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Moses Michael Levi Barrow (born Jamal Michael Barrow; November 8, 1978), better known by his stage name <mask>, is a Belizean rapper and politician. Barrow was born in Belize but moved to New York City as a child and began to rap thereafter. He is perhaps best known for his 2000 singles "Bad Boyz" and "Bonnie & Shyne". He also wrote and performed on many multi-platinum albums such as Usher's "Confessions", Lil Wayne's "Carter IV", Notorious B.I.G's "Born Again", Mase's "Double Up" and Puff Daddy's "Forever" among other top selling albums during his tenure with his former label Bad Boy Records and Def Jam Recordings. <mask> and his mother lived in the Brooklyn neighborhood of East Flatbush, where he became a musician and rapper after being discovered in a barbershop by Imani Hayley. On the verge of releasing his debut album, he was involved in a nightclub shooting incident on , and in June 2001 he was convicted of assault and sentenced to 10 years in prison. His 2000 debut album was still a success and he continued to record music while incarcerated.While serving his prison sentence, Shyne became interested in Judaism, and later became observant, practicing Orthodox Judaism, officially changing his name to Moses Michael Levi Barrow in 2006. After being released from prison in 2009, he was deported to Belize. He has since been appointed the country's Ambassador of Music charged with the sustainable development of the music industry in Belize and has donated hundreds of thousands of dollars to develop it. Shyne was elected to the Belizean House of Representatives at the 2020 general election. Early life
Shyne was born Jamal Michael Barrow on November 8, 1978, in Belize City to Frances Imeon Myvette and Dean Barrow, who were not married. Barrow divided his time between his mother in Brooklyn, New York City, and his politician father, who was elected in 2008 as the Prime Minister of Belize. Shyne's mother is the sister of Michael Myvett, now going by the surname Finnegan, one of Dean Barrow's long-time political colleagues in Belize.Barrow's middle name comes from his uncle. Barrow's mother moved to the United States when he was three years old, leaving her son with his father who was busy with politics which left him between the care of his mother's brother Michael and father's sister Denise in Belize City. When he was 8 years old, Barrow moved to Brooklyn to live with his mother in East Flatbush, while spending summers in Belize with his father. After he moved to New York, he began to develop a strong interest in the hip-hop culture of the 1980s and 1990s. Music career

1997–1999: Career beginnings and signing to Bad Boy
In 1998, while Barrow was freestyling in a barbershop, he was discovered by hip hop producer DJ Clark Kent, who was working on The Notorious B.I.G. 's first posthumous album, Born Again. He quickly took Barrow to Bad Boy Studios, where Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs signed him on the spot.It was reported that <mask> received millions of dollars, 3 cars of his choice and 2 homes just for signing. The contract also included a 5 studio album deal. This event caused a small media shockwave. Not long after, <mask> began making appearances on recordings made by his Bad Boy Entertainment label-mates. He was notably featured on Mase's second album, Double Up (1999), and on a remix of Total's "Sittin At Home" single. In the same year he featured on chief executive Sean Combs' second studio album Forever. 1999–2008: <mask>, prison, and Godfather Buried Alive

On December 27, 1999, <mask>, along with Combs and his then girlfriend, Jennifer Lopez, were involved in a high-profile incident at a Manhattan club.Three people were injured. Shyne was charged with attempted murder, assault, and reckless endangerment. Shyne released Shyne (album) in September 2000. The album featured guest appearances from Barrington Levy and 112's Slim, as well as production from Bad Boy's in house producers The Hitmen. Shyne's self-titled debut album was recorded prior to the rapper's arrest. It made Billboards number five spot on the charts and sold more than 900,000 copies. In June 2001, Shyne was convicted and sentenced to 10 years in prison.Combs was acquitted of weapons charges in the case. While many labels met with <mask> while he was at the Clinton Correctional Facility, the rapper ultimately signed with Def Jam Records for a $3 million contract. In 2004, <mask> released his second album Godfather Buried Alive, while imprisoned. The album, recorded prior to imprisonment and partially over the phone, sold 434,000 copies and hit No. 1 on Billboards Top R&B/Hip-Hop chart. 2009–present: Release from prison and third album
Upon his early release in 2009 from his 10-year prison sentence, the Belize native was deported to his homeland as a non-citizen felon; he had never become a naturalized United States citizen. He was represented by Harvard professor and attorney Charles Ogletree in his attempt to forestall deportation and later to regain entry.On February 16, 2010, <mask> signed a seven-figure deal with Def Jam Records. "We are excited about working with Shyne, he's a revered Hip Hop Star and we want to give him the attention he deserves." said Steven "Steve-O" Carless, national lifestyle director of Def Jam, in a call from his New York Office. After a trip to Jerusalem in 2010, where he converted to Orthodox Judaism, <mask> collaborated with Jewish American reggae and rock musician Matisyahu on his single "Messiah", released in April 2010. He released "Roller Song" in 2010. He later announced that he was recording two LPs for release in 2010. Messiah was set to be the first of his 2010 release schedule, while Gangland, was set to be his second.In October 2010, <mask> criticized Def Jam and announced hopes of signing to Cash Money Records: "I'm definitely trying to get with Cash Money….I'm not signed to Def Jam anyway, I just need to find another distributor. I might just have Cash Money do everything. Who knows? That's the beauty about being in the business for yourself. You can decide where you want to go and what you want to do." Although he blamed Def Jam CEO L.A. Reid for his frustration, later that month Shyne issued an apology. In November 2010, Birdman said that Shyne's deportation had stalled his Cash Money deal, as it would prevent him from appearing in the US.In November 2010, <mask> was living in Jerusalem, where he underwent a formal conversion to Orthodox Judaism and arranged further studies with rabbis. He had studied seriously with rabbis while in prison and adopted the Jewish laws to create boundaries and order in his life. He officially changed his name to Moses Levi to reflect his commitment to Judaism. Shyne made a surprise guest appearance in the Matisyahu and HaDag Nachash concert in Jerusalem's Kikar Safra on June 23, 2011. He rapped into Matisyahu's set for "King Without a Crown". He shouted "Free Jonathan Pollard, Free Gilad Shalit" to thunderous applause before he exited the stage. Matisyahu and <mask> have shared Judaism and have become best friends.They have discussed collaborating more frequently in the future. In August 2011, <mask> appeared on the track "Outro", from Lil Wayne's platinum-selling ninth studio album Tha Carter IV (2011), along with Bun B, Nas and Busta Rhymes. In December 2011, Shyne said signing to Cash Money Records "is still a possibility". In March 2012, <mask> and Diddy finally reconciled. The two were photographed together at Fashion Week in Paris; Diddy tweeted, "Me and <mask> Po front row at Kenzo #ParisIsBurning RT to da world!!!!" In April 2012, Shyne traveled to Kyiv, Ukraine, where he was a featured speaker at a conference on inter-religious understanding. The conference – called Global Winds of Change: Religions' Role in Today's World;The Challenges in Democracies and Secular Societies – brought together members of the world's many faiths to discuss the role of religion in modern society.Oleksandr Feldman, a member of the Ukrainian parliament and the President of the Ukrainian Jewish Committee, hosted the three-day event. In October 2012, Shyne endorsed Mitt Romney for president of the United States, faulting incumbent President Obama for not doing anything to prevent the rapper's deportation to Belize. In 2012, Shyne released a mixtape, Gangland. Shyne called out Rick Ross, due to his blasphemous Black Bar Mitzvah mixtape, as well as Jewish-Canadian rapper Drake. He has recorded diss tracks towards Diddy, Swag Blanket's DLSupreme and 50 Cent. In November 2012, Shyne became involved in a feud with West Coast rapper Game, after Shyne described West Coast rapper Kendrick Lamar's universally acclaimed debut album good kid, m.A.A.d city as "trash". Shyne dissed Game on tracks such as "Bury Judas" and "Psalms 68 (Guns & Moses)".These tracks reflected his study of Judaism. Complex Magazine in December 2012 noted <mask> on its list of rapper stars who had suffered the "30 worst fall-offs in rap history", ranking him as 23. But <mask>'s Gangland mixtape appeared to show a revival of his popularity; it was downloaded more than 100,000 times on DatPiff.com, earning him a "Gold" ranking. Personal life

