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Jan Pakulski, Rola polityczna Beniamina Zaremby w drugiej połowie XIII wieku, [in:] "Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. Nauki Humanistyczno-Społeczne", vol. XXXV, Historia V, 1969, pp. 21–32. Jan Pakulski, Ród Zarembów w Wielkopolsce w XIII i początkach XIV wieku.Prace Komisji Historii XI, Bydgoskie Towarzystwo Naukowe, serie C, nr 16, 1975, pp. 103–137. Jan Pakulski, Stosunki Przemysła II z duchowieństwem metropolii gnieźnieńskiej, [in:] Przemysł <mask>. Odnowienie Królestwa Polskiego, ed. J. Krzyżaniakowej, Poznań 1997, pp. 81–100. Zenon Piech, O pieczęciach, herbach i monetach Przemysła II (Uwagi dyskusyjne), [in:] Przemysł <mask>.Odnowienie Królestwa Polskiego, ed. J. Krzyżaniakowej, Poznań 1997, pp. 181–198. Zenon Piech, Studia nad symboliką zjednoczeniową pieczęci książąt piastowskich w drugiej połowie XIII wieku i początkach XIV wieku, "Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. Prace historyczne", vol. 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History of Poland (966–1385)
Dukes of Greater Poland
Jakub Świnka
Royal coronations in Poland

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1257 births
1296 deaths
13th-century Polish monarchs
Polish Roman Catholics
Dukes of Pomerania
Dukes of Greater Poland
13th-century murdered monarchs
Assassinated Polish people
Burials at Poznań Cathedral
People murdered in

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<mask> (; 7 January 1895 – 3 February 1955) was a Soviet and Russian major general who served as the chief executioner of the NKVD under the administrations of Genrikh Yagoda, Nikolay Yezhov, and Lavrentiy Beria. Hand-picked for the position by Joseph Stalin in 1926, <mask> led a company of executioners that performed and supervised numerous mass killings during Stalin's reign, mostly during the Great Purge and World War II. He is recorded as having executed tens of thousands of prisoners by his own hand, including his killing of about 7,000 Polish prisoners of war during the Katyn massacre in spring 1940, making him the most prolific official executioner and mass killer in recorded world history. Forced into retirement following the death of Stalin, <mask> died in 1955, his death being officially reported as a suicide. Early life and career
<mask>, born into a peasant family on 7 January 1895, served in the Imperial Russian Army during World War I, and joined the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the Soviet state security agency Cheka in March 1921. Though records are scant, he was evidently noted for both his pugnaciousness and his mastery of what Joseph Stalin termed chernaya rabota ("wetwork", or literally, "black work"): assassinations, torture, intimidation, and executions conducted clandestinely. Once he gained Stalin's attention, he was quickly promoted and within six years was appointed the head of the purposefully created Kommandatura Branch of the Administrative Executive Department of the NKVD.This branch was a company-sized element created by Stalin specifically for wetwork. Headquartered at the Lubyanka in Moscow, its members were all approved by Stalin and took their orders directly from him, which ensured the unit's longevity despite three bloody purges of the NKVD. As senior executioner, <mask> had the official title of commandant of the internal prison at the Lubyanka, which allowed him to carry out his duties with a minimum of scrutiny and no official paperwork. Although most of the estimated 828,000 NKVD executions conducted in Stalin's lifetime were performed by local Chekists in concert with NKVD troikas, mass executions were overseen by specialist executioners from the Kommandantura. In addition to overseeing the mass executions, <mask> personally pulled the trigger in all of the individual high-profile executions conducted in the Soviet Union during his tenure, including those of the Old Bolsheviks convicted at the Moscow Trials; Marshal of the Soviet Union Mikhail Tukhachevsky (convicted at a secret trial); and two of the three killed NKVD Chiefs (Genrikh Yagoda in 1938 and Nikolay Yezhov in 1940) he had once served. He was awarded the Badge of Honour for his service in 1937. Role in the Katyn massacre

<mask>'s most infamous act was the April 1940 execution by shooting of about 7,000 Polish prisoners interned in the Ostashkov prisoner of war camp in the Katyn forest.The majority were military and police officers who had been captured following the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939. The event's infamy also stems from the Stalin regime's orchestration of the murders, and the subsequent Allied propaganda campaign which blamed Nazi Germany for the massacres, aided by the Western Allies in order to preserve morale. In 1990, as part of Glasnost, Mikhail Gorbachev gave the Polish government the files on the massacres at Katyn, Starobilsk and Kalinin (now Tver), revealing Stalin's involvement. Based on the 4 April secret order from Stalin to NKVD Chief Lavrentiy Beria as well as NKVD Order No. 00485, which still applied, the executions were carried out over 28 consecutive nights at the specially constructed basement execution chamber at the NKVD headquarters in Kalinin, and were assigned, by name, directly to Blokhin, making him the official executioner of the NKVD. Blokhin initially decided on an ambitious quota of 300 executions per night, and engineered an efficient system in which the prisoners were individually led to a small antechamber—which had been painted red and was known as the "Leninist room"—for a brief and cursory positive identification, before being handcuffed and led into the execution room next door. The room was specially designed with padded walls for soundproofing, a sloping concrete floor with a drain and hose, and a log wall for the prisoners to stand against.Blokhin would stand waiting behind the door in his executioner garb: a leather butcher's apron, leather hat, and shoulder-length leather gloves. Then, without a hearing, the reading of a sentence or any other formalities, each prisoner was brought in and restrained by guards while Blokhin shot him once in the base of the skull with a German Walther Model 2 .25 ACP pistol. He had brought a briefcase full of his own Walther pistols, since he did not trust the reliability of the standard-issue Soviet TT-30 for the frequent, heavy use he intended. The use of a German pocket pistol, which was commonly carried by German police and intelligence agents, also provided plausible deniability of the executions if the bodies were discovered later. An estimated 30 local NKVD agents, guards and drivers were pressed into service to escort prisoners to the basement, confirm identification, then remove the bodies and hose down the blood after each execution. Although some of the executions were carried out by Senior Lieutenant of State Security Andrei Rubanov, <mask> was the primary executioner and, true to his reputation, liked to work continuously and rapidly without interruption. In keeping with NKVD policy and the overall "wet" nature of the operation, the executions were conducted at night, starting at dark and continuing until just prior to dawn.The bodies were continuously loaded onto covered flat-bed trucks through a back door in the execution chamber and trucked, twice a night, to Mednoye, where Blokhin had arranged for a bulldozer and two NKVD drivers to dispose of bodies at an unfenced site. Each night, 24–25 trenches were dug, measuring  in length, to hold that night's corpses, and each trench was covered over before dawn. <mask> and his team worked without pause for 10 hours each night, with Blokhin executing an average of one prisoner every three minutes. At the end of the night, Blokhin provided vodka to all his men. On 27 April 1940, <mask> secretly received the Order of the Red Banner and a modest monthly pay premium as a reward from Joseph Stalin for his "skill and organization in the effective carrying out of special tasks". His tally of 7,000 shot in 28 days remains the most organized and protracted mass murder by a single individual on record, and caused him being named the Guinness World Record holder for 'Most Prolific Executioner' in 2010. Personal life
<mask> was married to Natalia Aleksandrovna <mask> (1901–1967), and had a son, Nikolai Vasilievich Baranov (1916–1998).Retirement and death
<mask> was forcibly retired following Stalin's death in March 1953. However, his "irreproachable service" was publicly noted by Beria at the time of his departure. When Beria himself was removed in June, <mask>'s rank was stripped from him in the de-Stalinization campaigns of Nikita Khrushchev. He reportedly sank into alcoholism and serious mental illness. <mask> died on 3 February 1955, aged 60. The official cause of death was listed as "suicide". Honours and awards
 Honorary Worker of the Cheka-GPU (V) № 498
 Honorary Worker of the Cheka-GPU (XV) (1932)
 Order of the Red Star (1936)
 Order of the Badge of Honour (1937)
 Order of the Red Banner, twice (1940, 1944)
 Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1943)
 Order of Lenin (1945)
 Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class (1945)

Notes

See also
 Mass killings under communist regimes

References

External links
 Remembering Katyn, Suicide of <mask> <mask>
 Katyn Memorial, Justice for Stalin's & Blokin's Katyn Victims
 Katyn Information & Memorial

