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<mask> (7 June 1884 – 12 May 1955) was a German physicist. After receipt of his doctorate from the University of Berlin, Esau worked at Telefunken, where he pioneered very high frequency (VHF) waves used in radar, radio, and television, and he was president of the Deutscher Telefunken Verband. During World War I, he was a prisoner of war of the French; he was repatriated to Germany in 1919. In 1925, he was appointed professor at the University of Jena, where he also served as rector. From 1933, <mask> was the State Councilor in Thuringia. From 1937, <mask> was head of the physics section of the newly created Reich Research Council (RFR). From 1939, he was a professor at the University of Berlin and president of the Reich Physical and Technical Institute.From his position in the RFR, he initiated the first meeting of the Uranium Club in early 1939, the precursor to the Army Ordnance Office (HWA) German nuclear energy project, which began in September of that year. When the HWA gave control of the project to the RFR in 1942, Esau became the plenipotentiary of nuclear physics and was in control of the project. In 1944, Esau became the plenipotentiary of the high-frequency engineering and radar working group. During World War II, Esau was one of the most powerful physicists in Germany. After World War II until 1948, Esau was a prisoner of war of the Dutch. From 1949, Esau was a visiting professor of short-wave technology at the RWTH Aachen. From 1953, he was also head of the Institute of High-Frequency Engineering of the German Aeronautical Research Institute.Education
<mask> was born in Tiegenhagen (Tujec) in Landkreis Marienburg, West Prussia. He was the son of Prussian Mennonites, Osar <mask> (1861-1945) and Maria Agnes (Regier<mask> (1861-1892). From 1902 to 1907, Esau studied at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität (today, the Humboldt University of Berlin) and the Königliche Technische Hochschule zu Danzig (today, Gdańsk University of Technology). From 1906 to 1909, he was a teaching assistant to Max Wien at Danzig. He received his doctorate at the University of Berlin in 1908. Career

Early years
From 1909 to 1910, Esau was a volunteer at the radio transmission division of the Berlin telegraph battalion. From 1910 to 1912, he was teaching assistant at the Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg.From 1914, he was on active duty with the German military in Togo; he became a prisoner of war of the French and did not return to Germany until 1918. From 1912 to 1925, Esau served as laboratory chairman of the Gesellschaft für drahtlose Telegraphie (Wireless Telegraph Society) in Berlin. During this time, at Telefunken, he pioneered very high frequency (VHF) waves used in radar, radio, and television. In 1921 and 1922, he had stays in Argentina and Brazil. From 1925, <mask> was president of the Deutscher Telefunken Verband. In 1925, <mask> began his association with the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena. From 1925 to 1927, he was an extraordinarius professor of technical physics, and from 1927 to 1939, he was an ordinarius professor of technical physics and director of the department of technical physics.He was rector there from 1932 to 1935 and in 1937. Dr. <mask> was also the advisor of Dr. Lothar Rohde and Dr. Hermann Schwarz, who later on founded the company Rohde & Schwarz, in 1933 during their doctorate in Friedrich Schiller University of Jena. In October 1933, <mask> became a Staatsrat (State Councilor) in Thuringia, a position he held until the end of World War II. This role gave him direct access to Adolf Hitler. On the initiative of Erich Schumann, the Reichsforschungsrat (RFR, Reich Research Council) was inaugurated on 16 March 1937 by Reich Minister Bernhard Rust of the Reichserziehungsministerium (REM, Reich Education Ministry). The RFR was set up to centralize planning for all basic and applied research in Germany, with the exception of aeronautical research, which was under the supervision of Reich Marshal Hermann Göring. Support for research was decided by the heads of 13 special sections of the RFR (Fachspatenleiter).<mask> was a member of the RFR from its inception, and he was head of the physics section (Fachspatenleiter für Physik), which included mathematics, astronomy, and meteorology. From this position in the RFR, he would play major roles in the German nuclear energy project, sometimes also referred to as the Uranverein (Uranium Club). In 1938, Esau was appointed Professor of Military Telecommunications Technology in the Faculty of Military Engineering, which had recently been founded at the Technische Hochschule Berlin (today, the Technische Universität Berlin), in Berlin-Charlottenburg. From 1939 to 1945, Esau was ordinarius professor at the University of Berlin and president of the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt (PTR, Reich Physical and Technical Institute; today, the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt). At the same time he was a visiting lecturer at the Technische Akademie Bergisch-Land (Technical Academy of Bergisches Land). Additionally, for this same period, Esau was president of the Deutsche Gemeinschaft zur Erhaltung und Förderrung der Forschung (German Association for the Support and Advancement of Scientific Research), also known for short as the Deutsche Forschungs-Gemeinschaft (DFG), which had before 1937 been known as the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft (NG; Emergency Association of German Science). World War II and the Uranverein
Shortly after the discovery of nuclear fission in December 1938/January 1939, the Uranverein, i.e., the German nuclear energy project, had an initial start in April before being formed a second time under the Heereswaffenamt (HWA, Army Ordnance Office) in September.First Uranverein

Paul Harteck was director of the physical chemistry department at the University of Hamburg and an advisor to the Heereswaffenamt (HWA, Army Ordnance Office). On 24 April 1939, along with his teaching assistant Wilhelm Groth, Harteck made contact with the Reichskriegsministerium (RKM, Reich Ministry of War) to alert them to the potential of military applications of nuclear chain reactions. Two days earlier, on 22 April 1939, after hearing a colloquium paper by Wilhelm Hanle on the use of uranium fission in a Uranmaschine (uranium machine, i.e., nuclear reactor), Georg Joos, along with Hanle, notified Wilhelm Dames, at the Reichserziehungsministerium (REM, Reich Ministry of Education), of potential military applications of nuclear energy. The communication was given to <mask>u, head of the physics section of the Reichsforschungsrat (RFR, Reich Research Council) at the REM. On 29 April, a group, organized by Esau, met at the REM to discuss the potential of a sustained nuclear chain reaction. The group included the physicists Walther Bothe, Robert Döpel, Hans Geiger, Wolfgang Gentner (probably sent by Walther Bothe), Wilhelm Hanle, Gerhard Hoffmann, and Georg Joos; Peter Debye was invited, but he did not attend. After this, informal work began at the Georg-August University of Göttingen by Joos, Hanle, and their colleague Reinhold Mannfopff; the group of physicists was known informally as the first Uranverein (Uranium Club) and formally as Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Kernphysik.The group's work was discontinued in August 1939, when the three were called to military training. Second Uranverein

The second Uranverein began after the Heereswaffenamt squeezed out the Reichsforschungsrat of the Reichserziehungsministerium and started the formal German nuclear energy project under military auspices. The second Uranverein was formed on 1 September 1939, the day World War II began, and it had its first meeting on 16 September 1939. The meeting was organized by Kurt Diebner, advisor to the HWA, and held in Berlin. The invitees included Walther Bothe, Siegfried Flügge, Hans Geiger, Otto Hahn, Paul Harteck, Gerhard Hoffmann, Josef Mattauch, and Georg Stetter. A second meeting was held soon thereafter and included Klaus Clusius, Robert Döpel, Werner Heisenberg, and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker. Also at this time, the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Physik (KWIP, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics, after World War II the Max Planck Institute for Physics), in Berlin-Dahlem, was placed under HWA authority, with Diebner as the administrative director, and the military control of the nuclear research commenced.When it was apparent that the nuclear energy project would not make a decisive contribution to ending the war effort in the near term, control of the KWIP was returned in January 1942 to its umbrella organization, the Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft (KWG, Kaiser Wilhelm Society, after World War II the Max-Planck Gesellschaft), and HWA control of the project was relinquished to the RFR in July 1942. The nuclear energy project thereafter maintained its kriegswichtig (important for the war) designation and funding continued from the military. On 9 June 1942, Adolf Hitler issued a decree for the reorganization of the RFR as a separate legal entity under the Reichsministerium für Bewaffnung und Munition (RMBM, Reich Ministry for Armament and Ammunition, after autumn 1943 the Reich Ministry for Armament and War Production); the decree appointed Reich Marshal Hermann Göring as the president. The reorganization was done under the initiative of Reich Minister for Armament and Ammunition Albert Speer; it was necessary as the RFR under Minister Bernhard Rust was ineffective and not achieving it purpose. It was the hope that Göring would manage the RFR with the same discipline and efficiency as he had in the aviation sector. On 8 December 1942, <mask> was appointed as Hermann Göring's Bevollmächtiger (plenipotentiary) for nuclear physics research under the RFR – at this point, Esau was in charge of the German nuclear energy project. At the end of 1943, <mask> resigned as plenipotentiary of nuclear physics; in December, Walther Gerlach replaced him as plenipotentiary for nuclear physics and as head of the physics section of the RFR.As of 1 January 1944, <mask>, replacing Johannes Plendl, became the plenipotentiary of the high-frequency engineering and radar working group (A. G. Hochfrequenzphysik). In the final analysis, placing the RFR under Göring's administrative control had little effect on the German nuclear energy project. Over time, the HWA and then the RFR controlled the German nuclear energy project. The most influential people were Erich Schumann, <mask>, Walther Gerlach, and Kurt Diebner. During World War II, <mask> was one of the most powerful and influential physicists in Germany. Even after <mask> left his position as plenipotentiary for nuclear physics and head of the physics section at the RFR at the end of 1942, he continued to have significant authority and influence as president of the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, as is attested to by the fact that he was able to continue research efforts for the Urainverein under the highest priority level for urgent development projects (Dringlichkeitsentwicklung, DE). Post-World War II
After the war, the Americans turned Esau over to the Dutch to stand trial for his involvement in the plunder of research facilities of the electronics firm Philips.He was acquitted and expelled in 1948. Later, he was tried and convicted in absentia; without a conviction, the Dutch could not make a legal claim for damages from Germany. Thanks to support from Leo Brandt, a science policy-maker of North Rhine-Westphalia, Esau was able to establish himself back into the German scientific community. From 1949, Esau was a visiting professor of short-wave technology at the RWTH Aachen University. From 1953, he was also head of the Institute of High-Frequency Engineering of the German Aeronautical Research Institute in Mülheim an der Ruhr. Esau died in Düsseldorf. Honors
In 1954, he received an honorary doctorate from the Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg for his work on diathermy.In 1954 the science policy-maker of North Rhine-Westphalia, Leo Brant, nominated <mask> for a medal of distinction. The award was not made, due to the intervention of the physicist Max von Laue, who pointed out Esau's prominent role as a chief representative of National Socialism. Internal reports
The following reports were published in Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte (Research Reports in Nuclear Physics), an internal publication of the German Uranverein. The reports were classified Top Secret, they had very limited distribution, and the authors were not allowed to keep copies. The reports were confiscated under the Allied Operation Alsos and sent to the United States Atomic Energy Commission for evaluation. In 1971, the reports were declassified and returned to Germany. The reports are available at the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center and the American Institute of Physics.Abraham Esau Herstellung von Leuchtfarben ohne Anwendung von Radium G-213 (5 May 1943)
Abraham Esau Einleitung G-214 (5 May 1943)

