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<mask><mask> (; born June 2, 1951) is an American producer of the Batman films and was the first instructor to teach an accredited course on comic book folklore at any university. Early life
<mask> was born in Bayonne, New Jersey and was an avid comic book collector from a very young age, owning a collection that included the second issue of Batman and the first Superman comic, among others. He grew up in Ocean Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey and graduated from Ocean Township High School in 1969, by which time his collection filled the garage of his home with 30,000 comic books. A fan of the darkness inherent in the Batman comics, he was dismayed by the campy portrayal of the character in the '60s television series, which was at the height of its popularity during Uslan's teen years. While still an undergraduate and a graduate at the same time at Indiana University School of Law – Bloomington, attempting to break into the film industry by sending off over 300 résumés, Uslan "developed a course idea for the Experimental Curriculum program at IU". Career

Teaching
Uslan recalls that Roger Stern "has been teaching a one-hour credit experimental course on comic book history and art," while he (<mask>) was "having fun with an I.U. Free University course on 'The Comic Book Hero'."Stern and <mask> discovered they shared interests, and when Stern "couldn't stand teaching the course any longer," <mask> took it over and changed it into one that took "an academic approach to the comics, divided into its history, folklore, art, sociology, psychology, and literary/educational value. Looking at their stages of relevancy and fantasy, the many aspects of censorship, their effects on other media, penciling and inking styles, their psychological implications, current and future trends, and the role of comics in school systems."}} <mask> intended that his course on comics gives students the full three hours of college credit, on a par with "history, physics, or chemistry." In order to be eligible to teach the course as an undergraduate, <mask> found a sponsor in Henry Glassie, a professor in the Department of Folklore, who saw superheroes as the logical descendant to Norse, Egyptian and Greek mythology. The Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences challenged the nature of <mask>'s course, but gave his approval. <mask>'s course, by then-titled "The Comic Book in Society," thus became "the first accredited course on the serious study of comic books." <mask> won fame for his comic book class by anonymously calling a local newspaper reporter and complaining about the course.TV crews filmed the first five meetings of the course, by then called "The Comic Book in America," including John Chancellor's NBC News. Intending to invite different speakers each semester, <mask> found that Denny O'Neil was voted for by the class so often that he became the regular invitee (<mask> notes that Bob Rozakis was among those passed over in favor of O'Neil). Press coverage led to <mask> being invited to lecture at a number of colleges and high schools, as well as participate in talk shows on radio and TV (his first television appearance was alongside writers <mask> and Gerry Conway). It also led to phone calls from Stan Lee, and eventually to a job offer from DC Comics. <mask> wrote a textbook dealing with his course, The Comic Book in America (Indiana University, 1971). Producer

Batman films

Uslan is best known as an executive producer with Benjamin Melniker of all of the modern Batman films to date, starting with Tim Burton's 1989 film, and continuing to Joker and also including various direct-to-video feature-length films, including those based on Batman: The Animated Series and The Batman. Other work
As a film and TV producer, in addition to their many DC Comics film credits (in addition to all the Batman films and the two Swamp Thing films, <mask> and Melniker were executive producers on the Swamp Thing TV series, 2004's Catwoman and 2008's The Spirit film, among others), <mask> has "produced a surprisingly diverse list of film and television."These include Three Sovereigns for Sarah (1985), starring Vanessa Redgrave, part of the American Playhouse series on PBS dealing with the Salem Witch Trials and the children's geography-teaching TV show Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego?. <mask> created and co-produced the 1980s cartoon Dinosaucers and wrote a few episodes on the series. <mask> and Melniker were also associate producers on Disney's National Treasure. He was hired to advise Genius Brands on the use of Stan Lee Universe IP in July 2020. Writer
<mask> attempted his first comics writing in 1975 at DC Comics' version of The Shadow and publishing competitor Charlton Comics' Charlton Bullseye. He also wrote a comic-book adaptation of Beowulf for DC Comics in 1975. He wrote some Batman comics before moving on to motion pictures.He initiated  Stan Lee's Just Imagine... and contributed short stories with renowned artists like John Severin, Gene Colan and Richard Corben to it. He wrote some The Spirit comics, before producing the feature film. With only some brief (foreword) writing and editing stints in between, <mask> scripted the 2009 six-part story, Archie Marries Veronica. 2011 saw the publication of his autobiography, The Boy Who Loved Batman. <mask> then wrote the foreword to the 2012 Wiley & Sons book Batman and Psychology: A Dark and Stormy Knight, by Dr. Travis Langley. In 2021, it was announced that The Boy Who Loved Batman would be adapted into a Broadway play titled Darknights and Daydreams. Charity and other work
In 2005, <mask> donated his 30,000 comic book collection to Indiana University's Lilly Library (rare books and manuscripts library), a collection which (according to his wife Nancy) "filled three rooms of their house."<mask> was the honorary speaker at the 2006 Indiana University commencement ceremonies, held on May 6, 2006. <mask> was the honorary speaker at the 2012 Westfield State University commencement ceremonies, held on May 19, 2012. Awards
With his co-executive producers, <mask> won a 1995 Daytime Emmy for Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego?, and he was also awarded an Independent Spirit Award at the 2005 Garden State Film Festival. In 2009 he was awarded the West Point Cadet Choice Award for the character Bruce Wayne in The Dark Knight. In 2011, he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award by the Peace River Film Festival. On October 10, 2012 he received an Honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts from Monmouth University in West Long Branch, New Jersey. That same year he was awarded the Inkpot Award.Personal life
<mask> has been a resident of Cedar Grove, New Jersey. He is married to <mask>. References

External links

An Interview With <mask>, BATMAN-ON-FILM.COM

superherohype.com
biography.jrank.org
The Boy Who Saved Batman

1951 births
American comics writers
Comics scholars
Indiana University Maurer School of Law alumni
Inkpot Award winners
Living people
Ocean Township High School alumni
People from Cedar Grove, New Jersey
People from Ocean Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey
Science fiction fans
Writers from Bayonne, New Jersey

masks:
Michael E
. Uslan
Uslan
Uslan
Uslan
Uslan
Uslan
Uslan
Uslan
Uslan
Uslan
Uslan
Uslan
Uslan
Steve Englehart
Uslan
Uslan
Uslan
Uslan
Uslan
Uslan
Uslan
Uslan
Uslan
Uslan
Uslan
Uslan
Uslan
Nancy Uslan
Michael Uslan


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<mask> (3 July 1902 in Oberurbach – 30 May 1966 in Stuttgart) was a German politician, political party official (KPD) and, after 1945, an opponent of German re-armament. Life

Early years
<mask> was born in a small town some 35 km (18 miles) to the east of Stuttgart early on in the twentieth century. His father was a factory worker. An early ambition to become a teacher was thwarted by the outbreak of war when he was twelve. After leaving school in 1916 he started an apprenticeship for work in the leather and tannery industry. In 1918 he joined the German Leather workers' Trades Union and the Spartacus League which shortly thereafter became the German Communist Party (KPD) In 1919 he joined the Young Communists and became a founding member of the regional Communist Party group in Württemberg and chairman of the KPD in his home town, Oberurbach. He joined the Regional leadership of the Württemberg Young Communists in 1920.He toi pursue an active political career in the German communist party, which included an extended period in Moscow during 1927/28 attending the International Lenin School. Exile
In January 1933 the NSDAP (Nazi party) took power and lost no time in embarking on the creation of a one party state in Germany. <mask> was arrested in February 1933 and remained in "protective custody" till the start of July 1934 when he emigrated initially to Switzerland, subsequently also spending more time in Moscow. In 1935 he participated, using the pseudonym "Claus Degeb" in the party's Brussels conference and then in 1935/36 worked from his base in Zurich with the illegal Communist Party across the German border in Württemberg. During the second part of the 1930s he continued to work for the German Communist Party, based for some of the period in Belgium. In 1937 <mask> and Herbert Wehner were jointly commissioned by the Comintern leadership to compose a diatribe entitled "Trotskyism and Fascism". Leon Trotsky had at one time been seen by many as a likely successor of Lenin and was, by the 1930s, exiled from the Soviet Union and being systematically excoriated by the Soviet leadership and its supporters internationally.Like many exiled German communists, by the time war broke out in 1939 he was based in France, and during 1939/1940 he was interned at Gurs. On his release he settled down to a life as a small farmer in the south of France using, appropriately, the pseudonym  "Jean Bauer". During the early 1940s he worked illegally with both the French Resistance and the Soviet sponsored National Committee for a Free Germany. Peace breaks out
After the war ended <mask> returned, in October 1945, to his home region in what remained of Germany. The northern part of Württemberg, including Stuttgart was now in the US occupation zone and formed a part of Württemberg-Baden, a state formed by the occupation forces to accommodate the division of south western German between the US military and the French military. <mask> set about rebuilding the Communist Party in Stuttgart and the surrounding region. In 1946 he became a member of the provisional regional parliament for Württemberg-Baden and then for its successor assembly, established by the US Military administration.At this point he represented the newly formed SED (party) which had been set up in the Soviet occupation zone, although he would soon revert to the Communist Party when it became apparent that there was no future role for the SED outside that part of Germany controlled by the Soviet military. By 1949 it was becoming apparent that West Germany and East Germany were developing as separate states, and in August 1949 <mask> was one of the fifteen Communist members of the national Bundestag, located provisionally in Bonn. He remained a member till resigning ostensibly on health grounds on 20 April 1951. Until July 1950 he spoke in the chamber on behalf of the Communist party, but by that time his expulsion from the Communist Party had already been proposed back in September 1949 by Walter Ulbricht, the leader of the newly emerging Soviet backed German Democratic Republic. Disgrace and Expulsion from The Party
At the end of April 1945 thirty German communists, grouped in three teams of ten, arrived in what was becoming the Soviet occupation zone in Germany. The men, led by Walter Ulbricht, had spent the war years in Moscow:  as matters turned, out they had used their years in exile to formulate a clear nation-building program for what would become the German Democratic Republic. German communists who had spent the war somewhere other in the Soviet Union did not necessarily share the objectives or strategy of the Ulbricht Group and during the later 1940s tensions between the Communist Party's leaders in the Bundestag, based in West Germany, and the men now governing East Germany, became increasingly apparent.In June 1950, at the Communist Party's sixteenth party conference, <mask> was condemned as the party's leading opportunist and the next month, in July 1950 he was stripped of party functions. It was reported in October 1950 that despite being seriously ill he had rejected an "urgent recommendation" to relocate to the German Democratic Republic. His resignation from the German Bundestag on health grounds in April 1951 came as the result of an instruction received from the Berlin-based SED (party). The underlying differences that led to his resignation were numerous. Issues that triggered his disgrace by the Communist Party included his rejection of the Communist Party's official opposition to the German Trades Union Confederation (founded in Munich in 1949) and his further rejection of the party line that in the event of a war between the Soviet Union and her (former) western allies, the German Communists should actively support the Soviet Union. More generally, while there was unanimity between <mask> and the German Communist Party in opposing German rearmament in respect of West Germany, <mask> also held that rearmament of East Germany was similarly unacceptable:  this was at variance with the strategy of the Ulbricht government and their Soviet backers. Despite his exclusion from his party posts, <mask> continued to be listed as a party official till May 1955.He was excluded from party membership only on 17 August 1956, although even after this he continued to be consulted by party officials on political and trades union matters. Personal
<mask> was married twice. His first marriage to Paula Kopp lasted from 1923 till 1947. Paula then, in 1947, married Hans Rueß, and so is frequently identified in sources as Paula Rueß. <mask>'s second marriage to Helene took place in 1957. Neither marriage gave rise to surviving children. <mask> himself spent his final years in poor health as a pensioner in Luginsland (Stuttgart) where he died in December 1966.References

German resistance to Nazism
People condemned by Nazi courts
Exiles from Nazi Germany
Members of the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg
Communist Party of Germany politicians
1902 births
1966 deaths

masks:
Hermann Nuding
Nuding
Hermann Nuding
Hermann Nuding
Nuding
Nuding
Nuding
Nuding
Nuding
Nuding
Hermann Nuding
Hermann Nuding
Hermann Nuding
Hermann Nuding


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<mask> (; born 14 February 1967) is a Dutch politician serving as Prime Minister of the Netherlands since 2010 and Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) since 2006. After a business career working for Unilever, Rutte entered politics in 2002 on his appointment as State Secretary for Social Affairs and Employment by Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), after a coalition agreement guaranteed the VVD several seats in the cabinet. Rutte was subsequently elected to the House of Representatives at the 2003 election. In 2004, he became State Secretary for Education, Culture and Science during the second Balkenende cabinet. After municipal elections in 2006 saw heavy losses for the VVD, the party's leader, Jozias van Aartsen, announced his resignation. Rutte stood in the subsequent leadership election, and was elected on 31 May, resigning from his cabinet post shortly afterwards. Rutte led the VVD into the 2006 election; although the VVD lost six seats, they still became the second-largest opposition party.At the 2010 election, Rutte led the VVD to win the highest number of votes cast, resulting in them becoming the largest party in the House of Representatives for the first time in the party's history. After lengthy coalition negotiations, <mask> was sworn in as Prime Minister of the Netherlands on 14 October 2010. He was the first liberal to be appointed Prime Minister in 92 years, and also the second-youngest Prime Minister in Dutch history. An impasse on budget negotiations led to his government's early collapse in April 2012, but the subsequent election saw the VVD win its highest number of seats ever, with Rutte returning as prime minister to lead to a coalition between the VVD and the Labour Party. This cabinet became the first to see out a full four-year term since 1998, and although at the 2017 election the VVD lost seats, it remained the largest party. After a record-length formation period, Rutte was appointed to lead to a new coalition between the VVD, CDA, D66 and CU; he was sworn in for his third term as prime minister on 26 October 2017. Rutte and his entire cabinet offered its resignation on 15 January 2021 in response to a scandal relating to false allegations of child welfare fraud by the Dutch tax authorities.Rutte remained in office through the 2021 election, leading the VVD to finish first for the fourth consecutive election. After another record-length formation period he began his fourth term as prime minister on 10 January 2022. Due to his ability to come out of scandals with his reputation undamaged, Rutte has been referred to as 'Teflon Mark'. At , Rutte is the second longest-serving prime minister in Dutch history, after Ruud Lubbers. Early life
Rutte was born in The Hague, in the province of South Holland, in a Dutch Reformed family. He is the youngest child of Izaäk <mask> (5 October 1909 – 22 April 1988), a merchant, and his second wife, Hermina Cornelia Dilling (13 November 1923 – 13 May 2020), a secretary. Izaäk Rutte worked for a trading company; first as an importer in the Dutch East Indies, later as a director in the Netherlands.His second wife was a sister of his first wife, Petronella Hermanna Dilling (17 March 1910 – 20 July 1945), who died while she and he were interned together in Tjideng, a prisoner of war camp in Batavia, now Jakarta, during World War II. Rutte has seven siblings as a result of his father's two marriages. One of his elder brothers died from AIDS in the 1980s. Rutte later described the deaths of his brother and later his father as events that changed the course of his life. Rutte attended the " from 1979 until 1985, specialising in the arts. Although Rutte's original ambition was to attend a conservatory and become a concert pianist, he went to study history at Leiden University instead, where he obtained an MA degree in 1992. Rutte combined his studies with a position on the board of the Youth Organisation Freedom and Democracy, the youth organisation of the VVD, of which he was the chair from 1988 to 1991.After his studies, Rutte entered the business world, working as a manager for Unilever (and its food subsidiary Calvé). Until 1997, Rutte was part of the human resource department of Unilever, and played a leading role in several reorganisations. Between 1997 and 2000, Rutte was staff manager for Van den Bergh Nederland, a subsidiary of Unilever's. In 2000, Rutte became a member of the Corporate Human Resources Group, and in 2002, he became human resource manager for IgloMora Groep, another subsidiary of Unilever's. Between 1993 and 1997, Rutte was a member of the national board of the VVD. Rutte also served as a member of the VVD candidate committee for the general election of 2002. Rutte was elected as Member of Parliament in 2003.Political career

Rutte served as State secretary in the Social Affairs and Employment ministry from 22 July 2002 to 17 June 2004 in the First and Second Balkenende cabinets. Rutte was responsible for fields including bijstand (municipal welfare) and arbeidsomstandigheden (Occupational safety and health). After the 2003 elections Rutte was briefly also a member of the House of Representatives, from 30 January to 27 May 2003. In 2003, as State secretary, Rutte advised municipalities to check, exceptionally, Somali residents for social assistance fraud, after some Somalis working in England were also found to receive social assistance benefits in the Netherlands. A Somali man entitled to benefits was stopped by social investigators and checked for fraud on the basis of his external characteristics, after which he refused the investigators access to his home. The Municipal Executive (College van burgemeester en wethouders) of Haarlem decided to withdraw the right of the man to social benefits. He disagreed with this and his appeal was upheld by the administrative judge.The court ruled that "an investigation aimed exclusively at persons of Somali descent is discriminatory" and contrary to the Constitution because this distinction is "discrimination based on race". Rutte rejected the criticism and stated that a change in the law would then be necessary to be able to combat targeted fraud. Rutte later served as State secretary for Higher Education and Science, within the Education, Culture and Science ministry, replacing Annette Nijs, from 17 June 2004 to 27 June 2006, in the Second Balkenende cabinet. In office, Rutte showed particular interest in making the Dutch higher education system more competitive internationally, by trying to make it more market oriented (improving the position of students as consumers in the market for education). Rutte would have been succeeded by former The Hague alderman Bruno Bruins. Before Bruins could be sworn into office, the second Balkenende cabinet fell. In the subsequently formed Third Balkenende cabinet Bruins succeeded Rutte as State secretary.<mask> resigned from his position in government in June 2006 to return to the House of Representatives, and he soon became the parliamentary leader of the VVD. Rutte became an important figure within the VVD leadership. Rutte was campaign manager for the 2006 municipal elections. Party leadership election
After the resignation of Jozias van Aartsen, the VVD having lost in the 2006 Dutch municipal election, the party held an internal election for lijsttrekker, in which Rutte competed against Rita Verdonk and Jelleke Veenendaal. On 31 May 2006, it was announced that <mask> would be the next lijsttrekker of the VVD. He was elected by 51.5% of party members. Rutte's candidacy was backed by the VVD leadership, including the party board, and many prominent politicians such as Frank de Grave, former minister of Defence, Ivo Opstelten, the mayor of Rotterdam and Ed Nijpels, the Queen's Commissioner of Friesland.The Youth Organisation Freedom and Democracy, the VVD's youth wing, of which he had been chair, also backed him. During the elections he promised "to make the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy a party for everyone and not just of the elite". His youthful appearance has been likened to the successful former leader of the Labour Party, Wouter Bos. Rutte said that the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) party was a group that "the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy could do business with". He had also stated that with the social security ideas of the Labour Party, which he called too socialist, it was unlikely that the VVD would cooperate or form a coalition after the elections. 2006 general election

For the 2006 general election, the VVD campaign with Rutte as leader did not get off to a good start; he received criticism from within his own party. Rutte was said to be overshadowed by his own party members Rita Verdonk and Gerrit Zalm, as well as being unable to penetrate between Wouter Bos and Jan Peter Balkenende, who were generally seen as the prime candidates to become the next Prime Minister.On 27 November, it became known that Rita Verdonk managed to obtain more votes than <mask>e; he obtained 553,200 votes against Verdonk's 620,555. After repeated criticisms by Verdonk on VVD policy, Rutte expelled her from the party's parliamentary faction on 13 September 2007. 2010 general election

In the 2010 general election, Rutte was once again the lijsttrekker for the VVD. It won 31 seats to become the largest party in the House of Representatives for the first time ever. A long period of negotiations followed, with several personalities succeeding each other, being appointed by Queen Beatrix in order to find out what coalition could be formed. Efforts to form a coalition between the VVD, CDA and PvdA failed. Instead, the only possibility appeared to be a centre-right coalition of liberals and Christian Democrats (CDA), with the outside support of the Party for Freedom (PVV), led by Geert Wilders.Prime Minister of the Netherlands

First term

After securing support for a coalition between the VVD and CDA, Rutte was appointed as formateur on 8 October 2010; Rutte announced his prospective cabinet, including Maxime Verhagen from the CDA as Deputy Prime Minister. On 14 October, Queen Beatrix formally invited Rutte to form a government, and later that day, Rutte presented his first cabinet to Parliament. The government was confirmed in office by a majority of one, and Rutte was sworn in as Prime Minister of the Netherlands, becoming the first Liberal to serve in the role since Pieter Cort van der Linden in 1918. He also became the second-youngest Prime Minister in Dutch history, after Ruud Lubbers. After the victory at the 2011 Dutch provincial elections, the VVD secured its status as the lead party within the government. In March 2012, seeking to comply with European Union requirements to reduce the nation's deficit, Rutte began talks with his coalition partners on a budget which would cut 16 billion euros of spending. However, PVV leader Geert Wilders withdrew his party's informal support from the government on 21 April, stating that the proposed budget would hurt economic growth.This led to the early collapse of the government, and <mask> submitted his resignation to Queen Beatrix on the afternoon of 23 April. His government had lasted for 558 days, making it one of the shortest Dutch cabinets since World War II. Second term

Ahead of the 2012 general election, Rutte was named the VVD's lijsttrekker for the third time. At the election in September, the VVD won an additional 10 seats, remaining the largest party in the House of Representatives; the CDA and PVV saw their number of seats fall significantly. The VVD quickly negotiated a coalition agreement with the Labour Party, and on 5 November 2012, the Second <mask> cabinet was confirmed by a vote in Parliament, seeing <mask> returned as Prime Minister of a VVD-PvdA coalition government. In 2014, The Hague held a Group of Seven special meeting after the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was shot down in Ukraine with 193 Dutch nationals aboard. During the municipal elections of 2014, the VVD finished third behind local parties and the CDA; at the European Parliament election the same year, it finished fourth.At the 2015 Dutch provincial elections, however, the VVD remained the largest party in the province's legislatures with about 15% of the vote, but lost 23 seats in the States-Provincial. In April 2016, <mask> was appointed by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and President of the World Bank Group Jim Yong Kim to the High-Level Panel on Water. Co-chaired by Mauritius President Ameenah Gurib and Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto, the joint United Nations-World Bank Group panel was set up to accelerate the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6). That month also saw the 2016 Dutch Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement referendum, which resulted in a rejection. In November 2016 the House of Representatives approved by 132 votes against 18 a ban on the Islamic burqa in some public spaces including schools and hospitals, a bill supported by the VVD. <mask>'s second cabinet completed its full four-year term without collapsing or losing a vote of no confidence, becoming the first cabinet to do so since the First Kok cabinet from 1994 to 1998. Third term

The VVD went into the 2017 general election with a small lead over the PVV in most opinion polls.Rutte was judged to have managed the 2017 Dutch–Turkish diplomatic incident well according to similar polling. While the VVD lost 8 seats in the general election, the PvdA lost 29, and these seats were split between a number of other parties, leaving the VVD the largest party in parliament for the third successive election. After holding coalition discussions, Rutte negotiated a grand coalition with the CDA, D66 and CU; he presented his third cabinet on 26 October 2017, and was sworn in as Prime Minister for a third term. The 225 days between the general election and the installation of the government was the longest such period in Dutch history. The coalition agreement's plan to abolish the 15% dividend tax (providing the state €1.4 billion per year) proved highly unpopular, as it had not been mentioned in any party's program, and it later appeared that major Dutch companies like Shell and Unilever had secretly been lobbying for that measure. In July 2018, Rutte became a topic in international news because of what was considered "typical Dutch bluntness", by interrupting and explicitly contradicting the American president Donald Trump during a meeting with the press at the Oval Office in the White House. Rutte's third government provided materials to the Levant Front rebel group in Syria.In September 2018, the Dutch public prosecution department declared the Levant Front to be a "criminal organisation of terrorist intent", describing it as a "salafist and jihadistic" group that "strives for the setting up of the caliphate". On 21 March 2018, the Dutch Intelligence and Security Services Act referendum was held. It resulted in a rejection. At the 2019 provincial elections, Rutte's VVD suffered a blow following the victory of right-wing populist newcomer Forum for Democracy (FvD). During the negotiations for the COVID-19 recovery fund in the European Union, Rutte is considered the unofficial leader of the Frugal Four, demanding loans instead of grants and more conditions on them. During a parliamentary debate on 9 September 2020, Rutte suggested that the EU could be dissolved and re-formed without Poland and Hungary, as he perceives these countries' governments to be dismantling the rule of law. On 15 January 2021, the third <mask> cabinet collectively resigned after publications of research around the childcare subsidies scandal in the Netherlands.Rutte offered his resignation to the King, accepting responsibility for the scandal. Fourth term
Following the 2021 Dutch general election, <mask>'s VVD party held 34 of 150 seats and was expected to form a new coalition government. After remaining caretaker Prime Minister for the duration of the longest formation process in Dutch history, on 15 December 2021 he presented a coalition agreement with D66, CDA and CU, the same combination as his previous government. Honours
: Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia (9 October 2019) – For eminent service to Australia's bilateral relationship with the Netherlands and his outstanding leadership in response to the MH17 air disaster. : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown (28 November 2016). Personal life
<mask> is single. He is a member of the Dutch Protestant Church.As of 2021, Rutte still teaches social studies for two hours a week at the Johan de Witt College, a secondary school in The Hague. Rutte is known to be a big fan of the writing of Robert Caro, especially his 1974 book about Robert Moses, The Power Broker. He drives an old Saab. References

External links

 <mask>, official government profile

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1967 births
Living people
Dutch business executives
Dutch conservative liberals
Dutch human resource management people
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Honorary Companions of the Order of Australia
Leaders of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
Leiden University alumni
LGBT rights activists from the Netherlands
Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)
Politicians from The Hague
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy politicians
Prime Ministers of the Netherlands
Protestant Church Christians from the Netherlands
State Secretaries for Education of the Netherlands
State Secretaries for Social Affairs of the Netherlands
Unilever people
20th-century Dutch businesspeople
20th-century Dutch politicians
21st-century Dutch businesspeople
21st-century Dutch educators
21st-century Dutch historians
21st-century Dutch politicians

masks:
Mark Rutte
Rutte
Rutte
Rutte
Mark Rutte
Mark Rutt
Rutte
Rutte
Rutte
Rutte
Rutte
Rutte
Rutte
Rutte
Mark Rutte


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<mask> (born 12 October 1997) is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who last played as a  for the Canberra Raiders in the NRL. He previously played for the Melbourne Storm and Canberra Raiders in the National Rugby League and has played at representative level for the Prime Minister's XIII. Early life
<mask> was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. He was educated at Endeavour Sports High School, Caringbah and represented 2015 Australian Schoolboys. <mask> played his junior rugby league for the Bundeena Bushrangers and Cronulla-Caringbah JRLFC, before being signed by the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks. Playing career