Club New York shooting
On December 27, 1999, <mask> and his mentor/label boss, Sean Combs and his then-girlfriend Jennifer Lopez, were involved in a shooting incident involving Matthew "Scar" Allen at a Manhattan club that resulted in three people being injured. <mask>, then 21 with an album pending release, was charged with and later convicted of attempted murder, assault, and reckless endangerment. Combs was arrested but acquitted at trial of charges. Shyne's debut album was released in 2000 and was successful.Incarceration
On June 1, 2001, <mask> was sentenced to ten years in prison. He began serving his sentence at the maximum security prison Clinton Correctional Facility in Dannemora. This seemed to spell the end of his rap career; his legal team's appeal for a suspended sentence ultimately failed. Shyne severed all ties with Sean Combs and Bad Boy Records. He had his name legally changed, in early March 2006, to Moses Michael Levi Barrow. He had been studying Judaism in prison with rabbis. Barrow has said that from the age of thirteen, he began to identify as an Israelite after learning that his great-grandmother was from Ethiopia.He has speculated that she may have been among the Beta Israel, ancient Ethiopian Jews. As a teenager, he began to pray daily and to study Judaism on his own. He formally converted to Orthodox Judaism in Jerusalem in 2010. In 2006 Shyne went to court to challenge New York's application of the 'Son of Sam' law, which had resulted in his assets being frozen and limiting his ability to make record deals and income. He and his lawyers argued that allowing Shyne to make deals with record producers would enable him to pay a higher potential settlement to victims of the night club shooting, who were separately pursuing a civil suit against him. Despite his conviction for crimes, his incarceration drew many sympathizers, as well as the admiration of many in the hip hop community. His adherence to the code of silence, which he referred to several times on his eponymous debut album, earned him a hardcore reputation in the prison community and on the streets.Even while incarcerated, he was visited by representatives of record labels who wanted to make deals. <mask> was not without detractors. Fellow New York rapper 50 Cent called him a "punk" and made light of his situation and his part in the "night club incident." Shyne retaliated on his 2004 release Godfather Buried Alive, with a track entitled "For the Record". Release and deportation
On October 26, 2009, <mask> was released from ICE to his place of birth, Belize. A Manhattan judge signed the order that would schedule Shyne for release on October 6, 2009. He had served more than 9 years of a 10-year sentence, on which no terms for post-release supervision had originally been placed.At the request of the New York State Department of Correctional Services, a mandatory probation period of at least two and half years was added to Shyne's sentence. <mask> and his attorney, Oscar Michelen, had hoped to avoid probation. The rapper was transferred to the Woodbourne Correctional Facility, where he spent the last months of his incarceration, from Rikers Island where he had been held for the parole hearing. Some of the hip hop community rallied to celebrate his release, and the events were followed by mainstream media. On October 6, 2009, Shyne was released from New York State custody. He was immediately taken into Federal custody. He was detained by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement at a "detention facility in Western New York State".At least one source revealed that the facility in question was the Buffalo Federal Detention Facility in Batavia. According to his attorney, Federal officials were reviewing the rapper's immigration status and making a determination on whether or not he would be deported to his native Belize. Shyne had a "green card" but had never become a naturalized citizen. There was speculation that Shyne might have been released on bail in the U.S. while his case was being resolved. Shyne's uncle, Michael Finnegan, said that the family had prepared for the rapper's potential return to Belize. He also revealed that Shyne and his representatives had been expecting to be intercepted by ICE officials upon his release and had deferred members of his legal team to prepare the necessary documents in an effort to deal with this situation. Dean Barrow, Belize's Prime Minister and Shyne's father, sent a petition to New York Governor David Paterson to pardon his son.In 2008 Governor Paterson had pardoned rapper Slick Rick who, in a similar situation, also faced deportation. Barrow stated he had been assured that the Governor received his letter and that his request was under consideration, but that he did not expect to have any influence in swaying the decision. The family said they had sought the assistance of Charles Ogletree, a Harvard Law professor and part of President Barack Obama's circle. On October 15, 2009, Finnegan released a statement indicating that all legal matters regarding the case had been turned over to Ogletree. <mask> was deported to Belize on October 28, 2009, though he continued to fight for residency in the United States. In February 2010, the rapper was refused entry into the United Kingdom due to his conviction as a felon. He had begun his journey in Cancun, Mexico, but was deported upon arrival in the UK after immigration officials refused to allow him to enter the country.In November 2010, <mask> was living in Jerusalem, having become observant and changing his name officially to Moses Michael Levi. He spent his time learning the Torah and stated that he spends up to 12 hours a day studying it. In 2011 he performed there, forming a collaboration with Matisyahu. In December 2011, almost 12 years after the initial shooting, Matthew "Scar" Allen was shot and killed outside of Brooklyn's Footprints nightclub. Entry into Belizean politics

<mask> is now a member of the House of Representatives in Belize. He was nominated by the United Democratic Party to stand as a candidate for the Belize House of Representatives in the Belize City-based Mesopotamia constituency in the 2020 Belizean general election. On November 11, 2020, Barrow won the House of Representatives seat for Mesopotamia.Discography

Studio albums
 Shyne (2000)
 Godfather Buried Alive (2004)

References

External links

 [ Shyne] at Allmusic

1978 births
Living people
American prisoners and detainees
Bad Boy Records artists
Baalei teshuva
Belizean businesspeople
Belizean expatriates in Israel
Belizean musicians
Belizean Orthodox Jews
Belizean people of Honduran descent
Belizean people of Ethiopian descent
Children of national leaders
Def Jam Recordings artists
East Coast hip hop musicians
Converts to Orthodox Judaism
Jewish rappers
People convicted of assault
People deported from the United States
People from Belize City
People from Jerusalem
Rappers from Brooklyn
Shooting survivors
Gangsta rappers
People from Flatbush, Brooklyn
21st-century American rappers
Black Jewish people

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<mask> (Campagna, 12 April 1775 – Torre Annunziata, 22 September 1836) was an Italian general, politician and entrepreneur, who was active in the Kingdom of Naples (later the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies). Early life
<mask> was born in Campagna, in the province of Salerno, on 12 April 1775 to a modest family, the fourth child of eleven siblings. He was entrusted by his father Pasquale to a canonical uncle to be initiated to the priesthood, but in 1794 he was called, through dell'imbossolamento method (pretty much a draw), to perform military service, activities for which he probably felt more inclined. Its exceptional stature, an extraordinarily strong body and his courage made him a soldier of election and earned him the esteem of Luigi Pignatelli colonel who commanded the 13th Infantry Regiment of the Line "Lucania" to which he was assigned. It was the same Pignatelli to appoint him quartermaster of the regiment and to obtain later, thanks to the fact that, had the task of capturing the defectors will shoot about two thousand in two years, for the young recruit the shoulder straps of the official with the rank of ensign in 1797. Career

Participation in the wars against the French
War broke out between the Kingdom of Naples and the French Republic, Nunziante participated in the first occupation of Rome by the Neapolitans. Following the escape of Ferdinand I to Sicily, on 22 December 1798, and the Neapolitan army victory, he managed to form a regiment which he called "Holy Cross", by which he joined all armed sanfedista of Cardinal Ruffo.The latter renamed the regiment as "Montefusco" and promoted him to the rank of colonel commandant. During the reconquest of the kingdom he participated in the siege of the fortress of Capua until the surrender of the French and then the second occupation of Rome. He was captured during the battle of Siena, but he managed to escape. It was subsequently confirmed by the king in the rank of colonel and put in charge of the regiment "Sanniti". In 1806, after the defeat in the battle of Campotenese and the consequent French reconquest of the kingdom of Naples, is brought in Sicily where he was charged with his regiment and a small reinforcement of cavalry to keep Reggio, only foothold on the continent still holding to Bourbon. Joint operations in the area with orders to keep with the ships that had transported, so that they can ensure a rapid retreat, after evaluating the situation, successfully asked the king to send back to the ships. Also he advised the king to disperse the masses of common people or to integrate them into the army.In 1807 he was put under the command of Prince Louis of Hesse-Philippsthal on an expedition for the reconquest of the mainland. On 28 May 1807 he and his expedition of the French troops were defeated in the battle of Mileto (near Seminara), despite his counseling with Philippsthal who proposed a retreat towards Catanzaro, which was considered to be the best strategic location. Back in Reggio (with the remains of his regiment reduced from 1,200 to 579 men, including 49 hospitals) Nunziante assured the defense of the castle for another six months, after which he was recalled in Sicily where he was promoted to Brigadier and put in charge of the Milazzo forces. In his new role, he managed to reorganize the forces under his command, improving conditions for soldiers and relations with allies British and obtained, unlike the provisions of applicable regulations, to have this in case its degree was greater than that of the English officer present in the same place. In the same period, he was a widower by his first wife Faustina Onesti and met in Lipari Camilla Baresse, " graceful and rich maiden", which became his second wife. Since the latter had eight children, who were added to the four first bed. The various offers came to pass the service to Murat, who always opposed a firm denial, though his children they were still on the mainland and Murat do not allow the transfer.In 1814, under the command of Lord William Bentinck he took part in the conquest of Genoa, but was later excluded as was proclaimed in an article contrary to the agreement between Murat and the Powers, which did not provide for the return of the continental part of the Kingdom of Bourbon. As general
In August 1815, after the restoration of the Bourbon and the exile of Murat, he was appointed commander of the 5th territorial division (which by that time had whole Calabria and expertise of that area), and moved its headquarters from Monteleone to Tropea. On October 9, he heard the news of the landing of Gioacchino Murat's troops in an attempt to regain power and its subsequent capture. Following these events, it was commissioned by the government to appoint the military court which was to judge the former king and later sentenced him to death. On 12 April 1816 he obtained the title of Marquess of Cirello; and later (20 July 1819) the degree of lieutenant general; his appointment as Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. George; the post of civil commissioner and the power of alter ego, who equated her orders to those of the sovereign. In this age it took care to suppress the Carbonari in Calabria succeeding admirably and worked actively against the banditry; He was also able to make open a road between Monteleone and Reggio Calabria. On 4 July 1820 he was appointed by letter of the king as commander of 4th territorial division, which included Salerno and Basilicata, and remained at this position at which he tried to oppose erupted motions for the granting of the constitution.Schieratosi later in favor of the constitution with a letter published in the Journal Constitution of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was then appointed on 17 November 1820 the commander of the territorial division of Syracuse and then on 9 December of the same year as General Commander of the Sicilian Army. Also the same year, he was initiated into masonry with his son, without formalities, in the Loggia "Damon and Pythian" of Syracuse. During the restoration he was involved by General Carrascosa, exiled, in a controversy over the failure to repression of the uprisings. In early April 1821 he was called to be part of the temporary Government Council and from 30 July 1822 took charge of the army's reorganization with the office of inspector general of infantry and cavalry of the line. When King Francis I ascended to the throne in 1825, he was appointed Knight of the Royal Order of St. George and the General Commander of the Army of the Two Sicilies. Additionally, he was also given additional staff and as a bonus, 460 ducats monthly, all of which was paid by Ferdinand himself. When Ferdinand II came to the throne in 1830, Nunziante was appointed Lieutenant (governor) of Sicily, awaiting Leopold of Bourbon to assume the role.In this short period he managed to win the affection and respect of the various components of the people. Later he obtained the dignity of a minister and the first since the King of the whole army, which earned him the assumption of the supreme command of the Continental Army. Death
He later took an interest in business and philanthropy while residing in San Ferdinando. Upon staying there, he caught malaria and was transferred to Naples where he in his will appointed Florestano Pepe. That was his last order. He died of malaria and liver complications in 1836 at Torre Annunziata. His body was transferred back to San Ferdinando immediately after funeral ceremony in Naples, where the body now rests.Honours
Order of Saint Januarius
Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit

References

1775 births
1836 deaths
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies people
Italian politicians
Generals of former Italian states
Italian businesspeople
Italian commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
People from Campagna
19th-century Neapolitan people

masks:
Vito Nicola Nziante
Vito Nziante


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<mask> (born 4 August 1943) is an English film, television and stage actress. She is best known for her roles in the films of director Ken Russell, including The Devils (1971), The Boy Friend (1971), and Mahler (1974), for which she received a BAFTA Film Award. An accomplished stage actress, she received an Olivier Award nomination for her leading performance in Steaming (1981). She has appeared in a number of television plays, and in 2010, The Guardian listed her as one of 10 great character actors in British television. She remains active in film, television and theatre. Life and early career
<mask> was born in Ilford, Essex to publicans Elsie (née Fordham) and George Robert Hole. She later said she had:

As a teenager, she worked as an apprentice hairdresser and studied Stanislavski's method approach to acting at a fledgling studio, the Chelsea Actors' Workshop, in London, then she was accepted into the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, where she graduated in 1965.Acting career

Stage
An accomplished stage actress, <mask> made her professional debut at Stratford as a walk-on. She appeared in repertory theatre at Canterbury, Windsor and Ipswich, then at the Playhouse, Liverpool in 1967, where her parts included the title role in Gigi and Juliet in Romeo and Juliet. At the Thorndike Theatre in Leatherhead in October 1975, she played Eliza Doolittle in Pygmalion, followed by an acclaimed portrayal of Nina in Chekhov's The Seagull at the Playhouse in July 1976, making her West End debut in the production when it transferred to the Duke of York's Theatre in August 1976. Other roles included Marie Caroline David in The Tribades (Hampstead Theatre Club, May 1978); Melanie in Boo Hoo (Open Space Theatre, July 1978); and Bobbi Michele in Neil Simon's Last of the Red Hot Lovers (Royal Exchange, Manchester, April 1979 – transferring to the Criterion Theatre in November 1979). In 1981, <mask> played the leading role of Josie in Nell Dunn's play Steaming at the Comedy Theatre in London and received a nomination for a 1981 Olivier Award. In 1982, she appeared with Annette Crosbie and Richard O'Callaghan in a production of Noël Coward's Star Quality at the Theatre Royal, Bath. In April 1983 she starred opposite Glenda Jackson and Gary Oldman in Summit Conference at the Lyric Theatre, London, playing Benito Mussolini's mistress Clara Petacci.Later that year, she starred with Colin Blakely, Jane Carr and Paul Eddington in the play Lovers Dancing, directed by Donald McWhinnie, at the Noël Coward Theatre. She followed with roles in two productions at The Old Vic: Aricia in Phédre (1984) and Crystal Allen in The Women (1985). In 1991, <mask> starred opposite Glenda Jackson in Mourning Becomes Electra by Eugene O'Neill,at the Glasgow Citizens Theatre. In 1993, she appeared in a production of Alan Ayckbourne's Absurd Person Singular at the Theatre Royal, Bath. In 1994, she appeared opposite Rupert Everett in a production of Tennessee Williams' The Milk Train Doesn't Stop Here Anymore at the Glasgow Citizens Theatre. In 1997, she appeared opposite Alan Bates in Life Support by Simon Gray at the Aldwych Theatre in London. Critic Sheridan Morley wrote in The New York Times that <mask>, as the bed-bound Gwen, was "supremely touching even in almost total paralysis".Other notable stage appearances include The Guardsman at the Noël Coward Theatre (2000), where critic Sheridan Morley noted that <mask> added "superbly timed comic support", Semi-Monde at the Lyric Theatre (2001), Britannicus and as Madame Ranevsky in The Cherry Orchard at the Glasgow Citizens Theatre (both 2002), and Chéri and Take a Chance on Me at the New End Theatre (both 2003). <mask>'s most recent stage role was that of Nell in a production of Samuel Beckett's Endgame at the Gate Theatre, Dublin and then the Barbican Centre, London, as part of the Beckett Centenary Festival in May 2006. Film
<mask> made her film debut in the historical drama Eagle in a Cage (1971) as Betsy Balcombe, opposite Kenneth Haigh as Napoléon Bonaparte. In his review for The New York Times, film critic Roger Greenspun noted that, at age 24, <mask> displayed "a kind of mature intensity that argues for at least 30 years' experience on the stage". <mask> appeared as Alma Mahler in Ken Russell's Mahler (1974), opposite Robert Powell as Gustav Mahler. Her performance was called "excellent" by both Time Out and Radio Times, and earned her the 1975 BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles. In his review for Film Comment, critic Stephen Farber wrote:

<mask> also made appearances in a number of Russell's other films, with roles in The Devils (1971), The Boy Friend (1971), Lisztomania (1975), Valentino (1977), and Treasure Island (1995).Russell later referred to <mask> as "an actress of such sensitivity that she can make the hair rise on your arms". <mask> played a supporting role in the romantic drama The World is Full of Married Men (1979), based on the novel of the same name by Jackie Collins. Variety noted that <mask> was "effective as a laconic wife who’s come to terms with the sexcess scene". <mask> had a small role in the film The Watcher in the Woods (1980), starring Bette Davis. <mask> took the role of the younger version of Davis' character largely because of her admiration for Davis. Her other film appearances include supporting roles in Butley (1974), Sweeney 2 (1978), McVicar (1980), Castaway (1986), Preaching to the Perverted (1997), Mrs Palfrey at the Claremont (2005), and Cockneys vs Zombies (2011). Television
<mask>'s television career spans six decades.Her first major television appearances were supporting roles in plays filmed for The Wednesday Play, ITV Playhouse and ITV Play of the Week. Recurring roles in primetime series followed, first opposite Adam Faith in the second series of Budgie (1972) as his wayward wife, and then as Lili Dietrich in the miniseries The Strauss Family (1972). In 1973, she starred in A.D.A.M. as a physically disabled woman who develops an unusual relationship with the sentient computer system that controls her home. Directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg, the drama was broadcast as part of the ITV Sunday Night Drama anthology strand. In 1975, <mask> appeared in two television plays written by Simon Gray, broadcast as part of the ITV series Play for Today. These were Plaintiffs and Defendants and Two Sundays.In 1978, <mask> appeared with Michael Gambon in the BBC Play of the Month adaptation of Anton Chekhov's The Seagull. In 1980, <mask> portrayed Ruth Ellis, the last woman to be hanged in the UK, in an episode of the drama series Ladykillers. In 1990, <mask> succeeded Elizabeth Estensen in the eponymous role of T-Bag, the villainous, tea-drinking sorceress in a succession of children's adventure series produced by Thames Television. <mask> played the role in four series and two Christmas specials broadcast between 1990 and 1992. In December 1992, <mask> appeared in two television plays produced by Simon Curtis, broadcast as part of the anthology series Performance. These were Luigi Pirandello's Six Characters in Search of an Author and Terence Rattigan's After the Dance. In 1994, <mask> appeared in the sitcom pilot The Honeymoon's Over, written by Paul Whitehouse and Charlie Higson, broadcast as part of the Comic Asides anthology strand on BBC Two.In 2007, <mask> made a guest appearance in the crime drama The Commander. Television critic Nancy Banks-Smith noted in The Guardian that <mask> "was able to do wonders with a mere sliver of a scene". Other notable television appearances include guest starring roles in Upstairs, Downstairs (1975), Minder (1980), Hammer House of Horror (1980), the Doctor Who serial The Happiness Patrol (1988), One Foot in the Grave (1990), Murder Most Horrid (1994), The Bill (2002), Emmerdale (2006), Hollyoaks (2010–2011) and Holby City (2016). Work

Film

Television

Theatre

Notes

References

Further reading
Who's Who in the Theatre, 17th edition, Gale (1981)

External links

<mask> <mask> portrait by photographer Rachel Lum
<mask> <mask> Interview

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1943 births
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
BAFTA Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles winners
English film actresses
English stage actresses
English television actresses
Living people
People from Ilford

masks:
Georgina Hale
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Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
Hale
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Hale
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Georgina
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<mask><mask> is a social anthropologist and media studies academic and author who writes on material culture, mobility, and the mediation of social relations. In 2020 she became the Director of the Institute for Culture and Society at Western Sydney University where she is a Professor and is also a lead investigator in the ARC Centre of Excellence for Automated Decision-Making and Society. Prior to this she was a Professor of Media and Communications at the University of Sydney from 2017 and Vice Chancellor's Senior Research Fellow in the School of Media and Communication at RMIT University in Melbourne, Australia from 2011. She has also been a Research Fellow in the MA program in digital anthropology at University College London. Horst has a B. A. from University of Minnesota, an M. A. from University of California, Santa Barbara, and a Ph. D. from University College, London (UCL).<mask> served as an Associate Project Scientist for DML Research Hub in the Department of Humanities Research Institute at University of California, Irvine, an Honorary Research Associate in Department of Anthropology and a faculty of Social & Historical Sciences at University College London. <mask>’s research focuses upon the relationship between place, space and new media. Her research has been published in a range of journals, including Social Anthropology, Current Anthropology, Journal of Material Culture, Global Networks, Identities, International Journal of Communication and the Caribbean Review of Gender Studies. She has been a guest editor for special issues of the International Journal of Communication, Journal of Material Culture, International Journal of Cultural Studies and Home Cultures. She is also the co-author of The Cell Phone: An Anthropology of Communication (Horst and Miller, Berg, 2006) and Hanging Out, Messing Around and Geeking Out: Kids Living and Learning with Digital Media (MIT Press, 2009, Ito, et al.). Research
<mask>’s research focuses on the relationship between material culture and the role of objects and artifacts in mediating social relations, with particular attention to mobility and the global movement of people, objects, goods, media and capital in different national and transnational spaces. The Materiality of Personhood
The idea of starting this research came from <mask>rst’s 'dissertation worked in Mandeville, Jamaica, which explored the imagination, construction and transformation of the meanings of ‘home’ among Jamaicans who migrated to Britain after World War II and returned to Jamaica to retire in the 1990s.'In this research, <mask> works on the relationship between material culture, property and personhood by understanding the materiality of the house assert, recognize and negotiate personhood in colonial and postcolonial Jamaica. New Media, Technology and Society
In order to examine the relationship between new media in this research, <mask> began to study on the 'global and transnational processes involved in the construction of the ‘digital divide’ as part of a multi-national comparative study funded by the British Department for International Development (DFID) to examine the implications of new information and communication technologies in Ghana, India, Jamaica and South Africa working with Daniel Miller.' Also, over the past four years, <mask>’s study focuses on 'social change and the power dynamics surrounding the provisioning, access to and use of new media and technology by shifting my attention to the heart of the global technology industry.' Projects

Information Society: Emergent Technologies and Development in the South
It is a large-scale DFID-funded project which compared the relationship between Information and communications technology (ICTs) and development in Ghana, India, Jamaica and South Africa. As a part of it, <mask> was examining development, new information and communication technologies and the 'digital divide'. After completing her dissertation, she began to examine development, new information and communication technologies and the 'digital divide' as part of it. Digital Youth
During the time at University of California, Berkeley prior to joining University of California, Irvine, <mask> was holding a position in a research project called Digital Youth which is to address the gap between in-school and out-school experience with a targeted set of ethnographic investigations into three emergent modes of informal learning that young people are practicing using new media technologies: communication, learning, and play by exploring how kids use digital media in their everyday lives.Coming of Age in Silicon Valley Digital Media in Families

This study aims to understand the role of digital media in children and youths’ communication, learning, knowledge, play and, in turn, how digital media may affect their relationships with their peers, siblings, parents or other household members. Virtual PlaygroundsAn Ethnography of Neopets

Working with Laura Robinson, <mask>, Mizuko Ito and Lou-Anthony Limon designed this project to understand practices and participation of young people using the online gaming site, Neopets.com. Mobiles, Migrants and Money: A Study of Mobility at the Haitian-Dominican Republic Border
<mask> was working with Erin Taylor, and Espelencia Baptiste on this project which investigates the role of mobile phones in the economic and social wellbeing among some of the world's poorest people living at and moving across the border of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Publications

New Media and Society
 Free, Social, and Inclusive: Appropriation and Resistance of New Media Technologies in Brazil. International Journal of Communication 5: 437–462, 2011
 New Media in International Contexts: Introduction (with Cara Wallis). International Journal of Communication 5: 463–470, 2011

 Hanging Out, Messing Around, and Geeking Out: Kids Living and Learning with New Media. Cambridge: MIT Press.(with Mizuko Ito, Sonja Baumer, Matteo Bittanti, danah boyd, Rachel Cody, Rebecca Herr-Stephenson, Patricia G. Lange, Dilan Mahendran, Katynka Z. Martinez, CJ Pascoe, Dan Perkel, Laura Robinson, Christo Sims and Lisa Tripp), 2009
 The Cell Phone: An Anthropology of Communication. New York: Berg Publications (<mask>. <mask> and Daniel Miller), 2006
 The Blessings and Burdens of Communication: The Cell Phone in Jamaican Transnational Social Fields. Global Networks: A Journal of Transnational Affairs 6(2): 143-159, 2006
 From Kinship to Link-up: Cell Phones and Social Networking in Jamaica. Current Anthropology 46(5): 755-778 (<mask>. <mask> and Daniel Miller), 2005
 ‘Cell Phone Come Like a Blessing’: Religion and the Cell Phone in a Rural Jamaican Town. Jamaica Journal 29(1&2): 12-17 (Daniel Miller and <mask>. <mask>), 2005

Mobility and Transnationalism

 Jamaican Americans. New Immigrants Series. New York: Chelsea House (<mask>. <mask> and Andrew Garner), 2006
 Landscaping Englishness: Respectability and Returnees in Mandeville, Jamaica.Caribbean Review of Gender Studies 2(2), 2008
 Planning to Forget: Mobility and Violence in Urban Jamaica. Social Anthropology 16 (1): 51-62, 2008
 ‘You can’t be two places at once’: Rethinking Transnationalism through Return Migration in Jamaica. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 14 (1): 63-83, 2007
 The Most English Town in Jamaica: Myths, Memories and Other Returning Resident Dilemmas. Jamaica Journal 31(1 & 2): 56-61, 2007

Materiality of Home and Domestic Space

 Landscaping Englishness: Respectability and Returnees in Mandeville, Jamaica. Caribbean Review of Gender Studies 2(2), 2008
 Planning to Forget: Mobility and Violence in Urban Jamaica. Social Anthropology 16(1): 51-62, 2008
 The Most English Town in Jamaica: Myths, Memories and Other Returning Resident Dilemmas. Jamaica Journal 31 (1 & 2): 56-61, 2007
 A Pilgrimage Home: Tombs, Burial and Belonging in Jamaica.Journal of Material Culture 9(1): 11-26, 2004

References

External links

“<mask>” Digital Youth Research
Haitian Monetary Ecologies and Repertoires: A Qualitative Snapshot of Money Transfer and Savings
Planning to Forget: Mobility and Violence in Urban Jamaica
<mask>'s blog Digital Youth Research
Mobile communication in the global south
Anthropology and the Individual: A Material Culture Perspective (Berg Publications, 2009)
“<mask> <mask>” on The Material World Blog
Special Section: New Media in International Contexts Introduction
Institute for Money, Technology and Financial Inclusion
IMTFI researcher "<mask>" Haitian Monetary Ecologies and Repertoires: A Qualitative Snapshot of Money Transfer and Savings
“<mask><mask>” 2010 NCTI Technology Innovators Conference
“<mask><mask>”  on staff directory page at University of California Humanities Research Institute (UCHRI) website

American anthropologists
Living people
University of Minnesota alumni
University of California, Santa Barbara alumni
Alumni of University College London
Year of birth missing (living people)

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<mask> (July 4, 1822 – May 11, 1899) was among the ardent states' rights advocates, supporters of slavery, and Southern secessionists who came to be known as the "Fire-Eaters." He is notable for having designed the most popular variant of the Confederate flag, originally rejected as the national flag in 1861 but adopted as a battle flag by the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee before it was reincorporated. Born in South Carolina, he showed little early interest in politics, and his early career included the study of law and a tenure as a mathematics professor at the Charleston College from 1843 to 1855. In the late 1840s, as sectional issues roiled South Carolina politics, <mask> began to speak up on sectional issues. He opposed both the Wilmot Proviso and the Compromise of 1850. From then on, <mask> would look at any northern efforts to restrict slavery as justification for secession. <mask> was elected as mayor of Charleston in 1855 and served in the United States House of Representatives from 1857 until South Carolina seceded, in December 1860.He was a member of the state secession convention and a representative from South Carolina at the Confederate Convention in Montgomery, Alabama, which established the provisional government and constitution for the Confederate States. He represented his state in the Confederate House of Representatives during the American Civil War. Early life
<mask> was born in Walterboro, South Carolina to James Saunders <mask> and Sarah Bond Worley <mask>. His ancestors were French Huguenots and his grandfather, Major Felix Warley, fought in the American Revolution. His primary education came at Southworth School and he later attended Willington Academy where John C. Calhoun had matriculated a generation earlier. <mask> enrolled at Charleston College in 1838 where he met future secession advocates James De Bow and <mask> Trescot. <mask> graduated in 1842 and in 1843 he briefly studied law with a local attorney before returning to his alma mater as a mathematics professor.Throughout the 1840s <mask> showed little interest in active politics. He did not participate in the Bluffton Movement in 1844, although he did recognize that the 1846 Wilmot Proviso threatened his concepts of "southern rights, the equality of the states under the Constitution, and the honor of a slaveholding people." In 1849 <mask> was invited to speak at a Fourth of July celebration in Charleston. In this speech, <mask> attacked the principles behind the Wilmot Proviso. While he believed that slavery was a "Divine institution," he was willing to accept differences of opinion as long as antislavery advocates returned the favor by admitting that slavery was "recognized and countenanced" by the Constitution. To <mask>, Northerners, in their efforts to legislate restrictions on slavery, were not simply raising an issue of constitutional interpretation. <mask> argued:

<mask> rejected any compromise on slavery and supported Calhoun in opposition to the Compromise of 1850.However while activists within the state in 1850 and 1851 mobilized, <mask> remained on the sidelines as Southern Rights associations and rallies dominated South Carolina politics. In 1852 <mask> delivered an address to the Alumni Society of the Charleston College that included one of the frequent arguments of the Fire-Eaters. Addressing himself to the Declaration of Independence, <mask> denied the concept of inalienable rights and maintained that liberty was an "Acquired Privilege." He argued that "Men are born neither Free nor Equal" and some men were born with the innate ability to earn liberty while others were not. Government should not attempt to either "make a Statesman of him who God intended should be a Ploughman" or "bind down forever to the plough him to whom God has given a mind capable of shaping the destinies of a People." From this point on in his career, <mask> rejected the political legitimacy of abolitionists and free-soilers and responded to any attempts to restrict slavery with a call for secession. In 1852 he delivered "Republican Government Not Always the Best" to members of College of Charleston graduation address.Mayor of Charleston
In the summer of 1855 a yellow fever epidemic hit the coast of Virginia. Eventually 2,000 people would die as well as half of the doctors who attempted to treat it. Virginia called for volunteers from the lower South where the disease was more common and residents had developed some natural immunity. <mask> responded by serving for several weeks in Norfolk as a nurse. His heroic activities were reported back to Charleston, and his friends used the popularity generated by his activities to draft him as a candidate for mayor. Upon his return to Charleston he made only one public speech but was still elected mayor by a vote of 1,260 to 837. While serving as mayor, <mask> lived at 53 Beaufain Street; the house no longer exists.Interested in reform, the new mayor first tackled police reform. After sending out fact finding missions to other cities, he implemented a plan that addressed the problem of excessive partisanship within the city council. Appointment responsibility was reassigned to the police chief for lower ranks and to the mayor, with city council approval, for higher ranks. He expanded patrols, cracked down on habitual offenders. In the area of social reform, <mask> created a house of corrections for juveniles, an almshouse, an orphanage and an asylum. He provided aid for transient poor and free black paupers and implemented a sewage system as a health measure. Having inherited a large public debt, he increased property taxes in an effort to retire the debt in 35 years.At the end of his two-year term he was widely judged to have been successful, leading him to consider further public office. United States House of Representatives
In 1856 <mask> ran for the seat being vacated by Congressman <mask> Jr. The national issues of slavery in Kansas and the rise of the Republican Party dominated the election. <mask> argued that the election of the Republican candidate for president, John C. Fremont, would require a joint southern response that could include boycotting the new Congress and calling a southern convention to determine further action. In a three-way election <mask> was victorious by a vote of 1,852 to 1,844 for his two opponents. When he took office in 1857 he found that the Kansas issues dominated Congressional  debate, threatened the unity of the Democratic Party and increased the growth of the Republicans. His first speech on the House floor came in 1858 and argued the Southern position on Kansas.Despite his acknowledgement that the Kansas climate was not conducive to slavery, he stated:

<mask> was re-elected in 1858. In January 1859 he spoke in support of fellow fire-eater <mask> Yancey in advocating the repeal of federal laws banning the African slave trade. <mask> felt that the regulation of the trade should be a state function and that the national ban was an insult to Southern honor. This stance was considered too radical even by his friends, such as Trescott, who felt, since it could never be supported by the majority of the nation, that <mask>' stance was simply a guise to force disunion. John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry sent a shock wave across the South. When the Thirty-sixth Congress met in December 1859 the first order of business was the selection of a speaker. Already in turmoil over the Brown raid, Southerners were further aggravated by the nomination of Ohio Republican John Sherman for the post.Sherman was one of 68 Republicans who had endorsed Hinton Helper's book, The Impending Crisis and How to Meet It, which Southerners believed would ignite class warfare between slaveholders and non-slaveholders in the South. Republicans proposed buying 100,000 copies of the book and distributing it throughout the country. <mask> conspired with South Carolina's governor to send a regiment of militia to Washington to break up the Congress in the event of Sherman's election, but the withdrawal of Sherman's nomination prevented action. In South Carolina the state legislature was unable to determine an appropriate response, but finally, reacting to a proposal by pro-secession Governor <mask> Gist decided to propose a Southern convention. As a first step Christopher Memminger was dispatched to Virginia in order to solicit their support. <mask> advised Memminger to "urge our Carolina view in such a manner as to imbue Virginia with it ... [and] we may soon hope to see the fruit of your addresses in the sturdy and healthy offspring of whose birth we would be so greatly proud — a Southern confederacy. South Carolina Secession

Election of 1860
By 1860 <mask> was one of the leading secessionists in South Carolina.His position in Washington, D.C., allowed him to serve as a conduit in the flow of information between Washington and Charleston. State politicians focused on the upcoming Democratic Convention scheduled in Charleston beginning on April 23. <mask> was concerned about the candidacy of Stephen A. Douglas, especially rumors that there might even be a pro-Douglas faction in South Carolina. <mask> and other radicals were convinced that only a strictly Southern party could properly address the state's needs. The convention deadlocked over the party platform. Southerners opposed Douglas' support for popular sovereignty – a concept which would have allowed new territories to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery. Southerners preferred  federal guarantees that slavery would be allowed in all United States territories.Thirteen of the 16 South Carolina delegates walked out of the convention. In May <mask> returned to Charleston and declared that the next election would pit "power against principle – the majority against the minority, regardless of all constitutional barriers." Support for secession was strong in South Carolina even before Lincoln's election. <mask> pressed the issue, urging action as opposed to simply more discussion. <mask> stated, according to a July 24 newspaper account:

<mask> argued that South Carolina should "break up things generally, which any state can at any time do." He believed that the South had "all the elements of wealth, prosperity and strength, to make her a first-class power among the nations of the world" and would "lose so little and gain so much" with secession." In August <mask> was struck with typhoid fever and went to New England to recover, not returning to the state until the November elections.Secession winter
As secession loomed, President James Buchanan was concerned about the safety of United States property in South Carolina. <mask>, returning to Washington for the upcoming session of Congress, was one of the South Carolina delegates who met with Buchanan to discuss this problem. On December 10 <mask> and the others presented a letter to the President that assured him that the forts in Charleston would not be molested "provided that no reinforcement should be sent into those forts, and their relative military status" maintained. Buchanan questioned the word "provided" since it appeared to bind him, but the delegates assured him that they were only communicating their understanding based on the status quo. According to both <mask> and fellow South Carolina fire-eater Laurence M. Keitt, Buchanan said, "After all, this is a matter of honor among gentlemen. I do not know that any paper or writing is necessary. We understand each other."Returning to South Carolina, <mask> was elected as a delegate to the South Carolina secession convention. <mask> was for immediate action. On December 17, fearing that even a few days of delay could be critical, he opposed the relocation of the convention from Columbia to Charleston due to a smallpox outbreak. <mask>' last communications with southerners in Washington told him that they were all looking to South Carolina for leadership. <mask> attitude was reflected in his statement, "Let us act if we mean to act without talking. Let it be 'a word and a blow – but the blow first." The convention adopted an ordinance of secession on December 20.<mask>, along with other South Carolinians, immediately resigned his seat in Congress. In the months ahead, <mask>, believing in the possibility of peaceful secession, opposed precipitate action over either Fort Sumter or the Star of the West incident. In February 1861 <mask> was one of eight South Carolina delegates to the Confederate Convention in Montgomery, Alabama, that established the Confederacy. Confederate States Congress
<mask> was selected for both the provisional and regular Confederate Congress. He was chairman of the House Military Affairs Committee while also serving as an aide-de-camp for General P. G. T. Beauregard at both Charleston, in the buildup to the attack on Fort Sumter,  and the First Battle of Bull Run. Recognizing, however, his own lack of military training, <mask> focused most of his attention on his congressional duties. Historian Eric H. Walther describes <mask> tenure in the Confederate Congress:

While serving in the Confederate Provisional Congress, <mask> chaired the "Committee on the Flag and Seal," which adopted the "Stars and Bars" flag as the national flag of the Confederacy.<mask> opposed this selection  because, he felt, it too much resembled, as supporters of it admitted, the old Stars and Stripes. <mask> argued:

<mask> favored his own design. When General P.G.T. Beauregard decided a more recognizable Battle Flag was needed, <mask>' suggested his design. Although this design had been rejected by the committee for a national flag, it eventually became the Confederate Battle Flag, today often referred to as a "Rebel flag" or the "Southern Cross." <mask>' design was later used as the canton in the second version of the national flag (nicknamed the "Stainless Banner") as well as in the third national design (nicknamed the "Blood-Stained Banner"). Later life
As late as January 1865, <mask> offered a resolution in Congress stating, "That we, the representatives of the people of the Confederate States, are firmly determined to continue the struggle in which we are involved until the United States shall acknowledge our independence."Describing <mask>'s feelings shortly after the war ended and quoting from a September 25, 1865 letter, Walther wrote:

<mask> had married Bettie Beirne in 1863, the daughter of a wealthy Virginia planter, Oliver Beirne, and granddaughter of Representative Andrew Beirne. For a few years after the war, he worked for his father-in-law as a factor in New Orleans. In 1867, <mask> took over the management of Oak Ridge Plantation in Nelson County, Virginia. He encountered serious financial problems as a tobacco and wheat farmer, and in 1874, he unsuccessfully applied for the position of president at the new Hopkins University of Baltimore. <mask> remained on the farm and helped friends like Beauregard and former Fire-Eater Robert Rhett gather materials for their own histories of the Confederacy. In 1880, <mask> was appointed president of the newly-reopened South Carolina College. After his father-in-law's death in 1882, <mask> took over the family business interests and relocated to Houmas House in Ascension Parish, Louisiana, where he managed a dozen plantations that Oliver Beirne had inherited just one year before at the death of his longtime friend, John Burnside.In 1892, with his son, he formed Miles Planting and Manufacturing Company of Louisiana. <mask> died on May 11, 1899 at 76 and was interred at Green Hill Cemetery in Union, West Virginia. Notes

References

 Cauthen, Charles Edward. South Carolina Goes to War, 1860–1865, 2005, originally 1950 . Coski, John M. The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005. .
 Daniel, Ruth McCaskill. <mask> <mask>: Champion of Southern Interests.M.A. thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1943. Heidler, David S. Pulling the Temple Down: The Fire-Eaters and the Destruction of the Union. (1994) . <mask>, <mask>er. The annual address delivered before the Cliosophic Society, March 29, 1847. Charleston: T.W.Haynes, 1847. ———. How to Educate Our Young Lawyers. Address to the law class of the University of Maryland. Columbia, South Carolina: The Presbyterian Publishing House, 1882. ———. Oration delivered before the Fourth of July Association.By Wm. <mask> <mask> on the Fourth of July 1849. Charleston: James S. Burges, 1849. Smith, Clarence McKittrick, Jr. <mask> <mask>, Progressive Mayor of Charleston, 1855–1857. Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association 12 (1942): 30–39. Walther, Eric. H. The Fire-Eaters.(1992) . External links

 Official
 <mask> <mask> Papers at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
 General information

 <mask> <mask> at The Political Graveyard

People of South Carolina in the American Civil War
1822 births
1899 deaths
19th-century American politicians
American proslavery activists
College of Charleston alumni
Confederate States Army officers
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Deputies and delegates to the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States
Flag designers
Mayors of Charleston, South Carolina
Members of the Confederate House of Representatives from South Carolina
Members of the United States House of Representatives from South Carolina
People from Walterboro, South Carolina
Presidents of the University of South Carolina
Signers of the Confederate States Constitution
Signers of the Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States
South Carolina Democrats
University of South Carolina faculty
American Fire-Eaters
American white supremacists

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<mask> (; born January 10, 1973) is an American lawyer who served as chairman of the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) from 2017 to 2021. He has been a partner at the private-equity firm Searchlight Capital since April 2021. The son of Indian immigrants to the United States, Pai grew up in Parsons, Kansas. He is a graduate of both Harvard University and the University of Chicago Law School. He worked as a lawyer in various offices of the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, with a two-year stint as an in-house lawyer for Verizon Communications. He joined the FCC as a lawyer in its Office of General Counsel in 2007. He was nominated to be a commissioner in 2011 by President Barack Obama, who followed tradition in preserving balance on the commission by accepting the recommendation of Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell.He was confirmed unanimously by the U.S. Senate on May 7, 2012, and was sworn in on May 14, 2012, for a five-year term. In January 2017, newly inaugurated president Donald Trump designated Pai as FCC chairman. He is the first Indian American to hold the office. In March 2017, Trump announced that he would renominate Pai to serve another five-year term (remaining Chairman of the FCC). Pai was confirmed by the U.S. Senate for an additional five-year term on October 2, 2017. Pai is a proponent of repealing net neutrality in the United States and, on December 14, 2017, voted with the majority of the FCC to reverse the decision to regulate the internet under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934. Pai resigned on January 20, 2021, the day of Joe Biden's inauguration as President of the United States.Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born on January 10, 1973, in Buffalo, New York. His father, Varadaraj <mask>, and his mother, Radha <mask>, immigrated to the United States from India in 1971. His father was a urologist and his mother was an anesthesiologist. Pai grew up in Parsons, Kansas, where his parents worked at the county hospital. After graduating from Parsons Senior High School in 1990, Pai studied social studies at Harvard University, where he was a member of the Harvard Speech and Parliamentary Debate Society. He graduated from Harvard in 1994 with an A.B. with honors.He then attended the University of Chicago Law School, where he was an editor of the University of Chicago Law Review and won a Mulroy Prize for excellence in evidence law. He graduated with a J.D. in 1997. Career
After law school, Pai clerked for Judge Martin Leach-Cross Feldman of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana from 1997 to 1998. Pai then worked for the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice as an Honors Program trial attorney on the Telecommunications Task Force. There, he worked on proposed mergers and acquisitions and on novel requests for regulatory relief following the enactment of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. Pai left his Department of Justice post in February 2001 to serve as Associate General Counsel at Verizon Communications Inc., where he handled competition matters, regulatory issues, and counseling of business units on broadband initiatives.Pai left Verizon in April 2003 and was hired as Deputy Chief Counsel to the United States Senate Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Administrative Oversight and the Courts. He returned to the Department of Justice to serve as Senior Counsel in the Office of Legal Policy in May 2004. He held that position until February 2005, when he was hired as Chief Counsel to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Property Rights. Between 2007 and 2011, Pai held several positions in the FCC's Office of General Counsel, serving most prominently as Deputy General Counsel. In this role, he had supervisory responsibility over several dozen lawyers in the Administrative Law Division and worked on a wide variety of regulatory and transactional matters involving the wireless, wireline, cable, Internet, media, and satellite industries. In 2010, Pai was one of 55 individuals nationwide chosen for the 2011 Marshall Memorial Fellowship, a leadership development initiative of the German Marshall Fund of the United States. Pai returned to the private sector in April 2011, working in the Washington, D.C., office of law firm Jenner & Block where he was a partner in the Communications Practice.In 2011, Pai was then nominated for a Republican Party position on the Federal Communications Commission by President Barack Obama at the recommendation of Minority leader Mitch McConnell. He was confirmed unanimously by the United States Senate on May 7, 2012, and was sworn in on May 14, 2012, for a term that concluded on June 30, 2016. Then Pai was designated chairman of the FCC by President Donald Trump in January 2017 for a five-year term. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate for the additional five-year term on October 2, 2017. In 2019, he was named forty-seventh among the 100 Most Influential People in Healthcare by Modern Healthcare. He resigned from his post on 20 January 2021, following the inauguration of Joe Biden as President of the United States. Policy positions
Pai was an advocate for less regulation during his tenure on the FCC.He is seen as a closer ally to broadcasters than to other members of the FCC. In testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives Energy and Commerce Committee's Subcommittee on Communications and Technology on July 10, 2012, he warned about the dangers of regulatory uncertainty and the need for the FCC to keep pace with the dynamic communications sector. Pai also asserted that by reforming the way the commission works, the agency can facilitate the provision of new and better services at lower prices for American consumers. Pai gave his first major speech since taking office on July 18, 2012, at Carnegie Mellon University. He discussed how the FCC can help promote economic growth and enhance job creation in the information and communications technology field by adhering to three basic principles: (1) the FCC should be as nimble as the industry it oversees; (2) the FCC should prioritize the removal of regulatory barriers to infrastructure investment; and (3) the FCC should accelerate its efforts to allocate additional spectrum for mobile broadband. Pai called for a reinvigoration of Section 7 of the Communications Act, which gives the commission a one-year deadline to review proposals for new technologies and services. He introduced the idea of creating an IP Transition Task Force to expedite the country's transition to all-IP networks.He urged the commission to settle the nine-year-old contributions reform proceeding for the Universal Service Fund by the end of the year. Finally, he advocated for completing the rules for the AWS-4 spectrum band by September 2012 and conducting the broadcast spectrum incentive auctions by June 30, 2014. Pai wrote an op-ed for the Wall Street Journal in 2014 criticizing a proposed FCC study of the news-gathering practices of media organizations. In another 2014 letter, Pai criticized Netflix, writing that their Open Connect caching tools effectively secure fast lanes for its traffic. In October 2014, Pai wrote an op-ed in the Washington Post criticizing a government-funded research project named "Truthy" at Indiana University which was studying the spread of "false and misleading ideas, hate speech and subversive propaganda" online. Pai questioned the value of the project, writing, "should taxpayer money be used to monitor your speech and evaluate your 'partisanship?'" Truthy researchers defended the project, writing, "we do not monitor individual people.The tweets we analyze are public and accessible by anyone." Indiana University issued a press release which said "the Truthy project is a basic computing research project designed to provide analytical insight into the ways in which information is spread across social media networks such as Twitter." U.S. House Science Committee Chairman Lamar Smith sent a letter to the National Science Foundation announcing a review of the grant. In 2017, Pai removed from circulation a proposal introduced by Tom Wheeler which would have required cable providers to make their programming available on third-party devices. In June 2019, the FCC under Pai allowed telecommunications companies to automatically sign up their users in call-blocking services. The measure was proposed by Pai; he said that it would reduce "unwanted robocalls". In response, FCC Commissioner Jessica Rosenworcel argued that the FCC should go further in mandating free call-blocking services.In July 2020, the FCC under Pai approved the creation of a new number 9-8-8, for the hotline for suicide prevention; the old hotline was numbered 1-800-273-8255, while the new hotline is mandated to be set up by July 2022. Net neutrality in the United States
In a hearing on net neutrality in 2014, Pai said that he was committed to a free and open internet and that it was not the FCC's role to determine net neutrality. He testified that "a dispute this fundamental is not for us, five unelected individuals, to decide. Instead, it should be resolved by the people's elected representatives, those who choose the direction of government, and those whom the American people can hold accountable for that choice." Later, Pai voted against the FCC's 2015 Open Internet Order, classifying internet service under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934, which bars certain providers from "mak[ing] any unjust or unreasonable discrimination in charges, practices, classifications, regulations, facilities, or services." He said in December 2016 that he believed Title II net neutrality's "days were numbered," and was described by the New York Times as a stickler for strict application of telecommunications law and limits on the FCC's authority. In a speech two weeks before the FCC's scheduled December 2017 vote on net neutrality, Pai was critical of celebrities including Cher, Mark Ruffalo, and Alyssa Milano for boosting opposition to the planned repeal.In response to criticism from Ruffalo, Pai said "Getting rid of government authority over the Internet is the exact opposite of authoritarianism. Government control is the defining feature of authoritarians, including the one in North Korea." Pai said Twitter and other tech companies were hypocritical for arguing for a free and open internet while, according to Pai, such companies "routinely block or discriminate against content they don't like."

