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<mask> (崔寧) (723 – November 10, 783), né <mask> (崔旰), was a general of the Tang dynasty of China. For over a decade, he ruled over Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan) effectively independently from the imperial government, but was eventually kept at the capital Chang'an by the imperial government in 779. Subsequently, when the general Zhu Ci rebelled in 783 and established a new state of Qin, the chancellor Lu Qi, apprehensive that <mask> would blame the rebellion on him, falsely accused <mask> of being complicit in Zhu's rebellion. Emperor Dezong, believing Lu's accusations, had <mask> strangled. Background
<mask> was born in 723, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong. His family was from Wei Prefecture (衛州, in modern Puyang, Henan), and had a long tradition of Confucian scholarship. Despite this, though, <mask> was interested in military strategies.At one point, Ru Zhang () the prefect of Wei Prefecture recommended him to be the magistrate of Fuli County (符離, in modern Suzhou, Anhui). After his term of service was complete, however, he was not given another official position. He journeyed to Jiannan Circuit (劍南, headquartered in modern Chengdu) and became a soldier in the army there. He successively served under the military governor (Jiedushi) Xianyu Zhongtong () and the general Li Mi () and participated in Li Mi's campaign against Nanzhao in 754. After Li Mi's defeat that year, <mask> returned to the circuit headquarters at Chengdu. The military commander <mask> Lun () was impressed by <mask> Gan's appearance and was endeared to him because they shared the same surname, and therefore recommended him to be a commander of the guards for the military governor. Subsequently, <mask> Gan served under <mask> Yuan and Pei Mian.After Pei was falsely accused and exiled in 762, Emperor Daizong (Emperor Xuanzong's grandson) sent eunuchs to try to investigate Pei for possible misconduct while serving as governor. <mask> Gan induced his subordinates to cut off their ears to proclaim Pei's innocence. When the eunuchs returned to capital Chang'an to report this to Emperor Daizong, <mask> was recalled to Chang'an to serve as an officer in the imperial forces. Around this time, there was much disturbance in the Shu region (i.e., modern Sichuan and Chongqing), and bandits often blocked off road access. Emperor Daizong was concerned about this, and the official Yan Wu () recommended <mask> Gan to be the prefect of Li Prefecture (利州, in modern Guangyuan, Sichuan) to combat the banditry. Once <mask> arrived at Li Prefecture, the banditry ceased, and this led to fame for him. Service under Yan Wu
Subsequently, in 764, Yan Wu was made the military governor of Jiannan Circuit, and as he was heading to his post, he went through Li Prefecture.He wanted <mask> Gan to serve under him, but as at that time <mask>'s superior was Zhang Xiancheng () the military governor of Shannan West Circuit (山南西道, headquartered in modern Hanzhong, Shaanxi), Yan did not feel comfortable requesting Zhang to allow him to have <mask> as a subordinate. <mask> pointed out that Zhang never fully trusted him and that Zhang favored treasure—suggesting that if Yan made the request and also gave Zhang a substantial gift, Zhang would agree. Once Yan arrived at Chengdu, he sent Zhang a gift of rare treasures, and then requested Zhang to allow him to have <mask>. Zhang agreed, and Yan commissioned <mask> as the prefect of Han Prefecture (漢州, in modern Deyang, Sichuan). At that time, a large part of former Jiannan territory had been captured by Tufan and its allied Qiang tribes. Yan had <mask> command an army to attack Tufan, and it was said that because <mask> was capable in comforting his soldiers, the soldiers fought hard for him. He was able to recapture four cities from Tufan, and when he returned to Chengdu, Yan showed his favor to <mask> by making a wagon with seven kind of jewels to welcome him back into the city.Seizure and control of Xichuan Circuit
Yan Wu died in 765. His deputy Du Ji () served as acting military governor after his death, but there were competing recommendations for his permanent replacement. One of the key officers, Guo Yinggan (), and the discipline officer Guo Jialin (), recommended Guo Yinggan's brother Guo Ying'ai (), who was then an imperial official at Chang'an. <mask> recommended another officer, Wang Chongjun (). Emperor Daizong named Guo Ying'ai as the military governor, and it was said that because of <mask>'s contrary recommendation, Guo Ying'ai bore a grudge against <mask> and Wang. Immediately after he arrived at Chengdu, he made false charges against Wang and executed him. He then summoned <mask>, who was then back on the Tufan front, back to Chengdu.<mask>, believing it to be a trap, refused. Guo Ying'ai then cut off <mask>'s army's food supplies and further took an army, ready to attack <mask>. His advances were stymied by a sudden snowstorm that killed many of his soldiers and animals, however, and <mask> then made a surprise attack, defeating him and forcing him to flee back to Chengdu. At that time, the army at Chengdu was resentful toward Guo Ying'ai because he was arrogant, wasteful, and harsh. <mask> seized the moment to publicly accuse Guo Ying'ai of treason—pointing out that Guo Ying'ai had taken an effigy of Emperor Xuanzong out of a Taoist temple dedicated to Emperor Xuanzong and converted the temple to his own mansion. <mask> then attacked Chengdu and defeated Guo Ying'ai, forcing him to flee. Once <mask> entered into Chengdu, he slaughtered Guo Ying'ai's household, and Guo Ying'ai himself was killed in flight by Han Cheng () the prefect of Pu Prefecture (普州, in modern Ziyang, Sichuan), who delivered Guo Ying'ai's head to <mask>.Several other Jiannan officers rose against <mask>—Bo Maolin () at Qiong Prefecture, Yang Zilin () at Lu Prefecture (瀘州, in modern Luzhou, Sichuan), and Li Changkui () at Jian Prefecture (劍州, in modern Guangyuan, Sichuan) -- throwing the circuit into a confused state. Emperor Daizong tried to settle the situation by dividing the circuit—making the eastern half of the circuit into Dongchuan Circuit (東川, headquartered in modern Mianyang, Sichuan) and giving the command to Zhang Xiancheng, making the rest into Xichuan Circuit, while giving Bo and <mask> the lesser titles of defender (防禦使, Fangyushi) under the command of the new military governor Du Hongjian, who had been chancellor. <mask> did not submit to this arrangement, and when Zhang attacked him in spring 766, <mask> defeated Zhang easily. Meanwhile, Du and <mask> were exchanging messengers, and <mask> acted as respectfully as possible and offered bribes to Du. When Du arrived at Chengdu, <mask> treated him with the utmost formal respect but did not permit him any actual control over the governance. In response, Du repeatedly recommended to Emperor Daizong to let <mask> become military governor while placating Bo, Yang, and Li Changkui by making them prefects of their prefectures. Emperor Daizong reluctantly agreed, although he initially made <mask> only the mayor of Chengdu Municipality and the military commander, under Du.In 767, Du requested to return to Chang'an. Emperor Daizong agreed, and he made <mask> the military governor and let Du resume his service as chancellor. Meanwhile, <mask> also assured of his position by giving large bribes to Du's powerful chancellor colleague Yuan Zai. In 768, <mask> went to Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Daizong, leaving his brother <mask> Kuan () as acting military governor in his stead. Yang took this opportunity to make a surprise attack from Lu Prefecture and briefly entered Chengdu. When the news arrived at Chang'an, Emperor Daizong immediately sent <mask> Gan back to Xichuan to put down Yang's uprising—and also bestowed on <mask> a new name of Ning (寧, meaning "comfort"). Meanwhile, <mask> Kuan initially could not fight Yang off, but <mask> Ning's concubine Lady Ren was herself capable in military matters, and she used her wealth to engage a group of soldiers; <mask> Kuan was able to use the soldiers she gathered to fight Yang off, and Yang left Chengdu, eventually leaving the circuit by heading east on Yangtze River.<mask> <mask> subsequently sent <mask> Kuan to Chang'an, and because of the large amount of bribes that <mask> <mask> gave Yuan Zai, Yuan had <mask> Kuan and another brother, <mask> Shen (), repeatedly promoted. In 775, <mask> <mask> reported that he had a great victory over Tufan forces, killing over 10,000 Tufan soldiers. In 776, he again reported a victory over Tufan and its allied Tujue, Tuyuhun, Di, and Qiang tribes, killing over 10,000 soldiers. He repelled a Tufan attack in 777 as well. Meanwhile, it was said that because Xichuan Circuit had natural defenses and was rich, <mask> grew arrogant of his position and gathered great wealth. It was also said that he committed adultery with many wives and concubines of his subordinates. The imperial government feared him but could not control him, and had to repeatedly bestow additional honors on him to keep him in check.Retention by the imperial government
In 779, Emperor Daizong died and was succeeded by his son Emperor Dezong. After Emperor Dezong's ascension, <mask> Ning went to Chang'an to pay homage to the new emperor, and was given several high honorific titles -- Sikong (司空, one of the Three Excellencies), chancellor (同中書門下平章事, Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi), director for construction of Emperor Daizong's tomb (山陵使, Shanlingshi), and chief imperial censor (御史大夫, Yushi Daifu). Treating his chief imperial censor title as not just honorary, however, <mask> proposed that the subordinate imperial censors be recommended by the chief imperial censor (i.e., himself) rather than by chancellors—and this drew resentment from Yang Yan, who by that point had become the most powerful chancellor at court, despite the fact that they had a previous cordial relationship as fellow associates of Yuan Zai's. The relationship between <mask> and Yang was further strained as Yang was repeatedly making accusations against another imperial official, Liu Yan, and <mask> was defending Liu. While <mask> was at Chang'an, Tufan and Nanzhao forces launched a major joint attack against Xichuan Circuit, and <mask>'s subordinates were unable to fight them off. When the news arrived at Chang'an, Emperor Daizong was inclined to order <mask> to return to Xichuan Circuit at once. <mask> was set to depart, but Yang opposed—pointing out that during <mask>'s tenure, he had effectively turned Xichuan into an independent realm, not submitting taxes or other resources to the imperial government.Yang argued that even if <mask> were able to successfully defeat Tufan and Nanzhao forces, it would be even more difficult to move him later on; instead, he suggested that imperial guard soldiers and elite soldiers from Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing) -- who had followed their military governor Zhu Ci to Chang'an when Zhu was made chancellor—be sent to fight the Tufan and Nanzhao forces, and once the campaign was over, Xichuan would be back in imperial control. Emperor Dezong agreed with Yang's proposal and kept <mask> at Chang'an. Subsequently, Yang claimed that the northern border needed a senior general—someone like <mask>—to defend it, and had <mask> made the military governor of Shuofang Circuit (朔方, then headquartered in modern Yan'an, Shaanxi). Shuofang was normally a very important and powerful command. However, Yang weakened <mask>'s authority substantially by naming three deputies for <mask> with independent authorities to act—Du Xiquan (), stationed at Ling Prefecture (靈州, in modern Yinchuan, Ningxia); Zhang Guangsheng (), stationed at Sui Prefecture (綏州, in modern Yulin, Shaanxi); and Li Jianhui (), stationed at Fang Prefecture (坊州, i.e., at <mask>'s headquarters). Yang secretly ordered the three of them to watch over <mask> carefully. Nevertheless, <mask> and his subordinate Lü Xiqian () -- whom Yang had commissioned as well—were successful in persuading many Dangxiang tribesmen to submit to Tang, and this drew further displeasure from Yang.He had Lü recalled to Chang'an under guise of a promotion and replaced Lü with Shi Changchun (). Eventually, in 781, he also had <mask> recalled to the capital, and <mask> retained only his honorary title of Sikong but also had him serve as You Pushe (), one of the heads of the executive bureau of government (尚書省, Shangshu Sheng), but not chancellor. Death
By 783, Emperor Dezong was waging a number of campaigns against several military governors to the east who were not following imperial orders—Zhu Ci's brother Zhu Tao, Wang Wujun, Tian Yue, and Li Na. He summoned soldiers from Jingyuan Circuit (涇原, headquartered in modern Pingliang, Gansu) to Chang'an, ready to send them to join the campaigns in the east. When the Jingyuan soldiers arrived at Chang'an, however, they were displeased at the lack of imperial awards, and they mutinied, forcing Emperor Dezong to flee to Fengtian (奉天, in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi). The Jingyuan soldiers then supported Zhu Ci as their leader, and while Zhu was initially pretending to be preparing to put down the mutiny and welcome Emperor Dezong back to Chang'an, it soon became clear that he was planning to take over as emperor. Meanwhile, when Emperor Dezong fled out of the city, few imperial officials knew the direction of his flight and therefore few followed him.Several days later, <mask> Ning arrived at Fengtian, and initially, Emperor Dezong was pleased. However, Emperor Dezong's trusted chancellor Lu Qi soon received word that <mask> had commented:

Lu feared that <mask> would accuse him of causing the calamity, and therefore secretly plotted with an official who had arrived at Fengitan with <mask>, Wang Hong (). He had Wang make a secret report to Emperor Dezong that on the way to Fengtian, <mask> had frequently stopped to defecate or urinate and appeared to be waiting for Zhu Ci's soldiers. Meanwhile, Zhu, who had declared himself emperor of a new state of Qin, in order to try to create suspicion in Emperor Dezong's minds, also publicly announced that he was making <mask> and Liu Hun chancellors. Lu and Wang also forced <mask>'s secretary Kang Dan () into forging a letter from <mask> to Zhu, offering to betray Fengtian to him. Lu, presenting the forgery to Emperor Dezong, thus falsely accused <mask> of treason. Emperor Dezong believed Lu's accusations.He summoned <mask> to his presence under the guise of giving him the mission of comforting the Yangtze-Huai River region, and once <mask> arrived, had imperial soldiers strangle <mask> to death. When Emperor Dezong commissioned the imperial scholar Lu Zhi to issue an edict declaring <mask>'s guilt, Lu Zhi requested that Lu Qi give him the letter from <mask> to Zhu—and Lu Qi then claimed that the letter had been lost. Further, many people were then proclaiming <mask>'s innocence. As a result, Emperor Dezong, who was initially set to make <mask>'s family members slaves and confiscate his assets, did neither. In 796, <mask>'s former subordinate Han Tan (), then a military governor himself, offered to give up an honorary title he had in exchange to be posthumously declared innocent. Emperor Dezong agreed, and also returned <mask>'s body to his family for proper reburial. Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol.117. New Book of Tang, vol. 144. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 224, 225, 226, 227, 228. 723 births
783 deaths
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Xichuan Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Shuofang Circuit
Tang dynasty generals at war against Tibet
Mayors of Chengdu
Politicians from Puyang
Tang dynasty generals from Henan
Tang dynasty politicians from Henan
Cui clan of Qinghe

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<mask> (born Tomas Thormodsæter Haugen, 9 June 1974) is a Norwegian musician and multi-instrumentalist in the country's black metal scene. He is well known for his distinct guitar work and drumming in the band Emperor, as well as his formation of the death metal band Zyklon. In very early Emperor releases, he was called Samot (his name "Tomas" backward), and with the formation of Zyklon he became known as Zamoth. <mask> was the owner of the record label Nocturnal Art Productions and had a close relationship with Candlelight Records. Biography
<mask> was born on 9 June 1974 in Hammerfest, Norway. He is the son of Spoonful of Blues bass player Jens Haugen, who encouraged his son to play bass guitar. He grew up in Akkerhaugen, Norway.When <mask> was a young man, he met a fellow musician, who would later become known as Ihsahn, at a rock clinic in Bergen. The two soon became friends and started playing music together. They formed a band and moved through various names – they were called Dark Device, Xerasia, and finally Embryonic. The group eventually settled on the name Thou Shalt Suffer in 1991. They were playing an early form of black metal with keyboards strongly influenced by death metal, particularly vocally. <mask> and Ihsahn's friendship proved to be strong, and the two eventually took their musicianship to a new level. Partially due to the influence of Euronymous of the band Mayhem, <mask> left Thou Shalt Suffer and with Ihsahn, began writing music for a new band called Emperor (in which he played drums).Ihsahn was the only member of Thou Shalt Suffer to remain, and soon bass player Mortiis and drummer Faust were recruited for Emperor; <mask> moved back to his more familiar position of guitar. At this point, the group was playing fully developed black metal. Emperor was quick to release several demos in 1992 and 1993, which gained them recognition and popularity in the underground. Mortiis did not stay in the band, and decided to form his own, more electronic-based solo band. He was succeeded by Tchort. In 1994 <mask> was sentenced to 16 months in prison for burning Skjold Church in Vindafjord, together with Varg Vikernes. The arson was committed during a pause in the recording of the Burzum EP Aske (Ashes), where <mask> performed as a session bass player.As Tchort and Faust were also imprisoned at this time, Ihsahn was the only remaining band member outside prison, and Emperor did not release another album for three years. Tchort and Faust did not return to the band. After years of playing in Emperor and being featured on various black metal side projects, <mask>, in conjunction with Ihsahn, decided to dissolve Emperor in 2001 due to their differing musical tastes. Although black metal was both <mask> and Ihsahn's biggest influence and favorite genre of music, <mask> was leaning toward a futuristic death metal sound, while Ihsahn was more influenced by progressive metal and symphonic metal. After Emperor's final release, Prometheus: The Discipline of Fire & Demise, composed entirely by Ihsahn, Emperor was no more. <mask> went on to play guitar with fellow drummer Trym in the death metal band Zyklon. Emperor regrouped in 2006 with the core trio of Ihsahn, <mask> and Trym augmented by a bassist and a keyboardist, and played a few one-night-off gigs in Europe and USA in 2006 and 2007.Recently <mask> was involved in Norwegian-American supergroup Scum, which also featured Bård Faust, Cosmocrator of Mindgrinder, Chasey Chaos of Amen and Happy Tom from Turbonegro. <mask> did voice work for 2007's Adult Swim cartoon Metalocalypse episode "Dethfashion". In 2008, <mask> formed The Wretched End with Cosmo and went on to release 3 albums: Ominous (2010), Inroads (2012) and In These Woods, From These Mountains (2016). Personal life

Haugen was married to German musician Andrea Haugen (née Meyer), with whom he fathered a daughter. The couple later divorced. On 13 October 2021, Andrea was killed alongside four other people in the Kongsberg attack. After his divorce from Andrea, he married his second wife Erin, with whom he also has a daughter.Endorsements and equipment
Endorsements
ESP Guitars & Basses
Marshall Amplifiers
Vader Cabinets
Dunlop Picks
Ernie Ball Strings
Other equipment
Gibson Guitars
Jackson Guitars
B.C. Rich Guitars
Fender Basses
ENGL Amplifiers
Peavey Amplifiers
Pearl Drums & Hardware
Sabian Cymbals
Ahead drumsticks

Drum kit
<mask> has stated in an interview with Metal Hammer that the following kit was used by himself to record drum tracks for the demo "Wrath Of The Tyrant". Emperor Interview - <mask>'s Interview for The Lodge
Zyklon Interview - <mask>'s Interview for The Lodge

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1974 births
Living people
Norwegian male bass guitarists
Norwegian heavy metal guitarists
Norwegian black metal musicians
Norwegian heavy metal drummers
Male drummers
Norwegian multi-instrumentalists
Norwegian rock guitarists
Musicians from Hammerfest
Satyricon (band) members
Gorgoroth members
Zyklon members
Arcturus (band) members
Emperor (band) members
21st-century Norwegian drummers
21st-century Norwegian bass guitarists
Norwegian arsonists

masks: Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth Samoth


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<mask> is a distinguished professor of Communication Arts and Sciences Department at Penn State University. He has authored and co-authored over 50 manuscripts primarily on the role of emotion and persuasive influence. Dillard graduated in 1976 from the University of Kansas with a Bachelor's degree in Speech Communication and Psychology. In 1978, he earned his Master's degree in Communication from Arizona State University and in 1983, he received a Ph.D. in Communication from Michigan State University. Dillard is currently teaching Measurement in Communication Science and Persuasive Message Processing classes at Penn State University. His awards include the NCA Golden Anniversary Award for the most outstanding, Distinguished Book Award, Communication and Social Cognition Division of the National Communication Association and many others. Dillard is most known in the academic world for his views on affect and persuasion.His research aims to enhance understanding of the role of emotion in persuasion and interpersonal influence. Views on Affect
Dillard has done many studies of the use of affect in our social and environmental interactions. He theorizes how mood and emotion guide our behavior in our everyday interactions. Dillard concludes that affect affects human behavior in three main ways:

 The primary function of affect is to guide behavior. Affect evolved because it enabled successful interaction with the environment. For human beings, the most important environment was the social environment. Affect evolved in the presence and service of social interaction.Human beings strategically manage their affective states. The relative utility of these efforts can be judged only by reference to the environment. Dillard explains how affect is "phasic" and "tonic" or baseline, each one affecting the other. Affect as "phasic"  acting with emotion. If someone feels fear from a stimulus, then they run away from that stimulus. If someone feels happiness when around a certain stimulus, then they would approach that stimulus. But Dillard concludes that emotions more involved than just approach and withdrawal: "If we view emotions as phasic responses to the environment, the other side of the solution is the tonic (baseline) state of the organism.Any decision as to the appropriate course of action (i.e., engagement versus withdrawal) must depend on the resources available to the organism at the time the action is required. The experiential aspect of moods can be thought of as a readout of the operating level of the organism's various biopsychological systems." "Affect enables organisms to address the challenges posed by interaction with the environment. One fundamental problem is how to acquire the resources that enable survival and reproduction. Social life-forms have adopted a strategy for solving that problem, which depends on cooperation and role specialization." Dillard takes on a Darwinian perspective on affect: it evolved out of a need for survival. Perspectives on affect
 Affect might proceed and serve as the basis of communication.Communication is emotion-manifesting when it provides information about the internal state of the actor. Communication can be emotion-inducing. Views on mood
Dillard concludes that mood is a complex phenomenon, but it may be simplified as being either positive or negative. If a person is in a negative mood, then his or her reactions will be skewed towards the negative. A negative mood assumes that resources are seemingly depleted and takes into account challenging interactions with one's environment. If a person is in a positive mood then one feels he has ample resources to react to environmental stimulus. Be it a positive or a negative mood, Dillard considers this state to be a persons "tonic" state, or baseline mood.When the "phasic" and "tonic" states are combined, a reaction to stimulus is considered to be natural. "Dominance and affiliation relations are efficient means of regulating resource distribution and arguably the defining ingredients in the human experience. The communication of emotion is central to the development, maintenance, and modification of these structures." Academic Timeline
1971-76 B.A., Speech Communication & Psychology. University of Kansas. 1976-78 M.A., Communication. Arizona State University.1978-83 Ph.D., Communication. Michigan State University. 1982-83 Visiting Assistant Professor. Department of Communication Arts. University of Wisconsin–Madison. 1983-1989 Assistant Professor. Department of Communication Arts.University of Wisconsin–Madison. 1989-1994 Associate Professor. Department of Communication Arts. University of Wisconsin–Madison. 1992 Special Member of the Graduate Faculty. University of Maryland, College Park-College Park. 1993-2003 Director.Center for Communication Research. University of Wisconsin–Madison. 1994-2004 Professor. Department of Communication Arts. University of Wisconsin–Madison. 1997-1999 Associate Chair. Department of Communication Arts, University of Wisconsin–Madison.1999-fall Visiting Professor. Department of Communication. Michigan State University. 2001-spring Visiting Professor. Department of Communication. Kent State University. 2004-2007 Visiting Professor.Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin–Madison. 2004–present Professor, Department of Communication Arts & Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University

Books and Journals
 <mask>, J.P. (Ed.). (1990). Seeking compliance: The production of interpersonal influence messages. Scottsdale, AZ: Gorsuch-Scarisbrick. Dillard, J.P., & Wilson, B.J.(Eds.) (1993). Special issue of Communication Research on The Role of Affect in Persuading and Informing. Burgoon, M., & Dillard, J.P. (Eds.) (1995). Special issue of Communication Research on Social Influence.Wilson, S.R., Greene, J.O., & <mask>, J.P. (Eds.) (2000). Special issue of Communication Theory on Message Production. <mask>, J.P., & Pfau, M. (Eds.) (2002).The persuasion handbook: Developments in theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. <mask>, J.P., & Shen, L. (2013). The SAGE handbook of persuasion: Developments in theory and practice (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Awards and honors
1978 - First Place in the Interpersonal/Organizational division of the Western Speech Communication Association. Phoenix.Mode of uncertainty reduction as a determinant of the amount of communication during initial interactions. (co-authored with Stinnett, W., Malandro, L., Hutchinson, D., Schlecter, J., & Stewart, J.) 1981 - Top Three Award in the Organizational Communication division of the International Communication Association,
Philadelphia. Communicator competence in the workplace: Model testing and scale development. (co-authored with P. Monge, S. Bachman, & E. Eisenberg)

1987 - Top Four Award in the Interpersonal/Small Group division of the Speech Communication Association, Boston. Empathy, communication, and prosocial behavior. (co-authored with J.Stiff, B. Somera, H. Kim, & C. Sleight)

1988 - Top Three in the Interpersonal Communication Interest Group of the Western Speech Communication
Association,Spokane. Compliance-gaining message selection: What is our dependent variable? (sole author)

1989 - First Place in the Interpersonal Communication Interest Group of the Western Speech Communication
Association, San Diego. Types of influence goals in personal relationships. (sole author)

1993 - Top Four in the Information Systems Division of the International Communication Association, Washington, D.C. Rethinking the study of fear appeals. (sole author)

1995 - John E. Hunter Meta-Analysis Award, Information Systems Division of the International Communication
Association.1994-1996 - Vilas Associate Professorship. 1996 - Top Four in the Information Systems Division of the International Communication Association, Chicago. The persuasive effects of metaphor: A meta-analysis. (co-authored with P. Sopory) 5

1996 - Top Four in the Interpersonal/Small Group division of the Speech Communication Association. San Diego. The sounds of dominance: Vocal precursors to dominance judgments during interpersonal influence. (co-authored with K. Tusing)

1998 - First Place in the Health Communication Division of the National Communication Association, New York.Affect and persuasion: Emotional responses to public service announcements. (co-authored with E. Peck)

2001 - Top Three in the Health Communication Division of the International Communication Association, Washington,
D.C. Persuasion and the structure of affect: Dual systems and discrete emotions as complementary models. (co-authored with E. Peck)

2001 - Top Three in the Interpersonal Division of the International Communication Association, Washington, D.C.
Environmental factors governing the absolute and relative activation of relational communication frames. (co-authored with K. Tusing and J. Morrill). 2001 - Top Three in the Communication & Social Cognition Division of the National Communication Association, Atlanta. Single- and multi-motive processing of a fear appeal: Encouraging influenza vaccinations. (co-authored with J.W.Anderson). 2002 - NCA Golden Anniversary Award for Dillard & Peck (2001). This award is given for "the most outstanding
scholarly monograph published during the previous calendar year" (National Communication Association website). 2004 - John E. Hunter Meta-Analysis Award, Information Systems Division of the International Communication
Association. 2004 - Distinguished Book Award, Communication and Social Cognition Division of the National Communication Association. For Dillard & Pfau's The Persuasion Handbook: Developments in Theory and Practice. 2006 - Top Three in the Communication & Social Cognition Division of the National Communication Association, San Antonio.The influence of behavioral inhibition/approach systems and message framing on the processing of persuasive health messages. (co-authored with L. Shen). References

Pennsylvania State University faculty
University of Kansas alumni
Arizona State University alumni
Michigan State University alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
James Price Dillard
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Peter Alan Gruner Jr. (born May 11, 1974) is an American retired professional wrestler, better known by his ring name <mask>. He is currently employed by the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) as a producer. As a wrestler, Kidman is best known for his work with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment (WWF/E) throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s. While in WCW, Kidman gained fame as a key member of several stables. In addition to being a member of Raven's Flock, he also was a member of The Filthy Animals and later The New Blood. As a member of these stables, Kidman participated in memorable feuds with top WCW names, including Hulk Hogan, Jeff Jarrett, and Rey Mysterio, Jr. Kidman also found championship success while in WCW, where he became a three time Cruiserweight Champion, a two time World Tag Team Champion (once with Mysterio Jr. and once with Konnan) and a one time (and the final) Cruiserweight Tag Team Champion with Mysterio Jr. Upon WCW's purchase by the World Wrestling Federation, Kidman became a member of the WCW/ECW Alliance.During his time in the WWF (later renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment), Kidman once again found success upon winning the Cruiserweight Championship an additional four times while the title was under the WCW banner and later the WWF/E banner, in addition to winning WWE's Tag Team Championship once with Paul London. Professional wrestling career

Early career (1994–1996)
Gruner was trained by Afa Anoaʻi, one half of The Wild Samoans, and wrestled his first match on September 11, 1994 in Hellertown, Pennsylvania against "Wild Thing" Dan Kallis on the independent circuit as Kid Flash. He formed a tag team with Ace Darling known as The Shooting Stars, and they would find success by winning the ECWA Tag Team Championship. World Championship Wrestling (1996 - 2001)

The Flock (1996–1998)

Gruner first started wrestling as <mask>, or simply <mask>, for World Championship Wrestling in mid-1996, where he spent over a year as an enhancement talent with no character. In 1997, Kidman was added to Raven's Flock and to fit in with the Flock's gimmick of being outcasts, Kidman was given the gimmick of a heroin addict, where he constantly scratched his arms and named his shooting star press the Seven Year Itch. Kidman found little personal success with the group and aided Perry Saturn in defeating Raven in a match, thus disbanding the group. Cruiserweight Champion (1998–1999)
Following the Flock's disbanding, Kidman shed his grungy attire and heroin gimmick and began performing as a clean-cut fan favorite before eventually defeating Juventud Guerrera to win his first Cruiserweight Championship.Although Guerrera won the title back a few weeks later, <mask> would regain it at World War 3. <mask> to Rey Mysterio Jr. Following this, Mysterio Jr. asked Kidman to be his tag team partner in a match for the World Tag Team Championship. <mask> at first declined, as a previous attempt at a tag team between the two did not reach any level of success. The two, however, faced Chris Benoit and Dean Malenko for the titles and succeeded with unwanted aid from Raven and Saturn. <mask> then faced off against Mysterio Jr. in an attempt to win back the Cruiserweight Championship at Spring Stampede, however, Mysterio Jr. retained his title. The three teams feuded for several weeks, which ended in a three-way tag team match for the titles.Chris Kanyon's interference led to the victory for Raven and Saturn. <mask> spent the next several months in assorted feuds. He won the Cruiserweight Championship one more time from Prince Iaukea at a house show, but lost it to Iaukea one day later. Kidman also defeated Psicosis in a hair vs. mask match, and came close to defeating Jeff Jarrett for the United States Heavyweight Championship. Filthy Animals (1999–2001)

During this time, Kidman joined The Filthy Animals alongside Rey Mysterio Jr., Konnan, and Eddie Guerrero. Guerrero left the group when he left WCW, and Kidman left the stable when the rest of its members turned heel. He later rejoined the Animals when they turned face once again during the last few months of WCW's existence.Following his first departure from the Filthy Animals, Kidman joined Vince Russo's New Blood stable, signalling another heel turn. Reflecting the gimmick of the New Blood, Kidman began acting as hotshot who refused to be held back by wrestlers beyond their prime. This led to the biggest feud of his career with Hulk Hogan, defeating him in three matches in a row. After the New Blood split up, Kidman became a face once more by entering a feud with Shane Douglas for the affection of his on-screen girlfriend Torrie Wilson. During the feud, Wilson turned on Kidman. Kidman was legitimately injured in a match at New Blood Rising in August 2000, when in a strap match, Douglas hung Kidman from the neck using the strap, and was forced to take several weeks off to recover. Following the Douglas feud, Kidman began teaming with Mysterio Jr. again.They entered the Cruiserweight Tag Team Championship tournament, but lost in the finals to Elix Skipper and Kid Romeo. On the final episode of Nitro, <mask> and Mysterio Jr. won the title from Skipper and Romeo. That night, the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) purchased WCW and <mask>'s contract was picked up by the WWF. World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (2001 - 2005)

Cruiserweight Championship pursuit (2001–2003)
When the WWF purchased WCW, the contract of Gruner (who was still wrestling as <mask>) was one of twenty-five involved in the purchase. When The Invasion commenced, Gruner appeared on WWF television under his <mask> ring name as a tweener for The Alliance. In July 2001, he won the Cruiserweight Championship from Gregory Helms in the first televised WCW match on SmackDown!. As the WCW Cruiserweight Champion, Kidman proceeded to defeat the WWF Light Heavyweight Champion X-Pac at Invasion.After this, <mask> was later sidelined with an injury during the Invasion angle and thus did not have as big of an impact as other WCW wrestlers. On the October 11 episode of SmackDown!, <mask> won his record-tying fifth Cruiserweight Championship after defeating X-Pac. Following the end of The Alliance, Kidman turned fan favorite and was subsequently drafted to SmackDown! as part of the brand extension. In his return match, <mask> defeated Tajiri to win his record-breaking sixth Cruiserweight Championship. However, Tajiri reclaimed the title at Backlash. At Rebellion, <mask> and his real-life girlfriend Torrie Wilson defeated John Cena and Dawn Marie in an intergender tag team match.After this, he went on to win his record-breaking seventh Cruiserweight Championship after defeating Jamie Noble at Survivor Series. He later lost the title three months later to Matt Hardy at No Way Out. Teaming and feuding with Paul London (2004–2005)
Following the title loss, Kidman proceeded to spend the next few years as a cornerstone of the cruiserweight division before forming a tag team with newcomer Paul London in early 2004. Together, they slowly worked their way up the tag team ranks before ultimately winning the Tag Team Championship from the Dudley Boyz on the July 8, 2004 episode of SmackDown!. Proving the win was not an upset, they went on to defeat the Dudley Boyz in a rematch for the title. Their championship run came to an abrupt end after Kidman turned his back on London. The heel turn played off of a legitimate injury which occurred on an August 24, 2004 taping of SmackDown!, when Kidman's shooting star press unintentionally caused Chavo Guerrero to suffer a concussion.The next week, Kidman was on the top rope ready to hit the shooting star press, but hesitated, climbed down the turnbuckles, and slowly walked backstage overwhelmed with guilt after injuring Guerrero. London was left alone to defend the title against Kenzo Suzuki and René Duprée, and was easily defeated. As a result, London and <mask> faced each other at No Mercy, where Kidman defeated London before performing the shooting star press on London while he was strapped to a stretcher. This completed Kidman's heel turn, as he proceeded to blame the fans for wanting him to be more brutal with his in-ring style. <mask> and Guerrero ended their feud upon Chavo's return, the latter being victorious in the final match. Kidman then competed against London over the Cruiserweight Championship in the coming months. At the start of 2005, Kidman suffered a broken orbital bone, which sidelined him for three months.Gruner was released from his WWE contract on July 6, 2005. Gruner stated that the release was due to an argument with management over their decision to stop booking wrestlers on first class flights overseas. Independent circuit (2005–2007)
Following his departure from WWE, Kidman began touring the United Kingdom. During the tour, he competed for the Frontier Wrestling Alliance in a three-way match with Jody Fleisch and Jonny Storm. He also wrestled British wrestling legend Robbie Brookside in a losing effort to determine the inaugural Real Quality Wrestling Heavyweight Champion. In 2007, Kidman made his International Wrestling Association debut in a match for the IWA World Heavyweight Championship against Ray González, which he lost. Kidman also took part in the East Coast Australian International Assault II Tour from June 1–3, 2007, where he competed against Australian wrestlers TNT and Mark Hilton before defeating Bryan Danielson to win the WSW World Heavyweight Championship on the third night in Newcastle.On July 8, 2007, <mask> teamed up with Sean Waltman as part of a triple threat match in McAllen, Texas to crown the new NWA World Tag Team Champions. The title was previously vacated by Team 3D after Total Nonstop Action Wrestling officially pulled out of the National Wrestling Alliance. However, <mask> and Waltman lost the match to Karl Anderson and Joey Ryan. Return to WWE (2007–present)
Kidman returned to WWE in 2007, helping train upcoming wrestlers in its then developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling throughout 2007 and 2008. On February 23, 2008, he wrestled his last match, losing to Afa, Jr. Gruner was rehired by World Wrestling Entertainment in 2010 as a producer. On September 21, 2011, WWE ran a story on their website about Gruner and his role as a producer. On April 9, 2012, Gruner along with former wrestlers Jamie Noble, Goldust and other officials and WWE wrestlers broke up the brawl between John Cena and Brock Lesnar.In November 2013, Gruner appeared on WWE's European tour as Paul Heyman's doctor, under the name of "Dr. Weisenburg". On August 23, 2016 episode of SmackDown Live, he appeared along with Jamie Noble to prevent Dolph Ziggler from attacking AJ Styles. Kidman's contract was furloughed by the company on April 15, 2020, due to COVID-19 cutbacks. He returned on September 25, 2020. Personal life
Gruner grew up in Allentown, Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley region, where he graduated from Parkland High School. Gruner was a banker before he started training to be a professional wrestler, and was good friends with fellow professional wrestler Chris Kanyon, whom he met at the Wild Samoan training center in Pennsylvania. He is a cousin of fellow professional wrestler Mikey Batts.After being together for four years, Gruner married former WWE Diva Torrie Wilson on July 11, 2003. They lived together in Tampa, Florida when not traveling. The couple separated in mid-2006, with their divorce finalised in 2008. A book detailing Gruner's career, <mask>man: The Shooting Star, was released in early 2014. In 2014, Kidman began appearing on The JBL Show, where he attempts to promote his Twitter page, but is always interrupted due to technical difficulties, which later became a running gag. Championships and accomplishments
East Coast Wrestling Association
ECWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Ace Darling
ECWA Hall of Fame (Class of 2004)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked No. 31 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the year in PWI 500 in 1999
 Ranked No.313 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the "PWI Years" in 2003
Revolution Xtreme Wrestling
RXW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Trans-World Wrestling Federation
TWWF Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)
World Championship Wrestling
WCW Cruiserweight Championship (3 times)
WCW Cruiserweight Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Rey Mysterio, Jr.
WCW World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Rey Mysterio Jr. (1) and  Konnan (1)
World Series Wrestling
WSW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment
WCW/WWF/E Cruiserweight Championship (4 times)
WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Paul London
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Worst Feud of the Year (2000)

Bibliography
Carrington, L. Anne (2014). <mask>man: The Shooting Star. Palm Tree Books

See also
 List of Jewish professional wrestlers

References

External links

1974 births
American male professional wrestlers
Jewish American sportspeople
Jewish professional wrestlers
Living people
Parkland High School (Allentown, Pennsylvania) alumni
Sportspeople from Tampa, Florida
Sportspeople from Allentown, Pennsylvania
Professional wrestlers from Pennsylvania
Professional wrestling trainers
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Billy Kidman
Billy Kidman
Kidman
Kidman
Kidmantro
Kidman
Kidman
Kidman
Kidman
Kidman
Billy Kidman
Billy Kidman
Kidman
Kidman
Kidman
Kidman
Kidman
Kidman
Kidman
Kidman
Billy Kid
Billy Kid


