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<mask> (27 January 1806 – 17 January 1826) was a Spanish Basque composer. He was nicknamed "the Spanish Mozart" after he died, because, like Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, he was both a child prodigy and an accomplished composer who died young. They also shared the same first and second baptismal names; and they shared the same birthday, 27 January (fifty years apart). Life
<mask> was born in Bilbao, Biscay, on what would have been Mozart's fiftieth birthday. His father (<mask>) and the boy's older brother first taught him music. <mask> had some musical talent and at age seventeen <mask> was an organist at a church in Berriatúa. <mask> worked in Guernica and in 1804 moved to Bilbao and became a merchant in wool, rice, wax, coffee and other commodities.The income generated in this way allowed <mask> to think about providing his son, who had shown prodigious musical talent, a way of developing those gifts. In September 1821, <mask>'s father, with the encouragement of composer José Sobejano y Ayala (1791–1857), sent <mask> to Paris, where in November of that year <mask> began his studies. These included violin under Pierre Baillot,  counterpoint with Luigi Cherubini and harmony under François-Joseph Fétis at the Paris Conservatoire. From all evidence, <mask> made quite an impression on his teachers. In 1823, Cherubini, who had become director at the Conservatoire the previous year, famously asked on hearing the young composer's Stabat Mater, "Who wrote this?" and learning it was <mask>, said to him, "Amazing – you are music itself." <mask> soon became a teaching assistant in Fétis's class, noted and highly praised both by fellow students and other faculty at the Conservatoire for his talent.Cherubini referred to <mask>'s fugue for eight voices (lost) based on the Credo ... et vitam venturi simply as "a masterpiece", and Fétis was no less effusive — apparently, what impressed all his mentors was his use of sophisticated harmonies, counterpoint and fugue with minimal or no formal instruction. Fétis was already familiar with <mask>'s now-lost opera Los Esclavos Felices ("The Happy Slaves"), stating that "without any knowledge whatsoever of harmony, <mask> wrote a Spanish opera containing wonderful and completely original ideas." <mask> was well supported during his four years in Paris by his father, but the intensity of his commitment to his studies at the Conservatoire and his meteoric rise, based on his teachers' compliments and assessments of his promise, may have taken a toll on his health: he died in Paris ten days before his twentieth birthday, of a lung ailment (possibly tuberculosis), or exhaustion, perhaps both. He was buried in an unmarked grave at the Cimetière du Nord in Montmartre. Thanks to the Spanish Embassy, since 1977 there has been a plaque marking the house at 314 rue Saint-Honoré in memory of the composer. Music

The amount of <mask>'s music that has survived to the present day is quite small, reflecting his early death. It includes:

 Opera: <mask> wrote an opera, Los esclavos felices ("The Happy Slaves"), in 1820 when he was fourteen.It was produced in Bilbao. Only the overture and some fragments have survived. Symphony: <mask> composed a Symphony in D for Large Orchestra (Sinfonía a gran orquesta), which uses D major and D minor so equally that it is not in either key. String quartets: At the age of 16, <mask> wrote three sparkling and idiomatic string quartets that were published in 1824, and were the only works of his published during his lifetime. Other works: <mask> also wrote the following:
 An octet, Nada y mucho scored for String Quartet, Bass, Trumpet, Guitar and Piano. Pieces of church music: a Mass (lost), Stabat Mater, Salve Regina, Et vitam venturi saeculi (lost), cantatas (Agar, Erminia, All' Aurora, Patria)
 Instrumental compositions: a nonet, Tres Estudios de Character for piano, La Húngara for violin and piano, Variations for String Quartet and numerous Romances

<mask>'s music was used to create an opera pasticcio, Die arabische Prinzessin. The work was commissioned by the Barenboim-Said Foundation from the composer Anna-Sophie Brüning and the author Paula Fünfeck, and is based on a traditional Arabic tale.The piece was premiered under the title Die Sultana von Cadiz by the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra of the Barenboim-Said Foundation and local children's choirs at the Cultural Palace, Ramallah on 14 July 2009. The music publisher Boosey & Hawkes lists further performance runs in Leipzig (in 2011); in Bonn, Bilbao, and Barañáin (in 2013); and in Madrid, Coburg, and Linz (in 2014). Stature

Arriaga's music is "elegant, accomplished and notable for its harmonic warmth" (New Grove Concise Dictionary of Music). His greatest works are undoubtedly the three string quartets, which (like his predecessors', D. Scarlatti, Soler and Boccherini) contain notably Spanish ethnic rhythmic and melodic elements, especially in the galloping 6/8 finale of No. 1 in D minor and the meditative second (slow) movements of No. 2 in A major (an impressive set of variations in D major taking off from the slow D major variation movements in Mozart's K. 464 and Beethoven's Op. 18 No.5 (both also in A major as a whole), which climaxes in a D minor variation even more passionate than Mozart's D minor variation in K. 464, in the form of an impassioned, plangent lament on the top two strings of the viola going up to the second A above middle C) and No. 3 in E-flat major (a tender G major lullaby for the newborn Christ child). Periodwise, his style is on the borderline between late Classicism and early Romanticism, ranging from the late Classical idiom of Mozart to the proto-Romanticism of early Beethoven. According to Grove, <mask>'s death "before he was 20 was a sad loss to Basque music". Following his early death, with the only reliable biographical material at the time being some reports by Fétis, his life story was fictionalized to play into rising Basque nationalism. Data on the composer remains scarce, but in 1989 the Basque Studies program at the University of Nevada, Reno published the only English language biography of <mask>, with appendix and bibliography of works, written by Barbara Rosen (<mask>, the Forgotten Genius: the Short Life of a Basque Composer); and in honor of the 200th anniversary of <mask>'s birth, Scherzo, the Spanish musical magazine, published a series of articles on the composer, with updated bibliographies, in its January 2006 issue. The view that emerges from both these newer sources does not contradict what Fétis said, but emphasizes that <mask>'s early death was a loss not just to Basque culture but also to Spanish music and by extension, European classical music as a whole.According to Rosen "It is [...] possible to hear passages in <mask>'s work similar to Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven and Rossini, although he sometimes fails to achieve the complexity of these composers' more mature works. Nevertheless, <mask> has an identifiable and original style which, in time, undoubtedly would have become more individual and more recognizably his own, possibly incorporating more Spanish and Basque than Viennese elements." A public theatre in his home city of Bilbao carries his name. Selected recordings
 O salutaris Hostia. Stabat Mater dolorosa. Air d’Oedipe à Colone. Herminie.Air de Médée. Duo de Ma Tante Aurore. Agar dans le desert. Il Fondamento, Paul Dombrecht. Fuga Libera FUG515 2005
 <mask> <mask> (1806–1826). The complete string quartets. La Ritirata – Josetxu Obregón.Glossa GCD923102, 2014

Notes

References

External links
Public domain Music Recording & Sheet Music on Musopen.org

  <mask> <mask>
 The Gramophone entry to Arriaga in The Grove Concise Dictionary of Music (1994) Oxford University Press, Inc.
Arriaga String Quartet Nos.1–3 sound-bites and discussion of works
Article on <mask>'s Symphony (Accessed 10.17.11)
Scherzo – Revista de Musica (magazine, in Spanish)

1806 births
1826 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century Spanish male musicians
Basque classical composers
Basque classical musicians
Child classical musicians
Classical-period composers
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Spanish classical composers
Spanish male classical composers
Spanish Romantic composers
Spanish expatriates in France

masks: Juan Crisóstomo Jacobo Antonio de Arriaga y Balzola


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<mask> (born May 12, 1990) is a former Canadian football quarterback for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and a current firefighter in Miami, FL. <mask> started for Miami Northwestern High School during his last two years; he was unbeaten (30-0) and led the team to two state championships. In his senior year, <mask> broke the state record for passing touchdowns and won the 2007 High School Football National Championship. He was named Florida's Mr. Football. During his freshman year of college in 2008 with the Miami Hurricanes, he split time with Robert Marve in a two-quarterback system. After the Emerald Bowl in late December, Marve transferred to Purdue, effectively making <mask> the undisputed starter for the rest of his career as a Hurricane. He signed with the Philadelphia Eagles as an undrafted free agent in May 2012.High school career
<mask> attended Miami Northwestern High School, located in Liberty City, Miami, Florida. He became the starting quarterback for the Northwestern Bulls football team as a junior in 2006. That year, he would lead Northwestern to an undefeated season and its third state championship while completing 275-of-425 passes for 3,542 yards, 35 touchdowns, and six interceptions. As a senior in 2007, under his leadership, the team went on to another undefeated season and state title, as well as the high school football national championship. During his senior year, he completed 222-of-333 attempts (67% completion rate) for 3,445 yards, with 49 touchdowns and only six interceptions. In total, <mask> finished with a 30-0 record as a starting quarterback in high school. <mask> was awarded a Class 6A first team all-state selection, the Mr. Football Award (Florida), and Class 6A Player of the Year.<mask> attended the 2007 Elite 11 football camp and was ranked as the seventh best pocket-passer quarterback in the nation. Collegiate career

2008 season
<mask> came to University of Miami to compete for the starting quarterback position with former Mr. Florida award winner Robert Marve. <mask> and Marve split time as starters, with Marve starting 11 of 13 games. Marve subsequently transferred out of Miami, leaving <mask> the full-time starter heading into the 2009 season. During the 2008 season, <mask> led Miami on two comeback drives against Duke and Virginia. <mask> finished the season with 1,195 yards, 12 touchdowns, and seven interceptions as the Hurricanes wound up 7-6. In a July 31, 2009, interview with Dan Le Batard, <mask> told the world that he will pick up his Heisman Trophy wearing a pink suit and with a "pimp cup" in hand.He also earned himself a new nickname in this interview: Afro Butterfly. 2009 season
During the first game of his sophomore season against #18 Florida State, <mask> went 21-of-34 for 386 passing yards (a career-high and 10th highest in school history) with two touchdowns and also ran for a score in Miami's 38-34 upset road victory. <mask> managed just 122 of his 386 passing yards after a tough hit from FSU's blitzing cornerback Greg Reid with 11:45 left to play, which left his right arm numb until the next drive. In the second game of the 2009 season versus the Yellow Jackets at home, <mask> completed 20-of-25 passes for 270 yards and three touchdowns—and the 20th-ranked Hurricanes snapped a four-game losing streak against #14 Georgia Tech with a 33-17 victory on September 17, 2009. In the third game of the season against conference rival Virginia Tech, <mask> struggled, throwing for nine completions out of 25 passing attempts, 150 yards, and no touchdowns in a 31-7 loss. The Hurricanes were #9 headed into the game, but dropped to #17 in the polls. In the fourth game versus the highly favored Oklahoma Sooners, <mask> started the game off throwing two interceptions, then finished 19-for-28 with 202 yards passing and three touchdowns.The 21-20 win brought Miami back up to #11 in the polls. In the fifth game versus Florida A&M on October 10, <mask> went 16-for-24 passing for 217 yards and two touchdowns in a 48-16 win. The Hurricanes moved back up to #9 in the AP Poll. In the sixth game of the season, <mask> threw for 293 yards and a touchdown. The Miami Hurricanes went on to beat the UCF Knights, 27-7. Miami moved up one spot in the AP Poll. In a losing effort in overtime versus the Clemson Tigers, <mask> put up 256 passing yards, two touchdowns, and three interceptions.In overtime, after a 20-yard Graig Cooper run, <mask> and the Hurricane offense failed to push in the possible game-winning touchdown. The Hurricanes lost 40-37. The loss also put Miami down to #19 in the AP Poll and out of the BCS Standings. In an ACC matchup against the Wake Forest Demon Deacons, <mask> went 22-for-44, 330 yards passing, three touchdowns, and one pick. On a key 4th-and-16 on the Hurricanes final game-winning drive, <mask> found Aldarius Johnson on a finger-tip catch which kept the drive alive. <mask> sealed the 28-27 victory for "The U" off a 13-yard touchdown pass to Travis Benjamin. The Hurricanes moved up to #16 in the polls.The ninth game brought a change for the BCS 17th-ranked Hurricanes, as a 24-17 halftime lead against the Virginia Cavaliers broke into a dominant second half. Miami outscored Virginia 28-0 to defeat the Cavaliers 52-17. <mask> went 18-of-31 with 232 yards, two touchdown passes, and one interception. The previously-struggling Miami defense was not to blame for the allowed points, however, as two special teams miscues leading to two blocked punts brought 14 points to Virginia. The tide-turning play: a 66-yard punt-return by sophomore WR Thearon Collier that brought seven points for the Hurricanes. <mask> and the rest of the Miami Hurricanes went up to Chapel Hill to take on the North Carolina Tar Heels. <mask> went 28-for-50, 319 yards, one touchdown and four interceptions.The Hurricanes lost 33-24 and went from #14 to #21 and were out of contention for the ACC Championship and a BCS bowl game bid. In the final game at home for the Hurricanes against the Duke Blue Devils on November 21, <mask> went 25-for-43, 348 yards passing, two touchdowns, and one interception. The Hurricanes scored three unanswered touchdowns in the second half. Linebacker Darryl Sharpton sealed the win with a 73-yard interception return. Miami won the game by a score of 34-16. As a sophomore, <mask> led Miami to a 9-4 record and a #19 ranking from the AP poll while throwing for 3,352 yards, 24 touchdowns, and a pass efficiency rating of 140.09. 2010 season
The #13 Hurricanes had to face a schedule that included difficult games in September such as their September 11 matchup with preseason nationally ranked No.2 Ohio State. As a junior, <mask> started the first eight games of the year before a concussion sidelined him for three games, forcing true freshman Stephen Morris to pick up the slack. The Miami Hurricanes finished with a record of 7-6 as their head coach, Randy Shannon, was fired near the season's end on November 27, 2010. <mask> opened the season going 12-of-15 passing for 210 yards and three touchdowns as the Hurricanes defeated Florida A&M, 45-0, on September 2. He completed 21-of-32 passes for 248 yards and two touchdowns in Miami's 31-3 win over Pittsburgh on September 23. <mask> was 17-of-34 passing for 224 yards with a touchdown pass and another score off a 13-yard run in Miami's 28-13 road win on October 16 over Duke. A week later Miami fell behind 10-7 in the 2nd quarter at home against the North Carolina Tarheels.<mask> directed the 'Canes to 23 unanswered points as he completed 21-of-32 passes for 217 yards and three touchdowns in the contest, winning 30-10. 2011 season
On August 25, 2011, <mask> was ruled ineligible to play the first game of the 2011 season for his involvement with the Nevin Shapiro scandal. Quarterback Stephen Morris started, losing to Maryland on September 5, 2011. <mask> then returned after the suspension and threw two touchdown passes along with two interceptions in a 24-6 win against Ohio State. <mask> threw for 271 yards on September 24, 2011 against the nationally ranked No. 15 Kansas St. Wildcats in a losing effort, 28-24, as he completed 21-of-31 passes for two touchdowns. <mask> was stopped short of the goal line on a quarterback sneak as the game clock expired.On October 8, the Hurricanes came up short against 17th-ranked Virginia Tech, 38-35. <mask> was 13-for-21 passing the ball for 267 yards with three touchdowns, including a 77-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Travis Benjamin against the Hokies. On October 15 as the Hurricanes jumped out to a 27-10 halftime lead and claimed a 30-24 victory in Chapel Hill, N.C against a 5-1 North Carolina Tarheel team. The senior quarterback completed 20-of-30 passes for 267 yards with three touchdowns. <mask> completed 14-of-20 passes for 202 yards and three touchdowns against the Duke Blue Devils. He also had 22 yards on four rushes as Miami won 49-14. In a 28-21 loss to Virginia (the Cavaliers finished 8-5 in 2011), <mask> went 21-of-30 for a season best 311 passing yards and three touchdowns, including one of those going for 51 yards to wide receiver Tommy Streeter in the third quarter.He also rushed six times for 22 yards in this October 27 matchup with the Cavaliers. Miami came up short in a November 12 loss to ACC rival Florida St., 23-19. <mask> went 20-for-31 passing the ball for 225 yards with one touchdown. <mask> also rushed six times for 31 yards against the 23rd-ranked Seminoles. In <mask>'s final collegiate game, he threw four interceptions in a 24-17 loss to Boston College. Despite Miami being eligible for a bowl game with a 6-6 record, the university forfeited their bowl bid after having to deal with the fallout of the Nevin Shapiro scandal. <mask> ended his senior season completing 195-of-300 passes (65.0 percent) for 2,486 yards, 20 touchdowns, and nine interceptions.For his career at Miami, he had 8,826 passing yards, 70 touchdowns, and a pass efficiency rating of 135.0. Statistics

Professional career

NFL
<mask> was not drafted in the 2012 NFL Draft. After the draft, he received an invitation to the Miami Dolphins' training camp. He signed with the Philadelphia Eagles on May 11, 2012, but was waived on May 21. Edmonton Eskimos
Following his time in the United States <mask> came north to Canada and joined the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League (CFL) on February 6, 2013. After spending the 2013 season on the practice roster <mask> was released by the club on June 15, 2014. Hamilton Tiger-Cats
On July 13, 2014, <mask> signed with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats.In the 2015 season he appeared in three games for the Ti-Cats completing 13 of 23 pass attempts for 160 yards. Following the season he was not re-signed by the Tiger-Cats and became a free-agent. Montreal Alouettes
<mask> signed with the Montreal Alouettes (CFL) on February 14, 2017. During the 2017 preseason <mask> completed 15 of 23 pass attempts for 163 yards. Career statistics

References

External links
Hamilton Tiger-Cats bio

1990 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Canadian football quarterbacks
American players of Canadian football
Edmonton Elks players
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
Montreal Alouettes
Miami Hurricanes football players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Miami Northwestern Senior High School alumni
Players of American football from Miami
Players of Canadian football from Miami

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<mask> (c. 1612 – 12 May 1690) was an English lawyer, historian and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1657 and 1685. He compiled a series of works covering the English Civil Wars throughout the 17th century called Historical Collections and also known as the Rushworth Papers. Early life
<mask> was born at Acklington Park in Warkworth, Northumberland, the son of <mask> and his wife Margaret Cuthbert, daughter of the vicar of Carnaby in Yorkshire. His father was an extensive landowner and Justice of the Peace at Heath, Yorkshire although he was in prison for debt in 1629. <mask> was a solicitor at Berwick on Tweed from 1638 and entered Lincoln's Inn in 1640. He also began work as clerk assistant at the House of Commons in 1640: assisting Henry Elsynge, Clerk of the House of Commons, he was the first recorded individual to hold the office. Civil Wars
Rushworth followed the lead of <mask>, who, in a speech in the House of Commons on 17 April 1640, attacked the King and his government for problems within the country.After the outbreak of the Civil War, <mask> as an "embedded journalist" followed the battles of Edge Hill (1642), Newbury (1643 and 1644), Marston Moor (1644) and Naseby (1645). In 1645 he became secretary to Thomas Fairfax, commander-in-chief of the New Model Army. When Charles I was captured, <mask> began to record details of events leading up to, during and following the trial and execution of the King. He reported the Battle of Preston (1648) and the Battle of Worcester (1651). Legal authority
Following the execution of Charles I in 1649, <mask> became personal secretary to Oliver Cromwell. He began drafting plans for the abolition of the monarchy and the House of Lords, and the establishment of an English Republic under the leadership of Cromwell. When Cromwell became Lord Protector in 1653, <mask> was promoted to Registrar of the Court of Admiralty.In 1657 he was elected Member of Parliament for Berwick in the Second Protectorate Parliament. As a member of the Cromwellian government he enjoyed the friendships of <mask> (who served Cromwell as the official State Censor); <mask>; <mask> and many other well known people of that period. Death of Cromwell and Restoration
When Oliver Cromwell died on 3 September 1658, his son Richard Cromwell became Lord Protector. <mask> was re-elected MP for Berwick in the Third Protectorate Parliament. He completed his written histories of the period and dedicated them to Richard Cromwell. As Richard Cromwell was unable to continue the office established by his father as Lord Protector, by 1660 real power had shifted to the Council of State and <mask> became Secretary of the council. He was re-elected MP for Bewick in the Convention Parliament in 1660.Negotiations were then undertaken with the son of Charles I to return to England as its king, subject to the rule of Parliament. When Charles II took to the throne and restored the monarchy, <mask> was reassigned to the office of Treasury Solicitor. On 7 June 1660 he presented to the Privy Council certain volumes of its records, which he claimed to have preserved from plunder "during the late unhappy times", and received the king's thanks for their restoration. Reports were spread, however, of <mask>'s complicity in the late king's death, and he was called before the lords to give an account of the deliberations of the regicides, but professed to know nothing except by hearsay. <mask> was not re-elected to the parliament of 1661, but continued to act as agent for the town of Berwick, although complaints were made that the king could look for little obedience so long as such men were agents for corporations. Later years
In September 1667, when Sir Orlando Bridgeman was made lord-keeper, he appointed Rushworth his secretary. The colony of Massachusetts also employed him as its agent at a salary of twelve guineas a year and his expenses, but it was scoffingly said in 1674 that all he had done for the colony was 'not worth a rush'.<mask> was elected MP for Berwick again in March 1679 for the First Exclusion Parliament and in October 1679 for the Second Exclusion Parliament. He was returned again in March 1681, Rushworth and seems to have supported the Whig leaders. Though he had held lucrative posts and had inherited an estate from his cousin, Sir Richard Tempest, <mask>'s affairs were greatly embarrassed. He spent the last six years of his life in the King's Bench Prison in Southwark, "where, being reduced to his second childship, for his memory was quite decayed by taking too much brandy to keep up his spirits, he quietly gave up the ghost in his lodging in a certain alley there, called Rules Court, on 12 May 1690". He was buried in St. George's Church, Southwark. Wood states that <mask> died at the age of eighty-three, but in a letter written in 1675 <mask> describes himself as sixty-three at that date. Influence
While <mask> was remembered as a person, his writings found favour in America where they served as a source of inspiration for Thomas Jefferson.Jefferson bought a copy of <mask>'s Historical Collections for use in his own library and he often quoted from them. <mask> was a contemporary of <mask> whose writings had a profound impact on the history of the English Civil Wars of the 17th century. Although his senior, he also shared much in common with Oliver Cromwell (born 1599), because they were evangelical Christians who believed that the Church of England should undergo a total reformation, contrary to the wishes of King Charles I. His views of Charles I as a king who had declared war on his own people, were later echoed in words by Thomas Jefferson and others when writing about the reign of George III in the Declaration of Independence. <mask> married Hannah Widdrington, daughter of Lewis Widdrington, and sister of Sir Thomas Widdrington, who later became the Speaker of the House of Commons. On his death <mask> left four daughters:

(1) Hannah, married, February 1664, to Sir Francis Fane of Fulbeck, Lincolnshire;

(2) Rebecca, married, August 1667, Robert Blaney of Kinsham, Herefordshire;

(3) Margaret;

(4) Katherine, whose letter to the Duke of Newcastle on her father's death is printed in the "Report on the Duke of Portland's Manuscripts". Legacy
In 1890, King's Bench Prison in Rule's Court was demolished.Rushworth School was then built on the site and the court was renamed Rushworth Street. A portrait of <mask>, by R. White, is prefixed to the third part of his "Historical Collections". Notes

References

Attribution:

Further reading

1610s births
1690 deaths
English historians
17th-century historians
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
English MPs 1656–1658
English MPs 1659
English MPs 1660
English MPs 1679
English MPs 1680–1681
English MPs 1681
People from Warkworth, Northumberland

masks:
John Rushworth
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John Pym
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John Milton
John Owen
John Bunyan
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<mask> (born 1976) is a multidisciplinary artist and designer based in Vancouver. His output is broad, including materials research, lighting design, building design and site specific installations. He is one of two co-founders of Bocci, a Canadian design and manufacturing company. Arbel's designs are numbered in order of creation (1.1 – 113 at the time of writing). Arbel invents processes (manual, mechanical, or chemical) that generate novel forms, privileging analog processes and traditional skills such as glassblowing, concrete forming, and metalwork as ongoing sources of inspiration and innovation. The objects, installations, and buildings realized in this way are to some degree unpredictable and variable, a meeting place between nature and technology, a potentially endless series of exceptions for which there is no restrictive rule. Early life
Arbel was born and raised in Jerusalem until age thirteen, when his family relocated to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.As a youth, <mask> enjoyed considerable success as a competitive fencer, making the Canadian Junior National team numerous times and ranking in the top 20 at the Junior World Championships. He received a BSc in environmental science from the University of Waterloo in 1997, and began an apprenticeship with Catalan architect Enric Miralles the following year. Miralles’ death in 2000 brought <mask> back to Canada, where he completed his professional degree in architecture and began working at Patkau Architects in Vancouver. Industrial Design

<mask> Arbel is the co-founder of Bocci - a design and manufacturing company based in Vancouver and Berlin. Founded in 2005 under the artistic principles of <mask> <mask>’s method, Bocci is committed to fostering a lateral and open-ended relationship between creative direction and craft. The company launched with one lighting design, ‘14’, which was immediately successful and remains a design staple and bestseller. The realization that the most successful aspects of 14 were unintended, being rather a consequence of material properties or process, was the impetus for defining Arbel’s open ended method.Large, site-specific lighting installations based on Bocci works have been on view at public art institutions such as the Victoria & Albert Museum, London and the Barbican, London. In 2015 Bocci opened a 2200qm exhibition space in Berlin. The showroom closed in 2020. Bocci will open a new, permanent exhibition space, also in Berlin, in 2021. Architecture

Arbel launched his own building design practice (OAO) in 2005. Since then he has completed several commercial and residential projects, including 23.2, a freestanding house located in South Surrey, B.C, Canada. 23.2 began with a depository of reclaimed, century-old Douglas Fir beams from the local forests of British Columbia.The project regards the beams as archaeological artifacts resulting from the social and ecological history of the region, as such, they were not milled, cut, or finished, with massive geometrical consequence to the plan. <mask> has been shortlisted for the World Architecture Award three times  and won a World Architecture Festival Award in 2019 for his project 75.9 - a house constructed on a hay farm in the Canadian Pacific Northwest. The project makes use of a technique of pouring concrete into fabric formwork deployed within plywood rib structures, yielding walls, and columnar roof forms. A deliberately slow, continuous pour and special concrete mix are employed to create each element, in some cases approaching 10 meters tall. The fabric formed concrete elements are treated as if they were found archeological ruins in the hayfield landscape, with the house considered a contemporary construction built around and among them. Differing height and position for each column creates a cinematographic narrative of domestic habitation. The trumpet shape of each column is hollow, allowing the planting of mature trees on the inhabited roofscape.<mask>’s built work has been exhibited at both the Surrey Art Gallery  and the Aedes Architekturforum in Berlin. Sculpture

<mask> <mask>’s first solo exhibition of sculptural work was shown at the Monte Clark Gallery in Vancouver, B.C. in 2015. The show featured two series of works, one based on glass fusing experiments, and the other based on electroplating experiments. In 2018, <mask> <mask>’s molten beeswax candle was included in Raw Design – a group exhibition curated by Glenn Adamson at the Museum of Craft and Design in San Francisco. In 2020, <mask> <mask> showed a new series of sculptural works at Carwan Gallery in Athens. The show consisted of 103 unique copper objects and marked the launch of Carwan Gallerie’s new exhibition space in Athens.Special Projects

In 2010 <mask> was selected to co-design Canada's 2010 Olympic medals in collaboration with Aboriginal artist Corrine Hunt. His original submission 27.3 included plans for the medals to be held together by invisible magnets, concealing a cavity on the inside where an athlete could store a memento, and having an onsite engraver etch the sounds of the last ten minutes before a medal event onto the medal itself. Financial and practical concerns prevented these plans from being realized, however <mask>'s desire to design a system of production that resulted each medal having unique form was preserved. <mask>'s work has been selected for large-scale public installations that hover between artwork and industrial design. He has had multiple exhibitions at Spazio Rossana Orlandi in Milan, the Art Institute of Chicago, and more recently at the Fairmont Pacific Rim Vancouver, Mallett Antiques, Canada House, and the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. The 2013 Victoria and Albert Museum exhibit featured 280 of the 28 spheres cascading more than 30 metres from the museum's vaulted ceiling. In 2014, <mask> collaborated with Mallett Antiques to outfit their entire showroom with large installations of his 57 series, 38 series, 19 series and 28 series.The project was intended to create compositional tension through the juxtaposition of modern lighting with antique furnishings. Canada House on Trafalgar Square was reopened in February 2015 with the addition of 157 of Arbel's 57 series light winding down the central staircase. On March 5, 2015 Arbel unveiled a large outdoor installation of his new 16 series at Vancouver's Fairmont Pacific Rim Hotel. The Royal Architectural Institute of Canada (RAIC) announced on March 16, 2015 that <mask> would be awarded the Allied Arts Medal for 2015 based on his recent work at the Victoria and Albert Museum. The award is given once every two years to a Canadian artist or designer for outstanding achievement in artwork designed to be integrated with architecture. <mask> is active as a guest critic, speaker and master's thesis committee member at the University of British Columbia School of Architecture. In 2012, Arbel taught a master class on form at Parsons The New School for Design.<mask> <mask>'s first monograph published by Phaidon is due to launch on June 23, 2021. "A dynamic, highly visual, and in-depth study of the celebrated multi-disciplinary designer and master of sculptural lighting"

