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<mask> (; born 25 September 1946) is a retired Iranian football player and coach. He is regarded as one of the most prominent Iranian footballers. During his career, he has been associated mainly with Persepolis, played for the team for eighteen years, managed the club for seventeen years in three occasions and was also the club's president. He was selected as one of the seventeen Asian football elites by AFC and received a statue from this confederation. He was named as one of the members of Persepolis Hall of Fame and the club thanked him for his great performance during his senior career at Persepolis. The club gave him a statue of his face and named him as one of the twelve great players of Persepolis in the 1970s. Early life
<mask> has three children named Laden, Lida and Mohammad.<mask> was one of the former football players of Persepolis team who said goodbye to the world of football very soon. Playing career

Club career
He was discovered whilst playing street football with neighbourhood club Aref. After being scouted he joined Alborz FC, the reserve team of Kayan FC, where he would be called up very quickly. Eventually he made his way to Paykan F.C. and was one of the star players in the team in its short run in Iranian football. He moved to Persepolis FC as many other Paykan players did after the club was dissolved in 1970. After the Iranian Revolution and during the Iran–Iraq War <mask> was instrumental in helping the Persepolis club survive.By the end of his playing career he was operating in a player/manager position. He retired from competitive football in 1988.

International career

He played for the Iran national football team and was part of the Iranian Asian Cup winning squads of 1972 and 1976. <mask> participated in the 1972 Munich Olympics and played in all three of Iran's matches. He also participated at the 1976 Montreal Olympics, again playing in all three of Iran's matches, and he scored in the group game against Poland. He retired from international football after Iran's exit from the 1978 World Cup in Argentina, accumulating 76 caps and 11 goals. International goals

Career statistics

International goals

Managerial career
In late 1989 <mask> became the Iranian national team manager. He had already gained experience managing Tehran powerhouse, Persepolis FC.At first his popularity grew even more as the team won the 1990 Asian Games football gold medal, but early elimination from the 1992 Asian Cup and failure to qualify for World Cup 1994 cost him his job. He was fired in 1993 and replaced by Stanko Poklepovic. He later became the manager of Persepolis FC and helped the team to a number of league titles. He left the team briefly in the 2003–04 season but returned the year after as the technical director of the team. After a poor start for Persepolis in the 2005–06 season he again became the manager, only to leave at the end of the season due to the club's poor form. Statistics

List of seasons
ACW = Asian Cup Winners' Cup
TPL = Tehran Provincial League
THC = Tehran Hazfi Cup
TSC = Tehran Super Cup

Administrative roles

On 30 April 2007, <mask> led the takeover of Azadegan League club Ekbatan which was renamed Steel Azin. He also became one of the members of the board of directors.He was elected as Chairman of Steel Azin on 1 December 2010 but resigned after the team was Relegated to the Azadegan League on 15 June 2011. He was also acting chairman of Persepolis from May to October 2001. As of 19 September 2011, <mask> is one of the members of board of directors of Persepolis, serving for second time. On 22 January 2014, and after the resignation of Mohammad Rouyanian as the club's chairman, <mask> was appointed as the club's interim chairman. He was named as one of the members of Persepolis Hall of Fame and the club thanked him for his great performance during his senior career at Persepolis. The club gave him a statue of his face and named him as one of the twelve great players of Persepolis in the 1970s. Personal life
<mask> married in 1976.He has two daughters and one son. His son, <mask> is a former footballer who played for Persepolis and Paykan. He along with his wife, and the family of his children lives in house that he built in the Lavasan area, near Tehran. References

External links

Iranian footballers
Iranian football managers
Iran national football team managers
1972 AFC Asian Cup players
1976 AFC Asian Cup players
1978 FIFA World Cup players
AFC Asian Cup-winning players
Footballers at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
1992 AFC Asian Cup managers
Olympic footballers of Iran
Persepolis F.C. players
Persepolis F.C. managers
1946 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Tehran
Iranian football chairmen and investors
Iran international footballers
Asian Games gold medalists for Iran
Asian Games medalists in football
Footballers at the 1970 Asian Games
Footballers at the 1974 Asian Games
Association football midfielders
Persepolis F.C. non-playing staff
Medalists at the 1974 Asian Games

masks:
Ali Parvin
Ali Parvin
Mohammad Parvin
Parvin
Parvin
Parvin
Ali Parvin
Ali Parvin
Parvin
Parvin
Mohammad Parvin


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<mask><mask> is a literary scholar, folklorist, and author. She is currently Research Professor in the department of English at Stony Brook University, State University of New York where she specializes in European fairy tales and British children’s literature. She is also interested in the history of illustration and the religious socialization of children through edited Bible narratives. She “has been hailed as one of America’s foremost Grimm scholars”. Education
<mask>er earned her D.A. in German Literature and Language in 1981 through Stony Brook University, State University of New York. She earned a B.A.(Honors) in German Literature and Medieval History and an M.A. in German Literature at the University of California, Berkeley. She also attended Wellesley College, the University of Munich, and the University College London. Career
In addition to her current position at Stony Brook University, <mask>eimer has also taught at Hollins University, the University of Innsbruck,  the University of Vienna, Göttingen University, Princeton University, the University of California, and others. She is a member of numerous professional organizations including the International Society for Folk Narrative Research, Bruder Grimm Gesellschaft, and the Children’s Literature Association. <mask>eimer has  researched “the history of early British children’s literature and the seventeenth-century Port-Royalist Nicolas Fontaine. The Stony Brook University website states that “[<mask>gheimer’s] work crosses disciplinary boundaries, contextualizing genres in their socio-historical cultures of origin, assessing them in terms of publishing history parameters, and utilizing linguistics in discourse analysis”.She is currently researching   Hannâ Diyâb's contributions to Antoine Galland's 'Mille et Une Nuits', which made their way into the 'Arabian Nights'. <mask>ttigheimer’s languages of research include English, German, French, and occasionally Italian and Spanish. Publications

Books

"Magic Tales and Fairy Tale Magic from Ancient Egypt to the Italian Renaissance". (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014)
 Fairy Tales: A New History (Excelsior Editions: State University of New York, 2009)
 Gender and Story in South India, Ed. with Lalita Handoo and Leela Prasad (State University of New York Press, 2007)
 Fairy Godfather: Straparola, Venice, and the Fairy Tale Tradition (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002)
 The Bible for Children: From the Age of Gutenberg to the Present (Yale University Press, 1996)
 Grimm’s Bad Girls and Bold Boys: The Moral and Social Vision of the Tales (Yale University Press, 1987)
"Fairy Tales Framed. Early Forewords, Afterwords, and Critical Words" Ed. (State University of New York, 2012)
 Fairy Tales, Printed Texts, and Oral Tellings: The Other History [=Marvels & Tales 21.1 (2007)]
 Gender and Story in South India, ed.with Leela Prasad. Albany NY: SUNY Press, 2006. (reworking and expansion of Folklore and Folklore and Gender, see below)
 Folklore and Gender, Ed. with Lalita Handoo (Zooni Publications, 1999)
 Fairy Tales and Society: Illusion, Allusion and Paradigm, Ed. (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987)

Articles
<mask>eimer has written numerous articles including:

 “As diferenças entre a mídia manuscrita e a impressa: formas dos (proto-)contos de fadas Liombruno de Cirino d’Ancona e Lionbruno de Vindalino da Spira, dos anos de 1470” (Manuscript and Print Media Differences: Shapers of the 1470s (Proto) Fairy Tales Cirino d’Ancona’s Liombruno and Vindalino da Spira’s Lionbruno). LiterArtes 1.12 (2020) 260–274. “Das Alter in Grimms Kinder- und Hausmärchen.” Alter im Märchen.Eds. Harm-Peer Zimmermann and Simone Stiefbold. Volkach: Märchenstiftung Walter Kahn, 2020. 29–40. (=Schriftenreihe RINGVORLESUNGEN der Märchenstiftung Walter Kahn 18 UNI Zürich.) “Hannâ Diyâb, Antoine Galland, and Hannâ Diyâb’s Tales: I. On-the-Spot Recordings, Later Summaries, and One Translation; II. Western Sources in Eastern Texts.” In Mémoires de l’Association pour la Promotion de l’Histoire et de l’Archéologie Orientales.Liège: Peeters, 2020. 51–72. "Antikes Numinoses und moderner Zauber: Das Schaudern, das Glück auf Erden und Jenseitseigenschaften als abgrenzenden Kennzeichen des Numinosen." In: Karthrin Pöge-Alder und Harm-Peer Zimmermann (Eds. ), Numinoses Erzählen: Das Andere - Das Jenseitige - Das Zauberische. Beiträge zu Volkskunde in Sachsen-Anhalt 5 (2019): 83–93. "Reading for Fun in Eighteenth-Century Aleppo.The Hanna Dyâb Tales of Galland’s Mille et Une Nuits." Book History 22 (2019): 133–160. "'Eigentliche Märchen und biblische Geschichten: Ein Zusammenhang?" Märchenspiegel. 30.2 (2019): 44–49. "Straparola’s Piacevoli Notti and Fairy-Tale Poetics." Kreuz- und Querzüge: Beiträge zu einer literarischen Anthropologie.Festschrift for Alfred Messerli. Eds Harm-Peer Zimmermann, Peter O<mask>, and <mask>en. Hannover: Wehrhahn, 2019. 289–304. "Vliegende tapijten in Duizend-en-een-nacht: Disney, Dyâb ... en d'Aulnoy?" Volkskunde 2017 3:255-272. Translated into English as Flying Carpets in the Arabian Nights: Disney, Dyâb ... and d'Aulnoy?"Gramarye 13 (2018): 18-34. "Hanna Dyâb's Witch and the Great Witch Shift." In Cultures of Witchcraft in Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present, eds. <mask>, Owen Davies, and Cornelie Usborne. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Springer, 2017. 53–77. (=Festschrift for Willem de <mask>)."Gurimu Kyodai, Gehte, Casan do Pahsival: Arabian Naito to Ibunka Riron," (The Grimms, Goethe, and Caussin de Perceval: The Arabian Nights and Theories of Cultural Difference), trans. Ritsuko Inage and Yoshiko Noguchi. 161–176  in Gurimu Kenkyu no atarashii Chihei—Densho, Gender, Shakai (A New Horizon in Grimm Research: Tradition, Gender, and Society. =Festschrift for Yoshiko Noguchi), ed. Hisako Ohno. Osaka: Bensei-shuppan, 2017. “Cinderella: The People’s Princess.” 27–51 in Cinderella, ed.Gillian Lathey et al. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2016. “Stimmen aus der Vergangenheit.” 1: 133–141 in Märchen, Mythen und Moderne. 200 Jahre Kinder- und Hausmärchen der Brüder Grimm. Kongressband, 2 vols. eds. <mask>-von der Heyde, Holger Ehrhardt, Hans-Heino Ewers, Annekatrin Inder.Frankfurt a. M. u.a. : Peter Lang Verlag, 2015. “Storytelling in Amerika und die frühesten Märchen als städisches Phänomen.” 34–42 in Erzählen im Prozess des gesellschaftlichen und medialen Wandels. Märchen, Mythen, klassische und modern Kinderliteratur: Schneider Verlag Hohengehren, 2015 (=Schriftenreihre der DeutschenAkademie für Kinder- und Jugendliteratur 43). “The Case of ‘The Ebony Horse. Part II Hanna Diyab’s Creation of a Third Tradition.’” Gramarye  6 (2014): 6-16.“The Case of ‘The Ebony Horse. Part I’” With Claudia Ott. Gramarye  5 (2014): 8-20. “East Meets West in Thousand and One Nights.” Marvels and Tales 28.2 (2014): 302–324. “A Career That Wasn’t.” In Tema y variaciones de Literatura número 41 (Literatura infantil y juvenil: reflexiones, análisis y testimonios) [Theme and Variations of Literature Number 41 (Children's Literature: Reflections, Analysis and Testimonies)]. ed. Alejandra Sánchez Valencia.2013: 251–268.“Skeptics and Enthusiasts: Nineteenth-Century Prefaces to the Grimms’ Tales in English Translation.” In Grimms' Tales around the Globe: The Dynamics of Their International Reception, eds. Vanessa Joosen and Gillian Lathey. Detroit: Wayne State University, 2014. 199-218. “Children’s Bibles: An Overview and a History of their Scholarship,” in Retelling the Bible: Literary Historical, and Social Contexts, eds. Lucie Dolžalová and Tamás Visi. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2011.359–365. “Fairy Tale Illustrations and Real World Gender: Function, Conceptualization, and Publication.” RELIEF 2010 (electronic publication). “Upward and Outward: Fairy Tales and Popular, Print, and Proletarian Culture, 1550-1850.” Elore (ISSN 1456-3010) 17.2 (2010): 104–120. Joensu (Finland): The Finnish Folklore Society . “Les contes médievaux et les contes de fées moderns” in Féeries 7 (2010): 21–43. “Fairy Godfather, Fairy-Tale History, and Fairy-Tale Scholarship: A Response to <mask>-Amos, Jan Ziolkowski, and Francisco Vaz da Silva” in Fairy-Tale Traditions between Orality and Literacy, ed. <mask>-Amos [= Journal of American Folklore 123.490 (Fall 2010):] 447–496.“A New History for Fairy Tales.” 53–70 in The Conte: Oral and Written Dynamics, eds. Maeve M. McCusker and Janice Carruthers. London: Lang, 2010. “Murdering mothers in Bible stories and fairy tales.” In Representations of Women Victims and Perpetrators in German Culture 1500–2000. Rochester NY: Camden House, 2008. 28–42. "Children's Bibles: Sacralized and Problematic," 97–110 in Expectations and Experiences: Children, Childhood, and Children’s Literature, eds.Valerie Coughlan and <mask>. Lichfield: Pied Piper Press, 2007. “Semiliterate and Semi-Oral Processes” with Rudolf Schenda in Marvels and Tales 21 (1) (2007)
 “France’s First Fairy Tales: The Restoration and Rise Narratives of Les facetieuses nuictz du Seigneur Francois Straparole” in Marvels and Tales 19 (1) (2005)
 “Misperceived Perceptions: Perrault’s Fairy Tales and English Children’s Literature” in Children’s Literature 30 (2002)
 "Les Bibles pour enfants et leurs lecteurs aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles en France et en Allemagne" in La Bible Imprimée dans l'Europe moderne (Bibliothèque Nationale de France, 1999)
 "Männlich - Weiblich: Sexualität und Geschlechterrollen” in Männlch - Weiblich: Zur Bedeutung der Kategorie Geschlecht in der Kultur (Waxmann Verlag, 1999)
 "Illustration and Imagination" in Fellowship Program Researchers' Report, International Institute for Children's Literature Osaka 1999: 71–106 (English), 42–70 (Japanese). "Cultural History and the Meanings of Children's Literature" in Signal 87 (September 1998)
 "'An Important System of its Own': Defining Children's Literature" in Princeton University Library Chronicle 69.2 (1998)
 "Children's Bibles 1690–1750 and the Emergence of Fictions for Children" in Compar(a)ison 2 (1995)
 "Children's Bibles as a Form of Folk Narrative" (182-190) in Folk Narrative and Cultural Identity. 9th Congress of the International Society for Folk Narrative Research. Budapest 1989 Ed. Vilmos Voigt (Budapest 1995)
 "The Child-Reader of Children's Bibles 1656–1753" (44-56) in Infant Tongues: The Voice of the Child in Literature Ed.Elizabeth Goodenough, Mark Heberle, and Naomi Sokoloff  (Wayne State University Press, 1994)
 "The Bible for Children: The Emergence and Development of the Genre 1550–1990" (347-62) in The Church and Childhood: Studies in Church History 31 Ed. Diana Woods and Janet Nelson (Blackwell, 1994)
 "Fairy Tales and Children's Literature: A Feminist Perspective" (101-108) in Options for the Teaching of Children's Literature (Modern Language Association, 1992)
 "<mask>'s Fairy Tales: Nineteenth Century Bestsellers and Bürgerlichkeit" in Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur 15.2 (1990)
 "One Hundred and Fifty Years of German at Princeton: A Descriptive Account" in Teaching German in America: Prolegomena to a History Ed. <mask>, Walter F. W. Lohnes, & Valters Nollendorfs (University of Wisconsin Press, 1988)
 "Studies in Silence: Speech Patterns in Grimm's Fairy Tales" in Fairy Tales and Society (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1986)
 "Iconographic Continuity: A Study of the Illustration History of 'The Goosegirl' (KHM 89)" in Children's Literature 13 (1985)
 "The Transformed Queen: A Search for the Origins of Negative Female Archetypes in the Grimms' Fairy Tales" in Amsterdamer Beiträge 10 (1980)

In addition to the above works, <mask>eimer has also written numerous reviews, encyclopedia articles, and published several translations. Controversy
<mask>eimer’s recent conclusions about the literary history of fairy tales, published in her book Fairy Tales: A New History, have created a great deal of controversy among folklore scholars. At both the 2005 congress of the International Society for Folk Narrative Research in Estonia and the 2006 meeting of the American Folklore Society in Milwaukee, <mask>ttigheimer’s claims – particularly the claim that the  rise fairy tale “template” was originally conceived of by the 16th-century Italian writer Giovan Francesco Straparola – were repeatedly and “uproar[iously]” questioned by “unpersuaded” folklorists. Folklorists Dan Ben-Amos, Francisco Vaz da Silva, and Jan M. Ziolkowski each produced papers responding to Bottigheimer’s claims that appeared in the Journal of American Folklore. A response from Bottigheimer was published in the same issue.References

External links

 Stony Brook University Website

20th-century births
American folklorists
Women folklorists
Living people
Fairy tale scholars
21st-century American writers
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
Stony Brook University faculty
Date of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
American women academics

masks:
Ruth B
. Bottigheimer
Bottigheim
Bottigh
Bottigh
Botti
Bo
Bogh
. Büner
Bernhard Tschof
Jonathan Barry
Blécourt
Claudia Brinker
Dan Ben
Dan Ben
Clare Bradford
Ludwig Bechstein
David Benseler
Bottigh
Bogh
Bo


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<mask> (30 November 1802 – 24 January 1872) was a German philosopher and philologist. Life
He was born at Eutin, near Lübeck. He was placed in a gymnasium in Eutin, which was under the direction of , a philologist influenced by Immanuel Kant. He was educated at the universities of Kiel, Leipzig, Berlin. He became more and more attracted to the study of Plato and Aristotle, and his 1826 doctoral dissertation, Platonis de ideis et numeris doctrina ex Aristotele illustrata (On Plato's Doctrine of Ideas and Numbers as Illustrated by Aristotle), was an attempt to reach through Aristotle's criticisms a more accurate knowledge of the Platonic philosophy. He declined the offer of a classical chair at Kiel, and accepted a post as tutor to the son of an intimate friend of Karl vom Stein zum Altenstein, the Prussian minister of education. He held this position for seven years (1826–1833), occupying his leisure time with the preparation of a critical edition of Aristotle's De anima (1833; 2nd ed.by Christian Belger, 1877). In 1833 Altenstein appointed Trendelenburg extraordinary professor in Berlin, and four years later he was advanced to an ordinary professorship. Teaching
For nearly 40 years, he proved himself markedly successful as a teacher, during the greater part of which time he had to examine in philosophy and pedagogics all candidates for the scholastic profession in Prussia. His teaching method was highly regarded by Søren Kierkegaard who called him "one of the most sober philosophical philologists I know." He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1861. Two of his prominent students were Franz Brentano and Wilhelm Dilthey. Philosophical work

