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<mask> (韓建) (855-August 15, 912), courtesy name Zuoshi (佐時), was a warlord late in the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, who eventually became a subject of the succeeding Later Liang. He is most well known for having had Emperor Zhaozong of Tang under his control at his power base at Hua Prefecture (華州, in modern Weinan, Shaanxi) from 896 to 898 and slaughtering the imperial princes while Emperor Zhaozong was there. During Tang Dynasty

Background and early career
<mask> was born in 855, during the reign of Emperor Xuānzong of Tang. He was from Xu Prefecture (許州, in modern Xuchang, Henan). His ancestors, including his father <mask>feng (), had served for generations in the army. When Qin Zongquan took over Cai Prefecture (蔡州, in modern Zhumadian, Henan) in 880, he encouraged people to join his army, and <mask>an did. In 881, when the eunuch general Yang Fuguang was able to persuade Zhou Ji the military governor (Jiedushi) of Zhongwu Circuit (忠武, headquartered at Xu Prefecture) to renounce his allegiance to Huang Chao — a major agrarian rebel who had captured the Tang capital Chang'an, forced then-reigning Emperor Xizong (Emperor Xuānzong's grandson) to flee to Chengdu, and declared himself the emperor of a new state of Qi — and return to the Tang fold, Yang also persuaded Qin to send forces to contribute to the war efforts against Huang's Qi state.Yang organized his army into eight corps, commanded by Lu Yanhong, Jin Hui (), <mask>, <mask>, Zhang Zao (), Li Shitai (), and Pang Cong () respectively. <mask> thereafter served under Yang. Yang Fuguang died in 883 while stationed at Hezhong Circuit (河中, in modern Yuncheng, Shanxi) and still fighting against Huang. Instead of continuing to fight against Huang, Lu decided to take his troops and rove around the region, pillaging as he went. Wang, <mask>, Zhang, Jin, and Li followed him as well. Later in 883, Lu captured Xingyuan (興元, in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi) the capital of Shannan West Circuit (), expelling the military governor Niu Xu () and claiming the title of acting military governor. He commissioned <mask> and the other Zhongwu corps commanders as prefects within Shannan West, but did not allow them to actually report to their prefectures.He was particularly suspicious of Wang and <mask> because of their deep friendship, but wanting to comfort them, he often treated them well. Wang and <mask> realized Lu's intentions, however, and in fall 884, with Emperor Xizong's trusted eunuch Tian Lingzi secretly tempting them with offers of good treatment, they, along with Zhang, Jin, and Li, abandoned Lu and fled to Chengdu to serve under Tian. After Emperor Xizong returned to Chang'an in 885 after Huang's defeat, <mask> was made the defender of Tong Pass and the prefect of Hua Prefecture. Governance at Hua Prefecture

Prior to Emperor Zhaozong's stay at Hua Prefecture
At that time, the Tang empire was divided between warlords, most of whom were only interested in battling and seizing more territory. However, as the prefect of Hua Prefecture, <mask>an encouraged the refugees from the wars to settle in Hua and promoted agriculture. It was said that within a span of a few years, both the Hua prefectural government and the people of Hua were wealthy. The popular sentiment at the time greatly praised him, along with Cheng Rui the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern Jingzhou, Hubei).By 890, <mask> was carrying the title of military governor as well, of a newly created Zhenguo Circuit (), which included only Hua Prefecture and nearby Tong Prefecture (同州, also in modern Weinan). That year, when Emperor Xizong's brother and successor Emperor Zhaozong declared a general campaign against Li Keyong the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi) and put the chancellor Zhang Jun in command of the operations, <mask> personally led his army to join Zhang's and was also responsible for supplying the army. The imperial army, however, was dealt a blow when Zhang's deputy commander, Sun Kui (), was captured in an ambush by Li Keyong's adoptive son Li Cunxiao. Subsequently, when the imperial army and Li Keyong's main army met, <mask> carried out a nighttime attack against Li Cunxiao but was repelled. After Han's defeat, the armies from Fengxiang (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi) and Jingnan (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi, not the same circuit Cheng ruled) deserted the imperial army. After Li Keyong's army further defeated Zhang and forced the imperial army into a defensive posture at Jin Prefecture (晉州, in modern Linfen, Shanxi), the armies from Baoda (保大, headquartered in modern Yan'an, Shaanxi) and Dingnan (定難, headquartered in modern Yulin, Shaanxi) Circuits also abandoned the imperial army, leaving Zhang and <mask> defending Jin Prefecture with troops sent by Li Keyong's archrival Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Shanxi). Li Cunxiao put Jin under siege, but after deciding that capturing a chancellor would be a bad idea, he lifted the siege and allowed Zhang and Han to flee, and they did.To flee back west across the Yellow River, they were forced to tear down local residents' homes and use the building material to construct rafts. The defeat left the imperial army in shambles, although the extent of damage to <mask>'s own army is unclear. Subsequently, Li Keyong, as a condition for resubmitting to the imperial government, demanded the exiles of Zhang and fellow chancellor Kong Wei; however, instead of going into exile, both Zhang and Kong fled to Hua, where <mask> put them under his protection. In 891, after accusations of treason were made against the powerful eunuch Yang Fugong (Yang Fuguang's brother), Emperor Zhaozong sent imperial guards to attack Yang's mansion. Yang fled to Yang Fuguang's adoptive son Yang Shouliang the military governor of Shannan West, and they, along with Yang Fugong's other adoptive sons or nephews Yang Shouzhong (), Yang Shouzhen (), and Yang Shouhou (), all of whom were nearby governors, rose against the imperial government. In spring 892, <mask>, along with Li Maozhen the military governor of Fengxiang, Wang Xingyu the military governor of Jingnan, Li Maozhen's brother Li Maozhuang () the military governor of Tianxiong Circuit (天雄, headquartered in modern Tianshui, Gansu), and Wang Xingyu's brother Wang Xingyue () the military governor of Kuangguo Circuit (匡國, headquartered at Tong Prefecture) (thus showing that <mask> had lost control of Tong by this point), submitted a petition for Emperor Zhaozong to declare a general campaign against Yang Fugong and his adoptive sons/nephews and make Li Maozhen the overall commander of the operations. Emperor Zhaozong hesitated, believing that if Li Maozhen conquered the Yangs' territory, he would be even harder to control, but Li Maozhen launched the campaign anyway without imperial sanction, forcing Emperor Zhaozong to eventually agree to the campaign.Li Maozhen eventually defeated the Yangs, forcing them to try to flee to Li Keyong (except Yang Shouhou who seemed to die a natural death around that time); on the way, they were intercepted and arrested by <mask>'s soldiers. <mask> delivered them to Chang'an, where they were executed. Li Maozhen took over their territory. In 895, a succession dispute that rose after the death of Wang Chongying the military governor of Huguo Circuit (護國, new name for Hezhong) brought <mask> and his allies Li Maozhen and Wang Xingyu into direct dispute with the imperial government and Li Keyong. Wang Chongying's brother and predecessor Wang Chongrong had adopted Wang Ke, the biological son of his brother Wang Chongjian (), as his own son, and after Wang Chongying's death, the soldiers at Hezhong, with Li Keyong's backing, wanted Wang Ke to succeed Wang Chongying. However, Wang Chongying's own biological sons Wang Gong the military governor of Baoyi Circuit (保義, headquartered in modern Sanmenxia, Henan) and Wang Yao () the prefect of Jin had wanted Wang Gong to take over instead, and thus induced <mask>, Li Maozhen, and Wang Xingyu to lobby Emperor Zhaozong on Wang Gong's behalf. Emperor Zhaozong approved Li Keyong's request and rejected that of <mask> and his allies, leaving the three feeling humiliated.Wang Xingyu and <mask> were further displeased that their requests to take over two Shence Army bases were rejected as well. In summer 895, <mask>, Li Maozhen, and Wang Xingyu decided to march on Chang'an. They accused the former chancellors Wei Zhaodu and Li Xi, whom they viewed to be against them, of corruption, and when Emperor Zhaozong refused to execute Wei and Li Xi, they executed Wei and Li Xi anyway. They also forced Emperor Zhaozong to issue an edict transferring Wang Ke to Kuangguo, Wang Gong to Hezhong, and Wang Xingyue to Baoyi, before returning to their own circuits (but leaving troops at Chang'an to watch over Emperor Zhaozong). <mask>'s and his allies' actions spurred Li Keyong into action. He quickly defeated and killed Wang Yao, and then advanced across the Yellow River, putting Hua Prefecture under siege. <mask>'s pleas to Li Keyong to lift the siege were initially spurned by Li Keyong, but Li Keyong, after hearing that Li Maozhen and Wang Xingyu were both intending to capture Emperor Zhaozong, advanced quickly toward Jingnan.(Li Maozhen's and Wang Xingyu's forces at Chang'an did, in fact, dispute among themselves and each attempted to capture Emperor Zhaozong, but Emperor Zhaozong, under protection by the imperial guards, fled into the Qinling Mountains instead and eluded capture.) Li Keyong put Jingnan's capital Bin Prefecture () under siege; Wang Xingyu tried to flee, but was killed in flight by his own subordinates. Li Maozhen and <mask>, in fear, became very submissive in their attitude toward the imperial government. Li Keyong subsequently requested permission from Emperor Zhaozong to destroy Li Maozhen as well, but Emperor Zhaozong, wanting to maintain a balance of power, forbid him, and he subsequently withdrew — and it was said that after Li Keyong's withdrawal, Li Maozhen and <mask> again became arrogant. In 896, Emperor Zhaozong tried to alleviate the pressures that Li Maozhen and <mask> were putting on the imperial government by recruiting new soldiers for the imperial guards, putting them under the commands of several imperial princes. Li Maozhen declared that the imperial princes were planning to attack him and that he would defend himself, mobilizing his own forces to again march on Chang'an. Emperor Zhaozong sought emergency aid from Li Keyong, but Li Keyong was unable to respond.When Li Maozhen then defeated Li Sizhou () the Prince of Qin and approached Chang'an, Emperor Zhaozong decided to take the imperial officials and princes and flee Chang'an — which Fengxiang forces then entered and burned. After leaving Chang'an, he initially intended, at the recommendation of Li Jiepi () the Prince of Yan, to flee to Hedong. However, <mask>

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 made several petitions to Emperor Zhaozong, urging him to head to Zhenguo instead, arguing that if Emperor Zhaozong went as far as Hedong, he would never be able to return to the Chang'an region. Emperor Zhaozong and his attendants also were hesitant to make the long trek to Hedong, and so went to Zhenguo instead. During and after Emperor Zhaozong's stay at Hua Prefecture
Emperor Zhaozong's chancellors (at that time, Wang Tuan, Sun Wo, and Lu Yi), who fled with him to Zhenguo, were apprehensive of <mask>an and were not daring to decide on policy matters. Emperor Zhaozong, in response, issued an edict asking <mask> to participate in the policy decisions, but after <mask> declined, cancelled the request. Meanwhile, another chancellor who had been removed at <mask>'s behest, Cui Yin, sought aid from Zhu Quanzhong, who had submitted a petition asking Emperor Zhaozong to move the capital to Luoyang; Zhu made a posture to attack <mask> and wrote <mask> to suggest that Cui should be restored.<mask>, in fear, recommended Cui's restoration, and Cui was subsequently restored. Emperor Zhaozong subsequently bestowed the honorary chancellor title of Zhongshu Ling () on <mask>. He also put Sun in command of the operations against Li Maozhen and had <mask> be Sun's assistant as well as the mayor of Jingzhao Municipality (京兆, i.e., Chang'an region), preparing to attack Li Maozhen. However, <mask> did not want the emperor to attack his long-time ally, and Li Maozhen also submitted petitions begging forgiveness, and the imperial army was never put into actual attack mode. Meanwhile, <mask>, apprehensive of the imperial army soldiers that the imperial princes who fled to Zhenguo with Emperor Zhaozong commanded, falsely accused them of plotting treason, going as far as having soldiers surround Emperor Zhaozong's provisional palace clamoring for the princes to be stripped of their commands. Due to this threat, Emperor Zhaozong was forced to strip the princes of their commands, and to execute the imperial guard command Li Yun (), who had up to that point protected Emperor Zhaozong well. <mask> then put the imperial princes under effective house arrest, leaving Emperor Zhaozong with no forces that he could command.Knowing that Emperor Zhaozong was displeased with him, he tried to alleviate the displeasure by urging Emperor Zhaozong to create his oldest son Li You the Prince of De crown prince. Emperor Zhaozong agreed and created Li You crown prince (changing his name to Li Yu) and Li Yu's mother Consort He empress. Also around the same time, <mask> falsely accused two of Emperor Zhaozong's close associates, the astronomer Ma Daoyin () and the physician Xu Yanshi () and had them executed, and then used the excuse that Sun and a new chancellor, Zhu Pu, were associated with Ma and Xu, to have Sun and Zhu removed from their chancellor positions. In summer 897, Li Maozhen, whose ally Gu Yanhui the military governor of Dongchuan Circuit (東川, headquartered in modern Mianyang, Sichuan) had suffered repeated defeats by <mask> (who by that point had taken over neighboring Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu) and was expanding his territory), submitted a petition urging Emperor Zhaozong to punish Wang for attacking Dongchuan. In response, Emperor Zhaozong, trying to use this as an excuse to recover Fengxiang, issued demoting Wang to be a prefectural prefect, transferring Li Maozhen to Xichuan, and making Li Sizhou the military governor of Fengxiang. When Li Sizhou headed for Fengxiang, Li Maozhen refused to let him take over the circuit, and put him and his soldiers under siege. It was only after <mask> wrote a letter to Li Maozhen that Li Maozhen lifted the siege against Li Sizhou to allow Li Sizhou to return to Zhenguo.Subsequently, as Wang also refused to yield Xichuan to Li Maozhen, the orders were cancelled. Soon after Li Sizhou's return, Li Jiepi also returned from Hezhong, where he had gone to seek aid from Li Keyong — thus exposing the fact that Li Keyong, who had suffered defeats lately, would be unable to come to the emperor's aid. With the possibility that Li Keyong might intervene removed, <mask> submitted a petition demanding the deaths of Li Sizhou, Li Jiepi, and the other imperial princes, on accusations of treason. Emperor Zhaozong tried to alleviate the situation by not acting on <mask>'s petition, but <mask> and the eunuch Liu Jishu the acting director of palace communications then acted on their own and executed Li Sizhou, Li Jiepi, Li Yun () the Prince of Dan, Emperor Zhaozong's uncle Li Zi the Prince of Tong, and seven other princes. Meanwhile, <mask> sent threats to Li Maozhen's adoptive son Li Jitang (), who was then the military governor of Kuangguo, and Li Jitang fled back to Fengxiang, allowing <mask> to take over Kuangguo. Emperor Zhaozong thereafter made him the military governor of Kuangguo, in addition to Zhenguo. Meanwhile, Zhu Quanzhong made repeated requests to have Emperor Zhaozong move to Luoyang.Both Li Maozhen and <mask> were apprehensive that Zhu would attack west, and therefore decided to repair the palaces at Chang'an to have Emperor Zhaozong return to Chang'an. They also made peace with Li Keyong. The palace reconstruction was completed in spring 898, and <mask> personally went to Chang'an to inspect them. In autumn 898, Emperor Zhaozong and his court returned to Chang'an, while <mask> remained at Zhenguo. Emperor Zhaozong bestowed the honorific title of acting Taifu () on him, and converted Hua Prefecture into a special municipality, Xingde (), making <mask> its mayor. He also created <mask> the Duke of Xu. Submission to Zhu Quanzhong
In 901, after Emperor Zhaozong had been deposed by Liu Jishu and Wang Zhongxian () in 900 but then restored by Shence Army officers who were loyal to him, Cui Yin proposed to Emperor Zhaozong that all of the eunuchs be massacred.The plan became known to Liu's and Wang's successors <mask> and Zhang Yanhong (), who, fearful of being killed, entered into an alliance with Li Maozhen and tried to have Cui removed. Cui, in turn fearful that the eunuchs would have him killed, requested that Zhu Quanzhong bring an army to Chang'an to act against the eunuchs. Hearing that Zhu had launched his troops, <mask> and Zhang forcibly took Emperor Zhaozong to Fengxiang. Meanwhile, as Zhu's forces approached the region, <mask>'s subordinate Sima Ye (), whom <mask> had made the acting military governor of Kuangguo, surrendered Kuangguo to Zhu. Zhu sent Sima back to Zhenguo to have him relay Zhu's message — that if <mask> did not surrender, Zhu would attack. In fear, <mask> sent his deputy military governor Li Juchuan () to surrender. The retired chancellor Zhang Jun met with Zhu and persuaded him that <mask>, who had long been allied with Li Maozhen, must be removed.When Zhu met him to rebuke him for his past deeds, <mask> blamed them on Li Juchuan. Zhu executed Li Juchuan but spared Han. Wanting to remove Han from the scene, however, he made <mask> the military governor of Zhongwu and transferred Zhongwu's military governor Zhao Xu () to Kuangguo. It was said that the large amount of tax revenue that <mask> had obtained and saved during Emperor Zhaozong's stay at Hua Prefecture (Xingde Municipality having been abolished by this point) now fell into Zhu's hands. Zhu subsequently put Fengxiang under siege. In 903, with Fengxiang suffering from a terrible famine due to the siege, Li Maozhen surrendered Emperor Zhaozong to Zhu and sued for peace. Zhu, with the emperor in his hands, began to consider usurping the throne.He first forced Emperor Zhaozong to kill Cui (who by now was aware of his intentions and were trying to raise an imperial army to counter it) and then forced Emperor Zhaozong to abandon Chang'an and move the capital to Luoyang. As Emperor Zhaozong went on the journey to Luoyang, he stopped at Hua Prefecture and stayed for some time there. At one point, Zhu went to meet him, along with <mask>, and he held a feast in their honor. <mask>, however, warned Zhu that Emperor Zhaozong might be planning to assassinate him at the feast (<mask> did so by stomping on Zhu's feet during the feast), and therefore Zhu cut the feast short and left it. Zhu thus became grateful to <mask>. Subsequently, Zhu made the Chang'an region into a new Youguo Circuit (佑國, headquartered at Chang'an) and made Han the military governor of Youguo. However, in 906 (by which time Emperor Zhaozong had been assassinated under Zhu's orders and succeeded by his son Emperor Ai), apparently concerned that given Youguo's vicinity to Fengxiang that Han might collaborate with Li Maozhen again, Zhu transferred Han to Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Weifang, Shandong) and transferred the military governor of Pinglu, Wang Zhongshi (), to Youguo.During Later Liang
In 907, Zhu Quanzhong forced Emperor Aizong to yield the throne to him, ending Tang and starting a new Later Liang as its Emperor Taizu. He made <mask>an acting Situ (司徒, one of the Three Excellencies) and gave him the designation of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (), making <mask> a chancellor, and in 908 gave <mask> the greater chancellor title of Shizhong (). It was said that by this point, Emperor Taizu was often violent and unreasonable, and very few officials dared to make suggestions to him. <mask>, however, would do so, and he appreciated <mask>'s advice. In 909, however, <mask> was removed from his chancellor post and given the honorary title of Taibao (). In 910, with Zhongwu and Kuangguo's names having been swapped in 908, <mask> was made the military governor of Kuangguo (i.e., the old Zhongwu Circuit). In 912, Emperor Taizu was assassinated by his son Zhu Yougui the Prince of Ying, who falsely claimed that the assassination was by Emperor Taizu's adoptive son Zhu Youwen the Prince of Bo and had Zhu Youwen killed.Zhu Yougui then took the throne. In the aftermath of Emperor Taizu's death, the armies throughout the Later Liang realm became disturbed, but <mask> took no precautions against any disturbances at Kuangguo. Soon thereafter, his officer Zhang Hou () started a mutiny and killed <mask>. <mask>'s son <mask>gxun (), whom Zhu Yougui had sent to Kuangguo to announce the news of Emperor Taizu's death, was also killed in the mutiny. Notes and references

 History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 15. New History of the Five Dynasties, vol.40. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 254, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268. 855 births
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Later Liang (Five Dynasties) jiedushi of Kuangguo Circuit
Tang dynasty generals from Henan
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<mask> (born 1946) is a historian of ancient science and a classical folklorist. <mask> specializes in ancient history and the study of "folk science", or how pre-scientific cultures interpreted data about the natural world, and how these interpretations form the basis of many ancient myths, folklore and popular beliefs. Her work in pre-scientific fossil discoveries and traditional interpretations of paleontological remains has opened up a new field within the emerging discipline of geomythology and  classical folklore. <mask>'s book, Greek Fire, Poison Arrows, & the Scorpion Bombs, on the origins of biological and chemical warfare revealed the ancient roots of poison weaponry and tactics. Life
From 1980 to 1996, she worked as a copy editor, and printmaker. Since 2006, <mask> has been a research scholar in the Classics Department and the History and Philosophy of Science Program at Stanford University. <mask> has published books and articles on the history of automatons, Amazons, unconventional warfare, ancient automatons, toxic honey, tattoos in antiquity, smallpox blankets in history and legend, assassination by poisoned garments in Mughal India, fossil-related legends, fossil-related place names, and other topics in scholarly journals and popular magazines, including History Today, Journal of American Folklore, Archaeology, "Natural History," MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History, Gizmodo, and Foreign Affairs.Her books The First Fossil Hunters and Fossil Legends of the First Americans were both praised in Central Connecticut State anthropology department member Kenneth L. Feder's book Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology—a book dedicated to debunking pseudoarcheological claims. Her books have been translated into French, German, Spanish, Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Hungarian, Polish, Turkish, Italian, Russian, and Greek and have been featured in documentaries on the History Channel, the Discovery Channel, and the BBC. She has lectured at the American Museum of Natural History, Boston Museum of Fine Art, Smithsonian, Art Institute of Chicago, Getty Museum, among other venues, and has been interviewed on NPR, BBC, and Coast to Coast AM. Her biography of Mithradates VI Eupator, The Poison King, was a nonfiction finalist for the National Book Award 2009. From 2011 to 2017, <mask> was a regular contributor to the history of science website Wonders and Marvels. From 2009 to 2015, <mask> maintained a Facebook profile under the name Mithradates Eupator, which became an active network for more than 2,500 people, including international scholars, classicists, archaeologists, linguists, ancient historians, authors, novelists, museum curators, and others who engaged in valuable research and educational conversation. This unique crowd-sourcing site was eliminated by Facebook on May 26, 2015.In 2018–19, she was a Berggruen Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, her research dedicated to the impulse to create artificial life, whether that be today's artificial intelligence or the animated statues of myth. The fruits of this research are contained in her latest book, Gods and Robots: Myths, Machines, and Ancient Dreams of Technology. Bibliography

