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<mask> (May 30, 1918 – June 25, 1990) was a United States Army Air Forces fighter pilot during World War II. He is credited with eight victories during the conflict. Seven of these occurred during a single mission while flying a reconnaissance version of the P-51 Mustang, for which he received the Medal of Honor. Early life
<mask> was born on May 30, 1918, in Jeannette, Pennsylvania to <mask> and Bertha May (née Uncapher) <mask>. He attended the Cincinnati College of Embalming and the Pittsburgh School of Embalming between 1937 and 1940, and then he worked as a mortician for a short time before enlisting in the Aviation Cadet Program of the United States Army Air Forces on August 18, 1941. His father's family was from the Johnstown, Pennsylvania area and, prior to his father's birth, were survivors of the 1889 Johnstown Flood with his uncle, <mask> "Frank" <mask>, being the last known living survivor of the flood. Military service
<mask> joined the United States Army Air Corps from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in August 1941.For over a year, <mask> was assigned to the 82nd Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron. His unit had moved from airstrip to airstrip along the northern coast of New Guinea and then to Morotai supporting General <mask>'s drive to the Philippines performing dangerous photo recon and ground attack missions. His squadron was equipped with older P-39 Airacobras and Curtiss P-40s, which were adequate for the photo recon/ground attack role, but too short-ranged to reach areas where they might encounter Japanese aircraft. In December 1944, the squadron was given F-6Ds; P-51 Mustangs designed for armed photo reconnaissance. On 24 December, <mask> was put in command of the squadron and ordered to move it to Mindoro, an island off the southwest coast of Luzon, to support <mask>'s landing at Lingayen Gulf. During that landing on January 9, <mask> led his first combat mission in the squadron's new planes. The low-level reconnaissance was to gather intelligence on the air strength of Japanese in northern Luzon.They approached the Japanese airfield at Tuguegarao, where he scored his first air victory, an Aichi D3A "Val" dive bomber coming in on its final approach. <mask> had been in the undertaker business before the war. He named all his aircraft "Snooks" (plus the appropriate numeral) to note this. The F-6D in which he won his Medal of Honor was "Snooks 5"; this aircraft was later lost while being flown by another pilot. The next F-6D was briefly "Snooks 6" but was changed to "The Flying Undertaker". Though Shomo flew more than 200 combat missions in World War II, he saw only a total of 14 enemy aircraft from his cockpit and destroyed eight of them. Medal of Honor action
Two days after his first victory, on January 11, 1945, Captain <mask> and his wingman, Lieutenant Paul Lipscomb, were heading north for the Japanese airfields at Tuguegarao, Aparri, and Laoag, when they saw several enemy planes flying south at about .Despite being outnumbered, they immediately pulled Immelman turns and found themselves behind 11 Kawasaki Ki-61 "Tonys" and one Nakajima Ki-44 "Tojo" escorting a Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" bomber. On their first pass through the formation, <mask> closed to less than  before opening fire. He shot down four Tonys, then came up under the bomber, firing into its belly. The bomber caught fire and began to lose altitude as its pilot attempted to crash-land the plane. Two of the Tonys escorting the bomber stayed with it as it went down. Shomo pulled up in a tight vertical spiral to gain altitude while the Tojo turned to engage him. The Japanese fighter fired until it stalled and slipped into the clouds.The Betty exploded as it bellied in, and the two escorting Tonys broke away, staying low. <mask> made a second diving pass at the two Tonys and downed them both. In under six minutes, Shomo had shot down seven enemy planes, becoming an "ace in one day." (Only one other American fighter pilot scored more confirmed victories in a single mission: Navy Commander David McCampbell, with nine confirmed victories and two probables on 24 October 1944.) Meanwhile, his wingman shot down three of the remaining six planes. The three other Japanese planes fled. By April 1, 1945, <mask> had been promoted to major and was awarded the Medal of Honor for leading an attack against heavy odds and destroying seven enemy aircraft.Medal of Honor citation

Maj. <mask> was lead pilot of a flight of 2 fighter planes charged with an armed photographic and strafing mission against the Aparri and Laoag airdromes. While en route to the objective, he observed an enemy twin engine bomber, protected by 12 fighters, flying about 2,500 feet above him and in the opposite direction Although the odds were 13 to 2, Maj. <mask> immediately ordered an attack. Accompanied by his wingman he closed on the enemy formation in a climbing turn and scored hits on the leading plane of the third element, which exploded in midair. Maj. <mask> then attacked the second element from the left side of the formation and shot another fighter down in flames. When the enemy formed for Counterattack, Maj. Shomo moved to the other side of the formation and hit a third fighter which exploded and fell. Diving below the bomber he put a burst into its underside and it crashed and burned. Pulling up from this pass he encountered a fifth plane firing head on and destroyed it.He next dived upon the first element and shot down the lead plane; then diving to 300 feet in pursuit of another fighter he caught it with his initial burst and it crashed in flames. During this action his wingman had shot down 3 planes, while the 3 remaining enemy fighters had fled into a cloudbank and escaped. Maj. <mask>'s extraordinary gallantry and intrepidity in attacking such a far superior force and destroying 7 enemy aircraft in one action is unparalleled in the southwest Pacific area. Postwar life
He would stay with the Air Force after the war and was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 20 February 1951. He then was assigned to Colorado and served in operations and training assignments for a year. In March 1952, he became Executive, Commander and Administrative Officer for the 175th Fighter Interceptor Squadron (FIS) at Rapid City Air Force Base (AFB), South Dakota. He directed combat operations at Headquarters 31st Air Division in St. Paul, Minnesota for about a year, and then became Commander of the 14th FIS at Sioux City, Iowa.He also commanded a similar squadron, the 59th FIS, at Goose Bay, Labrador in January 1955, and that June, led the squadron to victory in the Northeast Air Command Rocket Meet. Lieutenant Colonel <mask> next became Commander of Headquarters, 473rd Air Defense Group and in July 1957 took over the 54th Fighter Group at the Greater Pittsburgh Airport. In January 1958, he became Executive Officer for HQ 79th Fighter Group at Youngstown Municipal Airport in Ohio. His last assignment was at Thule AFB, Greenland, with the 4683rd Air Defense Wing, before retiring in 1968. <mask> died on 25 June 1990 and is buried in St. Clair Cemetery in Greensburg, Pennsylvania. Awards and decorations
His awards and decorations include:

  Command pilot

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients

References

United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
American World War II flying aces
United States Army Air Forces Medal of Honor recipients
Aviators from Pennsylvania
People from Jeannette, Pennsylvania
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Air Medal
United States Air Force colonels
United States Army Air Forces officers
1918 births
1990 deaths
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
Military personnel from Pennsylvania

masks:
William Arthur Shomo
Shomo
George Washington Shomo
Shomo
Adam Franklin
Shomo
Shomo
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MacArthur
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Countess Róża <mask> (also known under religious name of Elżbieta, born 22 October 1876 – died 15 May 1961), was a Polish Roman Catholic professed religious who founded the Franciscan Sisters Servants of the Cross. Czacka suffered an accident in her childhood that later led to her becoming blind after she turned 22 despite the numerous surgical interventions that were performed on her. The next decade saw Czacka travel throughout Europe hoping to learn about techniques that she could use to help the blind; she adapted Polish phonetics into the Braille alphabet that ended up becoming mandated in all schools for the blind since 1934. <mask> entered the Franciscan Third Order in 1917 before founding her own religious congregation in late 1918 based on ideas that she had formulated since at least 1915. Her work received approval from the apostolic nuncio Achille Ratti (the future Pope Pius XI) who lauded her efforts as an exceptional apostolate. In 1950 she retired her role as the Superior General for her order (having held the post since around 1923) due to her declining health. The process for her beatification launched in 1988 in her native Poland before it moved to Rome for further investigation.Pope Francis confirmed her heroic virtue and named her as Venerable on 9 October 2017 before later approving a miracle attributed to her in late 2020. This latter confirmation enabled for Czacka to be beatified in Warsaw on 12 September 2021. Life

Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born in Bila Tserkva in Kyiv as the sixth of seven children to Count Feliks Czacki and Countess Zofia Ledóchowska. Her great-grandfather was Tadeusz Czacki and her uncle was Cardinal Włodzimierz Czacki. The Czacki family of the Świnka coat of arms came from Silesia and were part of the Polish nobility. Many outstanding ancestors contributed to its importance, including Cardinal Włodzimierz Czacki, the secretary to and friend of Pope Pius IX and later advisor to Pope Leo XIII. Róża’s father was the grandson of Tadeusz Czacki, the founder of Krzemieniec Lyceum, member of the Commission of National Education, co-author of the May 3rd Constitution and co-founder of the Warsaw Society of Friends of Learning.Through her mother, Zofia, she was related to Cardinal Mieczysław Ledóchowski. Róża had had five siblings. In her childhood she learnt how to play on the piano and also learnt how to ride horses. Czacka also became proficient in English and also mastered German and French; she also studied ecclesial and medieval Latin. The Czacki family ensured that their children were very well educated. Róża received a thorough home education. In addition to basic school subjects, she mastered modern French, English German and Russian.She read French literature. Gifted with a very good ear for music, Róża took singing, dancing and piano lessons. She also went horse riding. The lessons were initially provided by her mother, but when Róża became an adolescent, governesses were hired. The Czacki family was wealthy, which allowed for the selection of appropriate teaching staff and educational activities. The parents required from their children considerable independence and self-discipline, and paid particular attention to virtues such as modesty and respect for the dignity of others, including those who were of lower social status. Róża’s mother had a strict approach towards her children and tried to avoid expressing warm feelings.Blindness
Since childhood, Róża experienced health problems. Eye disease, a hereditary affliction, turned out to be a particularly difficult challenge. Additional suffering resulted from the fact that those closest to Róża refused to accept her progressive blindness. Both at home and beyond, Róża’s parents avoided the subject of her disability. They concealed the problem even though the disease was making it increasingly more difficult for their daughter to function normally. The future organizer of a charity for the blind found support from her grandmother Rozalia Ledóchowska née Zakrzewska, the mother of the cardinal. Róża’s grandmother taught her to memorize many useful texts, and to put things in a particular order so that she would be able to find them in the dark.She also took care of her granddaughter’s religious and spiritual development. The turning point came in 1898, when as a result of falling off a horse, the retinas of both of Róża’s eyes became detached. At the age of 22, she became completely blind. Despite the tragedy, Róża regained her internal freedom. The time of hiding the inconvenient truth by her loved ones was over. Róża’s parents spared no efforts to restore her daughter’s sight. It was hoped this would be achieved thought trips abroad to the most renowned ophthalmologists.These, however, proved fruitless. The breakthrough finally came when Róża turned to the ophthalmologist Bolesław Ryszard Gepner, who told her: ‘Don’t allow yourself to be carted from one foreign fame to another. There is nothing here that can be done, the state of your eyesight is quite hopeless. You’d be better off taking care of the blind, as they are not looked after by anyone in Poland’. Her doctors told her that there were no available options for her to recover her sight nor options to help her manage her condition since the Braille alphabet had not been available in Poland. Róża decided to start her mission to help the blind through charitable work. She visited the patients of ophthalmic clinics, contacted doctors who could treat them and organized fundraising at Holy Cross Church in Warsaw.In this charity work, she was supported by her mother, whose approach to her daughter had now warmed. Róża came to the conclusion that her aid to those in need should not be limited to sporadic actions. She traveled to the West to learn how to organize institutional care for the blind. Apostolate