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<mask> (1823–1888) was an American inventor famous for designing, building and patenting some of the first successful sewing machines. He invented both the vibrating and the rotating shuttle designs which, in turns, dominated all home lockstitch sewing machines. With various partners in the 19th century he manufactured reliable sewing machines using the latter shuttle type. Life
He was born at Willet, Cortland County, New York, October 18, 1823, the son of a wheelwright. At the age of elevhahaen he was indentured to a farmer, remaining only a year. But he continued to work on a farm until he was sixteen, meanwhile learning the blacksmith's trade. He was next apprenticed to a cabinet-maker at Cincinnatus in the same county, but soon left the place, returning to his regular trade, as a journeyman, and found his way to Adrian, Michigan.While there, and early in 1847, he conceived the idea of a sewing-machine, never having heard of one, though in this country Elias Howe had already patented an invention, as had <mask> Thimonnierin France. Owing to an illness of several months duration. <mask> was not able to develop his ideas, although he had the various devices and adjustments clearly defined in his mind. In August, 1848, he moved to Pittsfield, Massachusetts, where he had obtained work, and soon began to put his ideas on paper in the form of full-size drawings. The firm with which he was connected dissolved in February, 1849, but <mask> remained with <mask>, who continued the business, with the privilege of working evenings in the shop. On February 3, he began the construction of his first machine, and about April 1 completed it, making with it dress waists and other articles requiring fine sewing. His machine differed from those invented by Elias Howe, in the fact that, having a double-pointed shuttle, combined with the needle, it made two stitches instead of one with each complete movement; that is, one stitch on the forward movement and one on the return.In 1849 he moved to North Adams, Massachusetts, and induced Joseph N. Chapin, of that place, to purchase one-half of the invention for $300. With this money <mask> secured US patent number 7776, Nov. 12. 1850, which covered his new idea for a "vibrating shuttle" as well as a two-motion feed bar. His patent was the fifteenth recorded for an improved sewing machine. While his application was pending. parties owning an interest in a machine patented in 1848 by John A<mask>. of Lowell, Massachusetts, claimed that the latter's patent covered a double-pointed shuttle, and threatened to oppose <mask><mask>.A compromise was made by which <mask> conveyed to Kline & Lee of New York city, onehalf of the patent. He also agreed to go into the manufacture and sale of the mechanics with those parties, but on November 25 sold them his interest in the patent, except the right for New Jersey, and that to sew leather in Massachusetts, for $2,000. Before the end of the year, Nathaniel Wheeler, of the firm of Warren, Wheeler & Woodruff, of Watertown, Connecticut, saw one of the machines in New York city, contracted with E. Lee & Co. to make 500, and induced <mask> to remove to Watertown to superintend the work. <mask> soon became a partner in the firm, which had obtained the sole right to manufacture his machines, and on Aug. 12, 1851, patented a new machine, in which a rotating shuttle was used instead of a vibrating or oscillating shuttle. (This patent was for the complete machine; <mask> had patented the rotating shuttle itself two years earlier, in 1849.) Later, to avoid litigation, he contrived a stationary bobbin, which became the permanent feature of the Wheeler & Wilson sewingmachine. On the same day, August 12, Isaac M. Singer received his first patent on a transverse shuttle machine that became a formidable competitor.A new partnership was now formed, under the name of Wheeler, Wilson & Co., and in 1853 the Wheeler & Wilson Manufacturing Co. was organized. On Dec. 19, 1854, Mr. <mask> received US patent 12116 for his "four-motion feed", which the machines of other inventors were forced to adopt. The advantage of his improvements was that the stitching made the strongest possible seam, being exactly even on both sides, with no threads showing above the surface that would be liable to wear oft and cause ripping. The first completed machine—that finished in 1851—sold for $125. In 1856 the firm removed to Bridgeport, Connecticut. <mask> <mask> retired from active participation in the business in 1853, but received a regular salary and considerable sums of money on the renewal of his intents. In 1863 he became a resident of Waterbury, Connecticut, where he engaged in other enterprises.His four-motion feed was judged so essential for sewing machines by the Congressional Committee on Patents that in 1874 a requested extension of his patents was denied. <mask> <mask> died at Woodmont, Connecticut, on April 29, 1888 and was interred at Riverside Cemetery in Waterbury, Connecticut. <mask> sewing machines

<mask><mask>'s achievement was in the area of inventing and perfecting sewing machines. Two of those were considered the most ingenious and beautiful pieces of mechanism: the rotary hook and the four-motion feed. He claims to have conceived the idea of a sewing machine in 1847. His first machine was built during the spring of 1849, while he was in the employ of a Mr. <mask>, of Pittsfield, Mass., a cabinet maker. In the same year he built a second and better machine, and "up to this time," says, "I had never seen or heard of a sewing machine other than my own."He sold a one-half interest in the invention to Joseph N. Chapin, of North Adams, and with the proceeds took out his first patent, which bore the date November 12, 1850. It formed a lock stitch by means of a curved needle on a vibrating arm above the cloth plate, and a reciprocating two-pointed vibrating shuttle. The feed motion was obtained by the two metal bars which are seen intersecting above the shuttle race. The lower bar, called the feed bar, had teeth on its upper face, and by means of a transverse sliding motion it moved the cloth, which was placed between the two bars, the desired distance, as each stitch was made. In 1851 <mask> patented his famous rotary hook, which performed the functions of a shuttle by seizing the upper thread and throwing its loop over a circular bobbin containing the under thread. 'This simplified the construction of the machine by getting rid of the reciprocation motion of the ordinary shuttle, and contributed to make a light tool silent running machine, eminently adapted to domestic use. In 1854, <mask> patented his four-motion feed, in combination with a spring presser foot.The feed bar, as its name indicates, had four distinct motions, two vertical and two horizontal. It was first raised by the action of an eccentric on the driving shaft, then carried forward by a cam formed on the side of the eccentric (by which operation the work was shifted the desired distance), then it dropped, and finally it was drawn back by a spring to its original position. This machine used the curved needle and embodies the rotary hook and the four-motion feed. The latest type of this machine used a vertical needle bar and a straight needle. <mask> had the good fortune soon after securing his patent to interest Nathaniel Wheeler, a young carriage maker who possessed some capital, in his machine, and out of this connection grew the great house of Wheeler & Wilson. References

External links

1824 births
1888 deaths
19th-century American inventors
Burials at Riverside Cemetery (Waterbury, Connecticut)
People from Cortland County, New York
People from Watertown, Connecticut
People from Waterbury, Connecticut

masks:
Allen Benjamin Wilson
Bartholomy
Wilson
Wilson
Amos Barnes
Wilson
. Bredshaw
Allen B
. Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Allen Benjamin
Wilson
Allen Benjamin
Wilson
Wilson
Allen B
. Wilson
Barnes
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson


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<mask> (6 August 1857, Preßburg – 23 March 1942, Vienna) was an Austrian naval officer and explorer. He was trained at the naval academy in Fiume, then part of the Austrian empire. His brother was the naturalist <mask> (1852–1920). Journey with Teleki 1887–1888

<mask> was the second-in-command of Count <mask>'s expedition to Northern Kenya in 1887–1888. He and Teleki were the first Europeans to see Lake Turkana, which they named Lake Rudolf after the expedition's patron Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria, and also Lake Stefanie, named after Prince Rudolf's wife Princess Stéphanie of Belgium. Höhnel acted as the expedition's cartographer, scientist, and diarist. Teleki and Höhnel made numerous observations on the climate, flora, and fauna of the territories visited and collected more than 400 ethnographical objects, most of them from Maasai and Kikuyu tribes.Their observations provided important contribution to ethnographical knowledge. The scientific results of the journey were published by Höhnel in several articles and in a book written in German and translated into Hungarian and English, titled The Discovery of Lakes Rudolf and Stefanie (1892). In 1892 <mask> was awarded the Carl Ritter Medal (silver) "for a first successful pioneering trip and for [his] meritorious geographic performance." The East African chameleon, known as <mask>os hoehnelii) was named after <mask> Höhnel. Journey with Chanler 1892–1894
Between 1892 and 1894, Höhnel explored the territory in the vicinity of Mount Kilimanjaro with American magnate William Astor Chanler. They proceeded inland from the coast, mapping the north-eastern part of the Mount Kenya massif, the Guasso Nyiro River, the Lorian Swamp, the Tana River, Lake Rudolph and then Lake Stefanie. They were the first westerners to come into contact with the Tigania, the Igembe Meru and the Rendille people in this region (Carl Peters had passed to the south in 1889).On 30 January 1893, they were attacked by some 200 warriors of the Wamsara (a subgroup of the Meru), who retreated after killing three porters. The expedition was eventually stranded in what is now the Meru North District of Kenya because of the death of all of its 165 pack animals (probably due to trypanosomiasis) and the desertion of many of the 200 porters. On 24 August 1893, Höhnel was gored by a rhinoceros in the groin and lower abdomen and was forced to leave Chanler and return to Zanzibar and then Vienna, arriving in February 1894. Out of about five hundred photos taken during the journey, 155 photographs taken by Höhnel have survived. Later life
After recovering from his injuries, <mask> became an officer on board the corvette SMS Donau, and traveled in 1897 to the Mediterranean and along the coast of West Africa south to Cameroon, then across the Atlantic to the Caribbean, and to New York and Newport, Rhode Island. During the trip, the ship's captain suffered a heart attack and Höhnel was made provisional commandant until June 1898. Also on this voyage he met the future US president Theodore Roosevelt, who was then in his words the 'much feared' police commissioner of New York.After this, <mask> was assigned as officer of the deck to the central battery ship , whose executive officer was Commander Anton Haus, the future commander of the Austro-Hungarian Navy. In 1899 <mask> became Emperor Franz Joseph's aide-de-camp and later (1905–09) led an official Austro-Hungarian delegation to Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia. He also commanded the Austro-Hungarian torpedo-cruiser  in a voyage to Australia and Polynesia in the summer of 1905. Höhnel was instrumental in introducing the chamois into New Zealand, negotiating the acquisition in 1905 of six does and two bucks from Neuberg in Austria. They finally arrived in New Zealand on board the SMS Turakino in 1907. He was the commanding officer of the armored cruiser  and the commander of the navy yard in Pula. In February 1907, he submitted a formal request to the navy for permission to marry Valeska von Ostéren (1870–1947) (permission was required as per Austrian naval regulations).However, permission was denied, because it was discovered that Valeska's brother had published an anti-Jesuit novel in 1906 which had offended the powerful Archduke Franz Ferdinand. <mask> was eventually forced to choose between his marriage and his naval career. He married Valeska in August 1909 and subsequently resigned in the rank of captain. In 1912 he was promoted to rear admiral, probably in recognition of his duties as aide-de-camp to the emperor. Post-naval career
Höhnel wrote an autobiography centered on the turbulent years preceding the fall of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, providing insights into African exploration, the Austro-Hungarian Navy, and prominent personalities of the Habsburg court, including Admiral <mask> Spaun, Admiral Maximilian Daublebsky <mask>, and Rudolf Montecuccoli. The complete manuscript remained in the possession of the family of William Astor Chanler for many decades and was finally published in 2000. <mask> later wrote a 56-page account of his service as aide-de-camp to the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria, which was never published.He died in Vienna in March 1942, and is buried in the Vienna Central Cemetery. Legacy
Höhnel is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of chameleon, Trioceros hoehnelii. In 1958 the <mask> von Höhnel Lane in Vienna was named after him. Publications
Discovery of lakes Rudolf and Stefanie: a narrative of Count Samuel Teleki's exploring & hunting expedition in Eastern Equatorial Africa in 1887 & 1888, translated by Nancy Bell. In 2 vols. (Longmans, 1896). Original in German: Zum Rudolph-See und Stephanie-See, 1892.Over Land and Sea: Memoir of an Austrian Rear Admiral's Life in Europe and Africa, 1857–1909, ed. Ronald E. Coons and Pascal James Imperato; consulting ed. J. Winthrop Aldrich. New York and London: Holmes & Meier, 2000. Original in German: Mein Leben zur See, auf Forschungsreisen und bei Hofe, 1926. Notes

