtracks
 L'oiseau du Bonheur (vocal version of Ciel's theme, 'Labo', for Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero IDEA)
 Freesia (vocal version of the 'Promise -Next New World- (Overseas Version)' and 'Esperanto' songs for Remastered Tracks Rockman Zero PHYSIS)
 Gundam SEED
 Shizuka na Yoru ni (静かな夜に, In the Quiet Night)
 Mizu no Akashi (水の証, Token of Water)
 Hayate no Gotoku! Epu Romanesque (Maria character song)
 Kakurenbo (2nd character song)
 Kanpeki, Egao Desu
 Gundam SEED Destiny
 Fields of Hope
 EMOTION
 Quiet Night C.E. 73
 Hyperdimension Neptunia
 Lady Cool　-パープルハート- (Neptune's image song)
 スマイル・スパイラル (Neptune/Nepgear image song, performed with Yui Horie)
 Hanaukyo Maid Tai – Song of the Hanaukyo Maid team
 Hanaukyo Maid Tai La Verite – Voice of heart
 Mabinogi – Eternal (for the commercial of the Mabinogi game in Japan)
Toradora! Character Song Album
TANPOPO (Yuri Koigakubo's theme)

Singles

Raison d'être
Released May 22, 2002, Victor Entertainment. Raison d'être
 Hitomi no Tunnel
 Raison d'être (Original Karaoke)

Ningyo Hime
Released August 21, 2002, Victor Entertainment.Ningyo Hime
 Soshite Sekai wa Kyomo Hajimaru -Chii Ver.-
 Kata Koto no Koi -Chii Ver.-
 Ningyo Hime (without Rie)

Yasashii Jikan no Naka de
Released August 10, 2009, label unknown. Yasashii Jikan no Naka de
 Yasashii Jikan no Naka de (Piano version)
 Yasashii Jikan no Naka de ~Instrumental~

Albums

garnet
Released February 7, 2001, Aniplex Music. Eien ni Shinyu (a cappella version)
 Boku wa kimi ga suki
 Have You Never Been Mellow
 KISS Kara Hajimaru Miracle (Jazz Version)
 Like a favorite song
 garnet
 Umi no mieru oka de
 Anata ni nita hito
 SKY
 Tadaima

24 wishes

Released January 3, 2003, Victor Entertainment. Kokoro
Release: October 20, 2010, Geneon Universal. Let it be
 Dilemma
 in or out? SUPERMAN

 FRAME

 Orange

Mini albums

Chara de Rie
Released September 10, 2003, Victor Entertainment. The album reached No.34 on Oricon weekly chart and stayed on charts in 4 weeks. Katakoto no Koi -Chii Ver.-
 Let Me Be With You -Chii Ver.-
 Soshite Sekai wa Kyou mo Hajimaru -Chii Ver.-
 Mizu no Akashi -Acoustic Ver.-
 Shizuka na Yoru ni
 JUDY

References

External links
 Office Anemone profile

 <mask> <mask> on Instagram. Archived from the original

1984 births
Japanese women pop singers
Japanese video game actresses
Japanese voice actresses
Living people
Voice actresses from Sapporo
Musicians from Sapporo
NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan artists
20th-century Japanese actresses
21st-century Japanese actresses
21st-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese women singers

masks: Tanaka Tanaka Tanaka Tanaka Tanaka Tanaka Tanaka Tanaka Tanaka Rie Tanaka


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 6 January 1992) is a Japanese kickboxer competing in K-1. Career
He made his K-1 debut at the K-1 World MAX 2007 Japan Tournament in one of the opening fights as the youngest contestant at the age of 15 on February 5, 2007. On February 25, 2012, he lost to Naoki via split decision at Big Bang 8 in Tokyo. He moved up to 65 kg and stopped Chonden Chuwattana with low kicks just thirty seconds into round two at Big Bang 11 on December 2, 2012. He beat Keiji Ozaki by majority decision in a non-tournament bout at Krush Grand Prix 2013 ~67kg Tournament First Round~ on January 14, 2013 in Tokyo. <mask> had his rubber match with Masaaki Noiri in the quarter-finals of the Road to Glory Japan -65kg Slam on March 10, 2013. He lost the close fight by majority decision due to a point deduction for low blows.He lost to NOMAN is an extension round split decision at Krush.29 in Tokyo on June 16, 2013. He beat Sapanpetch Sit-Itisukato by decision at MAX Muay Thai 4 in Sendai, Japan on October 6, 2013. He knocked out Igor Liubchenko with a second round high kick at MAX Muay Thai 5: The Final Chapter in Khon Kaen, Thailand on December 10, 2013. style=background:white colspan=9 |

|-  style="text-align:center; background:#cfc;"
| 2014-03-08 || Win ||align=left| TaCa || Krush 39, Super Lightweight Championship Tournament Final || Tokyo, Japan || KO (Low Kick) || 2 || 1:37
|-
!

