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<mask> (December 9, 1862 – February 22, 1942) was a German-born engineer, architect, and archaeologist. He is best known among Indian art historians and archaeologists for having excavated the archaeological site of Sarnath (India, Uttar Pradesh) in the winter of 1904–1905. It was here that in March 1905 he unearthed the Lion Capital of Ashoka of an Ashokan pillar, which was to become the national emblem of India. However, probably because he was mainly involved as a civil engineer and architect in the Public Works Department, his contributions to the fields of art history and archaeology are largely overlooked in the historiography of South Asian art and archaeology. Life

<mask> [<mask>] <mask> was born 9 December 1862 in Hannover, Germany. He renounced his German citizenship before leaving for India as a young man and was naturalised British. He married Margaret Haywood Lechmere (1882–1969) on 25 July 1903 with whom he had two children.Retiring around 1920, he returned to England and from 1921 added the name of his wife to his own,  thus publishing under the name of "<mask>. Lechmere-<mask>". He died in New York on 22 February 1942. India: 1883-1920

<mask> left Germany for India where he studied at the Thomason College of Civil Engineering  (now Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee). From March 1883 to March 1887 he was assistant engineer on railway and building construction for Indian Public Board, being posted to the North-Western Provinces and Oudh  before returning in 1887–1888 to England where he studied architecture under Richard Phené Spiers. On his way back to Europe he was nearly killed on 17 April 1887 when the P&O Tasmania (de) which he had boarded and which was sailing from Mumbai (Bombay) to Marseille sunk on the south-western coast of Corsica. <mask> then started upon a brilliant career in the Public Works Department, being first sent on diverse missions and then appointed in various locations.Sent by the Government of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, in the winter of 1891–92 he surveyed the monuments and archaeological sites in North and Central India before reaching Rangoon in March 1892. Then, and in the following month, <mask> visited Mandalay, Amarapura and Sagaing from where he travelled down the Irrawaddy to Pagan and Prome (today Pyay). Back in Rangoon, he travelled South to Pegu (today Bago), Moulmein (today Mawlamyaing), Martaban (Mottama) and Thaton. On his return, he wrote a lengthy report illustrated with original photos which was published the following year. The photos which he took during this journey also illustrated George W. Bird's book Wanderings in Burma, published a few years later, along with photos by <mask> Beato. In 1900 he was sent to Sri Lanka by the Royal Asiatic Society to visit the Abhayagiri dagoba and make suggestions on the best way to preserve or restore it. As Executive Engineer in the "Buildings and Roads" branch of the Public Works Department, North-West Provinces and Oudh,  as from 1902, and as Superintending Engineer from 1908,  he was posted in various places of Uttar Pradesh  : from 1903 to 1907, he was in Benares, in 1908 he was located in Lucknow, and from 1909 to 1915, in Cawnpore; he was then sent to Shillong, Assam, where he remained up to 1920.Throughout this period he was also involved in supervising or participating in the construction of numerous buildings in Uttar Pradesh (Allahabad; Agra; Lucknow; Cawnpore). This firsthand experience helped him to formulate his opinion concerning the construction of the new capital at New Delhi, which he made public with a lecture delivered before the East India Association at Caxton Hall, Westminster, on 21 July 1913. Here he strongly urged that the architects of New Delhi should be inspired with a "really national Indian style". He was a member of various associations: the Institution of Civil Engineers (1889),  the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1900),  and the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft (1908);  he also became Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1888 and Fellow of the same institute in 1901. While posted at Benares, <mask> undertook several works, such as the construction of a road leading to Sarnath, construction of a shelter for the sculptures found at Sarnath, transfer of the images kept in the Queen's College to this site, and excavation of the site. Following his excavations, he was transferred to Agra – John Marshall, the then General Director of the Archaeological Survey of India, taking over the Sarnath excavations – where he worked on preservation of the Agra Fort in the years 1905–1906; in the year 1909–1910, he surveyed the Rikhian caves in Uttar Pradesh. During the Royal Tour of 1905–1906, <mask> guided the Prince and the Princess of Wales (later King George V and Queen Mary) around the Agra Fort on 18 December 1905 and accompanied the Princess on her visit of the Sarnath excavations while the Prince and the Princess were in Benares from 18 to 21 February 1906.In August 1908, he took part to the Fifteenth International Congress of Orientalists in Copenhagen, where he presented his excavations at Sarnath. In 1909, he was still on furlough in Europe where he visited glass factories in England, Germany, and Austria, publishing a short monograph on the topic in 1915, where he advocated that this industry should be developed in India. F.O<mask> then became Chief Engineer and Secretary to the Public Works Department of the Government of Assam and this position provoked debate, because <mask> was German by birth and that Germany and England were then at war. Contribution to Indian art and archaeology

Beside his report on the monuments of Burma published in 1893, <mask> is best known for the excavation of Sarnath done from December 1904 up to April 1905. Not only did he unearth the Maurya capital on 15 March but he also brought to light numerous major images dating from the 4th up to the 12th century. <mask> left Sarnath for Agra where another major task awaited him: the restoration of the Diwan-i-Amm and Jahangiri Mahal in the Agra Fort and the reconstruction of the four minarets of the south gateway of the Akbar tomb in Sikandra in 1905–1906 while also working on the compound of the Taj Mahal, all work undertaken under the impetus of Lord Curzon as preparation to the visit of the Prince and Princess of Wales.While in Agra he also conducted a more detailed study of the Moghol architecture of the city, as can be inferred from the Annual progress report by W.H. Nicholls. In 1909–1910, <mask> documented the sculptures of Yoginis at Rikhian (Rikhiyan) in Banda, now Chitrakoot district of Uttar Pradesh  and also took an interest in the monuments located at Garhwa in the Allahabad district. After India

He apparently returned to the United Kingdom in 1921, having retired from the Public Works Department; till around 1928, he lived in Teddington naming his house "Sarnath",  and gave lectures on India. In 1930, i.e. probably before departing for Abyssinia,  he donated to the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge numerous artefacts which he had collected as well as a large collection of gelatine photos which he had made while posted in India. Dr. C.W.Martin,  minister to the emperor Haile Selassie, whom he must have met in London, invited him to Abyssinia, where he lived from 1930 to 1932. In January 1933 he travelled to India where he spent three months with his daughter, showing her the country where he had lived; the journey concluded with a visit to his brother, Charles (Carl) Hermann <mask>, who was barrister-at-law in Lahore   where both <mask> and his daughter stayed one full month before returning to Cyprus, where he settled in July 1933. In the winter of 1935–1936 he travelled to Japan, staying in Nara. He then went to South America, probably visiting his daughter Joan, married to a Dr. R.L. Cheverton, whom she had met in Cyprus and who lived in the Falkland Islands. In December 1936 and January 1937, <mask> resided in Malta where a lengthy biographical paper was devoted to him by the Times of Malta in its issue of 16 December. While he was there he also delivered a lecture on Abyssinia at the University.He went back to England when his son married in 1938, meeting his wife for the last time before going to Portugal, the West Indies and Kingston, Jamaica and New York, where he arrived in June 1940. Bibliography of <mask>'s publications (chronological)
 A Tour in Burma in March and April 1892, Rangoon: Supt. Of Govt. Printing, Burma, 1893, (reprint:) White Orchid Press, Bangkok, 1995. Report on the Restoration of Ancient Monuments of Anuradhapura, Ceylon, Colombo: George Justin Athelstan (GJA) Skeen, 1903. (13 pages), republished in: S. M. Burrows & F.O. Oertel,  Reports on archaeological work in Anuradhapura and Pollonnaruwa 1886–1903, Colombo: G.J.A.Skeen, n.d.
 "Excavations at Sarnath", Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report for the Year 1904–1905, pp. 59–104 (with the note on sculptures and inscriptions mainly due to J.Ph. Vogel as mentioned in footnote 1 p. 78). Separately reprinted as: Buddhist Ruins of Sarnath near Benares, Calcutta: Supdt Govt Press, 1908 (1908b). Nicholls, W.H., "(1) Conservation of Muhammadan buildings in the United Provinces and Panjab and at Ajmer", Annual Progress Report of the Archaeological Surveyor, Northern Circle, for the year ending 31st March 1906, pp. 17–28. Includes long quotes from <mask>'s report on his work at the Fort of Agra."Some remarks on the excavations at Sarnath carried out in the year 1904-5", The Indian Antiquary, vol. 37, 1908, pp. 277–280. A paper read at the Fifteenth International Congress of Orientalists in Copenhagen, August 1908. "Indian architecture and its suitability for modern requirements: a paper read before the East India Association with discussion", The Asiatic Quarterly Review, New Series, vol. II/3 & 4, July–October 1913, pp. 376–406.A paper read at the East India Association at Caxton Hall, Westminster, on July 21, 1913. Notes on the glass industry in Europe made in the course of some tours through the glassmaking districts of England, Germany and Austria, Allahabad: Luker, 1915. "The Story of an Ethiopian, Azaj Wargneh C. Martin", The Times of Malta, 27 December 1936, pp. 9–10. Bibliography