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 The day before the FCC's scheduled vote on net neutrality, Pai appeared in a video entitled "<mask> Pai Wants The Internet To Know You Can Still Harlem Shake After Net Neutrality". The controversial video showed him dancing to the "Harlem Shake" and buying products online, including a toy lightsaber. In the video, Pai is shown dancing next to Martina Markota, a proponent of the Pizzagate conspiracy theory and a staff member at the Daily Caller, the media outlet that produced the video. In response to the video, Star Wars actor Mark Hamill said Pai was "unworthy" of holding the Jedi weapon, as "a Jedi acts selflessly for the common man."Baauer, the creator of the song featured in the video, has threatened to take legal action against <mask> alongside his record label for Pai's use of the song in his video. As chairman, he also closed an investigation into zero-rating practices by wireless providers T-Mobile, AT&T, and Verizon. On May 18, 2017, the Federal Communications Commission took the first formal step toward dismantling the net neutrality rules, and on December 14, 2017, voted to reverse Title II regulations after a contentious public comment period. In February 2018, the National Rifle Association (NRA) awarded Pai with the Charlton Heston Courage Under Fire Award for repealing net neutrality rules despite facing heavy public criticism. As part of the award, a handmade Kentucky long gun was gifted to Pai. This gift caused former White House ethics attorney Walter Shaub to question if Pai, a federal employee, had violated ethics rules by accepting gifts from lobbyists such as the NRA. When the U.S. Senate voted by 52–47 "to put the Federal Communications Commission's net-neutrality rules back in place" in May 2018, Pai was said to be "upset", stating having no net neutrality rules "will help promote digital opportunity" while making "high-speed Internet access available to every single American."Regarding "Democrats' effort to reinstate heavy-handed government regulation of the Internet", <mask> Pai conceded it would fail in the House. During an investigation of fake comments in support and against net neutrality, Pai refused to hand over evidence or help New York's Attorney General in determining the scope of manipulation by ISPs of the public comment process. Prison inmate telephone calling costs
Pai argued against adoption of the FCC 2013 analysis and proposed rulemaking regarding the high cost of inmate telephone calls, referred to as Inmate Calling Service (ICS) by the FCC. He submitted his written dissent in which he argued that the nature of the exclusive single carrier contract between private ICS providers and prison administrators meant inmates cannot "count on market competition to keep prices for inmate calling services just and reasonable." (ICS has become a $1.2 billion telecommunications industry and the two largest providers in the United States were private equity-backed companies). Prior to the FCC's imposition of rate caps on interstate prison and jail phone calls in February 2014, the largest ICS provider Global Tel-Link (GTL) – which has been profitably bought and sold by private equity firms such as American Securities and Veritas Capital – charged some of the highest rates in the US – up to $17.30 for a 15-minute call. The 2013 FCC analysis, described how, in some cases, long-distance calls are charged six times the rate on the outside.Acting Chairwoman Clyburn concurred with her order and both Jessica Rosenworcel and Pai dissented and issued statements. Pai opposed the FCC imposition of "safe harbor" of 12 cents with a cap of 21 cents on private ICS providers like GTL and CenturyLink Public Communications, arguing instead for a "simple proposal to cap interstate rates, with one rate for jails and a lower rate for prisons" that are cost-based to protect providers and ensure "some return on investment." Pai also argued that the FCC was not well-equipped to micromanage rates at each and every prison. In 2015, Pai opposed rate caps on intrastate inmate calls over which courts have ruled the FCC has no jurisdiction, notwithstanding rates as high as $14 per minute. He raised concerns about the increased use of contraband cell phones in prisons. In November 2016, the ICS providers won a halt on the regulation rules. Pai criticized Democrats for appealing.Shortly after his January 23 confirmation as chairman, Pai withdrew support for the FCC case involving GTL and CenturyLink set for February 6, 2017, which had called for establishing FCC jurisdiction over rates set by states. In June 2017, the US Court of Appeals struck down a large part of the FCC's ICS order. Lifeline program
In 2016, Pai called for an investigation of potential fraud among beneficiaries of the agency's Lifeline subsidy for telecommunication services, contending that "apparent duplicates" who had signed up for the program improperly received $476 million annually. He rescinded permissions for nine new broadband providers selected by the previous FCC to participate in the program (along with more than 900 others) after becoming agency chairman, stating the new providers had not followed FCC guidelines requiring them to coordinate with the National Tribal Telecommunications Association in order to participate in the Lifeline program. Pai argued the rules had been improperly circumvented by the previous Democratic chairman, former lobbyist Tom Wheeler. Sinclair Broadcast Group
In November 2017, two Democratic members of the U.S. House of Representatives, John Conyers (Mich.) and David Cicilline (R.I.), asked David L. Hunt, the inspector general of the FCC, to investigate whether Pai's legislative actions regarding the relaxation of broadcast ownership rules were biased in favor of Sinclair Broadcast Group, a large owner of broadcast television stations that, since the formation of its now-defunct News Central format in 2003, produces conservative news and commentary segments that the group requires its stations to insert into certain local newscasts. The FCC, under Pai, undertook a number of actions that the legislators believe would benefit Sinclair – which has lobbied for such changes for several years – including rolling back certain broadcast television station ownership limitations (including allowing exceptions to duopoly rules that forbid common ownership of two television stations in the same market if both are among the four highest-rated or if such a combination would dilute independent media voices, reinstating a 1985 discount quota on UHF stations repealed two years earlier by Wheeler and his Democratic-led majority, a requirement dating to the FCC's inception for broadcast outlets to maintain office operations within the community of their primary local coverage areas, and removing ownership attribution rules applying to joint sales and shared services agreements).A spokeswoman for Pai said "the request appears to be part of many Democrats' attempt to target one particular company because of its perceived political views... Any claim that Chairman Pai is modifying the rules now to benefit one particular company is completely baseless." From late 2017, the FCC inspector general's office investigated Pai regarding the proposed Sinclair-Tribune merger; this was made publicly known in February 2018. The office concluded in August 2018 that it "found no evidence, nor even the suggestion, of impropriety, unscrupulous behavior, favoritism towards Sinclair, or lack of impartiality". The office also concluded that Pai's decisions regarding Sinclair were consistent with policy positions he had previously endorsed in public. In July 2018, the FCC under Pai ordered that the proposed Sinclair-Tribune merger be subject to administrative law judge hearings, due to allegations that Sinclair was planning to illegally retain control of stations it was divesting from. For this action, the FCC was criticized by President Trump, who said he wanted a merged company providing a "conservative voice". In August 2018, Tribune broke off the merger.In May 2020, the FCC under Pai reached an agreement for Sinclair to pay a record FCC fine of $48 million for deceptive practices, in return for ending three FCC investigations into the company. FCC Commissioners Jessica Rosenworcel and Geoffrey Starks argued against the agreement, as they wanted the investigations to be fully completed and made public. L-band 5G networking
On April 16, 2020, Pai asked the other FCC commissioners to approve an application to "deploy a low-power terrestrial nationwide network in the L-Band that would primarily support 5G and Internet of Things services", in spite of a report issued by the DoD raising concerns about the potential impact it could have on the operational capabilities of the US military, specifically with regard to GPS coverage. Section 230
On October 15, 2020, Pai released an official statement pledging that he would clarify Section 230, a portion of the Communications Decency Act that provides immunity for website publishers of third-party content. President Donald Trump had previously threatened to punish Facebook and Twitter for alleged anti-conservative bias after the companies blocked a series of New York Post stories about the Hunter Biden email controversy. Under Section 230, social media companies are granted First Amendment rights, but are legally distinct from press publications. Personal life
In 2010, Pai married Janine Van Lancker, a physician and allergist.They have two children and live in Arlington, Virginia. In 2017, Pai publicly complained that net neutrality protesters had targeted his family. Messages directed at his children were put up near his suburban Virginia home saying that "They will come to know the truth. Dad murdered Democracy in cold blood" and "How will they ever look you in the eye again?". No group took responsibility for the provocative signs, though the advocacy organization Popular Resistance left flyers on Pai's neighbors' doors that included his picture, age, and weight as part of a campaign they called "Ajit-ation". References