2015
In 2015, <mask> captained the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks' S. G. Ball Cup team to the premiership. In July 2015, he was named the Player of the Tournament, playing for New South Wales at the Australian Schoolboys carnival in Wollongong.Later on in that same year, he played for the Sharks' NYC team. In September 2015, he signed a three-year contract with the Melbourne Storm starting in 2016, beating 11 rival NRL clubs to his signature. 2016
In 2016, <mask> played for Melbourne's Queensland Cup team, Sunshine Coast Falcons. In round 2 of the 2016 NRL season, he made his NRL debut for the Melbourne club against the Gold Coast Titans. <mask> had his Melbourne Storm jersey (cap 170) presented to him by Melbourne Storm coach Craig Bellamy. In round 4 against the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks, he broke his leg, ruling him out for the rest of the season. 2017
In October, <mask> was part of the Melbourne Storm's premiership winning team against the North Queensland Cowboys in the 2017 NRL Grand Final.2018
In round 11, <mask> was sent off the field for punching Manly Warringah Sea Eagles player Dylan Walker, <mask> being the first player in the last three years to be sent off. He played at centre for Melbourne in the 2018 NRL Grand Final which they lost 21-6 against the Sydney Roosters at ANZ Stadium. 2019
On 7 October, <mask> earned his first representative jersey as he was named in the Australian side for the 2019 Rugby League World Cup 9s. Later that day, <mask> was named at Centre for the U23 Australian squad. On 29 November, <mask> signed a contract to join Canberra until the end of the 2023 season. <mask> was released by Melbourne despite having two years remaining on his contract. 2020
<mask> made his debut for Canberra against the Gold Coast in round 1 of the 2020 NRL season which ended in a 24-6 victory.He missed large chunks of the 2020 season due to both indifferent form and injury, with his 2020 campaign ultimately ending when he hurt his right leg against Canterbury-Bankstown in round 16. After being cleared of a fracture, <mask> ended up suffering an infection due to a plate in his leg from when he broke it back in 2016. The complications saw him miss the last four rounds of the competition and Canberra’s finals campaign. 2021
On 23 August, <mask>'s playing contract with the Canberra club was terminated. The Canberra side released a statement saying "The board decided that <mask>'s prior behaviour and recent assault charge has brought the club into disrepute, and they could not ignore this and the responsibilities that his NRL playing contract entails. "The board said the club would continue to support <mask>’s ongoing rehabilitation and it will be in contact with NRL Welfare in this regard". The following day, it was also revealed that <mask> had also been involved in a fist fight with teammate John Bateman at a private function in 2020.<mask> injured his hand during the incident but the matter was not reported to the police and was dealt with privately. Controversy
On 27 January 2020, <mask> was arrested in Sydney's Moore Park after police were called to the area by security personnel. It was alleged that <mask> had thrown a mobile phone at a passing motor vehicle and then had fallen asleep outside the Sydney Cricket Ground precinct. Police alleged that when they arrived at the scene, <mask> pushed one officer away and punched the other officer in the face. These allegations were later shown to be false when bodycam video of the arrest was released. He was tasered and pepper-sprayed while still on the ground and then taken to the Sydney Police Centre in Surry Hills, where he was charged with six offences including two counts of assaulting an officer in the execution of duty, behaving in an offensive or indecent manner and remaining on trust lands after a request to leave. <mask> was granted conditional bail.The incident came only days after <mask> had been interviewed by Fox Sports where he stated he signed for Canberra to "stay out of the Sydney rat-race and the Sydney fishbowl". <mask> also told Fox Sports "I would have had too many distractions in Sydney and it just would have been a little bit too full on. It would have been easier for me to go out and end up … not in trouble, but just not take footy as serious as I did when I moved away and focused on it". On 31 January 2020, <mask> entered not guilty pleas to all six charges at Downing Centre Local Court. <mask>'s lawyer spoke on his behalf saying "We will defend this to the last breath, The police clearly misunderstood their powers. There is a significant concern about the manner in which police conducted themselves. We’ll flesh it out in due course.We’re saying Mr <mask> is not guilty of all charges". On 3 March 2020, <mask> was cleared by the NRL to play in round one of the 2020 NRL season after they declared he would not be subject to the league's no-fault stand down policy. The NRL released a statement saying "<mask>'s charges carry a maximum five years imprisonment and do not qualify for an automatic no-fault stand down. Having considered the charges against <mask>, the NRL has determined that he should not be prevented from playing whilst he responds to them," the statement said. "The NRL regards the charges as extremely serious and the Raiders have been advised <mask> will face a significant penalty if found guilty of the charges". On 9 September 2020, five allegations made against <mask> were dropped by police after bodycam footage showed him asleep and not resisting arrest. <mask> pleaded guilty however to two charges of offensive behaviour.On 6 June 2021, it was revealed that <mask> was alleged to have been involved in a fight at a Canberra nightclub. It was alleged that <mask> punched one man several times, and assaulted another man who suffered a broken nose and concussion. <mask> was reportedly forced to leave the club but police were not involved and he was not charged. On 13 July 2021, <mask> was given a backdated three-game ban and fined $15,000 for bringing the game into disrepute in relation to the fight. On 5 January 2022, <mask> was arrested when he was walking around a Sydney Golf course. He was charged with two counts of intentionally choke person with recklessness, two counts of assault occasioning actual bodily harm, stalk/intimidate intend fear physical etc harm (domestic), and three counts of common assault (DV). Sutherland Shire Police began investigating <mask> in November 2020 following reports of domestic-related assaults alleged to have occurred in 2018.It is alleged the woman involved filed a complaint against <mask> with both NSW Police and the NRL. Honours
Club
 2017 NRL Grand Final Winners
 2017 Minor Premiership Winners
 2018 World Club Challenge Winners

Statistics

NRL

* = Unfinished season

References

External links
Melbourne Storm profile
 Storm profile

1997 births
Australian rugby league players
Melbourne Storm players
Sunshine Coast Falcons players
Rugby league centres
Rugby league wingers
Living people
People educated at Endeavour Sports High School
Rugby league players from Sydney
Canberra Raiders players

masks:
Curtis Scott
Scott
Curtis
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Curtis Scott
Curtis Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
Scott
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Scott
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Scott
Scott
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Scott
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Scott
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<mask> (born 23 January 1960) is an English model. She is best known for her appearance in the 1987 Mk II Volkswagen Golf TV advert Changes. In 2006, she returned to public recognition as a judge on Britain's Next Top Model, for two cycles. Early life
<mask>'s father died in Liverpool before her birth, after which her mother moved to South Africa, where she was brought up by her mother and stepfather. The family moved to Hertfordshire when she was eight years old. <mask> has five half-siblings. Aged 11, she learned that her real father was not Thomas "Ian Gunner" <mask>, but a family friend, John Johnson.<mask> is dyslexic, and did not learn to read and write until she was 11. For several years she attended Burnham Secondary Modern School near Slough under the name of <mask>. She later attended the Licensed Victuallers' School, which was then in Slough, along with Nicholas and Simon Cowell, who were both at the school for one year. Career
At the age of 18, after appearing in pornographic poses and after several rejections as a model, <mask> moved to Tokyo, Japan and worked for 18 months. She then established herself in Australia and Germany, before moving to Italy. Returning to England, <mask> was discovered by the photographer David Bailey, and as a result became the main model of the Queen's couturier Sir Hardy Amies. During a tough interview with top Italian photographer Fabrizio Ferrei, <mask> was told her hair was too long for the job.She promptly cut her hair, got the job, and went on to learn the tricks of the trade at Ferrei's side. <mask> reached the zenith of her modelling career at the age of 27, when she appeared in an iconic 1987 television advert for the Volkswagen Golf. Changes starred <mask>, made up to resemble Diana, Princess of Wales. She is seen leaving her husband, posting her wedding ring back through the letterbox, throwing her pearl necklace, throwing her brooch towards a cat and ditching her fur coat – but keeping the car keys. "If only everything in life was as reliable as a Volkswagen" ran the tagline. The advert began a new era in car advertising. She went into rehab in her twenties having become addicted to cocaine, after being introduced to the drug by her agent.She was clean of drugs for seven years before becoming an alcoholic. In the early 1990s, <mask> participated in a television programme Back to the Present hosted by Eamonn Holmes and Esther McVey, where celebrities are regressed to 'uncover' their past lives. <mask>, whilst being regressed, revealed that in a former life, she had been a male servant named Ashley Brown who emigrated from London to Dublin. <mask> also acted, appearing in feature films such as Mad Dogs and Englishmen (1995) and Monk Dawson (1998). In 1996, she featured in the music video accompanying the British boyband Take That's single "How Deep Is Your Love". The single reached number one on the UK singles chart. In the same year, she also published her autobiography, "Instructions Not Included".In 2000, after the death of her friend <mask> from a drugs overdose, she left the UK and emigrated to New Zealand's south island, and started studying business at Christchurch Polytechnic. Having checked herself into Christchurch-based alcohol treatment clinic The Deanery, she later ended up as a media celebrity after leading a campaign to close the clinic down after it revealed private details of her admission and treatment. After her second arrest and conviction for drink driving, she returned to the UK after five years. In 2006, it was announced that <mask>, at the age of 45, had been re-signed by the leading agency Models 1, who hoped to capitalise on the popularity of more mature models, led by Twiggy and her successful advertising campaign for Marks & Spencer. Also in 2006 she was a mentor and judge on the second and third series of Britain's Next Top Model on Living TV, presented by model Lisa Snowdon. <mask> received therapy in 2006, and was diagnosed with bipolar disorder. It was revealed in 2007 that she had a combination of dyslexia, developmental coordination disorder, and Asperger syndrome.In May 2011, <mask> starred in the second series of Channel 4's Celebrity Five Go To... in which the guest stars visited South Africa. In 2012, she was convicted for drunk driving again after crashing her car into her neighbour's conservatory in Farnham Common, Buckinghamshire, and lost her driving licence. On 3 January 2013, <mask> was revealed as a contestant on Celebrity Big Brother 11, becoming the third celebrity to enter the house on that night, and was sent straight to the basement. On Day 7 she became the first celebrity to evicted from the Big Brother house, losing to Heidi & Spencer and Frankie Dettori. In February 2013, <mask> was found guilty of assaulting a police officer with a sunflower, and was fined £400. <mask> is now signed to the London-based Mandpmodels. Personal life
<mask> has reported losing her virginity to Simon Cowell, then a boy attending the same school, when she was sixteen.After naked pictures of her had appeared in Mayfair, she moved to London and for two years lived with a boyfriend, Andrew, and his parents in Rutland Gate, South Kensington. In September 1986, <mask> met Danny Mindel, a camera focus-puller, and they married in London the next year. They stayed together until 1989, when they began a long divorce process. In the 1990s, <mask> met Michael Ashcroft at the Savoy, when he offered her £200 for her charity Tusk Force if she would dance with him, and they went on to have a long affair. Filmography