1895 births
1955 deaths
Capital punishment in the Soviet Union
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Genocide perpetrators
Great Purge perpetrators
Katyn massacre
NKVD officers
People from Suzdalsky District
People from Suzdalsky Uyezd
Perpetrators of World War II prisoners of war massacres
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the Order of the Red Star
Russian executioners
Russian mass murderers
Russian military personnel of World War I
Soviet executioners
Soviet major generals
Soviet mass murderers
Suicides in the Soviet Union

masks:
Vasily Mikhailovich Blokhin
Blokhin
Blokhin
Blokhin
Blokhin
Blokhin
Blokhin
Blokhin
Blokhin
Blokhin
Blokhin
Blokhina
Blokhin
Blokhin
Blokhin
Vasily
Blokhin


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<mask> (; born 19 February 1952) is a Slovenian diplomat, professor of international law, human rights expert, and political figure who served as President of Slovenia from 2007 to 2012. Türk was the first Slovene ambassador to the United Nations, from 1992 to 2000, and was the UN Assistant Secretary General for Political Affairs from 2000 to 2005. He is a visiting professor of international law at Columbia University in New York City, a professor emeritus at the Faculty of Law of the University of Ljubljana, and non-resident senior fellow of Chongyang Institute for Financial studies at Renmin University of China in Beijing. Türk is the founder of the Danilo <mask> Foundation, devoted mostly to the rehabilitation of child victims of armed conflict. He is also the chairman of the Global High Level Panel on Water and Peace and the chairman of the board of the Global Fairness Initiative], a Washington, CD-based NGO dedicated to economic and social development in developing nations. In 2016, Türk was an unsuccessful candidate for the post of Secretary-General of the United Nations. Early life
Türk was born in a lower-middle-class family in Maribor, Slovenia (then part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia).He attended Maribor Grammar School No. 2 (II. gimnazija Maribor). In 1971 he enrolled at the University of Ljubljana, where he studied law. After graduation (1975) he served as the secretary of the commission for minority and expatriate affairs at the Socialist Alliance of Working People (SZDL), an organisation sponsored by Yugoslav Communist Party. In December 1979 he became the chairman of that commission and a member of the executive committee of the SZDL. At the same time he continued his studies.He obtained an MA with a thesis on minority rights from the University of Belgrade's Law School. In 1978, he became a teaching assistant at the Faculty of Law in Ljubljana. In 1982, he obtained his PhD with a dissertation on the principle of non-intervention in international law at the University in Ljubljana and received a full-time job as an assistant professor at the University in Ljubljana's Faculty of Law. In 1983, he became the director of the University of Ljubljana's Institute for International Law. In the following years, he worked on human and minority rights. In the mid-1980s, he collaborated with Amnesty International to report on human rights issues in Yugoslavia. Between 1986 and 1992, he served in a personal capacity as a member the UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities and was the UN Special Rapporteur on the Realization of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.Together with Louis Joinet (France), he was also the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression. In 1987 he initiated the establishment of the Council for Human Rights in Slovenia and served until 1992 as the council’s vice-chairman. In 1990/91 he coauthored the human rights chapter in Slovenia's constitution. Diplomatic and academic career
From 1992 to 2000, <mask> was the first Slovene Permanent Representative to the United Nations. During this time, he secured the election of Slovenia to the UN Security Council (1998–1999) and was president of the United Nations Security Council in August 1998 and November 1999. [1] Between 1996 and 1998, he was a member of the UN Human Rights Committee. From 2000 to 2005, he served as UN Assistant Secretary-General for Political Affairs under Secretary General Kofi Annan.In 2005 he returned to Slovenia and became a professor of international law; from May 2006 to December 2007 he served as the vice dean of student affairs at the University of Ljubljana's Faculty of Law. <mask> has published over 100 articles in various law journals and three books. He authored the first Slovene book on international law, titled Temelji mednarodnega prava (Foundations of International Law, 2007, revised 2015). In 2019, <mask> was elected president of the Club of Madrid. Presidency

In June 2007, <mask> ran in the Slovene presidential election. As an "independent" candidate, he was backed by a broad coalition of left-wing parties, composed of the opposition Zares party and Social Democrats, the Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia, and the extra-parliamentary Christian Socialist Party and Democratic Party. In the first round of the presidential elections, held on 21 October 2007, he placed second with 24.54% of the votes, which brought him into the runoff against the centre right candidate Lojze Peterle (who received 28.50% of the popular vote).He won the runoff on 11 November 2007 with 68.2% of the votes,[2] becoming the third president of Slovenia on December 23, 2007. Türk ran for reelection in 2012, but lost the election to Borut Pahor in a second round of voting, held on 2 December 2012. [5] He received roughly one-third of the votes. Health
In March 2011, <mask> <mask> successfully underwent robot-assisted prostate cancer surgery at the Urology Institute in Innsbruck, Austria. UN Secretary-General candidature

In December 2013 Türk announced that he was planning to run for UN Secretary-General. He was soon supported by Prime Minister Alenka Bratušek and Minister of Foreign Affairs Karel Erjavec. In January 2014 the Slovene government endorsed Türk as its candidate for UN Secretary-General.He was later also supported by Prime Minister Miro Cerar and President Borut Pahor, as well as by Speaker of the National Assembly of Slovenia Milan Brglez (also a professor at the University of Ljubljana). In accordance with the UN procedure, the government of Slovenia nominated <mask> <mask> as candidate for UN Secretary-General on 8 February 2016. Türk is an experienced member of the United Nations community. He served as the first Permanent Representative of the Republic of Slovenia to the UN and remained in New York as ambassador for eight years, from 1992 until 2000. As Slovenian representative he also presided over the United Nations Security Council twice. His work was recognised by Secretary-General Kofi Annan, who chose Türk as one of his close advisors and appointed him Assistant Secretary-General in 2000. He served in this position until 2005, when he returned to Slovenia to teach international law at the University of Ljubljana.Türk has long been recognised as an expert and global advocate for human rights and his work has been connected with human rights and the fight for equality for more than 40 years. One element of human rights that Turk has been questioned about is the UN's role in the Haiti cholera outbreak that has been widely discussed and criticized. There has been indisputable evidence that the UN is the proximate cause for bringing cholera to Haiti. Peacekeepers sent to Haiti from Nepal were carrying asymptomatic cholera and they did not treat their waste properly before dumping it into Haiti's water stream. In an interview with the New York Times, Türk was asked if cholera victims should receive compensation. He responded by saying he hopes the UN would "provide the victims with a fair process and an effective remedy." St. Vincent followed this up during the UN informal dialogues by asking Mr. Türk how he would place the pursuit of an effective remedy on his list of priorities.Türk's response was that though the UN enjoys immunity from prosecution, "there are other ways of establishing fair process and effectiveness". He also stated "current discussions that I know exist within the Secretariat and between the Secretariat and member states will produce such effectiveness and fairness." Following-up at the media stakeout, Inner City Press questioned Türk about his statement that there may be some process going on behind the scenes to pay compensation. Türk responded by saying that there have been informal conversations about the Haitian situation, and though he does not have full knowledge, he can say that "this story is not closed." He admits that he values the importance of legal regulation including UN immunity, but he also believes in remedies and fair processes. 37 human rights organizations recently signed onto a UN Secretary General accountability pledge. This pledge asks the candidates to take action on two human rights violations that have tarnished the United Nations' image: failing to provide remedies for victims of cholera in Haiti, and sexual exploitation and abuse by peacekeepers.Türk issued a statement responding to Aids Free World and the Institute for Justice & Democracy in Haiti, expressing his support for the organizations' efforts. While he acknowledges that he has "clearly expressed [his] commitment to fairness towards the victims of cholera in Haiti and for substantial, credible and speedy investigations of the cases of sexual abuse committed by peacekeepers", he cannot undertake formal pledges. Nevertheless, he reaffirms his commitment to better UN accountability and says "it is abundantly clear where my heart is." Honors and awards
: Received a copy of the key of the city of Tirana on the occasion of his state visit to Albania. : Grand  Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (2011)
 : Ilyas Afandiyev International Prize (2010)
 : Received a copy of the key of the city of Bogota (2008)
 : European Court of Auditors Medal (2012)
 : Commander, First Class, Order of the White Rose of Finland (2010)
 : Gold medal of the Széchenyi Scientific Society (2008)
 : Honorary Doctorate, University of Szeged (2010)
 : Honorary Doctorate, Corvinus University of Budapest (2015)
 : Knight Grand Cross, Order of the Falcon (2011)
 : Knight Grand Cross with Cordon, Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (2011)
 : Honorary Professor of the Academy of Public Administration, Astana (2009)
  : Grand Cross of the Order of Saint-Charles (11 January 2011)
 : Grand Cross, Royal Norwegian Order of St Olav (2011)
 : Grand Cross with Diamonds, Order of the Sun of Peru (2008)
 : Honorary Doctorate, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (2012)
 : Honorary Doctorate, V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University (2011)
: Received the Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath by Queen Elizabeth II during her visit to Slovenia in 2008.
 : Arthur J. Goldberg Award, Touro Law College (2008)
Protector of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts (2008)

