text_chunks:
<mask> (born July 4, 1979) is a Canadian filmmaker, convicted of first-degree murder in April 2011 for the murder of John Brian Altinger. His trial attracted particular media attention because Twitchell had allegedly been inspired by the fictional character Dexter Morgan. Early life and filmmaking ambitions
Born in Edmonton, Alberta, Twitchell dreamed of making blockbuster films, and graduated from the Radio and Television Arts program at the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology in 2000. In 2001, <mask> married an American woman and moved to Illinois, but divorced in 2004. In 2007, <mask> directed Star Wars: Secrets of the Rebellion, a full-length fan film prequel set a few days prior to the original film. Secrets of the Rebellion included a cameo by Jeremy Bulloch, a British actor best known for his role as the Star Wars bounty hunter Boba Fett. The film, still in post-production, never saw release.<mask> also scripted Day Players, a buddy comedy. In September 2008, he shot a short horror film entitled House of Cards at a garage he rented in the south end of Edmonton. Murder of Johnny Altinger
In October 2008, John Brian Altinger, 38-year-old former White Rock, B.C., oilfield equipment manufacturer known to his friends as Johnny, unknowingly interacted with <mask> on dating website Plenty of Fish. On October 10, 2008, Altinger informed his friends of his plans to meet a woman with whom he had been chatting. Altinger discovered too late that <mask> had posed as the woman online in order to lure him into a "kill room" set up in his garage-turned-film-studio. Twitchell bludgeoned and stabbed Altinger, before cutting him apart, partially burning him, and then dumping his remains in garbage bags into a storm sewer. Following his disappearance, Altinger's friends became concerned after they received emails in which "Altinger" claimed that his date had taken him on an extended vacation to Costa Rica.At work, a resignation letter arrived by email, but there was no response to a request for a forwarding address for sending a final paycheck. Altinger's friends broke into his condominium, where they found his passport, dirty dishes, and no indication of his having packed for a trip. A homicide investigation was soon launched by the Edmonton Police Service. <mask>, though initially not a suspect, related an improbable account to police of having met Altinger before his trip to Costa Rica. According to <mask>, Altinger sold his Mazda 6 to <mask> for 40 CAD, all the cash Twitchell had on hand. The police, not believing this story, impounded Twitchell's laptop and car, and found Altinger's blood in the car's trunk. Police arrested <mask> on October 31, 2008, and, on the same day, charged him with the first-degree murder of Altinger.Trial and sentencing
The key piece of evidence presented by the Crown at <mask>'s first-degree murder trial was a document, entitled "SKConfessions", which stood for "Serial Killer Confessions". The document had been recovered from <mask>'s laptop, despite having been deleted. The document begins with the passage: This story is based on true events. The names and events were altered slightly to protect the guilty. This is the story of my progression into becoming a serial killer. It presented an account of its narrator's planning, failed first attempt, and successful second attempt to lure a man to his garage and murder him, with fake online dating profiles used as bait. It went on to describe the process of dismembering the body and attempts to dispose of the remains.During his trial, <mask> admitted to killing Altinger and authoring the document, but claimed he had acted in self-defense. He described the document as fiction based on fact, as if he had planned Altinger's death deliberately, in order to craft a compelling story. During the trial, <mask>'s strong interest in the television series Dexter was noted repeatedly, and his personal identification with its lead character, Dexter Morgan, a vigilante serial killer, prompted several media outlets to refer to him as the "Dexter Killer." Another document found on <mask>'s laptop did not make its way into the evidence file for the jury to read during his trial. Entitled "A Profile of a Psychopath", and believed by investigators to have been written by <mask>, it is a detailed self-analysis of personality and behaviour. It was released after the trial ended, as it was deemed too inflammatory and would compromise the trial. On April 12, 2011, <mask> was convicted of first-degree murder for the death of Altinger, and sentenced to life in prison without possibility for parole for 25 years.Attempted murder charge
<mask> still faced an attempted murder charge for his alleged attack on Gilles Tetreault, a computer company contractor. Tetreault testified that he was lured using the website Plenty of Fish, expecting a date with a young woman named Sheena, only to be attacked by a man in a hockey mask with a stun baton when he arrived at the garage in Edmonton rented by <mask>. After a violent struggle, Tetreault escaped, but did not report the attack to police. Tetreault claims that he did not report the attack because he was embarrassed. Tetreault was nicknamed 'The One Who Got Away' by several media outlets. Crown prosecutors considered pursuing a charge of attempted murder after securing a conviction of first-degree murder. Detectives were adamant that they had gathered a mountain of evidence – much of it revealed during the murder trial – while even <mask> himself admitted on the witness stand to committing the attack.In preparing the case for trial, the Crown had argued in court for both the attempted murder and first-degree murder charges to be heard simultaneously as they were part of the same "transaction" of his attempt to become a serial killer. Under Canadian law, charges can only be heard together if they are linked in some way. Court of Queen's Bench Justice Terry Clackson was not convinced by the prosecution's argument that the attack on Gilles Tetreault and the murder of Johnny Altinger were part of the same transaction. He ordered the charges to be severed and heard separately. "The offences are related and connected, but remain discrete," Justice Clackson wrote in his reasons for the decision, "As a result, the attempted murder charge cannot stand on the same indictment as the charge of murder because they are different transactions." On June 17, 2011, an attempted murder charge against <mask> was stayed in the Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta, meaning that Crown prosecutors could resurrect the charge within a one-year period. Since his conviction of first-degree murder secured a maximum sentence — life in prison with no parole eligibility for 25 years — there was no need to proceed with more charges, and the attempted murder charge against Twitchell was eventually dropped.Media coverage during trial
Extensive media coverage of the case created debate both inside and outside of the courtroom. Observers argued for and against the media's reporting on the more sensational details of the crime. Prior to the criminal trial, Crown prosecutors and the defense sought vast publication bans and sealing orders over the police evidence, preventing the media from reporting on the details of the case until the jury would hear it during the future trial. The media fought the application, but the judge agreed to both a sealing order and publication ban, stating in his ruling that "there is a real risk that pretrial publicity will undermine the accused's constitutionally protected right to a fair trial." The jury pool was then polled through a "challenge for cause" procedure to determine if a potential juror had been influenced by the media coverage prior to the publication bans taking effect. When the bans were lifted, a large media presence attended and reported on the trial, including American television programs Dateline NBC and 48 Hours. Following his first-degree murder conviction, Twitchell used the extensive media coverage of his case as grounds for an appeal.He argued in his notice of appeal that "the media attention surrounding my case was so extensive, so blatant and so overtly sensationalized that it is unreasonable to expect any unsequestered jury to have remained uninfluenced by it, regardless of judges' instructions in the charge." He abandoned his appeal in 2012. Post-trial media coverage
In December 2012, Michael C. Hall, the actor who played Dexter Morgan on the Dexter television series, was interviewed by Jian Ghomeshi on the Canadian radio show Q. Hall stated that he did not think Dexter supported the lifestyle of serial killers. "I would hope that people's appreciation was more than some sort of fetishization with the kill scenes," he said. Ghomeshi brought up Twitchell and Hall said, "I wouldn't stop making Dexter because someone was fascinated by it only in that way. I try to tell myself that their fixated nature would have done it one way or the other, but it seems that Dexter had something to do with it.It's horrifying." In May 2013, it was reported that <mask> had purchased a television for his prison cell. <mask> stated that he had caught up on every Dexter episode that he missed since he was arrested and convicted of first-degree murder. <mask>'s case was featured in the American magazine Crime Watch Daily on May 1, 2017. Much of that day's program focused on <mask>'s methods and featured interviews with Gilles Tetrault, his first intended victim, and Steve Lillebuen, author of the book The Devil's Cinema, which focused on the case. Part of the report included a return trip by Tetreault to the garage in which the incident had taken place. Tetreault made several media appearances related to his experience, including Deadly House of Cards on Dateline NBC, Screenplay for Murder on CBS' 48 Hours Mystery, MURDER, he wrote on CBC's The Fifth Estate, I Survived... on Biography Channel, Web of Seduction in Dates from Hell on Investigations Discovery, and Script for Murder in The Security Brief on REELZ.Books about the case
 The Devil's Cinema (2012) by Steve Lillebuen, a true crime account of the case and trial, written with the cooperation of <mask>. The One Who Got Away (2015) by Gilles Tetreault, a personal account by the original intended target of Twitchell. 1st Edition. Triplicity Publishing. ; 2nd Edition. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. See also
 Internet homicide
 Murder of Jun Lin

References

External links

 48 Hours: "Screenplay for Murder" (2012)
 SKConfessions Manuscript
<mask>'s Profile of a Psychopath
 Email exchange between Altinger and Twitchell posing as a dating woman

1979 births
Living people
Film directors from Edmonton
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Canada
Canadian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Canadian people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by Canada
Crime in Edmonton
21st-century Canadian criminals
Canadian male criminals

masks:
Mark Andrew Twitchell
Twitchell
Twitchell
Twitchell
Twitchell
Twitchell
Twitchell
Twitchell
Twitchell
Twitchell
Twitchell
Twitchell
Twitchell
Twitchell
Twitchell
Twitchell
Twitchell
Twitchell
Twitchell
Twitchell
Twitchell
Twitchell
Twitchell
Twitchell
Twitchell
Twitchell
Mark Twitchell


text_chunks:
<mask> (born August 17, 1945) is an American science fiction author, comic book writer, and expert on divinatory tarot. She is involved in the women's spirituality movement. Career