References

External links
 Official Website

 Telegraph interview – March 2006
 VW Advert

1960 births
English expatriates in New Zealand
English expatriates in South Africa
Actors from Lancashire
English female models
Living people
People educated at Licensed Victuallers' School
People with Asperger syndrome
People with bipolar disorder
People with dyslexia

masks:
Paula Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Paula Sherrin
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Paula Yates
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
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Hamilton
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<mask> (native name: Wa-Cinn-Ya-Win-Pi-Mi, August 3, 1915 – July 10, 2000) was a Cheyenne-Lakota activist and lobbyist. She was the first director of the Denver Commission on Human Relations. She was the second Native American woman to become director of the National Congress of American Indians at a time when the government wanted to discharge their treaty obligations to the tribes by eliminating their tribal governments through the Indian termination policy and forcing the tribe members to assimilate into the mainstream culture. She authored a resolution on Native American education, which was ratified at the second Inter-American Indian Conference, held in Cuzco, Peru. In 1986, <mask> was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame and the following year, her papers were donated to the Smithsonian's National Anthropological Archives. Early life
<mask> was born on August 3, 1915 on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in Bennett County, South Dakota to Lucy (née Henderson) and Robert B. White.She was given the native name Wa-Cinn-Ya-Win-Pi-Mi, meaning "woman to trust and depend on". The family lived in northern Nebraska and White attended Hay Springs High School, graduating in 1932. She went on to further her education at Chadron State College, studying business education. On August 29, 1935, White married Richard F<mask> in Garden County, Nebraska and she worked at the U.S. Land Use Resettlement Administration to pay their way through school. Richard enlisted in the war effort and <mask> had their only child, R. Max, soon after. In 1942, the couple divorced and <mask> moved with her mother to Denver. <mask> began work at the University of Denver as the executive director of the Rocky Mountain Council of Inter-American Affairs.In 1948, she was hired by the newly elected mayor, J. Quigg Newton, to work on the Commission on Community Telations. The mayor had a goal of desegregating the community and to do that, he needed voters willing to change the municipal charter. Working with Bernie Valdez, Director of the Denver Welfare Department, <mask> attempted to build bridges between the established Latin American citizens and the new migrant farm workers who had come to work on the beetroot farms. She went door to door in Hispanic neighborhoods, registering voters and organizing the community. <mask> developed cultural programs and met with city leaders to provide lecture series on issues, such as fair labor and housing laws. At the end of the year, she was made the director of the Committee on Human Relations, the first person to hold the post. In that capacity, she led a drive to hire minority workers and assisted the mayor in passing anti-discriminatory employment and housing regulations.In 1949, she was asked to go to Peru as an advisor to the United States delegation attending the Second Inter-American Indian Conference. She authored a resolution to improve education for indigenous people, which was ratified by the conference. In 1953, <mask> was urged by Eleanor Roosevelt to move to Washington, D. C. and help reorganize the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI). The organization, founded in 1944 to fight against the government's Indian termination policy was in disarray, on the verge of bankruptcy, and was facing pressure from President Dwight D. Eisenhower for its dissolution. Because of <mask>'s experience in organizing minority programs, she was able to slow the assimilationist aims of Congress and assist tribes in asserting their own sovereign rights. <mask> was hired to replace Frank George, who had in turn replaced Ruth Muskrat Bronson as executive director. Early in 1954, <mask> scheduled an emergency conference with tribal leaders to discuss termination.The meeting was the largest gathering of protest that had ever been assembled by American Indians, and was scheduled in response to the passage of House concurrent resolution 108, which called for the end of federal responsibility for selected tribes, which were to be debated beginning on February 15, 1954. She and her mother prepared the materials for the conference on a hand cranked mimeograph machine in her basement. Another bill was introduced that year to eliminate competency restrictions on land transactions and required <mask> to mobilize tribal leaders to wire their congressmen to defeat the bill. At issue was whether property patents would be assigned by allotment directly to tribal members who had no real knowledge of property values or laws governing transfer, or whether the deeds to allotted property were held in trust until allottees actually had an understanding of property ownership and fair market value. Her efforts in advancing Native Americans and fighting against discriminatory legislation was recognized by the American Indian Exposition of Anadarko, Oklahoma, which named her the "Outstanding Indian of 1955". As NCAI made progress in slowing termination, <mask> helped develop new tactics to protect Native rights, such as creating a summer school program with D'Arcy McNickle in 1956 for ethnic studies and convincing NBC to air a program on the policy and its effect on the Klamath Tribes in 1957. In 1958, <mask> and NCAI president Joseph R. Garry went to Puerto Rico to study the methods of Operation Bootstrap, which had transformed the economic relationship between the island and the United States government.They were hopeful that the program could be mirrored for Native Americans to become self-sufficient, but legislators refused to act. In 1960, at the invitation of Sol Tax, an anthropologist, <mask> met with McNickle and John Rainer to prepare materials for a conference to be held in Chicago the following year. Largely drafted by McNickle the, "Declaration of Indian Purpose" for the 1961 American Indian Chicago Conference contained provisions for a reversal of the termination policy to be replaced by programs focused on development of economic, educational, social and legal nature. The declaration also called for the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to be replaced by a Commission of six members, half of whom were Native American, to evaluate issues effecting tribes. As the conference date neared in June 1961, factions emerged. Some felt that the organized NCAI operated more in the manner of a non-Indian reform association, rather than one that used traditional methods to address problems, whereas others felt that its focus did not adequately represent the issues of tribal identity and reservation realities. By August, the factionalism which had become apparent in planning the convention, created calls for restructuring the NCAI and <mask> resigned.Returning to Denver in 1962, <mask> again took up the post as the director of the Commission on Community Relations. The Indian Relocation Act of 1956 caused a large influx of Native Americans to the Denver area, but Congress had failed to sufficiently fund the program. <mask>'s office tried to fill the gap by providing social and employment services, as well as job training for Denver's Native American community. Though no longer employed at the NCAI, controversy continued and her replacement, Robert Burnette, accused both <mask> and Garry of mismanagement during their tenure. The dispute between Burnette and his supporters and <mask> and hers, continued through the 1960s dividing the NCAI membership. Burnette was forced out in 1964 and replaced by Vine Deloria Jr., who had the difficult task of trying to bring the organization back to financial stability and heal the factionalism. After eight years, of directing the Commission, <mask> accepted a position with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), working as a field liaison officer and coordinator with the United States Customs Service in Denver.In 1971, she returned to Washington, D. C. and served as the assistant for the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. In 1978, the BIA transferred her to serve as a tribal government services officer in Portland, Oregon. Focusing on treaty obligations and Indian health, she worked to ensure that federal, state, local and tribal governments worked together in serving the American Indian community. She remained with the BIA until her retirement in 1985. The year after her retirement, <mask> was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame. The following year, her papers were donated to the National Anthropological Archives of the Smithsonian Institution. When the National Museum of the American Indian Archive Center was created in 2007, her papers were transferred there.Upon her retirement, <mask> devoted her time to local and regional projects in and around Portland for the Episcopal Church. She remained an active member in the NCAI through the early 1990s, participating in the 1993 Albuquerque conference held at the University of New Mexico on developing inter-tribal relationships. Death and legacy
<mask> died on July 10, 2000 in a nursing home in Vancouver, Washington. <mask> is credited with having led NCAI to stop, or at least slow, the termination movement while she served as director of NCAI. The ethnic studies program that she and McNickle developed for Colorado College between 1956 and 1970 became a model for universities throughout the United States. References

Citations

Bibliography

1915 births
2000 deaths
Female Native American leaders
People from the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota
Lakota people
Cheyenne people
American civil rights activists
Women civil rights activists
Chadron State College alumni
Native American activists
20th-century Native American women
20th-century Native Americans
American women activists
Activists from South Dakota

masks:
Helen Peterson
Peterson
Helen Louise White
. Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Career Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
Peterson
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<mask> (born as R. N<mask> in 1956 – 28 June 2006) was an Indian fight master/action choreographer in the Tamil film industry (also known as Kollywood) in Indian cinema. He won the Filmfare Award for Best Action for Yuva. He was the son of fight master R. N. Nambiar who was known for his works in MGR's movies. He worked with actor Kamal Haasan in many films. His working name of "<mask>" was assigned to him once he became acted in Kamal Haasan's movie of the same name in 1986. Stunt masters and Actors like Ponnambalam, Thalapathy Dinesh, K. Ganesh Kumar, Ram Laxman, Mahanadi Shankar, Besant Ravi, Rajendran, T. Ramesh, Indian Baskar, Rajasekhar and Sai Dheena have worked as fighters and assistants to him. He died of a heart attack in early 2006.2000 Kandukondain Kandukondain
 2000 Kushi
 2000 Appu
 2000 Sabhash
 2000 Thenali
 2001 Nila Kaalam
 2001 Little John
 2001 Asathal
 2001 12B
 2001 Aalavandhan
 2002 Pammal K. Sambandam
 2002 Kannathil Muthamittal
 2002 123
 2002 Panchathanthiram
 2002 Baba
 2002 Samurai
 2002 Hey! 1985 Chinna Veedu 1985 Nalla Thambi 1985 Ketti Melam 1985 Deivapiravi 1985 Arthamulla Aasaigal 1986 Viduthalai 1987 Anjatha SingamAwards
Won
 1994 Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Stunt Coordinator – Mahanadi 2002 Cinema Express Award for Best Stunt Director – Kannathil Muthamittal 2004 Film Today Award for Best Stunt Master - Aaytha Ezhuthu''

References

External links

20th-century Indian male actors
Tamil male actors
1961 births
2006 deaths
Indian action choreographers
Filmfare Awards winners
Male actors from Tamil Nadu

masks:
Vikram Dharma
. Dharmaseelan
Vikram


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<mask> (; 15 April 1883 – 9 July 1942) was a retired Serbian law enforcement official who sent a threatening typewritten letter to German dictator Adolf Hitler on the eve of the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in late March 1941. A veteran of World War I, Dragačevac served as the police chief of several towns in interwar Yugoslavia. At the time of his retirement in 1933, he had been posted to the town of Paraćin, in central Serbia. On 25 March 1941, at a time of heightened tensions between Yugoslavia and the Axis powers, which would eventually culminate in the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia, Dragačevac typed a threatening letter addressed to Hitler. Following the Axis invasion, occupation and dismemberment of Yugoslavia, Dragačevac was arrested by the Gestapo and taken to Belgrade, where he was interrogated. During his interrogation, Dragačevac attributed his authorship of the letter to Serbian nationalist zeal and excessive alcohol consumption. He was subsequently imprisoned in Graz and then deported to the Mauthausen concentration camp, where he died of peritonitis in July 1942.<mask>'s memory fell into obscurity after the war and he remained forgotten for decades hence. The rediscovery of his defiant letter to Hitler in the early 2000s led to renewed public interest in his case. A Serbian-language documentary chronicling Dragačevac's life, and the circumstances leading to his imprisonment and death, was released in 2013. A street in Paraćin bears his name. Biography

Early life
<mask> Dragačevac was born in the town of Požega, in central Serbia, on 15 April 1883. He was the third child of the merchant Maksim <mask>. After completing his primary education, Dragačevac spent several years working for his father's business.At the age of fifteen, he joined the local police force as a trainee. After passing the required examinations, he was employed as a full-time police officer. Following Macedonia's annexation by Serbia as a result of the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, Dragačevac was posted to Skopje, where he remained until the city's evacuation in late 1915 as a consequence of Austria-Hungary, Germany and Bulgaria's combined invasion of Serbia during World War I. Unwilling to surrender to the Central Powers, he evacuated along with the Royal Serbian Army to the Greek island of Corfu, enduring a harsh winter ordeal across the mountains of Albania on the way. While at Corfu, Dragačevac was served with enlistment papers, but illness prevented him from joining the Royal Serbian Army. He was instead transported to the French island of Corsica, where he spent the remainder of the war recuperating. After World War I, Dragačevac returned to Serbia and resumed his career in the police, serving as the police chief of several towns, namely Orahovac, Vranje and Preševo.At the time of his retirement in 1933, he was serving as the police chief of the town of Paraćin, where he had been stationed since 1930. Between 1919 and 1935, Dragačevac had been a member of Yugoslavia's Democratic Party, after which he joined the ruling Yugoslav Radical Union, which appointed him as a member of its executive committee for the Paraćin area. Dragačevac campaigned and agitated fervently on behalf of the Yugoslav Radical Union. He retired from political life in 1939. World War II

Letter to Adolf Hitler
On 25 March 1941, as the Government of Yugoslavia stood on the cusp of signing the Tripartite Pact and becoming an associate of the Axis Powers, Dragačevac typed a threatening letter addressed toward German dictator Adolf Hitler. The letter read as follows:

Dragačevac was unable to send the letter in the form of a telegram as he had originally intended because the local post office refused to dispatch such an incendiary message, fearing reprisal in the event of a German invasion. As the letter was written before the Axis invasion, occupation and dismemberment of Yugoslavia, the historian Krešimir Erdelja writes, "[Dragačevac] could not have been fully aware of the danger he was courting."Instead, the historians Tamara Ćirić-Danilović and Ljubomir Zečević note, he celebrated the dispatch of the letter with music and marching songs. On 27 March, in response to its signing of the Tripartite Pact, the Government of Yugoslavia was deposed in a bloodless coup d'état by a group of high-ranking pro-Western, Serbian nationalist military officers. <mask>'s letter arrived in Berlin on 1 April and was subsequently translated into German. On 6 April, in direct response to the Yugoslav coup d'état, Germany and Italy invaded and quickly occupied the country. The Wehrmacht entered Paraćin on 9 April. Arrest, captivity and death
The German-language translation of Dragačevac's letter was soon sent from the Office of the Führer to the Sicherheitsdienst (SD), the intelligence wing of the Nazi Party and the Schutzstaffel (SS). On 16 May, the SD circulated an internal memorandum denouncing Dragačevac for levelling "the most brutal insults and accusations against the Führer," and further ordering that he be arrested.Dragačevac was arrested by the Gestapo on 9 June 1941, more than two months after sending his letter. He thus became the first resident of Paraćin to be taken captive by the Germans. Following his arrest, Dragačevac was denounced by local Volksdeutsche community leader Jozef Paulus, who had been appointed mayor of Paraćin by the German occupational authorities. Dragačevac was taken to Belgrade and interrogated by the Gestapo, who inquired as to whether he was part of an anti-fascist organization and whether he was the letter's sole author. He denied being part of any anti-fascist organization and stated that he had written the letter himself. Dragačevac attributed his writing of the letter to a combination of Serbian nationalist zeal and excessive alcohol consumption. Following his interrogation, the SD and the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPO) recommended that Dragačevac be deported to a concentration camp in the Third Reich.On 4 July, Dragačevac arrived at a prison in Graz, where he spent the following six months. On 23 January 1942, he arrived at the Mauthausen concentration camp and was assigned prisoner number 3,109. He died of peritonitis at Mauthausen on 9 July 1942; his remains were cremated. His death went largely unnoticed, save for a telegram sent by the Mauthausen camp administration to the SD and SiPo headquarters in Belgrade requesting that Dragačevac's wife Jelena be informed of his demise. Legacy
Dragačevac and his wife had no children. Following World War II, Dragačevac's memory faded into obscurity, but public interest in his unique case was revived in the early 2000s by the rediscovery of his defiant letter to Hitler. A Serbian-language documentary chronicling Dragačevac's life, and the circumstances that led to his imprisonment and death, was released in 2013.A street in Paraćin also bears his name. Dragačevac's letter and its subsequent German-language translation are stored at the Historical Archive of Belgrade. In March 2021, Radio Television of Serbia released a documentary about Dragačevac, titled Čovek koji je Hitleru rekao Ne (The Man Who Said "No" to Hitler). References

1883 births
1942 deaths
People from Požega, Serbia
People who died in Mauthausen concentration camp
Serbian people who died in Nazi concentration camps

masks:
Svetolik Dragačevac
Dragačevac
Svetolik
Dragačevac
Dragačevac


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<mask> (February 15, 1900 – March 29, 1982) was a noted American chemist and businessman, and an important figure in the Manhattan Project. He held over 100 patents. A graduate of Transylvania College and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, <mask> worked as a research chemist at General Motors  as part of a team researching antiknock agents. This led to the development of tetraethyllead,  which was widely used in motor fuels for many decades until its toxicity led to its prohibition. In 1926, he and Carroll A. "Ted" Hochwalt co-founded Thomas & Hochwalt Laboratories in Dayton, Ohio, with <mask> as president of the company. It was acquired by Monsanto in 1936, and <mask> would spend the rest of his career with Monsanto, rising to become its president in 1950, and chairman of the board from 1960 to 1965.He researched the chemistry of hydrocarbons and polymers, and developed the proton theory of aluminium chloride, which helped explain a variety of chemical reactions, publishing  a book on the subject in 1941. From 1943 to 1945, he coordinated Manhattan Project work on plutonium purification and production. He also coordinated development of techniques to industrially refine polonium for use with beryllium in the triggers of atomic weapons in the Manhattan Project's Dayton Project, part of which was conducted on the estate of his wife's family. Shortly before the war ended, he took over the management of the Clinton Laboratories in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Monsanto pulled out of Oak Ridge in December 1947, but became the operator of the Mound Laboratories in 1948. Secretary of State Dean Acheson appointed <mask> to serve on a 1946 panel to appraise international atomic inspection, which culminated in the Acheson–Lilienthal Report. In 1953 he was appointed as a consultant to the National Security Council, and served as U.S. Representative to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission.Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on a farm in Scott County, Kentucky, the son of a Disciples of Christ minister, <mask>, and his wife Frances Carrick <mask>. His father died when he was six months old, and he and his mother went to live with his grandmother in Lexington, Kentucky, just across the street from  Transylvania College. While living on the farm he was home schooled by his mother and grandmother. After moving to Lexington he attended Hamilton College's preparatory school, and then Morton High School. When he was 16, he entered Transylvania College, which awarded him his Bachelor of Arts (AB) degree in 1920. During World War I, he served in the Student Army Training Corps, and for a time was a rifle instructor at Camp Perry. He then entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), from which he received a Master of Science (MS) degree, majoring in chemistry, in 1924.To help pay for his tuition, he worked as a professional singer,  and for a time he considered a career as a vocalist. His singing voice was described by his son as a high baritone. In 1923 <mask>. Kettering and Carroll A. "Ted" Hochwalt recruited <mask> to work as a research chemist at General Motors (GM). There, he worked with <mask>, Jr., as part of Kettering's team researching antiknock agents. This led to the development of tetraethyllead,  which was used in motor fuels for many years before being banned in most parts of the world as a poison. At General Motors, <mask> also worked on a process for extracting bromine from sea water, and with Midgely on making synthetic rubber from isoprene.<mask> left General Motors in 1924 for a job as a research chemist, a joint venture between GM and Esso to make and sell tetraethyllead gasoline additives. <mask> married Margaret Stoddard Talbott, the sister of Harold E. Talbott, Jr. on September 25, 1926. They had four children: <mask> <mask>, Margaret Talbott, Frances Carrick, and Katharine Tudor. That year, he and Hochwalt co-founded Thomas & Hochwalt Laboratories in Dayton, Ohio, with <mask> as president of the company. The company carried out research for various companies, looking into such diverse subjects as a fire extinguisher that would not freeze in unheated buildings, and a means to speed up the aging of whiskey. Their work attracted the attention of Edgar Monsanto Queeny, the chairman of Monsanto, who bought Thomas & Hochwalt Laboratories  for $1.4 million in Monsanto stock in 1936. Queeny moved <mask> to St Louis, Missouri, where he became director of Central Research, while Hochwalt remained in Dayton to work on Acrilan, Monsanto's acrylic fiber.<mask> would spend the rest of his career with Monsanto, becoming a member of its board of directors in 1942, vice president in 1943, executive vice president in 1947, president in 1950, and ultimately chairman of the board from 1960 to 1965. He subsequently  served as chairman of Monsanto's Finance Committee from 1965 to 1968. He retired in 1970. In this time, Monsanto's annual sales grew from $34 million to $1.9 billion, and its expenditure on research from $6.2 million to 101.4 million. He researched the chemistry of hydrocarbons and polymers. In studying the chemical reactions between alkenes and dienes, particularly in the presence of an aluminium chloride catalyst, he developed the proton theory of aluminium chloride, which helped explain a variety of chemical reactions, including cracking, polymerization and dehydrogenation. This research culminated in the publication of his book Anhydrous Aluminum Chloride in Organic Chemistry in 1941.Manhattan Project
In December 1942, during World War II, <mask> joined the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) as the Deputy Chief of its Division 8, which was responsible for propellants, explosives and the like. Early in 1943, he travelled to the East with Richard Tolman, a member of the NDRC,  and James B. Conant, the president of Harvard University and the chairman of the NDRC, to witness a demonstration of a new underwater explosive. Conant and Tolman took the opportunity to quietly investigate <mask>'s background. <mask> was then invited to a meeting in Washington DC with Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves, Jr., the director of the Manhattan Project, and, as he discovered when he got there, Conant. Groves and Conant were hoping to harness his industrial expertise for the benefit of the project. They offered him a post as a deputy to Robert Oppenheimer, at the Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico, but he did not wish to move his family or give up his responsibilities at Monsanto. Instead he accepted the role of coordinating the plutonium purification and production work being carried out at Los Alamos, the Metallurgical Laboratory in Chicago, Radiation laboratory in Berkeley, and Ames Laboratory in Iowa.Monsanto's Central Research Department began to conduct research on behalf of the Manhattan Project as part of the Manhattan Project's Dayton Project, some of which was conducted on the estate of his wife's family. Initially, there were concerns about the purity of plutonium, an element about which little was known, but <mask> was able to report to Groves and Conant in June 1944 that techniques had been developed that would yield highly pure plutonium, and that the problem was solved. Unfortunately, experiments by Emilio G. Segrè and his P-5 Group at Los Alamos on reactor-produced plutonium showed that it contained impurities in the form of the isotope plutonium-240, which has a far higher spontaneous fission rate than plutonium-239, making it unsuitable for use in the Thin Man gun-type nuclear weapon design. <mask> attended a series of crisis meetings in Chicago with Connant, Groves, Arthur Compton, Kenneth Nichols and Enrico Fermi. It was agreed that the isotopes could not be separated, so high-purity plutonium would not be required. <mask> therefore decided to disband his plutonium purification team. The Los Alamos laboratory then turned to the technologically much more difficult task of building an implosion-type nuclear weapon.Monsanto was already working on a key component of the device. In April 1943, Robert Serber had proposed that instead of relying on spontaneous fission, the chain reaction inside the bomb should be triggered by a neutron initiator. The best-known neutron sources were radium-beryllium and polonium-beryllium. The later was chosen as it had a 140-day half life, which made it intense enough to be useful but long-lived enough to be stockpiled. <mask> brought in Monsanto to work on the development of techniques to industrially refine polonium for use with beryllium in the urchin detonators. <mask> established the project in the Runnymede Playhouse on the grounds of his wife's family estate in a wealthy residential section of Oakwood, a suburb of Dayton. He promised the Oakwood City Council that he would return the Runnymede Playhouse building intact after the war, but he was unable to keep this promise because the building became so badly contaminated with radioactivity.The facility, also known as Dayton Unit IV, was in use for nuclear work until 1949 when Mound Laboratories opened in Miamisburg, Ohio. The Playhouse was dismantled in 1950, and buried in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. <mask> was one of a number of scientists who watched their work come to fruition on July 16, 1945, at the Trinity nuclear test. For his work on the project, he received the Medal for Merit from the president Harry S. Truman in 1946. On May 2, 1945, Groves and <mask> agreed that Monsanto would take over the running of the Clinton laboratories at Oak Ridge, Tennessee from July 1, 1945. <mask> brought in some 60 new staff from Dayton to help run the Clinton Laboratories, and he persuaded Eugene Wigner to come from Chicago to work on new reactor designs. Under Wigner, the Laboratories made a pioneering study of Wigner's disease, the swelling and distortion of the graphite used as a moderator in reactors due to the neutron bombardment produced in a reactor.<mask> became frustrated with restrictions on spending and the uncertainty about the future of the laboratory. In May 1947, he decided not to renew the contract with the Atomic Energy Commission to operate the Clinton Laboratories on a month-to-month basis while a new operator was found. Union Carbide took over the contract in December 1947. Monsanto was, however, given the contract to operate the new Mound Laboratories in early 1948. Later life
In 1946 Secretary of State Dean Acheson appointed <mask> to serve on a panel with Robert Oppenheimer, David Lilienthal, Chester I. Barnard and Harry Winne to appraise international atomic inspection, culminating in the Acheson–Lilienthal Report. In 1951 Truman appointed <mask> to the Science Advisory Committee, an eleven-man committee of prominent scientists to advise on defense planning. In 1953 President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed him a scientific consultant to the National Security Council, and he was the U.S. Representative to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission.In the wake of the Sputnik crisis, <mask> was part of a group that persuaded Secretary of Defense Neil H. McElroy to establish DARPA. <mask> served as a trustee of the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Universities Research Association, a curator of Transylvania College, chairman of the board of trustees of Washington University, a member of the Corporation that runs MIT, and the chairman of the board of directors of the Washington University Medical Center. He was also member of the board of directors of several companies, including Chemstrand Corporation, Southwestern Bell, St. Louis Union Trust, the First National Bank in St. Louis, the Central Institute for the Deaf, Metropolitan Life Insurance, RAND Corporation and the Civic Center Redevelopment Corporation of St. Louis. He was involved with organizations including the Boy Scouts of America, Radio Free Europe and the St Louis Research Council. <mask> was elected to the National Academy of Sciences at age forty-eight and was one of the founding members of the National Academy of Engineering. He was also a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In addition, he received over 100 patents, the Industrial Research Institute Medal in 1947, the American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal in 1948, the Missouri Award for Distinguished Service in Engineering in 1952, the Society of Chemical Industry's Perkin Medal in 1953, the American Chemical Society Priestley Medal in 1955, the Société de Chimie Industrielle (American Section) International Palladium Medal in 1963, the American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award in 1965, and the St. Louis Globe-Democrat Man of the Year award in 1966.<mask> was concerned that the United States did not spend enough money on basic research. To this end he donated $600,000 to Washington University in St. Louis as an endowment for a chair, the <mask> <mask> Professor of Chemistry. He rejected the notion large corporations as being driven solely or mainly by greed. In a 1952 speech he enjoined his fellow businessmen to "remember that our businesses and their profits are only a means to an end, a means toward making Americans happier and America a stronger and more unified nation." In retirement, <mask> spent much of his time managing Magnolia Plantation, a  family farm near Albany, Georgia, where he employed a staff of 50 and grew peanuts, pecans, soybeans, corn and timber. His first wife died in 1975, and he married Margaret Chandler Porter in 1980. He died at his farm on March 29, 1982.He was survived by his second wife and four children. His papers are collected at Washington University. Notes

