text_chunks:
<mask>  (31 August 1778 – 31 August 1839) was an English architect, classical scholar and archaeologist. He designed the National Gallery and University College London, and buildings for several Cambridge colleges. <mask> was born in the parish of St Giles, Norwich, the son of <mask> (1751–1815), a successful builder who also managed a chain of theatres. His younger brother <mask> became Archdeacon of Nottingham. He was educated at Norwich School and then won a scholarship to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He graduated as 6th wrangler in 1800. With the award of the Worts Travelling Bachelorship in 1801, worth £100 for three years, he was able to visit the classical antiquities Greece, Asia Minor, and Magna Græcia in Italy between 1801 and 1804.On his tour he was accompanied by the Italian landscape painter Agostino Aglio, whom <mask> had commissioned as a draughtsman on the expedition. Aglio supplied the drawings for the aquatint plates of monuments illustrating <mask>' volumes from the expedition, such as The Antiquities of Magna Graecia (1807). <mask> was a member of the Society of Dilettanti from 1817. He published researches into both Classical and Gothic architecture, becoming one of the leading figures in the English Greek Revival of the early 19th century. His architectural career began in 1804 with his Greek-revival designs for the newly established Downing College, Cambridge. The commission came after earlier plans in a Palladian style by James Wyatt had been rejected as insufficiently classical. <mask> arranged the college buildings around a single large courtyard.Construction began in 1807 and proceeded slowly, coming to a halt in 1821 with <mask>' scheme still incomplete. In 1806, <mask> designed a college near Hertford for the East India Company. It became Haileybury College following the dissolution of the company. He built or added to Osberton House, near Worksop. These works were followed in 1808 by the Doric entrance to the Lower Assembly Rooms at Bath, and a villa at North Berwick for Sir H. D. Hamilton. At Grange Park, Northington, Hampshire, in 1809, <mask> encased and remodelled an existing seventeenth-century house, giving it something of the form of a Greek temple, with a large Doric portico at one end. In 1815 <mask> inherited his father's chain of six theatres.He continued to manage them for the rest of his life, and rebuilt or remodelled several of them, occasionally also designing scenery. In 1822–26, he collaborated with John Peter Gandy on the Clubhouse for the new United University Club, in Pall Mall. He was made an associate of the Royal Society in 1824 and given full membership in 1826. <mask> was influential in the development of Trafalgar Square in London, which had been opened up as part of a scheme by John Nash. He campaigned to have the new National Gallery sited on the north side of the square, initially suggesting that the existing building, <mask>'s Great Mews should be converted for the purpose. The government accepted the idea, but opted for a wholly new building, and a Neoclassical design by <mask> was accepted over alternative schemes by Nash and CR Cockerell. <mask> also drew up plans for the laying out of the square itself.They were not put into effect, although the scheme eventually carried out by Charles Barry after <mask>' death replicated many of his ideas. The appearance of the National Gallery (1832–38),  which originally also housed the Royal Academy,  attracted a great deal of adverse criticism from the beginning; more recently John Summerson concluded that although <mask>' frontage has many virtues "considered critically as a façade commanding a great square, its weakness is apparent". <mask> carried out two other major London buildings in a severe Classical style:  University College, Gower Street, and St George's Hospital, both designed in 1827–28. His other Greek Revival works include the Theatre Royal Bury St Edmunds 1819, St. Paul's Church, George Street, Nottingham 1822 and the Yorkshire Museum (1830). He was responsible for two columns commemorating Admiral Nelson, one in Dublin and the Britannia Monument in Great Yarmouth. Both predate <mask>'s design for Trafalgar Square. He also produced buildings in the Gothic style, such as Dalmeny House for Lord Rosebery in 1814–17 and Tregothnan for Lord Falmouth in 1816.He used the style at several Cambridge colleges: in 1823 he won the competition to design a set of new buildings for King's College, Cambridge, comprising the hall, provost's lodge, library, and a stone screen towards Trumpington Street, and in the same year started work on the King's court of Trinity College, and new buildings, including the chapel, at Corpus Christi College. In 1827 <mask> was appointed architect to the East India Company, and the next year made alterations to its building in Leadenhall Street. He entered the competition to design the Duke of York's Column, and in 1836 that for the rebuilding of the Houses of Parliament. After failing to win the latter he attacked the plans of his rivals and the decision of the committee in a pamphlet signed "Phil-archimedes". He was appointed professor of architecture at the Royal Academy following the death of John Soane in 1837, but gave no lectures before he himself died at his house in Cambridge on 31 August 1839. He was buried in the crypt under the chapel of Corpus Christi College. List of publications

 Some Account of the Prior's Chapel at Ely in pages 105–12 Archaeologia XIV (1801)
 Antiquities of Magna Graecia (1807).Observations on the Porta Honoris of Caius College, Cambridge in Vetusta Monumenta, iv (1809)
 The Civil Architecture of Vitruvius: Comprising those Books of the Author which Relate to the Public and Private Edifices off the Ancients (1813 and 1817). Atheniensia, or Remarks of the Topography and Buildings in Athens (1816). Remarks on the Architectural Inscription Brought from Athens, and now Preserved in the British Museum in pages 580–603, Memoirs relating to European & Asiatic Turkey edited by Robert Walpole (1817). On the Sculptures of the Parthenon in Travels in Various Countries edited by Walpole (1820). Report on the State of Sherborne Church (1828). Prolusiones Architectonicae or Essays on Subjects Connected with Grecian and Roman Architecture (1837). The Lydo-Phrygian Inscription in pages 155–60 of Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature of the United Kingdom, III (1839).List of architectural work

Downing College, Cambridge, designed (1805), west range built (1807–13), east range built (1818–22); the remainder of the design remained unexecuted. East India College (now Haileybury College), Hertfordshire (1805–09). Norwich Cathedral, restoration work with his father (1806). Lower Assembly Rooms, Bath, Somerset, later the Bath Royal Literary Institution, (1808); demolished (1933). Nelson's Pillar, Dublin, altered in execution by Francis Johnston. The Grange, Northington, remodelling based on a Greek temple (1809). Argyll House, Argyll Street, London, alterations to the interior (1809); demolished.Pentillie Castle, Cornwall, addition of a new wing (1810). Theatre, Colchester, Essex, renovations (1811); demolished. Lensfield House, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, remodelled, including portico (1811); <mask>' own house, demolished (1955) and now replaced by the Chemistry Department of Cambridge University. Theatre Royal, Newmarket Road, Cambridge (1814), later remodelled. Dalmeny House, West Lothian (1814–19). Nelson Column, Great Yarmouth (1815–17). Tregothnan, Cornwall (1815–18).Theatre Royal, Great Yarmouth (1816); demolished. The Perse School, Cambridge, remodelling of interiors (1816); demolished. Former Freemason's Hall, Bath, Somerset (1817). Keswick Hall, Norfolk, remodelling and additions (1817–19). King's College Bridge, Cambridge (1818). Theatre Royal, Bury St Edmunds (1818). Church of St Mary the Great, Cambridge, alterations to the interior including a new west gallery (1819).Dunmore Park, Stirlingshire, (1820–2); now derelict/ ruinous. New Norfolk Gaol and Shire House, Norwich, built as part of the Norwich Castle complex (1820–24); partly demolished. St. Paul's Church, Nottingham (1821–22); demolished (1926). New Court, Trinity College, Cambridge (1821–1827). United University Club, Pall Mall East, London (1821–26); rebuilt 1902. New Court, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (1821–27). Entrance Screen with Gatehouse and South Range with Great Hall and Library.King's College, Cambridge (1823–28). East India Company Military Seminary, Addiscombe, Surrey, added dining room, barracks and office block (1825–27); demolished 1861. Theatre Royal, Norwich, reconstruction, including a Greek doric colonnade (1825–26); burnt down 1934. Former St George's Hospital, (now The Lanesborough Hotel), Hyde Park Corner, London (1826–28). County Gaol, Huntingdon (1826). University College London (1826–1830), later completed to amended designs by 1869. Yorkshire Philosophical Society Museum (now Yorkshire Museum) (1827–30).Brooke Hall, Norfolk, additions (1827). House, Kingsweston, Bristol, addition of a Doric portico (1828). National Gallery, London (1831–1838); originally only one room deep, and also housing the Royal Academy; since much extended and remodelled. Gallery of architectural work

References

Sources

External links

1778 births
1839 deaths
Architects from Norwich
19th-century English architects
Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Greek Revival architects
English archaeologists
English classical scholars
Fellows of the Royal Society
People educated at Norwich School
Royal Academicians

masks:
William Wilkins
Life Wilkins
William Wilkins
George Wilkins
Wilkins
Wilkins
Wilkins
Wilkins
Wilkins
Wilkins
Wilkins
Wilkins
Wilkins
William Kent
Wilkins
Wilkins
Wilkins
Wilkins
Wilkins
William Railton
Wilkins
Wilkins


text_chunks:
<mask> (born September 8, 1983) is an American writer, conservative activist, radio host, and Emmy-nominated journalist. Originally from New York City, <mask> started in conservative political activism as a student at Roger Williams University. In 2010, <mask> released his first New York Times bestseller, Obama Zombies. <mask>'s second book, Hollywood Hypocrites, was published in 2012, and his third book, Crapitalism, was published in 2014, all by Simon & Schuster. <mask> was editor of Human Events magazine from 2010–12, and from 2010–13 hosted a weekend talk show on the New York City radio station 77 WABC. In 2015, <mask> became a correspondent for the syndicated TV series Crime Watch Daily, which is produced and syndicated by Warner Bros. He has received two Emmy nominations for his work on the show.Personal background and education
Born in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, <mask> is of Italian and Puerto Rican descent. Mattera grew up in Sunset Park, Brooklyn and graduated from Bishop Ford Central Catholic High School in 2001. In 2005, <mask>a graduated summa cum laude from Roger Williams University with a Bachelor of Science degree in business management and communications. Career

Writing
In 2010, <mask> wrote his first book, Obama Zombies: How the Liberal Machine Brainwashed My Generation. That book debuted at #14 on The New York Times best-seller list for hardcover non-fiction. Stephen Gutowski at Human Events praised the book, which he said "well chronicles how liberals have taken advantage of and brain-washed" college-aged voters. Ann Coulter called Obama Zombies "piercing, eye-opening, and deliciously witty" and said it "is required reading for an entire generation who have been sold liberal lies."In Obama Zombies, <mask> writes that "For an entire year, otherwise clear-thinking members of the most affluent, over-educated, information-drenched generation in American history fell prey to the most expensive, hi-tech, laser-focused marketing assault in presidential campaign history." "The result," he continued, was "an unthinking mass of young voters marched forward to elect the most radical and untested president in U.S. history." In 2012, <mask> published his second book, Hollywood Hypocrites: The Devastating Truth About Obama's Biggest Backers. Like <mask>'s first book, Hollywood Hypocrites was a New York Times bestseller. An ambush video intended to promote this book received significant attention. In mid-March 2012 <mask> confronted comedian Chris Rock at a Sundance Film Festival after party over remarks that Rock made calling the Tea Party movement racist.The video shows Rock lunging for the camera. On why he wrote the book, <mask> says "It's time to recognize the marketing and fund-raising power the Hollywood Progressives wield. It's time to dig into the data and set the record straight. It's time to turn the media spotlight back on the image makers and prevent the Hollywood elite from hoodwinking American voters once again." The late Andrew Breitbart called Hollywood Hypocrites a "barrage of body blows to Hollywood's holier-than-thou limousine liberals," while Mark Levin praised the book as "eye-popping, exhaustively researched, and absolutely hilarious." In 2014, <mask> published his third best-selling book, Crapitalism: Liberals Who Make Millions Swiping Your Tax Dollars, which "reveals the infuriating schemes that result when the filthy rich combine cronyism and capitalism" and, according to Mattera, "pulls back the curtain on a cast of cronyites who make millions taking advantage of taxpayers—and still brag about how they're looking out for the little guy." The American Spectator reviewed Crapitalism as a "full-throated utterly vernacular defense of free-markets."Also in 2012, <mask> wrote the foreword to the book Walk in Generational Blessings: Living a Legacy of Transformation Through Your Family by his father Joseph G<mask>. Mattera's articles have appeared on websites including the Washington Post, Breitbart's Big Journalism, National Review Online,Townhall.com, Human Events, The Daily Caller, and Hot Air. In March 2010, <mask> was named the editor of Human Events, making him the youngest editor of any national periodical. He remained editor until March 2012. Campus activism
At Roger Williams University, <mask> was chairman of the Campus Conservatives organization and editor in chief of campus conservative newsletter The Hawk's Right Eye. The New York Times reported that The Hawk's Right Eye "upset college officials with its critiques of Islam and homosexuality. In 2003, the College Republican National Committee named <mask> the Best State Chairman, and Young America's Foundation recognized him as a top college conservative activist for two years.In response to a 2003 appearance by Judy Shepard, whose son Matthew Shepard was murdered for being gay, The Hawk's Right Eye published articles accusing "militant homosexuals" who supported hate-crime legislation of opposing free speech and a gay-rights group of indoctrinating students. University president Roy Nirschel responded: "While we affirm the right of campus organizations to hold different points of view and to disagree, the university will not condone publications that create a hostile environment for our students." Administration also temporarily halted funding for printing The Hawk's Right Eye. <mask> defended his newsletter and claimed that campus conservatives were victims of censorship and anti-Christian bigotry. In 2004, <mask> attracted national attention for creating the Whites Only Scholarship worth $50 to highlight, what he said, was the inequity of racial preferences. Having received a $5,000 scholarship from the Hispanic College Fund, Mattera felt that racial scholarships promoted by the University gave him "an inherent advantage over my white peers." He told The New York Times that the scholarship was an obvious parody of others specifically available only for minorities: "If you are a white student on campus, you don't have anyone helping you, there is no one compiling a list of scholarships just for you, Why is it that only students of color have this?"Sixteen people applied for the Whites Only Scholarship by February 2004. The Rhode Island Republican Party criticized the scholarship for allegedly being racist, which <mask> said actually proved the point of the parody: that the widespread racial preferences enacted across academia are, indeed, racist. Aggressive journalism

On YouTube, Mattera posts videos of him confronting politicians. <mask>'s unscheduled interviews have included Vice President Joe Biden, Senator Al Franken, Congressman Barney Frank, House Minority Leader Steny Hoyer, Congressman Charlie Rangel, Congressman Alan Grayson, Senator Tom Harkin, Senator Bernie Sanders, Robert Gibbs, among others, and have garnered millions of views. <mask>'s video of Vice President Joe Biden's gained notoriety when Biden stood by his claims that "murder will continue to rise, rape will continue to rise, all crimes will continue to rise" if a Democratic Party spending bill was not passed. Biden's office then filed an official complaint against <mask>. In 2014, <mask> created headlines when he asked Hillary Clinton if she would inscribe her book "Hard Choices" to Christopher Stevens, the American ambassador murdered in Benghazi.In 2015, <mask> turned his attention to the world of crime, starring in the Warner Bros. television show "Crime Watch Daily." "If you see [correspondent] <mask>a...coming at you, you run the other way. That's not a good day for a criminal," said Senior Executive Producer Lisa Gregorisch-Dempsey. Mattera's segments have run the gamut, from investigating murder mysteries, cold cases, suspicious suicides, and questionable disappearances, to tracking down murder suspects, identity thieves, and confronting scam artists, like a woman who pretended to be a doctor and faked her son's cancer to raise money. Speaking

In 2010 <mask> spoke at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC). In his speech, he stated: "Students are subjected to a bombardment of liberal talking points throughout their collegiate careers." He also compared CPAC to the Woodstock Festival and added: "Except that our women are beautiful, we speak in complete sentences, and our notion of freedom doesn't consist of snorting cocaine, which is certainly one thing that separates us from Barack Obama."Mattera also impersonated comedian Chris Rock, according to a Kate Zernicke report in the NY Times, in attacking "diversity" and proclaiming "Get your government off my freedom!" The validity of Zernick's Rock-impersonation characterization was challenged by conservative blogger Andrew Breitbart, who said "[Mattera] happens to be from Brooklyn! He's using his voice!" Further on diversity, Mattera imagined college courses on "what it means to be a feminist new black man [as] ... a crossover between RuPaul and Barney Frank". Radio and television
From 2010–13, Mattera hosted a weekly talk show on WABC-AM, The <mask> Show, as well as guest hosting on the station starting in June 2010. "Our listeners have embraced <mask>'s political acumen, mischievous style, and New York sense of humor," WABC's then program director Laurie Cantillo said in a statement. Of the selection, Don Imus commented "I love this kid."<mask> is also a frequent guest on The Fox News Channel and The Fox Business Channel, regularly appearing on Hannity, Fox & Friends, and Varney & Co. He's also appeared on CNN and C-SPAN. It was announced on 12/19/2012 that he will be co-hosting a national weekday radio talk show starting on January 2, 2013 with
Newspaper columnist, Fox News Channel's and The Five co-host Andrea Tantaros on Talk Radio Network called The Andrea Tantaros show with <mask>. As of early January 2014, <mask> is no longer listed on the WABC radio schedule. In 2015, <mask> joined the new Warner Bros. television show "Crime Watch Daily," which is billed as a "one-hour program covering the most compelling aspects of the world of crime, mystery and intrigue." Now in its third season, <mask> has received two Emmy nominations in the category of Outstanding Special Class Series. Bibliography

References

External links

 The <mask> Show website on WABC

1983 births
American bloggers
American magazine editors
American writers of Italian descent
American people of Puerto Rican descent
American talk radio hosts
Living people
New York (state) Republicans
Puerto Rican writers
People from Sunset Park, Brooklyn
Radio personalities from New York City
Roger Williams University alumni
Human Events people
Journalists from Washington, D.C.
21st-century American non-fiction writers
Journalists from New York City
Activists from New York (state)

masks:
Jason Joseph Mattera
Mattera
Mattera
Mattera
Mattera
Mattera
Mattera
Jason Matter
Mattera
Mattera
Mattera
Mattera
Mattera
Mattera
Mattera
Jason Mattera
. Mattera
Mattera
Mattera
Mattera
Mattera
Mattera
Mattera
Mattera
Mattera
Mattera
Mattera
Mattera
Jason Matter
Mattera
Jason Mattera
Jason
Mattera
Jason Mattera
Mattera
Mattera
Mattera
Jason Mattera


text_chunks:
<mask> (28 April 1868 – 16 April 1941) was a French Post-Impressionist painter and writer, who had artistic friendships with Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin and Eugène Boch, and at a later time, Paul Cézanne. Most of his notable work was accomplished at a young age, in the years 1886 through 1897. He is also associated with Cloisonnism and Synthetism, two late 19th-century art movements. Less known is <mask>'s literary work, comprising plays, poetry, and art criticism as well as art historical statements that contain first-hand information on the crucial period of modern art to which <mask> had contributed. Biography

<mask> was born in Lille, France, in 1868. As in his younger years his sister was sick, Émile was unable to receive much attention from his parents; he therefore stayed with his grandmother, who owned a laundry in Lille, employing more than twenty people. She was one of the greatest supporters of his art.The family moved to Paris in 1878, where <mask> attended the Collège Sainte-Barbe. Education

He began his studies at the École des Arts Décoratifs. In 1884, joined the Atelier Cormon where he experimented with Impressionism and Pointillism and befriended fellow artists Louis Anquetin and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. After being suspended from the École des Beaux-Arts for "showing expressive tendencies in his paintings", he toured Brittany on foot, where he was enamored by the tradition and landscape. In August 1886, <mask> met Gauguin in Pont-Aven. In this brief meeting, they exchanged little about art, but looked forward to meeting again. <mask> said, looking back on that time, that "my own talent was already fully developed."He believed that his style did play a considerable part in the development of Gauguin's mature style. 1887–1888

<mask> spent September 1887 at the coast, where he painted La Grandmère, a portrait of his grandmother. He continued talking with other painters and started saying good things about Gauguin. <mask> went back to Paris, attended Académie Julian, met with van Gogh, who as we already stated was impressed by his work, found a restaurant to show the work alongside van Gogh, Anquetin, and Toulouse-Lautrec's work at the Avenue Clichy. Van Gogh called the group the School of Petit-Boulevard. One year later, <mask> set out for Pont-Aven by foot and saw Gauguin. Their friendship and artistic relationship grew strong quickly.By this time <mask> had developed many theories about his artwork and what he wanted it to be. He stated that he had "a desire to [find] an art that would be of the most extreme simplicity and that would be accessible to all, so as not to practice its individuality, but collectively..." Gauguin was impressed by <mask>'s ability to verbalize his ideas. 1888 was a seminal year in the history of Modern art. From 23 October until 23 December Paul Gauguin and Vincent van Gogh worked together in Arles. Gauguin had brought his new style from Pont-Aven exemplified in Vision after the Sermon: Jacob Wrestling with the Angel, a powerful work of visual symbolism of which he had already sent a sketch to van Gogh in September. He also brought along <mask>'s Le Pardon de Pont-Aven which he had exchanged for one of his paintings and which he used to decorate the shared workshop. see in: (ref.Druick 2001) This work was equally striking and illustrative of the style <mask> <mask> had already acquainted van Gogh with when he sent him a batch of drawings in August, so much so that van Gogh made a watercolor copy of the Pardon (December 1888) which he sent to his brother, to recommend <mask>'s new style to be promoted. The following year van Gogh still vividly remembered the painting in his written portrait of <mask> <mask> in a letter to his sister Wil (10 December 1889):"...it was so original I absolutely wanted to have a copy." <mask>'s style was effective and coherent (see:woman at haystacks,) as can also be seen from the comparison of the two "portraits" <mask> and Gauguin sent to van Gogh at the end of September 1888 at the latter's request: self-portraits -at Gauguin's initiative- each integrating a small portrait of the other in the background. (ref. Druick 2001)

One of <mask> <mask>'s drawings from the August batch ("...a lane of trees near the sea with two women talking in the foreground and some strollers" – Vincent van Gogh in a letter to <mask> – Arles 1888) also appears to have inspired the work van Gogh and Gauguin did on the Allée des Alyscamps in Arles. In 1891 he joined a group of Symbolist painters that included Odilon Redon and Ferdinand Hodler. In 1893 he started traveling, to Egypt, Spain and Italy and after that his style became more eclectic.He returned to Paris in 1904 and remained there for the remainder of his life. He taught at the École des Beaux-Arts before he died in 1941. "[...] this creative, avant-garde young man destroyed himself in a fight against that same avant-garde he had helped to create. His rivalry with Gauguin led him out of spite along a different path: classicism. This change took place when he was living in the Middle East, in a period of great crisis. But the fact remains that the young <mask> played an essential part as an initiator for Gauguin, and that he was the inventor of a new artistic vision." Theories on style and art: Cloisonnism and Symbolism

<mask> theorized a style of painting with bold forms separated by dark contours which became known as cloisonnism.His work showed geometric tendencies which hinted at influences of Paul Cézanne, and he collaborated with Paul Gauguin and Vincent van Gogh. Many say that it was <mask>'s friend Anquetin, who should receive the credit for this "closisonisme" technique. During the spring of 1887, <mask> and Anquetin "turned against Neo-Impressionism." It is also likely that <mask> was influenced by the works he had seen of Cézanne. But <mask> says "When I was in Brittany, I was inspired by "everything that is superfluous in a spectacle is covering it with reality and occupying our eyes instead of our mind. You have to simplify the spectacle in order to make some sense of it. You have, in a way, to draw its plan.""The first means that I use is to simplify nature to an extreme point. I reduce the lines only to the main contrasts and I reduce the colors to the seven fundamental colors of the prism. To see a style and not an item. To highlight the abstract sense and not the objective. And the second means were to appeal to the conception and to the memory by extracting yourself from any direct atmosphere. Appeal more to internal memory and conception. There I was expressing myself more, it was me that I was describing, although I was in front of the nature.There was an invisible meaning under the mute shape of exteriority." Symbolism and religious motifs appear in both <mask> and Gauguin's work. During the summer of 1889, <mask> was alone in Le Pouldu and began to paint many religious canvasses. He was upset that he had to do commercial work at the same time that he wanted to create these pieces. <mask> wrote about his relationship with the style of symbolism in many letters, articles, and statements. He said that it was of a Christian essence, divine language. <mask> believed that it "It is the invisible express by the visible," and those previous attempts of religious symbolism failed.That period of symbolism represented the nature of beauty, but did not find the truth in the beauty. Art until the renaissance was based on the invisible rather than the visible, the idea, not the shapes or concrete. The history of the painting of symbols was spiritual. Everything, meaning symbols, were forgotten with the paganist ideas and doctrines. That is what <mask> was attempting to accomplish with the rebirth of symbolism in 1890. In his idea of the new symbolism, he concentrated on maintaining a grounded art, more authentic in <mask>'s mind meant reducing impressionism, not creating an optical trip like Georges-Pierre Seurat, but simplifying the actual symbol. His concept was that through ideas, not technique, the truth is found.Influence
It was always <mask> <mask>'s great frustration that Paul Gauguin never mentioned him as an influence on pictorial symbolism (see for instance his own notes attached to the Belgian edition (1942) of his selected letters, published shortly after his death). In 2001/2002 The Art Institute of Chicago and the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam held a joint exhibition:Van Gogh and Gauguin:The Workshop of the South that put <mask> <mask>'s contribution in perspective. (ref. Druick 2001)

One of <mask> <mask>'s students was the Swedish painter Ivan Aguéli. Works

Writings

Art criticism

 Le Moderniste I/14, 27 July 1889, pp. 108 and 110

 Les Hommes d'aujourd'hui, no. 387

 Les Hommes d'aujourd'hui, no.390, (1891)
 reprinted in: Lettres & Recueil (1911), pp. 65–69

 La Plume III/57, 1 September 1891, pp. 300–301

  (!) La Plume III/64, 15 December 1891, p. 447

 Mercure de France VII/40, April 1893, pp. 324–330
 reprinted in: Lettres & Recueil (1911), pp. 45–52

 Mercure de France VII/44, August 1893, pp. 303–305
 reprinted in: Lettres & Recueil (1911), pp.53–57

 dated 10 June 1895
 first published in: Lettres & Recueil (1911), pp. 59–63
 Notes sur l'école dite de "Pont-Aven"
 Mercure de France XLVIII, December 1903, pp. 675–682

 Mercure de France LXXVI/276, 16 December 1908, pp. 600–616

 Lettres de Vincent van Gogh à Émile <mask> & Recueil des publications sur Vincent van Gogh faites depuis son déces par <mask> <mask>, précédées d'une preface nouvelle par le même auteur, Ambroise Vollard, éditeur, Paris, 1911, pp. 1–43

 Mercure de France CXXXVIII/521, 1 March 1920, pp. 289–318

 Mercure de France CXLVIII/551, 1 June 1921, pp. 372–397

 L'Amour de l'Art, December 1924, pp.393–400

 Souvenirs sur Paul Cézanne: une conversation avec Cézanne, la méthode de Cézanne. Paris: Chez Michel, 1925. Gazette des Beaux-Arts VI/11, February 1934, pp. 108–121

 Mercure de France CCLXVIII/912, 15 June 1936, pp. 514–530

 Nouvelliste du Morbihan, Lorient, (1939)

 first published in:
 reprinted in: , Editions de la Nouvelle Revue Belgique, Brussels 1942, pp. 241–257

Letters
His correspondence with other artists is of great art historical interest. Van Gogh, Gauguin, and <mask> traded ideas and art.Many letters sent from van Gogh and Gauguin to <mask> give historians a better idea of the artists lives and connection to their artwork. Lettres à <mask> <mask> de Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Odilon Redon, Paul Cézanne, Elémir Bourges, Léon Bloy, G. Apollinaire, Joris-Karl Huysmans, Henry de Groux, Editions de la Nouvelle Revue Belgique, Brussels 1942
 Neil McWilliam (ed. ), <mask> <mask>. Les Lettres d'un artiste (1884–1941), Les Presses du réel, Dijon, 2012, an edited selection of 430 letters covering the entirety of the artist's career. Notes, references and sources
Notes and references

Sources

 Alley, Ronald. The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 133, No.1056 (Mar. 1991)
 Dorra, Henri: <mask> <mask> and Paul Gauguin, Gazette des Beaux-Arts 1955. Vol. 45. Druick, Douglas W., and Seghers, Peter Kort: Van Gogh and Gauguin: The Workshop of the South – Art Institute of Chicago Museum Shop, Paperback, 2001
 Leeman, Fred: <mask> <mask> (1868–1941), Citadelles & Mazenod editors; Wildenstein Institute Publications, 2013, 495 p.
 Luthi, Jean-Jacques: <mask> <mask>, Catalogue raisonné de l'œuvre peint, Editions SIDE, Paris 1982
 McWilliam, Neil (ed. ): '<mask> <mask>. Les Lettres d'un artiste', Les Presses du réel, Dijon, 2012 ().McWilliam, Neil; Karp-Lugo, Laura, and Welsh-Ovcharov, Bogomila: "<mask> <mask>. Au-delà de Pont-Aven", Institut national d'histoire de l'art, Paris, 2012
 Morane, Daniel: <mask> <mask> 1868–1941, Catalogue de l'œuvre gravé, Musée de Pont-Aven & Bibliothèque d'Art et d'Archéologie – Jacques Doucet, Paris, 2000
 Stevens, MaryAnne, et alt. : <mask> <mask> 1868–1941, a pioneer of Modern Art / Ein Wegbereiter der Moderne, Waanders, Zwolle 1990
 Waschek, Matthias: Eklektizismus und Originalität. Die Grundlagen des französischen Symbolismus am Beispiel von <mask> <mask>, PhD Bonn 1990
 Welsh-Ovcharov, Bogomila: Vincent van Gogh and the Birth of Cloisonism, Toronto & Amsterdam, 1980

External links

Signac, 1863-1935, a fully digitized exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries, which contains material on <mask> (see index)
artcyclopedia.com
Van Gogh Letters to <mask>, The Morgan Library online exhibition (facsimiles and translations). Alumni of the Académie Julian
French art critics
French letter writers
French male painters
French male poets
Orientalism
Orientalist painters
People from Lille
Post-impressionist painters
Pont-Aven painters
1868 births
1941 deaths
19th-century French poets
20th-century French writers
20th-century male writers
19th-century French painters
20th-century French painters
20th-century male artists
19th-century male writers
French Symbolist painters
19th-century letter writers

masks:
Émile Henri Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Émile Henri Bernard
Émile
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Émile
Bernard
Bernard
Émile
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Émile
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Émile
Bernard
Émile
Bernard
Émile
Bernard
Bernard
Émile
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard
Émile
Bernard
Émile
Bernard
Émile
Bernard
Émile
Bernard
Émile
Bernard
Émile
Bernard
Émile
Bernard
Émile
Bernard
Émile
Bernard
Émile
Bernard
Bernard
Bernard


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 19 November 1992) is an English professional footballer who plays as a centre back for  club Burnley and the England national team. <mask> began his professional career at Oldham Athletic of League One, where he made 89 appearances across all competitions. In January 2014, he moved to Brentford for an undisclosed fee, winning promotion to the Championship in his first season. Two years later he signed for Burnley. He made his debut for England in March 2018, starting in a 1–1 draw against Italy. Early and personal life
<mask> was born in Manchester and grew up in New Moston. He attended New Moston Primary School and Failsworth High School, which he left in 2009.<mask> began his career in the youth system at Blackburn Rovers, before being released at the age of 14 at his own request. After his spell at Blackburn, <mask> had a stint playing senior football at Maine Road in the North West Counties League. He is a Manchester United fan and admired David Beckham and Paul Scholes while growing up. Club career

Oldham Athletic

Early years
<mask> joined League One club Oldham Athletic on a two-year scholarship in May 2009. He made his reserve-team debut in October 2009. A centre back, <mask> was called up to the first team for the first time for a league match versus Plymouth Argyle on 15 January 2011. His senior debut came on 22 January, coming on as an 80th-minute substitute for the injured Neal Trotman in a 2–1 home win over Brentford.<mask> made his first Latics start in a 1–0 defeat to Leyton Orient on 12 March and played the full 90 minutes. He was awarded a two-year professional contract by the club in May 2011. He made 9 appearances during the second half of the 2010–11 season. <mask> had to wait until 10 December 2011 to make his first appearance of the 2011–12 season, when he came on as a 61st-minute substitute for Jean-Yves Mvoto in a 2–0 home defeat to Sheffield Wednesday. A half time substitute appearance in Oldham's 2–1 Football League Trophy Northern Area final first leg defeat to Chesterfield on 30 January 2012 kicked off a run which saw <mask> included in almost all of Oldham's first-team squads until the end of the season. <mask> crowned his run of appearances by scoring his first senior goal for the club on the final day of the season in a 2–1 win over Carlisle United. He made 18 appearances during the 2011–12 season and scored one goal.Breakthrough

<mask> began the 2012–13 season as a first-choice centre back alongside Jean-Yves Mvoto and started Oldham's first six games of the season. He scored his first goal of the season in a 2–0 league win over Crewe Alexandra on 2 October 2012. <mask> played a part in Oldham's run to the fifth round of the FA Cup, playing in the first round win over Conference Premier team Kidderminster Harriers and starting in the home draw and away replay defeat to Premier League team Everton in the fifth round. He scored his second goal of the season in a 2–1 league win over Stevenage on 19 February 2013. <mask> made 26 appearances and scored two goals during the 2012–13 season. He signed a new two-year contract in the summer of 2013. <mask> began the 2013–14 season with a bang, scoring Oldham's first goal in a 4–3 away league win over Stevenage on the opening day.He was picked by the Latics supporters as Oldham's Player of the Month for August 2013. Now lining up at centre back alongside Jonathan Grounds, <mask> scored his second goal in a 2–1 defeat to Preston North End on 9 September 2013. <mask> was an ever-present in Oldham's runs to the Northern Area semi-final of the Football League Trophy and the third round of the FA Cup. He started the FA Cup third round tie against Premier League team Liverpool at Anfield and scored an 82nd minute own goal, which consigned the Latics to a 2–0 defeat. <mask>'s form saw him offered a new contract extending until the end of the 2016–17 season on 22 January 2014, but he departed Boundary Park 9 days later. During his time with the Latics, <mask> made 89 appearances and scored six goals. Brentford
<mask> signed for League One club Brentford on a three-and-a-half-year contract for an undisclosed fee on 31 January 2014.After a period on the bench, he made his Brentford debut with a start in a 0–0 draw away to Carlisle United on 1 March. He scored his first goal for the club on his third appearance, heading in to send the Bees on their way to a 2–0 victory over Tranmere Rovers on 11 March. Four days later, <mask> was sent off for the second time in his career during a 1–0 win over Leyton Orient. Following Brentford's promotion to the Championship on 18 April, <mask> scored his second goal for the club in a 2–2 draw at Milton Keynes Dons on 21 April. He finished the 2013–14 season with 13 appearances and two goals. <mask> began his first season at Championship level as an ever-present in the Bees' league matches. He suffered a dip in form in September and early October, stepping up to take his first penalty for the club in a league match versus Leeds United on 27 September and hammering the ball over the bar.He was spared his blushes, with Jota and Alan McCormack on target in the eventual 2–0 win. <mask> gave away a penalty in a 2–1 defeat to Watford on 30 September and received his fourth yellow card of the season (his third in four matches). Another yellow card in a 0–0 draw with Wigan Athletic on 18 October saw him incur a suspension and he failed to appear again until 28 December, scoring what proved to be Wolverhampton Wanderers' winner with an own goal in a 2–1 defeat. Despite the blunder, <mask> held onto his starting place and scored his first goal of the season against Reading on 25 April 2015, making sure of the points with the second in a 2–0 win. <mask> had the opportunity to convert a late penalty to make it two goals in two games in the following match against Wigan Athletic, but his miss made little difference with the Bees already 3–0 ahead. He appeared in both legs of Brentford's 5–1 playoff semi-final aggregate defeat to Middlesbrough and finished the 2014–15 season with 38 appearances and one goal. <mask> helped salvage a 2–2 draw with Ipswich Town on the opening day of the 2015–16 season, feeding Andre Gray to score in injury time, before bundling home a 96th-minute equaliser to earn a place in the Football League Team of the Week.He suffered a displaced fracture of the nose in the following match versus Bristol City, but kept his place alongside Harlee Dean until suffering a calf injury in a 1–1 draw with Leeds United on 12 September. He missed two matches before being sent off on his return in a 2–1 defeat to Sheffield Wednesday. Amidst a number of transfer bids, <mask> was internally disciplined for refusing to play in Brentford's match versus Burnley on 15 January 2016, for which he later apologised. He failed to appear for the Bees again and departed Griffin Park two weeks later, having made 74 appearances and scored four goals in two years with the club. Burnley

On 1 February 2016, <mask> signed a three-and-a-half-year contract with Championship club Burnley for an undisclosed fee. <mask> made his club debut on 20 February against Rotherham United, entering as a substitute in the first half for Michael Keane, who was forced off with a head injury. <mask> deputised for Keane for the next two games, with Burnley victorious against Nottingham Forest and Bolton Wanderers.However, Keane was preferred by manager Sean Dyche at right centre-back upon his return to fitness as <mask> was limited to one substitution appearance the rest of the season. In third position in the table at the time of <mask>'s signing, Burnley went unbeaten the rest of the season as they won their third ever second-tier title and direct promotion to the Premier League on their first attempt. <mask> was handed the captain's armband for Burnley's 1–0 extra-time defeat to fourth-tier Accrington Stanley in the EFL Cup on 24 August, after Dyche had made 10 changes to the team that upset Liverpool four days prior. <mask> made his Premier League debut on 27 August at Chelsea, coming on as a substitute and receiving a booking for a foul in the run-up to Chelsea's final goal in the 3–0 defeat. Unable to crack the preferred centre-back partnership of Keane and Ben Mee, <mask> received scant playing time, despite being an ever-present on the bench. He was a halftime substitution on 23 April 2017 against Manchester United for Mee, who left with a shin injury, opening the door for his first Premier League start on 29 April against Crystal Palace. <mask> endured being hit by an object thrown by a Palace fan during celebrations of Ashley Barnes' opening goal en route to a clean sheet.Manager Dyche lauded his performance as "outstanding". <mask> would retain his place in the team for Burnley's final four fixtures, during which Burnley ensured their participation in the next edition. During the summer transfer window, teammate Michael Keane departed for Everton, allowing <mask> to line up with Mee in the center of Burnley's defence on a full-time basis. Assigned the shirt number 26 initially, <mask> assumed the number 5 shirt vacated by Keane ahead of the season. <mask>'s performance against Crystal Palace on 10 September was deemed Man of the Match worthy by Sky Sports, as <mask> held Benteke and Palace without a goal. His 17 clearances in the match were the most by anyone in the Premier League that season, besting a mark previously held by himself in Burnley's surprise opening day victory over Chelsea. He scored in Burnley's opening game defeat against Brighton & Hove Albion in the 2021-22 Premier League season.International career
<mask> was eligible to play for Poland through his grandfather but preferred to play for England, stating "I've always seen myself as an English person so to play for Poland would be difficult." On 15 March 2018, he was named in the England squad for pre-2018 FIFA World Cup friendlies against the Netherlands and Italy in March. He made his debut on 27 March when starting in the 1–1 draw with Italy at Wembley Stadium. On 16 May 2018, he was one of 5 players named on standby for Gareth Southgate's 23-man England national team squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, but <mask> was reported to have withdrawn from the standby list later for a hernia operation. Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Brentford
Football League One runner-up: 2013–14

Individual
Oldham Athletic Player of the Month: August 2013

References

External links

Profile at the Burnley F.C. website
Profile at the Football Association website

1992 births
Living people
Footballers from Manchester
People from Moston, Manchester
English footballers
England international footballers
Association football defenders
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Brentford F.C.players
Burnley F.C. players
English Football League players
Premier League players
English people of Polish descent
Maine Road F.C. players

masks:
James Alan Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski
Tarkowski


text_chunks:
<mask> (29 October 1877 – 8 July 1973) was an English professional cricketer who played 58 Test matches for England between 1899 and 1930. In Tests, <mask> took 127 wickets and scored 2,325 runs, becoming the first Englishman to complete the double of 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in Test matches. He holds the world records both for the most appearances made in first-class cricket (1,110 matches), and for the most wickets taken (4,204). He completed the double of 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in an English cricket season a record 16 times. <mask> played for Yorkshire and England into his fifties, and in his final Test in 1930 was, at 52 years and 165 days, the oldest player who has appeared in a Test match. Beginning his career for Yorkshire in 1898 as a slow left arm bowler who was a useful batsman, <mask> quickly established a reputation as one of the best slow bowlers in the world. However, by the First World War he had developed  his batting skills to the extent that he was regarded as one of the leading batsmen in England and had established an effective opening partnership with Jack Hobbs.The improvement in <mask>'s batting was accompanied by a temporary decline in his bowling performances, but the loss of key Yorkshire bowlers after the war led to <mask> resuming his role as a front-line bowler. He played throughout the 1920s as an all-rounder before retiring after the 1930 cricket season. His first appearance for England was in 1899 and he played regularly in Tests until 1921. Recalled to the team in the final Ashes Test of 1926 aged 48, <mask> played a significant part in winning the match for England who thus regained the Ashes for the first time since 1912. He ended his Test career in the West Indies in April 1930. As a bowler, <mask> was noted for his great accuracy, variations in flight and, in his early days, sharp spin. Throughout his career he was particularly effective on wet, rain affected pitches where he could bowl sides out for very low scores.His batting was regarded as solid and dependable but unspectacular, and critics accused him of excessive caution at times. However, they considered him to be an  astute cricket thinker. Following his retirement from playing cricket, he coached at Harrow School but was not a great success. His eyesight began to fail from around 1939 to the point where he was completely blind by 1952. He was given honorary membership of the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in 1949 and remained a respected figure within the game until his death in 1973. Early life and career

Beginnings
<mask>  was born in the village of Kirkheaton, just outside Huddersfield, in 1877. His family moved to a farm two miles away while he was very young.He went to school in nearby Hopton, and later to Spring Grove School in Huddersfield. His father, <mask>, was captain of the Kirkheaton cricket team's Second XI and encouraged his son to play cricket, buying him equipment and having a pitch laid near their home for <mask> to practice. By the time <mask> left school, aged 16, he had joined Kirkheaton Cricket Club and started to take cricket seriously: he watched Yorkshire when they played close to his home and began to consider a career as a professional cricketer. Around 1893 he took a job working on the railway in the local town of Mirfield. By now playing regularly for Kirkheaton Second XI, <mask>'s keenness to reach one game on time led him to ring the off-duty bell before the end of the shift and as a result he lost his job. Subsequently, he worked on a local farm, which allowed him more time for cricket. By 1895 he achieved a place in the Kirkheaton first team, and was recommended to Gala Cricket Club, of Galashiels, Scotland, as a professional.Professional club cricketer
<mask> played for Gala Cricket Club in 1896 and 1897, as an all-rounder who opened the batting and bowled medium paced seamers. He took 92 wickets in his first season, and discovered that bowling an occasional slow ball brought him some success. He decided to change his bowling style to spin, and spent the winter of 1896–97 practising on the family farm while also working again on the railway, this time as a signalman. Over several months, <mask> used his practice sessions to develop control of spin and different types of delivery. Consequently, in his second season at Galashiels, now bowling slow left-arm, he took fewer wickets but at a better average. At the end of the 1897 season, encouraged by a Scottish member of the MCC, he resigned from Gala to look for work in England. First-class cricketer

Beginning as a bowler

In response to an advertisement, <mask> applied to join the groundstaff of Warwickshire County Cricket Club, but the club were unable to offer him an engagement for financial reasons.At this time, Yorkshire were looking for a slow left arm spinner to replace Bobby Peel, who had been sacked following a disciplinary lapse on the field in front of his captain Lord Hawke in August 1897. <mask> successfully applied for a place in a Yorkshire Colts team to play against the County XI. However, by his own later admission, <mask> had a poor match, while his rival for Peel's place in the side, Albert Cordingley, took nine wickets. In early spring 1898, <mask> was invited to the nets at Headingley, which led to him playing in some friendly matches (unofficial matches involving first-class teams). <mask> went on to make his first-class debut for Yorkshire on 12 May 1898 against the MCC, taking six wickets in the match. In his second game, he made his County Championship debut on 16 May 1898 against Somerset, taking 13 wickets for 45 runs. In the 1898 season, according to Wisden Cricketers' Almanack <mask> "sprang at once into fame, bowling in match after match for Yorkshire with astounding success."By the end of the season he had taken 154 wickets at an average of 14.60, and was named as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year for 1899. The citation stated: "There can be no doubt as to the greatness of his achievements last summer ... His qualities as a slow bowler struck everyone as being exceptional"; however,  it was noted that bad weather in the first part of the summer created some difficult pitches for batting. As a batsman he scored three fifties, and Wisden rated him "a dangerous run-getter". By the end of the season, according to cricket writer Neville Cardus, <mask> had proven himself to be the best left-arm spinner in England. In 1899, <mask> took 179 wickets at an average of 17.10 in a reasonably dry season; this weather meant that pitches were harder, easier to bat on, and less likely to suit his bowling. Wisden described him as "head and shoulders above his colleagues". He made his Test debut in the five-match series against Australia, playing in three of the five Tests; his first Test coincided with W. G. Grace's last.As well as Grace, his teammates included C. B. Fry, K. S. Ranjitsinhji, and George Hirst. <mask> opened the English bowling and took four wickets for 58 in an Australian total of 252; his first Test wicket was Monty Noble (whose wicket he took again in the second innings). He was described by Wisden as bowling "steady and well" on the first day. <mask> took three wickets in the second Test, but the selectors omitted him from the third match, a decision Wisden believed was mistaken. He did not play again until the final Test, and he finished with 13 wickets in the series, equal with J. T. Hearne as England's leading Test wicket-taker for the summer. <mask> was also selected to represent the Players against the Gentlemen at Lord's for the first time that season, although W. G. Grace and C. B. Fry scored heavily against him. <mask>'s most successful seasons in terms of wickets were the three seasons from 1900 to 1902.In these years, <mask> took 725 wickets at an average of 14.07, taking five or more wickets in an innings 68 times and taking ten or more wickets in a match 21 times, assisting Yorkshire to three consecutive County Championships. In 1900, <mask> took 261 wickets as bad weather made pitches helpful to his bowling. In 1901, the weather was much better, leading to pitches that were good for batting, but <mask> took 251 wickets, an achievement described by Wisden as astonishing. Against MCC that year, <mask> scored his maiden first-class century, batting at number nine. In the 1902 season, <mask> took 213 wickets, fewer than 1901 despite a greater number of favourable pitches in a wet summer. This attracted unfavourable comment from some critics who had expected more. The main cricket event of 1902 was the Australian tour of England.<mask> played in all five Tests and was England's leading wicket-taker with 22 wickets at an average of 15.27. He took seven for 17 in the first innings of the first Test, out of an Australian total of 36, in conditions that the umpires considered reasonable for batting; Wisden noted that <mask> and Hirst bowled very well. However, C. B. Fry believed that Hirst was more difficult to play and that while <mask> bowled well, the Australian batsmen got themselves out as they "hurried to the other end and tried to hit <mask>, without success". Rain meant the game was drawn and washed out most of the second match. In the third Test, which England lost, <mask> took five for 63, including a spell of four wickets in nineteen balls. In the fourth Test, <mask> took seven wickets in the match, taking three quick wickets in the first innings, but receiving some heavy punishment. He was batting at the end of the match, but was unable to prevent Australia from snatching victory to win by three runs and take the series.The final Test, at The Oval, was dominated by Gilbert Jessop and Hirst, but when England needed 263 to win in the final innings, <mask> came into bat after the ninth wicket fell with 15 needed for England to win. It has been claimed that Hirst said to <mask>, "We'll get 'em in singles", but neither batsman could remember those words being said and not all the runs came in singles. The two Yorkshiremen were not dismissed and England won by one wicket. In 1903, <mask> scored over 1,000 runs in the season for the first time, in the process completing his first double of 1,000 runs and 100 wickets. However, after bowling a large number of overs against Worcestershire early in the season, he had little success as a bowler for a spell of three weeks. Pelham Warner, a leading amateur cricketer and later captain of England, noted that <mask> was comparatively unsuccessful at the start of the year but came back well to take 193 wickets. Warner wrote that <mask> at this time was accused of being easy to face on a wicket which suited the batsmen, although Warner himself did not agree.From all-rounder to specialist batsman
Warner toured prolifically with cricket teams and was chosen to captain the first MCC-sponsored tour of Australia in the winter of 1903–04. Warner was primarily responsible for the selection of players, and he selected <mask> among his first choices for the team. Although K. S. Ranjitsinhji predicted that <mask> "would not take a dozen wickets" on the tour, Warner believed that <mask> and Hirst were the best two bowlers in England. In the event, Warner rated <mask> the "mainstay of the team", and Wisden observed that he proved critics wrong, establishing himself as the most effective bowler on the tour. The Wisden summary of the tour pointed out that rain made an unusually high number of pitches, by Australian standards, helpful for <mask>'s style of bowling, but he bowled well on all types of pitches. On the whole tour, the Yorkshire bowler took 65 first-class wickets at an average of 16.23, including 31 wickets at an average of 15.74 in the Test matches. England won the Test series 3–2 after winning the first, second and fourth games.In the first match <mask> contributed 40 runs to a tenth wicket partnership of 130 with R. E. Foster, who scored 287, to assist the team in building a large lead. This was a Test record partnership for the tenth wicket, and remained so for 70 years; until 2014, it was a record for England's 10th wicket. When Victor Trumper led an Australian fightback, scoring 185 not out, only <mask> could slow his scoring in conditions which, according to Warner, were very good for batting. Steady bowling through the innings brought <mask> figures of five for 94; Warner wrote: "what we should have done without <mask> I do not know". In the second Test, badly affected by the weather, <mask> had a match analysis of 15 wickets for 124 runs, the best bowling analysis recorded in a match between England and Australia  until 1934 and the equal highest number of wickets taken in a match by a single player at that time (although other players had given away fewer runs). Rain made the pitch very difficult to bat on, but Wisden praised <mask> and observed that  eight catches were dropped from his bowling. His eight for 68 in the second innings remained his best figures in Tests.Australia won the third Test, but the decisive fourth Test was won by England and <mask> contributed with bat and ball. In the first innings, while the crowd chanted in an attempt to distract him, he took four for 33 as the last five Australian wickets fell for 17 runs in favourable batting conditions. Later, <mask> added 55 for the tenth wicket in the second innings with his captain. However, he was less effective as England lost the final Test. <mask> believed that the 1903–04 tour was a turning point in his career as a bowler and that afterwards he was never the same. Part of the reason was a change in his bowling style. He had noticed that it was necessary for him to bowl faster in Australia to be effective, and on his return to England he continued with this faster style until the First World War.<mask> thought that another reason for his relative bowling decline was the development of his batting which took up much of his time. His biographer, Sidney Rogerson, speculates that further deterioration may have been caused by the strain of regular bowling on his fingers and wrist, and his more robust, muscular frame in his mid-twenties. Rogerson believes that <mask> was affected by the break-up of the successful Yorkshire team which had peaked between 1900 and 1902. More batting responsibility was placed on his shoulders, and he received less support in the field as the team personnel changed. Consequently, <mask> scored more runs and moved further up the batting order after 1903, but his bowling gradually declined until the war. In 1904, <mask> took 131 wickets, the fewest in a season of his career to date. He scored 1,537 runs, including two hundreds (the second and third of his career) to complete his second double.He generally batted at number six or seven in the batting order, but in two games he opened the batting. In 1905, Yorkshire won the Championship; <mask> again completed the double, with 1,581 runs, his two hundreds including a double hundred. He took 182 wickets, but Wisden judged that he was not as dangerous a bowler on slow wickets as he had been. <mask> played in four of the five Tests against Australia that year. He scored 29 and 39 not out in the first Test, but in the second, suffered an injured finger which reduced his effectiveness and caused him to miss the next Test. In the fourth Test, <mask> took five wickets in the match, including three for 36 in the second innings. However, the England captain, Stanley Jackson, showed, in the words of Wisden, "a curious want of faith in <mask>", even though he was bowling well.His fielding was singled out for praise as he took four catches, two of them regarded as brilliant. England eventually won the series 2–0; <mask> contributed 146 runs, at an average of 48.66 and a top score of 39 not out, and ten wickets at an average of 31.40. The relative deterioration in <mask>'s bowling continued into the 1906 season when Wisden commented that he had lost his sharp spin and was not dangerous on a hard wicket. <mask> scored 1,721 runs, now regularly opening the batting, and completed another double with 128 wickets, but the Wisden correspondent did not believe this compensated for his lost bowling. In 1907, <mask> scored fewer runs and increased his bowling aggregate, securing 173 wickets in a wet season. Wisden believed his greater bowling success was due to a reduced batting contribution, but he still completed the double by scoring 1,045 runs. During that season, <mask> was again asked to open the batting for Yorkshire and he was chosen as the permanent replacement for John Tunnicliffe as Yorkshire's opening batsman.Several batsmen had been tried in the position, but <mask>'s superior defensive technique with the bat secured him the role.

masks:
Wilfred Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Alfred Rhodes
Wilfred
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes


text_chunks:
 Despite the increase in wickets, <mask> was not picked for any of the Tests that year against South Africa, Colin Blythe being preferred. <mask> and Blythe both went to Australia the following winter (1907–08) with MCC, but <mask> was now regarded primarily as a batsman and only a "change" bowler who would be the third or fourth used. In the five Test series, lost 4–1 by England, <mask> scored 205 runs at an average of 20.50, including his first Test fifty in the fourth innings of the last Test. He took four for 102 in Australia's second innings of that Test, and finished the Test series with seven wickets at an average of 60.14. In all first-class matches on the tour, <mask> scored 929 runs at an average of 48.89 and took 31 wickets at an average of 34.48. He followed this with another double in 1908 of 1,660 runs and 106 wickets as Yorkshire won the County Championship.In 1909, <mask> scored 2,094 runs at an average of 40.26, which was to remain his second highest run aggregate and average for an English cricket season, and took 141 wickets. Sidney Rogerson believed that this season marked the completion of his transformation into a batsman. This view was supported by Wisden, which judged that he had "now become such an exceptionally good batsman that the regret one used to feel at his ever giving his mind to run getting has lost its force." He played in four of the five Tests against Australia in 1909;  his omission from the second Test was later described as an error of judgement by the editor of Wisden, one of many selectorial blunders as England lost the series two games to one. <mask> scored 168 runs at an average of 33.60, and took 11 wickets at an average of 22.00. In the first Test, he had a quiet time, scoring an unbeaten 15, batting at number eight, and bowling only one over. Recalled for the third Test, <mask> bowled a spell in which four wickets were captured for seven runs, before being hit for four fours in one over by Trumper.His first innings figures were four for 38 and he took another two wickets for 44 runs in the second innings. In the fourth Test, Wisden believed that <mask> alone bowled well on the second day, taking five for 83. Although moved up the order to bat at number five, he scored just five runs in the match. In the final Test, he batted at number three and scored two fifties, 66 and 54, adding 104 in the first innings with C. B. Fry and another 61 to save the game with the same batsman in the second. Opening batsman

In the 1909–10 English winter, MCC toured South Africa with a team below full Test strength. <mask> opened the batting throughout the tour, partnering Jack Hobbs for the first time. However, Wisden stated that only Hobbs would have been sure of his batting place in a full strength England team, and that both <mask> and David Denton, the next best batsmen, were a long way behind Hobbs.In all first-class matches, <mask> scored 499 runs at an average of 26.26, with three fifties, and took 21 wickets at 25.47. In the Test series, which South Africa won 3–2, <mask> took only two wickets in the five games. As a batsman, however, he  shared some large partnerships with Hobbs. England lost the first two Tests, although in the first <mask> and Hobbs put on 159 for the first wicket, of which <mask> made 66. In the second Test the pair put on 94 in the first innings and 48 in the second, <mask> made little impact on the third and fourth Tests; in the final Test, an England victory, he and Hobbs scored 221 together, <mask> making what was then his highest Test score of 77. Wisden stated that while overshadowed by the brilliance of Hobbs, <mask> in this innings batted without mistakes. In the five Tests <mask> scored 226 runs,  averaging 25.11.During the tour <mask> and Hobbs developed mutual trust while batting together, to the point where they could score runs without having to call to each other. This degree of understanding was unusual at the time. After the Test series ended, several amateur members of the team wanted to extend the tour into Rhodesia, but the professionals refused to take part as their contracts did not cover this and they would have effectively played for no wages. <mask>, although not the ring-leader, was influential in this strike, and a sports newspaper, Winning Post, singled him out as responsible in an article highly critical of him and the other professionals. In the 1910 domestic season <mask> was less productive in batting and bowling, and Yorkshire finished only eighth in the County Championship, a result considered very poor within the county. <mask> scored 1,465 runs at an average of 26.63, and took 88 wickets at an average of 18.98, the first time since the start of his career that he had taken less than 100 wickets in an English season. In 1911, when Yorkshire finished seventh in the County Championship, it was a fine, dry summer, which meant generally good batting wickets.<mask> was more productive with 2,261 runs, the second and final time that he  passed 2,000 runs in an English summer, and the highest season's total of his career. He averaged 38.32 with the bat, and took 117 wickets. <mask> was given a benefit match against Lancashire from which he received £750. After Yorkshire launched an appeal, the total was boosted to £2,200, still considerably less than the record benefit total of £3,703 raised for George Hirst in 1904. Batting success in Australia
In September 1911 <mask> made his third visit to Australia, this time as the opening partner of Jack Hobbs. The tour proved to be the "absolute pinnacle of his success as a batsman", according to Rogerson. Under the captaincy of Johnny Douglas, England won the 1911–12 Test series against Australia 4–1, after losing the first Test.While the success of the tourists was attributed to their powerful bowling attack, C. B. Fry described the English victories as "a succession of triumphs for Jack Hobbs and <mask> as first wicket batsmen." Pelham Warner, who was nominally captain but missed the entire series due to illness, said that in "innings after innings they [Hobbs and <mask>] gave us a wonderful start", adding that he had run out of words to praise their contributions. In the first Test, the only one of the series in which he did not open, <mask> made 41 and 0 in England's defeat. In the second match, opening with Hobbs, <mask> scored 61 in the first innings, passing 1,000 Test career runs in the process. Wisden recorded that apart from <mask> and J. W. Hearne, with whom he shared a century partnership, the batting was very disappointing. In the second innings, <mask> added 57 for the first wicket with Hobbs, helping England to an eight-wicket victory. In the next Test <mask> scored 59 out of an opening partnership of 147 with Hobbs, and 57 not out as England won again, this time by seven wickets.In the fourth Test, which England won overwhelmingly to take the series, <mask> scored 179 as he and Hobbs scored 323 for the first wicket. At the time, this was a Test record partnership for any wicket. As of 2015, it remains England's highest first wicket partnership against Australia. This was <mask>'s first Test century, and remained his highest Test score. Wisden commented that  his seven-hour innings was "a remarkable display of careful batting." In the final Test victory <mask> put on 76 with Hobbs in the second innings, to finish the series with 463 runs at an average of 57.87, the best series average of his career. On the tour as a whole, he scored 1,098 runs at an average of 54.90, but he did not take a single first-class wicket; in the Tests he only bowled 18 overs.Triangular tournament

On their return home for the 1912 season England, captained by C. B. Fry, were involved in the first-ever triangular Test tournament, consisting of matches between England, Australia and South Africa. This experiment was severely affected by wet weather, the weakness of the South African side, and a dispute among the Australian side which resulted in substandard team being sent. <mask> played as Hobbs' opening partner in each of England's six matches and once again won praise from Wisden. In England's first match, a victory against South Africa, <mask> scored 36, his steady defence being described as invaluable. In the following drawn game against Australia, Hobbs and <mask> scored 112 for the first wicket. <mask> scored 59, his first 52 runs being scored out of a total of 77 before he slowed down; Wisden reported that the later part of his innings was "as cautious as the first part was brilliant". Later in the match <mask> bowled and took three wickets for 59, his only bowling success of the tournament.After a quiet second match against South Africa, <mask> scored 92 out of a total of 203 in a rain-ruined game against Australia. The difficult batting conditions were such that Fry described <mask> as "digging his runs out of the slush." <mask> had another poor match against South Africa, but in the final match against Australia, which would decide the winner of the tournament, <mask> scored 49 in an opening stand of 107 with Hobbs in the first innings, considered a great achievement in testing batting conditions. England went on to win in the match and hence the tournament. <mask> had scored 204 runs at an average of 51.00 against Australia, but only 53 runs at an average of 13.25 against the South Africans. In all first-class matches that summer, <mask> scored 1,576 runs (averaging 30.90), and took 53 wickets (average 21.98), his lowest total of wickets in an English season, and only the second time since 1903 that he had not completed the double. Last pre-war seasons
<mask> again failed to complete the double in 1913, scoring 1,963 runs (average 32.71) and taking 86 wickets (average 21.88).In the 1913–14 English winter, <mask> went to South Africa with the MCC under the captaincy of  Douglas. A strong England side won the five-match series 4–0 against weak opposition. <mask> scored 731 runs in first-class matches, averaging 34.80, and took 31 wickets at 21.35, which led Wisden to comment on his value as an all-rounder. In the second Test <mask> took one wicket, his 100th in Test matches, and completed the double of 1,000 runs and 100 wickets in Tests; the first England player to do so, he was only the third player to reach the double after Australians George Giffen and Monty Noble. In the same match, <mask> made his second and final Test century, scoring 152 and adding 141 for the first wicket with Albert Relf. He batted for more than five hours, and Wisden said that he "was too cautious to please the crowd, but his steadiness was invaluable to his side." His batting was overshadowed, as Sydney Barnes took 17 wickets in the match.<mask> resumed his opening partnership with Hobbs in the third Test, sharing a stand of 100, followed by opening partnerships of 92 and 133 in the fourth Test, the only drawn match of the series. In this match <mask> took three wickets for 33 in the first South African innings. In all Tests on the tour <mask> scored 289 runs at an average of 41.28 and took six wickets (average 32.50). In the final season before the First World War, <mask> scored 1,377 runs. Yorkshire used him more often as a bowler and his tally of wickets consequently increased to 118, enabling him to complete another double. Following the outbreak of war in August 1914, first-class cricket came to an end for four years. While many cricketers joined the army  <mask>, like George Hirst and Schofield Haigh, went to work in a munitions factory in Huddersfield.He and  Hirst were paid by Yorkshire to be available to play in war-time cricket matches on a certain number of Saturdays. Career after the First World War

Leading bowler again
When cricket resumed after the war in 1919, no-one was sure how popular county cricket would be and so the County Championship matches were reduced to two days instead of three. However, critics and players judged the experiment  a failure, owing to the long hours of play and frequent travelling which arose from playing up to three games a week; <mask> and other players were also dissatisfied by wages offered. Yorkshire won the championship with a much-changed side from that which had played in 1914. The bowling attack was weaker: Hirst's age lessened his effectiveness with the ball, Major Booth was killed in the war, and Alonzo Drake died from illness in January 1919. Consequently, <mask> decided to make up the shortfall by resuming full-time bowling. With increased practice, he took more wickets and regained his confidence.Although unable to spin or flight the ball as well as previously, <mask> bowled a very accurate length and used his great experience effectively. The  success of Percy Holmes and Herbert Sutcliffe as opening batsmen meant that, although <mask> began the season opening the batting, he was able to move down the order and bat at number four. He scored 1,237 runs, and by taking 164 wickets at an average of 14.42, finished top of the national first-class bowling averages. Around this time, <mask> was approached by Haslingden Cricket Club from the Lancashire League, to play cricket for them as a professional. <mask>, primarily through unhappiness with the 1919 playing conditions, seriously considered the offer before he declined. Some of his concerns were addressed before the following season, when matches returned to three days and wages were increased. In the following season, <mask> scored 1,123 runs, took 161 wickets at an average of 13.18, and was chosen to go to Australia with the 1920–21 MCC touring team.Australian tour, 1920–21

As English cricket had not fully recovered from the effects of the war, the team which toured Australia was weak in bowling. Confronted by a far better Australian side  than anyone had expected, England lost all five Test matches, an unprecedented result that Wisden regarded as a "disaster". <mask> now played for Yorkshire as a middle-order batsman and front-line bowler but England's captain Douglas showed uncertainty whether to use <mask> in this capacity, or to revert to his pre-war role as Hobbs's opening partner. Until the first Test <mask> batted mainly down the order; after this he returned to opening the batting. On the tour <mask> scored two centuries, one a double-century, totalling in all 730 runs in all first-class matches at an average of 38.42. Although a leading bowler in England in 1919 and 1920, <mask> bowled infrequently and with limited success. After taking six for 39 against Victoria in helpful conditions, he rarely bowled, and took only 18 first-class wickets (averaging 26.61) on the tour.In the Tests, <mask> scored 238 runs at an average of 23.80, with a highest score of 73 in the fourth Test. In the first Test, a score of 45 took him past 2,000 Test runs. As a bowler, <mask> took four Test wickets in the series at an average of 61.25; his best figures were three for 61 in the third Test. <mask> later said that Douglas was reluctant to use him, believing his bowling would be ineffective on Australian pitches. Wisden commented: "It must be said, however, that in a summer of continuous sunshine – remarkable even for Australia – the bowlers received no help." Nevertheless, much of <mask>'s tour, according to A. A. Thomson, "may be fairly regarded as failure."Tour manager and Yorkshire secretary Frederick Toone, with whom <mask> had already had a disagreement during the 1920 season, apparently said that "<mask>'s finished", a remark later reported to <mask>. Senior professional
The 1921 season was a turning point for <mask> for several reasons. His regular England career ended during the visit of the Australians. The tourists, as Wisden reported, overwhelmed England, exposing many weaknesses in the team, and reduced the English selectors to "catch[ing] at straws". 30 players were used in the five-match Test series, which England lost by three matches to none. <mask> played in the first Test, scored 19 and 10 and took two wickets in a heavy defeat. Although his performance was no worse than that of others, he was dropped from the team for the rest of the series and did not play another Test for five years.At the time, it was suggested his place was lost because he was uncomfortable against the fast bowling of Jack Gregory and Ted McDonald, who devastated and demoralised many English batsmen during the season. As a result of these problems with pace bowling <mask> altered his batting stance to  use the "two-eyed stance"; instead of using the traditional technique of standing at right angles to the bowler, the batsman turned his body towards the bowler. Critics complained that this method was ugly; it restricted the shots that could be made, and

masks: Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Wilfred Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes Rhodes


text_chunks:
 led to some batsmen using their pads  as an extra form of defence to stop the ball hitting the wicket. According to his Wisden obituary, <mask> was one of the first men to adopt this batting stance. <mask> faced a further development following the retirements of Hirst and Denton from Yorkshire; he became the county's senior professional. This position offered no official powers or responsibilities but was nevertheless significant as senior professionals influenced tactics, strategy and morale. <mask> held this post until his retirement.In all first-class cricket in 1921, <mask> scored 1,474 runs at an average of 39.83. This included his highest first-class score of 267 not out against Leicestershire, struck on the day England began the second Test, having just dropped <mask>. <mask>'s private team; <mask> repeated this trip every year until 1927, sometimes accompanied by other players. On five occasions in India he completed a 1,000 runs and 100 wickets double, although most of these games were not first-class. In each of the four seasons from 1922 to 1925, Yorkshire won the County Championship. <mask> scored over 1,000 runs each year, averaging over 30 except in 1924; in 1925 his average was 40.91, only the second time it exceeded 40 in an English cricket season.<mask>, by now part of a very powerful county bowling attack, was usually the fourth or fifth bowler used. Although he imparted less spin to the ball than in his younger days, he continually bowled a good length and placed fielders in positions which very effectively blocked the scoring opportunities of the batsmen. He took over 100 wickets in 1922, 1923 and 1924, but took only 57 in 1925, a very good year for batting. As Yorkshire's senior professional <mask> was very influential in this period. He cultivated a hostile attitude among the bowlers, directed the team tactically and raised its standard of fielding. Alan Hill wrote that Yorkshire captains (who were usually poor cricketers) generally deferred to <mask> as senior professional; for example, Arthur Lupton, captain from 1925 to 1927, "very wisely left the cricket affairs to the joint supervision of <mask> and Emmott Robinson." Stories emerged that he was an "overmighty subject", arranging the positions of fielders and changing the bowler without reference to his nominal captain.In one story, Yorkshire had scored around 400. Lupton, hoping to score some easy runs, came out of the amateur dressing room with his bat when a young professional touched his arm and said, "It's all right, sir. Mr <mask> has declared [the innings over]." However, all the captains to whom biographer Sidney Rogerson spoke mentioned their good relations with <mask>, although they agreed that he could be difficult. Beverley Lyon, who captained Gloucestershire between 1929 and 1934, criticised <mask> for insisting young professionals take the game seriously, thus promoting a no-risk attitude. Recalled for the Oval
Reviewing the 1925 season, Wisden commented on <mask>'s age and reduced performance. "In the nature of things, <mask>, approaching the completion of his 48th year, could not be expected to prove very deadly in a dry summer ...If less effective in bowling, he did fine work with the bat". However, in 1926, Wisden reported that, despite his age and in contrast to the other bowlers in the team, <mask> "came out in wonderful form ... [His] triumph delighted everybody ... He not only accomplished skilful work in bowling but made his thousand runs [in county matches] with an average of 40." <mask> doubled his wicket tally from 1925, taking 115 at an average of 14.86. In all first-class matches he scored 1,132 runs  (average 34.30), the final time he passed 1,000 runs in a season, and completed his 16th and final double. In 1926 the Australians toured England for the first time since 1921. The English selectors decided to add two professional cricketers to their committee, choosing <mask> and Jack Hobbs.With <mask> in such good form and leading the bowling averages, the selectors tried to convince him to play for England on several occasions through the season but he refused on the grounds that younger men should be chosen. The first four Tests were all drawn; the selectors were conscious, as England entered the final Test, the team had won only one of its previous 19 matches against Australia. The deciding game, at the Oval, was to be played to a finish no matter how long it took. The selectors dropped the captain, Arthur Carr, and replaced him with the inexperienced Percy Chapman. They also recalled <mask>, aged nearly 49, having finally overcome his objections. According to Wisden, the selection of <mask> "naturally occasioned a good deal of surprise". England batted first, but made a disappointing total of 280; <mask>, batting at number seven, scored 28.In the Australian innings of 302 <mask> bowled 25 overs and took two wickets for 35, helped by a worn area on the pitch which helped him to spin the ball. He later described feeling nervous when first bowling, but said that he was heartened by the warm welcome he received from the crowd. After the start of England's second innings an overnight thunderstorm soaked the pitch, leaving it very difficult to bat on next day. However,  Hobbs and Sutcliffe put on 172 runs for the first wicket and England eventually scored 436, leaving Australia to make 415 to win in unfavourable conditions for batting. <mask> quickly began taking wickets, and went on to take four for 44. Australia were bowled out for 125, and amid widespread jubilation, England won the series and  Ashes. Wisden's judged <mask>'s selection to be "crowned with complete success", his bowling  "proving no small factor in determining the issue of the struggle."The Wisden editor believed <mask> had shown himself still to be England's best bowler and called his triumph  "immensely popular." Late career

<mask> continued to play for Yorkshire until 1930, but averaged under 30 with the bat in each season and only scored one more hundred, in 1928. He failed to reach 1,000 runs in  a season again, but as a bowler he took 85 wickets in 1927, 115  in 1928 and 100  in 1929. In 1927 the Yorkshire committee opened a public testimonial for <mask>, donating £250 themselves; it eventually raised £1,821, During the 1927 season, he played his 1,000th first-class match when Yorkshire played Nottinghamshire on 23 July, becoming the first and, as of 2015, only cricketer to play so many first-class matches. On 10 May 1929, he became the first man to take 4,000 first-class wickets during a match against Oxford University. As of 2015, no other player has taken so many wickets. By 1927, Yorkshire wished to appoint a more competent and permanent captain, instead of continuing the succession of ineffective amateurs, and planned to ask Herbert Sutcliffe, a professional, to take the post.Frederick Toone encouraged <mask> to offer his resignation as senior professional, possibly with a view to installing a new regime, but <mask> declined. Meanwhile, the proposed appointment of Sutcliffe caused controversy; some members of the county believed <mask> should be appointed. <mask> pointed out he had not been offered the captaincy, nor had his views been sought. He felt unappreciated when he was not offered first refusal of the captaincy. A poll of Yorkshire members showed a marked preference for <mask> over Sutcliffe as captain; the disagreements persuaded Sutcliffe to decline the offer, and another amateur was appointed. In 1929–30, <mask> was selected in a MCC team, containing several veteran players,  to tour West Indies—<mask> described it as an "old crocks" team. Given a heavy workload with the ball,  he took 39 first-class wickets, averaging 24.28, and scored 129 runs at an average of 25.80 with a top score 36.In the four Test matches <mask> took ten wickets at an average of 45.30. On 12 April 1930, the last day of the final Test, <mask> was 52 years, 165 days, making him the oldest ever Test cricketer. Retirement and coaching
During the 1930 season, <mask> announced his intention to retire from cricket at the end of the summer. He was finding it harder to take wickets, and the workload placed on him in the West Indies had  decreased his enthusiasm for the game. By this time, Hedley Verity and Bill Bowes had emerged to strengthen the Yorkshire bowling. Through an ex-captain of Yorkshire, Harrow School offered <mask> the post of  professional cricket coach, which he accepted. <mask> missed several matches towards the end of the 1930 season, before ending his career at the Scarborough Festival.His last match was for H. D. G. Leveson Gower's XI against the Australians, where his figures were five for 93; he took a wicket with his last ball in first-class cricket. <mask>'s figures for his final season were 73 wickets at an average of 19.10 and 478 runs at an average of 22.76. Over his career <mask> appeared in 1,110 first-class matches, which remains a world record. In these games he scored 39,969 runs, the 17th highest career total of any batsman. He took 4,204 wickets, a record total in first-class cricket. In his 58 Tests <mask> scored 2,325 runs (average 30.19) and took 127 wickets (average 26.96). He was the first player in the world to accumulate 2,000 runs and 100 wickets in Tests.<mask> coached at Harrow School until 1936. Cricket was very important to the school, and they were following the lead of Eton College who had appointed George Hirst as their coach. However, <mask>'s personality and generally critical nature did not communicate well with privileged schoolboys who were accustomed to getting their own way, and he was eventually replaced with the more genial and sympathetic Middlesex professional Patsy Hendren. This was in contrast to the success Hirst enjoyed at Eton. According to Bowes, <mask> had vast technical knowledge, but unlike Hirst did not know how to get the best out of people. "[He] could not relate to beginners. But if you were a Test match player looking to get advice, <mask> was superb."Style and personality

As a bowler, <mask> was recognised by critics as one of the greatest slow bowlers of all time. Very effective at dismissing batsmen on difficult pitches, it was difficult to score runs from his bowling even on a good batting surface. He could make the ball turn if the pitch offered the slightest assistance, particularly if it had been affected by rain. Cricket writer E. W. Swanton described how <mask> had "a beautifully controlled, economical and rhythmical action which ensured supreme accuracy of length and direction. He was a master of the stock left-hander's spin and could vary it with the ball that came on with the arm." In his early years as a bowler, <mask> was able to spin the ball very sharply, and while this ability decreased in later years, he became expert at working out a batsman's weaknesses. Critics considered him expert at flighting the ball; Neville Cardus wrote that "Flight was his secret.Flight and the curving line, now higher, now lower, tempting, inimical; every ball like every other ball, yet somehow unlike; each over in collusion with the others, part of a plot ..." In the early part of his career, his bowling partnership with Hirst, who shared <mask>'s Kirkheaton birthplace, was particularly effective and established a formidable reputation. As time passed, his accuracy increased to the extent that it seemed every ball landed in exactly the same place. In his first five seasons, he was top of the national bowling averages twice and in second place three times, while in the first six seasons after the war, he was first four times and second once. In his whole career, he only fell outside the top 20 in the bowling averages in four seasons. <mask> claimed that he preferred batting to bowling. A right-handed batsman with a good defensive technique, <mask> was a strong driver of the ball who scored more quickly in the earlier part of his career. Analysts maintained that <mask> had only two or three effective shots, though his technique was good.Cricket writer E. W. Swanton described <mask> as a "craftsman rather than an artist". Neville Cardus, in his obituary of <mask>, said that the Yorkshireman "made himself into a batsman by practice and hard thinking", and that while often "dour and parsimonious", he was capable  of hitting out. After changing to the two-eyed stance more of his runs came on the leg-side; in later years, <mask> often used his pads rather than play a shot, a tactic generally regarded as negative. A feature of his batting career was his successful opening partnership with Hobbs, particularly their enterprise in running between the wickets. In his career, he scored over 190 in an innings five times and twice scored centuries in each innings of a match. Although <mask>'s primary function varied between bowler and batsman, he recorded 16 doubles to establish a record for any cricketer. When <mask> was involved in matches, Cardus believed that "he was not a man given to affability", showing annoyance on the field and being critical of the performances of others.According to historian Anthony Woodhouse, <mask> was a "dour, methodical and calculating cricketer." Not popular in the way that a player like Hirst was popular, <mask> "commanded respect rather than plaudits" in the words of Bowes. An introvert, he did not always get along with the more extrovert Hirst, possibly owing to mutual jealousy and some of Hirst's jocular comments, and was rarely pictured smiling. However, <mask> became more relaxed and approachable in later life, particularly after his eyesight failed. Cardus was surprised, after meeting him in 1950, at how much more readily <mask> engaged in conversation, commenting that "history comes from his mouth in rivers". His obituary in The Times concluded: "Gruff or mellow, he was all of a piece, a fighting Yorkshireman, superbly gifted." Personal life
In October 1899, <mask>, aged 22, married Sarah Elizabeth Stancliffe, who lived in Kirkheaton and was two years his senior.They lived in a farmhouse, shared with other people, at Bog Hall near Kirkheaton. On 25 August 1902 his wife gave birth to a daughter, their only child. <mask> found Yorkshire's dealings with money to be ungenerous; following his benefit in 1911 Yorkshire, as was their custom, paid only one-third of the money to <mask> and kept back the rest to invest on his behalf, only paying out the interest. <mask> considered this to be unfair; however, he was able to use the money to build a stone house at Marsh, Huddersfield, which his family moved into in the autumn of 1912. He lived there until 1956. From around 1936 <mask>'s sight began to fail, and on the outbreak of war in 1939 he was unable to take up a wartime job. Eventually a specialist diagnosed glaucoma, but at that stage nothing could be done.<mask> was still able to see well enough to watch cricket and play golf, although by 1946 he was unable to read a newspaper. Another specialist was consulted in 1951 and an operation performed, but by 1952 <mask> was completely blind. The build-up of pain led  to the removal of his left eyeball in 1958. In 1950, <mask> suffered a heart attack, which limited the help she could give to her husband; in 1954 she died a few months before her 80th birthday. <mask> then sold his house at Marsh and moved in with his daughter and her husband, with whom he later moved to Bournemouth. He continued to attend cricket matches where he was able to follow the play despite his blindness, and was frequently sought out by cricketers and asked for his advice or opinion. <mask> was given honorary life membership of Yorkshire in 1946, and of the MCC in 1949.When given membership of the MCC, along with other old professionals, <mask> reacted characteristically; rather than showing pleasure, he responded, "I don't rightly know what it means yet." He died in 1973, aged 95. In 2009, <mask> was inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame. References

Bibliography

External links

English cricketers
England Test cricketers
English cricketers of 1890 to 1918
English cricketers of 1919 to 1945
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
Yorkshire cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Europeans cricketers
North v South cricketers
Players cricketers
People from Kirkheaton
1877 births
1973 deaths
People of the Victorian era
Wisden Leading Cricketers in the World
Blind people from England
H. D. G. Leveson Gower's XI cricketers
Patiala cricketers
Over 30s v Under 30s cricketers
Lord Hawke's XI cricketers
C. I. Thornton's XI cricketers
Lord Londesborough's XI cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club Australian Touring Team cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club South African Touring Team

masks:
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodesiala
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Wilfred
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Sarah Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes