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<mask> (1 June 1883 – 10 June 1955) was the founder of The Old War Horse Memorial Hospital in 1934 in Cairo – renamed The Brooke Hospital for Animals in 1961. Developing from a single operation in Cairo into one of the world’s largest equines welfare organisations, at work in many countries, with headquarters in London, it is known today as Brooke. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> on 1 June 1883 in the Cathedral Close at Salisbury, Wiltshire, England. She was the daughter of Henry Vivian and Emily Dulcibella (Wilmot) Gibson-Craig. Her grandfather was the Rt. Hon. Sir William Gibson-Craig of Riccarton.Her childhood was spent in Scotland, Wiltshire and Hampshire. By family and friends, she was always called Dodo. She was first married in 1905 to Lt.-Col. James Gerald Lamb Searight, The Royal Scots (Lothian Regiment). They were divorced in 1926. In 1926 <mask> married again, to Major-General Geoffrey Francis Heremon <mask>, C.B., D.S.O., M.C. (1884–1966), 16th/5th Lancers. <mask> was a recognised horse expert and author.Among his many titles are Horse-Sense and Horsemanship of Today (1924); Horse Lovers (1927); Horsemanship: The Way of a Man with a Horse (1929); and Good Company (1954). He trained and rode his own steeplechasers, he was a polo-player and show-jumper. He competed as a member of the British equestrian team in the 1924 Summer Olympics, although he had broken his collarbone a few days earlier. <mask> had three children: Rodney Gerald Searight, born 1909; Pamela Searight, born 1915; and John Philip Searight, born 1917. Life in Cairo
In 1930, <mask> was appointed to the command of the British Cavalry Brigade in Egypt. It was at this time that <mask> realised she would have to search for the old war horses, whom “she hated to remember yet could not forget”. She could not be in Egypt and fail to do so.She had been devoted to horses since her childhood. War Horses in Cairo
In 1919, the cavalry, artillery and draught horses that had served in the British Army in the Egypt and Palestine campaigns of World War I had been sold in their many thousands to a life of continuous hard labour and a painful old age. Many had been requisitioned in England and had served in the British Yeomanry. Some had seen active service on the Western Front before being drafted as remounts to the Near East. Strict quarantine restrictions prevented the repatriation of the horses of the Australian and New Zealand Mounted Infantry. During World War I, horses cast from the veterinary hospitals had initially been sold to Egyptian dealers. British residents in Cairo had protested so forcefully that this practice had been stopped.After the Armistice, however, with 22,000 horses, mostly in Palestine and Sinai, requiring transport or disposal, the Remounts Directorate of the War Office ordered the local sale of all animals of 12 years and under that were deemed up to some work. Those over 12 and the unsound were destroyed. The surviving horses had not had an easy war. They had carried often far too much weight – up to . They had experienced rationing, withstood piercing cold, dust clouds and exhaustion. Some may also have suffered both severe and light wounds. They had covered great distances, and some had endured a summer in the heat of the Jordan Valley.By 1930, twelve years later, the war horses, many now of an advanced age, had been lost to view, toiling for the very poorest owners, or at night to avoid the police and Egyptian S.P.C.A., or in the stone quarries. <mask> had heard rumours from British residents who spoke of pitiful, emaciated creatures that they suspected were war horses. Their condition was said to be so bad that people could hardly bear to look at them. She was advised there could be two hundred. Weeks passed before she found the first,  but there were to be more than two hundred. In fact in the years from 1930 to 1934, she bought back 5,000 old army horses and mules. Campaign
There were many challenges and obstacles throughout the early years of <mask>’s efforts.Progress was prolonged, and, as the wife of the senior cavalry officer in Egypt, she had strenuous social duties. Nevertheless, she acquired frail old horses when and where she found them. She raised money from her friends and from her own pocket, got together a Committee, and set in motion the Old War Horse Campaign of Rescue. By April 1931, six months after her arrival in Egypt, she was writing to the Morning Post to appeal for funds. Thousands of readers responded. King George V was one of her many supporters throughout the British Commonwealth. At first, she used the premises of the Egyptian S.P.C.A., but this was to prove unrealistic in the long term, and it was difficult to find light, airy stables in Cairo – and to gain the necessary permission.However, she was persistent in working to raise money. During the first summer leave, she produced an 8-page pamphlet. There were further appeals in the press. Almost all the old war horses were totally unfit to stand a voyage home. They were pathetically grateful for a drink and for somewhere to lie down. “As their ill-shod misshapen hooves felt the deep tibbin [broken barley straw] bed beneath them, there would be another doubting disbelieving halt. Then gradually they would lower their heads and sniff as though they could not believe their own eyes or noses.Memories, long forgotten, would then return when some stepped eagerly forwards towards the mangers piled high with berseem, while others, with creaking joints, lowered themselves slowly on to the bed and lay, necks and legs outstretched. There they remained, flat out, until hand fed by the syces.”

They were given days of rest, and feed, and treated to kindness, and then put out of what was, for so many, their extreme misery. Very few were returned to England. Buying Committee
<mask> had the services of a Buying Committee. It was composed largely of high-ranking British officers, where it is thought she the only woman. The Chairman was General Sir Charlton Spinks, Sirdar of the Egyptian Army and fluent in Arabic. Other members included Major (later Brigadier) Roland Heveningham, R.A.V.C., who was to be first Veterinary Director of the Old War Horse Memorial Hospital, and Brigadier <mask>.The Committee was buying up to 60 or 70 animals every week, and scouts searched throughout Egypt. It was a grim task. Sometimes, one of the male committee members might be too anguished to remain at the table. In the years 1930 to 1934, some 5,000 horses and old army mules were found. They were identified by their conformation and army brands. The price paid represented the cost to the owner of a replacement. On a Friday, ‘Black Friday’, the day after Buying Day – and for nine months of the year, every year for four years – <mask> would select those to be destroyed, quietly and without alarm, by humane killer.<mask> never sought to blame the men and boys who through poverty and lack of knowledge, had failed their animals. The ‘tragic sight’ of the locally bred animals that appeared before the Buying Committee made her realise that a free hospital was needed – to which every poor owner could bring what might be his family’s sole earner, and obtain expert help and advice at the first signs of trouble instead of waiting hopelessly. She had set up a separate fund almost from the start. She called this The Animal Assistance Fund. Criticism
<mask> attracted some criticism. Some of the British who were long familiar with Egypt felt that she was going too far in removing such a number of draught animals from a traditional economy. Others asserted that the Committee was buying frauds.Legacy
At the end of four years, the war horse campaign could be closed. The Old War Horse Memorial Hospital was founded. <mask> gained permission for the Hospital to place a drinking trough at the Pyramids. The Cairo city authorities eventually adopted a policy of sanding the slippery stretches of street. Geoffrey and <mask> moved from Egypt to India, where Geoffrey became Major-General of Cavalry. There <mask>, besides giving her time and energy to the affairs of the Hospital, “threw herself into working to alleviate the suffering she saw all about her”. She managed to return to Cairo for an annual visit.Death
The <mask>s left India at the outbreak of World War II. After a gap – through precarious years for the Hospital – <mask> was able to resume her trips to Egypt in 1946. In 1955, at their house in Heliopolis, on the outskirts of Cairo, she was not well enough to travel back to Wiltshire. She is reported as having remarked to her husband, some weeks beforehand, “If I die – not that I am going to for ever so long – promise me you won’t go to my funeral service. I know it will only distress you and I shan’t be there myself.”

<mask> died on 10 June 1955 and was buried in Cairo. “Looking back on all she had accomplished,” remarks Glenda Spooner, “one can feel certain that she thought little of her own share and a great deal of other people’s, for that was ever her way. She was indeed overwhelmed with gratitude to those who had made the rescue of the horses possible and it was no mean achievement.”

After his stepfather’s death in 1966, Major Philip Searight succeeded <mask> as Chairman.He guided the organisation through a period of expansion. <mask>’s grandchildren and great-grandchildren have maintained a tradition of service to The Brooke. Ann Searight, her granddaughter, served as a Trustee 1979-2011 and in 2014 is Honorary Vice-President. References

Works cited
 <mask>, Good Company, Constable 1954
 Glenda Spooner, edited by, For Love of Horses, Diaries of Mrs <mask>, paperback edition, The Brooke Hospital for Animals
 The Marquess of Anglesey, F.S.A., A History of the British Cavalry, Volume 5: 1914-1919, Egypt, Palestine & Syria, Lee Cooper 1994; Volume 8: The Western Front, 1915-1918, Epilogue 1919-1939, Lee Cooper, 1997
 Maj.-Gen. Sir L.J. Blenkinsop and Lieut.-Col. J.W. Ramsey, History of the Great War based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence: Veterinary Services, H.M. Stationery Office, 1925
 Capt. Cyril Falls, History of the Great War based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence: Military Operations, Egypt & Palestine, Part II, Vol.2, facs. ed. The Imperial War Museum, first published H.M. Stationery Office 1930
 Lieut.-Colonel the Hon. R.M.P. Preston, D.S.O., The Desert Mounted Corps: an account of the cavalry operations in Palestine and Syria 1917-1918, U.S. ed., Houghton Mifflin 1921

Further reading

External links
The Brooke Hospital for Animals

1884 births
Keepers of animal sanctuaries
People from Salisbury
1955 deaths

masks:
Dorothy Brooke
Dorothy Brooke
Dorothy Evelyn Gibson Craig
Brooke
Brooke
Geoffrey Brooke
Brooke
Geoffrey Brooke
Dorothy Brooke
Brooke
Brooke
Brooke
Geoffrey Brooke
Dorothy Brooke
Brooke
Brooke
Dorothy Brooke
Dorothy Brooke
Dorothy
Brooke
Dorothy Brooke
Dorothy Brooke
Geoffrey Brooke
Dorothy Brooke
Geoffrey Brooke
Geoffrey Brooke