References

1900 births
1982 deaths
People from Scott County, Kentucky
20th-century American chemists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
20th-century American engineers
Founding members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Medal for Merit recipients
Manhattan Project people
Transylvania University alumni
Monsanto
20th-century American businesspeople

masks:
Charles Allen Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Charles Allen
Thomas
Charles Allen
Thomas
Charles F
Thomas
Thomas Midgley
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Charles Allen
Thomas III
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Thomas
Charles Allen
Thomas
Thomas


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<mask> (November 17, 1923 – February 24, 2013) was an Algerian militant in the nationalist movement against French Algeria. Early life
<mask> was born on 17 November 1923 in Boudouaou, Kabylia (now Boumerdès). He grew up in the wooded and mountainous region of the Col des Beni Aïcha. His family is from the village of Mahsas near Tidjelabine and the Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi. His parents settled in Boudouaou at the start of the 20th century. Algerian nationalism

<mask> was an early independence activist, and joined the Algerian People's Party (PPA) in Boudouaou in 1940 when he was 16. He was arrested by French authorities for the first time in 1941 with Mohamed Belouizdad for his actions within the PPA in the Belcourt (Belouizdad) district of Algiers.He became a militant in Algiers within organizations related to the PPA, such as the Central Youth Committee of Grand Paris () (CCJGA) and the Youth Committee of Belcourt () (CJB). <mask> was imprisoned several times for his militant activities and had important responsibilities within the PPA where he was a member of the Central Committee and the Organizing Committee. He also participated in organizational work at the territorial and national levels. <mask> was drafted during World War II to serve under France between 1944 and 1945, but he refused to join the colonial French army. As a result, he was arrested in 1949 and sentenced by the court. He was appointed as the head of wilaya (administration district) Constantine and member of the organizing committee of the PPA. Special Organisation

In 1947, <mask> was one of the founders of the Special Organization (OS) of which he was a national staff member with Belouizdad.When OS was dismantled by the French police in 1950, he was second-in-command. <mask> was arrested in 1950 when OS was dismantled, and was held in a prison in Blida along with other nationalist activists of the Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Liberties (MTLD). From 19 March to 27 May 1950, most of the networks of OS in Constantinois, Algérois, and Orania were dismantled with more than 500 arrests, or half the number of militants. Five out of seven members of the staff were imprisoned: <mask> Bella, Djillali Belhadj, Djillali Reguimi, M'hamed Yousfi, <mask>, Driss Driss, while others, including Mohamed Maroc, Lakhdar Ben Tobbal, Mohamed Boudiaf, and Mourad Didouche, escaped. <mask> escaped with <mask> Bella from an Algiers prison in 1952. He then left Algeria for France, where he joined members of the Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action to prepare for the Algerian Revolution. During the crisis that arose in the MTLD after the April 1953 congress, <mask> refused to choose between Messali Hadj and the centralists.Algerian Revolution

As soon as the Algerian Revolution began after the publication of the Declaration of 1 November 1954, <mask> joined the National Liberation Front (FLN). When the FLN Federation of France was created in December 1954, <mask> was part of the first circle which worked to root the militancy of the FLN, which competed with the Messalists to gain the support of Algerian emigrants. <mask> joined the city of Cairo in 1955 in order to join the FLN external delegation and become a member of the National Council of the Algerian Revolution in 1956 and 1957. <mask>, like Ben Bella, denounced the results of the Soummam conference, and in December 1956 and early 1957 tried to bring dissident elements from the border regions with Tunisia together. After Ben Bella was arrested in 1956, Mohamed Boudiaf, Hocine Aït <mask>, Mohamed Khider, and Mostefa Lacheraf started a power dispute between supporters of Ben Bella and those of Abane Ramdane. After a disagreement started between him and the other revolutionary leaders, <mask> was ousted from the FLN base in Tripoli. He was then sentenced to death by Amar Ouamrane and imprisoned in a Tunisian prison.He escaped with some help, left for Germany, and remained there until Algerian independence in 1962. After <mask> had taken refuge in Germany, Ouamrane, who was in Tripoli, asked M'hamed Issiakhem to kill Mahsas in Bonn. Bachir El Kadi gave 1,000 dollars to Issiakhem to go to Bonn. Issiakhem found <mask> and informed him about Ouamrane's plan before giving him 500 dollars and a recommendation to leave Germany. Career
After Algeria became independent in 1962, <mask> held several positions, including director of the home ownership and rural exploitation fund (), and director of the National Office for Agrarian Reform (). He was appointed on 18 September 1963 as Minister of Agriculture in Ben Bella's government, a post that he kept during the government reshuffle of 2 December 1964. He was elected to the People's National Assembly as deputy for the Algiers Province on 20 September 1964, and was then elected member of the political bureau and of the central committee of the FLN.The day after Houari Boumédiène organized the 1965 Algerian coup d'état on 19 June against the power of Ben Bella, <mask> rallied the Revolutionary Council () and was thus maintained in his post of Minister of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform in the new government formed on 10 July. <mask> then was appointed member of the Revolutionary Council resulting from this coup, which led to Ben Bella's incarceration for 14 years. But after a little more than a year of service under tutelage of the Revolutionary Council, a conflict arose between <mask> and Boumédiène, which prompted the former to submit his resignation to be replaced on 24 September 1966 by the lawyer Ali Yahia Abdennour. Doctoral studies

After settling in France in September 1966, <mask> resumed his university studies in Paris. In 1974 <mask> defended a thesis to obtain a graduation diploma at the École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), the theme of which was Notations on the establishment of agricultural self-management in Algeria (1962-1964) (). He obtained a degree in sociology, and in 1978 defended his thesis "The revolutionary movement in Algeria from World War I to 1954" () under the direction of Jacques Berque. He published his thesis the same year at L'Harmattan, where he explained the theory of the Algerian Revolution and its achievements on the historical level, and describeed the context surrounding creation of the PPA and the OS.Political opposition
In his Parisian exile with Bachir Boumaza (1927-2009), <mask> tried to collaborate in an action against Boumédiène power by joining the Clandestine Organization of the Algerian Revolution () (OCRA). the organization was created in April 1966 headed by Mohammed Lebjaoui, a former leader of the Federation of France (). <mask> quickly withdrew from OCRA because he saw leaders like Aït <mask> and Boudiaf who had distanced themselves from it. As a doctor in sociology, <mask> returned in 1978 to the political struggle a year before Boumédiène's death, and he with <mask> and Tahar Zbiri, created an opposition structure in Paris called the National Rally for Democracy and Revolution (), which dissolved with the end of the old regime. Return to Algeria
<mask> returned to Algiers in 1981, a day after Boumédiène's death. He was then appointed by the government of the new president, Chadli Bendjedid, as Advisor to the National Publishing and Distribution Company () (SNED). With the establishment of a democratic multiparty system in Algeria the day after the 1988 October Riots, <mask> created a political party called the Union of Democratic Forces () (UFD).The UFD was of Algerian nationalism obedience with an Arab-Muslim orientation according to the precepts of the Declaration of 1 November 1954. The UFD was deactivated per the law on political parties adopted by the National Transitional Council () (CNT) in 1996. <mask> tried to reactivate the UFD in 2006, but failed. Death
<mask> died on 24 February 2013 in the Aïn Naâdja military hospital located in Djasr Kasentina at age 90. He was to have been honored at the Moufdi Zakaria Palace of Culture as a former nationalist activist and previous minister of agriculture, but was evacuated and transferred to the military hospital in Algiers after suffering from a health problem on the sidelines of the ceremony of honor. He was kept in the hospital's intensive care unit, and scans and tests revealed that he was bleeding internally. He was buried the next day in the El Alia Cemetery.

masks:
Ahmed Mahsas
Ahmed Mahsas
Mahsas
Mahsas
Mahsas
Mahsas
Mahsas
Ahmed Ben
Ahmed Mahsas
Mahsas
Ahmed Ben
Mahsas
Mahsas
Mahsas
Mahsas
Mahsas
Ahmed
Mahsas
Mahsas
Mahsas
Mahsas
Mahsas
Mahsas
Mahsas
Mahsas
Mahsas
Mahsas
Mahsas
Ahmed
Mahsas
Ahmed
Mahsas
Mahsas
Mahsas
Mahsas