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<mask>, <mask> of Birmingham,  (born 28 October 1955), known as <mask> between 2005 and 2007, is a British businessman and politician who has served as Director General of the Confederation of British Industry (CBI) from 2000 to 2006, and Minister of State for Trade and Investment from 2007 to 2008. He sat in the House of Lords as a non-aligned active crossbencher until 2020. Career

Education and Business Career
<mask> was born on 28 October 1955 in Birmingham, England. He was educated at Bromsgrove School where he was Head Boy. From 1974 until 1977, <mask> served in the Royal Navy. While there he read Law at University College London as a Sub-Lieutenant on a University Cadetship, graduating with upper second class honours. After graduation, <mask> worked for 20 years at Edge & Ellison, a firm of lawyers based in Birmingham, culminating in serving as Senior Partner from 1995 to 1998.<mask> was Chairman of the West Midlands Regional Council of the Confederation of British Industry (CBI), and became the first serving regional chairman to be appointed CBI's Director-General, serving from 1 January 2000 to 30 June 2006. He was appointed a Knight Bachelor in the 2005 New Year Honours for services to Business. He then acted as an adviser to Barclays Capital, Ford Motor Company, Deloitte and JCB. In November 2006, <mask> was appointed "Business Adviser" to the Duke of York, receiving £1,000 a month from the royal payroll for working one day a month. This position ended upon his appointment as a Minister in July 2007. <mask> was a non-executive director for the IT contractor iSOFT from 2000 until his resignation in July 2005, when he stayed on for one year as an adviser. Government appointments and peerage
<mask> served as the unpaid UK Skills Envoy from 2006 to 2007, before taking up the role of Minister of State for Trade and Investment 29 June 2007.The post was situated in both the newly created Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform and the Foreign Office. He was appointed as a Government Minister in a move to create a government "of all the talents". As he was not a parliamentarian at the time, <mask> was made a life peer, and became a member of the House of Lords. It was suggested that he was taking the Labour whip in the House of Lords, but he chose not to join the Labour Party. He was gazetted as a peer on 10 July 2007 as <mask> of Birmingham, of Alvechurch and of Bromsgrove in the County of Worcestershire, and took his seat in the House of Lords that same day. Formally styled The Lord <mask> of Birmingham, he sat as a Crossbencher in the House of Lords. <mask> had considered running for Mayor of London after being encouraged by a group of prominent businessmen.He was also approached by the Conservative Party about becoming its candidate, but rejected this idea. In April 2008, <mask> announced his intention to resign as Minister of Trade and Investment later in the year. He resigned in October 2008 and was appointed to be a UK Business Ambassador for UK Trade & Investment. In testimony to the Public Administration Committee he said that his time as a junior minister was "one of the most dehumanising and depersonalising experiences" anyone could have and that he had been amazed by how many civil servants he thought deserved the sack. Subsequent political career and retirement
On 20 September 2013, <mask> spoke at the UK Independence Party conference in London as a guest speaker, addressing the conference on business and economic matters. On 29 September 2014, it was rumoured that <mask> might defect to the Conservative Party after he introduced the Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Osborne, before his keynote speech at the Conservative Party conference in Birmingham. He said that Osborne "deserves a personal pat on the back" for having "stuck to your guns and did what was right for our country."In response to any rumour regarding a possible defection, <mask> stated: "I don't do party politics" and "business is my constituency." In March 2020, <mask> moved permanently to Guernsey, serving as Chairman of the Guernsey Policy & Economics Group. Shortly thereafter, on 31 August 2020, he retired from the House of Lords. Views on trade unions
In 2006, <mask> said of trade unions: "They are in danger of withering on the vine of irrelevance. They are backward looking and not on today's agenda. The trade unions put their members first and not the country. Labour is always in thrall to the unions.People keep banging on about cash for peerages, but the unions have bunged money to the government for years." Brexit
In July 2016, shortly after the  Brexit referendum, <mask> – a vocal supporter of Brexit – argued that the process of exiting the European Union would have minimal impact on the economy and employment, stating: "There's not going to be any economic pain. If there are job losses, they will be very few." He later contradicted this statement, in January 2019, declaring that he had "made it very clear in every speech I gave we would be economically worse off." Media appearances
<mask> was the guest on BBC Radio's Desert Island Discs, broadcast on 21 May 2006. He won BBC One's Celebrity Mastermind with a 9-point margin finishing on 33 points on 5 January 2011. <mask> nominated Winston Churchill on BBC Radio 4 Great Lives.He presented the BBC Two programme The New Troubleshooter where he "helps businesses realise their potential, ruffling feathers and bruising egos along the way as he gets stuck in and delivers his analysis and advice", taking over the mantle of John Harvey-<mask> who presented the original series Troubleshooter. In July 2014 he presented a programme on BBC Radio 4, The Business Covenant. In 2020 presented a programme looking at how businesses are getting ready for Brexit on Times Radio. Books
In 2011 <mask> published his first book, Fixing Britain: The Business of Reshaping Our Nation (Wiley), which was shortlisted for the 2012 CMI Management Book of the Year. In 2017 Fixing Business: Making Profitable Business Work for the Good of All, was published in April 2017, also with Wiley. Honorary fellowships and doctorates

<mask> is an Honorary Fellow of Cardiff University and University College London (2004); and an Honorary Doctor of the University of Central England (2002), the University of Birmingham (2002), the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (2003), the University of Hertfordshire (2004), Middlesex University (2005), Sheffield Hallam University (2005), Aston University (2006), the University of Hull (2006), Queen's University, Belfast (2006), Warwick University (2006), Bradford University (2006), Thames Valley University (2006), Wolverhampton University (2006), the University of Nottingham, Loughborough University (2007) and Honorary Fellow of Cardiff Metropolitan University (2013). Personal life
<mask> is married to Pat and the couple live in Guernsey.<mask> is a supporter of Leicester Tigers (officially Leicester Football Club), Aston Villa FC and a member of the Reform Club. <mask> is also Patron of the Triumph Owners’ Motorcycle Club. Registered Interests
<mask> has registered interests, supplied by the UK parliament. Category 1: Directorships
 Non-executive Chairman, Triumph Motorcycles Ltd
 Non-executive Chairman (formerly Non-executive Director), Thatchers Cider Ltd
 Non-executive Chairman, On Logistics Ltd (warehousing and storage facilities)
 Director, Croft Property Development Limited
 Non-executive Chairman, ProBuild 360 Ltd (construction company) (interest ceased 30 March 2020)
 Chairman, Elonex Ltd (consumer electronic products) (interest ceased 31 December 2019)
 Chairman, Metalfloor UK Ltd
 Chairman, Argentex plc (foreign exchange specialists)
 Non-executive Director, DRP Holdings Limited

Category 2: Remunerated employment, office, profession etc.

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Digby Marritt Jones
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Sir Digby Jones
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<mask> (born <mask>; 11 October 1902  – 1 June 1988) was a Russian-American actor and musician who had a 60-year career in film and television from the 1920s to the 1980s, appearing in more than 100 films. Musical career
Born in Odessa, Russian Empire, <mask> attended St. Joseph College in Yokohama, Japan, and trained as a musician in Japan and Manchuria. He was briefly the concertmaster of the Japanese-Russian Symphony Orchestra, a predecessor of the NHK Symphony Orchestra. When he moved on his own to California in 1921 (leaving his parents and brother behind in Harbin, Manchuria), <mask> found occasional work in Hollywood. He made his film debut in 1926 in the silent film The Best People. To supplement his income, he played the violin. Later he formed his own band, which mainly performed in hotels in and around New York City.The Andrews Sisters were introduced through his band. In 1933, <mask> and his orchestra were heard on the Oldsmobile Program on CBS radio. Film career

During a season break from a hotel engagement, he returned to Hollywood, first appearing in Broadway Serenade and Topper Takes a Trip (1938). He acted in 13 films in 1942, including Holiday Inn, Casablanca, Yankee Doodle Dandy, and Road to Morocco. He appeared with the Marx Brothers in their last film together, Love Happy (1949). Being able to speak Russian, he was a dialogue director in Norman Jewison's 1966 comedy The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming. <mask> often played eccentric or befuddled European and ethnic characters.He also played heavier roles in espionage dramas. On radio, he played a thieving informant in The Man Called X. His best-known television role was as Appopoplous the landlord in My Sister Eileen (1960). His last film was Superdad (1973), and his final television movie was Woman of the Year (1976). Television career
Beginning in 1953, <mask> appeared in a variety of television shows, including Maverick (1961), Twilight Zone (1963), My Favorite Martian,(1965) The Lucy Show (1963), The Beverly Hillbillies (1964-1967), My Three Sons (1966), The Dick Van Dyke Show (1966), The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (1966), Little House on the Prairie (1978) and Trapper John, M.D. (1980).On his death in 1988 in Orange, California, <mask> was cremated, and his ashes scattered.

