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<mask> OBE (born 11 July 1953) is an English motion picture and television director, writer and producer. <mask> is a director and producer of television commercials in the UK, having made over 500 commercials, including a popular and long-running series for Walkers crisps. He has also directed several British television series, including Alas Smith and Jones (1989–1992) and Mr. Bean (1991–1992). His feature film credits include Made of Honor (2008), Sixty Six (2006), Blackadder: Back & Forth (1999), Roseanna's Grave (1997), City Slickers II: The Legend of Curly's Gold (1994) and Leonard Part 6 (1987). Early years
<mask> grew up in the Southgate section of London, England and attended De Bohun's school. He left school at age 17 and worked as a messenger before becoming a copywriter. Career

Television commercials
Weiland began his directing career making British television commercials.Weiland has made more than 500 commercials. Weiland's most successful advertising campaign was a series of television commercials for Walkers crisps. The commercials have featured celebrities, including English football striker Gary Lineker, boxer Lennox Lewis and Victoria Beckham. The commercials became enormously popular in Britain, leading Weiland to then say, "A friend said to me the other day that they've become like little Woody Allen films – people want to appear in them. Lennox Lewis obviously didn't need the money but felt that he wanted to be more approachable to the British public. He was interesting, did a good job, as did David Seaman and Victoria Beckham." Weiland is the owner of The Paul Weiland Film Company and has become a multimillionaire with his work on television commercials.In the 1990s, his company won the top British TV Awards prize for five consecutive years. Leonard Part 6
In 1987, <mask> made his debut as a feature film director with Leonard Part 6, a comedy starring Bill Cosby as secret agent who is called out of retirement to save the world from an evil genius who has developed the ability to brainwash small animals into killing humans. The film was a critical and box office bomb. The Village Voice called it "the worst film of the decade." The Los Angeles Times wrote: "'Leonard Part 6' is a smug, tedious exercise in self-indulgence ... There's virtually nothing to laugh at in this film, and too much of everything else." The Times noted that, although <mask> was the director, "clearly Cosby, as star, producer and idea man, is the auteur here."His direction of Leonard Part 6 resulted in <mask>'s being nominated for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Director. Asked years later about his work on the film, <mask> recalled:"It was a terrible mistake. ... When anyone gets into that position (Bill Cosby's position of power in the 1980s), they are surrounded by sycophants and no one tells them the truth. But Cosby just wasn't funny. I couldn't tell him directly. I'd say it feels slow, and he'd say 'You worry about construction, let me worry about funny'.""Cosby attributed most of the movie's problems to first-time director <mask>, whom he felt was too young and inexperienced. Cosby himself was producer and writer of the story". Mr. Bean
Between 1991 and 1992, <mask> directed several episodes of the Mr. Bean television series starring Rowan Atkinson. In 2005, The Times wrote: "The director <mask> made millions laugh with the television comedy series Mr Bean and Alas Smith and Jones." City Slickers II: The Legend of Curly's Gold
In 1994, <mask> returned to feature films as the director of City Slickers II: The Legend of Curly's Gold starring Billy Crystal, Daniel Stern, Jon Lovitz and Jack Palance. The film was a sequel to the popular 1991 film City Slickers. In the film, Billy Crystal's character discovers a treasure map and sets off with Lovitz and Stern to find the treasure of gold in the Arizona desert.Blackadder: Back & Forth
In 2001, <mask> renewed his partnership with Rowan Atkinson, directing him in the British television film, Blackadder: Back & Forth. The film is a time travel comedy in which Atkinson's character, Lord Blackadder, travels in a time machine to the Jurassic period, Sherwood Forest, and the Battle of Waterloo. Miranda Richardson, Hugh Laurie, Stephen Fry, Colin Firth and Kate Moss also appear in the film. <mask> was nominated for a BAFTA TV Award for his direction of the film. Sixty-Six
<mask>'s 2006 feature film Sixty Six is an autobiographical comedy-drama based on <mask>'s bar mitzvah which was held on the same night as England's win over West Germany in the 1966 FIFA World Cup final. As a result of the football match, guests cancelled en masse, and only a handful showed up at the bar mitzvah. The film received generally positive reviews.The Guardian of London wrote that, "Despite the whimsical voice-over and gloopy, sentimental tone, it's a hard film to dislike and boasts a wonderfully lugubrious performance from Eddie Marsan as the round-shouldered schlub of a dad." Made of Honor
<mask> also holds the distinction of directing the last screen appearance of Sydney Pollack, in the 2008 feature Made of Honor. Awards
<mask> has won a BAFTA Award for The Storyteller: The Three Ravens. He also won the President's Award for Lifetime Achievement at the Design & Art Directors Association. In 1983, he was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Short Film for directing Keep Off the Grass. Personal life
<mask> is married, and he and his wife, Caroline, have four children: Maxwell, Hannah, Bella and Joseph. Filmography
<mask>'s film directing credits include:
 Leonard Part 6 (1987)
 Bernard and the Genie (1991)
 City Slickers II: The Legend of Curly's Gold (1994)
 Roseanna's Grave (1997)
 Blackadder: Back & Forth (1999, short film)
 Sixty Six (2006)
 Made of Honor (2008)

References

External links

1953 births
Comedy film directors
Film directors from London
Writers from London
Television commercial directors
Living people
English male writers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire

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<mask> (born November 25, 1965) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League for the Philadelphia Eagles (1987–1989), the Minnesota Vikings (1990–2001) and the Miami Dolphins (2002). After playing college football for the Ohio State Buckeyes, <mask> was drafted by the Eagles in the fourth round of the 1987 NFL supplemental draft. While in Philadelphia, head coach Buddy Ryan helped to coin one of ESPN's Chris Berman's famous quotes about <mask>: "All he does is catch touchdowns." He was let go by Ryan in 1989, however, due to off-the-field issues. <mask> was signed by the Vikings and turned his life and career around, becoming a two-time first-team and one-time second-team All-Pro and playing in eight consecutive Pro Bowls. When he left the Vikings after 2001, he held most of the team career receiving records. He briefly played for the Dolphins in 2002 before retiring.Since retiring from the NFL, <mask> has worked on HBO's Inside the NFL, ESPN's Sunday NFL Countdown and Monday Night Countdown, and online at Yahoo Sports. He also works as an assistant coach at St. Thomas Aquinas High School, where his son played wide receiver. In 2017, <mask> began co-hosting First Things First with Nick Wright on FS1. He was terminated from the show following a suspension and investigation in 2019. <mask> resides in Boca Raton, Florida. He is the brother of former NBA player and coach <mask>. After six years, and five finalist selections, <mask> was voted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame on February 2, 2013.Early years
<mask> was born in Troy, Ohio. For elementary school he went to Heywood Elementary in Troy, Ohio. He spent his early childhood there before moving to Middletown, Ohio, with his mother, three brothers, and two sisters. They lived in a small four-bedroom apartment. He attended Middletown High School and starred in both football and basketball. Named after his grandfather, Graduel, <mask> dropped his birth name and unofficially changed his name to <mask> after wide receiver <mask> Collinsworth, stating that he would never be famous with the name Graduel. According to <mask> on ESPN Radio's "Mike & Mike" (on September 15, 2014), he dropped the name during 7th grade, and his name is still listed as Christopher on official documents, including his driver's license.College career
<mask> was heavily recruited out of high school for both basketball and football. He accepted the offer to attend Ohio State University from Buckeyes head coach Earle Bruce. <mask> became a consensus All-America selection after his junior season, Ohio State's first All American at wide receiver. <mask> had intended to play both football and basketball at Ohio State, but decided to focus on football after making an immediate impact his freshman year. That year, he set a Rose Bowl record with nine receptions for 172 yards. In his junior season, he caught 69 passes for 1,127 yards and 11 touchdowns. <mask> was known for great hands, running precise routes, and for acrobatic leaps.He had remarkable body control and footwork when making catches near the sidelines. At the Citrus Bowl at the end of the 1985 season, <mask> caught a ball that quarterback Jim Karsatos was intending to throw away. Karsatos has claimed that catch by <mask> was the greatest in the history of college football: "When I finally saw it on film, he was tiptoeing the sidelines and he jumped up and caught the ball left-handed by the point of the football at least a yard out of bounds. Then he somehow levitated back in bounds to get both his feet in bounds. I swear to this day he actually levitated to get back in bounds. When I saw it on film, it just blew me away." Prior to <mask>'s senior season, he secretly signed with notorious sports agent Norby Walters.When the contract was discovered, <mask> was ruled ineligible. The absence of <mask> in the 1987 offense contributed to a disappointing 6–4–1 season and the firing of Coach Bruce. Missing this season also cost him a chance at evening his personal record against Michigan; <mask> finished 1–2, his lone taste of victory in the series being his freshman year. Despite losing his senior year, <mask> left Ohio State holding the school record for receptions (168), gaining 2,725 yards and 27 touchdowns from them. In 2000, he was selected as a member of the Ohio State Football All-Century Team. In 2003, he was inducted into the Ohio State Varsity O Hall of Fame. Professional career

