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Philip Thomas (born 12 February 1965), better known as <mask>, is a Jamaican dancehall singer. Biography
Thomas was born in Clarendon Parish, Jamaica in 1965. He began his career as a reggae artist at the age of eleven with local sound systems, going on to work with the Gemini sound system, before moving on to work with Tony Rebel's Rebel Tone and Papa Roots, and later working with Stereo Mars, Arrows and Metro Media. He joined Killamanjaro where he worked alongside Early B, Super Cat, Puddy Roots, and Little Twitch, and then Sturmars where he worked with Josey Wales, Nicodemus, Super Cat, U Brown and Yami Bolo. His first job on leaving school was as a butcher. During the eighties, Ranks moved on to the Arrows sound system and his 1986 debut single "Gunman Lyrics" was recorded for Winston Riley's Techniques label. He also recorded such tracks as "Out of Hand" and "Fishman Lyrics" with Riley and after spending some time in Miami working with Super Cat and Nicodemus, he worked with Patrick Roberts' Shocking Vibes label, releasing the single "The Bomber".In 1990, he joined Donovan Germain's Penthouse label, enjoying a hit with "Pon Mi Nozzle". Ranks came to the attention of London-based Fashion Records, and in 1991 he released "The Stopper" and a debut album of the same name for Fashion, following this up with the album Lethal Weapon in the same year for Penthouse, featuring singers such as Marcia Griffiths, Dennis Brown, Wayne Wonder and Beres Hammond. His follow-up albums From Mi Heart and Six Million Ways to Die were released on Priority Records in 1996. Six Million Ways to Die included a hip hop remix of Ranks' song "A Who Seh Me Dun" which was voiced earlier over the Bam Bam riddim in 1992. In 2000, he released the album Back with a Vengeance produced by King Jammy. This album saw Ranks venture into other musical styles, including hip hop and dancehall. He now releases music on his own Philip Music label.He has rejected the 'slackness' of modern dancehall in favour of more 'cultural' concerns. In 2012, he released the album Full Blast, featuring guest appearances from Beres Hammond, Luciano, and Gwen Guthrie. In 2013, he featured on 2 Chainz's "Slums of the Ghetto" and a remix of T.RONE's "Hello Love". In 2018, his vocals were featured on El Chombo's reggaeton song "Dame Tu Cosita", which was originally released in 1997 in short form on the album Cuentos de la Cripta 2, titled "Introducción B (El Cosita Mix)" which features Ranks' sampled vocals from the track "Kill Them Out". In 2020, he contributed vocals to the Run the Jewels song "Holy Calamafuck" from their album Run the Jewels 4. Discography

Albums
1991: The Stopper (Fashion) (Profile/Arista/BMG [US])
1991: Lethal Weapon (Penthouse)
1991: Retreat (VP)
1992: From Mi Heart (Shanachie)
1996: Six Million Ways to Die (Priority/EMI)
2001: Back with a Vengeance (Artists Only!) 2005: Hard for It (Wallboomers)
2012: Full Blast (Philip Music)

Compilations
2008: Limb By Limb – Reggae Anthology (VP)

Collaborations/split albums
1991: Another One for the Road (Greensleeves) – with Cocoa Tea and Home T
1991: Die Hard (Volumes 1 & 2) (Penthouse) – with Tony Rebel
1991: 20 Man Dead (Charm) – with Tony Rebel
1995: Rumble in the Jungle, Vol.Line Up"
1996: "Bush Tonic"
1997: "Get Warm" (with Frankie Paul)
1997: "Lyrical War"
1997: "Take You Out" (with Cocoa Tea)
1998: "Get Away Driver"
1998: "Big Machine"
1998: "Set You Free" (with Singing Melody)
1998: "Me Nah Backdown"
1998: "Personal Experience"
1998: "Healing of the Nation"
1998: "Peace Treaty"
1998: "Wuk Dem Hard"
1998: "Guiltyness" (with Edi Fitzroy)
1998: "No More Will I Roam" (with Dennis Brown)
1999: "Come Down"
1999: "Bun Dem"
1999: "Gal Banger"
2000s

2010s
2011: "Try Again"
2013: "Rebel for Life" (with Naâman)
2016: "Man a Lion"
2018: "My Town"
2018: "Dame Tu Cosita" (with El Chombo)
2018: "Dame Tu Cosita" (Remix) (with Pitbull, El Chombo and Karol G)

References

External links
Discography at Discogs

1965 births
Jamaican dancehall musicians
Living people
Musicians from Kingston, Jamaica
Priority Records artists
Profile Records artists
VP Records artists
Shanachie Records artists


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<mask> (March 1, 1871 – June 8, 1925) was a career officer in the United States Army. A graduate of the United States Military Academy and a veteran of the Spanish–American War, Chamberlaine was most notable for his service as a brigadier general in charge of artillery units during World War I. After graduating from West Point, Chamberlaine specialized in coastal and harbor defenses through the use of Coast Artillery. During the Spanish–American War, he commanded a battery which defended the port of Mobile, Alabama. Chamberlaine's later assignments included military attaché in Japan, command of posts which defended Boston Harbor, and command of the Coast Artillery School. Chamberlaine served as commander of two artillery brigades during World War I, including the Battle of Belleau Wood. He subsequently commanded the American Expeditionary Force's Railway Artillery Reserve, including combat during the Battle of Saint-Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive.After the war, Chamberlaine served as chief of staff for the Hawaiian Department before retiring in 1923. He died in a Paris traffic accident in 1925, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Early life and education
<mask> was born on March 1, 1871 in Norfolk, Virginia, the son of <mask> <mask> and Matilda Dillaird <mask>. He attended the United States Military Academy and graduated number 18 of 62 in the class of 1892. Start of career
After graduation, Chamberlaine was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 2nd Field Artillery Regiment. His initial assignments included duty at Fort Adams, Rhode Island, and Fort Hamilton, New York. He completed the Artillery Officers' Course in 1896, and was the honor graduate.<mask> then served at Fort Monroe, Virginia, where he remained until the start of the Spanish–American War in 1898, when he commanded a battery at Fort Morgan, Alabama, which defended Mobile Bay. In 1899, <mask> was promoted to first lieutenant. His post-war assignments included acting assistant adjutant for the Department of Texas, instructor of chemistry at West Point, and assistant to the Army's Chief of Artillery at Fort Monroe. He was promoted to captain in 1901. <mask> was assigned to the Artillery Board in 1903; this panel had been created as a result of a 1901 law which reorganized the Artillery branch and created the separate Coast Artillery. As a board member, Chamberlaine provided advice, guidance, and recommendations to the Chief of Artillery for matters including Artillery unit task organization, personnel assignments, and equipment and weapons design, testing, acquisition, and fielding. While serving on the board, Chamberlaine also commanded an Artillery battery at Fort Monroe.After the split of the Artillery branch, Chamberlaine chose to serve with the Coast Artillery, and became a specialist in coastal and harbor defenses. When the Army's General Staff was created in 1906, <mask> was selected to serve on it. His first General Staff assignment was as a military attaché in Japan, a posting he carried out in conjunction with Brigadier General John J. Pershing and Colonel James A. Irons; Irons also went on to serve as a general officer during World War I. From 1907 to 1909, <mask> served as assistant chief of staff for first the Pacific Division, and then the Philippine Division; in each assignment, he served concurrently as division artillery officer. Among his accomplishments was the strengthening the defensive works that protected the Manila Bay, especially Corregidor Island. On his return trip to the United States, Chamberlaine traveled by way of Europe so he could serve as an observer at the French army's annual maneuvers.Continued career
<mask> was promoted to major in 1910, and assigned to commanded Fort Warren, the post which provided defense for Boston Harbor. In 1911, he commanded his battalion as provisional infantry soldiers on the U.S.-Mexico border. From late 1911 until September 1913, Chamberlaine was director of the Coast Artillery School. In his next assignment, Chamberlaine served as assistant to the Chief of Coast Artillery. While carrying out this assignment, Chamberlaine served on boards and committees which made recommendations for improving the coastal defenses of Panama, Guantanamo Bay, and the Chesapeake Bay. From March 1914 to February 1917, <mask> was in command at Fort Andrews in Boston Harbor. He was then assigned to Fort Totten, New York as assistant to the commander of the North Atlantic Coast Artillery District; in this position, Chamberlaine planned for and coordinated the coast defenses of U.S. harbors in New York and New England.He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in July, 1917. World War I
In August 1917, <mask> was promoted to colonel and assigned to command the 6th Provisional Coast Artillery Regiment, which he organized, trained, and led to France. As a result of the contacts and relationships acquired during his previous experience in France, upon arrival, <mask> was assigned as the U.S. liaison officer at the French Army's General Artillery Headquarters. He was promoted to brigadier general on December 17, 1917, and assigned to command the 57th Field Artillery Brigade. Chamberlaine commanded the 2nd Division's 2nd Field Artillery Brigade in May and June 1918. On June 24, 1918 during the Battle of Belleau Wood, Chamberlaine's artillery units fired a 14-hour barrage in preparation for an infantry attack led by Maurice E. Shearer's 5th Marine Regiment. Chamberlaine's success during the Belleau Wood fight led to his selection as commander of the American Expeditionary Force's Railway Artillery Reserve, which he led during the Battle of Saint-Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive.He was recommended for promotion to major general, but the war ended before the recommendation was acted on. Post-World War I
In January, 1919 Chamberlaine returned to the United States and his permanent colonel's rank. He was assigned as commander of the Coast Artillery Training Center at Fort Monroe, where he remained until he was posted to Hawaii as chief of staff for the Army's Hawaiian Department. He retired on December 31, 1923, and was commissioned as a brigadier general in the Officers' Reserve Corps. Death and burial
Chamberlaine died in Paris, France when the taxi in which he was a passenger struck a streetcar. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Section 2, Grave 1091-SS. Awards
Chamberlaine received the Army Distinguished Service Medal for his service during World War I.He was also a recipient of the French Legion of Honor (Officer) and Croix de Guerre with palm. Family
In 1894, Chamberlaine married Margaret Smith, the daughter of Brigadier General Frank Guest Smith (1840-1912). Chamberlaine's sister Anne was the wife of his West Point classmate, Frank W. Coe. References

Sources

Books

Internet

Newspapers

1871 births
1925 deaths
Military personnel from Norfolk, Virginia
United States Army generals of World War I
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Military Academy faculty
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Army generals
People of the Russo-Japanese War

masks:
William Chamberlaine
William Chamberlaine
William Wilson
Chamberlaine
Chamberlaine
Chamberlaine
Chamberlaine
Chamberlaine
Chamberlaine
Chamberlaine
Chamberlaine
Chamberlaine
Chamberlaine
Chamberlaine


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<mask> (1960–1992, born <mask>) was an American comic book publisher, owner of Revolutionary Comics and its title Rock 'N' Roll Comics. Biography
As a teenager, Loren promoted comic conventions and record collector shows in the Detroit area. He moved to San Diego, California, in the late 1980s and started Musicade, a mail-order music memorabilia company. In 1989, he sold Musicade and started Revolutionary Comics, which produced Rock 'N' Roll Comics, a line of unauthorized comic book biographies of rock stars prompted in part by the success of an unauthorized Bruce Springsteen parody comic called Hey Boss. He hired Hey Boss artist Larry Nadolsky to draw the first issue of Rock 'N' Roll Comics, which profiled Guns N' Roses. <mask>'s father, Herb Shapiro was the vice president of the company operating Revolutionary Comics, Infinite One Inc.

