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<mask> (born 31 January 1948) is a British professor of modern history and political theorist at Oxford Brookes University, England. His principal interest is the socio-historical and ideological dynamics of fascism, as well as various forms of political or religious fanaticism. Education and career
<mask> obtained a First in French and German Literature from Oxford University, then began teaching History of ideas at Oxford Polytechnic (now Oxford Brookes). Becoming interested in the study of extremist right-wing movements and regimes which have shaped modern history, <mask> obtained a PhD from Oxford University in 1990. He first developed his palingenesis theory of fascism in his PhD thesis. His best known work is The Nature of Fascism (1991). In May 2011, he received an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Leuven in recognition of his services to the comparative study of fascism.Research and writing

<mask>'s theory, set out first in The Nature of Fascism in 1991, and more recently in Fascism: An Introduction to Comparative Fascist Studies (2017), offers a heuristically useful ideal type of fascism as a form of revolutionary organic nationalist movement, or palingenetic ultranationalism. For <mask>, fascism directly mobilises popular energies or works through an elite to eventually achieve the cultural hegemony of new values and the total rebirth of the 'ultranation', whether conceived as a historic nation-state or as a race or ethnos, from what it defines as the present state of decadence. Fascism is an ideology that has assumed a large number of specific national permutations and several distinct organizational forms. Moreover, it is a political project that continues to evolve to this day throughout the Europeanized world, though it remains highly marginalised compared with the central place it occupied in inter-war Europe, and its central role in identity politics has been largely replaced by non-revolutionary forms of radical right-wing populism. <mask>'s approach, though still highly contested in some quarters, has nonetheless influenced the comparative literature on fascism of the last 25 years, drawing on the work of George Mosse, Stanley Payne, and Emilio Gentile to highlight the revolutionary and totalising politico-cultural nature of the fascist revolution in marked contrast to Marxist approaches. His book, Modernism and Fascism, locates the mainspring of the fascist drive for national rebirth in the modernist bid to achieve an alternative modernity, which is driven by a rejection of the decadence of 'actually existing modernity' under liberal democracy or tradition. The fascist attempt to institute a different civilisation and a new temporality in the West found its most comprehensive expression in the 'modernist states' of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler.Since 1945 fascism has diversified and can no longer form a mass movement that is populist and charismatic, having been reduced instead to terroristic attacks on liberal democratic society and those it deems 'enemies' of the 'true' nation/race and its rebirth. His most recent research has been on terrorism. In his Terrorist's Creed: Fanatical Violence and the Human Need for Meaning he studies the origins and motivations behind terrorism. He compares the origins of terrorism to the extremes of the National Socialists in the 1930s, noting that "fanatics" separate the world into good and evil, and then undergo "heroic doubling" where they see themselves as warriors in the battle between good and evil. This theme will be pursued and deepened in his next monograph The Divisible Self: Heroic Doubling and the Origins of Modern Violence (Columbia: Agenda, Columbia University Press, September 2021). <mask> was co-founder of the open access journal Fascism (Brill) and co-founder of COMFAS, International Association for the Comparative Study of Fascism, directed by Professor Constantin Iordachi (Central European University). <mask> has translated works by Norberto Bobbio and Ferruccio Rossi-Landi.<mask> used to count trance music and rave culture among his interests. He wrote the sleeve notes for the two CD volume Return To The Source: Deep Trance & Ritual Beats, explaining his liking of the genre and how it relates to society. Selected works

Monographs

The Nature of Fascism (St. Martin's Press, 1991 , Routledge, 1993, )
Fascism (Oxford Readers) (Oxford University Press, 1995, )
International Fascism: Theories, Causes and the New Consensus, Edward Arnold, 1998, )
Fascism: Critical Concepts in Political Science edited with Matthew Feldman (Routledge, 2004, )

Modernism and Fascism: The Sense of a Beginning under Mussolini and Hitler (view Table of contents, Introduction, and Index, Palgrave, 2007, )
A Fascist Century: Essays by <mask>, ed. by Matthew Feldman (view Table of contents, Chapter 1, and Index, Palgrave, 2008, )
Terrorist's Creed: Fanatical Violence and the Human Need for Meaning, Palgrave, 2012,
Fascism. An Introduction to Comparative Fascist Studies (Polity, 2017)
Fascism in the series Quick Immersions (Tibidado, 2020)
The Divisible Self: Heroic Doubling and the Origins of Modern Violence (Columbia: Agenda, Columbia University Press, September 2021)

Articles
'Interregnum or endgame? Radical Right Thought in the 'Post-fascist' Era', in Michael Freeden (ed. ), Reassessing Political Ideologies (Routledge, London, 2001), pp.116-131. Football in No-Man’s-Land? The prospects for a fruitful “inter-camp” dialogue within fascist studies between Marxists and non-Marxists, for special issue of European Journal for Political Theory, vol. 9, no. 2 (2012)
Fixing Solutions: Fascist Temporalities as Remedies for Liquid Modernity]. In: Journal of Modern European History 13 (2015), 1, 15–23. (Introduction to a forum on Fascist Temporalities)
The role of heroic doubling in terrorist radicalisation: a non-psychiatric perspective’, International review of psychiatry, vol.29, no. 4 (2017), pp. 355-61. ‘Building the visible immortality of the nation: The centrality of ‘rooted modernism’ to the Third Reich’s Architectural New Order’, Fascism, vol. 7, no. 1 (2018), pp. 9-44.References

External links
<mask> CV
<mask> at Oxford Brookes University

Historians of fascism
Historians of Nazism
Academics of Oxford Brookes University
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
Living people
1948 births
British historians
British political philosophers
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Academics and writers on far-right extremism

masks:
Roger David Griffin
Griffin
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Roger Griffin
Roger Griffin
Roger Griffin


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<mask> (5 July 1898 – 16 April 1980) was a Scottish plant pathologist. From 1923, in his first job and aged only 25, when agriculture was Bermuda's major industry, Ogilvie identified the virus that had devastated the islands' high-value, lily-bulb crops in 204 bulb fields for 30 years. By introducing agricultural controls, he re-established the valuable export shipments to the USA, increasing them to seven-fold the volume of earlier "virus" years. He was established as a successful young scientist when he had a 3-inch column describing his work published by the world's premier scientific-journal Nature. Bermuda's exporting its three vegetable crops a year to the USA gave plant-pathologist <mask> much experience of vegetable diseases, such that on return to Britain, five years later, he became the UK expert on the diseases of commercially-grown vegetables and wheat from the 1930s to the 1960s. This knowledge was vital for Britain in World War II with severe food shortages and rationing. In total he wrote over 130 articles about plant diseases in journals of learned societies.Early life

<mask> was born in Rosehearty, a fishing village on the north coast of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, on 5 July 1898. His father, the Reverend William Paton Ogilvie, was the minister of the Presbyterian church there. He attended Aberdeen Grammar School and took his BSc and MA at the University of Aberdeen in 1921 as the Fullerton Research Scholar with special distinction in Botany and Zoology. He was also awarded the Collie Prize for the most distinguished student in Botany. In Aberdeen, he lectured on the Alpine flora of China. At Emmanuel College, Cambridge University he studied plant pathology and was awarded an MSc in 1923 for his work on tree slime fluxes, particularly willow, elm, horse chestnut, and apple trees. Career

He was to be continuously employed from September 1923, in Bermuda, until he retired, at the age of 65, in Bristol.At age 71, working from home, he researched necessary changes and published his sixth edition of the British government's official national Diseases of Vegetables Bulletin 123 110-page guide for commercial growers – his first edition of 84 pages was published in July 1941 when food was rationed and in short supply due to WWII. The bulletin was also translated into Spanish and published in 1964 as Enfermedades de las Hortalizas. On graduating at Cambridge University he was offered to be the first scientifically trained plant pathologist and entomologist to work in either of the then British colonies of Bermuda or Mauritius. He chose Bermuda. Bermuda

From September 1923 to April 1928 he was the Bermuda government's first plant pathologist and entomologist. He developed agricultural laws for Bermuda; initiated seed testing; registered local seedsmen; organised the improvement of seed potatoes; established plant quarantine; studied the diseases of celery and other vegetables, maize, vines, avocados, bananas and citrus fruits; and investigated the banana losses from the Mediterranean Fruit Fly. As the Bermuda delegate at the Kingston, Jamaica 8th West Indian Agricultural Conference in March 1924, he initiated West Indian plant inspections, nursery-stock export certificates, and the inspection and grading of fruit and vegetables for export.He was acclaimed in Bermuda for identifying the virus that had increasingly damaged the commercially vital lily-bulb export trade of Lilium longiflorum Lilium Harrisii to the USA since the late 19th century. Aphid damage had previously been thought to be the cause of the crop failures. He identified the virus as transmitted by the aphid Aphis lilii Takahashi. Following establishing strong government inspection in the fields and packing stations, he reported the marked improvements found during his 1927 inspections of 204 bulb fields of these lilies. Exports of Bermuda Easter lilies increased from 823 cases in 1918 to 6043 cases in 1927. Due to this success being published in the renowned Nature magazine, and while still in his 20s, Ogilvie was made a vice-president of the British Lily Society. Ogilvie wrote The Insects of Bermuda, published in 1928 by the Department of Agriculture, Bermuda.He identified and described 395 insects; in particular the Aphid ogilviei discovered by him on Lilium Harrisii in Bermuda. Bermuda had three crops of vegetables each year for export to New York: this gave him the experience to later pioneer the European study of vegetable diseases. England

