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<mask> FRS (22 October 1877 – 20 March 1950) was an English bacteriologist and was the original discoverer in 1915 of bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria). He studied medicine at St Thomas's Hospital, London, was superintendent of the Brown Institute for Animals (a pathology research centre), and was a professor of bacteriology at the University of London. He researched into Johne's disease, a chronic intestinal infection of cattle, and also discovered that vitamin K is needed by growing leprosy bacteria. Early life and scientific training
The eldest of the eleven children of Dr. <mask>, <mask> was born in Camberley, Surrey on 22 October 1877. The three eldest sons went to Tomlinson's Modern School in Woking. From 1894 <mask> studied medicine at St Thomas's Hospital, London. After qualifying in medicine (Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons, Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians) in 1900, Twort took the first paid post available, assistant to Dr. Louis Jenner, Superintendent of the Clinical Laboratory of St Thomas' Hospital.There he trained in pathological techniques. In 1902 he became assistant to the Bacteriologist of the London Hospital, Dr. William Bulloch, later F.R.S., and carried out single-handed the whole diagnostic routine of the hospital. In 1909, Twort became the superintendent of the Brown Animal Sanatory Institution, a pathology research centre, and remained there for the duration of his career. In 1919 Twort married Dorothy Nony, daughter of <mask>. Banister, and together they had three daughters and a son. Major work

Mutation
Early in the history of microbiology, bacteria were often differentiated testing their ability to grow on different media. Twort's first important paper found some shortcomings to this method. He found that the major subgroups identified by sugar fermentation were not capable of clear-cut subdivision by tests on glucosides, nor even were they strictly separable by sugars.Twort wrote, "It seems, therefore, probable that the separate micro-organisms in the various subgroups are not to be regarded as distinct species, but as varieties or hybrids of one or more species. If this be so, one might expect them to be constantly varying, losing old characters and gaining new ones according to the conditions under which they are grown, and it was with the object of testing this hypothesis that further series of experiments were undertaken." Following prolonged incubation in media that they previously failed to ferment, several species acquired fermentation powers which originally they did not enjoy. We now know that these mutant individuals able to ferment novel sugars arose in culture, and came to dominate the population. Although ignored at the time - a trend that seemed to plague his career - this work was quite prescient, and anticipated by decades the subsequent work on adaptation and mutation by bacterial chemists and microbiologists. Growth factors
Leprosy was still a major concern during the early part of the 20th century. However, work on leprosy was frustrated by the inability to culture the leprosy bacillus in the laboratory.Twort suspected that the leprosy bacillus had a 'close relationship' with the tubercle bacillus, a species that was culturable. Twort wrote, "It appeared highly probable that these two organisms would require the same chemical substances for building up their protoplasm, which could be elaborated from the ordinary media only
by the tubercle bacillus." Twort therefore incorporated dead tubercle bacilli in the growth medium and succeeded in culturing leprosy. The essential substance supplied by the tubercle bacillus that was missing from the medium turned out to be vitamin K. Twort's experiment is important as a demonstration of an organism growing only when supplied with a substance elaborated by another. This is the essential feature of all growth factor investigations and the basis of all studies of bacterial nutrition. However, this work, too, was ignored for several decades. Johne's disease
Twort also researched Johne's disease, a chronic intestinal infection of cattle.Similarly to leprosy, Johne's bacillus could not be cultivated on ordinary media. Incorporation of dead tubercle bacilli in the medium was successful. Johne's
bacillus had been cultivated for the first time. Contrary to previous efforts, Twort's work was recognized immediately. Twort-d'Herelle phenomenon
Twort and his brother, Dr. C. C<mask>, had for some years been trying to grow viruses in artificial media hoping to find a nonpathogenic virus, which might be the wild type of a pathogenic one, so more likely to grow. In 1914, Twort set out to identify the elusive (now known to be nonexistent) "essential substance" that would allow vaccinia virus to grow in vitro. At the time, smallpox vaccines had to be made in the skin of calves and was almost always contaminated with the bacterial genus Staphylococcus.<mask> speculated the contaminating bacteria might be the source of the "essential substance" needed by vaccinia to survive. He plated some of the smallpox vaccines on nutrient agar slants and obtained large bacterial colonies of several colours. Upon closer examination of the colonies with a magnifying glass, he found minute glassy areas that would not grow when subcultured. He quickly realized these glassy areas were the result of the destruction of the bacterial cells and was able to pick from some of these areas and transmit this from one staphylococci colony to another. Further experiments showed the agent could pass through porcelain filters and it required bacteria for growth. These observations show Twort had discovered most of the essential features of bacteriophages, although Twort seemed to favor the idea that the principle was not a separate form of life, but an enzyme which is secreted by the bacteria. Twort published these results in The Lancet in 1915 and called the contagion the bacteriolytic agent.Unfortunately, his discovery was ignored; Félix d'Herelle discovered phages independently, and <mask>'s work may have been lost to time, but for Jules Bordet and Andre Gratia's rediscovery of <mask>'s paper. World War I
In the middle of his work, war broke out and a grant from the Local Government Board came to an end. Further, he became interested in the Royal Army Medical Corps and
actually left for Salonika, where he was in charge of the base laboratory, a few weeks after his phage paper was published. Supposedly after that point, <mask> was inundated with routine and could no longer pursue his research. To explain why he did not continue his work on bacteriophages, Twort responded, "it was sometime after the end of the war before I was really free again to continue the investigation, but at that time most of the additional details of the phenomenon had been published by other workers under the title of 'the bacteriophage'. So I passed on to other work." This excuse is rather puzzling since, in 1919, bacteriophage research was still in its infancy.Postwar work
Following the war, the recently formed Medical Research Committee (Council) supplemented <mask>'s salary as a university professor by an annual grant but he never was given an assistant to help with the great number of experiments he had in mind. He struggled on under difficult and depressing conditions with singlemindedness and intense interest in his work. <mask> and others wanted to use these bacteriolytic agents to cure bacterial diseases in humans and animals. When this proved to be unsuccessful, Twort went back to expanding his original idea that the bacteriolytic agents themselves needed an addition (essential) factor of a more exceptional nature to satisfy their fundamental needs. He searched for a substance that would allow viruses to grow apart from other forms of life (i.e. a host organism) and when this was unsuccessful, he tried to prove that bacteria evolved from viruses. His prime idea was to devise conditions for the cultivation of viruses from abiotic precursors or hypothetical pre-virus forms which might exist in nature.These experiments, while failures, presaged the famous Miller-Urey experiments of the 1950s. Although he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in May 1929, <mask> was never again to publish work of any serious import. On 19 November 1931 London University's Senate conferred on him the title of Professor of Bacteriology on the following grounds: 1. His distinguished contributions by research to the advancement of his subject. 2. His powers of exposition. 3.His eminence in his subject. Financial support for his research dwindled, his stipend from the MRC ended in 1936, and his laboratory was destroyed by a bomb in 1944. The University of London took this opportunity to deprive Twort of his post and research facilities. He was allowed to store the research equipment at his home in Camberley. In 1949, Penguin Books published his chapter on the Discovery of the Bacteriophage alongside a chapter on the Bacteriophage by Felix d'Herelle in the popular series Science News. Twort died on 30 March 1950. References

Bibliography
Includes material paraphrased from Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual, Third Edition, Sambrook and Russell, Volume I, p. 2.109.Information Panel: Bacteriophages: Historical Perspective. 1877 births
1950 deaths
People from Camberley
British microbiologists
English bacteriologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Royal Army Medical Corps officers
British Army personnel of World War I

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<mask> (born May 16, 1965) is an American politician who served as Acting Mayor of Boston for eight months in 2021. She served as President of the Boston City Council from 2020 to 2022, and as a member of the council from the 7th district from 2018 to 2022. She is the first woman and first black person to serve as acting mayor of the city during a vacancy in the office of mayor. <mask> began her career as a community organizer and education advocate, working for groups such as Parents United for Child Care. and Massachusetts Advocates for Children. A member of the Democratic Party, <mask> entered politics when she successfully ran for the Boston City Council in 2017. She has been a member of the Boston City Council since January 2018, and was selected as president of the Council in January 2020.On the city council, she represents the 7th district (which includes Roxbury, with parts of the South End, Dorchester, and Fenway). Janey became Boston's acting mayor upon Marty Walsh's departure from the post when he was confirmed as the United States secretary of labor. Janey was a candidate in the nonpartisan primary of the 2021 Boston mayoral election, but had an unsuccessful fourth-place finish. Janey later endorsed Michelle Wu for the general election. Wu went on to win the general election, and was <mask>'s successor. Early life and education
<mask><mask> was born on May 16, 1965, in Roxbury, Boston, to Clifford B<mask> and <mask>, who divorced when she was young. Her father taught and worked as a school administrator in Boston, and would serve as superintendent of the Rochester City School District, District of Columbia Public Schools, and Newark Public Schools.The birthplaces of her ancestors include North Carolina on her mother's side, and Guyana, Virginia, Nova Scotia, and Massachusetts on her father's. One grandfather was born in Chelsea in 1915 and a great-grandfather in Medford in 1890. She "has had family in the city of Boston for six generations". When she was 11, <mask> attended school in Charlestown, Boston. She, along with other students, was bused from Roxbury to Charlestown, as part of Boston's controversial court-mandated school desegregation plan. She later attended high school in Reading, Massachusetts, under a voluntary program that allowed inner city students to commute to nearby suburbs for high school. She gave birth to a daughter at the age of 16.After graduating from high school, she worked to raise her daughter and attended community college. She entered Smith College but interrupted her studies to care for her ill grandfather after the death of her grandmother. She eventually graduated from Smith College in 1994. Janey volunteered for Mel King's campaign in the 1983 Boston mayoral election. In 1994, Janey participated in the Ada Comstock Scholars Program designed for students who are older than the traditional age for college students. Career as a community organizer
Janey worked as a community organizer and education advocate for Parents United for Child Care. She joined the Massachusetts Advocates for Children, a nonprofit, in 2001.At Massachusetts Advocates for Children, she worked for roughly seventeen years as an activist and project director, mainly focusing on eliminating g the opportunity and achievement gaps in education for children of color, children learning English as a second language, children with special needs, and children living in poverty. In 2015, Janey served on the transition team aiding Tommy Chang in his transition into the position of superintendent of Boston Public Schools. Boston City Council
<mask> was first elected to the council in November 2017, as the representative of District 7, which includes Roxbury, and parts of Dorchester, the Fenway and the South End. In the September Democratic primary she led the field of thirteen candidates with 25% of the votes, and then she faced the other leading candidate, Rufus Faulk, in the general election. She won the election with 55.5 percent of the 8,901 votes cast. When she was sworn in in January 2018, she became the first woman to represent District 7 on the council. Janey was re-elected in November 2019 with over 70% of the votes cast in her district.In her reelection campaign, it attracted attention that she shared a campaign office with both the reelection campaign of at-large councilor Michelle Wu and the election campaign of at-large council candidate Alejandra St. Guillen. In January 2020, Janey was elected as president of the City Council by her fellow councilors. As a member of the council, she has focused on education and social justice. She has supported changing the method of choosing Boston School Committee members, replacing the current system of mayoral appointment with an elected school committee. In July 2018, Janey, along with fellow city councilors Lydia Edwards and Michelle Wu, introduced legislation that would have removed as-of-right designations for chain stores, thereby requiring a conditional use permit for an chain stores to open and operate in any area designated as a "neighborhood business district". In promotion of the proposed legislation, Janey said, "While chain stores also play a role in our economy, it is imperative that community members have the opportunity to weigh in on whether to allow them based on the unique circumstances of their neighborhood business district." Janey partnered with fellow councilor Michelle Wu to probe the city's process for awarding municipal contracts, finding that only 1% municipal contracts were going to women and minority-owned vendors.These findings were the impetus for the city to start looking at ways to diversify the recipients of city contracts. In November 2019, the City Council passed an ordinance authored by Janey, aiming to increase equity in the legal cannabis industry. The ordinance included the creation of a new oversight board to assess and vote on applications for licenses based on a set criteria. Mayor Walsh signed the ordinance into law later that month. John Jordan of the publication Globest wrote that the ordinance made the city the, "first US city to prioritize cannabis industry diversity". The ordinance changed the way marijuana dispensaries were awarded licenses by the city, establishing an independent board to review applications. Previously, licenses were awarded by the mayor's office.In 2021, <mask>, with fellow councilor Andrea Campbell, proposed an ordinance that would have banned employers in Boston from running credit checks on job seekers, arguing that credit checks are most detrimental to low-income applicants. Acting mayor of Boston