Philadelphia Eagles
A 4th round pick by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 1987 supplemental draft, <mask> saw limited action during his rookie season catching just 5 passes for 84 yards and 2 touchdowns.His first professional catch was a 22-yard touchdown vs. the St. Louis Cardinals. <mask> got more involved in the Eagles offense in 1988 catching 39 passes for 761 yards and tying for the team lead with 6 scoring receptions. In 1989, he became the teams' primary red zone receiver, leading the Eagles with 11 touchdown catches (3rd in the NFC) while hauling in 45 passes for 605 yards. Shortly after, <mask> had a falling out with coach Buddy Ryan and was a surprise cut following the pre-season. <mask> later admitted that Ryan released him because of alcohol and drug abuse, including large amounts of ecstasy, cocaine and marijuana, and credits his former coach with helping him turn his life around as a result. Minnesota Vikings
The Minnesota Vikings claimed the troubled wide receiver off waivers on September 4, 1990, for only $100. Stuck behind Hassan Jones and resident star receiver, <mask> (no relation), <mask> didn't see very many passes come his way during his first season in Minnesota.He did gain a measure of revenge against his former team, however, catching six passes for 151 yards, including a 78-yard touchdown, in a Monday Night contest at Philadelphia on October 15. <mask> finished the 1990 campaign with 27 receptions for 413 yards and 3 touchdowns. In 1991, <mask> stepped forward as Minnesota's top pass catcher. He led the team with 72 receptions, 962 yards, and 5 touchdown catches. The winds of change were blowing in Minnesota; after a second straight disappointing season head coach Jerry Burns retired. Stanford head coach Dennis Green was named as his replacement on January 10, 1992, and began a house cleaning process. "The New Sheriff in Town" released stalwarts like RB Herschel Walker and QB Wade Wilson and traded DT Keith Millard to the Seattle Seahawks.The Vikings returned to NFL prominence in 1992, posting an 11–5 record and capturing their first NFC Central Division title since 1989. With Rich Gannon and Sean Salisbury alternating at QB, <mask> remained the team's primary aerial weapon—leading the team with 53 receptions, 681 yards, and 6 touchdowns despite missing the final four games of the season with a broken collar bone. The Vikings season ended in disappointment, however, as the defending Super Bowl champions Washington Redskins upended them 24–7 in the Wild Card round. In 1993, veteran QB Jim McMahon acted as the team's primary signal-caller and <mask> had a breakout season. He posted career highs in receptions, 86, and yards, 1,071, while catching 9 touchdowns — all team highs, and appeared in his first Pro Bowl. The Vikings finished the season 9–7, good enough for a playoff berth, but fell 17–10 to the New York Giants in the Wild Card round. Veteran quarterback Warren Moon was acquired before the 1994 season and immediately developed a rapport with <mask>.The veteran helped <mask> set the NFL single-season record for receptions with 122 (the record was broken in 1995 by Detroit's Herman Moore). <mask> also led the team with 1256 yards and 7 receiving touchdowns, which earned him First-team All Pro honors. Moon and <mask> carried the team to a 10–6 record and the NFC Central title, but couldn't stop the Vikings from a third straight first-round playoff exit — a 35–18 home loss to the Chicago Bears. <mask> teamed up with Moon in 1995 to post his finest statistical season. He caught 122 passes for a career-high 1,371 yards and led the NFL with 17 touchdown receptions. <mask> received Second-team All Pro honors for his efforts. The Vikings, however, finished 8–8 and missed the playoffs for the first time under Green.Midway through the 1996 season Brad Johnson took over at QB for the Vikings. <mask> didn't miss a beat, catching 96 passes for 1,163 yards and 10 touchdowns. The Vikings returned to the playoffs with a 9–7 record, but were routed by the Dallas Cowboys 40–15 in the Wild Card round. <mask> appeared in his fourth straight Pro Bowl following the season. <mask> continued to be the focal point of the Vikings' offense in 1997. He was named to his fifth consecutive Pro Bowl, leading the NFL with 13 touchdown receptions while pacing the team with 89 catches and 1069 yards. Even though he had more impressive seasons statistically, 1997 may have been <mask>'s finest hour, as week after week he dazzled with one spectacular catch after another.With Randall Cunningham at QB (he replaced the injured Johnson late in the season) the Vikings finally broke through in the playoffs, defeating the Giants 23–22 in a last-minute miracle comeback. The playoff success was fleeting, however, as the team fell to the San Francisco 49ers 38–22 the following week. In 1998 the Vikings drafted Marshall wide receiver Randy Moss with 21st pick in the first round. Suddenly, the Vikings possessed the NFL's most dangerous weapon. They cruised through the regular season, posting a 15–1 record while scoring a then-league record 556 points. <mask>, who made the Pro Bowl for

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 the fifth time, caught 78 passes for 1,011 yards and 12 touchdowns. Led by Moss, <mask>, and Miller Lite Player of the Year Randall Cunningham, the Vikings entered the playoffs as heavy favorites to reach the Super Bowl.They easily defeated the Arizona Cardinals 41–21 in the Divisional Round, advancing to the NFC Championship Game for the first time since 1987. The Vikings entered that game as 13 and a half point favorites over the Atlanta Falcons, but lost in overtime 30–27 to become the biggest favorite to ever lose a home playoff game. <mask> later said losing that game was the lone regret of his time in Minnesota, and that he didn't even know if he wanted to play anymore afterwards. The following year, <mask> had his finest individual season since 1995— the First-team All Pro caught 90 passes for 1241 yards and an NFL-best 13 touchdowns. The Vikings easily defeated the Dallas Cowboys 27–10 in the Wild Card round and headed to St. Louis to face the NFL's new hottest offense. Minnesota led the eventual Super Bowl champions 17–14 at the half, but a second-half flurry led to a 49–37 Rams win. <mask> finished the decade of the '90s with 835 receptions, second only to Jerry Rice's 860, and was named to the NFL's All Decade team.In 2000, led by Daunte Culpepper, the Vikings won the NFC Central division, and <mask> finished the season with 96 receptions, 1274 yards, 9 touchdowns, and an eighth Pro Bowl. On November 30, <mask> became only the second player in NFL history to reach the 1,000 reception plateau when he caught a 4-yard touchdown pass against Detroit. In 2001, the Vikings floundered with a record of 5–11, their first losing season since 1990. <mask>'s production dipped to its lowest point since 1992 (mostly because of QB Spergon Wynn's ineffectiveness in the last three games) — 73 catches, 871 yards, 6 touchdowns — and his streak of eight straight Pro Bowls came to an end. Following the season, the longest-tenured Viking exercised an out clause in his contract that ended his career in Minnesota. <mask> <mask> left the Vikings as their all-time leader in, among other things, receptions (1,004), receiving yards (12,383), and touchdowns (110). Miami Dolphins
<mask> spent the spring of 2002 looking for a team.Although he talked with the Rams, Browns, and Dolphins, he was unable to complete a deal and joined HBO's Inside the NFL team as an analyst on May 21. He served in that capacity until October 21 when the Miami Dolphins lured the veteran back onto the playing field to bolster their injury-riddled receiving corps. The Boca Raton resident started in his first game as a Dolphin at Lambeau Field in Week 9. <mask> showed signs of rust, catching just three passes for 31 yards and fumbling once. During the week that followed, he checked into the hospital with a kidney ailment and was sidelined for the next four weeks. <mask> returned in Week 14, but struggled to get back into the Dolphins receiver rotation. In Week 15, however, he caught a one-handed touchdown pass as the Dolphins beat the Raiders 23–17.The following week against the Vikings, however, he made a key drop in the end zone that cost Miami a touchdown. The Dolphins wound up losing that game and then lost to the Patriots the following week, missing the playoffs. Even though he put up respectable numbers for the number of games that he played, he retired after the season. Legacy
At the time of his retirement, <mask>'s 1,101 career receptions and 130 touchdowns as a receiver placed him second in NFL history behind Jerry Rice, although his reception total has since been surpassed by Marvin Harrison, and his touchdown receptions by Randy Moss and Terrell Owens. <mask> is one of 14 players in NFL history with 1,000 or more receptions. He was named to the NFL 1990s All-Decade Team. <mask> was one of 15 finalists for the Pro Football Hall of Fame class of 2008, but was not elected in a surprise to some commentators.<mask> was once again excluded in 2009 and again in 2010 as receivers Jerry Rice and Tim Brown became eligible for the first time, though Brown did not make it. Additionally, Andre Reed was another possible candidate that diminished <mask>'s chance for enshrinement in 2010. In 2011, he also did not make it despite not having a single wide receiver in the class. NFL Network's NFL's Top 10 placed him atop the list of wide receivers with the best hands. On February 2, 2013, <mask> was announced as an inductee into the Hall of Fame Class of 2013 along with Bill Parcells, Larry Allen, Jonathan Ogden, Warren Sapp, Curley Culp, and Dave Robinson. NFL career statistics

|-
! || PHI
| 9 || 0 || — || 5 || 84 || 16.8 || 9.3 || 2
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!|| PHI
| 16 || 16 || — || 39 || 761 || 19.5 || 47.6 || 6
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! || PHI
| 16 || 15 || — || 45 || 605 || 13.4 || 37.8 || 11
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| 16 || 5 || — || 27 || 413 || 15.3 || 25.8 || 3
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| 12 || 12 || 92 || 53 || 681 || 12.8 || 56.8 || 6
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| 16 || 16 || 143 || 86 || 1,071 || 12.5 || 66.9 || 9
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| 16 || 16 || 188 || style="background:#cfecec; width:3em;"|122 || 1,256 || 10.3 || 78.5 || 7
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| 16 || 16 || 197 || 122 || 1,371 || 11.2 || 85.7 || style="background:#cfecec; width:3em;"|17
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| 16 || 16 || 167 || 96 || 1,163 || 12.1 || 72.7 || 10
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! || MIN
| 16 || 16 || 158 || 89 || 1,069 || 12.0 || 66.8 || style="background:#cfecec; width:3em;"|13
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! || MIN
| 16 || 16 || 125 || 78 || 1,011 || 13.0 || 63.2 || 12
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| 16 || 16 || 137 || 90 || 1,241 || 13.8 || 77.6 || style="background:#cfecec; width:3em;"|13
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| 16 || 16 || 161 || 96 || 1,274 || 13.3 || 79.6 || 9
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| 16 || 16 || 130 || 73 || 871 || 11.9 || 54.4 || 6
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!|| MIA
| 5 || 1 || 17 || 8 || 66 || 8.3 || 13.2 || 1
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|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan="2"|Career || 234 || 209 || 1,515 || 1,101 || 13,899 || 12.6 || 59.4 || 130
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Career notables

