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Sir <mask>, KNZM (born 1949) is an Australasian business leader, knighted for services to New Zealand business in 2009. He transitioned from CIO to CEO, leading business and culture transformations across different industries. Currently the Chairman of Craigs Investment Partners, Sir <mask> has held several Chair and Board roles and was previously CEO of ASB Bank (1991–2001), Air New Zealand (2002–2005) and the Commonwealth Bank Group (2005–2011). While at ASB, Sir <mask> was instrumental in the launch of New Zealand’s first automatic teller machines and Eftpos technology. Sir <mask> is known for his business turnaround acumen and 'no surprises' approach, demonstrating a practical and down-to-earth style. He led the banking industry globally in moving executive long-term incentives (LTIs) away from purely financial performance, linking them for the first time to customer satisfaction. Sir <mask> is a Honorary Fellow of the Institute of IT Professionals, an ambassador of the Australian Indigenous Education Foundation, was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Business by the University of New South Wales in 2012 and became a Laureate of the Business Hall of Fame in 2014.He is a strong advocate of tertiary education. Early career
Starting as a cadet at the Mobil Oil Company, Sir <mask> soon joined the Auckland Savings Bank (now ASB Bank) in 1969. He was employed in the technology department, promoted to Chief Information Officer (CIO) and then became ASB’s CEO in 1991, at the age of 41. ASB Bank (CEO 1991–2001)
When Sir <mask> became CEO, ASB was a mainly Auckland-based savings bank, ranked seventh in size of New Zealand’s banks, with BNZ was six times bigger. The transformation of ASB’s culture, technology, customer experience and business performance during Sir <mask>’s tenure as CEO was significant and led to <mask> being appointed to lead the Commonwealth Bank Group’s international operations. In his decade as CEO, ASB grew into a full-service, national bank and delivered top rankings for customer service each year. The bank also delivered organic market share growth,

Air New Zealand (CEO 2002–2005)
Following September 11 and the collapse of its Australian subsidiary, Ansett Australia, Air New Zealand reported the country’s largest ever financial loss.To prevent the national airline’s collapse, the New Zealand government was forced to inject over $885 million in capital, taking a majority share in the airline. Sir <mask>, who had been retained on the Air New Zealand Board, was offered the CEO role, taking the reins in early 2002. Under his leadership, the airline became a global success story, establishing itself as Australasia’s most profitable airline and launching a number of product innovations and new aircraft types. As CEO, Sir <mask> returned the airline to profitability within 24 months and launched complete overhauls of the domestic and international products. He also introduced the A320, Boeing 777 and Boeing 787 Dreamliner aircraft which continue to be the backbone of the airline’s fleet, and he oversaw a ten-fold increase in internet bookings from 4% to 48% of total sales volumes in twelve months. The 'look to book' ratio also rose dramatically, from 25:1 to 8:1. Commonwealth Bank Group (CEO 2005–2011)
Sir <mask> was approached by the Commonwealth Bank Board to become CEO, taking over from David Murray in mid-2005.Over the next six and a half years, Sir <mask> transformed CBA in terms of culture, shareholder value, market share and technology. He also invested in the redevelopment of the branch network and growth of business banking. Sir <mask> linked executive long-term incentives to customer satisfaction and this move, amongst others, drove an improvement in customer experience levels which saw the bank rise from worst to best of the major Australian banks, across every business area, closing a 23-point gap. In 2010, Sir <mask> was named Customer Service CEO of the Year by the Australian Customer Service Institute, the only bank CEO to ever be awarded this accolade. The same year, he was also named Banker of the Year and Banker of the Decade by Banking & Finance Magazine, along with being named New Zealand CEO of the Decade and Maori Business Leader of the Year in his home country. Over his time as CEO, CBA’s share of industry Ombudsman complaints fell dramatically from 30% to 18%, at the same time as the bank’s market share grew from 21% to 24%. Sir <mask> oversaw a rise in employee engagement to world’s best practice levels and a two third increase in the share price.The rise in shareholder value saw CBA Group move from being the fifth largest company on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX), to the largest and, in 2009, CBA purchased BankWest from UK-based HBOS Group. Also in 2009, Sir <mask> launched the replacement of the bank’s then 40-year-old core banking system – a project that achieved international note for its unique project management approach and successful delivery. Footnotes

References
 "The great achiever. An interview with Sir <mask>". Minter Ellison Rudd Watts. 12 May 2017. "CRAIGS INVESTMENT PARTNERS APPOINTS NEW CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER".CRAIGS INVESTMENT PARTNERS. 15 Jun 2021. "Sir <mask> Joins Wilsons Board". Wilsons | Invested In You. 30 Jun 2021. "NEW DIRECTOR APPOINTED". Fletcher Building.18 Apr 2001. "Sir <mask> joins University of Auckland Council". Scoop Independent News. 4 Sep 2012. "The Treasury appoints three new members to its Board". Treasury New Zealand. 12 Feb 2013."Sir <mask> spells out reasons for Fonterra board departure". NBR.co.nz. 26 Nov 2015. "Origin Announces Board Change". Origin Energy. 17 Jun 2015. "Starship’s History".Starship. Sep 2021. "Board leadership and governance for clear-sighted CEO succession at Air New Zealand". The University of Auckland Business School. Sep 2014. 1949 births
Living people
People from Auckland
20th-century Australian businesspeople
21st-century Australian businesspeople

masks:
Ralph Norris
Ralph
Ralph
Ralph
Ralph
Ralph
Ralph
Ralph
Sir Ralph
Ralph
Ralph
Ralph
Ralph
Ralph
Ralph
Ralph
Ralph
Ralph Norris
Ralph Norris
Ralph Norris
Ralph Norris


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<mask> (born March 27, 1968) is a contemporary Franco-Brazilian plastic artist. She has taken part in a number of national and international exhibitions and developed several artistic projects, including a public masterpiece in São Paulo. Biography
<mask> was born in 1968, in the city of Taubaté, and is the daughter of French painter <mask> (1933–2006) and <mask>. She has lived and worked in São Paulo since 1986, the year she left Taubaté to study plastic arts in São Paulo, at Faculdade Santa Marcelina. She studied plastic arts in France from 1988 to 1989, at École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs, at Louvre Museum, in Paris. Back in Brazil in 1989, she opened Atelier Cité in São Paulo, with the plastic artist Verena Matzen. In 1996, Tuchband created a public masterpiece with the panel São Paulo Viva at Santa Cruz subway station in collaboration with the artist Verena Matzen, in São Paulo.The  mural consisted of 180 hand-painted ceramic pieces, installed with the collaboration of the architect Paula Pedrosa, Arte no Metrô project of the City Government of São Paulo. In 1999, her name was included in the Bénézit Dictionary (ed. Gründ, 1999), a reference dictionary of painters, sculptors, designers and engravers all over the world. Tuchband created fresco paintings to the company Unilever in São Paulo in 2004. In 2007, she was invited to create an artwork in celebration of the company O Boticário. The same year, her work O Amor Move o Mundo competed in Abril Journalism Award. Tuchband launched her first book Será que eu sou assim?in 2008, at Museu Brasileiro da Escultura (MuBE) and at Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo. The book is an illustrated biography with several photographs of the works – paintings, sculptures and ceramics – interspersed with those of the artist herself in distinct phases of her life, thus telling what <mask> used to do at that time. Resgatando Cultura project aims at registering and disclosing the work of art of Brazilian plastic artists, in addition to fostering cultural inclusion of people with special needs. In 2010, she launched engraving boxes with Editora Buriti, at Livraria da Vila in São Paulo. The same year, she painted the mural at Bar d'Hôtel of Hotel Marina All Suites, in Rio de Janeiro. <mask> painted the Chapel of Fazenda Borba Gato, in Vale do Paraíba and created a T-shirt collection to the store Bobstore and also a collection of canvas and ceramic pieces called 1001 Noites to the store Conceito Firma Casa, in São Paulo in 2011, and the same year, the bags of the store Tok&Stok were launched, with a reproduction of her work J'aime Paris au mois de mai. <mask> took part in the launch of the 2011 Fall-Winter collection of the store Diane von Fürstenberg, at Shopping Iguatemi, in São Paulo.During a trip to France, she carried out a mural painting at the house of the Dumetz family in Nice. In December 2011, her second book was launched called Atelier Cité — Paixões Declaradas/Professed Passions together with the artist Verena Matzen, in São Paulo. The book tells, by means of photographs and works, the history of Atelier Cité, fruit of great friendship and partnership between both artists. In 2012, <mask> created a jewelry collection called Gitane for the Italian designer Francesca Romana Diana, in São Paulo and in Rio de Janeiro, and was photographed by the American photographer The Selby. In January 2013, she exhibited her works at WN Gallery in New York, a collective exhibition called The New Collectors Selection Exhibition by Basak Malone. She exhibited at Espaço Cultural Citi Bank, with the curator Jacob Klintowitz, during an exhibition called "<mask> e a narrativa primordial". She took part in the launch of the book Mitsubishi Motorsports 2013 and created an Easter Egg to Ferrero Rocher.An exclusive 3-liter bottle of Veuve Clicquot painted by the artist was auctioned by BrazilFoundation, during BrazilFoundation Gala São Paulo. Style
The bright color is an omnipresent element in the work of <mask>. The colorful canvas painted in acrylic usually represent women, flowers and enchanted worlds. <mask> loves portraying people and families. She also uses collage on the surface of the canvas. Ceramic vases and plates are also part of the painter’s collections. When it comes to painting, her favorite source of inspiration is music.Works

