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<mask> (born 1956, in Paris) is a French artist, novelist, philosopher and filmmaker. The founder of the discipline of Visual History (or Histiconologia), he has devoted his professional life to the world of images, as well as to the direction of cultural and international institutions. Artistic career

Gervereau has been actively engaged in the art world since the 1970s, having participated in exhibitions with several notable surrealists (Philippe Soupault, Belgian or Czech surrealists, Mirabelle Dors, Alfred Courmes, Maurice Rapin, Clovis Trouille, etc.). His artistic and cultural interests include the Dada movement, Proudhon, Charles Fourier, Guy Debord and the situationist movement. He is a member of the Collège de 'Pataphysique. In 1977, he founded the pataphysico-situationist review Aux poubelles de la Gloire with Guy Bodson. There were 13 issues and it finished in 1979.This was the beginning of his philosophy of relativity (Pour une philosophie de la relativité, 2010) against relativism. He then built his theories about cultural ecology, evolutionism, necessity of diversity and movement (plurofuturo), of choice between past and future (retrofuturo) and his struggle against those who have only one way to look at the world, inheritated from the past, and want to uniformise the entire planet (monoretros). He began then his long novel called L'homme planétaire (end of the 1970s). The middle part of this triptych was published by Sens & Tonka in 2001 with the title Ce livre n'est pas à lire (This Book is Not to be Read). It was chosen by the Les Inrockuptibles magazine and the radio channel France Culture as one of the seven best novels of the year. This book is an experiment in mixed media and local-global description in literature: the "crossmedialism". He will make the adaptation for manga of the third part of the tryptique with a Chinese artist Xin Ye ("Mixplanet", 2011).In 1989, he built with Louis Rollinde a new artistic group with a new review in English and French: Painters of History (Les Peintres d'histoire). Exhibitions were held in Naples, Paris and Hanover. To struggle against the new maelstrom of images, he defended rarity in art and the difficulty to see with hidden images (La Disparition des images, 2003). So, he combines art actions or art productions and the creation of unique pieces ("Unik" movement which defends rarity and magic). After he began to make short movies during the 1970s, he released eight movies. They are experimental documentaries belonging to the "cinema espresso" and were shown from 2009 to 2012 (and after). Official projections were made in January 2011 in the Reflet Médicis in Paris.He agreed to become president of the See-socioecolo Network, founded in 2010 in Brazil and Canada (official website of the socioecolo evolutionnists). In the end of  2012 he published LE LOCAL-GLOBAL. Changer soi pour changer la planète (The Local-Global. Change yourself to change the Planet) and was nicknamed for years "Mister Local-Global". Last but not least, in 2012, he made an artistic action in Hong Kong with the words: "economy is a belief". In France, he chose: "nostalgia = cancer". Other members act in Brazil and Canada, and in some other countries  for the World Campaign "Knowledge is beautiful".He creates the local-global annual meeting in Argentat sur Dordogne (France): Les Rencontres-Promenades "Histoires de Passages...". Cabu gave the drawing for the 1st edition (July 2015), which is his last poster, in December 2014. The scientific and professional aspects

He first worked in bookshops and in a bank (Crédit Agricole) to get money to live. He made the choice on October 1, 1978, to work in a museum. It had two consequences: first, to act for the transformation of the patrimonial institutions all over the world (look at the networks part in networks section); second, made the choice to base his researches on all kind of images because he discovered that 98% of the pieces in the collections interested nobody. Then, became the specialist of the World History of Images or Histiconologia (website for cultural education). He became the curator of the Museum of Contemporary History (Musée d'Histoire contemporaine de la Bibliothèque de documentation internationale contemporaine) in 1991 where he did a lot of exhibitions.In 1991, he founded the International Association of Museums of History (website of the International Association of Museums of History) and was the president for 14 years. In 1992, he founded the Group L'Image with Fabrice d'Almeida, Antoine de Baecque, Philippe Buton, Christian Delporte, Laurence Bertrand Dorléac, and David El Kenz. The review is distributed by Gallimard in France and Harvard University in the United States. There are many contributions such as his interview of Ernst Gombrich in London or Arturo Schwarz in Milan about Marcel Duchamp. International colloquiums were held ("Où va l'histoire de l'art contemporain?" / "Where does the History of Contemporary Art go? ", "Peut-on apprendre à voir?"/ "How to learn to see? ", "Quelle est la place des images en histoire?" / "What is the Place of Images in History?" ) and websites were invented with the help of the French government or the European Commission (imagesmag.net, imageduc.net, primages.net) as CD-roms (collection [décrypter les images] |deciphere the images]). Now all these activities belong to the Institute of Images and website of cultural education. In the Museum of Contemporary History, he works with a lot of different researchers and artists. He built comparative exhibitions (Germany and France during the 1920s, Great Britain and France during the 1960s), exhibitions about foreign countries as Yugoslav space or Russia and USSR and also exhibitions about difficult subjects concerning French history: propaganda under the Vichy Government (1991), War in Algeria (1992), history of immigration, Dreyfus Affair, Deportation, Images and colonies etc.In 2001, he became director of the Museum of Cinema-Henri Langlois in the Cinémathèque française in Paris. Every two years, he organized world congresses with different subjects ("How to organize a Multipolar World? ", April 2004 in Brazil). He led the EUROCLIO Network about history of Europe and heritage, helped by the European Commission from 1999 to 2003 with numerous institutions from all countries of the European Union and more. He built the Museums of Europe Network, founding the review of comparatist history "Comparare" with Jacques Le Goff, Eric Hobsbawm, Carlo Ginzburg, Rudolf von Thadden, Bronislaw Geremek. He wrote the book Vous avez dit musées? Tout savoir sur la crise culturelle / You said museums?To know everything about the cultural crisis (CNRS Editions). Concerning the question of images, he published a lot of books during 30 years. The general bibliography (except articles and conferences) is on: official website of <mask>u, look at "traces". Here are some main examples: about the method to analyse images, Voir, comprendre, analyser les images (La Découverte); with Cabu, educative comics for children, "Le monde des images. Comprendre les images pour ne pas se faire manipuler" (Robert Laffont); le Dictionnaire mondial des images/ World Dictionary of Images (Nouveau monde); the general history of images, Images, une histoire mondiale (Nouveau monde/CNDP); Un siècle de manipulations par l'image (Somogy Editions d'art), Inventer l'actualité (La Découverte), La Guerre mondiale médiatique (Nouveau monde), the exhibition and the book Les images mentent? Manipuler les images ou manipuler le public: general website for cultural education. Some translations are done (in Portuguese and in Arabic), but there is still a lack for some important languages as English, Spanish or Chinese.Gervereau is now the president of the Institut des Images and director of: general website for cultural education. In July 2013, he created on this website a monthly cultural video magazine: [decryptcult]. In 2004, he became also the director of the International Museum of Ecology: Musée du Vivant (du Vivant). He created a world network in UNESCO during the Congress of December 2005 in Te Papa Museum (New Zealand): Ecology and Sustainable Development Network. He wrote in 2011 "Une histoire générale de l'écologie en images" ("A General History of Ecology in Images", about the relations between humanity and environment from prehistory). In 2012, he organized with Christian Delporte the international colloquium "Patrimoine de l'écologie et écologie du patrimoine" / "Heritage of Ecology, Ecology of Heritage". The historian Jacques Le Goff, who directed Annales review Annales School, wrote in the newspaper Le Monde (December 15, 2006) about the World Dictionary of Images: "President of the Institute of Images, <mask>u published a book that will be essential.He built a team to work on the question of all types of images, a team of exceptional specialists, artists or celebrated intellectuals or brilliant young researchers. We know that, after the last years of the 20th century, humanity has entered into the time of images. The sum realised by Gervereau is in the continuity of his book of method See, Understand, Analyse Images (La Découverte, first edition in 1994) and of the reflections about the new and fundamental object of the human contemporary reality, the visual, visual that he has studied through his book History of the Visual in the XXth Century (« Points histoire », Le Seuil, 2000). (...) Today, we entered with the Internet into the "Time of accumulation" and this book seems to be the first attempt to decode this new world of mass images in a global World." Further reading

Publications
 <mask>, Voir, comprendre, analyser les images, Paris, La Découverte, 1994 (1st edition)
 <mask>, Ce livre n'est pas à lire, Paris, Sens & Tonka, 2001
 <mask>, Critique de l'image quotidienne. Asger Jorn, Paris, Cercle d'art, 2001
 <mask>, La disparition des images, Paris, Somogy, 2003
 Cabu et <mask>u, Le monde des images. Comprendre les images pour ne pas se faire manipuler, Paris, Robert Laffont, 2004
 <mask> (dir.), Dictionnaire mondial des images, Paris, Nouveau Monde, 2006 (republished in pocket collection)
 <mask>, Vous avez dit musées ? Tout savoir sur la crise culturelle, Paris, CNRS Editions, 2006
 <mask>, Images, une histoire mondiale, Paris, Nouveau monde/CNDP, 2008
 <mask>, Pour une philosophie de la relativité, Paris, Plurofuturo, 2010
 <mask> et Xin Ye, Mixplanet, Paris, www.gervereau.com, 2011
 <mask>, Les images mentent ? Manipuler les images ou manipuler le public, Paris, www.gervereau.com, 2011
 <mask>, Une histoire générale de l'écologie en images, Paris, www.gervereau.com, 2011
 <mask>, Le local-global. Changer soi pour changer la planète, Paris, www.gervereau.com, 2012