The First Fossil Hunters (2000)
<mask>'s first book, The First Fossil Hunters: Paleontology in Greek and Roman Times, investigated discoveries and interpretations of dinosaur and other large vertebrate fossils in classical antiquity, and proposed that ancient observations of the fossilized remains of mammoths, mastodons, dinosaurs, and other extinct species influenced belief in giants, heroes, the griffin and some other fabulous beings of myth and legend. This book is the basis for the popular History Channel show "Ancient Monster Hunters" and the BBC show Dinosaurs, Myths and Monsters and several museum exhibits. A National Geographic children's book by Marc Aronson, The Griffin and the Dinosaur (2014) describes <mask>'s hypothesis that ancient observations of Protoceratops dinosaur fossils influenced ancient images and tales of Griffins. Reception
In American Journal of Archaeology, Deborah Ruscillo, Washington University St. Louis, writes that this multidisciplinary book is written so that a layperson not well-versed in the topics it delves into may understand it. While Ruscillo does disagree with some of the assertions <mask> makes, she recommends the book to anthropologists and non-anthropologists alike.In Isis: A Journal of the History of Science, Liliane Bodson, University of Liege, writes that “<mask>’s thought-provoking book will mark a watershed in the approach to griffins and giants.” While she found some of <mask>'s views one-sided, she still recommended the book to “every historian of natural sciences.”

Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & Scorpion Bombs (2003)
Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World , <mask>'s second book, uncovers the earliest examples of biochemical weapons in the ancient world, to demonstrate that the concept and practice of biochemical warfare occurred much earlier than was previously thought. One of the book's purposes is to dispel the idea that ancient warfare was inherently more honorable than modern warfare. She presents ancient Greek, Roman, Chinese, African, and Indian historical accounts of the practice of biochemical warfare, using animal, bacterial, poison, and chemical weaponry, including Greek fire. "An illuminating revision of early military history," this book has become a favorite of ancient war gamers and was featured in the History Channel show "Ancient Greek WMDs." Reception
Classicist Richard Stoneman praises the book, stating that it should be “widely read”, and specifically praises the wide range of sources used, especially her employment of sources from India. In Library Journal, Brian DeLuca feels that the use of modern terminology in relation to ancient methods of warfare is “anachronistic” and finds <mask>'s arguments for ancient biowarfare unconvincing. Even so, he recommends the book for “larger public libraries, specialized collections, and academic libraries.” In Naval War College Review, author and lieutenant colonel Zygmunt Dembek highly recommends the book because of its unique point of view.Fossil Legends of the First Americans (2005)
<mask>'s third book gathers Native American accounts of discoveries of dinosaur and other fossils and oral traditions about their meaning, from pre-Columbian times to the present. Much of the focus of the book is in challenging the idea put forth by paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson that precolonial indigenous peoples of the Americas did not take notice of the many fossils found on the continent. The book is organized by geographic location of fossils. It has been featured in History Channel MonsterQuest videos. Reception
According to Bryce Christianson, for the American Library Association, <mask> "illuminates the surprisingly relevant views of early peoples confronting evidence of prehistoric life" in a "pioneering work [that] replaces cultural estrangement with belated understanding." Norman MacLeod (Natural History Museum, London), writes in Paleontologia Electronica that he was “disappointed” in the book, although <mask> "has done a great service to Native Americans by collecting together many of their legends, including many that had previously  been  unrecorded." In his review for Geological Magazine, Paul D. Taylor (Natural History Museum, London) writes that the book will appeal to palaeontologists, anthropologists, and folklorists,” as well as geologists.The Poison King (2009)
In her fourth book, The Poison King: The Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome's Deadliest Enemy, <mask> details the story of the life of Mithradates, leader of the ancient Black Sea kingdom of Pontus, who, in the 1st century B.C., did everything he could to overthrow the Roman Empire. The book attempts to relay events from the Pontic point of view, as opposed to the Roman point of view. The Poison King was one of five nonfiction finalists in the National Book Awards, 2009, and has been translated into Italian, German, Russian, Turkish, and Spanish. Reception
Peter Stothard, author and editor of TLS Times Literary Supplement, praises <mask>'s "fascinating" biographical account, noting that she "aims to rescue [Mithradates'] reputation from biographical accounts that have come mostly from his enemies" by "making full imaginative use both of her own broad knowledge and the often frail ancient source material." In Melbourne Historical Journal, Jeroen W.P. Wijnendaele writes that <mask> has crafted an entertaining book about Mithradates's life, but felt that the passages about the use of poison are “repetitive.” In Isis: Journal of the History of Science Society, Laurence Totelin remarks on small errors but approved of the good bibliography and deems the book a good introduction to the story of Mithradates. Author Carolyn See's review in The Washington Post, calls The Poison King a "wonderful reading experience, bracing as a tonic," providing a perspective that is "thrilling" while providing "calm and distance" on a terrifying age.The Amazons (2014)
<mask>'s fifth book, The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World, surveys ancient myths, legends, folklore, art, and archaeology related to warlike women known to the classical Greeks as Amazons. This is the first comprehensive account of warrior women in myth and history from the Mediterranean world to China. It also includes information on the linguistic origins of the word “Amazon" and details how nomadic horsewomen-archers of the steppes influenced ideas of warrior women. Reception
Jasmin W. Cyril writes in Kadin/Woman 2000 that “any reader or researcher will be well rewarded through a perusal of this monograph and will find immeasurable advantage in the notes and bibliography.” In American Journal of Philology, classicist Alison Keith criticizes <mask>'s tendency to make unsubstantiated assertions, treat folklore as fact, and neglect context for some sources; Keith feels that the book is “rich in research but weak in accepted methods of scholarship.” In New Statesman classics professor Edith Hall, Kings College London, says the book is more than "an important contribution to ancient history," opening "up new horizons in world storytelling and feminist iconography [with] rigorous scholarship and poetic charm." By "painstaking research into the literature, folklore and ancient traditions of the myriad peoples between Greece, Russia and China, especially the Kyrgyz, the Azerbaijanis and the Circassians of Caucasia, she has broken down the often impenetrable walls dividing western cultural history from its eastern equivalents." Gods and Robots: Myths, Machines, and Ancient Dreams of Technology (2018)
<mask>'s sixth book analyzes classical Greek myths and other ancient cultures' tales about fabricating artificial life, automatons, self-moving devices, and Artificial Intelligence. The final chapter describes real robots, animated statues, and self-propelled machines that were actually designed and constructed in the classical and Hellenistic eras.Reception
Kirkus reviews describes the book as “a collection of wondrous tales that present ancient myths as the proto-science fiction stories they are.”  Classicist Peter Thonemann calls the book "absorbing" and "accessible and engaging," but feels that the ancient quest for eternal youth should not be included as an example of "artificial life" and wishes for deeper analysis of direct lines from Aristotle to modern AI. <mask>'s book is "a thought-provoking account" of "how ancient Greek, Roman, Indian, and Chinese myths expressed hopes and fears about human-made life," according to Bruce Bower in Science News while The Economist review praises the "entertaining" examination of "ancient mythology. . . chock-full of robots, androids and mechanical creatures . . . that survive in written and visual form." Books
 The First Fossil Hunters: Paleontology in Greek and Roman Times (Princeton University Press 2000) —
 Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World (Overlook 2003) —
 Fossil Legends of the First Americans (Princeton University Press 2005) —
 The Poison King: The Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome's Deadliest Enemy (Princeton University Press 2009)
 The Griffin and the Dinosaur: How Adrienne <mask> Discovered a Fascinating Link between Myth and Science, with Marc Aronson (National Geographic 2014)

 Gods and Robots: Myths, Machines, and Ancient Dreams of Technology (Princeton University Press 2018) --

References

1946 births
Living people
American folklorists
Women folklorists
American women historians
Stanford University faculty
20th-century American historians
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women

masks:
Adrienne Mayor
Mayor
Mayor
Mayor
Mayor
Mayor
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Mayor
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Mayor
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<mask> (born 20 October 1992) is a Slovenian professional basketball player for Valencia Basket of the Liga ACB. He also represents the Slovenian national basketball team internationally. Standing at , he plays at the shooting guard position. Professional career
Prepelič started playing basketball for Domžale-based club Helios Domžale (today the Helios Suns). In 30 Slovenian Basketball League games for Helios he averaged 16.7 points, 3.7 assists, and 2.9 rebounds. In the 2011–12 ABA League he played 26 games, averaging 14.2 points, 2.9 assists and 2.4 rebounds. Olimpija
On 23 August 2012, Prepelič signed a three-year contract with Slovenian club Union Olimpija.In his first period at Olimpija, he won the 2013 Slovenian Basketball Cup. During his first season at Olimpija he played 15 games and averaged 7.6 points, 2.35 assists and 2.6 rebounds in the 2012–13 Slovenian Basketball League. He played 26 games in the 2012–13 ABA League, averaging 11.4 points, 2.46	assists and 2.46 rebounds. In 10 games in the 2012–13 Euroleague, his first season in EuroLeague, he averaged 8.9 points, 2 assists and 2 rebounds for Olimpija. Prepelič was the scoring leader in Olimpija's win over Khimki in Euroleague, and scored the clutch three-pointer at the buzzer that gave Olimpija a 74–72 win. Banvit
After one season at Olimpija, Prepelič moved to Turkey, signing a three-year contract with Banvit from Bandirma on 29 July 2013. He left Banvit after one season.In his only season at Banvit he played 27 games in the 2013–14 Turkish Basketball League and averaged 5.4 points, 1.1 assists and 1.2 rebounds. In 16 games in the 2013–14 Eurocup Basketball he averaged 6.1 points and 2 rebounds. Return to Olimpija
On 1 November 2014, he returned to Union Olimpija, signing a contract for the rest of the 2014–15 season. He played 13 games in the 2014–15 Eurocup Basketball with Olimpija, averaging 7.23	points, 2.6 assists and 1.9 rebounds. In 12 games of the 2014–15 Slovenian Basketball League he averaged 14 points, 2.5 assists and 2.8 rebounds. In his last season in ABA League he averaged 11 points, 2.5 assists and 1.9 rebounds in 21 games played. Oldenburg
On 14 September 2015, Prepelič signed a short-term deal with German club EWE Baskets Oldenburg.On 21 October 2015, he re-signed with Oldenburg for the rest of the season. In his season at Oldenburg he played 15 games in the 2015–16 Eurocup Basketball, averaging 8.4	points, 2.7 assists and 2.2 rebounds. Prepelič posted a double-double of 23 points and 10 assists in a 97–86 win over Eisbären Bremerhaven in the Basketball Bundesliga, in which he played 33 games and averaged 10 points, 3 assists and 3 rebounds. In a game against Tigers Tübingen in the Basketball Bundesliga, Prepelič nailed two half-court shots in the same game. Limoges
On 28 June 2016, Prepelič signed with Limoges CSP for the 2016–17 season. In 33 games in the 2016–17 Pro A season, he averaged 16 points, 4 assists and 2.7 rebounds with the French club. Levallois
On 13 July 2017, Prepelič signed with Levallois Metropolitans for the 2017–18 season.In 9 games of the 2017–18 EuroCup Basketball, he averaged 15.7 points, 1.8 assists, and 1.9 rebounds. He posted a double-double in a 93–75 home win over Hyères-Toulon in the 2017–18 Pro A season, in which he played 31 games, averaging 15.4 points, 3 assists and 2.8 rebounds. Real Madrid
On 9 July 2018, Prepelič signed a two-year deal with Real Madrid of the Liga ACB and the EuroLeague, and went on to help the team to reach the Final Four and win the Spanish league. He was one of the best players in the 2018 Supercopa de España de Baloncesto final, scoring 13 points off the bench in the final. Upon entering the game, he scored a two-pointer and two three-pointers in rapid succession, and was fundamental in Real Madrid's comeback. He played 22 games for Real Madrid in the 2018–19 ACB season, and averaged 4.2 points and 1 assist, with .730 free-throw percentage. He played 21 games in the 2018–19 EuroLeague with Real Madrid, averaging 3.8 points, 1.7 assists and 1 rebound.In addition to the 15th edition of the Supercopa de España de Baloncesto, he also won the 2018–19 ACB, Real Madrid's 35th league title. Joventut

On 6 August 2019, Prepelič was loaned to Club Joventut Badalona for the 2019–20 season. In May he had been informed by Real Madrid that Jaycee Carroll would play another season at the club, after he changed his mind about retiring, and therefore advised to "look for other options." Prepelič stated that if someone had asked him, in May, whether he would return to Real Madrid, he would've said yes, since he wanted another shot at the club. In the end, however, his move to Joventut proved very beneficial for his career. He had an extremely positive season at Joventut. Prepelič played 15 games in the 2019–20 EuroCup Basketball, averaging 17 points, 4 assists and 2.3 rebounds.In 27 games in the 2019–20 ACB season he averaged 22.5 points, 3 assists and 1.7 rebounds. Prepelič was the top-scorer of the 2019-20 ACB regular season, and the third most valued player with 19.6 credits. He was one of the top-five players of the season, and the best in his position. He was the third-best scorer in the 2019–20 EuroCup, ranking first in free throws made (5.5) and fouls drawn (7.1). Prepelič led Joventut to a win in their 2020 EuroCup debut against Brescia. He scored 5 points to bring the score from 41–41 to 46–43. Soon Prepelič converted another and-one opportunity for 8 points.Prepelič scored and assisted again, getting Joventut back on track in the 4th quarter with the first score and also scoring a big three-pointer to restore the double-digit lead. Brescia recovered again, but Prepelič closed the game with another three-pointer and two consecutive assists. With a PIR of 25, thanks to 24 points, 4 rebounds and 5 assists, he was the best performer of the game. He was again the top performer in Joventut's second win against Darüşşafaka, when he first brought the score from 9–10 to 13–10 in the 1st quarter, then stole a ball and dished out two assists to recover from a 6-point deficit in the 2nd quarter. In the last minute of the game, he draw a foul and made 3 out of 3 free throws to bring the score to 82–82, and finally won the game with a buzzer-beater from his own foul line. He recorded 30 points, 4 assists and 2 rebounds for a 35 PIR in the second leg against Darüşşafaka, eventually lost 92–86 by Joventut. He was the scoring and assists leader against his former club Olimpija, in Joventut's third win in the 2020 EuroCup.Scoring 15 points, <mask> was the scoring leader in Joventut's win over BC UNICS. He instantly put his team ahead 8–2, scoring 6 points in the first minute and a half. As his team was down 47–51 in the 3rd quarter, he scored a three-pointer and dished out an assist to put Joventut ahead 53–51. They kept ahead until the end, eventually winning 90–73. He led his squad to a 88–84 comeback win against Tofas Bursa, recording 37 points, 7 assists, 12/12 free throws, and 10 fouls drawn in that game, for a 45 PIR. He was named 2019-20 EuroCup Top 16 Round 3 MVP. At the end of the season Prepelič was included in the All-ACB First Team of the 2019–20 season.Valencia
On 4 July 2020, he signed with Valencia Basket of the Liga ACB. Prepelič had a very positive season at Valencia. In 32 games of the 2020–21 EuroLeague he averaged 12.1 points (career high in EuroLeague), 2.9 assists and 1.5 rebounds. In 40 games in the 2020–21 ACB season he averaged 11.6 points, 2.6 assists, and 1.73	rebounds. He helped Valencia to achieve 4th place in the Spanish league and to reach the playoffs semifinals. Valencia concluded the EuroLeague regular season 9th, just shy of the playoffs. In the 2020–21 EuroLeague, he scored 13 points and dished out 4 assists against Žalgiris.He entered the 3rd quarter on a score of 51–51, and draw one foul, scored a two-pointer and a three-pointer for a 51–58 lead. He scored two more three-pointers to maintain Valencia's lead, leading to an eventual 82–94 win. He was among the top performers against Milano, recording 14 points and 5 assists for a 18 PIR. In the 4th quarter he recorded two three-pointers and one assist in less than two minutes to bring the score from 66–63 to 74–65. He was then substituted to re-enter the game on a 78–78 score and close it by performing a decisive block and dishing out a decisive assist. He led Valencia past Panathinaikos, scoring 18 points and dishing out 7 assists for a PIR of 26. He was the top performer of the game.Within the first 5 minutes of the first quarter he recorded one assist and a two-pointer, attempted two times from behind the 3-point line and scored both times, pulling his team ahead three times, the last time 12–10. He entered the 2nd quarter and put his team ahead twice, first with an assist (35–34), and then making 2/2 free throws before shooting a three-pointer on the buzzer, bringing the score from 40–41 to 45–41. In the 3rd quarter Valencia was down by two points (47–49) and Prepelič scored his fourth three-pointer out of four attempts, to pull ahead 50–49. He then secured a 3-point lead of 55–52 by scoring a two-pointer. Valencia kept ahead in the 4th quarter, with Prepelič dishing out four assists therein. They eventually won 95–83. He was Valencia's top performer against Maccabi Tel Aviv, with 22 pts, 3 astst and 2 rbs for a 24 PIR.In the 1st quarter he got Valencia ahead 14–7 with one assist, one two-pointer and two three-pointers out of two attempted. In the 2nd quarter he assisted Mike Tobey and scored two two-pointers to pull ahead 32–30. As they were down by three points in the 3rd quarter (47–50) he scored two three-pointers to tie at 50 and then get to 53–54. In the last minute, he, Van Rossom and Williams, scored 7 points for a 82–80 win. He scored 13 points against Fenerbahçe, including three consecutive go-ahead three-pointers, all in the decisive 4th quarter, with the score changing from 66–62 to 79–82, leading to an eventual 86–90 win. He stepped up and scored the clutch two-pointer at the buzzer that gave Valencia a 76–74 victory over eventual EuroLeague champion Anadolu Efes S.K. : a game-winning jumper with dribbling, in front of Doğuş Balbay (one of the best on-the-ball defenders in the EuroLeague).He was Valencia's top performer against CSKA Moscow, approaching triple-double with 22 points, 7 rebounds and 6 assists. With 24 points, 7 assists, 2 rebounds, and a 29 PIR, he was the top performer against Alba Berlin, which Valencia had to chase throughout the game up to the last minute for an eventual 86–90 win. He recorded 14 points and 2 assists against Baskonia. In the 3rd quarter he scored 6 points and dished out 2 assists, with the score changing from 47–56 to 60–59, and in the 4th quarter added 4 points and 1 assist. Valencia eventually won 86–81. International career

<mask> took part in the 2012 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship with Slovenia. He posted a double-double of 20 points and 11 assists against eventual champion Lithuania in the first round, 29 points and 4 assists against Turkey in the second round, and 17 points against France in the quarterfinals.He was included in the All-Tournament Team. <mask> debuted for the Slovenian national basketball team at the 2014 World Cup. He also represented Slovenia at the EuroBasket 2015 where they were eliminated by Latvia in eighth finals. He was among the protagonists of Slovenia's conquer of the gold at EuroBasket 2017, in which he had a key role, averaging 13.8 points and 2.3 assists, the best after Luka Dončić (14.3 and 3.6) and Goran Dragić (22.6 and 5.1). He scored 21 points in the final, also completing 3 assists and 4 rebounds. Prepelič pulled Slovenia ahead 80–78 with a go-ahead three-pointer in the 4th quarter, and then nailed the definitive go-ahead two-pointer, bringing the score to 84–82, with 2:20 to go. He then increased the lead with two free-throws, bringing the score to 88–82.Slovenia eventually defeated Serbia 93–85. 2020 Summer Olympics

<mask> scored 31 points and grabbed 2 rebounds in a preparatory friendly against Croatia. He made 6 three pointers out of 8 attempted, including a buzzer-beater from half-court. He and Dončić led Slovenia to a 112–72 victory over Poland in the Men's Olympic Qualifying Tournaments in Kaunas, scoring 18 and 17 points respectively. He was the co-protagonist of Slovenia's win over Argentina with 22 points, 4 rebounds, 2 assists, 23 efficiency (the best after Dončić) and a field goal percentage of 75%. He was also among the top performers of the day. He stood out in the match against Japan for his leadership, 12 points, 5 assists, and 4 rebounds, and was the second assists leader.<mask> was the hero of the match against Spain, won 87–95 by Slovenia. Dončić suffered a box-and-one defense, and <mask>, who entered the match late in the first quarter, also received box-and-one defense from Sergio Llull. He eventually scored 15 points, 3 assists, 2 rebounds, also stealing 2 balls. He made 9 out of 10 free throws. He was Slovenia's third-scoring leader, and the most decisive player in the last part of the game. Prepelič scored the vital three-pointer that put his team ahead 86–85 at 2'30 from the end. Then, a minute and a half before the end he intercepted a ball before sending Tobey an alley-hoop which he dunked to close the game.With 13 seconds left to play he gave Slovenia a 3-point advantage by scoring two free throws. He, Tobey and Dragić were especially praised for their performances against Germany in the quarterfinal. He scored 9  points, all in the decisive fourth-period run, when Slovenia placed a final boost. <mask> and Dončić gave the final blow to Germany, putting an advantage of 19 points. He scored one three-pointer, then attempted two more times from behind the line and scored both times. Slovenia lost a dramatic semifinal to France by one point. The game seemed over for Slovenia, with France ahead  90–85 and less than a minute left to play.However, Slovenia "battled back behind Prepelic," who in a few seconds managed to score four points, bringing Slovenia just one point of France, 90–89: Dončić entrusted the ball to <mask> at 35 seconds from the end, and he sunk a clutch three-pointer. After De Colo missed a layup,
 Dončić again renounced to shoot, and turned the clutch shoot over to <mask>, who attempted a layup but was blocked by Nicolas Batum. After the game, Rudy Gobert stated that Batum's save was "one of the best blocks he had ever seen." Against France, <mask> was one of Slovenia's best with Tobey and Dončić. He scored 18 points and 2 assists against Australia, in the bronze medal game, and approached double-double with 7 rebounds. He was Slovenia's top performer in that game. After entering the game towards the end of the first quarter, Prepelič turned it around for Slovenia with a go-ahead three-pointer.In the 3rd quarter he brought Slovenia within 60–66 with 3:30 left in the period, converting a four-point play. <mask> scored 4 more points, and with a layup brought the score to 75–81 just before Australia's time-out, provoking an ovation from the Slovenian bench. He then scored another three-pointer; Slovenia managed to reach 80–83, but eventually lost 93–107. With 15 points per game he was the 12th scoring leader of the men's basketball tournament heading into the finals, eventually raising it to 15.5 pts after playing Australia. He also averaged 3.33 rebounds, and with 2.7 assists was Slovenia's second assists leader. <mask> and Tobey were credited as Slovenia's best players at the Tokyo Olympics after Dončić. He was also ranked among the players who "should be on NBA radars" by the end of the tournament.players
EWE Baskets Oldenburg players
FIBA EuroBasket-winning players
Joventut Badalona players
KK Olimpija players
Liga ACB players
Limoges CSP players
Olympic basketball players of Slovenia
Real Madrid Baloncesto players
Shooting guards
Slovenian expatriate basketball people in France
Slovenian expatriate basketball people in Germany
Slovenian expatriate basketball people in Turkey
Slovenian expatriate basketball people in Spain
Slovenian men's basketball players
Sportspeople from Maribor
Valencia Basket players

masks:
Klemen Prepelič
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<mask> (November 30, 1828 – January 17, 1899), known most frequently as Jed, was a teacher and the most famous cartographer and topographer of the American Civil War. His detailed and accurate maps of the Shenandoah Valley are credited by many as a principal factor in Confederate General Stonewall Jackson's victories in the Valley Campaign of 1862. Early life
<mask> was born in Windsor, New York. He graduated from the Windsor Academy and, by the age of 18, he was teaching school himself in Lykens Valley, Pennsylvania. The following year he relocated to the Shenandoah Valley and opened the Mossy Creek Academy in Augusta County. He supplemented his income as a schoolteacher by working as a mining geologist. As he explored the beautiful area around his new home he began his hobby (and minor business) of mapmaking that would dominate the rest of his life.In 1853 he married a woman from Pennsylvania named Sara Ann Comfort and together they had two daughters. In 1855 <mask> and his brother Nelson founded the Loch Willow Academy school for boys in Churchville, Virginia. His birthplace, known as the Jedediah Hotchkiss House, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. Civil War
Near the end of June 1861, Hotchkiss signed on as a Confederate teamster to take supplies to the Churchville Cavalry at Rich Mountain, West Virginia. Hotchkiss offered his services as a mapmaker to Brig. Gen. Richard B. Garnett, whose Confederate brigade was operating in western Virginia. Hotchkiss was at the Battle of Rich Mountain and created maps for General Robert E. Lee's planned campaign in the mountains.He took a brief medical leave after being stricken with typhoid fever but returned to duty in March 1862 as chief topographical engineer of the Valley District, reporting to Maj. Gen. Stonewall Jackson. Following initial defeat at the First Battle of Kernstown during his 1862 Valley Campaign, on March 26, 1862, Jackson summoned Hotchkiss to his headquarters at Narrow Passage near Woodstock and directed him to "make me a map of the Valley, from Harper's Ferry to Lexington, showing all the points of offence and defence [sic] in those places." <mask>' immediate recommendation was that Jackson's line on Stony Creek at Woodstock was indefensible and that Jackson should withdraw to Rude's Hill, a defensible small promontory south of Mt. Jackson. It was at Rude's Hill that Jackson reorganized his command for the rest of his successful 1862 campaign on the Shenandoah Valley. The Shenandoah Valley had never been mapped in detail before. Running 150 miles in length and 25 miles wide, it was a daunting task, but Hotchkiss accepted the assignment and worked on the map for the remainder of the war.In order to accommodate his large scale of 1:80,000, he glued together three portions of tracing linen to form a large single map of 7 feet by 3 feet. Captain Hotchkiss served under Jackson for the rest of the general's life. Producing large volumes of accurate, detailed and even beautiful maps, he also aided the general by personally directing troop movements across the terrain with which he had become so familiar. Jackson's reputation for lightning movements and surprise attacks, befuddling his enemies, owes much to Hotchkiss's cartography. Together, they served in the Valley Campaign, the Northern Virginia Campaign (including the Battle of Cedar Mountain, the Second Battle of Bull Run and the Battle of Chantilly), the Maryland Campaign (including Harpers Ferry and Antietam), and the Battle of Fredericksburg. At the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863, Jackson asked Hotchkiss for eight maps of the area west of Fredericksburg and, along with local residents, discovered the route that Jackson's corps took in the famous flanking march against the Union Army. That night, Jackson was mortally wounded and died less than two weeks later.After Jackson's death, Hotchkiss continued to be assigned to the staff of the corps commanders who succeeded him (Generals Richard S. Ewell and Jubal A. Early), but he was frequently called upon to work directly for General Robert E. Lee at the headquarters of the Army of Northern Virginia. Balancing these dual responsibilities, he served through the Gettysburg Campaign, the Mine Run Campaign and the Overland Campaign. In June 1864, he accompanied Early on his raid through the Shenandoah Valley toward Washington, D.C., and one of his maps contributed to Early's successful surprise attack against General Philip Sheridan at the Battle of Cedar Creek (although the map was not able to prevent Early's decisive defeat by the end of the battle). He then returned to the Siege of Petersburg with the remnants of Early's defeated army for the remainder of the war. After General Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House in April 1865, Hotchkiss surrendered to the Union Army. General Ulysses S. Grant had Hotchkiss released from custody and returned his maps to him.Grant paid Hotchkiss for permission to use some of his maps in his reports and almost all of the Confederate maps in the Official Records produced by the U.S. War Department were those drawn by him. Postbellum career
As a civilian again, Hotchkiss returned to Staunton, Virginia, reopened his school, and was involved in economic activities designed to promote the recovery of the war-ravaged Shenandoah Valley and in veterans' affairs. After teaching school, he opened an office as a civil and mining consulting engineer and, being so familiar with the geography of the state, was able to steer lucrative foreign and Northern investments to the most appropriate places. In October 1865, a Federal detective confronted Hotchkiss with a military order to confiscate his map collection. Hotchkiss refused to obey the order, and instead took some maps to Richmond for examination by army engineers. Despite Federal pressure, he was able to retain ownership of all his maps, while preparing maps of Virginia counties for the United States Army. Hotchkiss collaborated in the writing of the 12-volume Confederate Military History, writing the 1,295-page Virginia volume himself.His journals were edited in 1973 by Archie P. MacDonald and published under the title Make Me a Map of the Valley: The Civil War Journal of Stonewall Jackson's Cartographer. <mask>'s sketchbooks, diaries and maps are available at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C.. He was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society in 1881. Hotchkiss died at his home in Staunton at age 71. He is buried there in Thornrose Cemetery. The small town of Hotchkiss, West Virginia, in Raleigh County was named for him. The magnificent Queen Anne- and Eastlake-style mansion that Hotchkiss built in 1888 at 437 East Beverley Street in Staunton still stands.It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and Virginia Landmark Register as The Oaks. It is in private ownership after a sale in February 2019 by the family that purchased it from the Hotchkiss heirs in 1948. The Hotchkiss map collection
The Hotchkiss collection contains over 600 maps primarily relating to the Virginias between 1861 and 1865. Some of the maps are from his post-war work, some are of individual estates and some are source maps made by others. The map collection was retained by his family following his death and the refusal of the Federal confiscation order. C. Vernon Eddy, librarian of the Handley Regional Library in Winchester, Virginia, made arrangements for the listing and safe-keeping of the maps in specially made aluminum tubes, before they were finally given to the Library of Congress in 1948, which then published the maps in 1951. Three of the original maps were donated by the Hotchkiss family to the Handley Library: a Route Map of Gettysburg Campaign, a Sketch of the Battle of Winchester [First] and a Sketch of the Second Battle of Winchester.The <mask> <mask> Papers are available in the Stewart Bell Jr. Archives Room through the Winchester-Frederick County Historical Society at Handley Regional Library in Winchester, Virginia. Notes

References
 Hearn, Chester G., and Mike Marino. Civil War Battles: The Maps of Jedediah <mask>. San Diego: Thunder Bay Press, 2008. .
 McElfresh, Earl B. Maps and Mapmakers of the Civil War. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1999. .
 Robertson, James I., Jr. Stonewall Jackson: The Man, The Soldier, The Legend. New York: MacMillan Publishing, 1997. .Biography by the Civil War Trust
New York Civil War biography

Further reading
 Cozzens, Peter. Shenandoah 1862: Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008. .
 <mask>, Jedediah. Make Me a Map of the Valley: The Civil War Journal of Stonewall Jackson's Topographer. Edited by Archie P. MacDonald. Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 1988. . External links

Jedediah Hotchkiss Collection at the U.S. Library of Congress

"Jedediah Hotchkiss" in Encyclopedia Virginia

1828 births
1899 deaths
American people of Scotch-Irish descent
Confederate States Army officers
Northern-born Confederates
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
American cartographers
People from Broome County, New York
People from Staunton, Virginia
People from Churchville, Virginia

masks:
Jedediah Hotchkiss
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<mask> (7 April 1892 – 5 September 1965) was an Austrian actress who became a star of German theatre and film before the rise of the Nazis forced her departure. During her time in Germany she was largely associated with the theatrical producer/director Max Reinhardt and acted in plays by such writers as Christian Friedrich Hebbel, Friedrich Schiller, William Shakespeare, Aeschylus, and Ferdinand Bruckner. Between 1916 and 1932 Fein appeared in at least twenty-three German films working with pioneer movie directors Robert Wiene, Uwe Jens Krafft, Hanna Henning, Rochus Gliese, Walter Schmidthässler, Frederic Zelnik, Albert Lastmann, Paul Leni, <mask>, Michael Curtiz, Rudolf Meinert, and Fritz Friedmann-Frederich. Following the Nazi annexation of Austria in 1938, Fein fled to the Netherlands and in 1941 found refuge for the duration of the war in Switzerland. Fein remained active on stage over the balance of her life in her adopted Switzerland and abroad until shortly before her death. Early life and family
Fein was born in Vienna to a Jewish family that reportedly at some point converted to Catholicism. She was the daughter of Fanny Süssermann and <mask>, editor of the Neue Freie Presse, and the older sister of <mask>, an author and translator of American novels.<mask> married the German actor Theodor Becker with whom she had two daughters, Thea and actress <mask> (1920-2012). <mask>’s marriage to Becker ended in divorce in the mid-1930s after a long separation. Fein studied at the Academy for Music and Performing Arts in Vienna from 1909 to 1911 and made her professional debut at the National Theatre Mannheim, where she rose to play the title role in Hebbel's tragedy, Judith. Stage career
Over the next several seasons Fein appeared at the Royal Theater, Dresden, the Royal Theatre, Berlin  and the Deutsches Theater, Berlin. Under the direction of Max Reinhardt, in October 1915 she played  the title role in the Deutsches' production of Schiller's <mask> Stuart. She continued  in Berlin under Reinhardt’s directing in such parts as Ariel  in Shakespeare's The Tempest at the Volksbühne, Elektra in Aeschylus' The Oresteia, Regan in Shakespeare's King Lear, both staged at the Großes Schauspielhaus, and in 1919 returned to the Deutsches playing Rebekka in Jaákobs Traum by Richard Beer-Hofmann. Fein joined the Vereinigte Bühnen, Breslau for the 1921–1922 season and, between 1924 and 1926, performed at the Theater in der Josefstadt, Vienna, where in 1924 she played Lady Milford in Schiller's Kabale und Liebe.At the Deutsches she was Kudelka in the world premiere of Bruckner's Die Straf, staged by Heinz Hilpert. After her expulsion from the Ministry of Arts in 1935, Fein left for Vienna, where she performed at various theatres including the Burgtheater and Urania. At the latter venue appeared as Jocasta in Jean Cocteau's The Infernal Machine. Film

Fein’s film work in Berlin overwhelmingly occurred between 1916 and 1919; she appeared in just a handful of films after 1920. She began with the brothers Robert and Conrad Wiene in Der Mann im Spiegel and Das Leben ein Traum and went on to appear in mostly melodramas and the occasional comedy over the following several years. Her final film and only talkie was Frederica, a 1932 adaptation of the book by  and Fritz Löhner-Beda. Later career
After Nazi annexation of Austria, Fein appeared on stage in the Netherlands, France and Switzerland.Under the direction of Leopold Lindtberg, Fein appeared at the Schauspielhaus Zürich as Anisja in Leon Tolstoy's The Power of Darkness. Fein later returned to France, where she was detained until <mask>, by then a resident of Zurich, was able to secure her safe passage to Switzerland. Over the remainder of the war years Fein was active in Zurich giving evening recitations. In 1945 Fein rejoined the ensemble of actors at the Schauspielhaus playing such characters roles as Ranjewskaja in Anton Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard, Sichle in the German language premiere of Paul Claudel's The Humiliation of the Father, a mother in Oscar Wilde's A Woman of No Importance, and the title role in Franz Grillparzer's Medea. In 1948 Fein toured Switzerland with Heinz Woester in their adaptation of Somerset Maugham's Theatre, and the following year played Clytemnestra to the title role of <mask> in Jean Giraudoux's Électre. In a subsequent Swiss tour Fein played the title role in George Bernard Shaw's Mrs. Warren's Profession and at the Lucerne Festival revived her role as Jocasta in The Infernal Machine. In 1951 Fein returned to Berlin to perform for the first time since the Nazi era.At the Schloss Charlottenburg she played Weisheit in Hugo von Hofmannsthal's Das Salzburger große Welttheater. During the early 1950s Fein toured England, France and Switzerland giving recitations and lectures and later appeared on BBC Radio in performances that included a 1956 radio play presenting an English-language adaptation of Bertolt Brecht's anti-war play, Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder. In America Fein played Caroline of Brunswick to the Prince Regent of Walter Slezak in Norman Ginsbury’s The First Gentleman, but had left over creative differences by the time the show made its Broadway debut on 25 April 1957. The following year she was engaged to play Miriam in Christopher Fry's The First Born, but was replaced by Mildred Natwick a month before its 30 April debut on Broadway. Fein remained in the United States for several years giving one-woman shows called An Evening of European Theatre in which she performed scenes taken from plays by noted European playwrights. Final years
By 1961 Fein had returned to Switzerland, where at Basel she played the title role in Shaw's Mrs. Warren's Profession. In 1964 Fein told of her experiences in Berlin theaters prior to 1933 in a twelve episode documentary presented by the German network Norddeutscher Rundfunk.<mask> died at the home of <mask> in Zurich in 1965 at the age of 73. Selected filmography
 The Man in the Mirror (1917)
 Life Is a Dream (1917)
 <mask>a (1919)
 The Conspiracy in Genoa (1921)
 The Little Duke (1924)
 Das Spielzeug von Paris (1925)
 The Convicted (1927)
 Frederica (1932)

Resources

External links
<mask>, New York Public Library Digital Collection

1892 births
1965 deaths
Austrian stage actresses
Austrian film actresses
Austrian silent film actresses
Actresses from Vienna
20th-century Austrian actresses
Austrian people of Jewish descent
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism

masks:
Maria Arloisia Fein
Rudolf Walther Fein
Otto Fein
Franz Fein
Maria Fein
Maria Becker
Fein
Maria
Maria Becker
Maria Becker
Fein
Maria Becker
Maria Pavlown
Maria Fein


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<mask> (born in Los Angeles, California, July 23, 1926). She is the author and illustrator of many children's picture books, including the popular Dorrie the Little Witch series. “Of her childhood, she says, ‘I was forever being told to get my nose out of a book and go outside. As a result I ended up reading in odd places where I wouldn’t be noticed—behind my brother’s mice cages, under lilac bushes. The smells of mice and lilacs to this day evoke certain stories.’”  She attended DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana, and received her B.A. (1947) and M.A. (1950) in English literature from the University of Washington.She first started writing and illustrating stories for her two daughters, the youngest of which, together with a Siamese cat named Dingbat, became the inspiration for Dorrie and her cat Gink. Bibliography

Dorrie the Little Witch Series
Dorrie is a little witch whose “hat is always on crooked and her stockings never match.”   She has a black cat named Gink who follows her wherever she goes. She lives with her mother, the Big Witch, and their house-hand, Cook. All of the 20 Dorrie books except Dorrie and the Haunted Schoolhouse, and the 2009-2010 print-on-demand (POD) reprints, are currently out of print. However, the reprints provided by CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform are readily available at such online bookstores as Amazon.com. Dorrie's Magic, 1962
Dorrie and the Blue Witch, 1964 – When Dorrie is left home alone by the Big Witch, she decides to have a tea party with Gink. There is a knock on the door.Expecting Cook to arrive any minute, Dorrie opens the door. Instead of Cook, she finds the bad Blue Witch. Dorrie scours Cook's magic cabinet, uses its contents to capture the Blue Witch and receives a gold cauldron for her efforts. Dorrie's Play, 1965 – Shooed away by the Big Witch and Cook, Dorrie decides to put on a play with Gink. Dorrie picks up some cloth from the sewing room to use for her play. Not realizing it is the Big Witch's costume for the Costume Ball, she has Cook cut it and then uses it for stage curtains. Once it is discovered that the Big Witch's costume is ruined, Dorrie comes up with an idea that makes the Big Witch a winner.Dorrie and the Weather Box, 1966 - Dorrie finds a picnic basket and wants to have a picnic, but it's raining. She decides to try to fix the weather by using the Big Witch's secret magic room. Unable to find a recipe for melting clouds, Dorrie mixes two recipes together and hopes for the best. Instead of fixing the weather, Dorrie creates a colorful storm inside the house. The Big Witch comes home just in time to make things right. Dorrie and the Witch Doctor, 1967 - Dorrie promises to be on her best behavior when crabby Aunt Agra comes for a visit. Dorrie begins to feel ill and is sent to bed.The Witch Doctor is called and comes to diagnose Dorrie, but Aunt Agra is the one who winds up getting the treatment. Dorrie and the Wizard's Spell, 1968 - Dorrie has a great time at the Bazaar until her mother disappears and it turns out that the prankster Wink the Wizard is to blame. Dorrie and the Haunted House, 1970 - During a storm, Dorrie gets glued out of her house by a protection spell, leaving her to take cover in an old house in the woods. There she encounters two bandits who have stolen Witchville's powerfully magical Blue Ruby. Dorrie and the Birthday Eggs, 1971 - On an errand to buy some eggs for the Big Witch's birthday cake, Dorrie runs into the mischievous Thinnever Vetch, who steals Dorrie's galosh. While the Egg Witch and the Big Witch are busy trying to figure out which of the hens might be laying money instead of eggs, Dorrie must try to stop Thinnever Vetch from playing dangerous tricks on them all. Dorrie and the Goblin, 1972- Dorrie finds a goblin on her doorstep the day The Big Witch is having her Magic Show.She doesn't want to turn him out and goblin-sits in her room until the goblin gets out and Dorrie must use magic to save the day- and the goblin. Dorrie and the Fortune Teller, 1973- The Wizard Floog holds the Town Tower and Meadow in mortgage and is about to foreclose. Then a fortune teller Madame Zee shows up and foresees Witchville being destroyed, Dorrie wonders if Madame Zee is to be trusted. Dorrie and the Amazing Magic Elixir, 1974 - The Big Witch goes out, leaving Dorrie to take care of her new magic elixir. But she doesn't realize that an old enemy lurks outside just waiting for a chance to get his hands on the potion. Dorrie and the Witch's Imp, 1975 – When a new group of witches moves into Glumglen, a nearby town, the Big Witch invites them to dinner. As the Big Witch is leaving to pick up her new dress, a visitor, Gloris, arrives to fill in for Cook.While the Big Witch is away, Dorrie helps Gloris prepare dinner. Dorrie quickly becomes suspicious of Gloris, and rightfully so. Gloris does her best to get Dorrie out of the way, and even conjures up an imp to replace Dorrie. Dorrie and the Halloween Plot, 1976 - After a wild attempt at learning to ride a broomstick, Dorrie overhears the Flying Demons plotting to steal the Book of Shadows while everyone is distracted at the Halloween Pageant. Stuck in an awful costume, and with no time to spare, Dorrie must use her wits to stop the theft. Dorrie and the Dreamyard Monsters, 1977 - The Dream Witch has run out of potion and everyone in Witchville is having nightmares about purple monsters. When the Big Witch's spell to conjure the Dream Witch goes wrong, Dorrie is transported to the Dreamyard where she must help get the monsters under control once more.Dorrie and the Screebit Ghost, 1979 - Dorrie's mother goes out to take part in a seance, accidentally leaving behind her instructions on how to summon spirits. Dorrie finds the spell and tries it out, unwittingly bringing a playful but mischievous ghost into the house. Dorrie and the Witchville Fair, 1980 - Once again it is up to Dorrie to save Witchville when malicious Old Irontoes creates a funhouse mirror designed to cast a spell on anyone who looks into it at the Witchville Fair. Dorrie and the Witches' Camp, 1983 - Strange things have been happening at the Witches' Camp, and while the Big Witch insists that it's just a case of over-excited imaginations, Cook and Dorrie begin to suspect that the rumours of bears and sea monsters may have some truth to them after all, without realizing that there is an even more sinister explanation. Dorrie and the Museum Case, 1986
Dorrie and the Pin Witch, 1989 - As all of Witchville is busy getting ready for the Witches' Ball, only Dorrie suspects that everyone's recent crabbiness has something to do with the nasty Pin Witch and the free hats and shawls she has been handing out. Dorrie and the Haunted Schoolhouse, 1992 - The Big Witch insists on Dorrie's going to school, but on their arrival Dorrie and the other students cannot find the teacher and decide to pass the time by trying out the potion recipe written up on the chalkboard. Their arguments lead to mistakes in potion-making which cause the school to become airborne, and they must figure out how to get it back on the ground.Other Books
Although best known for her Dorrie series, <mask> and His Brother, 1963 - Waddy the raccoon feels neglected and unwanted after a new baby takes his place in the family. One day Waddy is left to care for Baby, getting the chance to prove to his family that he can be useful. But when Mother Raccoon leaves, things quickly get out of hand. Lisa and the Grompet, 1970 - Lisa hates when other people tell her what to do, until one day when she meets an odd little creature who changes her mind. Mouse Cafe, 1972
Molly Mullett, 1975 - Molly Mullett's father wishes he had a son instead of a daughter, but Molly soon proves that she can outdo any boy when she tackles an Ogre who's been stealing food and gold from her hometown.The Magic Pot, 1977 - In this cheeky tale, a little demon transforms himself into a magic pot and helps out a destitute couple by stealing from a wealthy household. Tilabel, 1978 - Tilabel is a groundhog who loves to play and is no good at working. When her mother lies to the Groundhog Queen and says that Tilabel is an expert spinner, weaver and sewer, the Queen orders Tilabel to make shirts for the Prince's birthday. Luckily, three mysterious Aunts appear to help Tilabel with her chore. The Magician and McTree, 1984 - After McTree the cat falls into his magician-owner's cauldron and acquires the ability to talk, his antics cause him to wind up as a curiosity at the royal court. However, when the nobles' interest in him wanes, McTree finds himself lonely and looking for a way to get back to the old magician. Illustrations
<mask> has illustrated all of her own books, as well as providing drawings for the following books written by other authors:

Pepi's Bell (1969) by Shelagh Williamson
P.J., My Friend (1969) by Noel B. Gerson
Lobo (1969) by Gladys Yessayan Cretan
Lobo and Brewster (1971) by Gladys Yessayan Cretan
Bill and the Google-Eyed Goblins (1989) by Alice Schertle

Anthologies and Compilations
Dorrie and the Weather Box appears in the compilation, Parade of Stories (1974), compiled by Esther M. Bjoland.Molly Mullett appears in the fairy tale anthology, The Outspoken Princess and the Gentle Knight (1994), edited by Jack Zipes. '<mask>' appears as an entry in the Fifth Book of Junior Authors and Illustrators (1983), edited by Sally Holmes Holtze. References

External links
 Dorrie the Little Witch website (archived)

 Copyright appeal for out-of-print volumes

1926 births
Living people
American children's writers
DePauw University alumni
University of Washington College of Arts and Sciences alumni

masks:
Patricia Coombs
Patricia Coombsaddy
Patricia Coombs
Patricia Coombs


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<mask> (Tavares) da Silva (May 2, 1920 – October 14, 1997) was an Olympic freestyle swimmer from Brazil, who competed at three Summer Olympics for her native country. She was in three Olympic finals. Background
Born <mask>, she changed her name to <mask> when she married. The first mass participation of women was at a crossing in 1924 in São Paulo; eight swimmers from the German club Estela participated in it. The first exclusively women's competitions occurred in 1930 in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. In 1935, the Brazilian Championship and the South American Championship, in which Coutinho participated and first appeared on the international scene, were held in Rio de Janeiro. Both were the first with women's events.<mask> had started training in 1934 at a newly opened pool at the Clube de Regatas Guanabara. The level of competition was quite rudimentary, and being a 15-year-old novice, Coutinho did not get highlighted. The biggest Brazilian star was Maria Lenk, who competed in the Olympics in 1932 and was developing the breaststroke with recovery of arms out of the water, which would give rise to the butterfly stroke. Lenk was the first South American woman to compete at the Olympics. <mask>'s swimming improved in the space of a year; she broke the Brazilian record of 400-metre freestyle and was called to the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. International career
At the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, <mask> finished 5th in the 400-metre freestylethe best position of all time obtained by the Brazil women's swimming in Olympic Games, along with Joanna Maranhão. Coutinho also swam the 100-metre freestyle; she did not reach the final, but finished 8th.In 1937, Coutinho finished the year with the third best time in the world in the 400-metre freestyle, and in 1938, she had two South American records in freestyle. In 1940, Coutinho improved the South American record of the 1500-metre freestyle and surpassed the records of 500-metre, 800-metre and 1000-metre; times that were approved at the time in the proof passages. At the Brazilian Championship in 1941 in São Paulo, Coutinho won the 100-metre freestyle with a time of 1:08.5a Brazilian record and one of the best times of the world at the timein a race she was not specialized in. With this time, she would have been Olympic finalist in 1936 and in the next edition of the Gameswhich would occur in 1948. In 1941, at the South American Championships organized in Viña Del Mar, she was responsible for 50.5 points of the 174 points scored by Brazil's women's team, which won the title by countries. Soon after, she left competitive swimming to get married and have a child. In an unprecedented decision, she returned to swimming in 1943.<mask> continued winning Brazilian and South American titles and surpassing records. In 1948 she was chosen as Brazil's best athlete. At 28 years old, married and considered old for the sport, she was still breaking paradigms. At the 1948 Summer Olympics, in London, <mask> reached two finals, finishing 6th in the 400-metre freestyle and 6th in the 4×100-metre freestyle, along with Eleonora Schmitt, Maria da Costa and Talita Rodrigues. Coutinho also swam the 100-metre freestyle, not reaching the final. For her, however, the 400-metre freestyle final was not a cause for celebration. In that year, she had done an exceptional 5:20.3, sufficient for Olympic silver medal.But poor conditions of travel to Europe, room and board, and the loss of form for going several days without training because of the long journey had its price. This was typical of Brazilian sport in those days; similar conditions also cost Maria Lenk and Manuel dos Santos medals. At the inaugural Pan American Games in 1951 in Buenos Aires, Coutinho won two bronze medals in the 400-metre freestyle, and in the 4×100-metre freestyle. She also finished 4th in the 200-metre freestyle. At 32 years old in the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, she swam in the 400-metre freestyle but did not reach the final. Records
<mask> broke the Brazilian record of the 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1500-metre freestyle and made history in the Brazilian press by having her photo published in O Globo newspaper in 1936the first telephoto photograph in the history of Brazilian press. After professional swimming
After leaving competitive swimming, Coutinho was director of swimming in the Botafogo club.She also began a process of recovery  for disabled people. This interest emerged during the 1936 Olympics when she visited a Berlin hospital that through swimming, promoted the recovery of disabled children. In the late '50s, she campaigned for the construction of Home Recovery of Infantile Paralysis, where she developed water activities. She continued this work in Portugal, where she lived for eight years, and also in Brasilia. In 1983, <mask> returned to the Club de Regatas Guanabara, where she began teaching competitive swimming daily, teaching classes to friends and practicing painting; her hobby. <mask> <mask> died on October 14, 1997. Her fifth place in 1936 remained as the best women's Olympic placement of Brazil until 1964, when Aída dos Santos was fourth in the high jump.In the Pan American Games, a Brazilian woman won an individual medal in swimming in 1971, with Lucy Burle in the 100m butterfly. In the Olympics, Brazil had to wait 56 years for another woman to become a finalinst; Joanna Maranhão in the 400m medley in 2004. <mask> had the most participation of Brazilian swimmers in the Olympics, participating in three gamestied with Maranhão and Fabiola Molina. References

1920 births
1997 deaths
Brazilian female freestyle swimmers
Swimmers at the 1951 Pan American Games
Swimmers at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Olympic swimmers of Brazil
Swimmers from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Brazil
Pan American Games medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1951 Pan American Games

masks:
Piedade Coutinho Azevedo
Piedade Coutinho Azevedo
Piedade Coutinho Tavares
Coutinho
Coutinho
Coutinho
Coutinho
Coutinho
Coutinho
Coutinho
Piedade
Coutinho
Coutinho


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<mask> (Chinese: Fan Hong Zhi; born 2 August 1992), also known as <mask> and <mask>, is a Chinese-Filipino TV personality, actor, host and entrepreneur that is raised in Hong Kong, but currently based in the Philippines. He first gained popularity through Eat Bulaga! "You're My Foreignoy" and won the Dabarkad's Choice Award. He was also one of the regular housemates of Pinoy Big Brother: 737. Life and career

Early life and educational background
<mask> was born on August 2, 1992 in the Philippines. Though a permanent Hong Kong resident, <mask> still holds Filipino citizenship. When he was only a month old, their family moved to Hong Kong.There, he completed high school education in Island School. <mask> then returned to the Philippines to continue his studies and graduated cum laude with a degree in Broadcast Communication at the University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City. <mask> is multi-lingual; aside from his native Cantonese, he is fluent in Filipino, English, Mandarin and Hokkien. Modelling career
Before he became a TV personality, <mask> worked as a part-time model. He started modelling inside the campus for school event posters. Eventually, he had his first modelling stint via Philippine Fashion Week: Spring Summer 2014. Succeeding months saw him walking for several fashion shows including Shangri-la Plaza Mall, Coca-Cola and Adidas.Simultaneously, he also did shoots with newspapers (Philippine Inquirer) and fashion magazines like Candy, Chalk Magazine, Sparkling Magazine, and Garage Magazine. <mask> also had his first campaign shoot with SM Youth in early 2014 at Pico de Loro. In 2013, <mask> was part of the Candy magazine's list of Top 20 Candy Cuties where he was ranked as the 14th Candy Cutie. In 2014, he was part of Chalk magazine's Bright Young Manila Campus Hotties and won the UAAP division. In January 2015, he became an ambassador for Smart Telecom and also Systema. In February of the same year, he was officially launched as one of the SM Youth Ambassadors. Television career: You're My Foreignoy
In January 2014, Eat Bulaga!announced a new segment entitled "You're My Foreignoy" ("Foreignoy" is a portmanteau of "foreigner" and "Pinoy"). It is a contest for foreigners, who are currently living in the Philippines, who claim to have a heart of a true Filipino. <mask> joined the contest in its second week where he won the daily round. Instantly, he became a crowd favorite. He then competed with foreigners from different countries including the rumored ex-boyfriend of Lindsay Lohan, Christian Arno Williams during the second weekly finals. <mask> lost to Christian but he won the Dabarkad's Choice Award (People's Choice Award). He trended among the Top Ten on Twitter locally and internationally in every appearance he made during the contest which earned him the nickname "The Trending Boy".A week before the grand finals, <mask> returned to compete for the Wildcard Edition. He battled against Arlen Gaspar from Brazil and won the round. Wildcard winners were called the "Manlalaban" who will face the first, second and third weekly winners. During the "You're My Foreignoy" grand finals where Gui Adorno won, <mask> was once again awarded the Dabarkad's Choice Award for having a total of over 8,000 likes on Eat Bulaga!s Facebook poll. This poll clearly showed that he was the most popular among the "foreignoys" that competed in the grand finals. Eat Bulaga host
After winning the Dabarkad's Choice Award, <mask> has been visible in several shows on the GMA Network. He was interviewed by Ryzza Mae Dizon in The Ryzza Mae Show along with his fellow 'You're My Foreignoy' winners, Gui Adorno and Diego Furoni.He also hosted the waterfalls segment during the Summer Special episode of Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho and later returned as a celebrity guest along with Gui Adorno on its Fiesta segment the following month at Obando in Bulacan. <mask> also guested in some GMA News TV shows such as Brigada, iJuander, Day Off and Mars. Hwan hosted Eat Bulaga!s "Dabarkad's Pinoy Henyo" segment for five months in 2014. Pinoy Big Brother (PBB)

<mask> was a part of ABS-CBN's reality show Pinoy Big Brother: 737 as a regular housemate, and eliminated in week 17 (day 119), placing him final 6. In 2020, <mask> joined Pinoy Big Brother: Connect as one of the new digital hosts, and hosts the show's online updates. This continued with his time in Pinoy Big Brother: Kumunity Season 10 in 2021. UPFRONT at the UAAP

<mask> became part of ABS-CBN Sports + Action's UAAP coverage show called UPFRONT at the UAAP.He is one of the new male hosts (alongside Justin Quirino and Marco Gumabao) that was introduced in the second part of UAAP Season 78. Acting
Besides hosting and modelling, <mask> also started to act in 2017. He played the male lead in TV5's Wattpad Presents: AFGITMOLFM and GMA's Tadhana: Karayom in 2017 and 2018 respectively. In 2020, <mask> made a comeback to Philippine television as he plays Richie Tan, in the afternoon soap opera, Love Thy Woman, on ABS-CBN. Philippines and beyond

In 2018, <mask> have been involved in many international projects. In early 2018, he interviewed the cast of Marvel's Avengers: Infinity War in Singapore. Later on that year, he was also had the chance to interview legendary fashion designer, Sir Paul Smith and celebrity Chef Gordon Ramsay.He also went to Seoul Fashion Week S/S19 to shoot a special with the OTT platform, Viu. In 2019, <mask> was one of the 3 regional artists who was tapped by TVN Asia to star in a show called Create My Seoul, alongside Korean stars, Sandara Park and Joon Park. He attended Thom Browne’s runway show for the Paris Fashion Week. Wild Entertainment
In 2021, <mask> signed with Wild Entertainment Group. Awards and nominations

Filmography

Television

References

External links

Filipino people of Chinese descent
ABS-CBN personalities
GMA Network personalities
Sparkle GMA Artist Center
Star Magic
Hong Kong expatriates in the Philippines
People educated at Island School
Living people
Pinoy Big Brother contestants
University of the Philippines Diliman alumni
1992 births

masks:
Richard Juan
Richard Juan
Richard Hwan
Richard Juan
Juan
Juan
Juan
Juan
Juan
Juan
Juan
Juan
Juan
Juan
Juan
Juan
Juan
Richard
Juan
Juan
Richard
Juan
Richard
Richard


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<mask><mask> (born <mask>; July 19, 1937 – March 19, 1993) was an American folk blues singer, guitarist, and banjo player. She was associated with the early 1960s Greenwich Village folk music scene, particularly with Fred Neil, the Holy Modal Rounders, and Bob Dylan. Although she did not enjoy much commercial success during her lifetime, her music has gained significant recognition since her death. Artists like Nick Cave, Devendra Banhart, and Joanna Newsom have noted her as an influence. Life and career
<mask> was born <mask> in Bonham, Texas, but was raised in Enid, Oklahoma. She also lived in Stillwater, Oklahoma, and Lawrence, Kansas. Her heritage was half Cherokee and half Irish .With two divorces behind her at the age of 21, <mask> left Oklahoma and arrived in Greenwich Village, New York City in the early 1960s. She brought her twelve string guitar, long-neck banjo, and at least one of her two children with her. According to her daughter Abralyn Baird, at that point <mask> had lost two of her bottom teeth breaking up a fight between two of her boyfriends. Greenwich Village scene
<mask> quickly became entrenched in the Greenwich Village folk musical scene of the 1960s. She played alongside big names of the time, including Bob Dylan (who occasionally backed her up on harmonica), Fred Neil, Richard Tucker, and Tim Hardin. She covered many of their songs in her own performances. Dylan later wrote that "<mask> had a voice like Billie Holiday and played guitar like Jimmy Reed.” She was among the first to sing Hardin's "Reason to Believe".She later married Tucker, with whom she sometimes played as a duo, and in a trio with Hardin. While <mask> was a regular at famous folk venue Café Wha? and performed at benefit concerts for civil rights groups, she was a reluctant performer and refused to perform her own songs. Combined with her use of alcohol and heroin, recording her music and touring was particularly hard. <mask> moved to Colorado with husband Richard Tucker and daughter Abralyn (Abbe) and lived there for a while in the 1960s, in a small mining cabin in Summerville. Eventually she moved back to New York via Los Angeles, and then to Woodstock, New York. It's So Hard to Tell Who's Going to Love You the Best (album)
<mask> was "not interested in playing the music industry's games in an era when musicians had little other choice," as bass player and producer Harvey Brooks noted.She often responded in anger when producers attempted to change her music while recording. At first, producer Nick Venet was unsuccessful in recording her first album, It's So Hard to Tell Who's Going to Love You the Best (Capitol, 1969). It wasn't until he invited Fred Neil to a session that they were able to come away with recordings. Even then, Venet and Neil were only successful by tricking <mask> into thinking the tape wasn't rolling. <mask> cut most of the tracks with one take, and all in one night. The record features songs from Neil, Hardin, Jelly Roll Morton, and Eddie Floyd & Booker T. Jones. It was re-released by Koch Records on CD in 1996.In My Own Time (album)
<mask>'s second album, In My Own Time (1971), was recorded at Bearsville Studios (which was set up by Bob Dylan's manager, Albert Grossman) and originally released by Woodstock Festival promoter Michael Lang's label, Just Sunshine Records. The album was produced and arranged by Harvey Brooks, who played bass on it. Piano player Richard Bell guested on the album. Its liner notes were written by Fred Neil and its cover photos were taken by Elliott Landy. <mask> brought her two teenage children, her dog, and her horse from Oklahoma to feel more at ease with recording. Re-releases and tributes
It's So Hard to Tell Who's Going to Love You the Best was re-released on Koch Records in 1997, in collaboration with New York-based radio DJ and <mask> fan Nicholas Hill, and with liner notes by Peter Stampfel. In 1999 the French label Megaphone music did a European re-release of the same album, which included a bonus DVD featuring rare performance footage of <mask> and a French TV feature on <mask> from 1970.In My Own Time was re-released on CD and LP on November 7, 2006 by Light in the Attic Records. Two recordings from 1962 and 1963, previously owned by <mask>'s friend Joe Loop who ran the little club "The Attic" in Boulder in the early 60's, were released on Megaphone in 2007 and 2008 as live album Cotton Eyed Joe and the home-recorded album Green Rocky Road. The compilation tribute album, Remembering Mountains: Unheard Songs by <mask>, was released in 2015 by folk label Tompkins Square. In similar fashion to Wilco and Billy Bragg’s adaptions of Woody Guthrie songs in Mermaid Avenue, the album features adaptations of <mask>'s work by artists including Patty Griffin, Lucinda Williams, Josephine Foster, Sharon Van Etten, and Julia Holter. The songs feature lyrics and poems <mask> wrote before her death, which were in the care of her friend, folk guitarist Peter Walker. Style
<mask>'s bluesy, world-weary voice is often compared to jazz singer Billie Holiday, though <mask> loathed the comparison and said Bessie Smith was a greater influence. <mask> sang blues, folk, country, pop, Motown—making over each song in her own style.She played the twelve string guitar and a long-neck banjo. Known as "the folk singer's answer to Billie Holiday" and "Sweet Mother K.D. ", <mask> is said to be the subject of the song "Katie's Been Gone" (composed by Richard Manuel and Robbie Robertson) on the album The Basement Tapes by The Band and Bob Dylan, who wrote of <mask> that "My favorite singer...was <mask>. <mask> had a voice like Billie Holiday and played guitar like Jimmy Reed... I sang with her a couple of times." Fred Neil once remarked, "She sure can sing the shit out of the blues." Modern artists Adele, Nick Cave, Devendra Banhart, and Joanna Newsom have all noted her as an influence.So does country singer Lacy J<mask>, who knew <mask> in Greenwich Village and adopted her surname as a tribute. Later life and death
Commercial failure of her album In My Own Time and her estrangement from her children contributed to further substance abuse later in <mask>'s life. In later years, <mask> lived in a mobile home located in a clearing off Eagle's Nest Road, outside the town of Hurley, near Woodstock. Friend Lacy J<mask> helped send her to rehab in Texas in the early 1990s; a stay which lasted only a couple of days before she demanded to be taken back home to Woodstock again. She died there in March 1993 from an AIDS-related illness, aged 55. According to her friend Peter Walker, she had been living with the disease for more than eight years. Documentary
A documentary, <mask>: In My Own Time, from filmmakers Richard Peete and Robert Yapkowitz, made its world premiere at Doc NYC in November 2020.Sheri Linden in The Hollywood Reporter writes, "As it introduces a one-of-a-kind artist to the uninitiated and celebrates her for aficionados, above all it listens — and invites us to do the same." Discography

Studio albums
 It's So Hard to Tell Who's Going to Love You the Best (1969)
 In My Own Time (1971)

Live album
 Cotton Eyed Joe (2007) (recorded live in 1962)

Other releases
 Green Rocky Road (2008) Recorded at home circa 1962-63, released by Delmore Recording Society; contains unreleased recordings. 1966 (2012). Released by Delmore Recording Society; contains previously unreleased recordings. Remembering Mountains: Unheard Songs by <mask> (2015), released by Tompkins Square. References

External links
 Allmusic entry
 Illustrated <mask> discography
 Light In The Attic Records "In My Own Time" CD
 Delmore Recordings "Cotton Eyed Joe: The Loop Tapes/Live In Boulder 1962" CD & DVD and "Green Rocky Road" CD"
 "Sweet Mother KD," 2016 BBC Seriously... documentary about <mask>
 <mask> : Jeunesse d'une femme libre, de Greenwich Village à Woodstock A comic book about the youth of <mask> written by journalist Cédric Rassat and Ana Rousse (Ed. Sarbacane, 2017, 150 pages)
 A Bright Light : <mask> and the process, a documentary by Emmanuelle Antille (Production Intermezzo Films, 2018)

1937 births
1993 deaths
American banjoists
American blues singers
American folk singers
Singer-songwriters from Oklahoma
American women country singers
American country singer-songwriters
American women singer-songwriters
American women guitarists
20th-century American singers
Deaths from throat cancer
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
20th-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Oklahoma
20th-century American women singers
Musicians from Enid, Oklahoma
20th-century American women guitarists

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