After returning to Warsaw in 1910, Czacka opened and maintained from her funds a shelter for young blind women. There she taught them to read braille These lessons started also being attended by blind males. The small center soon expanded its activities, and in 1911 it became the Society for the Care of the Blind, whose official status was confirmed that same year by the tsarist authorities. The Society ran care and educational facilities for the blind, including: a primary school with Polish as the language of instruction, a basket-weaving workshop for boys and male adults, a nursery for the youngest children and a nursing home for elderly women.In 1912, Czacka also established so-called ‘patronage’, i.e. organized open care of the blind. She instigated the transcribing of books into Braille. In 1913, she founded the first library for the blind in Poland. Due to the expansion of its activities, the Society moved its headquarters to larger premises in Złota Street ..

Czacka had her own concept of comprehensive aid for the blind, inspired by solutions that had been tried and tested in other countries. She collaborated with the outstanding French promoter of braille Maurice de la Sizeranne. Róża drew attention to the fact that the blind suffered not only on account of their disability, but also due to ingrained social perceptions of their supposed mental and psycho-physical debilities.She considered it a mistake to exempt blind people from everyday activities or to keep them in isolation. Such treatment resulted in feelings of resignation, withdrawal, embitterment and loneliness. Czacka tried to combat prevailing stereotypes though education and the example of her own active life. By writing studies, various appeals and memoranda to representatives of the authorities she popularized knowledge about the blind. Her goal as an organizer of aid for people afflicted by the loss of sight was to provide them with maximal independence, enabling them to find their place in society with a sense of being useful and having their own dignity. Czacka felt this attitude should be instilled into children as early as possible, already at the preschool age. According to her: ‘All of preschool education is an essential foundation for comprehensive and professional instruction as well as for developing the correct attitude to the life of someone who wants to achieve maximum competence and independence.’ As for the vocational preparation of people suffering from blindness, she drew on examples from England and Ireland, where effective vocational training methods for the blind had been successfully applied ..The work she had begun was halted by the outbreak of the First World War. Her Society struggled with serious shortages of food and other items essential for everyday existence. It was forced to limit its activities. <mask> left Warsaw for three years, 1915–1918, and moved to Wołyń (Volhynia). She settled in Żytomierz, the capital of the Łuck- Żytomierz diocese, where many inhabitants of Poland’s eastern territories found refuge. Initially, she lived in the home of the habitless sisters of the Third Order of St Francis. She planned to found a new congregation whose major mission it would be serve the blind.Under the direction of her confessor, Fr Władysław Krawiecki, a lecturer at the Żytomierz seminary, she completed her individual novitiate. Róża took her vows and adopted the religious name of Elżbieta (Elisabeth). After the ban on wearing religious garments was officially lifted, she donned the Franciscan habit. In the spring of 1918, before the end of the war, she returned to Warsaw as a consecrated person. In order to be able to receive candidates to the newly founded Franciscan Sisters Servants of the Cross (FSC), Czacka acquired permission from the Church authorities, namely Cardinal Aleksander Kakowski, with the knowledge and blessing of the then-apostolic nuncio Achilles Ratti, who later became Pope Pius XI. The accepted date for the official founding of the religious congregation was 1 December 1918. The charism of the Franciscan Sisters Servants of the Cross was the apostolate and paying penance to God for ‘the spiritual blindness of the world’.The congregation was open to blind candidates. The

masks: Czacka Czacka Róża Czacka Czacka


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 congregation’s first spiritual director Father Władysław Krawiecki died in 1920, and he was succeeded Father Władysław Korniłowicz. In the first years of his ministry, Korniłowicz could not oversee the order’s affairs systematically. Being at the same time the director of a boarding school and lecturer at the Catholic University of Lublin, he had to travel a considerable distance from that part of Poland to Warsaw and Laski. His broad intellectual horizons and numerous contacts, however, opened up new perspectives for the FSC. On his initiative, new institutions and centers were founded, including the Library of Religious Knowledge, a publishing house and the Verbum bookshop as well as a retreat house. From 1930, Fr Korniłowicz finally set up permanent residence Laski.University students and young intelligentsia were attracted to his so-called ‘Circle’. Some of them consequently entered the FSC or the Third Order of St Francis. Czacka’s decision to include lay co-workers from the Society for the Care of the Blind in the religious life of the Congregation was initially treated with reluctance by the church authorities. They considered that connecting a charity for the blind so closely with the Catholic Church, or rather a religious congregation would hinder the latter’s mission. This, however, did not happen. Czacka was convinced that her sisters could provide comprehensive aid to the blind only with the help of the laity. Among these, a particularly important role was played by the tertiaries: members of the Third Order of St Francis, whose spiritual instructor was Władysław Korniłowicz.<mask> <mask> perceived the religious congregation she had founded as one of three elements of her work. The second was Society for the Care of the Blind, which she headed. The third were the apostolic outposts headed by Władysław Korniłowicz. In 1924, Czacka and Korniłowicz gave the entirety of the organizations they had founded the collective name of Triuno, i.e. ‘three in one’. This was in reference to: the blind, the sisters and the lay workers as well as the charitable, educative-typhological and apostolic activities. The religious order’s constitutions were confirmed on 2 October 1922.Its legal existence was regulated as diocesan, single-chapel congregation, whose members took simple vows. The Society for the Care of the Blind and the religious congregation were first based in Warsaw, and then, from 1922, primarily in Laski near Warsaw, to where the schools for the blind were gradually moved. However, the office of the Society and patronage as well as the religious house remained in the capital. In 1922, Czacka received a donation of several morgens of land from Antoni Daszewski, the owner of Laski. An important collaborator of Czacka and the builder of the Laski base was Antoni Józef Marylski, thanks to whom the blind children could be brought to Laski in 1922. That same year, all the educational institutions for the blind were also moved there, including two comprehensive schools and two vocational schools for males and females. In 1923, Laski formally became the motherhouse of the religious congregation and the permanent seat of the superior general.Shortly before the Second World War, Czacka’s work was in full bloom. By its outbreak she had turned Laski into a modern center. There, her pupils received a basic and vocational education allowing them to live on their own, financially independent, included in society and often having their dignity restored. The number of blind students as well as teachers and carers grew. There were 41 blind students in 1928. By the school year of 1938/39, there were 230 blind children, youths and adults in the boarding schools of Laski, and 437 at the Society’s open centers in Warsaw, Laski, Poznań, Kraków, Wilno and Chorzów. A few months before September 1939, the Warsaw authorities discussed with the Society for the Care of the Blind a plan to convert two of the largest Laski boarding schools into hospitals in the event of war.The war constituted a separate chapter in the history of Czacka’s work. The blind students and the staff were evacuated, some were mobilized while others were sent home. Czacka together with some of the sisters returned to Warsaw, to the Society’s property in Wolność Street. In Laski, Czacka left behind some of the sisters under the charge of Sister Katarzyna (Zofia Steinberg), who spoke German, to watch over the schools and to provide care for the wounded in the hospital. During the siege of Warsaw, a bomb fell on the building where Czacka was staying, and she was among the wounded. In October, the lay and religious staff as well as the blind students started returning to Laski. Approximately 75% of the buildings were destroyed.The hospital in Laski remained branch of the Ujazdowski Hospital until mid-October 1940. In the school year of 1940/1941, the Laski kindergarten, primary school and vocational school for the blind were reactivated. At the request of the Warsaw Social Self-Help Committee, over 30 sighted war orphans were also admitted to the Laski center. The Polish Home Army (AK) was active in the area. Many people whose Warsaw houses or apartments had been destroyed also found shelter or even employment in Laski. In September 1942, at the invitation of Czacka and Fr Korniłowicz, Fr Stefan Wyszyński, the future primate of Poland, came to Laski. At the time, he was a sworn member of the AK and its army chaplain in the Żoliborz-Kampinos district.In Laski, Fr Wyszyński performed his pastoral ministry, taught children the catechism and gave lectures on Catholic social teaching to the managerial and teaching staff. Czacka’s enterprise was keenly engaged providing shelter to hiding Jews as well as blinded soldiers. The Verbum bookstore in Moniuszko Street remained active during the occupation, and served as a contact point for the underground resistance. In 1944, the staff and blind youth of Laski supported the Warsaw Uprising, helping the insurgents and refugees from the capital. The Laski hospital treated the wounded, the staff provided dressings and meals. After the end of the war, Czacka together with her co-workers set about reorganizing the schools and training facilities in Laski as well as the congregation’s religious houses in Warsaw and Żułów. Despite the difficult socio-political and economic conditions, the ideological, organizational and educational goals of Czacka’s original project were implemented throughout the period of the so called Polish People's Republic.In 1946, the Society for the Care of the Blind received state permission for the administration and use of a 70 ha agricultural estate in Sobieszewo. At the farm, the Society organized a summer place of recreation for blind children and adults. In 1956, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński granted the Franciscan Sisters Servants of the Cross the Church of St Martin together with monastery rooms in the Warsaw Old Town. Also in the 1950s, Zofia Kossak-Szczucka bequeathed to Czacka’s project the Pedagogical Lyceum building in Rabka. Sisters of the congregation’s general council supported its founder in the administrative work. Many outstanding priests and preachers were associated with Czacka and Laski. Apart from the aforementioned Władysław Korniłowicz and Stefan Wyszyński, noteworthy contributors included: Jan Zieja, Tadeusz Fedorowicz and Bronisław Dembowski.Active here were also eminent scientists, educators and pioneers of Polish special pedagogics, including Maria Grzegorzewska and Wanda Szuman. Death
Due to illness, Róża <mask> withdrew from active work in 1950. She passed away in Laski on 15 May 1961. Beatification
The beatification process launched after Cardinal Józef Glemp petitioned authorities in Rome to provide approval for the canonization cause. The diocesan process launched on 22 December 1987 before the Congregation for the Causes of Saints issued the official "nihil obstat" (no objections to the cause) edict on 8 February 1988; the diocesan process concluded in September 1995. The C.C.S. later received the findings from the diocesan investigation before validating the findings on 3 April 1998 after determining that the investigation adhered to their official guidelines.In 2011 the postulation (the officials leading the cause) submitted the official Positio dossier to the C.C.S. for evaluation. The dossier highlighted her life and listed the reasons for her sanctification according to the cardinal and theological virtues. Theologians first had to assess and approve the cause before the cardinals and bishops in the C.C.S. made the final determination if it could go to the pope for his approval. Pope Francis confirmed her heroic virtue and issued a decree that named her as Venerable on 9 October 2017. Her beatification depended upon papal confirmation of a miracle (a healing) that neither science or medicine could explain.Explanations mean that the healing presented could not be considered a miracle for her beatification. The process to investigate a healing dating back to 2010 closed in Warsaw on 5 June 2018 before it was submitted to Rome for further assessment. The medical experts advising the C.C.S. issued their approval to the case on 9 January 2020. Theologians later approved this miracle on the fact that it came due to her intercession; the C.C.S. confirmed this that October. Pope Francis confirmed this miracle on 27 October 2020 that enabled for Czacka to be beatified; the beatification took place in Warsaw on 12 September 2021 alongside Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński.The current postulator for this cause is Monsignor Sławomir Oder. References