Movies
Eight movies have been directed by <mask> (1h45). They are distributed by in France and abroad for Gervereau's movies:
 A travers les utopies, road movie between France and Switzerland to see old places of utopias and to think how to change everyday life today
 La fabrique des images hybrides, how all images were censored about the atomic effects in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and how United States and Europe inspired after that the Japonese culture to make through movies, manga, video games a visual mainstream culture
 L'info est-elle comestible?, how we can understand the great crisis of medias through newspapers, TVs, websites, magazines, radios... Many interviews in France, Germany and Switzerland
 La pauvreté, c'est quoi? Only people from Mali speak about their everyday life, celebrated or not.So, it is a way to ask the questions of what poverty is, of what is the best way to live when we see that money makes moral disasters in United States or Europe. This film is a great lesson of relativity in order to respect every way to look at the world and to behave. Où sont les déchets? An experimental movie (almost nobody speaks) as a dream or a nightmare through India. A reflection about pollution, people rejected from the society (as Adivasis, Aborigens, considered as non human) and destruction, death, rebirth
 En attendant l'hiver... Climat et vie quotidienne chez les Inuit This film was done with the Inuit (extreme North of Nunavik). It shows the changes of life, the question of climate and its consequences, but also as Inuit do with collective property (of their houses or the supermarket), how they continue to hunt in this society where money was a complete nonsense, how they negotiate with the new mines and the big companies
 Politically InKorect! Noël Arnaud et Dada, Jarry, Picasso, Jorn, Duchamp, Debord, Vian, l'Oulipo... Interview, rare documents of this incredible author (Noël Arnaud) who was Dadaist in the 1930s (against Surrealism), was the leader of the Surrealist Group clandestine during the Second World War, promoted the "surréalisme révolutionnaire" before COBRA after the War, pronounced a conference in 1957 with Guy Debord and the situationists, was close to Fluxus or Boris Vian and the Pataphysicians... Debord speaks in the film as Constant (with a special interview).(2013)
 Spectateur − An experimental film: three days long looking at TV. A reflection about this dying media. The cemetery for a dead Infante. Goyesque movie. (2013)

References

External links

 website for cultural education (all aspects concerning history and analyse of images)
 du Vivant for all French and International Networks
 aspects of philosophy, politics or art related to socioecologists evolutionnists

1956 births
Living people
French artists
20th-century French novelists
21st-century French novelists
21st-century French philosophers
Philosophers of art
French male novelists
20th-century French male writers
21st-century French male writers
French male non-fiction writers

masks:
Laurent Gervereau
Laurent Gerverea
Laurent Gerverea
Laurent Gervereau
Laurent Gervereau
Laurent Gervereau
Laurent Gervereau
Laurent Gerverea
Laurent Gervereau
Laurent Gervereau
Laurent Gervereau
Laurent Gervereau
Laurent Gervereau
Laurent Gervereau
Laurent Gervereau
Laurent Gervereau
Laurent Gervereau


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<mask> (October 4, 1892 – May 27, 1957) was an American writer and illustrator of children's books. He won the Caldecott Medal for his illustrations in They Were Strong and Good in 1941 and the Newbery award for his short story for Rabbit Hill in 1945. Background
Born in New York City, <mask> spent his early life in Montclair, New Jersey. Following high school, he studied art for three years under illustrator Howard Giles (an advocate of dynamic symmetry as conceived by Jay Hambidge) at the New York School of Fine and Applied Art (now Parsons School of Design), marrying fellow artist and illustrator Marie Abrams in 1922. His career as an illustrator began in 1914, when his illustration for a poem about the invasion of Belgium was published in Harper's Weekly. He went on to publish in other magazines, including the Ladies Home Journal, Everybody's Magazine, Century Magazine, Vogue, and Designer. Camouflage service
During World War I, <mask> was a member of the first U.S. Army camouflage unit, the American Camouflage Corps, in which he served in France with fellow artists Barry Faulkner, Sherry Edmundson Fry, William Twigg-Smith and Kerr Eby (Behrens 2009).In his autobiography, Faulkner recalls that <mask> had a remarkable "sense of fantasy and humor", which made him especially valuable when the camoufleurs put on musical shows for the children of the French women who worked with them on camouflage (Faulkner 1957). Children's books

After the war, <mask> resumed his work as an artist, and in 1922, illustrated his first children's book, The Wonderful Adventures of Little Prince Toofat. Subsequently, he illustrated dozens of children's books by other authors, including such well-known titles as The Story of Ferdinand (1936) by Munro Leaf and Mr. Popper's Penguins (1938) by Richard and Florence Atwater. In total, he illustrated as many as forty books by other authors and another seventeen books that he himself was the author of. These books included They Were Strong and Good (1940) (which won the Caldecott Medal in 1941), Ben and Me: An Astonishing Life of Benjamin Franklin by His Good Mouse Amos (1939) (which earned a Lewis Carroll Shelf Award in 1961), and Rabbit Hill (1944) (which won the Newbery Award in 1945). The Story of Ferdinand (which <mask> illustrated) was adapted into Ferdinand the Bull by Walt Disney Productions in 1938. Ben and Me: An Astonishing Life of Benjamin Franklin by His Good Mouse Amos was adapted into the animated short Ben and Me in 1953 by Walt Disney Productions.<mask> was a witty and inventive author, and his children's fiction is also engaging for adults. One of his inventive themes was the idea of a person's life as seen through the eyes of a companion animal, an approach that he first realized in Ben and Me. Some of his later books employed the same device (which was compatible with his style of illustration) to other figures, such as Christopher Columbus (I Discover Columbus) and Paul Revere (Mr. Revere and I). Captain Kidd's Cat, which he both wrote and illustrated, is narrated by the feline in the title, named McDermot, who tells the story of the famous pirate's ill-starred voyage, in the process of which he is shown to have been a brave, upright, honest, hen-pecked man betrayed by his friends and calumniated by posterity. His artistic witticism and creativity can be seen in The Story of Ferdinand the Bull, where he illustrates a cork tree as a tree that bears corks as fruit, ready to be picked and placed into bottles. Later life
In the early 1930s, <mask> became interested in etching. One of the resulting prints was awarded the John Taylor Arms Prize by the Society of American Etchers.<mask> died in 1957 at his home in Westport, Connecticut, in a house that he referred to as Rabbit Hill, since it had been the setting for his book of the same name. He was 64. He is buried in Mountain Grove Cemetery, in Bridgeport, Connecticut. An annual conference is held in his honor in Westport. The <mask> Papers are in the University of Minnesota Children's Literature Research Collections. The largest collection of <mask>'s art is at the Free Library of Philadelphia Rare Book Department. Works as author

 Country Colic.Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1944. Rabbit Hill. New York: Viking Press, 1944. also Junior Literary Guild
 Mr. Wilmer. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1945. At That Time. New York: Viking Press, 1947. Mr. Twigg's Mistake.Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1947. Robbut: A Tale of Tails. New York: Viking Press, 1948. Dick Whittington and His Cat. New York: Limited Editions Club, 1949. The Fabulous Flight. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1949.Smeller Martin. New York: Viking Press, 1950. McWhinney's Jaunt. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1951. Edward, Hoppy and Joe. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952. Mr. Revere and I. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1953.The Tough Winter. New York: Viking Press, 1954. also Junior Literary Guild
 Captain Kidd's Cat. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1956. The Great Wheel. New York: Viking Press, 1957. Yolen, Jane. Spaceships & Spells: A collection of new fantasy and science-fiction stories.New York: Harper & Row, (1987). Contains the <mask> short story "The Silver Leopard". Works as illustrator

 Chester, George Randolph, The Wonderful Adventures of Little Prince Toofat. New York: James A. McCann, 1922. Mason, Arthur, The Wee Men of Ballywooden. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1930; New York: Viking Press, 1952. Bianco, Margery Williams, "The House That Grew Small".St. Nicholas Magazine 58 (September 1931): 764–66, 782–83. Mason, Arthur, From the Horn of the Moon. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1931. Excerpted as "Moving of the Bog", St. Nicholas Magazine 58 (July 1931): 644–47, 667–70. Mason, Arthur, The Roving Lobster. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1931. Untermeyer, Louis, "The Donkey of God".St. Nicholas Magazine 59 (December 1931): 59–61, 105–108. Ring, Barbara, Peik. Translated by Lorence Munson Woodside. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1932. Young, Ella, The Unicorn with Silver Shoes. New York: Longmans, Green, 1932. Bianco, Margery Williams, The Hurdy-Gurdy Man.New York: Oxford University Press, 1933. Marquand, John P., Haven's End. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1933. Haines, William Wister, Slim. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1934. Tarn, William Woodthorpe, The Treasure of the Isle of Mist. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1934. also Junior Literary Guild
 Coatsworth, Elizabeth, The Golden Horseshoe.New York: Macmillan & Co., 1935; rev. ed., 1968. Sterne, Emma Gelders, Drums of Monmouth. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1935. Bates, Helen Dixon, Betsy Ross. New York: Whittlesey House and McGraw-Hill, 1936. Bates, Helen Dixon, Francis Scott Key.New York: Whittlesey House and McGraw-Hill, 1936. Gale, Elizabeth, Seven Beads of Wampum. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1936. also Junior Literary Guild
 Glenn, Mabelle, et al., eds., Tunes and Harmonies. Boston: Athenaeum Press, 1936. The Revised 1943 edition is lacking the Full Page, Two-Color illustration  found at page 8 in the 1936 edition. Leaf, Munro, The Story of Ferdinand. New York: Viking Press, 1936.Barnes, Ruth A., ed., I Hear America Singing: An Anthology of Folk Poetry. Chicago: John C. Winston Co. and the Junior Literary Guild, 1937. Bowie, Walter Russell, The Story of Jesus for Young People. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1937. Brewton, John E., Under the Tent of the Sky: A Collection of Poems about Animals Large and Small. New York: Macmillan & Co., 1937. Cormack, Maribelle, Wind of the Vikings: A Tale of the Orkney Isles.New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1937. Fish, Helen Dean, ed., Four and Twenty Blackbirds: Nursery Rhymes of Yesterday Recalled for Children of To-Day. New York: Frederick. A. Stokes, 1937. MacDonald, Rose Mortimer Ellzey. Nelly Custis Daughter of Mount Vernon. Boston: Athenaeum Press, 1937.Lawson End Pages only
 Rosmer, Jean, In Secret Service: A Mystery Story of Napoleon's Court. Translated by Virginia Olcott. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1937. Sterne, Emma Gelders, Miranda Is a Princess: A Story of Old Spain. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1937. Stratton, Clarence, Swords and Statues: A Tale of Sixteenth Century Italy.New York: John C. Winston Co. and the Junior Literary Guild, 1937. Twain, Mark, The Prince and the Pauper. Chicago: John C. Winston Co., 1937. Atwater, Richard, and Florence Atwater, <mask> (illustrator). Mr. Popper's Penguins. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1938. Farjeon, Eleanor, One Foot in Fairyland.New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1938. Haines, William Wister, High Tension. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1938. Leaf, Munro, Wee Gillis. New York: Viking Press, 1938. <mask>, <mask>. Ben and Me.Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1939. Bunyan, John, Pilgrim's Progress. Text revised by Mary Godolphin. New York: Frederick A. Stokes, 1939. White, T. H., The Sword in the Stone. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1939. <mask>, <mask>.Just for Fun: A Collection of Stories and Verses. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1940. <mask>, <mask>. They Were Strong and Good. New York: Viking Press, 1940; rev. ed., 1968. Brewton, John E, Gaily We Parade: A Collection of Poems about People, Here, There and Everywhere.New York: Macmillan & Co., 1940. <mask>, <mask>. I Discover Columbus. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1941. Leaf, Munro, Aesop's Fables. New York: Heritage Press, 1941. Leaf, Munro, The Story of Simpson and Sampson.New York: Viking Press, 1941. C. S. Forester, Poo-Poo and the Dragons. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1942. Gray, Elizabeth Janet, Adam of the Road. New York: Viking Press, 1942. Lang, Andrew, Prince Prigio. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1942.Stephens, James, The Crock of Gold. New York: Limited Editions Club, 1942. <mask>, <mask>. Watchwords of Liberty. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1943; rev. ed., 1957. Teal, Val, The Little Woman Wanted Noise.New York: Rand McNally, 1943; rev. ed., 1967. The Woman's Club of Westport. The Connecticut Cookbook. Westport, Connecticut: Westport Women's Club, 1943, Paperback w/wire spine, (p. 28). Reprinted New York: Harper & Brothers, 1944. Neilson, Frances F., and Winthrop Neilson, Benjamin Franklin.Reader in Real People Series. New York: Row, Peterson, 1950. Reprinted 1963 by California State Department of Education. Hall, William, The Shoelace Robin. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1945. Robinson, Tom, Greylock and the Robins. New York: Viking Press and the Junior Literary Guild, 1946.Potter, Mary A., et al., Mathematics for Success. Boston: Athenaeum Press, 1952. Revised 1960 edition has No <mask> Illustrations. See also

