text_chunks:
<mask> (born 26 October 1982) is a former professional footballer who played as a striker. Born in England, he represented the Republic of Ireland in international football, qualifying through grandparents on his maternal side from Galway. Club career

Early career
Born in Leeds, West Yorkshire, Folan started his career at hometown club Leeds United, spending brief spells on loan at Rushden & Diamonds and Hull City before making a permanent move to Chesterfield in February 2003. In April 2006 he underwent a cartilage operation on a recurring knee injury. In October, he scored the winning goal against West Ham United in Chesterfield's League Cup victory, after which he signed a one-year contract extension. Wigan Athletic
After a series of impressive performances for Chesterfield, Folan was linked with a January transfer to Premier League side Wigan Athletic, and on 26 January 2007 he completed a £500,000 transfer, signing a three-and-a-half-year deal. Wigan manager Paul Jewell stated: "He's strong, he's aggressive, he's got a finisher's instinct and I think he will add competition in an area where the squad needs bolstering."He made his debut for Wigan against Reading on 30 January 2007, and on 21 February, scored his first goal for the club, an equaliser against Watford. On 3 March he scored the winner against Manchester City away at the City of Manchester Stadium in a 1–0 victory. Hull City
Championship team Hull City revealed their interest in signing him in August 2007. However, Wigan manager Chris Hutchings said he was not looking to transfer Folan. On 31 August Folan eventually did return to Hull on a three-year contract for a fee of £1 million, which broke the record highest fee paid by the club. After signing, he insisted he was not going to let the price tag pile pressure onto him and that he had arrived at the club to score goals. On his debut for Hull in a 2–1 defeat against Blackpool in September, Folan was taken to hospital after being stretchered off the pitch wearing a neck brace.He was kept overnight at Victoria Hospital in Blackpool. An ankle injury caused him to miss several more matches, and in March 2008 he incurred a three-match ban after being sent off in a game against Burnley. He returned to score several goals from the bench during Hull City's successful run-in. On the first day of the Premier League season, Hull played their first ever game in that league against Fulham, and Folan came on as a substitute and scored the winning goal in a 2–1 victory for Hull. He was sent off against Liverpool on 25 April 2009 for kicking out at Martin Škrtel. On 17 September 2009, Folan was loaned for three months to Middlesbrough of the Championship, and he made his debut as a substitute in a 5–0 defeat to West Bromwich Albion. Just nine days later Folan suffered a torn hamstring.After Hull manager Phil Brown criticised Folan on his appearances for Hull during the 2009–10 season, Folan hit back by saying Brown's comments were "laughable and childish". However, upon Folan's return to Hull, Brown offered him a "clean slate". Colorado Rapids
After a lengthy negotiation with Hull City, Folan was able to complete a transfer to Colorado Rapids of Major League Soccer on 16 March 2011. He made his MLS debut on 26 March in a 1–0 victory over Chivas USA, and scored his first goals in Major League Soccer on 3 April in a 4–1 win over D.C. United. Folan scored six goals during the 2011 season before moving on prior to the 2012 preseason. The Rapids announced on 3 February 2012 that the club had parted ways with Folan by mutual consent. Birmingham City
After a trial, Folan signed for Championship club Birmingham City on 29 February until the end of the season.Folan suffered a setback during his training program at Birmingham City picking up a nerve injury, which eventually would go on to rule him out of playing football for the good part of a year. As a result, he was unable to appear for the blues and was never included in the 16-man matchday squad, Folan was released when his contract expired. T-Team
On 1 December 2012, after a lengthy period sidelined due to a previous injury, Folan announced on his official Twitter page that he had joined T-Team in the Malaysia Super League and it was confirmed shortly after. Folan scored in the team's first pre-season game against Malaysia Super League outfit ATM FA and again on his home debut in a 2–2 draw against close rivals Terengganu FA. But, on 27 March 2013, after struggling to find his previous form, Folan left the club by mutual consent after failing to score in 10 appearances. Bradford City
On 28 September 2013, after training with Bradford City, Folan signed a three-month contract with the club. He made his debut on 5 October, in a 2–0 win against Walsall.Folan left Bradford City on 26 December 2013. In March 2014 Folan turned down an offer to play for the North American Soccer League Canadian based outfit FC Edmonton in pursuit to return and play his football in Asia. Kanbawza FC
Folan spent the 2015 season with Kanbawza FC of the Myanmar National League; he scored 13 goals from 17 league appearances. International career
Through his grandfather, who was from Inis Mór, and his grandmother, from Galway, Folan is eligible to play for the Republic of Ireland. In March 2007, manager Steve Staunton called on the 'granny rule' to bring Folan into his squad for the UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying campaign, after a passport was issued at the 11th hour. The decision attracted comment for overlooking other in-form strikers playing outside the Premier League and with closer ties to the Republic of Ireland. However, Folan was forced to pull out of the squad due to injury.A hamstring tear also forced Folan out of the Republic's squad for games against Ecuador and Bolivia in May 2007. In October 2008, under new manager Giovanni Trapattoni, Folan was one of several uncapped players selected to play for a Republic of Ireland XI in a challenge match against Nottingham Forest, scoring the first goal in a 2–0 win. He was added to the squad for the subsequent 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Cyprus and appeared as an injury-time substitute. He was brought on as a substitute against Italy in the World Cup qualifiers, and set up the equalising goal scored by Robbie Keane in the 87th minute. Honours
Hull City
Football League Championship play-offs: 2008

See also
 List of Republic of Ireland international footballers born outside the Republic of Ireland

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Leeds
English footballers
Republic of Ireland association footballers
Republic of Ireland international footballers
Association football forwards
Leeds United F.C. players
Rushden & Diamonds F.C. players
Hull City A.F.C.players
Chesterfield F.C. players
Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Colorado Rapids players
Birmingham City F.C. players
Terengganu F.C. II players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Kanbawza F.C.players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Major League Soccer players
English people of Irish descent
Black British sportspeople
Black Irish sportspeople
English expatriate sportspeople in Myanmar
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Irish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Irish expatriate sportspeople in Myanmar
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States
English expatriate footballers


text_chunks:
<mask> (1551 – 1634) was the matriarch of the Ferrar family who with her son Nicholas Ferrar founded the Little Gidding religious community in Huntingdonshire in 1625. Early life and family
She was born in 1551 as <mask> (or Woodnoth), daughter of Lawrence Wodenoth, Esq., of Savington Hall, Cheshire and grew up on the family estate. Described as a "woman of fervent piety and a model mother", in 1581 at St Gabriel Fenchurch in London she married <mask> (1546-1620), a merchant of London, Master of the Skinners' Company and an investor in the Virginia Company who traded very extensively with the East and West Indies. He was interested in the adventures of Hawkins, Drake and Raleigh. With him she had six children:
<mask> (1583-1657), who married John Collett, of Bourn Bridge, Cambridgeshire
<mask> (1586-1613), a barrister-of-law
<mask> (1588–1657), a London merchant and Deputy Governor and Treasurer of the Virginia Company of London
<mask> (1592-1637), a scholar, courtier, businessman and ordained deacon in the Church of England
William Ferrar (1594-1637)
Richard Farrar (1596-1637). According to biographers of <mask> the youngest son Richard Ferrar was a wastrel who to spite his father changed the spelling of his name to Farrar and took no interest in the family's interests in Virginia. According to the biography of <mask> in 1631 <mask> was "a tall, straight, deep complexioned, grave matron, of eighty years of age".Little Gidding

In 1620 Esmé Stewart, the Earl of March (1579–1624) and Lord Lieutenant of Huntingdonshire (later, briefly, the 3rd Duke of Lennox), sold the manor of Little Gidding to Thomas Sheppard. The Ferrars and Wodenoths were investors in the Virginia Company and other colonial projects and when the Virginia Company collapsed in 1624 taking with it a large portion of their fortune John Ferrar faced financial ruin. <mask>r realised that a home needed to be found for her family. She looked at Little Gidding and the population having declined in this rural area Sheppard sold the practically derelict property to <mask>'s son Nicholas Ferrar and her nephew Arthur Wodenoth (or Woodnoth) (c1590–c1650) in 1625 as trustees for <mask>r, using her dower to purchase the property on her behalf. Here, after considerable renovation, the Ferrar family retreated to take on a humble, spiritual life of prayer, eschewing material, worldly life. In 1625 during a period of plague in London <mask>r took refuge with her daughter Susanna Collet near Bourn in Cambridgeshire, and the following year as <mask> herself moved into Little Gidding after it had been made somewhat more habitable she persuaded her daughter and her family to join her. The popular wisdom of the time was that it took a man and a woman to successfully run a household in the persons of a husband and wife, and while it was not unusual for women to be the head of a family or to own property in the 17th-century, the situation at Little Gidding was rather more unconventional as not only did the widowed <mask>r share responsibility for the community with her unmarried son but two other adult males (and their families) also submitted to her authority in the persons of her son John Ferrar and son-in-law John Collet.Between 1625 and 1629 Nicholas Ferrar spent much of his time in London and in 1626 he was ordained as a Deacon by William Laud (1573–1645) then Bishop of St David's and later Archbishop of Canterbury. Soon the small community was joined by <mask>'s son John Ferrar and his family. <mask> and her son Nicholas worked closely together to ensure the smooth running of their community and during his absence in London Nicholas Ferrar wrote frequent letters to ensure that his strong-willed mother's wishes were heeded and acted upon as the owner of the property. She, for her part, valued his wisdom and vision and through her affection for him often deferred to his opinion. The extended Ferrar family numbering about 40 people transformed their holdings at Little Gidding into a humble Anglican religious community. When they purchased it, the property consisted of a decayed manor house and the village's medieval parish church of St John which had not been worshipped in for 60 years. The Ferrars began repairing the site, with <mask>'s first priority being the church, which had been desecrated through use as a barn and which was so full of hay that at first she was unable to enter to pray.By 1629 it was fully restored. During this period <mask>r commenced a series of charitable works among the local community, endowing an almshouse in the form of a large room in her house for four elderly local widows who were regarded as part of the household and joined the daily prayers. A school was founded for children of the family and the children of friends but excluded local children. A dispensary was set up in the house to provide broth and medicines to local residents. The community was never a formal religious community, as with a monastery or convent. They did not have an official Rule (such as the Rule of Saint Benedict), no vows were required, and no enclosure. The Ferrar household lived a Christian life according to High Church principles and the Book of Common Prayer.They engaged in tending to the health and education of local children, and became skilled in bookbinding. The Ferrar household was criticised by Puritans and denounced as a "Protestant Nunnery" and as Arminian heresy; in 1641 it was attacked in a pamphlet entitled "The Arminian Nunnery". The fame of the Ferrars and the Little Gidding community spread and they attracted visitors. King Charles I visited Little Gidding three times, including on 2 May 1646 seeking refuge after the Royalist defeat at the Battle of Naseby and was given temporary refuge by John Ferrar. When <mask>rrar died in 1634 she was buried at St John's Church and bequeathed Little Gidding to her son Nicholas Ferrar. He died in December 1637 but the community continued under the leadership of his brother, John Ferrar until 1657, when he and his sister Susanna Collet died within a month of each other. After her death John Farrer was to describe his mother as, "the head in the Body and the Bond and Simont (cement) to hould the whole Body of our Family United not only in Cohabitation but in Hartes".Years later he wrote to his son of "Your Pious Grandmother and devoute Vnkell [as] the Founders of our Family and p[re]sent State We possess in Gidding". A family friend was to write to her nephew Arthur Wodenoth that he recalled <mask>r as "one who brought a new Religion into the world." References

Notes

1551 births
1634 deaths
17th-century Anglicans
17th-century Christian mystics
Bookbinders
Members of Anglican religious orders
People from Little Gidding
Protestant mystics

masks:
Mary Ferrar
Mary Wodenoth
Nicholas Ferrar the Elder
Susanna Ferrar
Erasmus Ferrar
John Ferrar
Nicholas Ferrar
Nicholas Ferrar
Nicholas Ferrar
Mary
Mary Ferra
Mary
Mary Ferra
Mary Ferra
Mary
Mary Ferra
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary Ferra
Mary Fe
Mary Ferra


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 13 October 1960) is an English author, screenwriter, playwright, literary critic and journalist. He is the co-founder and executive editor of Byline Times. Early life
Born in Swindon and attended Queens' College, Cambridge. His mother was an Armenian and the daughter of a man fleeing the Armenian genocide; she was later adopted by his grandfather. Television
Jukes' television writing has mainly been in the genre of prime time thrillers or TV detective fiction, with 90-minute or two-hour long stories being broadcast by the BBC. <mask> devised and wrote most of the three seasons of the BBC One prime time undercover thriller In Deep starring Nick Berry and Stephen Tompkinson; two 90-minute film length episodes of the BBC One series The Inspector Lynley Mysteries;. Burn Out, the two-hour first episode of the first season of the Emmy Award winning 'cold-case' series Waking the Dead; achieved 8.4m viewers and a 38% share.He and Ed Whitmore wrote the second series of the paranormal/science thriller Sea of Souls which won the 2005 BAFTA Scotland Award for Best Drama. <mask>' opening episode of the third season of Holby City was described by The Guardian as the "televisual equivalent of Crack Cocaine." In October 2009, <mask> wrote a critical piece for Prospect magazine, contrasting the standards of UK television drama negatively with the standard of television dramas in America. In the essay Why Can't Britain Do the Wire he argued that high-quality drama in the UK had suffered from a concentration of commissioning power, the dominance of soaps (such as the twelfth series of Holby City), and the lack of show runners or writer producers that characterise US TV drama production. Radio
His radio credits include the original BBC Radio Soul Motel (2008) (a drama taking place entirely in social networking space similar to Bebo or Facebook) and, with the comedian and actor Lenny Henry, the plays Bad Faith and Slavery: The Making of. The latter formed part of the BBC's 2007 programming series to commemorate 200 years since Britain abolished the slave trade, "managed to extract maximum humour from the grimmest of subject matters", by using the form of a semi-comic mockumentary. As The Spectator magazine explained: "Greg Wise plays the harassed producer trying to put together a drama for which Lenny Henry has provided sheafs of research printouts from the internet – but no script... 'Whose story is this?'demands Adrian Lester in an angry exchange with Brian Blessed. Were they in character? Or were they arguing for real?" In 2008, Lenny Henry starred in another "dark comedy" by <mask> called Bad Faith: "Imagine the movie Bad Lieutenant transplanted to Birmingham, with Harvey Keitel's morally bankrupt copper replaced by Lenny Henry as a police chaplain who has lost his faith, and you have <mask>'s black comedy". Paul Donovan of The Sunday Times called Bad Faith "the best radio drama I have heard in ages, and clearly destined to become a series". In February 2010, three further episodes were broadcast on BBC Radio 4. to more positive reviews: "The scripts are strong, taut, bang up-to-the-minute, salted with ironic humour. (Lenny Henry's) performance is brilliant" according to Gillian Reynolds in The Daily Telegraph, and according to The Stage:"<mask>' writing is terrific – funny, deep, unafraid to move from the mundane to the reflective.Jake, his semi-heretical minister, is the most original creation of his kind that I can recall and Henry was born to play him.". Non-fiction
<mask>'s book A Shout in the Street was published by Faber and Faber in the UK in 1990, and by Farrar, Straus and Giroux and the University of California Press in the US. This "unusual but addictive book" (according to The Washington Post) is a series of essays and montages about modernity and city life, centred on London, Paris, Saint Petersburg and New York City. The Journal of Sociology compared the book favourably to the work of Jane Jacobs: "He is less shrill than Jacobs, more confident in his materials, and yet more sensitive and critical." But it was the format of the book ("a courteously lucid deconstructionist text, which is part documentary lecture, part collage of quotations and photographs" according to The New Yorker) which was commended by John Berger a "dream of a book" following the traditions of Walter Benjamin:
Benjamin dreamed of making a book entirely of quotations, and there have been some remarkable books which are creative responses to that idea, like <mask>'s A Shout in the Street. Following through in these themes of urbanism and city development <mask> also co-authored, along with Anna Whyatt, Stephen O'Brien and the sociologist Manuel Castells, the monograph Creative Capital: 21st Century Regions. <mask> is the author of The Fall of the House of Murdoch, published by Unbound, a crowd-funded publisher, in August 2012.Since 2016, <mask> collaborates with Deeivya Meir on the podcast series Untold - The Daniel Morgan Murder. He also co-hosted the podcast Dial M for Mueller with journalist Carole Cadwalladr. Theatre
Jukes's early theatre work debuted at Edinburgh's Traverse Theatre: Abel Barebone and the Humble Company (1987) and Shadowing the Conqueror (1988). Shadowing the Conqueror, which transferred to Washington, D.C., was described in The Washington Post as "a depiction of the travels of Alexander the Great (Grimmette) and a contemporary photographer named Mary Ellis (Laura Giannarelli) – based very loosely on the relationship between Alexander and Pyrrho of Elis, a painter who accompanied the warrior on his expedition to the Orient – is most of all a lofty debate between two intensely committed, opposing forces." <mask> wrote the book of the London stage musical Matador, with lyrics by Edward Seago and music by Mike Leander, starring John Barrowman and Stefanie Powers, which premiered at the Queen's Theatre, Shaftesbury Avenue in April 1991. Journalism and politics
<mask> has been a book reviewer and feature writer for both The Independent and the New Statesman on themes as diverse as nationalism, art in the computer age, and apocalyptic religion. During the 1980s and 90s, <mask> was an active member of the Labour Party and was involved in the investigations around the cash for questions scandal.More recently <mask> became an active Barack Obama supporter during the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries in the US, writing for Daily Kos and then MyDD when it became a pro-Hillary Clinton site. Later he recorded his online experiences of the Primary 'Flame Wars' for Prospect. Following the primaries, he was one of 25 regular bloggers who began writing for a new political blog, The Motley Moose. During the News International phone hacking scandal trial of Rebekah Brooks, Andy Coulson and others, <mask> used the crowdfunding tool Indiegogo to raise donations to allow him to livetweet the trial from start to finish. In 2018, <mask> and Stephen Colegrave founded Byline Times. References

