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Lieutenant-Colonel <mask> (14 September 1664 – 31 August 1729) was a Scottish soldier who served with the Cameronian Regiment during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The fifth son of dissenting minister <mask>, he was a devout Calvinist, and joined the Cameronians – a predominantly religious regiment – as a volunteer cadet when they were raised in 1689 to fight for King William III. He soldiered with the regiment through the campaign in Flanders, where he was court-martialled and later pardoned for killing an officer in a duel, and then during the War of the Spanish Succession. He was wounded at the Battle of Blenheim, and twice wounded at the siege of Lille; after the Battle of Malplaquet he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel, and took command of the regiment. He resigned his commission two years later, and retired to Edinburgh. In later life he focused his work on ecclesiastical matters, becoming a member of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. During the Jacobite rising of 1715 he was appointed colonel of a regiment raised in Glasgow to guard the city, and after the war made deputy-governor of Stirling Castle.Early years

<mask> was born in September 1664 at Glencairn in Dumfriesshire, the fifth son of <mask> and Janet Haining. His father was a Presbyterian minister who had been removed from his parish in 1662, forbidden to preach, and imprisoned on the Bass Rock where he died. <mask>'s brothers included William, the eldest son, later a doctor and conspirator with William of Orange, and Adam, the second son, who wrote a history of the covenanting movement. Shortly after <mask>'s birth, his father began preaching illegally at conventicles in the countryside. A warrant was issued for his arrest in 1666, and the family home was raided by soldiers of the local bishop, after which point the family dispersed to live separately. Blackadder spent some time with his father during this period, from whom he received a basic classical education, and attended humanities classes at the University of Edinburgh in the 1680s. However, he did not formally matriculate as a student.Military career

Blackadder had developed firm religious views, very much in the mould of his father, and in 1689, on learning that a regiment of soldiers was being raised from among the members of the Cameronian movement, a Presbyterian sect, he volunteered as a cadet.th He was quickly promoted to lieutenant, probably through his connections to the lieutenant-colonel, William Cleland, who he had known at the university. He was originally lieutenant of the fourteenth company. The regiment had been raised for service in the Jacobite rising of 1689, and was present at the final Battle of Dunkeld in August of that year; here, it fortified the town and held off a strong force of Highlanders. Blackadder himself was uninjured, despite "several falling on my right and left hand". After garrison duty in Montrose, the Cameronians were moved to Flanders, to fight in the Nine Years' War;  Blackadder, now lieutenant of the thirteenth company, went with them. In December 1691, whilst the regiment was quartered at Maastricht, Blackadder was challenged to a duel by Lieutenant Robert Murray of the Royal Scots, which resulted in Murray's death. He was court-martialled for this, but pardoned by the King the following May and restored to his position; it did not seem to affect his standing in the regiment significantly, as he was promoted to captain, commanding a company, in January 1693.The regiment served at the battles of Steenkirk, in August 1692, and Landen, in July 1693. The regiment remained in the Low Countries for some time, before moving to Perth; in 1702, following the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession, they returned to Europe as part of an army under Marlborough. With his regiment, <mask> fought at Schellenberg and Blenheim in 1704; at Blenheim, he was wounded, but recovered and was promoted to Major in October 1705. He then served at Ramillies in 1706, and Oudenarde and Wynendaele in 1708; the same year, the regiment besieged Lille, where Blackadder was again wounded twice. At the Battle of Malplaquet in 1709, the regiment's colonel, Cranston, was wounded; Blackadder was promoted lieutenant-colonel and took over command. He led the regiment for two years, through the sieges of Douai and Bouchain, before selling the colonelcy to George Forrester, 5th Lord Forrester in 1711. He left the Army on 12 October.Later life

After leaving the regiment in the Netherlands, <mask> returned to Scotland, where he lived in Edinburgh and later Stirling. He was closely involved with the Church of Scotland, becoming an elder of his parish church and a member of the General Assembly. During the Jacobite rising of 1715, a regiment of loyalist volunteers was raised in Glasgow. It was ordered to garrison Stirling, then under threat from the Highlanders who had occupied Perth. After it had arrived in the city, Blackadder was made its colonel on 20 September. He drilled the volunteers through late September and October, and on 12 November was alerted that a Jacobite force was advancing south. The regiment was posted to guard the bridge which controlled access to the city from the north, and Blackadder remained with them through the night.The Jacobite force was engaged by regular forces the next day at the Battle of Sherrifmuir, about eight miles north-east of the city, and forced to retreat. The battle was at first inconclusive, however, and <mask> held his forces on the bridge throughout the day in the belief that the Hanoverian army had been routed and the city would shortly be besieged. The volunteer regiment was stood down and marched home on the 22nd, after the news of the Battle of Preston on the 18th had made it clear the Jacobite threat was now passed. Blackadder then joined the main force of the government army, and accompanied them until early February, when Perth was recaptured. For his services during the rebellion he was appointed the deputy-governor of Stirling Castle in March 1717. He was later made a Justice of the Peace in 1719, and was again appointed to the General Assembly in 1725. He died on 31 August 1729, aged sixty-four, and was buried in the West Church of Stirling, where a marble tablet was put up by his great-nephew.His wife outlived him, and later married Sir James Campbell of Ardkinglas and Dunderave Castle. Notes

References

1664 births
1729 deaths
British military personnel of the War of the Spanish Succession
Cameronians officers
Covenanters
People from Dumfries and Galloway
British military personnel of the Nine Years' War