Loren was also the first publisher of the Carnal Comics line, which is still publishing comics. From 1994 to 2000, the Carnal line was run by former Revolutionary Comics managing editor and head writer Jay Allen Sanford.The series was subsequently published by another of <mask>'s Revolutionary Comics artists, Steven S. Crompton, creator of Demi the Demoness. Murder
In June 1992, at the age of 32, <mask> was found stabbed to death in his San Diego condo. The case remains unsolved, although some people suspected spree killer Andrew Cunanan, as both men were well known in San Diego's gay social circles. The FBI later investigated Cunanan's possible involvement. <mask> is interred in El Camino Memorial Park, in San Diego. Film
In 2005, Chicago-based film studio BulletProof Film released Unauthorized and Proud Of It: <mask>'s Rock 'N' Roll Comics, a documentary about <mask>'s life. The film features interviews with <mask>'s family, comic book colleagues, adversaries, supporters, and past and present rock 'n' roll stars, including Alice Cooper.The film details the San Diego police department's investigation into the murder; interviews with <mask>'s coworkers and family members suggest that the police failed to follow up on all available leads.The film was released on DVD in 2012 by Wild Eye Releasing, under the title Unauthorized: The Story of Rock 'N' Roll Comics. Appearing in the film are Alice Cooper, publishers Gary Groth (Fantagraphics) and Denis Kitchen (Kitchen Sink Press), famed groupie Cynthia Plaster Caster, underground painter and RevCom cover artist Robert Williams (known for his controversial album art for the first Guns N' Roses LP), RnR Comics co-creator Jay Allen Sanford, Gene Simmons (audio only), and more. Comics writing
 all published by Revolutionary Comics, unless otherwise noted

Rock 'N' Roll Comics
 #1 (July 1989):
 "Guns N' Roses," with artist Larry Nadolsky
 "Gums N' Noses," with artist Larry Nadolsky
 #2 (Aug. 1989):
 "Metallica: The Band of the New Millennium," with artists Larry Nadolsky and Scott Goodell
 "Megadeth," with artists Steve Goupil and Sean Konot
 ""Metalec cha," with artist Lyndal Ferguson
 "Hey Mon, It's... Stan Back! ", with artist Larry Nadolsky
 #3 (Sept. 1989):
 "Bon Jovi," with artists Larry Nadolsky and Scott Goodell
 "Jon Bovi," with artist Lyndal Ferguson
 "Stan Back," with artist Larry Nadolsky
 #4 (Oct. 1989):
 "Mötley Crüe: West Coast Wildmen," with artists Larry Nadolsky and Johnny Childish
 "Snotley Crue," with artist Lyndal Ferguson
 "Stan Back," with artist Larry Nadolsky
 #5 (Nov. 1989)
 "Def Leppard: Rocket to the Top! ", with artists Larry Nadolsky and Johnny Childish
 "Ded Lepors," with artist Ken Landgraf
 #6 (Dec. 1989):
 "Satisfaction: The Rolling Stones," with artist Andy Kuhn
 "Strolling Bones," with artist Ken Landgraf
 "Stan Back," with artists Larry Nadolsky and Scott Goodell
 #7 (Jan. 1990):
 "The Who: Long Live Rock! ", with artist Thomas D. Luth
 "Who Cares! ", with artist Ken Landgraf
 #9: "PISS,"  with artist Ken Landgraf (Mar.1990)
 #10: (Apr. 1991):
 "Public Enemy: Fight For The Right To Fight," with artist Marc Erickson
 "2 Live Crew: 1 Brave Mother," with artist Stuart Immonen
 "The New Censorship," with artist Stuart Immonen
 "The World According to Jesse Helms," with artist Tom Luth
 #21 (Feb. 1991):
 "Prince," with artist Stuart Immomen
 "Dr. Seuss Drug Book: Crack Is Wack," with artist Rick Brooks
 "George Clinton," with artist Lyndal Ferguson
 "Stan Back," with artist Michael Jan Friedman
 #22: " "Stan Back," with artist Michael Jan Friedman (Feb. 1991)
 #23 (Mar. 1991):
 "Cutting Edge of Rock: The Electric Dead," with artist Ken Landgraf
 "Reality vs. The Nil Flawsby Show," with writer Herb Shapiro and artist Dave Garcia
 #24: "NTV: It's NOT Music Television," with artist Scott Jackson (Mar. 1991)
 #25: "The Authorized Biography of Mojo Nixon," with artist Scott Jackson (May 1991)
 #33: "Why Didn't L.A. Guns Make It Big Like Guns N' Roses? ", with artist Marc Erickson (Sept. 1991)
 #39 (Dec. 1991):
 "Don't You Hate…,"  with artist Scott Jackson
 "New Kids vs.Revolutionary," with artist Stuart Immonen

Tipper Gore's Comics and Stories
 #1 (Oct. 1989):
 "Cutting Edge of Rock," with artist Ken Landgraf
 "That's The Way It Is!" with artist Brad Moore
 "Mind Over Matter," with artist Lyndal Ferguson
 "History Lesson," with artist Mike Clift
 "Tarry Tarry Night" with writer Herb Shapiro and artist Larry Nadolsky
 #2 (Jan. 1990):
 "Think Or Die" with artist Mike Clift
 "Coaster Maniac! ", with artist Ken Landgraf
 "Death By Bureaucracy," with writer Herb Shapiro and artist Ken Landgraf
 "For The Love Of Money," with artist Lyndal Ferguson
 #3 (Mar. 1990)
 "Dolphins," with writer Herb Shapiro
 "Justice," with writer Herb Shapiro and artist Scott Jackson
 "Drug Lord," with writer Herb Shapiro and artist Roy Burdine
 #4 (May 1990)
 "The Visitor," with writer Herb Shapiro and artist Eric Recourt
 "The Bottle," with writer Herb Shapiro and artist Scott Jackson
 #5: "Rhoads Beyond" with writer Jason Hecht (July 1990)

Other titles
 The Beatles Experience #1–8, with artists Mike Sagara and Lyndal Ferguson (Mar. 1991–May 1992)
 "Little Richard," with artist Lyndal Ferguson, in The Beatles Experience #1 (Mar. 1991)
 "Book One: Shapes of Things to Come," with writer Spike Steffenhagen and artist Scott E. Pentzer, in The Led Zeppelin Experience (Aug. 1992)
 "Chapter One," with writers Herb Shapiro & Patrick McCray, and artist Aaron Sowd, in The Elvis Presley Experience (Aug. 1992)
 "Are You Suicidal?" in Star Jam Comics #3 (Aug. 1992)
 "The Jackson Five!"in Star Jam Comics #5 (Oct. 1992)

Notes

References
 Sanford, Jay Allen. "Carnal Comics: The Inside Story," San Diego Reader blog (September 8, 2007). Sanford. "Rock 'N' Roll Comics: The Inside Story" San Diego Reader blog (September 12, 2007). Sanford. "Komplete Kiss Comix Kronicles," San Diego Reader blog (September 12, 2007). Sanford."New Kids on the Block vs. Revolutionary Comics," San Diego Reader blog (September 13, 2007). 1960 births
1992 deaths
Comic book publishers (people)
People murdered in California
Deaths by stabbing in the United States
Unsolved murders in the United States

masks:
Todd Loren
Stuart Loren Shapiro
Loren
Loren
Loren
Loren
Todd Loren
Loren
Loren
Loren