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<mask> (1808 – 9 January 1861) was a Scottish merchant pioneer of British trade on the River Niger. Laird's commercial expedition between 1832 and 1834 to navigate the Niger and initiate trade between Europeans and Africans northwards of the coast was considered a failure, majority of the passengers died and the volume of trade realized was minimal. However, his experience provided information about the design of vessels suitable on the Niger and the various settlements in the interior of the Niger Delta. Laird never returned to Africa but instead devoted himself to the development of trade with West Africa and especially to the opening up of the countries then forming the British protectorates of Nigeria. One of his principal reasons for so doing was his belief that this method was the best means of stopping the slave trade and raising the social condition of the Africans. Early life
Laird was born at Greenock, the younger son of Agnes and <mask>, founder of the Birkenhead firm of shipbuilders of that name. His paternal grandfather, John Laird was a merchant and rope maker in Greenock while his maternal grandfather, Gregor Macgregor had commanded a ship that undertook voyages between Greenock and the West Indies.Laird's Brother, <mask> was himself a notable shipbuilder. Laird was educated at Edinburgh University. In 1829, while at the university, he fell ill, caused by typhus infection. He was helped to recovery by Dr Thomas Briggs who later accompanied Laird in the expedition to the Niger. After graduation, Laird joined the family business in Birkenhead where he developed interest in building steamships. Niger voyage
In the early 1830s, Richard Lander, an associate of Hugh Clapperton was provided subsidy to return to Africa and find the course of the Niger. Upon the reception of Richard Lander's report of reaching the mouth of the Niger, enthusiasm for an exploratory team to West Africa grew and the report also rekindled interest in merchants looking for new markets.In 1831, Laird and certain Liverpool merchants formed the African Inland Commercial Company with the objective of the commercial development of the Niger regions, after the lower course of the Niger having been made known that year by Richard Lemon Lander and John Lander. Laird worked on the designs of the ships to be contracted on a voyage to navigate the Niger, though the primary aim was to foster trade with the interior communities, Laird also had a personal objective of implementing Christian and humanitarian ideals. In 1832, the company sent two small ships and a brig to the Niger, the Alburkah, a paddle-wheel steamer of fifty-five tons designed by Laird, the first iron vessel to make an ocean voyage and the Quorra, conveying twenty nine men, made of wood, it measured 112 feet in length, a beam of 16 feet and a draft of eight feet. The original plan of the expedition was to set up a floating vessel, the brig at River Nun, a Niger tributary with history of trade with Europeans, and two paddle vessels to navigate northwards to establish a trading post at Lokoja. Laird was among the forty eight European voyagers in the expedition, which was led by Richard Lander, all but nine of whom died from fever or, in the case of Lander, from wounds. Though two doctors came along, quinine was rarely used to treat fever that became more pronounced as they made their ascent up the river, instead miasma was thought the main contributory reason for an epidemic of fever. Laird went up the Niger to the confluence of the Benue River (then called the Shary or Tchadda), which he was the first white man to ascend.He did not go far up the river but formed an accurate idea as to its source and course. Laird was weakened by fever and had to return to Fernando Po where he was received by Colonel Edward Nicolls, the British Governor at Fernando Po, who later became his father-in-law. He rested in Fernando Po before returning to England. Laird and Surgeon R. A. K. Oldfield were the only surviving officers besides Captain (then Lieutenant) William Allen, who accompanied the expedition on the orders of the Admiralty to survey the river. In 1837, Laird and Oldfield published the Narrative of an Expedition into the Interior of Africa by the River Niger in 1832, 1833, 1834. British and North American Steam Navigation Company
Laird's interests were not, however, wholly African. In 1837 he was one of the promoters of a company formed to run steamships between England and New York, and in 1838 the Sirius, sent out by this company, was the first ship to cross the Atlantic from Europe entirely under steam.Between 1835 and 1841, Laird was involved with the British and American Steam Navigation Company. The firm launched a vessel, the British Queen providing mail service between England and America, but this venture was unprofitable. It then added another vessel, the President which disappeared en route to England from New York. The company did not survive the disappearance of the President and the navigation firm was liquidated in 1841. Despite the unsuccessful expedition, Laird continued to stimulate interest in promoting commercial trade in the hinterland of West Africa, particularly within the settlements closest to the mouth of the Niger. He advised merchants to cultivate trade with coastal middlemen as a primary business objective, and as a secondary objective, to send a steam vessel inland to woo communities in the interior and bypass the coastal middlemen. In 1841, when the British blockade of the coast of West Africa failed to halt the transatlantic slave trade, Laird's believe in legitimate trade as a deterrent to slave trading soon gradually gave way to the idea that cheap labour through unrestricted emigration to the West Indies would cripple the demand for slaves while also increasing production of sugar.In 1838, after the apprenticeship system in West Indies was eliminated ending slavery, Laird advocated voluntary emigration of Africans to West Indies as a way to curtail slavery and also bring Africans in contact to Europeans and their culture, views he voiced to a parliamentary select committee on the West Coast of Africa in 1842 and to the General Anti-Slavery Convention in 1843. A Return to West African Trade: The African Steam Navigation Company
Laird never went back to West Africa, However, upon renewed government interest in the affairs of West Africa after the appointment of John Beecroft as consul in the Oil Rivers and the 1851 annexation of Lagos, Laird submitted a proposal to the government for regular mail communication by steamship between England and West Africa. Laird's proposal found favour with the government and he was given a mail contract including government subsidies. In 1852, he co-founded the African Steam Navigation Company and in 1854, set up, with the support of the British government, a small steamer, the Pleiad, which under W. B. Baikie made so successful a voyage that Laird induced the government to sign contracts for annual trading trips by steamers specially built for navigation of the Niger and Benue. Various stations were founded on the Niger, and though government support was withdrawn after the death of Laird and Baikie, British traders continued to frequent the river, which Laird had opened up to little or no personal advantage. Laird died in London in 1861. References

