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<mask> is an Indian civic activist and the winner of Miss World 1999. She is the fourth Indian woman to win Miss World and was previously crowned as Femina Miss India World in 1999. She is a former model and actress, and has worked in Hindi films. Early life
<mask> was born in Bangalore in a Sindhi family and was raised in Dubai until <mask> was seven years of age. Her family moved back to Mumbai in June 1986. Her mother Aroona used to run a grooming saloon in Santa Cruz, Mumbai and her father, <mask> was a former Managing Director of a clothing company. After school, she studied zoology at the V. G. Vaze College in Mumbai.She has a diploma in computer sciences from Aptech and has studied Hindustani classical music for three years. Pageantry

Femina Miss India
In 1999, <mask> entered herself into the Femina Miss India contest, where she was shortlisted as a contestant. In the semifinal round during the grand finale, she was asked a question from the judge Viv Richards - “How do you define a true sports person?”, to which she answered:

<mask> proceeded to the succeeding round, where all her fellow Top 5 delegates were asked the same question - “In the context of the recent controversy, if you were Chelsea Clinton, what is the single most important advice, you as a daughter would you give to your parents Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton, and why?”, to which she stated:

At the end of the event, she was crowned as Miss India World 1999 by the outgoing titleholder Annie Thomas, giving her the right to represent India at the Miss World 1999 contest. Miss World
The 49th edition of the Miss World pageant was held on 4 December 1999 at Olympia, London and 93 delegates from around the world competed for the title. During the pageant's question and answer round, she was asked if she could be anyone in the world who would she want to be. <mask> replied - “It would have to be Audrey Hepburn. It was her inner beauty, compassion and her aura.The calm that she had inside her reflected.”

At the end of the event, <mask> was crowned as Miss World 1999 by her predecessor Linor Abargil from Israel. The first runner-up title was won by Martina Thorogood from Venezuela, followed by the second runner-up, Sonia Raciti of South Africa. <mask> also won the Asia & Oceania's Queen of Beauty Award during the Miss World contest. <mask> became the fourth woman from India to win Miss World after Reita Faria in 1966, Aishwarya Rai in 1994 and Diana Hayden in 1997. Social works
After <mask>'s tenure as Miss World, she involved herself in various social and charitable causes. She has worked for the people affected by HIV/AIDS, breast cancer and thalassemia. <mask> has pledged to donate her organs.In connection with this, she stated, “This step will benefit someone, once I leave this world”. She also works as an educationist and provides motivational counseling in various platforms. She partnered with an NGO to guide young girls from the slums, nudging them towards self-contemplation, understanding their needs and help them to become aware of their bodies, through counseling. She has voiced against illegal child labour carried out in India's firecracker industries, which is an offense under the Indian law. She has also aided the people with hearing impairment, from marginalized and low-income segment of the society. She expressed - “I have spent my time learning the Indian sign language because I feel that hearing impaired people have so much latent creativity and are hampered only by their inability to communicate. I would like to help them by drawing attention to this issue.”

<mask> is an environmental activist, and has participated in various clean drives and social movements to prevent deforestation.In 2018, she joined a campaign to prevent illegal tree cutting talking place at the Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary, to pave way for road and metro constructions. During the movement, she stated - “I don't see any reason behind constructing road and metro from the sanctuary. The metro can be constructed underground and the road can be made elsewhere. Humans are not capable of making of what ‘Mother Earth’ can do. So we are just asking to stop the works and also stop cutting the trees.” She also consigned a letter to the Pune Municipal Corporation's Heritage Cell, to include the bird sanctuary in the list of national heritage sites. She supports the Swachh Kalyani Nagar initiative in Pune, and had campaigned the households to process their waste effectively through segregation and recycling, ensuring minimum to zero garbage generation from individual societies. Personal life
On 7 September 2008, <mask> got engaged to Prince Tuli, a New York-based businessman and financial consultant at a ceremony held at the Grand Maratha in Mumbai.The marriage was held on 2 November 2008 in a traditional Sikh ceremony at a Nagpur Gurudwara followed by a reception. They have one son together. In July 2013, <mask> accused her husband and in-laws of subjecting her to domestic violence and harassment, and a FIR was registered under Sections 498A (cruelty) and 406 (criminal breach of trust) of the Indian Penal Code. She also accused Tuli under IPC section 377 (unnatural sex). In June 2014, the couple obtained a consensual divorce. Career
<mask> entered the film industry in 2001 through the Tamil movie Poovellam Un Vasam, where she appeared in a song titled "Yukta Mookhey". She made her Hindi film debut with Pyaasa in 2002 starring with Aftab Shivdasani.The film proved to be a flop at the box office. <mask> was cast in Market but had to drop out due to an injury. In 2003, she signed Kab Kyon Kahan and Hum Teeno, but both films where later shelved. She was later signed up in the 2004 release Insaaf: The Justice, but had to drop the project. In 2005, she acted in two films Memsahab and Love in Japan and in 2006, she appeared in the music video Kathputali.</ref>

Filmography

Films

Television

References

External links

1970s births
21st-century Indian actresses
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Actresses from Bangalore
Actresses in Bhojpuri cinema
Actresses in Tamil cinema
Beauty pageant contestants from India
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra
Female models from Bangalore
Femina Miss India winners
Indian beauty pageant winners
Living people
Marital rape
Miss World 1999 delegates
Miss World winners
Violence against women in India

masks:
Yukta Inderlal Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey
Inderlal Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey
Mookhey


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<mask> (June 6, 1914 – July 23, 2011) was an American public servant whose career from the late 1930s to the early 1980s was primarily associated with the Bureau of the Budget (BOB) (now the Office of Management and Budget [OMB]) and the GAO. Staats was born to Wesley F. and Maude (Goodall<mask>. Staats received his AB from McPherson College in 1935, his MA from the University of Kansas in 1936, and his Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota in 1939. Married on September 14, 1940, to Margaret S. Rich, the couple had three children: David, Deborah, and Catharine. In 1939, Staats became a staff member in the Executive Office of the President, U.S. Bureau of the Budget. He worked his way up at BOB until 1947, when he was promoted to assistant to the Director of the Bureau, then executive assistant to the director (1949–1950), before he held the position of Deputy Director (1950–1953 and 1958–1966). In 1966, Staats became Comptroller General of the United States and head of the GAO, holding that position until 1981.<mask> <mask>: An Inventory of His Personal Papers, 1961-1963 in the John F. Kennedy Library; National Archives and Records Administration (Papers at JFK library)

Early life
Staats was born in 1914, in Richfield, Kansas, the son and one of eight children of Wesley Forrest and Maude Goodall <mask>. His early life was spent on a farm in the Kansas wheat belt. In 1940 he married Margaret Rich, the daughter of Congressman Robert Fleming Rich of Pennsylvania, a textile manufacturer and banker who had a distinctly conservative record in Congress. The couple had three children: David, Deborah, and Catharine. Staats was a member of the Cosmos and Chevy Chase Clubs and the Metropolitan Memorial United Methodist Church of Washington, DC. Academic background
Staats was valedictorian of the 1931 graduating class of Sylvia High School in Sylvia, Kansas. Staats attended McPherson College, operated by the Church of the Brethren in McPherson, Kansas, where he received a A.B.in 1935, graduating Phi Beta Kappa. He then went to the University of Kansas, where he received an M.A. in political science and economics in 1936. After this, he entered the University of Minnesota's doctoral program in political economy, earning his by a Ph.D. in 1939. Career in government service

Early public service
Staats first entered public service in 1936, after graduating with his master's degree from the University of Kansas, where he spent that summer as a research assistant for the Kansas Legislative Council of Topeka. He was a member of the staff of the Public Administration Service of Chicago from 1937 to 1938 while he was working on his doctorate at the University of Minnesota. He was a Fellow of the Brookings Institution in Washington from 1938 to 1939.Direct service to Presidents while at BOB and NSC from 1939 to 1966
Staats joined the Bureau of the Budget (now the OMB) during the administration of President Franklin Roosevelt and was employed by the BOB from 1939 to 1953. At BOB, he served in the Division of Administrative Management (1939–1943), in the War Agencies Section (1943–47), and as its chief (1945–1947). During World War II, Staats was responsible for organizing, financing, managing, and coordinating the principal civilian war agencies. After the war, Staats was promoted to assistant to the BOB director (1947), assistant director in charge of Legislative Reference (1947–1949), executive assistant director (1949–1950), and, following appointment by President Harry Truman, to the deputy director of the agency (1950–1953). Staats left government service for a year after the Eisenhower presidential transition, and during most of 1953 he served as research director for Marshall Field & Company. He returned to government service when he was appointed by President Dwight Eisenhower to serve as Executive Officer of the Operations Coordinating Board of the National Security Council, which was responsible for coordinated implementation of US foreign policies and operations in foreign countries. Staats served from 1954 to 1958.In 1958, Staats returned to BOB and served as assistant director (September 1958-March 1959) before being reappointed deputy director by President Eisenhower (March 1959–61). Staats continued in the deputy director position under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson. Comptroller General from 1966 to 1981
Staats left BOB to become the 5th Comptroller General of the United States in 1966. On February 11, 1966, President Johnson nominated Staats for the position of Comptroller General, which also involves serving as head of the GAO. The United States Senate Committee on Government Operations held a hearing on March 2, 1966 on Johnson's  nomination of Staats to be Comptroller General, endorsed it on the same date, and on March 4, 1966, the US Senate officially confirmed the nomination of Staats to become Comptroller General. Staats was sworn in as Comptroller General by President Johnson on March 8, 1966, at a ceremony at the White House. Staats served until his term, expired on March 3, 1981.As Comptroller General, Staats drew on his many years of government experience, including as a former Deputy Director of the Bureau of the Budget under Presidents Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson, as he led GAO during a period of change and national turmoil. In reflecting on Staats's tenure, a senior GAO manager referred to him in 1981 as "a pragmatic agent of good government," who viewed GAO's reports as "a way to achieve results rather than simply hitting someone over the head." Staats was a strong advocate of public service and constructive change, who worked to improve management throughout the government. Within GAO, he practiced a participatory management style, often relying on task forces to study job processes and organizational issues. Staats focused on improving GAO's internal planning processes and on expanding its work and issue areas to more effectively serve the Congress. Not only the Comptroller General broadened GAO's work but also he increased the agency's services to Congress. When Staats took charge of GAO in 1966, less than ten percent of the total effort of its professional staff went toward providing direct assistance to the Congress.By the time he left office in 1981, the number had risen to nearly 40 percent. Under Staats, GAO worked on a number of issues of great national importance. Before the Federal Elections Commission assumed oversight of campaign expenditures in 1974, GAO's Office of Federal Elections undertook a number of reviews, some of which touched on Watergate. GAO also did important work on energy issues, consumer protection, the economy, and New York City's fiscal crisis. As the Vietnam War intensified and defense spending rose, Staats in 1966 opened an office in Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam. GAO's auditors worked in the field as well as in Saigon. Some of the fieldwork was done under hazardous circumstances.In 1969, six auditors narrowly escaped injury during a rocket attack on the base at Da Nang, South Vietnam. GAO's Saigon office remained operational until the peace accords in 1973. During his tenure, Staats worked to improve governmental accountability. He revitalized GAO's work with the Joint Financial Management Improvement Program. Under Staats, GAO took a lead role in issuing auditing guidance. In 1970, the Bureau of the Budget and GAO agreed on the formation of a government auditing standards task force, which undertook a lengthy research and drafting process. As a result of the work of the task force, the Comptroller General issued in 1972 the first edition of the Standards for Audit of Governmental Organizations, Programs, Activities & Functions, which came to be known as the "Yellow Book."In later years, GAO gave the book a more concise title, Government Auditing Standards, and updated its guidance periodically. In addition to issuing guidance to help state and local auditors, the Comptroller General played a key role in establishing intergovernmental audit forums in the 1970s. As comptroller general, he served as the first chairman (1970–1981) of the Cost Accounting Standards Board, and as a member of a number of Presidential and Governmental Advisory Bodies, including the Commission on Government Procurement (1971–1973); President's Commission on Budget Concepts (1967–1968); Commission on Federal Paperwork (1976–1978); Treasury Department's Advisory Committee on Federal Consolidated Financial Statements (1976–1979); National Advisory Committee for the Work in America, Inc. (1979–1980); Chrysler Loan Guarantee Board (1980–1981); Board of Governors, International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (1969–81), Technology Assessment Advisory Council (1972–1981); Joint Financial Management Improvement Program (1966–1981); and the President's Management Improvement Council (1979–80). GAO changed radically during the Staats period. These changes generally reflected the shift to program evaluation, the emergence of a host of new foreign and domestic problems, and Congress's increasing assertiveness in its relationships with the executive branch. Staats provided effective leadership as GAO strove to meet the new challenges, as he was widely respected in the Congress and in the government as a whole. Later life
After serving as Comptroller General, Staats became the president and later chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Harry S. Truman Scholarship Foundation until his death in 2011.Other professional activities and associations
In addition to his government service, Staats made contributions though his numerous professional activities and associations. Staats has held membership on the Board of Trustees of the National Institute of Public Affairs (1969–77) and the Public Administration Service, Chicago (1967–74). He was chairman of the Conference on the Public Service, Brookings Institution (1958–60), and during 1979-80 he was a member of the Committee for the National Congress on Church-Related Colleges and Universities. He also served on

 the Board of Directors of the Eisenhower Foundation;
 the Board of Trustees of the Kerr Foundation
 the Board of Trustees of the George C. Marshall Foundation; and
 the Board of Overseers of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award. He also has served on the board of directors of several corporations. Over the years Staats has maintained a close relationship with educational institutions. He has served as a lecturer at American University (1941–43) and George Washington University (1944–46).During the period 1947–53, he was on the Advisory Council of the Department of Politics at Princeton University. During 1974-80 he was on the Visiting Committee of the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. In addition, Staats served on the Board of Trustees of McPherson College (1969–79) and the American University (1966–80). He has also been a member of the visiting committees of several universities. Staats was an honorary member of the faculty of the Industrial College of the Armed Forces (1973; member, Board of Advisors 1974–77), and he has been a member of the Board of Visitors of the National Defense University since 1981. Staats has also been active in numerous professional organizations, including:
 The American Society for Public Administration (ASPA): Staats was a founding member of the organization in 1939, served  as president of ASPA's Washington, D.C. chapter (1948–49), and as ASPA's national president (1961–62) and vice president (1959–61). American Academy of Political and Social Science (AAPSS): Staats has been a member of the Board of Directors (1966–present).National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA): Staat was a founding member of the organization in 1967, and has served as a member of the NAPA Board of Trustees (1967–85; chairman, 1985). The Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Council (FASAC) member (1977–81)
 Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) member since its formation in 1984. He has also been active for many years in the Conference Board, the American Management Association (AMA), and the Association of Government Accountants (AGA). Staats has written many articles for professional journals and has made numerous speeches to professional organizations. Stasts holds membership in Phi Beta Kappa (1936), Pi Sigma Alpha (1936), Beta Alpha Psi (1966), Alpha Kappa Psi (1971), and Beta Gamma Sigma (1973). Honors and awards
Staats held honorary degrees from eight universities and distinguished service awards from the University of Kansas and the University of Minnesota. Other honors include Phi Beta Kappa, Alpha Kappa Psi, the Rockefeller Public Service Award, the Productivity
Award of the American Productivity Center, the Medal of Honor of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, the Presidential Citizens Medal, the Hubert H. Humphrey Medal, and the Public Service Achievement Award of Common Cause.Staats also received the Public Service Medal of the Holland Society of New York, the Executive Government Award of the Opportunities Industrial Corporation of America, and the Public Service Award of the General Accounting Office. Staats was named an honorary member of the National Security Industrial Association and elected to the Accounting Hall of Fame in 1981. Among the many honors bestowed upon him were the Rockefeller Public Service Award (1961); Alumni Achievement Award, University of Minnesota (1964); Distinguished Service Citation, University of Kansas (1966); Distinguished Service Award, University of Hartford Center for Study of Professional Accounting (1973); Warner W. Stockberger Achievement Award (1973); Person of the Year Award, Washington Chapter of the Institute of Internal Auditors (1975); Abraham O. Smoot Public Service Award, Brigham Young University (1975); American Association for Budget and Program Analysis Award (1976); Evaluation Research Society Federal Executive Award (1980); Productivity Award, American Productivity Center (1980); Medal of Honor, AICPA (1980); Engineer of the Year Award, San Fernando Valley Engineers Council (1980); and the Thurston Award, International Institute of Internal Auditors (1988). Staats was an honorary member of the International City Management Association (1976), Society of Manufacturing Engineers (1978), National Security Industrial Association (1981), and an honorary life member of the Municipal Finance Officers Association of the United States and Canada (1980). 435 no. 1, pp. 277-285 (Abstract only)
House Resolution (H.Res.805) commending <mask>. Staats on the occasion of the conclusion of his distinguished career of Federal service
GAO History 1921- 1991, Roger R. Trask, GAO History Program, Nov. 1991
Oral History Interviews with <mask><mask>, former Comptroller General of the United States, 1966-1981, Spring 1987
Three Generations of Comptrollers General By James L. Craig, Jr., CPA Journal, August 1999
GAO Press Release on the death of <mask>. Staats

Comptrollers General of the United States
University of Kansas alumni
University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts alumni
1914 births
2011 deaths
People from Morton County, Kansas
McPherson College alumni

masks:
Elmer Boyd Staats
) Staats
Elmer Boyd
Staats
Staats
Elmer B
Elmer B
. Staats
Elmer B


