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<mask><mask> (30 May 1910 – 18 January 1995) was a German language and Francophone writer. He was born in Germany, but by the time he died he had acquired French citizenship through marriage, and he lived in France for most of his life. Although many sources start with his career as a writer, he was also a left wing activist and a coppersmith. Life
<mask> was born ten years into the twentieth century in Guntersblum, a small town in the wine growing region to the south of Mainz:  he grew up in nearby Dolgesheim. <mask> was one of his parents' eight recorded children. At the time of his birth his father worked as a craftsman/boilermaker, but after the war took a job with the post office. <mask>'s childhood was marked by the violent and authoritarian temperament of his father, and he left home as a teenager.The boy fell foul of the law fairly early on, and after leaving middle school he attended a "correction institute" between 1926 and 1929. During the later 1920s he spent some time living on the streets and frequently ran away from the institutions in which he was placed, preferring the company of young communists, anarchists or naturists. Although he was able to connect with members of relevant organisations, he later insisted that he had remained on the side-lines rather than becoming a member "as such". Nevertheless, sources indicate that he joined the Communist Party in 1929. In 1929 he was arrested again, for breach of the peace, and during 1930 he spent time in prison for knocking out a policeman during the course of a demonstration. He later stated that it had been in prison at this time that he started to write. He wrote court reports for Communist Party publications and also had sketches, opinion pieces and reports published in mainstream newspapers including the Frankfurter Zeitung.He was at the same time undertaking industrial work in various factories during the early 1930s. Germany underwent significant regime change in January 1933 when the NDSDAP (Nazi Party) took power, and lost little time in imposing Germany's first twentieth century one- party dictatorship. Glaser participated in small clandestine resistance groups for about a year, before relocating to the Saarland, a part of Germany still under French military and political control, following terms imposed at the end of the war in 1919. The first question he encountered from local Communists in the Saarland was the standard one: "Comrade, do you have permission or an order from your regional [Communist Party] leadership to come here?" There was at this time growing pressure from the new German government for the Saarland to be returned to Germany, and the German position enjoyed increasingly unambiguous support from the British and US governments. From the Saarland Glaser moved on to Paris, which had become a focus for German Communists fleeing from Germany, where their party political activities were now illegal. In Paris he worked on several newspapers produced by exiled anti-Nazi German left-wingers.In 1935 he returned to the Saarland which by now was being returned to German control following the January referendum. He was arrested, but later in the year was able to return to France. He now settled not in Paris but in Normandy where he found a job in an SNCF (railway) workshop. He fell in love with and married a French woman: his civil status changed from that of a German refugee to that of a French citizen. He had already, by this stage, been stripped of his German citizenship. Shortly after this, as rumours of Stalin's atrocities became harder to ignore, and appalled by news of the Treaty concluded between Hitler's Germany and the "Communist" Soviet Union in August 1939 ahead of another Polish partition, Glaser resigned his Communist Party membership. War resumed at the beginning of September 1939:  nine days later <mask> was called up for military service in the French army.His fellow soldiers knew of his German origins which in the atmosphere of the times made for a very uneasy form of comradeship. In 1940 he was taken prisoner by the Germans. By now he was sufficiently fluent in French, and with the help of a false name, to avoid identification as a German Communist. He spent most of the balance of the war in a succession of prisons and prisoner camps. In 1943 he managed to escape from a prison camp near Görlitz, but was captured again a few months later near Strasbourg. The period 1920–1945, covering <mask>'s eventful adolescence and early adulthood in France and Germany, are recalled in his book, "Geheimnis und Gewalt" (Secret et Violence / Secret and Violence), which first appeared in German in 1953 and has appeared in updated editions and in other languages subsequently. War ended in May 1945 and Glaser returned home to France.He became a member of the recently formed Anarchist Federation. He involved himself in the aftermath of the "Sacco and Vanzetti" affair, during the course of which he met fellow activists Giliana Berneri and the leading libertarian André Prudhommeaux. He supported himself by working, briefly, in a sugar factory, and then, till 1949 on the production lines at the Renault Billancourt plant. He later confided that by the end of the 1940s he had concluded that work on the assembly line had become soul-destroying. In 1949 he set up a workshop for copper and silver work in the Saint-Germain-des-Prés Left bank quarter of central Paris. In 1968 he moved with his family to the Le Marais quarter, still in central Paris, but no longer part of the "Rive Gauche". In the meantime he added the central initial "K." to his full name.Sources differ as to why, but it was probably to honour his recently deceased mother, whose middle name had been "<mask>harina". Despite abandoning the left-wing militancy of his former years, he retained numerous friends among the "Libertaires." The writer
Much of <mask>'s published output was autobiographical. In the early 1930s he was producing proletarian-revolutionary writing, true to Communist Party orthodoxy. During his exile in the middle and later 1930s he became more distant from Communist ideology and returned increasingly to the anarchist principles that had influenced his teenage years. His major work,  "Geheimnis und Gewalt" (Secret et Violence / Secret and Violence), appeared in the early 1950s. It was written in German but was initially accessible only, in translation, to French readers because a German publisher for it could not be found.It received some critical support, but early editions failed to win a wide readership, partly because of the chaotic circumstances surrounding its publication, with early editions crudely edited and marred by typographical errors. Recognition
During the closing years of the twentieth century <mask> <mask> was rediscovered as a writer for a wider audience, and his literary output became relatively mainstream. Since 1998 the "Rhein-Pfalz" Ministry for Education and Culture in the region of his birth has celebrated his literary contribution with the annually awarded <mask>. <mask> Prize. The prize, which is also supported by the powerful regional television operator Südwestrundfunk, is worth €10,000 to the winner. References

20th-century German writers
Communist Party of Germany politicians
German writers in French
French anarchists
German anarchists
1910 births
1995 deaths
Writers from Rhineland-Palatinate
German emigrants to France

masks:
Georg K
. Glaser
Georg Glaser
Georg
Georg
Georg Glaser
George Glaser
Kat
Glaser
Georg K
Glaser
Georg K
Glaser


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Baron <mask>  (23 September 1862 – 21 July 1910), was a Belgian diplomat. As a signatory of the Boxer Protocol, the final act at the Algeciras Conference and the Colonial Charter in which Congo Free State was ceded to Belgium, <mask> was an important Belgian diplomat in the age of New Imperialism. Throughout his career, <mask> was able to gain the absolute confidence of king Leopold II of Belgium and eventually he became one of the monarch's favourite diplomats. Background
<mask> was born in one of the richest and most prominent families of the Belgian city of Antwerp. The wealth and influence of the <mask> family had, according to the legend, their origins in a lucky investment that <mask> had made during the age of Napoleon Bonaparte. He accidentally put an extra '0' on an order and bought 5,000 instead of 500 bales of coffee. Because of inflation during the Continental Blockade he suddenly had a fortune in his hands and was no longer a modest merchant.This story even inspired Hendrik Conscience to fictionalize this anecdote and write the book Eene 0 te veel. The family was subsequently able to rise among the ranks of the Antwerp bourgeoisie and <mask>ens his grandfather Constantin <mask>  became a senator for the Belgian Liberal Party. Besides from the influence and capital of his family <mask> had also other assets to become a diplomat. His trip to Egypt with his influential uncle Arthur Van Den Nest in 1882 and Joostens orientalist report Du Caire au Tropique are for example prime examples of his fascination for foreign countries. In the meantime <mask> had completed his studies at the University of Paris, the University of Leuven and the Université libre de Bruxelles and he obtained his degree in arts. Before he pursued a career in the diplomacy, <mask> shortly followed in the footsteps of his father being active in the Antwerp banking scene where he had a job at the Handelsbank. Diplomatic career

Early career

On 7 December 1885, <mask> filed his request at the Belgian ministry for foreign affairs to become a so-called attaché de légation and this was the start of his diplomatic career.First, he was, from April 1886 until January 1889, the second-class secretary at the legation in Madrid, then headed by Edouard Anspach, the brother of Jules Anspach. In 1889, <mask> made promotion to the legation in Cairo, where he served the Belgian imperial interests of, for example, Édouard Empain and the Tramways d'Alexandrie. Shortly after his displacement to Egypt, <mask> was again promoted. This time he became first-class secretary in the highly ranked legation in London. There he could further develop his diplomatic skills both on the European and the imperial diplomatic theatre. Washington D.C.

As a result of an internal reorganisation in the Belgian diplomatic corps, <mask> was able to further develop his career. The new minister for foreign affairs Paul de Favereau promoted him in 1896 to Washington D.C. where he would be the new conseiller de la légation or advisor of the legation.Under the auspices of Gontran de Lichtervelde <mask> showed remarkable diplomatic skill. In 1898 the Belgian the then prince Albert of Belgium made a visit to the United States  together with his physician L. Melis and Harry Jungbluth. For this occasion <mask> was named the diplomatic attaché to this group. This was because of the commercial and imperialist agenda of this voyage, not only was Alberts visit a way for the future king to learn the country better, his uncle Leopold II of Belgium saw in this trip a great opportunity to tighten the Belgian-American relations on the imperialistic scene. By order of Leopold II, <mask> used the allure of the royal visit to attract investors for a Belgian-American cooperation to build the Beijing–Hankou Railway. It was in this context that <mask> had several contacts with the American senator Calvin S. Brice who to Joostens his great regret died during the American-Belgian negotiations. Although he didn't succeed to forge a cooperation between the American China Development Company and the Belgian investments backed by Leopold II, <mask> was able to show his feel for the diplomatic game in this episode and obtain the appreciation of the king.Next to the royal visit of prince Albert and the Beijing-Hankou Railway, the remarkable plan to make the Philippines a Belgian protectorate after the Spanish–American War was a third case in which <mask> was active. The Hague

During his holidays in Belgium recovering from an uninterrupted three years stay in the United States, <mask> was named secretary for the Belgian delegation for the Hague Peace Conference of 1899. This conference was an initiative of the Russian Tsar Nicolas II and is one of the prime examples of pacifism in the eve of the First World War. During this conference <mask> could gain more experience in the field of international relations under the guidance of delegation leader and well-known disarmament advocate Auguste Beernaert. The latter would even win the Nobel Peace Prize in 1909 for his presence at The Hague Conventions. Peking

Arrival

Only fourteen years after his first application at the Belgian ministry of foreign affairs, <mask> was promoted in the winter of 1899 to the rank of Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at the court of the  Chinese emperor and the king of Siam. When <mask> arrived in Peking to replace baron Carl de Vinck de Deux-Orp, he ended up in the so-called Legation Quarter.This was the diplomatic compound south of the Forbidden City where all the foreign legations were situated and in which there was a very distinctive diplomatic culture with its own practices and rules. In this context, <mask> could rely on a competent team of Belgian lower-ranking diplomats and officials. The most remarkable members of the Belgian legation in this time were, for example, Alphonse Splingaerd, son of the Belgian Mandarin Paul Splingaerd, Leopold Merghelynck, Adrien de Mélotte de Lavaux, who would become director of the Sino-Belgian Bank in Shanghai, and Emile de Cartier de Marchienne, who would become the Belgian ambassador to both China and the United States. Boxer Rebellion and the Siege of the International Legations

Shortly after <mask>' arrival, the Boxer Rebellion, of which the first features showed in the winter of 1899, would reach its peak. This rebellion had anti-foreign, anti-Christian and mystical features and had among other things its origins in a crop failure in 1899, decades of frustrations about the Western presence in China and the chaos and internal struggles at the Chinese court following the failed Hundred Days' Reform. The wrath of the rebels was first aimed at Chinese Christians but later faced towards the foreign presence in China. Since the Belgians were not unlike the other foreign investments deemed unwanted elements in the Chinese society, the Beijing-Hankou Railway was also attacked and several Belgian engineers, missionaries and officials were killed.During the first quarrels in the streets of the Legation Quarters <mask> was accused of having killed several rebels, but since the Austro-Hungarian government offered to protect the Belgian legation, it is more likely that these soldiers have fired these shots. After the assassination of the German envoy Klemens von Ketteler near the Belgian legation and the refusal of the foreign diplomats to leave the Legation Quarter after Empress Dowager Cixi ordered them to do so, the rebellion reached a turning point. From now on, the Chinese Empire was at war with the foreign countries, and in this context, Joostens had to defend from 13 June until 16 June 1900, together with the other Belgians and the Austro-Hungarian marines, the Belgian legation. Despite their efforts, they were not able to repel the rebels and had to retreat to first the French and later the British legation. In the meantime, the Belgian legation, which was located in an isolated corner in the Legation Quarter, was plundered and set on fire. On 20 June 1901, the rebels sieged, in collaboration with Imperial Chinese Army, the Legation Quarter and with this act the so-called Siege of the International Legations was put in place. Shortly after the rebels sieged the Legation Quarter, the foreign powers gathered their forces and formed the Eight-Nation Alliance to crush the rebellion .Leopold II had also been very keen to participate and even privately funded a Belgian Expeditionary Corps but Kaiser Wilhelm II strongly opposed this idea and the king had to give up this plan. Conference of Peking

When Peking was relieved on 14 August 1901 by the Eight-Nation Alliance, the Boxer Rebellion came to an end, but this meant by no means the end of instability in China. Nevertheless, both the foreign powers ( France, Germany, Japan, United States, United Kingdom, Russia, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Belgium, The Netherlands and Spain) and the pro-foreign officials at the Chinese court such as Li Hongzhang and Yikuang (Prince Qing) wanted to reach a settlement over the Chinese responsibility in the rebellion. The negotiations that took place in this context, between 26 October 1900 and 7 September 1901, are known as the Conference of Peking and they would among other things focus on the indemnities on the one hand and the punishment of the leaders of the rebellion on the other hand. Although Ernest Mason Satow and Alfons Mumm von Schwarzenstein, respectively the British and German envoy, preferred from the start on that only the members of the Eight-Nation Alliance settled these matters, <mask> succeeded to conquer his place at the negotiation table. He was able to do so thanks to his active role since the first meeting on 26 October 1900 and the support of French envoy Stephen Pichon. From then on, <mask> nevertheless was not able to have strong voice.This was a result of the small state position of Belgium because of the lack of military input in the Eight-Nation Alliance, a reflection of the quite unimportant status of Belgium in Europe and the omnipresent influence of his minister for foreign affairs Paul de Favereau. Although <mask> was not seen as one of the most important envoys present, the lack of cooperation between the different nations offered the possibility to have a certain influence. The Belgian envoy was for example the chairman of the Committee on the Indemnities and inspired by the losses of the Societé d’Étude de chemins de fer en Chine, the Belgian company behind the Beijing-Hankou Railway, he proposed to include also indirect losses of companies and societies in the indemnity claims. Next to that, <mask> also persuaded his colleagues to lower the proposed embargo on the trade and production of arms to a span of only two years and by doing so, he favoured the interests of FN Herstal and the Belgian arms factories in general. The most important contribution of <mask> from a Belgian perspective was his role in the compilation of the Belgian indemnities. Cooperating very closely with Paul de Favereau <mask> was active in almost every aspect of this task. He verified the indemnity claims, he communicated and negotiated with the French envoys  and Stephen Pichon about the indemnities of Beijing-Hankou Railway and questioned the claims

masks:
Adolphe Marie Maurice Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Maurice Joostens
Joostens
Mathias Joostens
Maurice Joost
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens


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 of other countries in order to safeguard the payment of the Belgian claims.Other projects in which <mask> was involved were, for example, the plan to invite Zaifeng, Prince Chun for a visit to Belgium. Since the prince proposed this visit himself, he accepted the offer but when he was in Germany to convey his regrets to the Kaiser Empress Dowager Cixi became ill and the prince had to cancel the rest of his trip to Europe. <mask> was also very active to claim the right to install the Belgian Legation Guard in Peking. Belgian boots on Chinese soil offered in <mask>' eyes a big potential, but since the Belgian Legation Guard only consisted of about 20 soldiers, the guard can't possibly be seen as the fulfillment of Leopold II his military ambitions in China. Joostens diplomacy during the Conference is at best summarized as an execution of the orders of his minister Paul de Favereau with the addition of personal initiatives within a typical Leopoldistic imperial mindset. Other activities

In the margin of the Conference of Peking, <mask> was also active in other cases. In cooperation with Henri Ketels, the consul in Tientsin, <mask> succeeded to claim a Belgian concession in Tientsin.Despite the failed development of this concession because of a lack of interest from Belgian investors, <mask> succeeded to obtain this parcel despite the criticism of the other powers. Besides from this territorial achievement, <mask> also kept playing his role in the cases of finances and more specifically the indemnities. Even after the signature of the Boxer Protocol, the payment of the indemnities was still an unsolved problem and in this context <mask> tried to convince his government not to found a Belgian bank. In <mask>' opinion the Chinese indemnities for Belgium could also be paid to a foreign bank and subsequently be transferred to an already existing Belgian bank in Europe. Nevertheless, the Belgian government did found a Sino-Belgian Bank. A third important aspect of <mask>' diplomacy in China aimed at protecting the Belgian missionaries. Although the Belgian missionaries officially were French citizens as a result of the French Protectorate in China, <mask> repeatedly defended the rights of the missionaries of Belgian origin.He checked reports of attacks on Belgian manned missions and urged the Chinese government to repel the attacks of what used to be Boxer rebels. Finally <mask> also acted as a spokesman of the Belgian imperial lobby. Both in China and Belgium, he promoted several times the Belgian project. On several occasions <mask> highlighted for example the prospects of an investment in China and tried to convince investors and ordinary people to come to China and work in Belgian companies or invest in them. Despite the efforts of <mask> and other Belgian officials the Belgian presence would never be able to match the success of the pre-war era. The Boxer Rebellion had showed that an investment in China could be risky and from 1901 onwards the interest of Belgian investors further diminished. Aftermath

Thanks to fact that <mask> was one of the diplomats who were sieged in the summer of 1900, the Belgian envoy became a prominent and well-known figure not only within diplomatic circles, but also within the public sphere.Whereas stories like these were not available in the European press before, the development of the press as a mass medium throughout the nineteenth century had made possible that the messages concerning the Siege of the International Legations reached big audiences in the western world. Where diplomats were often depicted as lazy, money spoiling and useless bureaucrats, the siege had pointed out the dangers and usefulness of the job. Nevertheless, the coverage of <mask> in Belgian and international press was quite one-sided and although some media covered also the diplomatic work of the Belgian envoy, the main focus was put on his role during the siege. <mask> remarkable performance at the Conference of Peking did not pass unnoticed at the Belgian royal court. In 1904 Leopold II gave <mask> the hereditary title of baron as a final reward for his time in Peking. This focus on his own person enabled <mask> to use this attention to put the Belgian expansion on the agenda of the Belgian economic scene as pointed out before. On the other hand, the attention for <mask> also played a great part in the awareness of the Belgian presence in China and raised the tangibility of the project for a great deal of people who had never heard of the activities of the Belgian missionaries, Belgian investors and Belgian diplomats before.Finally the different receptions, dinners and ceremonies celebrating <mask>' return to Belgium tightened to bonds within the Belgian imperialist lobby. Since diplomats usually hided behind the curtains of diplomacy <mask>' public performance is very noteworthy. Although <mask>' residence in Peking was undoubtedly the most important and notable time in his career, it had also its side-effects. Because of the harsh living conditions in Peking, Joostens unstable health fastly declined and in 1904 an emotionally and physically weak <mask> finally got the displacement he had been asking for since 1902. Being appointed as the envoy in Madrid <mask> was for the first time in his career promoted to be the highest-ranking official in a legation of a traditional European power. Since the living conditions in such a wealthy city were far better than in Peking the promotion took Joostens wishes into account. During his stay in Beijing <mask> also supervised the construction of a new Belgian legation building, erected on grounds within the Legation Quarter that were granted to Belgium following the Boxer Protocol (the former building, located outside the Quarter proper, had been demolished during the 1900 siege).The new location was previously occupied by the residence of Xu Tong, Grand Secretary of the Tiren Cabinet, who committed suicide in 1900. The new building, still extant today, was designed by Louis Delacenserie in 1902 and features a Flemish Gothic Revival architecture. Madrid

The first years of <mask>' stay in Spain were characterized by a focus on the improvement of the Belgian-Spanish economic relations. <mask> was for example very active in the preparations of the Spanish pavilion at the world's fair in Liège in 1905. During his Spanish years, <mask> would also be again in the center of the imperialist world theater. Spain was after all an important imperial power and the neighbourhood of Morocco posed both a lot of opportunities and problems. <mask> was first active in the Belgian imperialist penetration of Morocco through the establishment of Belgian companies in the country.Following the First Moroccan Crisis <mask> was appointed by Leopold II to attend the Algeciras Conference together with . The international meeting was installed to figure out a solution for the German contestation of the growing French and Spanish control over Morocco. Leopold II told <mask> that he was not allowed to gain any profits for Belgium at the conference and <mask> loyally followed these orders. End of career

As showed before <mask> was as a Belgian envoy in Madrid still very active in the imperialist schemes of Leopold II. The king even appointed him during his yearly holidays in Belgium as a member of the diplomatic team that had to negotiate the transfer of Congo Free State to Belgium. After the Congo Free State propaganda war led by Edmund Dene Morel had pointed out the atrocities in the king's private country in Africa,  Leopold II could no longer resist or repel the criticism and he prepared to hand the Congo over to the Belgian state. In this context <mask> was one of the architects of the Colonial Charter that settled this matter.<mask>' role in this transition from a royal Belgian colonial empire towards a Belgian state-led colonialism would be his last achievement of importance. In his last years in the legation in Madrid, <mask>' health would further decline. When on a leave to recover in Belgium in 1910, <mask> died on 21 July, Belgium's national holiday, suffering from a heart stroke despite the fact that his sister Alice had been taking care of him for several weeks. Honours

Belgium
 1931 : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown. Knight of the Order of Leopold (1898)
 Officer of the Order of Leopold (1900)
 Grand Officer of the Order of the Crown
  Hereditary title of Belgian baron. (1904)

Foreign

Spain

 Knight of the Order of Charles III (1887)
 Commander of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (1890)

Ottoman Empire

 Commander of the Order of Osmanieh (1890)
 Grand Officer of the Order of Medjidie (1891)

Chinese Empire

 First Class Third Grade of the Order of the Double Dragon (1903)

Sweden

 Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav (1907)

References

Further reading
 Auwers, M. (2014). The island and the storm : a social-cultural history of the Belgian diplomatic corps in times of democratization, 1885–1935, Unpublished doctoral thesis, Universiteit Antwerpen, Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, Department of History.Bickers, R.A. en Tiedemann, R.G. (2007). The Boxers, China, and the World. Lanham. Cohen, P. (1997). History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth, New York. Kurgan-Van Hentenryk, G., (1972).Léopold II et les groupes financiers belges en Chine: la politique royale et ses prolongements (1895–1914), Brussels. Coolsaet, R. (2014). België en zijn buitenlandse politiek 1830–2015, Leuven. De Lichtervelde, B. (1955). ‘<mask> (Adolphe-<mask>)’, Biographie Coloniale Belge, IV, Brussel, 448–450. Elliott, J. E. (2002).Some Did It for Civilisation, Some Did It for Their Country: A Revised View of the Boxer War, Hong Kong. Frochisse, J.-.M. (1936). La Belgique et la Chine, Relations diplomatiques et economiques (1839–1909), Brussels. Huskens, G. (2016). <mask> en het Bokserprotocol. Marionet op het diplomatieke theater?, Unpublished master's thesis, KU Leuven, Faculty of Arts, Department of History.Kelly, J. S. (1963). A forgotten conference: the negotiations at Peking, 1900–1901, Genève. Luyckx, J. (2007). For business, pleasure and education. De reis van prins Albert naar de Verenigde Staten in 1898, Unpublished master's thesis, KU Leuven, Faculty of Arts, Department of History. Otte, T. G. (2007).The China Question: Great Power Rivalry and British Isolation, 1894-1905. Oxford. Van den Eede, M. (2006). De Belgische mondiale expansie (1831-1914). Een systematisch onderzoek naar de determinanten, actoren en evolutie van de Belgische koloniale en de financieel-industriële expansie, vanaf Leopold I tot de eerste wereldoorlog, Unpublished doctoral thesis, Universiteit Gent, Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, Department of History. Viaene, V. (2008), ‘King Leopold’s Imperialism and the Origins of the Belgian Colonial Party, 1860–1905’, The Journal of Modern History, 80, 741–790. Xiang, L. (2003).The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study, Londen and New York. 1910 deaths
Barons of Belgium
1862 births
Boxer Rebellion
Belgian diplomats
Congo Free State
People from Berchem
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Ambassadors of Belgium to China
Ambassadors of Belgium to Thailand
Ambassadors of Belgium to

masks:
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Joostens
Marie Maurice
Maurice Joostens


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<mask> is a Colombian poet, novelist and journalist born in Neiva, in 1969. He has a master's degree in Latin American Literature from the Simon Bolivar Andean University in Quito. He is now a full-time professor teaching at the University of Cartagena. His poetry explores the history of mythology and the mystery of life. In his writing he seeks to analyse some of the most poets of the twentieth century in Latin America, including José Antonio Ramos Sucre, Carlos Obregon, César Dávila Andrade and Jaime Sáenz. His texts have been partially translated into French, Italian, English, Polish, German, Rumanian and Chinese included in different national and foreign anthologies. He has given lectures and lectures at the Universities of Antioquia, Surcolombiana and Cartagena (Colombia); Szczecin, Krakow, Warsaw, Wroclaw, Zielona Gora and Poznan (Poland); Harvard, California, Salem, Merrimack and Northern Essex Community College (United States); Sonora (Mexico), and Granada (Spain).Review
<mask> is a universal opita, creator of a country where everyone, starting with the towel carriers and rifles on their shoulders, should go live, because there, as in the musical world of Macondo, it makes you want to sing "when the words they become aware of non-being in the presence of so many ghosts invisible ". There in Schuaima, the planet country of the Neivan poet, one can sip with the nose curled by the wind the smell of "the skirts invaded with geraniums" of the girls who inhabit it and who, like all its inhabitants, have "very heart close to the nose "and whose language makes it possible" to converse with the heights, with the acorns, with the wind in its state of purity, with the cosmos in its millenary harmony. " Ignacio Ramírez

In her verses it happens, the living sage of authentic poetry is latent. Adriana Herrera

Aniquirona

It is about from a collection of poems that points to another collection of poems -hightest spiral- where there are no words but silences as in the flowers, in tenderness, or in love. Luis Rafael Gálvez

The raid on Back to Schuaima means conquering territories in the company of the most charming and enchanted character: Aniquirona, the beloved of all the dreamers on earth; the idealized one that puts us in communication with the beings that live beyond the daily flow. This thoughtfulness, the arrival of "Settlers" with their display of beauty captivating almost to delirium. The space that invades the one that follows with its unique aroma of forests and gardens, secret seas or aggressive rocks, or the subversive challenge of presences that are ignored despite their dazzling, sustain the spell, the great orchestration of all the elements.Matilde Espinosa

These poems also appropriate an overwhelming poetic personality that, as in the other books of the author, creates a world and defends the features of that world, going through all the shades of black and gray, until achieving the very white texture, the turns sublime, religious, mystical, that distinguish the great poets. In Colombia, a country without a doubt difficult, there is poetry of great height, and this is the proof. Enrique Serrano

By reading these Memoirs of Alexander de Brucco, we are witnessing the creation of a world that is indisputably supported by the aforementioned sacred history but is not defined there. It is now specified through the poem itself and the writing of the verse, defined and defended by the author himself through his images, his metaphors, through the poetic language and the tone that he reaches, through his own world and of his particular conception of history and myth. A book of poems that illuminates, that is full of light and colors and the nuances that are produced when the word passes through the prism that is the verse. Santiago Tobon

Aniquirona: poetry, affluent towards mystery, deity of sounds and language, which can be transmuted into a woman, into magic or into the fire of things, but which will be, essentially, a song of nature. What river to wade, then, to reach the shore, to the transcendent?Travel with the poet through the forests "of winds and honeysuckle" and "very old chestnut trees", join in "the ceremony of flowers" and woo the light "in the breath of the air". Letting "the continuous voice of the rain" hit the road forever and abandon man in "the sap of the trees", in the ancestral shadow of poetry. Daniuska Gonzalez

In his Memoirs, Brucco-<mask>ro manages to recreate -and that earned him the National Poetry Prize of the University of Antioquia-, in the poetic world, people of blood and bone who love, suffer, fight and have hope; manages to tear life and a new language from the myth. Hubert Pöppel

Published work
Poetry
 "Aniquirona", band of poetry, published by Trilce, Bogotá, Colombia, 1998
 "The Rain and the Angel", three poets from Huila, Neiva (In collaboration with Jáder Rivera Monje y Esmir Garcés Quiacha) poetry book, publisher Tricle, 1999
 "Back to Schuaima", published by Dauro, Granada, Spain, 2001
 "Memoirs of Alexander de Brucco", publisher University of Antioquia,  Medellín, Colombia, 2002
 "Poetic entirety", personal collection of poems, publisher Altazor, Bogotá, Colombia, 2005
 "Collection", poetry collection, National University, Bogotá, Colombia, 2009
 "Road to Rogitama", band of poetry, publisher Trilce, Neiva, Colombia, 2010
 "The city of stones that sing", Book Hunting, Ibague, Colombia, 2011
 "Time was time", band of poetry, (Poems in French), publisher Altazor, Bogotá, Colombia, 2013
 "The sweet Aniquirona", Communicators University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, 2015
 "Where do the elapsed days go? National Biennial of Roman José Eustasio Rivera with the novel "God has a smile on his face", 2004
 Finalist of the Young Talent Award "The Fungible" Council of Alcobendas, Spain, 2005
 First place of the National Poetry Competition of the Bolivar Technological University, Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia 2005
 Winner with his project "Parallels of the Invisible" of the artistic residence of the Colombian Ministry of Culture and the Foncas of México, 2005
 Winner of the Poetry Competition of the Institute of Cultural Heritage of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia, 2013
 Winners of the History Competition Humberto Tafur Charry, 2013
 Invitation to the III. World Congress of Spanish-American Poets, Los Angeles, California, America, 2014
 First place at the Genaro Diáz Jordán competition, 2016 International Poetry Award "David Mejía Velilla", University of La Sabana, Bogotá, Colombia, 2014
 Honored as a writer on the XII. International Book Fair of Lawrence, Massachusetts, America, 2017
 Award of Senators and State Chamber of Commerce representatives of Massachusetts, America, 2017
 Award from the Office of the Mayor of Boston on the XII.Poetics of the occult, essays on four Latin American poets. <mask>, <mask>. Time was time, poems, publisher Altazor, Ibagué, 2013
 Kemadjou Njanke, Marcel. La douce Aniquirone Et D`autres poemes somme poètique, French translations. Bogotá, 2014
Jeannette Vidoni, Die süße Aniquirona, German translations. Deutschland, 2017
<mask>, <mask>. Lumina criptata, Romanian translations.Romania, 2018
Luis Rafael Gálvez, The sweet Aniquirona, English translations. 2019

Colombian essayists
1969 births
21st-century Colombian novelists
Colombian journalists
Male journalists
Living people
Colombian male poets
20th-century Colombian poets
20th-century male writers
21st-century Colombian poets
21st-century male writers
Colombian male novelists

masks:
Winston Morales Chavarro
Winston Morales
Morales Chavar
Morales Chavarro
Winston
Morales Chavarro
Winston


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<mask> (born September 9, 1986) is an American professional ice hockey defenseman who is currently playing for the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He previously played for the Arizona Coyotes, New York Rangers and Florida Panthers. <mask> was drafted by the Coyotes in the fourth round, 105th overall, at the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. <mask> quickly established himself as a premier offensive defenseman, leading the Coyotes in points in both the 2012–13 and 2013–14 seasons. He is currently the NHL ironman with the most consecutive games, becoming the third player ever to record 900 consecutive games played during the 2020–21 season. <mask> passed Doug Jarvis's streak as the longest in NHL history on January 25, 2022 after playing his 965th consecutive game

Early life
<mask> was born on September 9, 1986, in Boston, Massachusetts. Both of his parents worked long hours for FedEx in order to provide for their three children: while his father Bud drove trucks for the company, his mother Patti, who suffered from rheumatoid arthritis for most of her adult life, served as a dispatcher.Although his father also worked as a local youth hockey coach in Milton, Massachusetts, <mask> was not a full-time ice hockey player in his childhood. He was instead a multi-sport athlete, playing hockey, baseball, basketball, lacrosse, and American football, depending on what was in season. During hockey season, <mask> was often overlooked on All-Star teams and by scouts, who were focused on the flashier Boston-area defenseman, Dan McGoff of nearby Charlestown. While McGoff never reached the National Hockey League (NHL), <mask> was inspired by him and used their rivalry to improve his own skills. In 2000, <mask> played in the Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from the South Shore region of Massachusetts. From there, he began playing high school hockey for Milton High School, taking the Wildcats to an 18–2 win–loss record. After one year there, he chose to enroll at Cushing Academy, a college-preparatory school in Ashburnham, Massachusetts, and to focus solely on hockey.During his junior season in 2003–04, <mask> scored 14 goals and 48 assists for Cushing; as a senior the following year, he added an additional 14 goals and 40 assists in 34 games, and was named an All-New England First Team selection. Playing career

Amateur
<mask> originally intended to play college ice hockey for the University of New Hampshire, where his older brother Brian was already playing, but he struggled academically throughout high school and was denied admittance. After his plans to attend New Hampshire fell through, <mask> instead offered a verbal commitment to attend the University of Maine instead. Ultimately, however, he chose to forego college entirely in order to sign with the Moncton Wildcats of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL), believing that a year of junior ice hockey was the fastest option to turn professional. Playing alongside future NHL standouts Brad Marchand and Jason Demers, <mask> scored 25 goals and 59 points, the highest of any Moncton defenseman in history. As a team, the Wildcats had a 52–15–0–3 record, leading to a franchise-high 107 points. After winning the President's Cup as QMJHL champions, they advanced to the Memorial Cup, where they fell in the finals to the Quebec Ramparts.At the end of the year, <mask> won both the Emile Bouchard Trophy for the top defenseman in the QMJHL and the Telus Cup for the best defensive player in the league, and he was a QMJHL First All-Star Team selection. The Canadian Hockey League (CHL) also named <mask> their Defenseman of the Year, and he was part of that year's CHL First All-Star Team. Professional

Phoenix/Arizona Coyotes (2006–2015)

Drafted by the Phoenix Coyotes in the fourth round, 105th overall, in 2005, <mask> made his NHL debut on October 11, 2006, against the Detroit Red Wings, logging 20 minutes of ice time in the game. In the 2007–08 season, he participated in the American Hockey League All-Star Game as a member of the PlanetUSA team. In his first Stanley Cup playoff game, on April 14, 2010, <mask> scored the first goal for Phoenix against Detroit to tie the game at 1–1. He would later add an assist and be named one of the game's three stars. <mask> was named to the 2011 NHL All-Star Game as a replacement for the Atlanta Thrashers' Tobias Enström.Shortly after free agency began on July 1, 2011, <mask> signed a five-year contract extension with the Coyotes worth $26.25 million. He played an integral role in the Coyotes' push in the 2012 Stanley Cup playoffs that saw them face the Los Angeles Kings in the Western Conference Final, contributing nine points during their run. On November 12, 2014, he played his 400th consecutive game with the team. He ranks second all-time on the franchise's longest consecutive games played list, behind only Dale Hawerchuk (475). New York Rangers (2015–2016)
On March 1, 2015, <mask> was part of a massive trade between the Coyotes and the New York Rangers: New York acquired <mask>, Chris Summers, and a fourth-round selection in the 2016 NHL Entry Draft, while Arizona received John Moore, prospect Anthony Duclair, and two draft picks. Rangers general manager Glen Sather had apparently been trying to acquire <mask> for years, but could not afford him under the strict NHL salary cap; as part of the 2015 trade, the Coyotes agreed to retain half of <mask>'s salary, allowing the Rangers to fit him into their roster. <mask> had a difficult start with the new team, recording only one point in his first ten games, but soon entered a hot streak beginning with a three-assist game against the Anaheim Ducks on March 22.By April 5, the Rangers registered their 50th win of the season, and <mask> had eight points in as many games. He finished the season with 11 points in 21 games, and managed to contribute another 11 points in 19 playoff games before the Rangers were eliminated by the Tampa Bay Lightning in the 2015 Eastern Conference Finals. After the Rangers' playoff run came to an end, <mask> revealed that he had suffered a sprained acromioclavicular joint after taking a hit from Blake Comeau of the Pittsburgh Penguins during the first round of playoffs, but that it had begun to heal and he gradually felt less pain over the course of the postseason. Shortly before the start of the  season, <mask> said that his shoulder had fully recovered without surgery and that he was ready to take an active role on the Rangers' power play unit. He opened the season on the second defensive pair alongside Dan Girardi, who had also suffered a major injury during the playoffs. By December, however, he had found a strong rhythm with Dylan McIlrath, a far more defensively-minded skater who could balance <mask>'s offensive-oriented style of play. Most of the conversation around <mask> during the 2015–16 season surrounded whether or not he would be traded again: an unrestricted free agent following the year, <mask> led the team with 21 assists halfway through the season but would also be expensive to retain.When Ryan McDonagh was taken out of the lineup that February with an injury, <mask> received the bulk of his playing time, and in that span, the Rangers were 7–1–1. <mask> also became a force on the power play after McDonagh's injury: the Rangers had a 2 percent success rate on the power play from December 28 to February 10, which was bumped to 18.8 percent from February 10 to March 24. In his first full season with the Rangers, <mask> scored 47 points, including a team-leading 42 assists and 22 power play points. The Rangers reached the 2016 Stanley Cup playoffs but lost to the Penguins in only five games, and Pittsburgh's scoring rush in Game 5 began on a failed turnover attempt from <mask>. Florida Panthers (2016–2021)
On June 20, 2016, ten days before <mask> was set to become an unrestricted free agent if he did not sign a contract with the Rangers, his contract negotiation rights were traded to the Florida Panthers in exchange for a sixth-round selection in the 2016 draft. If the Panthers were able to sign <mask> by July 1, the Rangers would also receive a fourth-round pick in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft. Three days later, the Panthers, who were in need of a strong force on their power play, signed <mask> to a seven-year, $44.45 million contract.He began the  in a scoring drought, not recording a goal until November 21, in a 3–2 shootout win over his former team, the Rangers. Although <mask> was expected to be out "indefinitely" after being injured during a game against the Boston Bruins on December 5, he unexpectedly took the ice the next day for a game against the Philadelphia Flyers, his 578th consecutive NHL contest. On January 14, 2018, Anaheim Ducks forward Andrew Cogliano was suspended after playing 830 consecutive games, effectively making <mask> the leader in the iron man race for most consecutive games played with 676 games played at the time. On March 7, 2021, <mask> played in his 1,000th NHL game in a 4–2 loss against the Carolina Hurricanes. Following the 2020–21 season, having played in his fifth season with the Panthers, <mask> was bought out from the remaining two years of his contract on July 15, 2021. Philadelphia Flyers (2021–present)
On July 27, the eve of the opening of free agency, <mask> agreed to terms on a one-year, $900,000 contract with the Philadelphia Flyers. Iron man streak
<mask> is known for his iron man streak.He entered the 2021–22 season having played in 922 consecutive games, second in NHL history and only 42 behind leader Doug Jarvis. On January 24, 2022, <mask> tied Jarvis's record, playing in his 964th consecutive game with the Flyers facing the Dallas Stars. He broke Jarvis' record on January 25, 2022, when he played his first shift against the New York Islanders. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honors

References

External links

1986 births
American men's ice hockey defensemen
Arizona Coyotes draft picks
Arizona Coyotes players
Florida Panthers players
Ice hockey players from Boston
Living people
Moncton Wildcats players
New York Rangers players
People from Milton, Massachusetts
Philadelphia Flyers players
Phoenix Coyotes players
San Antonio Rampage players

masks:
Keith Michael Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle
Yandle


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<mask> (21 March 1735 – 2 April 1806) was a pioneering German catholic theologian and teacher. Life
<mask> was born in Mariental (Oberlausitz), a long-established settlement on the banks of the Neisse river at the northern frontier of Bohemia, which at that time (and by many criteria till 1945) was culturally and linguistically German. At the time of his birth his father was a "Klostersekretär" (monastery administrator) working for the monastery around which the little village clustered, and at which, according to some sources, <mask> was born. He received his first formal education the monastery, before moving on for an education in "the humanities" at the Piarist Gymnasium (secondary school) run by the monks at Kosmanos a short distance to the south of his home village. It was probably in 1751 that he entered Prague University where between 1751 and 1753 the focus of his studies was on Philosophy. Between 1753 and 1756 he concentrated on the study of Jurisprudence. According to one source it was because he was troubled by the extent to which Prague University was dominated by Jesuits that in 1756 he switched to Leipzig University, now studying (again) Philosophy and Philology (German, French and English).At Leipzig <mask> studied History, Philosophy and Aesthetics. He was powerfully influenced by two leading representatives of the German enlightenment; the poet-rhetorician Christian Fürchtegott Gellert (1715-1769) and the (at the time) widely revered writer Johann Christoph Gottsched (1700-1766). Between 1756 and 1760 Leipzig came under Prussian military occupation in the context of the Seven Years' War. The soldiers presumably brought disruption and plague to the city: students stayed away and Seibt eventually returned to Prague. By 1762 he was delivering lectures at Prague's Wendisches Seminar, a training institution for preparing Catholic priests. The lectures were unpaid. According to one source he delivered them out of love for his homeland and of lecturing.The empress was known to take a close personal interest in education reform, and it appears to have been in response to a personal approach by Seibt to Maria Theresa herself in January 1763 Seibt was offered an appointment backed by the University Commission and the Philosophy Directorate to take a post at Prague University as professor of "Fine Arts and Humanities" ("...der schönen Wissenschaften") at the University Philosophy Faculty. His extraordinary professorship was confirmed that same year through a decree dated 19 November. "The Fine Arts and Humanities" which he now taught at Prague encompassed Ethics, Education Sciences, German style along with History and related topics. Seibt organised his classes into four cohorts. He represented a new generation, influenced by enlightenment thinking which many still found unnerving, but which in the Holy Roman Empire enjoyed strong support from the empress and from her equally formidable Prussian rival. <mask> was one of the first at Prague University to deliver his lectures in German (rather than simply in Latin), and he also saw to it that students became familiar with (at the time) revolutionary ideas coming out of France, England and Scotland. He introduced them to the works and ideas of Pope, Gottsched, Gellert, Shakespeare and Charles Rollin, along with contemporaries such as David Hume and Charles Batteux.One of <mask>'s first known published works, which appeared in 1765, was a funeral oration celebrating Francis I, who died in August of that year. The 1773 suppression of the Jesuits by the pope took effect relatively promptly in the Habsburg lands and removed a hitherto important source of conservative resistance to enlightenment secularism in the world of catholic education. In 1775 <mask> <mask> took over the directorship of the Philosophy faculty at the university, also becoming director of no fewer than three secondary schools ("Gymnasia") in the city. In January 1783, <mask> was elected to serve a term as university rector. In the end - unusually - he served a double (two year) term. In 1785 he took over a full professorship in Theology and Philosophy, while surrendering his professorship embracing Ethics and Classical Literature which was taken on by August Gottlieb Meißner, the first Protestant to take a teaching post at the university for nearly 150 years. In 1796 <mask> took over as Dean of the Philosophy Faculty.In 1794, <mask> was elevated to the knighthood in recognition of his services to education. <mask> <mask> became <mask> <mask>. He retired from his professorship and other appointments in 1801, the importance of his contribution to the development of teaching at the university widely acknowledged by colleagues. He remained in Prague, and died there on 2 April 1806. Legacy
Grimm identifies <mask> as one of the most important and influential thinkers under the Habsburg Monarchy of the Enlightened absolutism period. By refusing to conduct his lectures in Latin he greatly stimulated the arts and culture in Prague. Seibt exercised a strong influence on the successor generation of academics and philosophers in Bohemia, including Josef Dobrovský.By the end of the nineteenth century the abandonment of Latin as a universal language for the multi-ethnic Habsburg lands was leading not to its replacement with German but to the increased application of a series of regional languages such as (in Bohemia) Czech, and across the border to the north various Sorbian dialects. Works (selection)
 Von dem Einfluß der schönen Wissenschaften auf die Ausbildung des Verstandes; eine Rede. Prag 1764
 Trauerrede, dem höchstseligen Hintritt Franz I., Römischen Kaisers geweiht. Wien 1765
 Von dem Nutzen der Moral in der Beredsamkeit. Prag 1767
 Schreiben an den unbekannten Uebersetzer der Abhandlungen von Tugenden und Belohnungen. Prag 1769
 Vom Unterschied des Zierlichen im Hof- und Curialstyl. Prag 1769
 Academische Vorübungen aus seinen gehaltenen Vorlesungen über die deutsche Schreibart.Prag 1769
 Academische Reden und Abhandlungen. Prag 1771
 Academische Vorübungen aus den von ihm gehaltenen Vorlesungen über die deutsche Schreibart. Prag 1771
 Rede von dem Einfluß der Erziehung auf die Glückseligkeit des Staats. Prag 1771
 Von den Hülfsmitteln einer guten deutschen Schreibart, eine Rede ammt einigen dahin gehörigen Ausarbeitungen. Prag 1773
 Ueber die Vortheile eines empfindsamen Herzens, eine Rede. Prag 1773
 Gabrieli Montalte, ein Trauerspiel in einem Act. Dresden 1776
 Katholisches Lehr und Gebetbuch.Prag 1779, Bamberg 1780, Salzburg 1780, Salzburg 1783, München 1816 (Online)
 Neues katholisches Lehr- und Gebetbuch. 2te rechtmäßige durchaus verbesserte und sehr vermehrte Ausgabe. Prag und Dresden 1783, 3. Ausg. Salzburg 1784, Prag 1788 (1787), Salzburg 1790, Prag 1816, Augsburg 1818
 Academische Blumenlese. Prag 1784 (Online)
 Lehr- und Gebetbuch für die katholische Jugend. Bamberg und Würzburg, 1792, (Online); 1839, Augsburg, 1839, 4.Aufl., (Online); Augsburg, 1846, 5. Aufl., (Online);
 Klugheitslehre, practisch abgehandelt in academischen Vorlesunge. Prag 1799 2. Bde., 2. Aufl. Prag 1815 2. Bde.(Bd. 2 online), 3. Aufl. Prag 1824 2 Bde. (Bd. 1 online)

References

1735 births
1806 deaths
People from Ostritz
18th-century German educators
18th-century German Catholic theologians
Charles University faculty
Rectors of Charles University

masks:
Karl Heinrich Seibt
Karl Heinrich von Seibt
Karl Heinrich
Seibt
Seibt
Seibt
Karl Heinrich
Seibt
Seibt
Seibt
Seibt
Karl Heinrich
Seibt
Karl Heinrich
von Seibt
Seibt


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Carol Hedges (born 22 December 1945) who was known professionally as <mask>, is an English singer who had hits in the 1960s, and is best remembered for the UK hit version of the song, "Tell Him" (1963) and "I Want You to Be My Baby" (1968). Early career
She was born in Woking, Surrey, England. <mask>' performing name was suggested by the impresario, Robert Stigwood, and was derived from those of blues singer <mask> and the entertainer <mask>. In her teens, Hedges was an engineering secretary before she started her recording career. After winning a talent contest in which she was backed by Cliff Bennett's band, the Rebel Rousers, she cut some early demo records with the Tornados for record producer Joe Meek. However, her first commercial success, under Stigwood's guidance, was "Will I What", released in August 1962, on which she performed as a foil to Mike Sarne, rather as Wendy Richard had done on Sarne's chart-topping disc, "Come Outside". This reached number 18 in the UK Singles Chart in September 1962.In February 1963 <mask> had her biggest success with a cover version of The Exciters' "Tell Him". Written by Bert Russell (also known as Bert Berns), this song was covered in the sixties by a number of artists, including Helen Shapiro and Alma Cogan, and was successfully revived in the late 1990s by Vonda Shepard, for the American Fox television program, Ally McBeal. <mask>' recording reached number ten in the UK chart, and was followed by "He's The One", which crept into the Top 40 in May 1963. Setback
In 1963, the year in which popular music was transformed by the rise of The Beatles, <mask> left Decca records owing to financial disagreements. In September of that year she suffered a broken jaw when a chauffeur-driven limousine in which she and Jet Harris, former bass guitarist of the Shadows, were returning from a concert in Worcester, crashed in the West Midlands. Harris received head injuries that seriously affected his already troubled career. The reporting in the press of a relationship with Harris, an unhappily married man, earned <mask>, still only 17, some unwelcome publicity at a difficult time and may have been one of the factors which held back her career.In an interview included in the liner notes of the 2007 compilation CD Whatcha Gonna Do? (RPM 326), <mask> acknowledged the scandal, but also placed blame for the "lost momentum" on being unable to record for four months due to having her jaw wired shut after the accident. <mask> was an early proponent of many of the fashion styles for which the 1960s are remembered: bobbed hair, long boots of the kind popularised by Honor Blackman in early episodes of The Avengers, and leather mini-skirts. She was said to have beaten the latter for "percussive effect" when recording. The biographer of the "supergroup" Cream described her as "astonishingly photogenic". Later career
In 1966, <mask> paired with Keith Powell (Keith Powell and the Valets) as "Keith (Powell) and <mask> (<mask>)" under the Piccadilly record label. They released three singles including "Swingin' Tight", which while popular did not make the chart and the short lived pairing was dissolved.In the late 1960s, <mask> returned to Decca, with former Ready Steady Go! presenter Michael Aldred as her producer. Recordings included Chip Taylor's "Angel of the Morning", in 1967, on which she was backed by, amongst others, Kiki Dee and P. P. Arnold. Arnold later recorded the song herself and had the bigger hit in 1968. <mask>' final chart entry was a Northern soul version of Jon Hendricks' "I Want You to Be My Baby", originally recorded by Louis Jordan in 1952, which reached number 33 in October 1968, although sales were affected by an industrial dispute at the manufacturing plant. <mask> left Decca in April 1971 after a stay of eight years. She continued to record into the 1980s and was popular, in particular, with audiences in the Spanish-speaking world.Her cover of Burt Bacharach's "The Last One to Be Loved" appeared on the compilation album Trains & Boats & Covers (1999). A retrospective collection of her recordings for Decca was released in 2005. In 2006, she was re-united with Jet Harris for a series for concerts. Personal life

<mask> has lived in North London for most of her life and career. <mask> had two children: her son born in 1972, was a DJ, who died in 2014. Her daughter, born 1982, is an artist, designer and milliner. Discography

UK singles
 "Will I What" (as 'Mike Sarne featuring <mask>') b/w "Bird, You Know I Love Ya" (Mike Sarne only) – August 1962 – Parlophone R4932 UK No.18
 "Tell Him" (Russell) b/w "I'm Thankful" (Blackwell) – February 1963 – Decca F11572 UK No. 10
 "He's The One" (Blackwell) b/w "V.I.P." (Stephens) – May 1963 – Decca F11658 UK No.

masks:
Billie Davis
Davis
Billie Holiday
Sammy Davis Jr
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Style Davis
Davis
Billie
Davis
Davis
Davis
Davis
Billie
Billie
Billie Davis


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Lieutenant General <mask>. (17 August 1896 – 13 July 1970) was a United States Army Corps of Engineers officer who oversaw the construction of the Pentagon and directed the Manhattan Project, a top secret research project that developed the atomic bomb during World War II. The son of a U.S. Army chaplain, Groves lived at various Army posts during his childhood. In 1918, he graduated fourth in his class at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point and was commissioned into the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. In 1929, he went to Nicaragua as part of an expedition to conduct a survey for the Inter-Oceanic Nicaragua Canal. Following the 1931 earthquake, Groves took over Managua's water supply system, for which he was awarded the Nicaraguan Presidential Medal of Merit. He attended the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1935 and 1936; and the Army War College in 1938 and 1939, after which he was posted to the War Department General Staff. Groves developed "a reputation as a doer, a driver, and a stickler for duty" and in 1940 he became special assistant for construction to the Quartermaster General, tasked with inspecting construction sites and checking on their progress.In August 1941, he was appointed to create the gigantic office complex for the War Department's 40,000 staff that would ultimately become the Pentagon. In September 1942, <mask> took charge of the Manhattan Project. He was involved in most aspects of the atomic bomb's development: he participated in the selection of sites for research and production at Oak Ridge, Tennessee; Los Alamos, New Mexico; and Hanford, Washington. He directed the enormous construction effort, made critical decisions on the various methods of isotope separation, acquired raw materials, directed the collection of military intelligence on the German nuclear energy project and helped select the cities in Japan that were chosen as targets. Groves wrapped the Manhattan Project in security, but spies working within the project were able to pass some of its most important secrets to the Soviet Union. After the war, <mask> remained in charge of the Manhattan Project until responsibility for nuclear weapons production was handed over to the United States Atomic Energy Commission in 1947. He then headed the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project, which had been created to control the military aspects of nuclear weapons.He was given a dressing down by the Army Chief of Staff, General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower, and told that he would never be appointed Chief of Engineers. Three days later, <mask> announced his intention to leave the Army. He was promoted to lieutenant general just before his retirement on 29 February 1948 in recognition of his leadership of the bomb program. By a special Act of Congress, his date of rank was backdated to 16 July 1945, the date of the Trinity nuclear test. He went on to become a vice-president at Sperry Rand. Early life
<mask> <mask> Jr. was born in Albany, New York, on 17 August 1896, the third son of four children of a pastor, <mask> <mask> Sr., and his wife Gwen née Griffith. He was half Welsh and half English, with some French Huguenot ancestors who came to the United States in the 17th century.<mask> Sr. resigned as pastor of the Sixth Presbyterian church in Albany in December 1896 to become a United States Army chaplain. He was posted to the 14th Infantry at Vancouver Barracks in Washington in 1897. Following the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in 1898, Chaplain <mask> was sent to Cuba with the 8th Infantry. On returning to Vancouver Barracks, he was ordered to rejoin the 14th Infantry in the Philippines; service in the Philippine–American War and the Boxer Rebellion followed. The 14th Infantry returned to the United States in 1901 and moved to Fort Snelling, Minnesota. The family relocated to there from Vancouver, then moved to Fort Hancock, New Jersey, and returned to Vancouver in 1905. Chaplain <mask> was hospitalized with tuberculosis at Fort Bayard in 1905.He decided to settle in southern California and bought a house in Altadena. His next posting was to Fort Apache, Arizona. The family spent their summers there and returned to Altadena where the children attended school. In 1911, Chaplain <mask> was ordered to return to the 14th Infantry, which was now stationed at Fort William Henry Harrison, Montana. At Fort Harrison, Groves met Grace (Boo) Wilson, the daughter of Colonel Richard Hulbert Wilson, a career Army officer who had served with Chaplain <mask> during the 8th Infantry's posting to Cuba. In 1913, the 14th Infantry moved once more, this time to Fort Lawton in Seattle, Washington. Groves entered Queen Anne High School in 1913, and graduated in 1914.While completing high school, Groves also enrolled in courses at the University of Washington, in anticipation of attempting to gain an appointment to the United States Military Academy. Groves earned a nomination from President Wilson, which allowed him to compete for a vacancy, but did not score high enough mark on the examination to be admitted. Charles W. Bell from California's 9th congressional district nominated Groves as an alternate, but the principal nominee accepted. Instead, Groves enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and planned to re-take the West Point entrance exam. In 1916, Groves tested again, attained a passing score, and was accepted. He later said "Entering West Point fulfilled my greatest ambition. I had been brought up in the Army, and in the main had lived on Army posts all my life."Groves' class entered West Point on 15 June 1916, but the United States declaration of war on Germany in April 1917 led to their program of instruction being shortened as the War Emergency Course (WEC), which graduated on 1 November 1918, a year and a half ahead of schedule. Groves finished fourth in his class, which earned him a commission as a second lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers, the first choice of most high ranking cadets. At MIT he had played tennis informally but at West Point he could not skate for ice hockey, did not like basketball, and was not good enough for baseball or track. So football was his only sport. He said that "I was the number two centre but was on the bench most of the time as in those days you didn’t have substitutes and normally the number one played the whole game. I was not very heavy, and today would be considered too light to play at all". Between the wars
After the traditional month's leave following graduation from West Point, Groves reported to Camp A.A. Humphreys, Virginia, in December 1918, where he was promoted to first lieutenant on 1 May 1919. He was sent to France in June on an educational tour of the European battlefields of World War I. After returning from Europe, Groves became a student officer at the Engineer School at Camp Humphreys in September 1919. On graduation he was posted to the 7th Engineers at Fort Benning, Georgia, as a company commander. He returned to Camp Humphreys in February 1921 for the Engineer Basic Officers' Course. On graduation in August 1921, he was posted to the 4th Engineers, stationed at Camp Lewis, Washington. He was then posted to Fort Worden in command of a survey detachment.This was close to Seattle, so he was able to pursue his courtship of Grace Wilson (1897–1986), who had become a kindergarten teacher. They were married in St. Clement's Episcopal Church in Seattle on 10 February 1922. Their marriage produced two children: a son, Richard Hulbert, born in 1923, and a daughter, Gwen, born in 1928. In November 1922, Groves received his first overseas posting, as a company commander with the 3rd Engineers at the Schofield Barracks in Hawaii. He earned a commendation for his work there, constructing a trail from Kahuku to Pupukea. In November 1925 he was posted to Galveston, Texas, as an assistant to the District Engineer, Major Julian Schley. Groves' duties included opening the channel at Port Isabel and supervising dredging operations in Galveston Bay.In 1927 he became commander of Company D, 1st Engineers, at Fort DuPont, Delaware. During the New England Flood of November 1927 he was sent to Fort Ethan Allen, Vermont, to assist with a detachment of the 1st Engineers. After a pontoon bridge they constructed was swamped and swept away by the flood waters, Groves was accused of negligence. A month later Groves and several of his men were seriously injured, one fatally, when a block of TNT prematurely detonated. Groves' superior wrote a critical report on him, but the Chief of Engineers, Major General Edgar Jadwin, interceded, attributing blame to Groves' superiors instead. Groves was returned to Fort DuPont. In 1929, <mask> departed for Nicaragua in charge of a company of the 1st Engineers as part of an expedition whose purpose was to conduct a survey for the Inter-Oceanic Nicaragua Canal.Following the 1931 Nicaragua earthquake, Groves took over responsibility for Managua's water supply system, for which he was awarded the Nicaraguan Presidential Medal of Merit. Groves was promoted to captain on 20 October 1934. He attended the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1935 and 1936, after which he was posted to Kansas City, Missouri, as assistant to the commander of the Missouri River Division. In 1938 and 1939 he attended the Army War College. On 1 July 1939, he was posted to the War Department General Staff in Washington, D.C.