Explorers of Africa
Scottish explorers
1808 births
1861 deaths

masks:
Macgregor Laird
William Laird
John Laird


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L.K<mask> (born December 7, 1951), also known as <mask>, is an American author, classical liberal, and libertarian activist. He is best known as the editor and contributing author of Facets of Liberty: A Libertarian Primer and In Defense of Chaos: The Chaology of Politics, Economics and Human Action. He coined the phrase "social chaology", which refers to the studies of complex, holistic, and self-organizing nature of society in relationship to the linear, predatory and "planned chaos" predispositions of government. Education
<mask> graduated from Sunny Hills High School in Fullerton, California, attended Fullerton Junior College, and in 1976 earned a bachelor's degree in commercial art with a minor in journalism from California State University, Fullerton. Early life
<mask> was born in Huntington Park, California, and moved two years later to the city of Fullerton in Orange County, California. He became politically active at Sunny Hills High School after listening to a speech by Dana Rohrabacher, who was later elected to U.S. Congress.<mask> co-organized a chapter of Speak-Out with Bob Conaway, and published an underground newspaper after a chapter of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) became active at his high school. He joined Young Americans for Freedom (YAF) in summer of 1969 and later became the Vice Chairman of Orange County YAF, which had 15-20 affiliate chapters on high schools and college campuses. At a journalism convention, <mask> won second place in the "on-the-spot-editorial" competition at the 1971 Beta Phi Gamma National Convention in Los Angeles, California. In 1973, he won a scholarship to attend the "Seminar on China Studies for Sino-American Youth" and spent five weeks in Taiwan and South Korea. Political activities
After interviewing <mask>evre, president of Rampart College in Santa Ana, for a college newspaper, <mask> organized the Jefferson-Libertarian Caucus within YAF in 1973. In the same year he became the editor and publisher of The New Horizon, an underground newspaper at Fullerton College, while writing columns for the campus newspaper The Hornet. <mask> was briefly the editor-in-chief of the official campus newspaper.At University of California, Fullerton in 1973, <mask> became the founder and chairman of Society for Libertarian Life (SLL). The student organization sponsored and co-sponsored speeches by Prof. Tibor Machan, Phillip Abbott <mask>, <mask>, Jr., Prof. George W. Trivoli, George H. Smith, Prof. Joel Spring, Prof. Nathaniel Branden, Prof. John Hospers, John Pugsley, <mask>, Jr., Sy <mask>, Prof., David Bergland, <mask>evre, Jack Matonis, and <mask>. SLL published several news journals, The New Libertarian Horizon and later Libertas Review, produced a dozen position papers and spearheaded a draft-card burning demonstration in 1979, which received national attention. <mask> conducted a series of anti-tax demonstrations at IRS offices for almost a decade. In 1979 Samuels organized the Voluntary Census Committee to oppose the decrease of privacy by the 1980 Census with the "Count Me Out" campaign. Society for Individual Liberty (SIL), the largest libertarian organization in the country at the time, awarded SLL and Samuels the 1975–76 "outstanding local libertarian organization" in the nation. In 1978 SLL sponsored a debate between State Senator John Briggs and libertarian gay-rights activist Reverend Eric Garris on Briggs-sponsored Prop.6. This Californian initiative would have banned homosexuals from teaching in Californian schools. Briggs failed to appear at the debate and was sued by SLL and attorney David Bergland. In 1974 <mask> joined the Peace and Freedom Party and was elected to the PFP Central Committee in Orange County. He represented the 39th Congressional district as a delegate to the PFP 1974 convention in Sacramento, which resulted in a split between libertarian and socialist factions. The libertarian faction was recognized as the legal PFP for almost two years. <mask> worked with feminist-libertarian <mask>'s PFP campaign for California governor in 1974.<mask> was expelled by the socialist faction in 1976 after the entire PFP State Central Committee resigned and joined the Libertarian Party. In the late 1970s, <mask> supported the founding of Rampart Institute. In 1980 Rampart Institute became a 503(c)(3) non-profit educational foundation, and <mask> became its president. <mask>, founder of Rampart College and Harry Hoiles, owner of the Santa Ana Register, were on its board of directors. <mask> was editor of its quarterly journal Rampart Individualist, and he was the managing editor of the bi-monthly New Rampart. <mask> co-managed and later managed The Future of Freedom Conference series for five years (1980–85) in Southern California. The libertarian conference series included Professor Murray Rothbard, <mask>, <mask>, Professor John Hospers, Irwin Schiff, Professor David D. Friedman, Professor Thomas Szasz, Robert Anton Wilson, <mask>, Professor <mask>, Ray Bradbury, Dr. Demento, Assemblyman Dennis Brown, and others.Samuels managed two Freeland Conferences (1983–84) in Long Beach, California examine ways to create communities on floating islands, space settlements and orbiting spaceports free of government coercion. Speakers included Spencer McCallum, Gary Hudson, Poul Anderson, <mask>re, Anthony Hargis, Samuel E<mask> III, Carol Moore and Jeff Hummel, Barry Reid and Terry Savage. In 1992, Samuels sold his typesetting and graphics business and moved to Monterey County. He became involved in real estate and real estate investment and served as Northern Vice Chair of the Libertarian Party of California (2003–2007). An occasional writer for lewrockwell.com and Campaign for Liberty, he is one of the four founders of the Foundation to End Drug Unfairness Policies (FED-UP), an anti-drug war organization that sponsors speeches by Jack Herer, Ed Rosenthal, Judge Jim Gray, Valerie Corral, and <mask> Shaw, and provided support to medical marijuana clinics. Samuels managed the campaign against Measure Q in Monterey County, California, a half-cent sales tax initiative in 2003. The countywide tax was initiated to increase funding for the money-losing Natividad Medical Center, a county-run hospital.Although the proponents for the sales tax increase spent almost 100 times as much as the opponents (approximately $500,000), the measure lost. Natividad Medical Center remained open, despite claims during the campaign that it would close, making record profits of nearly $13 million in the 2009-2010 financial year. Once a columnist for "Libertarian Perspective," <mask> is one of the founders and the vice chair of the Seaside Taxpayers Association. In 2008 he was elected chairman of the Project Area Committee (PAC), a citizens committee to advise the Seaside Redevelopment Agency and the city of Seaside over eminent domain issues. <mask> is the winner of the 2007 Karl Bray Memorial Award, presented by the Samuel Adams Society. <mask> was active in the anti-war movement during the second war in Iraq, organizing peace rallies and speeches, mostly under the non-interventionist organization Libertarians for Peace and the Peace Coalition of Monterey County. Samuels designed the "porcupeace" logo in 2008, which displays a peace symbol inside of a porcupine, created to give libertarians their own peace symbol.His magnum opus book, In Defense of Chaos: the Chaology of Politics, Economics and Human Action, was published in 2013 by Cobden Press. In the book, he writes that war is chaos and that "government in and of itself is the foremost agent for destroying order and imposing chaos." In 2009 <mask> ran for city council for the unestablished Town of Carmel Valley as one of the leaders opposed to turning rural Carmel Valley into a city. Saying he did not want to become a politician, he asked voters: "don't vote for me, don't vote for the city." Samuels finished11th out of the 15 candidates with 4.55% of the vote. The vote for incorporation failed. <mask> organized and hosts (co-host <mask>) a weekly radio show on KRXA 540AM in Sand City called "Left Coast Liberty: The Classical Liberal Hour" on Monday evenings.The show's first broadcast was on May 28, 2012. Bibliography
Samuel's writing been described as "agenda-driven history that will appeal only to those who already share the author’s disdain of contemporary leftism". His works include:
 Facets of Liberty: A Libertarian Primer, Freedom Press and Rampart Institute, 2nd edition, 2009, first published 1985. Dreams Gone to Seed, play written in 2009. In Defense of Chaos: The Chaology of Politics, Economics and Human Action, first published in 2013. Hitler and Mussolini: History’s Dirty Little Secret, written as content for a script to be used in the production of a documentary film. Killing History: The False Left-Right Political Spectrum and the Battle between the 'Free Left' and the 'Statist Left''' (2019)
 Ferret: The Reluctant King (2020)
 We Are Them: The Apocalypse Syndrome (2021)
 FACETAS DE LA LIBERTAD: Un manual libertariano (Spanish Edition of Facets of Liberty'') (2021)

References

External links

 lksamuels.com
 freedom1776.com
 Fedupfreedom.org
 seasidetaxpayers.org

1951 births
Living people
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
Activists from California
American anti-war activists
American male non-fiction writers
American political writers
California Libertarians
Non-interventionism
People from Fullerton, California
People from Huntington Park, California
Writers from California

masks:
. Samuels
Lawrence Samuels
Samuels
Samuels
Samuels
Samuels
Robert LeF
Samuels
Samuels
Samuels
Luce
Kenneth Gregg
Kenneth Grubbs
Leon
Robert LeF
Karl Bray
Samuels
Samuels
Samuels
Elizabeth Keathley
Samuels
Samuels
Samuels
Robert LeFevre
Samuels
Samuels
Robert LeFre
Karl Hess
Timothy Leary
Arthur Laffer
Robert LeFev
. Konkin
Lynnette
Samuels
Samuels
Samuels
Samuels
Samuels
Jonathan Krost


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<mask> (29 October 1941 – 25 September 2017) was an English businessman and the chairman of Newcastle United football club from 1997 until 2007. During his time at Newcastle, both as an active assistant to and later replacement of Sir John Hall as chairman for ten years, <mask> proved an often outspoken and controversial figure, at times alienating the club's support. Life and career
<mask> was born in Gilsland, Northumberland into a working class home, the son of a lorry driver; and with his brother Bruce, he expanded a road haulage business into a number of marine and related businesses. He also engaged in property development through redevelopment of the former ship facilities along the River Tyne. The assets of the company now include Mitford Hall. The <mask> brothers often worked with Sir John Hall, who owned the property development business Cameron Hall Developments, and who had become a key share-holder in Newcastle United. After Hall's vision of building Newcastle into a sporting club along the lines of A.S. Roma or FC Barcelona, he looked to consolidate the operations of Newcastle United.Shepherd Offshore had started to build a holding in Newcastle United, and so <mask> became involved in the football business, alongside Hall's son Douglas Hall. Newcastle United
Initially, <mask> became involved with the consolidation of the Newcastle sporting club to just Newcastle United, selling or reducing Hall's controlling stakes in: Newcastle Falcons rugby team, Newcastle Eagles basketball team; and the then Newcastle Cobras ice hockey team. In 1996, <mask> was tasked by Hall with bringing Alan Shearer to the club, which he did for a-then world record fee. The confidence <mask> showed in completing the deal persuaded Hall, who wanted to retire to Spain, to effectively offload the day-to-day running of the club to <mask> as chairman, and his son Douglas as the active Hall family member on the board. <mask> agreed with his brother Bruce to take the position, while Bruce continued to run Shepherd Offshore. Finances
<mask> owned almost all of his Newcastle shares through Shepherd Offshore. Unlike the Halls, who had been steadily selling off their shares since flotation in 1997, the Shepherds increased their holding.They owned 28.01% of the club, up from about 22% in April 2005. Since 1997, the Shepherds have made £8,351,298 from Newcastle United, £5,489,239 in share dividends and £2,862,059 in salaries. In 2005, <mask>'s annual salary from the club was £552,954. News of the World exposé
In March 1998, <mask> and Douglas Hall were the target of a News of the World exposé, led by the "Fake Sheikh" Mazher Mahmood. The pair, believing Mahmood to be a wealthy Arab prince trying to set up a business deal, were caught mocking the club's own supporters for spending extortionate amounts of money on merchandise, calling female supporters "dogs", and mocking star striker Alan Shearer by calling him the "Mary Poppins of football", all while frequenting a brothel. Amidst heavy media coverage, the Newcastle Independent Supporters Association and the then Minister for Sport, Tony Banks, called for the resignation of the pair. Although reports from sources close to <mask> initially indicated he was contractually unable to resign, he and Hall had both left their posts within two weeks of the scandal breaking.His general approach to running the club, as well as the ongoing fallout from the News of the World story, earned <mask> a number of unflattering nicknames such as "Fatty <mask>", the "Fat Controller" and "Baron Greenback". Only ten months after resigning, <mask> and Hall, the majority shareholders at Newcastle, voted themselves back on to the board. This led to the immediate resignation of the PLC chairman David Cassidy, who had taken the position just six months earlier. <mask> then went on to take over as PLC chairman. Sacking of Bobby Robson
In August 2004, <mask> fired manager Sir Bobby Robson four games into the new season. In the week before the sacking, <mask> was quoted as saying that Robson would not be offered a new deal at the end of the season, and that Robson would be "in the Guinness Book of Records" if he were still the manager at 73 years old. It is unclear if <mask> made his statement after consulting Robson, but Robson admitted that he had an agreement with the club that he would retire at the end of the season.Robson also stressed that there was an agreement that he would not be sacked. <mask> said that sacking Robson was "the hardest thing I have ever done in my life", adding "I didn’t want to be known as the man who shot Bambi." In his 2005 autobiography Sir Bobby Robson provided detailed criticism of <mask>'s chairmanship, claiming that while manager he was denied information regarding the players' contracts and transfer negotiations. He also criticised <mask> and Douglas Hall, the club's deputy chairman, for their focus only on the first team and St James' Park, causing them to neglect less glamorous, although equally important, areas such as the training ground, youth development and talent scouts. The club's training ground has been notorious in the past for its unkempt state and for causing injuries to first team players. Newcastle supporter protest
Following the defeat to Sheffield United on 4 November 2006, more than 2,000 fans protested outside St James' Park, calling for his resignation. Websites such as True Faith and United For Change led a supporter campaign against him.Protests were again held after the club's defeat to Blackburn Rovers on 5 May 2007, after which Glenn Roeder resigned. Michael Owen rumours
In May 2007, shortly after sacking Roeder as manager of the club, <mask> attacked Michael Owen's adviser for revealing a clause in his contract which said that he could be sold for £9 million if the club failed to qualify for Europe. He alleged that they were trying to engineer his sale to one of the four leading clubs in the Premier League, preferably Liverpool or Manchester United. On 11 May 2007, <mask> was filmed joking with friend and Geordie con artist Steve MacNeish through his car window, stating that Owen himself was not the problem and that his advisers were the ones causing upheaval. The video was later published on YouTube. Sale of Newcastle United
In May 2007, <mask> was shocked to learn that billionaire businessman Mike Ashley had purchased the Hall family's 41.6% shareholding for £55m. This followed numerous previous bid negotiations from which nothing had materialised.Under Stock Exchange rules Ashley then had to submit an offer for the remaining shares. Should he go over 50%, <mask> would no longer be in control of the club and Ashley would be able to replace the board. <mask> initially came out fighting, but later agreed to meet with Ashley and the board on 29 May. On 7 June 2007, Mike Ashley had a bid accepted by <mask> to buy his shares and in his role as chairman of the board <mask> also advised the remaining shareholders to sell to Ashley. <mask> had been suffering from poor health over the previous six months, resulting in hospitalisation due to pneumonia and a collapsed lung, he was being treated at the time the Hall family publicly announced the sale of their shares to Ashley. On 24 July 2007, it was announced that <mask> was stepping down with immediate effect, to be replaced by deputy chairman Chris Mort. Reported 2009 bid for Newcastle United
Following Newcastle's relegation and the announcement by Mike Ashley that the club was up for sale, <mask> was instantly linked with a possible buy-out.<mask> had said, "never say never" on the issue of re-buying Newcastle, however on 30 June 2009 it was reported that <mask> had launched a £60million bid to buy the club from Ashley. On 1 November 2010 reports circulated that <mask> was planning on making an offer for the club and returning to Newcastle as owner three years after selling it. This was later denied by the club; however, <mask> would not comment on the matter. Death
<mask> died in his sleep at his home in Jesmond on 25 September 2017. He was 75 years old. References

