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<mask>-Ari (, born 12 October 1963) is an Israeli politician, and former member of the Knesset. During the 18th Knesset, Ben Ari was a member of the National Union party, until it broke up as elections for the 19th Knesset approached and he co-established the Otzma LeYisrael party. He failed to be re-elected to the 19th Knesset. He was banned by the courts from running in the 2019 election. He was the first outspoken disciple of Rabbi Meir Kahane to have been elected to the Knesset. He has a Ph.D in Land of Israel and Archaeology studies. Early life
Ben-Ari grew up in the Kfar Shalem neighbourhood in south Tel Aviv, born to Mizrahi Jewish parents from Iran and Afghanistan.He studied at the Bnei Akiva yeshiva at Kfar Haroeh, at the hesder yeshiva in Yamit, and at the Mercaz HaRav yeshiva. As part of his hesder army service, he was with the Nahal settlement at Neve Dekalim from 1982 to 1986. He studied education at Bar-Ilan University, gaining a BA, before studying the Talmud for a Master's degree, and the Land of Israel for a PhD. He was a rabbi teacher at the Darchei No'am Yeshiva in Petach Tikva as well as the Bnei Akiva Yeshiva in Giv'at Shmuel. Political career
Previously a member of the banned Kach party, Ben-Ari still views himself as Meir Kahane's follower. He ran with the Herut - The National Movement party in the 2003 elections, and for the 2006 elections, he ran with the Jewish National Front party, but both times failed to be elected since the parties did not pass the threshold. Leading up to the 2009 elections, the Jewish National Front joined a new party called Eretz Yisrael Shelanu.That new alliance then joined the National Union, and Ben-Ari was placed fourth on the combined list for the elections. He entered the Knesset as the party won four seats. Once elected, he appointed Hebron residents and Kahanists Baruch Marzel and Itamar Ben-Gvir as his aides in the Knesset. In 2009, in an open letter to Israeli leaders and politicians, Ben-Ari stated that Pope Benedict XVI's visit to Israel would be an insult to the memory of Holocaust victims. Unlike his teacher, Rabbi Meir Kahane, who was marginalized and isolated as a member of Knesset, Ben Ari has succeeded in integrating himself into Israel's political arena. According to Uri Avnery his extremist perorations are listened to with 'rapt attention' by most factions in the Knesset. Ben-Ari's November 2009 United States visa application was denied on the grounds of his arrest during anti-disengagement protests in 2005 and his support for Kahanist ideology.Ben-Ari opened his external Member of Knesset office in the south Tel Aviv neighbourhood where he grew up. Throughout the 18th Knesset session, he struggled to bring attention to the growing number of Sudanese he blamed for increasing crime rates and other residents' problems. In June 2011, to draw attention to what he saw as the ever-increasing illegal alien problem, he bused 40 Sudanese nationals to a prestigious pool in northern Tel Aviv, provided them with new bathing suits and paid for their entrance. Ben-Ari's 2012 visa application to attend a conference in D.C. was denied on the State Department's "prerogative to ban terrorists from entering the country." In July 2012, all Members of Knesset were sent a copy of the New Testament by a missionary organization. Ben Ari called it provocative, and subsequently tore his copy, referring to it as a despicable book responsible for the murder of millions of Jews, and which should, including the senders, be put in "history's trash can". In November 2012 Ben-Ari and Aryeh Eldad left the National Union to establish Otzma LeYisrael.Ben-Ari and Eldad publicly burned Palestinian flags in response to the passage of United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19. The party failed to cross the 2% threshold in the 2013 elections and Eldad subsequently lost his Knesset seat. Political arguments
In March 2010, in response to David Miliband's statement that the Israeli cloning of British passports is "intolerable", Aryeh Eldad commented: "I think the British are being hypocritical, and I do not wish to insult dogs here, since some dogs show true loyalty, [but] who gave the British the right to judge us on the war on terror?" The canine theme was taken up by Ben-Ari, who said: "Dogs are usually loyal, the British may be dogs, but they are not loyal to us. They seem to be loyal to the anti-Semitic establishment". Ben-Ari argues that most Arabs should be expelled from Israel. In May 2011, he equated 'leftists' with Hezbollah and Hamas, calling them "germs" and "enemies of Israel".During a protest demanding the government escalate the assault on Gaza, he repeated "Let the IDF kick ass! ", before complaining, "Why is it that after 200 assaults only 15 were killed? It should be 15 assaults and 2,000 killed!" In July 2014, during Operation Protective Edge, he was cited as having argued that: "Those who pity their enemies end up being cruel to their own people. Those who are cruel to their enemies truly love their own people." Arrest
On 1 June 2009, Ben-Ari was handcuffed and arrested after being involved in an incident near Yitzhar in the West Bank, and despite his parliamentary immunity as Member of Knesset. He climbed onto an army truck and refused to get off, demanding that the Israel Border Police and Israel Defense Forces soldiers explain to him why they had arrested and handcuffed minors at a roadblocking protest.Knesset speaker Reuven Rivlin called the police commissioner and clarified that the police has no authority to arrest an MK without his approval. Yitzhak Aharonovich, the Internal Security Minister, justified the arrest, despite Ben Ari's parliamentary immunity, saying that he will not let MKs violate the law. Ben-Ari's response was to suggest that Aharonovich first verify the facts before coming to conclusions. The IDF Spokesman's office started an investigation into whether the IDF and Border Guard acted illegally in their treatment of Ben-Ari. On 16 June, the Knesset Committee discussed Ben-Ari's arrest. While the semantics of the word 'arrest' were discussed, it was confirmed that Ben-Ari was not incarcerated. It was reported that a letter from the Chief of General Staff's office stated that the IDF expects elected officials and public representatives not to fan the flames and to abide by instructions from the security forces.Chairman of the committee, Ze'ev Elkin from Likud, criticized the Ministry of Defense for boycotting the meeting and not sending representatives. Banned from the 2019 election
After an appeal by the Meretz party, the Supreme Court of Israel banned Ben-Ari from running in the election due to his extremist political views. He had been a candidate of the Otzma Yehudit party. Personal life
Ben-Ari lives in the Israeli settlement of Karnei Shomron. He is married with nine children. His brother, Herzl Ben-Ari, is the former head of the Karnei Shomron Local Council. References

External links

Hamered Hagadol book first published in 2016 on the Great Revolt

1963 births
Living people
Bar-Ilan University alumni
Mercaz HaRav alumni
Israeli historians
Israeli settlers
Israeli Kahanists
Israeli Mizrahi Jews
Israeli people of Afghan-Jewish descent
Israeli people of Iranian-Jewish descent
Members of the 18th Knesset (2009–2013)
People from Tel Aviv
National Union (Israel) politicians
Otzma Yehudit politicians
Israeli politicians of Iranian descent
Leaders of political parties in Israel
Opposition to Christianity in Israel


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<mask> (born 16 November 1976) is a British filmmaker, comedian, writer, actor, and presenter of radio and television. His notable works include the books Join Me, Yes Man, voice acting as the narrator for Thomas Was Alone and as Shaun Hastings for the Assassin's Creed game series, as well as the TV series How to Start Your Own Country. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Dundee, Scotland. He is half Swiss. He attended Park Place Primary School, also growing up in Loughborough and Bath, England. He began writing reviews for video game magazines at the age of 13 for school work experience: a reviewer had become ill and so <mask> was given the opportunity to review a game. At 18 he started writing comedy, mainly through the magazine Comedy Review.He specialised in media studies at the University of Westminster. Career
At 22, he became a BBC producer. He was part of the production team behind British Comedy Award-winning Dead Ringers, the original producer of the critically acclaimed cult hit The Mighty Boosh, and the creator and producer of Ross Noble Goes Global. As a journalist, <mask> has worked for The Scotsman, The Guardian, The Independent, Elle, Cosmo, The Times and other publications. Since 2007, <mask> has written a column in the free weekly magazine ShortList, circulation 520,000. In September 2009 it was announced in his column that he and his wife were expecting their first child together. Their son was born on 29 December 2009.In June 2014 <mask> was awarded an Honorary Degree from the University of Dundee, the city where he was born. Books
As an author, <mask>'s best-selling books have been translated into more than a dozen languages. <mask>'s first book was published in 1999, titled 'Are You Dave Gorman?' Are You Dave Gorman? In 1999, <mask> challenged comedian Dave Gorman, who at the time was his flatmate, to find 54 other people called Dave Gorman ("one for every card in the pack, including the Jokers"). <mask> accompanied Gorman on his quest and the men created Are You Dave Gorman?, an award-winning comedy stage show about what happened during their journey. A BBC series, also co-written and co-produced by <mask>, followed, as did a book, written by both men.Join Me
In 2003, <mask>'s book Join Me was published. The book explains how he "accidentally started a 'cult'" called Join Me. The movement would go global, with each member committing to undertaking one random act of kindness for a stranger every Friday ("Good Fridays"). Tens of thousands joined. Join Me celebrates "Karmageddon 10" in December 2011. Traditionally, hundreds of members travel to London for the meet-up and undertake good deeds for strangers, with <mask> present. The movement is now generally referred to as the "Karma Army", although members are still typically "Joinees".He became a minor celebrity in Belgium whilst on his quest for Joinees. While on a book tour through America, <mask> was dubbed a "Generation X legend" by the Wisconsin State Journal. Random Acts of Kindness: 365 Ways To Make the World A Nicer Place
<mask> next wrote a short book called Random Acts of Kindness: 365 Ways To Make the World A Better Place, with the help of submissions from Joinees. It includes many humorous Random Acts of Kindness (RAoK) ideas, such as "Contradict Demeaning Graffiti", and "Make An Old Man Very Happy." Yes Man

