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<mask> (, born 24 March 1936 in Warsaw) is a Polish dendrologist and social conservative politician of the League of Polish Families (LPR). He favours state intervention in the economy. He was a member of the Sejm (between 2001 and 2004) and a Polish member of the European Parliament (from 2004 to 2009). He was a candidate in the 2005 Polish presidential elections, but withdrew from the race because of low vote results (circa 3%). He is a notable creationist and has stated that he opposes the theory of evolution as a scientist, a geneticist, and not on religious grounds. Biography

<mask> was born on 24 March 1936 in Warsaw, the son of notable writer politician of the nationalist National Democracy movement <mask> and his wife Maria. <mask> was one of nine children, including his brother <mask>, O.P., Theologian of the Papal Household and professor of theology at the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum in Rome.Two of his sisters also entered religious life. In late 1945 his family left Poland for post-war Germany's British zone and finally settled in the United Kingdom. In 1954 <mask> passed his final school exams and entered Oxford University, where he founded the Polish Students Club during his studies. He received the BA and MA in forestry. Between 1958 and 1962 he studied at the University of Toronto, where he received his PhD for studies on tree physiology. In 1962, Giertych returned to Poland, where he completed his qualifications for an assistant professorship at the Institute of Dendrology of the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN) in Kórnik near Poznań. In 1964 he married Antonina <mask>, née Jachnik.In 1970, he received his Habilitation degree for his studies on forest genetics at the Agricultural University of Poznań. Since 1976, he has lectured at the Nicolaus Copernicus University of Toruń. He has also published more than 200 works and studies, mostly on forest-related topics. The same year he became a member of the Forest Sciences Committee of the PAN. In 1981 he received the grade of associate professor and in November 1989 of full professor. In 1986, Giertych joined the advisory council (Rada Konsultacyjna), made up of opposition members and party officials set up by the leader of the communist authorities, Wojciech Jaruzelski. He continuously showed his support for General Jaruzelski, and supported the alliance between Poland and the Soviet Union.The council included several prominent Poles such as Marek Kotański, Krzysztof Skubiszewski and Kazimierz Dejmek, but also leading members of the communist party. He also served as the Polish representative to the International Union of Forest Research Organisations from 1986 to 1995. After the fall of the communist regime in Poland in 1990, <mask> continued his scientific work; between 1993 and 2000 he was an advisor to the Ministry of Environmental Affairs. In 1990 he was a member of one of the minor political parties, the National Party of Poland (Stronnictwo Narodowe). Most of its members eventually entered the League of Polish Families (LPR) and dissolved the National Party. On 23 September 2001 <mask> was elected to the Polish Parliament from a Poznań constituency. On 16 June 2004 he became a Member of the European Parliament for the LPR.Together with the rest of his party he sits as a Non-attached Member. <mask> comes from a prominent family of Polish nationalist politicians: he is the grandson of Franciszek <mask> and son of Jędrzej <mask>, and father of <mask>, who led the LPR in the past. Political views

<mask> <mask> opposed lifting the ban on purchase of land in Poland by foreigners (due to fears of resurgence of German colonialism), homosexuality and moral relativism. He criticized and opposed Poland's entry into the European Union. He has supported closer ties with Eastern European countries (especially Russia), as well as defending Polish industry against what he regards as the unfair practices of western companies. He is also against the proposed European Constitution. In general, the views of <mask> <mask> are in line with the ideology of Radio Maryja, a media group and political-religious channel of religiously conservative parties in Poland.During his discourse <mask> had explicitly condemned National Socialism and insisted Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler also had an "atheistic and socialistic taste about them". He praised Francisco Franco, António Salazar and Éamon de Valera, as guardsmen of traditional European values, in the same address to the European Parliament. In February 2007, Giertych sparked outrage among European Union officials and Jewish organizations by publishing a brochure called "Civilisations at war in Europe" that claimed Jews create their own "ghettos" because they supposedly prefer to separate themselves from others. A number of journalists and certain Jewish organizations considered the brochure to be anti-Semitic. During the European Parliament's session on 14 March 2007, Parliament's President Hans-Gert Pöttering reprimanded <mask> <mask> for the content of his pamphlet in accordance with Rule 147 of the EP's Rules of Procedure. He said that the publication was "a serious breach of fundamental rights and, in particular, the dignity of human beings to which our institution so strongly adheres". Pöttering dissociated the Parliament from the work saying that it had made no financial contribution to its publication.Several members of the Parliament have joined with the European Jewish Congress in calling for an investigation of the publishing of the pamphlet and whether Parliament funds were involved. Creationist views

Giertych supports a version of creationism that attributes the creation of the universe, life, and its further development to an act of God's will. He is an honorary member of the Daylight Origins Society, a creationist organisation based in the United Kingdom. In his foreword to Gerard Keane's 1999 book Creation Rediscovered, Giertych documented how his views changed from assuming evolution is true to being skeptical of it. In 2006, Giertych rebutted the accusation that he advocated teaching creationism in schools. He stated, "I am a scientist — a population geneticist with a degree from Oxford University and a PhD from the University of Toronto — and I am critical of the theory of evolution as a scientist, with no religious connotation." On 11 October 2006 Giertych introduced and moderated a pro-creationist seminar held in Brussels for members of the European Parliament; The title of the presentation was Teaching evolutionary theory in Europe.Is your child being indoctrinated in the classroom? In 2008, <mask> appeared in Ben Stein's movie Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed (credited as Marciej <mask>). The documentary features <mask> talking about his views on the theory of evolution. See also
 2005 Polish presidential election
 Radio Maryja

References

External links
 personal website (Polish & English)
 League of Polish Families (Polish)
 <mask> <mask> – "Poland above all!" <mask> <mask> – Speech in European Parliament, 4 July 2006, about the Spanish Civil War
 Skeptics: scientists who are skeptical of the claims of Darwinism, abiogenesis or macroevolution

 Civilisations at war in Europe

1936 births
Living people
Politicians from Warsaw
Christian creationists
Polish Roman Catholics
Candidates in the 2005 Polish presidential election
Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń faculty
University of Toronto alumni
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Members of the Polish Sejm 2001–2005
Dendrologists
League of Polish Families MEPs
MEPs for Poland 2004
MEPs for Poland 2004–2009

masks:
Maciej Marian Giertych
Maciej Giertych
Jędrzej Giertych
Giertych
Wojciech Giertych
Giertych
Giertych
Giertych
Giertych
Giertych
Giertych
Giertych
Roman Giertych
Maciej
Giertych
Maciej
Giertych
Giertych
Maciej
Giertych
Giertych
Giertych
Giertych
Maciej
Giertych
Maciej
Giertych


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<mask> (22 April 1898 – 17 February 1964), generally known as <mask> was an English first-class cricketer who played for Somerset County Cricket Club through the 1920s. He was a right-handed top order batsman known for his beautiful driving who occasionally captained and kept wicket for the county. He also became a politician, barrister, and later a magistrate, colonial administrator and judge in various British colonies. He was Chief Justice of the Seychelles from 1948 to 1957. Early career
Born in Caterham, Surrey, on 22 April 1898, <mask> was educated at Rugby School. He enjoyed a lot of success in school cricket, playing in the school XI for three years, and captaining the side in his final year. He finished his schooling in the middle of the First World War (1914–1918), and was called up for service in the British Army.He initially served in the ranks of the Royal Field Artillery, but was commissioned as an officer, with the rank of second lieutenant, on 20 February 1917. He was wounded in action during the war. After demobilisation in 1919, <mask> chose to continue his studies at Trinity College, Cambridge. During his first year, he only played one first-class match for the university, against the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) at Lord's, and failed to get a 'blue'. His first-class debut however, came earlier than this, when he turned out for Somerset against Cambridge University Cricket Club at the end of May 1920. In the following match, a County Championship tie against Worcestershire, <mask> scored his maiden first-class century, hitting 115 in 135 minutes. During his second year, <mask> got his 'blue', appearing in seven first-class matches for Cambridge University before keeping wicket for a strong Cambridge side during the University Match against Oxford University Cricket Club.In a reversal from the previous year, he also played for Cambridge University against his Somerset team-mates. He once again kept wicket for a victorious Cambridge side against Oxford the following year. While at Cambridge he was also a member of Footlights, and president from 1921 to 1923. England prospect
<mask> was described in his Wisden obituary as being "considered by many to be among the best batsmen who never gained a cap for England". An amateur, he passed 1,000 runs in the 1923 season, and was selected to play for the Gentlemen in July of the same year. He scored 120 in the match, putting on 219 in a second wicket partnership with Greville Stevens. The following season, he was selected to play for 'The Rest' against England, in a three-day Test Trial match.<mask> recorded scores of 32 and 3, and took a catch in both innings during a three wicket loss. <mask> was the only member of the team not to go on to represent England at Test cricket. Fellow Somerset batsman Jack MacBryan wasn't impressed, saying of his friend, "<mask> is a grand chap and a very fine cricketer. Don't know what the Test selectors were thinking about." Later in the season, he hit his highest total in first-class cricket as he made 219 against Derbyshire. He once again represented the Gentlemen, but after scoring 11 in the first innings, was out for a duck in the second. <mask> only made six appearances in the County Championship during the 1925 season, the highlight being a century during the 93 run loss to Warwickshire.The following summer of 1926 was among the last in which <mask> played a significant number of games for Somerset, as he spent more and more time on his legal career, with his 20 appearances yielding 1062 runs. In a match against the touring Australians, <mask> showed the England selectors what they were missing out on. He played Clarrie Grimmett with little regard for the wrist-spinner's reputation and struck 136 runs in an innings total of only 245 for Somerset. He finished the summer on a high with a further century coming in the final match against Yorkshire. Recognition did come in the form of a call-up for the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in May 1927, with <mask> making a half-century against Surrey, followed by a century against the New Zealanders. Sporadic performances in the late 1920s and early 1930s were highlighted by centuries against Essex and Surrey. When he was appointed to Gambia in 1932, <mask>'s first-class cricket career was all but ended.A further appearance in 1935 against Middlesex resulted in a pair. He returned to Somerset in 1938, and played his final season for the county. Later life
In 1923 <mask> took up farming in Suffolk. In 1925, he was called to the bar, practising on the South Eastern Circuit and in London. He stood as Liberal party candidate for Bury St Edmunds at the 1929 general election, finishing second. He was appointed a magistrate in Gambia in 1932. On 9 June 1933 (now described as an acting legal adviser) he was appointed to both the Executive and Legislative Councils of Gambia as one of the official advisors of the governor.He was then appointed a resident magistrate in Tanganyika, where he served until 1938. With the outbreak of the Second World War (1939–1945), <mask> was again commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery on 28 December 1939. He served as a Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General at the War Office until 1941, when he was given command of a light anti-aircraft artillery regiment. After the war he moved to Kenya, where he was appointed a Resident Magistrate in 1945. He next became Chief Justice of the Seychelles in 1948, serving until 1957 when he was appointed a puisne judge of the Ugandan High Court. In July 1954 a petition signed by a number of leading residents of the Seychelles, asking that <mask> not be appointed for a third term, and making various allegations about his conduct, was sent to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Alan Lennox-Boyd in London. Lennox-Boyd decided there was no case to answer, but the petition caused considerable debate in the House of Commons in July and August 1956.<mask> served in Uganda until 1961, when he retired to the United Kingdom. He died at Hastings on 17 February 1964. He had been married twice. In addition to his cricketing and legal careers, he composed music for revues organised by André Charlot. <mask>'s younger brother, Beverley <mask>, known as Bev, played for Oxford University and Gloucestershire. The brothers were on opposing sides in the 1922 Varsity match. And in 1930, in the match between Somerset and Gloucestershire at Taunton, <mask> scored 210 after being dropped twice by Tom Goddard, but Bev replied with a century of his own and led his side to victory by eight wickets.On 9 May 1928, <mask> married Helen Alice Earle (née Elliot), who had been divorced earlier that year by <mask>'s Somerset cricket colleague Guy Earle, whose second wife she had been. <mask> was born in 1899 and died in 1967. They had one daughter, named Elizabeth Helen <mask>. His family were of Jewish origin. See also
List of select Jewish cricketers