References

Bibliography

1857 births
1942 deaths
19th-century Austrian people
20th-century Austrian people
Austro-Hungarian Navy officers
Austrian explorers
Austrian knights
Austrian people of Hungarian descent
Explorers of Africa
Hungarian-German people
Military personnel from Bratislava

masks:
Ludwig Ritter von Höhnel
Franz Xaver Rudolf von Höhnel
Höhnel
Sámuel Teleki von Szek
Höhnel
Höhnelcer
Ludwig von
Höhnel
Höhnel
Höhnel
Höhnel
Hermann von
von Sterneck
Höhnel
Ludwig


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<mask> (born 20 March 1990) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a defender for Boca Juniors and the Argentina national team. He began his career at local club Estudiantes de La Plata, where he won the Copa Libertadores in 2009, played in the FIFA Club World Cup Final later that year and won the Primera Division in 2010. After a short spell with Spartak Moscow he joined Sporting CP in 2012, and transferred to Manchester United for £16 million two years later. He won four trophies with the English club: the FA Cup in 2015-16 and the FA Community Shield, EFL Cup and UEFA Europa League in 2016-17. After falling out of favour at Manchester United, <mask> returned to Estudiantes on loan in January 2020, before making a permanent transfer to Boca Juniors in February 2021. <mask> made his first appearance for Argentina in 2011 and has since earned over 60 caps. He was part of their side which reached the 2014 FIFA World Cup Final.He was also a Copa América runner-up in 2015 and 2016 and took part at the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Club career

Estudiantes
<mask> grew up in La Plata, Argentina and joined his local side Estudiantes de La Plata at the age of ten. In 2009, he was promoted to the club's main team, after signing his first professional contract. He spent three years with the club, making 43 appearances and scoring three goals for the team. He played in the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup Final, coming on for extra time as Estudiantes lost 2–1 to FC Barcelona in Dubai. During his time at Estudiantes, <mask> won a Copa Libertadores and an Argentine Primera División title. The defender spent most matches as a left-back and developed a reputation as a capable attacker, scoring his first goal in a 2–1 defeat against LDU Quito in the 2010 Recopa Sudamericana.Spartak Moscow

In December 2010, <mask> signed a five-year contract with Spartak Moscow. He scored his only goal for Spartak on 20 April 2011, netting the opening goal of a 2–1 defeat of Krasnodar in the quarter-finals of the Russian Cup. Sporting CP
In July 2012, <mask> moved from Spartak Moscow to Sporting CP for £3.5 million, signing a four-year contract. <mask> made his Primeira Liga debut for Sporting on 19 August 2012, playing the entire match and receiving a yellow card in a 0–0 draw with Vitória de Guimarães. He received his first red card for Sporting in a league match against Porto on 7 October 2012, picking up two cautions within three minutes as Sporting fell to a 2–0 defeat. He scored his first goal for Sporting on 28 April 2013, netting the winner against Nacional. <mask> played mostly at centre-back in his first season in Portugal, occasionally at left-back, as the team had a comparatively bad season, finishing seventh in the league.In the second league match of the 2013–14 season, <mask> scored his first goal of the season, netting Sporting's second goal in their 4–0 win over Académica de Coimbra. On 19 April 2014, <mask> was sent off in a Primeira Liga match against Belenenses, but Sporting held on for a 1–0 win. In an improved season, he contributed six goals as Sporting finished as runners-up. On 13 August 2014, it was announced that <mask> was being disciplined by his club over his refusal to train after handing in a transfer request to force through a move to Premier League club Manchester United. Sporting president Bruno de Carvalho later alleged that third-party owners of Rojo who were not representatives of Manchester United had pressured his club into selling the player. Manchester United

On 19 August 2014, an agreement to sell Rojo for €20 million (£16 million) was announced by both Sporting and Manchester United. The next day, United announced that they had signed him on a five-year contract, with Nani moving to Sporting on a season-long loan.<mask> stated that it was a "dream for me" to play with Manchester United. <mask> missed three matches for United due to difficulties in gaining a work permit, because of pending criminal charges in Argentina, where he is alleged to have had an altercation with a neighbour in 2010. On 4 September, he was granted a work permit by the UK Border Agency to work in England. Ten days later he made his debut at Old Trafford as United won for the first time in the season, playing the entirety of the 4–0 victory over Queens Park Rangers. <mask> was stretchered off in United's 1–0 defeat in the Manchester derby on 2 November, sustaining shoulder damage from a tackle on Manchester City's Martín Demichelis. It was later confirmed that he had dislocated his shoulder, adding to United's defensive injuries alongside Jonny Evans and Phil Jones. On 3 February 2015, <mask> scored his first goal for United, heading a ball played by Robin van Persie for the second goal of a 3–0 win over Cambridge United in an FA Cup fourth round replay.During Manchester United's 2015 pre-season tour of North America, <mask> was expected to join up with the rest of the squad following an extended break granted after competing for Argentina in the Copa América. However, passport issues reportedly caused <mask> to miss pre-season tour entirely, and the matter was said to have "angered" manager Louis van Gaal. <mask> was resultantly fined £140,000 for failing to join up with the rest of the squad on time. In the 2016 FA Cup Final, which United won 2–1 after extra time against Crystal Palace, <mask> was booked in the first half for fouling Pape Souaré and was substituted for Matteo Darmian after 66 minutes. On 4 March 2017, <mask> scored his first Premier League goal to open a 1–1 home draw against Bournemouth. He suffered a season-ending cruciate ligament injury on 20 April, during a 2–1 win over Anderlecht in the quarter-finals of the Europa League, a tournament that United ended up winning. He made his return on 28 November 2017, in a 4–2 win at Watford.On 16 March 2018, <mask> signed a new contract with Manchester United that would keep him at the club until June 2021, with the option to extend for a further year. In April 2019, after a run of injuries, <mask> said that United manager Ole Gunnar Solskjær had told him he was part of his plans when Solskjær was appointed on a temporary basis in December 2018. However, he made only one Premier League start next season, playing nine games in all competitions before being loaned out. Loan return to Estudiantes
On 30 January 2020, <mask> was loaned to his boyhood club, Estudiantes, for the remainder of the 2019–20 season. Boca Juniors
On 2 February 2021, Rojo returned to Argentina once again to sign for Boca Juniors for an undisclosed fee. ESPN later reported that he heard about the transfer via social media. International career

<mask> was first capped on 9 February 2011, in a 2–1 friendly victory against Portugal at the Stade de Genève, Geneva.Later that year he was included in Argentina's squad as they hosted the 2011 Copa América, and played the opening match on 2 July, a 1–1 draw against Bolivia. Javier Zanetti replaced him at left-back for the rest of the tournament as Argentina reached the quarter-finals. In June 2014, <mask> was named in Argentina's squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He made his FIFA World Cup debut in their 2–1 victory over Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Maracanã, playing the full match in defence, and contributing to Sead Kolašinac's own goal. In the team's third group match, <mask> scored his first international goal, the winner in a 3–2 victory against Nigeria. The country reached the final before losing to Germany, and <mask> was the only Argentinean named in the Castrol Index Top 11 for the tournament. <mask> was selected by coach Gerardo Martino for the 2015 Copa América.At the end of Argentina's goalless quarter-final against Colombia in Viña del Mar, <mask> missed in the penalty shootout but his team advanced nonetheless. On 30 June, he opened the scoring in a 6–1 semi-final defeat of Paraguay which put Argentina into the final. He played the entirety of the decisive match against the hosts at the Estadio Nacional de Chile, which Argentina lost on a penalty shootout after a goalless draw. A year later for the Copa América Centenario in the United States, <mask> was again in Martino's squad. In the final on 26 June at MetLife Stadium, he was sent off in the first half for a foul on Arturo Vidal, as both teams ended the goalless game on 10 men and Chile again won on penalties. <mask> was named by Jorge Sampaoli in the Argentina squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. On 26 June, he scored the winning goal, once again against Nigeria, which his Argentina won 2–1 and secured the team's qualification for the knockout stage as group runners-up behind Croatia.In the round of 16 match against France on 30 June, he was booked after conceding a penalty in the 10th minute for a foul on Kylian Mbappé, which was later converted by Antoine Griezmann, who opened the scoring. <mask> was later replaced by Federico Fazio in the 46th minute. Argentina lost the match 4–3 and were eliminated from the tournament. Style of play
According to football magazine Four Four Two, <mask> was more comfortable as a left-back rather than as a centre-back in his first season at Sporting, due to a number of positional errors and mistimed tackles; in his second season, his speed helped him in defence. They also attributed a good aerial threat to him, while noting that disciplinary problems remained. In addition to his usual positions at centre-back and left-back, <mask> can play as a winger. On signing for Manchester United, it was theorised that he could feature as a wing-back in Louis van Gaal's preferred 3–5–2 formation.Personal life
<mask> is married to Eugenia Lusardo, a lingerie model based in Lisbon. They have a daughter. <mask> has a number of tattoos, including the English words "Pride" and "Glory" on each thigh. In December 2014, Rojo had an affair with a woman he had met at a night club. He accused her of blackmail and took out an injunction to stop newspapers publishing his name in the story. The injunction on his name was lifted in April 2015 due to concerns that other footballers could be suspected of the affair, but it remains in place to prevent the release of images of Rojo. Career statistics