On January 7, 2021, President-elect Joe Biden selected Boston mayor Marty Walsh as his nominee for Secretary of Labor. On March 22, 2021, Walsh was confirmed by the United States Senate; he resigned as mayor later that day. <mask>, as president of the City Council, became the acting mayor of Boston, as prescribed by the Boston City Charter. Janey is the first woman and the first person of color to serve as acting mayor of Boston during a vacancy in the office. Janey held an unofficial swearing in ceremony on March 24. The historic nature of Janey being the first woman and first person of color to hold any mayoral-style role in Boston's history caused Janey's ascent to the role of acting mayor to receive national media attention.Janey refers to herself as being "mayor", rather than "acting mayor". She identifies herself as Boston's 55th mayor. However, the Boston City Charter distinguishes between permanent and acting mayors. Janey, as City Council President, remains acting mayor until the 2021 Boston mayoral election is decided in November 2021. Janey announced on April 6, 2021, her candidacy in the mayoral election. Per the Boston City Charter, acting mayors, “possess the powers of mayor only in matters not admitting of delay” and “have no power to make permanent appointments." In June 2021, amid tensions between Janey and the city council over budget discussions, the city council granted itself the authority to remove its president by a two-thirds majority vote.Should that action occur, the council would elect a new president who would be designated acting mayor. While Janey fills the some of the duties of mayor on an acting basis, the duties of city council president are being filled on an acting basis by the council's president pro tempore, Matt O'Malley. After her term as acting mayor ends, Janey will be able to remain on the City Council until her current term as a councilor expires in January 2022. Transition into role
In late February, anticipating Walsh's confirmation and her ascent to the acting mayoralty, Janey announced key individuals who would serve as members of her senior leadership team once she assumed the role of acting mayor. In early March, Janey established  six "Mayoral Transition Sub-Committees" to help guide her transition into the role of acting mayor. Heading one of these committees was Frederica Williams. COVID-19 pandemic in Boston
Janey took office amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Boston.Ahead of assuming the position of acting mayor, Janey selected Omar Boukili to serve as her senior advisor on COVID-19 response and strategic initiatives. In March, Janey announced the Vaccine Equity Grant Initiative, which she worked to launch with the city's Office of Health and Human Services and Boston Public Health Commission. The program was aimed to increase awareness of and access to the COVID-19 vaccine in communities disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The announcement of this program was her first announcement after becoming acting mayor. In April, Janey and Boston's health and human services chief Marty Martinez announced the Boston Public Health Commission's "Hope" campaign, a multilingual public awareness campaign aiming to encourage Boston's residents to get vaccinated against COVID-19. In early August, Janey controversially compared requiring proof of vaccination (vaccine passports) to slave papers and birtherism. She walked back this comparison days later.On August 12, Janey announced a mandate that all municipal employees either needed to be vaccinated for COVID-19 or undergo regular COVID-19 tests. In October, Janey threatened that she might fire municipal employees who did not abide by this mandate. In late August, after the United States Supreme Court overturned the federal eviction moratorium, Janey announced a municipal moratorium, which would remain in effect indefinitely until the executive director of the Boston Public Health Commission rescinds it. It bans landlords and homeowners from serving or enforcing evictions on city residents, except in cases which involve, "serious violations of the terms of the tenancy that impair the health and safety of other building residents or immediately adjacent neighbors." At the same time, Janey announced that she would direct the Department of Neighborhood Development to use $5 million of federal pandemic relief funds to create a "Foreclosure Prevention Fund" to help homeowners behind on payment to cover their expenses. Despite calls by her mayoral election opponents Andrea Campbell and Michelle Wu to do so in August, amid rising delta variant infections, Janey refused to implement a COVID-19 vaccine requirement for entrance to indoor establishments, such as restaurants and gyms. Homelessness

In late March, <mask>'s administration temporarily shut down the city's "comfort station" in the Mass and Cass area (also known as the "Methadone Mile"), which is the location of a large homeless population.The comfort station provided services such as bathrooms to the homeless. It reopened with changes in May, but was permanently shut in July, with Janey's office citing safety concerns. In May, Janey stated that the city was

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 "reviewing" the possible use of ferries to bring people to Long Island, where facilities could be used to provide services to the homeless (such facilities had been closed on the island since the 2014 closure of the bridge to it). By the end of September, Janey ruled this out as a viable option. In September, Janey announced plans to house homeless people from the Mass and Cass area at a hotel in Revere, Massachusetts. However, Revere mayor Brian M. Arrigo spoke in strong opposition to that idea. However, Janey had stood by the plan.On October 19, Janey declared homelessness and addiction a public health crisis. Janey also announced that she planned to remove tents from the Mass and Cass area, and relocate people into homeless shelters and treatment centers. Janey signed an executive order creating a "central coordinating team" of local and state officials to outline shelter and addiction treatments available in the region for those needing them. Her executive order also included the step of removing tents from Mass and Cass. The city soon after required homeless people to quickly vacate the area. Some advocates have protested Janey's plan to clear the area's tent city. Janey has justified it by citing the lack of hygienic facilities in tents, the sexual assaults and crime in the area, and the four or five overdoses that are reversed each day in the area.Opponents have argued that the dismantling of the tents and other makeshift structures, forcibly if necessary, effectively amounts to a criminalization of homelessness and addiction. Policing

In April, Janey named Stephanie Everett to be head of the city's new Office of Police Accountability and Transparency. In May, Janey signed into law an ordinance which restricted the Boston Police Department's use of tear gas, pepper spray and rubber bullets. Such a measure had been vetoed earlier in 2021 by Mayor Walsh. Around the same time, Janey announced that she had directed the city to drop its legal defense of a Boston Police Department promotion exam that had been criticized by opponents as "racially discriminatory". Janey ordered the city to move to reach a settlement in the years-long litigation surrounding the exam. This move followed both pressure from mayoral election opponents and a story in The Boston Globe on the lawsuit.Also in May, a report from an independent probe was released, finding  Police Commissioner Dennis White to have had a pattern of alleged domestic violence. After this, Janey made an attempt to oust White, who had already been suspended by Mayor Walsh months earlier. White took legal action, challenging Janey's authority as acting mayor to fire him. In June 2021, Janey formally terminated White's employment. In June, the Boston City Council approved Janey's 2022 budget, which included a plan to cut $399 million from the police budget, including a reduction of their overtime budget from $65 million to $45 million. Janey's office claimed that their long-term plan would be to add 30 more officers to the police force, claiming that doing so would help to cut down on overtime expenses. While her budget passed, aspects of it related to policing did receive vocal criticism from some members of the city council.In early August, Janey announced a pilot program that would see EMTs and mental health personnel respond without the assistance of police to 9-1-1 calls on mental health matters that are not a public safety concern. The plan was established by the city's Mental Health Crisis Response Working Group, as well as the Boston Police Department and the Boston Office of Health and Human Services at Janey's urging. Transit
Soon after becoming acting mayor, Janey advocated that she wanted the MBTA to return to its pre-pandemic service levels. In March, Janey announced a pilot program that would offer 1,000 workers in five of the city's business districts (East Boston, and Fields Corner,  Jamaica Plain, Mission Hill, Nubian Square, Three Squares) free MBTA and Bluebikes passes with up to $60 in credit. In June, Janey announced that the city would be funding a $500,000 three-month pilot that would see the MBTA's Route 28 bus be made fare-free. In 2019, as a city councilor, she and fellow councilor Michelle Wu had previously called for this bus route to be made fare-free. Other matters
In May, Janey signed an ordinance into law which would move the nonpartisan  primary for the 2021 Boston mayoral election, in which she was a declared candidate, from its originally-scheduled date of September 21, to the date of September 14.In June, Janey announced that the total amount an individual first-time homebuyer could receive in assistance from the city would expand significantly to $40,000. She also signed an executive order awarding city contractors state prevailing wages. In June, two female Latina American Boston School Committee members resigned over a scandal involving racially-charged text messages that they had sent about White West Roxbury residents. Stating that their resignations left a "void in Latina leadership" on the Boston School Committee, Janey pledged that she would appoint Latina replacements, a promise she fulfilled the following month. In late August, Janey announced that she would be moving to withdraw the Downtown Waterfront District Municipal Harbor Plan zoning plan, which had been years in the works. She cited concerns regarding equity and climate resiliency. However, weeks later, Governor Charlie Baker claimed that state officials would reject Janey's withdrawal, unless the city submits a replacement plan.In September, Janey signed into law an ordinance creating a city commission on Black men and boys. The Boston City Council had previously approved the creation of such a commission in 2014, but it had been vetoed by Mayor Walsh. On September 24, Janey met with mayoral general election candidates Annissa Essaibi George and Michelle Wu at the Francis Parkman House, and the three agreed to November 16 as the tentative date for the expected transition of power for the mayoralty. On October 5, Janey signed into law an ordinance requiring buildings in the city that are larger than 20,000 square feet to reach net-zero carbon emissions by the year 2050, and setting emissions reporting requirements for such buildings. On October 6, Janey signed an executive order replacing the city's recognition of the second Monday in October as "Columbus Day" with a recognition of the day as "Indigenous Peoples' Day". On October 22, 2021, Janey sent a letter to the United States Census Bureau to announce the city's intention to challenge the 2020 United States census results for the city, alleging that the city's population had been undercounted. Mayoral campaign

Acting Mayor Janey announced on April 6, 2021, that she would run in the 2021 Boston mayoral election.This was Janey's first citywide race, and only her third-ever campaign for public office. Early into her campaign, she was seen as a likely candidate to make the general election. Her acting incumbency, and the national media attention it initially received, was perceived as being a strong advantage. During much of the summer, she was seen as gaining ground in the election, and was out-fundraising her opponents. However, Ellen Barry of The New York Times and Lisa Kashinsky of Politico have suggested that her comments in early August on vaccine passports were damaging to her momentum. By the closing weeks of the nonpartisan primary election campaign, Michelle Wu was seen as the front-runner, with Janey being perceived as competing with Andrea Campbell and Annissa Essaibi George for a second-place finish. The video her campaign had released at its launch was noted for playing-up her acting incumbency, setting a tone for her campaign, which leaned heavily into her acting incumbency.Janey made a deliberate effort to avoid use of the title "acting mayor", promoting herself as being the "mayor". In late-August, Joe Battenfeld of the Boston Herald characterized Janey as having run a "Rose Garden campaign", emphasizing her acting incumbency through weekly press conferences and playing a visible role in the city's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In a post mortem look at <mask>'s campaign, Joan Vennochi of The Boston Globe similarly described Janey as having taken a "Rose Garden strategy", speculating that she had patterned such an approach after Tom Menino's similar approach as acting mayor, which won then-acting mayor Menino the 1993 Boston mayoral election. Vennochi argued that, unlike Menino, Janey had been cautious in governing, and, "didn’t define herself or her plans for a future administration", and had been "carefully scripted" in press conferences, outside of her controversial off-hand remarks vaccine passports. Similarly, shortly ahead of the preliminary election, Ellen Barry of The New York Times had written that, as acting mayor, Janey had, "been cautious in her new role, sidestepping hot-button issues that could hurt her in the general election, and remaining largely scripted in public appearances." It was noted in a September 1 article in The Boston Globe that Janey had been absent at 30 out of 60 candidate events such as forums, town halls, and one-on-one interviews to which all of the major candidates had been invited, while each of the other major candidates had attended nearly all of these events. There was an, ultimately unsuccessful, effort by some Janey supporters to coalesce black support around <mask>'s candidacy, and away from the other two black candidates (Andrea Campbell and John Barros)

In late August, Janey began airing her first television advertisements.For her platform, Janey had outlined what she called the "HEART Agenda", with "HEART" being an acronym for housing, education, accountability, recover/resiliency, and transportation. Originally, like the other major candidates, with the exception of Michelle Wu, Janey opposed rent control. However, in August, she changed her stance on the issue, and sided in favor of it being made an option for the city to potentially implement rent control. Janey's platform called for an "equitable" recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Janey conceded the election shortly after midnight on the day after the primary election, when very little of the vote total had been released. When the votes finished being counted, she had placed fourth. Janey's defeat made her the first incumbent of any kind since 1949 to lose a Boston mayoral election.On September 25, Janey endorsed Michelle Wu for the general election. Personal life
Janey is African American. Janey lives in the Roxbury neighborhood of Boston. She gave birth at age 16 to a daughter, <mask>a, who now works in financial literacy and realty. <mask>a is mother to Janey's three grandchildren. Awards
In 2015, Janey received the Boston NAACP Difference Maker Award. In January 2020, she received the Hubie Jones Award from the Boston Children's Chorus.Electoral history

City Council

 write-in votes

 write-in votes

Mayor

Note:2021 Boston mayoral primary results are not yet certified

See also

 History of African Americans in Boston
 List of first African-American mayors

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

|-

1965 births
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American politicians
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
African-American city council members in Massachusetts
African-American mayors in Massachusetts
African-American women in politics
Boston City Council members
Living people
Massachusetts Democrats
Mayors of Boston
People from Roxbury, Boston
Smith College alumni
Women city councillors in Massachusetts
Women mayors of places in Massachusetts
20th-century

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<mask> (born March 26, 1952) is an American physician, author, former broadcast journalist. She served as a medical correspondent for ABC News for 15 years, and she was the chief medical editor for NBC News from 2006 to 2015, frequently appearing on the Today show, NBC Nightly News and MSNBC to discuss medical-related issues. Snyderman is also on the staff of the otolaryngology-head and neck surgery department at the University of Pennsylvania, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 2013, Snyderman launched her own website where she answers health and medical questions. She is a co-founder of CarePlanners, a service that helps people navigate the healthcare system. Snyderman's medical work has been widely published and she has authored five books. She has received numerous awards for her medical broadcast reporting and she has been the recipient of many research grants.In 2015, Snyderman left NBC News following a high-profile controversy over violating an Ebola quarantine. Early life, education, and family
Snyderman was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the daughter of <mask>, a housewife, and <mask>, a physician. She has a younger brother who is a physician as well. She grew up in Ft. Wayne, Indiana, where she graduated from South Side High School in 1970. She attended Indiana University Bloomington, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in microbiology. Snyderman went on to attend medical school at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, located in Omaha, Nebraska, earning a Doctor of Medicine degree from its College of Medicine in 1977. She presently lives in Princeton, New Jersey  with her husband, Doug.She has three children, Kate, Rachel, and Charlie. Snyderman states that she knew already in the third grade that she wanted to be a physician when her father brought her with him on his Sunday hospital rounds. She counts her father and mother and one of her instructors, Eugene Nicholas Myers, the chief of surgery in Pittsburgh, as her mentors. She says that Myers "taught me how to be a really good surgeon. He invested time in me; and it's a lot for him that I vowed no matter what my other careers were, I would never give up medicine." In 2011, while appearing as a panel member discussing rape on the NBC Today show, Snyderman disclosed that she was raped at gunpoint when she was a sophomore in college. Snyderman stated, "I was attacked in 1970 as a college girl and I did everything wrong.I didn't come forward. I waited too long. And by the time I would have come forward a [defense attorney] could have skewered me with questions. So I have great sensitivity for young women who have been raped.”  She suggested to women:  “If you are an adult and you want to take the shame off of rape, one of the bravest things you can do as a woman is to come forward and say I accuse you - and I’m going to do it publicly.”

Career
Snyderman followed up her training with medical residencies in both pediatrics and otolaryngology at the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center in Pennsylvania. She moved to Little Rock, Arkansas, joining the surgical staff at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences in 1983, specializing in throat and neck cancers. She began her broadcasting career in 1984 at KARK, the NBC affiliate in Little Rock. She served as a medical correspondent for ABC News for 15 years, and was a contributor to 20/20, Primetime, and Good Morning America.Before leaving ABC News, she was a frequent substitute co-host on Good Morning America. Snyderman also served as vice president of consumer education for the health care corporation Johnson & Johnson, where she headed "Understanding Health", an educational initiative which focused on public education about health and medicine. In 1988, she moved to San Francisco, California, where she practiced head and neck surgery at the University of California San Francisco and California Pacific Medical Center. In the 1990s, Snydermann served as a medical correspondent for KPIX-TV in San Francisco. Snyderman joined NBC News as its chief medical editor in September 2006. Her reports have appeared on Today, NBC Nightly News with Brian Williams, Dateline NBC, MSNBC and MSNBC.com. She hosted the MSNBC program Dr. Nancy, in 2009.She served as a sports desk reporter for NBC Sports coverage of both the 2008 Summer Olympics. and the 2014 Winter Olympics. She has reported on wide-ranging medical topics affecting both men and women, and has traveled the world extensively, reporting from many of the world's most-troubled areas. In 2013, Snyderman launched her own website where she answers health and medical questions, takes suggestions for upcoming story ideas for NBC, and contributes a daily video and written blog. In 2016, she was named to the board of directors of the pharmaceutical company Alkermes. Snyderman is a co-founder of CarePlanners, a service that helps people navigate the healthcare system. She states that she understood the need for a service like CarePlanners after she became responsible for her parent's care in 2005.Recognition
Snyderman has received numerous awards for her medical broadcast reporting, including several Emmy Awards, Edward R. Murrow Awards, an Alfred I. duPont Award, and a Gracie Award. In 1986 she received an award for in-depth reporting from KARK-TV, and an Associated Press award for "best documentary" for her work on sex education in Arkansas in 1987. She received the "Distinguished Service Award" from the American Academy of Otolaryngology's Head and Neck Surgery Foundation in 1998. Among many recent honors, in 2001 she received the Athena Award from the Partnership for Women's Health at Columbia University for her work in the field of women's health. Also in 2001, she earned the Trailblazer Award from the American Women in Radio and Television for furthering the knowledge of women's health on a national level. South Side High School Distinguished Alumni Award 1996. Selective abortion advocacy
Snyderman has stated that she supports selective abortion as a result of the detection of the presence of congenital disorders in the fetus before birth, proclaiming it to be "the science of today" and "I believe that this is a great way to prevent diseases."Ebola quarantine
In 2014, after returning from Liberia, where she was in contact with a freelance cameraman who contracted Ebola, Snyderman and the remainder of her crew were asked to observe a voluntary 21-day quarantine to minimize the risk of further outbreak. After Snyderman was then seen inside a car, outside a local restaurant, in violation of the quarantine, the state of New Jersey issued a mandatory 21-day quarantine for Snyderman and her crew. On March 12, 2015, Snyderman announced she had resigned her position as NBC's Chief Medical Editor due to the controversy over her breaking the quarantine. Books
 <mask>, <mask>.; Blackstone, Margaret (1996). Dr. <mask>man's Guide to Good HealthWhat Every Forty-Plus Woman Should Know about Her Changing Body. New York City: William Morrow and Company.  .
 <mask>, <mask>.; Streep, Peg (2000). Necessary JourneysLetting Ourselves Learn from Life.New York City: Hyperion Books. .
 <mask>, <mask>.; Streep, Peg (2002). Girl in the MirrorMothers and Daughters in the Years of Adolescence. New York City: Hyperion Books. .
 <mask>, <mask>. (2008). Medical Myths That Can Kill YouAnd the 101 Truths That Will Save, Extend, and Improve Your Life. New York City: Crown Publishers.  .
 <mask>, <mask>. (2009). Diet Myths That Keep Us FatAnd the 101 Truths That Will Save Your WaistlineAnd Maybe Even Your Life. New York City: Crown Publishers.  .