Defense of teleology
Trendelenburg's philosophizing is conditioned throughout by his loving study of Plato and Aristotle, whom he regards not as opponents but as building jointly on the broad basis of idealism.His own standpoint may be called a modern version of Aristotelianism. While denying the possibility of an absolute method and an absolute philosophy, as contended for by Hegel and others, Trendelenburg was emphatically an idealist in the ancient or Platonic sense; his whole work was devoted to the demonstration of the ideal in the real. But he maintained that the procedure of philosophy must be analytic, rising from the particular facts to the universal in which we find them explained. We divine the system of the whole from the part we know, but the process of reconstruction must remain approximative. Our position forbids the possibility of a final system. Instead, therefore, of constantly beginning afresh in speculation, it should be our duty to attach ourselves to what may be considered the permanent results of historic developments. The classical expression of these results Trendelenburg finds mainly in the Platonico-Aristotelian system.The philosophical question is stated thus: How are thought and being united in knowledge? How does thought get at being? And how does being enter into thought? Proceeding on the principle that like can only be known by like, Trendelenburg next reaches a doctrine peculiar to himself (though based upon Aristotle) that plays a central part in his speculations. Motion is the fundamental fact common to being and thought; the actual motion of the external world has its counterpart in the constructive motion involved in every instance of perception or thought. From motion he proceeds to deduce time, space and the categories of mechanics and natural science. These, being thus derived, are at once subjective and objective in their scope.It is true that matter can never be completely resolved into motion, but the irreducible remainder may be treated, like Aristotle, as an abstraction we asymptotically approach but never reach. The facts of existence, however, are not adequately explained by the mechanical categories. The ultimate interpretation of the universe can only be found in the higher category of End or final cause. Here Trendelenburg finds the dividing line, between philosophical systems. On the one side stand those that acknowledge none but efficient causes, which make force prior to thought, and explain the universe, as it were, a tergo ("from the back"). This may be called, typically, Democritism. On the other side stands the organic or teleological view of the world, which interprets the parts through the idea of the whole, and sees in the efficient causes only the vehicle of ideal ends.This may be called in a wide sense Platonism. Systems like Spinozism, which seem to form a third class, neither sacrificing force to thought nor thought to force, yet by their denial of final causes inevitably fall back into the Democritic or essentially materialistic standpoint, leaving us with the great antagonism of the mechanical and the organic systems of philosophy. The latter view, which receives its first support in the facts of life, or organic nature as such, finds its culmination and ultimate verification in the ethical world, which essentially consists in the realization of ends. Trendelenburg's Naturrecht [the right of nature] may, therefore, be taken as in a manner the completion of his system, his working out of the ideal as present in the real. The ethical end is taken to be the idea of humanity, not in the abstract as formulated by Immanuel Kant, but in the context of the state and of history. Law is treated throughout as the vehicle of ethical requirements. In Trendelenburg's treatment of the state, as the ethical organism in which the individual (the potential man) may be said first to emerge into actuality, we may trace his nurture on the best ideas of Hellenic antiquity.Fischer–Trendelenburg debate
In 1865 he became involved in an acrimonious controversy on the interpretation of Kant's doctrine of space with Kuno Fischer, whom he attacked in Kuno Fischer und sein Kant (1869), which drew forth the reply Anti-Trendelenburg (1870). The controversy became known in the history of philosophy as the Fischer–Trendelenburg debate. Trendelenburg's position on the debate (the position that "Kant may establish that space and time are a priori and intuitive conditions for experience in the "Transcendental Aesthetic," but this in no way entails that space and time have nothing to do with the objects outside of possible experience") has been variously dubbed as "Neglected Alternative," "Trendelenburg's gap" [die trendelenburgische Lücke], "Pistorius's gap [die pistorische Lücke]" (named after Hermann Andreas Pistorius), or "third possibility" [die dritte Möglichkeit]. Family
His son, <mask>rendelenburg, was a prominent surgeon; several medical techniques and matters are named for him. Works (selection)
Trendelenburg was also the author of the following:

Elementa Logices Aristotelicae (1836; 9th ed., 1892; Eng. trans. 1881), a selection of passages from the Organon with Latin translation and notes, containing the substance of Aristotle's logical doctrine, supplemented by Erlauterungen zu den Elementen der Aristotelischen Logik (1842; 3rd ed., 1876).Logische Untersuchungen (Logical Investigations), 2 vols. (1840; 3rd ed. 1870), and Die logische Frage in Hegels System (1843), important factors in the reaction against Hegel. Historische Beitrage zur Philosophie (1846–1867), in three volumes, the first of which (Geschichte der Kategorienlehre) contains a history of the doctrine of the Categories. Geschichte der Kategorienlehre I: Aristotle Kategorienlehre; II: Die Kategorienlehre in der Geschichte der Philosophie (1846, reprint: Hildesheim, Olms, 1979). Des Naturrecht aufdem Grunde der Ethik (1860). Lücken im Völkerrecht (1870), a treatise on the defects of international law, occasioned by the war of 1870.Kleine Schriften (1871), papers dealing with non-philosophical, chiefly national and educational subjects. Zur Geschichte des Wortes Person, Kant-Studien, Bd. 13, Berlin 1908

Translations
 A Contribution to the History of the Word Person: A Posthumous Treatise, Open Court Pub. Co., 1910. Outlines of Logic: An English Translation of Trendelenburg's Elementa, 1898. Notes

Attribution:

References
 Frederick Beiser, Late German Idealism: Trendelenburg and Lotze, Oxford University Press, 2013 [Currently the most complete discussion of Trendelenburg's philosophy.] Graham Bird, A Companion to Kant, John Wiley and Sons, 2009 p. 486ff has an article about Trendelenburg's dispute with Fisher over Kant's definition of space
 Hermann Bonitz, Zur Erinnering an <mask> Trendelenburg (Berlin, 1872)

 Ernst Bratuschek, <mask>rendelenburg (Berlin, 1873) [The first complete intellectual biography of Trendelenburg.]George Sylvester Morris, <mask> Trendelenburg (1874). Paul Kleinert, Grabrede (Berlin, 1872)
 Carl von Prantl, Gedächtnisrede (Munich, 1873)

External links

1802 births
1872 deaths
19th-century German male writers
19th-century German non-fiction writers
19th-century German people
19th-century German philosophers
19th-century essayists
19th-century philologists
19th-century philosophers
Aristotelian philosophers
Continental philosophers
Epistemologists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
German essayists
German ethicists
German logicians
German male non-fiction writers
German philologists
Hegel scholars
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin faculty
Idealists
Kant scholars
Lecturers
Leipzig University alumni
Metaphysicians
Moral philosophers
Ontologists
People from Eutin
People from Oldenburg (state)
Philosophers of culture
Philosophers of education
Philosophers of ethics and morality
Philosophers of history
Philosophers of language
Philosophers of law
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Philosophers of mind
Philosophers of social science
Philosophers of war
Philosophy academics
Philosophy teachers
Philosophy writers
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Spinoza scholars
University of Kiel alumni

masks:
Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg
Friedrich T
Friedrich Adolf
Adolf T
Friedrich Adolf


text_chunks:
<mask> (born May 28, 1988) has competed for the Canadian National women's ice hockey team. Her debut with Team Canada was at the 2010 Four Nations Cup where she was part of the gold medal-winning squadron. She played for the Burlington Barracudas in the Canadian Women's Hockey League before being claimed by the Brampton Thunder in the dispersal section of the 2012 CWHL Draft. With the Toronto Furies, she was recognized as the Most Valuable Player of the 2014 Clarkson Cup. Playing career
<mask> participated in the PWHL for the Toronto Jr. Aeros. During the 2005–06 season, she led the squad to an undefeated regular season. In addition, she helped the team claim league and provincial titles.Harvard
<mask> joined the Harvard Crimson in the autumn of 2006 and appeared in 12 games with 11 starts. As a rookie, she logged eight wins, while earning shutouts against the Princeton Tigers (on Nov. 25 and Jan. 5), and against nationally ranked Minnesota Duluth (Dec. 2). The shutouts that she registered on November 25 and December 2 came in her second and third collegiate games of her career. This was part of a period in which she went 150 minutes without allowing a goal. She would only give up one goal during her first three NCAA contests. On December 8, she made a then career high 33 saves in a tie against nationally ranked New Hampshire. During the 2007-08 campaign, <mask> set the NCAA single-season record with 12 shutouts.In addition, she led all NCAA goaltenders with a .952 save percentage (679 of 713) and winning percentage (30-2-0, .938). With <mask> in net, the Crimson set the all-time record for fewest goals allowed in a season. In a January 27, 2008 win versus Dartmouth (a 4–0 shutout), she surpassed Ali Boe for the Crimson single-season shutout record by notching her eighth. Boe set the previous mark with seven shutouts in 2003–04. In the 2008 women's Beanpot, <mask> blocked 41 of 43 shots during the tournament to win the Joe Bertagna Award. On February 1, <mask> earned her first NCAA assist. In a match against Brown, <mask> assisted on a goal logged by Kathryn Farni.A February 23 victory over Cornell (by a 4-2 tally) gave <mask> her 25th victory of the season. Her junior season (2008–09) resulted in her being named to the ECAC Hockey preseason all-league team. Statistically, she ranked first in the ECAC with a 1.55 goals-against average in conference play. In the Beanpot semifinal (from February 3, 2009), she stopped 17 shots against Boston University as the Crimson prevailed. A February 20 win over the St. Lawrence Skating Saints resulted in <mask>'s fourth shutout of the season. During the ECAC Quarterfinals (on February 27 and 28), <mask> logged back-to-back shutouts against Cornell (by tallies of 3–0, 4–0), respectively. As a senior (2009–10), <mask> was fifth in the NCAA with a .944 save percentage.She would also rank fifth with a 1.39 goals-against average. In the Crimson's season opening match versus Colgate (contested on October 30, 2009), <mask> registered 29 saves. On November 14, she would set a career high by blocking 37 shots versus Princeton. On December 4 and 5, 2010, <mask> had one of the best performances of her NCAA career. She recorded 24 saves against Minnesota on Dec. 4, as the Crimson prevailed by a 1–0 mark. She followed up her performance with 29 saves to guide Harvard to a 0–0 tie the following day. Entering the weekend, Minnesota had not been shut out since the 2006–07 season.A December 8 victory versus the Connecticut Huskies (in which the Crimson earned a 2–1 win) resulted in <mask> tying Ali Boe for the Harvard career win record of 63. Win number 64 came on January 16, 2010, in a 21 save effort that resulted in a 5–1 victory over the Colgate Raiders. Her career save percentage of .9414 (1,863 of 1,979 shots) is the all-time best in NCAA history. Hockey Canada
She was in attendance for the first ever IIHF development camp (held in Vierumaki, Finland). <mask> represented the OWHA and Hockey Canada. In 2006, she was selected to Canada's under-22 national team but did not compete due to injury. <mask> was part of the Canadian Under 22 squad that participated in a three-game series versus the US Under 22 team in August 2009.<mask> accumulated 40 saves in two games for Canada's Under-22 Team. In January 2009, she was part of the silver medal-winning team at the MLP Cup in January 2009. In two games played, she logged two shutouts and 35 saves. She was the backstop for the Canadian Under-22 Team which won a gold medal at 2010 MLP Cup. She would log a shutout with 15 saves in gold-medal game against Switzerland. She made her debut for the Canadian National women's hockey team at the 2010 Four Nations Cup. <mask> won a gold medal as she was one of the backup goaltenders to Shannon Szabados.She travelled to Bratislava, Slovakia to participate in the 2011 IIHF High Performance Women's Camp from July 4–12. In the first game of the 2011 IIHF Eight Nations Tournament, <mask> earned the shutout in a 16–0 victory over Switzerland. On October 3, 2011, she was named to the Team Canada roster that participated in the 2011 4 Nations Cup. CWHL
On November 18, 2011, she was one of several Burlington Barracudas players that competed in the first ever Hockey Helps The Homeless Women's Tournament. Said tournament was held at the Magna Centre in Newmarket, Ontario. Along with Barracudas teammate Shannon Moulson, she was part of an event at Power Play Sports in Niagara Falls, Ontario on December 20, 2011, to promote the 2012 Clarkson Cup (to be held in Niagara Falls). After the event, they met players from the NFGHA (Niagara Falls Girls' Hockey League) for photographs and autographs.Awards and honours
ECAC Rookie of the Week (Week of November 27, 2006)
ECAC Goaltender of the Week (Week of December 5. 2006)
 ECAC Rookie of the Week (Week of January 8, 2007)
2007 ECAC Hockey League All-Academic Team
2008 ECAC Goaltender of the Year
2008 Joe Bertagna Award as the best goaltender in the Beanpot
2007-08 RBK Hockey/AHCA All-America Second Team
2007-08 First Team All-ECAC
2007-08 First Team All-Ivy League
2007-08 New England Hockey Writers Division I Women's All-Star Team
NCAA single season record, Most Shutouts in one season (12), accomplished in 2007-08
2008 ECAC Tournament Team
ECAC Goaltender of the week (Week of December 1, 2009)
ECAC Goaltender of the week (Week of December 8, 2009)
2008-09 All-Ivy League first team
2008-09 All-ECAC Hockey second team
2008-09 New England Hockey Writers Division I All-Star Team
2009-10 ECAC Hockey preseason all-league team
2009-10 All-Ivy League honorable mention
2009-10 Academic All-Ivy League
2010 nominee for Patty Kazmaier Award
 NCAA record holder for career save percentage (1,863 of 1,979, .9414)