References

Further reading
 Faulkner, Barry, Sketches from an Artist's Life. Dublin, New Hampshire: William Bauhan, 1973. "<mask>" in Walt Reed, The Illustrator in America 1860–2000. New York: Society of Illustrators, 2001, p. 186. .
 "<mask>" in Roy R. Behrens, Camoupedia: A Compendium of Research on Art, Architecture and Camouflage.Dysart, Iowa: Bobolink Books, 2009, p. 221. . External links

1892 births
1957 deaths
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American novelists
American children's book illustrators
American children's writers
American male novelists
United States Army personnel of World War I
Burials at Mountain Grove Cemetery, Bridgeport
Caldecott Medal winners
Newbery Medal winners
Newbery Honor winners
Novelists from Connecticut
Novelists from New Jersey
Novelists from New York (state)
People from Montclair, New Jersey
People from Westport, Connecticut
Writers from New York City

masks:
Robert Lawson
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Lawson
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Lawson
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Robert Lawson
Robert Lawson
Robert Lawson
Robert Lawson
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<mask> (born September 16, 1965, in Phoenix, Arizona) is a former collegiate All-American and professional All-Star basketball player. <mask> currently resides in Scottsdale, Arizona. She was the Big Six Championship Game MVP on the Kansas Crusaders of the Women's Basketball Association (WBA). <mask> was inducted into The Black Archives of Mid-America WBA Hall of Fame on February 22, 2020. Robelyn, nicknamed "Robbie" by her Junior College coach, also led the nation in scoring while playing at Dodge City Community College where she was inducted into the Athletic Hall of Fame. High school

<mask> played at five different prep schools; she had a high scoring game of 56 points while playing six-on-six basketball in Oklahoma. Robelyn also played two years for Wichita East High School and was an All-State Player at Elkhart High School in Elkhart, Kansas where she led her team in scoring.She played on two All-Star teams her Senior-year including the Kansas vs Texas All-Star Challenge. In addition, she was the leading scorer in The Boot Hill High School All-State game in 1983. <mask> also played softball, soccer, volleyball, ran cross country and track and field in prep school. College career

<mask> had a stellar collegiate career with high scoring games of 46 and 40 points in her first year as a college player. She was a Region NJCAA All-American and led the Nation in scoring as a freshman, averaging 31.5 points per game before the implementation of the three-point line in the college game. Many of her points came from beyond what would have been the three-point arc. She is the career All-time leading scorer at Dodge City College scoring 1,298 points in just two years.She has held this title for over 33 years. At Dodge City, <mask> earned All-America honors and was ranked as one of the top junior college swing guards in the country when she averaged 28 points and five rebounds per game as a sophomore in 1984-85. She ranked as the nation's fourth-leading scorer as a sophomore." <mask> played at The University of Nebraska her junior year
and Friends University her senior year where she averaged 20 points per game and led her team and league in assists. She was a unanimous KCAC First-Team selection and NAIA Region All-Star her senior year. Friends University Lady Falcons won the KCAC conference and made the NAIA National Tournament. Her Friends University Hall of Fame Coach Jim Littell, now the head coach at Oklahoma State University, said "She's the greatest offensive talent I have ever coached.Passing, scoring, handling the ball". <mask> was a multi-sport athlete in college; she also played softball, soccer, ran cross-country and track. She was honored in May 2015 with her induction into the Dodge City College Athletic Hall of Fame. Professional

<mask> played for several professional basketball teams and leagues, including the 1993 Champion Kansas Crusaders, Kansas City Mustangs and Tulsa Flames of the WBA. She also played in The Pro-Am, AAU Women's League, Guadalupe, Mexico, British Columbia, and was chosen to play in the Liberty Basketball Association (LBA) professional league. <mask>'s Kansas Crusaders team won the first WBA Championship in 1993. Her Kansas City Mustangs team won the regular WBA season going undefeated 15-0 in 1994.<mask> was a 4-time WBA All-Star and is featured on the collector WBA All-Star Card Set by Fair Play Sports. She is quoted several times and highlighted with five photos and a three page spread in the 2017 best selling book and Documentary Film The Vision: The Untold Story of the Women's Basketball Association by Lightning Ned Mitchell. In addition, <mask> was awarded the oldest women's sports  award of Women's Basketball AAU Athlete of the year in 1992 while playing on her Championship Kansas City AAU Team. <mask> also received the 2015 WBCBL Women's Professional Basketball "Trailblazer" Award on August 2, 2015 along with 9 other female basketball Icons including Cynthia Cooper, Nancy Lieberman, Sarah Campbell, E.C. Hill, Dr. Geri Kay Hart, Lynette Woodard, Kandi Conda, Lisa Leslie and Tamika Catchings. The award recognizes some of the most influential people in professional women's basketball, specifically those who helped blaze the trail, shape the overall landscape and pave the way for women's professional basketball. These 10 women have prevailed to greatness in a male dominated sport and give hope to young girls who inspire to be professional players, coaches, and team owners.<mask>, her Kansas City Mustangs undefeated team, Kansas Crusaders Championship team and the entire Women’s Basketball Association have a permanent display at The Black Archives of Mid-America WBA Hall of Fame. Coaching career

<mask> coached two seasons at Haskell Indian Nations University in Lawrence, Kansas while she was working on her Doctorate at The University of Kansas. She coached the Haskell Indian Nations Fighting Indians freshman team to a 20-0 undefeated season in 1992. <mask> also coached several semi-pro, exhibition and club teams including the touring team Christian Basketball. Higher education

Dr. <mask> finished her eleventh college diploma at Harvard University Extension School on May 26, 2020 with a Professional Graduate Certificate in Web Technologies. Her eighth college degree and third master's degree was a Master of Arts in Criminal Justice and Criminology at Arizona State University which also inducted her into the Arizona State Chapter of Phi Kappa Phi for her academic and scholarly achievement in May, 2014. In addition, she has a Ph.D in Education Administration, a Master of Science in Kinesiology/Exercise Science, a Post-Doc Graduate Certificate in Gerontology, a master's in Aging and Lifespan Development, an Associate of Arts and Sciences and a Bachelor of Liberal Arts and General Studies.<mask> began her second doctorate program at Arizona State University in Fall 2014; she is a Post-Doc in the Doctor of Behavioral Health program. <mask> began her twelfth college degree in the summer of 2018 at Harvard University studying for a Masters in Digital Media and Museum Technology at Harvard University Extension School with anticipated graduation date in 2022. Further, Dr. <mask> completed a Bachelor of Metaphysical Science and is pursuing a third Doctorate degree at The University of Sedona and The University of Metaphysics to add Metaphysician to her list of titles. In 2018 Dr. <mask> became an Arizona State University Faculty Affiliate in the Biomimicry Department. In addition to her post-secondary degrees, research and teaching she has several publications including her Guide to Coaching Youth Basketball. Other activities

<mask> began competition in 2014 for the Senior Olympics, 2015 regional Senior Games and the 2016 World Games. She won her first Gold Medal in the Senior Games in 2015 and won Gold Medals in the 2017, 2018 and 2019 Senior Olympics.Robelyn also won a Gold Medal at the World Senior Games in October, 2017. <mask> is the President Emeritus of the Jr. NBA-WNBA and the Vice President of American Community Team Sports. She has been a Professor in various academic fields for over twenty years. Dr. <mask> began offering Jr. NBA - WNBA scholarships in 2011 in honor of her late Mother and launched her new Dr. <mask> <mask> Scholarships in 2015. She is the official team sponsor for the new Kansas City Pro WBCBL team and also provides scholarships for Seniors 50+, Jr. NBA-WNBA Players, WBCBL Teams and College Scholar Athletes. Her volunteer work includes work with Bicycle Charities, The Arizona State University Doctor of Behavioral Health Student Forum, Special Olympics, Harvard University DCE Accessibility Services, Beatitudes Healthy Aging Adult Center and Senior University. <mask> was also a radio announcer for the WBA, DCCC, University of Nebraska, Friends University and Kansas City Public radio.Dr<mask> has been featured in and authored the afterword for the 2015 book "It's Your Go Season" by Kandi Conda. Her 2018 Kindle book titled "Consumer Health Awareness: A Guide to Intelligent Decisions for Selecting Integrative Holistic Medicine" is a best new short read on Amazon and featured on Goodreads. See also

 Women's Basketball Association
Women's American Basketball Association
 Women's Basketball
 Dodge City Conquistadors Notable Alumni & Hall of Fame

References

External links
 WNBA Cards - WBA All Stars
 WBA Documentaries Collection
 History of Women's Professional basketball
 Beckett Cards
 WBA Photo & Article Archive
 KCAC Coverage Wichita Eagle
 Vimeo Basketball Research
 Association for Professional Basketball Research
 WNBA Basketball Cards
 Women's American Basketball Association#Results WBA Season Results
 Women's Basketball Timeline
 Women’s Professional Basketball Leagues
 1998 Steve Dimitry’s Extinct Sports Leagues
 WBA
 <mask> <mask> Athlete
 Women's basketball#History Wikipedia History of the Women's basketball

American women's basketball players
Harvard Extension School alumni
1965 births
Living people
Shooting guards
American adoptees
Nebraska Cornhuskers women's basketball players
Arizona State University alumni
Wichita State University alumni
Junior college women's basketball players in the United States
Basketball players from Scottsdale, Arizona
American women's basketball coaches
Basketball players from Wichita, Kansas
Basketball players from Phoenix, Arizona

masks:
Robelyn Annette Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Garcia
Robelyn
Garcia
Garcia
. Garcia
Robelyn
Garcia


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<mask> (born January 14, 1944) is a retired United States Navy SEAL and Distinguished Eagle Scout who received the Medal of Honor for his ground rescue with the assistance of Petty Officer Third Class Nguyen Van Kiet of two downed aircrew members in Quang Tri Province, Vietnam on April 10–13, 1972. At the time of the action, Lieutenant <mask> was a SEAL Advisor with the Strategic Technical Directorate Assistance Team. <mask> was one of three SEALs to receive the Medal of Honor for actions during the Vietnam War. Early life
<mask> was born on January 14, 1944 in Jacksonville, Florida. He grew up in Wisconsin and Washington, D.C. As a youth, he was a member of the Boy Scouts of America and attained the rank of Eagle Scout. Following high school, he entered the University of Maryland in 1963, with the intent of pursuing a criminology career with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Sociology with a specialty in Criminology in 1967.While at university, he was an Atlantic Coast Conference wrestling champion in 1965 and 1966. United States Navy
<mask> enlisted in the United States Navy when his student deferment from the draft was not extended. He hoped to join the navy and fly jets, but he had problems with his visual acuity and depth perception that disqualified him from becoming a pilot. He then became a Navy SEAL. <mask> struggled during BUD/S training, and the instructors considered removing him from the course. Ultimately, however, the instructors decided to allow <mask> to try and finish the training, and he graduated from BUD/S Class 45. <mask> completed his first tour of duty in Vietnam with SEAL Team 2 earning Bronze Star Medal with combat "V" device.Ground rescue operation

In April 1972, <mask> was one of few remaining SEALs in Vietnam serving with MACVSOG Danang Naval Advisory Detachment. When Lieutenant Colonel Iceal Hambleton was shot down behind enemy lines, aerial combat search and rescue operations failed, leading to the loss of five additional aircraft and the death of 11 or more airmen, two captured, and three more down and needing rescue. <mask> was tasked with mounting a ground operation to recover Hambleton, Lieutenant Mark Clark, and Lieutenant Bruce Walker from behind enemy lines. Assisted by Vietnamese Sea Commando forces, he and Republic of Vietnam Navy Petty Officer Nguyen Van Kiet went more than  behind enemy lines and successfully rescued two of the downed American aviators. Walker was discovered and killed by the North Vietnamese Army. Though <mask> at first rejected the honor, he was recognized with the Medal of Honor in 1975. Intelligence gathering mission
Six months later, on October 31, 1972, <mask> and fellow Navy SEAL Michael E. Thornton accompanied three South Vietnamese special forces soldiers on an intelligence gathering operation south of the demilitarized zone.They intended to reconnoiter the area around the Cửa Việt Base near the coast of Quảng Trị Province, just south of the Demilitarized Zone. Approaching by sea, the group was transported by junk until sunset, then paddled a rubber boat to within a mile of shore and swam the remaining distance. Moving inland past numerous North Vietnamese encampments, the group reconnoitered through the night. When morning dawned, the 5-man group realized that they had landed  to the north and were actually in North Vietnam. They soon encountered a two-man North Vietnamese patrol, which the South Vietnamese attempted to capture. Instead, enemy troops were alerted to their position. For the next four hours, the five men held off an enemy force estimated at about 200–300 strong.<mask> called in naval firepower on the enemy's positions, helping to keep them alive. The North Vietnamese regrouped and surrounded the troops. The SEALs and South Vietnamese decided to withdraw. <mask> protected their rear while the others moved towards the water. He was shot in the head and severely wounded. One of the South Vietnamese who saw <mask>' wound assumed he was dead. Thornton, upon hearing the news, ran through heavy fire to recover the body of his fallen comrade, only to discover that <mask> was still just barely alive.He killed several North Vietnamese as they surmounted the dunes around his position and then carried the unconscious <mask> into the water. Thornton also carried one of the South Vietnamese soldiers who had been wounded and was unable to swim into the ocean. Thornton swam and supported the two injured men for more than two hours before they were picked up by the same junk that had dropped them off the night before. <mask>' first surgery lasted 19 hours. Thornton was recognized with the Medal of Honor for his actions by President <mask> during a ceremony at the White House on October 15, 1973. He snuck <mask> out of the hospital in the middle of the night so <mask> could attend the ceremony. <mask> was later awarded the Medal of Honor by President Gerald R. Ford in a White House ceremony on March 6, 1976.Thornton thus became the first Medal of Honor recipient recognized for saving the life of another Medal of Honor recipient. <mask> lost an eye and part of his skull. He spent three years recovering from his injuries in the hospital and over a six-year period underwent many major surgeries. As a result of the head injury, he was medically retired from the navy in May 1975. FBI
In 1979, <mask> joined the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and requested a waiver for his disabilities. FBI director William Webster responded, "If you can pass the same test as anybody else applying for this organization, I will waive your disabilities." In September 1979, <mask> passed the test and subsequently was an FBI Special Agent for 20 years.He was an original member of the FBI's Hostage Rescue Team as an assault team leader. He is a member of the Society of Former Special Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Medal of Honor citation
Citation:

Honors and recognitions
The Naval Special Warfare Group Two in Little Creek, Virginia is located in the Lt. <mask>. <mask> Building. <mask>' Medal of Honor actions have been re-told in numerous books and in the feature film Bat*21, which was the call sign for an EB-66C from the 42nd Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron (42 TEWS), 388th Tactical Fighter Wing, at Korat, Thailand. The aircraft was shot down while flying pathfinder escort for a cell of three B-52 bombing near the Demilitarized Zone. <mask> received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award in 2011. He is one of eleven Eagle Scouts who received the Medal of Honor.In 1976, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. Military awards
<mask>' military decorations and awards include the following:

Bibliography
 Written with Mike Thornton and Dick Couch. See also

 List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War
 MACV-SOG
 List of Eagle Scouts

References

External links

 Lt. <mask><mask>, USN Biography and Interview on American Academy of Achievement

1944 births
Living people
Federal Bureau of Investigation agents
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)
United States Navy SEALs personnel
United States Navy officers
United States Navy personnel of the Vietnam War
Vietnam War recipients of the Medal of Honor
University of Maryland, College Park alumni

masks:
Thomas Rolland Norris
Norris
Norris
Thomas Norris
Norris
Norris
Norris
Norris
Norris
Norris
Norris
Norris
Norris
Norris
Norris
Norris
Norris
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Richard Nixon
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Thomas R
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Thomas R
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<mask> (born August 24, 1973) is an American actor, playwright, performance artist, director, producer, and singer-songwriter active mainly in New York City. In 2017, <mask> was the recipient of a "Genius Grant" from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. <mask> was a finalist for the 2017 Pulitzer Prize for Drama. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> in Laguna Beach, California and raised in Stockton, the child of Joy Aldrich and Vietnam War veteran Lt. <mask>. <mask>'s mother opened a private art school that influenced <mask>'s early aesthetic by embracing collage and teaching students to build from mistakes rather than attempt to erase them. <mask> moved to New York in 1994 to study at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. After graduation, <mask> began working as an actor and wrote the plays The Hot Month (1999), The Levee (2000), and The Face of Liberalism (2003).Career
<mask>'s work has been described as a fight against conformity and categorization. It draws on forms such as commedia dell'arte, contemporary musical theater, and drag performance, and <mask> has noted Charles Ludlam, the Theater of the Ridiculous, and theatrical history reaching back to Greek theater as professional influences. <mask>'s work has been performed at New York City's Lincoln Center, the Public Theater, the Sydney Opera House, American Repertory Theatre, Stockholm's Södra Theatern, the Spoleto Festival, and many other venues both in the United States and internationally. <mask> is a self-described "fool" and "collagist" who puts together forms and costumes to create a complex and sometimes contradictory look and sound. <mask> has resisted categorization by the press: after being described as Ziggy Stardust meets Tiny Tim, <mask> created the show Comparison Is Violence, or the Ziggy Stardust Meets Tiny Tim Songbook. <mask> toured Europe with the plays The Be(A)st of <mask> Mac and The Young Ladies Of. <mask> then developed The Lily's Revenge, combination of "camp extravaganza" and "comic self-deprecation" centered on the hero's journey of a lily that uproots itself to fight against nostalgia.The Lily's Revenge played at HERE Arts Center with <mask> as the Lily. In 2014, for <mask>'s performance in the Foundry Theater's production of Bertolt Brecht's Good Person of Szechwan, <mask> Lortel Outstanding Lead Actor Award and the Drama League Distinguished Performance Award. <mask> also starred in Classic Stage Company's A Midsummer Night's Dream. <mask> also created and hosted the political vaudeville Live Patriot Acts: Patriots Gone Wiiiiildd! during the Republican National Convention in 2004. Since at least 2012, <mask> and musical director/arranger Matt Ray developed A 24-Decade History of Popular Music, a performance that covers music popular in the United States from 1776 to the 2016, with one hour dedicated to each decade with a corresponding costume designed by long-time collaborator <mask>. This work culminated in a 24-hour performance on October 8–9, 2016 with one hour dedicated to each decade.Wesley Morris of the New York Times said of the 24-hour concert, "Mr. <mask> gave me one of the great experiences of my life. I've slept on it, and I'm sure. It wasn't simply the physical feat. Although, come on: 246 songs spanning 240 years for 24 straight hours, including small breaks for him to eat, hydrate and use the loo, and starting in 1776 with a great-big band and ending with <mask>, alone in 2016, doing original songs on piano and ukulele." In 2017, the performance was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. It appeared fifth on a list by The Guardian writers of the best theatrical works since 2000. On October 29, 2018, in the run-up to the 2018 midterm elections, <mask> performed a cover of Patti Smith's 'People Have the Power' after appearing as guest on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert.In 2019, <mask>'s first Broadway play, Gary, A Sequel to Titus Andronicus, premiered April 11 starring Nathan Lane in the title role. The conceit is a look at who has to clean up all the dead bodies after the carnage of Shakespeare's play Titus Andronicus—in which almost everyone is murdered. The black comedy closed in June 2019 after both praising and panning reviews. Personal life
<mask> uses "judy" (lowercase) as a gender pronoun, chosen in reference to American actress Judy Garland. <mask> has been influenced by the Radical Faeries and invokes "Radical Faerie realness ritual" during performances. Awards and residencies
 Drama League Award (2019) for Unique Contribution to the Theatre
 MacArthur Genius Grant (2017)
 Finalist for Pulitzer Prize for Drama (2017)
 Special Citation Obie Award (2017)
 Edward M. Kennedy Prize for Drama Inspired by American History (2016)
 Guggenheim Award (2016)
 Doris Duke Award (2016)
 Mellon Foundation Playwright in Resident at Here Arts Center (2016–2019)
 Herb Alpert Award in the Arts (2015)
 Ethyl Eichelberger Award
 Peter Zeisler Memorial Award
Helen Merrill Playwriting Award
 Sundance Theater Lab Residency (2-time winner)
 Rockefeller MAP Grant (3-time winner)
 Creative Capital Award
 New York State Council of The Arts Grant
 Massachusetts Council of the Arts Grant
 Edward Albee Foundation Residency
 The Franklin Furnace Grant
 Peter S. Reed Grant
 HERE Arts Center Resident Artist
 New Dramatists Resident Playwright
 New York Theatre Workshop Usual Suspect
 International Ibsen Award 2020

Bibliography
 Dilating –  A set of four one acts including Okay (a black comedy), Maurizio Pollini (the genre of "interlocked happening"), The Levee (a kitchen-sink drama), and A Crevice (an absurdist farce). All four of these one acts have the common theme of pregnancy.The Holy Virgin Mary of Our Time – with music by Edward Ficklin. Based on the true events surrounding the "sensation art exhibit at the Brooklyn Museum and "The Holy Virgin Mary" elephant dung controversy. Peace – co-written with Rachel Chavkin. A one act adaptation of the Aristophanes play of the same name. Mornings – a play about a man's attempt to perform his morning masturbation ritual. Originally written for the performance art play "Cardiac Arrest or venus on a Half-Clam" Now included in The Be(A)st of <mask>. An Oblation
 The Dying Sentimentalist – commissioned by Arena Stage and premiered there in 2014 as a part of the "Our War" monologue collection about the Civil War.The Hot Month – produced by Boomerang Theatre Company in 2003 on Center Stage. Addresses issues of time and love in a story about a woman, her brother, and his lover. The Lily's Revenge – Created as part of HARP and premiered in the fall of 2009. Inspired by the arguments of tradition and nostalgia as an argument for discrimination and anti-gay marriage agendas. The music was composed by collaborator Rachelle Garniez. The Walk Across America for Mother Earth – a modern-day commedia dell'arte play about a group of anarchists protests against nuclear proliferation. Music by Ellen Maddow.Presented by La MaMa E.T.C. in association with the Talking Band in 2011. The Young Ladies Of – Based on letters written to <mask>'s father after he placed an ad asking young ladies to write to him while he was stationed in Vietnam in 1968. Thousands replied to this ad. Combined with <mask>'s own text, these letters create a conversation about patriarchy, war, romance, and fatherhood. Premiered at the HERE Arts Center. Red Tide Blooming – a musical celebration of freak-hood.Premiered at PS 122. Cardiac Arrest or Venus on a Half-Clam – written, performed, directed, and designed by <mask>. Premiered at FEZ and subsequently headlined the Queer at HERE festival in 2004. Used <mask>'s failing love life as a metaphor for the war on terror. The Be(A)st of <mask> – premiered at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 2006 (produced by Paul Lucas) where it won a Herald Angel Award and performed in various venues in New York City. This piece of work explores the human condition and challenges the contemporary culture of fear through gender-bending surrealism. <mask>'s Dionysia Festival: four plays that are being premiered separately but will someday be premiered in an all day festival mirrored after the Greek Dionysia.All of these plays deal with our cultural polarization. Part I: The Fre – about an intellectual aesthete who gets trapped in a mud pit. This is <mask>'s first All-Ages play. The Fre is written in the form of old comedy. Commissioned by the Children's Theatre Company where it was also developed and will soon premiere. Part II: Hir – a play about a dysfunctional family including a mad housewife, a transgender child, a son that spent three years in combat in Afghanistan, and a husband who had a stroke that left him nearly speechless. Produced by Playwrights Horizons in November 2015.Recognized among The New York Times top ten list for Best Theater of 2015. Part III: The Bourgeois Oligarch – The story of a gauche philanthropist as he prepares his acceptance speech. Commissioned by The A.R.T. and will premiere soon as a collaboration with the Boston Ballet. Part IV: Gary: A Sequel to Titus Andronicus – Set during the fall of the Roman Empire (400 CE), the years of bloody battles are over, the country has been stolen by madmen, and there are casualties everywhere. And two very lowly servants are charged with cleaning up the bodies. References

External links
 <mask>'s website
 Biography on the New Dramatists website
 Interview on WNYC's and Public Radio International's Studio 360 with Kurt Andersen
 <mask> at Internet Off-Broadway Database

MacArthur Fellows
21st-century American dramatists and playwrights
21st-century American male actors
1973 births
American drag queens
Songwriters from California
Writers from California
Living people
Male actors from California
People from Laguna Beach, California
Queer actors
Radical Faeries members
LGBT singers from the United States
LGBT dramatists and playwrights
LGBT people from California
Helpmann Award winners
Non-binary musicians
American non-binary actors
Non-binary drag performers
Trans and gender non-conforming dramatists and playwrights

masks:
Taylor Mac
Mac
Mac
Mac
Taylor Mac Bowyer
Robert Mac Bowyer
Mac
Mac
Mac
Mac
Mac
Mac
Mac
Mac
Mac
Mac
Mac
Taylor
Mac
Taylor Mac
Mac
Macille
Mac
Taylor Mac
Mac
Machine Dazzle
Mac
Mac
Taylor Mac
Mac
Mac
Mac
Taylor Mac
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor Mac
Taylor
Taylor Mac
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Taylor
Taylor Mac
Taylor Mac


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<mask>, OAM (born 17 June 1988) is an Australian former competitive swimmer. She won three gold medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, and was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia on 26 January 2009. On 9 April 2014, she confirmed her retirement. <mask> was the gold medallist in the 200-metre individual medley at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, Australia, where she defeated Olympians Brooke Hanson and Lara Carroll in a time of 2:12.90, a personal best by 1.19 seconds. She also won the 400-metre individual medley. At the 2007 Melbourne World Championships she won a bronze medal in the 200-metre individual medley in a time of 2 minutes 11.42 seconds, breaking the previous Australian record by a second. American Katie Hoff won the gold in 2:10.13, with Kirsty Coventry of Zimbabwe in second place.<mask> once again placed third, earning her second bronze medal in the 400-metre individual medley final. In a new personal best time <mask> finished in 4:41.19, taking 0.54 of a second off her previous best. <mask> set a new personal best time in the 400m individual medley at an Italian meet in June 2007. <mask> went a 4:40.79, edging closer to the 4:40 barrier in the event. At the 2007 Japanese Open Championships, <mask> beat her personal best time in the 400m. In placing second to Zimbabwean champion Kirsty Coventry, <mask> set a new Australian and Commonwealth record of 4:37.18, a personal best by 3.61 sec. At the 2008 Australian Olympic trials, <mask> broke the world record in the 400-metre individual medley.<mask> stopped the clock at 4 minutes 31.46 seconds, 1.43 seconds under American Katie Hoff's mark of 4:32.89. On 29 June 2008, at the U.S. Olympic Trials, Hoff regained the world record from <mask> with a time of 4:31.12. <mask> claimed her second world record of the meet, when she broke the 200-metre individual medley world record, clocking 2 minutes 8.92 seconds to slash almost a full second off the previous record held by China's Wu Yanyan. At the Beijing Olympic Games, <mask> received her first-ever Olympic medal, Australia's first gold medal of the games and its 400th summer Olympic medal, winning the 400-metre individual medley in a time of 4 minutes 29.45 seconds. In the process she reclaimed the world record from Hoff bettering the mark by 1.67 seconds, thus becoming the first woman to break the 4:30 in the event, (Kirsty Coventry also went under 4:30 in taking the silver). 2007 World Championships
<mask> won bronze in the 200- and 400-metre individual medleys. In the 200-metre final, she recorded a time of 2:11.42, a second below the previous Australian record, behind American Katie Hoff in 2:10.13, and Kirsty Coventry of Zimbabwe, who claimed second place.In the 400-metre final, <mask> recorded a new personal best time of 4:41.19, shaving 0.54 of a second off her previous best. 2007 Other events
<mask> set a new personal best time of 4:40.79 in the 400-metre individual medley at an Italian meet in June 2007, edging closer to the 4:40 barrier in the event. At the 2007 Japanese Open Championships, <mask> won silver behind Zimbabwean champion Kirsty Coventry in the 400-metre individual medley. In doing so, she smashed her personal best time by 3.61 seconds, cracking the 4:40 barrier and setting a new Australian and Commonwealth record of 4:37.18. 2008 Australian Olympic Trials
At the 2008 Australian Olympic trials, <mask> broke the world record in both the 400- and 200-metre individual medleys. In the 400-metre individual medley, she clocked 4:31.46, 1.43 seconds below American Katie Hoff's mark of 4:32.89. (Hoff retook the world record at the U.S. Olympic Trials on 29 June 2008, with a time of 4:31.12).In the 200-metre, she clocked 2:08.92 seconds, taking almost a second off the previous record held by China's Wu Yanyan. 2008 Summer Olympics
In Beijing, <mask> won three gold medals (each in world record time) in the 200- and 400-metre individual medley events and in the 4×200-metre freestyle relay. In winning the 400-metre individual medley, <mask> won her first Olympic medal, Australia's first gold medal of the games and their 400th Summer Olympic medal. Recording a time of 4:29.45, she reclaimed the world record from Hoff, bettering the mark by 1.67 seconds, and became the first woman to break the 4:30 mark in the event. (Kirsty Coventry also went under 4:30 in taking the silver.) Her second gold medal of 2008 Games came on 13 August in the 200-metre individual medley with a new world record time of 2:08.45. <mask> prevailed after being neck and neck with Coventry throughout the last 50 metres, who once again followed <mask> to beat the old world record.On 14 August she won her third gold medal as part of the 4×200-metre freestyle relay team. She led off the team and Australia was in second place at the end of her leg. 2009 World Championships

<mask> began the meet with a solid performance in the 200-metre individual medley. Despite losing her world record, she sliced 1.42 seconds off her personal best time while capturing a silver medal. Experimenting with the 200-metre freestyle did not end well as she failed to make the final. With the absence of Linda Mackenzie, Kylie Palmer and Meagan Nay, the team was never in medal contention, finishing 5th. <mask> retained her 400-metre individual medley record however finished with a bronze in the final.She was awarded a silver medal for her contributions in the medley relay heats. World Aquatics Championships 2011
<mask> competed in the 200 m and 400 m individual medley. She failed to win a medal in 200 m medley finishing 4th in 2:09:65. In the 400 m medley she won a bronze medal with a time of 4:34:23, losing out on the silver by a deficit of 0.01 to Hannah Miley. 2012 Olympics
<mask> competed in London after undergoing three shoulder surgeries between the two Olympics. She finished fourth in 200 m individual medley and a joint sixth in 400 m medley. The London Olympics was her last stop as a swimmer and she eventually announced her retirement in April 2014.Personal bests
<mask> had a personal best of 2:07:03 in the 200 m individual medley achieved at the World Aquatic championships, Rome in 2009 and a personal best of 4:29:45 in the 400 m individual medley achieved during her gold winning effort at the Summer Olympics 2008. Awards
 2008 - Telstra Australian Swimmer of the Year. 2008 - Swimming World Magazine  Female World Swimmer of the Year as well as Pacific Rim Swimmer of the Year
2009 - awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia
2019 - International Swimming Hall of Fame inductee
2019 - Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductee

Personal life

On June 17, 1988, <mask> was born in Brisbane to Raelene Clark and <mask>. <mask> attended Clayfield College in her high school years in Brisbane, Queensland. In September 2010, <mask> came under fire when she made a homophobic comment on Twitter, relating to a Rugby Union match in which the Australian Wallabies defeated the South African Springboks. <mask>'s Twitter message said "Suck on that faggots!". <mask> later removed the remark and apologised for it.<mask> has been vegan since 2012. In 2013, <mask> won season 3 of The Celebrity Apprentice Australia. See also
 List of multiple Olympic gold medalists at a single Games
 List of Olympic medalists in swimming (women)
 List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming (women)
 List of Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming (women)
 World record progression 200 metres individual medley
 World record progression 400 metres individual medley
 World record progression 4 × 200 metres freestyle relay

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Sportswomen from Queensland
Australian female butterfly swimmers
Australian female medley swimmers
Australian female freestyle swimmers
Swimmers at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
World record setters in swimming
Olympic swimmers of Australia
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Australia
Australian Swimmers of the Year
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
The Apprentice Australia candidates
The Apprentice (franchise) winners
People educated at Clayfield College
Swimmers from Brisbane
Olympic gold medalists in swimming
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Sport Australia Hall of Fame inductees

masks:
Stephanie Louise Rice
Career Rice
Rice
Rice
Rice
Rice
Rice
Rice
Rice
Rice
Rice
Rice
Rice
Rice
Rice
Rice
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Warren Rice
Rice
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<mask>'Artois (3 October 1788 – 28 March 1867) was a 19th-century French playwright and librettist, and also Achille d'Artois's brother. Biography
Trained for the bar, he first worked as an attorney but the success of his play Les Finacés, in 1808, caused him to devote himself entirely to literature. In 1814, he joined the guards of the king of Belgium, leaving military service after receiving the Legion of Honour in 1818. A very prolific author, he wrote under various collective pseudonyms such as Emmanuel, with Emmanuel Arago, M. Sapajou, with Francis baron d'Allarde and Gabriel de Lurieu. Managing director of the Théâtre des Variétés from 1830 to 1836, he also directed Le Nain couleur de rose, a political, literary and moral newspaper from 15 September 1815 to 5 May 1816 and collaborated with La Foudre by Alphonse de Beauchamp. His plays were presented on some of the most important Parisian stages of the 19th century: Théâtre du Vaudeville, Théâtre des Variétés, Théâtre des Nouveautés, Théâtre du Palais-Royal, Théâtre des Folies-Dramatiques, etc. Bibliography
 Louis Gustave Vapereau, Dictionnaire universel des contemporains, 1870, (pp.481)  (Read on line)
 Ferdinand Natanael Staaff, La littérature française depuis la formation de la langue jusqu'à nos jours, 1878, (pp. 1065)
 Larousse mensuel illustré, vol.2, 1913, (pp. 683)
 Henry Gidel, Le Vaudeville, 1986, (pp. 67)
 Olivier Bara, Le théâtre de l'opéra-comique sous la restauration, 2001, (pp. 116)

19th-century French dramatists and playwrights
French opera librettists
People from Oise
1788 births
1867 deaths
19th-century French male writers
French male dramatists and playwrights


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<mask> (born Philomena McGeachie Levy; 11 October 1932 – 5 January 1991) was a Scottish female singer. She is best known for her Top 10 hit version of "This Ole House", which despite chart competition from other versions of the same song, reached No. 4 in the UK chart. Early life
Born Philomena McGeachie Levy in Glasgow, Scotland, her mother, Lily, was a talented dancer, whilst her father was a song and dance man, and stage manager at the Glasgow Empire. Levy's godmother was Gracie Fields. Although her parents divorced when she was eighteen days old, she spent her entire childhood in and around the theatre, and wanted a career on the stage as a dancer. Initially, her mother was against her going into show business, so upon leaving school, she reluctantly agreed to train as a dressmaker.However, her affinity with the theatre proved too powerful. In 1946, when still only fourteen, she ran away from home and joined the chorus of a touring show as one of "May Moxon's Young Ladies". Five years later she met Peter Elliott, who was part of a famous show business family called The Musical Elliotts. They developed an instant friendship and, due to their mutual love of dancing, decided on the formation of their own double act. As Phil and Peter Elliott, they successfully toured variety theatres as "The Debonair Dancers – Four Educated Feet". They toured continuously throughout 1952 but, in 1953, were compelled to abandon their act when Peter was called up to do his national service with the Royal Air Force. Singing career
During their time on the variety circuit, Elliott and Levy had met and become friends with singer Tony Brent, who had several hit records to his name.It was Brent who first recognised Levy's vocal potential and, acting on his advice, she decided to go solo in an effort to try to make a living as a singer while Elliott was away. Brent introduced her to his own manager, Don Agness, and he arranged for her to do a trial recording. Then, in October 1953, after months of voice training and with her name changed to <mask>, she recorded and released her first single for Columbia Records called "I'd Rather Take My Time" coupled with "Things Go Wrong". However, it failed to make any impression. On 20 February 1954, <mask> and Elliott got married. However, the marriage did not last, as they realised that their lives were no longer going in the same direction. By the time Elliott had completed his service in the RAF, <mask> had attained quite a high level of popularity as a vocalist, and Elliott decided that he wanted to explore other possibilities.Thus, they went their separate ways, and eventually divorced in the early 1960s. January 1954 saw the release of her second record, "Ricochet", followed in March by, "Bell Bottom Blues", both of which did well for Alma Cogan, Teresa Brewer and Joan Regan. Both sides of her next release "Cross Over The Bridge" and "I Get So Lonely" were recorded in April as duets with Tony Brent. Her sixth record release in October finally made the charts. The song was "This Ole House". Several other singers recorded the same song, including Alma Cogan and Joan Regan, but it was Rosemary Clooney who jockeyed with <mask> for the highest chart position. Clooney, in the charts for eighteen weeks, finally won the battle for the coveted number one spot both in the UK and America.<mask> reached No. 4 in the UK and remained in the UK Singles Chart for sixteen weeks. With the success of "This Ole House", she became known as "Britain's Blonde Bombshell". However, despite <mask>'s good looks and voice, no other record of hers ever made the UK chart, leaving her with the unfortunate one hit wonder tag. Her two follow up discs, "Teach Me Tonight" and "No More", went almost unnoticed. In January 1955, Stuart Hamblin, the American country and western singer-songwriter and composer of "This Ole House", came to London and, because he was so impressed with <mask>'s version of his song, met her and presented her with the choice of another number from the material he had not yet published. She chose "Shake The Hand of a Stranger", a song that many people consider to be the best of her career.Recorded and released in April, it failed to take off. Every song she recorded after that seemed to eclipse the preceding one but, although they sold in sizeable numbers, songs such as "Boom Boom Boomerang", "Ten Little Kisses" and "The Old Pianna Rag" did not take <mask> back to the charts. During 1955, she toured relentlessly around the UK, and while appearing in a jazz concert at London's Royal Albert Hall, she was visited in her dressing room by Gene Kelly, who had been in the audience. He discussed ideas regarding a part for her in a musical film, but this proved to be without foundation, and a movie part was never offered. 1955 to 1957 were <mask>'s busiest years. Due to ever increasing demand, her fan club was formed, and besides touring she made regular radio and television appearances, not only in Britain but also on the continent. The greater part of 1957 was spent on the road with Harry Secombe in the variety show Rocking The Town.<mask> spent a hectic eight weeks in the early part of 1958, entertaining the forces in Cyprus, Malta and North Africa. After returning to London, she spent the remainder of the year touring in variety, doing one-night stands and the occasional service camp dates. This similar routine of one-night stands continued throughout 1959, interrupted only by a summer season at the Great Yarmouth's Regal Theatre with Hughie Green's Double Your Money show. By 1960, her recording career, which had been slowly declining, ground to a halt after six and a half years. "A Handful of Gold", coupled with "Sure Fire Love", released in January 1960, were <mask>'s last offerings on record. She was quoted as saying, "I'll let the rock 'n' roll boys come and go and then I'll be back". Later years
<mask> eventually withdrew from show business, and with the birth of her daughter Jessica in 1968, she decided to concentrate on full-time motherhood.From then on she chose to live quietly in Hornsey, north London. In early 1991, <mask> lost consciousness after suffering a series of strokes and never recovered. She died in London's Whittington Hospital, Archway, on 5 January 1991, at the age of 58. References

External links
 <mask> website

1932 births
1991 deaths
20th-century Scottish women singers
Musicians from Glasgow

masks:
Billie Anthony
Billie Anthony
Anthony
Anthony
Anthony
Anthony
Anthony
Anthony
Anthony
Anthony
Anthony
Anthony
Anthony
Anthony
Billie Anthony


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<mask>Bert<mask> (September 23, 1933 – April 25, 2016) was a scholar of Mormon folklore. The "father of Mormon folklore" helped found and organize folklore archives at both Utah State University (USU) and Brigham Young University (BYU). He directed the folklore archive at USU from 1978 to 1985, and chaired the English department at BYU from 1985 to 1991. He and his students collected jokes, legends, stories, songs, and other information to add to the Mormon folklore archives. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Tremonton, Utah, to <mask>, who worked as a railroad foreman for Union Pacific, and <mask>. He grew up in Downey, Idaho, a small, close-knit community. He was best friends with Eugene England.He became the first of his family to attend university when he enrolled at Brigham Young University (BYU) in 1951. He served a mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Finland in 1953. While in Finland, he gained an appreciation for Finnish culture, especially the collection of epic poetry, The Kalevala. As a missionary, he met Hannele Blomqvist who was serving as a sister missionary. They studied at BYU together and were married in the Salt Lake Temple on May 31, 1957. They had four children together. After teaching English for a year at Bountiful High School, <mask> completed an MA in English from BYU.His friend and colleague Robert Blair suggested that he study folklore at Indiana University because of the good reputation of the school's Central Eurasian folklore program. At first his interest in folklore was unenthusiastic, but he soon became immersed in his studies. <mask> earned a National Defense Language Scholarship, which helped fund his studies at Indiana University. Under the scholarship, he studied Estonian and Finnish. From 1965 to 1966, <mask> received a Fulbright grant to study in the cultural history of Finland. He studied in the library of the Finnish Literature Society, taking special interest in the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder's idea that the soul of a culture could be seen through its folklore. Richard Dorson, the director of folklore studies  and <mask>'s mentor, approved <mask>'s dissertation topic, which was the political use of The Kalevala to instill nationalism.Felix J. Oinas chaired <mask>'s dissertation committee. In 1967, <mask> resumed teaching at BYU and developed thyroid cancer, undergoing five surgeries to keep the cancer at bay. In 1973, he took a leave of absence from BYU to complete his dissertation in 1974. Mormon folklore research and outreach
<mask> discovered Mormon folklore studies when he reviewed Saints of Sage and Saddle by <mask>. and <mask> S. Fife for a class, and took an interest in Mormon folklore. He wrote an article on Three Nephites stories in 1969, surprising Dorson with his ability to collect Mormon folklore in Indiana, outside of the Mountain states. In his later research on the Three Nephites, <mask> stated that the persistence of the stories showed how Mormons believe in a personal and benevolent God. While at first <mask> focused on supernatural tales and legends, he worked to extend folklore studies in Mormondom to include everyday life.<mask> wrote dozens of articles on Mormon folklore, covering topics like Mormon humor, Mormon missionaries, the portrayal of minority groups among Mormons, and family folklore. In his analysis of Mormon folklore, he finds that it usually supports certain behaviors and authority, but allows for the possibility of rebellion. He said that folklore changes as it is passed between members to reflect the needs of the people telling it. The stories become "psychologically true" even if they did not happen in fact. <mask> revitalized the Folklore Society of Utah in the 1970s by holding meetings with the Utah State Historical Society. He gave lectures to various societies and "anyone who would listen" about the importance of folklore studies. From 1976 to 1984, <mask> chaired the Folk Arts Panel on the Board of the Utah Arts Council.He served on the National Endowment for the Arts Folk Arts Panel for four years in the 1980s, during which he applied for and received funding for an annual Cowboy Poetry Gathering in Elko, Nevada. <mask> was the Director of the Redd Center for Western Studies, and in 1990 he received the title of Humanities Professor of Folklore and Literature. He edited Western Folklore from 1979 to 1983, with the goal of publishing articles that the average college student could understand. He taught many current Mormon folklorists, and a recent book on Mormon folklore was dedicated to him. Developing Mormon folklore archives
<mask> worked as the director of the folklore program and archives at Utah State University from 1978 to 1985, expanding and formalizing the collection that <mask> E. and Alta S. Fife started. While working as director of the archive, he and Barbara Walker (then Garrett) established a taxonomy for archiving folk materials, which he developed from Jan Harold Brunvand’s system printed
in The Study of American Folklore. <mask>'s new system is infinitely expandable, allowing for additional classifications within classifications.<mask> also worked to expand undergraduate courses, and helped to enable a new master's program: American studies with an emphasis in folklore. While working at Utah State University, <mask> directed the Fife Folklore Conference, which was becoming more and more popular. <mask> chaired the English department at BYU from 1985 to 1991. When he returned to BYU in 1985, he began organizing a new folklore archive, using the method he had developed at Utah State University. The archive began with papers that students wrote for <mask>, John Sorenson, an anthropologist, and Thomas E. Cheney, another folklorist. The collection's papers report on legends, beliefs, jokes, songs, and material culture popular with Mormons and/or in the Intermountain West. The first permanent archivist was hired in 1995, and the collection became part of the Harold B. Lee Library's collection when <mask> retired.In 1999, the collection officially became part of the L. Tom Perry Special Collections division of the library, and is called the William A. Wilson Folklore Archives. Selected works

with

Awards and honors
Fellow, American Folklore Society
Fellow, Utah State Historical Society
Karl G. Maeser Distinguished Scholar, 1990
Utah Governor's Award in the Arts, 1998
Leonard J<mask>ton Award, Mormon History Association, 2002
Américo Paredes Award, American Folklore Society
High honors, Finnish government and Finnish Literature Society
Charles Redd Award from the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters
The <mask>mo Turunen Medal from the Kalevala Society of Finland

References

External links
William A. Wilson Folklore Archives, including the Eric A. Eliason papers, at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University

1933 births
2016 deaths
People from Bannock County, Idaho
People from Tremonton, Utah
Brigham Young University alumni
Indiana University alumni
Writers from Idaho
Writers from Utah
20th-century scholars
21st-century scholars
American folklorists
Utah State University faculty
Brigham Young University faculty
Harold B. Lee Library-related folklore articles

masks:
William Albert "
" Wilson
William Albert Wilson
Bill Wilson
Lucile Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Austin E
Alta
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Austin
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
. Arring
Ai


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<mask> (;  – 26 February 1939) was a Soviet politician, state and Communist Party official and party publicist. He was a member of Joseph Stalin's inner circle, before falling victim to the Great Purge. In 2010, a court in Kyiv judged Postyshev guilty of complicity in genocide because of his part in causing the mass starvation in Ukraine in the early 1930s, known as the Holodomor. Early career
Postyshev was born in Ivanovo-Voznesensk in Vladimir Governorate in to the family of a Russian weaver. He was a member of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party from 1904, and later joined the Bolshevik faction, and worked fulltime, illegally, as a party organiser. Arrested  on 24 April (old style) 1908, he spent four years in Vladimir Central Prison, and then was deported to the Irkutsk region. During the October Revolution, he played a major role in bringing Irkutsk under Bolshevik control, and then in creating the Far Eastern Republic.In 1923, he was transferred to Ukraine to supervise  organization of the Communist Party committee in Kiev Governorate (guberniya) in central Ukraine. In 1925, Postyshev became secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolshevik) of Ukraine, or CP(b)U. In 1926–30 he became a member of the Politburo and Organizational Bureau of Ukraine's Communist Party. At the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), in December 1927, he was elected a member of the Central Committee

In July 1930, Postyshev was transferred to Moscow, as the Secretary of the Central Committee, in charge of propaganda and organization. This was a time of upheaval in the countryside across the Soviet Union, as Joseph Stalin forced through a policy of driving the peasants onto collective farms. In May 1930, Postyshev had a signed article in Pravda, castigating party officials in Ukraine who complained that collectivisation was being driven ahead too quickly. In Moscow, he was part of the inner leadership, despite not being a member of the Politburo.The chairman of the Russian federal government, Sergey Syrtsov complained in November 1930 that "everything is decided behind the back of the Politburo by a tiny group", which, he said, included Postyshev, while nominally more senior figures such as Kliment Voroshilov and Janis Rudzutaks were excluded. In December 1932, he was dispatched to the Lower Volga region, where there were particular difficulties enforcing grain collection. When a district official in Balashov complained that "we have nothing left to winnow or thresh", Postyshev sacked him on the spot. On 12 June, the territorial party committee admitted that without Postyshev's help, it would not have met its grain procurement target. The arrests and food shortages caused the population in the territory to fall by about a million over 18 months. Role in the Holodomor
On 18 September, Postyshev sent a telegram to the Ukrainian party leadership ordering them to meet their quota for exporting grain, in spite of warnings that forced collectivisation was causing mass starvation. This was the first piece of evidence cited by the Kyiv Court of Appeal in finding Postyshev posthumously guilty of genocide.Later that month, he was sent back to Ukraine to enforce grain collection, starting in Dnipropetrovsk. On 24 January 1933, Postyshev was appointed Second Secretary of the Central Committee of the Ukraine CP, and first secretary of the Kharkiv city and Kharkiv Oblast Party organizations. Though nominally junior to the First Secretary, Stanisław Kosior, he "functioned as Stalin's direct emissary, a kind of governor-general of Ukraine.". Postyshev criticized the Ukrainian Communists for their "lack of Bolshevik vigilance" in Stalin's systematic enforcement of increased grain quotas. His party activists conducted a brutal campaign through farms and homes, searching for suspected hiding places and confiscating every bit of grain, with disregard for the starvation they encountered. Millions died in the famine of 1932–33. During his first tour of the Ukrainian countryside, Postyshev took his 18 year old son, Valentin with him.The youth was so distressed by the spectacle of starvation that his father assembled the family when they returned home and ordered them all not to conduct anti-Party conversations at home. Before Postyshev's return, the communist party had encouraged, or at least permitted the use of the Ukrainian language in schools, and the creation of Ukrainian history and language course in universities. The university courses were closed down in January 1933, and in June, Postyshev accused the Ukraine People's Commissar for Education Mykola Skrypnyk of "wrecking" the schools and universities by allowing "Petliurite swine" to gain control - "and you often defended them." Skrypnyk committed suicide soon afterwards. This was the start of a purge of such "nests of nationalist counter-revolutionaries" as the commissariats of education, agriculture, and justice, newspapers, journals, encyclopedias and film studios, during which Over 15,000 officials were eliminated on charges of "nationalism. ", and thousands of authors, scholars, philosophers, artists, musicians and editors were exiled to labour camps, executed or simply disappeared. The writer Mykhailo Yalovy, and the 'national communist' Oleksandr Shumsky were among those arrested, while the writer Mykola Khvylovy avoided arrest by committing suicide.Many others avoided being denounced by working according to Moscow dictates. The Ukrainian Communist Party was also targeted. In a prelude to the Great Purge, Postyshev forced through the sacking of sacked 237 secretaries of district party committees and 249 chairmen of district executive committees. Almost 100,000 members were expelled during his first year in Ukraine, and a further 168,000 through 1938. Postyshev wrote in his report that the majority were exiled or shot. The highest ranking were paraded through elaborate show trials. As the purges progressed after 1933, affecting millions throughout the Soviet Union, Postyshev's crackdown spread beyond perceived "Ukrainianizers," "nationalists," and opponents of collectivization.Eventually it came to include the liquidation of entire classes such as kulaks, priests, people who had been members of anti-Bolshevik armies, and even ethnic Ukrainians who had travelled abroad or immigrated from Galicia. In February 1934, Postyshev was elected a candidate member of the Politburo. In 1934-37, after the Ukrainian capital had bene moved from Kharkov to Kyiv, he was First Secretary of the Kyiv party committee. In this role, he oversaw the 'socialist reconstruction' of the city, which involved the destruction of churches, monuments, and Orthodox and Jewish cemeteries. Postyshev is known for reviving the New Year tree tradition in the Soviet Union. A letter from Postyshev published in Pravda on December 28, 1935 calls for the installation of New Year trees in schools, children's homes, Young Pioneer Palaces, children's clubs, children's theaters and cinemas. Downfall
At the start of the Great Purge, Postyshev appeared to be well placed to survive and benefit from it.Defendants at the first of the Moscow Show Trials, in August 1936, were made to confess to having planned to assassinate eight leading communists, including Stalin, the late Sergei Kirov, and <mask>. But in January 1937, he was removed from his post as First Secretary of the Kyiv party organisation, while retaining his other positions. He had purged the party organisation with his normal ruthlessness, but had acquired powerful enemies who accused him of purging good communists while leaving suspected oppositionists in position. During a Central Committee plenum in June 1936, Nikolay Yezhov, whose name would become synonymous with the Great Purge, or 'Yezhovschina', accusing him of persecuting innocent communist party members in Kyiv, without giving details. In November, Stalin took up the case of a woman named Nikolayenko, whom Postyshev had had expelled from the Kyiv party for making a series of malicious denunciations. She was reinstated, though years later, after Stalin's death, was denounced as "one of the worst slanderers." At the critical plenum of the Central Committee in February 1937, which decided the fate of Nikolai Bukharin and Alexei Rykov, who has led the opposition to collectivisation, Postyshev continually barracked them as they tried to defend themselves, and voted for both men to be arrested and shot.But when Nikita Khrushchev delivered his 'Secret Speech' to the 20th Party congress in 1956, he said that during the same plenum, Postyshev protested about the recent arrest of a Ukraine-based communist official named Karpov, whom he said had been wrongly accused of being a Trotskyite. In a sharp exchange, Stalin demanded ""What are you, actually?" and
Postyshev replied: "I am a Bolshevik, comrade Stalin, a Bolshevik." On 17 March 1937, Postyshev was removed from his post in Ukraine, and appointed First Secretary of the Kuibyshev (Samara) regional party committee, a drastic demotion that was supposedly his chance to "correct his errors". He was accused of having an "un-Bolshevik style of work", and of allowing Trotskyists to flourish in the Kyiv party organisation. With Postyshev in charge, Kuibyshev "was purged of 'enemies' with a savagery unexampled even in other regions. Postyshev ... changed many of the sentences sent to him for his signature, requiring death where the procuratror and investigator thought eight or ten years in confinement were sufficient."He had 3,300 party members expelled, and 35 out of 65 district party committees disbanded. In one district, 64 out of 200 Communist Party members in one district were expelled. In January 1938, Postyshev was hauled in front of the Central Committee and accused, for a second time, of persecuting innocent communists. He justified himself on the grounds that "the soviet and party leaderships were in  enemy hands, from the regional leadership at the top to the district leadership at the bottom." He was removed from his post in Kuibyshev, and was arrested on February 26, 1938. His arrest came after he was denounced by Lev Mekhlis who feared that Postyshev's repression might affect him. Postyshev was shot in Butyrka prison on 21 February 1939, and buried in Moscow's Donskoye Cemetery.Nikita Khrushchev, along with Vyacheslav Molotov and Nikolai Yezhov, were sent to take over Postyshev's post in Ukraine. Khrushchev had to be appointed by Moscow; he could not be elected because, after Postyshev's removal, the entire Central Committee of the CP(b)U "had been purged spotless," according to Khrushchev. Family
Postyshev had one son, Valentin, (1916-1938), by his first wife, Anastasia Konovalova, whom he married in Siberia. Valentin, who had been so distressed by the plight of Ukrainian peasants, later enrolled at an aviation school in Yeysk, where he was appinted secretary of the school Komsomol organisation, and reputedly copied his father's example for ruthlessness. He was arrested on the same day as his father, 21 February 1938. According to one source, he was shot on 26 August 1938, when he was aged 23., though it has also been reported that he was in a labour camp in Kolyma and was sentenced to death there, for refusing to work, and shot. Postyshev's second wife, Tatiana Semyonovna Postolovskaya (1899-1938) was also an Old Bolshevik and a high ranking Communist Party official.In 1934, she was appointed Secretary of the party committee of the All-Ukrainian Association of Scientific-Research Marxist-Leninist Institutes. In February 1935, a communist named M.Garin, whose wife had been expelled from the party at Postolovskaya's instigation, wrote to Stalin complaining that she "is not distinguished either for her intellect or her experience" but exercised "unlimited authority" because she was married to <mask>. She was expelled from the Communist Party early in 1937. She was arrested on the same day as her husband, and shot on 26 August 1938. They had two more sons. Leonid, (1920-2008) was arrested in 1939, and sentenced to ten years in the gulag, but survived, had his conviction overturned in 1955 and became a prominent economist. Vladimir (born 1922) was 15 or 16 years old when he was arrested, on 22 August 1938.In 1939, he was sentenced to five years in the gulag, as a 'socially dangerous person'. After he had completed that term, he was rearrested and sentenced to a further ten years. There is a story that when the two surviving brothers met, when their father was being 'rehabilitated' in 1955, they did no recognise each other. Vladimir, then in his 30s died soon afterwards. Legacy

A railway station which eventually became the city of Pokrovsk was briefly (1934–1938) named Postyshevo after him. Postyshev was rehabilitated on 1 June 1955. Sources
Magocsi, Paul Robert (1996).A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. .
Subtelny, Orest (1988). Ukraine: A History, 1st edition, Toronto: University of Toronto Press. .

References

External links

Postyshev, <mask> entry in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine

1887 births
1939 deaths
People from Ivanovo
People from Vladimir Governorate
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
Old Bolsheviks
Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union candidate members
Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union) members
Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union members
First convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Military personnel of the Far Eastern Republic
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Great Purge victims from Russia
Russian people executed by the Soviet Union
Soviet rehabilitations

masks:
Pavel Petrovich Postyshev
Postyshev
Postyshev
Pavel


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<mask> () is a Chinese Muay Thai fighter. He is currently fighting for ONE Championship. <mask> previously challenged Nong-O Gaiyanghadao for the ONE Bantamweight Muay Thai World Championship. Biography and career

<mask> started martial arts in China with Sanda and the Muay Thai. At 14 years old he moved to Thailand to get better training. ONE Championship
On July 27, 2018, <mask> made his ONE Championship debut against Panicos Yusuf at ONE Championship: Reign of Kings, losing by unanimous decision. He picked up his first promotional win with a unanimous decision over Stergos Mikkios at ONE Championship: Beyond The Horizon on September 8, 2018.On October 26, 2018, <mask> defeated Ryan Jakiri by first-round knockout at ONE Championship: Pursuit of Greatness. He extended his ONE winning streak to three with a first-round technical knockout victory over Azwan Che Wil at ONE Championship: Conquest of Champions on November 23, 2018. On February 16, 2019, <mask> faced Nong-O Gaiyanghadao for the inaugural ONE Bantamweight Muay Thai World Championship. He lost the fight by unanimous decision after five rounds. He bounced back with a second-round knockout over Andrew Miller at ONE Championship: Legendary Quest on June 15, 2019. On November 8, 2019, he lost to Kongsak Saenchaimuaythaigym by unanimous decision at ONE Championship: Masters of Fate. On January 10, 2020, he lost to Mehdi Zatout by split decision at ONE Championship: A New Tomorrow.<mask> returned to winning with a third-round knockout over Mohammed Bin Mahmoud at ONE Championship: Reign of Dynasties 2 on October 17, 2020. <mask> was then scheduled to face Adam Noi at ONE Championship: Unbreakable 3 on January 22, 2021. However, the bout was postponed to take place at ONE Championship: Fists of Fury 2 on February 26, 2021. He won the fight via unanimous decision.

masks:
Han Zihao
Han
Han
Han
Han
Han Zihao
Han
Han