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 in the Dunlop Lawn Tennis Annual & Almanack editor and former tennis player G.P.Hughes mentioned that "<mask> in particular had a bad year". In a 1956 interview, <mask> admitted that especially in 1954 he often got fed-up with tennis and didn't care whether he played or not. In September, <mask>'s world ranking had slipped to No. 7 in Tingay's ranking. Tingay, Chatrier and other writers ranked <mask> world No. 5 in a collaborative ranking. However, <mask> was ranked world No.4 in Ned Potter's rankings for 1954 in World Tennis, which was a higher ranking than Potter had given <mask> in 1953 at No. 5. 1955
<mask> was unable to play the South Australian tennis championship in early January due to a torn ligament. To some surprise he entered the mixed doubles event at the 1955 Australian Championships with his girlfriend Jenny Staley and the pair finished as runner-ups to Thelma Coyne Long and George Worthington. In the singles event, <mask> reached his first Grand Slam tournament final after solid wins over Seixas (quarterfinal) and Hartwig (semifinal). In the final Rosewall's accuracy and control were too strong for him and he lost in three straight sets. <mask> did not participate in the French Championships as the Davis Cup team that he was part of only left for Europe at the end of May during the Championships.In the singles final of the Queen's Club Championship in mid-June <mask>, who was married earlier that day, lost his service seven times and lost to Rosewall in two straight sets but won the doubles event with Hartwig. <mask> was the fourth-seeded player at the Wimbledon Championships at the end of June. In his quarterfinal match against seventh-seeded Budge Patty, his game lacked accuracy and he conceded a break in each set resulting in a loss in straight sets. Having lost the Davis Cup in 1954, Australia had to play through the 1955 Davis Cup preliminary rounds to challenge holders United States. In July, Australia defeated Mexico, Brazil and Canada to win the Americas Zone and subsequently beat Japan and Italy in the Inter-zone matches in August. In the Challenge Round at the West Side Tennis Club, Forest Hills from 26 to 28 August, <mask> defeated the French and Wimbledon champion Trabert in four sets in his first singles rubber and with Hartwig won the doubles match to reclaim the Davis Cup for Australia. These were the first ever tennis matches televised in color, on the first national color broadcast by NBC television.<mask> was no. 2 foreign seed at the U.S. Championships held from 2 to 11 September, immediately after the Davis Cup Challenge Round, on the muddy courts of Forest Hills. In the quarterfinal, he lost his service three times in succession in the third set and suffered a straight-sets defeat in 50 minutes against Trabert, the first-seeded U.S. player, and eventual champion. In his first significant tournament after the U.S. Championships, <mask> won the New South Wales Championships in November after a win in the final against Rosewall. In December, he won the singles title at the Victorian Championships after a tough five-sets final win over 19-year old Ashley Cooper. In September, he was ranked No. 3 in the world according to Tingay, and was ranked world No.3 for 1955 by Ned Potter. 1956

<mask> started the year with a five-set defeat in the final of the South Australian Championships against countryman Neale Fraser. At the following Manly tournament, the crowd overflowed the stands during the final hindering Rosewall's "baseline defensive game" more than <mask>'s attacking style, resulting in a straight-sets win for <mask> in 35 minutes. At the Australian Championships in Brisbane, <mask> overcame a two sets to one deficit against Mervyn Rose in the quarterfinal and beat Neale Fraser in the semifinal to reach his second consecutive Australian final, where he overcame titleholder Rosewall in four sets to win his first Grand Slam singles title. He won the doubles title with Rosewall against Don Candy and Mervyn Rose. At the beginning of March, <mask> and his wife left for an overseas private tour (a tour sanctioned but not organised by the Australian tennis federation). First stop of the tour was Cairo where <mask> won the singles title at the Egyptian Championships against Sven Davidson followed by a tournament win in Alexandria over Fred Kovaleski.At Monte Carlo in late March, he was surprisingly beaten by Tony Vincent in the quarterfinal. In the Australian ranking published in April, reflecting the season until the end of March, <mask> overtook Rosewall as No. 1. Singles titles at the Lebanese Championships and at the Connaught Club in Essex followed in April but the month ended with a semifinal loss to Ham Richardson at the British Hard Court Championships in Bournemouth. <mask> won his first Italian Championships on red clay at the Foro Italico in Rome in early May when he outplayed Sven Davidson in straight sets. At the French Championships at Roland Garros, <mask> survived a five-set scare against Robert Abdesselam in the third round before winning the final against Sven Davidson in straight sets to claim his second consecutive Grand Slam singles title. Unknown to the public, <mask> had stayed up the night previous to the final, invited by a Russian diplomat, and was drunk when he came home.An intensive workout by Rod Laver got him into a state that allowed him to play the final. Following the win in Paris, <mask> stated his intention to remain amateur after 1956, "Even if I win the three big tournaments, even if Kramer raised his offer, I still wouldn't turn pro for at least two or three seasons." In May, <mask> won the International Golden Ball tournament in Wiesbaden, West Germany after a straight-sets victory in the final over Art Larsen but at the Trofeo Conde de Godó in Barcelona, he lost in the quarterfinal to Bob Howe. As a preparation for Wimbledon, <mask> played the singles event at the Northern Championships in Manchester but lost to 34-year old Jaroslav Drobný in the final 7–5 in the deciding set. <mask> was seeded first for the Wimbledon Championships. He lost two sets en route to the final, one to Mal Anderson in the quarterfinal and one to Ham Richardson in the semifinal. In the final he faced Rosewall.In the first all-Australian final since 1922, <mask> was victorious in four sets to gain his first Wimbledon and third successive Grand Slam championship title. <mask> also won the doubles title with Rosewall, their third Wimbledon title, defeating Orlando Sirola and Nicola Pietrangeli in the final in straight sets. Following his Wimbledon title he lost in the semi final of the Midlands tournament to Mike Davies. In August, <mask> won the singles title at the German Championships, on clay at Hamburg, with a four-set defeat of Orlando Sirola in the final. Immediately after Wimbledon, <mask> experienced severe pain and stiffness in his lower back, at a level higher than before the tournament. He arranged to travel to the U.S. by boat on the  rather than suffer a long plane trip. However, the pain continued and reduced the level of his play for the remainder of the year and into 1957.After arrival in New York on 21 August, <mask> travelled to Brookline to partner Rosewall in the U.S. Doubles Championships which they won to complete their career doubles Grand Slam. From there he went to the Forest Hills stadium in New York to play his first match in the singles U.S. Championships. He had missed the preparatory grass court tournament at Newport. Having won the first three stages of the Grand Slam, <mask> was favoured to win the fourth and then turn professional for a lucrative contract offered by Jack Kramer, although <mask> himself claimed that he never thought about the Grand Slam and did not hear of it before he arrived in New York. <mask> lost the U.S. Championships final at Forest Hills in four sets to Rosewall. <mask> and Rosewall won the doubles title against Seixas and Richardson. In September <mask> defeated Luis Ayala in the semifinal and Sven Davidson in a four set final at the O'Keefe Invitational at the Toronto Lawn Tennis Club in Rosedale, Toronto on red clay  and at the Pacific Southwest Championships, the last leg of his overseas tour, Hoad was beaten by Alex Olmedo in the third round.In November he lost the final of the Queensland Championships to Ashley Cooper in five sets and was hindered by numbness in the serving arm between the elbow and the wrist. In mid December <mask> and Rosewall competed in the final of the Victorian Championships which was their last final as amateurs as Rosewall turned professional at the end of the month. The final started late due to rain and was stopped due to darkness at two sets to one for <mask> but the following day Rosewall won the last two sets and the title. In late December, <mask> was part of the Australian Davis Cup team which defended the Cup in the Challenge Round against the United States. <mask> was confined to bed with back pain for the two days prior to the Davis Cup matches, and was relieved to find that he could play well. In his last Davis Cup appearance, <mask> won both his singles rubbers, against Herbie Flam and Seixas, as well as his doubles match with Rosewall to help Australia to a 5–0 victory. <mask> was ranked world No.1 amateur by Lance Tingay in September, by Ned Potter in October in World Tennis and at the end of the year by Tennis de France. <mask> won 16 tournaments in 1956, and 17 doubles titles. 1957
<mask> played poorly in early 1957, due to back trouble, and was placed in an upper body cast for six weeks, following which he slowly returned to tennis competition in April 1957. He then experienced a period of pain-free playing for 11 months. He won the Northern Championships in Manchester, beating Ramanathan Krishnan in the final. <mask> won his second successive Wimbledon singles title, defeating Ashley Cooper in a straight-sets final that lasted 57 minutes. Professional career: 1957–1973