Personal life
Danilo Türk has been married to Barbara Türk (née Miklič) since 1976. They have one daughter and one granddaughter.He is the brother of the manager Vitoslav <mask>, member of the Slovenian Democratic Party. Türk speaks Slovene, English, French, and Serbo-Croatian. References

External links

Web page of the president of Slovenia
Former presidents of Slovenia with links on their archive web pages
Office of former President <mask> <mask>
Biography
Presidential campaign site 2012
 Biography by CIDOB Foundation
Interview from December 2009 in English with transcript

1952 births
Columbia University faculty
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Living people
Members of the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights
Politicians from Maribor
Permanent Representatives of Slovenia to the United Nations
Presidents of Slovenia
Slovenian diplomats
Slovenian lawyers
United Nations Human Rights Committee members
Slovenian officials of the United Nations
University of Belgrade alumni
University of Belgrade Faculty of Law alumni
University of Ljubljana alumni
University of Ljubljana faculty

masks:
Danilo Türk
Türk
Türk
Türk
Türk
Türk
Danilo
Türk
Danilo
Türk
Türk
Danilo
Türk


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<mask> (born November 3, 1940), an American jurist and legal scholar, is currently a Senior United States Circuit Judge and chief judge emeritus of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in Washington, D.C., and a professor of law at the New York University School of Law. Early life and education

<mask> was born in New York City, the oldest of three children and the son of <mask> and George H<mask>. His parents were divorced in 1950 and <mask> and his two sisters, Verne Debourg and Pamela Matthews, were raised by their mother. From 1952 to 1953, his mother attended Smith College, where she earned a Master's degree in social work. While his mother was away, <mask> lived with his grandparents, in the Harlem section of Manhattan. When his mother returned, the family moved to Long Island, where <mask> attended Uniondale High School and was president of the first graduating class. In 1961, <mask>' mother married <mask>.<mask> received a Bachelor of Science degree from Cornell University in 1962 and a Juris Doctor from University of Michigan Law School in 1965. He graduated from law school with distinction and was a member of the Michigan Law Review and the Order of the Coif. When he graduated from Michigan, he was the only African American (law student or member of the faculty) in the law school. During his time in Michigan, <mask> spent time with his father, George H<mask>, a long-time member of the Michigan House of Representatives; his stepmother, Esther Gordy <mask>, a Senior Vice President at Motown Record Company; and Berry Gordy, Jr., the founder of Motown Record Company. Professional career: 1965–1980

Despite his very strong academic record in law school, <mask> had difficulty finding a job in the legal profession because he was African American. All of the major law firms to which he applied openly rejected him because of his race. It was only after Professor Russell Smith, his mentor at Michigan, interceded on his behalf that he was hired at Seyfarth, Shaw, Fairweather & Geraldson.He worked with the firm in Chicago, Illinois from 1965 to 1970, specializing in labor relations law and collective bargaining. In 1970, he accepted an invitation to join the faculty of the University of Michigan Law School and became the first African American to teach at the law school. His teaching and scholarship focused on labor law, collective bargaining, labor law in the public sector, employment discrimination, arbitration, negotiations, and higher education and the law. In 1974, he and his then-wife Becky, and their children, Brent and Michelle, traveled to Brussels, Belgium, where <mask> was a Visiting Professor of Law at the Free University of Brussels. In 1975, <mask> accepted an invitation to visit at Harvard Law School. He was a Visiting Professor of Law at Harvard Law School during the 1975–76 school year and then accepted a tenured position on the law school faculty in 1976. While at Harvard, <mask> was also a faculty member at the Institute for Educational Management at Harvard University from 1976 through 1982.During this period, he co-authored a book on Higher Education and the Law, which was a major shift in his academic work. In the spring of 1977, <mask> and his family returned to Ann Arbor, Michigan, where he rejoined the faculty of the University of Michigan Law School. In 1980, <mask> was the co-author of four different casebooks (the only legal scholar in the country at the time to achieve the feat). In 1977, <mask> was nominated by President Carter and confirmed by the Senate to serve on the Board of Directors of Amtrak. He was subsequently elected Chairman by the other members of the Board. He resigned his position with Amtrak when he was appointed to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in 1980. From 1970 until 1980, <mask> served as neutral labor arbitrator on a number of major company and union arbitration panels; he was also Vice President of the National Academy of Arbitrators.Federal judicial service

When President Carter took office in 1977, there were only two blacks and one woman among the active federal court of appeals judges. To address this situation, the President established merit selection panels to identify and recommend highly qualified female and minority attorneys for appointment to the federal bench. In 1979, the judicial selection panel for the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit sent nine names to then-Attorney General Griffin Bell. From that list, President Carter nominated Patricia Wald, Abner Mikva, and <mask> to serve on the court. Ruth Bader Ginsburg was later nominated when an additional opening arose on the D.C. Circuit. <mask> was nominated by the President on December 6, 1979, to a seat vacated by Judge David L. Bazelon, and confirmed by the United States Senate on February 20, 1980.The President signed his commission to join the court on February 20, 1980. He was 39 years old when he joined the court, reputedly the youngest federal court of appeals judge sitting at the time. Judge <mask> served as Chief Judge from the fall of 1994 until July 2001. During his nearly seven years as Chief Judge of the D.C. Circuit, <mask> directed numerous IT initiatives at the D.C. Circuit; oversaw a complete reorganization of the Clerk's Office and Legal Division; implemented case management programs that helped to cut the court's case backlog and reduce case disposition times; successfully pursued congressional support for the construction of the William B. Bryant Annex to the E. Barrett Prettyman U.S. Courthouse; presided over the court's hearings in United States v. Microsoft; established programs to enhance communications with the lawyers who practice before the court; and received high praise from members of the bench, bar, and press for fostering collegial relations among the members of the court.He assumed senior status on November 3, 2005. Law teaching and scholarship since 1980

Since 1980, Judge <mask> has taught at a number of law schools, including Duke, Georgetown, Harvard, Pennsylvania, and Michigan. He is presently a professor of law at the NYU School of Law, where he has taught since 1990. In 2010, he was the C.V. Starr Distinguished Jurist in Residence at the Peking University School of Transnational Law, Shenzhen, China. He is the coauthor of five books. His most recent book is Edwards & Elliott, Federal Standards of Review (3d ed. 2018).One of his most significant publications, "The Growing Disjunction Between Legal Education and the Legal Profession", 91 Mich. L. Rev. 34 (1992), has been the source of extensive comment, discussion, and debate among legal scholars and practitioners. The article has been recognized as "one of the most-cited law review articles of all time." Three other articles, "Collegial Decision Making in the U.S. Courts of Appeals" (July 2017); Edwards & Livermore, "The Pitfalls of Empirical Studies That Attempt to Understand the Factors Affecting Appellate Decisionmaking", 58 Duke L.J.1895 (2009); and "The Effects of Collegiality on Judicial Decision Making", 151 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1639 (May 2003), explain how appellate judges decide cases and refute the claim that the personal ideologies and political leanings of court of appeals judges are crucial determinants in their decision-making. In the 2017 paper, <mask> contends that too often commentators attempt to equate the decision-making practices of the U.S. Courts of Appeals with those of the U.S. Supreme Court. This is a mistake, he says, because the organizational structures and judicial responsibilities of the Supreme Court and the Courts of Appeals are strikingly different.And, unlike the Supreme Court, most of the decisions issued by the Courts of Appeals are unanimous. For the terms between 2011 and 2016, the Courts of Appeals issued over 172,000 total decisions on the merits. Only 1.3% of these decisions included a dissent. Less than 1% of the total decisions included a concurring opinion. And 90% of “published” decisions were issued without a dissent. During the same time period: 56% of the decisions issued by the Supreme Court included a dissent; 40% of the signed decisions included a concurring opinion; and only 46% of the Supreme Court’s decisions were unanimous. In 2004, in commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education, <mask> authored "The Journey from Brown v. Board of Education to Grutter v. Bollinger: From Racial Assimilation to Diversity," 102 Mich. L. Rev.944 (2004), drawing on his own personal and professional experiences to reflect on racial equality and inequality in America over the past 50 years and pondering the consequences of the shift from racial assimilation to diversity as a means of achieving racial equality. In 2017, he amplified some of his thoughts on racial bias in a paper entitled “Reflections on Racial Stigmas and Stereotyping.”