masks:
Leon Belasco
Leonid Simeonovich Berladsky
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<mask> (; May 9, 1909 – April 1, 1972) was an American philosopher and political activist best known for his theory of "fusionism" –  a political philosophy that unites elements of libertarianism and traditionalism into a philosophical synthesis which is posited as the definition of modern American conservatism. <mask>'s philosophy was presented in two books, primarily In Defense of Freedom: A Conservative Credo (1962) and also in a collection of his essays, The Conservative Mainstream (1969). Fusionism has been summed up by E. J. Dionne, Jr. as "utilizing libertarian means in a conservative society for traditionalist ends." Personal life
<mask> was born to a prominent business family of German Jewish descent in Newark, New Jersey, the son of Helene (Straus) and Jack F<mask>. He attended Princeton University for one year and then transferred to Balliol College at Oxford University, where he earned his B.A. in 1932 and his M.A. in 1934.He later studied at the London School of Economics and became the student union's president before he was expelled and deported in 1933 for his communist activism. Like a number of the founding senior editors of National Review magazine, <mask> was first a Communist Party USA apparatchik before he converted to political conservatism. His experiences as a communist are reported in his book The Moulding of Communists: The Training of the Communist Cadre in 1961. He began an "agonizing reappraisal of his communist beliefs" after he had read F. A. Hayek's The Road to Serfdom while he served in the US Army during World War II, and he made a complete break in 1945, after 14 years in active leadership service to the Communist Party and its cause. Following the war, he contributed articles to the early free market periodical The Freeman, and he later joined the original staff of National Review in 1955. After completing his turn to the right, <mask> became a close adviser to and confidant of William F. Buckley, Jr., the founder and editor of National Review, who, in the introduction to Buckley's book Did You Ever See a Dream Walking: American Conservative Thought in the 20th Century (1970), gave <mask> the credit for properly synthesizing the traditionalist and libertarian strains in conservatism, starting at the magazine itself. <mask> wrote a column "Principles and Heresies," which appeared in each issue of the magazine; was its book review editor; and acted as a major spokesman for its principles.<mask> married the former Elsie Bown. They had two sons, John Cornford <mask>, a lawyer, and then Eugene Bown <mask>, who became a president of the Federalist Society. Both sons hold international titles in chess. John is a FIDE Master, and Eugene holds the rank of International Master, just below Grandmaster. <mask> converted to Catholicism just before he died of lung cancer in 1972. <mask> was known in conservative and libertarian circles for his nocturnal lifestyle. Buckley and others has recalled in Miles Gone By: A Literary Autobiography that <mask> would sleep the day and be on the phone at night on behalf of his journalism and activism.His bright intellect and passionate presentation won him a broad following among conservative intellectuals in the 1960s and 1970s, who promoted it individually and through the organization he cofounded, the American Conservative Union, and through other modern conservative institutions and thinktanks influenced by him, including The Heritage Foundation,  The Fund for American Studies, the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, and Young America's Foundation. Philosophy of history
The most important place to begin placing <mask> in context is his article "Western Civilization: The Problem of Political Freedom," which closed his 1996 In Defense of Freedom and Related Essays. As a thinker in what F. A. Hayek called the "critical rationalist" philosophical school, which is more empirical than the "constructivist rationalism" of a priori deductivism, <mask>'s understanding of world history is central to his philosophy. <mask>'s essential argument is explicitly based upon the philosopher Eric Voegelin's multivolume Order and History that all world history until more modern times was composed of "cosmological" societies that unified all social activity under one controlling myth subsuming society and the state into one common understanding and power monism. <mask> labeled the societies "tightly unified" in their mores, culture, economies, religion, and government by suppressing all contradictory understandings. Following Lord Acton's "Liberty in Ancient Times," <mask> found only two historical "stirrings" in which that cosmological unity was even temporarily breached. In Athens, Socrates used his vision of the cave to discover a reality behind its cosmological reality as interpreted by its democratic authorities, which challenged them by viewing ideal forms as the real repository of truth beyond the myths of its culture.The unity was challenged so fundamentally that society turned upon the prophet, killed him, and returned to its previous unity. Abraham likewise rejected the cosmological unity of Ur and claimed a God that was independent of and more powerful than its myth, which Moses reinforced years later by rejecting Egyptian cosmological society to establish a Jerusalem whose prophets would likewise challenge state and society, with Nathan even forcing the monarch to admit evil and to repent. Still, the representatives of state power generally ignored or restricted the challengers, and in any event, a new cosmological state, Rome, ended both stirrings and established an even stronger cosmological unity. Caesar became the "sanctified symbol of the cosmos," in <mask>'s terms, and came to dominate the known world. About the same happened in China, India, Persia, the Americas, and the rest. Modern times did not break the unity until a small voice in Rome's hinterlands cried out, "Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's and to God the things that are God's." The Incarnation, the "flash of eternity into time" as <mask> labeled it, effectively severed the unity by its concrete effects and proved even more empirically enduring in Europe than Caesar.However, it created not a new unity but a "tension" between empirical power and a mystical power sourced from another world but energizing this world. In Europe are "two sets of tensions" of church and state contested and later added other tensions from cities, towns and estates that culminated in a Magna Carta that demanded for no single force to unify the rest, which created the conditions for freedom under agreed upon law, rather than a single state-enforced cosmological way. The idea of dividing power to allow freedom within its tradition was only partially realized in medieval Europe and was later challenged fundamentally by the rise of national monarchies and parliaments, which claimed a divine or popular right and power to reconstitute itself in new cosmological or utopian forms to retrieve the sense of order and unity promised by monism. Before the tension was tamed in England, it was transferred to America, where it was protected by its colonial isolation, allowing the tension and balance of power between freedom and tradition to reach its zenith in the US Constitution. The utopian temptation to return to the cocoon of cosmological or radical unity, however, survived even in America. Whether reform was domestic, as from Woodrow Wilson, or more foreign influences, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Hobbes, and Niccolò Machiavelli, they saw division of power and the tradition that sustained its tension as the central societal problems of modern times, with the task of reform to remove the impediments to a restored unity. To <mask>, the task of conservatism was to preserve the tension of the Western tradition to protect human freedom, which was inherently pluralist.Freedom and tradition
In his most influential book, In Defense of Freedom, freedom was defined in what Isaiah Berlin would label "negative" terms as the minimization of the use of coercion by the state in its essential role of preventing one person's freedom from intruding upon another's. While left-utopianism was considered the immediate threat to the survival of this freedom, <mask> aimed at a "New Conservatism" as the principle antagonist against liberty from the right in his day. This new conservatism viewed society as an organism whose agent was the national government rather than the states or private entities. The new conservatives were less statist than the left and even rhetorically supported freedom, but it was a freedom defined as an end rather than a means, with <mask> using Clinton Rossiter's 1955 definition of positive freedom in his Conservatism in America as his major foil. <mask> argued that virtue could reside only in the individual. The state should protect freedom but otherwise leave virtue to individuals. The right of others to freedom must be respected by the individual even if the state does not respect it.The state has only three legitimate functions: police, military, and legal system, all necessary to control coercion, which is immoral if not restricted. There is an obligation to others but it is individual, for even the "Great Commandment" is expressed in individual form: God, neighbor and oneself are each individual. Virtue is critical for society and freedom must be balanced by responsibility but both are inherently individual in form. Forced values cannot be virtuous. The question of how to preserve moral order is important but would take "another book," which he never wrote. Yet even when the state takes properly limited acts to protect freedom, tradition will necessarily shape every such decision. Freedom by itself has no goal, no intrinsic end.Freedom is not abstract or utopian as with the utilitarians, who also make freedom an end rather than a means. A utopia of freedom is a contradiction in terms. In a real society, traditional order and freedom can exist together only in tension. To retain the essentiality of both freedom and tradition, the solution to the dilemma is "grasping it by both horns." The solution is a synthesis of both, even in the face of those such as Leo Strauss who argue that no such synthesis is possible or even logical. Donald Devine has argued <mask>'s synthesis is a first principle or axiom that is as valid as Strauss's monist first principle and relates this to Hayek's critical rationalism philosophical tradition and those he identifies with it such as Aristotle, Cicero, Thomas Aquinas, Montesquieu, John Locke, Adam Smith and Lord Acton. Traditionalist critics
<mask>'s attempt at synthesis was questioned by those representing both constituent parts.Traditionalists were provoked by <mask>'s negative statements about two of their favorites, Robert Nisbet and Russell Kirk, which Kirk reciprocated by calling him "an ideologue for liberty". <mask>, however, did refer to both as "serious" thinkers, a <mask> footnote even conceded Kirk "in recent years" had been more supportive of freedom, and he called Kirk's views on freedom itself "excellent". <mask> also conceded that both Nisbet and Kirk primarily desired only local as opposed to national or even state community power "to their credit" but they could be chided even then for not understanding that the rationale for local community is that local government is more based upon freedom. The traditionalist Rossiter rather than Kirk or Nesbit was <mask>'s target. <mask> even granted the New Conservatives were correct that virtue is "the most important of problems". The fundamental problem was that Rossiter insisted upon a "positive freedom" that changed freedom from a means to an end, just as did the utilitarian libertarians. Contrary to the Catholic philosopher Stanley Parry's claim that <mask> did not even recognize the family as a natural community, <mask> called the family and state "necessary associations".The family was different from all other institutions since children were not full individuals and thus required protection and limited rights. He argued that the state actually had been a hindrance to both virtue and the family rather than their champion. As far as educating children, prior to state control schools taught virtue and the truths of Western civilization and now do not. Fellow National Review editor Brent Bozell criticized <mask> for demanding a "maximum freedom" and for arguing that freedom is necessary in order to act virtuously. <mask> did not make either claim. He actually wrote that total freedom was impossible. He did not say that freedom was necessary for virtue but only that forced virtue is not virtuous.A forced act may be objectively virtuous in some sense but not for the individual who is forced to act. <mask>'s concern was that to give the state the power to define virtue is to have no standard for virtue at all. Its definition would change with every change in power distribution. One cannot give the state the definition of virtue or there is no virtue – there is only power. Actually, Bozell at the end recommended a social policy based upon the moral principle of subsidiarity, which is not all that different from <mask>'s position. A Parry article argued that the <mask> libertarian critique was correct about the state and reform did necessitate a revision of tradition once the previous vision had lost its energy. Pure restoration would be reactionary and impossible once broken.Restoration required a new "prophet" who would have to convince people freely to adopt the revision, not to rely upon force, which simply cannot be inspiring enough for substantial change. It is necessary to take what is good from the