References

Bibliography

External links

1898 births
1964 deaths
Cambridge University cricketers
English cricketers
English Jews
People educated at Rugby School
Somerset cricketers
People from Caterham
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Royal Field Artillery officers
Royal Artillery officers
British Army personnel of World War I
British Army personnel of World War II
Jewish cricketers
British Seychelles judges
Chief Justices of Seychelles
Gentlemen cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Jewish British sportspeople
Tanganyika (territory) judges
Gambia Colony and Protectorate judges
Uganda Protectorate judges
Gambia Colony and Protectorate people
H. D. G. Leveson Gower's XI cricketers
North v South cricketers

masks:
Malcolm Douglas Lyon
Dar Lyon
Lyon
Lyon
Lyon
Lyon
Lyon
Lyon
Lyon
Dar
Lyon
Lyon
Lyon
Lyon
Lyon
Lyon
Lyon
Lyon
Lyon
Family Lyon
Hamilton Lyon
Dar
Lyon
Lyon
Helen Lyon
Lyon


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Robert R<mask> (September 16, 1935 – August 9, 2016) was an American public transit planner and supervisor, with a reputation of being able to save transit systems experiencing serious problems. From 2001 to 2006 he was the initial Commissioner of Transport for London, the public organisation empowered with running and maintaining London's public transport network. <mask> also worked as a CIA agent, as the CEO of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, the Deputy Mayor of Boston, the chairman and CEO of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority and as President and CEO of the New York City Partnership. He is credited as being the architect of the revival of Boston and New York's ailing public transport systems in the 1970s and 1980s respectively. Minneapolis, Boston and New York
<mask> was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota and educated at the University of Notre Dame in Indiana. He graduated magna cum laude and went on to study at Harvard's Graduate School. In 1963 he joined the Central Intelligence Agency.The BBC reports that although former colleagues say it would be incorrect to regard <mask> as a "spook" he did travel around the world in his role as Manager of Intelligence Operations. He later served as Executive Assistant to the Agency Director Richard Helms. Kiley left the Agency in 1970 and embarked a career in management, with particular emphasis on transport. He first worked as an assistant director at the Police Foundation in Washington D.C. Two years later he became deputy mayor of Boston, a position he held for three years. During his time as deputy mayor, he prioritised public safety during the court-mandated desegregation of schools. In 1975 Kiley took on two new roles – one as adjunct professor of public management at Boston University – and the other as chairman and CEO of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. He left the MBTA in 1979 and became a vice-president at the Management Analysis Center (now part of Cap Gemini).In 1983 <mask> moved down the east coast to become the chairman and CEO of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). He remained in the position until 1990 and in his time in the role secured state funding to the tune of $16bn to revitalise the railroads, buses and subways in the MTA region. Gene Russianoff, of the New York Straphangers Campaign, says that the money was spent wisely – "Even normally grudging New Yorkers say he did a good job," says Russianoff. The clean-up campaign involving arresting fare dodgers and cleaning up graffiti is now regarded as a prelude to the citywide policy of "zero tolerance" enforced by Rudy Giuliani during his time as Mayor in the 1990s. In 1991 <mask> moved to a new role as President of the New York construction company Fischbach Corporation. He briefly held the role of chairman too before moving again to become President and CEO of the New York City Partnership in 1995. From 1994 to 1998 he was also principal of Kohlberg & Company, a private equity investment house.<mask>'s Transport for London biography notes that <mask> was also "Member of the Council on Foreign Relations, board member of the Salzburg Seminar, the American Repertory Theater, MONY Group Inc, the Princeton Review Inc and Edison Schools, Inc. He was on the Advisory Board of the Harvard University Center for State and Local Government". London
In October 2000, <mask> was head-hunted to become the first Commissioner of Transport for London (TfL), London's new integrated transport body, reporting to the Mayor of London directly. Following his appointment, <mask> was criticised by the press due to his £4m four-year contract, the use of a £2m grace and favour property in Belgravia, and his expatriate status. He was regarded by the press as "a strange bedfellow" for Ken Livingstone, the socialist elected in 2000 as London's first mayor. However, Livingstone considered Kiley "the best candidate", with very similar views on transportation to himself. In January 2001 <mask> became Chairman of London Regional Transport (the public body appointed by the Secretary of State for Transport to run London's Underground network of trains), replacing Sir Malcolm Bates.Livingstone's and <mask>'s were opposed to the government's plans for public-private partnerships (PPP) to run London Underground. <mask> was sacked as chairman of London Regional Transport in July 2001 amid repeated clashes with his boss, Transport Secretary Stephen Byers, and was replaced by Malcolm Bates who returned to lead the organisation. Remaining as Commissioner of Transport for London, he and Livingstone took the government to court in trying to prevent PPP. They failed, and in January 2003 two separate private companies - Metronet and Tube Lines - took control of maintaining various tube lines. In July 2003 powers for running the rest of the Tube network, including manning and maintaining the stations, was transferred to TfL and London Regional Transport became defunct. <mask> welcomed the opportunity to take greater control over the running of the Tube, but warned that he felt he would be hampered by PPP: "I maintain that the Government’s Public Private Partnership (PPP) is not the right way to manage the maintenance and renewal of the Tube. As they stand, the PPP contracts do not satisfactorily address the improvements to the Underground that TfL and the public demand.Nevertheless, we will do everything within our power to hold the infrastructure companies to account on those Tube improvements they have promised to deliver." Subsequently, the PPPs collapsed due to financial difficulties in the late 2000s. In November 2005, <mask> announced that he would be standing down in January 2006, after five years in the job, albeit three years earlier than expected. <mask> was credited as helping Livingstone bring in the London congestion charge, introducing the Oyster card payment system, as well as improving the quality and frequency of Buses in London. He was paid almost £2 million in a settlement for standing down, and remained as a £3,200-a-day consultant. In a controversial interview with the London Evening Standard, he admitted he was unsure exactly what he did to deserve his consultancy fee, and denied rumours of a rift with Livingstone. He also revealed his struggles with alcoholism, exacerbated by overwork and the loss of his family in a car accident, followed by the death of his father shortly afterwards.He was replaced as Commissioner by Peter Hendy in February 2006. Personal life
<mask>'s first wife and two children died in a car accident in 1974. He was married to his second wife, Rona at the time of his death. They have two sons. Notes

See also
Richard Ravitch
Christopher O. Ward

References
A biography from Transport for London
A biography from BBC News
"A message from <mask>" to London tube users
BBC News report on Kiley's sacking from the London Regional Transport
BBC News report on Stephen Byer's sacking from the UK Government by Tony Blair
Tube transfers to TfL control
Evening Standard article on Kiley's contract extension in December 2004
The Transport for London (TFL) website
William Finnegan, Letter from London, "Underground Man—Can the former C.I.A. agent who saved New York’s subway get the Tube back on track?", The New Yorker, February 9, 2004, p. 52-? External links
Images of <mask> from the National Portrait Gallery

1935 births
2016 deaths
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
University of Notre Dame alumni
Harvard University alumni
Executives of Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York)
People associated with transport in London
British public transport executives
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority people

masks:
. Kiley
Kiley
Kiley
Bob Kiley
Kiley
Kiley
Kiley
Kiley
Kiley
Kiley
Kiley
Kiley
Kiley
Kiley
Kiley
Kiley
Kiley
Bob
Bob Kiley


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<mask> (born <mask>; 5 February 1911 – 26 March 1977), also known as Sister Palmo or Gelongma Karma Kechog Palmo, was a British woman who was jailed in India as a supporter of Indian nationalism and was the first Western woman to take full ordination in Tibetan Buddhism. Early life