1957
After winning the 1957 Wimbledon title, <mask> turned professional by signing a two-year contract with Kramer for a record guarantee of US$125,000, or AUS£55,500, which included a US$25,000 bonus for winning the 1957 Wimbledon singles title.This was the highest guarantee that would be given to an amateur turning pro, with Laver receiving the second highest. <mask>'s business relationship with Kramer in 1957 and later was congenial and smooth compared to the experiences of Pancho Gonzales. <mask> would later claim, "I never had a problem with Jack Kramer." On 14 July 1957, <mask> won his debut match as a professional against Frank Sedgman at the Forest Hills Tournament of Champions, broadcast live nationally on the CBS television network. He won his next match, against Pancho Segura, but lost the last three to finish joint third in the round robin event behind Gonzales and Sedgman. After Forest Hills, <mask> commented on the difference between amateur and professional tennis: "It's an entirely different league. These pros make mistakes but they don't make them on vital points.That's the difference.". At the following Masters round robin tournament played on cement courts at the Los Angeles Tennis Club he lost all six of his matches to finish in last place, commenting "I don't like cement courts...". After these defeats Kramer commented that <mask> would have to change his playing style: "His second serve is too shallow. His opponents massacre it. He must shorten his backhand or play deeper in his returning service." Kramer expected that <mask> would improve on the upcoming indoor circuit. In September <mask> embarked on a four month 4-man tour of Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Australia together with Kramer (Sedgman replaced Kramer in Australia), Rosewall, and Segura.Kramer and <mask> were interviewed live on BBC television. Kramer gave his estimation of <mask>'s game: "I feel that he's potentially the best player that tennis might ever have." Kramer cited <mask>'s recent marathon win over Rosewall at The Hague on red clay as evidence of improvement in his play. At the Wembley Indoor Pro Championships in late September, Kramer eliminated <mask>, defeating him in straight sets, and Kramer also defeated Gonzales for third place. The two players would be Kramer's headliners in the upcoming world pro tennis championship tour. In the 4-man tour of 1957, <mask> finished with slight edges over the other players, 16–15 over Rosewall, 16–14 over Kramer, 13–9 over Segura, 4–2 over Sedgman. <mask> was ranked combined world No.3 behind Gonzales and Sedgman and ahead of Rosewall and Segura for 1957 by Quist. 1958
In 1958 a projected series of 100 head-to-head matches was commenced between <mask> and the reigning champion of professional tennis, Pancho Gonzales, together with an undercard series between Trabert and Segura. The series started in January in a number of Australian cities in stadiums on grass courts with mostly a best-of-five set format, and in New Zealand for three matches with a best-of-three set format, and at the end of the Australasian subtour, <mask> was leading 8 to 5. Most venues reported record crowds, including the first Kooyong encounter, which <mask> won in a 3 and 3/4 hour, four-sets, 80-games marathon in front of 12,000 spectators. From 5 to 4 down in New Zealand, <mask> launched a 15 to 3 winning streak against Gonzales (including the non-tour Kooyong Tournament of Champions deciding match and the third-place match at Sydney Masters). In February, the series continued in the United States, mostly in indoor venues and local gyms with a best-of-three set format, played on a portable canvas surface. <mask> would experience a thigh injury in May and June.But <mask> won 18 of the first 27 matches, and in late February Gonzales had, according to Kramer, the look of a "beaten man". However, after they played an outdoor match on 1 March on a chilly night in Palm Springs, <mask>'s back stiffened which affected him significantly for the rest of the series. Twice <mask> was forced to take time off to rest his back and was substituted for in his absence by Rosewall and Trabert. From 9–18 Gonzales surged to a 26–23 lead, and at the end of the series on 8 June, he had defeated <mask> by 51 matches to 36. In late 1958, Jack Kramer was asked which of the many "World Professional Championships" he considered deserving of the title, and he named four tournaments under his own aegis: Forest Hills, L.A. Masters, Kooyong and Sydney White City. <mask> won three of these eight tournaments in 1958/59. For the 1958/1959 seasons, Kramer had a troupe of professional champions that included 11 Hall of Fame players, under contract, and he designed a series of tournaments to provide a format in which all of them could participate.In January 1958, <mask> won the Kooyong Tournament of Champions in Melbourne, the richest tournament of  the year. The tournament was funded by the Australian oil company Ampol. <mask> defeated Gonzales and Sedgman in deciding matches, and won all five of his matches in the round-robin event. During the world championship tour in the U.S. in May, the four players participated in the Cleveland event. In the final at Cleveland on 5 May, <mask> lost a two-set lead against Gonzales while struggling with his leg-muscle injury. <mask> dropped out of the tour in late May to rest his thigh injury. At the Forest Hills Tournament of Champions in June 1958, <mask>'s thigh injury healed in time for his final match which he won against Gonzales on the final day.However, Gonzales won the event with a better overall round-robin record. At Roland Garros in September, <mask> won his quarterfinal against Trabert, and his semifinal against Gonzales. While leading in the final against Rosewall, <mask> wrenched his back reaching for a ball, and could not play well in the remainder of the match. He had to default the Wembley Pro tournament in September due to an "arthritic" back. <mask> rested for the next three months and did not play again until 1959. Jack March ranked Hoad world No. 2 professional tennis player behind Gonzales for 1958.Jack Kramer ranked <mask>  No. 4 for 1958, with Gonzales first, Sedgman second, Rosewall third. 1959
In early 1959, it was announced that the Australian oil company Ampol, would provide an award of AUS£2,500 (US$5,600), plus the Ampol Open Trophy, to the "acknowledged world's best tennis player", adjudged from a world series of tournaments managed by Jack Kramer. All of the best pros would be ranked by a point system which would determine the seeding list for all tournaments. The first five tournaments of the series were played in Australia on a portable outdoor wooden plywood court, playing slow on a sand/paint surface for traction, but with no sliding possible. <mask> began the series slowly, hampered by an elbow injury. At the end of January, <mask> defeated Rosewall and Cooper to win at Perth and in February 1959, he defeated Rosewall in three sets to win the South Australian Pro tournament at the Norwood Cricket Oval in Adelaide.This gave <mask> the lead in Ampol bonus points after the first group of five tournaments, a lead which he would not relinquish until the

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 Ampol Open Trophy series ended in January 1960. In the four-man 1959 Kramer World Professional Championship Tour, which ran from 20 February – 31 May in North America, <mask> built a lead of 12 to 5 in his series of matches against Gonzales, after a win in Newcastle, Pennsylvania in late April. Gonzales stated that "I had blisters under my blisters from the punishment" on that tour. However, the daily grind of the tour began to cause a renewal of <mask>'s back trouble, and he finally won against Gonzales by 15 matches to 13. He also won his head-to-head's with newly turned pro Ashley Cooper (18–2) and Mal Anderson (9–5). With a win-loss record of 42–20 he finished second in the four-man tour behind Gonzales (47–15). The championship was based on money won.This would be the only 4-man world professional championship tour in which the winner would have a losing record against one of the other players, and the second-place finisher would have winning records against all of the other players. Four-man world championship tours were held in 1942, 1954, 1959, and 1960. In late April the players in the 4-man tour played in the Cleveland event, and <mask> lost the final to Gonzales in three straight sets. The L.A. Masters round robin from 5–14 June, was held at the L.A. Tennis Club on concrete, and was part of the Ampol series. <mask> and Gonzales both finished with five wins and one loss, but Gonzales won the title on account of his victory over <mask> in their head-to-head match, which had been the first match for both in the event. During the tournament, <mask> received several Hollywood offers for screen tests, but turned them down with the comment "What do I want with money?". At the O'Keefe Professional Championships on red clay at Toronto Lawn Tennis Club from 16–21 June, also part of the Ampol series, <mask> lost to Sedgman and Rosewall lost to Trabert.Gonzales won the tournament by beating Cooper, Trabert and Sedgman. The Forest Hills Tournament of Champions from 23–28 June, played on grass at the Forest Hills stadium in New York, and part of the Ampol series, awarded the largest winners' cheques of the season. <mask> defeated Mal Anderson in the quarterfinal, Rosewall in the semifinal in four sets and Gonzales in the final, also in four sets, to claim the title. Gonzales appeared tired near the end of the match, but had declared in an interview prior to the final, "I feel fit, very fit. Until <mask> beats me, I'm not worried." In the August 1959 issue of World Tennis, Riggs wrote of the Forest Hills final, "the match signified the end of an era. The great Gonzales who had dominated professional tennis for four years had been decisively beaten..."

In August 1959, <mask> defeated Cawthorn and Worthington to reach the final of  the Slazenger Pro Championships in Eastbourne, but lost to Cooper in the final.In September, <mask> lost to Sedgman in the semifinal of the French Pro at Roland Garros, part of the Ampol series, but defeated Rosewall in a playoff for third place. At the Wembley Indoor Championships, part of the Ampol series, <mask> was upset by Segura in the second round, and Segura eventually lost the final to Anderson in a close match. In the Grand Prix de Europe tour from August to October, which excluded Roland Garros and Wembley, <mask> finished in third place behind Sedgman and Rosewall (Gonzales defaulted the European tour). <mask> won the Perth and Adelaide Memorial Drive events in November and December to begin the final group of Ampol tournaments, which were played on grass courts in tennis stadiums. At the Sydney White City Tournament of Champions from 8–13 December, <mask> injured his hip in the semifinal against Anderson, and lost the final to Gonzales in straight sets. At Brisbane Milton Courts from 15–19 December, Rosewall defeated <mask> in the semifinal and Gonzales in the final in long matches. The final event of the Ampol Open Trophy series, the Qantas International Kooyong Championships at Melbourne, began on 26 December 1959.With a victory at Kooyong, either <mask> or Gonzales would have won the series. Gonzales decided to return to the U.S. for the holidays to be with his fiancée, although Kramer had warned that "it could cost Gonzales AUS£5,000 by going home for Christmas." Gonzales thereby defaulted the Ampol series to <mask>. On 24 December, the day following Gonzales' departure, <mask> announced that he would not participate in the upcoming 4-man tour in January 1960. On 2 January 1960, <mask> defeated Rosewall in a three-and-a-half hour, four-set match to win the Kooyong tournament, a match which Kramer acclaimed as one of the best ever played. With <mask>'s successful defence of the Kooyong title also came the Ampol Open Trophy win and bonus money award. The Ampol Open Trophy "world series" or "world's open tennis championship" (it was named "open" in case open tennis arrived, which it did not for some years) had consisted of 15 tournaments around the world between 10 January 1959 and 2 January 1960.<mask> finished first in the series with 51 bonus points, ahead of Gonzales (43 points) and Rosewall (41 points). The Melbourne Age stated, <mask> "was crowned the new world professional tournament champion at Kooyong" by winning the Ampol world series. The Sydney Morning Herald reported that <mask> had won "the title of world's top professional tennis player" and was "the game's top money-earner." French language L'Impartial on 6 January 1960 stated "<mask>ad world champion", the win at Kooyong "allows him at the same time to claim the world title for 1959". In an advertisement in World Tennis magazine in June 1960, <mask> was described as "world champion <mask> <mask>". Kramer's brochure described the Ampol series with the term "World Championship Tennis". There had also been references of Gonzales between January and April 1960 being described variously that he was "world professional tennis champion, will defend his title", was advertised as "WORLD PRO CHAMPION", was "world professional champion", "goes after an unprecedented sixth straight world crown", was "perennial professional champion", was described in UPI newswire reports  as "world professional tennis champion since 1954", "titleholder" of the "world professional tennis championship"  and that Gonzales with "five world series championships as his record, defeated Ken Rosewall at Cairns last night in straight sets and added further to his claims for his sixth successive world title".On 15 January 1960, Lawn Tennis and Badminton said <mask> was taking a six-month rest and the article stated "J. Kramer is urging <mask> not to take this step, as during this year he will have his best chance of taking R. A. Gonzales' world professional title from him". Kramer's office reported that in 1959 <mask> had won his personal series of matches against Gonzales 24 to 23. Kramer placed <mask> in fourth place in his personal world professional rating for 1959, the same ranking which Kramer awarded to <mask> in 1958 and 1960. Jack March ranked <mask> second behind Gonzales for 1959, the same ranking which he had given <mask> for 1958. Robert Roy in the French sportspaper L'Équipe ranked <mask> fifth as of mid-December, behind Gonzales, Sedgman, Rosewall, and Trabert. Kramer's Australian tennis agent Bob Barnes placed <mask> in first spot, corresponding to <mask>'s standing on the official Ampol ranking, with Gonzales second, Rosewall third, Sedgman fourth, and Trabert fifth. Mal Anderson, in a conversation in World Tennis, recalled that "Kramer established a point system to decide the best players...Lew finished ahead of Pancho" followed by Rosewall, Sedgman, and Trabert.1960
<mask> decided not to play in the 1960 world championship tour and took a three-month layoff at the beginning of 1960 to rest his back and spend time with his family. When he returned to play, he was rusty, slow, and carried some extra weight, but he gradually recovered his form. He won a New Zealand tour in April, over Anderson, Sedgman, and Cooper. In May, <mask> commenced his participation in Kramer's tournament series for 1960, which used a point system to rank the players. Gonzales withdrew from the tournament series just before it began. <mask> lost a five-set final to Rosewall at the Melbourne Olympic Pool where a court was set up on the drained pool floor. <mask>, Rosewall, and most of the pros did not play in the Cleveland World Pro which, as in 1959, was not a part of Kramer's tournament series.However, <mask> and Trabert played a match in Cincinnati, Trabert's home town, won by <mask>, just before the Cleveland event, where Trabert would be runner-up to Olmedo. <mask> won tournament finals in June at Santa Barbara, California and in September at Geneva, Switzerland, both over Rosewall, but appeared out of condition in the Roland Garros final against Rosewall. At the Wembley Indoor Championships that year, <mask> was again upset by Segura in the second round. In late 1960, <mask> won the inaugural Japanese Professional Championships in Tokyo, beating Rosewall, Cooper, and Gimeno. The event drew 7,000 fans for each of the four evenings of play, with the Crown Prince and Princess in attendance the first evening. In the final, <mask> prevailed at 13–11 in the fifth set over Rosewall, saving three match points. Following the marathon Tokyo final, <mask> withdrew from the remaining tournaments in the point series with back trouble, and the final projected tournament in Australia was not played.The final results of Kramer's tournament series for 1960 are unknown. <mask> and Gonzales did not play against each other in 1960. <mask> was ranked world No. 2 professional tennis player behind Gonzales in a newspaper report. 1961

