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<mask> (; born 16 November 1964) is an Italian philosopher who is currently Professor of Philosophy and Ethics of Information and Director of the Digital Ethics Lab at the University of Oxford, Oxford Internet Institute, Professorial Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, Senior Member of the Faculty of Philosophy,  Research Associate and Fellow in Information Policy at the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, and Distinguished Research Fellow of the Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics. He is also Adjunct Professor ("Distinguished Scholar in Residence"), Department of Economics, American University, Washington D.C. He is Turing Fellow of the Alan Turing Institute, where he was chair of the Data Ethics Group (DEG). <mask> is best known for his work on two areas of philosophical research: the philosophy of information and information ethics. Between 2008 and 2013, he held the Research Chair in philosophy of information and the UNESCO Chair in Information and Computer Ethics at the University of Hertfordshire. He was the founder and director of the IEG, an interdepartmental research group on the philosophy of information at the University of Oxford, and of the GPI the research Group in Philosophy of Information at the University of Hertfordshire. He was the founder and director of the SWIF, the Italian e-journal of philosophy (1995–2008).He is a former Governing Body Fellow of St Cross College, Oxford. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Rome in 1964, and studied at Rome University La Sapienza (laurea, first class with distinction, 1988), where he was originally educated as a historian of philosophy. He soon became interested in analytic philosophy and wrote his tesi di laurea (roughly equivalent to an M.A. thesis) in philosophy of logic, on Michael Dummett's anti-realism. He obtained his Master of Philosophy (1989) and PhD degree (1990) from the University of Warwick, working in epistemology and philosophy of logic with Susan Haack (who was his PhD supervisor) and Michael Dummett. Floridi's early student years are partly recounted in the non-fiction book The Lost Painting: The Quest for a Caravaggio Masterpiece, where he was "<mask>". During his graduate and postdoctoral years, he covered the standard topics in analytic philosophy in search of a new methodology.He sought to approach contemporary problems from a heuristically powerful and intellectually enriching perspective when dealing with lively philosophical issues. During his graduate studies, he began to distance himself from classical analytic philosophy. In his view, the analytic movement had lost its way. For this reason, he worked on pragmatism (especially Peirce) and foundationalist issues in epistemology and philosophy of logic. Academic career
He was a lecturer in Philosophy at the University of Warwick in 1990–1991. He joined the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Oxford in 1990 and the OUCL (Oxford's Department of Computer Science) in 1999. He was Junior Research Fellow in Philosophy at Wolfson College, Oxford University (1990-1994), Frances Yates Fellow in the History of Ideas at the Warburg Institute, University of London (1994–1995) and Research Fellow in Philosophy at Wolfson College, Oxford University (1994-2001).During these years in Oxford, he held lectureships in different Colleges. Between 1994 and 1996, he also held a post-doctoral research scholarship at the Department of Philosophy, University of Turin. Between 2001 and 2006, he was Markle Foundation Senior Research Fellow in Information Policy at the Programme in Comparative Media Law and Policy, Oxford University. Between 2002 and 2008, he was Associate Professor of Logic at the Università degli Studi di Bari. In 2006, he became Fellow by Special Election of St Cross College, Oxford University, where he played for the squash team. In 2008, he was appointed full professor of philosophy at the University of Hertfordshire, to hold the newly established research chair in philosophy of information and, since 2009, the UNESCO Chair in Information and Computer Ethics. In his first book, Scepticism and the Foundation of Epistemology, Floridi was already looking for a concept of subject-independent knowledge close to what he now identifies as semantic information.During his postdoctoral studies, as a Junior Research Fellow of Wolfson College, Oxford University, he began to embrace a more Neo-Kantian philosophy, which led him to spend one academic year in Marburg, where he focused on Ernst Cassirer's version of Neo-Kantianism. He began working exclusively on what is now known as the philosophy of information during his years as Research Fellow, still at Wolfson College. Philosophy
According to Floridi, it is necessary to develop a constructionist philosophy, where design, modelling and implementation replace analysis and dissection. Shifting from one set of tasks to the other, philosophy could then stop retreating into the increasingly small corner of its self-sustaining investigations and hence reacquire a wider view about what really matters. Slowly, Floridi has come to characterise his constructionist philosophy as an innovative field, now known as the philosophy of information, the new area of research that has emerged from the computational/informational turn. Floridi approaches the philosophy of information from the perspectives of logic and epistemology (theoretical), and computer science, IT and Humanities Computing (theoretical). For example, in the Preface of Philosophy and Computing, published in 1999, he wrote that the book was meant for philosophy students who need IT literacy to use computers efficiently or indispensable background knowledge for the critical understanding of our digital age.The latter provides a basis for the would-be branch of philosophy, the philosophy of information. PI, or PCI (Philosophy of Computing and Information), became his major research interest. Floridi's perspective is that there is a need for a broader concept of information, which includes computation, but not only computation. This new framework provides a theoretical framework within which to make sense of various lines of research that have emerged since the fifties. The second advantage is PI's perspective on the development of philosophy through time. In his view, PI gives us a much wider and more profound perspective on what philosophy might have actually been doing throughout the centuries. Currently, Floridi is working on two areas of research: computer ethics (see the entry information ethics) and the concept of information.Key to this area of work is the claim that ICT (Information and Communications Technology) is radically re-engineering or re-ontologizing the infosphere. Recognitions and awards

2007
Fellow by Special Election of St Cross College, University of Oxford

2008
Ethics and Information Technology, Springer, published a special issue in two numbers dedicated to his work. First philosopher to be awarded the Gauss Professorship by the Göttingen Academy of Sciences. 2009
Winner of the American Philosophical Association's Barwise Prize

The APA's Newsletter dedicates two issues to his work. Elected Fellow of the Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour (SSAISB). Appointed UNESCO Chair in Information and Computer Ethics. 2010
Appointed Editor-in-chief of Springer's new journal

Metaphilosophy, Blackwell-Wiley, published a special issue dedicated to his work.University of Hertfordshire, Vice Chancellor Award 2010: "Highly commended for research supporting engagement  with business, the profession and partner organisations". Elected Fellow of the Center for Information Policy Research, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. Knowledge, Technology and Policy, Springer, published a special issue dedicated to his work. 2011
Laurea honoris causa in Philosophy, University of Suceava, Romania, for "foundational research on the philosophy of information". 2012
AISB/IACAP World Congress (in Honor of Alan Turing, 1912–1954), dedicates its "Author Meets Critics Session" to <mask>'s "The Philosophy of Information". Winner of the International Association for Computing And Philosophy - IACAP's Covey Award for "outstanding research in computing and philosophy". Philosophy of Technology and Engineering, Springer, published a collection of essays dedicated to "<mask>'s Philosophy of Technology - Critical Reflections".2013
Winner of the International Society for Ethics and Information Technology - INSEIT's Weizenbaum Award for "significant contribution to the field of information and computer ethics, through his or her research, service, and vision." Elected member of the Internationale de Philosophie des Sciences

Minds and Machines, Springer, is preparing a special issue dedicated to his work, entitled Philosophy in the Age of Information: A Symposium on <mask>'s The Philosophy of Information (Oxford, 2011)

Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, Taylor & Francis, is preparing a special issue dedicated to his work, entitled Inforgs and the Infosphere: Themes from <mask>'s Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence. 2014
Cátedras de Excelencia Prize by the University Carlos III of Madrid

2015
Fernand Braudel Senior Fellowship of the European University Institute

2016
Copernicus Scientist Award by the Institute of Advanced Studies of the University of Ferrara
J. Ong Award by the Media Ecology Association for the book The Fourth Revolution
Malpensa Prize, by the city of Guarcino, Italy

2017
Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences (FAoSS)

2018
Ryle Lectures 2018
IBM's Thinker Award 2018
CRUI's Premio Conoscenza 2018

Books
 Augmented Intelligence — A Guide to IT for Philosophers. (in Italian) Rome: Armando, 1996. Scepticism and the Foundation of Epistemology - A Study in the Metalogical Fallacies. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 1996. Internet - An Epistemological Essay.(in Italian and in French) Milan: Il Saggiatore, 1997. Philosophy and Computing: An Introduction. London/New York: Routledge, 1999. Sextus Empiricus, The Recovery and Transmission of Pyrrhonism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Computing and Information. (editor) Oxford: Blackwell, 2003.Philosophy of Computing and Information: 5 Questions. (editor) Automatic Press / VIP, 2008. Information. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. A volume for the Very Short Introduction series. The Cambridge Handbook of Information and Computer Ethics. (editor) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.The Philosophy of Information. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. The Ethics of Information. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. "The Fourth Revolution: How the Infosphere is Reshaping Human Reality". Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. The Logic of Information Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.Podcasts and videos
A full collection is available on the website of the Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford
The Fourth Revolution, a TED presentation, April 4, 2011. Relevant Information, the SIRLS/Thomson Scientific ISI Samuel Lazarow Memorial lecture, University of Arizona, USA, February 8, 2007. A Look into the Future of ICT North American Computing and Philosophy Conference, August 10–12, 2006, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA. Where are we in the philosophy of information?, June 21, 2006, University of Bergen, Norway. The Logic of Information, presentation, discussion, Télé-université (Université du Québec), 11 May 2005, Montréal, Canada. From Augmented Intelligence to Augmented Responsibility,  North American Computing and Philosophy Conference, January 24, 2002, Oregon State University, USA. Artificial Evil and the Foundation of Computer Ethics, presentation, discussion, CEPE2000 Computer Ethics: Philosophical Enquiry, July 14–16, 2000, Dartmouth College, USA.Interview for SuchThatCast - Philosophers' Podcast (August 27, 2012). "<mask>i on The Fourth Revolution" – podcast of an interview with Nigel Warburton (June 29, 2009). See also
 Digital physics
 Information theory
 Logic of information
 Philosophy of artificial intelligence
 Philosophy of technology
 Philosophy of information

Notes

External links

Home page and articles online
"We dislike the truth and love to be fooled" - Interview of <mask>i on Cyceon, 21 November 2016
Interview for RAI International, Taccuino Italiano, 5 March 2008 (in Italian)
Interview for the American Philosophical Association — Philosophy And Computing Newsletter
Biography, in English

1964 births
20th-century Italian philosophers
21st-century Italian philosophers
Academics of the University of Hertfordshire
Alumni of the University of Warwick
Analytic philosophers
Cultural critics
Epistemologists
Fellows of St Cross College, Oxford
Fellows of the SSAISB
Fellows of Wolfson College, Oxford
Historians of philosophy
Italian ethicists
Artificial intelligence ethicists
Italian logicians
Living people
Members of the Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford
Members of the International Academy of Philosophy of Science
Moral philosophers
Philosophers of culture
Philosophers of education
Philosophers of ethics and morality
Philosophers of logic
Philosophers of science
Philosophers of technology
Sapienza University of Rome alumni
Italian social commentators
Social critics
Social philosophers

masks:
Luciano Floridi
Floridi
Floridi
Luciano
Luciano Floridi
Luciano Floridi
Luciano Floridi
Luciano Floridi
Luciano Fid
Luciano Florid


