text_chunks:
Morris "<mask><mask> (October 20, 1895 – August 24, 1985) was an American dramatist, lyricist and writer of theatrical productions and motion pictures, who became a conservative political activist later in life. Life and career
<mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York City, the son of Russian Jewish immigrants, Ida (Edelson) and <mask>. He attended Columbia University but was suspended shortly before he was due to graduate after he called university president Nicholas Murray Butler "Czar Nicholas" in the pages of the humor magazine Jester in 1917. <mask> was criticizing Butler for refusing to allow Ilya Tolstoy speak on campus. From 1927 to 1945, <mask> was author of numerous scripts and musical lyrics for Broadway theatrical productions and Hollywood motion pictures and later directed a number of such productions as well. He collaborated with George S. Kaufman on several Broadway hits. In 1933, he earned the Pulitzer Prize (receiving the prize from the same Nicholas Murray Butler who had suspended him from Columbia University) for Drama for the Broadway production Of Thee I Sing, a musical written in collaboration with composer George Gershwin.<mask> wrote or co-wrote several Marx Brothers theatrical and motion picture screenplays, including the book for the Broadway musical Animal Crackers (1929) (with Kaufman), and he wrote the screenplays for the film versions of The Cocoanuts (1929) and Animal Crackers (1930). Later he co-wrote, again with Kaufman, the screenplay for A Night at the Opera (1935), which helped revive interest in the Marx Brothers and was selected by the American Film Institute as among the top 100 comedy films ever made. In working on that script, <mask> was heavily involved in the "cleanup process," watching the Brothers repeatedly perform sections of the play before live audiences to determine which lines worked and which did not. In an interview with Richard J. Anobile in The Marx Brothers Scrapbook, Groucho said he was so appalled by an early draft of the script, which was reportedly written by Bert Kalmar and Harry Ruby, that he screamed, "Why fuck around with second-rate talent, get Kaufman and <mask> [to write the screenplay]!" <mask> also rewrote the stage version of Room Service (1938), the original of which did not have the Marx Brothers, reworking the plot to make the movie suitable for the three distinctive performers. During that period, <mask> was also twice nominated for an Academy Award for his part in writing the films My Man Godfrey (starring Carole Lombard, 1936) and Stage Door (starring Katharine Hepburn, 1937). Later, he wrote the screenplay for the successful Penny Serenade, wrote the stage musical Louisiana Purchase (which soon became a film starring Bob Hope) and supervised the production of The Lady Comes Across.Political activism
For many years <mask> had been a member of the Socialist Party of America, and during the 1930s he participated in party-sponsored activities, even performing sketches at antiwar events, but he split with the party's "Old Guard faction," led by Louis Waldman. His politics soon moved to the right. In 1940, <mask> abandoned the Democratic Party, and he opposed President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's pursuit of a third term, writing the campaign song for that year's Republican Party presidential nominee, Wendell Willkie. He maintained some ties to the Socialist Party throughout the 1940s and served as a Vice Chairman of the Keep America Out of War Congress. Around then, he became a friend to writers Max Eastman, Ayn Rand, John Dos Passos, Suzanne La Follette and Raymond Moley. Later, he would become friend to William F. Buckley, Jr. and future US President Ronald Reagan. In 1947, he appeared before the House Committee on Un-American Activities as a "Friendly Witness."<mask> never sold another script after that appearance, and he believed that his appearance before HUAC was responsible although there is no direct evidence of an organized campaign against the "Friendly Witnesses." In the 1950s, <mask> contributed articles to the early free market publication The Freeman, In 1954, was also a board member of the American Jewish League Against Communism. Later, he lent money to Buckley to help start The National Review, which began publication in 1955, another journal to which he was an early contributor. <mask> briefly joined the John Birch Society but soon disassociated himself from the group after it began to claim that Roosevelt, Harry Truman, and Dwight Eisenhower were part of the Soviet conspiracy. He was also a vocal sympathizer with the anti-Zionist American Council for Judaism. In 1960, <mask> started to write a feature column in the Los Angeles Times that promoted conservative ideas for the next eleven years. His son, Allan H<mask>, was the longtime editor of the conservative Washington, DC, weekly Human Events.The elder <mask>'s autobiography, I Shot an Elephant in My Pajamas: The Morrie Ryskind Story, details his adventures from Broadway to Hollywood as well as his conversion to conservative politics. (1945)
It's in the Bag! (1945) starring Fred Allen

Bibliography
 George S. Kaufman et al., Kaufman & Co.: Broadway Comedies, Laurence Maslon, ed. (New York: The Library of America, 2004) ; includes Animal Crackers and Of Thee I Sing)
 Animal Crackers (1928, with George S. Kaufman) (New York: Samuel French's Musical Library, 1984) )
 Of Thee I Sing (1931, with George S. Kaufman Ira Gershwin) (New York: Knopf. 1932; Samuel French's Musical Library, 1963) )
 Let 'Em Eat Cake (1933, with George S. Kaufman Ira Gershwin) (New York: Knopf. 1933)
 I Shot an Elephant in My Pajamas: the Morrie Ryskind Story (with John H. M. Roberts, Lafayette, LA: Huntington House, 1994.) References

External links

 <mask> Ryskind papers, 1911–1985, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts

1895 births
1985 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
Activists from New York (state)
American anti-war activists
American male screenwriters
American musical theatre librettists
American musical theatre lyricists
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American political activists
Columbia University alumni
Jewish American dramatists and playwrights
John Birch Society members
Members of the Socialist Party of America
New York (state) Republicans
Old Right (United States)
Pulitzer Prize for Drama winners
Writers from Brooklyn
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
20th-century American Jews

masks:
Morrie
" Ryskind
Ryskind
Abraham Ryskind
Ryskind
Ryskind
Ryskind
Ryskind
Ryskind
Ryskind
Ryskind
Ryskind
Ryskind
Ryskind
Ryskind
Ryskind
Ryskind
. Ryskind
Ryskind
Morrie


text_chunks:
<mask> (born December 27, 1992) is an American-born naturalized Armenian professional basketball player for Paris Basketball of the LNB Pro A. He also represents the Armenian national basketball team. He completed his college career at Connecticut in 2015. <mask> was a key player for the Huskies' 2013–14 NCAA Championship team, as he earned 2014 NCAA Final Four All-Tournament team honors. High school career
<mask>, an Aurora, Illinois native, averaged 31.2 points per game as a senior at East Aurora High School and was named Illinois Co-Mr. Basketball with Chasson Randle. As a Senior, he once scored 63 points in a game against Proviso West, and another outing scoring 55 against St. Charles North. <mask> also led the charge in defeating and upsetting the undefeated Benet Academy Redwings in the Sectional Semifinals 60–52.Benet was ranked #1 in the State of Illinois, 7th in the Nation with a team that featured Wisconsin bound Frank Kaminsky. <mask> finished with 29 points and 6 assists. He had originally committed to West Virginia, but changed his mind when the Mountaineers signed another point guard just a day later. He then went on and decided to commit to the University of Connecticut. <mask> was ranked 74th in the ESPN 100 list of high school basketball players, and also was listed as 7th in the state of Illinois and 14th in the point guard position. College career

Freshman year
Upon arriving at Connecticut, his eligibility was challenged. After missing the first three games, the National Collegiate Athletic Association ruled that he would have to serve an additional three-game suspension to bring his total to six games served due to "receiving improper benefits".Upon further review, <mask> endured a total of nine games under suspension. Nonetheless, he became a key player for the Huskies as a freshman, averaging 10.4 points, 4.0 assists and 3.3 rebounds in 30.1 minutes per game. Sophomore year
Following his return, <mask> along with backcourt teammate Shabazz Napier both rose to the national spotlight as they were highlighted as one of the nation's best backcourts, as they both averaged a combined 33 points and 9 assists per game, outplaying nearly every opponents' backcourt they've played. He kept the momentum up in his sophomore season of 2012–13, raising his scoring average to 15.4. He was named to the USBWA All-District first-team at the conclusion of the season. Junior year
On April 26, 2013, <mask> opted to return to the team for his junior year along with teammates Shabazz Napier and DeAndre Daniels. <mask> played 39 of UConn's 40 games, starting 38 of them, averaging 12.1 points, 3.4 assists, 1.6 steals and a career-best 3.5 rebounds.He averaged 13.5 points and 5.0 rebounds in the Final Four and was named to the All-Final Four team. He was one of four Huskies to average double-digit point totals in the inaugural American Athletic Conference Tournament. <mask> scored in double-figures in 27 of 39 games and in all six of UConn's NCAA Tournament games. He was second on the team this year with 61 steals, which were the most ever for him in a season. <mask>'s defense was a key factor in the Huskies' drive to the 2014 Final Four. He was named to the 2014 All-Final Four team and UConn won the national championship. Senior year

Upon the preseason of the 2014–15 season, <mask> was named the preseason All-American Athletic Conference player of the year and was selected to the preseason first team.He was then added to the 2015 Bob Cousy Award watch list. <mask> was a unanimous first-team All-American Athletic Conference team selection in 2015. He hit a game winning three off a crossover against Cincinnati in the AAC Tournament quarter-finals as time expired to win the game 57–54, which many considered was a mimic of Kemba Walker's game winning shot against Pittsburgh in the 2011 Big East Tournament. In nine Summer League games for the Nets, <mask> averaged 14.1 points, 2.3 rebounds and 2.2 assists per game. On October 20, 2015, he was waived by the Nets after appearing in four preseason games. On October 23, he signed with the Detroit Pistons, but was waived two days later. On October 31, he was acquired by the Grand Rapids Drive of the NBA Development League as an affiliate player of the Pistons.On January 21, 2016, he was waived by the Drive. Orlandina Basket (2016)
On January 26, <mask> signed with Orlandina Basket of the Italian Serie A.