Books
Abraham Esau Weltnachrichtenverkehr und Weltnachrichtenmonopole (Fischer, 1932)
Abraham Esau 375 Jahre Universität Jena (Fischer, 1933)
Abraham Esau Die Entwicklung der deutschen drahtlosen Nachrichtentechnik (Fischer, 1934)
Abraham Esau Einführung zu den Berichten der Herren Frhr von Handel und Plendl (Oldenbourg, 1939)
Abraham Esau Elektrische Wellen im Zentimetergebiet (Oldenbourg, 1940)
Abraham Esau Werner von Siemens (de Gruyter, 1943)
Abraham Esau Ortung mit elektrischen und Ultraschallwellen in Technik und Natur (Westdt. Verl., 1953)
Abraham Esau Der Ultraschall und seine technischen Anwendungen (Westdt. Verl., 1955)

Notes

References
 A. <mask>, Das Reich Deutsche Wochenzeitung Berlin, No. 29, 16 July 1944, p. 1. The English translation and reprint of this tribute to <mask>u for his 61st is Document #105, A[braham]. Esau [16 July 1944] in Hentschel, Klaus (editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (editorial assistant and translator) Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Birkhäuser, 1996) 324–327. Beyerchen, Alan D. Scientists Under Hitler: Politics and the Physics Community in the Third Reich (Yale, 1977)
Diebner, Kurt Listing of Nuclear Research Commissions Enclosed with a Letter to the President of the Reich Research Council [18 April.1944] in Document No. 104 in Hentschel, Klaus (editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (editorial assistant and translator) Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Birkhäuser, 1996) 322–324. The document was issued by direction of Kurt Diebner as a Reich Planning Officer. Esau, Abraham Technische Physic, in Deutsche Wissenschaft. Arbeit und Aufgabe (Hirzel, 1939) pp. 171–172. The English translation and reprint of this article is Document No.72 in Hentschel, Klaus (editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (editorial assistant and translator) Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Birkhäuser, 1996) 193–194. Esau, <mask> Memorandum on the Budget of the Plenipotentiary of Nuclear Physics Research [19 November 1943], Document No. 103 in Hentschel, Klaus (editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (editorial assistant and translator) Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Birkhäuser, 1996) 321–322. Hentschel, Klaus, editor and Ann M. Hentschel, editorial assistant and Translator Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Birkhäuser, 1996)
Klaus Hentschel The Mental Aftermath: The Mentality of German Physicists 1945–1949 (Oxford, 2007)
Hoffmann, Dieter Between Autonomy and Accommodation: The German Physical Society during the Third Reich, Physics in Perspective 7(3) 293–329 (2005)
Kant, Horst Werner Heisenberg and the German Uranium Project / Otto Hahn and the Declarations of Mainau and Göttingen, Preprint 203 (Max-Planck Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 2002)
Macrakis, Kristie Surviving the Swastika: Scientific Research in Nazi Germany (Oxford, 1993)
Walker, Mark German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power 1939–1949 (Cambridge, 1993)

External links

1884 births
1955 deaths
People from Nowy Dwór Gdański
People from West Prussia
Nuclear program of Nazi Germany
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Gdańsk University of Technology alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin faculty
Technical University of Berlin faculty
University of Jena faculty
Recipients of the Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross
20th-century  German physicists
German military personnel of World War I

masks:
Robert Abraham Esau
Esau
Esau
Esau
Abraham Esau
) Esau
Esau
Esau
Esau
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Abraham Esa
Abraham Esau
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<mask> (née <mask>; May 4 or July 29, 1820 – July 10, 1889) was the second wife of <mask>, who was the tenth president of the United States. As such, she served as the first lady of the United States from June 26, 1844, to March 4, 1845. Early life
<mask> was born on either May 4 or July 29, 1820. Sources differ about her date of birth, her grave states the July date but several biographies give the May date; including that by her son and biographer <mask>. She was born on New York's Gardiner's Island, one of the largest privately-owned islands in the United States. She was the daughter of <mask>, a landowner and New York State Senator (1824 to 1828), and <mask>. Her ancestry was Dutch, Scottish, and English.She was raised in the town of East Hampton and the small hamlet of Bay Shore, and educated at the Chegary Institute in New York. In 1839, she shocked polite society by appearing, posed with an unidentified man and identified as "The Rose of Long Island", in a newspaper advertisement for a middle-class department store. Her family took her to Europe to avoid further publicity and allow her notoriety to subside. They first left for London, arriving on October 29, 1840. They visited England, France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Holland, Belgium, Ireland, and Scotland before returning to New York in September 1841. Courtship with President <mask>
On January 20, 1842, the 21-year-old <mask> was introduced to President <mask> at a White House reception. After the death of his first wife, Letitia <mask>, on September 10, 1842, <mask> made it clear that he wished to get involved with <mask>.Initially, the high-spirited and independent-minded northern beauty felt little attraction to the grave, reserved Virginia gentleman, who was thirty years her senior. He first proposed to her on February 22, 1843, when she was 22, at a White House Masquerade Ball. She refused that and later proposals he made. The increased time spent together prompted public speculation about their relationship. <mask>, her sister Margaret, and her father joined a Presidential excursion on the new steam frigate Princeton. During this excursion, her father, <mask>, along with others, lost his life in the explosion of a huge naval gun called the Peacemaker. <mask> was devastated by the death of her adored father.She spoke often in later years of how the President's quiet strength sustained her during this difficult time. <mask> comforted <mask> in her grief and won her consent to a secret engagement, proposing in 1844 at the George Washington Ball. First Lady of the United States
After a wedding trip to Philadelphia, a White House reception, and a stay at Sherwood Forest, an estate the president had recently acquired for his retirement, the newlyweds returned to Washington D.C.. Although her husband was often visibly fatigued, his youthful wife thoroughly enjoyed the duties of First Lady. The anthem "Hail to the Chief" had been played at a number of events associated with the arrival or presence of the President of the United States before <mask> became First Lady, but she ordered its regular use to announce the arrival of the President. It became established practice when her successor, Sarah Polk did likewise. In the last month of the <mask> administration, she hosted a grand White House ball for 3,000 guests.Later life

The <mask>s retired to Sherwood Forest, where they lived tranquilly until the Civil War. Although a northerner by birth, Mrs. <mask> soon grew accustomed to the leisurely routines of daily life as the wife of a wealthy plantation owner. <mask> wrote a defense of slavery titled "The Women of England vs. the Women of America", in response to the "Stafford House Address" petition against slavery which the Duchess of Sutherland had helped to organize. In response to <mask>'s essay, Harriet Jacobs, a former slave and later abolitionist writer, authored her first published work, a letter to the New York Tribune in 1853. After her husband's death in 1862, she lost her 60 slaves and 1,100 acres of land due to military events. <mask> moved north to Staten Island with several of her children, although family relations were so strained that her brother <mask> refused to travel to Virginia to escort her to New York and eventually moved out of his mother's house, where <mask> had settled. Her home there was almost burned down by enraged Union veterans when it was discovered she was flying a Confederate flag on the property.She resided at the <mask>-Tyler House from 1868-74. In 1865, her brother David sued to prevent her from inheriting the bulk of their mother's estate valued at $180,000, charging that <mask> had exerted "undue influences" on their mother to execute a will despite her "mental incapacity". The court supported his claim on August 25 and refused to accept the will. After two appeals, <mask> won the case in 1867. David then asked the courts to partition the estate as if no will existed. <mask> asked for a jury trial on the issue, and the jury declined to consider the contested will as an argument in her favor. The New York Times thought <mask> was treated unfairly and that the dispute could be traced to "the political antagonisms of the rebellion, which have divided many a household besides that of Mrs.<mask>." She and her daughter Pearl both converted to Roman Catholicism and were conditionally baptized in May 1872. The depression that followed the Panic of 1873 depleted her finances. She returned to Virginia to live with the aid of her grown children. She lobbied Congress for a pension and was granted a monthly allowance in 1880. Following the assassination of President James Garfield in 1881, Congress granted an annual pension of $5,000 to widows of former presidents. Her residence is listed as Williams Landing in Hamilton County, Tennessee on page 342 of the 'List of Pensioners on the Roll, January 1, 1883' where she is shown as receiving $416.66 per month as a widow.Personal life
Because of the circumstances surrounding her father's death, <mask> and John agreed to marry with a minimum of celebration. On June 26, 1844, the President slipped into New York City, where the nuptials were performed by the Right Reverend Benjamin Treadwell Onderdonk, fourth bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New York, at the Church of the Ascension, not too far from the <mask>'s residence on LaGrange Terrace. President <mask> was 54 years old, while <mask> was just 24. <mask>'s oldest daughter, Mary, was 5 years older than her father's new wife. The marriage made <mask> the first First Lady to marry a President who was already in office at the time of the wedding. The bride's sister, Margaret, and brother, Alexander, were bridesmaid and best man. Only the President's son, <mask> III, represented the groom's family.<mask> was so concerned about maintaining secrecy that he did not confide his plans to the rest of his children. Although his sons readily accepted the sudden union, the <mask> daughters were shocked and hurt. The news was then broken to the American people, who greeted it with keen interest, much publicity, and some criticism about the couple's 30-year difference in age. It was awkward for the eldest <mask> daughter, Mary, to adjust to a new stepmother five years younger than herself. One daughter, Letitia, never made peace with her stepmother. Between 1846 and 1860, <mask> and John had seven children together:

 <mask> <mask> (July 12, 1846 – September 5, 1927), a lawyer and public official. John Alexander "Alex" <mask> (April 7, 1848 – September 1, 1883), an engineer who, like his older brother, dropped out of Washington College to join the Confederate army and, after the war, resumed his studies in Germany.There he joined the Saxon Army during the Franco-Prussian War and took part in the occupation of France in 1871. For his service he was decorated by the Prussian government. He became a mining engineer and, returning to the United States, was appointed U.S. surveyor of the Interior Department in 1879. While working in that capacity in New Mexico, he drank contaminated water and died at 35. <mask> <mask> (December 12, 1849 – May 8, 1871), who married William H. Spencer, a debt-ridden farmer of Piffard, New York, in 1869. She died from the effects of childbirth at age 22 at the Spencer home, Westerly. Lachlan <mask> (December 2, 1851 – January 2, 1902), a doctor who practiced medicine in Jersey City, New Jersey, and in 1879 became a surgeon in the U.S. Navy.From 1887, he practiced in Elkhorn, West Virginia. <mask> <mask> (August 24, 1853 – February 12, 1935), an educator. Robert Fitzwalter "Fitz" <mask> (March 12, 1856 – December 30, 1927), a farmer of Hanover County, Virginia. Margaret Pearl <mask> (June 12, 1860 – June 30, 1947), who at the age of 12 converted to Roman Catholicism along with her mother. She married William Munford Ellis, a former member of the Virginia House of Delegates, and lived near Roanoke. <mask> suffered a stroke in Richmond and died there at the Exchange Hotel on July 10, 1889, aged 68. John had died 27 years earlier in the same hotel, of a stroke as well.<mask> was buried next to him at Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond. Her funeral was held in Richmond at St. Peter's Cathedral on July 12, 1889, and was attended by Governor Fitzhugh Lee and Mayor James Taylor Ellyson, with the absolution performed by Bishop Augustine Van de Vyver. Legacy
In Bay Shore, Gardiner's Park, a wide expanse of virgin land with trails leading to the South Shore, Gardiner Drive and Gardiner Manor Elementary School are all named after her family. In 2009, the United States Mint honored the former First Lady with the issuance of a 24 karat gold coin. The papers of the <mask> family, including <mask> <mask>, are held by the Special Collections Research Center at the College of William and Mary. Their son Lyon, like his father, married his second wife late in life, and as of 2021, one of the <mask>s' grandsons is still alive; the other died in September 2020. References
Notes

Sources

Other sources
White House biography
Biography, from the National First Ladies' Library.External links
The Tyler Courtship and Wedding
Finding aid for the Tyler Family Papers, Group A
<mask> at C-SPAN's First Ladies: Influence & Image

1820 births
1889 deaths
19th-century American women
19th-century Roman Catholics
American people of Dutch descent
American people of English descent
American people of Scottish descent
Burials at Hollywood Cemetery (Richmond, Virginia)
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Calvinism
First Ladies of the United States
<mask> family
<mask>
People from Bay Shore, New York
People from Charles City County, Virginia
People from East Hampton (town), New York
People from Richmond, Virginia
People from Staten Island
American proslavery activists
Catholics from Virginia
Catholics from New York (state)
People from West New Brighton, Staten Island

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John Tyler
Julia Gardiner Tyler
Lyon Gardiner Tyler
David Gardiner
Juliana MacLachlan Gardiner
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John Tyler
Christian Tyler
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Julia Tyler
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<mask> (11 January 1929 – 1 May 2018) was a Polish violinist and academic teacher. She was known for both the classical repertoire and for her interpretation of 20th-century music, having received two Polish State Awards for promoting Polish music to the world as well as other awards for her contribution to music. She gave world premiere performances of numerous contemporary works, including music by Tadeusz Baird and Krzysztof Penderecki. Wiłkomirska performed on a violin crafted by Pietro Guarneri in 1734 in Venice. She taught at the music academies of Mannheim and Sydney. Biography
Born in Warsaw on 11 January 1929, <mask> first learned the violin from her father Alfred Wiłkomirski, and studied with Irena Dubiska at the Academy of Music in Łódź, graduating in 1947. She next attended the Franz Liszt Academy of Music in Budapest where she studied under Ede Zathureczky, graduating in 1950.She performed in Paris, which led to Henryk Szeryng asking her to study with him. She won prizes at competitions in Geneva (1946), Budapest (1949) and Leipzig (the International Johann Sebastian Bach Competition, 1950; second prize). She also studied in Warsaw under , who helped her prepare for the Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition in Poznań in December 1952, where she played Karol Szymanowski's Concerto No. 1 for the first time (it became a favourite of hers). She shared second prize with Julian Sitkovetsky; the first prize winner was Igor Oistrakh. In 1953, she was awarded the Polish State Award for music in recognition of her "eminent violin artistry". In 1955, <mask> performed at the inauguration of the rebuilt Warsaw Philharmonic Concert Hall, with the Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra, playing Karol Szymanowski's First Violin Concerto under Witold Rowicki.She became the orchestra's principal soloist that year and gave many performances with the orchestra around the world, with such conductors as Rowicki, Stanisław Wisłocki and Antoni Wit. She held the position for 22 years. In 1961, she made her debut in the United States with the orchestra, which became the beginning of an international career. The American impresario Sol Hurok (who managed such violinists as Isaac Stern and David Oistrakh) introduced her to enthusiastic audiences in the U.S. and Canada. She performed in over 50 countries, in all continents. In the 1960s and 1970s, she gave an average of 100 concerts per year. In 1969, she gave 37 performances in Australia, a country she later emigrated to.These interpretations won her great acclaim and she received further recital and concert proposals from Australian orchestras. In 1973, she was the first violinist to perform a solo recital in the newly built Sydney Opera House (she was accompanied by Geoffrey Parsons). In 1976 she helped inaugurate the Barbican Hall in London with a performance of Benjamin Britten's Violin Concerto, scheduled to be conducted by Sir John Barbirolli, but in the end by Erich Leinsdorf. Though married to a communist party official, in the 1970s Wiłkomirska became supportive of dissidents in Poland and in 1982, during the period of martial law in Poland, she announced during a concert tour in the West that she would not return to Poland at the end of the tour. One of her sons, Arthur, also defected to West Germany. In 1983, she accepted the chair of music professor at the Hochschule für Musik und Darstellende Kunst Mannheim. From that time, teaching became her great passion and an opportunity to share her instrumental skills and experience as a musician with the next generation of virtuosos.In 1999 she joined the teaching staff of the Sydney Conservatorium of Music and since February 2001 also worked for the Australian National Academy of Music in Melbourne. She continued to be a part of musical life in Europe, flying between the two continents for concerts, master classes and competitions, while remaining involved in musical life in Australia. Wiłkomirska was often a jury member at violin competitions, such as those held in Moscow, Tokyo, London, Munich, Vienna, Graz, Hanover, Gorizia, and in Poland, in Poznań, Kraków, Łódź and Lublin. Career
<mask>ska often performed in a piano trio, accompanied by her sister Maria at the piano and her brother Kazimierz on the cello, as the Wiłkomirska Trio. She also played with Krystian Zimerman, Daniel Barenboim, Gidon Kremer, Natalia Sheludiakova, Martha Argerich, Kim Kashkashian and Mischa Maisky. Wiłkomirska gave premiere performances of various Polish contemporary compositions, such as: Grażyna Bacewicz's Violin Concerto No. 5 (1951) and Violin Concerto No.7 (1979), Tadeusz Baird's Expressions (1959), Augustyn Bloch's Dialogues (1966), Krzysztof Penderecki's Capriccio (1968), Zbigniew Bargielski's Violin Concerto (1977), Zbigniew Bujarski's Violin Concerto (1980), Roman Maciejewski's Sonata (1998) and Włodzimierz Kotoński's Violin Concerto (2000). Recitals
<mask>ska gave recitals and performed symphonic concerts in many famous halls, including: Carnegie Hall, the Lincoln Center, Salle Pleyel in Paris, Leipzig Gewandhaus, the Royal Festival Hall, the Pyotr Tchaikovsky Hall in Moscow and the Berlin Philharmonie. She performed with the New York Philharmonic, the Cleveland Orchestra, the Hallé Orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic, the Sydney Symphony Orchestra, the Gewandhaus Orchestra, the Scottish Chamber Orchestra, the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra and the Berliner Philharmonic, with such celebrated conductors as: Paul Kletzki, Pierre Boulez, Paul Hindemith, Otto Klemperer, Zubin Mehta, Sir John Barbirolli, Wolfgang Sawallisch, Kurt Masur and Erich Leinsdorf. She played only once with Leonard Bernstein, artistic differences leading them not to repeat the experience. Recordings
In 1968, she began regularly recording for the Connoisseur Society record company in New York, for which she made 12 albums, some with the pianist Antonio Barbosa. Two of these won awards, namely "Best of the Year" (1972) and the "Grand Prix du Disque" (1974). She also recorded with Deutsche Grammophon, EMI, Philips, Naxos, and Polskie Nagrania.Her recordings include the works of Accolay, Bacewicz, Bach, Baird, Bargielski, Bartok, Beethoven, Augustyn Bloch, Brahms, Bujarski, Dancla, Franck, Handel, Karlowicz, Khachaturian, Kreisler, Martini, Mussorgsky, Pallasz, Prokofiev, Rachmaninoff, Ravel, Shostakovich, Szymanowski, Tchaikovsky, Viotti and Wieniawski. Her recordings, mostly of chamber music, include:
 <mask> plays Polish Music, chamber music by Paderewski, Bacewicz, Zarzycki und Bargielski, with Paul Dam, Ambitus, amb97830
 Prokofieff: Two Violin Sonatas, with Ann Schein, piano, Connoisseur Society, CD 4079
 Works by Wieniawski, Lipinski and Bacewicz with Jadwiga Szamotulska, Gambit 1003-1
 Britten Violin Concerto, with the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Witold Rowicki, 1967, Orchestral Concert CDs, CD12/2011
 <mask>, chamber music by Moussorgsky, Kreisler, Wieniawski, Debussy, Bartok, Szymanowski and Sarasate, with David Garvey, piano. Connoisseur Society CS2070 (LP) Original release in SQ QuAdraphonic sound. Brahms: Violin Sonata No. 3 Op. 108; Beethoven: Sonata No. 5 "Spring" with Antonio Barbosa, piano.Connoisseur Society CS2080 Stereo
 Fritz Kreisler's Beloved Melodies, with Antonio Barbosa, piano. Connoisseur Society CS2022 Stereo
 Ravel: Habanera, Violin Sonata; Grieg: Violin Sonata No. 3, with Antonio Barbosa, piano. Connoisseur Society CS2038 Stereo
 Bach: Music for unaccompanied violin, Sonata No. 1; Partita No. 2 Connoisseur Society CS2040 Stereo
 Franck: Violin Sonata; Szymanowski: |Mythes, with Antonio Barbosa, piano. Connoisseur Society CS2050 Quadraphonic
 Delius: Three Violin Sonatas, with David Garvey, piano.Connoisseur Society CS2069 Quadraphonic (1987)
 Brahms: Violin Sonatas No. 1 and No. 2, with Antonio Barbosa, piano. Connoisseur Society CS2079 Quadraphonic