<mask> was born in a flat above her father's jewellery and watch repair business in Monk Street in Derby. When she was still a baby, the family moved to Littleover, a suburb of Derby. Freda's father served in the First World War and was enrolled in the Machine Guns Corps. He was killed in northern France on 14 April 1918. Her mother, Nellie, remarried in 1920, to Frank Norman Swan. Freda studied at Hargrave House and then at Parkfields Cedars School, both in Derby.She also spent several months studying at a school in Rheims in northern France. She succeeded in gaining admission to St Hugh's College, Oxford to study French, being awarded an Exhibition or minor scholarship. Life at Oxford
At Oxford, <mask> Houlston changed her subject from French to Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE). She met her husband Baba Pyare Lal "BPL" <mask>, an Indian from Lahore, on her PPE course. He was a Sikh from the <mask> family, linked to a Sikh clan tracing back to Guru Nanak Dev Ji. Romance blossomed and they married at Oxford Registry Office in June 1933, in spite of the reservations of her family and disciplinary action by her college. Whilst at Oxford Freda became involved in politics.She attended meetings of the Oxford Majlis, where nationalist-minded Indian students gathered, as well as of the communist October Club and the Labour Club. This was another bond with BPL <mask>, who became a keen communist and opponent of Empire. The couple together edited four books on India's struggle for Independence. At St Hugh's her closest friends included Barbara Castle, later a prominent Labour cabinet minister, and the broadcaster Olive Shapley. All three women graduated with a third-class degree; <mask>'s husband got a fourth-class degree. Life in India
After a year in Berlin where B.P.L. <mask> was studying - and where their first child, Ranga,  was born - <mask>, her husband and baby son sailed to India in 1934.She worked as a journalist and taught English at a women's college in Lahore, and with her husband published a high quality quarterly review "Contemporary India". They also later published a weekly political paper, "Monday Morning". <mask> regularly contributed articles to Lahore's main nationalist daily, The Tribune. Both she and her husband were leftists and campaigning nationalists active in India's independence movement. The couple's second child, Tilak, died when less than a year old. The family lived in an encampment of huts, without power or running water, outside Model Town in Lahore. "Baba" <mask> spent about fifteen months in an internment camp at Deoli in the early stages of World War Two because as a communist he was seeking to disrupt recruitment of Punjabis into the British Indian army.<mask> herself was jailed for three months in 1941 as a satyagrahi after deliberately defying the wartime regulations as part of a civil disobedience campaign spearheaded by Mohandas K. Gandhi After independence in 1947, <mask> and her family moved to Kashmir, where husband and wife were influential supporters of Sheikh Abdullah, the left-wing Kashmiri nationalist leader. She joined a  women's militia for a while and taught English at a newly established women's college in Srinagar in Kashmir. Later in Delhi, she became editor of the magazine "Social Welfare" of the Ministry of Welfare. <mask> <mask> briefly served as a member of the United Nations Social Services Planning Commission to Burma, during which she was first exposed to Buddhism, which quickly became the defining aspect of her life. In Rangoon she learned vipassana from Mahasi Sayadaw, and Sayadaw U Titthila. In Delhi, she became a prominent Buddhist and in 1956, when the 14th Dalai Lama made his first visit to India, she showed him around Buddhist shrines in Delhi. In 1959, when the Dalai Lama arrived in India after an arduous trek across the Himalayas followed by thousands of his Tibetan devotees, she was asked by India's prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru to help them and spent time improving facilities for refugees at camps in Assam and West Bengal.She became an observant Tibetan Buddhist and she followed the guidance of the 16th Karmapa of the Kagyu School. She worked, with the support of the Dalai Lama, to establish the Young Lamas Home School. <mask> initially set up the Young Lama's School in Delhi but after a short period it was moved to Dalhousie. The school trained young Tibetan lamas and monks in languages and social sciences as well as religion, to equip the coming generation of Tibetan spiritual leaders for life in exile. A number of <mask>'s pupils became well-known teachers, including Chogyam Trungpa, Thubten Zopa Rinpoche, Akong Rinpoche, Tulku Pema Tenzin, Gelek Rimpoche, Lama Yeshe Losal Rinpoche, and the sons of Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche, Chokyi Nyima and Chokling of Tsikey). In 1963, with Lama Karma Thinley Rinpoche and under the guidance of the Karmapa, she founded the Karma Drubgyu Thargay Ling nunnery for Tibetan women, now located in Tilokpur, Kangra Valley. While running the Young Lamas Home School at Dalhousie in north India, <mask> also spent time at Rumtek in Sikkim, the seat of the Karmapa in exile.In 1966, she took sramaneri ordination by the Karmapa and was given the name Karma Kechog Palmo. She was one of the first Western women to take ordination in Tibetan Buddhism. In 1972, she took full bhikshuni ordination in Hong Kong - the first western woman to do so, and according to the scholar Hanna Havnevik possibly the first woman in the Tibetan tradition ever to receive this higher ordination. She accompanied the Karmapa on his first visit to the West in 1974, a landmark five-month tour across North America and Europe. Although not fluent in Tibetan, she helped to translate prayers and religious texts into English.She is credited for bringing Tibetian Buddhism to the West. <mask> died in New Delhi on 26 March 1977. She was survived by two sons, Ranga <mask>, who was a tea planter, and Kabir <mask>, a Hollywood and Bollywood film and TV star, who was born in Lahore in 1946; a daughter, Gulhima, who was born in Srinagar in 1949, now lives in the United States.Published works
 <mask> Marie Houlston <mask>, Baba Pyare <mask>, (editors) India analysed, three volumes published by Victor Gollancz, 1933-4
 <mask> Marie Houlston <mask>, Behind the Mud Walls, Lahore: Unity Publishers, 1943
 <mask> <mask>, Bengal Lamenting, Lahore: Lion, 1944
 Baba Pyare <mask>, <mask> Marie (Houlston) <mask>, Sheikh Abdullah: his life and ideals, pamphlet, c1949
 Ein Rosenkranz von Morgengebeten : nach der Tradition des Mahayana – Buddhismus / aus dem Tibetischen ins Englische übers. von Karma Khechog Palmo. Deutsche Wiedergabe von Advayavajra. – Almora, Indien : Kasar-Devi-Ashram-Publication, 1971. – VI, 49 S.
 <mask> <mask>, Anna Bhushan (illustrator), Rhymes for Ranga, Random House, India, 2010,

Translations

From French
 Voltaire, Fragments on India, Lion Press, 1937

From Tibetan
 A Garland of morning prayers in the tradition of Mahayana Buddhism, Gelongma Karma Tsultim Khechog Palmo, Ed Palmo, 1976
 Wangchuk Dorje (Karmapa IX), , Mahamudra meditation or The Mahamudra, Gelongma Karma Tsultim Khechog Palmo, Ed. Karma Rigdol Publications, 1971

Further reading
 The Lives of <mask>: the political, spiritual and personal journeys of <mask> <mask> (2019) by Andrew Whitehead, Speaking Tiger
 The Spiritual Odyssey of <mask> <mask>: England, India, Burma, Sikkim and Beyond (2018) by Norma Levine
 The Revolutionary Life of Freda Bedi: British Feminist, Indian Nationalist, Buddhist Nun (2017) by Vicki Mackenzie. Shambhala,
 Cave in the Snow: a Western woman's quest for enlightenment (1999)  by Vicki Mackenzie. . (A biography of Tenzin Palmo, also about Freda Bedi)
 A brief account of Freda Bedi's life and career published in Oxford Today in 2017
 The Making of a Buddhist Nun
 A newspaper feature about Freda Bedi's political involvement in Kashmir
 Freda Bedi, the British woman who fought for India's freedom - BBC website article

References

 Sheila Meiring Fugard "Lady of Realisation.1st ed. Cape Town: Maitri Publications, 1984. Copyright © The Library of Congress, No. Txu 140-945. Cape Town: Electronic Ed., luxlapis.tripod.com. 19 April 1999. Accessed 30 September 2008.(In 3 parts.) [A "spiritual biography" of Buddhist Sister Palmo.] External links
 Website devoted to the life of <mask> <mask> and her political, spiritual and personal journeys
 In Memory of The Venerable Gelongma Karma Kechog Palmo
  Photographs of <mask> <mask> from Kashmir in the 1940s
  <mask> <mask>'s 'Bengal Lamenting', with its striking cover designed by Sobha Singh
 Cherry Armstrong's ebook 'Tibetan Tapestry' about working with <mask> <mask> and her tulku pupils in India in the early 1960s
 <mask> <mask> in her own voice talking about her time as a student at Oxford

1911 births
People from Derby
British social workers
Tibetan Buddhist nuns
Gandhians
1977 deaths
Alumni of St Hugh's College, Oxford
British Buddhist nuns
Tibetan Buddhists from England
Kagyu Buddhists
Converts to Buddhism
Buddhist nuns
Tibetan–English translators
French–English translators
20th-century British women writers
20th-century British writers
20th-century translators
English emigrants to India
20th-century Buddhist nuns

masks:
Freda Bedi
Freda Marie Houlston
Freda Marie Houlston
Freda
Bedi
Bedi
Bedi
Freda
Bedi
Freda
Freda
Bedi
Freda
Bedi
Freda
Bedi
Bedi
Bedi
Bedi
Bedi
Bedi
Bedi
Freda
Bedi
Lal Bedi
Freda
Bedi
Freda
Bedi
Lal Bedi
Freda
Bedi
Freda
Bedi
Freda
Freda
Bedi
Freda
Bedi
Freda
Bedi
Freda
Bedi
Freda
Bedi
Freda
Bedi
Freda
Bedi


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<mask> (March 30, 1883 – January 2, 1952) was an American sculptor. Although he specialized in realistic, intense portrait busts, <mask> did not require his subjects to formally pose for him; rather, he observed and spoke with them. He worked primarily with clay, while the final products were typically cast in terra-cotta or bronze, or carved from marble. Background

<mask> was born in New York City, where he was educated before going to work in the atelier of American sculptor Hermon Atkins MacNeil. He subsequently moved to Paris in 1907 to study sculpture at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts. Career