 One of three players to record more than 120 receptions in a season twice, 1994 and 1995. After football
<mask> was one of the hosts of HBO's Inside the NFL and also was an NFL Analyst for Yahoo Sports and ESPN. He is also a faculty member and assistant coach at St. Thomas Aquinas High School, where his son played wide receiver in 2008. He is the owner of <mask> <mask>'s FAST Program, a sports training center in South Florida and is an ordained minister. He also appeared in the 2005 sports video game NFL Street 2 as a wide receiver for the NFL Gridiron Legends team along with former teammate, safety Joey Browner, and a few other historical NFL legends. <mask> was a speaker at the 2008 NFL rookie symposium and again at the 2009 NFL Rookie Symposium.He also spoke at the 2014 NFL rookie symposium, where he encouraged players to get a fall guy they can trust to take the blame if they get in trouble. The comments were revealed in 2015 in an ESPN The Magazine story about Chris Borland. The NFL took the video of the speech down from its website and released a statement saying in part: "The comment was not representative of the message of the symposium or any other league program...The comment was not repeated in the 2014 AFC session or this year's symposium." <mask> apologized on Twitter, saying he realized it was bad advice, and everyone should take responsibility for their own actions. ESPN also released a statement saying <mask>'s comments do not reflect the company's views. <mask> was chosen to be a coach for a team in the 2015 Pro Bowl, along with former Dallas Cowboys wide receiver Michael Irvin. In December 2016, <mask> was hired by Fox Sports as a football analyst.In May 2017, his role was expanded as it was announced that <mask> would co-host a morning show, First Things First, on Fox Sports 1 with radio personality Nick Wright and moderator Jenna Wolfe. The show premiered on September 5, 2017. His tenure ended in November 2019 following a suspension. Since 2021 he has been part of Good Morning Football as an analyst. Personal life
<mask> is a Christian and has two children. His daughter, Monterae works in philanthropy. His son, Duron <mask>, played wide receiver at Ohio State in 2009 and Coffeyville Community College in 2010.Professionally, he played for the Montreal Alouettes, a Canadian Football League (CFL) team, in 2013-2014 and 2016, spending 2015 on the practice squad of the Indianapolis Colts of the NFL. In Montreal, Duron was described as being a terrible teammate among the players on the Alouettes team. In 2017, he signed on with the Saskatchewan Roughriders, also in the CFL, where he served primarily as a receiver and occasionally played cornerback. Duron was released by the Roughriders in August 2018, in the midst of the 2018 CFL season. He subsequently signed on with the Toronto Argonauts a few weeks later, and now currently plays for the B.C Lions. <mask> is the younger brother of ex-NBA player and coach <mask>. References

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1965 births
African-American players of American football
All-American college football players
American football wide receivers
African-American sports announcers
African-American sports journalists
Fox Sports 1 people
Living people
Miami Dolphins players
Minnesota Vikings players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
National Football League announcers
Ohio State Buckeyes football players
People from Troy, Ohio
Philadelphia Eagles players
Players of American football from Ohio
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
Sportspeople from Middletown, Ohio
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
10,000 receiving yards club
National Football League players with retired

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<mask> (5 November 1904 – 4 April 1996) was an English actress best known for her appearances in the Aldwych farces of the 1920s and early 1930s. Initially a singer and dancer in the ensembles of musical comedies, Shotter was spotted by the comedian and producer Leslie Henson. He recommended her to his colleague Tom Walls, who was in search of a leading lady to succeed Yvonne Arnaud in his series of farces at the Aldwych Theatre, London. From 1926 to 1932, Shotter played in eight of the farces, in a regular company headed by Walls and Ralph Lynn. She appeared in several films during the 1930s, including adaptations of four of the Aldwych plays. After the Aldwych series ended, Shotter appeared in numerous West End shows, worked briefly in Hollywood, and continued to appear in British films. During the Second World War she joined the Entertainments National Service Association (ENSA), performing for troops in Europe and Asia.An example is French Leave, a play by Reginald Berkeley, sub-titled: A Normandy Story, where she appeared with Lawrence O'Madden. After the war she joined the BBC as an announcer on the relaunched television service. During the 1950s she gradually withdrew from performing and retired to Switzerland with her second husband. Life and career

Early years
<mask> was born in London, the eldest of the six children (five of them girls) of Frederick Ernest and Harriet Payne <mask>. The four younger daughters, Constance, Margaret, Eva and Barbara, all followed Winifred into the acting profession. Their only brother, Victor, became a television executive. Her father worked as a tie cutter and later as the manager of a leather factory.Before Winifred there was no stage tradition in her family, but from her days as a schoolgirl at Maidenhead High School she was determined to perform. She made her London debut, at the age of 14, in a travesti role in Soldier Boy at the Apollo Theatre. Over the next five years she was a member of the ensemble in musical comedies at the Winter Garden Theatre, with small roles in the hit show Sally (1921) and then in The Beauty Prize (1923), both of which starred Leslie Henson. In 1925 she made her New York debut at the Gaiety in the revue By-the-Way. Aldwych farce
When she returned to England, Henson recommended Shotter to his co-producer Tom Walls for the ingenue role of Rhoda Marley in the new Aldwych farce, Rookery Nook. This was the third in the series of farces presented by Walls at the Aldwych Theatre in the 1920s and early 1930s. The heroines in the first two had been played by the hugely popular Yvonne Arnaud, who left the company to play in variety.As her successor, Shotter made an immediate impact: in the words of The Times, "This was 1926, and it was considered delightfully shocking that an actress should make her first appearance in a play in a pair of pyjamas." Her colleague Molly Weir recalled her as "an enchanting 'flapper' who had to be hidden for fear of discovery by prim visiting relatives, and she sent the house into screams of warning appreciative laughter as she raced downstairs from the bedroom and across the stage clad only in exquisitely revealing pink crepe-de-Chine camiknickers." <mask> remained a member of the Aldwych company for the next six years, playing roles written expressly for her in six farces by Ben Travers and two by others. She played Kitty Stratton in Thark (1927), Joan Hewlett in Plunder (1929), Betty Ramsbotham in A Cup of Kindness (1930), Cora Mellish in A Night Like This (1930), Doris Chataway in Marry the Girl (1930 – by George Arthurs and Arthur Miller), Rose Adair in Turkey Time (1931) and Peggy Croft in Fifty Fifty (1932 – by H. F. Maltby). During this time she married Brigadier Michael Green; the marriage lasted from 1931 until 1951, when they divorced. Most of the farces were adapted for the cinema. Shotter appeared in films of Rookery Nook (1930), Plunder (1931) and A Night Like This (1932), directed by Walls and featuring the principals of the Aldwych company.She was the only member of the stage cast to feature in the 1934 film of Marry the Girl, directed by Maclean Rogers, with Hugh Wakefield, Sonnie Hale and John Deverell in roles played on stage by Walls, Ralph Lynn and Robertson Hare. 1930s and 40s
According to The Times, Shotter was essentially a stage performer, but "like any actress of her generation, she could not afford to ignore Hollywood." She visited America in the mid-1930s and made one film for MGM, Petticoat Fever, a farce featuring Robert Montgomery and Myrna Loy. The film did good business, but Shotter did not greatly care for America, and she returned to England as soon as she could. In addition to adaptations of the Aldwych plays she appeared in more than a dozen other British films through the 1930s, including On Approval with Walls, Hare, Brough and her Aldwych predecessor, Yvonne Arnaud, and Summer Lightning, an adaptation of P G Wodehouse's novel of the same name, co-starring with Lynn. In the West End, Shotter starred in a series of plays, including Wodehouse's Good Morning, Bill, with Lawrence Grossmith, in a 1934 revival. Chase the Ace (1935) was a departure for her: it was not a comedy but a thriller.The role was poorly written, and she returned to comedy in plays including High Temperature at the Duke of York's Theatre, in which, according to Ivor Brown in The Observer, "Miss Winifred Shotter has mainly to be under-clad and over-worried, which she does very prettily." During the Second World War Shotter joined ENSA, entertaining the troops in India and Europe. When BBC television transmissions resumed in 1946 she was appointed as one of three announcers, together with Jasmine Bligh and McDonald Hobley. Later years
After her divorce from her first husband in 1951, Shotter remarried the following year. Her second husband was the actor Gilbert Davis (1899–1983), whom she had first met in Hollywood. After this she wound her career down. She made her last film in 1955, playing Mrs Swayne in John and Julie.Her later West End appearances included the role of Barbara Fane in a 1954 revival of Ian Hay's 1936 comedy, Housemaster, with Jack Hulbert. The Manchester Guardian observed that Shotter "gives the final touch of pre-war mood to the comedy". Her last stage play was a farce, Caught Napping, at the Piccadilly Theatre in 1959. Shotter and her husband settled in Switzerland in a house at Montreux, overlooking Lake Geneva. After his death she returned to England, where she died aged 91 at Redhill in Surrey. She had no children from either marriage. Filmography

 Rookery Nook (1930) – Rhoda Marley
 On Approval (1930) – Helen Hayle
 Plunder (1930) – Joan Hewlett
 The Chance of a Night Time (1931) – Pauline Gay
 Mischief (1931) – Diana Birkett
 A Night Like This (1932) – Cora Mellish
 Jack's the Boy (1932) – Ivy
 The Love Contract (1932) – Antoinette
 Summer Lightning (1933) – Millicent Keable
 Sorrell and Son (1933) – Molly Pentreath
 Up to the Neck (1933) – April Dawne

 Night of the Garter (1933) – Gwen Darling
 Just My Luck (1933) – Peggy Croft
 Lilies of the Field (1934) – Betty Beverley
 D'Ye Ken John Peel?(1935) – Lucy Merrall
 The Rocks of Valpre (1935) – Christine Wyndham
 Marry the Girl (1935) – Doris Chattaway
 Petticoat Fever (1936) – Clara Wilson
 His Lordship Regrets (1938) – Mary / Mabel
 Candles at Nine (1944) – Brenda Tempest – Cecil's Wife
 The Body Said No! (1950) – TV Announcer
 John and Julie (1955) – Mrs. Swayne
Source: British Film Institute. References

External links

1904 births
1996 deaths
Aldwych farce
Actresses from London
English film actresses
20th-century English actresses

masks:
Winifred Florence Shotter
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<mask> (5 April 1472 – 31 December 1510) was the queen of Germany and Italy, and empress of the Holy Roman Empire as the third spouse of Maximilian I. She was the eldest legitimate daughter of Duke <mask> of Milan by his second wife, Bona of Savoy. Early life
<mask> was born in Pavia as the eldest daughter of Duke <mask> of Milan, by his second wife, Bona of Savoy. She was named after her paternal grandmother, <mask>. When <mask> was not yet five years old, her father was assassinated inside the Church of Santo Stefano in Milan on 26 December 1476, which was the Feast Day of St. Stephen. He was stabbed to death by three high-ranking officials of the Milanese court. On 6 January 1474 the 21-month-old <mask> married her first cousin Duke Philibert I of Savoy, the son of her uncle Amadeus IX of Savoy, and Yolande of France.Duke Philibert I died in the spring of 1482, leaving <mask> a widow at the age of ten. She returned to Milan, under the tutelage of her uncle Ludovico Il Moro, who cared little about her education and allowed her to indulge her own interests, mainly needlework. On 31 July 1485, the engagement between <mask> and John Corvinus, the only (though illegitimate) son of King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, was formally announced. With this marriage, the Hungarian ruler wanted to secure his son's future inheritance of Hungary and Bohemia and to make him Duke of Austria. The marriage by proxy was signed on 25 November 1487, and according to the terms of the contract, <mask> received several Hungarian counties. However, due to the opposition and intrigues of Queen Beatrix, wife of King Matthias, the formal marriage never took place. In March 1492 a marriage between <mask> and King James IV of Scotland was considered, but the idea was soon abandoned.Queen and empress
On 16 March 1494 in Hall, Tyrol, <mask> married her second husband, the widowed King Maximilian I of Germany. <mask>'s second marriage was arranged by her uncle, who wanted recognition and the title of duke confirmed by Maximilian; in exchange, Maximilian received a large dowry along with <mask>, 400,000 ducats. Her magnificent retinue on her way to her wedding aroused much attention. At her wedding, <mask> wore a bodice "with eighty pieces of the jeweler's art pinned thereon, with each piece consisting of one ruby and four pearls". Maximilian's claim to overlordship of Milan angered Anne of France, regent for her brother King Charles VIII of France, and brought about French intervention in Italy, thus inaugurating the lengthy Italian Wars. The union was unhappy: shortly after the consummation of the marriage, Maximilian complained that <mask> may have been more beautiful than his first wife, Duchess Mary of Burgundy, but was not as wise. It was impossible for the young bride to win the affection of her husband, who considered her too uneducated, talkative, naive, wasteful with money, and careless.She very much liked her stepchildren Philip the Handsome and Margaret, but, as was remarked by Hermann Wiesflecker, <mask> remained "all her life a child who played while sitting on the floor" and was criticized for forgetting her dignity position as Maximilian's wife. According to Daniel Unterholzner, although there was early rumours of pregnancies, <mask> apparently could not become pregnant (the time she shared with Maximilian was already little, due to his busy schedule, and decreased more and more). The reasons for this were not certain, although she seemed to be angry with her doctor Battista Baldironi for this problem. Maximilian had always concentrated on the children of his first marriage in terms of succession politics from the beginning, despite this policy was very risky as he had only one male child, Philip (after whose early death in 1506, he would concentrate on Karl and Ferdinand, his grandsons). Her childlessness made <mask> lose one of her important areas of responsibility as the female head of their family. <mask> had her own court of 150–200 people and she was considered extravagant, but Maximilian did not let her get control of her own finances and thus one minute she lived in luxury and the next her court was a show of poverty. After 1500, Maximilian lost all interest in <mask>.She lived with her own court of Milanese people in various castles in Tyrol. On several occasions he left her behind as security when he could not pay for his rooms on trips (although this is disputed by historian Sabine Weiss, according to whom she was only left behind if it was related to her own debt). Maximilian took the title of emperor-elect of the Holy Roman Empire in 1508, making <mask> empress. Empress <mask> died at Innsbruck on 31 December 1510. She was buried at Stams. Her husband did not attend her funeral or even dedicate a gravestone to her. Recent research though indicates that <mask> was an educated woman who had a political role as a mediator for different kinds of agenda both involving Ludovico Sforza and Maximilian.Unterholzner notes that while the emperor did not love her and sent few letters (an 1499 letter explained the reason Maximilian did not come to the defence of her uncle Ludovico; another, sent in 1504, informed her of his victory against the Kufstein fortress), there was contact between them and he supported her rights in numerous cases, notably concerning her preces primariae. In 1503, <mask> was persuaded by the pseudo-mystic of Augsburg, Anna Laminit (who claimed to be a "hunger saint" and had managed to dupe even her husband Maximilian), to lead a penitent procession with the city's leading officials – probably the largest one the city had ever seen. Later Laminit's fraud would be exposed by Maximilian's younger sister Kunigunde in October 1512. In 1514, Maximilian expelled Laminit  from Augsburg. After continuing to engage in fraudulent behaviours, she was condemned as a witch and executed by drowning. According to Nicole Riegel, after <mask>'s death in 1510, building activities for Maximilian's imperial residence project (which had been ongoing for almost two decades) in Innsbruck completely ceased, suggesting that the project was tied to their marriage. Only after 1506, when the Hungarian double wedding happened with the appearance of the two brides Mary and Anne, new reparations began again.In arts and media

La Bella Principessa is attributed by several scholars to be a portrait of <mask> by Leonardo da Vinci. <mask> is the main character of the 2019 musical Schattenkaiserin (The shadow empress) by Jürgen Tauber und Oliver Ostermann. The musical received three nominations for the German Musical Theater Price 2020/2021 (due to the coronavirus crisis, the price covers both the 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 seasons) for composition, stage design and costume and won the prize for stage design. Notes

References and literature

  and

External links

 <mask> <mask> at the aeiou Encyclopedia
 Portrait of <mask> Sforza at the National Gallery

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1472 births
1510 deaths
Nobility from Milan
<mask> Sforza
<mask> Sforza
<mask> Sforza
Italian queens consort
<mask>
<mask> Sforza
<mask> Sforza
16th-century Italian nobility
Austrian royal consorts
15th-century Italian women
15th-century women of the Holy Roman Empire
16th-century women of the Holy Roman Empire
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
Remarried royal consorts

masks:
Bianca Maria Sforza
Galeazzo Maria Sfoa
Bianca
Galeazzo Maria Sfoa
Bianca Maria Visconti
Bianca
Bianca
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<mask><mask> (born March 13, 1942) is an American businessman, former consultant to several Secretaries and Deputy Secretaries of Defense, advisor to the Edgar M. Bronfman family, executive vice president and corporate officer of the Seagram Company, advisor to the President's Advisory Commission on Holocaust Assets, and secretary general of the World Jewish Congress. He was the youngest person to be appointed commissioner on the Gates Commission (All-Volunteer Armed Force). <mask>' career has specialized in "fixing" institutions – governmental, business, and not-for-profit – with strategic planning and management consulting. Background
Son of Nathaniel and <mask> of Pittsfield, Massachusetts. <mask> earned his AB from Tufts in 1964 and his JD degree from Georgetown University Law Center in 1972. He has lived in Boston, D.C., Geneva, New York City, Tokyo, London, Seoul, Miami, and currently resides in Western North Carolina. Early political career (1967–1977)
After college and prior to starting law school, <mask> worked as research assistant for Massachusetts Attorney General Edward Brooke's successful campaign for the U.S. Senate (1966).In 1967, <mask> was hired as a Congressional staffer in Washington. It was there that <mask> developed his work on addressing the inequities of the military draft. His work on Capitol Hill led to his providing research and editorial assistance to the publication of "How to End the Draft – The Case for an All-Volunteer Army". The book received national and international attention and subsequently, <mask> was appointed to the President's Commission on An All-Volunteer Armed Force (Gates Commission). <mask> was the youngest Commissioner to receive the appointment, being only 27 years of age. He served alongside noted economists Milton Friedman and Alan Greenspan. Subsequently, hired as the special assistant to the Assistant Secretary of Defense of Manpower and Reserve Affairs in the Department of Defense, he helped implement the transition to an All-Volunteer Armed Force at the senior level.He also authored the study (1974) which gave the acting Secretary of Defense the information used to reverse Army decisions deliberately undermining achieving the All-Volunteer Force. In 1974, following his work as special assistant at the Department of Defense, <mask> was hired by Donald H. Rumsfeld, then chief of staff to President Gerald Ford. Following his role in the Presidential Personnel Office, he moved to Geneva as Counsel to the Head of the US Delegation to the Multilateral Trade Negotiations (then GATT) in the Office of the Special Representative for Trade Negotiations. In 1976 he moved back to the Pentagon under Rumsfeld. <mask> was named The Special Assistant to the Secretary and Deputy Secretary of Defense, a position equivalent to other departments' Chief of Staff. While employed in the private sector, <mask> was called back to public service several times. In 1981, he served as an unpaid consultant to assist in transitions for Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, in 1989 for Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney, and then again in 2001 for Secretary Donald Rumsfeld.During these transitions, Herbits developed job requirements and objectives for key Department of Defense Presidential Appointments and helped recruit and screen candidates. Rumsfeld brought <mask> back to the Department of Defense immediately following the attacks of September 11th, 2001 to work on, among other tasks, special projects regarding internal mission development and organizational change as a result of the attacks. In this context, Herbits helped design and create a system of civilian review and succession planning for senior military officers, a project subsequently studied and published by the RAND Corporation. On several occasions between 1969 and 1977, Herbits did project work with one of the earliest political consulting firms in the country – Bailey, Deardourff. Corporate career (1977–1997)
In 1977, <mask> was hired by the spirits and wine company, Seagram Company Ltd., a Fortune 150 Corporation. He was tasked with developing and implementing strategies for various subsidiaries. Between 1977 and 1983, <mask> held many positions in the company, including vice president of Seagram Overseas Sales Company in Tokyo, vice president of Seagram Europe in London, president of Browne Vintners in New York, and president of Seagram Wine Company in the United States.In 1983, <mask> was promoted to vice president of corporate development and then promoted again in 1986 with the added role of external affairs. During this period, <mask>, in the additional role of chef de cabinet to Seagram Chairman and President of the World Jewish Congress, Edgar M. Bronfman, helped prepare for and traveled to meetings with world leaders. "He [<mask>] sat at the intersection of Mr. Bronfman's corporate, World Jewish Congress and other philanthropic roles." <mask> became a corporate officer and
an executive vice president of corporate policy and external affairs from 1989 to his retirement in 1997. Equivalence Campaign
In 1985, while <mask> was vice president of corporate development at Seagram, a hefty tax was raised on liquor, significantly widening the gap with taxes for other beverage alcohol. In response, <mask> led a campaign known as "Equivalence" to educate consumers that a 12 oz can of beer, 5 oz glass of wine and a  oz shot of spirits all contain the same kind and amount of alcohol. This campaign received national and international media attention and was successful as the gap began to close during the years that followed.On Retirement from Seagram
On retirement, <mask> formed The Herbits Group, LLC as a business consulting entity. In that capacity, he has worked for several domestic and international companies, the RAND Corporation, and the Department of Defense. Political career (1981–present)

In addition to his return to the Pentagon on several occasions through early 2004, <mask> became a vocal proponent of Hillary Clinton and donated to her 2000 and 2006 Senate campaigns and her 2004 and 2016 presidential campaigns. He was selected to serve on Clinton's Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Task Force, a steering committee that recruited many of the most powerful LGBT citizens in the nation. He supported Obama/Biden in 2008 and 2012, including volunteering as an official poll worker for the election. He again supported Clinton in 2016 and Biden in 2020 and undertook several transition projects in support of the Biden/Harris race. Among other efforts, <mask> has used a substantial portion of a donor-advised account to support 501(c)(3) efforts to assure a fair election.World Jewish Congress
Following his departure from the Defense Department in 2004, <mask> was brought into the World Jewish Congress by Edgar Bronfman, its president, because of public allegations that there were financial irregularities within the organization. <mask> was charged with the responsibility of "fixing [the] entity", as he had done for Bronfman in other areas in the past. Shortly after <mask> arrived, the New York State Attorney General's office opened up its own investigation into the financial irregularities. <mask> managed the WJC’s responses to the NYS Assistant Attorney General for Charities and led the WJC to adopt a new charter, by-laws, governance structure, and financial controls. <mask> spent three years as its secretary general, the group's most senior professional staff position. He eventually negotiated a satisfactory Assurance of Discontinuance with the New York State Attorney's office. Following the retirement of Edgar Bronfman, Sr. after 25 years as President, <mask> agreed to stay on for several months to assist in the transition of the incoming president.The City of Miami

