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<mask> is an American economist and a professor of public policy, economics and education at the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy of the University of Michigan. There, he also currently serves as co-director of the Education Policy Initiative and of the Youth Policy Lab. In 2008, <mask>'s research on education policy was awarded the David N. Kershaw Award, which is given by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management and honours persons who have made a distinguished contribution to the field of public policy analysis and management before the age of 40. His doctoral advisor at the University of Chicago was Freakonomics author Steven Levitt. Biography

<mask><mask> earned an A.B. from Harvard's Kennedy School of Government in 1992, after which he worked as a policy analyst for the office of the New York City Mayor (1992–94), as elementary school teacher at the Zora Neale Hurston Academy (East Harlem) (1994–96), as programme developer at Chicago's Center for School Improvement (1996–98), and as research analyst at the consortium on Chicago School Research (1998–2001). In 2001, <mask> also earned a Ph.D. in public policy from the University of Chicago, whereupon he began to work as assistant professor at the Kennedy School of Government.In 2007, following a visiting appointment at the University of Michigan, <mask> moved to Michigan's Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, where he became the Walter H. Annenberg Professor of Education Policy, Professor of Economics and Professor of Education. At the University of Michigan, <mask> also served as director of the Center for Local, State and Urban Policy (2007–12) and currently serves as co-director of its Education Policy Initiative and Youth Policy Lab; he has also been directing the Detroit Data Fellows since 2016. In terms of professional affiliations, <mask> was affiliated with the National Poverty Center and continues to maintain ties to the National Bureau of Economic Research, CESifo Research Network, and Brookings Institution. Moreover, he is a member of the American Economic Association, American Educational Research Association, and the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. Finally, he has been performing editorial duties at the academic journals Education Finance and Policy, Review of Economics and Statistics, and American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. Research

<mask>. <mask>'s research focuses on the labour markets of teachers, school accountability and choice, and housing and criminal justice (among other topics). In his research, <mask> has very frequently collaborated with Lars Lefgren (Brigham Young University), with whom he studied together at the University of Chicago.Research on teacher labour markets

In his research on teacher labour markets, <mask> has studied the recruitment and training of effective teachers. Together with Lefgren, <mask> finds that raising teachers' in-service training has no significant effect on students' achievement in reading or math, raising questions on whether small-scale staff development investments are an effective strategy in e.g. high-poverty schools. Again with Lefgren, <mask> has also researched the recruitment of effective teachers by school principals, finding that principals are generally able to identify ineffective teachers but are much less able to distinguish between teachers  of lower or upper intermediate effectiveness. Nonetheless, a principal's subjective assessment is on average a far better predictor of a teacher's students' future achievement than the teacher's experience, education and compensation, though it performs worse than measures of the teacher's value added to student test scores. <mask> has further investigated this issue in research with Rockoff, Kane and Staiger, wherein he finds that composite measures of teachers' cognitive and non-cognitive skills predict well teachers' effectiveness, though individual measures do not. Finally, reviewing the literature on the recruitment of effective teachers in urban schools, <mask> emphasizes the variation of teacher shortages across subjects, grades and schools, with recruitment being particularly difficult for high-poverty schools.Research on school accountability and school choice

Another area of research by <mask>. <mask> in education regards school choice and school accountability. With Steven Levitt, <mask> uses unexpected test score fluctuations to assess teacher cheating in Chicago public schools and estimates that cheating by teaches or school administrators on standardized tests occurs in at least 4-5% of elementary school classrooms, with the frequency of cheating responding strongly to minor changes in incentives, which constitutes a key pitfall of high-powered incentive systems in education. In another study on high-stakes testing, <mask> finds however that math and reading achievement grew strongly after the introduction of school accountability policies under the No Child Left Behind (NCLB), though part of the achievement growth in these subjects is found to come at the expense of low-stakes subjects such as science and social studies, as teachers substitute these for the tested subjects. <mask> further investigates the impact of NCLB on students, teachers and schools in two studies with Thomas Dee, wherein they find that it increased younger students' test scores in math, especially among disadvantaged youth, though not in reading, caused school-district expenditure to grow, and improved the quality of the teacher workforce, but also shifted teachers' focus towards the tested subjects and away from those that weren't. Together with Julie Berry Cullen and Steven Levitt, <mask> has also researched school choice in the Chicago Public Schools (CPS), finding that - except for students choosing career academies - the observed gains in high school graduation rates among students who switch from their assigned CPS high school to another one is likely spurious, and that even though students who win high school lotteries tend to have selected higher quality schools and consequently report fewer disciplinary incidents, their student achievement doesn't benefit significantly from their win. Finally, in research with Lars Lefgren, <mask> has analyzed remedial education, parents' preferences regarding teaching, and the impact of grade retention. In particular, using a regression discontinuity design, they find that summer school remedial education within CPS substantially increased 3rd-graders' but not 6th-graders academic achievement, that families with children in high-poverty schools strongly value teachers' ability to raise their children's scores in standardized math or reading tests and don't care about teachers' ability to promote student satisfaction, whereas the reverse holds true for families with children in high-income schools, and that retaining in grade 8th-grade students in elementary school substantially increases their likelihood of dropping out of high school, whereas the retention of younger students has no such effect.Research on housing and criminal justice

In his research on housing and criminal justice, <mask> studies the impact of public housing on education as well as the determinants of youth criminal behaviour. In his investigation of the impact of high-rise public housing on student outcomes through the demolition of public housing in Chicago, <mask> finds that the outcomes of students living in affected households don't change, as their families move from public housing to neighbourhoods with schools strongly similar to the ones that the students attended previously, suggesting that the benefits of housing mobility for the education of disadvantaged students may be small. Examining the short-term impact of school on crime, <mask> and Lefgren find that property crime decreases by 14% during school time, whereas violent crime increases by 28%, suggesting that incapacitation and concentration affect juvenile crime but that the increase in interactions associated with school attendance increases interpersonal conflict and violence, which would imply important trade-offs with regard to youth programmes with frequent interactions. Finally, along with Enrico Moretti, <mask> and Lefgren use weather shocks to study the dynamics of criminal behaviour, finding - unlike previous research - that criminal behaviour displays natural mean reversion, thus casting doubt on the long-run effects of temporary crime prevention efforts. Miscellaneous research

Other findings of <mask>'s research include the lack of significant impact of mandatory high school graduation exams on 12th-grade students' achievement in math or reading, though they increase the likelihood of the students with the lowest ability dropping out of school. Further analysis by <mask> with Thomas Dee has shown that the impact of mandatory high school graduation exams is highly diverse, e.g. increasing educational attainment in low-poverty and suburban school districts but also exacerbating dropout rates in high-pvoerty school districts or districts with high concentrations of minority students.Examining why nearly 3 out of 5 college students are women, <mask> finds that nearly 90% of the gender gap in higher education can be accounted for by gender differences in non-cognitive skills (e.g. the ability to pay attention in class, to cooperate, to organize and to seek help) and college premia. Finally, in his research with Lefgren on the impact of receiving an NIH grant on later publications and citations, <mask> finds that receiving such a grant only moderately increases applicants' research productivity, suggesting that researchers may have access to other funding sources for high quality projects and that a NIH grant is unlikely to displace other funding by NIH. References

External links
 Personal homepage of <mask><mask>
 Faculty profile of <mask>. <mask>

21st-century American economists
Education economists
University of Chicago alumni
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy faculty
Labor economists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Brian Aaron Jacob
Jacob
Brian A
. Jacob
Jacob
Jacob
Jacob
Jacob
Brian A
Jacob
Jacob
Jacob
Jacob
Jacob
Jacob
Jacob
Brian A
Jacob
Jacob
Jacob
Jacob
Jacob
Jacob
Jacob
Jacob
Jacob
Jacob
Jacob
Jacob
Jacob
Jacob
Brian A
. Jacob
Brian A
Jacob


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<mask><mask> (born June 12, 1927) is a teacher and screenplay writer from the Ateneo de Manila High School, Philippines. An Ateneo alumnus himself, Mr. Pagsi, as he is fondly called by students and colleagues, began his teaching career in his alma mater in 1951. He teaches English and Filipino to high school students. In addition, he is also the moderator of the theater group Dulaang Sibol, which he founded in 1956. Now on his 63rd year of teaching, he has received numerous awards in the fields of teaching and theater. Early life

<mask> was born in Tondo, Manila, on June 12, 1927 to parents <mask> and <mask>. Raised in poverty, <mask> was able to study in Ateneo through a scholarship.When he was 13, his grandfather met a priest that knew the president of Ateneo. He was able to get a 50% discount which though this was a big help, he still could not afford this, so the priest handled the other 50%( based on an interview with him). Unfortunately, his schooling was halted due to the invasion of the Japanese. Classes eventually resumed in 1945 and he was able to graduate high school in 1947. He pursued a degree in education soon after. He graduated with an AB in education in 1951. Years later, he earned his MA in English in 1984.He married Florinda Duran in 1960 and they had three children namely Stella, Joel and Sylvia, who is also teaching in Ateneo High School. Teaching and theater career

<mask> decided to become a teacher after graduation. He was inspired to take this vocation by his own high school teacher, Fr. John Delaney, S.J. Fr. Delaney asked him to become a teacher during his high school days, and <mask> took up the challenge in 1951, after graduating college. He applied to be a teacher in Ateneo High School.However, the principal back then, an American Jesuit, was unsure if he could last as a teacher because of his frail and weak structure. The principal eventually accepted him, under the condition that during lunch breaks, he would sleep in one of the unused rooms in order to gain his strength. <mask> agreed, and began teaching English and Filipino to freshmen high school students. He chose to teach in first year high school because this was the time children could be molded the most, and he wanted to influence and change his students in the right way