Club

International

As of match played 9 October 2019.Argentina score listed first, score column indicates score after each Rojo goal. Honours
Estudiantes
Copa Libertadores: 2009
Argentine Primera División: 2010 Apertura

Manchester United
FA Cup: 2015–16
EFL Cup: 2016–17
FA Community Shield: 2016
UEFA Europa League: 2016–17

Individual
FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 2014

References

External links

Argentine Primera statistics at Fútbol XXI

1990 births
Living people
Sportspeople from La Plata
Argentine footballers
Association football central defenders
Estudiantes de La Plata footballers
Boca Juniors footballers
FC Spartak Moscow players
Sporting CP footballers
Manchester United F.C. players
Argentine Primera División players
Russian Premier League players
Primeira Liga players
Premier League players
UEFA Europa League winning players
Argentina international footballers
2011 Copa América players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
2015 Copa América players
Copa América Centenario players
2018 FIFA World Cup players
Argentine expatriate footballers
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate footballers in Russia
Expatriate footballers in Portugal
Expatriate footballers in England
FA Cup Final players

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<mask> (June 23, 1888May 6, 1935) was a United States senator from New Mexico. A prominent progressive Republican, he had also been a newspaper publisher and military attaché. Biography
<mask> was born in Great River, Long Island, New York, on June 23, 1888, at his family's country seat of Westbrook. He was the third of four children born to <mask> (1850–1912) and <mask> (1855–1949). He attended the common schools and Groton School and graduated from Harvard University in 1910 where he was a member of the Delphic Club. Shortly after graduation, he became an invalid due to recurrent tuberculosis and moved to Santa Fe, New Mexico, at the advice of his doctors to restore his health. He became a newspaper publisher in 1912 and published the Santa Fe New Mexican and El Nuevo Mexicano.From 1912 to 1918 he served as president of the New Mexican Printing Company, and of the Santa Fe New Mexican Publishing Corporation from 1920 until his death. During World War I, <mask> was commissioned a captain and served as an assistant military attaché of the American Embassy in London, in 1917 and 1918. He was regent of the New Mexico Military Institute in 1920 and served as chairman of the board of commissioners of the New Mexican State Penitentiary in 1925. U.S. senator
On December 29, 1927, <mask> was appointed as a Republican to the United States Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Andrieus A. Jones. He served until December 6, 1928, when a duly elected successor, Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo, qualified to serve the remainder of the term, which expired March 3, 1929. <mask> was not a candidate in the special election to fill this vacancy, which took place on November 6, 1928, the same day as the general election in which the seat was up for a full six-year term, beginning March 4, 1929. Larrazolo was not a candidate for election to the full term, and <mask> was elected to it, returning to the Senate after only three months away.<mask> was re-elected in 1934, winning a very close race (with 76,226 votes to Democrat Dennis Chavez's 74,944) in a failed year for Republicans. He was a co-sponsor of the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Independence Act which aimed to grant the Philippine Islands a ten-year commonwealth status with virtually full autonomy, to be followed by the recognition of Filipino independence. The bill was enacted over President Herbert Hoover's veto. However, the law was rejected by the Philippines legislature, and the Tydings–McDuffie Act (authored by <mask> Tydings, a Maryland Democrat), was instead passed by Congress and accepted by the Philippines legislature. Freedom of the press
<mask> raised the debate on the national level about the government's censorship powers. Via tariff bills dating back to the nineteenth century, the U.S. government, through the Customs Service, had the power to confiscate "obscene" materials arriving to the country. A tariff bill introduced in 1929 sought to expand this power by modifying Section 305 to prohibit printed materials suggesting treason or threatening the life of the president.Senator <mask>, inspired by the complaints of a constituent, opposed the change and attacked Section 305 in its entirety as "irrational, unsound, and un-American." Through several impassioned speeches, <mask> suggested eliminating Section 305. Ultimately, he was forced to compromise and introduced an amendment removing the references to treason. The amendment passed by only two votes and <mask> received widespread public praise from publishers, librarians, booksellers, authors and civil liberties organizations. As the tariff bill moved toward final confirmation, various senators, notably Reed Smoot of Utah, attempted to restore Section 305 to its original state, while others proposed further draconian measures. Ultimately, portions of Smoot's amendments were combined with those of other senators to create a compromise. <mask>'s efforts to create a national debate about censorship were successful, but are now forgotten because the 1929 tariff bill became known as the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act.Roosevelt's New Deal and the Chicago plan
Crossing party lines and supporting Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election, <mask> played a key role in the political struggles over the reform of banking which Roosevelt undertook while dealing with the Great Depression, and which resulted in the Banking Reform Acts of 1933 and 1935. As a supporter of the Chicago plan proposed by economist Irving Fisher and others at the University of Chicago, <mask> was among a handful of influential senators who might have been able to remove from the private banks their ability to manipulate the money supply by enforcing a 100 percent reserve requirement for all credit creation, as stipulated in the Chicago plan. His death in an airliner crash cut short what may have been his most enduring legacy to the nation. Death and legacy
On May 6, 1935, on his way from Albuquerque to Washington, D.C., <mask> died in the crash of TWA Flight 6 (a Douglas DC-3) in bad weather near Atlanta, Missouri. Senator <mask>'s death was to have national impact in that it would lead Congress to commission the highly controversial Copeland Committee report on air traffic safety. Dennis Chavez, who had been <mask>'s Democratic opponent in 1934, was appointed by the governor to fill <mask>'s seat in the Senate. <mask> is interred in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.See also
 List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–49)

References

Sources

 Nolan, <mask>. (1999). Fundamentals of Air Traffic Control. Pacific Grove, California: Brooks Cole Publishing Company. Further reading
<mask> <mask>, politician by G. L. Seligman in Ellis, Richard N., (1971) New Mexico, past and present: a historical reader. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Keleher, William Aloysius, (1969) Memoirs, 1892–1969 : a New Mexico item.Rydal Press: Santa Fe, N.M.
 Lowitt, Richard (1992) <mask> M. Cutting: Progressive politician University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Walkiewicz, E. P. and Witemeyer, Hugh (eds.) (1995) Ezra Pound and Senator <mask> <mask>: A political correspondence, 1930-1935 University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Biography of U.S. Congress - CUTTING, <mask> <mask>, (1888 - 1935)

1888 births
1935 deaths
People from Islip (town), New York
Bayard family
Livingston family
Schuyler family
Van Cortlandt family
Republican Party United States senators from New Mexico
New Mexico Republicans
20th-century American politicians
Groton School alumni
Harvard University alumni
American military personnel of World War I
Military personnel from New York (state)
United States military attachés
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1935
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
Accidental deaths in Missouri
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
Cutting family

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<mask><mask> (August 27, 1949, Vienna, Austria – July 12, 2010, Vienna) was an Austrian research psychologist, statistician, and psychometrician. He is renowned for his contributions to item response theory (Rasch models), latent class analysis, the measurement of change, mixture models, categorical data analysis, and quantitative methods for research synthesis (meta-analysis). Biography
<mask><mask> studied psychology with statistics and anthropology (individual curriculum approved by the university) at the University of Vienna, Austria, where he received his PhD in psychology in 1973 under the supervision of Gerhard H. Fischer at the university's Department of Psychology. He worked as a post doc researcher and Assistant Professor at Fischer's division until 1985, when he earned his postdoctoral professorial qualification (habilitation in psychology) and became Associate Professor at the University of Vienna. He also studied statistics at Sheffield Hallam University (UK) where he graduated (MSc with distinction) in 1998. In 1999, he gained his second postdoctoral professional qualification (habilitation in applied statistics). In 2004, after being substitute chair holder for 5 years, he became full professor for psychological methods at the University of Vienna, succeeding the chair of mathematical psychology of Gerhard H. Fischer.From 2005 onwards, <mask> was Vice Head of the Department of Basic Psychological Research within the Faculty of Psychology at the University of Vienna, and during 2006-08 additionally Vice Dean of the Faculty. Scientific Work
<mask> led long-standing research collaborations with colleagues in the statistical, medical, and psychological sciences. His substantial research activities in all these fields are documented in numerous books and more than 50 publications in prestigious high-impact journals, including Biometrics, the Journal of the American Statistical Association, the British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, and Psychometrika. Item response theory (Rasch models)
<mask> was one of the first researchers who documented problems with Rasch model tests, in particular with Andersen's likelihood-ratio test which arise under certain conditions if it is employed conventionally. As a senior author, <mask> also showed that the common assumption that the EM estimation of the two-parameter logistic model is not influenced by initial values is incorrect. Viennese Matrices Test
Formann was probably the first researcher to practically apply Fischer's linear logistic test model (LLTM) for test development. The LLTM is a special case of the Rasch model, which allows the construction of items with item difficulties based on the user's demand.This resulted in the development of a Rasch-scaled abstract reasoning test (based on Raven's matrices test) which has since been widely used in research and practice. A revised version of this language-free intelligence test that has been calibrated against large contemporary samples of men and women is forthcoming. Latent Class Analysis
For his first habilitation (in psychology), <mask> published a comprehensive monograph on latent class analysis which continues to be widely cited for its clarity, depth, and originality, and hence is considered a true modern classic on this topic. Quantitative Methods for Research Synthesis (Meta-Analysis)
In his later research, <mask> addressed, among other things, the problem of publication bias in meta-analytic research. He introduced a novel method that allows estimating the proportion of studies missing in meta-analysis due to publication bias based on the truncated normal distribution. In 2010, as the senior author, <mask> debunked in a meta-analysis the famous Mozart effect as a myth. Other

Newcomb-Benford Law
<mask> provided an alternative explanation for the Newcomb-Benford law – a formalisation of the remarkable observation that the frequencies with which the leading digits of numbers occur in large data sets are far away from being uniform (e.g., the leading digit 1 occurs in nearly one third of all cases).In addition to the prevailing explanations based on scale- and base invariance, <mask> directed the attention to the interrelation between the distribution of the significant digits and the distribution of the observed variable. He showed in a simulation study that long right-tailed distributions of a random variable are compatible with the Newcomb-Benford law, and that for distributions of the ratio of two random variables the fit generally improves. Piaget's Water Level Task
The water-level task refers to a task developed by Jean Piaget where bottles filled with different levels of water are presented in different angles of orientation. It is used to assess the level of mental development of spatial abilities (e.g., recognition of the invariance of horizontality). <mask> criticized the established method of dichotomizing water-level responses by the subjects into "right" versus "wrong" – he showed that this method was inappropriate because it ignored the heterogeneity of the task difficulties - and instead recommended using latent class models or Rasch models. He showed that subjects and tasks can be arrayed on a unidimensional scale and, by employing the linear logistic test model, that the task difficulty could be attributed to a single parameter associated with the angle of inclination of the bottle. Furthermore, he provided the first empirical data of task performance of the elderly and found that there was an age-associated non-linear decline of performance.Misconception of Probability
Formann compared the performance in the classic birthday problem (i.e., guessing the probability P for any coincidence among N individuals sharing the same birthday) and the birthmate problem (i.e., guessing the probability P for the specific coincidence among N individuals of having a birthday today) in psychology undergraduates, casino visitors, and casino employees. Psychology students and women did better on both task types, but were less confident about their estimates than casino visitors or personnel and men. Higher confidence ratings were related to subjective estimates that were closer to the solutions of birthday problems, but not of birthmate problems. Parallel Analysis in Retrieving Unidimensionality in the Presence of Binary Data
Formann provided both theoretical and empirical evidence that the application of the parallel analysis for uncovering the factorial structure of binary variables is not appropriate. Results of a simulation study showed that sample size, item discrimination, and type of correlation coefficient considerably influence the performance of parallel analysis. Selected publications

Papers
 <mask>, A. K. (1978). Note on parameter-estimation for Lazarsfeld latent class analysis.Psychometrika, 43, 123-126. <mask>, A. K. (1985). Constrained latent class models: Theory and applications. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 38, 87-111. <mask>, A. K. (1986). A note on the computation of the 2nd-order derivatives of the elementary symmetrical functions in the Rasch model. Psychometrika, 51, 335-339.<mask>, A. K., & Rop, I. (1987). On the inhomogeneity of a test compounded of 2 Rasch homogeneous subscales. Psychometrika, 52, 263-267. <mask>, A. K. (1988). Latent class models for nonmonotone dichotomous items. Psychometrika, 53, 45-62.<mask>, A. K. (1989). Constrained latent class models: Some further applications. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 42, 37-54. <mask>, A. K. (1992). Linear logistic latent class analysis for polytomous data. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 87, 476-486. <mask>, A. K. (1993).Fixed-distance latent class models for the analysis of sets of two-way contingency tables. Biometrics, 49, 511-521. <mask>, A. K. (1994). Measurement errors in caries diagnosis: Some further latent class models. Biometrics, 50, 865-871. <mask>, A. K. (1994). Measuring change in latent subgroups using dichotomous data: Unconditional, conditional, and semiparametric maximum-likelihood-estimation.Journal of the American Statistical Association, 89, 1027-1034. <mask>, A. K., & Kohlmann, T. (1996). Latent class analysis in medical research. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 5, 179-211. <mask>, A. K., & Kohlmann, T. (1998). Structural latent class models. Sociological Methods and Research, 26, 530-565.<mask>, A. K. (2001). Misspecifying latent class models by mixture binomials. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 54, 279-291. <mask>, A. K., & Ponocny, I. (2002). Latent change classes in dichotomous data. Psychometrika, 67, 437-457.<mask>, A. K. (2003). Latent class model diagnosis from a frequentist point of view. Biometrics, 59, 189-196. <mask>, A. K. (2003). Modeling data from water-level tasks: A test theoretical analysis. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 96, 1153-1172. Voracek, M., & <mask>, A. K. (2004).Variation in European suicide rates is better accounted for by latitude and longitude than by national percentage of Finno-Ugrians and Type O blood: A rebuttal of Lester and Kondrichin (2004). Perceptual and Motor Skills, 99, 1243-1250. <mask>, A. K. (2006). Mixture analysis of longitudinal binary data. Statistics in Medicine, 25, 1457-1469. <mask>, A. K. (2006). Testing the Rasch model by means of the mixture fit index.British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 59, 89-95. <mask>, A. K. (2007). Mixture analysis of multivariate categorical data with covariates and missing entries. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 51, 5236-5246. <mask>, A. K. (2008). Estimating the proportion of studies missing for meta-analysis due to publication bias. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 29, 732-739.<mask>, A. K., & Böhning, D. (2008). Re: Insights into latent class analysis of diagnostic test performance. Biostatistics, 9, 777-778. Tran, U. S., & <mask>, A. K. (2008). Piaget's water-level tasks: Performance across the lifespan with emphasis on the elderly. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 232-237. Voracek, M., Tran, U. S., & <mask>, A. K. (2008).Birthday and birthmate problems: Misconceptions of probability among psychology undergraduates and casino visitors and personnel. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 106, 91-103. Tran, U. S., & <mask>, A. K. (2009). Performance of parallel analysis in retrieving unidimensionality in the presence of binary data. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 69, 50-61. <mask>, A. K. (2010). The Newcomb-Benford law in its relation to some common distributions.PLoS ONE, 5, e10541. Voracek, M., Gabler, D., Kreutzer, C., Stieger, S., Swami, V., & <mask>, A. K. (2010). Multi-method personality assessment of butchers and hunters: Beliefs and reality. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 819-822. Voracek, M., Tran, U. S., Fischer-Kern, M., <mask>, A. K., & Springer-Kremser, M. (2010). Like father, like son? Familial aggregation of physicians among medical and psychology students in Austria.Higher Education, 59, 737-748. Pietschnig, J., Voracek, M., & <mask>, A. K. (2010). Mozart effect––Shmozart effect: A meta-analysis. Intelligence, 38, 314-323. Pietschnig, J., Voracek, M., & <mask>, A. K. (2010). Pervasiveness of the IQ rise: A cross-temporal meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 5, e14406.Nader, I. W., Tran, U. S., & <mask>, A. K. (2011). Sensitivity to initial values in full non-parametric maximum-likelihood estimation of the two-parameter logistic model. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 64, 320-336. Pietschnig, J., Voracek, M., & <mask>, A. K. (2011). Female Flynn effects: No sex differences in generational IQ gains. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 759-762. Stieger, S., <mask>, A. K., & Burger, C. (2011).Humor styles and their relationship to explicit and implicit self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 747-750. Stieger, S., Voracek, M., & <mask>, A. K. (2012). How to administer the Initial Preference Task. European Journal of Personality, 26, 63-78. Preinerstorfer, D., & <mask>, A. K. (2012). Parameter recovery and model selection in mixed Rasch models.British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 65, 251-262. Holling, H., Böhning, W., Böhning, D., & <mask>, A. K. (2013). The covariate-adjusted frequency plot. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 25, 902-916. Books
 <mask>, A. K., & Piswanger, K. (1979). Wiener Matrizen-Test. Ein Rasch-skalierter sprachfreier Intelligenztest [Viennese Matrices Test: A Rasch-scaled culture-fair intelligence test].Weinheim: Beltz. <mask>, A. K. (1984). Latent Class Analyse: Einführung in die Theorie und Anwendung [Latent class analysis: Introduction to theory and application]. Weinheim: Beltz. <mask>, A. K., Waldherr, K., & Piswanger, K. (2011). Wiener Matrizen-Test 2 (WMT-2): Ein Rasch-skalierter sprachfreier Kurztest zur Erfassung der Intelligenz [Viennese Matrices Test 2: A Rasch-scaled language-free short test for the assessment of intelligence]. Göttingen: Hogrefe.External links

 <mask><mask> Memorial Pages
 Memorial Book for <mask><mask> (1949-2010)
 Official Website of the Department of Basic Psychological Research (University of Vienna)
 Official obituary of the Faculty of Psychology of the University of Vienna by Weber G., Leder H., & Voracek, M. (German)
 Obituary in Biometric Bulletin by Voracek, M.
 Obituary in Psychological Test and Assessment Modeling by Böhning, D., Holling, H., & Kubinger, K. D.
 Gerhard H. Fischer

See also

 Item response theory (Rasch models)
 Latent class analysis
 Mixture model
 Categorical data analysis
 Quantitative methods for research synthesis (meta-analysis)
 Publication bias
 Newcomb-Benford law
 Mozart effect
 University of Vienna

References

Austrian psychologists
Austrian statisticians
1949 births
2010 deaths
University of Vienna faculty
University of Vienna alumni
Scientists from Vienna
20th-century Austrian scientists
21st-century Austrian scientists

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