masks: Hiroya Hiroya


text_chunks:
Charissa Saverio (born 7 December 1969), and better known as <mask>, is a British drum and bass, house and progressive electronic music producer and DJ. While the majority of her work is in the jungle style, her more successful work is in traditional electronic music. <mask> owns, records for, runs and A&Rs two record labels Propa Talent and Impropa Talent. She is also a producer, model and actress. Charissa Saverio, also known as <mask>, has for the last eight years been the undisputed queen of the hardcore and drum and bass turntables. She's become a prime mover, the prime female mover in fact, on the hardcore, jungle and drum'n'bass scenes that have shaped the last ten years of her and countless other lives. Simultaneously a label owner, producer, recording artist and world-renowned DJ, East London's

Charissa Saverio, aka <mask> stands alongside the likes of DJs Hype, Grooverider and LTJ Bukem as one of the few, and only female, pioneers of drum and bass.This year she celebrates the first ten years of her career, and the re launch of her imprint Proper Talent, with the release of the mix compilation 'Propa Classics - Vol 1'. The album features two exclusive new tracks and thirteen of the best and rarest dance-floor anthems that forged her reputation as the 'first lady of jungle'. Born to an Italian father and an Irish-Malaysian mother in Singapore, <mask> spent her childhood traveling the world - Indonesia, Malta and Africa were all home for a while. Her stepfather managed luxury hotels and she grew up living in the palatial surroundings of Raffles in Shangri La. As a child her two loves were playing piano and horse-riding. She'd practice the piano six hours a day and spend the rest of her time in the stables dreaming of being a pianist. When the family moved to Southampton, England in her early teens, she discovered pop music for the first time and after leaving school took time out to travel the world, backpacking through Greece, Turkey and Europe.She eventually returned to London and joined a legal firm, first as a secretary, then training to be a solicitor. Her life, for the first time in years, seemed to be following a normal, everyday course. It was from this bliss that Charissa METAmorphosized into <mask>. "She jacked in her job, kicked out her difficult boyfriend and discovered raves." <mask> was first drawn to the turntables after seeing Dem 2 spin at a party at the tail end of the eighties. "Watching Dean rock the crowd really put the idea into my head," she remembers. "Breakbeats were just coming in back then and the power he had over the crowd was awesome."Pulling favors to learn the technical ropes and cashing in on her childhood musical education, Charissa put together her debut single with producer Jeff B entitled 'Ambience: The Adored' in 1990. The combination of a guerilla campaign at pirate radio and the support of legendary DJ Paul Oakenfold in Ibiza helped the record break the national chart in the UK with sales exceeding 40,000 copies. Two more successful singles followed in the form of 'Coda Coma' as Raw Bass for Jumpin and Pumpin (1990) and 'Divine Rhythm' for Stealth (1991). Around the same time her urge to DJ began to take shape. A good friend, and Rave FM resident, Cool Hand Flex gave Charissa her first lessons and an 'in' at the station. Not long after, having been helped through the door by an introduction from DJ Hype, she graduated from her own show at Rave to a regular slot at Fantasy - widely regarded as London's leading house and techno pirate station at the time. "Through that daily afternoon show for Fantasy I really fell for DJ'ing hook, line and sinker," she explains.The gigs became increasingly high profile (including the opportunity to stand in for Fabio at the Astoria) and production took a back seat for a while as she built a reputation as the queen of the turntables. Charissa got back into the producers chair in early 1993 after hooking up with Aston Harvey, now half of the infamous Freestylers. The collaboration (known as Engineers Without Fears) spawned the singles 'Spiritual Aura' for the influential Deejay Recordings and 'Vertigo' and 'Jeopardy' for Suburban Base. All notched up impressive sales, leading the charge in the burgeoning Artcore movement which saw rich synth orchestration fused with a rattling club backend. "The success of those early releases were the catalyst behind my decision to produce, engineer and release my own material," Charissa remembers. Following the release of 'Spiritual Aura,' Charissa approached Vinyl Distribution for a loan to establish her own label. Proper Talent launched in 1994 with its debut, the 25,000 selling 'Digable Bass,' followed by over twenty singles in the next five years."It was born out of love and wanting to express myself musically. I wanted to have the power to put great tunes out there and to work with a lot of different artists like Buju Banton, Top Cat, Outlaw Candy and MC Hooligan." As Proper Talent's reputation gathered pace, an outing for the respected 'Journeys By DJ' series and the release of her 'Intelligence' album secured her status as one to watch. 