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<mask> (;  born <mask>, 21 March 1763 – 14 November 1825) was a German Romantic writer, best known for his humorous novels and stories. Life and work
<mask> was born at Wunsiedel, in the Fichtelgebirge mountains (Franconia). His father was an organist at Wunsiedel. In 1765 his father became a pastor at Joditz near Hof and, in 1767 at Schwarzenbach, but he died on 25 April 1779, leaving the family in great poverty. Later in life, <mask> noted, "The words that a father speaks to his children in the privacy of home are not heard by the world, but as in whispering-galleries, they are clearly heard at the end and by posterity." After attending the Gymnasium at Hof, in 1781 <mask> went to the University of Leipzig. His original intention was to enter his father's profession, but theology did not interest him, and he soon devoted himself wholly to the study of literature.Unable to maintain himself at Leipzig he returned in 1784 to Hof, where he lived with his mother. From 1787 to 1789, he served as a tutor at Töpen, a village near Hof; and from 1790 to 1794, he taught the children of several families in a school he had founded in nearby Schwarzenbach. <mask> began his career as a man of letters with Grönländische Prozesse ("Greenland Lawsuits"), published anonymously in Berlin in 1783–84, and Auswahl aus des Teufels Papieren ("Selections from the Devil's Papers", signed J. P. F. Hasus), published in 1789. These works were not received with much favour, and in later life even their author had little sympathy for their satirical tone. <mask>'s outlook was profoundly altered by a spiritual crisis he suffered on 15 November 1790, in which he had a vision of his own death. His next book, Die unsichtbare Loge ("The Invisible Lodge"), a romance published in 1793 under the pen-name <mask> (in honour of <mask> Rousseau), had all the qualities that were soon to make him famous, and its power was immediately recognized by some of the best critics of the day. Encouraged by the reception of Die unsichtbare Loge, Richter composed a number of books in rapid succession: Leben des vergnügten Schulmeisterleins Maria Wutz in Auenthal ("Life of the Cheerful Schoolmaster Maria Wutz", 1793), the best-selling Hesperus (1795), which made him famous, Biographische Belustigungen unter der Gehirnschale einer Riesin ("Biographical Recreations under the Brainpan of a Giantess", 1796), Leben des Quintus Fixlein ("Life of Quintus Fixlein", 1796), Der Jubelsenior ("The Parson in Jubilee", 1797), and Das Kampaner Tal ("The Valley of Campan", 1797).Also among these was the novel Siebenkäs in 1796–97. Siebenkäs slightly supernatural theme, involving a Doppelgänger and pseudocide, stirred some controversy over its interpretation of the Resurrection, but these criticisms served only to draw awareness to the author. This series of writings assured Richter a place in German literature, and during the rest of his life every work he produced was welcomed by a wide circle of admirers. After his mother's death in 1797, Richter went to Leipzig, and in the following year, to Weimar, where he started work on his most ambitious novel, Titan, published between 1800 and 1803. Richter became friends with such Weimar notables as Johann Gottfried Herder, by whom he was warmly appreciated, but despite their close proximity, Richter never became close to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe or Friedrich Schiller, both of whom found his literary methods repugnant; but in Weimar, as elsewhere, his remarkable conversational powers and his genial manners made him a favorite in general society. The British writers Thomas Carlyle and Thomas De Quincey took an interest in <mask>'s work. In 1801, he married Caroline Meyer, whom he had met in Berlin the year before.They lived first at Meiningen, then at Coburg; and finally, in 1804, they settled at Bayreuth. Here Richter spent a quiet, simple, and happy life, constantly occupied with his work as a writer. In 1808 he was delivered from anxiety about outward necessities by Prince Primate Karl Theodor von Dalberg, who gave him an annual pension of 1,000 florins, which was later continued by the king of Bavaria. <mask>'s Titan was followed by Flegeljahre ("The Awkward Age", 1804–5). His later imaginative works were Dr Katzenbergers Badereise ("Dr Katzenberger's Trip to the Medicinal Springs", 1809), Des Feldpredigers Schmelzle Reise nach Flätz ("Army Chaplain Schmelzle's Voyage to Flätz", 1809), Leben Fibels ("Life of Fibel", 1812), and Der Komet, oder Nikolaus Marggraf ("The Comet, or, Nikolaus Markgraf", 1820–22). In Vorschule der Aesthetik ("Introduction to Aesthetics", 1804) he expounded his ideas on art; he discussed the principles of education in Levana, oder Erziehungslehre ("Levana, or, Pedagogy", 1807); and the opinions suggested by current events he set forth in Friedenspredigt ("Peace Sermon", 1808), Dämmerungen für Deutschland ("Twilights for Germany", 1809), Mars und Phöbus Thronwechsel im Jahre 1814 ("Mars and Phoebus Exchange Thrones in the Year 1814", 1814), and Politische Fastenpredigten ("Political Lenten Sermons", 1817). In his last years he began Wahrheit aus <mask> Pauls Leben ("The Truth from <mask> Paul's Life"), to which additions from his papers and other sources were made after his death by C. Otto and E. Förster.Also during this time he supported the younger writer E. T. A. Hoffmann, who long counted Richter among his influences. Richter wrote the preface to Fantasy Pieces, a collection of Hoffmann's short stories published in 1814. In September 1821 <mask> lost his only son, Max, a youth of the highest promise; and he never quite recovered from this shock. He lost his sight in 1824, and died of dropsy at Bayreuth, on 14 November 1825. Characteristics of his work
<mask> occupies an unusual position in German literature and has always divided the literary public. Some hold him in highest veneration while others treat his work with indifference. He took the Romantic formlessness of the novel to extremes: Schlegel called his novels soliloquies, in which he makes his readers take part (in this respect going even further than Laurence Sterne in Tristram Shandy).<mask> habitually played with a multitude of droll and bizarre ideas: his work is characterized by wild metaphors as well as by digressive and partly labyrinthine plots. He mixed contemplation with literary theory: alongside spirited irony the reader finds bitter satire and mild humour; next to soberly realistic passages there are romanticized and often ironically-curtailed idylls, social commentary and political statements. The quick changes of mood attracted the composer Schumann whose Papillons was inspired by <mask>. His novels were especially admired by women. This was due to the empathy with which <mask> created the female characters in his works: never before in German literature were women represented with such psychological depth. At the same time however, his work contains misogynistic quips. <mask>'s character may have been as diverse and as confusing as many of his novels: he was said to be very sociable and witty, while at the same time extremely sentimental: having an almost childlike nature, quickly moved to tears.It is obvious from his works that his interests encompassed not only literature but also astronomy and other sciences. It is no surprise that the relationship of so capricious an author with the Weimar classicists Goethe and Schiller always remained ambivalent: Schiller once remarked that <mask> was as alien to him as someone who fell from the moon, and that he might have been worthy of admiration "if he had made as good use of his riches as other men made of their poverty." Herder and Wieland on the other hand fully appreciated his work and supported him. Although he always kept his distance from the classicists, who wanted to "absolutize" art, and although his theoretical approach (most notably in his Introduction to Aesthetics) was considerably influenced by Romanticism, it would be misleading to call him a Romantic without qualification. Here too he kept his distance: with all his subjectivism he didn't absolutize the subject of the author as the Romantics often did. <mask> had what had become rare amidst classical severity and romantic irony: humour. He also was one of the first who

masks:
Jean Paul
Johann Paul Friedrich Richter
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Jacques
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean
Jean
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul


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 approached humour from a theoretical standpoint.He thought that both the Enlightenment and metaphysics had failed, though they still held importance for his worldview. He arrived at a philosophy without illusions, and a state of humorous resignation. Correspondingly he was one of the first defenders of Schopenhauer's philosophy. He didn't try to indoctrinate but to portray human happiness, even (and especially) in an increasingly alienated environment — the rococo castles and bleak villages of Upper Franconia. <mask> was not only the first to use and name the literary motif of the Doppelgänger, he also utilised it in countless variations (e.g. Siebenkäs and Leibgeber, Liane and Idoine, Roquairol and Albano). In his novel Siebenkäs he defines the Doppelgänger as the "people who see themselves."<mask> was a lifelong defender of freedom of the press and his campaigns against censorship went beyond many of his contemporaries. In his Freiheitsbüchlein (1805), he maintains that books belong to humanity and should have the chance to have an impact on all times, not just the present moment, and therefore preventing a book from being published renders the censor a judge not just for contemporary society but for all future societies. Censorship is not feasible because it would be impossible to find a person able to fulfill the true requirements of the office. After the great achievements of the eighteenth century, the prospect of complete freedom of opinion, speech, and printing was real. Even under the tightened conditions of the Napoleonic occupation, <mask> continued to speak out in favor of reason, as in his Friedens-Predigt an Deutschland (1808). The last section of his Politische Fastenpredigten (1816) contains a warning to rulers that minds cannot be controlled, and that police action will only cause them to eventually explode like a champagne bottle. Other
Rudolf Steiner edited a multi-volume collection of the works of <mask>.In published lectures, Steiner often mentioned the realization by the 7-year-old <mask> that he was an individual "Ego", expressed in <mask>'s surprise at understanding that "I am an I". Quotations
 The long sleep of death closes our scars, and the short sleep of life our wounds. (Der lange Schlaf des Todes schliesst unsere Narben zu, und der kurze des Lebens unsere Wunden, Hesperus, XX). Works

 Abelard und Heloise 1781
 Grönländische Prozesse 1783–1784
 Auswahl aus des Teufels Papieren 1789
 Leben des vergnügten Schulmeisterlein Maria Wutz in Auenthal. Eine Art Idylle 1790
 Die unsichtbare Loge 1793
 Hesperus 1795
 Biographische Belustigungen 1796
 Leben des Quintus Fixlein 1796
 Siebenkäs 1796
 Der Jubelsenior 1797
 Das Kampaner Tal 1797
 Konjekturalbiographie 1798
 Des Luftschiffers Giannozzo Seebuch 1801
 Titan 1800–03
 Vorschule der Aesthetik 1804
 Flegeljahre (unfinished) 1804–05
 [[Freiheitsbüchlein]] 1805
 Levana oder Erziehlehre 1807
 Dr. Katzenbergers Badereise 1809
 Des Feldpredigers Schmelzle Reise nach Flätz 1809
 Leben Fibels 1812
 Bemerkungen über uns närrische Menschen
 Clavis Fichtiana (see also Johann Gottlieb Fichte)
 Das heimliche Klaglied der jetzigen Männer
 Der Komet 1820–1822
 Der Maschinenmann
 Die wunderbare Gesellschaft in der Neujahrsnacht
 Freiheits-Büchlein
 Selberlebenbeschreibung posthum 1826
 Selina posthum 1827

English translations
Most of Richter's long novels were translated into English during the mid-nineteenth century. Several editions of translated passages from various works were also published:

 The Invisible Lodge, trans. Charles T. Brooks, New York: Holt 1883
 Maria Wutz (various editions)
 Maria Wuz, trans.Francis and Rose Storr, Maria Wuz and Lorenz Stark, London: Longmans, Green, & Co, 1881
 Maria Wutz, trans. John D. Grayson, 19th Century German Tales, ed. Angel Flores, 1959, reissued 1966
 Maria Wutz, trans. Erika Casey, The Jean Paul Reader, Johns Hopkins U, 1990
 Maria Wutz, trans. Francis and Rose Storr and Ruth Martin, Sublunary Editions, 2021
 Hesperus by Charles Brooks (1864)
 Quintus Fixlein, trans. Thomas Carlyle, 1827
 Siebenkäs (two editions)
 Flower, Fruit, and Thorn Pieces trans. Edward Henry Noel (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1863)
 Flower, Fruit, and Thorn Pieces trans.Alexander Ewing (1877)
 The Campaner Thal: or, Discourses on the Immortality of the Soul trans. Juliette Bauer (1848)
 Quintus Fixlein and Schmelzles Reise (1827), trans. Thomas Carlyle
 Titan by Charles Brooks (London: 1863; Boston: 1864)
 Horn of Oberon : <mask> Richter's School for Aesthetics trans. Margaret R Hale, Wayne State UP, 1973
 Walt and Vult [Flegeljahre] trans. Eliza Lee (1846)
 Army Chaplain Schmelzle's Journey (1827), by Thomas Carlyle
 Levana; or, the Doctrine of Education, trans. A.H (1848, 1863, 1884, 1886, 1890)
 The Death of an Angel & Other Pieces (1839)
 Reminiscences of the Best Hours of Life for the Hour of Death trans. Joseph Dowe (1841)