masks:
Frank Straus Meyer
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 present tradition, remove what has been abused and proclaim the revision as a renewed tradition, which must specifically convince the "individual members of a multitude" in order for a true synthesis to revitalize society. In the late 1960s, <mask> engaged in a continuing debate over the status of Abraham Lincoln with Harry V. Jaffa. Jaffa faulted <mask> for blaming Lincoln for the "destruction of the autonomy of the states". <mask> argued that Lincoln's abuses of civil liberties and expansion of government power should make him anathema to conservatives, while Jaffa defended Lincoln as in the tradition of the Founding Fathers. Slavery, segregation and African American civil rights were seen as the defining case against fusionism's relevance to modern times because of the insistence by <mask> and others at the time that states rights be preserved even in the face of these demands. Harry V. Jaffa argued that neither state nor national sovereignty was clearly established in the Constitution but no American president has in fact operated on the assumption that state power was preeminent, giving the Constitution a nationalist orientation.Once in position to act nationally, all presidents have exercised national power. Some of the cited presidents did act in favor of states rights but mostly as state officials or former presidents than when in power, such as Thomas Jefferson or James Madison. <mask> replied that in fact the states had power and even caused a Civil War, which was more accurately labeled as a war between the states. <mask> argued that limited national power, state autonomy, and decentralism were the essence of the Constitution as far as government was concerned. Lord Acton considered federalism the unique contribution of America to the historical understanding of freedom. Certainly that force has atrophied over time and even <mask> conceded some 14th Amendment limits to state actions. But he maintained with National Review editor James Burnham that the Federal Courts were not supreme.Separation of powers was the essence of the Constitution, very much including the states whose checks and balances were still alive in his day in the effective if partial state nullification of national court cases and laws. Libertarian critics
Some libertarians vigorously joined in criticizing <mask>'s conclusion that both ideological libertarianism and traditionalism were distortions of same Western tradition and that both undermined freedom. <mask> specifically censured libertarian favorites Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill for setting freedom as an end, not unlike the New Conservatives, only the ends were different. <mask> argued that utilitarian libertarians today use court power to force "freedom" ends with such vague phrases as due process and equal protection and manipulating utopian versions of freedom of the press, religion and speech. Pure libertarians assume they know what "freedom" is and that the state should enforce their vision through the courts. <mask> argued that freedom by itself had no end, no purpose other than as a means for people to freely choose their own ends. Ronald Hamowy argued <mask>'s synthesis cannot hold because there was a fundamental difference between a classical liberalism that promoted markets and freedom and a traditionalist conservatism that resisted it.Murray Rothbard was viewed favorably by <mask> for his recognition of the importance of tradition in reasoning, especially his support for St. Thomas Aquinas and his view that Enlightenment "hatred" for the medieval Catholic Church weakened freedom. Rothbard was only criticized as too pessimistic in his view of the courts as the "final power" compared to <mask>'s view that separation of powers left no one branch in charge and that each has power against the others, including the Congress and the states against the national courts. Rothbard, in fact, argued that <mask>'s fusionism was actually the natural law-natural rights branch of libertarian thought which Rothbard himself and other true libertarians followed. Libertarian journalist Ryan Sager in 2007's The Elephant in the Room: Evangelicals, Libertarians, and the Battle for the Soul of the Republican Party reviewed <mask>'s work favorably and called for a principled revival of <mask>'s fusionism to save the embattled party following its 2006 electoral defeats. <mask>'s philosophical synthesis
Rothbard's argument that <mask> was simply a libertarian and not a synthesizer, someone who was somewhat confused about the nature of tradition, can be criticized in return for forcing tradition into his philosophy through the back door by calling it "common sense." Rothbard insisted morality was already part of libertarianism as he understood it – the "Aristotelian-Lockean natural rights wing," as he labeled it, as opposed to the "utilitarian-emotivist-hedonistic wing." Yet, is not the proper response to this: who is the manqué?Is not the popular understanding of libertarianism (the Libertarian Party, for example) precisely the precepts of the "hedonistic wing?" With common sense and natural rights (and even St. Thomas Aquinas) as part of his libertarianism, could not Rothbard just as well be labeled as a fusionist manqué, or simply as a fusionist, since his synthesis did not follow the predominant utilitarian/emotivist wing of libertarianism? Paul Gottfried criticized <mask>'s fusionist synthesis from the traditionalist, realist right by charging that it is impossible to say that <mask>'s fusionism had worked. It rejected many elements of a comprehensive fusionism that could have created a movement that achieved great things but failed in this by purging powerful voices on the right who did not follow its party line. <mask> rested his view of freedom upon "Christian metaphysics" as did Rothbard, Gottfried argued, making <mask>'s philosophy of history too "rough" to attract many of the Old Right who were more realist, secular and pragmatic. Rejected by the fusionist right these tended to see themselves as martyrs to their principles, especially excluded by the neoconservatives who controlled access to intellectual funding and prestige. Gottfried called for a new more comprehensive fusionist alliance based upon "similar" Meyer-like principles that could now include a second generation Old Right that "no longer extols an active government even in principle," a coalition that would only exclude the nationalist, pro big government neoconservatives.Joseph Bottum "cannot see how to put the cracked egg of conservatism back together. There seems no place in America these days for <mask> fusionism, or even Ronald Reagan's big-tent Republicanism." Gottfried's paleocons reject "True Man" as understood by St. Augustine and most libertarians reject religion, which is the life of the Western state, Bottum argued, and both libertarians and traditionalists elements of the <mask> fusion today tend to dismiss the need for an aggressive foreign policy. Bottum instead offered a new "tension" between religion and the Enlightenment, a new fusionism of religious traditionalists and secular "foreign policy neoconservatives" as they have been gathered at The Weekly Standard magazine, where he was an editor. He was sensitive that this might be viewed as a "fairly cynical bargain" manipulated by the neoconservatives but insisted it resulted from "mutual persuasion" in debate with the social conservatives. The nature of the agreement is unclear except in a presumed joint opposition to abortion. Yet, even Bottom conceded that when the religious faction questioned the legitimacy of the Court in its failure to end abortion, the neoconservatives attacked it ruthlessly for questioning the government's legitimacy.While Bottum argued the coalition survived the controversy, it is unclear whether the two can manage the legitimacy question since it is primary for the neoconservatives and only at best secondary for the religious traditionalists. It was the classical liberal F. A. Hayek in "Freedom, Reason and Tradition" who most systematically and relentlessly pursued the nature of a libertarian/traditionalist synthesis but was loath to give it a label. He began by distinguishing between two views of human reason, a speculative/rationalistic/utopian and an empirical/evolutionary/institutional one, which was "particularly conspicuous" in their different assumptions about human nature. The former viewed intelligence and goodness as natural to individual man while the latter argued that institutions must be created so that "bad people could do least harm." While not arguing for this on religious grounds, he acknowledged his empirical position was "closer to the Christian tradition of the fallibility and sinfulness of man, while the perfectionism of the rationalist is in irreconcilable conflict with it". To Hayek, like <mask>, freedom and tradition were fused. "Paradoxical as it may appear, it is probably true that a successful free society will always in large measure be a tradition-bound society," for a free society needs customs, laws and institutions whose observance is a "necessary condition" for freedom.Freedom is the means but the "values into which we are born supplies the ends which our reason must serve". This fusion was believed essential not only to social life but to thought, science and to reason itself. Without that dualism, there would have been no historical freedom. It was not a coincidence that Hayek was the one who first led <mask> to arrive at his mature philosophy. Influence on Ronald Reagan
As Ronald Reagan assumed the pinnacle of power of the presidency in 1981, in his first speech to an audience of his conservative allies in Washington, he reminded them of their roots. After listing "intellectual leaders like Russell Kirk, Friedrich Hayek, Henry Hazlitt, Milton Friedman, James Burnham, [and] Ludwig von Mises" as the ones who "shaped so much of our thoughts," he discussed only one of these influences at length. "It's especially hard to believe that it was only a decade ago, on a cold April day on a small hill in upstate New York, that another of these great thinkers, <mask>, was buried.He'd made the awful journey that so many others had: He pulled himself from the clutches of The [communist] God That Failed, and then in his writing fashioned a vigorous new synthesis of traditional and libertarian thought – a synthesis that is today recognized by many as modern conservatism." As he recalled him, the new president outlined the ideas <mask> synthesized as the principles motivating this new conservative movement. "It was <mask> who reminded us that the robust individualism of the American experience was part of the deeper current of Western learning and culture. He pointed out that a respect for law, an appreciation for tradition, and regard for the social consensus that gives stability to our public and private institutions, these civilized ideas must still motivate us even as we seek a new economic prosperity based on reducing government interference in the marketplace. Our goals complement each other. We're not cutting the budget simply for the sake of sounder financial management. This is only a first step toward returning power to the states and communities, only a first step toward reordering the relationship between citizen and government.""We can make government again responsive to the people by cutting its size and scope and thereby ensuring that its legitimate functions are performed efficiently and justly. Because ours is a consistent philosophy of government, we can be very clear: We do not have a separate social agenda, separate economic agenda, and a separate foreign agenda. We have one agenda. Just as surely as we seek to put our financial house in order and rebuild our nation's defenses, so too we seek to protect the unborn, to end the manipulation of schoolchildren by utopian planners, and permit the acknowledgement of a Supreme Being in our classrooms just as we allow such acknowledgements in other public institutions." The essence of this fusionist synthesis was "cutting the size and scope" of the national government and "returning power to the states and communities" to allow the traditional "social consensus," its "robust individualism," and the free market to restore prosperity and civic vitality. Ronald Reagan took <mask>'s idea of this Western synthesis into government and could claim some success in translating it into power, at least for a while. Its future, however, must be viewed as more problematical.Works
 The Moulding of Communists: the training of the Communist cadre, New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1961. In Defense of Freedom: A Conservative Credo, Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1962
 Left, Right and Center: Essays on Liberalism and Conservatism in the United States, ed. by Robert Goldwin, <mask>, et al., Chicago: Rand, McNally, 1965
 The Conservative Mainstream, New Rochelle: Arlington House, 1969. References

Further reading

External links
 Ronald Reagan, "Address to the Conservative Political Action Conference," March 20, 1981

1909 births
1972 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American philosophers
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Alumni of the London School of Economics
American Roman Catholics
American libertarians
American magazine editors
American male non-fiction writers
American people of German-Jewish descent
American political philosophers
American political writers
Converts to Roman Catholicism
Critics of Marxism
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Deaths from lung cancer
Former Marxists
National Review people
New Right (United States)
Princeton University alumni
Writers from Newark, New

masks:
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Frank Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Meyer
Frank Meyer
Meyer
Frank Meyer
Meyer
Frank Meyer


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<mask> (born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1934) is an American academic, economist, Sinologist and professor at Harvard University. He is the son of <mask>, architect, and <mask> and the grandson of <mask>, the architect. He married <mask> in 1957 and they have three adult children. Early life
<mask> earned an undergraduate degree at Cornell University in 1956. After two years military service in the US Navy, <mask> resumed his studies as a graduate student at Harvard. He earned a MA in economics in 1961 and a Ph.D. in economics in 1964. His doctoral thesis was "Price Formation in Communist China".Academic career
<mask>'s teaching career at Harvard began when he was still a graduate student and continued uninterrupted through 2006, when he became a research and emeritus professor. He was a member of both the Department of Economics of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Harvard and of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. He was a Phi Beta Kappa Visiting Scholar in 1992-93. He has published 25 books and over 150 articles dealing with general issues of economic development but mainly focused on the economic history and development of China, Korea, and the economies of Southeast Asia ("cv"). Though <mask> began his studies of China and the Chinese language as an undergraduate at Cornell in 1954, he didn't make his first visit to the People's Republic of China until 1974, as a consultant to the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the United States Senate, accompanying Senator <mask>. Jackson of the state of Washington. He accompanied Jackson on two subsequent trips to China in 1978 and 1979, during which the Senator and his advisers had talks with Deng Xiaoping and other senior officials of the Chinese government. ("Report of Senator <mask>. Jackson to the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, U.S. Government Printing Office, October 1979)  He led a delegation of the Committee on Scholarly Communications with the People's Republic of China (CSCPRC) to study rural, small-scale industry in 1975 and in 1979 he was a member of the first CSCPRC economics delegation to China, led by Lawrence Klein of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia.In over 80 trips to the People's Republic of China since then, he has lectured at various universities and was made an honorary professor/researcher of the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences and the Central China University of Science and Technology, which also awarded him the Chang Peigang Award in 2010 for contributions to development economics (www.everychina.news.com). He was the first Cornelius Van der Starr Distinguished Fellow of the China Development Research Foundation in 2008-09 and worked with the Foundation and the Development Research Center of the State Council in various capacities, including many of their Development Forums. (cv)