Work with the National Academy of Sciences

In 2006, <mask> was appointed by the United States National Research Council at the National Academy of Sciences to serve as co-chair of the Committee on Identifying the Needs of the Forensic Science Community. On February 18, 2009, the Committee published a widely hailed study reporting serious deficiencies in the nation's forensic science system and calling for major reforms and new research. The report said that rigorous and mandatory certification programs for forensic scientists were lacking, as were strong standards and protocols for analyzing and reporting on evidence. The report also indicated that there was a dearth of peer-reviewed, published studies establishing the scientific bases and reliability of many forensic methods and that many forensic science labs were underfunded, understaffed, and had no effective oversight. Numerous reform efforts have been initiated in the wake of the report. Judge <mask> also served on the Committee on Science, Technology, and Law at the National Academy of Sciences from 2013 to 2018.In 2016, he served as co-chair of the Senior Advisors to the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology, which published a “Report to the President – Forensic Science in Criminal Courts: Ensuring Scientific Validity of Feature-Comparison Methods” (2016). From 2009 to 2018, <mask> wrote a number of papers and spoke out regularly in favor of reform in the forensic science community. In April 2019, the Judge received the Innocence Network Champion of Justice Award on behalf of the Committee on Identifying the Needs of the Forensic Science Community at the National Academy of Sciences. The award honors those who support efforts to reform the criminal justice system and prevent wrongful convictions. Professional activities

<mask> is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; the Board of Directors, Institute for Judicial Administration, NYU School of Law; and a fellow of the American Bar Foundation. In 2004, <mask> received the Robert J. Kutak Award, presented by the American Bar Association Section of Legal Education and Admission to the Bar "to a person who meets the highest standards of professional responsibility and demonstrates substantial achievement toward increased understanding between legal education and the active practice of law." In 2011, <mask> was the recipient of the Inaugural Distinguished Alumni Award from the University of Michigan Law School.He was selected by William & Mary School of Law to receive their 2015 Marshall-Wythe Medallion, the highest honor conferred by the law faculty, recognizing members of the legal community who have demonstrated exceptional accomplishment in law; the Groat Alumni Award from Cornell University; the Society of American Law Teachers Award (for "Distinguished Contributions to Teaching and Public Service"); and he has received a number of honorary degrees. Personal life

<mask> and his wife, Pamela Carrington-<mask>, were married in 2000. Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg officiated their wedding ceremony. He has a son, Brent, who is a professor of comparative literature at Columbia University, a daughter, Michelle, and four grandchildren. Select publications

<mask> is the coauthor of five books. He has also published scores of articles and papers dealing with legal education, the effects of collegiality on appellate decision making, the pitfalls of empirical studies that purport to measure and characterize judicial decision making, judicial process, federalism, comparative law, legal ethics, judicial administration, professionalism, labor law, equal employment opportunity, labor arbitration, higher education law, and alternative dispute resolution. The following list offers a sample of some of his publications:
<mask> T. <mask> & Linda A. Elliott, Federal Standards of Review (3d ed.2018). <mask><mask>, Collegial Decision Making in the United States Courts of Appeals, presented at All Souls College, Oxford, Conference on “Counting Votes and Weighing Opinions—Collective Judging in Comparative Perspective,” 20 July 2107, NYU School of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 17-47, available at SSRN
<mask><mask>, Reflections on Racial Stigmas and Stereotyping (March 25, 2017), available at SSRN
<mask><mask>, Another Look at Professor Rodell’s Goodbye to Law Reviews, 100 VA. L. Rev. 1483 (2014). <mask><mask>, The National Academy of SciencesReport on Forensic Sciences:  What it Means for the Bench and Bar, 51 JurimetricsJ. 1 (Summer 2010). <mask><mask>, Pitfalls of Empirical Studies That Attempt to Understand the Factors Affecting Appellate Decisionmaking, 58 Duke L.J.1895 (2009). <mask><mask>, The Journey from Brown v. Board of Education to Grutter v. Bollinger:  From Racial Assimilation to Diversity, 102 Mich.L. Rev. 944 (2004). <mask><mask>, The Effects of Collegiality on Judicial Decision Making, 151 U. Pa.L. Rev. 1639 (2003).<mask><mask>, Race and the Judiciary, 20 Yale L. & Pol=y Rev. 325 (2002). <mask><mask>, Reflections (On Law Review, Legal Education, Law Practice, and My Alma Mater), 100 Mich. L. Rev. 1999 (2002). <mask><mask>, A New Vision for the Legal Profession, 72 N.Y.U. L. Rev.567 (1997). <mask><mask>, To Err Is Human, But Not Always Harmless:  When Should Legal Error Be Tolerated?, 70 N.Y.U.L. Rev.1167 (1995). <mask><mask>, Personal Reflections on 30 Years of Legal Education for Minorities, 37 Mich.L. Quadrangle Notes 38 (Summer 1994). <mask><mask>, The Growing Disjunction Between Legal Education and the Legal Profession:  A Postscript, 91 Mich. L. Rev.2191 (1993). <mask><mask>, The Growing Disjunction Between Legal Education and the Legal Profession, 91 Mich. L. Rev. 34 (1992). <mask><mask>, The Judicial Function and The Elusive Goal of Principled Decisionmaking, 1991 Wis. L. Rev.837 (1991). <mask><mask>, A Lawyer's Duty to Serve the Public Good, 65 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1148 (1990). <mask><mask>, Judicial Review of Labor Arbitration Awards: The Clash Between the Public Policy Exception and the Duty to Bargain, 64 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 3 (1988). <mask><mask>, Alternative Dispute Resolution: Panacea or Anathema?, 99 Harv.L. Rev. 668 (1986). <mask><mask>, Deferral to Arbitration and Waiver of the Duty to Bargain:  A Possible Way Out of Everlasting Confusion at the NLRB, 46 Ohio St. L.J. 23 (1985). <mask><mask>, The Emerging Duty to Bargain in the Public Sector, 71 Mich. L. Rev.885 (1973). <mask><mask>, A New Role for the Black Law Graduate: A Reality or an Illusion? 69 Mich. L. Rev.1407 (1971). See also
List of African-American jurists

References

External links

 Biography from the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit
 NYU School of Law Faculty Profile

1940 births
20th-century American judges
African-American judges
American legal scholars
Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations alumni
Duke University School of Law faculty
Harvard Law School faculty
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit
Illinois lawyers
Living people
People from Uniondale, New York
United States court of appeals judges appointed by Jimmy Carter
University of Michigan Law School alumni
University of Michigan Law School faculty

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<mask> "Corntassel" <mask> (Cherokee name Ugista:ᎤᎩᏍᏔ derived from Cherokee word for "Corntassel", Utsitsata:ᎤᏥᏣᏔ; born December 17, 1950, in Pontiac, Michigan) is a former Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation. He was first elected in 1999. <mask> was re-elected to a second term as Chief in 2003 and a third term in June 2007 with 59% of the vote. He was defeated in his attempt to get elected to a fourth term in office by Bill John Baker 54% to 46% in the 2011 election and he lost again to Baker in 2015, receiving 28% of the vote. Prior to being elected Principal Chief, he worked as a lawyer for the tribe and in private practice. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Pontiac, Michigan, where his father had gone for work. His parents were <mask>, a Cherokee, and <mask>, (western European ancestry).He grew up in Nashville, Tennessee. As a boy, <mask> achieved the rank of Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts in Nashville. He grew up with stories of his Cherokee ancestors. He is the great-grandson of Redbird <mask>, a Cherokee Nation Senator and a traditionalist who founded the Nighthawk Keetoowah Society, a religious, cultural, and political organization dedicated to reviving the Cherokee way of life. Redbird <mask> fought the allotment policy, under which the United States government took more than 7,000,000 acres (28,000 km²) of land from the Cherokee. Rachel Quinton, <mask>'s grandmother, was a lifelong advocate for the Cherokee people and the treasurer for the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians. <mask> received a bachelor's degree in education from the University of Georgia in 1973, a master's degree in public administration from the University of Wisconsin in 1975, a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Tulsa in 1980, and an MBA in Hospitality Management from the University of Nevada-Las Vegas in 2008.Professional life

From 1979 to 1980, <mask> served a consultant in Indian Law and Tribal Management to the Cherokee Nation's Tribal Operations. From 1982 to 1986, he served as Assistant District Attorney in Creek County, Oklahoma. On two separate occasions, <mask> served as the Estate Tax Attorney of the United States Department of Treasury, from 1980 to 1982 and from 1987 to 1989. He was a prosecutor for the Cherokee Nation during 1985–1995 (during the Wilma Mankiller administration). From 1989 to 1995 and from 1997 to 1999, he operated a private law practice out of Tulsa, Oklahoma, representing clients in civil rights litigation and appeals, criminal defense, and general civil litigation, with a focus on Indian law. <mask> served as an Assistant Public Defender and served as counsel to economically deprived defendants in the District Court of Tulsa County. Prior to his service as Principal Chief, <mask> taught Indian law at Northeastern State University, Rogers State University, and for a semester at Dartmouth College while he was a visiting fellow.From 1999 to 2011, <mask> served as Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, the second largest Indian tribe in the United States with more than 285,000 citizens. Before becoming Principal Chief, <mask> taught Indian law at Dartmouth College, Northeastern State University and Rogers State University. He served two previous Cherokee Nation chiefs as Director of Tribal Planning, Legal Historian, Cherokee Nation Prosecutor, Director of Justice and Advisor to the Tribal Tax Commission. He also successfully operated his own law practice, served Tulsa County as an assistant public defender and worked as an assistant district attorney in Creek County. Political career

<mask> completed his third 4-year term as Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation in 2011. The Principal Chief is the head of the executive branch of the tribal government. The position is responsible for the execution of the laws of the Cherokee Nation, establishment of tribal policy, and delegation of authority for the day-to-day operations of the tribe.Before his election, <mask> served under two Cherokee Nation chiefs as Director of Tribal Planning, Legal Historian, Attorney, Cherokee Nation Prosecutor, Director of Justice and adviser to the tribal tax commission. <mask> was elected Principal Chief on July 24, 1999, defeating the incumbent Principal Chief Joe Byrd in  a runoff election. Byrd's first term was marked with tension and constitutional crisis issues. <mask> received 7,204 votes (56.48%) to Byrd's 5,552 votes (43.52%). During his first term, Hastings Shade, a Cherokee traditionalist, language teacher, artist, and author, served as deputy chief. <mask> was re-elected to subsequent terms in 2003 and 2007, with Joe Grayson as deputy chief, who is a bilingual, full-blood community organizer and military veteran. In 2006, <mask> supported amending the constitution of the Cherokee Nation to restrict citizenship to those having "Indian blood".This action expelled about 2,800 people from the tribe who were known as the Cherokee freedmen, as they were descended from people who had been enslaved by Cherokees rather than being Cherokee by blood. <mask> argued that since the Cherokee were a sovereign nation, they could establish their own rules for qualification of citizenship. The action was contrary to a post–Civil War treaty that said the Nation had given full citizenship rights to the formerly enslaved people, and was disputed in both U.S. federal courts and Cherokee Nation courts. <mask> ran for a fourth term in 2011. His running mate was Chris Soap, son of Charlie Soap, husband of the late Principal Chief Wilma Mankiller. He was challenged by Bill John Baker, who supported inclusion of descendants of freedmen in the tribe. The election was held on June 25, 2011.Both candidates have twice been declared the winner, because voting was so close. Because the results could not be determined with mathematical certainty, the Cherokee Nation Supreme Court ordered a second vote for Sept. 24, 2011. As the Cherokee Nation constitution does not allow elected officials to remain in office past Inauguration Day, <mask> left office on Aug. 14, 2011. S. Joe Crittenden was sworn in as deputy chief, and elevated to acting principal chief in accordance with the constitutional chain of succession. During his tenure as principal chief, <mask> focused on three initiatives: economic self-reliance for the tribe, Cherokee language and cultural revitalization, and community development in Northeastern Oklahoma. Language immersion programs for Cherokee children and youth have been established. <mask> popularized the term gadugi, which in Cherokee refers to the spontaneous work crews communities formed as needs arose.It has come to mean coming together to work for the good of all Cherokee. The modern Cherokee Nation has had steady economic growth. During <mask>'s tenure, agricultural growth, and business, corporate, real estate expansion occurred. Some has been funded by revenues from numerous casino operations. The Cherokee Nation controls Cherokee Nation Entertainment, a gaming and hospitality company with several thousand employees in Eastern Oklahoma, as well as Cherokee Nation Industries, a defense contractor. . Since 1992 the Cherokee Nation has served as the lead tribe for the Inter-Tribal Environmental Council (ITEC). The mission of ITEC is to protect the health of Native Americans, their natural resources, and their environment as it relates to air, land, and water.To accomplish this mission, ITEC provides technical support, training and environmental services in a variety of environmental disciplines. There are 39 ITEC member tribes in Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas. In February 2021, the Supreme Court of the Cherokee Nation rejected the citizenship restriction that had been passed at the instigation of <mask>, saying "The 'by blood' language found within the Cherokee Nation Constitution, and any laws which flow from that language, is illegal, obsolete, and repugnant to the ideal of liberty. These words insult and degrade the descendants of the Freedman much like the Jim Crow laws found lingering on the books in Southern states some fifty-seven years after the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act." The restriction had also been rejected in a U.S. district court in 2017. <mask> is married to Bobbie <mask>, a full-blooded Cherokee from the Rocky Mountain community of Adair County, Oklahoma. Published works
 <mask>, <mask> Corntassel and Rennard Strickland with <mask>.ᎥᎪᏢᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏥᎸ: Building One Fire, Art and World View in Cherokee Life. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2010. .
 McClinton, Rowena and <mask>. The Moravian Springplace Mission to the Cherokees. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007. .
 Robert J. Conley, author, David Fitzgerald, photography, and <mask> <mask>, introduction. Cherokee. Portland, OR: Graphic Arts Center Publishing Co., 2002. .
 <mask>, <mask> Corntassel. Leadership Lessons from the Cherokee Nation: Learn From All I Observe.McGraw-Hill, 2013.  .

References

External links

<mask> official website

1950 births
Living people
Politicians from Pontiac, Michigan
American lawyers
Native American politicians
University of Georgia alumni
University of Tulsa College of Law alumni
Robert M. La Follette School of Public Affairs alumni
Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee Nation
20th-century Native Americans
21st-century Native Americans
Native American people from Michigan

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<mask> (September 28, 1906 – August 21, 1991) was an American newspaper executive and journalist. He headed the Gannett newspaper chain from 1957 to 1973. <mask> also served as the top official of the Associated Press from 1963 to 1977. Biography

Early years
<mask> was born on September 28, 1906, in Diamond, Missouri, to the Rev. <mask>, an itinerant Protestant minister, and his devoted wife, <mask> née Ranne. Over the next thirteen years, the <mask>s added four daughters and a second son to their "brood", as Clara once affectionately referred to her children. Between the time <mask> was born and the year of his high school graduation in 1925, the family moved no fewer than seven times to small towns in Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma, a circumstance that seems not to have affected him then or later.One reason may be that despite his family’s peripatetic lifestyle, the <mask> home, wherever it happened to be, seems always to have been a source of warmth, affection and traditional Christian values. <mask> showed an early predisposition for writing. His first experiment in journalism occurred with the publication of Vol. I, August 1920, No. 1, of The Boy Sportsman. <mask> pronounced it "The Official Organ of The Lone Scout Athletic Club," and informed his readers that it would be "Published Monthly by <mask>. <mask>, Quapaw, Okla." The success – or not – of The Boy Sportsman is unknown as, for whatever reasons, <mask> moved on the next year to publish The Boy Athlete: Every Boys Magazine, with his name on the cover as "<mask>, Editor, Quapaw, Oklahoma." Again, its success, or failure, remains a mystery.<mask>’s earliest experiences with newspapering prepared him well for greater journalistic responsibilities. At the age of fifteen, he won a national high school editorial writing contest, and as a senior secured top honors in a similar competition held by the University of Wisconsin. Also in his senior year, he served as the editor of the Pawhuska High School newspaper, The Wah-Sha-She (Osage for "the water people"), which under his direction earned national recognition by winning several interscholastic publication contests. In addition to his high-school editorship of The Wah-Sha-She, <mask> also demonstrated abilities in sports, outside activities, and academics. He was captain of the Pawhuska Huskies football team as well as a Tulsa World selection for all-state tackle in 1924. He was twice captain of the school’s basketball squad as well as all-district center in the 1924 Tulsa basketball tournament. <mask> worked periodically as both reporter and city editor for the Pawhuska Daily Journal-Capital – his first experience in the larger world of journalism, and one which provided him invaluable knowledge in newspapering.He graduated from high school in the spring of 1925 with strong enough academic credentials to qualify him for admittance to Oklahoma A&M College at Stillwater, Oklahoma. In <mask>'s first semester, he ran for and won the election for president of the freshman class. In his sophomore year, he continued to gain experience as a newspaperman at the same time that lack of money threatened to force him to leave school and get a job. He had already served as assistant sports editor for The O’Collegian when he became its acting managing editor on February 1, 1927, and managing editor on March 29, 1927. Despite these promotions, however, he faced stiff competition from former sports editor Otis Wile in the campus-wide election for editor of the paper. <mask> lost the election to Wile by 24 votes out of a total of 1744 votes cast, which was 30% percent higher than the total votes cast for any other elected position. His supporters had cautioned that if their candidate lost the election, <mask> would be unable to stay in school – a prophecy fulfilled that nevertheless offered him other opportunities in newspapering.A short column in the May 29, 1927 edition of The Okemah Daily Leader advised its readers that "<mask>, present managing editor of The O’Collegian, will become editor of The Okemah Daily Leader at the conclusion of this term." <mask> remained on the staff of the Okemah Publishing Company for fifteen months, although he moved to Norman, Oklahoma to become a feature writer for the Oklahoma City Times. While losing the election for the relatively high-paying job of managing editor for the O’Collegian had forced him to leave Oklahoma A&M, his new position with the Times made it possible for him to return to school at the University of Oklahoma. His decision to enroll there may also have been influenced by his parents’ move to Norman, where his father served as executive secretary of Oklahoma Christian Churches. In the late summer or early fall of 1928 the Okemah Daily Leader reported the loss of its "popular editor," and noted that he had recently resigned, and was to leave Okemah for Norman where he would "enroll as a special student in the state university" [and] "serve as staff correspondent for the Daily Oklahoman and Times." <mask> attended school at the University of Oklahoma from the fall of 1928 to the spring of 1930, while at the same time pursuing his new duties as a correspondent both for the Daily Oklahoman and the Oklahoma City Times. During this time, he became the president of the University of Oklahoma chapter of Sigma Delta Chi, a professional journalism fraternity.The June 17, 1930 issue of the O’Collegian featured a column proclaiming <mask>'s return to Stillwater: "Enlargement of the department of information and service, created at Oklahoma A. and M. college last February by President Henry G. Bennett, has been announced, with <mask> added to the staff, effective June 15." The paper went on to say that <mask> "had wide training and experience in newspaper activities," specifically, the Oklahoma City Times, Daily Oklahoman, Pawhuska Daily Journal-Capital, Guthrie Daily Leader, and Okemah Daily Leader and Weekly Ledger. Two years later, as head of the department, <mask>'s duties, according to the Oklahoma A&M college yearbook, The Redskin, were to see "to it that the name of the college is constantly kept before the attention of the people of the state. His chief function is the supplying of news matter regarding the school for the state papers." In addition to his staff duties with the department, <mask> also wrote for The A. and M. College Magazine, and served on the staff of The Redskin. Associated Press