World War II

Construction Division

Groves was promoted to major on 1 July 1940. Three weeks later, he became special assistant for construction to the Quartermaster General, Major General Edmund B. Gregory. The two men had known each other a long time, as Groves' father was a close friend of Gregory's.At this point, the US Army was about to embark on a national mobilization, and it was the task of the Construction Division of the Quartermaster Corps to prepare the necessary accommodations and training facilities for the vast army that would be created. The enormous construction program had been dogged by bottlenecks, shortages, delays, spiralling costs, and poor living conditions at the construction sites. Newspapers began publishing accounts charging the Construction Division with incompetence, ineptitude, and inefficiency. Groves, who "had a reputation as a doer, a driver, and a stickler for duty", was one of a number of engineer officers brought in to turn the project around. He was tasked with inspecting construction sites and checking on their progress. On 12 November 1940, Gregory asked Groves to take over command of the Fixed Fee Branch of the Construction Division as soon as his promotion to colonel came through. Groves assumed his new rank and duties on 14 November 1940.Groves later recalled:

Groves instituted a series of reforms. He installed phone lines for the Supervising Construction Quartermasters, demanded weekly reports on progress, ordered that reimbursement vouchers be processed within a week, and sent expediters to sites reporting shortages. He ordered his contractors to hire whatever special equipment they needed and to pay premium prices if necessary to guarantee quick delivery. Instead of allowing construction of camps to proceed in whatever order the contractors saw fit, Groves laid down priorities for completion of camp facilities, so that the troops could begin moving in even while construction was still under way. By mid-December, the worst of the crisis was over. Over half a million men had been mobilized and essential accommodations and facilities for two million men were 95 per cent complete. Between 1 July 1940 and 10 December 1941, the Construction Division let contracts worth $1,676,293,000 ($ with inflation), of which $1,347,991,000 ($ with inflation), or about 80 per cent, were fixed-fee contracts.On 19 August 1941, Groves was summoned to a meeting with the head of the Construction Division, Brigadier General Brehon B. Somervell. In attendance were Captain Clarence Renshaw, one of Groves' assistants; Major Hugh J. Casey, the chief of the Construction Division's Design and Engineering Section; and George Bergstrom, a former president of the American Institute of Architects. Casey and Bergstrom had designed an enormous office complex to house the War Department's 40,000 staff together in one building, a five-story, five-sided structure, which would ultimately become the Pentagon. The Pentagon had a total square footage of —twice that of the Empire State Building—making it the largest office building in the world. The estimated cost was $35 million ($ with inflation), and Somervell wanted  of floor space available by 1 March 1942. Bergstrom became the architect-engineer with Renshaw in charge of construction, reporting directly to Groves. At its peak the project employed 13,000 persons.By the end of April, the first occupants were moving in and  of space was ready by the end of May. In the end, the project cost some $63 million ($ with inflation). Groves steadily overcame one crisis after another, dealing with strikes, shortages, competing priorities and engineers who were not up to their tasks. He worked six days a week in his office in Washington, D.C. During the week he would determine which project was in the greatest need of personal attention and pay it a visit on Sunday. Groves later recalled that he was "hoping to get to a war theater so I could find a little peace." Manhattan Project

The Manhattan Engineer District (MED) was formally established by the Chief of Engineers, Major General Eugene Reybold on 16 August 1942. The name was chosen by Groves and MED's district engineer, Colonel James C. Marshall.Like other engineer districts, it was named after the city where its headquarters was located, at 270 Broadway. Unlike the others, however, it had no geographic boundaries, only a mission: to develop an atomic bomb. Moreover, Marshall had the

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 authority of a division engineer head and reported directly to Reybold. Although Reybold was satisfied with the progress being made, Dr. Vannevar Bush was less so. He felt that aggressive leadership was required, and suggested the appointment of a prestigious officer as overall project director. Somervell, now Chief of Army Service Forces, recommended Groves. Somervell met Groves outside the hearing room where Groves had been testifying before a United States Congress committee on military housing and informed him that "The Secretary of War has selected you for a very important assignment, and the President has approved the selection ...If you do the job right, it will win the war." Groves could not hide his disappointment at not receiving a combat assignment: "Oh, that thing," he replied. Groves met with Major General Wilhelm D. Styer in his office at the Pentagon to discuss the details. They agreed that in order to avoid suspicion, Groves would continue to supervise the Pentagon project. He would be promoted to brigadier general, as it was felt that the title "general" would hold more sway with the academic scientists working on the Manhattan Project. Groves therefore waited until his promotion came through on 23 September 1942 before assuming his new command. His orders placed him directly under Somervell rather than Reybold, with Marshall now answerable to Groves.Groves was given authority to sign contracts for the project from 1 September 1942. Under Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson (retrospectively) delegated his authority from the President under the War Powers Act of 1941 in a memorandum to Groves dated 17 April 1944. Groves delegated the authority to Nichols, except that contracts of $5 million or more required his authority. The written authority was only given in 1944 when Nichols was about to sign a contract with Du Pont, and it was found that Nichols original authority to sign project contracts from Colonel Marshall was based on a verbal authority from Styer, and Nichols only had the low delegated authority of a divisional engineer. Groves soon decided to establish his project headquarters on the fifth floor of the New War Department Building (now known as the Harry S Truman Building) in Washington, D.C., where Marshall had maintained a liaison office. In August 1943, the MED headquarters (and Nichols, who was in charge of the production facilities at Hanford and Oak Ridge) moved to Oak Ridge, Tennessee, but the name of the district did not change. Construction accounted for roughly 90 percent of the Manhattan Project's total cost.The day after Groves took over, he and Marshall took a train to Tennessee to inspect the site that Marshall had chosen for the proposed production plant at Oak Ridge. Groves was suitably impressed with the site, and steps were taken to condemn the land. Protests, legal appeals, and congressional inquiries were to no avail. By mid-November US Marshals were tacking notices to vacate on farmhouse doors, and construction contractors were moving in. Meanwhile, Groves had met with J. Robert Oppenheimer, the University of California, Berkeley physicist, and discussed the creation of a laboratory where the bomb could be designed and tested. Groves was impressed with the breadth of Oppenheimer's knowledge. A long conversation on a train in October 1942 convinced Groves and his deputy Kenneth Nichols that Oppenheimer thoroughly understood the issues involved in setting up a laboratory in a remote area.These were features that Groves found lacking in other scientists, and he knew that broad knowledge would be vital in an interdisciplinary project that would involve not just physics, but chemistry, metallurgy, ordnance, and engineering. In October 1942 <mask> and Oppenheimer inspected sites in New Mexico, where they selected a suitable location for the laboratory at Los Alamos. Unlike Oak Ridge, the ranch school at Los Alamos, along with  of surrounding forest and grazing land, was soon acquired. Groves also detected in Oppenheimer something that many others did not, an "overweening ambition" which Groves reckoned would supply the drive necessary to push the project to a successful conclusion. Groves became convinced that Oppenheimer was the best and only man to run the laboratory. Few agreed with him in 1942. Oppenheimer had little administrative experience and, unlike other potential candidates, no Nobel Prize.There was also concern about whether Oppenheimer was a security risk, as many of his associates were communists, including his brother Frank Oppenheimer, his wife Kitty, and his girlfriend Jean Tatlock. Oppenheimer's Communist Party connections soon came to light, but Groves personally waived the security requirements and issued Oppenheimer a clearance on 20 July 1943. Groves' faith in Oppenheimer was ultimately justified. Oppenheimer's inspirational leadership fostered practical approaches to designing and building bombs. Asked years later why Groves chose him, Oppenheimer replied that the general "had a fatal weakness for good men." Isidor Rabi considered the appointment "a real stroke of genius on the part of General <mask>, who was not generally considered to be a genius ..."

