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<mask> (, born Đặng Xuân Khu; 9 February 1907, Xuân Trường District, Nam Định Province – 30 September 1988, Hanoi) was a Vietnamese communist political leader and theoretician. He was one of the key figures of Vietnamese politics. He played a major role in the anti-French colonialism movement and finally after decades of protracted war in Vietnam, the Vietnamese defeated the colonial power. He was the think-tank of the Communist Party who determined the direction of the communist movement, particularly in the anti-French colonialism movement. After the declaration of independence in September 1945, Trường <mask> played an important role in shaping the politics of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) and creating the socialist structure of the new Vietnam. During the transitional period in Vietnam between 1941 and 1956, <mask> was the General Secretary of the Communist Party as well as the real leader of the communist party in terms of designing strategies as well as implementing them. In 1957, after the failure of the Land Reform program, he was dismissed from his post of General Secretary and had less power.Hồ Chí Minh selected Lê Duẩn to succeed him as the General Secretary and he became the most powerful person after the 1960s. However, Trường <mask> was still an influential thinker in the Party during the Second Indochina War and after the reunification of Vietnam; he was head of state of Vietnam from 1981 to 1987. Following the death of Lê Duẩn in 1986, he succeeded Duẩn as top party leader. His last vital role was to carry forward the Đổi Mới renovation that still affects Vietnam to this day. Early life
Trường <mask> was named as Đặng Xuân Khu. He changed his name from Đặng Xuân Khu to Trường Chinh, which means Long March, in honor of the Long March which was the 6,000-mile military retreat of the Red Army of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) between 1934-1936 led by Mao Zedong. He was born on February 9, 1907, in the Hành Thiện village, Xuân Hồng sub-district, Xuân Trường district, Nam Định province (in the area of the Red River delta, 120 kilometers from Hanoi).He was the oldest son among five children of the Đặng family which was an important family of the village. His siblings were Đặng Thị Yên, Đặng Thị Uẩn, Đặng Thị Tường, and Đặng Xuân Đỉnh. He grew up in a Confucian family which was not wealthy. His family background and his father highly shaped his knowledge and influenced him to join the anti-colonial movement. He had learned Hán script (Classical Chinese) from his father and was sent to the district school. His grandfather, Đặng Xuân Bảng, was a Confucian intellectual who worked for the Nguyễn court under the reign of Emperor Tự Đức and published many books about history, literature and Confucian ideology written in Hán scripts. His father was Đặng Xuân Viện who was a famous Confucian scholar and wrote many history books.Unlike his grandfather, Viện was not interested to work for the Nguyễn court. Instead, he participated in the Đông Kinh Nghĩa thục (Tonkin Free School) movement against French colonialism in 1907. Trường <mask>'s mother was Nguyễn Thị Từ (1880-1964) who grew up in a Confucian mandarin family of the Nguyễn court. Trường <mask> married Nguyễn Thi Minh, who remained loyal and carried on the burden of looking after the family, especially her husband's family after he was jailed for his political beliefs. Leader of student movement
In the midst of the political and social transition in Indochina, particularly the spread of French educational system in the nineteenth century. Trường <mask> was sent to educate in the French school, which was the starting point for his political movement. In 1923, he was sent to Thành Chung secondary school, the first secondary school for the local people and taught in the Western educational system, located in Nam Định province.In the school, Trường <mask> was inspired by the French philosophers’ works such as Jean-Jacque Rousseau and Montesquieu as well as the French revolution in 1789 and the Chinese revolution in 1911. In Nam Định, he lived with a poor labour family who worked in the industrial factory. His childhood experience urged him to set up a student movement with his schoolmates, Nguyễn Văn Hoan, Đặng Châu Tệ, Phạm Năng Độ, Nguyễn Khắc Lương, and Nguyễn Đức Cảnh. This group, later on, joined the student movement in Tonkin. They published newspapers in order to spread their thoughts on the anti-colonial movement. In 1925, when Phan Bồi Châu, the respectful nationalist, was captured in China and brought back to Vietnam, Trường <mask> was in the second year in high school. He joined the nationalist movement and printed leaflets together with his friends demanding the release of Phan Bồi Châu.This was the first time he personally participated in a political movement. His second involvement was a year after that. In 1926, the death of Phan Chu Trinh (Phan Châu Trinh), the well-known nationalist, led to the huge protests all over Vietnam. Trường <mask> and his schoolmates asked a permission from the local authority to organize a mourning for Phan Chu Trinh. Trường <mask> became the head of the student movement in Nam Định and cooperated with other schools. Not only students but peasants, labourers, and villagers numbering more than ten thousand also participated in the Phan Chu Trinh commemoration. The gathering turned violent and, as a result, Trường <mask> and other student leaders were taken away by the police together with more than 200 people.After this event, the French colonial administrators kept an eye on him. He quit school in Nam Định. After that, he did self-study and passed the secondary school level exam. He moved to Hanoi to pursue his study in Indochinese trade college (trường Cao đẳng Thương mại Đông Dương). In Ha Noi, he still focused on political movement with his friends from Nam Định and wrote for newspapers. Road to Communist Party
When Trường <mask> was in Ha Noi, he had an opportunity to choose his revolutionary path. In 1928, he joined the national salvation movement together with other Vietnamese young intellectuals.He read widely on Socialist works such as Marx and Engels, and Lenin. In 1929, he was one of first groups that founded the Communist Party of Indochina (1929-1930). He started to work on the Party's published works such as Búa Liềm newspaper and Người sinh viên newspaper aimed to educate the people on the Socialist path; at condemning the French colonial government and at arousing the local mass as to ally with the Party. However, in 1930, the Nghệ Tĩnh-Soviet movement and the Yên Bái mutiny started their own rebellion in Tonkin and this led the French colonial government to purge the political movement in Indochina. In 1930 Trường <mask> became member of the Communist Party of Vietnam and was appointed to the Committee's propaganda of the Central Committee of Communist Party of Indochina. He was caught on November, 14th 1930 and was sentenced to twelve years, but was released in 1936. Although Trường <mask> was imprisoned for his political beliefs Hỏa Lò prison in Hanoi and deported Sơn La prison in Sơn La province for seven years, he was continuously active in the political movement.He was the leader of the Communist movement in the prisons where he published poems, articles, books about socialism and criticism of the Vietnam nationalist Party. The colonial prison significantly became the revolutionary school for most of the intellectual revolutionists and communists. After release from prison, he continued his political movement, especially through his books and newspaper articles. He was a journalist, a writer, and a socialist intellectual who used his writings under various pennames such as Trường <mask>, Sông Hồng, Tân Trào, T.C. and S.T. to fight the French colonial government since he was a teenager. He was also a strategist for the Indochinese Communist Party.Political roles and ideology
Trường <mask>'s ideology was inspired by Marxism and Leninism and he was influenced by Hồ Chí Minh, as seen from his works on including revolutionary ideology, political and revolutionary strategies as well as cultural strategies and policies. According to the Communist Party, Trường <mask> was "Ho Chi Minh's excellent student", although he did not always agree with Ho Chi Minh's ideas. There are two main arguments about Trường <mask>'s ideology. Firstly, his ideology was seen as radical and based on Mao Zedong Thought which is clearly evident in his published works and the pattern of the land reform program that he had borrowed from China. Secondly, it was a hybrid incorporating Marxism and Leninism that formed the core of Trường <mask>'s ideology which supported the anti-colonial movement and did not oppose nationalism. His ideology firstly was influenced by the Soviet bloc, after that, China bloc, and was adopted in Vietnam contexts. First Secretary of the Communist Party
Trường <mask> played a significant role in the Communist Party during the critical time in building and strengthening the Indochinese Communist Party (ICP) power.Besides Hồ Chí Minh, he was a central figure of the ICP in the independence formation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV). In the 1940s, during the time that Hồ came back to Vietnam, <mask> <mask> was already well known among the cadres of the Communist Party. He was portrayed as the radical leader of the Pro-Chinese faction while Hồ led the Pro-Soviet faction. During the Second World War, Trường <mask> became the famous Communist leader in the north. He served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party during a crisis when the French eliminated the leaders of the anti-French movement. In 1941, Trường <mask> was elected as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Indochina. He was the party's second ranking leader after Hồ Chí Minh.He was chaired of Party's National Conference in northern Tuyên Quang Province, launching an uprising to seize power from the French and Japanese. In the following years, the party fought a war for independence against French colonists. August Revolution in 1945
When Trường <mask> became a leader in the anticolonialist movement, he also adopted the strategic theses of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). He therefore was the person who significantly determined the direction of the communist movement, as well as the think-tank in laying the foundation of modern Vietnam. In fact, he was highly regarded by the members and supporters of the communist movement. In addition, during the anti-colonial period, he and General Võ Nguyên Giáp developed a military strategy that enabled Vietnam to defeat the Japanese forces during the World War II. Trường <mask> emerged to play a crucial role in the August Revolution (Cách mạng tháng 8) in 1945.However, the political situation in the 1940s was divided into factionalism. The two factions consisted of Hồ Chí Minh's and Trường <mask>'s who obviously had different strategies, especially in the 1945 August Revolution. While Ho Chi Minh and his faction were based in Pác Bó in north Vietnam, Trường <mask> and his followers moved down to Hanoi and focused on the Red River delta. The center of the Communist movement, therefore, separated into two centers. After the success of the August Revolution in 1945 and until 1956, Trường <mask> faction was more powerful. The August Revolution was a major turning point and it led to the declaration of independence in September of the same year. On the day of Vietnam's declaration of independence, Trường <mask> was one of the leaders of the Communist Party who stood with Hồ Chí Minh at the Ba Đình Square in Hanoi.Land reform campaign in North Vietnam
A blot in Trường <mask>'s political life was the failure of the Land Reform campaign in the DRV between 1953 and 1956. The land reform campaign had a largely impact on Vietnamese society as it challenged the existing social and cultural structure. The land reform campaign was accompanied by extensive repression and excess, which resulted in the false imprisonment and execution of large numbers of people, many of whom were party members. The land reform was proposed and pushed by Trường <mask> as the Secretary of the Workers Party of Vietnam (Đảng Lao động Việt Nam). He aimed to change Vietnam to a new society which was neither feudal nor colonial society. He started developing his ideas of the land reform together with Võ Nguyên Giáp in 1938. Both had published their work The Peasant Questions (Vấn đề dân cày) which critiqued the social structure in Vietnam and the peasants’ problems in Vietnam.That work is praised from the Communist Party as the foundation of the understanding about agricultural system and Vietnamese peasants’ life. Before the land reform, the party started implementing tax reduction policies to help farmers. However, later on, the goal was to expand the mass base by allocating land to the peasants who formed the majority in the country, as well as managing the feudal class. The land reform was debated among the party's leaders. Trường <mask> had already been criticized for his unwillingness to agree with other party leaders and for his support of China while other leaders relied on the Soviet Union as their role model. While Trường <mask> was persuaded by other party members to use the Soviet model, he claimed that Vietnam was able to learn from China's land reform experience. In Trường <mask>'s view, the party needed land reform to gain mass support by having a peasant revolution, overthrowing the landlords, and being a step in the liberation of Vietnam.The party accepted Chinese guidance, because of its close relationship with China's leader, Mao Zedong. Trường <mask> admired Mao's ideological strategies and he adopted Mao's land reform campaign. Scholars have different opinions towards the land reform in Vietnam. Firstly, the land reform in North Vietnam was actually considered as a radical program and the adaptation of the CCP model was implemented between 1946-1953. The party leaders also used the land reform campaign "land to the tillers" for economic collectivization. However, another scholar pointed out that although Vietnam was mostly influenced by China, Vietnam's adaptation

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 of the Chinese land reform had some differences to suit the Vietnamese context. The achievement of the revolution in China encouraged Vietnam to accept China as a model to design the policy and accept China as a consultant in policy implementation.Trường <mask> presented the guideline for the land reform in April 1953. The Party passed the land reform decree and provided material support to the farmers. The land reform also aimed to strengthen psychological strategy to gain the support of the peasants. It also aimed to increase productivity and strengthen the war efforts against France. On December 4, 1953, the Legislature passed the Land Reform Act (Luật Cải Cách Ruộng Đất), which marked a significant change as its implementation also purposed at eliminating the feudal system of landlords. Unlike in China, the land reform failed in Vietnam resulting in famine and widespread starvation. Over almost four years, many criticisms arose from the political leaders and Vietnamese peasants who claimed it a "bloodbath reform" because many people were killed and murdered.In addition, many people died from starvation. In 1956, more violence was reported which led to massive criticism and protests. The land reform was considered a failure of the communist party. Finally, the communist leaders had to terminate the land reform and Trường <mask> took responsibility by resigning from his post as General Secretary of the Communist Party. However, the land reform was a significant path for the Worker's Party and the rural structure. The land reform was successful in, at least, helping the rural peasants to own land. The achievement of the land reform program indicated from the mass support from more than 200,000 peasants who willingly delivered supplies and crossed from mountains to valleys to support the Viet Minh to fight against the French troops.Even though the land reform program was emphasized by many scholars as the failure of Trường <mask>, Hồ Chí Minh was the mainstay in pushing the program after he had sought advice from Stalin and Mao. After Hồ Chí Minh visited China and personally discussed it with Mao in 1950, the land reform program was finally launched in 1953. This period also marked the closest cordial relations between the CCP and the Worker's Party. Mao fully supported both advisor team led by Luo Guibo and provisions not only for the land reform program but also the war against the French. Criticism was leveled at Trường <mask> and the Communist Party. As a result, the massacres of the people, especially the landowners, were also severely criticized by party members. Many party members preferred to use the Soviet Union path instead.Finally, Hồ Chí Minh, on behalf of the Party apologized with tears for the Party's mistake and held Trường <mask> responsible. The failure of land reform in northern Vietnam was the turning point of the political faction. The Sino-Soviet split reduced China's influence in Hanoi. Trường <mask> resigned from his post of the secretary general of the Communist Party of Vietnam. Since then, Hồ Chí Minh supported Lê Duẩn, who later became the most powerful and longest-serving leader in Vietnam. In the 1960s, Lê Duẩn became the most powerful Communist leader while Trường <mask> was still on the list of the Politburo and a member of the central committee of the party. He still maintained his role in the party's think tank.Cultural ideology and strategy
After the declaration of independence in September 1945, Trường <mask> played an important role in shaping the administration of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam politically and economically, as well as creating the socialist structure and culture of the new Vietnam. He considered culture as a vital strategy for national liberation and nation-state building. In Vietnam, Trường <mask> was named as the architect of the foundation of the new culture of Vietnam because his cultural ideology had a great impact on Vietnamese society through many concrete ideas and policies. His works that have affected the Vietnamese society were the 1943 "Theses on Vietnam Culture (Đề Cương Văn hóa Việt Nam)" and the 1948 “the Marxism and Vietnamese Culture” (Chủ nghĩa Mác và vấn đề văn hóa Việt Nam). In the first work, "Theses on Vietnam Culture," Trường <mask> presented two main cultural patterns: the foundation of the new Vietnamese culture under the leadership of the Communist Party, and the use of art and cultural concepts as a weapon against national enemies. He argued that Vietnam had fallen under the influence of Chinese culture of feudalism, French colonialism and Japanese fascists. In order to liberate Vietnam from these cultures, the Party needed to create a new culture (văn hóa mới).The essence of the new culture focused on people and adopted a new democratic approach. The second work, "The Marxism and Vietnamese Culture," Trường <mask> suggested the cultural revolution as a tool to fight the French colonial government under the principle of Marxism. The significance of culture was equal with the military and economic battle fronts. These two works became the fundamental elements to Vietnam society and culture and brought big changes to Vietnam society, particularly after the 1945 August Revolution. The key tool in eliminating the enemies of the nation was the expansion of the new democratic culture into the French-occupied cultural space as well as making the new democratic culture a national culture at the same time. Cultural policy and the construction of the new culture of Vietnam significantly strengthened the nationalism through arts, performance, media and national history. Trường <mask> significantly built the Cultural Association for National Salvation in order to centralize artists who worked to publicize Party's ideology and appeal to local people for support.However, under the atmosphere of social restructuring was a large number of villagers who had some interactions with the landlord families became paranoid and fearful of the communists. The pressure to condemn the public's enemies finally led to the destruction of local social networks. Many people in North Vietnam were unable to withstand the pressure. Many of them committed suicide or escaped to South Vietnam. The process of creating a new cultural space was to equalize people's status including anti-feudal symbols and linguistic patterns. The new cultural pattern was not always successful although the Party forced it through the propaganda campaign. In some communities, many villagers still respected the condemned feudal people.The fundamental ideology of Trường Chinh influentially and violently affected north Vietnam, particularly during the land reform. The cultural impact of the land reform led to social turmoil in many communities. Particularly during the land reform, the Party's cadres were sent to the communities and violently wiped out what they believed was the feudal legacy and backwardness including superstition, feudal cultures such as clothes, old traditions, and norms. The landlords were charged with such offenses. Regardless of whether they were supporters of the Communist Party or not, they were judged as exploiters of the peasants. Furthermore, a group of the Communist supporters, called themselves as Nhân văn giai phẩm criticized the radical policy of Trường <mask>'s cultural ideology during the implementation of the Land Reform program. However, many people in this group were jailed or forced to use the labour in the backcountry.Đổi Mới (Renovation)
Vietnam was unified in 1975, and Trường <mask> was selected president in 1981. The economic renovation was credited to Nguyễn Văn Linh who succeeded General Secretary after Trường <mask> in 1986. However, Trần Nhâm writes that Trường <mask> was the first person who paved the way for economic renovation since 1968. In the midst of economic recession, scarcity and social crisis in the 1980s, the Central Committee received various reports about economic loss, inflations, and the increased social problems. Trường <mask> set up the research teams in order to collect and observe problems in local communities in the Central highland and in southern Vietnam as well as the success and failures from the old economic system. Trường <mask> came to be receptive to reformists and gradually sided with them after visits to the countryside in 1983. He used the research results to reform policies and presented them to the Sixth National Congress in 1986.He suggested that economic renovation was not enough to deal with the crisis that Vietnam encountered. The Party also needed to reform political and social policies. Furthermore, he asserted that production capacity needed to be increased. Although, Socialist ideology rejected Capitalism, it could not avoid the economic acceleration by increasing production capacity. Instead of focusing on industrial sector, the Party needed to support and increase agricultural production as the root of Vietnam society. In addition, the 1986 renovation (Đổi Mới) was driven by the changing world order that saw the collapse of the Socialist bloc and the domestic motivation within Vietnam, particularly among the Communist leaders. The economic renovation also affected areas such as politics in Vietnam and relationships among the Communist leaders, the vanishing financial support from the Soviet Union, the diplomatic policy in seeking for the economic cooperation within the region.In this economic transition, Trường <mask> was the new reformer as seen in the fellow communist leader Võ Văn Kiệt's writing in which he praised Trường <mask> as the only comrade who completely understood the real ideology of Socialism and also tried to principally adopt it in the society. However, he was replaced by Nguyễn Văn Linh at the Sixth National Congress in December 1986, part of a sweeping leadership change that marked the beginning of the Đổi mới (Renovation) period. Death
Throughout his life, Trường <mask> devoted himself to the political movement in spite of the failed land reform. His role had a great impact on the political struggles of the party as he was still the Party's think-tank throughout his whole life. Since he became the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam between 1941 and 1956 and again between July and December 1986, he was also a member of the Politburo Political Party Committee from 1951 to 1986. He was the Chairman of the National Assembly from 1960 to 1981. After President Ho Chi Minh passed away in 1969, Trường <mask> continued his work with Lê Duẩn and Phạm Văn Đồng.After Lê Duẩn passed way in 1986, he became the highest ranking in the Communist Party as the President of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. He ended his career by initiating the successful economic renovation (Đổi Mới renovation) in 1986. He resigned as president in 1987 due to ill health. Trường <mask> died on September 30, 1988 aged 81. Honours and Awards
:
 Gold Star Order

:
 Order of Klement Gottwald (20 February 1982)

:
 Order of Lenin (22 January 1982)
 Order of the October Revolution (6 February 1987)

Works and publications
 1938: The Peasant Question (Vấn đề dân cày) (Co-author with Võ Nguyên Giáp)
 1943: Theses on Vietnam Culture (Đề cương văn hóa Việt Nam)
 1946: The August Revolution (Cách mạng Tháng Tám)
 1947: The Resistance Will Win (Kháng chiến nhất định thắng lợi)
 1948: The Marxism and Vietnamese Culture (Chủ nghĩa Mác và vấn đề văn hóa Việt Nam)
1969: Forward Along The Path Charted By K. Marx

References

Sources
 Bradley, Mark Philip. Imaging Vietnam and America: The Making of Post Colonial Vietnam, 1919-1950. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.Elliot, David W. P. Changing Worlds: Vietnam's Transition from the Cold War to Globalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Ninh, Kim Ngoc Bao. World Transformed: The Politics of Culture in Revolutionary Vietnam, 1945-1965. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2005. Nguyen, Lien-Hang T. Hanoi's War: An International History of the War for Peace in Vietnam. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2012.Malarney, Shuan Kingsley. Culture, Ritual and Revolution in Vietnam. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2002. Marr, David G. Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945-1946). Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013. Moise, Edwin E. Land Reform in China and North Vietnam: Consolidating the revolution at the village level. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1983.Teodoru, Daniel E. “The Bloodbath Hypothesis: The Maoist Pattern in North Vietnam's Radical Land Reform,” in Southeast Asian Perspectives, No. 9 (Mar., 1973), pp. 1–78. Thai Quang Trung. Collective leadership and factionalism: an essay on Ho Chi Minh's legacy.Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1985. Trần Nhâm. Trường Chinh: Một tư duy sáng tại, Một tài năng kiệt xuất.Hà Nội: NXB Chính trí Quốc gia, 2007. Trần Nhâm.Lê Duẩn – Trường Chinh: Hai nhà lý luận xuất sắc của các mạng Việt Nam. Hà Nội: NXB Chính trị Quốc gia, 2002. Tuong Vu. Vietnam's Communist Revolution: The Power and Limits of Ideology. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Viện Nghiên cứu Hồ Chí Minh và các Lãnh tụ của Đảng.Trường-Chinh và Cách Mạng Việt Nam. Hà Nội: NXB Chính trị Quốc gia, 1997. Vo, Alex-Thai Do. “Preliminary Comments on Mobilizing the Masses, 1953” in Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, Volume 31, Number 3, November 2016, pp. 983–1018. Zhai, Qiang. China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950-1975.Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 2000. External links

Bibliography re Trường Chinh
110th birthday of Party General Secretary Truong Chinh marked, see: http://vovworld.vn/en-US/news/110th-birthday-of-party-general-secretary-truong-chinh-marked-510897.vov

1907 births
1988 deaths
People from Nam Định Province
Vietnamese people of the Vietnam War
Presidents of Vietnam
Chairmen of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly (Vietnam)
Communist rulers
General Secretaries of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam
Members of the Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam
Deputy Prime Ministers of Vietnam
Government ministers of Vietnam
Recipients of the Order of

masks: Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh Chinh


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<mask>, 1st Baronet, PC (1551 – 13 January 1628) was Clerk of the Privy Council, which was the most senior civil servant in the Privy Council Office. Ashley accompanied the fleet to Cádiz as a representative of the Queen. He distinguished himself by the capture of Cádiz and was knighted by Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex at Cádiz after the capture of the city. Ashley sat in several parliaments, and was highly distinguished by favor of Queen Elizabeth I of England. Ashley was the older brother of Robert Ashley, founder of Middle Temple Library (1565–1641) and Sir Francis Ashley of Dorchester (1569–1635). Sir Francis was the father-in-law of Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles, one of five members of the Long Parliament whom King Charles I attempted to arrest in 1642. Sir <mask> inherited the family estates at Wimborne St Giles on his cousin, Sir Henry Ashley III's death.Ashley family

The first known Ashleys originally came from Wiltshire, England, where they were lords of the manor of Ashley, at a very early period. Benedict of Ashley was born around the year 1260 in Ashley Place of Wiltshire in England. He lived during the reigns of King Henry II and King Edward I. In ancient and medieval times, the concept of surnames as we know them today was not very well developed. An individual either took the name of the village in which he lived (this would generally be the case for those starting with a "de"), or a derivative of his father's name, in the form of "fils de" (son of). The Ashley surname is taken from the name of the ancient ancestral homeland of Ashley in Wiltshire. There were only a few castles and churches built in the 11th century.Most were built out of wood and consisted of a simple organic materials. Few from the time of Benedict survive today. The name of Benedict Ashley was recorded in medieval times, simply as the great-great-grandfather of Robert Ashley, who was the first Ashley to reside in Wimborne St Giles. He was the fifth great grandfather of <mask>-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury. Robert Ashley was married to Egidia Hamelyn, daughter of Sir John Hamelyn. Through this marriage, Ashley greatly increased his wealth, which included the ownership of a large family manor in Wimborne St Giles, East Dorset. Ashley thrived, expanding his land and holdings under King Henry IV of England.Ashley's two immediate successors, his son, Edmund Ashley (born c. 1425), and grandson, Hugh Ashley (born c. 1460), flourished as well. When Hugh Ashley died 29 April 1493, his estates transferred to his eldest son, Sir Henry Ashley I. Sir Henry Ashley I was married to Radegan Gilbert, daughter of Robert Gilbert of Somerset. Together, they had two sons, Henry II (his heir) and <mask> of Damerham. When Sir Henry Ashley I died on 1 March 1549, his son Henry II inherited the estate at Wimborne St Giles. Sir Henry Ashley II was married to Catherine Bassett, sister of Anne Bassett, both daughters of Sir John Bassett and Honor Grenville, Viscountess Lisle. Sir Henry II was knighted at the coronation of Queen Mary and appointed ranger of Alice Holt Forest.He was succeeded by his son, Henry Ashley III, who was gentleman pensioner to Queen Elizabeth. Sir Henry Ashley III died without heirs, and the family estates passed to Sir Henry's cousin, Sir <mask> of Wimborne St Giles. Sir <mask> of Wimborne St Giles was the son of Sir <mask> of Damerham and Dorothy Lyte of Lytes Cary in Somerset, the sister of botanist Henry Lyte. Public life
<mask> was not born or raised expecting to inherit. His passion and pursuits focused on public employment. For many years, he had enriched himself in government service in support of the crown. He had served as Clerk of the Privy Council (1584–1609), He Served as M.P for Tavistock, in 1588 .   and in 1589, he accompanied the failed Drake–Norris Expedition, against Portugal as Royal Commissioner.At Oxford, with seventeen others, Ashley received the Degree of M.A. On the Queen's Visit, 27 Sept 1592. Capture of Cádiz

Ashley was Secretary of War for the Capture of Cádiz. He was knighted in June 1596, with others, by the Lords General of the expedition. Ashley sat in several parliaments and was distinguished by the favour of Queen Elizabeth. In April 1596, Spanish regiments took the town of Calais from French Huguenots, which geographically offered an advantageous place from which to prepare for an invasion of the British Isles. Before dawn of the imminent Spanish invasion, Queen Elizabeth ordered the attack on the Spanish fleet anchored at Cádiz.East Dorset noblemen and regular soldiers were commissioned by the monarch to supply troops, raising their quotas by indenture from a variety of sources. A Commission of Array was used to raise troops for a foreign expedition during this time, while various Militia Acts directed that (in theory) the entire male population who owned property and lands over a certain amount in value, was required to keep arms at home and periodically train or report to musters. The musters were usually chaotic affairs, used mainly by the William Paulet, 3rd Marquess of Winchester, Lord Lieutenant of Dorset and other officers to draw their pay and allowances, while the troops used the musters as an excuse for drinks after their military drills. On 13 June 1596 the English fleet set sail from Plymouth to Cádiz. Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham was the admiral commanding the English fleet, while the landing forces were under the command of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, Lord Thomas Howard, Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Francis Vere, Sir Conyers Clifford, and Sir George Carew, each commanding a squad. The proceedings of the generals and councils were recorded for the Queen by <mask>, who as Clerk of the Privy Council, was the most senior civil servant in the Privy Council Office. Ashley accompanied the fleet to Cádiz as a representative of the Queen.Ashley distinguished himself by the capture of Cadiz and was knighted by Essex at Cadiz after the capture of the city. While some of the 1st Earl of Shaftesbury's biographers have made the mistake of claiming that Sir <mask> served as "Secretary to the Council of War" to Queen Elizabeth, there was no such office in those days. However, Ashley did serve as Secretary to the Privy Council during the reign of King James I. Imprisonment for embezzlement
After his return in August, Sir Gelli Meyrick, a Welsh supporter of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and conspirator in Essex's rebellion was officially reported to have smuggled home some prize India hides. Sir <mask> brought charges against Meyrick of pilfering in connection with the goods captured from the enemy. He retaliated by accusing Ashley of far more serious offenses. On his return home, Ashley was charged with embezzlement, was imprisoned, and lived for some time in disgrace.Marriages and later life
Sir <mask> was married twice. His first wife was Jane Okeover, daughter of Philip Okeover of Okeover Hall. Jane was the widow of Sir Thomas Cokayne of Ashbourne and High Sheriff of Derbyshire. Sir <mask> and Jane were married about 1592 and had a daughter, Anne Ashley. About 1620, Ashley's daughter, Anne, married John Cooper of Rockbourne. Through this marriage, as the only child and heir of the Ashley family, the Ashley estates at Wimborne St Giles were conveyed to the Cooper family. As a condition of their marriage, Ashley had stipulated that if the family ever attained the peerage, the title would be that of Ashley.This agreement was made prior to the succession of either Ashley as 1st Baronet of Wimborne St Giles or John Cooper as 1st Baronet of Rockbourne. Sir John and Anne (Ashley) Cooper, in accordance with the agreement, became the parents of the celebrated statesman, Sir <mask>-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury. While he was christened Ashley-Cooper, his siblings and their descendants remained Coopers. Later in life, when Ashley inherited the Wimborne St Giles estate, he became a liberal benefactor of the parish. He rebuilt the parish church, and built and endowed alms houses for the relief of eleven senior citizens. He also introduced the cultivation of cabbages from Holland. In 1622, two years after his wife, Jane, died from smallpox, Sir <mask> married 19-year-old Philippa Sheldon.Philippa was the sister of Elizabeth Sheldon, who was married to Christopher (Kit) Villiers, 1st Earl of Anglesey, brother of George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham. Through this marriage, Ashley cemented a political alliance with the most powerful man at court. Baronet of Wimborne St Giles
On 3 July 1622, Sir <mask> was created 1st Baronet of Wimborne St Giles, By King James I  However, his liveliest interests rested in the grandchild born to inherit the ancient possessions of his house. He made arrangements to have him christened, in deviation from custom, with the hyphenated surname of <mask>-Cooper. Ashley died in London at His House in Holborn, Jan 1628, Aged 76 He is buried at, Wimborne St Giles Church, The parish church that he was the benefactor of rebuilding, At the foot of his fine canopied tomb monument is preserved, located inside the parish church, is the kneeling figure of his only daughter Anne, who married Sir John Cooper of Rockbourne. She was the mother of Sir <mask>-Cooper, later the first Earl of Shaftesbury. After Ashley died, his wife Philippa went on to marry Carew Raleigh, son of Sir Walter Raleigh, while his daughter, Anne, inherited the family estates at Wimborne St Giles, then conveyed to her husband, Sir John Cooper, 1st Baronet, of Rockbourne.<mask>-Cooper was seven years old when his grandfather died. Sexuality
According to Michael B. Young, Ashley's marriages came as a surprise to contemporaries as he was 'known to favor boys'. Vernacular verse of the period remarked that he had “left sodomy [to] marry [Philippa] Sheldon”, and made note of his interest in his wife's "black arse hole", suggesting that any child she had would be illegitimate. In his 1650 work, <mask> described Ashley as someone who just “never loved any but boyes.”