 Public art masterpiece São Paulo Viva at Santa Cruz subway station in São Paulo, ceramic panel, 1996. J'aime Paris au mois de mai, 92x73cm, 2010. Gueixa Yoyô, 90x140cm, 2011. 1001 Noites, 170x140cm, 2011. Menina com pandeiro, 71x88cm, 2011. Alma Plena, collection of ceramic vases, 2013. Exhibitions
 1992 - São Paulo exhibition at Galeria Consolação, São Paulo para Todos' project of the City Government of São Paulo.1993 - Faianças individual exhibition at Banespa Museum, in São Paulo. 1994 - Exhibition at Café Design Tok&Stok, in São Paulo and Curitiba. 1995 - Exhibition at Banespa Museum, in São Paulo, and Loja Hum, in Rio de Janeiro. 1996 - Vase Vide exhibition at Casa Brasil-Espanha - Madrid, Spain. 1997 - Vase Vide individual exhibition at Galerie Landrot, in Paris, France. Exhibits at Museu de Arte Contemporânea de Campinas (MACC), São Paulo. Makes an exhibition called Artistes et Écrivains at L'Adresse Musée de La Poste, in Paris, France.Exhibits at Gaia ecological center, in Piracicaba, São Paulo. Makes an exhibition called Eles por Nós — Retratos at Atelier Cité, in São Paulo. 1998 - Artuelle collective exhibition in Beirut, Lebanon. Makes an exhibition with her father Emile <mask>, called Tuchband & Tuchband at Galeria Casa das Artes, in São Paulo. Takes part in a collective exhibition called Vive L'Afrique at Musée de L'Homme, in Paris, France. 2001 - México Imaginário echibition at Centro Cultural Casa das Rosas, in São Paulo. Exhibits works at Galeria Cité in São Paulo, during an exhibition called Confiance et Sérénité.2002 - Alma Paulista exhibition, in São Paulo. Takes part in a collective exhibition in Berlin, Germany. Makes an individual exhibition called Ma Vie at the venue Esfera, in São Paulo. 2003 - Individual installation at Bienal Pavilion, in São Paulo. Makes an individual exhibition called Voilá mon Coeur at Galerie Landrot, in Paris, France. 2004 - Individual exhibition at Canvas, Hotel Hilton de São Paulo, São Paulo. Exhibits works at the individual exhibition Fellini, at Centro Cultural Chakras, in São Paulo.2005 - Exposition at Assembléia Municipal de São Paulo. Takes part in a collective exhibition at the venue Alumni Hall, in São Paulo and at Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro (MAM), in Rio de Janeiro. Individual exhibition at Roti, in São Paulo. Exhibition and launch of the book Voyage d'Amour, Maison Z, in São Paulo. 2007 - Individual exhibition O Amor que Move o Sol e as Outras Estrelas, in Lisbon and Cascais, Portugal. 2009 - Papa et moi no Museu exhibition at Museu de Arte Brasileira da Fundação Armando Álvares Penteado MAB-FAAP, in São Paulo, with works by <mask> and her father Emile <mask>. 2010 - Aba Sheli exhibition at the Gallery of Jewish Cultural Center, with works by Emile and <mask>, in São Paulo.Viens individual exhibition, at Galerie Landrot, in Paris, France. Amour, Délices et Lumières exhibition at the store Dominici, in São Paulo. 2012 - Continuar-me exhibition at ProArte Galeria together with the artist Verena Matzen, São Paulo. 2013 - Exhibition at WN Gallery, Basak Malone presents The New Collectors Selection Exhibition, New York City. <mask> e a narrativa primordial exhibition at Espaço Cultural Citi, with the curator Jacob Klintowitz, São Paulo. 2014 - Horizontes 4x4 collective exhibition for the launch of the book Mitsubishi Motorsports 2013, São Paulo. Exhibits works during À Vous individual exhibition at Hotel Negresco, Nice, France.Personal life
<mask> has a son, Max Joseph born in 2005, with Joseph Catão. Bibliography

Bénézit, E. Dictionnaire des peintres, sculpteurs, dessinateurs et graveurs. Paris : Gründ, 1999. .
Finocchiaro, A. Será que eu sou assim?. São Paulo: Instituto Olga Kos, 2008. .
<mask>, I. & Matzen, V. Atelier Cité – Paixões Declaradas/Professed Passions. São Paulo : Luste, 2011. .
Souza Ramos, Corinna.Mitsubishi Motorsports 2013''. São Paulo: Ipsis Gráfica e Editora, 2014.  .

References

1968 births
Living people
People from Taubaté
Brazilian artists

masks:
Isabelle Tuchband
Tuchband
Emile Tuchband
Marlene Tuchband
Tuchband
Tuchband
Tuchband
Tuchband
Isabelle Tuchband
Isabelle Tuchband
Isabelle
Tuchband
Isabelle
Tuchband
Isabelle Tuchband
Isabelle Tuchband
Tuchband
Tuchband


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<mask> (May 27, 1823 – September 2, 1874) was an American soldier. A career military officer in the United States Army and a Union general during the American Civil War, he served in North and South Carolina during the war. A postbellum expert in underwater demolition, he wrote a treatise on the subject in 1869. He continued with the Army after the war, using his expertise as assistant to the Chief Engineer in Washington, DC and at a post on Lake Erie. From 1862 to December 1863 <mask> commanded the Department of North Carolina. After the Emancipation Proclamation, he appointed Horace James, a Congregational minister, to help freedmen prepare for independent life, and directed a former contraband camp to be developed as the Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island. By 1864, 2,200 freedmen were settled on household plots.Many worked for pay for the Army, which held the forts. Under President <mask>, after the war, the Army abandoned the colony. Most of the freedmen chose to return to the mainland for work. Early life
<mask> was born in Whitefield, New Hampshire. When he was ten, his family moved to Nashua, where he attended the local schools before enrolling in the Hancock Academy. He graduated from West Point in 1846, fourth in his class of 59 cadets. He first served as an engineer during the Mexican–American War, under Winfield Scott.Severely wounded at the Battle of Molino del Rey, he won two brevet promotions for bravery. After the war, <mask> returned to West Point as an instructor. In 1858 he was on engineering duty in Charleston Harbor, where he helped in the construction of Fort Sumter. Civil War
Promoted to captain of U.S. engineers, <mask> was in command of the garrison at Fort Moultrie when the Civil War began. He immediately transferred his small force to Fort Sumter and became second-in-command to Maj. Robert Anderson during the Battle of Fort Sumter. <mask> was appointed a brigadier general of volunteers on October 23, 1861, and commanded the 1st Brigade in Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside's North Carolina Expedition. He was conspicuous in action at the battles of Roanoke Island and New Bern.After the Battle of Roanoke Island, the Union renamed the Confederate Fort Bartow as Fort <mask> in his honor. The US Army dismantled the three forts on the island in late 1865 after the end of the war. After General Burnside was transferred to Virginia, <mask> assumed command of the Department of North Carolina. He was promoted to major general of volunteers on July 18, 1862, and led the Goldsboro Expedition. During Confederate Lieutenant General James Longstreet's Tidewater Campaign, upon hearing of a planned Confederate attack on Washington, North Carolina, <mask> personally assumed command of its defenses. When D. H. Hill demanded the surrender of Washington, <mask> defiantly replied, "If you want Washington, come and get it." Hill's forces besieged the garrison and two Union relief expeditions were turned back.<mask> escaped the besieged city and personally lead a relief column back. Hill withdrew his forces shortly afterward. Both Confederate and Union forces burned down much of the town. In December, <mask> led the Goldsboro campaign won two minor battle at Kinston and Goldsboro against inferior confederate forces led by brigadier general Nathan G. Evans, resulting in the shutdown of the vital Confederate supply line of the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad for merely two weeks. After President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation freeing all slaves in rebel territory, in April 1863 <mask> appointed Horace James, an experienced Congregational chaplain, as "Superintendent of Negro Affairs for the North Carolina District." To support the transition to freedom for former slaves, he was to develop a colony from the contraband camp that had developed on Roanoke Island. It became known as the Roanoke Island Freedmen's Colony (1863–1867).James also managed other camps for freedmen in the state, such as one at Trent River near his base at New Bern. <mask> directed James to settle the people, give them farming tools and prepare them for a "free and independent community." By 1864, 2,200 freedmen lived on Roanoke Island, settled on individual household plots, and working for pay for the Army. James recruited teachers and founded several schools. A sawmill was built and a fisheries started. More than 150 freedmen from the island joined the nearly 4,000 from North Carolina who joined the United States Colored Troops. After the war, the Army dismantled the forts.Due to President <mask>'s returning lands to Confederate landowners, the colony was abandoned. Most of the freedmen chose to be transported to the mainland, where they looked for work. By 1870, only 300 remained on the island. In December 1863, <mask> was sent to Tennessee to assume command of the Department of the Ohio and its corresponding Army of the Ohio. He was in command for only a short time before he was badly injured in a fall from his horse. Upon his recovery, he took command of the Department of the South and aided in forcing the surrender of Savannah, Georgia. He was making preparations for the surrender of Charleston, but his wounds forced him to relinquish command to Maj. Gen. Quincy A<mask>.<mask> was assigned to command of the Department of Florida at the end of the war, receiving a promotion to the rank of major general in the volunteer service and brevet major general in the regular army. Postbellum
After the war, <mask> remained in the army, being promoted to lieutenant colonel of engineers in 1867. Promoted to colonel of engineers in 1871, he was involved in military and underwater surveying. He became an expert in underwater demolition, publishing a definitive manual on the subject in 1869 that became the acknowledged reference work. From 1871 until 1874, he was assistant to the Chief of Engineers in Washington, D.C. His final post was as superintendent of the Harbor of Refuge on Lake Erie. <mask> died in Nashua, New Hampshire, and was buried in Nashua Cemetery. The first official reunion of the New Hampshire Veterans Association, which took place in Manchester, New Hampshire in October 1875, was named Camp J.G.<mask>. Honors
 The <mask> G. <mask> Post #7 of the Grand Army of the Republic in Nashua was named in his honor. In 1900, Fort <mask> in Maine was named in his memory by the US Army. It is preserved as a park. See also

 List of American Civil War generals (Union)

References

 Eicher, <mask>., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, . Further reading
 Clarence E.E. Stout, "<mask> <mask>," The Granite Monthly, (1882).Frank G. Noyes, "Biographical sketch of Major-General <mask><mask>, son of New Hampshire, soldier of the Republic," The Granite Monthly, (1899). External links
 <mask><mask> webpage
 Fort Foster webpage
 <mask> biography

1823 births
1874 deaths
People from Whitefield, New Hampshire
United States Military Academy alumni
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Union Army generals
People of New Hampshire in the American Civil War
People from Nashua, New Hampshire
American military engineers

masks:
John Gray Foster
Foster
Andrew Johnson
Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
Andrew Johnson
Foster
. Gilmore
Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
John
Foster
Foster
John H
John Gray
Foster
John G
. Foster
John G
. Foster
Foster


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<mask> (13 August 1921 – 31 March 1944), was an officer in the Royal Air Force and member of a British Armstrong Whitworth Whitley
bomber crew who was shot down and taken prisoner during the Second World War. Notable for his part in the 'Great Escape' from Stalag Luft III in March 1944 when he almost reached Switzerland but was one of the men recaptured and subsequently murdered by the Gestapo. War service
<mask> was born in Hackney, London the son of Ethel Grace and <mask> a postal worker and former soldier. It is noted that some sources state that he was born in Clapton, London. He was well known as a premier league table tennis player in the London region when he enlisted in the Royal Air Force in 1941 as an aircrew candidate with the service number 1287613. Cochran completed basic training and commenced specialised training in the dual trades of wireless operator and air gunner. Following the award of his aircrew brevet he was commissioned as pilot officer with service number 122441 and posted to No.10 Operational Training Unit a squadron flying Armstrong Whitworth Whitley bombers on anti-submarine patrols from RAF St Eval while completing the operational training of its men ready for missions with RAF Bomber Command. Prisoner of war

Flying operationally with No.10 Operational Training Unit aboard Armstrong Whitworth Whitley Mark V (serial number "AD671"), Cochran was a member of the crew of Sergeant C N Ellis when they took off from RAF St Eval on 8 October 1942 on a mission to hunt u-boats making passage in the Bay of Biscay between their home ports and the North Atlantic convoy routes. Their Whitley was intercepted by a German long-range maritime patrol aircraft Junkers Ju 88 flown by Leutnant Dieter Meister of 13 Staffel, Kampfgeschwader 40 and shot down into the Bay of Biscay. The British crew survived the attack and made it ashore in France. Cochran immediately went on the run and evaded capture for over a month but was eventually taken prisoner by the Germans on 9 November 1942 based on their own records. Cochran became prisoner of war No. 727 at Stalag Luft III in the province of Lower Silesia near the town of Sagan (now Żagań in Poland).He was a highly enthusiastic tunneller and spoke nearly fluent German having learned the language since a boy. While in captivity he was promoted flying officer He had experience of escaping having been on the run previously after an escape, on that occasion dressed in the uniform of a Luftwaffe private and carrying a skilfully carved wooden replica rifle. 'Great Escape'
For the Great Escape operation <mask> was one of the primary tunnellers and that factor coupled with his command of the German language gained him the favourable position No.16 in the line of the two hundred men hoping to escape through the tunnel. As such he was one of the 76 men who escaped the prison camp on the night of 24–25 March 1944, in the escape now famous as "the Great Escape". When the Germans discovered the escape they began extensive well planned manhunts. Disguised in a uniform stained to resemble those of the displaced persons on forced labour duties all across Germany Cochran was positively sighted sweeping streets in Frankfurt am Main before travelling alone to Freiburg and then south only to be recaptured at Lörrach in distant southern German right on top of the French and Swiss frontiers. Literally only needing to cross the river to Basel in neutral Switzerland he was hand-cuffed and taken to a local police station.He was not promptly returned to Luftwaffe custody to be sent back to prison camp as was the established practice but instead he was taken by his captors to Karlsruhe Kriminalpolizei prison under the control of Oberregierungsrat Josef Gmeiner head of the Karlsruhe Gestapo. Gmeiner deputised Krimminalkommissar Walter Herberg to take Cochran out into the countryside and supervise junior ranking Gestapo agents Heinrich Boschert and Otto Preiss who would execute him there with the official story that Cochran was attempting to escape again. The instruction was to take Cochran's body to the nearby Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp high in the Vosges mountains where he was to be cremated in the camp crematorium. The following morning, 31 March 1944 in a soft-topped official sedan, they collected Cochran but the driver drove directly through Strasbourg to Natzweiler in error and they had to leave the camp and stop in a wooded area nearby supposedly for a break before their journey. Cochran was promptly shot dead and his body taken to the camp for cremation. He was one of the 50 escapers executed and murdered by the Gestapo. Originally cremated at Natzweiler-Struthof then buried at Sagan, he is now buried in part of the Poznan Old Garrison Cemetery.His name was amongst the 47 murdered officers named in the British press when the story became public knowledge on or about 20 May 1944

Awards
His conspicuous bravery was recognised by a Mention in Despatches as none of the other relevant decorations then available could be awarded posthumously. It was published in a supplement to the London Gazette on 8 June 1944. Other victims
See Stalag Luft III murders
The Gestapo executed a group of 50 of the recaptured prisoners representing almost all of the nationalities involved in the escape. Post-war investigations saw a number of those guilty of the murders tracked down, arrested and tried for their crimes. References
Notes

Bibliography

External links
 Project Lessons from the Great Escape (Stalag Luft III), by Mark Kozak-Holland. The prisoners formally structured their work as a project. This book analyses their efforts using modern project management methods.Royal Air Force officers
Royal Air Force pilots of World War II
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
1921 births
1944 deaths
Royal Air Force  personnel killed in World War II
Participants in the Great Escape from Stalag Luft III
British escapees
Extrajudicial killings in World War II
British World War II prisoners of war
British World War II bomber pilots
Military personnel from London
People from Hackney Central

masks:
Dennis Herbert Cochran
Cochran
Herbert William Cochran
Cochran


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Henry (before 1144–1173×77), born Rodrigo according to Hugo Falcandus, was an alleged son of the Navarrese king García Ramírez and his wife, Margaret of L'Aigle, and brother of the Sicilian queen dowager Margaret, who made him Count of Montescaglioso (1166) and then Count of the Principate (1168). Arrival in Sicily (1166)
The main primary source for Henry's life is the Sicilian court chronicler known as Hugo Falcandus. He is an extremely unfriendly source to Henry. He reports the rumour that Henry was never acknowledged as a son by the Navarrese king and was considered a bastard, the product of one of the queen's affairs. This is contradicted by the actions of his sister, who always treated him as a full brother of royal blood. Henry's birth name, also, is evidence of legitimacy, for he was probably named after King García's illustrious grandfather, Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, known as El Cid. Falcandus sums up Henry's appearance (short and swarthy) and character thus:
This Henry was low in stature, had a thin beard and a disagreeably dark complexion.He was rash and maladroit in conversation, a man interested only by dice and gambling, and he had no other desire than to have a playmate and money to lose. Upon his arrival in Sicily Margaret made him change his name from Rodrigo (Latin Rodericus), which sounded strange to the local nobility, to the more palatable Henry (Latin Henricus). Henry arrived in the kingdom of Sicily between May and September 1166. His sister had been, since the death of her husband, William I of Sicily, regent in the name of her young son, William II. In May or a short time after, perhaps before his arrival, he was married to an illegitimate daughter of Roger II and thus his sister's sister-in-law. On this occasion he was invested with Montescaglioso on the mainland, probably to keep him out of court politics. He was also given the fiefs of Noto, Sclafani and Caltanissetta on the island, territories which had been governed by <mask>, the previous Count of Montescaglioso, before his imprisonment for taking part in the rebellion of 1155–56.Henry first paid a visit to Palermo, the capital and the location of his nephew's court. There "he would spend wildly, with neither forethought nor consideration" and squander his money, creating such a poor reputation that he was forced to leave for Messina on the opposite end of the island. There too he gambled and fell in with criminals, so that the queen was forced to order him to leave the island and go to Montescaglioso. First revolt and imprisonment (1167–68)
In the summer of 1167, Henry returned to Palermo in order to obtain a part in the government of the whole kingdom. According to Falcandus, he went at the instigation of his friends, who thought that he, as a royal prince, deserved the highest secular office, the chancellorship, then occupied by Richard, Count of Molise. By the summer Stephen du Perche, his and Margaret's cousin, had replaced Richard. Stephen quickly befriended Henry, but some "Spanish knights" (milites hispanos), Henry's entourage who had travelled with him from Navarre, accused the chancellor of having an affair with the queen.Henry was not so easily persuaded, as Falcandus records:
He responded that he was ignorant of French, which was most necessary at court, and that his experience was not sufficient; that he should commit to the government of the chancellor, who was wise and prudent, as well as noble, despite his affair with the queen. Stephen and Henry appear to have been the leaders, willingly or unwillingly, of two opposed court factions seeking to dominate the regency. Eventually the rumours of incest convinced the count of Montescaglioso to act. He initially accused the chancellor before the king, his nephew, but to no effect. Soon a conspiracy against the detested Stephen had drawn him in. On 15 December 1167, when Stephen had the court moved temporarily to Messina, Henry remained at Palermo to lead the conspirators, whose ranks included Matthew of Ajello, the gaito or judge Richard and Bishop Gentile of Agrigento. When the court returned to Palermo shortly after 12 March 1168, its last session in Messina, Henry demanded, in council, the Principality of Taranto, which had been confiscated from Simon, an illegitimate son of Roger II, and all of Simon's other lands.Then, Gilbert, Count of Gravina, another cousin of Henry and Margaret, rose in council, denounced the count and accused him of treason. The charge was easily established, as Henry had admitted the conspiracy to a judge of Messina a short time before. He was promptly arrested and interned in Reggio di Calabria, while the "Spanish knights" who had accompanied him were given a day to leave Sicily, which they did. Second revolt (1168)
After Henry's imprisonment, Margaret offered him 1,000 gold ducats if he would return to Navarre and promise never to set foot in Sicily again. She assigned a certain French priest, Odo Quarrel, a canon of Chartres Cathedral who had come to Sicily in the following of Stephen du Perche, to escort Henry back to Navarre. He was in Messina, preparing seven galleys for the departure when, on 31 March, Easter Sunday, the Messinans, who despised the chancellor, revolted. Odo was captured and the galleys were commandeered across the strait to Reggio, where Henry was released upon their demand.The citizens rowed him back to Messina as the leader of a second insurrection against his cousin. Henry's brief rule of Messina was marked by bloodshed. He unjailed Odo and handed him over to the people, who executed him. He also failed to prevent a massacre of all the French in the city. He successfully worked to spread the rebellion, which was openly directed against the regime of the chancellor, throughout the island. By the summer Stephen was forced to go into exile. Henry returned triumphant to Palermo with twenty or twenty-four galleys.Richard, the count of Molise, disembarked with him. Historian John Norwich believed that Henry was offered a second sum of money by the queen to return to Navarre, which this time he accepted, but Norwich's assertion that he appears no more in Italian history is false. Rule of the Principate
In July 1168 Henry was invested with the Principate and formally made submission in order to obtain it. In a document dated 8 December he is titled "by the grace of God and the king Count of the Principate and brother of the Lady Queen Margaret". Henry only appears in two more document, one of 1170, the other, his last appearance, of July 1173. He was dead by September 1177, when his widow is cited in a dating clause as regent in the Principate for her son, Henry's heir, William IV. She continued in the regency for almost two decades.Another charter of 1179 also mentions her husband. The first recorded instance of William ruling in his own right dates to April 1195. Notes

Further reading

E. Cuozzo. "Milites e testes nella contea normanna di Principato". Bullettino dell'Istituto storico italiano per il Medio Evo, LXXXVIII (1979), 161ff. J. Alio. Margaret, Queen of Sicily.New York, 2016. 12th-century nobility from the Kingdom of Navarre
Navarrese infantes
Kingdom of Sicily people
House of Jiménez


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<mask>  (born January 1946, in Ilkley, West Yorkshire, UK) is a safety expert in vehicle crashworthiness with a background in accident and injury investigation, and analysis. As an engineer and later as Honorary Chief Research Scientist, <mask> has been involved in the UK Government’s programme of Crash Injury Research for nearly 30 years. A pioneer in his field, key highlights of his career include undertaking the research that helped lead to the mandatory wearing of the seat belt in the UK, the development of the Offset Deformable Frontal Barrier Crash Test and the establishment of the safety organisation Euro NCAP. <mask> was awarded a C.B.E. in 2008. <mask> has provided advice to the World Bank (1), the World Health Organization, the European Commission and Central European and North African countries on transport safety and the provision of emergency services (2-4). Safety career
<mask> joined the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) in 1972 as a Scientific Officer.For two years he was involved in investigating accident causation – when the police were called to an accident, so was <mask>. He spent time investigating the contributing factors to an accident. Was it the road user, vehicle, road or the surrounding environment? (5,6) In 1976 he reported on his analysis of brake defects and their contribution to accidents (7). In 1974, his research attention turned to the study of car occupant injuries. He analysed and reported on the direct connection between the accident, resulting injuries, their causes and the effectiveness of safety features. He gathered medical data, inspected cars and sent questionnaires.His conclusions were clear: intrusion into the passenger compartment of the vehicle during a frontal impact accident played a very major role in causing injuries. (8-10)

As a result of this research, he realised how effective wearing a seat belt was in preventing serious injury to a vehicle’s occupant. In 1978, <mask> published a comprehensive study of the life-saving potential of seat belt wearing. (11-14) This study helped lead to the passing of the mandatory seat belt wearing legislation in the UK, which came into force on 31 January 1983. (15)

<mask> then switched his research focus to vehicle safety and, in 1985, he designed a demonstration Pedestrian Safety Car (based on a Mini Metro). (16-21) He later modified this Pedestrian Safety Car to incorporate current thinking in Frontal and Side impact protection. (22,23) For side impact, conventional wisdom held that protection came from strengthening the side of the car and providing padding protection on the inside of the door.<mask> expressed his concern that many manufacturers were simply fitting door beams, located where they could increase the risk of injury. (24-31) <mask>'s modifications did improve the car, but the car still did not provide good protection or meet the proposed side impact test requirements. Elsewhere in France, Germany, and the UK another vehicle was tested. Although much weaker than the modified Metro, this car performed better. Amazed, <mask> set out to find out why and to truly understand the side impact injury process. He discovered that a lighter door rather than a heavier door bounces off the impacting car and starts moving the occupant earlier, increasing the time the body has to absorb the impact, so reducing the severity of injuries. He also discovered that when the door is controlled to move in vertically, it spreads the load over the chest, abdomen and pelvis consequently avoiding its concentration on the vulnerable chest area, reducing the possibility of a fatal injury.The provision of padding, <mask> also concluded, had to be very soft to help spread the load and cushion the impact. (32-35) These conclusions and research directly contributed to the development of the European Side Impact Directive. In the early 1990s, <mask>  identified the inadequacies in the current frontal crash test procedure and his research led to the development of the Offset Deformable Barrier (ODB) Frontal Impact Crash Test. (36-52). <mask>'s frontal ODB test was adopted, in Europe and elsewhere, for both legislation and consumer test programmes. With this research under his belt, <mask> took on the study of Compatibility, the science of how cars could work together to minimise injuries to the occupants of both vehicles. (53-57) Although the research identified what needed to be changed and an assessment procedure was developed, research funding dried up and government interest in further improving car crash safety was absent.Europe
During the 1990s, <mask> was an active member of the European Experimental Vehicles Committee (EEVC) in particular of the Frontal Impact and the Compatibility Working Groups, which he initiated. He also collaborated with other working groups to develop test procedures for side impact and pedestrian protection. <mask>  was asked by the European Transport Safety Council (ETSC) to present the case for the adoption of the EEVC Frontal and Side Impact test procedures for European Type Approval to the European Parliament in Strasbourg. The EEVC was proposing an initial crash test speed of 56 km/h (approx. 30 mph) rather than the 60 km/h already used in research crash tests. The intention was that the test speed would later be increased to 60 km/h. This was at a European Parliament Inter-group meeting, with Max Mosley of the Federation Internationale de L’Automobile (FIA) as chairman.Industry was there to oppose – their concern was that cars could not be built to withstand the speeds proposed. Yet Max Mosley, profoundly moved by the recent death of Ayrton Senna on the race track, developed an increased interest in reducing the road accident injury toll. The death of a racing driver had spurred on the cause to improve car safety for the public and to prevent millions of deaths on European roads. A new consumer information programme
Meanwhile, back in the UK Hobbs had been working on a proposal for an independent crash test programme called UK NCAP. His proposal, presented in 1994, outlined to the UK department of Transport the concept of a consumer information programme based on the EEVC proposed frontal impact, side impact and pedestrian protection crash test procedures. His reason for a consumer-based information car-testing programme was clear. He cited the New Car Assessment Programme in the US that had had a more significant effect on changing car design than any US legislative test.He also cited the magazine Auto Motor und Sport and the ADAC, in Germany, whose published car crash tests results were already influencing how manufacturers designed their cars, as they endeavoured to obtain good ratings in the published tests. The Department of Transport agreed to go ahead with the proposal and initiated the first phase of tests and assessments. (58-60) Following further discussions with the European Commission, in Brussels, (61,62) <mask> mentioned the proposal to Max Mosley. Mosley was inspired to help and make <mask>’s wish for a Europe wide consumer test programme a reality. Called initially the UK NCAP programme it later came to be branded, with the support of the FIA and other European players, as Euro NCAP. "No politician would put in legislative standards that a manufacturer couldn’t meet. It was necessary to create a competitive market place for safety, which ensured that carmakers exceeded basic standards.It was imperative to empower the safety engineer in the heart of carmakers so that their managements made safety a priority"

EURO NCAP
Euro NCAP (the European New Car Assessment Programme) is now an established consumer-testing programme that assesses and publishes the safety of new cars and provides valuable safety information to consumers. Thousands of crash-tested cars later and the award of thousands of stars to industry, Euro NCAP has led to the establishment of other similar consumer programmes across the world and has contributed greatly to the safety of cars available on the European market. Yet it all began with <mask>’s persistence and a group of dedicated safety pioneers. The inaugural meeting of Euro NCAP was held in December 1996 with only a few members: the UK Department of Transport, the FIA, the Swedish National Road Association (SNRA) and International Testing. The very first results of 7 crash-tested super-minis were released publicly to the media in early 1997, much to the consternation of industry. (63-67)