In the winter of 1928 he was appointed Advisory Mycologist at Long Ashton Research Station near Bristol, England. The Vale of Evesham, Cornwall, and other West Country areas grew and grow much of Britain's vegetables. He pioneered the European study of commercial fruit and particularly vegetable diseases with 44 scientific papers between 1929 and 1946 at Long Ashton Research Station. He wrote the government's official national Diseases of Vegetables practical guide for trade growers: the six editions from 1941 to 1969 (in 1969, retired and aged 71) were full of photos of wilting crops. Ogilvie was influential in the World War II and post-war challenge of feeding Britain: he was the leading British expert on the diseases of cereal crops and vegetables.By the 1940s, wheat varieties had not been sufficiently bred to resist the rust and other diseases in the damp climate prevalent in Britain and particularly in the south west where he was responsible for advising farmers. Before the war, Britain imported half its food, but by 1941 relied on home-grown crops because German submarines were sinking about 60 merchant ships per month, and the priority for shipping was to carry matériel to resist the impending invasion. The 1940s varieties of wheat were still unable to resist disease, with long stalks prone to lodging in the heavy rains of the west of England. Ogilvie was also consulted about willow diseases during World War II. Surprisingly, willows were a strategic material throughout the war. Everything dropped by parachute was dropped in a basket – light and strong, they bounced on impact and could be made to any shape. Home production of willows was about 2000 tonnes per year.There were 630 manufacturers employing 7000 basket makers. He was the international authority on the diseases of wheat that flourished in these British damp, warm conditions – particularly Black Stem Rust<ref>2nd European Colloquium on Black Rust of Cereals, Madrid April 1961 Studies of Black Rust Epidemiology in England <mask> and I G Thorpe</ref> and Take All.Sciencedirect.com

Ogilvie and his team of scientists advised growers and farmers in the south-west of England through the war years and until his retirement age 65 in 1963.Sciencedirect.com This was particularly important to Britain during the war and the continued food rationing period to 1954Plant Pathology Volume 2, number 4, December 1954 New or uncommon plant diseases and pests in England and Wales: "Net blotch" of field and broad beans Moira C D Justham and L Ogilvie – bread for instance was rationed from 1946 to 1948, even though it was not rationed during the war. Ogilvie was elected a vice president of the British Mycological Society in December 1956. Personal life

On 10 January 1931 in the Bessels Green, Sevenoaks Unitarian Meeting House, <mask> married landscape-architect Doris Katherine Raikes Turnbull, whom he had met while working in Bermuda. They then lived in the hamlet East Dundry, close to the southern side of  Bristol. Doris was born in 14 November 1898, the same year as <mask> – but in Nowgong (now Nagaon), Assam, India, the daughter of a tea planter. She complemented <mask>'s botanical knowledge, having studied horticulture in Swanley, Kent in England; teaching gardening at La Corbière école horticole pour jeunes filles in Estavayer-le-Lac by the shores of Lake Neuchatel in Switzerland; studying from 1924 at the Lowthorpe School of Landscape Architecture in Groton, Massachusetts (one of the first colleges to teach women landscape architecture); meeting her future husband while working for the public gardens in Bermuda; from April 1925 establishing the three-acre garden of Ilaro Court which later became the official residence of the Prime Ministers of Barbados; developing and maintaining their garden in East Dundry; and coping there with no electricity or gas, a well, a large kitchen garden, an orchard, hens, goats, bee hives, and the heavy Nazi bombing of nearby Bristol and rationing of World War II.Their son and only child (William) <mask> was born 1 November 1940 in their home in Dundry. His christening was about midday on Sunday 24 November in St James' Presbyterian Church in Bristol. That evening  148 long-range bombers of Germany's Luftflotte 3 bombed Bristol. The church was never to be used again. The church tower remains but the nave is now an office block just south of Bristol bus station. <mask> was a member of the World War II Dundry Home Guard and the East Dundry fire-watching team. His duties, with his education and access to a typist, included the publishing of the responsibilities and shifts.He was a founding member and a chairman of the Friends of the Bristol Art Gallery, giving the Jacob Epstein bronze Kathlene to the gallery. He was on the founding committee of Bristol's Arnolfini Gallery. Ogilvie and his wife were keen watercolour artists, and together formed a collection of 1940s and 1950s modern art. <mask> broke his hip when he fell in his East Dundry garden: the surgeons made a mistake during his operation, moving him after a second operation non-compos mentis'' to Winford hospital where he died months later on 16 April 1980. His wife Doris had died of colon cancer in their East Dundry home in September 1965 with him and their son Duncan working in the garden. References

1898 births
1980 deaths
Scottish botanists
People from Banff and Buchan
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
People educated at Aberdeen Grammar School

masks:
Lawrence Ogilvie
Ogilvie
Lawrence
L Ogilvie
Lawrence Ogilvie
Lawrence
Lawrence
Duncan Ogilvie
Lawrence
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<mask> (April 10, 1927 – January 15, 2010) was an American biochemist and geneticist. He shared a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968 with Har Gobind Khorana and Robert W. Holley for "breaking the genetic code" and describing how it operates in protein synthesis. In the same year, together with Har Gobind Khorana, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University. Biography
<mask> was born in New York City to a Jewish family, the son of Minerva (Bykowsky) and <mask>, a shirtmaker. He developed rheumatic fever as a boy, so the family moved to Orlando, Florida to take advantage of the subtropical climate. He developed an early interest in biology. In 1948 he received his B.S.degree, and in 1952, a master's degree in zoology from the University of Florida at Gainesville where he was also a member of the Pi Lambda Phi Fraternity. His dissertation for the Master's thesis was an ecological and taxonomic study of caddis flies (Trichoptera). He received his Ph.D. in biochemistry from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor in 1957, studying hexose uptake in tumor cells with his advisor James F. Hogg. He began his postdoctoral work at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1957 as a fellow of the American Cancer Society in what was then called the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases. In 1959 he became a research biochemist at the NIH and began to study the steps that relate DNA, RNA and protein. <mask>'s groundbreaking experiments advanced him to become the head of the Section of Biochemical Genetics in 1962 in the National Heart Institute (now the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute), where he remained a laboratory chief until his death. Fellow laboratory chiefs included Ernst Freese and Daniel Carleton Gajdusek.He was married in 1961 to Perola Zaltzman, a chemist from the University of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, who also worked at NIH and died in 2001. <mask> married Myrna Weissman, Ph.D., Professor of Epidemiology and Psychiatry at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in 2005. He had four stepchildren: Susan Weissman of Evanston, Illinois, Judith Weissman of New York, New York, Sharon Weissman of New Haven, Connecticut, and Jonathan Weissman of San Francisco, California. He was also survived by his sister, <mask> Geiger of Dallas, Texas, several nieces and a nephew. Nirenberg was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1964 and the National Medal of Honor in 1968 by President Lyndon B. Johnson. In 1981, Nirenberg became a founding member of the World Cultural Council. In 1986, Nirenberg's achievements and contributions to the field of biochemistry genetics was recognized at an event honoring Maimonides and Menachem M. Schneerson, in the nation's capital, hosted by Bob Dole and Joe Biden.He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2001. He died on January 15, 2010, from cancer after several months of illness. Research
By 1958, experiments and analysis such as the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment, the Hershey–Chase experiment, the Watson–Crick structure and the Meselson–Stahl experiment had shown DNA to be the molecule of genetic information. It was not known, however, how DNA directed the expression of proteins, or what role RNA had in these processes. <mask> teamed up with Heinrich J. Matthaei at the National Institutes of Health to answer these questions. They produced RNA composed solely of uracil, a nucleotide that only occurs in RNA. They then added this synthetic poly-uracil RNA into a cell-free extract of Escherichia coli which contained the DNA, RNA, ribosomes and other cellular machinery for protein synthesis.They added DNase, which breaks apart the DNA, so that no additional proteins would be produced other than that from their synthetic RNA. They then added 1 radioactively labeled amino acid, the building blocks of proteins, and 19 unlabeled amino acids to the extract, varying the labeled amino acid in each sample. Only in the extract containing the radioactively labeled phenylalanine, was the resulting protein also radioactive. This implied that the genetic code for phenylalanine on RNA consisted of a repetition of uracil bases. Indeed, as we know now, it is UUU (three uracil bases in a row). This was the first step in deciphering the codons of the genetic code and the first demonstration of messenger RNA (see Nirenberg and Matthaei experiment). In August 1961, at the International Congress of Biochemistry in Moscow, <mask> presented a paper to a small group of scientists, reporting the decoding of the first codon of the genetic code.Matthew Meselson, who was in the audience, spontaneously hugged Nirenberg at the end of the talk and then told Francis Crick about Nirenberg's result. Crick invited Nirenberg to repeat his performance the next day in a talk to a much larger audience. Speaking before the assembled congress of more than a thousand people, Nirenberg electrified the scientific community. He quickly received great scientific attention for these experiments. Within a few years, his research team had performed similar experiments and found that three-base repeats of adenosine (AAA) produced the amino acid lysine, and cytosine repeats (CCC) produced proline. The next breakthrough came when Philip Leder, a postdoctoral researcher in Nirenberg's lab, developed a method for determining the genetic code on pieces of tRNA (see Nirenberg and Leder experiment). This greatly sped up the assignment of three-base codons to amino acids so that 50 codons were identified in this way.Khorana's experiments confirmed these results and completed the genetic code translation. The period between 1961 and 1962 is often referred to as the "coding race" because of the competition between the labs of Nirenberg at NIH and Nobel laureate Severo Ochoa at New York University Medical School, who had a massive staff. Faced with the possibility of helping the first NIH scientist win a Nobel prize, many NIH scientists put aside their own work to help Nirenberg in deciphering the mRNA codons for amino acids. Dr. DeWitt Stetten, Jr., director of the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, called this period of collaboration "NIH's finest hour". Nirenberg's later research focused on neuroscience, neural development, and the homeobox genes. See also
 History of RNA biology
 List of Jewish Nobel laureates
 List of RNA biologists
 J. Heinrich Matthaei