References

Clerks of the Privy Council
Knights Bachelor
People from Dorset
Baronets in the Baronetage of England
<mask>
1551 births
1628 deaths
English people of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
English MPs 1589
English MPs 1593
Members of the Parliament of England for Tavistock

masks:
Sir Anthony Ashley
Anthony Ashley
Anthony Ashley
Anthony
Anthony Ashley
Anthony Ashley
Anthony Ashley
Anthony Ashley
Anthony Ashley
Anthony Ashley
Anthony Ashley
Anthony Ashley
Anthony
Anthony Ashley
Anthony
Anthony Ashley
Anthony Ashley
Anthony Ashley
Anthony Ashley
Anthony Weldon
Anthony


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<mask> (; c. 619– 687 CE), also known as <mask>, was one of the cousins of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He is considered to be the greatest mufassir of the Qur'an. He was the son of <mask> ibn Abd al-Muttalib, an uncle of Muhammad, and a nephew of Maymunah bint al-Harith, who later became Muhammad's wife. During the early struggles for the caliphate he supported Ali, and was made governor of Basra. He withdrew to Mecca shortly afterwards. During the reign of Muawiyah I he lived in Hejaz and often travelled to Damascus. After Muawiyah I died in 680 CE he fled to at-Ta'if, where he died in around 687 CE.'Abd Allah <mask> was highly regarded for his knowledge of traditions and his critical interpretation of the Qur'an. From early on, he gathered information from other companions of Muhammad and gave classes and wrote commentaries. Biography

Family
He was the third son of a wealthy merchant, ‘<mask> ‘Abd al-Muttalib, thus he was called <mask> (the son of <mask>). His mother was Umm al-Fadl Lubaba, who prided herself in being the second woman who converted to Islam, on the same day as her close friend Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, Muhammad's wife. The father of <mask> and the father of Muhammad were both sons of Shaiba ibn Hashim, better known as ‘Abdu’l-Muṭṭalib. Shaiba bin Hashim's father was Hashim ibn Abd Manaf, the progenitor of the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraish tribe in Mecca. 619–632: Muhammad's era
<mask> was born in 3 BH (619–620 CE) and his mother took him to Muhammad before he had begun to suckle.This event represented the beginning of a close relationship between them. As he grew up, he was by Muhammad's side doing different services like fetching water for ablution (). He would pray () with Muhammad and follow him on his assemblies, journeys and expeditions. It is said that Muhammad would often draw him close, pat him on the shoulder and pray, "O God! Teach him (the knowledge of) the Book (Qur'an) ". Muhammad had also supplicated for him to attain discernment in religion. <mask> kept following Muhammad, memorizing and learning his teaching.Muhammad's statement

In , Muhammad fell into his last illness. During this period, the Hadith of the pen and paper was reported, with <mask> as the first-level narrator, at that time about twelve years old. Days after that, <mask> and Ali supported Muhammad's weight on their shoulder, as Muhammad was too weak to walk unaided. 632–634: Abu Bakr's era

Inheritance from Muhammad

<mask><mask> was thirteen years old when Muhammad died. After Abu Bakr came to power, <mask> and his father were among those who unsuccessfully requested part of Muhammad's inheritance. Abu Bakr said that he had heard Muhammad say that prophets do not leave inheritance behind as a divine rule. Continued education
After Muhammad's era, he continued to collect and learn Muhammad's teaching from Muhammad's companions (), especially those who knew him the longest.He would consult multiple Sahaba to confirm narrations, and would go to as many as thirty Companions to verify a single matter. Once he heard that a Sahaba knew a hadith unknown to him. In addition to his own scholarship, <mask> was a teacher. His house from where he taught became the equivalent of a university. One of his companions described a typical scene in front of his house:

He held classes on one single subject each day. His classes covered topics such as tafsir, fiqh, Halal and Haraam, ghazawa, poetry, Arab history before Islam, inheritance laws, Arabic language and etymology. 634–644: Umar's era

Advising Umar
Umar often sought the advice of <mask>qas said:

656–661: Ali's era

Battle of Siffin

<mask> remained a staunch supporter of the fourth Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib, during Ali's war with Muawiyah, including at the Battle of Siffin.He had also been given the position of governor of Basra during Ali's reign as Caliph. A large group of Ali's army were discontented with the outcome of Ali's war with Muawiyah, and broke off into a separate group that became known as the Khawarij or Kharijites. <mask> played a key role in convincing a large number of them to return to Ali; 20,000 of 24,000 according to some sources. He did so using his knowledge of Muhammad's biography, in particular, the events of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah. 680–683: Yazid's era
Sunnis believe that <mask> was in favour of the unity of the Muslims and hence did not revolt against rulers. He advised Husayn ibn Ali against his proposed expedition to Kufa that ended at Karbala. Wives and children
By a Yemenite princess named Zahra bint Mishrah, <mask> had seven children.<mask>, the first born, who was childless. Ali ibn Abdullah (died 736), who was the grandfather of the first two Abbasid caliphs, who replaced the Umayyads in 750. Muhammad, who was childless. Ubaydullah, who was childless. Al-Fadl, who was childless. (Riverine Sudanese trace their ancestry to al-Fadl through a son named Saeed, whose mother is said to be from the Ansar). Saad had two children
 Lubaba, who married Ali ibn Abdullah ibn Jaafar and had descendants.He had another daughter, Asma, by a concubine; she married her cousin Abdullah ibn Ubaydullah ibn <mask> and had two sons. Hadith transmitted by him
<mask> narrated that Muhammad said, "Two favours are treated unjustly by most people: health and free time." (from Sahih Bukhari, at-Tirmidhi, ibn Majah and al-Nasa'i)

<mask> reported: Muhammad said, "He who does not memorize any part from the Qur'an, he is like the ruined house." (from Tirmidhi)

On the authority of <mask>, who said, "One day I was behind (i.e. riding behind him on the same mount) the Prophet and he said to me: 'Young man, I shall teach you some words (of advice). Be mindful of Allah, and Allah will protect you. Be mindful of Allah, and you will find Him in front of you.If you ask, ask of Allah; if you seek help, seek help of Allah. Know that if the nation were to gather together to benefit you with anything, it would benefit you only with something that Allah had already prescribed for you, and if they gather together to harm you with anything, they would harm you only with something Allah had already prescribed for you. The pens have been lifted and the pages have dried." (from Tirmidhi)

Al Hakim records on the authority of <mask> that Muhammad advanced, carrying upon his back Hassan ibn Ali, and a man met him and said, 'an excellent steed thou ridest, lad!'. Muhammad replied, 'and he is an excellent rider.' Ali ibn Husam Adin (commonly known as al-Mutaki al-Hindi) records that <mask> narrated that Muhammad said the following about his deceased aunt Fatima, the mother of Ali: "I (Muhammad) put on her my shirt that she may wear the clothes of heaven, and I lay in her grave that I may lessen the pressure of the grave. She was the best of Allah’s creatures to me after Abu Talib".Legacy
As ʿAbd-Allah's knowledge grew, he grew in stature. Masruq ibn al Ajda said of him:
<mask> is highly respected by both Shia and Sunnis. The 1924 Cairo edition Quran adopted the chronological order of chapters promulgated by <mask>ās, which subsequently became widely accepted following 1924. His descendants

Views
<mask> viewed that Tafsir can be divided in four categories:
 The category the Arabs knew because of its language
 Those of ignorance, of which no one will be excused
 Those the scholars know
 Those no one knows except Allah ( )

Sunni view

Sunni view him as the most knowledgeable of the Companions in tafsir. A book entitled Tanwir al-Miqbas min Tafsir <mask> is tafsir, all explanations of which may go back to <mask>. Of all narrations transmitted by <mask>, 1660 were considered authentic () by the authors of the two Sahihs. Regarding <mask> giving verdicts () in favor of Nikah Mut'ah, most Sunnis view that Ali corrected him on the matter, while other view that "<mask> position on the permissibility of Mut'ah until his last day is proven" per the Hadith of <mask>-Zubayr and Mut'ah.Sunnis describe thus:

See also
List of Islamic scholars
Sunni view of the Sahaba

References

External links
Narrations from <mask> in Tasfir ibn Kathir
Hadith by <mask> <mask> Collected By Bukhari

Sahabah hadith narrators
Family of Muhammad
Quranic exegesis scholars
Islam articles needing attention
7th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
619 births
687 deaths
Banu <mask>
Rashidun governors of Basra

masks:
ʿAbdullah ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Abbas
ibn Abbas
Abbas ibn
Ibn Abbas
Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Abbas
Ibn '
Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbasaq
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Al Abbas
Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
ibn Abbas
ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abb
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Ibn Abbas
Ibn al
Ibn Abbas
Abdullah Ibn
Abbas
Abbas


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<mask>, 4th Baron <mask> (19 July 1938 – 8 September 2007) was a British politician. He was a historian of Central and Eastern Europe. He was also a translator and human rights activist. He sat in the House of Lords as a Conservative from 1967 to 1999. He served as an appointed member of the European Assembly from 1975 to 1979, and as an elected Member of the European Parliament from 1979 to 1994, and from 1999 to 2003. Early life
Bethell's parents were <mask> (11 April 1904 – 17 October 1964) and Ann Margaret Frances (née Barlow; 27 September 1919 - 17 August 1996). His father was a stockbroker who served in the Royal Artillery in the Second World War.His father was the third son of <mask>, a banker and Liberal politician, who became 1st Baron <mask> in 1922. His mother was the daughter of Lieutenant Colonel Robert Barlow. His parents divorced in 1946. His mother subsequently remarried three times. Education
Bethell was educated at Harrow. He trained as a Russian interpreter during his National Service from 1956 to 1958, and studied Oriental Languages at Pembroke College, Cambridge, specialising in Arabic and Persian. He graduated in 1962, and befriended Polish students in Cambridge.He resumed his education at Cambridge as a mature student, and earned his PhD in 1987. Political and literary career
After he graduated, Bethell worked for the Times Literary Supplement from 1962 to 1964, and was a script editor for the BBC Radio Drama department from 1964 to 1967. The protest of 88 and Index on Censorship
Professor emeritus at Georgetown University  Peter Reddaway describes in some detail the role of Bethell and his close acquaintance Alexander Dolberg in "sabotaging samizdat". In 1968, for instance, Bethell supplied The Sunday Times with the text of a long, anonymous protest against the invasion of Czechoslovakia (published by The Sunday Times on 11 September) which was signed, so he asserted, by "88 of the leading Moscow progressive writers". The BBC and Radio Liberty were offered the same text by Dolberg (under his pen name "David Burg") but, unlike The Sunday Times, did not agree to publicize it. At a time when prominent writers, scientists and public figures throughout the USSR had openly signed letters of protest against the January 1968 trial of Alexander Ginzburg and Yury Galanskov, and eight rights activists had demonstrated on 25 August that year on Red Square against the invasion of Czechoslovakia a few days earlier, the "anonymous protest" was regarded, at the least, as a hoax. Neither its author nor any more than three of its signatories were subsequently identified.One consequence of this debacle was that Michael Scammell rather than <mask> was chosen in 1971 to be director of Writers and Scholars International, the new NGO which founded the quarterly Index on Censorship periodical. House of Lords
<mask>'s father died in 1964, and he inherited the barony on the unexpected early death of his cousin Guy Anthony <mask>, 3rd Baron <mask> on 2 December 1967. He sat in the House of Lords as a Conservative until the House of Lords Act 1999 removed most hereditary peers from the chamber. He was appointed as a Lord in Waiting (a government whip in the House of Lords) in June 1970, after the 1970 general election. Controversy
Fluent in Russian and Polish, Bethell often translated the works of Russian and Polish writers into English. After he published a translation in 1968, together with David Burg, of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's Cancer Ward, an article by Auberon Waugh in Private Eye (1971) suggested Bethell had published the work without permission, and had enabled the Soviet authorities to arrest Solzhenitsyn for circulating anti-Soviet propaganda. Bethell brought a libel suit against Private Eye and resigned as a whip in January 1971 to pursue the litigation.(The case was eventually settled out of court.) The controversy denied him a place on Edward Heath's list of Conservative candidates to be appointed to the European Parliament. Heath refused to discuss the matter with him, but government papers released in 2002 under the 30-year rule revealed that Bethell's contacts with people in Communist Russia and Poland were thought to be a security risk. Solzhenitsyn reopened the issue after he was deported from the Soviet Union, claiming that he had not authorised a Slovak dissident, Pavel Licko, to give the manuscript to Bethell, and that Licko was a Soviet agent. Licko's side of the story was given, many years later, in an issue of the Kritika i Kontekst magazine. Bethell rejected these claims, pointing out that Solzhenitsyn had accepted royalties from the publication of the translation over the years. Solzhenitsyn first came to Western attention with the publication in the USSR of "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" (1962) and its subsequent translation into many languages (it was translated at least five times into English).Thereafter, reports of his literary activities and constant harassment by the authorities kept him in the public eye. In 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature, although the Soviet authorities obstructed him from receiving the award until he was deported from the USSR in 1974. European Parliament
Bethell's political fortunes changed when Margaret Thatcher became leader of the Conservative Party. He was nominated to become a member of the European Parliament from 1975 to 1979, and sat as an elected MEP for London Northwest from 1979 to 1994. He set up the "Freedom of the Skies" in 1980, campaigning to force airlines to reduce their prices which he believed were artificially inflated by a cartel. Perceived as too European, he was not re-elected in 1994, but returned to the European Parliament as an MEP for the new regional constituency of London at the 1999 European Parliament election. At the same election, his second wife Bryony was an unsuccessful candidate on the Conservative Party list for the South East England seat.Bethell was awarded the European People's Party's Robert Schuman Medal on his retirement from the European Parliament in October 2003. Bethell was staunchly anti-communist. In such books as Betrayed, he strongly supported the Anglo-American efforts to overthrow the Communist regimes of Eastern Europe. What Bethell criticised was the execution of such operations, not their goal. He used his European post to campaign for the human rights of dissidents in the Soviet bloc, including Andrei Sakharov and Anatoly Sharansky. He took a leading role in the foundation of the Sakharov Prize, awarded by the European Parliament since 1988. After the fall of Communism, he continued to support critics of the Russian government, such as Vladimir Gusinsky and Alexander Litvinenko.He was also one of the first people to interview Nelson Mandela at Pollsmoor Prison in 1985. Awards
He became a Commander of the Polish Order of Merit in 1991, and received a Russian Presidential Award in 1992. Bethell was the president of the Uxbridge Conservative Association from 1995 to 1999. He was active in the movement to keep Gibraltar British, serving as president of the Friends of Gibraltar's Heritage from 1992 to 2001. For this he received the Freedom of the City of Gibraltar and the Gibraltar Medallion of Honour in 2008. He also opposed the Turkish occupation of northern Cyprus, and was president of the Friends of Cyprus Association from 2001. Private life
Bethell married twice.He married, firstly, Cecilia Mary Lothian Honeyman on 7 April 1964. She was the daughter of Alexander Honeyman, professor of Oriental Languages at St Andrews University. They had two sons, James and William, but divorced in 1971; she died in 1977. He remarried in 1992, to Bryony Lea Morgan Griffiths. They had one son, John. They resided in London. He enjoyed playing tennis and poker, and was a member of the Garrick Club and Pratt's.He suffered from Parkinson's disease in later life, dying at age 69. He was survived by his second wife, and his three sons. He was succeeded in the barony by his eldest son, <mask>, 5th Baron Bethell. Works
Wladyslaw Gomulka: his Poland and his communism, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969. The War Hitler Won, September 1939, London: A. Lane 1972. The Last Secret : forcible repatriation to Russia 1944-7, with introduction by Hugh Trevor-Roper, London : Deutsch, 1974.Russia Besieged, Alexandria, Va. : Time-Life Books, 1977. The Palestine Triangle: the struggle between the British, the Jews and the Arabs, 1935–48, London : Deutsch, 1979. Betrayed, London: Times Books, 1984; published in North America as The great betrayal: the untold story of Kim Philby's biggest coup, Toronto: Hodder & Stoughton, 1984. Spies and Other Secrets, 1994. Translations
Six Plays by Slawomir Mrozek. Elegy to John Donne, And Other Poems, London: Longmans 1967 by Joseph Brodsky. Cancer Ward by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, 1968.The Love Girl and the Innocent by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, 1969. The Ascent of Mount Fuji by Chingiz Aitmatov, 1975. References
Daily Telegraph obituary, 11 September 2007
Obituary, The Guardian, 11 September 2007
Obituary, The Independent, 13 September 2007
The Peerage

Notes

External links
Presentation of the Schuman Medal to Lord <mask> MEP (archived copy)

1938 births
2007 deaths
Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge
British activists
British anti-communists
Conservative Party (UK) MEPs
Conservative Party (UK) Baronesses- and Lords-in-Waiting
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Neurological disease deaths in England
Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
People educated at Harrow School
Writers from London
MEPs for the United Kingdom 1973–1979
MEPs for England 1979–1984
MEPs for England 1984–1989
MEPs for England 1989–1994
MEPs for England 1999–2004
Commanders of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
20th-century British historians
Conservative Party (UK) hereditary peers

masks:
Nicholas William Bethell
Bethell
William Gladstone Bethell
John Bethell
Bethell
Nicholas Bethell
Nicholas Bethell
John Bethell
Bethell
James Bethell
Bethell


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<mask> (born c. 1955) is an attorney and higher education leader. After serving in private practice with a large Kansas City--based law firm, he joined the University of Missouri System as General Counsel  2008. The UM System, headquartered in Columbia, Missouri, includes four doctoral granting public research universities and a fully integrated academic medical center. He served as Interim President of the UM System from January 2011 to February 2012 and then returned to his previous position as General Counsel. Later, he was named Interim Chancellor of the System’s flagship university, the University of Missouri-Columbia, and served in that position from November 2013 to February 2014 after which he again returned to his previous position as General Counsel. Among the events that occurred on his watch as president was the decision in 2011 for the university system's flagship school, the University of Missouri in Columbia, to move from the Big 12 Conference (which it had a relationship from its predecessor in 1907) to the Southeastern Conference. Early life
<mask> was born in Kansas City, Missouri and attended Glendale High School in Springfield, Missouri, where he was student body president.He was the third generation of his family to attend the University of Missouri. While at MU he was a member of the varsity tennis team and tapped into honor societies QEBH and Omicron Delta Kappa. After graduating from the University of Missouri in 1977 with a BS in Public Administration, <mask> attended Wake Forest University School of Law. He received his JD in 1980 and then clerked for the Honorable William Robert Collinson, United States Judge for the Western District of Missouri. In 1981 <mask> joined the Kansas City, Missouri law firm Stinson, Mag, & Fizzell (now Stinson LLP). While at the law firm, he was named partner; served on the firm's board of directors and its executive committee; and chaired the firm's litigation department and its complex litigation and class action division. He has been selected for "The Best Lawyers in America" and "The Kansas and Missouri Super Lawyers" peer listings and he has Martindale Hubble's highest ratings (AV Preeminent) for competence and ethics.As part of his private practice, <mask> and law partner Robert Lattinville launched a sports law group that grew to include Norm Stewart, Rick Majerus, Cheryl Burnett, Jackie Stiles and others as clients. <mask> and Lattinville were designated "Preferred Counsel" by the Women Basketball Coaches Association. University of Missouri
In January 2008, <mask> became General Counsel for the University of Missouri System. When university president Gary D. Forsee unexpectedly announced his resignation to care for his sick wife, <mask> was appointed Interim President of the university in January 2011. During the time <mask> was Interim President, the university faced an 8% reduction in state support and a projected $42 million revenue shortfall, but balanced its $2.7 billion budget and provided faculty and staff with their first pay raise in three years. Also during <mask>' tenure, the university's 50-year-old pension plan was reformed; student enrollment continued to grow; and the academic credentials of incoming student continued to improve. He also expanded the University's ethics hotline and promulgated a rule reiterating academic freedom for faculty and protecting classroom discussions for students.In 2011, while <mask> was Interim President, the longstanding and lucrative relationship between the University of Missouri-Columbia and the Big 12 athletic conference was thrown into turmoil after Texas A&M University announced it was moving to the SEC and the University of Oklahoma announced it would explore its options to realign with another athletic conference (the University of Nebraska and University of Colorado had left the year before). Looking to get stability for its athletic program and budget, <mask> worked with the university's governing board and campus leaders to move the school to the SEC. The university became a member of the SEC effective July 1, 2012. In November 2013, <mask> was named Interim Chancellor of the University of Missouri-Columbia ("MU"), a comprehensive research university with over 30,000 students, several graduate and professional schools and a fully integrated academic medical center. MU is a member of the Association of American Universities (AAU). As Interim Chancellor he prepared a billion dollar budget and stabilized an executive leadership team following the recent retirements and resignations of the Chancellor, Provost, two Vice Chancellors and a unit Director. Also during his tenure, his previous work in moving MU to the SEC came to fruition.The football team reached the SEC championship game and won the Cotton Bowl, and <mask> served as head of the official delegations. As General Counsel, <mask> oversees the UM System’s Office of the General Counsel. The OGC consists of 15 lawyers and 5 support staff members, and it is responsible for hiring and monitoring outside counsel. During his time as General Counsel, <mask> has emphasized greater client service and increased productivity through quality hiring, office reorganization, subject matter specialization and greater use of technology. He is a member of the National Association of College and University Attorneys (NACUA), an organization consisting of over 1,600 institutional and 5,000 individual attorney members. He has been named to the NACUA’s Board of Directors twice and served on the its four-member Executive Committee and as its Treasurer. On December 2, 2021, <mask> announced he would step down as General Counsel of the University effective March 1, 2022.He will join the Husch Blackwell law firm in his hometown of Kansas City. After his announcement, the University's governing board passed a resolution honoring <mask> for his achievements and granting him the title of General Counsel Emeritus. In February 2022, the Stephen J. <mask> Conference Room was named after him in historic Jesse Hall. References

External links

Presidents of the University of Missouri System
1956 births
People from Springfield, Missouri
University of Missouri alumni
Wake Forest University alumni
Living people

masks:
Steve Owens
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Mary "<mask><mask> (25 March 1862 – 17 October 1938) was an English artisan, embroidery designer, jeweller, socialist, and editor. She was the younger daughter of the Pre-Raphaelite artist and designer <mask> and his wife and artists' model, <mask>. Biography

<mask> was born on 25 March 1862 at Red House, Bexleyheath, and named Mary, as she was born on the Feast of the Annunciation. <mask> learned to embroider from her mother and her aunt Bessie Burden, who had been taught by <mask>. In 1878, she enrolled at the National Art Training School, precursor of the Royal College of Art. In 1885, aged 23, she became the Director of the Embroidery Department at her father's enterprise Morris & Co. During her time in the role she was responsible for producing a range of designs, which were frequently misattributed as her father's work. She ran this department until her father's death in 1896, where she moved into an advisory role.In 1886, <mask> fell in love with Henry Halliday Sparling (1860–1924), secretary of the Socialist League. Despite her mother's concerns about her future son-in-law, they married on 14 June 1890 at Fulham Register Office. The Sparlings were divorced in 1898, and <mask> resumed her maiden name. In 1907, she founded the Women’s Guild of Arts with Mary Elizabeth Turner, as the Art Workers Guild did not admit women. She edited her father's Collected Works in 24 volumes for Longmans, Green and Company, published from 1910 to 1915, and, after his death, commissioned two houses to be built in the style that he loved in the village of Kelmscott in the Cotswolds. Her companion at Kelmscott from 1917 until her death was Mary Lobb, a Land Army volunteer in the village. <mask> died at Kelmscott Manor on 17 October 1938.Embroidery

<mask> was an influential embroideress and designer, although her contributions are often overshadowed by those of her father, a towering figure in the Arts and Crafts movement. She continued his resurrection of free-form embroidery in the style which would be termed art needlework. Art needlework emphasized freehand stitching and delicate shading in silk thread thought to encourage self-expression in the needleworker in sharp contrast with the brightly coloured Berlin wool work needlepoint and its "paint by numbers" aesthetic which had gripped much of home embroidery in the mid-19th century. <mask> was also active in the Royal School of Art Needlework (now Royal School of Needlework), founded as a charity in 1872 under the patronage of Princess Helena to maintain and develop the art of needlework through structured apprenticeships. The school originally opened in the autumn of 1872 in rooms in Sloane Street, London, with a staff of twenty women overseen by Lady Welby and Mrs Dolby, an "authority in ecclesiastical work". While the course available in the government schools of design for women was theoretical only, the RSAN had the distinct advantage of a practical, hands-on technical training. The school grew rapidly, and by 1875 had moved into their third locale, conveniently located in Exhibition Road next to the South Kensington Museum.The collections of ancient embroidery in the Museum were studied in an effort to understand and relearn old work. Also among the staff at the RSAN were <mask>'s sister, Elizabeth Burden, who was chief technical instructor from 1880, and designers Deborah Birnbaum (c1889) and Nellie Whichelo (c1890). <mask> taught embroidery at the LCC Central School of Art in London from 1897, and was head of the Embroidery department from 1899 until 1905, thereafter continuing her association with the Central School as Visitor until 1910. She also taught at Birmingham, Leicester and Hammersmith Art School. By 1916, there were many art schools under the LCC umbrella that included embroidery in their curriculum. Among the embroidery instructors were sisters Ellen M Wright and Fanny I Wright, both previously employed in the Embroidery Department at Morris & Co., and trained by <mask>. Ellen M Wright also taught at the Clapham School of Art, aided by Miss F Pooley, and Eleanor R Harriss and Mrs L Frampton taught at the Hammersmith School of Arts & Crafts.Jewellery
Morris also designed and made jewellery. She began to design jewellery around the turn of the 20th century, and was probably inspired by the Birmingham jewellers Arthur and Georgie Gaskin, who were old family friends. Examples of her jewellery were donated by Mary Lobb to the Victoria and Albert Museum and Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales. Publications

  Decorative Needlework. London: Joseph Hughes & Co., 1893.
 ed and Introd. Collected Works of William Morris. 24 v. London: Longmans, Green, 1910–1915.New York: Russell & Russell, 1966. "Coptic Textiles". Architectural Review 5 (1899), 274–287. "Chain Stitch Embroidery". Century Guild Hobby Horse 3 (1888), 25–29. "Line Embroidery". Art Workers' Quarterly 1:4 (October 1902), 117–121."Opus Anglicanum – The Syon Cope". Burlington Magazine 6 (October 1904 – March 1905), 278–285. "Opus Anglicanum II – The Ascoli Cope". Burlington Magazine 6 (October 1904 – March 1905), 440–448. "Opus Anglicanum III – The Pienza Cope". Burlington Magazine 7 (April–September 1905), 54–65. "Opus Anglicanum at the Burlington Fine Arts Club".Burlington Magazine 7 (April–September 1905), 302–309. "<mask>". Letter. Times Literary Supplement. 905 (22 May 1919), 280. "<mask>". Letter.Times Literary Supplement. 1685 (17 May 1934). Notes

References
Daly, Gay, Pre-Raphaelites in Love, Ticknor & Fields, 1989, . Hulse, Lynn, editor <mask>: Art & Life. New Perspectives, Friends of the William Morris Gallery, 2017 . Lochnan, Katharine, Douglas E. Schoenherr, and Carole Silver, editors: The Earthly Paradise: Arts and Crafts by <mask> and His Circle from Canadian Collections Key Porter Books, 1996, . Marsh, Jan, Jane and <mask>: A Biographical Story 1839–1938, London, Pandora Press, 1986
 Marsh, Jan, Jane and <mask>: A Biographical Story 1839–1938 (updated edition, privately published by author), London, 2000
 Anna Mason, Jan Marsh, Jenny Lister, Rowan Bain and Hanne Faurby, authors <mask>: Arts & Crafts Designer.V&A/Thames and Hudson, 2017 . Naylor, Gillian: <mask> by Himself: Designs and Writings, London, Little Brown & Co. 2000 reprint of 1988 edition. Todd, Pamela, Pre-Raphaelites at Home, New York, Watson-Guptill Publications, 2001,
 Thomas, Zoe 'At Home with the Women's Guild of Arts: gender and professional identity in London studios, c. 1990-1925', article, Women's History Review 2015

External links

 Decorative Needlework by <mask>, 1893
 Works by <mask> at William Morris Gallery

Arts and Crafts movement artists
English designers
Embroidery designers
English artists' models
1938 deaths
1862 births
Morris & Co.
English socialists
People educated at Notting Hill & Ealing High School
Members of the Fabian Society

masks:
May
" Morris
William Morris
Jane Morris
May Morris
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<mask> (born April 7, 1929) is an American businessman who served as CEO of Braniff Airways, Air Florida, and Pan American World Airways. He is currently a principal at Intrepid Equity Group. Early years

<mask> was born in Dallas, Texas, on April 7, 1929   His father was a railroad worker and farmer but his mother was vice president of one of the largest architectural firms in Dallas, Texas. She served as National President of Women In Construction. <mask> has stated that they never tried to influence his career path or decisions. He skipped second and eighth grades and attended North Texas State University (now the University of North Texas) during his Freshman year where he played basketball. <mask> is 6 foot 4 inches tall and weighs 215 lbs.He transferred to and graduated from Southern Methodist University where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics and Psychology. After graduation <mask> went to work as a management trainee at U.S. Tire and Rubber, Co. where he was employed for two and a half years eventually being elevated to District Sales Manager. Not wanting to be a tire salesman, he then took a position as a broker in Dallas with former SMU classmates who had formed a brokering firm. He was a broker for three years when investment counseling firm Lionel D. Edie, asked <mask> to open a Dallas, Texas office. He was with Lionel D. <mask> for seven years supervising sales and counseling. He then accepted a position as Chief Financial Officer of the Greatamerica Corporation, who was a Lionel D. Edie client, and led Greatamerica's takeover of Braniff International Airways and National Car Rental in 1964. Braniff International Airways

Acker traveled to Los Angeles, California in 1964 to discuss a possible merger between a revitalized Braniff under the administration of Greatamerica and Continental Airlines.<mask> met with Continental's legendary founder and Chairman Robert Six to discuss the possible merger which would put both companies under the Greatamerica umbrella. It was here that <mask> met Continental's dynamic Executive Vice President Harding Lawrence. During the ten years that Lawrence had been at Continental he presided over an unprecedented 500 percent growth of the airline. Lawrence was virtually running the entire airline as Six relinquished control of the airline to his trusted associate, Lawrence. Six was quoted as saying "the reason Continental merged with Pioneer Airlines of Houston, Texas, was to get Harding." <mask> knew little of the airline business not even knowing the basic measurements of airline performance such as RPM or revenue passenger mile. He requested that Braniff send someone over to teach <mask> the ins and outs of running an airline as far flung as Braniff.He was tutored by Braniff Vice President Tom Robertson who was shocked to learn that he knew little about the complex airline business. However, he picked up the jargon quickly and graduated from Tom Robertson's quick airline operations course. However, he felt the task of running an airline like Braniff to be daunting. Harding Lawrence had discussed with him at length exactly what Lawrence felt could be done with Braniff. With this in mind, <mask> recommended that Lawrence be selected as Braniff's new President and <mask> would serve as Executive Vice President - Planning and Administration, and be charged with the areas of finance and administration. He would spend 60 percent of his time at Braniff and 40 percent at Greatamerica. This would end in 1967 when LTV Ling Temco Vought bought Greatamerica and Braniff in 1967, when he would spend all of his time at Braniff.In February 1967, he was promoted to Executive Vice President and General Manager in October 1968. As second-in-command at Braniff, <mask> negotiated with Pan Am CEO Juan Trippe to purchase routes to the west coast of South America (PANAGRA), and introduced a hub and spoke routing system in order to feed Braniff's Boeing 747 flight between Dallas and Honolulu. He was promoted to the Presidency of Braniff in 1970 while his close associate Harding Lawrence, was elevated to Chairman of the Texas-based air carrier. It was at Braniff that he realized his like for the aviation industry. Transway and Gulf United

<mask> left Braniff in 1975 to accept the presidency of Transway International, a transportation conglomerate based in New York City. He remained with Transway for one year and then became President of Gulf United, Co.  Gulf United was formed when Dallas based LTV Ling Temco Vought decided to sell some of the assets of Braniff's former parent company Greatamerica, Corporation. Gulf United entered into the broadcasting industry by opening television and radio stations across the country.The insurance assets of Gulf United were sold to American General and Gulf Broadcasting was merged with Taft Broadcasting Corporation. Air Florida

Shortly thereafter, <mask> led a group of investors who purchased a controlling interest in Air Florida, a low-cost carrier which reminded <mask> of his competition with Southwest in Texas. After airline deregulation in 1978, <mask> led the rapid expansion of Air Florida to become a nationwide and international air carrier, which quickened in the early 1980s amid problems at its main East Coast competitors, Pan Am and Eastern Air Lines. Air Florida's growth under <mask> was exemplary with the carrier only serving six routes in January, 1978, but by the end of 1978 the small carrier was flying 17 routes. By January, 1981, Air Florida was flying to 32 destinations in the Continental United States, Latin America, the Caribbean and Europe. <mask>'s recipe for success was centering the carrier's fleet around the highly efficient and successful Boeing 737 twin jet aircraft. The airline purchase 21 of the efficient twin jets and adhered to a one fare pricing structure.<mask> was able to keep overhead costs low as the airline's 1800 employees were mostly not unionized. However, Air Florida was forced to file bankruptcy after the crash of Air Florida Flight 90 in 1982. Pan American World Airways

Later in 1982, <mask> was appointed chairman and CEO of Pan Am, where he quickly moved to expand the airline's route network after several years of contraction, and to lower the airline's ticket prices in order to compete with low-cost competitors such as Laker Airways. He received strong employee group support by stating that he would not accept any salary until Pan Am was profitable. Employees proclaimed themselves "Acker Backers" that joined the C. Edward Acker Pan Am recovery bandwagon. The airline temporarily made up for its lower revenue and higher operating costs by obtaining wage concessions from labor groups, but this eventually led to labor tensions culminating in a 1985 strike which crippled the airline. <mask> kept the airline alive only by selling its transpacific routes to United Airlines for $750 million.He left Pan Am in 1988. The Lockerbie Bombing of a Pan American 747-100 occurred in December 1988. Pan American was ultimately found liable for negligent security practices directly contributing to the Lockerbie Bombing. The explosion of Pan Am Flight 103 at Lockerbie in December 1988 is widely regarded as the 'final straw' in the ability of Pan American to remain a going concern. Pan Am was a pioneer of aviation, a premier American brand and was considered the de facto flag carrier of the United States before going out of business on December 4, 1991. The Acker Group

After retiring from Pan Am, <mask> formed The Acker Group which was primarily concerned with providing financial advisory and venture capital services. Intrepid Equity Group

Acker later advised on the founding of Atlantic Coast Airlines a Delta Connection and United Express carrier.He serves as Chairman of the Management of Martinaire Partners, LLC, a Dallas, Texas, based scheduled freight feeder airline serving UPS. <mask> has two sons and one daughter and is currently married to <mask>. His son Mitch is President of Martinaire Partner, LLC, of Dallas, Texas. In Popular Culture

<mask> was portrayed by Ned Beatty in the 1990 television movie, "The Tragedy of Flight 103: The Inside Story." References

External links
 Braniff Flying Colors Historical Page

Living people
American airline chief executives
Pan Am people
Southern Methodist University alumni
1929 births
Braniff
University of North Texas alumni

masks:
Charles Edward Acker
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Edie
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<mask> (born September 28, 1963 in Knob Noster, Missouri) is a former Major League Baseball (MLB) relief pitcher. He grew up in Carson City, Nevada. <mask> played baseball for the Carson City High Senators. After he entered major league baseball, almost all of his career was spent with the Houston Astros. With the Astros, <mask> became known for a quirky sense of humor. He pitched for the Houston organization between 1985 and 1990, winning a division title with the Astros in 1986. He was in the minor leagues in 1988 and 1989 before briefly returning to the major leagues with the Houston Astros and Atlanta Braves in 1990.After his retirement, Kerfeld entered minor league baseball as a coach. He holds a front office position for the Philadelphia Phillies. Career
Kerfeld was the Astros' first pick (5th overall) in the secondary phase of 1982 draft, and fared well his first year at Asheville, and his second at Columbus, with sub 3.00 ERAs and 30 wins. He led the 1983 Sally League in wins, complete games, and innings pitched, while finishing second in strikeouts, earning Pitcher of the Year honors. Though he struggled initially at the triple-A level, he eventually found his bearings and even earned a July 1985 call-up to the major league club at the age of 21. Kerfeld made the big league roster out of spring training in 1986, and had a career year posting an 11-2 record and a 2.59 ERA as the setup man for closer Dave Smith. His unexpected performance that year was a key reason the Astros won the National League Western Division title that season.He led the National League in won-loss percentage and finished fourth in the Rookie of the Year balloting. Kerfeld capped his season by pitching four innings and giving up a run in the NLCS. He took the loss in Game 5 when Gary Carter slapped Kerfeld's twelfth-inning pitch for a single, scoring Wally Backman. Kerfeld began 1987 with the Astros, but was sent down to Tucson on April 26 after 11 games after posting an 0 – 2 record and a 6.67 ERA. After being taken out of a May game in Tucson, Kerfeld flung the baseball, underhanded but forcefully, at Tucson manager Bob Didier. The manager fined Kerfeld and suspended him for two games. Tucson pitching coach expressed frustration with Kerfeld, saying, "A lot of things have been said.A lot of things have been done. But very little sinks in." Later, <mask> walked away from the Tucson team for a day after Rocky Childress was called up to the Astros. Kerfeld thought that he should have been called up. He said that he hastily spoke to Astros general manager Dick Wagner and said things that he regretted. In mid-July, Wagner said that <mask>'s attitude and pitching had improved and that his weight was the biggest factor keeping him from the major leagues. He went 4 – 4 at Tucson with a 4.74, and was briefly recalled to Houston before going on the DL for two months with calcium deposits in his elbow.He pitched effectively in three games in late September, and looked to be rounding back into his stellar 1986 form. Kerfeld, battling elbow, neck and weight problems, struggled in the minors in 1988 and 1989. He was on the Astros' Opening Day 1990 roster, but appeared in only five games, going 0 – 2 with a horrendous 16.20 ERA. His last game for the Astros was April 19, 1990. Ten days later, <mask> was traded to the Atlanta Braves for outfielder Kevin Dean and pitcher Lee Johnson. He pitched 30 innings in relief for the Braves that season, but was released during the offseason. He was signed by the Detroit Tigers and pitched briefly for their AA affiliate the London Tigers in 1991, but retired following that season.Antics
A fan favorite, Kerfeld was known for his quirky sense of humor and bullpen antics. When asked in 1987 what he would do if he had only a week to live, Kerfeld replied, "I'd get Hulk Hogan, Brian Bosworth, Charles Barkley and I'd have a four-man tag team match with the Four Horsemen." Pondering alternative career options after a 1988 shoulder surgery, Kerfeld said, "Arena Football is first. Then the World Wrestling Federation. Maybe go back to college and get a brain surgery degree. Or become an assistant clubhouse man. Or go to Harry Wendelstedt's umpiring school."When <mask>, whose uniform number was 37, learned that Jim Deshaies had signed for US$110,000 in 1987, he asked for and received $110,037.37 plus 37 boxes of orange Jell-O. On March 1, 1987 <mask> declared he would buy up 3,000 tickets per game to give away to charity causes. Without a discount, which the Astros didn't discuss, the cost for the seats would total as much as $1.6 million. Unable to afford that on a $110,000 salary, Kerfeld backed down from the offer. He is remembered for his lucky Jetsons tee shirt (which he wore under his uniform when he pitched because the Jetsons' dog was named Astro) and for occasionally donning a rubber Coneheads mask in the bullpen along with fellow relievers Larry Andersen and Dave Smith. Coming to the ballpark, he often wore such things as pink high-tops and a Rambo cammies outfit. Kerfeld gained fame for giving a drunken interview live to Bill Worrell and HSE in the Astros locker room after they clinched the NL West on September 25, 1986.The display was typical of his good nature and gregarious manner. Kerfeld was seen drinking a Busch beer during the interview, and then later pouring it on Nolan Ryan while Ryan was giving an interview with Milo Hamilton. Ryan retaliated by spraying champagne in Kerfeld's face. The clip can be found on the website YouTube. <mask> or Charley? Sometime around the 1987 season Kerfeld's first name began to appear in print as "Charley." There was no explanation offered for the change and it became a source of befuddlement to players and fans alike.For the rest of his career, and to the present day, his name is often seen spelled in both forms. Post-playing career
Kerfeld remained in baseball managing in the minor leagues, including a brief stint with the Abilene Prairie Dogs of the Texas–Louisiana League. He was the Western League manager of the year in 1998 and in 2001-02. In November 2006, he became a special assistant to the general manager for the Philadelphia Phillies. As of August 2013, Kerfeld is a senior advisor to the general manager for the team. References

External links
, or Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League)
Video of 1986 Post-Game Interview with HSE's Bill Worrell

1963 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Asheville Tourists players
Atlanta Braves players
Baseball players from Missouri
Beaumont Bullfrogs players
Charros de Jalisco players
Columbus Astros players
Grays Harbor Gulls players
Houston Astros players
London Tigers players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Minor league baseball managers
Navegantes del Magallanes players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Osceola Astros players
People from Johnson County, Missouri
Philadelphia Phillies personnel
Richmond Braves players
San Diego Padres scouts
Seattle Mariners scouts
Tucson Toros players

masks:
Charles Patrick Kerfeld
Charlie
Kerfeld
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<mask> (born 13 May 1994) is a British-born artistic gymnast who currently represents Jamaica in international competition. She was a reserve athlete for Great Britain's 2012 Olympic team. She attended UCLA and competed for the UCLA Bruins gymnastics team. She represented Jamaica at the 2020 Olympic Games. Junior career

2009
In July, <mask> competed at the British Championships in Guildford, United Kingdom. She placed second in the all around final with a score of 53.650. In event finals, she placed first on uneven bars scoring 13.650, joint first on balance beam scoring 13.600, and first on floor scoring 13.700.Senior career

2010
In July, <mask> competed at the British Championships in Guildford, United Kingdom. She placed third in the all around with a score of 55.350. <mask> said, "I'm extremely happy. I've had a bit of a difficult run in with a few injuries so to be able to compete here in the first place was great, and gave me a chance to see where I stand compared to some of the other gymnasts. Having missed out on the Europeans, it was good to show the home crowd what I can do and win a medal." 2011
In February, <mask> competed at the English Championships in Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom. She placed third in the all around competition with a score of 52.650.In April, <mask> competed at the 2011 European Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Berlin, Germany. In qualifications, she placed twelfth all around with a score of 54.400 which meant that she would move on to the final. She said, "I started off really nervous as we were up on beam first but once Jenni went clear that helped me to relax a bit. The other pieces went well although I maybe played it a bit too safe on bars. The atmosphere was great and we could hear the British fans cheering for us, especially Beth and Hannah when we were on bars." In the all around final, <mask> placed sixteenth with a score of 53.375. Afterwards she said, "I'm mostly happy to have gone clean the whole week in my first major event as a senior.I have learnt a huge amount being here, particularly what it may be like to perform in front of a home crowd as the German fans went crazy for their gymnasts. I now have some understanding of what it may be like if I make it to London next year." In May, <mask> participated in the British Teams competition in Guildford, United Kingdom. Her club, Heathrow, finished third and she placed third in the all around with a score of 52.900. In July, <mask> competed at the British Championships in Liverpool, United Kingdom. She placed second in the all around with a score of 53.150. <mask> said, "I was slightly annoyed more than anything when I fell on beam but I tried to shake it all off and get back from there so I'm really pleased.I've got a new floor routine which has quite a lot in it so I found it quite hard stamina wise but was happy to finish with the music!" In October, <mask> competed at the 2011 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Tokyo, Japan. She contributed a vault score of 13.566 and a balance beam score of 14.141 towards the British team's fifth-place finish. 2012
In March, <mask> competed at the English Championships in Kent, United Kingdom. She placed second in the all around competition with a score of 54.650. In May, <mask> competed at the 2012 European Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships in Brussels, Belgium. She contributed a beam score of 14.000 towards the British team's fourth-place finish.At the end of May, <mask> participated in the British Teams competition which acted as the first Olympic trial. Her club, Heathrow, placed fourth and she placed second in the all around with a score of 55.100. At the beginning of June, <mask> competed at an international friendly with gymnasts from Finland and Spain in Ipswich, United Kingdom which was also the second Olympic trial. She placed sixth in the all around competition with a score of 54.050 and third in the uneven bars final with a score of 13.850. At the end of June, <mask> competed at the British Championships in Liverpool, United Kingdom. This is the third and final Olympic Trial to decide the gymnasts that will represent the United Kingdom at the Olympics. She placed sixth in the all around competition with a score of 53.700.In event finals, she placed eighth on uneven bars scoring 11.350 and fourth on balance beam scoring 13.800. 2015
In October, <mask> returned to the elite gymnastics scene as a member of Jamaica's women's team at the 2015 World Championships. As a result of her performance, <mask> was able to receive Jamaica a qualification spot to the 2016 Olympic Test Event. 2016
Senior <mask> <mask> was awarded regular season All-American honors by the National Association of College Gymnastics Coaches (NACGC/W). She was also named to the 2016 Pac-12 All-Conference teams. On April 15, 2016, <mask> was a co-champion of the balance beam competition at the 2016 NCAA Women's Gymnastics Championship. 2019
In October, <mask> competed together with two other members of Jamaica's women's team at the 2019 World Championships.As a result of her performance in qualifications, <mask> was able to receive an individual qualification spot to the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo. “She finished 47th in the all-around [...] attaining a score of 50.982. Her Olympic qualification came as she finished among the top 20 athletes who were not on a qualifying team. She ranked ninth in the group of competitors. <mask> participated in all four events in the qualifying round and achieved a score of 13.5 in the vault event, 12.35 in the uneven bars event, and 12.566 in both the balance beam and the floor exercise events“. 2021
At the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo <mask> was due to take part in the women's individual all-around event. Two days prior to the competition <mask> learned she had torn her anterior cruciate ligament.She therefore withdrew from the balance beam, the vault and the floor exercise. She chose to continue to compete in the uneven bars with her knee bandaged, scoring the lowest of any competitor as the judges deducted 6.5 points for various infractions and gave her only a 0.5 difficulty score. However, her 9.033 execution score was the highest for any athlete on uneven bars. References

External links

 <mask> <mask> at Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique

1994 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Coventry
British female artistic gymnasts
UCLA Bruins women's gymnasts
Jamaican female artistic gymnasts
English people of Jamaican descent
Gymnasts at the 2019 Pan American Games
Pan American Games competitors for Jamaica
Gymnasts at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic gymnasts of Jamaica
NCAA gymnasts who have scored a perfect 10

masks:
Danusia May Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Danusia
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Francis
Danusia
Francis