Tarot reading
<mask> has written Salvador Dali's Tarot, a book-length exposition of Salvador Dalí's Tarot deck, comprising a full-page color plate for each card, with her commentary on the facing page. Her work 78 Degrees of Wisdom on Tarot reading is commonly referenced by Tarot readers. She has created her own Tarot deck, Shining Woman Tarot (later Shining Tribe Tarot). She also aided in the creation of the Vertigo Tarot Deck with illustrator Dave McKean and author Neil Gaiman, and she wrote a book to accompany it. <mask>, known for her run of issues 64–87 (1993–1995) on the comic book Doom Patrol, on DC Comics' Vertigo imprint, a continuation of a 1960s comic which had recently become a cult favorite under Grant Morrison.She took over the series in 1993 after meeting editor Tom Peyer at a party, telling him it was the only monthly comic book she would want to write at the time, and sending him a sample script. Towards the end of Morrison's run <mask> began writing monthly "letters to the editor" in what she describes as a "gee-whiz fangirl" voice asking to take over the book when Morrison was finished. In the final letter, she claims that she had already told her mother that she had been given the job. Peyer then used that response to that letter to officially announce that <mask> was, in fact, taking over the book. As a result of these letters being printed in the letter column of Doom Patrol issues, some people seem to believe that the letters are the way she actually got the job. During her tenure, <mask> dealt with such rarely addressed comic-book topics as menstruation, sexual identity, and transsexuality. Her run ended two years later, with the book's cancellation.In addition to Doom Patrol, <mask> has written issues of the Vertigo Visions anthology featuring Brother Power the Geek (1993) and Tomahawk (1998), the first 11 issues of the fourth volume of New Gods (1995), and the five-issue limited series Time Breakers (1996) for the short lived Helix imprint. Author Neil Gaiman has sometimes consulted <mask> on the tarot for his stories. In 2019, it was announced that <mask> was reuniting with Doom Patrol artist Richard Case and letterer John Workman to create a short story—titled "Snake Song"—for the Kickstarter funded "music-themed horror anthology" Dead Beats. Fiction
Three of <mask>'s novels have won or been nominated for major awards in the science fiction and fantasy field: Unquenchable Fire won the 1989 Arthur C. Clarke Award; Godmother Night won the 1997 World Fantasy Award, was shortlisted for the James Tiptree Jr. Award, and was nominated for a Lambda Literary Award for Transgender Literature; Temporary Agency was nominated for the 1995 Nebula Award and the Mythopoeic Award, and shortlisted for the Tiptree. Her magical realism novels explore worlds imbued with elements pulled from a number of traditions, faiths, and religions. Several of her novels are set in an alternative reality that resembles modern America, but an America of Bright Beings, where magic and ritual, religion and thaumaturgy are the norms. Nonfiction
Her book The Body of the Goddess is an exploration of the history of the Goddess.<mask> uses the image of the Goddess in many of her works. Teaching
For 32 years, <mask> has been teaching seminars with Tarot author Mary K. Greer at the Omega Institute, in Rhinebeck, New York. She has also done seminars for several years in California in conjunction with Greer, and she co-presented a breakthrough seminar with Tarot author Johanna Gargiulo-Sherman on Tarot and psychic ability, using her own Shining Tribe Tarot and Gargulio-Sherman's Sacred Rose Tarot. <mask> is also a popular lecturer at Tarot seminars and symposiums such as LATS (Los Angeles Tarot Symposium), BATS (Bay Area Tarot Symposium), and the Readers Studio. She currently teaches creative writing at Goddard College. Her most recent work is included in the anthology called Interfictions: An Anthology of Interstitial Writing edited by Theodora Goss. She has taught English at State University of New York.Influences
<mask> is Jewish, and has frequently written about the Kabbalah, most notably in The Kabbalah Tree. She is a transsexual woman and has written frequently on transgender issues. In Doom Patrol she introduced Coagula, a transsexual character. She has also written several essays on transsexualism, attacking the notion that it is a "sickness", instead saying that it is a passion. She has emphasized the revelatory aspects of transsexualism, saying that "the  woman sacrifices her social identity as a male, her personal history, and finally the very shape of her body to a knowledge, a desire, which overpowers all rational understanding and proof." A Secret Woman features a police detective who is transgender and Jewish. The detective utters the prayer, "Blessed art thou oh G-d who made me not a woman.Double blessed is Doctor Green who has." <mask> created the characters known as 'the bandage people' for her Doom Patrol run. The bandage people are 'sexually remaindered spirits' who died in sexual accidents. The initials srs came from the medical term 'sex reassignment surgery'. <mask> wrote the essay "The Transsexual Book of The Dead" for the anthology Phallus Palace. This article is concerning trans men. Fairy tales such as the Brothers Grimm have influenced many of <mask>'s writings.Her book Tarot of Perfection is a book of fairy tales based on the tarot. Degrees, awards, and memberships
 1997 World Fantasy Award for Best Novel winner for Godmother Night
 1994 Nebula Award for Best Novel nominee for Temporary Agency
 1989 Arthur C. Clarke Award winner for Unquenchable Fire
 Certified Tarot Grand Master (CTGM) with the Tarot Certification Board of America
 Tarot Sage (TS) with the American Board For Tarot Certification
 member of the American Tarot Association (ATA)
 member of the International Tarot Society (ITS)
 member of the Tarot Guild of Australia
 member of the Tarot Association of the British Isles.

masks:
Rachel Grace Pollack
Pollack
Comics Pollack
Pollack
Pollack
Pollack
Pollack
Pollack
Pollack
Pollack
Pollack
Pollack
Pollack
Pollack
Rachel Pollack
Rachel
Pollack


text_chunks:
<mask> (October 12, 1928 – July 27, 2005) was an American Abstract expressionist painter. He was particularly well known for his large scale Hard-edge paintings. As an artist, multiple stylistic changes occurred throughout his career, however, none of these occurred at the same time as any popular emerging style or acted against a particular art form. In the 1950s his style reflected the abstract expressionist tone and then transitioned to a geometric style in the 60s. During the 1980s there was a shift into painting that emphasized bright geometric space that's deepness reflected infinity. From 1963 to 1980 he was a professor of art at Yale University. Background and education
Born in Brooklyn, New York in 1928, he grew up in the East Bronx, the son of a poor Jewish family thrown onto welfare during the depression.<mask> showed no interest in art until leaving the Navy in 1947. Inspired by his friend Nicholas Krushenick, <mask> enrolled in the Art Students League of New York. He originally thought about studying in Mexico under the prominent muralist David Siqueiros, who created gigantic pieces that contained intense political material. However, the G.I. accreditation that he planned on using to help with his travels was not accepted at the school he planned on attending. In 1951, using the support of the G.I. Bill, he went to Paris for two years, to study at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière.In Paris, he decided that realism was not for him and moved into abstraction. During the early 50s Avant-garde painters in the United States were receiving fresh inspiration from abstract expressionists such as Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko, and Willem de Kooning. Together these artists brought a new way of thinking that influenced <mask>. He returned to New York in 1953. Career
The Galerie Huit in Paris was where his first exhibition was set up in 1952. However, the art scene in New York was starting to gain new popularity and <mask> moved back there. During one of his solo Abstract expressionist exhibitions in 1959, <mask>'s large-scale paintings of colourful, simple abstract geometric forms gained increasing recognition in America and Europe.In 1962, he was appointed to the Yale University Faculty Of Art (where he would teach until 1980). In 1965, the critic Irving Sandler curated the critically acclaimed Concrete Expressionism show at New York University featuring the work of painters <mask> and Knox Martin and the sculptors Ronald Bladen, George Sugarman and David Weinrib. In 1964, <mask> was awarded the Logan Medal of the arts and received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1966. Feeling that he'd reached the end of his style's potential, he shifted in 1967 to black and white images that dealt with challenging perspectives and "spatial conundrums". Some critics dismissed this work as simply disorienting; others declared it <mask>'s finest achievement to date. By the late 1970s, he had re-introduced colour to his work. In 1988 he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full Academician in 1994.In his later years, <mask> earned commissions of up to one million dollars. In 2005, he completed a large, colourful mural in the New York City Subway system, at Lexington Avenue / 51st – 53rd Streets station. Three of <mask>'s murals were in the original WTC 7 building. At age 76, <mask> was found dead in his villa swimming pool near Camerata, Italy, on July 27, 2005. It is believed he died of natural causes. Work

Pigment paintings
The most distinguishing part of <mask>'s pigment paintings were the thick brush strokes of paint in random directions that are reminiscent of Abstract Expressionism. These strokes were short, gestural and are commonly referred to as action painting.The colors included earth tones that are muted and spread around chaotically. Typical for many of these paintings was no foreground or background and sections were splashed with drips. As time went forward in the fifties, <mask> began to lengthen his gestures and combined strokes into triangles, circles, and rectangles. This was alluding to the geometric abstractions that started at the end of 1959. Hard edge paintings

During the late 50s gestural painting was something that <mask> had begun to lose interest in. He and a few other artists such as Morris Louis and Kenneth Noland felt a growing problem emerge. The style had brought a large number of mediocre artists and become overdone for them.By 1960 he had succeeded in finding an alternative method given the label hard edge. In other ways it has been described as post-painterly abstraction, new abstraction, and cool art. The famous exhibition organizer Irving Sandler has been known to characterize it as concrete expressionism. The development of this style also led <mask> to change his medium from oil to a water-based acrylic. These paintings had vivid colors geometric configurations around positioned throughout the canvas resembling a mural. All of the paintings were nonobjective meaning the artwork does not represent a person, place or thing. Untitled from 1964, in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art is an example of the artist's hard-edge style.Alphabet paintings
With these works <mask> takes concrete abstraction to its extreme. Around 1961-1966 <mask> created large abstract letters of the English alphabet. These paintings were given the titles The Big ‘N''', The Big ‘X’, etc. There is a delicate alteration of the letters as <mask> plays with  viewers perception's by changing the figure to the frame. The letters themselves take over the canvas and colors within the works make them seem to lean forward and backward at the same time. It leaves the viewer to think about the ideas of space and form and how dimension plays a key role. Geometric abstraction
In 1967 <mask> felt that he was being limited by the flatness of previous hard edge abstractions.Berggruen, Tobias.(2021). "Abstraction and Artifice," in Shapes, New York: <mask>ruen, 9. He wanted a way to create more picture space in some way, however painting shapes onto shapes would constantly hide beneath one another. Therefore, <mask> believed that adding depth and making the shapes appear three-dimensional on the canvas was his best option. The works Giza Gate II and Flemish IV are good examples of this style. A representative black-and-white mural of volumetric forms in space, Rothko's Canvas, was commissioned for The Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza Art Collection in Albany, NY. All of these works are composed in acrylic black and white.The quasi-geometric structures zigzag in all directions making complex shapes usually cubical. Despite the same consistency of content throughout the works each maintain a unique design of their own. Grid like elements started becoming more apparent suggesting structure similar to that of the framework in buildings. The paintings are in a way disorienting with their uncentered patterns and no place to gain perspective. As his art's complexity grew the idea of his art to be deemed minimalistic became less of a dominant label. Another remarkable characteristic of these works is the scale. For example, in Philadelphia during 1976 he painted his two largest murals, Order/Disorder and Ascension/Descension.Each mural was 13 x 90 feet and stretches throughout an office building.http://archive.fpaa.org/child/map_110_hel_ord.html

Watercolors
While <mask> was away from his studio in New York during the 1980s he created a number of watercolor paintings in Rome. The perspective of the shapes created a sense of deep space by expanding into the canvas what seems like forever. These works test imagination with intersecting planes and large to small forms jutting in the picture. <mask>'s visual concept of infinity creates a need for the viewer to look inward on him or herself. Works such as Pachinko make viewers ask questions to understand how huge the structures actually are in relation to one another in the painting and this leads to more questions. The understanding of the forms is dynamic as certain objects could be large and far away or small and near the foreground. The perception of space challenges the audience to see the problem of observing the area around them.Contemporary works
Many of <mask>'s modern artwork includes large symmetric non-objective structures with vivid colors. Using an acrylic medium, he created interlocking scaffolds that overlap with a deep consideration of architecture. The ancient buildings of Rome and the idea of the renaissance inspired <mask> as he returned to New York. Describing <mask>'s images as "room" or "walls" makes sense, however, the art is non-objective and those may not be the best words to use. On one hand the work has architectural qualities but at the same time the planes of color are nonrepresentational and in a way cannot be grasped. In 1983, his 15’ by 55’ mural Mantegna’s Edge'' was completed in Dallas, Texas. The work is less fragmented and a deeper sense of order compared to some of his other works.Bright colored, grid-like structure exists harmonically in an infinite blue space. Yet, existing within it also is a sense of paradox and complexity. Art market
Held's estate has been represented by White Cube since 2018. Personal life
<mask> married Giselle Wexler in 1953, with whom he had a daughter, Mara. After the break-up with his wife, he went to San Francisco where he met the soon-to-be postmodern dancer and choreographer Yvonne Rainer. They moved together to New York in 1956, got married in 1957 to split up in 1959. Then in 1969, he married the sculptor, Sylvia Stone..He later married art historian and museum director, Kathleen Monaghan. See also
 Abstract expressionism
 Art Students League of New York

References

External links
<mask> interviews, 1975 Nov. 19-1976 Jan. 8, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution
Biography by the Sheldon Gallery
Obituary in The Guardian, 2005
Al Held Foundation
Al Held in the National Gallery of Australia's Kenneth Tyler collection

1928 births
2005 deaths
Abstract painters
American contemporary painters
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Abstract expressionist artists
Art Students League of New York alumni
People from the Bronx
People from Brooklyn
Jewish painters
Alumni of the Académie de la Grande Chaumière
Artists from New York City
20th-century American printmakers

masks:
Al Held
Held
Held
Held
Held
Held
Al Held
Held
Held
Held
Held
Held
Held
Held
Held
Held
Held
Held
Held
Held
Alexander Bergg
Held
Held
Held
Held
Held
Held
Held
Al Held


text_chunks:
<mask> (born August 6, 1977) is an American stand-up comedian, author, musician, actor, producer, director, editor, television writer, and podcaster. Career

Stand-up comedy, radio, television and film
<mask> got his start in comedy performing as part of a comedic musical duo called Deep at the New Road Brewhouse in his hometown of Collegeville, Pennsylvania. After a short time, Deep split up and <mask> began performing stand-up comedy regularly at the Laff House in Philadelphia. <mask> moved to New York City, where he became a regular performer in many of the city's comedy clubs. Beginning in 2006, <mask> began co-hosting the Uninformed radio show with Bill Burr on Sirius Satellite Radio. The monthly show aired on Saturday nights. After new episodes began airing more sporadically, the show was dropped.It ran as a podcast for several more episodes before ending altogether in 2009. On October 30, 2008, <mask> made his first appearance on The Opie & Anthony Show and became one of its regular guests until the show's end in 2014. In 2009, <mask> starred in his first half-hour Comedy Central Presents special. On June 21, 2010, Comedy Central Records released <mask>'s first album The Depression Auction. Beginning in 2010, he became a frequent guest panelist on Red Eye w/Greg Gutfeld. <mask>'s second album, Return of the Son of Depression Auction, was released on September 6, 2011. On November 11, 2011, <mask> performed at Carnegie Hall as an opening act for Bill Burr.That same year, <mask>, Burr and Robert Kelly, co-wrote, co-produced and co-starred in a short film titled Cheat which <mask> also directed. In August 2012, a four-episode web short series titled Overrated debuted on the Official Comedy YouTube channel and featured <mask> and Kurt Metzger discussing overrated and underrated pop culture subjects. In October 2012, a six-part web short series titled What Are We Waiting For?, which <mask> wrote, directed and starred in, debuted on Warner Bros.' The Warner Sound website. The series featured <mask> as an unnamed, obnoxiously overzealous music fan. Guest stars for the series include Bill Burr, Bonnie McFarlane, Gregg "Opie" Hughes, Anthony Cumia, Jim Norton, Carmine Famiglietti and Mike Robinson. In December 2012, a third web short series titled We Should Break Up starring <mask> and fellow comedian and former girlfriend, Nikki Glaser, debuted on the Official Comedy channel on YouTube. The six-part series featured <mask> and Glaser as an on again, off again couple in situations based on actual events that happened during their time as a real-life couple.Besides co-writing and co-starring in the shorts, <mask> also directed the series. <mask>'s third album, You Will Die, was released on September 3, 2013. In October 2013, <mask> relocated from New York City to Los Angeles to take a job as a writer on The Pete Holmes Show which aired from October 28, 2013 through June 18, 2014. <mask> has also made appearances on comedy series such as Louie, Bored to Death, Inside Amy Schumer and Sullivan & Son. Also in 2013, <mask> voiced a character named Rufus Bellows in the video game, Grand Theft Auto V and starred in his second half-hour Comedy Central special. <mask>'s fourth album, Mistakes Were Made: The B Sides, was released on September 2, 2014. In October 2014, <mask> joined the writing team for the Netflix original series, Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp, a prequel to the film Wet Hot American Summer.2014 was also the release date for the Bonnie McFarlane film, Women Aren't Funny which <mask> served as a writer on. In 2015, <mask> first appeared as Dr. Caldera, a veterinarian with criminal ties, on the AMC television series, Better Call Saul. The character has been a recurring one throughout the show's first four seasons. On November 14, 2015, <mask> performed at Madison Square Garden as an opening act for Bill Burr. On October 13, 2016, <mask> taped his first one-hour special for Comedy Central at The Masonic Lodge at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles, California. The special, titled You Let Me Down, debuted on February 3, 2017. A digital audio version, <mask>'s fifth album,  was released four days later through outlets such as iTunes and Amazon.<mask> was also the writer of one episode of Comedy Central's Jeff & Some Aliens during its first and only season. The episode, titled "Jeff & Some Confidence", aired on February 15, 2017. Beginning in 2017, <mask> served as a writer and consultant on Pete Holmes' HBO television series, Crashing during its three-season run. On February 26, 2018, <mask> appeared as Gary on the debut episode of Living Biblically, a CBS sitcom created by Patrick Walsh and produced by Johnny Galecki. Additionally, <mask> executive produced and also starred as The Nocturnal in the horror anthology series, By Night: Origins which became available to stream via Amazon Prime on April 13, 2018. <mask>'s sixth album, I Go To Atlanta All The Time was released on October 31, 2018 and aired exclusively on Sirius XM Satellite Radio's Raw Dog Comedy channel for approximately one year before being made available for purchase on November 15, 2019. In May 2019, Comedy Central released three weekly shorts titled You Let Me Down.The series, written by and starring <mask>, is based on his regular column published in Penthouse magazine throughout 2017 and 2018. In late 2019, <mask> moved back to New York City and resumed working at New York comedy clubs on a full-time basis. In November 2020, <mask> partnered with The Stand Comedy Club in New York City to create the pop-up sandwich shop, Joey Roses. Located within the club itself, the eatery offers "neighborhood-style sandwiches." Podcasting
From July 2011 through March 2012, <mask> served as the co-host of fellow comedian Robert Kelly's podcast, You Know What Dude? on the Riotcast Network. <mask> left the show when he briefly moved back to Pennsylvania to care for his ailing mother but returned as a guest that October and on occasional episodes since then.In February 2014, <mask> began hosting his own podcast, Down With <mask>. Each episode featured <mask> speaking on one topic, usually with a guest although several episodes feature <mask> solo. In January 2015, the Down With Joe DeRosa podcast became part of Al Madrigal and Bill Burr's All Things Comedy podcast network. Soon after, <mask> noted that he had grown tired of the podcast and its format. He ended the podcast in June 2015 but noted that a new podcast was already planned. On July 10, 2015, Fangoria officially announced that <mask> would co-host a new podcast with It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia and 2 Broke Girls writer, Patrick Walsh. The podcast, titled We'll See You In Hell, features the hosts providing commentary for horror films, although the show frequently strays off-topic.It was one of the first four podcasts to debut along with the launch of the Fangoria Podcast Network. We'll See You In Hell made its debut on August 3, 2015. On February 14, 2017, <mask> announced, via Twitter, that We'll See You In Hell was moving to the HeadGum podcast network due to changes occurring within Fangoria. The show made its return on HeadGum on March 6, 2017. In October 2017, the show began releasing an exclusive monthly bonus episode to paid subscribers of the show's Patreon channel. The show began an eleven-week hiatus in May 2018, making its return in September, as part of Starburns Audio, the podcast network division of Starburns Industries, the production company founded by Dan Harmon, Dino Stamatopoulos, <mask> II, James Fino and Duke Jonhson. The show took another extended hiatus in May 2019.The show resumed on September 2, although it was now no longer attached to any podcast network. It was instead exclusively available only to the show's Patreon subscribers with two episodes being released monthly. In August 2020, an additional tier was made available for subscribers to receive an additional two episodes each month, bringing the total amount of monthly shows to four. On February 17, 2017 <mask> debuted another podcast, Emotional Hangs, on Feral Audio. The show, co-hosted with fellow comedian, Kurt Braunohler, began as one of several rotating formats on Braunohler's Nerdist Industries podcast, The K Ohle with Kurt Braunohler before spinning off into its own show. The podcast took a humorous look at forming and maintaining adult male friendships. The podcast has been on hiatus since its December 13, 2017 episode.Initially, the hiatus was due to Braunohler's need to relocate to Montreal for several months but during that time, Feral Audio ceased operation, leaving Emotional Hangs without a network home and no episodes have been released since. On November 4, 2018, <mask> and Burr released the first two new episodes of the Uninformed podcast. Two episodes a month, released simultaneously, were made available exclusively to Burr's paid Patreon subscribers. In May 2019, after twelve episodes, it was announced that Burr would no longer be using the Patreon subscription model wand that all future episodes, as well as existing ones, would be available for free. No further episodes have been released since August 2019. Following <mask>'s return to living in New York City, he teamed with fellow New York comedian, Corinne Fisher, to perform a test show of their upcoming podcast, Without a Country. The test show took place on November 12, 2019 at The Stand Comedy Club and featured the co-hosts discussing current news stories and how the stories are treated by different news sources.The taping of the show became a weekly event at the club as of January 7, 2020 and is released as a weekly podcast. When The Stand Comedy Club was forced to temporarily close due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Without a Country episodes were conducted over Zoom sessions and recorded. In April 2020, the show became part of the Gas Digital Network lineup with episodes continuing to be conducted via Zoom. In June 2020, episodes began streaming live from the network's studio in Greenwich Village. On January 10, 2021, <mask> announced his departure from Without a Country which would continue airing new episodes without him. On December 1, 2020 Derosa and Sal Vulcano of Impractical Jokers debuted their podcast network, No Presh Network. The network debuted with two podcasts, Taste Buds featuring <mask> and Vulcano and Hey Babe!featuring Vulcano and stand-up comedian, Chris Distefano. Both shows release one episode weekly. Musical projects
<mask> and childhood friend James Pinkstone formed a comedic sex rap group called Deep. After releasing their debut album, The Game Plan, in 2005 and performing several live shows, the duo felt that people were taking the act too seriously and not understanding that their extreme misogyny was a parody of existing sex rap acts. As a result, the friends disbanded Deep. In 2007, <mask> and his friend Paul Chell released an album titled Twointheoneinthe under the name Salsa Windfall. In 2009, <mask> and Pinkstone reunited as an electropop act, named Funeral In The Mirror, to release an album titled Old Wolf Thoughts.In 2012, <mask> teamed with fellow comedians Bob Place, Ben Evans, Michael Albanese and Jamey McDaniel for a comedy rap video reminiscent of Deep, titled "Grab Dat Dolla" which was released through Laughing Skull Studios' YouTube channel. In January 2016, <mask> released a five-song digital EP under the name DemonRiot through the Bandcamp website. A second EP, titled Deformed Disco, was made available on the site one month later. <mask> has also composed and recorded the theme songs for four of his podcasts, Down With Joe <mask>, We'll See You In Hell, Emotional Hangs, and Without A Country. Author and columnist
In 2012, <mask> co-authored the book Cheat: The Man's Guide to Infidelity with Bill Burr and Robert Kelly which is based on their short film Cheat. On July 8, 2016, Fangoria.com announced that the website would begin publishing "Some Severe Situations", a horror-based, short story anthology column written by <mask> on their website. The first story was published one week later and seven stories were published through February 2017.The stories ended when <mask>'s podcast left the Fangoria Podcast Network later that month. Beginning with the July/August 2017 issue of Penthouse, <mask> became a regular contributor to the magazine with a monthly column titled "You Let Me Down." The column was replaced with fictional short stories by <mask> for the first two issues published in 2019 before coming to an abrupt end. <mask> returned to contribute a column to the November/December 2019 issue. Filmography