<mask>'s second solo book, Yes Man, was published in July 2005. In it, he describes how he spent six months "saying Yes where once I would have said No", to make his life more interesting and positive. In this book he shows the tribulations and mischief that he got up to while he said yes to any question or proposal.The book was described as "one of those rare books that actually has the potential to change your life" by the San Francisco Bay Guardian and as "a fascinating book and a fascinating experiment" by David Letterman. A film adaptation of Yes Man was developed with Warner Bros. and stars Jim Carrey and Zooey Deschanel. It was released on 19 December 2008 in the US and 26 December 2008 in the UK. <mask> appeared on screen in a cameo in a bar scene in the last ten minutes of the film, holding a British pint glass. The film made almost $100 million at the US Box Office. The critical reception was mixed. For example, when the DVD of Yes Man was released in April 2009, The Independent gave it two stars.Two days later, its sister paper, The Independent on Sunday, gave it 4 out of 5. <mask> and the Centre of the Universe
<mask> and the Centre of the Universe was published in 2006. It is linked with World Book Day which in 2006 was on Thursday 2 March. It tells the story of <mask>'s trip to Idaho, to visit a manhole cover in a small town, whose residents have proclaimed it the centre of the universe. The cover identifies it as a "Quick Read"; the price and length of the book have been curbed to encourage people who may not often read books to purchase it. Friends Like These
<mask>'s book, Friends Like These, was released on 3 July 2008, and tells the story of how he spent a summer trying to track down his old school friends from his days in Dundee, Scotland, and beyond. The film rights went to Miramax and a screenplay is currently underway.Awkward Situations for Men
<mask>'s book Awkward Situations for Men, was released on 3 June 2010 and reached number 3 in the best-sellers list. The follow-up, More Awkward Situations for Men, was released on 30 June 2011. Charlotte Street
<mask>'s debut novel, Charlotte Street, was released on 10 May 2012 under Ebury Publishing. It follows journalist Jason Priestley's search to find a woman who has dropped a disposable camera. Who Is Tom Ditto? Who Is Tom Ditto?, was released on 24 April 2014. It is a comic novel about a radio newsreader's search for his missing girlfriend.Hamish and the PDF series
Written by <mask>, this children's book series follows the adventures of ten-year-old Hamish Ellerby as he faces off against terrifying monsters, with the help of his best friend Alice and the other members of the PDF (Pause Defence Force). Every book has been illustrated by Jamie Littler. Television and radio

<mask> filmed a pilot episode for his own American television sitcom in 2010, commissioned by ABC and made by Warner Bros. Television. In it, <mask> plays himself ("<mask>"), a writer who moves to San Francisco to support his wife's new job, and finds that he doesn't quite fit in. The pilot also starred Tony Hale (Arrested Development) and Laura Prepon (That '70s Show). It was directed by acclaimed director Andy Ackerman, who had previously directed almost 90 episodes of Seinfeld. A second script was later commissioned for the 2011 American TV pilot season.The pilot made it to the final shortlist for the 2011 American TV pilot season; however, ABC wanted to shoot the show in front of a studio audience, which <mask> had not planned for. ABC instead commissioned another script, and Awkward Situations for Men was not commissioned for the 2011 season. Of his work in Hollywood, Empire magazine said, "Hollywood must be gazing in wonder at the walking high-concept machine that is <mask>." <mask> began television presenting in 2004. In 2005, <mask> presented a documentary comedy, How to Start Your Own Country, in which he started his own micronation – "Lovely" – in his London flat. The series charted his journey around the world exploring citizenship and what a country actually is. He has described it as "a way of hiding politics in entertainment".Beginning late August 2005 he co-presented on BBC One's Saturday night show He's Having a Baby with Davina McCall, which ran at the same time as his BBC Two series, How to Start Your Own Country. The latter won two BAFTAs in early 2006. Radio X
From 9 February 2008 to October 2008 <mask> presented a weekly show at 10am2pm on Saturday mornings at XFM London (now Radio X), taking over the old Ricky Gervais slot. <mask> and co-presenter Richard Glover decided to leave after they were asked to pre-record their show instead of broadcast live, which would have taken away from the interactive nature of the show. On 1 August 2011, <mask> returned to XFM London to present the weekday breakfast show. The show eventually gained a cult following, and this was recognised by making the show operate as if it were a totalitarian state. Listeners would often text in calling themselves 'confirmed listeners', and the show eventually become known as 'The Important Broadcast'.<mask> eventually used terminology such as 'listenerpad' and 'listening partner', to imply and joke about state-like rules for joining in with the show. With Producer Dave the show had a number of features which caught on:

 'Good news' (where presenters and listeners shared things since the last broadcast that either made them feel good or not so bad in life) ending with the phrase: "that's not just good news, that's great news". 'Snap My Pitch Up' – The famous guests and entertainers were presented with pitches for their participation films or shows with titles typically based around the stars' name. 'Quizface' – A series of nonsensical quiz formats which would be portrayed as adventures or needlessly complex game shows, throughout which bemused and uninformed listeners and participants would be reminded that 'You should know the rules by now'. It was originally conceived as a one off, but <mask> and Matt Dyson eventually kept making the joke make less sense and more funny. <mask> claimed to listeners that they could find the rules on their issued 'listenerpads' or by reading the (not-real) London Gazette. Each quiz was eventually won by completing the 'well-known phrase', 'We are XFM'.The quiz was awarded a prestigious Sony Bronze Award in the category of 'Best Quiz'
 Five minute listener bans –  Received by listeners who shared content that receives playful disapproval. Listeners would be told, as if sternly, as if <mask> had control, that they were not allowed to listen for five minutes. Sparky Wednesday – Every third Wednesday as a celebration of "the best of Britain's tradesmen"
 The Dog House – A parody of ""The Good Life"", in which the presenters and listeners would compare modern woes of what they had done wrong to their friends or partners. The Showbiz Update – Satirical coverage of showbusiness stories from tabloid newspapers, and <mask> discussing stories often portrayed with opinion pieces in pure basic facts, and the team often humorously analysed and dissected the stories as if they were major news stories. Angry Nerds – Using the 'Angry Birds' theme tune in the background, the team and listeners shared anger and 'observational comedy about things no-one else notices'. In December 2012 it was announced that <mask> would be leaving the Breakfast Show. He was replaced by Jon Holmes, and the show is now presented by Chris Moyles

<mask> returned to Radio X in January 2018 in the Sunday 11am - 1pm slot vacated by Russell Brand.He is joined by former XFM Breakfast Show contributor Stephen Ferdinando, and 'Producer Joe' Attewell. Similar idiosyncrasies to previous incarnations of the show are employed, while new features include:

 Dinner Winner - 2 cast members go head to head recounting their dinners, often in a humorous fashion. The third, non-participating member, adjudicates and declares a winner using a points based system. The winner will then go head to head with that week's judge, unless the outcome is a draw, in which case the following week sees a re-match. 2020's Champion was Stephen Ferdinando. 2021's Champion is contested due to dishonesty on behalf of Stephen Ferdinando on whether he paid for a meal or not. Small Talk Texter - the audience is invited to 'warm-up' by contributing answers to a simple small-talk based question, often based on topical events
 Explain That - Contributor Stephen Ferdinando is asked to assess a paranormal incidence and offer an explanation as to how it came about, usually instead declaring the story 'nonsense' and being berated by the rest of the team for failing at the task he's been given
 Tell Me Something I Don't Know- The three members of the team try to out do each other with facts they have discovered during the week that the others may not know.Being awarded points based on who knows it and who does not. Video games

<mask> lent his face and voice to the 2009 video game sequel Assassin's Creed II where he played Shaun Hastings – a historian and modern day member of the Assassin Order. He was sought after for the part by developer Ubisoft when he went to the BAFTA video game awards with a friend. He reprised his role in Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood, Assassin's Creed: Revelations, Assassin's Creed III, Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag, Assassin's Creed Unity, Assassin's Creed Syndicate, Assassin's Creed Valhalla, and the audio drama Assassin's Creed: Gold. Each game has sold more than 8 million units apiece. He also narrated the 2012 indie game, Thomas Was Alone. <mask>'s role as narrator won the "Performance" category at the 9th British Academy Video Games Awards, while the game itself was nominated in the "Story" category.In 2015, he voiced Alan in the indie game Volume, his second collaboration with Thomas Was Alone creator Mike Bithell. Other work
<mask> has written for and presented television shows such as <mask>'s Hoax Files (Sky One), Conspiracies (Sky One), School's Out (BBC1), and in 2006 he took over from Phillip Schofield as co-presenter of BBC1's Test the Nation. He appeared in Channel 4's The IT Crowd (Series 1 Episode 2) in a role his friend, writer and director Graham Linehan, originally planned to play himself. <mask> was asked to do it when Linehan realised appearing in and simultaneously directing the episode would be tricky. <mask> was the first person in 43 years to be asked to front an episode of flagship BBC science series Horizon. The episode aired on 10 October 2006. In it, <mask> attempted to prove the hypothesis that chimps could be considered 'people' too.On 16 December 2008 he presented his second episode of Horizon on BBC Two. Where's My Robot?. In it, <mask> travelled the world to meet roboticists and ask them, simply: "Where's my robot?". The documentary is based on the belief in the 1980s that by the next century personal robots would be available and be an accepted part of society. <mask> investigates why it did not become a reality and whether it will in the future. <mask> presented a series of reality show Castaway on BBC One. The series was live from Great Barrier Island in New Zealand for three months, beginning 9 March 2007, and featured a spin-off BBC Three series and BBCi webisodes.On 4 January 2008 <mask> appeared on a celebrity spin-off episode of the BBC's Mastermind. His specialist subject was the Ghostbusters films, he did not get a single question wrong on the subject but came third with 27 points. He appeared on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross on 20 June 2008 to discuss his books, film and television projects. On 31 January 2009, he stood in for Adam and Joe on BBC 6 Music. He followed this up by another stint on 6Music, standing in for Shaun Keaveny's breakfast show for two weeks in May 2009. He stood in for Adam and Joe again for seven weeks over the summer of 2009 with XFM DJ Pete Donaldson and was again asked to take over from Adam & Joe during their recent hiatus. He was a regular presenter on the National Lottery live draw on BBC 1, as well as the National Television Awards Backstage Live.In October 2012, American television network ABC added a comedy project to be co-produced by <mask> entitled Man & Boy. Since 2016, <mask> has provided commentary for Channel 5's coverage of The World's Strongest Man Contest. In 2021, <mask> created a website called "Assembly" (assemblehere.co.uk). "It’s a place for men who say nice things behind people’s backs, who can cook a decent omelette but want to cook a better one, who’d prefer to be funny, but can stretch to serious." Filmography

Films
Yes Man

Television
8 Out of 10 Cats
Castaway 2007
The Dave Gorman Collection
Dave Gorman's Important Astrology Experiment
How to Start Your Own Country
The IT Crowd – series 1, episode 2
Heston's Feasts – series 1, episode 4
Richard Bacon's Beer & Pizza Club – series 1, episode 4
Would I Lie to You? – series 3, episode 7

Charity support
<mask> is a patron of the charity Build Africa. <mask> is also the patron of The Baked Bean Museum of Excellence, which he also officially opened in 2009.Bibliography

References

External links
 Official website

Assembly

Alumni of the University of Westminster
Anglo-Scots
British comedians
British male journalists
British male comedians
English people of Scottish descent
British satirists
British television presenters
British television producers
British television writers
Living people
Micronational leaders
People educated at Loughborough Grammar School
People from Bath, Somerset
People from Dundee
People from Loughborough
1976 births
Male actors from Dundee
Writers from Dundee
British social commentators
British male television writers

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<mask> () (born 12 February 1968) is a former Australian politician who served as the 41st Premier of New South Wales and parliamentary leader of the New South Wales division of the Labor Party from September 2008 to December 2009. <mask> was a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly representing Toongabbie for Labor from 2007 to 2015. <mask> replaced Morris Iemma as Premier and party leader on 5 September 2008. At 40 years and 206 days of age, <mask> became the youngest person to assume the office, a record that has since been surpassed by Dominic Perrottet. On 3 December 2009, <mask> was deposed as leader of the Labor Party by Kristina Keneally after he resoundingly lost a secret ballot in the Labor Party caucus after fifteen months as Premier. He is the shortest-serving member of the New South Wales Parliament to become Premier since Federation, and the only Labor Premier of New South Wales not to lead the party into an election. To date, he is also the most recent premier of an Australian state not to contest a general election.Early life
<mask> was born in 1968 in Western Sydney to parents Daryl and Frances, his mother being a longtime member of the Labor Party, reportedly from Penrith, New South Wales. He attended Northmead Creative and Performing Arts High School where he served as school captain. On leaving school he initially took up a horticultural apprenticeship and worked as a greenskeeper for Parramatta Council. Subsequently he went on to study English literature at the University of Sydney, attaining an honours degree in 1994, supporting himself by working as a garbage collector at the same council. During his time at the Council he became Secretary of the then Municipal and Shire Employees Union. <mask> was a long-distance runner, and a member of the Parramatta Cycling Club, where he won many events. When training for races, <mask> would cycle up to 1,000 km per week.He once attained third place in a state triathlon. Politics
<mask>'s first job in politics was in 1995, when he became an adviser to the then deputy premier Andrew Refshauge, for whom his mother, Frances, worked. During this period, <mask> cycled between Bullaburra in the Blue Mountains, where he lived at the time, and central Sydney, a distance of more than . He subsequently worked for Ministers Craig Knowles and Morris Iemma, and as chief of staff for Minister Milton Orkopoulos. <mask> transferred to the Premier's office in 2006, three months before Orkopoulos was charged with paedophilia. <mask> has stated that he had no knowledge of the crimes committed by Orkopoulos, and would have reported him to the police had he been aware of them. He was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly on 24 March 2007 and became Minister for Emergency Services, and Minister for Water Utilities, on 2 April 2007.In July 2008, he was touted by the Sydney media as being a contender for Premier. <mask> denied that he was a contender for the role, saying that "Premier Iemma has my rock-solid, unequivocal support and he knows that". Two months after this interview, Morris Iemma was deposed as Premier in favour of <mask>. Minister for Water Utilities and Minister for Emergency Services
As Minister for Water Utilities, <mask> was responsible for implementing the $1.9 billion Sydney Desalination Plant at Kurnell, and the proposed Tillegra Dam in the Hunter Region. At the time <mask> was appointed Minister for Water Utilities, Sydney was experiencing extreme drought conditions requiring transfer of water from the Shoalhaven River to Sydney and the imposition of water restrictions. The construction of the controversial Sydney Desalination Plant to prepare Sydney for future droughts was completed whilst <mask> was Minister. The project came in $60 million under budget and doubled the initial capacity.Contracts were also entered into to provide for the powering of the desalination plant through renewable sources. Premier

Iemma resigned on 5 September 2008 after his own Right faction rebuffed his plans to reshuffle the Cabinet. However, the Right had no credible replacement candidate. It thus agreed to support <mask>, a member of the Socialist Left faction. Thus, later in the day, <mask> was unanimously elected Labor leader, and hence Premier. He was sworn in by the Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales, Chief Justice of New South Wales James Spigelman after only nineteen months as a member of parliament. Carmel Tebbutt was elected unanimously as Deputy Leader, and thus Deputy Premier.The following Monday, 8 September, <mask> was also sworn in as Minister for the Arts. A slump in revenues associated with the recent global financial crisis compelled <mask> and the State Treasurer Eric Roozendaal to implement a mini-budget which was handed down on 11 November 2008. The mini-budget increased taxes and charges such as land tax, mineral royalties, parking space levies and also announced the privatisation of state assets. A universal scheme providing free travel on public transport for all students going to and from school was curtailed—a decision since reversed—and the previously announced North West Metro and South West rail projects were indefinitely postponed. A series of by-elections to replace former Premier Morris Iemma, Deputy Premier John Watkins and Health Minister Reba Meagher resulted in massive swings against the government and saw John Watkins' former seat of Ryde resoundingly lost to the Liberals. Soon after returning from his wedding in New York, <mask> dismissed rumours of a leadership challenge within the Labor party. After the resignation of John Della Bosca as Minister for Health and the Central Coast, and after a subsequent cabinet reshuffle, <mask> appointed himself as Minister for the Central Coast.On 14 November 2009, <mask> was granted extraordinary powers by the New South Wales Labor State Conference to pick his own cabinet (usually the Labor caucus and Head Office chooses the ministry, and the leader only assigns portfolios). The next day <mask> sacked Finance Minister (and Labor powerbroker) Joe Tripodi, Primary Industries Minister Ian Macdonald, and Parliamentary Secretaries Henry Tsang and Sonia Hornery for blocking key reforms aimed at distancing the government from corruption and improving the provision of services to constituents and for plotting to remove him from the premiership. This was the fourth time since <mask> had taken over the premiership that there had been a cabinet reshuffle. Economy
<mask> took over as Premier on 5 September 2008. Eleven days later Lehman Brothers, a financial giant based in the United States, collapsed and precipitated the global financial crisis. The <mask> government responded to the crisis with a three-point plan. Firstly, <mask> reaffirmed his government's commitment to the retention of a Triple A credit rating.<mask> emphasised that as finance and credit became harder to get around the world, retaining a Triple A credit rating was essential to being able to borrow money at the lowest rates available. Secondly, as Chair of the government's Budget sub-committee, <mask> announced there would be a mini-budget which was delivered in November 2008. The mini-budget delayed a number of large-scale capital works projects with long lead times and instead emphasised capital expenditure on smaller projects which could generate employment more quickly. Third, <mask> drew industry and business leaders together to conduct a job summit. This summit was co-chaired by Roger Corbett, Steve Harkins and David Gonski. In addition to the Work Plan developed by the summit, <mask> also announced the establishment of 4,000 government apprenticeships across the state and 2,000 cadetships. After the delivery of the 2009/10 Budget, the AAA credit rating in NSW was reaffirmed by the major credit ratings agencies and the agency's outlook for NSW was upgraded from negative to stable.<mask> has since claimed that NSW is the only jurisdiction in the world to have improved its credit rating during the Global Financial Crisis. The 2009/10 Rees Budget had the largest capital works expenditure to date in the State's history, more than $18 billion. Education
In his short period as Premier, <mask> and his Education Minister, Verity Firth, made substantial changes to the NSW Education system. From 1998 to 2008, there had only been a slight increase in the retention rate for students remaining to complete Year 12, with significant inequality as measured by socio-economic status. In response, in January 2009, <mask> announced that he would be increasing the minimum leaving age from 15 to 17 years. Together with the Federal government, <mask> also established 175,000 new training places in the vocational training sector, and provided a training guarantee for apprentices who had had their apprenticeships interrupted. Controversially, <mask> also introduced non-religious Ethics classes into primary schools against fierce opposition from church groups.Law and order
Shortly after coming to office, the death of an outlaw motorcycle gang member at Sydney airport required <mask> to introduce controversial laws aimed at banning criminal gangs. Fierce opposition from civil libertarians followed, and in June 2011, the High Court ruled against the government. In the 09/10 Budget, the NSW police force was provided with $10 million to equip frontline police with Taser stun guns. <mask> also introduced measures aimed at reducing alcohol-related violence. These included mandatory lockouts, plastic cups and the naming and shaming of the most violent venues. In the comparison period, 'glassings' went from 17 incidents in the previous year to one incident after these measures were introduced. Despite ongoing disputes between criminal gangs, the Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research reported that in the 24 months to December 2010, ten of the 17 major offence categories were stable and seven were falling.Environment
Building on the environmental legacy of Bob Carr, <mask> announced the preservation of the last remaining large tract of River Red Gums in the state's south. This completed the forest preservation program commenced by Carr, who had preserved the North Coast and Brigalow natural heritage areas. <mask> also announced the establishment of Yengo National Park in the Upper Hunter region; 120,000 hectares of pristine bushland, in June 2009. Furthermore, the <mask> government announced an additional 65,000 hectares of land in Yanga National Park in the Riverina. Transport
Successive Labor administrations had been criticised for inadequate spending on public transport. Financially restrained from large-scale projects due to the global financial crisis, <mask> and his Transport Minister David Campbell determined that massive expansion of the bus network would improve transport options more quickly than large heavy rail expansions. Accordingly, 450 new buses were ordered.<mask> also opened the Epping to Chatswood rail line, the first piece of significant rail infrastructure in a decade, and projected usage was quickly outstripped. In November 2009, <mask> announced approval for Stage 2 of the South West Rail Link, a $1.3 billion project to improve public rail services to south western Sydney. <mask> and Campbell enjoyed a close working relationship, and on their watch train service reliability rose to a ten-year high of 95% on-time running. They also announced the restoration of ferry services from the city to Parramatta to ease rail and road congestion. To ease congestion in city centres, free shuttle buses were also introduced into Sydney city and Wollongong. To encourage public transport use on weekends, the Rees Government introduced $2.50 Family Fun Day fares for Sundays, with discount entry to museums and other tourist locations. <mask> and Campbell also delivered a simplified fare structure for the rail network and 300 new buses.Health
Rees established the Bureau of Health Information in July 2009 to produce regular and timely reports on the performance of the NSW health system, including waiting lists, and developing and distributing tools to allow users to interrogate data. While often criticised for the performance of hospitals, <mask> was able to point to an Australian Government report titled The State of Our Public Hospitals which in June 2009 reported that NSW had the best elective surgery and emergency department performances in Australia. <mask> also introduced eyesight screening for preschoolers to complement universal hearing tests previously introduced by Craig Knowles. Aboriginal affairs
In November 2009, <mask> announced the single largest handback of Aboriginal land in the state's history. The Yuin people of the South Coast of NSW had lodged a claim under the Aboriginal Land Rights Act for 20,000 hectares bordering the Morton National Park, including Yarramumum and Boolijong Creeks and parts of the Yerriyong State Forest. <mask> granted the claim in full. Arts
As Arts Minister, one of <mask> early tasks was to announce the establishment of an annual festival, Vivid Sydney.Described as a 'festival of lights and ideas', the inaugural curator was Brian Eno, an influential music and album producer. Despite being an international superstar in his own field, the choice of Eno was the subject of derision by sections of the media. Many argued they would have preferred to have Tiger Woods (who was to play golf in Victoria). <mask> famously said "I'd rather have Brian Eno for two weeks than Tiger Woods for 3 days". While Minister for the Arts, <mask> also granted independence to the National Art School, and commenced master planning for a new visual arts centre at the Old King's School site in Parramatta. This latter commitment was retained by Kristina Keneally when she took over as Premier, and it formed the central element of the Arts policy announcement in the 2011 election. <mask> also established the sub-continental festival 'Parramasala' based in Parramatta, and he was instrumental in bringing A.R.Rahman, of Slumdog Millionaire fame, to Sydney for a free open-air concert which attracted more than 50,000 people to Parramatta Park. Labor links with unions
Acknowledging Labor history, <mask> and the Lord Mayor of Sydney officially renamed parts of Hickson Road, The Rocks, as 'The Hungry Mile'. In years past, unemployed men would line up for work each day, thus giving the strip its name. A ceremony recognising the change was held on 29 July 2009. NSW Labor had also been instrumental in holding the asbestos firm James Hardie to account. Under Premier Bob Carr, the Jackson Inquiry precipitated an ongoing fund to be established and maintained by James Hardie to provide for future payouts to sufferers of asbestosis. James Hardie made inadequate provision, and <mask> intervened in 2009 to ensure that affected individuals would be able to claim into the future.A number of directors of James Hardie were ruled ineligible to be directors arising from their role in James Hardie restructures. Government reform
After 15 years in government, there had been a number of scandals involving Labor ministers which were reported negatively in the press. <mask> distanced himself from these with a range of reforms. <mask> overhauled the Freedom of Information Act and replaced it with the Government Information (Public Access) Act which had an explicit bias towards public disclosure of documentation and Government information. <mask> also appointed an independent commissioner to oversee the operation of this Act. In November 2009, <mask> announced that he wanted to move towards public funding of election campaigns instead of a reliance on large corporate donations. To further this, he established a Parliamentary Joint Select Committee which recommended sweeping changes to donation laws.<mask> also banned donations from property developers to the NSW Labor Party. <mask> also introduced the requirement for lobbyists to be registered and to abide by a Lobbyist Code of Conduct. Resignation
On 3 December 2009, <mask> was forced to face a spill motion at a caucus meeting. The motion passed 43 to 25. In the subsequent leadership vote, the dominant right faction threw its support to Planning Minister Kristina Keneally, who defeated <mask> by 47 votes to 21. Earlier that day, <mask> said at a press conference, "I will not hand over New South Wales to Eddie Obeid or Joe Tripodi" and that if someone were to replace him by the end of the day "they will be a puppet of Joe Tripodi and Eddie Obeid". <mask> is the first New South Wales Labor Party Premier not to lead the party into an election.On 22 October 2010, <mask> was granted by the Governor retention of the title "The Honourable". Following his removal as Premier, <mask> declined to serve in the Keneally Cabinet, and went to the backbench until the March 2011 election. The Keneally government was heavily defeated at the 2011 state election. <mask> nearly lost his own seat, suffering a massive 14.2 percent swing and surviving by only 205 votes. By comparison, he'd won election in 2007 with 64.5 percent of the two-party vote; he was one of several MPs from Labor's traditional stronghold of west Sydney who saw their majorities more than halved. Following the election, new Opposition leader John Robertson appointed <mask> as Shadow Minister for Police and Emergency Services and Shadow Minister for the Arts in his new Shadow Cabinet. Independent Commission Against Corruption
In 2013, the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) commenced public hearings into the allegations of corrupt conduct by Ian Macdonald and Eddie Obeid.Both men had been instrumental in the removal of <mask> as Premier. The ICAC findings released after the hearings were scathing of both men. Both Macdonald and Obeid were found to have acted corruptly by the ICAC, who recommended the Director of Public Prosecutions give consideration to criminal charges being laid against both men. <mask> repeatedly stressed he did not feel vindicated, but rather was distressed that the Party and its members had been subject to the smear of association with those who had been investigated. Retirement
On 28 March 2014, after resigning from the Shadow Cabinet, <mask> announced that he would be retiring from politics and would not contest the next state election in 2015. This was likely prompted by a redistribution that seemingly made his seat impossible to hold. The bulk of his old seat of Toongabbie had been transferred into a recreated Seven Hills, notionally a safe Liberal seat.Post-political career
In October 2014, following his announcement to retire from politics, <mask> took up a position as the chief executive of the Public Education Foundation (PEF), a non-profit organisation that provides scholarships to disadvantaged students to support them to stay at school: "The public education system in NSW is very strong but this foundation will allow those kids who may not have the resources to buy the extra book or the bit of software they need." After leaving the PEF, <mask> was subsequently appointed as the National Assistant Secretary of the Finance Sector Union (FSU) in May 2017 where he worked until early 2021. <mask> then joined MetLife Australia as Head of External Affairs & Public Policy. Personal life
<mask> is a non-practising Roman Catholic and proudly describes himself as "a westie". He met his wife, Stacey Haines, at Northmead High School when they were both aged 14. <mask> and Haines married in a ceremony at the Manhattan Marriage Bureau in New York City on 7 January 2009. References

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Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of New South Wales
Australian Roman Catholics
Labor Left politicians
Living people
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly
People from Parramatta
Politicians from Sydney
Premiers of New South Wales
21st-century Australian politicians

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<mask> (né Kiszkan; November 8, 1924 – December 26, 2017), nicknamed "The China Wall", was a Canadian Hockey Hall of Fame goaltender who won four Stanley Cups during his career with the Toronto Maple Leafs. In 2017 he was named one of the "100 Greatest NHL Players" in history. Playing career
<mask> was born John William Kiszkan into a Ukrainian-Canadian family in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, to <mask>, a labourer born Dmytro Kiszkan, and his wife, Lizzie, née Jacobson. (His father had previously been a homesteader.) He had one brother and seven sisters. He taught himself how to play hockey, using a branch as a stick, and made himself goalie pads out of old mattresses. Around age 10, his parents separated.An uncommon practice at the time, it created a stigma around the family in their town. When he was 15, he lied about his age and enlisted in the Canadian Army during World War II; from 1940 to 1943 he was stationed in England as a gunner with the 2nd Canadian Division. He was discharged due to rheumatoid arthritis in his hands. Kiszkan returned to Prince Albert in 1944 to play junior hockey there. In 1945, he turned professional in the American Hockey League (AHL), where he spent eleven seasons playing mostly for the Cleveland Barons in the late 1940s and 1950s. Bower told various stories about his name change, including that "Bower" was his mother's maiden name, or that he was adopted. Biographer Dan Robson was also told that Barons management may have asked him to, to avoid the post-war discrimination against eastern Europeans, while other sources claim that it was because sports writers often misspelled "Kiszkan".His parents' break up may also have been a factor, suggests Robson, as Bower rarely talked about the situation. His surname was legally changed during his first year of professional hockey. Robson's 2018 book, Bower: A Legendary Life, dedicates a chapter to the topic. In the AHL, he proved himself the star goaltender of the circuit, winning numerous awards and leading his teams to three Calder Cup championships. Bower made his debut in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the New York Rangers in , at the age of 29. The Rangers made him their starting goaltender over Gump Worsley, who had been rookie of the year the previous season. Bower played in all 70 games that season and recorded 29 wins.The following season Worsley won back the starting job for the Rangers, and Bower returned to the minor leagues. He played there for four more years with three teams, the Providence Reds, the Vancouver Canucks and the Cleveland Barons, and was called up briefly by the Rangers in  and . In the 1958 Inter-League draft he was claimed by the Toronto Maple Leafs. Nonetheless, Bower preferred to stay with the Barons, as he was tired of moving all over the country. Punch Imlach, whom the Maple Leafs had recently hired, visited Bower and convinced him to give the NHL one more try, as he considered him "the most remarkable — and maybe the best — athlete in the world." The Leafs at this time were an up-and-coming team of young star players, and after Imlach traded for Red Kelly, the Leafs were ready for contention. Bower won his first Vezina Trophy in 1961 for allowing the fewest goals in the 1960–61 season.The height of his NHL career came during the Maple Leafs' three consecutive Stanley Cup victories from 1962 to 1964. He later said, "When we won the Stanley Cup, my head went numb, my whole body went numb. That was my dream from Day One. You just can't explain the feelings inside you." Bower's career was hampered by poor eyesight, but he remained a top-tier goaltender. He was known for his hard-nosed, scrappy playing style and helped the Leafs win another Stanley Cup in 1967, as part of a tandem with another Hall of Famer, Terry Sawchuk. He said, "I wasn't all that glad to see the two-goalie system come in.I wanted to play as many games as I could." <mask> and Sawchuk shared the Vezina Trophy in . On April 6, 1969, at the age of 44 years, 4 months, and 29 days, Bower became the oldest goaltender to play in a Stanley Cup playoff game, a distinction previously held by Lester Patrick. He played his last game on December 10, 1969, a 6–3 loss to Montreal; mainly due to injuries, this was his only game of the 1969–70 season. At the time, he was the oldest full-time player to participate in an NHL game, and remains the second-oldest goaltender (45 years, 1 month, 2 days), behind only Maurice Roberts; he was surpassed as oldest full-time player by Gordie Howe, Chris Chelios, and Jaromír Jágr. On March 19, 1970, <mask> publicly announced his retirement, four months after his 45th birthday. He played eleven full seasons with the Leafs.When asked if he might reveal his true age, he replied "If you don't know by now, you never will". Coach Punch Imlach once told Bower, after seeing a purported birth certificate, "If you were born in this day here that you're telling me, you had to be overseas with the First Division, in 1939, when you were 13." Bower eventually revealed his birth date as November 8, 1924. He remains the AHL career leader in wins with 359. Post-retirement and death
Bower worked for the Maple Leafs after his retirement in various capacities, including as a scout and a goalie coach. He was assistant coach for the Leafs from 1976 to 1978. He retired in 1990, but continued to make public appearances on behalf of the organization for the rest of his life.<mask> was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1976, and to the AHL Hall of Fame as a member of its inaugural class in 2006. In 1998, he was ranked number 87 on The Hockey News''' list of the 100 Greatest NHL Players. He was inducted into the Etobicoke Sports Hall of Fame in 1994, and into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 1999. He was married to Nancy and had a son, two daughters, eight grandchildren and six great-grandchildren, and resided in Mississauga, Ontario. After a city park near his house was renamed in his honour, he would routinely clean litter there, and feed the birds. In January 2004, Bower was featured on a postage stamp. As part of the NHL All-Stars Collection, he was immortalized along with five other All-Stars.Canada's Stamp Details, January to March 2004, Volume XIII, No.1 In 2005, the Royal Canadian Mint featured Bower on a non-circulating fifty-cent coin, as part of its four-coin Legends of the Toronto Maple Leafs coin set. In 2007, it was announced that Bower would receive a star on Canada's Walk of Fame. On October 7, 2010, Bower opened the first game of the regular season for the Toronto Maple Leafs at Air Canada Centre by walking out on an implied "bridge over water" with his goalie stick. On May 24, 2014, Bower attended a street renaming ceremony in Weston in Toronto. Patika Avenue, where he lived during the 1960s, was renamed <mask>er Boulevard. He said,"It’s a great day for me and my family...this is a better ovation than I used to get at Maple Leaf Gardens." On September 6, 2014, the Maple Leafs named him and Darryl Sittler two of the first three inductees of Legends Row (Ted Kennedy had been inducted some months earlier), with statues outside Air Canada Centre of twelve of the greatest players in Maple Leafs history.On December 26, 2017, <mask> died at the age of 93 from pneumonia. In the days following Bower's death, many teams, including the Maple Leafs, Winnipeg Jets, Arizona Coyotes and Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association honoured Bower with pre-game tributes. On January 3, the Maple Leafs hosted a public celebration of Bower's life at the Air Canada Centre. The event was attended by thousands, including various NHL alumni, members of the current Maple Leafs team, members of the Canadian Armed Forces and other major figures. The memorial was televised across several channels in Canada, and in accordance with the event, Toronto Mayor John Tory declared January 3 to be <mask>er Day in the city of Toronto. For the remainder of the  season, the Maple Leafs wore patches on their jerseys and helmets in honour of Bower. Legacy
Bower was the first goaltender to employ the poke check, an aggressive move whereby the goalie uses his stick to poke the puck away from an attacking player, sometimes leaving his crease to do so.This move has since been imitated by goaltenders at all levels of hockey. Awards and honours

