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Miss <mask> (stylized as Miss saHHara, pronounced like Sahara) is a British Nigerian beauty queen, fashion model, singer/songwriter, and a human rights advocate. She is known for representing Nigeria in international beauty pageants to draw attention to the plights of LGBTQI+ people in Africa. In 2011, she became the first Nigerian trans woman to come out publicly on international press during the Miss International Queen beauty pageant in Pattaya, Thailand. On 19 July 2014, she was crowned the first ever Super Sireyna Worldwide in Manila, Philippines. Making her the first black trans woman to be crowned winner in an international beauty competition. After winning Super Sireyna Worldwide, she founded a global transgender awareness news curation organisation called TransValid She is also a vocal critic of the 14 years imprisonment law of LGBTQI+ people in Nigeria. A self described "fashion and beauty enthusiast", her catwalk and print credentials ranges from fashion weeks to gracing covers of magazines internationally.Biography
Growing up she famously said she never fit into the religious and conservative views of Nigeria. Living in rural Nigeria made her unaware of her medical condition known as gender dysphoria. She said the constant feeling of wanting to present herself as a female made her feel lost, as if there was something inhumanly wrong with her. She sought Religion with the hope of a cure, praying to God to make her a woman when she grows up. Wallowing in her identity dilemmas, she decided to end her life, since the pastors in her church and the people around her kept telling her there was something abnormal about her feminine characteristics. She claimed to have attempted suicide twice and survived. Her suicide attempts made her more determined to either leave Nigeria to a more tolerant society or to succeed in killing herself in the third suicide attempt.She started looking for answers for her condition and how she can marry her faith to who she hopes to be in the future. She found peace in the discovery that she doesn't have to be religious to lead a morally acceptable life. Jailed in Nigeria
In her teenage years, she was locked up in a Nigerian prison cell because of her femininity. Being imprisoned encouraged her to leave Nigeria, as the alternative would have led to her successfully ending her life. She remembered her experiences in this poignant piece she wrote for Gay Star News on Transgender Day of Remembrance on 20 November 2013, which was re-published by some online news outlets:I wish I could tell the younger me who tried to commit suicide twice that life gets better and dreams do honestly come through. I did not imagine life could be this amazing many years ago after being released from a horrid Nigerian prison for being different. Then all I could think was I could die in this prison and no one will know or care.Being imprisoned felt justifiable, considering I was being punished for being 'gay' as they assumed due to my feminine features and mannerisms. I wasn't gay, I am a woman born differently due to natural defects. What I felt did not match my outward appearance. Being assigned male at birth doesn't make me a man or a woman, nobody was born a man or a woman, you are born male or female, then you develop into your preferred gender as you grow up thus making you a man or a woman. For me that gender was female. I was born male but my brain, gestures, features and carriage functioned as that of a female. Growing up and not knowing what was happening to my body made me confused and lost.I couldn't discuss it with my family because my femininity was frowned upon due to religion and I could not talk to my friends because they would not understand what I was going through. I found solace in music and dreams. I dreamt of being free to be myself, free of insults, free of judgment and free from harassments. Her experience with the Nigerian police made her to seek refuge in London, United Kingdom. New life in the United Kingdom
She left Nigeria in 2004 to settle in the United Kingdom. Then she got a broader perspective of her gender dysphoria. She started seeing doctors who helped her through her journey into womanhood.She said her new life in the UK was like heaven on Earth because she now lives as her true-self. She got a singing residence at Madam Jojo's Kitsch Cabaret at Soho, West End of London. She performed there for 10 years until November 2014 when the venue was closed down. She wrote and co produced some songs with Scott Houzet in her earliest music career. Fashion model
She appeared on numerous catwalk shows in London and beyond. She modelled for Ziad Ghanem at London Fashion Week for 4 fashion seasons. She was also involved with Alternative Fashion for over 5 years and once showcased her couture designs.Education
Miss sahhara graduated with a master's degree in digital media from London Metropolitan University. She stated on her social media pages that she wants to further her education in gender and sexuality studies in the future. Perhaps, to give her a credible voice when teaching people about Gender and sexuality. Legal names
Nigerian news websites and bloggers have frequently referenced Ebuka Obi-Uchendu's tweet, in which he claimed to have known <mask>ara as 'Clifford Oche'. Miss saHHara refuted that claim and have refused to publish her full birth names, she insisted that publishing her old names and pictures has no relevance to whom she has become. She explained that dead-naming and misgendering of transgender people has negative consequences by encouraging hate and discrimination all around world due to preconceived misconceptions about transgender people. She also said "<mask> Henson" is not her full legal name, "Henson" was just a Facebook pseudonym she created to stop bloggers from publishing her full legal names.She decided not to publish her full legal names, because she is afraid for her safety due to the amount of transphobia and death threats she gets online. Conflict with bloggers and readers
She is known for her constant online conflicts with Nigerian bloggers. Most of her arguments with them ranges from the stories they published about her, in which she claimed to be 'lies', to blatant transphobic writing. For example, calling her "transgender man" and the refusal to use female pronouns to describe her. She always takes to her Facebook page to publish replies on topics she considers to be transphobic and damaging for transgender people. She insisted that her replies are not rants, rather a passionate education for the people who write and comment about transgender people in public domain. Her process of "education" as she puts it, can sometimes end up in heated arguments and war of words with her fans.Her antireligious rhetoric have not fared well with Nigerians either. Whenever she posts any topic relating to religion, her posts attract angry responses. She said all religions are oppressive and archaic. It has drawn criticism from her followers saying she should focus on her advocacy work instead airing her views on divisive subjects such as religion. Unperturbed by the criticism, she continues to air her frustration on why Africans refuse to question their faith which she labelled "Colonial relic". On 29 April 2016, she posted a long post in response to stories published by African bloggers about her appearance on BBC Africa's in Her Shoes, the bloggers stated that she struggled in Nigeria as a "gay man", so she decided to transition to female. <mask>ara took to her social media page to educate the bloggers, in which she accused them of promoting transphobia by telling the wrong stories; "This is not a rant, rather an education".She made it clear that she was never a man, that her validity as a woman doesn't come from anyone except herself. The post drew more than 100 comments in support and against her claims. Beauty pageants
Her pageant career started when she moved to the London, England in 2004. She said her love for beauty pageants and catwalk continued to grow since she was a child. She used to "tip toe", because she was not allowed to wear high heels in Nigeria. She taught catwalk and beauty pageant etiquette in her teenage years before moving to the United Kingdom. She was a contestant in Andrew Logan's Alternative Miss World when she first moved to London, representing Nigeria.She came second. In 2011, she was a contestant at Miss International Queen beauty pageant, representing Nigeria. During the pageant she came out to the world media as a proud Nigerian transgender woman fighting for acceptance and equality for the LGBTQI+ community in Africa. In 2014, she won her first international title, Eat Bulaga! 's Super Sireyna Worldwide 2014 in Manila, Philippines. The pageant is a prestigious transgender beauty contest, which takes place on the longest noontime television show in the world, Eat Bulaga! In the competition, she represented her birth country Nigeria to draw attention to the negative social and legal attitudes towards the LGBTQI+ community in Africa.When Miss saHHara was asked about the proudest moment of her life in the question and answer section by Mr. Colin Kerr, she answered:The proudest moment of my life is being on this stage right now. When I was growing up, I had this dream of becoming a queen on stage and performing. But I couldn't because I was born male. I used to wear my mom's high heels and pretend in front of the mirror that I'm a contestant. So being here today and having these opportunities as a glamorous woman is a dream come true.She was crowned in front of millions of viewers watching worldwide by Miss Universe 1973, Margarita Moran-Floirendo. She could not believe herself after being crowned, she posted the following on Facebook page:

"OMG! I WON!I am still not sure it is a reality! Maybe I'll wakeup from this amazing dream in a minute! My arm is turning red from me constantly pinching myself to wakeup from this beautiful dream! I am overwhelmed with love! Philippines is truly my home away from home." She is the founder of Miss Trans Global, a digital transgender pageant, started in 2020 to raise awareness for the plight of LGBTIQ people worldwide. The first edition of competition took place virtually on the 12th of September, 2020.Charity and advocacy work
Miss saHHara started a global awareness project for the transgender community called TransValid in 2014. The organisation launched with the #IamValid and #YouAreValid campaign, where transgender individuals and allies made videos of themselves proclaiming their support for the transgender community. According to the mission statement of the organisation they hope to 'tackle misconceptions, fear, and hate of transgender people worldwide. Through TransValid, she hopes to educate people more on transgender issues by using different media and public forums'. In August 2015, Miss saHHara produced a short film for TransValid titled The Deadly Price of Transphobia in Brazil, The video highlighted the hardship and danger of living in Brazil as a transgender woman. 31 March 2016, International Transgender Day of Visibility, she partnered with Aleika Barros, Miss Trans Universe 2015 and other transgender beauty queens to raise awareness for transgender community all around the world through a campaign titled 'I am Trans and I have the Right to Life' . Television appearances
 2 episodes of 'Lady Boys: Season 2 on Sky Living, exploring the lives of transgender women in Thailand and beyond.Eat Bulaga! 's Super Sireyna Worldwide on GMA Network
 Unang Hirit Morning show
 Tunay Na Buhay interviewed by Rhea Santos
 Mars
 BBC's in Her Shoes: #BBCIdentity

Pageant titles

References/notes

External links
 Miss saHHara's Official Website
 Tranvalid Organisation

21st-century Nigerian women singers
Nigerian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Transgender and transsexual female models
Transgender and transsexual actresses
British activists
British women activists
Nigerian women activists
Transgender rights activists
Living people
Nigerian female models
LGBT rights activists from the United Kingdom
LGBT rights activists from Nigeria
Year of birth missing (living people)
LGBT people from Nigeria
Transgender and transsexual women
Women civil rights activists

masks:
Sahhara
Miss saHH
Iris Sahhara
MissHH


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<mask> (born May 31, 1953) is the former Education Commissioner of the U.S. state of Texas, in which capacity he was leader of the Texas Education Agency. <mask> was appointed to the position on August 27, 2012, by then Governor Rick Perry. On October 15, 2015, <mask> announced that he would step down as Education Commissioner at the end of the year to return to the private sector. <mask> is also a former member of the elected Texas Railroad Commission, a regulatory body that oversees the oil and natural gas industries. He is the first African American to hold a statewide elected executive office in Texas history. He was appointed to the commission by then-Governor George W. Bush in 1999, and won elections in 2000, 2002, and 2008 to retain the office before eventually resigning in 2011. He is one of six African Americans to hold statewide office such as <mask>, Morris Overstreet, Wallace B. Jefferson, Dale Wainwright and Jesse McClure.<mask> is also the fourth African American to be elected to statewide office overall, following Overstreet, Jefferson and Wainwright. On May 29, 2012, <mask> ran unsuccessfully in the Republican primary for the redrawn 25th congressional district seat that stretches southward from Tarrant to Hays counties. <mask> was a federal prosecutor from 1984 to 1988 and a former assistant district attorney in his hometown of Midland, Texas. He also served as Special Assistant to Attorney General Richard Thornburgh at the United States Department of Justice  from January 1988 to June 1989. In 1988, former U.S. Attorney General Edwin Meese awarded <mask> the Attorney General's "Special Achievement Award" for the conviction of six Ku Klux Klan members on federal weapons charges. <mask> served as Deputy Assistant Secretary for Law Enforcement at the United States Department of the Treasury. In that capacity, he had oversight responsibility for the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, the U.S. Secret Service, the U.S. Customs Service, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms and the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (August 1989 – June 1990).In 1990, U.S. President George Herbert Walker Bush appointed <mask> to be Assistant Secretary of Education for Civil Rights (the Office for Civil Rights) at the United States Department of Education, a post previously held by Clarence Thomas. <mask> has also served as general counsel to Wilkins Group, Inc., a telecommunications company based in Richardson, Texas. <mask> is the first African-American to hold a statewide elected executive office in Texas history. <mask> was appointed to the Texas Railroad Commission, a regulatory body that oversees the oil and natural gas industries, by then-Governor George W. Bush in 1999; he and won elections in 2000, 2002, and 2008 to retain the office before eventually resigning in 2011. He is also the fourth African American to be elected to statewide office overall, following Morris Overstreet, Wallace B. Jefferson, and Dale Wainwright. <mask> chaired the Texas Railroad Commission from September 1999 to September 2003, and again from June 2007 to February 2009. <mask> also chaired the Governor's Clean Coal Technology Council, and represented the governor and the Railroad Commission of Texas on the Southern States Energy Board.On September 14, 2005, Texas Governor Rick Perry designated <mask> to lead the state's long-term Hurricane Katrina relief efforts. <mask> was also the Railroad Commission's "point person" for agency regulatory reform and technology modernization efforts. <mask> was appointed Texas Education Commissioner on August 27, 2012 by then Governor Rick Perry; he became the first African-American Commissioner of Education in Texas history. On October 15, 2015, <mask> announced that he would step down as Education Commissioner at the end of the year to return to the private sector. The 200-mile one-way commute from his home in Arlington to the state capital in Austin had become too taxing to remain in the position, <mask> said. Perry's successor, Governor Greg Abbott, named Mike Morath as <mask>' successor in the position. Political campaigns and activities
<mask> addressed the 2004 Republican National Convention, at which he endorsed the reelection of President George W. Bush.He also spoke at the 2008 Republican National Conventionin Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he endorsed the party nominee, U.S. Senator John McCain of Arizona, for president. In 2000, <mask> won a two-year unexpired term on the Railroad Commission without Democratic opposition. He defeated the Libertarian Anthony Garcia and the Green Party candidate, Charles L. Mauch. <mask> received 3,600,967 votes (77 percent) to Garcia's 740,340 ballots (15.8 percent) and Mauch's 334,706 votes (7.2 percent). In 2002, <mask> won a full six-year term on the Commission. He polled 2,407,036 votes (54.8 percent) to 1,821,751 (41.5 percent) for Democrat Sherry Boyles.Two other candidates received a total of 162,482 votes (4.7 percent). <mask> ran for re-election for a second full six-year term to the Texas Railroad Commission in November 2008. He won the Republican nomination in March 2008 in an unopposed contest. <mask> was re-elected with 52 percent of the vote, having defeated the Democratic candidate, Mark Thompson, and Libertarian candidate David Floyd. <mask>' effective use of social media tools earned him a Texas Social Media Award. 2012 Congressional race

On, December 16, 2008 <mask> announced via Twitter that he would seek a position in the United States Senate, noting the possibility of a special election in 2009 or 2010 to replace sitting U.S. Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison, who was challenging Texas Gov.Rick Perry in a 2010 Republican primary. Hutchison, however, did not resign her Senate seat even after losing the primary. On January 13, 2011, Hutchison announced that she would not run for re-election in 2012. In July 2011, <mask> decided not to run for the Senate, but to seek the new 25th Congressional district seat. <mask> finished fifth among twelve candidates in the House primary, having polled 5,387 votes (10.5 percent). The leading candidate, <mask>, with 12,888 votes (25.1 percent), then won the party runoff and the general election. Personal life

<mask> is a 1971 graduate of Robert E. Lee High School in Midland.He is the son of public school teachers. He earned bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. He also obtained his law degree from the USC Law School in Los Angeles. He is married to <mask>, who resides in Arlington, Texas. He is a brother of the University of Texas chapter of Sigma Phi Epsilon. <mask> is a past Honorary State Chairman of Big Brothers Big Sisters of Texas, which helps to enrich, encourage, and empower children through safe, positive, one-to-one mentoring relationships. He also has served in a volunteer capacity as the general counsel of the Republican Party of Texas, the chairman of the Texas Juvenile Probation Commission and on the board of directors of the Arlington Chamber of Commerce, the Texas Public Policy Foundation, and Our Mother of Mercy Catholic School.References

1953 births
African-American people in Texas politics
Living people
Members of the Railroad Commission of Texas
People from Midland, Texas
People from Arlington, Texas
Texas lawyers
Texas Republicans
Robert E. Lee High School (Midland, Texas) alumni
USC Sol Price School of Public Policy alumni
USC Gould School of Law alumni
United States Department of Education officials
United States Department of the Treasury officials
United States Department of Justice officials
African-American Catholics
Catholics from Texas
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people

masks:
Michael Lawrence Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Louis Sturns
Williams
Williams
Career Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Williams
Michael Williams
Williams
Williams
Roger Williams
Williams
Donna Williams
Williams


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<mask> (31 January 1887 – 23 February 1976) was a Lithuanian attorney and politician. In 1920–1922, he was Minister of the Interior and was later elected to the Second and Third Seimas. After the 1926 coup d'état, he chaired the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union (1927–1928), Society for the Support of Lithuanians Abroad (1932–1940), and several other Lithuanian organizations. He also edited several newspapers, including Ūkininko balsas (1925–1928), Trimitas (1927–1928), Namų savininkas and Pasaulio lietuvis (1937–1940). At the start of World War II, he retreated to Germany and joined the Lithuanian Activist Front. He was reserved the seat of Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Provisional Government of Lithuania. After the war, he settled in Chicago where he was active in Lithuanian American cultural life.Biography

Education and World War I
<mask> was born in 1887 to a family of peasants. His parents decided to educate him hoping that he would become a priest. He graduated from Palanga Progymnasium in 1904 and Šiauliai Gymnasium in 1909. In Palanga, he met priest Julijonas Jasienskis who introduced him to the banned Lithuanian-language press. Already as a school student, he participated in public life by taking part in the protests of the Russian Revolution of 1905 and joining various student activities. He organized aid to political prisoners by forging Russian passports. For these activities he was arrested for a few days in 1908, but released.He continued his studies at the University of Moscow in medicine (1909–1910) and law (1910–1916). Skipitis joined aušrininkai (socialist-leaning student organization) and contributed articles to its magazine Aušrinė. In 1911–1915, he chaired the Lithuanian Student Society of Moscow. In March 1917, he was one of the founders of the Democratic National Freedom League (known as Santara), a moderate liberal party, and became its secretary and editor of its newspaper Santara. He was elected to the Council of the Lithuanian Nation and later the Supreme Lithuanian Council in Russia. In January 1918, together with Augustinas Voldemaras, he was sent as a Lithuanian representative to the Ukrainian People's Republic in Kiev. It was a dangerous journey as it took him across the Soviet–Ukrainian front, and the mission was brief as the Red Army captured Kiev in February 1918.He returned to Voronezh, but learned that many members of the Supreme Lithuanian Council were arrested. He then bribed a Russian official for a permit to return to Lithuania. Political career
<mask> returned to Lithuania in May 1918 and took up teaching in Šiauliai. However, by the end of the year he became a judge in the newly formed Lithuanian judiciary system first in Šiauliai and, when the city was captured by the Soviets during the Lithuanian–Soviet War, in Kaunas. From 6 March 1919 to becoming Minister of the Interior in June 1920, he worked as a public prosecutor. Once, when due to financial difficulties, the Lithuanian government did not pay wages to court officials, <mask> personally borrowed 12,000 German Papiermarks to pay the wages. He was active in organizing the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union which sent him to Šiauliai in November 1919 to organize the partisan staff for combat with the West Russian Volunteer Army (Bermontians) during the Lithuanian Wars of Independence.In fall 1919, he was sent as an official investigator into reports that Povilas Plechavičius' partisans executed Communist civilians near Skuodas and Seda. According to the report of Steponas Kairys to the Lithuanian government, Plechavičius' men killed about 50 Bolsheviks in January–April 1919. Skipitis did not deny the executions but concluded that Plechavičius served Lithuanian interests. He was one of the drafters of the election law to the Constituent Assembly of Lithuania. At the time, there were very few Lithuanians with legal education (later, in his memoirs, Skipitis claimed that there were no more than 20). As such, Prime Minister Kazys Grinius invited him to become the Minister of the Interior on 19 June 1920. At the time, the ministry was in charge of numerous areas, including civil administration, local self-government, public security, border protection, infrastructure maintenance and development, social services, taxes, citizenship, health services, etc.All of these areas had to be built and organized in the difficult and chaotic post-war years. In the 1923 election, <mask> was elected to the Second Seimas (parliament) as a candidate of the Lithuanian Popular Peasants' Union. In 1925, Santara was reorganized as the Farmers' Party and <mask> became its chairman and editor of its weekly newspaper Ūkininkų balsas (Voice of Farmers). He was elected in the 1926 elections to the Third Seimas as a candidate of the Farmers' Party. During the 1926 coup d'état, <mask> and Vaclovas Sidzikauskas mediated between the deposed government and the new regime of Antanas Smetona, taking care to observe constitutional formalities. In the new government of Augustinas Voldemaras, <mask> was offered the post of Minister of the Interior, but refused. After the coup, Seimas was dissolved in 1927 and the Farmer's Party was banned in 1928.Work with Lithuanians abroad

From 1922, Skipitis had a private attorney practice. From April 1927 to June 1928, he was chairman of the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union. He was also active in other societies such as the Society for the Support of Higher Education Students (Aukštųjų mokyklų lietuviams moksleiviams šelpti draugija), which he chaired in 1927–1928, the Union of Lithuanian Homeowners' Associations (Lietuvos namų savininkų draugijų sąjunga), and the Council of Attorneys, of which he was a member in 1932–1940. In April 1933, Skipitis organized electricity boycott in Kaunas to force the local electricity producer, a monopoly controlled by a Belgian corporation, to lower the prices from up to 1.35 Lt/kWh to 0.82 Lt/kWh. He edited weekly magazine Namų savininkas (Homeowner) in 1937–1940. In February 1932, he was one of the co-founders of the Society for the Support of Lithuanians Abroad (Draugija užsienio lietuviams remti) and became its chairman. Thousands of Lithuanians had emigrated to United States and South America mostly due to economic reasons.The society sought to encourage the emigrants to maintain their Lithuanian traditions and increase their economic ties with Lithuania by supporting Lithuanian-language schools, libraries, press. The society also wanted to establish a unifying global Lithuanian organization and <mask> raised an idea to organize the first Lithuanian World Congress. To that end, in early 1935, he visited Lithuanian communities in United States and South America advertising the congress which was held on 11–17 August 1935 in Kaunas. The congress was accompanied by various sport competitions, concerts, exhibitions, etc. Two Lithuanian American basketball players, Konstantinas "Connie" Savickas and Juozas Knašas, remained in Lithuania and trained the fledgling Lithuania men's national basketball team. During the congress, delegates from eight countries established the Union of World's Lithuanians (Pasaulio lietuvių sąjunga), chaired by Skipitis, to develop cultural and economic ties between Lithuania and the communities abroad. The union published, and Skipitis edited, 63 issues of Pasaulio lietuvis magazine (The World's Lithuanian) in 1937–1940.World War II and after
Skipitis work and activities were interrupted by the Soviet occupation in June 1940. Fearing an arrest by the NKVD, he fled to Nazi Germany in fall 1940. He left his wife and two daughters in Lithuania and they were deported to Siberia during the June deportation. In Berlin, he joined Kazys Škirpa and became one of the co-founders of the Lithuanian Activist Front (LAF) in November 1940. He was appointed chairman of the LAF commission on Lithuanians abroad. In April 1941, when plans were drawn for the June Uprising, Skipitis was reserved the seat of the Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Provisional Government of Lithuania. However, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the Gestapo did not allow Skipitis to leave Berlin and he never joined the uprising in Lithuania.In July 1941, <mask>, Ernestas Galvanauskas, and Petras Kalvelis petitioned Škirpa to close LAF in Berlin. Škirpa responded by officially dismissing the three from LAF. Skipitis continued to be involved with anti-Soviet resistance. In 1942, he briefly and secretly visited Kaunas to discuss creation of a unified resistance organization (such organization, the Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania or VLIK, was established in November 1943). In July 1943, he delivered a petition to the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories asking to release Lithuanian intellectuals imprisoned at the Stutthof concentration camp as reprisal for the failure to raise a Lithuanian Waffen-SS legion. In May 1944, when the Gestapo arrested most of the leaders of VLIK in Lithuania, it was decided to establish VLIK section in Berlin. Its members were Mykolas Krupavičius, <mask>, and Vaclovas Sidzikauskas.In 1946, <mask> emigrated to United States and settled in Chicago. There he continued active public life. He worked at Naujienos newspaper, chaired the Society of Lithuanian Attorneys (Lietuvos teisininkų draugija) in 1949–1955, re-joined VLIK and Lithuanian Riflemen's Union when they moved to United States in 1955 and 1956, respectively. He contributed articles to Lithuanian American press and to the Lithuanian Encyclopedia. He published two volumes of memoirs, Building Independent Lithuania (Nepriklausomą Lietuvą statant, 1961) and Independent Lithuania (Nepriklausoma Lietuva, 1967). References

1887 births
1976 deaths
Members of the Seimas
Ministers of Internal Affairs of Lithuania
Lithuanian lawyers
Lithuanian emigrants to the United States
Moscow State University alumni
20th-century Lithuanian lawyers

masks:
Rapolas Skipitis
Skipitis
Skipitis
Skipitis
Skipitis
Skipitis
Skipitis
Skipitis
Skipitis
Skipitis
Skipitis
Skipitis


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Archduchess <mask> of Austria (<mask>; 6 October 1738 – 19 November 1789) was the second child of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, and <mask>, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia. As a child, and for a time the eldest surviving child, she was heiress presumptive, but she suffered from ill health and physical disability, and did not marry. In 1766 she became abbess of the Frauenstift in Prague. Soon thereafter she moved to Klagenfurt and remained there for the rest of her life. Her palace in Klagenfurt, the Mariannengasse, now houses the Episcopal Palace. Biography

Early life
Archduchess <mask> (known as <mask>) was born on 6 October 1738 at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, the center of the vastly powerful Habsburg Monarchy. As the second but eldest surviving daughter of <mask>, Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, and Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, she was heiress presumptive of the hereditary lands of the Austrian Habsburgs between 1740 and 1741, until her younger brother Joseph (later to be the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II) was born.Her mother gave her the customary education of the princely courts at that time. <mask>'s musical talents were highly encouraged, but not her humanities talents. <mask> was the child least respected and loved by <mask>—her younger brother Joseph and sisters <mask> and <mask> always received the attention and care of the Empress: Joseph because he was the male heir, Liesl because she was considered the most beautiful of the daughters, and Mimi because she was the undisputed favorite child of her mother. Reign of <mask>
<mask> was highly intelligent but physically disabled. She suffered from bad health, worsened by the drafty and cold rooms of the Hofburg Palace. In 1757 she contracted pneumonia and almost died, the last rites being called for her. Although she survived, her breathing capacity was permanently damaged, and she also developed a fusion of her spine which caused her to have a lump on her back.After that time, she began to have a close relationship with her father, and reportedly became Francis I's favourite child. She shared his interest in science and conducted experiments in chemistry and physics. Despite being disabled, <mask> often played important roles in major events of state, including acting as sponsor at the christening of her youngest sister Marie Antoinette. In July 1765 the whole Imperial family traveled to Innsbruck for the wedding of the second-oldest son, Leopold. They halted in Klagenfurt, where <mask> visited the small monastery that belonged to the Order of Saint Elisabeth, established there in 1710. The encounter with the sisters was to be a turning point in <mask>'s life. Thea Leitner explains that the Archduchess became enthusiastic for the monastic life because the nuns didn't care about appearances and <mask> always lived with the fear of being ridiculed because of her hump.The death of Emperor Francis I on 18 August 1765 was a devastating blow for <mask>. Because her mother was unable to find a royal husband for her, in 1766 <mask> was made Princess-Abbess of the Theresian Imperial and Royal Convent for Noble Ladies (Frauenstift) in Prague with the promise of 80,000 florins per year. Despite the opposition of her mother, she decided to give up the Prague position and became an abbess in Klagenfurt with a smaller provision. A palace for her was built by Nicolò Pacassi near the monastery as her residence, the construction of which was completed in 1771. To the abbess of the convent, she wrote:

Gott hat mir die Gnade gegeben, die Welt und ihre Eitelkeit zu erkennen, und dadurch mir die Stärke erteilt, mein Leben nicht als Klosterfrau, doch in der Einsamkeit und im Dienste der Nächsten zu schließen. Ich habe dazu Klagenfurt ausgewählt, und zwar Sie und ihre frommen Schwestern, hoffend, dass mein unvollkommener Wert durch Ihre guten Beispiele angeeifert, meine Seligkeit mir gewiss versichert wird. "God has given me the grace to know the world and its vanity, and thereby given me the strength to close my life not as a nun, but in solitude and in the service of neighbors.I have thus selected Klagenfurt, specifically you and your pious sisters, hoping that—my imperfect value spurred on by your good examples—my salvation is certainly assured to me." During the time prior to her final move to Klagenfurt, <mask> completed her father's coin collection (which later became part of the Vienna Museum of Natural History) with the help of her mentor Ignaz von Born, and established her own mineral and insect collection. She financed social projects, archaeological exhumations, artists and scientists. <mask> also wrote a book about her mother's politics. Her watercolors and drawings were praised in the professional world. <mask> was made an honorary member of the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna in 1767 and elected member of the Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze in 1769. Despite her talents and intelligence, <mask> was disliked by high society because her scientific interests were considered unsuitable for her gender, but she was appreciated by the scientific and art world.Reign of Joseph
Empress <mask> died on 29 November 1780, and four months later, <mask> moved permanently to Klagenfurt. She quickly developed a deep friendship with Xaveria Gasser, Abbess of the convent. Thanks to the generous financial support of the Archduchess the monastery hospital could soon be extended, and her own personal physician supervised the patients of the hospital. She also provided welfare assistance in the municipality of Klagenfurt. Her friends were nuns, artists, scientists, and nobles, including the Carinthian iron industrialist Maximilian Thaddäus von Egger. Some of them belonged to the Freemasons. In 1783, the Klagenfurt Masonic Lodge was founded with a dedication "to charitable <mask>na" (Zur wohltätigen Marianna) as she was called.<mask> devoted herself in Klagenfurt to her scientific interests. She discovered her love for archeology: she donated 30,000 florins for excavations at Zollfeld and also took part in the excavations herself. Close to her younger sister <mask>, the two lived together in the same convents until their deaths. While her youngest sister, Marie Antoinette, was traveling on her way to Versailles in 1770, she stayed at Klagenfurt for one night. From the winter of 1788 <mask>'s health deteriorated further. Her shortness of breath became worse and she could hardly move without a wheelchair. She died on 19 November 1789 in the presence of her closest friends.Reportedly, her last words were:

Es ist wohl ein gutes Land, ich hab es immer lieb gehabt. Es sind gute Menschen, mit denen ich vergnügt lebte und die ich hart verlasse. "It is indeed a good country, I've had always loved it. There are good people with whom I lived happily and I leave them reluctantly." <mask> left her entire inheritance (amounting to more than 150,000 guilders) to the monastery of Klagenfurt. Her brother, Emperor Joseph II, deducted the inheritance tax from the income. Her palace is now home to the Prince Bishop's residence, in the Mariannengasse.Gallery

Ancestry

References

Bibliography

 Thea Leitner: Habsburgs vergessene Kinder. Piper, München 1996,
 Friedrich Weissensteiner: Die Töchter Maria Theresias. Kremayer & Scheriau, Wien 1991,
 Constantin von Wurzbach: Habsburg, <mask> (1738–1789) in: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich, vol. 7. Imperial and Royal Court and State Printing House, Vienna 1861, p 26. online

External links
 Personalities of Klagenfurt
 Habsburg-Lothringen, <mask> in: austria-forum.org

1738 births
1789 deaths
18th-century Austrian people
18th-century Austrian women
Austrian princesses
Knights of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
Burials at the Imperial Crypt
Natural history collectors
Daughters of emperors
Children of Maria Theresa
House of Habsburg-Lorraine

masks:
Maria Anna
Maria Anna Josepha Antonia
Maria Theresa
Maria Anna
Marianna
Maria Theresa
Maria Anna
Maria Anna
Maria Theresa
Maria Elisabeth
Maria Christina
Maria Theresa
Maria Anna
Maria Anna
Maria Anna
Maria Anna
Maria Anna
Maria Anna
Maria Anna
Maria Anna
Maria Anna
Maria Anna
Maria Anna
Maria Theresa
Maria Anna
Marian
Maria Anna
Maria Elisabeth
Maria Anna
Maria Anna
Maria Anna
Maria Anna


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<mask> () was a renowned scholar of Byzantine cultural and religious history and Italian Renaissance intellectual history and the Bradford Durfee Professor Emeritus of Byzantine History, Renaissance History, and Eastern Orthodox Church History at Yale University. He was the author of 13 books and over 100 articles and was considered one of the foremost Byzantine scholars in the world. He was the father of Yale Economist and Professor <mask>. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1916 in Minneapolis, Minnesota to parents of Greek ancestry. He studied music before becoming a historian. He earned a diploma in violin from the Juilliard School of Music in 1939 and then played in the first violin section in the Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra under Dimitri Mitropoulos. Simultaneously, he pursued a B.A.in history from the University of Minnesota, receiving it in 1941. In 1942, he enlisted in the U.S. Army with a school friend, Sydney Ahlstrom, both of whom eventually became history professors at Yale. <mask> was sent to North Africa, where he learned French, and then was in the first wave of American soldiers to reach Sicily, where he learned Italian. Becoming increasingly interested in Italian culture, he managed to enroll and complete the Dottore in lettere at the University of Pisa in 1946, writing his dissertation in Italian. Leaving the Army as a captain, he returned to the symphony and the University of Minnesota, where he was awarded an M.A. in 1946. He enrolled in the Graduate School of Harvard University in 1947, completing his Ph.D. in history in 1953, meanwhile serving as concertmaster of the Harvard-Radcliffe Symphony Orchestra.Career
Professor <mask>’s first teaching positions were at Brandeis University and at the Greek Theological Seminary in Boston. From 1954 to 1967, he taught medieval history at the University of Illinois, before joining the faculty at Yale, where he remained until his retirement in 1987. After his son John joined the Yale economics faculty in 1980, they became only the third father-son pair to be tenured professors concurrently in the university’s history. <mask> <mask> was elected president of the American Society of Church History in 1983 and was a fellow of the Medieval Academy of America, the American Historical Association and the Renaissance Society of America. In 1975 he was awarded the title of Archon “Teacher of the People” by the Patriarch of the Greek Orthodox Church in Constantinople. <mask>'s numerous books include: Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258-1282: a study in Byzantine-Latin relations (Harvard University Press, 1959), Greek scholars in Venice: studies in the dissemination of Greek learning from Byzantium to Western Europe (Harvard University Press, 1962), Byzantium and the Renaissance: Greek scholars in Venice: studies in the dissemination of Greek learning from Byzantium to Western Europe (Archon Books, 1973), Interaction of the "sibling" Byzantine and Western cultures in the Middle Ages and Italian Renaissance: (330-1600) (Yale University Press, 1976), Medieval Western Civilization and the Byzantine and Islamic worlds: Interaction of three cultures (D.C. Heath, 1979), Byzantium: Church, Society, and Civilization Seen Through Contemporary Eyes (University of Chicago Press, 1984), Constantinople and the West: Essays on the Late Byzantine (Palaeologan) and Italian Renaissances and the Byzantine and Roman Churches (University of Wisconsin Press, 1989). His research showed the pivotal role that Byzantine scholars who emigrated to Italy played in unlocking and interpreting ancient Greek texts vital to the Italian Renaissance, systematically documenting their interactions in the West.He deeply probed the encounters between the Greek and Roman churches over centuries of recurring schism and attempted reunion, including the Councils of Lyons, Basel and especially Florence, during which the churches agreed to reconcile. Personal life
His brother Christie John <mask>, who died in 2005, was professor of chemical engineering at the University of Minnesota. He was married to Effie <mask>, a clinical social worker and instructor in psychiatry at the Yale Child Study Center, for 48 years. She predeceased him in 2001. His son <mask> is the current James Tobin Professor of Economics at Yale University. His daughter Constance is a concert pianist in New York. Awards and honors
President, American Society of Church History
Fellow, Medieval Academy of America
Fellow, American Historical Association
Fellow, Renaissance Society of America
Guggenheim Fellowship Grant
Fulbright Grant
American Council of Learned Societies Grant
First Orthodox lay person invited to attend the Vatican Council II in 1962
Gold Cross of the Order of George I in 1966

Bibliography

Books (author)
Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West, 1258-1282: a study in Byzantine-Latin relations (Harvard University Press, 1959).Greek scholars in Venice: studies in the dissemination of Greek learning from Byzantium to Western Europe (Harvard University Press, 1962). Byzantine East and Latin West: Two Worlds of Christendom in Middle Ages and Renaissance (Barnes and Noble, 1966). Byzantium and the Renaissance: Greek scholars in Venice: studies in the dissemination of Greek learning from Byzantium to Western Europe (Archon Books, 1973). Interaction of the "sibling" Byzantine and Western cultures in the Middle Ages and Italian Renaissance: (330-1600) (Yale University Press, 1976). Medieval Western Civilization and the Byzantine and Islamic worlds: Interaction of three cultures (D.C. Heath, 1979). Byzantium: Church, Society, and Civilization Seen Through Contemporary Eyes (University of Chicago Press, 1984). Constantinople and the West: Essays on the Late Byzantine (Palaeologan) and Italian Renaissances and the Byzantine and Roman Churches (University of Wisconsin Press, 1989).A Short History of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (330-1990) "First Among Equals" in the Eastern Orthodox Church (Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 1990). Articles (author)
"Greco-Latin Relations on the Eve of the Byzantine Restoration: The Battle of Pelagonia-1259.” Dumbarton Oaks Papers, vol. 7, Harvard University Press, Jan. 1953, pp. 99–141, doi:10.2307/1291057. “The Nicene Revolution of 1258 and the Usurpation of Michael VIII Palaeologos.” Traditio, vol. 9, Cambridge University Press, 1953, pp. 420–30, doi:10.1017/S0362152900003792.“Some Aspects of the Influence of the Byzantine Maximos the Confessor on the Theology of East and West.” Church History, vol. 38, no. 2, Cambridge University Press, June 1969, pp. 150–63, doi:10.2307/3162703. “Church Building and ‘Caesaropapism,’ A.D. 312-565.” Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, vol. 7, no. 2, Duke University, Jan. 2003, pp.167–86. References

1916 births
2007 deaths
American writers of Greek descent
American Byzantinists
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
21st-century American historians
University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts alumni
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
American classical violinists
Scholars of Byzantine history

masks:
Deno John Geanakoplos
John Geanakoplos
Geanakoplos
Geanakoplos
Geanakoplos
Deno
Geanakoplos
Geanakoplos
Geanakoplos
Geanakoplos
John Geanakoplos


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<mask> (1852–1929) was a British academic, author, and voluminous translator of continental European literature (mostly French, but occasionally Latin, German and Russian) into English. His translations were often published as by A.R<mask>, <mask><mask>, or <mask>. He was described as "an elusive literary figure about whom next to nothing is known; the title-pages of his published works are really all we have to go on." <mask> was born in December 1852 in Newcastle upon Tyne. He attended Lincoln College, Oxford, beginning in 1872, from which he took a Bachelor of Arts degree on 14 June 1877, and a Master of Arts degree in 1882. After graduation he worked as an assistant school master and a librarian.He was also a meteorological hobbyist. He was living in Newcastle, Northumberland in 1901, and in St Thomas, Exeter in Devon in 1911. He died in December 1929 in the London Borough of Hackney. Career
His early works as a translator included a number of works of French erotica for Paris-based speciality publisher Charles Carrington in the late 1880s and 1890s. Later he branched out into mainstream French literature, including works of various serious and popular authors. He participated with other translators in two ambitious early twentieth century projects to render the works of Anatole France and Alexandre Dumas into English. He also translated a number of children's books and historical works, and, late in his career, a number of volumes of the sensationalist Fantômas detective novels.<mask>'s sole work of note as an original author was The Days of the Directoire (1910), a historical and social portrait of France during the period of the French Revolution. His aim in this work was "to present a vivid account of the extraordinary years from 1795 to 1799, when the Five Directors ruled France from the Palace of the Luxembourg; to portray the chief actors of those stirring times; and to draw a picture of the social conditions prevailing in capital and country after the tremendous changes of the Revolution." Significance
<mask>'s primary importance to literature is in helping to introduce French authors Alexandre Dumas and Anatole France to a broad English audience. Several of his translations of their works were the first into English, and a number of these remain the only English versions. In the case of Anatole France, his were the English versions authorised by the original writer. Selected bibliography

Original works
The Days of the Directoire (1910) (Internet Archive e-text)

Edited works
Waverley, or 'Tis Sixty Years Since, by Sir Walter Scott (1892)

Translated works
Note: publication dates shown are those of the translation, not of publication in the original language. Works of Alexandre Dumas

Acté, a Tale of the Days of Nero (1905) – first English translation
The Adventures of Captain Pamphile and Delaporte's Little Presents (Le capitaine Pamphile) (1905)
Amaury (1904)
Bontekoe (1904)
Captain Marion (1906) – 1st English translation
Captain Pamphile (1904)
The Castle of Eppstein (Le château d'Eppstein) (1904) – first English translation
Catherine Blum, and Other Stories (1922?)Cécile; or, The Wedding Gown (Cécile) (1904)
The Chevalier d'Harmental
Chicot the Jester (La dame de Monsoreau) (1921)
Conscience (Conscience l'innocent) (1902) – first English translation
The Convict's Son and Other Stories (Fils du forçat, M. Coumbes) (1922)
The Corsican Brothers (Frères corses) (1904)
Crop-Eared Jacquot and Other Stories (1903) – first English translation
The Dove (1906) – 1st English translation
The Duke of Savoy's Page (Page du duc de Savoie)
Pt. 3. 1: The Great Massacre (1921)
Pt. 2: Henri de Navarre (1921)
The Reminiscences of Antony ; and Marianna (1905)
The Regent's Daughter (Fille du régent)
Pt. 1. Hélène de Chaverny (1907)
Pt. 2.The Tragedy of Nantes (1908)
Robin Hood, the Outlaw (1904)
Samuel Gelb – 1st English translation
The Snowball (1903)
Sultanetta (1903)
The Three Musketeers (Les Trois Mousquetaires) (1903)
Twenty Years After (Vingt Ans Après) (1904)
The Two Dianas (Les deux Diane)
Pt. 1. The Taking of Calais (1909)
Pt. 2. The Chatalet (1921)
The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later (Le Vicomte de Bragelonne, ou Dix ans plus tard) (1904)
Pt. 1. Louise de la Vallière
Pt.2. The Man in the Iron Mask
The Wild-Duck Shooter – 1st English translation
The Wolf-Leader (Le Meneur de loups) (1904)

Works of Anatole France
The Aspirations of Jean Servien (Les désirs de Jean Servien) (1912)
The Crime of Sylvestre Bonnard (Le Crime de Sylvestre Bonnard)
The Garden of Epicurus (Le jardin d'Epicure) (1908)
The Gods Are Athirst (Les dieux ont soif) (1913)
The Human Tragedy (L'Humaine Tragedie) (1917) (previously pub. as part of The Well of Saint Clare)
Little Sea Dogs, and Other Tales of Childhood (co-translated with J. Lewis May) (1925)
Marguerite and Count Morin, Deputy; together with <mask> Vigny and The Path of Glory (1927) (co-translated with J. Lewis May)
The Merrie Tales of Jacques Tournebroche, and Child Life in Town and Country (Les contes de Jacques Tournebroche and Les enfants) (1909)
The Path of Glory (1916)
The Well of Saint Clare (Le puits de Sainte Claire) (1903)

Works of Pierre Souvestre and Marcel Allain
Bulldog and Rats (Fantômas Attaque Fandor), by Marcel Allain (1928)
Fantômas Captured (Fantômas en Danger), by Marcel Allain (1926)
Juve in the Dock (Fantômas, Roi des Recéleurs), by Marcel Allain (1925)
A Limb of Satan (La Main Coupée), by Pierre Souvestre and Marcel Allain (1924)
The Long Arm of Fantômas (Le Policier Apache), by Pierre Souvestre and Marcel Allain (1924)
The Lord of Terror (Fantômas est-il réssuscité? ), by Marcel Allain (1925)
The Revenge of Fantômas (Fantômas prend sa Revanche), by Marcel Allain (1927)

Works of other authors
Birds and Beasts, by Camille Lemonnier (1911)
The Chastisement of Mansour (L'amour au pays bleu), by  (1898)
The Diverting Adventures of Maurin (), by Jean Aicard (1910)
Down There (Là-Bas), by Joris-Karl Huysmans (1930)
Forty-five years of my life (1770 to 1815), by the Princess Louise of Prussia (Princess Antoni Radziwiłł) (1912)
Golf, by Arnaud Massy (1914)
Green Girls, by
Intimate Memoirs of Napoleon III : Personal Reminiscences of the Man and the Emperor, by Baron d'Ambès (pseud.) (1912)
Justine: The Misfortunes of Virtue, by Marquis de Sade (1912)
The Lascivious Monk (Lyndamine, ou, L'optimisme des pays chauds), attributed to Jean-Charles Gervaise de Latouche (1908) – 1st English translation
Lives of Fair and Gallant Ladies (Vies de dames galantes), by Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantôme (1901–1902) – 1st English translation
The Massacre of the Innocents (Massacre des innocents), by Maurice Maeterlinck (1914)
Maurice Maeterlinck, a Biographical Study, by , with two essays by Maeterlinck (1910)
Maurin the Illustrious, by Jean Aicard (1910)
Nell in Bridewell (Lenchen im Zuchthaus), by Wilhelm Reinhard (1900)
Passion and Criminality in France : a Legal and Literary Study (Le crime et le suicide passionnels), by Louis Proal (1901) Internet Archive e-text
Satanism and Witchcraft, a Study in Medieval Superstition (Le sorci'ere), by Jules Michelet (1939) (a.k.a. Witchcraft, Sorcery, and Superstition (1992))
The Satyricon, by Petronius (1930) [this translation was originally erroneously attributed to Oscar Wilde]
The Sexual Instinct and its Morbid Manifestations from the Double Standpoint of Jurisprudence and Psychiatry, by Veniamin Mikhailovich Tarnovskii (1890)
The Shadow of Love, by Marcelle Tinayre (1911)
The Sorceress; a Study in Middle Age Superstition, by Jules Michelet (1904)
The Sword and Womankind, Being a Study of the Influence of "The Queen of Weapons" Upon the Moral and Social Status of Women (L'Épée et les femmes), by Edouard de Beaumont (1900)
Tortures and Torments of the Christian Martyrs, From the "De ss. martyrum cruciatibus", by Antonio Gallonio (1903)
An Unknown Son of Napoleon, by Hector Fleischmann (1914)
Walks in Paris, by Georges Cain (1909)
The War Diary of the Emperor Frederick III, 1870–1871 (Das Kriegstagebuch von 1870/71), by Frederick III, German Emperor (1926)

Notes

External links

1852 births
1929 deaths
Alumni of Lincoln College, Oxford
French–English translators
Latin–English translators
German–English translators
19th-century English writers
20th-century British writers
Writers from Newcastle upon Tyne
20th-century English translators
19th-century British translators

masks:
Alfred Richard Allinson
. Allinson
Alfred R
. Allinson
Alfred Allinson
Life Allinson
Allinson
Allinson
Alfred de


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<mask> (March 14, 1854 – June 1, 1925) was an American politician who served as the 28th vice president of the United States from 1913 to 1921 under President Woodrow Wilson. A prominent lawyer in Indiana, he became an active and well known member of the Democratic Party by stumping across the state for other candidates and organizing party rallies that later helped him win election as the 27th governor of Indiana. In office, he attempted to implement changes from his progressive agenda to the Constitution of Indiana, but his efforts proved controversial and were blocked by the Indiana Supreme Court. <mask>'s popularity as Indiana governor, and the state's status as a critical swing state, helped him secure the Democratic vice presidential nomination on a ticket with Wilson in 1912 and win the subsequent general election. An ideological rift developed between the two men during their first term leading Wilson to limit <mask>'s influence in the administration. <mask>'s brand of humor caused Wilson to move his office away from the White House, further isolating him. <mask> was targeted in an assassination attempt in 1915 for supporting intervention in World War I.During <mask>'s second term he delivered morale-boosting speeches across the nation during the war and became the first U.S. vice president to hold cabinet meetings, which he did while Wilson was in Europe during peace negotiations. As he was president of the United States Senate, a small number of anti-war Senators kept it deadlocked by refusing to end debate. To enable critical wartime legislation to be passed, <mask> had the body adopt its first procedural rule allowing filibusters to be ended by a two-thirds majority vote—a variation of this rule remains in effect. <mask>'s vice presidency is most remembered for a leadership crisis following a stroke that incapacitated Wilson in October 1919. Because of their personal dislike for <mask>, Wilson's advisers and wife Edith sought to keep him uninformed about the president's condition to prevent him from assuming presidential powers and duties. Many people, including cabinet officials and Congressional leaders, urged <mask> to become acting president, but he refused to forcibly assume Wilson's powers out of fear of the implications of establishing such a precedent. Without strong leadership in the executive branch, the administration's opponents defeated the ratification of the League of Nations treaty and effectively returned the United States to an isolationist foreign policy.<mask> ended his time in office as the first vice president since Daniel D. Tompkins, nearly a century earlier, to serve two full terms. <mask> was known for his wit and sense of humor. One of his most enduring jokes provoked widespread laughter from his Senate colleagues during a floor debate. Responding to Senator Joseph Bristow's catalog of the nation's needs, <mask> quipped that, "What this country needs is a really good five-cent cigar." After his terms as vice president, he opened an Indianapolis law practice where he authored several legal books and his memoir, Recollections. He continued to travel and speak publicly. <mask> died in 1925 after suffering a heart attack while on a trip to Washington, D.C.Early life

Family and background
<mask>'s paternal grandfather, <mask>, immigrated to Indiana in 1817 and settled on a farm in present-day Whitley County. He became wealthy when a moderate deposit of oil and natural gas was discovered on his farm; when he sold the property in 1827 it earned $25,000, $ in 2015 chained dollars. The money allowed him to purchase a modest estate and spend the rest of his life as an active member of the Indiana Democratic Party, serving as an Indiana State Senator, party chairman, and financial contributor. He was also able to send his only child, Daniel, to medical school. <mask>'s mother, Martha Patterson, was orphaned at age thirteen while living in Ohio and moved to Indiana to live with her sister on a farm near the <mask>s'  home. Martha was known for her wit and humor, as her son later would be. Martha and Daniel met and married in 1848.<mask> <mask> was born in North Manchester, Indiana, on March 14, 1854. Two years later, a sister was born, but she died in infancy. Martha had contracted tuberculosis, which Daniel believed to be the cause of their infant daughter's poor health. While <mask> was still a young boy, his family moved several times searching a good climate for Daniel to attempt different "outdoor cures" on Martha. They moved first to Quincy, Illinois in 1857. While the family was living in Illinois, <mask>, a supporter of the American Union and a staunch Democrat, took his four-year-old son, <mask>, to the Lincoln and Douglas debate in Freeport in 1858. <mask> later recalled that during the rally he sat on the laps of Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln, alternating between the two candidates when they were not speaking, and remembered it as one of his earliest and most cherished memories.The family moved to Osawatomie, Kansas, in 1859, but the frontier violence caused them to move to Missouri in 1860. Eventually, Daniel succeeded in curing Martha's disease. As the American Civil War neared, violence spread into Missouri during the Bleeding Kansas incidents. In October 1860 several men led by Duff Green demanded that <mask> provide medical assistance to the pro-slavery faction, but he refused, and the men left. When the <mask>s' neighbors warned that Green was planning to return and murder them, the family quickly packed their belongings and escaped by steamboat to Illinois. The <mask>s remained in Illinois only briefly, before relocating to Indiana, which was even farther from the volatile border region. Education

On settling in Pierceton, Indiana, <mask> began to attend public school.His father and grandfather became embroiled in a dispute with their Methodist minister when they refused to vote Republican in the 1862 election. The minister threatened to expel them from the church, to which <mask>'s grandfather replied that he would "take his risk on hell, but not the Republican Party". The dispute prompted the family to move again, to Fort Wayne, and convert to the Presbyterian church. In Fort Wayne, <mask> attended high school, graduating in 1869. At age fifteen his parents sent him to Wabash College, in Crawfordsville, where he received a classical education. His father advised him to study medicine or become a minister, but neither interested him; he entered the school without knowing which profession he would take upon graduation. During college <mask> joined the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity, participated in literary and debating societies, and founded a Democratic Club.He secured a position on the staff of the college newspaper, the Geyser, and began writing political columns defending Democratic policies. In 1872 he wrote an unfavorable column about a female lecturer at the school, accusing her of "seeking liberties" with the young boys in their boarding house. She hired lawyer Lew Wallace, the author of Ben-Hur, and filed a suit demanding that <mask> pay her $20,000 for libel. <mask> traveled to Indianapolis to find a defense lawyer and employed future United States President Benjamin Harrison, then a prominent Indianapolis lawyer. Harrison had the suit dropped by showing that the charges made by <mask> were probably true. In <mask>'s memoir, he wrote that when he approached Harrison to pay his bill, his lawyer informed him that he would not charge him for the service, but instead gave him a lecture on the ethics of making such charges public. <mask> later recalled that he took the advice to heart, and was never again accused of making comments that could be considered libelous.<mask> was elected to Phi Beta Kappa during his final year at college. He graduated in June 1873, receiving the top grade in fourteen of his thirty-six courses in a class of twenty-one students. Because of his libel case, he had become increasingly interested in law and began seeking someone to teach him. At that time, a common way to become a lawyer was to apprentice under a practicing attorney. <mask>'s great-uncle Woodson <mask> began to help him, but the younger <mask> soon moved to Columbia City, Indiana, to live with his parents. <mask> read law in the Columbia City law office of Walter Olds, a future member of the Indiana Supreme Court, for more than a year and was admitted to the bar on April 26, 1875. Law practice

<mask> opened a law practice in Columbia City in 1876, taking on many minor cases.After gaining prominence, he accepted William F. McNagny as a partner in 1879 and began taking many criminal defense cases. The two men functioned well as partners. McNagny was better educated in law and worked out their legal arguments. <mask>, the superior orator, argued the cases before the judge and jury. Their firm became well known in the region after they handled a number of high-profile cases. In 1880 <mask> ran for public office for the first time as the Democratic candidate for his district's prosecuting attorney. The district was a Republican stronghold, and he was defeated.About the same time, he met and began to court Kate Hooper, and the two became engaged to marry. Kate died of an illness in 1882, one day before they were to be wed. Her death was a major emotional blow to <mask>, leading him to become an alcoholic. <mask> lived with his parents into his thirties. His father died in the late 1880s and his mother died in 1894, leaving him with the family estate and business. In 1895, while working on a case, <mask> met Lois Kimsey who was working as a clerk in her father's law firm. Despite their nineteen-year age difference, the couple fell in love and married on October 2.The <mask>s had a close marriage and were nearly inseparable, and spent only two nights apart during their nearly thirty-year marriage. <mask>'s alcoholism had begun to interfere with his busy life before his marriage. He arrived at court hung-over on several occasions and was unable to keep his addiction secret in his small hometown. His wife helped him to overcome his drinking problem and give up liquor after she locked him in their home for two weeks to undergo a treatment regimen. Thereafter, he became active in temperance organizations and delivered several speeches about the dangers of liquor. Although he had stopped drinking, his past alcoholism was later raised by opponents during his gubernatorial election campaign. <mask> remained active in the Democratic party after his 1880 defeat and began stumping for other candidates and helping to organize party rallies across the state.His speeches were noted for their partisanship, but his rhetoric gradually shifted away from a conservative viewpoint in the 1890s as he began to identify himself with the growing progressive movement. He became a member of the state Democratic Central Committee in 1904, a position that raised his popularity and influence in the party. <mask> and his wife were involved in several private organizations. He was active in the Presbyterian Church, taught Sunday school, and served on the county fair board. As he grew wealthy from his law firm he became involved in local charities. An enthusiastic Mason in Columbia City Lodge No. 189 in the Grand Lodge of Indiana, he was a governing member of the state's York Rite bodies, awarded the thirty-third degree of the Scottish Rite in 1898, and became an Active member of the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction's Supreme Council in 1911.He remained a passionate Freemason until his death and served on several Masonic charitable boards. After his death, the $25,000 cost of erecting his mausoleum in Indianapolis' Crown Hill Cemetery was gratefully paid for by the Scottish Rite NMJ Supreme Council. Governorship (1909–1913)

Campaign

In 1906, <mask> declined his party's nomination to run for Congress. He hinted, however, to state party leaders that he would be interested in running for Indiana governor in the 1908 election. He soon gained the support of several key labor unions, and was endorsed by Louis Ludlow, a reporter for the Indianapolis Star. Despite this support, <mask> was a dark horse candidate at the state convention. Initially, <mask>, Indiana Democratic Party boss, did not support him because of <mask>'s support of prohibition.Taggart wanted the party to nominate anti-prohibitionist <mask>, but the prohibitionist and anti-Taggart factions united with <mask>'s supporters. To oppose L. Ert Slack, a temperance candidate, Taggart persuaded <mask>'s delegates to support <mask> and give him the votes he needed to win the nomination. <mask>'s opponent in the general election was Republican Congressman James E. Watson, and the campaign focused on temperance and prohibition. Just as it began, the Republican-controlled state government passed a local-option law that allowed counties to ban the sale of liquor. The law became the central point of debate between the parties and their gubernatorial candidates. The Democrats proposed that the local-option law be changed so that the decision to ban liquor sales could be made at the city and township level. This drew support from anti-prohibitionists, who saw it as an opportunity to roll back prohibition in some areas, and as the only alternative available to the total prohibition which the Republican Party advocated.The Democratic position also helped to retain prohibitionists' support by allowing prohibition to remain enacted in communities where a majority supported it. The Republican Party was in the midst of a period of instability, splitting along progressive and conservative lines. Their internal problems proved to be the deciding factor in the election, giving <mask> a narrow victory: he received 48.1 percent of the vote to Watson's 48.0 percent. He was the first Democratic governor in two decades. Democrats also came to power in the Indiana House of Representatives by a small margin, though Republicans retained control of the Indiana Senate. Progressive agenda

<mask> was inaugurated as Governor of Indiana on January 11, 1909. Since his party had been out of power for many years, its initial objective was to appoint as many Democrats as possible to patronage positions.<mask> tried to avoid becoming directly involved in the patronage system. He allowed the party's different factions to have positions and appointed very few of his own choices. He allowed Taggart to manage the process and pick the candidates, but signed off on the official appointments. Although his position on patronage kept peace in his party, it prevented him from building a strong political base. During his term, <mask> focused primarily on advancing the progressive agenda. He successfully advocated the passage of a child labor law and anti-corruption legislation. He supported popular election of U.S.Senators, and the constitutional amendment to allow it was ratified by the Indiana General Assembly during his term. He also overhauled the state auditing agencies and claimed to have saved the government millions of dollars. He was unsuccessful in passing the rest of the progressive platform agenda items or persuading the legislature to call a convention to rewrite the state constitution to expand the government's regulatory powers. <mask> was a strong opponent of Indiana's recently passed eugenics and sterilization laws, and ordered state institutions not to follow them. He was an early, high-profile opponent of eugenics laws, and he carried his opposition into the vice-presidency. His governorship was the first in which no state executions took place, due to his opposition to capital punishment and his practice of pardoning and commuting the sentences of people condemned to execution. He regularly attacked corporations and used recently created antitrust laws to attempt to break several large businesses.He participated in a number of ceremonial events, including laying the final golden brick to complete the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in 1909. <mask>'s constitution

Rewriting the state constitution became <mask>'s central focus as governor, and after the General Assembly refused to call a constitutional convention he sought other ways to have a new constitution adopted. He and Jacob Piatt Dunn, a close friend and civic leader, wrote a new constitution that increased the state's regulatory powers considerably, set minimum wages, and gave constitutional protections to unions. Many of these reforms were also in the Socialist Party platform under its leader, Terre Haute native Eugene V. Debs. Republicans believed <mask>'s constitution was an attempt to win over Debs' supporters, who had a strong presence in Indiana. The constitution also allowed direct-democracy initiatives and

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 referendums to be held. The Democratic controlled assembly agreed to the request and put the measure on the ballot.His opponents attacked the direct-democracy provisions, claiming they were a violation of the United States Constitution, which required states to operate republican forms of government. The 1910 midterm elections gave the Democrats control of the Indiana Senate, increasing the constitution's chances of adoption. <mask> presented it to the General Assembly in 1911 and recommended that they submit it to voters in the 1912 election. Republicans opposed the ratification process, and were infuriated that the Democrats were attempting to revise the entire constitution without calling a constitutional convention, as had been called for in the state's two previous constitutions. <mask> argued that no convention was needed because the existing constitution did not call for one. Republicans took the issue to court and the Marion County Circuit Court granted an injunction removing the constitution from the 1912 ballot. <mask> appealed, but the Indiana Supreme Court upheld the decision in a judgment which stated that the Constitution of Indiana could not be replaced in total without a constitutional convention, based on the precedent set by Indiana's first two constitutions.<mask> was angry with the decision and delivered a speech attacking the court and accusing it of overstepping its authority. He launched a final appeal to the United States Supreme Court but left office in January 1913 while the case was still pending. Later that year, the court declined the appeal, finding that the issue was within the sole jurisdiction of the state courts. <mask> was disappointed with the outcome. Subsequent scholars such as Linda Gugin and legal expert James St. Claire have called the process and the document "seriously flawed" and argued that had the constitution been adopted, large parts would probably have been ruled unconstitutional by the federal courts. Vice presidency (1913–1921)

Election

The Indiana constitution prevented <mask> from serving a consecutive term as governor. He made plans to run for a United States Senate seat after his term ended, but another opportunity presented itself during his last months as governor.Although he did not attend the 1912 Democratic National Convention in Baltimore, his name was put forward as Indiana's choice for president. He was suggested as a compromise nominee, but William Jennings Bryan and his delegates endorsed Woodrow Wilson over Champ Clark, securing the nomination for Wilson. Indiana's delegates lobbied to have <mask> named the vice presidential candidate in exchange for supporting Wilson. Indiana was an important swing state, and Wilson hoped that <mask>'s popularity would help him carry it in the general election. He had his delegates support <mask>, giving him the vice presidential nomination. <mask> privately turned down the nomination, assuming the job would be boring given its limited role. He changed his mind after Wilson assured him that he would be given plenty of responsibilities.During the campaign, <mask> traveled across the United States delivering speeches. The <mask> ticket easily won the 1912 election because of the division between the Republican Party and the Progressive Party. <mask> was not fond of Wilson, as he disagreed with him on a number of issues. Although Wilson invited <mask> to cabinet meetings, <mask>'s ideas were rarely considered for implementation, and <mask> eventually stopped attending them regularly. In 1913, Wilson broke with longstanding tradition and met with senators to discuss policy. Previous presidents had used the vice president as an intermediary, but Wilson did not trust <mask> with delicate business. In his memoir, <mask>'s only negative comment towards Wilson was, "I have sometimes thought that great men are the bane of civilization, they are the real cause of all the bitterness and contention which amounts to anything in the world".Their relationship was described as one of "functioning animosity". Senate developments

<mask> was not offended by Wilson's lack of interest in his ideas, and considered his primary constitutional duty to be in the Senate. He viewed the vice presidency as a legislative role, not an executive one. When he presided over the Senate, emotions sometimes ran high. During a debate on the Mexican border crisis in 1916, <mask> threatened to expel certain senators from the chamber for their raucous behavior, but did not carry through on the threat. On several occasions, he ordered the Senate gallery cleared. He voted eight times to break tie votes.In the debates leading up to World War I, a number of isolationist senators filibustered bills that Wilson considered important. The filibusters lasted for weeks and twice lasted for over three months. Wilson and the bills' supporters requested that <mask> put a gag-order in place to cut off debate, but he refused on ethical grounds, allowing a number of bills to be defeated in hopes that opposition would eventually end their filibuster. Among the defeated bills was one allowing merchant ships to arm themselves, and another allowing the US government to make direct arms sales to the Allies. Despite their victories, the small group of senators continued to lock up the senate to prevent any pro-war legislation from passing. In response, <mask> led the Senate to adopt a new rule on March 8, 1917, allowing filibusters to be broken by two-thirds of voting Senators. This replaced the previous rule that allowed any senator to prolong debate as long as he desired.The rule has been modified several times, most prominently that the current rule requires three-fifths of all Senators, not only the ones voting. As <mask> made little news and was viewed as a somewhat comic figure in Washington because of his sense of humor, a number of Democratic party leaders wanted him removed from the 1916 reelection ticket. Wilson, after deliberating, decided keeping <mask> on would demonstrate party unity; thus in 1916 <mask> won reelection over the still divided Republican Party and became the first vice president re-elected since John C. Calhoun in 1828, and Wilson and <mask> became the first president and vice president team to be re-elected since Monroe and Tompkins in 1820. Assassination attempt

On the evening of July 2, 1915, Eric Muenter, a one time German professor at Harvard and Cornell universities, who opposed American support of the Allied war effort, broke into the U.S. Senate and, finding the door to the Senate chamber locked, laid dynamite outside the reception room, which happened to be next to <mask>'s office door. Although the bomb was set with a timer, it exploded prematurely just before midnight, while no one was in the office. (Muenter may not have been specifically targeting the vice president.). On July 3, Muenter (who went under the pseudonym Frank Holt) burst into the Glen Cove, New York home of Jack Morgan, son of financier J.P. Morgan, demanding that he stop the sale of weapons to the Allies.Morgan told the man he was in no position to comply with his demand; Muenter shot him twice non-fatally and escaped. Muenter was later apprehended and confessed to attempted assassination of the vice president. <mask> was offered a personal security detachment after the incident, but declined it. <mask> had been receiving written death threats from numerous "cranks" for several weeks. "Some of them were signed," <mask> told the press, "but most were anonymous. I threw them all into the waste basket." <mask> added that he was "more or less a fatalist" and did not notify the Secret Service about the letters, "but that he naturally was startled when he heard of the explosion at the Capitol."World War I

During <mask>'s second term, the United States entered World War I.  <mask> was a reluctant supporter of the war, believing the country to be unprepared and feared it would be necessary to enact conscription. He was pleased with Wilson's strategy to begin a military buildup before the declaration of war, and fully supported the war effort once it had begun. Shortly after the first troops began to assemble for transport to Europe, Wilson and <mask> hosted a delegation from the United Kingdom in which <mask> became privy to the primary war strategy. However, he was largely excluded from war planning and rarely received official updates on the progress of military campaigns. He usually received news of the war through the newspapers. Wilson sent <mask> around the nation to deliver morale-boosting speeches and encourage Americans to buy Liberty Bonds to support the war effort. <mask> was well suited for the job, as he had been earning extra money as a public speaker while vice president, and gladly accepted the responsibility.In his speeches, he cast the war as a "moral crusade to preserve the dignity of the state for the rights of individuals". In his memoir, he recalled that the war seemed to drag on "with leaden feet", and that he was relieved when it finally ended. As the war neared its end, <mask> became the first vice president to conduct cabinet meetings; Wilson left him with this responsibility while traveling in Europe to sign the Versailles treaty and to work on gathering support for his League of Nations idea. Wilson became the first president to deliver a treaty to the Senate in person when he presented it to <mask> during a morning session. Morrison

<mask>'s wife, Lois, was heavily involved in charitable activities in Washington and spent considerable time working at the Diet Kitchen Welfare Center providing free meals to impoverished children. In 1917 she became acquainted with a mother of newborn twins, one of whom was chronically ill. The child's parents were unable to get adequate treatment for their son's condition.Lois formed a close bond with the baby, named Clarence Ignatius Morrison, and offered to take him and help him find treatment. She and <mask> had been unable to have children, and when she brought the baby home, <mask> told her that she could "keep him, provided he did not squall". <mask> grew to love the boy and wrote that he "never walked the streets of Washington with as sure a certainty as he walked into my heart", and, as the boy grew older, that he was "beautiful as an angel; brilliant beyond his years; lovable from every standpoint". The <mask>s never officially adopted Morrison because they believed that to go through the procedure while his parents were still living would appear unusual to the public. Wanting to keep the situation private, they instead made a special arrangement with his parents. President Wilson felt obliged to acknowledge the boy as theirs and sent the couple a note that simply said, "With congratulations to the baby. Wilson".Morrison lived with the <mask>s for the rest of his life. In correspondence they referred to him as <mask>, but in person they called him Izzy. Lois took him to see many doctors and spent all her available time trying to nurse him back to health, but his condition worsened and he died in February 1920, just before his fourth birthday. His death devastated <mask>, who wrote in his memoir that Izzy "was and is and ever will be so sacred to me". Succession crisis

President Wilson experienced a mild stroke in September 1919. On October 2, he was struck by a much more severe stroke that left him partially paralyzed and almost certainly incapacitated. Wilson's closest adviser, Joseph Tumulty, did not believe <mask> would be a suitable acting president and took precautions to prevent him from assuming presidential powers and duties.Wilson's wife Edith strongly disliked <mask> because of what she called his "uncouthed" disposition, and also opposed his assumption of presidential powers and duties. Tumulty and the First Lady believed that an official communication from Wilson's staff on his condition would allow <mask> to trigger the constitutional mechanism allowing him to become acting president, and made sure no such communication occurred. After <mask> demanded to know Wilson's status so that he could prepare for the possibility of becoming president, they had a reporter from the Baltimore Sun brief <mask> and inform him that Wilson was near death. <mask> later said that "it was the first great shock of my life", but without an official communication on Wilson's condition, he didn't believe he could constitutionally assume presidential powers and duties. On October 5, Secretary of State <mask> was the first official to propose that <mask> forcibly assume presidential powers and duties. Other cabinet secretaries backed Lansing's request. Congressional leaders of both parties also sent private communications to <mask>, who was cautious in accepting their support.After consulting with his wife and his long-time personal adviser, Mark Thistlethwaite, he privately refused to assume Wilson's duties and become acting president. The process for declaring a president incapacitated was unclear at that time, and he feared the precedent that might be set if he forcibly removed Wilson from his powers and duties. <mask> wanted the president to voluntarily allow his powers to devolve to the vice president, but that was impossible given his condition and unlikely given Wilson's dislike for <mask>. The vice president informed the cabinet that he would assume Wilson's powers and duties only in response to a joint resolution of Congress calling on him to do so or an official communication from Wilson or his staff asserting his inability to perform his duties. Wilson was kept secluded by his wife and personal physician and only his close advisers were allowed to see him; none would divulge official information on his condition. Although <mask> sought to meet with Wilson to determine his condition, he was unable to do so. He instead relied on vague updates received through bulletins published by Wilson's physician.Believing that Wilson and his advisers would not voluntarily transfer power to the vice president, a group of Congressional leaders initiated <mask>'s requested joint resolution. However, senators opposed to the League of Nations treaty blocked the joint resolution in hopes of preventing the treaty's ratification. These senators believed that as acting president <mask> would make several key concessions that would allow the treaty to win ratification. Wilson, in his present condition, was either unwilling or unable to make the concessions, and debate on the bill had resulted in a deadlock. On December 4, Lansing announced in a Senate committee hearing that no one in the cabinet had spoken with or seen Wilson in over sixty days. The senators seeking to elevate <mask> requested that a committee be sent to check on Wilson's condition, hoping to gain evidence to support their cause. Dubbed the "smelling committee" by several newspapers, the group discovered Wilson was in very poor health, but seemed to have recovered enough of his faculties to make decisions.Their report ended the perceived need for the joint resolution. At a Sunday church service in mid-December, in what <mask> believed was an attempt by other officials to force him to assume the presidency, a courier brought a message informing him that Wilson had died. <mask> was shocked, and rose to announce the news to the congregation. The ministers held a prayer, the congregation began singing hymns, and many people wept. <mask> and his wife exited the building, and made a call to the White House to determine his next course of action, only to find that he had been the victim of a hoax, and that Wilson was still alive. <mask> performed a few ceremonial functions for the remainder of Wilson's term, such as hosting foreign dignitaries. Among these was Albert I, King of the Belgians, the first European monarch to visit the United States.Edward, Prince of Wales, the future monarch of the United Kingdom, spent two days with <mask> and received a personal tour of Washington from him. First Lady Edith Wilson performed most routine duties of government. She reviewed Wilson's communications and decided what to share with him and what to delegate to others. The resulting lack of leadership allowed the administration's opponents to prevent ratification of the League of Nations treaty. 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<mask> had his name entered as a candidate for the presidential nomination at the 1920 Democratic National Convention. He made arrangements with <mask> to have a delegation sent from Indiana to support his bid, but was unable to garner support outside of the Hoosier delegation. Ultimately he endorsed the Democratic nominees, James M. Cox for president and Franklin D<mask> for vice president, but they were defeated by the Republican ticket of Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge. On their election, <mask> sent a note to Coolidge offering him his "sincere condolences" for his misfortune of having been elected vice president. <mask> considered returning to Columbia City after leaving office, but instead bought a home and opened a law practice in Indianapolis, where he believed there would be better business opportunities.Harding nominated him to serve on the Lincoln Memorial Commission in 1921, and then to a more lucrative position on the Federal Coal Commission in 1922; <mask> resigned from both commissions in 1923. He spent over a year writing books on the law and his Recollections, a humorous memoir. The latter book was completed in May 1925 and subsequent historians have noted it as unusual, even for its time, for not disclosing any secrets or attacking any of <mask>'s enemies. <mask> remained a popular public speaker, and continued to travel to give speeches. The last he delivered was to high school students in the town of his birth. While on a trip to Washington D.C., <mask> was struck by a heart attack while reading his Bible in bed on the night of June 1, 1925. His wife called for medical assistance, but he died before it arrived.He was 71. A service and viewing was held in Washington two days later and was attended by many dignitaries. <mask>'s remains were returned to Indianapolis, where he lay in state for two days; thousands visited his bier. His funeral service was held June 9, and he was interred in Crown Hill Cemetery, next to the grave of his adopted son Morrison "Izzy" <mask>. <mask> moved to Arizona and remained widowed the rest of her life, living on her husband's pension and the $50,000 she earned by selling his memoir to the Bobbs-Merrill publishing company. She died in 1958 and was interred next to her husband. Humor

<mask> was known for his quick wit and good sense of humor.On hearing of his nomination as vice president, he announced that he was not surprised, as "Indiana is the mother of Vice Presidents; home of more second-class men than any other state". One of his favorite jokes, which he delivered in a speech before his departure for Washington, D.C., to become vice president, recounted a story of a man with two sons. One of the sons went to sea and drowned and the other was elected vice president; neither son was ever heard from again. On his election as vice president, he sent Woodrow Wilson a book, inscribed "From your only Vice". <mask>'s humor caused him trouble during his time in Washington. He was known to greet citizens walking by his office on the White House tour by saying to them, "If you look on me as a wild animal, be kind enough to throw peanuts at me." This prompted Wilson to move <mask>'s office to the Senate Office building, where the Vice President would not be disturbed by visitors.In response to Alexander Graham Bell's proposal to the board of the Smithsonian Institution to send a team to excavate for ruins in Guatemala, <mask> suggested that the team instead excavate around Washington. When asked why, he replied that, judging by the looks of the people walking on the street, they should be able to find buried cave-men no more than six feet down. The joke was not well received, and he was shut out of board meetings for nearly a year. <mask>'s wit is best remembered for a phrase he introduced to the American lexicon. While presiding over a Senate session in 1914, <mask> responded to earlier comments from Senator Joseph L. Bristow that provided a long list of what he felt the country needed. <mask> reportedly leaned over and muttered to one of his clerks, "What this country needs is more of this; what this country needs is more of that" and quipped loudly enough for others to overhear, "What this country needs is a really good five-cent cigar." <mask>'s remark was popularized and widely circulated among a network of newspapers.Other accounts later embellished the story, including the exact situation that prompted his comment. In 1922 <mask> explained that the five-cent cigar was a metaphor for simpler times and "buckling down to thrift and work." Legacy

The situation that arose after the incapacity of Wilson, for which <mask>'s vice-presidency is most remembered, revived the national debate on the process of presidential succession. The topic was already being discussed when Wilson left for Europe, which influenced him to allow <mask> to conduct cabinet meetings in his absence. Wilson's incapacity during 1919 and the lack of action by <mask> made it a major issue. The lack of a clear process for presidential succession had first become an issue when President William Henry Harrison died in office in 1841, but little progress had been made passing a constitutional amendment to remedy the problem. Nearly fifty years later, after the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed, allowing the vice president to assume the presidential powers and duties any time the president was rendered incapable of carrying out the powers and duties of the office.Historians have varied interpretations of <mask>'s vice presidency. Claire Suddath rated <mask> as one of the worst vice presidents in American history in a 2008 Time magazine article. Samuel Eliot Morison wrote that had <mask> carried out his constitutional duties, assumed the presidential powers and duties, and made the concessions necessary for the passage of the League of Nations treaty in late 1920, the United States would have been much more involved in European affairs and could have helped prevent the rise of Adolf Hitler, which began in the following year. Morison and a number of other historians claim that <mask>'s decision was an indirect cause of the Second World War. <mask>, one of <mask>'s biographers, wrote that although <mask>'s assumption of presidential powers and duties would have made World War II much less likely, modern hypothetical speculation on the subject was unfair to <mask>, who made the correct decision in not forcibly removing Wilson from his duties, even temporarily. Electoral history

1912 United States presidential election

1916 United States presidential election

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

 Denslow, William R. (1957 – Revised, reprint edition: 2007) 10,000 Famous Freemasons, Vol. 3.Cornerstone Book Publishing. .

  – Introduction by Mark O. Hatfield (for full citation from the Senate website, see printer option at the bottom of the webpage). Jehs, <mask>., "<mask><mask>: Mr. Vice President, 1913–1921," in

Further reading

External links

<mask> <mask> papers, Rare Books and Manuscripts, Indiana State Library

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1854 births
1925 deaths
20th-century vice presidents of the United States
Candidates in the 1912 United States presidential election
1912 United States vice-presidential candidates
1916 United States vice-presidential candidates
Burials at Crown Hill Cemetery
Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees
Governors of Indiana
Indiana Democrats
Indiana lawyers
Writers from Indiana
American Presbyterians
People from Columbia City, Indiana
Vice presidents of the United States
Wabash College alumni
Woodrow Wilson administration cabinet members
Democratic Party vice presidents of the United States
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
People from North Manchester, Indiana
People from Princeton, Indiana
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading

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