Musical reception (selection)

 Robert Schumann: Papillons pour le pianoforte seul, 1832.Johann Friedrich Kittl: Wär’ ich ein Stern, 1838. Robert Schumann: Blumenstück, 1839. Carl Grünbaum: Lied (Es zieht in schöner Nacht der Sternenhimmel), 1840. Ernst Friedrich Kauffmann: Ständchen nach Jean Paul, 1848. Carl Reinecke: O wär’ ich ein Stern (from: Flegeljahre), 1850. Stephen Heller: Blumen-, Frucht- und Dornenstücke (Nuits blanches), 1850. Marta von Sabinin: O wär ich ein Stern, 1855.Ernst Methfessel: An Wina, 1866. Gustav Mahler: Sinfonie Nr. 1 in D-Dur (Titan), 1889. Ferdinand Heinrich Thieriot: Leben und Sterben des vergnügten Schulmeisterlein Wuz, 1900. Hugo Leichtentritt: Grabschrift des Zephyrs, 1910. Henri Sauguet: Polymetres, 1936. Eduard Künnecke: Flegeljahre, 1937.Karl Kraft: Fünf kleine Gesänge auf Verse des <mask> Paul für Singstimme und Klavier, 1960. Walter Zimmermann: Glockenspiel für einen Schlagzeuger, 1983. Wolfgang Rihm: Andere Schatten (from: Siebenkäs), 1985. Oskar Sala: Rede des toten Christus vom Weltgebäude herab, dass kein Gott sei, 1990. Iván Erőd: Blumenstück für Viola solo, 1995. Thomas Beimel: Idyllen, 1998/99. Christoph Weinhart: Albanos Traum, 2006.Georg Friedrich Haas: Blumenstück (from: Siebenkäs), 2009. Ludger Stühlmeyer: Zum Engel der letzten Stunde (from: Das Leben des Quintus Fixlein), 2013. Notes

References

Attribution

Further reading
 Fleming, <mask>. The Pleasures of Abandonment: <mask> and the Life of Humor. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2006. Nineteenth-century works on <mask>
Richter's Sämtliche Werke (Complete Works) appeared in 1826–1828 in 60 volumes, to which were added 5 volumes of Literarischer Nachlass (literary bequest) in 1836–1838; a second edition was published in 1840–1842 (33 volumes); a third in 1860–1862 (24 volumes). The last complete edition is that edited by R. Gottschall (60 parts, 1879).Editions of selected works appeared in 16 volumes (1865), in Kürschner's Deutsche Nationalliteratur (edited by P. Nerrlich, 6 vols, pp. 388–487), &c. The chief collections of Richter's correspondence are:
 <mask>s Briefe an F. H. Jacobi (1828)
 Briefwechsel Jean Pauls mit seinem Freunde C. Otto (1829–33)
 Briefwechsel zwischen H. Voss und <mask> (1833)
 Briefe an eine Jugendfreundin (1858)
 P. Nerrlich, <mask>s Briefwechsel mit seiner Frau und seinem Freunde Otto (1902). See further:
 The continuation of Richter's autobiography by C. Otto and E. Fürster (1826–33)
 H. Dring, J. P. F. Richter's Leben und Charakteristik (1830–32)
 Richard Otto Spazier, JPF Richter: ein biographischer Commentar zu dessen Werken (5 vols, 1833)
 E. Förster, Denkwürdigkeiten aus dem Leben von J. P. F. Richter (1863)
 <mask>ich, <mask> und seine Zeitgenossen (1876)
 J. Firmery, Étude sur la vie et les œuvres de J. P. F. Richter (1886)
 P. Nerrlich, <mask>, sein Leben und seine Werke (1889)
 Ferdinand Josef Schneider, <mask>s Altersdichtung (1901); and <mask>s Jugend und erstes Auftreten in der Literatur (1906). Thomas Carlyle's two essays on Richter. External links

 Jean Paul's works at Projekt Gutenberg-DE (in German)

1763 births
1825 deaths
People from Wunsiedel
People from the Principality of Bayreuth
18th-century German novelists
19th-century German novelists
German male novelists
Writers from Bavaria
19th-century German male writers
Blind people from Germany
Deaths from edema
18th-century German male

masks:
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Paul
Jean Paul
Jean
Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Paul Nerrl
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul
Jean Paul


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<mask><mask> (born November 26, 1977) is an American attorney and politician, who served as a member of the Ohio Senate from 2011 to 2020. He also served as the President of the Senate from 2017 to 2020. Early life and education
<mask> was born on November 26, 1977 in Ashtabula, Ohio. He received a bachelor's degree from The Ohio State University and a law degree from Yale Law School. Career
<mask> is an attorney with the law firm Squire Patton Boggs in Columbus, Ohio, where he practices complex civil litigation and appellate litigation. He has also taught as an adjunct law professor at Case Western Reserve University School of Law and has written about federalism and the separation of powers. <mask> is a former board member of the Ohio Legal Assistance Foundation and the Ohio Criminal Sentencing Commission.He serves on the board of the Columbus chapter of the Federalist Society. His legal philosophy has been described as “textualist in the mold of former Supreme Court of the United States Justice Antonin Scalia.”

Ohio Senate
In early-2011, <mask> was appointed to fill a vacancy in the Ohio Senate created by Bob Gibbs' 2010 election to the United States House of Representatives. <mask> was one of eleven who sought the appointment to fill out the remainder of Gibbs' term. <mask> ran for a complete term for his seat in the 2012 general election, defeating James Riley with 60% of the vote. <mask> ran for re-election in 2016, defeating Janet Porter in the primary election with roughly 66% of the vote, and defeating Chris King in the general election with 70% of the vote. Legislation

As a member of the Ohio Senate, <mask> has sponsored and supported legislation on a wide range of issues including education, civil and criminal law, election administration, and taxation. Among other accomplishments, <mask> sponsored the "Founding Documents Bill."The bill requires the study of historically significant documents, including the primary texts of the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution, as part of Ohio students' history and government curricula. <mask> has also passed legislation to modernize Ohio's elections system by using improved technologies such as electronic poll-books; to update Ohio's tax code and save taxpayers millions of dollars by protecting their ability to claim certain credits or deductions; to cut the filing fee for starting a new business by 21%; and to give state law enforcement greater ability to investigate and prosecute money laundering. In early 2018, <mask> was credited by activists and leaders in both major parties with negotiating a historic, bipartisan reform of Ohio's process for drawing Congressional districts. The Cleveland Plain Dealer has noted that <mask> is "instrumental in passing key bills" and that he stands out "for notching legislative victories." <mask>'s politics are decidedly conservative – on multiple occasions he has earned a perfect score in the American Conservative Union's state legislative rankings. However, <mask> has also earned "a reputation as a lawmaker with a willingness to work across party lines." He is currently a Rodel Fellow at the Aspen Institute, a program designed to bring greater civility to public discourse.For example, in June 2019 he secured a rare unanimous
budget vote (33-0) for a biennial budget that included $700 million in tax cuts and expanded school
choice programs. Leadership and Senate Presidency

<mask> was selected by his colleagues to serve as Majority Whip for both the 130th General Assembly (2013–2014) and the 131st General Assembly (2015–2016). In early 2016, <mask>'s colleagues elected him to serve as President Pro Tempore — the Senate's second-highest ranking position. He had previously served as the Senate’s President Pro Tempore and as Majority Whip. Following his landslide 2016 re-election, <mask>'s colleagues selected him to serve as Senate President, the presiding officer of the 33-member chamber. He is the youngest person to lead the Senate since the position of Senate President was created in 1979, and is the first Senate leader from Medina County since the 1860s. As the presiding officer of the 33-member Senate, <mask> is responsible for leading the Senate's Majority Caucus as it sets its policy agenda.He is also responsible for the formal organization of the chamber, including recognizing members in debate, preserving order and decorum, calling for votes and signing all acts. In his capacity as Senate President, <mask> has also served as chair of the Joint Legislative Ethics Committee and the non-partisan Legislative Service Commission. He also serves (by federal appointment) on the Intergovernmental Policy Advisory Committee on Trade (IGPAC), which provides advice to the U.S. Trade Representative on issues involving trade and development. Under <mask>’s leadership, the Ohio Senate has strengthened its position relative to the other branches of government. <mask> has led the Senate to override gubernatorial vetoes on nine occasions, after only one veto override in the prior four decades. Discussing these overrides, <mask> told the press that the executive branch had taken on responsibilities that should belong to the legislature, and that “we are starting to take some of those back." Awards and Other Recognition

During his time in the Senate, <mask> has received numerous honors or awards in recognition of his legislative efforts, including several "Legislator of the Year" awards.Among others, these include being named Watchdog of the Treasury by the United Conservatives of Ohio and a Friend of Agriculture by the Ohio Farm Bureau Federation. <mask> received the "Freedom Award" from the Ohio Christian Alliance in 2012, and he was named "Friend of the Family" by the Christian Coalition in 2016. In 2014, Senator <mask> was named Legislator of the Year by the Public Children Services Association of Ohio, for his work on child protection issues. In 2017, <mask> received the "Lay the Groundwork" Award from Groundwork Ohio for his efforts on early childhood care and education issues. <mask> was named Guardian of Small Business by the National Federation of Independent Business (in 2013) and received the Outstanding Legislator Award from the Ohio Society of CPAs (in 2015) in recognition of his efforts to improve Ohio's economy. Likewise, the Greater Cleveland Partnership (GCP) and its small business division, the Council of Smaller Enterprises (COSE), named <mask> their 2016 Small Business Advocate of the Year. In 2018, <mask> received the Ohio Bar Association's Lawyer-Legislator Distinguished Service Award.Among other reasons, the Bar Association cited <mask>'s work on a comprehensive update to the Ohio's general corporation law and its statutes governing LLCs, as well as his support for legal aid and indigent defense. <mask> is a contributor to The Daily Caller, where he has written about a range of topics including judicial nominations, trade issues, health care and the Second Amendment. Personal life
<mask> is married, has three children, and lives in Montville Township, Medina County, Ohio. References