<mask> remained in Stillwater and attended Oklahoma A&M until February 1932, then accepted an offer to work for the Associated Press at Columbus, Ohio. Earlier, while working for the Oklahoma City Times and the Daily Oklahoman in Norman, he had so impressed the A.P.'s bureau chief in Oklahoma City, Leon Durst, that he had written to his superiors: "Here is a man the AP should have." From March 1, 1932, until the fall of 1933, <mask> worked as a rewrite man and night filing editor for the Associated Press at its Columbus bureau. It was here that he acquired and first applied the knowledge that allowed him to excel as an "A.P. man." This was also where he met and married Louise Johnson. <mask> received his diploma from Oklahoma A&M College in 1933. After less than a year of marriage, the <mask>s began to prepare for the first of many moves they would make throughout their years with the Associated Press.Officials at the A.P. 's New York City bureau had taken notice of <mask>'s work and requested his transfer to work at the cable desk there. He accepted the promotion, and served as that bureau's cable and general news editor from the fall of 1933 until February 1935. Other promotions occurred in rapid succession. In early 1935, <mask> became night desk editor at the A.P. 's Kansas City bureau, a position he held until March 1936. On April 1, 1936, he became the A.P.'s bureau chief at Salt Lake City, Utah. Almost immediately, A.P. operations at Salt Lake City began to improve. He took charge of Associated Press news service and personnel for the entire state of Pennsylvania as chief of bureau with offices at Harrisburg in July 1937. That December, <mask>'s bureau moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he remained until April 1941 when the A.P. 's general manager, Kent Cooper, reassigned him to New York, initially as Cooper's executive assistant, and later as vice president and director of operations of Wide World Inc. In June 1942, Cooper elevated <mask> to the top A.P.posting in the nation's capital, Chief of Bureau, Washington, D.C. <mask> would become one of the most successful journalists of the twentieth century, eventually ascending to the presidencies of both the Associated Press and the Gannett Co., Inc. Nevertheless, the ultimate highlight of a long and storied career was always his wartime service in the capital of a nation then engulfed in global war. As he later recalled during an interview following his retirement in 1979: "But someone is always saying what do you think you enjoyed most. I really have enjoyed everything. But if you have to say what was the most exciting assignment or years, you certainly have to say Washington..."

On 29 June 1942, one day after the Germans opened their second summer offensive of World War II in the Soviet Union, <mask> wrote to Kent Cooper in New York: "I went to work here today. Sincerely yours." The hard-driving bureau chief immediately set about familiarizing himself with his new surroundings.As he later remembered: "I'd never been in Washington previously, except for brief visits. I didn't know where anything was. I didn't know anybody. Impressions swirled around in my brain, grew brighter or dimmer, gave way to new and better ones..." His most vivid impressions were those he formed of the most influential people in wartime Washington, and which he documented "to bridge the gap between a day in June of 1942 and this wintry day in February of 1943 when I finally am getting around to keeping a diary". While <mask> never did keep a diary, he did assemble files of confidential memoranda dutifully prepared from off-the-record meetings with many of the nation's top military and political leaders. Foremost among them were both wartime presidents, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman; Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall; and Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Fleet (COMINCH)/Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Ernest King. Other notable figures who provided <mask> with confidential information included British Prime Minister Winston Churchill; Republican presidential nominee Wendell Willkie; Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox; Commander of the China-Burma-India (CBI) Theater General Joseph Stilwell; Chairman of the War Production Board Donald Nelson; former secretary of war and one of Roosevelt's personal overseas representatives, Major General Pat Hurley; U.S.Ambassador to the Soviet Union Averell Harriman; Assistant Secretary of War John McCloy; Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in the Southwest Pacific Area General Douglas MacArthur; Commander of the Far East Air Forces Lieutenant General George Kenney, and Secretary of State Edward Stettinius, Jr. Arranged chronologically for the three years from March, 1943 to March, 1946, the files contain information regarding both America's military strategy during the last two-and-a-half years of the war and its leaders' visions for the postwar world. <mask>'s memoranda reveal the thoughts and feelings of men who, despite having learned from long experience with the public to guard their remarks, expressed themselves freely in their off-the-record briefings to the select group of newspaper correspondents, of whom <mask> was one. His memoranda also trace the gradual shift from military to political imperatives which surfaced during the final stages of the war. Several significant events marked <mask>'s Associated Press career in the two years prior to his move to the Gannett Co., Inc. In mid-1945, he directed the A.P. 's coverage of the United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO) in San Francisco, California.<mask> also accompanied the first round-the-world Pan American "Globester" flight in the fall of that year. In June 1947, he returned to his alma mater of Oklahoma A&M, and delivered the commencement address. Although <mask> left the A.P. the following August to join Gannett as executive assistant to the company's founder, Frank E. Gannett, his career with the Associated Press was far from over. In April 1950, he became the first former employee to win election to the A.P. 's board of directors. In 1952, he joined the A.P.Board of Directors' Executive Committee. In 1963, he ascended to the presidency of the Associated Press, and went on to win reelection annually for the next 14 years, although the A.P. changed his title to chairman in 1972. <mask> resigned that post in 1977, but remained on the board of directors until 1978. Of his A.P. career, Louis D. Boccardi, president and general manager of the Associated Press at the time of <mask>'s death, wrote: "<mask> was not just AP's chairman. He was its champion, always challenging us to do better but never failing to hail a job well done.He had many interests and many successes but we always knew he loved the AP." The Gannett Co., Inc. Soon after joining Gannett on August 1, 1947, <mask> moved his family to the company’s headquarters at Rochester, New York, and soon rose to prominence in its civic affairs. His dedication to community involvement surfaced that year with his mayoral appointment as chairman of the committee responsible for construction of the Community War Memorial, and continued for more than twenty years. A gifted fund-raiser, <mask> served the American Red Cross and Community Chest in that capacity for ten years beginning in 1949. By 1959, he had become a Thirty-second Degree Mason, a member of the Rochester Consistory, and a Shriner of the Damascus Temple. Two years later, he received a citation for "outstanding service to the cause of brotherhood" from the National Conference of Christians and Jews for his role as National Chairman of the Newspaper Brotherhood Week Press Committee.That same year, New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller appointed <mask> to the Commission on the Celebration of the Centennial of the Morrill Land Grant Act; the following year he became its chairman. In 1964, the newly formed Rochester chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists, Sigma Delta Chi, elected <mask> president. The year after that he became President of the Lend-a-Hand Society, and in 1966 began a three-year appointment to the President’s Committee on Employment of the Handicapped. <mask> rose swiftly at Gannett. In 1949, he succeeded Frank Gannett as editor and publisher of the Rochester, New York Times-Union, became the company’s vice-president, and joined its board of directors. On his first European trip as a Gannett executive, <mask> represented the American Newspaper Publishers Association at the International Congress of Publishers and Editors at Amsterdam, the Netherlands. While overseas he met with newspapermen in London and Paris, then flew into Berlin on a coal-laden transport plane to report on the condition of that city in the aftermath of the Berlin Airlift.The following year, <mask> accompanied a group of newspaper publishers, radio executives, and officials on an eight-day trip to Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina as guests of Pan American World Airways. In Argentina, he interviewed President Juan Perón and First Lady Eva Perón. <mask> ended the year as the recipient of the National American Legion Citizenship Medal, the first of many such honors recognizing his community activism. Over the course of the next four years, <mask> continued his steady rise at Gannett. In 1951, the <mask>s were guests of the British news agency, Reuters, for its centennial celebration in London. There he met with Anthony Eden, deputy leader of Britain’s Conservative Party. Afterward, <mask> traveled to Paris to interview General Dwight D. Eisenhower concerning reports that he might be a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in 1952.On December 11, 1951, <mask> became both publisher of the Rochester Democrat and Chronicle and executive vice president of Gannett. In 1953, he joined the board of directors of the Gannett Foundation, and received an appointment to the Harvard University committee for selecting candidates for Nieman Fellowships, an award given to mid-career journalists by the Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard University. The following year, <mask> visited Guatemala in the wake of the anti-Communist counterrevolution, and later submitted a series of eyewitness accounts of conditions and prospects under the then-new government of U.S.-backed strongman, Carlos Castillo Armas. On May 19, 1955, Frank E. Gannett virtually confirmed <mask> as his successor at Gannett by naming <mask> "Operating Head in Fact" of the company. <mask>’s workload increased considerably in 1956 as he embarked on another South American tour, this time to Venezuela, Panama, Guatemala, and Mexico. He joined the boards of directors of two companies, the board of trustees of a third, and became a member of the Advisory Board on the Pulitzer Prizes. He also received his first of many honorary degrees, this one an honorary Doctor of Science degree from Clarkson College of Technology at Potsdam, New York.In September, <mask> embarked on his most ambitious overseas trip

