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<mask>  (21 December 1914 – 22 November 2010) was an Australian scientist with a distinguished career in the field of virology. His two greatest achievements are cited as overseeing the eradication of smallpox, and the control of Australia's rabbit plague through the introduction of Myxoma virus. The Australian Academy of Science awards annually the prestigious Fenner Medal for distinguished research in biology by a scientist under 40 years of age. Early life
<mask> was born in Ballarat in 1914, but the family moved to Adelaide, South Australia in November 1916. He attended Rose Park Primary School and Thebarton Technical School. He attended the University of Adelaide, where he earned degrees in medicine and surgery in 1938. That year, uneasy about Hitler's rise, he legally changed his middle name to John.<mask> was a member of an Adelaide University anthropological expedition to Nepabunna Mission in the northern Flinders Ranges in South Australia in May 1937 led by J.B. Cleland, which also included Charles P. Mountford as ethnologist and photographer, as well as botanist Thomas Harvey Johnston, and others. From 1940–1946 he was a Captain and Major in the Australian Army Medical Corps with service in Australia, Palestine, Egypt, New Guinea, and Borneo, as medical officer in field ambulance and casualty clearing station, pathologist to general hospital, and malariologist. For his work in combating malaria in Papua New Guinea he was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1945. Following his war-time service he was recruited by <mask> Burnet to work at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research in Melbourne. Initially they worked on smallpox in mice, for which he coined the term "mousepox", and later on the genetics of poxvirus. In 1949 he received a fellowship to study at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York City, he worked on mycobacterium Bairnsdale bacillus, which causes Buruli ulcer, the third most important mycobacterial disease worldwide after tuberculosis and leprosy. Here he worked with and was influenced by René Dubos, who is one of the claimed originators of the phrase "Think Globally, Act Locally".Career in Canberra
Returning to Australia in 1949, he was appointed Professor of Microbiology at the new John Curtin School of Medical Research at the Australian National University, Canberra. Here he began studying viruses again, in particular the myxoma virus. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s Australia had severe rabbit plagues. <mask>'s work on the myxoma virus showed that initially it killed rabbits in 9 to 11 days and was 99.5% lethal. Under heavy selection pressure, the few rabbits that survived developed resistance, which meant that the pest was never completely eradicated, but their numbers were reduced. Prior to the release of the virus as a biological control for the rabbits, <mask>, <mask> Burnet, and Ian Clunies Ross famously injected themselves with myxoma virus, to prove it was not dangerous for humans. <mask> was Director of the John Curtin School from 1967 to 1973.In 1977, he was named the chairman of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication. The last known case of naturally transmitted smallpox occurred in Somalia in 1977. Professor <mask> announced the eradication of the disease to the World Health Assembly on 8 May 1980. This success story is regarded as the greatest achievement of the World Health Organization. Before its eradication, smallpox was one of the world's most virulent viruses, responsible for millions of deaths, and leaving many of the victims who survived with disfiguring scars for life. Professor <mask> had an abiding interest in the environment, and was the foundation Director of the Centre for Resources and Environmental Studies at the ANU (1973), where he worked until his retirement in 1979, and which became part of the Fenner School of Environment and Society in 2007. He was a keen supporter of Australia having an ecologically, socially sustainable population.He was Emeritus Professor at the John Curtin School of Medical Research. In an interview with The Australian on 16 June 2010, he predicted the extinction of the human race within a century, primarily as the result of human overpopulation, environmental degradation and climate change. He died in Canberra on the morning of 22 November 2010 after a brief illness, and days after the birth of his first great-grandchild. Personal life
In 1944 Fenner met Bobbie Roberts. Ellen Margaret 'Bobbie' Roberts was a trained midwife and nurse. During World War II she worked on malaria with the Australian Army Nursing Service and through her work met Fenner. Shortly after they met they married in a Catholic ceremony (despite Fenner being an atheist).While keen to have children, the couple were infertile and with Bobbie having a hysterectomy in 1949 they decided to adopt. They subsequently adopted two children. Marilyn Aldus <mask> was born on 27 June 1950. Her biological parents were unknown. <mask> (born 1 March 1943) was adopted later at the request of her father (<mask>'s younger brother Tom) after the death in a fire of Victoria's mother (Beverley Slaney). On 30 March 1958, <mask>, shot and killed herself, with the assistance of another child, Catherine Webb. The coronial inquiry heard she had been passing through a period of extreme mental and spiritual disturbance and the coroner declared her death a suicide.<mask> himself was unable to fathom a motive, other than she was upset from reading Neville Shute's book, On the Beach. Bobbie <mask> was diagnosed with cancer in 1989 and eventually died in 1994. <mask> and her family then moved into the family home and looked after her father until his death. Publications
 <mask> and Francis Ratcliffe, Myxmatosis. Cambridge University Press, 1965. Honours
Of the many honours Professor Fenner received throughout his career, there are the following:
 Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE), 19 July 1945
 Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) 12 June 1976, in recognition of service to medical research
 The Macfarlane Burnet Medal and Lecture of the Australian Academy of Science, 1985
 The Japan Prize (Preventive Medicine), 1988 (with Donald Henderson and Isao Arita)
 Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) 26 January 1989, in recognition of service to medical science, to public health and to the environment
 Copley medal of the Royal Society, 1995
 Albert Einstein World Award of Science, 2000
 Clunies Ross Lifetime Contribution National Science and Technology Award, 2002
 Both the <mask>ner building which houses the ANU Medical School and Faculty of Science, and a residential college Fenner Hall are named in honour of <mask>ner. WHO Medal
 Mueller Medal (1964) and ANZAAS Medal (1980)
 ANZAC Peace Prize
 Matthew Flinders Medal and Lecture, 1967
 Britannica Australia Award for Medicine
 2002 Prime Minister's Prize for Science
 ACT Senior Australian of the Year 2005
 The federal Division of Fraser, named for Jim Fraser, was renamed after <mask> for the 2016 general election.This was due to the AEC's plans to name a seat in Victoria in honour of deceased Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser. References

External links
 Online Guide to Records at the South Australian Museum Archives
 Australian Academy of Science—Interview with Professor <mask>
 EmerProfessor <mask>'s Webpage at JCMSR
 Australian War Memorial Honours and Awards Database
  Originally published in Historical Records of Australian Science, vol.24, no.1, pp. 109–133, 2013. 1914 births
2010 deaths
Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates
Australian virologists
Australian microbiologists
Smallpox eradication
Fellows of the Australian Academy of Science
Australian atheists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Companions of the Order of Australia
Australian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire
Recipients of the Copley Medal
People from Ballarat
WEHI alumni

masks:
Frank John Fenner
Frank Johannes Fenner
Fenner
Frank Macfarlane
Fenner
Fenner
Frank Macfarlane
Fenner
Fenner
Fenner
Fenner
Victoria Fenner
Fenner
Victoria Fenner
Fenner
Fenner
Marilyn Fenner
Frank Fenner
Frank Fen
Frank Fen
Frank Fenner
Frank Fenner
Frank Fenner


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Sheikh <mask> (born Abubakar Garad Usman; November 1895 - 5 April 1980) was an Oromo scholar, poet and religious teacher. He is best known as the inventor of a writing system for the Oromo language. Life
<mask> was the son of Garad Usman Oda, a landowner in the area of the Sapalo River who was among those who were carried over into Emperor Menelik's regime after the conquest of the Emirate of Harar. His son Abubakar was born eight years after the conquest of Harar, and probably some sixteen years after Garad Usman had embraced Islam; Abubakar had three brothers and four sisters. Although reputed to have been a good Muslim and remembered to this day for his skill in oratory and command of the Oromo language, Garad Usman remained illiterate. R. J. Hayward and Mohammed Hassan speculate, based on her name, that his mother Kadiga was also a Muslim. After receiving his elementary education, Abubakar went to Chercher where he studied under the Islamic teacher Sheikh Umar Aliyye Balbaletti, and afterwards went to Harar to study with Sheikh Yusuf Adam for a number of years there.Although he also studied under other Islamic teachers, these were the only ones he wrote biographies about. After devoting 20 years of his life to his studies, he returned to his home village of Sapalo, where he began to teach. Besides religion, subjects he taught included geography, history, mathematics, astronomy, Arabic, and the composition of writings in the Oromo language. He also began to compose poetry in the Oromo language, which not only brought him fame but the name he afterwards was known by, Sheikh <mask> Sapalo: "Bakri" is the popular form of "Abubakar" and Sapalo after his village. Sheikh <mask> eventually left Sapalo and taught in a number of places, of which the three best known are Hortu, near Dire Dawa, the city of Dire Dawa itself, and Addelle, a place some 25 kilometers from Dire Dawa, on the road to Harar. It was at Addelle where he built a school and what came to be known as his mosque. He is said to have married a local woman at every place he stayed, at least 11 of whom are known.He had eighteen children by three of his wives, thirteen sons and five daughters. Despite the large number of wives, he carefully obeyed the Muslim commandments on polygamy, for he is said never to have had more than two wives at once, and towards the end of his life he had only one wife. During this time he also wrote prolifically both in Arabic and Oromo. He is believed to have invented his writing system for Oromo in 1956 at the village of Hagi Qome. Neither Hayward nor Hassan offer a reason why Sheikh <mask> returned to his home area to work on his system, "unless it was for the purpose of keeping the thing secret, for the authorities would certainly have been adamantly opposed to the idea of Oromo being written in any form, let alone in a script other than Ethiopic." Although it was initially met with great enthusiasm and found a number of users in his province of Hararghe, the Ethiopian authorities predictably reacted with fear that he was "inciting the Oromo to too great an ethnic consciousness and thus endangering the national unity." Local officials moved quickly to suppress its use, and in 1965 Sheikh <mask> was placed under house arrest in Dire Dawa but allowed to continue his teaching.In 1968, he was given permission to visit Addelle two or three times a week. It was during these years that he wrote Shalda, a twenty-page pamphlet which purported to be a work of religious instruction, but was actually from beginning to end a caustically worded indictment of Amhara colonial oppression and an account of the suffering of the Oromo under the rule of Emperor Haile Selassie. Hayward and Hassan further note that "Shalda is of interest in that it is really both the first and the last major writing in Shaykh <mask> <mask>'s alphabet." In 1978, after Emperor Haile Selassie was deposed and the Derg gained power, Sheikh <mask> and his wife fled the Red Terror and fled to Somalia where they were admitted to a refugee camp in Hiraan. Sheikh <mask> had hoped he would be allowed to proceed further to Mogadishu where he could work and have his writings published, but he never received permission to leave the camp. Conditions there proved too much for a man in his eighties, and he died in the camp after a prolonged illness. Works
Although Sheikh <mask> wrote many works both on religious and secular topics, except for a few distributed in mimeograph form all of his writings remained in manuscript form during his lifetime, and were distributed amongst his students.Hayward and Hassan list eight of his writings in Arabic, which at the time could be consulted in Mogadishu: Dirdsa fi al-mantiqa 1-Harariyya jughrafiyyan wa bashariyyan, a study of the geography and demography of the Harar region of about 200 pages; two works on history, Janaza shamarikh min hadayiz al-tawarikh 95 pages in length, and Kitab irsal al-sawarikh ila sama' al-tawarikh a history of the Oromo in 56 pages; three religious writings Al-mawahib al-madadiyyah fi l-'awf al-'adadiyya, Muqaddamat taysir al-zari'a (48 pages long), and Taysir al-zari'a ila fuquhiyy fi ahkam al-shari'a; and the two biographies of his teachers mentioned above. Mohammed Hassan made use of Sheikh Bakri's Kitab irsal al-sawarikh ila sama' al-tawarikh in writing his The Oromo of Ethiopia, a History: 1570-1860, describing the manuscript in the bibliography as sketching "an overall panorama of Oromo history from early times to the present. Although it is not free from major limitations on early Oromo history, it contains much useful data on the gada system." Hassan relies on it heavily in his discussion on the gada system. Legacy
As noted above, Sheikh <mask> was also a renowned Oromo poet. "Shaykh <mask>, write Hayward and Hassan, "stirred the imagination and captured the love of the Oromo masses by means of his poems, which were composed in their language and were short enough for the people to learn by heart." Sheikh Bakri Sapalo's chief accomplishment is his writing system.Although Oromo has been transcribed using two writing systems Sheikh <mask> was familiar with, the Ge'ez script and the Arabic alphabet, both are "far from adequate" in Hayward and Hassan's opinion, for reasons they set forth. (Most important being that Amhara has only seven vowels while Oromo has 10.) While they "have no reason whatsoever to entertain the belief that Shaykh <mask> had ever studied modern linguistics, or was acquainted with the concept of the phoneme, it is nevertheless the case that his writing system is almost entirely phonemic; that is to say, it is a system achieving the ideal of just one graphic symbol for each phonologically distinctive sound of the language." They further describe his writing system as a combination of a syllabary and an alphabet in that while the Ge'ez script builds on a consonantal base, the base character never appears without a modification to show the paired vowel. However, although the symbols <mask> adopted are not cursive, which suggests a connection with Ge'ez over Arabic, none of them can be traced to either writing system; "they are a complete novelty." References

Relevant literature
 Nuraddin Aman Jarso. 2012.Philological Inquiry on the History Manuscript of šayḫ <mask> Saphalo. Addis Ababa University: MA thesis. Web access to thesis. External links
 "Oromia and the Oromo People: The Language", Gadaa website. (Contains a table of Sheikh <mask>'s writing system with values.) The Oromo Orthography of Shaykh Bakri Saṗalō

1895 births
1980 deaths
Oromo people
Linguists from Ethiopia
Ethiopian Muslims
Ethiopian scholars
Creators of writing systems
20th-century linguists

masks:
Bakri Sapalo
Bakri Sapalo
Bakri
Bakri
Bakri
Bakri
Bakri
Sapalo
Bakri
Bakri
Bakri
Bakri
Bakri
Sapalo
Bakri
Sheikh Bakri
Bakri
Sapalo


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<mask> (9 April 1627 – 13 February 1693) was a German baroque composer and organist. He is also known as Kerl, Gherl, Giovanni Gasparo Cherll and Gaspard Kerle. Born in Adorf in the Electorate of Saxony as the son of an organist, Kerll showed outstanding musical abilities at an early age, and was taught by Giovanni Valentini, court Kapellmeister at Vienna. Kerll became one of the most acclaimed composers of his time, known both as a gifted composer and an outstanding teacher. He worked at Vienna, Munich and Brussels, and also travelled widely. His pupils included Agostino Steffani, Franz Xaver Murschhauser, and possibly <mask>, and his influence is seen in works by Handel and <mask>: Handel frequently borrowed themes and fragments of music from Kerll's works, and Bach arranged the Sanctus movement from Kerll's Missa superba as BWV 241, Sanctus in D major. Although Kerll was a well-known and influential composer, many of his works are currently lost.The losses are particularly striking in vocal music, with all 11 known operas and 24 offertories missing. The surviving oeuvre shows Kerll's mastery of the Italian concerted style, employed in almost all of his masses, and his highly developed contrapuntal technique. He was influenced by Heinrich Schütz in his sacred vocal music, and by Girolamo Frescobaldi in keyboard works. Life
Kerll was the son of <mask> <mask> and Catharina Hendel (married 1626). He was born in 1627 in Adorf, where his father served as organist of the Michaeliskirche (appointed after building the church organ with Jacob Schädlich). <mask> <mask> probably gave music lessons to his son, who apparently demonstrated exceptional musical abilities; by 1641 he was already composing and sometime later during the early 1640s he was sent to Vienna to study under Giovanni Valentini, court Kapellmeister and composer. Kerll's professional career started in Vienna, where he served as organist, and continued in approximately 1647/8, when Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria (then the governor of the Spanish Netherlands) employed him as chamber organist for the new residential palace in Brussels.During the following several years <mask> was somehow able to combine travelling with working in Brussels without losing his job. First, Leopold Wilhelm sent him to Rome to study under Giacomo Carissimi. This was around 1648/9; Kerll must have met <mask> Froberger and might have studied with him. Returning to Brussels for a brief time, he left again in the winter of 1649–1650, travelling to Dresden. He also attended the wedding of Philip IV of Spain and Marie-Anne of Austria, visited Vienna several times in 1651 and 1652 and spent some time in Göttweig and Moravia. Abraham van den Kerckhoven substituted for Kerll while he was away and ultimately succeeded him in 1655, when Kerll left. In February 1656 Kerll accepted a temporary post of Vice-Kapellmeister at the Munich court under Elector Ferdinand Maria.In March he succeeded Giovanni Giacomo Porro as court Kapellmeister. Kerll's fame started growing rapidly as he was given more and more important tasks. Particularly important of these are his opera Oronte (now lost), which inaugurated the Munich opera house in January 1657, and a vocal mass composed in 1658 for the coronation of Emperor Leopold I at Frankfurt. While in Munich, Kerll married Anna Catharina Egermayer in 1657. The couple had eight children, but only one of them, the youngest son, pursued a career in music. The Munich years were especially important for Kerll: he was apparently favoured by Ferdinand Maria, who would provide support for the rest of Kerll's life; in 1664 he was ennobled by the emperor; in 1669 his first published works appeared: Delectus sacrarum cantionum, a collection of vocal music, and a Missa pro defunctis, both dedicated to Ferdinand Maria. Kerll gave up his post in Munich in 1673 for unclear reasons – it is believed that there was a particularly serious quarrel with other court musicians (Italian singers) which made him leave.Kerll did, however, maintain contact with Elector Ferdinand Maria until his death. In 1674 Kerll moved to Vienna. A pension was granted to him in 1675 by the emperor, who in 1677 employed him as one of his court organists. Although it has been suggested that Kerll might have worked at the Stephansdom, there is no proof. If he did, however, <mask> would have been his deputy organist there. The 1679 plague, commemorated by Kerll in Modulatio organica, a collection of liturgical organ music, resulted in Anna Catharina's death. He married Kunigunde Hilaris in 1682/3 and stayed in Vienna for the next 10 years, surviving the Turkish invasion of 1683, which he also commemorated in music in Missa in fletu solatium.He visited Munich several times between 1684 and 1692, publishing his Modulatio organica (1686) and Missae sex (1689, dedicated to the emperor) there. At the end of 1692 Kerll relinquished his Vienna position and returned to Munich, where he died shortly afterwards. Influence
Although Kerll was a renowned teacher during his lifetime, his pupils did not, in all probability, include any considerably important composers, although <mask> Fux possibly studied with him for a time. Agostino Steffani is perhaps his best-known pupil. Kerll's influence on later composers, however, is undeniable. <mask> studied Kerll's style, which is particularly obvious from his organ chaconnes, which are reminiscent of Kerll's ostinato works; he may have also studied with Kerll, although there is no proof. The two most important German composers of the late Baroque era, <mask> Bach and George Frideric Handel, both studied Kerll's work: Bach arranged the Sanctus part of Kerll's Missa superba in his Sanctus in D major (BWV 241), and Handel frequently borrowed themes, and sometimes whole pieces, from Kerll's canzonas (the theme from Canzona No.6 is taken for Let all the Angels of God from Messiah, Egypt was Glad from Israel in Egypt is practically similar to Canzona No. 4, etc.). Works
Kerll was highly regarded by his contemporaries: many of his works were published during his lifetime. Particularly important are the many printed concerted masses, a collection of motets and sacred concertos entitled Delectus sacrarum cantionum (Munich, 1669) and Modulatio organica super Magnificat octo ecclesiasticis tonis respondens (Munich, 1686), which contains liturgical organ music. <mask> was not an especially prolific composer, so the surviving works are relatively few. Much of his music was lost, including 11 operas (which he was most famous for during his lifetime), 25 offertories, four masses, litanies, chamber sonatas and miscellaneous keyboard works. Keyboard music
The surviving keyboard music is cast in the typical southern German style, combining strict German counterpoint with Italian styles and techniques; Frescobaldi and especially Froberger were the most important influences.Most of Kerll's keyboard works are playable on both pipe organ and harpsichord, the exceptions are four dance suites composed for harpsichord and two organ toccatas: Toccata quarta Cromatica con Durezze e Ligature and Toccata sesta per il pedali. Partial chronology can be established using Kerll's (incomplete) catalogue of his own works which is included in the 1686 Modulatio organica (it is the earliest surviving thematic catalogue of a specific composer's works): it lists 22 pieces, 18 of which were composed by 1676 at the latest. The earliest known composition by Kerll, Ricercata à 4 in A (also known as Ricercata in Cylindrum phonotacticum transferanda), was published in 1650 in Rome. Kerll's eight toccatas (that correspond to the eight church modes) alternate between free and strict contrapuntal sections, sometimes in contrasting meters. Frequent use of 12/8 gigue-like endings is similar to Froberger's toccatas. The four dance suites are also reminiscent of Froberger's suites, yet two of them contain variation movements. Kerll's canzonas consist, typically for the time, of several fugal sections; some also have toccata-like passagework embedded in the development of cadences.Two ostinato works survive, a passacaglia and a chaconne, both built on a descending bass pattern; the passacaglia is perhaps Kerll's most well-known work. The two best known keyboard pieces by Kerll are both programmatic, descriptive pieces. Battaglia is a descriptive piece in C major, over 200 bars long and featuring numerous repeats of fanfare-like themes, it is also attributed to Juan Bautista Cabanilles. Capriccio sopra il Cucu is based on an imitation of the cuckoo's call, which is heard more than 200 times in the piece. It is modelled after Frescobaldi's piece based on the same idea, Capriccio sopra il cucho, but is more structurally and harmonically complex. The idea of repeating a particular theme in Kerll's music reaches its extreme in the Magnificat tertii toni, where a fugue subject consists of sixteen repeated E's. Vocal and chamber music
Kerll wrote numerous non-keyboard works, especially during the Munich years: while he was reviving the court chapel ensemble of the Munich court, Kerll must have composed a wealth of chamber music, and all operas (around 10 or 11) were also all composed in Munich, starting with the Oronte of 1657.Kerll's chamber works include a canzona for two violins, viola da gamba and basso continuo and three sonatas. Most vocal works employ an advanced concertato technique; the requiem mass Missa pro defunctis from 1669, scored for five voices with no accompaniment, is a notable exception. The works of Delectus sacrarum cantionum, motets and sacred concertos for 2–5 voices, are sectional compositions alternating between imitative writing and free, highly ornamented parts. They are reminiscent of Heinrich Schütz's pieces from Kleine geistliche Concerte. Six of the surviving masses were published during Kerll's lifetime as Missae sex, cum instrumentis concertantibus, e vocibus in ripieno, adjuncta una pro defunctis cum seq. Dies irae (Munich, 1689). The complex imitative counterpoint that dominates Kerll's chamber music is also present in most of his sacred vocal works: in Missa non sine quare every movement ends with a grand fugue, a similar technique is seen in Missa Renovationis (which is almost entirely based on five themes used for the Kyrie movement), where every division of the mass also closes with a large fugal section.Stretto entries of a highly chromatic subject in works like Missa in fletu solatium result in strong dissonances (the mass in question, commemorating the events of a Turkish siege that cost Kerll's friend, Alessandro Poglietti, his life, contains a continuo part that includes an "avoid consonances" warning from the composer). List of works

Published during the composer's lifetime
 Ricercata a 4 in A for keyboard instrument – published in Athanasius Kircher's Musurgia universalis (Rome, 1650)
 Delectus sacrarum cantionum (Munich, 1669), 26 motets for 2–5 voices
 Modulatio organica super Magnificat octo ecclesiasticis tonis respondens (Munich, 1686), Magnificat versets for organ, covering all eight church modes
 Missae sex, cum instrumentis concertantibus, e vocibus in ripieno, adjuncta una pro defunctis cum seq. Dies irae (Munich, 1689), a collection of concertato masses

Surviving in manuscripts

Vocal
 Missa a 3 chori
 Missa cujus toni
 Missa nigra
 Missa pro defunctis (1669)
 Missa quasi modo genita
 Missa Quid vobis videtur (1670)
 Missa superba (1674)
 Missa volante
 3 untitled masses with only Kyrie and Gloria movements, 1 untitled mass with only the Sanctus movement
 16 sacred works on Latin texts, 3 on German texts
 Pia et fortis mulier S Natalia S Adriani martyris coniuge expressa, school play (Vienna, 1677)
 a secular cantata on German text
 a secular duet on Italian text

Keyboard
 11 toccatas (8 a separate cycle, 3 more in another source)
 6 canzonas
 5 versets
 4 suites
 2 preludes
In addition to these, an assortment of other keyboard pieces survives: a chaconne, a passacaglia, a battaglia, a Capriccio sopra il cucu and an aria with two variations. Other instrumental
 Canzona for two violins, viola da gamba and basso continuo
 2 sonatas for two violins, viola da gamba and basso continuo
 Sonata modi dorii for two violins, viola da gamba and basso continuo
 Sonata for two violins, two violas and basso continuo

Lost works
 25 offertories
 11 operas
 4 masses
 Other works, including litanies and sonatas

List of operas
Oronte (Alcaini, 1657)
Applausi Festivi (1658)
Ardelia (1660)
Erinto (1661)
Antiopa giustificata (1662)
L'amor della patria superiore al' ogn' altro (1665)
Atalanta (1667)
Amor tiranno ovvero Regnero innamorato (1672)

References
 Mattheson, Johann. Johann Mattheson's Der Vollkommene Capellmeister: A Revised Translation with Critical Commentary, Theosophical Classics Series, UMI Research Press (January, 1981). Rampe, Siegbert; Rockstroh, Andreas. 'Johann Kaspar Kerll', The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.Walther, <mask>. Musicalisches Lexicon oder Musicalische Bibliothec. Neusatz des Textes und der Noten, Bärenreiter (June 1, 2001). Notes

External links

1627 births
1693 deaths
People from Vogtlandkreis
People from the Electorate of Saxony
German Baroque composers
German classical composers
German classical organists
Organists and composers in the South German tradition
German male organists
17th-century classical composers
German male classical composers
17th-century male musicians

masks:
Johann Caspar Kerll
Johann Pachelbel
Johann Sebastian Bach
Caspar
Kerll
Caspar
Kerll
Kerll
Johann Jakob
Johann Pachelbel
Johann Joseph
Johann Pachelbel
Johann Sebastian
Kerll
Johann Gottfried


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<mask> (1644 – December 1709) was an Irish landowner,  barrister and judge. He held office as Lord Chief Justice of Ireland from 1695-1709. Background - the <mask>s of Mogeely
He was born in County Cork, the fourth son of <mask> of Mogeely,  near Castlemartyr  and Jane Tynte, daughter  and  co-heiress of Sir Robert Tynte of Ballycrenane (of the  family of the Tynte Baronets) and  his wife Elizabeth Boyle,  who was one of the numerous cousins of the Earl of Cork. His father was probably the <mask> who was a key witness for the prosecution  at the trial of Florence  Newton for witchcraft held  at Youghal  in 1661. Nicholas  was the eldest  son of the English-born  settler <mask> of Mogeely (Mogylie). Henry, who is thought to have belonged  to
a junior  branch of the prominent Pyne family of  Upton Pyne,  Devon,  had received  a substantial lease of  lands in County  Cork c.1589,  and built Mogeely Castle (which  no longer stands, although some remains survive). During the serious disturbances in 1598, he  saved himself by  a headlong flight back to England, but was later accused of secretly helping the Irish rebels.In fairness to <mask>, he was  only one of many settlers in Munster  who fled ignominiously to safety. Henry returned to Ireland in about 1601 and prospered,  despite quarrelling with other settlers, notably  Sir Walter Raleigh, from  whom he rented his  lands, and  the formidable <mask>  Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, who  acquired  Raleigh's interest, and  giving rise to much gossip about his unscrupulous business practices.He died  sometime  after  1620. His wife was a Miss Stronge from Dunkitt,  County Kilkenny. Education and early career

<mask> matriculated  from Queen's College, Oxford in 1662 and  entered the  Middle  Temple the same year.He  was called to the English Bar in 1669 and to the Irish Bar in 1674,  when he also entered the King's Inns. In the  same
year he inherited  the  estates  of his brother  Henry,  who had just
died childless (their father had died in 1670). He became  King's  Counsel
in 1685, and  in 1686  counsel to the Irish Revenue Commissioners. Although he was willing to accept office under the Roman Catholic King James II, he was himself  a strong Protestant  and a Whig in politics, and was later a  supporter of the Revolution of 1688.In 1688  he  quarrelled sharply with  Justin MacCarthy, Viscount Mountcashel, one of James II's most influential Irish generals, but later denied that he had fought a duel with him.Judicial career
After the Battle of the Boyne in 1690, he was appointed joint Commissioner of the Great Seal of Ireland with Sir <mask> and Sir Robert Rochfort and also acted as a judge of oyer and terminer in Ulster.Early in 1691 he was appointed Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas, at the personal request of William III. This was a notable mark of royal favour, as the office had  apparently already been promised to John Osborne, the Prime Serjeant. The decision to appoint <mask> instead  may reflect Osborne's growing unpopularity with his political superiors, who  removed him from office  the following year for gross insubordination. <mask>  was knighted in 1692. <mask>  was promoted to the office of Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench for Ireland in 1695. He held the latter office until his death, although he seems to have been in failing health in his last years, and frequently visited Bath in hope of a cure. The memoirist and poet Elizabeth Freke  (who  was  English  born, but married a cousin from  County Cork and settled there) in her Diary noted his presiding at the  Cork  assizes  in 1694,   where he condemned 28 men to be hanged or  branded in the hand (the latter was a frequent penalty for serious but  non-capital crimes).Elizabeth made a personal plea for clemency in one case where she believed the condemned man was guilty of manslaughter,  not murder.He presided  at the  trial
for  embezzlement  of Colonel James  Waller,  Lieutenant-Governor of Kinsale,
in 1697.As Chief Justice he clashed with the powerful cleric William King, Bishop of Derry and future Archbishop of Dublin, who accused him of interfering in Church affairs. He is listed as one of the trustees of the King's Inns in 1706. He was awarded the  Freedom  of the City of Dublin in 1707. He died at his English estate in Surrey in December 1709. Property
<mask> was a substantial landowner in County Cork: he lived mainly at Waterpark, near Carrigaline, and also acquired estates at Ardra and Ballinaneala. In 1703 he bought Blarney Castle, but sold it a few months later, apparently on the basis of a rumour (unfounded as it turned out) that the dispossessed owners, the MacCarthys, were about to recover it. He also owned an estate at Ashley, near Guildford, Surrey, where he died,  and Great Codham Hall   near Braintree, Essex.He is chiefly remembered nowadays as the builder of Ballyvolane House near Fermoy, although it was not completed until a considerable time after his death. Family
He married Catherine Wandesford, daughter of Sir Christopher Wandsford, 1st Baronet  of Kirklington, Yorkshire  and Eleanor Lowther, and grand-daughter  of the statesman Christopher Wandesford, Lord Deputy of Ireland and Alice Osborne. His only son Henry married Anne Edgecume,  daughter of Sir <mask> and Lady Anne Montagu,  and sister of <mask>, 1st Baron Edgcumbe. Their daughter Anne married Sir Henry Cavendish and was the mother of the statesman Sir Henry Cavendish, 2nd Baronet, whose descendants took the title Baron Waterpark. <mask> also left substantial lands, including Ballyvolane,  to his nephew Robert Wakeham,  the son of his sister Jane. As  a condition of inheriting these lands  laid down in his uncle's will,  Robert  added the surname <mask> to his original name; the Wykeham Pynes remained at Ballyvolane for several generations. Robert was dead by 1715, when his widow Margaret filed a lawsuit  in the  Court of Chancery.Reputation
In 1698 the Irish born author and publisher  John Dunton   who  was on a visit to Dublin, gave a favourable picture of most of the Irish judiciary, including <mask>, describing them as  "men whose reputation is such that no one complains of them". A portrait of <mask>  in his  judicial
robes  by William Gandy still exists. References

Irish barristers
People from County Cork
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
1644 births
1709 deaths
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Lords Chief Justice of Ireland
Chief Justices of the Irish Common Pleas

masks:
Sir Richard Pyne
Pyne
Nicholas Pyne
Nicholas Pyne
Henry Pyne
Pyne
Richard
Richard
Richard Ryves
Pyne
Pyne
Pyne
Pyne
Richard Edgecumbe
Richard Edgcumbe
Pyne
Pyne
Pyne
Pyne


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<mask> (;   16 February 1877 – 27 July 1938) was an Irish seaman and Antarctic explorer who was awarded the Albert Medal for Lifesaving (AM). Crean was a member of three major expeditions to Antarctica during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, including Robert Falcon Scott's 1911–1913 Terra Nova Expedition. This saw the race to reach the South Pole lost to Roald Amundsen and ended in the deaths of Scott and his party. During the expedition, Crean's  solo walk across the Ross Ice Shelf to save the life of Edward Evans led to him receiving the Albert Medal. Crean left the family farm near Annascaul, in County Kerry, to enlist in the Royal Navy at age 16. In 1901, while serving on Ringarooma in New Zealand, he volunteered to join Scott's 1901–1904 Discovery Expedition to Antarctica, thus beginning his exploring career. After his experience on the Terra Nova, Crean's third and final Antarctic venture was as second officer on Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition.After the ship Endurance became beset in the pack ice and sank, Crean and the ship's company spent 492 days drifting on the ice before undertaking a journey in the ship's lifeboats to Elephant Island. He was a member of the crew which made a small-boat journey of  from Elephant Island to South Georgia Island to seek aid for the stranded party. After retiring from the navy on health grounds in 1920, Crean ran his pub the South Pole Inn in County Kerry with his wife and daughters. He died in 1938. Early life and career
Crean was born around 16 February 1877 in the farming area of Gurtuchrane near the village of Annascaul on Corca Dhuibhne in County Kerry, Ireland, to Patrick and Catherine (née Courtney) Crean. One of 11 siblings with 7 brothers and 3 sisters. He attended the local Catholic school (at nearby Brackluin), leaving at the age of 12 to help on the family farm.Many sources, including Smith, give Crean's date of birth as 20 July 1877, but more recent scholarship demonstrates this is unlikely given parish records. At the age of 16, he enlisted in the Royal Navy at the naval station in nearby Minard Inlet, possibly after an argument with his father. His enlistment as a boy second class is recorded in Royal Navy records on 10 July 1893. Crean's initial naval apprenticeship was aboard the training ship Impregnable at Devonport. In November 1894, he was transferred to Devastation. In December 1894, Crean was posted to HMS Wild Swan a screw sloop as the ship headed to South America to join the Pacific Station. In 1895, Crean was serving in the Americas aboard Royal Arthur, the flagship assigned to the Pacific squadron's base at Esquimalt in Canada.He was by this time, rated an ordinary seaman. Less than a year later, while serving a second term of service aboard Wild Swan he was rated an able seaman. He later joined the Navy's torpedo school ship, Defiance. By 1899, Crean had advanced to the rate of petty officer, second class and was serving in Vivid. In 1900, Crean was ledgered to the cruiser HMS Ringarooma, which was part of the Royal Navy's  Australian Squadron based in  Sydney. On 18 December 1901, he was demoted from petty officer to able seaman for an unspecified misdemeanour. In December 1901, the Ringarooma was ordered to assist Robert Falcon Scott's ship Discovery when it was docked at Lyttelton Harbour awaiting to departure to Antarctica.When an able seaman of Scott's ship deserted after striking a petty officer, a replacement was required; Crean volunteered, and was accepted. Discovery Expedition, 1901–1904

Discovery sailed to the Antarctic on 21 December 1901, and seven weeks later, on 8 February 1902, arrived in McMurdo Sound, where she anchored at a spot which was later designated "Hut Point". Here the men established the base from which they would launch scientific and exploratory sledging journeys. Crean proved to be one of the most efficient man-haulers in the party; over the expedition as a whole, only seven of the 48-member party logged more time in harness than Crean's 149 days. Crean had a good sense of humour and was well liked by his companions. Scott's second-in-command, Albert Armitage, wrote in his book Two Years in the Antarctic that "Crean was an Irishman with a fund of wit and an even temper which nothing disturbed." Crean accompanied Lieutenant Michael Barne on three sledging trips across the Ross Ice Shelf, then known as the "Great Ice Barrier".These included the 12-man party led by Barne which set out on 30 October 1902 to lay depots in support of the main southern journey undertaken by Scott, Shackleton and Edward Wilson. On 11 November the Barne party passed the previous furthest south mark, set by Carsten Borchgrevink in 1900 at 78°50'S, a record which they held briefly until the southern party itself passed it on its way to an eventual 82°17'S. During the Antarctic winter of 1902 Discovery became locked in the ice. Efforts to free her during the summer of 1902–03 failed, and although some of the expedition's members (including Ernest Shackleton) left in a relief ship, Crean and the majority of the party remained in the Antarctic until the ship was finally freed in February 1904. After returning to regular naval duty, Crean was promoted to petty officer, first class, on Scott's recommendation. Between expeditions, 1904–1910
Crean came back to regular duty at the naval base at Chatham, Kent, serving first in Pembroke in 1904 and later transferring to the torpedo school on Vernon. Crean had caught Captain Scott's attention with his attitude and work ethic on the Discovery Expedition, and in 1906 Scott requested that Crean join him on Victorious.Over the next few years, Crean followed Scott successively to Albemarle, Essex and Bulwark. By 1907, Scott was planning his second expedition to the Antarctic. Meanwhile, Ernest Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition, 1907–09, despite reaching a new furthest south record of 88°23'S, had failed to reach the South Pole. Scott was with Crean when the news of Shackleton's near miss became public; it is recorded that Scott observed to Crean: "I think we'd better have a shot next." Terra Nova Expedition, 1910–1913

Scott held Crean in high regard, so he was among the first people recruited for the Terra Nova Expedition, which set out for the Antarctic in June 1910, and one of the few men in the party with previous polar experience. After the expedition's arrival in McMurdo Sound in January 1911, Crean was as part of the 13-man team who established  "One Ton Depot", from Hut Point. so named because of the large amount of food and equipment cached there on the projected route to the South Pole.Returning from the depot to base camp at Cape Evans, <mask>, accompanied by Apsley Cherry-Garrard and Henry "Birdie" Bowers, experienced near-disaster when camping on unstable sea ice. During the night the ice broke up, leaving the men adrift on an ice floe and separated from their sledges. Crean probably saved the group's lives, by leaping from floe to floe until he reached the Barrier edge and was able to summon help. Crean departed with Scott in November 1911, for the attempt at the South Pole. This journey had three stages:  across the Barrier,  up the heavily crevassed Beardmore Glacier to an altitude of  above sea level, and then another  to the Pole. At regular intervals, supporting parties returned to base; Crean was in the final group of eight men that marched on to the polar plateau and reached 87°32'S,  from the pole. Here, on 4 January 1912, Scott selected his final polar party: Crean, William Lashly and Edward Evans were ordered to return to base, while Scott, Edgar Evans, Edward Wilson, Bowers and Lawrence Oates continued to the pole.One of Crean's biographers, Michael Smith, suggests that Crean would have been a better choice for the polar party than Edgar Evans, who was weakened by a recent hand injury (of which Scott was unaware). Crean, considered one of the toughest men in the expedition, had led a pony across the Barrier and had thus been saved much of the hard labour of man-hauling. Scott's critical biographer Roland Huntford records that the surgeon Edward L Atkinson, who had accompanied the southern party to the top of the Beardmore, had recommended either Lashly or Crean for the polar party rather than Edgar Evans. Scott in his diary recorded that Crean wept with disappointment at the prospect of having to turn back, so close to the goal. Soon after heading north on the  journey back to base camp, Crean's party lost the trail back to the Beardmore Glacier, and were faced with a long detour around a large icefall. With food supplies short, and needing to reach their next supply depot, the group made the decision to slide on their sledge, uncontrolled, down the icefall. The three men slid , dodging crevasses up to  wide, and ending their descent by overturning on an ice ridge.Evans later wrote: "How we ever escaped entirely uninjured is beyond me to explain". The gamble at the icefall succeeded, and the men reached their depot two days later. However, they had great difficulty navigating down the glacier. Lashly wrote: "I cannot describe the maze we got into and the hairbreadth escapes we have had to pass through." In his attempts to find the way down, Evans removed his goggles and subsequently suffered agonies of snow blindness that made him into a passenger. When the party was finally free of the glacier and on the level surface of the Barrier, Evans began to display the first symptoms of scurvy. By early February he was in great pain, his joints were swollen and discoloured, and he was passing blood.Through the efforts of Crean and Lashly the group struggled towards One Ton Depot, which they reached on 11 February. At this point Evans collapsed; Crean thought he had died and, according to Evans's account, "his hot tears fell on my face". With over  still to travel before the relative safety of Hut Point, Crean and Lashly began hauling Evans on the sledge, "eking out his life with the last few drops of brandy that they still had with them". On 18 February they arrived at Corner Camp, still  from Hut Point, with only one or two days' food rations left and still four or five days' man-hauling to do. They then decided that Crean should go on alone, to fetch help. With only a little chocolate and three biscuits to sustain him, without a tent or survival equipment, Crean walked the distance to Hut Point in 18 hours, arriving in a state of collapse to find Atkinson there, with the dog driver Dmtri Gerov. Crean reached safety just ahead of a fierce blizzard, which probably would have killed him, and which delayed the rescue party by a day and a half.Atkinson led a successful rescue, and Lashly and Evans were both brought to base camp alive. Crean modestly played down the significance of his feat of endurance. In a rare written account, he wrote in a letter: "So it fell to my lot to do the 30 miles for help, and only a couple of biscuits and a stick of chocolate to do it. Well, sir, I was very weak when I reached the hut." Scott's party failed to return. The winter of 1912 at

masks:
Thomas Crean
Crean


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 Cape Evans was a sombre one, with the knowledge that the polar party had undoubtedly perished. Frank Debenham wrote that "in the winter it was once again Crean who was the mainstay for cheerfulness in the now depleted mess deck part of the hut."In November 1912, Crean was one of the 11-man search party that found the remains of the polar party. On 12 November they spotted a cairn of snow, which proved to be a tent against which the drift had piled up. It contained the bodies of Scott, Wilson, and Bowers. Crean later wrote, referring to Scott in understated fashion, that he had "lost a good friend". On 12 February 1913 Crean and the remaining crew of the Terra Nova arrived in Lyttelton, New Zealand, and in June the ship returned to Cardiff. At Buckingham Palace the surviving members of the expedition were awarded Polar Medals by King George and Prince Louis of Battenberg, the First Sea Lord. Crean and Lashly were both awarded the Albert Medal, 2nd Class for saving Evans's life, these were presented by the King at Buckingham Palace on 26 July 1913.Crean was promoted to the rank of chief petty officer, retroactive to 9 September 1910. Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (Endurance Expedition), 1914–1917

In October 1913, a close friend of Captain Scott, Joseph Foster Stackhouse, announced plans for a British Antarctic Expedition with a mission to explore the uncharted coastlines between King Edward VII Land and Graham Land. The expedition was due to depart England in August 1914 aboard RRS Discovery, the ship of Crean's first mission to Antarctica. In February 1914, Stackhouse confirmed that Crean was to join the expedition as Boatswain, however, in April 1914, Stackhouse's plans were postponed. This left Shackleton free to recruit Crean to his expedition which was also scheduled to depart in August 1914. Shackleton knew Crean well from the Discovery Expedition, and also knew of his exploits on Scott's last expedition. Like Scott, Shackleton trusted Crean: he was worth, in Shackleton's own word, "trumps".Crean joined Shackleton's Imperial Transantarctic Expedition on 25 May 1914, as second officer, with a varied range of duties. In the absence of a Canadian dog-handling expert who was hired but never appeared, Crean took charge of one of the dog-handling teams, and was later involved in the care and nurture of the pups born to one of his dogs, Sally, early in the expedition. On 19 January 1915 the expedition's ship, the Endurance, was beset in the Weddell Sea pack ice. In the early efforts to free her, Crean narrowly escaped being crushed by a sudden movement in the ice. The ship drifted in the ice for months, eventually sinking on 21 November. Shackleton informed the men that they would drag the food, gear, and three lifeboats across the pack ice, to Snow Hill or Robertson Island,  away. Because of uneven ice conditions, pressure ridges, and the danger of ice breakup which could separate the men, they soon abandoned this plan: the men pitched camp and decided to wait.They hoped that the clockwise drift of the pack would carry them  to Paulet Island where they knew there was a hut with emergency supplies. But the pack ice held firm as it carried the men well past Paulet Island, and did not break up until 9 April. The crew then had to sail and row the three ill-equipped lifeboats through the pack ice to Elephant Island, a trip which lasted five days. <mask> and Hubert Hudson, the navigating officer of the Endurance, piloted their lifeboat with Crean effectively in charge as Hudson appeared to have suffered a breakdown. Upon reaching Elephant Island, Crean was one of the "four fittest men" detailed by Shackleton to find a safe camping-ground. Shackleton decided that, rather than waiting for a rescue ship that would probably never arrive, one of the lifeboats should be strengthened so that a crew could sail it to South Georgia and arrange a rescue. After the party was settled on a penguin rookery above the high-water mark, a group of men led by ship's carpenter Harry McNish began modifying one of the lifeboats—the James Caird—in preparation for this journey, which Shackleton would lead.Frank Wild, who would be in command of the party remaining on Elephant Island, wanted the dependable Crean to stay with him; Shackleton initially agreed, but changed his mind after Crean begged to be included in the boat's crew of six. The  boat journey to South Georgia, described by polar historian Caroline Alexander as one of the most extraordinary feats of seamanship and navigation in recorded history, took 17 days through gales and snow squalls, in seas which the navigator, Frank Worsley, described as a "mountainous westerly swell". After setting off on 24 April 1916 with just the barest navigational equipment, they reached South Georgia on 10 May 1916. Shackleton, in his later account of the journey, recalled Crean's tuneless singing at the tiller: "He always sang when he was steering, and nobody ever discovered what the song was ... but somehow it was cheerful". The party made its South Georgia landfall on the uninhabited southern coast, having decided that the risk of aiming directly for the whaling stations on the north side was too great; if they missed the island to the north they would be swept out into the Atlantic Ocean. The original plan was to work the James Caird around the coast, but the boat's rudder had broken off after their initial landing, and some of the party were, in Shackleton's view, unfit for further travel. The three fittest men—Shackleton, Crean, and Worsley—were decided to trek  across the island's glaciated surface, in a hazardous 36-hour journey to the nearest manned whaling station.This trek was the first recorded crossing of the mountainous island, completed without tents, sleeping bags, or map—their only mountaineering equipment was a carpenter's adze, a length of alpine rope, and screws from the James Caird hammered through their boots to serve as crampons. They arrived at the whaling station at Stromness, tired and dirty, hair long and matted, faces blackened by months of cooking by blubber stoves—"the world's dirtiest men", according to Worsley. They quickly organized a boat to pick up the three on the other side of South Georgia, but thereafter it took Shackleton three months and four attempts by ship to rescue the other 22 men still on Elephant Island. Later life
After returning to Britain in November 1916, Crean resumed naval duties. On 15 December 1916 he was promoted to the rank of warrant officer (as a boatswain), in recognition of his service on the Endurance, and was awarded his third Polar Medal. A month later, in April, he was granted a licence for the sale and consumption of alcohol from his dwelling house, a premises he had purchased in 1916. The business was left in the care of family while he served out his time in the Royal Navy.On 5 September 1917, Crean married Ellen Herlihy of Annascaul. In early 1920, Shackleton was organising another Antarctic expedition, later to be known as the Shackleton-Rowett Expedition. He invited Crean to join him, along with other officers from the Endurance. By this time, however, Crean's second daughter had arrived, and he had plans to open a business following his naval career. He turned down Shackleton's invitation. On his last naval assignment, with , Crean suffered a bad fall which caused lasting effects to his vision. As a result, he was retired on medical grounds on 24 March 1920.He and Ellen opened a small public house in Annascaul, which he called the South Pole Inn. The couple had three daughters, Mary, Kate, and Eileen, although Kate died when she was three years old. Throughout his life, Crean remained an extremely modest man. When he returned to Kerry, he put all of his medals away and never again spoke about his experiences in the Antarctic. There is no reliable evidence of Crean giving any interviews to the press. Smith speculates that this may have been because Kerry was a hotbed of Irish nationalism and later Irish republicanism, and, along with County Cork, a centre of violence. The Crean family were once subject to a Black and Tan raid during the Irish War of Independence.Their inn was ransacked until the raiders happened across Crean's framed photo in Royal Navy dress uniform and medals. They then left his inn. On 13 April 1920, <mask> was present among crowds gathered in Tralee to protest against the treatment of republican prisoners who had gone on a hunger strike in Mountjoy jail. Crean's older brother was <mask>, a sergeant in the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC). Cornelius was based in County Cork, where he served with the RIC during the War of Independence. Sgt. Crean was killed during an IRA ambush near Upton on 25 April 1920.In 1938, Crean became ill with a burst appendix. He was taken to the nearest hospital in Tralee, but as no surgeon was available, he was transferred to the Bon Secours Hospital in Cork, where his appendix was removed. Because the operation had been delayed, an infection developed, and after a week in the hospital he died on 27 July 1938. He was buried in his family's tomb at the cemetery in Ballynacourty, Corkaguiney, County Kerry. Legacy
 Mount Crean  in Victoria Land, Antarctica and Mount Crean  in Greenland
 Crean Glacier on South Georgia. Crean Lake on South Georgia. An eight-part 1985 television series, The Last Place on Earth, told the story of Scott's expedition to the South Pole.Hugh Grant and Max von Sydow starred with Irish actor Daragh O'Malley, who portrayed <mask>n. A one-man play, <mask> – Antarctic Explorer, has been widely performed since 2001 by author Aidan Dooley, including a special showing at the South Pole Inn, Annascaul, in October 2001. Present were Crean's daughters, Eileen and Mary, both in their 80s. Apparently he never told them stories of his exploits; according to Eileen: "He put his medals and his sword in a box ... and that was that. He was a very humble man". In July 2003, a bronze statue of Crean was unveiled across from his pub in Annascaul. It depicts him leaning against a crate whilst holding a pair of hiking poles in one hand and two of his beloved sled dog pups in the other.Until its closure in 2017, the Dingle Brewing Company produced 'Tom Crean Lager', named in his honour. In 2016, Crean's granddaughter, Aileen <mask> O’Brien, launched 'Expedition Ale' in partnership with Torc Breweries
In February 2021 it was announced that a new research vessel being commissioned by the Irish government's Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine would be named 'RV <mask>', in Crean's honour. Notes

References

Further reading

External links
 "Crean and Shackleton Antarctic Commemorative Coins Issued by Ireland" Accessed 9 October 2008. 1877 births
1938 deaths
20th-century explorers
20th-century Irish people
Explorers of Antarctica
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
Irish Antarctic explorers
Irish explorers
People from County Kerry
Recipients of the Albert Medal (lifesaving)
Recipients of the Polar Medal
Royal Navy officers of World War I
Royal Navy sailors
Terra Nova

masks:
Crean
Tom Crean
Cornelius Crean
Tom Crea
Tom Crean
Crean
Tom Crean


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<mask> or Elisabet Timothee  (circa 1700 – April 1757) was a colonial American printer and newspaper publisher in the colony of South Carolina. <mask> was a French Huguenot Dutch immigrant that came to colonial America with her family. She was the first American woman to become a newspaper publisher and also the first to hold a franchise in America. <mask> reported on the 1740 Charleston fire that destroyed a major portion of the town. She published government documents and other materials for the colonial United States, and worked for Benjamin Franklin. Early life

<mask> (maiden name <mask> or Elisabet Vilain) was born in the Netherlands about 1700. She received her formal schooling in her home town in Holland, which included accounting.She married <mask> (French: "Louys Timothee" or "Louis Timothee") early in the eighteenth century. The <mask> family traveled with other French Huguenots in 1731 from Rotterdam to Philadelphia on the ocean liner Britannia of London. The <mask> family included four children ranging in age from one to six. Their sons were Peter, Louis and Charles, and their daughter was Mary. Mid life
<mask>'s husband arranged with Benjamin Franklin to revive the South Carolina Gazette weekly newspaper on a six-year franchise contract, dated 26 November 1733. He went to Charleston, by himself initially, in the latter part of 1733. He started publishing the newspaper on 2 February 1734.<mask> followed later from Philadelphia after she settled the family accounts, and went to Charleston in the spring of 1734. She came to Charleston with her six children, four of whom had been born in the Netherlands. <mask>'s history of becoming a newspaper publisher in America is interwoven with her husband's career. <mask>'s husband died on 30 December 1738 of yellow fever, referred to by the <mask> family as an unfortunate incident. The remaining term on the agreement with Franklin motivated <mask> to become his apprentice and partner. She carried on her late husband's work to fulfill the one year remaining on the Franklin franchise agreement. <mask>'s elder son, <mask>, carried on the newspaper business in name only.Peter was only fourteen years old when was named as taking over his father's printing business, which he was entitled to receive per the <mask> agreement of 1733. Since he was just a child in 1738 and too immature to run a business, it was managed by <mask>, Peter's mother. She published the South-Carolina Gazette weekly starting on 4 January 1739. The masthead said that it was published and printed by <mask>, but it actually was controlled and managed by his mother. She managed the business so successfully (with carefulness and integrity noted by Franklin) that one year later she purchased his interest to own it all herself. This then made her the first female editor and publisher of a newspaper in America. <mask>, with the aid of Peter, increased the quality of the newspaper over the long term, in the views of the readers of the South-Carolina Gazette.Her newspaper was broad-based, with dramas, poetry, and literary classics. <mask> printed European news from London, Paris, and Constantinople. An important part of her newspaper, highly valued by many readers, was the advertisements. They offered local commodity goods as well as books and stationery supplies. Many times she dedicated at least a full page of her four-page newspaper to advertising. Charleston fire
<mask>'s biggest news story was that of the fire in Charleston on 18 November 1740. She reported two days later that it had destroyed a major portion of the town, including the most valuable commercial buildings and their merchandise worth more than 200,000 pounds sterling.She reported that two-thirds of the town was destroyed, including more than 300 houses. In her paper, it was reported that the wind carried sparks far set more houses. She credited the diligent citizens of Charleston for their great efforts to extinguish the fire. Her newspaper delivered a proclamation that citizens should render quick and efficient help in extinguishing future fires, and should give back stolen items. In subsequent newspaper issues she published business relocations with notices that their customers would be taken care of as usual. She also printed appeals for help in finding lost commodities and assets. Franklin praised <mask>, saying she was a better business manager and accountant than her late husband had been.He remarked in his Autobiography that while her husband was an educated man and honest, he was ignorant in matters of accounting. He noted that in the Netherlands it was part of the female education to get trained in accounting. Additionally, Franklin commended her for having brought up honest and hard working children. Historian Isaiah Thomas suggests (as Franklin contemporaneously concurred) that her good business sense could be attributed to the high level of education she had acquired in the Netherlands. <mask> took over her husband's position as the official public printer for the colony of South Carolina. She printed acts, laws, and events for the Assembly of the colony of South Carolina. In addition to printing the South-Carolina Gazette and government documents, as her late husband had, she printed sermons and religious materials.She also published some 20 historical books and pamphlets between 1739 and 1745. The description of "Printed by <mask>" appeared on each of the publications; however, she made most of the business decisions. <mask> was also the postmaster for Charles Towne, South Carolina, delivering letters, packages, and newspapers. Career change
After adulthood, <mask>'s son Peter took over the complete printing business on King Street in 1746, <mask> opened a bookstore next door. She carried books, stationery, and writing supplies, such as ink, powder, and quills. She also carried tallow, beer, and flour. In a Gazette advertisement of October 1746, she said she sold pocket Bibles, spellers, and primers.She also sold full books by well known authors and Franklin's works, including Poor Richard's Almanack. <mask> ran her bookstore and stationery shop for a year and then decided to leave Charleston. Prior to leaving, <mask> advertised in the South-Carolina Gazette that she was leaving the area and wished for people to pay up on debts owed her. She went to a new area for a time and later returned to Charleston in 1756. Death and will
<mask> wrote her will on 2 April 1757 and died within the month. An inventory listed among her personal effects a "parcel of books" that included two French Bibles. The list also showed a marble-covered sideboard, two old desks, some other furniture, six small items of jewelry, 38 ounces of old silver, some pewter articles, china, and fireplace tools.The total value was set at £25. Her will stipulated that her widowed daughter <mask> Bourquin was to receive a certain small tract of land, a house on King Street, two slaves, and half her clothing and furniture. Her married daughters Catherine Trezevant and Louisa Richards were to receive a house, three slaves, and the remainder of the estate. Personal life and legacy
<mask> belonged to the Charles Towne Library Society, her son Peter being one of the founders. She and her family belonged to the St. Philip's Anglican Church in Charleston, South Carolina. Historians record that <mask>'s husband was accidentally killed in December 1738. <mask> was pregnant with her seventh child (third American) in 1739, but the child was premature and died.She also lost two sons in 1739 to yellow fever. At the time of <mask>'s death in 1757 she was survived by her son Peter, who had married Ann Donovan, and by her three daughters: <mask>, married to Abraham Bowquin; Catherine, married to Theodore Trezevant; and Louisa, married to James Richards. After her death, <mask> was inducted into both the South Carolina Press Association Hall of Fame (1973) and the South Carolina Business Hall of Fame (2000). A plaque is at the Vendue Range in Charleston describing her role in journalism. <mask> was the first known female in American journalism, according to historian A.S. Sallev. The fact that <mask> took over her husband's business of publishing the South-Carolina Gazette newspaper from a franchisee agreement he had with Franklin made her the first female franchisee in America as well. Works
The South Carolina Gazette newspaper below of 4 January 1739 is an example of a work attributed to <mask>.She also published colonial laws, bank notes, broadsides, and stationary and established a bookstore. The bottom of the right corner of the third page has the obituary of <mask>'s husband. Franklin reprinted many of <mask>'s articles, as did the Gentlemen's Magazine in England. She continued to publish the Gazette newspaper for 19 years after her husband's death. Her son Peter inherited the business and ran the enterprise for many years. See also

 List of early American publishers and printers
 List of women printers and publishers before 1800
 Alexander Purdie (publisher)
 William Hunter (publisher)
 William Parks (publisher)
 Joseph Royle (publisher)
 Isaac Collins (printer)
 David Hall (publisher)
 John Holt (publisher)

References

Bibliography

External links

 <mask> historical marker

18th-century American newspaper publishers (people)
American printers
South Carolina postmasters
Businesspeople from Charleston, South Carolina
1702 births
1757 deaths
Dutch emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
South Carolina colonial people
Burials in South Carolina
18th-century American businesswomen
18th-century American businesspeople
Colonial American women
American women journalists
History of women in the United States
Women printers
Colonial American printers

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<mask> (born 29 May 1946)) is a convicted child murderer and suspected serial killer from Adelaide, South Australia. An accountant by profession, he was convicted in 1984 for the murder of 15-year-old Adelaide teenager Richard Kelvin, the son of local television and radio personality Rob Kelvin. <mask> is serving life imprisonment. He was in G Block of Yatala Prison for decades but was transferred to Port Augusta Prison in the north of the state in 2007. Early public image
<mask> first came to attention on the night of 10 May 1972 when two gay men were thrown into the River Torrens by a group of men believed to be police officers. The river bank was a popular beat where gay men would meet covertly, as homosexual acts were illegal in South Australia at that time. One of the men, Dr. George Duncan, a British lecturer in law who had arrived in Australia only seven weeks before, was drowned.The other, Roger James, suffered a broken leg and after crawling to the road was rescued by <mask>, who was driving past. <mask> then took James to Royal Adelaide Hospital, where he recovered from his injuries. Criminal history

Murder of Richard Kelvin
Richard Dallas Kelvin (1 December 1967 – c. 10 July 1983), was the son of Rob Kelvin, a long-time television news presenter for Adelaide station NWS 9. Kelvin was murdered by <mask> on or around 10 July 1983 in Adelaide, South Australia after having been abducted, held captive, sexually abused, drugged and tortured for five weeks. Kelvin was 15 years old at the time of his death. At approximately 6:15pm on 5 June 1983, <mask> (likely along with other unknown persons) abducted Kelvin near the intersection of Margaret Street & Peppertree Lane, North Adelaide, and was just 60 metres from Kelvin's home around the corner in Ward Street. Kelvin had just seen off a friend at a nearby bus stop on the corner of O'Connell and Marian Streets, North Adelaide after they had earlier that afternoon played football in a nearby park and was expected to return home immediately for dinner.A witness, a security guard living in Margaret Street, had heard cries for help, car doors slamming, and a car with a noisy exhaust speeding away. Kelvin also had a dog collar in his possession which may have attracted <mask>'s attention. Despite a wide-ranging search by police, extensive media coverage that included a full page missing person poster in The Advertiser on 28 June (that unfortunately had contained a false lead given by the public to police), a $5,000 reward offered by the State Government two days after his disappearance (quickly raised to $15,000 a week later) and numerous tips and possible sightings provided by the public in the weeks after, Kelvin's whereabouts were unknown until his clothed body was found seven weeks later by a geologist searching for moss rocks with his family on 24 July 1983 alongside a dirt airstrip near One Tree Hill in the Adelaide Hills area (to the north-east of the city and close to where relatives of <mask> lived). Little effort was put into concealing Kelvin's body; he was found wearing the same Channel 9 shirt, blue jeans and white Adidas sneakers which he wore on the day of his abduction, together with the dog collar fitted around his neck. His body had been washed prior to being re-dressed and was found placed in the fetal position, with his legs bent towards his chest and his head forwards and his arms wrapped around his legs. This made police suspect that Kelvin had been dumped by a single person, most likely after nightfall in order to avoid detection. The autopsy revealed that Kelvin had most likely died from massive blood loss from an anal injury, probably caused by the insertion of a blunt object with a tapered neck, such as a beer bottle, and that he had suffered bruising and injuries from blows to his head, to the left side of his back and also to his right buttock as well as a fractured front tooth which occurred either just before or just after death.Analysis of Kelvin's bloodstream revealed traces of alcohol and five hypnotic drugs, Mandrax, Noctec, Amytal, Valium and Rohypnol. With Mandrax being regulated by the Central Board of Health in 1978 stocks for it in Australia had declined somewhat by 1983 and police began sifting through prescriptions for that drug in particular. During their search they found a prescription for Mandrax issued to a 'B<mask> <mask>', a name familiar to police as he had been questioned previously over the deaths of three young men and the alleged sexual assault of another. Four days after Richard Kelvin's body was discovered, <mask> was questioned by the police about the murder. He initially claimed that he had not seen Kelvin and had no knowledge of his whereabouts and stated that on the night of abduction he had been in bed with the flu and was off work for the next week. Police also searched his home in the northern Adelaide suburb of Paradise, and seized a bottle of Mandrax.<mask> admitted that the drugs were his and said that he used them to help him sleep. He denied having any other drugs in his possession, but police also seized a bottle of Noctec, concealed on a ledge behind his wardrobe. <mask> also allowed police to take hair and blood samples, as well as carpets and other materials for testing. There were three major factors in <mask>'s initial questioning that led police to become increasingly suspicious that they had found their prime suspect:

 When police knocked on <mask>'s door and enquired about whether they could ask him a few questions, his immediate reaction was to say that he would not answer anything without speaking to his lawyer first. This made police suspect that he had something to hide. When questioned about the Kelvin murder, rather than profusely denying any involvement, <mask> simply said that he would not do such a thing because it would be "unethical". This came across as a strange thing for an innocent person to say.When asked about drugs, <mask> did admit he had Mandrax. He was asked if he kept any other drugs in his possession, and he said no. However, the police then found the bottle of Noctec and <mask> immediately became nervous and told police that he "rarely used those drugs". As <mask> went on holiday to the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom during August and September 1983, the case against him began to mount up. Forensic investigators were able to match the many fibres found on Kelvin's clothing to those taken from <mask>'s home, along with hairs found which matched those belonging to him. Forensics also determined that Kelvin was murdered between 8 July and 11 July 1983 and was dumped at the airstrip no later than the 11th. However, police raids on various locations around Adelaide linked to <mask> and his associates yielded few clues.Police also searched for a man who had previously claimed to police during the investigation of the unsolved murder of Alan Barnes in 1979 that <mask> had been involved in his death and also that he was a former associate of <mask>. Barnes's fatal injuries mirrored those of Kelvin closely. The man, known as "Mr. B", was located and informed police in great detail how he and <mask>em had picked up young male hitchhikers, had given them alcoholic drinks laced with hypnotic drugs, and had taken them to <mask>'s previous home in the Adelaide suburb of Campbelltown, where the young men had been abused overnight and released the next day. "Mr B" also provided further information about other associates of <mask>, but claimed he took no part whatsoever in any murders. Police also questioned other people whom <mask> had associated with, but they volunteered little information. With enough evidence, along with the information given by "Mr B", to indicate that Kelvin was at <mask>'s home around the time of his death, police arrested and charged <mask> with murder on 3 November 1983. <mask> still denied ever coming into contact with Kelvin. The committal hearing to determine if there was sufficient evidence for <mask> to stand trial for murder began on 20 February 1984.Faced with irrefutable evidence from prosecutors that Kelvin had been in his company, <mask> suddenly changed his story to answer that evidence and admitted that he had been in contact with Kelvin on the night of 5 June 1983. <mask> said that he was driving along O'Connell Street in North Adelaide looking for a parking spot in order to buy some fish and chips for dinner. While looking for a parking spot in a side street, <mask> said that he had nearly run over Kelvin as he jogged in from his side. <mask> stated he thought Kelvin had bisexual tendencies and said that the two of them then had a conversation about problems Kelvin had been having at school, and Kelvin willingly got into the car and they drove to <mask>'s home. This answered the question of how fibres from <mask>'s carpet had got onto Kelvin's clothes. To answer evidence about how fibres from <mask>'s bed had come to be on Kelvin's clothes, <mask> stated that the two of them had sat on his bed and played with the large gold harp which he kept in his bedroom. Police previously did see this harp in his room when they seized the drugs. Finally, to answer evidence about how fibres from <mask>'s cardigan had got onto Kelvin, <mask> stated that he had put his arm around Kelvin and hugged him because Kelvin was upset about how his peers had been bullying him at school.With all the fibres being accounted for with his new story, <mask> concluded his statement by saying that Kelvin had stayed for two hours before <mask> dropped him off in the Adelaide CBD near the Royal Adelaide Hospital and gave Kelvin $20 to pay for a taxi home. Despite the intricate details of <mask>'s alibi and his version of events, his story had two huge problems. It completely contradicted his initial statement of his whereabouts on 5 June 1983, when he said he had been in bed with the flu. Furthermore, the quantity of fibres on Kelvin's clothes was far too large to suggest that Kelvin was in his company for only two hours. Given these facts, on 25 May 1984, Magistrate Nick Manos ordered <mask> to stand trial for the murder of Kelvin. The trial
The trial against <mask> for the murder of Kelvin opened at the Supreme Court Building of South Australia on 15 October 1984 before Mr. Justice White. A jury of 12 people (seven women and five men) was selected and agreed upon by the prosecution and defence.<mask> pleaded not guilty; his defence was led by barrister Barry Jennings, who was assisted by Helena Jasinski, who had been <mask>'s solicitor from the start of the police investigation of him in the murder during the previous year. The prosecution was led by Brian Martin QC (later the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory), with assistance from Paul Rofe QC (who went on to be Director of the Department of Public Prosecutions). For the prosecution, it was a matter of proving <mask>'s guilt (along with that of unknown persons) by presenting the strong scientific evidence that had been gathered during the investigation, and disproving <mask>'s story of being in contact with Kelvin on the night of 5 June 1983. For the defence, it was a case of trying to make <mask>'s story hold up in court, and raising doubts about his ability to keep Kelvin captive for five weeks and committing the murder. The prosecution opened their case with the jury being taken to the various sites around Adelaide that were important in the trial, and over the first week they called various witnesses to the stand. Kelvin's parents, girlfriend and best friend were called to testify that Kelvin was an average 15-year-old who would not willingly get into a car with a stranger, was heterosexual with no homosexual or bisexual tendencies, and that he had been wearing the dog collar as a joke. People living close to the Kelvins then testified that they had heard noises and commotion corresponding to the abduction taking place on the night of 5 June at around 6pm.Forensic pathologists were called to testify about the injuries to Kelvin's head and anus, and the likely cause of his death, and pharmacists gave evidence of the excessive amount of different hypnotic drugs which <mask> had been prescribed (5872 tablets and capsules of six different brands of drugs between 15 December 1978 and 10 August 1983), and showed that <mask> had often had prescriptions for drugs issued from three different chemists on the same day or during the same weeks. Various police officers who worked on the case testified to their investigation of <mask> since they had first questioned him about the murder, as well as their visit to <mask>'s home, where a police officer claimed that <mask>'s bedroom appeared to have been cleaned "extensively". Forensic scientists were called next to give evidence first on when Kelvin had died and when his body had been dumped in the Adelaide Hills area, and a leading entomologist claimed, from the larvae cycle of flies that were on the body, and comparing these to the larvae cycle of flies on a dead dog that was nearby, that Kelvin's body must have been dumped beside the airstrip near Kersbrook on 10 July 1983. Other forensic scientists were called to testify about the hair and fibre samples collected that were linked to <mask> himself and his home. Hairs from <mask> were found on and inside Kelvin's clothing and of 925 fibre samples found on Kelvin's clothing, 250 came from <mask>'s home environment, with just seven from

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 Kelvin's home. The scientists stated that if <mask>'s story was true, then there should be a very small amount or even none of the fibres and hair samples from that night still on Kelvin's clothing some 36 hours later, let alone five weeks later. Faced with such damning scientific evidence, the defence tried to counter this during cross-examination by floating a possible theory that after <mask>em's last contact with Kelvin, he had been abducted by other people, who had stored his clothing for five weeks before murdering him and re-dressing him.While the forensic scientists conceded that this was a possible scenario, under renewed cross-examination by the prosecution, they conceded that it would be still unlikely given the whole science of how fibres and hair are transferred from surface to surface over time. The prosecution then rested its case. The defence opted for <mask> to give an unsworn statement from the dock, rather than give sworn evidence from the witness box. In his unsworn statement, <mask> detailed his alibi with what he claimed happened between 5 June and 11 July 1983. He again claimed that on 5 June he had picked up Kelvin in North Adelaide, had driven him to his home, and later had dropped him off in the Adelaide CBD. He also claimed that he was sick with the flu for the next week after that and did not return to work until 14 June. <mask> was quite sketchy on his activities after that, however he did remember what he did on 10 July, the day the body was dumped on the airstrip.He said that he was at a relative's birthday party with his mother for most of that evening, and after dropping off a friend on the way home, had gone straight to bed and then to work the next day. He also addressed the issue of the noisy exhaust on the car heard during the abduction of Kelvin, by stating that the exhaust on his Ford Falcon (which <mask> had sold on 16 July 1983, purportedly to raise money for his overseas trip) was less than two years old and in good condition. He closed his unsworn statement by again claiming his innocence. The defence then called various witnesses in an attempt to corroborate <mask>'s story. The witnesses included colleagues and friends who testified to him being unwell and at home during the first week of Kelvin's captivity. Also testifying for the defence was the bushwalker, who while walking his dogs through the airstrip had discovered Kelvin's body on 24 July. The purchaser of <mask>'s Ford Falcon detailed the condition of the car, and the relative who hosted the birthday party on 10 July stated that <mask> and his mother had arrived there at 5:30pm and left at 10:30pm.Photographs of <mask> at the party were also tendered to the court. Finally, the defence called <mask>'s mother to testify about her son's activities over the weekend upon which Kelvin was kidnapped. Under cross-examination, the prosecution were able to show inconsistencies in her current testimony compared to her earlier statements to police about <mask>'s whereabouts on the weekend of 4–5 June, which weakened the defence case considerably as this highlighted <mask>'s change the previous February of his account of what happened on the night of 5 June 1983. In their summation, the prosecution stated that the evidence they presented proved that <mask>'s story was full of lies and inconsistencies, and that he did murder (with the help of others) Kelvin. They also stated that his admission that he had picked up Kelvin showed that he was in contact with him on 5 June; that the fibres and hairs proved that <mask> was with him at the time of just before and/or at the time of death; and that the drugs proved <mask> was with Kelvin in between those times. The prosecution also answered the doubts raised by the defence about when on 10 July the body was dumped at the airstrip by suggesting that <mask> could have dumped the body sometime very late on 10 July or in the early morning of 11 July before going to work for the day. The defence stated in their summary that the prosecution had failed to prove beyond reasonable doubt that <mask> was guilty of murder and also were not able to establish the exact cause of Kelvin's death, so therefore the jury must give <mask> the benefit of the doubt.Mr. Justice White then gave his summation of the trial, and in the early afternoon of 5 November 1984, the jury retired to consider their verdict. Verdict
After 7.5 hours of deliberation, the jury returned to give their verdict. <mask> was found guilty of the murder and was automatically sentenced to life at Yatala Labour Prison. Mr. Justice White imposed a non-parole period of 24 years. Under South Australian law, a third of the non-parole period could be taken off for good behaviour in prison. Based on this reckoning, <mask> could conceivably have been eligible for parole in late 1999. The Attorney-General of South Australia immediately appealed the leniency of the non-parole period, and on 29 March 1985 the Court of Criminal Appeal in South Australia increased the non-parole period to 36 years, a record at the time in that state.The earliest <mask>em could be released on parole was therefore on 31 October 2007 (after allowing for the fact that a third of the non-parole period could be taken off for good behaviour in prison). <mask>'s defence team (now consisting of barrister David Peek with assistance from Helena Jasinski) appealed the conviction to the Court of Criminal Appeal in South Australia and requested that a new trial be set. The basis for this appeal was the evidence given about Kelvin's heterosexuality, the references to <mask>'s own homosexuality through the trial and the negative impact that might have had on the jury, and also how Mr. Justice White in his summation did not include reference to the testimony given by <mask>'s relative about his attendance at the birthday party on the day Kelvin's body was dumped. The Court of Criminal of Appeal rejected the appeal, saying that the trial was conducted fairly and justly throughout; they did concede that Mr. Justice White should have included the evidence relating to the birthday party. Additional murder charges

<mask> was the leading suspect in the unsolved murders of four other young men between 1979 and 1982, and police continued to pursue leads on those cases in the years after his murder conviction. The four murdered were Alan Barnes in June 1979, Neil Muir in August 1979, Peter Stogneff in August 1981 and Mark Langley in February 1982. In February 1988, the State Coroner at the time in South Australia, Kevin Ahern, ordered an inquest into the deaths of these four young men, and on 24 March 1988, the State Coroner in his findings stated that manner and circumstances in which the four were murdered were very similar to that in the case of Kelvin, particularly the murders of Barnes and Langley.The reward for any information leading to an arrest for the murders was increased to $250,000, and this was later increased to $500,000 in September 1989 and then to $1,000,000 in March 2008. The committal hearing to determine if <mask>em should stand trial for the murders of Barnes and Langley began on 5 March 1990 before magistrate David Gurry. <mask> pleaded not guilty to both murders, and his defence counsel (now consisting of barrister Mark Griffin with assistance from Marie Shaw) immediately claimed that it would be an abuse of justice for their client if he was ordered to stand trial given the mass coverage of the murders in the media in the past year. The prosecution was led again by Brian Martin QC, who was assisted this time by Tom Birchall, and their case against <mask>em relied on evidence of the Kelvin murder, with the details of the crime being so strikingly similar to the murders of Barnes and Langley. The prosecution's case also relied on evidence given by former associates testifying to <mask>  Einem picking up boys hitchhiking and sexually abusing them, as well as "Mr B"'s sensational evidence being in the company of Barnes and <mask> at the time just before Barnes's murder. "B" also gave startling allegations of <mask>em being involved in the unexplained Beaumont children disappearance in 1966, as well as the disappearance of two girls at the Adelaide Oval in 1973. However, it turned out to be impossible to corroborate these allegations.Another witness also came forward to claim he had seen <mask> and Barnes together drinking in the weeks before Barnes's death. Also entered as evidence were samples taken from Barnes's body which showed that sedative drugs had been present. Little evidence was presented for the murder of Langley, as prosecutors felt if they could prove that <mask> had murdered Barnes, then it would naturally follow that he had murdered Langley as well. On 11 May 1990, Magistrate Gurry ordered <mask> to stand trial for the two murders of Barnes and Langley. <mask>'s defence counsel appealed the decision, launching an abuse of process action in the Supreme Court of South Australia to achieve a permanent stay of proceedings, as well as stating that the huge media interest in the charges would result in their client not getting a fair trial. Proceedings began on 19 June 1990 before Justice Kevin Duggan, and six months later on 17 December 1990, Justice Duggan released his findings. He ordered <mask> to stand trial, however he expressed concerns with most of the prosecution's evidence.The pre-trial hearing began on 19 December 1990 in the Supreme Court of South Australia, with Justice Duggan as the presiding judge. The prosecution decided after Justice Duggan's findings two days earlier to have <mask> tried separately for the murders of Barnes and Langley. Justice Duggan ruled that the evidence relating to the Kelvin murder and from the various associates of <mask> and hitchhikers was inadmissible, although he did rule that "B"'s evidence could be heard, but with the defence allowed to question the evidence as it was being given. This was a shattering blow for the prosecution's case, and on 21 December 1990, on advice from the Attorney-General of South Australia, prosecutors withdrew the charge for the murder of Langley. The prosecution tried to continue with the charge for the murder of Barnes, however with the problems of getting enough evidence admitted into court from associates about <mask>em picking up hitchhikers to convict <mask> still too great, the final charge was withdrawn on 1 February 1991. The prosecution, on the advice of the Attorney-General, then entered a nolle prosequi for the Barnes murder charge. Later events

2006
On 29 January 2006, the Sunday Mail reported that <mask> was currently being investigated for allegedly raping an inmate several times at Yatala Labour Prison.On 29 October 2006, The Australian reported that <mask> had been selling hand-painted greeting cards to prison officers for $20 each. 2007
On 4 February 2007, the ABC reported that <mask> had been charged over commercial dealings during his incarceration, including selling hand-painted greeting cards. On 14 June 2007, the ABC reported that <mask> had been charged with producing and possessing child pornography, with police alleging that he had handwritten three fictitious stories describing sexual acts between a child and a man. His lawyer believed a handwriting analysis would clear <mask>. On 27 July 2007 it was announced that <mask> had been transferred from the maximum security B-Division of Yatala Labour Prison to Port Augusta Prison. On 11 August 2007, The Australian reported that detectives were calling for information to establish the identity of a young man seen in the Seven Network's news archive, showing police searching a storm water drain in the days after the Beaumont Children's disappearance. The man bore a striking resemblance to a youthful <mask>.On 13 August 2007, the Seven Network followed this with a story that the man standing next to the Einem lookalike in their archived film matched the police sketch of the suspect seen with the Beaumonts at the beach on the day of their disappearance. On 1 November 2007, the ABC reported that after 24 years behind bars, <mask> was now eligible to apply for parole. However, South Australian Premier Mike Rann had vowed to enforce new legislation to ensure <mask>em would never leave prison alive. 2008

On 28 March 2008, the ABC reported that the child pornography found in <mask>'s cell had been determined not to have been written by him and that fingerprints did not match. Defence lawyer Sam Abbott said he expected the Director of Public Prosecutions to drop the most serious charge of producing the material and, if not, he would argue there was no case to answer. It was also announced that <mask> had been excused from attending his court hearings so that he could avoid an "unpleasant" three-hour drive with other inmates. See also
 List of serial killers by number of victims

References

Further reading
Bob O'Brien, Young Blood: the Story of the Family Murders, 2002

External links
 The "Family" Murders

1945 births
21st-century LGBT people
Australian murderers of children
Australian people convicted of murder
Australian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Crime in Oceania
LGBT people from Australia
Living people
People convicted of child pornography offenses
People convicted of murder by South Australia
People from Adelaide
Place of birth missing (living people)
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by South Australia
Suspected serial

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