'Intelligence' was one of the first long players to be released by a drum & bass artist and saw <mask> set the jungle roughage, which characterized much of the music of the time, adrift amongst the down tempo breakbeat that had initially drawn her into the dance movement. The breadth of this project paved the way for a major deal and, after some speculation, Charissa eventually signed with Sony's Higher Ground imprint in 1997, also home to Leftfield and Grooverider. "When that deal came along I felt empowered to do something that would fulfill all my creative impulses. I'd fallen in love with making songs in the previous couple of years and working on that album was pure joy.No cliquey scene - just me in a studio making what I wanted." 'Learning Curve', her self-penned and produced debut for Sony, was released to widespread critical acclaim in 1998, fusing pop sensibilities with an underground production ethic. Maintaining the exhaustive touring, publicity and DJ schedules to promote 'Learning Curve' took over most of <mask>'s creative energies at the time, and Proper Talent took a back seat while she focused on developing as a songwriter and mainstream artist. Charissa explains, "There were times where I felt really disenchanted by drum & bass. Before it had been all about the music and the label had seen solid sales, there was a period where the scene seemed more orientated towards technology and I wasn't feeling any heart or soul in the new records I was hearing" Continuing she says, "There are a few other people who felt the same way who gave up or went on to do different things, but there were others who felt passionate enough to make a change. Producers like Jamie Majik and Roni have re-injected the vibrancy and soul that first touched me, and have moved away from that constant 'bang-bang' sound. It was seeing those people come back with something different which really inspired me to pick it back up and make the music which I felt was missing from the scene.""Proper Talent is hugely important to me and rather than bitching about the music I don't like I'm just going to do my bit to make things better again. My relationship with drum & bass has always been like the one you have with your childhood friends; there are occasional crap periods but something will always happen to bring you back together and make the friendship even stronger. I'd started going out to clubs again over the last couple of years and it reinforced my belief that drum & bass was still at the very cutting edge and remains one of the most exciting styles of music out there." This renewed enthusiasm led to the release of the 'Brave New World' album (with Kenny Ken) in 1999. To follow up Rap will officially re-launch Proper Talent in 2001 with the release of 'Propa Classics' (Proper Talent / Intuit Solar) and a world tour to promote the launch. The album will come out simultaneously as twelves of 'Digable Bass,' 'Spiritual Aura,' 'Divine Rhythm' and Rap's mix of 'I'm So In Love With You'. "After the release of the Classics the intention is to open up the label again with a series of vinyl singles, each with a breakbeat track on one side and a drum & bass track on the other.I'm trying to retain the flavor of my more musical and vocal stuff and also capturing that original soul while keeping it contemporary." At the same time Rap is deep into the process of writing and producing a new album for Sony due for release in 2002. "I can remember when my biggest dream was to be on a Raindance flyer," she closes. "Once I'd achieved that I found myself constantly on the look out for other things to stimulate and motivate me. From as far back as I can remember, my goal has been to sing songs to huge audiences but if someone would have asked me ten years ago that DJ-ing with drum & bass would open those doors for me - I wouldn't have believed it. Although I really enjoy touring and singing with the band, the best part of what I do is when I get up there and play great records - I'm a DJ at heart - I just want to get the crowd moving." Discography

Albums
 Intelligence (1995)
 Learning Curve (1999)
 Synthesis (2010)

Mix albums
 Journeys Through the Land of Drum N Bass (Journeys by DJ, 1995)
 Propa Talent Classics, Volume 1 (2001)
 Touching Bass (2003)
 Bulletproof (2005)
 Up All Night (2006)
 A Propa History, Volume 1 (2008)

Singles
 "Divine Rhythm" (1992) (with Voyager)
 "Spiritual Aura" (1994)
 "Total Tangent / Tibetan Jungle" (1994)
 "Digable Bass" (1994)
 "Switch" (1995) (with Outlaw Candy)
 "Intelligent Woman" (1995) (with Outlaw Candy)
 "I'm So" (1997) (vs. Da Boss)
 "Bad Girl" (1998)
 "Everyday Girl" (1998)
 "Good to Be Alive" (1998) (US Dance Chart #5)
 "Give It All Away" (2010)
 "Feel So Alive" (2010) (with Jo)
 "Talking to Myself" (2012) (with tyDi)
 "Back & Forth" (2021)