Notes

References
 Voet, Donald and Judith G. Voet. 1995.Biochemistry 2nd ed. John Wilely & Sons, New York. U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Profiles in Science: The Marshall W. Nirenberg Papers". Further reading

 Marshall Nirenberg Papers (1937–2003) – National Library of Medicine finding aid
 The Marshall Nirenberg Papers – Profiles in Science, National Library of Medicine
 Free to View Video Interview with <mask><mask> provided by the Vega Science Trust. The Life and Scientific Work of <mask><mask>. (From Richard Olson & Roger Smith (eds.)The Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists. 1998.) The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize

1927 births
2010 deaths
Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
American Nobel laureates
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
American biochemists
American geneticists
History of genetics
Jewish geneticists
Jewish American scientists
Jewish chemists
Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
National Medal of Science laureates
University of Florida College of Agricultural and Life Sciences alumni
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
Founding members of the World Cultural Council
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)

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Marshall Warren Nirenberg
Nirenberg
Harry Edward Nirenberg
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Joan Nirenberg
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<mask> (born June 8, 1962) is an American former politician and businessman, serving from 2006 to 2010 as the chairman of the Republican Party of Florida, and senior political and campaign adviser to the governor. Political career
<mask> served on the city council of Palm Bay in the early 1990s. He was also elected Deputy Mayor of Oviedo in 2004 and re-elected in 2006. <mask> also served as a member of the East Coast Regional Planning Commission appointed by Gov. Jeb Bush. <mask> also was appointed to the Tourist Development Council. In 2009, upon the election of Michael Steele, the former lieutenant governor of Maryland as RNC Chairman, <mask> served as co-chairman of Steele’s transition team at the Republican National Committee in Washington DC.As a member of the Republican National Committee, <mask> also served as the Chairman of the RNC standing committee on rules. <mask> was elected as Chairman of the Republican Party of Florida in 2006. <mask> was re-elected as Chairman of the Republican Party with over 77% of the vote in 2008. <mask> was considered for election as RNC National Chairman due to his outreach efforts to African Americans and Hispanics. <mask>'s Chairmanship was considered successful until a political scandal involving the Governor and other Republican leaders occurred. Political scandal and resignation
Closely associated with Florida governor Charlie Crist, <mask> resigned from his office as chairman and other positions within the state and national parties following a number of controversies involving party finances and spending behavior by state elected officials. As part of <mask>'s agreement to resign, the state party entered into a severance agreement whereby <mask> would be paid the remaining amount of his salary, which was approximately $120,000.The party later refused to fulfill the terms of the agreement due to the fundraising controversy. <mask> was arrested on June 2, 2010 after being indicted on six felony charges: organized scheme to defraud, money laundering, and four counts of grand theft. Prosecutors alleged that <mask>, while chair of the Florida GOP, schemed to take money, over $100,000 from the party through a fundraising company he created, Victory Strategies LLC. The Orlando Sentinel further noted that, "The contract for Victory Strategies to take over major donor fundraising was withheld from top GOP finance officials." However, during the investigation, evidence including several affidavits from the state party finance chairman and major donors supported <mask>'s claim that the Governor and other top party officials knew about the arrangement and approved it, however, <mask> choose to end his trial and surprised many by pleading guilty which avoided a potentially embarrassing trial for the Republican Party and certain elected officials. Much speculation of why <mask> ended the trial on the day it was to begin has occurred, a witness list of prominent elected officials that may have been called by <mask>'s attorney to testify was also made public during the week the trial was scheduled to take place. <mask>'s attorney said "The Governor knew about Victory Strategies from the very beginning," Chase said."They all worked on it together… They saw it as a way to save money and the charges should be dismissed, <mask> is a scapegoat for others". Some of <mask>'s attorneys publicly stated they opposed <mask>'s guilty plea and believe he would have been acquitted at trial. Three years after his arrest, <mask> unexpectedly pleaded guilty to theft and money laundering charges on February 11, 2013, and was sentenced on March 27, 2013 to 18 months in prison, of which he served 15 months at a low security work release facility. Ultimately, with his unexpected plea, <mask> also agreed to pay only $65,000 in restitution to the Republican Party relating to the fundraising agreement. In 2013 a book was published detailing the circumstances relating to the charges filed against <mask> called, The Chairman: The Rise and Betrayal of <mask>, written by New York Times best selling author Peter Golenbock. Business career
After leaving public service and completing his sentence, <mask> founded several successful companies and currently serves as the president and CEO of Accredited Drug Testing Inc, Coastal Drug Testing Inc and Health Screenings USA. These companies provide drug, alcohol and DNA testing nationwide.<mask> became a millionaire as a result of his business activities. In 2018, <mask> was elected the Governmental Affairs Committee chairman of the National Drug and Alcohol Screening Association (NDASA), in addition to serving as a member of the council of industry advisers. <mask> is also a former member of the National Board of Directors of the Drug and Alcohol Testing Industry Association. In March 2019 <mask> was elected Chairman of the National Drug and Alcohol Screening Association at its annual convention held in San Antonio, Texas. Recognitions
During <mask>‘s political and business career he has received numerous awards and recognition‘s including the "Annual Leadership Award" from the republican womans network, the "State Leadership Award" from the Federation of Black Republicans, "Public Servant Of The Year" from the conference of Young Republicans. His community service and recognitions include serving as President of the Rotary Club, a board member of the Chamber of Commerce, Paul Harris Fellow and Business Person of the Year. He is a supporter of various charities including Helpful Hands.He has been a regular guest on CNN, Fox News, CBS News with Katie Couric and has appeared on the "Morning Joe" show on MSNBC. References

1962 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Florida
Florida Republicans
People from Oviedo, Florida
State political party chairs of Florida
American politicians convicted of fraud
American money launderers
Florida city council members
Florida politicians convicted of crimes
American chief executives
People from Palm Bay, Florida

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James A Greer
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<mask><mask> (August 13, 1930 – July 2, 2002), was an attorney, accountant, author and, later in life, one of the Evangelists of the Worldwide Church of God, then a Sabbatarian organization, which was founded by Herbert W. Armstrong. Before meeting <mask> was born and raised in White Plains, New York. He later moved to California, where he met his future wife, Natalie "Niki" Gartenberg. He graduated from UCLA in 1951 and became a Certified Public Accountant in 1954. First associations with Armstrong
In 1956 <mask> met Armstrong, leader of what was then called the Radio Church of God, at its headquarters offices in Pasadena, California. Under contract with the Radio Church of God, <mask> worked on improving its accounting system, thereby creating a highly favorable impression with Armstrong, who then urged him to attend law school at Armstrong's expense. In 1963 <mask> graduated from University of Southern California Law School.The Radio Church of God had been previously incorporated on March 3, 1946, when it was re-established in Pasadena. Prior to this event it had been an unincorporated voluntary association based in Eugene, Oregon, and named after its radio broadcast. On January 5, 1968, Armstrong, as president, together with the secretary of the corporation, amended its Articles of Incorporation to reflect the change of name to the Worldwide Church of God. (By then its radio broadcast had also been renamed The World Tomorrow). By this time Armstrong was considered to be more of a modern-day apostle by his followers, rather than merely "pastor general," his title in the church. After coming to terms regarding salary and compensation, in 1969 <mask> chose to devote himself full-time to the service of Armstrong. Joining WCG
Rader, who still considered himself Jewish, was baptized into WCG by Armstrong in 1975 using a hotel bathtub in the Mandarin Hotel in Hong Kong.This move allowed <mask> to reposition himself as a high-ranking church evangelist in an attempt to quell misgivings by many in the ministerial hierarchy, who felt that <mask>'s undue influence on Armstrong was troubling. 60 Minutes interview
In a 60 Minutes interview with Mike Wallace, <mask> defended himself, remarking to Wallace, "I don't take stupid pills." Wallace read to <mask> a portion of a letter Armstrong was drafting, asking <mask> to resign from any church positions that would make him Armstrong's successor. Wallace then played a tape of Armstrong reading the letter. <mask> started to sweat, before finally declaring: "Now I say you've acquired this by illegal means. I intend to have my attorneys today not only sue you if you use this. ... Mike, look, I think you'd better scrap everything because you're on my list.Okay? You're never going to live it down, Mike, I guarantee it. ... you're contemptible. ... I'd like you to get out of here, immediately!" <mask> then stormed out of the room, and accused the press of distorting the facts. Popularizing Armstrong
Whereas the plan of Garner Ted Armstrong was to ease his aging father into retirement, the plan of <mask> and his aide Robert Kuhn was to transform Herbert W. Armstrong from an elderly evangelist into a more secular leader, casting him as a vital "Ambassador for World Peace without portfolio".<mask>'s plan required the creation of a totally new and secular cover entity from which to operate, distanced from Armstrong's Worldwide fundamentalist sect, which might prove unpalatable to prominent world leaders as Armstrong played out his role as quasi-ambassador. In 1975, therefore, he incorporated the Ambassador International Cultural Foundation (AICF) which was actually funded from the tithe money of members of the Worldwide Church of God. In 1979, <mask> was ordained as one of the Evangelists of the Worldwide Church of God. As a consequence, the AICF transformed Ambassador Auditorium, on the Ambassador College campus, from a church auditorium, in which Saturday Sabbath church services were conducted, into a "Carnegie Hall of the West", and launched a concert series featuring the top names in classical music, jazz, and the performing arts. PBS and other television networks made use of this glamorous new venue. The AICF also created a new, glossy, secular, coffee-table, commercial magazine called Quest, with a circulation of several hundred thousand copies. Additionally, the AICF bought the book publisher Everest House, and funded the motion picture Paper Moon starring Tatum O'Neal.Armstrong, in the company of <mask>, began introducing himself to any world leader who held political power and was willing to meet with the aging, grandfatherly figure for a photo opportunity for The Plain Truth, during which the leader would receive expensive gifts, such as Stueben crystal. Armstrong sold his new AICF portfolio approach to the church membership as being a new phase in preaching the church's gospel. Business relationships
<mask> used his own professional legal accounting practice, and also incorporated new companies in order to conduct profitable business enterprises on behalf of the Worldwide Church of God. The companies largely owned and controlled by <mask> included:

 Rader, Helge & Gerson, which provided legal representation for the church. Rader, Cornwall, Kessler and Palazzo, which provided accounting services for the church. Worldwide Advertising, Inc., which booked The World Tomorrow on radio and television stations. Mid-Atlantic Leasing, which leased light aircraft and a Gulfstream II, to enable <mask> and Armstrong to fly around the world meeting kings, princes, presidents, and prime ministers, all paid for by the Worldwide Church of God.Wilshire Travel, which made the travel bookings for <mask> and Armstrong. Gateway Publishing, which printed books used by the church. WCG placed in receivership
By 1979, California Attorney General George Deukmejian had opened an investigation into allegations that millions of dollars a year had been stolen from the church by Armstrong and <mask>. These allegations resulted in WCG being placed in court-ordered receivership for more than a year. During this time, <mask> was the point man for Armstrong, and rallied other religious groups to his defense. With the backing of a nonprofit, religious lobbying coalition formed to thwart state intrusion, <mask> successfully introduced a bill into the California Legislature which restricted the Attorney General's authority to conduct civil (but not criminal) financial investigations of California religious and nonprofit organizations. Subsequent to the bill's passage into law, the California Attorney General's office dropped its litigation against WCG.Book
In 1980, <mask> wrote a book called Against the Gates of Hell: The Threat to Religious Freedom in America, which was published by the Worldwide Church of God's Everest House corporation. It was about the investigation by the State of California into the finances of the church. The National Council of Churches praised it as "the seminal work on church/state relations in the 20th century." Resignation
Although <mask> appeared to have won the financial receivership battle, his plan to create the AICF cultural empire had come to a halt. In 1981 he resigned as General Counsel and Treasurer of the Worldwide Church of God. Armstrong paid <mask> a special $250,000 bonus, after taxes, in appreciation of his vigorous defense of the church against the state receivership. <mask> also received substantial pension payments arising under his contractual agreement with the church.Death
By the time that <mask> died on July 2, 2002, just two weeks after being diagnosed with acute pancreatic cancer, the Worldwide Church of God had terminated its former broadcasts and created a separate ministry for its magazine, which had renounced its previous editorial purpose. <mask> was buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Altadena, California (the same cemetery in which the Armstrong family is buried). His funeral was presided over by Joseph Tkach, Jr.

References

Bibliography
<mask>, 71; Advisor in Worldwide Church of God - <mask> <mask>, the long-time confidant of the late Herbert W. Armstrong of the Worldwide Church of God, has died. He was 71. - Los Angeles Times/July 4, 2002 - By Larry B. Stammer
"The Devil and <mask>der" Article in The American Lawyer

External links
Against the Gates of Hell: The Threat to Religious Freedom in America by <mask><mask> Online copy of <mask>'s book defending Armstrong and the Worldwide Church of God
Against the Gates of Hell by <mask> <mask> - Herbert W. Armstrong Searchable Library & Archive - HWALibrary.com
<mask>. Rader Resigns Article by Herbert W. Armstrong
Ambassador Report

1930 births
2002 deaths
Church of God (Armstrong)

masks:
Stanley R
. Rader
Armstrong Stanley Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Rader
Stanley Rader
Stanley Robert
Rader
Stanley Ra
Stanley R
. Rader
Rader
Stanley R
Rader
Stanley R


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Mary Camille "<mask>" <mask> (born April 21, 1964) is a former American basketball player and current basketball coach. She was an All-American point guard at the University of Texas at Austin and won a gold medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics. She is considered one of the best women's basketball players in history and was inducted into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2002. <mask> is currently the head coach at Washington State University. High school
Born in Hereford, Texas, Ethridge played guard for Monterey High School, in Lubbock, Texas. She led her team to a state championship (5A) in 1981. College
Ethridge attended the University of Texas, where she played for Hall of Fame coach Jody Conradt.The Lady Longhorns were one of the more powerful teams in the country at the time <mask> joined the team, and she would help strengthen that position. <mask> arrived at Texas in 1982. In her first two years, the team earned a two seed at the 1983 and the 1984 NCAA Basketball Tournament. In 1984, the team was strong enough to earn the number one ranking in the regular season final AP poll. The team suffered knee injuries to five key players in 1984, including injuries to center Annette Smith so severe she was in rehabilitation for well over a year. In 1985, the team would also end the season ranked number one in the poll. That year, the team went 28–3 in the regular season, and looked forward to a Final Four held at their own arena, the Erwin Center.The Lady Longhorns were stunned by a buzzer beating shot by Western Kentucky, and lost 92–90 in the Mideast Regional semifinals. Despite earning lofty rankings, the team entered the 1985–86 season without having won a National Championship. <mask> was one of six seniors, including Fran Harris, who were in their last year of college ball with one last chance for a championship. <mask> was considered very competitive she once competed in a triathlon, riding the 9-mile bicycle leg with a flat tire for the last three miles. The team was again ranked very high, prompting Sports Illustrated to refer to their arena as "the best little scorehouse in Texas". That year, the team entered the tournament undefeated, and won all their tournament games, finishing the season as the first undefeated NCAA Division I women's basketball team (34–0), and national champions. <mask> was the 1986 winner of the Honda Sports Award for basketball and the overall Honda-Broderick Cup winner for all sports.She was also the winner of the Wade Trophy, reflecting leadership and character in addition to athletic ability. Etheridge was the 1986 recipient of the Frances Pomeroy Naismith award, which is presented by the WBCA annually to "the nation's most outstanding NCAA Division I female basketball player who stands 5'8" tall or under". While at Texas, she had 776 assists, setting a school record. On September 7, 2019, <mask> <mask>'s number 33 was officially retired at halftime of a Texas–LSU football game and she became the first female Longhorn athlete to receive this honor. Texas statistics
Source

USA Basketball
<mask> played for the USA World University Games team in Kobe, Japan in 1985. The team brought home a silver medal, after falling to the USSR. The team trailed by 18 points at one time, mounted a comeback attempt but fell short, losing 87–81.The following year, <mask> played for the USA team at the World Championships, in Moscow. This time, the USA team would meet the USSR in the title game and emerge victorious, winning the gold medal with a score of 108–88. <mask> was a member of the gold medal-winning USA team competing in the Pan American games held in Indianapolis, Indiana during August 1987, although she saw limited action due to a knee injury sustained in the first game. <mask> finished her USA basketball playing career with a gold medal win in the 1988 Olympics held in Seoul, Korea. Coaching
<mask> was a graduate assistant at Texas in 1987–88 after completing her bachelor's degree, then played professionally in Italy for the team OECE in 1988–89. <mask> became a graduate assistant at Northern Illinois in 1989 and was promoted to assistant coach in 1990. She then moved on to Vanderbilt and was part of the coaching staff under Jim Foster to help the team to a 1993 Final Four appearance.She then moved on to Kansas State, first as an assistant, then as associate head coach, where she helped the team become competitive. <mask> landed her first head coaching job in 2014 at Northern Colorado, and enjoyed immediate success, leading the Bears to a school-record 22 wins in her first season. She went on to lead the team to two additional 20-win seasons, capped off by a 2017–18 season that saw a school record of 26 wins, Big Sky Conference regular-season and tournament titles and the program's first-ever appearance in the NCAA tournament as a Division I member. At the end of the regular season, <mask> was named the Big Sky coach of the year. After the tournament appearance, she was hired away by Washington State to replace the fired June Daugherty. Awards and honors

 1986—Winner of the Honda Sports Award for basketball
 1986—The Honda-Broderick Cup winner for all sports. 1986—The Wade Trophy
 2000—University of Texas Women's Athletic Hall of Honor
 2002—Women's Basketball Hall of Fame

Head coaching record

Notes

References

External links
Northern Colorado athletic site bio
Women's Basketball Hall of Fame profile

1964 births
Living people
All-American college women's basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American women's basketball coaches
American women's basketball players
Basketball coaches from Texas
Basketball players at the 1987 Pan American Games
Basketball players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Basketball players from Texas
Kansas State Wildcats women's basketball coaches
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Northern Illinois Huskies women's basketball coaches
Northern Illinois University alumni
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in basketball
People from Hereford, Texas
Point guards
Sportspeople from Lubbock, Texas
Texas Longhorns women's basketball players
Universiade gold medalists for the United States
Universiade medalists in basketball
Vanderbilt Commodores women's basketball coaches
Washington State Cougars women's basketball coaches
Medalists at the 1987 Pan American Games
United States women's national basketball team players

masks: Kamie Ethridge Ethridge Ethridge Ethridge Ethridge Ethridge Ethridge Kamie Ethridge Ethridge Ethridge Ethridge Ethridge Ethridge Ethridge Ethridge Ethridge