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<mask> (6 February 1926 – 24 February 2019) was a German Catholic theologian, priest, and author of books and poetry. In Frankfurt, he was both a minister for young people and a parish priest. He was also active on radio and television. His songs, for example the popular "Das Weizenkorn muss sterben" and "Segne dieses Kind", appear in both Protestant and Catholic hymnals. Life and work

<mask> was born in Frankfurt am Main. From 1931 he attended the Bonifatius-Schule, and the Goethe-Gymnasium beginning in 1936. He began national service in 1943, first with the Luftwaffenhelfer, then with the Reichsarbeitsdienst.At the end of the War, he was a prisoner of war, first of the Americans, then the French. During this time he began to study theology at the so-called  (barbed-wire seminary) of Chartres. Back in Frankfurt, <mask> completed his Abitur and studied at the Sankt Georgen Graduate School of Philosophy and Theology. He graduated in 1952 and was ordained a priest on 28 September 1952 by Wilhelm Kempf in Limburg an der Lahn. He worked as a Kaplan (vicar) in Oberbrechen, Kölbingen, Königstein im Taunus and at St. Bonifatius in Wiesbaden. In 1962 he became Stadtjugendpfarrer (minister for young people) in Frankfurt. He was a parish priest in St. Wendel in Frankfurt-Sachsenhausen from 1962 to 1995.<mask> published several books and many poems. His song "Das Weizenkorn muss sterben" (The wheat kernel must die), part of Catholic and Protestant hymnals, is popular. About 150 of his poems were set to music in the genre Neues Geistliches Lied (NGL), several were included in hymnals, others appeared in song collections and were recorded, like the ballad "" by the singer-songwriter (Liedermacher) Konstantin Wecker. He translated hymns by the Dutch priest and lyricist Huub Oosterhuis into German, such as "Ik sta voor U in leegte en gemis" to "Ich steh vor dir mit leeren Händen, Herr" which is part of both Gotteslob and Evangelisches Gesangbuch. He also wrote texts and songs in the Mundart (dialect). <mask> worked on the public television series , and was the representative of the Catholic Church for the broadcaster Hessischer Rundfunk. In 1984 <mask> was awarded the prize Humor in der Kirche (Humour in the church) by the Diocese of Limburg.He died in Frankfurt on 24 February 2019 at the age of 93. Works
Forty-eight publications by <mask> are listed by the German National Library (DNB). Books
 Nägel mit Köpfen. Handreichungen für das Glaubensgespräch, 1960
 Gottes frohe Kinderschar. Werkbuch für kirchliche Kinderarbeit, 1961
 Kinderwelt und Gotteswort. Hundert Kinderansprachen, 1962
 Morgens, mittwochs und abends.. Werkbuch für Mädchengruppe und -freizeit, 1963
 Peitsche und Psalm.Spirituals und Gospelsongs. Geschichte und Glaube der Neger Nordamerikas, 1963
 Initiativen.Junge Christen in einer großen Stadt. Reportagen, 1964
 Heiße (W)Eisen in der Kirche. Jazz, Beat, Songs, Schlager in der Kirche?, 1966
 Zeitansage. Werkbuch zum Gottesdienst einer neuen Generation, 1969
 Texte der Zuversicht. Für den einzelnen und die Gemeinde, 1972
 Sieben Farben hat das Licht, 1975
 Gästebuch des lieben Gottes. Gemeinde zwischen Wunsch und Wirklichkeit, 1975
 Das allerschönste Fest. Ein Frankfurter Weihnachtsbuch, 1977
 Die wunderbare Zeitvermehrung.Variationen zum Evangelium, 1979
 ’s Frankforder Christkindche. Zwei Krippenspiele in Frankfurter Mundart, 1981
 Manchmal leben wir schon. Wege, die der Glaube geht. Rundfunk-Ansprachen, 1981, 2002
 Die Stunde der Seiltänzer. Geschichten und Gedichte, 1982
 Wunder geschehen nicht nur sonntags. Erfahrungen mit dem Alltag, Rundfunkansprachen, 1984
 Meine Zeit in guten Händen. Mit alten Bildern, Bräuchen und Gebeten durch das Jahr, 1985
 Das Jesuskind.Verehrung, Darstellung, Kunst und Frömmigkeit , 1987
 Wir sind noch zu retten. Neue Texte der Zuversicht, 1989
 Auf Seiner Spur. Texte gläubiger Zuversicht, Topos Taschenbücher Bd. 327, 2000
 In Seiner Nähe, 2002

Songs
Some of <mask>'s songs have been included in hymnals, such as Evangelisches Gesangbuch (EG) and the Catholic Gotteslob.

masks:
Lothar Zenetti
Zenetti
Zenetti
Zenetti
Zenetti
Zenetti
Zenetti
Zenetti


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<mask> (born 16 January 1976) is a retired Italian football player, who played as midfielder, usually as an attacking midfielder. Throughout his career, he played for several clubs in Italy, and also spent short spells at many top Italian clubs. At international level, he represented the Italy national under-21 football team. A highly skilful and creative playmaker, with an eye for goal, he was regarded as one of Italy's most promising players in his youth, but he failed to live up to his potential in his later career. Club career

Early years and emergence with Atalanta
Born in Pescina, Abruzzo, after joining the Atalanta B.C. youth academy in 1988, at the age of 14, <mask> enjoyed a highly successful youth career with the Bergamo primavera squad, under manager Cesare Prandelli, winning the Campionato Allievi in 1992, and later the Trofeo Dossena, the Campionato Nazionale Primavera, and the Torneo di Viareggio in 1993, establishing himself as one of Italy's most promising under-21 players. <mask> subsequently began his professional career when he was promoted to the Atalanta B.C.senior side, making his Serie A debut with the club later that year, at the age of 17, on 19 December, in a 2–1 home win over Genoa. he scored his first two goals for the club after coming on as a substitute against Lecce, helping Atalanta to come back from behind to earn a 3–3 draw; he finished the 1993–94 season with 9 appearances and 3 goals. After helping Atalanta to gain Serie A promotion during the 1994–95 Serie B season under manager Emiliano Mondonico, <mask> soon came to prominence with the club during the 1995–96 season alongside Christian Vieri, scoring 11 goals in 30 league appearances, at the age of 19. The following season, he scored less frequently, managing only five goals, but provided several assists for his new attacking partner Filippo Inzaghi; together, they formed a formidable offensive partnership, and Inzaghi finished the season as the league's top-scorer. Fiorentina and loan struggles
<mask>'s precocious performances led to a move to Fiorentina in 1997, for an undisclosed fee. During his time in Florence, despite the presence of the attacking trio of Manuel Rui Costa, Gabriel Batistuta and Luís Oliveira on the team, he initially managed to find space in the starting eleven under manager Alberto Malesani, although following the arrival of Edmundo, he later struggled to find playing time; in spite of the competition for a starting spot, he still managed 5 goals in 26 appearances for the club, and also provided several assists for his teammates throughout the season. After failing to appear in Fiorentina's opening five league matches under new manager Giovanni Trapattoni the following season, <mask> was sent on loan to Italian giants Milan in 1998, who had been impressed by the youngster's performances the previous season; however, his time at the Milanese club was largely unsuccessful, as several injuries and disagreements with manager Alberto Zaccheroni limited his playing time, and he only managed to obtain eleven appearances, mostly as a substitute, scoring one goal.Furthermore, Milan's rigorous use of the 4–4–2 system and subsequent switch to a 3–4–3 formation, neither of which featured an attacking midfielder, meant that <mask> was often forced to play out of position as a winger, where he was not as effective or influential to the team's attacking play; as a result, he was often benched. Despite his mixed success throughout the season, he still managed to win his only professional trophy with the club that year, as Milan finished the 1998–99 season by claiming the Serie A title. Due to his subsidiary role in Milan's title victory, his loan was not renewed the following season, and Fiorentina instead loaned him out to Cagliari. <mask>'s first half of the season was largely unsuccessful, as he managed only one goal in five appearances due to injury; in January 2000, he moved on loan to Verona, where he was reunited with his former Atalanta youth coach, Prandelli. In the second half of the 1999–2000 season, despite another injury, his performances improved drastically, and he scored five goals in ten appearances playing as a second striker, as well as providing several decisive assists, which ultimately helped Verona avoid relegation. After being sidelined through injury for the first half of the 2000–01 season with Fiorentina, <mask> briefly returned to Atalanta on loan the following January; during this time, however, he struggled with injuries and due to his character, and ultimately failed to consistently replicate the quality performances he had managed during his first spell with Atalanta, despite some promising performances, and a respectable tally of five goals in 17 appearances. After Fiorentina's financial difficulties had forced the club to sell several key players, <mask> returned to the side for the 2001–02 season, and was now expected to be a central figure for the club; however, Fiorentina endured a difficult season, which ultimately ended with relegation to Serie B and bankruptcy, while Morfeo was limited to just two goals in 18 appearances, once again  due to injury troubles.Inter, Parma, and later career
The following season, <mask> was signed by Inter on a free transfer; however, he once again struggled at the club, due to several clashes with teammates, and manager Héctor Cúper, who frequently deployed <mask> on the wing, and was eventually benched. Inter narrowly missed out on the 2002–03 Serie A title, and also reached the Champions League semi-finals, while <mask> only scored one goal in 17 appearances. <mask> later spent five seasons with Parma, from 2003 to 2008, where he was initially once again re-united with Prandelli, whose decision to field the playmaker in his favoured number 10 role was met with notable success and a great improvement in form. In later seasons, however, <mask> once again clashed with his managers, and was often left out of the starting eleven; in total, Morfeo managed 16 goals in 101 Serie A appearances for the Emilian side. At the age of 32, he then agreed to start the 2008–09 season with Serie B club Brescia Calcio, but in October 2008 he ultimately decided to retire from football citing lack of motivation, and did not appear for the club in league, making his only appearance for Brescia in the Coppa Italia. In January 2009 he stepped back on his decision and returned to play football for the second half of the season with Cremonese, in the lower divisions, where he was re-united with coach Mondonico once again. Following a lengthy ban, he fully retired from football in February 2011, after a season with San Benedetto dei Marsi in the Seconda Categoria division.In total he scored 56 goals in 300 professional appearances throughout his career, scoring 54 goals in Serie A; 14 of these were scored from outside the area, with 8 of them coming from free-kicks, while only three were scored with his head, and ten with his right foot. International career
<mask> was never capped by the Italy national football team at senior level, although in February 1996, he was called up by Arrigo Sacchi along with several other young, promising Italian players to an Italy training camp. Between 1991 and 1992, <mask> represented the Italy Under-15 and Under-16 side, collecting 7 appearances and scoring two goals for the team. In 1993, he was called up to the Italy Under-18 side, with which he scored six goals in as many appearances. At Under-21 level, he was first called up under Cesare Maldini in 1995, and he was later one of the key players in Italy's victorious 1996 UEFA European Under-21 Championship campaign, scoring the decisive penalty in the final shoot-out victory against Spain following a 1–1 draw, after coming on as a substitute for goalscorer Francesco Totti in the second half; that same year, he represented the youth side at the 1996 Olympics. In total, he managed 7 appearances with the under-21 side between 1995 and 1997, scoring 1 goal for the Azzurrini. Style of play
Although <mask> usually played as an attacking midfielder, he was often not deployed in his normal position at the beginning of his career, due to the prevalence of the 4–4–2 formation; he was therefore capable of playing in several midfield and attacking positions, and could also play as a left winger, as a second striker, or even as a deep-lying playmaker.A talented, diminutive, and creative player, with good feet, a slender physique, and an eye for goal, he was capable of both setting-up goals and scoring them himself with his excellent left foot, which initially earned him comparisons with his idol Roberto Baggio, as well as Gianni Rivera, and in particular Diego Maradona, leading him to be nicknamed Maradonino. Although he was not a particularly prolific player, he possessed an accurate and powerful shot from outside the area, and was also an accurate free-kick taker. Gifted with an intuitive capacity to interpret the game, <mask> was known above all for his creativity, technical skills, vision, passing, and playmaking ability, as well as his adeptness at making attacking runs into the area, which made both him a dangerous attacking threat and an excellent assist provider. A quick and skilful dribbler, he was also known for his excellent technique, close control, and ability to dribble with his head up when in possession of the ball. In addition to his footballing skills, he was known for his confident and extroverted personality; however, he also had a difficult character, which led him to be involved in several conflicts with his managers. He was also notorious for his lack of notable pace or tactical discipline, and his arrogance and poor work-rate on the pitch, as well as his inconsistency and proneness to injury; as a result, he struggled to stand out in larger teams, in which he faced more competition for a starting spot, and which did not allow him to be deployed in his favoured role as a classic number 10. In his youth, he was considered by several pundits to be one of the most promising and precociously talented players ever to come out of Italy in recent years; however, despite his ability, he never realised his full potential.After retirement
<mask> currently runs a restaurant in Parma, where he resides with his family. Personal life
<mask>'s brother, Mario, was also a footballer. Honours