References

External links

 Interview with DJ Times, 1999
 Interview with Disc Jockey 101, 2003

English drum and bass musicians
Living people
1969 births
English record producers
English women DJs
English women in electronic music
English people of Malaysian descent
English people of Italian descent
English people of Irish descent
British women record producers
Electronic dance music DJs

masks:
DJ Rap
DJ Rap
DJ Rap
DJ Rap
Rap
DJ Rap
Rap
Rap
Rap


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 19 May 1938 or 1942) is an Indian politician and former Chief Minister of Mizoram, belonging to the Indian National Congress party. He holds the record for longest-serving Chief Minister of Mizoram, occupying the position for five terms: 1984 to 1986, 1989 to 1993, 1993 to 1998, 2008 to 2013, and 2013 to 2018. He served as President of the Mizoram Pradesh Congress Committee from 1973 to 2021. His electoral constituencies were Serchhip and Hrangturzo from where he successfully contested the Mizoram Legislative Assembly elections nine times, in 1978, 1979, 1984, 1987, 1989, 1993, 2003, 2008, and 2013. Early life

<mask> is the son of Hmartawnphunga Sailo and <mask>i Chawngthu. He completed matriculation in 1958. He passed his intermediate examination (higher secondary) in arts in 1961.Thereafter, he studied BA at Pachhunga University College (then Aijal College), which was then affiliated to Gauhati University. He graduated in 1964. Career

<mask> started his career as Recorder in the office of Inspector of Schools under the Mizoram District Council, which was in turn under the Government of Assam. After that, he joined the Assam Co-operative Apex Bank as Assistant. In 1966, he joined the underground movement called Mizo National Front (MNF) as Foreign Secretary. He was captured and imprisoned at Silchar jail. After his release in 1967 he joined the Indian National Congress (INC) party.He was immediately appointed to the Chief Organiser of the Aizawl District Congress Committee. In 1973 he was elected President of the Mizoram Pradesh Congress Committee (MPCC), a branch of the Indian National Congress, and continued to win the presidency in every election till date. In 1978 and 1979 he was elected as a Legislator in Union Territory Elections. In 1984, under his leadership, the Congress party swept the Union Territory and <mask> became the Chief Minister. In 1986, when the Mizoram Peace Accord was signed between India and MNF, he stepped down from his office to make way for <mask>, the leader of MNF, to become the Chief Minister. This was part of the negotiation and settlement of the accord, and he was designated Deputy Chief Minister. Then Mizoram was declared a full state of India.In the first Mizoram Legislative Assembly election held in 1987, he was elected and after <mask> was toppled through defections, became the Chief Minister in 1988. He continued the office after being re-elected in the 1989 and 1993 elections. In 1998 he lost the election. He eventually reclaimed in the 2003 elections. In the 2013 Mizoram Assembly Elections, <mask> led the ruling Congress party to a victory winning 34 seats in the 40-member legislative assembly, two seats more than in the 2008 election. The major opposition party Mizo National Front (MNF) barely won five seats, while Mizoram People's Conference (MPC) won just one seat. In the 2018 Mizoram Assembly Elections, he lost the election for the second time.In November 2021, <mask> announced his voluntary retirement from party leadership, saying to The Indian Express: "Politics is in my blood and I can never shrug it off. But I do think it is high time that I make way for someone younger. I am a grand old man now." President of INC, Sonia Gandhi formally accepted his resignation on 4 December. The next day, Gandhi appointed him as a member of the Congress Working Committee, and <mask> as the new President of MPCC. Other activities

<mask> is actively involved in sports and voluntary services. Among his major contributions are as
 Founder President of Mizoram Football Association
 Founder President of Mizoram Sports Association
 Founder President of Mizoram Hockey Association
 Founder Secretary of Mizoram Boxing Association
 Founder Secretary of Aijal Amateur Athletic Club
 Founder President of Mizoram Olympic Association
 Former President of Indian Olympic Association
 Chairman of North East Olympic Commission
 Founder President of Mizoram Journalists Association
 Founder editor of Mizo Aw (a daily newspaper) and Remna Palai (INC party daily news)
 Founder of Young Mizo Association at Zarkawt
 Founder Secretary of Aizawl Dramatic & Cultural Society

In addition he had served as Secretary of Central Information Forum; Chairman of Literacy Committee, National Development Council of India; Member of the 9th Finance Commission of India; and Member of the Shillong Club Ltd. and Country Club of India.Award and recognition

