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<mask> (born in 1976, Toledo, Ohio) is an American contemporary artist working primarily in drawing, painting, and sculpture. <mask> lives and works in Berkeley California. <mask> holds a B.F.A. in Painting from Cleveland Institute of Art, (1999) and an M.F.A. in Painting and Drawing from the California College of the Arts (2001). Work and Themes
Through painting, drawing and sculptural installation, <mask> work explores the course of her personal history and broader cultural contexts, examining the intersection of feminism, LGBTQ+ identity, politics, consumerism, notions of value, and desire. <mask>'s sculptural representations are life sized re-creations of objects which she makes from paper, hot glue, and acrylic paint.In some exhibitions she arranges her sculptures of domestic objects, books, magazines, handbags, and shoes into still life arrangements, creating installations blending the real and the imaginary. Her two-dimensional paintings and drawings are based on imagery gathered from various sources such as fashion magazines, newspapers, and books. Exhibitions

Solo
2001 “The Best of the Best,” a.o.v., San Francisco, CA. 2003 “Louis Vuitton,” Manolo Garcia Gallery, San Francisco, CA. 2003 “BENZ,” San Francisco Arts Commission, San Francisco, CA. 2005 “Caught Up In The Moment,” Heather Marx Gallery, San Francisco, CA. 2007 “The Past is Never Where You Think You Left It,” Heather Marx Gallery, San Francisco, CA.2008 “In Between Things,” University of Georgia, Broad Street Gallery, Athens, GA.
2009 “Timeless,” Charlie James Gallery, Los Angeles, CA. 2010 “Be Here Now,” Marx & Zavattero, San Francisco, CA. 2010 “If Nothing Else Matters,” PEEL, Houston, TX. 2010 “Work Out,” San Jose Institute of Contemporary Art, San Jose, CA. 2012 “Nothing Lasts Forever,” Marx & Zavattero, San Francisco, CA
2015 “There's No Place Like Home,” Joshua Liner Gallery, New York, NY
2016 “A Light That Never Goes Out,” Gallery 16, San Francisco, CA
2018 “Little Girl Blue,” Guerrero Gallery, San Francisco, CA

Group
2001: “Memory and History of Place,” Euphart Museum of Art, Los Altos, CA. 2001: “Belief System,” The Luggage Store, San Francisco, CA. 2002: “Openings,” San Francisco Arts Commission, San Francisco, CA.2002: “Rolex,” Musee D'Honneur Minuscule, New Langton Arts, San Francisco, CA. 2004: “2004 California Biennial,” Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, CA. 2004: “The Hunt: Ritual and Narrative,” Sun Valley Center for the Arts, Sun Valley, ID. 2005: “Bay Area Now 4,” Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, San Francisco, CA. 2005: “The Superfly Effect,” Jersey City Museum, Jersey City, NJ. 2005: “The Real World,” Kala Institute Gallery, Berkeley, CA. 2006: “Strictly Graphite,” College of Marin Art Gallery, Kentfield, CA.2006: “Smoke and Mirrors: Deception in Contemporary Art,” Visual Arts Gallery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
2007: “GRAPHIC: New Bay Area Drawing,” di Rosa Preserve, Napa, CA. 2007: “Artist of Invention: A Century of CCA,” Oakland Museum of California, Oakland, CA. 2008: “Art on Paper 2008,” Weatherspoon Art Museum, Greensboro, NC. 2009: “Tigersprung: Obscure Couture,” The McKinney Avenue Contemporary, Dallas, TX. 2010: “New Art for a New Century: Contemporary Acquisitions 2000-2010,” Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, CA. 2011: “New Image Sculpture,” McNay Art Museum, San Antonio, TX. 2011: “Queer States,” Visual Arts Center, University of Texas, Austin, TX.2012: “Simulacrum,” Columbus College of Art and Design, Columbus, OH. 2013: “Faux Real,” Laguna Art Museum, Laguna Beach, CA. 2014:“The Stuff of Legends,” Grey Matter, Dallas, TX. 2014: “Pencils Down,” Palo Alto Art Center, Palo Alto, CA. 2015: “Misappropriations: New Acquisitions,” Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, CA. 2016: “Quiet Please: The Mental Game of Art and Tennis,” Berkeley Art Center, Berkeley, CA. 2017: “Sanctuary City: With Liberty and Justice for Some,” San Francisco Arts Commission, San Francisco, CA.2017: “With Liberty and Justice for Some,” Berkeley Art Center, Berkeley, CA. 2017: “Detritus,” San Jose Institute of Contemporary Art, San Jose, CA. 2017: “Pulped Fictions,” The Torrance Museum, Torrance, CA. 2018: “California Love,” Galerie Droste, Wuppertal, Germany. 2018: “Vanity of Earthly Achievements,” Orth Contemporary, Tulsa, OK.
2018: “Superset,” Fused, San Francisco CA. 2018: “Art Is Where The Heart Is,” Galerie LJ, Paris, France. 2019: “Closer Look: Intimate-Scale Sculpture from the Permanent Collection,” Orange County Museum of Art, Santa Ana, CA.2019: EPOCH: <mask>, Josephine Taylor, and Taravat Talepasand, Gallery 16, San Francisco, CA. Publications

Publications with contributions by Black
2004 California Biennial. New Port Beach: Orange County Museum of Art, 2005. Bay Area Now 4. San Francisco: Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, 2006, pages 16–17. Deluxe: How Luxury Lost Its Luster, by Dana Thomas. London: penguin press, 2007, page 170.Artist of Invention: A Century of CCA, San Francisco: California College of the Arts, 2007. New Image Sculpture, by Eleanor Heartney, and Rene Paul Barilleaux. San Antonio: McNay Art Museum, 2011, pages 32–39. Beautiful Decay, Book 9: The Seven Deadly Sins, by Amir H Fallah. Los Angeles: Beautiful/Decay, 2012. One Painting a Day,by Timothy Callaghan. Beverly: Quarry Books, 2013.Boxed: A Visual History and the Art of Boxing, by Franklin Sirmans. New York: Damiani/Paul Kasmin Gallery, 2014, pages 64–65. Quiet Please: The Mental Game of Art and Tennis, by By Ann Trinca. Berkeley: Berkeley Art Center, 2016, pages 1–20. Much Love and Respect. San Francisco: Gallery 16, 2019. Find Your Artistic Voice, by Lisa Congdon.San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2019, pages 86–91

Collections
<mask>'s work is held in the following public and private collections:
Oakland Museum of California, Oakland, CA. Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, CA. Pier 24 Photography, San Francisco, CA. The West Collection, Philadelphia, PA. Awards
2020 Marcus Early Career Research Award

References

1976 births
Living people
20th-century American artists
21st-century American artists
People from Berkeley, California
California College of the Arts alumni
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American women artists