masks:
John Blackadder
John Blackadder
John Blackadder
John Blackadder
John
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<mask> (March 15, 1838 in HavanaApril 6, 1923 in Washington, D.C.) was an American ethnologist, anthropologist, and social scientist who studied and documented American Indian culture. Early life and education
Not much is known about <mask>'s parents; her father was a New York lawyer and her mother was from a prominent Boston family. Her parents moved to Havana, Cuba in vain hopes of easing her father's illness with a better climate. <mask> was born there in 1838. After her father died in 1839, the family moved to Brooklyn Heights, New York City. <mask> was enrolled in the  Brooklyn Female Academy, an exclusive school for the elite. <mask> taught school and later became a public lecturer to support herself, arguing that anthropologists and archaeologists were best at uncovering ancient history of humans.She also advocated for the education of Native Americans "so that they could gain accoutrements of civilization." <mask> credited Frederic Ward Putnam for stimulating her interest in American Indian culture and began working with him at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University. She studied the remnants of the Indian civilization in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys, and became a member of the Archaeological Institute of America in 1879. From 1881, <mask> was involved with the Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania, where native children learned English, arithmetic, and skills designed to allow them to be integrated American citizens. In 1881, <mask> made an unprecedented trip to live with and study the Sioux on their reservation as a representative of the Peabody Museum. She was accompanied by Susette "Bright Eyes" La Flesche, an Omaha spokeswoman who had served as interpreter for Standing Bear in 1879 in his landmark civil rights trial. Also with them was Thomas Tibbles, a journalist who had helped publicize Standing Bear's cause and arranged a several-month lecture tour in the United States.These times also marked the beginning of <mask>'s 40-year association with Francis La Flesche, Susette's half brother. They collaborated professionally and had an informal mother-son relationship. They shared a house in Washington, D.C., beginning in 1890. In addition to her research and writing, <mask> worked in several special appointed positions during the late nineteenth century. In 1883 she was appointed special agent by the US to allot lands to the Miwok tribes, in 1884 she prepared and sent to the World Cotton Centennial an exhibit showing the progress of civilization among the Indians of North America in the quarter-century previous, and in 1886 visited the natives of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands on a mission from the commissioner of education. In 1887 she was appointed United States special agent in the allotment of lands among the Winnebago and the Nez Perce under the Dawes Act. She was made assistant in ethnology at the Peabody Museum in 1882, and in 1891 received the Thaw fellowship, which was created for her.Active in professional societies, she was elected president of the Anthropological Society of Washington and in 1905 as the first woman president of the American Folklore Society. She also served as vice-president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and was a longtime member of the Literary Society of Washington. Working through the Women's National Indian Association, <mask> introduced a system of making small loans to Indians, wherewith they might buy land and houses. She also helped secure a loan for Susan LaFlesche, an Omaha woman, to enable her studies at medical school. Graduating at the top of her class, LaFlesche became the first Native American woman doctor in the United States. Later <mask> helped write, lobbied for and helped administer the Dawes Act of 1887, which broke up reservations and distributed communal land in allotments for individual household ownership of land parcels. In 1888, <mask> published Indian Education and Civilization, a special report of the Bureau of Education.She was a pioneer in the study of American Indian music, a field of research inaugurated by a paper she gave in 1893 before the Chicago Anthropological Conference. In 1898 at the Congress of Musicians held in Omaha during the Trans-Mississippi Exposition, she read several essays upon the songs of the North American Indians. A number of Omaha Indians sang their native melodies. Out of this grew her Indian Story and Song from North America (1900), exploring a stage of development antecedent to that in which culture music appeared. <mask> worked with Frederic Ward Putnam in his research on Serpents Mound in Ohio and assisted in the efforts to raise funds to purchase the site in 1886. The site was donated to the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society in 1900 and is a National Historic Landmark. In 1930, Margaret Mead started work  with the Omaha, and decided to concentrate on the modern aspects of the tribe, because of the extensive work already done by <mask>.Over her lifetime <mask> worked with and for the Omaha, Pawnee, Sioux, Arapaho, Cheyenne, Chippewa, Oto, Nez Percé, Ponca and Winnebago tribes. Dawes Act
<mask> helped write and pass the Dawes Act of 1887. This act imposed a system of private land ownership on Indigenous tribes. This was a big difference because traditionally these tribes had communal land ownership. Individual Indigenous peoples would be allotted up to 160 acres of land. This land was tax-free and was to be held in trust by the government for a period of 25 years. At the time, she thought it would enable American Indians to assimilate to European-American ways, as their best means of survival.The government also wanted to gain "surplus" land for sale to other Americans. The Dawes Act was accountable for the inevitable breakup of all Indigenous reservations. By 1932 the amount of land acquired was approximately 92,000,000 of the 138,000,000 acres Indigenous groups had owned in 1887. <mask>'s land allotment work has been viewed as an error in the administration policies of Native American peoples and their land. <mask> herself may have even realized this error because she abandoned her political policy work to focus strictly on more ethnographical work after the turn of the century. Fieldwork among the Sioux
<mask> wrote about the experiences of her 1881 field trip in two journals. These journals included drawings of the plains, reservations, and many of her different campsites throughout eastern Nebraska and South Dakota.Even though many of her writings regarding the Sioux would seem rather insensible by contemporary anthropological standards, "Her writings reflect the attitudes regarding the movement of history and social evolution prevalent in her day". Author
In 1911, with Francis La Flesche, she published The Omaha Tribe. It is still considered to be the definitive work on the subject. Altogether she wrote 46 monographs on ethnology. In 1908 she led in founding the School of American Archaeology in Santa Fe, New Mexico. From 1899 until 1916 <mask> was on the editorial board of the American Anthropologist, and she also made major contributions to many issues. <mask> was a pioneer in the study of Native American music.She became fascinated by their music and dancing so she transcribed hundreds of their songs. In 1898 she presented several essays on the subject of Native American songs at the Congress of Musicians in Omaha. From these essays eventually came her books "Indian Story and Song from North America" and "The Hako: A Pawnee Ceremony". Death and legacy
<mask> became President of the Anthropological Society of Washington in 1903 and the first woman President of the American Folklore Society in 1905. One of her colleagues, Walter Hough, remembered <mask> as one who, "Mildly, peaceably, yet with great fortitude...did what she could to advance the cause of science". Her ashes are interned in the patio wall of the New Mexico Museum of Art behind a bronze plaque with a quote from her. Some of her recordings can be found in the Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology.Arthur Farwell's String Quartet in A major, Op. 65 The Hako, composed in 1923, was inspired by <mask>'s work. Awards and honors
<mask> received numerous honors for the work she accomplished throughout her career. In 1890 she was awarded the Margaret Copley Thaw Fellowship at Harvard, which granted her funding for ethnographic and reform work. Fletcher Nunatak in Antarctica is named after <mask> <mask>. Selected works
 Sun Dance of the Ogallala Sioux. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1883
 Observations on the Laws and Privileges of the Gens in Indian Society.(abstract)  AAAS, 1884
 Symbolic Earth Formations of the Winnebagoes. (abstract)  AAAS, 1884
 The White Buffalo Festival of the Uncpapas. 16th Annual Report Peabody Museum, 1884
 The Elk Mystery or Festival of the Ogallala Sioux. 16th Ann. Rep. Peabody Museum, 1884
 The Religious Ceremony of the Four Winds as Observed by a Santee Sioux. 16th Ann. Rep. Peabody Museum, 1884
 The Shadow or Ghost Lodge: A Ceremony of the Ogallala Sioux.16th Ann. Rep. Peabody Museum, 1884
 The Wa-Wan, or Pipe Dance of the Omahas. 16th Ann. Rep. Peabody Museum, 1884
 Historical Sketch of the Omaha Tribe of Indians in Nebraska. Washington, 1885
 Observations upon the Usage, Symbolism and Influence of the Sacred Pipes
 Of Friendship among the Omahas. AAAS, 1885
 Lands in Severalty to Indians; Illustrated by Experience with the Omaha Tribe. AAAS, 1885
 Indian Education and Civilization.Special Report, U.S. Bureau of Education. 1888
 On the Preservation of Archaeologic Monuments. AAAS, 1888
 Report of the Committee on the Preservation of Archaeologic Remains on Public Lands. AAAS, 1889
 Phonetic Alphabet of the Winnebago Indians. AAAS, 1890
 Indian Messiah. Journal. American Folk-Lore, 1892
 Nez Perce Country.(abstract)  AAAS, 1892
 Hal-thu-ska Society of the Omaha Tribe. Jour. Am. Folk-Lore, 1892
 A Study of Omaha Indian Music. Arch. and Eth. Papers Peabody Museum, 1893
 Love Songs among the Omaha Indians.International Congress of Anthropologists, 1894
 Indian Songs: Personal Studies of Indian Life. Century Magazine, 1894
 Hunting Customs of the Omahas. Century Magazine, 1895
 Sacred Pole of the Omaha Tribe. AAAS, 1896
 Indian Songs and Music. AAAS, 1896
 Tribal Life among the Omahas. Century Magazine, 1896
 Emblematic Use of the Tree in the Dakotan Group. AAAS, 1897
 Indian Songs and Music.Jour. Amer. Folk-Lore, 1898
 A Pawnee Ritual Used When Changing a Man's Name. American Anthropologist, 1899
 Indian Story and Song from North America. Boston, 1900
 Giving Thanks: A Pawnee Ceremony. Jour. Am.Folk-Lore, 1900
 The "Lazy Man" in Indian Lore. Jour. Am. Folk-Lore, 1901
 Star Cult among the Pawnee. Am. Anthrop., 1902
 Pawnee Star Lore. Jour.Am. Folk-Lore, 1903
 The Hako: A Pawnee Ceremony. 22nd Ann. Rep. Bu. Am. Eth., 1904
 Tribal Structure: A Study of the Omaha and Cognate Tribes. Putnam Anniversary Volume, 1909
 The Omaha Tribe.(With Francis La Flesche). 27th Ann. Rep. Bu. Am. Eth., 1911
 The Problems of the Unity or Plurality and the Probable Place of Origin of The American Aborigines. (A Symposium)  Some Ethnological Aspects of the Problem. Am.Anthrop., 1912
 Wakondagi. Am. Anthrop., 1912
 Brief History of the International Congress of Americanists. Am. Anthrop., 1913
 Indian Games and Dances with Native Songs Arranged from American Indian Ceremonials and Sports. Boston, 1915
 The Study of Indian Music. National Academy of Science, 1915
 The Indian and Nature: The Basis of His Tribal Organization and Rites.The Red Man, 1916
 A Birthday Wish from Native America. Washington, 1916
 Nature and the Indian Tribe. Art and Archaeology, 1916
 Concepts of Nature among the American Natives. (abstract)  19th Internat. Cong. Amer., 1917
 Prayers Voiced in Ancient America. Art and Arch., 1920

References

External links

Camping With the Sioux: Fieldwork Diary of <mask> <mask>, National Museum of Natural History, Archives of the Smithsonian Institution

 Register to the Papers of <mask> <mask> and Francis La Flesche, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution

1838 births
1923 deaths
19th-century American historians
19th-century American women writers
20th-century American women writers
19th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
Harvard University staff
American ethnologists
American women anthropologists
Women ethnologists
Historians of Native Americans
La Flesche family
American women historians
Early Recording Engineers (1930-1959)
American audio engineers
American women archaeologists
Presidents of the American Folklore Society

masks:
Alice Cunningham Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Career Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Alice Fletcher
Alice Fletcher
Alice Fletcher
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Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Fletcher
Alice Fletcher
Alice Cunningham
Fletcher
Alice Cunningham
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Alice Cunningham
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<mask>  (born 25 January 1933), is a British particle physicist, and emeritus professor of physics at Queen Mary, University of London. Early life
<mask> was born in Prague on 25 January 1933, and moved to Britain with his parents and younger brother <mask> in 1939. His sister Elsa was born in 1945. The family became British citizens in 1946. Education

<mask> went to school first in London and then in Harpenden, Hertfordshire. From 1943 till 1951 he was at St Albans County Grammar School (later renamed Verulam School). He received his BSc (1954) and PhD (1957) at University College London where he remained for a further three years as a Research Associate.He is now an Honorary Fellow of University College London. W and Z particles

Among a number of notable achievements in his career, the Queen Mary, University of London group led by <mask> in conjunction with the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory group led by Alan Astbury and the Birmingham University group led by John Dowell joined Carlo Rubbia at CERN in an international collaboration known as UA1. They built a large universal detector, aimed at investigating phenomena at the world's highest energy collisions, which were obtained from 1981 onwards, when the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron was converted into a proton-antiproton collider, as suggested by Rubbia, using the stochastic beam cooling technique devised by Simon van der Meer. The UK groups had joint responsibility for designing, constructing and operating a large hadron calorimeter and also a trigger processor. The most celebrated work with the UA1 detector was the discovery in 1983 of the W and Z particles. This discovery provided the experimental evidence for the unification of two of nature's seemingly very different fundamental forces: electromagnetism (which underlies electricity generation) and the weak force (which allows the Sun to shine). The unification of these two forces is part of a quest to see if all forces in the universe can be united into a "theory of everything" (Unified Field Theory).Electroweak unification demonstrated that what had previously been considered nature's four fundamental forces (electromagnetism, weak interaction, strong interaction and gravity) were now reduced to three. For this work Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer of CERN received the 1984 Nobel Prize for Physics. Alan Astbury received the 1984 Rutherford Medal and Prize, and <mask> and John Dowell were jointly awarded the 1988 Rutherford Medal and Prize from the Institute of Physics for their outstanding roles in the discovery of the W and Z particles. Selected research

1957 to 1960 - <mask> conducted research at UCL mainly on the development of new instruments, helping to build a small particle accelerator, a 29 MeV electron microtron, its beam extraction system, and its external focusing using quadrupole magnets (probably the first use of these in the UK), and later devising an accurate method of measuring relativistic electron beam energies using Cerenkov radiation, then a novel technique. 1960 to 1964 – <mask> worked for Argonne National Laboratory, USA, initially in the Particle Accelerator Division, directed by Albert Crewe. He was responsible for designing beam-transport equipment for the coming 12.5 Gev Zero Gradient Synchrotron. He transferred to the High Energy Physics Division and in 1961 went to CERN with an Argonne group headed by Art Roberts.It was at CERN that he first met John Dowell, and they designed and set up a particle beamline at the new 25 GeV Proton Synchrotron. The Argonne group used this beamline to conduct a series of measurements of hyperon polarisation using a large optical spark chamber inside a magnetic field: a pioneering technique which much later became the basis of many other electronic imaging chambers. On returning to Argonne in 1962 he collaborated with a Chicago group in an experiment on boson production, work which was finished during future visits to the USA as a visiting scientist at the University of Chicago. 1964 onwards – <mask> was appointed Lecturer at Queen Mary College, University of London. He began a research collaboration with Alan Astbury of Rutherford Laboratory, which was to continue for about 20 years, when Alan Astbury moved to Canada. The Queen Mary and Rutherford Laboratory collaboration carried out a series of experiments at the new Nimrod accelerator at Rutherford Laboratory, mostly in strong interaction physics: nucleon isobar production in proton-proton collisions and elastic proton-proton scattering at wide angles, this time using spark chambers with sonic readout. Results from this accelerator helped to lay the experimental foundations of the quark model.In 1970 this collaboration transferred their activities to CERN, to embark on a series of experiments on low energy antiproton-proton interactions. In this they were joined by physicists from Daresbury Laboratory and the University of Liverpool. Kalmus designed the (then) most intense low energy antiproton beam in the world. The experiments on differential cross sections and polarisation for the elastic and two-body meson channels culminated in the discovery of three new mesons and a determination of their quantum numbers. The period 1974 to 1978 was spent carrying out the last set of experiments at Nimrod. <mask> designed a new low momentum beamline, this time for kaons, for a series of experiments with a polarised deuteron target. Several key measurements were made on kaon-nucleon elastic and charge exchange polarisation.In late 1977 the Queen Mary group led by <mask>, along with the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory group under Alan Astbury and the Birmingham University group led by John Dowell joined Carlo Rubbia in the international collaboration known as UA1 at CERN. The UK groups involved had joint responsibility for designing, building and operating a large hadron calorimeter and also a trigger processor as part of the UA1 collaboration. The calorimeter, which measured the energies of strongly-interacting particles emerging from collisions, consisted of 7,000 sheets of plastic scintillator with a total mass of 30 tonnes placed in slots in the return yoke of a large electromagnet. Testing of the scintillator sheets was carried out at Queen Mary using cosmic rays. The scintillator light was transferred via fluorescent wavelength-shifter bars and light guides to 2000 photomultipliers outside the magnet. The number of proton-antiproton collisions exceeded the ability to record these by a factor of at least 1000. This necessitated the design of a trigger processor, a purpose-built electronic device which had to make decisions within 2 microseconds on which 1 in 1000 collisions was likely to be worth recording on magnetic tape for subsequent analysis, and which 999 could be discarded irretrievably.Some years later when the collision rate had increased, a new trigger processor was built. The most celebrated work with the UA1 detector led to the discovery in 1983 of the W and Z particles. This work resulted in Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer of CERN receiving the 1984 Nobel Prize for Physics. In 1988, <mask> and John Dowell were jointly awarded the Rutherford Medal and Prize from the Institute of Physics for their outstanding roles in the discovery of the W and Z particles (Alan Astbury had already received this medal in 1984). UA1 was perhaps the most productive collaboration in the history of particle physics up to that date. It yielded results in quark and lepton physics, tests of quantum chromodynamics, properties of W and Z particles and other topics, which have been published in over 60 papers and presented at numerous conferences. The concept of a universal detector, measuring as much as possible of the outgoing particles from a collider, and covering nearly the whole of the solid angle, has been used ever since at colliding beam machines.This work finished in 1989. At the end of 1989 the Queen Mary group joined another large collaboration called H1. The H1 collaboration had embarked on building a huge detector for the world's first proton-electron collider, HERA, which was being constructed at the DESY laboratory in Hamburg. The Queen Mary group was responsible for designing and constructing a time-of-flight hodoscope for H1, a piece of apparatus that proved crucial to the operation of the experiment as it reduced the unwanted background by a factor of a hundred. Many of the initiatives came from Kalmus's colleagues Graham Thompson and Eric Eisenhandler, particularly after Kalmus became Head of Department at Queen Mary, University of London in 1992 and had less time for research. Publications

<mask> is the author or co-author of about 230 scientific papers. He has always emphasised that modern experimental particle physics research is a group activity, and that past and present colleagues and research students have contributed strongly to the strength of the group.Academia and education

In parallel with his research activities, <mask> was a dedicated university teacher. He has taught numerous physics courses, ranging from pre-university A-level to international postgraduate school standard. His initial teaching was in the evenings at Northern Polytechnic and at Chelsea Polytechnic during the period 1955 to 1960. He has taught at all levels at Queen Mary College (Now Queen Mary, University of London), since 1964. <mask> became Reader at Queen Mary in 1966 and Professor in 1978. In 1992 <mask> was appointed Head of Department at Queen Mary. This severely curtailed his personal involvement in the H1 research programme, which however continued to flourish with the strong participation of his colleagues.<mask> was given the title Emeritus Professor in 1998 after reaching nominal retirement age. However he continued to work normal hours in the department. He decided not to continue his participation in collaborative research involving enormous teams, and instead to devote more time to other physics interests, such as the Institute of Physics, and in particular to the public awareness and understanding of science. <mask> continues to be active as Emeritus Professor of Physics at Queen Mary, University of London. Public understanding of science

Kalmus has always been interested in furthering the public awareness and understanding of science. He started giving outreach lectures in the late 1950s, initially on nuclear power (then a novel source of electricity) to Women's Institutes. <mask> was a pioneer in this, because at this time the popularisation of science was regarded with suspicion by some senior members of the science establishment.However, <mask> always felt that scientists had a duty to explain what they were doing, and persisted throughout his career. Following an influential report by the Royal Society and particularly after the new UK Research Councils came into existence in 1994, such outreach activities became not only respectable but almost mandatory. <mask> is known in physics for his outreach work and for his popular lectures to schools and general audiences. These have also been delivered at meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (now called the British Science Association), at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, the Institute of Physics, the Association for Science Education, the Edinburgh Science Festival, the Bournemouth Arts Festival, to science and astronomy clubs, and abroad in several continents. He has made a number of short radio broadcasts on scientific topics, and appeared occasionally on TV. During the 1998–99 academic year he gave the Institute of Physics Schools Lecture 43 times in various venues in England, Scotland, Wales and the Channel Islands to a total audience of about 9,800 people, mostly in the 15 - 19 age group. At the invitation of the South African Institute of Physics this lecture-demonstration was repeated at 15 universities in South Africa during a 3-week period in early 2000, to a total audience of 3,500 consisting of university students and staff, senior school pupils, and members of the general public.He subsequently gave this talk to other audiences in Dublin, Belfast and several venues in Britain. Different lectures on aspects of particle physics were given on behalf of the Royal Institution on about 10 occasions at Futuroscope in Poitiers, France, to more than 3,800 UK sixth formers who were there on study-visits. In January 2001, <mask> gave the named "Cockcroft and Walton Lectures" in India, as part of an exchange programme between the Institute of Physics and the Indian Physics Association. Nine lectures were given in four different cities, some at professional and others at popular level. He also visited and had discussions with staff at many Indian institutions, and represented the British Association at the Indian Science Congress in Delhi. He visited India again in 2004 giving 15 lectures on behalf of the British Council. He continued to give talks in the UK and abroad.By the summer of 2010 he had given about 200 talks to a total audience of 30,000 people since his retirement. He has twice presented at the Royal Society soirees: in 1984 on "The discovery of the W and Z particles" and in 1994 on "The structure of the proton". Kalmus was also an Associate Editor of Science Spectrum magazine. Professional and science organisations

<mask> has served on and contributed to a considerable number of professional and science organisations throughout his career. These have included CERN, the Science and Engineering Research Council, the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council, the British Association for the Advancement of Science, the Royal Institution, the American Physical Society, the European Physical Society, and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. Positions held have included:

CERN:
 Chair of Sub-Committee and Scientific Advisor to the UK CERN delegation, 1978–1981. Science and Engineering Research Council:
 Member, Nuclear Physics Board, 1979–1982, 1989–1993.Member, Astronomy and Planetary Science Board, 1990–1993. American Physics Society:
 Member, 1963. Fellow, 1995. European Physical Society:
 Member, 1970. Member, High Energy Particle Physics Board, 1994–1998. British Association for the Advancement of Science:
 Member, 1986. President, Physics Section, 1990–1991.Honorary Fellow, 2002.

International Union of Pure and Applied Physics:
 Member Commission on Particles and Fields (C11), 1993–2002. Honorary Secretary C11, 1996–1999. Chair C11, 1999–2002. Vice President IUPAP, 1999–2002. Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council:
 Member, Education and Training Committee, 1994–1998. Member, Public Understanding of Science Panel, 1994–1998. Royal Institution:
 MRI, 1989.Member of Council,1996–1999. Vice President, 1997–1999. Chair, Davy Faraday Laboratory Research Committee, 1998–1999. <mask> has been particularly active in serving the Institute of Physics, having served as Council Member, Chair of several groups and committees, and as Vice President with special responsibility for education and public affairs. Through 2005–2009, <mask> served as Chair of the London and South East Branch of the Institute of Physics. This period culminated in the award of the Institute of Physics Branches Prize in 2010. Institute of Physics:
 Fellow of the Institute of Physics, 1967
 Chair, High Energy Physics Group, 1989–1993.Council Member, 1993–2000. Vice President, 1996–2000. Special responsibility for education and public affairs. Chair, London and South East Branch, 2005–2009. Honorary Fellow, 2010. <mask> continued to have involvement with the Institute of Physics after retirement from Queen Mary, serving on its Benevolent Fund Committee, on a panel to examine its journal publishing policy, and as its representative on an international steering group for the World Year of Physics 2005, the centenary of Einstein's "Miracle Year". Honours and awards

 1988 - Rutherford Medal and Prize from the Institute of Physics for his outstanding work in the discovery of the W and Z particles.2001 - Honorary Fellow of the University College, London. 2001 - OBE for services to physics. 2002 - Kelvin Medal and Prize from the Institute of Physics for his outstanding contributions to the public understanding of physics. 2002 - Honorary Fellow of the British Science Association. 2003 - Honorary Fellow of Queen Mary, University of London. 2005 - Outreach Prize of the High Energy Physics Group of the European Physical Society. 2010 - Branches Prize by the Institute of Physics.2010 - Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Physics, for his research, his teaching, his public engagement and his work for the Institute. He joined only 38 other recipients including 7 Nobel Laureates. Personal life

<mask>' father, <mask>, was a well-known biologist who worked at University College, London. His brother, <mask>, is another noted British particle physicist. A press release from the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (PPARC) in 2002 commented that "A particle physicist in the family is a rare occurrence. That there should be two and both be leaders of the field is even more unusual, yet Professors <mask> and <mask> have achieved this." <mask> married Felicity "Trixie" Barker in 1957, she died in 2018.He has one son and one daughter, and one grandchild. He currently resides in London. References

External links
 Scientific publications of P.I.P. Kalmus on INSPIRE-HEP

1933 births
British Jews
Jewish scientists
Living people
Particle physicists
Experimental physicists
Alumni of University College London
Academics of Queen Mary University of London
British physicists
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the Institute of Physics
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People associated with CERN

masks:
Peter Ignaz Paul Kalmus
Kalmus
George Kalmus
Kalmus
Peter Kalmus
Peter Kalmus
Kalmus
Kalmus
Kalmus
Kalmus
Peter Kalmus
Peter Kalmus
Kalmus
Kalmus
Kalmus
Kalmus
Kalmus
Peter Kalmus
Kalmus
Kalmus
Kalmus
Kalmus
Kalmus
Kalmus
Kalmus
Kalmus
Kalmus
Hans Kalmus
George Kalmus
Peter
George Kalmus
Peter Kalmus