External links
 Biography at FCC

1973 births
American politicians of Indian descent
Harvard University alumni
Konkani people
Lawyers from Buffalo, New York
Living people
Members of the Federal Communications Commission
People from Parsons, Kansas
Politicians from Buffalo, New York
Virginia Republicans
Lawyers from Washington, D.C.
Trump administration personnel
People associated with Jenner & Block
Obama administration

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<mask>  (19 October 1946 – 17 September 2017) was a New South Wales and Australian cricketer. He was, because of his surname, nicknamed "Dutchy". <mask>, who spent the majority of his cricketing life in Newcastle, was a late bloomer, and his Test debut aged 38 made him the oldest Australian debutant in more than half a century. It was not until the 1978–79 season, aged 32, that the New South Wales selectors called up <mask> to continue the state’s long tradition of leg spin bowling. He quickly formed an integral part of the bowling attack that made the state the dominant domestic team in the Sheffield Shield in the 1980s. Forming a spin oriented attack with Murray Bennett (left arm orthodox) and Greg Matthews (off spin), <mask> was part of the team that won the Sheffield Shield in 1982–83, 1984–85 and 1985–86. <mask> finished his first class career with a season with Wellington in New Zealand’s domestic league.Career
When <mask> was 15 he met Colin McCool, the player coach at Belmont Club. When he was 19 he played for Northern NSW against Mike Smiths' 1965–66 MCC team. He represented Northern NSW in 1975–76 against the touring West Indian side as an opening batsman. 1978–79
<mask> made his Shield debut in 1978–79, taking 1-113 against Queensland. It was the only first class game he played that summer, the selectors preferring David Hourn and Graeme Beard to be the NSW spinners. 1979-80
<mask> played for NSW in the 1979-80 season. He took four wickets against Queensland, five against Victoria seven against Tasmania, three against the touring English and five against South Australia.He wound up taking 25 first class wickets at 30.48. 1980–81
<mask>'s 4–30 helped NSW beat WA by an innings. He was left out of the McDonald's Cup side but kept in the NSW Shield team. He took 5–82 against South Australia, his first five-wicket haul at first class level. He took 30 wickets that summer at 31.03. 1981–82
<mask> took six wickets in his first Shield game and four in his second, causing people to discuss him as a test prospect. He took 27 wickets that summer at 24.48.1982–83
Highlights of this summer included 3–16 against Queensland. However <mask> had relative lack of success over this summer, taking only 16 wickets at 52.06 with a best of 4-100. 1983–84
<mask> took his best figures to date, 7–56 against South Australia. There was some talk this would put him in contention to replace the Australian spinner, Tom Hogan. He took 24 wickets at 29.91. 1984–85 season: West Indies
Holland began the 1984–85 Shield comp well with four wickets against South Australia. <mask> made his Test debut in the Second Test of the 1984–85 Australian season against the West Indies cricket team in Brisbane.He was relatively unsuccessful, taking 2/97 and scoring 6 and 0 as Australia suffered an eight wicket defeat. He was retained for the Third Test in Adelaide, but after taking match figures of 2/163, he was dropped. <mask> went back to New South Wales and continued the form which had gained him Test selection in the first place. This included a tour match victory over the West Indies, after which both <mask> and Bennett were selected for the Fifth Test at the Sydney Cricket Ground. The selectors had felt that the uncertain performance of the Caribbean batsmen during the tour match showed that they had a weakness against spin bowling, and introduced a "horses for courses" spin oriented attack on a dry Sydney pitch. The West Indies had crushed Australian opposition throughout the summer, winning the first three Tests by an innings, eight wickets and 191 runs respectively. Furthermore, in the fourth Test, Australia had slumped to 8/198 chasing 370 to narrowly avoid defeat when time ran out.With pundits expecting another Australian failure, they won the toss and amassed 9/471. The West Indies were reduced to be all out for 163, with Holland taking 6/54 including Viv Richards, Desmond Haynes, Larry Gomes and captain Clive Lloyd. Forced to follow on, they fell for 253 in the second innings with Holland taking 4/90 to complete a ten wicket match haul. The New South Wales pair perplexed the tourists, taking 15 of the 20 wickets, as Australia took an unexpected innings victory. Following his spin success at the SCG, he was selected to make his ODI debut on the same ground against the same team in the subsequent triangular tournament. With 0/50, he was the most expensive bowler in the match and did not play again in the season. <mask> took 59 first class wickets that summer at 25.79.1985 Ashes
He was selected for the 1985 Ashes tour to England, but only had sporadic success. In the ODIs, he played only in the first match at Manchester. He took his only ODI wickets with 2/49 as Australia won, but was the most expensive bowler and was dropped. He was not selected for the First Test, but was recalled for the Second Test at Lord's. He took 5/68 in the second innings, breaking a stubborn century partnership between Mike Gatting and Ian Botham to take the last four wickets and ensure Australia had a small target to chase, which they did successfully. He was used mostly as a defensive option, and took few wickets with only a further wicket coming for the cost of 355 runs in the next three Tests, after which he was dropped for the final Sixth Test. Holland took 29 first class wickets on tour at 35.06.1985–86 season
He had another highlight upon his return to Australia for the 1985–86 season. After conceding 106 runs without success in the First Test as Australia lost by an innings, <mask> took a 10 wicket match haul against New Zealand at the SCG, as Australia took a four wicket win to avoid being whitewashed by their neighbours. He took 6/106 in the first innings to reduce New Zealand to 9/169 before 4/68 in the second ensured Australia was able to chase the target. He managed 3/90 and ended a run of five consecutive ducks in the Third Test but it was not enough to prevent Australia's first and only series loss to New Zealand. He was dropped for start of the series against India in favor of Ray Bright but was recalled for the Third Test at the SCG, where he played his final Test. He failed to trouble the spin-proficient Indians, taking 1/113 as they amassed 600 and pushed for an innings victory when time ran out. His Test career spanned eleven Tests and consisted of unpenetrative streaks interspersed with wicket taking bursts.He took 34 wickets at 39.76, but excluding the Tests at Sydney, Lord’s and Adelaide respectively mentioned earlier, the other eight Tests yielded only nine wickets. He took 48 first class wickets at 32.39 that summer. <mask> was overlooked for the tour of New Zealand and India. Cricket writer Phil Wilkins said that "ignoring Holland for India seemed indecent with its excessively demanding conditions and the siege mentality which so often applies to the game with its consuming hours of waiting and watching and working." "I found I was very tired towards the end of last season," said <mask> in October 1986. "I lost that bit of zip in my bowling, I was not doing enough to get people out, I was not spinning the ball as much." He did tour Zimbabwe and took 9 wickets at 26.77.1986–87 season
At the beginning of the 1986–87 summer, <mask> expressed interest in being available for Australian selection. He was not picked, the selectors preferring Greg Matthews, Peter Sleep and Peter Taylor. He took 17 wickets at 45.05 with a best return of 6-86. 1987–88
<mask> played one more season of first class cricket, in New Zealand. He took 31 wickets at 23.80 with a best return of 7-69. Career summary
His bowling was marked by use of flight, a disciplined length and a variety of leg breaks and topspinners and a googly that was used relatively sparsely. He took 316 wickets at 31.16 in 95 first class matches.His batting was poor, averaging 9.67 at first-class level. He made five successive Test ducks, an unfortunate Test record he jointly holds with Ajit Agarkar and Mohammad Asif,  in a career yielding 35 runs at an average of 3.18, but a defiant resistance effort in the 1984–85 Shield final helped ensure a New South Wales triumph. Personal life
<mask> was a civil engineering surveyor, and was married to Carolyn, with three adult children named Craig, Rohan and Naomi. Rohan, was named in honour of his cricketing hero, Rohan Kanhai, the former West Indian cricketer. Robert had 5 grandchildren. One of his grandchildren, <mask>, was selected in 2014 as a high school student to represent Australia in baseball (Under 15's). <mask> devoted most of his time to his two lifelong passions.First was his local cricket club, Southern Lakes Cricket Club (now known as Toronto Workers Cricket Club), a successful and progressive club in Toronto, NSW. The club enjoys encouraging and sponsoring promising foreign and domestic cricketers to play with them during the upcoming seasons. <mask> was also a keen bowling coach who enjoyed passing on his secrets to the new cricketing generations at high schools and coaching clinics around Australia. In an international cricketing era where there were many instances of abrasive on field behaviour, <mask> was especially known and regarded for his sense of gentlemanly conduct and commitment. In September 2006, <mask> celebrated his 60th birthday with a celebrity cricket match with former teammates. In August 2016 <mask> and his wife were assaulted and hospitalised in Lake Macquarie. <mask> had asked a man and a woman to stop riding motorcycles on the cricket ground where he volunteered as a curator.The pair were later arrested, found guilty and jailed. In March 2017, <mask> was diagnosed with an aggressive brain cancer and underwent surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. On 15 September 2017 a tribute night was hosted by Mark Taylor. A number of former teammates including Greg Matthews, Trevor Chappell, Wayne Phillips and Murray Bennett were in attendance. However, <mask> suddenly deteriorated and died on 17 September 2017, just two days after the event. He passed away peacefully at the Mater Hospital in Newcastle. References

External links

1946 births
2017 deaths
Australia One Day International cricketers
Australia Test cricketers
New South Wales cricketers
Wellington cricketers
Cricketers from Sydney
Australian cricketers
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
People from Newcastle, New South Wales
Deaths from cancer in New South Wales
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Deaths from brain tumor

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Robert George Holland
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