Club
Milan
Serie A: 1998–99

International
Italy under-21
UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 1996

References

External links
Profile on La Gazzetta dello Sport's official website
FIGC Profile
AIC Profile

1976 births
Living people
People from Pescina
Italian footballers
Association football forwards
Atalanta B.C. players
Cagliari Calcio players
ACF Fiorentina players
Inter Milan players
A.C. Milan players
Parma Calcio 1913 players
Hellas Verona F.C. players
U.S. Cremonese players
Serie A players
Serie B players
Serie C players
Italy under-21 international footballers
Footballers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers of Italy

masks:
Domenico Morfeo
Morfeo
Morfeo
Morfeo
Morfeo
Morfeo
Morfeo
Morfeo
Morfeo
Morfeo
Morfeo
Morfeo
Morfeo
Morfeo
Morfeo
Morfeo
Morfeo
Morfeo
Morfeo
Morfeo
Domenico


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<mask> MBE (25 July 1905 – 8 September 1990) was a British naturalist, an illustrator, art teacher and a children's author under the pseudonym "BB". He won the 1942 Carnegie Medal for British children's books. Early life

<mask> was born in Lamport, Northamptonshire, the second son of the Revd. Walter Watkins-Pitchford and his wife, Edith. His elder brother, Engel, died at the age of thirteen. <mask> was himself considered to be delicate as a child, and because of this was educated at home, while his younger twin, Roger, was sent away to school. He spent a great deal of time on his own, wandering through the fields, and developed a love of the outdoors, which was to influence his writing.He enjoyed shooting, fishing and drawing; all these things were to influence his writing greatly. At the age of fifteen, he left home and went to study at the Northampton School of Art. He won several prizes while there, but was irked by the dry, academic approach, and longed to be able to draw from life. While at the Northampton School of Art, Watkins-Pitchford won a travelling scholarship to Paris. He was later to say that he could not remember how long he had spent in Paris, but Quinn suggests that it was probably about three months. He worked at a studio in Montparnasse, and attended drawing classes. It is unknown exactly where he studied.In the autumn of 1924, he entered the Royal College of Art in London. In 1930 he became an assistant art master at Rugby School where he remained for seventeen years. While at Rugby School he began contributing regularly to the Shooting Times and started his careers as an author and an illustrator. He wrote under the nom de plume of '"BB"', a name based on the size of lead shot he used to shoot geese, but he maintained the use of his real name as that of the illustrator in all his books. He later illustrated books by other writers, and sold his own paintings locally. Later years

Watkins-Pitchford married in 1939, and had two children, Robin, who died at the age of seven from Bright's Disease, and Angela. Tragedy entered his life a second time in 1974, when his wife, Cecily, became unwell after working in the garden while a farmer was spraying his fields at the other side of the hedge.She died a few weeks later. By the late 1980s, Watkins-Pitchford needed regular dialysis treatment. He was awarded an honorary MA by Leicester University in 1986, and was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1990. He collapsed suddenly in September of that year, and died while under anaesthetic in the operating theatre. Works

For The Little Grey Men, published by Eyre & Spottiswoode in 1942, BB won the annual Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising the year's best children's book by a British subject. Look ye also while life lasts. This quote, so apt for his works, has sometimes been thought to have been another one of 'BB'’s creations but it was in fact copied from a tombstone in a north-country churchyard by his father.Adaptations of his works

In 1975 The Little Grey Men was adapted into a 10 part animated series called Baldmoney, Sneezewort, Dodder and Cloudberry by Anglia Television in the U.K.  Brendon Chase was dramatised into a 13-part series by Southern Television in 1980. In 1970, the Swiss public TV station SRG SSR adapted Bill Badger and the Pirates into an 18 part marionette children's program entitled Dominik Dachs und die Katzenpiraten, in Swiss-German dialect. It was rebroadcast in March 2012. Trivia

The Little Grey Men was one of Syd Barrett's favourite books; an excerpt from it was read at his funeral. References

External links

 The BB Society
 BB or <mask> Watkins-Pitchford biography at Stella & Rose's Books
 Model train gallery at Countryside Models — based on The Forest of Boland Light Railway
  (includes work published as by BB or B. B.) Michael Traherne at LC Authorities, 1 record (another pseudonym)

English children's writers
English fantasy writers
British children's book illustrators
Carnegie Medal in Literature winners
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Writers who illustrated their own writing
People from West Northamptonshire District
1905 births
1990 deaths
Place of death missing
20th-century English novelists

masks:
Denys James Watkins Pitchford
Denys Watkins Pitchford
Denys
Denys


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<mask> (1971 – September 28, 1994) was a Lithuanian serial killer who killed six people and attempted to kill three more between July and December 1992, in several municipalities around the country (Kelmė, Šiauliai, Raseiniai, Šakiai and Jurbarkas). He targeted lonely elderly people living in remote villages and robbed their houses to pay for his alcohol addiction. He was later executed for these crimes, the fifth of seven people executed before the capital punishment was abolished in Lithuania. Early life
Varnelis was born on January 1, 1971 in the village of  in the Telšiai District, in a family with six more children (three boys and three girls). The family was dysfunctional: both parents were alcoholics and all of their children, including young Antanas, were sent to various homes. Varnelis ended up in an orphanage in Viešvilė. There, he established himself as reserved and unsociable, often running away and wandering around the neighborhood.He was prone to theft and asocial behavior, for which, at the age of 11, he was transferred to a specialized boarding school for difficult teenagers in the town of Gelgaudiškis. Varnelis abused alcohol, smoked cigarettes, and picked on those weaker than him, but was respectful to those stronger than him. He continued to steal and run away, and showed no academic inclinations. After leaving the school, the state provided Varnelis with a workplace and dormitory room. At the same time, he tried to study at an agricultural school in Kudirkos Naumiestis, but soon abandoned it. In August 1987, at the age of 16, <mask> was first convicted of stealing 12 beer bottles and a chicken from grocery store. He underwent an examination in a psychiatric hospital in , where he was diagnosed with mild intellectual disability with pronounced psychopathic tendencies but was judged competent to stand trial.He was sentenced to 2 years and 3 months in an educational colony, but the sentence was postponed. Just a few months later, he robbed a passer-by stealing his wallet, and was sentenced to 4 years imprisonment in Pravieniškės. He was released on January 14, 1992. Murders