 Three-time Hap Holmes Memorial Award: 1952, 1957, 1958
 Two-time Vezina Trophy winner in ,
 Four-time Stanley Cup winner: , , ,
 Selected to NHL First All-Star Team in 1961
 Played in 1961 NHL All-Star Game
 Three-time Les Cunningham Award winner: 1956, 1957, 1958
 Three-time Calder Cup winner: 1948, 1951, 1953
 The Hockey News''' list of the Top 100 NHL Players of All Time: #87
 Hockey Hall of Fame inductee (class of 1976)
 AHL Hall of Fame inductee (class of 2006)
 Star on Canada's Walk of Fame
 Number 1 retired by the Cleveland Monsters (for his career with the Cleveland Barons)
 Number 1 retired by the Toronto Maple Leafs (alongside Turk Broda)
 In January 2017, Bower was part of the first group of players to be named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

References

External links

 Age never got in Bower's way
 AHL Hall of Fame bio
 Entry at thecanadianencyclopedia.ca

1924 births
2017 deaths
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Canadian Army personnel of World War II
Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
Cleveland Barons (1937–1973) players
Deaths from pneumonia in Ontario
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Sportspeople from Prince Albert, Saskatchewan
New York Rangers players
Providence Reds players
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Vancouver Canucks (WHL) players
Vezina Trophy winners
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Canadian Army soldiers
Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery personnel

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John William Bower
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Johnny Kiszkan
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<mask>-<mask> (, ; born 1949?) is a Libyan political figure and diplomat, who held several high-profile positions in the Libyan government, lastly as Minister of Foreign Affairs from March 2009, into the Libyan Civil War, when he resigned his position on 30 March 2011. Koussa previously headed the Mukhabarat el-Jamahiriya (national intelligence agency) from 1994 to 2009, and was considered one of the country's most powerful figures and a member of Gaddafi's inner circle. When he arrived in the United Kingdom in March 2011, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office released an official statement saying that <mask> no longer wished to represent the Libyan government and intended to resign. No charges were pressed against him by the British government, and in the following months financial sanctions on him were lifted by the Obama administration. He now lives in a small house in a suburb of Doha, Qatar, after being asked to leave his suite in Doha's luxurious Four Seasons hotel. Early life and education
<mask> was born in the Tripoli suburb of Tajura into a well-respected middle-class family with no significant tribal or other power base.He attended Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan, earning a degree in sociology in 1978 with a 200-plus pages study of Colonel Qaddafi titled "The political leader and his social background: Muammar Qadafi, the Libyan leader". <mask> was offered the chance to continue to study for a doctorate but instead returned to Tripoli. As a student, <mask> took great care with his work, interviewing Gaddafi twice, his family, childhood teachers, friends, and military colleagues, allowing him to paint a vivid picture of the influences and motivations of Gaddafi's revolutionary visions in his thesis, which may be the most comprehensive, revealing document in English about Libya's enigmatic leader. According to his thesis adviser, Christopher K. Vanderpool, <mask> <mask> would have had a promising career in academia had he not abandoned plans to study for a doctorate to become one of Gaddafi's closest confidants. His passion for academia and teaching was so deep-rooted that he taught at the University of Tripoli for decades, even while serving the Libyan government in different roles. Chief of Intelligence and diplomat
After his return to Libya, <mask> was appointed as Secretary of the Libyan People's Bureau in London in 1979. He was expelled from the United Kingdom in 1980, after commenting too candidly in an interview with The Times newspaper about his government's intention to eliminate two political opponents who were living in the UK.From 1984 to 1992, <mask> <mask> was head of Al-Mathaba Aalamiya (meaning "The Safe house/place"), an ideological anti-imperialist organization known in the West as Libya's Center to Resist Imperialism, Racism, Backwardness and Fascism. Its leading members included Nelson Mandela, Fidel Castro, Luis Inácio Lula da Silva, Yoweri Museveni, and Robert Mugabe. Under his tenure, Al-Mathaba played a leading role with the African National Congress against apartheid in South Africa. Instead, the organization in the West became widely known as a source of training, funding, and supporting revolutionary groups. <mask> <mask> served as Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1992 to 1994. In 1994, Gadafi fired Abdullah Senussi as head of the Libyan intelligence agency and reorganized the agency under a newly formed External Security Organization (ESO), headed by <mask> <mask> from 1994 to 2009. During this phase <mask> <mask> was the key figure in the normalization of relations between Libya and many NATO nations, including the United States and the United Kingdom.He played a crucial role in securing the release of Abdelbaset al-Megrahi, the alleged Pan Am Flight 103 bomber, whose involvement in the story is quite controversial. Several legal experts as well as the UN observer at the Lockerbie trial have vehemently challenged the verdict that convicted Megrahi. <mask> is also credited for the expulsion of Abu Nidal from Libya, whom he describes as a ruthless murderer and terrorist that Gaddafi allowed to live in Libya in 1986, the year the United States launched Operation El Dorado Canyon against Gaddafi for his association and harboring of terrorists. On 23 August 2002, the BBC reported that Abu Nidal was 'behind Lockerbie bombing'. In October 2008, <mask> <mask> met both British and Scottish government officials, listed as an interpreter, while on a second visit in January 2009, he was listed as Minister of Security. Over the decades, Koussa gained a reputation as an urbane and worldly figure "who would not have looked out of place as a Western ambassador," according to the former Central Intelligence Agency agent Paul R. Pillar. Koussa is further credited by the CIA, British MI6, as well as French Intelligence Services for unraveling a labyrinth of Islamic radical and fundamentalist cells and movements in neighboring Sudan, Niger, Mali, and Chad.Such groups would come to be known as Al-Qaeda. On 16 March 1998, five months before the Al-Qaeda bombings of the US Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, Libya ordered the first alert to Interpol for the capture of Osama Bin Laden, a fact unbeknown to the wider public. The warrant was forwarded to Interpol in France, where it was formalized on 15 April 1998. In 2004, George Tenet credited Libya for issuing the first international red notice Interpol alert and arrest warrant for Osama Bin Laden. Koussa was also credited for negotiating Libya's decision to give up its WMD program thus facilitating Libya's reintegration into the international community. US diplomatic cables released by WikiLeaks reveal that the U.S. viewed <mask> Koussa as a character of high interest with a combination of intellectual acumen, operational ability, and political weight. Oliver Miles, a former British ambassador to Tripoli, stated Koussa is "straightforward and reliable ...I found him a perfectly reasonable person to deal with." Another leaked cable described him as "a useful and powerful interlocutor who has been mostly cooperative in liaison channels and key to our re-engagement." <mask> was appointed Foreign Minister in 2009, replacing Abdurrahman Mohamed Shalgham, who was appointed Libyan ambassador to the United Nations in New York. In the May 2009 cable released by WikiLeaks, Foreign Minister <mask> <mask> expressed concerns about the Canadian Government led by Stephen Harper over the issue of ransom payments, which would only further strengthen Al-Qaeda's traction in the Saharan belt and parts of North Africa. There had been eight kidnappings in the past six months, including two Canadian officials who had been released in return for money. Koussa accompanied Mutassim Gaddafi on a visit to the United Nations headquarters in New York soon after Libya emerged from international isolation. A U.S. embassy cable quoted Koussa, in a private conversation, as saying that Mutassim was not a keen student of international relations and had to be prompted to read books on the subject.Before the Libya crisis, there were indications that <mask> was no longer at the center of the country's ruling circle. At an international summit in Tripoli in December, Koussa spent much of his time smoking in the public buffet area while the rest of Gaddafi's entourage were cloistered in a private room. Departure and resignation

