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<mask> (19 September 1932 – 10 July 2012) known professionally as <mask>, was an English free improvising saxophonist. He played soprano and sopranino saxophone. Biography
<mask> was born to <mask> and <mask> (née Motton) at Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK. He grew up in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, and bought his first saxophone in 1947. After national service he became a busy semi-professional musician, touring US airbases with Denzil Bailey's Afro-Cubists and the Graham Fleming Combo. In the 1960s he played with visiting American blues, soul and jazz musicians including Rufus Thomas, Mose Allison, Otis Spann, and Champion Jack Dupree. He also developed his practice of playing unaccompanied solo saxophone, often busking in informal performance situations.Other than his solo playing, he performed mostly as a sideman or as an equal collaborator, rather than a conventional leader – there was no regular Lol Coxhill Trio or Quartet as would normally be expected of a saxophonist. Instead he had many intermittent but long-lasting collaborations with like-minded musicians. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, he was a member of Canterbury scene bands Carol Grimes and Delivery and then Kevin Ayers and the Whole World. He became known for his solo playing and for work in duets with pianist Steve Miller and guitarist G. F. Fitzgerald. He was thought to have largely inspired Joni Mitchell's song "For Free", while busking solo on the old footbridge which formed part of the Hungerford Bridge between Waterloo and Charing Cross. <mask> collaborated with other musicians including Mike Oldfield, Morgan Fisher (of Mott the Hoople), Chris McGregor's Brotherhood of Breath and its musical descendant The Dedication Orchestra, Django Bates, the Damned, Hugh Metcalfe, Derek Bailey, Fred Frith and performance art group Welfare State. He often worked in small collaborative groups with semi-humorous names such as the Johnny Rondo Duo or Trio (with pianist Dave Holland – not the bassist of the same name), the Melody Four (characteristically a trio, with Tony Coe and Steve Beresford), and The Recedents (with guitarist Mike Cooper and percussionist Roger Turner), known as such because the members were (in Coxhill's words) "all bald", though the name may additionally be a play on the American band the Residents.Typically these bands performed a mix of free improvisation interspersed with ballroom dance tunes and popular songs. There was humour throughout his music but he sometimes felt it necessary to tell audiences that the free playing was not intended as a joke. <mask> was compere and occasional performer at the Bracknell Jazz Festival, and a raconteur as well as a musician; he often would introduce his music by saying the words, "what I am about to play you may not understand". It was following a performance at Bracknell that he recorded the melodramatic monologue Murder in the Air. His son <mask> is a renowned punk drummer who played with Acme Sewage Co. amongst others; his daughter <mask> is a vocalist and his daughter <mask> sings and plays in a ukulele band. All three children appear with their father on "I am the Walrus", one of the tracks on "The Exotic Beatles Part 2" CD. The Beatles, The Exotic Beatles part 2.On 26 July 2007, <mask> married Ulrike Gertrud Scholz. They had been together since 1991. Nottingham, Tak Tak Tak, 1989. The Sound of Squirrel Meals: The Work of <mask> <mask> edited by Barbara Schwarz, Black Press, 2006. References

External links

 Lol <mask>'s website
 Biography and discography from European Free Improvisation Pages
 Video sample from Frogdance
 The Wire's100 Records That Set The World On Fire (When No One Was Listening)
 Fund raising concert in aid of diabetes uk 7 June 2003 at Besbrode Pianos Leeds

1932 births
2012 deaths
Avant-garde jazz musicians
English jazz soprano saxophonists
British male saxophonists
Emanem Records artists
English buskers
Free improvisation
People from Portsmouth
People from Aylesbury
Delivery (band) members
British male jazz musicians
The Albion Band members
Brotherhood of Breath members
The Dedication Orchestra members
Incus Records artists
Mushroom Records artists
FMP/Free Music Production artists

masks:
George Lowen Coxhill
Lol Coxhill
Coxhill
George Compton Coxhill
Mabel Margaret Coxhill
Coxhill
Coxhill
Simon Coxhill
Claire Coxhill
Maddie Coxhill
Coxhill
Lol
Coxhill
Coxhill


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<mask>, full name <mask>kapu Kekaikuihala Laʻanui Pratt (September 11, 1834 – December 20, 1928), was a Hawaiian high chiefess (aliʻi) and great-grandniece of Kamehameha I, being a great-granddaughter of Kalokuokamaile, the older brother of Kamehameha I, founder of the Kingdom of Hawaii. She was the daughter of Gideon Peleʻioholani Laʻanui and Theresa Owana Kaheiheimalie Rives. At a young age, Kekaʻaniau was chosen to attend the Chiefs' Children's School (later renamed the Royal School) taught by American missionaries and declared eligible to succeed to the Hawaiian throne by King Kamehameha III. She married American businessman Franklin Seaver Pratt and became known as Mrs. Pratt. Five of her classmates became reigning monarchs of Hawaii until the 1893 overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. In 1920, she wrote History of Keoua Kalanikupuapa-i-nui: Father of Hawaii Kings, and His Descendants, a book about her ancestor Keōua and his descendants including her own branch of the family and the House of Kamehameha. Outliving all her royal classmates, she was the last surviving member of the Royal School.Early life and education
High Chiefess <mask> Kalaninuiohilaukapu Kekaikuihala Laʻanui was born September 11, 1834, in her family home at Waialua. Her parents were Gideon Peleʻioholani Laʻanui and Theresa Owana Kaheiheimalie Rives. She was given the name <mask> after Kaʻahumanu who had adopted her mother and was baptized with the name. Kaʻahumanu was a favorite wife of Kamehameha I and the co-ruler of the kingdom under the title of Kuhina Nui. She was also the namesake of Kekaikuihala II, her father's older sister. Her younger brother Gideon Kailipalaki Laʻanui was born in 1840, and despite medical treatment by missionary physician Gerrit P. Judd, their mother died two months afterward from complications from childbirth. Laʻanui later married on July 9, 1842, to Amelia Puohu, who became the children's stepmother.Her family were of the aliʻi class of the Hawaiian nobility and were collateral relations of the reigning House of Kamehameha, sharing common descent from the early 18th-century aliʻi Keōua Kalanikupuapaʻīkalaninui Ahilapalapa. From her father's side, Kekaʻaniau was a great-granddaughter of Kalokuokamaile, an elder half-brother of Kamehameha I. Both were sons of the aforementioned Keōua. Due to this familial tie, her father Laʻanui escaped the slaughter of Kawaihae in 1791 where Kamehameha I defeated and sacrificed his opponent Keōua Kūʻahuʻula in the process of unifying the Hawaiian Islands. Her mother Owana was the daughter of Kamehameha II's French secretary Jean Baptiste Rives and a relation of Kaʻahumanu through her mother Holau II, who was hānai (adopted) by the queen. Also through her father's first marriage to Namahana Piʻia, Kekaʻaniau was the stepniece of Kaʻahumanu. She was of one-fourth French and three-fourths Native Hawaiian descent.At a young age, Kekaʻaniau was placed in the Chiefs' Children's School, also known as the Royal School, a select school for the royal children of the highest rank who were eligible to be rulers. Along with her other classmates, she was chosen by Kamehameha III to be eligible for the throne of the Kingdom of Hawaii. Out of the sixteen children of the school, five of her cousins would rule as monarchs of the kingdom. Called Lizzy or Lizzie by her classmates, she was taught by the missionary couple Juliette Montague Cooke and Amos Starr Cooke. In the classroom students were divided by their age and length of time at the school. She was a member of the senior level class. During their Sunday procession to church, when it was customary for boys and girls to walk side by side, she would walk beside James Kaliokalani, the eldest brother of future monarchs Kalākaua and Liliʻuokalani.During their school years, Kekaʻaniau developed a close relationship with her cousins Emma (who married Kamehameha IV and became queen consort) and Bernice Pauahi Bishop, who later founded Kamehameha Schools. She was one of the few invited guests at the 1850 wedding of Bernice Pauahi to American businessman Charles Reed Bishop, which was conducted against the wishes of Pauahi's parents, and she also later served as bridesmaid to Queen Emma during her royal wedding in 1856. She was also one of the bridesmaids at the 1862 wedding of Liliʻuokalani and John Owen Dominis. Kekaʻaniau was among the young social elite active in the royal courts of Kamehameha IV and his successor Kamehameha V. On formal occasions, she would also serve as lady-in-waiting to Queen Emma. Marriage
Kekaʻaniau married Franklin Seaver Pratt (1829–1894) on April 27, 1864. The wedding was held at the residence of the bride, and Reverend Eli S. Corwin, the pastor of the Fort Street (Congregational) Church, officiated the ceremony. According to contemporary opinion, she was "well-known as one of the brightest and most cultivated women of Honolulu" and "became his faithful companion and helper" after their marriage.A native of Boston, Massachusetts, and naturalized citizen of the kingdom, Pratt was a respected businessman and sugar plantation owner who held a few court and governmental positions during the monarchy, including Staff Colonel to Kamehameha V, member of the Privy Council for Queen Liliʻuokalani, Registrar of Public Accounts and Hawaiian Consul General in San Francisco. However, according to historian James L. Haley, he was kept on the "periphery of power." The Pratts did not have any children of their own, although they adopted Kekaʻaniau's niece, Theresa Owana Kaʻōhelelani Laʻanui, daughter of her younger brother High Chief Gideon Kailipalaki Laʻanui II, after he died in 1871. Theresa married four times and had descendants by her first and second husbands: Alexander Cartwright III, son of Honolulu fire chief Alexander Cartwright, and Robert William Wilcox, a Hawaiian revolutionary leader and the first Congressional Delegate from the Territory of Hawaii. The Pratts also later adopted Alexander and Theresa's younger daughter Eva Kuwailanimamao Cartwright, who married Dwight Jarvis Styne and had three children. The Pratts owned a beachside residence, which they called the Franklin Villa or Bath Villa, in the Waikīkī area of Honolulu. The property was sold in 1897 and is now part of Fort DeRussy.Kekaʻaniau was present at the deathbed of King Kamehameha V with Queen Emma Pauahi and other members of the royal court. She later claimed that the dying monarch had offered her the throne before asking Pauahi to succeed him. Haley noted that if this was true she would have a been a strong candidate, being a descendant of an elder brother of the kingdom's founder. Neither woman accepted, and Kamehameha V died without naming an heir. Thus, the 1864 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii called for the legislature to elect the next monarch. By both popular vote and the unanimous vote of the legislature, her cousin Lunalilo became the first elected king of Hawaii. Kekaʻaniau was given a place of honor at the prorogation of the Legislative Assembly of 1873 alongside Queen Emma, High Chiefess Fanny Kekelaokalani, and wives of the king's cabinet ministers.After the death of Lunalilo, the Pratts became supporters of Queen Emma during her unsuccessful candidacy during the royal election of 1874 against Kalākaua. Emma had promised to reward their loyalty with a government appointment by removing John Owen Dominis as Governor of Oahu and appointing Pratt in his place if she had won. Despite popular support for the queen dowager, the assembly voted thirty-nine to six in favor of Kalākaua over Emma. The subsequent announcement triggered the Honolulu Courthouse riot as Emmaite supporters hunted down and attacked native legislators who supported Kalākaua. In order to quell the civil disruption, American and British troops were landed with the permission of the Hawaiian government, and the rioters were arrested. During the final years of the monarchy, the Pratts lived in San Francisco where her husband served as Hawaiian Consul General for the Pacific states of Oregon, Washington, California and Nevada, from 1892 until the time of the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii. In March 1893, she was elected as an honorary president of Hui Aloha ʻĀina o Na Wahine (Hawaiian Women's Patriotic League) or Hui Aloha ʻĀina for Women.This patriotic group was founded shortly after its male counterpart the Hui Aloha ʻĀina for Men to oppose the overthrow and plans to annex the islands to the United States and to support the deposed queen Liliʻuokalani. She resigned this position on April 17, 1893 after a dispute arose between two factions of the group over the wordings to the memorial seeking the restoration of the monarchy to be presented to the United States Commissioner James Henderson Blount sent by President Grover Cleveland to investigate the overthrow. Later life and civic involvement

After the overthrow in 1893, her husband defended Kekaʻaniau's traditional claims to the Hawaiian crown lands as an heir of Kamehameha III and was removed from his government post as Hawaiian Consul. These lands transferred to the United States Federal Government after the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands in 1898. During Queen Liliʻuokalani's attempts to seek restitution and compensation for the lost crown lands, Kekaʻaniau and her niece Theresa Laʻanui petitioned in 1903 the Senate Subcommittee on the Pacific Islands and Puerto Rico in order to support the petition of the queen. In 1895, she helped founded the Hawaiian Relief Society to assist the victims of a cholera epidemic in the islands. She co-founded the organization with other leading Hawaiian women including Emma Kaili Metcalf Beckley Nakuina, Abigail Kuaihelani Campbell and Emilie Widemann Macfarlane.She served as the organization's first vice-president. Because of her rank and connection to the past, Kekaʻaniau participated in many civic ceremonies during her later life. On June 28, 1909, Kekaʻaniau officiated and unveiled the tablet of the 1795 Battle of Nuʻuanu, which was installed at the Pali lookout by the organization Daughters of Hawaii. On March 17, 1912, she officiated with Queen Liliʻuokalani when they both unveiled the Cooke Memorial Tablet, dedicated to Amos Starr and Juiette Montague Cooke and the sixteen students of the Royal School, in the vestibule of Kawaiahaʻo Church. The ceremony marked the 100th anniversary of the birth of Mrs. Cooke. On March 17, 1914, Kekaʻaniau officiated with Liliʻuokalani at the unveiling of the tablet for the 100th commemoration birthday of King Kamehameha III. During the ceremony, Queen Liliʻuokalani represented the Kalakaua Dynasty, and Kekaʻaniau represented the Kamehameha Dynasty, seated on opposite sides of the memorial stone in the nave of the church.The palace chairs in which they sat were draped with ancient Hawaiian feather capes. The Queen drew the cord releasing her Royal Standard or personal flag, while Kekaʻaniau released the Hawaiian flag covering the tablet. In 1897, Kekaʻaniau donated to the Bishop Museum the bust figure of Kamehameha II that was given by the British monarch, King George IV, when Kamehameha II died while on his state visit in London with his queen Kamāmalu in 1825. The British crown bought the lavish coffins and made the bust according to the English royal traditions during funeral services. She also donated to the Bishop Museum the following items: 2 pictures, 6 feather leis, 15 kāhili's, 5 kāhili handles, 13 ʻumeke, 5 coconut bowls and 1 Niʻihau mat. In 1996, two of her kahili's were featured in the museum exhibit in "The Legacy of Excellence, Highlights of Hawaiian Culture" and was described as being "the only ones of their kind". Following the death of Liliʻuokalani in 1917, Kekaʻaniau became the only survivor of the Royal School.In 1920, Kekaʻaniau wrote History of Keoua Kalanikupuapa-i-nui: Father of Hawaii Kings, and His Descendants, with Notes on Kamehameha I, First King of All Hawaii, as a tribute to her great-grandfather Keōua Kalanikupuapaʻīkalaninui Ahilapalapa and his descendants. The book consisted of a genealogical history of the branches of the House of Keōua Nui including her family and the House of Kamehameha. Death and funeral

In her later years, Kekaʻaniau lived at the home of her grandniece Eva Kuwailanimamao Cartwright Styne at 1036 Kinau Street, Makiki, Honolulu. On her 94th birthday on September 11, 1928, a large contingent of Honolulu residents made a pilgrimage to her home to bedeck the residence with floral tributes and offer expressions of affection and respect. The Honolulu Star-Bulletin noted the home of the nonagenarian "was a veritable bower of flowers, redolent with beauteous blossoms." One of her last functions, in October of the same year, was helping arrange partners for a quadrille in a historic reenactment of the court of Kamehameha IV and Queen Emma. Kekaʻaniau had been a participant in the original 1856 quadrille where she had danced with Kalākaua.After a brief illness, Kekaʻaniau died at the age of 94 at the home of her grandniece at 9am on December 20, 1928. Although not given a state funeral, the tradition of lying in state was observed on the night before the funeral. The watches were led by members of two Hawaiian royal societies of which she had been a ranking member: the Māmakakaua (Daughters and Sons of Hawaiian Warriors) and the ʻAhahui Kaʻahumanu (Kaʻahumanu Society), of which Kekaʻaniau was the first honorary president. Princess <mask> Kalanianaʻole (Moʻi of Māmakakaua) and Emma Ahuena Taylor (Kuhina Nui of Māmakakaua) led the watches. The funeral services were conducted at Kawaiahaʻo Church by Reverend Akaiko Akana at 3:30 pm on December 23. The silver-gray coffin was draped with two ʻahuʻula, or feather cloaks, symbolizing the rank she held in the two royal societies. Territorial Governor and Mrs. Wallace Rider Farrington, former Governor and Mrs. Walter F. Frear, and former Honolulu Mayor John C. Lane joined prominent families of chiefly lineage and members of the two royal societies at the services.Lane and Colonel Curtis P. Iaukea served as two of the six pallbearers. After the simple ceremony, which only lasted half an hour, the mourners accompanied the casket to its final burial place where Akana read the burial service in Hawaiian. Per her request, Kekaʻaniau was buried with solemn ceremony next to her husband at Oʻahu Cemetery. Descendants and legacy

The descendants from her niece Theresa Laʻanui to Cartwright and Wilcox continue to claim to be the rightful successors of the Kamehameha line and claimant to the Hawaiian crown lands. They base their claims through Kekaʻaniau's status as the last surviving member of the Royal School chosen by Kamehameha III to be eligible for the throne of the Kingdom of Hawaii. One notable contemporary member of this family is Hawaiian musician and activist Princess Owana Salazar, who with her son were involved with the Hawaiian activist group Ka Lāhui Hawaiʻi from 1988 to 1998. Kekaʻaniau's 1920 book was republished in 1999 under the title Keoua: Father of Kings by her great-great-grandnephew, David Castro.It was republished again in 2009. Castro also wrote a biography of her titled Princess <mask>u Laanui: Member of the Kamehameha Dynasty, Eligible to Hawaiian the Throne in 2008. On September 15, 1985, a portrait painted of Kekaʻaniau was unveiled at the Kawaiahaʻo Church by Helena Kalokuokamaile Wilcox (mother of Owana Salazar). The artwork was created by commissioned artist Mary Koski, who was known for her Flemish-Dutch and realistic style of painting. This painting now stands on an easel within the royal pew of Kawaiahaʻo Church, where Kekaʻaniau once sat with King Kamehameha III and other students of the Royal School. In 1989, a second painting was installed in the library of the modern day Royal Elementary School in Honolulu. Family tree

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

1834 births
1928 deaths
Heirs to the Hawaiian throne
Native Hawaiian writers
Royalty of the Hawaiian Kingdom
Writers from Hawaii
House of Kalokuokamaile
Burials at Oahu Cemetery
Hawaiian Kingdom people of French descent
Hawaiian ladies-in-waiting
Royal School (Hawaii) alumni
People from Honolulu


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<mask> or <mask> (; born December 21, 1939) is a Taiwanese-American scientist who worked for the University of California at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. He created simulations of nuclear explosions for the purposes of scientific inquiry, as well as for improving the safety and reliability of the U.S. nuclear arsenal. A federal grand jury indicted him on charges of stealing secrets about the U.S. nuclear arsenal for the People's Republic of China (PRC) in December 1999. After federal investigators were unable to prove these initial accusations, the government conducted a separate investigation and was ultimately only able to charge <mask> with improper handling of restricted data, one of the original 59 indictment counts, to which he pleaded guilty as part of a plea settlement. In June 2006, <mask> received $1.6 million from the federal government and five media organizations as part of a settlement of a civil suit he had filed against them for leaking his name to the press before any formal charges had been filed against him. Federal judge James A. Parker eventually apologized to <mask> for denying him bail and putting him in solitary confinement and excoriated the government for misconduct and misrepresentations to the court. Early life
<mask> was born on December 21, 1939, to a Hoklo family in Taiwan during Japanese rule.He graduated from Keelung High School in the northern part of the island in 1959, after which he attended National Cheng Kung University in Tainan, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering in 1963. In My Country Versus Me, <mask> describes life as being harsh. His father died when <mask> was very young. His mother suffered from asthma and eventually committed suicide so that she would not 'burden' the family. He was a young boy in Taiwan when Republic of China (ROC) forces violently suppressed the February 28 Incident of 1947. Taiwan was placed under martial law; his brother died when he was a conscript and his commanding officers allegedly wouldn't allow him to take medicine. <mask>, however, overcame these odds.He had what he describes as a wonderful teacher in the 6th grade who encouraged his intellectual abilities. Eventually, he made his way to university, where he became interested in fluid dynamics and studied mechanical engineering at the university. Graduate education and career

<mask> came to the United States in 1965 to continue his studies in mechanical engineering at Texas A&M University. He received his doctorate in mechanical engineering with the specialization in fluid mechanics  in 1969 and became a U.S. citizen in 1974. He was employed at industrial and government research firms before he moved to New Mexico in 1978. He worked as a scientist in weapons design at  Los Alamos National Laboratory in applied mathematics and fluid dynamics from that year until 1999. He created simulation software for nuclear explosions, which were used to gain scientific understanding and help maintain the safety and reliability of the US nuclear weapons arsenal.Government investigation

<mask> was publicly named by United States Department of Energy officials, including Secretary of Energy Bill Richardson, as a suspect in the theft of classified nuclear-related documents from Los Alamos. Richardson was criticized by the Senate for his handling of the espionage inquiry by not testifying in front of Congress sooner. Richardson was less than truthful in his response by saying that he was waiting to uncover more information before speaking to Congress. On December 10, 1999, <mask> was arrested, indicted on 59 counts, and jailed in solitary confinement without bail for 278 days until September 13, 2000, when he accepted a plea bargain from the federal government. <mask> was released on time served after the government's case against him could not be proven. He was ultimately charged with only one count of mishandling sensitive documents that did not require pre-trial solitary confinement, while the other 58 counts were dropped. President Bill Clinton issued a public apology to <mask> over his treatment by the federal government during the investigation.<mask> filed a lawsuit to gain the names of public officials who had leaked his name to journalists before charges had been filed against him. It raised issues similar to those in the Valerie Plame affair, of whether journalists should have to reveal their anonymous sources in a court of law. <mask>'s lawsuit was settled by the federal government in 2006 just before the Supreme Court was set to decide whether to hear the case. The federal judge who heard the case during an earlier appeal said that "top decision makers in the executive branch...have embarrassed our entire nation and each of us who is a citizen." Operation Kindred Spirit
After an intelligence agent from the People's Republic of China (PRC) gave U.S. agents papers which indicated that they knew the design of a particularly modern U.S. nuclear warhead (the W-88), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) started an investigation codenamed "Operation Kindred Spirit" to look into how China could have obtained that design. In 1982, <mask> was recorded on a wiretap speaking with another Taiwanese-American scientist who had been accused of espionage. <mask> offered to the scientist to find out who had turned him in.When confronted by the FBI about this incident, <mask> said he did not know the scientist, until the FBI demonstrated proof of the conversation. Despite some evidence that could have kept the case open, the FBI closed this file on <mask> in 1984. <mask> did not get the attention of the FBI again for 12 years until 1998. The FBI had lost the file on <mask> from the 1983 and 1984 meetings with him, and had to reconstruct the information. In 1994, a delegation of Chinese scientists visited Los Alamos National Laboratory in an unannounced capacity for a meeting. One of the scientists visiting was Dr. Hu Side, the head of the Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics. He also was credited with the design of the small, W88-like weapon.However, despite the visit being unannounced, <mask> showed up to the meeting uninvited. This alarmed LANL officials who contacted the FBI, which opened up another investigation of <mask>. On December 23, 1998 <mask> was given a polygraph test by Wackenhut, a DOE contractor. He was not told of the reason why, other than that it involved his latest trip to China to escort his nephew. During the questioning, he admitted that he had, in fact, met with Dr. Hu Side in a hotel room in 1988 and that Hu had asked him for classified information, which he refused to discuss. <mask> admitted that he failed to report this contact and approach by individuals requesting classified information as required by security regulations. He was told that he passed the test, but was stripped of his Q clearance to the LANL's classified X Division section.Although he questioned the action against him, <mask> went along, deleting the classified information he held on his computers, and moved to the T (unclassified) clearance zone. He was later subjected to three more polygraph tests before being told by the FBI agents that re-evaluation of the test results showed that <mask> had failed all of them. In January, The Wall Street Journal ran an article on the investigation, headlined "China Got Secret Data on U.S. Warhead -- Chief Suspect Is a Scientist at Weapons Laboratory of Energy Department,"  without naming a suspect. On March 6, The New York Times published an article on the W-88 case, "China Stole Nuclear Secrets for Bombs, U.S. Aides Say," again without naming the suspect. Government officials had requested the newspaper delay publication, and The New York Times held back publication for one day, saying it would consider a further delay if asked personally by the FBI director, who did not act on the request. The FBI interviewed Dr. <mask> on March 5, and he consented to a search of his office. On March 8, 1999, <mask> was fired from his job at Los Alamos National Laboratory for failure to maintain classified information securely.However, FBI investigators soon determined that the design data the PRC had obtained could not have come from the Los Alamos Lab, because it related to information that would only have been available to someone like a so-called "downstream" contractor, meaning one involved in the final warhead production process, and this information was only created after the weapon design left the LANL. Even though this left <mask> <mask> apparently in the clear, the FBI continued its attempt to find evidence to implicate <mask> in committing espionage for the PRC. There were 60 agents and more assigned to <mask>'s case, working to prove that he was a spy. The FBI conducted a search of <mask>'s house on April 10, seizing any item related to computers or computing, as well as anything that had notations written in Chinese. The FBI and the Department of Energy then decided to conduct a full forensic examination of <mask>'s office computer. The examination of <mask>'s computer determined that he had backed up his work files, which were restricted though not classified, onto tapes, and had also transferred these files from a system used for processing classified data onto another, also secure, system designated for unclassified data. After the FBI discovered <mask>'s transfer, they revoked his badge access and clearance, including his ability to access the data from the unclassified but secure network.<mask> then requested from a colleague in another part of Los Alamos to be allowed to use his computer, at which time he transferred the data to a third unclassified computer network. The government then retroactively redesignated the data <mask> had copied, changing it from its former designation of "PARD" (Protect As Restricted Data), which was just above the "Unclassified" designation and contained 99 percent unclassified data, to a new designation of "Secret" (which was treated on a higher security level than PARD), giving them the crime that the government needed for a formal charge. Indictment, imprisonment and release
The Department of Justice constructed its case around the only real evidence of malfeasance, the downloading of the restricted information. It ultimately employed an unusual strategy of trying to prove that in addition to illegally handling information, Dr. <mask> had an "intent to injure" the United States by denying it the exclusivity of the nuclear information. <mask> was indicted on 59 counts, 39 of which were for mishandling information under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, and 20 of which were for lesser violations of the Espionage Act. (The original Atomic Energy Act, also known as the McMahon Act, was passed in response to the case of Cambridge physicist Alan Nunn May after he confessed to giving Manhattan Project secrets to the USSR.) Janet Reno confirmed with CIA Director George Tenet and FBI Director Louis Freeh that if the presiding judge rules that the government must reveal in open court what specifically was on the tapes, the prosecution would have to plea out the case or risk jeopardizing state secrets.Dr. <mask> spent nine months incarcerated in solitary confinement with limited access to family. His treatment, which included constant shackling, was inconsistent with treatment of other prisoners at the Santa Fe County detention facility, and became a source of great controversy for the DOJ. In September 2000, Judge Parker ruled that the government was required to disclose the information on the tapes. According to Louis Freeh and Janet Reno, they were left with no option but to plea out Dr. <mask> in order to find out where the missing tapes were, and not risk sensitive government information by bringing it to trial. Dr. <mask> was freed, and at plea he admitted to having made copies of the tapes which he later destroyed, according to his book My Country Versus Me, and other sources. <mask> pleaded guilty to one felony count of illegal "retention" of "national defense information". In return, the government released him from jail and dropped the other 58 counts against him.Judge Parker apologized to Dr. <mask> for the unfair manner in which he was treated. The judge also regretted being misled by the executive branch into ordering Dr. <mask>'s detention, stating that he was led astray by the Department of Justice, by its FBI, and by its United States attorney. He formally denounced the government for abuse of power in its prosecution of the case. Later, President Bill Clinton remarked that he had been "troubled" by the way Dr. <mask> was treated. Post-release
<mask> is now retired and lives in Albuquerque, New Mexico with his wife. He also has two grown children – a son, and a daughter, Alberta, who at one time was an intern at Los Alamos Laboratory. In 2003, he wrote a memoir, My Country Versus Me, in which he describes his love of classical music, literature, poetry, fishing in the mountains of New Mexico, and his dedication to organic gardening.He also charges that his Asian ethnicity was a primary factor behind his prosecution by the government. As evidence of such racial profiling, he cited cases of several scientists of non-Han Chinese ancestry who were responsible for similar security transgressions but were able to continue their careers. Former FBI Director Louis Freeh categorically denied these charges. <mask> was compensated with a $1.6 million settlement from the U.S. federal government and five news organizations for privacy violations. A condition of the United States portion of the settlement, $895,000,  is that it is to be applied only to lawyer's fees and the taxes on the media's payments, since the government insisted that they would not pay anything that would be perceived as damages to <mask>. He has published an applied physics textbook that he started writing while still in prison. In media
The 2001 play The Legacy Codes, by American playwright Cherylene <mask>, deals with the <mask> <mask> case.The short story "Amnesty" in the 2005 edition of Octavia Butler's collection Bloodchild and Other Stories was inspired by the government's treatment of Dr. <mask> <mask>. The 2007 play Yellow Face by Asian-American playwright David Henry Hwang places this incident in the context of a greater number of cases dealing with racial profiling against Asian Americans, particularly the Chinese during the 1980s. The 2010 short film The Profile and its animated remake (the 2017 short film Disk 44), both by American film maker Ray Arthur Wang, are inspired by the <mask> <mask> case. See also

Cox Report
Espionage Act of 1917
List of Chinese spy cases in the United States
Ministry of State Security (China)
People's Liberation Army
Stephen Jin-Woo Kim

Thomas Andrews Drake
Timeline of the Cox Report controversy

References

Further reading
 <mask> <mask> and Helen Zia, My Country Versus Me: The First-Hand Account by the Los Alamos Scientist Who Was Falsely Accused of Being a Spy (Hyperion, 2003) . Dan Stober and <mask>, A Convenient Spy: <mask> <mask> and the Politics of Nuclear Espionage (Simon & Schuster, 2002) . Notra Trulock, Code Name Kindred Spirit: Inside the Chinese Nuclear Espionage Scandal (Encounter Books, 2002) . 1939 births
2000 in the United States
Living people
Nuclear secrecy
Nuclear proliferation
People from Nantou County
Taiwanese emigrants to the United States
Texas A&M University alumni
American people of Chinese descent
People from Albuquerque, New Mexico
People with acquired American citizenship
Los Alamos National Laboratory
National Cheng Kung University alumni

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Sneferu (snfr-wj "He has perfected me", from Ḥr-nb-mꜣꜥt-snfr-wj "Horus, Lord of Maat, has perfected me", also read Snefru or Snofru), well known under his Hellenized name Soris ( by Manetho), was the founding pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt during the Old Kingdom. Estimates of his reign vary, with for instance The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt suggesting a reign from around 2613 to 2589 BC, a reign of 24 years, while Rolf Krauss suggests a 30-year reign, and Rainer Stadelmann a 48-year reign. He built at least three pyramids that survive to this day and introduced major innovations in the design and construction of pyramids. Reign length

The 24-year Turin Canon figure for Sneferu's reign is considered today to be an underestimate since this king's highest-known date is an inscription discovered at the Red Pyramid of Dahshur and mentioning Sneferu's 24th cattle count, corresponding to at least 24 full years. Sneferu, however, was known to have a minimum of at least three years after the cattle count dates: his years after the 10th, the 13th and the 18th count are attested at his Meidum pyramid. This would mean that Sneferu ruled Egypt a minimum of 27 full years. However, in the Palermo Stone, recto 6 at the bottom of the fragment shows the year of the 7th count of Sneferu while recto 7 on the same following row shows the year of the 8th count of Sneferu.Significantly, there is a previous mostly intact column for Sneferu in recto 5 which also mentions events in this king's reign in a specific year but does not mention the previous (6th) year. This column must, therefore, be dated to the year after the 6th count of Sneferu. Hence, Sneferu's reign would be a minimum of 28 years. Since there are many periods in Sneferu's reigns for which Egyptologists have few dates—only the years of the 2nd, 7th, 8th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 23rd and 24th count are known for Sneferu before one considers the years after his cattle counts—this pharaoh is most likely to have had a reign in excess of 30 years to manage to build three pyramids in his long rule but not 48 years since the cattle count was not regularly biannual during his kingship. (There are fewer years after the count dates known for Sneferu compared to year of the count or census dates.) Family and succession

Sneferu was the first king of the Fourth Dynasty of ancient Egypt, who according to Manetho reigned for 24 years (2613–2589 BC). Manetho was an Egyptian priest, living in the third century BC, who categorized the pharaohs of dynastic Egypt into  thirty-one dynasties.Though his schematic has its flaws, nevertheless, modern scholars conventionally follow his method of grouping. The Papyrus Prisse, a Middle Kingdom source, supports the fact that King Huni was indeed Sneferu's predecessor. It states that "the majesty of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Huni, came to the landing place (i.e., died), and the majesty of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Sneferu, was raised up as a beneficent king in this entire land..." Aside from Sneferu's succession, we learn from this text that later generations considered him to be a "beneficent" ruler. This idea may stem from the etymology of the king's name, for it can be interpreted as the infinitive "to make beautiful". It is uncertain whether Huni was Sneferu's father; however, the Cairo Annals Stone denotes that his mother may have been a woman named Meresankh. Hetepheres I was Sneferu's main wife and the mother of Khufu, the builder of the Great Pyramid on the Giza Plateau. Children

Sons of Sneferu:
 Khufu – son of Sneferu and Hetepheres I, successor to Sneferu.Ankhhaf – King's Son of his Body, King's vizier (under his nephew Khafre). Buried in G 7510. A famous bust of Ankhhaf is now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Ankhhaf was married to the King's Daughter Hetepheres. Kanefer – King's eldest son and Son of his Body. Buried in tomb 28 in Dashur. Second Vizier of Sneferu, who continued to serve under Khufu.Nefermaat I – eldest son of Sneferu and husband of Itet. Titles included: Priest of Bastet, Hereditary Prince, Guardian of Nekhen, great one of the five at the house of Thoth. First Vizier of Sneferu. Netjeraperef, buried in Dashur. Rahotep – King's Son of his Body, High Priest of Re in Heliopolis. Buried in Meidum with his wife Nofret. Owner of the famous statues now in the Cairo Museum.Ranefer. Buried in Meidum. Iynefer I. Buried in Dashur. Daughters of Sneferu:
 Hetepheres A, married Ankhhaf. She was named after her mother, Queen Hetepheres. Nefertkau I – King's Daughter of his Body, eldest daughter of Sneferu.Buried in mastaba G 7050 at Giza. Her tomb dates to the time of Khafra. In the tomb Sneferu is mentioned as well as Nefertkau's son Nefermaat II and her grandson Sneferukhaf. Nefertnesu – King's daughter, God's Daughter. Had a son named Kaemqed who is known from a false door. He was buried in Dashur during the 5th dynasty. Meritites I, Great of Sceptre and King's Wife, married to her brother Khufu.Henutsen – King's daughter, married to Khufu. Building projects

The most well known monuments from Sneferu's reign are the three pyramids he is considered to have built. In Dahshur: the Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid and in Meidum the Meidum pyramid. Under Sneferu, there was a major evolution in monumental pyramid structures, which would lead to Khufu's Great Pyramid, which would be seen as the pinnacle of the Egyptian Old Kingdom's majesty and splendour, and as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The first of Sneferu's massive undertakings is the Pyramid at Meidum. There is some debate among scholars as to Sneferu's claim to the Meidum pyramid, and many credit its origin to King Huni. Nonetheless, the pyramid is a remarkable example of the progression of technology and ideology surrounding the king's burial site.The immense stone structure serves as physical testimony to the transition from the stepped pyramid structure to that of a "true" pyramid structure. Archaeological investigations of the pyramid show that it was first conceived as a seven-stepped structure, built in a similar manner to the Djoser complex at Saqqara. Modifications later were made to add another platform, and at an even later stage limestone facing was added to create the smooth, angled finish characteristic of a "true" pyramid. Complete with a descending northern passage, two underground chambers, and a burial vault, the pyramid mainly follows the conventions of previous tombs in most aspects other than one: instead of being situated underneath the colossal structure, the burial chamber is built directly within the main body albeit very near ground level. The Bent Pyramid, also known as the Rhomboidal or Blunted Pyramid, attests to an even greater increase in architectural innovations. As the name suggests, the angle of the inclination changes from 55° to about 43° in the upper levels of the pyramid. It is likely that the pyramid initially was not designed to be built this way, but was modified during construction due to unstable accretion layers.As a means of stabilising the structure, the top layers were laid horizontally, marking the abandonment of the step pyramid concept. The internal components of the Rhomboidal pyramid have also evolved. There are two entrances, one from the north and another from the west. The subterranean chambers are much larger, and distinguished by corbel walls and ceilings with more complex diagonal portcullis systems in place. J.P Lepre asserts:

The satellite pyramid complementing Sneferu's Bent Pyramid introduces more change in the architecture of the time, when the passageway is built ascending westward (as
opposed to the conventionally descending northward direction of the passages of previously build pyramids) towards the burial chambers. Egypt decided to open the Bent Pyramid for tourism in July 2019 for the first time since 1965. Tourists will be able to reach two 4600-year-old chambers through a 79-meter narrow tunnel built from the northern entrance of the pyramid.18-meter-high "side pyramid", which is assumed that have been built for <mask>'s wife Hetepheres will also be accessible. It is the first time for this adjacent pyramid opened to the public after its excavation in 1956. With the increase of innovation in Sneferu's building projects, one expects that his last pyramid, the Red Pyramid, will show the greatest complexity and change in architecture yet. Upon first glance, one may be disappointed seeing that the construction of the Red Pyramid seemingly is simpler than its predecessor. Lepre points out that some of the internal innovations that the previous pyramids boast seem to be missing in the king's last monument. Although the chambers and burial vaults are all present in the monument's main body, no ascending passageway has been excavated, nor is there evidence of a western entrance or diagonal portcullis. Although the absence of these features have dissuaded many archaeologists from further studying the Red Pyramid, Lepre is convinced that there are secret chambers waiting to be uncovered within the stone superstructure.Considering that the remains of King Sneferu have not yet been found, it still may be possible that his sarcophagus and mummy lie hidden in his mysterious last structure. Lepre claims: "the Red pyramid remains one of the chief pyramids that may possibly contain secret chambers, not the least of which may be the true burial chamber of King Sneferu himself." Whether or not this conjecture is true is left to modern archaeologists to determine. Sneferu's architectural innovations served as a catalyst for later pyramid builders to build on. The first king of the fourth dynasty set a challenging precedent for his successors to match, and only Khufu's Great Pyramid can rival Sneferu's accomplishments. As time progressed and ideology changed in Ancient Egypt, the monuments of the kings decreased greatly in size. As the Pyramid of Menkaure is only a fraction of the size of the previous pyramids, the focus of Egyptian ideology might have shifted from the worship of the king to the direct worship of the sun god, Ra.Foreign relations

To enable Sneferu to undertake such massive building projects, he would have had to secure an extensive store of labour and materials. According to Guillemette Andreu, this is where the king's foreign policy played a large part. Sneferu's conquests into Libya and Nubia served two purposes: the first goal was to establish an extensive labour force, and the second goal was to gain access to the raw materials and special products that were available in these countries. This is alluded to in the Palermo Stone:

"[Reign of] Sneferu. Year ... The building of Tuataua ships of mer wood
of a hundred capacity, and 60 royal boats of sixteen capacity. Raid in the Land of the Blacks, and the bringing in of seven thousand
prisoners, men and women, and twenty thousand cattle, sheep, and
goats...The bringing of forty ships of cedar wood (or perhaps "laden with cedar
wood")..."

According to this inscription, Sneferu was able to capture large numbers of people from other nations, make them his prisoners and then add them into his labour force. During his raids into Nubia and Libya, he also captured cattle for the sustenance of his massive labour force. Such incursions must have been incredibly devastating to the populations of the raided countries, and it is suggested that the campaigns into Nubia may have contributed to the dissemination of the A-Group culture of that region. Sneferu's military efforts in ancient Libya led to the capture of 11,000 prisoners and 13,100 head of cattle. Aside from the extensive import of cedar (most likely from Lebanon) described above, there is evidence of activity in the turquoise mines on the Sinai Peninsula. There would also have been large-scale quarrying projects to provide Sneferu with the stone he needed for his pyramids. Sneferu's ancient cedar wood ship Praise of the Two Lands is the first known instance of a ship being referred to by name.See also
 List of Egyptian pyramids
 List of megalithic sites
 4906 Seneferu, a minor planet named for the pharaoh

References

Further reading

 Anzovin, Steven et al., Famous First Facts (International Edition), H. W. Wilson Company, 2000,
 Andreu, Guillemette. Egypt in the Age of the Pyramids. Cornell University Press: Ithaca, 1997. Bard, A. Kathryn. An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. Blackwell Publishing Ltd: Malden, 2008. Budge, Wallis.The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians. The Project Gutenberg. November 16, 2008 https://www.gutenberg.org/files/15932/15932-h/15932-h.htm#Pg_100
 Lepre, J.P. The Egyptian Pyramids, A Comprehensive Illustrated Reference. McFarland & Company: London, 1990. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Ed.Aidan Dodson & Dylan Hilton. Thames and Hudson Ltd: London, 2004. "The Instruction of Kagemni." Ancient Egyptian Books of Wisdom. November 16, 2008, https://web.archive.org/web/20081013115157/http://egypt.thetao.info/kagemni.htm
 The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Ed. Ian Shaw.Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2000

27th-century BC Pharaohs
26th-century BC Pharaohs
26th-century BC deaths
Pharaohs of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
Year of birth unknown


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Darrin Kenneth O'Brien (born October 30, 1969), known by his stage name <mask>, is a Canadian reggae musician, rapper and singer. His 1992 single "Informer" spent seven weeks at No. 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100. Early life
<mask> was born and raised in the North York district of Toronto, one of four children born to an Irish-Canadian cabdriver and a homemaker. Following his parents' divorce, he was raised by his mother in the Allenbury Gardens public housing project where, he says, he was fascinated with the gangster lifestyle, fell in with a tough Irish-Canadian group and became involved in a cycle of fighting, drinking and stealing. He never learned to read properly and dropped out of school while in the 9th grade. As he was growing up, he had a strong interest in rock music but, in 1983, there was an influx of Jamaican immigrants to the neighborhood, his interest turned to reggae music and he became adept at the use of the Jamaican dialect, or Jamaican Patois.He developed his own style of music, by blending Dancehall and Reggae with rock and Pop music. In 1987, <mask> served eight months of a one-year sentence after pleading guilty to beating a person with a crowbar during a bar brawl. Upon his release in January 1988, the Jamaican-born DJ Marvin Prince saw O'Brien deejaying at a party and the two became friends. For the next few years, they practiced in Prince's basement, and played parties, with <mask> providing vocals and Prince playing records. Prince, who would claim that he helped <mask> refine his reggae singing and use of the Jamaican dialect, and that he came up with the name '<mask>', told the Los Angeles Times that they passed around a lot of tapes but couldn't get <mask> signed because he was white. In 1988, <mask> was involved in an incident at a North York pub, in which two people were stabbed. Other people in the group pointed the finger at him, and he was charged with two counts of attempted murder.Rather than tell authorities who the perpetrator was, <mask> served eight months in jail before a jury acquitted him on both counts. While he was in jail, he went to school and wrote music, which he performed for fellow inmates. One song was called "Informer". Career
On a trip to New York, Prince was able to pitch <mask>'s music to rap star M.C. Shan. In 1991, <mask> went to New York, where Shan introduced him to music producers David Eng and Steve Salem. <mask> signed a contract to record on their Motorjam/Elektra record label, then they recorded his debut album 12 Inches of Snow.The album had to be recorded quickly, because <mask> had to return to Canada and report to prison. 12 Inches of Snow was released in 1992, while <mask> was in prison. Shan, Eng Salem, and  Prince promoted it and, by the time <mask> was released, the single "Informer", was a chart-topping hit. 12 Inches of Snow sold over 8 million copies worldwide, with the "Informer" single remaining number 1 on the American Billboard charts for seven consecutive weeks. "Informer" has been recorded twice in the Guinness Book of World Records as the best-selling reggae single in US history, as well as the highest charting reggae single in history. A second single, "Girl I've Been Hurt", reached Number 19 on the Hot 100. In Japan, <mask> received the Recording Industry Association of Japan's 1994 Japan Gold Disc Award for New Artist of the Year.Origin of stage name
One of <mask>'s neighbouring Jamaican families, the Browns, first introduced him to reggae and began calling him "<mask>" and "<mask> White". With their help, <mask> began borrowing and ordering reggae dub tapes to perform over. After he befriended Marvin Prince, Prince began referring to <mask> with a phrased backronym meaning "Superb Notorious Outrageous Whiteboy". <mask> never claimed the title himself and simply continued to perform with the stage name of <mask>. The origin of <mask>'s stage name would become a central issue in the legal battle between Prince and O'Brien. Legal disputes over production of 12 Inches of Snow
While touring as <mask>'s DJ in December 1994, Marvin Prince abruptly left the tour after discovering that <mask>, according to court documents, "was receiving more money from management than he was." While listed as only the writer of the song "Runway" on the 12 Inches of Snow album, Prince claimed to have co-written five songs and co-produced the album with Shan, Eng, and Salem.Prince alleged that Eng and Salem provided "a draft of a multi-album production and recording agreement" to both <mask> and himself. Unable to understand the contract, <mask> allegedly "sent a copy to his mother to get legal advice from her friend" and Prince "never saw the agreement again." Moreover, Prince claimed to have entered an "oral agreement" with <mask> implying that the two would share profits from the album "fifty-fifty". The first agreement, Prince alleged, occurred "in 1990, when the two men began working together on songs in Prince's basement and he "allegedly suggested to" <mask>, "if something comes out of this, let's be partners." The second oral agreement, according to Prince, took place in August 1991 while <mask> auditioned for Shan. <mask> referred to Prince as his partner in a promotional video, but claimed to have used the term "only in the slang sense." Prince "admitted that these discussions were not concrete; the parties never organized a formal business plan, nor was plaintiff in New York to advance defendant's career."Shan, Eng, and Salem testified that they were unaware of a partnership between <mask> and Prince, and Shan denied that Prince co-produced 12 Inches of Snow and co-wrote the five songs in question. "Informer", for example, was officially written by <mask>, Shan, and composer Edmond Leary. Years later, after <mask> and Prince had their falling out, Prince unsuccessfully sued <mask> for compensation. While Prince had initially been awarded a $1.5 million settlement by a jury, the court overturned the original ruling and dismissed Prince's suit on the grounds that he had "no viable claims" to a partnership with <mask>. In a 2019 interview, Prince recounted his history with <mask> and described how he mentored, recorded demos for, scheduled showcase performances for, and ultimately, arranged for <mask> to audition for MC Shan. Prince recounted how he and <mask> wrote "Informer" over the phone while <mask> was serving his sentence at Maplehurst Correctional Complex. Prince recalled playing Junior Reid’s "Foreign Mind" over the phone, and <mask> used the track's flute melody as the basis for "Informer".Parts of the first verse and third verse of "Informer", according to Prince, were reworked from Eek-A-Mouse’s performance of "Tell Them" at Sunsplash 1981. Originally, Prince alleges, the final verse of "Informer" was written and performed by a second vocalist named “Little Red.” Prince maintains that the judge who overturned the original ruling did so illegally, and he believes race played a role in the judge’s decision. Co-producer and co-writer Edmond Leary later claimed M.C. Shan unfairly received most of the production credits for 12 Inches of Snow. He told Vice, "So actually, if you want the truth of the matter, if we hadn’t done it equally and had to split up the money I would have gotten 70% of writer’s [royalties] off that album they probably would have split up 30, because I wrote most of that album. Most of the words were mine, and the ideas and structures and backgrounds in the vocal booth with me telling him what keys to sing the harmonies in and what have you. So I had a lot to do with that sound that became so popular and went Platinum."After struggling with a cocaine addiction and homelessness, in 2013 Leary was a street performer at Madison Square Park and Union Square. International success
In 1994, <mask> collaborated with Cyndi Lauper on Junior Vasquez's Homegrown and Sly and Robbie's Pop Goes the Dancehall remix of "Girls Just Want to Have Fun", retitled "Hey Now (Girls Just Want to Have Fun)". Eng had a studio in Jamaica and, in 1994, <mask> recorded his second album Murder Love in Jamaica, Canada, and New York. While not a commercial success in North America, the album featured <mask> performing with reggae and dancehall musicians Ninjaman, Junior Reid, Half Pint, Buju Banton, Beenie Man, Dave Kelly, and Sly and Robbie. The "Anything for You" remix became a club favorite and, according to Billboard'''s Elena Oumano, made <mask> a figure of respect on the Jamaican music scene.For an example of the continued popularity of "Anything For You," see Andre Jeb Binson, "Mellow Vibes, Music and Crowd," Kingston Gleaner News (The Gleaner), May 2, 2006. "Anything For You" became the top-selling single in Jamaica in 1995 and "Si Wi Dem Nuh Know We" also reached the number one slot in Jamaica.Jamaican charting data for "Si Wi Dem Nuh Know We" can be found in Pace (Johannesburg: Pace-Maker, 1995), 41. Murder Love proved to be a popular album in Asia, with the single "Sexy Girl" remaining on Japan's Top Singles chart for 16 weeks, ultimately reaching number one.For an online source see Super B.P.M Charts Tokyo at:

masks: Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow Snow


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 http://www.sound.jp/tnsn/az/tokio-bpm_f.html

The success of Murder Love allowed <mask> to tour Asia and collaborate with Thai rap artist Joey Boy.In 1996, Eng established an office in Bangkok, founded Dimsum Entertainment, and included <mask> in this expansion. In 1996, Eng produced Joey Boy's album Fun, Fun, Fun. <mask> performed on the chart-topping Thai single "Fun, Fun, Fun" and appeared in the music video. Joey Boy appeared on <mask>'s Thai single "Me and Joey". In 2008, <mask> also featured Joey Boy on the track "Catch a Kick". By the end of 1996, Murder Loves "Si We Dem Nuh Know We" received a Juno nomination for Best Reggae Recording. Overall, the album produced three music videos: "Anything For You", "Anything For You (All Star Cast Remix)", and "Sexy Girl".In the 1995 film Klash, <mask> appears performing "Rivertown". <mask> followed up Murder Love with an album named after his daughter, Justuss. The first single "Boom Boom Boogie" took Asia by storm, achieving gold status with the music video appearing on MTV Japan five to six times a day. Released in the United States and Canada in 1997, the single "If This World Were Mine" failed to chart but the video regularly appeared on The Box. The album reached number 12 on the U.S. reggae charts and in 1998 was nominated for Best Reggae album at the Juno Awards in Vancouver, British Columbia. In late 1997, <mask> released a "Greatest Hits" compilation, called The Greatest Hits of Snow.For "If This World Were Mine" on The Box, see: "Video Monitor", Billboard, May 17, 1997, 73. In 1999, <mask> reunited with M.C.Shan, producing the album Cooler Conditions in Japan. The only single, "The Plumb Song", spent eight weeks on the Japan Singles chart, peaking at number 27. It was recorded at Metalworks Studios in Mississauga, Ontario. Return to the Canadian charts
In 2000, <mask> signed to Virgin Music Canada. Later that year, he released the album Mind on the Moon. The single "Everybody Wants to Be Like You" landed <mask> back on the Canadian Singles chart and earned him three Juno nominations.See Mike Ross, "Snow Alert," Jam, October 14, 2000. Available Online at: http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/S/Snow/2000/10/14/749728.html.Accessed September 14, 2010. In 2002, <mask> worked with Shaggy and Blu Cantrell's producer to record Two Hands Clapping. "Legal", the first single, reached number 13 on the Canadian Singles Chart. 2009–2013
In November 2009, <mask>'s then-common law wife and the subject of many of his songs, Tamei Edberg, was diagnosed with cancer; she died three weeks later on November 27, 2009, at the age of 41. With Tamei, <mask> has a daughter, Justuss born in April of 1996 and of whom he was inspired to name his third album after respectively. In 2018 <mask> became a grandfather, as Justuss gave birth to a son, Lyrix Tre. Justuss was featured on the song "J Dot" when she was six years old on his sixth and most recent full-length album to date, Two Hands Clapping (2002).He also has another daughter from another relationship, who was born in January of the same year (making his two daughters just three months apart). On June 24, 2010, <mask> held a fundraiser called "ClosURE For Cancer" at Alley Catz Restaurant in Toronto during which they raised $15,000. <mask> also started his own non-governmental organization called "Pure Snow NGO," which assists "tenants living in non-profit housing". Periodically, <mask> releases new songs from his site and over the internet. In 2013, after Yahoo CEO Marissa Mayer complained about the company's "hold" music during a fourth-quarter earnings call, <mask> and the Jingle Punks recorded a much publicized jingle for Yahoo. The lyrics went, "You're on hold / Hold on at Yahoo / Gimme a second while I patch you through," goes the first verse. "The CEO didn't like the hold music / So <mask> wrote this jam for you."2014–present
In summer 2014 while in Miami, Florida, <mask> signed with Bugatti Music Entertainment and teamed up with Grammy-winning producers Cool & Dre, Kent Jones and Scott Storch and began recording again.<ref>Morgan, Simone (2014) "Looks like it’s gonna Snow", Jamaica Observer, October 12, 2014. Retrieved October 14, 2014</</ref>

On October 2, 2014, <mask>'s new single "Shame" was released, featuring Mykal Rose (Black Uhuru). On October 11, 2014, <mask> announced that all proceeds from "Shame" will be donated to the fight against cancer. In May 2016, <mask> married model/actress Tara Elizabeth Singh at St. Anselm Catholic Church in Toronto. CTV News covered the ceremony and local radio station KISS 92.5 interviewed the newlyweds on The Roz and Mocha Show on May 22, 2016. On June 19, 2017, <mask> was awarded the Socan Classics 100,000 Radio Performances in Canada for commemorating more than 100k times his music has played on radio. On January 23, 2019, Puerto Rican rapper Daddy Yankee released the reggaeton and dancehall song "Con Calma" featuring <mask>, which has been described as a remake or reimagination of "Informer".The single peaked at number 22 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming <mask>'s first entry on the chart since 1993, and reached number one on the US Hot Latin Songs list. Internationally, the track topped the charts of five Spanish-language countries and reached the top 10 in 10 others in Latin America. Across Europe, the song entered the charts of numerous countries, peaking at number 14 in Italy and number 23 in Switzerland. In the Netherlands, the song rose to number one in April 2019. "Con Calma" also became <mask>'s first entry on the Canadian Hot 100 chart after debuting at number 99 in February 2019. It eventually peaked at number 6. On October 17, 2019, <mask> and his wife Tara O'Brien attended the 5th Annual Latin American Music Awards in Hollywood, California at the Dolby Theatre.<mask> was nominated for three awards. In February 2020, <mask> won four awards Song of the Year with Daddy Yankee for "Con Calma" at Premio Lo Nuestro Awards. In March 2020, <mask> was given the Pop Music Award from SOCAN. <mask> and Daddy Yankee won the Top Latin Song of the Year at the 2020 Billboard Music Awards, and "Con Calma" wins big at the Latin Billboard Music Awards on October 21, 2020, with <mask> taking home six awards. <mask> attended the awards with Tara O'Brien in Florida. Television and film appearances
Drew Carey, a long time <mask> fan, had <mask> record a reggae version of The Drew Carey Show theme song, "Moon Over Parma", for the series' eighth and ninth seasons. In 2001, <mask> played a prison guard in the film Prison Song.<mask> appears as himself in the 2012 film The Movie Out Here produced by Canadian brewing company Kokanee and Alliance Films. In 2015, <mask> and his then-fiancée, Tara Elizabeth, appeared on a CBC webseries called True Dating Stories to tell the story of one of their first dates: A walk in a ravine turned police operation. Their episode was the most watched and the entire series won Best Web Series at the Hollywood Comedy Shorts Film Festival. Ethnicity and Canadian identity
In Ethnicity, Politics, and Public Policy: Case Studies in Canadian Diversity, Rebecca J. Haines examined <mask> as a symbol of Canadian ethnic identity. Instead of hiding his "whiteness" and "Canadian-ness," Haines argues, <mask> proudly boasts of his Irish heritage and pride in his family, the O'Briens, and traces his reggae roots to the diverse community of Allenbury. While other artists, such as Snoop Dogg, don a Toronto Maple Leafs jersey because of its resemblance to cannabis, "in the video for his single Anything For You, shot on location in Jamaica, the white Canadian reggae artist <mask> is seen wearing the same jersey, perhaps in an attempt to proclaim his Canadian roots among the all-black cast of this video." Many reggae purists viewed <mask>, along with Ini Kamoze, Diana King, UB40, Shaggy and Shabba Ranks, as another example of "watered down" commercial reggae that rose to international popularity in the 1990s.The sketch comedy show In Living Color, parodied "Informer" by featuring fellow Canadian Jim Carrey as <mask> in a sketch titled "Imposter". In 1996, WBLS New York disc jockey Pat McKay observed, "purists have a problem with a non-Jamaican doing reggae. But I choose to think of it as the greatest compliment to reggae culture, and <mask> is a genuine, dedicated artist. He has a fine singing voice, he's a great writer, and he very generously includes other artists in all of his work. His authenticity amplifies the realities of his generation, and his sensitivity conjures up intimacy with all of his love songs." DiscographyStudio albumsCompilation albums The Greatest Hits of Snow (1997)Remix albums Best Remix of Snow (1998)SinglesAwards and nominationsLatin Billboard Music Awards!Ref. |-
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masks:
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<mask>. "Jim" <mask> (born 1938) is an American engineer. He was the principal investigator of the Manufacturing Enterprise Integration Project at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), and is known for his work on enterprise integration. Biography
<mask> received his Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering (BSEE) from Drexel University and his MBA from Bowling Green State University. From 1961 until 1993 <mask> worked at Westinghouse Electric Company in various assignments in systems engineering, international marketing, program management, and strategic planning and finally Manager of Information Technology Programs at the Manufacturing Systems and Technology Center of Westinghouse Electric Corporation in Columbia, Maryland. From 1993 to 2000 at NIST he was the principal investigator of the Manufacturing Enterprise Integration Project. Formerly he was active in the TC 184 SC4 work to develop product- and process-data representation, serving as the US expert to the SC4 Strategic Planning Advisory Group. For the IGES/PDES Organization, he was Chairman of the Steering Committee.He was the original chair of the Evolving Standards Focus Group of the Agile Manufacturing Enterprise Forum at the Iacocca Institute, and a founding participant of the ANSI Organization for Harmonization of Product Data Standards. As a member of the National Initiative for Product Data Exchange staff, he was the architect of the NIPDE Electronic Library, an early application of the World-Wide Web. Work
<mask> has concentrated on product-information representation, enterprise integration, and standards that apply to information representation and enterprise integration. GERAM

Generalised Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology (GERAM) is a generalised enterprise architecture framework for enterprise integration and business process engineering. It identifies the set of components recommended for use in enterprise engineering. This framework was developed in the 1990s by an IFAC/IFIP Task Force on Architectures for Enterprise Integration. Starting from the evaluation of existing enterprise integration architectures, the Task Force has developed an overall definition of a generalised architecture.This proposed framework was labelled as GERAM for "Generalised Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology". ISO TC184 SC5 WG1
<mask> has been Convener of ISO TC184 SC5 WG1, Industrial Automation Systems and Integration, Architecture, Communications, and Integration Frameworks, Modeling and Architecture. He is a member of the US delegation to SC5, and a member of the US technical-advisory groups to TC184 and SC5. Enterprise integration
Enterprise integration has been discussed since the early days of computers in industry and especially in the manufacturing industry, with computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) as the acronym for operations integration. In spite of the different understandings of the scope of integration in CIM, it has always stood for information integration across at least parts of the enterprise. Information integration essentially consists of providing the right information, at the right place, at the right time. The state of the art in enterprise engineering and integration in the 1990s according to <mask> and Kosanke (1997) has been rather confusing.On one hand it claims to provide solutions for many of the issues identified in enterprise integration. On the other hand, the solutions seem to compete with each other, use conflicting terminology and do not provide any clues on their relations to solutions on other issues. Workflow modelling, business-process modelling, business-process re-engineering (BPR), and concurrent engineering all aim toward identifying and providing the information needed in the enterprise operation. In addition, numerous integrating-platforms concepts are promoted with only marginal or no recognition or support of information identification. Tools claiming to support enterprise modelling exist in very large numbers, but the support is rather marginal, especially if models are to be used by the end user, for instance, in decision support. The understanding and application of enterprise-engineering and enterprise-integration technologies especially in the end-user community is hampered by the current confusion in solutions and terminology as well as by the lack of sufficient enterprise-integration technologies and their insufficient business justification. The need for enterprise-engineering and enterprise-integration technology is intensifying through the increasing emphasis on agile operation in globally extended or virtual enterprises.Manufacturing Enterprise Integration
At NIST <mask> was the principal investigator of Manufacturing Enterprise Integration Project. This project aimed to improve business process interoperability by developing standards to allow software applications to share information better. Publications
<mask> has published several scientific and professional papers since the 1990s as well as edited multiple books. Books:
 1997. Enterprise engineering and integration : building international consensus : proceedings of ICEIMT ʾ97, International Conference on Enterprise Integration and Modeling Technology, Torino, Italy, October 28–30, 1997. Edited with Kurt Kosanke. Springer.2002. Enterprise Inter- and Intra-Organizational Integration: Building International Consensus (IFIP International Federation for Information Processing). Edited with Kurt Kosanke, Roland Jochem, and Angel Ortiz Bas

Articles, a selection:
 1995. ""Enterprise Representation: An Analysis of Standards Issues" in: Modelling and Methodologies for Enterprise Integration, IFIP — The International Federation for Information Processing 1996, p. 56-68
 1997. "A Standardization Strategy that Matches Enterprise Operation" in: Enterprise Engineering and Integration. Research Reports Esprit 1997, p. 54-63
 1999. "Standards Road Map Project".With Neil Christopher. NIST paper at mel.nist.gov. 1999. "Standardisation in ISO for enterprise engineering and integration" with K. Kosanke; in: Computers in Industry (40) 2-3, p. 311-319

References

1938 births
Living people
American electrical engineers
Enterprise modelling experts
Software engineering researchers
Drexel University alumni
Bowling Green State University alumni

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James G
Nell
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<mask> (August 28, 1921 February 3, 1991) was an American character actress and comedienne best known as Miss Jane Hathaway on the CBS television series The Beverly Hillbillies. Early life
Kulp was born to Robert Tilden and Marjorie C. (née Snyder) Kulp in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. She was their only child. Kulp's father was a traveling salesman, and her mother was a school teacher and later a principal. The family moved from Mifflintown, Pennsylvania, to Miami-Dade County, Florida, sometime before 1935. In 1943, Kulp graduated with a bachelor's degree in journalism from Florida State College for Women. She continued her studies for a master's degree in English and French at the University of Miami, where she was a member of the sorority Pi Beta Phi.Early in the 1940s, she also worked as a feature writer for the Miami Beach Tropics newspaper, writing profiles of celebrities such as Clark Gable and the Duke and Duchess of Windsor. Military service
During World War II, Kulp left the University of Miami in 1944 to join the United States Naval Reserve. She attained the rank of lieutenant, junior grade, and received several decorations while in the service, including the American Campaign Medal. She was honorably discharged in 1946. Career

Film
In 1951, not long after marrying Charles Malcolm Dacus, <mask> moved to Hollywood, California, to work in MGM's publicity department. Director George Cukor at the studio soon convinced her that she should be an actress, so the same year she began her publicity job at MGM, she also made her film debut as a character actress in The Model and the Marriage Broker. She then appeared in other films, including Shane, Sabrina, and A Star is Born.After working in television on The Bob Cummings Show and on Perry Mason in The Case of the Deadly Toy in 1959 Kulp returned to movies in Forever, Darling, The Three Faces of Eve, The Parent Trap, Who's Minding the Store?, and The Aristocats. In 1966, she appeared as Wilhelmina Peterson in the film The Night of the Grizzly, starring Clint Walker and Martha Hyer. Television

In 1955 Kulp joined the cast of The Bob Cummings Show (Love That Bob) with Bob Cummings, portraying pith-helmeted neighborhood bird watcher Pamela Livingstone. In 1956, she appeared as a waitress in the episode "Johnny Bravo" of the ABC/Warner Brothers series Cheyenne, with Clint Walker. Kulp played the role of Anastasia in three episodes of the NBC sitcom It's a Great Life in 1955 and 1956. In 1958, she appeared in Orson Welles' little-known  pilot episode "The Fountain of Youth" in the television series Colgate Theatre. In 1960, she appeared as Emma St. John in the episode "Kill with Kindness" of the ABC/WB detective series Bourbon Street Beat, starring Andrew Duggan.Kulp appeared on I Love Lucy in the 1956 episode "Lucy Meets the Queen", performing as an English maid, who shows Lucy and Ethel how to curtsy properly before Queen Elizabeth. Kulp also appeared in episodes of The Real McCoys, Perry Mason ("The Case of the Prodigal Parent", 1958, and "The Case of the Deadly Toy", 1959), The Jack Benny Program ("Don's 27th Anniversary with Jack"), 87th Precinct ("Killer's Choice"), Pete and Gladys, The Twilight Zone (as Mrs. Gann in "The Fugitive"), and Outlaws ("The Dark Sunrise of Griff Kincaid, Esquire"). Kulp portrayed a slurring-drunk waitress in a scene with James Garner and Jean Willes in the 1959 Maverick episode "Full House". She played a housekeeper in a pilot for The William Bendix Show, which aired as the 1960–1961 season finale of CBS's Mister Ed under the title "Pine Lake Lodge". On the series My Three Sons in 1962, she portrayed a high school math and science teacher in two episodes under different character names, Miss Harris and Miss Fisher. Shortly after her performances on My Three Sons in 1962, Kulp landed her breakout role as Jane Hathaway, the love-starved, bird-watching, perennial spinster, on the CBS television series The Beverly Hillbillies. In 1967, she received an Emmy Award nomination for her role, and she remained with the show until its cancellation in 1971.In 1978, she appeared on The Love Boat in the episode "Mike and Ike / The Witness / The Kissing Bandit" and she played Aunt Gertrude in the episode "Tony and Julie / Separate Beds / America's Sweetheart". On April 7, 1989, she played a nun in the Quantum Leap season 1 episode "The Right Hand of God". Kulp also appeared on The Brian Keith Show and Sanford and Son. Theatre
Kulp also performed in the Broadway production of Morning's at Seven in 1980 to 1981 as Aaronetta Gibbs as a replacement for Elizabeth Wilson in the Lyceum Theatre. Politics, academia and retirement
In 1984, after working with the Democratic state committee in her home state of Pennsylvania "on a variety of projects" over a period of years, Kulp ran unopposed as the Democratic nominee for the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district. As an opponent of the Republican incumbent Bud Shuster in a Republican-dominated district, Kulp was the decided underdog. Sixty-two years old at the time, Kulp said some voters might feel her background as an actress was "frivolous"; but she noted that Ronald Reagan had taken the route from screen to politics, and she said anyone who "listens and cares" can do well.To her dismay, her Hillbillies co-star Buddy Ebsen contacted the Shuster campaign and volunteered to make a radio campaign ad in which he called Kulp "too liberal". <mask> said of Ebsen, "He's not the kindly old Jed Clampett that you saw on the show ... It's none of his business and he should have stayed out of it." She said Ebsen and she "didn't get along because I found him difficult to work with. But I never would have done something like this to him." Garnering 59,449 votes—just 33.6% of the ballots cast in the election—to Shuster's 117,203 votes and 66.4%, she lost. After this, according to her close friends and family, Ebsen was regarded as "persona non grata" to Kulp and she made it clear to people not to bring him up in conversation around her with the exception of interviews related to her time on Hillbillies.In his later years, especially after <mask>'s death, Ebsen privately expressed remorse for doing the ad and they only reconciled shortly before Kulp's death. After her defeat, she worked at Juniata College, a private liberal arts college in Huntingdon, Pennsylvania, as an artist-in-residence. Later she taught acting. Personal life

<mask> married Charles Malcolm Dacus on April 1, 1951, in Dade County, Florida; they divorced in 1961. After her retirement from acting and teaching, she moved first to a farm in Connecticut and later to Palm Springs, California, where she became involved in several charity organizations, including the Humane Society of the Desert, the Desert Theatre League, and United Cerebral Palsy. In 1989, <mask> gave an interview to author and LGBT activist Boze Hadleigh in which she said,
As long as you reproduce my reply word for word, and the question, you may use it ... I'd appreciate it if you'd let me phrase the question.There is more than one way. Here's how I would ask it: "Do you think that opposites attract?" My own reply would be that I'm the other sort — I find that birds of a feather flock together. That answers your question. Hadleigh states that Kulp was indicating that she was a lesbian. Death
Kulp was diagnosed with cancer in 1990, for which she received chemotherapy. By 1991, the cancer had spread, and she died on February 3, 1991, aged 69, in Palm Desert, California.Her remains are interred at Westminster Presbyterian Cemetery in Mifflintown, Pennsylvania. Filmography

Film

Television

Theatre

Awards and nominations

Discography
Jerome Kern: Show Boat, conducted by John McGlinn, EMI, 1988

References

Sources

External links

1921 births
1991 deaths
20th-century American actresses
20th-century LGBT people
Actors from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Actresses from Florida
Actresses from Pennsylvania
American actor-politicians
American film actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
American lesbian actresses
American Presbyterians
California Democrats
Deaths from cancer in California
Florida Democrats
Florida State University alumni
Military personnel from Florida
Pennsylvania Democrats
People from Miami-Dade County, Florida
People from Palm Desert, California
United States Navy officers
University of Miami alumni
WAVES personnel

masks:
Nancy Jane Kulp
Kulp
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<mask> (31 July 1914 – 3 May 1985) was a teacher and lecturer, BBC radio producer, possible communist spy and model for the character of Guy Pringle in the novel sequence Fortunes of War written by his wife, Olivia Manning. Early life
<mask> was born and brought up in the working-class neighbourhood of Aston Manor, Birmingham, the son of a toolmaker, <mask> and his wife Annie Griffiths, who supplemented the family income by charring. <mask>, as he was generally known, attended King Edward VI Grammar School, Aston; the family were frequently short of money since his father was often ill; to save expense, <mask> never told his parents that he needed glasses for his very short sight. Having read <mask>field at the age of 12 he determined that he wanted to become "a teacher to share the wonder of such books with others." <mask> went on to Birmingham University, from which he graduated in 1937 with a BA degree with honours in English literature. <mask> had a great love of poetry and a phenomenal memory for poems, prose and plays. While at university he founded the Birmingham Socialist Society and met poet Louis MacNeice, at the time an assistant lecturer in classics.He became a lifelong friend. According to MI5 files, <mask> was recruited as a Soviet spy by the art historian Anthony Blunt during a visit to Cambridge in 1938. He commented later, "I think I presented Anthony Blunt with a conundrum: was I rough trade or was I a gent slumming? I think that it went through his mind that I might make good spy material." <mask> was unusual material for a spy; ebullient and friendly, he made no secret of his communist beliefs, and friends reported him unable to keep secrets. His flamboyant character and lifestyle was to cause some concern among other spies, who according to MI5 critiqued his behaviour as not showing "the stability or competence that should distinguish a party member". Romania, Greece, Egypt, Palestine
After tackling multiple temporary jobs including actor, postal worker, archaeologist, editor, and teacher, <mask> applied for a post with the British Council, and was posted as lecturer in English in Bucharest, Romania in 1938.He returned on leave to the UK in the summer of 1939, and was introduced to the novelist Olivia Manning by the writer Walter Allen. In preparation for the meeting, <mask> had read her work. He admired it greatly, and considered it showed "signs of genius"; he was also immediately smitten with its author. A few weeks later, on 18 August 1939 the pair were married at Marylebone registry office, with MacNeice and the poet <mask> as witnesses. Unconventional as ever, the bridegroom failed to produce a wedding ring for the ceremony. Throughout their marriage, <mask> strongly supported his wife's writing, encouraging and sustaining her during Manning's frequent despondency and discouragement about her success. A few days later, <mask> and his bride were recalled to Romania, arriving just as Britain declared war on Germany.<mask> was exempt from military service due to his work with the British Council, though it is likely that his poor eyesight would have meant failing the required medical. During their 13 months in Romania, <mask> and Manning witnessed the approaching war, including the abdication of King Carol and the rise of Fascism. The couple's experiences were to form the basis of the first two novels of the Fortunes of War, The Great Fortune and The Spoilt City. <mask> appears in the novel as the central character of Guy Pringle, a large, extroverted, and gregarious communist who pays little attention to his new wife while lavishing attention and time on everybody else. The <mask>s participated regularly in the café society, but Manning often went home early, leaving her new husband to expound earnestly but naively on the merits of communism, including how much better Jews would be well treated in a Russian-occupied Romania, and excusing the Soviet pact with Hitler, and the Red Army's invasion of Finland. Just as in the novels, <mask>'s name was broadcast by the Gestapo as that of a spy. In October 1940, the couple escaped the rising fascism, fleeing to Athens, Greece.Typically when choosing what to pack <mask> chose his books rather than work suits, which he needed for his ongoing lecturing for the British Council. In April 1941, as the German army neared the Greek capital, they were once again forced to flee, this time to Egypt. After a delay, <mask> was once again given a teaching posts by the British Council in October 1941, this time at Farouk University in Alexandria. The pair's time spent in Greece and Egypt formed the foundation for the last four novels of the Fortunes of War. In September 1942, the couple moved to Jerusalem, where <mask> became the controller of programmes of the Palestine Broadcasting Service, later moving to the post of acting deputy postmaster-general for the Palestine government. Subsequently, released MI5 files say that throughout the war, <mask> had been secretly working to increase Soviet influence in the countries where he was posted. Return to the UK
At the end of the war in 1945, <mask> returned to the UK, where he was appointed as a radio producer in the BBC features department by Laurence Gilliam.According to features producer <mask>, Gilliam "genially tolerated" <mask>'s Communist Party membership. In 1947, he was identified by MI5 as a "secret member of the CPGB" (Communist Party of Great Britain) and part of a communist cell at the BBC in 1947, and as a result his movements were followed and his telephone bugged. An MI5 officer noted that "<mask> has paraded his opinions (so) flamboyantly that his friends thought that he was consequently in danger of losing his job." Indeed, as the Cold War developed, fears of a communist in the features department led him to being transferred to the drama department in 1954. Following the Soviet invasion of Hungary, <mask> resigned his Communist Party membership. Given a free hand and liberty, <mask> flourished as a radio producer, in what is considered a golden period for radio. Important work from his BBC days include The Easter Rising, 1916 (1966) about the Irish uprising, and The Pump (1972), a documentary about a major heart operation.He was a kind, generous and enthusiastic man, well known for finding parts in his productions for anybody who seemed to need one. Harold Pinter and <mask> were among those he helped in the early days of their careers. He was also well known for his passionate enthusiasm for chess, cricket and rugby, and he would sometimes disappear from a production midway through the day to attend a match. <mask> continued his socialising ways, spending hours in the pub with seasoned drinkers such as Louis MacNeice, <mask>, Bob Pocock, and <mask>, always in the public bar, never the saloon, due to his Marxist principles. He would often announce that he was "off to the pub" at dinner parties at his own home, sometimes taking a male guest and sometimes not. He was also a considerable womaniser, and had numerous affairs throughout his married life, though neither he nor Manning contemplated divorce. Final years
<mask> took early retirement from the BBC, and in 1973 was appointed professor of liberal and contemporary studies at the New University of Ulster.He held the post until his retirement in 1979, when he was made professor emeritus. Manning refused to move to Ulster, and so the couple were parted for several months of the year. She died in July 1980, and in 1981, <mask> married <mask>, with whom he had been in a long-term relationship since the 1960s. <mask> was visiting professor of literary arts at the University of Surrey from 1979 to 1983, and in 1984, he published a book about the poet Anna Wickham. <mask> died of cirrhosis of the liver on 3 May 1985, aged seventy, at the Royal Free Hospital. A well-liked and highly gregarious man, his funeral and PEN memorial meeting were standing room only. Guy Pringle, <mask>'s fictional counterpart, was portrayed by Kenneth Branagh in the 1987 BBC television adaptation of the Fortunes of War.Works
 The Writings of Anna Wickham: Free Woman and Poet. Edited and introduced by R.D<mask>. London 1984. References
. Notes

1914 births
1985 deaths
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
People educated at King Edward VI Aston School
BBC radio producers
British communists
British radio producers
People from Birmingham, West Midlands

masks:
Reginald Donald Smith
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William Smith
Reggie
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David Copper
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Stevie Smith
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Douglas Cleverdon
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Reggie
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Richard Burton
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Dylan Thomas
Bertie Rodgers
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Diana Robson
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. Smith