Art

After returning to the United States, he was befriended by Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, who purchased some of his work. In 1911 <mask> secured his first solo gallery shows.In 1927 he was one of a dozen sculptors invited by the oilman E. W. Marland to compete for a commission for a Pioneer Woman statue in Ponca City. Each was paid a commission to produce a small model, and the dozen works were exhibited in major cities in the US. <mask> did not win the commission. In 1934 <mask> won the National Academy of Design's Maynard Prize. In 1944, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate Academician. In 1947 the American Academy of Arts and Letters hosted a retrospective featuring nearly 200 of his works. In the summer of 1949, <mask> was one of 250 sculptors who exhibited in the 3rd Sculpture International held at the Philadelphia Museum of Art.Among <mask>'s commissions are a design for a United States War Industries badge, a collection of pieces for the Government of France to commemorate the first victory of the Troupes de Marine, and bronze busts of the leaders of the First World War Allies. His portraits of world leaders and celebrated figures gained him international acclaim. He created statues of oilman and future governor E. W. Marland and his two adoptive grown children. Politics

<mask> served as chairman of the Independent Citizens Committee of the Arts, Sciences and Professions (ICCASP), a leftist-liberal group that supported the policies of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his re-election. In 1946 this group merged with the National Citizens Political Action Committee (NCPAC) to become the Progressive Citizens of America (PCA); <mask> became co-chairman (the other chairman being Dr. Frank Kingdon). PCA struggled during tensions of the Cold War, with its members under suspicion by the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) for leftist leanings. It worked for racial equality, economic justice and civil liberties.Important segments of the PCA became the base for Henry A. Wallace's candidacy for U.S. President in 1948 on the Progressive Party ticket. Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney
 Walt Whitman statue
 Evan Williams (Opera tenor)
Woodrow Wilson
Israel Zangwill

Collections

Some of <mask>'s work is in the National Gallery of Art. He also designed a statue of Henry D. Thoreau, the author of the 1854 book Walden. The statue is located at Walden Pond State Reservation in Concord, Massachusetts. In 2006, The Smithsonian Institution's National Portrait Gallery opened a permanent exhibition, "<mask>: Biographer in Bronze", showcasing fourteen <mask> works in terracotta and bronze, including portraits of Gertrude Stein and Lincoln Steffens. References

Sources
 Armstrong, Craven et al., 220 Years of American Sculpture, Whitney Museum of Art & David R. Goodine, Publisher, NY  1976
 Compilation of Works of Art and Other Objects in the United States Capitol, Prepared by the Architect of the Capitol under the Direction of the Joint Committee on the Library, United States Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.  1965
 Connor, Janis and <mask>nz, photographs by David Finn, Rediscoveries in American Sculpture: Studio Works, 1893 - 1939, University of Texas Press, Austin TX  1989
 Craven, Wayne, Sculpture in America: From the Colonial Period to the Present, Thomas Y, Crowell Company, NY  1968
 <mask>, <mask>, Between Sittings: an informal autobiography, The Dial Press, NY  1951

Homepage of the National Portrait Gallery, Washington, DC: Permanent Exhibitions. 1883 births
1952 deaths
New York (state) Democrats
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
Artists from New York City
20th-century American sculptors
American male sculptors
National Sculpture Society members
Sculptors from New York (state)

masks:
Jo Davidson
Davidson
Davidson
Davidson
Davidson
Davidson
Davidson
Davidson
Davidson
Davidson
Davidson
Jo Davidson
Davidson
Joel Rosenkra
Davidson
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W. J. "<mask><mask> is an American politician and businessman who served as Mayor of Scottsdale from 2009 to January 2021, when term limits forced his departure. A member of the Republican Party, he was first elected to the Scottsdale City Council in 2004. <mask> is a resident of the city's northern portion. Early life and education

A native of New Jersey, <mask> attended Seton Hall Preparatory School in West Orange. He then earned a BS in accounting from Saint Joseph's University. <mask> moved to Scottsdale in 1973.Career
Prior to entering politics, <mask> was a businessman; he was described as a "technology consultant" by the Arizona Republic during his first political campaign. After college, <mask> worked as a certified public accountant and financial statement auditor for KPMG for 20 years, between 1976 and 1996. <mask> was elected president and chief operating officer of StatesWest Airlines on January 31, 1990. Shortly after, StatesWest Airlines discontinued all flying under its own name and entered into an agreement with USAir to operate as US Airways Express. He is the owner of Scottsdale-based internet service provider, financial consulting, and telecommunications company Chatham Hill Group LLC. <mask> was also an adjunct instructor of business and accounting at Scottsdale Community College. <mask> spent several years as an officer of the Board Of Management of the Scottsdale Paradise Valley YMCA.Politics

In the summer of 2001, <mask> was appointed to the city of Scottsdale's Fire and Emergency medical services Advisory Committee. He came to prominence locally for leading opposition to the proposed termination of the city's fire protection contract with Rural/Metro, and he co-chaired the Know Enough to Vote NO Committee, which advocated against Propositions 200 and 201. In April, 2003 <mask> authored op-eds in the Phoenix Business Journal and the Scottsdale Republic in favor of retaining Rural/Metro, arguing that the existing private fire and EMS services were "excellent" and the measures would end up costing more while Scottsdale was experiencing a budget deficit. His effort was successful and the ballot measures were defeated by a wide margin, but Rural/Metro decided a few months later to abandon its work in Scottsdale after its contract expired in 2005, leading to the establishment of Scottsdale's municipal fire department. In a subsequent op-ed, <mask> placed blame for the development on the International Association of Firefighters labor union, who had backed the measures, and were in failed contract negotiations with Rural/Metro. City Council

<mask>'s early political involvement established the fiscal conservatism and engagement in economic issues that he would later run on. In 2004, <mask> was a candidate for the Scottsdale City Council.He ran as a political outsider, criticizing the dominant political culture. <mask> pledged to foster greater transparency and accountability, cut taxes, and reduce spending, especially by ending preferential treatment and subsidies for businesses. He supported all three measures on the ballot with the City Council vote, which would increase the sales tax to support the McDowell Sonoran Preserve purchases and increase police and fire funding. He also campaigned on revitalization of south Scottsdale, noise reduction at the Scottsdale Airport (which he lives near), and ensuring the smooth creation of Scottsdale's new fire department. <mask>'s candidacy for city council was endorsed by the Scottsdale Area Chamber of Commerce, the Arizona Republic, and the Coalition of Pinnacle Peak, a local fiscal responsibility political action committee. In a March primary election, all but one of the council candidates failed to secure the amount needed to avoid a runoff election. <mask> places third in a field of nine candidates competing 4 open seats.The six candidates that moved on to the May 2004 general election placed in the same order as in the runoff; with the second-most votes, <mask> was elected to the Scottsdale City Council. <mask> was inaugurated to his first term on the city council on June 8, 2004. Soon after his election, <mask> joined other new council members-elect in criticizing the outgoing council's decision to vote on a controversial new compensation plan for the city manager on their last meeting, calling provisions that restricted the city council's ability to remove the city manager a violation of the city charter. An opponent of the city's expenditures on the development of the Los Arcos Mall site, in July 2004 <mask> opposed the proposed ASU Scottsdale Center for New Technology and Innovation (later known as SkySong) on the same site, which he considered a risky investment not worth the city's subsidy. <mask> expressed support for the banning of all subsidies and tax incentives for private businesses by the city government, and supported state legislation making such practices illegal. After <mask> and fellow conservative Bob Littlefield were left out of the budget subcommittee's membership, <mask> accused Mayor Mary Manross of politicizing the subcommittee appointments. In late 2005, <mask> voted against the installation of photo radar speed enforcement on the Loop 101 freeway.<mask> was sharply critical of three fellow council members during the Scottsdale's city council 2006 election, after, in what became a minor scandal, secretly "having a shill, Karl J. Kulick, represent himself as an independent voter to challenge" a candidate, who was disqualified for coming just under the signature requirement. However, <mask> and some other council members raised eyebrows by endorsing candidates for the first time, rather than remaining neutral as had previously been traditional for sitting city council members; the candidate <mask> endorsed, Bob Littlefield, was one of the council members <mask> had accused of deceptive campaign practices. In 2007, <mask> voted against a proposed plan to extend protections against discriminatory hiring practices to gay and transgender employees; the measure ultimately failed. In December 2007, a similar measure was passed by the City Council, again with <mask>'s opposition. <mask> was forbidden by term limits from running in 2020, and was replaced by David Ortega. Election history

References

Living people
Saint Joseph's University alumni
Mayors of places in Arizona
Politicians from Scottsdale, Arizona
Arizona Republicans
Arizona city council members
1951 births
21st-century American politicians

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Jim
" Lane
Lane
Lane
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<mask>. (born July 21, 1947) is an American politician who served as the U.S. representative for  from 1988 to 2019. A lawyer, former judge, and former long serving member of the Army National Guard, he is a member of the Republican Party. Early life, education, and legal career
<mask> was born in Lebanon, Tennessee. His "paternal grandparents were small-acreage farmers in Scott County, which in 1861 left Tennessee, refusing to follow the Volunteer State into the Confederacy, and declared itself 'the Free and Independent state of Scott.'" <mask>'s parents were Lois (Swisher) and <mask>., who "hitchhiked into Knoxville with five dollars in his pocket,' and after an education at the University of Tennessee was elected mayor of Knoxville and then congressman." The elder <mask> was also a co-owner of the Knoxville Smokies of the "Sally League," for which his son "was a batboy, a ball shagger, scoreboard operator, and, as a freshman at the University of Tennessee, the Smokies' public-address announcer." <mask> also worked as a grocery bagger and salesman at Sears while working his way through school.<mask> supported Barry Goldwater's 1964 presidential campaign, and sent the first paycheck he earned as a bagboy at the local A&P to the Goldwater campaign. <mask> graduated from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville in 1969 with a Bachelor of Journalism degree and subsequently received a Juris Doctor degree from George Washington University Law School in Washington, D.C. in 1973 and was admitted to the bar that same year. He also served in the Army National Guard from 1970 to 1987. He was an attorney in private practice until he became a state court judge in Knox County, Tennessee, where he served from 1981 to 1988. U.S. House of Representatives