See also
 List of University of Waterloo people

References

External links
 Omer Arbel Office website
 BOCCI website
 2010 Olympic Medals
 Vancouver Penthouse
 Omer Arbel Profile
 16 at the Fairmont
 Vancouver Maneuvers, interview with <mask> Arbel in Dwell
 omer arbel office: seating, Designboom
 omer arbel office: lighting, Designboom
  23.2 house in Wallpaper

 omer arbel UBC Thesis Reviews
 UBC School of Architecture Curriculum Proposal
 Dezeen - V&A Museum
 London Design Festival
 Vancouver Sun - Canada House
 Monte Clark Gallery
 RAIC Announcement

Artists from Vancouver
Canadian industrial designers
Canadian sculptors
Canadian male sculptors
Canadian architects
University of Waterloo alumni
People from Jerusalem
1976 births
Living people
Israeli Jews
Israeli emigrants to Canada
Jewish architects
Jewish Canadian artists

masks:
Omer Arbel
Arbel
Arbel
Omer
Omer
Arbel
Arbel
Omer
Omer
Arbel
Omer
Arbel
Omer
Arbel
Arbel
Arbel
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Omer


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<mask> (May 27, 1887 – November 1, 1971) was an American politician from Virginia who served over 50 years in public office. A member of the Democratic Party and lukewarm ally of the Byrd Organization led by fellow U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, <mask> represented Virginia in the U.S. House of Representatives (1933–1946) and the U.S. Senate (1946–1966), and had earlier served in the Virginia General Assembly. A member of the conservative coalition during his congressional career, <mask> was a vocal opponent of civil rights. <mask> was also the father of televangelist <mask>. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Martinsburg, West Virginia, the son of <mask> and Josephine Ragland (née <mask>), just two weeks before fellow Virginia Senator Harry F. Byrd was born in the same community. He graduated from the University of Richmond in 1907.Early political and legal career

<mask> then established a private law practice and began his elective career. He was elected to the Virginia State Senate as a Democrat in 1915 to represent Bedford and Rockbridge counties and Buena Vista, Virginia, in Senate district 22, replacing W. T. Paxton, who had replaced J. Randolph Tucker in 1913. <mask> served from 1916 to 1922, when he resigned and was replaced by Samuel S. Lambeth Jr. in the February 1923 special session but Robert J. Noell won the election to succeed him later that year. During World War I, <mask> enlisted and served in the United States Army, but was assigned stateside so he could continue that part-time elective office. <mask> served as Commonwealth Attorney for Rockbridge County, Virginia (an elective office per the Virginia constitution, which prohibited such officials from also serving as legislators or judges during their terms) from 1922 to 1928. Federal political career
In 1932, <mask> was elected from Virginia's 7th congressional district to the U.S. House of Representatives, and was reelected six times. In 1946, he won a special election for the right to complete the final two years of Senator Carter Glass's term and took office on the day after the election.He won the seat in his own right in 1948 and was reelected two more times without serious opposition. Among his legislation is the Pittman–Robertson Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act which creates the formula for federal sharing of ammunition tax revenues with states to establish wildlife areas. The program is still in effect and remains a primary financing source for wildlife areas. <mask> was a typical member of the Byrd Organization, though differed at times and eventually became independent from the machine. He was chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs from 1959 to 1966. In 1956, <mask> was one of the 19 senators who signed the Southern Manifesto against the U.S. Supreme Court decision of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), which mandated schools' desegregation. When President Lyndon B. Johnson sent his wife, Lady Bird Johnson, on a train trip through the South to encourage support for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, <mask> was one of four Southern Senators who refused to meet with her on the whistle-stop trip.In retaliation, President Johnson personally recruited Virginia State Senator William B. Spong Jr., a considerably more liberal Democrat, to run against <mask> in the 1966 Democratic primary. Even some Byrd Democrats had moved away from resistance to integration as espoused by <mask> and the Organization's patriarch, Harry F. Byrd. Meanwhile, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 had added black and lower-income voters. Spong defeated <mask> in the primary in one of the biggest upsets in Virginia political history. The Byrd Organization's long dominance of Virginia state politics had begun to end. Opposition to civil rights

March 10, 1956, Christian Science Monitor
Asked to comment "on his region's state of mind and any specific American attitudes he feels are necessary to avoid violence and bring healing in a deteriorating situation following the Supreme Court school desegregation order," <mask> stated:

Virginia recognizes the correctness of the 1850 decision of the Massachusetts Supreme Court and in the 155 subsequent decisions of State and Federal courts holding that the equal rights provision of a constitution could be properly satisfied by public schools for the white and colored races which are separate but equal. During the last 10 years notable progress has been made in the Southern States in meeting that equality requirement.But that progress will be nullified by a program of rapid, enforced desegregation. In fact, public education for both races in some Southern States would be destroyed. The worst feature of the current desegregation effort, however, is the resulting bitterness and racial animosities in areas where harmony heretofore prevailed. Southerners believe that the cherished constitutional right of every citizen to select his personal associates is being violated. Monday, July 9, 1956, Congressional Record
I ask unanimous consent to have printed in the Congressional Record the weekly newsletter of my distinguished successor in the Seventh Congressional District of Virginia, Representative Burr P Harrison, in which he discussed the so-called civil rights bill now under consideration by the House. Representative Harrison's analysis is lucid and accurate, and I fully endorse the position he has taken in opposition to it. Harrison had stated:

Even a casual reading of this bill, sponsored by the President, reveals it as one of the most drastic measures ever to receive consideration by the Congress.It would set up a Federal Commission with a staff of snoopers who could roam the length and breadth of the United States, armed with subpoenas, looking for civil-rights incidents. One of the objectives of this Commission would be to advance the idea of complete racial integration in private business. Death
In 1971, <mask> died in Lexington, Virginia and was buried in Stonewall Jackson Memorial Cemetery, later renamed Oak Grove Cemetery. His papers are held at the Swem Library at the College of William and Mary. Electoral history
1934; <mask> was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives with 68.33% of the vote, defeating Republican J. Everett Will, Socialist Lester Ruffner, and Independent W.R. Eubank. 1936; <mask> was re-elected with 63.87% of the vote, defeating Republican Will and Socialist Ruffner. 1938; <mask> was re-elected with 63.87% of the vote, defeating Republican Charles C. Leap.1940; <mask> was re-elected with 65.11% of the vote, defeating Republican Jacob A. Garber and now-Communist Ruffner. 1942; <mask> was re-elected unopposed. 1944; <mask> was re-elected with 59.87% of the vote, defeating Republican D. Wampler Earman. 1966; <mask> was defeated in a bid for re-election to the US Senate. Footnotes

External links

1887 births
1971 deaths
20th-century American politicians
Civil rights movement
County and city Commonwealth's Attorneys in Virginia
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Democratic Party United States senators
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Virginia
Old Right (United States)
People from Lexington, Virginia
Politicians from Martinsburg, West Virginia
Virginia Democrats
American segregationists
Virginia state senators
United States senators from Virginia
University of Richmond alumni
20th-century American Episcopalians

masks:
Absalom Willis Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Robertson
Pat Robertson
Robertson
Franklin Pierce Robertson
Willis
Robertson
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<mask> (born May 1, 1949 in Grades/ Austria) is an Austrian sociologist. Biography

<mask> studied 1968-1976 business administration and sociology at the Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU) and achieved his PhD in sociology there 1977. He started his scientific career 1973 as assistant professor at the Department of General Sociology and Social Philosophy at the JKU, and spent a term as visiting professor at the Central Connecticut State University in New Britain, Connecticut in 1978. After achieving his "Habilitation" (= venia docendi) for sociology 1984 at the JKU he taught as associate professor (since 1997) and full professor (since 2002) at the Department of Sociology at the Johannes Kepler University Linz, where he also was head of the Institute of Cultural Economics and Cultural Research. He retired at the Johannes Kepler University Linz in 2011, but is still affiliated as lecturer and researcher there

Work

His main working areas are Sociological theory, sociology of culture, sociology of art, sociology of media, sociology of religion, research in leisure and tourism and in the sociology of education. He is known beyond the German-speaking scientific community especially in the fields of a sociology of religion, sociological theory and sociology of culture. His theory of religion is a theory of contingency of human existence covered by transcending concepts of meaning, thus making different systems of meaning comparable as religious equivalents.His theory of society as theory of culture defines culture as a main thread of change in modern and post-modern societies, whereas his empirical research looks into the intertwinedness of culture, tourism and leisure. Mörth founded and developed together with Gerhard Fröhlich three multilingual online websites on famous social scientists: Pierre Bourdieu, Norbert Elias and Clifford Geertz. Recently Mörth concentrated on theory and research in the Sociology of Media and the Sociology of Arts, and he was also involved in the planning and development of several projects in the field of arts and culture. Publications (selection)
Die gesellschaftliche Wirklichkeit von Religion. Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Religionstheorie, Stuttgart etc. 1978: Kohlhammer,  (title: "The social reality of religion: principles of a general theory of religion")
Religionssoziologie (with Friedrich Fürstenberg), in: René König (ed. ): Handbuch der empirischen Sozialforschung, vol.14: Religion, Bildung, Medizin, Stuttgart 1979: Enke, pp. 1–84,  (title: "Sociology of religion", in: "Handbook of emiprical sociology")
The Sociology of Religion als Critical Theory, in: Acts of the 15th CISR Conference, Venice 1979: Religion and Politics, CISR acts vol. 15 (1979), pp. 263–266
La sociologie de la religion comme Théorie Critique (L'École de Francfort), in: Social Compass. International Review of Sociology of Religion/ Revue internationale de sociologie de la religion, vol. XXVII (1980) no. 1, pp.27–50 ()
Lebenswelt und religiöse Sinnstiftung. Ein Beitrag zur Theorie des Alltagslebens, München 1986: tuduv,  (title: "Life-world and religious meaning: a contribution to the sociology of everyday life")
Kultur im Lebensraum Stadt. Theoretische und empirische Perspektiven am Beispiel Linz (ed. with Wilhelm Rausch), Linz 1986: Trauner,  (title: "Culture in urban space: theoretical and empirical perspectives by the example of Linz/Austria")
Zeit als Strukturelement von Lebenswelt und Gesellschaft (ed. with Friedrich Fürstenberg), Linz 1986: Trauner,  (title: "Time as structure of life-world and society")
Fondamenti e linee di sviluppo di una teoria critica della religione, in: Alberto Bondolfi, Roberto Cipriani, Jürgen Habermas, Benjamin R. Mariante, <mask> <mask>, Roberto Vinco: La teoria critica della religione. Il fenomeno religioso nell' analisi della Scuola di Francoforte, Edizioni Borla, Roma 1986, pp. 116–182,
Elements of Religious Meaning in Science-Fiction-Literature, in: Social Compass.International Review of Sociology of Religion/ Revue internationale de sociologie de la religion, vol. XXXIV (1987) no. 1, pp. 27–50 ()
NEW AGE – Neue Religion? Theoretische Überlegungen und empirische Hinweise zur sozialen Bedeutung des Wendezeit-Syndroms, in: Max Haller, Hans-Joachim Hoffmann-Nowotny, Wolfgang Zapf (eds. ): Kultur und Gesellschaft. Verhandlungen des 24.Deutschen Soziologentages, des 11. Österreichischen Soziologentages und des 8. Kongresses der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Soziologie in Zürich 1988, Frankfurt/M. etc. 1989: Campus, pp. 297–320,  (title: "New Age – new religion? Theoretical and empirical considerations on the social significance of the new age syndrom")
Review on: Beckford, James A.: Religion and Advanced Industrial Society, London 1989, in: European Sociological Review, vol.7 (1991) no. 1, pp. 93–95 ()
Der unendliche Prozeß der Zivilisation. Zur Kultursoziologie der Moderne nach Norbert Elias (hg. mit Helmut Kuzmics), Frankfurt/M. etc. 1991: Campus,  (title: "The never ending process of civilisation: on the sociology of culture after Norbert Elias")
Über die Neuausgabe eines wichtigen Buches: Thomas Luckmann "Die Unsichtbare Religion", in: Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Soziologie/ Revue suisse de sociologie, vol.19 no. 3, pp. 627–634, (title: "On the re-edition of an important book: Thomas Luckmann's 'Invisible religion'") ()
Das symbolische Kapital der Lebensstile. Zur Kultursoziologie der Moderne nach Pierre Bourdieu (ed. with Gerhard Fröhlich), Frankfurt/M. etc. 1994: Campus (title: "The symbolic capital of life-styles: on the sociology of culture after Pierre Bourdieu")
Kulturerlebnis Stadt.Theoretische und praktische Aspekte der Stadtkultur (ed. with Birgit Brandner, Kurt Luger), Wien 1994: Picus,  (title: "Experiencing culture in urban environments: theoretical and practical aspects of urban culture")
Symbolische Anthropologie der Moderne. Kulturanalysen nach Clifford Geertz (ed. with Gerhard Fröhlich), Frankfurt/M. etc. 1998: Campus,  (title: "Symbolic anthropology of modernity: cultural analyses after Clifford Geertz")
Kunst und Tourismus im ländlichen Raum. Chancen und Risken (editor), Linz 1999: KUWI-Verlag,  (title: "Art and tourism in rural areas: chances and risks")
UTOPIA 2001: Space Odysseys as Religion, in: Organdi Quartlery.An online peer-reviewed interdisciplinary journal, issue no. 3, October 2001 ()
Kulturtourismus – Kultur des Tourismus: Eine Verbindung von Kulturen? (editor), in: Trans no. 15, April 2004, online only (title: "Cultural tourism and the culture of tourism: a way of bringing cultures together?") ()
Niedrigqualifizierte in Oberösterreich – der Weg in die Weiterbildung (with others), Linz 2005: Amt der oö. Landesregierung (title: "Less qualified people in Upper Austria and their way into continuing education")
Wissensspeicher, Suchmaschinen und Orte des Lernens. Zur Zukunft der Bibliotheken im Bildungssystem, in: Christian Enichlmayr (Hg.): Bibliotheken – Fundament der Bildung, Tagungsband 28. öst. Bibliothekartag, Linz & Weitra 2005: Oö. Landesbibliothek & Bibliothek der Provinz,  (title: "Knowledge tanks, search engines and places of learning: on the future of libraries in the educational system")
Lagebericht: Bildung und Beschäftigung in der oö. Tourismus- und Freizeitwirtschaft (with others), WKOÖ Sektion Tourismus & Freizeit, Linz 2007 (title: "Report on vocational training and work situation in the Upper Austrian tourism and leisure sector")
The shoe-lace breaching experiment, in: Figurations. Newsletter of the Norbert Elias Foundation, no. 27 (June 2007), pp. 4–6 ()
Contingency (religious studies), in: Hans Dieter Betz, Don S. Browing, Bernd Janowski, Eberhard Juengel (eds.): Religion past and present. Encyclopedia of theology and religion, Boston Mass. & Leiden 2008: Brill, vol. 3,  (Chu-Deu), p. 211
Der Dritte Mediensektor in Oberösterreich. Eine Reichweiten- und Potenzialanalyse Freier Radios & TV-Sender (with Gusenbauer, Michaela; Tremetzberger, Otto; Vojvoda, Alexander), Linz 2011: edition Radio FRO,  (title: "The third sector of media in Upper Austria. An analysis of reach and potential of free radios and TV stations")
Knotenpunkte für Wissen, Kommunikation und Identität, in: OPAC - Fachzeitschrift für BibliothekarInnen, Vol. 5, Nummer 3 (2015), pp.26-27 () (title: "Central hubs for knowledge, communication and identity")

References

further informations
Wuggenig, Ulf: Jumping of the Shoulders of Giants?Cultural and Arts Sociology in German-Speaking Countries, Newsletter Sociology of Culture, American Sociological Association, vol. 18 no. 3 (spring 2004), pp. 1–11
Stausberg, Michael; The study of religion(s) in Western Europe (II): Institutional developments after World War II, in: Religion, Volume 38, Issue 4, December 2008, pp. 305–318

External links

Works by <mask> <mask> in the catalogue of the Library of Congress
<mask> Mörth in the Social Science Open Access Repository - SSOAR
Personal homepage (mostly in German)
Entries for <mask> Mörth in the FODOK research database of the University of Linz
Homepage of the Institute of Cultural Research at the JKU, whose head Mörth was until 2011 (in German)
Infos on Mörth at the Institute of Cultural Research at the JKU (in German)
The HyperBourdieu-online-worldcatalogue (multilingual)
The HyperElias-online-worldcatalogue (multilingual)
The HyperGeertz-online-worldcatalogue (multilingual)
The Guardian/UK on Mörth and Elias

Living people
Austrian sociologists
1949 births
Johannes Kepler University Linz alumni
Johannes Kepler University Linz faculty
Sociologists of art

masks:
Ingo Mörth
Ingo Mörth
Ingo
Mörth
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Mörth
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<mask> (25 December 1873 – 23 March 1958) was the most prolific British left-wing journalist of the first half of the 20th century. A founding member of the Men's League for Women's Suffrage in 1907, he resigned from his job at The Daily News in 1909 when it supported the force-feeding of suffragettes on hunger strike. Early life
The son of a Methodist preacher, he was born in Yorkshire and educated in Scotland, at the High School of Dundee. Career in journalism
<mask> abandoned an academic career to become a journalist, rising to prominence in the 1890s as a foreign correspondent for The Manchester Guardian, specialising in the Balkans, France and Egypt. In 1899 he moved to London, working for the Morning Leader and then The Daily News. He led a British relief mission to Macedonia in 1903, publishing a book, Macedonia: Its Races and Their Future, on his return. In 1905 he was convicted of conspiring to obtain a British passport in the name of one person for another person to travel to Russia.The Men's League for Women's Suffrage was formed in 1907 in London by  <mask>, Charles Corbett, <mask>, <mask>, C. E. M. Joad, <mask>, <mask>, Gerald Gould, Charles Mansell-Moullin, Israel Zangwill and 32 others. <mask> joined the Independent Labour Party in 1907 and resigned from the Daily News in 1909 when it supported force-feeding of suffragette prisoners. He co-authored with Dr Jessie Murray, a psychologist and suffragette, a report The Treatment of Women's Deputations by the Metropolitan Police, over the violence of the Metropolitan Police during the Black Friday demonstration (18 November 1910). Over the next decade he wrote several books, among them Adventures in Prose (1911), Shelley, Godwin and their Circle (1913), War of Steel and Gold (1914), Origins of the Great War (1914), Belgium and the Scrap of Paper (1915) and A League of Nations (1917). In 1913–14 <mask> was a member of the international commission sent by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to investigate the conduct of the Balkan Wars of 1912–13. He co-authored its report. He was a prominent member of the Union of Democratic Control during the First World War and stood unsuccessfully as a Labour Party candidate in the 1918 general election.He subsequently toured central Europe and his graphic accounts of life in the defeated countries appeared in his books Across the Blockade (1919) and After the Peace (1920). <mask> went to Soviet Russia in 1920 and again to the USSR in 1926, publishing two books on the subject. He was editor of the New Leader, the ILP newspaper, from 1922 to 1926. He left the ILP in 1932 and through the 1930s was a regular contributor to Reynold's News and the New Statesman. <mask> was an outspoken critic of Mussolini's Italy and <mask>'s Germany. His books in the 1930s include the anti-colonialist classic Rebel India (1931) and the anti-militarist Property or Peace? (1934).In the late 1930s, he was one of the few writers associated with the Left Book Club, the New Statesman and Tribune who was consistently critical of the Soviet show trials. Following the Soviet invasion of Finland, <mask> published a hostile essay about Stalin in Reynold's News :