He was able to write several books, which were integrated into the curriculum of several schools. “Hasik”, “Layag” and “Makabagong Pilipino” are three of those books that are now used in different high schools. Two of his other books, “Reaching Out” and “Sagwan”, are still being used by the Ateneo High School. <mask> began teaching theater in 1956.He founded the Ateneo High School Dramatics Society, which was later renamed Dulaang Sibol in 1966. Under his guidance, numerous critically acclaimed plays were staged, such as “Doon Po sa Amin”, “Ang Paglilitis ni Mang Serapio” and “Sinta!”; all of which he translated from their English counterpart and adapted to the Philippine context. The group became nationally renowned for its polished and professional presentations. Throughout the years, <mask> gained numerous awards for his work in education and theater. In 1970, he was awarded the Gawad Balagtas Award and the Patnubay ng Kalinangan award for his theater work. In addition, “Sinta” bagged the award for the Best Musical Film in the 1977 FAMAS. In honor of his 45th year of teaching, the Dulaang Sibol Theater was renamed to the Tanghalan Onofre R. Pagsanghan by Ateneo.In 1985, he received the first Metrobank Outstanding Educator Award, one of the most prestigious awards that can be given to a teacher. In 2003, he was awarded the Bayaning Gurong Pilipino Award by the ABS-CBN Foundation. Teaching Style

From 1980 onwards, <mask> became the moderator of class 1-A, the honors class of first year. In teaching, he combines theater and music into literary works such as “Julius Caesar” and “The Little Prince.” He makes sure to use the entire classroom while acting out certain portions of readings to catch attention. Songs are also incorporated into lessons, usually used when introducing a new one. In tests, which are always written on manila paper, he focuses on “why” questions since he considers understanding why something is such as the most important part of learning. In addition, religion and morality are always applied.Quotes and memorable passages are also important in his style. Students are pushed to memorize and understand quotes in order to get a better understanding of texts. He also has weekly memorable passages, which are posted at the front of the blackboard. Quotes can range from famous lines from book to famous sayings from historical figures. Present life

<mask> currently is still a member of the Ateneo de Manila High School Faculty but is no longer teaching. He instead shares and gives reflections to all the classes of the High School and serves as a formator for the young men and women of the High School. He is the founder and was the moderator of Dulaang Sibol until 2017.However, he is not the moderator of the organization currently. He gives lectures all throughout the Philippines with topics ranging from the devotion of teaching to stage plays. Despite being 20 plus years over the retirement age, he has no plans of retiring, and continues to keep on teaching until he no longer has the ability to teach. Teaching awards

Order of St. Michael the Archangel by the Holy Angel University (2011)
Bayaning Gurong Pilipino Award from the ABS-CBN Foundation and UGAT (2003)
Gawad Paz Marquez Benitez for outstanding educator in literature from Unyon ng mga Manunulat sa Pilipinas (2002)
The Outstanding Filipino Award by the Junior Chamber International (JCI) Senate Philippines (1996)
Metrobank Outstanding Educators Award for excellence as a high school teacher (1985, the first year of the Metrobank Awards)
E.A.G.L.E. Fund Teacher Award for excellence in the teaching profession from the Ateneo de Manila University (every year from its inception in 1980 up to the present)
First Irwin Memorial Award for excellence in the teaching profession from the Ateneo de Manila University (1977)
Ozanam Award for Outstanding Service as a Catholic teacher from the Ateneo de Manila University (1970)
Citizens’ Award for Television, Best Educational Television Program, for a televised series of lessons in Filipino (1964)

Cultural awards
"Yes The Filipino Can!" award by the RFM Corp. (2008)
Centennial Honors for the Arts (Theater) from the National Centennial Commission (1999)
Gawad Manuel L. Quezon from Quezon City and the Taliba ng Inang Wika (1996)
Gawad CCP para sa Sining (Dulaan) from the Cultural Center of the Philippines (1992)
Gawad Pambansang Alagad ni Balagtas from Unyon ng mga Manunulat sa Pilipinas (1992)
FAMAS Best Musical Film Award for Sinta (1976)
Patnubay ng Kalinangan Award for national contribution in the field of theater from the City of Manila (1970)
Gawad Balagtas for significant work in Philippine theater from the Surian ng Wikang Pambansa in (1970)

Notes

References

"A Lifelong Passion." newsinfo.inquirer.net.N.p., 30 Sept 2013. Web. 7 Jan 2014. <http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/498205/a-lifelong-passion>. Imbong, Peter. "Dr <mask> Pagsanghan: Those Who Can, Teach." www.Rappler.com.N.p., 06 Oct 2013. Web. 7 Jan 2014. <http://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/40684-onofre-pagsanghan-profile>. Guerrero, Amadis. "Mr. Pagsi–Still at it at 85."Inquirer.net. N.p., 22 Dec 2012.Web. 7 Jan, 2014. <http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/82409/mr-pagsi-still-at-it-at-85>. Knowledge Channel. “<mask> Pagsanjan.” Online Video Clip. YouTube. YouTube, 16 July 2012.Web. 7 Jan. 2014. Totanes, Von. "Onofre R. Pagsanghan." web.archive.org. N.p..Web. 7 Jan 2014. <https://web.archive.org/web/20091027132629/http://www.geocities.com/vonjobi/pagsicv.htm>. 1927 births
Ateneo de Manila University alumni
Ateneo de Manila University faculty
Filipino Roman Catholics
Filipino schoolteachers
Possibly living people
People from Tondo, Manila
20th-century Filipino educators

masks:
Onofre R
. Pagsanghan
Pagsanghan
Hipolito Pagsanghan
Vicente Rivera
Pagsanghan
Pagsanghan
Pagsanghan
Pagsanghan
Pagsanghan
Pagsanghan
Pagsanghan
Pagsanghan
Onofre
Onofre


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<mask> (Barranquilla, Colombia, September 23, 1939 - Paris, June 5, 1995) was a Colombian writer. She was chosen by Cromos magazine as "one of the hundred most influential women in the history of Colombia." Biography
<mask> was the daughter of <mask> and Berta Abello, and sister of <mask>, one of the promoters of science fiction in Colombia. She was part of a traditional wealthy family from Barranquilla, a port city in the northern region of the country. In October 1939 she was baptized a Catholic. In 1950, <mask> was expelled from a convent school for voicing a defense for Charles Darwin and his theories of evolution contradicting the doctrines of the Catholic Church. At the age of 20, her mother encouraged her to join a beauty pageant and she was subsequently named the queen of the Barranquilla Carnival, an important folk festival in the country and one of the biggest carnivals in the world.For a few weeks, she became "the most important character in the city and for some days she enjoys notoriety in the entire country." In the early sixties she met Alejandro Obregón, an important painter in Colombia, with whom she developed a deep friendship that lasted until her early death. Through him, she got to know other members of the Barranquilla Group, including Álvaro Cepeda Samudio, Gabriel García Márquez as well as Germán Vargas Cantillo who would become a decisive figure in her life by eagerly encouraging her writings. In 1962, <mask> married her first husband, the writer and journalist Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza, and they had two daughters. Paris life
She went twice to Paris, first in 1969, where she began to write and publish her first stories in magazines. At some point she moved to Spain and in September 1971 returned to Paris where she was to remain. Until 1972, <mask> contributed to Libre, a literary magazine in Spanish that brought together resident Latin American writers or those exiled in Paris.The author's publications included the stories Something so Ugly in the Life of a Fine Lady (1980) and The Encounter and Other Stories (1980). Critics have said, "In her work the influence of writers such as Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, Carson McCullers and William Faulkner is noted, but in all her work the background is Latin American culture." In 1982 she married the French engineer Jacques Fourrier. Writings

In 1969 <mask> published her first short story, El Muñeco, in the magazine Eco and later in the Sunday Magazine of El Espectador. In 1975 she published her second story, Oriane, Aunt Oriane, also in the magazine Eco. In 1980 she published the story La noche feliz de Madame Yvonne, which she wrote in 1977, the same year in which she began to write In December the Breezes Arrived, a novel that completely absorbed her for seven years. It was published in 1987 by Plaza & Janes.From 1983-1985, the filmmaker Fina Torres created her first movie, Oriana, based on <mask>'s second story, and the film went on to win the Caméra d'Or Award at the Cannes Film Festival in France as the "best first feature film." The movie also won Best Film and Best Screenplay at the Cartagena Film Festival, and it was selected as the Venezuelan entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 58th Academy Awards, but was not named a nominee. The story was described by American critic Vincent Camby in The New York Times as a "gothic romance" featuring a woman and her French husband who return to South America to sell the home of an aging aunt named Oriane. The story also includes flashbacks to the woman's youth in a Venezuelan beach town and suggests troubles that had been long-forgotten there. One of <mask>'s novels that was translated into Italian, In December the Breezes Arrived, received the Grinzane Cavour Literary Prize for the "best foreign book" in 1989. In this, her first novel, <mask> revealed her style, inherited from "magical realism" matured into "a new dimension of the marvelous reality" as the critics described it. Separately, she managed to publish in Bogotá an anthology of short stories that she had started in 1986, entitled The Encounter and Other Stories, under the Áncora Editores publishing label.The rights to <mask>'s latest novel, The Time of the Amazons, have been reserved by her two daughters and her first husband, since <mask> finished writing it in 1994, a year before she died. Finally. The first edition was finally scheduled for publication in March 2020. (According to El Tiempo, the consensus in international literary circles was that <mask>'s novel, with a main character said to resemble her ex-husband, was kept "on file for 26 years" by <mask>'s daughters and Mendoza and was submitted for publication only "after years of political and academic pressure." The family disagrees with that assessment.) Death
<mask> died in poverty on June 5, 1995, in Paris from lupus an illness that was accompanied by depression and that may have led to her early death at age 56, of pulmonary emphysema. Fulfilling her wishes, her body was cremated at the famed Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris, and her ashes thrown into the Seine River.Hours before she passed, she managed to write the first lines of a story titled Un amor de mi madre. In 1997, as a posthumous tribute to the writer, Jacques Gilard organized an international colloquium at the University of Toulouse. <mask>'s stories, including the first lines of the final text, were compiled in the volume Cuentos Completos, published by Editorial Norma in 2001, within the collection La Otra Orilla. Publications

Stories

 El Muñeco, 1969
 Oriane, Aunt Oriane, 1975 (6 editions published between 1986 and 2004 in Spanish and French)

Something so Ugly in the Life of a Fine Lady, 1980
The Encounter and Other Stories, 1992
Complete Stories, 2005

Novels

In December the Breezes Arrived, 1987, reissued in 2005 and 2014 (29 editions published between 1987 and 2014 in 4 languages)
The Time of the Amazons, 1994, published in March 2020

References

External links

 The digital version of a tribute, In September Marvel Arrived, online: https://www.flipsnack.com/suazavar/en-septiembre-llego-marvel-fdpig8a3z.html
The stories of <mask>: https://web.archive.org/web/20110428193956/http://www.marvelmoreno.net/site/documents/works_about_books/giraldo.pdf (in Spanish)

1939 births
1995 deaths
Colombian women writers
20th-century women writers
20th-century Colombian women writers
Writers from Paris
People from Barranquilla

masks:
Marvel Luz Moreno Abello
Marvel
Benmín Jacobo Moreno
Ronal Moreno Abello
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Moreno
Marvel Moreno


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<mask> (February 7, 1856 – October 7, 1937) was an American politician who served as the fourth Lieutenant Governor of Washington from 1900 to 1901 and as the fourth governor of Washington from  1901 to 1905. <mask> came to Washington State in 1882. He worked as a teacher while studying law, and was admitted to the bar in 1884 in La Conner, Washington. In 1888, he became the Republican candidate for and was elected to the position of Prosecuting Attorney for Skagit, Whatcom, and Snohomish counties. In 1891, he became the first Superior Judge for the newly established judicial district of Skagit and Island counties. He ran for re-election in 1896, but, like every Republican candidate that year, was defeated by a candidate from the Fusionists party (a combination of Populists, Democrats, and Silver Republicans). <mask> was elected lieutenant-governor in 1900, but didn't finish his term as he became governor after the death of Governor Rogers in 1901.<mask> was the first Washington State governor born in the west, the first candidate to become governor as a result of the previous office-holder's death, and the first to succeed to the position from the lieutenant-governor office. From the beginning, <mask> promoted the establishment of the State Railroad Commission and new railroad regulations. He advocated for the separation of politics from institutions' activity, in particular decreasing the railroads' monopolistic practices in the Legislature. This placed him in strong opposition to the railroad lobbyists who effectively controlled the Legislature and political parties. The outcome of <mask>'s confrontation with the railroads was mixed. On one hand, the lobbyists successfully prevented <mask>'s re-election in 1904. On the other hand, eventually the commission was established and the Legislature cleared of powerful railroad lobbies.<mask> ran for governor again in 1908 and 1916, but wasn't re-elected. As his political influence dwindled, <mask> kept following political events and supported the Republican party, but decided to pursue a career in banking and law in Seattle. He was a partner in the law firm McBride, Stratton & Dalton, until he left it to become a labor conciliator. In later years and until his retirement, <mask> was president of the Provident Savings & Loan Association, which he co-founded with Herbert S. Conner. Early life and family

<mask> was born in February 1856, in Farmington, Utah. His parents were Ruth Ann Miller, born in Indiana, and <mask>, born in New York. <mask>'s ancestors were from Scotland and Ireland on his father's side, and England on his mother's side.In 1858, <mask>'s father was killed by Shoshonee Indians at Fort Lemhi, Idaho. Many of the attacking Indians lived around the Fort and "had previously been very friendly." A member of Governor Stevens' surveying party fought with the natives. After his father's death, <mask> lived with his mother, who lived to be at least seventy years old. <mask>'s family was known for longevity; his maternal grandmother reached at least one hundred years old. Education

<mask> began  his education in the public schools of Utah, and attended an Episcopalian high school in Logan. He wanted to pursue a career in Episcopal ministry, so he went to study in the preparatory school in Trinity College, located in Hartford, Connecticut.He planned to attend Episcopalian theological school after that. At Trinity College, <mask> contracted malaria, becoming a "physical wreck," and was later transferred to Hobart College in New York, another Episcopalian institution. <mask>'s health failed during his time in New York. The president of Hobart College suggested <mask> had less than a year to live, and advised him to return home to the west. Eventually, <mask> left Hobart College and returned home. In 1880, he moved to California, where he spent two years recuperating. In 1882, <mask> moved to Washington Territory.He wanted to start career in law, and went to La Conner (at the time the county seat of Skagit County) to pursue better educational opportunities. He had been learning law for three years. Teaching and legal career

Teaching and becoming a lawyer (1882–1884)

Coming to Washington, <mask> was "literally fighting for existence" until he passed a teacher's examination and started teaching in Oak Harbor on Whidbey Island. There, he also worked as an operator in a telegraph office. Later, <mask> moved from Island to Skagit County, settling in La Conner and becoming a school teacher there. He spent three years combining teaching with his study of the law. As an educator, <mask> was a member of the examining board during the first teachers' examination held in Skagit County.In 1884, <mask> was admitted to the bar in La Conner by Territorial Judge Roger S. Greene. <mask> entered the practice alongside older specialists, whose "reputation and patronage were already assured," and received essential experience and skills in the field. Legal career in 1886–1896

In 1886, <mask> was a nominee for the position of Probate Judge in Skagit County on a Republican ticket, but he lost the election to Democrat Harrison Clothier. <mask> proceeded with his legal practice, and the following year moved to Mount Vernon to partner with E. M. Carr and Harold Preston, co-owners of a law firm in Seattle. For two years, he handled the firm's branch office in Mount Vernon. After two years, the partnership ended and the firm was dissolved. In 1888, <mask> became Prosecuting Attorney for Skagit, Whatcom, and Snohomish Counties, serving at the position for one term.In 1891, <mask> became one of the charter members for the newly-established Bar Association of Skagit County. That year, the Superior Court of the new judicial district for Skagit and Island Counties was formed, and <mask> was appointed to become its first Superior Judge. He was first appointed to the office on March 10, 1891, to work until 1892 as a substitute for Judge Winn, who was transferred to Whatcom County. At the end of this term, <mask> travelled around the counties on a bicycle, campaigning for re-election. He was re-elected for the full term of four years and stayed in the office until 1896. At the end of his four-year term as Superior Judge, <mask> ran for re-election on the Republican ticket, but was defeated, as was every other Republican nominee that year, due to the "fusion" between the Populists, Democrats and Silver Republicans, who "swept the county" that year. After <mask> left the Superior Court, he dedicated his time to practicing law in Mount Vernon.Over the years, <mask> gained recognition on the state level due to his part in a number of important court proceedings and sensational murder cases. Career in politics

Early political activity

From the start of his legal career, <mask> lead an active political life. He was a member of the Republican party, attending party conventions and promoting the party. By 1888, he became a "recognized leader" in political circles of Washington State. In 1884, <mask> was a member of the Republican Central Committee. That year, the towns of La Conner and Mount Vernon competed to become the county seat of Skagit County, and <mask> took an active part in the event. He personally rode to Sedro-Woolley to prevent potential voter fraud there in favor of Mount Vernon.Nevertheless, Mount Vernon received the majority of votes to become the county seat instead of La Conner, which had played the role of temporary county seat. In 1898, <mask> became a chairman of the Republican County Central Committee. He was in charge of a county campaign, and his work was esteemed as "well planned and efficiently carried." That year, the campaign resulted in the victory of the entire Republican ticket. Lieutenant-governor and becoming governor (1900–1901)

In 1900, <mask> became a Skagit County nominee for governor of Washington State. However, at the party convention, it was decided to make John M. Frink a governor candidate instead, and <mask> was up for the lieutenant-governor. <mask> received public support and won the election by a vast majority of votes.Prior to 1900, all state offices were under control of Populists, Democrats, and Silver Republicans elected in 1896. However, the picture changed completely: in 1900, members of the Republican ticket won every office except for the governor. Governor Rogers was the only Democratic candidate to succeed. His victory was a surprise for Republicans, especially after the "upsurge" of their party at the 1898 elections. Governor Rogers died within a year, on December 26, 1901. By constitutional rule, <mask> was appointed in his place, becoming the 4th Washington State governor. He didn't find out about his appointment right away due to a storm that broke down communications.<mask> officially started his governor term in January 1902, giving the Republican party full control of official positions for the 1901–1905 term. Governorship (1901–1905)

<mask> was the first governor of Washington State, born in the U.S. west, the first who succeeded to the office from the position of the lieutenant-governor, and the first man in Washington State to become governor as a result of the death of the previous office-holder. Starting his term as governor, <mask> believed the Legislature was throttled by "certain interests" and that "business meddled too much with politics." His aim was to defeat the lobbyists' "death grip on the Legislature." His other interest was the demarcation of educational institutions from politics, but he was mostly  known as the "recognized leader" fighting against the railroad monopoly and supporting the railroad reform. In this he followed in the footsteps of his former law partner, Harold Preston, who advocated for the new railroad regulations between 1887 and 1901. Railroad Commission promotion (1901–1903)

In the 1890s, the question of regulating the railroads was raised by many politicians, but was seen as a "revolt against the established order."By the time <mask> became governor, a number of railroad companies operated in the state and competed to dominate the state government. Railroad control of the Legislature became one of the biggest political issues of that time, and <mask> was in active opposition to it. He started to promote the establishment of the State Railroad Commission, claiming it was his "first priority." Despite the fact that Democrats as well as Republicans supported the creation of the commission at first, the opposition, led by powerful railroad lobbyists and influential politicians, "restrained" the Legislature from any action in regard to it. Legislature failed to pass a number of commission bills, and some
"questionable rulings in favor of the anti-commission" were met with near-riots. <mask>'s campaign against the railroad lobby caused  the most notable gathering of "famous transportation chiefs" in the history of the inland Northwest on August 4, 1902. The meeting discussed softening <mask>'s hit on the railroad lobby and soothing "people's clamor" in regard to regulating common carriers.<mask> hoped to persuade the Republican state convention in September 1902 to accept the Railroad Commission and create it in 1903; the subject was a "notable plank" in the Republican platform of that year. However, that campaign promise disappeared from the official committee report presented at the convention, and was replaced by one in favor of "equitable railroad

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 legislation." <mask> kept promoting the state regulation and separation of railroads from politics. His stance at the Legislature convention of 1903 was described as "resolute and uncompromising." He was ready for a strong confrontation and built his campaign for the Railroad Commission thoroughly. He convinced many delegations of the necessity of the commission, drew public attention to the railroad's "brazen interference with politics," and spurred public resentment towards it. <mask> was present at every convention to defend his idea and to build and discuss strategy in regard to the commission.The Legislature didn't go through with the commission in 1903, as <mask> wanted. Eventually, the railroads agreed to establish the commission but postponed it until the next year's legislative session. <mask> was considered a winner in the fight for the commission. The entire campaign was called the "hardest floor battle" the Republicans were a part of in a decade. 1904 campaign and defeat

<mask> decided to "take the issue to the people," building his 1904 electoral campaign around the question of railroad regulation and the commission making it the main controversy of that year's election. In the beginning of the campaign, <mask> gained strong support as a candidate for governor. His candidacy was supported by the majority of Washington State Republicans, especially in eastern Washington, where organizations came out strongly in favor of him.Several railroads that operated in Washington State and their lobbies were still tightly connected to the state politics and had a strong influence on it. They "controlled" the Republican party, were in opposition to <mask>, and planned to remove him from politics by nominating their own Republican candidate and writing the platform. <mask>'s opposition controlled the majority of the votes in several Washington counties and encouraged western counties to give up on <mask>'s candidacy and come up with others. <mask> was supported by the majority of counties, but fewer votes. Trying to win over some votes and break up the railroad's agreements in the west, <mask>'s steering committee tried to make a deal with the King County delegation. J. D. Farrell, vice president of the Great Northern Railway, spokesman for railroad political interests, and one of the men leading the anti-<mask>'s campaigns, found out about the deal and rushed to the Tacoma convention to veto it. The day after Farrell's arrival, the convention was held, <mask>'s nomination for governor was rejected, and Whatcom lawyer Albert E. Mead was nominated instead, subsequently becoming the new governor of Washington State.That year, all of the Republican state ticket won to make up the new Legislature. The outcome of Governor <mask>'s official term

During the election of 1904, Albert E. Mead answered the Democratic party's demand for the Railroad Commission, stating he was ready to approve it if the Legislature passed it. At the same time, immediately after <mask>'s defeat, the railroads agreed to accept the Railroad Commission and keep their lobbying away from the Legislature in Olympia. In early 1905, Mead proceeded to create the commission, but it wasn't based on <mask>'s ideas and was mainly aimed in the railroads' favor. Although <mask> didn't achieve his main goal during his official term, the railroads finally took a step back, gave up their Legislature lobbyists, and accepted the Railroad Commission. For years afterwards, it was considered the strongest organized lobby to exist in the state. Afterwards, the Railroad Commission duties were re-appointed to the Board of Public Works, which had authority not only over railroads, but over all corporations providing public service.Later, the responsibility was moved to the State Department of Public Service. During <mask>'s official service, Prosser, founder of Washington State Historical Society, described him as a "painstaking and careful" governor who concentrated all of his abilities "in behalf of the state." Years after <mask>'s governorship, he was considered "one of the most independent, honestly self-sufficient figures in the political history of the state" not only a Washington State pioneer but a "pioneer in progressive Republican leadership." Other activity as governor

On July 4, 1902, the keel was laid for the first Washington-built battleship, the USS Nebraska,  and a special ceremony was held to celebrate the event. <mask> attended the ceremony with Governor Savage of Nebraska. Both governors made speeches and drove the first rivet into the ship's keel. The ship, built by the Moran Brothers shipyard in Seattle, Washington, was launched on October 7, 1904.It later became part of the Great White Fleet and the Pacific Fleet, and served during World War I. For years, the Washington State Good Roads Association has been lobbying to improve and expand the state's highways. In 1903, the Legislature was finally convinced to pass House Substitute Bill No. 30, Providing for the Establishment and Repair of Certain State Roads. On March 21, 1903, Governor <mask> vetoed a vast array of appropriations, including Bill No. 30,  due to the fact that their costs significantly exceeded provided funds. <mask>'s veto of the road bill, as well as a number of other vetoes, were overridden by Governor Mead in 1905.Only two Senators voted in support of <mask>'s road veto during the 1905 convention. Career in later years

Later political activity

Defeated in the 1904 elections, <mask> proceeded with his political career and campaigned for  re-election as governor in 1908. At the time, he was considered "the leading 'first choice' candidate" for the gubernatorial nomination on the Republican ticket, but eventually was defeated by Samuel G. Cosgrove. In 1912, <mask> presided at the Republican State Convention, which preceded the National Convention in Chicago. There were two conventions held in Aberdeen; <mask> took part in the one supporting Theodore Roosevelt's candidacy over William Howard Taft's in the presidential election. In 1916, <mask> became a nominee for governor elections, but was defeated by his opponent, Democrat Ernest Lister. <mask> called the direct primary elections of that time "the cause of all that is wrong in politics" and "the cause of public overspending."He  was against the new governor, calling him an "inferior type of man," and complained about the deterioration of the political and electoral situation with the creation of the new direct primary system. In later years, <mask> continued to closely follow political events and actively support the Republican party, despite the New Deal's influence on it. Later career in banking, law and timber businesses

In 1907, <mask> became president of the Lake Goodwin Shingle Mill Company in Snohomish County. Although <mask> was still active politically, between 1913 and 1918 he also became recognized in Seattle banking and law circles. He worked with W. B. Stratton and Charley Dalton in a law firm named McBride, Stratton & Dalton. At the beginning of World War I, <mask> left his law practice to become a Pacific Coast labor conciliator. In later years, <mask> entered the lumber business once more to manufacture shingles and lumber.He partnered with Herbert S. Conner to open their own enterprise. They left the business after some time and founded the Provident Savings & Loan Association in Seattle, where <mask> served as president. Although <mask> officially retired from business by 1933, he still regularly attended shareholder meetings of the Provident Savings & Loan Association. Around 1935, <mask> started to withdraw from his remaining duties due to failing health. Other activity

<mask> was one of the main stockholders of the La Conner Water Works Company, which managed all the water works of La Conner. From 1885 to 1887, <mask> became co-editor and manager of the Puget Sound Mail. It was the oldest newspaper in western Washington publishing first on July 5, 1873 under the name Bellingham Bay Mail.Its office was originally situated in Whatcom (Bellingham), but later moved to La Conner. In 1891, <mask> was publisher for the Birdsview Bell newspaper, which quickly closed. In 1902, <mask> became a co-owner of the Republican newspaper. Its first issue was published under the name of Wenatchee Republican on September 8, 1898, and it changed owners a number of times both before and after <mask>'s ownership. Personal life

<mask> married Alice Marie Garrett on February 7, 1884, in La Conner, Washington. Alice was born in Coupeville, Washington on February 27, 1864. Her father was an Englishman known as a "prominent pioneer" of Island County.While <mask> became the first governor of Washington State who was born in west, Alice was the first Washington-born First Lady. The <mask>s had no children. They were both members of the Episcopal Church. <mask> died on August 15, 1925 in the family home in Seattle. Her body was entombed in Washelli Mausoleum. After his wife's death and his own retirement, <mask> moved to Kirkland, Washington. He spent his later years living with his friends, the Bouchard family, on their ranch at Juanita Beach (or Juanita Point) near Lake Washington.The most exercise he did at the time, in his own words, were walks with his three collies: Laddie, Bonnie, and Sandy. Hobbies and memberships

As bicycles became popular, <mask> used to ride from town to town campaigning and for personal pleasure. In his own words, he used to leave the court where he worked "at 4 o'clock in the afternoon and ride 50 miles before dinner." Among his other interests was fishing. <mask> used to get up at 3 o'clock in the morning to ride with a friend to fish for trout. <mask> was a member of a number of popular fraternities and organizations, including the Masonic fraternity, the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. Death and heritage

After a long illness, <mask> died on October 7, 1937 near Juanita, where he lived for the last eleven years of his life.His last request was to be buried near his wife in Washelli Cemetery in Seattle. <mask>'s funeral was held on October 11, 1937, in Sessions Mortuary in Kirkland. His funeral was attended by many of his friends, colleagues, and acquaintances, including the only surviving former Washington State governor at the time, Roland Hartley, and <mask>'s former colleague, Harold Preston, founder of the Preston Gates & Ellis law firm. At the time of his death, <mask> had an estate valued at $11,000 ($203,000 in 2020 dollars). In his will, <mask> left $7,500 ($138,000) to the Bouchard family, with whom he lived for the last years of his life. His will also mentioned two of his sisters-in-law, his brother William, and his niece, Alys Garret. See also

 List of governors of Washington
 Lieutenant Governor of Washington
 John Rankin Rogers
 Albert E. Mead
 Samuel G. Cosgrove
 Ernest Lister

Notes

References

Literature cited

External links

 <mask> on National Governors Association web-site
 <mask> on Washington State Legislature web-site
 <mask> on Washington Rural Heritage web-site

Washington (state) pioneers
Governors of Washington (state)
Lieutenant Governors of Washington (state)
Trinity College (Connecticut) alumni
People from Farmington, Utah
Washington (state) Republicans
Republican Party state governors of the United States
American prosecutors
20th-century American