 National Citizen Award in 1994
 Mother Teresa Lifetime Achievement Award in 2009
 Lalthanhawla Higher Secondary School, established in 2011 at Serchhip was named in his honor
 Lifetime Achievement Award from the Evangelical Fellowship of India (EFI) in 2014. A sport complex at Pitarte Tlang, Republic Vengthlang, Aizawl, was inaugurated in 2012 as Hawla Indoor Stadium. A public hall at Treasury Square, Aizawl, was inaugurated in 2015 as "Lal Thanhawla Auditorium". Doctor of Divinity (honoris causa) by Serampore College in 2019. Allegations

Graft case
In 1995, officials of the Income Tax Department investigated a case of tax evasion by the Baid group, which operated a travel agency Capital Travels (Capital Tours (India) Pvt. Ltd.), in northeast India. On 13 September, they found a link of swindling government funds between Jodhraj Baid, head of the Baid group operating in Mizoram, <mask>, the Chief Minister, and Santosh Mohan Dev, the Union Minister.Based on this evidence, two social workers, Zairema and Bualhranga filed a public interest litigation to the Supreme Court of India in 1996. The case file accused Thanhawla with Baid and Pushpa Sharma, an accountant of Baid, of corruption arising from disproportionate income and assets. Investigation was carried out by the anti-corruption wing of the Mizoram police from 1998, and P. Singthanga, Special Judge of the Prevention of Corruption Act, was appointed as the prosecutor. On 25 April 2003, a chargesheet was submitted by John Neihlaia, Commandant of the First Battalion of the Mizoram Armed Police, upon which the court ordered for an arrest. But Thanhawla had already obtained anticipatory bail in the previous December, so evaded jail. Baid and Sharma were detained in jail for a day until they got the bail. The first trial held in August 2003 found evidence of corruption.In June 2006, Jodhraj Baid submitted a petition to Gauhati High Court on the incompetency of Singthanga, and subsequently to the Supreme Court, both of which dismissed the petitions. Thanhawla appeared before Singthanga in September and was again charge-sheeted. After several court hearings, T. Saikunga, special judge of a District and Sessions Court, dissolved Thanhawla's case on 26 February 2010 on the grounds that "there was no clear evidence" of money laundering. Declaration case
When <mask> filed candidature for the 2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly from two constituencies, Serchhip and Champhai South, in which he failed to declare an immovable property. As his Chief Minister term was closing in 2018, his nomination papers were re-examined by <mask> Chhangte, Deputy Controller of Mines at Indian Bureau of Mines in Kolkata, who knew that Thanhawla owns a plot of land in Kolkata, which did not appear in the property declaration. By then Thanhawla had been constructing a building in that land. Chhangte submitted corruption charges of Thanhawla under Section 125 A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, on 17 January 2018 to the Chief Judicial Magistrate of Serchhip Disctrict.The accusation also included inconsistent date of birth declared by Thanhawla in the election papers. Thanhawla made excuses and did not appear before the court in the first two summons in March and April 2018, as his counsel Remsanga Nghaka reported "personal problems." Chhangte also filed a case to the Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB) of Mizoram Police on 20 May 2018. The Vigilance Department, which was under Thanhawla, failed to issue permission for investigation. On his first appearance before the court on 26 May, the Chief Judicial Magistrate <mask> Zote acquitted Thanhawla of the age issue as the period of verification for election had lapsed. On the case of land ownership, he claimed that it was allotted to him by the Bengal government as a gift when the Kolkota New Town was expanded in 2011, and that ownership deeds were still officially uncertain in 2013 due to legal issues in that area. He then evaded several court summons under various excuses.The next year on 3 October 2019, he appeared before the court which gave a him a benefit of doubt for the ownership procedures and dismissed the case on account of lack of "evidence of mens rea." The court however declared that he was the legal owner of the land. References

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Further reading

External links
 Biodata of <mask> Thanhawla
 <mask>la Profile from E-Mizoram

Indian National Congress politicians from Mizoram
1942 births
Living people
Mizo people
Chief Ministers of Mizoram
Gauhati University alumni
People from Aizawl district
People from Serchhip
Chief ministers from Indian National Congress
Mizoram MLAs 2008–2013
Mizoram MLAs 1993–1998
Mizoram MLAs 2003–2008

masks:
Lal Thanhawla
Lal Thanhawla
Lalsamlian
Lal Thanhawla
Thanhawla
Laldenga
Laldenga
Thanhawla
Thanhawla
Lalsawta
Lal Thanhawla
Lal Thanhawla
Lal Thanhawla
Lalhriatrenga
Lalngaihmawia
Shri Lal
Lalthanhaw