Personal life
<mask> married journalist Mieczysław Rakowski in 1952, editor-in-chief of Polityka since 1958. They divorced in 1977, two years after Rakowski joined the Central Committee of the communist Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR). Rakowski later became Prime Minister of Poland (1988–89) and First Secretary of the PZPR and established a reputation as a liberalizing reformist, influenced by Wiłkomirska and dissidents he met through her. They had two sons, one of whom emigrated to Australia.Her mother, Dorota Wiłkomirska (née Dvoira Temkin, 1901–1986), was a pianist and music teacher, who also published several note collections for children. Wiłkomirska died on 1 May 2018 in Warsaw, aged 89. Honours
 Polish State Awards (1953, 1964)
 Order of Polonia Restituta (1981)
 Commander Cross with a Star (2001)
 Medal for her work for the Polish community in Australia (2005)
 Award of the Karol Szymanowski Foundation (1997) for "a special emphasis on Karol Szymanowski's music; unique, ardent and expressive interpretation thereof; and propagation of his music worldwide." Honorary Doctorate from the Music Academy in Łódź (2006). References

External links

 Official Website
 Discography

 David Dubal interview with <mask>ska (1 of 4), WNCN-FM, 6-Jun-1980
 David Dubal interview with <mask>ska (2 of 4), WNCN-FM, 13-Jun-1980
 David Dubal interview with <mask>ska (3 of 4), WNCN-FM, 20-Jun-1980
 David Dubal interview with <mask> (4 of 4), WNCN-FM, 27-Jun-1980
 I’LL PLAY IT FOR YOU, Ein Dokumentarfilm über die Geigerin <mask>ska (2008)

 Interview with <mask>ska sigridharris.wordpress.com 2007
 Michał Buczkowski: In Memoriam: <mask>ska (in Polish) sbs.com 2 May 2018
 Happy birthday, Michael Gielen! Chicago Symphony Orchestra
 <mask>mirska wieniawski.pl
 <mask> Wilkomirska muziekweb.nl
 Poland’s violin virtuoso <mask> Wilkomirska dies at age 89 wn.com (record covers)
 Raymond Ericson: Music: Polish Violinist The New York Times, 9 March 1979

1929 births
2018 deaths
Polish classical violinists
Jewish classical violinists
Australian classical violinists
Polish emigrants to Australia
Franz Liszt Academy of Music alumni
Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition prize-winners
Polish music educators
Sydney Conservatorium of Music faculty
Recipients of the Gold Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis
Officers of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Commanders with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta
Women classical violinists
Recipients of the State Award Badge (Poland)

masks:
Wanda Wiłkomirska
Wanda Wiłkomirska
Wanda Wiłkomirska
Wanda Wiłkomir
Wanda Wiłkomir
Wanda Wiłkomirska
Wanda Wilkomirska
Wanda Wiłkomirska
Wanda Wiłkomir
Wanda Wikomir
Wanda Wiłkomir
Wanda Wiłkomirska
Wanda Wikomir
Wanda Wilkomir
Wanda Wiłkomir
Wanda Wiłko
Wanda
Wanda


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<mask> (born September 9, 1952) is a United States Navy Captain and NASA astronaut. He flew on STS-110 in 2002. Personal data
Born in Manchester, New Hampshire, Morin is married with two children and three grandchildren. An amateur machinist, he enjoys math and jogging. Education
1970: Graduated from the Western Reserve Academy, Hudson, Ohio
1974: Received a Bachelor of Science degree in Mathematical/Electrical science from the University of New Hampshire
1978: Received a Master of Science degree in Biochemistry from New York University
1981: Received a Doctorate of Medicine degree from New York University School of Medicine
1982: Received a Doctorate of Microbiology degree from New York University
1988: Received a Master of Public Health degree from the University of Alabama at Birmingham
2008: Received a Master in Science degree in Physics from the University of Houston Clear Lake

Organizations
Aerospace Medical Association
Force Recon Association
Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society
Society of United States Naval Flight Surgeons. Awards
Meritorious Service Medal
Navy Commendation Medal
Navy Achievement Medal
Navy Unit Commendation
Meritorious Unit Commendation (two awards)
Overseas Service Ribbon
National Defense Service Medal
Kuwait Liberation Medal (Kuwait)
Southwest Asia Service Medal
Expert Pistol Medal
Expert Rifle Medal

Badges
Captain Morin has been awarded the following US Navy Badges:
US Navy Astronaut Wings aboard STS-110
US Navy Flight Medical Office's Wings while at Naval Aerospace Medical Institute in Pensacola, Florida
US Navy Diving Officer's Badge and US Navy Submarine Medical Officer's Badge while serving aboard the USS Henry M. Jackson (SSBN-730)

Special honors
Recipient of the 1994 Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Award for Excellence in Military Medicine (also known as the Fisher Award)
Finalist of the 1995 Innovations in American Government Award from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and the Ford Foundation
Received the 1996 Sustaining Membership Lecture Award for the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States. Experience
After graduating from the University of New Hampshire in 1974, Morin worked at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the laboratory now known as the Media Lab.Morin matriculated at New York University School of Medicine in 1974, received a Master of Science in Biochemistry in 1978, an M.D. in 1981, and a Ph.D. in Microbiology in 1982. He then completed two years of residency training in General Surgery at the Bronx Municipal Hospital Center and at Montefiore Medical Center in The Bronx, New York City. In 1982, Morin received a Direct Commission in the U.S. Naval Reserve. In 1983, he entered active duty and attended the Naval Undersea Medical Institute in Groton, Connecticut. He was designated as an Undersea Medical Officer in 1983.He joined the crew of the submarine  at the Electric Boat Company Shipyards in Groton. He remained aboard as Medical Officer for both Blue and Gold crews until 1985 when the ship arrived at its home port in Bangor, Washington. During his tour aboard Henry M. Jackson, Morin qualified as a Diving Medical Officer, and also received his "Dolphins" as a qualified Submarine Medical Officer. Morin then entered Flight Surgeon training at the Naval Aerospace Medical Institute (NAMI) in Pensacola, Florida. He received his "Wings of Gold" as a Naval Flight Surgeon in 1986, and remained on the staff at NAMI as Flight Surgeon/Diving Medal Officer until 1989. While at NAMI, he received his Masters of Public Health degree from the University of Alabama at Birmingham. He then left active duty and entered private practice in occupational medicine in Jacksonville, Florida.He remained in the Naval Reserve, and drilled with the United States Marine Corps' 3rd Force Reconnaissance Company in Mobile, Alabama. In August 1990, he was recalled to active duty during Operation Desert Shield, when he was assigned to Branch Clinic, Naval Air Station Pensacola as a Flight Surgeon. Morin volunteered to reenter active duty, and was assigned to Administrative Support Unit, Bahrain, as Diving Medical Officer/Flight Surgeon during Operation Desert Storm and during the post-war build-down period. In 1992, <mask> rejoined the staff at NAMI, initially as Special Projects Officer. He was named the Director of Warfare Specialty Programs when NAMI became Naval Aerospace and Operational Medical Institute (NAOMI). In 1995, Morin entered the Residency in Aerospace Medicine at the Naval Aerospace and Operational Medical Institute. He completed the residency in 1996.NASA
Selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in April 1996, Morin reported to the Johnson Space Center in August 1996. Having completed two years of training and evaluation, he is qualified for flight assignment as a mission specialist. Initially assigned technical duties in the Astronaut Office Computer Support Branch, followed by the Astronaut Office Advanced Vehicles Branch. He served a one-year tour with the U.S. State Department, where he was Deputy Assistant Secretary for Health, Space, and Science. He is currently assigned to the Exploration Branch of the Astronaut Office. He is leading the rapid prototyping of the cockpit for the new Orion spacecraft, and is deputy lead of the Orion Cockpit Working Group. Morin served on the EVA crew of STS-110 (2002) and has logged over 259 hours in space, including over 14 EVA hours.As of December 2016, Morin was assigned to the Exploration Branch, where he works on the Orion Multipurpose Crew Vehicle. AS of 2021, Morin is a management astronaut which mean he is no longer eligible for flight assignment. Space flight experience
STS-110 Atlantis (April 8–19, 2002) was the 13th Space Shuttle mission to visit the International Space Station. Mission milestones included: the delivery and installation of the SO (S-Zero) Truss; the first time the station's robotic arm was used to maneuver spacewalkers around the station; and the first time that all of a shuttle crew's spacewalks were based from the station's Quest Airlock. Morin performed 2 EVAs totaling 14 hours and 9 minutes. The crew prepared the station for future spacewalks and spent a week in joint operations with the station's Expedition 4 crew. Mission duration was 10 days, 19 hours and 42 minutes.References