External links
<mask> Talks To Bobby Moncur – Part I NUFC.com – First broadcast on Century FM, 25 January 2001
Newcastle United – Football Finances – Detail of <mask>'s Newcastle United shareholdings, 30 June 2009
 The Independent, 19 March 1998 – <mask>'s apology to Newcastle women

1941 births
2017 deaths
Newcastle United F.C. directors and chairmen
People from Gilsland
20th-century English businesspeople

masks:
Freddy Shepherd
Shepherd
Freddy Shepherd
Shepherd
Shepherd
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Shepherd
Shepherd
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Shepherd
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<mask> (born 30 November 1994) is an Irish professional golfer. She was ranked 1st in the world on the women's World Amateur Golf Ranking from May 2015 until May 2016 and then from August 2016 until February 2018. Maguire's 135 weeks at the top is the longest in history. She holds many other records including the lowest ever score in the final round of a major by any golfer, male or female, and the joint lowest round in the history of golf's major grand slam tournament rounds, both male and female, with a score of 61. She broke the all-time rookie points record in either the Solheim Cup or the Ryder Cup with a total of 4.5 points (2 points better than anybody else in the 2021 Solheim Cup), which helped Europe to narrowly win the cup 15-13. A native of County Cavan, at the age of 9, she gave up a promising swimming career to concentrate on golf. She is 15 minutes younger than her twin sister, <mask>, who was also a professional golfer she retired in 2019.On 5 February 2022 she made history by becoming the first Irish woman to win an event on the LPGA Tour. She won the LPGA Drive On Championship by three strokes. Amateur career
On 10 September 2005, she won the 10th HSBC British Wee Wonders Championship by 11 shots at the Balgove Course, St Andrews, Scotland, with a finishing round of 61. On 13 November she finished runner-up to her sister Lisa in the Young Masters Golf Junior Series at La Manga in Spain. On 21 May 2008, she won the Lancome Irish Women's Amateur Close Championship at Westport, County Mayo. In January 2011, Maguire won the Portuguese International Ladies Amateur Championship by 15 strokes. Later that same year, Maguire won the Irish Women's Open Strokeplay title.2012
On 22 April, Maguire became the first Irish golfer to win the Irish Girls Open Strokeplay championship, held at Roganstown Golf Club. She beat an international field by eight shots. On 10 June, she was part of the Great Britain & Ireland Curtis Cup team which defeated the USA at Nairn, Scotland by 10.5 points to 9.5 points. On 20 June, Maguire won the Irish Women's Amateur Close Championship at the County Louth Golf Club, for the second time in her career. 2014
Maguire left secondary school at Loreto College, Cavan in Ireland with top scholastic honours and joined Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, U.S.

2015
Maguire commenced the year in spectacular form in NCAA college golf, shooting up to first place in the World Amateur Golf Ranking by mid-May. In the Darius Rucker Intercollegiate held at Hilton Head, South Carolina, on 8 March, she came first with rounds of 73, 65, 69. In the ACC Championship held at Greensboro, North Carolina on 19 April, she won with rounds of 68, 68, 70.In the NCAA South Regional held at the Warren Golf course, South Bend, Indiana on 9 May, she won again with rounds of 72, 68, 72, thus helping Duke win the NCAA South Bend Regional title. On 6 May, she was voted the ACC (Atlantic Coast Conference) Player of the Year and ACC Freshman of the Year. She was also picked for the ACC All-Star team. She also won ACC Golfer of the Month awards for both March and April. On 25 May, she won the 2015 Annika Award for the best golfer of the year in American college women's golf. On 20 May, she was chosen as a member of the South Bend Region All-Star team. On 26 May, Leona was honoured both as the WGCA Player of the Year and Freshman of the Year for 2015 and was also chosen on the 2015 WGCA All-American team.She was also the recipient of the 2014–15 Golfstat Cup presented to the player who has the best scoring average. <mask>'s stroke average of 70.78 was the best in the history of Duke University women's golf. She also tied the Duke record of 24 par rounds or better in a season and tied the Duke record for most wins in a season with three. At the British Ladies Amateur held at Portstewart, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland on 11–13 June, Maguire won the stroke play part of the competition, finishing 6 strokes ahead of the field with rounds of 67, 68. She also helped Ireland to win the international team event. On 25 June, Maguire was named on the 2015 All-ACC Academic Team which recognises academic excellence as well as athletic excellence. In June Maguire won the Golfweek National Player of the Year award and also was selected to Golfweek First Team All-America.On 6 July <mask> was named on the WGCA 2015 All-American Scholar Team. On 27 July, Maguire represented Great Britain & Ireland in the Vagliano Trophy against Europe, held at Malone Golf Club, Belfast, Northern Ireland. Europe won 12 1/2 points to 11 1/2. <mask> was undefeated, contributing 3 1/2 points of the GB & Ireland total. <mask> was invited as a guest amateur to play in the European Ladies Tour's ISPS Handa Ladies European Masters held at Buckinghamshire Golf Club, Denham, England on 2–5 July. Maguire stunned the professionals by finishing second, just one shot off the lead with rounds of 69, 70, 69, 69. As an amateur Maguire could not accept the 2nd place prize money of €50,000.In her last seven stroke play competitions, she finished 1st, 3rd, 1st, 1st, 2nd, 1st and 2nd. On 20 August 2015, Maguire was awarded the Mark H. McCormack Medal given annually to the number one ranked female amateur player in the world. Maguire was invited to play in the fifth and final major of the year, The Evian Championship held at Evians Golf Club, Evian Les Bains, France, on 10–13 September. Maguire finished as leading amateur and became the first woman ever from the Republic of Ireland to make the cut in a major. As an amateur Maguire could not accept her prize money of €18,648, meaning she has forfeited over €68,000 in prize money in 2015. Although still an amateur and having only played a couple of professional tournaments in 2015, Maguire was ranked in the top 300 of the Women's World Golf Rankings. In September Maguire was awarded the European Ladies' Amateur Golf Ranking's gold medal.2016

On 12 June 2016 at Dún Laoghaire Golf Club, Maguire was part of the Great Britain & Ireland team which defeated the USA in an 11½ to 8½ win in the 2016 Curtis Cup. She contributed 4 points to the winning total. On 21 June, Maguire was selected on the All-ACC Academic Team for the second year in a row. In June, Maguire was selected to Golfweek First Team All-America for the second straight season. On 5 Jul,y Maguire was selected for the 2015-16 WGCA All-American Scholars Team which recognises academic excellence as well as athletic excellence, for the second year in a row. On 31 July at the Woburn Golf and Country Club in England, Maguire won the Smyth Salver when she finished as the leading amateur at the Ricoh Women's British Open, one of the major championships. As an amateur, she forfeited her 25th place prize money of $25,500, after rounds of 71, 70, 68, 75.In the last 12 months, she forfeited over $100,000 in prize money as a result of her amateur status, despite playing only a handful of professional tournaments. As a result of the points earned at the British Open, she regained her world number one amateur ranking on 3 August 2016. On 15 August 2016, Maguire was awarded the Mark H. McCormack Medal given annually to the number one ranked female amateur player in the world. This is the second successive season <mask> has won the award. On 20 August Maguire finished 21st overall and was the leading amateur at the Rio Olympics Women's Golf for a two under par total of 282, with scores of 74, 65, 74, 69. On 17 September, <mask> helped Ireland to a third place bronze medal in the 2016 Espirito Santo Trophy held at Mayakoka El Camaleon Golf Club in Mexico. Maguire finished in a tie for 6th place in the individual rankings with rounds of 72, 70, 71, 69 for a 6-under-par total of 282.On 28 September, <mask> was awarded the European Ladies' Amateur Golf Ranking's gold medal for the second successive year. On 2 November, she helped Duke win the East Lake Cup held at East Lake Golf Club in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, beating Washington State in the final. On 28 November, Maguire was chosen as a member of the Global Golf Post All-Star amateur team of 2016. On 3 August, Maguire announced she would turn professional after the Brazil Olympics and would enter the LPGA Tour qualifying school in October. After successfully completing stage II at qualifying school, Maguire withdrew prior to stage III and stated she would return to Duke. 2017

Maguire was selected as ACC Golfer of the Month for April 2017, which is the sixth time she has won the monthly award in her college golf career. On 11 May, Maguire was voted the ACC Women's Golfer of the Year for the second time in her career and was also selected for the All-ACC Women's Golf Team for the third year in a row.Also on 11 May <mask> was selected for the College Sports Information Directors of America Academic All-District III Women's At-Large Team, which recognises the nation's top student-athletes for their combined performances athletically and in the classroom. On 23 May, Maguire was named the USA Women's Golf Coaches Association (WGCA) National Player of the Year for the second time in three years and became just the fifth player in history to win the award multiple times. She was also selected for the WGCA First Team All-Americans. On 24 May, Maguire was awarded the 2016-17 GolfStat Cup which is presented to the player with the best scoring average versus par with at least 20 full rounds played during a season. It was the second time in her career to win the cup. Maguire also finished in first place on the Golfweek/Sagarin women's college end of season rankings. On 8 June Maguire won the Annika Award for the second time, becoming the only person to win it twice.She was also selected on the CoSIDA Academic All-America® Division I Women's At-Large Team, only the second Duke golfer in history to be so. On 17 June, Maguire won the British Ladies Amateur Golf Championship for the first time, beating Ainhoa Olarra of Spain 3 & 2 in the matchplay final held at the  Pyle & Kenfig Golf Club, Waun-y-Mer, Wales. On 25 June, Maguire was named the ACC Women's Golf Scholar-Athlete of the Year and was also named to the All-ACC Academic Team for the third year in a row. On 28 June, Maguire won the Golfweek National Player of the Year award for the second time in her career and was also selected to Golfweek First Team All-America for the third straight season. On 6 July, Maguire represented Great Britain & Ireland in the Vagliano Trophy against Europe, held at Circolo Golf Bogogno, Italy. Europe won 15 points to 9. Maguire contributed 1 point of the GB & Ireland total.On 5 July, <mask> was selected for the Women's Golf Coaches Association (WGCA) All-American Scholars Team for the third year in a row. On 10 July Maguire was awarded the 2017 Edith Cummings Munson Golf Award by the Women's Golf Coaches Association (WGCA). She is only the second golfer in history to win both the Edith Cummings Munson Golf Award and the WGCA Player of the Year in the same season. On 6 August, at the Kingsbarns Golf Links, Scotland, Maguire made the cut and was runner-up for the Smyth Salver awarded to the leading amateur at the Ricoh Women's British Open, one of the major professional championships, after rounds of 69, 71, 70, 75. On 15 August 2017, Maguire was awarded the Mark H. McCormack Medal given annually to the number one ranked female amateur golf player in the world. This is the third successive season Maguire has won the award thus equalling the all-time record holder Lydia Ko. On 12 September, Maguire began the 2017-2018 College Golf season by winning the Jim West Challenge at The Fazio Course at The Club at Carlton Woods, The Woodlands, Texas, USA.Her rounds of 67, 63, 70 for a total of 200 included the lowest round of her career, a 63, which is the second lowest round in the history of Duke University, one  stroke behind Liz Janangelo's 62. <mask>'s 36-hole and 54-hole totals of 130 & 200 also broke the Duke all-time scoring records for two and three rounds. Her 13-under par total of 200 also broke the tournament all-time record. She also helped Duke win the team title at the tournament as well as setting a new school team scoring record of 33-under par total of 819. Duke also set a new Jim West Challenge tournament record for under par (-33) and 54-hole score (819). This is <mask>'s fifth title of the calendar year 2017.player - Jim West Challenge

On 22 October, Maguire qualified to play in the professional Symetra Tour in 2018 by finishing in ninth place at the LPGA Qualifying Tournament (Stage II) with rounds of 70, 69, 70, 72. She finished as the second highest amateur.On 9 November <mask> was selected as ACC Golfer of the Month for November 2017, which is the eight time she has won the monthly award in her college golf career. On 27 November Maguire was named 2017 Global Golf Post Female Amateur of the Year. She was also chosen as a member of the Global Golf Post All-Star amateur team of 2017, the third year in a row that she has been selected. 2018
On 31 January, Maguire broke Lydia Ko's record for the most weeks at the top of the World Amateur rankings, with 131 weeks. On 28 February, Maguire was named as an honorary recipient of the ACC Weaver-James-Corrigan postgraduate scholarship, which is awarded to selected student-athletes who intend to pursue a graduate degree following completion of their undergraduate requirements. On 14 April at the Liz Murphey Collegiate Classic in Athens, Georgia, Maguire broke the all-time ACC record of most even or under par rounds in a college career. Her record of 80 even or under par rounds (she eventually finished her college career with 87 such rounds, the second best in NCAA history) also breaks the Duke record held by Amanda Blumenherst.On 23 April, <mask> claimed her third win of the 2017–18 college season by winning the ACC Championship for the third time in her career, which matches the all-time record of Amanda Blumenherst. She finished with a total of 210 and won on the third hole of a playoff against Duke teammate Jaravee Boonchant. She also helped Duke to win the ACC team title for the second year in a row. Maguire also matched the Duke 18-hole record for the ACC Championship with a five-under 67. It tied Brittany Lang (2004 on par 71) and Maria Garcia-Estrada (2000 on par 72). Her round of 67 also broke the ACC Championship course record at Grandover Resort. On 23 April Maguire was presented with the Duke University

masks:
Leona Maguire
Lisa Maguire
Maguire
Maguire
Maguire
Maguire
Maguire
Maguire
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 Lifetime Achievement Award.On 3 May, <mask> broke the all-time record for most ACC Golfer of the Month awards when she was selected for the ninth time. On 4 May <mask> was voted the Atlantic Coast Conference Women's Golfer of the Year for the third time in her career. She was also chosen for the All-ACC Team for the fourth time in her career. On 8 May Maguire broke the all-time Duke University record of most rounds in the 60s. Her score of 65 at the 2018 NCAA Women's Regional Championship, held at the University Ridge Golf Course, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, was the 31st of her career in college golf, beating Amanda Blumenherst's record of 30. On 10 May, Maguire was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa, America's oldest academic honor society. On 11 May, Maguire was awarded the ACC Plaque for Excellence, Scholarship and Athletics.<mask>'s final 70.97 college career scoring average is the best in NCAA history for any female golfer with at least 100 rounds. On 22 May, <mask> was selected for the USA Women's Golf Coaches Association (WGCA) All-Americans First Team. On 23 May Maguire was selected CoSIDA Academic All-District III for the second straight year. She was recognised for obtaining a 3.943 grade-point average along with a degree in psychology and a certificate in markets and management studies. On 9 June, Maguire was selected to Golfweek First Team All-America for the fourth season in a row. On 13 June, Maguire selected on the CoSIDA Academic All-America® Women's At-Large Team for the second year in a row with a Grade Point Average of 3.94 or A. On 20 June, Maguire was named the ACC Women's Golf Scholar-Athlete of the Year for the second year in a row and was also named to the All-ACC Academic Team for the fourth year in a row.On 4 July, <mask> was selected for the 2017-18 WGCA All-American Scholars Team which recognises academic excellence as well as athletic excellence, for the fourth year in a row, a Duke University record. On 6 July, <mask> was selected on the annual ACC Honor Roll for the fourth year in a row. On 12 July Maguire was awarded the 2018 Edith Cummings Munson Golf Award by the Women's Golf Coaches Association (WGCA) for the second year in a row. Amateurgolf.com selected her as the second best female amateur golfer of the last ten years. Golfweek selected Maguire as the best women's college golfer of the last decade. Professional career

2018
On 5 June 2018, Maguire turned professional. Both herself and her twin sister Lisa Maguire signed to singer Niall Horan's golf management company Modest!Golf and also signed sponsorship deals with Puma, Ping, Allianz and KPMG. She will be based in Scottsdale, Arizona. On 8 June, <mask> made her professional debut on the LPGA Tour at the ShopRite LPGA Classic in Galloway, New Jersey, USA. She finished in 15th place with rounds of 69, 67, 69, including the first eagle of her professional career, and received prize money of $24,891.00. Her ranking on the World Women's Golf Ranking at the start of her professional career before the tournament was 614. As of 11 June, her world ranking is 442, a huge jump of 172 places in a week. On 15 June, <mask> made her debut on the Symetra Tour at the Decatur-Forsyth Classic in Decatur, Illinois, USA.She finished in third place with rounds of 69, 68, 69, including the first hole-in-one of her professional career and received prize money of $6,574. Her first six rounds as a professional have all been in the 60s. As of 18 June, her world ranking is 414, a jump of 28 places from the previous week. On 23 November, Maguire made her professional debut on the Ladies European Tour at the Andalucia Costa Del Sol Open De España Femenino in La Quinta Golf Resort in Spain. She finished in 18th place with rounds of 71, 72, 73, 69 and received prize money of €4,575. On 20 December, Maguire secured her Category 5c status card for the 2019 Ladies European Tour by finishing 5th in the Qualifying Finals Lalla Aicha Tour School at Marrakesh, Morocco, with rounds of 68, 70, 70, 72, 67. 2019

On 1 April, Maguire moved into the top 300 on the world ranking list for the first time as a professional, after finishing fourth in the IOA Championship on the Symetra Tour.She led the tournament after two rounds. On 7 April <mask> won her first professional tournament at the Windsor Golf Classic in Windsor, California. Her total of 204 with rounds of 70, 69, 65 took her into a playoff which she won at the first hole with a birdie. She won prize money of $22,500. On 1 May, Maguire broke the course record at the LET Omega Dubai Moonlight Classic on the Faldo Course at Emirates Golf Club in Dubai. Her round of 64 was the lowest in her professional career. She finished the tournament in the top five.On 6 May <mask> won the U.S. Women's Open  qualifying tournament at Pinnacle Creek Country Club in Arizona, USA with rounds of 66, 68. On 11 May Maguire reached the playoff of the Symetra Tour IOA Invitational at Milton, Georgia. She finished in second place after the playoff. On 17 May, Maguire moved into the top 175 on the world ranking list for the first time as a professional, after winning the Symetra Classic held in Davidson, North Carolina. Her total of 206 with rounds of 70, 69, 67, gave her a five stroke lead and prize money of $26,250. She is ranked number 1 on the Symetra Tour Official Money List and number 1 on scoring averages with 69.789. This was the seventh time she carded a top-five finish in her last eight tournaments.Maguire's new world ranking of 174 means she has jumped 440 places since turning professional. On 6 October, Maguire secured her LPGA Tour card for the 2020 season by finishing seventh on the money list on the Symetra Tour. Her total Symetra Tour career prize money was $120,760. She joins her compatriot Stephanie Meadow, the first time in history Ireland has two professionals on the LPGA Tour. 2020

Maguire was ranked 100 on the LPGA Priority List for the 2020 season. On 23 January, Maguire made her LPGA Tour debut at the Gainbridge LPGA at Boca Rio in Boca Raton, Florida. On 9 February Maguire achieved her first top five finish as an LPGA professional with a fourth place in the ISPS Handa Vic Open at the 13th Beach Golf Links on the Bellarine Peninsula in Victoria, finishing just one shot off the lead.She won $52,000 and moved up 62 places in the world ranking list. On 13 September, Maguire recorded her highest ever placing in a professional golf major with 18th place in the ANA Inspiration at Rancho Mirage, California, U.S. This was also the highest placing in a professional golf major by a professional female golfer from the Republic of Ireland. As well as prize money of $39,726 the result pushed <mask> to number one place on the LPGA Putting Average rankings. Her world ranking is now 168, a rise of 446 places since she turned professional. Maguire ended the year ranked number one on the LPGA Putting Average statistics list with an average of 28.69 putts per round, the first Irish golfer to achieve first place and also the first alumna from Duke University to do so. She finished ahead of second place Inbee Park, the former world number one and seven-time major winner.She also secured her tour card for 2021 as well as finishing in the top 11 on the Tour for Driving Accuracy and Putts per GIR. 2021

On 17 April, Maguire achieved her highest placing in a LPGA Tour event and also the highest ever by any Irish female golfer, with joint second at the Lotte Championship, held in Kapolei, Oahu, Hawaii. She won her biggest-ever career prize money of $125,834 with rounds of 68, 67, 65, 67, including two eagles. Her score of 267 was the lowest tournament total in her professional career and her third round score of 65 was the lowest in her LPGA career. As a result, she broke into the top 100 on the Women's World Golf Rankings for the first time, ranked 93. On 10 June, Maguire equalled the tournament record lowest round score, with a 65 at the LPGA Mediheal Championship held at the Lake Merced Golf Club, Daly City, California, which meant she was the overnight leader. She finished the event in the top-10.She earned prize money of $29,513 and boosted her world ranking to its highest ever position of 88th place. On 20 June, <mask> had the biggest payday of her career at the Meijer LPGA Classic at the Blythefield Country Club, Grand Rapids, Michigan. She finished second to Nelly Korda with rounds of 65, 64, 70, 66, earning $214,000. <mask>'s second round score of 64 was the lowest in her LPGA career. She was the overnight leader after both the first and second rounds. Her 72 hole score of 265 was the lowest tournament total in her professional career and actually beat the existing tournament record until Korda set a new one. This was her fourth top-10 finish of the season.As a result, her world ranking was boosted to its highest ever position of 63rd place. On 27 June, Maguire recorded her highest ever placing in a professional golf major with 15th place in the KPMG Women's PGA Championship, held at the Atlanta Athletic Club, Johns Creek, Georgia. This was also the highest placing in a professional golf major by a professional female golfer from the Republic of Ireland. Her finish earned her prize money of $58,839 and pushed her world golf ranking up to 60th place, her highest ever. On 11 July, Maguire finished in the top 15 of the rain-shortened Marathon Classic at Sylvania, Ohio. Her prize money was $25,099 and her world ranking rose to 59th place. On 25 July, Maguire shot the lowest ever final round score, by any golfer male or female, in the history of the 756 major grand slam tournaments held so far (c. 50,000 individual final rounds) with a 61 in the last round of The Evian Championship.It was also the joint lowest of any round in the history of all golf's major grand slam tournaments, either male or female (c. 200,000 individual rounds). The other two joint record holders are Lee Jeong-eun and Kim Hyo-joo. It was also <mask>'s lowest ever round in her professional golf career. This helped her to finish tied for 6th, her first ever top-10 result in an LPGA major. It was also the highest placing in a professional golf major by a professional female golfer from the Republic of Ireland. Her prize money was $123,703 and her world golf ranking rose to 50th place, her highest ever. On 7 August <mask> participated in her second Olympic Games at the Kasumigaseki Country Club in Japan.She finished 23rd overall for a five under par total of 279, with scores of 71, 67, 70, 71. On 15 August, she achieved her sixth consecutive top 15 place on an LPGA Tour event by finishing 15th in the Trust Golf Women's Scottish Open at Dumbarnie Links, Fife. As a result her world golf ranking rose to 48th place, her highest ever. She also passed the $1 million mark in career earnings. On 22 August, she achieved her seventh consecutive top 15 place at an LPGA Tour event by finishing 13th in the 2021 Women's British Open at Carnoustie Golf Links, Angus, Scotland. None of her last 29 rounds of golf have been over par. As a result, her world golf ranking rose to 43rd place, her highest ever.The following day, she was selected to represent Team Europe at the 2021 Solheim Cup. She is the first ever Irish representative to be selected. On 6 September 2021, Maguire broke the all-time rookie points record in either the Solheim Cup or the Ryder Cup with a total of 4.5 points (2 points better than anybody else in the 2021 Solheim Cup), which helped Europe to narrowly win the cup 15-13. On 11 November, Maguire broke both the tournament and course records at the Pelican Women's Championship in Belleair, Florida, US with a score of 62, the second lowest round of her professional career. She was the overnight leader for the fourth time on the 2021 LPGA Tour. Maguire finished the year as runner-up in the LPGA Rookie of the Year and 19th on the LPGA Money List with earnings of $885,141. She also secured her LPGA Tour card for the 2022 season.On 20 December, <mask> was named as the Irish Golf Writers’ Association Professional Player of the Year, only the second woman to be so honoured in the history of the award. In the end of year final Women's World Golf Rankings, <mask> achieved her highest ever position of 40th place, making her the 5th-best ranked European in those rankings. 2022
Maguire began her 2022 season at the Gainbridge LPGA at Boca Rio in Boca Raton, Florida, where she finished one stroke outside the top 20 places. As a result, she moved to number 37 on the Women's World Golf Ranking, her highest placing ever. On 5 February, <mask> became the first golfer from Ireland to win an LPGA tournament. At the LPGA Drive On Championship held in Fort Myers, Florida, USA, she gained a three-stroke victory over Lexi Thompson with rounds of 66, 65, 67 for an 18-under-par total of 198. She won $225,000, her biggest-ever prize money.As a result, she moved to number 20 on the world rankings, her highest placing ever. Her top-20 spot means she is the second-highest ranked European player in the world. <mask> has jumped 157 places on the rankings in the last 12 months. On 21 February, Maguire moved up to number 18 on the world rankings, her highest placing ever. Professional wins (3)

LPGA Tour (1)

Symetra Tour wins (2)

Results in LPGA majors
Results not in chronological order before 2019 or in 2020. LA = Low amateur

CUT = missed the half-way cut
NT = no tournament
"T" = tied

Summary

Most consecutive cuts made – 6 (2020 ANA – 2021 British, current)
Longest streak of top-10s – 1 (2021 Evian)

Team appearances
Amateur
Junior Ryder Cup (representing Europe): 2008
Junior Solheim Cup (representing Europe): 2009, 2011
Vagliano Trophy (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 2009, 2011, 2015, 2017
Curtis Cup (representing Great Britain & Ireland): 2010, 2012 (winners), 2016 (winners)
Espirito Santo Trophy (representing Ireland): 2010, 2012, 2016
European Ladies' Team Championship (representing Ireland ): 2011, 2013

Professional
Solheim Cup (representing Europe): 2021 (winners)

Solheim Cup record

References

External links

Irish female golfers
LPGA Tour golfers
Ladies European Tour golfers
Winners of ladies' major amateur golf championships
Olympic golfers of Ireland
Golfers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Golfers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Solheim Cup competitors for Europe
Duke Blue Devils women's golfers
Sportspeople from County Cavan
Twin sportspeople
Twin people from Ireland
1994 births
Living