In 1975-76, <mask> served as acting director of Harvard's Fairbank Center for East Asian Research. A year later, he became chairman of the department of economics of Harvard University and from 1980 through 1995 served as director of the Harvard Institute for International Development (HIID). Later, he also became director of Harvard's Asia Center (ref Who's Who in America,1994, p. 2684, "cv"). During his tenure as director of HIID, the Institute had resident advisers on macroeconomics, government management and legal reform, environmental regulation, maternal and child health, and education in the relevant ministries in 27 countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Eastern Europe (<mask>. <mask>, Richard Pagett, Michael Roemer, Donald Snodgrass, and Joseph Stern, Assisting Development in a Changing World: The Harvard Institute for International Development, 1980-1995 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997); and HIID biannual reports. Prior to becoming director, <mask> served as an advisor to the Economic Planning Unit of the Government of Malaysia in 1968-69 and later led a team to advise the Malaysian government on civil service reform (2004-2007).In 1972 he served as an advisor to the Korea Development Institute (KDI) in Seoul during its first year and subsequently worked with KDI to jointly manage and help write research that produced more than fifteen books on the Korean economy and society, five of which he coauthored. In 1989 he led a team to Vietnam to explore working with the Vietnamese government on its transition from a command to a market economy and in subsequent years continued to give lectures in Vietnam and work with the government on market reforms. In 1995 as part of that effort, together with Thomas Vallely of HIID and others, he helped establish the Fulbright Economic Teaching Program in Ho Chi Minh City, a year-long program of economics training for government officials and private economics personnel. He then taught two semesters in that program (1997-98) and gave lectures and had oversight responsibility for the program until 2009, first through HIID and subsequently via the Kennedy School. (Assisting Development in a Changing World, and various issues of The Fulbright Economics Teaching Program: Guide to Programs and Courses). He served on an advisory committee to the Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea in 1991-92, was inducted into the American Philosophical Society in 2002, and was a member of the International Advisory Group of the Privatization Commission and Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea in 2000-2002.(cv). Selected works
In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about <mask><mask>, the economist, OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 100 works in 250+ publications in 7 languages and 6,900+ library holdings.Market Control and Planning in Communist China (1966)
 China, Asia's Next Economic Giant (1986)
 Agricultural Development in China, 1368-1968 (1969)
 China's Modern Economy in Historical Perspective: sponsored by the Social Science Research Council (1975)
 Rural Development in China (1984)
 Reforming Economic Systems in Developing Countries (1991)
 The Economics of Development(1st edition 1983, 7th edition 2013)

Notes

References
 Suleski, Ronald Stanley. (2005). The Fairbank Center for East Asian Research at Harvard University: a Fifty Year History, 1955-2005. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ;  OCLC 64140358

1934 births
American economists
American sinologists
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Harvard University faculty
Living people
Harvard Institute for International Development
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Cornell University alumni

masks:
Dwight Heald Perkins II
Lawrence Bradford Perkins
Margery Blair Perkins
Dwight Heald Perkins
Julie Rate Perkins
Perkins
Perkins
Perkins
Perkins
Henry M
Henry M
Perkins
Dwight H
Perkins
Perkins
Dwight H
. Perkins


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<mask> (born 21 March 1966) is a Swedish former race car driver. Until his retirement from racing, he competed in the CART, Indy Racing League and the IROC series. He won the 1999 Indianapolis 500 and was the 1998 Indy Racing League champion. He survived one of the racing sport's biggest crashes at Texas Motor Speedway in 2003, where he recorded the highest horizontal g-force ever survived by a human being at .. Eighteen months later he made a comeback at the Indy 500 and set the fastest qualifying time of the field. He retired from IndyCar racing after the race. In 2009, he made a comeback to rally, competing in Rally X at X-Games 15 and winning Gold. <mask> still drives occasionally and won The Dukerie's Stage Rally in Nottingham, England with co-driver Emil Axelsson in June 2011.The duo also won the Swedish classic The Midnight Sun Rally in July 2011. In September Bräck took pole position and won the RAC Tourist Trophy race at the Goodwood Revival in a Shelby Daytona Coupé 1964 together with 9-time 24 Hours of Le Mans winner Tom Kristensen. In September 2013 Bräck won The Whitsun Trophy race at the Goodwood Revival in a Ford GT40 together with Red Bull Racing's Adrian Newey. Early career
Born in Arvika, Sweden, he grew up in the small village of Glava, where his father taught him to drive cars on the lake-ice in the winters. A neighbor introduced Bräck to racing when he was 13 years of age, working in his business one summer, buying him a go-kart. Apart from the beginning of Bräck's career, he has managed his career himself, from finding sponsors, negotiating contracts to winning races. Formula racing
He raced in Britain and Sweden in Formula Ford and Formula 3 (he was Swedish junior Formula Ford Champion in 1986), in Europe in Formula Opel Lotus, in Scandinavia and Europe in the Renault Clio Cup (Scandinavian Champion 1992) and in the US in the Barber Saab Pro Series (Champion in 1993).In 1994 he competed in the International Formula 3000. In 1995 he finished third in the International F3000 championship for Madgwick Racing. In 1996 he was Arrows Formula One test driver but decided to leave the team after mid season concentrating on his European F3000 campaign. Despite winning the last race on the road, after a controversial Clerk of the Course decision he eventually was disqualified from the event and had to settle for the runner-up position in the championship, driving for the British team Super Nova. Had he not been disqualified, <mask> would have been champion. First IRL stint
<mask> debuted in the IRL in 1997, making his first start for Galles Racing at Phoenix, replacing Jeff Ward, and finishing 11th after an accident. Over seven starts, he had two top-5 finishes at Charlotte and New Hampshire.Leading up to his Indianapolis 500 debut in 1997, he showed initial promise early in May. He posted the fastest time on the second day of Rookie Orientation, posting a lap speed of 205.597 mph. He ended up qualifying 15th for the race, in a unique year in which 35 cars formed the starting grid. Unfortunately, on Race Day, in the final pace lap before the green flag, Bräck was caught up in an accident with Stéphan Grégoire and Affonso Giaffone and finished 33rd after being unable to continue. In 1998, he moved to drive for American racing legend A. J. Foyt. The new team paid dividends, as he won three consecutive races on his way to the IRL championship in 1998. In his 1999 title defense, he finished runner-up to Greg Ray, including a win at the 1999 Indianapolis 500.After the 1999 season, he left Foyt's team to compete in the CART FedEx Championship Series. CART career

In 2000 he switched to the CART series, joining Team Rahal and being awarded the Rookie of the Year. He finished 2nd in the driver's championship in 2001, winning a season-high 4 victories and 6 pole positions. However, he did not have much success on road circuits which is what ultimately cost him that year's title to Gil de Ferran. In 2001 Bräck also had a minor role in the Hollywood motion picture Driven, which starred Sylvester Stallone and Burt Reynolds. In 2002, Bräck raced for Chip Ganassi Racing, and he ended the season by winning the CART season finale Mexico City G.P., which turned out to be his only win in major North American open-wheel racing on a road or street circuit. IROC
In 2001 he competed in the International Race of Champions series in the season called IROC XXV.The series is a stock car invitational in the United States. He finished third in the championship, the highest points position for a non-stock car driver. Return to IRL
<mask> moved back to the IRL in 2003 with previous CART team owner, Bobby Rahal and his Rahal Letterman Racing team. <mask> scored 2nd place at the Twin Ring Motegi circuit in Japan. In the final race at Texas Motor Speedway, he suffered a serious crash that almost cost him his life. His car locked wheels with Tomas Scheckter's, flew into the catch fencing, and broke apart. <mask>'s crash saw the highest recorded g-forces since the introduction of crash violence recording systems, peaking at 214 g (while death may occur at >50 g).This was the highest recorded g-force ever survived. He suffered multiple fractures, breaking his sternum, femur, shattering a vertebra in his spine and crushing his ankles. He spent eighteen months recovering from his injuries. Though <mask> would return for one additional race, the Texas wreck essentially ended his racing career in IRL. <mask> made his comeback at the 2005 Indianapolis 500, replacing an injured Buddy Rice (who, coincidentally, had replaced <mask> in 2004). He set the fastest qualification time in the field with an average speed of , but started 23rd due to not qualifying on the first day. He retired from the race with a mechanical problem.Retirement
As of 2011, <mask> lives in England and has retired from open wheel racing. Since 2015 <mask> has helped McLaren Automotive working with dynamic car development for their road cars. In May 2018 he took the role as chief test driver. In May 2017 <mask> set the lap record for road legal cars at the Nürburgring Nordschleife with a lap time of 6'43.22, in a McLaren P1 LM, a project he helped develop with Team Lanzante. For a time he managed future Formula One and IndyCar driver Marcus Ericsson. He continued to occasionally drive in rallying. <mask> also spends his time currently as the lead member and songwriter of his rock band "Bräck", together with lead singer Franc Aledia.At the 2007 Indianapolis 500 the band Bräck cooperated with the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in celebrating American racing legend A. J. Foyt as part of his 50th anniversary at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. In May 2007 the band released its first album "Greatest hits, volume 1" featuring the song "Legend of the Speedway". A rock video, featuring Foyt's Indianapolis winning cars including the car <mask> won the race with in 1999 while driving for Foyt was also recorded. The video was directed by Allen Farst of Niche Productions, Dayton, Ohio. <mask> is also on the board of directors of Mekonomen, Scandinavia's biggest distributor of car spare parts, listed on the Swedish stock exchange. In July 2013, Autosport named <mask> one of the top 50 greatest drivers to have never raced in Formula One. Other racing
Bräck was employed by Lanzante Motorsport to drive one of the most prestigious cars, a 1964 Shelby Daytona Coupé, in the RAC Tourist Trophy race at the Goodwood Revival in September 2011.Only six original cars exist. Sharing the driving duties with 9-time Le Mans winner Tom Kristensen, <mask> qualified the car on pole position. The duo also won the race. In September 2013 Bräck, in partnership with Red Bull F1 Racing's Adrian Newey won the Goodwood revival 50 year anniversary The Whitsun Trophy, where <mask> performed a rain qualifying that went viral on social media. The duo went on to win the race. Also in September Bräck co-drove Christian Glaesel's Ford GT40 in the Spa 6-Hours race, together with the owner and Olivier Ellerbrock. Bräck qualified the car on pole.Eventually the car finished in 5th place. X Games
In 2009, four years after retiring from IndyCar racing <mask> made a surprise return to the wheel after receiving a special invitation to compete in the annual ESPN X Games 15 in Los Angeles. <mask> drove a Ford Fiesta prepared by Swedish team Olsbergs MSE. <mask> was the fastest qualifier and went on to win the competition outright in a head-to-head final against previous Rally Gold Medal winner and nine time overall X-Games Gold Medal winner Travis Pastrana. <mask> became the first specially invited driver to win the Rally Gold Medal. The late WRC star Colin McRae previously held the top spot with a second-place finish. Rally
In 2011 Bräck won his second stage rally in his career, Dukerie's Rally outside Nottingham, England, in a Ford Escort Mk II BDG with Swedish co-driver Emil Axelsson.In July 2011 the duo won the Swedish classic The Midnight Sun Rally in the same car, in front of the previous year's winner Kenneth Bäcklund and rally world champion Björn Waldegård. Racing record