1952 births
Living people
Physician astronauts
United States Navy astronauts
People from Manchester, New Hampshire
Military personnel from New Hampshire
American people of French-Canadian descent
University of New Hampshire alumni
New York University School of Medicine alumni
University of Alabama at Birmingham alumni
United States Navy Medical Corps officers
United States Navy captains
Submariners
Western Reserve Academy alumni
Space Shuttle program astronauts
Spacewalkers

masks:
Lee Miller Emile Morin
Morin


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<mask> (March 19, 1810 – December 10, 1898) was an abolitionist and women's rights activist in Rochester, New York. She served as president of the Rochester Women's Rights Convention, which was held in 1848 immediately after the first women's rights convention, the Seneca Falls Convention. By doing so, <mask> became the first woman to preside over a public meeting composed of both men and women in the U.S. Early life
<mask> was born on March 19, 1810, attended the orthodox First Presbyterian Church in Rochester, New York, and helped her mother with charitable works. In 1831, she converted to become a "Brick Church perfectionist" in the wake of popular evangelical revival meetings featuring Charles Grandison Finney. After conversion, she attended the Second Presbyterian Church, known as the "Brick Church", and worked with the Rochester Female Charitable Society, an organization that provided care for the poor and ill. Marriage and family
<mask> married <mask>, the brother of <mask> (great-great grandfather of President George H.W.<mask>) in 1833. Henry and his brother were stove manufacturers and radical abolitionists. Within five years, <mask>'s name stopped appearing in association with Brick Church activities. Over the next thirteen years, <mask> went through childbirth six times, with four children living past infancy. In a split among abolitionists in 1840, <mask> chose to remain with the American Anti-Slavery Society, the faction which accepted women as active members. <mask> grew more sympathetic to radical reform and come-outerism, and withdrew in 1843 from the Brick Church to become active in the Western New York Anti-Slavery Society. <mask> was at that time the most prominent ex-Evangelical woman in radical circles.Rochester Women's Rights Convention, 1848
At the end of the Seneca Falls Convention in July 1848, convention-goers from Rochester (<mask> did not attend) were moved to hold a similar convention of their own. They convinced Lucretia Mott to stay in New York long enough to be the featured speaker at their convention, as she had been at Seneca Falls. In Rochester, an Arrangements Committee was chosen to organize the convention, and a small nominating committee was formed within it for the purpose of choosing convention officers. Amy Post, Rhoda DeGarmo and Sarah D. Fish met in the evening of August 1, 1848, to select a roster of officers composed wholly of females, with <mask> to be president. On the morning of August 2, 1848, in the Rochester Unitarian Church, Amy Post called the Rochester Women's Rights Convention to order and read the suggested slate of officers. The proposal for a woman to be the president of the convention met with immediate opposition. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Mary Ann M'Clintock and Lucretia Mott were strongly against the idea of a woman president, not wanting a poor showing by women officers to give a bad public image to the new women's rights movement.They had been among the organizers of the Seneca Falls Convention, which had followed tradition by electing a man to preside. Stanton asked how could a woman, without knowledge of parliamentary procedure and without experience in holding public meetings, serve as president? Stanton, Mott and M'Clintock "were on the verge of leaving the Convention in disgust" when Post, Fish and DeGarmo convinced them that it could work. <mask> was elected after a vote was taken among the audience, making her the first woman to preside over a public meeting composed of both men and women in the U.S. When <mask> took her position as president, Mott and Stanton left their places of honor on the platform and took seats in the audience. After an opening prayer by a male Free Will Baptist minister, one of the convention's three secretaries read the minutes of the previous Seneca Falls Convention. Cries of "louder, louder" were heard from audience members who could not discern the weakly sounded words of the secretary.<mask> took the platform and said

<mask> presided over all three sessions of the one day of convention. At a late hour, <mask> adjourned the meeting "with hearts overflowing with gratitude." Lucretia Mott approached <mask> and hugged her warmly, thanking her for presiding. Stanton apologized for her own "foolish conduct" in doubting the ability of <mask> to succeed. From that point forward, women were always chosen president of women's rights conventions in the United States. Afterward
In late December 1848, <mask> was a member of the business committee of the Western New York Anti-Slavery Society. Her contribution, and that of two other Rochester women, served to fulfill the Society's tenet of equal social participation of women.In 1849 or 1850, <mask>, stung by years of business losses, headed west to seek his fortune in the California Gold Rush, and by the early 1850s, <mask> joined him with their children. The family settled on a 600 acre ranch just south of the then border of Martinez, California in Contra Costa County, about 20 miles east of San Francisco. Her husband died in the late 1870s, at which time she sold the northern portion of the ranch to the Christian Brothers, who built a seminary and began their wine making business. In 1878, <mask> sent a letter to the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) convention in Rochester congratulating the women's movement on the 30th anniversary of the Seneca Falls and Rochester conventions: "Say to your convention my full heart is with them in all their deliberations and counsels, and I trust great good to women will come of their efforts." In 1898, NWSA celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Seneca Falls and Rochester conventions, and honored <mask>'s early courage and strength during a session entitled "Pioneer's Evening". <mask> was then 88 years old and still living in California; she wrote to Susan B. Anthony regarding her role at the 1848 convention in Rochester to say "I had not been able to meet in council at all with the friends, on account of sickness in my family until I met them in the hall as the congregation were gathering & then fell into the hands of those who urged me to take part with the supporters of a woman serving as the president of the meeting. They had James Mott, a fine-looking man, to preside at Seneca Falls, but his head fell at the hands of my old friends Amy Post, Rhoda DeGarmo and Sarah Fish, who at once commenced laboring with me to prove the hour had come when a woman could preside and led me into the church.Amy proposed my name as president. It was accepted at once, and from that hour I seemed endowed as from on high to serve through two  day's meetings and three sessions per day." <mask> died shortly after writing this letter, on December 10, 1898. References
Notes

Sources
 Hewitt, Nancy A. Women's activism and social change, Lexington Books, 2001. Isenberg, Nancy. Sex and citizenship in antebellum America, University of North Carolina Press, 1998.McMillen, Sally Gregory. Seneca Falls and the origins of the women's rights movement. Oxford University Press, 2008. Moses, Claire Goldberg; Hartmann, Heidi I. U.S. women in struggle, University of Illinois, 1995. Stanton, Elizabeth Cady; Anthony, Susan B.; Gage, Matilda Joslyn. History of Woman Suffrage, Volume I, covering 1848–1861. Copyright 1881.1810 births
1898 deaths
Activists from Rochester, New York
American abolitionists
American feminists
American suffragists
American women's rights activists
Feminism and history
History of women's rights in the United States
Women civil rights activists

masks:
Abigail Norton Bush
Bush
Abigail Norton
Abigail Norton
Henry Bush
Obadiah Bush
Bush
Abigail Bush
Bush
Henry Bush
Abigail Bush
Bush
Bush
Abigail Bush
Bush
Bush
Bush
Bush
Bush
Bush
Bush
Bush
Henry Bush
Abigail Bush
Bush
Bush
Bush
Bush


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<mask> ( ; April 4, 1906 – October 13, 1968) was an American actress and comedienne. Born in New York City and raised in San Francisco, she began performing in Bay Area theatre and radio before embarking on a Hollywood career that spanned over three decades. Benaderet first specialized in voice-over work in the golden age of radio, appearing on numerous programs while working with comedians of the era such as Jack Benny, Burns and Allen, and Lucille Ball. Her expertise in dialect and characterization led to her becoming Warner Bros.' leading voice of female characters in their animated cartoons of the early 1940s through the mid-1950s. <mask> was then a prominent figure on television in situation comedies, first with The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show from 1950 to 1958, for which she earned two Emmy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress. In the 1960s, she had regular roles in four series up until her death from lung cancer in 1968, including the commercial successes The Beverly Hillbillies, The Flintstones, and her best known role as Kate Bradley in Petticoat Junction. She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame honoring her work in television.Early life
<mask> was born on April 4, 1906, in New York City. Her mother, Margaret (née O'Keefe), was Irish American, and her father, Samuel David <mask>, a Turkish Sephardic emigrant, was a tobacconist who relocated the family from New York to San Francisco in 1915 after his participation in the Panama–Pacific International Exposition. The same year, he opened a smoke shop that operated for 65 years, making it the oldest such retailer in California at the time of its closure in 1980. Benaderet was raised Catholic and attended grade school at a Dominican convent. She studied voice and the piano; her first acting performance came at 11 when she portrayed a bearded old man in a school play. The following year, her participation in a children's production of The Beggar's Opera resulted in a local radio station manager inviting her to a one-time performance on one of his programs, for which she was paid $10. Benaderet made her professional theatre debut at 16 in a production of The Prince of Pilsen, and after graduating from St. Rose Academy, a private, all-girls' high school, she attended the Reginald Travers School of Acting and joined his stock company The Players' Guild, appearing in stage productions of works such as Polly, Lysistrata, and Uncle Tom's Cabin.Career