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<mask> (born: 7 August 1986) is a Bangladeshi cricketer. He made his Test debut in 2005 during Bangladesh's first tour of England. When he came onto the international scene he was cited by then coach Dav Whatmore as the fastest bowler in the team. The following year, <mask> made his One Day International (ODI) debut against Kenya. At times Hossain has struggled with conceding too many runs, and for that reason was dropped in 2009. In November 2010, Hossain was a member of the squad that won Bangladesh's first gold in any event at the Asian Games. A broken toe prevented Hossain from playing for Bangladesh in July 2011, but after more than a year since his last Test he returned to the squad in October that year.In November 2019, he was given a five-year ban from cricket, after assaulting a teammate. Early and domestic career
Born in Narayanganj, <mask> began playing cricket during his teenage years in his home town, and his father, a banker, agreed to send him to a training camp. Whilst at the training camp he was spotted by a scout and was referred to the Bangladesh Institute of Sports to improve. <mask> soon found himself called up for the Bangladesh U-19 cricket team for the 2003–04 Asian U-19 Tournament in Pakistan, but he didn't find much success, taking only 2 wickets in 3 appearances, as Bangladesh lost all their group stage matches and failed to progress to the final. His run in the team continued, however, as he was picked for the 2004 U-19 Cricket World Cup as Bangladesh played hosts. In the group stage he played in all 3 matches, taking 5 wickets, as the team progressed to the Plate competition of the Cup. For the Plate final, he took a wicket as Bangladesh defeated Australia to finish ninth out of sixteen.He finished with six wickets at an average of 28.50, and was named by Cricinfo writer Rabeed Imam as the fastest bowler and one of the most promising players in the tournament. He was the leading wicket-taker for Dhaka Division in the 2018–19 National Cricket League, with seventeen dismissals in five matches. International career

In his debut Test against England at Lord's in 2005 Hossain conceded 101 runs in 12 overs without taking a wicket, an economy rate of 8.41. On the tour to Zimbabwe in July 2006, Hossain became the first Bangladeshi to take a hat-trick in One Day Internationals. South Africa toured Bangladesh in February 2008 for two Tests and three ODIs. Though they were expected to win with ease, South Africa were made to work hard for victory in the opening Test. Cricinfo recorded that Hossain "bowled at a lively pace and with tremendous control" to help Bangladesh gain a first-innings lead.He claimed career-best figures of 6/27, and despite a further three in the second innings South Africa won by five wickets. Bangladesh lost the second match by an innings and 205 runs with <mask> taking 3/107. In January 2009 <mask> was dropped from the national side. Chief selector Rafiqul Alam stated that Shahadat was too expensive, having conceded runs at 6.63 an over in 18 ODIs in 2008, and believed he would benefit from returning to domestic cricket. When July–August 2009, Bangladesh toured the West Indies, <mask> was included in the 15-man squad. By winning the first Test, Bangladesh secured their first win against the West Indies, their first overseas Test victory, and only their second Test win. The West Indies side was very inexperienced due to the fallout of a dispute between the West Indies Cricket Board and the West Indies Players' Association over pay.The first XI had made themselves unavailable for selection and a new squad had to be chosen. Seven West Indies players made their Test debut in the match and the side was captained by Floyd Reifer who had played the last of his four Tests ten years earlier. Hossain was fined 5% of his match fee for excessive appealing, one of three Bangladesh players reprimanded  after the match for the same reason. Bangladesh went on to win the second Test, and in the process secured their first overseas series win. Having played in both Tests, Hossain took three wickets at an average of 42.66. The next time Shahadat played was when Bangladesh hosting India for two Tests in January 2010. In the lead up to the first match Indian batsman Virender Sehwag called the Bangladesh bowling attack ordinary, provoking anger amongst the team.India were dismissed for 234 in the first innings, with Shahdat taking 5/71. It was the third time he had taken a five-wicket haul in a Test innings. Captain Shakib Al Hasan remarked that "[Shahadat] didn't bowl all that well; he can bowl much better than this. But it's good for his confidence that he got wickets, as he is on a comeback." Bangladesh were unable to build on their early success and went on to lose the series 2–0. Shahadat was his team's second-highest wicket-taker across the two Tests, but after taking a five-wicket haul in the first innings of the series he managed just two more. Between October 2008 and March 2010, Shahadat endured a lean spell in which he took 18 Test wickets at an average of 67.50.His bowling average in this period was amongst the worst for the 20 innings before a bowler took a five-wicket haul in Tests. Bangladesh toured England in May 2010 for two Tests and three ODIs. <mask> played in the first Test at Lord's and was one of three Bangladesh players still in the team five years after the team's first tour of England. Contrasting with his debut effort, <mask> took five wickets for 98 runs and in the process became the first Bangladeshi cricket to be added to the Lord's honours board. England won the series 2–0 and <mask> took a single wicket in the second Test. He finished as his team's second highest wicket-taker with six wickets in the series. Hossain was part of the 13-man Bangladesh squad that played in the 2010 Asian Games in late November.They played Afghanistan in the final and won by five wickets, securing the country's first gold medal at the Asian Games. Dhaka Division won the One-Day National Cricket League in November 2010, with all the matches held in the space of three weeks. <mask> took ten wickets from six matches in the tournament, producing his best figures of 4/39 in the final against Barisal Division to help his team to victory. <mask> was not included in Bangladesh's 15-man squad for the 2011 World Cup, having lost his place in the ODI side to younger fast bowlers Shafiul Islam and Rubel <mask>. A broken toe, sustained during a game of beach football, prevented him from taking part in Bangladesh's tour of Zimbabwe in July and August 2011, a series which marked Zimbabwe's return to Test cricket and Bangladesh's first Test match since the tour of England over 14 months earlier. National captain Shakib Al Hasan lamented Hossain's absence, saying "I think [<mask> <mask>] Rajib is a huge loss. He's been our best Test bowler for quite a while."He returned to action in the Bangladesh Cricket Board Cup in September, taking six wickets in four games for Bangladesh A against a team of academy players and the full national side. <mask> was recalled to the Test squad in October to face the West Indies in a two-match series. He also played in both of Bangladesh's Tests against Pakistan in December. During the second Test against Pakistan, Hossain bowled several no-balls. In the first four Tests of his comeback Hossain took just two wickets whilst conceding 394 runs. The Bangladesh Cricket Board founded the six-team Bangladesh Premier League in 2012, a twenty20 tournament to be held in February that year. An auction was held for teams to buy players, and Hossain was bought by the Khulna Royal Bengals for $30,000.When Bangladesh hosted the 2012 Asia Cup <mask> was included in the squad and played his first ODI since February 2010. He conceded the more runs than any other bowler in the tournament and his four wickets cost on average 62.00 runs each; when the BCB announced its central contracts in April <mask>'s was not renewed. In October 2018, he was named in the squad for the Dhaka Dynamites team, following the draft for the 2018–19 Bangladesh Premier League. Bowling style
Noted for his height and aggression, <mask> was cited as the fastest bowler in the Bangladesh team by former coach Dav Whatmore in 2005. By 2010 his bowling rarely exceeded . His run-up is smooth, his deliveries come in at an angle and bowls with pace. He has become renowned for hurting batsmen with his bouncer, having hit international players such as Mathew Sinclair and Ricky Ponting over the course of his career.His bowling has come in for criticism from fellow bowler Mashrafe Mortaza for conceding too many runs. He has said his idols include Wasim Akram, Shoaib Akhtar, Steve Harmison and Brett Lee (all fellow fast bowlers). Arrest and other controversies
On Sunday 13 September 2015 <mask> and his wife were accused of "torture and abuse" of an 11-year-old maid. The chief executive of the BCB, Nizamuddin Chowdhury, says Hossain has been suspended “from all kind of cricketing activities under BCB’s jurisdiction until a final decision is reached regarding the ‘torture accusations’ brought against him. On 5 October 2015 he surrendered before a court in Dhaka, was sent to prison, and charged with child repression and employing a minor. In December 2015 he was granted bail until 31 March 2016. On 29 December 2015, <mask> and his wife were formally charged with torture and it was announced that the case will be heard on 12 January.In November 2016, he was acquitted on the torture charge in the Women and Children Repression Prevention Tribunal after a judge found that the prosecution had not proven the case against Shahadat. In November 2019, he was sent off from a match in the 2019–20 National Cricket League, due to a level 4 offense. He assaulted his own team-mate Mohammad Arafat when Arafat refused to shine the ball on one side as per his instructions. He was given a five-year ban, with two years suspended for the incident. Despite the ban, on 5 June 2021, Hossain played for Old DOHS Sports Club in the 2021 Dhaka Premier Division Twenty20 Cricket League. References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Bangladesh Test cricketers
Bangladeshi cricketers
Bangladesh One Day International cricketers
Bangladesh Twenty20 International cricketers
21st-century Bangladeshi cricketers
One Day International hat-trick takers
Dhaka Division cricketers
Cricketers at the 2010 Asian Games
Asian Games gold medalists for Bangladesh
Asian Games medalists in cricket
Khulna Royal Bengals cricketers
Bangladesh Central Zone cricketers
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club cricketers
Dhaka Dynamites cricketers
Cricketers from Dhaka

masks:
Shahadat Hossain
Hossain
Hossain
Hossain
Hossain
Shahadat
Hossain
Hossain
Shahadat
Hossain
Hossain
Hossain
Hossain
Shahadat
Hossain
Hossain
Hossain
Hossain
Hossain
Hossain
Hossain


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<mask>, MP (, ; born 29 September 1940) is a Sri Lankan politician. He was the Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka. Previously he was Mayor of Colombo from 1997 to 1999, Minister of Power and Energy from 2001 to 2004, Minister of Public Administration and Home Affairs from 2007 to 2008, and Minister of Buddha Sasana, Public Administration, and Democratic Governance in 2015. He has served as Chairman of the Leadership Council of the United National Party (UNP), as well as Deputy Leader of the UNP. He is a member of parliament representing the Gampaha District since 2001. He had served as Sri Lanka's Ambassador to (Germany). As Speaker of Parliament, he also acts as Chairman of the Constitutional Council.Biography
<mask> <mask> was born on 29 September 1940 in Mirigama, Gampaha, to the family of Podi Appuhamy <mask> and Wimalaseeli Jayasiriya. <mask> was educated at Kandangamuwa Vidyalaya, Mirigama and at Ananda College, Colombo. He went on to gain professional membership (AICS) of the Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers in 1965 and later gained fellowship (FICS). He trained in commodity trading at the Baltic Exchange and went on to receive Advanced Management Training at INSEAD. He later became a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport. Military career
<mask> joined the Ceylon Army Volunteer Force in 1965 and was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the Ceylon National Guard. He was mobilized during the 1971 JVP insurrection and first come under fire while trying to reestablish rail links between Colombo and Anuradhapura.He left the army in 1972. Private sector and diplomatic service
Following his departure from the army, he joined the private sector and became a senior corporate executive, serving as chairman, managing director and executive director of several companies. He was the Chairman of The National Chamber of Commerce, SAARC Chamber of Commerce, Colombo Rubber Traders' Association, Sugar Importers Association and The Sri Lanka Business Development Centre, as well as the Director of the Export Development Board. President J. R. Jayewardene appointed him to the Presidential Commission in the early 1980s. He became an unofficial adviser of President Premadasa on the private sector and in 1991 he left the private sector and was appointed by President Premadasa as the Chairman of the Organizing Committee of the ‘EXPO 92’ Trade exhibition. He was thereafter appointed as Sri Lankan Ambassador to Germany with accreditation to Austria and Switzerland in 1992 serving till 1994, when he resigned and returned to Sri Lanka following the defeat of the UNP in the elections that year. Political career