After his release, Varnelis cohabited with an acquaintance from the orphanage, but soon quarreled with him and left for his older brother Pranas, who worked on a private farm in Gelgaudiškis. There, Varnelis, according to eyewitnesses, was parasitic, living on his brother's expenses and abusing alcohol. The farm owners quickly got tired of Varnelis' behavior, and both he and his brother were kicked out. While in Gelgaudiškis, in June 1992, under the threat of a knife, Varnelis attempted to rape a 13-year-old local resident, also stealing a loaf of bread and 300 rubles from her.After this, he did not have a more permanent place and wandered around various villages. In July, together with his brother Pranas, Varnelis robbed a house of a forester in  in the Šakiai District. Pranas was apprehended while Varnelis escaped. On July 28, he committed his first murder in  in the Šakiai District. The victim was a lonely 70-year-old local, whom Varnelis beat to death. He then stole 2,000 rubles and set the house on fire to cover his tracks. The police arrested six suspects, but they had an alibi.Varnelis traveled on foot avoiding larger settlements and sleeping in random barns. Three weeks later, on August 18, Varnelis committed the second murder in  in the Telšiai District. The victim was another lonely pensioner. Varnelis stole 12,000 rubles and ate while the man was still alive. The investigators initially did not make a connection between the two murders. They did receive a description of Varnelis and were able to prepare a facial composite from two men that Varnelis sold the stolen items to. At the end of August 1992, Varnelis arrived in the town of Šimkaičiai in the Jurbarkas District, where he met a friend from the orphanage and got a job working with him on a farm.There, he was known to the locals as the young guy who often visited discos and met many girls. On the night of October 31, Varnelis attacked once again, breaking into the house of an 86-year-old. He hit him with an axe on the head several times and then robbed the house. The victim died a week later in hospital without regaining consciousness. Varnelis was almost caught red-handed at the site: while he was still in the house cooking eggs, a relative of the victim arrived to check upon the old man. Varnelis managed to convince him that he was helping the old man with housework. While the relative was checking with a neighbor, Varnelis escaped to the forest and hid to watch the commotion.On November 14, near the village of  in the Kelmė District, Varnelis killed for the 4th time – another lonely pensioner, from whom he stole a bicycle, a raincoat, a coffee grinder, hair spray, several bottles of homemade wine and groceries. The body of the 68-year-old woman, who was hit a total of nine times with an axe, was found a week later covered by straws. Varnelis lived in the victim's house for at least a day after the murder. The police arrested five suspects, but they provided an alibi and were released. Between November 20 and 21, near  in the Šiauliai District, Varnelis broke into an empty house but did not find anything of value. He then separately attacked two villagers with an axe – a 48-year-old man who was robbed of his motorbike and a 69-year-old woman who was robbed of 6,000 talonas. Both survived the attacks.On December 5, in the village of  in the Raseiniai District, Varnelis killed two women, a 92-year-old woman and her 68-year-old daughter-in-law. He remained in the house overnight drinking found champagne, and on leaving, he stole several bottles of alcohol, two pairs of watches, two gold wedding rings, groceries and 15,000 talonas. The daughter-in-law was found still alive but she died later in hospital. Four days after the murder, <mask>' photo was shown on TV and published by newspapers asking the public for information. The Ministry of the Interior formed a task force to catch the perpetrator. The police searched for Varnelis in Gelgaudiškis. Arrest and trial
Upon learning that he was wanted, Varnelis changed his tactics.Now he only moved at night and slept in abandoned houses or barns during the day. He headed towards Vilnius from where he planned to escape. On the evening of December 21, 1992, in the village of  in the Kaunas District, Varnelis was identified by locals based on his tattoos. Varnelis immediately confessed to the murders and robberies, but not to the attempted rape. He underwent a forensic psychiatric examination in Utena which concluded that he was competent to stand trial. At the trial, Varnelis' defense focused on his disability, difficult childhood, and the fact that he confessed and cooperated with the police. His attorney asked for a second psychiatric examination, but Varnelis refused.In his final statement, <mask> asked the court that, taking into account all the mentioned circumstances, he be sentenced to life imprisonment. However, on February 1, 1994, the Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Court of Lithuania, chaired by , found the 23-year-old <mask> guilty of all charges and sentenced him to be executed by shooting. His clemency petition was rejected by the President of Lithuania Algirdas Brazauskas on September 16, and <mask> was executed on September 28, 1994 in Vilnius. He was buried in the  in the section for those unclaimed by relatives. See also
 List of serial killers by country

References

1971 births
1994 deaths
Male serial killers
Lithuanian serial killers
20th-century criminals
Executed serial killers
People convicted of murder by Lithuania
Executed Lithuanian people
People executed by Lithuania by firearm
20th-century executions by Lithuania
People from Telšiai County

masks:
Antanas Varnelis
Varnelis
Varnelis
Varnelis
Varnelis
Varnelis


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Early Life
<mask> (born July 6, 1952 in Massachusetts) and raised in Berkeley, California, <mask> began playing the piano at 8 years old and studied classical music until he was 15. He lost interest in classical at that time and started playing the Organ with a local group of high schoolers called “The Rubber Band”. He played with the band through High School attempting to do originals as well as blues covers. After high school <mask> attended the University of California, Berkeley but dropped out to concentrate on music. During the next few years <mask> studied piano with some very good jazz teachers notably, Bill Bell (Carmen McRae), Tom Coster (Santana, Gabor Szabo) and Wilbert Baranco. Career

1970s
In the early 70's <mask> formed a band called “Rags” with Pat Thrall (Pat Travers Band, Meatloaf ) and Kelly Keagy (Night Ranger). After trying to write original songs the band started playing covers in clubs to earn a living.Pat was unhappy with the decision and left. The band went on to play clubs in California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Alaska from 1973 to 1978. <mask> realized that he wasn't getting any closer to his goal of playing on records so, with Pat Thrall's help he met Alphonso Johnson (Weather Report) who was trying to form a progressive rock band for Electra/Asylum Records. After moving to L.A. <mask> spent the next year writing songs with Alphonso, forming a band that included Vinnie Appice (Dio, Black Sabbath) and Joe Turano (Michael Bolton) and making a record. Unfortunately, Electra/Asylum dropped the album before its release. Through his friend Darrel Verdusco (John Hiatt, Mickey Thomas) <mask> met John Hiatt. John was unsigned at the time, but he had a good band and some club dates in L.A.So, <mask> joined his band. Through John, <mask> met Ry Cooder. 1980s
Ry asked <mask> to play on his Borderline album and then signed John and his band to tour Europe as his backup musicians in the winter of 1980 to promote the record. A U.S. Tour followed in 1981. Hiatt signed with Geffen Records and the rest of 1981 was spent recording the CD All of a Sudden in New York and London with Tony Visconti as producer. The Album was released in 1982 and a tour opening for Graham Parker followed. But the album had poor sales and Hiatt let the band go.Immediately <mask> joined is friend Pat Thrall again to tour in support of Pat's new project The Hughes/Thrall Band with Glenn Hughes (Deep Purple, Trapeze) and Tommie Aldridge (Black Oak Arkansas, Ozzie Ozborne, White Snake). The band toured the U.S. playing arenas as the opening act for Santana. But that album also had poor sales and was dissolved. Soon after <mask> got a call from producer Keith Olsen to do some additional recording on a single from Three Lock Box an album he had made for Sammy Hagar. Sammy had been hiring a studio keyboard player and a studio backup singer to make his last two records and he had nobody in his band to reproduce the parts on tour, so in late 1982 <mask> joined his band. Most of 1983 was spent on the road touring to support Three Lock Box. The album earned a Gold Record and the tour sold out arenas all across the U.S. 1984-85 were spent making Sammy Hagar's platinum album VOA (which included one of <mask>'s songs, Don't Make Me Wait and the support tour, which was one of the most successful tours of the year, selling out arenas and stadiums in the U.S.In 1985 Sammy opted to join Van Halen, the last date his old band played was Farm Aid at University of Illinois stadium which featured Eddie Van Halen on guitar. In late 1985 <mask> focused on writing songs and in early 1986 <mask> got a call from Ted Templeman again to work on David Lee Roth's platinum Eat 'Em and Smile CD (Steve Vai, Billy Sheehan, Greg Bissonette). After playing on the CD <mask> turned down Roth's offer to join his band in order to work on his own songwriting. Most of 1986 was spent trying to form his own band under the guidance of John Kolodner at Geffen Records. In 1987 <mask> reunited with Sammy Hagar to make his I Never said Goodbye CD with Eddie Van Halen on Bass. The Album included one of <mask>'s songs Back Into You and went Gold in the U.S. In 1987 <mask> signed a Publishing contract with Geffen music and spent the rest of the year unsuccessfully trying to put together his own band.In 1988 one of <mask>'s songs, Walk On Water was recorded by Eddie Money and went on to reach #9 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was a number one Rock track as well as a number one MTV video. The album Nothing to Lose went Gold, Walk on Water also was on Eddie's Greatest Hits which sold Platinum. In 1989 <mask> toured with Eddie Money as part of his band that included original guitarist Jimmy Lyons. Later in 1989 <mask> began writing songs with Kevin Cronin (REO Speedwagon). At the time REO was inactive but with the support of management the band was reformed. <mask>'s friend Dave Amato (Ted Nugent, Cher) was added on guitar and Brian Hitt (Wang Chung) on drums. 1990s
1990 was spent writing and touring with REO Speedwagon as well as recording their CD The Earth, A Small Man, His Dog And A Chicken, which <mask> co-produced and included Live It Up which reached #6 on the Rock Chart and 5 more of his songs.During 1990 <mask> also wrote a song, Fallen From Grace that appeared on Heart's Double Platinum CD Brigade. <mask> left REO in 1991 to get married and focus on Songwriting for MCA Music. 1991 through 1995 were spent in L.A. as a staff writer producing songs that appeared on CD's by Patty Smyth (Gold Record), Bad English (European #1), MSG, and Johnny Van Zandt etc. In 1996 <mask> co-wrote a song (Both Sides Now) with Sammy Hagar, which brought them back together. In 1997 <mask> worked on Sammy's Marching To Mars CD, playing keyboards and co-writing 6 songs. Sammy and <mask> then put together a band that would later be called the Waboritas and toured in 1997-1998 to support the Album, which went Gold. In 1998-1999 <mask> was the co-producer and Pro-Tools engineer, as well as playing keys and singing on the Hagar CD Red Voodoo which included 3 of his songs.The band toured in 1998-1999 to support the album which went Gold. The CD included the #1 rock track Mas Tequila which helped launch Sammy's Cabo Wabo tequila brand. 2000s
In 2000 <mask> co-produced, played keys and sang on Sammy's lackluster Ten 13 CD which included one of his songs and the band toured into 2001 to support the album. In 2002 Sammy released Not 4 Sale which included <mask>'s song Things've Changed which was the only single released from the CD. 2002-2003 also included the “Heavyweights of Rock” tour with David Lee Roth and more touring in support of the ill-fated Not 4 Sale. In 2004 <mask> was the Producer and Pro-Tools engineer on Guitar Shorty's CD Watch Your Back which also included 5 of his songs as well as writing, producing and engineering his own solo CD The Best of What I've Got. <mask> also wrote 3 songs, including the title track, on Guitar Shorty's follow up CD We the People which won the Handy Blues Award.In 2005 <mask> purchased a Marin Music Center in Novato, California which he operated until he sold it in 2019. Discography

with Sammy Hagar solo
VOA (1984)
I Never Said Goodbye (1987)
Marching to Mars (1997)

with Sammy Hagar and The Waboritas
Red Voodoo (1999)
Ten 13 (2000)
Not 4 Sale (2002)
Live: Hallelujah (2003)

with David Lee Roth
Eat 'Em and Smile (1986)

with Eddie Money
Nothing to Lose (1988)

with REO Speedwagon
The Earth, a Small Man, His Dog and a Chicken (1990)

with McAuley Schenker Group
 M.S.G. (1992)

<mask> solo
The Best of What I've Got (2004)

References

External links

American rock keyboardists
Sammy Hagar & the Waboritas members
REO Speedwagon members
Living people
Year of birth uncertain
People from Novato, California
McAuley Schenker Group members
1952 births
20th-century American keyboardists

masks:
Jesse Harms
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
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Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse
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Jesse
Jesse Harms


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<mask> (17 June 1905 – 7 February 2001) was a German architect who became particularly known for his striking high-rise buildings in the 1960s and 1970s. The architectural firm he founded, Hentrich, Petschnigg und Partner (HPP), still exists under the name . Life

Education
Born in Krefeld, <mask> was the son of the civil engineer <mask>. Already during his school years, he was interested in art, architecture and completed internships in the architectural offices of  and Franz Brantzky. After graduating from high school, <mask> initially gave in to his father's urging and began studying law at the Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg in Breisgau in 1922, but switched to the architecture faculty of the Vienna University of Technology in 1924 and a year later to the Technical University of Berlin to study under Hans Poelzig, Heinrich Tessenow and Hermann Jansen. In Berlin, <mask> became acquainted with modern architecture, which was on the rise, and worked in the architectural offices of Hugo Häring and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe during semester breaks, but it was above all Hans Poelzig who shaped his understanding of architecture. During his studies in Berlin, he met Albert Speer,  and Rudolf Wolters, who also studied there.<mask> passed his diploma main examination with distinction in 1928. 1929 until 1945
After graduating, <mask> began a Referendariat in 1929. (as Regierungsbauführer) in order to qualify for civil service. He worked as a construction supervisor on the reconstruction of the Andreaskirche in Düsseldorf's old town. Also in 1929, he received the  for the design of a College for the Art of Dance, with which his father had also been awarded in 1892, and earned his doctorate at the Vienna University of Technology with a thesis on modern dance theatre based on this design. In the early 1930s he worked in Paris in the architectural practice of Ernő Goldfinger and in New York City in the architectural practice of Norman Bel Geddes and travelled extensively in the US, China, India and other countries. Returning to Germany, <mask> passed the second state examination to become a government architect (assessor) in 1933.He was to take up a position in the state building construction office Gussew (East Prussia), but chose the path of self-employment and opened an architectural office in Düsseldorf in the same year. After initially working with , <mask> founded an office partnership with him in 1935 (Hentrich & Heuser) and was able to establish himself in Düsseldorf with competition successes and residential buildings. Both won a competition for the Orsoy Deichtor in 1937 and increasingly took part in official competitions of the Organisation Todt or the Hitler Youth. The year before, <mask> had already been accepted as a member of the Academy for Urban, Reich and Regional Planning. In 1938, he was represented at the Second German Architecture Exhibition of the National Socialists in the Munich Haus der Kunst with the Reichsautobahn-Rasthof Rhynern. From 1938 onwards, <mask> was a member of the working staff of  (GBI) for the Reich capital Berlin (among others façade design of the Reich Insurance Office) and was a member of the "Arbeitsstab Wiederaufbauplanung" ("Reconstruction Staff Speer") created on 11 October 1943 for the cities destroyed in the war (among other things. reconstruction planning for his native town of Krefeld, or urban planning designs for the redesign of Hamburg by ).In 1941-1945, <mask> was a member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party. In the final phase of World War II, <mask> was included by Hitler in the Gottbegnadeten list of the most important architects, which saved him from wartime service. <mask> wrote in his memoirs (Bauzeit. Aufzeichnungen aus dem Leben eines Architekten. Düsseldorf 1995,) about his work in the so-called Third Reich: "The interesting work on these buildings was always only factual and never coloured by political aspects." He carried out commissions for the Organisation Todt. After 1945

In the post-war period, <mask> hit the headlines when the , founded by Bernhard Pfau, accused the head of the city planning office, Friedrich Tamms, of favouring formerly high-ranking friends from the staff of the general building inspector - who, in addition to Julius Schulte-Frohlinde, Konstanty Gutschow and Rudolf Wolters, also included <mask>."In fact, Düsseldorf is becoming a centre of former Nazi prominence," the architects' association formulated in a memorandum. Despite these objections, <mask> - an honorary member of the cultural committee of the city of Düsseldorf - was able to participate in the reconstruction plans for the city; his architectural office shaped the appearance of the inner city with representative banks and administrative buildings. It certainly helped that <mask>'s student friend Friedrich Tamms was head of the city planning office and Julius Schulte-Frohlinde had been head of the structural engineering office of the city of Düsseldorf since 1952. After the death of Hans Heuser in 1953, <mask> took Hubert Petschnigg into the architectural office. While <mask>'s commercial buildings of the early post-war period still had strong echoes of the neoclassicism of the 1930s, later <mask>'s buildings were characterised by the International Style with its cool objectivity determined by glass and steel. <mask> gained worldwide recognition with the construction of the Dreischeibenhaus from 1957 to 1960; with its significant appearance, the building is still one of the best-known and most important high-rise buildings in Germany. In 1969, the office partnership was expanded by six partners and renamed HPP Hentrich-Petschnigg & Partner.HPP subsequently won numerous competitions and developed into one of the largest architectural firms of the post-war period, specialising in the field of administrative buildings. In 13 cities in West Germany and South Africa, their large office built a total of more than 40 high-rise buildings. In addition, <mask> was chairman of the board of the Malkasten in Düsseldorf 1945-1955. In 1960, <mask> was appointed professor by the state government of North Rhine-Westphalia. In 1972, the office partnership was transformed into a limited partnership. Two years later, Hentrich and Petschnigg transferred the management of the office to their two partners Hans Joachim Stutz and Rüdiger Thoma. They themselves retired to the office's advisory board, but continued to participate in the various projects.<mask>rich in 1963. <mask> died in Düsseeldorf at the age of 95. Realisations
 1934–1935: Einfamilienhaus für Schmitz-Egelhoff in Krefeld. 1935–1936:  in Düsseldorf, Scheibenstraße / Inselstraße 34 (with Hans Heuser)
 1937–1938: Hitlerjugend-Heim in Rheinhausen, Werthauser Straße (with Hans Heuser). 1937: Musterhaus zur Reichsausstellung Schaffendes Volk for sculptor Hellwig Reiss-Schmidt (b. 1904) in der Künstlersiedlung Schlageterstadt (today Golzheimer settlement), Franz-Jürgens-Straße 10
 1937–1938: Deichtor in Orsoy (with Hans Heuser). 1938–1939: Jugendheim in Hilden
 1938: Jagdhaus Brandt in Brandenberg (Hürtgenwald).vor 1939: Einfamilienhaus für Dr. Rohde in Düsseldorf. vor 1939: Haus für Dr. Blassendorf in Meerbusch. vor 1939: Fünffamilienhaus für Poensgen in Düsseldorf, Rheinallee (with Hans Heuser). vor 1943: Haus Ö. [Oetker] in Krefeld (with Hans Heuser). 1949: Werkswohnungen (Zwei Doppelhäuser) für FA Kümpers in Rheine, Basilikastraße (with Hans Heuser)
 1949–1950: HSBC Trinkaus in Düsseldorf
 1949–1953: Gerling-Hochhaus in Cologne (Entwurf with Hans Heuser, Änderungen durch Hans Gerling). 1958–1960: BAT-Hochhaus in Hamburg
 1961–1964: Unilever-Haus in Hamburg (today Emporio-Hochhaus)
 1961–1964: KHD-Hochhaus (now trade fair tower) in Cologne
 1961–1967: Conversion of the  for the  in Düsseldorf
 1962–1970: Construction of the Westdeutscher Rundfunk in Cologne
 before 1963: Kaufhaus Merkur in Neuss.before 1963: High-rise residential buildings on Dorotheenstrasse in Hamburg. 1963–1964: Europa-Center in Charlottenburg
 1963–1972: Overall planning and institute building of the Ruhr University Bochum. 1964–1965: Protestant Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Kirche in Düsseldorf-Garath
 1966: Administration building of the  (torn down). 1967–1968: Administration building, Rheinallee 9, Düsseldorf-Heerdt ((staff polygon, protected))
 1967–1970: Verwaltungszentrum für Procter & Gamble in Schwalbach am Taunus
 1968–1970: Hauptverwaltung für Rank Xerox in Düsseldorf
 1963–1966:  an der Esplanade in Hamburg
 1965–1970: Standard Bank Center in Johannesburg
 1970–1974: Hauptverwaltung des TÜV Rheinland e. V. in Köln-Poll
 1971–1974: Diamond Sorting Building in Kimberley, Northern Cape
 1972–1975:  in Düsseldorf, Königsallee / Trinkausstraße
 1971–1974: RWI-Haus in Düsseldorf
 1973–1974: Haus Hentrich in Düsseldorf
 1973–1976: Head office of the Rheinbraun in Cologne
 1973–1978 and 2005: Tonhalle Düsseldorf
 before 1976: Conversion of a mill building in . 1977–1981: Marriott Riyadh Hotel in Saudi Arabia
 1977–1980: Ministry of the Interior of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia in Düsseldorf
 1978: Erweiterungsbau für das Fernmeldeamt Düsseldorf 1, Königsallee. 1979–1981: Sheraton Hotel in Essen
 1980–1983: Forum Hotel in Mecca, Saudi Arabia
 1980–1983: Handelsblatthaus in Düsseldorf
 1981: . 1984:Post office and telecom exchange in .1987: Zweit-Auslands-Telephone exchange in Frankfurt-Nied. 1987–1988: Conversion of the  in Cologne
 1988–1993: Trianon-Hochhaus of the BfG  in Frankfurt
 1990–1992:
 1993–1996: Haus des Buches in Leipzig
 1993–1996: Restoration and conversion of the "Tobacco Mosque" (former Yenidze cigarette factory) in Dresden
 1994–1998: M. DuMont Schauberg-Haus in Cologne
 1994–1995: Eurotower in Frankfurt
 1995: Postamt Bielefeld 1. 1997–2001: Arena AufSchalke in Gelsenkirchen
 1997–2000: Refurbishment and conversion of the Detlev-Rohwedder-Haus of the Federal Ministry of Finance in Berlin
 2010: Facade conversion on "maxCologne" (former Lufthansa high-rise) in Cologne

References

Further reading
 Gudrun Escher: Pragmatiker zuerst. <mask> 1905–2001. In DBZ 4/2001,
 <mask>rich: Bauzeit. Aufzeichnungen aus dem Leben eines Architekten. Düsseldorf, 1995.Henry-Russell Hitchcock: HPP Hentrich-Petschnigg & Partner. Düsseldorf, 1973. HPP Hentrich-Petschnigg & Partner: 50 Jahre HPP. Düsseldorf, 1985. Sabine Tünkers: <mask>, Heuser, Petschnigg 1927–1955. Weimar, 2000. Klaus-Dieter Weiß: Architektenporträt Helmut <mask>.Perfektion versus Philosophie? In Der Architekt 1/1986,
 Agnes Wolf: <mask>. In Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon. Die Bildenden Künstler aller Zeiten und Völker (AKL). Vol. 72, de Gruyter, Berlin 2012,