References

External links

 Biography of <mask>man at MSNBC.com

1952 births
20th-century American physicians
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American physicians
21st-century American women writers
ABC News personalities
American broadcast news analysts
American columnists
American medical writers
Women medical writers
American television hosts
Indiana University Bloomington alumni
Johnson & Johnson people
Journalists from Missouri
Living people
MSNBC people
NBC News people
American otolaryngologists
People from Princeton, New Jersey
People from St. Louis
Physicians from Missouri
University of Arkansas at Little Rock people
University of Nebraska Medical Center alumni
University of Pennsylvania staff
Writers from Missouri
American women television journalists
American women columnists
Celebrity doctors
21st-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American women physicians
21st-century American women physicians
American women television presenters

masks:
Nancy Lynn Snyderman
Joy Snyderman
Sanford Snyderman
Snyderman
Nancy L
Nancy Snyder
Snyderman
Nancy L
Snyderman
Nancy L
Snyderman
Nancy L
Snyderman
Nancy L
Nancy Snyder


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<mask> (; ; 1093 or 1094 – 15 February 1152) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was from 1116 to 1120 Duke of Franconia, from 1127 to 1135 anti-king of his predecessor Lothair <mask> and from 1138 until his death in 1152 king in the Holy Roman Empire. He was the son of Duke Frederick I of Swabia and Agnes, a daughter of the Salian Emperor Henry IV. Descent

The origin of the House of Hohenstaufen in the Duchy of Swabia has not been conclusively established. As the name came from the Hohenstaufen Castle (built in 1105) <mask>'s great-grandfather Frederick of Staufen was a count in the Riesgau and in 1053 became Swabian Count palatine. His son Frederick of Buren probably resided near present-day Wäschenbeuren and about 1050 married Countess Hildegard of Egisheim-Dagsburg from Alsace. <mask>'s father took advantage of the conflict between King Henry IV of Germany and the Swabian duke Rudolf of Rheinfelden during the Investiture Controversy. When Rudolf had himself elected German anti-king at Forchheim in 1077, Frederick of Hohenstaufen remained loyal to the royal crown and in 1079 was vested with the Duchy of Swabia by Henry IV, including an engagement with the king's minor daughter Agnes.He died in 1105, leaving two sons, <mask> and his elder brother Frederick II, who inherited the Swabian ducal title. Their mother entered into a second marriage with Babenberg margrave <mask> of Austria. Biography
In 1105, Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor since 1084, was overthrown by his son Henry V, <mask>'s uncle. Emperor since 1111, Henry V preparing for his second campaign to Italy upon the death of Margravine Matilda of Tuscany, in 1116 appointed <mask> a Duke of Franconia. <mask> was marked out to act as regent for Germany, together with his elder brother, Duke Frederick II of Swabia. At the death of Henry V in 1125, <mask> unsuccessfully supported Frederick II for the kingship of Germany. Frederick was placed under a ban and <mask> was deprived of Franconia and the Kingdom of Burgundy, of which he was rector.With the support of the imperial cities, Swabia, and the Duchy of Austria, <mask> was elected anti-king at Nuremberg in December 1127. <mask> quickly crossed the Alps to be crowned King of Italy by Anselmo della Pusterla, Archbishop of Milan, in the village of Monza. Over the next two years, he failed to achieve anything in Italy, however, and returned to Germany in 1130, after Nuremberg and Speyer, two strong cities that supported him, fell to Lothair in 1129. <mask> continued in Lothair's opposition, but he and Frederick were forced to acknowledge Lothair as emperor in 1135, during which time <mask> relinquished his title as King of Italy. After this they were pardoned and could take again possession of their lands. After Lothair's death (December 1137), <mask> was elected king at Coblenz on 7 March 1138, in the presence of the papal legate Theodwin. <mask> was crowned at Aachen six days later (13 March) and was acknowledged in Bamberg by several princes of southern Germany.As Henry the Proud, son-in-law and heir of Lothair and the most powerful prince in Germany, who had been passed over in the election, refused to do the same, <mask> deprived him of all his territories, giving the Duchy of Saxony to Albert the Bear and that of Bavaria to Leopold IV, Margrave of Austria. Henry, however, retained the loyalty of his subjects. The civil war that broke out is considered the first act of the struggle between Guelphs and Ghibellines, which later extended southwards to Italy. After Henry's death (October 1139), the war was continued by his son Henry the Lion, supported by the Saxons, and by his brother Welf VI. <mask>, after a long siege, defeated the latter at Weinsberg in December 1140, and in May 1142 a peace agreement was reached in Frankfurt. In the same year, <mask> entered Bohemia to reinstate his brother-in-law Vladislav II as Duke. The attempt to do the same with another brother-in-law, the Polish prince Ladislaus the Exile, failed.Bavaria, Saxony, and the other regions of Germany were in revolt. In 1146, <mask> heard Bernard of Clairvaux preach the Second Crusade at Speyer, and he agreed to join Louis VII in a great expedition to the Holy Land. At the imperial diet in Frankfurt in March 1147 <mask> and the assembled princes entrusted Bernard of Clairvaux with the recruitment for the Wendish crusade. Before leaving, he had the nobles elect and crown his son Henry Berengar king. The succession secured in the event of his death, <mask> set out. His army of 20,000 men went overland, via Hungary, causing disruptions in the Byzantine territories through which they passed. They arrived at Constantinople by September 1147, ahead of the French army.Rather than taking the coastal road around Anatolia through Christian-held territory, by which he sent most of his noncombatants, <mask> took his army across Anatolia. On 25 October 1147, they were defeated by the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Dorylaeum. <mask> and most of the knights escaped, but most of the foot soldiers were killed or captured. The remaining 2,000 men of the German army limped on to Nicaea, where many of the survivors deserted and tried to return home. <mask> and his adherents had to be escorted to Lopadium by the French, where they joined the main French army under Louis. <mask> fell seriously ill at Ephesus and was sent to recuperate in Constantinople, where his host the Emperor Manuel I acted as his personal physician. After recovering, <mask> sailed to Acre, and from there reached Jerusalem.He participated in the ill-fated Siege of Damascus and after that failure, grew disaffected with his allies. Another attempt to attack Ascalon failed when <mask>'s allies did not appear as promised, then <mask> returned to Germany, through Constantinople, where he met Emperor Manuel I to discuss the problem of two emperors, and to renew their alliance against Roger II of Sicily. In 1150, <mask> and Henry Berengar defeated Welf VI and his son Welf VII at the Battle of Flochberg. Henry Berengar died later that year and the succession was thrown open. The Welfs and Hohenstaufen made peace in 1152 and the peaceful succession of one of <mask>'s family was secured. <mask> was never crowned emperor and continued to style himself "King of the Romans" until his death. On his deathbed, in the presence of only two witnesses, his nephew Frederick Barbarossa and the Bishop of Bamberg, he allegedly designated Frederick his successor, rather than his own surviving six-year-old son Frederick.Frederick Barbarossa, who had accompanied his uncle on the unfortunate crusade, forcefully pursued his advantage and was duly elected king in Cologne a few weeks later. The young son of the late king was given the Duchy of Swabia. <mask> left no male heirs by his first wife, Gertrude von Komburg. In 1136, he married Gertrude of Sulzbach, who was a daughter of Berengar II of Sulzbach, and whose sister Bertha was married to Emperor Manuel. Gertrude was the mother of <mask>'s children and the link which cemented his alliance with Byzantium. See also
 Kings of Germany family tree

References

Sources
 Baldwin, M. W. A History of the Crusades: the first hundred years, 1969. Bernhardi, Wilhelm (1883).Konrad III: Jahrbücher der Deutschen Geschichte. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. Ziegler, W. König <mask>. (1138–1152). Hof, Urkunden und Politik (= Forschungen zur Kaiser- und Papstgeschichte des Mittelalters. Band 26) Böhlau, Wien u. a. 2008

1090s births
1152 deaths

Year of birth uncertain
12th-century Kings of the Romans
People from Bamberg
Hohenstaufen
Christians of the Second Crusade
Burials at Bamberg Cathedral
Dukes of Franconia
Anti-kings
12th-century people of the Holy Roman Empire

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Conrad III
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Leopold III
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Jean-<mask> (1750–1829), also known as  <mask>, was a French painter, designer and draftsman who was born in Serrières, Ardèche, France. He studied at the École de Dessin in Lyon under the French artist Donat Nonnotte (1708–1785) and worked as a designer for the French wallpaper manufacturer Joseph Dufour et Cie (1752–1827) of Mâcon, France. In 1773, Charvet travelled to Guadeloupe in the Caribbean on business for his uncle, and stayed for four years producing many studies of native flora and fauna, as well as landscapes. By 1785, he had established a drawing school in Annonay, south of Lyon. Annonay had been a papermaking region since the Sixteenth Century. Charvet's reputation rests on twenty-panels of scenic wallpaper titled Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique (The Savages of the South Pacific) which combine to form a neoclassical depiction of the explorations of Captain James Cook. The wallpaper was shown in Paris at the Exposition des produits de I’industrie francaise in 1806.<mask> died in Tournon-sur-Rhône, France in 1829. Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique

Historical Context: Panoramic Wallpaper Production
Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique (Les Sauvages) is a scenic panoramic wallpaper designed by Jean-<mask> and produced by Joseph Dufour et Cie between 1804 and 1805 in Mâcon, France. Les Sauvages was one of the first panoramic wallpapers ever produced, premiering at the French Industrial Exposition in 1806. As such, the judge Jean-Baptiste de Nompère de Champagny noted that it was unusual in style and medium describing it as, “perhaps the most curious example of this art”. It was one of the largest panoramic wallpapers produced at this time, consisting of twenty panels and measuring over ten meters in length and over two meters high. Endless paper was not available on a commercial scale until 1810, therefore, the large panels were made from handmade linen rag paper which was joined at the edges. A light blue water-based ground was applied to the paper before the woodblocks printed the design using vivid colour pigments like green verditer and Prussian blue.Designs for each shade of colour were carved from separate blocks and printed in layers in order to achieve a detailed design and naturalistic depiction of light and shade. The conservation department at the National Gallery of Australia reported that up to seven different shades were used to achieve naturalistic gradients in skin tone in order to imitate depth of form. Historical Context: Subject Matter
Les Sauvages depicts First Nation's people from throughout the Pacific set in a fictional tropical setting. The work was inspired by the exploration voyages of Captain James Cook between 1768 and 1779 and Jean François de La Pérouse in 1785. Following these expeditions, the Pacific captured the imagination of Europe and America and was the inspiration for literature, plays and images which reached a wide audience. Images produced by official voyage artists like John Webber were engraved and published, inspiring other exotic Pacific depictions like the Tableau des decouvertes du Capne. Cook & de la Perouse by Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur.Similarities in the colour palette and figurative vignettes in Les Sauvages indicate that Saint-Sauveur's Tableau may have inspired the work. Primary sources, like the wallpaper's accompanying prospectus produced by Joseph Dufour in 1806, indicate that the subject of exploration and representations of the Pacific were very popular with a nineteenth century audience. The interest was encouraged by Enlightenment philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s notion of the noble savage and the Pacific as a moral utopian civilization. Les Sauvages perpetuates Rousseau’s stereotype, depicting homogenized races, living in harmony and peace. Les Sauvages also demonstrates another contradictory Enlightenment ideal of pride in man’s scientific innovations, indicated by the celebration of exploration. The depiction of the Pacific seen in Les Sauvages is typical of the period, celebrating progress and innovation as well as a nostalgia for an imagined utopian past. During the early nineteenth century there was a revival of the artistic style and ideals of the classical world, spurred by the excavation of sites like Pompeii in 1748 which uncovered stylised frescoes, mosaics and sculptures.Les Sauvages demonstrates this influence through its neoclassical style. This style can be seen in the illusion of depth created by the use of lighter shades of colour in the background, the balanced composition and the figures appearing rounded and flesh-like. The work imitates the natural world through the use of chiaroscuro, illustrating a light source which naturally illuminates and shadows the figures, fauna and the landscape. Purpose and Popularity
Within Dufour’s prospectus, he articulates that the aim of the wallpaper was to provide aesthetic pleasure and education. Dufour notes that “without leaving his apartment, a studious man reading the history of the voyages… might think himself… in the presence of the depicted people”. This suggested value of education and self-improvement paired with commercial availability indicate that the intended clientele of Les Sauvages was middle class. Notably, the development of panoramic wallpaper was cheaper to produce and install than custom made tapestries or murals and thus was a more accessible form of wall decoration.Additionally, the Pacific motif was extremely popular and appealed to the fashions and philosophies of the time. Despite pedagogical intentions, it is clear from the neoclassical costumes, generalised setting and homogenized racial cultures that this wallpaper was developed to “please the eye” more than to convey an accurate depiction of the Pacific. The wallpaper was most commonly hung in shared or social spaces in the home like parlours. This wallpaper was immediately popular and hundreds of copies were produced and sold to consumers in France, England and America. The depiction of native peoples from Australia, New Zealand, Tahiti and Alaska in Les Sauvages made it appealing to audiences internationally. The success of this work marked the start of the fruitful panoramic scenic wallpaper industry, with Joseph Dufour & Cie and Zuber & Cie among the most prolific producers. Significance And Legacy
There has been significant interest in Les Sauvages throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.Primarily, this was due to the acceptance of decorative arts as a high art form within art history. American scholar, interior designer and dealer Nancy McClelland was instrumental in reviving an engagement with the history of panoramic wallpapers and wrote extensively on Les Sauvages in the 1920s. Commercial exhibitions of panoramic wallpapers by French dealer André Carlhian and books written by Henri Clouzot also enhanced critical engagement with Les Sauvages. The wallpaper as an unusual art form was previously overlooked in academia and was not acquired by museums. The scholars of this time researched the context of production, biographical details of the makers and aesthetic features. A prominent exhibition was held at the Musée des Arts décoratifs in Paris from 1990 to 1991 which sparked further interest in scenic wallpapers as a “social mirror” reflecting the world of early nineteenth century France. From the 1980s onwards Les Sauvages garnered significant appraisal within the Pacific region.This interest was due to the rise in popularity of postcolonial methodologies in art history and a reappraisal of colonial artefacts and histories. The emerging fascination of Les Sauvages in the Pacific can be easily traced by the acquisition of the work in state and national art museums in Australia, New Zealand and Hawaii from the 1980s onwards. Les Sauvages has also inspired contemporary artists to create artworks which appropriate or subvert the inherent colonial gaze of the wallpaper. The most prominent example is In Pursuit of Venus (2017) by New Zealand artist, Lisa Reihana. This digital wallpaper appropriates Dufour's composition by replacing the classical figures with real First Nations people in traditional dress. This work attempts to challenge and disrupt colonial histories. Reihana's work was selected to represent New Zealand at the 2017 Venice Biennale.Panel descriptions
A description of the individual panels follows:

 Panel 1: Inhabitants of Nootka Island in

masks:
Gabriel Charvet
Jean Gabriel Charvet
Charvet
Gabriel Charvet


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 Canada, which was visited by Cook in March 1778. Panel 2: Inhabitants of Raiatea, the second largest of the Society Islands in French Polynesia, Chief Oreo met Captain Cook in 1777. Panel 3: Inhabitants of Ha'apai in Tonga. A man, a woman and a girl behind plum trees taking part in feast of the Arroey (seen in panel-2). Panels 4-6: Inhabitants of Tahiti, the largest island in French Polynesia. O-too, King of Tahiti, in panel 6, on a throne beneath a banana tree between two coconut trees, with his daughter and sister in 1773. The scene is a heiva, a kind of dramatic dance accompanied by flutes, drums and a chorus of singing and clapping girls.Panel 7: Inhabitants of Tanna (New Hebrides, Vanuatu) visited by Cook in July 1774. There are three islanders in foreground. The double war canoe in the background was launched during Cook's stay in Pare, Tahiti. Panels 8-9: Inhabitants of the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) visited by Cook for the third time in January 1779. Chief Kaneena is in the foreground of panel 9 and behind him, another chief watch Cook's death. Cook's two ships, HMS Resolution and the smaller HMS Discovery, are anchored off shore. The volcano in the background resembles Mount Yasur on the island of Tanna in New Hebrides, and is unlike any in Hawaii.Panels 10-11: Inhabitants of New Zealand, discovered by Abel Tasman. In panel 10 Chief Kaoora, who killed a detachment of Captain Furneaux's crew, sits on a rock under two gris-gris trees. In panel 11 a New Zealand woman and child with warriors on a trail to the rear. Panel 12: Inhabitants of the Straits of Prince William, 1778 (Sandwich Sound, Alaska). They resemble their neighbors, the natives of Nootka Island. Panel 13: Inhabitants of Nomuka with Abel Tasman on Rotterdam Island (now called Anamocka) in 1643. A vessel is filled with island natives during Cook's visit in 1777.Panel 14: Inhabitants of New Caledonia, visited by Cook in 1773. Natives picking bananas resemble natives of Tanna, their nearest neighbor. Panels 15-16: Inhabitants of Tongatapu, the main island of Tonga and the most important of the Society Islands. Cook anchored in June 1777 accompanied by Omai and Chief Finau 'Ulukalala and was received by King Fatafehi Paulaho at a great feast. The King stands beneath the banana tree with his favorite wife. In the background of panel 16 are Finau and Omai standing under tamarind trees watching wrestlers. Panel 17: Inhabitants of Santa Christina in the Marquesas Islands.King Honoo of Santa Christina and his Queen watch the Tongatabo fête with other inhabitants in the background under the tamarind trees. Panel 18: Inhabitants of Marquesas Islands, discovered by Álvaro de Mendaña in 1595 and visited by Cook in 1773. A man and two women are seated beneath a palm tree. People in middle distance of panels 18-19 are of Cape Maria van Diemen, New Holland (Australia) and Admiralty Islands. Jacques Julien Houton de la Billardière visited the later in 1791–94 while searching for Marquis de La Pérouse. Panel 19: Inhabitants of Easter Island, which was allegedly discovered by the English buccaneer Captain John Davis in 1686 and visited by Cook in 1773. Two people in foreground are of Easter Island.Panel 20: Inhabitants of Palau, where English sea captain Henry Wilson sailing on the Antelope was shipwrecked in August 1783. In foreground are King Aba-Thule and his wife Ludee, who returned to Europe with Wilson on a boat built in Palau. The Art Gallery of New South Wales (Australia), Historic Deerfield (Deerfield, Massachusetts), the Honolulu Museum of Art and the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco usually have Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique on display. In 1995 the Mackelvie Trust acquired a significant panel from Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique - sections 15, 16 and 17 - which is held by the Auckland Art Gallery in Auckland, New Zealand. Trivia
William Bligh of Mutiny on the Bounty fame was sailing master on HMS Resolution (depicted in panel 8), and explorer George Vancouver was a 21-year-old midshipman on HMS Discovery. References

 Bioletti, Susie, Davey, Ranson and Peel, Rose. “Made in Maçon: Investigations into the production of wallpaper.” In Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique, edited by Susan Hall, 21–26.Australia: Thames and Hudson, 2000. Bougainville, L. Antoine de. Voyage Round the World. Translated by J.R. Forster. London: J. Exshar, 1772. Butler, Roger. “Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique: in England, America and Australia.” In Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique, edited by Susan Hall, 15–20.Australia: Thames and Hudson, 2000. Crick, Clare. “Two Wallpapers by Dufour et Compagnie.” Pharos '78, (June 1978). Dang, Rachelle. “Southern Oceans.” Accessed April 23, 2019.  http://www.rachelledang.com/. de Champagny, Jean-Baptiste de Nompère. Notices sur les objets envoyés à l'exposition des produits de l'industrie Française.Paris: Ministre de L'Interieur, 1806. https://books.google.com.au/books?id=HzlEAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=notices+sur+les+objets+envoyes+a+l%27exposition+des+produits+de+l%27industrie+francaise+redigees+et+imprimees+par+ordre+de+S.E.M.+de+champagny+Paris+1806&source=bl&ots=fYCwwI_G_D&sig=ACfU3U1R7Y8yPMfXPPrJiBOs2wIuHn26PA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjy1bqNgMzhAhWX4XMBHUEZDA4Q6AEwBnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=dufour&f=false. Encyclopædia Britannica. “Pompeii.” Accessed May 1, 2019.  https://www.britannica.com/place/Pompeii. Entwisle, E.A. “Jacquemart et Bérnard and Other Makers.” In French Scenic Wallpapers 1800-1860, 41–46. London: F. Lewis Publishers Ltd, 1972. Futernick, Robert.“Conservation of Scenic Wallpapers: “Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique”.” Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 20, no. 2, (Spring 1981): 139-146. Honolulu Academy of Arts. Honolulu Academy of Arts, Selected works. Honolulu, Hawaii: Honolulu Academy of Arts, 1990. Joseph Dufour. “Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique: tableau pour d’écoration en papier peint.” translated by Peter Rudd, In Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique, edited by Susan Hall, 32-40.Australia: Thames and Hudson, 2000. Lee, Mary Wood, Bachman, Konstanze and Fletcher, Shelley. “Sauvages de la Mer du Pacifique: Treatment of an early 19th century wallpaper depicting the voyages and death of Captain Cook.” AIC preprints, (May 30–June 2, 1977): 92–103. Massey University. “Imagining Paradise: Embroidering Myth.” Accessed April 23, 2019.  https://mro.massey.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10179/8349/02_whole.pdf. McClelland, Nancy. Historic Wallpapers.America: Lippincott, 1924. National Gallery of Australia. “Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique.” Accessed April 23, 2019.  https://artsearch.nga.gov.au/detail.cfm?irn=126293. National Gallery of Australia. “Paper conservation: Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique Made in Mâcon: Investigations into the production of wallpaper.” Accessed March 10, 2019. https://nga.gov.au/conservation/Paper/LesSauv.cfm. Nouvel-Kammerer, Odile. “Reasons for Silence.” In French Scenic Wallpaper 1795–1865, 13-37.France: Flammarion, 2000. Nouvel-Kammerer, Odile. “Scenic wallpaper, social mirror: Themes Reflecting a New View of Everyday Life.” In French Scenic Wallpaper 1795–1865, 103-135. France: Flammarion, 2000. Oxford Reference. “Neoclassicism.” Accessed April 23, 2019. http://www.oxfordreference.com.virtual.anu.edu.au/view/10.1093/acref/9780191807671.001.0001/acref-9780191807671-e-956. Prints + Printmaking.“Les Sauvages de la mer Pacifique.” Accessed April 15, 2019,  http://www.printsandprintmaking.gov.au/works/35731/. Reihana, Lisa. “Artist talks.” Accessed April 20, 2019. http://www.inpursuitofvenus.com/artist-talks. Reihana, Lisa. “Venice Biennial.” Accessed April 20, 2019. http://www.inpursuitofvenus.com/venice-biennial. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. Discourse on the Origin of Inequality.Translated by Donald A. Cress. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub.Co., 1992. Said, Edward. Orientalism. New York: Random House, 1979. Webb, Vivienne. “Biographical and catalogue notes.” In Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique, edited by Susan Hall, 42-43.Australia: Thames and Hudson, 2000. Webb, Vivienne. “List of holdings.” In Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique, edited by Susan Hall, 44-47. Australia: Thames and Hudson, 2000. Webb, Vivienne. “Voyages.” In Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique, edited by Susan Hall, 7-14. Australia: Thames and Hudson, 2000.External links

1750 births
1829 deaths
People from Ardèche
French designers
French draughtsmen
18th-century French painters
French male painters
19th-century French


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<mask> (March 21, 1922 – September 18, 2004) was an American film director, producer, screenwriter, cinematographer, and editor. He is known primarily for writing and directing a series of successful sexploitation films that featured campy humor, sly satire and large-breasted women, such as Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill!. <mask> often named Beyond the Valley of the Dolls (1970) as his definitive work (see below). Early years
<mask> was born in San Leandro, California, the son of Lydia Lucinda (Hauck) and <mask>, an Oakland police officer. His parents were both of German descent.<mask>'s parents divorced soon after he was born, and <mask> was to have virtually no contact with his father during his life. When he was 14 years old, his mother pawned her wedding ring in order to buy him an 8 mm film camera. He made a number of amateur films at the age of 15, and served during World War II as a U.S. Army combat cameraman for the 166th Signal Photo Company, ultimately attaining the rank of staff sergeant. In the Army, <mask> forged his strongest friendships, and he would later ask many of his fellow combat cameramen to work on his films. Much of <mask>'s work during World War II can be seen in newsreels and in the film Patton (1970). On his return to civilian life, he was unable to secure cinematography work in Hollywood due to a lack of industry connections. He made industrial films, freelanced as a still photographer for mainstream films (including Giant), and became a well known glamour photographer whose work included some of the initial shoots for Hugh Hefner's Playboy magazine.<mask> would go on to shoot three Playboy centerfolds during the magazine's early years, including one of his then-wife <mask> in 1955. He also shot a pictorial of then-wife Edy Williams in March 1973. Film career

Early films
<mask> was the cinematographer for the 1950 Pete DeCenzie film French Peep Show, and the 1954 Samuel Newman production, The Desperate Women, among the few Hollywood films to depict a woman dying from an illegal abortion in pre–Roe v. Wade America, the original version of which is believed lost. The Immoral Mr. Teas and "nudie cuties"
His first feature, the naughty comedy The Immoral Mr. Teas (1959), cost $24,000 to produce and eventually grossed more than $1 million on the independent/exploitation circuit, ensconcing <mask> as "King of the Nudies." It is considered one of the first nudie cuties. <mask> was a true auteur who wrote, directed, edited, photographed and distributed all his own films. He was able to finance each new film from the proceeds of the earlier ones, and became very wealthy in the process.<mask> followed Teas with some shorts, This Is My Body (1960) and The Naked Camera, then made a second nudie cutie, Eve and the Handyman (1960). This starred <mask>'s wife Eve and Anthony-James Ryan, both of whom would be crucial to the production of <mask>'s films. His next features were Erotica (1961) and Wild Gals of the Naked West (1962). Reception to the latter indicated the market for nudie cuties was drying up, so <mask> decided to change. He did a documentary, Europe in the Raw (1963), and tried a comedy, Heavenly Bodies! (1963). He then directed a version of Fanny Hill (1964) in Europe.Lorna and the "Gothic" period

Lorna (1964) marked the end of <mask>'s "nudies" and his first foray into serious film making. He followed this with three other similar films, and would call this his  "Gothic" period: Mudhoney (1965),  Motorpsycho (1965) and Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill! (1965). Lorna was very successful commercially, making almost a million dollars. Mudhoney was more ambitious, based on a novel, and did not perform as well.Motorpsycho, about three men terrorising the countryside, was a big hit—so much so <mask> decided to make a film about three bad girls, Faster Pussycat. Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill! was commercially underwhelming but would eventually be reclaimed as a cult classic. It has a following all over the world and has inspired countless imitations, music videos and tributes. Color melodramas – including Vixen
<mask> made the popular mockumentary Mondo Topless (1966) with the remnants of his production company's assets and made two mildly successful color melodramas: Common Law Cabin (1967) and Good Morning... and Goodbye!(1967). <mask> made headlines once again in 1968 with the controversial Vixen!. Although its lesbian overtones are tame by today's standards, the film—envisaged by <mask> and longtime producer Jim Ryan as a reaction to provocative European art films—grossed millions on a five-figure budget and captured the zeitgeist just as The Immoral Mr. Teas had a decade earlier. He followed it with Finders Keepers, Lovers Weepers! (1969), and Cherry, Harry & Raquel! (1970), which utilized long montages of the California landscape (replete with anti-marijuana voiceovers) and Uschi Digard dancing in the desert as the film's "lost soul." These plot devices were necessitated after lead actress Linda Ashton left the shoot early, forcing <mask> to compensate for 20 minutes of unshot footage.20th Century Fox: Beyond the Valley of the Dolls and The Seven Minutes
Amid the unexpected success of Columbia Pictures' low-budget Easy Rider, and impressed by <mask>'s frugality and profitability, Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown of 20th Century Fox signed <mask> to produce and direct a proposed sequel to Valley of the Dolls in 1969, fulfilling his longstanding ambition to direct for a major Hollywood studio. What eventually appeared was Beyond the Valley of the Dolls (1970), scripted by Chicago Sun-Times film critic and longtime <mask> devotee Roger Ebert. Ebert, who became the first film critic to receive the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism in 1975, would remain a close friend and key artistic collaborator for the remainder of <mask>'s life. The film bears no relation to the novel or film adaptation's continuity, a development necessitated when Jacqueline Susann sued the studio after several drafts of her script were rejected. Many critics perceive the film as perhaps the greatest expression of his intentionally vapid surrealism, with <mask> going so far as to refer to it as his definitive work in several interviews. Others, such as Variety, saw it "as funny as a burning orphanage and a treat for the emotionally retarded." Contractually stipulated to produce an R-rated film, the brutally violent climax (depicting a decapitation) ensured an X rating (eventually reclassified to NC-17 in 1990).Despite gripes from the director after he attempted to recut the film to include more titillating scenes after the ratings debacle, it still earned $9 million domestically in the United States on a budget of $900,000. The executives at Fox were delighted with the box office success of Dolls and signed a contract with <mask> to make three more films: The Seven Minutes, from a potboiler by Irving Wallace; Everything in the Garden from a play by Edward Albee; and The Final Steal from a 1966 novel by Peter George. "We've discovered that he's very talented and cost conscious", said Zanuck. "He can put his finger on the commercial ingredients of a film and do it exceedingly well. We feel he can do more than undress people." Per his new contract, <mask> then made a faithful adaptation of The Seven Minutes (1971). Featuring loquacious courtroom scenes alongside little nudity, the comparatively subdued film was commercially unsuccessful, and his oeuvre would be disowned by the studio for decades after Zanuck and Brown departed to form an independent production company in 1972.Return to independent film making
Richard Zanuck, who brought <mask> to Fox, had moved to Warner Bros and there was some talk <mask> would make a film at that studio. However, <mask> would never make a studio film again. He returned to grindhouse-style independent cinema in 1973 with the blaxploitation period piece Black Snake, which was dismissed by critics and audiences as incoherent. Foxy, a proposed vehicle for Edy Williams, was cancelled in the wake of the United States Supreme Court's Miller v. California decision in June 1973, which modified its definition of obscenity from that of "utterly without socially redeeming value" to that which lacks "serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value". His marriage to Williams subsequently disintegrated. "Those years were very confusing to me", said <mask>. "But instead of rushing off and throwing myself out the window, I was able to psychoanalyze myself and discern what was best for me.I looked myself square in the face and realized I couldn't do everything." In 1975, he released Supervixens, a return to the world of big bosoms, square jaws, and the Sonoran Desert that earned $17 million in the United States on a shoestring budget. <mask>'s theatrical career ended with the release of the surreal Up! (1976) and 1979's Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Vixens, his most sexually graphic films. Film historians and fans have called these last three films "Bustoons" because his use of color and mise en scène recalled larger-than-life pop art settings and cartoonish characters. In 1977, Malcolm McLaren hired <mask> to direct a film starring The Sex Pistols. <mask> handed the scriptwriting duties over to Ebert, who, in collaboration with McLaren, produced a screenplay entitled Who Killed Bambi?According to Ebert, filming ended after a day and a half when the electricians walked off the set after McLaren was unable to pay them. (McLaren has claimed that the project was scrapped at the behest of the main financier and <mask>'s erstwhile employer, 20th Century Fox, whose board of directors considered the prospect of a <mask> production to be untenable and incompatible with the insurgent family values ethos in popular culture.) The project ultimately evolved into The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle. Later years
Despite the fact that hardcore pornographic films overtook <mask>'s softcore market share, he retired from filmmaking in the late 1970s a very wealthy man. He made a one-off return to filmmaking in 2001 to direct <mask>'s Pandora Peaks, featuring the nude glamour model of the same name. Around the same time, he also participated in Voluptuous Vixens II, a made-for-video softcore production by Playboy. Use of satire
<mask> was also adept at mocking moral stereotypes and flagrantly lampooning conservative American values.Many of his films feature a narrator who attempts to give the audience a "moral roadmap" of what they are watching. Like his contemporary Terry Southern, <mask> realized that sex—as one of the few common interests among most humans—was a natural vehicle for satirizing values and conventions held by the Greatest Generation. According to Roger Ebert in a commentary recorded in 2003 for the

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 DVD release of Beyond the Valley of the Dolls, <mask> continually reiterated that this irreverence was the true secret to his artistic success. <mask> was also known for his quick wit. While participating with Ebert in a panel discussion at Yale University, he was confronted by an angry woman who accused him of being "nothing but a breast man." His immediate reply: "That's only the half of it." The <mask> physical archetype
<mask>'s lifelong unabashed fixation on large breasts featured prominently in all his films and is his best-known character trait both as an artist and as a person.His discoveries include Kitten Natividad, Erica Gavin, Lorna Maitland, Tura Satana, and Uschi Digard among many others. The majority of them were naturally large-breasted and he occasionally cast women in their first trimesters of pregnancy as it enhanced their breast size even further. Rarely were there cosmetically enhanced breasts in any of his films until Up! (1976) and Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Vixens (1979). However, by the early 1980s, when surgical advancements had made the gargantuan breasts of <mask>'s fantasies a reality, many felt he had started viewing the female body as simply a "tit transportation device" and that his aesthetic vision was no longer attractive or vibrant. Darlene Gray, a natural 36H-22-33 from Great Britain who appeared in Mondo Topless (1966), is said to be <mask>'s most busty discovery. The <mask> female physical archetype is fairly complex to decipher.Firstly, it's not to be confused with today's surgically enhanced Hollywood porn starlets or even slim, naturally endowed actresses. <mask> was almost as much about a shapely 1950s hip-to-waist ratio or "wasp waist" as he was about very large breasts. The six-pack abdominal muscles and built-up squarish appearance of modern Hollywood figures do not mesh with his pin-up aesthetic. Secondly, he required that even his most busty actresses looked good braless; "gravity-defying" and "cantilevered" became two of his favorite expressions. In his films such as Vixen! and Cherry, Harry & Raquel!, some of the actresses do not have large (by <mask> standards) breasts yet their chests are always accentuated with very clever camera angles and well-constructed bras. Reportedly, Erica Gavin was cast as the lead in Vixen!because her "smaller" bust would make the character "more relatable to women." He went on record numerous times to say that Anita Ekberg was the most beautiful woman he ever photographed and that her 39DD breasts were the biggest in A-list Hollywood history, dwarfing both Jayne Mansfield and Sabrina.Dolly Parton was the only modern Hollywood actress <mask> ever expressed interest in working with. While he often referred to his actresses as "Junoesque" and "Amazonian", this was probably more in their spirit than their actual physiques" as <mask> rarely cast very tall or symmetrically built actresses with strong legs and large posteriors. So while the general public could easily perceive <mask> or Sophia Loren as "<mask> material", their balanced bodies did not mesh with <mask>'s precise aesthetic preferences." And indeed, <mask> said many times that it was Gina Lollobrigida's smaller-breasted figure that he preferred visually over her larger-breasted, taller and bigger-hipped rival, Sophia Loren. Thus, <mask>'s oeuvre shows the viewer that while his actresses could easily be described as voluptuous, buxom and curvaceous, it's debatable to some if they were strapping, stately or even statuesque as <mask> readily proclaimed." The tallest actress <mask> ever cast in a lead was the , slim-hipped, huge-breasted Lorna Maitland (working with whom he admitted he found intimidating).Nearly all the other women he featured were no taller than . Tura Satana's performance as Varla in Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill! was <mask>'s only true portrayal of the large, strong and aggressive Amazonian archetype in the classic visual sense. Female empowerment
Film historian and <mask> biographer Jimmy McDonough posits that <mask>'s usage of physically and sexually overwhelming female characters places him in his own separate genre. He argues that despite portraying women as sex objects, <mask> nonetheless depicts them as more powerful than men and is therefore an inadvertent feminist filmmaker.In many of <mask>'s films, women eventually defeat men, winning sexual fulfillment as their reward, e.g., Super Vixen (Supervixens), Margo Winchester (Up!) and Lavonia Shedd (Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Vixens). Even in the 1950s and 1960s, his films were sometimes centered on a woman's need and struggle for sexual satisfaction (Lorna, Good Morning and... Goodbye! and Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Vixens). Additionally, <mask>'s female characters were often allowed to express anger and violence towards men (Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill!and Supervixens). Yet in his research, McDonough also notes that <mask>'s female characters were limited in how powerful they could appear; often the female lead is raped (Up! and Lorna) or brutally murdered (Beyond the Valley of the Dolls, Supervixens, Lorna and Blacksnake). While <mask> may have championed powerful woman characters, he also forced them into violent and terrifying situations, making them prove their physical and mental strength against tremendous odds. He also ensured that women's breasts were at least semi-exposed during these ordeals for comic or erotic effect. Furthermore, according to frequent collaborator and longtime lover Kitten Natividad, <mask>'s love of dominant women extended to his personal life, and he was almost always in a tumultuous relationship. Personal and family life
During World War II, according to <mask>, he was in a French brothel with Ernest Hemingway who, upon finding out that <mask> was a virgin, offered him the prostitute of his choice.<mask> picked the one with the largest breasts. Despite his reputation, <mask> never employed the casting couch during his career's peak years, though that shifted during his post-1980 unfinished projects, and rarely had sex with any of his actresses. He had no children, though there were rumored unsuccessful pregnancies with his second wife Edy Williams and last serious girlfriend, Melissa Mounds, who was also found guilty of assaulting him in 1999. There is a long-standing rumor among his closest friends and at least one biographer that he had a son in 1964 with a secret lover who he would refer to only as "Miss Mattress" or "Janet Buxton." <mask> was very upfront throughout his life about being too selfish to be a father or even a caring partner or husband. Yet he is also said to have been very generous with all his friends and acquaintances, and never isolated friends from one another. Biographers have attributed most of his brutish and eccentric nature to the fact that he was abandoned by his father, an Oakland police officer, and coddled by his mother, Lydia, who was married six times.<mask> had a half-sister, Lucinda, who was diagnosed in her 20s with paranoid schizophrenia and was committed to California State mental institutions until her death in 1999. Mental illness ran in his family and was something he secretly feared. During his entire life, <mask> always spoke of his mother and sister with the highest reverence. <mask> was married to:
 Betty Valdovinos (born 1922, divorced)
 <mask> (December 13, 1928 – March 27, 1977, died in the Tenerife airport disaster)
 Edy Williams (born July 9, 1942, divorced)

Contrary to some accounts, <mask> was never married to Kitten Natividad, his longtime companion and the star of his final two films. Final years

<mask> owned the rights to nearly all of his films and spent the majority of the 1980s and 1990s making millions reselling his films on the home video and DVD market. He worked out of his Los Angeles home and usually took telephone orders in person. A major retrospective of his work was given at the British Film Institute which <mask> attended in 1982.The Chicago Film Festival honored his work in 1985, for which he also made a personal appearance, and many revival movie houses booked his films for midnight movie marathons. He also worked obsessively for over a decade on a massive three-volume autobiography, titled A Clean Breast. Finally printed in 2000, it features numerous excerpts of reviews, clever details of each of his films and countless photos and erotic musings. Starting in the mid-1990s, <mask> had frequent fits and bouts of memory loss. By 2000, he was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, and his health and well-being were thereafter looked after by Janice Cowart, his secretary and estate executor. That same year, with no wife or children to claim his wealth, <mask> willed that the majority of his money and estate would be sent to the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in honor of his late mother. <mask> died at his home in the Hollywood Hills (from complications of pneumonia), on September 18, 2004, at the age of 82.<mask>'s grave is located at Stockton Rural Cemetery in San Joaquin County, California. Filmography

 The French Peep Show (1950, short)
 The Desperate Women (1954)
 The Immoral Mr. Teas (1959)
 The Naked Camera (1961, short)
 Erotica (1961, short)
 Eve and the Handyman (1961)
 Wild Gals of the Naked West (1962)
 Europe in the Raw (1963)
 Heavenly Bodies! (1963, short)
 Skyscrapers & Brassieres (1963, short)
 Fanny Hill (1964)
 Lorna (1964)
 Mudhoney (1965)
 Motorpsycho (1965)
 Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill! (1965)
 Mondo Topless (1966, mockumentary)
 Common Law Cabin (1967)
 Good Morning and... Goodbye! (1967)
 Finders Keepers, Lovers Weepers!(1968)
 Vixen! (1968)
 Cherry, Harry & Raquel! (1969)
 Beyond the Valley of the Dolls (1970)
 The Seven Minutes (1971)
 Black Snake (1973)
 Supervixens (1975)
 Up! (1976)
 Who Killed Bambi? (1978, unfinished)
 Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Vixens (1979)
 Pandora Peaks (2001, mockumentary)

Notes

References

Further reading
 Jack Stevenson. "<mask>: The Movie Man Who Would Be King" in Jack Stevenson (ed), Fleshpot: Cinema's Sexual Myth Makers and Taboo Breakers. Manchester: Critical Vision/Headpress, 2002, pp; 163-175

External links

 Nathaniel Rich on <mask> in the San Francisco Chronicle

1922 births
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American cinematographers
American male film actors
American film editors
Film producers from California
United States Army personnel of World War II
American people of German descent
American male screenwriters
Deaths from pneumonia in California
Writers from Oakland, California
People from San Leandro, California
United States Army non-commissioned officers
Film directors from California
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20th-century American male actors
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<mask> (28 November 1900  27 April 1975) was an Indian filmmaker who is considered as the father of Malayalam cinema. He was the first film-maker from Kerala. He produced, directed, wrote, photographed, edited and acted in the first film made in Kerala, Vigathakumaran (The Lost Child). He also established the first film studio in Kerala, The Travancore National Pictures. The Government of Kerala instituted the Kerala State Film Award for Lifetime Achievement in 1992 in his name, as a part of the Kerala State Film Awards, to honour lifetime achievements in Malayalam Cinema. Early life

<mask> was born on 26 February 1900 to a Christian family in Agasteeswaram taluk, Travancore State(present-day Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu). He finished his formal education from Maharaja's College, Trivandrum.He published an English book titled Indian Art of Fencing and Sword Play in 1915, when he was 15 years old. Learning film making

<mask> was well aware of the scope of cinema as a public medium. He wished to popularise Kalarippayattu by harnessing the popular influence of cinema. At that time the common man of Kerala was not even aware of the medium of cinema, hence the idea was quite a challenge. He took up the challenge and left for Madras (now Chennai) to learn techniques of film-making and to acquire necessary equipment for the purpose. Madras was the budding centre of film production in South India and had the only permanent talkies in South India, named Gaiety which was established in 1917. However, he was unable to realise his plans in Madras and was even denied entry to various studios in the city.That didn't stop the determined <mask> from pursuing his dream. He travelled to Bombay (now Mumbai), the centre of Hindi cinema production. He was able to obtain entry into film studios in the city, claiming that he is a teacher from Kerala and wanted to teach his students about cinema. He gathered enough knowledge and equipment for film production from Bombay and came back to Kerala to fulfill his dream. Production of Vigathakumaran

In 1926, <mask> established the first film studio in Kerala named The Travancore National Pictures. It was near the present Public Service Commission office, Pattom, Trivandrum. He obtained funds for this purpose by selling a piece of land in his name for an amount of Rs.400,000.With everything set, <mask> finally started the production work of the film of his dreams. He wrote the script and titled it Vigathakumaran. The film did not have sound or dialogue. He directed and wielded the camera for the film and also played the role of the protagonist in the film. P. K. Rosie acted as the heroine. He also did most of the post-production work including editing. The theme of the film was of social significance and was one of the earliest films of the genre.At the time, when most of the Indian films were based on stories from the Puranas and films with social themes were rare, <mask> showed creativity and originality with his selection of the theme of the movie. Post Release of Vigathakumaran

Vigathakumaran was exhibited in Trivandrum at the Capitol Theatre on 7 November 1928. Despite being the very first film made in Kerala and having a socially-significant message, it faced the wrath of certain orthodox sections in the society due to the presence of a woman in the film. Rosie, who played the role of the female protagonist, was disbarred from entering the theatre, as caste Hindus, outraged that a converted dalit played the role of a Nair woman in the film, created a ruckus. At that time, due to the social orthodoxy and lack of public awareness of the cinema medium, acting in films were considered an act at par with prostitution. During the screening, stones were pelt on the screen, damaging it. The film did moderate business at the box office but the collections were way below the production cost.The movie was also screened in Alleppey at the Star Theatre. Since it was a silent movie, there was an announcer at the theatre who would explain the story and the situation. Alleppey being one of the most important port towns in Kerala during that time, the audience were more liberal. They received the movie with excitement. There was a minor glitch once, when the screen faded and the audience booed. After the announcer explained that since this was the first Malayalam movie, some minor problems might happen. The audience welcomed his statement with applause.Vigathakumaran was also screened at Quilon, Trichur, Tellichery and Nagercoil. <mask> became indebted as the movie was not a commercial success. To pay his debtors, he had to sell his equipments and close down the studio. He spent the rest of his life as a dentist at Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu. He spent his last years in his ancestral home called NEW HOUSE at Agastheeswaram. Though he applied for pension under the scheme for ailing artists, the Government rejected it since he was born in Tamil Nadu. In his books and articles, noted film journalist <mask> Gopalakrishnan originally established that Vigathakumaran was the first Malayalam film and that <mask> was its architect as director, producer, cinematographer and leading man.He described the story of Vigathakumaran in articles published since 1960, but Kerala Government initially rejected his crusade citing <mask> was not a Malayalee. The Government version was that if <mask> wanted a pension or financial assistance, he has to approach the Tamil Nadu Government. However,Gopalakrishnan's campaign was finally successful and <mask> obtained government recognition as a Keralite, being honoured as the Father of Malayalam Cinema. J.<mask>'s death bed was well nursed by his wife and he died on 27 April 1975

J. C. Daniel Award

The Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala instituted the J. C. Daniel Award in honour of him in 1992. The award, a part of the Kerala State Film Awards is to honour lifetime achievements in outstanding contributions to Malayalam cinema. From 1998, the Kerala State Chalachitra Academy, an autonomous body under the Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala hosts the award. J. C. Foundation Award
The awards are instituted by the J.C. Foundation, which was founded in memory of J.C<mask> by his family and friends.The awards are given away annually for achievements in Malayalam film-making and literature. The film awards are given away in a variety of categories while the literature award is given for the best Malayalam novel. Biographical film

In 2013, Kamal wrote and directed a biopic on <mask> titled Celluloid. The film details the struggles of <mask> to produce and exhibit Vigathakumaran, while plunging into financial crisis. The movie also generated criticism over its subtle reference to an IAS Officer and the then Chief Minister, which purportedly points to the bureaucrat & writer Malayattoor Ramakrishnan and K. Karunakaran, who worked together to deny J. C<mask> credit for his contribution to Malayalam Cinema since he was a Christian (ref: audio recording of <mask> Gopalakrishnan produced by Akashawani and published by a TV channel). Author and civil servant N. S. Madhavan and D. Babu Paul, former Chief Secretary of Kerala have pointed out factual inaccuracies in the film's depiction of Malayattoor and Karunakaran. The film, based partially on the novel Nashta Naayika by Vinu Abraham and the Life of J. C<mask>, a biography by film journalist <mask> Gopalakrishnan, also deals with the life of Rosie, the lead actress in Vigathakumaran.Prithviraj plays the role of <mask>, while Mamta Mohandas plays his wife <mask> and newcomer <mask> plays Rosie. The film won 7 Kerala State Film Awards in different categories including that for Best Film. The Lost Life is a documentary on <mask> by R. Gopalakrishnan. References

External links

1893 births
1975 deaths
People from Kanyakumari district
Male actors from Tamil Nadu
Filmmaking pioneers
20th-century Indian film directors

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