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<mask> (, ; , ; 20 November 1942 – February or March 2008) was the Chaldean Catholic Archeparch of Mosul, in the northern part of Iraq. Also known as <mask> and <mask>, he was born in Mosul, where he lived almost his entire life. The city of Mosul has a long established community of Chaldean Catholics. <mask> came to worldwide attention in 2008 when he was kidnapped by gunmen and subsequently found dead in Mosul, an event that drew condemnation from the Vatican and foreign governments. Biography
<mask> was born to a Chaldean Catholic family in 1942. He spent nearly all his life in Mosul, a city with one of the largest and oldest Christian populations in Iraq. In 1954, he entered the St. Peter's junior and major seminary in Baghdad in order to become a priest.After his ordination on June 10, 1965 he briefly worked in Baghdad before being appointed to St. Isiah's Church in Mosul. Between 1974 and 1976, <mask> completed his religious studies with a Licentiate in Theology from the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum in Rome. <mask> later founded the church of the Sacred Heart in Tel Keppe, a town some 12 miles (20 km) north of Mosul. He also opened an orphanage for handicapped children. Archbishop of Mosul
On January 12, 2001, the Synod of Bishops of the Chaldean Catholic Church elected him archbishop of the Archeparchy of Mosul. On February 16, 2001, he was ordained Chaldean Archbishop of Mosul, giving him responsibility for around 20,000 Catholics in ten parishes. He was ordained by Mar Raphael I Bidawid, the Patriarch of Babylon.His church is known in Mosul as Safina (The Ship), but parishioners called it the Holy Spirit Church. Unease with Sharia
<mask> expressed disquiet at the moves to incorporate Sharia law more fundamentally into the Iraqi constitution, and continued throughout his life to lead worship in difficult situations. During his 2007 trip to Rome, with the patriarch of Babylon Emmanuel III Delly who was then appointed cardinal, Rahho confided that he had been threatened by gunmen in his native town. Following the start of the Iraq war, persecution of Christians in Iraq increased dramatically. <mask> commented on the precarious situation of Chaldean Christians in an interview with Asia News shortly before his kidnapping. Kidnapping and death
Late on February 29, 2008, according to a report given by the Catholic News Service, <mask> was kidnapped from his car in the Al-Nur district of the city; his bodyguards and driver were killed. According to church officials, "gunmen sprayed the Archbishop's car with bullets, killed two bodyguards and shoved the bishop into the trunk of a car.In the darkness, he managed to pull out his cellphone and call the church, telling officials not to pay a ransom for his release" they said. "He believed that this money would not be paid for good works and would be used for killing and more evil actions," the officials said. Other reports stated that also investigators believed the archbishop may have been shot at the time of the kidnapping. The kidnappers demanded Christians contribute to the jihad, through jizya. The captors also demanded the release of Arab (non-Iraqi) detainees and that they be paid $3 million for Rahho's release. The kidnappers also demanded that Iraqi Christians form a militia to fight the US forces. On March 13, 2008, it was reported that <mask>'s body had been found buried in a shallow grave near Mosul.Officials of the Chaldean Church in Iraq said they had received a call telling them where the body was buried. Reports over the cause of death were contradictory. An official of the morgue in Mosul said the archbishop, who had health problems, including high blood pressure and diabetes, might have died of natural causes. Police at the Mosul morgue said <mask> "appeared to have been dead a week and his body bore no bullet wounds". Nineveh Deputy Governor Khasro Goran stated that when relatives and authorities went to the location specified by the kidnappers and found the body, it had "gunshot wounds". The identity of those behind his murder is disputed. Some Chaldeans within the community believe Al-Qaida and other Sunni Arab factions were behind the murder.Other Christians in Mosul, including the archbishop's family, believe that it was the Kurds who ordered his assassination. Kurdish authorities ordered an investigation and subsequently made several arrests, though their reports have failed to convince the family. Archbishop <mask> <mask> <mask> is believed to be the highest-ranking Chaldean Catholic clergyman to have been killed in the Iraq war. The funeral services were held in the town of Karamlesh, with Chaldean Catholic Cardinal Emmanuel Delly in presence. International reactions
  Vatican City: Pope Benedict XVI stated the murder was "an act of inhuman violence that offends the dignity of the human being." "The pope also denounced the 5-year-long Iraq war, saying it had provoked the complete breakup of Iraqi civilian life. 'Enough with the slaughters.Enough with the violence. Enough with the hatred in Iraq!' Benedict said to applause at the end of his Palm Sunday Mass in St. Peter's Square." Iraq: Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki said "the attack was the work of a criminal gang intent on provoking religious strife." United Kingdom: British Foreign Secretary David Miliband said "His [Archbishop <mask>'s] kidnapping was a cowardly act perpetrated by individuals who have rejected dialogue and peaceful politics. His killing represents an appalling act of premeditated violence. My thoughts are with the Archbishop's family."United States: President Bush was quoted as saying "I send my condolences to the Chaldean community and the people of Iraq. The terrorists will continue to lose in Iraq because they are savage and cruel." The Arab American Institute said "This despicable act against a peaceful leader of a vulnerable (Chaldean) minority community violates every moral code." Chaldean Catholic Church: Patriarch Emmanuel III Delly, who broke down and wept during funeral services in Karamles, urged Christians on Friday not to seek revenge for the death of the archbishop. Aftermath
One of the killers, named Ahmed Ali Ahmed, was found and arrested. Ahmed was an Al-Qaida in Iraq cell leader in Mosul. On 19 May 2008, the Iraqi Central Criminal Court sentenced Ahmed to death.However, high representatives of the Chaldean Catholic Church opposed the death sentence. In his will, Rahho called upon the Iraqi Assyrian Christian community to work with Muslim and Yazidi Iraqis to develop ties across religious divisions within Iraq. See also
Catholic Church in Iraq

References

External links

 Obituary in The Times, 13 March 2008

1942 births
2008 deaths
2008 crimes in Iraq
21st-century Roman Catholic martyrs
Chaldean archbishops
Iraqi archbishops
Iraqi Assyrian people
Iraqi bishops
Iraqi Eastern Catholics
Iraqi murder victims
Martyred Roman Catholic priests
People from Mosul
People murdered in Iraq
Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas alumni

masks:
Paulos Faraj Rahho
Paul Faraj Rahho
Paulos Faradsch Raho
Rahho
Paulos Faraj Rahho
Rahho
Rahho
Rahho
Rahho
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<mask>  (5 February 1920 – 2 January 1998) was an English comedy writer, radio and television personality, and raconteur. His writing and performing partnership with Denis Norden endured for most of their careers. Together they wrote BBC Radio's Take It from Here for over 10 years, and then appeared on BBC radio quizzes My Word! and My Music for another 35. <mask> became Assistant Head of Light Entertainment at the BBC in the 1960s, and was then London Weekend Television's founding Head of Entertainment. His many writing credits include editorship of The Oxford Book of Humorous Prose. Birth and early life
<mask> was the second son of steam tug engineer <mask> (1888–1934), originally from New Zealand, and his wife Margaret, daughter of ship's carpenter Harry Harding.Harry Harding had died young at sea; his widow, Elizabeth Jane (née Cowie) subsequently married <mask> Webber, a former lighthouse inspector and licensee of the Derby Arms Hotel and pub at Ramsgate, Kent. The pub was operated by his widow for 22 years after Webber's death. <mask> was born in the pub, and spent part of his childhood in Leyton, London. <mask> left his seafaring occupation after marrying, and took up unskilled work such as extending Ramsgate's railway and loading stores onto naval vessels; he finally took a job with a firm at Leyton, supervising their machinery, and died of pneumonia when <mask> was a schoolboy. <mask> ran a small sweet-shop across the road from the Derby Arms. His aunt was <mask> (d. 1970), MBE; she and her brother were orphaned at a young age, and when he went to sea she had remained in New Zealand and taken a low-status position at Christchurch Hospital, serving as Matron from 1916 to 1936, and ending up as its Superintendent. In later years, whenever his dignified speech patterns caused listeners to assume that he had received a public school education, <mask> would demur: "I was educated in E10, not Eton".He attended Leyton County High School for Boys, though prior to this he was a pupil at Chatham House Grammar School, in Ramsgate, Kent, whose notable alumni include former Conservative Prime Minister Edward Heath. He left school prematurely aged fourteen and a half at his father's death, due to the necessity of earning an income to support the family. <mask> claimed that, when interviewed to join the RAF, he was "a weedy 6 feet 6 inches" but that he later "stabilised at a bent 6 feet 4 inches". Early career
<mask> joined the Royal Air Force at the outbreak of the Second World War and spent several years in the photographic technical school taking slow-motion film of parachute jumps on a project intended to decrease the frequency of parachutes failing (sometimes called a 'Roman Candle'). His work provided the manufacturers with the information they needed to improve both the equipment and the training, which was very effective in reducing the number of failures as well as the fatality and injury rate. He was also assigned to take pictures of the agents of the Special Operations Executive (SOE) for identity documents at the training centre at RAF Ringway. <mask>, as a photographic technician, was posted to Iceland, which was then a Danish possession under British occupation, and while there, he did some work for the forces radio station.Also while stationed in Iceland – as he described in his memoirs A Kentish Lad – <mask> suffered a medical condition which required the surgical removal of one testicle. Writing for radio
Upon his return to civilian life, he began to write scripts for Jimmy Edwards. When Edwards teamed up with Dick Bentley on BBC Radio, <mask> formed a partnership with Denis Norden, Bentley's writer, which was to last for most of his career. The vehicle created for Bentley and Edwards, Take It From Here, was written by <mask> and Norden from 1948 until 1959; the last series in 1960 used other writers. For TIFH, as it became known, they created "The Glums", a deliberately awful family, which was the show's most popular segment. For TIFH, <mask> and Norden wrote the phrase, "Infamy, infamy, they've all got it in for me", later used by Kenneth Williams in Carry on Cleo. In his autobiography A Kentish Lad <mask> expressed disappointment that he and Norden were never credited for it.In 1949, <mask> married Polly McIrvine (d. 2004). They had two children, Jamie (born 1952), a TV producer, and Sally (born 1954), who co-founded the Muir and Osborne knitwear design company, and is married to the journalist and author Geoffrey Wheatcroft. <mask> and Norden continued to write for Edwards when he began to work for BBC television with the school comedy series Whack-O and the subsequent 1960 film Bottoms Up!, and in the anthology series Faces of Jim. With Norden, in 1962, he was responsible for the television adaptation of Henry Cecil's comic novel Brothers in Law, which starred a young Richard Briers, and its spin-off Mr Justice Duncannon. The pair were invited to appear on a new humorous literary radio quiz, My Word!. In the final round <mask> and Norden each told a story to "explain" the origin of a well-known phrase. An early example took the quotation "Dead!And never called me mother!" from a stage adaptation of East Lynne by Mrs Henry Wood, which became the exclamation of a youth coming out of a public telephone box which he had discovered to be out of order. In early broadcasts of My Word! the phrases were provided by the quizmaster, but in later series <mask> and Norden chose their own in advance of each programme and their stories became longer and more convoluted. This became a popular segment of the quiz, and <mask> and Norden later compiled five volumes of books containing some of the My Word! stories. <mask> was also, like Norden, a contestant on the My Word!spinoff, My Music. As a television personality, <mask>'s unofficial trademark was a crisply knotted pink bow tie. Later career
In 1954 <mask> founded an amateur dramatic society, Thorpe Players, in the village of Thorpe, Surrey where he lived for many years. He was a writer and presenter on many shows, including the 1960s satire programmes That Was the Week That Was and The Frost Report. He was well known to television audiences as a team captain on the long-running BBC2 series Call My Bluff. <mask> found unexpected household fame when he undertook voice-overs for advertisements, including Cadbury Dairy Milk Fruit & Nut chocolate ("Everyone's a Fruit and Nut case", to the tune of the Danse des mirlitons from Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker). Other popular advertising campaigns of the period in which <mask> appeared included Batchelors' Savoury Rice ("Every grain will drive them insane!"), a coffee advert in which he used the phrase "impending doom", and Unigate milk Humphreys. In the 1960s <mask> was Assistant Head of Light Entertainment at the BBC and in 1969 joined London Weekend Television as Head of Entertainment. In 1976 <mask> wrote The Frank Muir Book: An irreverent companion to social history, which is a collection of anecdotes and quotations collected under various subjects including "Music", "Education", "Literature", "Theatre", "Art" and "Food and Drink". (In the United States, this book is titled "An Irreverent Social History of Almost Everything.") A similar format to The Frank Muir Book was used in his BBC radio series Frank Muir Goes Into..., in which Alfred Marks read the quotations, linked verbally by <mask>. He published books based on these series. His The Oxford Book of Humorous Prose, which again uses a similar format with more scholarly aspirations, was published in 1990.<mask> was appointed CBE in the 1980 Birthday Honours. In 1992, for Channel 4, he was the host of TV Heaven, a season of evenings dedicated to television programmes from individual years. In 1997, <mask> published an autobiography, A Kentish Lad. <mask> died in Thorpe, Surrey, on 2 January 1998 aged 77. In November 1998, ten months after his death, he and Denis Norden were joint recipients of the Writers' Guild of Great Britain Writer of the Year Award. <mask>'s widow, Polly, died in Surrey on 27 October 2004, aged 79. Bibliography

 The What-a-Mess children's books
 The <mask> Muir Book: An Irreverent Companion to Social History
 An Irreverent and Almost Complete Social History of the Bathroom
 The Oxford Book of Humorous Prose (Editor)
 The Walpole Orange
 A Kentish Lad (Autobiography)
 Christmas: Customs And Traditions
 A Book at Bathtime

References

1920 births
1998 deaths
People educated at Chatham House Grammar School
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English autobiographers
English male comedians
English radio personalities
People from Ramsgate
English television personalities
Rectors of the University of St Andrews
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
People from Leyton
People from the Borough of Runnymede
Royal Air Force airmen
20th-century British comedians

masks:
Frank Herbert Muir
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Charles James Muir
Frank Herbert
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Charles Muir
Frank Muir
Margaret Muir
Rose Muir
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Dato' <mask> (Jawi: أنوار بن إبراهيم; ; born 10 August 1947) is a Malaysian politician who has served as the 12th and 16th Leader of the Opposition since May 2020 and from August 2008 to March 2015, 2nd Chairman of the Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalition since February 2020 and 2nd President of the People's Justice Party (PKR) since November 2018. He has also served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Port Dickson since October 2018. He was formerly Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia from 1993 to 1998, under Malaysia's 4th Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad. <mask> started his political career as one of the founders of youth organisation Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (ABIM). After joining the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), the major party in the long-time ruling Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition, <mask> held several high-profile cabinet positions in successive governments in the 1980s and 1990s. He was Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia from 1993 to 1998 and was Finance Minister from 1991 to 1998, during which he was prominent in Malaysia's response to the 1997 Asian financial crisis. However, he was removed from all posts by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad in September 1998, after which <mask> led the Reformasi movement against the government.<mask> was jailed in April 1999 after a trial for sodomy and corruption that was criticised by human rights groups and several foreign governments as politically motivated. He was released in 2004 after his conviction was overturned. He was the Leader of the Opposition from 2008 to 2015 and was prominent coalescing the opposition parties into the Pakatan Rakyat (PR) coalition, which unsuccessfully contested in the 2008 and 2013 general elections. He disputed the results of the 2013 elections and led a protest in response. In 2014, <mask>'s attempt to become Selangor head of government in the 2014 Kajang Move led to a nine-month political crisis, which ended when he was sentenced to another five years imprisonment after a second sodomy conviction in 2015. While still in prison, <mask> re-joined Mahathir Mohamad under new coalition Pakatan Harapan (PH) in absentia, which went on to win the 2018 general election. Mahathir outlined a plan for <mask> to take over from himself as Prime Minister after an unspecified interim period.A few days after the election, <mask> received a royal pardon from Yang di-Pertuan Agong Muhammad V and was released from prison. He soon made a comeback as a backbencher MP by contesting and winning the 2018 Port Dickson by-election while his wife Wan Azizah Wan Ismail served as the Deputy Prime Minister in the PH administration. Despite the intention for <mask> to take over as Prime Minister, the collapse of the PH coalition during 2020–21 Malaysian political crisis led to the new Perikatan Nasional (PN) administration under Muhyiddin Yassin being sworn in and <mask> becoming Leader of the Opposition the second time in May 2020. Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born in Cherok Tok Kun, Bukit Mertajam, Penang, Malaya. His father, <mask> Abdul Rahman, started his career as a hospital porter, later to join politics as the UMNO Member of Parliament for Seberang Perai Central between 1959 and 1969 and also as the Parliamentary Secretary in the Ministry of Health from 1964 to 1969 until his defeat in the 1969 General Election by a candidate from Gerakan. His mother, Che Yan binti Hussein, was a housewife active in UMNO grassroots politics in Penang. He undertook his secondary education at the Malay College Kuala Kangsar.He was educated at the University of Malaya, where he got a bachelor's degree in Malay Studies, and worked on his Masters in Literature through the National University of Malaysia while in prison from 1974 to 1975. Early years (1968–1982)