<mask> played a few one-set matches on the 1961 Professional World Series tour in January, but soon withdrew because of a broken left foot and was substituted for by first Trabert and then Sedgman. He finished fourth in a tour of five Soviet cities in July, behind Trabert, Buchholz, and Segura, returning to play after his broken foot had healed. In late August and September, <mask> and Gonzales played a ten-match best-of-three sets tour of Britain and Ireland, with Buchholz and Davies playing the undercard matches.<mask> won his series against Gonzales by a score of six matches to four. <mask> won four of the five matches in the series which were played on grass. In September, <mask> lost in the first round of the French Pro to Luis Ayala. At the Wembley Pro, <mask> defeated Gonzales in a four-set semifinal. In the final against Rosewall, in the second game of the match, <mask> pulled his back while running for a backhand volley and suffered a recurrence of his old back injury, and could no longer run, losing in four sets. In November, <mask> won the fifth and deciding rubber for Australia against the United States in the final of the inaugural Kramer Cup (the pro equivalent of the Davis Cup) by beating Trabert in four sets. Trabert said afterwards: "Trying to stop Lew in that final set was like fighting a machine gun with a rubber knife".Robert Roy in L'Équipe ranked <mask> as the third-best player of the year. In July 1961 Gardnar Mulloy rated <mask> as world No. 1 ahead of Gonzales, and the favourite to win a prospective open Wimbledon. 1962
There was no official pro championship tour in 1962, as Laver and Emerson had declined to accept pro offers made by Kramer at the 1961 Wimbledon. Kramer resigned as tour promoter and director. From 14 to 17 March 1962, <mask> won the Adelaide Professional Championships, beating Rosewall, Gimeno, and Sedgman, the final against Rosewall very close. On 12 August 1962, <mask> was awarded the Facis Trophy for winning the pro tour of Italy.In late August, <mask> played a five-match, best-of-three sets tour in Britain against Trabert, defeating Trabert at Nottingham, Edinburgh, Bournemouth, and Dublin, while Trabert won at Scarborough. <mask> won the professional tournament in Zürich in September 1962 by a win in the final against Pancho Segura. In late September, <mask> lost to Rosewall in a -hour, four-set final at Wembley. <mask> and Rosewall teamed to win the doubles final at both Roland Garros and Wembley. In the 1962 Kramer Cup tournament, in best-of-five set formats, <mask> defeated Gimeno in the semifinal tie in Turin, Italy on clay, and <mask> won the opening match of the final at Adelaide in December against Olmedo on grass. <mask> was voted the world No. 1 tennis player for 1962, amateur or professional, in a UPI poll of 85 U.S. sports editors held at the end of January 1963 following the Australian tour.1963
In January 1963, <mask> and Rosewall guaranteed the contract of new pro Rod Laver. <mask> defeated Laver 8–0 in an Australian tour, some of their matches played to best-of-five and televised from sold-out stadiums. On Laver's pro debut on 5 January, <mask> beat Laver at White City stadium in Sydney on a "slippery" grass surface. Their match at the Kooyong stadium in Melbourne on grass was a close contest, with Laver extending <mask> to five sets before losing. After the Australian series, <mask> was inactive for five months, partly due to a shoulder injury. <mask> did not plan to participate in the World Tour for 1963. On his return in June, he lost to Laver in the semifinal of the Adler Pro, and at the Forest Hills U.S.Pro tournament he lost to Buchholz in the first round. The Forest Hills event did not have a television contract, was a financial failure, and the players, with the exception of Gonzales, were not paid. At the French Pro indoor event at Stade Coubertin in September, <mask> was defeated in straight sets by Rosewall in the semifinal and lost the third place play-off against Sedgman. At the Wembley Pro, he reached the final after surviving a marathon semifinal against Buchholz in which he strained his leg muscle and was limping throughout most of the match. McCauley acclaimed the semi-final with Buchholz "one of the best contests ever staged at Wembley". <mask> was tired and sluggish in the final, which again he lost to Rosewall, this time in four sets. At the end of the World Championship Tour earlier in the season, Laver had finished second and was officially ranked the No.2 professional player behind Rosewall. <mask> did not play in the World Tour, and was not officially ranked. 1964–67
In February and March 1964, <mask> played a 16-day 24-match best-of-three sets tour of New Zealand with Laver, Rosewall, and Anderson. <mask> and Laver both finished on top with seven wins and five losses, but <mask> won first place with a 3 to 1 head-to-head score against Laver. In late September 1964, <mask> and Gonzales played a four match best-of-three sets head-to-head series in Britain, at Brighton, Carlyon Bay (Cornwall), Cardiff (Wales), and Glasgow (Scotland). <mask> won at Carlyon Bay and Cardiff, while Gonzales won at Brighton and Glasgow. <mask> experienced foot trouble in 1964 and finished in sixth place in the tournament series point system.In early 1965, much of his large right toe was removed, and he was only able to play a limited schedule thereafter. <mask> won his final victories against Laver in January 1966 at White City in Sydney, his home town, defeating him in straight sets, and at Forest Hills, New York in a round robin match in June 1966. After the expiration of his seven-year contract on 14 November 1966, <mask> withdrew from competitive play for ten months. <mask> and his wife invested in the development of a tennis club and real estate holdings in southern Spain. He returned unexpectedly to participate in the Wimbledon Pro tournament in late August 1967. The Wimbledon Pro was a three-day BBC televised tournament organised by the All-England Club as a trial for "open" tennis and as such the first Wimbledon tournament open to male professional tennis players. <mask> was one of the eight players invited for the singles event and despite being in semi-retirement and without competitive play for ten months, he won his first match against 39-year-old Gonzales in three sets.The BBC television commentator called it "the finest match ever seen on these hallowed grounds." This would be the last match on grass between <mask> and Gonzales, with <mask> holding a lifetime edge on grass over Gonzales of 21 matches to 14. With little energy left he lost the semifinal to Rosewall in two straight sets. <mask> played for an eight-week period on the pro tour in 1967, and then retired permanently from regular competitive tennis play. Open era 1968–1973
Back problems plagued <mask> throughout his career and forced his retirement from the tennis tour in October 1967 but the advent of the Open Era enticed him to make sporadic appearances at tournaments. <mask> lost in the final of the Irish Championships at Dublin in July 1968 to Tom Okker in straight sets, hampered by a thigh injury. In November 1969, <mask> won the Dewar Cup Aberavon singles title, part of the Dewar Cup indoor circuit, defeating Mark Cox in the semifinal and Bob Hewitt in the final, both wins in two straight sets.At the 1970 Italian Open, he lost in the third round in four sets to Alex Metreveli. At the 1970 French Open, he

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 defeated Charlie Pasarell in four close sets, and reached the fourth round before succumbing to eventual finalist Željko Franulović. At Wimbledon that year he lost in the second round to Ismail El Shafei. <mask> won his final tennis tournament title in singles on 7 August 1971, the Playmon Fiesta 71, on red clay at Benidorm, Spain. He defeated Antonio Muñoz in the semifinal and Manuel Santana in the final by identical scores of 9–7, 6–3. This would mark a twenty-year span during which Hoad won men's singles titles in tennis, between the ages of 16 and 36, dating back to the Brisbane tournament of August 1951. In spring 1972, <mask> played the doubles final at Italian Open with Frew McMillan against Ilie Năstase and Ion Ţiriac.<mask>/McMillan led 2–0 in sets but retired at 3–5 down in the fifth set in protest of the poor light conditions and the antics of the Rumanian pair. At the end of June, at the age of 37, <mask> made his final Wimbledon appearance losing in the first round to Jürgen Fassbender in four sets. <mask>'s final match was a first round loss to Jurgen Fassbender in Johannesburg in November 1973. From 1970 to 1974, <mask> was the coach of the Spanish Davis Cup team. According to research done for a 1970 British Pathé documentary film about Hoad's tennis ranch, Hoad had "made about GBP 350,000 as a professional". Per a 1977 newspaper interview, “Throughout his career, Hoad earned a total of £250,000, less than many pros collect in a year now. He received £150 for his Wimbledon victories; the payoff now is £17,500.”

Career summary

<mask>'s win/loss ratio for 1956 in all matches was 114/129 or 88%.His win ratio in 1958 was 41% (winning 64 of 155 matches). However, <mask>'s win rates on the world championship tour that year (36/87 or 41%) and in the 1959 four-man tour (68%) compare favourably to Rosewall's percentages on the 1957 world championship tour (34%) and on the 1960 four man tour (56%). In the 1959 Ampol Open Trophy tournament series, <mask>'s winning percentage was 71% (36/51) compared to Gonzales' 72% (26/36) and Rosewall's 62% (26/42). Gonzales defaulted three Ampol tournaments and played 15 fewer matches than <mask> in the tournament series. For the 1959 season as a whole, <mask> had a 24 to 23 edge in wins against Gonzales, a consistency which surpasses any other opponent of Gonzales during his world champion years. <mask>'s lifetime edge over Gonzales on grass was 21 wins to 14 losses (60%). Hoad trails Rosewall lifetime in grasscourt matches, 17 to 27, Hoad's results declining after 1961.<mask> was 15 wins and 18 losses against Rosewall lifetime in grass court tournament play (1951–1967). <mask> was 17 wins and 21 losses lifetime on clay against Rosewall, and 10 wins and 13 losses lifetime on clay against Trabert. Lifetime on all surfaces, primarily indoor, Hoad trails Gonzales 78–104 and trails Rosewall 51–84. In the five Tournament of Champions events from 1957 to 1959 in which both players were entered, <mask> held a 3 to 2 edge over Gonzales in head-to-head play, all on grass. On the head-to-head tours of the era (1958, 1959, 1961), Hoad compiled 57 wins and 68 losses against Gonzales, the best head-to-head showing of any pro against the reigning champion Gonzales. In the 1959 Ampol series, <mask>'s record was 3 wins and 5 losses against Gonzales. However, <mask> was more consistent than Gonzales against the other ten players in the Ampol series, winning 33 of 43 matches (77%), while Gonzales won 21 of 28 (75%), and this gave <mask> the overall victory in the series.<mask> won six tournaments compared to Gonzales' four, and he had 6 wins and 2 losses against Rosewall on the 1959 Ampol series, while Gonzales had 1 win and 3 losses against Rosewall. <mask> had a 15–13 edge over Gonzales in their meetings on the 4-man championship tour of 1959, but <mask> was deprived of overall victory on this tour because he was less consistent than Gonzales when facing the rookie pros, Mal Anderson and Ashley Cooper. <mask>'s combined record against the rookies was 27–7 compared to Gonzales’ 34–0. <mask> was a dominant doubles player. He won nine Grand Slam doubles titles, including one Mixed doubles title, and a Career Grand Slam in men's doubles. <mask> won 21 major men's doubles titles over 14 seasons (eight Grand Slam, thirteen Pro Slam), a pre-Open era record, shared with Rosewall. He also won the 1959 Forest Hills TOC doubles title.Rosewall won 24 major men's doubles titles over 20 seasons, and Mike Bryan won 18 over 15 seasons. <mask> and Rosewall together as a doubles team won 15 major doubles titles (six Grand Slam plus nine Pro Slam), one fewer than the Bryan brothers at 16. <mask> and Trabert won four major doubles titles together (three French Pro, one Wembley Pro) plus the 1959 Forest Hills TOC doubles title. <mask> won a record seven French Pro men's doubles titles, and consecutively. Playing style

Strength of arm and wrist played an important part in <mask>'s game, as he often drove for winners rather than rallying and waiting for the "right" opportunity, though he also had the skill to win the French Championships on the slower clay court. <mask> played right-handed and had a powerful serve and groundstrokes. <mask>'s game was reported to lack consistency in some accounts.At times <mask> had difficulty maintaining concentration. According to Kramer, "<mask> had the loosest game of any good kid I ever saw. There was absolutely no pattern to his game.... He was the only player I ever saw who could stand six or seven feet behind the baseline and snap the ball back hard, crosscourt. He'd try for winners off everything, off great serves, off tricky short balls, off low volleys. He hit hard overspin drives, and there was no way you could ever get him to temporise on important points." <mask> was runner-up for the Australian junior table tennis championship in 1951, and developed strong wrists and arms through heavy weight-lifting regimes.<mask> would use wrist strength in his strokes to make last split-second changes in racquet direction. He would saw off about an inch from the ends of his racquet handles, which were short to begin with, and move the grip higher to wield his racquets as if they were ping-pong bats. <mask> would use wrist action to give heavy topspin to his groundstrokes. Assessment

By journalists

In The Encyclopedia of Tennis (1973) veteran sportswriters Allison Danzig and Lance Tingay as well as tennis coach, writer and former player Harry Hopman listed their personal choices of the ten greatest players in tennis history. Only Tingay included <mask> in his list, ranking him in fifth position, behind Tilden, Budge, Laver and Gonzales. Max Robertson, tennis author and commentator, rated <mask> as the best post-war Wimbledon player, followed by Gonzales and Laver, in his 1977 book Wimbledon 1877–1977. In his second book about Wimbledon, Wimbledon-Centre Court of the Game (1981) his list was unchanged but in the second edition in 1987 he listed <mask> second behind Boris Becker.In 100 Greatest of All Time, a 2012 television series broadcast by the Tennis Channel, <mask> was ranked the 19th greatest male player, just behind fellow Australian John Newcombe at 18th, and just ahead of tour promoter Jack Kramer, who had signed <mask> to the professional ranks, at 21st, and <mask>'s longtime tennis rival Gonzales at 22nd. In 2016, tennis journalist Richard Evans stated that in his judgment <mask> was the greatest player in the world before the emergence of Federer, and "was without question the strongest man who ever played the game." In 2017, tennis journalist Shuvam Chakraborty stated that "winning the biggest titles has always been a hallmark of greatness for players throughout the ages. But for [the] old pros, if you ask them who the greatest player of their day was, they will all say one man – <mask> <mask>." And "compared to some of his contemporaries, <mask>’s resume may not stand out. However, his peaks might have been the highest of all time. His peers would certainly agree with that."By players
In a 1963 article in World Tennis, Rosewall judged Gonzales to be a notch above <mask> but stated that "...the latter is the greatest of all time when he is 'on'. ", an opinion echoed by Frew McMillan. In 2010, Rosewall rated <mask> at the top of his personal list of the top four greatest tennis players of all time, ahead of Gonzales, Laver, and Federer. However, in 2017, Rosewall was asked the question in Italian publication Corriere della Sera if he believed Roger Federer was the greatest of all time and he replied "there is no doubt. I challenge anyone to argue otherwise". In 2007, Butch Buchholz rated <mask> as the greatest player of his era, but said he was "injury prone and not exactly a model of fitness". Buchholz stated that "If you had an Earth vs. Mars match, and had to send one man to represent the planet, I would send <mask>."Buchholz had played the undercard matches on <mask>'s 1961 British tour against Gonzales, and <mask>'s 1963 Australian tour against Laver. In July 1961, Gardnar Mulloy rated <mask> as the greatest player of the time, based on his results against Gonzales, and named <mask> as the favourite to win a prospective open Wimbledon. Gonzales stated that <mask> was the toughest, most skillful adversary that he had ever faced and stated in a 1995 interview that "He was the only guy who, if I was playing my best tennis, could still beat me.". "I think his game was the best game ever. Better than mine. He was capable of making more shots than anybody. His two volleys were great.His overhead was enormous. He had the most natural tennis mind with the most natural tennis physique." In a 1970 interview he stated that "<mask> was probably the best and toughest player when he wanted to be. After the first two years on the tour, his back injury plagued him so much that he lost the desire to practice. He was the only man to beat me in a head-to-head tour, 15 to 13." In a 1975 issue of Sports Illustrated, Arthur Ashe was quoted as relating a remark which Pancho Gonzales had said to him, "If there was ever a Universe Davis Cup, and I had to pick one man to represent Planet Earth, I would pick <mask> <mask> in his prime." Fred Perry in 1978 ranked Hoad in an elite group, placing Borg among Kramer, <mask>, Gonzales and Vines as the greatest players of all time.Don Budge stated, “If <mask> <mask> was on, you may as well just go home or have tea, because you weren’t going to beat him.”

Kramer had a negative assessment of <mask>'s consistency. Although Kramer ranked him one of the 21 best players of all time, albeit in his second echelon, he also writes that "when you sum Hoad up, you have to say that he was overrated. He might have been the best, but day-to-day, week-to-week, he was the most inconsistent of all the top players." Kramer compared <mask> to Ellsworth Vines. "Both were very strong guys. Both succeeded at a very young age.... Also, both were very lazy guys. Vines lost interest in tennis (for golf) before he was thirty, and <mask> never appeared to be very interested.Despite their great natural ability, neither put up the outstanding records that they were capable of. Unfortunately, the latter was largely true because both had physical problems." Kramer had a positive evaluation of <mask>'s game at peak, “When Lew felt like playing, man, he was really something. I never saw anybody who could snap the ball back hard off both sides from way behind the baseline for winners the way he did.” Kramer stated in 1981, "Everybody loved <mask>, even Pancho Gonzales. They should put that on <mask>'s tombstone as the ultimate praise for the man.... Even when <mask> was clobbering Gonzales, Gorgo wanted his respect and friendship." <mask> gave his own rankings in a 1980 interview, ranking Emerson and Borg at the top in terms of major tournaments won.However, <mask> claimed that "the only way to really assess players is to play them", rating Gonzales as the best player of those whom he had played against. Rod Laver in 2012 rated <mask> as the greatest player of the 'past champions' era of tennis, while rating Federer as the greatest player of the Open Era. Laver described <mask>'s strengths of "power, volleying and explosiveness" as justification of his accolade. In July 2012, when Federer won his seventh Wimbledon singles championship, Laver said "Roger Federer certainly is my claim to be the best of all time if there is such a thing" and in January 2018, at the Australian Open won by Federer, Laver said "For me, I think Roger Federer is certainly the greatest player that has come along" and "He's stood the test of time – that's probably the one thing that puts you in that category of the best ever." However, in a January 2019 interview, Laver stated that <mask> was "the best player who ever held a racquet. He had every shot in the book and he could overpower anyone. He was so strong."Pancho Gonzales made a similar remark about <mask>, "He was such a strong son****...when he tried, you just couldn't beat him. He hit the ball harder than anyone I ever played." Personal life

<mask> proposed to his girlfriend, Australian tennis player Jenny Staley, on her 21st birthday party in March 1955 and they planned to announce their engagement in June in London while both were on an overseas tour. After arrival in London Jenny discovered that she was pregnant and the couple decided to get married straight away. The marriage took place the following day on 18 June 1955 at St Mary's Church, Wimbledon, in London, on the eve of Wimbledon fortnight. They had two daughters and a son. After announcing his retirement in 1967, due to persistent back problems, <mask> moved to Fuengirola, Spain, near Málaga, where he and his wife owned and operated a tennis resort, <mask>'s Campo de Tenis.For more than thirty years they entertained personal friends such as actors Stewart Granger, Sean Connery, Richard Burton, Peter Ustinov, Deborah Kerr and her husband  writer Peter Viertel, actor Kirk Douglas, singer Frank Sinatra and saxophonist Stan Getz. <mask>'s son Peter stated, "My dad was extremely well connected." In September 1978, <mask>'s back problem was successfully treated with spinal fusion surgery, and he was relieved of pain. There had been two ruptured discs and a herniation. The doctor asked one of <mask>'s friends, "How on earth did this man walk, let alone play tennis?" In a 1980 interview, <mask> claimed that "my back is marvelous now....it's absolutely perfect now." <mask> was diagnosed with a rare and incurable form of leukaemia on 13 January 1994 which caused his death on 3 July 1994.Press reports of a heart attack were incorrect. <mask>'s personal physician specialist was his own son-in-law Dr. Manuel Benavides, who explained the cause of death. A book co-written with Jack Pollard and titled My Game ("The Lew Hoad story" in the USA) was published in 1958. In 2002, Pollard teamed up with his widow, Jenny, to write My Life With Lew. <mask> was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in Newport, in 1980 and in December 1985 was inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame. In January 1995 he was posthumously inducted into the Tennis Australia Hall of Fame together with friend and rival Ken Rosewall. The ITF organises a seniors tournament in his honour called The Lew Hoad Memorial ITF Veterans Tournament, which is hosted by the Lew Hoad Campo de Tenis.The Kooyong Classic at Kooyong Stadium, the principal warm-up event for the Australian Open, awards the Lew Hoad Memorial Trophy to the winner of the men's singles. Kooyong stadium was the site of some of <mask>'s greatest victories. The <mask> Reserve in Sydney and the Lew Hoad Avenue in Baton Rouge, Louisiana are named after him. Performance timeline

Singles
<mask> joined the professional tennis circuit in 1957 and as a consequence was banned from competing in 42 Grand Slam tournaments until the start of the Open Era at the 1968 French Open. Grand Slam and Pro Slam finals

Singles

Grand Slam finals (4–2)

Pro Slam finals (0–7)

Doubles: 13 (8 titles, 5 runner-ups)

Mixed doubles: 4 (1 title, 3 runner-ups)

Other important finals

See also
Overall tennis records – Men's Singles

Notes

References

Sources

Biographies

External links

 Hoad vs. Rosewall, 1955 NSW final, White City, Sydney-newsreel
 <mask> vs. Sirola, 1956 German final, Hamburg, at 8:20-newsreel
 Hoad df. Rosewall, 1959 Roland Garros 3rd place-newsreel
 Lew Hoad Tennis and Paddle Club

Australian Championships (tennis) champions
Australian Championships (tennis) junior champions
Australian expatriates in Spain
Australian male tennis players
French Championships (tennis) champions
People from Fuengirola
Tennis players from Sydney
International Tennis Hall of Fame inductees
United States National champions (tennis)
Wimbledon champions (pre-Open Era)
1934 births
1994 deaths
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's singles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in mixed doubles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles
Deaths from leukemia
Professional tennis players before the Open Era
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' singles
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in

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<mask>, DO (August 6, 1828 – December 12, 1917) was the founder of osteopathy and osteopathic medicine. He was also a physician and surgeon, author, inventor and Kansas territorial and state legislator. He was one of the founders of Baker University, the oldest four-year college in the state of Kansas, and was the founder of the American School of Osteopathy (now A.T. Still University), the world's first osteopathic medical school, in Kirksville, Missouri. Early life and interests
<mask> was the son of a Methodist minister and physician. At an early age, <mask> decided to follow in his father's footsteps as a physician. After studying medicine and serving an apprenticeship under his father, he entered the Civil War.He served as a hospital steward assigned to Company F of the Cass County Home Guard of the Missouri Cavalry (Union), but later stated in his autobiography that he served as a "de facto surgeon." Despite biographical accounts of him earning an MD there appears to be no record that he was ever conferred one. At the time, the hospital stewards of the Army had many responsibilities, including maintaining hospital stores, furniture, and supplies for the sick. Since pharmacists were not provided for the hospitals, the hospital stewards also filled prescriptions, and when the medical officers were not present, they took care of the patients. Hospital Stewards were sometimes rewarded with promotions to surgeon or assistant surgeon. In his autobiography <mask> says he served in the Civil War in Company F of the 9th Kansas Cavalry. His military service record for the Missouri regiment says that his company was transferred to the 9th Kansas Infantry, not cavalry, but that the transfer was made "without proper authority."The judge advocate general then orders that these men not be given credit for this unauthorized service. After the Civil War and following the death of his wife, three of his children, and an adopted child from spinal meningitis in 1864, <mask> concluded that the orthodox medical practices of his day were frequently ineffective and sometimes harmful. The use of Calomel, also known as mercury chloride, was one such medical practice <mask> took particular issue with. At the time, there were no standardized dosages for the drug so practitioners of heroic medicine would often deliver dosages that were too large, resulting in mercury poisoning. <mask> devoted the next thirty years of his life to studying the human body and finding alternative ways to treat disease; his methods involved meticulous anatomical dissection to discover its structure and, therefore, function. This involved exhuming corpses which, while controversial, was a widespread practice among many medical schools in the United States and abroad during that time. During this period, he completed a short course in medicine at the new College of Physicians and Surgeons in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1870.<mask> adopted the ideas of spiritualism sometime around 1867, and it "held a prominent and lasting place in his thinking." Kansas territorial and state legislator
<mask> was active in the abolition movement and a friend and ally of the Free State leaders John Brown and James H. Lane. He became deeply embroiled in the fight over whether Kansas would be admitted to the Union as a slave state or a free state. The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 provided that the settlers in those two territories would decide the question for themselves. Civil war raged in Kansas as both sides tried to gain control of the territorial government. In October 1857, <mask> was elected to represent Douglas and Johnson counties in the Kansas territorial legislature. <mask> and his brothers took up arms in the cause and participated in the Bleeding Kansas battles (between the pro and anti-slavery citizens).By August 1858, a free-state constitution had been passed; Kansas was admitted to the Union as a free state on January 29, 1861. Inventor and patents
<mask> was fascinated by machines, and whenever faced with a mechanical problem, his answer was always to devise a better approach. In the 1870s, he patented an improved butter churn. He made improvements to a mowing machine designed to harvest wheat and hay, but before a patent could be submitted, his idea was stolen by a visiting sales representative from the Wood Mowing Machine Co. In 1910, he patented a smokeless furnace burner but had "some difficulty producing a full-sized working model. Heartbroken after his wife, Mary Elvira's, death in May 1910, he did not have the will to pursue the matter further, and the invention was never successfully marketed." Baker University

Still and his family were among the founders of Baker University in Baldwin City in 1858, the first four-year university in the state of Kansas.<mask> was involved in selecting the location for the site of Baker University's first building. Along with his brother, <mask> donated 640 acres of land for the university campus. While maintaining his medical practice, where he treated patients afflicted with small-pox and cholera, <mask> spent five years building the facilities. Osteopathy

<mask> believed that osteopathy was a necessary discovery because the current medical practices of his day often caused significant harm and conventional medicine had failed to shed light on the etiology and effective treatment of disease. At the time <mask> practiced as a physician, medications, surgery and other traditional therapeutic regimens often caused more harm than good. Some of the medicines commonly given to patients during this time were arsenic, castor oil, whiskey and opium. Additionally, unsanitary surgical practices often resulted in more deaths than cures.Dr. <mask> sought to reform existing 19th-century medical practices. Still investigated alternative treatments, such as hydropathy, diet, bonesetting, and magnetic healing. Still found appeal in the relatively tame side effects of those modalities and imagined that someday "rational medical therapy" would consist of manipulation of the musculoskeletal system, surgery and very sparing use of drugs, including anesthetics, antiseptics and antidotes. He invented the name osteopathy by blending two Greek roots osteon- for bone and -pathos for suffering in order to communicate his theory that disease and physiologic dysfunction were etiologically grounded in a disordered musculoskeletal system. Thus, by diagnosing and treating the musculoskeletal system, he believed that physicians could treat a variety of diseases and spare patients the negative side-effects of drugs. Still founded the first school of osteopathy based on this new approach to medicine - the school was called the American School of Osteopathy (now A.T.Still University) in Kirksville, Missouri, in 1892. <mask> was also one of the first physicians to promote the idea of preventive medicine and the philosophy that physicians should focus on treating the disease rather than just the symptoms. <mask> defined osteopathy as:

In a 1907 interview by the Topeka Daily Capital newspaper, A.T<mask>'s son, <mask>, D.O., described his father's philosophy that the body would operate smoothly into old age, if properly maintained and that every living organism possessed the ability to produce all the necessary chemicals and materials to cure itself of ailments. <mask> published four books during his life. His first book, published in 1897, was entitled Autobiography of <mask> <mask> with a History of the Discovery and Development of the Science of Osteopathy. A revised edition of the book was re-published in 1908 after a fire damaged the original printing plates.In 1899, <mask> published his second book, Philosophy of Osteopathy. <mask> published his third book, The Philosophy and Mechanical Principles of Osteopathy, with publication date 1902, and copyright date 1892. He published Osteopathy Research and Practice, his fourth and final book in 1910. See also

 S. S<mask>—nephew of <mask> <mask>, and an osteopath on the faculty of A. T. Still University

References

Additional references

External links

 Still National Osteopathic Museum, Kirksville
 Autobiography of A. T. <mask>, 1897
 Philosophy of Osteopathy 1899 (HTML)
 Philosophy of Osteopathy, 1899, from Project Gutenberg
 Autobiography of A. T. <mask> Revised Edition, 1908

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Sir <mask>re of Rowallan (1594–1657) was a Scottish writer and politician. Early life

<mask>re was born in 1594, the son of Sir <mask>re of Rowallan (1576–1639), an estate near Kilmarnock in Ayrshire, his mother was Elizabeth Montgomerie, daughter of Hugh Montgomerie (d. 1558), the Laird of Hessilhead, and sister of the poet Alexander Montgomerie of Hessilhead Castle near Beith. His grandfather, also Sir <mask> of Rowallan (1547–1616), had three daughters and three sons, <mask> of Rowallan, John Mure of Blacklaw, who was slain at Beith, and <mask> of Skirnalland, of which his father, Sir <mask>re of Rowallan, was the eldest. The Mure family was one of the oldest of the order of gentry in Scotland, and his ancestor, Elizabeth Mure, was the first wife of King Robert II of Scotland (1316–1390), and the father of King Robert III. Career
Mure's early, unpublished works appear to date from 1611 to 1617,  and include love-lyrics (the tunes to which they are to be sung are specified in several cases), eleven miscellaneous sonnets, a ‘Hymne’ beginning 'Help, help, O Lord! sueit saviour aryse', in a complex verse form presumably reflecting an existing song melody, and Dido and Aeneas, a paraphrase of Aeneid IV, probably written in 1614. In 1617, Mure composed 114 lines welcoming King James VI and I to Hamilton on 28 July, and this piece was published the following year as part of the large commemorative volume The Muses Welcome, edited by John Adamson.Political career
In 1639, upon his father's death, Mure inherited his father's title, Laird of Rowallan, and thereafter lived in Rowallan Castle. Mure was a member of the Scottish parliament in 1643, and took part in the English campaign of 1644. He was wounded at the Battle of Marston Moor, but a month later was commanding a regiment at Newcastle. Later works

The rest of Mure's poetic output is quite different in nature, and expresses his deep commitment to Calvinism and, latterly, to the presbyterian model of kirk government. It has been suggested that the shift in Mure's poetic focus may have been prompted by his reading of Francis Hamilton's  King James His Encomium (Edinburgh, 1626). Mure could equally well have been influenced by his local minister, the strongly presbyterian Glasgow graduate and neo-Latin poet Michael Wallace, who had become minister of Kilmarnock in 1610. His Carmen Panegryricum welcoming James VI and I to Paisley on 24 July 1617 visit was, like Mure's welcome to Hamilton, included in The Muses Welcome of 1618, and there is no question that Wallace and Mure were well acquainted.In 1628, at Edinburgh, Mure published A Spirituall Hymne or The Sacrifice of a Sinner to be offred upon the Altar of a humbled heart Christ our Redeemer. Inverted in English Sapphicks from the Latine, i.e. translation of the Ayrshire theologian Robert Boyd of Trochrig's Hecatombe Christiana...ad Christum Servatorem: the terminally ill Boyd had published the Hecatombe the previous year, with a dedication to his cousin Bishop Andrew Boyd. Mure followed his paraphrase of Robert Boyd with his own lengthy meditation on the Last Judgement, entitled ‘Doomes-Day containing Hells horrour and Heavens happinesse’, to which he appended the three sonnets entitled ‘Fancies Farewell’. In these last, Mure repented of his Muse's ‘Houres mis-employed, evanisht as a dreame’ and ‘younger yeares, youthes sweet Aprile mispent’. In 1629, Mure published the 3236 lines of The True Crucifixe for True Catholikes, a sustained denunciation of Roman Catholicism. The preliminary paratext consists of a sonnet by Drummond of Hawthornden, Latin verses by John Adamson, John Gellie and Michael Wallace, and ten vernacular couplets by Walter Forbes.Mure appended a postliminary sequence of ten spiritual sonnets, possibly inspired by the example of James Melville, who concluded A Spirituall Propine of a Pastour to His People (1598) with a series of ten sonnets. Mure's final sonnet, ‘To the Blessed Trinity’, is an echo of the first sonnet in Melville's sequence, namely ‘Svpreame, essence, beginner, vnbegon’; but the latter itself stands in an ambiguous relationship to the sonnet ‘Supreme Essence, beginning Vnbegun’ by Mure's uncle Alexander Montgomerie. The influence of James Melville's The Black Bastel, or A Lamentation in name of the Kirk of Scotland (written 1611, published in 1634) is unmistakable in Mure's vehemently anti-episcopalian and anti-Laudian sonnet sequence The Joy of Teares, published in 1635: the numerous verbal and conceptual links between The Joy of Tears and The Black Bastel leap off the page. They range from references to Eli and the ‘captive ark’ and the ‘hungry souls’ fed by the incomparable pre-episcopal Kirk, to mentions of ‘dogs and swine’, ‘poperie’ and the mourning faithful. Melville's image of the enslavement of the defiled Kirk by James VI and I and his bishops - ‘‘upon a royall Throne, / Did awfull sit … a rampand Lyon red … And round about him thirteen wolues did dance/ To keep her sheep’  - underlies Mure's ‘woolfs that lams do chase’ in line 5 of his twelfth sonnet. By 1635, tensions had already risen very high between Charles I's authoritarian, episcopal ‘Court of High Commission’ and the presbyterian opposition. Mure did not dare to name himself as author of The Joy of Teares.Instead, he stated on the title page that the book was ‘published with the gratious licence and privilege of GOD Almighty, King of Heaven and Earth the penult day of Iuly, Anno Dom.1635’, and in a couplet following  his opening sonnet to the reader, Mure wrote ‘No marvel I my name forbear/ Since blameless Truth dar scarce appear’. Following the signing of the National Covenant in spring 1638 and the outbreak of hostilities between the Scottish Covenanting régime and King Charles, Mure wrote in support of the Covenant. In 1640, he published A Counter-buff to Lysimachus Nicanor; calling himself a Jesuit, a verse-denunciation of anti-Covenanting propaganda, as are the 102 couplets of the undated (?1641) Caledons Complaint against infamous Libells. Or a censure past upon the Truth-betraying Sycophant, dareing (most ignobly) to streck at the honour of this deeply afflicted Nation upon pretence of the guilt of rebellion, in justice to be represt by the power of his Majesties armes. The poet's last publication was The Cry of Blood and of a Broken Covenant (1650) in 316 couplets. Mure also left a verse paraphrase of the Psalms, now incomplete and possibly never fully completed,  and the unfinished prose Historie and Descent of the House of Rowallane. All of the foregoing works – barring The Joy of Teares – were edited by <mask> for the Scottish Text Society (2 vols., 1898).The Joy of Teares was published in the Scottish Text Society Miscellany volume of 1933, pp. 161–78. Mure was also a music-lover, and his lute-book and ‘cantus’ partbook are preserved in Edinburgh University Library (La.III.487 and 488 respectively). The complete contents of the former can be heard online. Personal life
Mure was married twice. His first marriage was in 1615, to Anna Dundas (1598–1644), the daughter of John Dundas, Laird of Newliston, and Margaret Dundas (née Creichton). Before her death in 1644, they had five sons and six daughters, of which only one daughter reached maturity, including:

 Sir <mask>re of Rowallan (1616–1686), who married Elizabeth Hamilton, daughter of James Hamilton of Aikenhead, Provost of Glasgow.Captain <mask> (1618–1648), who arrived in Ulster in May 1642 with Covenanter army and was killed in the Irish Confederate War in 1648
 <mask>, a major in the army who married Anne Maxwell, Lady Newhall, widow of James McMorran of Newhall, in Fife
 John Mure of Fenwickhill
 Sir Patrick Mure of Rowallan, 1st Baronet of Nova Scotia (1622–1700), who was created the 1st Baronet of Nova Scotia in 1662
 Joan Mure, who married Uchter Knox, Laird of Ranfurly, whose family later became the Earls of Ranfurly. Knox's sister, Isobell, married Robert Muir of Caldwell

After his first wife's death, he married Jane Hamilton, Lady Duntreath (d. 1665), daughter of Archibald Hamilton, of Duntreath. Together they had two sons and two daughters, James Mure, Hugh Mure, Jane Mure, and Marion Mure. Descendants
Mure's eldest son, <mask>re (1616–1686), who succeeded him, was firmly attached to the Reformed doctrines, and was a close friend of <mask> (1620–1665), the first minister of Fenwick. He was imprisoned in 1665 in Stirling Castle, along with the Lairds of Cunningham and Nether-Pollock, who weren't released until 1669. In 1683, he was again apprehended under suspicion of the court, this time with his elder son, <mask>re (d. 1700), and they were held as prisoners in Tolbooth in Edinburgh. His second son, John Mure, was also taken prisoner in 1683, and all were discharged in April 1684, upon giving a bond of £2,000

Mure's grandson, <mask> Mure of Rowallan (d. 1700), was a student at the University of Glasgow in 1660.Apart from his imprisonment alongside his father, he was a member of the Scottish Parliament and was married to Dame Mary Scott, heiress of Collarny in Fife. They had three daughters, of which only one, Jean Mure (d. 1724), his only heir, survived to adulthood. Jean married twice, first to <mask> of Bruntsfield, near Edinburgh, with whom she had children. After his death, she married David Boyle, 1st Earl of Glasgow (c. 1666–1733), with whom she had three daughters. After the death of <mask>, Countess of Glasgow, in 1724, she was succeeded by her elder surviving daughter, Lady Jean Boyle Mure of Rowallan, who married the Hon. Sir James Campbell (c. 1680–1745) in 1720. Sir James Campbell was the third and youngest son of James Campbell, 2nd Earl of Loudoun.Their son, <mask> Campbell (1726–1786), succeeded to the estate of Rowallan, and later became the 5th Earl of Loudoun. James married Flora Macleod, daughter of John Macleod of Raasay, with whom he had Flora Mure-Campbell (1780–1840), his heir and the 6th Countess of Loudoun. She married Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings (1754–1826), in 1804. Mure was also the great-grandfather of <mask> (1718–1776), who was a Member of Parliament for Renfrewshire, a Baron of the Court of Exchequer in Scotland, and the Lord Rector of Glasgow University from 1764 to 1767. His granddaughter, Helen Knox, was married to John Cunningham of Ceddell. As Mure's daughter and son-in-law, Uchter Knox, had no male issue, the Ranfurly estate was sold to Lord Cochrane, who became <mask>, 1st Earl of Dundonald, in 1665. References
Notes

Sources

Further reading
 Peter Auger "How Scottish is the Scottish Psalter?<mask> of Rowallan, Zachary Boyd, and the Metrical Psalter of 1650" Studies in Scottish Literature Vol.40 (2014) Issue 1, 55-75

1594 births
1657 deaths
17th-century Scottish writers
17th-century Scottish people
17th-century Scottish politicians
Shire Commissioners to the Parliament of Scotland
Scottish soldiers
Members of the Convention of the Estates of Scotland 1643–44

masks:
William Mu
William Mu
William Mu
William Mure
William Mure
Hugh Mure
William Mu
William Tough
William Mu
Alexander Mure
Robert Mure
William Mu
William Guthrie
William Mu
William
William Fairlie
Jean Mure
James Mure
William Mure
William Cochrane
William Mure


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<mask> (9 November 1831 – 15 January 1912) was an English politician, writer, publisher and theatre owner in the Victorian and Edwardian eras. He is now most remembered for the Labouchère Amendment, which for the first time criminalised all male homosexual activity in the United Kingdom. Labouchère, who came from a wealthy Huguenot banking family, was a junior member of the British diplomatic service before briefly serving in Parliament in 1865–68. He lived with the actress Henrietta Hodson from 1868, and they married in 1887. He made a name for himself as a journalist and theatre producer, first buying a stake in The Daily News and in 1876 founding the magazine Truth, which he bankrolled through an extensive series of libel suits. In 1880, he returned to Parliament as the Liberal member for Northampton, and became a key figure in the radical Home Rule wing of the party. He was a controversial figure, and opposition from Queen Victoria as well as from senior Liberals ensured that he was never given a ministerial position.He became increasingly unpopular due to his opposition to the Second Boer War, and resigned from politics in 1906, when he left Britain and retired to Italy. Early life

<mask> was born in London to a family of Huguenot extraction. His grandfather, Pierre (Peter) César <mask>, was a partner in the banking house of Thomas Hope, and married a daughter of Sir Francis Baring. His father, John Peter Labouchère (d. 1863) was also a partner in Hope's, and then in Deacon's; his uncle, also called <mask> (d. 1869), entered politics and served in Parliament from 1826 to 1859, when he was made a peer as Baron Taunton. Despite disapproving of Labouchère, his uncle helped the young man's early career and left him a sizeable inheritance when he died leaving no male heir. His mother, Mary Louisa née Du Pré (1799–1863) was from an English family. Labouchère was the eldest of their three sons and six daughters.Labouchère was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where, he later said, he "diligently attended the racecourse at Newmarket", losing £6,000 in gambling in two years. He was accused of cheating in an examination, and his degree was withheld. Leaving Cambridge, he was sent to South America to look after family business interests there; however, he ended up working in a circus troupe in Mexico and lived for several months in an Ojibwe camp near Minneapolis. Early diplomatic and political career
While he was in the US, Labouchère (without his prior knowledge) was found a place in the British diplomatic service by his family. Between 1854 and 1864, he served as a minor diplomat in Washington, Munich, Stockholm, Frankfurt, Saint Petersburg, Dresden, and Constantinople. He was, however, not known for his diplomatic demeanour, and acted impudently on occasion. He went too far when he wrote to the Foreign Secretary to refuse a posting offered to him, "I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your Lordship's despatch, informing me of my promotion as Second Secretary to Her Majesty's Legation at Buenos Ayres.I beg to state that, if residing at Baden-Baden I can fulfil those duties, I shall be pleased to accept the appointment." He was politely told that there was no further use for his services. The year after his dismissal, <mask> was elected at the 1865 general election as a member of parliament (MP) for Windsor, as a Liberal. However, that election was overturned on petition, and in April 1867 he was elected at a by-election as an MP for Middlesex. At the 1868 election he narrowly lost his seat, winning only 90 votes fewer than his Conservative opponent's total of 6,487. <mask> did not return to the House of Commons for 12 years. Theatre producer, journalist and writer
In 1867, <mask> and his partners engaged the architect C. J. Phipps and the artists Albert Moore and Telbin to remodel the large St. Martins Hall to create Queen's Theatre, Long Acre.A new company of players was formed, including Charles Wyndham, <mask>, J. L. Toole, Ellen Terry, and Henrietta Hodson. By 1868, Hodson and Labouchère were living together out of wedlock, as they could not marry until her first husband died in 1887. Labouchère bought out his partners and used the theatre to promote Hodson's talents; the theatre made a loss, Hodson retired, and the theatre closed in 1879. The couple finally married in 1887. They had one child together, Mary Dorothea (Dora) <mask> (1884–1944). During the break in his Parliamentary career, Labouchère gained renown as a journalist, editor, and publisher, sending witty dispatches from Paris during the Siege of Paris in 1870–1871, noting the eating of zoo elephants, donkeys, cats and rats when food supplies ran low. This series of articles helped restore the circulation of the Daily News, in which he had bought a stake in 1868.His unflinching style gained a large audience for first his reporting, and later his personal weekly journal, Truth (started in 1876), which was often sued for libel. With his inherited wealth, he could afford to defend such suits. Labouchère's claims to being impartial were ridiculed by his critics, including W. S. Gilbert (who had been an object of Labouchère's theatrical criticism) in Gilbert's comic opera His Excellency (see illustration at right). In 1877, Gilbert had engaged in a public feud with Labouchère's lover, Henrietta Hodson. Labouchère was a vehement opponent of feminism; he campaigned in Truth against the suffrage movement, ridiculing and belittling women who sought the right to vote. He was also a virulent anti-semite, opposed to Jewish participation in British life, using Truth to campaign against "Hebrew barons" and their supposedly excessive influence, "Jewish exclusivity" and "Jewish cowardice". One of the victims of his attacks was Edward Levy-Lawson, proprietor of The Daily Telegraph.In 1879 there was a much-reported court case following a fracas on the doorstep of the Beefsteak Club between Labouchère and Levy-Lawson. The committee of the club expelled Labouchère, who successfully sought a court ruling that they had no right to do so. Return to Parliament

Labouchère returned to Parliament in the 1880 election, when he and Charles Bradlaugh, both Liberals, won the two seats for Northampton. (Bradlaugh's then-controversial atheism led Labouchère, a closet agnostic, to refer sardonically to himself as "the Christian member for Northampton".) In 1884, Labouchère unsuccessfully proposed legislation to extend the existing laws against cruelty to animals. In 1885, <mask>ère Amendment as a last-minute addition to a Parliamentary Bill that had nothing to do with homosexuality. His amendment outlawed "gross indecency"; sodomy was already a crime, but Labouchère's Amendment now criminalised any sexual activity between men.Ten years later the Labouchère Amendment allowed for the prosecution of Oscar Wilde, who was given the maximum sentence of two years' imprisonment with hard labour. Labouchère expressed regret that Wilde's sentence was so short, and would have preferred the seven-year term he had originally proposed in the Amendment. During the 1880s, the Liberal Party faced a split between a Radical wing (led by Joseph Chamberlain) and a Whig wing (led by the Marquess of Hartington), with its party leader, William Ewart Gladstone straddling the middle. <mask> was a firm and vocal Radical, who tried to create a governing coalition between the Radicals and the Irish Nationalists that would exclude or marginalise the Whigs. This plan was wrecked in 1886, when, after Gladstone came out for Home Rule, a large contingent of both Radicals and Whigs chose to leave the Liberal Party to form the Liberal Unionist Party allied with the Conservatives. Between 1886 and 1892, a Conservative government was in power, and <mask> worked tirelessly to remove them from office. When the government was turned out in 1892, and Gladstone was called to form an administration, <mask> expected to be rewarded with a cabinet post.Queen Victoria refused to allow Gladstone to offer either <mask> or Charles Dilke an office, however, as she had a strong personal dislike of them – "she would never allow such horrid men to enter the Govt". Her dislike stemmed from his editorship of Truth, which she felt had insulted the Royal Family. According to the historian Vernon Bogdanor, this was the last time a British monarch vetoed a prime minister's appointment of a cabinet minister. However, Gladstone may have been happy to drop Labouchère given his lack of political support. Likewise, the new foreign secretary, Lord Rosebery, a personal enemy of Labouchère, declined to offer him the ambassadorship to Washington for which Labouchère had asked. Through the 1890s, Labouchère was a critic of both Liberal and Conservative Imperial policies; he demanded an enquiry into Rhodesian policy in 1893–94, and in 1895 sat on the commission enquiring into the Jameson Raid. However, his position became gradually alienated from his party and from public opinion, as he strongly opposed the South African War and argued for peace.His reputation was also tarnished by a series of financial scandals: in 1897, he was accused in the press of share-rigging, using Truth to disparage companies, advising shareholders to dispose of their shares and, when the share prices fell as a result, buying them himself at a low price. He failed to reply to the accusations, and his reputation suffered. A later pamphlet by <mask> of The Critic, in 1905, revealed further financial misdealings. Retirement
When the Liberal party took power in December 1905, Labouchère was not offered any political office by <mask>-Bannerman, the new prime minister. He was disappointed in this – he had been a strong supporter of Campbell-Bannerman – and retired from Parliament the following month, choosing not to stand at the 1906 general election. His only political reward from the new government was a privy councillorship. He retired to Florence, where he died seven years later, leaving a fortune of half a million pounds sterling to his daughter Dora, who was by then married to Carlo, Marchese di Rudini.Sources

Further reading

 "Henry Du Pre Labouchere". The Twickenham Museum. Works (examples)
 Diary of the besieged resident in Paris, Hurst and Blackett, London 1871
 The Brown Man's Burden, a parody by Labouchère of Rudyard Kipling's "The White Man's Burden"; Truth and Literary Digest (Feb. 1899)

Notes and references
Notes

References

External links

1831 births
1912 deaths
English agnostics
British diplomats
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
English writers
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
UK MPs 1865–1868
UK MPs 1880–1885
UK MPs 1885–1886
UK MPs 1886–1892
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
LGBT law in the United Kingdom
British emigrants to Italy

masks:
Henry Du Pré Labouchère
Labouchère
Labouchère
Henry Labouchère
Labouchère
Labouchère
Labouchère
Henry Irving
Labouchère
Labouchèrech
Labouchère
Labouchère
Labouchère
Labouchère
Henry Hess
Henry Campbell


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<mask> (26 June 1897 – 10 March 1995) was a German concert and easy listening musician. From 1937 to 1945 he was imprisoned in the Nazi concentration camps in Dachau and Mauthausen. Heckmann founded the first prisoner band in Mauthausen, and was also instrumental in the founding of the large prisoner orchestra there. Biography
The son of innkeeper <mask>, <mask> grew up in the public house environs of Altena (Westphalia). During World War I, he served in the Patriotic Emergency Services and the military. After the war, Heckmann studied vocals and piano with Otto Laugs at the state conservatory in Hagen (Westphalia). During the 1920s, he was a guest performer as the "Rhineland Tenor" in Wuppertal, Altena, Rheydt, Zurich and Berlin.He was also a silent film musician in the "Zentraltheater" in Altena and the "Thalia" in Wuppertal. During the early 1930s, he was a guest performer in Stuttgart, Gotha and Düsseldorf. Beginning in 1934, the Nazi government implemented a policy of "Gleichschaltung," which brought professional musicians into line according to race. So-called degenerate music ("Entartete Musik") was ostracized and popular, easy listening music ("Schlager") was promoted. The music magazine "Das Deutsche Podium, Kampfblatt für deutsche Musik" ("The German Podium, Fighting Paper of German Music") increasingly lauded Heckmann: “… during the course of several months, he has won over a large base of friends and supporters … with his fine, well-trained tenor voice …” “… Willi Heckmann – an all-around musical talent … his volume fills the room … piano playing, a pleasant chord, well-trained vocals, Herr Heckmann has it all …”

Additional performances and engagements in Stuttgart, Gotha, Munich, Patenkirchen and Passau followed. On 29 July 1937, the Gestapo suddenly arrested Heckmann in Passau without prior warning and without a warrant. With reference to Paragraph 175 (the homosexual article), he was interrogated and sent into protective custody ("Schutzhaft") at the Dachau concentration camp for a previous episode of homosexuality.To this day, the exact details of his confinement in the concentration camp remain unclear. At the outbreak of World War II, Heckmann was transferred to the Mauthausen Concentration Camp in Austria, where he remained until the Allied liberation of the camp on 5 May 1945. In Mauthausen, he worked in the "Viennese Trench" quarry. Beginning around 1940, he was allowed to start up a musical trio, which had to perform a variety of musical styles for high-ranking guests in the casino. When the photography division of the SS photographed the "Gypsy Orchestra" on 30 July 1942 as it was led through the camp together with the recaptured prisoner Hans Bonarewitz, Willi <mask> was in the front row, setting the tone. To his right (playing the large accordion) is the post office Kapo Georg Streitwolf. Following his visit in the autumn of 1942, Heinrich Himmler ordered the establishment of a camp orchestra, which was assembled "with the help of Heckmann, Rumbauer and a Czech doctor."Until the liberation of the camp, this orchestra played military marches, as well as popular and serious music on a regular basis. "Willi Heckmann was the singer and accordion player." His participation in the orchestra made Heckmann a kind of functionary among the prisoners, and spared him the harshest jobs in the concentration camp. Instead, he was dispatched to commandoes with easier tasks such as transportation and disinfection. The SS leaders clearly exploited Heckmann's musical talents to emotionally influence life in the camp. Following his release from the concentration camp, Heckmann struggled to regain a foothold as a professional musician. Years of heavy labour in the Mauthausen quarry left him with rheumatism and inflamed nerves in his shoulders and arms, which hampered his efforts to practice his profession.In 1954, he applied for compensation for his time spent in Dachau and Mauthausen. But his application was denied in 1960 with the remark that he was, "only imprisoned as a homosexual because of crimes against Paragraph 175 of the penal code." This did not qualify him for any kind of restitution. From 1945 to 1964, <mask> worked as a professional musician and solo entertainer in various hotels and restaurants throughout Germany. He died in Wuppertal on 10 March 1995 at the age of 97. Literature
 Guido Fackler: Music in Concentration Camps 1933–1945. In: Music & Politics, 2007.Klaus Stanjek: Music and murder – a professional musician in Mauthausen. In: Andreas Baumgartner, Isabella Girstmair, Verena Kaselitz (editors): The Spirit is free. Band 2. edition Mauthausen, Wien 2008,
 Kurt Lettner: Musik zwischen Leben und Tod. In: Oberösterr. Heimatblätter 2000, Heft 1,2; S. 55–72. Milan Kuna: Musik an der Grenze des Lebens. Zweitausendeins, Frankfurt/M 1993,
 Simon Hirt, Hansjörg Stecher: Musik zwischen subversivem Überlebens- und brutalem Terrorinstrument.In: Die Aussteller und das Bundesministerium des Inneren (Hrsg. ): Kunst und Kultur im Konzentrationslager Mauthausen 1938–1945. Wien 2007. Leoncarlo Settimelli: La storia angosciosa di una foto terribile. In: patria indipendente, 24 gennaio 2010. See also
 Nazi Germany
 Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany and the Holocaust
 Paragraph 175
 Pink triangle
 Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp
 Rudolf Brazda
 Pierre Seel

References

External links
 Klänge des Verschweigens – a documental project (German)
 "SOUNDS FROM THE FOG" film about <mask> (english)
 Guido Fackler: Music in Concentration Camps 1933–1945. In: Music & Politics, 2007.Leoncarlo Settimelli: La storia angosciosa di una foto terribile. In: patria indipendente, 24 gennaio 2010. (PDF)
 Kurt Lettner: Musik zwischen Leben und Tod. In: Oberösterr. Heimatblätter 2000, Heft 1,2; S. 55–72. (PDF)
 Bayerisches Musiker-Lexikon Online, hrsg.von Josef Focht
 Die gebrochene Karriere des Musikers <mask>n (PDF)
 Vortrag von Klaus Stanjek in Linz, 2007 „Musik und Mord – ein Berufsmusiker in Mauthausen“ (PDF)

1897 births
1995 deaths
20th-century German musicians
Homosexual concentration camp survivors
LGBT musicians from Germany
Mauthausen concentration camp survivors
Dachau concentration camp survivors
People convicted under Germany's Paragraph 175
German military personnel of World War I
20th-century LGBT people

masks:
Wilhelm Heckmann
Adolf Heckmann
Willi Heckmann
Heckmann
Wilhelm Heckmann
Willy Heckmann
Wilhelm Heckman


text_chunks:
<mask> (May 2, 1933 – September 22, 2019) was a prelate of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States and Archbishop Emeritus of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis, where he served from September 8, 1995 to May 2, 2008, when his resignation was accepted by  Pope Benedict XVI. Previously, Archbishop <mask> was the fourth Bishop of the Diocese of Lafayette in south-central Louisiana. Biography

Early life

Born in Schenectady, New York, to William and <mask>, he was orphaned when he was twelve and raised primarily by two of his aunts. <mask> was a graduate of Siena College, having earned both a B.A. and a M.A. in English. After attending Mount Saint Mary's Seminary in Emmitsburg, Maryland, he was ordained on May 18, 1960.He later became a priest of the Diocese of Albany, New York. After his ordination, he taught at Catholic Central High School in Troy, New York. From 1965 to 1979, he served on the faculty of Mount Saint Mary's Seminary in Emmitsburg, Maryland. From 1965-1968 he was the dean; he was vice-rector from 1968-1970; and the rector from 1970-1979. Bishop of Lafayette, Louisiana

While <mask> was serving as a parish priest in the Diocese of Albany, his secretary received a phone call from the papal nuncio. When she passed along the call, <mask> realized he was about to be appointed a bishop and in an attempt to dodge the appointment drove to a family cabin in the Adirondacks. Cardinal John O’Connor of the Archdiocese of New York sent a state trooper to bring him back.He would often say in his later years "If I had 100 lives, I’d live every one of them as a priest - and none as a bishop!" <mask>'s appointment as the coadjutor bishop of Lafayette, Louisiana was announced on April 19, 1986 and he was consecrated as a bishop on June 24, 1986. He took on the role of bishop of the diocese on May 12, 1989, succeeding Bishop Gerard Louis Frey. He became the bishop of Lafayette, Louisiana, in the aftermath of one of the earliest public scandals involving the sexual abuse of minors by a priest. Archbishop of Saint Paul and Minneapolis
In 1994, <mask> became the Coadjutor Archbishop of Saint Paul and Minneapolis, and succeeded to that see in 1995. He was especially noted for his devotion to Catholic education and the emphasis in his ministry on social justice, especially within his own archdiocese. He was also a strong advocate for Catholic economic justice abroad, and many of the parishes in the archdiocese have sister parishes in impoverished nations, such as Costa Rica.On September 12, 2003, he released a pastoral letter dealing with the issue of racism titled In God's Image, in which he called for the parishes of the diocese to unite in an effort to end racism and promote diversity and harmony, and in so doing, to make God's love more present to the rest of the world. In May 2005, Archbishop <mask> publicly criticized Minnesota governor Tim Pawlenty in the Star Tribune for what he perceived as irresponsible tax policies. <mask> was an outspoken opponent of the war in Iraq. In keeping with Catholic tradition, <mask> instructed his priests to refuse communion to any person wearing a rainbow sash—a symbol associated with those advocating change in the Church's position on homosexual activity. After serving as Archbishop for 12 years, <mask> requested that the Holy See assign a coadjutor archbishop, and on April 24, 2007, Pope Benedict XVI appointed John Clayton Nienstedt, Bishop of the Diocese of New Ulm, Minnesota as <mask>'s coadjutor. In January 2008, <mask>, citing a Vatican instruction from 2004, ordered an end to the practice of lay preaching at Mass, sending as the end date for the practice his final day as Archbishop. He said: "There has to be that kind of training and theological background that even a person with a master's degree in theology would not have.The church does not want people just standing up there and giving opinions or even things they've read in books." Retirement

On May 5, 2008, Pope Benedict XVI accepted <mask>'s resignation and Nienstedt succeeded him as Archbishop. He continued to assist in the Archdiocese after his retirement, administering confirmations, leading retreats, and other liturgies. In November 2010,  the Little Sisters of the Poor honored <mask> with their St. Jeanne Jugan Award on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of his ordination. <mask> resigned from the board of the University of St. Thomas in St. Paul on October 14, 2013. <mask> died on September 22, 2019 from bone cancer in Saint Paul, Minnesota at the age of 86. Appointments
Archbishop <mask> was a member of several boards and committees.Member of the Board of Trustees at The Catholic University of America
Chairman of the Board of Trustees for the Saint Paul Seminary School of Divinity
Chairman of the Board of Trustees at the University of St. Thomas
President of the Saint John Vianney Seminary Board of Directors
Member of the College of Saint Catherine Board of Trustees
Member of the United States Catholic Conference of Bishops Committee for Black Catholics
Member of the USCCB Committee on Sexual Abuse
Member of the USCCB Committee on the Charismatic Renewal Movement

<mask> was named to chair the USCCB Committee on Sexual Abuse in 2002. Legacy
In 2009, the University of St. Thomas renamed a residence hall, formerly Selby Hall, to <mask> Hall to recognize Archbishop <mask>. See also

 Catholic Church hierarchy
 Catholic Church in the United States
 Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States
 List of Catholic bishops of the United States
 Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

References

External links
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis Official Site
Brief biography from the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis

1933 births
2019 deaths
20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the United States
21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the United States
Roman Catholic archbishops of Saint Paul and Minneapolis
People from Schenectady, New York
Mount St. Mary's University alumni
University of St. Thomas (Minnesota) people
Catholic University of America trustees
Siena College alumni
Catholics from New York (state)
Deaths from bone cancer
Deaths from cancer in Minnesota

masks:
Harry Joseph Flynn
Flynn
Margaret Mahoney Flynn
Flynn
Flynn
Flynn
Flynn
Flynn
Flynn
Flynn
Flynn
Flynn
Flynn
Flynn
Flynn
Flynn
Flynn
Flynn
Flynn
Flynn
Flynn
Flynn