External links
 Santi e Beati
 Hagiography Circle

1876 births
1961 deaths
19th-century pianists
19th-century Polish people
19th-century venerated Christians
20th-century Polish people
20th-century venerated Christians
Beatifications by Pope Francis
Blind people from Poland
Braille
Róża
Members of the Third Order of Saint Francis
People from Bila Tserkva
Polish female equestrians
Polish Roman Catholics
Polish women pianists
Polish countesses
Superiors general
Venerated Catholics by Pope

masks: Róża Czacka Czacka


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<mask>, Baroness <mask> of Belgravia LVO (née Charkham; born 26 May 1956) is an English solicitor and politician, who has represented members of the British royal family and celebrities, including Sir Paul McCartney, Prince Andrew, Duke of York, Charles, Prince of Wales, and Princess Haya bint Hussein. Her charm and resoluteness earned her the nickname "Steel Magnolia". Biography
Born <mask> in London, she is the daughter of Jonathan Charkham, an economist and adviser to The Bank of England, and Moira Elizabeth Frances Salmon, daughter of Barnett Alfred and Molly Salmon. Her mother's family, the Salmon family, were co-owners of the J. Lyons & Co. cornerhouse empire. Through the Salmon family, <mask> is a cousin to Nigella and Dominic Lawson, and George Monbiot. <mask> was educated at Benenden School in Kent. She attended Exeter University, graduating with a third class degree in law.<mask> then trained as a cordon bleu chef, and became an executive caterer for boardrooms before training to be a solicitor. In July 2010, she was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Exeter in the form of an LL.D. On 21 December 2010, the Queen created <mask> a life peer as Baroness <mask> of Belgravia, of Belgravia in the City of Westminster. She sits as a Conservative in the House of Lords. Shackleton supported the research by the University of Exeter examining compatibility and the ten key aspects of a successful relationship (named the Shackleton Project). The research was published in July 2018. Legal career
<mask> qualified as a solicitor in 1980, and by 1986 she had become a partner at Farrer and Co, the firm of solicitors employed by the British royal family.In the same year <mask> and other international family lawyers, including Jane Simpson and Raymond Tooth, co-founded the International Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers, an invitation-only organisation which now consists of over 500 of the world's leading family lawyers. Her first high-profile case was that of the Duke and Duchess of York. <mask> joined Payne Hicks Beach in 2001 as a partner. <mask> is reputed to have fallen out of royal favour in the aftermath of the Paul Burrell affair and the suggestions of a cover-up over allegations of a homosexual rape within the royal household put <mask>, in her own words, "under pressure for a solution to be reached more speedily than I was able to achieve". She was criticised in the Peat Report on the proceedings. In the 2006 New Year Honours, she was made a Lieutenant of the Royal Victorian Order (LVO) and remains solicitor for the Duke of Cambridge and the Duke of Sussex. In March 2012, one of <mask>'s former clients filed a negligence claim against her for incorrect advice on a child support case.The former client states that due to this erroneous advice he lost out on more than £260,000. <mask> charged over £95,000 in fees for the advice. The case was subsequently dropped and the client paid his own costs. Famous cases
<mask>'s high-profile cases include:
 The Duke and Duchess of York: where <mask> represented the Duke. The Duchess was able to negotiate a £3 million settlement. The Prince and Princess of Wales: where <mask> represented the Prince. The Princess was able to negotiate a £17 million settlement and observers saw the outcome as a creditable draw.On the same date that Buckingham Palace announced to the public that the Prince and Princess had reached a settlement, the Queen issued letters patent to regulate the styles and titles of former members of the royal family after divorce. Information about those letters patent was included by the Palace in the same press release that contained the announcement of the divorce agreement. In accordance with those letters patent, Diana lost her style of Royal Highness when the decree absolute of divorce was issued. The forfeiture of the title of Royal Highness is often attributed to the diligence of <mask>, but styles of members of the royal family are governed by the prerogative of the sovereign. Sir Paul McCartney and Heather Mills McCartney: in which <mask> represented the former Beatle, and secured leading QC Sir Nicholas Mostyn before Mills's solicitor Anthony Julius, leading to their being known during the case by the media as the "legal dream team." Mills described <mask> in an interview with Larry King thus: "There’s this nasty woman – <mask>. She wants to drag it out as long as possible to fill her pockets and she’s said some pretty mean things when I was in a wheelchair."At the final settlement hearing, Mills poured a jug of water over <mask>'s head. Claire and Thierry Henry: in which <mask> represented wife Claire Merry, whose marriage broke down after the Arsenal striker left for Barcelona. John Cleese and Alyce Faye Eichelberger: in which she represented Alyce Faye. Cleese said afterwards, "What I find so unfair is that if we both died today, her children would get much more than mine". Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum and Princess Haya bint Hussein: in which <mask> represented Princess Haya. Personal life
<mask> is married to Ian, who runs a business called The Chatham Archive & Document Storage Company, and who is related to Antarctic explorer Sir <mask>. The couple have two daughters.See also
<mask>, Baron Shackleton
James Stewart
Marilyn Stowe
Jane Simpson
Collaborative Family Law

References

External links
Profile at Payne Hicks Beach
Profile: <mask>leton Sunday Times (London), 23 March 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2008
 Publication of the Report to HRH The Prince of Wales by Sir Michael Peat and Edmund Lawson QC, 13 March 2003

1956 births
Living people
Lawyers from London
People educated at Benenden School
Alumni of the University of Exeter
English Jews
English solicitors
Lieutenants of the Royal Victorian Order
Conservative Party (UK) life peers
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
Female life peers
Salmon family
Jewish British politicians

masks:
Fiona Sara Shackleton
Shackleton
Fiona Sara Charkham
Shackleton
Shackleton
Shackleton
Shackleton
Shackleton
Shackleton
Shackleton
Shackleton
Shackleton
Shackleton
Shackleton
Shackleton
Shackleton
Shackleton
Shackleton
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Shackleton
Fiona Shackleton
Shackleton
Shackleton
Shackleton
Shackleton
Ernest Shackleton
Edward Shackleton
Fiona Shack


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<mask> (born October 12, 1934) is an American abstract artist and architect, whose geometric designs make prominent use of the color white. A winner of the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1984, Meier has designed several iconic buildings including the Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art, the Getty Center in Los Angeles, and San Jose City Hall. In 2018, 5 of Meier's employees accused him of sexual assault, which led to his resignation in 2021. Early life
Meier was born to a Jewish family, the oldest of three sons of Carolyn (Kaltenbacher) and <mask>, a wholesale wine and liquor salesman, in Newark, New Jersey. He grew up in nearby Maplewood, where he attended Columbia High School. He earned a Bachelor of Architecture degree from Cornell University in 1957. After graduating, Meier traveled to Palestine, Greece, Germany, France, Denmark, Finland, and Italy, among other places, to network with architects.Meier is also the second cousin of Peter Eisenman, an architect, theorist, and fellow member of The New York Five. Career

In New York City, Meier worked for Skidmore, Owings and Merrill briefly in 1959, and then for Marcel Breuer for three years, prior to starting his own practice in 1963. In 1972, he was identified as one of The New York Five, a group of modernist architects: Meier, Peter Eisenman, Michael Graves, Charles Gwathmey, and John Hejduk. Early in his career, Meier worked with artists such as painter Frank Stella and favored structures that were white and geometric. Meier first gained significant recognition for his designs of various residences, in addition to The Atheneum in New Harmony, Indiana (1979) and the High Museum of Art in Atlanta, Georgia (1983).One of his favourite workers was Indian architect Bijoy Jain. Although Meier was an acclaimed architect for many years, his design of the Getty Center, a massive museum complex in Los Angeles, California, which opened in 1997, catapulted him into mainstream recognition. Some of his other notable commissions include museums such as the Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art in Spain (1995) and the Paley Center for Media in Beverly Hills, California (1996); The Hague, The Netherlands City Hall (1995) and San Jose City Hall (2005); commercial buildings such as the reconstruction of City Tower in Prague, Czech Republic (2008); and residential buildings such as 173 and 176 Perry Street in the West Village of Manhattan (2002) and Meier on Rothschild in Tel Aviv, Israel (2015).Today, Richard Meier & Partners Architects has offices in New York and Los Angeles, with projects ranging from China and Tel Aviv to Paris and Hamburg. Much of Meier's work builds on the work of architects of the early to mid-20th century, especially that of Le Corbusier, particularly his early work. Meier is considered to have built more using Corbusier's ideas than anyone, including Le Corbusier himself. Meier expanded many ideas evident in Le Corbusier's work, particularly the Villa Savoye and the Swiss Pavilion. His work also reflects the influences of other designers such as Mies Van der Rohe and, in some instances, Frank Lloyd Wright and Luis Barragán (without the colour). White has been used in many architectural landmark buildings throughout history, including cathedrals and the white-washed villages of the Mediterranean region, in Spain, southern Italy and Greece. The Mayor of Rome, Gianni Alemanno, included in his campaign platform a promise to tear down the large travertine wall of Meier's Museum of the Ara Pacis.Alemmano has since changed his stance on the building and has agreed with Meier to modifications including drastically reducing the height of the wall between an open-air space outside the museum and a busy road along the Tiber river. The city plans to build a wide pedestrian area along the river and run the road underneath it. "It's an improvement," says Meier, adding that "the reason that wall was there has to do with traffic and noise. Once that is eliminated, the idea of opening the piazza to the river is a good one." The mayor's office said Alemanno hopes to complete the project before the end of his term in 2013. Recognition
In 1984, Meier was awarded the Pritzker Prize. The jury citation declared that Meier has "created structures which are personal, vigorous, original."In 2008, he won the gold medal in architecture from the Academy of Arts and Letters and his work Jesolo Lido Village was awarded the Dedalo Minosse International Prize for commissioning a building. Meier is a Senior Fellow of the Design Futures Council. He was awarded the AIA Gold Medal in 1997. In 2013, he was awarded the A+ Lifetime Achievement Award. In 1996, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. In 2010, Cornell established a new professorship named for Meier. Paying tribute Meier on the occasion of his firm's 50th anniversary, the Fondazione Bisazza presented the exhibition “<mask>: Architecture and Design” in Vicenza, Italy.In 2014, Meier opened a 15,000-square-foot exhibition space museum at Mana Contemporary in Jersey City. The space gathers much of his life's work under one roof, and replaces a much smaller version that opened in 2007 in Long Island City, Queens, and that until 2013 was open only by appointment to students and tour groups. The new venue provides room to show his own sculptures, architectural drawings and collages for the first time, and is planned to include a research library. Sexual harassment and resignation

On March 13, 2018, The New York Times detailed allegations from five women that Meier had sexually harassed or assaulted them. Meier responded by saying that he would take a leave of six months from his firm. In response to the allegations and Meier's apology, his alma mater Cornell University declined his intended endowment of a named chair and instituted a review of his previous donations. On April 6, 2018, an additional four women who formerly worked at Meier's architecture firm came forward with allegations against him.The most recent allegations dated to 2009. On October 9, 2018, the firm announced that his resignation was permanent. Works

Major works by Meier include the High Museum in Atlanta, the Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art, Meier on Rothschild, and On Prospect Park. References

Further reading
 Tom Grotta (ed. ): The Grotta Home by <mask>er. A Marriage of Architecture and Craft. arnoldsche Art Publishers 2019, .Frampton, Kenneth, Rykwert, Joseph: <mask>, Architect, Rizzoli, 1998
 Frampton, Kenneth: <mask>, Phaidon, 2012

External links

 <mask>er in the National Gallery of Australia's Kenneth Tyler collection
 Official "Meier Tower" website
 Ara Pacis Museum, Rome
 Burda Museum website
 Rachofsky House website
 An appreciation of the Hague City Hall
 Collages by <mask>er
 Over 100 photographs of the <mask> designed Rachofsky House which received AIA honor award in 2002
 Official "Bodrum Houses" website
 "The Surf Club" website
 <mask>er video at Web of Stories

 <mask>er Architecture on Google Maps

Modernist architects from the United States
1934 births
Living people
20th-century American Jews
Jewish architects
Cornell University College of Architecture, Art, and Planning alumni
People associated with the J. Paul Getty Museum
Artists from Newark, New Jersey
Pritzker Architecture Prize winners
Recipients of the Praemium Imperiale
Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal
20th-century American architects
21st-century American architects
Members of the Académie d'architecture
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Richard Meier
Jerome Meier
Richard Meier
Richard Mei
Richard Meier
Richard Meier
Richard Mei
Richard Mei
Richard Meier
Richard Mei
Richard Mei


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Mwalim (Morgan James Peters I, born June 6, 1968), also known as "Mwalim *7" and "Mwalim DaPhunkee Professor" is an American performing artist, writer, and educator. He is a tenured associate professor of English and former director of Black Studies at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. He is also a founding member of The GroovaLottos, a multiple Grammy Award-nominated soul-funk-blues band, for which he is the keyboard player, a vocalist, and the resident songwriter. Early life
Born to a West Indian American (Barbados) mother and Mashpee Wampanoag father, Mwalim grew up in both the Northeast Bronx and Mashpee, Massachusetts. Mwalim's first instrument was the viola which he began studying at the age of ten, playing in his school orchestra, the Bronx Borough-wide Orchestra, and studied privately at Bronx House music school. He auditioned for and attended Music & Art High School (Now LaGuardia School for the Arts), and was interested in music and short-story writing from an early age. As a student at Music & Art he studied viola privately at the 3rd Street Music School and also began studying piano and composition with his Grandfather, noted band leader, arranger, and record producer for Decca and Southern Records in the 1920's, '30's and '40's, Allan H. Nurse.<mask> also began his career as a studio session player at age 16, adding string parts to various recordings and becoming one of the youngest session players in EMI Records history. He went on to major in music composition and history at Boston University. During this time, he also worked as an intern and session musician at various recording studios around the Boston and New York City, most notably, Jazzy J Recording Studio in the Bronx. He also became a part of the college's Black Drama Collective as a stage band musician and sketch writer. <mask> joined New African Company in 1991, where he received his formal training in theater arts and education. Career
After college and graduate school, <mask> chose to settle on Cape Cod as opposed to back to New York. He worked with a small group of local performers to co-found Oversoul Theatre Collective, Inc., and became the group's artistic director.He has used music, theater and storytelling as a platform to explore the Black and Native American experience; and the American phenomenon of having to choose one race, despite the rhetoric of the American melting pot. He has called himself a "Black Wampanoag." In 2000, <mask> became a part of the Lincoln Center Theatre's Director's Lab program, and later held residencies at the Harlem Theatre Company, The POINT CDC/Live From The Edge theater, and the Bronx Writer's Center, where he presented his original plays and performance pieces as well as taught workshops in creative writing, filmmaking and drama. He was also a very active presenter and performer at the Nuyorican Poet's Cafe, the Afrikan Theatre, and The Baggot Inn in Greenwich Village, where he led the house band. His plays also began getting picked up for productions by various Off-Broadway and Off-Off Broadway theater groups as well as productions throughout the USA, Canada, the U.K. and the Caribbean. His award-winning one-man show "A Party at the Crossroads" is subtitled the tales and adventures of a Black Indian growing up in a Jewish neighborhood, has been presented at the Mashantucket Pequot Museum in Connecticut and as a part of the Indian Summer series at the American Indian Community House in New York City. His performance piece, based on memories of Mashpee of the past, "Backwoods People" was presented at the 1999 National Black Theatre Festival in Winston-Salem, NC.His romantic comedy, Working Things Out was a hit at the 2005 festival. <mask>hunkee Professor." According to Black Masks Magazine, <mask> is considered a leading voice in the new generation of artists. <mask> earned his MFA in Creative Writing from Goddard College in July 2006. His focus was playwriting. He was recently named Filmmaker-In-Residence by WGBH, Bostons PBS television station, and will be the residency programs first narrative filmmaker, where he will be producing a film adaptation of Look At My Shorts, a collection of <mask>'s short plays exploring contemporary Black Indian experiences in Massachusetts.Some of his musical recordings have won awards from the New England Urban Music Awards

Books

 A Mixed Medicine Bag: Original Black-Wampanoag Folklore (2017, Talking Drum Press, LTD)
 LAND of the BLACK SQUIRRELS: A Bronx Boheme Novel (2020, Thirty-three Pages, LLC)

+ <mask> appears in numerous poetry, short story, and essay anthologies and edited volumes. Plays & Performance Works

 The Barber of Seville Street (1995)
 Things I've Enjoyed Telling White Folks: The Quaker & Unitarian Monologues (1997)
 Out! By The Roots!!! (1997)
 A Party at the Crossroads (1998)
 Guess Who's Rockin' The Party... (1999)
 OM! A Street Corner Griot's Comedy (2000)
 Horror In The Bronx (2002)
 Working Things Out (2003)
 Meanwhile, Elsewhere...: A Collection of Short Plays (2005)
 WETU In The City (2007)
 Seek & Ye Shall Find (1 of the Among Brothers Trilogy) (2008)
 You're An Indian?? (2009)
 Knock & It Shall Be Opened (2 of the Among Brothers Trilogy) (2010)
 Ask & It Shall Be Given (3 of the Among Brothers Trilogy) (2014)
 LEGACY (2016)
 Listen To Sipu (2021)

Discography
1. "Her Groove" 12' Single (1990 Midnight Groove Recordings)
2."Voices Of My Ancestors" E.P. (1995, MGR/MFV Group)
3. "Thief In The Night" CD single (2000, MGR/OTC Records)
4. "Jazzy- Soul Club Grooves" Vinyl/E.P. (2001 Midnight Groove Recordings/ OTC Records)
5. "The Liberation Sessions" CD/Album (2010 MGR/LM3/ Lore Music Group)
6. "DEEP Soul Chants & Hollers" CD/Album (2012 MGR/LM3)
7."Awakened By A Noon Day Sun" CD/Album (2014 MGR/LM3/ Spirit Wind Records)
8. "Ask Yo' Mama" by The GroovaLottos CD/Album (2017 MGR/LM3/Sing Keepers, LTD.)