External links

1960 births
Living people
Alumni of Queens' College, Cambridge
British people of Armenian descent
English people of Armenian descent
English radio writers
English essayists
English television writers
English dramatists and playwrights
English literary critics
English bloggers
People educated at Aylesbury Grammar School
British male essayists
English male dramatists and playwrights
English male non-fiction writers
British magazine writers
British male television writers
British male bloggers
Writers from Wiltshire
The Independent people
People from Swindon
21st-century English writers
21st-century British dramatists and playwrights
20th-century British dramatists and playwrights
English male screenwriters
21st-century British screenwriters
21st-century English male writers

masks:
Peter Jukes
Jukes
Jukes
Jukes
Jukes
Peter Jukes
Jukes
Jukes
Peter Jukes
Jukes
Jukes
Peter Jukes
Jukes
Jukes
Jukes
Jukes
Peter Jukes
Jukes


text_chunks:
<mask> (August 22, 1834 – February 27, 1906) was an American astronomer, physicist, inventor of the bolometer and aviation pioneer. In addition to becoming the third secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, he was also a professor of astronomy at the University of Pittsburgh, where he was the director of the Allegheny Observatory. <mask> was born in Roxbury, Boston, on August 23, 1834. <mask> attended Boston Latin School and graduated from English High School of Boston, after which he became an assistant in the Harvard College Observatory. He then moved to a job at the United States Naval Academy, ostensibly as a professor of mathematics. However, he was actually sent there to restore the Academy's small observatory. In 1867, he became the director of the Allegheny Observatory and a professor of astronomy at the University of Pittsburgh (then known as the Western University of Pennsylvania), a post he kept until 1891 even while he became the third Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution in 1887.<mask> was the founder of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. In 1875, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society. In 1888 <mask> was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society. In 1898, he received the Prix Jules Janssen, the highest award of the Société astronomique de France, the French astronomical society. Allegheny Observatory
<mask> arrived in Pittsburgh in 1867 to become the first director of the Allegheny Observatory, after the institution had fallen into hard times and been given to the Western University of Pennsylvania. By then, the department was in disarray – equipment was broken, there was no library and the building needed repairs. Through the friendship and aid of William Thaw Sr., a Pittsburgh industrial leader, <mask> was able to improve the observatory equipment and build additional apparatuses.One of the new instruments was a small transit telescope used to observe the position of the stars as they cross the celestial meridian. He raised money for the department in large part by distributing standard time to cities and railroads. Up until then, correct time had only occasionally been sent from American observatories for public use. Clocks were manually wound in those days and time tended to be imprecise. Exact time had not been especially necessary. It was enough to know that at noon the sun was directly above the head. That changed with the arrival of railroads, which made the lack of standard time dangerous.Trains ran by a published schedule, but scheduling was chaotic. If the timepieces of an engineer and a switch operator differed by even a minute or two, trains could be on the same track at the same time and collide. Using astronomical observations obtained from the new telescope, <mask> devised a precise time standard, including time zones, that became known as the Allegheny Time System. Initially he distributed time signals to Allegheny city businesses and the Pennsylvania Railroad. Eventually, twice a day, the Allegheny time signals gave the correct time via 4,713 miles of telegraph lines to all railroads in the US and Canada. <mask> used the money from the railroads to finance the observatory. From about 1868 revenues from Allegheny Time continued to fund the observatory, until the US Naval Observatory provided the signals via taxpayer funding in 1883.Once funding was secure, <mask> devoted his time at the Observatory initially in researching the sun. He used his draftsman skills—from his first job out of high school—to produce hundreds of drawings of solar phenomena, many of which were the first the world had seen. His remarkably detailed 1873 illustration of a sun spot, observed while using the observatory's 13-inch Fitz-Clark refractor became a classic. It is featured on page 21 of his book, The New Astronomy, and was also widely reprinted in the Americas and Europe. In 1886, <mask> received the inaugural Henry Draper Medal from the National Academy of Sciences for his contributions to solar physics. His publication in 1890 of infrared observations at the Allegheny Observatory in Pittsburgh together with Frank Washington Very along with the data he collected from his invention, the bolometer, was used by Svante Arrhenius to make the first calculations on the greenhouse effect. In 1898, <mask> received the Prix Jules Janssen, the highest award of the Société astronomique de France (the French astronomical society).Aviation work

<mask> attempted to make a working piloted heavier-than-air aircraft. His models flew, but his two attempts at piloted flight were not successful. <mask> began experimenting with rubber-band powered models and gliders in 1887. (According to one book, he was not able to reproduce Alphonse Pénaud's time aloft with rubber power but persisted anyway.) He built a rotating arm (functioning like a wind tunnel) and made larger flying models powered by miniature steam engines. <mask> realised that sustained powered flight was possible when he found that a 1 lb. brass plate suspended from the rotating arm by a spring, could be kept aloft by a spring tension of less than 1 oz.<mask> understood that aircraft need thrust to overcome drag from forward speed, observed higher aspect ratio flat plates had higher lift and lower drag, and stated in 1902 "A plane of fixed size and weight would need less propulsive power the faster it flew", the counter-intuitive effect of induced drag. He met the writer Rudyard Kipling around this time, who described one of <mask>'s experiments in his autobiography:

His first success came on May 6, 1896 when his Number 5 unpiloted model weighing  made two flights of  and   after a catapult launch from a boat on the Potomac River. The distance was ten times longer than any previous experiment with a heavier-than-air flying machine, demonstrating that stability and sufficient lift could be achieved in such craft. On November 11 that year his Number 6 model flew more than . In 1898, based on the success of his models, <mask> received a War Department grant of $50,000 and $20,000 from the Smithsonian to develop a piloted airplane, which he called an "Aerodrome" (coined from Greek words roughly translated as "air runner"). <mask> hired Charles M. Manly (1876–1927) as engineer and test pilot. When <mask> received word from his friend Octave Chanute of the Wright brothers' success with their 1902 glider, he attempted to meet the Wrights, but they politely evaded his request.While the full-scale Aerodrome was being designed and built, the internal combustion engine was contracted out to manufacturer Stephen M. Balzer (1864–1940). When he failed to produce an engine to the power and weight specifications, Manly finished the design. This engine had far more power than did the engine for the Wright brothers' first airplane—50 hp compared to 12 hp. The engine, mostly the technical work of men other than Langley, was probably the project's main contribution to aviation. The piloted machine had wire-braced tandem wings (one behind the other). It had a Pénaud tail for pitch and yaw control but no roll control, depending instead on the dihedral angle of the wings, as did the models, for maintaining roughly level flight. In contrast to the Wright brothers' design of a controllable airplane that could fly with assistance from a strong headwind and land on solid ground, Langley sought safety by practicing in calm air over the Potomac River.This required a catapult for launching. The craft had no landing gear, the plan being to descend into the water after demonstrating flight which if successful would entail a partial, if not total, rebuilding of the machine. <mask> gave up the project after two crashes on take-off on October 7 and December 8, 1903. In the first attempt, <mask> said the wing clipped part of the catapult, leading to a plunge into the river "like a handful of mortar," according to one reporter. On the second attempt the craft broke up as it left the catapult (Hallion, 2003; Nalty, 2003). Manly was recovered unhurt from the river both times. Newspapers made great sport of the failures, and some members of Congress strongly criticized the project.The Aerodrome was modified and flown a few hundred feet by Glenn Curtiss in 1914, as part of his attempt to fight the Wright brothers' patent, and as an effort by the Smithsonian to rescue Langley's aeronautical reputation. Nevertheless, courts upheld the patent. However, the Curtiss flights emboldened the Smithsonian to display the Aerodrome in its museum as "the first man-carrying aeroplane in the history of the world capable of sustained free flight". Fred Howard, extensively documenting the controversy, wrote: "It was a lie pure and simple, but it bore the imprimatur of the venerable Smithsonian and over the years would find its way into magazines, history books, and encyclopedias, much to the annoyance of those familiar with the facts." (Howard, 1987). The Smithsonian's action triggered a decades-long feud with the surviving Wright brother, Orville, who objected to the Institution's claim of primacy for the Aerodrome. Unlike the Wright brothers with their invention of three-axis control, Langley had no effective way of controlling an airplane too big to be maneuvered by the weight of the pilot's body.So if the Aerodrome had flown stably, as the models did, Manly would have been in considerable danger when the machine descended, uncontrolled, for a landing—especially if it had wandered away from the river and over solid ground. Bolometer
In 1880 <mask> invented the bolometer, an instrument initially used for measuring far infrared radiation. The bolometer has enabled scientists to detect a change of temperature of less than 1/100,000 of a degree Celsius. It laid the foundation for the measurements of the amount of solar energy on the Earth. He published an 1881 paper on it, "The Bolometer and Radiant Energy". He made one of the first attempts to measure the surface temperature of the Moon, and his measurement of interference of the infrared radiation by carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere was used by Svante Arrhenius in 1896 to make the first calculation of how climate would change from a future doubling of carbon dioxide levels. Commercial time service
Starting with his tenure at Allegheny Observatory in the Pittsburgh area in the late 1860s, <mask> was a major player in the development of astronomically derived and regulated time distribution services in America through the later half of the 19th century.His work with the railroads in this area is often cited as central to the establishment of the Standard Time Zones system. His very successful and profitable time sales to the Pennsylvania Railroad stood out among the many non-government-based observatories of the day who were largely subsidizing their research by time-service sales to regional railroads and the cities they served. The United States Naval Observatory's increasing dominance in this field threatened these regional observatories' livelihoods and <mask> became a leader in efforts to preserve the viability of their commercial programs. Death
<mask> held himself responsible for the loss of funds after the June 1905 discovery that Smithsonian accountant William Karr was embezzling from the Institution. <mask> refused his salary in the aftermath. In November he suffered a stroke. In February 1906 he moved to Aiken, South Carolina to recuperate, but had another stroke and died on February 27.He was buried in Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston. Legacy

Air and sea craft, facilities, a unit of solar radiation, and an award have been named in Langley's honor, including:

 Langley Gold Medal by the Smithsonian Institution
 NASA Langley Research Center (NASA LaRC), Hampton, Virginia
 Langley Air Force Base
 Langley Hall at the University of Pittsburgh
 Langley High School in Pittsburgh
 Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory
 Langley unit of solar radiation
 Mount Langley in the Sierra Nevada

 , laid down 10 July 1942 and renamed Hammann on 1 August 1942

 Seadrome Langley, intended as one in a chain of Atlantic aviation way-stations, cancelled due to the Depression
 , U.S. Liberty Ship
 Samuel P. Langley Elementary School in Hampton, VA.

Media
In the 1978 film The Winds of Kitty Hawk, he was portrayed by actor John Hoyt. See also
 Manly-Balzer engine

References

Notes

Bibliography
A Dream of Wings: Americans and the Airplane, 1875-1905, by Dr. Tom D. Crouch, W. W. Norton, 1981
Taking Flight: Inventing the Aerial Age, from Antiquity through the First World War, by Dr. Richard P. Hallion, Oxford University Press, 2003
Wilbur and Orville: A Biography of the Wright Brothers, by Fred Howard, Dover, 1987
A Heritage of Wings, An Illustrated History of Naval Aviation, by Richard C. Knott,  Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1997
Winged Shield, Winged Sword: 1907-1950: A History of the United States Air Force, by Bernard C. Nalty, University Press of the Pacific, 2003
Aviation, The Pioneer Years, edited by Ben Mackworth-Praed,  Studio Editions, Ltd., London, 1990
 To Conquer The Air—The Wright Brothers and the Great Race for Flight, by James Tobin, Free Press, division of Simon & Schuster, 2003
 "Vita ed opere dell'astronomo e costruttore aeronautico Samuel Pierpont Langley", by Giuseppe Ciampaglia. Rivista Storica; Gennaio 1996. Selling the True Time: nineteenth-century timekeeping in America, by Ian R. Bartky, Stanford University Press, 2000

External links

 Finding Aid to Samuel P. Langley's Papers at the Smithsonian Institution Archives
 Finding Aid to the Samuel P. Langley Collection at the National Air and Space Museum Archives Division
 Samuel Pierpont Langley, Flying Machines
 Samuel Pierpont Langley, Invention of the Airplane
 Centennial of Flight
 Allegheny Observatory – "UNDAUNTED: The Forgotten Giants of the Allegheny Observatory?" National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

1834 births
1906 deaths
American aerospace engineers
American astronomers
19th-century American inventors
Aviation inventors
Aviation pioneers
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Harvard University staff
People from Boston
Scientists from Pittsburgh
Secretaries of the Smithsonian Institution
Steam-powered aircraft
University of Pittsburgh faculty
English High School of Boston alumni
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
Engineers from Pennsylvania
Harvard College Observatory people

masks:
Samuel Pierpont Langley
Life Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley
Langley


text_chunks:
<mask> of Jin (25 September 1198 – 9 February 1234), personal name Ningjiasu, sinicized names Wanyan Shouxu and Wanyan Shouli, was the ninth emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. He was considered an able emperor who made several reforms beneficial to the Jin dynasty, such as the removal of corrupt officials and introduction of more lenient tax laws. He also ended the wars against the Southern Song dynasty, and canceled the Treaty of Shaoxing free of obligation, instead focusing the Jin dynasty's military resources on resisting the Mongol invasion. Despite his efforts, the Jin dynasty, already weakened by the flawed policies of his predecessors, eventually fell to the Mongol Empire. He escaped to Caizhou when the Mongols besieged Bianjing, the Jin capital (coincidentally the former Song capital), in 1232. When Caizhou also came under Mongol attack in 1234, he passed the throne to his army marshal Wanyan Chenglin and then committed suicide. Early life
Ningjiasu was the third son of Emperor Xuanzong.His mother was Emperor Xuanzong's concubine, Lady Wang (王氏), who was posthumously honored as "Empress Minghui" (明惠皇后). After Emperor Xuanzong ascended the throne, he gave the title "Prince of Sui" (遂王) to Ningjiasu. Emperor Xuanzong's eldest son and heir apparent, Wanyan Shouzhong (完顏守忠), as well as Wanyan Shouzhong's son, both died prematurely, so in 1216 Emperor Xuanzong declared Ningjiasu, his next oldest surviving son, as his heir apparent. Ningjiasu chose for himself the sinicized name "Shouxu" (守緒). When Emperor Xuanzong died in January 1224, Wanyan Shouxu inherited the throne and became historically known as <mask>. Reign
In 1224, he instated his consort Lady Tushan (徒單氏) as his empress consort. During his reign, Emperor <mask> tried to revive the Jin dynasty, which was on the verge of collapse due to his predecessors' policies.He ended the wars against the Southern Song dynasty, canceled the Treaty of Shaoxing free of obligation, reconciled with the Jin dynasty's former ally Western Xia, instituted internal reforms in his administration, eliminated corrupt and incompetent officials, and promoted military generals who resisted the Mongol invasion and recovered lost territories from the Mongols. However, the Mongol Empire had become a formidable power by then, and in 1227 it completely conquered Western Xia and concentrated its attacks on the Jin dynasty. In 1232, the Mongols inflicted a crushing defeat on Jin forces at the Battle of Sanfengshan (三峯山之戰) and destroyed the bulk of the Jin armed forces. They pressed on and besieged the Jin capital, Bianjing (汴京; present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province). The defending Jin forces put up fierce resistance. At the same time, a plague hit Bianjing; around every 50 days, over 900,000 dead bodies had to be transported out of the city, excluding the dead bodies of those who were too poor to be given a proper burial. Towards the end of 1232, Emperor <mask> fled Bianjing with an escort paid generously by the empress dowager.He crossed the Yellow River, and sought shelter in Guide (歸德; present-day Shangqiu, Henan Province), before settling down in Caizhou (蔡州; present-day Runan County, Henan Province). The Han Chinese general Shi Tianze led troops to pursue Emperor <mask> as he retreated and destroyed an 80,000-strong Jin army led by Wanyan Chengyi (完顏承裔) at Pucheng (蒲城). In the eighth month of 1233, the Mongols asked their ally, the Southern Song dynasty, to attack the Jin dynasty at Tangzhou (唐州; present-day Tanghe County, Henan Province). Emperor <mask> sought to make peace with the Southern Song dynasty, so he sent an emissary to warn them that if the Mongols conquered the Jin dynasty, they would attack Southern Song next. The Southern Song dynasty ignored the warning. On 9 February 1234, the allied forces of the Mongols and Southern Song dynasty besieged Caizhou and conquered the city. Death
Emperor <mask> sensed that his doom was near but did not want to be remembered by history as the last emperor of the Jin dynasty, so he announced his decision to abdicate and pass his throne to Wanyan Chenglin (Wanyan Chengyi's brother).Wanyan Chenglin refused to accept, but the emperor insisted and said, "I am fat and unable to ride on horseback into battle. If the city falls, it will be difficult for me to escape on horseback. You, on the other hand, are physically fit and strong. Moreover, you are a talented military leader. If you manage to escape, you can ensure that the dynasty lives on, and make a comeback in the future. This is my wish." Wanyan Chenglin reluctantly accepted.<mask> later committed suicide by hanging himself. When Wanyan Chenglin received news of Emperor <mask>'s death, he gathered his followers and held a ceremony to mourn the emperor and posthumously honor him with the temple name "Aizong". By the time the ceremony ended, Caizhou had been overrun by Mongol forces. Wanyan Chenglin was killed in action. His death marked the end of the Jin dynasty. Remains
Emperor <mask>'s remains were divided between the Mongol general Taghachar and the Song general Meng Gong (孟珙). Taghachar obtained Emperor <mask>'s hands while the rest of the emperor's remains were taken back to Lin'an (臨安; present-day Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province), the capital of the Southern Song dynasty, and offered as a sacrifice in the Song emperors' ancestral temple.Hong Zikui (洪咨夔) opposed his remains being sacrificed and instead proposed having Emperor <mask>'s remains buried in a prison vault. The Song imperial court eventually heeded Hong Zikui's suggestion and buried Emperor Aizong. Rashid-al-Din Hamadani's Jami' al-tawarikh provided a different account of the fate of Emperor <mask>'s remains: It stated that the emperor's body was cremated by his personal bodyguards and the ashes were dumped into the river. References

Jin dynasty (1115–1234) emperors
13th-century Chinese monarchs
Suicides by hanging in China
1198 births
1234 deaths
Monarchs who abdicated

masks:
Emperor Aizong
Emperor Aizong
Aizong
Aizong
Aizong
Aizong
Aizong
Aizong
Aizong
Aizong
Aizong
Aizong
Aizong


text_chunks:
<mask> (; Sanskrit: वाल्मीकि,  ) is celebrated as the harbinger-poet in Sanskrit literature. The epic Ramayana, dated variously from the 5th century BCE to first century BCE, is attributed to him, based on the attribution in the text itself. He is revered as Ādi Kavi, the first poet, author of Ramayana, the first epic poem. The Ramayana, originally written by <mask>, consists of 24,000 shlokas and seven cantos (kaṇḍas). The  is composed of about 480,002 words, being a quarter of the length of the full text of the Mahabharata or about four times the length of the Iliad. The Ramayana tells the story of a prince, Rama of the city of Ayodhya in the Kingdom of Kosala, whose wife Sita is abducted by Ravana, the demon-king (Rakshasa) of Lanka. Valmiki's Ramayana is dated variously from 500 BCE to 100 BCE or about co-eval with early versions of the Mahabharata.As with many traditional epics, it has gone through a process of interpolations and redactions, making it impossible to date accurately. British satirist Aubrey Menen says that <mask> was "recognized as a literary genius," and thus was considered, "an outlaw," presumably because of his "philosophic scepticism," as part of an "Indian Enlightenment" period. <mask> is also quoted as being the contemporary of Rama. Menen claims <mask> is "the first author in all history to bring himself into his own composition." Early life
<mask> was born as Agni Sharma to a Brahmin named Pracheta (also known as Sumali) of Bhrigu gotra, According to legend he once met the great sage Narada and had a discourse with him on his duties. Moved by Narada's words, Agni Sharma began to perform penance and chanted the word "Mara" which meant "die". As he performed his penance for several years, the word became "Rama", a name of the god Vishnu.Huge anthills formed around Agni Sharma and this earned him the name of <mask>. Agni Sharma, rechristened as <mask>, learnt the scriptures from Narada and became the foremost of ascetics, revered by everyone. There also exist some legends about <mask> having been a thief before turning into a rishi. The Nagara Khanda of the Skanda Purana in its section on the creation of Mukhara Tirtha mentions that <mask> was born a Brahmin, with the name of Lohajangha and was a devoted son to his parents. He had a beautiful wife and both of them were faithful to each other. Once, when there was no rain in the region of Anarta, for twelve long years, Lohajangha, for the sake of his hungry family, started robbing people that he found in the forest. In the course of this life he met the seven sages or the Saptarishi and tried to rob them as well.But the learned sages felt pity on him and showed him the folly of his ways. One of them, Pulaha gave him a Mantra to meditate upon and the Brahmin turned thief got so engrossed in its recitation that ant-hills came up around his body. When the sages returned and heard the sound of the mantra coming from the ant-hill, they blessed him and said, "Since you achieved great Siddhi seated within a Valmīka (an anthill), you will become well-known in the world as Vālmīki." The first shloka

Valmiki was going to the river Ganges for his daily ablutions. A disciple by the name Bharadwaja was carrying his clothes. On the way, they came across the Tamasa Stream. Looking at the stream, Valmiki said to his disciple, "Look, how clear is this water, like the mind of a good man!I will bathe here today." When he was looking for a suitable place to step into the stream, he saw a crane couple mating. <mask> felt very pleased on seeing the happy birds. Suddenly, hit by an arrow, the male bird died on the spot. Filled by sorrow, its mate screamed in agony and died of shock. <mask>'s heart melted at this pitiful sight. He looked around to find out who had shot the bird.He saw a hunter with a bow and arrows, nearby. <mask> became very angry. His lips opened and he cried out,

Emerging spontaneously from <mask>'s rage and grief, this is considered to be the first shloka in Sanskrit literature. <mask> later composed the entire Ramayana with the blessings of the god Brahma in the same meter that issued forth from him as the shloka. Thus this shloka is revered as the first shloka in Hindu literature. <mask> is revered as the first poet or Adi Kavi and Ramayana, the first kavya (poem). Role in Ramayana
<mask> played an important role in Uttara Kanda, the last chapter of epic Ramayana.It is believed that The Uttara Kanda was not original work of <mask>. It is believed to be taken up from Sesha Ramayana. According to the legend Rama send Sita to forest. Sita finds refuge in Sage <mask>'s ashram, where she gives birth to twin boys Lava and Kusha. Lava and Kusha were <mask>'s first disciples to whom he taught the Ramayana. Bala Kanda of the epic also telling the story of <mask> narrating the Ramayana to his disciples Lava and Kusha. Role in Mahabharata
<mask> was present during Mahabharata time and he was one of the many sages that visited Yudhisthira after war.He told Yudhisthira the benefits of worshipping Shiva. Once upon a time, some ascetics that possessed the homa fire cursed <mask> as guilty of Brahminicide. The sin possessed him as soon as he was cursed. So he prayed to Shiva and he became cleansed of all his sins. He later told Yudhisthira that he should also pray to Shiva like him. https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m13/m13a018.htm

Reincarnation

Vishnudharmottara Purana says that <mask> was born in the Treta Yuga as a form of Brahma who composed Ramayana and that people desirous of earning knowledge should worship <mask>. He was later reincarnated as Tulsidas, who composed the Ramcharitamanas, which was the Awadhi-Hindi version of the Ramayana.Temples

The Balmiki sect of Hinduism reveres <mask>, where he is also known as Lal Beg or Bala Shah, as a patron saint, with a plethora of mandirs (temples) dedicated to him. An area in Chennai, Tiruvanmiyur is believed to derive its name from Sage Valmiki, Thiru-Valmiki-Oor. There is a temple for <mask> located in this place, which is believed to be 1300 years old. There is also Shree Valmiki Mata Maha Samsthana in Rajanahalli, Karnataka. In popular culture
Several Indian films have been made on the life of the poet, beginning with G. V. Sane's Valmiki (1921); it was followed by Surendra Narayan Roy's Ratnakar (1921), Ellis Dungan's Valmiki (1946), Bhalji Pendharkar's Valmiki (1946), Sundarrao Nadkarni's Valmiki (1946), C.S.R. Rao's Valmiki (starring Rajkumar 1963) and Valmiki (starring N. T. Rama Rao; 1963), and Arvind Bhatt's Sant Valmiki (1991). Bhatt's film which starred Suresh Oberoi in the titular role remains unreleased after a case was filed against Oberoi for remarks deemed offensive by members of the Valmiki caste in India.See also
 Balmiki caste
 Chuhra
 Rama
 Vyasa

References

Notes

Citations

External links

Ancient Indian poets
Epic poets
Hindu poets
Rishis
Ramayana
Sanskrit poets
Dalit Hindu saints
Dalit saints

masks: Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki Valmiki


text_chunks:
<mask>,  (27 July 1891 – 15 November 1966) was an English aviator, who served in both World War I and World War II. Early life
<mask> was born in Tarrant Keyneston, Dorset, and was educated at St Edward's School, Oxford, joining the school's contingent of the Dorset Yeomanry. <mask> spent his childhood at Tarrant Keynstone Mill on the River Stour. His family farmed  at Spetisbury in Dorset. He had seen military aircraft and the airship Beta flying over Dorset during the summer manoeuvres of 1912 when serving with the Dorsetshire Yeomanry and determined in May 1913 to become a pilot. He joined the Ewen School of flying at Hendon Aerodrome in July and gained his Royal Aero Club Aviators' Certificate, No. 575, on 5 August.On 8 October 1913 he was commissioned as a second lieutenant (on probation) in the Royal Flying Corps (Special Reserve). Just after obtaining his licence he won his first cross-country race and then won the Hendon March Meeting  race, beating his old instructor into second place. In the latter part of 1913 and early 1914, <mask> flew many hours from Hendon, instructing trainee pilots. On 4 April 1914 he appeared in Flight magazine as one of five pilots who had recently joined the "Upside Down Club" by performing a loop. RFC service
His posting to the sixth course of instruction at the RFC's Central Flying School at Upavon, Wiltshire, came in May 1914. There he was retrained to fly B.E.2b and B.E.8 military aircraft. On 20 June he took part in a Hendon–Birmingham–Manchester and return air race at the controls of an  Gnome powered Bleriot monoplane, being first to arrive at Trafford Park Aerodrome, Manchester, where the Lord Mayor greeted him.To reach <mask>'s hand, the man stood on a bracing wire to the landing gear, damaging it. On take-off to return south, the wire snapped, smashing the Bleriot's propeller and the machine was damaged, putting him out of the race. On 30 July 1914 <mask> was formally commissioned for service in the Regular Army as a second lieutenant in the Dorsetshire Regiment, but remained on attachment to the Royal Flying Corps, in which he was appointed a flying officer the same day. In August 1914 he was despatched to join his first operational unit, No. 5 Squadron RFC, based at Gosport, Hampshire. On 15/16 August – despite severe weather and a damaged longeron – he flew his Farman aircraft via Dover and over the English Channel to Amiens and then to the unit's new base at Maubeuge, France, being the last of the squadron to arrive. Aerial combat and bombing pioneer
<mask> soon adapted his Farman to carry a Lewis machine gun, improvising a mounting to the top of the observer's nacelle.His first armed encounter with the enemy came on 22 August when six enemy aircraft appeared at 5,000 feet over the airfield at Maubeuge. He took off in his Farman with Lieutenant L. Penn-Gaskell as gunner in the front cockpit to intercept the patrolling Germans, but with inconclusive results as the laden aircraft would not climb above . The next few days saw a general Allied retreat and the squadron had to move base several times, whilst <mask> and his fellow pilots continued their observation and light bombing sorties. Less than two weeks after arriving in France <mask>'s inventive brain designed home-made petrol bombs that on 28 August he and his observer dropped by hand from their Henry Farman biplane onto the convoys of German troops and transport north of St. Quentin; the results "sent us home very well pleased with ourselves". In October 1914 <mask> invented a safety strap allowing the observer of his Avro 504 to "stand up and fire all round over top of plane and behind". He also designed and fitted a machine gun mounting to the 504, consisting of a crossbar between the central struts over which was slung a rope, allowing the Lewis to be pulled up into a position from which the observer, seating in the front cockpit, could fire backwards over <mask>'s head. On 22 November 1914 it was with this arrangement that <mask> claimed his first victory; with Lieutenant F. Small as gunner, he attacked an Aviatik two-seater and forced it down from over Armentières to make a bumpy landing in a ploughed field just behind the British lines.On 25 December 1914 <mask> flew to the German-held airfield at Lille and, as a Christmas Day prank, bombed it with footballs. <mask> next turned his talents to developing a bomb chute with Lieutenant Euan Rabagliati. Attempting to drop 7-pound shrapnel bombs through a steel tube set in the floor of the Avro 504, one bomb jammed in the tube and prompted a forced landing through a field of corn, which luckily ripped the detonator from the jammed bomb. On 16 February 1915 he was appointed a flight commander with the acting rank of captain, and posted to No. 6 Squadron. On 10 March, the first day of the battle of Neuve Chapelle, <mask> carried out one of the first tactical bombing missions of the war. He had modified his B.E.2c to carry four  bombs on wing racks which could be released by pulling a cable fitted in the cockpit.He dropped these bombs on Kortrijk railway station, from a height of no more than , causing 75 casualties and closing the station for three days. Subsequently, on 27 March, he was awarded the Military Cross, which he received from the King at Buckingham Palace on 9 December 1915. While with No. 6 Squadron, <mask> was a compatriot of Captain Lanoe Hawker. The squadron became pioneers of many aspects in military aviation at the time, driven largely by the imagination of <mask> and the engineering talents of Hawker. Their talents led to various mountings for Lewis machine guns, one of which won Hawker the Victoria Cross, and one that nearly cost <mask> his life. Having equipped his Martinsyde S.1 scout with a Lewis gun mounted on the top wing above the cockpit, on 10 May 1915 <mask> sought out the enemy to try out the new arrangement and attacked a German Aviatik two-seater.In order to change the empty drum on the Lewis, <mask> had to stand up in the cockpit. Immediately the machine flipped on its back, throwing <mask> from the cockpit and developing a flat spin downwards. <mask>, hanging onto the ammunition drum of the Lewis gun, managed to swing back into the cockpit and kick the stick over to right the aircraft only 500 feet above the ground. <mask> later related:
I kept on kicking upwards behind me until at last I got one foot and then the other hooked inside the cockpit. Somehow I got the stick between my legs again, and jammed on full aileron and elevator; I do not know exactly what happened then, but the trick was done. The machine came over the right way up, and I fell off the top plane and into my seat with a bump. He safely returned to base, but was criticised by his CO for "causing unnecessary damage" to his instrument panel and seat in his efforts to regain the cockpit.The squadron's log book simply noted: "the squadron was fortunate in its personnel." On 21 September 1915 <mask> was appointed to form and command No. 23 Squadron RFC at Gosport, Hampshire. As a squadron commander he held the acting-rank of major, to which he was appointed on 5 November, the day he married his wife, Marjorie. Due to appendicitis <mask> handed over command in March 1916. <mask> then established No. 1 School of Air Gunnery at Hythe in Kent, with the acting-rank of lieutenant-colonel, and formed No.2 School of Air Gunnery at Turnberry. On 1 April 1917 he became Assistant Commandant at the Central Flying School, graded as a wing commander and retaining his acting rank. On 26 June 1918 <mask> was selected to command the newly formed 80th Wing. During the next five months he was to be awarded both the Distinguished Flying Cross and the Distinguished Service Order. His wing of Sopwith Camels, S.E.5s, DH.9s and Bristol Fighters launched massed raids on the enemy airfields, reducing the effectiveness of German aerial response. Between 1 July and 11 November the seven squadrons under <mask>'s command (including Nos. 88, 92, 103, 2 AFC & 4 AFC) – the latter two of which were from the Australian Flying Corps – destroyed or drove 'down out of control' some 449 German aircraft, as well as 23 balloons.On 24 September 1918 <mask>' younger brother Gilbert John <mask>, a 7-kill ace and a captain in No. 40 Squadron, was killed in action. Between the wars
On 1 August 1919 <mask> was granted a permanent commission in the Royal Air Force with the rank of major, resigning his commission in the Dorsetshire Regiment the same day. On 1 November 1919 he was promoted from squadron leader to wing commander. <mask> retired from the service through ill health (sciatica) on 24 February 1921. He bought  of farmland at Worth Matravers on the Isle of Purbeck, and worked them over the next seven years, helping to restore his health. <mask> operated a dairy farm with his brother Jack Ronald <mask>, but the partnership was dissolved by mutual consent on 15 October 1928 with <mask> taking over the business.By the late 1920s <mask> had become a director and chief pilot of Simmonds Aircraft Limited and remained a director when it became the Spartan Aircraft Company. He was also a director of the Whitney Straight Corporation. <mask> flew company aircraft in several competitions, including the Simmonds Spartan G-AAGN in the 1929 King's Cup Air Race, and the Simmonds Spartan G-AAMG in a  handicap race from Woodley to Hanworth and back, at the Reading Air Fete in June 1930, coming 2nd with an average speed of . RAF service in World War II
Too old for a regular commission, on 18 April 1940 <mask> returned to military service as a 50-year-old pilot officer in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve. He was posted to No. 24 Squadron, the RAF's only transport and communications services squadron at that time. On 21 May 1940 <mask> arrived in Merville in northern France as No.24 Squadron's Aerodrome Control Officer. The airfield had been evacuated by the RAF fighter squadron stationed there and No. 24 Squadron were tasked with saving what aircraft and equipment they could. Two fighters were patched up and flown back to England. All remaining Hurricanes had been cannibalised, leaving one in flying condition. With no pilot available, <mask> took off in an aircraft type he had never flown before, unarmed, and with most of the instruments missing. Anti-aircraft fire forced <mask> up to  and the lone fighter was then attacked by several Bf 109s.Surprised by the sound of machine-gun fire, <mask> dived the Hurricane to tree-top height and successfully escaped. A month later he was awarded a bar to his Distinguished Flying Cross. On 21 June 1940, Squadron Leader <mask> was appointed commanding officer of the newly created Central Landing School (CLS) at RAF Ringway near Manchester. This unit was charged with the initiation, development and organisation of the UK's sole parachute training facility, and which later pioneered the parachute training curriculum of the Allied airborne forces. The unit was later redesignated No.1 Parachute Training School RAF (PTS). Using the techniques developed under <mask>, the PTS trained over 60,000 Allied personnel and paratroopers at Ringway between 1940 and 1946. On 5 May 1941, the Merchant Ship Fighter Unit (MSFU) was established at RAF Speke near Liverpool, and <mask> was appointed as commanding officer.The MSFU was charged with the development of the CAM ship for the catapult-launching of Hurricanes for convoy defence. A catapult for training volunteer pilots was erected at the airfield. With insufficient aircraft carriers available, there was the so-called "Air Gap" within which merchant shipping was out of reach of land-based aircraft on both sides of the Atlantic. As the predatory Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condors could therefore operate with impunity, fighters launched by catapult from merchant ships were felt to be a potentially effective response. About 50 Hurricane Mk.Is were modified by General Aircraft for catapult launch and 35 merchantmen were configured to carry catapults, with the first Atlantic crossings in April 1941. The Catapult Aircraft Merchantmen (CAM) and their so-called "Hurricats" soon proved their worth: Seven Condors were destroyed through 1941–43, while the deterrent effect was even more important. In September 1941 he was posted as Commanding Officer, RAF Valley, although illness prevented him from fulfilling the post.From August 1942 until the end of the year he served with Group HQ at Uxbridge. Three months as Commanding Officer at RAF Hawkinge followed before a transfer to No. 12 Group HQ as a supplementary squadron leader. In December 1943 <mask> was posted to No. 46 Group as Wing Commander, Operations. There he assisted in the planning for Operation Overlord, landing in Normandy himself on 15 June. He had six airstrips under his control in the expanding beachhead as this time.He was also responsible for the control and administration of a series of Temporary Staging Posts (TSP) supporting the Allied campaign. During the advance that followed the break-out from Normandy, <mask> personally 'liberated' Château Lillois, 24 years after he had been the first to announce the departure of the Germans from there in 1918. In October 1944 <mask> served with the HQ, 1st Allied Airborne Army. He was also at SHAEF Forward Headquarters in Reims on 6–7 May 1945 to witness negotiations to the German surrender on all fronts. <mask> eventually retired from the service in June 1945. For his wartime contribution <mask> was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire on 1 January 1945, and was awarded the American Bronze Star Medal in early 1946. Postwar civil aviation
He returned to farming but continued his links with civil aviation.He bought the Taylorcraft Auster Plus D light aircraft G-AHCR and flew it in several competitions, including the Wiltshire Flying Club's Thruxton Cup Race on 26 August 1950, averaging  over the  route; the Daily Express sponsored South Coast Race on 16 September 1950, coming in 54th out of 61 entrants; and the 1950 Daily Express Challenge Air Trophy, at the age of 59, being the oldest of the 76 competitors. He continued to fly regularly and died peacefully in his sleep in 1966, aged 75. In recognition of the high esteem in which he was held in the RAF and his important contribution to military aviation, the Squadron Briefing Room in the new No. 23 Squadron Headquarters building, which was officially opened by the AOC-in-C Strike Command on 2 April 1997, was named "The Strange Room". His daughter, <mask>, was an eminent British scholar in international relations. Awards and citations
Distinguished Service Order

Military Cross

Distinguished Flying Cross

Bar to the Distinguished Flying Cross

References
Notes

Bibliography

1891 births
1966 deaths
Royal Flying Corps officers
Royal Air Force officers
English aviators
British World War I pilots
British World War II pilots
Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II
Queen's Own Dorset Yeomanry officers
Dorset Regiment officers
British air racers
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Military Cross
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
People from Dorset
People educated at St Edward's School, Oxford

masks:
Louis Arbon Strange
Louis Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Louis Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Louis
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Stuart Strange
Jack Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Strange
Susan Strange


text_chunks:
<mask> (, January 13, 1923February 7, 1997) was a Soviet Russian cellist. Biography

Early years
<mask> was born in Petrograd (later Leningrad, then Saint Petersburg) in 1923. Even from before his birth he was surrounded by music. His mother and father were music students when he was born. His father, <mask>, went on to be principal cellist of the Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra and his mother, Frida Moiseyevna, was a pianist. He recounted how, as his mother went into labour, his father was practicing passages from Haydn's D major Concerto in preparation for a recital, and was reluctant to go to the hospital until he had mastered a difficult technical passage. Shafran was initially taught by his father, whom he had long begged for lessons.When aged eight and a half, "my father met me brandishing a small cello. 'I bought you a cello', he cried. 'Sit down and we'll start studying. His father was a serious musician and strict teacher and after year and a half under his tutelage, Shafran had absorbed many of the values that he held throughout his life: diligent and regular practice and the importance of striving for the highest goals. A key principle established was to overcome technical obstacles by learning to play far beyond the demands of the work, and Shafran learned to be "mercilessly strict with myself when practicing". When he was ten years old (other sources say eight), his father took him to Alexander Shtrimer (1888–1961), then professor at the Leningrad Conservatory, for lessons. Initially this was at the Conservatory Special Music School for Children, where Shtrimer also taught, and then at the Conservatory itself where Shafran was one of ten talented children chosen to attend.Shafran remained with Shtrimer for more than ten years (into his early twenties). Though his father took a more active interest in his progress than might be "correct in terms of pedagogical ethics", he took no other teacher, commenting that "my own experiences and my association with my musician colleagues were all a 'second teacher' to me". Shafran's first public performance was at the age of 10, at one of the Conservatory concerts, where he played two technically demanding works by David Popper: 'Spinning Song' and 'Elfentanz'. His orchestral debut was a year later, when 11, when he played Tchaikovsky's Rococo Variations with the Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra under the visiting British conductor, Albert Coates. At the age of 14, Shafran entered the 1937 USSR All-Union Competition for Violinists and Cellists, for young musicians from all Soviet states. Although strictly he was below the qualifying age limit, he was allowed to enter as an unofficial contestant and carried off the first prize. His age, "filigree virtuosity and poetic appearance had caused something of a sensation" and Shafran achieved national prominence.Shafran was also awarded a magnificent Antonio Amati cello as part of the prize. Musical activity in Leningrad was heavily impacted by the Second World War. Among many other activities in Russia, the All-Union competition was suspended for 7 years. Only in 1945 was it held again, when the war in Russia was over, and this time the winner was the young Mstislav Rostropovich. By 1949, "Shafran’s supremacy as the country's leading young cellist was now being challenged by Rostropovich, four years his junior." <mask> and Rostropovich both entered the 1949 competition at the Festival of Democratic Youth, Budapest, and they tied for the first prize. David Oistrakh, a jury member at the competition, wrote "both cellists are complete masters of cello sound.Their light virtuosity and elegant technique should be the envy of many violinists". The following year Shafran and Rostropovich again met in competition, at the Wihan contest in Prague – an event to commemorate the centenary of the Bohemian Cellist Hanus Wihan (1850–1920), himself a pupil of Karl Davydov. Shafran performed the Rococo Variations in the final round, (which by his own admission, he had not played successfully), and yet, again, Shafran and Rostropovich were the joint prize-winners. When Shafran graduated from the Conservatory in 1950, he was now 27 years old, and Rostropovich 23. For almost a decade, they stood out as the two outstanding young Russian cellists. "Both had already achieved an extraordinary level of artistry, yet they were temperamentally very different. Shafran's attention to detail made him pre-eminent in miniature forms: his poetic sensibility and the remarkable palette of tone colours he had at his disposal suit him to romantic and impressionistic repertoire".But in large forms, the musician's achievements were no less great. Concert career
Shafran pursued a career as soloist and recorded very widely. His repertoire included the major concertos, music for cello and piano, and the solo cello repertoire. His astonishing technique in the higher register enabled him to perform a wide range of violin works at original pitch. He also sought to enrich the cello repertoire, and made and performed transcriptions of works for other instruments. However, he rarely toured outside the Soviet Union and the Eastern bloc, and virtually all his recordings were for the Melodiya label, so his international reputation was very limited. In 1950, Shafran moved to Moscow, separating him from his family and his teacher on whom he had depended for so long - an event which caused him an artistic crisis.His early career was, in his own observation "rather hard. I made blunders, but this is only natural". Like so many prodigies, Shafran needed to develop into a mature artist, and his first wife and recital partner, Nina Musinian, greatly helped him in this respect, encouraging him to break with his past, and find the space to experiment. His early concerts and recordings show his stature. His first recording, at age 14, was of the Rococo Variations. In 1946 he performed in Rumania with George Enescu at the piano. In 1954 he recorded Kabalevsky's First cello Concerto, under the baton of the composer.Kabalevsky was sufficiently impressed that he dedicated his Second Cello Concerto to Shafran, who gave the premiere and made the first recording in 1965. In 1956 he made a "legendary recording" of the Shostakovich Cello Sonata, with the composer at the piano. He observed that "No matter what I asked or suggested ... Shostakovich listened to every word ... and agreed to any new details ... even those that went against his original notation in the score", highlighting not only Shostakovich's character, but Shafran's confidence in his own musical vision. In 1962 he performed the Khachaturian Cello Concerto under the direction of the composer. Shafran made a number of concert tours and recordings together with his first wife, pianist Nina Musinian. Later on, he formed a long-lasting partnership with the pianist Anton Ginsburg. Shafran's American debut was in 1960 in Carnegie Hall, at which concert he met Osip Shtrimer, the brother of his teacher.His British premiere was not till 1964, with concerts in Wigmore Hall and the Royal Festival Hall. He visited Japan several times, and toured Australia. By the time the Berlin Wall fell, Shafran's concert career was nearing its end. Interpretation and technique
Shafran had a poetic and sincere way of performing music. His vibrato, phrasing and virtuosity all added to his distinctively passionate performances. Characteristic of his style was his inimitable rich tone (unusual on a baroque instrument), his unlimited musical freedom, and his impeccable technical proficiency. Shafran saw himself as a product of a Leningrad (rather than a Moscow) tradition that “attached great importance to technical matters, [but] gave more attention to interpretation, revealing the stylistic diversity of works, and developing the artistic propensities of the pupil”.Structured and disciplined practice was the foundation of his playing. “A small minority of string players can get by without constant practice, but I admit that I am not one”, he noted. Each day would start with a slow cantilena piece for about 15 minutes, “to refresh the reflexes” for tonal beauty. From his father, he learned to play a piece through at twice the written speed, to ensure that all technical challenges were met. “I must work and persevere without pause. And if there comes a time when I feel some element of my instrumental control is slipping, I immediately start exercises to rectify the situation. For the left hand… I execute great leaps over the fingerboard with all fingers, striving for exactness of intonation and purity of sound.” To develop tone control, he would take a piece of moderate difficulty, like Rachmaninoff's 'Vocalise', and play it high on the C-string instead of the A-string.While having great technical mastery, Shafran saw technique as a means rather than an end. Although he followed David Oistrakh's advice “to include a virtuoso piece in your daily dozen: the audience likes them as a reward” and he highly recommend practicing the “old bravura works for those who aspire to attain the heights of cello technique”, for himself he felt that above all his music should be sincere, and he aimed to focus on “major music” with the depth for great expression. “I do detest and avoid music which is patently inferior or 'cheap'. When I encounter a work that does not immediately enthuse me, I always seek to discover something that may be hidden in its pages. If the work seems to lack profundity or expressiveness, I strive to compensate for this by instilling it with my own enthusiasm and imagination, and seek out the work's dramaturgic accents based on the general character of the music. Shafran was mercilessly strict with himself, and his partners: “from first note to last, I cannot permit my partner's playing to sabotage my intentions”, but he was not dogmatic: “everything is permissible if it sounds beautiful, if it is justified artistically”. He felt fingering should not be rigid or dogmatic, but must be subordinated to bringing out the content and expressiveness of a work.Noting that a player has a choice of many fingering combinations, he said the “selection must be geared to our own personal hand structure, stretch, finger length, flexibility, etc., and the instrument, too, must be taken into account”. He frequently employed what he called “revolutionary” fingerings, possible only because “every finger was well-trained and obedient”. He developed a number of unusual technical features. He used the thumb and fourth finger extensively, throughout the compass of the cello, and his large hand combined with the diminutive Amati cello that he always played allowed him to make very large stretches and play octaves between thumb and 3rd finger, and also 1st and 4th fingers. His range of vibrato was unusually wide, grading from fine and violin-like through to a distinctive wide, pulsating and operatic throb. He achieved a very light staccato and spiccato, and he made his beautiful silvery sound using the bow at the tip far more than most cellists and liked the hair to be on the loose side. His bowing appeared rather like a violinist, very light and without effort, yet at the same time very intense.In performance, his style was individual. He rehearsed in full concert dress, perched at the front of an unusually high chair, positioned on a little raised platform, and played with his eyes closed. His ritual preparation for concerts included early morning practice, eating, relaxation and mental preparation. The cellist Steven Isserlis summed up that “as a cellist and musician, Shafran was unlike anyone else. At a time in which, thanks to various media, musical styles are converging, Shafran's voice remained apart. His vibrato, his phrasing, his rhythm all belonged to a unique whole; his astounding virtuosity conveyed a musical personality that retained the passion, the simplicity and the poetry of a great Russian folk singer. He was incapable of playing one note insincerely; his music spoke from the soul”.The pianist Sviatoslav Richter stated:"a brief association with the cellist <mask> Shafran gave me little pleasure. He was a great cellist, with a distinctive tone, but whenever he played, you always had the impression that he was thinking only of the moment when he would have an interesting high note that he could hold on to and produce an attractive sound. He also suffered from nerves. I stopped performing with him in 1951 and he then joined up with Grigory Ginzburg... As a musician, if not a cellist, Rostropovitch was incomparably more interesting, an artist of far greater stature. He dwarfed him completely." Shafran's Amati cello
Unusually for a major cellist, Shafran played the same instrument throughout his life. He formed an unbreakable bond with the Antonio Amati cello that he won at the age of 14, and always played on it.The cello is described as dating from 1630. The exact dates of Antonio Amati (son of Andrea Amati, and the elder of the two Brothers Amati) are not known for certain, being variously reported between 1540 and 1607 and 1555 to 1640. Sources such as Cozio report that the entire span of Antonio Amati's working life was 1588–1628. It is by all accounts a magnificent instrument, though somewhat smaller than full size. It has been questioned whether "any Amati, no matter how fine, is sufficiently powerful for a solo cellist at the summit of his career. Baroque instruments of that period would not normally have the power of a later master." However, Shafran's recordings give no hint that the Amati has any lack of power.On the other hand, any Amati surviving into the present time has been rebuilt in the neck to allow for a higher bridge, and these alterations would give the instrument more carrying power and a brighter, more piercing sound than it had in the original baroque setup. The use of metal strings at high tension would also add to the brighter sound. Shafran, who was known for his sometimes remarkably individual fingerings, denied that they would only work for his hand and on a cello of this size: "Any cellist with a normal stretch can use my fingerings on a standard sized cello, though they would, of course, be more difficult for a cellist with a small finger stretch". <mask> <mask> died in Moscow on February 7, 1997, aged 74. In September 1997, his widow, Svetlana Shafran, donated the Amati cello to the Glinka Museum. References

External links
<mask> Shafran - Cello Solo -book (in English)
Official <mask> Shafran Website
CONVERSATION WITH VERA GUSEVA
CONVERSATION WITH YOSIF FEIGELSON by Paul Tseng
The first Prague Spring International Cello Competition in 1950 in photographs, documents and reminiscences

1923 births
1997 deaths
Burials in Troyekurovskoye Cemetery
Russian classical cellists
Jewish classical musicians
Musicians from Saint Petersburg
Soviet classical cellists
20th-century classical musicians

masks:
Daniil Borisovich Shafran
Daniil Shafran
Boris Shafran
Shafran
Daniil
Daniil
Shafran
Daniil
Daniil


text_chunks:
<mask> (22 June 1923, Paris, France – 24 April 2004, Lausanne, Switzerland) was the pseudonym of Joseph Damiani, a French writer and film-maker of Corsican origin who became a naturalized Swiss citizen in 1986. A former collaborationist and criminal who at one time was sentenced to death, <mask> often drew his inspiration from personal experience or from real gangsters, such as Abel Danos in his 1960 film Classe tous risques, overlooking that they had been members of the French Gestapo. In his films as well as his novels, while praising masculine friendships and advocating the confrontation of the individual against the world, he often championed the underworld but was always careful to hide his own links with the Nazi occupiers of France during World War II. Biography

Youth
Of Corsican descent, Joseph Damiani received a good education, studying at the Collège Stanislas de Paris and the Lycée Janson de Sailly. His father, a professional gambler who was sentenced to a year in prison for running an illegal casino, owned a hotel in the French Alps in Chamonix. Joseph worked there as a young man and became fascinated by mountain climbing. The Occupation and Collaborationism
From April to September 1943 Damiani was a member of Jeunesse et Montagne (Youth and Mountain) in Chamonix, part of the Vichy Government youth movement controlled by Pierre Laval.In February 1944 Damiani came to Paris and through his father's friend, the LVF leader Simon Sabiani, he joined Jacques Doriot's fascist French Popular Party (PPF). His maternal uncle, Ange Paul Santolini alias "Santos", who ran a restaurant patronized by the Gestapo, and his elder brother, Paul Damiani, a member of the Vichy paramilitary Milice, introduced Joseph into the Pigalle underworld. In March 1944 Joseph Damiani went to Marseille where he became a member of the German Schutzkorps (SK), an organization which hunted down Service du travail obligatoire - STO (Compulsory Work Service) dodgers. He served as bodyguard to its Marseille chief and took part in many arrests, often blackmailing his victims. In Lyon, in August 1944, posing as a German police officer along with an accomplice (Orloff, a Gestapo agent who was shot for treason at the Liberation), Damiani blackmailed Joseph Gourentzeig and his brother-in-law Georges Edberg, two Jews who were in hiding. Gourentzeig had bribed a member of the Milice - a friend of Damiani’s – in an attempt to secure his parents' release from a detention camp. They were not freed and Gourentzeig's father, Jacob, was shot by the Germans shortly after, on 21 August 1944, along with 109 Jewish hostages in the Bron (Lyon airport) massacre.The triple murder
After the Liberation in Paris on 18 May 1945, Joseph Damiani, his brother Paul, Georges Accad, a former Gestapo agent, and Jacques Ménassole, a former member of the Milice wearing a French Army lieutenant's uniform - all posing as Military Intelligence officers - abducted Haïm Cohen, a wine merchant, accusing him of being a black marketeer. He was tortured until he gave them the key to his safe and a check for 105,000 francs. He was then shot and his body thrown into the Seine. Joseph Damiani cashed the check at Barclay's Bank under the identity of "Count J. de Montreuil". A few days later, on 31 May 1945, the same gang, still masquerading as French Army Intelligence, abducted two brothers, Jules and Roger Peugeot, electrical appliance manufacturers in Maisons-Alfort. The brothers were forced, at gunpoint, to write a letter stating that they had been in business with the Germans and in contact with the Gestapo. The gang then demanded a million francs for destroying the letter.The Peugeot brothers refused and were tortured until they revealed where they had hidden 125 Louis d'or gold coins. They were then shot and their bodies buried in the woods near Versailles. Joseph Damiani, who had accidentally shot himself in the leg during the struggle with the Peugeot brothers, was arrested at home in early June 1945. Accad was also apprehended. On 12 June 1945 Ménassole, on the point of being arrested, committed suicide in the Rue Montmartre métro station. Paul Damiani was arrested in Strasbourg in July 1945, escaped in December and was shot dead in a gunfight between gangsters on 17 July 1946 in a bar in Nice. Twenty years hard labor and Dégradation nationale for Collaboration with the enemy
On 20 July 1946 Joseph Damiani was sentenced to twenty years hard labor by the Marseille Court of Justice for his participation in the German Schutzkorps and in the arrest of Frenchmen sent to the STO (Compulsory Work Service) in Germany.He was also sentenced to Dégradation nationale (deprivation of all civil rights) for life for having been a member of the PPF fascist party. Sentenced to death for three premeditated murders
Damiani had admitted during the investigation that he had shot Roger Peugeot, but he denied it in court. Tried by the Paris Cour d'Assises, Georges Accad and Joseph Damiani were sentenced to death on 10 July 1948 for the premeditated murders of Haïm Cohen, Roger Peugeot and Jules Peugeot. Damiani escaped the guillotine when his and Accad's sentences were commuted by President Vincent Auriol on 3 March 1949 to hard labor for life. Ten years imprisonment for blackmailing hidden Jews during the Occupation
On 25 May 1949 Damiani was sentenced by the Paris Correctional Tribunal to ten years imprisonment for having blackmailed at gunpoint Joseph Gourentzeig (hiding from the Gestapo under the name "André Courent") and his brother-in-law Georges Edberg in Lyon on 11 August 1944. Eleven and a half years in prison
On 14 November 1951, Damiani's sentence was reduced to twenty years hard labor. Finally, President René Coty remitted the sentence on 30 November 1956 and Joseph Damiani was released from prison at the age of thirty-three on 4 December 1956 after serving eleven and a half years.The writer and film-maker
Straight after his release from prison, Damiani wrote his first novel, The Break (Le Trou), under the name of "<mask>". It tells of the escape he attempted from prison with four other inmates by digging a tunnel from their cell into the Paris sewers in 1947 when he was awaiting trial for murder. His lawyer, who had encouraged him to write, took the book to author and editor Roger Nimier through whom it was published by Éditions Gallimard. His style, at times uncouth and clumsy, can surprise the reader with its strong and sometimes disturbing scenes. The novel was turned into a film by Jacques Becker in 1960. In 1958 the editor Marcel Duhamel introduced <mask> to the Série noire publishing imprint, where he came to notice with the publication of three novels that same year:
 Classe tous risques, which was filmed by Claude Sautet in 1960. L'Excommunié, which Jean Becker adapted into the film Un nommé La Rocca starring Jean-Paul Belmondo in 1961, and was later remade by <mask> in 1972 as La Scoumoune, with Belmondo in the same part and Claudia Cardinale.Le deuxieme souffle (Second Breath), filmed by Jean-Pierre Melville in 1966, with a remake, , by Alain Corneau. <mask> wrote twenty-one novels and a volume of memoirs (Mes Grandes Gueules). After having worked with Jacques Becker on the adaptation of The Break, <mask> wrote thirty-three film scripts and directed fifteen movies. Revelation of a hidden past
In January 1984, Joseph Damiani was declared "rehabilitated", which did not absolve him - there was no retrial - but restored his civil rights. During his lifetime <mask> never gave a clear explanation for his death sentence, though he took pride in being a former gangster and having been on death row. However, he never mentioned that he had been convicted for Collaborationism with the Nazis or for extorting money from Jews during the Occupation. On 14 October 1993, two Swiss dailies, La Tribune de Genève and 24 Heures, revealed his past and that <mask> was in fact the same person as Joseph Damiani, the convicted fascist militant.At first <mask> denied the accusations, claiming he had helped the Résistance and then insisting that he had been sentenced to death for a crime that had nothing to do with Collaborationism. He threatened to sue the press for slander but never did. Finally, he stated : "I've paid. I am entitled to forgiveness and oblivion". Last years
<mask> defended right-wing values, the family, law and order and tougher punishment but was a staunch opponent of the death penalty. However, he believed in personal vengeance: "Any man that snatches a child from its mother's arms deserves death". In his last years he spent time visiting prisons.From 1968 on, he lived in the Swiss village of Marécottes, not far from Chamonix, and died from a brain haemorrhage on 24 April 2004 in Lausanne. Books
 1957: Le Trou (The Break)
 1958: Le Deuxième Souffle (Second Breath)
 1958: Classe tous risque (Consider All Risks)
 1958: L'Excommunié
 1959: Histoire de fou
 1960: Les aventuriers (The Adventurers)
 1962: Le Haut-Fer (High Fear)
 1964: Ho! () Éditions Joseph K. - 22 rue Geoffroy Drouet, 44000 Nantes, France

French mystery writers
French film directors
French male screenwriters
20th-century French screenwriters
French collaborators with Nazi Germany
French Popular Party politicians
French fascists
People of Vichy France
French prisoners sentenced to death
Prisoners sentenced to death by France
French people of Corsican descent
1923 births
2004 deaths
Collège Stanislas de Paris alumni
Lycée Janson-de-Sailly alumni
20th-century French male writers
French emigrants to Switzerland

masks:
José Giovanni
Giovanni
José Giovanni
Giovanni
Giovanni
José Giovanni
Giovanni
José Giovanni
José Giovanni
Giovanni
José Giovanni