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<mask> (January 1, 1927 – March 11, 1965) was an American Unitarian Universalist minister, pastor, and activist during the civil rights movement in Washington, D.C. and Boston, Massachusetts. While participating in the Selma to Montgomery marches actions in Selma, Alabama, in 1965, he was murdered by white segregationists, dying of head injuries in the hospital two days after being severely beaten. Three men were tried for <mask>'s murder but were acquitted by an all-white jury. His murder remains officially unsolved. Life and career
<mask> was born on January 1, 1927, in Wichita, Kansas, to Mae (Fox) and <mask>. He was raised in Kansas and Casper, Wyoming. He attended Natrona County High School and graduated in 1945, after which he joined the Army despite the fact that his commitment to the ministry made him exempt from service.After basic training, he was sent to Anchorage, Alaska, as a clerk typist for the headquarters of Special Troops. He was honorably discharged eighteen months later in December 1946 as Technical Sergeant, Third Class. After his time in the Army, <mask> continued his schooling. Initially, he attended classes in his home town at Casper Junior College, before moving on to St. Olaf College, in 1947, where he received his A.B. cum laude in 1950. He then entered Princeton Theological Seminary in Princeton, New Jersey, where he earned his B.D. in 1953.Three days later, <mask> was ordained a Presbyterian minister at the First Presbyterian Church of Casper. After this he accepted a position at the Philadelphia General Hospital as Chaplain to Hospitals for the Philadelphia Presbyter. To become a more effective counselor, he went back to school, enrolling at Conwell School of Theology, where he earned an S.T.M. in Pastoral Counseling in 1955. As a scholar of theology, <mask> grew away from traditionalist Presbyterian teachings and was drawn to the Unitarian Universalist church. In March 1957, he resigned his Presbyterian Chaplaincy and contacted the American Unitarian Association about transferring his fellowship from Presbyterian to Unitarian. <mask> appreciated the church's emphasis on social action, and he became active in the civil rights movement during the 1960s.Beginning in his new ministry, <mask> encouraged parishioners to participate in the movement as well. With his wife and four children, he lived in poor black neighborhoods where he felt he could do the most good. He took a job that would allow him to work closely with Philadelphia's poor community as a youth director for the West Branch Y.M.C.A. between 1957 and 1959. While at the Y.M.C.A. he abolished the racial quota system and started an integrated busing program to transport youth to and from the location. When he was granted preliminary fellowship by the Unitarians, he accepted an offer to be assistant minister of All Souls Church in Washington D.C. After three years of active service at All Souls Church, <mask> was fully ordained as a Unitarian Universalist minister in 1962.In 1964, he began as community relations director for the American Friends Service Committee's Boston Metropolitan Housing Program, focusing on desegregation. At the AFSC, <mask> and his staff advocated for the poor and pressed the city to enforce its housing code, protecting the rights of tenants of all races and backgrounds, particularly poor African and Hispanic Americans. The <mask>s were one of the few white families living in Roxbury. <mask>'s daughter Anne recollected that her father "was adamant that you could not make a difference for African-Americans while living comfortable in a white community." <mask> married Marie Deason on August 20, 1950; they had four children. Murder

As a member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), <mask> went to Selma to join the Selma to Montgomery marches, a series of protests for African-American voting rights that followed the murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson in Marion, Ala., by a law enforcement officer. <mask> was prompted by the Bloody Sunday attack by state troopers and sheriff's deputies on nonviolent demonstrators on March 7, 1965.After eating dinner at an integrated restaurant on March 9, <mask> and two other Unitarian ministers, Rev. Clark Olsen and Rev. Orloff Miller  were attacked by white men with clubs for their support of African-American rights. The black hospital in Selma did not have the facilities to treat him,. Two hours elapsed, and his condition deteriorated, before <mask> arrived at a Birmingham hospital — treatment was not available for him in much closer Montgomery — where doctors performed brain surgery. While <mask> was on his way to the hospital in Birmingham, civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. addressed a press conference lamenting the "cowardly" attack and asking all to pray for his protection. <mask> went into a coma and died two days later from his injuries.Little notice had been taken by the national press of the killing of Jimmie Lee Jackson. But <mask>'s death resulted in a national outcry against the activities of white racists in the Deep South. Tens of thousands held vigils in his honor. President Lyndon B. Johnson called <mask>'s widow and father to express his condolences, and on March 15 invoked <mask>'s memory when he delivered a draft of the Voting Rights Act to Congress. The same day, King eulogized <mask> at a ceremony at Brown's Chapel in Selma: "<mask> symbolizes the forces of good will in our nation. He demonstrated the conscience of the nation. He was  an attorney for the defense of the innocent in the court of world opinion.He was a witness to the truth that men of different races and classes might live, eat, and work together as brothers." And, King said, "<mask> says something to each of us, black and white alike—says that we must substitute courage for caution, says to us that we must be concerned not merely about who murdered him but about the system, the way of life." White supremacists in Alabama, however, reacted differently and tried to gaslight public understanding of how <mask> died. Selma Sheriff Jim Clark falsely stated in an open letter he wrote and distributed that <mask>, whom he identified as the "so-called minister," died after being "thrown out of one beer joint (then) coming out of another when he and his companions had a fight or were beaten by some men." Selma business leaders circulated printed material that falsely claimed <mask> had suffered only a minor injury in Selma and was subsequently killed by civil rights workers who crushed his skull out on a dark road. The Voting Rights Act was passed on August 6, 1965. In April 1965, four men - Elmer Cook, William Stanley Hoggle, Namon O'Neal Hoggle, and R.B.Kelley - were indicted in Dallas County, Alabama, for <mask>'s murder; three were acquitted after less than 90 minutes of deliberation by an all-white jury that December. The fourth man fled to Mississippi and was not returned by the state authorities for trial. In July 2007, The Boston Globe reported that the FBI's Cold Case Initiative had reopened the investigation into the 46-year-old case. The renewed investigation was also reported by The Anniston Star and The Clarion-Ledger of Jackson, Mississippi. However, in 2011 the case was closed again, and no charges were pursued. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, the decision to close the case was made upon discovery that three of the four men believed to be responsible for the killing were deceased and that Namon Hoggle, the only surviving individual, was tried and acquitted of the crime in state court, barring him from further prosecution. Namon Hoggle died five years later on August 31, 2016, at age 81.National Public Radio investigation
Investigative journalists from NPR, Andrew Beck Grace and Chip Brantley, conducted a multi-year investigation and published their findings in a podcast, White Lies, in May and June 2019. During their investigation Grace and Brantley found an eyewitness, Frances Bowden, and a fourth man, William Portwood, who was involved in the crime. Portwood had not previously been identified. Grace and Brantley interviewed William Portwood in 2017. At that time, Portwood had suffered from strokes and was experiencing memory lapses. However, he was able to remember having been there. "All I did was kick one of them" Portwood said.Frances Bowden is the proprietor of Selma Bail Bonds, which was located adjacent to the crime scene. After the death of Namon (Duck) Hoggle, and learning that William Portwood had admitted to being involved, Bowden gave an account of what she saw that night from the window of her business. In summary, she stated that Elmer Cook, William Stanley Hoggle, Duck Hoggle, and William Portwood assaulted Reverends <mask>, Olsen, and Miller. It was Elmer Cook who swung the club and struck <mask>. William Portwood died shortly after his last interview with NPR on September 30, 2017. Media portrayals
<mask> is portrayed by Jeremy Strong in the film Selma (2014). See also

Viola Liuzzo
List of unsolved murders

References

External links
 Martin Luther King Jr.’s "Eulogy for <mask>", Unitarian Universalist World
 "Interview with two <mask> children, who talk about their father's effect on the Civil Rights Movement", HMB Review, 12 November 2008

 "<mask>", Harvard Square Library
 <mask>, <mask> (1927-1965)" Martin Luther King Jr.: and the Global Freedom Struggle."The Rev. Clark Olsen's memories of the murder of <mask> in Selma in 1965." Unitarian Universalist World
 "<mask>" The King Center
 "Clark Olsen still weeps over killing of fellow minister" March 11, 2011, in Unpunished killings, by Jerry Mitchell
 "<mask>" Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. Ferris State University
 "Dr. King Leads March at Selma; State Police End It Peaceably"  The New York Times on the web
 "Who was <mask>eb?" James Reeb Unitarian Universalist Congregation
 Touched by their family history, Rev. <mask>'s granddaughters <mask> and Corrie Lubenow have traveled to Selma to better understand his convictions and his sacrifice" Made in Wyoming: Our Legacy of Success. 1927 births
1965 deaths
1965 murders in the United States
20th-century Christian clergy
20th-century American clergy
Activists for African-American civil rights
United States Army personnel of World War II
American Unitarian clergy
American Unitarian Universalists
Assassinated American civil rights activists
Clergy from Boston
Deaths by beating in the United States
Lynching deaths in Alabama
People from Wichita, Kansas
People murdered in Alabama
Princeton Theological Seminary alumni
Selma to Montgomery marches
St. Olaf College alumni
Unitarian Universalist clergy
Unsolved murders in the United States
United States Army soldiers