 Annual Progress report of the Superintendent of the Archaeological Survey, Northern Circle for the year ending 31st March 1910, Lahore: Punjab Economical Press. Bird, George W., Wanderings in Burma, With Illustrations and Maps, Bournemouth/London: F.J. Bright & Son/Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., Ltd., 1897.Cheverton, R.L. (Mrs), "From Friedrichshafen to Rio de Janeiro, A Trip By The 'Graf Zeppelin'", The Times of Malta,20 December 1936, pp. 8–9. Dehejia, Vidya, Yogini Cult and Temples, A Tantric Tradition, New Delhi: National Museum, Janpath, 1986. Directory of British Architects 1834–1914, volume 2: L-Z, London: Continuum (Royal Institute of British Architects), 2001, pp. 27–28. "India's Glass Trade", The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Adviser, 14 June 1915, p. 7 (https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepressb19150614-1.2.46.aspx).Guha, Sudeshna (ed.) 2010, The Marshall Albums, Photography and Archaeology, London/New Delhi/Ocean Township, NJ: The Alkazi Collection of Photography in association with Mapin Publishing, 2010. List of Associate Members of the Institution of Civil Engineers, London: Institution of Civil Engineers, 1904 (https://web.archive.org/web/20131020063425/http://home.ancestry.co.uk/). "List of Members of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland": included in the 1903 to 1938 issues of The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Metcalf, Thomas R., An imperial vision. Indian architecture and Britain's Raj, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989. National Probate Calendar for 1942 (http://www.ancestry.co.uk/cs/uk/probate)."Notes of the Quarter (April, May, June, 1901)", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, July 1901, pp. 619–644. "Some Interesting Experiences, Mr. <mask>. Lechmere-<mask>el", Times of Malta nr 414, 16 December 1936, pp. 9–10, and "Conducting Royalty Round", Times of Malta, 19 December 1936, p. 11. "Suitability of Indian Architecture for the New Delhi", The Building News and Engineering Journal, vol. 105, No 3055, July 25, 1913, p. 106."The Fifteenth International Congress of Orientalists at Copenhagen, August 14–20, 1908", The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and Oriental and Colonial Record, third series, volume XXVI, Nos 51 & 52, July–October 1908, Woking: The Oriental Institute, pp. 335–338. The India List and India Office List for 1902, compiled from official records by direction of the secretary of state for India in council, London: Harrison and Sons, 1902. (https://archive.org/stream/indialistandind00offigoog#page/n14/mode/2up) (retrieved on 22 July 2013). The India List and India Office List for 1905, compiled from official records by direction of the secretary of state for India in council 1905, London: Harrison and Sons, 1905. The R.I.B.A. Kalendar 1888–89, London: The Royal Institute of British Architects, 1888 (http://www.theoriginalrecord.com/ retrieved 23 July 2013)."Personalnachrichten", Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, volume 62, 1908, p. LVI. Tour of His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales, India, 1905–1906, Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co., n.d.
 Vogel, J.Ph., "Part I. Departmental Notes",  Annual Progress Report of the Superintendent of the Archaeological Survey, Northern Circle for the Year ending 31st March 1910, Lahore: Punjab Economical Press, pp. 1–6. Documentation
 The Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology of the University of Cambridge lists some 564 photos and 307 objects donated in 1931 by <mask>el (http://maa.cam.ac.uk/maa/). 880 lantern slides having belonged to him are preserved since 1967 in the British Library, London (http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselect/PhotoShowDescs.asp?CollID=470). Papers from Margaret Heywood Lechmere-<mask> are kept in the Bodleian Library, Oxford since 1967 (http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/modern/oertel/oertel.html). References

External links
 http://www.jaeger-oberursel.de/

1862 births
1942 deaths
Archaeologists from Lower Saxony
People of British India
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Archaeology of India
German emigrants to England
British archaeologists
British civil engineers
Architects from Hanover

masks:
Friedrich Oscar Oertel
Friedrich
Frederick
Oscar Emanuel Oertel
F O
Oertel
Oertel
Oertel
Oertel
Felice
Oertel
Oertel
. Oertel
Oertel
Oertel
Oertel
Oertel
Oertel
Oertel
Oertel
Oertel
Oertel
F O
Oert
Oert
Oertel


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<mask> (; ; ruled  167 135 BC or  195 175 BC) was an Illyrian king of the Illyrian tribe of the Ardiaei. <mask> was not mentioned by any ancient writers. He is considered to have been a powerful and influential king as testified by the abundance of his silver and bronze coinage found along both coasts of the Adriatic. His silver issues are rare, but bronze coins, without the royal title, occur on Hvar, both in single finds and in hoards, and at Rhizon in a different series bearing the royal title. In the city of Ulcinj there is still a fully functioning water source bearing his name: "Kroni i Ballos". The coins of Ballaios were widely imitated in the region, sometimes so crudely that they are unintelligible. <mask> reigned from his capital at Rhizon, a strong and well fortified city.The dating of his reign has been much disputed but he seems to have ruled after the defeat of Gentius in 168 BC by the Romans. Identification

<mask> was not mentioned by any ancient writers, of his time or those of later eras. Ballaois was a king attested on coins found on both coasts of the Adriatic. Hence had he been documented by Polybius or Livy, he would have no doubt been called an 'Illyrian king'. He is currently interpreted as an Illyrian ruler documented solely on his coins. Whilst the abundance of his coinage in the region would suggest that he was a very influential figure there is no literary or historical evidence of his existence. The coins of the well-known Illyrian king Gentius are scarce in comparison to the coins of Ballaios.<mask> appears to have ruled at Queen Teuta's old stronghold, Rhizon (now Risan). At the time the region was part of the Roman republic and the Ardiaean State had been dissolved since the time of Gentius. According to the opinion of the majority of modern scholars, he inherited the Ardiaean State of Gentius after 168 BC. <mask> might have been involved in the Roman campaign against the Delmatae in 156 BC, and even taken part in the wars. <mask> seems to have had a conflict with Pharos or  an Illyrian dynast after 168 BC. Such assumptions seemed to some scholars to find confirmation in Livy's narrative concerning the Third Illyrian War. Livy mentions that after his defeat, Gentius sent two envoys from among the prominent tribal leaders as ambassadors to Rome to negotiate with the Roman L. Anicius.The names of these ambassadors were Teuticus and Bellus, and the historian Hasan Ceka hypothesized that the name of Bellus might have been an incorrect transcription for <mask>. Ceka's proposal was accepted by many historians, although from the linguistic point of view this identification is very problematic. The argument would not carry much weight even if the envoy was called <mask>. The Romans annihilated the Ardiaean State and founded three administrative regions in which there was no place for a king, so an envoy could not have inherited the throne. According to the proposal put forward by Giovanni Gorini, <mask> would have reigned from 195 BC to 175 BC. No descendants or successors of Pinnes are known from historical sources. Ballaios could in theory have been  an immediate successor of Pinnes, but in any case he was the king of the Ardiaean State.It is impossible to know exactly when Ballaios began to reign. according to the numismatic evidence some time around the start of the century, but most probably he was a contemporary of either Pleuratus III or Gentius. Weighty arguments speak against the thesis that he would have reigned after 168 BC and the division of Illyria into three parts, as his reign has been traditionally dated. Also <mask> must have died at least some time before the fall of Gentius, since Gentius was in possession of Rhizon before his defeat. The inhabitants of Rhizon were awarded immunity by the Romans because they had abandoned Gentius While he was still in power. Why <mask> was not mentioned in historical sources could be explained by the fact that his political importance and influence could not match that of Pleuratus III or Gentius. Gentius and Ballaios had two different centres of power.After the defeat of the Ardiaean State in 168 BC, there would have been no place for a king or even a local ruler. Coinage

<mask> minted coins in his own name. His coins with the long legend ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΒΑΛΛΑΙΟΥ (βασιλέως Βαλλαίου) were minted in Rhizon while the coins with the short legend ΒΑΛΛΑΙΟΥ and the head of the king <mask> which is of a different type and are older, were minted in Pharos. In some cases it is possible to observe that <mask>' coins were over struck on the older Pharos specimens. The distribution of his coinage indicates that they were concentrated in the central Dalmatian area, while the large number of different dies that have been identified to date indicates a long minting of his coins. Numismatic evidence shows that <mask> reigned for quite a lengthy time. His coins are also frequently found in Italy, which confirms the trade contacts between both Adriatic coasts.On the obverse of the coins a bust of the king facing left to right is depicted, while on the reverse Artemis, advancing or standing, is represented with or without a torch, sometimes carrying one or two spears, surrounded by either the long or short legend. Most of these coins are bronze, some, and always those with the long legend are silver. Their weight, c. 3.5g corresponds top the Roman victorium. It is significant the Ballaios also had silver coins minted, which indicates his wealth and power, since elsewhere in Hellenistic Dalmatia silver coinage is very rarely documented from Greek/Illyrian mints. The weight of the bronze coins of Ballaios is between 1.0 and 4.5g, while most of the documented specimens weigh between 2.0 and 2.5g. The relatively great impact of the coinage of <mask> is also indicated by a large number of imitations of his coins. In several instances on some coins, an embossed circular Illyrian shield on one side and the flying horse Pegasus, a mythological creature, and the letter "B", "A" and "L" on the other side, are depicted.Ballaios' coins were in circulation in the regions along both Adriatic coasts; along the eastern Adriatic, they have been found in a broad area extending from Phoenice in Epirus to Shkodër, in present-day Albania, to Pharos, and along the western Adriatic from Leuca and Locri to Aquileia, indicating trade activity of Ballaios that was no longer controlled by Issa. As expected the coins of Ballaios were also found in the broad area of Narona, the most important Greek/Illyrian emporium which maintained along with the river Neretva, commercial and other contacts with the interior regions or Illyricum. The first to divide the coins of Ballaios into two groups was Arthur J. Evans, who distinguished the Rhizon group and the Pharos group, and dated both in the period between 167 BC and 135 BC. Josip Brunsmid was the next to discuss the coins of Ballaios. He agreed with Evans on the late chronology of the coins, postulating that Ballaios had possessed a part of the island of Pharos with a mint. He thus doubted that Rhizon then in Roman possession could have been a royal residence and a mint. Ivan Marovic, who maintained that both types had been struck on Pharos, proposed a different division of Ballaios' coins than that of Evans.He distinguished two groups of each of the two types with and without the legal title, a group with the head of Ballaios to the right and a group with the head to the left, giving precedence to the obverse rather than the reverse. However, later excavation at Rhizon, have uncovered new coins of Ballaios, which confirmed the hypothesis that of a mint having been located in Rhizon. In June 2010 at the site of the customs house in Rhizon, 4600 coins of king <mask> were discovered, placed in a bowl-like pot. Gorini supposed, on the basis of a few silver coins that were found in Rhizon which bear the long legend with the regal title, that Rhizon had been the capital of Ballaios' state. On those coins, Artemis is depicted as advancing to the left, and is similar to the goddess depicted on Acarnanian coins dated to around 200 BC. <mask> may have well begun to mint his coins based on Acarnanian coinage designs. Political and economic relations between Illyrian monarchs and various Greek regions, as well as even marriage ties between Illyrian and Greek kings and queens were hardly exceptional.The finding of Ballaios coins along with other Illyrian and Greeks coins in Bari in southern Italy has made Gorini date the deposition of the hoard, which may have been a votive offering, to c.125 BC. Other sites where the coinage of Ballaios has been found in an archaeological context is in the city of Daorson. See also
List of rulers of Illyria
Illyrian coinage

References

Bibliography

Illyrian royalty
2nd-century BC rulers in Europe
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown

masks: Ballaios Ballaios Ballaios Ballaios Ballaios Ballaios Ballaios Ballaios Ballaios Ballaios Ballaios Ballaios Ballaios Ballaios Ballaios Ballaios Ballaios Ballaios Ballaios


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<mask> (born 9 November 1995) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for League One side Ipswich Town. He has represented England at under-19, under-20 and under-21 levels. Club career

Plymouth Argyle
Born in Wadebridge, Cornwall, <mask> began his career with Plymouth Argyle aged 10 and progressed through the club's youth system. He was named in a matchday squad for the first time three days after his 16th birthday for an FA Cup first round tie against Stourbridge, in which he remained an unused substitute, the match finishing 3–3. Brighton & Hove Albion
On 15 February 2013, <mask> signed for Championship club Brighton & Hove Albion, where he completed his scholarship, before signing a three-year professional contract in the summer of 2013. He was twice an unused substitute in consecutive matches in the 2013–14 season, a 3–1 win at home to Leicester City on 7 December, prior to a 1–0 win away to Middlesbrough one week later. Ahead of the 2014–15 season, <mask> signed a new four-year contract with the club on 8 July 2014.He was an unused substitute on the opening day of the season in a 1–0 defeat at home to Sheffield Wednesday. <mask> made his professional debut for Brighton aged 18 in a 2–0 defeat away to Tottenham Hotspur in the League Cup fourth round on 29 October 2014. He made his Football League debut six days later in a 1–0 win at home to Wigan Athletic. <mask> made his second consecutive start in a 1–1 draw at home to Blackburn Rovers on 8 November. He returned to the starting lineup on the final day of the season in a 0–0 draw away to Middlesbrough, his first appearance since November. In addition to his four appearances for Brighton, <mask> also kept two clean sheets. Bury (loan)
On 21 July 2015, <mask> signed for newly promoted League One club Bury on a season-long loan.He made his debut for Bury in a 1–1 draw at home to Doncaster Rovers on the opening day of the 2015–16 season. <mask> returned to Brighton on 1 September due to an underlying groin injury, having made six appearances for Bury. Plymouth Argyle (loan)
On 19 November 2015, <mask> joined former club Plymouth Argyle on loan until 3 January 2016 as cover for the injured Luke McCormick. He made his Plymouth debut in a 2–1 defeat at home to arch-rivals Exeter City two days later. <mask> started in three further matches, and returned to Brighton upon the expiration of his loan spell. Luton Town (loan)
On 24 June 2016, <mask> signed for League Two club Luton Town on a season-long loan, linking back up with Nathan Jones who was first-team coach for his first three years at Brighton. He made his Luton debut on the opening day of the 2016–17 season in a 3–0 win away to Plymouth Argyle.<mask> saved a penalty from Vadaine Oliver during a 0–0 draw away to Notts County on 29 October to keep a clean sheet for Luton, which extended the club's unbeaten league run to seven matches and earned him a place in the English Football League Team of the Week. He was recalled by Brighton on 31 January 2017 following an injury to fellow goalkeeper Niki Mäenpää, having made 33 appearances for Luton and conceded the fewest goals in League Two during his loan spell. Southend  United (loan)
On 1 April 2017, <mask> signed for League One club Southend United on an emergency loan for an initial seven days as cover for Ted Smith who had sustained a wrist injury. He debuted later that day in a 3–0 victory at home to Oldham Athletic. It was agreed for <mask>'s loan to be extended by a further week as the club were still without a fit goalkeeper. The goalkeeping situation remained unchanged and therefore the loan was extended by a further week once more. <mask>'s loan was extended again to enable him to play in Southend's final match of 2016–17, and completed the loan spell with seven appearances.Wigan Athletic (loan)
On 12 July 2017, <mask> signed for League One club Wigan Athletic on a season-long loan. He made his debut for Wigan on the opening day of 2017–18 in a 1–0 victory away to Milton Keynes Dons. <mask> finished the loan with 35 appearances, as Wigan won the League One title and promotion to the Championship. He re-signed for Wigan on 22 June 2018 on another season-long loan until June 2019, with a recall option in January. <mask> played in Wigan's first game back in the Championship on 4 August 2018 in a 3–2 home victory over Sheffield Wednesday. Parent club Brighton did not take up the option to recall <mask> in January. On 22 April 2019 <mask> kept a clean sheet in a 2–0 home win over local rivals, Preston which secured Wigan's Championship status.Blackburn Rovers (loan)
<mask> joined another Championship club, Blackburn Rovers, on 23 July 2019 on loan for the 2019–20 season. <mask> played in the opening game of the season making his debut in a 2–1 home loss to Charlton. <mask> played in all 46 league matches of the season where Blackburn finished 11th in the table. Back at Brighton

<mask> played in Brighton's pre season friendly against Chelsea on 29 August 2020 where he came on as a half time substitute for Maty Ryan. However, he injured his ankle after an awkward landing from a save and was stretchered off and replaced by Robert Sánchez in an eventual 1–1 home draw. On 13 January 2021, <mask> made a Premier League match day squad for the first time being named on the bench in the 1–0 away loss at Manchester City. He made his first appearance for Brighton in over five-and-a-half years on 23 January, playing in the 2–1 fourth round FA Cup home victory over Blackpool.He played in Brighton's fifth round tie almost three weeks later on 10 February conceding a 90+4 minute header from Kelechi Iheanacho to knock Brighton out in the 1–0 away loss at Leicester City. He was on the bench in Brighton's 2–0 away victory over Cardiff City in the EFL Cup second round on 24 August, in Albions third game of the 2021–22 season. Ipswich Town
On 30 August 2021, <mask> joined Ipswich Town on a season-long loan, marking his eighth loan and seventh loan club during his time at Brighton. He made his debut on 11 September, a home game against Bolton which ended in a 5–2 defeat for Ipswich Town. Prior to Ipswich's next match against Lincoln City he picked up a adductor injury which ruled him out of action for over a month. He made his second appearance for the club on 19 October after the spell out injured, keeping a clean sheet in the 4–0 away victory over Portsmouth. <mask> played in the 0–0 second round FA Cup draw at home against League Two side Barrow on 4 December, in which manager Paul Cook was later dismissed.He played in the replay on 15 December in which Ipswich lost 2–0 at Barrow and were knocked out of the competition. On 19 January 2022, having established himself as the club's first choice keeper, <mask>'s loan was made permanent with him signing a two and a half year contract. International career
<mask> was called up to the England under-19 team for a friendly against Turkey on 5 March 2014. He entered the match as a 76th-minute substitute for Mitchell Beeney, the match finishing a 3–0 win. <mask> received his first call-up to the England under-20 team for a friendly against Romania, in which he won his first cap. He was first called up to the England under-21 team on 25 August 2015 for their matches against the United States under-23 team and Norway under-21 team. However, he was forced to withdraw from the squad six days later after sustaining a groin injury playing for Bury in a 1–1 draw with Oldham Athletic.<mask> received his next under-21 call-up on 3 October 2016 for two 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification matches against Kazakhstan and Bosnia and Herzegovina. He won his first cap and kept a clean sheet in England's 5–0 win over Bosnia and Herzegovina on 11 October. Career statistics

HonoursWigan Athletic'
EFL League One: 2017–18

References

External links
<mask> profile at the Football Association website

1995 births
Living people
People from Wadebridge
Footballers from Cornwall
English footballers
England youth international footballers
England under-21 international footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
Luton Town F.C. players
Southend United F.C.players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Blackburn Rovers F.C. players
Ipswich Town F.C. players
English Football League players

masks:
Christian Timothy Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Walton
Christian Walton


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<mask> (born April 16, 1962) is a former professional American football running back who played for the NFL's Green Bay Packers from 1986–1988 and the Buffalo Bills from 1989–1994. College career
Before his NFL career, <mask> played for Texas Christian University from 1982–1985. As a junior, he rushed for 1,611 yards (#3 in the NCAA) and 16 touchdowns, earning him a first team selection on the College Football All-America Team. He also had the 5th most votes of all candidates for the Heisman Trophy that year. His 1,611 rushing yards were a school record, and remained so until LaDainian Tomlinson rushed for 1,850 yards in 1999. He missed all but the first game of his senior season when he was suspended (along with six teammates) after confessing he received cash payments from boosters, but he finished his college career with an impressive 2,904 yards and 24 touchdowns. He left TCU second in school history in rushing yards and rushing touchdowns.NFL career
Considered a potential first-round draft pick in the 1986 NFL Draft by Mel Kiper and Gil Brandt, <mask> decided to join the NFL one year early after his suspension from TCU. However, he was denied as he had already played one game that year; under the "Red Grange Rule", players are not allowed to play college and NFL football in the same year. In an attempt to force the NFL to allow a special supplemental draft, <mask> and agent Michael Trope prepared to sue the league for $13 million; Trope pointed to Florida State running back Roosevelt Snipes, who was kicked off the FSU roster before the 1985 season and was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the supplemental draft, as an exception to the rule. NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle rejected <mask> again and the league filed a counter-suit to ensure the Grange Rule was legal. <mask> accepted the ruling and tried to drop the case, but attorney Steven Knowles filed the suit anyway, unaware of <mask>' decision. After the matter was cleared, <mask> waited until 1986 to enter the league, and he was selected by the Packers in the second round of the 1986 NFL Draft. As a rookie, he was the team's leading rusher with 519 yards, returned 12 kickoffs for 231 yards, and caught 21 passes for 142 yards.In 1987, he was their leading rusher again, although he only rushed for 413 yards. <mask> played only 9 games with the Packers in 1988 due to injuries, and signed with the Bills after the season ended. With the Bills, <mask> proved to be a superb complement to star running back Thurman Thomas, and a great asset to the team overall. In 1990, he rushed for 302 yards on just 64 carries (a 4.7 yards per carry average), caught 9 passes for 78 yards, and scored 5 touchdowns, assisting his team to Super Bowl XXV, where they lost to the New York Giants. In the game, <mask> rushed for 4 yards and caught 2 passes for 23 yards. The following season, he rushed for 624 yards, caught 20 passes for 118 yards, returned 4 kickoffs for 73 yards, and assisted Buffalo to their second consecutive Super Bowl appearance. They lost Super Bowl XXVI to the Washington Redskins 37–24, but <mask> had a good performance, leading the team with 17 rushing yards and catching 4 passes for 38 yards.He would get the start in that game, because star running back Thurman Thomas could not find his helmet. In 1992, <mask> had the best season of his career. He rushed for 613 yards, caught 15 passes for 80 yards, returned 14 kickoffs for 251 yards, and scored a career-high 6 touchdowns. But he is best remembered for his superb performance in the post season. In Buffalo's wild card game against the Houston Oilers, Thomas was knocked out of the game early with a hip injury, and Houston built up a 28–3 first half lead. Then, they increased it to 35–3 early in the third quarter when backup quarterback Frank Reich's pass was intercepted and returned for a touchdown. But in what became known as The Comeback, Buffalo stormed back and won the game 41–38 in overtime; the rally from the 32-point deficit was the largest comeback in NFL history.<mask> was instrumental in the Bills victory, rushing for 68 yards, catching 2 passes for 25 yards, and scoring the first touchdown of the game for Buffalo. One week later, the Bills traveled on the road to face the Pittsburgh Steelers in the Divisional Playoffs, with Thomas back but playing hurt, <mask> did a superb job carrying the offense, rushing for 104 yards and a touchdown on just 10 carries in the Bills 24–3 win. Then the Bills advanced to their 3rd consecutive Super Bowl by defeating the Miami Dolphins 29–10 in the AFC title game. Thomas had recovered enough to regain his spot on the starting lineup, but <mask> was still a major factor in Buffalo's victory. He rushed for 61 yards and a touchdown while also catching 4 passes for 52 yards. The Bills lost Super Bowl XXVII 52–17, but <mask> had a great game. He was the Bills leading rusher with 86 yards, while also catching 3 passes for 16 yards and returning a kickoff for 21 yards.<mask> was major contributor for Buffalo for the 1993 season as the team advanced to their 4th consecutive Super Bowl. He rushed for 391 yards, caught 21 passes for 95 yards, and gained 100 yards on kickoff returns. After his team lost Super Bowl XXVIII to the Dallas Cowboys 30–13, he spent one more season with Buffalo and then retired in 1995. <mask> finished his 9 NFL seasons with 823 carries for 3,513 rushing yards (4.3 yards per carry), 135 receptions for 878 yards, 42 kickoff returns for 707 yards, and 32 touchdowns (27 rushing and 5 receiving). He now is the Athletic Director and former head football coach at Bishop Dunne Catholic School in Dallas, Texas. References

External links
<mask>' stats at pro-football-reference.com
<mask>'s stats at databasefootball.com

1962 births
Living people
All-American college football players
American football running backs
Buffalo Bills players
Green Bay Packers players
NCAA sanctions
TCU Horned Frogs football players
Players of American football from Texas
People from Temple, Texas
Temple High School (Texas) alumni

masks:
Kenneth Earl Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
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Davis
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<mask> (; born 14 June 1973) is a Croatian politician and historian who has served as a member of the Croatian Parliament since 2016. He served as Minister of Culture in the cabinet of Tihomir Orešković from 22 January to 19 October 2016. Hasanbegović is also a member of the Zagreb Assembly and one of the founders of the Independents for Croatia party. As a historian, Hasanbegović's interests are relations between the modern Croatian ideologies, especially pravaštvo (Croatian nationalist ideology) and its relations towards Islam in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 19th and 20th centuries. He researches Muslim elements of the Croatian bourgeois culture until 1945 and relations of political parties as well as religious and national relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina since the Austro-Hungarian occupation until the communist takeover. He was an associate of the Institute of Humanities Ivo Pilar. From 2019, he is the president of the Bloc for Croatia political party.Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born on 14 June 1973 in Zagreb to ethnic Bosniak parents Zumreta <mask> (née Prohić) from Gračanica and <mask> from Bosanska Gradiška. His mother's side of the family moved from Gračanica (modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina) to the Croatian capital of Zagreb in 1941. His maternal grandfather, Sabrija Prohić, was a rich industrialist with properties across the former Kingdom of Yugoslavia. During World War II, the Prohić family helped hide a Jewish girl from Gračanica in their house in Zagreb. <mask>'s grandparents Sabrija and Safeta Prohić, along with his aunt and uncle Esma and Avdo Prohić, were posthumously named Righteous Among the Nations by Israel in 2018. Hasanbegović was forbidden from attending the award ceremony. After the war, they were accused for smuggling foreign currency and arrested by the Communists.Sabrija Prohić tried to escape to Argentina, but was caught and later killed as a class enemy, while their entire property was confiscated. Hasanbegović finished elementary and high school in Zagreb, after which he enrolled in Zagreb Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences where he graduated in history. He gained his doctorate at the same Faculty in 2009 in the field of history under the supervision of Ivo Goldstein. Career
Hasanbegović is working as a research associate at the Ivo Pilar Institute of Social Sciences. He is the editor of Pilar journal, member of executive committee of the Majlis of Zagreb's Muslim community,

He is president of the Supervisory Board of the Honorary Bleiburg Platoon, an organisation which is the main organizer of the Bleiburg commemoration, and associate of various initiatives for the determination of victims of communism. The subject of his interest is the relation of modern Croatian nationalist ideology, in particular the Party of Rights and its present-day offshoots, Islam in Croatia and Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the 19th and 20th centuries. Hasanbegović researched the Muslim component of Croatian bourgeois culture until 1945 and the political and ethno-religious relations in Bosnia and Herzegovina since the 1878 Austro-Hungarian rule until the communist takeover in the 1940s.Hasanbegović has published Croatian translations of several essays: Against Democracy and Equality: The European New Right by Tomislav Sunić, The Holocaust Industry by Norman Finkelstein, Intellectual Terrorism by Jure Vujić, Communism and Nazism by Alain de Benoist, and Wahhabism by Hamid Algar. He entered politics in his youth when he was a member of the Croatian Pure Party of Rights (HČSP). In 2015 he joined the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ). On 8 May 2015 during the Otvoreno show on Croatian Radiotelevision Hasanbegović stated that anti-fascism is not in the foundations of the Constitution of Croatia; "Croatian War of Independence is the only war in the 20th century from which Croats came out as true winners and the only basis on which Croatia should be built. Ghosts and goblins of the past will cause a permanent rift and endless debate. Anti-fascism is not the foundation of Croatia, but a platitude that has no basis in the constitutional text, not being mentioned anywhere." Deputy Speaker of the Parliament and professor of constitutional law Robert Podolnjak from the governing Bridge of Independent Lists party, among many others, posited that anti-fascism is in the foundations of the Constitution of Croatia.Hasanbegović said that his remarks about anti-fascism were related to the Yugoslav totalitarian legacy and Titoism: "All who abuse the notion of anti-fascism, which can be fluid, as is well-known to historians, know that various meanings can be attributed to that notion. Stalin, Tito, Pol Pot and also U.S. General Patton were anti-fascists. Everyone knows that those were different persons. We are not talking about abstract anti-fascism but about the particular Yugoslav Communist totalitarian legacy." His political positions have been described in media as right wing or far-right. Minister of Culture
On 22 January 2016, Hasanbegović was appointed as Minister of Culture by Prime Minister Tihomir Orešković. A part of the cultural workers expressed their dissatisfaction mainly due to his comments about anti-fascism and his lack of experience in management of culture.Civic initiative Platform 112, which brings together 70 NGOs, held a protest in front of the Parliament on the day when the new Government was approved, urging MPs to vote against the cabinet of Tihomir Orešković because of Hasanbegović. The Croatian Journalists' Association issued a statement in which they strongly opposed the nomination of Hasanbegović as Minister of Culture. The Israel-based Simon Wiesenthal Center urged the Government of Croatia to dismiss Hasanbegović, saying he took a disdainful attitude towards Croatian resistance to fascism during World War II. The Croatian Helsinki Committee (HHO) and the Initiative EU 1481 of Matica hrvatska dismissed the accusations against Hasanbegović as unfounded. Hasanbegović stated that the protests against him were not supported by any facts but based on a selective use of his different statements. During this period, a video from 2012 appeared in which he openly refers to the ousting of the Nazi Independent State of Croatia (NDH) as the "biggest national tragedy and defeat" for Croatia. Hasanbegović said about the video that he would not apologize for his words.As one of his first moves as minister, Hasanbegović announced that there is no need for the continuation of Government funding of any non-profit media. The International and European Federations of Journalists joined their affiliates in Croatia, the HND and the Trade Union of Croatian Journalists (Sinoh) in condemning this decision, as well as the Hasanbegović's dissolution of the Expert Committee for non-profit media before the end of its mandate. Under the new budget for 2016, the Government of Croatia stopped funding certain cultural projects and non-profit media, which Hasanbegović described as "racket money", adding that tax-payers' money will no longer be distributed in a non-transparent way for neither the left-wing nor right-wing media. In May, he signed a cooperation deal with Hungary's Minister Zoltán Balog. At the 17th electoral convention of the HDZ, Hasanbegović was elected to the HDZ Presidency and received most votes. After Croatian Parliament supported motion of no confidence against Prime Minister Orešković, his whole Cabinet resigned while the Parliament dismissed itself which led to new election. On 2016 parliamentary election, Hasanbegović was elected to the Parliament as HDZ's candidate.In the aftermath, newly elected president of HDZ, Andrej Plenković, formed a new government with new Minister of Culture being Nina Obuljen Koržinek and not Hasanbegović for which he expressed his dissatisfaction. Later political career
In May 2017, Hasanbegović decided to participate in the Zagreb local elections on the independent list of Bruna Esih, who ran against the official HDZ candidate. Hasanbegović also criticized the HDZ leader Andrej Plenković, saying that his path "is wrong and leads to moral quagmire". The HDZ soon announced that Hasanbegović was evicted from the party. The independent list won 8.23% of the vote in the local election and Hasanbegović became a member of the Zagreb Assembly. Following the elections, <mask> and Esih formed a new political party, the Independents for Croatia. The new party formed a majority in the assembly with the incumbent Mayor Milan Bandić, provided the name of Zagreb's Marshal Tito Square was changed to Republic of Croatia Square.In 2019, following a split with Esih, he became the president of the newly founded Bloc for Croatia political party. Controversy
In 1996, Hasanbegović wrote at least two articles in the magazine Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, named after the fascist Independent State of Croatia (NDH), in which he glorified the Ustashas as heroes and martyrs. The magazine was edited by the far-right Croatian Liberation Movement (HOP) and Hasanbegović was described as a young HOP member in it. Commenting on his texts from 1996 twenty years later, Hasanbegović said that the crimes of the Ustashas were "the biggest moral lapse" of the Croatian people in their history, adding: "Using totally peripheral statements I made as a student more than 20 years ago and taking them out of context is nothing but political manipulation". He also denied that he was ever a member of the Croatian Liberation Movement. In 1993, Hasanbegović posed for a photo in Split at an event of the 9th Battalion of the Croatian Defence Forces (HOS), the Croatian Party of Rights' paramilitary (1991–92), wearing a cap with what is allegedly an Ustasha Militia badge. The photograph's resurfacing in 2016 and its circulation in the Croatian media caused major backlash.Hasanbegović denied he was wearing an Ustasha cap, claiming the photo had been manipulated and that he wore a black cap of the HOS. A similar or identical cap, with an Ustasha badge, was worn by some members of the 9th HOS Battalion during their gatherings in the 1990s. In 1998, he took part in demonstrations organized by pro-fascist groups against the renaming of Zagreb's Croatian Nobles Square to the Square of the Victims of Fascism. Hasanbegović commented that he was not connected to the organizers of the protests, and that he joined every protest in Zagreb in the 1990s. Publications
 Muslims in Zagreb, 1878-1945. The Era of the Foundation; Majlis of the Islamic Community Zagreb - Institute of Social Sciences "Ivo Pilar", Zagreb, 2007. Yugoslav Muslim Organisation 1929-1941 (In War and Revolution 1941-1945); Bosniac National Community - Institute of Social Sciences "Ivo Pilar" – Majlis of the Islamic Community Zagreb, Zagreb, 2012.References

External links

1973 births
Croatian Muslims
Croatian historians
Living people
Politicians from Zagreb
Croatian Democratic Union politicians
University of Zagreb alumni
Culture ministers of Croatia
Representatives in the modern Croatian Parliament
Croatian nationalists
Writers from Zagreb

masks:
Zlatko Hasanbegović
Zlatko
Hasanbegović
Hasanbegović
Ibrahim Hasanbegović
Hasanbegović
Hasanbegović


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<mask> (born 1947) is an American author and journalist who has written twelve non-fiction books on United States politics and history of the 20th and 21st centuries. He has also written and directed two film documentaries, the award-winning feature Atomic Cover-up (2021), which screened at fifteen film festivals, and in early 2022 The First Attack Ads:  Hollywood vs. Upton Sinclair. His latest book, published by the New Press in 2020, was the award-winning The Beginning or the end:  How Hollywood--and America--Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb. His previous book, a bastseller, was published by Crown in October 2016 (and in ten editions abroad), was The Tunnels: Escapes Under the Berlin Wall and the Historic Films the JFK White House Tried to Kill. From 2009 to 2016 he blogged on the media and politics for The Nation, where he closely covered WikiLeaks. He co-produced the acclaimed 2014 film documentary "Following the Ninth," about the political and cultural influence of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. In three recent books, he has addressed issues of the relations between the press and government, especially related to the conduct of the 21st-century United States wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.He was the editor of Editor & Publisher (E&P) (2002 through 2009), which covers the news and newspaper industry. His book, The Campaign of the Century (1992), about Upton Sinclair's run for governor of California and the rise of media politics, received the 1993 Goldsmith Book Prize for journalism. It was adapted by PBS as a documentary episode for its seven-part series on The Great Depression (1993). In addition, it was adapted as a vaudeville-style musical and received an award in California in 2006 for musical theatre. <mask> was editor of Nuclear Times magazine (1982 to 1986), and became interested in the history of the United States' use of the atom bomb during World War II. He addressed issues related to this in a 1996 book co-written with Robert Jay Lifton, "Hiroshima in America,"  and a later book "Atomic Cover-up." <mask> served as senior editor of Crawdaddy magazine in the 1970s.Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1947 in Upstate New York. Career
He first worked in journalism as a summer intern for the Niagara Falls Gazette (now the Niagara Gazette). In the 1970s, <mask> began working for Crawdaddy! magazine, where he became a senior editor. With fellow editor Peter Knobler, <mask> is credited with helping to create in December 1972 and publish the first magazine article about the now-prominent musician Bruce Springsteen. They first met Springsteen and watched him perform at a promo gig in Sing Sing Prison before his first album was released. Marriage and family
From his first marriage <mask> has a daughter Jeni, who lives in London.After divorce, he married the writer Barbara Bedway. They live in Nyack, New York. The couple has a son, Andy, who has become a filmmaker. <mask> wrote about their experiences in Little League baseball in his memoir Joy in Mudville (2000). Editor
<mask> served as editor of Nuclear Times magazine from 1982 to 1986. He has written numerous articles about the atomic bombings during World War II, published in magazines and newspapers including The New York Times and the Washington Post. His book on how the U.S. suppressed shocking footage shot by American military film crews in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Atomic Cover-Up, was published in 2011.<mask> is co-author with Robert Jay Lifton of  Hiroshima in America: A Half Century of Denial (1996) on the perceptions in the United States of the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. In an interview, he discussed the long-censored stories of the Chicago Tribune correspondent George Weller, the first Western news reporter to reach Nagasaki after the atomic bombing. He wrote a second book with Lifton about capital punishment called Who Owns Death? (2002). Political campaigns
<mask> has written two books about notable California political campaigns: The Campaign of the Century (1992) examined Upton Sinclair's race for governor in 1934 and the birth of media-driven elections. PBS adapted it as "We Have a Plan", the fourth of seven documentary episodes featured in The Great Depression (1993) series, produced and directed by Lyn Goldfarb. In 2011 the book was republished in new print and e-book editions.It was also adapted as a vaudeville-style musical and first produced in a concert version at the Chicago Humanities Festival in 2004. The book is by Robert L. Freedman, lyrics by Freedman and Steven Lutvak, and music by Lutvak. In 2006 it won the California Musical Theatre Award from the Beverly Hills Theatre Guild. <mask>'s Tricky Dick and the Pink Lady: Richard Nixon Vs Helen Gahagan Douglas--Sexual Politics and the Red Scare, 1950 (1998) studies an era in California politics as it reflected and influenced national issues in the post-World War II years. He also wrote an e-book on the Obama-Romney race in 2012 titled "Truth, Lies, and Videotape." Views on news coverage
In 2003 and 2004, <mask> wrote and spoke about issues in journalistic integrity. In an E&P column in 2003, <mask> wrote about having made up some quotes in a man-in-the-street article at age 21, while working as a summer intern (what he described as his Jayson Blair moment).He was then working for the Niagara Falls (N.Y.) Gazette (now the Niagara Gazette) and assigned to gather quotes from tourists at Niagara Falls. He wrote that he and other journalists learn from their mistakes. In a 2004 interview with the Echo Chamber Project, <mask> discussed the duty of news reporters to be "skeptical." He cited coverage of the Bush administration's justification of the 2003 War in Iraq as a failure of the media to exercise skepticism. He said,

[A]ll our coverage on all subjects—is not to be partisan or not to be left or right or anything like that. But we believe in the—what should be the main principle of journalism, besides being accurate and fair, is to be skeptical—to raise questions, to not take what officials say as the gospel truth—unless it's really proven—if there's documents. Whether covering Washington or a small town, <mask> said,

[T]he journalistic principle is the same: to be skeptical unless there's hard evidence and proof.And you report what someone says—"It's their claim." "It's what they say." "It's what they allege." "It's what they're trying to prove." But you don't present these things as fact if you're not sure they're fact. And what happened with the Iraq coverage was that too often newspapers—and especially television—went with stories that were based on official claims, and in retrospect, were really propaganda. Because in some cases, the officials were well-meaning.Maybe they thought that they had the evidence. But in other cases, they knew their evidence was incredibly shaky—or should have known—and yet went with the evidence claiming it was fact. And the press just, in most cases, accepted it. Press and government
Three of <mask>'s recent books have dealt with relations between the press and government, inspired in part by revelations of Bush administration misdirection related to justification of the War in Iraq, as well as issues related to the WikiLeaks scandal. These are So Wrong for So Long: How the Press, the Pundits—and the President—Failed in Iraq (2008)—re-published as an e-book in 2013, Bradley Manning: Truth and Consequences (2011, coauthor with Kevin Gosztola), and The Age of WikiLeaks (2011). Blogs
<mask> blogs regularly as his own site, Pressing Issues. He also blogs for the Huffington Post, among other sites.His Twitter feed is @<mask>Mitch. Books
 The Tunnels: Escapes Under the Berlin Wall and the Historic Films the JFK White House Tried to Kill (2016)
 Atomic Cover-Up: Two U.S. Soldiers, Hiroshima & Nagasaki, and The Greatest Movie Never Made (2011)
 The Age of WikiLeaks (2011)
 Bradley Manning: Truth and Consequences (2011)
 So Wrong for So Long: How the Press, the Pundits—and the President—Failed in Iraq (2008)
 October Light: Paris and Auvers, photographs by <mask> (2006)
 Joy in Mudville: A Little League Memoir (2000/2002)
 Tricky Dick and the Pink Lady: Richard Nixon Vs Helen Gahagan Douglas-Sexual Politics and the Red Scare, 1950 (1998)
 Very Seventies: A Cultural History of the 1970s, from the Pages of Crawdaddy, ed. Peter Knobler and <mask> (1995)
 The Campaign of the Century: Upton Sinclair's E.P.I.C. Race for Governor of California and the Birth of Media Politics (1992) Reissued in 2011 in print and e-book editions as The Campaign of the Century: Upton Sinclair's Race for Governor of California and the Birth of Media Politics)
 Truth and Consequences: 7 Who Would Not Be Silenced (1987)

With Robert Jay Lifton
 Who Owns Death? : Capital Punishment, the American Conscience, and the End of Executions (2002)
 Hiroshima in America: A Half Century of Denial (1996)

Awards
 Winner of the 1993 Goldsmith Book Prize for The Campaign of the Century, Joan Shorenstein Center, Harvard Kennedy School

References

External links
 Official blog
 Media Fix blog, The Nation
 Interview: <mask>, Book Reporter
 Mitchell's online column archive, Editor & Publisher
 Excerpt: <mask> Mitchell, Joy in Mudville, Book Reporter, 2000

Living people
1947 births
American anti–nuclear weapons activists
American male journalists
American print editors
American bloggers
American media critics
American political writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male bloggers

masks:
Greg Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Greg Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Greg
Greg Mitchell
Greg Mitchell
Greg Mitchell
Greg


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Sir <mask>  (died 2 April 1381) was an English landowner, military knight, envoy and administrator. He fought at the Battle of Crécy in 1346, and the Capture of Calais in 1347. He was also at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. A recurrent figure in the Chronicles of Jean Froissart, he was a signatory to the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360. In 1362 he was appointed Seneschal of Aquitaine. He accompanied Edward the Black Prince on his Spanish campaign. He was taken prisoner by Henry of Trastámara's forces in 1367.In 1372 he was appointed joint-governor of Aquitaine and seneschal of Bordeaux. He  caused Guillaume de Pommiers and his secretary to be beheaded for treason in 1377. He was invested a Knight of the Garter in 1381. Origins
The de Feltons of Norfolk derived in a junior line from William Bertram, Baron of Mitford, Northumberland. William's great-grandson Roger (died 26 Henry III, 1242) had an elder son Roger (from whom the Barons of Mitford descended), and a younger son Pagan, of Upper Felton, Northumberland, whose son William FitzPagan, called <mask>, was governor of Bamburgh Castle in 1315. At much the same time, in 1311, William's son Sir Robert de <mask> was governor of Scarborough Castle, and in the next years was summoned to Parliament before he was slain at Stirling in 1314. According to <mask> <mask>'s inquisition post mortem, Sir Robert had married Matilda (Maud), kinswoman of John le Strange of Knockin, Shropshire, who bestowed on the marriage and their heirs male the lordship of the manor of Litcham, an ancient seat of the Le Strange family in Norfolk.This descended through Sir John de <mask> of Shropshire and Norfolk, against whom various actions for debt survive from the 1330s. Sir John de <mask> had three sons, Hamo, <mask> and Edmund. Sir Hamo, the senior heir, inherited the lordship of Litcham and was Knight of the Shire (M.P.) for Norfolk in 1372 and 1377. He married and had a daughter, but made his will in 1379 and died in that year without heir male, and was buried at the Carmelite Friary, King's Lynn. Sir <mask> <mask>, who married Joan Walkefare in or before 1356, inherited Litcham as the brother and male heir of Hamo, and died without male heir living in 1381, survived by Joan and their three daughters. He was therefore lord of Litcham for only two years.Sir <mask> and Dame Joan occupied certain Norfolk lands of Joan's kinsman Sir Richard Walkfare after his death in 1370–1371, including Gelham Hall at Dersingham, which Sir Richard had conveyed to John and Elizabeth de Reppes in 1354, at about the time of Joan's marriage. Other Walkfare lands were formally released to Joan during her widowhood in 1384. The manor of Fordham Feltons (Cambridgeshire) came to the Feltons in 1375, through the 1362 betrothal of their daughter Mary to Edmund Hengrave, who died overseas in 1374. Edmund de <mask>, who was living in 1364, married a daughter of Robert Gerrard of Coddenham, Suffolk. Career
Crécy and Poictiers
<mask> <mask> was with the expedition commanded by Edward III which invaded France in 1346, and he took part in the Battle of Crécy, the capture of Calais and the other important events of that campaign. He became an important figure in the service of Edward the Black Prince. When Prince Edward went to take possession of Gascony in 1355, Felton went with him, and followed him to the Battle of Poitiers.His marriage to Joan de Walkfare and the birth of his children followed in the later 1350s. He was one of the commissioners who signed the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) and took oath to see it executed. He is named among the principal witnesses to the marriage of Prince Edward to Joan, Countess of Kent in 1361, as "miles" (i.e., Knight), and appears elsewhere as "chivaler", through most of his career. Seneschal of Aquitaine
By letters dated 8 February 1362, Sir <mask> <mask>, as Seneschal of Aquitaine, represented Prince Edward's authority there, and served as Steward of his household during 1363. He made Richard de Walkfare an attorney for his affairs in England during his absence. He was deputed to receive Peter I, King of Cyprus, who came to Aquitaine to visit the prince in 1364. He also had power to treat with Pedro, king of Castile.When Don Pedro asked to be reinstated to the Crown of Castile, the prince referred the matter to Sir John Chandos and to <mask>. Chandos was opposed, but <mask> recommended that the barons and knights of Aquitaine should be consulted in the matter, and the prince replied, "It shall be done". The larger council decided that <mask> should be sent to Spain with a fleet of twelve ships to bring Don Pedro. <mask>'s expedition landed at Bayonne, where Don Pedro had already arrived, and returned with him and his suite to Bordeaux. Campaigns in Spain and Poitou
The invasion of Spain having been agreed upon, <mask> and Chandos obtained leave from the King Charles II of Navarre to cross the mountain passes into Spain. <mask> in March 1367 preceded the prince with an advance force of 200 men-at-arms and archers, and found the enemy encamped near Navarrete. They were attacked by a large body of Spaniards, and all were either killed or taken prisoner in a battle at Aríñez.Sir William de <mask>, <mask>'s kinsman and Seneschal of Poitou, was among the slain. <mask> was taken prisoner, and was later exchanged for Arnoul d'Audrehem, Marshal of France, who was captured by the English at the Battle of Nájera (Navarrete) in April 1367. He afterwards took part in combats and sieges at Monsac, at Duravel, and at Domme. The lands and barony of Chaumont in Gascony were given by Edward III to Sir John Chandos (died 1369), with a reversion at his death to <mask>. <mask>'s near kinsman <mask> was Seneschal of Quercy and Périgord, and his brother Richard Walkfare Seneschal of Agenois, and also Mayor of Bordeaux 1366–69. <mask> was recalled to Angoulême by the prince, and sent into Poitou with John Hastings, Earl of Pembroke. He secured La Linde on the Dordogne when it was about to be betrayed to the French.He joined John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster in an attack on the town of Mont-Paon, and made an unsuccessful attempt to relieve the garrison of Thouars. In spite of his efforts Monsac was lost to the English. In 1372, when the Black Prince had surrendered the principality of Aquitaine into the king's hands, it was granted by royal commission to <mask> and Sir Robert Wykford. Upon the final withdrawal of the Duke of Lancaster, <mask> was appointed Seneschal of Bordeaux. Capture and ransom, 1377–1380
In February 1375 he returned to England. A year later he received orders to put the truce into effect, and, in December 1376, to negotiate with the King of Navarre. He caused Guillem-Sanche IV de Pommiers, Vicomte de Fronsac (heir of the ancient rulers of Gascony), and his confessor Coulon, to be beheaded at Bordeaux for treason.These events coincided with the close of the reign of Edward III. <mask> was at length again taken prisoner by the French near Bordeaux on 1 November 1377. In c. 1378 Dame Joan de <mask>, his wife, petitioned the king that a French prisoner in England, the Count of Saint Pol (Waleran III, Count of Ligny), should not be ransomed until her husband had been set at liberty. In April 1380 a procuration had been signed by the Comte de Foix to set him at liberty. In August the king granted to <mask> for the payment of his ransom thirty thousand francs, from the ransom of two French prisoners. During the same year <mask> received letters of protection in England to enable him to return to France for matters connected with the payment of his ransom. At his death his lands and barony of Chaumont in Gascony, over which his governance had been lacking, were granted by King Richard II to Sir Perducas d'Albret.Death and chantry
<mask> was made a Knight of the Garter in January 1381, and his plate is still to be seen in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, in the tenth stall, on the sovereign's side. He died 2 April 1381. Besides the manor of Litcham, Norfolk, Felton owned the manor called Felton's at Barrow, Suffolk, and other property in the neighbourhood. In 1384 John le Strange and his wife Eleanor, daughter and heir in the blood of Sir Richard de Walkefare, released to Joan de <mask> certain manors from the inheritance of Sir Richard de Walkefare. In the same year Joan de <mask> enfeoffed the nominees of John de Snoryng, Prior of Walsingham, with the Walkfare manors of Great Ryburgh and Little Ryburgh, and the advowson of Great Ryburgh: they were to enfeoff the Prior, to find four chaplains to sing perpetually for the souls of Sir <mask> and Dame <mask> in a chapel to be made over the tomb of Sir <mask> at Walsingham. Joan made warranty against the claims of John and Eleanor Strange and their heirs, upon the manor of Great Ryburgh. After her death the feoffees were to grant an annual rent of £20 each to her daughters Dame Sibill de Morley, nun (and later to be abbess) in the Abbey of Barking, and Dame Mary de <mask>, minoress in the Abbey of St Mary without Aldgate, and one of 100 shillings to John Sturmy of Incheton.Her tenant, Sir Stephen de Hales, could make the payments himself if preferred. The Prior and Convent were to keep the anniversary obits of Sir <mask> and Dame <mask> and their son <mask>. Joan lived until at least March 1408. Family
Around 1357 <mask> married Joan de Walkefare, and their three daughters and coheiresses were born soon afterwards. There was also a son, <mask>mefield's guess, in making Joan a daughter of Sir Richard de Walkefare of Great Ryburgh, Ingoldisthorpe, Isleham, etc. (died 1371).However Walkfare's only daughter and heiress named as such in primary sources is Alianore, wife of John Le Strange, who was born c. 1357 and betrothed in childhood. Although closely connected with them, Joan's life-dates and land transactions suggest that Joan may have been rather a sister of Sir Richard, and daughter of Sir Robert de Walkefare (died 1334), patron of Binham Priory and Lancastrian rebel. An account of the Walkfare descent is traced for the manors of Isleham, and a pedigree is attempted by Walter Rye. The arms and crest of Sir <mask> <mask> are illustrated in colour on the dustjacket cover of Joan Corder's Dictionary of Suffolk Crests. The children of Sir <mask> <mask> and Joan de Walkfare were:
 <mask> (born c. 1357), was betrothed in infancy, c. 1362 and married first to
 (1) Edmund Hemgrave, of Hengrave, Suffolk, who died overseas in 1374. She is then said to have married
 (2) Sir <mask> Breton in 1374 (in the chapel of Sir <mask> <mask>'s mansion house in Candlewick Street, London), and after him
 (3) Sir Geoffrey de Workeseley (Worsley), around 1376 at Leamington, "for his advancement", whose manors of Worsley and Hulton were settled upon the marriage. However these were seized in 1376 by the sheriff in respect of a debt of 6000 marks.It was later found that Mary's former husband had not died until November or December 1380, in Aquitaine, and the marriage to Sir Geoffrey was declared null. Sir <mask> died in 1381. Sir Geoffrey, who had been in the Spanish war and had been a prisoner of war, claimed that the divorce was urged on her by his servant <mask>, who, being charged to protect Mary during Geoffrey's absence abroad, had dishonoured her (and, as he asserted, had married her). Returning, Geoffrey (who was re-enfeoffed in his manor of Worsley) had attacked and injured Pulle, who sometime later died. Geoffrey brought a petition disclaiming responsibility for Pulle's death. He remarried to Isabel, daughter of Sir <mask> Lathom, by whom he had a daughter Elizabeth (born November 1383), but he also soon afterwards died, on 30 March 1385. By 1383 Mary had become a sister among the minoresses at Aldgate, London, where her mother endowed her with the reversion of a lifetime rent from certain manors which Joan had held in jointure with Sir <mask>lton.A warrant for Mary's arrest as an "apostate vagabond sister", to be returned to the abbess for punishment, was issued in November 1385. After Sir Geoffrey's death, Sir Robert de Workeseley, guardian of Elizabeth, brought a second petition: Mary had quit the cloister claiming that she had entered it out of fear, and had begun lawsuits to reverse the grounds of her divorce, a process which would illegitimize and disinherit Elizabeth. The manors of Worsley and Hulton therefore passed to Sir Geoffrey's sister Alice, wife of Sir John Massey. Mary was now remarried to
 (4) Sir John de Curson of Beck Hall, who conducted suits on her behalf both at the Common Bench and under Church law, by which the Pope confirmed her return to secular life. Woodger makes her the mother of the younger John Curson, but also identifies her as the same Maria de <mask> who became Prioress of Campsey Priory, Suffolk, who received grants from John Le Strange, and who died in 1394. Sibyll <mask> (born c. 1359), wife of Sir <mask> Morley. The Cursons were tenants of the Lords Morley at Foulsham in Norfolk.Sibill was a nun at Barking Abbey by 1384, and became abbess of that monastery for 26 years, from 1393 until her death in 1419. <mask> (c. 1361–1400), married
 (1) Sir Robert Ufford, de jure Lord Clavering, of Wrentham, Suffolk (died 1393), son of Edmund Ufford and Sibilla Pierpoint, and heir male of the de Ufford family after the death of his cousin William de Ufford, 2nd Earl of Suffolk. By him she had three daughters, Ela, Sibilla and Joan. Ela and Joan Ufford married the brothers Richard and Sir William Bowett respectively, while Sibill Ufford joined her aunt Sibill <mask> (or Morley) as a nun at Barking. Joan's daughter Ela Bowett married into the Dacre family. (2) Sir <mask> of Mulbarton, Norfolk (died 1420), by whom she became the mother of <mask>, Baron Hoo and Hastings. <mask>, mentioned by his mother to be remembered in prayer in her chantry.<mask> <mask>'s brother, Sir <mask>, who was living in 1364, was ancestor of <mask> of Shotley (died 1506). Robert, by his marriage with Margaret Sampson of Playford, Suffolk, acquired the Playford property, and was grandfather of Sir <mask>, K.B. (died 1613). Sir Anthony's son, Henry (died 1659), was created a baronet 20 July 1620. References

Attribution

Rymer's Fœdera; Archives de la Gironde; Anstis (ed. ), Black Book'' (Rolls Series). 1381 deaths
14th-century English landowners
14th-century English military personnel
Knights of the Garter
Medieval English knights
People of the Hundred Years' War

masks:
Thomas de Felton
de Felton
Felton
Thomas de
Felton
Felton
Felton
Thomas
Thomas de
Felton
Thomas
Felton
Thomas de
Felton
Thomas de
Felton
Felton
Felton
Felton
Felton
Felton
Felton
Felton
Thomas
Thomas
Felton
Felton
Thomas Walkfare
Felton
Felton
Felton
Felton
Felton
Felton
Felton
Felton
Felton
Felton
Thomas
Joan Felton
Thomas
Felton
Thomas
Joan Felton
Thomas Felton
Felton
Thomaslo
Thomas de
Felton
Thomas de
Felton
Mary Felton
Thomas de
Thomas de
Felton
Thomas Felton
Thomas Pulle
Thomas de
Thomas Fe
Felton
Felton
Thomas de
Eleanor Felton
Felton
Thomas Hoo
Thomas Hoo
Thomas Felton
Thomas de
Felton
Edmund Felton
Robert Felton
Anthony Felton


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Prof <mask>, FRS, FRSE FGS LLD (27 January 1864 – 2 June 1932) was a British geologist and explorer, known principally for his work on glacial geology and on the geography and geology of Australia and East Africa. The Gregory Rift in the Great Rift Valley is named in his honour. Early life
<mask> was born in Bow, London, the only son of a <mask>, a wool merchant, and his wife Jane, née Lewis. <mask> was educated at Stepney Grammar School and at 15 became a clerk at wool sales in London. He later took evening classes at the Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Institution (now Birkbeck, University of London). He matriculated in 1886, graduated BSc with first-class honours in 1891 and D. Sc. (London) in 1893.In 1887 he was appointed an assistant in the geological department of the Natural History Museum, London. Career
<mask> remained at the museum until 1900 and was responsible for a Catalogue of the Fossil Bryozoa in three volumes (1896, 1899 and 1909), and a monograph on the Jurassic Corals of Cutch (1900). He obtained leave at various times to travel in Europe, the West Indies, North America, and East Africa. The Great Rift Valley (1896), is an interesting account of a journey to Mount Kenya and Lake Baringo made in 1892–3. <mask> was the first to mount a specifically scientific expedition to the mountain. He made some key observations about the geology which still stand. He made the first known attempt to climb the mountain, penetrating the montane forest zone and climbing past the Afro-alpine moorland to the glaciers, rocks and snow.The <mask> Glacier, of which little now remains, on the North side of the mountain, was named after him. Although he never saw this glacier he named the Lewis, Darwin, Heim, Forel and Tyndal Glaciers after eminent Victorian scientists. In 1896 he did excellent work as naturalist to Sir Martin Conway's expedition across Spitsbergen. His well-known memoir on glacial geology written in collaboration with Edmund J. Garwood belongs to this period. <mask>'s polar and glaciological work led to his brief selection and service in 1900-1 as director of the civilian scientific staff of the Discovery Expedition. The expedition was in planning during this period, and had not yet set sail for Antarctica when <mask> was compelled to resign from his position upon learning that he was outranked by the expedition's commander, Robert Falcon Scott. Australia
The University of Melbourne had created new chair in geology and mineralogy created after the death of Frederick McCoy; on 11 December 1899 <mask> was appointed professor of geology and began his duties in the following February.<mask> was less than five years in Australia but his influence lasted for many years after he left. He succeeded in doing a large amount of work, his teaching was most successful, and he was personally popular. But he came to the university when it was in great financial trouble, there was no laboratory worthy of the name, and the council could not promise any immediate improvement. In 1904 he accepted the chair of geology at Glasgow, and he was back in Great Britain in October of that year. Besides carrying out his professional work he had many other activities during his stay in Australia; during the summer of 1901–2 he had spent his vacation in Central Australia and made a journey around Lake Eyre. An account of this, The Dead Heart of Australia, was published in 1906, dedicated to the geologists of Australia. He also published a popular book on The Foundation of British East Africa (1901), The Austral Geography (1902 and 1903), for school use, and The Geography of Victoria (1903).Another volume, The Climate of Australasia (1904), was expanded from his presidential address to the geographical section of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science which met at Dunedin in January 1904. The Mount Lyell Mining Field, Tasmania, was published in 1905. This does not give a complete impression of <mask>'s activities in Australia, for he was director of the Geological Survey of Victoria from 1901, in which year he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, London, and he was able also to find time for university extension lecturing. Glasgow
In 1904 <mask> was awarded the chair in Geology at Glasgow University winning against Thomas James Jehu, Philip Lake and others. He occupied his chair at Glasgow for 25 years and obtained a great reputation both as a teacher and as an administrator. In 1905 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir <mask> Kerr, <mask>, Ben Peach, and Lionel Wordsworth.He served as the Society's vice president from 1920 to 1923 and won their Keith Prize for 1921–23. His students included <mask> Harrison who was greatly impacted by <mask>. After his retirement in 1929, he was succeeded by Sir Edward Battersby Bailey (Glasgow chair in geology 1929–1937). He made several expeditions including one to Cyrenaica in North Africa in 1908, where he showed the same interest in archaeology as in his own subjects; another was to southern Angola in 1912. His journey to Tibet with his son is recorded in To the Alps of Chinese Tibet by J. W. and C. J. <mask> (1923). His other books on geology and geography include:
Geography: Structural Physical and Compartitive (1908)
Geology (Scientific Primers Series) (1910)

The Nature and Origin of Fiords (1913)
Geology of To-Day (1915)
, in the Cambridge manuals of science and literature
The Rift Valleys and Geology of East Africa (1921), a continuation of the studies contained in his volume published in 1896
The Elements of Economic Geology (1927)
General Stratigraphy (in collaboration with B. H. Barrett) (1931)
Dalradian Geology (1931)

He wrote books in other subjects as well, such as The Story of the Road (1931), and he dabbled in eugenics with The Menace of Colour (1925) and Human Migration and the Future (1928). Death

In January 1932 <mask> went on an expedition to South America to explore and study the volcanic and earthquake centres of the Andes.The expedition, sponsored by the Royal Geographical Society in London, made the first geological traverse of the central Andes of Peru. His boat overturned and he was drowned in the Urubamba River in southern Peru on 2 June 1932. One of his companions on this expedition was the diplomat, artist and author Victor Coverley-Price who painted extensively whilst on the expedition. He was in <mask>'s canoe and narrowly escaped death when it overturned and later wrote about the expedition in his own autobiography and for the Royal Geographical Society. Legacy
He was president of the Geological Society of London from 1928 to 1930, and was awarded many scientific honours including the Bigsby Medal in 1905. Apart from his books he also wrote about 300 papers on geological geographical, and sociological subjects. <mask> was a modest man, sincere, with wide interests.A fast thinker who did an extraordinary amount of work, it is possible that as a geologist he sometimes generalised from insufficient data; his last work Dalradian Geology was adversely reviewed in the Geological Magazine. Nevertheless, he was one of the most prominent geologists of his period, widely recognised outside his own country. Most of his books could be read with interest by both people of science and the general public, and as scientist, teacher, traveller, and man of letters, he had much influence on the knowledge of his time. Honours
The Gregory Rift in the Great Rift Valley and are named in his honour. He visited central Kenya in 1893 and again in 1919 and his 1896 book The Great Rift Valley is considered a classic. He was the first to use the term "rift valley", which he defined as "a linear valley with parallel and almost vertical sides, which has fallen owing to a series of parallel faults". The mineral gregoryite, first found in the Great Rift Valley, is named after him.Racial views
Like many other intellectuals and writers during the 1920s, <mask> held Scientific Racist views based on Galtonism and the belief that opposition to cross-breeding in animals could be applied to miscegenation. In 1931, with Sir Arthur Keith, he delivered the annual Conway Hall lecture entitled Race as a Political Factor. The lecture contained as its abstract:
The three primary racial groups within the human species are the Caucasian, mongoloid and negroid. From analogy with cross-breeding in animals and plants, and from experience of human cross-breeding, it can be asserted that inter-marriage between members of the three groups produces inferior progeny. Hence racial segregation is to be recommended. However, the different races can still assist, and co-operate with, each other, in the interests of peace and harmony. Family

<mask> married Audrey Chaplin, daughter of the Rev.Ayrton Chaplin, and had a son and a daughter. Selected works
The living races of mankind: a popular illustrated account of the customs, habits, pursuits, feasts and ceremonies of the races of mankind throughout the world By Henry Neville Hutchinson, <mask> <mask>, Richard Lydekker (1902) D. Appleton. The Living Races of Mankind By Richard Lydekker, Henry Neville Hutchinson, <mask> <mask> (1985) Mittal Publications Volume 2

<mask>, J.W. 1911. The terms "Denudation," "Erosion," "Corrosion," and "Corrasion". The Geographical Journal 37(2):189–195. <mask>, J.W.1914. The lake system of Westralia. The Geographical Journal 43(6):656–664. <mask>, J.W., Evans, J.W., Lamplugh, Mr. and Freshfield, D. 1917. Erosion and resulting land forms in sub-arid Western Australia, including the origin and growth of dry lakes: discussion. The Geographical Journal 50(6):434–437. Biography
Leake, B. E. 2011.The Life and Work of Professor J. W<mask> FRS (1864– 1932): Geologist, Writer and Explorer. Geological Society,
London, Memoirs, 34.,  and

References

J. F. Lovering, '<mask>, <mask> (1864–1932)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 9, MUP, 1983, pp 100–101. Retrieved on 27 December 2008