Mayor of Colombo
Jayasuriya became active in politics in late 1995 and he became party chairman in 1995 at the request of UNP leader Ranil Wickremesinghe.In 1996, <mask> was nominated by the UNP of the local government elections as candidate for the post Mayor of Colombo, by passing Premadasa stalwart and former Mayor Sirisena Cooray. <mask> was supported by both Wickremesinghe and Cooray as he was considered close to the former President Premadasa. <mask> <mask> won the election and became the Mayor of Colombo gaining much popularity and notability in the process, having been initially from a non-political background. He served as Mayor till 1999 efficiently administrating the country's most populous city. Provincial council
Following his success as Mayor of Colombo, <mask> contested the 1999 provincial council elections as the UNP nominee and Chief Ministerial candidate of the Western Province, which he lost narrowly. He became the opposition leader of the western province council serving till 2001. At that election, he created a new precedent by refusing to publish posters, saying it promoted violence and polluted the city he worked hard to keep clean.Parliament
At the General Elections of 2000, he was elected to Parliament from the Gampaha District with a large number of preferential votes even though his party was defeated. After his remarkable showing, he was elected Deputy Leader of the UNP. Cabinet minister
Following the victory of the UNP at the General Elections in 2001, <mask> <mask> was appointed Minister of Power and Energy. Having inherited a challenging ministry he ensured a continued power supply and commenced reforms of the heavily indebted Electricity Board. With President Chandrika Kumaratunga's abrupt dissolution of parliament in April 2004, and the UNP's defeat at the ensuing election, he once again returned to the front benches of the Opposition. At the Presidential Elections of 2005, in which Wickremesinghe was the party's candidate, <mask> was named as the nominee for the premiership in the event of the party's success. As an unofficial running mate, he traveled widely, actively campaigning for his leader.Opposition
Wickremesinghe narrowly lost the election and following his defeat, there were requests by a section of the party for the leadership to be handed over to Jayasuriya. In the meantime, Wickremesinghe and Rajapakse signed a Memorandum of Understanding pledging to co-operate with the peace process. <mask> and his supporters insisted on taking a step further and joining the government formally by accepting ministerial office, which was strongly opposed by Wickremesinghe. The ensuing power struggle resulted in a bitter and acrimonious war of attrition between the two. Cross over and return
After several abortive attempts to oust Wickremesinghe from the party leadership, <mask> led a group of 18 parliamentarians, including several party front-liners, in crossing over to the government side. In the 2007 cabinet reshuffle after the crossover, he was appointed as Minister of Public Administration and Home Affairs. He resigned from his Public Administration and Home Affairs portfolio on 9 December 2008 and rejoined the UNP as its deputy leader.Return to government
In January 2015, President Maithripala Sirisena appointed Jayasuriya as Minister of Public Administration, Democratic Rule and Buddha Sasana after his victory in the presidential election. Speaker of the Parliament
At the first session of the 8th Parliament, he was elected as Speaker on 1 September 2015. His name was proposed by Prime Minister Ranil Wickremasinghe and seconded by Nimal Siripala De Silva. Thilanga Sumathipala was elected as his deputy. Honours
 Deshabandu – 1992
 Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun – 2016

See also
 List of Govigama people
 List of political families in Sri Lanka
 List of Sri Lankan non-career diplomats

References

External links
 Sri Lanka Parliament profile
 Bio – Hon. <mask> Jayasuriya
 The man with a Plan

Speakers of the Parliament of Sri Lanka
Alumni of Ananda College
Sri Lankan Buddhists
Ambassadors of Sri Lanka to Germany
Mayors of Colombo
United National Party politicians
Sri Lanka Army Volunteer Force officers
Living people
1940 births
Members of the Western Provincial Council
Members of the 11th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 12th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 13th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 14th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Members of the 15th Parliament of Sri Lanka
Home affairs ministers of Sri Lanka
Local government and provincial councils ministers of Sri Lanka
Power ministers of Sri Lanka
Buddha Sasana Ministers of Sri Lanka
Deshabandu
Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun
Sinhalese politicians

masks:
Deshabandu Karu Jayasuriya
Karu
Jayasuriya
Jayasuriya
Jayasuriya
Jayasuriya
Jayasuriya
Jayasuriya
Karu
Jayasuriya
Jayasuriya
Karu
Jayasuriya
Jayasuriya
Jayasuriya
Jayasuriya
Karu


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E. B. C<mask> (15 April 1893 – 30 June 1966) was the pen name of British writer <mask> ("Topsy") <mask>, whose novels focused on the social and psychological traumas of World War I, on large-family dynamics among young adult siblings, and on relationships among the young "liberated" middle-class intelligentsia of the Twenties. She was also known in the interwar period as a reviewer of contemporary fiction in British literary journals. Biography
<mask> (known as "Topsy" to her friends) was born on 15 April 1893 in London. She was the youngest of eight children of Major <mask> of the Royal Artillery and Mary Jane Ross. She was educated for a time in Paris, where she got to know historian <mask>, a college friend of her older sister Margaret – but unlike her sister, she did not go on to college. <mask>'s first book was a volume of poetry, Windows (1917). The following year, she edited an anthology of recent poetry, Songs for Sale, which one critic found to be generally unadventurous and too indebted to Britain's poet laureate, <mask>, although one of <mask>'s own poems was singled out as a happy exception.<mask>'s first novel, Quiet Interior, was published in 1920 and praised by such notable contemporary authors as Katherine Mansfield and Rebecca West. She went on to write a handful of other novels: The Singing Captives (1921), The Wedgwood Medallion (1923), Inigo Sandys (1924), Helen and Felicia (1927), and Morning and Cloud (1932). Although they were generally well received, they have fallen into obscurity in the years since. <mask>'s novels deal with World War I, its immediate aftermath, and its effects on Britain's educated classes, exploring relationships among the young in the changed wartime and post-war worlds. Quiet Interior is set during the War, the plot revolving around the relationship between two sisters, <mask> and Pauline Norris, and their romantic entanglement with a man named <mask>. The Singing Captives is set in 1920 and examines the War's destructive consequences for a well-to-do family. The Wedgwood Medallion moves on from the War, focusing on an engaged couple who discover their incompatibility, triggering events that draw in their families and friends.Inigo Sandys begins in Cambridge University after the War, where the eponymous protagonist struggles with the first of three doomed relationships. Several characters from Quiet Interior reappear in this novel. Helen and Felicia and Morning and Cloud examine love and marriage among the cultivated middle-class young in the later Twenties. All six novels, to some degree, are studies in compatibility and incompatibility – <mask>'s central theme. <mask> moved in Cambridge and London literary circles, associating with the Bloomsbury Group (Virginia Woolf admired "her spruce shining mind") and corresponding with writer Dorothy Richardson and others. She reviewed modern fiction for The Adelphi, the New Statesman, and The Cambridge Review in the 1920s and '30s, crime fiction for The Spectator, and novels by such writers as <mask> for other publications. In 1921, <mask> married F. L. Lucas, a classical scholar and literary critic who taught at Cambridge University.<mask>'s sister Petica was married to classical scholar Donald Robertson, Lucas's former supervisor at Trinity College. Lucas had fallen in love with <mask> after reading and admiring her first novel, Quiet Interior. <mask> based the characters Hugh Sexton in The Singing Captives (1921) and Oliver in The Wedgwood Medallion (1923) on Lucas, and dedicated two novels to him. In turn, Lucas's semi-autobiographical first novel, The River Flows (1926), includes a character based on <mask>, Margaret Osborne. They were married for eight years. Her partner from 1930 to the end of her life was the lawyer Donald Livingstone McIntyre (1905–1981), who was a prisoner of the Japanese during the Second World War. Her sister Petica was killed while on air-raid warden duty in 1941, the only civilian casualty in Cambridge of German bombing.<mask> died of a stroke on 30 June 1966. Publications

Novels
Quiet Interior, London (<mask>bden-Sanderson), 1920
The Singing Captives, London (Cobden-Sanderson) 1921, New York (Boni & Liveright), 1922
The Wedgwood Medallion, London (Chatto & Windus), 1922, New York (Henry Holt and Company), 1923
Inigo Sandys, London (Chatto & Windus) & New York (Holt), 1924
Helen and Felicia, London (Chatto & Windus) 1927, New York (Holt) 1928
Morning and Cloud, London (Victor Gollancz), 1932

Short stories
'The Bathe' (The Nation and Athenaeum, 10 December 1927)

Poetry
Windows, verse by <mask> and <mask>.C<mask> (Oxford: B. H. Blackwell, 1917)

Anthology
Songs for Sale : an anthology of recent poetry, ed. <mask>.C<mask> (Oxford: Blackwell, 1918)

Criticism
'E. M. Forster and Virginia Woolf', essay in The English Novelists; a survey of the novel by twenty contemporary novelists, ed. Derek Verschoyle (London: Chatto & Windus, 1936)

The novels

Quiet Interior (1920)

Set in middle-class Westminster, Bayswater and Berkshire, 1915–16.Jobs for young middle-class women are scarce, so <mask>, 21, works as unofficial secretary to her Member-of-Parliament father. Unselfishly and secretly, she loves gentle <mask>, a neighbour from the country, who regards her as a true, wise but over-cerebral friend. Her sardonic and whimsical confidante, Henrietta Lincoln, gives her D. H. Lawrence's poems and advises her, "Don't be too scrupulous, oh don't! It doesn't pay... You're his friend, and if you want him, for the Lord's sake take him!" Sensing <mask>'s lack of passion for her, <mask> rejects his tentative sexual advances that might have turned his feelings into love. She regrets her coldness the more because he is off to the Western Front: "She had seen him stand within her grasp, and had not reached out a hand." He is soon back, wounded and invalided out of the army.<mask> helps her younger sister Pauline, 19, escape the advances of the cynical Ivor Webb, only to find <mask> falling in love with Pauline. Though torn, <mask> unselfishly encourages <mask>: "Be as impulsive as you feel," she tells him. "Don't check yourself; above all don't be diffident. Oh, <mask>, diffidence is the devil!" Their older step-sister Hilary, 23, returns from a long stay in Russia, worldly and insensitive; she is struck by Pauline's beauty and immediately starts plotting a 'good' marriage for her. After various false starts Hilary learns that <mask> not only has money but is now also the beneficiary of the will of a comrade killed in action. She therefore targets him for Pauline, callously edging out <mask>, whom she despises.<mask>'s 'quiet interior', the novel's central focus, becomes a place of repressed pain and desolation. <mask> is now drawn to Henrietta's strong silent brother Lucien ('Lucy'), left lonely by the marriage of Henrietta to artist <mask>, soon returning to the Front with the Artists Rifles. Though she has lost <mask>, <mask> begins at last to fight back against horrible Hilary. Loss, the impact of the War on the younger generation, especially on young women (Henrietta receives news that her brother Russell has been killed), and the clash of generations in their outlook on the War, are central themes. Visiting <mask> in a war-hospital, <mask> reflects:

These men were, or had lately been, in pain; they had struggled in hell, and no stillness and peace, comfort and security, flowers or sunlight, could ever quite atone. She felt herself responsible – as is every inhabitant of every land at war – for their suffering and loss of limbs and health, their horrible memories and intolerable nightmares, and her responsibility combined with her immunity made her ashamed. The Singing Captives (1921)
Set in upper middle-class Kensington and rural Derbyshire in 1920, the novel centres on the family of Sir Harold Peel ('Hal'), who appears stolid and sensible to his children but conceals from them his addiction to risk-taking on the stock-market.Lady Peel (Leila) appears silly and superficial to her children, concealing from them a core of wisdom born of Victorian thwarted love and marital compromise. The four children do not know their parents. <mask> ('Cabs'), 28, has closed in upon herself (apart from a Cathy-Heathcliff type relationship with her brother Roden) since her fiancé, Gerald Sexton, was killed in Mesopotamia in 1917. Detached, she observes life and her family critically and perceptively. Roden, 27, a war veteran, is in rebellion against his family, his class and its values. Stella, early 20s, is a spoilt, superficial flapper; Francis, 18, a carefree public schoolboy lined up for Cambridge. Roden shocks his family – but not <mask> – by going out with and bringing home a 'common' London working girl, Grace Draper.Grace, like Liza Doolittle, has a dignity and self-respect, despite her comic lower-middle gentility, and is immune to the snobbery of the Peels. At the height of the Peels' superiority, and to the children's horror, Hal's financial affairs crash, sending the family plunging economically into the lower middle class. No society marriage and roaring twenties now for Stella: no Cambridge for Francis... The novel comes to focus on <mask>, who, stricken by the War, learns to live and love again thanks to the example of Roden and Grace, to the confession of her mother Leila, who confides to her the story of her youthful suffering, and to the kindliness of her dead fiancé's brother, Hugh Sexton, who was gassed in the trenches. Hugh, however, finds <mask> still too lacking in vitality. "[She] was not steel to his tinder. To smite or to draw him into passion a woman would have to combine <mask>'s delicacy of touch and fineness of perception with courage, enthusiasm, and a bolder outlook."<mask> will have to change. Webster's "We think caged birds sing, when indeed they cry" is the novel's epigraph: the younger generation, apparently privileged but in reality trapped by the legacy of war and class, were singing captives. The novel ends with a note of liberation: Hal and Roden and Francis, like characters in <mask>, will now have to do some real work; Stella must marry where she may; <mask> too will have to find work, though trained up to nothing by her upbringing. The Wedgwood Medallion (1923)
Set in north Cornwall and Chelsea, 1922. Nicholas Watergate, 28, war veteran and son of a famous Victorian artist, is holidaying with his two brothers and a friend, Oliver, 24, near Tintagel, without women. Denis Ash, 25, has invited himself along, so he can keep an eye on Nicholas for <mask>id. (<mask>id is Denis's sister.Nicholas and <mask> married in haste when he was 21 and she 18. They are now estranged but hide this from the Watergate parents, living out a charade of happily-marrieds.) In Cornwall the young men meet a local family - all women - the Rendels: mother, Fia, and young daughters including cerebral Sophie, 22, and pre-Raphaelite Sheila ('Shelly'), 17. A few days later, Denis and Sophie, moved by the romantic setting, rashly get engaged. They are an "ill-assorted pair": Sophie intellectually honest, open, generous; Denis reserved, complacent, self-deceiving. Meanwhile, Oliver, a Cambridge Classics graduate, has fallen in love with Sophie:
Oliver looked at her and smiled; her hatred of sham pleased him exquisitely; he found that almost every time she spoke, it was to utter his thoughts in her own way. She likes him more and more and Denis less and less.The Watergate parents arrive in Cornwall, as does <mask>, a smug, hypocritical beauty, with a sporty young man in tow. Nicholas encounters Shelly alone by the sea at sunset and kisses her on impulse (as in A Room with a View). Shelly feels flattered; but the kiss was witnessed by father Watergate, who is outraged. Nicholas has insulted <mask>id and blighted Miss Sheila's bloom! <mask>id pretends to be upset, and magnanimously forgives her husband. (Freedom within a broken marriage suits her.) The Watergate brothers, Oliver and the Rendell girls all see through and dislike <mask>id.Sophie is unable to hide her dislike of <mask> from Denis, who is blind to <mask>'s faults. Denis, realising their incompatibility of outlook, breaks off the engagement. Sophie is shattered; she was still in love with him. Sensing Oliver's love for her, she turns to him... The Wedgwood medallion, a male figure on one side, a female on the other, is a gift from old Mr Watergate to Sophie. To him it means the difference of the sexes; to Sophie the sexes are alike: it's character and

masks:
. Jones
Emily Beatrix Coursolles
Jones
Emily Beatrix Coursolles Jones
Charles Jones
Eileen Power
Jones
Robert Bridges
Jones
Jones
Jones
Claire
Clement
Jones
Jones
Mary Butts
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Richard Co
Christopher Johnson
E B
. Jones
E B
. Jones
Claire Norris
Clement Parsons
Clement
Claire
Claire
Clement
Claire
Clement
Clement
Clement
Claire
Claire
Claire
Bill Osler
Clement
Claire
Clement
Claire
Caroline
Caroline
Caroline
Caroline
Caroline
Caroline
Chekhov
Caroline
En
En
Enid
Enid
En
En
En
Enid
Enid


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 values that matter. Inigo Sandys (1924)
Set in Cambridge, London and Berkshire, 1919–23.At Cambridge, student Inigo Sandys, 19, longs for someone to call his own. He doesn't respond to undergraduate-friend <mask>'s advances (<mask> is gay) – he doesn't understand them – but, sexually ambivalent himself (<mask> told her friend George Rylands that Inigo was based on him), longs romantically for friendship with flaxen-haired Ny <mask> in the year above. <mask> drops Inigo, who is shocked, hurt and puzzled. In London a year after graduating, Inigo, 22, is in a love-tangle: his old school friend Roddy Hirst loves, unrequited, Lydia Laud, who loves, unreciprocated, Inigo, and who hates, reciprocated, her sister Jocelyn. Inigo has had little experience with women; he thinks he is in love with poised, suave, ruthless Jocelyn, 24, a sculptor. Despite Roddy's warning that Jocelyn has never loved anyone, Inigo marries her. Lydia, despairing, later accepts Roddy.After an apparently happy honeymoon, Jocelyn turns out to be unresponsive to Inigo – she's lesbian, as we learn towards the end of the novel. Inigo, still in love with Jocelyn, is miserable about his sexless marriage. "Restraint was laid on him like fetters. Every day was a fresh death for the daily new-born hope that this inexplicable change had been merely a mood". Eventually he gives up on her and goes abroad. A year later, back in England, he is drawn into the circle from Quiet Interior. <mask> (née Norris) and 'Lucy' (Lucien) Lincoln are now happily married; Lucy's sister and <mask>'s best friend, Henrietta, 28, is now a young widow, <mask> having been killed in action near the end of the War.Inigo is not attracted at first to Henrietta; he admires <mask>. He is gradually drawn to Henrietta, however, by his interest in <mask>'s paintings, and then by her qualities – courage, good sense, humour, sensitivity, intellectual honesty. (Henrietta, half French, is appalled by French havoc in the Ruhr, which is sowing the seeds of another European war.) She shows understanding and sympathy when Inigo tells her about <mask> and Jocelyn: "An immense relief came to him, as though he were thus made once more a member of a beloved community – exile at an end". Inigo grows to love Henrietta in a way that makes him feel he has never before loved anyone:
<mask> needed me, and I didn't know how to manage and respond; and so he was angry and wretched. It was stupid of me, and unkind... "It takes time to acquire the technique of kindness," Henrietta said. How well she puts things.His feelings are returned. But Henrietta is consumptive. Inigo goes to live with her, <mask>, Lucien in the country. He meets Jocelyn again and finds he is indifferent to the woman he had once loved "in compulsion and blindness, in rapture and pain". Inigo and Henrietta are quietly happy in their last months together, close to nature, days made poignant by their knowledge of her impending end. She dies of a haemorrhage one winter afternoon with Inigo beside her. Moments later Inigo shoots himself with <mask>'s service revolver.Helen and Felicia (1927)
Set in the Home Counties, London and Wiltshire in the mid-1920s. Slim tall fair-haired Felicia <mask>, 15, is second-youngest in a family of eight children – or rather two families with one father. The house in the country is full of tensions, so Felicia escapes through dreams and long walks. Her favourite sister (only true sister) is the clever, analytical Helen, 18, who is off soon to Newnham, Cambridge. Felicia depends for happiness on Helen's presence and misses her badly when she's away; Helen loves Felicia and sometimes forgets, in their chats, that she's only 15. Helen was a hit at Miss Ffoliot's boarding-school for girls, and now it's Felicia's turn to be sent there. Felicia hates school: Miss Ffoliot is paranoid about over-close relationships between the girls.She does make one friend, bohemian <mask>, and in the holidays in London meets <mask>'s brother James. Helen meanwhile learns that their step-sister Anne, 26, married to a perfectly nice compatible academic, is restless in her marriage (for the first time in <mask>, perfect compatibility, a theme of earlier novels, is not enough). This shakes all Helen's beliefs: whom, then, should one marry? What's the point of going to Cambridge and finding suitable male-friends? Their step-brother <mask>t, 30, meanwhile, has become besotted, in society London, with a friend's sister, the beautiful rich Pamela Wake, who won't have him; but in the course of a visit to the Wakes with <mask>t, Helen meets Pamela's brother <mask>, who is impressed by her and invites her to Scotland. There he proposes marriage; Helen accepts him and decides not to go up to Cambridge. Felicia is torn: afraid of losing Helen but struck by <mask>, who is rich, handsome, wise, kind – and who drives a long sleek powerful motor car.Helen and <mask> are happily married, though Helen worries that they are so different – she is endlessly analytical and loves mutual confidences, he is the strong silent country type. When Felicia, now 17, visits them in their big country house in Wiltshire, <mask> notices her grace and her love of riding and the country. At 18 Felicia leaves boarding-school early and joins a dance-school in London where James Sholto is the only male student. In London she attracts the attention of predatory men and is rescued by James. One day, now 19, she is off to visit the Sholtos, when a long sleek powerful motor car passes by in the street. On impulse she takes a train to the country to visit Helen and <mask>, back from their holidays, but finds only <mask> at home (Helen has stayed on with friends). He hosts her with perfect gentlemanly tact and hospitality; indeed he is so wonderful (a sort English Dick Diver) she feels uncomfortable and feels she must leave.Later she confesses to Helen, now 22, that she finds <mask> very attractive. Helen sees that <mask> is also in love with Felicia, though <mask> and Helen are happy with and sure of one another. "It's not natural to be chaste," thinks Helen. "She ought to have love affairs; she's nineteen and a half." Wanting Felicia to live with them and not feel uncomfortable, she lets Felicia know that "nothing could ever come between us" (the two sisters) and that "we must take what pleasure we can". She generously absents herself, and in the interval, in a passage of great beauty and delicate symbolism (the setting is summer), <mask> takes Felicia's virginity. The novel ends with the two sisters and <mask> in a blissful ménage-à-trois.Morning and Cloud (1932)
Set in London and the West Riding of Yorkshire, 1930. Returning from work, <mask> <mask> (ex-Harrow and Cambridge) contemplates his wife's light, spacious, tastefully-decorated house in Hampstead. He had married tall rich cool <mask>, now 28, after a brief holiday romance four years earlier. They have two little boys. Theirs is a marriage of non-communication: <mask> avoids talk of feelings. When she and her brother Johnnie were small, their mother Gertrude had walked out and remarried; now, newly widowed, Gertrude returns. In tow she has a niece of her second husband, small crop-headed Anthea Ridley, 22.(Anthea was orphaned early and grew up with cousins in a vicarage in the Yorkshire dales. She studied at the Slade and is now an artist; but she is poor, has no studio and is dependent on infrequent hand-outs from mean Aunt Gertrude, who has purloined her inheritance.) Invited to <mask> and <mask>'s, Anthea is surprised to find one of her paintings there, bought (by coincidence) by <mask> at an exhibition. To help her, <mask> commissions Anthea to decorate the children's nursery with murals. <mask>'s brother Johnnie, 26, falls under Anthea's spell and starts inviting her out, but his proposal of marriage disappoints her: she wants an affair. The rush of her attraction to him would undoubtedly have carried her eager and unreflecting over the bar of her virginity, had Johnnie not been restrained by fealty to a code which she did not recognise... The warm, quick natural outflow of her sexual nature towards him was checked, thwarted, turned back upon itself.<mask> and Anthea meanwhile enjoy talking while she paints: her receptiveness reawakens his interest in existence. She is puzzled, however, by <mask>, wondering how a person who appears to be so uninteresting can "produce in her surroundings an effect so satisfying: it was strange that dullness and evasion should translate themselves into order, serenity and formal beauty". The murals done, in the summer holidays Anthea visits her cousins in the dales. Johnnie pursues her there. He is now ready for an affair, but she has cooled. She rebuffs him. Experiencing "the blank heavy sickness of loss", he leaves.Feeling guilty and needing someone to talk to, she writes to <mask>, who makes some excuse to <mask>, cuts short his holiday in France, and motors to Yorkshire. They walk up into the hills and confess their love for each other. Anthea leads him up a ravine to a waterfall with rock-pools and strips naked. Back in London, Anthea leaves her aunt, takes a dingy bedsit, and finds work as a drawing-teacher. She and <mask> are now lovers. He tells <mask> he is in love with Anthea; <mask> has been expecting the news and receives it in silent distress. <mask> is wrong-footed by her refusal to talk."When we plan to inflict pain, we know not what we do; and when, coming to the very act, a partial knowledge is forced upon us, it is sometimes the aggressor who is stunned." Her strategy is to give him time to get over his passion. Anthea had expected <mask> to leave <mask>; she has over-estimated <mask>'s love for her. Under the strain of uncertainty, isolation and poverty – she has not yet received her first salary – she falls ill in her garret. <mask>, socially busy as ever, is slow to visit her. When he finally does, she asks only that he tries to see her from time to time. She awakens next day feeling better and watches, as an artist, another dawn over the London rooftops, a violet scene of morning and cloud.Overview
<mask>'s novels were, for the most part, experimental and modernist by virtue of their attitudes and subject-matter rather than their narrative technique or form. She generally used chronological, 'slanted' third-person narration, without intrusive authorial voice, and naturalistic settings. There are, however – the one exception – some stream-of-consciousness passages in Inigo Sandys, using the second person. "Inigo Sandys is refined to the point of attenuation," remarked Isabel Paterson, "subtle, but quite un-complex; a subtlety achieved  by the most drastic eliminations." "The whole thing is well done," wrote Forrest Reid of this novel, "but the Cambridge scenes are particularly happy. Here the story is presented almost entirely by suggestion – a word, a picture – just what is sufficient to set us in possession of the strange little drama that preludes so oddly the larger drama of the world outside." The novels are notable for their portrayal of the dynamics of large families with grown-up siblings, for their subtle presentation of (often failing) love-relationships among the cultivated middle class, for their frank 'Cambridge-salon' type dialogue, and for their sensitive evocations of English settings."She has a beautiful visual gift," wrote Rebecca West in the New Statesman, "and a sense of character that can be brilliant or touching." Katherine Mansfield, reviewing <mask> in the Athenaeum, admired her "distinction of style". <mask>'s gifts, among them her wit, were sometimes likened to those of Jane Austen, but <mask> considered Austen narrow and was lukewarm about the comparison. The Cambridge Review found in The Wedgwood Medallion "all the qualities which an earlier generation associates with <mask>". Her friend <mask> thought her last novel, Morning and Cloud, her finest. Its first print-run, in January 1932, quickly sold out; a second impression was published in the following month. Notes

References

External links
'E.B. C. <mask>', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
Online text of The Wedgwood Medallion (1923), Hathi Trust Digital Library
E. B. C. <mask> papers and photographs, Janus, Cambridge
E. B. C. <mask> (Topsy Lucas) letters in the Charleston Papers, www.sussex.ac.uk

1893 births
1966 deaths
People educated at Saint Felix School
British women novelists
20th-century British women writers
20th-century British novelists
Writers from

masks:
Charles Wickham
Charles
Jones
Crayshaw
Charles
Claire
Claire
Bill Osler
Claire
Bill
Charles
Charles
Claire
Bill Osler
Cunningham
Bridget Sholto
Bridget
Jones
Cathcar
Catcar
Conrad Wake
Conrad
Conrad
Conrad
Conrad
Conrad
Conrad
Conrad
Conrad
Conrad
Conrad
Cedric
Benton
Bride Palliser
Bride
Cedric
Bride
Bride
Bride
Bride
Cedric
Bride
Cedric
Bride
Cedric
Bride
Bride
Cedric
Cedric
Bride
Cedric
Cedric
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
George Eliot
Dora Carrington
Jones
Jones
Jones


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<mask> was an American sculptor born Ogdensburg, New York, on November 26, 1869, into a prominent local family. Early life

Born in Ogdensburg, New York November 26, 1869, Sarah “<mask><mask> raised in a wealthy household surrounded by military and political figures. Her paternal grandfather, <mask>, served as a Congressman from 1877 to 1881, and her father, Colonel Edward C<mask>, was a Civil War veteran and a noted trial lawyer in New York City. When <mask> was 10 years old her mother died. Soon after she traveled the world with her father, who often encouraged her to do various activities that were atypical for young women in the period, such as hunting and horsemanship. Her familiarity with these activities later proved useful in her sculpting career. Education and influences
Her art education began when she was exposed to art as a child while touring the museums of Europe with her family.Their travels would acquaint her with western culture in countries such as France, Norway, and Scotland, as well as with eastern traditions in Japan. At this time she had not discovered her artistic creativity outside of childish drawings and paper-cutout silhouettes. Though she didn't realize it, her exposure to culture made her sensitive toward the artistic sensibilities she would develop in the future. As she later recalled, those days "were loaded with opportunities to study, to absorb unconsciously the great things in line and form of every nation. In fact this was my real schooling. I was heading for sculpture then, though I didn't know it." In 1896 she married George Paulding <mask>, a designer at Tiffany & Co. with whom she had three children.Throughout her life,she maintained an energetic social life (which included Hollywood friends like Charlie Chaplin and Mary Pickford) on top of her domestic duties. She began modeling in 1901 while confined to a hospital bed, having been given plasticine clay to amuse herself with. The finished piece, “Spanish Dancer,” was the spark in igniting her passion for sculpture. She later described the experience: “It was as if in some mysterious previous state of existence I had actually been a sculptor and the memory of it was beginning to leak back into my fingers and thumbs.” A family friend, Frederic Remington — who called one of <mask>'s early works "ugly as sin" yet "full of ginger”—advised her to continue applying herself to the study of sculpture, which she did with the aid of several well-known sculptors, Henry Merwin Shrady, Augustus Lukeman and Frederick Roth. Her husband was her main supporter and influence at the start of her sculpting education. But <mask>'s success as a sculptor would slowly chip away at their marriage. In 1914 she and Paulding were divorced, leaving <mask> as the sole provider for her children.Career in sculpture

The ensuing years saw <mask> produce a series of United States Civil War and cemetery monuments in New York and New Jersey . She received many small grants and commissions that would build her reputation as a sculptor over a very short period of time. In 1904 she won a commission to construct Spirit of Liberty, which she made in honor of her father and the men who gave their lives in the Civil War. By 1907, she was regarded as “one of the leading female sculptors working on a heroic scale in America”

In 1910, she was commissioned to create a frieze for the Pan American Union building in Washington D.C. This work, called the Frieze of Discoverers, contributed to her winning a commission from the government of Venezuela to execute the equestrian Simon Bolivar (1921). Originally cast in duplicate, one copy stands at the head of the Avenue of the Americas in New York City. Despite the complications of her divorce two years earlier, in 1916, <mask> competed against twenty other sculptors to win this highly prized commission.At the time it was both the largest monument sculpted by a woman and the only equestrian monument of a man created by a female artist. It took five years to complete and earned her the Order of Bolivar (the greatest civilian honor given by the Venezuelan government). In the following decade Farnham produced a multitude of public monuments and memorials, as well as critically acclaimed portraits of influential individuals including the President of the United States Warren G. Harding, Herbert Hoover, Theodore Roosevelt and Marshal Ferdinand Foch (commander of the Allied Powers in WWI). Her work in portraiture soon became highly sought after and was defined by a highly developed naturalistic style that captured the essence of the subject in a visually masculine and positive manner. Farnham also sculpted busts of notable figures, including violinist Jascha Heifetz and silent film star Mary Pickford, and continued to create sculpture into her seventies. Her next important monument, Like Hell You Can! (1927) embodied her optimistic spirit in the form of a soldier standing tall, in confrontation with the unknown.In 1929, she entered into a contract with R.H. Macy and Co. (along with McMein and Fontanne) to create a line of shoes for women. Of all the monuments she created, <mask> regarded Pay Day (1930) as her best work. The sculpture of four cowboys on horseback, flailing their lassos and kicking up dirt was made in honor of her mentor Frederic Remington, who was a known sculptor of western themes. The energy of the composition contains qualities which she most enjoyed in sculptures and once again displays the optimism with which she led her life. She was particularly drawn to sculptures “that are full of force, feeling and emotional expression.” For her it was important “to believe the whole heart and soul of the artist is in his work. When he can make others believe that, he is a great artist.”

<mask> died in New York City on April 28, 1943. She is buried in the All Saint's Episcopal Church Cemetery in Great Neck, New York.Her tombstone is inscribed, “A merry heart goes all the day,” a reflection of her unyielding optimism. Major public works

The Spirit of Liberty (1905), Civil War monument-Library Park, Ogdensburg, New York
Defenders of the Flag (1908), Civil War monument- Mt. Hope Cemetery, Rochester, New York
G.A.R. Memorial (1908), Civil War monument-Holy Sepluchure Cemetery, Rochester, New York
The Frieze of Discoverers (1910)-Pan American Union (now OAS) Building, Washington, D.C.
Civil War monument (1912)-Bloomfield, New Jersey. Simon Bolivar (1921)-Central Park, New York, New York. Father Junipero Serra with Indian Boy (1925)-San Fernando Mission, California. Like Hell You Can (1926), World War I monument-Fultonville, New York

Private commissioned memorials
Anna Dick Biardot (1921)-Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx, New York
Vernon Castle Memorial (1922)-Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx, New York
Catharine Fonner (1925)-Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx, New York
Flora at the Preston Pope Satterwhite grave, Cave Hill Cemetery, Louisville, Kentucky
Wiser-Historic Ogdensburgh Cemetery, Ogdensburg, New York

Medals
 Medal to Commemorate the Erection of the Simon Bolivar Monument in Central Park, 1921
 National Navy Club Medal, 1923
 The John Drew Medal, 1923

Portraits
 Portrait of Theodore Roosevelt, 1906
 Portrait of Jose de Sucre, 1910
 Senator Andrew Wms.Clark, 1915
 Bust of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, c. 1916
 Col. William Hayward, 15th Infantry, 1918
 Bust of Ralph Barton, 1929

References

External links

The Art of Being an Artist:  <mask> <mask>, American Sculptor, by Peter H. Hassrick, Frederic Remington Art Museum: Ogdensburg, NY 2005
http://www.sallyjamesfarnham.org

American women sculptors
1869 births
1943 deaths
People from Ogdensburg, New York
Sculptors from New York (state)
20th-century American sculptors
19th-century American sculptors
19th-century American women artists
20th-century American women artists

masks:
Sally James Farnham
Sally
” Welles James
Amaziah Bailey James
. James
James
Farnham
Sally
Farnham
Sally
Farnham
Sally
Farnham
Sally Farnham
Sally James
Farnham


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<mask> (May 17, 1923 – March 15, 2007) was an American actress who performed on radio, television, and in films from the 1940s to the 1990s. Standing 5'9", she worked chiefly on television during her long career. She appeared in over 80 television series and made-for-television movies, specializing in character roles and dialects for scripts. Early life
<mask> was born in 1923 in Salt Lake City, Utah, the first daughter of <mask> and Lela Mayrine (née Maxwell) <mask>, both natives of Montana. According to the United States Census of 1940, seventeen-year-old <mask> was still living that year with her parents in Salt Lake City, along with her two sisters, Lorraine and Virginia. The 1940 census further documents that her father was at that time a salesman of rock-wool insulation. In Salt Lake City, <mask> also attended the University of Utah, where she distinguished herself as a gifted violinist, earning a position as "concert mistress" in the university's symphony orchestra.After the attack on Pearl Harbor, she joined the WAVES, the women's branch of the United States Naval Reserve. She served stateside at WAVE "shore stations" working primarily as a jeep driver in and around Chicago and then San Francisco. Career
Following the war, <mask> moved to Hollywood, where by the late 1940s she began finding steady employment as an actor. In 1948 she performed in an uncredited role as a Swedish immigrant girl in the film Up in Central Park. The bulk of her work, however, in this early stage of her career was as a voice-actor on radio. Between 1946 and 1950, she was a cast member on a variety of popular radio programs such as This is Your FBI, NBC University Theater, Dangerous Assignment, and Family Theater. <mask> continued performing regularly on radio for at least another six years, even after her increasing work on television had become her principal focus.Some of the other radio programs on which she played a variety of characters were The Whistler, The Halls of Ivy, Dragnet, Suspense, and Romance. Television
During the 1950s, <mask> appeared in over 20 television series, both in dramatic and comedic supporting roles. She secured her first two credited roles on television in 1952: as an office secretary on the series Gang Busters, in an episode titled "The Dennis Case"; and as Nurse Lenihan in "The Big Jump" on the televised version of Dragnet. Other television series in which <mask> performed later in the 1950s include Mr. and Mrs. North, Medic, Dr. Hudson's Secret Journal, The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, Studio 57, Startime, Schlitz Playhouse of Stars, The Real McCoys, in 13 episodes of Bachelor Father, on Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Lux Video Theatre, M Squad, Hennesey, Law of the Plainsman, Leave It to Beaver, and Gunsmoke. In 1962 <mask> appeared as Coralee Darby on the TV western The Virginian in the episode titled "The Accomplice." <mask>' career continued through the 1970s. In those decades she either appeared for the first time or returned to perform in more than 60 sitcoms, Westerns, detective, courtroom and medical shows, anthology series, suspense programs, and made-for-television movies.In the 1963 episode of The Andy Griffith Show, "Ernest T. Joins the Army", she played Olive, the widowed waitress working at Mayberry's diner. In a memorable scene in that episode, Olive—after writing down Deputy Barney Fife's extensive breakfast order at the counter—clutches her notepad to her chest, beams with a motherly smile, and says to him, "It does my heart good to see a thin person eat." While working as a notable "bit player" on some series in the 1960s and 1970s, <mask> performed in more substantial roles as a supporting character in multiple episodes on other series such as The Rifleman (where her name was misspelled as <mask>), Wagon Train (S6E26’s “The Michael McGoo Story” as “Carrie”), The Detectives, The Alfred Hitchcock Hour, Hazel, Bewitched, Mayberry R.F.D., Here's Lucy, and Adam-12. In 1979 she also portrayed the character Kitty Rawlings in the NBC made-for-television movie The Best Place to Be, starring Donna Reed. By the 1980s, she began to curtail her acting commitments, although she still appeared on Barnaby Jones, Barney Miller, Knight Rider, Mr. Belvedere, and a few other popular series in that decade. Nine years after her 1988 appearance on Mr. Belvedere, she made her last credited performance on television as Harriet Jenkins in an episode of Columbo, titled "A Trace of Murder". Films
She was cast in no fewer than a dozen feature films, continuing to display in those roles her ability to play a wide range of characters, such as a telephone operator, prison nurse, a farmer's wife, dentist, teacher, a newspaper gossip columnist, and women in other occupations.Her films include the science-fiction comedy The Twonky (1953), I Want to Live! (1958), It Started with a Kiss (1959), That Touch of Mink (1962), The Glory Guys (1965), The Third Day (1965), Snowball Express (1972), The Man from Independence (1974), Half a House (1975), Gable and Lombard (1976), and The Cat From Outer Space (1978). Charities and professional organizations
Outside of her acting assignments, <mask> contributed her time and money to various charities, advocacy groups for children and wildlife welfare, and to professional organizations. She promoted the work and served on boards and committees of the United Nation's International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press (WIFP), Whidbey Animals' Improvement Foundation (WAIF), the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA), the Screen Actors Guild (SAG), Theatre West, and Pioneer Broadcasters. <mask> was also a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences; and in 2008, the year after her death, SAG formally recognized her contributions to the industry at the Guild's televised 14th annual awards ceremony. Personal life and death
<mask> married only once, to Milton Citron, a native of New York who was a Hollywood sound-effects specialist and editor for both film and television productions. The couple married in 1961 and remained together for over 20 years, until Milton's death in April 1983.They had no children. After her retirement from acting in the late 1990s, <mask> continued to devote her time to charities and to her lifelong passion for music, studying the works of the classical masters as well as Broadway scores and early choral compositions. <mask> remained in Los Angeles until 2006, when she relocated to Virginia Beach, Virginia to be closer to family members. The following year, on March 15, <mask> died in her sleep of natural causes at the age of 83. In accordance with her wishes and under arrangements made with the Neptune Society, her body was cremated, and her ashes were scattered in the Pacific Ocean. Filmography

References

External links

1923 births
2007 deaths
American television actresses
American film actresses
American radio actresses
United States Navy sailors
WAVES personnel
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American women

masks:
Alice Mayrine Backes
Alice Mayrine Backes
Charles Cameron Backes
Backes
Alice
Backes
Backes
Backes
Backes
Backes
Backes
Backes
Backes
Alice Backus
Backes
Backes
Backes
Backes
Backes
Backes


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<mask> (born November 12, 1964) is an American former professional boxer who competed between 1989 and 2010. He held the IBF cruiserweight title from 1998 to 1999 and challenged twice for the WBA cruiserweight title in 1994. Professional career
<mask> became professional in 1989 and fell short in his first shot at a major championship title, a 1994 split-decision loss to Orlin Norris for the World Boxing Association Cruiserweight Title. <mask> was knocked out in the third round in a rematch with Norris later that year. It was not until 1998 that <mask> got another shot at a title belt, a 1998 bout with Imamu Mayfield for the International Boxing Federation Cruiserweight Title. <mask> lost the belt in his first defense to Vassiliy Jirov in a seventh-round knockout. In 2010, <mask> defeated Valente Tinajero (8-0, 4 KO's) on the Holyfield-Botha Undercard.In December 2010, <mask>, 46, lost a ten-round decision to Carl Davis for the vacant USBO Cruiserweight title in Chicago, Illinois, in his last major bout.

masks:
Arthur James Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams