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<mask> (June 19, 1826 – August 11, 1890) was an American philanthropist who contributed to the field of social reform. He is considered a father of the modern foster care movement and was most renowned for starting the Orphan Train movement of the mid-19th century, and for founding Children's Aid Society. Early life
<mask> was born on June 19, 1826, in Litchfield, Connecticut. He was named after his uncle, the lawyer <mask>, defender of fugitive slave Thomas Sims, His mother died when he was 14, and he was raised by his father, a history teacher. Education
He graduated from Yale College in 1846. He pursued divinity and theology graduate studies at Yale, but left to study at Union Theological Seminary, from which he received his graduate degree in 1849. He was drawn to New York because it was viewed as the center of American Protestantism and social activity.His best friend and classmate at Yale, Frederick Law Olmsted, the landscape architect, also lived in New York. Career
In 1852, at the age of 26, <mask>, who had been raised as a Calvinist, was serving as a minister to the poor of Blackwell's Island (now known as Roosevelt Island) and to the poor of the Five Points Mission, when he decided he wanted to pursue his humanitarian efforts in the streets rather than in church. <mask> was aware of the impoverished lives of the children in New York City and for this reason he concentrated on improving children's situations and their future. In 1853, <mask> established the Children's Aid Society. In 1854, the Society opened the first of its "newsboys' lodging-houses", which would become one of <mask>'s most successful projects. These houses provided basic room and board at low prices to homeless children who hawked newspapers on the streets of American cities. Though <mask> viewed the newsboys as children in need of the services provided by the houses, they also inspired several of Horatio Alger's stories in which the newsboys' independence and pluck is rewarded with great wealth.<mask> believed that poor, Catholic immigrants were genetically inferior, deeming them "stupid, foreign criminal class" and the "scum and refuse of ill-formed civilization". Some of the children of immigrants had been in trouble with the law. Such was the severity of child poverty in 1854 that the number of homeless children in New York City was estimated as high as 34,000. The police referred to these children as "street rats". According to an essay written by <mask> in 1872, one crime and poverty ridden area around Tenth Avenue was referred to as "Misery Row". Misery Row was considered to be a main breeding ground of crime and poverty, and an inevitable "fever nest" where disease spread easily. Many of the children he deemed orphans were not orphaned at all, and when families of origin tried to keep their children, they were rebuffed.Orphan asylums and almshouses were the only "social services" available for poor and homeless children. <mask> did not believe that these were worthwhile institutions because they merely served the purpose of feeding the poor and providing handouts. He felt that such institutions only deepened the dependence of the poor on charity. <mask> was also influenced by the writings of Edward Livingstone, a pioneer in prison reform who believed that the best way to deal with crime and poverty was to prevent it. <mask> focused on finding jobs and training for poor and destitute children so they could help themselves. His initial efforts in social reform included free kindergartens, free dental clinics, job placement, training programs, reading rooms, and lodging houses for boys. However, Catholic and Jewish religious leaders feared that <mask> was trying to "rescue" children from Catholic and Jewish faith.Fostering and the "Orphan Trains"

<mask> believed that removing homeless children from their street environment and overcrowded city institutions and placing them with "morally upright" farm families was key to providing the children with good lives. Realizing the practical need for workers in the developing Western and Midwestern states, he proposed sending homeless children to those communities in the hopes of finding them work or families. "In every American community, especially in a western one, there are many spare places at the table of life," <mask> wrote. "They have enough for themselves and the stranger too." After a year spent testing his idea by dispatching children individually to farms in nearby Connecticut, Pennsylvania and rural New York, the Children's Aid Society mounted its first large-scale expedition to the Midwest in September 1854. The arrangements for placing homeless children varied. Sometimes, children were pre-ordered by couples, who would send a request for their desired gender, age, hair and eye color, end etc.to one of the institutions participating in the placements. After a suitably fitting child was found, the child was sent via train to their new family for adoption. More commonly, groups of 5-30 children of various ages from infant to teenager would travel with an adult agent as escort along a determined route of towns and communities to be placed in foster home situations. Railroads and charities would provide discount fares, new clothes, bibles, and other sundries to the children for the journeys, and <mask> raised money for the program through his writings and speeches. To improve the chances of successful placement, since many host families harbored strong prejudice towards ethnic groups, <mask> instructed that care should be taken to select healthy, attractive children with Anglo-American features to match the majority populations of the communities they were being sent to. Children could be placed with couples, families, or single adults, and adoption was not necessary for placement. Rather than adoption, many placements, especially older placements of teens, instead signed a contract of indenture for the children selected, which outlined certain obligations, such as providing clothes, room, board, 4 months of education per year, and other terms in exchange for the child's indentured labor until the age of 21.While current views on adoption and child labor laws see this arrangement negatively as a form of child slavery, at the time, it was considered more beneficial and good for the homeless children to secure a source of food and shelter in the countryside, even when in exchange for forced work, than to leave them living homeless on city streets, and common beliefs of the time viewed the countryside and farming families as more "healthy" and "morally upright" than their city counterparts. <mask>'s plan largely depended on the goodwill of the foster communities. Sponsoring New York City institutions would provide the children, the basic guidelines in the placement contracts, and supervisory agents. However, due to the small number of agents, vetting the families and providing follow up monitoring of children after placement was mostly reliant on local volunteer committees set up for the care of the children. The informality and lack of oversight of this arrangement lead to the programs' greatest criticisms as some children were misplaced from records or left in abusive situations. As part of his placement programs, an estimated 200,000 American children traveled west by rail in search of new homes during the life of the programs.>

The trains and relocation efforts began to decline in the face of rising criticism over the lack of oversight and vetting of the placement homes, and changing views on child labor. The need for children to adopt and provide labor declined steeply as rural areas became settled, and many states passed laws preventing the importation and placement of out-of-state children within their borders without the payment of costly fees, to ensure in-state needy children took priority.The relocations finally ended in 1929. Overall, <mask>'s relocation program was largely deemed a success, (A 1910 survey concluded that 87 percent of the children sent to country homes had "done well," while 8 percent had returned to New York and the other 5 percent had either died, disappeared or gotten arrested.) and it was utilized by many New York City institutions, such as the Children's Village, and the New York Foundling Hospital, among others. Emigration Plan
Brace's Emigration Plan was also an anti-eugenic movement because <mask> believed that one's "gemmules" (an early, pre-genetic concept that blood carried a family's heritability and character) did not predetermine one's future. <mask> was deeply moved by <mask>'s Origin of Species, having read it thirteen times. He argued Darwinism was compatible with charitable efforts like his, against some Social Darwinists who held the opposite view. <mask> was also an outspoken abolitionist who (unusually in his time even for abolitionists) entirely rejected scientific racism, arguing that Black people should have equal rights, and even held their having children with Whites could lead to a better future race.In a bold move (and perhaps inspired by his abolitionist and Darwinian mindset), <mask> did away with the centuries-old custom of indenture so that the "placed" children were allowed to leave a home if they were uncomfortable with the placement. <mask>'s vision of migrating children to live with the western Christian farming families was widely supported by wealthy New York families – the first $50 was given by Mrs. John Astor in 1853. The Children's Aid Society (CAS), the best-known organization finding homes for children, made efforts to screen the host families and follow up on the welfare of placed children. By 1909, at the first White House Conference on Dependent Children, the country's top social reformers praised the CAS' emigration movement, but argued that children should either be kept with their natal families or, if they were removed as a result of parental neglect or abuse, every effort should be made to place the child in a foster home nearby. In a report in 1910, the Children's Aid Society estimated that 87 percent of children placed by the Orphan Train program had done well. While there was occasional abuse, most people agreed that overall, the children were generally better off than on the streets of big cities without proper food, clothing, and shelter. By 1920, the CAS and approximately 1500 other agencies and institutions had placed approximately 150,000 children in the largest migration or resettlement of children in American history.The CAS' Orphan Train movement ended in 1929, 75 years after it had begun as a social experiment. While some honor <mask> for his compassionate work with the street children of New York City, others believe he was a racist bigot whose destruction of families led to the creation of a racist, classist foster care system that exists today. <mask> served as an executive secretary of Children's Aid Society for 37 years, overseeing the program. He died in 1890 from Bright's disease. After his death, the Brace Memorial Farm was created for street children to learn farm skills, manners, and personal social skills to help prepare them for life on their own. His memoirs were published in 1872 under the title "The Dangerous Classes of New York and Twenty Years’ Work Among Them" (). Personal life
On August 21, 1854, he married Letitia Neill in Belfast, Ireland, who proved to be a great support to her husband's social reform efforts.Letitia's father, Robert Neill, was an avid abolitionist and he opened his home to some of the world's most famous anti-slavery orators, including Frederick Douglass. He died at Campfer, Tirol, on August 11, 1890. Family includes son, <mask> <mask> Jr. (Yale, 1876) and CAS board secretary, grandson, Gerald Warner <mask> (1901–1978) American writer, educator, sailor and boat builder, and great-grandson, C<mask> <mask> IV (1930-2019), American biological anthropologist and educator. The family lived in Dobbs Ferry, NY, about 20 miles north of New York City, in a home designed for them by Calvert Vaux, co-designed with Frederick Law Olmsted of New York City's Central Park. When <mask> <mask> Senior died, his son took over as director of the Children's Aid Society. It was under the son's tenure that the Society's facility was moved from New York City to Dobbs Ferry, where it continues today as Children's Village. There is a street in Dobbs Ferry which bears the name Brace Terrace and is near the family home.Legacy
Brace's notion that children are better cared for by families than in institutions is the most basic tenet of present-day foster care, and his Orphan Train programs are considered the precursor for the modern foster care system in America. In popular culture
 Kate Manning's My Notorious Life (2014) predominantly features early 1800s orphans as main characters, who get selected on the street amongst children who must prostitute themselves for food, by <mask> <mask> for the Orphan Train, and eventually become Lake Shore Drive (Chicago) and Fifth Avenue residents. The book "Last Train Home, an orphan train story" by Renée Wendinger, is a historical novella describing the methods by which children were placed West by the Children's Aid Society and the New York Foundling following the lives of two children of the train. The book "Extra! Extra! The Orphan Trains and Newsboys of New York" by Renée Wendinger, is an unabridged nonfiction resource book and pictorial history about the orphan trains. The song by Utah Phillips called "Orphan Train" has been performed by numerous modern bluegrass singers.The book Gratefully Yours describes a nine-year-old girl's feelings about her new family who adopt her from the orphan train. There is a ballet entitled Orphan Train presented by Covenant Ballet Theatre of Brooklyn, which tells the story of Brace and shows stories of orphans on the train. It is choreographed by Marla Hirokawa. Authors Al and Joanna Lacy have written an Orphan Trains Trilogy, depicting the lives of fictional orphans. The ballad "Rider On An Orphan Train", written by David Massengill, describes the inevitable tragedy of the separation of siblings in spite of the efforts to keep brothers and sisters together. The book Train to Somewhere  by Eve Bunting describes a fictional account of a girl's journey on the Orphan Train. See also