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<mask> is a Dutch historian, writer, and Iranologist. He was born in 1942 in Utrecht, the Netherlands. After finishing high school, he attended the University of Utrecht where he studied economics, non-Western sociology, and Islamic studies. He also studied Arabic and eventually became interested in Persian. He received his PhD from the University of Leiden in 1971. The title of his PhD dissertation was "The Guilds In Qajar Persia." Ever since, he has been engaged in Iranian studies.Throughout this time, he has published extensively on the socio-economic history of Iran. As an independent scholar, <mask> has published numerous works of history as well as translations. Dr. <mask> is also a winner of Farabi International Prize for Humanitarian Studies. Professional Background
He started his professional career in 1968 at the Ministry of Development in the Netherlands. Between 1983-2002. Dr.<mask> was employed by the World Bank as an energy specialist. For example, his report on a study of the difficulties involved in applying solar energy in developing countries, den Haag was published in terms of a book "Solar Energy." He was among those who 30 years ago drew attention to the problem of CO2 emission in his study, co-authored with Robert-Jan van der Plas, The Residential Sector and CO2 Emissions. Industry and Energy Department Paper Series, The World Bank, 1992. More than anything, Dr. <mask> is an Iranologist and is widely known for his numerous books on the country's history and literature. When asked about Iran and Iranians, he mentions, "I don’t think of people, any people, in having best and worst characteristics.Having worked in more than 50 countries all over the world during my 35-year career, I have found that people, wherever they are, are not that much different. What they have in common that they all react to the incentives that they are exposed to, political, economic, religious, etc. For example, if I say that Iranians don’t plan very well, but are masters at improvisation, is that a best or worst characteristic? It all depends on the circumstances and I don’t think it is helpful to contribute to the proliferation of stereotypes of people. Just take them as they are and work with that and you will be surprised to learn that what is considered ‘best and worst’ was based on lack of understanding and empathy." Publications
Floor's books on Iran could be categorized into energy related publications, Persian Gulf, art, social history, economic history, political history, and medical history. He also has numerous published papers (250 plus) in each categories in reputable journals including, but not limited to International Journal of Energy Research, International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies,The Middle East Journal, Journal of International Affairs, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Die Welt des Islams, Studia Iranica, Iranian Studies, and Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, as well as many entries in the Encyclopedia Irania, Encyclopedia of Islam.Many people know him for his Persian Gulf book series published by MAGE Publishers. Dr. <mask> has published more than 50 odd books. When asked about his most favorite book in a 2017 interview during a visit to Iran, he mentions, "I have no idea what my best book is and have never given this a thought. In fact, I like all my books for the simple reason that I usually write about a subject that I don’t know much or anything about. My books are first and foremost written for myself, because they are the result of my attempt to find out what I can learn about a subject that may just be a term to me. I have written books that initially I intended to be an article, because when I begin my research and start writing I have no pre-set ideas where I want to end up.In short, having researched a subject and learnt more than I knew about it is the best thing." Some of his books are as follows. Some of them are as follows. Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin’s Travels Through Northern Persia 1770–1774

Abbas Qoli Aqa Bakikhanov’s The Heavenly Rose-Garden: A History of Shirvan & Daghestan

Evliya Chelebi’s Travels in Iran and the Caucasus, 1647 and 1654

Hamideh Khanum Javanshir's Awake: A Moslem Woman’s Rare Memoir of Her Life and Partnership with the Editor of Molla Nasreddin, the Most Influential Satirical Journal of the Caucasus and Iran, 1907–1931

Engelbert Kaempfer's Exotic Attractions in Persia, 1684–1688: Travels & Observations

References

Iranologists
Leiden University alumni
1942 births
Living people
Writers from Utrecht (city)
20th-century Dutch writers
21st-century Dutch writers
Historians of Iran
Dutch historians

masks:
Willem Marius Floor
Willem Floor
Floor
Floor
Floor
Floor


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<mask> (born 20 January 1940 — 30 June 1995) was a Portuguese composer, pianist and conductor. Life and career
Born in Montijo, Portugal, <mask> studied composition and piano at the Conservatory of Lisbon from 1951 through 1958. At that institution he was a pupil of Artur Santos and <mask>. He then pursued graduate studies in music composition at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome where he was mentored in composition by Boris Porena and Goffredo Petrassi; graduating in 1961. In 1960 he worked with Luigi Nono in Venice, and with Pierre Boulez and Karlheinz Stockhausen at the City of Basel Music Academy. From 1960 through 1970 he was a participant in the Darmstädter Ferienkurse, as both student and lecturer. He began teaching courses in contemporary music in 1962 at the Lisbon Conservatory, and at other institutions in Portugal and South America.In 1970, he created the Lisbon Contemporary Music Group with Clotilde Rosa, and worked at the IPEM studio in Ghent from 1972 to 1973. He died in Lisbon, Portugal on June 30, 1995. <mask> and Filipe de Sousa, pianos. LP: Tecla, 1972 (reed. CD: Jorsom, 1994)

CDE,. Grupo de Música Contemporânea de Lisboa - "Lisbon Contemporary Music Group", led by / dir. <mask>.LP: Sassetti, 1974 (reed. CD: Strauss, 1995)

Elegia a Amílcar Cabral, electronic music. LP: Sassetti, 1978 (reed. CD: Strauss-PortugalSom, 1997)

As Quatro Estações "Four Seasons". Grupo de Música Contemporânea de Lisboa - "Lisbon Contemporary Music Group",
led by / dir. Carlos Franco. LP: Sassetti, 1982 (reed.CD: PortugalSom, 1991)

Music of Portugal, series of 20 LPs, 2nd subset of 5, LPs 4106, 4109 (including - Sucessões Simétricas I, Episódios). Fernando Laires, piano; Manhattan String Quartet. Educo (USA), [1984]

Koellreutter (includes Greetings für Koellreutters), Grupo Juntos Música Nova. LP: Fundação Nacional de Arte/ Memória Musical Brasileira - "National Foundation for Art/ Brazilian Music Heritage", 1985. Música Portuguesa Contemporânea – Obras para guitarra "Contemporary Portuguese Music - Guitar Works"
(includes L'Oiseau-Lyre). José Lopes e Silva, guitar. LP: PortugalSom, 1985 (reed.CD, 1995)

Daniel Kientzy (includes Sax-Blue). Daniel Kientzy, saxophone. LP: Poly, 1988. <mask>:
Sobreposições, Políptico 1960, Sucessões Simétricas II, As Quatro Estações. Orquestra Sinfónica de Budapeste/ GMCL. CD: PortugalSom, 1991. Música Portuguesa Contemporânea – Obras para clarinete "Contemporary Portuguese Music - Clarinet Works"
(includes - O novo canto da Sibila).António Saiote, clarinet. CD Strauss-PortugalSom, 1995. <mask>:
Concerto para saxofone alto e orquestra "Concerto for Alto Saxophone and Orchestra",
includes - Sax-blue, Passage intérieur, Fantasia-Impromptu. Daniel Kientzy, saxofones /Filarmonica Transilvania et al.,
CD: Nova Musica, 1996

Música Portuguesa – Séc. XX "Portuguese Music - XXth Century"
(includes - 'À flor das águas verdes' and 'Nocturno no Cabo do Mundo'),
Grupo de Música Vocal Contemporânea "Contemporary Vocal Group",
(led by) dir. Mário Mateus /<mask>, Francisco Monteiro e Jaime Mota, pianos
2CD: Numérica, 1996

Lov (includes - Lov II). Trio Lov.CD: AM&M, 2002

<mask>: – Música para piano. Miguel Borges Coelho, piano. 2CD: Numérica, 2005

Bibliography (selective list)
by <mask>:
"Música e Notação" (separata de Poesia Experimental-2, Lisbon: Cadernos de Hoje), 1966
«Canto de amor e de morte. Introdução a um ensaio de interpretação morfológica» in III Ciclo de Cultura Musical: Fernando Lopes-Graça. Associação Académica da Faculdade de Direito de Lisboa/ Agência da J.M.P., 1966. "Música sem fantástico ou música arte-fantástica? ", in O Fantástico na Arte Contemporânea, Lisbon: Gulbenkian, 1992, pp.219–22
«Lopes-Graça: nova luz sobre uma figura ímpar da cultura portuguesa» in 'Uma homenagem a Fernando Lopes-Graça', Matosinhos, Edições Afrontamento/Câmara Municipal de Matosinhos - Matosinhos City Hall, 1995, pp. 6–15

about <mask>:

Estes sons, esta linguagem, by Mário Vieira de Carvalho, Lisbon: Estampa, 1978
A invenção dos sons. Uma panorâmica da composição em Portugal, hoje, by Sérgio Azevedo, Lisbon: Caminho, 1998
<mask> in memoriam, by José Machado (coord. ), Lisbon: Caminho, 2002
Dez compositores portugueses do século XX, by Manuel Pedro Ferreira (coord. ), Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 2006
Música, Estética e Sociedade nos escritos de <mask>, by Cristina Teixeira, Lisboa: Colibri, 2006

References

External links
. 1940 births
1995 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Portuguese classical composers
Portuguese classical pianists
Portuguese conductors (music)
Male conductors (music)
People from Montijo, Portugal
Pupils of Karlheinz Stockhausen
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century classical pianists
Portuguese male classical composers
Male classical pianists
20th-century Portuguese male musicians

masks:
Jorge Manuel Marques Peixinho Rosado
Peixinho
Jorge Croner de Vasconcelos
Jorge Peixinho
Jorge Peixinho
Jorge Peixinho
Jorge Peixinho
Jorge Peixinho
Jorge Peixinho
Jorge Peixinho
Jorge Peixinho
Jorge Peixinho
Jorge Peixinho


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<mask> (1754–1828) was a Presbyterian minister and radical democrat in the Kingdom of Ireland. Forced into American exile following the suppression of the 1798 rebellion, he wrote A Letter from An Irish Emigrant (1799). Assailing the landed Anglican Ascendancy and vindicating the call for an Irish republic, it was the first published apologia for the United Irish insurrection. In the United States he found himself at odds with the spirit of evangelical revivalism. Early life
<mask> was the sixth and youngest son of a County Down farmer and merchant. He studied at the University of Glasgow and was ordained as a Presbyterian minister in Saintfield in 1776, with 900 families one of the largest Presbyterian congregations in Ireland. He married <mask>, a second cousin from Arboe, County Tyrone in 1783.His exposure in Glasgow to the ideas of the Scottish enlightenment heightened the sympathy he shared with his congregants for their American kin in the struggle for independence from Britain. In 1784, through a brother-in-law in Philadelphia, <mask> presented George Washington with an address he had written for the (Masonic) Yankee Club of Stewartstown, Tyrone. It expressed their joy that the Americans had succeeded in throwing off “the yoke of slavery” and suggested that their exertions had "shed a benign light on the distressed kingdom of Ireland". Washington returned his thanks. Volunteer and United Irishman
When in the American War the Irish Volunteers were mustered to defend against a French invasion, <mask> recognised an opportunity to broaden the political franchise against both the Ascendancy, that monopolised representation in the Irish Parliament, and the Dublin Castle executive appointed by the King's ministers in London. He became chaplain to the volunteer Saintfield Light Infantry, and called his manse "Liberty Hall". With other prominent Volunteers, in the 1783 and 1790 general elections <mask> campaigned in Down for the candidates of the Stewarts, Presbyterians and relative upstarts among county gentry; first for Lord Londonderry and then, with success, for his son Robert Stewart.<mask>, however, was soon disillusioned. While the new MP reacted to revolutionary events in France, and to the prospect of war with the new republic, by rallying to the government, <mask> was persuaded that reform would have to sought in an extra-parliamentary union with the Catholic majority. In 1792 <mask> joined the United Irishmen, intervening with them in a crucial Bastille Day Volunteer debate in Belfast to defend a resolution in favour of immediate, unqualified, Catholic emancipation. He decried the "withholding of rights from our Catholic brethren" as "criminally unjust and impolitic", and declared he would rather transport himself to Botany Bay, "than live in a country which continued to keep itself in abject slavery, by its internal divisions". <mask>'s Saintfield Resolutions
<mask> convened the Saintfield Society of United Irishmen and on Christmas Eve 1792 moved their first resolutions.Resolved, that we will steadily pursue every reasonable, legal and constitutional means in our power, to obtain a more equal representation of the people in Parliament and a shorter period of parliamentary delegationResolved that a radical reform can never be affected, but by extending the right of suffrage to all sects and denominations of Irishmen.Resolved, that we look upon our brethren Roman Catholics as men deprived of their just rights--that we highly approve of their present mode of proceeding and sincerely and heartily wish them success. An almost identical resolution was carried by <mask>'s church congregation, but with the anticipation that they would opposed by the landowner-led yeomanry and loyalist vigilantes. The Belfast News Letter (4 January 1793) reported that the congregation unanimously applauded a proposal that "for the defence of their families and properties" a further 500 of their number "be added to the National Guards [the Volunteers] of Ireland".<mask>'s visions from the pulpit were often millenarian: he spoke of the approaching "overthrow of the Beast", the "Battle of Armaggedon" that would be the "prelude to a peaceful reign of 1,000 years." At the same time <mask> asked his asked his congregants to consider that "we live in a very advanced and enlightened period of the world, when ignorance and superstition are falling like lightening from heaven" and that, as a minster, he had a duty to bear witness against the corruptions of government. <mask> told Wolfe Tone that his congregation were completely converted to his views; and that they had celebrated French victories over the Austrian and Prussian armies. Now, however, that the government was rendering both the Volunteer and United Irish movements illegal, they were "dissatisfied" with his comparative moderation. The conversion to <mask>'s political gospel, however, was not complete. Some of his congregation withdrew, joining the "Seceders" or Reformed Presbyterians. While refusing to bow their knee "to any king but Jesus" they were, at least in north Down, hostile to his overt republicanism.Rebellion and exile
In 1797, eleven of <mask>'s congregation were charged with attacking the house of the McKee family, local loyalists who supplied the authorities with such information as they could gather on the activities of United Irishmen. They were all acquitted thanks chiefly to the withering cross examination of prosecution witness the Presbyterian-turned-Anglican Rev. John Cleland, sub-sheriff and land agent of the Lord Londonderry, by the celebrity defence-counsel for the democratic cause, John Philpot Curran. <mask> added drama to the proceedings by being arrested in the court on a charge of High Treason. Finding the conduct of the prosecutor "base and malicious", the presiding judge at his subsequent trial in Downpatrick directed his honourable discharge. <mask>, as chaplain of the United [Irish] Army in County Down, took to the field with his men on 8 June 1798. They converged a thousand strong on the McKee homestead.All eight members of the family died in a siege that saw by the house set alight. A relief column of 300, consisting of Newtownards Yeomanry cavalry and 270 York Fencibles were ambushed by the rebels and obliged to retreat, withdrawing through Comber to Belfast. According to witnesses at his subsequent court martial, the day after the Battle of Saintfield, "Pike Sunday", <mask> appeared among the rebel army assembled at Creevy Rocks, a hill outside the town. None testified to his preaching a sermon, but there is at least one record (possibly spurious) of his offering the following:Men of Down, we are gathered here today ... to pray and fight for the liberty of this Kingdom of Ireland. We have grasped the pike and musket to fight for the right against might, to drive the bloodhounds of King George the German king beyond the seas. This is Ireland, we are Irish and shall be free. On Monday, <mask> marched with the army to Ballynahinch, but returned the same day to Saintfield to help marshal reinforcements.After the rout of the rebels at Ballynahinch on Wednesday 13 June, <mask> retired to his manse, where on the 16th he was arrested. He faced court martial in Lisburn where one observer contrasted his "long and blubbering defence" with the dignity with which Munro, preceding him, had made on the army officers present (Munro's last words on the scaffold were: "Tell my country I had deserved better of her"). Thanks to his brother's intervention with Londonderry, <mask> was assured that he would avoid the worst by agreeing to remove himself to the United States. After some weeks on a prison ship in Belfast Lough where he encountered fellow Presbyterian clergy William Steel Dickson, William Sinclair and David Bailie Warden (the Presbyterian licentiate who had led an attack upon the garrison in Newtownards), in August 1798 <mask> sailed with other marked men for New York City on the ship Harmony of New Bedford. (<mask>'s counterpart in the west of Ulster, John Glendy, minister of Maghera, was permitted the same consideration: permitted, later in the year, to sail for Norfolk, Virginia). A Letter from An Irish Emigrant
<mask> may have started writing his Letter on the trans-Atlantic crossing. It was end dated 26 October 1798, and published the following month in Philadelphia.The politics of the Irish immigrant communities in Philadelphia and in New York City were democratic and opposed to the Federalist commitment to a understanding with Britain. The Letter was addressed to an American audience and sought to counter Federalist propaganda in which the rebellion in Ireland was discredited as part of a larger effort to generate and sustain alarm over revolutionary developments in France. <mask> decried the "unnatural war" that, under the British Crown, Irish Presbyterians had been forced to wage against their "brethren" in America. Their only wish was to be "indulged (like you) as citizens, in enjoying rights without religious distinctions, and fair vote of chusing [sic] their Representatives in the Commons House of [the Irish] Parliament". But their "humble petitions" ignored, and visited with "rapines, burnings, rapes, murders, and other sheddings of blood", the people were "goaded" into insurrection. "Nothing", they were persuaded, "will satisfy (no matter at what price) but a republican form of government". <mask> did not restrain himself from proposing that in this resolve, the people of Ireland "are inspired (as they think) with a well grounded belief, and hope that the time is arrived, when the [Biblical] Prophecies concerning the Universal Dominion of Christ's Kingdom, and the peaceful happy state upon earth ... are to be fulfilled".Last years: at odds with American revivalism
In the United States, <mask> returned to the ministry, first in Philadelphia and then, unhappily due to various disputes, political and religious, with the Ohio presbytery in Allegheny County, western Pennsylvania. The Ohio presbytery disapproved of <mask>'s radical republicanism, which he had translated into support for <mask> and his Democratic-Republican Party. Together with most of the local shopkeepers, merchants and landowners, the elders and clergy supported the Federalist Party. Citing his United Irish past, Rev. John McMillan characterised <mask> as a "fugitive from justice and an enemy of order". But "more fundamentally" the presbytery responded to <mask>'s hostility to a new American-frontier theology. Despite his own millenarianism (based on his reading of the Books of Daniel and Revelation he concluded that the Second Coming of Christ would occur in Washington in 1848), as in Ireland <mask> robustly defended the Presbyterian orthodoxy.He was repelled by a revivalism that emphasised personal faith experience. The Ohio Presbytery repeatedly rejected <mask> as "unconverted". In American revivalism <mask> may have recognised something of that which in Ireland he had observed in the "Seceders" who believed they were returning to the fundamentals of the faith. In a broadside published in 1796 he had denounced the excesses of their outdoor communion observations, suggesting that their primary aim was "large collections", and had rebuked their reactionary politics. In 1804 <mask> purchased a farm five miles west of Washington, Pennsylvania, where a local paper records him officiating at a wedding in June 1819. He died near Freeport, Pennsylvania in 1828. His widow Isabella died in Cadiz, Ohio in 1836, and a son Hamilton died there in 1847.References

1754 births
1828 deaths
United Irishmen
Irish Presbyterian ministers
Alumni of the University of Glasgow

masks:
Thomas Ledlie Birch
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Isabella Ledlie
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Thomas Jefferson
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<mask> (11 March 1856 – 12 May 1920) was a French art dealer, a key figure in the Paris art world and an important promoter and cultivator of Impressionist artists. Early career
<mask> was the son of <mask>, who founded the firm of art dealers at 7, rue Saint-Georges (Paris) in 1846. Within just a few years, the Galerie François Petit was among the most powerful firms in the French art market. According to Robert Jensen in his book Marketing Modernism in Fin-de-Siecle Europe, the auction house assumed, "multiple roles that ran the gamut from certifying the authenticity of the object, to guiding it through the hazards of the marketplace, to establishing its provenance and enlisting critics and historians to situate the artist's importance." <mask> inherited the firm, as well as a château and 3 million francs in 1877. He constructed a town house on the rue de Sèze. His annual expenses amounted to some 400,000 francs.That's what he spent to support his wife, children, mistress... and shooting expenses. Jensen quotes Émile Zola as saying that the younger <mask> was "more ambitious than his father… competitive to the point of wanting to ruin his rivals". Jensen continues, "[<mask>] would wait… for the Americans to arrive in Paris every May. And what he bought for 10,000 francs, he sold for 40,000. Impressionism
<mask> began buying Impressionist works as early as 1878, when he served as an expert in the sales of works from the collections of Jean Victor Louis Faure and bankrupt former Claude Monet patron, Ernest Hoschedé. <mask> was just 22 years old at this time — and it was only a year after he inherited the business — so his involvement with the Impressionists began with the commencement of his career. However, according to a biography at the National Gallery of Art (USA), this was at the end of the Impressionists' "lean years," and their works had already begun to find a market.Rivalries and rise to prominence