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James Joseph Reeb
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<mask>ia, was Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg from 1298 until his death. By the Golden Bull of 1356 he was acknowledged as Elector of Saxony and Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire. Life
<mask> was the eldest son of the Saxon duke Albert II (c. 1250 – 1298), who initially ruled jointly with his brother John I but gradually concentrated on the Ascanian Saxe-Wittenberg territory. <mask>'s father consolidated his position by marrying the Habsburg princess Agnes (1257–1322), a daughter of King <mask> of Germany, whom he had elected King of the Romans in 1273. Upon the death of Margrave Henry III of Meissen in 1288, Duke Albert II applied at his father-in-law King <mask> for the enfeoffment of his son and heir with the Saxon County palatine on the Unstrut river, which ensued a long lasting dispute with the eager clan of the Wettin dynasty. Albert's attempts to secure the succession in the lands of the extinct Saxon counts of Brehna were more successful: when their fiefs were reverted to the Empire in 1290, the king enfeoffed Albert's son <mask> . After <mask> of Habsburg had died, Duke Albert II on 27 April 1292 wielded the Saxon electoral vote, electing Adolf of Nassau.In 1295 he could again enlarge his Saxon territories, when he acquired the County of Gommern. In 1296 the Ascanian lands were finally divided into the duchies of Saxe-Wittenberg and Saxe-Lauenburg. Upon King Adolf's deposition and death in 1298, Albert II again exercised the Saxon electoral dignity by voting for his brother-in-law Albert I of Habsburg. Accession
Still a minor when his father died on 25 August 1298, <mask> succeeded as Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg under the tutelage of his mother Agnes of Habsburg acting as guardian and regent. She gradually introduced him to the business of government at the court of her brother, King Albert I, in preparation for his role as ruling duke. <mask>'s first official act as holder of the electoral dignity of the Imperial Archmarshal (Archimarescallus) was the consent to King Albert's request to enfeoff the duchies of Austria and Styria to Albert's sons <mask>, Frederick the Fair and Leopold. When in February 1300, King Albert I tried to grant his eldest son <mask> sole possession of Austria, the ecclesiastical prince-electors refused and a military conflict erupted.Young <mask> of Saxe-Wittenberg, however, was not involved in this conflict; he remained under the care of his mother until 1302. In 1302, <mask> finally assumed the rule over Saxe-Wittenberg himself. Initially, he was anxious to further strengthen the country's sovereignty. To achieve this, he first of all had to make his Saxe-Lauenburg relatives, John II, Eric I, and Albert III agree that he, and not his eldest cousin John II, had inherited his father's rank as Saxon elector. Of great importance was <mask>'s vote in the Imperial election of 1308, upon the assassination of his uncle Albert I of Habsburg. After some time of back and forth negotiations, Count Henry of Luxembourg was elected on 27 November 1308. Duke <mask> voted for Henry and also assisted him by providing money and troops, earning him the goodwill of the newly elected emperor.Double election of 1314
Nevertheless, Henry of Luxembourg died on 23 August 1313 and the next election of the King of the Romans was held on 19 October 1314 in Sachsenhausen near Frankfurt. For the first time, two candidates in the election claimed to have won it, the Wittelsbach duke Louis the Bavarian and <mask>'s Habsburg cousin Frederick the Fair. Louis had received five of the seven votes, to wit that of Duke John II of Saxe-Lauenburg, rivallingly claiming the Saxon electoral dignity, Archbishop Baldwin of Trier, the legitimate King John of Bohemia, Archbishop Peter of Mainz, and the Ascanian margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg. <mask>'s preferred candidate, the anti-king Frederick the Fair, received in the same election four of the seven votes, one each from the deposed King Henry of Bohemia, thereby illegitimately assuming electoral power, Archbishop Henry II of Cologne, Louis's brother Count Palatine <mask> of Bavaria, and <mask> himself, also claiming the Saxon electoral power. The two kings met in the Battle of Mühldorf on 28 September 1322; Louis of Bavaria emerged victoriously as the German king, he was eventually crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1328. As a supporter of the Habsburg side, <mask> had to face the consequences: when in 1320, the Ascanian rulers of Brandenburg became extinct with the death of Margrave Henry the Younger, <mask>, who had administered Brandenburg as regent since 1319, claimed the margraviate as an Ascanian fief. King Louis, however, held that he could not grant the fief to an elector who had voted against him, and gave it to his own son, Louis V, to strengthen his dynasty's position.With the Margraviate of Brandenburg, Louis V also received the electoral vote and the post of an Imperial arch-chamberlain. Imperial politics

After these and other sanctions by the Wittelsbach emperor, Duke <mask> decided to subordinate himself and his brother Wenceslas to Louis for tactical reasons and attempted to prove himself as a true support. From then on, he acted as mediator in the ongoing disputes between various princes, which allowed him to build up useful connections. For example, he organised a meeting between six of the prince-electors promulgating the constitutional Declaration of Rhense in 1338. <mask>, on the other hand, had a friendly relationship with Pope Benedict XII, who had declared the emperor excommunicated. Thereafter, Louis finally changed his opinion of <mask> and leased parts of the March of Lusatia, including the cities of Brietz, Fürstenwalde and Beeskow to him for a 12-year period. Under his mother's influence, he began the expulsion of Jews from Wittenberg, which continued until the middle of the 14th century.<mask> also outlawed the Slavic languages originally spoken in his territory. He founded the All Saints' Monastery in Wittenberg, from which the later All Saints' Church evolved. Around 1340, he built Wittenberg Castle as a suitable residence for himself and his descendants. In the 16th century, his Wettin successor Frederick III constructed a Renaissance castle on the foundations of <mask>'s castle. To cover the increasing cost of his Imperial policies, he began to sell rights, such as market rights, coinage rights, low justice, customs and escort rights. These rights were the roots of the first communal structures in the Wittenberg area. In 1306, he organised defensive and offensive alliances with several cities; the cities expanded these alliances in subsequent years.Charles IV
During his mediations, <mask> also built up a close relationship with the Bohemian court in Prague, which became apparent with the election of King John's son and heir, the Luxembourg prince Charles IV (1316-1378) as King of the Romans on 11 July 1346. Charles was crowned in Bonn on 26 November 1346, and Duke <mask> was the only elector who was present at this solemn ceremony. His close ties to Charles IV were rewarded when he received the Altmark territory in 1347, whereby the Elbe river became the boundary between Saxony and Brandenburg. In addition, he received the Imperial Forestry at Frankfurt an der Oder in 1348, as compensation for his expenses as elector. Under his direction, the Mecklenburg lords John I and Albert II became Dukes and Imperial Princes. However, his relation with Charles deteriorated when in 1350 Charles confirmed the Wittelsbach margrave Louis V as Elector of Brandenburg and Margrave of Lusatia. This confirmation aroused <mask>'s indignation and he temporarily withdrew from the Prague court.Both reconciled after Charles IV gave <mask> the Walchenhof Court in the Malá Strana district of Prague. <mask>'s greatest success came on 4 October 1355 when the emperor drafted the Golden Bull, the bulla aurea Saxonica, defining the future law of the Empire. This bull stipulated primogeniture for all electorates: they were declared indivisible; the eldest son inherits the entire principality, or, if an elector has no sons, an elector's younger brother inherits. A prince-elector could cast his vote from the age of 18 and rule the electorate from the age of 21. The Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg was confirmed as the Elector of Saxony. In return, the Saxe-Lauenburg branch of the House of Ascania finally lost all claims to the electoral vote and to the associated dignity of Imperial Archmarshal as well as the right to carry a sword in the imperial diet. <mask> died on 12 March 1356 in Wittenberg and was succeeded by his eldest surviving son Duke <mask> (c. 1307 – 1370).He was initially buried in the Wittenberg Franciscan Church; in 1883, his mortal remains were transferred to the All Saints' Church. The Saxe-Wittenberg branch of the Ascanian dynasty became extinct with the death of <mask>'s grandson Duke Albert III in 1412, whereafter the Wittenberg estates and the Saxon electoral dignity passed to the Wettin margraves of Meissen. Marriage and issue

<mask> I married three times:

In 1298 he married Margravine Jutta (Brigitte) of Brandenburg (died: 9 May 1328 in Wittenberg), a daughter of Margrave Otto V of Brandenburg. They had one son:
 Miesko ( – 1350), married Eudoxia

He married Agnes of Lindow-Ruppin in 1333 (18 December 1314 – 9 May 1343 in Wittenberg), the daughter of Count Ulrich of Lindow-Ruppin and the widow of Lord Henry II of Mecklenburg (d. 1329). They had the following children:
 William (died young)
 Wenceslaus I ( – 1388 in Celle), married on 23 January 1367 with Cecilia of Carrara ( – between 1430 and 1434), the daughter of Francesco I da Carrara of Padua
 Helena (died 2 April 1367), married in 1353 with John I of Hardeck, Burgrave of Magdeburg

References
 Jirí Louda and Michael Mac Lagan: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe, Little, Brown and Company, London, 1999
 Johann Franzl: <mask> I., der erste Habsburger auf dem deutschen Thron
 Helmut Assing: Die frühen Brandenburger und ihre Frauen
 Meyner, Geschichte der Stadt Wittenberg, Hermann Neubürger, Dessau, 1845
 Ernst Zitzlaff: Die Begräbnisstätten Wittenbergs und ihre Denkmäler, P.Wunschmann Verlag, Wittenberg, 1896
 Samuel Schalscheleth: Historisch-geographische Beschreibung Wittenbergs und seiner Universität, Frankfurt and Leipzig, 1795
 Richard Erfurth: Geschichte der Stadt Wittenberg, Fr. Wattrodt Verlag, Wittenberg, 1910
 Heinrich Kühne: Die Askanier, Drei Kastanien Verlag, Wittenberg, 1999,
 Georg Hirschfeld: Geschichte der Sächsisch-Askanischen Kurfürsten, Julius Sittenfeld, Berlin, 1884
 Gottfried Wenz: Das Franziskanermönchskloster in Wittenberg, in: Fritz Bünger and Gottfried Wentz: Die Bistümer der Kirchenprovinz Magdeburg, vol. 3: Das Bistum Brandenburg, part 2, Walter de Gruyter & Co, Berlin, 1963, reprinted: 1941, p. 372 ff
 Lorenz Friedrich Beck: Herrschaft u. Territorium der Herzöge von Sachsen-Wittenberg (1212–1422), Verlag für Berlin-Brandenburg, Potsdam, 2000,

External links

 genealogie-mittelalter.de

Prince-electors of Saxony
Dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg
1280s births
Year of birth uncertain
1356 deaths
13th-century German nobility
14th-century German nobility

masks:
Rudolf Ican
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Rudolf I
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Rudolf III
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Rudolf I
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Rudolf
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Rudolf I
Rudolf II
Rudolf
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