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<mask><mask> (born March 9, 1939) is an American businessman, widely known for an unorthodox career spanning more than six decades with numerous prominent failures and successes — primarily manufacturing or importing automobiles to the United States, ultimately starting over thirty companies. After franchising his father's hardware stores at age 19, <mask> founded Subaru of America, Inc. in 1968, founded General Vehicles to manufacture the Bricklin SV-1 (1974–76), imported and marketed Fiat X1/9 and Fiat 124 Sport Spider (1982), imported and marketed under the name Yugo the Zastava Koral hatchback from the then-Yugoslavia (1985−92), manufactured and marketed an electric bicycle as the EV Warrior (1982), and contracted to import and distribute vehicles made by the Chinese company Chery (2004). In 2017, at age 78, he promoted a plan to transform high-end car dealers into high-end art dealers, after becoming interested in the business aspect of art. In 2005, the New York Times said Bricklin is "often likened to an automotive version of P.T. Barnum." In 2009, noted documentarian Morgan Spurlock said Bricklin "goes nonstop. He’s testosterone unleashed, a brilliant negotiator and an incredible character."In 2013, Rolling Stone described him as "brash, bombastic, and pathologically prone to betting the farm on pie-in-the-sky automotive endeavors." In 2017, Autoweek said Bricklin has "a mind that works like a machine gun." Keith Crain, publisher of Automotive News said Bricklin is "like one of those toy clowns that when you punch it, it bounces right back up." Background

Born in Philadelphia to Jewish parents, young <mask> had one of his first jobs stretching hides in his family's furrier shop. He grew up in Orlando, Florida. <mask> said that as a child, he never liked to eat; "stopping to eat meant I had to stop playing." At the height of his success, he owned a desert ranch in Scottsdale, Ariz., and a 5,000-acre home in the Colorado Rockies with an indoor shooting range, a riverfront swimming pool, helipad, and pet camel.<mask> has six sons. As of 2017, he has been divorced three times, amicably, and lives in Monroe, New York with his wife, artist Sania Teymeny. Career

Handyman America
<mask> built his father's Orlando, Florida, building supply business into a franchised chain at age 19. Named Handyman America and open seven days a week, <mask> left behind his interest in 1960 after dozens of lawsuits and judgments stemming from the chain, — shortly before the chain's bankruptcy. Subaru

In the mid-1960s, after he sold his interest in Handyman, <mask> moved back to Philadelphia. When he was exploring establishing a network of gas stations that would rent scooters, he went to Japan to meet with the manufacturer of the Rabbit scooter, Fuji Heavy Industries, to arrange for the purchase and importation of their scooters — at a time when Fuji was just getting out of manufacturing scooters and was concentrating on their automotive business. At the meeting, Bricklin saw Fuji’s Subaru 360 mini-car, which got up to 60 miles to a gallon of gas and did not require federalizing in the United States because it weighed under 1,000 pounds.He was able to secure an exclusive contract with Fuji Heavy Industries to import Subaru cars and trucks into the United States, forming Subaru of America. Despite the car's ill fit for American roads and traffic, <mask> was described as "one of the first auto industry mavericks to recognize that thrifty, inexpensive Japanese cars could be big in the United States." The first Subarus to enter the US were the 1968-1969 Subaru 360 and the 1970 Subaru FF-1 Star. Less than six months after the company formed, it became a public company and has been from 1968. Subaru of America became the only import car company that was publicly traded, making small fortunes for Bricklin and COO Harvey Lamm. FasTrack
In 1971, Bricklin created a franchise named FasTrack, combining RV sales with shopping center parking lot race courses, where the public could drive one of 900 unsold Subaru 360s, modified by Bruce Myers. The venture ultimately failed.Bricklin SV-1

<mask> subsequently founded his own car company, General Vehicle, manufacturing the Bricklin SV-1 two-seat gull-wing door sports car — informally called the Bricklin. "SV" stood for "safety vehicle," and Bricklin applied standards ahead of those the US government was requiring in the 1970s, including exceeding US crash protection standards. The SV-1 protected occupants with a tubular steel perimeter frame, roll cage and a chassis capable of withstanding a high velocity impact without deformation. The car didn't include a cigarette lighter or ashtray, as Bricklin viewed smoking while driving as unsafe. The Bricklin featured a vacuum forming process with color-impregnated acrylic bonded to fiberglass body panels. The car garnered mostly positive coverage from consumer media. In Car & Driver's comparison test, a '75 Bricklin with the Ford engine proved to be nearly a match for a '75 Corvette in every performance category—and the Bricklin's power-operated gullwing doors maxed out the "coefficient of cool" metric.Car and Driver concluded that despite some build quality and ergonomic deficiencies, and a price disadvantage, the Bricklin was "a tangible threat to the Corvette." Intended for the US market, the Bricklin SV1s were manufactured in Canada in the province of New Brunswick which sought to address its unemployment, nearing 25% in the mid-’70s. New Brunswick Premier Richard Hatfield supported the Province’s involvement in the Bricklin venture as a way of establishing a manufacturing base that could provide steady, high paying jobs and attract interest in the Province through the publicity the car provided. Production began in mid 1974 and continued through late 1975, employing over 1200 people in the Saint John and Minto, New Brunswick plants. In September 1975, after building 2,854 cars, and General Vehicles having set up over 400 US automobile dealers with 40,000 back orders, the Province refused to provide further financial assistance and forced the company into receivership. International Automobile Importers (IAI)

After Fiat left the U.S. market, Bricklin created International Automobile Importers (IAI) in 1982 to import the Fiat X1/9 and 2000 roadster, renaming them the Bertone and the Pininfarina Azzurra. The company was profitable, but when Cadillac subsequently made a joint venture with Pininfarina, IAI was told that Cadillac didn't want a $14,000 Pininfarina being sold next to its $55,000 Pininfarina-manufactured Allanté — and gave IAI six months before they cancelled production of the cars.Yugo, Global Motors
Seeking to import a simple, low cost car to the U.S. market, Bricklin was introduced to Zastava Automobiles, manufactured in Kragujevac Yugoslavia – now Serbia. Zastava had produced cars since 1953 under a license from the Italian company Fiat. In 1984, the entire Yugoslav car industry produced 236,000 cars, 58,000 of which were exported. <mask>, senior advisor Henry Kissinger, former U.S. Under-Secretary of State and Yugo board member Lawrence Eagleburger, and Global Motors executives met with Zastava. <mask> agreed to import the Zastava Koral, marketing it as the Yugo. <mask> and his engineers suggested some 600 changes for the U.S. market, including a 1.1-liter 4-cylinder engine, improvements in the anti-pollution system, comfort adjustments, safety devices, and special carburetors for lead-free gasoline. In addition to the main Kragujevac complex, about 200 smaller Yugoslav factories manufactured parts for the cars.<mask> had his own people at the plant to monitor the effort, stressing high quality. A team of British quality experts sent a cadre to Kragujevac to study the factory and recommend improvements. The first shipment of the Yugos arrived via ship from Bar, Montenegro in Baltimore, Maryland in July 1985. The Yugo was the fastest-selling car ever in the US from Europe, 163,000 in three years, and was the least expensive new car sold in the United States. At first, five models of Yugo were marketed in the United States for model year 1987: the basic entry-level $3,990-($9,363.69 in 2020) GV (for "Great Value"), the GVC with a glass sunroof, the nearly identical GVL and GVS with minor trim and upholstery upgrades, and the sportier GVX with the 1300 cc engine, five-speed manual transmission and standard equipment including a plush interior, ground-effects package, alloy wheels, rally lights, and a centre high mount stop lamp. The Cabrio convertible was introduced in 1988. <mask> sold his interest in Yugo in 1988 for $20 million.On May 30, 1992 United Nations sanctions were imposed, severing Yugoslavia from world trade. The effects of the United Nations sanctions on Yugoslavia forced Zastava to withdraw the car from every export market. After embargoes stifled production, NATO bombed the company's automotive facilities in 1999, instead of its munitions division. The Yugo was subject to derision by critics who pointed to its use of older Fiat technology. It was voted Car Talk's worst car of the millennium. Defenders argued that Yugo's reputation suffered when owners failed to perform basic maintenance. Popular Mechanics magazine surveyed 1,000 Yugo buyers and published the report in June 1987.78% described workmanship as good to excellent, 25% giving an unqualified excellent, 5% said poor. 42.4% said they would buy a Yugo again and 36% said maybe they would buy again. Electric vehicles
In the 1990s, Bricklin turned his attention to producing environmentally-friendly vehicles. He studied battery technology and formed an electric vehicle company. Bricklin electric vehicles were the wave of the future, a notion that appeared to be ahead of its time. After trying to get electric cars off the ground for a time, Bricklin formed a partnership with Dr. <mask>. Currie is the former Chairman and CEO of Hughes Aircraft, GM Delco and former Undersecretary of Defense for Research and Engineering.In Bricklin’s and Currie’s view, an electric bike was a promising first step to winning people over to the idea of electric cars. California had just enacted the Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) regulation in 1990 which mandated 3% of a vehicle manufacturer's products would have to be zero emission (electric) by the year 2000. An electric bike that could be sold through dealerships seemed like a perfect way to address the requirements of that mandate. Bricklin and Currie formed the Electric Bicycle Company, and produced the first EV Warriors by late 1993. The electric bike was initially built using a custom aluminum mountain bike frame from Zimmark Corporation in Malaysia. Later versions used a Giant frame produced in Taiwan. All versions used a 6-speed Shimano rear derailleur with GripShift handlebar controller.The rider could pedal unaided by the motors, or could activate them with a thumb switch on the handle bar. That smoothly, quietly and quickly took the bike to 15-20 MPH depending on the size of the rider with a range of about 17 miles before it needed a charge. The EV Warrior came in seven colors, resembling a mountain bike with a large box behind the seat that straddled the rear wheel. Inside the box were two 24-volt electric motors powered by two rechargeable sealed 12-volt lead-acid batteries. The bike used advanced technology for the time, with halogen headlights, LED taillights and brake lights, and offered options such as a wireless security remote fob, LED turn signals in the mirrors, and a front disc brake. The suggested retail price was $1,400 to $1,900, depending on options. This was roughly one-third the price of an inexpensive new car, and even a youth-oriented marketing campaign that included a super hero comic book (The EV Warriors) failed to generate enough interest.The company filed for bankruptcy in 1996. When the company folded, Electric Bicycle company was purchased by Lee Iacocca who renamed the company EV Global. That company no longer exists. Currie later founded Currie Cruisers and co-founded Real Spirit USA, to further develop the electric bicycles. Chery

Beginning in 2002, <mask> embarked on a three-year journey around the world to find a manufacturing partner to help him create a value brand in the US, examining the United Kingdom, India, Poland and after seeing their factory and meeting the executive staff, he decided to enter into an Importation Agreement with Chery Automobile Company,  which is located in the Anhui Province of China   and owned by the Provincial Anhui Government. Visionary Vehicles (now named VCars, LLC) entered into a joint venture in December 2004 to import 5 different models of cars into North America. Bricklin staffed an Engineering office in Detroit to direct the changes required to meet and exceed safety the homologation requirements in the United States.He established a dealer network in the United States and Canada. Bricklin hired consultants, advisors and employees with financial and automotive experience, including Allen and company; Atlantic Pacific Capital; Ambassador van den Heuvel, former US Ambassador to the United Nations;  Maurice Strong, former United Nations undersecretary; Ron Harbour, of Harbour Consultants, international automobile factory evaluators; Marianne McInerney, former President of the International Automotive Dealers Association; and Per Arnberg, President of Fram Shipowning, LTD, an international shipping company. Working with Atlantic Pacific Capital, he brought in George Soros, who put $200,000,000 in escrow to help bring Chery to the U.S. He also retained New York Marketing and Public Relations firms that generated worldwide exposure for Chery. After spending two years and $26 million to bring Chery’s manufacturing capabilities up to international standards and to create awareness of Chery, Visionary Vehicles discovered that Chery was using Visionary Vehicle’s engineering staff to work on a project that involved Chrysler Corporation [which ultimately failed to materialize]. Shortly thereafter, Chery entered into an agreement with Quantum LLC, a subsidiary company of the Israel Corporation, brought in to help fund Visionary Vehicle’s participation in the joint venture with Chery. The agreement between Chery and Israel Corporation was done without Visionary Vehicle’s knowledge or approval, and excluded Visionary Vehicles.<mask> told Reuters, "We found out what was really going on behind our back at the end of '06 and we have been trying to get justice ever since. Dennis Gore, former Visionary Cars executive, used proprietary information to help Chery launch a joint venture with Quantum LLC. Visionary Vehicles subsequently filed suits to recoup losses and collect damages from the failed deal. The lawsuit against Chery Automobile was arbitrated in Hong Kong and Visionary Vehicles received an award, subject to a confidentiality provision. Having discovered Dennis Gore’s role in undermining the joint venture with Chery, Visionary Vehicles also sued Gore in Federal Court, in Detroit, Michigan. A Federal jury returned a verdict in favor of V Cars, LLC, finding that KCA Engineering LLC, controlled by Dennis Gore, committed fraud and other offenses and awarded $2 million in damages to Visionary Vehicles. See also
Bricklin EVX/LS
Bricklin SV-1
Visionary Vehicles

References

External links

BusinessWeek Bricklin is Back with a Plug-in
Malcolm Bricklin Subaru, Bricklin, Fiat, Yugo cars
Man behind the Yugo to lead new import wave in 2007, a January 2005 cover story from the Detroit News
Bricklin Chery call it quits, from The Car Connection
<mask>lin on electric hybrid plans, Reuters interview from January 2007

1939 births
Living people
20th-century American Jews
University of Florida alumni
American founders of automobile manufacturers
Canadian founders of automobile manufacturers
Businesspeople from Philadelphia
People from Orlando, Florida
Subaru
Automotive businesspeople
Fiat people
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Malcolm N
. Bricklin
Bricklin
Malcolm
Bricklin
Bricklin
Bricklin
Bricklin
Bricklin
Bricklin
Bricklin
Bricklin
Bricklin
Bricklin
Bricklin
Bricklin
Malcolm Currie
Bricklin
Bricklin
Malcolm Brick


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<mask> (; , village Nadezhdino, Belebey Uyezd, Orenburg Governorate – , Moscow) was a Russian littérateur and notable Slavophile. Biography
<mask> was born in the village of Nadezhdino (then Orenburg Governorate, now Bashkiria]]), into a family of prominent Russian writer <mask> (1791—1859) and his wife Olga Semyonovna Zaplatina (1793—1878). His mother was the daughter of Major General Semyon Grigorievich Zaplatina and a captured Turkish woman. The third son of eleven children, he was a younger brother of the writers Konstatin and <mask>. His paternal grandfather Timofey Stepanovich Aksakov belonged to an old noble Aksakov family whose members claimed to be the decedents of Šimon. Their first documented ancestor was <mask> nicknamed Oksak who lived during the 15th century. His family crest was based on the Polish Przyjaciel coat of arms (also known as Aksak) which is considered to be of Tatar origin in Poland (the word «oksak» means «lame» in Turkic languages).All this led some researches to believe that the <mask> family also originated from Tatars, despite they had no relation to the Polish noble house. <mask>'s maternal grandfather was a Russian General Semyon Grigorievich Zaplatin who fought under the command of Alexander Suvorov and who married a Turkish captive Igel-Syum. <mask> spent his early years in Nadezhdino. In the autumn of 1826 he moved with his family to Moscow where he received good home education. Career
In 1838 <mask> enrolled in the recently opened Imperial School of Jurisprudence. Upon the graduation in 1842, he returned to Moscow and took up a post in the Russian Senate's Criminal Investigation department. After three years's assignment in Astrakhan as a member of the Audit Commission, led by Prince Pavel Gagarin and later Kaluga (as deputy chairman of the local Criminal Investigation Chamber) he returned to the Senate, as its First Department's official.During the early 1840s <mask> wrote a lot of poetry. Mostly satirical, his early work was compiled in the summer of 1846 into what was supposed to become his first collection, it centerpiece being "The Life of a Government Official" (Жизнь чиновника. Мистерия в трех периодах, 1843; published in London in 1861, in Russia in 1886). The book was cut by the censor in such a way that Aksakov decided against publishing what's been left; his whole poetic legacy came out posthumously. Several of his poems appeared in the Moscow Literature and Science Almanac (1845) and Sovremennik (1846). In March 1849, upon the return from Bessarabia, where he had been sent by the Ministry of Internal Affairs to collect the data on the local religious sects, <mask> was unexpectedly arrested, the interrogated and released five days later without any explanation. It was supposed later that the letter to his father expressing his outrage as regards the arrest of a renowned Slavophile leader Yuri Samarin might have been the cause.For several years <mask> remained under the surveillance of the Imperial secret police. In February 1851 Russian Interior minister Count Perovsky summoned <mask> up to express his disgust with the latter's poem "Brodyaga" (Tramp), about a runaway peasant, which, as it later transpired, became the object of interest for the Third Department as early as 1849. Perovsky demanded that he should stop writing, <mask> refused and retired from the state service. He moved to Moscow and joined the Slavophiles' circle and started working on the almanac called the Moscow Collection (Московский сборник). Edited by Aksakov, its first volume came out in 1852, and featured his article "Some Words on Gogol" as well as fragments from "The Tramp". A year later both the second volume and the publication itself were closed but the government, and <mask> was banned from editing. He responded with a piece called "A Day at the Criminal Chamber.Scenes from the Court". Published in London by The Polar Star in 1858 and praised by Alexander Hertzen as "a work of genius", it appeared in print in Russia only in 1892. In November 1853, commissioned by the Russian Geographical Society, <mask> travelled to Malorossia, where he spent the next year. His vast essay "The Research on Trade at the Ukrainian Fairs" (Исследование о торговле на украинских ярмарках, 1859) came as a result. It was published by the Geographical Society in 1859, and earned its author the Konstantine Medal and half of that year's Demidov Prize. As the Crimea War broke out, <mask> joined the Serpukhov Druzhina of the Moscow Militia in February 1855 and traveled to Bessarabia. After the war he stayed in the Crimea as a member of the government commission  investigating the financial wrongdoings of the Russian intendant services.In early 1857 <mask> went abroad to visit Germany, France, Italy, Switzerland and secretly met Hertzen in London, with whom he started from then on to correspond. More than thirty <mask>'s articles appeared in Hertzen's publications, signed by the pseudonym Kasyanov. In September 1857 <mask> returned to Russia. A year later he joined the editorial staff of Russkaya Beseda, to become first this magazine's co-editor and soon, de facto, its editor-in-chief. He co-founded the Slavic Charitable Committee and became one of its most active leaders. In 1859 he received the permission to found the newspaper Parus (Парус, Sail). It was  closed by the authorities after just two issues.With his close associate, scientist and industrialist Fyodor Chizhov, <mask> applied for the permission to edit another newspaper, Parokhod (Пароход, Steamboat), so as to fulfill the obligations before the subscribers. The permission was given, on condition that "there'd be no rising the issue in it of the right for the peoples [of the Empire], Slavic or otherwise, to develop their own national identity." Since to rise that issue had been exactly <mask>'s intention, the project was dropped. <mask> spent 1860 traveling all over the Eastern Europe where he met several prominent writers and politicians of the West Slavic countries. Upon the return he became the editor-in-chief of the newspaper Den (1861-1865). On 12 January 1866 <mask> married Anna Tyutcheva, a Russian courtier, and (from 1853 until 1866) the  maid of honour and confidante of empress Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse). He spent the first year of their marriage at home, devoting himself totally to family affairs.In 1867 he started editing the newspaper Moskva (1867-1868), regularly providing editorials on a wide range of topics concerning Russia's economy and internal affairs, propagating his Slavophile views. Many of those appeared in the form of black-framed notifications, informing the readership that "this editorial is unavailable owing to circumstances beyond the control of the editorial staff." As it was later revealed, in the censorship committee's secret 1865 review of the Russian press <mask> was mentioned among those whose activities demanded special attention and was characterized as "a democrat with Socialist inclinations." Warnings and suspensions (some up to six months) forced <mask> to stop the publication of Den. Moskva was closed by the authorities. His "Biography of Fyodor <mask> Tyutchev" (1874) infuriated censors to such an extent that the book's second edition's whole print run was captured and destroyed, due to its "generally reprehensible nature," according to the official explanation. As a chairman of the Slavic Charitable Society, <mask> concentrated mostly on the efforts aimed at providing financial help for Serbia and Montenegro during the Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78) and transporting the units of Russian volunteers' into the Balkans.As the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War broke out, he continued to promote the ideas of Pan-Slavism in the Russian press, then switched the focus of his attention to organizing the financial and military aid for Bulgaria. On 22 July 1878, speaking at the Moscow Slavic Society, <mask> came out with a speech attacking both the decisions of the Congress of Berlin and the position of the Russian delegation which, as he saw it, failed to confront the "political conspiracy" aimed against Russia which had "won the war but was relegated to the status of a losing party." This demarche had serious political resonance and dire consequences for <mask>. He was ordered to leave Moscow and had to spend the rest of the year in exile, residing in the village of Varvaryino, Vladimir Governorate. The Slavic Charitable Society was shut down. In December 1878 <mask> received the permission to return to Moscow. The tsar, Alexander III of Russia, attempted to call a constitutional assembly in 1881, saying "At last, I have the mountain off my shoulders.I have asked my ministers to draft the scheme of an Assembly of Representatives." This Aksakov highly opposed, and he suggested to the tsar that instead he should offer tax breaks for the peasantry, and with the assurance of other Russian courtiers, such as the conservative Konstantin Pobedonostsev and Mikhail Katkov, the tsar withdrew his proposal for a constitution and went with light tax breaks. After two quiet years, in 1880, with the support from Count Mikhail Loris-Melikov, he managed to found another Slavophile newspaper, a weekly called Rus which lasted six years, until his death on 8 February 1886, of heart failure. <mask> <mask> is interred in the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius cemetery, in Sergiyev Posad. The Collected Works by I.S<mask> in 7 volumes were published in 1880-1887. The four-volume edition of <mask>'s vast correspondence came out in 1896.Legacy
<mask> saw the peasant commune as a 'moral choir' and the basis for a spiritually regenerated Russian state, believing that 'the wing of the Russian eagle' would be the guiding force in uniting 'the whole Slavonic world' and defeating the threat of the Austrian Empire. D.S. Mirsky considered him the finest Russian journalist, after Alexander Herzen. The historian Andrzej Walicki has identified <mask> as the intellectual bridge between Slavophilism and Panslavism. Honour
Aksakovo town in Northeastern Bulgaria and Aksakov Street in Sofia, Bulgaria are named after <mask>. See also
 List of 19th-century Russian Slavophiles

References

External links

 From the Jewish Encyclopedia

1823 births
1886 deaths
People from Belebeyevsky District
People from Orenburg Governorate
Slavophiles
People of the Russian Empire of Turkish descent
Russian philosophers
Journalists of the Russian Empire
Male writers of the Russian Empire
Russian people of the Crimean War
Imperial School of Jurisprudence alumni
Foreign Members of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Russian nationalists
19th-century journalists
Russian male journalists
19th-century Russian male writers

masks:
Ivan Sergeyevich Aksakov
Aksakov
Sergey Timofeevich Aksakov
Vera Aksakova
Ivan Feodorivich Velyaminov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Ivanovich
Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Ivan Sergeyevich
Aksakov
. Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Aksakov
Ivan Aksakov


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<mask><mask> (born 1953) is a Mesoamerican archaeologist and a faculty member in the anthropology department at Pomona College, Claremont CA. Previously, he was a professor at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas and served a variety of administrative roles (Departmental Chair for Anthropology; Associate Dean for the College of Sciences) at the University of Central Florida over the course of his 32 year stay at that institution. He is noted for his long-term research at the ancient Maya city of Caracol, Belize and for exploring landscape traces of Maya civilization using lidar. Biography

<mask> took his BA and PhD in Anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania, and then worked in the University of Pennsylvania's advising office and anthropology department. After excavating at Grasshopper Pueblo in the American Southwest, his Mesoamerican fieldwork began with research stays at the site of Tancah in Mexico and at Ixtutz, Yaxha, and Tayasal in Guatemala. He carried out early excavations in the Motagua Valley and at Quirigua in Guatemala before moving to Belize to carry out investigations at Nolmul and in the Orange Walk. From 1979 through 1985, he co-directed archaeological excavations at Santa Rita Corozal with his wife Diane Z.<mask>. In 1985, with his wife, he started the Caracol Archaeological Project in western Belize, which is still on-going. The <mask>s have undertaken extensive excavations at this large Maya city, defining a sequence from the Preclassic through the Terminal Classic for Caracol and from the Preclassic through the Historic Periods for Santa Rita Corozal. At Caracol, they have also worked to preserve the built structures in the urban complex as part of Belize's cultural heritage. <mask> moved to the University of Central Florida in 1984 and was there through 2016. He helped to transform that institution into one of the top American universities in the study of the Southern Lowland Maya. He and his wife have together published many peer reviewed articles and books on the subjects of hieroglyphics, settlement patterns, ancient cities and urbanism, and ceramic studies of the Maya.In 2016, he joined the anthropology department at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). In 2019, he began teaching at Pomona College. Current research

<mask> teamed with University of Central Florida biologist Dr John Weishampel to obtain a NASA Space Archaeology Program & UCF-UF Space Research Initiative grant to use lidar (light radar) sensors to detect changes in the rainforest canopy, reforestation patterns and modifications to archaeological sites. The lidar system was installed in an aircraft flown over Caracol. The system used laser beams that were projected to the ground, bounced back and were recorded. These recordings produced a detailed three dimension map of both the Forest canopy and the ruins of Caracol. The speed and precision of the system was far superior to traditional ground surveys.In a 2013 talk at the University of Minnesota, <mask> and <mask> talked about their most recent work at Caracol, including data generated by lidar. Honors

 2017 Presenters Excellence Award: 15 Years (2003-2017). Belize Archaeology Symposium. 2013-2015 Distinguished Lecturer for Sigma Xi. 2012 Named a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. 2006-2008 Member, Board of Governors, State University System of Florida (Chair, Advisory Council of Faculty Senates). 2008 The Ben and Trudy Termini Distinguished Anthropologist Lecture, University of Texas, Arlington.2007 Awarded the status of Pegasus Professor, UCF‟s highest faculty honor, for continued excellence inresearch, teaching, and service. 2007 Inducted into Phi Kappa Phi honor society. 1995–present Co-Beneficiary (with Diane Z<mask>) of the Trevor Colbourn Endowment (University of Central Florida). 1991 Samuel Kahn Distinguished Alumnus Award, Robert Louis Stevenson School, Pebble Beach, CA. Bibliography

 1985 <mask> F<mask> and Prudence M. Rice, Editors., The Lowland Maya Postclassic, University of Texas Press, Austin, 352pp.+viii
 2010 <mask> F<mask>, Diane Z<mask>, and John F. Weishampel, "Lasers in the Jungle: Airborne sensors reveal a vast Maya landscape."Archaeology 63(4):27-29. Articles

 2010 Weishampel, John F., <mask> F<mask>, Diane Z<mask>, Jason B. Drake, Ramesh L. Shrestha, K. Clint Slatton,Jaime J. Awe,Jessica Hightower, and James Angelo, "Remote Sensing of Ancient Maya Land Use Features at Caracol, Belize related to Tropical Rainforest Structure," in S. Campna, M<mask>, and C. Liuzza, Eds., Space,Time, Place: Third International Conference on Remote Sensing in Archaeology, pp. 45–52, British Archaeological Reports S2118, Archaeopress, Oxford, England. 2010 "A City Revealed. ", Prism, American Society for Engineering Education, September 2010, pg. 21.2010 "Ils l'ont fait Une Cité Maya Cartographiée en Relief", Science & Vie, Juillet 2010, pg. 13. 2008 <mask> F<mask> and Diane Z<mask>, "Methodological Issues in the Archaeological Identification of the Terminal Classic and Postclassic Transition in the Maya Area," Research Reports in Belizean Archaeology 5:23-36. 1985 <mask> F<mask> and Diane Z<mask>, "Postclassic Temporal and Spatial Frames for the Lowland Maya: A Background," in A<mask> and P. Rice, Eds., The Lowland Maya Postclassic, pp.9–22, University of Texas Press, Austin. 1993 John Nobel Wilford, "Mayans had a Middle Class, Too, Emerging Burial Artifacts Indicate. ", New York Times, Jan 5. 1993. 1989 Epstein, Nadine, "From a Remote Jungle Site, a Trail of Striking Clues. ", The Smithsonian, Vol 20(9): pp 99–113. Referenced articles

 2001 <mask> F<mask> and Diane Z.<mask>, "Caracol," in W. <mask>, Ed., The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures, Vol. 1, pp. 143–145, Oxford University Press. Peer reviewed articles

 2012 <mask> F<mask>, Diane Z<mask>, Christopher T<mask>, Stephen J. Leisz, and John F. Weishampel, “Geospatial Revolution and Remote Sensing LiDAR in Mesoamerican Archaeology,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(32): 12916-2921. 2010 "Status and Power: Fiction and Reality in the Classic Maya World," 8th Annual Belize Archaeology Symposium, San Ignacio Cayo, Belize (with D.Z<mask> – July).2010 "Airborne LiDAR and Maya Landscape Archaeology: Viewing Status and Power from a Distance," 8th Annual Belize Archaeology Symposium, San Ignacio Cayo, Belize (D.Z<mask>, A.F<mask>, J. Awe, and J.F. Weishampel – July). 2010 "Relationships between LiDAR-Derived Rainforest Canopy Structure and Ancient Maya Land Use Legacies around Caracol, Belize," 25th Annual Meeting of the U.S. International Association of Landscape Ecology, Athens, Georgia (J.F. Weishampel, J.N.Hightower, J.J. Angelo, A. Matos, A.F<mask>, and D.Z<mask> - April). 2009 "Remote Sensing of Ancient Maya Land Use Features at Caracol, Belize Related to Tropical Rainforest Structure," 3rd International Conference on Remote Sensing, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India (J.F.Weishampel, A.F<mask>, D.Z<mask>, J.B. Drake, R.L. Shrestha, K.C.Slatton, J.J. Awe, J. Hightower,J. Angelo – August). 2008 "Elites, Symbolic Production, and Economic Distribution at Caracol, Belize," 73rd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Vancouver, Canada (with D.Z<mask> – March). References

External links
 http://www.caracol.org/
 https://web.archive.org/web/20160219045753/http://lidar.cr.usgs.gov/
 http://faculty.sfasu.edu/cecillg/Sites.html
 http://www.nichbelize.org/ia-general/archaeology-of-santa-rita.html
 http://www.bu.edu/holmul/
 https://web.archive.org/web/20120403172109/http://anthropology.cos.ucf.edu/content/people/viewPerson.html%26id%3D47%26group%3DFaculty

American archaeologists
1953 births
Living people
American expatriates in Mexico
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Remote sensing archaeologists

masks:
Arlen F
. Chase
Chase
Chase
Chase
Chase
Chase
Arlen
Diane Chase
. Chase
Arlen
. Chase
Arlen
. Chase
. Chase
Arlen
. Chase
. Chase
. Forte
Arlen
. Chase
. Chase
Arlen
. Chase
. Chase
. Chase
Arlen
. Chase
Chase
Fash
Arlen
. Chase
. Chase
. Fisher
. Chase
. Chase
. Chase
. Chase
. Chase
. Chase
. Chase
. Chase


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André-<mask> (31 January 176918 August 1823) was a French balloonist and the inventor of the frameless parachute. He was appointed Official Aeronaut of France. Biography
<mask> was born in Paris. He was captured by British troops during the first phase of the French Revolutionary Wars 1792–1797, turned over to the Austrians and held as a  prisoner of war in Buda in Hungary for three years. Balloons and parachutes

Ballooning
<mask>, a student of the ballooning pioneer professor Jacques Charles, was involved with the flight of hot air balloons, and worked with his older brother Jean-Baptiste-<mask> (1766–1849) in most of his ballooning activities. Eventually he was appointed Official Aeronaut of France. Garnerin began experiments with early parachutes based on umbrella-shaped devices and carried out the first frameless parachute descent (in the gondola) with a silk parachute on 22 October 1797 at Parc Monceau, Paris (1st Brumaire, Year VI of the Republican calendar).Garnerin's first parachute was made of white canvas with a diameter of approximately 23 feet (7 m). The umbrella was closed before he ascended, with a pole running down its center and a rope running through a tube in the pole, which connected it to the balloon. Garnerin rode in a basket attached to the bottom of the parachute; at a height of approximately  he severed the rope that connected his parachute to the balloon. The balloon continued skyward while Garnerin, with his basket and parachute, fell. The basket swung violently during descent, then bumped and scraped when it landed, but Garnerin emerged uninjured. <mask> went on to stage regular tests and demonstrations at Parc Monceau, Paris, on 22 October 1797, which became a cause célèbre when he announced in 1798 that his next flight would include a woman as a passenger. Although the public and press were in favour, he was forced to appear in front of officials of the Central Bureau of Police to justify his project.They were concerned about the effect that reduced air pressure might have on the organs of the delicate female body and loss of consciousness, plus the moral implications of flying in such close proximity. Unsatisfied with Garnerin's responses, the police issued an injunction against him, forbidding the ascent on the grounds that the young woman was committing herself to the venture without any idea of the possible outcome. After further consultation with both the Minister of the Interior and the Minister of the Police the injunction was overturned on the grounds that "there was no more scandal in seeing two people of different gender ascend in a balloon than it is to see them jump into a carriage." They also agreed that the decision of the woman showed proof of her confidence in the experiment and a degree of personal intrepidity. Citoyenne Henri had already been chosen, so when the ban was lifted Garnerin was ready to proceed. He advertised the ascent in L'Ami des Lois (a Parisian newspaper published from 1795 to 1798) :

On 8 July 1798 a large number of spectators gathered in the Parc Monceau to witness the ascent. By all accounts Citoyenne Henri was young and beautiful, and she and Garnerin took several turns around the park to the applause of the crowd before she was assisted into the basket of the balloon by the astronomer, Jérôme Lalande.The balloon trip passed without incident and the journey ended at Goussainville about  to the north of Paris. Touring England
André-Jacques held the position of Official Aeronaut of France, so with his wife Jeanne Geneviève he visited England in 1802 during the Peace of Amiens and the couple completed a number of demonstration flights. In the evening of 21 September 1802, André-Jacques ascended in his hydrogen balloon from the Volunteer Ground in North Audley Street, Grosvenor Square and made a parachute descent to a field near St Pancras. This gave rise to the English popular ballad:
Bold Garnerin went up
Which increased his Repute
And came safe to earth
In his Grand Parachute. He also made his second English balloon ascent with Edward Hawke Locker on 5 July 1802 from Lord's Cricket Ground, travelling the 17 miles (27.4 km) from there to Chingford in just over 15 minutes and carrying a letter of introduction signed by the Prince Regent to give to anyone should he crash land. However, when the war between France and Great Britain resumed they were forced to pack up and return to the continent where, on 3–4 October 1803, he covered a distance of 245 miles (395 km) between Paris and Clausen, Germany, with his balloon. Family
In most of his ballooning activities Garnerin worked with his older brother Jean-Baptiste-<mask> (1766–1849).<mask>
His student Jeanne Geneviève Labrosse, who later became his wife, was both a balloonist and the first female parachutist. Labrosse first flew on 10 November 1798, one of the earliest women to fly in a balloon, and on 12 October 1799, Labrosse was the first woman to parachute, from an altitude of 900 meters. Elisa Garnerin
His paternal niece Elisa <mask>, (born 1791), learned to fly balloons at age 15 and made 39 professional parachute descents from 1815 to 1836 in Italy, Spain, Russia, Germany, and France. Death
On 18 August, 1823, at the age of 54, Garnerin was working on the construction of a new balloon. While walking around the construction site, he was struck by a falling beam which killed him instantly. Legacy
Garnerin's first parachute jump was commemorated by Google in a Google Doodle on 22 October 2013. Notes

References

Other sources
  Searchable at  Internet Archive – A handy book of curious information by William Shepard Walsh
 "World's First Parachute Jump made in 1797".George Galloway essay on Andre-Jacques Garnerin
 M F Wright – profile of Andre Garnerin
 From The Big Umbrella, by John Lucas, Drake Publishers Inc. Great Britain, 1973. The Silken Angels, (early 1960s) [author unknown]
 Parachuting, Dan Poynter

External links

  Brief biography and picture
  Additional information on Garnerin
  André-Jacques Garnerin biography and picture

1769 births
1823 deaths
18th-century French inventors
French balloonists
French skydivers
Aviation pioneers
French aviators
French stunt performers
Accidental deaths in France

masks:
Jacques Garnerin
Garnerin
Garnerin
Olivier Garnerin
Garnerin
Olivier Garnerin
Jeanne Garnerin
Garnerin