External links

 Architekten-Porträt Helmut Hentrich
 Helmut-<mask>-Archiv im Archiv der Academy of Arts, Berlin

20th-century German architects
Architects in the Nazi Party
Architecture firms of Germany
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
1905 births
2001 deaths
People from Krefeld

masks:
Helmut Hentrich
Hentrich
Hubert Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrich
Hentrichnt
Hentrich
Helmut Hentrich
Helmut Hent
Hentrich
Hentrich
Helmut Hentrich
Hentrich


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<mask> (14 November 1919 – 26 December 1999) was a prominent British artist. She is known mostly for her paintings, though she also made prints and created assemblages of collected objects. She was awarded the Jerwood Prize for painting, and received a retrospective exhibition at Tate Britain. Background
Born on 14 November 1919 in Chelsea, London to an affluent upper-middle-class family, she was initially educated privately by her father, the poet Eric Taylor, before enrolling as a part-time student at the Chelsea School of Art (now Chelsea College of Art and Design) in 1937. In 1938, she took classes at Chelsea with the sculptor Henry Moore. Her aunt was Irish designer Eileen Gray. <mask> lived in London throughout her career.Career
Apart from wartime service, during which she worked as a cartographer for the Office of War Information, <mask> painted full-time until her death in 1999, supplementing her income with teaching posts at Chelsea (1956–69) and Wimbledon School of Art (1966-97). The <mask>-Taylor family often holidayed in Southwold, and in 1945 <mask>'s mother Thora <mask> purchased Woldside house in Southwold, which became an important base for the artist until it was sold after Thora's death in 1966. <mask> retained strong links with the area throughout her career; the coastal landscape, a local quarry, and fishermen at nearby Lowestoft and Yarmouth harbours provided significant early subjects. <mask> also produced a number of still lifes. <mask> had her first solo show at the Leger Gallery in London in 1947. In 1951, <mask> participated in the exhibition 60 Paintings for '51, organised by the Arts Council to coincide with the 1951 Festival of Britain, for which they commissioned 60 artists to produce paintings of 4 by 5 feet or more. <mask>'s submission was entitled Lowestoft Harbour (1951), a painting of two fishermen weighing a catch of fish.The painting was subsequently purchased by the Arts Council Collection. <mask>'s early subject matter led to her being linked with Neo-Romantic artists such as John Minton and Michael Ayrton. From the 1950s onwards, she increasingly painted the industrial landscapes of post-WWII Britain. Although based in London, she made frequent trips to East Anglia and the Midlands. During the 1950s, <mask> became close friends with the painter and critic John Berger; they went drawing together in the marshalling yards at Willesden Junction. <mask> also visited a number of factories and industrial sites with the sculptor Ghisha Koenig, and became close friends with the painter David Carr, who also shared her interest in the industrial landscape as a subject. These trips resulted in a number of paintings of men and women at work in factories and on building sites, together with images of power stations, electrical plants and chemical works.The novelist Margaret Drabble has noted that while many of her early paintings included the human figure, it gradually disappeared from her works, and <mask>'s canvases became more abstract during the 1960s and 1970s. In 1960, <mask> had her first retrospective at the Whitechapel Art Gallery, under the directorship of the curator Bryan Robertson. During a 1982 interview with Robertson, which was published in the catalogue for an exhibition of <mask>'s work held that year at the Warwick Arts Trust, the artist described how: "I prefer to look at the urban or industrial scene or any unconsidered piece of ground." In the latter decades of her career, <mask> made a number of abstract works that reference fragments of urban detritus and rubbish that she found on the streets of London, such as plastic bags, discarded gloves, and oil stains. The first time she exhibited these paintings was in 1989 in a show entitled <mask> <mask>: Recent Paintings, 1980-1989 at Annely Juda Fine Art Gallery in London. The exhibition was a “critical and financial success” and helped <mask> gain recognition and popularity. The early 1980s saw <mask> embark on a series of paintings that focussed on an abstracted 'gate' motif, and she also became fascinated by the shadows cast by passing people on subway walls, creating a number of works on this theme.In 1979, <mask> played a key role in helping to organise the major retrospective of Eileen Gray's work at the Victoria & Albert Museum and the Museum of Modern Art, New York. Although <mask> worked predominantly as a painter, she was also an accomplished printmaker. <mask> created lithographs early in her career, and from the early 1960s often worked at the Curwen Studio in Plaistow. Throughout her career, <mask> also made a number of assemblages from found objects that she gathered on her trips to industrial sites, the extent of which only became clear when these were discovered in her studio after her death. <mask>'s work enjoyed increasing recognition from the 1970s onwards, with exhibitions at the Serpentine Gallery in 1976, followed by shows at the Warwick Arts Trust, the Camden Arts Centre and Kettle's Yard. From 1988 <mask> was represented by Annely Juda Fine Art. In 1999, the year of her death, she was awarded the Jerwood Prize for Painting, and in 2007 she received a retrospective exhibition at Tate Britain.<mask> <mask> is recognized as an accomplished artist, yet did not become as famous as some of her peers. A contributing factor to this was her love of privacy. She also was very generous in regards to money and her art. She would let people reproduce her work, but did not want money for it. When she sold or gave away a painting, she did not try to exercise authority or ownership over it anymore. Artistic Style
<mask> <mask>'s paintings often share a mild or neutral colour palette, sometimes with punctuating strong or harsh colors. <mask> cites the weather in England as the probable cause for this trend.<mask> often made changes to her paintings after she had begun working on them. In doing this she left traces of the old lines and shapes, creating a many-layered surface. Her actual painting techniques furthered this by adding more texture. “<mask> employed thick impasto, she daubed, she scraped, she gauged and scratched, she obliterated, experimenting with a variety of mixed media”. Gerard Hastings has described how <mask> used a variety of tools and materials to apply paint to her canvas and create a variety of visual effects, including sandpaper, wire wool, rollers, wallpaper scrapers, and pieces of wire mesh. She would sometimes mix textured materials like sand into her paint. <mask>'s paintings gave unique views of everyday features of the urban landscape.<mask> <mask> sometimes took photographs of her subject matter, but more important to her was the memory of the experience of seeing something. "Her subjects are closely observed details and scenes from the landscape. The images are combined and filtered through memory, and evolve through a slow process of layering and re-working." In an interview with Bryan Robertson she said, “I work from the subject matter, things perceived, and the things that I see tend to be somewhat murky”. Awards
The City of London Midsummer Prize (1977)
The £30,000 Jerwood Prize for painting (1999)
She declined an OBE in 1968 and a CBE in 1979. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff
New Walk Museum & Art Gallery, Leicester
Pallant House Gallery, Chichester
Pembroke College, Oxford
Plymouth City Council Museum & Art Gallery
Reading Museum
Rugby Art Gallery & Museum
Salford Museum & Art Gallery
Southampton City Art Gallery
Southwark Art Collection, London
Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens
Tate, London
Tate Britain, London
2 Willow Road (National Trust) London
Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool
Whitworth Gallery, Manchester
York Art Gallery

Death
She died on 26 December 1999, aged 80, following a battle with cancer. Favourite quote
 "Painting is like throwing oneself into the sea to learn to swim."(Édouard Manet, often quoted in interviews by <mask>)

Sources
<mask> <mask>, Banks, R. (Ed.) (2003, London, Annely Juda Fine Art),

References

External links

 <mask> <mask> at the Tate. Includes scanned diaries

1919 births
1999 deaths
English women painters
People from Chelsea, London
Deaths from cancer in England
Academics of Wimbledon College of Arts
20th-century British women artists
Artists from London
Women printmakers
People of the United States Office of War Information
20th-century English women
20th-century English people

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<mask> ( ; né Jorgensen; born January 12, 1964) is an American entrepreneur, media proprietor, investor, computer engineer, and commercial astronaut. He is the founder and executive chairman of Amazon, where he previously served as the president and CEO. With a net worth of around US$176 billion as of February 2022, <mask> is the second-wealthiest person in the world according to Bloomberg's Billionaires Index and third-wealthiest person according to Forbes. Born in Albuquerque and raised in Houston and Miami, Bezos graduated from Princeton University in 1986. He holds a degree in electrical engineering and computer science. He worked on Wall Street in a variety of related fields from 1986 to early 1994. Bezos founded Amazon in late 1994, on a cross-country road trip from New York City to Seattle.The company began as an online bookstore and has since expanded to a wide variety of other e-commerce products and services, including video and audio streaming, cloud computing, and artificial intelligence. It is currently the world's largest online sales company, the largest Internet company by revenue, and the world's largest provider of virtual assistants and cloud infrastructure services through its Amazon Web Services branch. Bezos founded the aerospace manufacturer and sub-orbital spaceflight services company Blue Origin in 2000. Blue Origin's New Shepard vehicle reached space in 2015, and afterwards successfully landed back on Earth. The company completed the first commercial suborbital human spaceflight in July 2021. He also purchased the major American newspaper The Washington Post in 2013 for $250 million, and manages many other investments through his venture capital firm, Bezos Expeditions. In September 2021, Bezos co-founded biotechnology company Altos Labs with Mail.ru founder Yuri Milner.The first centibillionaire on the Forbes wealth index, <mask> was named the "richest man in modern history" after his net worth increased to $150 billion in July 2018. In August 2020, according to Forbes, he had a net worth exceeding $200 billion. In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, his wealth grew by approximately $24 billion. On July 5, 2021, <mask> stepped down as the CEO of Amazon and transitioned into the role of executive chairman; Andy Jassy, the chief of Amazon's cloud computing division, replaced <mask> as the CEO of Amazon. On July 20, 2021, he flew to space alongside his brother Mark. The suborbital flight lasted over 10 minutes, reaching a peak altitude of . Early life
<mask> Jorgensen was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, on January 12, 1964, the son of Jacklyn (née Gise) and Theodore Jorgensen.At the time of <mask>'s birth, his mother was a 17-year-old high school student and his father was 19 years old. Theodore Jorgensen had ancestry from Denmark and was born in Chicago to a family of Baptists. After completing high school despite challenging conditions, Jacklyn attended night school while bringing <mask> along as a baby. After his parents divorced, his mother married Cuban immigrant Miguel "Mike" <mask> in April 1968. Shortly after the wedding, Mike adopted four-year-old <mask>, whose surname was then legally changed from Jorgensen to Bezos. After Mike had received his degree from the University of New Mexico, the family moved to Houston, Texas, so that he could begin working as an engineer for Exxon. <mask> attended a Montessori school in Albuquerque, New Mexico, when he was two years old.<mask> attended River Oaks Elementary School in Houston from fourth to sixth grade. <mask>' maternal grandfather was Lawrence Preston Gise, a regional director of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) in Albuquerque. Gise retired early to his family's ranch near Cotulla, Texas, where <mask> would spend many summers in his youth. <mask> would later purchase this ranch and expand it from  to . <mask> displayed scientific interests and technological proficiency, and once rigged an electric alarm to keep his younger siblings out of his room. The family moved to Miami, Florida, where Bezos attended Miami Palmetto High School. While Bezos was in high school, he worked at McDonald's as a short-order line cook during the breakfast shift.<mask> attended the Student Science Training Program at the University of Florida. He was high school valedictorian, a National Merit Scholar, and a Silver Knight Award winner in 1982. In his graduation speech, <mask> told the audience he dreamed of the day when mankind would colonize space. A local newspaper quoted his intention "to get all people off the earth and see it turned into a huge national park". In 1986, he graduated summa cum laude from Princeton University with a 4.2 GPA and a Bachelor of Science in Engineering degree (B.S.E.) in electrical engineering and computer science; he was also a member of Phi Beta Kappa. While at Princeton, <mask> was a member of the Quadrangle Club, one of Princeton's 11 eating clubs.In addition, he was elected to Tau Beta Pi and was the president of the Princeton chapter of the Students for the Exploration and Development of Space (SEDS). Business career