External links
The Ohio Senate: Senator <mask> (R) - District 22

1977 births
21st-century American politicians
Living people
Ohio Republicans
Ohio state senators
Ohio State University alumni
People from Medina, Ohio
Politicians from Ashtabula, Ohio
Presidents of the Ohio State Senate

masks:
Larry J
. Obhof
Larry Obhof
Obhof
Obhof
Obhof
Obhof
Obhof
Obhof
Obhof
Obhof
Obhof
Obhof
Obhof
Obhof
Obhof
Obhof
Obhof
Obhof
Obhof
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Obhof
Obhof
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Obhof
Obhof
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Larry Obhof


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<mask> (died 731) was the ninth Archbishop of Canterbury in England. Documentary evidence names <mask> as abbot at Reculver before his election as archbishop. <mask> begins the first continuous series of native-born Archbishops of Canterbury, although there had been previous Anglo-Saxon archbishops, they had not succeeded each other until <mask>'s reign. <mask>'s period as archbishop coincided with the end of Wilfrid's long struggle to regain the Bishopric of York, and the two-year delay between Theodore's death and <mask>'s election may have been due to efforts to select Wilfrid for Canterbury. After his election, <mask> went to Gaul for consecration and then presided over two councils that attempted to settle the Wilfrid issue, finally succeeding at the second council in 705. <mask> also was the recipient of the first surviving letter close in Western Europe. Early life

Little is known of <mask>'s ancestry or his early life, but he was born around the middle of the seventh century.By 679, he was made abbot of the monastery at Reculver in Kent, and a charter dated May 679 names <mask> as abbot. This charter, from Hlothere, King of Kent, is the earliest surviving original Anglo-Saxon charter. Election as archbishop

The see of Canterbury was vacant for two years after the death of Theodore before <mask> was elected to the office on 1 July 692. The long vacancy resulted from the disturbed conditions in the kingdom of Kent at the time, as various kings fought for control. The succession to the kingdom was disputed between rival claimants Oswine and Wihtred, and various outside kings, including Caedwalla and Swaefheard raided and plundered Kent. Eventually, Wihtred secured the throne, around 691 or early 692, as Bede names Wihtred as King of Kent, along with Swaefheard, at the time of <mask>'s election. Swaerfheard, however, is not named as king of Kent after this date.The vacancy may also have occurred because Wilfrid, who was at that point having problems in Northumbria, desired to become Archbishop of Canterbury. A contemporary biographer of Wilfrid, Stephen of Ripon, says that Theodore had wished for Wilfrid to succeed Theodore at Canterbury. Æthelred of Mercia may have supported Wilfrid's translation to Canterbury also, but despite these desires, the translation did not happen. <mask> was consecrated on 29 June 693, having travelled to France for his consecration as archbishop of Canterbury by Godwin, Archbishop of Lyon. <mask> went to the continent for consecration probably because he feared that his election was not supported by all of the kings and bishops. After his consecration, <mask> travelled to Rome to obtain the support of Pope Sergius I, who wrote to a number of Anglo-Saxon kings and bishops in support of the archbishop. Two of these letters survive, and their authenticity has been doubted, mainly because they are only preserved as part of the post-Norman Conquest Canterbury-York dispute.Historians have since come to regard the two letters as genuine. Sergius also gave Berhtwald a pallium, the symbol of an archbishop's authority. Archbishop

<mask> appears to have been involved in the governance of the church, establishing the bishopric of Sherborne in Wessex and it was during his tenure that Sussex, the last pagan kingdom in England, was converted to Christianity. He also consecrated the first Bishop of Selsey. During his time in office, King Wihtred of Kent in the Law of Wihtred exempted the church from taxation. <mask> was a proponent of his predecessor's view of the archbishops of Canterbury as primates of the entire island of Britain. <mask> co-operated closely with Wihtred in the kingdom, and secured the exemption of the church from taxation under Wihtred's laws issued in 695.The law code also dealt with other ecclesiastical matters, including marriage, Sunday observance, and pagan worship. This law code resulted from a royal council that was held at Bearsted. Further privileges for the church were issued in 699, and may have been composed by <mask> before being promulgated. Another privilege, usually referred to as the "Privilege of Wihtred", is claimed to be a grant from Wihtred to the monasteries of Kent of exemption from non-clerical control. However, this is actually a ninth-century forgery. Much of <mask>'s time in office coincided with the efforts of Wilfrid to regain the see of York, and to reverse the division of York into smaller dioceses. <mask> was opposed to Wilfrid's desire to restore some separated bishoprics to the bishopric of York as well as regaining his old see.Wilfrid's problems had begun during the archbishopric of Berhtwald's predecessor, Theodore of Tarsus, when Wilfrid had quarreled with the King of Northumbria, Ecgfrith, and was expelled from the north. Theodore had taken the opportunity to divide the large see of York into a number of smaller dioceses, and Wilfrid had appealed to the papacy in Rome. <mask> inherited the dispute and presided at the Council of Austerfield in 702, at which Wilfrid's biographer relates the story that King Aldfrith of Northumbria, <mask>, and the other enemies of Wilfrid conspired to deprive Wilfrid of all his offices and possessions. A more likely story is that Berhtwald managed to secure concessions from the Northumbrians, and tried to broker a compromise. The offer in the end was that Wilfrid would retire to Ripon and cease acting as a bishop. Wilfrid rejected this compromise and once more appealed to the pope. Three years later, at a further Council, it was arranged that Wilfrid should receive the Bishopric of Hexham in place of that of York.This was the Council of Nidd, usually dated to 706, and it was held in Northumbria. Bede also mentions that <mask> consecrated a number of bishops, including Tobias as Bishop of Rochester. One of <mask>'s letters has been preserved, sent to Forthhere, Bishop of Sherborne, and asking Forthhere to intercede with Beorwold, the Abbot of Glastonbury, to ransom a slave. Another letter, this one addressed to <mask>, from Waldhere, Bishop of London, also survives. The main interest in the second letter is that it is the oldest surviving letter close in Western Europe. This second letter also relates that Waldhere and Berhtwald had attended a synod which can be dated to sometime between 703 and 705, where the kingdom of Wessex was threatened with excommunication. A charter witnessed by Berhtwald which mentions a supposed 706 council, numbered 54 by Sawyer, is now known to be a fake, although the witness list may be based on a legitimate 8th century charter that no longer survives.Likewise, a charter with <mask> as a witness and relating to the 716 Council of Clofesho is also known to be a 9th-century forgery, although again it may have been based on actual documents from the council. Death and legacy

<mask> died on 13 January 731. An epitaph to him in verse survives, and may have been placed over his tomb, which was at Canterbury. Subsequently he was canonised with a feast day of 9 January. Little evidence of extensive cult activity exists, however, and the main evidence for his sainthood is a late medieval entry in a St Augustine's calendar. <mask> is the first of the continuous series of native-born archbishops in England, although there had been two previous Anglo-Saxon archbishops at Canterbury—Deusdedit and Wighard. Notes

Citations

References

External links

731 deaths
West Saxon saints
Kentish saints
Archbishops of Canterbury
7th-century archbishops
8th-century archbishops
7th-century Christian saints
Year of birth unknown
8th-century Latin writers
8th-century English writers
Latin letter writers

masks: Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald Berhtwald


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<mask> (1 November 1858 in Neiße – 15 February 1928 in Lübeck) was a Prussian explorer and officer, later General of Infantry during World War I. He was a recipient of Pour le Mérite with Oak Leaves. Explorer in Cameroon

<mask> was stationed in German Kamerun and undertook two research journeys to central Cameroon in 1889 and from 1890 to 1891. After the expeditions, <mask> returned to Germany but in 1894 he was tasked with the formation of the Kamerun Schutztruppe. He also led two military expeditions against the Abo north of Douala and the Kwe (Bakwiri) near Mount Cameroon. The Middle East
In 1896-97, he followed as military observer the English Dongola-Expedition against the  Mahdists. In 1897, he became Military Attaché in Istanbul.He followed as observer the Greco-Turkish War (1897) and prepared the visit of Kaiser William II to Palestine in 1898. Military service in Germany
On 27 January 1912, he was promoted to Generalmajor and assigned as commander of the 81st Infantry Brigade  in Lübeck. On 9 August 1913, when the emperor visited the town, he reported to him. World War I
On mobilisation for World War I in August 1914, he became commander of the 3rd Reserve Division from Danzig, and promoted to Generalleutnant on the 19th of that month. He commanded this division as part of the 8th Army in the pivotal Battle of Tannenberg at the opening of the war on the Eastern Front, and at the subsequent First Battle of the Masurian Lakes. For his performance in this period, he was awarded the Pour le Mérite on 1 December 1914. On 24 November 1914, he took over command of I Reserve Corps from <mask> Below.He led this Corps for almost the entire war, only swapping places with Richard Wellman in command of XIV Reserve Corps in August 1918. With the I Reserve Corps, he fought in the Battle of Łódź (1914) and in the Romanian campaign (1916-1917) in which he failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough after being defeated by the Romanians at Dragoslavele, 8 miles from the town of Câmpulung. <mask> argued that much more of the Romanian Army could have been captured if a breakthrough would have been achieved at Câmpulung. He insisted that this would have achieved "a real victory, a Cannae, a Tannenberg". He was awarded the Oakleaves to the Pour le Mérite (signifying a second award) on 11 December 1916. Later life
After his retirement he became General of Infanterie and returned to Lübeck. Family
His son Heinrich-Joachim <mask> (1902–1932) was an early German race car driver.His daughter Elizabeth married in 1923 the aircraft designer Anthony Fokker (1890-1939). Etablierung und Institutionalisierung des kolonialen Gewaltmonopols 1891–1914, Göttingen 2007
+ Rangliste der Königlich Preußischen Armee und des XIII. (Königlich Württembergischen) Armeekorps für 1914, Hrsg. : Kriegsministerium, Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn, Berlin 1914, S.82
 Lübecker General-Anzeiger, Obituary in the Newspaper from Lübeck of 16th, 21 and 22 February 1928
« Reisen im Hinterlande von Kamerun 1889/91 » in Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin 1891, cahier 7. Durch Kamerun von Süd nach Nord. Reisen und Forschungen im Hinterlande 1889 bis 1891, F. A. Brockhaus, 1893, 451 p. [lire en ligne [archive]]. À travers le Cameroun du Sud au Nord : voyages et explorations dans l'arrière pays de 1889 à 1891 (traduction, présentation, commentaire et bibliographie de Philippe Laburthe-Tolra), Université Fédérale du Cameroun, Yaoundé, Université de Haute-Bretagne, Rennes, 1971-1974, 2 vol.(XVIII-375 p.-19 p. de pl. ), compte-rendu de Thierno Mouctar Bah (Université de Yaoundé), in Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer, 1984, vol. 71, no 262, p. 106-107, [lire en ligne [archive]]
Kriegs- und Expeditionsführung in Afrika, Berlin, 1893
Zeitskizzen, Berlin, 1919. Meiner Truppen Heldenkämpfe, Berlin, 1920. Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en allemand intitulé « <mask> <mask> » (voir la liste des auteurs). (de) Florian Hoffmann, Okkupation und Militärverwaltung in Kamerun. Etablierung und Institutionalisierung des kolonialen Gewaltmonopols 1891–1914, Göttingen, 2007, 433 p. ().(en) « Kurt von Morgen » [archive], sur La machine prussienne (consulté le 19 août 2015). Notices d'autoritéVoir et modifier les données sur Wikidata : Fichier d’autorité international virtuel • International Standard Name Identifier • Bibliothèque nationale de France (données) • Système universitaire de documentation • Bibliothèque du Congrès • Gemeinsame Normdatei • WorldCat

1858 births
1928 deaths
People from Nysa, Poland
People from the Province of Silesia
German Army generals of World War I
Generals of Infantry (Prussia)
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class
Commanders of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Grand Officers of the Order of Military Merit (Bulgaria)
Commanders of the Order of the Crown (Romania)
Recipients of the Gold Imtiyaz Medal
Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 2nd class
Recipients of the Hanseatic Cross (Lübeck)
Recipients of the Gold Liakat Medal
German colonial people in Kamerun

masks:
Curt Ernst von Morgen
Curt von Morgen
Morgen
Otto von
Von Morgen
von Morgen
Kurt von
Morgen


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Warwick Alan "<mask>" <mask> (3 January 1956 – 6 May 1996) was an English guitarist. He founded the band that went on to become the Sex Pistols. Early life
<mask> was born in West Kensington, London. He attended Christopher Wren Boys' School, in Shepherd's Bush, where he met Paul Cook and Steve Jones, who were also pupils. The Strand and The Swankers
In 1972, at the end of their school years, <mask> told Cook and Jones they should start a band. The three called themselves The Strand, after Roxy Music's song "Do the Strand"; Jones was the singer, <mask> played guitar, and Cook was the drummer. Jones and <mask> stole high-quality instruments and equipment from professional headline musical acts (including Bob Marley, Rod Stewart, and David Bowie) by breaking into venues where they were due to perform.The band began rehearsing at <mask>'s home in East Acton during the day when his parents were out at work. They soon added Del Noones (Paul Cook's brother-in-law) as a bassist, as well as a couple of Steve Jones's friends from Christopher Wren Boys' School, Steve Hayes and Jimmy Macken. They briefly had a conga player named Cecil as well. By late 1974, the band had begun rehearsing at one of the sound stages of Riverside Studios where <mask>'s father was working. Noones was fired from the band for not attending rehearsals; he was replaced by Glen Matlock, a part-time shop assistant at Malcolm McLaren's clothing shop, where Jones and Cook had begun socialising. During this period <mask> wrote the music for "Did You No Wrong", a song which eventually became the B-side of the Sex Pistols' single "God Save the Queen". By this time, Bernie Rhodes had shown an interest in managing the band (which was now called The Swankers), but their only public performance was in early 1975 at a birthday party for one of Cook's friends in Chelsea.At the short three-song gig, the line-up consisted of Jones on vocals, <mask> on guitar, Matlock on bass and Cook on drums. Jones, who was impressed by McLaren's prior involvement with the New York Dolls, repeatedly requested that McLaren become the band's manager, and in mid-1975 he agreed. However, McLaren thought <mask> did not fit the image of the band he had in mind, and told Jones and Cook he would only manage them if they fired <mask>. Jones, who did not feel comfortable in the singer's role, had been covertly working hard for several months to learn to play guitar. <mask> was informed that he was being fired upon his arrival for a rehearsal. The Sex Pistols
With Nightingale gone, the band changed its name to QT Jones & his Sex Pistols at McLaren's suggestion, but the name was soon shortened to The Sex Pistols. McLaren began looking for a new singer, and settled on John Lydon, who frequently hung around his shop.The Sex Pistols played their first gig on 6 November 1975, six months after <mask>'s departure. In a later interview <mask> recalled watching them perform at the 100 Club in Oxford Street, commenting that his old bandmates Jones and Cook: "wouldn't even talk to me. In hindsight I suppose I'm proud to have been involved in the punk scene, though I don't go around telling everyone of it. After I left (the band) Steve and the others slagged me off in the music press really badly. I never really knew why, I never did them any harm." However, with regard to his views in retrospect on McLaren's part in removing him from the band, in the same interview <mask> stated: "McLaren was devious and clever. He'd see things which other people didn't see, and I suppose that's what gave him his edge.Malcolm made the Sex Pistols." Later life
After being forced out of the band, <mask> continued to pursue a music career, but with limited success. He co-founded a band named Key West in 1981, and a demo of four songs written by <mask> and Ron Evans was submitted to Warner Bros. Records, who initially showed interest. The band performed shows, had an MTV video filmed and aired, and recorded some demos at Fastbuck Studios in Chiswick. Key West ultimately failed to earn a recording contract and disbanded after two years. After his father's death in 1981, <mask> developed an addiction to narcotics, and was subsequently imprisoned in the early 1980s for six months for a conviction associated with it. <mask>'s subsequent public musical appearances were rare and sporadic.He appeared as a one-off guest guitarist with the Brentwood punk rock band Beat of the Beast in 1989. In November 1995 he played guitar on the song "Rich Girls" on Mat Sargent's Sex, Drugs & HIV album. During the same month he also performed live with the HIV charity awareness project band the Rock'n'Roll Gypsies. <mask> died on 6 May 1996, of a drug-related illness at the age of 40. Song writing credits
The band that went on to become the Sex Pistols played mainly cover versions of other bands' work, and wrote only two original songs before the arrival of Glen Matlock and John Lydon. One was called "Scarface" (with music by <mask> and lyrics written by <mask>'s father, according to Glen Matlock) which was never released. The other song was "Did You No Wrong", for which <mask> composed the music and Jones wrote the original lyrics.Jones' lyrics to the latter song were subsequently rewritten by John Lydon in 1977, but <mask>'s musical arrangement remained unchanged, and the song was commercially released as the b-side to the Sex Pistols' second single “God Save The Queen”. It was later included on the compilation album Flogging a Dead Horse, and was regularly performed live by the band during their reunion tours in the 1990s and 2000s. Performing Rights societies databases recognise <mask> as the song's co-author, with Cook, Jones, Lydon and Matlock. References

1956 births
1996 deaths
Sex Pistols
Drug-related deaths in England
20th-century English musicians
English punk rock guitarists
English male guitarists
Sex Pistols members
People from Kensington
Musicians from London
English electricians
Lead guitarists
20th-century British guitarists
20th-century British male musicians

masks:
Wally
Nightingale
Nightingale
Nightingale
Nightingale
Nightingale
Nightingale
Nightingale
Nightingale
Nightingale
Nightingale
Nightingale
Nightingale
Nightingale
Nightingale
Nightingale
Nightingale
Nightingale
Nightingale
Nightingale
Death Nightingale
Nightingale
Nightingale
Nightingale
Nightingale
Nightingale


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<mask> (born 10 July 1947) is an Indian American physician and anesthesiologist specializing in interventional pain management, professor, philanthropist, and author. He is the founder of the American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP), the Society of Interventional Pain Management Surgery Centers (SIPMS), the Pain Physician,  and the Pain Medicine Case Reports medical journals. He has been credited with advancing the evolution and development of interventional pain management as a specialty. Interventional pain management was recognized as a specialty in 2002 by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. In March, 2005 interventional pain management was provided with mandatory representation on the Medicare Carrier Advisory Committee. <mask> has served as clinical professor of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine at the University of Louisville School of Medicine since 2012 and professor of Anesthesiology-Research at the Louisiana State University School of Medicine, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans and Shreveport, LA, since 2017. He has served as chairman of the board and chief executive officer of ASIPP since 1998.He has been Medical Director of the Pain Management Centers of Paducah, Kentucky and Marion, Illinois and the Ambulatory Surgery Center in Paducah, Kentucky since 1992. He co-founded a multistate national company, Pain Management Centers of America (PMCOA), in 2019 with Mahendra Sanapati, MD. Personal background
<mask> <mask> was born on 10 July 1947, in Bodangparthy, Princely state of Hyderabad of British India (Now Telangana, India). He is the son of <mask> Yadagiry and <mask> Laxmamma. He is the oldest child of the family, with three brothers and four sisters. After early education in Bodangparthy, Pullemla, and Munugode of Nalgonda District, Manchikanti graduated from higher secondary school in Hyderabad in Telangana. On 4 June 1975, he married Chandrakala, the daughter of Pampati Pedda Hanumanthu and Manikyamma.They have three children; Anupama M. Gomez, Sunil <mask>, and Kavita <mask>, MD. Education and certification
He attended medical school at Gandhi Medical College, Osmania University, graduating in 1972. He obtained his medical degree in 1973, following a one-year flexible internship. He completed his senior internship in internal medicine at Gandhi Hospital in Secunderabad from 1973-1974. In 1974, he began a two-year residency in anesthesiology at Osmania University, after which he received Diplomate Certification in Anesthesiology. After his arrival in the United States, Manchikanti completed a one-year residency in anesthesiology with the Youngstown Hospital Association, affiliated with the Northeast Ohio Medical University, formerly known as the Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine. This was followed by a one-year residency in anesthesiology with the Allegheny General Hospital in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.In 1980, he completed a fellowship in anesthesiology and critical care medicine at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. In 1980, he earned Diplomate Certification from the American Board of Anesthesiology. He also holds subspecialty certifications from the World Institute of Pain (Fellow of Interventional Pain Practice, 2002); American Board of Interventional Pain Physicians (Diplomate, 2006-recertified in 2015); and the American Board of Anesthesiology (Subspecialty Certification in Pain Medicine, 1993—recertified in 2003 and 2011). Academic career
In 1980, Manchikanti joined an anesthesiology practice at Lourdes Hospital in Paducah, Kentucky. In 1988, he began devoting his practice to interventional pain management and established the Pain Management Center of Paducah, Kentucky followed in 1996 by the Pain Management Center of Marion, Illinois. Since 1998, with the formation of ASIPP, and subsequently SIPMS, he has been instrumental in developing evidence-based interventional pain management techniques and advocating for accountable care. Professional affiliations
Manchikanti is the Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of the American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians, as well as the Society of Interventional Pain Management Surgery Centers.He is also a member of the Kentucky Carrier Advisory Committee and the Kentucky All Schedule Prescription Electronic Reporting Task Force, also known as KASPER. He has also led the effort to establish the National All Schedules Prescription Electronic Reporting (NASPER) Act, which is designed to help with the prescription drug abuse problem by having a central reporting system for doctors and pharmacists to keep track of these prescriptions. In 2005, NASPER was enacted into law, with all US states creating their own prescription drug monitoring programs. ASIPP is honoring Dr. Manchikanti by dedication of Manchikanti Distinguished Lecture at all annual meetings. Board memberships
 Celerian Group Company Carrier Advisory Committee
 House of Delegates of the American Medical Association
 American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians – Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer (since 2004)
 Licensure Board of the Kentucky Board of Medical Licensure (2002–2007)
 Medicare Coverage Advisory Committee (2005–2007)
 Murray State University Board of Regents (2007–2010)

Philanthropy
In 1999, Manchikanti established the MGM Trust, which provides educational scholarships in the US and India. The first school that was built under the MGM Trust was the Manchikanti Gopamma Memorial Zilla parishad Primary and High School, located in Bodangparthy. The Manchikanti Yadagiry Junior College was established in 2008, serving secondary school students.By the conclusion of the 2016 academic year, the student body of both schools had increased to approximately 1,400, with 70 teachers and 20 non-teaching staff. These activities are now provided by the Lions Club of Hyderabad-Bodangiparthy - Chandrakala & Laxmaiah Manchikanti Foundation. Manchikanti has sponsored the Gandhi Medical College Alumni Education Center, located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. In his honor, the auditorium was named the <mask> <mask>wara temple in Bodangparthy. In his honor, the McCracken County High School in Kentucky named the school's library "The Manchikanti Library". In his honor, the Murray State University Paducah Regional Campus in Kentucky named a classroom and laboratory the "Dr. <mask> Manchikanti Classroom and Laboratory."Published works
He has written and edited twelve books including the most recent, Essentials of Interventional Techniques in Managing Chronic Pain, published 4 Jan 2018. He has also written over 500 articles listed in the index medicus (PubMed) of the United States National Library of Medicine. In addition to articles based on his randomized trials and clinical research of interventional pain management techniques, he has provided analysis of public health policy. Additional topics he has written on include medical coding, compliance, practice management, and the deleterious effects of prescription opioids with their overuse, misuse, abuse, and diversion. ; </ref>

References

External links

 http://www.painphysicianjournal.com

Indian anesthesiologists
Living people
1947 births
Medical doctors from Hyderabad, India
20th-century Indian medical doctors

masks:
Laxmaiah Manchikanti
Manchikanti
Laxmaiah
Manchikanti
Manchikanti
Manchikanti
Manchikanti
Manchikanti
Manchikanti
Laxmaiahenes
Laxmaiah


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<mask> (6 September 1856 – 27 June 1920) was a Danish architect, Royal Inspector of Listed State Buildings in Jutland and professor at the architecture department of the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. Marselisborg Palace in Aarhus, built between 1899 and 1902, is among his best known works. Biography
His parents were <mask>, a parish priest, and Johanne Marie Schmidt. He entered the architecture department of the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in 1873 and graduated in 1882, receiving the school's prestigious small gold medal ("Lille guldmedalje") for the design of a "Swimming bath in the Italian Renaissance style". <mask> went on numerous study trips throughout Europe, paid for by several scholarships, including northern Italy, Greece and Sweden. He also attended the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris in 1882 and worked with professor Jacques Hermant. Back home in Denmark, he became a prolific architect, designing private villas, private art museums, commercial buildings, churches, as well as both small state buildings, such as post offices, and large ones such as royal palaces.Among his major works are the Provincial Archives of Northern Jutland (1890–91) in Viborg, Jutland ; the Aarhus Theatre (1898–1900); Marselisborg Palace (built 1899–1902 as a wedding gift from the people to Crown Prince Christian (later Christian X); the extension to the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen; and the Copenhagen Police Headquarters, Copenhagen (1918–1922). <mask> was initially one of the leading Danish proponents of National Romantic style. However, during the 1920s he adopted the Nordic Classicism style, becoming one of its main initiators. One of his more notable works is one of the culminations of the style, the Police Headquarters in Copenhagen (1918–22) (in a team with Aage Rafn, Holger Jacobsen and F. Fredriksen) was among the initiators of 1920s Nordic Classicism. This last building was completed after his death in summer 1920 by his two sons, Christian and Hans Jørgen <mask>, together with Rafn. <mask> also was responsible for a number of building restoration projects, notably Aarhus Cathedral (1907–20). As professor of architecture at the architecture department of the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts from 1908 to 1918 he lectured on domestic architecture as well as the great architecture of the world, especially the visual effects of the Greek temple.In his watercolours he managed to capture the overall impression; the characteristic "wet style" seen in the watercolours of Aage Rafn, Steen Eiler Rasmussen and Aarne Jacobsen goes back to Kampmann. <mask> is one of the most influential architects in Danish architectural history. Awards
He was made a Knight of the Order of the Dannebrog (1897), awarded Dannebrogsmann (1906) and the King's Medal of Merit in Gold (1900). Personal life
He was married during 1888 to Johanne Holm (1868–1920). He died during 1920 in Copenhagen and was buried at Vestre Kirkegård. The buildings and restoration works

 Villa Miramare for William Salomonsen, Vedbaek (1887–88)
 Central Hospital, Hjørring (1888–90)
 North Jutland Provincial Archives, nowadays North Jutland State Archives, Viborg (1889–91)
 Stege Rectory, Stege (1891–93)
 Technical College, Hjørring (1891)
 Brewer Carl Jacobsen's villa at Ny Carlsberg, Copenhagen (1890)
 The refurbishment and extension of the first Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen (ca. 1890–95)
 Savings Bank, Hjørring (1894)
 Aarhus Custom House, Aarhus (1895–97)
 Hunting lodge and refurbishment of main building, Kalø Hovedgård manor house (ca.1919)
 Basin for Rudolph Tegner's Dance Fountain, Rosenborg Castle Gardens (1913, nowadays in Helsingør)
 Løgstør Post Office, Løgstør (1913–18)
 Frederikshavn Customs House, Frederikshavn (1913–15)
 Estate for Christian Kampmann, Århus (1916)
 Police Headquarters, Frederiksberg (ca.

masks:
Hack Kampmann
Christian Peter Georg Kampmann
Kampmann
Kampmann
Kampmann
Kampmann
Kampmann


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<mask> (Russian: Николай Александрович Спе́шнев; 1821, Kursk - 1882, St. Petersburg) was a 19th-century Russian aristocrat and political activist, best known for his involvement with the pro-socialist literary discussion group the Petrashevsky Circle. He formed a secret revolutionary society from among the members of the circle, which included the young Fyodor Dostoevsky. After the government of Tsar Nicholas I arrested the members of the Petrashevsky Circle in 1849, <mask> was interrogated, threatened with torture, and eventually sentenced, along with Dostoevsky, Petrashevsky and others, to execution by firing squad. The sentence was commuted to hard labour in Siberia, but the prisoners were only informed of this after enduring a mock execution. Dostoevsky drew on his experiences with Speshnev's secret society and the Petrashevsky Circle when writing his socio-political satire Demons. The novel's central character—<mask>—is thought by many commentators to be partly based on Speshnev. Biography
<mask> was born in the Kursk province in 1821 into  a very wealthy noble family.He attended the elite Alexander Lyceum at Tsarskoye Selo, where he first met Petrashevsky. From 1842 to 1847 he lived and travelled in Europe. While abroad he studied a number of political philosophers including Feuerbach, Marx and Proudhon, and was influenced by the amoralist egoism of Max Stirner. In Dresden and Paris he associated with Polish émigrés opposed to Russian rule, which piqued his interest in the techniques of underground conspiracy. He studied Buonarroti's History of Babeuf’s ‘Conspiracy of Equals' , a handbook on conspiratorial tactics, and Abbé Barruel's Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism, which described the Masons and Jacobins' alleged secret orchestration of the French Revolution. <mask> is thought to have participated in the Sonderbund war in Switzerland in 1843, fighting on the side of the liberal Cantons. By the time of his return to Petersburg, Speshnev had become something of a legend as both a revolutionary and a Byronic romantic.A reputation as a libertine did not prevent him from being a determined and forceful campaigner for the socialist cause. He attended the meetings of the Petrashevsky Circle but, dissatisfied with Petrashevsky's lack of commitment to positive action, assembled his own secret society from among its members. In April 1849 <mask>, along with the other members of the Petrashevsky Circle, was arrested by the tsarist government and confined in the Peter and Paul Fortress. In December of the same year, the prisoners were taken to Semonovsky Square for execution by firing squad. Just as the first shots were about to be fired, a message from the tsar arrived commuting the sentences to hard labour in Siberia. Originally sent to Tobolsk, <mask> served most of his ten year sentence at the Nerchinsky mines. He was granted amnesty in 1856 but had to remain in exile and served in the local administration for a time before settling in Irkutsk.Here he befriended the renowned liberal governor-general of Eastern Siberia, <mask> Muravyov-Amursky, and became part of his administration. Muravyev was the second cousin of the anarchist philosopher and exile Mikhail Bakunin, upon whom <mask> also made a strong impression. In a letter to Herzen, Bakunin described him as "intelligent, cultivated, handsome, aristocratic in bearing, not at all standoffish though quietly cold, inspiring confidence—like everyone possessing a quiet strength—a gentleman from head to foot." Dostoevsky, commenting on <mask>'s appearance in Irkutsk, wrote to his brother: "The fate of this man is amazing! No matter where or how he shows up, the most sincere and astute people immediately surround him with reverence and admiration." <mask> was appointed by Muravyev as the editor of the local government-published newspaper, a position he held from 1857 to 1859. In 1859 he joined the governor on an expedition to China along the Amur River.<mask> was allowed to return to Petersburg in December 1859 and with Muravyev's help had his title and rights as a nobleman restored the following year. In Petersburg he set about acquainting himself with the leaders of the new radical generation, such as Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov. The poet Pleshcheyev, a fellow former member of the Petrashevsky Circle, recommended him to Dobrolyubov, writing that Speshnev was "a man very close to my heart...He is in the highest degree an upright character with a will of iron. It can absolutely be said that, among us all—he was the most remarkable figure." In 1861-62 <mask> lived in the Pskov province. He worked as an arbitrator in disputes between landowners and peasants and was known for upholding the rights of peasants. <mask> died in Saint Petersburg in 1882.Activities in the Petrashevsky Circle
<mask> began attending the Friday meetings of the Petrashevsky Circle in early 1848. He was resolutely in favour of promoting the socialist cause by any means possible, including terrorism, and sought to form a secret society within the circle. According to <mask>, infiltration, propaganda and revolt should be the three methods of illegal action for a secret society. He and Petrashevsky held meetings with charismatic Siberian figure Rafael Chernosvitov to discuss the possibility of co-ordinated armed revolts. <mask>'s associate, the army lieutenant <mask> Mombelli, initiated a series of conversations promoting the idea of organized infiltration of the bureaucracy to counter government measures. Mombelli suggested that all members should submit their biography and that traitors be executed. Petrashevsky himself, though party to the conversations, consistently urged against the adoption of violent methods.<mask> therefore continued the formation of the society without him and succeeded in recruiting a number of talented members, including Dostoevsky. Although no real action was taken by this group, Dostoevsky had no doubt that there was a "conspiracy in intent" that included promoting dissatisfaction with the current order and establishing connections with already discontented groups such as religious dissidents and serfs. The growth of the Petrashevsky Circle in the aftermath of the 1848 revolutions in Europe led to the formation of a number of satellite groups, most notably the Palm-Durov Circle. According to Dostoevsky, the original purpose of this group had been to publish a literary almanac, but Speshnev follower Pavel Filippov convinced them to actively produce and distribute anti-government propaganda. Two works of this kind were produced, both of which were later discovered by the police. The first, a sketch entitled "A Soldier's conversation" written by another Speshnev follower, the army officer <mask> Grigoryev, was an exhortation of the popular uprising in France aimed at a peasant audience. The second, by Filippov, was a re-writing of the Ten Commandments that characterized various acts of revolt against oppression as being in conformity with the will of God.In the Petrashevsky circle the Speshnev group's push for greater activism had been provoking conflict with those, led by Petrashevsky himself, who favoured a more moderate approach. However, Dostoevsky's reading of Belinsky's searingly anti-establishment Letter to Gogol produced a response of universal approval and excitement that transcended the deepening divisions. Filippov and Mombelli made copies of the letter and began distributing them, but it was at this time that the government decided to act. Unknown to the members, a government agent had been attending the meetings and reporting back to his superiors. On the night of April 22, 1849, approximately sixty members and associates of the circle were arrested. Among the documents found in <mask>'s apartment after his arrest was a prototype 'oath of allegiance', in which the signer would pledge obedience to a central committee and a willingness to be available at any time for whatever violent means were deemed necessary for the success of the cause. Despite months of interrogation, Speshnev's personal secret society was never discovered by the authorities.Its members had never disclosed its existence to others in the circle, and all had remained loyal to each other under interrogation. Under threat of torture <mask> confessed to the original discussions within the Petrashevsky circle, taking all the responsibility upon himself. Awaiting what they thought to be imminent execution at Semenovsky Square, a telling exchange between <mask> and Dostoevsky is said to have taken place. According to the testimony of one of their fellow condemned, Fedor Lvov, Dostoevsky approached <mask> and quoted from Victor Hugo's The Last Day of a Condemned Man: "Nous serons avec le Christ" [We shall be with Christ]. <mask>, according to Lvov, replied: "Un peu de poussière" [A bit of dust]. <mask> and Dostoevsky
Considering Dostoevsky was a devout Christian and never particularly sympathetic to the socialist cause, it is noteworthy that he was an active member of Speshnev's secret revolutionary society and had no illusions about its aims. It can be partly explained by <mask>'s charismatic personality and Dostoevsky's compassion for the terrible sufferings of the Russian peasantry, but there were other factors at play as well.Their paths crossed at a time when both, for different reasons, were deeply disenchanted with Petrashevsky. <mask> despised what he saw as Petrashevsky's passivity in matters of social change, while Dostoevsky was repelled by his scornfully dismissive attitude toward Christianity. In a letter written after Dostoevsky's death, Apollon Maykov reports that Dostoevsky visited him in January 1849 and invited him to become the eighth member of <mask>'s society, saying that Petrashevsky was "a fool, an actor and a chatterbox" from whom "nothing sensible would ever come". The aim of the society was "to set up a secret printing press" and work "to produce a revolution in Russia", and Maykov recalls an overwrought Dostoevsky "lavishing all his eloquence on the sanctity of this action, on our obligation to save the fatherland, etc." Dostoevsky's friend and doctor, Stepan Yanovsky, reports that in the months leading up to the arrests his patient became anxious, irritable and melancholy, and often complained of giddiness. Dostoevsky frankly confessed to Yanovsky that the cause of this was <mask>: he had borrowed a large sum of money from him, "and now I am with him and his. I'll never be able to pay it back, and he wouldn't take it back: that's the kind of man he is."According to Yanovsky, Dostoevsky repeated several times: "from now on, I have a Mephistopheles of my own." According to Dostoevsky biographer Joseph Frank, <mask> <mask> "unquestionably furnished Dostoevsky, twenty years later, with some of the inspiration for the character of <mask> Stavrogin in Demons." Stavrogin, like <mask>, is a mysterious aristocratic figure moving in revolutionary circles, and a Byronic type who holds a strange fascination for everyone with whom he is involved. <mask>'s contemporaries spoke of his charismatic personality, his constant self-possession, and his handsome appearance and extreme attractiveness to women. Bakunin said of him that he "creates quite an effect: he is particularly good at wrapping himself in the mantle of a deeply pensive and quiet impenetrability." Stavrogin's persona is depicted in similar terms in the novel, and his demeanour is described as "stern, pensive and apparently distracted." While Stavrogin, unlike Speshnev, is not particularly interested in political activism, he is idolized by the master of the novel's secret revolutionary society—Pyotr Verkhovensky—and occasionally makes suggestions on how to operate the society.Frank argues that the somewhat diabolical Stavrogin is not to be identified with <mask> the man, but is rather a kind of imagined non plus ultra of his atheistic moral-philosophical ideas, particularly those derived from Feuerbach and Max Stirner. In a letter written in 1847, <mask> discusses Feuerbach's anthropotheism, describing it as a new religion, but with a new object - 'man' instead of 'God'. While he appears to laud Feuerbach's deification of humanity, he also denies the existence of a metaphysical authority of any kind, whether 'God' or 'man'. He sees Feuerbach's position as merely another instance of deification, and as such another appeal to an alien authority: "Is the difference between a God-man and a Man-god really so great?" he asks. Like Stirner, he argues that since such abstractions have no real authority over the individual ego, it follows that there are no objective criteria for anything at all: "Such categories as beauty and ugliness, good and evil, noble and base, always were and always will remain a matter of taste." Frank compares these words to Stavrogin's in the suppressed chapter of Demons when, in the midst of confessing to a terrible crime, he formulates the guiding idea of his life: "that I neither know nor feel good and evil and that I have not only lost any sense of it, but that there is neither good nor evil (which pleased me), and that it is just a prejudice."It is speculated that Dostoevsky also refers to <mask> on one occasion in The Idiot. The central character, Prince Myshkin, recounts a long conversation with "a certain S—", an erudite and well-bred man, on the subject of atheism. References

1821 births
1882 deaths
Russian revolutionaries
People from Kursk Governorate
Russian socialists
Russian nobility
Russian exiles in the Russian Empire

masks:
Nikolay Alexandrovich Speshnev
Speshnev
Nikolay Stavrogin
Speshnev
Speshnev
Speshnev
Speshnev
Nikolay
Speshnev
Speshnev
Speshnev
Speshnev
Speshnev
Speshnev
Speshnev
Speshnev
Speshnev
Nikolay
Speshnev
Nikolay
Speshnev
Speshnev
Speshnev
Speshnev
Speshnev
Speshnev
Speshnev
Speshnev
Speshnev
Speshnev
Nikolay
Speshnev
Nikolay
Speshnev
Speshnev
Speshnev
Speshnev
Speshnev