After departing Tripoli by car and arriving in Tunis, Tunisia, on 28 March 2011, via the Ras Ajdir border crossing, a Tunisian Government spokesman stated via Tunis Afrique Presse that Koussa had arrived on a "private visit." On 30 March 2011, he departed from Djerba on a Swiss-registered private jet, arriving at Farnborough Airfield, England, according to Libyan sources on a diplomatic mission. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office later released an official press statement, stating that Koussa no longer wished to represent the Libyan government and intended to resign, unhappy with Libyan Army attacks on civilians. Scottish prosecutors interviewed Koussa about the Lockerbie bombing, and found no judicial reason or evidence to hold him in captivity. At the time, <mask> was a leading member of Al-Mathaba.<mask> left the United Kingdom and moved to Qatar following a European Union decision to lift sanctions against him, meaning he no longer faces travel restrictions or an asset freeze. <mask> <mask>'s role in the torture and deaths of Libyan people was alleged by the BBC Television Panorama programme in October 2011, after which <mask> issued a statement to the press through his lawyer, strongly denying the allegations. See also

<mask> Ibrahim
General People's Committee of Libya
List of Libyans

References

External links

1940s births
Place of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Libyan people
Ambassadors of Libya to the United Kingdom
Foreign ministers of Libya
Living people
Michigan State University alumni
People of the First Libyan Civil War
Libyan Arab Socialist Union politicians
Libyan emigrants to Qatar
Libyan defectors
Directors of intelligence agencies

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Brigadier-General <mask> (April 9, 1738 – May 4, 1824) was a colonial military officer during the French and Indian War, and a general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. As an organizer of the Ohio Company of Associates, he was instrumental in the initial settling of the Northwest Territory in present-day Ohio following the war. He was known as "Father of the Northwest Territory". Early life and career
<mask> was born in Sutton, Massachusetts. <mask>'s father <mask> died when <mask> was 6 or 7, and <mask> temporarily lived with his paternal grandfather in Danvers, Massachusetts. <mask> and <mask>, who became a renowned general during the American Revolution were cousins. <mask>, accuser of the Salem witch trials, was a first cousin once removed.After <mask>'s mother married John Sadler, <mask> lived with his mother and stepfather in Sutton, where the family ran an inn. <mask> served with a Connecticut regiment from 1757 to 1760, during the French and Indian War. During the war, <mask> saw action in the Great Lakes region, and near Lake Champlain. Migration and work
After the war, <mask> relocated to New Braintree, Massachusetts. There, he worked as a millwright from 1761 to 1768. He was very famous after the War. Marriage and family
Established at work, in April 1761 <mask> married Elizabeth Ayers, the daughter of William Ayers, esquire of the Second Precinct of Brookfield (now North Brookfield), Massachusetts.Elizabeth died in 1762, possibly in childbirth. On January 10, 1765 <mask> married again, to Persis Rice (1737-1820), the daughter of Zebulon Rice and Abigail Forbush Rice of Westborough, Massachusetts. Farmer and surveyor
While <mask> worked as a millwright, he devoted his free  time to self-education, studying geography, mathematics, and surveying. In 1769, <mask> became a farmer and surveyor. <mask>, along with his cousin <mask> and two others, traveled in 1773 to survey near present-day Pensacola, Florida. There, <mask> surveyed and chartered lands along the Mississippi River, which the Crown was going to grant to veterans of the French and Indian War in lieu of payment for their service. Revolutionary War

After the Battle of Lexington and Concord, <mask> enlisted the same day, on April 19, 1775, in one of Massachusett's first revolutionary regiments.<mask> later was commissioned in the Continental Army as a Lieutenant Colonel, under the command of David Brewer. Brewer's regiment first engaged with the British Army in Roxbury, Massachusetts. After the Battle of Lexington and Concord and the Battle of Bunker Hill, the Americans laid siege against the British in Boston. The long siege lasted for many months with neither side able to make any progress. At the urging of William Heath, <mask> used his experience working with British military engineers during the French and Indian war to build fortifications in Roxbury and other locations that were critical to the siege. After his initial success, he borrowed from Heath the book Attack and Defense of Fortified Places, by John Müller that showed him additional techniques for building defensive fortifications. Using Muller's ideas, <mask> devised a system for fortifying Dorchester Heights, overlooking Boston Harbor.Despite the frozen ground in early March, 1776, <mask>'s plan of using timbers and fascines allowed the colonial troops to put up the defenses overnight allowing for the subsequent emplacement of artillery, brought from Fort Ticonderoga by Henry Knox weeks earlier, the next day. <mask>'s success in establishing a fort in a matter of just hours took the British by surprise and left them in an untenable position, resulting in their evacuation of Boston by sea in the following weeks.<ref>Livingston, William Farrand. <mask>: Pioneer, Ranger, and Major-General, 1718-1790, p. 269, G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York and London, 1901.</ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest. General <mask>: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio," pp. 80, 103-4, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2020.  .

General Washington appointed <mask> to be the Chief of Engineers of the Works of New York. He was soon promoted to engineer with the rank of colonel where he directed the building of fortifications which secured victories at Sewall's Point, Providence, Newport, Long Island, and West Point. In December, 1776, when the Continental Congress rejected his proposition to establish a national corps of engineers, <mask> resigned his commission.His resignation was short-lived and he eventually joined the Continental Army and served under Major General Horatio Gates. <mask> commanded two regiments in the battle of Saratoga. He continued to work on critical fortifications, including Fort Putnam at West Point in 1778. In 1779 <mask> served under Major General Anthony Wayne in the Corps of Light Infantry following the capture of Stony Point, commanding the 4th Regiment. <mask>'s remaining military career was less eventful. In January 1783 he was commissioned as brigadier general. Post-war activities
After the war was over, <mask> returned to Rutland, Massachusetts.In 1780 he had bought a farm confiscated from a Loyalist, and he settled there. He returned to working as a surveyor, inspecting lands in Maine (then part of Massachusetts). <mask> was a strong advocate of granting lands to veterans of the Revolution. He was one of the authors of the army's Newburgh Petition, which was submitted to Congress requesting land disbursements. There was pent-up land hunger among younger men in New England, where topography and long settlement restricted buying land. <mask> was an original member of the Society of the Cincinnati, and one of the principal benefactors of the Leicester Academy in Leicester, Massachusetts, and served on its board of trustees.Hubbard, Robert Ernest. General <mask>: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio," p. 82, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina, 2020.  .The Ohio Company

Putnam's advocacy for land grants led him, with partners, to establish the Ohio Company of Associates for the purchase and settlement of Western lands.Hulbert, Archer Butler: The Records of the Original Proceedings of the Ohio Company, Volume II, Marietta Historical Commission, Marietta, Ohio (1917). He established the Company in Boston on March 3, 1786 together with Benjamin Tupper, Samuel Holden Parsons, and Manasseh Cutler. Its primary purpose was to settle the Northwest Territory, roughly the lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, which was ceded to the US by Great Britain under the Treaty of Paris (1783). After passage of the Northwest Ordinance to organize the territory, the Company bought about  of land north of the Ohio River, between the present day sites of Marietta, Ohio, and Huntington, West Virginia. Cutler had tried to purchase all the land between the Ohio and Scioto rivers, but the western half was optioned by the Scioto Company. It later failed without having purchased any of the land. Later life
In 1788 <mask> led a group of Revolutionary veterans to settle the land in what became Ohio.These pioneers arrived at the confluence of the Ohio and Muskingum rivers on April 7, 1788, where they established Marietta, Ohio as the first European-American  permanent United States settlement in the Northwest Territory. <mask> was appointed to serve as one of three judges of the Northwest Territory after Samuel Holden Parsons died.Hubbard, Robert Ernest. Major General <mask>: Hero of the American Revolution, pp. 190, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina.  . The territory had been historically occupied by Native American tribes, and more were driven west by colonial encroachment before the Revolution. As they had not ceded any land, they came into conflict with the arriving pioneers. They organized a coalition of tribes to try to expel the Americans from their territory.From 1792 to 1793, <mask> served as a brigadier general in Anthony Wayne's Ohio campaign against these Native American tribes, including Shawnee, Lenape and Seneca, who were ultimately defeated. In 1796, <mask> was appointed by the President as the first Surveyor General of the United States, a position he held until 1803. As Ohio residents organized to write a constitution and be admitted as a state, in 1802 <mask> was elected a Washington county delegate to the Ohio Constitutional Convention.Hildreth, S. P.  Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio, p. 82, Badgley Publishing Company, 2011.  . He was appointed as a Trustee of Ohio University, where he served for two decades, from 1804 to 1824. It was constructed on public lands, under the terms of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. Long participating in the Masons, a fraternal organization that expanded in the early nineteenth century, in 1808 <mask> was elected the first Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Free & Accepted Masons of Ohio. <mask> died on May 4, 1824.He was buried at Mound Cemetery in Marietta, Ohio. Legacy and honors

<mask> is depicted on a commemorative stamp issued on July 13, 1937 by the U.S. Post Office which commemorated the 150th anniversary of the North West Ordinance of 1787. The engraving on the stamp depicts a map of the United States at the time with the North West Territory between the figures of <mask> (right) and Manasseh Cutler. <mask>'s home in Marietta has been designated a National Historic Landmark in his honor. His home in Rutland, Massachusetts (the <mask> <mask> House) is on the National Register of Historic Homes and is currently being operated as a B&B. The town of Putnam, Ohio (now a part of Zanesville, Ohio) was named for him. Fort <mask> (built by <mask>) is part of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York.One of his grandsons, Catharinus <mask>, served as a brigadier general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. References

 Bibliography
 Barker, Joseph: Recollections of the First Settlement of Ohio, Marietta College, Marietta, Ohio (1958); original manuscript written late in Joseph Barker's life, prior to his death in 1843. Buell, Rowena, ed. : The Memoirs of <mask> and Certain Official Papers and Correspondence, Houghton, Mifflin, and Co., The Riverside Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1903). Available online as part of the California Digital Library at The memoirs of <mask> and certain official papers and correspondence
 Dawes, E. C.: Journal of Gen. <mask> kept in Northern New York during Four Campaigns of the old French and Indian War, Joel Munsell's Sons, Albany, New York (1886). Heitman, Francis B.: Officers of the Continental Army during the War of the Revolution, Rare Book Shop Publishing Co., Washington, D.C. (1914). Hildreth, S. P.: Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio, H. W. Derby and Co., Cincinnati, Ohio (1852).Hildreth, S. P.: Pioneer History: Being an Account of the First Examinations of the Ohio Valley, and the Early Settlement of the Northwest Territory, H. W. Derby and Co., Cincinnati, Ohio (1848). This historical book is available online via the Google Books Library Project at Early Settlement of the Northwest Territory. Hubbard, Robert Ernest. General <mask>: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and "Father of Ohio", McFarland & Company, Jefferson, North Carolina, 2020. .
 Hubbard, Robert Ernest. Major General <mask>: Hero of the American Revolution, McFarland & Company, Jefferson, North Carolina, 2017. .
 Hulbert, Archer Butler: The Records of the Original Proceedings of the Ohio Company, Volume I, Marietta Historical Commission, Marietta, Ohio (1917). This historical book is available online via the Google Books Library Project at Ohio Company, Volume I.
 Hulbert, Archer Butler: The Records of the Original Proceedings of the Ohio Company, Volume II, Marietta Historical Commission, Marietta, Ohio (1917). This historical book is available online via the Google Books Library Project at Ohio Company, Volume II.Leiter, M. T.: Biographical Sketches of the Generals of the Continental Army of the Revolution, University Press: John Wilson and Son, Cambridge, Massachusetts (1889). Summers, Thomas J.: History of Marietta, The Leader Publishing Co., Marietta, Ohio (1903). This historical book is available online via the Google Books Library Project at History of Marietta. Randall, Emilius Oviatt (1850–1919): Rufus Putnam Memorial Association'', Ohio Archæological and Historical Society Publications: Volume 20 [1911], pp. 123–33. External links
 The Society of the Cincinnati
The American Revolution Institute
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers History: Commanders

 <mask> house website

1738 births
1824 deaths
Masonic Grand Masters
American people of the Northwest Indian War
American people of English descent
American pioneers
American surveyors
Burials at Mound Cemetery (Marietta, Ohio)
United States Army Corps of Engineers Chiefs of Engineers
Continental Army generals
Continental Army officers from Massachusetts
Northwest Territory House of Representatives
Northwest Territory judges
Ohio Constitutional Convention (1802)
Ohio University trustees
People from Marietta, Ohio
People of Massachusetts in the French and Indian War
People from Sutton, Massachusetts
People from Danvers, Massachusetts
People from New Braintree, Massachusetts
Surveyors General of the Northwest Territory
Rufus

masks:
Rufus Putnam
Putnam
Rufus
Elisha Putnam
Rufus
Rufus
Elisha Putnam
Israel Putnam
Ann Putnam
Rufus Putnam
Rufus
Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Rufus Putnam
Israel Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Israel Putnam
Rufus Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Rufus Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Israel Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Rufus Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
General Rufus
Putnam
Putnam
Rufus Putnam
Putnam Buckingham
Rufus Putnam
Rufus Putnam
Rufus Putnam
Rufus Putnam
Israel Putnam
Rufus Putnam


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<mask> (born 4 October 1989) is an English singer and television personality. She finished in third place on the sixth series of The X Factor in 2009, and won the tenth series of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! in 2010. Her debut single, a cover of "Driving Home for Christmas", was released in 2011, followed by her debut studio album, Shy, in 2015. In 2016, <mask> presented I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp, and began appearing as a panellist on the ITV talk show Loose Women. Early life
<mask> was born in Dagenham, London, on 4 October 1989, the daughter of Fiona and <mask>. Her mother was born into an Anglican family and was the daughter of a vicar, but converted to Judaism before marrying <mask>'s father, who is of Iraqi-Jewish and Polish-Jewish descent.Her parents divorced when she was nine. She has said of her Jewish background, "Growing up, the influence Judaism had on me was an overwhelming understanding to love those around you, care for others as if they are part of your family and strive to be the best individual you can be." She attended a Christian primary school, where she said she "felt included and no different to [her] peers", but later studied at the Jewish Kantor King Solomon High School in Barkingside. Career

Music
In 2009, <mask> auditioned for the sixth series of The X Factor, performing "What a Wonderful World". <mask> was among the top 12 contestants and advanced to the live shows and was mentored by Dannii Minogue. During the first week of the live shows she performed Coldplay's "The Scientist", which gained positive reviews from the judges. During week two, she performed "At Last", receiving the most public votes.She sang "When You Wish Upon a Star" during the third week. On the fourth week, all contestants had to sing rock songs; Minogue selected "Somewhere Only We Know", and <mask>'s performance resulted in positive reviews. On the fifth week, she sang "Son of a Preacher Man". The sixth week into the competition, <mask> sang Queen's "Who Wants to Live Forever". During the sixth week, she also released a cover of Michael Jackson's "You Are Not Alone", which topped the charts on the UK Singles Chart and the Irish Singles Chart On the seventh week, she performed "I Can't Make You Love Me" and again received positive reviews from the judges and the audience. In the quarter-final, <mask> performed "Rule the World" by Take That and "Something About the Way You Look Tonight" by Elton John. In the semi-final she performed another Michael Jackson song, "The Way You Make Me Feel", and the song "Somewhere" for which she received a standing ovation again by the judges.During the final week, <mask> performed a duet "Feeling Good" with Michael Bublé. She also performed "What a Wonderful World" and "Who Wants to Live Forever". <mask> was awarded third place in the competition, behind Joe McElderry and Olly Murs. <mask> went on tour with her fellow X Factor finalists. In December 2010, she returned to the show, where she presented the show from Essex for winner, Matt Cardle. In June 2011, <mask> began working on her debut album, due to be released in 2012. Her first single from the album was originally to be released in February, but was delayed.On 5 November 2011, <mask> performed to thousands as the headline act at Paisley's Christmas Lights Switch On event. In September 2011, it was reported that <mask> was in a bidding war between record labels. However, she stated that she will have complete control. She was also asked to join The Only Way Is Essex, but turned it down. On 18 December 2011, <mask> released a cover of Chris Rea's "Driving Home for Christmas" as her Christmas single. The single was used for the Iceland Christmas commercial and reached number 27 in the UK Singles Chart. On 29 November 2013, <mask> was announced as the headline artist to lead a choir of over 110,000 primary school children.She joined the Young Voices tour, which took place from 14 January to 5 February 2014 in Birmingham, Sheffield, London and Manchester. The singer performed tracks from her forthcoming debut album on the tour, scheduled for release in 2014. Her debut album "Shy" was released in April 2015 along with the title track "Shy". In 2016, she released her second single from the album, "My Big Mistake". <mask> returned to the fourteenth series of The X Factor UK on Saturday 2 December 2017 and Sunday 3 December 2017, co-presenting alongside George Shelley. She interviewed the fourteenth series' finalists parents, families, relatives and friends at the live finals from ExCeL London on things such as how they feel about their finalist and wishing their finalist good luck. The interview is to give the audience a sense of support the finalists have behind them.<mask> and Shelley were co-presenters for this purpose of interviewing only, the main presenter being Dermot O'Leary. She returned in the same position the following year. <mask> has had fashion collaborations with Irish fast fashion brand Primark, including a children’s range which she marketed with her own children. She paired up with Amazon in 2020. Television
<mask> took part in the tenth series of the reality show I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! She beat Shaun Ryder in the final and was crowned "Queen of the Jungle". In 2011, she became the face of supermarket Iceland, taking over from Coleen Nolan.<mask> performed a duet with Ryder at the 16th National Television Awards – "Feeling Good" and "Step On" by Happy Mondays. In October 2010, she won the Living TV show Party Wars. In April 2011, <mask> and Keith Lemon presented Sing If You Can. On 5 September 2011, <mask> appeared in the Sooty episode "The Wedding" as Miss <mask> the Vicar. From 11 March 2012, <mask> and Chris Moyles presented Sky Living's dating show The Love Machine . In Spring 2012, <mask> starred in an episode of Mad Mad World on ITV with Eamonn Holmes and Stephen K. Amos. From 5 September 2012, <mask> was part of the judging panel for ITV2's Top Dog Model.In May 2014, <mask> recorded the theme tune for Channel 5's children's show Pip Ahoy!. She also has a recurring role in the show, voicing Fuchsia the Flamingo. From February 2015, <mask> took part in the second series of The Jump and was eliminated on 4 February. Throughout Summer 2016, <mask> appeared several times as a guest panellist on ITV daytime show Loose Women. It was later announced she would become a regular panellist alongside Lisa Riley after Vicky Pattison and Jamelia left the show. On 22 September 2016, it was announced <mask> would take over from Laura Whitmore and become co-host of newly named I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! spin-off I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!Extra Camp alongside Vicky Pattison, Joe Swash and Chris Ramsey. She didn't return for the following series. On a celebrity special of The Chase aired on 30 October 2016, <mask> won £60,000 in her individual chase, opposing Anne Hegerty (The Governess). On 25 June 2017, <mask> appeared as a guest on ITV2's Love Island: Aftersun, a chat-show companion to Love Island. She also took part in a celebrity edition of The Crystal Maze on Channel 4. In January 2018 she participated in And They're Off! in aid of Sport Relief.<mask> also launched a clothing range with Primark on 11 October 2018. In February 2019 on an episode of Loose Women, <mask> announced she would become a regular panellist for ITV2’s Celebrity Juice, hosted by Keith Lemon. On 10 March 2021, <mask> announced on Instagram the BBC had commissioned home-decluttering series Sort Your Life Out, with her presenting. Personal life
<mask> had her first child in 2008 at age 18, with her then-boyfriend Dean Cox. Her second son, born in 2012, was fathered by her ex-fiancé Aaron Barnham. <mask> began dating television personality Joe Swash in 2015, having met during the tenth series of I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here! in 2010.They have one son together, born in May 2019. She announced her engagement to Swash on her Instagram page on 24 December 2020. She is also the stepmother of Swash's son from a previous relationship. On 4 October 2021, her 32nd birthday, she announced that she had given birth to a daughter that same day. <mask> has been open about dealing with anxiety. Discography

Albums

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

References

External links

 Official website

1989 births
Living people
English people of Polish-Jewish descent
English people of Iraqi-Jewish descent
English women pop singers
People from Dagenham
Sony BMG artists
The X Factor (British TV series) contestants
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (British TV series) winners
English republicans
English Jews

masks:
Stacey Chanelle Clare Solomon
Solomon
Stacey Chanelle Clare Solomon
David Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Stacey
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon
Solomon


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Herbert "<mask><mask> (February 21, 1892, Norwich, New York – January 14, 1949, Paris, France) was an American Neo-Freudian psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who held that "personality can never be isolated from the complex interpersonal relationships in which [a] person lives" and that "[t]he field of psychiatry is the field of interpersonal relations under any and all circumstances in which [such] relations exist". Having studied therapists Sigmund Freud, Adolf Meyer, and William Alanson White, he devoted years of clinical and research work to helping people with psychotic illness. Early life
<mask> was a child of Irish immigrants and grew up in the then anti-Catholic town of Norwich, New York, resulting in a social isolation which may have inspired his later interest in psychiatry. He attended the Smyrna Union School, then spent two years at Cornell University from 1909, receiving his medical degree in Chicago College of Medicine and Surgery in 1917. Work
Along with Clara Thompson, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, Otto Allen Will, Jr., Erik H. Erikson, and Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, <mask> laid the groundwork for understanding the individual based on the network of relationships in which they are enmeshed. He developed a theory of psychiatry based on interpersonal relationships where cultural forces are largely responsible for mental illnesses (see also social psychiatry). In his words, one must pay attention to the "interactional", not the "intrapsychic".This search for satisfaction via personal involvement with others led <mask> to characterize loneliness as the most painful of human experiences. He also extended the Freudian psychoanalysis to the treatment of patients with severe mental disorders, particularly schizophrenia. Besides making the first mention of the significant other in psychological literature, <mask> developed the idea of the "Self System", a configuration of the personality traits developed in childhood and reinforced by positive affirmation and the security operations developed in childhood to avoid anxiety and threats to self-esteem. <mask> further defined the Self System as a steering mechanism toward a series of I-You interlocking behaviors; that is, what an individual does is meant to elicit a particular reaction. <mask> called these behaviors Parataxical Integrations and he noted that such action-reaction combinations can become rigid and dominate an adult's thinking pattern, limiting their actions and reactions toward the world as the adult sees the world and not as it really is. The resulting inaccuracies in judgment <mask> termed parataxic distortion, when other persons are perceived or evaluated based on the patterns of previous experience, similar to Freud's notion of transference. <mask> also introduced the concept of "prototaxic communication" as a more primitive, needy, infantile form of psychic interchange and of "syntactic communication" as a mature style of emotional interaction.<mask>'s work on interpersonal relationships became the foundation of interpersonal psychoanalysis, a school of psychoanalytic theory and treatment that stresses the detailed exploration of the nuances of patients' patterns of interacting with others. <mask> was the first to coin the term "problems in living" to describe the difficulties with self and others experienced by those with mental illnesses. This phrase was later picked up and popularized by Thomas Szasz, whose work was a foundational resource for the antipsychiatry movement. "Problems in living" went on to become the movement's preferred way to refer to the manifestations of mental disturbances. In 1927, he reviewed the controversial, anonymously published The Invert and his Social Adjustment and in 1929 called it "a remarkable document by a homosexual man of refinement; intended primarily as a guide to the unfortunate sufferers of sexual inversion, and much less open to criticism than anything else of the kind so far published." He was one of the founders of the William Alanson White Institute, considered by many to be the world's leading independent psychoanalytic institute, and of the journal Psychiatry in 1937. He headed the Washington, DC School of Psychiatry from 1936 to 1947.In 1940, he and colleague Winfred Overholser, serving on the American Psychiatric Society's committee on Military Mobilization, formulated guidelines for the psychological screening of inductees to the United States military. He believed, writes one historian, "that sexuality played a minimal role in causing mental disorders and that adult homosexuals should be accepted and left alone." Despite his best efforts, others included homosexuality as a disqualification for military service. Beginning on December 5, 1940, <mask> served as psychiatric adviser to Selective Service director Clarence A. Dykstra, but resigned in November 1941 after Gen. Lewis B. Hershey, who was hostile to psychiatry, became the director. <mask> then took part in establishing the Office of War Information in 1942. Beginning in 1927, <mask> had a 22-year relationship with James Inscoe <mask>, known as "Jimmie", who was 20 years younger than <mask>. His colleague Helen Swick Perry's biography of <mask> mentions the relationship and it is clear his close friends were well aware they were partners.Writings
Although <mask> published little in his lifetime, he influenced generations of mental health professionals, especially through his lectures at Chestnut Lodge in Rockville, Maryland, outside Washington, DC. Leston Havens called him the most important underground influence in American psychoanalysis. His ideas were collected and published posthumously, edited by Helen Swick Perry, who also published a detailed biography in 1982 (Perry, 1982, Psychiatrist of America). Works
The following works are in Special Collections (MSA SC 5547) at the Maryland State Archives in Annapolis: Conceptions of Modern Psychiatry, Soundscriber Transcriptions (Feb. 1945-May 1945); Lectures 1-97 (begins Oct. 2, 1942); Georgetown University Medical School Lectures (1939); Personal Psychopathology (1929–1933); The Psychiatry of Character and its Deviations-undated notes. His writings include:

The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry (1953)
"The Psychiatric Interview" (1954)
Conceptions of Modern Psychiatry (1947/1966)
Schizophrenia as a Human Process (1962)

Associates

After <mask>'s death, Saul B. Newton and his wife Dr. Jane Pearce (a psychiatrist who studied with <mask> in the late 1940s) established the Sullivan Institute for Research in Psychoanalysis in New York City. Notes

References
 Bérubé, Allan (1990). Coming Out Under Fire: The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two.New York, The Penguin Group. .
 Chapman, A. H.: <mask> <mask> - His Life and His Work, New York, G.P.Putnam's Sons, 1976. Evans III, F. Barton: <mask> <mask> - Interpersonal theory and psychotherapy. London/New York, Routledge, 1996. Mitchell, Stephen A.: <mask> <mask> and Interpersonal Psychoanalysis. In: St. A. Mitchell & M. Black: Freud and Beyond - A History of Modern Psychoanalytic Theught, Basic Books, New York, 1995, , p. 60-84. Mullahy, Patrick: Psychoanalysis and Interpersonal Psychiatry - The Contributions of <mask> <mask>, New York, Science House, 1970. Mumford, Robert S.: Traditional Psychiatry, Freud, and H. S. Sullivan.Comprehensive Psychiatry, Vol. 2, No. 1, February, 1961. Perry, Helen Swick: Psychiatrist of America - The Life of <mask> <mask>. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA and London, 1982, . Wake, Naoko: Private Practices: <mask> <mask>, the Science of Homosexuality, and American Liberalism. Rutgers University Press, 2011

External links
 William Alanson White Institute

1892 births
1949 deaths
People from Norwich, New York
American people of Irish descent
American psychoanalysts
American psychiatrists
American psychotherapists
LGBT people from New York (state)
People of the United States Office of War Information
20th-century LGBT people

masks:
Harry
" Stack Sullivan
Sullivan
Sullivan
Sullivan
Sullivan
Sullivan
Sullivan
Sullivan
Sullivan
Sullivan
Sullivan
Sullivan
Sullivan
Sullivan
Sullivan
Sullivan
Sullivan
Sullivan
Sullivan
Sullivan
Harry Stack
Sullivan
Harry Stack
Sullivan
Harry Stack
Sullivan
Harry Stack
Sullivan
Harry Stack
Sullivan
Harry Stack
Sullivan


text_chunks:
<mask> (26 January 1947 – 28 October 2020) was an Argentine professional boxer. <mask>, who was active as a professional from 1965 to 1980, is most notable for having held the and WBA and lineal light middleweight titles from 1976 to 1977. He died from COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Argentina. Professional career
<mask> began his professional career on 28 May 1965, in San Miguel de Tucumán against Domingo Gerez. <mask> scored a second round knockout over Gerez to record his first win. He remained undefeated over his first thirteen fights before suffering his first loss to Hermogenes Quintela. Quintela knocked <mask> out in the tenth round of their fight on 9 September 1966.On 4 November 1972 <mask> won his first championship by beating Hector Ricardo Palleres to claim the Argentine light middleweight title. <mask> fought for the first time outside of his native Argentina on 25 May 1974, he travelled to Monaco to beat Carlos Alberto Salinas. During his career <mask> also fought in Italy, Puerto Rico, Denmark, Nicaragua, and Spain. It was while in Spain that <mask> challenged for the WBA and lineal light middleweight titles, then held by Jose Manuel Duran, in front of a sell out crowd of 12,000. Duran, who was making the first defence of his title, was knocked down in the third round by a left hand to the jaw. Although the champion rose from the canvas, he was outworked by the faster challenger and lost his title via a split decision in a fight where both boxers finished with bloody faces. <mask>'s championship reign only lasted one fight as he lost it in his first defence to Eddie Gazo on 5 March 1977.Gazo, fighting in his hometown of Managua, Nicaragua, defeated Castellini via unanimous decision with scores of: 144–149, 144–148, and 143–148. This defeat was avenged, however, in a non-title bout on 20 September 1980. On this occasion Gazo travelled to Argentina to take on <mask>. <mask> won the fight by knockout in the ninth round in what was to be his final professional fight. Professional boxing record

|-
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|74 Wins (51 knockouts), 8 Losses (6 knockouts), 12 Draws
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;"
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Res.

masks:
Miguel Ángel Castellini
Castellini
Castellini
Castellini
Castellini
Castellini
Castellini
Castellini
Castellini
Castellini
Castellini
Castellini