Early career
After <mask> graduated from college in 1986, he was offered jobs at Intel, Bell Labs, and Andersen Consulting, among others. He first worked at Fitel, a fintech telecommunications start-up, where he was tasked with building a network for international trade. <mask> was promoted to head of development and director of customer service thereafter. He transitioned into the banking industry when he became a product manager at Bankers Trust. He worked there from 1988 to 1990. He then joined D. E. Shaw & Co, a newly founded hedge fund with a strong emphasis on mathematical modelling in 1990 and worked there until 1994.<mask> became D. E. Shaw's fourth senior vice-president at age 30. Amazon

In late 1993, <mask> decided to establish an online bookstore. He left his job at D. E. Shaw and founded Amazon in his garage on July 5, 1994, after writing its business plan on a cross-country drive from New York City to Seattle. Prior to settling on Seattle, <mask> had investigated setting up his company at an Indian reservation near San Francisco in order to avoid paying taxes. <mask> initially named his new company Cadabra but later changed the name to Amazon after the Amazon River in South America, in part because the name begins with the letter A, which is at the beginning of the alphabet. At the time, website listings were alphabetized, so a name starting with "A" would appear sooner when customers conducted online searches. In addition, he regarded "Amazon," the name of the world's largest river as fitting for what he hoped would become the world's largest online bookstore.He accepted an estimated $300,000 from his parents and invested in Amazon. He warned many early investors that there was a 70% chance that Amazon would fail or go bankrupt. Although Amazon was originally an online bookstore, <mask> had always planned to expand to other products. Three years after <mask> founded Amazon, he took it public with an initial public offering (IPO). In response to critical reports from Fortune and Barron's, <mask> maintained that the growth of the Internet would overtake competition from larger book retailers such as Borders and Barnes & Noble. In 1998, Bezos diversified into the online sale of music and video, and by the end of the year he had expanded the company's products to include a variety of other consumer goods. Bezos used the $54 million raised during the company's 1997 equity offering to finance aggressive acquisition of smaller competitors.In 2000, Bezos borrowed $2 billion from banks, as its cash balances dipped to only $350 million. In 2002, Bezos led Amazon to launch Amazon Web Services, which compiled data from weather channels and website traffic. In late 2002, rapid spending from Amazon caused it financial distress when revenues stagnated. After the company nearly went bankrupt, he closed distribution centers and laid off 14% of the Amazon workforce. In 2003, Amazon rebounded from financial instability and turned a profit of $400 million. In November 2007, Bezos launched the Amazon Kindle. According to a 2008 Time profile, Bezos wished to create a device that allowed a "flow state" in reading similar to the experience of video games.In 2013, <mask> secured a $600-million contract with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) on behalf of Amazon Web Services. In October of that year, Amazon was recognized as the largest online shopping retailer in the world. In May 2016, <mask> sold slightly more than one million shares of his holdings in the company for $671 million, the largest sum he had ever raised from selling some of his Amazon stock. On August 4, 2016, <mask> sold another million of his shares for $756.7 million. A year later, <mask> took on 130,000 new employees when he ramped up hiring at company distribution centers. By January 19, 2018, his Amazon stock holdings had appreciated to slightly over $109 billion; months later he began to sell stock to raise cash for other enterprises, in particular, Blue Origin. On January 29, 2018, he was featured in Amazon's Super Bowl commercial.On February 1, 2018, Amazon reported its highest ever profit with quarterly earnings of $2 billion. Due to the growth of Alibaba in China, Bezos has often expressed interest in expanding Amazon into India. On July 27, 2017, Bezos momentarily became the world's wealthiest person over Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates when his estimated net worth increased to just over $90 billion. His wealth surpassed $100 billion for the first time on November 24, 2017, and he was formally designated the wealthiest person in the world by Forbes on March 6, 2018, with a net worth of $112 billion. In March 2018, Bezos dispatched Amit Agarwal, Amazon's global senior vice president, to India with $5.5 billion to localize operations throughout the company's supply chain routes. Later in the month, U.S. President Donald Trump accused Amazon and Bezos, specifically of sales tax avoidance, misusing postal routes, and anti-competitive business practices. Amazon's share price fell by 9% in response to the President's negative comments; this reduced Bezos's personal wealth by $10.7 billion.Weeks later, <mask> recouped his losses when academic reports out of Stanford University indicated that Trump could do little to regulate Amazon in any meaningful way. During July 2018, a number of members of the U.S. Congress called on Bezos to detail the applications of Amazon's face recognition software, Rekognition. Criticism of Amazon's business practices continued in September 2018 when Senator Bernie Sanders introduced the Stop Bad Employers by Zeroing Out Subsidies (Stop BEZOS) Act and accused Amazon of receiving corporate welfare. This followed revelations by the non-profit group New Food Economy which found that one third of Amazon workers in Arizona, and one tenth of Amazon workers in Pennsylvania and Ohio, relied on food stamps. While preparing to introduce the bill, Sanders opined: "Instead of attempting to explore Mars or go to the moon, how about <mask> pays his workers a living wage?" He later said: "Bezos could play a profound role. If he said today, nobody who is employed at Amazon will receive less than a living wage, it would send a message to every corporation in America."Sanders's efforts elicited a response from Amazon which pointed to the 130,000 jobs it created in 2017 and called the $28,446 figure for its median salary "misleading" as it included part-time workers. However, Sanders countered that the companies targeted by his proposal have placed an increased focus on part-time workers to escape benefit obligations. On October 2, 2018, Bezos announced a company-wide wage increase, which Sanders applauded. The American workers who were being paid the minimum wage had this increased to $15 per hour, a decision that was interpreted as support for the Fight for $15 movement. In February 2021, <mask> announced that in the third quarter of 2021 he would step down from his role as CEO of Amazon, to become the Executive Chairman of the Amazon Board. He will be replaced as CEO by Andy Jassy. On February 2, 2021, Bezos sent an email to all Amazon employees, telling them the transition would give him "the time and energy [he] need[s] to focus on the Day 1 Fund, the Bezos Earth Fund, Blue Origin, The Washington Post, and [his] other passions."In his final letter to Amazon shareholders, Bezos quoted geneticist Richard Dawkins: "Staving off death is a thing that you have to work at... If living things don't actively work to prevent it, they would eventually merge with their surroundings and cease to exist as autonomous beings. That is what happens when they die." Blue Origin

In September 2000, <mask> founded Blue Origin, a human spaceflight startup. <mask> has long expressed an interest in space travel and the development of human life in the Solar System. He was the valedictorian when he graduated from high school in 1982. His speech was followed up with a Miami Herald interview in which he expressed an interest to build and develop hotels, amusement parks, and colonies for human beings who were in orbit.The 18-year-old <mask> stated that he wanted to preserve Earth from overuse through resource depletion. Rob Meyerson led Blue Origin from 2003 to 2017 and served as its first president. After its founding, Blue Origin maintained a low profile until 2006 when it purchased a large tract of land in West Texas for a launch and test facility. After the company gained the public's attention during the late 2000s, <mask> additionally indicated his interest in reducing the cost of space travel for humans while also increasing the safety of extraterrestrial travel. In September 2011, one of the company's unmanned prototype vehicles crashed during a short-hop test flight. Although the crash was viewed as a setback, news outlets noted how far the company went from its founding-to-date in advancing spaceflight. After the crash, <mask> has been superstitiously wearing his "lucky" Texas Cowboy boots to all rocket launches.In May 2013, <mask> met with Richard Branson, chairman of Virgin Galactic, to discuss commercial spaceflight opportunities and strategies. He has been compared to Branson and Elon Musk as all three are billionaires who prioritize spaceflight among their business interests. In 2015, <mask> announced that a new orbital launch vehicle was under development and would make its first flight in the late-2010s. Later in November, Blue Origin's New Shepard space

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 vehicle successfully rocketed into space and reached its planned test altitude of 329,839 feet (100.5 kilometers) before executing a vertical landing back at the launch site in West Texas. In 2016, Bezos allowed select journalists to visit, tour, and photograph his facility. He has repeatedly called for increased inter-space energy and industrial manufacturing to decrease the negative costs associated with business-related pollution. In December 2017, New Shepard successfully flew and landed dummy passengers, amending and pushing its human space travel start date into late 2018.To execute this program, Blue Origin built six of the vehicles to support all phases of testing and operations: no-passenger test flights, flights with test passengers, and commercial-passenger weekly operations. Since 2016, <mask> has spoken more freely about his hopes to colonize the solar system, and has been selling US$1 billion in Amazon stock each year to capitalize Blue Origin in an effort to support this endeavor. In May 2018, <mask> maintained that the primary goal of Blue Origin is to preserve the natural resources of Earth by making the human species multi-planetary. He announced that New Shepard would begin transporting humans into sub-orbital space by November 2018. In July 2018, it was announced that <mask> had priced commercial spaceflight tickets from $200,000 to $300,000 per person. On July 20, 2021, he launched on the NS-16 mission with his brother Mark Bezos, Wally Funk, and Oliver Daemen. He launched nine days after Richard Branson launched onboard The Virgin Galactic Unity 22 mission.The Washington Post