Elections
John Sr., who had represented the Knoxville-based 2nd District since 1965, died in June 1988. <mask> won the Republican nomination to succeed him. He ran in and won two elections on November 8, 1988–a special election for the balance of his father's 12th term, and a regular election for a full two-year term.He was re-elected every two years from then until his retirement from a district that had been held continuously by Republicans (or their antecedents) since 1859, and by a <mask> since his father was first elected in 1964. He never faced a serious or well-funded challenge for reelection, and was reelected without major-party opposition in four consecutive elections (1994 through 2000). On the occasions he did face major-party opposition, he only dropped below 70 percent of the vote twice, during the special and regular elections in 1988. Indeed, the 1988 contests were the only times since the elder <mask>'s first run that a Democrat has managed as much as 40 percent of the vote in this district. Tenure

<mask> voted against authorizing the 2003 War in Iraq based on opposition to what he believed to be an unnecessary foreign involvement. He also opposed and voted against a June 2006 House declaration in support of the war. He was one of the most conservative Republicans to do so.<mask> later remarked that the Iraq War vote had been

<mask> was among only six Republicans to vote against funding for the Iraq War on May 24, 2007. <mask> voted, along with three other Republicans, to withdraw U.S. troops from Iraq by April 2008 on July 12, 2007. On March 10, 2010, <mask> again joined three other Republicans in voting for the removal of troops from Afghanistan. <mask> and Ron Paul were the only members of Congress to vote for the removal of troops from Afghanistan and against all recent bailout and stimulus bills. He has criticized neoconservatism and supports a non-interventionist foreign policy. <mask> was a member of the Liberty Caucus, a group of libertarian-minded congressional Republicans. Other members included Walter B. Jones of North Carolina, Roscoe Bartlett of Maryland, Scott Garrett of New Jersey, and Jeff Flake of Arizona.A former neighbor of his district, Zach Wamp of the 3rd district, also belonged to the group during his tenure in the House. <mask> voted against the Wall Street bailout. In a column he explained his vote stating he "thought it would be better in the long run not to adopt the socialist approach." The American Conservative Union gave <mask> a 96% score for his voting record in 2013, higher than any other federal Representative in Congress from Tennessee. The Family Research Council has rated <mask> as a 92% or above since 2002 and the NRA has rated him in equally positive terms. In 2012, <mask> received the number one spot in the 435-member House in the National Taxpayers Union's (NTU) annual ranking of Congress, earning him the "Taxpayer Hero" award. <mask> is a frequent contributor to Chronicles and The American Conservative, both magazines associated with the paleoconservative movement.He has also contributed to numerous trade publications and Capitol Hill newspapers. <mask> has also voiced public support for returning the gold standard. In April 2016, <mask> endorsed Donald Trump for the Republican presidential nomination. On 5 January 2017, he was one of only four Republicans to oppose the House's resolution 11 condemning the United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334. Controversies
In February 2017, <mask> refused to hold any town halls in his district after the election of then recently inaugurated President Donald Trump. <mask> said that he preferred one-on-one meetings rather than town halls, adding that he was not willing to give a platform to "extremists, kooks and radicals." Misuse of campaign funds
<mask> was accused of misuse of campaign funds for using them to pay his son almost $300,000 over the course of five years, for work not done or for fees that were too high.<mask> denied the charges. However his son, <mask> III (R) a Knox County Trustee, pled guilty to a felony charge of official misconduct for handing out bonuses to his own staff for training they had not received. <mask> resigned from office and was given one year of probation. His charges are now expunged. Retirement from Congress
On July 31, 2017, <mask> announced that he would not run for reelection in 2018, citing to spend more time with his family. Committee assignments
 Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure (Vice Chairman)
 Subcommittee on Aviation (Former Chairman)
 Subcommittee on Highways and Transit (Former Chairman)
 Subcommittee on Railroads, Pipelines and Hazardous Materials
 United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform
 Subcommittee on Transportation and Public Assets
 Subcommittee on National Security

Caucus memberships
 Congressional Friends of Scotland Caucus (Founding Co-Chairman)
 Congressional Immigration Reform Caucus
 Liberty Caucus
United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus
 Sportsmen's Caucus
 Veterinary Medicine Caucus
Congressional Constitution Caucus
Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus
U.S.-Japan Caucus

Personal life
<mask> and his wife Lynn ( Hawkins) were married in 1991. They have four children, including former Knox County Trustee <mask> III, and eight grandchildren.Lynn died in August 2021. He is also the brother of Tennessee State Senator <mask> Massey. After retiring from Congress, <mask> relocated from his home in Knoxville to Bean Station in neighboring Grainger County. References

External links

 <mask> articles at lewrockwell.com

1947 births
Living people
20th-century American politicians
20th-century Presbyterians
21st-century American politicians
21st-century Presbyterians
American Presbyterians
Critics of neoconservatism
George Washington University Law School alumni
The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
Non-interventionism
Paleoconservatism
People from Lebanon, Tennessee
Politicians from Knoxville, Tennessee
Presbyterians from Tennessee
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Sears Holdings people
Tennessee lawyers
Tennessee Republicans
Tennessee state court judges
University of Tennessee alumni

masks:
John James Duncan Jr
Duncan
Duncan
John Duncan Sr
Duncan
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Jimmy Duncan
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<mask>  (January 12, 1866 – November 7, 1934) was a 19th-century northern Michigan businessman who helped establish Ludington, Michigan. He was twice elected mayor of the city and was the owner of several businesses, a banker, a lumber tycoon, a sawmill owner/operator, and a real estate investor. In civic life, he was involved with many societies and organizations. Early life
<mask> was the third child member of <mask><mask> and his wife Eliza Ann of a family of nine children. He was born on January 12, 1866, in Manistee, Michigan. His family moved in 1878 to Ludington, Michigan, when he was twelve years old. <mask> went to church schools as well as public schools for his initial education while he was growing up.From there at the age of 16, he attended a Varennes business college near Montreal for two years. He then enrolled at Indiana's University of Notre Dame in 1884 at the age of 18 and graduated in 1887 with a civil engineering degree. Career

In 1887, <mask> returned to Ludington after graduating from college. He then joined his father in the lumber business where he was gradually promoted to positions of higher responsibility and ultimately became general manager, secretary, and treasurer of Cartier Lumber Company. <mask> also served as president of the Northern Michigan Transit Company, operating steamships on the Great Lakes. He also promoted nine banks and held the following positions in these various businesses:
 Cartier-Magmer Company  secretary and treasurer
 Star Watch Case Company  secretary
 State Bank of Ludington  vice-president
 Bank of Fountain, Mason County  vicepresident
 Mason County Real Estate Company  vicepresident
 Rath & Cartier  partner in a lumber company
 Ludington State Bank – founder
 Ludington Gas Company – founder
 United Home Telephone Company  founder
 Electric Tamper & Equipment Company  president

Personal life
<mask> married Catherine (Kate) Dempsey on May 22, 1888. They had a wedding reception party that involved many people and received wedding gifts including table linens, silver spoons, pearl-handled fruit knives, oyster forks, teapots, pickle castors, decorative vases, and poetry books.They had three children: <mask>, Morgan Edward and Vincent George. <mask> was a devout Catholic who helped found the Catholic Church Extension Society, which aided under-resourced poor parishes and missions around the United States. Both he and his wife were communicants at the St. Simon Church of Ludington. <mask> supported the Republican party, serving as secretary of the Mason County Republican committee for two years. He was the Ludington city mayor in 1899 and 1903. In 1908 he represented Michigan's 26th Congressional District as a Republican presidential elector. He served two years as the city recorder.Notre Dame
Cartier served as president of the Notre Dame Alumni Association for 15 years. He played for the first Notre Dame football team. Some years later, during an enlargement project, the school's Athletic Association decided to build an enclosed field for varsity sports. Experiencing difficulties raising funds for the project, they sent a letter to <mask> in June 1899 requesting his help. He had a reputation of being "respected for his abilities and for his genial character." He responded by purchasing a  site and furnishing the lumber required for the fencing of an enclosed athletic field and grandstand and it was named the <mask> Field in his honor. Associations

<mask> was connected with or a member of the Knights of Columbus, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks (BPOE), Knights of the Maccabees, Royal Arcanum, and the Catholic Mutual Benefit Association (he was president of the state association of Michigan for nine years; also a member of the board of trustees).He was also recording secretary of the National Catholic Extension Society and past grand knight of the Pere Marquette council of the Knights of Columbus. He was knighted by Pope Pius XI to the Order of St. Gregory the Great in 1894 and, in 1927, received this highest honor of the Catholic laity again. Homes

Ludington home
<mask> and his wife's primary residence was at Ludington, Michigan. They received a Victorian style home from <mask>'s parents when they were married, which was one that was fully furnished. The home was one door east of the Cartier seniors and had recently been remodeled and updated in 1999. <mask> built a home on the west side on Ludington Ave in 1906, a three-story neoclassical style mansion built of Roman pressed brick and trimmed with Bedford limestone. It had a steam heating system, a pulley-operated draft system to provide cooling, and both gas and electric chandeliers.The interior woodwork was mahogany, cherry, walnut, white maple, oak, and hickory. In 2021 it was a bed and breakfast lodge. Fort Myers home
In winter the home the Cartiers' lived in at Poincians Park in Fort Myers, Florida is where they owned additional property. Neighbors of Henry Ford and Harvey Firestone, they lived a block from Thomas Edison. <mask> recalled in a newspaper article on the date of Edison's death that he visited the Edisons often in the past while in Florida. He remembered Edison allowing his grandchild, <mask> Jr., to be photographed with him. Another picture was taken with the Edisons holding hands with the grandchild, who was only five years old.He recalled how these pictures were precious and would become family heirlooms. Death
<mask> died at age 68 in Chicago on November 7, 1934. He had a kidney ailment two weeks earlier and was hospitalized, receiving two blood transfusions. He died suddenly of a heart attack while receiving medical attention for the kidney problem. <mask> is buried in the Pere Marquette cemetery at Ludington next to his wife. Footnotes