Periodically, from 2004 through 2017, <mask> volunteered with a group of citizens to hold the City of Miami to the requirements of State law and regulations and county and city ordinances, rules and regulations in the approval and permitting of projects on the City’s waterfront property. Philanthropy
Herbits volunteered for Gay Men's Health Crisis (known as GMHC) in the 1980s, the earliest and foremost AIDS service organization in America. He then served as treasurer and was subsequently asked to take over as President of the Board of AIDS Action Council, the policy and lobbying organization representing the AIDS service organizations across the U.S. <mask> also served in a number of different capacities for several national, New York City and Miami AIDS organizations, such as the National Task Force on AIDS (1986). <mask> was one of the original supporters of GLAAD (the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation) in 1986–1987 and worked with organizations such as Save DADE (1999–2002) and a founding Board member and treasurer of Youth Expressions, Inc., an after-school program for at-risk youth in Miami’s Haitian Community (2000–2006). He has provided substantial pro bono planning and strategic advice to a wide range of LGBT organizations. Further reading
<mask>' writings and activities regarding the all-volunteer armed force, including correspondence, reports, memoranda, notes, and printed matter are organized and researchable at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, California. The following publications and books discuss Herbits regarding his involvement in the All-Volunteer Force:

Other books where Herbits is mentioned:

References

External links

Businesspeople from Massachusetts
Politicians from Pittsfield, Massachusetts
Jewish American government officials
Georgetown University Law Center alumni
LGBT rights activists from the United States
1942 births
Living people
Seagram
21st-century American Jews

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Stephen E
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<mask>, D.D. (February 27, 1830 – April 18, 1897) was an American Presbyterian pastor, Christian leader and author. Dr. <mask> led congregations in Ohio and Missouri during a career spanning 43 years. He became a leader among his peers in the Niagara Bible Conference which led to editing The Truth: or, Testimony for Christ, a periodical. His legacy is also found in the many books, booklets and tracts he produced. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Pulaski, Tennessee, February 27, 1830, into a family descending on both sides from clergymen. When he was very young, his father, also a Presbyterian minister, died.<mask> made his way to Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, where he graduated in 1853. He had brief studies at the Princeton Theological Seminary where he refused financial assistance. When he "was compelled to stop his theological studies on account of lack of means," he returned to Ohio. After becoming established in Saint Louis, he received the honorary Doctor of Divinity in 1864 from both the University of Missouri and Westminster College. Ministry and leadership
Soon after returning to Ohio, on April 20, 1854, <mask> <mask> was ordained and installed as the pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in Dayton. Soon he received a call to the Second Presbyterian Church in St. Louis, preaching there for the first time on February 18, 1858. A new congregation was "colonized" in 1864 by members from Second Presbyterian to a location at Walnut & 16th Streets where a new edifice was built.<mask> became the pastor of the resulting Walnut Street Presbyterian Church. This congregation relocated in 1879 to a new church building at the corner of Washington and Compton streets, becoming the Washington and Compton Presbyterian Church, where <mask> remained until his death on Easter Sunday, April 18, 1897. Brookes had a deep knowledge of the Bible's original languages, an excellent memory, and continually read and studied the Bible. He believed the Bible to be perfect, inerrant, and therefore infallible and immutable. This remarkable knowledge was coupled with his ability to communicate in a highly effective manner. Benjamin B. Warfield, then professor of theology at Princeton Seminary, wrote of Brookes: "Large in figure, commanding in carriage, fluent and forceful in speech, fired with intense convictions, infused with emotion, whether in pulpit or on platform his oratory not only caught the attention but dominated the feelings and controlled the convictions of his audience ... [He had] the voice of a lion and the vehemence of an Elijah ... His was no anæmic (sic) Christianity." Dispensationalist and Premillennialist
Brookes was a premillennialist, believing that nowhere in the New Testament is there "so much as a hint of the millennium .. . preceding the personal [Second] coming of Christ." During this thousand year period, Christ will reign and "Israel will see the fulfillment of its covenants that were unconditionally promised in the Old Testament." The millennium will follow the "resurrection and rapture" of believers and a period of "culminating wickedness" before Christ returns with his church to reign over the earth. <mask> <mask> was considered a "founding father" of dispensationalism in the United States along with men like Dwight L. Moody, Adoniram Judson Gordon, C. I. Scofield, William Eugene Blackstone, and Arno C. Gaebelein. In the foreword to the Dictionary of Premillennial Theology, Mal Couch writes "Not all premillennialists are dispensationalists, but all dispensationalists are premillennialists." Among their beliefs, dispensationalists hold that the Bible is inerrant, verbally inspired, and must be consistently interpreted with a normal literal-grammatical-historical hermeneutic, views that were foundational for Brookes. <mask> led the Niagara Bible Conference for many years which "helped to spread Dispensationalism across America."Premillennial and dispensational beliefs became incorporated in the 1878 confession of faith (Niagara Creed) that was largely written by Brookes and adopted by the Niagara Bible Conference. Writings
Dr. <mask> was a prolific author, writing more than 200 books, booklets, tracts and journal articles. He was a well-known Bible teacher and the editor of The Truth or Testimony for Christ, a periodical which served, along with the journal Watchword, as the official organ of the premillennial movement until his death in 1897. Many of <mask>'s writings are available digitally and as reprints. Following are a sample. An Outline of the Books of the Bible (n.d.)
 Bible Reading on the Second Coming of Christ (n.d.)
 Chaff and Wheat. A defense of verbal inspiration (1891)
 Did Jesus Rise?A book written to aid honest skeptics (n.d.)
 From Death Unto Life; or, The Sinner Saved (n.d.)
 God Spake All These Words (1895)
 Gospel Hymns (1871)
 He Is Not Here: the Resurrection of Christ (1896)
 How to be Saved: or, The sinner directed to the Saviour (1864)
 "I Am Coming"  (1895)
 In Memoriam: Hamilton Rowan Gamble, Governor of Missouri (1864)
 Is the Bible Inspired? (n.d.)
 Is the Bible True? (1877)
 Israel and the Church, the terms distinguished as found in the word of God (n.d.)
 Life through the Living One (1891)
 May Christians Dance? (1869)
 Maranatha: or The Lord Commeth (1889)
 Present Truth: being the testimony of the Holy Ghost on the second coming of the Lord, the divinity of Christ and the personality of the Holy Ghost (1877)
 The Bible Under Fire
 The Christ (1893)
 The Holy Spirit (n.d.)
 The Mystery of Suffering (1890)
 The Way Made Plain (n.d.)
 Till he Come (1891)

Family
In 1854, after returning from his brief study at Princeton Theological Seminary and accepting the call to ministry at First Presbyterian Church of Dayton, Ohio, <mask> married Susan Ann Oliver. They had five daughters. Etta Oliver Brookes lived from 1856 to 1872. Susan Mary <mask> (1861–1936) married Selden P. Spencer, who became a U.S.Senator. Sarah Lacy <mask> (1864–1886) married Ethelbert Dudley Warfield, who became president of Miami University. Judith Bertha <mask> (1866–1905) married Harry French Knight, a St. Louis financier. Olive J<mask> (1872–1930) married David Riddle Williams who authored the 1897 James H. Brookes: A Memoir. Olive's second husband was Rev. Harris H. Gregg. Dr. <mask> died in 1897 on Easter Sunday; his wife, Susan, died in 1910.Both Dr. and Mrs. <mask> along with all of their children except Judith are buried at Bellefontaine Cemetery, Saint Louis, Missouri. Brookes Bible College
The Saint Louis Bible Training School for Lay Workers was established in Saint Louis in 1909. Subsequently, the school was renamed in honor of Dr. <mask>. It was known as Brookes Bible Institute for many years. Following its accreditation, the name was changed to Brookes Bible College. The college is now located in Saint Ann, Missouri, a suburb of Saint Louis. References

External links

1830 births
1897 deaths
American Presbyterian ministers
American religious writers
19th-century American clergy

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James Hall Brookes
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Jongumsobomvu <mask> (1798–1873) was a Xhosa chief and a commander of the Xhosa forces during the Cape Frontier Wars. Born in the Right Hand House of the Xhosa Kingdom, he was the older brother of Chief Mgolombane Sandile and nephew to King Hintsa. In 1818, he commanded the forces of his father, Ngqika, who seemingly was trying to overthrow the government and become the king of the Xhosa nation. In 1829, he moved to the so-called neutral zone to take land but was expelled by the British troops. Early life
Born on in the right hand house of the Xhosa Kingdom , <mask> was the oldest son of Chief Ngqika. Throughout his life, he was opposed to his father's strategy of ceding land to the Cape Colony; as a result, in 1822, he went back into the Neutral Zone in order to establish his own chiefdom. Sixth Xhosa War

The Sixth War is known as Hintsa's War by the Xhosa.However, Hintsa did not instigate the war and, although he gave support to the Xhosa armies which were involved, it was Chief <mask> who was the primary leader of the Xhosa forces. Background
On the Cape's eastern border (now the Keiskamma River) insecurity persisted. Particularly as the Xhosa on the other side of the border were under considerable pressure from forces further east such as the effects of the expanding Zulu Empire. Although highly unstable, the frontier region was seeing increasing amounts of cultural diversity, with Europeans, Khoikhoi and Xhosa living and trading throughout the frontier region. Outbreak
Local Cape responses to the Xhosa cattle raids varied, but in some cases were drastic and violent. On 11 December 1834, a Cape government commando party killed a chief of high rank, incensing the Xhosa: an army of 10,000 men, led by <mask>, swept across the frontier into the Cape Colony, pillaged and burned the homesteads and killed all who resisted. Among the worst sufferers was a colony of freed Khoikhoi who, in 1829, had been settled in the Kat River valley by the British authorities.Refugees from the farms and villages took to the safety of Grahamstown, where women and children found refugee in the church
In the cape