On August 5, 2013, <mask> announced his purchase of The Washington Post for $250 million in cash, at the suggestion of his friend, Don Graham. To execute the sale, he established limited liability company Nash Holdings to serve as a holding company through which he would own the newspaper. The sale closed on October 1, 2013, and Nash Holdings took control. In March 2014, <mask> made his first significant change at The Washington Post and lifted the online paywall for subscribers of a number of U.S. local newspapers in Texas, Hawaii, and Minnesota. In January 2016, <mask> set out to reinvent the newspaper as a media and technology company by reconstructing its digital media, mobile platforms, and analytics software. Throughout the early years of ownership, <mask> was accused of having a potential conflict of interest with the paper. <mask> and the newspaper's editorial board have dismissed accusations that he unfairly controlled the paper's content and Bezos maintains the paper's independence.After a surge in online readership in 2016, the paper was profitable for the first time since Bezos made the purchase in 2013. Bezos Expeditions

Bezos makes personal investments through his venture capital vehicle, Bezos Expeditions. He was one of the first shareholders in Google, when he invested $250,000 in 1998. That $250,000 investment resulted in 3.3 million shares of Google stock, worth about $3.1 billion in 2017. He also invested in Unity Biotechnology, a life-extension research firm hoping to slow or stop the process of aging. Bezos is involved in the healthcare sector, which includes investments in Unity Biotechnology, GRAIL, Juno Therapeutics, and Zocdoc. In January 2018, an announcement was made concerning Bezos's role within a new, unnamed healthcare company.This venture, later named Haven, is expected to be a partnership between Amazon, JPMorgan, and Berkshire Hathaway. Bezos also supports philanthropic efforts through direct donations and non-profit projects funded by Bezos Expeditions. Bezos used Bezos Expeditions to fund several philanthropic projects, including an Innovation center at the Seattle Museum of History and Industry and the Bezos Center for Neural Circuit Dynamics at Princeton Neuroscience Institute. In 2013, Bezos Expeditions funded the recovery of two Saturn V first-stage Rocketdyne F-1 engines from the floor of the Atlantic Ocean. They were positively identified as belonging to the Apollo 11 mission's S-1C stage from July 1969. The engines are currently on display at the Seattle Museum of Flight. Altos Labs

In September 2021, Bezos co-founded Altos Labs with Mail.ru founder Yuri Milner.Altos Labs is a generously funded biotechnology company dedicated to harnessing cellular reprogramming to develop longevity therapeutics. The company has recruited prominent scientists such as Juan Carlos Izpisúa Belmonte (known for work on rejuvenation through reprogramming), Steve Horvath (known for work in epigenetic aging clocks), and Shinya Yamanaka (the Nobel Prize-winning inventor of cellular reprogramming in mammalian cells). The company left stealth mode and launched on January 19, 2022, with a start capital of $3 billion and an executive team led by Hal Barron. Public image

Journalist Nellie Bowles of The New York Times has described the public persona and personality of Bezos as that of "a brilliant but mysterious and coldblooded corporate titan". During the 1990s, Bezos earned a reputation for relentlessly pushing Amazon forward, often at the expense of public charity and social welfare. Journalist Mark O'Connell criticized Bezos' relentless customer focus as "very small" in terms of impact on humanity as a whole, a sentiment technologist Tim O'Reilly agreed with. His business practices projected a public image of prudence and parsimony with his own wealth and that of Amazon.<mask> was a multi-billionaire who drove a 1996 Honda Accord. Throughout the early 2000s, he was perceived to be geeky or nerdy. Bezos was seen by some as needlessly quantitative and data-driven. This perception was detailed by Alan Deutschman, who described him as "talking in lists" and "[enumerating] the criteria, in order of importance, for every decision he has made." Select accounts of his persona have drawn controversy and public attention. Notably, journalist Brad Stone wrote a book that described Bezos as a demanding boss as well as hyper-competitive, and opined that Bezos perhaps "bet the biggest on the Internet" than anyone else. <mask> has been characterized as a notoriously opportunistic CEO who operates with little concern for obstacles and externalities.During the early 2010s, Bezos solidified his reputation for aggressive business practices, and his public image began to shift. Bezos started to wear tailored clothing; he weight trained, pursued a regimented diet and began to freely spend his money. His physical transformation has been compared to the transformation of Amazon; he is often referred to as the metonym of the company. His physical appearance increased the public's perception of him as a symbolically dominant figure in business and in popular culture, wherein he has been parodied as an enterprising supervillain. Since 2017, he has been portrayed by Kyle Mooney and Steve Carell on Saturday Night Live, usually as an undercutting, domineering figure. In May 2014, the International Trade Union Confederation named Bezos the "World's Worst Boss", with its general secretary Sharan Burrow saying: "<mask>s represents the inhumanity of employers who are promoting the North American corporate model", while in 2019, Harvard Business Review, which ranked Bezos the best-performing CEO for 4 years in a row since 2014, did not rank him even in the top 100 citing Amazon's "relatively low ESG (environment, social, and governance) scores" that reflect "risks created by working conditions and employment policies, data security, and antitrust issues." During the late 2010s, Bezos reversed his reputation for being reluctant to spend money on non-business-related expenses.His relative lack of philanthropy compared to other billionaires has drawn a negative response from the public since 2016. <mask> has been known to publicly contest claims made in critical articles, as exemplified in 2015 when he sent a memo to employees denouncing a New York Times piece. Leadership style
<mask> used what he called a "regret-minimization framework" while he worked at D. E. Shaw and again during the early years of Amazon. He described this life philosophy by stating: "When I'm 80, am I going to regret leaving Wall Street? No. Will I regret missing the beginning of the Internet? Yes."During the 1990s and early 2000s at Amazon, he was characterized as trying to quantify all aspects of running the company, often listing employees on spreadsheets and basing executive decisions on data. To push Amazon forward, <mask> developed the mantra "Get Big Fast", establishing the company's need to scale its operations to produce market dominance. He favored diverting Amazon profits back into the company in lieu of allocating it amongst shareholders in the form of dividends. <mask> uses the term "work–life harmony" instead of the more standard "work–life balance" because he believes that balance implies that you can only have one and not the other. He believes that work and home life are interconnected, informing and calibrating each other. Journalist Walt Mossberg dubbed the idea that someone who cannot tolerate criticism or critique shouldn't do anything new or interesting "The Bezos Principle". Bezos does not schedule early morning meetings and enforces a two-pizza rule—a preference that meetings are small enough for two pizzas to feed everyone in the board room.When interviewing candidates for jobs at Amazon he has stated he considers three inquiries: can he admire the person, can the person raise the common standard, and under what circumstances could the person become exemplary. He meets with Amazon investors for a total of only six hours a year. Instead of using presentation slides, Bezos requires high-level employees to present information with six-page narratives. Starting in 1998, Bezos publishes an annual letter for Amazon shareholders wherein he frequently refers to five principles: focus on customers not competitors, take risks for market leadership, facilitate staff morale, build a company culture, and empower people. Bezos maintains the email address jeff@amazon.com as an outlet for customers to reach out to him and the company. Although he does not respond to the emails, he forwards some of them with a question mark in the subject line to executives who attempt to address the issues. Bezos has cited <mask> (of New Enterprise Associates), Warren Buffett (of Berkshire Hathaway), Jamie Dimon (of JPMorgan Chase), and Bob Iger (of Walt Disney) as major influences on his leadership style.<mask> is known for creating an adversarial environment at Amazon, as well as insulting and verbally abusing his employees. As journalist Brad Stone revealed in his book The Everything Store, <mask> issued remarks to his employees such as "I'm sorry, did I take my stupid pills today? ", "Are you lazy or just incompetent? ", and "Why are you ruining my life?". Additionally, <mask> reportedly pitted Amazon teams against each other, and once declined to give Amazon employees city bus passes in order to discourage them from leaving the office. Recognition
 In 1999, <mask> received his first major award when Time named him Person of the Year. In 2008, he was selected by U.S. News & World Report as one of America's best leaders.<mask> was awarded an honorary doctorate in science and technology from Carnegie Mellon University in 2008. In 2011, The Economist gave <mask> and Gregg Zehr an Innovation Award for the Amazon Kindle. In 2012, <mask> was named Businessperson of the Year by Fortune. He is also a member of the Bilderberg Group and attended the 2011 Bilderberg conference in St. Moritz, Switzerland, and the 2013 conference in Watford, Hertfordshire, England. He was a member of the executive committee of The Business Council for 2011 and 2012. 2014–2018, he was ranked the best-performing CEO in the world by Harvard Business Review. He has also figured in Fortunes list of 50 great leaders of the world for three straight years, topping the list in 2015.In September 2016, <mask> received a $250,000 prize for winning the Heinlein Prize for Advances in Space Commercialization, which he donated to the Students for the Exploration and Development of Space. In February 2018, <mask> was elected to the National Academy of Engineering for "leadership and innovation in space exploration, autonomous systems, and building a commercial pathway for human space flight". In March 2018, at the Explorers Club annual dinner, he was awarded the Buzz Aldrin Space Exploration Award in recognition of his work with Blue Origin. He received Germany's 2018 Axel Springer Award for Business Innovation and Social Responsibility. Time magazine named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world on five separate occasions between 2008 and 2018. Wealth

<mask> first became a millionaire in 1997 after raising $54 million through Amazon's initial public offering (IPO). He was first included on the Forbes World's Billionaires list in 1999 with a registered net worth of $10.1 billion.His net worth decreased to $6.1 billion a year later, a 40.5% drop. His wealth plummeted even more the following year, dropping 66.6% to $2.0 billion. He lost $500 million the following year, which brought his net worth down to $1.5 billion. The following year, his net worth increased by 66.66% to $2.5 billion. From 2005 to 2007, he quadrupled his net worth to $8.7 billion. After the financial crisis and succeeding economic recession, his net worth would decrease to $6.8 billion—a 17.7% drop. His wealth rose by 85.2% in 2010, leaving him with $12.6 billion.This percentage increase ascended him to the 43rd spot on the ranking from 68th. After a rumor broke out that Amazon was developing a smartphone, <mask>'s net worth rose to $30.5 billion in 2014. A year later, <mask> entered the top ten when he increased his net worth to a total of $50.3 billion. <mask> rose to be the 5th richest person in the world hours before market close; he gained $7 billion in one hour. By the time the Forbes list was calculated in March 2016, his net worth was registered at $45.2 billion. However, just months later in October 2016, his wealth increased by $16.2 billion to $66.5 billion, unofficially ranking him the third richest person in the world behind Warren Buffett. After sporadic jumps in Amazon's share price, in July 2017 he briefly unseated Microsoft cofounder Bill Gates as the wealthiest person in the world.<mask> would continue to sporadically surpass Gates throughout the month of October 2017 after Amazon's share price fluctuated. His net worth

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