References

1866 births
1934 deaths
19th-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
Businesspeople from Michigan
Mayors of places in Michigan
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players
People from Ludington, Michigan
People from Manistee, Michigan
People of the Michigan Territory
Michigan Republicans
Deaths from kidney disease

masks:
Warren Antoine Cartier
Warren Antoine Cartier
Antoine E
. Cartier
Cartier
Cartier
Cartier
Cartier
Warren Ray
Cartier
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<mask> (born November 19, 1946) is an American Christian evangelist and comedian who was exposed in 1992 for inventing stories of his past as a Satanist. Before being debunked by the Christian magazine Cornerstone, he was viewed as an "expert" on Satanism in the 1980s. Early life
<mask> was born in 1946 to parents Alfred "Al<mask> and <mask> of Evansville, Indiana. When he was five years old, the Warnke family moved to Manchester, Tennessee, where his father opened a truck stop. In 1955, Warnke's mother was killed in a car accident. In 1958 his father died, leaving Warnke an orphan. After the death of his father, Warnke was taken to live with two of his aunts in Sparta, and from there to his father's half-sister and her husband in San Bernardino, California.In June 1965, he graduated from Rim of the World High School in Lake Arrowhead. That September, Warnke enrolled at San Bernardino Valley College but withdrew after one semester, whereupon by his account, he began his tenure as a Satanist. On June 2, 1966, Warnke enlisted in the United States Navy. After graduating from boot camp on August 22, 1966, his assigned military occupational specialty was as a hospital corpsman. According to the account of his life in The Satan Seller, Warnke converted to Christianity during boot camp. However, high-school acquaintance Charlotte Tweeten has stated she recalls Warnke proclaiming faith in Christ in the year prior to his navy enlistment in 1966. He also wrote that he began dating fellow Rim of the World High School alumna, Sue Studer, during this time period.This has been disproven, however, and Warnke was actually engaged to Lois Eckenrod at this time. In 1967, he completed naval corpsman training, returned to San Diego, and married Studer. Together, they had two children. In 1969, Warnke was deployed to Vietnam for a six-month tour of duty. Having been wounded in battle during those six months, he was awarded the Purple Heart. Warnke's own written accounts differ on the number of times he sustained injuries during his time in Vietnam. In The Satan Seller, Warnke says he was wounded twice, while in his second book, Hitchhiking on Hope Street, he states he was wounded five times.Despite these wounds received during his tour of duty as a hospital corpsman, second class, Warnke's various accounts have him spending much time detained, allegedly killing a man in battle, and surviving being shot several times, including once by an arrow. Warnke says it was the latter wound for which he was awarded the Purple Heart. Warnke returned to the United States in 1970. While still serving in the navy, Warnke teamed up with San Diego evangelist Morris Cerullo and was touted for his "Satanist experience". Warnke and Cerullo toured the country participating in charismatic revival meetings. Cerullo wanted to write a book about youth occultism, and assigned the writing task to David Balsiger with help from Warnke. In early 1972, Warnke requested and received an early discharge from the navy as a conscientious objector so that he could work full-time in the ministry.Warnke then left Cerullo's ministry to start his own, forbidding Cerullo to use any of his material. It was at this time that <mask> and Balsiger went on to write the book that would make Warnke famous. Rise to fame

The Satan Seller
In 1972, Warnke's book The Satan Seller was released. Written by Warnke, with help from Balsiger and Les Jones, the book tells of Warnke being orphaned as a child and his introduction into Satanism. Further detailed is Warnke's participation in sexual orgies, alcoholism, and drug dealing; his rise in the ranks of Satanism to the level of "high priest"; presiding over Satanic rituals including magical spells, summoning demons, ritual sex including a kidnap and rape; the attempt on his life — a heroin overdose — that left him angry and disillusioned; his heroism in Vietnam; and how he found Jesus and came home as an evangelist. The story ends with Warnke living happily in California with wife Sue Studer. In fewer than three months after the release, The Satan Seller had become a religious best-seller.The book launched Warnke into stardom within evangelical Christian communities. He became a popular speaker at Christian meeting places such as Melodyland in Anaheim, California. In 1974, Warnke moved his family to attend Trinity Bible College in Tulsa, Oklahoma, as a nine-month preparation for ministry. It was here, while among other charismatic Christians and recent converts preparing for a life of ministry, that Warnke met Carolyn Alberty and the two began an extramarital affair. Warnke also met Elijah Coady, an independent, schismatic bishop of the Syro-Chaldean Church, also known as the Assyrian Church of the East. Coady ordained Warnke as a deacon. Upon graduation, Warnke was again ordained, and he moved with his family to Denver, Colorado.Recordings and wives
In November 1975 at an Indiana coffeehouse, Warnke's talk about his conversion from Satanism to Christianity was incidentally recorded. This recording became his first album, Alive, which was soon widely played on Christian radio. Later that same year, despite interventions from pastors and other acclaimed ministers, Warnke left his wife for Alberty and filed for divorce. The divorce was finalized in December 1975 and four months later, Warnke married Alberty. Warnke's popularity earned him the cover of the September 1976 issue of the Christian magazine Harmony. In 1977, he released his second album, Jester In The King's Court. In 1978, he recounted his Vietnam experiences on his third album, Hey, Doc!.Warnke's albums became "the most popular Christian comedy albums ever produced". During a tour to Hazard, Kentucky, Warnke met Rose Hall, a thrice-divorced mother of three children, and began courting her while still married to his second wife. His second marriage came to an end when, as Alberty stated in an interview, "[Warnke] threw me into a wall and split my head open. He said, 'If you go to a local hospital and tell them what your name is, I'll kill you.'" Alberty fled to Florida. By November 1979, their divorce was finalized, and Warnke moved to Hall's farm in Kentucky. On January 2, 1980, Warnke and Hall were married.Warnke and his label, Word Records, feuded over an album which he eventually produced and distributed on his own, A Christian's Perspective on Halloween (1979). Word Records and Warnke reconciled by 1981, resulting in Coming Home (1981), and now including wife Rose, Higher Education (1982) and Growing Up (1983). Under Word's Dayspring label, Warnke then released (solo) Stuff Happens (1985), Good News Tonight (1986), One In A Million (1988), Live ... Totally Weird (1989). Warnke also made a VHS home video, Do You Hear Me? (1989). During the 1980s, Warnke's ministry prospered as he and his new wife toured and performed together, raising millions of dollars for their ministry.Contributions to the ministry were over $1 million in 1985, and over $2 million each year from 1987 through 1990. As their popularity waxed, their personal relationship waned. In 1984, Warnke's third wife wrote, "Satan provided a woman to fill the gap in Michael's life." The Warnkes separated in 1989 and later divorced in 1991. Six weeks after the divorce was finalized, Warnke married Rim of the World High School alumna Susan Patton. Extravagant claims
In 1982, Warnke began to exaggerate his achievements. During the 1980s, his claims of academic degrees increased from two Bachelor's degrees to two Master's Degrees to a Doctorate of Philosophy.In The Satan Seller, Warnke says he was wounded twice while in Vietnam. In Hitchhiking on Hope Street, he said he had been wounded five times. He followed up his interest in the Syro-Chaldean tradition and his 1970s ordination as a deacon with a 1983 ordination by independent bishop Richard Morrill, lately of the Byzantine Catholic Church, Inc. This ordination allowed Warnke to call himself bishop. National exposure
On May 16, 1985, Warnke appeared in a prime-time news report about Satanism on ABC's 20/20. In the show's episode titled "The Devil Worshippers", Warnke was included in a number of segments where he discussed the implements and clothing used in Satanic ceremonies, a scar allegedly indicating where he was repeatedly cut so that his blood could be used in Satanic ceremonies, and what drew him to Satanism. After Warnke's appearance on 20/20, he was frequently cited as an expert on the occult by Christian radio host Bob Larson and the Chick Publications stable of authors.Investigation and debunking
In 1991, Cornerstone magazine launched an investigation into Warnke's life and testimony. The previous year, the magazine had debunked Lauren Stratford's story that had been recounted in her book Satan's Underground. Stratford claimed her deep involvement in Satanism led her to partake in a ritual in which her own child was sacrificed. After the exposé showed Stratford's alleged child had never existed, Cornerstone journalists <mask> and Jon Trott investigated Warnke and his claims. The Cornerstone investigation spanned from interviews with over 100 of Warnke's personal friends and acquaintances to his ministry's tax receipts. It revealed a number of inaccuracies and evidence of fraud and deceit in Warnke's accounts. During the course of Cornerstone'''s investigation, pictures of Warnke taken during the time he was alleged to be a Satanist priest were discovered.Rather than showing an emaciated drug-addict sporting long fingernails and waist-length hair, the pictures showed Warnke as a typical "square" of the mid-1960s. The investigation also revealed Warnke's claims that he and Charles Manson had attended a Satanic ritual to be false; Manson was in federal prison at the time, having no known ties to Satanic churches. The investigation further uncovered that before joining the navy, Warnke had been involved with the college Christian ministry Campus Crusade for Christ. The investigation also revealed the unflattering circumstances surrounding Warnke's multiple marriages, affairs, and divorces. Regarding one Christian intervention attempt, the Cornerstone article states, "[Don] Riling, <mask>, Wes Yoder, and <mask> and Carolyn were there. 'You’d have never guessed that this was a meeting of Christians,' says Riling. '<mask> and Carolyn were swearing the whole time, and they must have gone through a whole pack of cigarettes.'"Most critically, the investigation showed how Warnke could not have done the many things he claimed to have taken part in throughout the nine months he claimed to be a Satanist - including his claims to be a drug-addicted dealer or a Satanic high priest. Before publishing, Cornerstone contacted Warnke for an interview, but he and the magazine could not agree to terms for such an interview. Cornerstone revealed its story at the annual Christian Booksellers Association convention in June 1992. Aftermath
Warnke sent a response to Cornerstone, published in July, insisting he told the truth, stating:

Despite these assertions, Warnke did not provide the name of a single Satanist but used invectives against ex-wife Carolyn. In the ensuing months, he conceded parts of the allegations, telling Christianity Today that there had been only thirteen members of his coven, not 1,500 as originally claimed, and that of those thirteen, the whereabouts of five were unknown to him, while the other eight had since died. Public response was varied but was nevertheless overwhelmingly against Warnke. Initially, Word Records stated that they would stand by their artist.However, further investigations by local Kentucky reporters at the Lexington Herald-Leader revealed that Warnke's ministry had engaged in financial misdeeds and that, "<mask>, his ex-wife Rose, and her brother Neale [Hall] received a total of $809,680 in salary at a time when the ministry newsletter claimed donations were down and more funds were needed." One week later, Word Records dropped Warnke from its label. Finally, on September 30, 1992, fewer than 100 days after the investigation was made public, Warnke's ministry closed its doors. In the spring of 1993, Warnke submitted to the authority of an assembly of ministers "acting as elders", acknowledging his "ungodliness", his "multiple divorces", his "failure as husband, father, and friend", and of "embellishment and exaggeration ... in an attempt ... to entertain", and offering to pay back taxes to the federal government. The group recommended specific changes to the ministry, including a salary cap and accountability reports. Nonetheless, he continued to "stand by [his] testimony of former Satanic involvement", stating in a 2000 interview with the Daily Oklahoman, "Exaggeration did creep into some of my stories, but my testimony is still my testimony. ""Local notes - Controversial comedian", The Modesto Bee (CA), February 2, 2002, page G1: "<mask>, a popular 1970s Christian comedian later accused of fabricating claims about his Satanist past, will speak at Pentecostal Church of God Friday through February 10.... It is unlikely he will talk about his colorful past, said Hughson Pastor Roy Little. Warnke speaks these days about his current Christian faith." As of 2006, a letter posted on Warnke's web site indicated the group had released him as having met their accountability requirements. In 1997, Warnke suffered a heart attack. In 2000, he began attempting a comeback, limited to small churches in Kentucky. In 2002, he published Friendly Fire: A Recovery Guide for Believers Battered by Religion (), an account of what he perceived as his unfair treatment by fellow Christians in the wake of the Cornerstone exposé.By 2004, he was making occasional performing appearances at churches around the country, often referred to simply as "Christian comedian <mask>e",Carol Reiter. "Around Town: Walk for health care" (local events column), The Merced Sun-Star (CA), April 14, 2007: "Calvary Temple Worship Center, ... will present <mask>e ... .  Warnke will share his life experiences from more than 35 years in World Wide Ministry." and sometimes as a former Satanic priest<ref name="exhippie">Staff reports. "Ex-hippie employs comedy to spread God's word", El Paso Times (TX), October 15, 2004, page 1D: "According to his Web site, Warnke was a satanic high priest ... "...</ref> although some mentions in the news referred to the Cornerstone exposé. See also
 Tony Anthony - a British evangelist whose claims were exposed as false
 Ergun Caner - Former college President who made similar claims that he was an Islamic terrorist that have been disputed
 Lauren Stratford - an American whose claims to have been brought up as a baby breeder in a Satanic cult were exposed as false
 John Todd - an American who claimed to have been a Satanic high priest before his conversion to Christianity
 Michelle Remembers - a discredited memoir detailing Satanic ritual abuse by Canadian psychiatrist Lawrence Pazder and his patient and later wife, Michelle Smith

References

Further reading
<mask>, Jon Trott: Selling Satan: The Tragic History of <mask>e (), Cornerstone Press 1993. An expanded, book-length version of the Cornerstone exposé by the original journalists. External links

<mask>e and Celebrations of Hope, official website
 by <mask> Hertenstein and Jon Trott

1946 births
20th-century hoaxes
American autobiographers
American evangelicals
American male comedians
United States Navy personnel of the Vietnam War
Comedians from California
Hoaxes in the United States
Impostors
Living people
Nestorians
People from Kentucky
People from Manchester, Tennessee
People from San Bernardino, California
Religious scandals
Satanic ritual abuse hysteria in the United States
United States Navy sailors
Writers from Evansville, Indiana

masks:
Michael Alfred Warnke
Mike Warnke
" Warnke
Louise Warnke
Warnke
Mike Hertenstein
Mike Johnson
Mike
Mike
Mike
Mike Warnke
Mike Warnk
Mike Warnk
Mike Hertenstein
Mike Warnk
Mike Warnk
Mike


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<mask> (24 October 1916 – 25 August 2011) was a Scottish coloratura soprano particularly associated with the operas of Benjamin Britten. Background and education
<mask> was born in Motherwell, Lanarkshire, the eighth and youngest child in a family of keen amateur musicians. Her father was an engineer in the steel industry, and also an amateur singer and choirmaster. She attended Glencairn Primary School and Dalziel High School in Motherwell. After leaving school she worked as a secretary while taking private singing lessons, and in 1941 she began studying at the Scottish National Academy of Music in Glasgow, winning the Jean Highgate singing scholarship in 1943. During her years of study, which coincided with the Second World War, she also sang in the choir of Glasgow Cathedral. She gained the Performer's Diploma in Solo Singing from what was by then the Royal Scottish Academy of Music in 1944, and similar diplomas awarded by Trinity College London and The Royal Academy of Music in 1946.In the summer of 1946 the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, was re-establishing itself after the Second World War, and to this end a series of auditions was held in various centres around the country to recruit singers for the opera chorus. <mask>, who attended the Glasgow audition, was one of seven Scots who were successful. A contemporary newspaper article reported:

London career
At the Royal Opera House, <mask> sang in the chorus in the first post-war production, Purcell's The Fairy Queen, then in the 1947 productions of Bizet's Carmen, Massenet's Manon and Mozart's The Magic Flute. In March 1947 she became a founder member of Benjamin Britten's English Opera Group, singing Britten roles at Glyndebourne, Sadler's Wells, Lucerne, Scheveningen, Oslo and Copenhagen as well as the company's home base at Aldeburgh. Able to pass as a teenager even in her thirties, she sang the role of "tiresome village child" Emmie Spatchett in Albert Herring, the centrepiece of the first Aldeburgh Festival in June 1948. She created the roles of (13-year-old) Cis Woodger in Albert Herring and Molly Brazen in Britten's 1948 adaptation of The Beggar's Opera, as well as Juliet Brook in The Little Sweep, a part written for her by Britten. In the play Let's Make an Opera!which precedes The Little Sweep, in which the characters were named for the original cast members, "Annie Dougall" (a bank clerk) who takes the part of the 14-year-old Juliet was originally played as a Scots girl, with the original libretto containing a number of Scots expressions for that character. Britten initially conceived the role of Polly Peachum in The Beggar's Opera for <mask>, but while composing the opera changed his concept of the character to a mezzo-soprano role. The part was eventually created by Nancy Evans. Between 1948 and 1950 she appeared in live radio broadcasts of Albert Herring, Let's Make an Opera! and The Beggar's Opera on the BBC Third Programme and the BBC Home Service. In February 1950 Let's Make an Opera! was broadcast live on BBC television, one of the earliest televised operas.Other performances during this period included the soprano solo parts in Bach's Mass in B minor, Handel's Messiah and A German Requiem by Brahms, and solo recitals for the BBC Third Programme including Handel's Lusinghe piu care and "Ständchen" by Richard Straus. Operatic roles included the Queen of the Night in Mozart's The Magic Flute and Micaëla in a concert performance of Bizet's Carmen. She created the title role in Lawrance Collingwood's little-known opera The Death of Tintagiles, at its only performance in April 1950. Vocal quality
Elisabeth Parry, a contemporary in the English Opera Group, described <mask> as having "... a lovely natural very high soprano voice, which never seemed to give her any problem. In our digs we used to tease her because she could get out of bed in the morning and lie in the bath singing up to E in alt." In 1950 the Totnes Times described "a charming presentation of the Queen of the Night." In 1957 the North Star reviewed her performance in Messiah as follows:

Marriage and later life
In December 1950, <mask> married Rev.James Lyon Kerr, a Church of Scotland minister. She continued her operatic career in London intermittently after her marriage, but after the birth of their daughter in 1953 concentrated on oratorio roles in Scotland. In the last four years of her life, <mask> lived with her daughter in West Linton, Peeblesshire. She died in Edinburgh on 25 August 2011, aged 94. Recordings
 Molly Brazen, in the 1948 BBC radio original cast performance of The Beggar's Opera, issued by Pearl in April 2005. Emmie Spatchett, in a 1949 performance of Albert Herring recorded live at the Theatre Royal, Copenhagen, issued by Nimbus in September 2008. The 1949 BBC archive recording of Let's Make an Opera!with <mask> in the dual role of <mask> and Juliet Brook is not commercially available. References

External links
 Britten-Pears Foundation article on The Little Sweep
 Nimbus recording of 1949 performance of Albert Herring
 Guide to Musical Theatre article on The Beggar's Opera
 Pearl original cast recording of The Beggar's Opera
<mask> in the original 1949 production of Let's Make an Opera! Let's Make an Opera! play, rehearsing the audience (extreme left) (Getty Images)
 Let's Make an Opera! play, rehearsing the audience in the "Night Song" (second from left) (Getty Images)
 The Little Sweep scene 1, freeing Sammy from the chimney (left, standing) (This picture is wrongly dated, being from the 1949 production not the 1951 revival.) (Boosey & Hawkes)
 The Little Sweep beginning of scene 2, Sammy's bath (extreme right) (Getty Images)
 The Little Sweep scene 3, trying to lift the trunk (centre, rear) (Getty Images)
 The Little Sweep scene 3, final tableau (extreme right) (Boosey & Hawkes / ArenaPAL : Performing Arts Image Library)

People from Motherwell
Scottish operatic sopranos
People educated at Dalziel High School
1916 births
2011 deaths
20th-century Scottish women opera singers

masks:
Anne Sharp
Anne Smellie Graham Sharp
Sharp
Sharp
Sharp
Sharp
Sharp
Sharp
Anne Sharp
Anne Dougall
Anne Sharp


