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<mask> of Praeneste (died 9 August 1122) was a German Cardinal and papal legate, an influential diplomatic figure of the early 12th century, active in France and Germany. He held numerous synods throughout Europe, and excommunicated the Emperor Henry V numerous times, in the struggle over the issue of lay investiture of ecclesiastical offices. He spent six years promoting the acceptance of Thurstan of York as archbishop by King Henry I of England, without making York subject to Canterbury. He was seriously considered for election to the papacy in 1119, which he refused. Early life
According to Salvador Miranda, he was created cardinal-priest in 1073. This is not in accord with other facts of <mask>'s career. He was a Canon Regular, and, around 1090, along with Heldemar of Tournai and a layman named Roger, was one of the founders of the abbey of Arrouaise.In a letter of 21 October 1097, Bishop Lambert of Arras granted the priest <mask> and his associate Heldemar the privilege of having to answer only to the bishop. The little oratory belonging to the members was replaced by a stone church, which was consecrated by Bishop Godfrid of Amiens and Bishop Joannes of Therouanne on 23 September 1106. <mask> apparently met Pope Paschal II for the first time at the Council of Troyes in May 1107. Cardinal
He was bishop of Palestrina, and thus a cardinal, c. 1108. According to the Chronicon of Peter the Deacon of Montecassino, in 1111, at a Council in Jerusalem, <mask> pronounced the Emperor Henry V excommunicated and stripped of his power. From the previous year, <mask> had been trying to influence papal policy with regard to the emperor, and this hostile move was without the Pope's agreement. In the sixth session of the Lateran synod, on 23 March 1112, Cardinal <mask> actjually demanded that the pope stand by his legate, and ratify the legate's acts.In embarrassment, the Pope Paschal did so. <mask> was at his old monastery of Aroasia (Arrouaise) on 7 May 1112, when he officially presented the institution a collection of relics which he had brought from Rome, including Saints Sebastian, Hippolytus, the Four Crowned Martyrs, Felicissimus, Caecilia, the tomb of Jesus, and the manger of Bethlehem. Cardinal <mask> had returned to Italy by the end of the year 1112. He traveled south with Pope Paschal II, and was with the pope at Benevento for his synod in the second week of February 1113. He subscribed bulls for the pope at Benevento on 13 and 15 February. Legate in France and Germany
In 1114 and 1115 he was back in France as papal legate. Pope Paschal had sworn to the emperor that he would not excommunicate him; but a papal legate had such powers and had not sworn an oath not to use them.<mask> summoned a synod on 6 December 1114 at Beauvais; another at Soissons on 6 January 1115, where he also held talks with King Louis VI of France; and another at Reims on 28 March 1115. At each of these meetings, he again excommunicated Henry V. On 19 April 1115, the Legate held a council at Cologne, where he once again excommunicated the emperor. From 6—12 July 1115, <mask> presided over a synod held at Chalons-sur-Marne. He also suspended all the bishops and abbots of Normandy, for ignoring his invitation to attend the council at Chalons. In fact, they had been forbidden to do so by King Henry I of England. Ivo of Chartres attempted to calm the legate by pointing out that the Norman prelates were subject to a foreign prince. The king appealed to Rome, in defense of the tradition that no papal legate except the archbishop of Canterbury might hold power in the king's realms.The Thurstan Affair
Cardinal <mask> first became acquainted with the Thurstan case in 1114, shortly after his election to the see of York. Thurston was a royal chaplain and a subdeacon, but was ordained a deacon by Bishop William of Winchester. He was unwilling to be ordained a priest by the new archbishop of Canterbury, Ralph d'Escures, or by one of his suffragans, since the taking of oaths of obedience was involved, and Thurston did not want to create a situation in which Canterbury could claim jurisdiction or authority over him or York. He therefore went to Normandy just before Christmas, and laid his problem before King Henry I, announcing his intention to go to Rome to seek satisfaction. The king consulted the Legate <mask>, who advised that Thurstan should be ordained a priest by any bishop who happened to be at the royal court, and then sent to him; he would send Thurstan on to the papal court, provided with appropriate letters. But Thurstan had returned to York, and nothing was settled by the end of June 1115. The king, therefore, summoned a council of the kingdom's leaders to meet in London at Michaelmas (29 September), at which the king ordered Thurstan to seek consecration from the archbishop of Canterbury.Thurstan appealed to the pope, but the king refused to allow him to go or to send representatives. When Pope Paschal replied to the formal notice of Thurstan's election by the Chapter of York, he replied, ordering that Thurstan be consecrated by the archbishop of Canterbury, but without any of the controversial oaths. The king, however, insisted on the oaths and threatened to depose Thurstan. Ralph of Canterbury stayed out of his own province in order to avoid carrying out the pope's commands, and was still in Normandy when Pope Paschal died in February 1118. Owing to obstruction by the king and Archbishop Ralph, Thurstan was unable to reach Pope Gelasius during his brief reign, though the pope had ordered both archbishops to present themselves before him. The new pope, Calixtus II, summoned the archbishops of England to the council which he intended to hold in Reims in October 1119, and, despite attempted obstruction on the part of Henry I, Thurstan appeared, and was consecrated a bishop on 20 October 1119 by Calixtus himself. For the next six months, as far as the papal visit to Gap, Thurstan was in constant attendance at the papal court.Subsequently, <mask> worked with Thurstan, Archbishop of York to broker peace between Henry I and Louis VI of France. Pope Gelasius
On 13 April 1118, Holy Saturday, Pope Gelasius wrote a letter from Capua to Cardinal <mask>. First, he related everything that had happened since his election in January. He then informed his legate that he and the cardinals had excommunicated the Emperor Henry and his antipope Gregory VIII (Maurice Burdinus) on Palm Sunday, and that <mask> was to inform all the bishops in his legation of the fact; Cuno was to gird himself to revenge the wrongs done to Holy Mother the Church. On 20—22 May 1118, Cardinal <mask> held a synod at Cologne, where the Emperor Henry V was excommunicated. These excommunications were repeated wherever <mask> held a synod or council. He then moved to Germany, stirring up opposition to the Emperor.<mask> presided as papal legate at the concilium Fridislariense (Hesse), on 28 July 1118, in which the excommunication of the emperor was confirmed, and St Norbert was accused of various irregularities, including preaching while not yet a priest, and wearing a religious habit while not a monk. Offered the papacy
In March 1118, the newly elected Pope Gelasius II was driven out of Rome by the forces of the emperor Henry V. After staying at his native Gaeta, then Capua, then Pisa, he crossed to France in October. In December, he settled a dispute between Abbot Pontius of Cluny and Bishop Guy of Lescar. On 1 January 1119, he held a synod in Vienne, and then travelled by way of Lyon to Mâcon, where he held another synod. During the synod he became seriously ill, suffering from pleurisy according to Pandolfus Pisanus, and asked to be taken to his next stop, the abbey of Cluny. When he perceived the seriousness of his condition, he summoned Cardinal <mask> von Urach, and, according to Falco of Benevento, offered him the papacy. Kuno immediately and emphatically turned the pope down.Gelasius died on 29 January 1119, and, in accordance with the papal bull In Nomine Domini of Pope Nicholas II, the right to nominate the candidate to be his successor belonged to the cardinal-bishops. Two cardinal-bishops were present, <mask> of Palestrina (who had precedence) and Lamberto of Ostia, and they chose Archbishop Guy of Vienne, the brother of the duke of Burgundy and uncle of the King of Castile and León. The other cardinals, as well as the Roman clergy and laity who were present at Cluny ratified the choice, and Archbishop Guy became Pope Calixtus II. Cardinal <mask> followed the pope-elect to Lyon and then Vienne, and, when the ratification of the election by the cardinals and clergy at Rome was received, he participated in the enthronement of Calixtus II in the cathedral of Vienne on 9 February 1119. He wrote a letter to the bishop of Nevers describing the events. Legate in France again

Immediately after the enthronement, Cardinal <mask>, still papal legate, hastened to Vézelay, on reports of terrible atrocities. Clients of Guillaume II, Count of Nevers, had broken into the monastery, destroyed the relics of four saints, desecrated a gold cross containing some of the wood of the cross of Jesus, and beaten and raped some of the monks.The count appeared to have denied all knowledge or connection with the incident, and <mask> ordered the bishop of Nevers to have the count come to the legate and defend himself against the abbot of Vézelay, Renaud de Semur, and other accusers. Nineteen others who were named by the legate as participants in the sacrilege were ordered to appear and face judgment or be excommunicated. <mask> was not able to settle the case, since the abbot made an appeal to the French king in April. In July 1119, <mask> was with Pope Calixtus in Toulouse, where the pope held a church synod. The council legislated against simony, against the granting of church offices to persons who had not been ordained to the diaconate; it anathematized persons who denied four of the seven sacraments; it legislated against the seizing of the income of bishops and clerics by princes and lay persons, and against making ecclesiastical offices or benefices hereditary. <mask> subscribed one of Calixtus' bulls on 14 July and another on 15 July. Pope Calixtus travelled by way of Paris and Soissons to Reims.His long-advertised synod began on 20 October 1119, with fifteen archbishops and more than 200 bishops in attendance, as well as King Louis VI of France. Calixtus and the emperor Henry had been making plans to meet, but ultimately distrust and suspicions on both sides brought the project to nothing. On the sixth day of the synod, 30 October, the emperor and his antipope were again excommunicated. Cardinal <mask> was in attendance. After the council, while Calixtus was still in Reims, he was approached by Archbishop Thurstan, Cardinal <mask>, and the other cardinals, who entreated the pope to hold a meeting with the king of England, and, if possible, make peace between England and France. The meeting took place, near Gisors, on 22 November 1119. but the discussion was mostly about Thurstan. Henry demanded the oaths of fealty, which Calixtus and Thurstan refused, and therefore the meeting ended without result.<mask> and the other cardinals had been present at Gisors, but were not at the meeting, about which they complained loudly. Henry returned to England, and seized all of the archbishop's property. In the first week of December 1119, at Sens, Pope Calixtus again named Cardinal <mask> his legate in France, with England and Normandy added. In February 1120, Ralph of Canterbury persuaded King Henry to send Bishop Warlewast of Exeter to the pope, to see if something could be salvaged for the see of Canterbury. On his way, the bishop happened to meet Cardinal <mask>, the Legate in France, who sent a report immediately to the pope about what he had learned of the mission. Henry proposed that Thurstan make his profession to Canterbury, and then he could be sent as legate to England. Bishop Warlewast, who reached the papal court when it was at Valence, made a bad impression, if only because of his clumsy attempt to pass out bribes, and failed completely.On 11 March 1120, the cardinal was with Pope Calixtus II at Gap in the Alps of France. On that day, the pope publicly conferred the pallium on Archbishop Thurstan of York, and declared that York was in no way subject to Canterbury. He also sent King Henry a letter about taking back Archbishop Thurstan. Cardinal <mask> presided at the synod of Beauvais on 18 October 1120. The principal matter was the request of  Bishop Lisiard of Soissons for the disinterment of the remains of Bishop Arnulf of Soissons (died 1087), and his consideration for canonization. Despite objections by the bishop of Tournai, the legate and the council agreed to the transfer. Another synod was held at Soissons in March 1121, at which Abelard was accused of the Sabellian heresy, and forced to recant and burn his book, the Theologia Summi Boni.<mask> was back at the Lateran Palace in Rome on 17 April 1121. Death
<mask> (Kono) died at Palestrina on 9 August 1122, less than three months before Pope Calixtus and Henry V signed the Concordat of Worms. References