Groves made critical decisions on prioritizing the various methods of isotope separation and acquiring raw materials needed by the scientists and engineers. By the time he assumed command of the project, it was evident that the AA-3 priority rating that Marshall had obtained was insufficient.The top ratings were AA-1 through AA-4 in descending order, although there was also a special AAA rating reserved for emergencies. Ratings AA-1 and AA-2 were for essential weapons and equipment, so Colonel Lucius D. Clay, the deputy chief of staff at Services and Supply for requirements and resources, felt that the highest rating he could assign was AA-3, although he was willing to provide an AAA rating on request for critical materials to remove bottlenecks. Groves went to Donald M. Nelson, the chairman of the War Production Board and, after threatening to take the matter to the President, obtained a AAA priority for the Manhattan project. It was agreed that the AA-3 priority would still be used where possible. The Combined Development Trust was established by the governments of the United Kingdom, United States and Canada in June 1944, with Groves as its chairman, to procure uranium and thorium ores on international markets. In 1944, the trust purchased  of uranium oxide ore from companies operating mines in the Belgian Congo. In order to avoid briefing Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau Jr. on the project, a special account not subject to the usual auditing and controls was used to hold Trust monies.Between 1944 and the time he resigned from the Trust in 1947, Groves deposited a total of $37.5 million into the Trust's account. In 1943, the Manhattan District became responsible for collecting military intelligence on Axis atomic research. Groves created Operation Alsos, special intelligence teams that would follow in the wake of the advancing armies, rounding up enemy scientists and collecting what technical information and technology they could. Alsos teams ultimately operated in Italy, France and Germany. The security system resembled that of other engineer districts. The Manhattan District organized its own counterintelligence which gradually grew in size and scope, but strict security measures failed to prevent the Soviets from conducting a successful espionage program that stole some of its most important secrets. Groves met with General Hap Arnold, the Chief of U.S. Army Air Forces, in March 1944 to discuss the delivery of the finished bombs to their targets.Groves was hoping that the Boeing B-29 Superfortress would be able to carry the finished bombs. The 509th Composite Group was duly activated on 17 December 1944 at Wendover Army Air Field, Utah, under the command of Colonel Paul W. Tibbets. A joint Manhattan District – USAAF targeting committee was established to determine which cities in Japan should be targets; it recommended Kokura, Hiroshima, Niigata, and Kyoto. At this point, Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson intervened, announcing that he would be making the targeting decision, and that he would not authorize the bombing of Kyoto. Groves attempted to get him to change his mind several times and Stimson refused every time. Kyoto had been the capital of Japan for centuries, and was of great cultural and religious significance. In the end, Groves asked Arnold to remove Kyoto not just from the list of nuclear targets, but from targets for conventional bombing as well.Nagasaki was substituted for Kyoto as a target. Groves was promoted to temporary major general on 9 March 1944. After the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki became public knowledge, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal. His citation read:
Groves had previously been nominated for the Distinguished Service Medal for his work on the Pentagon, but to avoid drawing attention to the Manhattan Project, it had not been awarded at the time. After the war, the Decorations Board decided to change it to a Legion of Merit. In recognition of his work on the project, the Belgian government made him a Commander of the Order of the Crown and the British government made him an honorary Companion of the Order of the Bath. After the war

Responsibility for nuclear power and nuclear weapons was transferred from the Manhattan District to the Atomic Energy Commission on 1 January 1947.On 29 January 1947, Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson and Secretary of the Navy James V. Forrestal issued a joint directive creating the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP) to control the military aspects of nuclear weapons. Groves was appointed its chief on 28 February 1947. In April, AFSWP moved from the New War Department Building to the fifth floor of the Pentagon. Groves had already made a start on the new mission by creating Sandia Base in 1946. The Army Chief of Staff, General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower, met with Groves on 30 January 1948 to evaluate his performance. Eisenhower recounted a long list of complaints about Groves pertaining to his rudeness, arrogance, insensitivity, contempt for the rules and maneuvering for promotion out of turn. Eisenhower made it clear that Groves would never become Chief of Engineers.Groves realized that in the rapidly shrinking postwar military he would not be given any assignment similar in importance to the one he had held in the Manhattan Project, as such posts would go to combat commanders returning from overseas, and he decided to leave the Army. He was promoted to lieutenant general on 24 January 1948, just before his retirement on 29 February 1948, in recognition of his leadership of the Manhattan Project. By special Act of Congress his date of rank was backdated to 16 July 1945, the date of the Trinity nuclear test. Later life

Groves went on to become a vice president at Sperry Rand, an equipment and electronics firm, and moved to Darien, Connecticut, in 1948, and retired at age 65 in 1961. He also served as president of the West Point alumni organization, the Association of Graduates. He presented General of the Army Douglas MacArthur the Sylvanus Thayer Award in 1962, which was the occasion of MacArthur's famous Duty, Honor, Country speech to the U.S. Military Academy Corps of Cadets. In retirement, Groves wrote an account of the Manhattan Project entitled Now It Can Be Told, originally published in 1962.In 1964, he moved back to Washington, D.C.

Groves suffered a heart attack caused by chronic calcification of the aortic valve on 13 July 1970. He was rushed to Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, where he died that night at age 73. A funeral service was held in the chapel at Fort Myer, Virginia, after which Groves was interred in Arlington National Cemetery next to his brother Allen, who had died of pneumonia in 1916. Legacy
Groves is memorialized at a namesake park along the Columbia River, near the Hanford Site in Richland, Washington. In 2007, Groves was portrayed by Eric Owens in the Lyric Opera of Chicago's work Doctor Atomic. The opera follows Oppenheimer, Groves, Teller and others in the days preceding the Trinity test. In the 1989 film Fat Man and Little Boy, Groves was portrayed by Paul Newman.In Day One, a TV-movie broadcast the same year, he was played by Brian Dennehy. In the miniseries War and Remembrance, broadcast in 1988, and based on the novel by Herman Wouk, he was portrayed by George Murdock. He was portrayed by Richard Masur in the 1995 film Hiroshima. Groves will be played by Matt Damon in Christopher Nolan's upcoming 2023 film Oppenheimer. Orders, decorations and medals

Dates of rank

Notes

References

External links

 11 hours of interviews with Groves on the Manhattan Project. Memorandum for the Secretary of War, Groves describes the first Trinity (nuclear test) in New Mexico. Papers of <mask>s at the National Archives and Records Administration
Arlington National Cemetery
Generals of World War II

1896 births
1970 deaths
American military engineers
United States Army personnel of World War I
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Honorary Companions of the Order of the Bath
Manhattan Project people
Military personnel from Albany, New York
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
United States Army War College alumni
United States Military Academy alumni
Nuclear weapons scientists and engineers
Operation Alsos
20th-century American engineers
Engineers from New York (state)
American people of English descent
American people of Welsh descent
American people of French descent
20th-century American Episcopalians
United States Army generals of World War II
United States Army

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Groves
Leslie Grove


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<mask> (7 August 192525 December 2016) was a theatre director and a professor of drama at Stanford University. He was Bertolt Brecht's directing assistant and a dramaturg and actor at the Berliner Ensemble theatre company in 1952. After Brecht's death in 1956, <mask> remained as a director of the company. He directed in major theatres in Germany, America, Canada and elsewhere since 1957. He produced English translations of German dramatist Heiner Müller. He was born in Dortmund, Germany, and died in Los Altos, California. 1994.The Cambridge Companion to Brecht. Cambridge Companion to Literature Ser. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. . p.xv-xvi. Cynthia Haven, "<mask> is dead at 91. He was Bertolt Brecht's protégé and brought Germany's experimental theater to America." The Book Haven, 27 December 2016

External links
 <mask> (in German) from the archive of the Österreichische Mediathek

1925 births
2016 deaths
People from Dortmund
German theatre directors
Stanford University Department of Drama faculty

masks:
Carl Weber
Weber
Carl Weber
Carl Weber