9. "Downstreeter Suite Digital Album (2021 MGR/LM3)

10. "Mama's Hamper" a remixtape by The GroovaLottos Digital Album (2021 MGR/LM3)

+ Mwalim appears on at least 80 other recordings as a musician, singer, producer, and/or songwriter

References

External links
 Badilisha Poetry X-Change
 Artist Site
 Writer's Blog
 Reverb Nation Profile

1968 births
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
Living people
American jazz musicians
American soul musicians
People from the Bronx
Artists from New York City
Boston University alumni
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth faculty
Film directors from New York City
Jazz musicians from New York (state)

masks: Mwalim Mwalim Mwalim Mwalim MwalimP Mwalim Mwalim Mwalim Mwalim


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<mask> (; born 22 August 1964) is a Swedish former world No. 1 tennis player. From 1982 to 1988, he won seven Grand Slam singles titles (three at the French Open, three at the Australian Open, and one at the US Open), and one Grand Slam men's doubles title (at Wimbledon). His breakthrough came suddenly and unexpectedly when he won the 1982 French Open at the age of 17. In 1988, <mask> won three of the four Grand Slam singles events and finished the year ranked as world No. 1. Although he never won the singles title at Wimbledon, <mask> twice won the Australian Open when it was played on grass courts.This makes <mask> one of only six men (along with Jimmy Connors, Andre Agassi, Rafael Nadal, Roger Federer and Novak Djokovic) to have won Grand Slam singles titles on grass courts, hard courts, and clay courts. since it was first achievable in 1978 (when US Open was played on a Hard Court). Since 1978 he, Nadal, and Djokovic are the only men to have won at least two Grand Slam singles titles on each of the three surfaces (two Australian when it was played on grass, one Australian and one US on hard court, and three French on clay). <mask> won his fourth Grand Slam singles title at the age of 20, the youngest man in history to have achieved that feat. He also won eight Grand Prix Super Series titles (1983–88), the precursors to the current ATP World Tour Masters 1000. He won 33 singles titles and seven doubles titles during his career. He was also a driving force behind Sweden's run of seven consecutive Davis Cup finals in the 1980s.In 2002, <mask> was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame. Career

Juniors
Born in Växjö, Sweden, <mask> first came to the tennis world's attention when he won the French Open junior title, the European under-16 and under-18 championships, and the Orange Bowl under-16 event in Miami. 1980–1988
<mask> made his debut on the professional tour at the clay court tournament in Båstad, Sweden in 1980. In September 1981, he lost his only career match against Björn Borg, losing in the first round of the Geneva Open in straight sets. <mask> surprised the tennis world at the 1982 French Open. As an unseeded player, he upset second seed Ivan Lendl in the fourth round, fifth seed Vitas Gerulaitis in the quarterfinals, fourth seed José Luis Clerc in the semifinals, and third seed Guillermo Vilas in a four-set final that lasted 4 hours and 42 minutes. At the end of the semifinal against Clerc he requested replay of the match ball as he did not want to win the game due to a questionable referee decision.This was seen as an extraordinary display of fair play and garnered him the Pierre de Coubertin World Fair Play Trophy. He was the youngest ever male Grand Slam singles champion at 17 years, 9 months, a record since broken by Boris Becker and Michael Chang. In only his third entry in a Grand Slam tournament, <mask> also became the player who needed the fewest attempts to win one, a record since equaled by Gustavo Kuerten at the 1997 French Open. <mask> then lost in the fourth round at both Wimbledon, to Brian Teacher, and the US Open to Lendl. <mask> won three additional tournaments in 1982 and finished the year ranked no. 7. During that year, <mask> was awarded the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal.<mask> returned to the French Open in 1983, where he lost to Yannick Noah after defeating John McEnroe in a quarterfinal. He lost in the third round at Wimbledon to Roscoe Tanner and in the quarterfinals of the US Open to Lendl. <mask> won his second Grand Slam title later that year at the Australian Open, played on grass at Kooyong Stadium, where he defeated McEnroe in a semifinal and Lendl in the final. He won eight other tournaments in 1983, including two Grand Prix Championship Series titles, and finished the year ranked no. 4. <mask> retained his Australian Open title in 1984, beating Stefan Edberg in the quarterfinals and Kevin Curren in the final. He lost in the semifinals of the French Open to Lendl, the second round at Wimbledon to Pat Cash, and the quarterfinals of the US Open to Cash.He won three tournaments in 1984 including his third Championships Series title and again finished the year ranked no. 4. In 1985, <mask> won the French Open for the second time, beating Lendl in the final, and again reached the Australian Open final, where he lost to Edberg. However, he lost in the first round at Wimbledon to Slobodan Živojinović and the semifinals of the US Open to McEnroe. He won three tournaments in 1985 and finished the year ranked no. 3. <mask> rose to the no.2 ranking, behind Lendl, on 28 April 1986. He then lost in the third round of the French Open to Andrei Chesnokov, the fourth round of Wimbledon to Cash, and the fourth round of the US Open to Miloslav Mečíř. His consistency at other tournaments, however, allowed him to again finish the year ranked no. 3. <mask> partnered with countryman Joakim Nyström to win the men's doubles title at Wimbledon in 1986. He also won his fourth Grand Prix Championship Series title. The 1987 season saw <mask> unveil a more potent service and a new highly effective one-handed slice backhand, the latter a somewhat remarkable development for a mid-career top-level tennis professional.Despite the improvements, however, <mask> was defeated by Lendl in the finals of both the French Open and the US Open in 1987. Cash again proved to be <mask>'s nemesis at Wimbledon, winning their quarterfinal match in straight sets. <mask> won five tournaments in 1987 including two Grand Prix Tennis Championship Series titles and six overall, finishing the year ranked third in the world for the third consecutive year. 1988 was the pinnacle of <mask>'s career. In January, he won his third Australian Open singles title, this time on Melbourne Park's hardcourts, defeating Edberg in a five-set semifinal and home town favourite Cash in a five-set final. In doing so, he became the only player to win the Australian Open on both grass and hardcourt. <mask> faced another home crowd favourite, Henri Leconte, in the final of the French Open.<mask> won in straight sets, missing only two out of 73 first serves in the entire match. At Wimbledon, <mask> reached the quarterfinals where he lost to Mečíř. At the US Open, he reached his third Grand Slam final of the year. In a repeat match-up of the previous year's final, he defeated Lendl in five sets in close to 5 hours and ended Lendl's three-year reign at the top of the world rankings. This was <mask>'s seventh Grand Slam singles title and resulted in his receiving the number one ranking, having won three of the year's Grand Slam tournaments, two more Grand Prix Championship Series titles at Key Biscayne and Cincinnati, and one other title in Palermo. He held the top ranking for a total of 20 weeks until Lendl reclaimed it at the end of January 1989. His 1988 title at Cincinnati was his fourth there, at the time making him one of only three players since 1899 to win four titles in Cincinnati, along with Bobby Riggs and George Lott.Roger Federer has since joined the list. 1989–1996
<mask>'s motivation, results, and ranking suffered in 1989. He lost in the second round of the Australian Open to Ramesh Krishnan, the quarterfinals of the French Open to Andrei Chesnokov, the quarterfinals of Wimbledon to John McEnroe (7–6, 3–6, 6–3, 6–4), and the second round of the US Open to Pete Sampras (5–7, 6–3, 1–6, 6–1, 6–4). He did not win a tournament during 1989 and he finished the year ranked World No. 12. <mask> briefly moved back into the top 10 rankings on 12 February 1990, but by the end of the year, his ranking had slumped to World No. 41.He defeated Boris Becker in the quarterfinals of the Australian Open, only to lose to Stefan Edberg in straight sets in the semifinals. He skipped the French Open and Wimbledon and lost in the first round of the US Open to Brad Gilbert. <mask> played only the first half of 1991. He lost in the fourth round of the Australian Open and the second round of the French Open. He finished the year ranked World No. 159. <mask> was absent from the tour in 1992.He played seven tournaments in 1993, losing in the first round of five of them. At the US Open, he lost in the third round to Cédric Pioline. He finished the year ranked World No. 330. Except for Wimbledon, <mask> played a full schedule in 1994. He lost in the fourth round of the Australian Open to MaliVai Washington, the first round of the French Open to Andre Agassi (6–2, 7–5, 6–1), and the first round of the US Open to Guy Forget. His only victory over a top ten player was in the second round of the tournament in Indianapolis against Todd Martin.He finished the year ranked World No. 129. <mask>'s results improved slightly in 1995 as he finished the year ranked World No. 46. After losing in the first round of the Australian Open to Jacco Eltingh, he lost in the second round of the French Open to eighth ranked Wayne Ferreira 6–7, 7–6, 6–3, 6–7, 8–6. He then lost in the third round of Wimbledon to Eltingh and the second round of the US Open to Martin. In other tournaments, he had wins against tenth ranked Marc Rosset, eighth ranked Ferreira, and sixth ranked Yevgeny Kafelnikov.He also won his final tour match against Edberg, in the second round of the Canadian Open in Montreal. In 1996, <mask> played only one Grand Slam tournament, losing in the second round of the French Open to Martin. He retired from the tour after losing his final match to Martin Damm in Beijing in October. During most of his career, <mask> used the Rossignol F-200 Carbon tennis racquet, an early fiberglass model. Failed drug test and suspension
During the 1995 French Open he and Karel Nováček tested positive for cocaine. They appealed the initial three-month suspension by the International Tennis Federation, claiming flawed test procedures but withdrew their appeals in May 1997 and on 15 May 1997 received a three-month suspension from the ATP Tour for failing a drugs test. Additionally <mask> had to return his prize money since May 1995, amounting to $289,005, and forfeit ranking points.Davis Cup
<mask> was an integral member of Sweden's highly successful Davis Cup team throughout the 1980s. He reached his first final with Sweden in 1983, which they lost 3–2 to Australia (despite <mask> winning both his singles rubbers in the final). In 1984, Sweden (with <mask>) won the cup, beating the United States 4–1 in the final. Sweden retained the cup in 1985, with a 3–2 final victory over West Germany. <mask> helped Sweden reach the final again in 1986 but declined to play in the final because he was getting married (Sweden lost 3–2 to Australia). <mask> played in his fourth final in 1987, where Sweden beat India 5–0. Two more finals followed in 1988 and 1989, but Sweden lost both to West Germany.<mask> last played in Davis Cup in the 1995 semifinals, where he lost to Andre Agassi 7–6, 6–2, 6–2 and Pete Sampras 2–6, 7–6, 6–3. <mask> compiled a 36–16 record in singles and a 7–2 record in doubles in the Davis Cup for Sweden. However, <mask>'s most memorable Davis Cup match came in defeat. In a July 1982 quarterfinal tie against the United States on carpet in St. Louis, Missouri, <mask> was defeated in the deciding fifth rubber by John McEnroe 9–7, 6–2, 15–17, 3–6, 8–6. At 6 hours and 32 minutes it remains the second longest singles match in Davis Cup history. Career statistics

Grand Slam tournament performance timeline

Grand Slam tournament finals

Singles: 11 (7 titles, 4 runner-ups)

Records
 These records were attained in Open Era of tennis. Records in bold indicate peer-less achievements.Personal life
<mask>, who won $8 million as a pro and more in endorsements, now spends much of his time living on an 81-acre estate in Hailey, Idaho, United States (part of the Sun Valley ski resort) with his wife Sonya (née Mulholland), a South African-born model. He competes from time to time on the senior tour. Since retiring as a player, he has served as captain of the Swedish Davis Cup team. <mask> also served as commentator for tennis matches on Eurosport. <mask> has four children, Emma, Karl, Erik, and Oskar. His son Erik suffers from a comparatively mild form of epidermolysis bullosa, which benefits from Idaho's cool and dry air, and <mask> and his wife have worked to raise funds for research into cures for the disease. <mask> created a minor controversy during the 2006 French Open when he criticized several top players, including Roger Federer and Kim Clijsters, as lacking the competitive edge to beat their toughest rivals.After Federer's 1–6, 6–1, 6–4, 7–6 loss to Nadal in the final, <mask> said that "Federer, today, unfortunately came out with no balls... you don't find too many champions in any sport in the world without heart or balls. He might have them, but against Nadal they shrank to a very small size and it's not once, it's every time." In the aftermath of these comments, fans coined the neologism "Wilanders" as a humorous synonym for "balls", denoting a competitive spirit and tenacity to win. <mask> began coaching Tatiana Golovin in July 2007. After working with Golovin in the later part of 2007, <mask> began coaching Paul-Henri Mathieu. His brother, <mask>, has been Mayor of Tranås Municipality since 2006. In 2012, <mask> won the International Club's Jean Borotra Sportsmanship Award.See also
Lendl–Wilander rivalry
List of Grand Slam men's singles champions
World number 1 ranked male tennis players

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
Australian Open (tennis) champions
French Open champions
French Open junior champions
Hopman Cup competitors
International Tennis Hall of Fame inductees
People from Hailey, Idaho
People from Växjö
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Swedish male tennis players
Swedish tennis coaches
US Open (tennis) champions
Wimbledon champions
World No. 1 tennis players
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's singles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' singles
Tennis commentators

masks:
Mats Arne Olof Wilander
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<mask> (born in Chaman, Pakistan), was most recently, the head coach of Pakistan national football team. He took over the charge of national team in 2007. <mask> was also coach of PMC Athletico, having previously been coach of Afghan FC. Some great achievements that <mask> had in his coaching era are; He received a point in Asian Games 2010 after 36 years in the Asian Games History. Improved 24 steps of the National Football Team Ranking in FIFA Ranking table in the period of one year with effect from April 2007 to 4 June 2008. Head Coach of Pakistan team who has drawn with Asian Champions Iraq 2007 at Syria. Head Coach of record breaking National Team who has scored 9 goals against Guam on 6 April 2008 at Chinese Taipei that had 7 goals in 1960.•	Head Coach of the National Football Team how has won first ever away friendly series against Nepal in 2008.•	Head Coach of the PFF Eleven who has drawn with Naniya (Ghana) in 2007 at India. Coach of history making Pakistan National Football Team who has beaten Indian National Football Team with big margin 3–0 at Lahore 2005. Coach of history making U/19 Pakistan Football team who has qualified for Asian Final Round 2000 in Iran after 53 years. Only Football coach in Pakistan who have diploma of specialization in football from Germany. Only Pakistani coach/trainer who has trained/coached three different victorious national teams for international competitions. (1992 Hockey: in Malaysia; 1991: Davis cup tennis team in Jordan; Football: 2000 in Sri Lanka. Received a sum of Rs.75000/= cash award from President PFF for best performance 2005 as a Football Coach.Founder of the five-a-side football in Pakistan. Cash award received from president of Pakistan football federation as a best coach for the year 2000. Received Gold medal as a player of National championship 1980 at Quetta, Pakistan. Physical trainer of U-21 winning Hockey team for Asian youth Hockey championship, 1992, Malaysia. Physical trainer of winning National tennis team for Davis Cup competition 1991 against Jordan. Head coach of U-14 bronze medallist for AFC U-14 football festival Group-C, 2004, Nepal. 2000 millennium award received for best performance in football from Quetta Division sports festival.Best performance award in football received from mini Olympic Games Balochistan for 2000. Best performance award received from Khidmat Khalque Aman Force Pakistan for 2000. Produced many footballer presented national football team in different international football competition e.g., Essa Khan who has declared best player and best scorer of the 9th SAF games 2004 at Islamabad. Life time head coach of AFGHAN FC CHAMAN only football club played all PPL in a row. AFC Coaching "A" License Awarded in Bahrain 2014. Professional honours as a coach

	Importing training and coaching to IFA Women football team for National women football championship 2013. Imparting training and coaching to AFGHAN FC CHAMAN for PPL 2013.Imparting training and coaching to MUSLIM FC CHAMAN for PPL 2013. Imparting training and coaching to PAK AFGHAN FC CHAMAN for PPL 2013. Head Coach of the National Football Team for Asian Games 2010 China. Head Coach of the National Football Team for world qualifier 2010. Head Coach of the National Football Team for AFC Challenge Cup 2008 held at Chinese Taipei. Head Coach of the National Football Team for friendly series 2008 at Nepal. Head Coach of the National Football Team for SAFF Championship 2008 at Maldives.Head coach of national football team for SAF games 2003. Took charge as head coach of National Football Team from David Burn for forthcoming international football competition 2001. Nominated as head coach for National football Team for SAFF Gold cup in 2001 held at Bangladesh. Head coach of national U-14 football team for AFC U-14 festival group-C, 2004, Kathmandu, Nepal. Coach of National Football Team for Pakistan – India Football series 2005 Pakistan. Head Coach of U/13 National Football Team for AFC U-13 Festival 2005 Bangladesh. National coach for England tour to play friendly fixtures 2001, England.National coach for world qualifying football championship 2002, Lebanon. National coach for world qualifying football championship 2002, Thailand. National coach for U-19 Asian football qualifying round 2000, Sri Lanka. National coach for U-19 Asian final competition 2000, Iran. National coach for U-20 Asian football qualifying round 2002, Pakistan. Head coach of Karachi university football team from 1986 to 1988. Head coach of NED university football team from 1988 to 1989.Head coach of Afghan football team from 1990 onward
	Head coach of Balochistan football teams from 2000 to date. Head Coach of Balochistan Women Football Team for Women Football National Championship 2004, 2005 & 2006 Islamabad. Head Coach of PFF Eleven for the Indian tour from 6 April 2007 to 20 April 2007. Head Coach of the U/16 National Football Team for AFC U/16 Championship 2007 at Qatar. Head Coach of Quetta Zorawar for JEO Super league 2010 Karachi. Due to my imparting training and coaching on regular basis in Balochistan the following players selected for NATIONAL TEAMS in different age categories. Muhammad Essa ex National football team captain Salam-e- PAKISTAN.Shahid Ahmed ex- player of the National team 2007,2008
	Jaded Khan current National player 2007 on word. Mehmood Khan ex- National player 2007,2009
	Kaleem Ullah current National team Captain. Ehsan Ullah current national player. Bilawal current National player. Jahangir Khan ex- National player 2007. Ameer Hamza ex-National player 2005,2006,2007and 2009
	Mehmood Khan junior current National player. Riaz Ahmed current National player.Ehsan Ullah ex-National player 2004,2006
	Abdul Nasir ex-National player 2005. Muhammad Zubair ex- National player 2006. Muhammad Arsalan ex- National player2006. Jamil Ahmed ex-National player2005. Sadiq ex-National player 2005. Abid ex-National player 2004. Abdul Samad ex- National player 2002.Zain Ullah ex-National player 2010. Latif Ullah ex-National player 2002. Sajjad ex- National player 2009. Muhammad Yousaf ex-National player 2005. Zulfiqar ex- National player 2004. Muhammad Irfan ex-National player 2006. Riffat Mehdi ex-woman National player2007, 2008.Shahista ex-woman National player 2007,2008. Shahida woman National player2007 to onward. Shehlyla woman National player 2007 to onward. Sohila  National player 2007 to onward. Wali Khan National player 2012. Majeed Khan National player 2013. Attaullah Khan National player 2013.Professional honours as an instructor

	Delivered Theoretical and practical knowledge of Football to the students of physical college of BALOCHISTAN for the session of 2013. Chief Instructor of coaching seminar 2013 Loralai,
	2nd Chief Instructor of coaching seminar 2013 Zhob. 1st Chief Instructor of coaching seminar 2013 Hazdan Khan School QUETTA. Chief Instructor of coaching seminar 2013 (CHAMAN) BALOCHISTAN. 1st Chief Instructor of coaching seminar 2013(ZIARAT) BALOCHISTAN. 1st Chief Instructor of coaching seminar 2013(PISHIN) BALOCHISTAN. Chief Instructor of coaching seminar 2013 (QUETTA) BALOCHISTAN.1st Chief Instructor of coaching seminar 2013(ZHOB) BALOCHISTAN. Chief Instructor of coaching seminar 2012 (ISLAMABAD.) Chief Instructor of PFF ‘D’ Certificate coaching course 2012 (Sibi) Balochistan. Chief Instructor of PFF ‘D’ Certificate coaching course 2012 Peshawar. Chief Instructor of PFF ‘D’ certificate coaching course 2011 Islamabad. Chief Instructor of Football Coaching Course in Muhtarma Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Youth Development Programme held at Karachi 2010. Conducted Coach Instructor Identification Course for A & B, License holders participant held at Lahore 2010 as a Chief Instructor.Conducted "D" Certificate Football Coaching Course 2009 at Sibi as Chief Instructor. Conducted PFF "D" Certificate Football Coaching Course 2008 at Quetta as a Chief Instructor. Delivered Theoretical and practical knowledge to the participants of the "D" Certificate Coaching Course 2008 at Lahore. Conducted PFF "D" Certificate Football Coaching Course at Quetta 2005 as a Chief Instructor. Conducted PFF "D" Certificate Football Coaching Course at Peshawar 2006 as a Chief Instructor. Conducted PFF "D" Certificate Football Coaching Course at Islamabad 2006 as a Chief Instructor. Transfer knowledge theoretically and practically in AFC ‘C’ license coaching course from 29 August to 11 September 2004, Quetta, Pakistan.Delivered lectures in AFC ‘C’ license-coaching course held at from 9 August, to 20 August 2001, Quetta, Pakistan. Delivered lectures on football in connection with senior and junior diploma classes at PSC, 1994, Islamabad, Pakistan. Delivered lectured on football for senior and junior diploma classes at Government physical college, 1994–95, Quetta, Pakistan. Delivered lectures on football in connection with senior and junior diploma classes at PSC, 1996, Islamabad, Pakistan. Delivered lectures about general conditioning training in coaching clinic for National Coaches of 9th SAF games part-II 2000-01, Islamabad, Pakistan. Delivered lectures and imparting training and Coaching to the participants of special Olympic Course 2000, Islamabad, Pakistan. Delivered lectures and practical sessions of football for the participants of PSB refresher course 2001, Islamabad, Pakistan.Delivered lectures and practical sessions of football for college DPE’s solidarity training workshop Balochistan 2002, Quetta, Pakistan. Conducted refereeing refresher course as a course director for national football referees 2003, Loralai, Pakistan. Conducted refereeing refresher course as a course instructor for national and FIFA football referees 2004, Quetta, Pakistan. Transfer knowledge theoretically and practically in first women introductory football coaching course, 2004, Islamabad, Pakistan. Instructor of Futsal referring and coaching introductory course for first futsal tournament 2004, NSTCC, Quetta, Pakistan. Instructor of first women football coaching course 2004 at Quetta, Balochistan. Performed duty as instructor for Balochistan P.T.I (Physical Training Instructors) solidarity workshop from 14 May 2007 to 26 May 2007.Professional honours as an instructor

	Physical trainer of U-21 national hockey team for Asian championship 1992 Malaysia. Physical trainer of U-16 national tennis team for youth competition 1990, Hong Kong. Physical trainer of national tennis team for Asian games 1990, Beijing, China. Physical trainer of national tennis team for Davis cup-tie 1991, Jordan. Physical trainer of national tennis team for Davis cup-tie 1994, Taiwan. Physical trainer of national tennis team for Davis cup-tie 1999, China. Physical trainer of national tennis team for Davis cup-tie 2003, Japan.Professional honours as a player

	National first Division player from 1974 to 1986. Nominated for National football camps 1979/80. Balochistan selected player for National championship 1979 to 1982. Played for Clubs. Pakistan Customs,
	House Building finance corporation Karachi,
	Midway Karachi. Karachi University,
	Sindh Balochistan football club Karachi,
	Afghan club Quetta,
	Afghan club Chaman. Courses attended

	AFC "A" License Coaching Course Bahrain 2014.AEFCA Symposium Edition XXXlll held at Split (Croatia) 2012. FIFA/AFC Conference on the FIFA World Cup South Africa 2010 Malaysia. Diploma of specialization in football from Leipzig, Germany from 1 March 1993 to 29 July 1993. Olympic Solidarity Coaching Course under auspices of FIFA from 5 October, to 19 October 1997 in Pakistan. FIFA futuro course-1 coaching course from 15 July, to 20 July 1992 in Lahore, Pakistan. FIFA futuro course-11 coaching course from 27 June to 2 July 2000 in Lahore, Pakistan. Australian sports commission seminar about Theo ring success in sports 1997 in Islamabad, Pakistan.Australian sports commission course about strength and conditioning principles 1999 Islamabad, Pakistan. International sports medicine congress 1995 Quetta, Pakistan. FIFA special coaching course 2004 at Lahore, Pakistan. Professional honours as a technical expert

	Chairman of TSG for Women National Football Championship Lahore 2013. Member of TSG for PFF challenge cup BAHAWALPUR 2013. Chairman of TSG for Women National Football Championship ISLAMABAD 2012. Member of Selection Committee for U/14 National Football Team 2012.Chairman of TSG for PFF Challenge Cup 2010 Multan. Chairman of TSG for KPT Cup 2010 held at Karachi. Member of TSG for U/21 National Championship held at Islamabad 2009. Member of TSG for PFF Challenge Cup 2009 held at Hyderabad. Imparting Training & Coaching as resource person to Essa Khan Football Academy Chaman. Match Commissioner for 4th National Premier league Matches at Lahore 2008. Match Commissioner of the U/15 National Championship 2007 held at Khan-e-Wal.Chairman of Technical Study Group for U/15 National Football Championship 2007 Khan-e-Wal. Chairman of the Technical Study Group for PFF Challenge Cup 2008 Karachi. Match Commissioner for National Premier League Balochistan Zone 2005 Chaman. Match Commissioner National "B" Division Football League 2005 Quetta. Match commissioner for first National league Balochistan zone 2004, Quetta. Match commissioner for all Pakistan Governor gold cup football tournament 2004, Loralai, Pakistan. Match commissioner for National games football event 2004, Quetta, Pakistan.Chairman of technical committee for Governor football gold cup 1997-98 Chaman, Pakistan. Chairman of technical committee for President PFF cup 1999 Chaman, Pakistan. Analytical expert for Analytical/technical report on football for National games 1997 Karachi, Pakistan. Analytical expert for analytical/technical report on football for National games 1998, Peshawar, Pakistan. Match Commissioner for first women National Inter Football Championship 2009 Quetta. Member of TSG for Under-19 National Championship held at Lahore from 2 October 2009 to 15 October 2009. Chairman Selection Committee for Under-19 Balochistan Provincial Football Team 2009.Chairman Selection Committee for Under-16 Balochistan Provincial Football Team 2009. Professional as a referee

	Assistant referee of Pakistan inter services football team v/s Iran inter services football team match, 1990, Islamabad, Pakistan. Referee of the All Pakistan football tournament 1989, Zhob, Pakistan. Referee of the All Balochistan football tournament 1994, Chaman, Pakistan. Referee of the All Balochistan football tournament 1988, Ziarat, Pakistan. <mask> was part of a coaching committee under Tariq Lutfi during the victorious 3 match series against India in 2005. When Salman Sharida took charge in 2005, <mask> worked as his assistant.When Sharida quit in 2007, <mask> was given the manager’s role over the short term until a foreign coach could be found. He had to face Asian champions Iraq in the 2010 World Cup qualifiers. Losing the first leg 7-0, the team was able to keep the Iraqi’s at bay in the second leg in a nil-nil draw. The second leg result was seen as a success and <mask> was given the opportunity to remain in command of the national team for the 2008 fixtures. The PFF set a two match away series again Nepal in late March as preparation for the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup qualifiers. After a 30-hour trip and only a few hours rest, Pakistan lost the first match 2-1, despite having a first half lead. However, in the second match they won 2-0.They then travelled to Taipei for 2008 AFC Challenge Cup qualifiers where <mask> was expected to qualify for the main round. Pakistan first faced Chinese Taipei, and in a spirited displayed they came from 1-0 down to win 2-1. However, everything went wrong against Sri Lanka when Pakistan were thrashed in a humiliating 7-1 defeat. It also signalled the beginning of the end of <mask>'s term as Manager. With the final game being a dead rubber, Pakistan had a big win with a 9-2 victory over Guam, Pakistan's biggest victory in their history. Another disappointing performance in SAFF Championship 2008 where the Pakistan team failed to go beyond the group stages, losing to Maldives 3-0, India 2-1 and Nepal 4-1, signalled the end of <mask> <mask> as head coach. He returned as manager with Graham Roberts in late 2010, but the team performed poorly during the 2010 Asian Games where the team lost 3 their matches and drew one he was replaced.References

External links
Faisal appoints <mask> <mask> as head coach

Pakistani football managers
Pakistan national football team managers
People from Killa Abdullah District
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Akhtar Mohiuddin
Mohiuddin
Akhtar Mohiuddin
Mohiuddin
Mohiuddin
Mohiuddin
Mohiuddin
Mohiuddin
Mohiuddin
Akhtar
Mohiuddin
Akhtar
Mohiuddin


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<mask> (1571 – 22 August 1607) was an English barrister, explorer, and privateer, who was instrumental in founding the Virginia Company of London, and Jamestown in colonial America. He led the first recorded European expedition to Cape Cod. He is considered by Preservation Virginia (formerly known as the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities) to be the "prime mover of the colonization of Virginia". Early life and family
Gosnold was born in Grundisburgh in Suffolk, England in 1571, and his family seat was at Otley, Suffolk. His parents were Anthony Gosnold of Grundisburgh and Dorothy Bacon of Hessett. <mask>, the judge and friend of Francis Bacon, was his cousin. <mask> had a younger brother Anthony, born sometime between 1573 and 1578, who accompanied him to Virginia as well as a cousin also named Anthony Gosnold who was still living in Virginia in 1615.In 1578, the will of <mask>'s great-grandmother Ann Doggett (Bacon) Gosnold shows five sisters to <mask> and Anthony. Gosnold graduated from Jesus College at the University of Cambridge and studied law at the Middle Temple. He was a friend of Richard Hakluyt and sailed with Walter Raleigh. He married Mary Goldinge, daughter of Robert Goldinge of Bury St Edmunds and his wife Martha Judd, at Latton, Essex in 1595. Mary's mother, Martha, was daughter of Sir Andrew Judd a wealthy London merchant who, among other offices, was Lord Mayor of London, 1550–51. More importantly for Gosnold's story, Sir Andrew Judd was also grandfather to Thomas Smith, one of the founders of the Virginia Company. "<mask>'s marriage, which has the appearance of one arranged with foresight, brought together a young man of high standing among the landed gentry and a young lady whose antecedents were found chiefly among the wealthier merchants of the city of London."Together, <mask> and Mary Gosnold had seven children, six of whom were baptized at Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, between 1597 and 1607. Daughter Mary married Richard Pepys, great-uncle of the diarist Samuel Pepys. Early maritime career
There is no record of Gosnold's early maritime experiences, but given that he was entrusted with a ship to attempt a colonizing project in southern New England in 1602, he must have had significant experience. His biographer has suggested, based on circumstantial evidence, that in 1597–98 he served under the Earl of Essex on his Azores voyages. Many of those involved in that voyage afterwards became involved in the colonization of Virginia. Organizing a colonial enterprise
Gosnold early became a principal proponent of English New World settlement, and John Smith attested to it in 1612:
Captaine <mask>snold, the first mover of this plantation, having many years solicited his friends, but found small assistants; at last prevailed with some Gentlemen, as Maister Edward maria Wingfield, Captain John Smith, and diverse others …"

The quote refers to Gosnold's efforts in connection with his second voyage, to Virginia (or Southern Virginia, since all of the area the English claimed in North America was called "Virginia"). But it could as easily describe Gosnold's effort to interest his "friends" in a colonizing effort at the beginning of the 17th century.In the Elizabethan (and later Stuart) ages, exploration and colonization was a private endeavor. While the crown did not defray any of the expenses of these enterprises, it granted monopolies to an individual or corporation to exploit a particular area that the crown claimed. This made the efforts profit-driven, much like privateering. So a would-be colonizer, like Gosnold, had to raise the capital for the expedition among private sources. As these ventures became more common great corporations would arise, much like the corporations which exploited the trading routes (which the crown also granted monopolies on). Substantial obstacles stood in the way of organizing a commercial colonizing venture to the New World. In the first place, Ireland beckoned as an alternate prospect for colonization, one that was less expensive, at least with respect to shipping expenses.Most of the venture capitalists who were considering New World ventures were also involved in Irish ventures. Thomas Smith's son, for example, was involved in the first substantial effort to colonize Ulster (although he was killed early in the endeavor). There was also the substantial financial risk involved in colonizing projects. Sir Walter Raleigh had lost 40 thousand pounds in founding Roanoke colony, and he pledged still more to attempt to find and rescue the lost settlers. There was, however, a new colonial plan that seemed to have garnered general acceptance since it was written in the mid-1590s. It was in the report written by Edward Hayes to Lord Burghley setting forth the rationale and procedure for settlement. The argument was that colonization efforts should begin in northern Virginia (New England) because, compared with the locations tried in the lower latitudes the area's climate better comported with English comfort and produced agriculture much like England's.The coast of New England also produced a wealth of fish prized in Europe which could support a small foothold establishment and produce a profit with growth provided when more settlers were gradually added later. Expedition to Cape Cod and environs
English plans to colonize New England began to take concrete form in the early to mid 1590s when Edward Hayes wrote a treatise to Lord Burghley setting forth the rationale and procedure for settlement. The first expedition to set out from England to southern New England was fully in accord with Hayes's principles. Captain Gosnold obtained backing to attempt to found an English colony in the New World and in 1602 he sailed from Falmouth, Cornwall, in a small Dartmouth bark, the Concord, with thirty-two on board. They intended to establish a colony in New England. Gosnold pioneered a direct sailing route due west from the Azores to what later became New England, arriving in May 1602 at Cape Elizabeth in Maine (Lat. 43 degrees).On 14 May 1602, Gosnold made landfall off the southern coast of Maine. with the purpose of setting up a small fishing outpost of 20 of the crew who would stay the winter. They were there hailed by a "Biscay shallop" containing eight men, who the English discovered were not "Christians" as they had supposed but "savages" of "swart" color who had many European accoutrements and acted boldly among the English. The next day, on 15 May 1602, he sailed into Provincetown Harbor, where he is credited with naming Cape Cod, for the abundant fish. The captain explored the land and found a young Native boy, wearing copper ear decorations and an apparent willingness to help the Englishman. Continuing down the Atlantic coast of Cape Cod, pivoting on Gilbert's Point, they coasted westward observing numerous Natives on shore, many running after them to gaze. Following the coastline for several days, he discovered Martha's Vineyard which they explored but found seemingly uninhabited.Gosnold named it after his deceased daughter, Martha, and the wild grapes that covered much of the land. From there they sailed about the various islands now called Elizabeth until they came upon Cuttyhunk Island (which they called Elizabeth Island), where on 20 May they determined to establish the proposed settlement on the western part of the island. They selected the island in the middle of a large fresh water lake in the south of the island for which they made a flat-bottomed boat to transport from the island to larger island that encompassed it. Each time they encountered Natives, whether on their coasting expeditions or Gosnold's separate explorations while the others were building the fort, such as his visit to the mainland on 31 May, the Natives showed themselves ready to trade. Indeed, their metal ornaments and their supply of furs to offer show that they had already become acculturated to European ways and they were willing to accommodate. It became, from the Natives' point of view, the ritual that bonded the two cultures. Gosnold's men were interested, however, with the trade that would enrich them and their commercial underwriters in Europe so spent more time tending to the harvesting of sassafras root and cedar wood than daily encounters with the Natives.In fact, they made a conscious effort to prevent the Natives from finding out the location of their fort. It is unclear how the situation developed but by 11 June the relations had become so strained that a party of two Englishmen out hunting for shellfish for food were set upon by four Natives who shot one in the side with an arrow. Shortly thereafter, a dispute arose between those settlers who were supposed to remain and those who were returning to England, which resulted in the decision to end the settlement project. The post was abandoned when settlers decided to return on the ship to England since they feared they had insufficient provisions to carry them through the winter. All of the settlers embarked on the return voyage on 17 June. Over the next decade settlers would involve themselves in a series of increasingly hostile encounters, and by the time of the Mayflower landing the amiable helpfulness that Gosnold first discovered among all the Ninnimissinuok had become open hostility. Virginia Company, Jamestown
Gosnold spent several years after his return to England promoting a more ambitious attempt; he obtained from King James I an exclusive charter for a Virginia Company to settle Virginia.To form the core of what would become the Virginia Colony at Jamestown, he recruited his brother Anthony, a cousin, his cousin-by-marriage Edward Maria Wingfield, as well as John Smith, in addition to members of his 1602 expedition. Gosnold himself served as vice-admiral of the expedition, and captain of the Godspeed (one of the three ships of the expedition; the other two being the Susan Constant, under Captain Christopher Newport, and the Discovery, under Captain John Ratcliffe). Gosnold also solicited the support of Matthew Scrivener, cousin of Edward Maria Wingfield. Scrivener became Acting Governor of the new Colony, but drowned in an accident in 1609 along with Anthony Gosnold, <mask>'s brother, while trying to cross to Hog Island in a storm. (Scrivener's brother Nicholas had also drowned while a student at Eton College). Gosnold was popular among the colonists and opposed the location of the colony at Jamestown Island due to what he perceived as its unhealthy location; he also helped design the fort that held the initial colony. He died only four months after they landed, on 22 August 1607.George Percy's 'Discourse' that was printed in the fourth volume of Purchas His Pilgrimes (1625) records Gosnold's death "... Captain <mask>snold one of Councile, he was buryed thereupon having all the ordinance in the Fourt shote offwith manye vollyes of small shot ..."

Discovery of Gosnold's possible grave
In 2003 Preservation Virginia announced that its archaeological dig at Jamestown had discovered the likely location of Gosnold's grave. It was also believed that he was buried outside the James day fort. A skeleton the dig found is currently on display at the Voorhees Archaearium at Historic Jamestowne. Preservation Virginia began genetic fingerprinting, hoping to verify Gosnold's identity in time for the Jamestown quadricentennial. By June 2005 researchers and The Discovery Channel sought permission to take DNA samples from the remains of his sister, Elizabeth Tilney, buried in the Church of All Saints, Shelley, Suffolk, and they were granted the first faculty for such a purpose by the English Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich. They found and removed some bone fragments from the church, but they could not identify Tilney's remains and they were not able to conclude anything from their analysis. In November 2005 Preservation Virginia announced that it had no reason to doubt that Tilney's remains were somewhere under the church floor, but its DNA testing had not confirmed a relationship.Notes, references and sources

Notes

References

Sources
  Hosted online by the Internet Archive: Volume I and Volume II. The book is also contained in . A facsimile reprint with introduction by Luther S. Livingston and published by Dodd, Mead & Co. in 1903 is hosted by the Internet Archive. A digitized version (with page numbers) is also hosted by the University of Michigan. An annotated version can also be found in . The original imprint was "In fower parts, each containing five bookes." All four volumes are hosted online by the Library of Congress.The 1905–07 facsimile reproduction (Glasgow: J. MacLehose and sons), in 20 volumes (one for each of the "bookes") is hosted online by HathiTrust. First published in London in 1624. The Macmillan version, a facsimile printing of the first edition, is hosted by the Library of Congress in two volumes: Volume I and Volume II. A searchable version (with various download options) of the same book is hosted by the Internet Archive: Voume I and Volume II. Further reading about <mask>snold
 David R. Ransome, ‘Gosnold, <mask> (d. 1607)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004

External links

 The Gosnold Primer
 Is it Gosnold?, from a Preservation Virginia website
 <mask>snold documentary, a June 2002 article from a BBC Suffolk website
 DNA bid for US founding father, a January 2005 article from the BBC
 Suffolk tombs hold key to US founding father, a June 2005 article from The Times of London
 <mask>, 1602–1607, a 2007–2008 (open in the summer) exhibit at the Cuttyhunk Historical Society
 Recreating Gosnolds 1607 voyage to Jamestown

English explorers
17th-century explorers
English lawyers
Virginia colonial people
Martha's Vineyard
People from Suffolk Coastal (district)
English privateers
Deaths from dysentery
Infectious disease deaths in Virginia
Deaths from scurvy
16th-century English lawyers
17th-century English lawyers
16th-century American people
17th-century American people
1571 births
1607 deaths
Burials in Virginia
Kingdom of England emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies

masks:
Bartholomew Gosnold
Henry Gosnold
Bartholomew
Bartholomew
Bartholomew
Bartholomew
Bartholomew
Bartholomew Go
Bartholomew
Bartholomew Go
Bartholomew Go
Bartholomew
Bartholomew Go
Bartholomew Gold