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<mask> ( , ; 2 August 1834 – 4 October 1904) was a French sculptor and painter who is best known for designing Liberty Enlightening the World, commonly known as the Statue of Liberty. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Colmar, France, 2 August 1834. He was born to a family of Alsatian Protestant heritage, with his family name adopted from Barthold. His parents were <mask> (1791–1836) and <mask> (; 1801–1891). <mask> was the youngest of their four children, and one of only two to survive infancy, along with the oldest brother, Jean-Charles, who became a lawyer and editor. Bartholdi's father, a property owner and counselor to the prefecture, died when Bartholdi was two years old. Afterwards, Bartholdi moved with his mother and his older brother Jean-Charles to Paris, where another branch of their family resided.With the family often returning to spend long periods of time in Colmar, the family maintained ownership and visited their house in Alsace, which later became the Bartholdi Museum in 1922. While in Colmar, Bartholdi took drawing lessons from Martin Rossbach. In Paris, he studied sculpture with Antoine Étex. He also studied architecture under Henri Labrouste and Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc. Bartholdi attended the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, and received a baccalauréat in 1852. He then went on to study architecture at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts as well as painting under Ary Scheffer in his studio in the Rue Chaptal, now the Musée de la Vie Romantique. Later, Bartholdi turned his attention to sculpture, which afterward exclusively occupied he and his life.Career

Early sculptures and work in Colmar

In 1853, Bartholdi submitted a Good Samaritan-themed sculptural group to the Paris Salon of 1853. The statue was later recreated in bronze. Within two years of his Salon debut, Bartholdi was commissioned by his hometown of Colmar to sculpt a bronze memorial of Jean Rapp, a Napoleonic General. In 1855 and 1856 Bartholdi traveled in Yemen and Egypt with travel companions such as Jean-Léon Gérôme and other "orientalist" painters. The trip sparked Bartholdi's interest in colossal sculpture. In 1869, Bartholdi returned to Egypt to propose a new lighthouse to be built at the entrance of the Suez Canal, which was newly completed. The lighthouse, which was to be called Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia and shaped as a massive draped figure holding a torch, was not commissioned.Both the khedive and Lessups declined the proposed statue from Bartholdi, citing the expensive cost. The Port Said Lighthouse was built instead, by François Coignet in 1869. The war and Statue of Liberty

Bartholdi served in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 as a squadron leader of the National Guard, and as a liaison officer to Italian General Giuseppe Garibaldi, representing the French government and the Army of the Vosges. As an officer, he took part in the defense of Colmar from Germany. Distraught over his region's defeat, over the following years he constructed a number of monuments celebrating French heroism in the defense against Germany. Among these projects was the Lion of Belfort, which he started working on in 1871, not finishing the massive sandstone statue until 1880. In 1871, he made his first trip to the United States, where he pitched the idea of a massive statue gifted from the French to the Americans in honor of the centennial of American independence.The idea, which had first been broached to him in 1865 by his friend Édouard René de Laboulaye, resulted in the Statue of Liberty in New York harbor. After years of work and fundraising, the statue was inaugurated in 1886. During this period, Bartholdi also sculpted a number of monuments for American cities, such as a cast-iron fountain in Washington, DC completed in 1878. Later years
In 1875, he joined the Freemasons Lodge Alsace-Lorraine in Paris. In 1876, <mask> was one of the French commissioners in 1876 to the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. There he exhibited bronze statues of The Young Vine-Grower, Génie Funèbre, Peace and Genius in the Grasp of Misery, receiving a bronze medal for the latter. His 1878 statue Gribeauval became the property of the French state.A prolific creator of statues, monuments, and portraits, Bartholdi exhibited at the Paris Salons until the year of his death in 1904. He also remained active with diverse mediums, including oil painting, watercolor, photography, and drawing, and received the rank of Commander of the Legion of Honor in 1886. Bartholdi died of tuberculosis at age 70 in Paris on 4 October 1904. Personal life
In 1876, he married Jeanne-Emile Baheux in Providence, Rhode Island. Throughout his life Bartholdi maintained his childhood family home in Colmar; in 1922, it was made into the Musée Bartholdi. Major projects

The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World)

The work for which Bartholdi is most famous is Liberty Enlightening the World, better known as the Statue of Liberty. Soon after the establishment of the French Third Republic, the project of building some suitable memorial to show the fraternal feeling existing between the republics of the United States and France was suggested, and in 1874 the Union Franco-Américaine (Franco-American Union) was established by Edouard de Laboulaye.<mask>'s hometown in Alsace had just passed into German control in the Franco-Prussian War. These troubles in his ancestral home of Alsace are purported to have further influenced Bartholdi's own great interest in independence, liberty, and self-determination. Bartholdi subsequently joined the Union Franco-Américaine, among whose members were Laboulaye, Paul de Rémusat, William Waddington, Henri Martin, Ferdinand Marie de Lesseps, Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, Oscar Gilbert Lafayette, François Charles Lorraine, and Louis François Lorraine. Bartholdi broached the idea of a massive statue and once its design was approved, the Union Franco-Américaine raised more than 1 million francs throughout France for its building. In 1879, Bartholdi was awarded design patent  for the Statue of Liberty. On 4 July 1880, the statue was formally delivered to the American minister in Paris, the event being celebrated by a great banquet. In October 1886, the structure was officially presented as the joint gift of the French and American people, and installed on Bedloe's Island in New York Harbor .It was rumored in France that the face of the Statue of Liberty was modeled after Bartholdi's mother. The statue is 46m high (151 feet and 1 inch), and the top of the torch is at an elevation of 93m (305 feet 1 inch) from mean low-water mark. It was the largest work of its kind that had been completed up to that time. Works in Colmar

Bartholdi's hometown Colmar (modern political administrative region of Grand Est) has a number of statues and monuments by the sculptor, as well as a museum founded in 1922 in the house in which he was born, at 30 Rue des Marchands. Monument du Général Rapp – 1856 (first shown 1855 in Paris. Bartholdi's earliest major work)
 "Fontaine Schongauer" – 1863 (in front of the Unterlinden Museum)
 "Fontaine de l'Amiral Bruat" – 1864
 "Fontaine Roeselmann" – 1888
 "Monument Hirn" – 1894
 "Fontaine Schwendi", depicting Lazarus von Schwendi – 1898
 Les grands soutiens du monde − 1902 (statue in the courtyard of the museum)

Other major works

Bartholdi's other major works include a variety of statues at Clermont-Ferrand; in Paris, and in other places. Notable works include:

 1852: Francesca da Rimini
 1870: Le Vigneron
 1876 (plaster version in 1874) : Frieze and four angelic trumpeters on the tower of Brattle Square Church, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.1876: Marquis de Lafayette (or Lafayette Arriving in America), executed 1872, cast 1873 in Union Square, New York City, United States. 1878: The Bartholdi Fountain in Bartholdi Park, the United States Botanic Garden, Washington, D.C., United States. 1880: The Lion of Belfort, in Belfort, France, a massive sculpture of a lion depicting the huge struggle of the French to hold off the Prussian assault at the end of the Franco-Prussian War. A plaster was exhibited in 1878. <mask> was an officer himself during this period, attached to Garibaldi. 1889: Switzerland Succoring Strasbourg at Basel, Switzerland, which was a gift from the French city of Strasbourg, in appreciation of the humanitarian help it had received during the Franco-Prussian War. 1890: Statue of Liberty in Potosí, Bolivia.1892: Fontaine Bartholdi, on the Place des Terreaux, in Lyon, France. 1893: Statue of Christopher Columbus, cast in silver for the 1892 Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois; a bronze replica was erected in Providence, Rhode Island in 1893 and was taken down in June 2020. 1895: Lafayette and Washington Monument," in the Place des États-Unis, Paris, and an exact replica at Morningside Park, New York City, United States. 1903: Vercingetorix, equestrian statue in Place de Jaude, Clermont-Ferrand. In popular culture
The Statue of Liberty is a 1985 documentary film by Ken Burns which focuses on the statue's history and its impact on society. Bartholdi's life and creation of Liberty Enlightening the World are also featured in the 2019 documentary film, Liberty: Mother of Exiles. See also
Musée Bartholdi
Statue of Liberty Museum
List of people on the postage stamps of Saint Kitts
List of people on the postage stamps of France

References
Notes

Sources

Further reading

External links

 Biography by the National Gallery of Art
 The Bartholdi Fountain and Bartholdi Park – Washington, DC
 The Musée Bartholdi
 The Statue of Liberty Enlightning the World, described by the sculptor <mask> Bartholdy

1834 births
1904 deaths
People from Colmar
Alsatian-German people
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
French Freemasons
Statue of Liberty
Tuberculosis deaths in France
French military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War
Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
Masterpiece Museum
19th-century French sculptors
French male sculptors