masks:
Libby Black
Black
Education Black
Blacks
Black
Libby Black
Black


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<mask> (17 January 1918 – 11 February 1993), popularly known as <mask>, was an Indian film director and screenwriter. He was also an Urdu and Hindi poet. His Hindi films include Mahal (1949), Pakeezah (1972) and Razia Sultan (1983). He established Kamal Pictures (Mahal Films) in 1953 and Kamalistan Studio in Bombay in 1958. Early life
<mask> was born in Amroha, United Provinces in British India (present-day Uttar Pradesh) and later took on the name <mask> (or Amrohvi). He was a first cousin to Pakistani writers Jaun Elia and Rais Amrohvi. Career
In 1938, he left Amroha to study in Lahore, now part of Pakistan, where singer K. L. Saigal discovered him and took him to Mumbai (Bombay) to work for Sohrab Modi's Minerva Movietone film company, where he started his career working on films like Jailor (1938), Pukar (1939), Bharosa (1940), A. R. Kardar's film (Shahjehan 1946).He made his debut as a director in 1949, with Mahal, starring Madhubala and Ashok Kumar, which was a musical hit, with songs by Lata Mangeshkar and Rajkumari Dubey. He directed only four films; of these were Mahal (1949) for Bombay Talkies, Daaera (1953) with Meena Kumari and Nasir Khan, Pakeezah, which was conceived in 1958 but was not brought to the screen until 1972. He also wrote the screenplay, lyrics and produced the latter. Film Pakeezah (1972) has been called one of the extraordinary musical melodramas ever made in India, although flawed but noble. Meena Kumari herself, in her public comments to the press, after seeing the movie, said that it was <mask>'s tribute to her. This was followed by Razia Sultan (1983), his last film. Though, he started a film, Majnoon with Rajesh Khanna and Rakhee Gulzar as leads, however the film got shelved.He wrote scripts for the movies made by Sohrab Modi, Abdul Rashid Kardar and K. Asif. He was one of the four dialogue writers for the latter's famous 1960 movie, Mughal-e-Azam, for which he won the Filmfare Award. As a director, he developed a style that combined a stylised direction with minimalist performances. This style was different from the one with expressive acting that was common in Indian cinema of his period. In 1958, he started Kamaal Studios for his banner Mahal Films, though it closed down after three years and later changed hands to become Natraj Studios. It was mentioned that the last movie he wanted to make was called Aakhri Mughal. He had written a substantial portion of the script.But it went into oblivion after his death. Noted film maker J P Dutta was to revive the film in the late 1990s which was supposed to have been Abhishekh Bachchan's debut movie. But later Dutta scrapped the project. He was again planning to revive the film in 2007 after the debacle of his costume drama Umrao Jaan (2006) remake from the cult film from the 1980s. Personal life
<mask> married four times: His first wife was Bilkis Bano (who was a maid to Nargis's mother, Jaddan Bai). After her passing away, he married Sayeda Al-Zehra Mehmoodi, daughter of Jamal Hasan. She died on 9 April 1982.He met Meena Kumari during the filming of Tamasha. Veteran actor Ashok Kumar introduced them. They fell in love and married on 14 February 1952, on Valentine's Day in a much private ceremony. Only <mask>'s friend Baaqar Ali and Meena Kumari's younger sister Madhu were aware of this development. The couple then made Daera (1953 film), a film based on their love story, however the movie tanked at the box office. During the filming of Azaad in 1954, both of them planned another movie, Pakeezah. The film went on studio floors by 1956, but as the craze of colour films increased, particularly after the release of Mother India (1957), the black & white scenes were re-shot to colour sequences.After the release of Guru Dutt's classic Kaagaz Ke Phool (1959 film) which marked the arrival of Cinemascope technique, the film was again shot, this time in Cinemascope. By the 1960s, Meena Kumari was at the peak of her career which caused tensions between the couple and ultimately led to a mutual separation in March 1964. Film Pakeezah got shelved. In March 1969, the film was revived with an ill Meena Kumari, (due to her alcoholism) in the lead. They lived together for a total of 11 years. Raaj Kumar was roped in, as by that time, Ashok Kumar- the original lead was too old to portray the hero of the film. Pakeezah was released on 4 February 1972, 14 years after it first began.Unfortunately, it received a lukewarm response from the critics. Although the film received warm reception from the audience, it was Meena Kumari's untimely death on 31 March 1972 which acted as an ultimate push and made it one of the top grossers of that year. The film is now considered as a cult classic and has a status much similar to K. Asif's 1960 magnum opus, Mughal-E-Azam. <mask> got married for the fourth time with his physician. During his last years, he used to regularly visit the hospital for minor ailments. There he met his fourth wife, who was actually his doctor. After the death of Mehmoodi in 1982, <mask> felt lonely and in order to avoid being a burden on his children, he decided to get married, drawing sharp reactions from the media.<mask> had three children with Mehmoodie: two sons, Shandaar and Taajdaar, both of whom worked with him in Razia Sultan, and a daughter, Rukhsar <mask>. He had no children with Bilkis Bano, Meena Kumari and his fourth wife. Shandaar died on 21 August 2011 in Goa. He was survived by his wives, Shahida <mask> and Khursheed Naqvi <mask>. He was laid to rest in Mumbai the following day. <mask>'s grandsons Mashhoor <mask> and Bilal <mask> are also actors. Kamal Amrohi Studios
Kamal Amrohi Studios (Kamalistan Studios) was established in 1958, spread over 15 acre, it is situated in Jogeshwari East, off Jogeshwari – Vikhroli Link Road in Mumbai.It continues to run, managed by <mask>'s son, Tajdar <mask>; despite 2010 news reports of it being sold, and continued litigation thereafter. Over the years, it has been venues of films like Razia Sultan (1983) <mask>'s last film as a director, Amar Akbar Anthony (1977) and Kaalia (1981),  Khalnayak (1993), Koyla (1997), and recently the first schedule of film, Dabangg 2 was shot there in 2012, apart from the television shows are also shot at the complex. Death and legacy

<mask> died on 11 February 1993 in Mumbai, twenty one years after his wife Meena Kumari's death  and ten years after making his last film, Razia Sultan (1983). He was buried next to Meena Kumari in Rehmatabad Qabristan, an Indian-Iranian graveyard in Mumbai. <mask>'s only daughter from his second wife, Mehmoodie, Rukhsaar <mask> gave a newspaper interview describing her version of life-events, which she witnessed, between her father <mask> and Meena Kumari. In February 2022, Music label Saregama and actor Bilal <mask> (grandson of <mask>) announced a web series on the love story of <mask> and Meena Kumari against the backdrop of making of the film Pakeezah. The series which will be helmed by Yoodlee films is expected to go on floors in 2023.Filmography

Soundtrack
1998 Such a Long Journey (writer: "Thare Rahiyo")

Awards and recognition
 1961: Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue: Mughal-e-Azam (1960)
 1972: Nominated for Filmfare Award for Best Director for film Pakeezah (1972). References

External links

  website
 Filmography of <mask> on Complete Index To World Film (CITWF) website

1918 births
1993 deaths
Urdu-language film directors
Indian male screenwriters
Indian Shia Muslims
People from Amroha district
Hindi-language film directors
20th-century Indian film directors
Film directors from Uttar Pradesh
20th-century Indian screenwriters
Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh
20th-century Indian male writers

masks:
Syed Amir Haider Kamal Naqvi
Kamal Amrohi
Kamal Amrohi
Kamal Amrohi
Kamal Amrohi
Amrohi
Amrohi
Kamal Amrohi
Amrohi
Kamal Amrohi
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Amrohi
Amrohi
Amrohi
Amrohi
Kamal Amrohi
Amrohi
Kamal Amrohi
Amrohi
Kamal Amrohi
Amrohi
Kamal Amrohi
Amrohi
Kamal Amrohi


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<mask> ( 1864 – January 5, 1943) was an American agricultural scientist and inventor who promoted alternative crops to cotton and methods to prevent soil depletion. He was the most prominent black scientist of the early 20th century. While a professor at Tuskegee Institute, <mask> developed techniques to improve soils depleted by repeated plantings of cotton. He wanted poor farmers to grow other crops, such as peanuts and sweet potatoes, as a source of their own food and to improve their quality of life. The most popular of his 44 practical bulletins for farmers contained 105 food recipes using peanuts. Although he spent years developing and promoting numerous products made from peanuts, none became commercially successful. Apart from his work to improve the lives of farmers, <mask> was also a leader in promoting environmentalism.He received numerous honors for his work, including the Spingarn Medal of the NAACP. In an era of high racial polarization, his fame reached beyond the black community. He was widely recognized and praised in the white community for his many achievements and talents. In 1941, Time magazine dubbed <mask> a "Black Leonardo". Color film of <mask> shot in 1937 at the Tuskegee Institute by African American surgeon Allen Alexander was added to the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress in 2019. The 12 minutes of footage includes <mask> in his apartment, office and laboratory, as well as images of him tending flowers and displaying his paintings. The film was digitized by The National Archives as part of its multi-year effort to preserve and make available the historically significant film collections of the National Park Service.Early years

<mask> was born into slavery, in Diamond Grove (now Diamond), Newton County, Missouri, near Crystal Place, sometime in the mid 1860s. The date of his birth is uncertain and was not known to <mask>; but it was before slavery was abolished in Missouri, which occurred in January 1865, during the American Civil War. His master, <mask>, was a German American immigrant, who had purchased <mask>'s parents, Mary and Giles, from William P. McGinnis on October 9, 1855, for $700. Giles died before <mask> was born and when he was a week old, he, his sister, and his mother were kidnapped by night raiders from Arkansas. <mask>'s brother, James, was rushed to safety from the kidnappers. The kidnappers sold the trio in Kentucky. <mask> hired John Bentley to find them, but he found only the infant <mask>.Moses negotiated with the raiders to gain the boy's return, and rewarded Bentley. After slavery was abolished, <mask> and his wife, Susan, raised <mask> and his older brother, James, as their own children. They encouraged <mask> to continue his intellectual pursuits, and "Aunt Susan" taught him the basics of reading and writing. Black people were not allowed at the public school in Diamond Grove. <mask> decided to go to a school for black children 10 miles (16 km) south, in Neosho. When he reached the town, he found the school closed for the night. He slept in a nearby barn.By his own account, the next morning he met a kind woman, Mariah Watkins, from whom he wished to rent a room. When he identified himself as "<mask>'s <mask>", as he had done his whole life, she replied that from now on his name was "<mask>". <mask> liked Mariah Watkins, and her words "You must learn all you can, then go back out into the world and give your learning back to the people" made a great impression on him. At age 13, because he wanted to attend the academy there, he moved to the home of another foster family, in Fort Scott, Kansas. After witnessing the killing of a black man by a group of whites, <mask> left the city. He attended a series of schools before earning his diploma at Minneapolis High School in Minneapolis, Kansas. During his time spent in Minneapolis there was another <mask> in town, which caused confusion over receiving mail.<mask> chose a middle initial at random, and began requesting letters to him be addressed to <mask><mask>. Someone once asked if the "W" stood for Washington, and <mask> grinned and said "Why not?" But he never used Washington as his middle name, and signed his name as either <mask><mask> or simply <mask>. College education