Books
 Hüls, Rudolf (1977). Kardinal, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130, Tübingen: Max Niemeyer 1977. (pp. 113–116)

 Raine, James (ed.) (1886).The Historians of the Church of York and Its Archbishops. Volume II (London: Longman 1886), pp. 92–227. 1122 deaths
12th-century German cardinals
Cardinal-bishops of Frascati
Cardinal-bishops of Palestrina
Year of birth unknown
Papal legates to Hungary

masks: Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno Cuno


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<mask> (16 October 1921 – 3 December 2003) was an Indian historian, religious and political activist, writer, and publisher in the late twentieth century. He had left leanings during the 1940s, but later became an outspoken anti-communist and also wrote extensively on the damage to Bhārātiyā (Indian) culture and heritage wrought by expansionist Islam and missionary activities of Christianity. In his later career he emerged as a commentator on Indian politics, and adhered to Dharmic nationalism. Life

Early life
<mask> was born to a Hindu family in Punjab, in 1921; though his childhood was spent in Calcutta. The family looked upon Sri Garibdas, a nirguna saint comparable to Kabir, were often recited at their home. <mask> graduated in history from the University of Delhi in 1944. As a student, he was a social activist and worked for a Harijan Ashram in his village.His sympathies for the Arya Samaj, the Harijans and the Indian freedom movement, along with his strong support for Mahatma Gandhi, brought him into conflict with many people in his village; <mask> also learned to speak and write Sanskrit during these college days. Direct Action Day
On 16 August 1946, during the Direct Action Day riots in Calcutta that were instigated by the Muslim League shortly before Partition of India, <mask>, his wife and their eldest son narrowly escaped with their lives. In his autobiography, How I became a Hindu, <mask> writes that he "would have been killed by a Muslim mob" but his fluent Urdu and his Western dress saved him. He further relates, that the next evening they "had to vacate that house and scale a wall at the back to escape murderous Muslim mobs advancing with firearms." He subsequently wrote and circulated a lengthy article on the riots, titled "The Devil Dance in Calcutta", in which he held Hindus and Muslims equally responsible for the tragedy. His friend <mask>, however, criticised him for equating Muslim violence with Hindu violence, claiming that Muslim violence was "aggressive and committed in the furtherance of a very reactionary and retrograde cause, namely the vivisection of India". Communism to anti-communism
In mid-1940s <mask> met members of the CSP (Congress Socialist Party), translated writings by Narendra Deva and Jayaprakash Narayan into English, and was offered a position as an editor of a CSP publication.But his first editorial for the weekly was deemed to be pro-communist, and he had to stop writing for the weekly. <mask> <mask> had developed a strong Marxist leaning during his student days and was on the verge of joining the Communist Party of India in 1948. The Communist Party, however, was banned in Bengal on the day he planned to officially become its member. He read Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, Harold Laski's "Communism", and "came to the conclusion that while Marx stood for a harmonised social system, Sri Aurobindo held the key to a harmonised human personality." Later, books by Aldous Huxley, Victor Kravchenko, and Suzanne Labin ("Stalin's Russia") convinced him to abandon communism. Subsequently, he wrote many books critical of communism in Calcutta, and worked for the anti-communist "Society for the Defence of Freedom in Asia" (SDFA). According to <mask>, when he wanted to apply for a passport in 1955, he was told that his case was receiving attention from the Prime Minister himself, and his application was not granted.'Nehruism' and censorship
<mask> wrote regularly for the "Organiser" weekly, whose editor K. R. Malkani was his friend. In 1961–1962 he used the pseudonym Ekaki (solitary) while writing the series In Defence of Comrade Krishna Menon, critical of Indian National Congress leader Jawaharlal Nehru. Although the series was widely read and praised, he was later admonished by a leader of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) for being too focused on Nehru, and the series was discontinued. The collected series was published in December 1963 by Vaidya Gurudatta  and an updated version released as Genesis and Growth of Nehruism  thirty years later. However <mask>'s writings about Nehru in the Organiser cost him his job and disillusioned him of the RSS. According to <mask>, he was under surveillance by the Indian government during the 1962 Sino-Indian War. He was not arrested, even though this was according to him demanded by some government leaders, including future Prime Minister I. K. Gujral.In November 1962, he was recruited to participate in a guerrilla war against communist China, but he refused, saying "that so long as Pandit Nehru was the Prime Minister of the country, I could be only a traitor to it." During the 1980s, <mask> worked on a series titled Muslim Separatism: Causes and Consequences, but some passages from his articles were censored by the Organiser. He discovered that his series was considered too controversial by the RSS leadership who thought that it was alienating Muslims from the party, and <mask> had to stop writing for the Organiser after the completion of the series Perversion of India's Political Parlance. K.R. Malkani, who was the editor for the Organiser for three decades, was sacked because of his support for Goel. <mask> also noted that on other occasions that some of his articles, e.g. his article on the Vedapuri Iswaran Temple controversy, were suppressed in the Indian media.Publisher and writer
<mask> founded the publishing house Biblia Impex India (Aditya Prakashan) in 1963, which published books by authors such as Dharampal, <mask>, K. D. Sethna and K.R. Malkani. <mask> <mask> joined the non-profit publishing house Voice of India in 1982. Voice of India was founded in 1982 by <mask>, and published works by Harsh Narain, A.K. Chatterjee, K.S. Lal, Koenraad Elst, Rajendra Singh, Sant R.S. Nirala, and Shrikant Talageri among others .Early versions of several of <mask>'s books were previously published as a series in periodicals like Hinduism Today, Indian Express or the Organiser. <mask> speculates that a series of articles he published in Indian Express in 1989 regarding the destruction of Hindu temples by Muslims may have contributed to the firing of its editor, Arun Shourie, the following year. In August 1990, while releasing two books published by Voice of India, Bharatiya Janta Party leader L. K. Advani chided Goel for using "strong language". <mask> also worked as a part-time secretary for the All India Panchayat Parishad whose manager was his friend Jayaprakash Narayan. Narayan was impressed by <mask>'s Hindi book Samyak Sambuddha and said to Goel, "If Sanatana Dharma is what you say it is, I am all for it. You can count me as a Sanatanist from today. You can say to whomsoever you please that JP has become a Sanatanist."<mask> was fluent in Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, English and Sanskrit, and read Persian. Opinions

On rewriting of history books
<mask> claimed that there was a systematic distortion of India's history which the Marxist historians of Aligarh and the JNU had undertaken. In particular, he claims that the history of medieval India and the Islamic invasions is being rewritten. He described it as an "experiment with Untruth" and an exercise in suppressio veri suggestio falsi. According to him, the Ministry of Education has extended this experiment to school-level text-books of history. <mask> called it "an insidious attempt at thought-control and brainwashing" and argued that the NCERT guidelines are "recommendations for telling lies to our children, or for not telling to them the truth at all." On Indian secularism
<mask> has criticised Indian secularism, alleging that "this concept of Secularism is a gross perversion of the concept which arose in the modern West as a revolt against Christianity and which should mean, in the Indian context, a revolt against Islam as well."On media bias
<mask> claimed that there is a media bias in India, in particular with regard to criticism of Islam or people like Nehru. In 1955 <mask> asked one of his friends, who was supportive of Nehru and who had published in many international and national journals, to write an article critical of Nehru's policies. But the Indian publications didn't accept his critical article, and he claims that his standing as a scholar in India suffered thereby. <mask> described an incident during a seminar on "Hurdles To Secularism" in 1963 which <mask> attended, and which was presided over by Jayaprakash Narayan. As <mask> tells it, most participants in the seminar criticised only "Hindu communalism." But when one Muslim speaker took up the issue of Muslim communalism, he was shouted down by the other Muslims of the seminar, and had to stop talking. On Indian nationalist organisations
Goel criticised Hindu nationalist organisations like the RSS.He claimed that with few exceptions they "shared the Nehruvian consensus on all important issues", and that "the RSS and the BJS stalwarts spent almost all their time and energy in proving that they were not Hindu communalists but honest secularists." He also claimed that RSS members are worried almost only about the reputation of their organisation and their leaders,  and are rather ignorant to Hindu causes. When a Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) leader asked him to write a book about the BJS, <mask> replied that his book "would be pretty critical on the score of their policies." <mask> edited the book "Time for Stock-Taking", a collection of papers critical of the RSS. According to Belgian writer Koenraad Elst, <mask> and <mask> <mask> wrote in defence of Hinduism, never of "Hindutva". On Christianity
<mask> was outspoken in his criticism of Christianity. He was critical of missionaries' attempts to indigenize Christianity by adopting aspects of Hinduism, particularly as they have also demonized it, in attempts to gain new followers.<mask> also held the belief that Jesus was the intellectual author behind Western imperialism and the Holocaust, as he was "no more than an artifice for legitimizing wanton imperialist aggression. He does not symbolize spiritual power or moral uprightness." He made his case based on the gospels, which he thought cast too dark a shadow on unconverted Jews (see for instance ). From there he drew parallels between Jesus and Adolf Hitler, the latter of whom was, in <mask>'s words, the first to "completely grasp the verdict passed on the Jews by the Jesus of the gospels". <mask> also ridiculed what he termed "the cult of the disentangled Christ", whereby Christian revisionism attempts to salvage the figure of Jesus from the atrocious historical outcomes he inspired — and only from the bad ones — as though missionary proselytism and Western expansionism were to be perceived in the separate as mere coincidence. He wrote several works on the topic of Christianity and in 1995, sent Pat Robertson his book Jesus Christ: An Artifice for Aggression, and a letter in protest to Robertson's

masks:
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Sita Ram Goel
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Ram Swarup
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 remarks towards the religion of Hinduism. Goel received criticism for his works and standpoints on Christianity.On Islam and Muslims
<mask> has criticised the history and doctrines of Islam in some of his writings. His works are also cited by critics of Islam like Robert Spencer and Arun Shourie. Despite his criticism of Islam, he said that he is not opposed "to an understanding and reconciliation between the two communities. All I want to say is that no significant synthesis or assimilation took place in the past, and history should not be distorted and falsified to serve the political purposes of a Hindu-baiting herd." He argues that the Muslims should evaluate the Islamic history and doctrines in terms of rationalism and humanism "without resort to the casuistry marshalled by the mullahs and sufis, or the apologetics propped up by the Aligarh and Stalinist schools of historians", just as the European Christians did centuries earlier with Christianity. He believed that the "average Muslim is as good or bad a human being as an average Hindu", and warned:
Some people are prone to confuse Islam with its victims, that is, the Muslims, and condemn the latter at the same time as they come to know the crudities of the former. This is a very serious confusion, which should be avoided by all those who believe in building up a broad-based human brotherhood as opposed to narrow, sectarian, self-centred, and chauvinistic nationalism or communalism.On decline of Buddhism
Arun Shourie wrote about Goel:
"Marxists cite only two other instances of Hindus having destroyed Buddhist temples. These too it turns out yield to completely contrary explanations. Again Marxists have been asked repeatedly to explain the construction they have been circulating -- to no avail. Equally important, <mask> <mask> invited them to cite any Hindu text which orders Hindus to break the places of worship of other religions -- as the Bible does, as a pile of Islamic manuals does. He has asked them to name a single person who has been honoured by the Hindus because he broke such places -– the way Islamic historians and lore have glorified every Muslim ruler and invader who did so. A snooty silence has been the only response ". Literary influences
He wrote and published books in English and Hindi.He also translated George Orwell's 1984, three Dialogues of Plato, Denis Kincaid's The Great Rebel (about Shivaji) and other books into Hindi. Goel was well-read in Western and Eastern literature, and among his most favourite writers or works were Thomas Hardy, Shakespeare's Hamlet, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Aldous Huxley, Plato, Tagore, Bibhuti Bhushan Bandopadhyay, Vaishnava and Baul poets, the Kathamrita written by Mahendranath Gupta (Sri M.) and Thomas Gray's poem "Elegy". His favourite book was the Hindu epic Mahabharata, which he would read in its original language Sanskrit. <mask> <mask> was influenced by Indian writer and philosopher <mask>. He said that his masters have been "Vyasa, Buddha and Sri Aurobindo, as elucidated by <mask>." He was also influenced by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Dayananda Sarasvati and Mahatma Gandhi. Banned books

Understanding Islam through Hadis

In 1983, <mask> reprinted <mask>'s Understanding Islam through Hadis.The book was a summary of the Sahih Muslim Hadith and consisted of extracts from the Hadiths. In 1987, he again reprinted the book, but the copies of a Hindi translation were seized by the police and <mask> was arrested briefly. In due course, some Muslims and the Jamaat-e-Islami weekly Radiance claimed that the book was offensive. In 1990, the Hindi translation of the book was banned. In March 1991, the English original was banned as well. The "criminal case" against <mask> for printing the book was dismissed after some years on 5 May 1997, but the book still remains banned. Indian intellectuals protested against the arrest of <mask>.Arun Shourie commented on the criminal case:

No one has ever refuted him on facts, but many have sought to smear him and his writing. They have thereby transmuted the work from mere scholarship into warning. (...)The forfeiture is exactly the sort of thing which had landed us where we are: where intellectual inquiry is shut out; where our traditions are not examined, and reassessed; and where as a consequence there is no dialogue. It is exactly the sort of thing too which foments reaction. (...)"Freedom of expression which is legitimate and constitutionally protected," it [the Supreme Court] declared last year, "cannot be held to ransom by an intolerant group or people." Hindu View of Christianity and Islam (1993)
In 1993 the MP Syed Shahabuddin, who in 1988 asked for the ban on The Satanic Verses, demanded a ban on <mask>'s book Hindu View of Christianity and Islam. <mask> and Swarup went into hiding because they feared that they could get arrested.The court accepted a bail and the authors came out of hiding. Arun Shourie and K. S. Lal protested against the ban. Colin Maine's The Dead Hand of Islam
In 1986, Goel reprinted Colin Maine's essay The Dead Hand of Islam . Some Muslims filed a criminal case against Goel, alleging that it violated Sections 153A and 295A of the Indian Penal Code and similar articles of the Indian Customs Act. The judge discharged Goel and referred to the earlier court precedent "1983 CrLJ 1446". Speaking of the importance of that precedent, the judge in his discussion said: "If such a contention is accepted a day will come when that part of history which is unpalatable to a particular religion will have to be kept in cold storage on the pretext that the publication of such history would constitute an offence punishable under Sec. 153A of the Penal Code.The scope of S-153A cannot be enlarged to such an extent with a view to thwart history. (...) Otherwise, the position will be very precarious. A nation will have to forget its own history and in due course the nation will have no history at all. (...) If anybody intends to extinguish the history (by prohibiting its publication) of the nation on the pretext of taking action under the above sections, his act will have to be treated as malafide one." The Calcutta Quran Petition
Goel published The Calcutta Quran Petition with Chandmal Chopra in 1986. On 31 August 1987, Chopra was arrested by the police and kept in custody until 8 September for publishing the book with Goel. Goel absconded to avoid arrest.Hindu Temples – What Happened to Them
There were proposals in November 1990 in Uttar Pradesh to ban <mask>'s book Hindu Temples - What Happened to Them. Legacy
<mask> <mask>el has been described by Koenraad Elst as an "intellectual kshatriya". David Frawley said about <mask> that he was "modern India's greatest intellectual kshatriya", and "one of India's most important thinkers in the post-independence era". According to Frawley, "<mask>m followed a strong rationalistic point of view that did not compromise the truth even for politeness sake. Hindu society under siege, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1981, 48 p. A revised edition released in 1994. vol. 1, Commitment to Communism, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1993, 231 p. Reprint with changes of the 1963 book In defence of Comrade Krishna Menon.Stalinist "historians" spread the big lie, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1993, 38 p.
 Jesus Christ : an artifice for aggression, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1994, 114 p.

Editor
 Hindu temples, what happened to them : Vol. I, A preliminary survey, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1990, 191 p. With Arun Shourie et al. Volume II would be released in 1993, 440 p.
 Freedom of expression : secular theocracy versus liberal democracy, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1998, 179 p. Mostly articles. Time for stock taking, whither Sangh Parivar?, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1997, 468 p. Criticisms of the BJP and RSS, including their responses. Vindicated by Time: the Niyogi Committee report on Christian missionary activities, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1998, 1006 p. A reprint, with an introduction by <mask>, of the official report on the missionaries' methods of subversion and conversion, from 1956. Prefaces, introductions or commentaries
 Introduction to Joseph Stalin's World Conquest in Instalments, Calcutta: Society for Defence of Freedom in Asia, 1952, 56 p.
 Commentary of Mao Zedong's The conquest of China, Calcutta: Society for Defence of Freedom in Asia, 1954, 276 p.
 Preface to Chandmal Chopra's The Calcutta Quran Petition, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1986, 71 p. A third revised and enlarged edition would appear in 1999, with more writing by <mask>, 325 p.
 Preface to Tipu Sultan: Villain Or Hero? : an Anthology, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1993, 85 p.
 Preface to the reprint of Mathilda Joslyn Gage's Woman, Church and State (1997, ca.1880). A feminist critique of Christianity. Hindi
Author
 Pathabhṛshṭa, 1960. Saikyularijma : deśadroha kā dūsrā nāma, 1983.Yashpal Sharma would translate it into English as India's secularism, new name for national subversion, New Delhi: Voice of India, 1999, 107 p.
 Udīyamāna raṣṭra-dṛṣṭi, 1983. Hindū samāja : saṅkeṭoṃ ke ghere meṃ, 1988. Saptaśīla, 1999. Translator
 Satyakama Socrates, three dialogues of Plato : (Apology, Crito and Phaedo))
 Victor Kravchenko's I Chose Freedom
 Thomas Gray's poem Elegy.'Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay's <mask>er Alochona The God that Failed, a testimony on Communism by Arthur Koestler, André Gide and others. <mask>'s Communism and Peasantry
 George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four
 Shaktiputra Shivaji, Denis Kincaid's The Grand Rebel
 Panchjanya, Taslima Nasrin's Lajja''

Further reading
 India's only communalist: In commemoration of Sita <mask>el; Edited by Koenraad Elst; Voice of India, New Delhi. (2005)  (With contributions by Subhash Kak, David Frawley, Lokesh Chandra, Shrikant Talageri, Vishal Agarwal, N.S. Rajaram and others.) Elst, Koenraad. India's Only Communalist: an Introduction to the Work of <mask> <mask>. In "Hinduism and Secularism: After Ayodhya", Arvind Sharma (ed.)Palgrave 2001

See also
 <mask>
 Koenraad Elst
 Robert Spencer
 Ibn Warraq
 Srđa Trifković
 Oriana Fallaci
 Andrew Bostom
 Swapan Dasgupta

Notes

References
 India's only communalist – A short biography of Sita <mask>el Koenraad Elst
 Elst, Koenraad, Ayodhya and After: Issues Before Hindu Society (1991)
 Goel, S.R. Freedom of Expression (1998)

External links
 India's only communalist A short biography of Sita <mask>el by Koenraad Elst, Leuven (Belgium), 28 May 1999. (pdf)
 Many books of Sita <mask>el online

1921 births
2003 deaths
Critics of Christianity
Indian anti-communists
Indian political writers
Indian publishers (people)
Converts to Hinduism from atheism or agnosticism
Indian Hindus
Islam and politics
Hindu critics of Islam
Anti-Christian sentiment in Asia
Voice of India writers
Businesspeople from Punjab, India
20th-century Indian businesspeople
Journalists from Punjab, India
Indian male

masks:
Goel
Sita
Ram Goel
Sita
Ram Goel
Ram Swarup
Ram Swarup
Goel
Ram Swarup
Goel
Goel
Goel
Ram Swarup
Goel
Goel
Sita
Ram Go
Goel
Sitara
Goel
Goel
Ramayan
Ram Swarup
Ram Go
Sita
Ram Goel
Ram Swarup
Ram Go
Ram Go
Ram Go


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<mask> (born July 21, 1949 in Columbus, Ohio) is an African American documentary filmmaker and activist. She founded the gallery Just Above Midtown (JAM), which will be the focus of an exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in the fall of 2022 organized by curator Thomas Lax. In 2009, <mask> started Project EATS, an urban farming initiative for black and brown communities in New York City. Early life, family, and education
<mask> was born in Columbus, Ohio to parents Floyd and <mask>. In 1972 <mask> received her Bachelors of Art degree in studio art with a minor in drama at Spelman College in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1980 she received her Master of Business Administration degree in management from Columbia University in New York City. Career
After graduating from Spelman College, <mask> moved to New York City in 1972 and became a fellow at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and then was hired as the director of education at the Studio Museum in Harlem.Her work in museums highlighted the disparities in the art world and led her to found Just Above Midtown (JAM), a gallery that supported African-American artists and artists of color. Just Above Midtown (1974-1986)
In 1974, at the age of 23, <mask> <mask> founded Just Above Midtown (JAM), a New York City non-profit interdisciplinary artists’ space that spotlighted and supported new work by African-American artists and artists of color, many of whom created abstract work, used affordable materials, and created video and performance art. The first exhibition at the gallery, Synthesis: A combination of parts or elements into a complex whole on view from November 19–December 23, 1974, featured work by David Hammons, Camille Billops, Elizabeth Catlett, and Norman Lewis. Originally located on West 57th Street, JAM was the first gallery space to exhibit the work of African-American artists and other artists of color in a major gallery district. At JAM’s inception, works by artists of color were primarily exhibited in community centers and cultural institutions in African-American, Native American, Latino and Asian communities. JAM was met with resentment and hostility from nearby galleries. JAM emerged during the recession and was created with the purpose to initiate social change.During this time there was a distinct difference in the value of white artists compared to non-white artists within the art industry. <mask> <mask> intended JAM to be a place where black artists could be free from the oppressive views of the commercial industry. In 1977, JAM moved to 178-80 Franklin Street in Tribeca as a result of an increase in rent costs. Tribeca offered a larger space and was located further downtown compared to the location on West 57th Street. While it continued to operate as a commercial gallery and exhibition space, <mask> <mask> and her team emphasized live events, such as performances, readings, video screenings, and lectures which included business seminars. JAM initiated a seminar and service program called "The Business of Being an Artist". This program was meant to provide materials and opportunities for artists.In May 1982, <mask> <mask> and Janet Henry published the first issue of Blackcurrant, a broadsheet publication that focused on the work of artists affiliated with JAM. in 1984, JAM moved to its final location at 503 Broadway and ceased being a commercial gallery instead functioning as studio space for artists. JAM's publication Blackcurrant became B Culture, was edited by Greg Tate and musician and producer Craig Dennis Street, and included features on music, art, literature, and popular culture. JAM officially closed in 1986. JAM offered artists, many of which are now established figures in the field, early opportunities to show their work including David Hammons, Butch Morris, Senga Nengudi, Lorraine O’Grady, Maren Hassinger, Adrian Piper, Fred Wilson, and Howardena Pindell. The Museum of Modern Art will present "Just Above Midtown: 1974 to the present," the first museum exhibition on the gallery. It will be curated by Thomas J. Lax and open in the Fall of 2022.It will present archival material historicizing the gallery alongside artwork shown at JAM. Filmmaking
<mask> <mask> co-produced and directed Flag Wars (2003) with Laura Poitras, which became a cinéma vérité Emmy Award-nominated documentary. Flag Wars was filmed over four years and was set in her hometown, Columbus, Ohio. The film explores the events that take place when white homosexual homebuyers move to a working class primarily black neighborhood resulting in conflicts due to the strong difference in culture and values of each group. This film displays themes of prejudice, gentrification, privilege, poverty, and politics. <mask> <mask> and Poitras received the Center for Documentary Studies Filmmaker Award in 2003 for Flag Wars. She also directed other films including a segment of Time Piece (2006), a documentary displaying the reflections of several American and Turkish Artists, Hurricane Teens (1998), Can You See Me Now?(2006), and a reality television documentary called Mustafa (2004). Apart from directing, <mask> <mask> was also a part of the film Colored Frames, a documentary that looks at the influences and experiences of black artists in the past fifty years. Awards
<mask> <mask> has been recognized with numerous awards including a Guggenheim Fellowship (2004) and Peabody Award. In 2020 she was recognized for her achievements by Anonymous Was A Woman, a grant-making organization focused on supporting women artists over 40 years of age. Activism

Active Citizen Project (ACP) and Project EATS
<mask> <mask> is a Founder and the Executive Director of the Active Citizen Project (ACP), a non-profit organization that serves as a catalyst and laboratory for broad-based public activism using art and new media as tools for social change. Under the auspices of the Active Citizen Project, <mask> <mask> also developed Project EATS in 2008 during the Global Food Crisis. Project EATS is a network of New York City urban farms that offers community programs and economic opportunities.She has a philosophy on art and how it relates to food and life. She expresses this through her involvement in Project EATS and believes in the importance of caring for others. References

External links
 Project EATS

1949 births
African-American film directors
American activists
Spelman College alumni
Columbia Business School alumni
Living people
Artists from Columbus, Ohio
Film directors from Ohio
African-American art dealers
American art dealers
Women art dealers

masks:
Linda Goode Bryant
Goode Bryant
Goode Bryant
Josephine Goode
Goode Bryant
Goode Bryant
Goode
Bryant
Goode
Bryant
Goode
Bryant
Goode
Bryant
Goode
Bryant
Goode
Bryant
Linda Goode
Bryant
Goode
Bryant
Goode
Bryant
Goode
Bryant


text_chunks:
<mask> of Jin (; 362–396), personal name Sima Yao (), courtesy name Changming (), was an emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (266–420) in China. During his reign, Jin saw his dynasty survive a major attempt by Former Qin to destroy it, but he would nevertheless be the last Jin emperor to actually exercise imperial power, as his sons Emperor An and <mask> would be controlled by regents and warlords. Emperor <mask> died an unusual death—he was killed by his concubine Honoured Lady Zhang after he insulted her. Early life
Sima Yao was born in 362, when his father Sima Yu was Prince of Kuaiji and prime minister for his grandnephew, <mask>. Sima Yao's mother, Li Lingrong, was originally a servant involved in textile production but, based on a magician's words that she would bear his heir (his sons all having died early by that point), Sima Yu took her as his concubine and she gave birth to Sima Yao. As he was born at dawn, she named him Yao, with the courtesy name Changming, both meaning "dawn". A year later she gave birth to his brother, Sima Daozi.As the oldest surviving son of Sima Yu, Sima Yao was designated as the heir apparent early in his life, and in 365, when he was just three years old, Emperor Fei offered the greater title of Prince of Langya to his father and the title of Prince of Kuaiji to him. Sima Yu declined, both personally and on his son's behalf, and Emperor Fei did not insist on them taking on the greater titles. In 371, having lost a devastating battle to the Former Yan general Murong Chui in 369, the paramount general Huan Wen accused Emperor Fei of impotence and of not being the biological father of his sons. He then deposed him and made Sima Yu the new emperor (as Emperor Jianwen), although actual power was in Huan's hands. In 372, Emperor Jianwen grew ill and he named Sima Yao crown prince but in his will, he offered the throne to Huan, if he wanted it. When his official Wang Tanzhi () objected, Emperor Jianwen gave approval for an amendment, written by Wang, wherein Huan was only compared to the statesmen Zhuge Liang and Wang Dao. Nevertheless, when <mask>wen died, many officials were apprehensive of Huan, and not immediately willing to declare Crown Prince Yao as the new emperor.Finally, at the instigation of Wang Biaozhi (), Crown Prince Yao took the throne as Emperor <mask>. Early reign
The new emperor was only 10 years old, therefore his cousin; Empress Dowager Chu (Emperor Kang's wife), served as regent, but the decisions were actually being made by Xie An and Wang Tanzhi; Huan Wen, apparently fearful of being entrapped, declined an offer to be regent. In 373, Huan Wen died and the fears of a Huan usurpation dissipated as his brother and successor, Huan Chong, was committed to the survival of the imperial government. A major issue for the Jin government was the continued military pressure exerted by the powerful northern rival, Former Qin. In 373, Former Qin attacked and seized Jin's Liang (梁州, modern southern Shaanxi) and Yi (益州, modern Sichuan and Chongqing) provinces. Internally, however, Jin was apparently well-governed by Xie and Huan Chong. In 375, Emperor <mask> married Wang Fahui (the daughter of the official, Wang Yun () as his empress.He was 13 and she was 16. He also started studying the Chinese classic texts and writing poetry. In 376, Empress Dowager Chu officially removed herself from the regent position and returned her powers to Emperor <mask>, although the decisions were still largely being made by Xie. In 376, the Jin vassal, Former Liang, was attacked by Former Qin. Jin forces, under Huan Chong's command, attempted to relieve the pressure on Former Liang by attacking Former Qin, but Former Liang fell quickly and Huan Chong withdrew his forces. In apprehension of a Former Qin attack, Jin evacuated much of its population north of the Huai River to regions south of the river. In 378, Former Qin made major attacks against the important Jin cities of Xiangyang, Weixing (魏興, in modern Ankang, Shaanxi), and Pengcheng.While general Xie Xuan was able to immediately recapture Pengcheng after it fell, Xiangyang and Weixing were taken by Former Qin forces in 379. In 380, Empress Wang died. Emperor <mask> did not have another empress for the rest of his life. In 381, Emperor <mask> began to study Buddhist sutras and he established a Buddhist study hall inside his palace, inviting monks to live within. In 383, Huan Chong made a counterattack against Former Qin, hoping to recapture Xiangyang and the southwest. However, after initial losses, Huan abandoned the campaign. The Battle of Fei River

Later in 383, Former Qin's emperor, Fu Jiān, launched a major attack against Jin, intending to destroy it and unite China.At the Battle of Fei River, however, his forces panicked after trying to retreat to draw Jin forces across the river, and his army was routed with great losses, including his brother and prime minister, Fu Rong. Former Qin began to collapse after this defeat and never again posed a threat to Jin. Middle reign
After defeating Former Qin forces, Xie Xuan spearheaded a campaign to regain lost territory, and Jin captured most of the Former Qin provinces south of the Yellow River, as well as regaining Liang and Yi provinces. However, Prime Minister Xie An, who was most credited with the victory, began to lose favor in Emperor <mask>'s eyes; Xie's son-in-law, Wang Guobao (), unhappy that Xie did not give him important posts, began to flatter both Emperor <mask> and his brother, Sima Daozi, the Prince of Kuaiji, as a means of undercutting Xie. Xie remained prime minister, however, until his death in 385; he was replaced by Sima Daozi. Both Emperor <mask> and Sima became obsessed with feasting and drinking, and neither spent much time on affairs of state. In 387, Emperor <mask> named his oldest son, five-year-old Sima Dezong, crown prince, notwithstanding the fact that Sima was developmentally disabled—so severely that even after he grew older, he was described as not being able to talk, dress himself, or to tell whether he was full or hungry while eating.In 390, <mask> began to tire of how his brother, Sima Daozi, was taking his favors for granted, and he decided to look for counterbalancing forces. He made the officials Wang Gong (王恭, Empress Wang's brother) and Yin Zhongkan () key regional governors, despite warnings that both Wang and Yin were talented but narrow-minded, and might create issues later. Late reign
By 395, the conflict between Emperor <mask> and Sima had flared into the open, but because of the intercession of Empress Dowager Li, Emperor <mask> did not remove his brother. After further mediation by Xu Miao (), the relationship between the brothers seemed to be restored. By 396, <mask> was spending so much of his time on drinking and women that he was not tending to important matters of state. His favorite consort was the beautiful Honoured Lady Zhang. In late fall 396, when she was almost 30 years old, Emperor joked at a feast saying, "Based on your age, you should yield your position.I want someone younger." That night, after Emperor <mask> fell drunk, she ordered all the eunuchs away, bribing them with wine, and then ordered her servant girls to suffocate Emperor <mask> by putting a blanket over his face. She further bribed the attendants and claimed that the emperor died suddenly in his sleep. The death was not investigated and the next day, Sima Dezong assumed the throne as Emperor An, with Sima Daozi as regent. Era names
 Ningkang (寧康 níng kāng) February 19, 373 – February 8, 376
 Taiyuan (太元 tài yuán) February 9, 376 – February 12, 397

Family
Consorts and Issue:
 Empress Xiaowuding, of the Wang clan of Taiyuan (; 360–380), personal name Fahui ()
 Empress Dowager Ande, of the Chen clan (; 362–390), personal name Guinü ()
 Sima Dezong, Emperor An (; 382–419), first son
 Sima Dewen, Emperor Gong (; 386–421), second son
 Guiren, of the Zhang clan ()
 Unknown
 Princess <mask>ling (; d. 432)
 Married Xie Hun of Chen, Duke Wangcai (; d. 412)
 Married Wang Lian of Langya ()

Ancestry

References

362 births
396 deaths
Jin dynasty (266–420) emperors
Jin dynasty (266–420) Buddhists
Chinese Buddhist monarchs
4th-century Chinese monarchs

masks:
Emperor Xiaowu
Emperor Gong
Xiaowu
Emperor Ai
Emperor Jian
Xiaowu
Xiaowu
Xiaowu
Xiaowu
Xiaowu
Xiaowu
Xiaowu
Xiaowu
Xiaowu
Emperor Xiaowu
Xiaowu
Xiaowu
Emperor Xiaowu
Xiaowu
Xiaowu
Jin


text_chunks:
<mask> is an amazing American keyboardist, composer, record producer, conductor, business, realty and fashion designer executive. Born in Brooklyn, New York, he started touring as a teenager playing with jazz fusion violinist Michał Urbaniak and singer Jean Carne, while still in high school in New York. At that time <mask> replaced Urbaniak's keyboardist Barry Eastman (who wrote "You Are My Lady" years later for Freddie Jackson). Burrus was brought to Jean Carne through percussionist-producer Norman Hedman who was one of Burrus's musical mentors as a child. Later on through these types of associations, Burrus went on to play with trumpeter Tom Browne, drummer Lenny White and singer Melba Moore. Recommended by his friend pianist Kenny Kirkland, who was the keyboardist for Sting during the mid-1980's, Burrus had moved on to play with the great Lena Horne in her award-winning show Lady and Her Music in 1984. The Lena Horne Quintet consisted of <mask> on piano and keyboards, Ben Brown on bass, Rodney Jones on guitar, Wilby Fletcher on drums, Ron Bridgewater on Saxophone along with music director Linda Twine and an array of musicians from the London Symphony Orchestra.While still playing for artists, Burrus was releasing solo recordings and concertizing on his own. In 1983 <mask> released his first solo single, called "Love Rockin'", for Arista Records a funk/electro/soul piece written and with all vocals and instruments by Burrus, with high-school buddy Omar Hakim on drums. This was known as <mask> Burrus And Transe, produced by <mask> and Marcus Miller, another high-school friend. Burrus and Miller, along with drummer Poogie Bell, Bobby Broom, another high-school guitar friend, and Bernard Wright (also a high-school companion) went on to play for an off-Broadway show written by Weldon Irvine in 1977 called Young Gifted And Broke at the Billie Holiday Theater in Brooklyn, New York. Irvine had co-written with Nina Simone the famed song "To Be Young, Gifted and Black". Return To Forever's drummer and jazz fusion pioneer Lenny White joined the "Young Gifted And Broke" crew of musicians as a replacement drummer for Poogie Bell at times, and this is where Burrus became estatic over the magic of Lenny White. This was during the high post Chick Corea Return to Forever season.As time went on, <mask> became a highly respected and successful recording session man, playing on recordings of Michael Jackson, Toni Braxton, Janet Jackson, Swing Out Sister, Mariah Carey, The Cardigans, Donna Summer, Lisa Stansfield, Gloria Estefan, Madonna, Aretha Franklin, Phyllis Hyman, Frankie Knuckles, David Morales, Satoshi Tomiie, <mask> and others. Being no stranger to synthesizers and electronic sounds, Burrus is said to own just about every electric keyboard that has come out since the Wurlitzer electric piano. In addition Burrus has always been intrigued by the great classical masters, having studied the artistry of Mozart, Beethoven, Handel and others during his school days in New York, and in his contemporary piano compositions and playing can be heard classical influences. He performs many classical piano recitals around the world as well playing as in the jazz and pop genres. Burrus has been sideman/music director on many tours of Jazz Explosion, as they were known in the 1980s and '90s, as well as on soul, dance and gospel concerts with the Harlem Gospel Singers, Lionel Hampton, Gato Barbieri, George Benson, Angela Bofill, Larry Carlton, Bill Withers, Ramsey Lewis, Crown Heights Affair, Chaka Khan, Ronnie Laws, The Main Ingredient, Johnny Kemp, Stanley Clarke, Noel Pointer, Bobbi Humphrey. Burrus also wrote and produced with the president of Philadelphia International Records, Kenny Gamble, including "Living In Confusion" and "Forever With You" for Phyllis Hyman. Burrus wrote "I Just Love You So Much" for Billy Paul and wrote/produced "Love Goddess" for Lonnie Liston Smith.Burrus also wrote and produced "I'll Wait for You" and "The One And Only Lady In My Life" for Virgin recording group Burrell, among a long list of other compositions and productions to his credit. With contributions to the many remixes of artists from the 1980s and '90s to the present day, reinforcing the sound of house music and electronic music, his early associations working with Def Mix Productions, Frankie Knuckles, David Morales, Satoshi Tomei and <mask>, Junior Vasquez, Paul Simpson, Winston Jones, Dave Shaw, Jellybean Benitez, Tony Humphries, François K and many other international and American DJ producers have rooted him well on the dance-floor and in the remix world. Burrus has created sounds in electronica that he has extended into the world of Techno, Trance, Ambient, World music and more, his piano style especially being prevalent and dominant in the 1990s on many recordings by well known and new artists around the world. From his teenage days as a jazz fusionist to funkster to house and electronica pioneer, Burrus has been an ambassador of electronic music. Early life
<mask>'s interest in the organ and piano began at the age of five in Brooklyn at the Washington Temple Church Of God In Christ, a Pentecostal church under the founder Pastor Bishop F.D. Washington. <mask>'s mother Carter Lee and father James had been singing in the choir there since the mid-1950's.By the time <mask> was five his parents enrolled him at the Alfred Miller Music school where he excelled to the point where he was playing gospel hymns a year or so later. He went on to study music in New York City at the La Guardia School of Arts (formerly known as the High School Of Music and Art) and later attended Long Island University in New York. He gained a deeper affection for jazz, improvising, classical and composing. All the time while in school he was recording in his personal home recording studio and public studios as well as playing concerts worldwide as a sideman with Jean Carne, Michael Urbaniak, Tom Browne, Stanley Turrentine, Lenny White, Lena Horne, Phyllis Hyman, Crown Heights Affair and The Main Ingredient with Cuba Gooding. <mask> always credits Sticks Evans, his junior high-school music teacher at John Coleman I.S.271 Junior High School in Brooklyn, for giving him encouragement and inspiration as a youngster. Stick Evans played drums for Aretha Franklin and Sammy Davis, Jr. Apart from being his teacher and mentor, Stick Evans regarded <mask> as a little brother or even a son, and it was through this relationship that Burrus acquired strength to go on in the music world in life. In the late 1980's <mask> even took a newly built apartment in mid-Manhattan in the area where Evans lived for many years until his death in 1994.Blog Talk Radio
 Paris Events
 Broadway World Bonnie Rose, Stephen S. Miller (2021). OndaJazz
 Fran James Cross Rhythms (1992). <mask>us Review
<mask>us Soul Of Jazz Review. Peter's Contemporary Jazz (1996). Lena Horne Quintet https://sentinelarchivemrdia.blogspot.com
Allmusic.com

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century classical composers
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American pianists
African-American classical composers
African-American classical pianists
African-American male classical composers
American classical pianists
American keyboardists
American male pianists
American pop pianists
Classical musicians from New York (state)
Living people
Musicians from Brooklyn
21st-century African-American musicians

masks:
Terrance Corley Burrus
Burrus
Terry
Terry
Terry
Burrus
Terry
Todd Terry
Todd Terry
Terry Burrus
Terry
Terry
Terry Burrus
Terry
Burrus
Terry Burr
Terry Burr


text_chunks:
<mask> (; born ) is a Russian-American animator, director, producer, screenwriter, voice actor, storyboard artist, comic book writer and artist. He is best known as the creator of various animated television series on Cartoon Network and Adult Swim, including Dexter's Laboratory, Samurai Jack, Star Wars: Clone Wars, Sym-Bionic Titan, and Primal. He co-created Sym-Bionic Titan and directed the first three films in the Hotel Transylvania series. Additionally, he was a pivotal crew member of The Powerpuff Girls and worked on other series such as 2 Stupid Dogs and Batman: The Animated Series. Tartakovsky is known for his unique animation style, including fast-paced action and minimal dialogue. Throughout his career, Tartakovsky has won five Emmy Awards (3 Primetime and 2 Creative Arts), three Annie Awards, one WAC Winner, one OIAF Award, one Winsor McCay Award, among other nominations for his works. Early life
<mask> was born <mask> () on 17 January 1970, in Moscow, to Jewish parents.His father worked as a dentist for government officials and the Soviet Union national ice hockey team. <mask> felt that his father was a very strict and old-fashioned man, but they had a close relationship. His mother, Miriam, was an assistant principal at a school. He has a brother, Alexander, who is two years older and a computer consultant in Chicago. Before coming to the United States, his family moved to Italy. There, <mask> was first drawn to art, inspired by a neighbor's daughter. Tartakovsky later commented, "I remember, I was horrible at it.For the life of me, I couldn't draw a circle". <mask>'s family moved to the United States when he was seven due to concerns about the effect of antisemitism on their children's lives. The family originally settled in Columbus, Ohio and later moved to Chicago. He was greatly influenced by the comics he found there; his first purchase was an issue of Super Friends. <mask> began attending Chicago's Eugene Field Elementary School in the third grade. School was difficult because he was seen as a foreigner. He went on to attend Chicago's prestigious Lane Tech College Prep High School and says he did not fit in until his sophomore year.When he was 16, his father died of a heart attack. Afterwards, <mask> and his family moved to government-funded housing, and he began working while still attending high school. To satisfy his ambitious family, which was encouraging him to be a businessman, Tartakovsky tried to take an advertising class, but signed up late and thereby had little choice over his classes. He was assigned to take an animation class and this led to his study of film at Columbia College Chicago before moving to Los Angeles to study animation at the California Institute of the Arts with his friend Rob Renzetti. There he met Craig McCracken. At CalArts, Tartakovsky directed and animated two student films, one of which became the basis for Dexter's Laboratory. After two years at CalArts, Tartakovsky got a job at Lapiz Azul Productions in Spain on Batman: The Animated Series.There, "he learned the trials of TV animation, labor intensive and cranking it out". While he was in Spain, his mother died of cancer. Career
Craig McCracken acquired an art director job at Hanna-Barbera for the show 2 Stupid Dogs and recommended hiring Rob Renzetti and <mask> as well. This was a major turning point in <mask>'s career. Hanna-Barbera let <mask>, McCracken, Renzetti and Paul Rudish work in a trailer in the parking lot of the studio, and there <mask> started creating his best-known works. Dexter's Laboratory grew out of a student film with the same title that he produced while at the California Institute of the Arts. <mask> co-wrote and pencilled the 25th issue of the Dexter's Laboratory comic book series, titled "Stubble Trouble", as well as several stories which are collected in the Dexter's Laboratory Classics trade paperback.Additionally, he helped produce The Powerpuff Girls, co-directed several episodes and served as the animation director and a cinematographer for The Powerpuff Girls Movie; he co-wrote one of the franchise's comics. Both Dexter's Laboratory and The Powerpuff Girls were nominated repeatedly for Emmy Awards. Tartakovsky created the action-adventures series Samurai Jack, which premiered in 2001; he also wrote comics for the franchise. The series won him an Emmy in the category of "Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming Less Than One Hour)" in 2004. Star Wars creator George Lucas hired Tartakovsky to direct Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003–2005), an animated series taking place between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith. The series won three Emmy awards: two for "Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming One Hour or More)" in 2004 and 2005, and another for "Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation" (for background designer Justin Thompson in 2005). Tartakovsky was not involved in the 2008 follow-up series.In 2005, <mask> was appointed creative president of Orphanage Animation Studios. In 2006, he was chosen as the director for a sequel to The Dark Crystal, but was replaced and the film was later scrapped. Tartakovsky served as animation director on the pilot episode of Korgoth of Barbaria, which aired on Adult Swim in 2006 but was not picked up as a series. He also directed a series of anti-smoking advertisements, one for Nicorette in 2006 and two for Niquitin in 2008. In 2009, Tartakovsky created a pilot entitled Maruined for Cartoon Network's The Cartoonstitute program, which was not picked up. In 2009, it was announced that Tartakovsky would write and direct a Samurai Jack film from Fred Seibert's Frederator Studios and J. J. Abrams' Bad Robot Productions. In June 2012, Tartakovsky said that he had a story to conclude the series and title character's story, but the project had been shelved after Abrams moved on to direct Star Trek.In 2010, Tartakovsky created storyboards for Jon Favreau's Iron Man 2. He created a new series for Cartoon Network, Sym-Bionic Titan, between 2010 and 2011. He had hoped to expand on the initial season, but it was not renewed. On 7 April 2011, an animated prologue by Tartakovsky for the horror film Priest premiered online. In early 2011, <mask> moved to Sony Pictures Animation, where he made his feature film directing debut with Hotel Transylvania (2012). In July 2012, he signed a long-term deal with Sony to develop and direct his own original projects. In June 2012, Sony announced that <mask> was slated to direct a computer-animated Popeye feature.On 18 September 2014, Tartakovsky revealed an "animation test". In March 2015, Tartakovsky announced that despite the well-received test footage, he was no longer working on the project. He moved onto directing original story Can You Imagine?, announced in 2014, but it was cancelled. Tartakovsky directed Hotel Transylvania 2, the sequel to Hotel Transylvania, released in 2015. In December 2015, Adult Swim announced that <mask> would return for a final season of Samurai Jack, during which he stepped away from Sony Pictures Animation. When the series finished airing in 2017, <mask> returned to Sony and directed Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation (2018). After its financial success, two original projects were announced: an R-rated comedy called Fixed and an action-adventure film entitled Black Knight.In May 2019, it was announced that Adult Swim had commissioned a new series from Tartakovsky entitled Primal, which is about "a caveman at the dawn of evolution ... [and a] dinosaur on the brink of extinction". It began airing on 7 October 2019. On 11 May 2020, it was announced that <mask>'s Popeye project was being revived by King Features Syndicate, with T. J. Fixman writing the script. Tartakovsky later clarified that he was not working on it yet and funding was still needed, saying that if he had the time he would do it. <mask> was involved in the development of the video game Samurai Jack: Battle Through Time, which was released on 21 August 2020. On 28 October, a new series by him called Unicorn: Warriors Eternal was announced; it will focus on a group of teen heroes, drawing inspiration from world mythology, and is being billed as all-ages animation. It is being produced by Cartoon Network Studios to be aired on Cartoon Network and HBO Max as part of an attempt by WarnerMedia to reach a broader range of the "older kid and tween market."This was confirmed in a February 2021 announcement which mentioned the series. Personal life
Tartakovsky married Dawn David in 2000 and has three children with her. Filmography

Film

Television

Bibliography

Awards and nominations

Notes

References

 Genndy's Scrapbook (Samurai Jack Season 2 DVD, Disk 2)

External links

 <mask> Tartakovsky at About.com

1970 births
California Institute of the Arts alumni
Columbia College Chicago alumni
American animators
Jewish American artists
Living people
Soviet emigrants to the United States
American film directors
Russian voice directors
American voice directors
People from Moscow
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Primetime Emmy Award winners
Showrunners
Russian Jews
Sony Pictures Animation people
Soviet Jews
Russian expatriates in Italy
American animated film directors
American storyboard artists
Cartoon Network Studios people
Hanna-Barbera people
Annie Award winners
Russian animators
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Tartakovsky
Tartakovsky
Gennady Tartakovsky
Genndy
Tartakovsky
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<mask> (; born 27 April 1962) is a Norwegian professor of psychology and neuroscience at the Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim. In 2005, he and <mask> discovered grid cells  in the brain's medial entorhinal cortex. Grid cells are specialized neurons that provide the brain with a coordinate system and a metric for space. In 2018, he discovered a neural network that expresses your sense of time in experiences and memories located in the brain's lateral entorhinal cortex. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2014 with long-term collaborator and then-wife <mask>, and previous mentor John O'Keefe for their work identifying the brain's positioning system. The two main components of the brain's GPS are; grid cells and place cells, a specialized type of neuron that respond to specific locations in space. Together with <mask> he established the Moser research environment, which they lead.<mask> was born to German parents who had moved to Norway in the 1950s, and grew up in Ålesund. He received his education as a psychologist at the Department of Psychology, University of Oslo and obtained a PhD in neurophysiology at the Faculty of Medicine at the same university in 1995; in 1996 he was appointed as associate professor in biological psychology at the Department of Psychology at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU); he was promoted to professor of neuroscience in 1998. In 2002, his research group was given the status of a separate "centre of excellence". <mask> <mask> has led a succession of research groups and centres, collectively known as the Moser research environment. He is an external scientific member of the Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, with which he has collaborated over several years. Background and early life
<mask> was born in Ålesund to German parents Eduard Paul <mask> (1928–2013) and Ingeborg Annamarie Herholz (1931–). His parents had grown up in Kronberg im Taunus, a suburb of Frankfurt, where <mask>'s grandfather <mask> had been Lutheran parish priest.<mask>'s father trained as a pipe organ builder and emigrated to Norway together with his friend Jakob Pieroth in 1953 when they were offered employment at a pipe organ workshop at Haramsøy. They later established their own workshop and built many church pipe organs in Norway. The <mask> family originally was from Nassau; Moser is a South German topographic name for someone who lived near a swamp or mire (South German Moos). <mask> <mask> grew up at Hareid and in Ålesund. He was raised in a conservative Christian family. <mask> <mask> married May-Britt <mask> in 1985 when they were both students. They announced that they are divorcing in 2016.Career
<mask> <mask> was awarded the cand.psychol. degree in psychology at the Department of Psychology at the University of Oslo in 1990. He was then employed as a research fellow at the Faculty of Medicine, where he obtained his dr.philos. doctoral research degree in the field of neurophysiology in 1995. He also has studied mathematics and statistics. Early in his career, he worked under the supervision of Per Andersen. <mask> went on to undertake postdoctoral training with Richard G. Morris at the Centre for Neuroscience, University of Edinburgh, from 1995 to 1997, and was a visiting postdoctoral fellow at the laboratory of John O'Keefe at the University College, London for two months.<mask> returned to Norway in 1996 to be appointed associate professor in biological psychology at the Department of Psychology at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim. He was promoted to full professor of neuroscience in 1998. <mask> is also head of department of the NTNU Institute for Systems Neuroscience. He is a member of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters, Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, the American Philosophical Society, and the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences. He is also an Honorary Professor at the Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems at the University of Edinburgh Medical School. Honours
1999: Prize for young scientists awarded by the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
2005: 28th annual W. Alden Spencer Award (College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University)
2006: 14th Betty and David Koetser Award for Brain Research (University of Zürich)
2006: 10th Prix "Liliane Bettencourt pour les Sciences du Vivant" 2006 (Fondation Bettencourt, Paris)
2008: 30th Eric K. Fernström's Great Nordic Prize (Fernström Foundation, University of Lund)
2011: Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine
2011: Anders Jahre Award (with May-Britt <mask>)
2012: Perl-UNC Neuroscience Prize (with May-Britt <mask>)
2013: Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize (with May-Britt <mask> and John O'Keefe)
2014: Karl Spencer Lashley Award (with May-Britt <mask>)
2014: Foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences. 2014: Körber European Science Prize
2014: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (with May-Britt <mask> and John O'Keefe)
2018: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav (with May-Britt Moser)

Other
Edvard Moser has been a member of the board of reviewing editors in science since 2004 and he has been reviewing editor for Journal of Neuroscience since 2005.<mask> <mask> chaired the programme committee of the European Neuroscience meeting (FENS Forum) in 2006. Selected publications

<mask>, E.I., Mathiesen, I. & Andersen, P. (1993). Association between brain temperature and dentate field potentials in exploring and swimming rats. Science, 259, 1324–1326. Brun, V.H., Otnæss, M.K., Molden, S., Steffenach, H.-A., Witter, M.P., <mask>, M.-B., <mask>, E.I. (2002).Place cells and place representation maintained by direct entorhinal-hippocampal circuitry. Science, 296, 2089–2284. Fyhn, M., Molden, S., Witter, M.P., <mask>, E.I. and <mask>, M.-B. (2004). Spatial representation in the entorhinal cortex. Science, 305, 1258–1264 .Leutgeb, S., Leutgeb, J.K., Treves, A., <mask>, M.-B. and <mask>, E.I. (2004). Distinct ensemble codes in hippocampal areas CA3 and CA1. Science, 305, 1295–1298. Leutgeb, S., Leutgeb, J.K., Barnes, C.A., <mask>, E.I., McNaughton, B.L., and <mask>, M.-B (2005). Independent codes for spatial and episodic memory in the hippocampus.Science, 309, 619–623 . Hafting, T., Fyhn, M., Molden, S., <mask>, M.-B., and <mask>, E.I. (2005). Microstructure of a spatial map in the entorhinal cortex. Nature, 436, 801–806. Colgin, L.L, and <mask>, E.I. (2006).Rewinding the memory record. Nature, 440, 615–617. Sargolini, F., Fyhn, M., Hafting, T., McNaughton, B.L., Witter, M.P., <mask>, M.-B., and <mask>, E.I. (2006). Conjunctive representation of position, direction and velocity in entorhinal cortex. Science, 312, 754–758. Leutgeb, J.K., Leutgeb, S., <mask>, M.-B., and <mask>, E.I.(2007). Pattern separation in dentate gyrus and CA3 of the hippocampus. Science, 315, 961–966. Fyhn, M., Hafting, T., Treves, A., <mask>, M.-B. and <mask>, E.I. (2007). Hippocampal remapping and grid realignment in entorhinal cortex.Nature, 446, 190–194. Hafting, T., Fyhn, M., Bonnevie, T., <mask>, M.-B. and <mask>, E.I. (2008). Hippocampus-independent phase precession in entorhinal grid cells. Nature 453, 1248–1252. Kjelstrup, K.B., Solstad, T., Brun, V.H., Hafting, T., Leutgeb, S., Witter, M.P., <mask>, E.I.and <mask>, M.-B. (2008). Finite scales of spatial representation in the hippocampus. Science 321, 140–143. Solstad, T., Boccara, C.N., Kropff, E., <mask>, M.-B. and <mask>, E.I. (2008).Representation of geometric borders in the entorhinal cortex. Science, 322, 1865–1868. <mask>, E.I., <mask>, M-B. (2011). Crystals of the brain. EMBO Mol. Med.3, 1–4. <mask>, E.I., <mask>, M-B. (2011). Seeing into the future. Nature, 469, 303–4
Jezek, K., Henriksen, EJ., Treves, A., <mask>, E.I. and <mask>, M-B. (2011).Theta-paced flickering between place-cell maps in the hippocampus. Nature, 478, 246–249. Giocomo, LM., <mask>, E.I., <mask>, M-B. (2011) Grid cells use HCN1 channels for spatial scaling. Cell, 147, 1159–1170. Igarashi, KM., Lu L., Colgin LL., <mask> M-B., <mask> EI. (2014) Coordination of entorhinal-hippocampal ensemble activity during associative learning.Nature 510, 143–7. References

External links

1962 births
Living people
People from Hareid
People from Ålesund
Norwegian people of German descent
Norwegian neuroscientists
Norwegian University of Science and Technology faculty
Max Planck Society people
Norwegian Nobel laureates
Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
University of Oslo faculty
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh

masks:
Edvard Ingjald Moser
May Britt Moser
May Britt Moser
May Britt Moser
Moser
Edvard
Moser
Moser
Moser
Moser
Eduard Moser
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<mask> (born 2 November 1956) is an American writer and aviator known for aviation techno-thriller novels. At least thirteen of his novels have been New York Times Best Sellers. Early life
<mask> was born in Buffalo, New York, and was one of six children. At 15, he began flying instruction, eventually earning a private pilot's license. He graduated in 1978 from Penn State University with a degree in Western European history. Career

Military
<mask> joined the Air Force ROTC while in college. He received a commission in the United States Air Force in 1978.He was a navigator-bombardier (now known as a weapon systems officer (WSO)) in the B-52 Stratofortress G-model long-range heavy bomber and the FB-111A Aardvark medium range fighter-bomber. <mask> received several military decorations and awards, including the Air Force Commendation Medal, the Combat Crew Award, and the Marksmanship ribbon. He rose to the rank of Captain and has 2,500 hours of flight time in B-52s. He left the Air Force in 1986, having never seen combat. He is a Life Member of the Air Force Association and the U.S. Naval Institute. Writing
<mask>'s first paid writing was a review of Fort Apocalypse for Compute!'s Gazette. In 1986, while still in the Air Force at Mather Air Force Base in Sacramento County, California, he wrote his first book, Flight of the Old Dog. His novels have been published in 11 languages and distributed to over 70 countries. He published 11 bestsellers in 11 years. <mask> has been represented by literary agent Robert Gottlieb of Trident Media Group. Bibliography
<mask> tends to stay with the same characters over a long period of time. Many of the characters introduced in Flight of the Old Dog are still around for the latest, although a few have been killed in previous books.Most of his books occur in the same timeline, with a few exceptions. Silver Tower, published after Flight of the Old Dog, a mostly independent novel with no character references, is first linked by mention of the SkyBolt module in Battle Born. However, the novel is merged into the Patrick McLanahan saga when some of its main characters and the fictional military space station Armstrong appear in Strike Force. Chains of Command, which features Rebecca Furness and Darren Mace, was actually a separate series, but later, the characters reappeared in Battle Born and were merged into the Dreamland and McLanahan series. Hammerheads focuses on Admiral Ian Hardcastle, who later reappeared in Storming Heaven. However, the book can be part of the overall Patrick McLanahan continuity because of his and General Elliott's appearances, plus the book taking place over two years since the events of Flight of the Old Dog (which is referred to in passing). The Dreamland series coauthored with Jim DeFelice covers the gaps between the Patrick McLanahan series novels.While most of the old characters are only mentioned in passing, some of the technology depicted in the series was later merged into the main series, starting with Air Battle Force. Henri Cazaux, the main villain of Storming Heaven, was referred to in The Tin Man. His own right-hand man, Gregory Townsend, would be the book's main antagonist. Patrick McLanahan series
<mask>'s novels mostly center on a character named Patrick McLanahan, whose exploits as a US Air Force officer date back over 25 years. Flight of the Old Dog (1987) - A Soviet anti-ballistic missile laser destroys US strategic assets while the Kremlin argues the system's legality before the UN. USAF Lieutenant General Bradley Elliott recruits a team of officers to work on a modified B-52 bomber, called the Old Dog. A raid on Dreamland, itself coupled by the discovery of a B-1 Lancer strike team on the Soviet laser, forces the Old Dog crew to take the mission on themselves.In a heroic act, crewmember David Luger risks his life to save the bomber from destruction. Sky Masters (1991) - The pullout of US forces from the Philippines in 1994 sparks Chinese plans to occupy the Spratly Islands and Mindanao with the connivance of a Filipino Communist vice-president who declares a coup. McLanahan and the heavy bombers of the US Air Battle Force lead the American counterattack over Davao City. The novel also has a small cameo appearance by Day of the Cheetah antagonist Kenneth Francis James. Night of the Hawk (1992) - A simple defector extraction raid in Lithuania in late 1992 uncovers evidence that a member of the Old Dog crew, David Luger, survived the events of Flight of the Old Dog and was brainwashed to work on a new stealth bomber at a secret facility in Vilnius. Amidst the political upheaval in the country, General Elliott, McLanahan, and John Ormack join a US Marine contingent in assaulting the facility and rescuing Luger. Day of the Cheetah (1989) - In 1996, Kenneth Francis James - a Soviet deep-cover agent posing as a USAF officer - steals the new Dreamstar thought-controlled fighter.McLanahan and the High-Technology Aerospace Weapons Center scramble to recover it from James, or destroy it if necessary. Shadows of Steel (1996) - In May 1997, the US initiates covert operations to stop Iran's new carrier task force from controlling the Persian Gulf sea lanes. Now running a diner in Sacramento after the fiasco depicted in Day of the Cheetah, Patrick McLanahan is recalled to active duty to fly a B-2 Spirit mission over Iran. Fatal Terrain (1997) - Set a month after the ending of Shadows of Steel, Taiwan's declaration of independence forces China to go to war. The Old Dog crew is brought back to save the world from Chinese domination, but not everyone could come home alive. The Tin Man (1998) - A few months after the events of Fatal Terrain, Patrick McLanahan faces a new enemy, right in his home turf in Sacramento, California. The novel also introduces his brother, Sacramento police officer Paul McLanahan.Battle Born (1999) - In 2000, McLanahan is assigned to turn a group of Nevada Air Guard B-1 pilots into America's premier tactical air strike force. A new threat created by a sudden reunification of the Korean peninsula hastens the training. Warrior Class (2001) - Set in 2001, Russian billionaire Pavel Kazakov builds a huge pipeline through the Balkans with the support of the Russian Army and everybody gets rich. To make the scheme viable, he also finances the deployment of a secret stealth fighter-bomber originally developed by the same company that employed Dave Luger. However, a new US president and his brand of leadership tie McLanahan's hands from doing anything about Kazakov. Wings of Fire (2002) - When Libya plots to invade and control Egypt, McLanahan and his advanced force, the Night Stalkers, are sent in to stop the chaos. However, the consequences are personal for his family.Air Battle Force (2003) - The US deploys a new aerial strike force into Turkmenistan to fight a ragtag Taliban army and later a Russian invasion. The humiliation forces Russian General Anatoly Gryzlov to launch a coup, especially after McLanahan's forces level the Russian Air Force's strategic bomber base in Engels. Plan of Attack (2004) - Out of revenge for what happened in Air Battle Force, General Gryzlov orders a nuclear bomber strike against the United States, eliminating nearly all of its land-based strategic forces. Demoted to brigadier general and reassigned off the Air Battle Force after defying one order too many in Turkmenistan, McLanahan tries to convince the Air Force leadership about the threat. When the Russians attack, he and the rest of the Dreamland crew take matters into their own hands to save what is left of America. Strike Force (2007) - Three years after the events of Plan of Attack, now-Lieutenant General McLanahan uses new XR-A9 Black Stallion spaceplanes to intervene during a new crisis in Iran, where Shadows of Steel antagonist General Hesarak al-Buzhazi has launched a rebellion against the fundamentalist regime. Shadow Command (2008) - Set in 2009, the novel pits McLanahan and his team against a new US president, Joseph Gardner, who connives with Russia to take him down.Rogue Forces (2009) - Reverting to the private sector, Patrick McLanahan and former US President Kevin Martindale operate their own Private military company (PMC), Scion Aviation International. Their latest contract: stabilizing Iraq as US forces withdraw from the country. However, Kurdish raids into Turkey force Ankara to unleash its arsenal of former US aircraft against the rebels and McLanahan's team is caught in the crossfire. Executive Intent (2010) - The US deploys a new orbital bombardment system, the Thor's Hammer, with a Pakistani ballistic-missile battery hijacked by terrorists firing on Indian cities as the first target. However, some of the missiles destroys a chemical weapon, of which the chemicals injure civilians, which prompts Pakistan and nearby countries to help grant Indian Ocean access to China and Russia. McLanahan must join forces with Brigadier-General Kai Raydon to prevent war. Meanwhile, US Vice-President Kenneth Phoenix begins challenging President Gardner's leadership.A Time For Patriots (2011) - An economic collapse in late 2012 triggers destabilization efforts in the entire country. Now retired and flying for the Civil Air Patrol, McLanahan and his son Bradley enlists fellow citizens to eliminate a new terrorist threat. Tiger's Claw (2012) - China's test of a new anti-ballistic missile system in 2013 threatens US forces in the Pacific. Still reeling from the recession depicted in the previous novel, President Kenneth Phoenix recalls McLanahan again for combat duty - with Bradley James along for the ride after being kicked out of the Air Force Academy. The twice-retired general uses a new combined-arms concept using B-1s to challenge the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which has rolled out a massive arsenal. However, a raid into China turns out to be the elder McLanahan's last. Starfire (2014) - Bradley struggles to live without his father by devoting his efforts to develop and launch a new orbital solar power plant that has the potential to aid space exploration.However, with China and Russia flexing their military muscle, US President Phoenix pushes ahead with the militarization of space. Iron Wolf (2015) - When Russia invades Ukraine to protect ethnic Russians, a small group of surviving Ukrainian soldiers provoke the Russian military, hoping for a response that will draw in NATO. The Polish government worries about Russia's aggression and hires Scion Aviation to defend them against Russia. Brad McLanahan is pulled out of his internship at Sky Masters to mold the individual hot-shot pilots of Scion into an effective fighting force. Price of Duty (2017) - Russia builds a new cyber warfare facility to take on the new Alliance of Free Nations, and Scion's Iron Wolf team must work to protect the Alliance from Russia's ambitions to bring back the old Soviet. The Moscow Offensive (2018) - Brad McLanahan and the heroes of the Iron Wolf Squadron—must counter a dangerous Russian strike from within the homeland. The Kremlin Strike (publish date May 2019) - no description given.Eagle Station (publish date May 2020) - The sixth Brad McLanahan book. Act of War series
 Act of War (2005) - The US assembles Task Force Talon, a special anti-terrorist unit of military personnel and police officers equipped with the most advanced combat equipment. Their first assignment: to destroy GAMMA, a terrorist group that detonated a nuclear device on a major facility run by top energy producer Kingman Group. Edge of Battle (2006) - Rivalry between drug lords in Mexico and an increased flow of illegal immigrants across the US border heightens the tension between both countries. Task Force Talon is assigned to man a new base in southern California to combat the threat. Independent series
 Silver Tower (1988) - The US successfully activates the new military space station Armstrong in the then-future of 1992. Feeling threatened by the station's potential for US space supremacy, the USSR plots to destroy it as part of a plan to invade Iran and threaten the Persian Gulf oil reserves.It is up to General Jason St Michael and his team aboard the Armstrong to stop Soviet forces coming into the area. Hammerheads (1990) - The US activates the new Border Security Force as part of efforts to stop drug smuggling operations handled by a former Cuban Air Force officer in cahoots with the Medellin cartel (with Patrick McLanahan and General Elliott making cameo appearances). Chains of Command (1993) - Russian President Valentin Sen'kov plans an invasion of the Ukraine in 1995. When the invasion gets underway, the US is prompted to send an Air Force Reserve F-111 unit to help the Ukrainians. The novel introduces future McLanahan saga characters Lieutenant Colonel Darren Mace and Major Rebecca Furness, the USAF's first female combat pilot. Storming Heaven (1994) - The absence of an air-defense network on US soil prompts terrorist Henri Cazaux to use airliners covertly equipped with bombs in attacking many airports. When the danger goes national, Hammerheads protagonist Ian Hardcastle, now an admiral, is tasked with getting the network up and running to stop Cazaux's activities.Short stories
 Leadership Material (2001) - Set in the Arabian Peninsula post-Desert Storm in March 1991, then-Major McLanahan flies with the Old Dog crew in combating an Iranian Blackjack-E, a version of the TU-160 Blackjack bomber that was reportedly upgraded with designs lifted from the Megafortress. Meanwhile, back in the US, Colonel Norman Weir, an officer on the USAF promotions board, reviews McLanahan's service record as a candidate for lieutenant colonel and recommends his discharge. However, the US president orders Weir to destroy the discharge form, saying that McLanahan has proven himself as an officer (without elaborating further). The story was <mask>'s contribution to Stephen Coonts' Combat war stories anthology. It has peripheral references to Hammerheads and Sky Masters (although a canonical error). Dreamland series
<mask> and Jim DeFelice have created more than a dozen <mask>'s Dreamland books. Dreamland (2001)
 Nerve Center (2002)
 Razor's Edge (2002)
 Piranha (2003)
 Strike Zone (2004)
 Armageddon (2004)
 Satan's Tail (2005)
 End Game (2006)
 Retribution (2007)
 Revolution (2008)
 Whiplash (2009)
 Black Wolf (2010)
 Raven Strike (2011)
 Collateral Damage (2012)
 Drone Strike (2014)
 Target Utopia (2015)
 Puppet Master (2016)
 Act of Revenge (2018)

Nick Flynn series

 Arctic Storm Rising (2021)

Personal life
In 1994, <mask> resided in Folsom, California, near Sacramento, California.He enjoys flying his plane, a Grumman Gulfstream II. He is a mission pilot in the Civil Air Patrol. On the ground, he enjoys tennis, motorcycling, skiing, scuba diving, and ice hockey. <mask> is married. His wife Diane is a retired Sacramento police lieutenant and (like her husband) is also a pilot. They have a son, Hunter, and they reside near Lake Tahoe, Nevada. Legal issues
In April 2004, <mask> pleaded guilty to charges of tax fraud.He was charged with creating companies in the West Indies for the purposes of receiving tax deductions from fictitious expenses. The fictitious expenses amounted to more than $440,000, which <mask> claimed on his 1998 income tax filing. He then used the tax deductions to remodel his home in Incline Village, Nevada. See also

References

External links

Aviation novels
1956 births
American military writers
American thriller writers
American people convicted of fraud
Living people
Pennsylvania State University alumni
Novelists from New York (state)
Techno-thriller writers
United States Air Force officers
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
People from Incline Village, Nevada
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers

masks:
Dale Brown
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