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<mask>  (born 11 June 1953) is an Australian former police officer who was the chief commissioner of Victoria Police from 23 April 2001 to 27 February 2009, being the first female chief commissioner in any Australian state police force. After leaving Victoria Police, she was appointed as chair of the Victorian Bushfire Reconstruction and Recovery Authority in February 2009 until she stood down from the position in July 2010. Education
<mask> attended Macquarie University before attaining a Master of Public Administration from Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government. Police career
The daughter of <mask>, an assistant commissioner with the New South Wales Police Force, <mask> began her policing career with the same police force in 1972, also rising to the rank of Assistant Commissioner. She was appointed Chief Commissioner of Victoria Police in April 2001 by the Bracks Labor government. Having initially set a retirement date of late March 2009, <mask> departed earlier at the request of the Victorian Government to take on responsibility for the Victorian Bushfire Reconstruction and Recovery Authority. She was succeeded as Chief Commissioner by Simon Overland.Pride March

As Chief Commissioner, <mask> marched in uniform during Melbourne's gay and lesbian 'Pride March', run as part of the Midsumma Festival. <mask> is heterosexual but marched to express her support for gay and lesbian causes, stating "What I'm doing is supporting decent and reasonable people who want to get on with their lives, and they have been treated appallingly previously by the Police, and I'm prepared to do something about it. And if it's a small symbol of marching with them, then that would be a reasonable thing to do." Criticism
<mask> was criticised when she joined her husband, John Becquet, a former Qantas senior executive of crew operations, on the October 2008 inaugural international flight of Qantas' Airbus A380 airliner from Melbourne to Los Angeles, as guests of Qantas in an all-expenses-paid, three-day trip. Ms <mask> called the trip "reasonable" and commented that she was accompanying her husband, and that she had not had a holiday in about 12 months. Mr Becquet defended the trip by saying they were invited to LA after a chance meeting with a Qantas executive. "I am normally her handbag but on this she's my handbag."The couple celebrated their 16th wedding anniversary during this week. The head of the Office of Police Integrity, Michael Strong, sought information on the matter from Ms <mask> at a time of calls for her to reimburse the airline for the cost of the trip. Royal commission
<mask> was called to appear before the 2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission concerning her actions as chief commissioner during the Black Saturday bushfires on 7 February 2009. Counsel assisting the commission, Rachel Doyle SC, questioned <mask> on issues such as a morning hairdressing appointment, a lunchtime meeting with her biographer and an evening dinner at a restaurant, all during the worst day of the bushfires. <mask> defended her actions, stating, "It was not my job to swoop in and take control. When you have good people who are more skilled in emergency management than I am, you let those people do the job." Bushfire authority
In February 2009 <mask> assumed responsibility for the Victorian Bushfire Reconstruction and Recovery Authority, the agency tasked with rebuilding areas affected by the Black Saturday bushfires of February 2009.She stood down from the position on 17 July 2010, and announced she would take on a voluntary advisory role with the authority. Chair of RACGP
In October 2019 <mask> was selected as the chair of the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP) board. This was the first time in the college's 61-year history that a non-GP was chosen for the role. She had been on the RACGP council since 2017. RACGP president Harry Nespolon praised her prior skills in leading large organisations and said of the appointment, "Ideally we would have a GP chairing the RACGP as a member-based organisation, but at the moment, <mask> is the right person." Other positions
<mask> was a non-executive director of Foster's Group from 1 April 2010 to 31 August 2010. She also serves as Patron or Advisor to the Alannah and Madeline Foundation, Onside Victoria, Operation Newstart Victoria and The Phoenix Club Inc. She has been appointed as the Deputy Chancellor of Monash University.Awards
<mask> has been awarded the Australian Police Medal, the National Medal, the Centenary Medal, the New South Wales Police Medal and clasps for Ethical and Diligent Service and the New South Wales Police Force Olympic Citation. She was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia for "law enforcement, to women in policing, and to tertiary education" in the 2021 Queen's Birthday Honours. Health
On 18 July 2010 <mask> was taken to hospital. She subsequently underwent gall bladder surgery. Memoirs
In 2011 <mask> published her memoirs in the book Fair Cop (), which she wrote with Jo Chandler. The book was launched by the Prime Minister, Julia Gillard. It was criticised by the Police Association Victoria for what the association claims is a biased recollection of events, and by the Herald Sun.See also
 Crime in Melbourne
 Women in law enforcement

References

External links
 <mask> official website
 About <mask> from the Victoria Police website
 <mask> featured on Australian Story
 <mask> interviewed on Radio National
 Trust us, says police chief
 Honorary doctorate for <mask>
 <mask>, <mask> (1953–) in The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia

1953 births
Living people
Chief Commissioners of Victoria Police
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
People from Sydney
Police officers from Melbourne
Officers of the Order of Australia
Recipients of the Australian Police Medal
Recipients of the Centenary Medal
Women police officers

masks:
Christine Nixon
Nixon
Ross Nixon
Christine Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Christine
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Nixon
Christine Nixon
Christine Nixon
Christine Nixon
Christine Nixon
Christine Nixon
Nixon
Christine


text_chunks:
<mask> (April 20, 1885 – November 3, 1966) was an American government employee who served as the head of the Passport Division of the United States Department of State for 27 years, from 1928 to 1955. Her decisions to refuse passports were widely seen as  undemocratic, dictatorial, whimsical and often personal. Early life and education

<mask> was born <mask> on April 20, 1885 in Montgomery County, Maryland, the daughter of a Methodist minister. She attended high school in Washington, D.C. and took the civil service examination after graduating. Career
<mask> first worked for the United States Patent and Trademark Office beginning in 1908. She joined the State Department on August 25, 1914. In 1924, she became assistant chief of the Office of Coordination and Review.Passport Division

She became head of the Passport Division in 1928, the first woman to hold the position, after twice declining the appointment. She succeeded foreign service officer Parker Wilson Buhrman and initially headed a staff of more than 70. In 1930, she joined the United States delegation to the Hague conference on the codification of international law. Three years later, she led a successful campaign over the objections of some at the State Department, to prevent a magazine's advertising campaign from using the word "passport" to identify its promotional literature. She believed it "cheapened...the high plane to which a passport had been raised." In 1937, she altered the Passport Division's policies and began issuing passports in a married woman's maiden name alone if she requested it, no longer followed by the phrase "wife of". She noted that the passports of married men never carried "husband of" as further identification.The Neutrality Act of 1939 restricted travel by American citizens to certain areas and forbade transport on the ships of nations involved in hostilities. Shipley reviewed every application personally and the number of passports issued fell from 75,000 monthly in 1930 to 2,000. She also oversaw the issuance of new passports to all citizens abroad and the incorporation of new anti-counterfeiting measures into their design. In 1945, Fortune called her "redoubtable" and in 1951 Time described her as "the most invulnerable, most unfirable, most feared and most admired career woman in Government." That same year Reader's Digest wrote that: "No American can go abroad without her authorization. She decides whether the applicant is entitled to a passport and also whether he would be a hazard to Uncle Sam's security or create prejudice against the United States by unbecoming conduct." In 1942, she was criticized for issuing a passport to a Polish-American Catholic priest who visited Joseph Stalin to plead for a democratic post-war Poland.Her decision was defended by President Roosevelt. By the end of World War II, her staff included more than 200 employees. Because of her personal role in issuing passports, many important figures corresponded with and met with her to document their reasons for travel abroad, including W. E. B. Du Bois, playwright Lillian Hellman, and Manhattan project physicist Martin David Kamen. Upon her retirement, an editorial in the New York Times attributed her reputation for "arbitrary" decision to the fact that she had to enforce newly restrictive government policies. Despite the conflict between individual freedom and government policies, it said, "there was never any doubt that Mrs. Shipley did her duty as she saw it." She retired on April 30, 1955, when she reached the mandatory retirement age of 70.She said that she chose her successor, Frances G. Knight, herself. The State Department awarded her its Distinguished Service Medal upon retirement. Her decisions to withhold issuance of great numbers of passports were seen as arbitrary, and her actions presented unwarranted difficulties impeding the travel of many U.S. citizens. Controversies
Her authority was widely acknowledged and rarely challenged with success. Decisions of the Passport Division were not subject to judicial review during her years of service and her authority was described as "limitless discretion." Bill Donovan of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) first tried to win favor with <mask> by hiring her brother. When she nevertheless insisted on identifying OSS agents by noting "on Official Business" on their passports, Donovan had to get President Roosevelt to reverse her.Her efforts to deny travel privileges to the children of U.S. diplomats were similarly overridden in the years following World War II. In the 1950s, she became the object of controversy when critics accused her of denying passports without due process on the basis of politics, while critics defended her actions as attempts to support the fight against Communism. Senator Wayne Morse called her decisions "tyrannical and capricious" for failure to disclose the reasons for the denial of passport applications. Her supporters included Secretary of State Dean Acheson and Senator Pat McCarran. Such decisions were made necessary by Section 6 of the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950, which made it a crime for any member of a communist organization to use or obtain a passport. This provision was declared unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court in its 1964 decision in the case of Aptheker v. Secretary of State.) In September 1952, Secretary of State Dean Acheson called his relations with Shipley's "Queendom of Passports" "a hard struggle" and said that passport, travel and visa issues were "the most distasteful part of this job."In 1953, she refused Linus Pauling a passport for travel to travel to accept the Nobel Prize in Chemistry because, using the standard language of her office, it "would not be in the best interests of the United States," but was overruled. Personal life
She married to Frederick W. van Dorn <mask> in 1909. She left government service for several years while the couple lived in the Panama Canal Zone, where he worked in government administration until his poor health forced their return to the United States. They had a son born in 1911. Her husband died in 1919. The American Jewish League Against Communism gave her an award for "a lifetime of service to the American people." She died in Washington, D.C., on November 3, 1966.She is buried in the Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C.

Family
<mask>'s grandfather Alexander Bielaski died fighting for the Union at the Battle of Belmont and her uncle Oscar Bielaski was a professional baseball player. Her brother A. Bruce Bielaski headed the Bureau of Investigation, later the Federal Bureau of Investigation, in the Department of Justice during World War I.

Footnotes

Further reading

"<mask>: The State Department's Watchdog," Reader's Digest, vol. 59, July 1951. People from Montgomery County, Maryland
American civil servants
McCarthyism
People from Washington, D.C.
1885 births
1966 deaths
American people of Polish descent

masks:
Ruth Bielaski Shipley
Shipley
Ruth Bielaski
Shipley
Shipley
Shipley
Shipley
Ruth Shipley