References

1988 births
Burlington Barracudas players
Canadian women's ice hockey goaltenders
Clarkson Cup champions
Harvard Crimson women's ice hockey players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Living people
Sportspeople from Mississauga

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<mask> ( – 1460), also known by the sobriquet Maithil Kavi Kokil (the poet cuckoo of Maithili), was a Maithili and Sanskrit poet-saint, composer, writer, courtier and royal priest. He was a devotee of Shiva, but also wrote love songs and devotional Vaishnava songs. He knew Sanskrit, Prakrit, Apabhramsha, and Maithili. Vidyapati's influence was not just restricted to Maithili and Sanskrit literature but also extended to other Eastern Indian literary traditions. The language at the time of Vidyapati, the prakrit-derived late Abahattha, had just begun to transition into early versions of the Eastern languages such as Maithili and Bhojpuri. Thus, Vidyapati's influence on making these languages has been described as "analogous to that of Dante in Italy and Chaucer in England". He has been called the "Father of Bengali literature".Early life
Vidyapati was born to a Maithil Brahmin family in the village of Bisapī (now Bisfi) in the present-day Madhubani district of the Mithila region of northern Bihar, India. The name Vidyapati ("master of knowledge") is derived from two Sanskrit words, vidya ("knowledge") and pati ("master"). There is confusion as to his exact date of birth due to conflicting information from his own works and those of his patrons. He was the son of Gaṇapati Ṭhakkura, a Maithil Brahmin said to be a great devotee of Shiva. He was a priest in the court of Rāya Gaṇeśvara, the reigning chief of Tirhut. A number of his near ancestors were notable in their own right including his great-grandfather, Devāditya Ṭhakkura, who was a Minister of War and Peace in the court of Harisimhadeva. Vidyapati himself worked in the courts of various kings of the Oiniwar Dynasty of Mithila.<mask>'s first commission was by Kīrttisiṃha, who ruled Mithila from around 1370 to 1380. This led to the Kīrttilatā, a long praise-poem for his patron in verse. This work contains an extended passage praising the courtesans of Delhi, foreshadowing his later virtuosity in composing love poetry. Though Kīrttisiṃha didn't commission any more works, <mask> secured a position at the court of his successor, Devasimha. The prose story collection Bhūparikramaṇa was written under Devasimha's auspices. <mask> developed a close friendship with Devasimha's heir apparent Sivasimha and started focusing on love songs. He wrote some five hundred love songs, primarily between 1380 and 1406.The songs he composed after that period were devotional praises of Shiva, Vishnu, Durga, and Ganga. There was a close friendship between Sivasimha, king of Mithila from 1402 to 1406, and Vidyapati. As soon as Sivasimha ascended to his throne, he granted Vidyapati his home village of Bisapi, an act recorded on a copper plate. On the plate, Sivasimha calls him "the new Jayadeva". The poet also accompanied his king to Delhi, at the sultan's demand. A story about that encounter relates how the king was held by the sultan and Vidyapati negotiated for his release by displaying his clairvoyant powers. Sivasimha's favorable patronage and the courtly environment encouraged Vidyapati's experiments in love songs written in Maithili, a language everyone at court could enjoy.In 1406, Sivasimha went missing in a battle with a Muslim army. After this defeat, Vidyapati and the court took refuge at a king's court in Rajabanauli, Nepal. In 1418, Padmasimha succeeded Sivasimha as ruler of Mithila after an interregnum when Sivasimha's chief queen Lakhima Devi reigned for 12 years. Vidyapati returned to serve Padmasimha and continue writing, primarily treatises on law and devotional manuals. At about 1430 or earlier, he is known to have returned to his village, Bisapi. He often visited its temple of Shiva. He is recorded as having two wives, three sons and four daughters.Political career
The independence of the kings Vidyapati worked for was often threatened by incursions by Muslim sultans. The Kīrttilatā makes reference to an incident where the Oiniwar King, Raja Gaṇeśvara, was killed by the Turkish commander, Malik Arsalan in 1371. By 1401, Vidyapati requested the help of the Jaunpur Sultan in overthrowing Arsalan and installing Gaṇeśvara's sons, Vīrasiṃha and Kīrttisiṃha, on the throne. With the Sultan's assistance, Arsalan was deposed and Kīrttisiṃha, the oldest son, became the ruler of Mithila. The conflicts of his time are evident in his works. In his early praise-poem Kīrttilatā, he slyly criticizes his patron for his perceived deference to Muslims. Love songs
While working under his second patron, Devasimha, and especially under his successor Sivasimha, Vidyapati started composing Maithili songs of the love of Radha and Krishna.He seems to have only composed love songs between 1380 to 1406, though he kept writing until near his death in 1448. He seems to have ceased writing love songs after his patron and friend Sivasimha went missing in a battle and his court had to go into exile. These songs, which would eventually number five hundred, broke with convention. They were written in vernacular Maithili as songs, not as formal poems in literary Sanskrit as was done before. Until Vidyapati, Maithili wasn't employed as a literary medium. He applied the tradition of Sanskrit love poetry to the "simple, musical, and direct" Maithili language. His inheritance from the Sanskrit tradition include its repertory of standard images to describe beauty ("eyes large and tender like a doe's") and standard settings to invoke certain moods and feelings (spring with its increasing heat as an analogy for rising passion).<mask> also drew from the beauty of his home in Madhubani ("forest of honey"), with its mango groves, rice fields, sugar cane, and lotus ponds. In the tradition of Jayadeva's Gita Govinda, Vidyapati's songs were simultaneously praises of love-making and praises of Krishna; praise of Krishna involved praise of love-making. The intensity and poetic virtuosity of the songs were integral to these songs' function as a way to directly worship god and earn spiritual merit. <mask>'s continuation of Jayadeva's program in a different language earned him the title "the new Jayadeva". His work did differ from his predecessor's in two ways. His songs were independent from one another unlike the Gita Govinda, which comprises twelve cantos telling an over-arching story of the couple's separation and reunion. While Jayadeva wrote from Krishna's perspective, Vidyapati preferred Radha's; "her career as a young girl, her slowly awakening youth, her physical charm, her shyness, doubts and hesitations, her naive innocence, her need for love, her surrender to rapture, her utter anguish when neglected - all of these are described from a woman's point of view and with matchless tenderness."These songs frequently mention the queens of king Sivasimha, an indicator that they were meant to be enjoyed by the court. At times, his poems identify Krishna with king Sivasimha and Radha with the king's chief queen, Lakhima Devi. They were sung by a court singer, Jayati, who sent the songs to music. They were learned by dancing girls and eventually spread out of the court. His love songs have been collected into the Padāvalī, probably not by Vidyapati himself. Devotional songs

Though he wrote hundreds of love songs about the romance of Radha and Krishna, he was not a special devotee of Krishna or Vishnu. Instead, he lavished attention on Shiva and Durga but also wrote songs about Vishnu and Ganga.He is particularly known for his songs of the love of Shiva and Parvati and prayers for Shiva as the supreme Brahman. A song titled All My Inhibition:All my inhibition left me in a flash,
When he robbed me off my clothes,
But his body became my new dress. Like a bee hovering on a lotus leaf
He was there in my night, on me! Influence

Odia literature
<mask>'s influence reached Odisha through Bengal. The earliest composition in Brajabuli,  an artificial literary language popularized by Vidyapati, is ascribed to Ramananda Raya, the governor of Godavari province of the King of Odisha, Gajapati Prataprudra Dev. He was a disciple of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. He recited his Brajabuli poems to Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, when he first met him on the bank of river Godavari at Rajahmundry, southern provincial capital of Kingdom of Odisha in 1511–12.Other notable Odia poets influenced by <mask>'s poems were Champati Ray and king Pratap Malla Dev (1504–32). Bengali literature
Bengali Vaishnavas like Chitanya and Chandidas adopted <mask>'s love songs about Radha and Krishna as Vaishnava hymns. All major Bengali poets of the medieval period were influenced by Vidyapati. As a result, an artificial literary language, known as Brajabuli was developed in the sixteenth century. Brajabuli is basically Maithili (as prevalent during the medieval period) but its forms are modified to look like Bengali. The medieval Bengali poets, Gobindadas Kabiraj, Jnandas, Balaramdas and Narottamdas composed their padas (poems) in this language. Rabindranath Tagore composed his Bhanusingha Thakurer Padabali (1884) in a mix of Western Hindi (Braj Bhasha) and archaic Bengali and named the language Brajabuli as an imitation of Vidyapati (he initially promoted these lyrics as those of a newly discovered poet, Bhanusingha).Other 19th-century figures in the Bengal Renaissance like Bankim Chandra Chatterjee have also written in Brajabuli. Tagore was much influenced by <mask>ti Setu). Legacy
<mask> has been kept alive in popular memory over the past six centuries; he is a household name in Mithila. His love songs are sung at weddings in the region. Many myths have arisen about him and people continue to sing his songs.Bidāpat Nāch
A form of folk dance-drama street theater, Bidāpat Nāch, where "bidāpat" is derived from "Vidyapati", is performed in Purnia district in north Bihar. While several groups performed in multiple villages in that area in the 20th century, there was just one group left in one village by 2012. In mythology
Vidyapati's life has been mythologised in different ways. Many of his admirers ascribe miracles to him and detail his interaction with the gods. Among these stories is one which details that Shiva came down to earth to speak with Vidyapati after being impressed with his piety. This incarnation of Lord Shiva is known as Ugna. Ugna served as the servant of the poet Vidyapati.Another story tells of story involving him and the Goddess Ganga. When his death was imminent, he decided to go to the river Ganga, but was too tired to continue just a few miles away. He resolves that if his piety was pure, the river would come to him. And so it happens. The goddess obliges and the river rises to let him take a final dip in holy waters. At some point in the past, the town where this is believed to have happened was renamed Vidyapati Nagar ("town of Vidyapati") and a Shiva temple was built there. In popular culture
Pahari Sanyal played <mask> in the 1937 Bengali film Vidyapati, which received a lot of appreciation.The film starred Prithviraj Kapoor as King Shiva Singha of Mithila. Another film, also titled Vidyapati, was made in 1964 by Prahlad Sharma, starring Bharat Bhushan and Simi Garewal in the lead roles. In Dec 2018, Darbhanga Airport was renamed Kavi Kokil Vidyapati Airport. Works