Complete International Formula 3000 results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

American open–wheel results
(key)

IndyCar Series

CART

Indianapolis 500

Complete FIA European Rallycross Championship results

Division 1

References

External links

 Official web site
 <mask> career statistics
 <mask>'s crash at Texas Motor Speedway in 2003
Band website

1966 births
Living people
People from Arvika Municipality
Swedish racing drivers
British Formula Three Championship drivers
Champ Car drivers
IndyCar Series champions
IndyCar Series drivers
Swedish Formula Three Championship drivers
Indianapolis 500 drivers
Indianapolis 500 winners
International Race of Champions drivers
International Formula 3000 drivers
British Formula 3000 Championship drivers
Swedish expatriates in Belgium
Swedish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Barber Pro Series drivers
Chip Ganassi Racing drivers
Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing drivers

masks:
Kenny Bräck
Bräck
Bräck
Bräck
Bräck
Bräck
Bräck
Bräck
Bräck
Bräck
Bräck
Bräck
Kenny
Bräck
Bräck
Bräck
Bräck
Bräck
Bräck
Bräck
Bräck
Bräck
Bräck
Kenny Bräck
Kenny Bräck


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<mask> (March 7, 1913 – July 27, 1942) was a French paratrooper, a member of the Free French Air Force, and a member of the French Squadron, Special Air Service during World War II. He is famous for being the first French paratrooper officer killed in action, and was the author of the poem "Prayer of The Paratrooper". Personal life
<mask> was born in Paris to a family of Alsatian  Catholic (according to the family grave that he shares http://promotion.zirnheld.free.fr/ceremonie/tombe.JPG)

<mask> had been a pupil at the Pensionnat diocésain de Passy (a private Catholic school). A licensed and certified graduate of philosophy, <mask> was a college philosophy professor before the war. In 1937 <mask> was appointed professor of philosophy at the Lycee Carnot de Tunis in Tunis, Tunisia. In October 1938 <mask> served as professor at the French Secular Mission in Tartus, Tunisia. Involvement in the Second World War
At the outbreak of the war in 1939, <mask> was assigned to a Défense Contre Avions (DCA) unit in Lebanon.<mask> tried to transfer to serve in the Metropolitan Army in France, but the Armistice was signed before he could do so. <mask> then defected to British-held Palestine to join the Free French forces. He was assigned to the 1st Colonial Infantry Battalion as a private and served at the Battle of Sidi Barani. Because of his education, he was reassigned as the Deputy Director of the Department of Information and Propaganda in Cairo. Although this was a "safe" position, he requested a frontline posting. He was then sent to the Officer Candidates' School in Brazzaville, French Congo, where he graduated 5th in his class as an Aspirant (Brevet-Lieutenant). He was airborne trained and was assigned to the Middle East in February 1942 to the 1er Compagnie de Chasseurs Parachutistes, assigned to the Forces Aériennes Françaises Libres (FAFL = Free French Air Force).This was later folded into the 3rd French Special Air Service or French 3rd Parachute Chasseur Regiment. Although an officer in the Free French forces, <mask> was rated as a corporal in the SAS. This was because no officer slots were open at the time, <mask> had just joined the unit, and had no seniority. The SAS, originally conceived as an airborne formation, had at this point been converted to a raiding force equipped with machine-gun-armed jeeps. On his first mission, <mask> commanded a team of four men who raided Luftwaffe airfield Berka 3, Libya on 12 June 1942, destroying six enemy aircraft on the ground. He then received, as all SAS after their first mission, his SAS operational wings or "Egyptian wings". His later missions included the sabotage of a railway track, attacks on Axis convoys, and taking Luftwaffe prisoners.For his actions, he was proposed for the French Médaille militaire and British Military Cross and received the Croix de guerre ("Cross of War") with 2 palmes en vermeil (gilded silver Palm Branch pins worn on the medal's ribbon, signifying two Theater-level Mentions-in-Dispatches). The Sidi-Haneish Raid
<mask>'s fourth and last mission was a now legendary SAS raid on Sidi Haneish Airfield on the night of 26 June and the early morning of 27 June 1942. An 18-jeep force attacked the field by driving up the runway in an inverted "V" formation and strafing the parked planes. 37 bombers and transports were destroyed for the loss of two SAS troopers. <mask>'s jeep had  a flat, but he was picked up by Aspirant François Martin. <mask> and Martin drove off, but Martin's jeep broke down, so they began traveling on foot. Three hours later, with the sun now up, a flight of four Stuka dive-bombers spotted them and strafed them.<mask> was hit in the shoulder and abdomen on their second pass. <mask> died of his wounds thirteen hours later. His last words to Martin were, Je vais vous quitter. Tout est en ordre en moi. (I am leaving you. Everything is in order within me.) The Paratrooper's Prayer
While going through a notebook Martin recovered from <mask>'s body, a text was found that would become  La Prière du Para (The Paratrooper's Prayer).<mask> had apparently written it before the war, while working in Tunisia in 1938. It is now the official prayer of both the French, Portuguese and Brazilian Airborne forces. <mask> and his prayer has also been quoted partially or had its content edited to fit its intended audience. <mask> himself, virtually unknown outside France, has been adopted by Allied nations who mistake him for one of their own. He has been quoted by British and Dutch Paras and American Soldiers and Marines, making him a sort of movable "unknown soldier". As for those who view <mask> as a man of peace, he was once quoted as saying: I need not complain about the war. Because of it, I have had to learn to live through anything.Because of it, you could say I have benefited, very greatly benefited even, than that of the life that I have led without it. It is on the contrary peace, that is the situation, the career that had been artificial and dangerous for my progress. After the war, the problem will be to discover a similar pace. Burial
<mask>'s body was first buried in an hastily dug grave in the Libyan desert by Aspirant Martin, who left directions and landmarks to help locate its whereabouts. After the North African campaign, <mask>'s remains were located and interred in the British military cemetery at Mersa Matruh, Egypt. After the war <mask>'s remains were disinterred and sent back to France where they were placed in the family grave in Batignolles Cemetery. Medals
Compagnon de la Libération – décret du 1er Mai 1943 (Companion of the Liberation – Decree of 1 May 1943)
Médaille militaire (Military Medal)
Croix de guerre 39/45 avec 2 palmes (War Cross 1939/1945 with 2 palms)
Médaille de la Résistance avec rosette (Medal of the Resistance with Officer's Rosette)

Further legacy
 Camp Aspirant <mask> is named after <mask>.Located north of Pau, it is one of the three sites of the School of Airborne Troops (and the location of MUSEE - MEMORIAL DES PARACHUTISTES). The fourth promotion (class of 1964-1965) of the École militaire interarmes is known as the promotion Zirnheld. See also
List of French paratrooper units
1st Marine Infantry Parachute Regiment

References

French soldiers
French Air and Space Force personnel
Free French military personnel of World War II
Special Air Service soldiers
Recipients of the Resistance Medal
Companions of the Liberation
1913 births
1942 deaths
Military personnel from Paris
Saint-Jean de Passy alumni
Burials at Batignolles Cemetery
French military personnel killed in World War II

masks:
André Louis Arthur Zirnheld
Zirnheld
Zirnheld
Zirnheld
Zirnheld
Zirnheld
Zirnheld
Zirnheld
Zirnheld
Zirnheld
Zirnheld
Zirnheld
Zirnheld
Zirnheld
Zirnheld
Zirnheld
Zirnheld
Zirnheld
Zirnheld
Zirnheld
Zirnheld
Zirnheld
Zirnheld
Zirnheld
Zirnheld
Zirnheld
Zirnheld