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<mask><mask> (born 1954) is co-founder and president emerita of the Religious Institute, Inc. A sexologist and ordained Unitarian Universalist minister, she was the endorsed community minister with the Unitarian Church in Westport, Connecticut. Haffner retired from the Religious Institute on April 30, 2016. She has been the settled minister at the Unitarian Universalist Church in Reston, Virginia since August 2016. Early life and education
Haffner was born in 1954 in Morristown, New Jersey. She attended Norwalk, Connecticut public schools, and graduated from Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut in 1975. Haffner received her Masters of Divinity (M.Div.) from Union Theological Seminary.She received a Masters of Public Health from the Yale University School of Medicine. She was a Research Fellow at the Yale Divinity School in 1996-97. Haffner received a Doctor of Public Service, H.C., from Widener University in 2011. Haffner received her Doctorate of Ministry from the Pacific School of Religion in 2016. Career
<mask>, who has taught at Yale Divinity School, Meadville Lombard Theological School, and Pacific School of Religion, continues as an adjunct lecturer/visiting professor at Union Theological Seminary. Works she has authored include several guides for congregations on sexuality. In 2001, Haffner co-founded the Religious Institute on Sexual Morality, Justice, and Healing with Larry Greenfield.The Religious Institute, Inc. was established as an independent 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization on March 6, 2012. The organization's stated mission is to advocate for sexual health, education, and justice in faith communities and society. Prior to founding the Religious Institute and entering ministry, Haffner was President and Chief Executive Officer of SIECUS, the Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (1988-2000), Director of Information and Education for the Center for Population Options, Director of Community Services and Public Relations, Planned Parenthood of Metropolitan Washington. She has also worked at the Bureau of Community Health Services at the U.S. Public Health Service, and at The Population Institute. Sexuality education
Haffner has been a sexuality educator since the mid-1970s. She was an AASECT certified sexuality educator until she became a full time parish minister. Her contributions to the field of sexuality education include:
 Creating the first educators' handbook for Planned Parenthood in 1981.Directing the nation's first conference on AIDS and Adolescents in 1986 for the Center for Population Options. Co-authoring the first national study on the costs of teenage childbearing with Martha Burt from the Urban Institute. While at SIECUS, she created the National Guidelines for Comprehensive Sexuality Education, which Haffner co-authored with Dr. William Yarber of Indiana University, the National Commission on Adolescent Sexual Health and the National Coalition to Support Sexuality Education. Sexually healthy faith communities
Haffner's most recent work has focused on helping faith communities understand the relationship between sexuality and religion and creating sexually healthy faith communities. In 1999, she conceived of the project to develop a multifaith progressive statement on sexuality and religion and coordinated the development of the Religious Declaration on Sexual Morality, Justice, and Healing. Written with the input of twenty leading theologians, the Religious Declaration first appeared in The New York Times on January 25, 2000 endorsed by more than 800 religious leaders. As of January 2013, more than 6,400 religious leaders from more than 70 denominations have endorsed the Religious Declaration."Sexuality education is a religious issue," Haffner has publicly stated. "We have a commitment to helping young people develop a moral conscience, including an ability to make healthy decisions. We have a religious commitment to truth telling, which means that people should have full and accurate information, not biased and censored." In collaboration with the New England Adolescent Research Institute (NEARI), Haffner developed a course entitled Balancing Acts that is designed to train ministers and other religious professionals in how to keep children and youth safe from sexual abuse. Haffner works frequently with congregations who are struggling with including sex offenders in their congregations, and in this program, she addresses the concerns these faith communities face when discerning how to discern appropriate involvement for these individuals. It suggests the formation of a "limited access agreement" to determine what activities the individual may participate in and suggests rules and guidelines to prevent the occurrence of future abuse. "Every place of worship needs a safe-congregation policy," Haffner said.Published work
Haffner has written two award-winning books for parents: From Diapers to Dating: A Parent's Guide to Raising Sexually Healthy Children and Beyond the Big Talk: Every Parent's Guide to Raising Sexually Healthy Teens. Haffner also authored Bisexuality: Making the Invisible Visible in Faith Communities, with Marie Alford-Harkey. This book was published in 2014. She also had an award-winning blog, Sexuality and Religion: What's the Connection? Media
Haffner is a national contributor to the Huffington Post, RH Reality Check and the Newsweek/Washington Post blog, On Faith. References

External links
Religious Institute on Sexual Morality, Justice, and Healing (official website)
Religion and Sexuality: What's the Connection? (Haffner's blog)

1954 births
Living people
Wesleyan University alumni
Yale School of Medicine alumni
American relationships and sexuality writers
21st-century Unitarian clergy
American sex educators
American Unitarian Universalists
Unitarian Universalist clergy
Female Unitarian Universalist clergy
Union Theological Seminary (New York City) alumni
Union Theological Seminary (New York City) faculty
Yale Divinity School faculty
American women non-fiction writers
American women academics
21st-century American women

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<mask> (November 15, 1920 – June 23, 2000) was an American jazz musician, tenor saxophonist, and flute player, who also played soprano sax, alto sax, baritone sax, clarinet, bass clarinet, alto flute and piccolo. He played with Charles Mingus, Lionel Hampton, Billy Eckstine, the Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Big Band, Kenny Burrell, and later with Earl Hines' small band. <mask> was born in Oakland, California, United States, and died in Englewood, New Jersey of heart failure at the age of 79. Discography

As leader
 Midnight Oil (New Jazz, 1959)
 Roamin' with <mask> (New Jazz, 1959)
 Going to the Movies (United Artists, 1962)
 Groove Merchant (Verve, 1967)
 Jazz Station Runaway (TCB, 1997)

As sideman

 1955: Oscar Pettiford: Another One (Bethlehem)
 1955: Kenny Clarke: Bohemia After Dark (Savoy)
 1955: Ernie Wilkins: Flutes & Reeds (Savoy) with Frank Wess
 1955: Nat Adderley: That's Nat (Savoy)
 1955: Sarah Vaughan: In the Land of Hi-Fi (Mercury)
 1955: Hank Jones: Bluebird (Savoy)
 1955: Jimmy Cleveland: Introducing Jimmy Cleveland and His All Stars (EmArcy)
 1956: Cannonball Adderley: In the Land of Hi-Fi with Julian Cannonball Adderley
 1956: Kenny Burrell: All Night Long (Prestige)
 1956: Oscar Pettiford: The Oscar Pettiford Orchestra in Hi-Fi (ABC-Paramount)
 1957: Quincy Jones: This Is How I Feel About Jazz (ABC-Paramount)
 1957: Phineas Newborn, Jr.: Phineas Newborn, Jr. Plays Harold Arlen's Music from Jamaica (RCA Victor)
 1957: Oscar Pettiford: The Oscar Pettiford Orchestra in Hi-Fi Volume Two (ABC-Paramount)
 1957: The Three Playmates - The Three Playmates with George Barrow, <mask> Richardson, Budd Johnson, Sam Price, Kenny Burrell, Joe Benjamin, Bobby Donaldson, Ernie Wilkins (arranger) (Savoy Records, 1957)
 1958: Gene Ammons: The Big Sound (Prestige), Groove Blues (Prestige)
 1958: Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis: The Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis Cookbook (Prestige), The Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis Cookbook, Vol. 2 (Prestige), The Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis Cookbook Volume 3 (Prestige), Smokin' (Prestige)
 1958: Betty Carter: I Can't Help It
 1958: Abbey Lincoln: It's Magic (Riverside)
 1958: Ray Brown: This Is Ray Brown
 1958: Jimmy Cleveland: A Map of Jimmy Cleveland (Mercury)
 1958: Helen Merrill: You've Got a Date with the Blues (MetroJazz)
 1959: Tiny Grimes: Tiny in Swingville (Swingville)
 1959: Jimmy Cleveland: Rhythm Crazy (EmArcy)
 1959: Dinah Washington: What a Diff'rence a Day Makes! 1959: Joe Wilder: The Pretty Sound (Columbia)
 1959: Ruth Brown: Miss Rhythm (Atlantic)
 1959: Ahmed Abdul-Malik: East Meets West (RCA Victor)
 1959: Quincy Jones: The Birth of a Band!, The Great Wide World of Quincy Jones (Mercury)
 1959: Billy Taylor: Billy Taylor with Four Flutes (Riverside)
 1960: Randy Weston:  Uhuru Afrika (Roulette)
 1960: Quincy Jones: I Dig Dancers (Mercury)
 1960: Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis:  Trane Whistle (Prestige)
 1961: Benny Golson: Pop + Jazz = Swing (Audio Fidelity)
 1961: Etta Jones: So Warm (Prestige)
 1961: Billy Taylor: Kwamina (Mercury)
 1961: Cannonball Adderley: African Waltz (Riverside)
 1962: Junior Mance: The Soul of Hollywood (Jazzland)
 1962: Blue Mitchell: A Sure Thing
 1962: Milt Jackson: Big Bags
 1962: Harry Belafonte: Midnight Special
 1962: Quincy Jones: Big Band Bossa Nova
 1962: Quincy Jones: The Quintessence
 1962: Charles Mingus: The Complete Town Hall Concert (Blue Note)
 1962: Etta Jones: Love Shout (Prestige), Hollar!(Prestige)
 1963: Buddy Emmons: Steel Guitar Jazz (Mercury)
 1963: Lalo Schifrin and Bob Brookmeyer: Samba Para Dos (Verve)
 1963: Charles Mingus: Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus (Impulse!) 1963: Charles Mingus: The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady (Impulse!) 1964: Lalo Schifrin: New Fantasy (Verve)
 1964: Cal Tjader: Warm Wave (Verve)
 1964: Quincy Jones: Quincy Jones Explores the Music of Henry Mancini, Golden Boy (Mercury)
 1964: J. J. Johnson: J.J.! (RCA Victor)
 1965: Milt Jackson: Ray Brown / Milt Jackson with Ray Brown (Verve)
 1965: Quincy Jones: Quincy Plays for Pussycats (Mercury)
 1965: Lalo Schifrin: Once a Thief and Other Themes (Verve)
 1965: J. J. Johnson: Goodies (RCA Victor)
 1965: Jimmy Smith: Monster (Verve)
 1965: Sonny Stitt: Broadway Soul (Colpix)
 1965: Shirley Scott: Latin Shadows (Impulse!) 1965: J. J. Johnson: Broadway Express (RCA Victor)
 1966: Oliver Nelson: Oliver Nelson Plays Michelle (Impulse!) 1966: Cal Tjader: Soul Burst (Verve)
 1966: Oliver Nelson: Happenings with Hank Jones (Impulse!) 1966: Shirley Scott: Roll 'Em: Shirley Scott Plays the Big Bands (Impulse!)1966: Les McCann: Les McCann Plays the Hits (Limelight)
 1966: Jimmy Smith: Got My Mojo Workin', Hoochie Coochie Man (Verve)
 1966: Jimmy McGriff: The Big Band (Solid State)
 1966: Manny Albam: The Soul of the City (Solid State)
 1966: Chico Hamilton: The Further Adventures of El Chico (Impulse!) B. King - Bobby Bland and B. B. King Together Again...Live
 1976: Wade Marcus: Metamorphosis
 1976: Carmen McRae: Can't Hide Love
 1976: Zoot Sims: Hawthorne Nights (Pablo)
 1976: Milt Jackson: Feelings (Pablo)
 1976: Lee Ritenour: First Course
 1977: Dizzy Gillespie: Free Ride (Pablo)
 1977: Benny Golson: Killer Joe (Columbia)
 1977: Quincy Jones: Roots (A&M)
 1979: The Crusaders: Street Life
 1979: Earth, Wind & Fire: I Am
 1980: Kenny Burrell: Heritage (AudioSource)
 1981: Gerald Wilson: Lomelin (Discovery)
 1990: Joey DeFrancesco: Where Were You? (Columbia)
 1991: Clifford Jordan: Down Through the Years (Milestone)
 1992: Jimmy Heath: Little Man Big Band (Verve)

References

External links
Obituary – JazzHouse.org

1920 births
2000 deaths
Musicians from Oakland, California
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
American jazz flautists
Verve Records artists
20th-century American musicians
20th-century British musicians
20th-century saxophonists
Jazz musicians from California
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
The Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra members
Orchestra U.S.A. members

masks:
Jerome Richardson
Richardson
Richardson
Jerome


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<mask> (29 November 1853 – 23 June 1939) was a Swedish convert to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and was the author of influential commentaries on LDS Church scriptures. Sjödahl was among the first commentators to advance a "limited geography model" for the theorized geography of the Book of Mormon. Early life and Baptist minister
Sjödahl was born in Karlshamn, Blekinge, Sweden. Sjödahl and his parents were members of the Lutheran Church of Sweden, but on 11 August 1869 he was baptized into the Baptist Church in Karlshamn. In 1870, Sjödahl entered the Baptist Bethel Seminary in Stockholm. He completed his studies in June 1872 and became the Baptist minister in Eskilstuna. In 1873, he became the Baptist minister in Västervik.In 1874, Sjödahl moved to England and enrolled in Spurgeon's College in London, where he graduated with a degree in divinity in 1876. While in England, Sjödahl mastered English and also specialized in Greek and Hebrew. In addition to knowing Swedish and Norwegian from his childhood, Sjödahl would also master the German, Icelandic, and Arabic languages. From 1876 to 1886, Sjödahl was the Baptist preacher in Trondheim, Norway. In 1879, he was elected as the inaugural general secretary of the Norwegian Baptist Union. On 28 August 1879, Sjödahl married Ane <mask>. His wife died on 16 August 1883 a few weeks after giving birth to their second child, who also died around the same time.Excommunication and conversion to Mormonism
On 8 June 1886, Sjödahl was excommunicated from the Baptist Church, possibly on charges of adultery. Around the same time, Sjödahl became associated with Ferdinand Friis Hintze, a Danish missionary from the LDS Church. Following his excommunication, Sjödahl travelled to Utah Territory to further investigate Mormonism. On the sea journey, his son <mask> Jr. died. After arriving in Utah Territory, Sjödahl settled in Sanpete County, where a large number of Scandinavian Latter-day Saints had settled. On 7 October 1886, <mask> was baptized into the LDS Church in Manti. Life in Manti
Upon settling in Manti, Sjödahl became the editor of the Manti Sentinel newspaper.When the LDS Church's Manti Utah Temple was completed in May 1888, Sjödahl became the first individual to receive his Endowment in the new temple. On 30 May 1888, <mask> and Christina Christofferson were married in the Manti Temple by Apostle Francis M. Lyman; they were the first couple married in the new temple. His second wife died in 1910. Church translator and missionary
In 1888, Sjödahl completed a church-approved translation of the LDS Church's Doctrine and Covenants into Swedish. In 1927, Sjödahl translated the Pearl of Great Price into Swedish, and in 1935 he completed the third revised translation of the Book of Mormon into Swedish. Upon the completion of the translation, Sjödahl was asked by church president Wilford Woodruff to go on a mission to Palestine. In January 1889.Sjödahl arrived in Jaffa. He learned to speak Arabic and preached in Palestine for one year, organizing a branch of the church in Jaffa. In January 1890, <mask> was asked to go to Bern, Switzerland to complete his mission. He arrived back in Utah Territory in July 1890. Newspaper editor and publications
Upon returning to Utah, Sjödahl became employed by the Deseret News newspaper in Salt Lake City. From 1906 to 1914, <mask> was the chief editor of the newspaper. In 1914, Sjödahl returned to England and became an editor of the LDS Church's Millennial Star in Liverpool.In 1917, Sjödahl and LDS Church Apsotle Hyrum M. Smith, who was the president of the church's European Mission, together worked on A Commentary on the Doctrine and Covenants. While Sjödahl wrote most of the text, it was reviewed and approved by Smith. When Doctrine and Covenants Commentary was first published in 1919 in Liverpool, it was a church-approved publication and only Smith was listed as an author. However, subsequent publication of Doctrine and Covenants Commentary have acknowledged Sjödahl as its coauthor. Doctrine and Covenants Commentary is still cited frequently by Latter-day Saint authors and commentators. Upon returning to Utah in 1919, <mask> became an editor for the church's Improvement Era magazine, in which he published more than 50 of his own articles. In 1920, Sjödahl worked with George F. Richards and James E. Talmage in revising the footnotes in the Book of Mormon; Sjödahl's work was incorporated into the LDS Church's 1920 English edition of that publication.In 1923 and 1924, he assisted Talmage in revising his church-approved book Articles of Faith. In 1927, Sjödahl published An Introduction to the Study of the Book of Mormon, an apologetic work and one of the founding works in the area of Book of Mormon studies. In this work, Sjödahl advanced an early version of the "limited geography model" of the Book of Mormon, one of the first authors to do so. Sjödahl was also the editor of the LDS Church's German, Danish–Norwegian, Dutch, and Swedish newspapers in Salt Lake City from 1919 until they ceased publication in 1935. When Sjödahl died in 1939, he had partially completed an extensive commentary on the Book of Mormon. In 1955, Sjödahl's material was taken by his son-in-law, Philip C. Reynolds, and combined with some materials by church general authority George Reynolds and published under their names the seven-volume Commentary on the Book of Mormon. In 1965, Philip Reynolds published under the same names Commentary on the Pearl of Great Price.Publications
George Reynolds and <mask> M<mask> (1955) (Philip C. Reynolds, ed.). Commentary on the Book of Mormon (7 vols.) (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret News Press)
 —— and —— (1965) (Philip C. Reynolds, ed.). Commentary on the Pearl of Great Price (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret News Press)
<mask> M<mask> (1927). An Introduction to the Study of the Book of Mormon (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret News Press)
—— (1913). The Reign of Antichrist, or, The Great Falling Away: A Study in Ecclesiastical History (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret News Press)
Hyrum M. Smith and <mask> M<mask> (1955, 2d ed.). The Doctrine and Covenants Containing Revelations Given to Joseph Smith Jr., the Prophet, with an Introduction and Historical and Exegetical Notes (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret News Press) [originally published in 1919 as A Commentary on the Doctrine and Covenants]

See also
David S. King: grandson
Jody Olsen: great-granddaughter

Notes

References
Andrew Jenson.Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, vol. 3, s.v. "Sjodahl, <mask> <mask>son"

Brent G. Lundgren, "<mask> <mask> Sjodahl – Baptist Minister, Convert to Mormonism, Editor, Author and Missionary", <mask> Thesis, Brigham Young University, 1971

1853 births
1939 deaths
19th-century Baptist ministers
19th-century Mormon missionaries
American newspaper editors
Baptist ministers
Book of Mormon studies
Converts to Mormonism from Baptist denominations
Deseret News people
Editors of Latter Day Saint publications
English newspaper editors
English male journalists
English–Swedish translators
Latter Day Saint writers
Mormon missionaries in Palestine (region)
Mormon missionaries in Switzerland
People excommunicated by Baptist churches
People from Karlshamn
People from Manti, Utah
Writers from Salt Lake City
Swedish emigrants to the United States
Swedish Mormon missionaries
Swedish Latter Day Saints
Translators of the Book of Mormon
Mormon missionaries in the Ottoman Empire
Book of Mormon scholars
Missionary linguists

masks:
Janne Mattson Sjödahl
Marie Johnson
Janne
Sjödahl
Sjödahl
Sjödahl
Sjödahl
Sjödahl
Janne
. Sjödahl
Janne
. Sjödahl
Janne
. Sjödahl
Janne
Matt
Janne
Mattson
MA


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<mask> (, 23 July 1894 – 14 December 1975) was an English film and stage actor active from the 1920s to the 1960s, and known for playing English types, especially butler and manservant roles, such as the P.G. Wodehouse valet character Jeeves (Thank You, Jeeves, 1936) and the kind butler Andrews opposite Shirley Temple in Heidi (1937). In the 1960s, he became well known on American television as an announcer/sidekick to talk show host Merv Griffin, and as the support character Constable Jones in Disney's Mary Poppins. He lent his name to the <mask>'s Fish and Chips chain of restaurants. Personal life
Treacher was the son of <mask> (1862–1924), a Sussex solicitor; his mother was Alice Mary Longhurst (1865–1946). He was educated at a boarding school in Uppingham in Rutland. In 1936, he married Virginia Taylor (1898–1984).Acting career
<mask> was a veteran of World War I, serving as an officer of the Royal Garrison Artillery; his father had served with the Sussex Volunteer Artillery before Treacher's birth. After the war, he established an acting career in England, and in March 1926 went to New York as part of a musical-comedy revue named Great Temptations. He was featured in the 1930 Billy Rose musical revue Sweet and Low. He began his movie career during the 1930s, which included roles in four Shirley Temple movies: Curly Top (1935), Stowaway (1936), Heidi (1937), and The Little Princess (1939). Scenes intentionally had the 6' 4" Treacher standing or dancing side by side with the tiny child actress; for example, in The Little Princess they sing and dance together to an old song "Knocked 'em in the Old Kent Road". <mask> filled the role of the ideal butler, and he portrayed P. G. Wodehouse's valet character Jeeves in the movies Thank You, Jeeves! (1936) and Step Lively, Jeeves (1937).(Wodehouse, however, was unhappy with the way his work had been adapted, and refused to authorize any further Jeeves movies.) Treacher played a valet or butler in several other movies, including Personal Maid's Secret, Mister Cinderella, and Bordertown. He was caricatured in the 1941 cartoon Hollywood Steps Out. Treacher also did radio programs in the 1940s and early 1950s, most notably as a waiter on Duffy's Tavern. Later years
During 1961 and 1962, he and William Gaxton appeared in Guy Lombardo's production of the musical revue Paradise Island, which played at the Jones Beach Marine Theater. In 1962, he replaced Robert Coote as King Pellinore (with over-the-title name billing) in the original Broadway production of Lerner and Loewe's musical play Camelot, and he remained with the show through the Chicago engagement and post-Broadway tour that ended during August 1964. From the mid-1950s on, Treacher became a familiar figure on American television as a guest on talk shows and panel games, including The Tonight Show and The Garry Moore Show.In early 1961, <mask> appeared in episode 463 of the TV game show I've Got a Secret in which he rode a horse on stage. In 1964, <mask> was cast in the role of Constable Jones in the hugely successful Walt Disney movie Mary Poppins. That same year, he played the role of stuffy English butler <mask> in two episodes of The Beverly Hillbillies. Pinckney mistakenly believed the hillbillies were the domestic servants of the family by whom he was hired, while the hillbillies believed Pinckney was a boarder at their Beverly Hills mansion. He became even better known to American television audiences when talk-show host Merv Griffin made him announcer and occasional bantering partner on  The Merv Griffin Show from 1965 to 1970 ("...and now, here's the dear boy himself, Merrr-vyn!"). When in 1969 Griffin switched from  syndication to the CBS network, network executives insisted that Treacher was too old for the show, but Griffin fought to keep Treacher and eventually won. However, when Griffin relocated his show from New York to Los Angeles the next year, <mask> stayed behind, telling Griffin "at my age, I don't want to move, especially to someplace that shakes!"During this period of latter-day popularity, <mask> capitalised on his name recognition through the use of his name and image for such franchised business concerns as the Call Arthur Treacher Service System (a household help agency) and <mask>reacher's Fish and Chips. The restaurants became very popular during the 1970s and increased to nearly 900 outlets, although in interviews Treacher would refuse to confirm or deny that he had any ownership stake in the company. (Only one Arthur Treacher's was still in existence by 2021, located in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio). Treacher died at the age of 81 due to cardiovascular disease. Filmography

 The Battle of Paris (1929)Harry
 Fashions of 1934 (1934)The Duchess' Butler (uncredited)
 Gambling Lady (1934)Pryor (uncredited)
 Riptide (1934)Reporter (uncredited)
 Viva Villa! (1935)Phelps
 Splendor (1935)Major Ballinger
 Hitch Hike Lady (1935)Mortimer Wingate
 Magnificent Obsession (1935)Horace
 Anything Goes (1936)Sir Evelyn Oakleigh
 Hearts Divided (1936)Sir Harry
 Satan Met a Lady (1936)Anthony Travers
 The Case Against Mrs. Ames (1936)Griggsby
 Thank You, Jeeves! (1936)Jeeves
 Mr. Cinderella (1936)Watkins, Randolph's Butler
 Under Your Spell (1936)Botts
 Stowaway (1936)Atkins
 Step Lively, Jeeves!References

External links

1894 births
1975 deaths
20th-century English male actors
British Army personnel of World War I
British expatriate male actors in the United States
English male film actors
English male radio actors
English male television actors
English male stage actors
English television personalities
People from Brighton
Royal Garrison Artillery officers
Male actors from Sussex
People educated at Uppingham School

masks:
Arthur Veary Treacher
Arthur Treacher
Arthur Veary Treacher
Treacher
Treacher
Treacher
Treacher
Arthur Pinckney
Treacher
Treacher
Arthur T


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<mask> (; b. February 23, 1953) is a mathematician working in different areas of mathematics including group theory, dynamical systems, geometry and computer science. He holds the rank of Distinguished Professor in the Mathematics Department of Texas A&M University. <mask> is particularly well known for having constructed, in a 1984 paper, the first example of a finitely generated group of intermediate growth, thus answering an important problem posed by John Milnor in 1968. This group is now known as the Grigorchuk group  and it is one of the important objects studied in geometric group theory, particularly in the study of branch groups, automaton groups and iterated monodromy groups. <mask> is one of the pioneers of asymptotic group theory as well as of the theory of dynamically defined groups. He introduced the notion of branch groups and developed the foundations of the related theory. <mask>, together with his collaborators and students, initiated the theory of groups generated by finite Mealy type automata, interpreted them as groups of fractal type, developed the theory of groups acting on rooted trees, and found numerous applications of these groups in various fields of mathematics including functional analysis, topology, spectral graph theory, dynamical systems and ergodic theory.Biographical data

<mask> was born on February 23, 1953 in Ternopil Oblast, now Ukraine (in 1953 part of the USSR). He received his undergraduate degree in 1975 from Moscow State University. He obtained a PhD (Candidate of Science) in Mathematics in 1978, also from Moscow State University, where his thesis advisor was Anatoly M. Stepin. <mask> received a habilitation (Doctor of Science) degree in Mathematics in 1985 at the Steklov Institute of Mathematics in Moscow. During the 1980s and 1990s, <mask> <mask> held positions at the Moscow State University of Transportation, and subsequently at the Steklov Institute of Mathematics and Moscow State University. In 2002 <mask> joined the faculty of Texas A&M University as a Professor of Mathematics, and he was promoted to the rank of Distinguished Professor in 2008. <mask> <mask> gave an invited address at the 1990 International Congress of Mathematicians in Kyoto an AMS Invited Address at the March 2004 meeting of the American Mathematical Society in Athens, Ohio and a plenary talk at the 2004 Winter Meeting of the Canadian Mathematical Society.<mask> is the Editor-in-Chief of the journal "Groups, Geometry and Dynamics", published by the European Mathematical Society, and is or was a member of the editorial boards of the journals "Mathematical Notes",  "International Journal of Algebra and Computation", "Journal of Modern Dynamics", "Geometriae Dedicata",  "Ukrainian Mathematical Journal", "Algebra and Discrete Mathematics",  "Carpathian Mathematical Publications",   "Bukovinian Mathematical Journal",  and "Matematychni Studii". Mathematical contributions

<mask> is most well known for having constructed the first example of a finitely generated group of intermediate growth which now bears his name and is called the Grigorchuk group (sometimes it is also called the first Grigorchuk group since <mask> constructed several other groups that are also commonly studied). This group has growth that is faster than polynomial but slower than exponential. <mask> constructed this group in a 1980 paper and proved that it has intermediate growth in a 1984 article. This result answered a long-standing open problem posed by John Milnor in 1968 about the existence of finitely generated groups of intermediate growth. <mask>'s group has a number of other remarkable mathematical properties. It is a finitely generated infinite residually finite 2-group (that is, every element of the group has a finite order which is a power of 2).It is also the first example of a finitely generated group that is amenable but not elementary amenable, thus providing an answer to another long-standing problem, posed by Mahlon Day in 1957. Also <mask>'s group is "just infinite": that is, it is infinite but every proper quotient of this group is finite. <mask>'s group is a central object in the study of the so-called branch groups and automata groups. These are finitely generated groups of automorphisms of rooted trees that are given by particularly nice recursive descriptions and that have remarkable self-similar properties. The study of branch, automata and self-similar groups has been particularly active in the 1990s and 2000s and a number of unexpected connections with other areas of mathematics have been discovered there, including dynamical systems, differential geometry, Galois theory, ergodic theory, random walks, fractals, Hecke algebras,  bounded cohomology, functional analysis, and others. In particular, many of these self-similar groups arise as iterated monodromy groups of complex polynomials. Important connections have been discovered between the algebraic structure of self-similar groups and the dynamical properties of the polynomials in question, including encoding their Julia sets.Much of <mask>'s work in the 1990s and 2000s has been on developing the theory of branch, automata and self-similar groups and on exploring these connections. For example, <mask>, with co-authors, obtained a counter-example to the conjecture of Michael Atiyah about L2-betti numbers of closed manifolds. <mask> is also known for his contributions to the general theory of random walks on groups and the theory of amenable groups, particularly for obtaining in 1980 what is commonly known (see for example) as <mask>'s co-growth criterion of amenability for finitely generated groups. Awards and honors

In 1979 <mask> <mask> was awarded the Moscow Mathematical Society. In 1991 he obtained Fulbright Senior Scholarship, Columbia University, New York. In 2003 an international group theory conference in honor of <mask>'s 50th birthday was held in Gaeta, Italy. Special anniversary issues of the "International Journal of Algebra and Computation", the journal "Algebra and Discrete Mathematics" and the book "Infinite Groups: Geometric, Combinatorial and Dynamical Aspects"  were dedicated to <mask>'s 50th birthday.In 2009 <mask> R.I. was awarded the Association of Former Students Distinguished Achievement in Research, Texas A&M University. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. In 2015 <mask> <mask> was awarded the AMS Leroy P. Steele Prize for Seminal Contribution to Research. In addition, in this year he became a laureate of Bogolyubov Prize of Ukrainian Academy of Science. In 2020 <mask> R.I. has been elected as a laureate of the prestigious Humboldt Research Award by Germany’s Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. See also
Geometric group theory
Growth of groups
Iterated monodromy group
Amenable groups
Grigorchuk group

References

External links
Web-page of <mask> <mask> at Texas A&M University
Groups and Dynamics at Texas A&M University

1953 births
Living people
People from Zbarazh Raion
Ukrainian mathematicians
Soviet mathematicians
Algebraists
Group theorists
20th-century mathematicians
21st-century mathematicians
Moscow State University alumni
Texas A&M University faculty
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society

masks:
Rostislav Ivanovich Grigorchuk
Grigorchuk
Grigorchuk
Grigorchuk
Grigorchuk
Grigorchuk
Rostislav
Grigorchuk
Grigorchuk
Rostislav
Grigorchuk
Grigorchuk
Grigorchuk
Grigorchuk
Grigorchuk
Grigorchuk
Grigorchuk
Grigorchuk
Grigorchuk
Grigorchuk
Grigorchuk
Grigorchuk
Rostislav
Grigorchuk
Grigorchuk
Grigorchuk
Grigorchuk
Rostislav
Grigorchuk
Grigorchuk
Rostislav
Grigorchuk