From 1968 to 1971, as a student, <mask> was the president of the National Union of Malaysian Muslim Students. Around the same time, he was also the president of the University of Malaya Malay Language Society ( (PBMUM)). In 1971, he was a member of the pro tem committee of Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (ABIM) or Muslim Youth Movement of Malaysia, which he co-founded. At the same time, he was elected as the 2nd President of the Malaysian Youth Council or Majlis Belia Malaysia (MBM). In 1974, <mask> was arrested during student protests against rural poverty and hunger. This came as a report surfaced stating that a family died from starvation in a village in Baling, in the state of Kedah, which was later demonstrated to be false.However, the rubber tappers in Baling were experiencing severe hardship as the price of rubber dropped in 1974. He was imprisoned under the Internal Security Act (ISA), which allows for detention without trial, and spent 20 months in the Kamunting Detention Centre. From 1975 till 1982, he served as a representative for Asia Pacific of World Assembly of Muslim Youth (WAMY). <mask> <mask> is also the co-founder of the International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) in the USA (founded 1981). <mask> has been one of 4 acting directors, a board member of IIIT and a trustee. He was also a chancellor of International Islamic University Kuala Lumpur between 1983 and 1988. Early political career (1982–1998)
In 1982, <mask>, who was the founding leader and second president of an Islamic youth organisation called Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (ABIM), by joining the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), led by Mahathir Mohamad, who had become prime minister in 1981.<mask> rapidly rose to high-ranking positions; his first ministerial office was that of Minister of Culture, Youth and Sports in 1983; after that, he headed the Agriculture Ministry in 1984 before becoming Minister of Education in 1986. During his tenure as Education Minister, Anwar introduced numerous policies in the national school curriculum. One of his major changes was to rename the national language from Bahasa Malaysia to Bahasa Melayu. Non-Malays criticised this move as it would cause the younger generation to be detached from the national language since they would attribute it to being something that belongs to the Malays and not to Malaysians. As the minister of education, <mask> was elected as the 25th President of UNESCO's General Conference. In 1988, <mask> <mask> became the second President of International Islamic University of Malaysia. According to former Law Minister Zaid <mask>, <mask> is an Islamist who "helped Islamicise the whole government system" and played a major role in the Islamicisation of the education system when he was Education Minister in the 1980s.In 1991, <mask> was appointed as Minister of Finance. During his tenure as Finance Minister, his impact was immediate; Malaysia enjoyed unprecedented prosperity and economic growth. Shortly after becoming Finance Minister, Euromoney named him as a top-four finance minister and in 1996 Asiamoney named him Finance Minister of the Year. In the midst of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, <mask> as a deputy prime minister and finance minister, was hailed for guiding Malaysia through the period of instability. He backed free-market principles and highlighted the proximity of business and politics in Malaysia. He advocated greater accountability, refused to offer government bail-outs and instituted widespread spending cuts. In March 1998, <mask> was selected as the Chairman of the Development Committee of World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) from March 1998 until September 1998.Deputy Prime Minister
In 1993, he became Mahathir's Deputy Prime Minister after winning the Deputy Presidency of UMNO against Ghafar Baba, he was seem and expected to succeed Mahathir as prime minister as he frequently alluded in public to his "son-father" relationship with Mahathir. By then, speculation was rife about <mask>'s ascent to the Deputy Prime Minister's position. In May 1997, Mahathir had appointed <mask> to be acting Prime Minister while he took a two-month holiday. In Mahathir's absence, <mask> had independently taken radical steps, which directly conflicted with Mahathir's policies, to change the country's governing mechanisms. Issues such as how Malaysia would respond to a financial crisis were often at the forefront of this conflict. Towards the end of the 1990s, however, the relationship with Mahathir had begun to deteriorate, triggered by their conflicting views on governance. <mask>'s frontal attack against what he described as the widespread culture of nepotism and cronyism within UMNO (and the ruling coalition as a whole) angered Mahathir, as did his attempts to dismantle the protectionist policies that Mahathir had set up."Cronyism" was identified by <mask> as a major cause of corruption and misappropriation of funds in the country. Financial crisis
During the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, <mask> supported the IMF plan as a finance minister. He also instituted an austerity package that cut government spending by 18%, cut ministerial salaries and deferred major projects. "Mega projects", despite being a cornerstone of Mahathir's development strategy, were greatly curtailed. Although many Malaysian companies faced bankruptcy, <mask> declared: "There is no question of any bailout. The banks will be allowed to protect themselves and the government will not interfere." Anwar advocated a free-market approach to the crisis, including foreign investment and trade liberalisation.Mahathir blamed currency speculators like George Soros for the crisis and supported currency controls and tighter regulation of foreign investment. Fall from power and first sodomy conviction

In 1998 Newsweek magazine named Anwar the "Asian of the Year". However, in that year, matters between Anwar and Mahathir came to a head around the quadrennial UMNO General Assembly. The Youth wing of UMNO, headed by Anwar's associate Ahmad Zahid Hamidi, gave notice that it would initiate a debate on "cronyism and nepotism". At the General Assembly, a book by Khalid Jafri, "50 Dalil Kenapa Anwar Tidak Boleh Jadi PM" ("50 Reasons Why Anwar Cannot Become Prime Minister") was circulated containing graphic allegations of homosexuality, as well as accusations of corruption against Anwar. Khalid Jafri was an ex-editor of the government-controlled newspaper Utusan Malaysia and former editor-in-chief of a failed magazine, Harian National. Anwar obtained a court injunction to prevent further distribution of the book and filed a lawsuit against the author for defamation.Police charged the author of the book with malicious publishing of false news. The police were instructed to investigate the veracity of the claims. On 2 September 1998, Anwar was fired from the Cabinet, and many reports state that he was under investigation for sodomy, an act that is illegal in Malaysia. The following day, he was expelled from UMNO. In what the Sydney Morning Herald termed a "blatantly political fix-up", Anwar was arrested on 20 September 1998 and detained without trial under the country's controversial Internal Security Act (ISA). The Home Minister at the time was also the Prime Minister, Mahathir. Weeks later, Anwar was charged with corruption for allegedly interfering with the police investigation of him.While he was in police custody in 1998, <mask> was beaten by the then Inspector General of Police, Rahim Noor. The public and the media only witnessed his black eye after being brought to Court for the first time. Mahathir remarked that it could have been a self-inflicted injury to garner public sympathy. Rahim was subsequently found guilty of assault and jailed for two months in 2000. He made a public apology to Anwar and paid undisclosed damages. During the trial, a mattress supposedly stained with <mask>'s semen was presented to the court as DNA evidence of Anwar's sexual acts. <mask> denied having anything to do with the mattress, although the DNA tests came out positive.Lim Kong Boon, a DNA chemist, testified during the trial that DNA taken from 10 of 13 semen stains on the mattress matched <mask>'s DNA. The defence team implied that DNA samples may have been taken from Anwar, while unconscious, after his beating in police custody, to create false forensics evidence to frame Anwar; however, High Court Judge Augustine Paul accepted that DNA evidence. The High Court eventually handed down its decision in April 1999, sentencing <mask> to six years' imprisonment for corruption and sodomy. Two months later, he was sentenced to nine years' imprisonment for sodomy, which he was ordered to serve after completing his six-year sentence for corruption. His trial and conviction were widely discredited by the international community. Amnesty International stated that the trial proceedings "exposed a pattern of political manipulation of key state institutions including the police, public prosecutor's office and the judiciary" and declared Anwar a prisoner of conscience, stating that he had been arrested in order to silence him as a political opponent. The Federal Court overturned his conviction and Anwar was finally released from solitary confinement on 2 September 2004.Reformasi and formation of KEADILAN

Shortly after <mask> was dismissed as deputy prime minister by the then prime minister Mahathir Mohamad, <mask> and his supporters initiated the Reformasi movement. It consisted of several mass demonstrations and rallies against the long-standing Barisan Nasional coalition government. At the 1998 APEC Summit in Kuala Lumpur, the Vice-President of the United States, Al Gore, gave a speech supporting <mask> and the Reformasi movement in front of the Prime Minister of Malaysia and other Asia-Pacific premiers. Reformasi led to the formation of a new multiracial-based party named Parti Keadilan Nasional or National Justice Party (KEADILAN). In 1999, a general election was held. The new KEADILAN, Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), and Democratic Action Party (DAP) formed a Barisan Alternatif or Alternative Front (BA), in a combined initiative to replace the standing Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition government. In August 2003, KEADILAN merged with Parti Rakyat Malaysia or Malaysian's People Party (PRM) to form Parti Keadilan Rakyat or People's Justice Party (PKR) headed by Wan Azizah as president.PKR made huge gains in the 2008 general election, winning 31 seats and becoming the parliament's largest opposition party. In April 2008, PKR, PAS and DAP formed a new alliance named Pakatan Rakyat (PR). Interim years (1999–2007)

First sodomy conviction
In 1999, <mask> brought suit against Prime Minister Mahathir for defamation for allegedly uttering accusations of immoral acts and calling <mask> a homosexual at a news conference in Malaysia. The sodomy verdict was partially overturned in 2004, resulting in <mask>'s release from prison as he had already served his sentence for the corruption offence. Anwar successfully sued Khalid Jafri for his "50 Dalil Kenapa Anwar Tidak Boleh Jadi PM" book, but Khalid died in 2005 of complications from diabetes before the High Court found that he had committed libel and awarded Anwar millions of ringgit in compensation. The Federal Court on 8 March 2010 ruled that the 1998 dismissal of <mask> from his Cabinet posts by Mahathir was constitutional and valid, meaning <mask> had failed in his bid to challenge his sacking. An appeal on the corruption charges was heard on 6 September 2004.Under Malaysian law, a person is banned from political activities for five years after the

masks:
Seri Haji Anwar bin Ibrahim
Anwar
Anwar
Anwar
Anwar
Anwar
Anwar
Anwar
Anwar
Anwar
Anwar
Anwar
bin Ibrahim
Ibrahim bin
Anwar
Anwar
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Ibrahim
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Anwar
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Ibrahim
Ibrahim
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Anwar
Anwar
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Anwar


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 end of his sentence. Success in this appeal would have allowed him to return to politics immediately. On 7 September, the court agreed to hear <mask>'s appeal. However, on 15 September, the Court of Appeal ruled unanimously that its previous decision to uphold a High Court ruling that found <mask> guilty was in order, relegating <mask> to the sidelines of Malaysian politics until 14 April 2008. The only way for <mask> to be freed from this stricture would have been for him to receive a pardon from the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Teaching and non-profit work
After his release from prison, <mask> held teaching positions at St Antony's College, Oxford, where he was a visiting fellow and senior associate member, at Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies in Washington DC as a Distinguished Senior Visiting Fellow, and in 2005–2006 as a visiting professor at the Prince Alwaleed Center for Muslim–Christian Understanding in the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. In March 2006 he was appointed as Honorary President of the London-based organisation AccountAbility (Institute of Social and Ethical AccountAbility).In July 2006, <mask> was elected Chair of the Washington-based Foundation For the Future. In this capacity, he signed 1 October 2006 letter to Robin Cleveland of the World Bank, requesting the transfer of Shaha Riza from the US Department of State to the Foundation for the Future. This transaction led to Paul Wolfowitz's resignation as president of the organisation. He was one of the signatories of "A Common Word Between Us and You" in 2007, an open letter by Islamic scholars to Christian leaders, calling for peace and understanding. Return to politics
In November 2006, <mask> announced he planned to run for Parliament in 2008 after his disqualification expired. Anwar was critical of government policies after his release from prison, most notably the controversial New Economic Policy (NEP), which provided affirmative action for the Bumiputras. The policy set a number of quotas, such as for units of housing and initial public offerings, that must be met.Before he became re-entitled to run for Parliament in 2008, he acted as an "advisor" of Parti Keadilan Rakyat, the party of which his wife Dr Wan Azizah was president. He was at the forefront in organising a November 2007 mass rally, called the 2007 Bersih Rally, which took place at Dataran Merdeka, Kuala Lumpur, to demand clean and fair elections. The gathering was organised by Bersih, a coalition comprising political parties and civil society groups, and drew supporters from all over the country. The 2008 general election date was set for 8 March 2008, before <mask>'s disqualification from politics expired, sparking criticisms that Barisan Nasional called for early elections in a bid to deny <mask>'s plans for a return to Parliament. In response, <mask>'s wife, Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, declared that she would step down should she retain her Permatang Pauh parliamentary seat to force a by-election in which Anwar himself would contest. When asked about the possibility of Anwar becoming the next Prime Minister, former leader Tun Dr Mahathir reacted by saying, "He would make a good Prime Minister of Israel". On 14 April 2008, <mask> celebrated his official return to the political stage, as his ban from public office expired a decade after he was fired as Deputy Prime Minister.The opposition seized a third of parliamentary seats and five states in the worst-ever showing for the Barisan Nasional coalition that has ruled for half a century, with <mask> at the helm. A gathering of more than 40,000 supporters greeted Anwar in a rally welcoming his return to politics. Police interrupted Anwar after he had addressed the rally for nearly two hours and called for him to stop the gathering since there was no legal permission for the rally. On 29 April 2008, after 10 years of absence, he returned to the Parliament, albeit upon invitation as a spouse guest of Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, People's Justice Party and the first female opposition leader in Malaysian Parliament's history. Permatang Pauh by-election