British campaign
The response was swift and multi-faceted. Boer commandos mobilised under Piet Retief and inflicted a defeat on the Xhosa in the Winterberg Mountains in the north. Burgher and Khoi commandos also mobilised, and British Imperial troops arrived via Algoa Bay. The British governor, Sir Benjamin d'Urban mustered the combined forces under Colonel Sir Harry Smith, who reached Grahamstown on 6 January 1835, six days after news of the uprising had reached Cape Town. It was from Grahamstown that the retaliatory campaign was launched and directed. The campaign inflicted a string of defeats on the Xhosa, such as at Trompetter's Drift on the Fish River, and most of the Xhosa chiefs surrendered. However <mask> and Tyali (the other major Xhosa leader) retreated to the fastnesses of the Amatola Mountains.The treaty
British governor Sir Benjamin d'Urban believed that Hintsa ka Khawuta, King of the Gcaleka Xhosa, commanded authority over all of the Xhosa tribes and therefore held him responsible for the initial attack on the Cape Colony, and for the looted cattle. D'Urban came to the frontier in December 1834, and led a large force across the Kei river to confront Hintsa at his residence and dictate terms to him. The terms dictated that all the country from the Cape's prior frontier, the Keiskamma River, as far as the Great Kei River was annexed as the British "Queen Adelaide Province", and its inhabitants declared British subjects. A site for the seat of province's government was selected and named King William’s Town. The new province was declared to be for the settlement of loyal tribes, rebel tribes who replaced their leadership, and the Fengu (known to the Europeans as the "Fingo people"), who had recently arrived fleeing from the Zulu armies and had been living under Xhosa subjection. Magistrates were appointed to administer the territory in the hope that they would gradually, with the help of missionaries, undermine tribal authority. Hostilities finally died down on 17 September 1836, after having continued for nine months.Eighth Xhosa War

Background
Large numbers of Xhosa were displaced across the Keiskamma by Governor Harry Smith, and these refugees supplemented the original inhabitants there, causing overpopulation and hardship. Those Xhosa who remained in the colony were moved to towns and encouraged to adopt European culture. Harry Smith also attacked and annexed the independent Orange Free State, hanging the Boer resistance leaders, and in the process alienating the Burghers of the Cape Colony. To cover the mounting expenses he then imposed exorbitant taxes on the local people of the frontier and cut the Cape's standing forces to less than five thousand men. In June 1850 there followed an unusually cold winter, together with an extreme drought. It was at this time that Smith ordered the displacement of large numbers of Xhosa squatters from the Kat River region. The Outbreak of War (December 1850)
Governor Sir Harry Smith travelled to meet with the prominent chiefs after unrest in the Xhosa nation.When Sandile refused to attend a meeting outside Fort Cox, Governor Smith deposed him and declared him a fugitive. On 24 December, a British detachment of 650 men under Colonel Mackinnon was ambushed by Xhosa warriors in the Boomah Pass. The party was forced to retreat to Fort White, under heavy fire from the Xhosa, having sustained forty-two casualties. The very next day, during Christmas festivities in towns throughout the border region, apparently friendly Xhosa entered the towns to partake in the festivities. At a given signal though, they fell upon the settlers who had invited them into their homes and killed them. With this attack, the bulk of the Ngqika joined the war. Initial Xhosa victories
While the Governor was still at Fort Cox, the Xhosa forces advanced on the colony, isolating him there.The Xhosa burned British military villages along the frontier, and captured the post at Line Drift. Meanwhile, the Khoi of the Blinkwater River Valley and Kat River Settlement revolted, under the leadership of a half-Khoi, half-Xhosa chief Hermanus Matroos, and captured Fort Armstrong. Large numbers of the "Kaffir Police" — a paramilitary police force the British had established to combat cattle theft — deserted their posts and joined Xhosa war parties. For a while, it appeared that the Khoi people of the in Xhosaland were also fighting and taking up arms against the British. Harry Smith finally fought his way out of Fort Cox with the help of the local Cape Mounted Riflemen, but found that he had alienated most of his local allies. His policies had made enemies of the Burghers and Boer Commandos, the Fengu, and the Khoi, who formed much of the Cape's local defences. Even some of the Cape Mounted Riflemen refused to fight.British counter-attack (Jan 1851)
After  these initial successes, however, the Xhosa experienced a series of setbacks. Xhosa forces were repulsed in separate attacks on Fort White and Fort Hare. Similarly, on 7 January, Hermanus and his supporters launched an offensive on the town of Fort Beaufort, which was defended by a small detachment of troops and local volunteers. The attack failed however, and Hermanus was killed. The Cape Government also eventually agreed to levy a force of local gunmen (predominantly Khoi) to hold the frontier, allowing Smith to free some imperial troops for offensive action. British reinforcements
By the end of January, the British were beginning to receive reinforcements from Cape Town and a force under Colonel Mackinnon was able to successfully drive north from King William's Town to resupply the beleaguered garrisons at Fort White, Fort Cox and Fort Hare. With fresh men and supplies, the British expelled the remainder of Hermanus' rebel forces (now under the command of Willem Uithaalder) from Fort Armstrong and drove them west toward the Amatola Mountains.Over the coming months, increasing numbers of Imperial troops arrived, reinforcing the heavily outnumbered British and allowing Smith to lead sweeps across the frontier country. In 1852, HMS Birkenhead was wrecked at Gansbaai while bringing reinforcements to the war at the request of Sir Harry Smith. As the ship sank, the men (mostly new recruits) stood silently in rank, while the women and children were loaded into the lifeboats. They remained in rank as the ship slipped under and over 300 died. Final stages of the conflict

Insurgents led by Maqoma established themselves in the forested Waterkloof. From this base they managed to plunder surrounding farms and torch the homesteads. Maqoma's stronghold was situated on Mount Misery, a natural fortress on a narrow neck wedged between the Waterkloof and Harry's Kloof.The Waterkloof conflicts lasted two years. Maqoma also killed Colonel Fort Fordyce and inflicted heavy losses on the forces of Sir Harry Smith. In February 1852, the British Government decided that Sir Harry the feet  inept rule had been responsible for much of the violence, and ordered him replaced by George Cathcart, who took charge in March. For the last 6 months, the man of foot town  ordered scourings of the countryside for rebels. In February 1853, Sandile and the other chiefs surrendered. The 8th frontier war was the most bitter and brutal in the series of Xhosa wars. It lasted over two years and ended in the complete subjugation of the Ciskei Xhosa.Imprisonment
<mask> was twice prisoner at Robben Island. During the first term, he was allowed company with his wife and son. However, on the second term, at the age of seventy-three, he was sent there alone. A visiting Anglican chaplain witnessed his last moments in 1873, when he "cried bitterly, before dying of old age and dejection". See also
Makana (prophet)
Xhosa Wars
Hintsa kaKhawuta

References

Xhosa people
African warriors
1873 deaths

1798 births

masks: Maqoma Maqoma Maqoma Maqoma Maqoma Maqoma


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<mask> of Simmern, the Pious, Elector Palatine of the Rhine (14 February 1515 – 16 October 1576) was a ruler from the house of Wittelsbach, branch Palatinate-Simmern-Sponheim. He was a son of John II of Simmern and inherited the Palatinate from the childless Elector Otto-Henry, Elector Palatine (Ottheinrich) in 1559. He was a devout convert to Calvinism, and made the Reformed confession the official religion of his domain by overseeing the composition and promulgation of the Heidelberg Catechism. His support of Calvinism gave the German Reformed movement a foothold within the Holy Roman Empire. Life

<mask> was strictly educated in the Catholic faith at his father's court and at Cologne, but, influenced by his wife, the pious princess Maria of Brandenburg, whom he married in 1537, he followed the Reformation, and in 1546 made a public profession of his faith. He succeeded his father John II as duke of Simmern on 18 May 1557, and became elector on 12 February 1559, on the death of Otto Henry. Under his predecessor strict Lutherans like Tilemann Heshusius, Melanchthonians, and Calvinists had found a place in the Palatinate.In the summer of 1559 bitter controversies arose among them. Theses on the Lord's Supper prepared by the Heidelberg deacon Wilhelm Klebitz provoked a bitter controversy between him and Heshusius. When efforts at mediation failed <mask> deposed both men on 16 September 1559. To get a clear understanding of the controversy <mask> spent days and nights in theological studies and was thus led more and more to the Reformed confession. A disputation held in June 1560 between the Saxon theologians Johann Stössel and Joachim Mörlin and the Heidelbergers Pierre Boquin, Thomas Erastus, and Paul Einhorn increased <mask>'s dislike for the Lutheran zealots. After the Naumburg Convention (January 1561) <mask> fully adopted the Reformed dogmas. In March 1561 he invited Emmanuel Tremellius to Heidelberg, and in September the famous Zacharius Ursinus.The whole Church was now transformed. Caspar Olevianus had been there since January 1560. Images of the saints, vestments, baptismal fonts, and other "idolatrous works," even organs, were ruthlessly removed from the churches. In the celebration of the Lord's Supper the breaking of bread was introduced. The revenues from monasteries and foundations were confiscated and applied to Evangelical church purposes or charity. The Heidelberg Catechism, prepared by a committee of theologians and ministers likely led by Ursinus, now served as the norm of doctrine and for the instruction of the youth. The church order of 15 November 1563 and the consistory order of 1564 consolidated the changes.The opposition of ministers inclining to Lutheranism was suppressed by their dismissal. Among the Lutherans, <mask>'s measures caused a great sensation. The religious colloquy held at Maulbronn in April 1564 increased the animosity. In 1565 the Emperor Maximilian ordered the changes to be annulled. A unanimous decree of the 1566 Diet of Augsburg also demanded the abolition of the changes. <mask>, however, declared in the 14 May session of the Diet that a matter was concerned over which God alone has the rule, and if it was intended to proceed against him, he would find comfort in the promises of his Saviour. The decree was not carried out.After completing the work of reform in the Rhine Palatinate, <mask> endeavored to continue it in the Upper Palatinate; but here he was resisted by the zealous Lutheran estates. He continued his work of reform on the Rhine by introducing in 1570 a strict church discipline. <mask> pronounced the sentence of death on the Antitrinitarian Johann Sylvan based on the opinion signed by Olevianus, Ursinus, and Boquin, on 23 December 1572. In 1562 <mask> gave Frankenthal as a refuge to the Evangelicals driven from the Netherlands. He sent his like-minded son Johann Casimir in 1567 and again in 1576 to France in aid of the Huguenots. In 1569 he assisted also Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken on his way to France. <mask>'s last years were troubled by domestic afflictions.As his older son Louis was a strict Lutheran, he could not hope that after his death his work would be carried out in his own spirit. Family and children
<mask> was married twice. Firstly, he married in 1537  Marie of Brandenburg-Kulmbach (1519 – 1567), daughter of Casimir, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth and Susanna of Bavaria. Their children were:
 Alberta (4 April 1538 – 19 March 1553)
 Louis VI, Elector Palatine (4 July 1539 – 22 October 1583)
 Elisabeth (30 June 1540 – 8 February 1594), married in 1558 to Duke <mask> II of Saxony
 Hermann Ludwig (6 October 1541 – 1 July 1556)
 Johann Casimir (7 March 1543 – 16 January 1592); married: 1570 Elisabeth of Saxony (18 October 1552 - 2 April 1590)
 Dorothea Susanne (15 November 1544 – 8 April 1592), married in 1560 to John William, Duke of Saxe-Weimar
 Albert (30 September 1546 – 30 April 1547)
 Anna Elisabeth (23 July 1549 – 20 September 1609), married:
 in 1569 to Landgrave Philipp II of Hesse-Rheinfels;
 in 1599 to Count Palatine John August of Veldenz
 Christof (13 June 1551 – 14 April 1574)
 Karl (28 December 1552 – 12 September 1555)
 Kunigunde Jakobäa (9 October 1556 – 26 January 1586), married in 1580 to Count John VI of Nassau-Dillenburg