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<mask> (October 29, 1885 – June 11, 1963) was an American archaeologist considered the foremost of the southwestern United States and Mesoamerica during the first half of the 20th century. He saw a disciplined system of archaeological techniques as a means to extend the principles of anthropology into the prehistoric past and so was the originator of the first comprehensive, systematic approach to North American archaeology. Early life
Born in Marquette, Michigan, <mask> was the son of a mining engineer. He entered Harvard College with the intention of qualifying for medical school, but found himself uninspired by premedical courses. He applied for a summer job in archaeology with the University of Utah in 1907. Kidder spent two successive summers in the mesa and canyon country of southwestern Colorado, southeastern Utah and areas of New Mexico. <mask> and Jesse L. Nusbaum (later Superintendent of Mesa Verde National Park), came to the Mesa Verde area with ethnologist Jesse Walter Fewkes to conduct an archaeological survey and to photograph ruins.He obtained his bachelor's degree at Harvard in 1908 and a doctorate in anthropology in 1914. Archaeological career
<mask> then embarked on a series of expeditions to the Southwest, many in northeastern Arizona. These expeditions were sponsored by Harvard's Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology and the associated Robert S. Peabody Museum of Archaeology at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. From 1915 to 1929, <mask> conducted site excavations at an abandoned pueblo near Pecos, New Mexico, now the Pecos National Historical Park. He excavated levels of human occupation at the pueblo going back more than 2000 years, and gathered a detailed record of cultural artifacts, including a large collection of pottery fragments and human remains. From these items, he was able to establish a continuous record of pottery styles from 2000 years ago to the mid-to-late 19th century. Kidder then analyzed trends and changes in pottery styles in association with changes in the Pecos people's culture and established a basic chronology for the Southwest.With Samuel J. Guernsey, he established the validity of a chronological approach to cultural periods. Kidder asserted that deductions about the development of human culture could be obtained through a systematic examination of stratigraphy and chronology in archaeological sites. This research laid the foundation for modern archaeological field methods, shifting the emphasis from a "gentlemanly adventure" adding items such as whole pots and cliff dwellings to museum coffers to the study of potsherds and other artifacts in relation to the cultural history. Pioneering archaeologists in other regions of the United States completed the transformation of professional methodology initiated by Kidder. His Introduction to the Study of Southwestern Archaeology, published in 1924, was the first synthesis of North American prehistory based on professionally recovered empirical data. In spite of his efforts at documentation, Kidder's conclusions have sometimes been criticized for a lack of integration between his field reports and his later synthesis and interpretation of that data. However, Kidder clearly emphasized archaeology's need for a scientific "eye" in the development of fact collecting techniques and clear definitions.In the late 1920s, <mask> started the Pecos Conferences for archaeologists and ethnologists working in the American southwest. In 1927, a temporal system of nomenclature, known as the Pecos Classification System, was established for use in southwestern sites. Archaeologists have since used the sequence, with later variations, to assign approximate dates to dozens of sites throughout the Southwest and to determine cultural ties and differences among them. The same year he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1936, <mask> formally used the Navajo term "Anasazi" to define a specific cultural group of people living in the southwest between approximately 200 BC and 1300 AD. This term had been casually used by excavators for many of the "ancient people" since the early explorations of Richard Wetherill, and had been informally used in the work of the Pecos Conferences. As an associate in charge of archaeological investigations (1927–1929) and as chairman of the division of historical research (1929–1950) at the Carnegie Institution, <mask> conducted a broad-scale multidisciplinary research program in Kaminaljuyu in the Guatemalan highlands which established the framework of Maya stratigraphy.In 1939 he became honorary curator of Southwestern American archaeology at the Peabody Museum, Harvard. In 1951, <mask>, in discussions with Thomas Stuart Ferguson and Gordon Willey of Harvard University, was instrumental in establishing a foundation dealing with the status of archaeology in Mexico and Central America. In regard to those discussions, Ferguson wrote that the three scholars agreed “...it was unfortunate that so little work was being carried on in so important an area and that something should be done to increase explorations and excavations....Despite the amazing discoveries made between 1930 and 1950, work on the Pre-Classic was virtually at a standstill in 1951. The result of the discussion was that we agreed to set up a new organization to be devoted to the Pre-Classic civilizations of Mexico and Central America—the earliest known high cultures of the New World.”  The following year, the New World Archaeological Foundation (NWAF) was incorporated in California, as a nonprofit, scientific, fact-finding body. Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation
During <mask>'s studies and excavations at Pecos Pueblo, particularly between 1915 and 1929, pottery and other artifacts were sent to the Robert S. Peabody Museum, Andover, Massachusetts, while excavated human remains were sent to the Peabody Museum at Harvard. In the early 20th century, no archaeologist consulted with Native American descendants concerning the excavation of their ancestors' homes and graves. Although <mask> was aware of the long-standing relationship between the abandoned Pecos Pueblo and the modern Pueblo of Jemez, he did not consider that any local population had a claim on artifacts and remains.By a 1936 Act of Congress, the Pueblo of Jemez became the legal and administrative representative of the Pueblo of Pecos, which had been privately owned during <mask>'s excavation. As a consequence of The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), which requires federal and other museum facilities to inventory, establish cultural affiliations, and publish in the Federal Register any and all Native American human remains and certain objects in their possession, the Pueblo of Jemez made a formal claim on behalf of the Pecos people. This repatriation was primarily due to the efforts of William J. Whatley, the Jemez Pueblo tribal archaeologist, who searched through museum records for these remains and artifacts for eight years. The human remains from <mask>'s excavations were returned to the Jemez people in 1999 and ritually reburied at Pecos National Historic Park. In a sense, they rejoined <mask>, as he is buried on a hillside not far away, close to Pecos Pueblo. Family life
Although her name rarely occurred on publications, <mask>'s wife Madeleine worked as an archaeologist alongside her husband. <mask>'s grandson, T.R.<mask> is a noted archaeologist of the southeastern United States. Publications
 – regarded as the first comprehensive archaeological study of a New World area

*

Notes

References

External links
 Biography - Minnesota State University, Mankato
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

1885 births
1963 deaths
Harvard College alumni
University of Utah staff
American ethnologists
Mayanists
Mesoamerican archaeologists
American Mesoamericanists
20th-century Mesoamericanists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
20th-century American archaeologists
20th-century American Episcopalians

masks:
Alfred Vincent Kidder
Kidder
Kidder
Kidder
Kidder
Kidder
Kidder
Kidder
Kidder
Kidder
Kidder
Kidder
Kidder
Kidder
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Kidder
Kidder


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<mask> (born 1979) is a Dutch artist and founder of Studio Roosegaarde, which develops projects that merge technology and art in urban environments. Some of the studio's works have been described as "immersive" and "Interactive" because they change the visitors' surroundings in reaction to the behavior of those visitors. Other works are intended to increase environmental awareness and add a pleasing aesthetic dimension to technical solutions to environmental problems. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1979 in Nieuwkoop in The Netherlands. He studied at the Institute for the Arts in Arnhem (1997–1999), the Academy of Fine Arts in Enschede (2001–2003), and the Berlage Institute in Rotterdam (2003–2005). Overview

Roosegaarde's projects often employ light design and sensing technology in an interactive manner, as illustrated in an early work, 4D-PIXEL, a "smart wall" that physically reacts to voice and music and shows 3D letters, created with his team at AKI Enschede and Saxion Enschede with KITT Engineering. In 2007, he founded Studio Roosegaarde, in Rotterdam, The Netherlands.The Studio is a social design lab, also called “The Dream Factory”. Later he opened a "pop-up" studio in Shanghai, China. There is permanent ancillary studio in Dubai. The work of Studio Roosegaarde ranges from design installations that address sustainable energy solutions for the future to sensor-driven, touch-responsive interactive installations and community art projects. The studio’s work explores the Dutch concept of Schoonheid, meaning "beauty", but also invoking "cleanliness" in reference to air, water and energy sources. Environmental art

From 2015 to 2017, Roosegaarde's studio created two environmental art projects, the "Smog Free Project" used art to clean the environment and the "Icon Afsluitdijk Project" created immersive art on an existing dyke. Smog Free Project (2015): In response to record 2013 air pollution in Beijing, Roosegaarde proposed the "Smog Free Project" with the following elements:

 Smog Free Tower: An aesthetically designed 7-metre (23 ft) smog tower to filter pollution—processing 30,000 cubic metres per hour (39,000 cuyd/h) of air, using 1,400 Watts of power—and collects the impurities to be converted into jewellery.Smog Free Bicycle: Mounts filters on bicycles to collect air impurities as each bike travels. The design of the prototype was inspired by the manta ray, which filters water for food. Smog Free Rings: Designed as rewards to kickstarter supporters. Icoon Afsluitdijk (2017): A design programme commissioned by the Dutch Government comprising three installations on the 32-kilometre Afsluitdijk dyke, built in 1932. Gates of Light: An installation sited on the dyke's floodgates, employs prisms that reflect light from vehicle headlights. Windvogel: Incorporates kites that generate wind power by moving their cable tethers, each of which is luminous and glows in the dark. Glowing Nature: Features live bioluminescent algae; single-celled organisms that emit light when under foot.DreamScape series

Four "DreamScapes" that combine art and landscape are Urban Sun, GROW, Seeing Stars and SPARK. Urban Sun (2019-2021): Urban Sun employs far-ultraviolet light to remove a claimed 99.9% of airborne COVID and other viruses, employing research by Columbia University and Hiroshima University, while meeting international safety standards. GROW (2021): Grow is an installation of fibre-optic LED grow lights  a field of leeks, which emit aesthetically pleasing blue, red, and ultraviolet (UV) light, with the claim that it enhances plant growth, while reducing the use of pesticides by up to 50% and using solar-power. Seeing Stars (2021): In partnership with Unesco Netherlands and the city of Franeker, this project was a coordinated one-night blackout of the city, intended to enhance a sense of shared community connection with the sky. SPARK (2022): First demonstrated in Bilbao, SPARK uses biodegradable bubbles and lights as a sustainable alternative to fireworks in a 50 x 30 x 50 metre cloud. Other works

Other works by the studio include:

Liquid Space (2006): An installation that reacts to the presence of visitors using sensors, software and mechanisms to change the appearance of the space through lighting effects. FLOW (2007): A 10-metre-wide corridor of ventilator fans controlled by sensors, which reacted to the sound and motion of visitors passing through them, while on display in Ljubljana, Slovenia.DUNE (2007): A 60-metre installation along the Maas River in Rotterdam that uses fiberoptic lighting that changes color and intensity, according to the sounds of passersby, while using less than 60 watts of power. Space Waste Lab (2008): A continuing conceptual project to enhance awareness of space debris from spent satellites and missiles, using beams of light and to create artificial meteors from the capture waste. Intimacy (2010): A project to design garments that reacted to changes in heat produced by people present or by the environment. The heat changed the opacity of the garment "e-foil" material, based on sensor input. The e-foil material was produced in black and white versions. LOTUS (2010-2021): A series of artworks, employing a back-lit surface that opens and closes like a lotus in response to visitors' interactions with the surface. Shapes include: LOTUS DOME displayed in Sainte Marie Madeleine Church in Lille, France, LOTUS OCULUS was exhibited during the 2021 Salone del Mobile in Milan, and LOTUS Maffei, permanently displayed in the Palazzo Maffei Museum in Verona, Italy.Smart Highway (2014): A lighting project, in collaboration with the Heijmans infrastructure group to use light, which uses stored solar energy to illuminate highway delineations with glowing lines. Van Gogh Path (2012-2015): A 600-metre (2,000 ft) bicycle path between Nuenen and Eindhoven,  which uses thousands lights that charge during the day and twinkle at night—inspired by Vincent van Gogh's painting, The Starry Night. Beyond (2016): A lenticular print of cloud images 121-metre (397 ft) long and back-lit by LED lamps at Amsterdam's Schiphol Airport, which gives the illusion of depth into the image. Rainbow Station (2016): A lighting project, in collaboration with Leiden University, which illuminates the 125-year-old Amsterdam Central Station. WATERLICHT (2016-2021): A light display that uses LEDs and lenses to create a wave-like moving layer of blue light above the heads of spectators to created to evoke thoughts about rising sea levels and the need to adapt to the changing environment. The display was shown in Amsterdam in 2016 for the Dutch District Water Board, and later in London, Toronto, Paris, Rotterdam, Dubai, and New York City. PRESENCE (2017): A 800-metre2 "immersive" installation in the Groninger Museum that uses hidden lights to illuminate a series of spaces, starting with a grid-like view of Holland from above, a Mondrian grid, where the room seems to scan the visitor with light, passing next into a second empty space, where sudden lights imprint the visitor on the wall, followed by a space occupied by luminescent balls on the floor and ending in a space with images of an intern, who helped create the fluorescent effect, on the floor, invoking both primitive and futuristic sensations.SYNC (2019): An "immersive" art installation wherein visitors create blue light rings rings around where they are walking on a flexible-membrane floor. Levenslicht (2020): An installation of 104,000 luminescent memorial stones representing each of the Dutch victims of the Holocaust. It was commissioned by the National Committee 4 and 5 May and exhibited in Rotterdam on the banks of the Maas River, where the victims of Rotterdam were assembled to be deported. Subsequently, the work was divided among 170 municipalities with a Holocaust history. TOUCH (2021): An installation developed for the museum Draiflessen Museum collection in Mettingen, Germany, that senses when two visitors join hands and generates thousands of starry lights. Permanent public artworks
The following public artworks are located in the Netherlands;
 22 Beds, Enschede (2002)
 Spiral, Velp (2003)
 Lunar, Breda (2011)
 Marbles, Almere (2012)
 Van Gogh Path, Eindhoven/Nuenen (2012)
 Beyond, Schiphol Airport (2016)
 Space, Eindhoven Central Station (2017)

Exhibitions
Studio Roosegaarde has exhibited at the Rijksmuseum, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, Tate Modern, Tokyo National Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum,the Musee des Arts Decoratifs in Paris, Google Zeitgeist, and the Design Museum in London. Awards & recognition
Roosegaarde has received notable awards for his work including the Shenzhen Global Design Award, Ethics Ethical Award, LIT Lighting Design Award 2019, World OMOSIROI Award Japan, Beijing Media Architecture Award, Design Project of the Year Dezeen Award, London Design Innovation medal in 2016, the INDEX Design Award, DFA Gold and Grand Award Hong Kong, LIT 2017 Lighting Designer of the Year Award, Platinum A’Design Award 2017, D&AD Awards 2017, Core77 Design Awards 2017, Dutch Artist of the Year 2016, the World Technology Award, 2020 Winner [d]arc awards 2020 Art – High: Grow, Netherlands by Studio Roosegaarde, 2021 Winner Global Future Design Awards, 2021 Finalist World Changing Ideas Awards 2021, Urban Design finalists, and the 2021 Winner Media Architecture Awards, Spatial Media Art.Bibliography
 Adele Chong, Timo de Rijk, <mask> Roosegaarde: Interactive Landscapes, nai010, Rotterdam, 2011. Carol Becker, Nico Daswani, Fumio Nanjo, <mask> Roosegaarde, Phaidon, London, 2019. References

External links

 Studio Roosegaarde official website
 Article in Impact Mania on Roosegaarde
 Artsy article on Roosegaarde
 New York Times article on Roosegaarde

1979 births
Living people
People from Nieuwkoop
Articles containing video clips
Dutch contemporary artists

masks:
Daan Roosegde
Daan Roosegde
Daan
Daan


text_chunks:
Sir <mask> (died 1226) (also spelled <mask> or <mask>) was an Anglo-Norman soldier who earned high office by loyally serving first King John and later King Henry III in the First Barons' War. He played a key role in the Battle of Lincoln Fair in 1217. He attempted to rival <mask>, and as a result fell from power in 1224. His "heraldic device" is now popularly said to have been a griffin, although his coat of arms as depicted by Matthew Paris (died 1259) in his Chronica Majora (folio 64/68 verso) was Gules, a cinquefoil argent. When he married the widow <mask>, she was an heiress and the last of her father's <mask> line, and the Earl of Devon's line became extinct. The title was inherited by <mask>us, owner of the Isle of Wight, whose extensive fortune became the property of <mask>, the next Earl of Devon and Baron of Okehampton. Fawkes' new wife's home in London was then called "Fawkes Hall" (Falkes' Hall), which over the years changed into "Foxhall" and finally into "Vauxhall".The Vauxhall car company derived its name from that part of London and still uses <mask>auté's griffin as its badge. The house stood on approximately 31 acres in the royal manor of Kennington; it was the centre of tension between the Archbishop at Lambeth Palace and the monks of Canterbury, who tried to influence the election of English bishops. Early life
De Bréauté was of obscure Norman parentage, and has been described as the illegitimate child of a Norman knight and a concubine, possibly a knightly family from the village of Bréauté. Most chroniclers, however, describe him as from common stock, and he was often referred to only by his first name, which was said to be derived from the scythe he had once used to murder someone, as a sign of contempt. Service under John
The first accurate records of his royal service are from 1206, when he was sent to Poitou by King John on royal service. Upon his return in February 1207 he was entrusted with the wardenship of Glamorgan and Wenlock, and around that time also knighted. He was then made constable of Carmarthen, Cardigan and the Gower Peninsula, and gained a fearsome reputation in the Welsh Marches.He was sent to destroy Strata Florida Abbey in 1212 for its opposition to the king, though the abbey was spared after the abbot paid a heavy fine of 700 Marks. He served regularly in royal service, including in trips to Flanders and Poitou, and was in high favour with the king. It is often said that he was a foreign mercenary condemned by Magna Carta; this is incorrect, and he was actually one of the royalists who swore to abide by the charter's terms. Bréauté rose to power during the First Barons' War as an unquestioning subject of King John, earning the hate of baronial and monastic leaders alike. He earned the title of John's steward in 1215, a title he kept until the following year. On 28 November 1215, <mask>auté captured Hanslope, Buckinghamshire, a castle of William Mauduit, and he soon after captured Bedford Castle belonging to <mask> Beauchamp, and in reward was allowed to keep it. In 1216 John divided his army between William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury and four "alien" captains, one of whom was <mask>réauté.When Prince Louis of France invaded in the same year <mask>é was tasked with holding Oxford against the baronial forces. On 17 July he and the Earl of Chester sacked Worcester, which had allied itself with Louis. In reward John gave <mask>auté the hand of Margaret the daughter of Warin Fitzgerald, the royal chamberlain. She was the widow of <mask> Revières (Redvers), former heir to the Earl of Devon, who had died in 1216, and after the death of the 5th Earl in 1217 her son became the 6th Earl. So this marriage made <mask>auté "the equal of an earl" as he was regent for the Earldom until his stepson the 6th Earl reached his majority. As Margaret's dowry he gained control of the Isle of Wight, and as part of her inheritance took Stogursey, also becoming chamberlain to the Exchequer. When John died on 19 October <mask>auté served as the executor of his will, and was one of the royalists who reissued Magna Carta on 12 November 1216.Service under Henry III

Under Henry III <mask> continued to fight with the same loyalty he had shown John. The Charter of liberties was a re-issue of Magna Carta and alongside it a Charter of Forests. The two were known as Magna Carta when published in November 1217. That Christmas the regents and Henry stayed at Fawkes castle in Northampton. He was holding seven High Sheriffdoms including Cambridgeshire, Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Northamptonshire and Bedfordshire he presented a major obstacle to Louis and the barons, although he lost Hertford and Cambridge in 1217. On 22 January of that year <mask> and his men had committed their worst atrocity, attacking St Albans because it had come to terms with Prince Louis, although it had done so under duress. After attacking the townspeople his men turned on the abbey, killing the abbot's cook and only leaving after blackmailing the abbot for 200 marks.His men also attacked Wardon Abbey, and although he eventually compensated St Albans it was felt he only did so to please his wife. At the end of February he led a royalist force in an unsuccessful attempt to relieve the port of Rye. After this he captured the Isle of Ely, before playing a critical role in the campaign leading up to the Battle of Lincoln Fair. He joined the Earl of Chester to besiege Mountsorrel, and in response the rebels were forced to divide their forces, with Prince Louis and half his forces remaining at the siege of Dover while the rest marched north to relieve Mountsorrel. After achieving this the rebels marched to Lincoln to assist a rebel force besieging Lincoln Castle; while the town had fallen to the rebels, the castle garrison had remained loyal to King Henry. By the time they got there the royalist force had already arrived under the command of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, and he forced a battle in the streets of the town itself. Before the battle began <mask>auté had led his force into the castle itself, and his crossbowmen shot down at the rebel force from the walls.Sallying out himself, with such force that he was captured before being rescued by his men, he fought on until the rebels fled, with even the Angevin leaders acknowledging his role in a critical victory against superior forces. In reward for his role in the victory the royal court celebrated Christmas at his expense at Northampton, but this proved the climax of his career. After the battle he was one of the many fighters who was alienated by <mask> Burgh, Justiciar of England, over them keeping the castles they had captured for their own profit. Due to his role in the campaign and the victory at Lincoln itself he was unassailable for many years; he deflected judgements made against him in 1218 and 1219 and kept hold of his High Sheriffdoms, including that of Rutland. Between 1218 and 1219 he also served as a Justice of the Peace for Essex, Hertfordshire and East Anglia, and when <mask> Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon died he was given the castle of Plympton. He had made many enemies due to his actions during the war; numbered among them were William Marshal, who pawned four manors to him during the war and had difficulty getting them back, and the Earl of Salisbury, who grew to dislike him after <mask>auté supported <mask> la Haie for constable of Lincoln Castle against Salisbury's personal preference. Due to his status as a commoner his position was more tenuous than that of his enemies, as he had no lands to base himself on, and relied increasingly on the favour of noblemen such as the Earl of Chester and <mask> Roches, Bishop of Winchester, who supported him due to their disenchantment with the rule of <mask> Burgh.In 1222 he cooperated with <mask> to suppress a revolt by the citizens of London, capturing three of the ringleaders and executing them without trial. Rebellion