Stalin ... has compelled us to pass the judgement we had hitherto refused to register. His Russia is a totalitarian state, like another, as brutal towards the rights of others, as careless of its plighted word. If this man ever understood the international creed of socialism, he long ago forgot it. In this land the absolute power has wrought its customary effects of corruption. During the Second World War, <mask> penned a weekly column in the left-wing Reynold's News. He also continued to write books, the most important being Subject India (1943) and Our Settlement with Germany (1944).After his retirement from journalism in 1946, he wrote a history of the Levellers, which was unfinished at the time of his death. Paul Foot described <mask> as "perhaps the best socialist writer in Britain at the time". Personal life
He married a former student, the women's activist Jane Esdon Malloch in 1898 at his insistence. She denied him children and regarded the marriage as demeaning. They separated but she refused him a divorce. In 1928 he met the artist Clare Leighton and they lived together for several years. His wife died in 1937 after years of drinking, and whereas this removed any legal obstacle to the couple being married, <mask>, consumed by guilt, suffered an emotional breakdown, effectively destroying his relationship with Leighton who left for the US in 1939.In 1944 he married Evamaria Perlmann, a refugee from Germany, 40 years his junior. <mask> was an advocate of animal rights and was a vegetarian. In opposition to G. K. Chesterton he defended the practice of vegetarianism in The Daily News. His fondness for animals was a lifelong trait and he found it easier to show affection to animals as they did not betray or disappoint him. He opposed blood sports and several of his essays allude to his friendship with cats. Bibliography
 Broom of the War God: a novel (1898)
 Some Irish problems (1903)
 Macedonia: Its Races and Their Future (1906)
 Treatment of the Women's Deputations by the police (1911), with Jessie Murray
 The Fruits of our Russian Alliance (1912)
 Shelley, Godwin and their Circle (1913)
 The War of Steel and Gold: A Study of the Armed Peace (1914)
 The Origins of the Great War (1914)
 Belgium and the scrap of paper (1915)
 A League of Nations (1917)
 A Share In Your Motherland and other articles (1918)
 Covenant of peace; an essay on the league of nations (1919) with an introduction by <mask>y. The Russian workers' republic  (1921)
 After the peace (1922)
 The Pros and Cons of P.R.: A plea for reconsideration (1924)
 Socialism for To-Day (1925)
 The Living Wage (1926)
 Families and incomes (1926)
 How the Soviets Work (1927)
 Olives of Endless Age : being a Study of this distracted world and its need of unity (1928)
 Scrap Battleships! (1930)
 Rebel India (1931)
 If We Want Peace (1932)
 Property or Peace? (1934)
 Towards a New League (1935)
 Voltaire (1935)
 Spain's Challenge to Labour (1936)
 Why Capitalism Means War (1938)
 Democracy for India (1939)
 America our Ally (1940)
 From England to America: A Message (1940)
 The Habsburgs-Never again! (1943)
 Subject India (1943)
 Our Settlement with Germany (1944)
 Making Germany Pay? (1944)
 Fabian Colonial Essays (1945) introduced by A. Creech Jones, edited by <mask>
 The Life-Work of J. A<mask> (1948)
 Essays, Poems and Tales of <mask><mask>, chosen from his works (1948)
 Mahatma Gandhi (1948) with Frederick Pethick-Lawrence and <mask>. L. Polak. The Levellers and the English revolution (1961), with <mask> (historian).Notes

References
 F. M. Leventhal, The Last Dissenter: H. N<mask> and His World (OUP, 1985) is an excellent biography. External links

 Macedonia: Its Races and Their Future (1906)
 Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars (1914)
 The War of Steel and Gold: A Study of the Armed Peace (1918)
 How the Soviets Work (1927)
The Federal Idea (1940)

1873 births
1958 deaths
British animal rights activists
British political journalists
English anti-fascists
English socialists
Independent Labour Party politicians
People educated at the High School of Dundee
People from Mirfield
Vegetarianism activists
19th-century English writers
20th-century English writers

masks:
Henry Noel Brailsford
Brailsford
Brailsford
Henry Nevinson
Laurence Housman
Hugh Franklin
Henry Harben
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Hitler
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Herbert Crol
Rita Hinden
. Hobson
Henry W
. Nevinson
Henry S
Christopher Hill
. Brailsford


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<mask> (February 26, 1884 – December 30, 1969), who wrote under the name <mask>,  was an American author and journalist whose romance with a French woman during World  War I caused a sensation in the United States as a "famous war triangle." Shippey later wrote a popular column in the Los Angeles Times for 22 years. Biography

Early life

<mask> was born February 26, 1884, in Memphis, Tennessee, the son of <mask> and Elizabeth Kerr Freligh of Missouri. His siblings were Louisia, <mask> and Mrs. Charles Stewart. The elder Shippey had been in the Confederate Navy and was treasurer of the Kansas City & Northwestern Railway. After the death of his father on July 24, 1899, <mask> left Central High School to begin his working life as a laborer in a meat packing-house, then started his career in journalism as a night-shift copyholder — somebody who reads written material aloud to a proofreader — on the Kansas City Times, going to high school during the day.<ref>[https://search.proquest.com/docview/167585928 Robert R. Kirsch, "<mask>: A Fortunate Man," Los Angeles Times, October 29, 1959, page B-5]  Library card required
</ref> He was twenty years old when he graduated, and two colleges offered "inducements" to attend as a football player, "but I could not afford to accept them." Instead, he took a part-time job as football coach at Westport High School.As a young man, he was poisoned by the wood alcohol he had been using over a period of weeks to clean a meerschaum pipe,  resulting in the loss of most of his sight. "As he lay helpless in bed, thinking life held nothing in the future for him, he was astounded to hear his sister reading some of his own humorous writings which he had surreptitiously left on the desk of the associate editor of the Kansas City Star." The editor offered him a job, at first paying the young man from his own salary,
and he dictated his first humor columns for the Star from his bed. Shippey was married to another writer, Mary Blake Woodson, on August 20, 1908, in Jackson County, Missouri. They lived together while he was editor-owner of the Higginsville Jeffersonian in Higginsville, Missouri, which he bought for three hundred dollars after the death of owner Jules Coe. Shippey then became known as the "poet-philosopher of Higginsville." <mask> and Mary's only child, <mask> <mask> Jr., was born on May 20, 1910.After the outbreak of World War I, Shippey sold the newspaper and returned to the Star. In 1917 he was president of the Missouri Writers' Guild. "Post Frees the Babin Women," New York Times, June 2, 1920

The famous 'war triangle'

Romance
During World War I, Shippey was working for the YMCA in Paris, France. At the same time, he was writing for various American newspapers as a correspondent. "Divorce Ends War Triangle Built by Poet," Chicago Daily Tribune, September 30, 1921, page 1"<mask>, Wrote California Column," New York Times, January 1, 1970 Shippey told two versions of how he became acquainted with Madeleine Babin, the French woman for whom he eventually left his wife. The 1920 version
On November 1, 1918, the 34-year-old Shippey met the 20-year-old Madeleine, who, with her family, was placing flowers on the graves in the American cemetery in Suresnes, France. At this point, the Babins — a mother and two daughters — had lost the father of the family, Georges, who died after being discharged as a private in the French army.Shippey helped Madeleine and her younger sister by two years, Georgette,  get jobs as interpreters for the YMCA, and "Every Sunday and holiday and many a long summer evening they visited historic or beautiful places in or near Paris." In a column that was later published in newspapers across the country "that the real and ungarbled truth may be known of the famous 'war triangle,' " Shippey wrote that:

For ten months our friendship grew. I came to love the whole family. May 1, 1919, when I was notified that my hotel was to be closed, I went to their home to board, and there was taken into the most beautiful family life I have ever seen. The courage with which they met misfortunes and their sweetness to each other made their home so pleasant that the months I spent there were the happiest of my life. "Betrayer of French Girl Bares Story," San Francisco Chronicle, February 29, 1920

During this period, Shippey and Madeleine were "married in a church in Paris . . . by a ritual of their own."The 1959 version

In 1959, Shippey published a memoir in which he did not mention his marriage to Mary nor the existence of their child. He wrote that he met Georges Babin while the latter was a hospital patient and that Madeleine and Babette had been trapped for two years in a convent school behind the German lines in Belgium. Finally, the girls came home to Paris, via England, and Shippey and a fellow American writer, Homer Croy, went with Mrs. Babin to the train station to meet them. The next day Croy arranged for the two young women to work as interpreters in the organization for which he was the Paris production manager, the Community Motion Picture Bureau. After the war ended on November 11, 1918, Shippey found his income so reduced "that I could not afford to keep the hotel room Croy and I had shared unless I could get another roommate." By that time, Georges Babin had died, so Mrs. Babin and Shippey agreed that the latter would rent a room in the Babin apartment. She [Madeleine] and Georgette called me Grand Frere [Big Brother], and thought of me only as an elder brother.Madeleine was fifteen years my junior and seemed younger, and I couldn't be such a fool as to imagine she could think of me in any other way. Besides, it would be tragic if she could, for I was pledged to a woman of my own age back home, a woman so gifted and admirable in many ways that I had set her on a pedestal, though also so temperamental and fond of dramatizing that we quarreled often. The end of Shippey's feelings for "the girl back home" came when he received a furious letter from her "full of violent accusations . . . concluding with the underscored words: ". . . I'm THROUGH." He felt "strangely buoyant" and gay and, when just about to part from the Babins for the train station to begin his trip back home, Madeleine suddenly "took my face in both her hands and kissed me full on the lips. . . .Through my mind, like vivid lightning, flashed the recollection that once she had said she would never kiss any man on the lips until it meant a pledge of love." Divorce and remarriage
In August 1919, Shippey returned to the United States, confessed his love for Madeleine and asked his wife, Mary, for a divorce. She refused. Shippey resumed writing his column, "Missouri Notes," for the Kansas City Star. In November, Madeleine arrived in Kansas City and "revealed to Shippey that she was about to become a mother. Her mother and sister arrived about Christmas." Mary Shippey again refused a divorce but offered to care for the child as her own.When Shippey turned her down, she informed the Star of the situation and Shippey was discharged. (In his memoir, he said he resigned.) He then left for California, and Mary reported the case to American immigration authorities, who in February 1920 opened an inquiry into what the Chicago Daily Tribune called "a Franco-American romance and an American tragedy. ""Seeking to Deport Girl," Los Angeles Times, February 27, 1920, page II-1  Library card required
Testimony was taken in secret by the immigration commissioner and a transcript of the evidence, with the recommendations of the immigration inspector regarding deportation, has been sent to the department of labor in Washington for final action. <mask> and Madeleine's child, Henry George <mask>, was born in Kansas City on May 8, 1920. In June the warrants for the arrest and deportation of the Babin family were canceled by Louis F. Post, the assistant U.S. secretary of labor, who noted that the Babin family had come to the United States "at the invitation" of Shippey, who "if he were divorced he would marry the alien, who is about to be, if she has not already become, the mother of his child." The New York Times noted that Madeleine was "supporting herself by sewing and giving French lessons."In early 1921 <mask> and Madeleine were living in Tampico, Mexico, where <mask> was editing a newspaper and free-lancing. On January 12 of that year <mask> sued <mask> for divorce in a Kansas City, Missouri, court, mentioning the name of Madeleine Babin in the complaint. Mary's petition charged that <mask> "habitually consorted with immoral women and now is living in open and notorious adultery with women of well-known immoral character." <mask> responded with a divorce suit in a Tamaulipas, Mexico, court, claiming that Mary's suit was not filed in good faith but rather to "cause grief and injury." He said she had threatened to leave him for another man while <mask> was in France and that they had "never lived in the harmony which should characterize the marital relation." On September 29, 1921,  <mask> was granted a divorce from <mask> after being on the witness stand for four hours, and the next month <mask> and Madeleine were married in Mexico City. "<mask>y Weds Again," New York Times, October 21, 1921

They moved to Del Mar, California, where Shippey struggled as a free-lance writer and was on the contributing staff of the old Life humor magazine.Los Angeles Times career

A story that Shippey had written in 1918 from Verdun, France, telling of the end of World War I attracted the attention of Harry Chandler, publisher of the Los Angeles Times,  who commented, "A fellow who can write like that can join the Times family any time he wants to." Nine years later Shippey asked Chandler for a job, and he was hired to "Get out and find human interest stuff anywhere in the State; find out what the ordinary and extraordinary people of California are about; dig up stuff that the tourists, and even the natives have not discovered about themselves." For the next two decades, Shippey wrote columns for the Times — "The Lee Side o' L.A." and "The Seymour Family," living for some of that time in Sierra Madre, California. Retirement and death

Shippey retired in 1949, moved back to Del Mar, where he started writing columns for three San Diego County newspapers — including the San Diego Union and the Del Mar Surfcomber. In 1956, <mask>, then 72, was honored by the Authors Guild of Los Angeles for his "half-century of service as a journalist, author and 'friend to man.' " President Paul Wellman cited <mask>'s "astonishing array" of published works and lauded him as a man of "good humor, discernment and, above all, sympathy." He said Shippey had "immense kindliness of spirit," with a "warm grin for everybody and a sage philosophy of life."Shippey died on December 30, 1969, in a nursing home in Encinitas, California, at the age of 86. He was survived by his five children by his second wife — Henry George, Charles Stuart III, John James, Francis Robert and Sylvia Georgette Thomas. Madeleine died October 20, 1978, in Weaverville, California, and was also buried in El Camino Memorial Park, San Diego. Books

 Personal Glimpses of Famous Folks, 1929
 Folks Ushud Know, 1930
 Where Nothing Ever Happens, 1935New York Times review, January 6, 1935</ref>
 California Progress; Great Projects Which Overcome Handicaps of the Past, 1936, with Herbert Edward Floercky
 Girl Who Wanted Experience, 1937
 The Great American Family, 1938Charlotte Dean, New York Times review, January 16, 1938 Houghton Mifflin
 If We Only Had Money, 1939, Houghton Mifflin
 It's an Old California Custom, 1948, Vanguard Press
 Los Angeles Book, 1950, with photos by Max Yavno, Houghton Mifflin
 Luckiest Man Alive; Being the Author's Own Story, With Certain Omissions, But Including Hitherto Unpublished Sidelights on Some Famous Persons and Incidents,'' 1959

References

Further reading
 "Love and Romance No Guarantee of Happy Marriage," full-page story with photos, New York Tribune, March 7, 1920, page VII-3

1969 deaths
1884 births
American male journalists
People from Memphis, Tennessee
American columnists
The Kansas City Star people
Journalists from Tennessee
Blind people from the United States
People from Sierra Madre, California
People from Higginsville, Missouri

masks:
Henry Lee Shippey
Lee Shippey
Shippey
William Francis Shippey
Virginia Lee Davis
Lee
Lee Shippey
Lee
Henry Lee
Shippey
Lee Shippey
Lee
Shippey
Lee
Lee
Mary Shippey
Lee
Lee
Lee Shippey
Lee
Mary Shippey
Lee
Lee
Lee Shippe
Shippey
Shippey


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<mask> (June 16, 1942 – c. April 18, 2018) was an American professional wrestler and professional wrestling manager, better known by his ring name, <mask>. He is best known for his appearances with professional wrestling promotions in the Southeastern United States, in particular with Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling – where he had 23 championship reigns and led the stable <mask>' Army – and Championship Wrestling from Florida. Early life
Frederik was born on June 16, 1942 in Port Arthur, Texas. He attended Thomas Jefferson High School. As a teenager, he boxed, spending seven years as a Golden Gloves boxer and winning the Texas Light Heavyweight Championship and Texas Heavyweight Championship. While working in a television studio, he met <mask>, who suggested he become a professional wrestler and offered to train him. Professional wrestling career

Early career (1961–1968)
Frederik was trained to wrestle by <mask> and Morris Sigel, debuting in 1961 under the ring name "<mask>".During his early career, he competed primarily for promotions in the Southern United States including the Texas-based promotion Big Time Wrestling, the Tennessee-based promotion NWA Mid-America and Championship Wrestling from Florida. He was nicknamed "Young" <mask> by promoter <mask> during his stint in Texas to distinguish him from Andrew Lutzi, a Russian-born veteran wrestler who had used the same name. From late-1964 to early-1965, <mask> toured Australia with World Championship Wrestling, wrestling as "Al Fredericks". After returning to the United States, he competed for the Oregon-based promotion Pacific Northwest Wrestling, holding the NWA Pacific Northwest Heavyweight Championship on two occasions and the NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship once, and in Canada for Northwest Wrestling Promotions in British Columbia and Alex Turk Promotions in Manitoba. He returned to the Southern United States in mid-1967. In 1969, <mask> appeared with the California-based promotion NWA Hollywood Wrestling, briefly holding the NWA Americas Tag Team Championship with Nelson Royal in 1969. In the same year, he toured Japan with the Japan Pro Wrestling Alliance, making repeat tours in 1970 and 1971.In 1973, he made a fourth tour of Japan, this time with All Japan Pro Wrestling. Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling (1968–1972)
<mask> first appeared with the North Carolina-based promotion Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling in 1968, forming a face tag team with veteran Nelson Royal. In September 1970, the duo defeated The Minnesota Wrecking Crew to win the NWA Atlantic Coast Tag Team Championship. They lost the championship to The Blond Bombers in December 1970. <mask> and Royal continued to team until 1972, when <mask> left Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling to compete for Championship Wrestling from Florida. Championship Wrestling from Florida (1972–1974, 1980)
In 1972, <mask> returned to Championship Wrestling from Florida, where he adopted a brash heel persona and the nickname "Number One" <mask>. <mask> was convinced to become a heel by Jack Brisco, who wagered him a case of Canadian Club whisky that he would earn more money in a year as a heel than he ever had as a face.<mask> held the NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship on four occasions, on one occasion in July 1972 throwing the championship belt off the Gandy Bridge into Tampa Bay in front of thousands of spectators in a display of arrogance. <mask> also held the NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (Florida version) once, the NWA Brass Knuckles Championship (Florida version) once, and the NWA Florida Television Championship twice – for several days in June 1972 holding the NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship, NWA Florida Television Championship and NWA Brass Knuckles Championship (Florida version) simultaneously – before leaving in 1974. <mask> briefly returned to the promotion once more in 1980, performing under a mask as "Mr. Florida" until being unmasked by The Super Destroyer. Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling / World Championship Wrestling (1974 - 1989)

Championship reigns (1974–1982)
<mask> resumed appearing regularly with Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling in early 1974. In April 1974, he and Bob Bruggers defeated The Andersons for the NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship, losing the championship to Ric Flair and Rip Hawk in July 1974. <mask> won his first NWA Mid-Atlantic Television Championship several days later, defeating Ivan Koloff in a Texas Death Match. He held the championship until October, when Koloff defeated him in a rematch.<mask> held the championship on a total of five occasions over the next four years. <mask> and Tiger Conway Jr. won the NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship from Flair and Hawk in December 1974, losing to The Andersons in February 1975. <mask> began feuding with Johnny Valentine, with a match between them on December 25, 1974 selling out the Park Center. In March 1975, <mask> defeated Valentine to win the NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship in controversial fashion; he was stripped of the championship 10 days later. In May 1975, <mask> and Wahoo McDaniel defeated The Andersons to win the NWA World Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version). The Andersons regained the championship the next month in a televised rematch known as the "Supreme Sacrifice" match, which saw Ole Anderson ram his brother Gene's head into McDaniel's head with enough
force to knock both men unconscious, enabling Ole Anderson to pin McDaniel. After the NWA United States Heavyweight Championship (Mid-Atlantic version) was vacated when Johnny Valentine was injured in a plane crash, <mask> competed in a one-night tournament on November 9, 1975 to crown a new champion, winning four bouts before losing to Terry Funk in the final.<mask> defeated Funk for the championship in a rematch held later that month. He went on to trade the championship with Blackjack Mulligan, holding it on a total of three occasions before his final reign ended in December 1976. In 1975, <mask> began teaming with Ricky Steamboat. They held the NWA World Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version) on one occasion and the NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship on three occasions. Their alliance ended in December 1978 when <mask> attacked Steamboat at the end of a battle royal, turning heel. In 1977, <mask> wrestled for Georgia Championship Wrestling for several months, feuding with Dick Slater and briefly holding the NWA Georgia Heavyweight Championship. From 1979 to 1984, he appeared sporadically with Maple Leaf Wrestling in Ontario, Canada.After turning heel, <mask> formed a new alliance with Baron von Raschke (whom <mask> had had a brief feud with prior), with the duo winning the NWA World Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version) twice in 1979 and feuding with tag teams such as Flair and Mulligan and Jay Youngblood and Steamboat. The team ended when <mask> turned on von Raschke. <mask> subsequently began teaming with The Masked Superstar (another former foe), winning the NWA World Tag Team Championship (Mid-Atlantic version) again in 1980 and 1981. In 1982, Sir Oliver Humperdink began managing <mask>. He held the NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship twice more in 1982, trading the championship with Jack Brisco. <mask>' Army (1982–1989)

In 1982, <mask> became a manager, forming a large stable called <mask>' Army. Many of Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling's top heels were members of <mask>' stable at one time, among them The Masked Superstar, Superstar Billy Graham, Ivan Koloff, Rick Rude, Manny Fernandez, Abdullah the Butcher, and The Powers of Pain.<mask>' character had a "startlingly uncomfortable presence"; at one point, he began wearing khakis and jackboots and cultivated a toothbrush moustache, giving him an appearance reminiscent of Adolf Hitler. <mask>' villainous behaviour led fans to mock him with chants of "weasel". By 1983, <mask> had largely retired from in-ring competition due to accumulated back injuries. That year, <mask> developed a gimmick of wearing tuxedos, and created an angle in which he held a contest in which a large poster of himself dressed in a white tuxedo would be awarded as a prize to the winner. This led to a memorable episode of Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling, in which the winner of the poster was revealed to be a young, attractive woman. As she walked onto the ringside set to claim her prize, she attempted to embrace <mask> with a kiss as her way of thanking him; but <mask> backed away quickly and proceeded to berate her violently. Rufus R<mask> then came to the lady's rescue, and was attacked by <mask>.<mask> then shoved the terrified young lady between himself and Rufus to block Rufus' defensive attack. This angle led to a brief feud between <mask> and Rufus R<mask>. In the mid-1980s, <mask> began a lengthy (and perhaps his most famous) feud with Jimmy Valiant. The feud culminated in a hair versus hair match in November 1986 that was won by Valiant. <mask> then began wearing a cowboy hat until his hair grew back to conceal his baldness. In 1988, The Powers of Pain began feuding with The Road Warriors, with <mask> claiming that The Powers of Pain were stronger than their opponents. In a memorable angle that aired on NWA World Championship Wrestling, The Powers of Pain faced The Road Warriors in a weightlifting contest with $50,000 on the line.The contest ended abruptly when Ivan Koloff blinded Road Warrior Animal using chalk dust, enabling The Powers of Pain to beat down The Road Warriors. <mask> left Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling - which had in the prior year been renamed World Championship Wrestling - in 1989. Late career (1989–1991)
<mask> spent the final years of his career competing on the independent circuit for promotions including the Pennsylvania-based Tri-State Wrestling Alliance and the North Carolina-based promotion South Atlantic Pro Wrestling. In 1990, he briefly held the SAPW Heavyweight Championship. Retirement (1991–2018)
Frederik retired from professional wrestling in 1991. After retiring, he opened a body shop in Charlotte, North Carolina, later relocating to Georgia. Death
Frederik died in the week of April 18, 2018, at his home near Atlanta.

masks:
Paul Frederick
Paul Jones
Paul Jones
Paul Boesch
Paul Boesch
Paul Jones
Paul Jones
Paul Boesch
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Paul Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Paul Jones
Jones
Paul Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
. Jones
Paul
Paul
Paul Jones
. Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones


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<mask> (1 May 1886 – 5 April 1963) was an English mountaineer, ornithologist and photographer, and a member of the 1924 British Mount Everest expedition. Early life
<mask> was born in Darlington in 1886, the second son of <mask> and <mask>. His mother's maiden name was <mask>. <mask>'s father, a bank manager in Darlington, died when <mask> was four years old. Until the age of eight <mask> was educated at Mr Bowman's Preparatory School; he then attended Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Darlington, where his brother John was already a pupil. From 1899 to 1903 he attended the North Eastern County School (now called Barnard Castle School) at Barnard Castle, where he was a boarder. He left school at the age of sixteen.Career
For some years after leaving school <mask> worked in an architect's office in Darlington, then from 1903 to 1914 he was busy with field research, writing books and articles, photography and giving lectures. In 1914, having established himself as a leading ornithologist, he returned to the North Eastern County School as a schoolmaster, teaching natural history. A Fellow of the Zoological Society of London, in 1927 he was elected a member of the Royal Geographical Society. He retired in 1949, and moved to Cotherstone. In 1962 he was disabled by a stroke and spent his last year in a nursing home, where he died on 5 April 1963. His ashes were scattered from the top of Shepherd's Crag, Borrowdale. Ornithology
From 1903 to 1914 <mask> devoted much time to his passion for ornithology.Amongst his expeditions, always undertaken with a camera in hand, were trips to the coast in the north-east of England, where he developed a technique for photographing gannets that involved abseiling down cliffs with the rope attached to a stake that was driven into the ground at the top of the cliff. <mask> at this time used a cumbersome and heavy Sanderson half-plate field camera. Rock climbing and mountaineering
<mask> started rock climbing in the English Lake District, although his re-ascents of the sea-cliffs on the north-east coast, once he had captured images of birds on photographic plates, involved much use of the hands. In the Lakes he used Wasdale Head as a base and commenced a friendship with Howard Somervell. Together they made ascents of the classic Lakeland climbs in the period before the First World War. After the war, <mask> and Somervell started climbing in the Alps, initially under the supervision of the 60-year-old Godfrey Solly in Chamonix, and subsequently on their own and without guides. In 1924, <mask>, along with Somervell (who had already been on the 1922 British Mount Everest Expedition), was chosen by the Mount Everest Committee to be a member of the ill-fated 1924 British Mount Everest expedition, on which Mallory and Irvine were killed.<mask> suffered from dysentery and sciatica and never made it high on the mountain. In his 2012 book Into the Silence, Wade Davis argues that <mask> – whom he considered an ill-advised selection for the expedition – prevented the most qualified and promising English climber of the period, Richard Graham, from joining. Graham had been a conscientious objector during the First World War, which became the basis of a whispering campaign by <mask>, even though <mask> had not fought himself. By contrast, Captain John Noel wrote:
 It was during this expedition that <mask> took his highly regarded photographs of Tibet. <mask> made numerous expeditions to other ranges in the world, including the Tatra Mountains of Czechoslovakia, Chile, the Drakensberg, the Lofoten islands and Spitsbergen. He is most associated with the High Atlas mountains of Morocco, which he visited on five separate occasions. His first visit was in 1927, together with G. Thompson, during which he made the first British ascents of many peaks in the Toubkal region.<mask>'s name is familiar to anyone who climbs in the Borrowdale valley in the Lake District. He made the first ascent, often solo, of numerous classic climbs in the valley, including "Little Chamonix" and "Corvus", and wrote the third edition of the Fell & Rock Climbing Club guidebook to the valley, published in 1953. The 1990 guide to the valley notes that <mask>, "with the Goldsborough Club of Barnard Castle School, surveyed every sizable crag in the valley, working out well over a hundred routes with a wide range of difficulty". <mask> was responsible for developing the most popular crag in the valley, Shepherd's Crag, which lies just above the main road that runs beside Derwentwater. In an article in The Journal of the Fell & Rock Climbing Club (1946), <mask> explained the attraction of climbing in Borrowdale, comparing the experience with that found on the more traditional higher crags of the Lakes. Bentley Beetham Trust
A collection of <mask>'s photographs – those he took in Tibet on the 1924 expedition, considered "an important historical record of Tibetan culture", as well as photographs of Barnard Castle, Teesdale, the Alps, the Atlas and Tatra mountains – is held in Palace Green Library next to Durham Cathedral. The collection is supervised by the Bentley Beetham Trust in conjunction with the University of Durham.Selected publications by Beetham
 The Home-Life of the Spoonbill, the Stork and Some Herons, Witherby & Co., 1910
 Photography for Bird-Lovers. A practical guide ... With photographic plates by <mask>tham, Witherby & Co., 1911
 'On the positions assumed by birds in flight', in British Birds, 1911
 'The Buff-backed Heron' in Wild Life, vol. 6 (1915)
 'The Return Journey', chapter 8 of The Fight for Everest 1924, Longmans, Green & Co., 1925
 Among Our Banished Birds, Arnold, 1927; Longmans, Green & Co., New York
 Borrowdale, Fell & Rock Climbing Club, 1953

References

External links
The <mask> Beetham collection

1886 births
1963 deaths
English mountain climbers
English ornithologists
Photographers from County Durham
Fellows of the Zoological Society of London
People educated at Barnard Castle School
20th-century British zoologists

masks:
Bentley Beetham
Beetham
James Weighell Beetham
Frances Elizabeth Beetham
Bentley
Beetham
Beetham
Beetham
Beetham
Beetham
Beetham
Beetham
Beetham
Beetham
Beetham
Beetham
Beetham
Beetham
Beetham
Beetham
Beetham
Beetham
Beetham
Beetham
Beetham
Bentley Bee
Bentley