Radio

In 1926, Benaderet joined the staff of San Francisco radio station KFRC, which was under the new ownership of Don Lee and where her duties included acting, singing, writing, and producing. Initially seeking work as a dramatic actress, she switched to comedy and performed on multiple programs, in particular the Blue Monday Jamboree variety show, where her castmates included Meredith Willson, Elvia Allman, and future I Love Lucy producer Jess Oppenheimer. Benaderet honed a variety of dialects such as French, Spanish, New York English, and Yiddish, the latter from voicing a character named "Rheba Haufawitz". She additionally hosted the musical variety show Salon Moderne and gained attention for her work as a female announcer, a rarity in 1930s radio. Benaderet relocated to Hollywood in 1936 and joined radio station KHJ, making her network radio debut with Orson Welles for his Mercury Theatre repertory company heard on The Campbell Playhouse. The following year she received her first big break in the industry on The Jack Benny Program, where she played Gertrude Gearshift, a wisecracking telephone operator who gossiped about Jack Benny with her cohort Mabel Flapsaddle (Sara Berner). Intended as a one-time appearance, the pair became a recurring role starting in the 1945–46 season, and in early 1947, <mask> and Berner momentarily took over the NBC switchboards in Hollywood for publicity photos.She performed in as many as five shows daily, causing her rehearsal dates to conflict with those of The Jack Benny Program and resulting in her reading live as Gertrude from a marked script she was handed upon entering the studio. Other recurring characters Benaderet portrayed were Blanche Morton on The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show; school principal Eve Goodwin on The Great Gildersleeve; Millicent Carstairs on Fibber McGee & Molly; maid Gloria on The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet; and Iris Atterbury on the Lucille Ball vehicle My Favorite Husband, opposite Gale Gordon. Benaderet voiced various one-time parts before joining the main cast as Iris, neighbor and friend of Ball's character Liz Cooper. The 1950 CBS program Granby's Green Acres, a perceived spinoff of My Favorite Husband, was her one radio lead role and reunited her with Gordon as a husband and wife who abandon city life to become farmers, but it lasted only eight episodes. Voice acting
Beginning in 1943, Benaderet became Warner Bros.' primary voice of adult female supporting characters for their Merrie Melodies and Looney Tunes animated shorts, initially sharing duties with Sara Berner. Her characterizations included an obnoxious teenaged bobbysox version of Little Red Riding Hood in Little Red Riding Rabbit (1944); Witch Hazel in Bewitched Bunny (1954); the spinster hen Miss Prissy in several Foghorn Leghorn cartoons; Tweety's owner "Granny" including the Academy Award-winning Tweetie Pie (1947); and <mask> in a series of Three Bears shorts, which animator Chuck Jones called one of his favorite portrayals. Benaderet did not receive onscreen credit for her work, as she was employed by Warner Bros. as a freelance actor who voiced peripheral characters, and unlike Mel Blanc, was not under contract with the studio.In 1955, she was succeeded by June Foray as Warner's premier female voice artist. Television
Benaderet was Lucille Ball's first choice as Ethel Mertz for the sitcom I Love Lucy; Ball said in a 1984 interview that she had "no other picture of anyone" for the role. However, Benaderet had to turn down the offer since she was contracted to the television adaptation of The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show, so Vivian Vance was eventually cast. Benaderet guest-starred on the January 21, 1952, first-season episode "Lucy Plays Cupid" as the character of Miss Lewis, a love-starved spinster neighbor. Benaderet continued her Burns & Allen radio role of the Burns' neighbor Blanche Morton, Gracie's friend and staunchest supporter in her escapades. She was the only secondary cast member who appeared in every episode and the first six shows were shot live in New York, resulting in Benaderet commuting to Los Angeles where she was working several radio assignments at the time. Blanche's husband Harry was played by four actors over the show's eight-year run; the last, Larry Keating, was introduced on the October 5, 1953 fourth-season premiere when George Burns entered the set and halted a scene of an angered Blanche preparing to hit Harry with a book.Burns introduced Keating to <mask> and the audience, and she broke character to exchange pleasantries with Keating. The segment then resumed and Benaderet struck Keating with the book. <mask> and Gracie Allen regularly shopped for their own on-set wardrobe and she developed a high-pitched laugh for Blanche that became a staple of the character and used for comic effect: "When we had a scene with some silent spots in it, George would say to me, 'Laugh there, Bea. Benaderet garnered two Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 1954 and 1955. Following Allen's retirement in 1958 at the end of the eighth season, the program continued as The George Burns Show in 1958–59 with Blanche repackaged as George's secretary, but it was cancelled after one season due to low ratings. Benaderet worked sparsely in 1959, filming one-time appearances on General Electric Theater and The Restless Gun. Benaderet became a fixture on television in the 1960s, which included working on two shows simultaneously from 1960 to 1964.She played housekeeper Wilma in the lone season of the 1960 sitcom Peter Loves Mary, a part she received on the back of references from Burns. Benaderet considered herself "lucky" to be cast in another series out of fear that she had become too closely associated with Burns & Allen. The same year, she was then cast as Betty Rubble in the Hanna-Barbera primetime animated series The Flintstones. Benaderet auditioned with past radio coworker Jean Vander Pyl for Betty and Wilma Flintstone by exchanging dialogue before the show's co-creator Joseph Barbera, who asked afterward what part they preferred. Vander Pyl recalled in 1994: "I said, 'Oh, I want to be Wilma!' [and] <mask> said, 'That's fine with me. Benaderet voiced guest spots on the side for fellow Hanna-Barbera productions Top Cat and The Yogi Bear Show during 1961 and 1962.While filming the debut season of her show Petticoat Junction the next year, she continued voicing Betty by recording her part alone or with her Flintstones castmates during evening hours until scheduling conflicts forced her to drop the role at the end of the fourth season in 1964. She was replaced by Gerry Johnson. Collaboration with Paul Henning
In the late 1940s, Benaderet befriended Paul Henning, a scriptwriter on the radio production of Burns & Allen. She appeared on the 19 episodes of the show he had written between 1947 and 1951. She became one of his regular players in the first two seasons of Burns & Allen, a two-episode guest appearance on The Bob Cummings Show in 1956–57, and  her involvement in three of the most successful sitcoms of the 1960s. After reading the 1961 first script for The Beverly Hillbillies, Benaderet wanted to audition for the role of Granny. Despite considering her to be too buxom for his vision of the character as a small and wiry woman, Henning allowed her to test anyway.Irene Ryan ultimately won the role; according to Henning, "<mask> took one look at the way Irene did the part and said to me, 'There's your Granny! He additionally took Benaderet's suggestion of casting Harriet MacGibbon as Granny's rival Margaret Drysdale. Henning created for Benaderet the supporting character of Cousin Pearl Bodine, the middle-aged widowed mother of Jethro Bodine (Max Baer Jr.) and cousin of main character Jed Clampett (Buddy Ebsen), whom she convinces to move from his humble home in the Ozarks after he strikes oil on his property and becomes a millionaire. Prior to shooting the pilot, Benaderet enlisted a dialect coach to help her learn a hillbilly accent. Impressed with her performance while screening the pilot to potential sponsors, Henning made Cousin Pearl a recurring character in the 1962–63 first season as she moved into the Clampetts' Beverly Hills mansion, feuded with Granny, and pursued oil tycoon Mr. Brewster (Frank Wilcox) as a love interest. Bluegrass duo Flatt & Scruggs, who performed the show's opening theme, recorded a comedic serenade in 1963

masks:
Beatrice Benaderet
Benaderet
Beatrice Benaderet
Benaderet
Benaderet
Mama Bear
Benaderet
Benaderet
Bea
Bea


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 titled "Pearl Pearl Pearl" and Benaderet was pictured on the single's cover. Benaderet described Pearl's curly hair as "just my mental image of the character.... Pearl played the piano for the silent movies and she saw such high fashion and ridiculous hairdos. She could read and write, and the curled hair seemed to Pearl the height of smartness." Paul Henning had long admired Benaderet's talents and strove to create a starring vehicle for her, as he felt she was worthy of headlining her own series after years of supporting parts. When CBS granted him an open time slot after the massive success of Beverly Hillbillies, he crafted the 1963 rural sitcom Petticoat Junction around Benaderet, starring as Kate Bradley, the widowed proprietor of the Shady Rest Hotel. Cousin Pearl was consequently written out of the Beverly Hillbillies storyline as having moved back home. The character of Kate represented Benaderet's first straight role: "Kate Bradley is different from the characters I've played in the past. She has to walk a fine line between being humorous and tender.The other women I've played were strictly for laughs." Benaderet and director Richard Whorf auditioned the young actresses who would play Kate's three teenage daughters; she persuaded Henning to let his 18-year-old daughter Linda read (successfully) for the role of Betty Jo Bradley. Linda Henning and <mask>'s son, Jack Bannon, were members of a young actors' theater group at the time. CBS promoted the show's September 22, 1963, premiere with a print ad featuring an Al Hirschfeld caricature of Benaderet as Cousin Pearl. Petticoat Junction was an immediate hit, peaking at fourth in the Nielsen ratings, and remained in the top 30 during Benaderet's four full seasons on the show from 1963 to 1967. Her former Flintstones costars Alan Reed and Jean Vander Pyl filmed guest spots in later seasons. Henning was again given free rein for a new show with no pilot needed, which he bestowed to colleague Jay Sommers due to his busy schedule.Sommers created the 1965 sitcom Green Acres, adapted from his 1950 radio program Granby's Green Acres that had starred Benaderet, thus making it a spinoff of her own television show. Benaderet filmed six appearances as Kate in the first season as both shows' casts intermingled on several episodes in a process dubbed "cross-pollination". Film and other works
Benaderet played bit parts in six motion pictures from 1946 to 1962, four of which were uncredited. She was chosen from two hundred actresses for the part of a government file clerk in Alfred Hitchcock's Notorious (1946) and completed filming in half an hour, but her scenes were cut from the final print. She told Radio Life magazine that year that after having struggled to remember her lines, "Mr. Hitchcock looked me right in the eye and asked 'You want to go back to radio?' I said yes". Her first onscreen appearance, also uncredited, was in the film On the Town (1949), as one of two women whom the main characters (played by Gene Kelly and Frank Sinatra) encounter while riding the subway.In 1945, Benaderet and fellow voice actresses Janet Waldo and Cathy Lewis were to appear on a televised fashion show on her former KFRC employer Don Lee's W6XAO network before the project fell through. On Irving Taylor's novelty album Drink Along with Irving (1960), she duetted with Elvia Allman and Mel Blanc, respectively, on tracks titled "Sub-Bourbon Living" and "Separate Bar Stools". Personal life
Benaderet and her first husband, actor Jim Bannon, met while employed at KHJ in Los Angeles. They married in August 1938 and had two children: Jack (1940–2017), and Maggie (b. 1947). However, Bannon's heavy filming and touring schedule required for his portrayal of fictional cowboy hero Red Ryder took a toll on their marriage and she filed for divorce in September 1950. In 1958, Benaderet married Eugene Twombly, a sound effects technician for movies and television who had worked on The Jack Benny Program, and they remained together until her death in 1968.Her son Jack Bannon became an actor, making his television debut in bit parts on Petticoat Junction (and working on the show as a dialogue coach), later appearing in Lou Grant. In 1961, Benaderet dressed in a Flintstones-inspired leopard-print costume to collect donations for City of Hope and March of Dimes and worked with Welcome Wagon in the San Fernando Valley. On February 5, 1964, she was named an honorary sheriff of Calabasas, California, with her daughter Maggie accepting a badge on her behalf that was presented by her Petticoat Junction co-star Edgar Buchanan in a public ceremony. Illness and death

During a routine checkup in 1963, a spot was discovered on one of Benaderet's lungs. It was no longer visible at the time of her follow-up visit, but by November 1967 it had returned and grown in size. She resisted immediate exploratory surgery as she was filming the fifth season of Petticoat Junction and feared the show would be affected by her absence. On November 26, she underwent the surgery at Good Samaritan Hospital in Los Angeles, at which time it was discovered the tumor could not be removed.Diagnosed with lung cancer, Benaderet underwent six weeks of laser radiation treatment via a linear particle accelerator at Stanford University Medical Center. A longtime smoker, she cut down her multiple-pack-a-day habit following her initial checkups and quit entirely after her surgery. Benaderet's treatment was successful and concluded in January 1968. She missed ten episodes of the show as she recuperated, during which her character of Kate Bradley was vaguely described in the storyline as being out of town, as expectations were that Benaderet would eventually recover and be able to resume filming. Rosemary DeCamp (Kate's sister Helen) and Shirley Mitchell (Kate's cousin Mae Jennings) filled in as temporary mother figures during her absence; Mitchell had previously worked with Benaderet on The Jack Benny Program in 1954–55 as Mabel Flapsaddle. Benaderet returned for the March 30 fifth-season finale "Kate's Homecoming," but five months later, after shooting the first three episodes of the sixth season, she took leave from the series due to being too ill to continue. Initial plans were for her to record her voice to be inserted into future episodes.However, her condition dramatically declined; on September 26, chest pains related to her illness forced her to return to the hospital for the final time. The fourth show of the sixth season, "The Valley Has a Baby," marked <mask>'s last episode and featured only her voice with her stand-in filmed from the rear. <mask> died on October 13, 1968, of lung cancer and pneumonia. She was entombed in Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery in North Hollywood. On October 17, four days after her death and the day after her funeral, her husband Eugene Twombly died at the age of 54 from a massive heart attack and was interred beside her. Acting style and reception

When <mask> was cast in Petticoat Junction, she was hailed as having "finally" become a star. She had previously played supporting roles throughout her career, usually as a next-door neighbor, and had been openly averse to leading roles.However, in January 1963, following CBS' acquisition of Petticoat Junction, she enthused to columnist Eve Starr of The Mercury: "Isn't it nice? After all these years. ... [It] just never occurred to me that it might...golly, my own show!" Benaderet often discussed facets of the acting profession in promotional interviews for the show, and believed that leading a series required a "feeling of responsibility", including her being more observant of on-set activity and her costars' performances, while continuously evolving her character. Benaderet garnered praise for her mastery of dialects and her work as a comedienne and character actress, while she is recognized for her voice characterizations in animation. MeTV considered her an "icon" of 1960s television. Donna Douglas said, "Watching her timing is like watching a ballerina.She's so effortless." Benaderet credited George Burns with mentoring her in comedy acting, but claimed that television scriptwriters focused more on her voice and delivery than her characters, which she believed stunted opportunities for her to play more dramatic roles. For her contributions to television, Benaderet received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960, on 1611 Vine Street, and she was the recipient of a Genii Award in 1966. She is credited with over one thousand combined radio and television episode appearances, which earned her the nickname of "Busy Bea" from members of the press. The Pantagraph columnist Ernie Kreiling remarked in 1965 that "probably no Hollywood personality has spent as many hours in our homes". Benaderet was good friends and a frequent collaborator with Mel Blanc, who wrote in his 1988 biography That's Not All Folks! : "[We] spent so much time together in studios that I used to refer jokingly to her as the 'other woman' in my life."Keeping the spelling of her surname, which has been misspelled as Benederet or Benadaret, was a choice she had to make. She first resisted requests to change it early in her radio career: "[T]hey'd say, 'Anything's better than Benaderet—How about Smith?'" When she was introduced to Orson Welles in 1936, he remarked that her name "sounded like something you ad lib in a mob scene." It was misspelled in a 1946 press release created specifically about its proper spelling, and Radio Life wrote in 1947: "If someone were to conduct a survey to decide the radio personality with the most frequently misspelled name, <mask> <mask> would probably win hands down." Early in the first season of The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show, her full name appeared as "Bee Benadaret" in the closing credits. See also

 List of comedians
 List of stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

Selected filmography

Radio

Shorts
 Little Red Riding Rabbit (1944) (voice)
 Bugs Bunny and the Three Bears (1944) (voice)
 Baseball Bugs (1946) (voice)
 Tweetie Pie (1947) (voice)
 Donald's Dream Voice (1948) (voice)
 Daddy Duck (1948) (voice)
 Chow Hound (1951) (voice)
 A Bear for Punishment (1951) (voice)
 Gift Wrapped (1952) (voice)
 Feed the Kitty (1952) (voice)
 Bewitched Bunny (1954) (voice)
 The Hole Idea (1955) (voice)

Film

Television

Awards and honors

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

 Partial article published in The Woman magazine, March 1968
 TV Sidekicks: <mask> <mask>'s Blanche to Gracie Allen's Gracie

1906 births
1968 deaths
Actresses from San Francisco
American people of Irish descent
American people of Turkish-Jewish descent
American radio actresses
American television actresses
Burials at Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from lung cancer
Deaths from pneumonia in California
Hanna-Barbera people
Warner Bros. Cartoons voice actors
20th-century American

masks: Benaderet Benaderet Benaderet Benaderet Bea Benaderet Bea Benaderet


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<mask> (17 April 1883 - 16 December 1972) was an Irish actor and writer, born in Inishmore, County Galway where before emigrating to Boston, Massachusetts in 1905. He married his first wife Bridget McDonagh in 1913 before returning home to Inishmore with his son <mask> in 1921. Mullen played the part of Shark Hunter in Robert J. Flaherty's Man of Aran (1934) a fictional documentary on life in the Aran Islands. He married his second wife Florence Hall in 1949 before moving to Anglesey, Wales where he died in 1972. Early life

<mask> was born in Inishmore of the Aran Islands, County Galway to <mask> and Mary Costello. He grew up in a relatively large family (household size of 12 compared with the regional average of 5.09). He had nine siblings: John, Mary Cecelia (Cissie), Martin, Peter, Joseph, Winnie, Bartly, Michael and Thomas.Cullen attended Kilronan national school on Inishmor until he was fifteen, and worked for his father on the family farm before labouring on the ice boats in Killarney Harbour for two years. Due to the Great Famine of 1845, depletion of farmland, industrial underdevelopment and the collapse of the linen industry along with numerous other factors: the inheritance system among landowners in Ireland (particularly in the West of Ireland) changed from the partible inheritance system to the impartible inheritance system. Land was no longer divided among heirs but instead was appointed to the eldest male. As <mask> was the second eldest male (preceded by John, three years his senior) his options included: remaining in Inishmore with little chance of land ownership, moving to Dublin or another large city in search of employment, or emigrating. <mask> emigrated in 1905 at the age of 21. Family life
In Boston he met Bridget McDonough (1882 - 1948) also a Galway native, and married her on 12 October 1913 in Boston, Suffolk, Massachusetts, she was a widow. Bridget was the fourth child to Martin McDonagh and Barbara O'Toole.Bridget was previously married and had four children: Mary Kate, Anna, Denis and Francis Michael with her husband <mask> also from Galway. The pair lived in Eyre Street in Galway where they had their first child Mary Kate and lived with and a boarder who was a widowed army pensioner. They emigrated to Boston in 1904. <mask> died suddenly on 29 April  1913, and was buried in St. Joseph Cemetery. They lived in Boston Ward 9 where they kept a boarding house, run by Bridget. They had four children together, Barbara, John, Joseph and Winifred, yet only three of their children survived past infancy, with John living only a week after his birth. The couple lived with their remaining children in Boston and then in Manhattan, until his two brothers Thomas and Bartly fell ill in 1921, compelling him to return to the family home.The brothers died the same year. Returning to Ireland he took his son P.J. who was four at the time, but Bridget did not follow, and their relationship deteriorated thereafter. His daughter Barbara however joined him in Ireland (around 15 years later). Career
Having emigrated to Boston in 1905, <mask> began working in factories and warehouses, during the winter months and spent summers on rural contract-labour teams. Having successfully lead a strike in a Boston wool-house, he earned a charter from the American Federation of Labour and became a founder in a union of city-wide wool-house workers in 1916. Following this, he met a fellow emigrant James Larkin, who was an Irish labour leader, having joined the James Connolly Socialist Club.<mask>’s trade-union activism lead him to be sacked from several jobs and blacklisted by employers in Boston, turning him to engage in illegal liquor trafficking. <mask> then returned home in 1921 to the Aran Islands. His circumstances improved slightly when he attained a horse and sidecar, in which he carried out hauling jobs on the island, and also to drive visitors around the Island to view the scenery. In November 1931, Robert J. Flaherty, an American documentary film maker, along with his family, visited the island and contracted <mask> to drive them around Aran. They formed a connection, and when Flaherty returned back to the Island the following year, he employed <mask> as his local-contact man and also assistant director for his film, Man of Aran. He recruited cast members from the island’s population and also coached them into carrying out scenes for the film, which were at times dangerous, as they were filmed on the edges of cliffs and also in tough sea conditions. <mask> starred in the film as a basking shark hunter.He spent nine weeks in London recording sound dialogue in the Gaumont-British studios along with his fellow cast members. Following the success of the film, <mask> wrote a book with the same title Man of Aran (October 1934), which included accounts of the making of the film, along with other parts of his life. Later life and death
He moved to Bull Bay, Anglesey in Wales in 1952 after making friendships with different visitors on Inishmore island, who had sent him correspondence and books. <mask> wrote two books documenting his life in the west of Ireland after the Irish premiere of Man of Aran in May 1934. One book was Hero Breed (1937) and the other was Come Another Day which was published by Faber and Faber in 1940. His autobiography in 1940 gives a more detailed insight into his life in America and his return to Aran. <mask> married his second wife, Florence Hall, in Kilronan, Inishmore on 18 August 1949.Florence Hall was a school teacher in Heather Bank, Bullbay, Anglesea, Wales. She had visited the island of Aran for 24 years after marrying her husband. The death of Mullen's siblings <mask> in Los Angeles, California in 1955 and <mask> in Suffolk, Massachusetts in 1966, died only a few years after he moved to Wales. The deaths of his siblings may have brought him back to Inishmore, as he returned regularly to enjoy the summers there. Mullen's eldest child <mask> (1914-1979), starred as Janet MacPherson, the stubborn Scottish housekeeper, in the BBC television series 'Dr Finlay's Casebook' in 1964. She was interviewed by Eamonn Andrews on the programme 'This is Your Life' where <mask> appeared as a guest at 81 years old and her brother P.J<mask> also made an appearance to look back on <mask>'s life.<mask> is also seen dancing with his daughter during the show. He was the last of his ten siblings to die in Carnarvonshire, Wales on the 16 September 1972. <mask>'s ashes were spread on Inishmore in Killeany Cemetery, but people have claimed that his first cremation burial was on the island in Christian times. Legacy
<mask>'s legacy can be seen through his role in the film Man of Aran and in his subsequent book, also entitled Man of Aran (1934), which can be described as a detailed account of the making of the film, also sketches his earlier life in the Aran Islands and the United States. <mask> wrote and published three more novels: a novel of Aran life, Hero breed (1936)  part factual record, part fantastical story telling; a Folklore collection, Irish tales (1938), and the autobiographical Come another day (1940). His books detailing the beauty of Aran is said to have contributed to bringing much more tourism to the island that once saw little to no tourism at all, where there is a rent-a-bike station owned by relatives of Mullen so tourists can navigate the island by bike. The story in the movie The Man of Aran in which Mullen played the role of a shark hunter, resulted om people from different countries becoming curious of the island, what life was like there, and how much of it was accurate to the movie.<mask>'s written works and contribution in the movie also brought more awareness and tourism to Gaeltacht areas, as he wrote parts in Irish as well as English, including the Aran Islands as they are an official Gaeltacht area. Bibliography
 Man of Aran, Faber and Faber, 1934
 Hero Breed, Faber and Faber, 1936
 Irish Tales, Faber and Faber, 1938
 Come Another Day, Faber and Faber, 1940

References

 Galway Authors, Helen Mahar, 1976. External links
 Vincent Browne profile of Man of Aran film
 Screenonline.org
 Man of Aran Cottage Man of Aran history

1883 births
1972 deaths
Male actors from County Galway
Irish male film actors
Irish writers
Irish emigrants to the United States (before 1923)

masks:
Pat Mullen
Patrick
Patrick C Mullen
John Mullen
Patrick
Mullen
Patrick Crowe
Patrick Crowe
Mullen
Mullen
Mullen
Mullen
Mullen
Mullen
Mullen
Mullen
Mullen
Mary Mullen
Joseph Mullen
Barbara Mullen
Patrick Mullen
. Mullen
Barbara Mullen
Mullen
Mullen
Mullen
Mullen
Mullen


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<mask> (born 4 July 1965), better known by her professional name <mask>, is an English radio DJ and television presenter. She was the host of the long-running weekday later weekend <mask> Show on BBC Radio 1. She now currently presents her weekday evening Radio 2 show. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Northampton to Martin, an electrician, and Christine, a postmistress. She attended Campion School<ref name="NC&E">Northampton Chronicle & Echo 4 November 2011, p. 13, "Sweet toothed <mask>'s Children in Need 'land of cake believe' stunt"</ref> at Bugbrooke, near Northampton and then studied applied languages at Brighton Polytechnic. She swam competitively for Northamptonshire. Career

Early career
In Whiley's final year of her degree, still unsure of what she wanted to do, a conversation with a lecturer led to a job with BBC Radio Sussex on a show called Turn It Up.It allowed anyone to get on the radio and required Whiley to attend shows and interview the musicians. After a year, Whiley left for City University London for a one-year course on radio journalism. After writing many letters, she got a job as a researcher on WPFM, a BBC Radio 4 youth culture and music show. When the presenters Terry Christian and Gary Crowley left, she took over, gaining her first presenting role. She then moved into television, firstly at British Satellite Broadcasting where she produced and presented the indie show, and then at Channel 4 where she worked as a researcher on The Word, with her friend Zoe Ball. Whiley moved on to BBC Radio 1 from September 1993 until March 2011, during the heyday of Britpop with bands such as Blur and Oasis. She hosted a weekday evening show called The Evening Session with Steve Lamacq, which was oriented towards less-mainstream, non-dance music.Whiley presented her own show on Saturday afternoon in late 1995. From 1995 to 1998, Whiley was a regular guest presenter on Top of the Pops, initially co-presenting with fellow DJ Steve Lamacq before flying solo and alternating with Zoe Ball and Jayne Middlemiss. The three women  are referred to by the Top of the Pops website as the '90s girls', as between them they presented nearly every show of 1997. However, the only occasion when all three presented together was on Christmas Day 1997. Whiley returned to the show twice between 2005 and 2006 to co-present with lead presenter Fearne Cotton. In July 2009, Whiley published her autobiography, My World in Motion, on CD thorough Random House Audiobooks. The <mask>y Show on BBC Radio 1

From February 1997, Whiley had a weekday lunchtime show, called The <mask>y Show and later The Lunchtime Social.This included elements of the evening show, such as tour dates and occasional live 'sessions' at Maida Vale Studios while working within the restrictions of Radio 1's daytime schedule. When Simon Mayo left BBC Radio 1 for BBC Radio 5 Live and BBC Radio 2 in February 2001, Whiley's show was moved to a mid-morning slot. In July 2008, The <mask> Show was fined £75,000 for misleading listeners for an incident involving  a member of BBC staff posing as a member of the public taking part in a competition. The BBC claim Whiley herself was unaware of the deception at the time of its broadcast. <mask>'s weekday show ended broadcasting  in September 2009 as part of a major shake-up of Radio 1's weekday schedule. The shake-up saw Greg James move to the afternoon slot (was occupied by Edith Bowman) and Fearne Cotton move to Whiley's slot. Her final weekday programme took place on 18 September 2009.Following weekdays, the <mask> Show was moved to weekends between 1pm to 4pm. As with her former weekday show, it still featured Live Lounge performances from visiting artists, as well as three new features: <mask>'s Road Trip, Top of the Shops, and SpellStar. Her last show on BBC Radio 1 was on 27 March 2011. BBC Radio 2

Since August 2009, Whiley has been an occasional stand in presenter for Claudia Winkleman on BBC Radio 2. She was first heard on the network on Friday 21 August and made subsequent appearances on 2 October, 6 November, 27 November and 18 December 2009. In March 2010, it was announced that Whiley and former BBC Radio 1 presenter Steve Lamacq would present a one-off Evening Session (the first in 13 years) on Good Friday (2 April) for BBC Radio 6 Music. Presented another Evening Session on 28 January 2011.After being an occasional stand-in presenter on BBC Radio 2, Whiley began presenting In Concert on Thursday evenings in April 2010. On 1 February 2011, it was announced that Whiley would be leaving BBC Radio 1 after 17 years of broadcasting to join BBC Radio 2, where she would present an evening show from Mondays to Thursdays starting on 4 April 2011, replacing The Radcliffe and Maconie Show. Radcliffe and Maconie would, in turn, move to BBC Radio 6 Music while Whiley's Radio 1 show would be taken over by Huw Stephens. Since 2011, she has co-hosted Radio 2 Live in Hyde Park. In March 2012, the BBC announced that as part of the broadcaster's celebration of the 20th anniversary of Britpop, <mask> and Lamacq would present a week of Evening Sessions on Radio 2 from 7 April. In January 2018 it was announced that Whiley would join daytime on a drivetime show with Simon Mayo. This is the first time a woman had co-presented a Radio 2 daytime show in 20 years.On 22 October that year, the station announced that Mayo would be leaving Radio 2 after a backlash against the change, with Whiley moving back to an evening slot. Television career

Whiley presents televised coverage of major music festivals, such as the Glastonbury Festival. She also narrated the BBC Three series, Little Angels. In October 2007 she became a judge on the T4 (Channel 4) show Orange unsignedAct which searches for a band trying to get a record deal. <mask> has recently begun hosting a music TV show on music channel TMF. From late 1998, Whiley hosted her own music discussion show on Channel 4, called The <mask> Show, which ran for four series until late 2001. On 15 March 2010, Whiley presented an edition of the Panorama documentary strand titled Are the Net Police Coming for You?in which she looked at the Digital Economy Bill, a proposed new law targeting people who download music illegally from the Internet. In 2014, Whiley was a contestant on the Children in Need special of Swashbuckle with her daughter Coco. In July 2021 Whiley was a co-presenter for the BBC's coverage of the Hampton Court Garden Festival. Personal life
Whiley married music executive Steve Morton in July 1991 in Northampton. The couple live in Northamptonshire and have four children. In October 2014 she was presented with a BASCA Gold Badge award. In February 2021 <mask>'s sister Frances, who has learning difficulties and diabetes, was admitted to hospital after testing positive for coronavirus following an outbreak in her care home.Frances, who is two years younger than Whiley, has Cri du chat genetic syndrome. Whiley has publicly campaigned for those in her sister's category to receive priority in the COVID-19 vaccination programme roll-out. She repeated the plea during an interview on BBC's The Andrew Marr Show, on 21 February 2021. On 24 February it was announced that all who were on the GP learning disability register would be prioritised for a COVID-19 vaccine, meaning that 150,000 people at higher risk with severe disabilities would be offered a vaccination more quickly in England. Charity work
Whiley is a celebrity ambassador to Mencap, a UK charity that works to support people with learning disabilities. She hosts the Little Noise Sessions concerts, in aid of the Mencap charity. She is also a supporter of Tommy's – The Baby Charity.Whiley is the Patron of the Cri du Chat Syndrome Support Group. On 19 March 2014, Whiley undertook a challenge for Sport Relief'', in which she walked, jogged and ran on a treadmill for 26 hours, with a five-minute rest break each hour. She did this to raise money for the Sport Relief appeal that same week. While completing the challenge she hosted two radio shows. The achievement impressed members of the band Coldplay, who donated £260,000 to Sport Relief. References

External links

 <mask>'s Shiny Happy Playlist (BBC Radio 2)
 <mask> (BBC Radio 2)
 Whiley's autobiography My World in Motion, released June 2009

1965 births
Living people
People from Northampton
Alumni of the University of Brighton
BBC Radio 1 presenters
BBC Radio 2 presenters
English radio DJs
Alumni of City, University of London
English journalists
English television presenters
Women radio presenters
Top of the Pops presenters

masks:
Joanne Whiley Morton
Jo Whiley
Jo Whiley
Whiley
Jo
Jo While
Jo While
Jo Whiley
Jo Whiley
Jo Whiley
Jo
Whiley
Jo
Jo Whiley
Whiley
Jo Whiley
Jo Whiley