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 when he reported on the Second London Conference over the Suez Canal crisis. In London he met with British Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden, who received him at 10 Downing Street. He then flew to Cairo to see for himself if the Egyptians were successfully managing the day-to-day operations of the Suez Canal. In his opinion, they were. Subsequently, he submitted his observations and conclusions in a pamphlet titled "Suez Canal Report." <mask> began 1957 by writing the first of his weekly editorial columns for the Saturday Times-Union, a practice he would continue with few interruptions until 1979. In April, <mask> succeeded Frank Gannett as president and chief executive officer of Gannett.That same month, <mask> became president of the Frank E. Gannett Newspaper Foundation – owner of 20% of the stock of the Gannett Co., Inc., – and of radio station WHEC and WHEC-TV. <mask> attended the NATO Conference in Paris, France, in December to end the year. In April 1958 <mask> joined the boards of directors of the Brand Names Foundation and the Automobile Club of Rochester. A month later, he succeeded to the chairmanship of the Advisory Board of the American Press Institute, and received a Kiwanis Public Service Award. <mask> also reported from Israel, France, Switzerland, and Italy in October as a member of the Rochester delegation which first paid a goodwill visit to Rochester’s sister city, Rennes, France. The next May, <mask> returned to his adopted home state, and addressed students at the University of Oklahoma on Journalism Day – one of hundreds of speeches he would deliver throughout the remainder of his tenure at Gannett. Recognition for his many contributions to journalism continued as Ursinus College of Collegeville, Pennsylvania, bestowed upon him its Honorary Doctor of Laws Degree in June 1959.The new decade  began with <mask>’s election to the presidency of the Rochester Convention and Publicity Bureau, and his receipt of the Lester P. Slade Award for "outstanding journalistic contributions" in January 1960. It continued the following month with his fact-finding visit to Havana, Cuba. The National Conference of Christians and Jews named <mask> National Chairman of the Newspaper Brotherhood Week Committee in January 1961, an honor for which he received a citation in April for "outstanding service to the cause of brotherhood." That same month <mask> hosted the Inter-American Press Association Convention in New York City, and the Civic Committee of the People-to-People Program recognized him with an award for his efforts in establishing the "sister cities" relationship between Rochester and Rennes, France. In June, New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller appointed <mask> to a commission observing the 100th anniversary of the Morrill Land-Grant Act; the next year, its members elected <mask> chairman of the Temporary Commission on the Celebration of the Centennial of the Morrill Land-Grant Act. 1962 began with a luncheon invitation to the White House from President John F. Kennedy. In February, the National Conference of Christians and Jews renamed <mask> chairman of the National Brotherhood Week Press Committee for another year.In June, he departed for a 23-day tour of Russia that featured an interview with the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Nikita S. Khrushchev. <mask> completed the trip with a visit to Berlin in the company of his longtime friend, Walker Stone, then editor-in-chief of the Scripps-Howard Newspapers. Upon his return to the United States, <mask> wrote and in October published an account of his trip titled "Russia: 1962". Following its successful publication, <mask> delivered six addresses that year to audiences across the country, including serving as Master of Ceremonies at the Rochester Chamber of Commerce 75th anniversary dinner. Over the course of the following year, <mask> experienced both "triumph and tragedy." In one of his more triumphant moments as a journalist, he was elected president of the Associated Press in January 1963 – an office to which he would be re-elected annually until his resignation as chairman in 1977. <mask> then took up where he left off the year before, and beginning in February spoke to numerous appreciative audiences eager to hear about his trip to the Soviet Union.One of his more remarkable addresses occurred on February 11, 1963, when he presented the Fourteenth Annual William Allen White Memorial Lecture entitled "Inside a Newspaper Group" at the University of Kansas at which time he received its William Allen White Award for journalism merit. <mask> delivered his final speech of 1963 in Boca Raton, Florida, to the Southern Newspaper Publishers Association on November 18. President Kennedy died of his gunshot wounds in Dallas, Texas, four days later, and <mask> was one of those who attended the funeral in St. Matthews Cathedral, Washington, D.C., on November 25. Shortly afterward, <mask> found himself invited once again to a White House luncheon, this time as the guest of President Lyndon B. Johnson. American society changed radically throughout the 1960s, and <mask>’s approach to journalism changed with it. In 1963, he conceived the idea of a series of articles to appear in Gannett newspapers that would explore the positive aspects of racial integration in selected communities. <mask>’s reward was a Pulitzer Special Citation for Gannett – the first Pulitzer Prize ever awarded to a newspaper chain.And although he helped organize Rochester’s local opposition to militant agitator Saul D. Alinsky’s work in the wake of that city’s riots in the summer of 1964, <mask> also visited Rochester’s inner city to speak with black leaders of FIGHT (Freedom, Independence [Integration], God, Honor, Today), a Rochester civil rights organization founded with Alinsky’s support in Rochester. <mask> also received the Sigma Delta Chi Fellowship Award in August, and became the president of that organization’s Rochester chapter in September. <mask> ended the year by becoming a director of the 1964-1965 New York World’s Fair and with two trips to Mexico City. In October, he attended the Inter-American Press Association Convention there; and two months later he was present for the inauguration of President Gustav Diaz Ordaz. For <mask>, 1965 was a year of varied activity. That January he attended President Johnson’s Inaugural Ball. Ten days later <mask> was in London for the funeral of the Right Honorable Sir Winston Spencer Churchill, although he quickly returned to New York upon hearing of the death of his friend and mentor, former general manager of the Associated Press, Kent Cooper.<mask> joined the Board of Trustees of the University of Rochester in February; and in April, Syracuse University presented him with its Distinguished Service to Journalism Award. In June, <mask> and the Gannett newspapers received the Mass Media Brotherhood Award from the National Conference of Christians and Jews, and Union College of Schenectady, New York, conferred upon <mask> an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree, and made him honorary chancellor of the university. Later that August <mask> was a guest of Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey at the Capitol. <mask> traveled extensively that fall delivering numerous speeches to professional and civic organizations. In December, he gave the Sigma Delta Chi Foundation Lecture at the University of Michigan, and before the year was out found himself the new president of the Lend-a-Hand Society. Gannett’s fortunes continued to rise as <mask> prepared to take the company public. On March 21, 1966, the first issue of TODAY hit newsstands, and its original format became an instant commercial success.The next month, the company purchased the ten weeklies of the Suburban Newspaper Group, headquartered at Cherry Hill, New Jersey. The first public offering of Gannett stock occurred on October 25, 1967 after an expansion program that had resulted in the company owning 53 newspapers in 16 states. Less than a year-and-a-half later Gannett landed on the New York Stock Exchange, and shortly thereafter Gannett stock split 3/2. Throughout the years from 1966 to 1969, <mask>’s professional achievements matched his entrepreneurial successes. In May 1966, President Johnson appointed <mask> for a three-year term to the President’s Committee on Employment of the Handicapped, and rewarded him the following January with another personal invitation to the White House. In October 1966, <mask> attended his second Inter-American Press Association Convention, this time in Lima, Peru. His awards during this period included the Prophet-at-Sight Master Mason Award in 1966; the 1967 Distinguished Service to Journalism Award from the University of Missouri, and election to its journalism school’s Hall of Fame; and the 1968 Distinguished Service to Journalism Award from the Ohio Press Association.<mask> received two Honorary Doctor of Laws degrees in 1968, the first from Westminster College, Salt Lake City, Utah, and the second from Niagara University, Niagara Falls, New York. In addition to his other executive responsibilities, four major corporate entities welcomed him to their boards of directors: Bausch & Lomb in 1966; the Saratoga Performing Arts Center, Saratoga Springs, New York, and the Hotel Waldorf-Astoria Corporation in 1968; and the Twentieth-Century Fox Film Corporation in 1969. Also that year, <mask> delivered ten major addresses, and attended Sunday worship services at the invitation of President Richard M. Nixon in April, a luncheon for former President Johnson and Mrs. Johnson at the Cape Kennedy Hilton in July, and a White House dinner with other Associated Press executives in October. <mask> became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Gannett in May 1970 having passed the title of President and Chief Operating Officer to Allen H. Neuharth whom <mask> had recruited from Knight (subsequently, Knight-Ridder) Newspapers in 1963 as general manager of the Times-Union and Democrat and Chronicle and key executive on special projects. <mask> departed for a month-long trip later that summer to several major European cities including London, Prague, Bucharest, Budapest, Belgrade, Dubrovnik (with side trips to Sarajevo, Sveti Stefan, and Boka Koforsha), Rome, Barcelona, Palma, and Lisbon. And in recognition of <mask>’s coverage of the United Nations Conference on International Organization in 1945, President Nixon named <mask> to the President’s Commission for the Observance of the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the United Nations. <mask>’s Pacific-area trip in the summer of 1971 netted him visits to Honolulu, Hawaii; Guam, Manila, the Philippines; Tokyo, Japan; Hong Kong, and Seoul, South Korea.The next two years marked the zenith of <mask>’s careers at both Gannett and the Associated Press. In April 1972, <mask> became Chairman of the Associated Press. Later that summer, he took a group of A.P. executives to China for three weeks to visit Canton, Chengchow, Beijing, Yenan, Sian, Nanking, Suchow, and Shanghai. Over the course of their stay they met first with the Premier of the People’s Republic of China, Chou En-lai, and later negotiated an agreement for regular news exchange between the Associated Press and the Chinese news agency, Hsinhua. It marked the first time in twenty-two years that an American news agency had a regular news channel with China. And just as he had after his trip to Russia ten years earlier, <mask> wrote and spoke extensively about his experiences in China.In January 1973, he accompanied his longtime friend, U.S. Secretary of State William P. Rogers, to Paris for the signing of the Indochina peace treaty. Shortly after his return, <mask>harth moved from chief operating officer to chief executive officer. <mask> ended the year honored by New York magazine as one of the ten most influential men in the communications industry and by the Rochester Sales Executive Club as Distinguished Salesman of the Year, as an inductee into the Oklahoma Hall of Fame, and with another tour of the Pacific. <mask> continued to travel extensively and to accrue numerous honors and awards despite his diminished executive role at Gannett. In 1974, as Chairman of both Gannett and the Associated Press, he received an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Transylvania University, at Lexington, Kentucky. <mask> also delivered the commencement address that perfectly reflected his worldview: Not Cynicism but Hope. <mask> returned to China the following year for a second visit,  and upon his return U.S. News and World Report named him one of the five most influential newspaper executives in the United States.In March 1976, Oklahoma State University named its new journalism building the <mask> Journalism and Broadcasting Building. Two months later, <mask> set off on yet another trip to the Pacific, this time traveling to Taiwan (Republic of China), Hong Kong, and Japan. <mask>’s final working years signaled the end of an unmatched career in American journalism. His achievements had been the subject of articles in FINANCE-magazine, Time, Forbes, Wall Street Reports, The Wall Street Transcript, Business Week, and others. When in 1957 he succeeded Frank Gannett as president and chief executive officer of Gannett Co., Inc., the Gannett Group included 19 dailies and broadcasting stations in four states. By 1977, it embraced 77 daily newspapers and broadcast stations in 30 states, Guam, and St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, as well as interest in a Canadian newsprint company and Gannett-owned Louis Harris and Associates, Inc. Gannett daily newspaper circulation grew from 775,700 to 3,000,000. Gannett revenues grew from $46,000,000 in 1957 to $557,000,000-plus in 1977.On December 31, 1978, after 31 years with the company, <mask> retired at age 73 as chairman of Gannett Co., Inc., although he continued to serve as a Gannett director and consultant. At that time he could claim membership in the Gridiron Club; the Metropolitan Club and the Burning Tree Club of Washington, D.C.; the Everglades Club of Palm Beach, and the Gulf Stream Club of Del Ray, Florida; the Augusta National Golf Club, Augusta, Georgia; and the Country Club, Oak Hill and Genesee Valley Club of Rochester, New York. The <mask>s also belonged to the Third Presbyterian Church, Rochester, New York. They continued to maintain their principal residence near Rochester, but following <mask>’s retirement began to spend increasing amounts of time at their second home in Palm Beach, Florida. Later years

<mask> remained active throughout the ensuing years despite personal tragedy. A little over a year after his retirement he suffered a stroke at his Palm Beach home in January 1980 that limited movement on the right side of his body, and affected his speech. Calvin Mayne, a friend and colleague of <mask>’s at the Times-Union, later wrote that it was "a great tragedy" that after <mask> retired, he and his wife, Louise, "had so little time to enjoy .. . his retirement." <mask>’s successor as president and chief executive officer at Gannett, Al Neuharth, wrote about it in his autobiography: "The game of golf, which [<mask>] loved so much, now provided him only memories. An unhappy termination of a brilliant career of a many-talented and multifaceted man." Nevertheless, <mask> received an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree in 1981 from the School of Journalism, University of Missouri-Columbia, Missouri Center for Professional Journalism. The <mask>s donated <mask>’s papers to the Edmon Low Library, Stillwater, Oklahoma in 1982; and that same year relocated permanently to Palm Beach, Florida, following the donation of their New York home to the Rochester Area Foundation. In 1986, the Gannett Foundation established a $1 million program in <mask>’s name for reporting regional or local interest stories from the nation’s capital. <mask> returned periodically throughout the 1980s to Oklahoma State University, and marked his final trip to the campus in 1988 with a visit to Old Central where he had worked as a public information officer in the 1930s

On August 19, 1991, <mask> checked into Good Samaritan Hospital, Palm Beach, Florida, stricken with pneumonia.He died of cardiac arrest two days later at the age of 84. A close friend of <mask>’s, former U.S. senator Harry F. Byrd, Jr., later spoke at the memorial services held on August 28, 1991 at the Third Presbyterian Church in Rochester. And finally, a former friend and colleague of <mask>’s from the Times-Union delivered the following eulogy: "A tall graceful, and handsome man, <mask> had a manner so unassuming that it is sometimes difficult to understand that from the 1930s to the 1970s, he stood at the very heart of American journalism, quietly influencing it always to be more professional and more responsible. He clearly was one of the great journalists of his time." References

External links
 <mask> Collection at the Oklahoma State University Library
 <mask> Editorials at the Oklahoma State University Library

1906 births
1991 deaths
People from Newton County, Missouri
American media executives
American male journalists
Oklahoma State University alumni
People from Pawhuska, Oklahoma
Writers from Rochester, New York
20th-century American non-fiction writers
Journalists from New York (state)
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American

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