Guangzhou Long-Lions (2016)
On July 30, 2016, <mask> signed with Guangzhou Long-Lions of the Chinese Basketball Association. Cedevita Zagreb (2016–2017)
On November 21, 2016, <mask> signed with Cedevita Zagreb of the Croatian League after leaving China. Beşiktaş (2017–2018)
On July 21, 2017, <mask> signed a 1+1 deal with Turkish club Beşiktaş. Agua Caliente Clippers (2018)
For the 2018–19 season, Boatwright signed with the Agua Caliente Clippers of the NBA G League. Texas Legends (2018–2019)
On December 16, 2018, the Texas Legends announced that they had acquired <mask> from the Agua Caliente Clippers. Unicaga (2019)
On January 8, 2019, Unicaja announced that they had acquired Boatright.Cedevita Olimpija (2019–2020)
On July 30, <mask> signed with Cedevita Olimpija of the ABA League. BC Avtodor (2020)
On January 29, 2020, <mask> signed with BC Avtodor of the VTB United League. He averaged 16 points per game. Rytas Vilnius (2020–2021)
On November 8, 2020, <mask> signed with BC Rytas of the Lithuanian Basketball League. Paris Basketball (2021–present)
On March 1, 2021, <mask> signed with Paris Basketball of the LNB Pro A. Personal life
<mask> is the son of Mike McAllister and Tanesha <mask>. He has one brother Michael and two younger sisters Dasia and Deahjay.References

External links
UConn Huskies bio

1992 births
Living people
ABA League players
Agua Caliente Clippers players
American expatriate basketball people in China
American expatriate basketball people in Croatia
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American expatriate basketball people in Slovenia
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
American men's basketball players
Baloncesto Málaga players
Basketball players at the 2014 NCAA Division I Men's Final Four
Basketball players from Illinois
BC Avtodor Saratov players
Beşiktaş men's basketball players
Grand Rapids Drive players
Guangzhou Loong Lions players
KK Cedevita players
KK Cedevita Olimpija players
Liga ACB players
Orlandina Basket players
Paris Basketball players
Point guards
Sportspeople from Aurora, Illinois
Texas Legends players
UConn Huskies men's basketball players

masks:
Ryan Jamar Boatright
Boatright
Boatright
Boatright
Boatright
Boatright
Boatright
Boatright
Boatright
Boatright
Boatright
Boatright
Boatright
Boatright
Boatright
Boatright
Boatright
Boatright
Boatright
Boatright
Boatright
Boatright
Boatright
Boatright
Boatright
Boatright


text_chunks:
<mask> (April 10, 1794 – January 27, 1863) was an American biblical scholar known for his magnum opus, Biblical Researches in Palestine, the first major work in Biblical Geography and Biblical Archaeology, which earned him the epithets "Father of Biblical Geography" and "Founder of Modern Palestinology." He studied in the United States and Germany, a center of biblical scholarship and exploration of the Bible as history. He translated scriptural works from classical languages, as well as German translations. His Greek and English Lexicon of the New Testament (1836; last revision, 1850) became a standard authority in the United States, and was reprinted several times in Great Britain. Biography
<mask> was born in Southington, Connecticut, and raised on a farm. His father was a minister in the Congregational Church of the town for four decades. The younger <mask> taught at schools in East Haven and Farmington in 1810–11 to earn money for college.He attended Hamilton College, in Clinton, New York, where his maternal uncle, Seth Norton, was a professor. He graduated in 1816. In 1821 he went to Andover, Massachusetts, where he published his translation of books i–ix, xviii and xix of the Iliad. There he aided Moses Stuart in the preparation of the second edition (1823) of the latter's Hebrew Grammar. He translated into English (1825) Wahl's Clavis Philologica Novi Testamenti. <mask> went to Europe to study ancient languages, largely in Halle and Berlin (1826–30). While in Halle, in 1828 he married the German writer Therese Albertine Luise.After the couple returned to the United States, <mask> was appointed professor extraordinary of sacred literature at Andover Theological Seminary (1830–33). <mask> founded the Biblical Repository (1831), which he edited for four years. He also established the Bibliotheca Sacra (1843), into which was merged the Biblical Repository. He spent three years in Boston working on a lexicon of scriptural Greek. Illness caused him to move to New York City. He was appointed as professor of biblical literature at Union Theological Seminary, serving from 1837 until his death. At the Union Theological Seminary, he also served as the first librarian of the Burke Library.Exploration of Palestine

In 1836 <mask> published both a translation of Wilhelm Gesenius' Hebrew Lexicon and a Greek New Testament Lexicon. <mask> traveled to Palestine in 1838 in the company of Rev. Eli Smith. He published Biblical Researches in Palestine in 1841, for which he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society in 1842. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1847. <mask>, together with Smith, made scores of identifications of ancient places referred to the Bible. His work established his enduring reputation as a "Founder" of Biblical archaeology, and influenced much of future archaeological field work.Examples of his finds in Jerusalem include the Siloam tunnel and <mask>'s Arch in the Old City; the latter was named in his honor. The two men returned to Ottoman Palestine in 1852 for further investigations. In 1856 the enlarged edition of Biblical Researches was published simultaneously in English and German. Among those who later acknowledged <mask>’s stature, in 1941 G. Ernest Wright, reviewing the pioneering survey contained in Nelson Glueck's The Other Side of the Jordan, makes a just comparison and fitting testimonial: "Glueck's explorations are second to none, unless it is those of <mask>." Published works
 Dictionary of the Holy Bible for the Use of Schools and Young Persons (Boston, 1833)
 Greek and English Lexicon of the New Testament (1836; last revision, New York, 1850), based on the Clavis Philologica Novi Testamenti of Christian A. Wahl. This work superseded his translation of Wahl's work, becoming a standard authority in the United States. It was several times reprinted in Great Britain.Biblical Researches in Palestine and Adjacent Countries (three volumes, Boston and London, 1841; German edition, Halle, 1841; second edition, enlarged, 1856, published in both English and German)
 Greek Harmony of the Gospels (1845; second edition, 1851). The Greek text is the Textus Receptus of August Hahn. English Harmony of the Gospels (1846)
 Memoir of Rev. <mask>, with some Account of his Ancestors in this Country (printed privately, New York, 1859) This is a sketch of his father, who for 41 years was pastor of the Congregational church in Southington, Connecticut. Physical Geography of the Holy Land (New York and London, 1865). This is a supplement to his Biblical Researches, and was edited by Mrs. <mask> after his death. Revised editions of the Greek and English Harmonies, edited by Matthew B. Riddle, were published in 1885 and 1886 after <mask>'s death.<mask> edited and translated:
Philipp Karl Buttmann, Greek Grammar (1823; third edition, 1851)
Georg Benedikt Winer, Grammar of New Testament Greek (1825), with Moses Stuart
Christian Abraham Wahl, Clavis Philologica Novi Testamenti (1825)
Wilhelm Gesenius, Hebrew Lexicon of the Old Testament, including the Biblical Chaldee (1836; fifth edition, with corrections and additions, 1854)

He revised:
Augustine Calmet, Dictionary of the Bible (Boston, 1832)

References

Further reading
 R. D. Hitchcock, The Life, Writings, and Character of <mask> (New York, 1863)
  "The Development of Palestine Exploration: Being the Ely Lectures for 1903", Frederick Jones Bliss. (London,1906), Lecture V "Edward Robinson" pp. 184 ff. A Centennial Symposium on <mask> Robinson: The Critical Faculty of <mask> Robinson  by W. F. Stinespring Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 58, No. 4. (Dec. 1939), pp.379–387
Williams, Jay G. The Times and Life of <mask>: Connecticut Yankee in King Solomons Court. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 1999. Yehoshua Ben-Arieh, The Rediscovery of the Holy Land in the Nineteenth Century, Magnes Press/Hebrew University/Wayne State University Press, 1979
Renaud Soler, <mask> (1794–1863) et l'émergence de l'archéologie biblique, Paris, Geuthner, 2014
Haim Goren, Mapping the Holy Land : the foundation of a scientific cartography of Palestine, London New York : I.B. Tauris, 2017. Haim Goren, The loss of a minute is just so much loss of life" : <mask> and Eli Smith in the Holy Land, 2020. External links

Works by <mask>, <mask>, 1794–1863, on HathiTrust
<mask> Personal Letter

American theologians
American archaeologists
1794 births
1863 deaths
Hamilton College (New York) alumni
Archaeologists of the Near East
Biblical archaeologists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Union Theological Seminary (New York City) faculty
Columbia University librarians
Holy Land travellers
American travel writers
American male non-fiction writers
American biblical scholars
American geographers
Palestinologists
19th-century geographers
Cartographers of the Middle East
19th-century American translators
19th-century cartographers
People from Southington, Connecticut
19th-century male writers
Historical geographers
History of Jerusalem

masks:
Edward Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Edward Robinson
William Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Robinson
Edward Robinson
Edward
Edward
Edward Robinson
Edward Robinson
Edward Robinson
Robinson
Edward
Edward Robinson


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 20 May 1988) is an English mixed martial artist currently competing in the Middleweight division of KSW. A professional since 2010, he has also competed for the UFC, Absolute Championship Berkut, BAMMA, and Cage Warriors. He is currently ranked #2 in the KSW Middleweight rankings. Background
Born and raised in West Yorkshire, <mask> began training in mixed martial arts as a teenager and took part in several amateur fights before turning professional in 2010. During this time, he also worked for a bit with a maintenance company installing street lighting. Mixed martial arts career

Early career
Prior to his professional career, <mask> held an amateur MMA record of 3–0. He made his professional debut competing as a middleweight for various regional promotions across Great Britain, including stints in Cage Warriors and BAMMA.He was able to compile an undefeated record of 12–0 along the way, finishing a large portion of his fights in the first round. After his TKO stoppage of Max Nunes in June 2014, <mask> signed with the UFC. Ultimate Fighting Championship
<mask> made his promotional debut on 4 October 2014 as he faced Magnus Cedenblad at UFC Fight Night 53. Despite dropping Cedenblad with a front kick in round two, <mask> was controlled through the rest of the fight, and was defeated via unanimous decision. <mask> next faced Antonio dos Santos Jr. on 20 June 2015 at UFC Fight Night 69. <mask> won the fight via KO in the first round. <mask> faced Krzysztof Jotko on 24 October 2015 at UFC Fight Night 76.He lost the fight by split decision. <mask> faced Chris Dempsey on 27 February 2016 at UFC Fight Night 84. He won the fight via knockout in the first round. He was also awarded a Performance of the Night bonus. <mask> was briefly scheduled to face Anthony Smith on 8 July 2016 at The Ultimate Fighter 23 Finale. However, <mask> pulled out of the bout on 28 April and was replaced by Cezar Ferreira. Following a quick recovery, <mask> was rescheduled to face promotional newcomer Jack Hermansson on 3 September 2016 at UFC Fight Night 93.He lost the fight by unanimous decision. <mask> faced <mask> on 18 March 2017 at UFC Fight Night 107. He lost the fight by split decision and was subsequently released from the promotion. Post-UFC career
<mask> fought fellow British UFC veteran Luke Barnatt on 23 September 2017 in the main event at ACB 70. He won the fight by split decision. On 10 December 2017 <mask> revealed a three-fight contract with KSW. As the first fight of his contract and promotional debut, <mask> faced former KSW Middleweight Champion Michał Materla at KSW 42: Khalidov vs. Narkun on March 3, 2018.<mask> won the fight via technical knockout stemming from a body kick. He also won the Knockout of the Night bonus. As the second fight and the semifinal of KSW Middleweight tournament, <mask> faced Marcin Wójcik at KSW 45: The Return to Wembley on October 6, 2018. <mask> won the fight via body kick and punches, winning his second Knockout of the Night bonus in the organization. In the final fight of his contract <mask> fought in the KSW Middleweight Tournament Final, winning a rematch against Michał Materla via flying knee knockout and becoming the KSW Middleweight Champion. <mask> faced Mamed Khalidov in a catchweight bout at KSW 52 on December 7, 2019. He won the bout via unanimous decision.<mask> was scheduled to defend his KSW Middleweight Championship in a rematch against Mamed Khalidov at KSW 55: <mask> vs. Khalidov 2 on October 10, 2020. He lost the fight via first-minute knockout. Championships and accomplishments

Mixed martial arts
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Performance of the Night (One time) vs. Chris Dempsey
Absolute Championship Berkut
Fight of the Night (One time) vs. Luke Barnatt
Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki
KSW Middleweight Championship (One time)
2019 KSW Middleweight tournament winner. |-
|Win
|align=center|11–0
|Jorge Luis Bezerra
|Decision (unanimous)
|BAMMA 13
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Birmingham, England
|Won the BAMMA Middleweight Championship. |-
|Win
|align=center|10–0
|Jack Marshman
|Decision (unanimous)
|Ultimate Cage FC 5
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Doncaster, England
|Won the UCFC Middleweight Championship.

masks:
Scott Askham
Askham
Askham
Askham
Askham
Askham
Askham
Askham
Askham
Askham
Askham
Askham
Askham
Askham
Brad Scott
Askham
Askham
Askham
Askham
Askham
Askham
Askham
Askham
Askham
Askham


text_chunks:
<mask> (April 12, 1822 – May 9, 1888) was an American lawyer and a five-term member of the United States House of Representatives from the 3rd Congressional District of Tennessee. He also served as a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War and as a railroad executive. Biography
<mask> was born in Sparta in White County, Tennessee, on 12 April 1822. His ancestors were Huguenot refugees from France who settled in Virginia in 1700. His grandfather fought as a Patriot in the American Revolution and married into a branch of the Lee family in Virginia. His father, <mask>, arrived in White County, Tennessee, in 1811, where he served as a circuit court clerk, state legislator, was once a Whig candidate for Congress, and eventually the State Treasurer of Tennessee. Dibrell worked on his father's farm during the summer, and at the age of 15 he travelled alone to Virginia and Mississippi with droves of livestock.What little formal education Dibrell received came at the local schools during the winter months, followed by one session at the University of Tennessee at Knoxville at age 16. In 1842 <mask> married Mary Elizabeth Leftwich, also a Sparta native. The daughter of a Virginia merchant, Miss Leftwich obtained a lady's education at the Nashville Female Academy. She and her husband both became members of the Southern Methodist Church in the same year they were married. They attended the Methodist congregation at Sparta, where Mary taught Sunday school. Later that year they welcomed the first of their eight children. Antebellum career
Dibrell studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1843, and established a legal practice.While engaged in agricultural and mercantile pursuits, <mask> was elected clerk of the branch of the Bank of Tennessee at Sparta. He was a justice of the peace and a county clerk for White County for many years. By 1850 he had managed to accumulate an estate worth $500. Ten years later in 1860, the total value of <mask>'s personal estate had increased to $27,000, making him one of the top five wealthiest landowners in the county. The 1850 United States Census, Slave Schedule, for White County, indicates that Dibrell owned four mulatto slaves: a woman of 45 years, a girl of 12, and two boys of four and two years. The 1860 census record lists Dibrell as owning 16 slaves, ranging in age from 1–50 years in age. From the end of his time as clerk at the Bank of Tennessee until the beginning of the War, Dibrell carried on in commerce, his occupation in the 1850 census indicating "merchant."Political and military service

Overview
Dibrell volunteered in the Confederate States Army and served from 1861 to 1865. He rose from private in the 25th Tennessee Infantry to lieutenant colonel of that regiment in August 1861. He fought in the Mill Springs campaign and at the Siege of Corinth. Dibrell later organized the White County "Partisan Rangers," raised the 8th Tennessee Cavalry, and served as its first colonel. Commanding a brigade, he played a prominent role in the defense of the important saltworks during the Battle of Saltville. He served under noted cavalry generals Nathan Bedford Forrest and Joseph Wheeler. Promoted to brigadier general in early 1865, Dibrell commanded a division under Wheeler during the Carolinas Campaign and its climactic Battle of Bentonville.He accompanied the flight of the Confederate government following the evacuation and fall of Richmond in April 1865, having charge of protecting the national archives of the Confederacy and escorting President Jefferson Davis from Greensboro, North Carolina into Georgia. He was finally captured and paroled near Washington, Georgia, on May 9, 1865. 1861–1862
As the secession movement swept the South, <mask> was elected as a Union delegate to the Tennessee State Constitutional Convention in July 1861, which would debate the prospect of secession, but it was voted against and never met. <mask> was also elected to represent White County in the 1861 Tennessee State Legislature, where he served but several weeks before joining the Confederate States Army. <mask> left for the Confederate military service in the summer of 1861, leaving behind his wife Mary and seven children, ranging in age from sixteen years to one year old. He travelled to Camp Zollicoffer near Livingston, Tennessee, to enlist with the 25th Tennessee Infantry on 10 August 1861. He brought with him two horses worth $200 each.At Livingston he was elected Lieutenant Colonel of the regiment. After three months’ drilling, the 25th marched as part of a larger force under Brigadier General Zollicoffer to Camp Beech Grove, just across the Cumberland River from Mill Springs, Kentucky, in advance of a threatened Federal invasion from nearby Somerset or Colombia to the west, and to break up Kentuckian Federal home guard units. This immediately preceded the Battle of Fishings Creek (more generally known as the Battle of Mill Springs or Logan's Crossroads) on 19 January 1862, one of the first significant Union victories of the Civil War, which helped break the Confederate defensive line. Zollicoffer fell during the battle, at which point the Confederate forces were outflanked and retreated in disorder. Dibrell and the 25th Tennessee formed the Confederate left flank which was turned by the Union commander. The Confederates fell back that night across the Cumberland River, leaving behind their artillery, wagons, horses, and all of their supplies and ammunition. Confederate loss totaled about 400 killed, wounded, and captured.In May 1862, the 25th Tennessee was reorganized at Corinth, and <mask> was defeated in his bid for the Lieutenant Colonelcy. <mask> was discharged from the regiment on 10 May 1862, with three months remaining on his period of enlistment. He then travelled to Richmond where he obtained permission to raise a regiment for Confederate service, after which he returned home to Sparta. There he organized an independent force of cavalry as partisan rangers. This regiment, which entered service as the 8th Tennessee Cavalry (sometimes called the 13th), was organized at Yankeetown, a short distance from downtown Sparta, on 4 September 1862, and totaled 920 men in twelve companies. <mask> was elected Colonel. His eldest son Wayman Leftwich <mask> joined the regiment (before its official organization) as a 2nd Lieutenant on 2 August 1862, at the age of 19 years, 8 months.Politics
<mask> was a delegate to the Tennessee state constitutional convention in 1870. Elected as a Democrat to the Forty-fourth and the four succeeding Congresses, <mask> served from March 4, 1875, to March 3, 1885. He was not a candidate for renomination in 1884 and resumed agriculture and business pursuits, including the development of several coal mines. Post-war Pursuits

Overview
Owner of over fifteen thousand acres in White County, Dibrell established the Bon Air Coal & Coke Company, which became one of the county's leading industries and largest employers. Also a key figure in the development of the Southwestern Railroad, which connected Sparta with the Nashville and Chattanooga line, he was President of that railroad in 1869. Dibrell also served as a delegate to the Methodist conference at Memphis in 1870, and at Nashville in 1882. Railroads
Shortly after returning to his home and family in mid-1865, Dibrell commenced the process of renewing the vitality of his hometown.This began by bringing in branches of the McMinnville and Manchester Railroad, Nashville and Chattanooga Company (N. C. & St. L.), and the Southwestern Railroad Company, with the object of opening up the somewhat geographically- and thus commercially isolated county. The former two of these companies completed the first rail lines in the state before the war, connecting Nashville, McMinnville, and Tullahoma. Hitherto, livestock and other marketable goods had to be driven or carried over land, much as <mask> did in his youth. Plans existed to extend a branch from McMinnville to Sparta as early as 1858, but these were cancelled by the impending conflict. <mask> became a director of the Southwestern Railroad Company three years before he was elected as its president in 1869. He remained in this position for 15 years until the company was acquired by the Nashville and Chattanooga Company and the railroad came to Sparta in 1884. The advent of the railroad in White County fulfilled "a great need for a speedier method of moving the products of an expanding and developing land."Bon Air Coal
As the railroads slowly began to take shape, <mask> focused his efforts towards the formation and organization of the Bon Air Coal, Land, and Lumber Company, concentrated on Bon Air Mountain just outside of Sparta. According to White County historian E.G. Rogers, the organization of this company had been a dream of <mask>'s and one which he had sought to further as early as his brief tenure in the Tennessee Legislature. Additionally, Dibrell possessed the foresight and entrepreneurial business sense to invest money from his antebellum mercantile success in the gradual accumulation of more than 15,000 acres of good coal and timber land, which formed the company's property upon its organization. The official charter was finally secured in September 1882, and by 1900 the company's holdings had grown to include some 38,000 acres of land. <mask> was elected the vice-president of the company upon his declination of the presidency itself, which was filled by former governor and president of the 1870 convention, John C. Brown. Death
<mask> <mask> passed away on 9 May 1888, at his home in Sparta, aged 66 years and 27 days.The cause was an "aggravated inflammation of the kidneys," a recurring problem irritated by a strenuous 40-mile horseback ride taken two weeks prior. He was survived by his eight children, plus a number of grandchildren, in addition to his wife Mary. His funeral services were performed by the same minister who married them 46 years earlier. The announcement of his death in the "Daily American," a Nashville newspaper, read "[<mask>] has done more for White County than any man who ever lived here [...] This is the unanimous verdict of all." He is interred at the Old Sparta Cemetery. See also

List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

Notes

References
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Sifakis, Stewart.Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. . External links

 Retrieved on 2008-02-13
Tennesseeencyclopedia.net bio
Tngenweb.org bio

Members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
Members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
1822 births
1888 deaths
Confederate States Army generals
Tennessee lawyers
19th-century American railroad executives
People of Tennessee in the American Civil War
Tennessee Democrats
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American lawyers

masks:
George Gibbs Dibrell
Dibrell
Anthony Dibrell
George Dibrell
Dibrell
Dibrell
Dibrell
Dibrell
George Dibrell
Dibrell
Dibrell
George Dibrell
Dibrell
Dibrell
Dibrell
Dibrell
Dibrell
Dibrell
Dibrell
Dibrell
George Gibbs
Dibrell
Dibrell


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 31 January 1977 in Thionville, Moselle) is a contemporary French musicologist. Biography
Scientific director of the Palazzetto Bru Zane – Centre de musique romantique française (Venice), holder of a doctorate in musicology from the Paris-Sorbonne University in 2003) and former resident of the Académie de France à Rome (Villa Médicis), <mask> is a graduate from the Conservatoire de Paris (esthetics). He has taught music history and musical analysis in several French universities (Paris IV - Sorbonne, Lille, Poitiers, Rouen) and was a radio producer for Radio France (La Querelle des Bouffons and Sortez les jumelles in 2006–2007) with his twin brother . In 2006–2008, he was artistic advisor to the Opéra-Comique (Paris). <mask> has been trained as a clarinetist and violist at the Metz and Nancy conservatories. He also received various awards in music history, musical analysis, orchestration and chamber music. As a musicologist, he has published notably at Actes Sud, ,  and Symétrie.His work Un nouveau commerce de la virtuosité (1780–1830), published by the latter earned him the 2007 Prix des Muses for essay. In 2013 he received a prize of the Napoléon foundation for the record-book La Mort d'Abel by Kreutzer, which he directed. As a researcher, he is particularly interested in the notions of virtuosity (direction of the collective Le concerto pour piano français à l'épreuve des modernités, Actes Sud & Palazzetto Bru Zane, 2015) and musical academism (codirection with Julia Lu of the Concours du prix de Rome for music. 1803–1968, Symétrie & Palazzetto Bru Zane, 2011). Since 2009, through his activity at the Palazzetto Bru Zane, which consists of rediscovering unknown works and forgotten composers, He participates in productions or co-productions leading to the (re) creation of French works in concert and on the stage, extended in general by the publication of recordings. In this context, <mask> Bru Zane since 2010 (Debussy, Saint-Saëns, Charpentier, d’Ollone, Dukas). In 2012, he started the series "Opéras français" of the Palazzetto Bru Zane (with Amadis de Gaule by JC Bach and La Mort d'Abel by Kreutzer) and subsequently, in 2014, that of the "Portraits" (with Théodore Gouvy).Publications
(sélection). Books
 Un nouveau commerce de la virtuosité : émancipation et métamorphoses de la musique concertante au sein des institutions musicales parisiennes (1780-1830), preface by Jean Gribenski, Lyon, Symétrie, 2006. Prix des Muses 2007 (category: musicological essay) ,
 Mozart, Paris, Le Cavalier bleu (series: Idées reçues), 2006 . Mozart. Paris, 1778, in collaboration with Benoît <mask>, Versailles, Centre de musique baroque de Versailles, 2006. Direction of collective works
 Le concerto pour piano français à l'épreuve des modernités, Actes Sud & Palazzetto Bru Zane, 2015 . Le surnaturel sur la scène lyrique : du merveilleux baroque au fantastique romantique, codirected with Agnès Terrier, Lyon, Symétrie, 2012.Prix des Muses 2011 (mention) . Le Concours du prix de Rome de musique (1803-1968), codirected with Julia Lu, Lyon, Symétrie, 2011 . L’invention des genres lyriques français et leur redécouverte au XIX, codirected with Agnès Terrier, Lyon, Symétrie, 2010, .Hérold en Italie, Lyon, Symétrie, 2009 . L’Artiste et sa muse, codirected with Christiane Dotal, Paris, Somogy, 2006, .sudoc abes

 Critical editions of literary sources  Castil-Blaze: Histoire de l’opéra-comique, copublished with Patrick Taïeb, Lyon, Symétrie, 2012 .Théodore Dubois: Journal, copublished with Charlotte Segond-Genovesi, Lyon, Symétrie, 2012 .Hérold en Italie, édition critique de la correspondance italienne de Hérold between 1813 and 1821, Lyon, Symétrie, 2009 . Direction of book-records
Series Opéra français. Félicien David : Herculanum, Venice, Palazzetto Bru Zane (series: Opéra français), 2015. Antonio Salieri : Les Danaïdes, Venice, Palazzetto Bru Zane (series: Opéra français), 2015.Camille Saint-Saëns : Les Barbares, Venice, Palazzetto Bru Zane (series: Opéra français), 2014. Charles-Simon Catel : Les Bayadères, Venice, Palazzetto Bru Zane (series: Opéra français), 2014. Victorin Joncières: Dimitri, Venise, Palazzetto Bru Zane (series: Opéra français), 2014. Jules Massenet: Le Mage, Venice, Palazzetto Bru Zane (series: Opéra français), 2013. Antonio Sacchini: Renaud, Venice, Palazzetto Bru Zane (series: Opéra français), 2013. Jules Massenet: Thérèse, Venice, Palazzetto Bru Zane (series: Opéra français), 2013. Johann Christian Bach: Amadis de Gaule, Venice, Palazzetto Bru Zane (series: Opéra français), 2012.Rodolphe Kreutzer: La Mort d’Abel, Venice, Palazzetto Bru Zane (series: Opéra français), 2012. Prix de la Fondation Napoléon, 2013 . Series Musiques du prix de Rome Paul Dukas et le prix de Rome, Venise, Palazzetto Bru Zane (series: Musiques du prix de Rome), 2015. Max d'Ollone et le prix de Rome, cowritten with Patrice d’Ollone, Venice, Palazzetto Bru Zane (series: Musiques du prix de Rome), 2013. Gustave Charpentier et le prix de Rome, cowritten with Michela Niccolai, San Lorenzo, Glossa (series: Musiques du prix de Rome), 2011. Camille Saint-Saëns et le prix de Rome, San Lorenzo, Glossa (series: Musiques du prix de Rome), 2011 .Claude Debussy et le prix de Rome, codirected with Denis Herlin, San Lorenzo, Glossa (series: Musiques du prix de Rome), 2009. Series PortraitsThéodore Dubois, Venice, Palazzetto Bru Zane (series: Portraits), 2015.Théodore Gouvy, Venice, Palazzetto Bru Zane (series: Portraits), 2014.
series Hervé Niquet - Le Concert Spirituel at Glossa Johann Christoph Vogel: La Toison d'or, San Lorenzo, Glossa, 2013.Charles-Simon Catel: Sémiramis'', San Lorenzo, Glossa, 2012. References

External links

1977 births
People from Thionville
Living people
21st-century French musicologists
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Paris-Sorbonne University alumni

masks:
Alexandre Dratwicki
Alexandre Dratwicki
Alexandre Dratwicki
Alexandre Dratwicketto
Dratwicki


text_chunks:
<mask> (March 19, 1797 – June 5, 1883) was an American lawyer and politician who served as Lieutenant governor of New York from 1845 to 1847 and Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals from 1854 to 1855. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Rindge, New Hampshire on March 19, 1797, the son of William Gardner and Rebecca (Raymond) Gardner. The family eventually settled in Manlius, New York, where William Gardner became a successful businessman. Gardner's sons, including <mask>, later decided t restore the original spelling of their family name, <mask>. <mask> was educated at Manlius Academy, and received his degree from Union College in 1819. He was later admitted to the college's Philomathean Society as an honorary member. In 1851, <mask> received the honorary degree of LL.D.from the University of Rochester. After college, <mask> studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1822, and began practicing in Rochester, New York with Samuel L. Selden, who later became a judge of the New York Court of Appeals. Selden's brother Henry R. Selden later studied law with <mask> and Selden, then served as lieutenant governor and judge of the Court of Appeals. <mask> was the first Justice of the Peace ever elected in Rochester. D.A. and Circuit Judge
In 1827, <mask> was appointed District Attorney of Monroe County. From 1829 to 1838, he was Judge of the Eighth Circuit Court of New York, with jurisdiction over the counties of Allegany, Erie, Chautauqua, Monroe, Genesee and Niagara.The Anti-Masonic excitement, growing out of the disappearance of William Morgan, had now commenced, and perhaps the most important case that came before Judge <mask>, while on the bench of the circuit court, was that against Elihu Mather who was tried for conspiracy in the abduction of Morgan. After the acquittal of the defendant, a motion for a new trial was made in the New York State Supreme Court. The case is to be found in the fourth volume of Wendell's reports, page 220. The head notes, giving the disposition of the various questions raised, occupy four pages. On many of the points it has ever been a leading case. All the rulings of the judge were sustained by the Supreme Court, and these, and other decisions, gave him the reputation of the model circuit judge. He resigned his judicial office in February 1838, and returned to the practice of law at Rochester.Lieutenant Governor and Court of Appeals
In November 1844, he was elected Lieutenant Governor of New York on the Democratic ticket, with Silas Wright for Governor. Many important questions came before the New York State Senate while he presided. It was the period of the anti-rent disturbances, and various preventive and remedial measures were discussed. The enlargement of the canals, and other questions concerning internal improvements, received attention. One of the most important bills provided for the call of a state convention for the formation of a new constitution. As President of the Senate, Lieutenant Governor <mask> was the presiding officer of the Court for the Correction of Errors, then the state's highest court of appeal, consisting of the president of the Senate, the senators, chancellor, and justices of the New York Supreme Court. Not many cases were carried to this tribunal, litigation usually ceasing with the decision of the Supreme Court or that of the chancellor, so that most of them were important in principle or amount.Those decided during his presidency can be found in Denio's reports. <mask> was reelected Lieutenant Governor in 1846, defeating Hamilton Fish, the Whig candidate, by a majority of 13,000 votes, although the Whig's candidate for governor John Young was elected by a majority of more than 11,000 over the incumbent Governor Wright - then, the governor and the lieutenant governor, although running mates, were elected on separate ballots. <mask> had been nominated on a cross-endorsed ticket with Young by the Anti-Renters whose votes decided this election. <mask> was among the first judges elected on June 7, 1847, to the new New York Court of Appeals. On June 22, he drew the longest term (eight years and a half), and took office on July 5, according to the new State Constitution adopted in 1846. To fill the vacancy in the office of lieutenant governor, a special election was held at the annual State elections, and Fish was elected for the remainder of <mask>'s unexpired term. <mask> became Chief Judge in 1854, and held the office until the end of 1855 when his term expired.His opinions
Judge <mask>'s opinions are reported in Denio's, Comstock's, Selden's and the first three volumes of Reman's reports. Among them are the cases of:
 Miller v. Gable (2 Denio, 492), on charitable uses, holding that chancery, under its general jurisdiction over trusts, will interfere, on behalf of members of a religious corporation to which a fund has been granted, to prevent it from diverting the fund to promote the teaching of doctrines essentially variant from those designated, but not as to lesser shades of doctrine. Mayor of New York v. Baily (2 Denio, 433), holding that an action on the case for malfeasance will be against the corporation; if the city be empowered by statute to construct works, the state reserving the power to appoint commissioners to superintend the construction, the acceptance of the act by the city renders it liable for injuries arising for want of skill, or neglect, in building the works. Danks v. Quackenbush (1 Comstock, 129), in which he dissented, with three others of the judges, constituting one-half of the court, from the opinion of the four others, that the act of 1842, extending the exemption of personal property from the sale under execution, is unconstitutional and void as to debts contracted before its passage. Leggett v. Perkins (2 Comstock, 267), holding that a trust to receive and pay over the rents and profits of land was valid, under the statute authorising a trustee to receive the same and apply them to the use of any person. People v. Schuyler (2 Comstock, 173), reversing the decree of the Supreme court, and holding that if the sheriff after the jury have found for a claimant, refuses to deliver the property, the surety on his official bond is liable, though the creditor does not indemnify him, and, where he requires and receives indemnity before selling and judgment is afterwards recovered against him for the erroneous seizure, his sureties, on payment of the judgment, are entitled to be subrogated to the indemnity. Chautauqua Co. Bank v. White (2 Selden, 236), holding that an assignment by the debtor to the receiver of all his real property leaves no residuary interest in the debtor, and reversing the decree of the Supreme court, and affirming that of the vice-chancellor.Nicholson v. Leavitt (2 Selden, 510), reversing with the concurrence of all the judges, the judgment of the Superior court of the city of New York, and holding that an assignment by insolvent debtors of their property to trustees for the benefit of their creditors, with an authorisation to the trustees to sell the assigned property upon credit, is fraudulent and void as against the creditors of the assignees. Talmage v. Pell (3 Selden, 328), on the powers of banking associations, reversing the judgment of the Supreme court. Kundolf v. Thalheimer (2 Kernan, 593), on the powers of county courts, reversing the judgment of the Supreme court. Later life
After his retirement from the Court of Appeals he continued to lend his aid in the administration of justice as a referee. For twenty years, he arbitrated many important causes. He died in Rochester and was buried at  Mount Hope Cemetery in Rochester. Family
In 1831 he married Mary Selkrigg.Their children were Charles A<mask> and Celeste M<mask>. His oldest brother, <mask>, (1787-ca. 1855), resided several years in Lowell, Massachusetts, then removed to Texas, where he died on his plantation near San Antonio. Another brother, Charles (1789–1860) was a merchant in New Orleans. His sister Rebecca (1791-ca. 1818), married Oren Stone, a merchant, and the partner of Governor Seymour's father, and lived at Watertown, New York. Another sister, Dorothy, married Thomas A. Gould, a lawyer of Pittsfield, Massachusetts, where she died in 1857.The youngest sister, Louisa, born about 1800, married Elijah Rhoades, of Manlius, a merchant and New York State Senator. Legacy
<mask> is the namesake of Gardiner, New York. Notes

Sources
Papers of Victory Birdseye The Chancellor Robert R Livingston Masonic Library of Grand Lodge
 Death notice, in NYT on June 6, 1883
The New York Civil List compiled by Franklin Benjamin Hough (pages 32, 348 and 356; Weed, Parsons and Co., 1858)

1797 births
1883 deaths
People from Rindge, New Hampshire
Union College (New York) alumni
Lieutenant Governors of New York (state)
Chief Judges of the New York Court of Appeals
Politicians from Rochester, New York
New York (state) Democrats
Lawyers from Rochester, New York
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers
Burials at Mount Hope Cemetery (Rochester)

masks:
Addison Gardiner
Gardiner
Addison
Gardiner
Addison Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
Gardiner
. Gardiner
. Gardiner
William Gardiner
Addison Gardiner


text_chunks:
<mask> (28 January 1901 – 11 February 1951) was a French syndicalist and communist politician. As the minister of Labour and of Social security, he founded the French Social security system (or social safety net) and the retirement system, between 1945 and 1947. He was also the general secretary of the Fédération des travailleurs de la métallurgie CGT. Biography

Early life
His father, <mask>, was a blue-collar worker, and his mother, Louise Jeannette Piccino, was a weaver. <mask> started working in a plant at the age of 13, when his father was drafted in 1914. As a metalworker trainee, he also followed evening classes, and became a toolmaker near Lyon. Early politics
In 1917, Croizat joined the Young Socialist Movement, and then the Parti socialiste (French socialist party) in 1918.He began supporting the Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière (SFIO) in the Communist International. He participated in the great social movements of the metalworkers of the Lyon area. In 1920, he joined the Parti communiste, and became one of the leaders of Jeunesses communistes, a political youth organisation, from 1920 to 1928. In 1928, he was named secretary of the Fédération unitaire des métaux (French united federation of metalworkers). From 1929 – to his death in 1951 – he was a member of the central comity and of the bureau of the federated young communist movement. In 1936, he became general secretary of the Metalworkers' Federation, which then represented 20% of the total CGT members. During the 1936 French legislative election, he was elected in the second division of the 14th district of Seine.He negotiated the parisian metalworking convention, and, as a rapporteur, he presented the collective agreement to the Chamber. He was subsequently accused of "having participated in the creation and organisation of the Groupe ouvrier et paysan", and on the night of 7 October 1939, he was arrested. On 20 February 1940, he was ejected from the Legislature, and on 3 April 1940, he was sentenced to 5 years in prison, loss of his civil and politic rights, and a fine of 4000 francs. After having been moved between 14 prisons, he was eventually detained during March 1941 in the bagne of Maison Carrée, near Alger. Freed on 5 February 1943, three months after Operation Torch, he was summoned by the CGT to be a member of the consultative commission of the interim government of Alger. After the Libération of France, he again served as an elected official, first in the two constitutive assemblies (voted on 21 October 1945 and 2 June 1946) and then in the National Assembly from 1946 to 1951. Croizat served as Minister of Labour under the général de Gaulle from 21 November 1945 to 26 January 1946, and Minister of Labour and Social security from 26 January to 16 December 1946 (governments of Felix Gouin and Georges Bidault) and from 22 January to 4 May 1947 (government of Paul Ramadier, to the end of the communist participation in the government).He participated in the foundation of the Social security system: health insurance, pensions system, child benefit, and broad reform of French labour laws, through the creation of employee representative committees, occupational medicine, regulation of overtime, and a change of statute for miners. Personal life
Croizat's first wife was Germaine Marie Girod (1902–1977). They divorced and, in 1939, he married Denise Mettetal (1912–1972), with whom he had two children (a daughter in March 1939, and a son in February 1940). Death
In 1951, Croizat died of lung cancer. The Communist Party organized his funeral, with visitation at the Metalworkers House (now called Maison des métallos) at the CGT siege; historian Michel Étiévent later estimated that a million people attended. He was buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery. Contributions
Nicknamed the "ministre des travailleurs" (Minister of the workers), <mask> Croizat is permanently associated with the major laws concerning Social security in France, notably the creation and administrative organisation of pension funds, and the special officials' treatment.He also launched projects concerning employee representatives committees, staff representative's statute, collective agreements, prevention and compensation for workplace accidents, and family benefits. Government functions

 Minister of Labour under "le gouvernement de Charles de Gaulle" (2) (21 November 1945 – 26 January 1946)
 Minister of Labour and Social security under "le gouvernement de Félix Gouin" (26 January – 24 June 1946)
 Minister of Labour and Social security under "le gouvernement de Georges Bidault" (1) (24 June −16 December 1946)
 Minister of Labour and Social security under "le gouvernement de Paul Ramadier" (1) (22 January – 4 May 1947)

Posterity

Multiple items have been named in Croizat's honor. Streets
 Grand boulevard Ambroise Croizat, Venissieux (Rhône). City hall of Guyancourt on Ambroise Croizat street, (Yvelines). Ambroise Croizat street, Saint Michel de Maurienne (Savoie). Ambroise Croizat avenue, Saint-Martin-d'Hères (Isère). Ambroise Croizat crossroad, near the Cavale Blanche Hospital, Brest.Ambroise Croizat avenue, Lanester (Morbihan). Ambroise Croizat street, Saint-Denis (Seine-Saint-Denis). Ambroise Croizat street, Clermont-Ferrand. Ambroise Croizat street, Saint-Pierre-des-Corps. Ambroise Croizat street, Villejuif. Ambroise Croizat street, Varennes-Vauzelles. Ambroise Croizat street, Montlucon.Buildings
 Ambroise Croizat Festival hall, Venissieux. Moûtiers' highschool in Tarentaise Valley, near a town close to where he was born. Vierzon's Ambroise Croizat retirement house. Angers' Ambroise Croizat university restaurant. Chambéry's Ambroise Croizat gymnasium. Imphy (Nièvre)'s Ambroise Croizat hall, part of Aperam metalwork factory. Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne (Savoie)'s Ambroise Croizat nursing home.Sainte-Tulle (Alpes de Haute Provence)'s Ambroise Croizat people's house. Vaulx-en-Velin (Rhône)'s Ambroise Croizat primary and secondary schools. Tarnos (Landes)'s Ambroise Croizat vocational school. Nice (Alpes-Maritimes)'s previous Social security center. Fontenay-sous-Bois' Ambroise Croizat retired people's house. Gonfreville-l'Orcher's Ambroise-Croizat space, inside the Pôle Santé. Grigny's Ambrosie Croizat Health center, inaugurated on 13 April 2019.Other
 In 2015, the French Post Office (la Poste française) issued a postage stamp commemorating the funding of Social security, illustrated with Ambroise <mask>'s and Pierre Laroque's portraits. A documentary movie on the History of Social security pays tribute to Ambroise Croizat: La Sociale, produced by Gilles Perret, released on 9 November 2016. References

Sources

Bibliography
 Michel Étiévent, Ambroise Croizat, ou l'invention sociale : suivi de lettres de prisons, 1939–1941, Gap, La Ravoire, 1999, 184 p.
 Michel Étiévent, Marcel Paul, Ambroise Croizat : chemins croisés d'innovation sociale, Éd. Gap, Challes-les-Eaux, 2008, 181 p. .
 Pierre Gastineau, " Ambroise Croizat ", in " Double mètre " : vie et mort d'un syndicaliste : Alfred Lemaire, 1901–1945, Publibook, Paris, 2005, p. 173-174 .
 " Ambroise Croizat ", in le Dictionnaire des parlementaires français (1889–1940), under the direction of Jean Jolly, PUF, 1960. Bernard Friot and Christine Jakse, "Une autre histoire de la Sécurité sociale: Un levier de pouvoir peu à peu confisqué aux salariés", Le Monde diplomatique, vol.62, n°41, décembre 2015, p. 3. Other releases
 Sécurité sociale en France
 Assurance maladie en France
 Fédération des travailleurs de la métallurgie CGT

External links

 Ambroise Croizat
 Ambroise Croizat, 60 ans après sa mort (23 December 2011)
 Ambroise Croizat, militant de la Sécu (5 Decembre 2012)
 Obsèques d'Ambroise Croizat sur le site Ciné Archives (vidéo muette de 1951)

1901 births
1951 deaths
Deaths from cancer in France
French Communist Party members
Members of the General Confederation of Labour (France)
French Ministers of Health
Deaths from lung cancer
People from Savoie
French Ministers of Labour and Social Affairs
People from Suresnes

masks:
Ambroise Croizat
Antoine Croizat
Ambroise
Ambroise
Croizat


text_chunks:
<mask> (; 1886–1973), also known as Chang Tung-sheng, was a Chinese philosopher, public intellectual and political figure. He was a professor of Philosophy and Sinology at Yenching University and Tsinghua University. Biography
<mask>, <mask> was born in 1886 in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. Travelling to Japan as an overseas student in his youth, <mask> studied the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, and attempted to reinterpret Confucianism along Kantian lines. He took part in famous debates about the relative merits of "science and metaphysics," allying himself with the then fashionable metaphysics of Henri Bergson. He was equally well-known, as an exponent of the philosophy of Bertrand Russell, whom he accompanied on a tour of China in 1920. A prominent exponent of Chinese liberalism, he became a powerful influence in the China National Socialist Party in its original incarnation as a non-Communist "third force" grouping opposed to the dictatorship of the Guomindang (Kuomintang or KMT) under Chiang Kai-shek.In addition to the Second World War era, <mask>, <mask> was a professor of Philosophy and Sinology at Tsinghua University in the 1930s and the 1940s. From 1935 to 1937, <mask> founded and presided the literary and philosophical monthly periodical Wenzhe yuekan (文哲月刊) in Tsinghua Campus (). <mask> veered towards acceptance of the inevitability of Communist victory and took government positions after the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. However his earlier passionate devotion to intellectual freedom and searching critiques of Marxism made him an object of suspicion, obliging him to live in obscurity and in constant fear of persecution. After 1949, <mask> although still was a politician in PRC, but he didn't want to see that the Republic of Korea is destroyed by North Korea and the Communist Party of China. On the contrary, <mask> had been supported the peaceful reunification of the Korean Peninsula. During the early years of the PRC, he served in the new government as a member of the Central governmental committee, as counsellor at the Culture and Education Committee of the State Council and in various other high-level positions, while maintaining his position as the acting President of Tsinghua University.However, In 1951-1952, he provided secret information to the US, which was fighting China directly in the Korean War, therefore losing his position and rights in the government and was expelled by the China Democratic League soon after. At the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, he was hospitalized in the Beijing Railroad Hospital due to his poor health, and was later imprisoned due to his information leak committed nearly 20 years ago. He died in 1973. Work
Although <mask> was intellectually silenced after the 1940s, he had been an extraordinarily active writer until that time. Many of his works from that period still survive, testifying to <mask>'s importance as one of the most penetrating and innovative Chinese thinkers of the 20th Century. His most important philosophical works include Science and Philosophy (), Outlook on Life (), Essays on Philosophy (), Psychoanalysis (), Moral Philosophy (), Philosophy (), Modern Ethics (), Critical Essays on Red Philosophy (), Modern Philosophy (), Value Philosophy (), Epistemology (), A new Formulation of Pluralistic Epistemology (), What is Philosophy (), Knowledge and Culture (), Thought and Society () and Rationality and Democracy (). Philosophy
Pluralistic epistemology represents the core of <mask>'s philosophical system.It is derived from a revised version of Kantian philosophy. To justify such an epistemology, he proposed a new cosmology: panstructuralism (fanjiagouzhuyi 泛架構主義)
An important assumption of his theory of knowledge is the neo-realistic view that the external world exists independently of our consciousness, and that there is no exact correlation between external phenomena and our comprehension of them. However, the external cause for our sensation is not a substance, but the order or structure of the external world. What is transmitted to us through our sensory impressions is a modification of this external order. Similarly, the discovery of the Theory of Relativity was important only in terms of recognizing structural laws, and not in terms of recognising any new essences in nature or the cosmos. Plural epistemology advocates the view that sense impressions are non-being. Therefore, they are without a position in the ontological sense; they do not possess any 'ontological status'.All beings exist in a process of constant change that manifests itself in a never-ending modification of structural connections, and the growth and decline of the qualities of the "essence" of particular entities. According to <mask>, our consciousness can only recognize certain aspects of these manifest changes. However, this refers not only to the level of our perception and comprehension; according to <mask>, the structured order of relations is all that really exists in the cosmos. The relation between the external world and our subjectivity is interactive and correlative. Combining the Buddhist idea of non-substance with a theory of evolution, <mask> held that the structures of the universe, although empty, are in evolution, and new kinds of structure may emerge due to changes in the combination of various structures. His most valuable contributions are also to be found in his endeavours to elaborate the dialectical aspect of Aristotelian logic, to connect logic, language and methods of disputation, and to discover principles and formal elements of the logic of linguistic pragmatism. His investigations of the influence of Chinese language on the development of Chinese philosophy are a very influential and pioneering work.He was the first philosopher who exposed correlative thinking as a main characteristic of Chinese philosophy and analogical argument as a specific Chinese mode of inference. General References

Xinyan Jiang, "<mask>: Pluralist Epistemology and Chinese Philosophy" in Chung-Yin Cheng and Nicholas Bunnin, eds., Contemporary Chinese Philosophy, Oxford: Blackwell, 2002. Key-chong Yap, "<mask>sun"  in Antonio S. Cua, ed., Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy, London: Routledge, 2001. Rošker, Jana S., "The Abolishment of Substance and Ontology: a New Interpretation of <mask>'s Pluralistic Epistemology," in "Synthetis philosophica International Ed. ", 2009, Vol. 24, No 1, p. 153-165. Rošker, Jana S., "<mask>’s 張東蓀 (1886 - 1973) plural epistemology (duoyuan renshi lun多元認識論)," in Rošker, Jana S., "Searching for the Way – Theory of Knowledge in pre-Modern and Modern China,"  Hong Kong: Chinese University press, 2008

Republic of China philosophers
Republic of China journalists
1886 births
1973 deaths
Writers from Hangzhou
Republic of China politicians from Zhejiang
People's Republic of China politicians from Zhejiang
Yenching University faculty
Tsinghua University faculty
Toyo University alumni
University of Tokyo alumni
Victims of the Cultural Revolution
Republic of China essayists
Philosophers from Zhejiang
Politicians from Hangzhou
Chinese magazine editors
20th-century essayists

masks:
Zhang Dongsun
Zhang
Dongsun
Zhang
Zhang
Dongsun
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang Dongsun
Zhang Dongsun
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang
Zhang Dongsun
Zhang Dong
Zhang Dongsun
Zhang Dongsun


text_chunks:
<mask>-Mosawi (; born 27 January 1966) is a Bahraini dentist, novelist and photographer. He is best is known for being a consultant endodontist. Early life and career

<mask>-Mosawi was born in Noaim neighborhood, one of the neighborhoods of Bahrain's capital Manama. His father, Sayyid Mohamed Saleh al-Mosawi was a well known Shia religious figure, as well as being a poet and a writer. Painter Abbas al-Mosawi is his brother. After graduating with a dental degree from the University of Baghdad in 1989, he worked for Bahrain's Ministry of Health. In 1997, he received a master's degree from the University of Minnesota in the field of endodontics.Two years later he established his own private practice where he still works (as of November 2020). He often participates in Dental Conferences and Exhibitions such as AEEDC Dubai and DLS Bahrain. al-Mosawi is an avid traveler and keeps a wall size map of the world in his practice where he marks places he visited. According to him, he has "seen half of the world". His wife Amani Al Tawwash who is an artist is his travel companion. He often documents his travels with photographs and blogs. In 2004, al-Mosawi organized a photo exhibition about Palestinian refugees in Lebanon.The photos were taken by children. Writings

al-Mosawi wrote two novels, Aryamehr Nameh in 2017 and Dara the Zoroastrian in 2021. Before that he had published many articles in local papers about his travels. Aryamehr Nameh

Aryamehr Nameh: Biography of the Light of the Aryans (Arabic:أريامهر نامه: سيرة نور الآريين), is a historical novel published by Dar Al Farabi (Beirut). It was well received by critics and was nominated for the International Prize for Arabic Fiction. The idea of the book came as a result of the author's visits to Iran and his fascination with its culture and literature such as Hafez, Ferdowsi and Shirazi. Initially, al-Mosawi was planning to write a long article, or a series of articles as he had done about India, but the material he was researching kept growing.Writing a book seemed to be the natural path to follow, but his friend and writer Nader Kadhim convinced his to write a novel instead. al-Mosawi was influenced by the novels of Amin Maalouf (his favorite author) and the Shahnameh epic. The author said that throughout the novel, he was very faithful to actual history (which he considers sacred), and only voiced his opinions through fictional characters which can be distinguished from the real ones easily. He wrote about the role of Freemasonry in the events, but he recognizes that our knowledge of their role does not stand on firm historical evidence. Because Iran is a polarizing topic, with opinions varying between absolutes, al-Mosawi said he did not want to impose his views on the reader, especially since the events in question are complicated. Instead he opted to make each character present and defend their own point of view, and began the novel with a quote for Rumi denying the existence of absolute good or evil. This choice, according to the author had made the novel equally liked by both Islamists and Pahlavi sympathizers.One goal of the novel was to highlight and rehabilitate the Achaemenid Empire, which German philosopher Hegel viewed as the beginning of human consciousness, and to cast Alexander the Great in a negative light; as an invader rather than great conqueror as often viewed in western literature. The author also sought to contrast the Arab Spring with Mohammad Mosaddegh's national movement in Iran which he considered an "Iranian Spring". The 360-page novel is set in three timeframes: the present following the events of the Arab Spring, the Pahlavi Era and the pre-Islamic Persian empires. It analyzes the many symbols used by the Pahlavis, many of which trace their origins to Zoroastrianism. It was launched in Bahrain, in the gallery of Abbas al-Mosawi where a short video clip about the 5 year process of writing the novel was played. The novel was made into an audiobook by Alrawi. It has several narrators, and the author expressed his amazement at their ability to bring the novel to life.Reception

Nader Kadhim praised the style of novel, viewing it as quite a bold move for a debut novel. The novel had multiple characters such as Mohammad Mosaddegh and Farah Pahlavi giving their often contradicting perspectives on historical events, and it was set in three different eras of Iranian history, ending with the 1979 Iranian Revolution. In a full review published in Asharq Al-Awsat, Kadhim said that Aryamehr Nameh was one of the good novels that were not only written by the hand, heart and mind of the author, but by his legs too, for he had travelled around the geography of Iran during the research phase, and it took him 5 years to complete. He added that the novel is both captivating and rich, and that its topic is unusual for Arabic novels. Esmat al-Mosawi favorably reviewed the novel for Al-Wasat, describing it as beautiful and captivating. She noted that the Arab Spring was one of the author's inspirations for writing the novel. She added that the author had applied his interest in stamp and coin collection, as well as travel in order to research the setting of his novel.Fadhila al-Mosawi described the novel as an encyclopedia of Iranian history, and she especially liked that the history is being told by an Arabic person, while at the same time giving it an Iranian point of view. She added:

The novel is captivating, smooth and attractive. It did not lack the element of suspense which holds the reader's breath up to the last pages as he continues in his eagerness for the pleasure of knowledge, and dives to the depths of an unfrequented world. It is a novel that satisfies the conditions of creativity, which makes it truly enjoyable. Poet Qassim Haddad jokingly told the author that he had applied his knowledge in dentistry to the history of Iran, following it from before the eruption of baby teeth up to the falling of permanent teeth, to which the author replied that he thinks Iran still has sharp teeth. Dara the Zoroastrian

Dara the Zoroastrian (Arabic: دارا الزرادشتي) is the second novel by al-Mosawi. It was published by Dar Soual (Beirut) in January 2021.Like the first novel, this one is also a historical fiction set in Iran. Its events however take place in another time period, namely the 13th century. It revolves around Dara, a young Zoroastrian man who converts to Islam following its spread in Persia and through his spiritual journey many different religions and religious sects are explored. The 408-page novel took the author 3 years to write, and its publication was postponed for one year due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Esmat al-Mosawi praised the novel, calling it worthy of the International Prize for Arabic Fiction. She noted the depth of the information displayed throughout the novel, saying it reflected the level of research done by the author. References

Bahraini writers
1966 births
Living people

masks:
Aqeel Mohamed Saleh al
Aqeel al


text_chunks:
<mask> (born May 5, 1985) is a long-hitting American :golfer. He won the World Junior Masters tournament boys 14–15 division as a youth in 2000, and the American Junior Golf Association's SLI Junior Classic boys division two years later. In June 2005 he and a former high school teammate won the Wisconsin State Golf Association Best-Ball title. For college, he attended Northwestern University. There, he won the individual title at the Second Annual Big Ten/Pac-10 Challenge in 2005, was named Big Ten Conference Player of the Year in 2006, and finished his college career 6th in Northwestern's all-time stroke average, at 74.27. In 2008, playing in Argentina in the 11th Pan American Maccabi Games, he won two gold medals; both in the individual competition, and with the U.S. team in the team competition. In 2010 he was playing in the NGA Hooters Tour.Early life and high school
<mask> was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and grew up in Hartland, Wisconsin,  from Milwaukee. His grandfather taught him how to play golf. In August 2000, he won the World Junior Masters tournament boys 14–15 division with a 227. In August 2002, he won the American Junior Golf Association's SLI Junior Classic boys division in New Seabury, Massachusetts, with a 212 (2 over par). In Arrowhead Union High School in Hartland, he was co-Captain of the golf team in his senior year, and was a two-time all-state honoree (as a junior and senior, in 2002 and 2003). He was one of only three Jewish students at the high school. Speaking about being Jewish, <mask> observed: "It does drive me.When I make it on [the PGA] Tour, I'd like it to be known that I'm Jewish. Whether it's wearing my Star of David [around his neck], or having a Chai on my [golf] bag, I want to show that there are good Jewish athletes." College
He chose to attend Northwestern University, where he was an economics major. Merkow won the individual title at the Second Annual Big Ten/Pac-10 Challenge in October 2005, and led his team to the team title. He beat 2005 NCAA Champion James Lepp, with a 54-hole career-best score of 209 (7-under). In April 2006, at the 36th Robert Kepler Intercollegiate he took third place, with a 1-over 217. He was named Big Ten Golfer of the Week on March 2, 2006.In 2006, he was named Big Ten Conference Player of the Year. He was the first golfer from Northwestern to win the award since Luke Donald in 2001. He was also ranked number one in the Golfweek/Sagarin Big Ten Player Ratings for the year. During 2005–06, he was in the top 20 in a total of six tournaments. In April 2007, after he finished tied for 4th at the Kepler Intercollegiate, he optimistically said: "We've significantly underachieved this year. But no one will remember this if we win another Big Ten championship." In May 2007, however, his team narrowly missed the cut for the NCAA Championships which it had participated in the prior year, by a mere two strokes at the NCAA Central Regional Championship.His teammate Kyle Moore said that: "It's hard to gauge how long he hits. If he [were] on the PGA Tour, he'd be one of the longest drivers out there." His coach Pat Goss observed that his skill at hitting iron shots into the wind distinguished him from other golfers. Speaking of Merkow in 2007, Goss predicted: "He is someone who is on the cusp of really doing something spectacular. He has a lot of talent." Merkow graduated in June 2007, and ended his career 6th in Northwestern's all-time stroke average, at 74.27. In addition to his Conference Player of the Year honors, he was twice named All-Big Ten, was named to the Ping All-Midwest Region team, and was Academic All-Big Ten.International career
<mask>, playing in his first Maccabi Games, won a gold medal in the individual competition in the 11th Pan American Maccabi Games (which ended on January 2, 2008) at Hacoaj Golf Club in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He had a score of 282 (−10), competing in the age 18-and-up open division, winning with a 67 in the last round. He also won a second gold medal as the U.S. bested second-place Argentina in the team competition. For the first time he met cousins of his who lived in the city, and said: "It was absolutely unbelievable. It could not have been more special. I gave them one of my gold medals." U.S. career
In June 2004, at the age of 18, he was a semifinalist at the Wisconsin State Golf Association Match Play Championship.In June 2005, he and former high school teammate Charlie Delsman won the Wisconsin State Golf Association Best-Ball title. In the 2005 Wisconsin State Golf Association Match Play Championship's last match, he lost 3 and 1. In July 2006, he tied for fourth with a 289 at the Wisconsin 105th State Amateur Championship. <mask> also played in the United States Golf Association U.S. Amateurs. In 2006 he played at the  Hazeltine National Golf Club course in Minnesota, with his 71 being the second-lowest score in the 312-player field after the first day of stroke play. He was a quarter-finalist.He beat Malaysian golfer Ben Leong 5–3 in the first round. But he lost in the second round of match play to stroke-play medalist Billy Horschel, 3 and 1. <mask> won the August 2007 U.S. Amateur qualifier at Hartland's Chenequa Country Club with scores of 66 and 64, for a 12-under 130. Later than month he played at the 107th U.S. Amateur at The Olympic Club in San Francisco, where he shot two back-to-back under-2 rounds of 69 to make the round of 64, and was one of just four golfers to put up sub-par numbers in stroke play, but was eliminated in the first round of match play. Because stroke play totals don't affect match play results, <mask> had observed: "There are two tournaments this week.Anybody who's in the top 64 can win. It starts over tomorrow." In 2007 he lost to Brendan Gielow 3–2. Making the match play both years, Merkow finished 21st and 2nd in the stroke play portion of the event. CBS College Sports reported in May 2007 that in a qualifier at North Shore Country Club in Mequon, Wisconsin, <mask> shot a 2-under 70. That score was good enough for a tie for medalist honors, and afforded him a spot in the sectional qualifying round for the U.S. Open. He said: "My goal is to miss my graduation.It's June 15, which would be the Friday of the U.S. Open." In June 2007, however, he failed to qualify in the sectional qualifying at Scioto Country Club. He has full status on the Hooters Tour, after winning the 2008 NGA Hooters Tour Ranking School by 4 shots. He has also played on the Gateway Tour. In May 2010, Merkow advanced to the U.S. Open sectionals with a 69 at a local qualifying round at Illini Country Club. In July 2015 he married Jordan Scher.Coaching
He was named assistant men's golf coach at Marquette University in August 2010. He joined the staff of Steve Bailey, his former assistant coach at Northwestern. Awards and honors
 In 2005 finished in 10th place at the Big Ten Championships. In 2006 named first-team All-Big Ten honors and Big Ten Player of the Year. In 2007 named a second-team All-Big Ten. See also
List of Jewish golfers

References

External links
Profile on CSTV.com

American male golfers
Northwestern Wildcats men's golfers
Jewish golfers
Golfers from Massachusetts
Golfers from Wisconsin
Jewish American sportspeople
Marquette University faculty
Sportspeople from Boston
People from Hartland, Wisconsin
Sportspeople from the Milwaukee metropolitan area
1985 births
Living people
21st-century American Jews

masks:
David Bartos Merkow
Merkow
Merkow
Merkow
Merkow
Merkow
Merkow
Merkow


text_chunks:
<mask> (; November 20, 1900 – May 11, 1985) was an American cartoonist, best known as the creator of the Dick Tracy comic strip, which he wrote and drew from 1931 to 1977, incorporating numerous colorful and monstrous villains. Early life
<mask> was born to Gilbert R<mask>, the son of a minister, and Alice Maud (née Miller). All four of his grandparents were pioneer settlers of Oklahoma. He was a Christian. Growing up, <mask> and his family were members of the United Brethren Church. His cousin Henry W<mask> is Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at West Virginia University. Dick Tracy

In 1931, <mask> was hired as a cartoonist with the Chicago Tribune and introduced Dick Tracy in the Detroit Mirror on Sunday, October 4, 1931.The original comic was based on a New York detective <mask> was interested in. The comic then branched to the fictional character that became famous. He drew the comic strip for the next 46 years from his home in Woodstock, Illinois. In order to keep informed of police methods, <mask> took courses in forensics and investigative procedures. He was later proud of having introduced the two-way wrist radio for Tracy in 1946, and in 1947, the closed-circuit television, both of which were later invented, though in somewhat different forms. <mask>'s stories were rarely pre-planned, since he preferred to improvise stories as he drew them. While fans praised this approach as producing exciting stories, it sometimes created awkward plot developments that were difficult to resolve.In one notorious case, <mask> had Tracy in an inescapable deathtrap with a caisson. When <mask> depicted Tracy addressing <mask> personally and having the cartoonist magically extract him, publisher Joseph Patterson vetoed the sequence and ordered it redrawn. The strip also drew protests from those who felt that Mr. <mask>'s depiction of crime was too gruesome, that he poured on too much gore and carnage. Later in the strip's <mask> period, the Tracy strip was widely criticized for being too right-wing in character and as excessively supportive of the police. A handful of critics thought <mask> ignored the rights of the accused and failed to support his agenda with an adequate storyline. The late 1950s also saw a newspaper readership growing less indulgent of <mask>'s politics. For instance, <mask> introduced a malodorous, tobacco-spitting character, B.O.Plenty, with little significant complaint from readers in the 1940s. However, the 1960s introduction of crooked lawyer Flyface and his relatives, surrounded by swarming flies, created a negative reader reaction strong enough for papers to drop the strip in large numbers. There was then a dramatic change in the strip's setting, leaving behind the strip's origins as an urban crime drama for science fiction plot elements and regular visits to the moon. An increasingly fantastic procession of enemies and stories ensued. The Apollo 11 moon landing prompted <mask> to abandon this phase. Finally, Dick Tracy was beset by the overall trend in newspaper comics away from strips with continuing storylines and toward those whose stories are largely resolved within one series of panels. <mask>, his characters, and improbable plots were satirized in Al Capp's comic strip Li'l Abner with the Fearless Fosdick sequences (supposedly drawn by "Lester Gooch"); a notable villain was Bomb Face, a gangster whose head was a bomb.Awards and exhibitions
<mask> won the National Cartoonists Society's Reuben Award in 1959 and 1977, and was awarded the Inkpot Award in 1978. The Mystery Writers of America honored <mask> and his work with a Special Edgar Award in 1980. In 1995, the strip was one of 20 included in the Comic Strip Classics series of commemorative postage stamps and postcards. Dick Tracy: The Art of <mask> was an exhibition in Port Chester, New York, at the Museum of Cartoon Art from October 4 through November 30, 1978. The exhibition was curated by Bill Crouch, Jr.

From 1991 until 2008, the art and artifacts of <mask>'s career were displayed in the Chester Gould-Dick Tracy Museum that operated from the Woodstock, Illinois, Old Courthouse on the Square. Visitors to the Museum saw original comic strips, correspondence, photographs, and much memorabilia, including <mask>'s drawing board and chair. In 2000, the Museum received a Superior Achievement Award from the Illinois Association of Museums, and in 2001, it was given an Award of Excellence from the Illinois State Historical Society.The museum continues today as a virtual museum online. <mask> retired December 25, 1977, and died May 11, 1985, in Woodstock, Illinois, of congestive heart failure. <mask> is buried in Oakland Cemetery in Woodstock. In 2005, <mask> was inducted into the Oklahoma Cartoonists Hall of Fame in Pauls Valley, Oklahoma, by Michael Vance. The Oklahoma Cartoonists Collection, created by Vance, is located in the Toy and Action Figure Museum. A graduate of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, <mask> was honored with the naming of the Chester Gould Society for Northwestern University School of Professional Studies donors. Books
In 1983, two years before <mask>'s death, his only child, <mask> O'Connell, recorded extensive interviews with her father, who spoke at length about his early attempts during the 1920s to get syndicated and the birth of Dick Tracy.These interviews became a major source when she wrote his biography, <mask>: A Daughter's Biography of the Creator of Dick Tracy, published by McFarland in 2007. A resident of Geneva, Illinois, <mask> O'Connell contributed to the Dick Tracy storylines, appeared as a character in the strip and helped create the Chester Gould-Dick Tracy Museum. Her book was an Edgar Award nominee in 2008. The entire run of Dick Tracy is being reprinted in a book series by IDW Publishing. The series began in 2006. The first volume includes the five sample strips that <mask> used to sell his strip, followed by over 450 strips showing the series' beginning (from October 1931 – May 1933), along with a <mask> interview, never previously published, by Max Allan Collins. Twenty-six more volumes in this series have been published between 2006 and 2020, bringing the continuity to July 1974.References

External links
Commemorative Mural in Pawnee
NCS Awards
Article "'Dick Tracy' Turns 75"
Article "75 years of Continuous Crime-Stopping"

Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture: <mask>
Essay on "The Gravies" and other <mask> creations

1900 births
1985 deaths
People from Woodstock, Illinois
People from Pawnee, Oklahoma
People from Stillwater, Oklahoma
Chicago Tribune people
American comic strip cartoonists
Edgar Award winners
Northwestern University alumni
Reuben Award winners
Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame inductees
Dick Tracy
Inkpot Award winners
Conservatism in the United States

masks:
Chester Gould
Chester Gould
. Gould
Gould
. Gould
Gould
Gould
Gould
Gould
Gould
Gould
Gould
Gould
Gould
Gould
Gould
Gould
Gould
Gould
Chester Gould
Gould
Chester Gould
Gould
Gould
Gould
Gould
Gould
Gould
Gould
Jean Gould
Chester Gould
Jean Gould
Gould
Gould
Chester Gould
Gould


text_chunks:
<mask> (born in Suffolk, England), is an International Baseball player who plays for the Great Britain national baseball team. He is the first and only GB baseball player to play at all levels (Juveniles, Cadets and Juniors) while not residing in Britain. 2004
<mask> represented Great Britain in the 2nd annual Kenko International Tournament that was held in Nettuno, Italy. During this tournament he was the only Great Britain Juvenile catcher to throw a runner out who attempted to steal and was tied on the team for the most hits for the tournament. 2006
<mask> represented Great Britain at the Cadet level in the 4th annual Kenko International Tournament that was held in Rho, Italy. During this tournament he was the winning pitcher when his team beat the national team from Slovenia 7-4. <mask> pitched six of the seven innings, giving up three earned runs and striking out five.Slovenia beat <mask>'s Great Britain team earlier in the tournament by a score of 12-3 and later in the tournament by a score of 21-9. 2007
<mask> played in the European Championship Cadet Qualifier that was held in Calabria, Italy . He posted the second highest batting average for the tournament at .467. He also finished fourth in slugging percentage (.533), seventh in on-base percentage (.500), tied for fourth in hits (7) and tied for sixth in total bases (8). All of these were Great Britain team highs for the tournament. (July 2009) - Two players from this tournament have signed with MLB teams: Italian Luca Martone (Cincinnati Reds) and Lithuanian Dovydas Neverauskas (Pittsburgh Pirates). 2008
<mask> played in the European Championship Cadet Qualifier held in Antalya, Turkey  and led the Great Britain team to the Championship against the Ukraine and Great Britain's highest finish ever, a Silver Medal.He batted .353 with one home run (hit against the Ukraine), scored nine runs and had five stolen bases. He was the only British player to hit safely in all five games. While pitching he earned the only save of the tournament in a one run game against eventual third-place finisher Romania where he came on in the 8th (extra) inning and struck out three. <mask> also pitched three innings against the national team from Bulgaria where he gave up one hit, did not allow a run and struck out seven. At the plate against Turkey he was 2-for-3, scored four runs, had three RBIs and had two stolen bases. His ground-rule double in the 4th inning easily cleared the right field fence. <mask> finished the tournament tied for first in runs scored (9), tied for second in doubles (2), tied for second in home runs (1), tied for third in total bases (11), fourth in slugging percentage (.647), tied for fifth in hits (6).His pitching stats were tied for first in ERA (0.00), first in saves (1), and tied for fifth in batters stuck out (10) in four innings pitched. 2010
<mask> played in the European Championship Junior Qualifier held in Attnang-Puchheim, Austria. He batted .350 with four doubles. In one appearance on the mound he faced Bulgaria for 4.1 innings and struck out four. After a slow start, <mask> finished the tournament in 13th place in batting average (.350), second in doubles (4), fourth in hits (7), fourth in total bases (11) and second in two-out RBIs (4). <mask>'s hit and double totals were Great Britain team highs while his total bases were second on the team. NOTE: Five European based players at this tournament were selected to attend the 2010 MLB Academy in Italy.The MLB Academy in Italy is for the 50 best European baseball players aged 15–19 who reside in Europe.

masks:
Ryan Kurtzer
Kurtzer
Kurtzer
Kurtzer
Ryan
Kurtzer
Kurtzer
Kurtzer
Kurtzer
Kurtzer
Kurtzer
Kurtzer