Archives
The archives for <mask> <mask> are maintained by the  Archives of the University of Glasgow (GUAS). External links

1864 births
1932 deaths
English geologists
English geographers
British eugenicists
People from Bow, London
Deaths by drowning
Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London
Fellows of the Royal Society
Accidental deaths in Peru
Victoria Medal recipients

masks:
John Walter Gregory
Gregory
John James Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
John Graham
John Horne
John Vernon
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
John Walter
Gregory
John Walter
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
Gregory
. Gregory
Gregory
John Walter
John Walter
Gregory


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<mask>, (born <mask> in 1982) is a Swedish programmer and Internet activist, working for the Digital Autonomy Center in Ecuador on issues of privacy, security and cryptography. He has been in Ecuador since 2013. In April 2019 <mask> was arrested in Ecuador apparently due to his association with Julian Assange and WikiLeaks. Work
<mask> has been involved in the design and implementation of programming languages (JRuby, Ioke, Seph). According to his website, he works on technologies to improve privacy. Karolinska Institutet
According to his 2007 book, <mask> worked at the Karolinska Institutet from 2001 to 2007 as a systems developer and systems architect. ThoughtWorks
In June 2007, <mask> left the Karolinska Institutet to join ThoughtWorks for work on the Ruby programming language, including the JRuby core.That year <mask> authored the book Practical JRuby on Rails Web 2.0 Projects: Bringing Ruby on Rails to Java, referencing his work for "ThoughtWorks Studios, the product development division of ThoughtWorks, Ltd."  He spoke about JRuby and Ioke at Google I/O 2009. In 2011 he authored a second book about creating web development applications, Using JRuby: Bringing Ruby to Java. The company has since described him as "the creator of programming languages Seph and Ioke", and noted him as a speaker at the Swecha Freedom Fest doing outreach to students in India. At ThoughtWorks, <mask> was a co-worker of Aaron Swartz, whose loss he lamented, saying "We’ve spent some time together, and we work for the same company. I was hoping to one day actually be able to work on a project with him." <mask> moved to Ecuador in 2013 as part of his work doing cybersecurity consulting for ThoughtWorks, which contracted with the government of Ecuador that year to advise them on a new law affecting software development. Two weeks after his arrival, he gave a talk "Ecuador as a Privacy Paradise" at a state university event.The Jan/April 2015 issue of LineaSur Foreign Policy Journal, published by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Human Mobility of Ecuador, cited an interview with Bini in shaping the government's perspective on Internet privacy policy:With the arrival of the “Internet of things” and the accumulation of data by companies that process and resell “big data,” the need for clear rules and guarantees of rights is urgent. Many Internet connected devices that are already for sale do not have the necessary securities and expose the population to technical failures, improper surveillance, and criminal acts. (See the interview with <mask> <mask> [“Desafíos técnicos,” 2015]). An interview of <mask> with this title was published in El Ciudadano in May 2015, in which he called attention to the dangers of cars and other devices vulnerable to internet intrusion. According to the Electronic Frontier Foundation, <mask> is "a free software developer, who worked to improve the security and privacy of the Internet for all its users. He has worked on several key open source projects, including JRuby, several Ruby libraries, as well as multiple implementations of the secure and open communication protocol OTR. <mask>’s team at ThoughtWorks contributed to Certbot, the EFF-managed tool that has provided strong encryption for millions of websites around the world."<mask> joined Centro de Autonomía Digital after leaving ThoughtWorks in 2017. The Centro de Autonomía Digital, a small non-profit organization incorporated in Ecuador and Spain "with the purpose of making the internet a safer place for everyone", of which he is the technical director, published a statement in 2019 detailing his contributions and noting that he had been ranked by Computerworld as Sweden's number 6 developer (in 2008), and that he "created two programming languages" and is "a long time Free Software and privacy and transparency activist." The statement listed his contributions to loke, Seph, JesCov, JRuby, JtestR, Yecht, JvYAMLb, JvYAML-gem, RbYAML, Ribs, ActiveRecord-JDBC, Jatha, Xample, and JOpenSSL. DECODE Project
Bini contributed to the European Union's DECODE Project, aimed at "giving people ownership of their personal data", as an advisory board member. Arrest in Ecuador
<mask> <mask> was arrested in an action that appeared to be coordinated with the revocation of asylum and arrest of Julian Assange, whom he counted as a personal friend and visited a dozen times during the time while he was being granted refuge in the Ecuadorian embassy. The government did not file charges, but made a statement that <mask> had been arrested for an "alleged participation in the crime of assault on the integrity of computer systems" that was being investigated.The action appeared to reflect a broad repudiation of the political goals of Rafael Correa by his former Vice President Lenin Moreno: in reference to <mask>'s arrest, Interior Minister María Paula Romo told media  "It’s up to the justice system to determine if he committed a crime. But we can’t allow Ecuador to become a center for piracy and spying. That period in our history is over." The Ecuadorian president, Lenin Moreno, announced on July 27, 2018 that he had begun talks with the British authorities to withdraw the Assange asylum. On April 11, 2019, the asylum was removed and Assange was arrested. <mask> <mask> was arrested the same day at the Quito airport when he was preparing to board a long-scheduled flight to Japan, to which he had planned to travel for training in Bujinkan Budo Taijutsu, a martial art he had practiced since 2007. He was initially sentenced to  90 days in prison in north Quito and his bank accounts were frozen.The arrest came a few hours after Assange was evicted from the Ecuadorian embassy in London. Bini carried at least 30 electronic storage devices. In response defense attorney Carlos Soria told Reuters "They are trying to link him with some sort of possible espionage case without any proof or evidence. He is a personal friend of Julian Assange, he is not a member of WikiLeaks, and being friends with somebody is not a crime — neither is having computers in your home." The attorney published a more detailed list of objections. Romo alleged that Bini had been involved in the plot with two Russian hackers and the former Foreign Minister Ricardo Patiño, who had granted asylum to Assange in 2012, asserting that Bini had travelled with the Foreign Minister to Peru, Spain, and Venezuela. Patiño responded, "The interior minister said the Swedish man that was arrested yesterday worked with me.I have never met him. Worse travelled with him. Nor do I know Russian hackers. The only Russians I know are: President Putin, the foreign minister Lavrov and the Russian ambassador." The following week Ecuador requested an Interpol Red Notice for Patiño, who fled the country after prosecutors attempted to charge him for encouraging protestors to block roads and enter public institutions the previous year. <mask>'s parents, Dag Gustafsson and Gorel Bin, said that their son had been threatened in prison and they would remain in Ecuador until he was released. They spoke at a press conference concerning his appeal and gave a half-hour interview with TeleSUR English.<mask>'s lawyers lodged an appeal against his detention on the grounds that he was arrested without a warrant and no evidence of an alleged crime was provided. Bin's appeal with the Provincial Court of Pichincha was decided 2-1 against <mask> on May 3: Judge Inés Romero favored the appeal, but judges Juana Pacheco and Fabián Fabara opposed it. On 20 June 2019, after <mask> had been in prison for 70 days, the Pichincha provincial court ruled that his detention was illegal and arbitrary and granted his habeas corpus request, ordering that he be released the following day. The charge of assault on a computer system remained in place. He was required to remain in Ecuador and to attend the prosecutor’s office weekly. On May 18 a server was taken from the offices of Telconet, which Ola Bini was described as renting for US$5000 per month. This action was initially described as a seizure during a search of company offices, but the company maintained that no search had occurred and the server was handed over under a mutual agreement.Sources in the Ecuadorian prosecutor's office and the United States Justice Department told Associated Press that <mask> would be questioned by the United States on June 27. A pre-trial hearing on 16 December 2020 ruled that there was enough evidence against <mask> to proceed to trial. After several delays, judge Yadira Proaño issued on June 27, 2021 the order to begin the trial. Two weeks later, Proaño was removed from the trial after the defense alleged "procedural fraud" related to delays in the case. Reactions

Analysis and commentary
<mask>'s lawyer Carlos Soria, said the case was created to justify the removal of Assange from the embassy and to improve Moreno's public image which had been tarnished by the corruption scandal known as the INA papers. News reports of the case have suggested that it, like the revocation of Assange's asylum, might be a response to the publication of the "INA Papers" in March 2019, which detailed offshore financial transactions of Lenin Moreno and family members. The papers, which prompted investigation by the legislature, may have been referred to by Interior Minister Romo when she claimed to have "sufficient evidence that [Bini] was collaborating in attempts to destabilize the government."The papers were published on an independent web site and were disclosed in a news story by La Fuente;  Wikileaks has denied any role in obtaining or publishing the documents, and claims Assange himself was closely monitored and cut off from communication within the embassy. An open letter from a group of concerned leading citizens, including Noam Chomsky, Pamela Anderson, and Brian Eno, was published as an editorial in Aftonbladet. It called on the Swedish government to become politically involved in the case at a level beyond ordinary consular assistance. Organizations
The Electronic Frontier Foundation issued a statement that Ecuadorean authorities have "no reason" to detain <mask>, writing that "One might expect the Ecuadorean administration to hold up <mask> as an example of the high-tech promise of the country, and use his expertise to assist the new administration in securing their infrastructure — just as his own European Union made use of Ola’s expertise when developing its government-funded DECODE privacy project...  At EFF, we are familiar with overzealous prosecutors attempting to implicate innocent coders by portraying them as dangerous cyber-masterminds, as well as demonizing the tools and lifestyle of coders that work to defend the security of critical infrastructure, not undermine it. These cases are indicative of an inappropriate tech panic, and their claims are rarely borne out by the facts." Article 19 called for <mask>'s release, stating "ARTICLE 19 is concerned that the arrest and illegal detention of <mask> <mask> is part of a crackdown against the community of developers who build digital security technology tools which enable Internet freedoms and secure communication online." Amnesty International has also commented on his case.A Free Ola Bini website was established, with a solidarity letter citing many supporting organizations, which urges readers to join a Code Pink campaign supporting his release. Luis Enríquez, coordinator of the cyber-rights observatory at the Universidad Andina Simon Bolívar in Ecuador said "the Ecuadorian justice system has not acted independently". Amnesty International said it was concerned that <mask>’s right to the presumption of innocence had been affected by the actions and statements of  high-ranking Ecuadorian officials. In August 2021, the organisations Access Now and the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society published a report into internet security that included a discussion of <mask>'s case. The report said the case contained irregularities and was an example of the Ecuadorian government's persecution of the internet security community. Valeria Betancourt, from the Association for Progressive Communications, described <mask>'s case as the "antithesis of due process and the rule of law". References

1982 births
Living people
Swedish computer programmers

masks:
Ola Bini
Ola Martin Gustafsson
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