<mask> <mask> was victorious in the Permatang Pauh by-election held on 26 August 2008. Muhammad Muhammad Taib, information chief of the UMNO, stated: "Yes, of course we have lost ... we were the underdogs going into this race." Final results announced by the Election Commission revealed that <mask> <mask> won 31,195 of the estimated 47,000 votes cast in the district, while Arif Shah Omar Shah received 15,524 votes and a third candidate had 92 votes.On 28 August 2008, <mask>, dressed in a dark blue traditional Malay outfit and black "songkok" hat, took the oath at the main chamber of Parliament house in Kuala Lumpur, as MP for Permatang Pauh at 10.03 am before Speaker Tan Sri Pandikar Amin Mulia. He formally declared <mask> the leader of the 3-party opposition alliance. With his daughter Nurul Izzah <mask>, also a parliamentarian, Anwar announced: "I'm glad to be back after a decade. The prime minister has lost the mandate of the country and the nation." At that time Anwar needed 30 government lawmakers to defect to the Opposition to form the next government. First term as Leader of the Opposition (2008–2015)

On 26 August 2008, <mask> won re-election in the Permatang Pauh by-election and returned to Parliament as Leader of the Opposition. He has stated the need for liberalisation, including an independent judiciary and free media, to combat the endemic corruption that he considers pushes Malaysia close to failed state status.Petition against Najib Razak
<mask> continued to attack Najib on his first day as prime minister, stating he found inconsistencies in the latter's decision to release 13 Internal Security Act (ISA) detainees. He said as long as the ISA existed, Barisan Nasional could still detain citizens at will. In September 2011 Prime Minister Najib Razak acted to abolish the ISA and three other laws. Some members of the opposition did not view this in a positive way. Attempts to form a majority coalition
Anwar has missed several deadlines he personally set for the transfer of power. <mask> said he would need more time, and the recalibration of his message has not gone unnoticed: Deputy Prime Minister Najib Razak chose that day to initiate a broadband internet program <mask> opposes, saying that he had not doubted that the government would still be in office on 16 September. Prime Minister Abdullah Badawi too pointed out that <mask> had missed his own deadline, and dismissed his claim to have secured the defection of 30 MPs.By 25 September, <mask> had still not amassed enough votes, creating doubts for Malaysians about whether he was really ready to take power, particularly in light of his failure to meet his own 16 September deadline for the transition of power. In the interim, UMNO had its own party meeting to broker Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi's step down from power in June 2009, a year earlier than previously promised

On 24 October 2008, <mask> admitted problems with his stalled bid to topple the UMNO's majority, saying that Pakatan Rakyat is running out of options to create a majority. His "credibility among ordinary Malaysians has been somewhat dented after Sept 16 and the new promise of forming the Government has not generated the sort of anticipation or excitement as before." Media within the country have taken an increasingly hostile view towards <mask>'s protestations and failed threats to assemble a majority government. 2013 general election

In the 2013 general election (GE13), <mask> <mask>, as the Leader of the Opposition, led his Pakatan Rakyat coalition (comprising the three parties DAP, PAS, and PKR) to contest in the election. On 25 February 2013, Pakatan Rakyat launched their manifesto titled The People's Manifesto: Pakatan the hope of the people, pledging to reduce their financial burden, among other promises. Anwar said that he would step down from politics if his team did not win the election.During an interview with Australian media, he stated that "I will try my best. I am confident we will win. But if not, I will step down." Pakatan Rakyat did not achieve the regime change target in the election despite obtaining 50.9% of the popular vote compared to the 47.4% gained by Barisan Nasional. This was attributed to the heavy malapportionment of the electoral districts. Pakatan Rakyat also gained 7 more parliamentary seats compared to the 12th general election. Anwar did not concede defeat, alleging widespread electoral fraud.Al Jazeera reported that <mask> <mask> came close to winning the election on 5 May 2013 but refused to admit defeat, and therefore also did not step down. In an interview for ABC News, interviewer Jim Middleton suggested that <mask> <mask> was going to be the Lee Kuan Yew of the Malaysian opposition. Anwar answered that he was not at that stage yet. On 7 May 2013, <mask> <mask> vowed to lead a "fierce movement" to reform the country's electoral system and challenge the results of an election he lost. On 8 May 2013, about 120,000 people wearing black gathered at Petaling Jaya Stadium, Kelana Jaya, Selangor, to attend a rally organised by Anwar to protest against the election results and demand a free and fair election. The #Black505 movement continued for another 2 months with touring all over the country. A successful fundraising #Black505 dinner was held in Thean Hou Temple hall on 22 June 2013, hosted by Wangsa Maju MP Datuk Dr Tan Kee Kwong on behalf of PKR.<mask> <mask> immediately launched electoral petitions for over 30 disputed parliamentary seats in July 2013. However, the cases were thrown off election court for technical reasons. Kajang Move

On 27 January 2014, the member of the Selangor State Legislative Assembly for Kajang, Lee Chin Cheh, resigned. This triggered a by-election. A day later, <mask> <mask> was announced as Pakatan Rakyat candidate for the by-election. <mask>i Besar. Later, this move was known as the "Kajang Move".This move, however, did not materialize as he was sentenced to five years' prison after Malaysia's Court of Appeal overturned his sodomy acquittal, causing <mask> to lose his qualification to be the state assembly candidate. On 9 March 2014, PKR announced party president Dr Wan Azizah Wan Ismail as its new candidate for the Kajang by-election. <mask>'s Datuk Seri title was stripped by the Sultan of Selangor for "repeated questioning of the integrity" of the state's ruler during the subsequent crisis that saw the Sultan refuse to appoint Wan Azizah as Menteri Besar. <mask> was able to continue using the "Datuk Seri" title because it had also been conferred on him by several other Malaysian states. Second sodomy conviction

2008 allegations of sodomy

On 29 June 2008, online news portal Malaysiakini reported that a male aide of <mask>, Saiful Bukhari Azlan, had lodged a police report claiming that he had been sodomised by <mask>. Anwar said that the possibility of a prison sentence as a result of the allegations could be seen as an attempt to remove him from the leadership of the opposition following his growing support and by-election victories. He also reaffirmed his innocence and cited evidence in the form of medical reports.In July 2008, he was arrested over allegations of sodomy again, but was acquitted of the charge in January 2012 by The High Court. The presiding judge ruled that DNA evidence used in the case had been compromised and was unreliable. The prosecution filed an appeal against the acquittal. In March 2014 the appeal court overruled the high Court reinstating the conviction. The decision came as Anwar was preparing to contest a by-election on 23 March 2014, which he was expected to win. The conviction prevented him from standing. Human Rights Watch was critical of the decision, saying it was politically motivated.Two years later, The Court of Appeal overturned the acquittal by unanimously deciding that the High Court failed to "critically evaluate" the evidence submitted by government chemist Dr Seah Lay Hong. As part of his overturned acquittal on 4 March 2014, <mask> was sentenced to five years in jail. Human Rights Watch and the International Commission of Jurists have accused the Malaysian government of meddling in this particular judicial matter and said the verdict was politically motivated. On 10 February 2015, the Federal Court of Malaysia upheld the decision of the Court of Appeal and affirmed the five-year prison sentence. He was sent immediately to Sungai Buloh Prison, Selangor, to serve the sentence. Pakatan Harapan backbencher (2018–2020)

Royal pardon and release
After the Pakatan Rakyat's dissolution during his imprisonment, a new opposition coalition named the Pakatan Harapan was formed with <mask> as the de facto leader in absentia. The coalition had come into power by over-throwing Barisan Nasional in the 2018 general election (GE14).Following the formation of the new ruling government, <mask> was given a full royal pardon and was released from prison on 16 May 2018. He was designated to take over the reins from interim Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad as planned and agreed by the coalition before GE14. In an interview, he justified his reluctance to immediately step into power on the basis that Mahathir has appeared committed to the reform agenda, and doing a good job tackling a "disintegrating" political system. He also added that he was keen to travel and honour speaking engagements. Anwar also indicated that he initially had reservations about Mahathir's "reconciliation efforts", but he eventually forgave his former enemy after Mahathir showed "compassion and concern which (<mask>) thought was absent in the past". Return to politics and PD Move

<mask> contested in the Port Dickson by-election, dubbed as PD Move which was set to allow him to return to Parliament. He won with an increased majority, albeit with a lower turnout, and returned to parliament again after 3 years of absence.Sheraton Move and return to opposition

