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 which, in addition to Shackleton and Worsley, also carried McNish, sailors John Vincent and Timothy McCarthy, as well as the experienced Tom Crean, encountered the ice but Worsley found a way through and into the open ocean. The crew set up two watches for the journey, which eventually would take 16 days, in strong and heavy seas, to reach South Georgia. For most of the voyage, the weather proved to be stormy and so overcast Worsley was unable to take more than a few sightings with his sextant. He described one sighting as "...cuddling the mast with one arm and swinging fore and aft round the mast, sextant and all..." and he would "...catch the sun when the boat leaped her highest on the crest of a sea...". At times the sea conditions were so rough he was braced by the other crew members when taking his sightings. On occasion, the temperature was bitter and each man would spend one-minute shifts chipping away ice that coated the top surfaces of the James Caird, affecting its buoyancy. The heavy seas meant there was considerable risk that a man could go overboard.After two weeks, <mask> began to worry about the lack of sightings and advised Shackleton he could not calculate their position to less than  accuracy. As a result, Shackleton opted to aim for the western side of South Georgia which meant, given the prevailing winds, that if they missed their target they would be carried onto the east coast of the island. The following day, they began to observe drifting seaweed and seabirds circulating overhead, indicating the presence of land ahead. On 8 May, through mists and squalls, the crew sighted South Georgia's Cape Demidov, precisely in line with the course calculated by <mask>. He saw a "...towering black crag, with a lacework of snow around its flanks. One glimpse, and it was hidden again. We looked at each other with cheerful, foolish grins."Sea and wind conditions were such that they were unable to make their way to the Norwegian whaling stations, some  away, on the east coast; instead they made for King Haakon Bay. Now out of drinking water, they were forced by the high seas to approach the rocky coast with care and heave to for the night. A gale blew strongly the following day and despite their best efforts, they stayed offshore for a further night. Conditions were much better on 10 May and after adverse winds caused failure of his first few attempts, <mask> carefully sailed the James Caird through a rocky reef guarding King Haakon Bay and onto the beach. Trek

After slaking their thirst from a nearby stream, the crew unloaded the James Caird and spent the first night on South Georgia in a cave. The next day, Shackleton announced his intention to walk overland to the Norwegian whaling station at Stromness Bay, on the other side of the island. The crew were too exhausted, and the James Caird too battered, for Shackleton to consider sailing around the island.The trek to Stromness Bay was , and after resting for several days, Shackleton, along with <mask> and Crean, set out on 19 May. The interior of South Georgia was mountainous and covered with glaciers. Their map of South Georgia showed only the coastline, and on several occasions, they were forced to backtrack when their route was found to be impassable. After a non-stop trek of 36 hours, the trio reached Stromness Bay and were taken to the manager of the whaling station. He was unable to recognise Shackleton, whom he had met during the expedition's stopover on the island nearly two years previously. After a hot bath and a large meal, <mask> set out on a whaler to collect the three men left behind at King Haakon Bay. That night a strong blizzard struck the island.Had it developed while <mask> and the others were on their trek, it would have likely killed them. They were fortunate the weather had been relatively good for their trek across the island. Later, all three trekkers would talk of a "fourth presence" that accompanied them. In his account of the walk, Worsley would write "...I again find myself counting our party—Shackleton, Crean, and I and—who was the other? Of course, there were only three, but it is strange that in mentally reviewing the crossing we should always think of a fourth, and then correct ourselves." The next day, McNish, McCarthy and Vincent were picked up. They were unable to recognise Worsley, freshly shaven, when he stepped ashore.The James Caird, which had been pulled up the beach and turned over to serve as a shelter, was also retrieved. Rescue
Three days after McNish and the others were brought back to Stromness Bay, Shackleton, Crean and Worsley, along with a crew of volunteers from the whaling station, set out on a hired ship for Elephant Island. They got to within  of the island before ice prevented any further passage south. Unable to break a passage through the ice, they steamed to the Falkland Islands to obtain a more suitable vessel. By now news of the fate of the expedition had reached Britain. Despite messages of goodwill and support, the only British vessel that could be found was the , Robert Falcon Scott's old ship, but this would not be available until October. The war tied up all other available resources.Waiting for October was not acceptable to Shackleton who, desperately concerned for the men on Elephant Island, continued to search for a ship. The British Foreign Office prevailed on the governments of Uruguay, Chile and Argentina for a suitable vessel. The Uruguayans came forward with a small survey ship, and this was sailed to within sight of Elephant Island before it too had to turn back. An effort with an Argentinean vessel which set sail on 12 July also failed after three weeks of atrocious weather. Chile offered the use of the Yelcho, and on this steel-hulled steamer, Shackleton, Worsley and Crean set out with a crew on 25 August. Fortunately, in contrast to their previous attempt, the weather was mild and on 30 August, they reached Elephant Island where, to their great joy, they found all 22 men who had been left behind alive. Within an hour all were retrieved and, not wanting to risk being trapped by ice, the Yelcho quickly departed for Punta Arenas, where it was greeted with great fanfare.<mask> later wrote: "...I was always sorry for the twenty-two men who lived in that horrible place for four months of misery while we were away on the boat journey, and the four attempts at rescue ending with their joyful relief." While <mask> had been retrieving McNish and the others from King Haakon Bay, Shackleton was advised of the fate of his Ross Sea party, which had been tasked with laying depots on Shackleton's intended route across Antarctica. Ten men, forming a winter party, had set up a base at Hut Point, while their ship, the SY Aurora, owned by Shackleton, wintered at Cape Evans. In May 1915, the ship broke free from its moorings and became trapped in the ice. Badly damaged, it drifted with the ice for over six months before it broke free and its captain, Joseph Stenhouse, was able to sail it to New Zealand in March 1916. No one had heard from the stranded winter party at Hut Point for nearly two years. After journeying with the rest of the survivors of his own party to Argentina, Shackleton, along with <mask>, left for New Zealand.From here they hoped to find a ship to take them south to retrieve the Ross Sea party. Shackleton had brought <mask> along intending to use his services in the retrieval of the winter party. However, after their arrival in New Zealand in December 1916, they found themselves without a ship. They had expected to use the Aurora with Shackleton as its captain. In the meantime, the Australian, New Zealand and British governments had put forward funds for the rescue but, influenced by the explorer Douglas Mawson, who disliked Shackleton, the Australian government appointed its own captain. After protracted negotiations, Shackleton sailed on board the Aurora as a supernumerary officer. <mask> was left behind but was placated with a paid passage to Britain.The seven surviving members of the winter party were duly rescued. <mask> was later awarded the Polar Medal for his service on the expedition. First World War
Shortly after Shackleton returned to New Zealand from the Ross Sea, having picked up the survivors of the winter party, <mask> travelled to England aboard the RMS Makura. As an RNR officer, he wanted to join in the fight against Imperial Germany. After arriving in Liverpool, he made his way to London and was quickly assigned to HMS Pembroke, the shore station at Chatham. Here, for three months, he learned about fighting U-boats, which were causing considerable damage to supply convoys crossing the Atlantic. Several tactics were deployed against the U-boats.One of these involved the use of Q-ships, small merchant vessels fitted out with hidden armament that could be deployed against any U-boats which surfaced and approached the seemingly unarmed ship. Another tactic was the use of P-boats, which were patrol boats that carried out convoy escort duties and anti-submarine work. The P-boats had a distinctive profile, and their effectiveness wore off as U-boat commanders began to recognise and avoid them. Later-built P-boats were designed with a more conventional profile approximating that of a merchant ship, and thus were similar to Q-ships. In July 1917, <mask> was appointed commander of the PC.61, one of the later P-boats, with Joseph Stenhouse as his first officer. The PC.61, commissioned on 31 July 1917, was equipped with a semi-automatic  gun that was hidden by a tarpaulin suspended from crane derricks when not in use. She also had a ram at her bow.Shortly after its commissioning, <mask> took his new command to sea on patrol. Most patrols were uneventful; sometimes U-boats were sighted and pursued, but these invariably got away. Occasionally torpedoes were fired at his ship. <mask> felt the PC.61 was too easily identified as a Royal Navy vessel against which U-boats were too cautious to make a surface attack. Instead, the submarine would use its torpedoes to attack the ship. In late September 1917, <mask> and the PC.61 were on patrol to the south of Ireland. On 26 September 1917, a nearby tanker was struck by a torpedo from a U-boat, .Observing the explosion, <mask> gradually slowed his propellers, hoping to deceive the U-boat's crew into thinking his P-boat was leaving the area and luring the submarine to the surface. The deception was successful and the UC-33 surfaced, intending to sink the tanker with its deck gun. Worsley immediately ordered full speed ahead and, realising that he would lose time in manoeuvring his ship into a position in which she could use her guns, set a collision course with the U-boat, intending to ram the submarine. At high speeds the bow of the PC.61, to which the ram was fitted, lifted out of the water considerably, and Worsley had to reduce speed at the right moment in order for it to be at the right height to strike the submarine. He timed the reduction of speed of the PC.61 perfectly and she struck the UC-33 midships as it was submerging. The submarine rapidly sunk with nearly all hands, the exception being the captain, who was rescued and later gifted Worsley a silver whistle. The damaged tanker was towed to Milford Haven in Wales, which took 12 hours in an area where other U-boats were known to be lurking.For his role in the sinking of the UC-33, <mask> was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) and Shackleton sent him a telegram congratulating him on his success. <mask> conducted patrols with the PC.61 for several more months. In September 1918, he was given command of HMS Pangloss, a Q-ship operating in the Mediterranean and which was formerly commanded by Commander Gordon Campbell. With the war nearly over, <mask> did not anticipate much excitement in his new posting. Northern Russia
Passing through London en route to Gibraltar, where the Pangloss was based, <mask> met Shackleton, recently assigned by the War Office to the International Contingent destined for Northern Russia to aid the White movement in its fight against the Bolsheviks. Shackleton's expertise in the polar regions had been recognised by the War Office, and with the temporary rank of major, he was preparing the contingent for a winter deployment to Murmansk. Shackleton had already recruited several veterans of the Endurance to serve with him and arranged for Worsley, keen for action, to be transferred to join the contingent.<mask>, by now a lieutenant commander, left for Murmansk the following month. After he arrived in Russia, <mask> was selected to go to Archangel where he organised equipment and supplies for the British forces stationed there. He provided extensive advice, derived from his polar experience, to soldiers on how to best make use of their resources and trained them in the use of skis. He participated in several patrols and, due to a shortage of officers, occasionally took command of platoons of British infantry. In April 1919, he was posted back to Murmansk, where he took command of the gunboat HMS Cricket. He took her up the Dvinia River and targeted Bolshevik gunboats and villages along the river. He also provided support to British and White Russian units moving along the banks of the river in operations to seize ground lost to the Bolsheviks in the winter months.<mask> commanded Cricket for two months before becoming the captain of HMS M24, a monitor and tender to HMS Fox. His time in command was short as he managed to attach himself to the Hampshire Regiment. In August, he participated in a raid behind Bolshevik lines. The raiding party of 25 men obtained useful intelligence by tapping telegraph lines and ambushing a Bolshevik convoy but their presence soon became known and they were pursued by a force of over 200 Bolsheviks. When the captain commanding the party became lost in a forest, he deferred navigation to <mask>, who successfully led all 25 men back to safety. For his efforts, he was awarded a bar to his DSO. The citation for his award read:

When the Allied forces left Murmansk and Archangel in late 1919, Worsley returned to London.He was rewarded for his service in Russia by being appointed to the Order of St. Stanislaus. He was discharged from service on 2 January 1920 and placed on the RNR retired list. Later in the year, in a ceremony at Buckingham Palace, he was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire for his services to Great Britain. Quest

<mask> remained in near constant contact with Shackleton, who was attempting to put together an expedition to the Arctic, and was hopeful of securing a suitable position in the endeavour. However, the expedition was still some way off and in the meantime, <mask> set up a shipping company with his friend Stenhouse. The company, Stenhouse Worsley & Co, purchased a schooner, Annie, with the intention of trading with the Baltic states. This plan collapsed when the Baltic freight market fell on hard times and eventually, the company started shipping freight along the British coast.In late 1920, Worsley and Stenhouse went on a trading voyage to Iceland. The Annie carried cargo on the outward trip but was nearly wrecked when sailing around the coast of Iceland to pick up cargo from a remote port for the return trip to England. Poor weather and sea conditions kept the Annie in Iceland until February 1921, when <mask> was able to carry freight back to Britain. By then Shackleton was ready to proceed with his expedition and wanted <mask> as the captain of his ship, the Quest, an offer which he quickly accepted. After the Canadian government withdrew promised financial support for the expedition, the delay in finding replacement funding ate into the Arctic sailing season. Shackleton, not wanting to delay departure any longer than he had to, decided to go south instead and attempt a circumnavigation of the Antarctic continent. The expedition, known as the Shackleton–Rowett Expedition (John Rowett, an old friend of Shackleton's, was the main sponsor), would also attempt to discover sub-Antarctic islands and spend the southern winter in the Pacific islands.The expedition included several Endurance veterans in addition to <mask>; <mask> was again second in command, and Leonard Hussey was the meteorologist. <mask> was the master of the Quest, but would also be the expedition's hydrographer. The Quest, a  two-masted sealing ship sourced from Norway, set sail on 18 September 1921. Problems soon arose; the ship did not sail well and it leaked. There were also problems with the engine. A week was spent in Portugal undergoing repairs, and after crossing the Atlantic, the Quest spent a month in the docks of Rio de Janeiro. While in Brazil, Shackleton, whose health had been poor for some time, suffered a heart attack.After he declined treatment for his condition, the expedition

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 left for South Georgia on 18 December. The island was sighted on 4 January 1922 and both <mask> and Shackleton were "like a pair of excitable kids", pointing out landmarks from their walk across South Georgia back in 1916. The following day, Shackleton suffered a fatal heart attack. <mask> described the loss of his friend as "...a terribly sad blow. I have lost a dear pal, one of the whitest men, in spite of his faults, that ever lived." Despite this setback, the expedition continued with Wild in command while Hussey returned to England with Shackleton's body. On 22 January, <mask> suffered a serious accident.Under sail, the Quest had been rolling heavily and ropes securing a lifeboat snapped. The lifeboat, full of stores, swung against the wheelhouse and crushed <mask> against the bridge. He broke several ribs and had to rest for several days. By the end of March, after being briefly trapped in ice in the Weddell Sea, the ship reached Elephant Island. The expedition then returned to South Georgia, where Hussey was waiting. Shackleton's widow had directed that he be buried on South Georgia and Hussey had returned to the island in late February to fulfil her request. <mask> and the rest of the expedition spent several weeks on South Georgia, and he assisted in the building of a memorial cairn to Shackleton in King Edward Cove.The expedition then sailed for Tristan da Cunha, where Worsley carried out some mapping work. Other stops were made at Cape Town, Ascension Island and Saint Helena before the expedition arrived back in England in September 1922. Arctic
The Atlantic shipping trade occupied <mask> after his return to England. He was master of the George Cochran for a time in 1923, shipping rum to Montreal. The following year he was in command of the Kathleen Annie when it was wrecked in the Orkney Islands. He ensured the evacuation of his crew before leaving the stricken ship for the safety of the shore. During his time in Canada, <mask> had made the acquaintance of a young Canadian, Grettir Algarsson, who was of Icelandic descent and was preparing a ship for a voyage to the Arctic.Algarsson's voyage proved short-lived, as his ship collided with floating wreckage while in the North Sea. Undeterred, he set about preparing an expedition for the following year and invited <mask>, who had provided advice for his previous voyage, to join him. The plan was to sail to Spitzbergen, in the Arctic Circle, and Algarsson was to fly from there to the North Pole where he would crash the plane, and, with his pilot, sledge back. <mask> was to captain the ship that Algarsson had purchased for the expedition, a  diesel-engined brigantine called the Island. A lack of funds resulted in the cancellation of the planned flight as a suitable plane could not be found. However, the 15-man expedition, known as the Algarsson North Polar Expedition, went ahead with certain mapping and scientific objectives, among them a search for Gillis Land, northeast of Spitzbergen, which had not been sighted since 1707, as well as sounding the continental shelf between Spitzbergen and Franz Josef Land. With the plane flight no longer viable, and the focus of the expedition now primarily on maritime matters, Algarsson offered <mask> co-leadership of the expedition, which he accepted.The Island sailed on 21 June 1925 from Liverpool. When sailing the western side of Spitzbergen, a blade of the propeller of the Island was damaged in a collision with an ice floe. When the engine was run, severe vibration was felt and this forced Worsley to continue northwards under sail, searching for Gillis Land until the ship reached the pack ice. While doing so, soundings were taken which confirmed the presence of a submarine plain between Spitzbergen and the island group of Franz Josef Land. Turning south and sailing along the northern coast of Spitzbergen, a previously uncharted harbour was found, which Algarsson named after Worsley. The ship then sailed north, still seeking Gillis Land, but became trapped in the ice. Worsley took the opportunity to create an ice dock to facilitate repairs to the rudder, which had become damaged.After two weeks beset in the ice, he used the engine to break free but the last blade of the propeller was lost in the process. The Island was now effectively without an engine, a prospect that did not daunt Worsley as he sailed for Franz Josef Land. He described it as "sail's last unaided battle with the polar pack [pack ice]". In August he landed on Cape Barents, one of the southern islands of Franz Josef Land, and planted a Union Jack. Together with the ship's engineer who was from Dunedin, he claimed to be the first New Zealander to set foot on Franz Josef Land. The expedition, which had been renamed the British Arctic Expedition with the consensus of the participants, made several attempts to find a way northwards through the pack ice, Worsley harbouring hopes of being the first sailing ship to sail through the island group to Gillis Land and then back to Spitzbergen, but was unsuccessful. In one attempt, the Island nearly collided with a large iceberg, but Worsley ordered a rowboat to take to the water and the ship was towed out of harm's way.Finally, on 14 September, what was thought to be Gillis Land was spotted several miles away. The Island was unable to sail close enough to confirm the sighting, but Worsley noted that it was to the west of its charted position. If it was Gillis Land, it was the first sighting of the island for 200 years (Gillis Land no longer appears on modern charts). The ship then sailed to North-East Land, circumnavigating it and while doing so reaching the expedition's farthest north, 81°15′N. Worsley ensured the New Zealand flag was flown at the spot. The expedition then set sail for Spitzbergen, reaching the island's Green Harbour in mid-October. The ship's engine could not be repaired before Green Harbour was closed for winter and Worsley accepted a tow to Tromsø, the conclusion of which marked the end of the expedition.He later wrote a book of the voyage, Under Sail in the Frozen North, which was published in 1927. London life
After the completion of his Arctic voyage, <mask> returned to life in London, where he had a reasonably high-profile due to his exploits with Shackleton and his wartime service. In 1926, he married Jean Cumming, who he had met in 1920 at New Zealand House in London while collecting his mail. It was his second marriage; in 1907 he had married Theodora Blackden, but she had left him by the time of his return from Russia (the couple had no children). It took several years for <mask> to obtain a divorce to allow his marriage to Jean, nearly 30 years his junior, to take place. For income in between trading voyages, <mask> wrote books and articles. Two of these, Shackleton's Boat Journey and Crossing South Georgia were published as serials in the periodical Blue Peter in 1924, and were well received.These books were published together as a single volume in 1931. His book was considered superior to Shackleton's own account, published as South in 1919. In 1938, a fourth book, First Voyage in a Square-rigged Ship was published. When his financial circumstances required it, which was often, <mask> would write an article for money. His topics would range from the dogs used on the expedition to the pipe smoking habits of his Elephant Island cohabitants. <mask> also conducted lecturing tours for income, his profile enhanced by his publication record. As sailing commissions at this late stage of his life were in short supply, his lectures became more important as a source of income.He mainly lectured on his voyages with Shackleton, whose wife lent <mask> several of her late husband's slides to enhance his talks. In later years, he added talks on his own voyages to his repertoire. His lectures were well received with glowing reviews in local newspapers. His profile was boosted following his appearance in the film South, released in 1933, for which he provided an accent-free narration. The film was based on <mask>'s cine film of the Endurance expedition, intercut with photographic slides. He made an onscreen appearance in the film, showing the audience several artefacts from the expedition. Like his books, the film was very well received.In the 1930s, <mask> was part of a yacht and ship delivery company, Imray Laurie Norie & Wilson Limited. His personal experience was a key selling point in the company's commercial literature. In 1937, the company completed over 50 delivery voyages. The longest delivery was that of a steamer destined for Hong Kong, which took three months. On many of these voyages he was accompanied by Jean, who also enjoyed sailing. Treasure hunting
Even into his 60s, <mask> still sought adventure. In 1934, he was asked to join the Treasury Recovery Limited Expedition which was organised to locate treasure allegedly hidden at Cocos Island by pirates.In earlier times, the island had been used as a base by the pirates to attack Spanish ships transporting gold from South America back to Spain. At the time of mounting the expedition, it was believed that between £5 million and £25 million in gold and silver was buried on the island. <mask> sailed, with Jean for company, for Cocos Island in September 1934 aboard the Queen of Scots. On arrival at the island in October, he assisted in unloading stores to set up a village at Wafer Bay, the safest landing point on Cocos. The island, off the coast of Costa Rica, was heavily forested and hard labour was necessary to clear likely spots for searching. As the Queen of Scots was found to be too large for the expedition's needs, <mask> left with the ship to return to England via the Panama Canal. He was to source a replacement vessel and bring back supplies.En route, <mask> found that the government of Costa Rica, unhappy at not being informed of the expedition's plans, intended to forcibly remove the treasure hunters from Cocos Island. Despite <mask>'s dispatch of a personal cable to the Costa Rican president, and ensuing publicity in England, some of the expedition's men were forcibly taken to Panama. The others remained on Cocos under guard. By this time, the leaders of the expedition had returned to England, leaving <mask> as controller of the remaining men. He funded supplies for the remaining men from his own pocket but eventually those remaining on Cocos were shipped to Panama and discharged. The expedition regathered, and after obtaining a concession from the Costa Rican government, returned to the island the following year. He sailed the expedition's new yacht, Veracity, from England to Cocos Island in a troubled voyage, again accompanied by Jean.The expedition was underfunded and supplies were lacking. Mechanical failure while en route also hampered the voyage. By the time of his arrival on Cocos, he had been appointed the controller of the expedition. Despite extensive searching with a crude metal detector, no trace of the treasure had been found by September. <mask>, with a lecture season beginning in London in October, left the island in early September. This was his last involvement with the expedition which, after nine more months, failed to locate the treasure hunt. The expedition ended when funding ran out.Despite the lack of success, <mask> still believed treasure was to be found on the island and hoped to return. He never did, although his treasure hunting exploits provided plenty of material for his lecture tours. Later life
When the Second World War broke out in September 1939, <mask> was keen to contribute to the war effort. His age of 67 prevented his recall to the Royal Navy Reserve. He eventually joined the International Red Cross and travelled to France where he lectured troops of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) during the Phoney War. He also sought support from the War Office to provide equipment to Swedish volunteers travelling to Finland to assist its countrymen in fighting the Russians during the brief Winter War. When another BEF was sent to Norway in April 1940 to help secure railway links to Sweden, the Red Cross, intending to have a unit in the country as well, appointed <mask> as its Advance Agent – Norway.He was to prepare the way for the unit but after the Germans captured Narvik, it became too dangerous for the Red Cross to be involved. After a brief visit to Norway, <mask> returned to Britain. <mask> became the commander of a Red Cross training depot in Balham, London, but it later closed down due to a lack of recruits. He repeatedly wrote to the War Office offering his services and proposing various schemes involving Norway, including one to land guns at Spitzbergen, an area he knew well from his Arctic expedition in 1925. Eventually, <mask> found a command in the Merchant Navy, and, giving his age as 64 (when he was actually 69), was appointed master of the Dalriada in August 1941. He worked to keep the harbour entrance at Sheerness clear of wrecked shipping and also carried out salvage work. His command lasted only for a few months; when the company that owned his vessel found out his true age, he was replaced.Unhappy at being put into the Merchant Navy Reserve Pool, he continued to advocate for a useful posting. In April 1942, <mask> was appointed to the staff at a training establishment for the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, HMS King Alfred in Sussex, giving lectures on charts and pilotage. After two months he was transferred to the Royal Naval College, Greenwich. While in Sussex, his health began to deteriorate and he cut down on his pipe smoking. After a few months at Greenwich, he took ill and was hospitalised. Diagnosed with lung cancer, naval doctors found that they could do little for Worsley, and he was discharged. He opted to spend the last days of his life with his wife and the Bamford family, good friends who lived in Claygate, Surrey.He died in the Bamford house on 1 February 1943. He was cremated after a well-attended service held on 3 February at the chapel of the Royal Navy College. His casket was adorned with the New Zealand ensign and <mask>'s personal standard that he had flown aboard the Quest in the 1921–22 expedition. His ashes were scattered at the mouth of the Thames River, near the Nore lightship. After <mask>'s death, <mask> donated his unpublished diaries to the Scott Polar Research Institute. She returned to Aberdeen, where she had spent much of the previous months, to live with her mother. Jean later moved to Claygate following the death of her mother, and lived with the Bamfords.Her final years were spent in relative financial comfort; several years before his death, <mask> had invested in shares in Venezuela Oil, which later became Shell Oil and provided good returns for Jean. She died at the Bamford home in 1978, at the age of 78, and in the same room that her husband had occupied at the time of his death. The couple were childless. Legacy

A bust of <mask> stands in his home town of Akaroa, New Zealand. The sculpture was created by artist Stephen Gleeson of Christchurch and unveiled in 2004. The town's museum also displays the ensign from <mask>'s former command, the PC.61. Several geographical features are named for Worsley, including Mount Worsley on South Georgia, Cape Worsley in the British Antarctic Territory, the Worsley Icefalls in the Ross Dependency and Worsley Harbour at Spitzbergen.Worsleys Road in the Christchurch suburb of Cracroft is named for his grandfather; it was built by him as an access road for his farm. In 2015,  of land at Akaroa, on which his childhood home stood, were purchased by the New Zealand Native Forest Restoration Trust. The land borders the Hinewai Reserve, with its staff managing the long process of native forest re-establishing itself and building walking tracks. The Rod Donald Banks Peninsula Trust, Akaroa Museum, and Hinewai staff have erected information panels at the house site. As a teenager, <mask> helped with clearing bush on Banks Peninsula that is now being restored, and he wrote later in life:

It was a mad waste. The colonists in their greed for more grass seed and sheep pasture burned millions of pounds worth of timber. They recklessly destroyed the wonderful beauty of the bush, baring the soil until it was carried away by landslides, and lowered the rainfall, and laid waste the homes of countless sweet songsters.Notes

References

1872 births
1943 deaths
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from cancer in England
Explorers of Antarctica
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
New Zealand and the Antarctic
New Zealand explorers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
New Zealand recipients of the Polar Medal
Royal Navy officers of World War I
Royal Navy personnel of the Russian Civil War
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
People from Akaroa
New Zealand emigrants to the United

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<mask> () (died 935), courtesy name Zhaoxuan (), was an official of the Chinese Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period state Southern Han, serving as a chancellor. Background
It is not known when <mask> was born. His ancestors had been Tang officials, with his great-great-grandfather <mask> () serving as the governor of Suining Commandery (遂寧, in modern Suining, Sichuan) — and thus being datable to the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, during whose reign, for some time, Tang prefectures were known as commanderies (from 742 to 757). <mask>'s great-grandfather (<mask>'s son) <mask> () moved from there south of the Nanling Mountains, to Shixing, and made his home there. Neither <mask>an's grandfather <mask> () and father <mask> () were recorded to be in official service, but both were said to be honest and virtuous. <mask> himself was said to be studious in his youth, open-minded, and understanding of principles of governance. At one point, he became a surveillance officer for Yong District (邕管, headquartered in modern Nanning, Guangxi), then still under Tang Dynasty rule.After the end of his term of service, he went to live in Guang Prefecture (廣州, in modern Guangzhou, Guangdong). Service under Liu Yin and Liu Yan prior to Southern Han's founding
At one point, <mask>an was retained to serve on the staff of the warlord Liu Yin, who then controlled the region as the military governor (Jiedushi) of Qinghai Circuit (清海, headquartered at Guang Prefecture). Liu Yin honored <mask>an as a teacher for himself, and also had <mask> serve as his secretary in his role as military governor of Qinghai and Jianwu (建武, converted from Yong District) Circuits. He was said to be Liu Yin's chief strategist in planning the seizure of Ningyuan Circuit (寧遠, headquartered in modern Yulin, Guangxi), which eventually happened in 911 (after Liu Yin's death), from Liu Yin's northern neighbor, Ma Yin the Prince of Chu. (Tang's having fallen by that point, both Liu Yin and Ma were nominal vassals of Later Liang.) In 911, Liu Yin died and was succeeded by his brother Liu Yan. <mask> continued to serve Liu Yan, and he suggested to Liu Yan that he should not commission army officers as prefectural prefects.Rather, <mask> advocated that he select refugees from the Central Plains who were well-learned, first putting them on his staff to test them and then make them prefects, so that they could govern the prefectures well and benefit the people. Liu Yan agreed. Also in 911, Lu Yanchang, the warlord who controlled the Qian Prefecture (虔州, in modern Ganzhou, Jiangxi) region, was killed by his officer Li Qiu, who subsequently died and was succeeded by his officer Li Yantu. At <mask>'s suggestion, Liu Yan attacked Shao Prefecture (韶州, in modern Shaoguan, Guangdong), which was then under control of Li. Liu's army defeated the garrison there, and Shao's prefect Liao Shuang () fled to Chu, allowing Liu to take over Shao. <mask> subsequently also provided strategic opinions that helped Liu to repel the attempts by Ma to retake Ningyuan, allowing Liu to retain the lands of the original five districts originally belonging to Qinghai's predecessor circuit Lingnan Circuit (). For <mask>'s contributions, Liu made him the deputy military governor.After Later Liang's Emperor Taizu sent the emissary Wei Jian () to try to intercede in the conflict between his two vassals Liu and Ma in 912, <mask> advocated entering into a marital alliance with Ma in order to settle the two realms' differences. Liu agreed, and in 913 asked Ma for permission to marry one of his daughters. Ma agreed. (The marriage was eventually carried out in 915.) During Liu Yan's reign
In 917, Liu Yan declared himself emperor of a new state of Yue (later changed to Han, and therefore historically known as Southern Han) as its Emperor Gaozu. He was about to name <mask>an a chancellor with the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi () and minister of defense (兵部尚書, Bingbu Shangshu), but <mask>, believing that he should not be honored above another chancellor candidate, Zhao Guangyi, who had been a Later Liang emissary and whose brother Zhao Guangfeng was a chancellor to Later Liang, offered to be subordinate to Zhao. Liu agreed, and while he named Zhao, <mask>, and another Later Liang emissary, Li Yinheng, all as chancellors, Zhao received the greater secondary office of minister of defense, while <mask> was given the secondary office of deputy minister of defense (兵部侍郎, Bingbu Shilang).In 920, <mask> made the proposal to build schools, to generally teach the people about the proper rites, and to restart imperial examinations that had been a major part of the Tang civil service system. Liu agreed. However, several suggestions that <mask> made to Liu fell on deaf years. For example, when Liu built watery prisons to torture prisoners, <mask> urged against it, to no avail. Further, around 934, Liu had his oldest son Liu Hongdu the Prince of Qin conscript a group of 1,000 soldiers to serve as his guards, but Liu Hongdu selected many hoodlums who behaved poorly, and became close to them. <mask>, finding this situation untenable, went to speak to Liu Yan:

However, Liu Yan responded, "This is just for my son to teach them about war. I am sorry this is overly concerning you, Lord."He made no attempts to curb Liu Hongdu's behavior. Once <mask> exited the palace, he saw Liu Hongdu's guards robbing gold and silk from merchants, but the merchants did not dare to make reports against them. He lamented and stated, "If the governance has become this troubled, what use is there for a chancellor?" He therefore claimed an illness and returned to his mansion. He was there for quite some time without Liu Yan ever making an attempt to summon him again. He died at home in 935. Notes and references

 Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms (), vol.62. Book of Southern Han (), vol. 9. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 270, 271, 279. 9th-century births
935 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Politicians from Shaoguan
Tang dynasty politicians from Guangdong
Later Liang (Five Dynasties) politicians
Southern Han chancellors
Southern Han people born during Tang

masks:
Yang Dongqian
Yang Dongqian
Yang Hui
Yang Dongqian
Yang Hui
Yang Mian
Yang Dongqi
Yang Chui
Yang Zhen
Yang Dongqian
Yang Dongqi
Yang Dongqi
Yang
Yang
Yang
Yang
Yang
Yang
Yang
Yang Dongqi
Yang
Yang
Yang
Yang
Yang
Yang
Yang
Yang


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D. S<mask> is the English pen-name of <mask> (), often known as <mask> ( – c. 7 June 1939), a Russian political and literary historian who promoted the knowledge and translations of Russian literature in Britain and of English literature in the Soviet Union. He was born in Kharkov Governorate and died in a Soviet gulag near Magadan. Early life
He was born Prince <mask>sky family, son of knyaz <mask>, Imperial Russian Minister of Interior, and Countess Ekaterina Bobrinskaya. He relinquished his princely title at an early age. During his school years, he became interested in the poetry of Russian symbolism and started writing poems himself. World War I and Civil War
<mask> was mobilized in 1914 and saw service in the Imperial Russian Army during World War I. After the October Revolution he joined the White movement as a member of Denikin's staff.After the defeat of the White forces he fled to Poland in 1920. London
<mask> emigrated to Great Britain in 1921. While teaching Russian literature at the University of London, <mask> published his landmark study A History of Russian Literature: From Its Beginnings to 1880. Vladimir Nabokov has called it "the best history of Russian literature in any language including Russian". This work was followed with the Contemporary Russian Literature, 1881–1925,. <mask> was a founding member of the Eurasianist movement  and the chief editor of the periodical Eurasia, his own views gradually evolving toward Marxism. He also is usually credited with coining the term National Bolshevism.In 1931, he joined the Communist Party of Great Britain and asked Maxim Gorky if he could procure his pardon by Soviet authorities. The permission to return to the USSR was granted him in 1932. On seeing him off to Russia, Virginia Woolf wrote in her diary that "soon there'll be a bullet through your head". Return to Russia

<mask> returned to Russia in September 1932. Five years later, during the Great Purge, <mask> was arrested by the NKVD. <mask>'s arrest may have been caused by a chance meeting with his friend, the British historian E. H. Carr who was visiting the Soviet Union in 1937. Carr stumbled into <mask> on the streets of Leningrad (modern Saint Petersburg, Russia), and despite <mask>'s best efforts to pretend not to know him, Carr persuaded his old friend to have lunch with him.Since this was at the height of the Yezhovshchina, and any Soviet citizen who had any unauthorised contact with a foreigner was likely to be regarded as a spy, the NKVD arrested <mask> as a British spy. In April 1937, he was denounced in the journal Literaturnaya Gazeta as a "filthy Wrangelist and White Guard officer". He died in one of the gulag labour camps near Magadan in June 1939 and was buried on the 7th of that month. He was rehabilitated in 1962. Although his magnum opus was eventually published in Russia, <mask>'s reputation in his native country remains sparse. Korney Chukovsky gives a lively portrait of <mask> in his diary entry for 27 January 1935:
I liked him enormously: the vast erudition, the sincerity, the literary talent, the ludicrous beard and ludicrous bald spot, the suit which, though made in England, hung loosely on him, shabby and threadbare, the way he had of coming out with a sympathetic ee-ee-ee (like a guttural piglet squeal) after each sentence you uttered—it was all so amusing and endearing. Though he had very little money—he's a staunch democrat—he did inherit his well-born ancestors' gourmandise.His stomach will be the ruin of him. Every day he leaves his wretched excuse for a cap and overcoat with the concierge and goes into the luxurious restaurant [of the Hotel National in Moscow], spending no less than forty rubles on a meal (since he drinks as well as eats) plus four to tip the waiter and one to tip the concierge. Criticism

Malcolm Muggeridge, who met <mask> after his return to USSR, apparently met one of the author's critics, a French correspondent to Russia named Luciani, who had this to say of <mask>: "<mask> had pulled off the unusual feat of managing to be a parasite under three regimes — as a prince under Czarism, as a professor under Capitalism, and as an homme-de-lettres under Communism." George Orwell was highly critical of The Intelligentsia of Great Britain but Tariq Ali had a more favourable assessment of this book. Selected publications
 Anthology of Russian poetry (1924)
 Modern Russian Literature (1925)
 Pushkin (1926)
 A History of Russian Literature: From Its Beginnings to 1900 in two volumes (1926, 1927); repr. Knopf (1958), Northwestern University Press (1999)
 Contemporary Russian Literature: From 1881 to 1925 (1926)
 A History of Russia (1928)'
 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.237311Lenin] (London: Holme Press, 1931). Russia: A Social History (1931)
 The Intelligentsia of Great Britain (1935), originally in Russian, translated by the author to English
 Anthology of Modern English Poetry (1937) in Russian, published during <mask>'s arrest without acknowledgment of his authorship

References

Further reading
 <mask> <mask>.D. S<mask> : A Russian-English Life, 1890–1939. Oxford University Press: 2000 (). Nina Lavroukine et Leonid Tchertkov, D. S<mask> : profil critique et bibliographique, Paris, Intitut d'Études Slaves, 1980, 110 pages, 6 planches hors-texte (). (French language)

External links
 Contemporary Russian Literature, 1881-1925 - Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library
 Red Prince, a Radio Liberty publication (in Russian)

1890 births
1939 deaths
People from Liubotyn
People from Kharkov Governorate
Russian nobility
National Bolsheviks
Eurasianism
Russian male poets
Russian philologists
Russian literary historians
Russian literary critics
20th-century Russian poets
Soviet literary historians
Soviet male writers
20th-century Russian male writers
Academics of the University of London
20th-century Russian journalists
20th-century philologists
Russian Marxist writers

masks: Dimitry Petrovich Svyatopolk Mirskyatopolk Mir


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<mask> (born September 23, 1945) is the T. M. Friedman Professor of Economics and senior Fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Institution. He also is chief executive officer and president of Boskin & Co., an economic consulting company. Biography
<mask> holds B.A. with highest honors, M.A., and Ph.D. degrees in economics from the University of California, Berkeley, earned in 1967, 1968, and 1971 respectively. He is a member of Phi Beta Kappa. He joined Stanford University in 1970. He is a research associate, National Bureau of Economic Research.<mask> has been a director of Exxon Mobil since 1996. He is also a director of Oracle Corporation, Shinsei Bank, and Vodafone Group plc (1999–2008). He serves on the Commerce Department's Advisory Committee on the National Income and Product Accounts. <mask> is the recipient of the Adam Smith Prize and other professional awards. He is a regular contributor to Project Syndicate since 2009. He also served as the chair of the Boskin Commission which changed the way inflation was measured. According to Patrick Buchanan, in Death of Manufacturing, <mask> was sanguine about the transfer of United States manufacturing overseas.Notoriously, during the time he was an economic advisor to the G.W. Bush administration, he is noted to have said, "Potato chips, semiconductor chips, what is the difference? They are all chips. A hundred dollars' worth of one or a hundred dollars' worth of the other is still a hundred dollars." Publications
 Too Many Promises: The Uncertain Future of Social Security, 1986. Too Many Promises: The Uncertain Future of Social Security, Dow-Jones-Irwin, 1986. Reagan and the Economy: Successes, Failures, Unfinished Agenda, Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1987.The Economic Report of the President, with R. Schmalensee and J. Taylor, United States Government Printing Office, 1990. The Economic Report of the President, with R. Schmalensee and J. Taylor, United States Government Printing Office, 1991. The Economic Report of the President, with D. Bradford and P. Wonnacott, United States Government Printing Office, 1992. The Economic Report of the President, with D. Bradford and P. Wonnacott, United States Government Printing Office, 1993. Books edited
 The Crisis in Social Security, Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1977 (editor). Federal Tax Reform, Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1978 (editor). Economics and Human Welfare: Essays in Honor of Tibor Scitovsky, Academic Press, 1979 (editor).The Economics of Taxation, with H. Aaron, Brookings, 1980 (editor). The Economy in the 1980s: A Program for Stability and Growth, Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1980 (editor). The Federal Budget: Economics and Politics, with A. Wildavsky, Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1982 (editor). Private Saving and Public Debt, with J. Flemming and S. Gorini, Basil Blackwell, 1986 (editor). Modern Developments in Public Finance, Basil Blackwell, 1987 (editor). Economics of Public Debt, with K. Arrow, MacMillan, 1988 (editor). Frontiers of Tax Reform, Hoover Institution Press, 1996 (editor).Journal articles
 "The negative income tax and the Supply of Work Effort," National Tax Journal, December 1967, (undergraduate senior honors thesis). "The Effects of Taxes on the Supply of Labor: With Special Reference to Income Maintenance Programs," National Tax Association Papers and Proceedings, 1971. "Unions and Relative Real Wages," American Economic Review, June 1972. "Local Government Tax and Product Competition and the Optimal Provision of Public Goods," Journal of Political Economy, January 1973. "Economics of the Labor Supply," in G. Cain and H. Watts, eds., Labor Supply and Income Maintenance, Rand McNally, 1973. "Theoretical Models of Local Government Finance," Proceedings of the 26th Congress of the International Institute of Public Finance, 1973. "A Conditional Logic Model of Occupational Choice," Journal of Political Economy, March 1974."The Effects of Government Expenditures and Taxes on Female Labor," American Economic Review, May 1974. "Regression Analysis when the Dependent Variable is Truncated Lognormal: with an Application to the Determinants of the Duration of Welfare Dependency," (with T. Amemiya), International Economic Review, June 1974. "Efficiency Aspects of the Differential Tax Treatment of Market and Household Economic Activity," Journal of Public Economics, February 1975. "Lessons from the New Jersey-Pennsylvania Income Maintenance Experiment," in M. Timpane and A. Rivlin, eds., Evaluating the New Jersey-Pennsylvania Income Maintenance Experiment, 1975. "A Markov Model of Turnover in Aid to Families with Dependent Children," (with F. Nold), Journal of Human Resources, Autumn 1975. "Notes on the Tax Treatment of Human Capital," U.S. Department of the Treasury, Proceedings of the Treasury Conference on Tax Policy, 1975. "Estate Taxation and Charitable Bequests," Journal of Public Economics, January 1976."Recent Econometric Research in Public Finance," American Economic Review, May 1976. "The Economic Common Sense of the Debate over Controlling Nuclear Power Development," in W. Reynolds, ed., The California Nuclear Initiative, Stanford University Press, 1976; also in Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, California
 "Energy: The Economic Factors", 1976. "Social Security and Retirement Decisions," Economic Inquiry, January 1977. "An Economist's Perspective on Estate Taxation," in The Future of Wealth Transmission, American Assembly, 1977. "Effects of the Charitable Deduction on Contributions by Low and Middle Income Households: Evidence from the National Survey of Philanthropy," (with M. Feldstein), Review of Economics and Statistics, August 1977. "Taxation and Aggregate Factor Supply: Preliminary Estimates," (with L. Lau), U.S. Treasury Compendium of Tax Research, 1978. "Taxation and Capital Formation: Missing Elements in the President's Tax Program," (with J.Green), in R. Penner, Ed., Tax Policies in the 1979 Budget, AEI, 1978. "Taxation, Saving and the Rate of Interest," Journal of Political Economy, April 1978. "Optimal Tax Theory, Econometric Evidence and Tax Policy," in R. Stone, ed., Econometric Contributions to Public Policy, MacMillan for the International Economic Associations, 1978. "Optimal Redistributive Taxation when Individual Welfare Depends upon Relative Income," (with E. Sheshinski), Quarterly Journal of Economics, November 1978. "The Effect of Social Security on Early Retirement," (with M. Hurd), Journal of Public Economics, August 1978. "The Long-Run Incidence of Government Policies in Open Growing Economies," (with P. Deville), in M. <mask>, ed., Economics and Human Welfare: Essays in Honor of Tibor Scitovsky, Academic Press, 1979. "Economic Factors Behind the Tax Revolt, National Tax Journal, October 1979."Interrelationships Among the Choice of Tax Base, Tax Rates and the Unit and Time Period of Account in the Design of an Optimal Tax System," in H. Aaron and M<mask>, eds., The Economics of Taxation, Brookings, 1980. "Social Security and Private Saving: Analytical Issues, Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications," (with M. Robinson), U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee, Special Study on Economic Change, 1980. "The Impact of Inflation on U.S. Productivity and International Competitiveness," (with
 M. Gertler and C. Taylor), National Planning Association, 1980. "Social Security: The Challenge Before Us," in P. Duignan and A. Rabushka, eds., The United States in the 1980s, Hoover Institution, 1980. "Growth Policy for the Eighties," U.S. Department of Commerce, Proceedings of the Workshop on Supply-Side Economics, 1980. "Issues in the Taxation of Capital Income," (with J. Shoven), American Economic Review, May 1981."Some Issues in Supply-Side Economics," in K. Brunner and A. Meltzer, eds., Supply Shocks, Incentives and National Wealth, Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 1981. "Taxation, Innovation and Economic Growth," in Technology in Society, Vol. 3, 1981. "Federal Government Deficits: Myths and Realities," American Economic Review, May 1982. "Modeling Alternative Solutions to the Long-Run Social Security Funding Problem," (with M. Avrin and Ken Cone), in M. Feldstein, ed., Behavioral Simulations of Tax Policy, University of Chicago Press, 1983. "Optimal Tax Treatment of the Family," (with E. Sheshinski), Journal of Public Economics, April 1983. "Effects of Budgetary Constraints and Budgetary Cuts," Proceedings: International Institute of Public Finance, Budapest, Hungary, 1983."A Longer Term Perspective on Macroeconomics and Distribution: Time, Expectations, and Incentives," in G. Feiwel, ed., Issues in Contemporary Economics and Distribution, The MacMillan Press, 1984. "Concepts and Measures of Earnings Replacement during Retirement," (with J. Shoven), NBER Conference Volume, J. Shoven and D. Wise, eds., Issues in Pension Economics, University of Chicago Press, 1987. "The Effect of Social Security on Retirement in the Early 1970's (with M. Hurd), Quarterly Journal of Economics, November 1984. "Poverty Among the Elderly: Where Are the Holes in the Safety Net?" (with J. Shoven), paper presented at the NBER Conference on Pensions and the U.S. Economy, Baltimore, MD, March 21–22, 1985,

masks:
Michael Jay Boskin
Boskin
Boskin
Boskin
Boskin
Boskin
. Boskin


text_chunks:
 in Z. Bodie, J Shoven, and D. Wise, eds., Pensions in the U.S. Economy, University of Chicago Press, 1988. "Macroeconomics, Technology and Economic Policy," in R. Landau and N. Rosenberg, eds., Technology and Economy Policy, National Academy Press, 1985. "Changes in the Age Distribution of Income in The United States, 1964–84," (with L. Kotlikoff and M. Knetter), NBER Working Paper, #1766, 1985."Economic Aspects of the Taxation of Decontrolled Natural Gas," (with M. Robinson), National Tax Journal, June 1985. "Public Debt and U.S. Saving: A New Test of the Neutrality Hypothesis," (with L. Kotlikoff), in Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series, No. 23, Summer 1985. "Deficits, Public Debt, Interest Rates & Private Saving: Perspectives and Reflections on Recent Analysis and U.S. Experience," in M<mask>, J. Flemming and S. Gorini, eds., Private Saving and Public Debt, Basil Blackwell, 1986. "Indexing Social Security Benefits: A Separate Price Index for the Elderly?"(with M. Hurd), Public Finance Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 4, October 1985. "Energy Taxes and Optimal Tax Theory," (with M. Robinson), The Energy Journal, September 1985. "New Estimates of the Value of Federal Mineral Rights and Land," (with M. Robinson, et al. ), American Economic Review, December 1985. "Theoretical and Empirical Issues in the Measurement, Evaluation and Interpretation of Post-War U.S.Saving," in G. Adams and S. Wachter, eds., Saving and Capital Formation: The Policy Options, Lexington Books/D.C. Health, 1986. "Saving and Economic Growth in the United States: Policy Issues and Options," U.S. Congress, A Symposium on the 40th Anniversary of the Joint Economic Committee, January 16–17, 1986. "New Estimates of the Effects of Taxes on the International Location of Investment," (with W. Gale), in M. Feldstein, ed., The Effects of Taxation on Capital Formation, University of Chicago Press, 1987. "Social Security: A Financial Appraisal within and Across Generations," (with J. Shoven, L. Kotlikoff and D. Puffert), National Tax Journal, March 1987. "A Closer Look at Saving Rates in the United States and Japan," (with J. Roberts), in J. Shoven, ed., Government Policy Towards Industry in the U.S. and Japan, Cambridge University Press, 1988. "Social Security and the American Family," in Federal Tax Policy, ed.by L. Summers, 1987. "New Estimates of the State and Local Government Capital Stock and Net Investment," (with M. Robinson and A. Huber), NBER Working Paper, 1987. "Alternative Concepts and Measures of Federal Deficits and Debt and Their Impact on Economic Activity," in K. Arrow and M<mask>, eds., Economics of Public Debt, MacMillan for the International Economic Association, 1988. (NBER Working Paper, 1987). "The Federal Budget and Insurance Programs," (with B. Barham, K. Cone and S. Ozler), in M. <mask>, ed., Modern Developments in Public Finance, Basil Blackwell, 1987. "Perspectives on the Tax Reform Act of 1986," National Tax Association Annual Proceedings, 1986, published 1987. "The Financial Impact of Social Security by Cohort," in E. Lazear and R. Ricardo-Campbell, eds., Issues in Contemporary Retirement, Hoover Institution Press, 1988."Personal Security Accounts: An Alternative Social Security Reform Proposal," (with J. Shoven and L. Kotlikoff), in S. Wachter, ed., Social Security and Private Pensions, Lexington Books, 1988. "Future Social Security Financing Alternatives and National Saving," S. Wachter and M. Wachter, eds., Social Security and Private Pensions: Providing for Retirement in the 21st Century, Lexington Books, 1988. "An Analysis of Postwar U.S. Consumption and Saving," (with L. Lau) NBER Working Paper Nos. 2605–2606, 1988. "Consumption, Saving and Fiscal Policy," American Economic Review, Vol. 78, No.2, May 1988. "Tax Policy and Economic Growth: Lessons from the 1980s," Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 2, No. 4, Fall 1988. "Government Saving, Capital Formation and Wealth in the United States, 1947–1985," (with M. Robinson and A.Huber) in R. Lipsey and H. Stone, eds., The Measurement of Saving, Investment, and Wealth, The University of Chicago Press, 1989. "Issues in the Measurement and Interpretation of Saving and Wealth," in E. Berndt and J. Triplett, eds., Fifty Years of Economic Measurement: The Jubilee of the Conference on Research in Income and Wealth, The University of Chicago Press, 1990. "Capital Formation and Economic Growth," (with L. Lau) in Technology and Economics: A Volume Commemorating Ralph Landau's Service to the National Academy of Engineering, National Academy Press, 1991."International and Intertemporal Comparison of Productive Efficiency: An Application of the Meta-Production Function Approach to the Group-of-Five (G-5) Countries," (with L. Lau) Economic Studies Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 4, 1992. "Capital, Technology, and Economic Growth," with L. Lau in N. Rosenberg, R. Landau and D. Mowery, eds. Technology and the Wealth of Nations, Stanford University Press, 1992. "Reflections on the Bush Regulatory Record: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly," Regulation, 1993, Number 3. "A Conference Panel Discussion: The Role of Rules in Monetary Policy," Review, March/April 1994, Vol.76, No. 2: The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. "The Contribution of R&D to Economic Growth: Some Issues and Observations," (with L. Lau), AEI/Brookings, eds., 1996. "Building a Better California: The Tax Reform Component," with other members of the Task Force on California Tax Reform and Reduction. "Toward a More Accurate Measure of the Cost of Living: Interim Report," (with E. Dulberger, R. Gordon, Z. Griliches and D. Jorgenson), The Advisory Commission to Study the Consumer Price Index, 1995. "A Framework for Understanding the Tax Reform Debate," in M<mask>, ed., Frontiers of Tax Reform, 1996, Hoover Institution Press. "An Economist's Evaluation of the Political Discourse on Fundamental Tax Reform Proposals," Center for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper Series Publication No.446, December 1995. "Toward a More Accurate Measure of the Cost of Living: Final Report to the Senate Finance Committee," (with E. Dulberger, R. Gordon, Z. Griliches and D. Jorgenson), Washington, DC, U.S. Government Printing Office, for the U.S. Senate Committee on Finance, December 1996. "Lies, Damned Lies, and (Faulty) Statistics," The International Economy, Jan/Feb 1997. "The CPI Commission," Business Economics, March 1997. "The CPI Commission: Findings and Recommendations," (with E. Dulberger, R. Gordon, Z. Griliches and D. Jorgenson), American Economic Review, May 1997. "Implications of Overstating Inflation for Indexing Government Programs and Understanding Economic Growth," (with D. Jorgenson), American Economic Review, May 1997. "Inflation and Its Discontents," The American Economic Association/American Finance Association Joint Luncheon Address, Hoover Essays in Public Policy, 1997."Some Thoughts on Improving Economic Statistics," US Congress, Joint Economic Committee, October 1997; also appears in Hoover Essays in Public Policy, 1998. "Consumer Prices, the Consumer Price Index and the Cost of Living," (with E. Dulberger, R. Gordon, Z. Griliches, and D. Jorgenson) Journal of Economic Perspectives, Winter 1998. "Capitalism and Its Discontents," The Adam Smith Prize Lecture, Business Economics, January 1999. "From Edgeworth to Vickrey to Mirrlees," The Vickrey Distinguished Lecture, International Atlantic Economic Society, Atlantic Economic Journal, March, 2000. "Measuring Economic Performance: Progress and Challenges," American Economic Review, May 2000. "Generalized Solow Neutral Technical Progress and Postwar Economic Growth," with Lawrence J. Lau, NBER Working Paper No. 8023, December 2000."At What Price? Review of National Academy Panel Report on the Consumer Price Index", January 2003, AEA Meetings. "The Comparative Postwar Economic Performance of the G-7 Countries", with L. Lau, mimeo May, 2003. "Consumer Price Indexes", Concise Encyclopedia of Economics, D. Henderson, ed., Liberty Fund, Inc., Library of Economics and Liberty, Fall 2004. "The Economic Agenda: A View from the U.S.", Review of International Economics, Fall 2004. "Causes and Consequences of Bias in the Consumer Price Index as a Measure of the Cost of Living", Atlantic Economic Journal 33(1), March, 2005. "Perspectives on Tax Reform", Tax Notes, January 2006."Eight Lessons of Public Finance in Developing Countries", China Development Forum, State Council of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, March, 2006. "Taxation and Saving," Tax Notes, forthcoming, May 2006. References

External links
 Column archive at Project Syndicate

1945 births
American chief executives
American corporate directors
American Enterprise Institute
Directors of ExxonMobil
Living people
George H. W. Bush administration personnel
Harvard University faculty
Hoover Institution people
Oracle employees
Businesspeople from New York City
Stanford University Department of Economics faculty
UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
University of California, Berkeley faculty
Vodafone people
Yale University faculty
National Bureau of Economic Research
Economists from New York (state)
21st-century American economists
Chairs of the United States Council of Economic

masks:
. Boskin
. Boskin
Boskin
. Boskin


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<mask><mask> (born January 25, 1957 in Perth Amboy, New Jersey) is an American sociologist specializing in the study of culture, communication and cognition. Currently, she is a Professor of Sociology at Rutgers University and the editor of Sociological Forum, the flagship journal of the Eastern Sociological Society. From 2009 to 2010, she served as the Chair of the American Sociological Association's Culture section, and since 1999, she has directed the section's Culture and Cognition Network. Her book Identity Designs: The Sights and Sounds of a Nation won the section's award for the best book of 1996  and her article "Scents and Sensibilities: Olfaction, Sense-making and Meaning Attribution" won the section's 2019 Clifford Geertz Prize for Best Article. <mask> is a former Vice President of the Eastern Sociological Society. In 2013, she was named the Robin M. Williams Jr. Lecturer by the Eastern Sociological Society; she won that organization's Merit Award in the same year.In 2019, she was elected to the Sociological Research Association. <mask> earned her B.A. from Rutgers University, graduating summa cum laude in 1980. She received her M.A. (1983) and Ph.D. (1985) in sociology from Princeton University. Her dissertation was titled "Social Solidarity and Its Effects on Musical Communication: An Empirical Analysis Of National Anthems." <mask> was an assistant professor of sociology at Stony Brook University from 1985 to 1990.She joined the faculty of Rutgers University in the fall of 1990. In 1994, she received the School of Arts and Sciences’ "Award for Distinguished Contributions to Undergraduate Education." In 2012, she won the university's "Scholar-Teacher Award", an honor bestowed on faculty persons who have made outstanding contributions in both research and teaching. She chaired the Rutgers sociology department from 2009 to 2012. Scholarship
Much of Cerulo's work revolves around symbol systems and their role in communication. She studies both verbal and nonverbal systems, including language, music, graphic images, and scents. While most people focus on the content of symbols, Cerulo prioritizes symbolic structure.She defines symbolic structure as the spatial or temporal organization of a symbol's constituent parts—i.e. the ways in which colors and shapes are combined in visual images or notes, sounds, odors or words are temporally sequenced in musical, olfactory or verbal messages. Cerulo argues that structure, like content, carries meaning for those creating and receiving symbol based messages. Therefore, it is important to understand how symbolic structure resonates with those involved in the communication process. Cerulo unfolds this agenda in several articles and two of her books: Identity Designs: The Sights and Sounds of a Nation and Deciphering Violence: The Cognitive Structure of Right and Wrong. These works highlight two important findings. First, Cerulo shows that certain symbolic structures are associated with predictable reactions from those receiving messages.By uncovering and understanding these patterns, she argues, one can greatly enhance communication effectiveness. Second, she demonstrates that symbol structures vary in predictable ways according to the sociocultural conditions under which they are produced or projected. Contextual factors such as cultural heterogeneity, political or social stability, existing power structures, dominant systems of economic exchange, professional norms of expression, the nature of social ties, or levels of "collective focus" are all associated with certain variants of symbolic structure. (Collective focus is a concept developed by Cerulo to gauge the points of attention to which a collective body is directed at a given moment; others have since utilized the term.) Some describe Cerulo's work on symbolic communication as a "demonstration of research ingenuity," one that "makes important contributions to debates about meaning and measurement." Moreover, "her answers to questions of how rather than what symbols communicate merit the attention of all scholars working in the sociology of culture and symbolic anthropology." In line with her interest in symbolic communication, Cerulo has developed a number of quantitative indicators that capture the essence of symbol structures.For example, her measures of musical structure capture elements of melodic, harmonic and rhythmic motion, ornamentation and dissonance. Her measures of graphic images capture levels of density, contrast and distortion. In dealing with scents, she measures the diversity, contrast and temporal ordering of scent components. These measures allow one to classify the relative complexity of symbol structures. As a result, Cerulo's measures make cultural objects such as paintings, logos, anthems, songs, even perfumes accessible sources of social science data, amenable to the field's most rigorous analytic methods. The development of these measures earned Cerulo recognition as "a methodological pioneer in symbolic research." In addition to studying the tools of communication, Cerulo is also interested in communication media.She has written extensively on the ways in which new communication technologies can change definitions and perceptions of social actors, social groups, and appropriate sites of action. She also problematizes the distinction between direct and mediated communication and she explores the contexts in which social connectedness and social cohesion develop in lieu of physical co-presence. Her work "presents a sophisticated typology of forms of interaction which goes beyond simple dichotomies like direct vs. mediated." In recent years, Cerulo has worked to establish a dialog between cognitive neuroscience and cognitive sociology. Her edited collection, Culture in Mind: Toward a Sociology of Culture and Cognition, as well as several review pieces  suggest viable links between these disciplines’ approach to conceptualization and schematization, habituation and attention, nurturance and attachment, cognitive styles, and memory storage. <mask>'s book Never Saw It Coming: Cultural Challenges to Envisioning the Worst  also forwarded this agenda.In it, she builds on two cognitive scientific ideas, prototyping and graded membership, to explain a sociocultural phenomenon she calls "positive asymmetry"—i.e. a blind optimism associated with a disregard for worst-case scenarios. <mask>'s work documents the widespread nature of positive asymmetry, tracking its influence in key events in the life cycle, the sites of work and play, and in the organizations and bureaucracies that structure social life. She shows that while definitions of best and worst change over time and place, the tendency to prioritize the best is rather constant. Most communities maintain cultural practices (what she calls "eclipsing", "clouding" and "recasting") that background materials dealing with worst-cases or negative concepts. Her work also identifies certain structural conditions under which these cultural practices are more or less likely to be used. "In a daring extrapolation, Cerulo argues that this individual grading is recapitulated in cultural cognition."She suggests that the cultural practices associated with positive asymmetry harness the brain's propensity toward asymmetrical thinking. The practices take the mechanic of human brain operations and encode that process into a much more targeted and specialized experiential bias. <mask>'s work concludes by reviewing both the helpful and debilitating consequences of positive asymmetry. She also questions whether this highly entrenched phenomenon can ever (or should ever) be corrected. Organizations expert Karl Weick says of the book, "This book is a welcome addition to an already growing literature on worst cases … What Cerulo adds to this mix is a mechanism, a catalog of cultural practices that make it difficult for people to envision the worst, a broader range of settings in which this imbalance plays out, initial efforts to characterize settings where negative symmetry is acceptable and encouraged, insistence that the unique details of worst cases are what is important, and a solid grounding at the individual level of analysis with the cognitive principle of ‘graded membership’." Journalist Barbara Ehrenreich called the book "remarkable" as it "recounts a number of ways that the habit of positive thinking … undermined preparedness and invited disaster." The book was the topic of an "Author Meets Critics" session at the 2008 Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association.In an effort to spotlight <mask>'s critiques of the optimism agendas forwarded in books such as Rhonda Byrne's The Secret, writer John Gravois initiated a campaign in Slate magazine to have <mask> interviewed on The Oprah Winfrey Show. "The Secret tells us to visualize best-case scenarios and banish negative ones from our minds," wrote Gravois. "Never Saw It Coming says that's what we've been doing all along—and we get blindsided by even the most foreseeable disasters because of it." Selected publications
 <mask>, <mask>. (2018). "Scents and Sensibilities: Olfaction, Sense-making and Meaning Attribution." American Sociological Review 83(2): 361-389.<mask>, <mask> and Janet M. Ruane. (2014)  "Apologies of the Rich and Famous: Social, Cultural and Cognitive Explanations of Why We Care and Why We Forgive." Social Psychology Quarterly 77: 2: 123-149. <mask>, <mask>. (2010)  "Mining the Intersections of Cognitive Sociology and Neuroscience." Poetics 38: 2: 115-132. <mask>, <mask>.(2009) "Non-Humans in Social Interaction." Annual Review of Sociology vol. 35: 531-552. <mask>, <mask>. (2006)  Never Saw It Coming: Cultural Challenges to Envisioning the Worst. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. .
 <mask>, <mask>  A. (2002)  Culture in Mind: Toward A Sociology of Culture and Cognition.New York/London: Routledge. .
 <mask>, <mask>. (1998)  Deciphering Violence: The Cognitive Structure of Right and Wrong. New York/London: Routledge. .
 <mask>, <mask>. and Ruane, Janet M.  (1998)  "Coming Together: New Taxonomies for the Analysis of Social Relations." Sociological Inquiry 68: 3: 398-425. <mask>, <mask>  A. (1995)  Identity Designs: The Sights and Sounds of A Nation. The Arnold and Caroline Rose Book Series of the American Sociological Association.New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.  .

References

External links
 Faculty page for Cerulo - http://www.sociology.rutgers.edu/faculty/147-cerulo-karen-a
 Culture and Cognition Network page -  http://www.sas.rutgers.edu/virtual/cultcog/cultcog.html
 ResearchGate page - https://web.archive.org/web/20150511122028/http://www.asanet.org/journals/RoseSeriesBookList/AuthorList.cfm
 Sociological Forum page - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/%28ISSN%291573-7861

American sociologists
American women sociologists
1957 births
Living people
People from Perth Amboy, New Jersey
21st-century American women

masks:
Karen A
. Cerulo
Cerulo
Background Cerulo
Cerulo
Cerulo
Cerulo
Cerulo
Cerulo
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Karen A
Cerulo
Karen
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Stephen '<mask>' <mask> (born 1938 in Pringle, Pennsylvania) was an artist and writer. The son of a high school teacher, Poleskie graduated from Wilkes University in 1959 with a degree in Economics. A self-taught artist, Poleskie had his first one-person show at the Everhart Museum, Scranton, Pennsylvania in 1958, while still in college. These works were largely abstract expressionistic in nature. Beginning of the artistic career
After graduation <mask> was employed briefly in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, as an insurance agent and commercial artist, before moving to Miami where he worked as a designer in a screen-printing shop. He remained in Florida only three months before leaving for the Bahamas and Cuba. His next job was as an art teacher at Gettysburg High School where David Eisenhower was one of his students.During this time he exhibited at the Duo Gallery in New York, and the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia. Leaving Gettysburg, <mask> drove to Mexico and California, returning to Pennsylvania, via Canada. Move to New York and founding Chiron Press
In 1962 <mask> took a studio on 10th Street in New York City. At that time the New York School of art, also called the Tenth Street School, because most of the galleries were located on or near this street on Manhattan's lower East Side, was considered the dominant art movement in the world. Rather than join the ranks of the Abstract Expressionists, <mask> enrolled in art classes at The New School with the figurative painter Raphael Soyer. <mask> and Soyer soon became friends, and Soyer painted several paintings of his student. At the time, <mask> had abandoned his abstract painting and was doing figurative work.When Poleskie had his first one-person show in New York at Morris Gallery, Soyer bought a painting. Morris later sold a large Poleskie to the playwright Lanford Wilson. Involved in the New York art scene, Poleskie became friends with many of the artists and critics of the day including, Elaine and Willem de Kooning, Frank O'Hara, and Louise Nevelson. In 1963 Poleskie opened a screen-printing studio in a storefront on East 11th Street. This became Chiron Press , the first fine-art screen-printing shop in New York. The business was soon moved to larger quarters at 76 Jefferson Street. During the five years he ran the operation the names of the artists who had prints made at Chiron Press reads like a who's who of the artists of the 60s and includes such figures as Robert Rauschenberg, Roy Lichtenstein, Andy Warhol, James Rosenquist, Alex Katz, Robert Motherwell, and Helen Frankenthaler.One of the printers at Chiron Press was the young artist Brice Marden. <mask>'s own screen prints from this time, rather minimal landscapes, the figures of the earlier works having walked out of the picture, were purchased by numerous museums including the Metropolitan Museum, the Museum of Modern Art, and the Whitney Museum, in New York, and the National Collection in

Aerobatic performances

In 1968, wanting more time to devote to his own art, <mask> sold Chiron Press and accepted a teaching position at Cornell University in Ithaca, NY. It was here that he learned to fly, and developed his Aerial Theater, a unique art-in-the-sky form, for which he is best known. In his Aerial Theater performances <mask> flew an aerobatic biplane, trailing smoke, through a series of maneuvers to create a four-dimensional design in the sky, e.g. in Hollywood/FL (1983), Richmond (1985), Southampton (1989), Clemson (1989). Musicians, dancers, and parachutists often accompanied these pieces. This work was very popular in Europe, especially Italy, where Poleskie lived on and off for over three years.Italian art critic Enrico Crispolti called Aerial Theater the logical extension of Futurism, and the French art critic Pierre Restany, writing in the Italian art magazine D’ars dubbed it "Planetary Art" on the scale with Christo’s installations. Poleskie's biplane and drawings for various performances were exhibited at the Louis K. Meisel Gallery in New York in 1978 and 1979. Twenty-seven years after he began to fly, in 1998, having reached the age of sixty, and feeling his body could no longer take the excessive G forces imposed on it by the aerobatic maneuvers, Poleskie ceased flying altogether, and sold his airplanes. Works on paper from his Aerial Theater period are in many public collections including the Victoria and Albert Museum, and the Tate Gallery in London; the Kunstverin in Kassel, Germany, the Castlevecchio in Verona, Italy, and the State Museum, in Lodz, Poland. Poleskie's work has been exhibited widely. Among the cities he has had his work shown, or done performances, are New York, Boston, Washington D. C., Los Angeles, San Francisco, Berkeley, Toledo, Richmond, Williamsburg, San Antonio, and Miami, in the USA; London, Southampton, Loughborough, and the Isle of Wight in the UK; Rome, Milan, Bologna, Brescia, Como, Trento, Turin, Verona, and Palermo in Italy; Munich, Stuttgart, and Kassel, in Germany; Linz in Austria; Ljubljana, Zagreb, and Belgrade, in the former Yugoslavia; Moscow and Saint Petersburg in Russia; Warsaw, Gdansk, and Lodz, in Poland; Tbilisi in the Republic of Georgia; Vilnius in Lithuania; Freetown in Sierra Leone; Stockholm in Sweden; Rio de Janeiro in Brazil; Tegucigalpa and San Pedro Sula in Honduras; Barcelona, Madrid, and Cadaque in Spain; Locarno in Switzerland; and Tokyo and Kyoto in Japan. Writing fiction
Since 1998 Poleskie has been devoting himself mainly to writing fiction, including a biographical novel on the Civil War Balloonist Thaddeus S. C. Lowe.In 2000 he destroyed a vast number of his early art works, and withdrew all the rest from the market. In 2004 <mask> took up digital photography, and had his first show of these images in Ithaca in January 2006. <mask> was married to the author Jeanne Mackin. The couple lived in Ithaca, New York. Additional information on <mask> can be found in Who's Who in America, (2006) and Who's Who in the World, (2006) and on his web site, www.stephenpoleskie.com

Death
<mask> passed away on December 21, 2019. He is survived by his widow, Jeanne Mackin. Bibliography
 <mask>, Stephen (2007) The Balloonist: The Story of T. S. C. Lowe---Inventor, Scientist, Magician, and Father of the U.S. Air Force, Frederic C. Beil, Publisher, Savannah, Georgia,
 <mask>, Stephen (2008)  The Third Candidate, Wasteland Press, Shelbyville, KY,
 <mask>, Stephen (2009) Grater Life, Wasteland Press, Shelbyville, KY,

References

Further reading
 Hildibrand, June (1967) Artists Proof, the Annual of Prints and Printmaking, Pratt Graphics Center, NY, and Barre Publishers, MA Silkscreen Printing by <mask>, p 78-82, 1 black and white reproduction A Note on Chiron Press, p 83-4
 various authors (1968) Artists Proof, the Annual of Prints and Printmaking, Pratt Graphics Center, NY, and Barre Publishers, MA, Poleskie, <mask>, tipped in screen print (4 colors) p 7
 Biegeleisen, J. I.Bowker, New Providence, NJ, Poleskie, Stephen Francis, 884, also 1993, 94, 95, 96, etc. (2007) 99 Jumpstarts for Kids, Libraries Unlimited,

External links
 Where is Stephen (<mask>) Poleskie Now? (Blog)
  Stephen Poleskie Web Site

American artists
1938 births
Living people

masks:
Steve
Poleskie
Poleskie
Poleskie
Poleskie
Poleskie
Poleskie
Poleskie
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<mask> is a Greek musician, known primarily as a vocalist. Singer/Songwriter <mask> (stage name for Evdoxia Chasapidi) is best known as "The Voice"  as lead vocalist for two iconic Greek underground bands, No Man's Land and Echo Tattoo. She Tames Chaos are her current, third band. <mask>, whom the specialist music press have named "Queen of the Greek Underground" and "Greece's leading female vocalist". is considered to be "one of the most influential female performers in Greece"

<mask> was raised amongst Greek Americans, Americans, Brits and Canadian-Americans (one of the latter being her uncle <mask> a.k.a. Hap, Director of Broadcast Standards for WNBC, NY, until his retirement in 1975). As a result, she embraced the American culture and the English language as her vessel in lyrics that examine multiple layers of the human psyche.A passionate feminist and an equal rights supporter <mask> writes about love, injustice and the human condition. <mask>'s first recordings were made on a Sony tape recorder at the age of three, by her father. Career
<mask> first appears in Greek discography, as one of the two singers (Athanassiades being the other one) in No Man's Land's first album, Zalion, in 1988. The album and the band gained great popularity and critical praise much due to <mask>'s vocals and stage performances. No Man's Land toured Greece, playing in various bars and stages, and represented Greece at the 1986 Biennale in Thessaloniki, side by side with other important Greek Bands of the time such as Libido Blume. In September 1989 she leaves No Man's Land to create Echo Tattoo with Panos Kourtsounis. Echo Tattoo released three albums with four different Labels: Self-Titled Echo Tattoo -1992- Studio II, Room of toys -1997- FM Records (on which the band worked with producer Bryan New, in Bath and London, UK), Mind your Step -2008- Recycled Recordings (on which <mask> is the primary songwriter as well as the mixing engineer and producer) and a Vinyl re-issue of Mind Your Step with Labyrinth of thoughts in 2014.All the covers for the 200 copies of the vinyl re-issue of Mind your Step, were hand-painted by <mask> herself. As a multi-instrumentalist, <mask> was able to record a multitude of additional vocal sounds and instrument riffs on Mind Your Step. She edited, mixed  and produced a large portion of the album. Echo Tattoo are one of the most significant bands of the Athenian Underground Scene but have not always been active, as band members changed often, a fact which led to periods of inactivity followed by periods of new members' training. In 1993 they made the cover of Billboard magazine as Leaders of the Greek Rock Scene. The band toured Greece numerous times, supported U2 in their POP MART tour stop in Greece and won the 1996 SCYPE (Song Competition of Youth Programs in Europe) Competition which was held in Copenhagen on March 24, 1996, and was broadcast by the Official Radio Stations of all European Union Country Members, during which the listeners voted in favor of Echo Tattoo's recording of their original song "Over", which was mainly composed by <mask>. Her current bands are She Tames Chaos with whom she writes, sings and produces and Robert Sin and the Huckleberries, with whom she plays the bass and sings backing vocals.<mask> earns a living as a copy editor for Greek Business File, an English-spoken magazine that analyses the Greek Economy published by Economia Group, and an English tutor. She has been known to work in various Artistic fields as well as Advertising and Film: Painter (her murals and paintings decorated some notable Athenian and Spartan pubs and bars),  Voice Over Talent, Actress, Vocalist, Composer, Ad Script Writer, Translator, Sub-titlist. Discography

Associated acts Albums
No Man's Land - Zalion - Pegasus Records - Vinyl LP - 1988
Echo Tattoo - Echo Tattoo - Studio II - Vinyl LP - 1992
Echo Tattoo - Room of Toys - FM Records - CD Album -1997
Echo Tattoo - Mind Your Step - Recycled Recordings - CD Album -2008
Echo Tattoo - Mind Your Step - Labyrinth Of Thoughts - Vinyl LP - 2014
Robert Sin and the Huckleberries - ...And The Ghosts In Between -  G.O.D. Records - CD Album - 2016
She Tames Chaos - Oh, Fair father where Art Thou? - God Records - Vinyl LP - 2016

Guest Lead & Backing Vocals
1. Tr: Various - Purple Overdose - Exit #4 - Pegasus Records - Vinyl LP - 1988
2. Tr: The Sea - Yeah!- Yeah!- Ano Kato Records- Vinyl LP - 1988
3. Tr: Stilpni in'i nychta & 1 more - Symmoria - Nychtes - Ano Kato Records - Vinyl LP - 1989
4. Tr: Reptile Dance, Black Snow - Flowers Of Romance - Brilliant Mistakes - FM Records - CD Album -1996
5. Tr: Iparchi mono agapi - Markos Papasifakis - Pame ki erchomasste - Warehouse Records - CD Album - 1996
6. Tr: Various - Christos Vogiatzis - Se dyo kosmous - Warehouse Records - CD, Single - 1996
7. Tr: O Erastis tis fygis - Evnus - To kako oniro - Warehouse Records - CD Single - 1996
8. Tr: Innocent Lie - Matisse - Cheap As Art - Columbia - CD Album - 2005
9.Tr: What You Sing Is What You Get, Scream for I, Spanish Class, Sun Song, Seashell In My Drink, <mask>'s LamentBlend (Mishkin) - Man Under Influence - Sirius - CD Album - 2005
10. Tr: Smoke, Jam Skit, Fuck The System/Use Your Imagination - Blend (Mishkin)-Misplaced - Cast-A-Blast 2006
11: Tr: Run To Your Mama - 7-Odds - People Wanna See - Front Yard -  EP - 2015

Compilation Albums
1. Tr: No Man's Land -Blue Train - Various - Cicadas (An Electric Guide To The Greek Underground) LP-Comp - Pegasus Records 1987
2. Tr: Echo Tattoo: The Do it Story - Various - Studio II Collection - Studio II Records - LP-Comp - 1991
3. Tr: Echo Tattoo - Refugee, Bliss - Assemble the Temple - Various – In The Junkyard Volume Two - Spinalonga Records - CD Comp - 2005

References

External links

 Living Postcards The New face of Greece Article: <mask> Hassapides <mask>

 She Tames Chaos @ Floral Live
 Avopolis Music Network - She Tames Chaos
 Return to Forever by She Tames Chaos on Avopolis Music Network
 Echo Tattoo Mind Your Step Re-issue
 http://www.avopolis.gr/albums/greek-albums/24094-echo-tattoo-sp-1559485608
  <mask> Hassapides <mask> Sings for Blend Mishkin
 Echo Tatoo & Bliss
 Echo Tattoo Album
 <mask> H.W. Appears live on stage with The Last Drive on their 30th Year Live Celebration @ Gagarin Club
 Echo Tattoo on Grohings Well

Greek singer-songwriters
Living people
Musicians from Corfu
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Evi Hassapides Watson
Evi Hassapides Watson
Watson
Watson
Carl Maxwell Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Watson
Evi
Evi
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Evi
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Evi


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<mask> (born December 24, 1963) is an American college basketball coach and retired professional basketball player. Since 2009, <mask> has been the head coach at Gordon College, leading the Fighting Scots to two Commonwealth Coast Conference championships, the first coming in his first season with the team (2009–10) and the second in 2013–14. <mask> played five seasons of professional basketball in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was selected by the Seattle SuperSonics in the third round (53rd overall) of the 1986 NBA draft. A 6'9" center-forward from the University of California, Irvine, <mask> played for the Los Angeles Clippers, Minnesota Timberwolves, Detroit Pistons and Golden State Warriors over the course of his NBA career. He played in a total of 191 NBA games and scored 1,049 career points. On March 17, 1990, as a member of the Timberwolves, he scored a career-high 24 points against the Los Angeles Lakers.Prior to his tenure at Gordon, <mask> served as an assistant coach for University of California, Riverside, as well as his alma mater at UC Irvine. Professional career

NBA draft and debut (1986–87)
After graduating from UC Irvine, <mask> was selected 53rd overall in the third round of the 1986 NBA draft by the Seattle SuperSonics. After being cut during training camp, he began playing overseas in the Italian League; however, he began sustaining knee cartilage damage in an exhibition game only eight days after his arrival in Europe. He returned home to the United States for surgery, attending several UC Irvine games as a volunteer assistant coach. The following year, <mask> was signed by the Los Angeles Clippers at the beginning of the  as a replacement for Michael Cage, who was a holdout. <mask> played 19 minutes in the opening game of the season but was cut once Cage reagreed to terms with the team. CBA championship MVP (1987–89)
After missing two months with mononucleosis, <mask> then signed with the Albany Patroons of the Continental Basketball Association (CBA) for the remainder of the 1987–88 season.The Patroons would go on to win the 1988 CBA championship, while <mask> ended the season as the most valuable player of the CBA championship series. Towards the end of the season, <mask> earned an offer from the Golden State Warriors to join the team for the final 16 days of the NBA season, but declined the offer to focus on winning the CBA title. <mask> later recalled of the situation, "To play in the NBA was my lifetime dream and I couldn't have passed it up. But we were right in the middle of the playoffs and I wanted to win the championship so badly... So I stayed." He received tryout camp invitations from both the Warriors and Boston Celtics in the 1988 offseason, but was not offered a regular-season contract by either team. <mask> spent the 1988–89 season playing in Spain for BBV Collado Villalba.He played in all 36 games for the team, averaging 18.6 points and 9.5 rebounds in 37.1 minutes per game. Breakout years with Minnesota Timberwolves (1989–92)
During the summer of 1989, the Minnesota Timberwolves, who were one of two new expansion teams for the 1989–90 NBA season invited <mask> to a free agent camp and a rookie camp in June and July respectively. On August 16, 1989, <mask> signed a one-year contract with the team. <mask> said that he considered his opportunity with the Timberwolves "one more chance" to launch his NBA career, adding, "If it doesn't work out this time, I'll make a career overseas." The Timberwolves began their season with only five victories in their first 26 games, leading Timberwolves head coach Bill Musselman to make some rotation changes, which included inserting <mask> into the starting lineup. <mask> played the rest of the season as a regular starter, setting a then-team record on January 2 with 20 rebounds in a game against the Clippers. On March 17, <mask> set a career-high by scoring 24 points against the Los Angeles Lakers, a game the Timberwolves narrowly lost (101–99).Despite some minor injuries (leading the Los Angeles Times Mike Penner to call him "Minnesota's man of 10,000 aches"), <mask> played in all 82 games of the Timberwolves' inaugural season. Move to Houston, injury (1992–93)
After being waived by Minnesota, <mask> joined the Houston Rockets for an offseason workout and signed with the team before the 1992–93 season began. However, early in his tenure with the team, he suffered a recurring hamstring injury, forcing him to miss most of the season. <mask> eventually recovered for the final two months of the season but never played a game for the Rockets as the team did not want to lose their chemistry. He earned $500,000 from his contract with Houston. Return to CBA, brief stints with Detroit, Golden State (1993–94)
<mask> participated in offseason tryouts with the Clippers and Charlotte Hornets but failed to receive a spot on either roster. He eventually returned to the CBA with the Rochester Renegade, who acquired him in November.The move reunited him with Musselman. <mask> received a call-up from the Detroit Pistons on December 16. He was waived by the team on January 6. <mask> then signed a ten-day contract with the Warriors on January 17 as a replacement for Byron Houston after Houston suffered a sprained ankle. Final years as a player (1994–98)
<mask> spent his final seasons playing for teams in Italy, Greece, Spain, and Japan. He returned to Italy to join Kleenex Pistoia for the remainder of 1994. He then joined Valvi Girona in Spain for the 1994–95 season.After a brief stint in Greece, <mask> spent the following season (1995–96) with Italy's Virtus Roma. His final two seasons came with the Daiwa Securities Hot Blizzards in Japan, where he played until his retirement in 1998. players
Liga ACB players
Los Angeles Clippers players
Minnesota Timberwolves players
Niigata Albirex BB players
Olimpia Basket Pistoia players
Pallacanestro Virtus Roma players
People from Lakewood, California
Power forwards (basketball)
Rochester Renegade players
Seattle SuperSonics draft picks
Sportspeople from Long Beach, California
UC Irvine Anteaters men's basketball coaches
UC Irvine Anteaters men's basketball players
UC Riverside Highlanders men's basketball coaches

masks:
Tod James Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
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Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
Murphy
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Murphy
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