<mask> had an intense rivalry with art dealer Paul Durand-Ruel (1831–1922). Durand-Ruel took over his business from his father in 1865. The Petit and Durand-Ruel galleries had been the top two firms in Paris dating back to the 1850s. Paul Durand-Ruel was 25 years older than <mask> and had become an advocate of the Impressionists as early as 1870. The gallery which <mask> opened at 12,  in 1881 was a popular alternative exhibition space to the official Salon. <mask>'s gallery later relocated to 8, rue de Sèze in the heart of Paris. <mask> made his private views into grand social occasions.He devised the series of Expositions internationales de Peinture, the first of which was held in 1882. John Singer Sargent sent his portrait of Vernon Lee to the inaugural event, a work which received decidedly mixed reviews. Sargent wrote, "it has been exhibited … and has consternated many people." These events attracted the likes of Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Auguste Rodin, Alfred Sisley and James McNeill Whistler. Sisley held large retrospective exhibitions at the Galerie Georges Petit in the 1880s and 1890s. This was something of a coup for <mask>, as Sisley had been previously associated with Durand-Ruel. In 1897, <mask> exhibited 146 Sisley paintings and 5 of his pastels, covering the whole of his career.Two years later, just months after Sisley's death, the paintings remaining in Sisley's atelier were sold at auction by the Galerie Georges Petit to the benefit of his children. "Formidable salesman"
The biography posted by the National Gallery of Art notes that, "<mask> also dealt in Salon painters and handled the works of many successful and fashionable artists of the period, rivaling another Parisian dealer, Boussod & Valadon [successors to Goupil & Cie]. He enjoyed the reputation of being a 'formidable salesman', and most important Paris auctions... were held on his premises because the Hôtel Drouot accommodations were insufficient. This fact only increased his rivalry with Durand-Ruel, as <mask> did not care to have his competitor officiate as 'expert' at public sales held in his gallery". Michael C. FitzGerald, writing in his book The Making of Modernism, says that, "by the 1890s [<mask> had] wrested many of the Impressionists from their first dealer, Durand-Ruel, and presented such important exhibitions as Monet's Morning on the Seine and Norman coast series. According to Émile Zola, who knew the Parisian art world inside and out, <mask> was the 'apotheosis' of dealers when the Impressionist market soared and competition among marchands... became intense." <mask> held a number of auction sales on his premises, including the Narishkine collection in 1883, the Chocquet and Doria collections in 1889 and Edgar Degas' studio sale in 1918–19.In 1919, <mask> convinced Louis Dewis, a Sunday painter from Bordeaux, to sell his substantial men's clothing business there and move to Paris, where <mask> promised "to make him famous." But just months after the Post-Impressionist relocated, <mask> died on May 12, 1920. The biographer at the Whistler Centre writes that <mask>'s Société internationale de Peinture was run on similar principles to the Grosvenor Gallery. Like the Grosvenor, it had an advisory body of artists (including Alfred Stevens, Raimundo de Madrazo y Garreta and Giuseppe De Nittis), but in fact was run by <mask> alone. Other artists such as Paul Baudry, Jean-Léon Gérôme, Jozef Israëls, Lawrence Alma-Tadema, John Everett Millais, Ludwig Knaus and Adolph Friedrich Erdmann von Menzel were also involved. According to the Whistler Centre, beginning in 1881, "the gallery was associated with print publishing and specialised in monochrome, very high quality reproductive engravings of paintings by contemporary artists such as Félix Bracquemond and Marcellin Desboutin". In 1887, Auguste Rodin exhibited  The Kiss and three figures from The Burghers of Calais at the Galerie.In 1889, Rodin and Monet held a joint exposition there, with Rodin showing 36 works. According to the August Rodin Project, the "<mask> exhibition sealed Rodin’s position as France’s premier sculptor and opened doors to collections and museums around the world." In the late 1880s, <mask> turned down Louis-Ambroise Vollard (1866–1939) for an apprenticeship because he knew no foreign languages. Vollard would, himself, become a legendary art dealer... as well as an avid collector and noted publisher. Vollard played an important role in the careers of Paul Cézanne, Maillol, Picasso, Rouault, Gauguin and Vincent van Gogh. The Galerie after <mask>
After <mask>'s death, the Galerie Georges Petit was acquired by prominent art dealers/brothers Gaston and Josse Bernheim-Jeune and their partner Étienne Bignou. George Keller, who was establishing a relationship with Salvador Dalí at this time, became director in 1929.Henri Matisse held at large retrospective at the Galerie in 1931, the largest exhibition of his works in France to that date. In 1932, the Galerie hosted an important retrospective of the works of Pablo Picasso. Art historian Michael C. FitzGerald writes that, "displaying 225 paintings, seven sculptures, and six illustrated books, the exhibition was a blockbuster. Apart from sheer size, the show ranged across Picasso's career from 1900 to the early months of 1932." FitzGerald  opines, "the Galerie George Petit was a paradigm of the new relationships among dealers and collectors that formed in the early thirties." He continues, "although bearing an illustrious name in the history of modern art, the gallery was far from its origins when the Picasso retrospective hung." The Galerie Georges Petit closed in 1933 and its assets were sold at auction.Exhibitions
1896 - 13me Exposition International

See also
Bords de la Seine à Argenteuil
Online Books by Galerie Georges Petit

References

Sources
 Jensen, Robert, Marketing Modernism in Fin-de-Siecle Europe, 1994;
 Biography at the Centre for Whistler Studies
 National Gallery of Art USA;
 O'Hare, Mary-Kate; John Singer Sargent and Modern Womanhood; The Magazine Antiques; 1 March 2006;
 Stair Sainty Gallery;
 giverny.org;
 Claude Monet virtual museum;
 FitzGerald, Michael C., The Making of Modernism: Picasso and the Creation of the Market for Twentieth-Century Art, 1995;
 Metropolitan Museum of Art, Chronology of the Artist's Life (Rodin);
 Matisse, Henri and Jack D. Flam, Matisse on Art, 1973;
 Exhibition Notes: Cézanne to Picasso: Ambroise Vollard, Patron of the Avant-Garde, The Art Institute of Chicago
 Dalí, Salvadore, The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí, 1993. External links

 artnet.com, chronology on Alfred Sisley
 Website of Hôtel Drouot
 White House image of Morning on the Seine
 August Rodin Project, August Rodin: His Life and Art
 The Art Institute of Chicago: Cézanne to Picasso: Ambroise Vollard, Patron of the Avant-Garde
 Website of the Galerie Bernheim-Jeune
 Salvador Dali Surreal
Dieterle family papers, Series X. Gallerie <mask>, Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles. Includes 378 glass negatives of Corot paintings, undated. French art dealers
Businesspeople from Paris
1856 births
1920 deaths

masks:
Georges Petit
Petit
François Petit
Georges Petit
Petit
Petit
Petit
Petit
Petit
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Georges Petit
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Georges Petit


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<mask> (; born <mask>; August 25, 1836 – May 5, 1902) was an American short story writer and poet, best remembered for short fiction featuring miners, gamblers, and other romantic figures of the California Gold Rush. In a career spanning more than four decades, he also wrote poetry, plays, lectures, book reviews, editorials and magazine sketches. As he moved from California to the eastern U.S. and later to Europe, he incorporated new subjects and characters into his stories, but his Gold Rush tales have been those most often reprinted, adapted and admired. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in 1836 in New York's capital city of Albany. He was named after his great-grandfather, <mask>. When he was young, his father, Henry, changed the spelling of the family name from Hart to Harte. Henry's father was Bernard Hart, an Orthodox Jewish immigrant who flourished as a merchant, becoming one of the founders of the New York Stock Exchange.Later, Francis preferred to be known by his middle name, but he spelled it with only one "t", becoming <mask> <mask>. Harte was of French Huguenot and Dutch ancestry and descends from prominent New York landowner Francis Rombouts. An avid reader as a boy, Harte published his first work at age 11, a satirical poem titled "Autumn Musings", now lost. Rather than attracting praise, the poem garnered ridicule from his family. As an adult, he recalled to a friend, "Such a shock was their ridicule to me that I wonder that I ever wrote another line of verse". His formal schooling ended when he was 13, in 1849. Career in California
Harte moved to California in 1853, later working there in a number of capacities, including miner, teacher, messenger, and journalist.He spent part of his life in the northern California coastal   town of Union (now Arcata), a settlement on Humboldt Bay that was established as a provisioning center for mining camps in the interior. The Wells Fargo Messenger of July 1916, relates that, after an unsuccessful attempt to make a living in the gold camps, Harte signed on as a messenger with Wells Fargo & Co. Express. He guarded treasure boxes on stagecoaches for a few months, then gave it up to become the schoolmaster at a school near the town of Sonora, in the Sierra foothills. He created his character Yuba Bill from his memory of an old stagecoach driver. Among <mask>'s first literary efforts, a poem was published in The Golden Era in 1857, and, in October of that same year, his first prose piece on "A Trip Up the Coast". He was hired as editor of The Golden Era in the spring of 1860, which he attempted to make into a more literary publication. Mark Twain later recalled that, as an editor, Harte struck "a new and fresh and spirited note" which "rose above that orchestra's mumbling confusion and was recognizable as music".Among his writings were parodies and satires of other writers, including The Stolen Cigar-Case featuring ace detective "Hemlock Jones", which Ellery Queen praised as "probably the best parody of Sherlock Holmes ever written". The 1860 massacre of between 80 and 200 Wiyot Indians at the village of Tuluwat (near Eureka in Humboldt County, California) was reported by Harte in San Francisco and New York. While serving as assistant editor of the Northern Californian, <mask> was left in charge of the paper during the temporary absence of his boss, Stephen G. Whipple. Harte published a detailed account condemning the slayings, writing: "a more shocking and revolting spectacle never was exhibited to the eyes of a Christian and civilized people. Old women wrinkled and decrepit lay weltering in blood, their brains dashed out and dabbled with their long grey hair. Infants scarcely a span long, with their faces cloven with hatchets and their bodies ghastly with wounds." After he published the editorial, Harte's life was threatened, and he was forced to flee one month later.Harte quit his job and moved to San Francisco, where an anonymous letter published in a city paper is attributed to him, describing widespread community approval of the massacre. In addition, no one was ever brought to trial, despite the evidence of a planned attack and of references to specific individuals, including a rancher named Larabee and other members of the unofficial militia called the Humboldt Volunteers. Harte married Anna Griswold on August 11, 1862, in San Rafael, California. From the start, the marriage was rocky. Some suggested that she was handicapped by extreme jealousy, while early Harte biographer Henry C. Merwin privately concluded that she was "almost impossible to live with". The well-known minister Thomas Starr King recommended Harte to James T. Fields, editor of the prestigious magazine, The Atlantic Monthly, which published Harte's first short story in October 1863. In  1864, Harte joined with Charles Henry Webb in starting a new literary journal called The Californian.He became friends with and mentored poet Ina Coolbrith. In 1865, <mask> was asked by bookseller Anton Roman to edit a book of California poetry; it was to be a showcase of the finest California writers. When the book, called Outcroppings, was published, it contained only 19 poets, many of them <mask>'s friends (including Ina Coolbrith and Charles Warren Stoddard). The book caused some controversy, as Harte used the preface as a vehicle to attack California's literature, blaming the state's "monotonous climate" for its bad poetry. While the book was widely praised in the East, many newspapers and poets in the West took umbrage at his remarks. In 1868, <mask> became editor of The Overland Monthly, another new literary magazine, published by Roman Anton with the intention of highlighting local writings. The Overland Monthly was more in tune with the pioneering spirit of excitement in California.<mask>'s short story "The Luck of Roaring Camp" appeared in the magazine's second issue, propelling him to nationwide fame. When word of Charles Dickens's death reached Harte in July 1870, he immediately sent a dispatch across the bay to San Francisco to hold back the forthcoming issue of the Overland Monthly for 24 hours so that he could compose the poetic tribute, "Dickens in Camp". <mask>'s fame increased with the publication of his satirical poem "Plain Language from Truthful James" in the September 1870 issue of the Overland Monthly. The poem became better known by its alternate title, "The Heathen Chinee", after being republished in a Boston newspaper in 1871. It was also quickly republished in a number of other newspapers and journals, including the New York Evening Post, the New York Tribune, the Boston Evening Transcript, the Providence Journal, the Hartford Courant, Prairie Farmer, and the Saturday Evening Post. Harte was chagrined, however, to find that the popularity of the poem, which he had written to criticize the prevalence of anti-Chinese sentiment among the white population of California, was largely the result of its being taken literally by the very people he had lampooned, who completely misconstrued the ironic intent of Harte's words. Leaving the West
He was determined to pursue his literary career and traveled back east with his family in 1871 to New York and eventually to Boston, where he contracted with the publisher of The Atlantic Monthly for an annual salary of $10,000, "an unprecedented sum at the time".His popularity waned, however, and by the end of 1872, he was without a publishing contract and increasingly desperate. He spent the next few years struggling to publish new work or republish old, and delivering lectures about the gold rush. The winter of 1877–1878 was particularly hard for Harte and his family. He later recalled it as a "hand-to-mouth life" and wrote to his wife Anna, "I don't know—looking back—what ever kept me from going down, in every way, during that awful December and January". After months of soliciting for such a role, Harte accepted the position of United States Consul in the town of Krefeld, Germany, in May 1878. Mark Twain had been a friend and supporter of Harte's until a substantial falling out, and he had previously tried to block any appointment for Harte. In a letter to William Dean Howells, he complained that Harte would be an embarrassment to the United States because, as he wrote, "Harte is a liar, a thief, a swindler, a snob, a sot, a sponge, a coward, a Jeremy Diddler, he is brim full of treachery... To send this nasty creature to puke upon the American name in a foreign land is too much".Eventually, <mask> was given a similar role in Glasgow in 1880. In 1885, he settled in London. Throughout his time in Europe, he regularly wrote to his wife and children and sent monthly financial contributions. He declined, however, to invite them to join him, nor did he return to the United States to visit them. His excuses were usually related to money. During the 24 years that he spent in Europe, he never abandoned writing, and maintained a prodigious output of stories that retained the freshness of his earlier work. He died in Camberley, England, in 1902 of throat cancer, and is buried at Frimley.His wife Anna (née Griswold) Harte died on August 2, 1920. The couple lived together only 16 of the 40 years that they were married. Reception
In Round the World, Andrew Carnegie praised Harte as uniquely American:

Rudyard Kipling also showed himself to be an admirer of Harte's writing. In From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel, while in San Francisco Kipling wrote:

Mark Twain, however, characterized him and his writing as insincere. Writing in his autobiography four years after <mask>'s death, Twain criticized the miners' dialect used by Harte, claiming that it never existed outside of his imagination. Additionally, Twain accused Harte of "borrowing" money from his friends with no intention of repaying it and of financially abandoning his wife and children. He referred repeatedly to Harte as "The Immortal Bilk".Selected works

Outcroppings (1865), editor
Condensed Novels and Other Papers (1867)
Tennessee's Partner (short story; 1869)
The Luck of Roaring Camp, and Other Sketches (1870)
"Plain Language from Truthful James", aka "The Heathen Chinee" (1870)
Poems (1871)
The Heart's Foundation (1873)
The Tales of the Argonauts (1875)
Gabriel Conroy (1876)
Two Men of Sandy Bar (1876)
Thankful Blossom (1877)
Drift from Two Shores (1878)
An Heiress of Red Dog, and Other Tales (1879)
The Sharpshooter (1880)
Flip and Found at Blazing Star (1882)
Rushing Legs Weep (1884)
By Shore and Sedge (1885)
The Piled River (1886)
A Millionaire of Rough-And-Ready and Devil's Ford (1887)
The Crusade of the Excelsior (1887)
The Argonauts of North Liberty (1888)
Cressy (1889)
A First Family of Tasajara (1892)
Colonel Starbottle's Client, and some other people (1892)
A Protégée of Jack Hamlin's; and Other Stories (1894)
Barker's Luck etc. (1896)
Tales of Trail and Town (1898)
Stories in Light and Shadow (1898)
Under the Red-Woods (1901)
Her Letter, His Answer, and Her Last Letter (1905)

Dramatic and musical adaptations
Several film versions of "The Outcasts of Poker Flat" have been made, including one in 1937 with Preston Foster and another in 1952 with Dale Robertson. Tennessee's Partner (1955) with John Payne and Ronald Reagan was based on the story of the same name. Paddy Chayefsky's treatment of the film version of Paint Your Wagon seems to borrow from "Tennessee's Partner": two close friends—one named "Pardner"—share the same woman. The Spaghetti Western Four of the Apocalypse is based on "The Outcasts of Poker Flat" and "The Luck of Roaring Camp". The Soviet movie Armed and Dangerous (, 1977) is based on Gabriel Conroy and another of Harte's stories. Operas based on "The Outcasts of Poker Flat" include those by Samuel Adler and by Stanford Beckler.The actor Craig Hill was cast as Harte in the 1956 episode, "Year of Destiny", on the syndicated anthology series Death Valley Days, hosted by Stanley Andrews. The "year of destiny" is 1857, when Harte arrived in California. First a stagecoach guard, then a newspaper editor and schoolteacher, he slowly finds fame as a western writer. Legacy
Bret Harte Memorial in San Francisco
There is a Bret Harte House- School of Journalism Humboldt State University Arcata, Ca
Bret Harte, California, a census-designated place (CDP) in Stanislaus County
Twain Harte, a CDP in Tuolumne County, California, named after both Mark Twain and <mask> <mask>. The Mark Twain Bret Harte Historic Trail (Marker Number 431 erected in 1948 by the California Centennial Commission), also named after both writers. Bret Harte Village in the Gold River community of Sacramento County. Sacramento, California
Bret Harte Court, a street in Sacramento, California
<mask> Harte Library, a public library in Long Beach, California
<mask> <mask> Hall, Roaring Camp Railroads Felton, California
<mask> Harte High School in Angels Camp, California is named after him.Bret Harte Lane in Humboldt Hill, California. Bret Harte Elementary School in Chicago, Illinois
Bret Harte Preparatory Middle School (Vermont Vista) South Los Angeles, California
Bret Harte Middle School in San Jose, California
Bret Harte Middle School in Oakland, California
Bret Harte Middle School in Hayward, California
Bret Harte Elementary in Corcoran, California
Bret Harte Elementary in San Francisco, California
Bret Harte Elementary in Burbank, California
Bret Harte Elementary in Cherry Hill, New Jersey
Bret Harte Elementary in Sacramento, California
Bret Harte Elementary School in Modesto, California
A community called The Shores of Poker Flat, California claims to have been the location of Poker Flat, although it is usually accepted that the story takes place further north. <mask> Harte Road in Frimley (the town in which Harte was buried) is named after him. Bret Harte Place in San Francisco, California is named after him. <mask> Harte Lane, Bret Harte Road, and Harte Ave in San Rafael, California. Bret Harte Terrace in San Francisco. Bret Harte Road in Berkeley, California.Bret Harte Road in Redwood City, California. Bret Harte Road in Angels Camp, California. Bret Harte Road and Bret Harte Drive in Murphys, California. Bret Harte Avenue in Reno, Nevada. <mask> Harte House, at Humboldt State University in Arcata, California. <mask> Harte Park in Danville, California.In 1987 Harte appeared on a $5 U.S. Postage stamp, as part of the "Great Americans series" of issues. References

External links

Western American Literature Journal: <mask> Harte

Complete bibliography
Online Bret Harte bibliography
<mask> Harte Etexts

Guide to the Bret <mask> Collection at The Bancroft Library

<mask> Harte letters collection at the Mortimer Rare Book Collection, Smith College Special Collections
<mask> Harte letters and postal cover, 1874-1986. California State Library, California History Room. Poems by <mask> <mask> at English Poetry
Research Encyclopedias

1836 births
1902 deaths
Writers from Albany, New York
Writers from San Rafael, California
American male short story writers
American male poets
American people of Dutch descent
American people of French descent
American people of German-Jewish descent
Deaths from throat cancer
Deaths from cancer in England
American male dramatists and playwrights
19th-century American poets
19th-century American dramatists and playwrights
19th-century American short story writers
19th-century American male writers

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She is known for her work on the tumour suppressor protein, p53, and in particular her discovery of the important regulatory role of Mdm2, an attractive target for anti-cancer agents. From 2003 to 2016, she was the director of the Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute in Glasgow, UK, moving back to London in 2016 to take up the role of Chief Scientist at CRUK and Group Leader at the Francis Crick Institute. Education
After attending Gravesend Grammar School for Girls, Vousden gained a Bachelor of Science degree in genetics and microbiology (1978) and a PhD from Queen Mary College, University of London on the use of suppressor gene mutations to study transfer RNA redundancy in the fungus Coprinus. Career
Vousden's early postdoctoral research positions were with Chris Marshall at the Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK (1981–85) and Douglas Lowy at the National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, United States (1985–87).Cancer Research UK: <mask>den (accessed 18 October 2007)