<mask> applied to several colleges before being accepted at Highland University in Highland, Kansas. When he arrived, however, they refused to let him attend because of his race. In August 1886, <mask> traveled by wagon with J. F. Beeler from Highland to Eden Township in Ness County, Kansas. He homesteaded a claim near Beeler, where he maintained a small conservatory of plants and flowers and a geological collection.He manually plowed  of the claim, planting rice, corn, Indian corn and garden produce, as well as various fruit trees, forest trees, and shrubbery. He also earned money by odd jobs in town and worked as a ranch hand. In early 1888, <mask> obtained a $300 loan at the Bank of Ness City for education. By June he left the area. In 1890, <mask> started studying art and piano at Simpson College in Indianola, Iowa. His art teacher, Etta Budd, recognized <mask>'s talent for painting flowers and plants; she encouraged him to study botany at Iowa State Agricultural College (now Iowa State University) in Ames. When he began there in 1891, he was the first black student at Iowa State.<mask>'s Bachelor's thesis for a degree in Agriculture was "Plants as Modified by Man", dated 1894. Iowa State University professors Joseph Budd and Louis Pammel convinced <mask> to continue there for his master's degree. <mask> did research at the Iowa Experiment Station under Pammel during the next two years. His work at the experiment station in plant pathology and mycology first gained him national recognition and respect as a botanist. <mask> received his Master of Science degree in 1896. <mask> taught as the first black faculty member at Iowa State. Despite occasionally being addressed as "doctor," <mask> never received an official doctorate, and in a personal communication with Pammel, he noted that it was a "misnomer", given to him by others due to his abilities and their assumptions about his education.With that said, both Simpson College and Selma University awarded him honorary doctorates of science in his lifetime. Iowa State later awarded him a doctorate of humane letters posthumously in 1994. Tuskegee Institute

In 1896, Booker T<mask>, the first principal and president of the  Tuskegee Institute (now Tuskegee University), invited <mask> to head its Agriculture Department. <mask> taught there for 47 years, developing the department into a strong research center and working with two additional college presidents during his tenure. He taught methods of crop rotation, introduced several alternative cash crops for farmers that would also improve the soil of areas heavily cultivated in cotton, initiated research into crop products (chemurgy), and taught generations of black students farming techniques for self-sufficiency. <mask> designed a mobile classroom to take education out to farmers. He called it a "Jesup wagon" after the New York financier and philanthropist Morris Ketchum Jesup, who provided funding to support the program.To recruit <mask> to Tuskegee, Washington gave him an above average salary and two rooms for his personal use, although both concessions were resented by some other faculty. Because he had earned a master's in a scientific field from a "white" institution, some faculty perceived him as arrogant. Unmarried faculty members normally had to share rooms, with two to a room, in the spartan early days of the institute. One of <mask>'s duties was to administer the Agricultural Experiment Station farms. He had to manage the production and sale of farm products to generate revenue for the institute. He soon proved to be a poor administrator. In 1900, <mask> complained that the physical work and the letter-writing required were too much.In 1904, an Institute committee reported that <mask>'s reports on yields from the poultry yard were exaggerated, and <mask> confronted <mask> about the issue. <mask> replied in writing, "Now to be branded as a liar and party to such hellish deception it is more than I can bear, and if your committee feel that I have willfully lied or [was] party to such lies as were told my resignation is at your disposal." During <mask>'s last five years at Tuskegee, <mask> submitted or threatened his resignation several times: when the administration reorganized the agriculture programs, when he disliked a teaching assignment, to manage an experiment station elsewhere, and when he did not get summer teaching assignments in 1913–14. In each case, <mask> smoothed things over. <mask> started his academic career as a researcher and teacher. In 1911, <mask> wrote a letter to him complaining that <mask> had not followed orders to plant particular crops at the experiment station. This revealed Washington's micro-management of <mask>'s department, which he had headed for more than 10 years by then.<mask> at the same time refused <mask>'s requests for a new laboratory, research supplies for his exclusive use, and respite from teaching classes. <mask> praised <mask>'s abilities in teaching and original research but said about his administrative skills:

When it comes to the organization of classes, the ability required to secure a properly organized and large school or section of a school, you are wanting in ability. When it comes to the matter of practical farm managing which will secure definite, practical, financial results, you are wanting again in ability. In 1911, <mask> complained that his laboratory had not received the equipment which <mask> had promised 11 months before. He also complained about Institute committee meetings. <mask> praised <mask> in his 1911 memoir, My Larger Education: Being Chapters from My Experience. <mask> called <mask> "one of the most thoroughly scientific men of the Negro race with whom I am acquainted."After <mask> died in 1915, his successor made fewer demands on <mask> for administrative tasks. While a professor at Tuskegee, <mask> joined the Gamma Sigma chapter of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity. He spoke at the 1930 Conclave that was held at Tuskegee, Alabama, in which he delivered a powerful and emotional speech to the men in attendance. From 1915 to 1923, <mask> concentrated on researching and experimenting with new uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, soybeans, pecans, and other crops, as well as having his assistants research and compile existing uses. This work, and especially his speaking to a national conference of the Peanut Growers Association in 1920 and in testimony before Congress in 1921 to support passage of a tariff on imported peanuts, brought him wide publicity and increasing renown. In these years, he became one of the most well-known African Americans of his time. Rise to fame

<mask> developed techniques to improve soils depleted by repeated plantings of cotton.Together with other agricultural experts, he urged farmers to restore nitrogen to their soils by practicing systematic crop rotation: alternating cotton crops with plantings of sweet potatoes or legumes (such as peanuts, soybeans and cowpeas). These crops both restored nitrogen to the soil and were good for human consumption. Following the crop rotation practice resulted in improved cotton yields and gave farmers alternative cash crops. To train farmers to successfully rotate and cultivate the new crops, <mask> developed an agricultural extension program for Alabama that was similar to the one at Iowa State. To encourage better nutrition in the South, he widely distributed recipes using the alternative crops. Additionally, he founded an industrial research laboratory, where he and assistants worked to popularize the new crops by developing hundreds of applications for them. They did original research as well as promoting applications and recipes, which they collected from others.<mask> distributed his information as agricultural bulletins. <mask>'s work was known by officials in the national capital before he became a public figure. President Theodore Roosevelt publicly admired his work. Former professors of <mask>'s from Iowa State University were appointed to positions as Secretary of Agriculture: James Wilson, a former dean and professor of <mask>'s, served from 1897 to 1913. Henry Cantwell Wallace served from 1921 to 1924. He knew <mask> personally because his son Henry A. Wallace and the researcher were friends. The younger Wallace served as U.S. Secretary of Agriculture from 1933 to 1940, and as Franklin Delano Roosevelt's vice president from 1941 to 1945.The American industrialist, farmer, and inventor William C. Edenborn of Winn Parish, Louisiana, grew peanuts on his demonstration farm. He consulted with <mask>. In 1916, <mask> was made a member of the Royal Society of Arts in England, one of only a handful of Americans at that time to receive this honor. <mask>'s promotion of peanuts gained him the most notice. In 1919, <mask> wrote to a peanut company about the potential he saw for peanut milk. Both he and the peanut industry seemed unaware that in 1917 William Melhuish had secured  for a milk substitute made from peanuts and soybeans. The United Peanut Associations of America invited <mask> to speak at their 1920 convention.He discussed "The Possibilities of the Peanut" and exhibited 145 peanut products. By 1920, the U.S. peanut farmers were being undercut by low prices on imported peanuts from the Republic of China. In 1921, peanut farmers and industry representatives planned to appear at Congressional hearings to ask for a tariff. Based on the quality of <mask>'s presentation at their convention, they asked the African-American professor to testify on the tariff issue before the Ways and Means Committee of the United States House of Representatives. Due to segregation, it was highly unusual for an African American to appear as an expert witness at Congress representing European-American industry and farmers. Southern congressmen, reportedly shocked at <mask>'s arriving to testify, were said to have mocked him. As he talked about the importance of the peanut and its uses for American agriculture, the committee members repeatedly extended the time for his testimony.The Fordney–McCumber Tariff of 1922 was passed including one on imported peanuts. <mask>'s testifying to Congress made him widely known as a public figure. Life while famous

During the last two decades of his life, <mask> seemed to enjoy his celebrity status. He was often on the road promoting Tuskegee University, peanuts, and racial harmony. Although he only published six agricultural bulletins after 1922, he published articles in peanut industry journals and wrote a syndicated newspaper column, "Professor <mask>'s Advice". Business leaders came to seek his help, and he often responded with free advice. Three American presidents—Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge and Franklin Roosevelt—met with him, and the Crown Prince of Sweden studied with him for three weeks.From 1923 to 1933, <mask> toured white Southern colleges for the Commission on Interracial Cooperation. With his increasing notability, <mask> became the subject of biographies and articles. Raleigh H. Merritt contacted him for his biography published in 1929. Merritt wrote:

At present not a great deal has been done to utilize Dr. <mask>'s discoveries commercially. He says that he is merely scratching the surface of scientific investigations of the

masks:
George Washington Carver
Carver
Carver
Carver
Carver
Carver
Carver
Carver
Moses Carver
George
George
George
Moses Carver
George
Moses Carver
George
George
George
Carver
George
George Carver
George
Carver
George Carver
Carver
George W
. Carver
Carver
George W
. Carver
George Carver
Carver
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Carver
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Carver
Carver
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. Washington
Carver
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Carver
Washington
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 possibilities of the peanut and other Southern products. In 1932, the writer James Saxon Childers wrote that <mask> and his peanut products were almost solely responsible for the rise in U.S. peanut production after the boll weevil devastated the American cotton crop beginning about 1892.His article, "A Boy Who Was Traded for a Horse" (1932), in The American Magazine, and its 1937 reprint in Reader's Digest, contributed to this myth about <mask>'s influence. Other popular media tended to exaggerate <mask>'s impact on the peanut industry. From 1933 to 1935, <mask> worked to develop peanut oil massages to treat infantile paralysis (polio). Ultimately, researchers found that the massages, not the peanut oil, provided the benefits of maintaining some mobility to paralyzed limbs. From 1935 to 1937, <mask> participated in the USDA Disease Survey. <mask> had specialized in plant diseases and mycology for his master's degree. In 1937, <mask> attended two chemurgy conferences, an emerging field in the 1930s, during the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl, concerned with developing new products from crops.He was invited by Henry Ford to speak at the conference held in Dearborn, Michigan, and they developed a friendship. That year <mask>'s health declined, and Ford later installed an elevator at the Tuskegee dormitory where <mask> lived, so that the elderly man would not have to climb stairs. <mask> had been frugal in his life, and in his seventies he established a legacy by creating a museum of his work, as well as the George Washington Carver Foundation at Tuskegee in 1938 to continue agricultural research. He donated nearly  in his savings to create the foundation. <mask> headed the modern organic movement in the southern agricultural system. <mask>'s background for his interest in organic farming sprouted from his father being killed during the Civil War, and when his mother was kidnapped by Confederate slave raiders. Now an orphan, <mask> found comfort in botany when he was just 11 years old in Kansas.<mask> learned about herbal medicine, natural pesticides, and natural fertilizers that yielded plentiful crops from his caretaker. When crops and house plants were dying, he would use his knowledge and go and nurse them back to health. As a teenager, he was termed the "plant doctor". When his study about infection in soybean reached Booker T. <mask>, he invited him to come and teach at the Tuskegee Agricultural school. Although the emancipation allowed Black families 40 acres and a mule, President Johnson revoked this and gave the land to white plantation owners instead. This prompted Black farmers to exchange what was once their land, and in turn, a small part of the land's harvest. This led to sharecropping.<mask> soon realized that farmers were not obtaining enough food to survive, and how the industrialization of cotton had contaminated the soil. <mask> wanted to find a way to organically transform Alabama's failing soil. He found that alternating nitrogen-rich crops would let the soil get back to its natural state. Keeping crops like sweet potatoes, peanuts, and cowpeas would produce more food surplus and different types of food for farmers. <mask> worked to pioneer organic fertilizers like swamp muck and compost for the farmers to use. These fertilizers were more sustainable to the planet and helped farmers to spend less money on fertilizers since they were recycling products. <mask> pushed for woodland preservation, to help improve the quality of the topsoil.He urged farmers to feed their hogs acorns. The acorns contained natural pesticides and feeding them acorns was cheaper for the farms too. <mask>'s efforts towards the holistic and organic approach are still in practice today. In his research, <mask> discovered Permaculture. Permaculture could be used to produce carbon from the atmosphere, produce a higher quantity of crops, and let crops flourish despite global warming. President Biden realized the success of Permaculture as described by <mask>, and is now using it in sustainable agriculture in his climate policy. Relationships

<mask> never married.At age 40, he began a courtship with Sarah L. Hunt, an elementary school teacher and the sister-in-law of Warren Logan, Treasurer of Tuskegee Institute. This lasted three years until she took a teaching job in California. In her 2015 biography, Christina Vella reviews his relationships and suggests that <mask> was bisexual and constrained by mores of his historic period. When he was 70, <mask> established a friendship and research partnership with the scientist Austin W. Curtis Jr. This young black man, a graduate of Cornell University, had some teaching experience before coming to Tuskegee. <mask> bequeathed to Curtis his royalties from an authorized 1943 biography by Rackham Holt. After <mask> died in 1943, Curtis was fired from Tuskegee Institute.He left Alabama and resettled in Detroit. There he manufactured and sold peanut-based personal care products. Death

Upon returning home one day, <mask> took a bad fall down a flight of stairs; he was found unconscious by a maid who took him to a hospital. <mask> died January 5, 1943, at the age of 79 from complications (anemia) resulting from this fall. He was buried next to Booker T<mask> at Tuskegee University. Due to his frugality, <mask>'s life savings totaled $60,000, all of which he donated in his last years and at his death to the Carver Museum and to the George Washington Carver Foundation. On his grave was written, "He could have added fortune to fame, but caring for neither, he found happiness and honor in being helpful to the world."Personal life

Voice pitch
Even as an adult <mask> spoke with a high pitch. Historian Linda O. McMurry noted that he "was a frail and sickly child" who suffered "from a severe case of whooping cough and frequent bouts of what was called croup." McMurry contested the diagnosis of croup, holding rather that "His stunted growth and apparently impaired vocal cords suggest instead tubercular or pneumococcal infection. Frequent infections of that nature could have caused the growth of polyps on the larynx and may have resulted from a gamma globulin deficiency. ... until his death the high pitch of his voice startled all who met him, and he suffered from frequent chest congestion and loss of voice." Christianity

<mask> believed he could have faith both in God and science and integrated them into his life. He testified on many occasions that his faith in Jesus was the only mechanism by which he could effectively pursue and perform the art of science.<mask> became a Christian when he was still a young boy, as he wrote in connection to his conversion in 1931:

He was not expected to live past his 21st birthday due to failing health. He lived well past the age of 21, and his belief deepened as a result. Throughout his career, he always found friendship with other Christians. He relied on them especially when criticized by the scientific community and media regarding his research methodology. <mask> viewed faith in Jesus Christ as a means of destroying both barriers of racial disharmony and social stratification. He was as concerned with his students' character development as he was with their intellectual development. He compiled a list of "eight cardinal virtues" whose possession defines "a lady or a gentleman":

 Be clean both inside and out.Who neither looks up to the rich nor down on the poor. Who loses, if needs be, without squealing. Who wins without bragging. Who is always considerate of women, children and old people. Who is too brave to lie. Who is too generous to cheat. Who take his share of the world and lets other people have theirs.Beginning in 1906 at Tuskegee, <mask> led a Bible class on Sundays for several students at their request. He regularly portrayed stories by acting them out. He responded to critics with this: "When you do the common things in life in an uncommon way, you will command the attention of the world." Honors
1923, Spingarn Medal from the NAACP, awarded annually for outstanding achievement. 1928, honorary doctorate from Simpson College
1939, the Roosevelt Medal for Outstanding Contribution to Southern Agriculture
1940, <mask> established the George Washington Carver Foundation at the Tuskegee Institute. 1941, The George Washington Carver Museum was dedicated at the Tuskegee Institute. 1942, Ford built a replica of <mask>'s birth cabin at the Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village in Dearborn as a tribute.1942, Ford dedicated a laboratory in Dearborn named after <mask>. 1943, Liberty ship  launched
1947, George Washington Carver Area High School, named in his honor is opened by the Chicago Public Schools in the Riverdale/Far South Side area of Chicago, Illinois, United States. 1950, George Washington Carver State Park named
1951–1954, U.S. Mint features <mask> on a 50 cents silver commemorative coin
1965, Ballistic missile submarine  launched. 1969, Iowa State University constructs Carver Hall in honor of <mask>– a graduate of the university. 1943?, the US Congress designated January 5, the anniversary of his death, as George Washington <mask> Recognition Day. 1999, USDA names a portion of its Beltsville, Maryland campus the George Washington Carver Center. 2002, Iowa Award, the state's highest citizen award.2004, George Washington Carver Bridge, Des Moines, Iowa
2007, the Missouri Botanical Gardens has a garden area named in his honor, with a commemorative statue and material about his work
Willowbrook Neighborhood Park in Willowbrook, California was renamed George Washington Carver Park in his honor. Schools named for <mask> include the <mask> Washington <mask> Elementary School of the Compton Unified School District in Los Angeles County, California, the George Washington Carver School of Arts and Science of the Sacramento City Unified School District in Sacramento, California, and the Dr. <mask> <mask> Elementary School, a Newark public school in Newark, New Jersey. Taxa named after him include: Colletotrichum carveri and Metasphaeria carveri,  both named by Job Bicknell Ellis and Benjamin Matlack Everhart in 1902; Cercospora carveriana, named by Pier Andrea Saccardo and Domenico Saccardo in 1906; Taphrina carveri named by Anna Eliza Jenkins in 1939; and Pestalotia carveri, named by E. F. Guba in 1961. Legacy
A movement to establish a U.S. national monument to <mask> began before his death. Because of World War II, such non-war expenditures had been banned by presidential order. Missouri senator Harry S. Truman sponsored a bill in favor of a monument. In a committee hearing on the bill, one supporter said:

The bill is not simply a momentary pause on the part of busy men engaged in the conduct of the war, to do honor to one of the truly great Americans of this country, but it is in essence a blow against the Axis, it is in essence a war measure in the sense that it will further unleash and release the energies of roughly 15,000,000 Negro people in this country for full support of our war effort.The bill passed unanimously in both houses. On July 14, 1943, President Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicated $30,000 for the George Washington Carver National Monument west-southwest of Diamond, Missouri, the area where <mask> had spent time in his childhood. This was the first national monument dedicated to an African American and the first to honor someone other than a president. The  national monument complex includes a bust of <mask>, a ¾-mile nature trail, a museum, the 1881 <mask> house, and the Carver cemetery. The national monument opened in July 1953. In December 1947, a fire broke out in the Carver Museum, and much of the collection was damaged. Time magazine reported that all but three of the 48 <mask> paintings at the museum were destroyed.His best-known painting, displayed at the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, depicts a yucca and cactus. This canvas survived and has undergone conservation. It is displayed together with several of his other paintings. <mask> was featured on U.S. 1948 commemorative stamps. From 1951 to 1954, he was depicted on the commemorative Carver-Washington half dollar coin along with Booker T<mask>. A second stamp honoring <mask>, of face value 32¢, was issued on 3 February 1998 as part of the Celebrate the Century stamp sheet series. Two ships, the Liberty ship SS George <mask> and the nuclear submarine USS George <mask> (SSBN-656), were named in his honor.In 1977, <mask> was elected to the Hall of Fame for Great Americans. In 1990, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. In 1994, Iowa State University awarded <mask> a Doctor of Humane Letters. In 2000, <mask> was a charter inductee in the USDA Hall of Heroes as the "Father of Chemurgy". In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed <mask> <mask> as one of 100 Greatest African Americans. In 2005, <mask>'s research at the Tuskegee Institute was designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark by the American Chemical Society. On February 15, 2005, an episode of Modern Marvels included scenes from within Iowa State University's Food Sciences Building and about <mask>'s work.In 2005, the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis, Missouri, opened a <mask> <mask> garden in his honor, which includes a life-size statue of him. Many institutions continue to honor <mask> <mask>. Dozens of elementary schools and high schools are named after him. National Basketball Association star David Robinson and his wife, Valerie, founded an academy named after <mask>; it opened on September 17, 2001, in San Antonio, Texas. The Carver Community Cultural Center, a historic center located in San Antonio, is named for him. Reputed inventions