De Burgh's growing ascendancy drew <mask>é and his allies even closer together, but tensions boiled over in November 1223, when <mask> and the king were forced to flee to Northampton while <mask>, the Count of Aumale and the earls of Chester and Gloucester attempted to seize the Tower of London. A new civil war was averted by the intervention of Simon Langton, Archbishop of York, but after a parley in London on 4 December failed tensions rose again. Threatened with excommunication the "schismatics" returned to the king's court, agreeing on 30 December to give their castles and shrievalties to the king. De Bréauté immediately lost Hertford Castle and the shrievalties of Oxfordshire and Northamptonshire, and lost the rest of his shrievalties by 18 January 1224. The failure of <mask> and his allies gave the advantage to <mask>, who in February 1224 ordered <mask>auté to give up Plympton and Bedford castles, rejecting his claim that Plympton Castle was part of his wife's inheritance. De Bréauté refused to give the castles up, and in response the royal court sent justices to his land with a fake charge of Breach of the Peace.They found him guilty of 16 counts of Wrongful Disseisin, and on 16 June <mask> Bréauté, Falkes' brother, seized Henry of Braybrooke, one of the justices of Dunstable, who ruled against <mask>autés in 16 suits under the new royal writs. Braybrooke had made himself a personal enemy of both <mask>réautés. This was foolish in the extreme, as the King and his court were barely 20 miles away discussing the defence of Poitou. On 20 June the king and his forces besieged Bedford Castle, with Simon Langton excommunicating both the brothers and the garrison as a whole. The siege lasted eight weeks, with over 200 killed by missiles sent by castle defenders. After a fourth assault broke the walls William and 80 knights were captured, refused pardon and hanged. Exile
Having lost Bedford and his brother, <mask> submitted to Henry III on 19 August, pleading for forgiveness in exchange for the loss of all his possessions.At this his wife left him and pleaded for divorce, claiming she had been forced into the marriage eight years before; she was unsuccessful, but did manage to recover some of her lands. On 25 August <mask> officially gave up his lands, and chose exile to France rather than judgement from the barons. Arriving in Normandy he was imprisoned by Louis VIII in Compiègne as revenge for his defeat of the French forces during the war, but was released in 1225 either through the intervention of the pope or through his Crusader's Badge, assumed in 1221. After release he spent several months in Rome, and published a fourteen-page defence of his actions, the querimonia, which laid the blame at the feet of Langton and <mask>h, and begged the pope to support him as a man excommunicated without cause and as a crusader. Departing for England, <mask>é was captured in Burgundy by an English knight he had once imprisoned, but papal intervention yet again saw his release. After this he lived in Troyes, but was expelled from France in 1226 for refusing to pay homage to the king, and again stayed in Rome, dying slightly before 18 July, allegedly from a poisoned fish. Vauxhall
The part of London beside the Thames near the present Vauxhall Bridge known as Vauxhall seems originally to have been part of the extensive Manor of South Lambeth, which was held in the 13th century by the <mask> family.The name Vauxhall (Fauxhall) is derived from <mask> <mask>, the second husband of Margaret, widow of <mask> Redvers. In 1857 the Vauxhall Ironworks were founded in the Vauxhall area of south London as a steam pump and marine engine manufacturer. The company built the first Vauxhall car in 1903. In 1905, seeking to build a dedicated factory for car manufacture on cheaper land with room for expansion, the firm relocated to a new site in Luton, Bedfordshire. By pure coincidence <mask> also held the manor of Luton between 1216 and 1226, with the Vauxhall company relocating from his London seat to his country seat. The griffin of the <mask>é coat of arms was in use in both Vauxhall and Luton between the 13th and 20th centuries. The firm was renamed Vauxhall Motors in 1907 and still uses the griffin as its badge.References

 M.G.I. Ray, 'Alien knights in a hostile land: the experience of curial knights in thirteenth-century England and the assimilation of their families', Historical Research Vol. 79 no 206 (November 2006), pp. 451–76. (at pp. 455, 459, 463, 466–67, 469–71, 474.) External links

 Fawkes de Breaute
 Fawkes de Breaute and Bedford Castle
 Old Warden Abbey

12th-century births
1226 deaths
12th-century English people
13th-century English people
Anglo-Normans
Norman warriors
Anglo-Normans in Wales
High Sheriffs of Buckinghamshire
High Sheriffs of Bedfordshire
High Sheriffs of Northamptonshire
High Sheriffs of Rutland
High Sheriffs of Hertfordshire
High Sheriffs of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire
High Sheriffs of Oxfordshire
Medieval English knights
People of the Barons' Wars

masks:
Falkes de Bréé
Fawkes de Bréé
Fulk de Brent
Hubert de Burgh
Margaret de Redvers
Baldwin de Redvers
Isabella de Fortib
Hugh de Courtenay
de Bré
de Bré
William de
de B
de Bréaut
de Bré
Baldwin de
de Bré
de Bré
de Bréauté
de Bréauté
de Bré
Hubert de
William de
de Bré
Nicola de
Peter des
Hubert de
de Burgh
de Bréaut
de Burgh
de Bréauté
de Bréauté
de Burgh
de Bré
William de
de Bré
de B
Falkes
Falkes
deurg
de Bréaut
de Redvers
Falkes
de Bréauté
Baldwin de
de Bréauté
de Bréaut


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<mask> (Hebrew: אורית ישי; born 1961) is an Israeli artist working in photography, video and installation. She is also a lecturer in photography. <mask>'s art examines the interrelation between man and place and possible systems of representation, while addressing questions pertaining to social and mental issues through temporal and spatial motifs. Her work is usually accompanied by theoretical research. Biography
<mask> was born in 1961 in Tel Aviv-Yafo. During 1983-1986 she studied art at Ha'Midrasha School of Art, Beit Berl College. After her graduation, she studied and worked in the field of interior design.In 2000-2003 she was a freelance photographer for prominent Israeli magazines (including Royim Olam, Nisha and Masa Acher-Voyage). In 2003 <mask> resumed her art studies and attended the Photography Department of Musrara School of Photography, Media and New Music in Jerusalem, from which she graduated with honors in 2006. She then continued to specialize in the B.Ed. in Art program at The David Yellin Academic College, Jerusalem, which she completed with honors in 2007. During her second year of photography studies in Jerusalem, <mask> was invited to participate in museal exhibitions in Cracow, Poland and in St. Petersburg, Russia. She has since exhibited in Israel and around the world. After her graduation from the Musrara School she won the America-Israel Cultural Foundation Award (2007-8, 2006-7).Although <mask> did not meet the award's age criteria, the committee justified its decision by referring to the quality and originality of the works. In 2010-2012 <mask> studied in the postgraduate Fine Art Program at Ha'Midrasha School of Art, Beit Berl College, which she completed with honors. While attending the program she conducted a project in collaboration with essayist Oded Wolkstein, which culminated in the book "The House". The book, published by Ha'Kibbutz HaMeuchad – Sifriat Poalim in 2014, features original artworks by sixteen contemporary artists who responded to the poem "The House" by the poet Avoth Yeshurun. During her studies in the program <mask> was awarded creative scholarships for projects at the Cabri Print Workshop (2011) and the Jerusalem Print Workshop (2012). Towards the end of 2014 <mask> will engage in a project at the MuseumsQuartier Wien, in the framework of an invitation to an extended residency program at quartier21 supported by Eikon, an international photography and media art magazine, following her 2010 exhibition at the FotoGalerie Wien in Vienna. Over the years <mask> has presented several solo exhibitions as well as had her works featured in group exhibitions at prominent art venues in Israel and abroad; among them are The Israel Museum Jerusalem, Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Museum of Contemporary Art in Bucharest, Romania and The Derby Museum of Art in the UK.In addition to her activity in the confines of the traditional white cube, Ishay also operates in the public space. In 2009, in protest against the selection of the participating artists, she performed a guerrilla action in which she placed a 3 meter high Styrofoam sculpture in the shape of the Oscars statue in the plaza of the Tel Aviv Art Biennial. In 2012 she led a tour that was open to the general public in 'Haifa Walks #2' project, held in the framework of the show Haifa-Jerusalem-Tel Aviv at the Haifa Museum of Art. Ishay works are present in a number of public, private and institutional collections such as The Israel Museum Jerusalem; Ashdod Museum of Art; CCA Tel Aviv Video Archive; Bank Ha'poalim; America-Israel Cultural Foundation and in further collections both in Israel and abroad. Awards
 2014 MuseumsQuartier Wien, quartier21 Artist-in-Residence Studio Program, Vienna
 2012 Jerusalem Print Workshop, a scholarship for a yearly new project & exhibition
 2011 The Gottesman Etching Center, Kibbutz Cabri
 2009 The Yehoshua Rabinovich Foundation for the Arts Tel Aviv
 2007 America-Israel Cultural Foundation, Keren Sharett
 2006 America-Israel Cultural Foundation, Keren Sharett

Solo exhibitions
 2014 Terribly Pretty, Awfully Beautiful. Published by ‘Ha'kibbutz Hameuchad - Sifriat Poalim ’, Tel Aviv
 2011-12 Lecturer and curator in a two-year photography project, joint to students from Corcoran College of Art and Design, Washington D.C. USA and Musrara School of art, Jerusalem, Israel
 2011-12 Lecturer in “Place of Art Study - The Program for Active Artists”, Museum for Israeli Art, Ramat Gan, Israel
 2009-10 Guest Lecturer, Sapir Academic College, The School for Art, Society and Culture
 2009-10 Guest Lecturer, Tel Aviv University, Faculty of the Arts - The Yolanda & David Katz
 2007-10 Lecturer in special needs education project, The Naggar School of Photography in Musrara, Jerusalem

References

External links
/ Official Website
Artist Page at America-Israel Foundation
Works in BAAD Reservoir at Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design, Jerusalem
Artist Page at The Gottesman Etching Center, Kibbutz Cabri's Website

Israeli women artists
Israeli photographers
Israeli video artists
1961 births
Living people
Israeli contemporary artists

masks:
Orit Ishay
Ishay
Ishay
Ishay
Ishay
Ishay
Ishay
Ishay
Ishay
Ishay