<mask> was the first Chairman of the Technical Working Group and he later became Secretary General until his retirement in 2007. Euro NCAP’s team of engineers and labs now carry out a frontal, side impact and pedestrian protection test as well as assessments on child protection and on the range of technologies existing within the car.Tests are carried out on all vehicles from super-minis to SUVs to the latest hybrids and petrol engines, resulting in a star rating with a maximum award of 5 stars. Special awards are also given to car makers with innovative technologies. Safety achievements and developments in the industry, as a direct result of the work of Euro NCAP, have included the following:

For frontal impact protection: improved car structures limiting passenger compartment intrusion, so providing space for the restraints to operate without the occupants impacting the car’s interior, improved seat belts with pre-tensioners and load limiters, improved multi stage frontal airbags, removal of hazards in the knee impact area and knee protecting air bags. For side impact protection: improved car side structures with airbags to protect the head, chest, abdomen and pelvis, and pole impact protection. Additional achievements have been: car fronts with improved pedestrian protection, improved child occupant protection, provision of effective reminders to wear seat belts, promotion and greater introduction of technologies such as electronic stability controls, autonomous emergency braking and lane departure warnings. Personal life
<mask> continues to provide consultancy on road and vehicle safety issues and provides advice to the media. He is a motor sport enthusiast having been a rally driver in his youth.Since retirement, he has become involved in supporting a number of local and national organisations. Since 1974, he has been married to Jacqueline, a retired teacher with a keen focus on special needs. Their adopted son Philip died in

masks:
Charles Adrian Hobbs
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Adrian
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 2002, aged 28. <mask> and Jackie live together in Berkshire. References

 Gerondeau, C et al, (1992) “Qualitative Analysis of the System to Campaign against Road Accidents,” World Bank - European Commission, New York and Brussels. <mask>, C A et al, (1993), “Road Traffic Accidents in Morocco,” World Health Organization, Copenhagen. Steering Committee For Statistical Indicators For Accidents, (1985), “Information and Guidelines on the Use of The Basic Data Set on Accidents,” World Health Organization, Copenhagen.Steering Committee For Statistical Indicators For Accidents, (1987), “A Basic Data Set and Guidelines for Its Use,” World Health Organization, Copenhagen. Harvey, Chris, (28 July 1974) “Crash course to cut accidents,” Sunday Times, London. Spicer, Roy, (30 November 1975) “There’s a Boffin in Your Back Seat,” Sunday Mirror, London. <mask>, C A, (1976) “Brake Defects in Cars,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Conference on “Braking of Road Vehicles,” Loughborough. <mask>, C A, (1980), “Car Occupant Injury Patterns And Mechanisms,” Proceedings of the Eighth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Wolfsburg. Mills, P J, and C A <mask>, (1984).”The Probability Of Injury To Car Occupants In Frontal And Side Impacts,” Proceedings of the 28th Stapp Car Crash Conference, Chicago. <mask>, C A.(1991) “The Need For Improved Structural Integrity in Frontal Car Impacts,” Proceedings of Thirteenth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Paris. <mask>, C A, (1978), “The Effectiveness of Seat Belts in Reducing Injuries to Car Occupants,” TRRL Laboratory Report 811, Crowthorne. Timberlake, Lloyd, (10 July 1978), “So fasten your seatbelts,” Jerusalem Post, Israel,. “Recent British study finds seatbelts cut injuries in half,” The Windsor Star, Ontario, (15 November 1978). Timberlake, Lloyd, (14 November 1978) “Seatbelts get more backing in new, rigorous British study,” Edmonton Journal, Alberta,. “Road Traffic (Seat Belts) Bill,” Weekly Hansard, Issue No. 1135 Pg 1793, House of Commons, London, (16 – 22 March 1979).<mask>, C A et al, (1985), “PSC1 - A Demonstration Car with Improvements for Pedestrian Protection,”  Proceedings of the Tenth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Oxford. “Safety Metro unveiled,” Autocar, London, (10 July 1985). Rolfe, Allen, (October1985) “Safety Car,” Performance Car, London. “Crash,” (1989), Horizon - BBC Television, United Kingdom. “How Safe are our Children,” (1991), World in Action – Granada for Independent Television, United Kingdom. “Speed,” (2000), Panorama – BBC Television, United Kingdom. <mask>, C A et al, (1997), “Progress Towards Improving Car Occupant Protection in Frontal Impacts,” Proceedings of the Eleventh International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Washington.<mask>, C A et al, (1987) “Development of the European Side Impact Test Procedure and Related Vehicle Improvements.” Proceedings of the Eleventh International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Washington. “Trapped: can door beams kill?,” Top Gear, London, (October 1993). “Side impact bars don’t help says Renault safety chief,” The Sunday Times, London, (16 July 1994). Carter, Matthew, (23 July 1994), “The side-effects of trying to bar accidents,” The Weekend Telegraph, London. “Experts call for door beam rethink,” Complete Car, London, (August 1994). Oxford, Bob, (14 October 1994) “Row erupts over effectiveness of side impact bars,” Fleet News, Peterborough. Johnstone, Helen, (19 October 1994), “Side impact bars facing a broadside of criticism,” The Daily Telegraph - The Motor Show, London.“Lateral Thinking,” Complete Car, London, (December 1994). Hiday, Jeffrey, (12 February 1995), “Studies question side impact door beams,” The Providence Sunday Journal, Providence, Rhode Island. <mask>, C A and M G Langdon. (1988), “Thoracic Impact and Injury in Side Impact Accidents,” Proceedings of the 1988 International Conference on The Biomechanics of Impacts, IRCOBI” Bergisch Gladbach. <mask>, C A, (1989), “The Influence of Car Structures and Padding on Side Impact Injuries,” Proceedings of the Twelfth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, Gothenburg. Hamer, Mike, (22 October 1987), “Euro Sid sets the standard on car safety,” New Scientist, London. <mask>, C A, (1995), “Dispelling the Misconceptions about Side Impact Protection,” Advances in Occupant Protection Technologies for the Mid-Nineties (SP-1077) SAE International Congress and Exposition, Detroit.<mask>, C A, (1990), “Essential Requirements for an Effective Full Scale Frontal Impact Test – SAE 900410. SAE International Congress and Exposition, Detroit. <mask>, C A, (1992), “The Need for a Deformable Impact Test Surface for Frontal Impact Testing.” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers - Seminar on Frontal Impact Testing, London. <mask>, C A, And D A Williams, (1994), “The Development of the Frontal Offset Deformable Barrier Test,” Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Munich. <mask>, C A, (1995), “The Rationale and Development of the Offset Deformable Frontal Impact Test Procedure,” Issues in Automotive Safety Technology: Offset Frontal Crashes, Airbags, and Belt Restraint Effectiveness (SP-1072), SAE International Congress and Exposition, Detroit. Baker, Alan, (June/July 1990) “Vehicle Safety ’90,” Automotive Engineer, The Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London. Steven, Catherine, (18 October 1991), “It’s no accident,” The Guardian, London.Shelley, Tom, (April 1993), “Real accidents make safer cars,” Eureka, Dartford. Baker, Alan, (June/July 1993). “Softer barriers for impact testing,” Automotive Engineer, The Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London. “Are we being sold a dummy?,” Complete Car, London, (November 1994). Thomas, James, (22 March 1995), “Car makers face crash test U-turn,” Autocar, London. Wolmar, Christian, (20 March 1995), “Motorists demand stricter car tests,” The Independent, London. Bailey, Eric, (25 March 1995), “EU car crash tests ‘are too easy to pass’,” The Daily Telegraph, London.Nelson, Chris, (9 June 1995), “Desktops will do fine if it comes to the crunch,” The Daily Telegraph, London. “Safety secrets: the hidden killer,” What Car?, London, (February 1996). “Have our Cars Really Become Safer,” (1 March 1993), Watchdog – BBC Television, United Kingdom. “The Driven Man – Rowan Atkinson,” (1990), Central Independent Television, United Kingdom. “J G Ballard – Crash,” (1991), Bookmark – BBC Television, United Kingdom. <mask>, C A et al, (1996), “Compatibility of Cars in Frontal and Side Impact,” Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Melbourne. Wykes, N J et al (1998) “Compatibility Requirements for Cars in Frontal and Side Impact,” Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Windsor.Edwards, M et al, (2000), “Compatibility – The essential requirements for cars in frontal impact,” Vehicle Safety 2000 Conference, The Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London. Edwards, M et al, (2001), “The essential requirements for cars in frontal impact,” Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Amsterdam. Bradsher, Keith, (24 September 1997), “A Deadly Highway Mismatch Ignored,” The New York Times. <mask>, C A, (1996), “United Kingdom - New Car Assessment Programme (UK-NCAP),” Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Melbourne. <mask>, C A, and P J McDonough, (1998), “Development of the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP),” Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Windsor. “How Safe is Your Car,” (14 October 1997), First Edition – Carlton Television, United Kingdom. Eason, Kevin, (25 March 1995), “Safety ‘scandal’ puts hundreds of lives at risk,” The Times – Car 95, London.“Berger – Safety Campain” (sic), (25 March 1995), Eurosport News, Brussels. Murray, Bob, (8 February 1997), “The man who must carry on crashing,” The Daily Telegraph - Motoring, London. “Carmakers work to meet denounced test standard,” Professional Engineer, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London, (12 February 1997). Evans, John, (12 February 1997), “Row erupts over NCAP testing,” Autocar, London. Weir, Andrew, (November 1998), “This Crash Could Save Your Life,” Reader’s Digest, London. Foley, Vivian, (1999), “Is Your Car Safe?,” Vision Publications, Cork, . “Safety Award for TRL,” (15 November 1986), Motor, London.“Awards for Engineering Excellence”, (1998), 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Windsor. Baker, Alan, (February 1999), “King of Crashes,” Automotive Engineer, London. “2004 Bertil Aldman Award,” (2004), International Research Council on Biokinetics of Impacts, Graz. Bremner, Richard et al, (25 May 2004), “The Motor Industry’s 100 Most Influential Britons,: Autocar, London. “BusinessCar Power list 2007,” BusinessCar, Foots Cray, (5 September 2007). “Birthday Honours List – United Kingdom,” (13 June 2008), The London Gazette, London. “Honours,” (14 June 2008), The Times, London.“<mask> – Mr Euro NCAP,” (Winter 2012), Advanced Driving - The Institute of Advanced Motorists, London. “Individual Achievement – Safety Awards 2013,” (30 May 2013), Global NCAP Annual Meeting, Seoul. Other selected publications
 <mask>, C A et al, “Classification of Injury Severity by Length of Stay in Hospital,” (1979), TRRL Laboratory Report 871, Crowthorne. Lowne, R W et al, (1979), “The Need for a Force Measuring Dummy in Side Impact Testing,” Proceedings of the Society of Automotive Engineers Passenger Car Meeting, Dearborn. <mask>, <mask>, (2000), “Protecting People in Crashes- Making Cars Safer,” Best in Europe 2000 Road Safety Conference, European Transport Safety Council, Brussels. <mask>, <mask> et al, (2001), “Priorities for EU Motor Vehicle Safety Design,” European Transport Safety Council, Brussels. <mask>, C A, (2005), “Creating A Market For Safety – 10 Years of Euro NCAP,” The European New Car Assessment Programme, Brussels.1946 births
Living people
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
People from Ilkley
Safety

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Colonel <mask> (born January 30, 1938) is a United States Air Force officer, historian, senior aerospace defense executive, author, and the first Puerto Rican graduate of the United States Air Force Academy. He was commissioned by Spain's Fifth Centennial Commission to write the "Historia Militar de Puerto Rico" (A Military History of Puerto Rico). Early years
<mask> was born in the town of Yauco, Puerto Rico, which is located in the southwestern region of the island. There he received his primary education. While still young, his parents moved to Santa Rosa, California. During this period of his life, his family continued to move, and <mask> was to attend school in the Mexican city of Veracruz and finally in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 1956, he graduated from Frankford High School and enrolled in Drexel University, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he completed one year of civil engineering before he received appointments for all three service academies, The United States Military Academy at West Point, The United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, and the United States Air Force Academy at Colorado Springs.He decided for the Air Force Academy, where in 1961 he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in engineering with a major in public affairs. <mask> was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Air Force and was awarded his navigator wings. While at Drexel University, <mask> was a member of Pi Kappa Phi fraternity. Military career
In 1962, he received his pilot wings after completing pilot training at Reese Air Force Base, in Texas. In 1964, the Air Force presented him with a scholarship to pursue a  master's degree at the University of Puerto Rico. In 1967, he graduated from the University of Puerto Rico and earned a Master of Arts degree in Hispanic Studies. Negroni served as an assistant professor of Spanish in the Air Force Academy between the years 1967 and 1971.There he taught and directed all the Spanish courses. He also holds degrees from the Industrial College of the Armed Forces and the Air War College. <mask> participated in combat missions during the Vietnam War and accumulated over 600 combat hours. During his tour he served in the 553rd Reconnaissance Squadron stationed in Korat, Thailand and as chief of combat operation in the 7th Airborne Command and Control Squadron in Udon, Thailand. In 1973, he was assigned to the 317th Tactical Airlift Wing, Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina, serving as an aircraft commander, flight commander, assistant operations officer, and wing chief of aircrew training. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1977 and became the commander of the 3rd Mobile Aerial Port Squadron. In 1978, he was named the chief of liaison for the Joint United States Military Group in Spain.The Spanish Government presented Negroni with its highest Air Force peacetime award, the Aeronautical Merit Cross for his contributions to the successful implementation of the United States-Spain Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation. In 1980, <mask> was reassigned to the Pentagon and in 1981 promoted to colonel. Among the positions which he held in the Pentagon are the following:
Latin America Politico-Military Affairs Officer for the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Vice commander for the Air District of Washington at Bolling Air Force Base. Chief of the Policy and Management Division, Directorate of International Program, Deputate of Programs and Resources at the Headquarters United States Air Force in the Pentagon. Written works
<mask> has authored over 200 articles which have been published in various U.S. and foreign journals. His research of the Corsican-Puerto Rican connection has provided a wealth of information about the Puerto Rico's ties with Corsica.Among <mask>'s works is "La Genealogía de Puerto Rico" (The Genealogy of Puerto Rico) which provides an indepth study of the Puerto Rican people. He is the author of Historia Militar de Puerto Rico (A Military History of Puerto Rico (the book)), commissioned by Spain's Fifth Centennial Commission, "Historia de Yauco" (The History of Yauco) and The History of the Negroni Family. Later years
In October 1985, <mask> retired from the Air Force after 24 years of service. He then joined the McDonnell Douglas Corporation. He was named manager of the International Business Development for the Harpoon anti-ship missile program in the McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company. In 1987 he was appointed manager of international program development for McDonnell Aircraft Company. In 1990 he was named general manager for McDonnell Douglas Spain Ltd., a subsidiary of McDonnell Douglas Corporation.He is currently married to Joan Leah Blanco, with whom he had two sons, Hector Emilio, a CEO for Fundamental Credit Opportunities in New York City and Xavier Andres, a managing director for Pierpont Securities in Stamford, Connecticut. <mask> and his wife resided in Vienna, Virginia where he was a commercial pilot, a navigator and a certified Spanish-English diplomatic translator-interpreter. In December 1992, <mask> became a private management consultant specializing in project, marketing, and proposal management. He was also involved with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, where he acted as eastern regional director; the Latin American Management Association as executive director and  T.E. Systems, Inc. as vice president of business development. In 1996, he joined AlliedSignal Aerospace Company (which later became Honeywell International) as the general manager for their Huntsville, Alabama office. His responsibilities include marketing, sales and support activities with NASA's Marshall Space Center and the U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command at the Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama.He retired from the aerospace defense industry in 2000 and currently resides with his wife in  Bonita Springs, Florida. Awards and recognitions

Among Col. <mask>'s U.S. and foreign decorations and awards are the following:

Badges:
  Command pilot
  Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge

Foreign decorations
  Cruz de Mérito Aeronáutico (Aeronautical Merit Cross), Spain
  Command Pilot Wings, Bolivia
  Spanish Air Force Pilot Wings, Spain

See also

List of Puerto Ricans
List of Puerto Rican military personnel
Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico
Hispanics in the United States Air Force

References

Further reading
Puertorriquenos Who Served With Guts, Glory, and Honor. Fighting to Defend a Nation Not Completely Their Own; by : Greg Boudonck;

External links
Historia Militar de Puerto Rico (A military History of Puerto Rico)
Historia Militar de Puerto Rico
The Puerto Rican soldiers
Historical Summary of the Negroni Family "La Genealogía de Puerto Rico" (The Genealogy of Puerto Rico) by <mask> <mask>ni In Spanish*

1938 births
Living people
Air War College alumni
Drexel University alumni
Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy alumni
Puerto Rican people of Corsican descent
Puerto Rican United States Air Force personnel
Puerto Rican writers
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Air Force personnel of the Vietnam War
United States Air Force colonels
United States Air Force Academy alumni
Puerto Rican military officers
People from Yauco, Puerto Rico
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)
Recipients of the Meritorious Service Medal (United States)
People from Vienna, Virginia
Commercial aviators

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Héctor Andrés Negroni
Negroni
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Andrés Negro


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R<mask>  is a professor of Marine Hydrodynamics and Ocean Engineering. He currently holds a guest professor position at Harbin Engineering University of China. He is best known for his contributions to the development of nonlinear water wave theories, hydroelasticity of very large floating structures (VLFS), wave energy, and tsunami and storm impact on coastal bridges. He is also the co-developer, along with Professor H<mask> of the University of Hawaii, of the computer program HYDRAN for solving linear fluid-structure interaction problems of floating and fixed bodies. Early life and education
R<mask> was born and raised in Turkey. He received a B.Sc. degree in Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering from Istanbul Technical University, the top technical university of Turkey, in 1977.Following the encouragement of his advisor, Prof. <mask> Dokmeci, he moved to the Department of Naval Architecture and Offshore Engineering of the University of California at Berkeley, United States, for higher education. He received his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in 1980 and 1984, respectively. His M.Sc. advisors were Professors Marshall P. Tulin and William C. Webster. His Ph.D. advisor was Professor John V. Wehausen. <mask> was the last student of Prof. John V. Wehausen before his retirement.After graduation, Prof. Wehausen offered Cengiz a postdoctoral research assistant position for 18 months at U.C. Berkeley. Professional career
Most of <mask>'s professional career has been dedicated to academic work; however, he also has several years of experience of working in the industry. In 1985, <mask> joined the Research Center of Shell Development Company in Houston, Texas. He took a faculty position (hired at the Associate Professor level) at the Department of Ocean Engineering of the University of Hawaii at Manoa (UH) in 1986, and received tenure within four years and was promoted to Professor in 1994. The Ocean Engineering Department of UH was established by Prof. Charles Bretschneider in 1966 and is one of the first of its kind in the US. At the University of Hawaii, <mask> led and contributed immensely to the success of SOEST and the Department of Ocean and Resources Engineering (ORE, formerly Ocean Engineering).In the era of PCs, for example, Prof. <mask> played a key role in transferring the department from one focusing mostly on field and experimental studies, to also a leading institute in modern and computational hydrodynamics. The department was the host of some of the internationally leading conferences, workshops and meetings (details given below), mostly organized and chaired by <mask>. After almost 30 years, he retired from the University of Hawaii in September 2015. Starting in March 2014, he became a guest professor at the College of Shipbuilding Engineering of Harbin Engineering University in China. Teaching and advising
<mask> has taught numerous courses on hydrodynamics and ocean engineering at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and at University of California Berkeley. At the Ocean Engineering Department of the University of Hawaii, <mask> developed and taught several courses including Nonlinear water wave theories (ORE 707), Hydrodynamics of Fluid-Body Interaction (ORE 609), Buoyancy and Stability (ORE 411), and Marine Renewable Energy (ORE 677), to name a few. At the University of California at Berkeley, he taught Ship Statics (NAOE 151) and Ship Resistance and Propulsion (NAOE 152A).At the University of Hawaii, <mask> advised and mentored over 50 graduate students. Research
<mask>'s research on Marine Hydrodynamics and Ocean Engineering has extended over a period of about forty years. His work cover both basic and applied research through analytical, computational and experimental approaches. Below are an examples of his pioneering contributions. Other topics of significant research contribution by <mask> include ship resistance, marine energy, and oil spills. The Green-Naghdi water wave theory
The Green-Naghdi (GN) equations are nonlinear water wave equations that were originally developed by British mathematician Albert E. Green and Iranian-American mechanical engineer Paul M. Naghdi in the 1970s (see,). The original equations, namely the Level I GN equations, are mostly applicable to the propagation of long waves in shallow waters.However, high level GN equations are also developed which are applicable to deep water waves. The equations differ from the classical water wave theories (e.g. Boussinesq equations) in that the flow need not be irrotational, and that no perturbation is used in deriving the equations. Hence, the GN equations satisfy the nonlinear boundary conditions exactly, and postulate the integrated conservation laws. Although the GN equations were developed very recently (compared to other wave theories), they are well-known and fairly understood by the research and scientific community. <mask>'s Ph.D. advisor and dissertation committee chair was Professor Wehausen. Others on his Ph.D. committee were Professor William Webster, and Professor Paul M. Naghdi.Working under close guidance of his advisors, he was one of the first to use the nonlinear equations (that were introduced just a couple of years earlier by Profs. Green and Naghdi). In his Ph.D. dissertation, <mask> was the first to give the equations in now a familiar form to the hydrodynamics community by providing closed-form relations for the pressures. He named the equations, The Green-Naghdi Equations. Upon completion of his Ph.D., <mask> continued research on the GN equations. He has patiently introduced the GN equations to his graduate students and postdoctoral researchers and has guided many of them to perform basic and applied research on or by use of the GN equations. Along with his research assistant and postdocs, they developed the Irrotational GN (IGN) equations (see e.g., and ), and high-level GN equations (see e.g., and ).They have solved some of the classical and challenging hydrodynamics problems by use of the GN equations, including nonlinear wave diffraction and refraction(see e.g. ), nonlinear wave loads on vertical cylinders (see e.g. ), wave interaction with elastic bodies and VLFS (see e.g. ), wave loads on coastal bridges (see e.g. ), and wave interaction with wave energy devices (see e.g. ), among many others. Hydroelasticity and VLFS
The Mobile Offshore Base (MOB) project of USA and the Mega-Float project of Japan are two examples of Very Large Floating Structures (VLFS).These are very large floating platforms consist of interconnected modules whose length can extend to several kilometers. Due to the unprecedented long length, displacement and associated hydroelastic response of VLFS, the state of the art analysis and design approaches that was used for smaller floating platforms was not adequate. It quickly became obvious that new approaches must be developed to tackle the complex problems associated to dynamics and response of VLFS. Starting 1990's, <mask> pioneered the research on hydroelasticity of VLFS. He and H<mask> <mask> of the Civil Engineering Department at the University of Hawaii coined the term VLFS. They have solved the hydroelasticity problem of VLFS by use of both linear and nonlinear approaches, in two and three dimensions. <mask> has also introduced new approaches and equations to study this topic, including the use of nonlinear water wave models to analyse the hydroelastic response of VLFS of mat type (see e.g., and ).His work and research on hydroelasticity of VLFS has opened a new era for these topics and gave more confidence in understanding the dynamics and response of the structures. Wave loads on coastal bridges
Some of the recent tsunami and hurricanes, such as Tohoku tsunami in Japan (2011) and Hurricane Katrina in the United States (2005), caused significant damage to the decks of coastal bridges and structures. Interaction of surface waves with coastal bridges is a complex problem, involving fluid-structure interaction, multi-phase fluids, wave breaking, and overtopping. These are of course in addition to the difficulties associated to the structural analysis. <mask> and his students studied bridge failure mechanisms and possible mitigating solutions. They developed models used to assess the vulnerability of coastal bridges in USA to tsunami and storm surge and waves. Publications and professional services
<mask> has over 150 peer-reviewed publications.He has been on the editorial board of more than ten internationally leading journals since early 1990s (see e.g., and ), and editor of several special issues in various journals, see e.g. Renewable Energy: Leveraging Ocean and Waterways special issue of Applied Ocean Research journal (2009). He was the co-editor-in-chief of Elsevier's Ocean Engineering journal (2006–2010), and he is the founding editor-in-chief of Springer's Journal of Ocean Engineering and Marine Energy. <mask> has been keynote speaker of several leading meetings and conferences, see e.g. and. References

University of California, Berkeley alumni
Fluid dynamicists
1954 births
UC Berkeley College of Engineering faculty
Living people

masks:
. Cengiz Ertekin
. Ronald Riggs
. Cengiz Ertekin
M Cengiz
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. Ronald
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<mask> (born April 11, 1974) is an American film producer. He is the founder of Will Packer Productions and Will Packer Media. Packer has been included in several high-profile lists, including The Hollywood Reporter's "40(ish) Most Powerful People in Comedy, GIANT magazine's "The GIANT 100", Jet magazine's "Who's Hot To Watch in 2008" and Black Enterprises "Most Powerful Players Under 40." As of 2018, Packer has produced or executive produced 28 films (including Girls Trip, Ride Along and Think Like a Man) that have grossed worldwide over $1 billion combined at the box office. Early life and education

<mask> was born and raised in St. Petersburg, Florida. He graduated from St. Petersburg High School in 1991 and began attending Florida A&M University that fall. In 1996, Packer graduated magna cum laude with a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering.On October 29, 2021, during their 134th year standing, FAMU personally honored Packer by renaming its amphitheater the Will Packer Amphitheater. Career

Rainforest Films
It was at FAMU that he started filmmaking with colleague and future business partner Rob Hardy while participating in an internship with veteran producer Warrington Hudlin. In 1994, <mask> and Hardy produced their first film, Chocolate City, for $20,000 and Packer helped broker a small distribution deal with Blockbuster video. After graduating, <mask> and Hardy moved to Atlanta, Georgia and co-founded Rainforest Films. Packer produced and oversaw the company's studio-financed and self-financed films and distribution projects. <mask> and Hardy's vision was to make films that would appeal to black audiences who hadn't seen genre films starring people like themselves. In 2000, Trois, Rainforest Film's first movie to be released theatrically, grossed over $1.2 million and became the fastest million-dollar grossing film independently distributed by African Americans.Trois was in the Top 50 Highest Grossing Independent Films of the year, according to Daily Variety, and Rainforest Films was at #34 on the list of Top 100 Film Distributors of 2000 listed by The Hollywood Reporter in August 2001. Due to the success of their first film, <mask> and Hardy were listed among the "New Establishment" of Black power brokers in Hollywood. In 2001, Packer helped broker a deal with Sony to produce and distribute urban films including Troiss sequel, Trois: The Escort, and Motives. The film Lockdown, released on home video under this Rainforest-Sony collaboration, was one of Columbia Tri-Star's top selling independent releases. In 2005, Rainforest Films released The Gospel. At this time, Packer started using the shortened moniker "<mask>". <mask> and Hardy wanted Rainforest's films to include established actors and actresses as well as those who are up and coming.2007's This Christmas, a film about a middle-class family that reunites at Christmas time for the first time in many years, stars veteran actresses Loretta Devine and Regina King as well as R&B superstar Chris Brown in his feature film debut. Packer produced five #1 films with Rainforest, Stomp the Yard, Obsessed, Takers, Think like a Man and Ride Along. His biggest hits with Rainforest have been Think like a Man, which grossed over $96 million worldwide after being released in April 2012, and Ride Along, which brought in box office receipts totaling nearly $150 million as of April 2014. In television, <mask>, along with Andrew Young, Martin Luther King III, and Rainforest Films partner Rob Hardy, are co-founders of Bounce TV, a United States television network airing on digital terrestrial television stations. Promoted as "the first 24/7 digital multicast broadcast network created exclusively for African Americans," Bounce TV launched on September 26, 2011 and features programming geared toward blacks and African Americans in the 25–54 age range. In June 2014, <mask> and Hardy dissolved Rainforest Films. The pair were included in a lawsuit brought by former business partner Bernard Bronner in late June 2014.Will Packer Productions
In 2013, <mask> launched Will Packer Productions. In July 2013, he signed a two-year deal with Universal Television to develop new projects for the studio. Later that year, he signed a three-year deal with Universal Pictures. Packer-produced films under the Will Packer Productions banner include #1 box office openers Ride Along 2, No Good Deed and Think Like a Man Too along with The Wedding Ringer and Girls Trip. Girls Trip was the highest grossing live action comedy of 2017 and the first film written, directed, produced, and starring African-Americans to gross over $100 million. The film went on to gross $140 million on a $19 million budget. Packer also served as executive producer on NWA biopic Straight Outta Compton and on 2016 television mini-series Roots.He has produced the comedies Night School (2018), starring Kevin Hart and Tiffany Haddish, What Men Want (2019), starring Taraji P. Henson, and Little (2019), starring Marsai Martin and Issa Rae. Packer was named the Producer of the 94th Annual Academy Awards. This marked his first "live" television production credit for a major show on a major television network (ABC). Will Packer Media
In 2017, Packer launched Will Packer Media, a branded content and digital production company, in partnership with Discovery Communications and Universal Pictures. As part of the launch, the company acquired digital ad firm Narrative_ to serve as the new venture's branded content arm, WP Narrative. In 2018, Will Packer Media acquired women's lifestyle site xoNecole. Will Packer Media projects include television series Ambitions and Ready to Love for OWN; Power Star Live, a 30-minute live series for Twitter; and digital series The Baxters, produced for Roma Downey's LightWorkers platform.The company's WP Narrative_ division was a 2018 Webby Award Winner and 10th Annual Shorty Award winner for its work producing video short #TakeAKnee. WP Narrative was also honored for its #BackedByAxe campaign created for Showtime's Billions, winning at the Clio Entertainment awards, 10th Annual Shorty Awards and 2018 D&AD Awards. Central Ave, an entertainment magazine series, debuted November 4, 2019 on Fox television stations. Personal life
Packer is a member of the Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity (inducted into the Beta Nu Chapter at FAMU). Packer married his first wife <mask> (general manager of Bryant Management and Dir. Of Operations for Blueprint Group, the artist management firm for Lil' Wayne and his YMCMB label from 2007-2014) in July 2001 and they have two daughters together, Nija <mask> and <mask>. They were divorced in February 2009.Packer proposed to his fiancé Heather Hayslett live on stage at the 2013 Essence Music Festival. They were married in August 2015 in Georgia.

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The execution of <mask> occurred on March 5, 2020, at Holman Correctional Facility in Alabama. The execution was controversial due to skepticism about his culpability and the fairness of his trial. <mask> had surrendered inside a drug house during a police raid that attempted to serve an arrest warrant on <mask>. Another man came downstairs and opened fire, killing three officers. <mask> ran from the scene after the gunfire erupted. Despite never pulling a trigger, <mask> was accused of being an accomplice and was convicted of capital murder. Incident
The murders for which <mask> was convicted took place on June 17, 2004, in Birmingham, Alabama.<mask> and Kerry Spencer (born June 11, 1980) were working at a drug house for a drug operation. Two police officers knocked at the door in the morning and got confirmation of <mask>' name after an argument. After officers determined that <mask> was wanted on a misdemeanor assault charge, they returned to the house, this time with four police officers: Harley Chisholm III, Charles Bennett, Carlos Owen and Michael Collins. <mask> fled inside after meeting them at the door. Spencer grabbed an SKS rifle when he heard the officers, while <mask> was in the kitchen. It is not known precisely what happened inside, but <mask> was allegedly maced by one of the officers, and surrendered. Spencer fired shots at all four police officers, killing three out of the four (Chisholm, Bennett, and Owen).The fourth officer, Michael Collins, was injured, but survived. <mask> escaped out of the house after the gun battle. Spencer and <mask> were both charged with the murders, despite <mask> never firing a weapon. Trial
Kerry Spencer was tried slightly before <mask> and was convicted of murder, with his trial finishing in September 2005. Spencer was sentenced to death, and remains on death row at Holman Correctional Facility awaiting execution as of 2022. Before <mask>' trial, he turned down a plea deal of 20 to 25 years in prison. One of his lawyers misinformed him by saying that he could not be given the death penalty as he did not commit the murders.Lauren Faraino, a lawyer and later supporter of <mask> criticized his original legal team as being weak and ineffective. At <mask>'s trial, only two black jurors were impaneled on the jury despite the city being majority black due to peremptory challenges from the prosecution of other black jurors. The prosecution conceded that it was Spencer who had opened fire on the officers, but accused <mask> of luring them to their deaths while refusing to cooperate with a valid arrest warrant. <mask> was convicted of murder. The prosecution presented a letter that <mask> had sent to Chisholm's widow, where <mask> maintained that he was innocent and that he "did not give a damn" what she and other family members thought. <mask> took the stand in his own defense, but rather than offer contrition or commiserate the sorrow of the victim's family's loss as his lawyers had advised him, he instead claimed he had "no feeling about the officers" and that if they needed to take his blood, "so be it". A juror interviewed afterward was surprised by <mask>' testimony at sentencing.The jury voted 10-2 in favor of capital punishment. Unlike most states that allow capital punishment, Alabama does not require death sentence verdicts to be unanimous, and <mask> was placed on death row. Controversy and execution
In an open letter, Spencer defended <mask>, writing, "<mask> doesn't even deserve to be incarcerated, much less executed," taking responsibility for the deaths himself. Spencer also stated that "Nate is absolutely innocent. That man didn't know I was going to shoot anybody just like I didn't know I was going to shoot anybody that day, period." Bubba Cooper, an associate of Spencer and <mask> and the cousin of <mask>, later filed an affidavit in 2012 that said that two of the Birmingham police officers involved were crooked cops. According to Cooper, Kerry Spencer and him paid the officers around $1,000 a week in exchange for being allowed to deal and advance notice of buy-and-bust operations of narcotics officers.After Cooper was arrested on attempted murder charges after he was involved in a shoot-out, the deal fell apart after the officers allegedly raised the price. Later, advocates for <mask> claim that this raises questions over whether the drug bust was entirely legitimate. Days before <mask>'s execution, controversy started regarding <mask>'s sentence and whether he was genuinely guilty of the murders. Some civil rights leaders, including Martin Luther King III, urged Alabama governor Kay Ivey to commute his death sentence. Ivey told <mask>'s attorney she denied his request for clemency, arguing that he was an "integral participant in the intentional murder of these three officers", and calling him a "known drug dealer." Ivey also pointed out that over the 15 years that <mask> had spent on death row, his conviction had been reviewed "at least nine times", with no court finding any reason to overturn the jury's decision. Kimberly Chisholm Simmons, the sister of one of the murdered officers, Harley Chisholm III, called Governor Ivey to request clemency for <mask> and said, "He didn’t kill my brother, and he didn’t kill the other officers, may they rest in peace.I'm asking for mercy, and I believe my brother would want me to take a stance because of the man he was." Hours before <mask>'s death, the United States Supreme Court temporarily halted the execution, but later denied a stay. <mask> was executed at Holman Correctional Facility by lethal injection at 9:01 p.m on March 5, 2020. He did not make a final statement. Shaun King called the execution "a modern day lynching" and said that the state of Alabama "just executed an innocent man." On March 13, 2020, <mask>'s sister, <mask>, confronted Governor Kay Ivey during one of Ivey's press briefings and said, "Governor Ivey, you killed my brother." Ivey responded to critics, saying, "...he later bragged about his participation in these horrific murders.As such, the jury did not view <mask>’ acts as those of an innocent bystander; they believed that he was a fully engaged participant." <mask>'s execution made him the 67th death row prisoner to be executed in Alabama since 1978. Martin Luther King III criticized the execution, writing, "the actions of the U.S. Supreme Court and the Governor of the State of Alabama are reprehensible and have potentially contributed to an irreversible injustice". Further criticism came from Kim Kardashian, who had championed <mask>'s case, commenting after the stay of execution was lifted, "My heart and prayers are with Nate and his family." During <mask>'s trial, his state appointed appellate lawyer abandoned him and failed to file a brief on his behalf, consequently preventing the Alabama Supreme Court from reviewing his case. <mask> did not learn of this until months after the deadline to file had passed. When new counsel petitioned the Alabama Supreme Court, and later the United States Supreme Court, both courts refused.Some have argued that by denying <mask> an opportunity to file a brief, he was denied his constitutional rights. Steve Marshall, the Attorney General of Alabama, said <mask> was not innocent and said his punishment was just. "The only injustice in the case of <mask> is that which was inflicted on those four policemen that terrible day." Robert Dunham, executive director of the Death Penalty Information Center, has criticized Alabama's policy of allowing death sentences without a unanimous decision, saying that it, "creates a heightened risk that an innocent person will be sentenced to death". Randy Susskind, deputy director of the Equal Justice Initiative, has also criticized the policy, commenting, "Historically, unanimity has been a hallmark of our jury system", adding that in death penalty cases, the state being unable to convince the entire jury beyond a reasonable doubt "is a pretty important factor". In popular culture
On December 3, 2021, a documentary by The New York Times about the case of <mask> titled To Live and Die in Alabama was released on Hulu and FX. See also
 Brandon Bernard
 Dustin Higgs
 List of people executed in the United States in 2020
 List of people executed in Alabama

References

1976 births
21st-century executions by Alabama
21st-century executions of American people
People executed by Alabama by lethal injection
American people convicted of assault
People convicted of murder by Alabama
2020 in American law
2020 in Alabama
American people executed for murder
2020 controversies in the United States
2020 deaths
Deaths by person in the United States
Executed people from Alabama
March 2020 events in the United States
African-American men
Executed African-American people
American people convicted of murdering police officers
People executed for murdering police officers
21st-century African-American people

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