From 1987 to 1995, she led the Human Papillomavirus Group at the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, London, UK. In 1995, she joined the National Cancer Institute in Frederick, USA, serving successively as head of the Molecular Carcinogenesis section of the ABL-Basic Research Program (1995–97), director of the Molecular Virology and Carcinogenesis Laboratory (1997–98), interim director of the ABL-Basic Research Program (1998–99) and chief of the Regulation of Cell Growth Laboratory, Division of Basic Sciences (1999–2002). From 2003 to 2016, she was the director of the Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute in Glasgow, UK, where she oversaw a £15 million expansion. She also led the institute's Tumour Suppression research group.She also served on the Life Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize in 2014. Since 2016, she has moved back to London to take up the role of CRUK Chief Scientist and Group Leader at the Francis Crick Institute. In 2018, she was elected a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences. Research

Human papillomaviruses
Vousden's early work focused on the molecular biology of human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which are associated with cervical cancer. With Douglas Lowy and others, she pinpointed the specific viral oncoproteins required by HPV-16 to immortalise epithelial cells. She was also part of a group which showed that E6, one of the HPV-16 oncoproteins, binds to the human tumour suppressor protein p53 in vivo, resulting in its degradation. p53 suppressor protein
Vousden's recent research has centred on p53, a gene which plays a critical role in preventing the development of tumours by inducing cells subject to stress, such as DNA damage, to commit suicide via the apoptosis mechanism.Her work has been important in delineating the mechanism of this process. With Katsunori Nakano, she discovered a key component in the apoptosis pathway triggered by p53, the protein PUMA (P53 Upregulated Modulator of Apoptosis). To prevent it being activated inappropriately, p53 is strictly controlled in the normal cell. Vousden discovered that a key element in this regulation is the protein Mdm2. With Allan Weissman and others, she showed that Mdm2 is a ubiquitin ligase which targets p53 for degradation by the proteasome, thus ensuring levels of the protein remain low when the cell is not under stress. Reactivating p53 can inhibit the growth of some tumours, making Mdm2 an attractive target for cancer therapeutics. As Mdm2 targets only a small number of proteins for destruction, an inhibitor might have few side effects.A major focus of Vousden's recent work has been investigating the structure of Mdm2 and seeking molecules that inhibit it; a group of low-molecular-weight compounds (discovered in collaboration with the Department of Chemistry at the University of Glasgow) have recently shown promise in cell-culture studies. Mdm2 inhibitors have also been discovered by researchers at Hoffmann–La Roche and the Karolinska Institute. p53 can also help to prevent or repair minor damage to the genome under conditions of low stress. Vousden's group have recently discovered a novel p53-regulated protein, TIGAR (T-p53 Inducible Glycolysis and Apoptosis Regulator), which can reduce oxidative stress in cells and might mediate part of this effect of p53. Key publications

Peters G, Vousden KH, eds. Oncogenes and Tumour Suppressors (Oxford University Press; 1997) ()

Awards and honours
Vousden is a fellow of the Royal Society (2003), Royal Society of Edinburgh (2004) and the Academy of Medical Sciences (2006); she was also elected a member of the European Molecular Biology Organization in 2004. The Institute of Cancer Research awarded her an Honorary Doctorate in Science (Medicine) in 2006.She gave the Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins Memorial Lecture of the Biochemical Society in 2008. She was awarded the Royal Medal from the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 2009. Vousden was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2010 New Year Honours. In 2004, The Scotsman'' named Vousden among the 25 most powerful Scottish women. In 2021, <mask> was recognized with the first Pezcoller Foundation-Marina Larcher Fogazzaro-EACR Women in Cancer Award. References

1957 births
20th-century British biologists
20th-century American women scientists
21st-century British biologists
21st-century American women scientists
Academics of the Institute of Cancer Research
Alumni of Queen Mary University of London
British women biologists
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Female Fellows of the Royal Society
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Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
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Academics of the Francis Crick Institute
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<mask>,  (January 8, 1853 – August 23, 1921) was the Canadian Minister of Militia and Defence during World War I. He was notable for being the last Liberal-Conservative cabinet minister, until he was dismissed from his cabinet post. Early life
<mask> was born January 8, 1853, at Solina near Bowmanville in what was then Canada West. He was a son of <mask> from Tyrone, Ireland, and Caroline (Laughlin<mask>, a Canadian descended from Huguenots and Ulster Scots. He was educated in Durham County, Ontario and later attended the Toronto Normal School and the University of Toronto. In 1866 he joined the 45th West Durham Battalion of Infantry and served during the Fenian raids in the 1860s and 1870s. Throughout his life, <mask> was very involved in the militia, attending all of the drill practice sessions, and taking up shooting with a rifle in his spare time to improve his aim.A superb shot with a rifle, <mask> was active in gun clubs and ultimately became president of the Dominion Rifle Association. <mask> liked to see himself as embodying the Victorian values of hard work, self discipline, strength and manliness. Tall, muscular, and broad-shouldered, <mask> excelled at sports, being especially talented at lacrosse. He later claimed, in the British Who's Who, to have "personally offered to raise" Canadian contingents for service in "the Egyptian and Sudanese campaigns, the Afghan Frontier War, and the Transvaal War". At the age of 20, he married his first wife, Caroline Preston, who died a year later. Subsequently, he married Mary Burk, and the new couple soon moved to Toronto. He was a teacher from 1875 to 1885 at the Toronto Collegiate Institute (now Jarvis Collegiate), where he was noted for his eccentricities such as his habit of chewing on his chalk when delivering his lectures.<mask> abandoned teaching as he had trouble supporting a wife and three children on his salary while teaching offered little prospect of promotion. In 1885, he moved his family to Lindsay, where he had bought The Victoria Warder, the local newspaper. He was the paper's publisher from 1885 to 1897. Newspaperman
In his first editorial, <mask> accused the Roman Catholic Church of being behind the smallpox epidemic that was ravaging Montreal at the time and called French-Canadians "little better than brutes". Shortly after he began his proprietorship of the Victoria Warder in July 1885, <mask> joined the local Liberal-Conservative Association. The Prime Minister, Sir John A. Macdonald, often commented that <mask>'s letters to him were "voluminous" and sometimes "impertinent" as he demanded patronage jobs for local Tories. Macdonald also noted in 1888 that "<mask> is one of our best friends", as the Victoria Warder very strongly supported the Conservatives, making him a useful man for the Tories in the rural Victoria County, where most people got their news from his newspaper.At the time when <mask> arrived in Victoria County, it was a mostly forested area where lumbering was the chief industry, though agriculture was increasing as the trees were cut down. Most of the towns and villages in Victoria County were isolated settlements located on the lakes and connected only by water and by primitive roads. The population of the County was overwhelmingly of British descent and Protestant. On the masthead of the Victoria Warder, <mask> put the following poem: "A Union of hearts, a Union of hands, A Union no man can sever, A Union of tongues, A Union of lands, And the flag-British Union forever". <mask> had much affection for the rugged landscape of the Victoria County, talking about its forests and lakes in the same manner he praised the Highlands of Scotland and the rolling fields of Ulster. His grandson wrote that for <mask> Victoria County was his "spiritual home". Victoria County in the 19th century was considered to be a "rough" frontier area, and during his tempestuous time as editor, <mask> was sued for libel, there was an arson attempt against the Victoria Warder and was at least one assassination attempt against him when he was shot at while leaving his newspaper office.In 1885, <mask> tried to volunteer for the expeditionary force sent to put down the North-West Rebellion led by the Metis Louis Riel, but he was refused despite being a very active member of the militia. <mask>'s younger brother, James, was part of the force sent to the Northwest Territory (modern Saskatchewan) and to compensate for being not able to fight, he gave the war extensive coverage in The Victoria Warder. Reflecting his life-long belief in the superiority of citizen soldiers over professional soldiers, <mask> presented the Northwest Rebellion as a triumph of the Canadian militia, proudly trumpeting the fact that almost all of the men sent to the Northwest had been civilians only weeks before donning their uniforms to head west. About the Canadian victory in the Battle of Batoche, <mask> wrote in an editorial that "regular troops were all right for police purposes in times of peace and for training schools, but beyond that they are an injury to the nation". A recurring theme of <mask>'s writing in the Victoria Warder was the fear that industrialization and urbanization might lead to a loss of masculinity, and that the best way to save traditional masculinity was compulsory militia service for all Canadian men. <mask> equated masculinity with toughness, and argued that militia service would toughen up Canadian men who might otherwise go soft living in an urban environment full of labor-saving devices. As one of his arguments for the militia, <mask> played a key role in creating what the Canadian historian Desmond Morton called the "militia myth" around the War of 1812; namely, he misrepresented Upper Canada as being saved from successive American invasions in 1812, 1813 and 1814 by the Upper Canada militia, instead of the British Army regulars, who in fact did most of the fighting.Another theme of <mask>'s coverage of the Northwest Rebellion was the way in which he essentially agreed with Riel that the stream of English-speaking, Protestant settlers from Ontario into the Prairies were indeed threatening the existence of the Catholic religion and French language  of the Metis, with the only difference that what Riel saw as a tragedy, <mask> saw as a blessing. Victoria County had as a percentage of the population the largest number of Orangemen in Canada in the late 19th century, and <mask> who sat on the executive board of the local Lodge of the Loyal Orange Order in the county was able to use the Orangemen to provide a reliable group of voters when seeking election to the House of Commons throughout his career. The combative <mask> enjoyed brawling with Irish Catholic immigrants on trips to Toronto. As the editor of the Victoria Warder, <mask> often attacked "Romanists" as he called Catholics. For an example in an editorial on 4 October 1889 he accused the "Romanists" of Lindsay of being "a disloyal murder-planning society". After Wilfrid Laurier, the new Liberal Leader of the Official Opposition, spoke in favor of free trade with the United States, <mask> accused him in an 1888 editorial of being in favor of having Canada annexed by the United States. To counter Laurier's argument that free trade with the United States meant prosperity, <mask> proposed an Imperial Federation with Great Britain as the best way to bring about prosperity, though he also held out the possibility that the United States might one day join to create a union of the English-speaking peoples.Member of Parliament
In the 1891 election, <mask> ran as a Conservative to represent Victoria County, but was narrowly defeated by only 202 votes by the Liberal incumbent, Jack Barron. Charging electoral fraud, <mask> went to court to challenge the result. Two justices at the Queen's Bench in Toronto ruled that the evidence of electoral fraud presented by <mask> was overwhelming, and ordered a by-election, held on 11 February 1892. During the by-election, Barron twice tried to bribe <mask> to drop out. <mask> was elected to Parliament in the by-election. In January 1894, <mask> was involved in a brawl on Lindsay's main street with a Roman Catholic blacksmith named Richard Kylie, which led him to being convicted of assault and fined $500. Despite expectations that the assault conviction would cause him to lose his seat, in the 1896 election, <mask> kept his seat.In 1870, when the province of Manitoba was created out of the Northwest Territory as part of the political deal to end the Red River Rebellion, Manitoba had a French-speaking Metis majority and it was declared in the Manitoba Act creating the province that French was one of Manitoba's official languages and the province was to provide Catholic education in French. By 1890, immigration from Ontario had changed the demographics of Manitoba drastically and in that year the Manitoba government passed a law making all education in English under the grounds that French-language education was costing too much money. This in turn led to demands for the Dominion government to intervene as this law violated the Manitoba Act. The Manitoba Schools Question proved to be one of the most bitterly divisive issues of the 1890s, and <mask> emerged as a spokesman for those who urged the Dominion government not to intervene, arguing that if Manitoba did not wish to provide education in French, that was its right. <mask> justified his views under the grounds of secularism, writing in 1892 "all churches are a simple damned nuisance". Despite his anti-Catholic stance, <mask> supported the claims of the Catholic John Thompson to be Prime Minister. <mask>'s support for Thompson was based upon political expediency, namely that Thompson was the best man to beat the popular Wilfrid Laurier.<mask> used his influence with the Orange Order to try to keep them from inflaming the Manitoba Schools Question, and to convince them to accept Thompson as the next Conservative leader to replace the ailing Sir John Abbott. As Thompson represented a more upper-class, urban wing of the Conservative Party, the support of <mask> who represented a more lower-class, rural wing of the Conservatives was instrumental in assuring Thompson became Prime Minister in November 1892 when Abbott finally resigned. He also tried to persuade the Orangemen to accept a Catholic prime minister. During Thompson's time as Prime Minister, <mask> supported his efforts to find a compromise to the Manitoba Schools Question, though he notably stopped writing as often to the prime minister after Thompson decided in 1894 to pass a remedial bill to force Manitoba to abide by the Manitoba Act. When Thompson died in December 1894, <mask> supported the candidacy of Sir Charles Tupper against Senator Mackenzie Bowell, who prevailed and became the next prime minister. As the debate intensified into a crisis in 1895–96 following a ruling by the Privy Council against Manitoba, <mask> took a generally moderate position on the Manitoba Schools Question, asking rhetorically in a letter to the editor of the Ottawa Journal "why should we plunge Canada into a religious war?" In a letter to Nathaniel Clarke Wallace, the Grand Master of the Orange Order, he advised against extremism on the Manitoba Schools Question, saying the issue was tearing the Conservative Party apart.Faced with certain defeat in the 1896 election, <mask> was one of the Conservative MPs who voted in March to depose Bowell in favor of Tupper. <mask> supported Tupper's "friendly means" compromise of secular education in Manitoba with religious instruction after the school day had officially ended. Wallace disregarded <mask>'s advice and in 1896 stated that the Orangemen would only support candidates who stood against the federal remedial bill against Manitoba, which in effect meant supporting the Liberals. Laurier, despite being a French-Canadian Catholic, supported Manitoba under the grounds of provincial rights, and had the Liberals filibuster Tupper's remedial bill. At a national meeting of the Orange Order in Collingwood in May 1896, <mask> spoke in favor of Tupper and was almost expelled from the Order. In the 1896 election, <mask>'s main challenger was John Delemere, an independent candidate endorsed by Wallace. <mask> held on to his seat by arguing that the affairs of Manitoba were irrelevant to Victoria County and he understood local issues far better than his opponent.The election of 1896 resulted in a Liberal victory, and in the new, much smaller Conservative caucus, <mask> stood out as the few MPs whose reputation had been enhanced by the Manitoba Schools Question. <mask>'s position on the Question was based upon pragmatism, namely the need to keep the Conservatives united to win the next general election in face of the challenge from Laurier, whose "sunny ways" were winning over people all over Canada. Unlike other Conservative MPs like George Foster who argued that the Manitoba Act had guaranteed the right to a Catholic education in French, and it was the duty of the Dominion government to uphold the law, <mask> had no interest in minority rights. <mask> felt that a secular education system was superior to a religious one, and that the language of instruction in Manitoba schools should be English. His moderate stance on the Manitoba Schools Question was motivated entirely by the fear that the issue might cause the Conservatives to lose the next general election, as indeed proved to be the case. Despite the fact that Wallace had campaigned against him, <mask> tried to rebuild the relationship between the Conservatives and the Orange Order, through it was not until Wallace died in 1901 that his efforts bore fruit. The returned Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier had declared his support for the British policies in South Africa, but was non-committal about sending Canadian troops if war should break out.In the summer of 1899, the Governor General of Canada, Lord Minto, and the commander of the Canadian Militia, Colonel Edward Hutton, drafted a secret plan for a Canadian contingent of 1,200 men to go to South Africa, and decided that <mask> as one of the most outspokenly imperialist Members of Parliament was to be one of the commanders. In September 1899, Minto and Hutton first informed Frederick William Borden, the Minister of Militia and Defence, of the plan that they had drafted, though Laurier remained out of the loop. As Laurier continued to hesitate, <mask> offered to raise a regiment at his own expense to fight in South Africa, an offer which threatened to upset Hutton's plans as <mask>'s offer gave Laurier the perfect excuse for doing nothing. When Hutton ordered <mask> as a subordinate militia officer to remain silent, <mask> responded with an angry outburst in public alleging an attempt by a British officer to silence a Canadian MP, creating what the Canadian historian Desmond Morton called a clash of "two like-minded, but out-sized egos". Boer War service
On 3 October 1899, the Transvaal Republic declared war on Great Britain. The Secretary of State for the Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain, sent Laurier a note thanking him for his offer of Canadian troops to South Africa, which confused the prime minister as he made no such offer. At the same time the October 1899 edition of the Canadian Military Gazette published the details of the plan to send 1,200 men to South Africa.When Laurier denied in the House of Commons having any plans to send troops, Chamberlain's note was leaked to the press, and on 9 October 1899, Laurier received a note from editor of the Toronto Globe (which supported the Liberals) saying the prime minister must "either send troops or get out of office". As the Liberal caucus was badly divided between anti-war French-Canadian MPs and pro-war English-Canadian MPs, Laurier did not dare summon Parliament for a vote as the Liberals might split over the issue, and instead issued an order-in-council on 14 October saying that Canada would provide a force of volunteers for South Africa. <mask> promptly volunteered for the contingent, but was vetoed by Hutton who had neither forgotten nor forgiven <mask> for his insubordination and his abrasive refusal to be silenced; however, perhaps as a form of revenge against Hutton, Laurier insisted that <mask> be allowed to go to South Africa. Having convinced Laurier to send Canadian troops, <mask> embarked to serve in the Second Boer War. Upon boarding the ship SS Sardinian which left Quebec City for Cape Town on 31 October 1899, carrying 1,061 Canadian volunteers, <mask> announced that he was "free of all military authority" and would take no orders from any officer. Upon arriving in South Africa, <mask> told the press that the Boers "on their old plugs of horses" would out-ride the British on the veld, a remark that marked the beginning of <mask>'s stormy service in South Africa as ironically the ultra-imperialist <mask> constantly clashed with the British Army. <mask> developed a strong contempt for the British military while in South Africa and came away with the idea that frontier living had made the Canadians tougher and hardier soldiers than the British.The Canadian historian Pierre Berton wrote that <mask> "hated the British Army". <mask> always believed the part-time citizen soldiers of the Canadian militia were far better soldiers than the full-time professionals of the British Army, a viewpoint that did much to influence his later decisions in World War I. In this regard, the performance of the Boer kommandos (commandos) was used by <mask> to prove his point, as he argued that the citizen militias of the Transvaal and the Orange Free State had out-fought the British Army for much of the war, though he ignored the fact that in the end it was the British Army that won the war. <mask> also used the performance of irregular cavalry units from Canada and Australia to support his theory, noting that the "cowboy" units recruited from the Australian Outback and the Canadian Prairies were the ones most effective at hunting down the kommandos. <mask>'s biographer, Ronald Haycock noted that he naively assumed that all future wars would be like the Boer War, even right down to being fought in a place like the veld. Haycock also noted that <mask> seemed to have no interest in understanding why the commandos had been defeated, instead presenting the war as almost a Boer victory. It was also during the Boer war that <mask> become convinced of the thesis that the Ross rifle developed by a Scottish sportsman, Sir Charles Ross, and manufactured in Canada was the ideal weapon for infantrymen.The more that the British Army rejected the Ross rifle as unsuitable, the more it persuaded <mask> of its superiority, though Morton noted that the British objections to the Ross rifle were sound as it was a hunting rifle that overheated after rapid firing and was too easily jammed by dirt. However, despite his frequent clashes with British Army officers, Sir Alfred Milner, the British High Commissioner for South Africa, praised <mask> for his willingness to by-pass bureaucracy and to get things done. Two men who were later prominent in Milner's Kindergarten, William Hitchens and Lionel Curtis both served under <mask>'s command from March 1900 onward as they advanced across the veld from the Cape Colony into the Orange Free State. Outside of <mask>'s own accounts of his Boer War service, most of what is known about his time in South Africa comes from the accounts written by Hitchens, and Curtis and their mutual friend, Leo Amery, the war correspondent of The Times of London, who first met <mask> in Cape Town in December 1899 together with another mutual friend, Max Balfour. Amery, Balfour, Curtis and Hitchens all described <mask> as a populist

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