In late February 2020, the Pakatan Harapan government of Dr Mahathir Mohamad collapsed following defections by <mask>'s deputy, Azmin Ali, and several PKR MP's aligned to him, along with the withdrawal of Bersatu by party President Muhyyidin Yassin from Pakatan Harapan. Mahathir promptly resigned from the premiership, as well as from his party, Bersatu. The political manoeuvring has been labelled the "Sheraton Move" for the hotel in Petaling Jaya at which defecting MP's gathered with the opposition to show support for a new government. Following the resignation of Mahathir, <mask> attempted to gather support for his appointment as Prime Minister. However, Bersatu president, Muhyiddin Yassin, was eventually appointed Prime Minister, with the support of a slender majority in the Dewan Rakyat. Thus, Pakatan Harapan returned to the opposition benches, while <mask> was named Opposition Leader. Second term as Leader of the Opposition (2020-present)

While Muhyiddin formed a government under the auspices of a new coalition known as Perikatan Nasional, Mahathir attempted to regain his post with his Pakatan allies.However, under <mask>'s leadership, Keadilan refused to endorse Mahathir's bid for a third term as premier, claiming the nonagenarian had reneged on his repeated pledge to handover the office to <mask>. Mahathir, in turn, refused to lend support to <mask>'s

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 candidacy, and instead nominated Sabah Chief Minister, Shafie Apdal, for the Prime Minister's post instead. Despite the support of allies DAP and Amanah for this compromise, Keadilan again rejected the proposal and continued to propose <mask> as the coalition candidate. In September 2020, <mask> claimed to have gathered support from a "formidable" majority of MP's for his appointment as Prime Minister. Views and comments on various issues

External influence and interference through APCO in 1Malaysia claims
<mask> has made numerous remarks about a supposed conspiracy among the Malaysian government, APCO (a public relations firm retained by the Malaysian government), Israel, and the United States. <mask> has condemned the Malaysian government for seeking advice from APCO. He claims that the firm is linked to the "murder of Muslims in Palestine."He further claims to have given proof to a disciplinary committee of the Malaysian parliament, investigating his comments, that APCO is a front for the Israeli government. On another occasion, <mask>, speaking from the parliament, claimed that the firm was controlled by Jews and working on behalf of the American government to influence Malaysian foreign policy. He further implied that changes in Malaysian foreign policy could only be explained if Jews were manipulating Malaysia for the United States. On 22 April 2010 <mask> was censured by Malaysia's parliament for remarks he made during a press conference in parliament on 30 March 2010. During the press conference, Anwar claimed to have documents linking 1Malaysia with One Israel and the public relations firm APCO but refused to allow access to the documents when challenged. The Malaysian government and APCO have both strongly denied <mask>'s allegations. The censure motion passed by the House of Representatives referred <mask>'s case to the Rights and Privileges Committee which will recommend a punishment for approval by the full chamber.Such punishment could include being banned from parliament. However <mask> retaliated against the Malaysian government attacks by producing two documents to support his claims of links between APCO and 1Malaysia. Comments about Jewish people
In a press conference at the London School of Economics in March 2010, Anwar made comments about Zionists and "nasty Jews". In the press conference, he also stated that "There are good Jews, there are bad Jews, there are good Muslims and bad Muslims." In May 2010, B'nai B'rith International, a prominent Jewish human rights organisation, condemned Anwar in a letter to the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, claiming that Anwar was a "purveyor of anti-Jewish hatred" and asked the American government to suspend all contact with Anwar. 2012 Israeli-Palestinian Security comments
In an interview with The Wall Street Journal, <mask> <mask> stated, "I think our policy should be clear—protect the security [of Israel] but you must be as firm in protecting the legitimate interests of the Palestinians." This comment sparked an array of criticism from UMNO, one of the ruling party then.UMNO's MP Khairy Jamaluddin stated that <mask>'s comments "show a blanket support for anything Israel does" and that "The issue of Palestine is a top foreign policy priority for my party, it would be an issue during the election year or otherwise… timing doesn't matter.". Former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammad then said he was not surprised by <mask>'s comments, and stated concerning <mask>'s relationship with the Jewish community, "You can't be friendly with them and against them". Later, Anwar clarified his stand; he said that the remarks were consistent with the two-state solution adopted by the United Nations that is accepted by the Arab world, as well as Malaysia and Hamas. "I am issuing a stern warning to anyone trying to twist my statement just so that they can say that I have betrayed the aspirations of the Palestinian people", he said, continuing with stating that his party's stance "is to defend the rights of whoever it is that has been victimized". Views on gay marriage and homosexuality

In an interview with The Wall Street Journal, Anwar stated that while he opposes gay marriage and upholds the sanctity of marriage between men and women, laws on sodomy in Malaysia must be changed as they are "archaic". In an interview with British Broadcasting Corporation, <mask> reaffirmed his belief that marriage should remain between men and women. Clarifying his comments to The Wall Street Journal, <mask> maintained that he does not advocate legalising homosexuality or making gay marriage permissible—only that the laws should be amended to ensure private affairs are not penalised saying, "It is not my business to attack people or arrest people based on their sexual orientation.Morality is in the public sphere, not beyond that." Personal life
He is married to former Deputy Prime Minister Wan Azizah Wan Ismail on 26 February 1980, and they have five daughters and a son. His eldest daughter, Nurul Izzah <mask>, is also an MP for Permatang Pauh. Awards and recognitions

Honours of Malaysia
  :
  Grand Knight of the Order of Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang (SSAP) – Dato' Sri (1990)
  :
  Grand Commander of the Order of Malacca (DGSM) – Datuk Seri (1991)
  :
  Companion of the Order of the Defender of State (DMPN) – Dato' (1991)
  Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of State (DUPN) – Dato' Seri Utama (1994)
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  Principal Grand Knight of the Order of Loyalty to Negeri Sembilan (SPNS) – Dato' Seri Utama (1994)
  :
  Grand Commander of the Order of Kinabalu (SPDK) – Datuk Seri Panglima (1994)
  :
  revoked 3 November 2014)
  :
  Grand Knight of the Order of Cura Si Manja Kini (SPCM) – Dato' Seri (1995)
  :
   Knight Grand Companion of The Most Esteemed Order of the Gallant Prince Syed Putra Jamalullail (SSPJ) – Dato' Seri Diraja (1995)

Foreign Honors and Awards

Philippines:
: Order of the Knights of Rizal - Knight Grand Cross of Rizal (KGCR) (1997). Election results

See also
Caucus on Reform and Governance
Port Dickson (federal constituency)
Permatang Pauh (federal constituency)

References

Other references

Bibliography
 Alias Muhammad, PAS' Platform: Development and Change, 1951-1986, Gateway Publishing House, 1994,
 Charles Allers, The Evolution of a Muslim Democrat: The Life of Malaysia's Anwar Ibrahim, Peter Lang, 2013,
 Moktar Petah, Kerajaan mansuh kekebalan Raja Melayu, ART Media, 1993,

External links
Victor Pogadaev. Anwar Ibrahim – A Phoenix Rising From Ashes

 Official homepage
 Profile: Anwar Ibrahim

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1947 births
Living people
People from Penang
Malaysian Muslims
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian democracy activists
Islamic democracy activists
Leaders of political parties in Malaysia
People's Justice Party (Malaysia) politicians
Independent politicians in Malaysia
United Malays National Organisation politicians
Members of the Dewan Rakyat
Malaysian Leaders of the Opposition
Deputy Prime Ministers of Malaysia
Spouses of Deputy Prime Ministers of Malaysia
Government ministers of Malaysia
Agriculture ministers of Malaysia
Education ministers of Malaysia
Finance ministers of Malaysia
Walsh School of Foreign Service faculty
University of Malaya alumni
National University of Malaysia alumni
Grand Commanders of the Order of Kinabalu
Amnesty International prisoners of conscience held by Malaysia
Malaysian prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Malaysia
Malaysian politicians convicted of crimes
People prosecuted under anti-homosexuality laws
People convicted of sodomy
Recipients of Malaysian royal pardons
20th-century criminals
21st-century Malaysian

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<mask> (February 1732 – 4 November 1764) was an English poet and satirist. Early life
<mask> was born in Vine Street, Westminster. His father, Rev. <mask>, was rector of Rainham, Essex, held the curacy and lectureship of St Johns, Westminster, from 1733, and <mask> was educated at Westminster School, where he became a good classical scholar, and formed a close and lasting friendship with Robert Lloyd. He was admitted to St John's College, Cambridge on 8 July 1748. <mask> contracted a marriage with a Miss Scot within the rules of the Fleet in his eighteenth year, and never lived at Cambridge; the young couple lived in his father's house, and <mask> was afterwards sent to the north of England to prepare for holy orders. He became curate of the church of St Thomas à Becket in South Cadbury, Somerset, and, on receiving priest's orders (1756), began to act as his father's curate at Rainham.Two years later the elder <mask> died, and the son was elected to succeed him in his curacy and lectureship. His emoluments amounted to less than £100 a year, and he increased his income by teaching in a girls' school. His marriage proved unhappy, and he began to spend much of his time in dissipation in the society of Robert Lloyd. He was separated from his wife in 1761, and would have been imprisoned for debt but for the timely help of Lloyd's father, Pierson Lloyd, who had been an usher and was now second master at Westminster School. Satirist
<mask> had already done some work for the booksellers, and his friend Lloyd had had some success with a didactic poem, The Actor. <mask>'s knowledge of the theatre was now made use of in the Rosciad, which appeared in March 1761. This reckless and amusing satire described with the most disconcerting accuracy the faults of the various actors and actresses on the London stage; in a competition judged by Shakespeare and Jonson, Garrick is named the greatest English actor.Its immediate popularity was no doubt largely due to its personal character, but its vigour and raciness make it worth reading even now when the objects of <mask>'s wit are forgotten. The first impression was published anonymously, and in the Critical Review, conducted by Tobias Smollett, it was confidently asserted that the poem was the joint production of George Colman the Elder, Bonnell Thornton and Robert Lloyd. <mask> immediately published an Apology addressed to the Critical Reviewers, which, after developing the subject that it is only authors who prey on their own kind, repeats the fierce attack on the stage. Incidentally it contains an enthusiastic tribute to John Dryden, of whom <mask> was a devotee. In the Rosciad he had praised Mrs Pritchard, Mrs Cibber and Mrs Clive, but no leading London actor, with the exception of David Garrick, had escaped censure, and in the Apology Garrick was clearly threatened. He deprecated criticism by showing every possible civility to <mask>, who became a terror to the actors. Thomas Davies wrote to Garrick attributing his blundering in the part of Cymbeline "to my accidentally seeing Mr <mask> in the pit, it rendering me confused and unmindful of my business."<mask>'s satire made him many enemies, and brought reprisals. In Night, an Epistle to Robert Lloyd (1761), he answered the attacks made on him, offering by way of defense the argument that any faults were better than hypocrisy. His scandalous conduct brought down the censure of the dean of Westminster, and in 1763 the protests of his parishioners led him to resign his offices, and he was free to wear his blue coat with metal buttons and much gold lace without remonstrance from the dean. The Rosciad had been refused by several publishers, and was finally published at <mask>'s own expense. He received a considerable sum from the sale, and paid his old creditors in full, besides making an allowance to his wife. Friendship with Wilkes

In 1761 or 1762 he became a close ally and friend with the champion of liberty of the press John Wilkes, whom he regularly assisted with The North Briton weekly newspaper. His collaboration with Wilkes thereafter earned him an honourable place in the history of parliamentary democracy and civil liberties.His next poem, The Prophecy of Famine: A Scots Pastoral (1763), was founded on a paper written originally for The North Briton. This violent satire on Scottish influence fell in with the current hatred of Lord Bute, and the Scottish place-hunters were as much alarmed as the actors had been. When Wilkes was arrested he gave <mask> a timely hint to retire to the country for a time, the publisher, Kearsley, having stated that he received part of the profits from the paper. His Epistle to William Hogarth (1763) was in answer to the caricature of Wilkes made during the trial, in it Hogarth's vanity and envy were attacked in an invective which Garrick quoted as shocking and barbarous. Hogarth retaliated with an engraving based on The Painter and his Pug, which caricatures <mask> as a bear in torn clerical bands hugging a pot of porter and a club made of lies and NB, while Hogarth's pug Trump urinates on <mask>'s Epistle. The Duellist (1763) is a virulent satire on the most active opponents of Wilkes in the House of Lords, especially on Bishop Warburton. He attacked Dr Johnson among others in The Ghost as "Pomposo, insolent and loud, Vain idol of a scribbling crowd".Other poems are The Conference (1763); The Author (1763), highly praised by <mask>'s contemporaries; Gotham (1764), a poem on the duties of a king, didactic rather than satiric in tone; The Candidate (1764), a satire on John Montagu, fourth earl of Sandwich, one of Wilkes's bitterest enemies, whom he had already denounced for his treachery in The Duellist (Bk. iii.) as too infamous to have a friend; The Farewell (1764); The Times (1764); Independence, and an unfinished Journey. Death and legacy
In October 1764 he went to Boulogne to join Wilkes. There he was attacked by a fever of which he died on 4 November. He left his property to his two sons, and made Wilkes his literary executor with full powers. Wilkes did little.He wrote an epitaph for his friend and about half a dozen notes on his poems, and Andrew Kippis acknowledges some slight assistance from him in preparing his life of <mask> for the Biographia (1780). There is more than one instance of <mask>'s generosity to his friends. In 1763 he found his friend Robert Lloyd in prison for debt. He paid a guinea a week for his better maintenance in the Fleet, and raised a subscription to set him free. Lloyd fell ill on receipt of the news of <mask>'s death, and died shortly afterwards. <mask>'s sister Patty, who was engaged to Lloyd, did not long survive them. William Cowper was his schoolfellow, and left many kindly references to him.A partial collection of <mask>'s poems appeared in 1763. References

Sources
 The Poetical Works of <mask>. Edited with an introduction and notes by Douglas Grant. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1957. External links
WMF project links

Works
 <mask> at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)

"The Dedication to the Sermons" A commentary by John Fraser. "<mask>: poet, rake, and rebel" by Wallace Cable Brown (University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, 1953). 240-page, illustrated biography.Open access full-text PDF file available from the University of Kansas. <mask> at the National Portrait Gallery, London

1732 births
1764 deaths
18th-century English poets
English satirists
People educated at Westminster School, London
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
People from Westminster
18th-century English writers
18th-century English male writers
English male poets

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<mask> IV  (June 11, 1956 – June 30, 2015) was a Canadian physician and hospital administrator. In February 2004, <mask> was appointed to replace Hugh Scott as the Director General and CEO of the McGill University Health Centre in Montreal, Quebec, one of Canada's largest academic health centres. He left that position in December 2011. <mask> also served as chair of the Canadian Security Intelligence Review Committee, which reviews the activities of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service, Canada's spy agency. He was appointed to that committee by Prime Minister Stephen Harper on September 3, 2008, and along with that appointment, was made a privy councillor. On May 27, 2013, <mask> was arrested in Panama on fraud charges, which alleged that he took part in a $22.5 million kick-back scheme related to the construction of McGill University Health Centre's new $1.3 billion hospital. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation called it the biggest fraud investigation in Canadian history.<mask> denied any wrongdoing. <mask> composed his memoirs, The Man Behind the Bow Tie: <mask> on Business, Politics and Intrigue, with writer and biographer T. R. Todd, and the book was released on September 12, 2014. The book has been optioned for television and movie rights. <mask> died just before midnight on June 30, 2015, at a cancer hospital in Panama. His death was announced on July 1, 2015. Early life and education

<mask> was born in Sierra Leone. He held both Canadian and American citizenship.He was married to Pamela Mattock <mask> and had four children. His mother was Danish. His father, <mask> III, spearheaded the expansion of the University of Nairobi in Kenya during the years when Kenyan President Jomo Kenyatta was in power. <mask> received his early education in Sierra Leone and Kenya. After attending the University of Sierra Leone, he studied in England at the University of Cambridge, including its School of Clinical Medicine. <mask> earned his M.B.A. from the University of Tennessee and certificates in medical management from Harvard University and the University of Toronto. He also studied at Western University in London, Ontario.He was bestowed a Fellowship and Diplomate status in Healthcare Administration from the American Academy of Medical Administrators. Initial career

Following his training in medical and radiation oncology, <mask> assumed several senior positions in Canada, including that of senior specialist at the University of Alberta, Chief of Radiation Oncology at the London Regional Cancer Centre (University of Western Ontario), and Chairman of Oncology at Victoria Hospital in London, Ontario. In 1991, he was appointed Radiation Oncologist-in-chief, professor and chairman of the Detroit Medical Center and Wayne State University. During the subsequent five years, <mask> accepted several other concurrent positions, including Director of Clinical Care at the Karmanos Cancer Institute and associate dean at the Wayne State University School of Medicine. He also founded a cancer clinic in Nassau, in the Commonwealth of the Bahamas, known as the Cancer Centre. In 1999, <mask> was named CEO of the Detroit Medical Center, a US$1.6 billion health system, which is one of the United States' largest urban health systems and the biggest non-government employer in Detroit. He resigned from this position in 2003.In 2001, <mask> was appointed to the presidential commission charged with reviewing the health care provided by the Department of Defense and the Veterans Administration. In August 2002, Michigan Governor John Engler appointed <mask> to a four-year term as chairman of Michigan's Hospital Commission. McGill University Health Centre

In February 2004, <mask> was appointed as the Director General and CEO of the McGill University Health Centre in Montreal, Quebec, despite warnings given to McGill University's recruiters in 2003 by the former dean of Wayne State University School of Medicine, John Crissman, as well as articles in the Detroit Free Press revealing his involvement in multiple side businesses. The McGill University Health Centre is one of Canada's largest academic health centres and was engaged in a multibillion-dollar redevelopment project at the time. On February 12, 2008, <mask>, as Director General and CEO of the McGill University Health Centre, announced the launch of the Institute for Strategic Analysis and Innovation website. <mask> completed his second term in December 2011, having handed the academic health centre the largest grant to a single institution from the Canada Foundation for Innovation (nearly $100 million). This was matched by the Quebec government and supported by donors to bring research funding up to $250 million.Other professional activities

<mask> was once president of the American Brachytherapy Society, the American College of Oncology Administrators, the American Cancer Society (Great Lakes); and the American College of Radiation Oncology. He has also served as Chairman of the Board of Chancellors of the American College of Radiation Oncology and on the Board of Scientific Counselors of the National Cancer Institute (USA). Between 2006 and 2008, <mask> served on the Governing Council of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), which oversees government funding for health-related research in Canada. Related to <mask> in the Canadian Institutes of Health Research were Michael Fortier, the Minister of Public Works and Government Services, and Tony Clement, the Minister of Health. In 2008, <mask> became a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada when Prime Minister Stephen Harper appointed him to Canada's Security Intelligence Review Committee (SIRC). After <mask> resigned as chair of the Security Intelligence Review Committee in November 2011, he was subsequently succeeded as chair of the committee by Chuck Strahl. In 2011, <mask> obtained a St Kitts and Nevis diplomatic passport delivered by the prime minister, Denzil Douglas.<mask> was in charge of developing cancer treatment facilities on the island. Controversy and allegations

After the National Post published revelations about his business dealings with international lobbyists and close ties to the president of Sierra Leone, <mask> resigned as chairman of the Security Intelligence Review Committee in November 2011, three months before the end of his contract. <mask>'s questionable business dealings and foreign connections included his relationship with Ari Ben-Menashe, a Montreal-based businessman and an ex-Israeli international lobbyist and arms dealer, who was arrested and charged in the United States for illegally attempting to sell military transport airplanes to Iran. Among the suspicious activities reported by the National Post were revelations that <mask> had received $22.5 million in consulting fees from SNC-Lavalin prior to awarding the firm a $1.3 billion contract related to the construction of the McGill University Health Centre. These dealings were found to be in violation of the Quebec Health Act, and along with the emergence of other questionable business activities, led to calls for his resignation. The hospital's board of directors initially came out in support of <mask>, but he voluntarily resigned on December 5, 2011 in light of mounting media and public pressure. In November 2012, McGill University filed a lawsuit seeking repayment of $317,154 which he owed the university.The lawsuit indicated that <mask> responded to a letter of October 2012 (demanding payment of the outstanding amount within one week) only with a three-line email, and that they had not heard from him since then. Following the controversy over the unpaid loans, McGill University described <mask> as "of unknown address", with McGill's suit indicating that he gave his current addresses as post office boxes in the Bahamas and in Sierra Leone. Further investigation of the case by the Charbonneau Commission on corruption in the Quebec construction industry resulted in allegations of involvement with SNC Lavilin and health centre employees in fraud and forgery. The investigators then issued a warrant for <mask>'s arrest on February 27, 2013 on charges of fraud, conspiracy, breach of trust, taking secret commissions, and money laundering. <mask> had by that point left Canada, and was apprehended by INTERPOL agents with his wife in Panama, where he remained imprisoned awaiting extradition to Canada. The National Post reported in November 2012 that <mask> was receiving treatment for a "self-diagnosed" cancer in the cancer centre that he had established in the Bahamas and of which he was the managing director. It also gave a link to a story in the Turks and Caicos Magazine, which refers to his establishing cancer centres both in the Turks and Caicos and Bahamas in conjunction with his long-time friend and business partner Karol Sikora, who is Director of Medical Oncology at the Bahamas Cancer Centre, in addition to their mutual cancer-business interests in the British Isles.Criminal charges and arrest

On 27 February 2013, an arrest warrant was issued in relation to the McGill University Health Centre scandal. <mask> and his wife, Pamela Mattock <mask>, were detained by Interpol agents in Panama on May 27, 2013, after an investigation by the Sûreté du Québec, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol). He faced charges in Canada of fraud, conspiracy to commit government fraud, abuse of trust, secret commissions and laundering the proceeds of a crime. <mask>'s wife faced charges of laundering the proceeds of a crime and for conspiracy. The fraud against the Québec government related to his alleged role in the awarding of the $1.3-billion Montreal hospital construction and maintenance contract to SNC Lavalin. The contract was awarded to SNC-Lavalin, the engineering giant deeply involved in the Québec corruption scandal. At the time of the alleged fraud, from 2008 to 2011, <mask> was the CEO of the McGill University Health Centre in Montreal, Quebec, being in charge of one of Canada's largest health-care providers.He was appointed to that position in 2004. He was also a member of Air Canada's board of directors. Extradition proceedings

<mask> and his wife (Mattock) opposed extradition from Panama to Canada. <mask> was claiming diplomatic immunity on the basis that he was travelling via Panama on a diplomatic mission to Antigua and Barbuda, on behalf of the government of Sierra Leone, according to his lawyer Ricardo Bilonick Paredes (formerly known as Ricardo Bilonick), a convicted drug smuggler with ties to Panama's former dictator, Manuel Noriega and Colombian cartels. However, the Sierra Leone government said that he was a goodwill ambassador and thus had no diplomatic immunity. On June 4, 2015, while <mask> was still in La Joya jail fighting extradition to Canada, he set up a company, BQ Holding with the help of his lawyer, Ricardo Bilonick Paredes, who was listed as president. Bilonick Paredes passed millions of dollars in bribes to deposed Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega in the 1980s in exchange for the ability to fly planes packed with tons of cocaine from Panama to the United States.Bilonick netted $47 million for providing drug smuggling and money laundering services over a four-year period. More than a year after his arrest, while still in prison, <mask> filed a $150 million lawsuit against the Republic of Panama, claiming damages incurred from his arrest and imprisonment in the country. That suit cited Panamanian Law 2502, which states that if a person being sought for extradition does not face a hearing within 60 days of their detention, they are to be freed. He also complained to the United Nations that his human rights had been violated. In August 2013, Mattock was extradited to Canada. She posted a $250,000 bail in Montreal. Under her bail conditions, she was restricted from leaving Quebec and having any contact with her husband.Mattock turned herself in to police in September 2014 on charges of using the proceeds of crime to achieve her $250,000 bail. She decided not to re-post bail in the hopes of receiving a quicker trial date. On December 18, 2014, Mattock pleaded guilty to two counts of money laundering and received a 33-month sentence, less time served. As a result of this plea, she will not have to serve time in a federal penitentiary, and she will likely be released in 2015. On January 17, 2015, it was announced that Canada and Panama had come to an agreement on <mask>'s extradition. However, no date was set. After <mask>'s death in June 2015, lingering questions remained about the Canadian government's genuine willingness to bring <mask> back to face the charges.An article by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, on July 2, 2015, noted that Panama ignored its own extradition laws, and Canada did not press to have his case handled quickly. The case has sparked questions as to what secrets <mask> may have taken to his grave. Writings and film

<mask> wrote a memoir with Canadian biographer T. R. Todd about his rise and fall, entitled The Man Behind the Bow Tie: <mask> on Business, Politics and Intrigue. It was published by Figure 1 Publishing in September 2014 and distributed by Raincoast Books. On 8 July 2014, Quill & Quire announced that <mask>'s memoir was optioned for film and television by a Montreal-based production company. Illness and death

<mask> diagnosed himself with cancer at his clinic in the Bahamas in December 2012. Despite a prognosis of around six to eight months, he fought lung cancer, which spread to his bones and liver, for two-and-a-half years.<mask> was aided by his expertise as an oncologist and access to cutting-edge drugs due to his connections in the medical world. Approximately two of those years were spent in La Joya prison, where <mask> had drugs smuggled into the prison. He also self-medicated with an oxygen tank and other medical supplies. Six weeks before his death, <mask> was transferred to the Panama National Cancer Centre. He died there while still in Panamanian custody on June 30, 2015. His death was first announced by his doctors, his family and his biographer. <mask>'s death was widely covered by the media in Canada and the United States, and it brought to an end speculation that he faked his illness.Even after the announcement, skepticism remained as to whether he was actually dead. Despite his position as a privy councillor, the Canadian Prime Minister's Office did not issue a comment on his death and refused to lower the flag on Parliament Hill. On July 2, 2015, Quebec's anti-corruption squad (UPAC) sent two investigators to Panama to view the body. Five days later, the squad was granted access to the Panama City Morgue and viewed the body. It also conducted finger printing and DNA testing. He was declared officially dead on July 7, 2015. In his memoir, he expressed a desire to be buried in Sierra Leone, although no funeral plans were publicly announced by the family.References

External links
 <mask> on LinkedIn

1956 births
2015 deaths
Canadian oncologists
Air Canada people
Alumni of Selwyn College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
McGill University faculty
Naturalized citizens of Canada
Canadian people of Danish descent
Canadian Security Intelligence Service
Sierra Leone Creole people
Sierra Leonean emigrants to Canada
Public Safety Canada
People from Freetown
People of Scottish descent
People of English descent
People of Danish descent
Canadian hospital administrators
Deaths from cancer in Panama
Deaths from lung cancer
Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada

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Arthur Thomas Porter
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<mask> (June 8, 1799 – August 17, 1873) was an American lawyer and politician from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He served as the United States Secretary of the Treasury, during President Zachary Taylor's Administration. Early and family life
Born on June 8, 1799 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, <mask> was the eldest son of <mask> (d. 1844), a successful attorney and after 1814 president of Schuylkill Bank, who narrowly lost to Nicholas Biddle the presidency of the Bank of the United States. During the year he was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar, 1795, <mask> married the writer and poet <mask> (née Ogden) (d.1828). Gertrude was the niece of <mask>, as well as of Gouverneur <mask>, and highly educated and respected in her own right, as well as published in Dennie's Port Folio. The couple ultimately had eleven children. <mask> served on the Philadelphia Common and Select Councils, and on the Vestry of Christ Episcopal Church, among other leadership positions in the city.His brother <mask> (d. 1872) was a leader of the Bar in Baltimore, Maryland. <mask><mask> graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1812 (graduation at age 13 not being unusual at the time). After assisting his father in the family's saddlery business, he read law, and was himself admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar. After his mother's death in 1828, <mask> <mask> helped raise his younger siblings. On June 17, 1834, at the age of 35 and after a ten-year engagement, <mask> married the former Catherine Keppele (d. 1854). They had one son (<mask>, b. 1838, later a published essayist and poet) and four daughters: Gertrude Gouverneur <mask>, Euphemia <mask>, Elizabeth Caldwell <mask>, Catherine Keppele <mask>.<mask> also helped care for her husband's siblings, and his father when he was disabled by a stroke in 1839. <mask> was admitted to the bar in 1817, and began practicing law. He drew considerable public attention, as did his slightly senior colleague James C. Biddle (later his brother-in-law), by questioning the conduct of Judge Frank Hallowell in Commonwealth v. Cook, a murder case in which three black men were charged with killing a boy. During the jury's deliberation, the American Daily Advertiser published an article which defense counsel thought highly biased. The judge allowed counsel to question jurors as to whether they read the article, and when the judge refused to dismiss a juror who said he was offended by <mask>'s questioning, complained such that the judge held both lawyers in contempt of court and ordered them jailed for 30 days, despite considerable public sympathy. Upon their release, they secured release of two of the prisoners in an appeal on double jeopardy grounds. This gained <mask> a reputation for fearlessness and inflexible honesty, and he was elected President of the Philadelphia Bar Association the following year.A Federalist, <mask> was then elected to the Pennsylvania General Assembly, where he served in the minority for five years, from 1824 to 1828, the year of his mother's death (during which his father was grief-stricken and never fully recovered). One of his accomplishments was establishment of a House of Refuge for juvenile offenders, and he served as that institution's manager, and also on the board of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, in which capacity he continued to serve for many years until his death. <mask> was president of the Philadelphia City Council from 1834 until 1849, and was a delegate to the Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention in 1837. That same year, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society. <mask> also served as United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania from 1841 to 1845. During that time, he prosecuted Alexander Holmes for manslaughter in the <mask> case. A successful attorney, particularly after he secured termination of the German Lutheran Church's interment rights in Franklin Square in Commonwealth v. Allmyer, <mask> owned the Wheatland Estate in Lancaster, Pennsylvania from May 1845 until December 1848 before selling it to future President James Buchanan.President Zachary Taylor, wanting a Pennsylvania Whig for his cabinet, appointed <mask><mask> to be the 19th Secretary of the Treasury. He began his term in office on March 8, 1849. <mask> strongly opposed the free trade legislation passed the year before under his predecessor Robert J. Walker. He felt that there was a need to protect the American workman, who was subject to competition from poorly paid European labor. <mask>'s principal contribution in office was his Annual Report of 1849 in which he set forth an elaborate argument for a protective tariff. The increase in the public debt due to the Mexican–American War and the acquisition of California gave <mask> additional argument for raising revenue through higher import duties, but no action was taken on the tariff during <mask>'s term. He also recommended a revision of the Coast Survey Code, which had not been changed since its implementation in 1806.The Coast Survey had seen great expansion and improvement with the introduction of steam powered ships and was in need of revision. <mask> resigned from his office as Secretary of the Treasury, upon President Taylor's death in 1850. Civil War and later legal career
<mask> was elected Pennsylvania's attorney general in the 1860 election, and served for two terms (from 1861 until 1867). In 1861, as a delegate to a Peace Conference, he worked unsuccessfully to prevent the southern states from seceding from the Union. His brother Sullivan Amory <mask> had served in the Mexican War, and became a Brigadier General of Union Volunteers, commissioned in 1862, and the brothers helped assure Pennsylvania met its quota of troops. His son <mask> served for a brief period as secretary to Major General George A<mask>, but his stutter and problems with cataracts caused him to resign that position. <mask> later served as a member of a commission working out the settlement of the Alabama claims, in 1870.The following year, President Ulysses Grant asked <mask> to travel to Geneva as senior counsel for the United States in an international arbitration proceeding, but he declined the position due to ill health. His last political post was as President of the 1872 Republican National Convention. Death and legacy
<mask> died in Philadelphia in August 1873, at the age of 74. His wife, Catherine had died in 1854. Both are interred at the Christ Church Burial Ground in Philadelphia. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania holds the <mask> family papers. A Philadelphia school was named in his honor in 1931, and remains active today.<mask> received one of only two 1849 Double Eagles while serving as Treasury Secretary. That 1849 Double Eagle is a pattern coin. The other coin is on display at the Smithsonian Institution. The coin was auctioned as part of his estate but its subsequent whereabouts are unknown. References

External links

 Biographical sketch of <mask> <mask>, The American Law Register, Vol. 55, No. 4, Apr 1907
 The Meredith Family Papers, including <mask><mask>'s political correspondence, civic papers and legal case files, are available for research use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.1799 births
1873 deaths
19th-century American politicians
United States Secretaries of the Treasury
Pennsylvania Attorneys General
Philadelphia City Council members
Pennsylvania lawyers
American people of Welsh descent
United States Attorneys for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Whigs
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
Taylor administration cabinet members

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William Morris Meredith
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<mask> (1819-1915) was an artillery officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Pre-War

<mask> was born in Mamaroneck, New York April 28, 1819. He worked as a carpenter in Brooklyn, New York. <mask> entered a New York militia unit, rising to the rank of captain by the year 1855. In the same year <mask> stood for political office in Brooklyn. He was nominated by the Know Nothing Party for the state legislator. Later the Whig Party also nominated him.The New York Times compared him to a man given an elephant who does not know what to do with it. <mask> sought a commission with William Walker, the filibuster president of Nicaragua ca. 1856, citing his 15 years of militia experience. War Service

The 5th New York Independent Light Artillery was organized in Brooklyn, New York on August 15, 1861. <mask> was commissioned its commander as a captain later in the year. The battery was intended to serve with the Excelsior Brigade on BG Daniel Sickles. The 5th New York Battery sometimes was called the First Excelsior Light Artillery.The 5th New York was mustered into the federal service on November 8, 1861. It departed for Washington, D. C. eight days later and stayed there, encamped near the Capitol, until March 1862. Then the gunners left for the Peninsula Campaign of MG George B. McClellan. It was assigned to the Reserve Artillery of the Army of the Potomac under Col Henry J. Hunt. The battery's equipment not having arrived, <mask>, his officers and men served with other batteries at the Battle of Yorktown, the Battle of Seven Pines and the Seven Days Battles. The 5th New York sailed from Harrison's Landing on August 9, 1862, arriving at Falmouth, Virginia.Fully equipped, the battery joined the Reserve Artillery attached to V Corps under Col William Hays,  The battery was engaged at the Battle of Antietam, firing from two different positions against Confederate guns on the other side of Antietam Creek, one near the Middle Bridge and one farther to the left. <mask>'s battery next served in the Reserve Artillery under Col Hays at the Battle of Fredericksburg. It was one of the batteries lined up overlooking the Rappahannock River to support the federal army's crossing of the river. In the Chancellorsville campaign he served under Cpt William M. Graham and BG Robert O. Tyler. In May 1863 his battery fired across the river not far from where it was positioned in December to cover the crossing of VI Corps at the beginning of the Second Battle of Fredericksburg. After Chancellorsville, the Reserve Artillery was reorganized into brigades. <mask> was assigned command of the Second Volunteers brigade, composed of four batteries: 1st Connecticut Heavy, Battery B: Capt Albert F. Brooker; 1st Connecticut Heavy, Battery M: Capt Franklin A. Pratt; 2nd Connecticut Light Battery: Capt John W. Sterling; 5th New York Independent Battery under <mask>.During the Gettysburg Campaign, two batteries were left in the rear areas of the army. The other two, led by Capt <mask>, arrived on the Gettysburg battlefield. At the Battle of Gettysburg, <mask>'s batteries arrived on July 2 about 10:30 A.M. and were held in reserve until they moved into position. The 5th New York was sent to the Evergreen Cemetery at about 3.30 P.M. This was part of Gen Hunt's effort to cover all Confederate angles of approach to Cemetery Hill. The guns were engaged from 4:00 P.M. until dark. Four guns of the battery were south of the Baltimore Pike firing at Confederate batteries on Benner's Hill.Two guns fired westward. The battery remained in place on the morning of July 3. One gun on Baltimore Pike burst, but the other three relieved the section firing westward against the Confederate guns on Seminary Ridge. They remained in that position until the close of the battle. The 5th New York lost 1 man killed and 2 wounded. The battery's monument stands in the Gettysburg National Cemetery. The 2nd Connecticut Battery under Capt.John W. Sterling reinforced the III Corps line until late in the day on July 2. Later it retired and on July 3 formed line under Ltc Freeman McGilvery on the left of II Corps on Cemetery Ridge. After Gettysburg, <mask> command his reserve artillery brigade in the Bristoe Campaign and at the Battle of Mine Run. At the beginning of the Overland Campaign of 1864, Maj John A. Tompkins took command of the brigade, and consequently <mask> resumed command of his battery. The battery participated in the Battle of the Wilderness and the Battle of Spotsylvania in the Reserve Artillery, but it was assigned to V Corps at the Battle of Cold Harbor. The 5th New York was sent to the defenses of Washington on May 19, 1864. It was in XXII Corps in July 1864; and in the artillery brigade of VI Corps in August.Next <mask> was sent with his guns to serve in the Army of the Shenandoah under MG Philip H. Sheridan. In the Valley Campaigns of 1864, <mask>'s battery was assigned to XIX Corps. He commanded the Artillery Reserve of the corps at the Third Battle of Winchester and the Battle of Fisher's Hill. When Maj Albert W. Bradbury took command of the Reserve, <mask> resumed command of his battery, which was assigned to the first division of the corps. The battery fought at the Battle of Cedar Creek under Capt <mask>. Thereafter the battery remained, with <mask> as commander, in the Department of West Virginia. The 5th New York was mustered out of service at Hart's Island near New York City on July 16, 1865.<mask> received brevet rank of major to date from March 13, 1865. Post-War

<mask> filed for a pension in 1886. Nothing is recorded about his wife and children, but he died at the home of his grandson Edgar G<mask> at Freeport on Long Island on March 2, 1915. Notes

References
 Phisterer, Frederick, New York in the War of the Rebellion, 6 vols., Albany, J.B. Lyon company, state printers, 1912. <mask>, Brian, Battery Commander <mask>, Behind AotW (blog), Dec 12, 2007,

Union Army officers
People of New York (state) in the American Civil War
1819 births
1915 deaths
New York (state) Know Nothings
New York (state) Whigs
19th-century American politicians
People from Mamaroneck, New York

masks:
Elijah Daniel Taft
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