Texts
Maṇimañjarīnāṭikā (Sanskrit, Tirahuta script) - a conventional romantic play (nāṭikā)
Bhūparikramaṇa ("around the world", Sanskrit, Devanagari script) - a collection of eight prose stories set in different locales
 (Avahaṭṭha, Devanagari script) - a praise-biography in verse detailing the victory of Vidyapati's patron Kirttisimha's over his rival Malik Arsalan composed in the Sanskrit genre ākhyāyikā. (Sanskrit, Devanagari script) - a treatise on political ethics and ideal masculinity, composed broadly in the Sanskrit kathā genre. Gorakṣavijaya (Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Maithili; Mithilākṣara script) - a musical play about Tantric saint Gorakṣanātha rescuing his teacher Matsyendranātha from a worldly life back to the life of a yogi
Kīrttipatākā (Avahaṭṭha, Tirahutā script) - a partially-extant praise-biography in verse for another of Vidyapati's patrons, Sivasimha. Harikeli (Avahaṭṭha, Tirahutā script) - a partially-extant allegorical love play between Krishna and the Gopis, with Raya Arjuna/Jagat Simha (a cousin of Sivasimha) as protagonist.Likhanāvalī (Sanskrit, Devanagari script) - a manual for scribes, with model letters, business documents, and affidavits
Śaivasarvasvasāra (Sanskrit; one manuscript in Mithilākṣara script, two in Devanagari) - describes the significance and merits of worshipping Shiva, with proscribed rituals, citing extensively from the Puranas. Gaṅgāvākyāvalī (Sanskrit) - a text glorifying the religious significance of Ganga, with citations from the Puranas. (Sanskrit, Tirahuta script) - a dharmaśāstra focusing on property law, with citations from many Smritis. (Sanskrit, Devanagari script) - a guide to types of ritual donations and their spiritual merits
 (Sanskrit, Devanagari script) - a guide to the proper worship of Durga, especially during Navaratri or in the month of Asvin. Gayāpattalaka (Sanskrit, Devanagari script) - a text about funerary rituals. (Sanskrit) - a text describing the festivals that are to be observed through the year (probably the festivals that were observed in Mithila at that time). Padāvalī (Maithili, Tirahuta/Bangla/Devanagari scripts depending on version) - a compilation of Vidyapati's songs in praise of Krishna, likely not put together by him.Translations
His works have been translated to several languages, including English. <mask>'s love songs were translated into English as part of the UNESCO Collection of Representative Works. Notes

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 <mask> at Encyclopædia Universalis
 <mask> at the Great Soviet Encyclopedia

 27 poems transl. Deben Bhattacharya, from Love Songs of Vidyapati, (UNESCO) 1963

1350s births
1440s deaths
Hindu poets
14th-century Indian poets
People from Madhubani district
Culture of Mithila
Writers of Mithila
Maithili poets
15th-century Indian poets
Maithil Brahmin

masks: Vidyapati Vidyapati Vidyapati Vidyapati Vidyapati Vidyapati Vidyapati Vidyapati Vidyapati Vidyapatiidyapa Vidyapati Vidyapati Vidyapati Vidyapati Vidyapati


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<mask> (January 10, 1921 – August 25, 2011) was an American real estate developer and politician who served in the North Carolina House of Representatives and North Carolina Senate. He served as the Mayor of Raleigh, North Carolina from 1975 until 1977. <mask> was born to a poor family in 1921 in Iredell County, North Carolina, United States. He moved to Chapel Hill in 1939 to pursue a university education, but dropped out due to ill health and took up various jobs. He enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in 1942 and fought in World War II as a bomber pilot. Following his discharge in 1946, <mask> moved to Raleigh to resume his education. He shortly thereafter abandoned his studies to start his own construction company.Over time the business grew and completed projects across the southeastern United States, and <mask> became a millionaire. In 1963 he, a conservative Democrat, was elected to the North Carolina House of Representatives. Two years later he was elected to the North Carolina Senate. Over the course of his legislative career he advocated for the disabled and opposed liquor, pornography, and coed dormitories on state university campuses. He also frequently disregarded the wishes of state Democratic leaders, earning a reputation as a maverick. <mask> left the Senate in 1971 and unsuccessfully sought a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives the following year. <mask> was elected Mayor of Raleigh in 1975.During his tenure, the Raleigh City Council was split evenly between members aligned with community and environmental activists who wanted to limit the city's growth and others who represented business interests and sought to promote development. The division brought about frequent clashing between <mask>—who had an abrasive, uncompromising style and supported further development in Raleigh—and members of the council. He was challenged in his 1977 reelection bid by Isabella Cannon, who ran at the behest of a coalition of community activists. <mask> frequently attacked the coalition throughout the campaign. Despite having the endorsement of Raleigh's two newspapers and outspending his opponent, he lost the election. He died on August 25, 2011. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on January 10, 1921, in Mooresville, Iredell County, North Carolina, United States to James Lee <mask> and Jeanette Arney.He was the third of five children in a poor family. Both of his parents worked at the Kannapolis Cotton Mill. When <mask> was thirteen years old his father died, and he moved to Statesville to work on a farm, sending a portion of his income back to his family to support it. He graduated from Iredell County's Central High School in 1939. <mask> hitchhiked from his family's farm to Chapel Hill to attend the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He studied at the school from 1939 until 1940, when he was forced to drop out due to ill health. He then worked a variety of jobs before enlisting in the United States Marine Corps in June 1942.Seeking to become an aviator, he undertook training courses in Chapel Hill; Anacostia, Maryland; and Pensacola, Florida, and was commissioned as a lieutenant on August 17. He completed his operational flight training on November 6 and was subsequently sent to San Diego to join American forces moving out for deployment in World War II. <mask> served as a bomber pilot and fought in the South Pacific, earning ten military awards, including two Distinguished Flying Crosses. <mask> became known as "Bomber Jack" to his fellow Marines during the war and garnered the rank of First Lieutenant before he was discharged in 1946. <mask> returned to North Carolina and enrolled in North Carolina State College in Raleigh, building his own duplex to reside in while he pursued his studies. Anticipating a post-war construction boom, he dropped out in 1947 to pursue a career in contracting. <mask> married Frances Katherine Lyon on September 24, 1943 in Jacksonville, Florida.They had five daughters together. <mask> was a Presbyterian Christian, and was a member of a masonic lodge, the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, the American Legion, and the Raleigh Civitan Club. Commercial career
<mask> founded the Coggins Construction Company. His first projects were small duplexes. Over time <mask> gradually expanded his building work to include apartment complexes and government buildings. His construction company completed projects across the southeastern United States, including development at Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point and the erection of Beckanna Apartments, an eight-story, 250-unit housing complex on Glenwood Avenue in Raleigh which he named for two of his daughters. <mask> later engaged in real estate speculation.Believing that U.S. Route 70 would become an important channel of commercial activity between Raleigh and Durham, he began to purchase land along the highway, eventually amassing over 250 acres. He leased some of the land in the area and oversaw a significant amount of real estate development along the road, sometimes provoking the ire of local residents. He also founded the Lyon Equipment Company and Dob's, Inc.

<mask> frequently attended to his business, and he had little spare time to interact with friends and family or engage in leisurely activities. Over the course of his career he became a millionaire. His newfound wealth allowed him to purchase a large home and 16-acres of land in western Raleigh. He founded Raleigh Memorial Park, a cemetery. His last development project was the erection of a large mausoleum in the cemetery.<mask> had wanted to build such a structure since the 1950s but never had any commercial support to do so, and decided to personally construct it in the early 1990s. He dedicated it to his wife. <mask> served as chairman of the board of Textile Research Services, Inc.. He was also a member of the National Association of Cemeteries, North Carolina Cemetery Association, Raleigh Merchants Bureau, Raleigh Chamber of Commerce, North Carolina Association of Quality Restaurants, North Carolina Motel Association, Association of General Contractors, Raleigh Board of Realtors, and the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen. Legislative career
In 1963 <mask> sought a seat in the North Carolina House of Representatives. Affiliating with the Democratic Party, he styled himself as a conservative and won election. <mask> was then elected to the 12th district seat in North Carolina Senate, representing Wake County, in 1965.He won re-election to the Senate in 1967 and 1969, serving until 1971. In the 1969–1970 legislative session, he served as Chairman of both the Senate Appropriations Committee on Health, Welfare and Institutional Care, and the Senate Committee on Libraries. Over the course of his time in the legislature, he advocated for the disabled and opposed liquor, pornography, and coed dormitories on state university campuses. In 1971 he introduced a bill that would prohibit students from visiting opposite sex dormitories on state university campuses, but it was defeated in committee. Throughout his tenure he gained a reputation as a maverick, frequently ignoring the wishes of state Democratic leaders. Speaking about his legislative career in 1975, he said, "I was not a special-interest legislator. I was never bothered by lobbyists much in the legislature."In 1972 <mask> sought the U.S. House of Representatives seat from North Carolina's 4th congressional district. He lost the Democratic Party's nomination to Ike Franklin Andrews in a primary election. Mayoral career

1975 campaign
In the 1970s citizens of Raleigh became increasingly concerned about the city's rapid population growth and the consequences of unchecked real estate development. These people formed civic and neighborhood associations which unified as a collective political bloc, the Community Coalition, that supported a more managed process for dealing with Raleigh's expansion. The coalition's electoral strength contributed to the election of Clarence Lightner as Mayor of Raleigh in 1973. In 1975, <mask> sought the office of Mayor, challenging Lightner, whose reputation had suffered from family legal troubles, though <mask> did not openly discuss them. He emphasized during his campaign that he had never maintained a campaigning organization on his behalf or accepted a political donation, noting that his "loner" status in politics made him less suspicious than other candidates with potential ties to real estate developers.He placed first in the October mayoral primary election, earning 10,201 votes. Lightner placed third. He withdrew from the race and endorsed <mask>. <mask> faced City Councilman J. Oliver Williams in the November 4 election, who had the support of the Community Coalition. According to some reports, <mask> initially sought the support of some coalition members, but failed. He resorted to criticizing the bloc, accusing it of trying to take over the municipal government. Two local black voters' groups, the Raleigh Wake Citizens Association and the Wake County Black Democratic Political Caucus, endorsed him.<mask> won the election with 55 percent of the votes cast in his favor. Tenure
<mask> assumed office on December 9, 1975. During his tenure, the eight-member Raleigh City Council was split evenly between members aligned with community and environmental activists who wanted to limit the city's growth and others who represented business interests and sought to promote development. The division brought about frequent clashing between <mask>—who had an abrasive, uncompromising style and supported further development in Raleigh—and members of the council. The disagreement emerged during the City Council's first meeting in December when <mask> called for a vote on the reelection of a returning member as mayor pro tempore. The four city council members supported by the Community Coalition asked that the vote be postponed until a later meeting when they could consider assigning all other leadership roles on the council. <mask>' disregarded their wish and proceeded with the vote, which tied among the councilmen.After breaking the tie with his own vote, <mask> angrily declared "If we're going to have division, let's bring it to a head right now." He then told the four councilmen backed by the coalition, "I refuse to be intimidated. I refuse to be coerced. And I will not be dictated to by any group regardless of who supports it." He later clarified that the "group" he alluded to was the Community Coalition. Relations between <mask> and the council remained tense throughout the rest of his term. The councilmen hotly debated whether the mayor should be empowered to refer proposals to committees without the council's consent.<mask> disagreed with the council about revisions to Raleigh's city charter, pushing for the abolition of the Community Advisory Council, a board which represented neighborhood civic associations. During his tenure the city council also failed to produce a plan for addressing Raleigh's development and growth. The frequent disagreement between <mask> and the council greatly contributed to the eventual resignation of one city councilman and the decision of two others to not seek reelection. While mayor, he also defeated a strike undertaken by black sanitation workers attempting to unionize and established a committee to examine the city's housing inspections department. On July 31, 1976 he was awarded an honorary doctor of law from Shaw University. 1977 reelection campaign
<mask> sought reelection in 1977. He was challenged by a grassroots candidate, Isabella Cannon, who ran for the mayoral office at the behest of the Raleigh Coalition, a successor group to the Community Coalition.On September 13 <mask>, Cannon, and other candidates for municipal offices attended a forum hosted by the coalition. In his opening statement <mask> declared that he was not pursuing the coalition's endorsement, and characterized the group as "a self-appointed, self-anointed group of people serving as an ad hoc city council in exile." At the forum's end he dismissed the event as a "farce". Cannon and the other candidates used their time to discuss local issues, and on September 20 the coalition endorsed Cannon. In the early weeks of the campaign, <mask> discussed Raleigh's need for jobs and his experience in business. Throughout its duration, he emphasized his political experience as mayor and as a legislator. He also frequently criticized the Raleigh Coalition for being "anti-growth".Some observers believed that <mask> attacked the coalition instead of Cannon directly because he was hesitant to speak poorly of an elderly woman. <mask> initially denied that this was the case, but later said, "I still think a gentleman should treat a lady as a lady." <mask> spent $12,000 of his own money on his campaign effort, the most of any candidate for Raleigh municipal office in the 1977 election. He received the endorsement of the city's two daily newspapers, The Raleigh News and Observer and The Raleigh Times, as well as the support of the Raleigh Wake Citizens Association. The Wake County Black Democratic Political Caucus endorsed Cannon. During the final week of the campaign, <mask> spent $9,000 on newspaper advertisements, including $4,000 on four full-page ads. In an upset, Cannon defeated <mask> in the November 8 election, 14,508 votes to 13,315.<mask> won only 15 of Raleigh's 43 precincts, performing best in the wealthier neighborhood constituencies as well as the working-class areas of the eastern part of the city. Various theories were offered as to why <mask> lost. G. Wesley Williams, director of the Raleigh Merchants Bureau, believed that <mask> "blew it" by repeatably delivering "vitriolic statements" throughout his tenure. Journalists believed the split of the black vote—which had previously unified behind <mask>—contributed to his defeat. <mask> attributed his failure to the campaigning done by the Raleigh Coalition as well as negative press coverage of himself. His term ended in December. Reflecting on his political career in 1998, <mask> said, "I never looked at politics as a profession.It was more of a hobby, my chance to give something back to the community since I had no talent for volunteering [for civic groups]." Later life
<mask> flew aircraft as a hobby after World War II, and continued doing so into his 70s. On February 8, 1978 Governor Jim Hunt appointed him to the North Carolina Cemetery Commission. <mask>' wife died in 1995 and he subsequently developed insomnia. He sold Raleigh Memorial Park in 1996. <mask> died at his home in western Raleigh on the evening of August 25, 2011. He was survived by his five daughters, 15 grandchildren, and one great-grandson.Notes

Citations

References

1921 births
2011 deaths
Mayors of Raleigh, North Carolina
North Carolina state senators
Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
United States Marine Corps pilots of World War II
People from Iredell County, North Carolina
North Carolina Democrats
Businesspeople from North Carolina
American World War II bomber pilots
United States Marine Corps officers
Military personnel from North Carolina

masks:
Jyles Jackson Coggins
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Jyles
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<mask> (, ; 10 April 1937 – 29 November 2010) was a Soviet and Russian poet, short story writer, and translator, known for her apolitical writing stance. She was part of the Russian New Wave literary movement. She was cited by Joseph Brodsky as the best living poet in the Russian language. She is known in Russia as "the voice of the epoch". Despite the aforementioned apolitical stance of her writing, Akhmadulina was often critical of authorities in the Soviet Union, and spoke out in favour of others, including Nobel laureates Boris Pasternak, Andrei Sakharov, and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. She was known to international audiences via her travels abroad during the Khrushchev Thaw, during which she made appearances in sold-out stadiums. Upon her death in 2010 at the age of 73, President of Russia Dmitry Medvedev hailed her poetry as a "classic of Russian literature."The New York Times said Akhmadulina was "always recognized as one of the Soviet Union's literary treasures and a classic poet in the long line extending from Lermontov and Pushkin." Sonia I. Ketchian, writing in The Poetic Craft of <mask>a, called her "one of the great poets of the 20th century. There's Akhmatova, Tsvetaeva, Mandelstam, and Pasternak – and she's the fifth". Early life, education and works
<mask> was born in Moscow on 10 April 1937, the only child of Akhat Valeevich Akhmadulin, a Tatar father and Nadezhda Makarovna Lazareva, a Russian-Italian mother. They underwent evacuation to Kazan when World War II broke out. Akhmadulina's literary career began when she was a school-girl working as a journalist at the Moscow newspaper, Metrostroevets, and improving her poetic skills at a circle organized by the poet Yevgeny Vinokurov. Her first poems appeared in the magazine October after being approved by established Soviet poets.These first poems were published in 1955. Émigré critic Marc Slonim described her prospects as follows in 1964 (Soviet Russian Literature): "Her voice has such a purity of tone, such richness of timbre, such individuality of diction, that if her growth continues she will be able some day to succeed Akhmatova" as "the greatest living woman poet in Russia". After finishing school, Akhmadulina entered the Maxim Gorky Literature Institute from which she graduated in 1960. While studying at the institute, she published her poems and articles in different newspapers, both official and handwritten. She was the subject of criticism in Komsomolskaya Pravda in 1957. She was expelled in 1959 (but allowed re-entry as time progressed) as a result of her opposition to the persecution of Boris Pasternak. In 1962 the first collection of her poems, titled Struna (The String), was published and was a resounding success.In spite of being expunged, many of her collections of verses were published later: Music lessons (1970), Poems (1975), Candle (1977), Dreams of Georgia (1977), The Mystery (1983), Coastline (1991), and others. A collection called Sad (Garden) led to Akhmadulina receiving the USSR State Prize in 1989. "Many dogs and one dog", a short story written in a surreal style, was published in 1979 in Samizdat's Metropol Almanac. She assisted in the creation of Metropol. She wrote essays about Alexander Pushkin and Mikhail Lermontov. She appeared in sold-out stadiums in the 1960s, as did the poets Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Andrei Voznesensky and Robert Rozhdestvensky. Her open letter was published supporting the exiled Andrei Sakharov.In October 1993, she signed the Letter of Forty-Two. She was a journalist in a 1964 film. <mask> participated in many international poetry events including Kuala Lumpur International Poetry Reading (1988). After the Soviet Union she published Casket and Key (1994), A Guiding Sound (1995) and One Day in December (1996). Translations
The main themes of Akhmadulina's works are friendship, love, and relations between people. She wrote numerous essays about Russian poets and translators, some devoted to her close friend, Bulat Okudzhava. Akhmadulina avoided writing overtly political poems, but took part in political events in her youth, supporting the so-called "dissident movement".She translated into Russian poetry from France, Italy, Chechnya, Poland, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Georgia, Armenia, and many others. Akhmadulina wrote in a "resolutely apolitical" style. She made use of imagery and humour in her work. She used rhymed quatrains in her early works, which discussed ordinary, yet imaginative occurrences from daily life in language that was full of both archaisms and neologisms. Religion and philosophy became her themes as she aged and she wrote in longer forms. Personal life

<mask>'s first marriage in 1954 was to Yevgeny Yevtushenko, another famous poet of the era; her second husband, whom she married in 1960, was Yuri Nagibin, a major novelist and screenwriter. Her third marriage in 1971 to film director Eldar Kuliev produced a daughter, Elizaveta Kulieva, who is also a poet.In 1974, she married her last husband, the famous artist and stage designer Boris Messerer. They had homes in Peredelkino and Moscow. Death
Akhmadulina died at her home in Peredelkino near Moscow on 29 November 2010 at the age of 73. Akhmadulina's husband said her death was from a heart condition, describing it as a "cardiovascular crisis". Dmitry Medvedev and Vladimir Putin both paid tribute, with Medvedev writing on his blog that the death was an "irreparable loss". Medevdev also wrote that <mask>'s poetry was a "classic of Russian literature". USSR State Prize Laureate (1989)
 State Prize of the Russian Federation (2004)
 Order of Friendship of Peoples (1984)
 Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 2nd class (11 August 2007) – for outstanding contribution to the development of national literature and many years of creative activity; 3rd class (7 April 1997) – for services to the State and outstanding contribution to the development of national literature
 Laureate of the Foundation "Banner" (1993)
 Winner of the "Nosside" (Italy, 1994)
 Laureate of "Triumph" (1994)
 Pushkin Prize winner (1994)
 Laureate of the President of the Russian Federation in the field of Literature and Art (1998)
 Winner of "Brianza" (Italy, 1998)
 Winner of the journal "Friendship of Peoples" (2000)
 Prize winner Bulat Okudzhava (2003)
 Honorary Member of Russian Academy of Arts
 On 10 April 2017, Google Doodle commemorated her 80th birthday.References

External links
bengali tanslation <mask>a by moom rahman
 Poems by <mask>a
  Additional poetry by Akhmadulina
  created by Larisa Novoseltseva

1937 births
2010 deaths
Writers from Moscow
Tatar people of Russia
Russian people of Italian descent
Russian women poets
Soviet women poets
Soviet poets
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 2nd class
State Prize of the Russian Federation laureates
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Pushkin Prize winners
Honorary Members of the Russian Academy of Arts
Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples
20th-century Russian women writers
Soviet people of Italian descent
21st-century Russian poets
21st-century Russian women writers
Maxim Gorky Literature Institute alumni
Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
Tatar people of the Soviet Union

masks:
Izabella Akhatovna Akhmadulina
Bella Akhmadulin
Bella Akhmadulina
Bella
Bella
Akhmadulina
Bella Akhmadulin
Bella Akhmadulin


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<mask> (born December 10, 1992) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago White Sox. On April 14, 2021, <mask> pitched the 20th no-hitter in White Sox history against the Cleveland Indians. Rodon played college baseball at North Carolina State. As a freshman in 2012, <mask> was nominated for and won several awards while breaking collegiate records. After his freshman year, he was ranked as the top prospect and earned a spot on Team USA's National Collegiate Baseball Team. In his sophomore year, he led the NC State Wolfpack to the College World Series and was then placed back on Team USA in summer 2013.He was drafted by the Chicago White Sox in the first round of the 2014 Major League Baseball draft. Amateur career

High school
<mask> attended Holly Springs High School in Holly Springs, North Carolina. During his junior year in 2010, he threw a no-hitter, two one-hitters, and four shutouts. He went 10–1 with a 0.80 earned run average (ERA) and 115 strikeouts and was named all-state by the NCBCA (North Carolina Baseball Coaches Association). In 2011, he went 11–0 with a 1.40 ERA and 135 strikeouts, leading Holly Springs to the North Carolina 4A state championship over national powerhouse T. C. Roberson High School. <mask> was drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers in the 16th round of the 2011 Major League Baseball draft. However, he decided not to sign to attend North Carolina State University.College
As a freshman in 2012, <mask> went 9–0 with a 1.57 ERA setting the North Carolina State University freshman record with 135 strikeouts and 43 walks in 117 innings pitched. He was the NCBWA Freshman Pitcher of the Year and an All-American. He was the first ever freshman to be named the Atlantic Coast Conference's pitcher of the year, and he was named freshman of the year after leading the North Carolina State Wolfpack to a super regional and a 43–20 overall record. In addition, he was a finalist for the Golden Spikes Award and was named the Louisville Slugger's National Freshman Pitcher of the Year. He led the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) in ERA (1.57), innings pitched (), complete games (2), and opponent's batting average (.176), finishing second in the conference and third nationally in strikeouts. In the 2013 season, <mask> led NC State to their first College World Series since 1968. In <mask>'s sophomore season, he went 10–3 with a 2.99 ERA in 19 starts, including 184 strikeouts and 45 walks.He threw three complete games in  innings pitched. <mask>'s sophomore performance set the NC State single-season record with 184 strikeouts. He was also named ACC Pitcher of the Week back-to-back after recording career-highs of 14 and 16 strikeouts against FAU and LaSalle. He won the USA Baseball Richard W. "Dick" Case Player of the Year Award in 2013. As a junior, <mask> broke the NC State school record for career strikeouts, which had previously been 386, during an April 11, 2014 game against the Duke Blue Devils He finished his career with 436 strikeouts. For the 2014 season, <mask>'s record was 6–7 with a 2.01 ERA and 117 strikeouts in  innings. International career

After his freshman year, <mask> earned a spot on USA Baseball's Collegiate National Team.Originally, he almost turned down the offer because his coach at North Carolina State University, Elliott Avent, wanted to shut him down for the summer. However, <mask> joined the team because would have had the opportunity to play in Cuba, where his family is from. After his sophomore year, Team USA listed him as a top prospect, and <mask> spent the summer of 2013 playing for the team (USA). During two seasons on Team USA, <mask> allowed only three earned runs over 36 innings (0.75 ERA) and contributed 42 strikeouts for the team. Professional career

Minor leagues
The Chicago White Sox selected <mask> in the first round, third overall, in the 2014 Major League Baseball draft. He signed with the White Sox on July 11. He made his professional debut on July 22 with the Arizona League White Sox.After pitching for the Winston-Salem Dash of the Class A-Advanced Carolina League, the White Sox promoted <mask> to the Charlotte Knights of the Class AAA International League, where he debuted on August 19. Chicago White Sox
On April 20, 2015, <mask> was called up to the White Sox' major league roster. The initial plan was for <mask> to pitch out of the bullpen, the way Chris Sale began his major league career with the White Sox. <mask> made his Major League debut on April 21. He pitched 2.1 innings, giving up 2 runs, walking 3 batters, and striking out Lonnie Chisenhall. He recorded his first start, and his first win, in the second game of a May 9 doubleheader against the Cincinnati Reds at US Cellular Field, giving up two earned runs in six innings on four hits, four walks and eight strikeouts. In 26 games (23 starts), <mask> finished 9-6 with a 3.75 ERA.On July 9, 2016, <mask> was placed on the 15-day disabled list due to a left wrist sprain. In 28 starts, <mask> finished 9-10 with an ERA of 4.04 in 165 innings. During the 2017 season, <mask> spent significant time on the disabled list, and he was only able to start twelve games. He finished with a 2-5 win-loss record in  innings. He began the 2018 season on the 60 day disabled list with a shoulder injury. He was activated off the disabled list on June 9. He ended the season with a record of 6-8 in 20 starts.On March 18, 2019, the team announced that  <mask> would be the Opening Day starter. On May 15, 2019, <mask> underwent Tommy John surgery; he missed the rest of the season recovering from the procedure. In 2019, <mask> had a 3-2 win-loss record in 7 starts with 46 strikeouts in  innings. With the 2020 Chicago White Sox, <mask> appeared in 4 games, compiling a 0-2 record with 8.22 ERA and 6 strikeouts in  innings pitched. On December 2, <mask> was non-tendered by the White Sox. On January 30, 2021, <mask> re-signed with the White Sox on a one-year, $3 million contract. On April 14, 2021, <mask> no-hit the Cleveland Indians 8-0 at Guaranteed Rate Field.After retiring the first 25 batters, he lost his bid for a perfect game on a hit by pitch to Roberto Pérez. <mask>, who recorded seven strikeouts and threw 75 of 114 pitches for strikes, then retired the next two batters. <mask> was originally scheduled to start the first ever MLB at Field of Dreams but he was not able to start due to left shoulder fatigue. In 2021, <mask> got his first All-Star nod along with teammates Tim Anderson, Liam Hendriks, and Lance Lynn. <mask> finished the regular season with a 13-5 record with an ERA of 2.37 in 24 starts while pitching in  innings and striking out 185 batters. Rodon made his first career postseason start in Game 4 of the 2021 American League Division Series against the Houston Astros. After pitching a scoreless first inning, Rodon struggled by giving up 2 runs in his next  innings as the White Sox lost 10-1 and were eliminated.Personal life
<mask> and his wife, Ashley, were married in January 2018 in Costa Rica. They have a daughter and a son together. References

External links

NC State Wolfpack bio

1992 births
Living people
Baseball players from Miami
American sportspeople of Cuban descent
Major League Baseball pitchers
Chicago White Sox players
NC State Wolfpack baseball players
Arizona League White Sox players
Winston-Salem Dash players
Charlotte Knights players
All-American college baseball players
American League All-Stars
Twitch (service) streamers

masks:
Carlos Antonio Rodón
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Carlos Rodón
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<mask>. (September 29, 1875  – December 27, 1947) was an American oil multi-millionaire, real estate developer, philanthropist, and champion tennis player. The westside Los Angeles residential community of Bel Air is named after him, as well as the Southern California communities of Bell and Bell Gardens. Family and background
<mask> was a native and lifelong resident of Los Angeles, whose family had deep financial and historical ties to the area, and played a key role in the history and development of Southern California. He was the son of <mask>, who established Bell Station Ranch (now the site of the City of Bell), in the Santa Fe Springs area in 1875, and of Susan Albiah Hollenbeck. His uncle, Ed Hollenbeck, who arrived in California in the 1850s, founded the First National Bank, created Los Angeles's public transportation trolley system, and developed eastern portions of Los Angeles County. After attending Occidental College, which had been founded by his father in 1887, and graduating at the top of his class as valedictorian in 1895, <mask> enrolled at San Anselmo Presbyterian College for two years (he did not return for 3rd year). In 1902 he married <mask>, a native of Kansas.<mask>'s son, <mask> E<mask>, Jr., later served eight terms as a California Congressman. <mask>'s daughter, Minnewa <mask> Burnside Ross, married Elliott Roosevelt, son of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, in 1951. Tennis achievements

While in college the senior <mask> was Inter-Collegiate Tennis Champion, and later Pacific Coast Tennis Champion, who at one time earned national rankings of fifth in singles and eighth in doubles. Known for his "net-rusher" style, <mask> went on to win two medals in tennis at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis – a bronze in the men's singles event, and a silver in the men's doubles tournament, partnering with Robert LeRoy. Oil, real estate & other business ventures
After striking oil on their ranch at Santa Fe Springs, <mask> entered the oil business with his father in the early 1920s, establishing the Bell Petroleum Co., and developing what became one of the richest oil fields in California. With the ensuing California oil boom, or "black-gold" rush, competition from various less scrupulous large oil companies was fierce—several of whom, along with William Randolph Hearst, tried to drive the more honest Bell's smaller operation out of business—a saga documented in the fictionalized account by writer Upton Sinclair in a 1927 novel Oil!, also the basis for the 2007 movie, There Will Be Blood. <mask>, known for his almost puritanical morality and honesty, used portions of his initial profits to develop upscale real estate communities in West Los Angeles, including parts of Westwood, Beverly Hills, and Pacific Palisades.He became a visionary real estate developer, anticipating the influx of Hollywood elite and other wealthy residents who would be lured by the burgeoning film industry. In 1922, building on over  that he had acquired, <mask> founded Bel Air Estates, an exclusive and upscale neighborhood now known as Bel-Air, enhancing the surrounding area with lush vegetation, new roads, and utilities; designed, laid out and developed the Bel-Air Country Club and the Bel Air Bay Club; The Riviera Country Club also owes its inception to <mask>*. According to Claude Wayne, <mask> went to see the late Frank Garbutt of the Los Angeles Athletic Club and told him that he would give the land free if Garbutt would build the club. (*Alphonzo E. <mask>: a Biography by John O Pohlmann )  While many such clubs thrived on sales of bootleg liquor during the years of Prohibition, <mask> refused to allow the sale of illegal spirits in any of his clubs or establishments, which lost him some membership. William Randolph Hearst's longstanding vendetta with <mask> had started when <mask> refused to sell a homesite to Hearst for a home to house his silent-film-star mistress, Marion Davies in Bell's Bel-Air Estates development. For themselves and their young extended family, <mask> and his wife Minnewa in 1921 built a showplace 42-room house on  in portions of the areas that are now Bel Air and Pacific Palisades which they called  (Italian for "Top of the Hill"). Today nothing of the house remains, except for some of the terraced gardens and rock walls, and their former horse riding stables, which now constitute a portion of the Bel-Air Hotel – with what was once the <mask> stable's manure barn, now one of the favorite celebrity guest suites.In 1926, <mask> provided land in Bel Air to the proposed location of UCLA in Westwood. The deeds for the land granted to the university had strict racial provisions and dictated:5. That neither the whole nor any part of said premises shall be sold, rented or leased to any person of Ethiopian, Chinese or Japanese descent, nor shall the same be occupied by any such person excepting as a professor or instructor of the University of California or a member of his family, excepting also as a servant or employee of the person using said premises exclusively for residential purposes. Philanthropy
Throughout his lifetime, and just prior to his death in 1947, as well as in his will, Alphozo <mask>, Sr. gave the larger share of his wealth to various charities – including Occidental College, University of California, Los Angeles, the L.A. Presbyterian Church, and other church groups and charitable organizations. Today, he is honored by memorial tributes to him at – among others – Occidental College, UCLA, and the Bel-Air Country Club. References

External links
The <mask> <mask> papers at the University of Southern California

American company founders
American energy industry executives
American real estate businesspeople
Businesspeople from Los Angeles
1875 births
1947 deaths
Land owners from California
Medalists at the 1904 Summer Olympics
Philanthropists from California
People from Bel Air, Los Angeles
American male tennis players
Tennis players from Los Angeles
Occidental College alumni
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in tennis
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in tennis
Tennis players at the 1904 Summer Olympics
20th-century American businesspeople

masks:
Alphonzo Edward Bell Sr
Bell
James George Bell
Bell
Minnewa Shoemaker Bell
Bell
Alphonzo
. Bell
Bell
Bell Gray
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
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Bell
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Alphonzo
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William Roy "<mask>" <mask> (November 30, 1898 – December 28, 1972), also sometimes known as <mask>, was an American football player and coach. <mask> was born in Nebraska and raised in Kansas. He played college football for the Nebraska Cornhuskers football team in 1918, 1919, and 1921. He played professional football as a tackle in the National Football League (NFL)  for the Canton/Cleveland Bulldogs (1922–1925), the Frankford Yellow Jackets (1925), and the Chicago Bears (1926–1928, 1930–1932, and 1933–1934). He won four NFL championships (1922, 1923, and 1924 with the Bulldogs and 1933 with the Bears) and was selected five times as a first-team All-Pro player (1923, 1924, 1925, 1930, and 1934). <mask> was an assistant football coach at Nebraska from 1935 to 1941 and at Creighton University in 1942. He later had a career in the insurance business.He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1964. He died in an automobile crash in 1972 while driving to Las Vegas. Early years
<mask> was born in 1898 in Table Rock, Nebraska. As an infant, his family moved to Rawlins County, Kansas, where his father, <mask>, was a farmer, raised stock and engaged in the real estate business. <mask> had four younger brothers (Edwin, Richard, Albert, and Louis) and three younger sisters (Anna, Margret, and Mildred). <mask> attended high school in McDonald, Kansas, but he did not play football as there was no team with only "six or seven boys in the whole school". Nebraska
<mask> enrolled at the University of Nebraska in 1917 where he was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity.After playing freshman football in 1917, he played at the tackle position for the Nebraska Cornhuskers football team in 1918, 1919, and 1921. <mask> was married shortly after the end of the 1919 football season and did not return to the university in the fall of 1920. He returned in February 1921 to establish his eligibility to play in the fall of 1921. <mask> later recalled: "From the first day, I just loved the game, and we had some pretty good teams, too." The 1921 Nebraska team compiled a 7–1 record, lost a close game against Knute Rockne's Notre Dame team, outscored opponents by a combined total of 283 to 17, and won the Missouri Valley Conference championship. The 1922 Nebraska yearbook noted the following about <mask>: "<mask> was, without doubt, our fastest lineman. Roy is a big man, weighing 200 pounds, and could get down under punts almost as quickly as the ends.Roy proved to be a ground gainer on tackle-around plays before the season was over." Professional football

Canton/Cleveland Bulldogs
In September 1922, <mask> left Lincoln, Nebraska, to play professional football for the Canton Bulldogs. The Bulldogs were coached by Guy Chamberlin, an All-American out of Nebraska, who invited <mask> to join the team. With <mask> and Pete Henry as its star tackles, the 1922 Canton Bulldogs compiled a 10–0–2 record, shut out nine of twelve opponents, outscored all opponents 184 to 15, and won the NFL championship. <mask> returned to the Bulldogs the following year. The 1923 team had another undefeated season (11-0-1), shut out eight of twelve opponents, outscored all opponents by a combined total of 246 to 19, and won its second consecutive NFL championship. After the season, <mask> was selected as a first-team All-Pro player by the Canton Daily News and a second-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye magazine.In August 1924, Cleveland jeweler Samuel Deutsch bought the Canton Bulldogs and moved the team to Cleveland where they became the Cleveland Bulldogs during the 1924 NFL season. The Bulldogs compiled a 7–1–1 record, outscored opponents by a total of 229 to 60, and won their third consecutive NFL championship. After the 1924 season, <mask> was selected as a first-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye and a second-team All-Pro by the Green Bay Press-Gazette. In July 1925, <mask> and four of his teammates (Pete Henry, Rudy Comstock, Ben Jones, and Harry Robb) bought the team for $3,500 and moved it back to Canton. <mask> played seven games for the 1925 Bulldogs and then finished the season playing four games for the Frankford Yellow Jackets. <mask> was reunited with Guy Chamberlain who was then Frankford's head coach. After the 1925 season, <mask> was selected as a first-team All-Pro on the team selected by NFL Commissioner Joseph Carr; he was also selected as a second-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye.Chicago Bears
In December 1925, <mask> joined the Chicago Bears and took part in a winter barnstorming tour that featured football player Red Grange. He joined the Bears again in the fall of 1926. The 1926 Bears team featured five players who were later inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame (<mask>, Paddy Driscoll, George Halas, Ed Healey, and George Trafton), posted a 12–1–3 record, and finished second in the NFL. <mask> remained with the Bears for the 1927 and 1928 seasons. He retired after the 1928 season but returned to the Bears in the fall of 1930. The 1930 Bears compiled a 9–4–1 and finished third in the NFL. <mask> was selected as a first-team All-Pro by Collyer's Eye magazine and the Green Bay Press-Gazette.<mask> again retired from playing football after the 1931 season. During his two retirements from the Bears, <mask> played semipro ball in Texas and worked in the ranching business. <mask> returned to the Bears in 1933. The 1933 Bears featured six future Pro Football Hall of Fame players (<mask>, Bronko Nagurski, Red Grange, George Musso, and George Trafton), posted a 10–2–1 record, and defeated the Giants in the 1933 NFL Championship Game. <mask> played his final year of professional football as a member of the 1934 Bears team that compiled a perfect 13–0 record in the regular season and won the NFL Western Division championship, but lost to the Giants in the 1934 NFL Championship Game. After the 1934 season, <mask> was selected as a first-team All-Pro by the United Press, Green Bay Press-Gazette, and Collyer's Eye. Bears' coach George Halas later observed that <mask> was "stronger and tougher during his last two seasons than when he first joined the team eight years earlier."Shifting on defense
<mask> was a pioneer in the use of shifting maneuvers to disrupt the blocking assignments of offensive linemen. According to his biography at the Pro Football Hall of Fame, "the constant shifting by defensive players before each play in modern professional football can be traced back to <mask>, who regularly resorted to similar ploys. His sliding, shifting style of defensive line play confused his opponents and made him one of the most respected players of his time. <mask> explained that the idea of shifting was an instinctive move to fool a blocker. He had a unique ability to diagnose a play and many times he would make his move just as the ball was snapped." Steve Owen, who played with <mask> in 1925 and later served as coach of the Giants, recalled: "<mask> was the first lineman I ever saw who moved from the assigned defensive position before the ball was snapped. It was difficult to play against him because he would vary his moves and no matter how you reacted, you could be wrong."Career accomplishments and honors
<mask> received many honors for his contributions to the game, including being inducted into the Helms Foundation major league football Hall of Fame (January 1961) and the Nebraska Sports Hall of Fame and receiving the University of Nebraska's Distinguished Alumni Award in June 1961. His greatest honor came in February 1964 when he was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame as part of the second class of inductees. During his 11 years in the NFL, <mask> won four NFL championships and never had a losing season. (In 1929, following <mask>'s first retirement, the Bears posted a 4–9–2 record.) He was selected five times as a first-team All-Pro and appeared in 133 official NFL games. He was known as one of the true "iron men" of iron man era. Counting unofficial games, he appeared in a total of 286 professional games and played 211-1/2 hours in those games.At the time of his retirement and for many years thereafter, he held the NFL records for games and playing time logged. Coaching career
In December 1934, <mask> was hired as an assistant football coach under Dana X. Bible with the Nebraska Cornhuskers. He was the line coach at Nebraska from 1935 to 1941 under coaches Bible and Biff Jones. During his seven years as line coach at Nebraska, he was the position coach for All-American linemen Bernie Scherer, Fred Shirey, Elmer Dohmann, Ted Doyle, Charley Brock, Forrest Behm and Warren Alfson. In December 1941, the Nebraska Athletic Board voted not to renew <mask> as the football team's line coach. In 1942, he served as the line coach for the Creighton Bluejays football. Family and later years
<mask> was married in June 1920 to Grace "Dolly" Godwin (1901–1967).They had two daughters, Joanne and Ardis Mary. In 1942, <mask> accepted a job with the Equitable Life Assurance Society. He became an agency manager for the company in San Antonio, Texas, in 1948. Through the 1950s and 1960s, he worked as an insurance executive in Los Angeles. His wife died in 1967 at a hospital in Pasadena, California. After his wife's death, <mask> lived with his daughter in San Gabriel, California. <mask> died in 1972 at age 74 in an automobile crash.He was driving to Las Vegas on I-15 when his automobile crashed into the back of a semi-trailer truck 12 miles south of Baker. He was dead upon arrival at the Barstow Community Hospital. Baker was buried at the Rose Hills Memorial Park in Whittier, California. References

External links
 <mask> at the Pro Football Hall of Fame

1898 births
1972 deaths
American football tackles
Canton Bulldogs players
Chicago Bears players
Cleveland Bulldogs players
Creighton Bluejays football coaches
Frankford Yellow Jackets players
Nebraska Cornhuskers football coaches
Nebraska Cornhuskers football players
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
People from Pawnee County, Nebraska
People from Rawlins County, Kansas
Players of American football from Nebraska
Burials at Rose Hills Memorial Park
Road incident deaths in California

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