<mask> was given credit in popular folklore for many inventions that did not come out of his lab. Three patents (one for cosmetics; , and two for paints and stains;  and ) were issued to <mask> in 1925 to 1927; however, they were not commercially successful.Aside from these patents and some recipes for food, <mask> left no records of formulae or procedures for making his products. He did not keep a laboratory notebook. Mackintosh notes that, "<mask> did not explicitly claim that he had personally discovered all the peanut attributes and uses he cited, but he said nothing to prevent his audiences from drawing the inference." <mask>'s research was intended to produce replacements from common crops for commercial products, which were generally beyond the budget of the small one-horse farmer. A misconception grew that his research on products for subsistence farmers were developed by others commercially to change Southern agriculture. <mask>'s work to provide small farmers with resources for more independence from the cash economy foreshadowed the "appropriate technology" work of E. F. Schumacher. Peanut products
Dennis Keeney, director of the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture at Iowa State University, wrote in the Leopold Letter (newsletter):

<mask> worked on improving soils, growing crops with low inputs, and using species that fixed nitrogen (hence, the work on the cowpea and the peanut).<mask> wrote in 'The Need of Scientific Agriculture in the South': "The virgin fertility of our soils and the vast amount of unskilled labor have been more of a curse than a blessing to agriculture. This exhaustive system for cultivation, the destruction of forest, the rapid and almost constant decomposition of organic matter, have made our agricultural problem one requiring more brains than of the North, East or West."

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 <mask> worked for years to create a company to market his products. The most important was the Carver Penol Company, which sold a mixture of creosote and peanuts as a patent medicine for respiratory diseases such as tuberculosis. Sales were lackluster and the product was ineffective according to the Food and Drug Administration. Other ventures were The Carver Products Company and the Carvoline Company. Carvoline Antiseptic Hair Dressing was a mix of peanut oil and lanolin.Carvoline Rubbing Oil was a peanut oil for massages. <mask> is often mistakenly credited with the invention of peanut butter. By the time <mask> published "How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it For Human Consumption" in 1916, many methods of preparation of peanut butter had been developed or patented by various pharmacists, doctors and food scientists working in the US and Canada. The Aztecs were known to have made peanut butter from ground peanuts as early as the 15th century. Canadian pharmacist Marcellus Gilmore Edson was awarded  (for its manufacture) in 1884, 12 years before <mask> began his work at Tuskegee. Sweet potato products
<mask> is also associated with developing sweet potato products. In his 1922 sweet potato bulletin, <mask> listed a few dozen recipes, "many of which I have copied verbatim from Bulletin No.129, U. S. Department of Agriculture". <mask>'s records included the following sweet potato products: 73 dyes, 17 wood fillers, 14 candies, 5 library pastes, 5 breakfast foods, 4 starches, 4 flours, and 3 molasses. He also had listings for vinegars, dry coffee and instant coffee, candy, after-dinner mints, orange drops, and lemon drops. <mask> bulletins

During his more than four decades at Tuskegee, <mask>'s official published work consisted mainly of 44 practical bulletins for farmers. His first bulletin in 1898 was on feeding acorns to farm animals. His final bulletin in 1943 was about the peanut. He also published six bulletins on sweet potatoes, five on cotton, and four on cowpeas.Some other individual bulletins dealt with alfalfa, wild plum, tomato, ornamental plants, corn, poultry, dairying, hogs, preserving meats in hot weather, and nature study in schools. His most popular bulletin, How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it for Human Consumption, was first published in 1916 and was reprinted many times. It gave a short overview of peanut crop production and contained a list of recipes from other agricultural bulletins, cookbooks, magazines, and newspapers, such as the Peerless Cookbook, Good Housekeeping, and Berry's Fruit Recipes. <mask>'s was far from the first American agricultural bulletin devoted to peanuts, but his bulletins did seem to be more popular and widespread than previous ones. See also

African-American history
Carver College
Carver Academy, Texas
George Washington Carver Center for Arts and Technology, a public high school in Towson, Maryland
Carver High School (disambiguation)
Carver Junior College, Cocoa, Florida, closed in 1963
Carver Middle School (disambiguation)
List of people on stamps of the United States

Citations

General references

Scholarly studies
 Hersey, Mark D. My Work Is That of Conservation: An Environmental Biography of <mask> Washington <mask> (University of Georgia Press; 2011) 306 pages. Hersey, Mark. "Hints and Suggestions to Farmers: <mask> <mask> and Rural Conservation in the South."Environmental History 11#2 (2006): 239–268. Mackintosh, Barry. "<mask> <mask>: The Making of a Myth." Journal of Southern History 42#4 (1976): 507–528. in JSTOR
Barry Mackintosh, "<mask> <mask> and the Peanut: New Light on a Much-loved Myth", American Heritage 28(5): 66–73, 1977. McMurry, L. O. "<mask>, <mask>."American National Biography Online February 2000
 McMurry, Linda O. <mask> <mask>: scientist and symbol (Oxford University Press, 1982). online; Google copy)

Popular works
<mask>, <mask>. "1897 or Thereabouts: <mask> <mask>'s Own Brief History of His Life." George Washington Carver National Monument. Collins, David R. <mask> <mask>: Man's Slave, God's Scientist, (Mott Media, 1981)
William J. Federer, <mask> <mask>: His Life & Faith in His Own Words, AmeriSearch (January 2003)
<mask> <mask>: In His Own Words (Paperback), ed. G. R. Kremer, University of Missouri Press; 1987, Reprint edition (January 1991)
H. M. Morris, Men of Science, Men of God (1982)
E. C. Barnett and D. Fisher, Scientists Who Believe (1984)

Further reading
Gray, James Marion. <mask> <mask>.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Silver Burdett Press, 1991. Holt, Rackham. <mask> <mask>: An American Biography, rev. ed. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1963. Kremer, Gary R. Race and Meaning: The African American Experience in Missouri, University of Missouri Press, 2014. McKissack, Pat, and Fredrick McKissack.<mask> <mask>: The Peanut Scientist, rev. ed. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, 2002. Moore, Eva. The Story of <mask> <mask>, New York: Scholastic, 1995. Vella, Christina. <mask>, Louisiana State University Press, 2015.External links

Archival collections
Guide to the <mask> <mask> Letter to Dana H. Johnson. Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, Irvine, California. Finding Aid to the <mask> Washington Carver Collection. Special Collections Department, Iowa State University Library, Ames, Iowa. William and Annette Curtis collection of George Washington Carver items, MSS 6223 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Brigham Young University

Other
National Park Service:
Legends of Tuskegee: <mask> <mask> from the National Park Service
George Washington <mask> National Monument from the National Park Service
Carver Tribute from Tuskegee University
The Legacy of <mask> <mask> from Iowa State University
National Historic Chemical Landmark from the American Chemical Society
George Washington Carver Correspondence Collection Manuscript collection in Special Collections, National Agricultural Library. Biotechnology Organization Award

George Washington Carver Digital Collection, Iowa State University. George Washington Carver History

Print publications

<mask> Washington <mask>."How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it for Human Consumption", Tuskegee Institute Experimental Station Bulletin 31. <mask> <mask>. "How the Farmer Can Save His Sweet Potatoes and Ways of Preparing Them for the Table", Tuskegee Institute Experimental Station Bulletin 38, 1936. <mask> <mask>. "How to Grow the Tomato and 115 Ways to Prepare it for the Table", Tuskegee Institute Experimental Station Bulletin 36, 1936. Peter D. Burchard, "<mask> <mask>: For His Time and Ours", National Park Service: George Washington Carver National Monument. 2006.Louis R. Harlan (ed. ), The Booker T. Washington Papers, Volume 4, pp. 127–128. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 1975. Raleigh H. Merritt, From Captivity to Fame or the Life of <mask> <mask>, Boston: Meador Publishing. 1929.<mask> <mask> Bagley, <mask> <mask>: Biography, Inventions & Quotes (2013). Date of birth unknown
1860s births
1943 deaths
People from Newton County, Missouri
Accidental deaths from falls
American botanists
African-American inventors
20th-century American inventors
American mycologists
American food scientists
African-American Christians
American agriculturalists
Agriculture educators
Alabama Republicans
Iowa State University alumni
Iowa State University faculty
People from Tuskegee, Alabama
American adoptees
People from Hanover, Massachusetts
Spingarn Medal winners
African-American scientists
African-American educators
Tuskegee University faculty
People from Ness County, Kansas
Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees
People from Indianola, Iowa
19th-century American slaves
Scientists from Missouri
Burials in Alabama
Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts
20th-century African-American

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<mask> (1903–1979) was a Jewish Romanian acarologist, a remarkable researcher and a gifted academic, whose work continues to influence by many generations of biologists, some of whom studied zoology under his supervision. His name as a researcher is forever associated with the enigmatic group of Acari a.k.a. Acarina (a taxon of arachnids that contains mites and ticks), for which he arduously worked to perfect their taxonomy. Alone or in collaboration with his numerous disciples, he described and created 1 phalanx and 2 sub-phalanxes, 16 families and 8 subfamilies, 40 genera, 4 subgenera, and 145 species new to science. One could only compare professor <mask>'s work with that of Aristide Caradgea, who studied micro-Lepidoptera, attracting all the world researchers of that group to come in a pilgrimage to his modest place in Grumazesti, Neamț, Romania. Similarly, <mask>'s strenuous line of work encompassed Acari collections from all over Europe, St. Helen Island, North Korea, Nepal, Mongolia, India, Vietnam, Brazil, Venezuela, and Chile, making his lab in the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University (Romanian: Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza"; acronym: UAIC), of Iași, Romania, a Mecca of the world's acarologists. Early life
<mask> was born on April 17, 1903, in Roman, in the province of Moldova, Romania, the eldest of seven children of Beila and Daniel (Idel) <mask>, of Ashkenazy Jewish ethnicity.Beila and <mask> were owners of a small rotary-shop (wagons were then in great demand), and as the Jewish tradition still demands, they saved most of their income to offer their son the best opportunity to study to become a "doctor". Their hopes were sustained by the excellent performance of their young studious son Zicman, who graduated the gymnasium and the prestigious Lyceum "Roman Vodă", with best possible grades. Higher education
In 1922, after receiving his baccalaureate, he enrolled in the University of Pavia, Italy, as a foreign student. From 1923 to 1925, <mask> attended Histology and Pathology classes of the famous professor Camillo Golgi, the scientist-physician who discovered the Golgi apparatus, the Golgi tendon organ and the Golgi tendon reflex. Unfortunately, the student <mask> was feeding himself poorly, and in 1925, after three years of starvation, he contracted pulmonary tuberculosis, which was still ravaging lives at the time. Forced to leave his studies in Italy, he returned to Romania, and was admitted to the Tuberculosis Sanatorium of Bârnova, close to Iași, where he strictly followed the rudimentary anti-tuberculous of treatment of that time. Weakened, but still willing to study Medicine he enrolled in the Faculty of Medicine of Iași University, and in 1928, he was immediately accepted due to his fine work in Pavia.Most unfortunately, the rise of anti-Semitic feelings throughout most of the students and some faculty members, and the lack of Jewish cadavers for Anatomy study (Jewish students were not allowed to dissect Christian cadavers), forced Zicman to quit studying medicine at Iași. Nevertheless, his desire to continue studying was paramount, so he enrolled at the Faculty of Natural Sciences, at the University of Chernivtsi (founded in 1875 as the Franz-Josephs-Universität Czernowitz), when Chernivtsi (Cernăuți in Romanian) was the capital of the Duchy of Bukovina, nicknamed "Little Vienna", part of the Austrian Empire. <mask> <mask> studied only one year there, and then moved back to Iași, province of Moldova. Back in Iași,  he studied from 1930 to 1933, at the Natural Sciences section, of the Science Faculty at the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, previously known as "Michaelian Academy" of Iași, from which he graduated with honors in 1933. During this time, he learned from famous academicians, professors and academic researchers, like Ioan Borcea, Paul Bujor, and Constantin Motaș. Here, he also begun working with his future illustrious zoologist colleagues Mihai Băcescu, Sergiu Cărăușu, and Alexandru V. Grossu. Post-graduation and early working years

<mask> started as a teacher in his native city of Roman, and then taught in the town of Târgu Ocna until he passed his Teacher's Capacity Examination in 1935.Having obtained his Capacity Degree, he was hired as teacher of Natural Sciences at the "St. O. Iosif Boys Lyceum" in Odorheiu Secuiesc (Hungarian: Székelyudvarhely), Harghita County, Transylvania, Romania. The renowned educational institution, which preserves until today inside its yard the ruins of a Roman castrum, was named after a prematurely dead Romanian pre-symbolist poet, Ștefan Octavian Iosif,. In 1938, <mask> married Ilona Pal, a local Székely person, who was a graduate of Benedek Elek Teachers' College, who eagerly defended her right to marry a Jew, during the reign of an antisemitic right-wing government. <mask> permanently maintained his association with the professors from Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, and the eminent biologist Constantin Motaș, renowned specialist in hydro-Acari, who suggested that he should start researching the earth-Acari. As a result, the still young and very passionate Zicman was rummaging through the litter of the orchards of Harghita County in search of mites. He had the admiration and support of the Lyceum principal, Professor Ioan Steriopol, who was proud to befriend him. Working intensively as a teacher, researcher and pedagogue, Professor <mask> helped establish the Natural Science Museum in Odorheiu Secuiesc.In 1938, <mask> <mask> published in the "Annals of the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University" one of the discoveries of his passionate, under the title "Sur une espèce nouvelle de genre Euthrombidium" (About a new species of Euthrombidium). Unfortunately, the atmosphere in   Odorheiu Secuiesc became incendiary after the 30 August 1940 - "Vienna Diktat", when Hungary received northern Transylvania from Romania, and the anti-Semitic manifestation became so pervasive that <mask> and his pregnant wife were forced to leave Transylvania for Moldova. Temporarily jobless and stigmatized as a Jew, Zicman sought to work as a teacher in Piatra Neamț, and eventually he found an opportunity to teach at the "Jewish Lyceum" of the city of Roman, Romania, at the end of 1940. His industrious work and his leadership skills were so well respected, he became the Principal of the "Jewish Lyceum", where he worked until 1944, during World War II. From 1944 to 1949, he continued to work as a Biology teacher at "Roman's Boys Lyceum" and at the "Commercial Lyceum" of the City of Roman. Meanwhile, his research was extremely active, resulting in the publication of several papers on Trombidiidae (a.k.a. Red Velvet Mites or Rain Bugs, arachnids found in soil litter known for their bright red colors), in 1945.Academic and scientific activity
In 1947, he successfully defended his Ph.D. thesis under the supervision of Professor Constantin Motaș, entitled "The Respiratory Apparatus in Trombidiidae and Superior Prostigmata". For his extraordinary work, <mask> <mask> obtained the qualification magna cum laude. In 1949, he was appointed as an associate professor at the Department of Zoology of the Natural Science Faculty at Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași, and his alma mater. In 1950, he was coopted in the formal "Research Group for Romanian Fauna", affiliated with the Scientific Section of the Romanian Academy, as head of the "Fauna Group" from the Iași Branch. In 1955, <mask> published a remarkable work "The Monograph of Trombidiidae", included in the "Fauna" collection of the Romanian Academy Press. In 1959, he became Full Professor with tenure at the Department of Zoology of the Natural Science Faculty at Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași. He was designated  as titular for the Course of Vertebrate Zoology (the biological discipline that consists of the study of Vertebrate animals, i.e., animals with a backbone, such as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) (see  Curs de zoologia vertebratelor).He also taught other courses like General Zoology, and Parasitology. In 1965, he published "Superfamily Ixodoidea" (containing the family Ixodidae – hard ticks), another monograph in the "Fauna" collection of the Romanian Academy Press. In the same year 1965, after years of collaborative work with his Romanian colleagues from the universities of Bucharest and Cluj, Professor <mask> <mask> published the first edition of "The Vertebrate Zoology". This monumental work was reedited twice (see ZOOLOGIA VERTEBRATELOR de Z. FEIDER, AL. V. GROSSU, ST. GYURKO si V. POP 1967 & ZOOLOGIA VERTEBRATELOR - Z. FEIDER, AL. V. GROSSU, ST. GYURKO si V. POP BUCUREȘTI. 1976), and can be found as PDF file on Internet.As a vertebrate zoologist, <mask> surrounded himself with other members of the department of Zoology, developing several lines of research for each of them, mentoring them to successfully defending their Ph.D. theses. All those collaborators – Libertina Solomon, Viorica Simionescu, Iulia Mironescu, Nicolai Valenciuc, and Iordache Ion became full professors and accomplished researchers. Some of their joint lines of research topics were "The hyoid-mandibular apparatus in fishes" and "The relative growth in some fish species". The work was done at the "Marine Biological Station Professor Doctor Ioan Borcea", Agigea, Romania, founded in 1926 at the Border of the Black Sea, as an external research institution pertaining to the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iași. Concomitantly, <mask> supervised other Ph.D. theses of several zoologists working at other Romanian Universities or at some remote biology research centers. He also never lost contact with the high-school education in Romania, and was invited almost every year to preside over Baccalaureate Committees in the largest cities of the Province of Moldova, Romania. In fact, the textbooks of Zoology for high schools in Romania all had his magisterial book "The Vertebrate Zoology" as reference.<mask>'s work with mites and ticks became very well known abroad, and more specialists in the field were interested in his work. He carried out the taxonomical and systematical study of many Acarina groups: Ixodoidea, Oribatidae, Gamasidea, Rhinonyssidae, Erythraeidea, and Prostigmata from Romania; Nicolletiellidae and Sternostoma genus throughout the world. He found phylogenetic indicators in the structures of trichobotrias, aspis, and genital and anal plaques in the larva chetotaxis and visual organs at Ixodidae or in the breathing apparatus, metopic edge and genital structure of Trombidia. Meanwhile, he joined several scientific societies in Europe and the US, and was appointed to the  editorial board of the publication Acarologia – a quarterly peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering all aspects of acarology, established by Marc André and François Grandjean in 1959. Some acarologists sent him their own collections for studying, to avoid name-redundancy. <mask> therefore was comparing Acari from all over the world with the holotypes (holotype - a single type specimen upon which the description and name of a new species is based) pertaining to his personal collection. <mask> transmitted his passion for acarology to a group of researchers from the Center for Biological Research - Nicu Vasiliu, Magda Călugăr, Mărioara Huțu, Maria Calistru and few others, who were his devoted disciples, while working at the "General and Applied Biology Institute" of the Iași branch of the Romanian Academy.They represented the growing school of Romanian acarologists, unparalleled until today. <mask> died after his fourth heart attack (he survived three previous attacks), while his third monography about Trombiculoidea was given for publication to the "Fauna" collection of the Romanian Academy Press. Legacy
The personal "Acari and Ixodidae collection" of <mask>, a true scientific thesaurus gathered during decades of arduous work, was donated to the Natural History Museum of Iași, a prestigious institution founded in 1834, and is the first museum of this kind in Romania. As evidence of the appreciation for his dedication to the science, several acarologists felt compelled to immortalize the name Zicman <mask>, by dedicating his name to newly identified species of Acari. For instance, Subias created the genus Feiderzetes - Feiderzetes latus in 1977. After his passing, one of his collaborators and colleagues, Libertina Solomon created the species Myonyssus feideri, and two of his close scientific correspondents, Balogh and Mahunka created the species Phteracorus zicmani. <mask> remains in the memory of those who knew him as an eminent academic figure, with not only a vast knowledge of biology, but also a person who spread human warmth.He was a devoted father and grandfather, whose three children followed his example, choosing academic careers: Noemi Bomher - professor of Romanian literature, Daniela Kocsis – teacher of mathematics, and the junior Almos Bela Trif – physician and professor of pathology. References

Contribution of the Romanian Jews to Culture and Civilisation, Federation of Jewish Communities of Romania, Hasefer Press, Bucharest, 2004,
 Contribuția evreilor români la cultură și civilizație, Federația Comunităților Evreiești din România, Editura Hasefer, București,
Ionel Maftei - Personalități Ieșene, Vol. IV. Omagiu, Comitetul de cultură și educație socialistă al județului Iași, 1982
 Profesor dr. docent <mask> <mask>. Flacăra Iașului, 36, nr. 10261, 30 sept. 1979, p. 3
Libertina Solomon - <mask> <mask> (1903-1979). Acarologia (Paris), tome XXI, fasc.1, Jan.1980, p. 1-2
Neculai Vasiliu, Magda Călugăr, Marina Huțu - <mask> <mask> (1903-1979).Travaux du Muséum d'Histoire naturelle Grigore Antipa (București), vol. XXI, 1980, p. 385-386. Vasiliu, George D. – <mask> Zicman in "Biologi din România: (Biologie animală)", Editura Ion Borcea, 705 pages, pp. 219–225, 2001. Gheorghe Mustață, Mariana Mustață – "Prof. Dr. <mask> <mask>" (1903 – 1979) "Personalități ale biologiei românești și universale" (Personalities of Romanian and World's Biologists), Editura Academiei Oamenilor de Știință din România, 2014, 796 pages, pp. 199 – 202,

1903 births
1979 deaths
20th-century Romanian zoologists
Romanian entomologists
Romanian Jews
Moldavian Jews
People from Roman, Romania

masks:
Zicman Feider
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Feider
Feider
Feider
Daniel Feider
Feider
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Zicman
Feider
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Zicman
Feider
Zicman
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Zicman
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<mask>, KC (17 May 1855 – 26 March 1931) was an Irish nationalist politician, journalist, author, barrister and a controversial Irish Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. His political career began in the 1880s under Charles Stewart Parnell's leadership of the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) and continued into the 1920s, when he was the first governor-general of the Irish Free State. Family background

He was born in Bantry, County Cork, the second son of <mask>, clerk of the Bantry Poor Law Union, and <mask> (née Sullivan). His elder brother <mask> (1854–1924) was a solicitor and Member of Parliament (MP) for North Wexford and his younger brother <mask> (1859–1923), with whom he held a lifelong close relationship, was a solicitor and MP for Cork City. His father was descended from a family line which in holding to their Catholic faith, lost their lands,  which he compensated by being a scholarly gentleman. His father was transferred in 1862 to a similar position in Lismore, County Waterford, holding the post until his death in 1906. <mask> was educated at the Christian Brothers school in Fermoy, and was otherwise largely self-educated, in 1869 at the age of fourteen going to live with his uncle <mask> MP in Dublin.Early life

He then moved to England finding employment in 1871 with the North Eastern Railway Company in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. There he became deeply involved in the Irish Home Rule politics of the local Irish community. After leaving for London in 1878 <mask> worked as a confidential clerk in a factory owned by his relative, then worked as a parliamentary correspondent for The Nation newspaper owned by his uncle, writing numerous articles in support of Parnell, the newly emergent and more militant home rule leader, and his policy of parliamentary obstructionism. Parnell admired <mask>'s intelligence and energy after <mask> had established himself as part of Parnell's broader political circle. He became Parnell's secretary but was denied contact to Parnell's small inner circle of political colleagues. Parnell, however, brought <mask> into the Irish Party (IPP) and supported him as a nationalist candidate when elected MP for Wexford Borough in 1880–83 against the aspiring John Redmond whose father, William Archer Redmond, was its recently deceased MP. <mask> was returned unopposed to parliament, aided by the fact that Redmond stood aside and that he had survived an agrarian court case which alleging intimidation.Political career

In parliament, <mask> did not physically cut an imposing figure but impressed by the application of sheer intelligence, diligence and volatile use of speech when he achieved the Healy Clause in the Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881 which provided that no further rent should in future be charged on tenant's improvements. By the mid-1880s <mask> had already acquired a reputation for a scurrilousness of tone. He married his cousin Eliza Sullivan in 1882, they had three daughters and three sons and he enjoyed a happy and intense family life, closely interlinked both by friendship and intermarriage with the Sullivans of west Cork. Through his reputation as a friend of the farmers, after having been imprisoned for four months following an agrarian case, and backed by Parnell, he was elected in a Monaghan by-election in June 1883–5, deemed to be the climax in the <mask>-Parnell relationship. In 1884 he was called to the Irish bar as a barrister (in 1889 to the inner bar as K.C., in London in 1910). His reputation allowed him to build an extensive legal practice, particularly in land cases. Parnell chose him unwisely for South Londonderry in 1885, which Ulster seat he only held for a year.He was then elected in 1886–92 for North Longford. Prompted by the depression in the prices of dairy products and cattle in the mid-1880 as well as bad weather for a number of years, many tenant farmers unable to pay their rents were left under the threat of eviction. <mask> devised a strategy to secure a reduction in rent from the landlords which became known as the Plan of Campaign, organised in 1886 amongst others by <mask>. In his novel The Man Who Was Thursday G.K. Chesterton describes one of his characters as a "... little man, with a black beard and glasses – a man somewhat of the type of Mr <mask> ...". Invective rift

Initially a passionate supporter of Parnell, he became disenchanted with his leader after <mask> opposed Parnell's nomination of Captain William O’Shea to stand for a by-election in Galway city. At the time O’Shea was separated from his wife, Katharine O'Shea, with whom Parnell was secretly living. Healy objected to this, as the party had not been consulted and he believed Parnell was putting his personal relationship before the national interest.When Parnell travelled to Galway to support O’Shea, <mask> was forced to back down. In 1890 in a sensational divorce case O'Shea sued his wife for divorce, citing Parnell as co-respondent. <mask> and most of Parnell's associates rejected Parnell's continuing leadership of the party, believing it was recklessly endangering the party's alliance with Gladstonian Liberalism. <mask> became Parnell's most outspoken critic. When Parnell asked his colleagues at one party meeting "Who is the master of the party? ", <mask> famously retorted with another question "Aye, but who is the mistress of the party?" – a comment that almost led to the men coming to blows.His savage onslaught in public reflected his conservative Catholic origin. A substantial minority of the Irish people never forgave him for his role during the divorce crisis, permanently damaging his own standing in public life. The rift prompted nine-year-old Dublin schoolboy James Joyce to write a poem called Et Tu, Healy?, which Joyce's father had printed and circulated. Only three lines remain:

His quaint-perched aerie on the crags of Time
Where the rude din of this century
Can trouble him no more. Estrangement

Following Parnell's death in 1891, the IPP's anti-Parnellite majority group broke away forming the Irish National Federation (INF) under John Dillon. <mask> was at first its most outspoken member, when in 1892 he captured North Louth for the anti-Parnellites, who in all won seventy-one seats. But finding it impossible to work with or under any post-Parnell leadership, especially Dillon's, he was expelled in 1895 from the INF executive committee, having previously been expelled from the Irish party's minor nine-member pro-Parnellite Irish National League (INL) under John Redmond.In the following decades, largely due to his expanding legal practice, he became a part-time politician and estranged from the national movement, setting up his own personal 'Healyite' organisation, called the "People's Rights Association", based on his position as MP for North Louth (the seat he held until the December 1910 election when defeated by Richard Hazleton). He waged war during the 1890s with Dillon and his National Federation (INF) and then intrigued with Redmond's smaller Parnellite group to play a substantial role behind the scenes in helping the rival party factions to reunite under Redmond in 1900. <mask> was extremely embittered by the fact that both his brothers and his followers were purged from the IPP list in the 1900 general election, and that his support for Redmond in the re-united party went unrewarded; on the contrary, Redmond soon found it wiser to conciliate Dillon. But two years later <mask> was again expelled. He remained "the enemy within", recruiting malcontent MPs to harass the party and survived politically by dint of his assiduous constituency work, as well as through the influence of his clerical ally Dr. Michael Cardinal Logue, Primate of All Ireland and Archbishop of Armagh. <mask> remained rooted in the extended 'Bantry Gang', a highly influential political and commercial nexus based originally in West Cork, which included his key patron, the Catholic business magnate and owner of the Irish Independent, William Martin Murphy, who provided a platform for <mask> and other critics of the IPP. Coalition of a kind

However, at least after 1903, <mask> was joined in his estrangement from the party leadership by William O'Brien.O’Brien had been for years one of <mask>'s strongest critics, but now he too felt annoyed both by his own alienation from the party and by Redmond's subservience to Dillon. Involved with the Irish Reform Association 1904–5, they entered a loose coalition, which lasted throughout the life of the IPP. They were in agreement that agrarian radicalism brought little return, and with <mask> practically becoming a Parnellite, they preferred to pursue a policy of conciliation with the Protestant class in order to further the acceptance of Home Rule. Redmond was sympathetic to this policy but was inhibited by Dillon. Redmond, in an act of rapprochement, briefly re-united them with the party in 1908. Fiercely independent, both split off again in 1909, responding to real changes in the social basis of Irish politics. In 1908 <mask> acted as counsel for Sir Arthur Vicars, former Ulster King of Arms, in connection with the 1908 investigation of the previous year's theft of the Irish Crown Jewels.By the 1910s, it looked as though <mask> was to remain a maverick on the fringes of Irish nationalism. However, he came into notoriety once more when returned in the January 1910 general election in alliance with William O'Brien's newly founded All-for-Ireland Party (AFIL), their alliance based largely on common opposition to the Irish party. He lost his seat in the following December 1910 election, but soon afterwards rejoined the O'Brienites, O’Brien providing the 1911 north-east Cork by-election vacancy created by the retirement of Moreton Frewen. <mask>'s reputation was not enhanced when he represented as counsel his associate William Martin Murphy, the industrialist who sparked the 1913 Dublin Lockout. <mask> assiduously cultivated relationships with power brokers in Westminster such as Lord Beaverbrook, and once they were introduced at Cherkley, was great friends with Janet Aitken for the remainder of his life. Realignment

Redmond's and the IPP's powerful position of holding the balance of power at Westminster—and with the passing of the Third Home Rule Bill assured—left <mask> and the AFIL critics in a weakened position. They condemned the bill as a 'partition deal', abstaining from its final vote in the Commons.With the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the <mask> brothers supported the Allied and the British war effort. Two had a son enlist in one of the Irish divisions, <mask>'s eldest son, Joe, fought with distinction at Gallipoli. Having done much to damage the popular image and authority of constitutional nationalism, <mask> after the Easter Rising was convinced that the IPP and Redmond were doomed and slowly withdrew from the forefront of politics, making it clear in 1917 that he was in general sympathy with Arthur Griffith's Sinn Féin movement, but not with physical force methods. In September that year he acted as counsel for the family of the dead Sinn Féin hunger striker Thomas Ashe. He was one of the few King's Counsel to provide legal services to members of Sinn Féin in various legal proceedings in both Ireland and England post the 1916 Rising. This included acting for those interned in 1916 in Frongoch internment camp in North Wales. During this time, <mask> also represented Georgina Frost, in her attempts to be appointed a Petty Sessions clerk in her native County Clare.In 1920 the Bar Council of Ireland passed an initial resolution that any barrister appearing before the Dáil Courts would be guilty of professional misconduct. This was challenged by <mask> and no final decision was made on the matter. Before the December 1918 general election, he was the first of the AFIL members to resign his seat in favour of the Sinn Féin party's candidate, and spoke in support of P. J. Little, the Sinn Féin candidate for Rathmines in Dublin. Governor-General

He returned to considerable prominence in 1922 when, on the urging of the soon-to-be Irish Free State's Provisional Government of W. T. Cosgrave, the British government recommended to King George V that <mask> be appointed the first 'Governor-General of the Irish Free State', a new office representative of the Crown created in the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty and introduced by a combination of the Constitution of the Irish Free State and Letters Patent from the King. The constitution was enacted in December 1922. <mask> was the uncle of Kevin O'Higgins, the Vice-President of the Executive Council and Minister for Justice in the new Free State.Initially, the Government of the Irish Free State under Cosgrave wished for <mask> to reside in a new small residence, but, facing death threats from the IRA, he was moved as a temporary measure into the Viceregal Lodge, the former 'out of season' residence of the Lord Lieutenant, the former representative of the Crown until 1922. <mask> officially entered office as Governor-General on 6 December 1922. He never wore, certainly not in public in Ireland, the official ceremonial uniform of a Governor-General in the British Empire. At that time, in the 1920s, <mask> was unique amongst viceregal representatives in the British Empire in this regard. <mask> was also unique (along with his successor, James McNeill) amongst all the Governors-General in the British Empire in the 1920s in that he was never sworn in as a member of the Imperial Privy Council. Nor was he ever sworn into the Privy Council of Ireland, a body that ceased to exist in early December 1922. Thus, unusually for a Governor-General within the Empire, he never gained the prefix 'The Right Honourable' nor the post-nominals 'PC'.<mask> proved an able Governor-General, possessing a degree of political skill, deep political insight and contacts in Britain that the new Irish Government initially lacked, and had long recommended himself to the Catholic Hierarchy: all-round good credentials for this key symbolic and reconciling position at the centre of public life. He joked once that the government didn't advise him, he advised the government: a comment at a dinner for The Duke of York (the future King George VI) that led to public criticism. However, the waspish <mask> still could not help courting further controversy, most notably in a public attack on the new Fianna Fáil and its leader, Éamon de Valera, which led to republican calls for his resignation. Much of the contact between governments in London and Dublin went through <mask>. He had access to all sensitive state papers, and received instructions from the British Government on the use of his powers to grant, withhold or refuse the Royal Assent to legislation enacted by the Oireachtas. For instance, <mask> was instructed to reject any bill that abolished the Oath of Allegiance. However, neither this nor any other bill that he was secretly instructed to block were introduced during his time as Governor-General.That role of being the UK government's representative, and acting on its advice, was abandoned throughout the British Commonwealth in the mid-1920s as a result of an Imperial Conference decision, leaving him and his successors exclusively as the King's representative and nominal head of the Irish executive. <mask> seemed to believe that he had been awarded the Governor-Generalship for life. However, the Executive Council of the Irish Free State decided in 1927 that the term of office of Governors-General would be five years. As a result, he retired from the office and public life in January 1928. His wife had died the previous year. He published his extensive two-volume memoirs in 1928. Throughout his life he was formidable because he was ferociously quick-witted, because he was unworried by social or political convention, and because he knew no party discipline.Towards the end of his life he mellowed and became otherwise more diplomatic. He died on 26 March 1931, aged 75, in Chapelizod, County Dublin, where he lived at his home Glenaulin, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery. Notes

References
 Bew, Paul: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004)
 Cadogan, <mask> & Falvey, Jeremiah: A Biographical Dictionary of Cork (2006)
 Jackson, Alwin: Home Rule 1800–2000 pp. 100–103 (2003)

 Maume, Patrick: The long Gestation, Irish Nationalist life 1881–1918 (1999)

Works

 Why is there an Irish Question and an Irish Land League? (1881)
 Why Ireland is not Free, a study of twenty years in Politics  (1898)
 The Great Fraud of Ulster (1917)
 Stolen Waters (1923)
 The Planter's Progress (1923)
 Letters and Leaders of My Day memoirs, 2 vols. (1928)

Further reading

 Frank Callanan, T. M <mask> (Cork University Press, 1996) ()
 George Abbott Colburn, "T.M. <mask> and the Irish Home Rule Movement, 1877–1886" (PhD Dissertation, 2 vols., Michigan State University, 1971).Foster, R. F. Vivid Faces: The Revolutionary Generation in Ireland, 1890–1923 (2015)  excerpt
 David Foxton, Revolutionary Lawyers, Sinn Féin and Crown Courts, (4 Courts Press, 2008), ()
 Sir Dunbar Plunket Barton, P.C., <mask>: Memories and Anecdotes. (Dublin: Talbot Press Limited, and London: Faber & Faber, Limited, 1933).

masks:
Timothy Michael Healy
Maurice Healy
Eliza Healy
Thomas Healy
Maurice Healy
Timothy
Timothy Daniel Sullivan
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Timothy Harrington
Tim Healy
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Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Timothy
Healy
Healy
Tim Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Healy
Tim
Healy
Healy
Timothy Healy