 Timeline of children's rights in the United States

References

Further reading

, a one-hour documentary film based on exclusive access to the CAS archives using original research: Brace's diaries, letters from children, agents and interviews with "riders."Rybczynski, Witold (1999) A Clearing in the Distance: Frederick Law Olmsted and America in the Nineteenth Century. External links

 The Children's Aid Society
 Orphans' stories

1826 births
American anthropologists
1890 deaths
Orphan Trains (Canada)
Adoption history
Adoption workers
Yale College alumni

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Charles Loring Brace
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<mask> is an American opera singer (bass). Szkafarowsky was born on February 13, 1956 and is a native of New York. He attended the American Opera Center at Juilliard and the Westchester Conservatory of Music. He is a recipient of grants from the Sullivan Foundation and the Tito Gobbi Award from the Rosa Ponselle Foundation. He is also a regional winner of the Metropolitan Opera Auditions. Singing career
As a concert artist, Szkafarowsky has been a featured soloist with the Pittsburgh Symphony, National Symphony in Washington, D.C., Minnesota Orchestra, St. Louis Symphony, Colorado Symphony, Hartford Symphony, Milwaukee Symphony and the Vancouver and Montreal Symphonies. He has worked under the batons of Plácido Domingo, Michael Lankaster, Mstislav Rostropovich, Leonard Slatkin and Michael Tilson Thomas.His Italian debut in Tchaikovsky's The Oprichnik at the Cagliari Opera House was a highlight of <mask>'s 2002/2003 season. In addition, he debuted with Minnesota Opera as the Grand Inquisitor in Don Carlo. Other performances include Ferrando in Verdi's Il trovatore and Crespel in The Tales of Hoffmann with Washington Opera; Zaccaria in Nabucco with Florentine Opera and Santiago, Chile; and Ramfis in Aida with New Jersey Opera. He has also performed with many other renowned opera companies such as the Lyric Opera of Chicago, New York City Opera, Grand Rapids Opera, New Orleans Opera, Arizona Opera, San Diego Opera, Dallas Opera, Pittsburgh Opera, Hamilton, Calgary, Edmonton, Montreal, Winnipeg, and Vancouver in such roles as Ramfis, Banquo, Sparafucile, Wurm, Prince Gremin, and Daland in The Flying Dutchman. The 2003/2004 season had <mask> returning to the Metropolitan Opera in The Nightingale, Werther, and Salome. In the fall of 2004, he made his Atlanta Opera debut in the role of the Commendatore in Mozart's Don Giovanni. In 2005/2006, he sang the role of Prince Gremin in Eugene Onegin with Tulsa Opera; Banquo in Macbeth with Florentine Opera; The King in Aida with Opera Pacific; Benoit/Alcindoro in La bohème with Fort Worth Opera; Sarastro in Die Zauberflöte with the San Antonio Opera; Bonze in Madama Butterfly at Opéra de Québec; Commendatore in Don Giovanni with Opera Pacific; and Benoit/Alcindoro in La bohème and Dr. Bartolo in Le nozze di Figaro with the Metro Lyric Opera under the baton of Maestro Coppola.In 2006/2007 he sang the role of Commendatore with Opera Pacific in Don Giovanni, followed by his debut with the Florida Grand Opera in Samson et Dalila as the Old Hebrew. <mask> made his debut with the Lake George Opera in their rendition of La bohème singing the roles of Benoit/Alcindoro, and sang Friar Lawrence in Roméo et Juliette at Toledo Opera. In 2007/2008, he played Sarastro in Die Zauberflöte for Indianapolis Opera; the King in Aida with Nevada Opera; the lackey Havrilo in War and Peace at the Metropolitan Opera; and at Florida Opera he performed the Sacristan in Tosca, and Benoit/Alcindoro in La bohème. In the 2008/2009 season, he returned to the Metropolitan Opera for their productions of La Gioconda and Eugene Onegin. He performed at the West Palm Beach Opera Company in La bohème, as Benoit and Alcindoro. He also made his debut with Dayton Opera as Timur in Turandot, and he played Basilio in Il barbiere di Siviglia and Kuno in Der Freischütz at Des Moines Metro Opera. In 2009/2010, <mask> made his debut with the Nashville Opera performing both Sacristan and Sciarrone in their production of Tosca, followed by his debut in the Macau International Music Festival as Dr. Bartolo in Le nozze di Figaro.The 2013/2014 and 2011/2012 Metropolitan Opera season found <mask> in the role of the Bonze in Puccini's Madama Butterfly with Plácido Domingo as conductor in 2011/2012. 2010/2011 engagements with the Metropolitan Opera included <mask> in their new production of The Nose, as well as in their production of Boris Godunov. During these same years, he made his debut at the Savonlinna Opera Festival in Finland as the Sacristan in Tosca; and he performed Vodnik in Rusalka with Opera Colorado; Mitiukh in Boris Godunov with Dallas Opera; a return to Savonlinna to perform the Sacristan in Tosca. He made his New York City Opera debut on the NYCO's opening night for the 2016/17 season, on September 8, 2016, in a new production double bill of two operas that both premiered in May 1892. He made his debut in the title role in Aleko, directed by Lev Pugliese with conductor James Meena leading the NYCO Orchestra, at Rose Theater at Jazz at Lincoln Center. Press reviews

Prince Gremin in Eugene Onegin – "Here was a bass that actually hit a note in his lowest range ... besides effectively shaping the melodic line." – St. Louis Post Dispatch; "<mask> brought a regal bass to Prince Gremin's showcase aria."– San Diego Union Tribune

Filippo in Don Carlo – "<mask>ky sang a dynamically realized Filippo, displaying sure command of a mellifluous instrument." – Opera News

Zaccarias in Nabucco – "<mask>ky, by contrast, infused the prophet Zaccarias with a burning intensity that lifted the level of the show whenever he was on stage." – The Hartford Courant; "Bass <mask>ky's Zaccaria was smooth, liquid, and dignified; a natural and imposing figure for the high priest." – Newsday; "It was bass <mask>ky who had the greatest triumph due to his dynamic contrasts in Nabucco..." – Newsday

Raimondo in Lucia di Lammermoor – "Woods' performance was backed by several very strong performances... <mask>ky as Raimondo... whose thundering judgements are like a classic chorus." – Newsday; "A towering presence and one of the finest bass voices heard here in many years makes memorable the role of Raimondo, as sung by <mask>ky." – Times-Colonist; "Massive is an understatement to describe <mask>lo – "A pleasant surprise was the deep bass of <mask>ky – a solid, mature Lodovico."– Pittsburgh Post-Gazette

Ferrando in Il trovatore – "Far more vital was the Ferrando of <mask> whose 'Abbietta zingara' set the tone for the production – dark, grand, and infused with rhythmic incisiveness."

masks:
Stefan Szkafarowsky
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<mask> (December 8, 1928 – February 17, 2012) was a German-American psychologist and member of the US National Academy of Sciences. He has been referred to as the "father of cognitive psychology". Neisser researched and wrote about perception and memory. He posited that a person's mental processes could be measured and subsequently analyzed. In 1967, <mask> published Cognitive Psychology, which he later said was considered an attack on behaviorist psychological paradigms. Cognitive Psychology brought <mask> instant fame and recognition in the field of psychology. While Cognitive Psychology was considered unconventional, it was <mask>'s Cognition and Reality that contained some of his most controversial ideas.A main theme in Cognition and Reality is <mask>'s advocacy for experiments on perception occurring in natural ("ecologically valid") settings. <mask> postulated that memory is, largely, reconstructed and not a snap shot of the moment. <mask> illustrated this during one of his highly publicized studies on people's memories of the Challenger explosion. In his later career, he summed up current research on human intelligence and edited the first major scholarly monograph on the Flynn effect. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked <mask> as the 32nd most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Early life
Ulric <mask> was born in Kiel, Germany, on December 8, 1928. Neisser's father, <mask>, was a distinguished Jewish economist.In 1923 he married <mask>'s mother, Charlotte ("Lotte"), who was a lapsed Catholic active in women's movement in Germany and had a degree in sociology. <mask> also had an older sister, Marianne, who was born in 1924. <mask> was a chubby child tagged early on with the nickname with "Der kleine Dickie" ("little Dicky"), later reduced to "Dick". His given name originally had an "h" on the end (<mask>), but he believed that it was too German and most of his friends could not properly pronounce it, so he eventually dropped the "h". <mask>'s father foresaw Hitler's coming militarism and left Germany for England in 1933, followed a few months later by his family. They sailed to the United States on the ocean liner Hamburg, arriving in New York on September 15, 1933. As he grew, <mask> sought to fit in and succeed in America.He took a particular interest in baseball, which is thought to have played an "indirect but important role in [his] psychological interests". <mask>'s attraction to baseball alerted him to an idea that he would later call a "flashbulb memory". Education
<mask> attended Harvard University in the late 1940s graduating in 1950 with a summa cum laude in psychology. He subsequently entered the master's program at Swarthmore College. <mask> wanted to attend Swarthmore College because that was where Wolfgang Kohler, one of the founders of Gestalt psychology, was a faculty member. <mask> has said that he had always been sympathetic to underdogs, due to boyhood experiences such as being picked last for a baseball team, and that this might have drawn him to Gestalt psychology, which was an underdog school of psychology at the time. At Swarthmore, instead of working with Wolfgang Kohler, <mask> ended up working with Kohler's less well-known colleague, Hans Wallach.<mask> also met and became friends with a new assistant professor, Henry Gleitman, who later became well known in his own right. <mask> completed his master's degree at Swarthmore in 1952. <mask> went on to obtain a doctorate in experimental psychology from Harvard's Department of Social Relations in 1956, completing a dissertation in the sub-field of  psychophysics. He subsequently spent a year as an instructor at Harvard, moving on to Brandeis University, where his intellectual horizon was expanded through contact with  department chair Abraham Maslow. According to Cutting, Neisser felt a "deep sympathy for the idealistic humanism" of Abraham Maslow, and Maslow had also been deeply interested in Gestalt psychology. After a time at Emory University and the University of Pennsylvania, Neiser finally established himself at Cornell, where he spent the remainder of his academic career. While at Harvard Neisser became friends with Oliver Selfridge, a young computer scientist at MIT's Lincoln Laboratories.Selfridge had been an early advocate of machine intelligence. and <mask> served as a part-time consultant in Selfridge's lab. Selfridge and Neisser invented the "pandemonium model of pattern recognition, which they described in a Scientific American article in 1950." After working with Selfridge, <mask> received multiple grants for research involving thinking, which contributed ultimately to his best-known book "Cognitive Psychology. Work and career
The rapidly developing field of  cognitive psychology received a major boost from the publication in 1967 of the first, and most influential, of Neisser's books: Cognitive Psychology. However, over the next decade <mask> developed qualms about where cognitive psychology was headed. In 1976, <mask> wrote Cognition and Reality, in which he expressed three general criticisms of the field.First, he was dissatisfied with the over-emphasis on the specialized information processing models used by cognitive psychologists to describe and explain behavior. Second, he felt that cognitive psychology had failed to address the everyday aspects and functions of human behavior. He placed blame for this failure largely on the excessive reliance on the artificial laboratory tasks that had become endemic to cognitive psychology by the mid-1970s. He felt that cognitive psychology suffered a severe disconnect between theories of behavior tested by laboratory experimentation, on the one hand,  and real-world behavior, on the other, a disconnect which he called a lack of ecological validity. Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, he had come to feel a great respect for the theory of direct perception and information pickup that had been proposed by the eminent perceptual psychologist J. J. Gibson and his wife, the "grande dame" of developmental psychology, Eleanor Gibson. Neisser had come to the conclusion that cognitive psychology had little hope of achieving its potential without taking careful note of the Gibsons' view that human behavior may only be understood by starting with an analysis of the information directly available to any perceiving organism. Another milestone in <mask>'s career occurred with his publication, in 1981, of John Dean's memory: a case study, an analysis John Dean's Watergate scandal testimony.This report introduced his seminal views on memory, discussed elsewhere in this article, particularly the view that a person's memory for an event results from an active process of construction that may be influenced by a combination of events and emotional states, rather than a passive reproduction. This view has obvious implications for the reliability of such things as eye-witness testimony, and <mask> later became a board member of the False Memory Syndrome Foundation. In 1983, he became a professor at Emory University and founded the Emory Cognition Project, which was later directed by Robyn Fivush. His well-known Challenger study was conducted while he was at Emory. In 1995, he headed an American Psychological Association task force that reviewed controversial issues in the study of intelligence, in response particularly to then controversial book The Bell Curve. The task force produced a consensus report "Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns". In April 1996, <mask> chaired a conference at Emory University that focused on secular changes in intelligence-test scores.In 1998, he published The Rising Curve: Long-Term Gains in IQ and Related Measures. <mask> was both a Guggenheim and Sloan Fellow. Research on memory
<mask> was an early exponent of one of a key conceptualizations of memory, the view, now widely accepted, that memory represents an active process of construction rather than a passive reproduction of the past. This notion arose from <mask>'s analysis of the Watergate testimony of John Dean, a former advisor to Richard Nixon. The study compares Dean's memories, gleaned from his direct testimony, to recorded conversations in which Dean participated. <mask> found that Dean's memories were largely incorrect when compared to the recorded conversations. For one thing, he found that Dean's memories tended to be egocentric, selecting items that emphasized his role in ongoing events.More importantly, Dean combined into single "memories" a combination of events that actually occurred at different times. As <mask> states, "what seems to be a remembered episode actually represents a repeated series of events". <mask> suggested that such memory errors are common, reflecting the nature of memory as a process of construction. Flashbulb memories
The concept of flashbulb memories was first described by Brown and Kulik in their 1977 paper on memories of John F. Kennedy's assassination. Thus, a very surprising striking and significant event that induces high emotional arousal may yield  a vivid, accurate memory of the time, place and other circumstances ongoing at the time of learning of the event. <mask> sought to analyse this conception of memory by undertaking a study of individual's memories of the Challenger Space Shuttle explosion. Immediately following the Challenger explosion in January 1986, <mask> distributed a questionnaire to college freshmen asking them to write down key information as to where they were, who they were with, and what time it was, when the Challenger explosion occurred.Three years later, <mask> surveyed the now senior students using the same survey to examine the accuracy of their memory. <mask> found that there were notable errors in the student memories, despite the student's confidence in their accuracy. <mask>'s findings challenged the idea that flashbulb memories are virtually without error. <mask> conducted further research on flashbulb memories, aiming to clarify the manner in which memories are constructed. One study involved individuals' recollections of the 1989 California earthquake. Using subjects in California, near the quake, and others in Atlanta, far from it, <mask> examined differences in the recollections of those who actually that experienced the event and those who simply heard about it. <mask> used surveys to collect data on the emotional impact of the earthquake and on individual memories of the earthquake to study possible associations between memory and emotion.In the spring of 1991, <mask> contacted participants to compare their current accounts of the earthquake with their previous accounts. He found that, in comparison to participants in Atlanta, the California students generally had more accurate recollections of the earthquake. Death
<mask> died due to Parkinson's disease on February 17, 2012 in Ithaca, New York. Publications

 Books and book chapters
 Neisser, U. (1967). Cognitive psychology. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.<mask>, U. (1976). Cognition and reality: Principles and implications of cognitive psychology. New York: Freeman. Neisser, U., & Hyman, I. E. (1982). Memory observed: Remembering in natural contexts. New York: Worth Publishers.<mask>, U. (1987). Concepts and conceptual development: Ecological and intellectual factors in categorization. New York, NY US: Cambridge University Press. <mask>, U., & Harsch, N. (1992). Phantom flashbulbs: False recollections of hearing the news about Challenger. In E. Winograd, U. <mask> (Eds.), Affect and accuracy in recall: Studies of 'flashbulb' memories (pp. 9–31). New York, NY US: Cambridge University Press. Neisser, U. (1993). The Perceived self: Ecological and interpersonal sources of self-knowledge. Cambridge England: Cambridge University Press.Neisser, U., & Jopling, D. A. (1997). The conceptual self in context: Culture, experience, self-understanding. New York, NY US: Cambridge University Press. <mask>, U., & American Psychological Association. (1998). The rising curve: Long-term gains in IQ and related measures.Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. <mask>, U. (2003). Cognitive psychology. In, The history of psychology: Fundamental questions (pp. 447–466). New York, NY US: Oxford University Press.<mask>, U., & Winograd, E. (2006). Remembering reconsidered: Ecological and traditional approaches to the study of memory. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. <mask>, U. (2007). Ulric <mask>.In G. Lindzey, W. M. Runyan (Eds. ), A history of psychology in autobiography, Vol. IX (pp. 269–301). Washington, DC US: American Psychological Association. Neisser, U., & Fivush, R. (2008). The remembering self: Construction and accuracy in the self-narrative''.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Journal articles

References

Further reading

External links

Biografia de Ulric Neisser at psicoloucos.com. Ulric <mask> at the Cornell University website. 1928 births
2012 deaths
20th-century psychologists
21st-century psychologists
American psychologists
Cognitive neuroscientists
Cornell University faculty
Harvard University alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Memory researchers
Race and intelligence controversy
German emigrants to the United States

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Ulric Richard Gustav Neisser
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<mask> (born January 31, 1958) is an American attorney and university administrator who is currently the ninth president of Grove City College. He served as the Deputy Attorney General of the United States from March 17, 2006, to July 26, 2007. Prior to that, he was the U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia. He was nominated as U.S. Attorney by President George W. Bush and confirmed on September 14, 2001. McNulty was nominated to the position of Deputy Attorney General on October 20, 2005, following the withdrawal of Timothy Flanigan's candidacy. McNulty was sworn into office on March 17, 2006. He replaced acting Deputy Attorney General Robert McCallum Jr.  McNulty graduated from Grove City College, a small Christian school in western Pennsylvania, in 1980.He received his Juris Doctor (J.D.) from the Capital University School of Law in 1983. As a U.S. Attorney, McNulty is most noted for overseeing the prosecution of a number of high-profile cases, including those against terror suspects John Walker Lindh, Ahmed Omar Abu Ali and Zacarias Moussaoui. Before becoming a U.S. Attorney, McNulty directed President Bush's transition team for the Department of Justice and then served as Principal Associate Attorney General. From 1990 to 1993, under President George H. W. Bush, McNulty was the Justice Department's director of policy and its chief spokesman. On July 30, 2007, McNulty announced that he would be joining the law firm of Baker & McKenzie LLP as a partner in their Washington, D.C. office. On May 16, 2014, Grove City College named McNulty their ninth president.He also serves on the Board of Trustees of the Trinity Forum. Career before Department of Justice

McNulty started his public career in 1983 "as a Democrat and counsel to the House Ethics Committee, [before] eventual bec[oming] a Republican...."

McNulty served the United States Congress for 12 years. He was Chief Counsel and Director of Legislative Operations for the Majority Leader of the U.S. House of Representatives. He was also Chief Counsel to the House Subcommittee on Crime where he served for eight years. During those years he was a principal draftsman of many anti-terrorism, drug control, firearms and anti-fraud statutes. He also served as chief counsel and communications director for House Judiciary Committee Republicans during the impeachment of President Bill Clinton. Career at Department of Justice

McNulty has played a significant role in shaping criminal justice policy in the Commonwealth of Virginia.He was a primary architect of the "Parole Abolition and Sentencing Reform" initiative in 1994, and he served on the board of the Department of Criminal Justice Services and the Advisory Committee of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. The Washington Post noted: "He helped shepherd John D. Ashcroft through a contentious confirmation as attorney general in 2001 and was appointed the U.S. attorney in Alexandria three days after the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks. McNulty, who had no trial experience, presided over a dramatic expansion of that office over the next four years before taking over as Gonzales's second-in-command." As Deputy Attorney General, McNulty reported to the Attorney General, and served as Chairman of Attorney General Alberto Gonzales' Advisory Committee and as Chairman of the Washington/Baltimore High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area. In December, 2006 McNulty issued Charging Guidelines for Corporate Fraud Prosecutions, which are informally referred to as the "McNulty Memorandum." The guidelines replaced the Thompson Memorandum, which was issued in January 2003 by then-Deputy Attorney General Larry Thompson, and provides guidance to federal prosecutors in deciding whether to charge a corporation, rather than or in addition to individuals within the corporation, with criminal offenses. Under the Thompson memo, in deciding whether a corporation was cooperating with an investigation, prosecutors were allowed to consider two controversial factors: 1) whether a company would agree to waive the attorney-client privilege in regard to conversations had by its employees, and 2) whether a company had declined to pay attorneys' fees for its employees.The McNulty Memo requires that when federal prosecutors seek privileged attorney-client communications or legal advice from a company, the U.S. Attorney must obtain written approval from the Deputy Attorney General. On May 14, 2007 <mask> announced his resignation in a letter to Attorney General Alberto Gonzales. <mask>'s resignation took effect July 26, 2007. U.S. Attorneys controversy

In January 2007, shortly after a number of U.S. Attorneys were fired the same day (December 7, 2006), Congress began investigations. McNulty became a central figure after he told the Senate Judiciary Committee in a hearing on February 6, 2007, "that the White House played only a marginal role in the dismissals," a statement that was contradicted by later testimony and subsequently released documents.He also said most of the prosecutors were fired for "performance-related" reasons. That statement angered many of the dismissed  U.S. attorneys, most of whom had very positive evaluations,  and who had refrained from criticizing the DOJ about their surprise dismissals, and that personal explanation was not forthcoming from the Department justifying their dismissals." As Legal Times explained: "McNulty's testimony angered three key constituencies in the scandal: the attorney general, Congress, and the fired U.S. attorneys. Gonzales, it would later emerge, was upset that McNulty had essentially disclosed the involvement of the White House in the firing of H.E. "Bud" Cummins III, the U.S. attorney in Arkansas. And members of Congress would note that, in testifying that Cummins had been fired to make way for an acolyte of White House political adviser Karl Rove, McNulty was contradicting an earlier assertion by Gonzales that the firings hadn't been motivated by political reasons. '...It also spurred most of the fired prosecutors to publicly defend themselves...."

Cumins was removed "to make room for Tim Griffin, a Karl Rove protégé who had headed the opposition-research operation at the Republican National Committee.Gonzales was upset, his former chief of staff Kyle Sampson has told congressional investigators, that <mask>'s revelation put "in the public sphere" the uncomfortable fact that the White House helped engineer the dismissal." On March 13th, Attorney General Alberto Gonzales conceded that McNulty's testimony was inaccurate, "incomplete information was communicated or may have been communicated to Congress." Senator Charles Schumer said he was told by Justice Department officials that Carol Lam and others were terminated because of "performance-related," but Schumer said, Deputy Attorney General <mask>y later "called me on the phone and said, 'I am sorry that I didn't tell you the truth."' McNulty, in turn, was said to be angry at being kept out of the loop, and for being misled, telling congressional investigators in private testimony to Congress on April 27, 2007 that "Kyle Sampson, then Gonzales's chief of staff, and Monica M. Goodling, then the department's White House liaison, did not brief him fully before his testimony." On May 14, McNulty announced his resignation, which took effect July 26, 2007. On May 28, 2007, Monica Goodling, the Department's White House liaison, was summoned under a limited grant of immunity to testify before the House Judiciary Committee, where she was quick to refute McNulty's earlier charges against her by stating that, in fact, it was McNulty  who "had not been fully candid" about the 2006 U.S. Attorney firings. References

External links
 biography from the U.S. Department of Justice
 Prosecutor Nominated As Justice No.2, The Associated Press, October 21, 2005
 <mask> – Alumnus Biography from Grove City College
 "Deputy AG Not Fully Candid," CNN, May 28, 2007

Living people
1958 births
Grove City College alumni
Capital University Law School alumni
Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy
George W. Bush administration personnel
United States Deputy Attorneys General
United States Attorneys for the Eastern District of Virginia
Pennsylvania Republicans
Pennsylvania Democrats
People associated with Baker McKenzie

masks:
Paul Joseph McNulty
McNulty
McNulty
McNulty
Paul McNult
Paul McNulty


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<mask>'<mask> (born May 18, 1994) is a Swiss professional basketball player for the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is the highest-earning team athlete in Switzerland's history. Early years
<mask>, whose father is from Angola and whose mother is from Congo, was born in Geneva, Switzerland. His parents separated a few months after his birth, leaving his mother to raise him and his brothers by herself. As a child, at first he liked soccer. He was raised partly in foster care. Because he was  as a 13-year-old, his brother suggested he switch sports.After meeting Swiss basketball icon Thabo Sefolosha, <mask> Chalon (2012–2014)
In 2012, <mask> joined the senior Élan Chalon team of the LNB Pro A. On April 12, 2014, <mask> represented the World Team at the 2014 Nike Hoop Summit. Later that month, he declared for the 2014 NBA draft. In May 2014, he was named the Best Young Player and Most Improved Player of the 2013–14 LNB Pro A season. Houston Rockets (2014–2020)

2014–15 season
On June 26, 2014, <mask> was selected with the 25th overall pick in the 2014 NBA draft by the Houston Rockets.On July 25, 2014, he signed with the Rockets. On March 30, 2015, <mask> scored his first NBA points, finishing the game with eight points and nine rebounds in a 99–96 loss to the Toronto Raptors. On April 13, he had a season-best game for the Rockets with 10 points and five rebounds in a win over the Charlotte Hornets. During his rookie season, he had multiple assignments with the Rio Grande Valley Vipers of the NBA Development League. <mask> took a step forward in the postseason, when he saw minutes in place of the injured Donatas Motiejūnas. He appeared in more playoff games (17) than regular season contests in 2014–15 and averaged 3.4 points in 7.5 minutes per postseason game. 2015–16 season
In his second season, on November 6, 2015, <mask> recorded his first career double-double with then career highs of 13 points and 12 rebounds as a starter in a 116–110 win over the Sacramento Kings.On November 29, in an overtime win over the New York Knicks, Capela recorded his third double-double over a span of four games, including a career-high 18 points. During the 2016 NBA All-Star Weekend, <mask> competed for the World Team in the Rising Stars Challenge. On April 13, in the Rockets' season finale, <mask> recorded a career-high 17 rebounds in a 116–81 win over Sacramento. 2016–17 season
On November 19, 2016, <mask> scored a career-high 20 points in a 111–102 win over the Utah Jazz. On November 27, 2016, he set a new career high with 21 points against the Portland Trail Blazers. On December 19, 2016, he was ruled out for six weeks after suffering a broken fibula. He returned to action on January 17, 2017, against the Miami Heat after missing 15 games; he started the game against Miami but was scoreless in nine minutes.He went on to score 22 points on both January 20 and February 22, before recording a 24-point effort on March 4 against the Memphis Grizzlies. 2017–18 season
On October 18, 2017, <mask> had 22 points and matched his career high with 17 rebounds in a 105–100 win over the Sacramento Kings. Seven days later, he had 16 points and 20 rebounds in a 105–104 win over the Philadelphia 76ers. On December 11, 2017, he had a career-high 28 points in a 130–123 win over the New Orleans Pelicans. By Christmas, <mask> had accumulated 16 double-doubles in 28 games and ranked first in the NBA in field goal percentage. On February 9, 2018, he recorded 23 points and a career-high 25 rebounds in a 130–104 win over the Denver Nuggets, earning his first 20-point, 20-rebound game of his career. He became the youngest Rocket to have at least 23 points and 25 rebounds in a game since Hakeem Olajuwon had 30 points and 25 rebounds against the Knicks on February 14, 1985.<mask> was runner-up for the NBA Most Improved Player Award in 2017–18 after averaging career highs of 13.9 points, 10.8 rebounds, and 1.85 blocks. He led the league in field goal percentage (.652) while ranking eighth in rebounding and second in blocks. In Game 5 of the Rockets' first-round playoff series against the Minnesota Timberwolves, Capela had 26 points and 15 rebounds in a 122–104 series-clinching win. 2018–19 season
After the 2017–18 season, <mask> became a restricted free agent. On July 27, 2018, he signed a five-year, $90 million extension with the Rockets. On November 5, in a 98–94 win over the Indiana Pacers, <mask> had 18 points and 10 rebounds for his sixth consecutive double-double, a career best. On November 23, he recorded 29 points and 21 rebounds in a 116–111 overtime loss to the Detroit Pistons.On December 22, he had 21 points and a season-high 23 rebounds in a 108–101 win over the San Antonio Spurs. On December 25, he had 16 points and tied a season high with 23 rebounds in a 113–109 win over the Oklahoma City Thunder. On January 3, he recorded 29 points and 21 rebounds in a 135–134 overtime win over the Golden State Warriors. On January 7, he scored a career-high 31 points in a 125–113 win over the Denver Nuggets. On January 14, he was ruled out for four to six weeks with a right thumb injury that he suffered the previous night against the Orlando Magic. He returned to action on February 21 against the Los Angeles Lakers after missing 15 games. In March 2019, he had a career-best streak (12) of games with at least 10 rebounds.Atlanta Hawks (2020–present)
On February 5, 2020, Houston traded <mask> and Nenê to the Atlanta Hawks and received Robert Covington and Jordan Bell in a four-team, 12-player trade. On December 28, 2020, <mask> made his Hawks debut, putting up seven points, nine rebounds, and two blocks in a 128–120 win against the Detroit Pistons. On January 22, 2021, <mask> recorded his first career triple-double with 13 points, 19 rebounds, and 10 blocks in a 116–98 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves. National team career
In August 2013, <mask> debuted for the Swiss national basketball team at the FIBA EuroBasket 2015 qualification rounds.

masks:
Clint N
Dumba Capela
Capela
Capelalan
Capela
Capela
Capela
Capela
Capela
Capela
Capela
Capela
Capela
Capela
Capela
Capela
Capela
Capela
Capela
Capela
Capela
Capela


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<mask> (June 16, 1933 – November 21, 2015) was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who is the only pitcher to lose a complete game nine-inning no-hitter. In all or parts of 13 seasons, he pitched for the Kansas City Athletics (1958–61), Cincinnati Reds (1961), Houston Colt .45/Astros (1962–65), Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves (1965–69), New York Yankees (1969), Chicago Cubs (1969), and Montreal Expos (1970). Including minor league service, his professional baseball career lasted for 18 seasons. <mask> stood  tall and weighed . Early life
<mask> was born in West Palm Beach, Florida, on June 16, 1933. Although a natural left-hander, <mask> became a right-handed pitcher because a right-handed glove was the only one his father could find for his son. <mask> played baseball throughout each of his high school years at Palm Beach High School then was drafted and served a two year enlistment in the United States Army at Fort Jackson, in Columbia, South Carolina, which is where he later met his wife of 60 years who, at that time, was attending the University of South Carolina.Joanna Lynn Ergle was studying education when they married on March 11, 1955. <mask> also attended the University of South Carolina for a year and then joined a minor league baseball affiliate of the Philadelphia Athletics. Baseball career
<mask> spent almost a decade in the organization of the Philadelphia / Kansas City Athletics before establishing himself as a starting pitcher in the major leagues. He made his debut with Kansas City in a two-game trial during September 1958, and was hit hard (posting a 18.90 earned run average). Another two-game, late-season audition happened a year later; this time, he was given two starting assignments, split two decisions, and lowered his ERA to 4.09. <mask> then spent all of  with the Athletics, getting into 42 games (all but six as a relief pitcher). Pitching for a last-place team, he was 5–10, with two complete games, three saves and a 4.26 ERA.But when the  season started, <mask> struggled: in six games (and only one start), he lost all four decisions and his earned run average ballooned to 10.61. He was traded to the independently operated Toronto Maple Leafs of the Triple-A International League on May 8. He worked in 19 games for the Maple Leafs and pitched reasonably well. Ten weeks later, on July 21, Toronto traded <mask> to the Cincinnati Reds, a surprise pennant contender in the National League. The trade, and <mask>'s addition of the knuckleball to his repertoire, enabled him to solidify his status as a major league pitcher. The Reds were in first place by 1 games over the Los Angeles Dodgers, but had lost five games in a row when <mask> was acquired. Between July 26 and September 16, <mask> made 11 starts, winning six games, losing two, and posting three complete games and his first MLB shutout.He helped the Reds widen their lead to 4 games, which was essentially their winning margin as they captured the fourth National League championship in their long history. But <mask> played in only one game of the 1961 World Series against the New York Yankees. In Game 5, the Series' final contest, working in relief with Cincinnati trailing 6–0 in the second inning, he retired the only two Yankees to face him (Elston Howard and Bill Skowron), then was removed for a pinch hitter. The Yankees went on to win the game, 13–5, and the 1961 world championship. The following day, on October 10, 1961, <mask> was selected with the 29th pick in the 1961 Major League Baseball expansion draft by the fledgling Houston Colt .45s. He pitched three full seasons (1962–64) and part of a fourth (in 1965) for the Houston franchise (renamed the Astros in <mask>'s final year), making 106 starts and compiling a solid 3.41 earned run average in 690 innings pitched, but his win–loss record was only 32–51. <mask> began  by winning three of five decisions for the Astros.Then, on May 23, he was traded to the Braves, who were in their final year in Milwaukee. As a Brave, <mask> had three successive winning years, capturing 13, 14 and 13 games from 1965–67, with earned run averages of 3.21, 3.30 and 2.74. He started the second game in Atlanta Braves' history on April 13, 1966, but absorbed a 6–0 loss at the hands of the Pittsburgh Pirates. Altogether, however, <mask>'s years with the Braves were his most successful in the majors: he won 45 games, lost 34, and put up a strong 3.22 earned run average in three full campaigns and parts of two others. <mask> pitched for four teams in his last two years in the big leagues,  and , bouncing from the Braves to the Yankees, Chicago Cubs and Montreal Expos. He retired after the 1970 season with a career record of 91–106 and a 3.46 earned run average. In 334 games pitched, with 213 starts, he allowed 1,670 hits and 413 bases on balls in 1,737 innings pitched, with 1,042 strikeouts, 50 complete games, seven shutouts and eight saves.The 1961 World Series was his only postseason appearance. No-hit game
Pitching for the Colt .45s on April 23, 1964 at Colt Stadium, <mask> gave up no hits in a 1–0 loss to his former team, the Cincinnati Reds. The game's only run was scored in the top of the ninth after Pete Rose reached second base on an error (by <mask> himself), went to third on a ground-out, and scored on a second error, this one by second baseman Nellie Fox on Vada Pinson's ground ball. Opposing pitcher Joe Nuxhall retired the side in the bottom half to make <mask> a no-hit loser. <mask> still is the only player to ever lose an official no-hitter by himself. <mask> later appeared as a guest on I've Got a Secret telling this story to the panelists. Post retirement
After his retirement in 1970, <mask> returned to West Palm Beach where he worked as a baseball coach at what is now Palm Beach Atlantic University.Subsequently, <mask> moved to Pineville, Louisiana where he worked as an assistant baseball coach at Louisiana College until his retirement in 2000. <mask> also served as a deacon at the First Baptists Church and Pineville and at New Life Community Church in Alexandria, Louisiana, and had a very active nursing home visitation for many years. Death and legacy
<mask> died at the age of 82 at his home in Pineville. He had been bed ridden with Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases for two years prior to contracting a kidney infection which ultimately led to his death. His survivors include his wife Joanna, sons <mask> Jr., and <mask>, and daughter Janet Lynne <mask>, all of whom reside in the Pineville area, along with grandchildren, Dr. <mask> from Memphis, Tennessee, Kelly Bentley from Pineville, Beth Maurey from Pineville, Jennifer Phillips from Lake Charles, Jillian and Jalayne <mask> from Lake Charles; great grandchildren, Kassidy Bentley from Pineville, Collin Maurey from Pineville, Carter and Evan Phillips from Lake Charles and <mask> of Memphis; brother, Ernest Henry <mask>, Jr.

Because of the way baseball defines a "no-hitter", at the time of his death <mask> remained the only pitcher officially credited with a no-hitter that he lost. In a 2004 interview <mask> said he regretted being the answer to a piece of baseball trivia. "Instead of the notoriety,' he said in a 2004 interview with the Alexandria Daily Town Talk, "I'd rather have won the game."See also

 Houston Astros award winners and league leaders
 List of Houston Astros no-hitters
 List of Major League Baseball no-hitters

References

 Bike, William S. The Forgotten 1970 Chicago Cubs: Go and Glow (2021). The History Press. ISBN 978-1467149082. External links

Schmitt, Steven, <mask>. Society for American Baseball Research Biography Project

1933 births
2015 deaths
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball players from Florida
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Chicago Cubs players
Cincinnati Reds players
Columbia Gems players
Houston Astros players
Houston Colt .45s players
Kansas City Athletics players
Knuckleball pitchers
Lancaster Red Roses players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Milwaukee Braves players
Montreal Expos players
New York Yankees players
Portland Beavers players
Savannah A's players
Savannah Indians players
Sportspeople from West Palm Beach, Florida
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players

masks:
Kenneth Travis Johnson
Johnson
Ken Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Ken Johnson
Russell Johnson
Johnson
Jason Johnson
Johnson
Eden Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Ken Johnson


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<mask> ibni Almarhum Sultan <mask> was the 12th Sultan of Pahang who reigned from 1592 to 1614. He was originally appointed as regent for his younger half-brother of a royal mother, <mask> after the death of their father in 1590. He subsequently deposed his charge and assumed power two years later. He is credited for during his reign, the Hukum Kanun Pahang ('Pahang Laws') was compiled and became the base for the legal administration not only in Pahang, but later in Johor. Personal life
Born as <mask> in 1567, he was the eldest son of the 10th Sultan of Pahang, <mask> by a junior wife. The other of his half siblings were Raja Yamir, Raja Ahmad, Puteri Kamaliah, and Puteri Khairul Bariah. Following the invasion of Pahang by Aceh Sultanate later in 1617, several members of Pahang royal family were brought to Aceh.Puteri Kamaliah became the queen consort to the ruler of Aceh, Iskandar Muda, while her sister Khairul Bariah was married to the future first Sultan of Deli, Gocah Pahlawan. In 1584, <mask> had married Princess Ungu, the youngest sister of Raja Hijau of Pattani. From this marriage, he had issued a daughter, Raja Kuning. Both Raja Ungu and Raja Kuning were successively ruled Pattani from the period of 1624 to 1651, after the era of Raja Hijau and Raja Biru. <mask> also formed marriage connection with Brunei, when he married Princess Zaharah or Zohra, daughter of Saiful Rijal. He had issued a prince from this marriage, named <mask>, whom he designated an heir or Raja Muda. <mask>r also had another son with an unknown wife, whose name was not disclosed in local history but found inscribed on a royal seal in a treaty with Portuguese Malacca.He was identified as Alauddin Riayat <mask> who believed to have ascended the throne after killing father and elder brother Raja Muda <mask> in 1614. <mask> was also survived by other 12 children from his commoner wives. Reign
Following the demise of their father, the 10th Sultan of Pahang, <mask> Alauddin <mask>, <mask> was appointed regent for his younger half-brother of a royal mother, <mask> II who succeeded as the 11th Sultan of Pahang in 1590. He subsequently deposed his charge and assumed power two years later. Foreign relations
<mask> discontinued the policy of cordial relationship with the Portuguese as enjoyed during his father's era. During his reign, Pahang attacked the Portuguese and simultaneously challenged the Dutch presence in the Straits of Malacca. Nevertheless, in 1607, Pahang not only tolerated the Dutch, but even cooperated with them in an attempt to oust the Portuguese.In 1607, the Dutch Empire began their trade mission to Pahang lead by the merchant Abraham van den Broeck. On 7 November 1607, a Dutch warship with Admiral Cornelis Matelief de Jonge onboard dropped anchor at Kuala Pahang. Earlier in 1606, Matelief, in an attempt to establish the Dutch power in the Straits of Malacca, was defeated twice by the Portuguese in the First Siege of Malacca and the Battle of Cape Rachado. Matelief, who had come to solicit the assistance of Pahang against the Portuguese, had an audience with the Sultan. The ruler emphasized the importance of alliance between Johor and neighbouring states, and added that he would try to provide two thousand men in order to bring the war to a successful conclusion. At the Sultan's request, Matelief sent him a gunner to test a piece of cannon that was being cast for Raja Bongsu of Johor. The Pahang people also manufactured cannon for firing projectiles which were better than those of Java but inferior to those of the Portuguese.Matelief requested the Sultan to send two vessels to the Straits of Sabon to join the Johor vessels which were already there, and to despatch two more vessels to Penang waters to strengthen the Kedah and Achinese fleets to cut the Portuguese food supplies. <mask> tried to reforge the Johor-Pahang alliance to assist the Dutch. However, a quarrel which erupted with Johor, resulted in an open war between the two states. In September 1612, the Johor army overran and plundered Pekan in a surprise attack. The people of Pahang were taken unprepared and retreated without fighting, with the sultan and his son in law, a prince from Brunei, retreated to the mountains. <mask> reclaimed the state only in 1613 after having defeated Johor with the aid of Sultan of Brunei. Administration
Pahang was governed by the set of laws that derived from the formal legal text of Melaka consisted of the Undang-Undang Melaka and the Undang-Undang Laut Melaka.The laws as written in the legal digests went through an evolutionary process. By the early 17th century, during the reign of Sultan <mask>, Pahang promulgated the set of laws into its own version, called Hukum Kanun Pahang, that contain among others, detailed provisions on ceremonial matters, settlement of social conflicts, maritime matters, Islamic laws and general matters. By the time of <mask> <mask>, a sophisticated social hierarchy was established in Pahang, of which the most important were the offices of four major hereditary chiefs who were granted their respective fiefs to govern on behalf of the Sultan. A tradition
handed down in the family of the Menteri of the Lipis valley,
(minor head-men of the Orang Kaya Setia Wangsa of Lipis),
records that the progenitor of Orang Kaya Indera Perba Jelai first came to Jelai, and was granted the fief by the Sultan, about 1000 A.H. (1591 A.D.). Death
<mask> died in 1614, together with his eldest son Raja Muda <mask>, possibly poisoned by his second son who succeeded as Alauddin Riayat <mask> Pahang and buried alongside his son who was posthumously known as Marhum Muda Pahang, at Chondong Royal cemetery, Pekan. The tombstones at Chondong Royal cemetery were erected later in 1638 by the order of his nephew, Iskandar Thani, who ruled Aceh from 1636 to 1641.Before 1607, Raja Muda <mask> had married a Perak princess by whom he had two daughters. When Raja Muda <mask> was murdered in 1614, his widow and daughters were sent to Perak. There, she and her daughters were captured by Iskandar Muda and taken to Aceh, where in time, one of the daughters was married to another royal captive, Raja Sulong, the future Sultan Muzaffar Riayat <mask> of Perak. In popular culture
<mask> <mask> was played by Jesdaporn Pholdee in the 2008 Thai movie Queens of Langkasuka. He was depicted in the movie as the fiancé of Princess Ungu who came to defend Pattani during the reign of Raja Hijau. References

Bibliography

1614 deaths
16th-century Sultans of Pahang
17th-century Sultans of Pahang
Deaths by poisoning
17th-century murdered monarchs

masks:
Sultan Abdul Ghafur Muhiuddin Shah
Abdul Kadir Alauddin Shah
Ahmad Shah II
Raja Abdul Ghafur
Abdul Kadir Alauddin Shah
Abdul Ghafur
Abdul Ghafur
Abdullah
Abdul Ghafu
Shah
Abdullah
Abdul Ghafur
Abdul Kadir
Shah
Abdul Ghafur
Ahmad Shah
Abdul Ghafur
Abdul Ghafur
Abdul Ghafur
Abdul Ghafur
Sultan Abdul
Ghafur
Abdul Ghafur
Abdullah
Shahhum
Abdullah
Abdullah
Shah II
Raja Abdul
Ghafur


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<mask> (born May 3, 1977) is an American singer-songwriter. He has released nine studio albums through Capitol Nashville since 2005. His debut album, 2006's Sinners Like Me, produced three singles on the Billboard country charts including the top 20 hits "How 'Bout You", "Two Pink Lines", and "Guys Like Me". His second album, 2009's Carolina, produced three more singles: "Smoke a Little Smoke" and his first top 10 hits, "Love Your Love the Most" and "Hell on the Heart". 2011's Chief, his first No. 1 album, gave him his first two No. 1 singles, "Drink in My Hand" and "Springsteen", and the hits "Homeboy", "Creepin'", and "Like Jesus Does".His third No. 1 single was "The Only Way I Know", which he, Jason Aldean, and Luke Bryan recorded for Aldean's album Night Train. A fourth album, The Outsiders, was released in February 2014. It produced five new singles between 2013 and 2015 with the title track, "Give Me Back My Hometown", "Cold One", "Talladega" and "Like a Wrecking Ball". "Talladega" and "Give Me Back My Hometown" each reached number one on the Country Airplay chart. <mask> got his sixth No. 1 hit with Keith Urban in May 2015 with the single "Raise 'Em Up".His fifth studio album, Mr. Misunderstood, was released in November 2015 and went on to produce two number one singles with "Record Year" and "Round Here Buzz". On July 13, 2018, <mask> released the first single and title track of his album Desperate Man, which was released in October 2018. In April 2021, <mask> released the triple album set Heart & Soul. Early life
<mask> was born on May 3, 1977, in Granite Falls, North Carolina (Dudley Shoals area), to Ken and <mask>. <mask> worked with his father at Clayton Marcus, a furniture upholstery company where his father was president. At 13, he bought a guitar and began writing songs of his own. By his senior year of high school, he had found a gig at a local bar, which occupied most of his time.He played many Jimmy Buffett cover songs and a few of his own original songs in some dive bars. Some of these places were so rough that he got into a few altercations from the stage. For a few years, the band played often in bars and restaurants throughout North Carolina. The band "Mountain Boys" consisted of his college roommate, brother, and a fellow guitarist. Before moving to Nashville, <mask> graduated from South Caldwell High School and then Appalachian State University with a degree in marketing. Upon graduation, <mask> became engaged to a Spanish teacher in the town of Lenoir, North Carolina. The future bride's father attempted to persuade <mask> into a corporate career, which he rejected as an aspiring musician (and later referenced in his song "What I Almost Was" from his debut album).She broke the engagement and he headed to Nashville with his father's financial backing. His father also provided the opportunity to make contacts, and more importantly, time to focus on developing his songwriting ability. Music career

2006–2007: Sinners Like Me
Church co-wrote Terri Clark's 2005 single "The World Needs a Drink", and the track "Whiskey Wings" on Dean Miller's 2005 album Platinum. He started recording with different producers. Capitol Nashville showed an interest and watched him perform but they were yet to be convinced enough to offer a recording contract. Autumn House-Tallant told HitQuarters that they didn't think the music was interesting enough. The record company's attitude changed after he started working with producer Jay Joyce.Doyle states, “<mask> scored a meeting with Nashville heavyweight Arthur Buenahora, a publisher at Sony Music who also signed Taylor Swift and Miranda Lambert. <mask> played him "Lightning", a ballad he wrote after watching the movie The Green Mile”. (p. 5) The strong sound and direction the two forged together finally convinced Capitol Nashville that he was ready. His first single, "How 'Bout You" peaked at No. 14 on Hot Country Songs and led off his debut album Sinners Like Me. In April 2006, he performed on the Grand Ole Opry for the first time. The album's other two singles, "Two Pink Lines" and "Guys Like Me", both reached the Top 20 as well.The fourth single, the title track, peaked at No. 51. An additional track from the album, "Lightning", was made into a music video despite not being released as a single. <mask> wrote the song shortly after moving to Nashville, inspired by the movie The Green Mile. Following the album's success, <mask> toured with Brad Paisley and Rascal Flatts. <mask> was fired from opening for Rascal Flatts after repeatedly performing for longer than his allotted time, despite repeated warnings. He was replaced by Taylor Swift, who was just starting her career.Before Swift started the tour, <mask> and Swift spoke in which he told Swift that she would thrive on the tour and joked that she should give her first gold record to him as a thanks. Swift later did give him her first gold record with an attached note that said "Thanks for playing too long and too loud on the Flatts tour. I sincerely appreciate it. Taylor". 2008–2010: Carolina
In 2008, <mask> released a fifth single, "His Kind of Money (My Kind of Love)" to country radio. It debuted on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart at No. 55 in early 2008, and reached its peak of No.46 in August. Originally slated as the lead single to an upcoming second album, "His Kind of Money" was instead included as a bonus track on albums sold at Best Buy. Following this song was "Love Your Love the Most", which debuted in early 2009 and was the first single from his second album Carolina, released in stores on March 24, 2009. The night before the official release, Church and Capitol Records distributed copies of the album on the campus of <mask>'s alma mater, Appalachian State University, during a "release party" concert. As with his debut album, Carolina was produced by Jay Joyce, and is entirely composed of songs that he co-wrote. "Love Your Love the Most" brought <mask> to the top 10 for the very first time, peaking at No. 10 in September 2009.The album's second single, "Hell on the Heart", debuted in October 2009 and would also hit the top 10 in May 2010. The third single from "Carolina" was "Smoke a Little Smoke". In June 2010, <mask> moved to Capitol Nashville's new imprint EMI Records Nashville, becoming their second artist. On January 14, 2011, he released a four-song EP entitled Caldwell County. 2011–2013: Chief

<mask> released "Homeboy" to country radio in early 2011. The album Chief, produced by Jay Joyce, was released July 26, 2011, debuting at No. 1 on both Top Country Albums and the Billboard 200.The album sold 145,000 copies in its first week. On November 30, 2011, Chief was announced as a nominee for the 2012 Grammy Awards for Best Country Album. In January 2012 "Drink in My Hand" became his first No. 1 single. In February 2012, "Springsteen" was released as the third single from Chief. In an interview with American Songwriter, <mask> stated that the song was about "a love affair that takes place in an amphitheater between two people. It didn't happen with Springsteen, ironically, it happened with another artist."The song went on to become a Number One country hit, as well as his first Top 20 single on the Billboard Hot 100. The album's fourth single, "Creepin'", was released to country radio on July 16, 2012. <mask> lent his vocals for a song titled, "The Only Way I Know", with Jason Aldean along Luke Bryan. This song appears on Aldean's album Night Train, from which it was released as the second single. The fifth single from Chief, "Like Jesus Does", was released in January 2013 and peaked at number six on Country Airplay chart in June 2013. In September 2012, <mask> announced that he planned to release his first live album in 2013, containing recordings of performances at the Tivoli Theatre in Chattanooga, Tennessee, on October 8 and 9, 2012. On February 8, the live album's title was announced as Caught in the Act, with a release date set for April 9.<mask> has stated he plans to take some time off from music in 2013 to focus on his songwriting and musical direction. At the 2012 CMA Awards in November, <mask>'s album Chief won Album of The Year. In November it was announced that <mask> would co-headline Kenny Chesney's No Shoes Nation Tour alongside Chesney, Zac Brown Band, and Eli Young Band. In December, <mask> was honored as one of the CMT Artists of the Year Awards; his award was presented by Kid Rock and he received a video message of congratulations from Metallica's James Hetfield. 2013–2015: The Outsiders
On October 22, 2013, <mask> released a new single titled "The Outsiders". His fourth studio album, also titled The Outsiders, was released on February 11, 2014. This album, as with <mask>'s previous three, was produced by Jay Joyce and released on the EMI Records Nashville label.It was followed in January 2014 by "Give Me Back My Hometown". This single reached number one on the Country Airplay chart, becoming his fourth overall. The third single, "Cold One", was released in June 2014, followed by "Talladega" in September. The latter reached number one on the Country Airplay chart in February 2015. The fifth single, "Like a Wrecking Ball", was released to country radio on March 9, 2015. 2015–2018: Mr. Misunderstood
On November 3, 2015, <mask>'s new surprise album, Mr. Misunderstood, arrived in the mailboxes of his church choir members. The album became available to the public on iTunes the following day.The album was released as a surprise with no fanfare and no promotional advertisements. It was produced by The Outsiders producer Jay Joyce and executive producer Arturo Buenahora, Jr. The first single, the title track, was released to radio on November 9, 2015. The first live performance and debut of the title track was at the 2015 CMA Awards. The song peaked at #15 on the airplay chart on February 6, 2016. "Record Year" is the album's second single. The album's final track, "Three Year Old", pays tribute to all the lesson's <mask> has learned from his three-year-old son Boone McCoy.Boone McCoy was also credited with naming <mask>'s guitar "ButterBean". <mask> used "ButterBean" for the creation of the album. Mr. Misunderstood was nominated for Album of the Year at the 2016 ACM Awards and the title track was nominated for Video of the Year. Mr. Misunderstood features 10 self-written and co-written tracks and features themes of independence, lessons learned, and loyalty. The album was recorded by Jason Hall at St. Charles in Nashville. In March 2016, "Record Year" was released to radio; it reached #1 on the Country Airplay in August 2016. The album's third single, "Kill a Word" released to country radio on August 29, 2016.<mask> was selected as one of 30 artists to perform on "Forever Country", a mash-up track of Take Me Home, Country Roads, On the Road Again and I Will Always Love You which celebrates 50 years of the CMA Awards. <mask> played his biggest solo tour to date with his Holdin' My Own Tour that featured 62 shows in 61 cities from January through May 2017. The tour was capped off by two sold-out shows at Nashville, Tennessee's Bridgestone Arena, with the Friday night show breaking the arena's capacity record before being one-upped by the Saturday night show which had a record 19,020 in the building to set the new attendance record. On October 4, 2017, <mask> debuted a song he had written for Sonny Melton, who lost his life at the Las Vegas shooting tragedy. The song, called "Why Not Me", was performed at the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville. In November 2017 <mask> released a limited run vinyl box set titled 61 Days in Church that would be released in monthly stages through 2018. The collection includes 124 tracks all of which were recorded live at the 61 shows of his 2017 Holdin' My Own Tour.The set includes two songs from each concert of the tour with the exception of the final two record-setting Nashville shows, which feature three songs from each night. He had already began releasing the album in stages for free on digital streaming services in September 2017. 2018–2021: Desperate Man
On July 12, 2018, <mask> announced via social media that he would release his sixth album, Desperate Man, on October 5, 2018. He released the album's first single and title track the following day. On November 11, 2020, <mask> won the coveted "Entertainer of the Year" at the 54th Annual Country Music Association Awards. He performed The Star-Spangled Banner alongside Jazmine Sullivan at Super Bowl LV. 2021-present: Heart & Soul
On April 16, 2021, <mask> released the album Heart, followed by the album & on April 20, and Soul on April 23.The triple-album release contains 24 songs in total, including the singles "Stick That in Your Country Song" and "Hell of a View". In October 2021, after two of his bandmates tested positive for COVID-19, <mask> performed two solo concerts on his The Gather Again Tour. The solo shows were in Pittsburgh on October 8 and Philadelphia on October 9. On February 22, 2022, <mask> was announced to perform at the 57th Academy of Country Music Awards on March 7, 2022. Personal life
On January 8, 2008, <mask> married music publisher Katherine Blasingame at West Glow Resort in Blowing Rock, North Carolina. At the wedding, <mask> performed "You Make It Look So Easy", a song he wrote for Blasingame. On October 3, 2011, their first son, Boone McCoy <mask>, was born; he is the subject of <mask>'s song "Three Year Old".On February 15, 2015, their second son, Tennessee Hawkins "Hawk" <mask> was born. Their home (along with <mask>'s "man cave"), located in Nashville, was featured in an episode of CMT's Cribs. The Chief Cares Fund is a foundation organized by <mask> and <mask> in 2013. The non-profit organization has been used to help underprivileged families in Tennessee, North Carolina, and even as far as helping orphans in Nepal receive clothing, proper bedding, and schooling. The foundation has also delivered Bibles to Haiti and helps fund Humane Society no-kill animal shelters. People can donate to the foundation on <mask>'s website by simply donating or by purchasing exclusive Chief Cares Platinum Tickets to his concerts where money from the tickets go to the Chief Cares Fund. <mask> wears his signature aviator sunglasses as a result of wearing contact lenses.When his career was getting started, he was forced to deal with the heat from the stage lights drying out his contacts. As he began performing in larger venues, his aviators and Von Dutch denim trucker hat became his trademark. <mask> has become an avid advocate for the use of cannabis, reflected in songs such as "Smoke a Little Smoke"; at the time of that song's release, <mask>'s record label urged him not to release the song, though it had minor success as a single. <mask> has also referenced marijuana use in other songs like "The Joint" and "I'm Gettin' Stoned", and has even been the subject of a marijuana joke at the 49th ACM Awards where Blake Shelton and Luke Bryan referred to <mask> as the Willie Nelson for the new-country generation and compared <mask>'s dressing room to a cannabis dispensary. Musical styles
<mask>'s style has been described as country rock, outlaw country, and southern rock. <mask>'s influences include Hank Williams Jr., Merle Haggard, Little Feat, The Band, Kris Kristofferson, The Grateful Dead, Ray Wylie Hubbard and Waylon Jennings. <mask> has also said that many hard rock and heavy metal bands influenced his music, including Metallica, Pantera, and AC/DC.

masks:
Kenneth Eric Church
Eric Church
Church
Church
Church
Rita Church
Church
Eric
Church
Church
Eric
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Eric Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Eric
Church
Church
Church
Eric
Eric
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Eric
Katherine Church
Eric Church
Church
Church
Church
Church
Eric Church
Eric Church
Church
Church
Church


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<mask> (born <mask>:  3 April 1941) is a retired German politician (CDU) who served as a minister in the last government of East Germany. She built an earlier career as a teacher and educationalist. Life
<mask> was born in Leipzig during the first half of the Second World War. Between 1955 and 1959 she studied at a Teacher Training Institute for non-graduate teachers: between 1959 and 1964 she taught at the Goethe-School in Mügeln, a small town located a short distance to the east of Leipzig. She then  switched to the Pestalozzi School for children with special needs in Leipzig, where she taught from 1964 till 1990. By 1990 sources were describing <mask> as "married with two children". In parallel with her teaching job, between 1972 and 1974 <mask> studied successfully for a degree in Special School Pedagogy ("Sonderschulpädagogik") at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg.Further study at the same institution led to her Doctorate of Pedagogy in 1980:  her doctoral dissertation concerned handicapped school children. In 1982 she was promoted to the status of "Chief Teacher" ("Oberlehrer") and in 1988 she was promoted again, becoming an Education Councillor ("Studienrat"). Political engagement began in 1973 when, at the age of 32, <mask> <mask> joined the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). The East German CDU lacked the autonomy of its West German counterpart, being a "bloc party" controlled through the country's so-called National Front by the country's ruling Socialist Unity Party ("Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands" / SED). Nevertheless, the East German CDU was not entirely without influence, and was allocated a fixed quota of around 50 seats in the National Parliament ("Volkskammer") even though general elections from 1949 until 1990 always resulted in more than 99% of the reported votes having been cast in support of the single candidate list provided by the ruling party. For <mask> <mask>, between 1979 and 1989 CDU party membership was accompanied by a role as a deputy in the Central Lepizig City Assembly, where she worked on the Commission of Training and Education. {{Quote box|bgcolor=#FFDEAD|align=right|width=45%|

On 9 May 1990 <mask> <mask> presented a report to the responsible parliamentary committee on some of her ministerial objectives:

"Although equal rights have been anchored in the constitution since 1949, they are not enforced.We still have a lot to do in order to assign to women the place in our society which is due to them. And this means that family and public life should no longer be based on the subordination principal, but on that of partnership. And here I want to use the word "Partnership" in a comprehensive sense:  partnership in the family must be extended to include partnership in public life and partnership between employers and employees in order to serve the interests of families and of women." "Obwohl seit 1949 die Gleichberechtigung in der Verfassung verankert ist, ist sie nicht durchgesetzt. Wir haben noch eine Menge zu tun, um den Frauen den Platz in unserer Gesellschaft einzuräumen, der ihnen zusteht. Und das bedeutet, das familiale und öfflentiche Leben darf sich nicht mehr nach dem Prinzip der Unterordnung, sondern muß sich nach dem Prinzip  von Partnerschaft gestalten. Und hierbei möchte ich das Wort Partnerschaft durchaus umfassend verstehen:  Partnerschaft in der Familie muß durch Partnerschaft in der Öffentlichkeit und durch Partnerschaft zwischen Arbeitgebern und Arbeitnehmern im Interesse von Familien und Frauen ergänzt werden."}}
In November 1989, following months of mounting street protests, the Berlin Wall was breached by demonstrators. Back in 1953 street protests had been brutally suppressed:  in 1989 the realisation that Soviet occupation forces no longer had orders to suppress the protests using violence opened the way for a series of events which would lead to German reunification, formally in October 1990. In March 1990 the country held its first (and as matters turned out last) free parliamentary election. Based on the popular vote, the CDU now received not 50 seats but 163 of the 400 in the Volkskammer. Following a change in the law that had been voted through in February 1990, voters had no longer been restricted to a single party list, and <mask> <mask>'s name had been on the CDU party list for the Leipzig electoral district, positioned high enough up on the list for her now to be elected to the assembly. The powerful performance of the CDU meant that the task of forming a new East German government fell to the party chairman, Lothar de Maizière. In April <mask> <mask> was appointed as a minister, mandated to head up the newly formed Ministry for Family and Women ("Ministerium für Familie und Frauen").The de Maizière government ended in the context of German reunification on 3 October 1990, when what had been East Germany was incorporated into the German Federal Republic. 144 of the 400 members who had sat as members of the now defunct East German Volkskammer since March 1990 now became members of a newly enlarged Bundestag (upper parliamentary chamber) in the reunified Germany. <mask> <mask> was one of these, remaining a member till the general election in December 1990. She returned to the Bundestag in February 1994, taking the seat vacated through the resignation from the chamber of the CDU member Bertram Wieczorek, who left in order to take on the chairmanship of Berlin's monopoly Water Supply company. <mask> again remained a Bundestag member only till the next general election, which this time took place in October 1994, with the resulting change-over taking place two months later, in December. In 1991 <mask> <mask> resumed her work as an education professional, becoming vice-president of the Upper School Office (Oberschulamt'') in Leipzig. At the same time she served during 1990/91 as chair of the (CDU) Women's Union for Saxony.In 1992 she took on the leadership of the Leipzig Schools appointments department. During 1992/93 she set up in the regional Saxony Culture Ministry a state institute for teachers of special needs and primary schools, herself taking on the role of its head. She continued in this post till her retirement in 2002. References

1941 births
Living people
Politicians from Leipzig
Christian Democratic Union (East Germany) politicians
Christian Democratic Union of Germany politicians
Government ministers of East Germany
Members of the 10th Volkskammer
Members of the Bundestag for Saxony
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni
Members of the Bundestag for the Christian Democratic Union of Germany

masks:
Christa Schmidt
Christa Weigel
Christa Weigel
Christa Schmidt
Schmidt
Christa
Schmidt
Christa
Schmidt
Christa
Schmidt
Christa
Schmidt
Christa
Schmidt
Christa
Schmidt
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Christa
Schmidt


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<mask> (1921–2003), was an American sociologist specializing in deviance and social control, family sociology, sociological theory, French society, and criminology. He is considered one of the leading disciples of Talcott Parsons, dean of American sociologists for much of the 20th century. <mask> is perhaps best known for his contributions to a large textbook on sociology, Theories of Society: Foundations of Modern Sociological Theory, edited by Parsons and published in 1961. He pioneered sociological work on marginality, deviance and conformity. He was interested particularly in criminology and the institutional treatment of mental illness. Raised on both sides of the Atlantic, <mask> felt at home in France as much as in the United States. He created the Franco-American periodical The Tocqueville Review, serving as editor from 1978 to 1991.Early life

<mask> was born in East Palestine, Ohio on June 13, 1921. He was the only child of Howard Earl ("Doc") <mask> (1889–1951), a veterinarian from Marietta, Ohio, who fought in France with the Expeditionary Forces during World War I. Before returning to the States, Doc married Denyse Dinin in Decize. When <mask> (named after Jess Willard, the boxer) was 7, his parents separated and he went to France with his mother. He did not see his father again until a summer vacation in 1937 where he met his numerous cousins in Marietta, Ohio. Pitts developed an early interest in politics in France and, at age 15, joined the communist party and distributed leaflets. At 16, French police turned him back from the Spanish frontier as he sought to join the Spanish Civil War.Harvard and World War II

He returned to the United States in 1938 to attend Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Initially interested in economics, he was attracted to sociology by Parsons, who taught at Harvard. Majoring in sociology, with a minor in economics, he graduated magna cum laude in June 1941. At Harvard, Pitts joined the Trotskyites but lost interest in the movement following the fall of Paris to the Nazis in June 1940. He tried to enlist and was placed on a waiting list in Canada but was never called up. After graduation he found a job at Macy's in New York. While he found the job unsatisfying, his roommate Jim Chapin introduced him to Jazz which was thriving in New York City and he truly enjoyed (later he would often start his classes with Miles Davis recordings.)Once the U.S. declared war, he enlisted in the US Air Corps and went into pilot training then sent to England in 1943, to the Base in Kimbolton as part of the 379th Bombardment Group (heavy). As second lieutenant he accomplished 25 missions (including 3 first missions over Berlin) over France and Germany as copilot of a B-17 bomber (H). Back in the U.S. he instructed new pilots, sold war bonds, and was a pilot for the Air Transport Command when he was discharged in October 1945. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross as well as the French Croix de Guerre. He started writing about his experience with the intention to write a book but this would go on hold until he retired from teaching 50 years later. Career

Intending to return to Harvard for his Ph.D. Pitts returned to France and created an import-export company in Casablanca to generate funds required for his academic goal. In May 1947, he married Monique Bonnier, daughter of the late , engineer and hero of the French Resistance.<mask> and Monique were married in the American Cathedral in Paris. <mask> returned to Harvard in the summer of 1948 and by June 1950 was ready to go to France to work on his thesis, with Talcott Parsons as adviser. The stay in France extended to 3 years, as <mask> wrote for Le Monde and lectured. In 1953, Parsons asked <mask> to join him in England to work on the projected book: Theories of Society. co-authored by T. Parsons, Ed. Shils, Kaspar Naegele and <mask><mask>. The book was published in 1961 and became a standard text for Sociology students.<mask> received his Ph.D. in 1958 and began his teaching career in Detroit, Michigan, at Wayne State University, as assistant professor, then as associate professor. In 1964, he left for Oakland University, in Rochester Michigan, where he taught from 1964 to 1986, as full professor and chairman. He taught at the Harvard Summer School in 1971 and 1975. He was twice a Fulbright Fellow. During a long stay in Paris (1966–1968) he was a lecturer at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes (Paris-Sorbonne). While living in Paris he participated in Television broadcasts and wrote newspapers articles. He wrote a book on the 1968 May events in France, but decided against publishing it.A perfectionist, he put aside many works that did not satisfy him. Politically, while Pitts had held left wing views in his youth, he shifted to more conservative opinions. Almost all of his friends and colleagues were liberal intellectuals and solid Democrats (Democratic Party (United States)), but Pitts was never reticent to debate issues, often appearing on talk shows and as a columnist for various publications. The Tocqueville Review

Pitts founded The Tocqueville Review/La Revue Tocqueville in 1978 and was its editor until 1991. The Review is a French-American bilingual journal devoted to the comparative study of social change in the spirit of Alexis de Tocqueville's pioneer investigations. Pitts recruited many of his colleagues to author essays on current affairs, history, and political philosophy. In 2003, at the memorial event in Charlottesville, Professor Ted Caplow, first president and founder of the Tocqueville Society, defined the review as:"...a proud monument and one that will long honor him."Caplow also said: "...its intellectual standards are exceptionally high and it continues to attract contributions, both in English and French, from major scholars and public figures on both sides of the Atlantic." <mask> was a member of the Tocqueville Jury which awarded the  Prix Alexis de Tocqueville to international scholars. Retirement

In 1986, <mask> retired to Charlottesville. The Department of Sociology at UVA recruited him to teach an occasional course as a lecturer. Fully retiring in 1991, both from teaching and as editor of the Tocqueville Review, he concentrated on writing his war memories and devoted much time with former crewmen of the Penny Ante and other friends from his Bomb Group the 379th. He also joined the Virginia Chapter of the Historical Society (Eighth Air Force) and launched its Newsletter: Plane Talk, and served as editor until 1997. His health declining, Pitts barely finished his Memoirs.He died peacefully on August 2, 2003 and was buried in Charlottesville with military honors. His Memoirs were published in 2004, under the title Return to Base, in hard cover followed by a British paper back edition in 2006. A French translation, Retour sur Kimbolton, was published in Paris in 2006, and a second edition appeared in 2009. Publications
1957: The Bourgeois Family and French Economic Retardation, Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University
1961: Theories of Society: Foundations of Modern Sociological Theory, Two Volumes in One, with Talcott Parsons (Editor), Edward Shils & Kaspar D. Naegele, New York: The Free Press
1963: In Search of France co-authored with Stanley Hoffmann; Cambridge, Harvard University Press
1964: Social Approaches to Mental Patient Care, with Morrie Schwartz S. and Charlotte Green Schwartz; co-authors: Mark G. Field, Elliot G. Mishler, Simon Olshansky, <mask><mask>, <mask> <mask> and Warren T. Vaughan, Jr.: New York and London, Columbia University Press
1972: Strike at Oakland University, Change (February 1972), p. 18. 1980: Talcott Parsons: the sociologist as the last Puritan, American Sociologist, vol. 15, 1980, p. 62 - 64. (This article is based on an earlier address by Pitts, in 1979, to the American Sociological Society.)1986: Celebrating Tocqueville's Democracy in America, 1835–1985, with Olivier Zunz [eds. ]; Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia
2004: Return to Base: Memoirs of a B-17 Co-pilot, Kimbolton, England, 1943-1944 xix, 280 p., 17pp. of plates: ill., maps, Charlottesville, VA: Howell Press, 2004; revised and published in Great Britain, 2006; and published in French as "Retour sur Kimbolton" in France, 2010

External links
Pitts's entry as Fellow of the Camargo Foundation (The article mentioned here was withdrawn by Pitts and never published.) UN SIECLE A DECIZE - the narriage of Pitts's parents, Captain H. E<mask>, American Expeditionary Force, and Dina Dinin, in Decize, France, 1919. American sociologists
Harvard University alumni
1921 births
2003 deaths
Wayne State University faculty
Oakland University faculty
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
People from East Palestine, Ohio
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
United States Army Air Forces officers

masks:
Jesse Richard Pitts
Pitts
Pitts
Pitts
Pitts
Jesse
Jesse
Jesse Pitts
Jesse
Pitts
Jesse R
. Pitts
Pitts
Pitts
Jesse
Jesse R
. Pitts
Rhona
Rapoport
. Pitts