Secondly, he married in 1569 Amalia of Neuenahr ( 1539 – 1602), but this marriage was childless. He died in 1576, and was succeeded as Elector Palatine by his son Louis VI. <mask> had carved out a territory from the Lower Palatine land dubbed "Pfalz-Lautern" for his second surviving son Johann Casimir as an enclave to enable the continued existence of the Reformed faith. Johann Casimir would serve as regent for the Electorate of the Palatinate upon Louis VI's death and would oversee the return of the Reformed faith to the Palatinate.Literature

Ancestors

1515 births
1576 deaths
People from Simmern
Converts to Calvinism
German Calvinist and Reformed Christians
House of Palatinate-Simmern
House of Wittelsbach
Prince-electors of the Palatinate

masks:
Frederick III
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick
Frederick III
Johann Frederick
Frederick


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<mask> (born 19 July 1966) is an Italian historian, academic and politician of the Democratic Party (PD), incumbent Mayor of Rome since 2021 and Minister of Economy and Finances in the government of Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte from 2019 until 2021. He previously was a member of the European Parliament from 2009 to 2019, where he chaired the influential Economic and Monetary Affairs Committee within the Parliament from 2014 until 2019. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Rome in 1966. In 1992 he graduated in Literature and Philology at Sapienza University of Rome. In 1997, he obtained a Ph.D in History at the Scuola Superiore di Studi Storici di San Marino. <mask> later became professor of Contemporary history at Sapienza University of Rome, where he had authored several books and articles on twentieth century Italian history and on the history of the European integration. Political career
Since 2001, Gualtieri has been Deputy Director of the Gramsci Institute Foundation.In the same year, he became a member of Democrats of the Left (DS), the main social-democratic political party in Italy, direct heir of the Italian Communist Party. In 2006, Gualtieri was among the founders of the Democratic Party (Congress of Orvieto, October 2006) and he was among the "wise men" who wrote its Manifesto. In 2007 he was elected to the National Assembly of the party and since 2008 he has been a member of its National board, where he was confirmed in 2014. Gualtieri voted against party leader Matteo Renzi in favour of post-communists both in 2013 and 2014 (the year Renzi won the leadership ballot). From 2008 to 2011, Gualtieri served as director (with José Luis Rhi-Sausi) of the "Annual Report on European Integration" (published by Il Mulino). Since 2009, he is a member of the editorial committee of the Foundation "Italianieuropei" . Member of the European Parliament
In 2009, Gualtieri was appointed S&D Group coordinator for the Subcommittee on Security and Defence (SEDE) and standing rapporteur for the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) budget in the Committee on Budgets (BUDG).He was also a full member of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs (AFCO) and substitute of the Committee on Foreign Affairs (AFET). In 2010, he was appointed S&D Group negotiator within the EP negotiating team (with Elmar Brok and Guy Verhofstadt) on the creation of the European External Action Service. In addition to his committee assignments, he was part of the parliament's delegation for relations with the NATO Parliamentary Assembly between 2009 and 2014. In December 2011, Gualtieri was part of the European Parliament negotiating team (with Brok, Verhofstadt and Daniel Cohn-Bendit) for the establishment of the "Fiscal Compact". In October 2012, he was designated "sherpa" negotiator for the European Parliament (with Brok, Verhofstadt and Cohn-Bendit) in the working group set up by Herman Van Rompuy on a Genuine Economic and Monetary Union. In 2013 he was co-rapporteur of  the Report on constitutional problems of a multitier governance in the European Union with Rafał Trzaskowski. In 2013, he participated in the elaboration of the new Treaty for the European Union, with Brok, Verhofstaft, Cohn-Bendit, Andrew Duff and Jo Leinen, promoted by the "Spinelli Group", of which he is a member.From 2013, Gualtieri was member of the Spinelli Group in the European Parliament, and he has been among the authors of the "Fundamental Law of the European Union" (with Elmar Brok, Guy Verhofstadt, Daniel Cohn-Bendit, Andrew Duff and Jo Leinen), published by the Bertelsmann Foundation. Gualtieri led the EU-Election Observer Missions for the parliamentary election in Kosovo in 2014 and the 2013 municipal elections in Kosovo. Following his re-election as an MEP in July 2014, Gualtieri was elected Chairman of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. On the committee, he served as rapporteur of several files, among which the Annual Banking Union report, statistical files, including the appointments of heads and board members of the European Central Bank, the Single Resolution Board, the European Banking Authority, the European Securities and Markets Authority, the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority. He chaired the EP Financial Assistance Working Group, established in 2016 to monitor the implementation of third Greek financial assistance program, and the Committee's Banking Union Working Group. From 2016, Gualtieri was also a member of the Committee of Inquiry to investigate alleged contraventions and maladministration in the application of Union law in relation to money laundering, tax avoidance and tax evasion. In addition, he was a member of the Transatlantic Legislators' Dialogue (TLD), the European Parliament Intergroup on Integrity (Transparency, Anti-Corruption and Organized Crime) and of the European Parliament Intergroup on LGBT Rights.From 2017, Gualtieri served on the Parliament's so-called Brexit Steering Group, which works under the aegis of the Conference of Presidents and to coordinates Parliament's deliberations, considerations and resolutions on the UK's withdrawal from the EU. Within group, he was – together with Guy Verhofstadt and Elmar Brok – one of the Parliament's representatives at the European Council Sherpa meetings on Brexit. Following the 2019 elections, Gualtieri was part of a cross-party working group in charge of drafting the European Parliament's five-year work program on economic and fiscal policies as well as trade. Shortly after, <mask> was elected vice-chair of the S&D Group, under the leadership of chairwoman Iratxe García. Minister of Economy and Finance

In August 2019 tensions grew within the populist government, leading to the issuing of a motion of no-confidence on Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte by the League. After Conte's resignation, the national board of the PD officially opened to the possibility of forming a new cabinet in a coalition with the M5S, based on pro-Europeanism, green economy, sustainable development, fight against economic inequality and a new immigration policy. The party also accepted that Conte may continue at the head of a new government, and on 29 August President Sergio Mattarella formally invested Conte to do so.On 5 September 2019 <mask> was appointed Minister of Economy and Finance. On 26 January 2020, <mask> was picked by the centre-left coalition as its candidate at the incoming by-election in the constituency of Rome Quartiere Trionfale for the Chamber of Deputies. The by-election follows the resignation of Paolo Gentiloni from his seat in the Chamber after his appointment as European Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs in the von der Leyen Commission. In July 2020, <mask>, along with Prime Minister Conte and Minister Vincenzo Amendola, played a key role in one of the longest European Councils in history. After days of harsh confrontations, the European leaders agreed on a new proposal by the President of the Council, Charles Michel, which provided a budget of €750 billion for the so-called Recovery Fund, composed of €390 billion in grants and €360 billion in loans. Italy would benefit from nearly €82 billion in grants and €127 billion in loans. In January 2021, the centrist party Italia Viva withdrew its support for Conte's government.Although Conte was able to win confidence votes in the Parliament in the subsequent days, he chose to resign after failing to reach an absolute majority in the Senate. When negotiations to form Conte's third cabinet failed, the former President of the European Central Bank, Mario Draghi, formed a national unity government, in which Gualtieri was not confirmed as minister. Mayor of Rome
On 9 May 2021, Gualtieri officially announced his candidacy as Mayor of Rome in the upcoming election.<ref>La battaglia per il Campidoglio, Gualtieri si candida a sindaco di Roma: "Farò le primarie". Conte: "M5S compatto su Raggi", la Repubblica</ref> On 18 October, he defeated the centre-right candidate, Enrico Michetti, with 60.2% of votes. He took office on 21 October 2021. Political positions
<mask> is a social democrat and often describes himself as a Keynesian. In 2016, the magazine Politico'' ranked Gualtieri as number 8 among 40 most influential MEPs.Personal life
Gualtieri is married and he has a son. He was once a semi-professional bossa nova musician who accompanied Brazilian singer Rosalia de Souza when she performed in Italy. Other activities

European Union institutions
 European Investment Bank (EIB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2019–2021)
 European Stability Mechanism (ESM), Member of the Board of Governors (2019–2021)

International organizations
 African Development Bank (AfDB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2019–2021)
 Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2019–2021)
 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2019–2021)
 International Monetary Fund (IMF), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors (2019–2021)

Non-profit organizations
 New Pact for Europe, Member of the Advisory Group

Electoral history

First-past-the-post elections

References

External links

1966 births
21st-century Italian politicians
Democratic Party (Italy) MEPs
Democratic Party (Italy) politicians
Italian historians
Living people
MEPs for Italy 2009–2014
MEPs for Italy 2014–2019
MEPs for Italy 2019–2024
Politicians from Rome
Sapienza University of Rome faculty
Conte II Cabinet
Finance ministers of Italy
Mayors of Rome

masks:
Roberto Gualtieri
Gualtieri
Gualtieri
Gualtieri
Gualtieri
Gualtieri
Gualtieri
Gualtieri


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<mask> (born November 12, 1952) is the American founder, president, and sole stockholder of Haas Automation, a CNC machine tool manufacturer. He also has a presence in motorsports, having founded NASCAR team Haas CNC Racing (now known as Stewart-Haas Racing) and the Formula One team, Haas F1 Team. Haas Automation

Haas graduated from California State University, Northridge in 1975 with a Bachelor of Science degree in accounting and finance. He originally majored in engineering but switched to business after Lockheed nearly went bankrupt. After graduation he was unable to find employment that paid more than what he was earning at his summer machine shop job. So, for the next few years he worked as a machinist and CNC programmer. In 1978, he opened Pro-turn Engineering, a small machine shop with two employees.In 1980, <mask> noticed that it took one of his employees a long time to manually position an indexer. <mask> thought that building his own indexer with a stepper motor drive would be more efficient. He built one for himself and few more for other machine shops. In March 1983, he displayed his indexer at WESTEC (an industry expo). After seeing the positive reaction of attendees, he decided to form Haas Automation to mass-produce them. His first commercial product, the HBI-5C (Haas Brothers Indexer), sold well because it was programmable and inexpensive. In 1986, <mask> and a partner were awarded a US patent for their invention.In 1988 Haas started production on a fully enclosed CNC machining center priced well below the competition. Some believed Haas copied or reverse engineered this machine, but at the time existing machines were so hard to use that Haas used them as an example of what not to do. Over time, Haas machine tools became extremely popular, mostly because they were simple, very affordable, and operator-friendly. By 1996, Haas had outgrown its facilities in Chatsworth, California, and began a search that ultimately brought it to Oxnard, California. In March 1997, the move was completed into the Oxnard factory, a  facility. By 2005, the factory had been expanded to . Haas Automation is now the largest machine tool manufacturer in the United States.Sales for 2008 reached a record, reportedly just under $1 billion worldwide. Auto racing

NASCAR

In 2002, <mask> formed a NASCAR race team, Haas CNC Racing. After purchasing the Concord, North Carolina-based Craftsman Truck race facility from Hendrick Motorsports, Haas CNC Racing began work on its first entry in the Winston Cup (now known as the NASCAR Cup Series) Series as a single-car team. The first entry for the new team was September 30, 2002 with driver Jack Sprague, who finished 35th after a crash. The team raced only three times in 2002. By 2003 the team was running full-time with several driver changes over the season. The team won its first race in the then-Busch Series in 2004 with driver Jason Leffler.By 2006 the team had relocated to a new, state-of-the-art facility in Kannapolis, North Carolina, and was fielding a full-time two car team in the Cup Series. At the end of 2008, the team was still struggling with a career-average finish of just under 27th place. Late in 2008, <mask> announced that he would join forces with driver Tony Stewart; Stewart would drive for the team and in return would be given a 50% stake in the company. Stewart led the points for much of 2009, winning four times at Pocono, Daytona, Watkins Glen, and Kansas, ending up sixth in points. Stewart had a mediocre 2010 before picking up wins at Atlanta and Fontana, while Newman won at Phoenix. Stewart won the 2011 Sprint Cup Championship, winning 5 of the 10 Chase races. <mask> was present at the first team win in May 2009 when Stewart won the All-Star Race.<mask> also joined Stewart on the podium at Homestead-Miami Speedway on November 20, 2011, as Stewart won the Ford EcoBoost 400 that day and claimed his third Sprint Cup Championship. <mask> won their second Cup title with Kevin Harvick in 2014. On September 30, 2015, Stewart announced his retirement from the Cup Series as a driver following the 2016 season. The team currently runs cars in the Cup Series for Harvick (No. 4), Chase Briscoe (No. 14), Aric Almirola (No. 10) and Cole Custer (No.41). With Cole Custer's victory at New Hampshire in September 2014, <mask> joined a select club of owners who have won as an owner in all three national touring series, joining Rick Hendrick, Richard Childress, Jack Roush, and Bill Davis. Formula One

In January 2014, <mask> confirmed that he had formally submitted to the FIA his interest in entering a team in the F1 championship in 2015 or 2016, initially named Haas Formula and Haas Racing Developments. On April 11, 2014, <mask> announced that he had been granted a license from the FIA. On May 28, however, it was revealed that the team would delay its debut until 2016, with <mask> officially confirming the postponement on June 4. In September 2014, the team took up its current name of Haas F1 Team to better promote its involvement in the chosen sport. In December 2014, it was further reported that <mask> purchased major assets from the bankrupted Marussia F1 team, which was confirmed in early 2015.Wind Shear wind tunnel

In 2006 planning began for a commercial wind tunnel. Haas commissioned California-based Triliad Development to oversee the project. The facility was designed to be the most advanced automotive wind tunnel in the world. The facility is centered on an MTS rolling road which allows a car to be restrained in place directly on top of a massive tread mill-like machine with a  by  by 1 mm thick stainless steel belt rotating at speeds up to . The rolling road accurately simulates the dynamics of a car on the race track, unlike traditional fixed-floor tunnels. Construction of the new wind tunnel began in 2007 and was completed by year-end. After six months of commissioning, the wind tunnel opened to its first customer, a Formula One race team, in July 2008.Today the Wind Shear facility counts numerous NASCAR, IndyCar, Formula One and American Le Mans Series teams as customers. Wind Shear is owned 100% by Haas. Philanthropic activities
Haas Automation and Haas were the recipient of the Roy Pinkerton Award, presented by United Way, Ventura County Chapter. Many engineering colleges have "CNC Labs" outfitted with machines he donated, including California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly), California State University, Channel Islands, California State University, Northridge, and De Anza College. <mask> also has been a generous donor to two-year colleges, most recently Danville Community College through the award of a $1 million grant in April 2015 to support an Associate of Applied Science degree program in Integrated Machining Technology. The program, which will be housed in the Gene Haas Center for Integrated Machining in Danville, Virginia, will build upon the college's existing 80-credit Precision Machining Technology two-year diploma program. The Gene Haas Foundation
The Gene Haas Foundation has provided charitable donations since 2001 including Hospice Foundation, Boy Scouts of America, Los Angeles Mission, YMCA Kids Camp, NAACP, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, MS Society, and others.Criminal tax evasion
On June 19, 2006, <mask> was arrested by IRS agents for investigation of filing false tax returns, witness intimidation, and conspiracy. Four others were indicted together with <mask>, all of whom pleaded guilty. Just before <mask>'s case was to go to trial, a plea agreement was reached, whereby he would plead guilty to felony conspiracy to commit tax evasion. He was sentenced to two years in prison and ordered to pay $75 million in restitution. <mask> was incarcerated beginning January 2008 and was released on probation on May 7, 2009 after serving 16 months of his two-year sentence. References

 Gene Haas Foundation data provided by Manager, Gene Haas Foundation, 2800 Sturgis Road, Oxnard, California 93030

External links

 Industry Week article on Haas Automation
 Official Haas Automation website
 Official Haas CNC Racing website
 <mask>'s biography at Haas Automation

1952 births
Living people
American businesspeople convicted of crimes
American manufacturing businesspeople
American people convicted of tax crimes
Businesspeople from California
California State University, Northridge alumni
Engineers from California
Formula One team owners
NASCAR team owners

masks:
Eugene Francis Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Stewart Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas
Haas


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 17 March 1994) is a German track and field athlete who competes in the javelin throw. She has won gold at the 2011 World Youth Championships, 2015 European U23 Championships and at the 2018 European Championships. Hussong holds the European Championships record with her personal best throw of 69.19 m.

She is a member of LAZ Zweibrücken's track and field squad and is coached by her father, Udo Hussong. Career

2010–2015
Hussong represented Germany in the girls' javelin throw at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics, placing fourth with a throw of 49.89 m. Her season best that year, 55.35 m, ranked her third in the world among youth athletes. Hussong improved her personal best to 59.74 m at the 2011 World Youth Championships, winning gold by more than five metres and setting a new championship record; the International Association of Athletics Federations named her Rising Star of the Year in women's athletics. 59.74 m remained Hussong's personal best until 2014; at the 2012 World Junior Championships she threw 53.20 m in her best effort and placed seventh, while at the 2013 European Junior Championships she threw 57.90 m and won silver, one centimetre behind gold medalist Sofi Flink of Sweden. In 2014, Hussong broke 60 metres for the first time, winning with a throw of 60.26 m at the German U23 Championships on 15 June.A month later, she threw 63.34 m at the Spitzen Leichtathletik Luzern meeting, setting a German U23 record and meeting the qualifying standard for the European Championships. At the 2014 European Championships she threw 61.13 m in the qualification round and 59.29 m in the final, placing seventh. In March 2015, she won gold with a throw of 60.81 m at the 2015 European U23 Throwing Cup. In July, she won gold at the 2015 European U23 Championships with a  65.60 m throw, seven metres ahead of second place. This 65.60 m throw broke both her own German U23 record and Madara Palameika's championship record and moved Hussong to second (behind Mariya Abakumova) on the European U23 all-time list. She then competed at the 2015 World Championships in August. She placed first in the qualification round with a personal best throw of 65.92 m and finished sixth in the final with a 62.98 m effort.2016–present
In March 2016, she competed at the 2016 European Throwing Cup, where she won gold with a 61.80 m throw. In June, she set a new personal best of 66.41 m at the 2016 German Athletics Championships, winning the competition in the process. The next month, she competed at the 2016 European Championships, where she placed seventeenth with a 57.17 m throw in the qualification round and did not make it to the final. In August, Hussong represented her homeland at the 2016 Summer Olympics. She advanced through the qualification round with a throw of 62.17 m and placed twelfth in the final with a 57.70 m throw. In March 2017, she competed at the 2017 European Throwing Cup, where she won bronze with a 59.00 m throw. In July, she placed first at the 2017 Spitzen Leichtathletik Luzern with a seasonal best throw of 64.18 m. In August, she participated in the 2017 World Championships.She placed seventeenth in the qualification round with a throw of 60.86 m and did not make it through to the final. Later that month, she competed at the 2017 Summer Universiade. She topped the qualification round with a 60.18 m throw then finished fifth in the final with a 60.59 m effort. In July 2018, Hussong won gold at the German Athletics Championships for a second time, with a throw of 63.54 m. In August, she won gold at the 2018 European Athletics Championships. She won the qualifying round with a personal best throw of 67.29 m, and in the final set another personal best—and championship record—throw of 67.90 m, over six metres further than silver medallist Nikola Ogrodníková. She won silver at the 2018 IAAF Continental Cup in September.