Discography

Film

Television

Web series

Video games

References

External links
 Official website

1977 births
Living people
21st-century American male actors
American male comedians
American male television actors
American television writers
American male television writers
American non-fiction writers
People from Collegeville, Pennsylvania
American producers
American directors
American stand-up comedians
Writers from Philadelphia
Male actors from Philadelphia
21st-century American comedians
Screenwriters from Pennsylvania
21st-century American screenwriters
21st-century American male writers
Male non-fiction writers

masks:
Joe Derosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
Joe DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
Joe Russo
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa
DeRosa


text_chunks:
<mask> (January 26, 1831 – August 21, 1905) was an American children's author and editor, best known for her novel Hans Brinker. She was the recognized leader in juvenile literature for almost a third of the nineteenth century. <mask> was associated with St. Nicholas Magazine for more than thirty years, and it became one of the most successful magazines for children during the second half of the nineteenth century, with a circulation of almost 70,000 copies. She had the faculty of suggesting, creating, obtaining the contributions she wanted from just the people she wanted to write. She was able to persuade many of the great writers of the world to contribute to her children's magazine – Mark Twain, Louisa May Alcott, Robert Louis Stevenson, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, William Cullen Bryant, Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., Bret Harte, John Hay, Charles Dudley Warner, Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward, and scores of others. One day, Rudyard Kipling told her a story of the Indian jungle; <mask> asked him to write it down for St. Nicholas. He never had written for children, but he would try.The result was The Jungle Book. After the death of her husband, <mask> turned to literature as a means to earn the money to educate her sons. She began to write short sketches for children, and soon brought out a volume of them, entitled Irvington Stories, (New York, 1864), which was very successful. She next published Hans Brinker, or The Silver Skates (New York, 1865); translated into Dutch, French, German, Russian and Italian, and was awarded a prize of 1,500 francs by the French Academy. With Donald Grant Mitchell and Harriet Beecher Stowe, <mask> was one of the earliest editors of Hearth and Home, and for several years, she conducted the household and children's department of that journal. In 1873, when St. Nicholas Magazine was started, she became its editor. Her other published volumes were A Few Friends, and How They Amused Themselves (Philadelphia, i860), Rhymes and Jingles (New York, 1874), Theophilus and Others (New York, 1876) Along the Way, poems (New York, 1879), and Donald and Dorothy (New York, 1883).She was the author of "Miss Maloney on the Chinese Question," published in Scribner's Monthly in 1870. <mask> contributed to Harper's Magazine, Atlantic Monthly, the Centur, and other periodicals. History

<mask> <mask> was born January 26, 1831, in New York City. Her parents were Prof. James Jay <mask>, the distinguished promoter of scientific farming in the United States; and Sophia Furman (or Ferrman). Her siblings included Charles V<mask>, <mask> (Tolles, the artist, and Catherine T. (Bonnell). The daughters of Professor <mask> never went to school. They gained their education at home under the care of tutors and governesses, being carefully trained, not only in the usual English branches, but in French, drawing, music, and Latin.She early showed talents for drawing, modeling and musical and literary composition. In 1851, she married <mask>, a lawyer from New York City. Within the next four years she gave birth to two sons, James and Harrington. In 1857, William faced serious financial difficulties and left his family in 1858. A month after his disappearance, his body was found after he died from an apparent drowning. With her two children, she returned to the family homestead, a large country house near Newark, New Jersey. Here, her life was mainly devoted to her children.As time went on, she found herself obliged to provide the money for their education and it was for this purpose that she turned to writing. A small cottage or farm-house which adjoined the orchard on her father's estate was taken for use as a study, and <mask> and her boys soon transformed it into a cozy "den". In this simply furnished abode, far enough away from the great house to insure quiet, she set to work in earnest. But, one afternoon of every week belonged exclusively to the boys. Editor
In 1859, she began working with her father to publish two magazines, the Working Farmer and the United States Journal. In 1869, after bringing out a book of home pastimes entitled A Few Friends, she accepted the position of associate editor of Hearth and Home in 1870. The publication was a weekly family paper, of which the editors were Harriet Beecher Stowe and Donald Grant Mitchell.For this journal, she took charge of the household and juvenile departments, and before long, <mask>'s reputation as editor equaled that which she had already attained as author. The circulation of the periodical was greatly increased, and the department itself rapidly grew into a very prominent feature of the weekly issues. It was her work in this field which first attracted the attention of Dr. J. G. Holland and Roswell Smith when, early in the 1870s, as directors of the company which published The Century Magazine, they began to consider the publication of a new juvenile monthly. Their decision really hinged upon hers, for they were heartily ready to undertake the project provided they could obtain her consent to assume its management and become its editor. Smith asked <mask> to edit the new magazine for children. Meanwhile, wishing to give her undivided time to writing, she had refused a very handsome offer to become the editor of Hearth and Home. Her two sons were then at college, and it was eventually the younger son that turned the scale in favor of the Scribner proposition.He had studied till he had no strength, and his mother felt that he needed an extended vacation and change of scene. She herself had long wished to go abroad, and so, when she was offered a salary to begin upon the day of the preliminary offer—this was in April or May—with the understanding that the initial number of the magazine was not to appear until January, and freedom to spend the intervening time where and as she chose, she accepted the offer. From the first everything was left entirely in her hands, including the name, for which she chose St. Nicholas. The house decided to bring out the first number in November, and <mask> returned from Europe, having found nothing in the publications there to modify her original plan. At the end of the year, the new magazine had outstripped all competitors. Indeed, within a few months after the issue of the first number, Messrs. Osgood & Co. acknowledged that they could not stand against their rival, and made a, proposition which resulted in the merging of Our Young Folks into St. Nicholas. Early writings

<mask>'s first published article, "Shoddy Aristocracy in America", and the manner of its publication, were as much the outcome of her susceptibility to the human, as well as the literary, appeal of life as to her sense of humor and instinct for artistic expression.Because it was based upon personal observation the article was sent to The Cornhill Magazine, of London, as a publication safely removed from the comedy and the actors it presented. By return post, she received payment of £50 and a request from The Cornhill for a series of papers. To <mask>'s amazement, the article was reprinted in whole or in part by many of the leading newspapers in the United States. Her first short story, "My Mysterious Enemy", was promptly accepted by Harper's Magazine, and "The Insanity of Cain", a brilliant piece of special pleading, and one of her most characteristic essays in the humorous or satirical vein, attained instant popularity at the time of its publication in Scribner's Monthly. This article grew out of a remark to Roswell Smith when <mask> and he were discussing the recent acquittal of a criminal on the plea of emotional insanity. After the publication in leading magazines of several essays and stories for grown-up readers, <mask> brought out, in 1864, her first book – made up of short tales for children – under the title of The Irvington Stories (1864). It was a modest muslin-covered duodecimo, with three or four illustrations by F. O. C. Darley.So great was its popularity that the publisher asked for a second series or a sequel. But <mask>, meantime, had begun work upon a longer narrative. Like the rest of the reading world, she had been thrilled and fascinated by the lately-published histories of John Lothrop Motley, the Rise of the Dutch Republic, and the History of the United Netherlands. She resolved to make the Netherlands the scene of a juvenile tale, and give the youngsters so much of the history of that country as should tell itself, naturally, through the evolution of the story. She was really improvising it as a "good-night story" for her boys – making it up as she went along. In the heat of kindled imagination, she began to tell her children a story of life in the Netherlands, weaving into it much interesting material from the history of that country, which at that time she had never seen. The subject grew more and more absorbing to her.She worked upon the manuscript from morning till night, and sought every source of information which could make her pages more true to life or more entertaining to her readers. She ransacked libraries for books upon the Netherlands; made every traveler whom she knew tell her his tale of that country; and submitted every chapter to the test of the criticism of two accomplished Dutchmen living near her. Upon receiving the manuscript, the publisher, disappointed at not receiving a second collection of short stories, was tempted to reject it. But the author had nothing else ready, he could not afford to forego the prestige of her former success, and so, reluctantly and doubtfully, he issued the most successful juvenile tale of that time, Hans Brinker, or the Silver Skates (1865). It became an instant bestseller and was translated into French, German, Dutch, Russian, and Italian. The French Academy awarded it one of the Montyon Prizes of fifteen hundred francs. Midcareer volumes
In the year 1874, <mask> published Rhymes and Jingles.From the first issue, its success was almost as great as that of Hans Brinker. Three years later, in 1877, she published a book of essays and short stories entitled Theophilus and Others. Theophilus and Others was a book of stories and sketches for grown people. Among its contents were a clever satire, "The Insanity of Cain", which at once attracted wide notice, and the mirth-provoking comicality in Irish dialect, "Miss Maloney on the Chinese Question". This skit – which was compared in rank to Bret Harte's "Heathen Chinee" – had an enormous popularity in its day, and was later included in many collections of humorous masterpieces. It was written in a single evening, to fill a blank space in a magazine. Charlotte Cushman immediately gave it a place of honor in her public readings as one of her favorite selections, and sending for its author, asked her to write a companion-piece.A long and warm friendship between the two distinguished women dated from this interview. In 1879, a collection of poems and verses for grown-up readers, entitled Along the Way, was published. With her usual modesty, <mask> would not dignify her volume of verse by the name of "poems", preferring the simple title of " Along the Way". But, as one critic said of it at the time, "It is a happy thing for those of us who do not walk such ways to have her show us what may there be seen." In 1883, <mask> was persuaded to issue a new edition of this work, under the title Poems and Verses. Throughout, it shows sincerity of poetic feeling; a rich imagination; a genuine love of nature; and a happy serenity of heart. "Enfoldings", the sonnet on "The Stars", "Inverted", "The Two Mysteries", and not a few other pieces are poems indeed – poems that the world will not willingly let die.They have found their way already into various Anthologies of Poetry, whose editors – some of them distinguished critics – are quite willing to call them poems, even if their author was not. In 1894, she brought out two other books: The Land of Pluck, a collection of sketches and stories which takes its name from the opening article about Holland, and When Life is Young, which opens with her well-known poem "The Minuet", and contains many other favorite pieces. Both books won praise from critics, and a very large audience among young readers. During her career as an editor, <mask> published seven books for adults as well as two books for small children, Baby Days and Bay World. "The Two Mysteries", "Enfoldings", and "The Compact " demonstrated her depth and tenderness of feeling, intellectual poise, spiritual insight, and simplicity of expression. Personal life

<mask> lived in a large apartment-building overlooking Central Park in New York City. In 1888, she purchased a cottage, which she named "Yarrow", in the summer colony at Onteora Park, Onteora Park, Tannersville, New York, upon the slope of Onteora Mountain, in the Catskill Mountains.In the beginning, it was a simple little square frame-house, and <mask> took great delight in adding, year by year, a room or a veranda, a bay-window or an extension, until she created, at last, a many-gabled home, to which she returned each season. One of her sons died in 1881, and the other, <mask> <mask>, was a successful inventor and manufacturer, residing in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her daughter-in-law, Mrs. <mask> <mask> (Josephine Kern), was the sculptor of The Good Fairy Statue in 1916. <mask> had been suffering from a severe illness for several months, and it was hoped that the usual sojourn in her summer cottage at Onteora might restore her to health, but she steadily grew weaker until her death on August 21, 1905. Style and themes
<mask>'s writing interpreted childhood. "The child's world is a different world, a preparatory world, a world that is coming on. You must build yourself around the humanity of childhood."And again, "The natural thing is the thing that grasps a child in literature as well as in life." Underlying a style of spontaneous charm, and coupled with humor whose thrusts leave no sting, are intellectual integrity, delight in discovering and acknowledging in others gifts of mind or spirit, responsiveness, a quickness to feel and believe as buoyant as if her energies had not been claimed by an absorbing profession, and an outlook undimmed by ambitions and activities. Selected works
Prose

The Irvington Stories (1864)
Hans Brinker, or The Silver Skates (1865)
A Few Friends and How They Amused Themselves (1869)
Baby Days (1876)
Theophilus and Others (1876)
Donald and Dorothy (1883)
Baby World (1884)
The Land of Pluck (1894)

Verse

Rhymes and Jingles (1874)
Along the Way (1879)
When Life Is Young (1894)

References

Attribution

Howard Brown, John, (1904). "<mask>, <mask>es." In The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans, Vol. III, The Biographical Society, p. 274. Bibliography
Jasspon Kunitz, Stanley; Howard Haycraft (1938)."<mask>, <mask> (Mapes)" American Authors 1600–1900, The H. W. Wilson Company, New York, p. 220. Further reading
Gannon, Susan R.; Ruth Anne Thompson (1992). <mask> <mask>, Twayne. Gannon, Susan R.; Ruth Anne Thompson (1992). "Mr. Scudder and Mrs. <mask>: An Editorial Correspondence and What it Tells Us," American Periodicals, Vol. 2.Gannon, Susan R.; Ruth Anne Thompson and Suzanne Rahn (2004). St. Nicholas and Mary Mapes Dodge, MacFarland & Co., Inc.
Howard, Alice Barrett (1943). <mask> <mask> of St. Nicholas, Julian Messner. McEnery, S. S. (1905). "<mask> <mask>: Intimate Tribute," The Critic, Vol. XLVII. Mason, Miriam Evangeline (1962).<mask> <mask>: Jolly Girl, Bobbs-Merrill. Satterie, Mattie Griffith (1912). "Personal Recollections of a Teacher III: Ms. <mask> <mask>," Educational Foundations, Vol. XXIII, pp. 171–172. Sorby, Angela (1998). "A Visit from St. Nicholas: The Poetics of Peer Culture, 1872–1900," American Studies, Vol.39, No. 1. Wright, Catharine Morris (1979). Lady of the Silver Skates: the Life and Correspondence of <mask> <mask>, 1830–1905, Clingstone Press. External links

Works at Open Library
Works by <mask> <mask>, at Hathi Trust

Hans Brinker and the Silver Skates readable free online from the  University of Florida Baldwin Library of Historical Children's Literature
Other works by <mask> <mask> readable free online from the University of Florida Baldwin Library of Historical Children's Literature
A Guide to the Papers of <mask> <mask>

1831 births
1905 deaths
19th-century American novelists
19th-century American poets
19th-century American women writers
American children's writers
American women novelists
American women poets
Burials at Evergreen Cemetery (Hillside, New Jersey)
Writers from New York City
American women children's writers
Novelists from New York (state)
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from A Woman of the Century

masks:
Mary Elizabeth Mapes Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Mary Elizabeth
Mapes
Mapes
. Mapes
Sophia Mapes
Mapes
William Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
James Mapes
Dodge
James Mapes
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Dodge
Mary Map
Dodge
Mary Elizabeth
Mary Mapes
Dodge
Dodge
Mary Mapes
Dodge
Mary Mapes
Dodge
Mary Mapes
Dodge
Mary Mapes
Dodge
Mary Mapes
Dodge
Mary Mapes
Dodge
Mary Mapes
Dodge
Mary Mapes
Dodge


text_chunks:
<mask> (born September 20, 1950) is an American documentary film and television producer and director and member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the Directors Guild of America. Italian Fotoleggendo magazine said <mask> “is known in the United States as one of the most important directors of the investigative documentary”. Her works as director and producer include Liberators: Fighting on Two Fronts in World War II, PBS, (nominated in 1992 for Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature); The Untold West: The Black West, TBS, (1993 Best Screenwriting Emmy Award); America and Lewis Hine, PBS,  (broadcast nationwide in 1984 on PBS and winner of Special Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival); The Skin I'm In (broadcast in 2000 on Showtime/NY Times Television) and Ordinary Miracles: The Photo League's New York (released theatrically in New York and Los Angeles in 2013). Life and career

After attending Music and Art High School, <mask> earned her Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from Cooper Union and her Master of Fine Arts degree from Queens College after attending both Philadelphia School of the Arts and Yale's Summer School for the Arts. She also received a Mellon Foundation Grant to attend NYU's Graduate Film School. She is the daughter of photographer <mask> and photographic historian <mask>, winners of the International Center for Photography's Lifetime Infinity Award. <mask>'s "America and Lewis Hine", voice of Hine by Jason Robards, about the pioneer photographer Lewis Hine who documented child labor and the building of America from 1900 to 1940, which premiered at the 1984 Sundance Film Festival where it won Special Jury Prize and was broadcast nationally on PBS.Through the Wire, narrated by Susan Sarandon, produced in association with Amnesty International, about the High Security Unit in the Federal Correctional Institution in Lexington, KY and the international movement to shut it down, premiered at the 1992 Berlin Film Festival and won Best Documentary at the 1992 Munich Film Festival. In 2000, Ms<mask> produced and directed a Showtime/ NYT Television documentary, Sly and Jimi: The Skin I'm In, about the music of Jimi Hendrix and Sly and the Family Stone. In 2000 she also produced and directed Twin Lenses, about twin fashion photographer Frances McLaughlin-Gill and Kathryn Abbe. In 1992, Ms<mask> was nominated for an Academy Award for her Denzel Washington and Louis Gossett, Jr. narrated PBS documentary, Liberators: Fighting On Two Fronts In World War II. This film was followed by The Untold West: The Black West, narrated by Danny Glover, which interwove documentary with dramatic segments and won an Emmy Award in 1994 for Best Screenwriting, was nominated for Cable Ace and Vision Awards, and aired on TBS. These documentary achievements added to the acclaimed 1984 Sundance Special Jury Prize-winning America & Lewis Hine, broadcast on PBS. <mask>'s 1990 Susan Sarandon narrated feature documentary, Through The Wire, broadcast on PBS, documents a graphic investigation of small group isolation and America's female political prisoners.Her 1992 feature documentary Lock-Up: The Prisoners Of Rikers Island, produced for HBO's America Undercover series, further solidified <mask> and Daedalus Productions as major producers on the non-fiction scene. In 1999 <mask> produced and directed <mask>: In Search Of Pitt Street, a feature documentary chronicling the photographic career of her father, <mask>, a highly decorated US Army Signal Corps cameraman who documented the D-Day landing on Omaha Beach and the liberation of the concentration camp at Dachau. <mask>: In Search Of Pitt Street premiered at the D-Day Museum, New Orleans, and has been screened at film festivals and broadcast here and abroad, winning numerous awards. In 2000, Ms. <mask> produced a short, Unintended Consequences, about the "Mothers of the NY Disappeared" who protest the Rockefeller Mandatory Minimum Drug Laws. She then produced and directed Code Yellow: Hospital At Ground Zero, which documents the response of the NYU Downtown Hospital to 9/11. In 2004 she completed a feature documentary, Zahira's Peace, in co-production with Sogecable, Spain, which was broadcast on the first anniversary of the March 11 bombing on Canal+ Spain. She produced and directed In The Name Of Democracy, filmed by Haskell Wexler, the story of Lt. Ehren Watada, the first officer to refuse deployment to Iraq and who won his case.In 2013 she produced Ordinary Miracles: The Photo League's New York, the story of the NY Photo League, which has been screened at festivals and educational institutions internationally. Her credits also include Slaveship: The Testimony Of The Henrietta Marie (1995) and A History Of Women Photographers (1997), narrated by Maureen Stapleton, shorts included in traveling exhibitions across the United States. <mask> was credited on Henry Louis Gates PBS series Episode 6 for providing the story of Terrence Stevens, featured in that episode. She also provided his story to NY! For their segment “New Yorker of the Week”. <mask> is currently working on an in-development film with writer/producer Dan Allentuck about the life and career of the renowned actress Maureen Stapleton. <mask> is President of Daedalus Productions, which she and Dan Allentuck founded in 1980 to produce documentary films about issues not covered in the conventional media.In 1994, she received the Washington, D.C. Women of Vision Award celebrating women's creative and technical achievements in media. In 2011, Casa del Cinema in Rome, Italy co-sponsored by Fotoleggendo and ISFCI and the Villa Pignatelli in Naples, Italy held festivals of seven films produced by Daedalus Productions in honor of <mask>'s contribution to cinema. References

Baylis, Sheila Cosgrove. "Twin Lenses Captures Career Photographers Vision"
 , "[Sundance Institute]
 Blau, Eleanor. "A Photographer of Immigrants Is Remembered",  The New York Times, New York, 27 September 1984. Clavin, Tom. "One Pair of Filmmakers, One Documentary About a Pair of Photographers" [The East Hampton Press], New York, 8 October 2008.Harvey, Dennis. "Review: <mask>: In Search of Pitt Street" ‘’[Variety]’’, 21 October 1999. Di Sante, Joseph. “Oscar Award Winning Director <mask> Documents her Legendary Father, <mask>, Photographer” ‘’The Industry’’, Winter 2000. Tucker, Ken. “TV Review: P.O.V. : Through the Wire (1988)” ‘’Entertainment Weekly’’, 22 June 1990.Goodma, Walter. “Review/Television; 3 Women in a High-Security Prison” ‘’The New York Times’’, 25 June 1990. Scott, Tony. “Review: ‘The American Experience Liberators: Fighting on Two Fronts in World War II’” ‘’Variety’’, 10 November 1992. Pristin, Terry. “SHORT TAKES / MOVIES : Documentarians Defend 'Liberators'’’ ‘’Los Angeles Times, 19 February 1993. Behringer, Maggie.“A Conscientious Objector for These Times” ‘’Litchfield County Times’’, 2 April 2009. Wildasin, Kathleen. “Review: The Black West” ‘’The New York Times’’, 1991. ‘’Emmys’’, 1994. External links

1950 births
Living people
American documentary film directors
Cooper Union alumni
Queens College, City University of New York alumni

masks:
Nina Rosenblum
Rosenblum
Rosenblum
Walter Rosenblum
Naomi Rosenblum
Rosenblum
. Rosenblum
. Rosenblum
Rosenblum
Rosenblum
Rosenblum
Walter Rosenblum
Walter Rosenblum
Walter Rosenblum
Rosenblum
Rosenblum
Rosenblum
Rosenblum
Rosenblum
Walter Rosenblum
Nina Rosenblum
Walter Rosenblum


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 22 March 1944) is a political scientist, historian, columnist, author, founder and member of various Palestinian, Arab and International institutions. He founded and heads the Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs. <mask> was born in Nablus but has spent most of his life in Jerusalem. He holds a Ph.D. from the School of Peace Studies at the University of Bradford in the United Kingdom. He has devoted most of his life to academic research and dialogue, as well as the publication of this research with the aim of providing a deep understanding of Palestinian issues, past and present – the land, the people, their rights and their leadership – to interested audiences in the region and beyond. He has founded and co-founded numerous forums and institutes. For example, he co-founded the Al-Fajr Palestinian daily newspaper in 1972 as well as the Palestinian Council for Higher Education (1977–1980).Family
Hadi's family roots can be traced back to the seventh century when – according to one theory – the <mask> family then an Arab tribe from Yemen came to Jerusalem with Umar ibn al-Khattab. Later the family used to govern the area of Nablus as well as Acre and was widely known as landlords. Until today they own large areas of property around Nablus and Jenin. During the Ottoman rule over Palestine, members of the <mask> family were not only active in government positions but also in opposition movements. Since then, the family has played a central role in Palestinian society in general and, especially, within the Palestinian national movement. Early life
<mask> was born in Nablus on 22 March 1944 and spent most of his early childhood in Jaffa where his father Fouad <mask> was a landlord in Palestine (the Arabian Triangle – Khidara). During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War the family had to leave their home and they became refugees in Lebanon.Together with his two brothers, <mask> and Salameh, <mask> <mask> joined the Jesuit St. Joseph School in Junieh, Beirut. He was taught in Beirut upon the family's return to Nablus in 1950 where his father worked as judge in the district court which had by then became part of the Jordanian Ministry of Justice. Education
In the following decade <mask> received his primary and secondary education at various institutions in the West Bank, such as the national Najah School (1950–1952), Ahliya School (1952–1955), the Ibn Rushd School in Hebron (1955–1957), the German Schneller School in Bethlehem (1958), the Friends Boys School in Ramallah (1959–1960), the Khalil Sakakani School in Jerusalem (1961–1962) and the Rashidiya School (1962–1963). He completed his secondary education (Tawjihi) in Cairo at the National Educational School Zamalek in Cairo (1964). Afterwards, he enrolled at law school in Damascus which he completed with a bachelor's degree in Law (1965–1970). During the time of his studies he worked as a clerk in the district court in Jerusalem under the judges Tayseer Kan’an and Fahad Abu al-Atham until Jerusalem was occupied by the Israeli army during the Six-Day War in June 1967. Subsequently, he joined the general strike by Arab lawyers protesting against the Israeli occupation in general and the annexation of Jerusalem in particular.Career
After studying law at Damascus University and he started his career as a lawyer continuing the family tradition. However, realizing that the law was not the best way to confront the many challenges the Palestinians were facing, he soon moved into the realm of mass media and established, along with Yousef Nasri Naser and Jamil Hamad, Al-Fajr (the dawn) newspaper (1972). He worked as editor for Al-Fajr and published a large number of articles and editorials under an alias. After the kidnapping of Naser in 1972, <mask> felt the urge to start writing about the Palestinian question. Thus, soon after he published his first book, The Question of Palestine and Peaceful Solutions, which focused on debates, initiatives and ideas on a settlement of the conflict between the Israelis and Palestinians in the period of 1934 to 1974, which was published in Lebanon. In 1977, <mask> founded the Arab Thought Forum, a Palestinian think-tank, which brought together a range of intellectuals, academics and politicians. Within the forum the group developed the idea of the National Guidance Committee and later also established it.The Committee was successful in governing Palestinian society, in terms of building consensus and harmony, breaking the ice between opposing factions and maintaining the balance between the leadership inside and outside the occupied Palestinian territories. <mask> was elected its President and functioned as such until 1980. <mask> also worked with Birzeit University (1977–1980) to set up the first Palestinian public relations office in 1977. The office was established to build a deeper and wider understanding of the political situation through the exchange of ideas and the spread of information which was undertaken via bulletins, leaflets, publications, articles and meetings between active individuals and institutions. In 1977 <mask> co-founded the Council for Higher Education in the West Bank together with Ibrahim Dakak, Gires Khouri and Gabi Baramki and served as its elected Secretary General until 1980. In 1981 he decided to continue his higher education and enrolled at the School of Peace Studies at Bradford University in the United Kingdom from where he obtained his Ph.D. in 1984 focusing his dissertation on Palestinian-Jordanian relations during the period from 1921 until 1951. In order to even further broaden his grasp of global issues, he continued his education at the Harvard Center of International Affairs where he stayed as fellow for one year (1984–1985).During this time <mask> further developed his ideas about and knowledge of international and global affairs. After becoming a special adviser of the Jordanian-Palestinian Joint Committee in Amman, Jordan, <mask> accepted the post of special adviser to the Ministry of Occupied Land Affairs (1985–1986). He used his post to publish a booklet on the affairs of the occupied territories for the Jordanian community. With the Jordanian deportation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) figure Abu Jihad and the continued crisis between the Jordanians and the Palestinians, among other reasons, <mask> resigned and returned to Jerusalem. Academics
<mask> participated in many conferences, among them the Salzburg Seminar for Divided Cities - Berlin, Jerusalem, and Belfast in February 1987. The same year, together with a group of Palestinian intellectuals and academics <mask> founded the Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs (PASSIA) in March 1987 to provide a forum for the free debate and analysis of a plurality of local and foreign perspectives. PASSIA is involved in four main areas.As part of its Research and Publication Programme, PASSIA has published over 120 different studies on a large diversity of subjects relevant to the Palestine question and the Palestinians, in addition to its highly popular annual diary. Another major component is the Dialogue Programme providing a venue for the presentation and discussion of a wide range of issues and viewpoints on matters of concern to Palestinians, with a focus on topical political events, interfaith issues and, most importantly, the question of Jerusalem which is a primary focus of <mask>’s interests and a core topic in PASSIA’s work. Speakers and participants at these meetings include local and foreign scholars, professionals, activists as well as representatives of political factions and the diplomatic corps. It can be said that PASSIA has proved most successful in serving as a catalyst for civic dialogue and in fostering a better understanding of Palestinian affairs - be they in the domestic or international context. A third pillar of the work undertaken by PASSIA is its Training and Education Programme, which provides a much-needed platform for Palestinian practitioners and professionals to deepen their knowledge and expertise in specific areas of international affairs and institutional/personal capacity building (with courses on strategic planning, leadership, management, and communication skills, to name a few). Furthermore, <mask> has been involved in many projects throughout the region and worldwide. In 1990 he established the Black Sea University Institute in Bucharest and was active as external lecturer at Israeli and international universities, among them the distinguished Royal College of Defence Studies in Great Britain (1992–1997).His teachings focused on the Palestinian narrative and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Together with Faisal Husseini he co-founded the Jerusalem National Committee in 1992 which later became the Jerusalem Arab Council (1993), as <mask> functioned at the Orient House under Faisal Husseini’s leadership. Also in 1995 he co-founded the EuroMeSCo Network and together with Hedra <mask>fi and many others created the Palestinian Council for Peace and Justice. In 2000 he was part of the founders of the Arab Team for Muslim and Christian Dialogue in Beirut and one year later became a member of the Arab Thought Forum of Prince Hassan bin Talal in Jordan (2001). In 2006 he was honored by King Albert II of Belgium with the title Commander of the Order of the Crown. Since 2009 <mask> was also active as member of Board of Trustees of the Yasser Arafat Foundation and contributed in many statements, meetings and dialogue to end the Palestinian disengagement (since 2008). In 2011 he contributed to establishing the Arab Society for Development in Jerusalem.Furthermore, he was an active member in the Palestinian independent personality team which in many sessions worked towards Palestinian reconciliation and in 2011 <mask> witnessed the official signing of the Cairo reconciliation document, or Palestinian Prisoners' Document as it is also known. Publications
<mask> has published numerous articles, monographs, and essays and edited several publications, including, most recently, 100 Years of Palestinian History, A 20th Century Chronology (2001). Some other important publications include the following:
Palestine: Social Impact of the Islamist-Secularist Struggle, Carnegie Endowment, September 2006. Sub-Regional Cooperation: The Case of the Middle East - A View from Palestine. Unpublished conference paper presented at a EuroMeSCO Working Group. Cairo: April 1999. Dialogue on Palestinian State-Building and Identity - PASSIA Meetings 1995–1998.Jerusalem: PASSIA, January 1999. Oslo: The Conflict, the Mediators and the Breakthrough. Conference paper presented at the Jeffrey Z. Rubin Memorial Conference of the Program on Negotiations, Harvard University. Massachusetts: October 1996. "Palestinian Security Concerns," in: Common Security in the Middle East, Research Group on European Affairs, conference paper, 1996. "The Future of Jerusalem - A Palestinian Perspective," in: Shu'un Tanmawiyyeh, Vol. 5, Nos.2 & 3, Winter 1995/1996. Israeli Settlements in Occupied Jerusalem and the West Bank 1967–1977. Jerusalem: Arab Thought Forum, 1978. The Palestine Question and Peaceful Solutions 1934–1974. Saidun: Al-Assriya Publishing House, 1974

External links

Dr. <mask> F. <mask>i

1944 births
Alumni of the University of Bradford
Harvard University alumni
Living people
Palestinian lawyers
People from Nablus

masks:
Mahdi Abdul Hadi
Hadi
Abdul Hadi
Hadi
Hadi
Abdul Hadi
Abdul Hadi
Mahdi
Abdul Hadi
Hadi
Hadi
Hadi
Abdul Hadi
Abdul Hadi
Abdul Hadi
Abdul Hadi
Abdul Hadi
Abdul Hadi
Abdul Hadi
Abdul Hadi
Abdul Hadi
Abdul Hadi
Abdul Hadi
Abdul Sha
Abdul Hadi
Abdul Hadi
Abdul Hadi
Mahdi
Abdul Had


text_chunks:
R<mask> (May 21, 1911 – November 17, 2002) was an American physicist at Shell Development Company. He was involved in a number of secret projects during World War II. He is recognized as one of America's leading infrared spectroscopists for his work in designing several models of spectrophotometer, and for using the infrared spectrophotometer to determine the β-lactam structure of penicillin. His instrumentation work was essential to the subsequent study and understanding of structures in organic chemistry. Biography
R<mask> was born May 21, 1911, to Ross R<mask> and <mask>. Both parents were graduates of Whitman College; <mask> was a gifted mathematician. During much of <mask>'s childhood, the family lived on a cattle ranch near Tonasket, Washington.<mask> attended Whitman College in Walla Walla, Washington, following his older brother, Walter Houser <mask>. He then completed a master's degree in physics at the University of Washington in 1933. He went on to attend Princeton University, studying physics. There he met John Bardeen, a frequent bridge and bowling partner. <mask> introduced John Barden to his brother, <mask>, with whom Bardeen would win a Nobel Prize. Initially interested in mathematical physics, <mask> soon became interested in experimental physics. After his advisor Edward Condon suggested that he assist R. Bowling Barnes, an expert in infrared spectrometry, Brattain became fascinated with infrared research and instrument design.<mask>, Barnes, and others in the laboratory built a research-quality infrared spectrophotometer, using a rock salt prism, a strip of platinum as an infrared radiation source, a thermopile to measure radiation, and two galvanometers to display results. They used the instrument to begin studying the molecular structure of organic molecules. After Barnes left Princeton for American Cyanamid, he directed funding to <mask> and others to study the infrared absorption spectra of organic compounds such as benzene, toluene, and naphthalene. Shell Development Company
Due to financial pressures of the Great Depression, <mask> left Princeton in 1938 without completing his degree. He was hired by Otto Beeck and joined Shell Development Company in Emeryville, California. There he began to use infrared spectroscopy to study the molecular structures of petroleum and related products. He was recognized as an early leader in the area.<mask>'s work on   gas mixtures was "one of the first applications [of spectrophotometry] of major importance to the petroleum industry". Aviation fuels
One of the areas <mask> studied was isomers of butane, which were used to make high-octane aviation fuel. His goal was to use infrared spectrometry as an analytical tool for industrial chemical process control, reliably measuring the isomers in petroleum mixtures. <mask> again began to build a research-quality infrared spectrophotometer, this time incorporating the ideas of E. Bright Wilson and Harold Gershinowitz at Harvard University. By incorporating two prisms, one of rock salt and one of potassium bromide, it was possible to examine a greater range of infrared wavelengths. By 1939 <mask> was able to use his "IRS #1" to distinguish between the isomers isobutane and n-butane by measuring a single wavelength of infrared radiation. While continuing to study butanes with the IRS #1, <mask> designed a simpler model, the "IRS #2," for use in process control in Shell's refineries.He presented his designs for the IRS #1 (research) and the IRS #2 (process control) to the American Physical Society in Pasadena, California in June 1941. After further development, <mask> proposed a new design for the IRS #4, and approached Arnold Orville Beckman  at National Technical Laboratories (later Beckman Instruments) to make it. By partnering with John U. White of Standard Oil, <mask> was able to put together an order of 10 instruments - enough to convince Beckman to go into production. Beckman's chief engineer Howard Cary suggested a simplification to the design, which was approved by <mask> as the Beckman IR-1. The IR-1 used a Littrow prism mounting featuring a single rock salt prism with a mirrored back, and an analog galvanometer for presenting results. Users could quickly select between 18 specified wavelengths.Beckman Instruments shipped the first 1R-1 spectrophotometer to Shell on September 18, 1942. Synthetic rubber
Brattain's examination of isomers proved doubly important to the war effort. In addition to the C4 hydrocarbon isomers isobutane and n-butane (important  in aviation fuels) Brattain was able to identify a set of four butenes, 1-butene, cis-2-butene, trans-2-butene, and isobutene. The butylene isomers were critical for the development of synthetic rubber, another essential material for the war effort. Compared to previous distillation methods, infrared spectrophotometry offered a tremendous time savings, reducing testing time from as much as 15 or 20 hours down to 15 minutes. During World War II, North America was faced with a shortage of natural rubber, because the war cut off supplies from rubber-growing countries. The Office of Rubber Reserve of the United States government recognized a need to develop synthetic rubber.Brattain's former professor R. Bowling Barnes, now at Cyanamid, promoted the use of infrared spectrophotometers in the US synthetic rubber program. In 1942 the Office of Rubber Reserve arranged secret meetings in Detroit between <mask> of the Shell Development Company, Arnold O. Beckman of Beckman Instruments, and R. Bowling Barnes of American Cyanamid, seeking a source of reliable instruments for infrared spectroscopy and the analysis of butadiene polymers. Choosing to adopt Bob Brattain's existing design for a single-beam infrared spectrophotometer, they commissioned Beckman Instruments to mass-produce standardized instruments for scientists to use as part of the U.S. government's synthetic-rubber war effort. Production of the instruments was given a AAA priority rating, which ensured that they had access to limited war-time resources. However, the instruments could only be sold to AAA-certified customers, and the research, the instrument design, and the instruments were kept classified until after the war. No one was allowed to publish or discuss anything related to the new machines. With orders from both government and industry, National Technical Laboratories  produced and shipped 77 Beckman IR-1s by 1945.They were a critical contribution to the war effort. This government-supported collaboration led to quick development and rapid transmission of the technology within a network of war-time companies, but the secrecy restrictions limited the extent to which the Brattain-Beckman work became publicly known. Companies such as Perkin-Elmer whose work was not as restricted, were able to publish about their work in infrared spectroscopy before Brattain and Beckman could do so. After the war, such instruments were adopted widely by chemists because they were simple to use, reliable, and reasonably priced. Penicillin
Penicillin, a powerful antibiotic, was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Sir Alexander Fleming. During World War II, the drug was in demand to treat both wounds and life-threatening illnesses such as meningitis, pneumonia and syphilis. Production of penicillin increased from 400 million units in early 1943 to more than 650 billion units per month by the end of the war.There was tremendous pressure to find ways to increase production. Researchers hoped that by understanding the chemical structure of penicillin they could a way to synthesize it. Several possible structures were hypothesized, including an oxazalone structure with 2 linked 5-member rings, and a β-lactam structure involving a 4-member ring, something that had not been observed naturally. A transatlantic research project was developed to determine the structure of penicillin. It included infrared spectroscopy researchers at Cambridge (G.B.B.M. Sutherland), at Oxford (Harold Warris Thompson), and universities and companies in the United States (the Department of Physics at the University of Michigan, Shell Development Company, Merck & Co., Pfizer, and the Russell Sage Institute of Cornell University Medical College). The US Office of Scientific Research and Development approached Shell during the summer of 1944, and <mask> assembled a team to study the problem using infrared spectrophotometry.Another team at Shell used chemical synthesis techniques. By November 1944 both teams agreed that penicillin had a β-lactam structure. Only that structure explained the presence of strong bands at frequencies of 1785, 1740, 1667 and 1538 cm-1 on the spectroscopy results. <mask> and his co-workers released a report to the government describing their results in 1944. A full report of the international infrared spectroscopy work appeared in 1949. Working independently in Britain, Dorothy Crowfoot and Barbara Low in Oxford, England used x-ray diffraction to study penicillin's structure, as did researchers at Imperial Chemical Industries. At much the same time as <mask>'s group, Dorothy Crowfoot's x-ray crystallography group found results supporting the conclusion that penicillin had a β-lactam structure.Her research was reported in early 1945. For this and other research using x-ray diffraction Dorothy Crowfoot would eventually earn a Nobel Prize. Nerve gas
After the war, <mask> was asked to carry out hazardous research studying the structure of German nerve gases that had been used in World War II. After retirement, <mask> lived in Monterey, California. References

1911 births
2002 deaths
20th-century American physicists
Whitman College alumni
University of Washington College of Arts and Sciences alumni
Princeton University alumni
People from Tonasket, Washington

masks:
. Robert Brattain
. Robert Brattain
. Brattain
Ottilie Houser Brattain
Ottilie Houser Brattain
Robert Brattain
Brattain
Brattain
Robert Brattain
Walter Brattain
Robert Brattain
Brattain
Brattain
Robert Btain
Brattain
Brattain
Brattain
Brattain
Brattain
Brattain
Brattain
Brattain
Robert Brattain
Robert Brattain
Brattain
Brattain
Brattain
Robert Brattain


text_chunks:
<mask> AO (13 April 1921 – 13 January 1995), generally known as <mask>, was an Australian poet, critic, columnist, commentator, publisher, and bookseller. Early life
<mask> was born in Adelaide, South Australia, and raised in the city of Mount Gambier, where his father was based as a travelling salesman. His early poetry was published in the children's pages of The Sunday Mail. He continued to write poetry through his secondary schooling after winning a scholarship to St Peter's College, Adelaide. By the time he began attending the University of Adelaide, he was already known as a poet and intellectual. In 1941, he edited two editions of the student newspaper On Dit. Angry Penguins

Harris's passion for poetry and modernism were driving forces behind the creation in 1940 of a literary journal called Angry Penguins.His co-founders were D.B. "Sam" Kerr, Paul G. Pfeiffer and Geoffrey Dutton. The first issue attracted the interest of Melbourne lawyer and arts patron John Reed, who offered to collaborate on publishing further issues. <mask>, already trying to establish a South Australian branch of the Contemporary Art Society, was lured to the Reeds' art enclave at Heide. By the second issue of Angry Penguins, <mask> had incorporated visual art into the journal. Sidney Nolan later joined the editorial team. Other artists associated with Angry Penguins include Albert Tucker, Joy Hester, James Gleeson, Arthur Boyd and John Perceval.Traditionalist poets were outraged by the success of Angry Penguins with its promotion of surrealism and publication of progressive writers such as Dylan Thomas, Gabriel García Márquez, James Dickey and the American poet Harry Roskolenko. The poet and critic A. D. Hope was among those virulently opposed to <mask> and the modernists. Hope inspired two young poets serving in the army, Harold Stewart and James McAuley, to "get <mask>y". Under the name of "Ern Malley", the pair crafted a series of poems in the modernist style and submitted them to <mask> at Angry Penguins. <mask> thought the poems brilliant and published them with some fanfare in Angry Penguins. The poems were controversial but well received. However, police in South Australia interpreted some lines in the poetry as lewd (one poem used the word "incestuous") and <mask> was charged with obscenity.Reed and <mask>, who were by this time also publishing books, employed a detective to discover more about the mystery poet. Word emerged that Ern Malley was a hoax. The obscenity trial attracted international press attention. <mask> was found guilty and fined five pounds despite noted literary critics testifying for the defence. <mask> never wavered in his belief in the quality of the Ern Malley poems, which continue to be published and studied. Later life
<mask> ran the Mary Martin Bookshop in Adelaide with his university friend Mary Maydwell Martin. They published a monthly newsletter with literary criticism, comment and book reviews.After Mary Martin moved to India, <mask> expanded the book chain across Australia and Hong Kong. The chain pioneered the remaindered book industry in Australia by offering quality titles at reasonable prices. <mask> fought the stranglehold which overseas publishers had on the Australian book market, taking on major publishing houses to ensure accessibly-priced books for Australian readers. The Mary Martin chain was sold to Macmillans in the late 1970s. <mask> founded and co-edited the Australian Book Review and another literary journal, Australian Letters, which continued the practice of commissioning artists to illustrate poetry. He was also, together with Geoffrey Dutton and Brian Stonier, a founder of Sun Books. <mask> published his poetry privately, although it was often included in classic Australian anthologies.He became a long-serving and controversial columnist for The Australian, with many of his "Browsing" columns later published in book form. It was in this context that he was dubbed "Australia's Cultural Catalyst". He also wrote columns for Adelaide newspapers. <mask> campaigned against censorship, and was an early voice in the Australian republican movement. Although he was not a Catholic, <mask> championed the then little-known nun and teacher, Mary MacKillop, founder of the Josephite order, calling her "a saint for all Australians". He became a prominent lay spokesman for her canonisation. Josephite nuns visited <mask> in later life when he was ill. His ashes lie in a park between the Mary MacKillop College and the Josephite Convent in Adelaide.A collection of his work was published posthumously by the National Library of Australia as The Angry Penguin. <mask> was made an Officer of the Order of Australia. The Alumni Association of Adelaide University awarded him the title of "Father of Modernism in the Australian Arts". Personal life
<mask> was the father of journalist and columnist Samela <mask>. Popular culture
Richard Flanagan makes reference to <mask> in his novel The Narrow Road to the Deep North.

masks:
Maxwell Henley Harris
Max Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Max
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris
Harris