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<mask> (born July 3, 1978) is a Venezuelan former professional baseball outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Yankees, Montreal Expos, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, Toronto Blue Jays and Los Angeles Dodgers. Playing career

New York Yankees
<mask> was signed by the New York Yankees as a non-draft amateur free agent in 1996 and made his Major League debut on September 4, 2001 against the Toronto Blue Jays. He was hitless in four at-bats in three games that first season. He returned to the Yankees on June 5, 2002 and recorded his first hit, a double, against the Baltimore Orioles. He hit a .265 batting average with one home run in 2002, Nevertheless, it was enough to warrant Baseball America naming him the #1 prospect in the Yankees organization. His strengths were described as 'above-average raw power', 'crushes fastballs' and had excellent defense.However, in spite of good contact, an impatient hitter and an average runner who would likely get slower with age. <mask> was again recalled in 2003, this time to hit seven homers (including a multi-homer game) with 26 RBI and a .266 batting average. Montreal Expos
He, along with Nick Johnson and Randy Choate, was traded to the Montreal Expos before the 2004 season for Javier Vázquez. In 134 games with Montreal in 2004, he finished with a .307 batting average, 12 homers and 49 RBI. Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
On November 19, 2004, the Expos (on the verge of becoming the Washington Nationals) traded <mask> and shortstop Maicer Izturis to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim for outfielder José Guillén. In his first season as an Angel, <mask> saw playing time as both an outfielder and a designated hitter. Although he started the season slowly, he stepped up his play in the final months of 2005 and finished with a .271 batting average and a then-career high 15 home runs and 59 RBIs in 106 games.During the 2006 campaign, <mask> was made an everyday player, either starting at left field or serving as the designated hitter when veteran Garret Anderson played left. He finished the season with his best statistical year yet, batting .310 with 23 home runs and 85 RBI. <mask> was the starting left fielder for the Venezuelan team in the inaugural World Baseball Classic. While playing for Oriente in Venezuela's winter ball, <mask> broke his leg sliding for first and was placed on the disabled list by the Angels. This injury kept him out for most of the 2007 season, with the exception of a brief appearance for 14 games in September. On December 19, 2008, <mask> re-signed with the Angels for three years worth $12.75 million through 2011. <mask> had a good hitting season, especially in the months of May to July.He hit 25 home runs, batted for an average of .287, and had an on-base plus slugging of .810. However, in contrast to the rest of the team, his baserunning was generally poor. Noted baseball analyst Bill James rated him the worst baserunner in the MLB in his annual book, because of his overaggressive tactics including being thrown out 8 times on attempts at going from first to third, costing his team an estimated 40 runs. <mask> got 2010 off to a slow start, batting just .235 over the first two months of the season. He finished the season hitting .243 with 15 home runs. Toronto Blue Jays
After the 2010 season, <mask> was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays along with catcher Mike Napoli in exchange for outfielder Vernon Wells. He struggled to start the season after ending Spring training strong, but after being moved to first base to replace an injured Adam Lind, his offense picked up considerably.On July 3, <mask> was designated for assignment by the Blue Jays after hitting .243 with 6 home runs in 70 games for them during the first half of the 2011 season. Los Angeles Dodgers
On July 12, 2011, <mask> was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers for a player to be named later or cash considerations. On July 15, 2011, in his first at bat as a Dodger, he hit a home run on the first pitch he saw off Joe Saunders of the Arizona Diamondbacks. He went on to play in 62 games for the Dodgers, hitting .274 with 5 home runs and 46 RBI. After the season, he signed a new one-year contract with the Dodgers which included an option for 2013. He spent most of the 2012 season platooning in left field (with Tony Gwynn, Jr. and Bobby Abreu) and at first base (with James Loney). After the Dodgers acquired Shane Victorino and Adrián González in trades, <mask> was relegated to pinch hitting.In 109 games, he hit .244 with 9 home runs and 47 RBI. The Dodgers declined his 2013 option worth $4 million on October 29, instead electing to pay the $400,000 buyout, making him a free agent. New York Yankees
On January 28, 2013, the New York Yankees signed <mask> to a minor-league deal. On March 28, he was released by the Yankees. Arizona Diamondbacks
On April 30, 2013, <mask> signed a minor league deal with the Diamondbacks, and played 2013 with the Reno Aces. 2015 WBSC Premier12

In November 2015, <mask> participated with the Venezuela national team in the inaugural WBSC Premier12. Batting style
<mask> is distinguished by his high contact rate and low strikeout rate.In 2009, he had the ninth lowest strikeout percentage in the American League, at 10.8%. His career strikeout rate stands at 11.3% through the 2009 season, compared to an MLB average of 18.0%. See also
 List of Major League Baseball players from Venezuela

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
Albuquerque Isotopes players
Caribes de Oriente players
Columbus Clippers players
Gulf Coast Yankees players
Los Angeles Dodgers players
Los Angeles Angels players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Major League Baseball players from Venezuela
Montreal Expos players
Navegantes del Magallanes players
New York Yankees players
Norwich Navigators players
Oneonta Yankees players
People from Guarenas
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes players
Reno Aces players
Salt Lake Bees players
Tampa Yankees players
Toronto Blue Jays players
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in Canada
Venezuelan expatriate baseball players in the United States
World Baseball Classic players of Venezuela
2006 World Baseball Classic players
2015 WBSC Premier12 players

masks:
Juan Luis Rivera
Rivera
Rivera
Rivera
Rivera
Rivera
Juan Rivera
Rivera
Juan Rivera
Rivera
Rivera
Rivera
Rivera
Rivera
Rivera
Juan Rivera
Rivera
Rivera
Rivera


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Hans-<mask>  (born 10 March 1957) is a German politician of the Christian Social Union (CSU) who has been serving as a member of the German Bundestag since 1998. Under the leadership of Chancellor Angela Merkel, he served as Federal Minister of the Interior (2011-2013) and as Minister for Food and Agriculture (2013). <mask> resigned from that position in February 2014. <mask> has a controversial history with minorities in Germany, causing outrage in 2013 after telling journalists that Islam in Germany is not something supported by history at any point. Early life and education
Born in 1957 in Naila, near the northern Bavarian town of Hof, <mask> has a PhD in law and also studied economics. From 1990 to 1991, <mask> worked in the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and the economy department of the Germany Embassy in Washington, D.C. Political career

Early career
<mask> began his national political career as an aide to Michael Glos, a senior CSU official in parliament.<mask> has been a member of the Bundestag since the 1998 federal elections,. He was deputy chairman of the investigating committee for party donations from 1999 until 2002 and for electoral fraud from 2002 until 2004. From 2002 until 2005 he was also judicial counselor of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group. Following the 2005 federal elections, when his party joined a Grand Coalition with Angela Merkel as Chancellor, <mask> became deputy chairman of the parliamentary group under the leadership of Volker Kauder, covering the portfolio of housing and development. Between 2007 and 2009, he was one of 32 members of the Second Commission on the modernization of the federal state, which had been established to reform the division of powers between federal and state authorities in Germany. In the negotiations to form a coalition government following the 2009 federal elections, <mask> led the CDU/CSU delegation in the working group on transport and building policies; his co-chair from the FDP was Patrick Döring. From 2009, <mask> led the CSU in parliament, replacing Peter Ramsauer.During that time, he was said to have enjoyed a good relationship with Merkel and to have often sided with national interests over Bavarian ones. Economic policy was widely seen as his passion as he has supported raising the retirement age to 67 despite opposition from CSU leader Horst Seehofer. He also played a behind-the-scenes part in crafting Germany's response to the euro zone crisis. Federal Minister of the Interior, 2011-2013
On 3 March 2011 <mask> succeeded Thomas de Maizière as Federal Minister of the Interior who replaced Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg. The fact that <mask>, like Guttenberg, came from the northern Bavarian area of Upper Franconia meant that his appointment ensured the regional balance of power within the CSU was maintained. On the occasion of the sixtieth anniversary of the diplomatic relations between German and India, <mask> participated in the first joint cabinet meeting of the two countries’ governments in Delhi in May 2011. On 7 June 2011 he attended the state dinner hosted by President Barack Obama in honor of Chancellor Angela Merkel at the White House.European integration

In early 2012, <mask> became Chancellor Angela Merkel’s first Cabinet member to suggest Greece’s exit from the euro. In an interview with Der Spiegel, he said Greece would have better chances of overhauling its economy and restoring growth if it left the euro area. In late 2012, <mask> called for the immediate suspension of the visa-free regime for Serbia and Macedonia after more than 7,000 citizens of the two countries applied for asylum in Germany within one year. Surveillance

In the wake of the US National Security Agency's (NSA) internet surveillance scandal around PRISM in 2013, <mask> was long perceived as not particularly devoted to investigating the full scope of NSA spying activities in Germany. Instead, he defended the NSA's methods and promptly demanded legislation changes, in order to be able to expand surveillance of communication traffic by the German Bundesnachrichtendienst as well. In an effort to point out how valuable information provided by the NSA can be for Germany, he argued that forty-five terror attacks had been prevented by the Prism program, including five in Germany; however, he soon back-peddled, unable to pinpoint the five instances. In a later interview with Münchner Merkur newspaper, <mask> held that Edward Snowden was not a victim of political persecution.Federal Minister of Food and Agriculture, 2013
In the negotiations to form a so-called Grand Coalition following the 2013 federal elections, <mask> led the CDU/CSU delegation in the working group on internal affairs and justice; his co-chair from the SPD was Thomas Oppermann. <mask> was sworn in as Federal Minister of Food and Agriculture in the third cabinet of Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel on 17 December 2013. He resigned on 14 February 2014, reacting to imminent legal investigations into incidents during his tenure as Federal Minister of the Interior. He is accused of betraying state secrets about legal investigations into Social Democrat Party (SPD) heads during the coalition negotiations after the federal elections in 2013. Prosecutors complained that the leak may have compromised their inquiry. The investigations showed MP Sebastian Edathy's link to a globally-operating child pornography syndicate, and plans to take up an investigation against Edathy on suspicion of possessing such material. Vice-President of the German Bundestag, 2017–2021
Following the 2017 elections, <mask> was elected as one of the vice presidents of the German Parliament, under the leadership of President Wolfgang Schäuble.In this capacity, he also joined the parliament's Council of Elders, which – among other duties – determines daily legislative agenda items and assigns committee chairpersons based on party representation. In 2020, <mask> co-founded the “China-Bridge” initiative, a non-profit networking association to strengthen links between Germany and China. Other activities

Corporate boards
 Friedrich-Baur-GmbH, Member of the Advisory Board
 Münchener Verein, Member of the Supervisory Board

Non-profit organizations
 German Association for Small and Medium-Sized Businesses (BVMW), Member of the Political Advisory Board
 Atlantik-Brücke, Member
 German Council on Foreign Relations (DGAP), Member
 Foundation for Family Businesses, Member of the Board of Trustees
 German-Hungarian Youth Office, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Ostbayerisches Technologie-Transfer-Institut (OTTI), Member of the Advisory Board
 Stiftung Datenschutz, Member of the Strategic Advisory Board
 Rotary International, Member

Personal life
<mask> is married with three children. See also

List of Bavarian Christian Social Union politicians

References

|-

1957 births
Living people
Agriculture ministers of Germany
Christian Social Union in Bavaria politicians
German Lutherans
Interior ministers of Germany
People from Naila
Members of the Bundestag for Bavaria
Members of the Bundestag 2021–2025
Members of the Bundestag 2017–2021
Members of the Bundestag 2013–2017
Members of the Bundestag 2009–2013
Members of the Bundestag 2005–2009
Members of the Bundestag 2002–2005
Members of the Bundestag 1998–2002
Members of the Bundestag for the Christian Social Union in Bavaria

masks:
Peter Friedrich
Friedrich
Friedrich
Friedrich
Friedrich
Friedrich
Friedrich
Friedrich
Friedrich
Friedrich
Friedrich
Friedrich
Friedrich
Friedrich
Friedrich
Friedrich
Friedrich
Friedrich
Friedrich
Friedrich
Friedrich
Friedrich


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<mask>, Jr. (May 15, 1936 – March 27, 2003) was an American playwright, young adult novelist, and educator. Early life

<mask> was born in Tottenville, Staten Island, New York, to <mask>, Sr., a policeman, and <mask>, a nurse; his sister, Betty (<mask>) Hagen, was a year and a half older than him. <mask>, Sr. ran away with his mistress when Zindel was two, leaving the trio to move around Staten Island, living in various houses and apartments. Zindel wrote his first play in high school. Throughout his teen years, he wrote plays, though he trained as a chemist at Wagner College and spent six months working at Allied Chemical as a chemical writer after graduating. Zindel took a creative-writing course with the playwright Edward Albee while he was an undergraduate. Albee became his mentor and was an advocate for Zindel.He later quit and worked as a high-school Chemistry and Physics teacher at Tottenville High School on Staten Island for ten years. Zindel seemed to gravitate toward behavior that allowed him to observe the reactions of others in strange situations: Olen Soifer, visiting with his father Dave, who was the long-time lab technician at the high school, remembers seeing Zindel wearing black shoes with the front of one cut off, such that his white-socked toes could not be missed sticking out of the shoe. (personal reminiscence)

Career
In 1964, he wrote The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds, his first and most successful play. The play ran off-Broadway in 1970, and on Broadway in 1971, and he received the 1971 Pulitzer Prize for Drama for the work. However, this play also received criticism for being too elliptical or too difficult to understand. Still, it was also made into a 1972 movie by 20th Century Fox, directed by <mask> and starring his wife Joanne Woodward. Soon thereafter, Charlotte Zolotow, a vice-president at Harper & Row, contacted him about writing for her book label.<mask> wrote a total of 53 books, all but one of them aimed at children or teens. Many were set in his home town of Staten Island. They tended to be semi-autobiographical, focusing on teenage misfits with abusive or neglectful parents. Zindel himself grew up in a single-parent household; his mother worked at various occupations: hat-check girl, shipyard worker, dog breeder, hot-dog vendor, and finally, licensed practical nurse, often boarding terminally ill patients at their home. They moved frequently, and his mother often engaged in "get-rich-quick" schemes that did not succeed. His father abandoned them early in his life. This upbringing was most closely depicted in Confessions of a Teenage Baboon.Despite the often dark subject matter of his books, which deal with loneliness, loss, and the effects of abuse, they are also filled with humor. Many of his novels have zany titles, such as My Darling, My Hamburger, Pardon Me, You're Stepping on My Eyeball! or Confessions of a Teenage Baboon. "My Darling, My Hamburger" specifically deals with teen sexuality, abuse within the home, teen pregnancy, and abortion. The Pigman, first published in 1968, deals with love and finding friends in odd places. It is widely taught in American schools and made it onto the list of most frequently banned books in America in the 1990s; for example, Plano, Texas parents complained of offensive language and sexual themes. <mask> stated that "I ignore critics usually.I believe the perfect story is a dream." <mask> received the annual Margaret A. Edwards Award from the American Library Association in 2002, recognizing his cumulative "significant and lasting contribution to young adult literature". The jury cited five works said to be published 1968 to 1993: The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds; My Darling, My Hamburger; and the Pigman trilogy (‡). The citation called The Pigman "one of the first authentic young adult novels" and the panel chair observed that "<mask>el knows and understands the reality young adults deal with day-to-day ... He has the ability to depict young adults in an honest and realistic way. The characters he developed nearly 40 years ago still speak to today's teens." Beginning with Loch in 1994, Zindel wrote numerous speculative fiction novels for children or young adults, mainly in the horror genre.<mask> also worked in Hollywood, writing the screenplays for, among other titles, Up the Sandbox and Mame. <mask> also made people happy for a living which is why he wrote the books

Personal life and death
<mask> was married to Bonnie Hildebrand from 1973, divorcing her in 1998. They had two children; novelist Lizabeth <mask>, and son David, a publisher. <mask> died in New York City from lung cancer in 2003, at the Jacob Perlow Hospice in Beth Israel Medical Center in Manhattan. He is buried in Moravian Cemetery, Staten Island. Works

Plays
The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds, 1964
The Ladies Should Be in Bed
And Miss Reardon Drinks A Little, 1967
Let Me Hear You Whisper, 1969
The Secret Affairs of Mildred Wild, 1972
Every 17 Minutes the Crowd Goes Crazy
Ladies at the Alamo, 1977
Amulets Against the Dragon Forces, 1989

Novels

The Zone Unknown
Loch, New York: HarperCollins, 1994. The Doom Stone, New York: HarperCollins, 1995.Raptor, New York: Hyperion, 1998. Rats, New York: Hyperion, 1999. Reef of Death, New York: HarperCollins, 1998. Night of the Bat, New York: Hyperion, 2001. The Gadget, New York: HarperCollins, 2001. P.C. Hawke Mysteries
The Scream Museum, New York: Hyperion, 2001.The Surfing Corpse, New York: Hyperion, 2001. The E-Mail Murders, New York: Hyperion, 2001. The Lethal Gorilla, New York: Hyperion, 2001. The Square Root of Murder, 2002. Death on the Amazon, 2002. The Gourmet Zombie, 2002. The Phantom of 86th Street, 2002.Harry and Hortense at Hormone High, New York: Harper, 1985. The Wacky Facts Lunch Bunch
Attack of the Killer Fishsticks, New York: Bantam, 1993. Fifth Grade Safari, New York: Bantam, 1992. Fright Party, New York: Bantam, 1993. One Hundred Percent Laugh Riot, New York: Bantam, 1994. The Pigman Trilogy
The Pigman, New York: Harper, 1968. ‡
The Pigman's Legacy, New York: Harper, 1981.‡
The Pigman & Me, New York: HarperCollins, 1992. ‡

Other novels
My Darling, My Hamburger, New York: Harper, 1969. ‡
I Never Loved Your Mind, New York: Harper, 1970. I Love My Mother, New York: Harper, 1975. Pardon Me, You're Stepping on My Eyeball!, New York: Harper, 1976. Confessions of a Teenage Baboon, New York: Harper, 1977. The Undertaker's Gone Bananas, New York: Harper, 1978.A Star for the Latecomer (with <mask>), New York: Harper, 1980. The Girl Who Wanted a Boy, New York: Harper, 1981. To Take a Dare (with Crescent Dragonwagon), New York: Harper, 1982. When a Darkness Falls Bantam Books, 1984. The Amazing and Death-Defying Diary of Eugene Dingman, New York: Harper, 1987. A Begonia for Miss Applebaum, New York: Harper, 1989. David & Della, New York: HarperCollins, 1993.Club de collecionistas de noticias
The Houdini Whodunit, 2002. Death by CD, 2003. The Petrified Parrot, 2003. Camp Megadeath, 2003. (‡) The Young Adult Library Services Association cited five books when <mask> won the 2002 Edwards Award. Short stories
Love & Centipedes, 1999. Also included in Places I Never Meant to Be by Judy Blume.Rachel’s Vampire, 2001. Also included in Lost and Found by Joan Abelove

Screenplays
Let Me Hear You Whisper - 1969 television movie based on his play
Up the Sandbox - 1972 movie with Barbra Streisand and David Selby
Mame - 1974 musical film starring Lucille Ball, based on the stage musical of the same name. Maria's Lovers - 1984 film, with Nastassja Kinski, John Savage and Robert Mitchum
Runaway Train - 1985 film starring Jon Voight, Eric Roberts, and Rebecca De Mornay; nominated for three Academy Awards
Alice in Wonderland - 1985 television movie, with an all-star cast
Babes in Toyland - 1986 television adaptation of the film, starring Keanu Reeves and Drew Barrymore
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court - 1989 television adaptation of the novel by Mark Twain. See also

References

External links

<mask> at Library of Congress Authorities — with 64 catalog records

1936 births
2003 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
20th-century American chemists
American children's writers
Schoolteachers from New York (state)
Deaths from lung cancer
Margaret A. Edwards Award winners
People from Tottenville, Staten Island
Pulitzer Prize for Drama winners
University of Southern California faculty
Wagner College alumni
Writers from New York City
American writers of young adult literature
American male novelists
American male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from New York (state)
20th-century American educators
Scientists from New York (state)
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Burials at Moravian Cemetery

masks:
Paul Zindel
Zindel
Paul Zindel
Betty Zindel
Zindel
Paul Zindel
Paul Newman
Zindel
Zindel
Zindel
Paul Zind
Zindel
Zindel
Zindel
Zindel
Paul Zindel
Bonnie Zindel
Zindel
Paul Zindel


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<mask> (; 1929 – 22 July 1974) was an officer in the Hellenic Army. At the time of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974, <mask> was a Colonel and CO of the 251st Battalion of the Cypriot National Guard, the unit closest to the Turkish landing site. With his unit, <mask> opposed the Turkish army at the Battle of Pentemili beachhead, stalling its advance for two days. <mask> was forced to retreat before numerically far superior Turkish forces and is considered the first missing person of the conflict. Kouroupis was presumed dead during the defence of Kyrenia. According to published reports in the Greek press, the Greek Intelligence Agency attempted a rescue of Kouroupis and other Greek Army officers who were held captive in Turkey. The rescue operation failed and <mask>' fate is unknown.He was posthumously awarded the rank of Lieutenant General of the Hellenic Army, the highest military rank of the Hellenic Army. Pavlou Kouroupi Street, in the Aglantzia suburb of Cyprus' capital Nicosia is named after him. Life and education
<mask> was born in 1929 in Dentra, Messenia to a rural family, and was the third of six siblings. Kouroupis grew up in Dentra and went to school in Kalamata. Since an early age Kouroupis wanted to become an officer of the Hellenic Army. In 1952 Kouroupis graduated from the Evelpidon Military Academy. Following his graduation from the military academy, Kouroupis studied at and graduated from the Law School of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, in 1965.Two years later in 1967, he also concluded his studies at the Higher War School of Greece with honours. At around that time <mask> married Maria Karvouni, and, subsequently, they had a daughter, named Evangelia. Military career
In 1972, <mask>, who was a tagmatarchis at the time, was transferred to Cyprus and became commander of the 251 tagma of the Hellenic Army in Kyrenia, near the Turkish-Cypriot village of Templos. In 1974, he was ordered to defend the city from the Turkish invasion of Cyprus which had just begun. He had only two lochoi at his command and he was defending the city against the numerically far superior 50th battalion of the Turkish army which was landing at the beach with the Battle of Pentemili beachhead just commencing. Kouroupis defended the beachhead with the 1st lochos and a support lochos of heavy armaments. The military forces under Kouroupis command also included officers working at the lochos headquarters, military cooks, and people who had been ordered back to military service.<mask> also had a small force of 5 T-34 tanks at his disposal. <mask>' forces were against a superior Turkish battalion force which was supported by aircraft, artillery and naval forces. Despite that, the two companies under <mask>' command were able to halt the advance of the Turkish forces and confine them in an area . <mask> with a force of about 250–300 men was able to halt the advance of a Turkish force of 3500 men of the Turkish battalion Çakmak (Tsakmak). On the first day of the invasion, the Turkish forces were unable to advance according to their plans, due to the strong resistance they encountered from the Greek forces under the command of Kouroupis. However, a night raid by the Greek forces against the Turkish forces on the beachhead was unsuccessful due to lack of coordination and artillery support. The battle lasted for approximately two days and with support from the Greek side not materialising, while the Turkish forces were being continuously reinforced, <mask> ordered his forces to retreat toward Kerynia to defend the city.Once close to the city, <mask>' men were encircled by a Turkish force. He told his men to disperse from a flank that had not yet been blocked by the Turkish army. The men refused to leave, but he ordered them to do so. <mask> and his second in command remained intending to provide cover for the retreating men. From this point, Kouroupis' whereabouts have remained uncertain. Disappearance and rescue attempt
Following the conclusion of the Battle of Pentemili beachhead, the fate of Kouroupis is unknown. On 27 March 1995, Greek reporter Petros Kasimatis wrote in Eleftheros Typos that a Greek intelligence agent in the guise of a fisherman had reported to the Greek intelligence agency that 6 prisoners of war were held at a prison in Bolu, Turkey and another 7 at a prison in Denizli.According to the Kasimatis report, the Greek intelligence officer was able to briefly communicate with the Greek officers at Bolu, after he bribed the Turkish guards. According to Kasimatis, one of the detainees was Kouroupis. All detainees were in very bad condition. The Kasimatis report also mentions that following the intelligence received by the field intelligence officer who had posed as a fisherman, the Greek intelligence service organised a rescue attempt to free Kouroupis and other Greek prisoners at Bolu. During the rescue attempt, fire was exchanged and a Greek intelligence officer was killed. Since that time, the fate of Kouroupis is unknown. To date, the Greek government has not commented on the rescue attempt.Aftermath
<mask>' wife, <mask>, is president of the Panhellenic Committee of Missing and Undeclared Prisoners (). As president of the organisation, she visits Cyprus annually with the relatives of the disappeared to take part in protests against the Turkish invasion and continuing military presence on Cyprus. The protesters are flown to Cyprus with cargo planes provided by the Hellenic Air Force. In 2000, during her visit to Cyprus, <mask> expressed her concern that DNA tests and exhumations should not be the only activities related to the disappeared of the conflict, but the discussion should also include those who may still be alive. Posthumous honours and legacy
On 12 December 2008, Colonel <mask> was posthumously awarded the rank of Lieutenant General of the Hellenic Army, the highest military rank of the Hellenic Army. In an interview to the Ta Nea newspaper in 2009, <mask>' wife, <mask>, said that apart from the posthumous rank promotion, the Greek state has not provided further recognition to the fallen or disappeared in the conflict of 1974. On 20 July 2014, on the 40th anniversary of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, representatives of the sister cities of Kalamata and Aglantzia, took part in a ceremony at the metropolitan cathedral of Kalamata recognising the fallen citizens of Kalamata who were killed defending Cyprus during the conflict in 1974.During the eulogy, the municipality of Aglantzia announced the naming of one of its streets in honour of <mask> Kouroupis. Pavlou Kouroupi Street, in the Aglantzia suburb of Nicosia is named after him. In Kalamata, the bust of Kouroupis has been erected in Panayiotis Foteas square in front of the Messinia Directorate. Further reading
Eis mnēmēn Paulou Kouroupē : Keryneia '74 (In Memory of <mask> Kouroupis: Kyrenia 1974) Author: Lazaros Mauros Publisher: Leukōsia : Ekdoseis Aigaion, 2009. Series: Mikrē Kypriakē Vivliothēkē (Small Cypriot Library) Edition/Format: Print book : Biography : Greek, Modern (1453–) from WorldCat. See also
List of people who disappeared

References

External links
Information about Kouroupis

1929 births
1970s missing person cases
Articles containing video clips
Cypriot military personnel
Greek military personnel of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus
Greek soldiers
Hellenic Army officers
Missing people
Missing person cases in Turkey
People from Kalamata
Turkish invasion of Cyprus

masks:
Pavlos Kouroupis
Kouroupis
Kouroupis
Kouroupis
Kouroupis
Kouroupis
Kouroupis
Kouroupis
Kouroupis
Kouroupis
Kouroupis
Kouroupis
Kouroupis
Kouroupis
Kouroupis
Kouroupis
Mary Kouroupis
Mary Kouroupis
Kouroupis
Kouroupis
Mary Kouroupis
Pavlos
Pavlos


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<mask>, commonly known as Aala Hazrat, <mask>, or <mask> in Arabic,  (14 June 1856 CE or 10 Shawwal 1272 AH – 28 October 1921 CE or 25 Safar 1340 AH), was an Islamic scholar, Jurist, Mufti, Philosopher, Theologian, Ascetic, Sufi, Urdu Poet, Scientist and Mujaddid in British India. Imam <mask> wrote on law, religion, philosophy and the sciences. He became the leader of the Barelvi in South Asia and influenced millions of people. Biography

Family
<mask>'s father, <mask>, was the son of <mask>. <mask> belonged to the Barech tribe of Pushtuns. The Barech formed a tribal grouping among the Rohilla Pushtuns of North India who founded the state of Rohilkhand. <mask>'s ancestors migrated from Qandahar during the Mughal rule and settled in Lahore.<mask> was born on 14 June 1856 in Mohallah Jasoli, Bareilly, the North-Western Provinces. The name corresponding to the year of his birth was "Al Mukhtaar". His birth name was Muhammad. <mask> used the appellation "Abdul Mustafa" ("servant of the chosen one") prior to signing his name in correspondence. Teachers
According to Masud Ahmad, <mask>'s teachers were:
Shah AI-i-Rasul (d. 1297/1879)
Naqi <mask> (d. 1297/1880)
Ahmad Zayni Dahlan Makki (d. 1299/1881)
Abd al-Rahman Siraj Makki (d. 1301/1883)
Hussayn bin Saleh (d. 1302/1884)
Abul-Hussayn Ahmad Al-Nuri (d. 1324/1906)
'Abd al-Ali Rampuri (d. 1303/1885)

Spiritual order
In the year 1294 A.H. (1877), at the age of 22 years, <mask> became the Mureed (disciple) of , Shah Aale Rasool Marehrawi. His Murshid bestowed him with Khilafat in the several Sufi Silsilas. Some Islamic scholars received permission from him to work under his guidance.Revival movement
Imam <mask> wrote extensively in defense of his views, countered the Wahabism and Deobandi movements, and, by his writing and activity, became the leader  of Ahle Sunnat movement.The movement is spread across the globe with followers in Pakistan, India, South Africa and Bangladesh. The movement now has over 200 million followers globally. The movement was largely a rural phenomenon when begun but is currently popular among urban, educated Pakistanis and Indians as well as South Asian diaspora throughout the world. The efforts of <mask> and his associate scholars to establish a movement to counter the Deobandi and Ahl-i Hadith movements resulted to  in the institutionalization of diverse Sufi movements and their allies in various parts of the world. Death
<mask> <mask> died on 28 October 1921 (25 Safar 1340 AH) at the age of 65, in his home at Bareilly due to complications related to his diabetes. He is buried in his hometown of Bareilly. <mask> <mask> <mask> wrote several hundred books in Arabic, Persian and Urdu, including the thirty-volume fatwa compilation Fatawa Razaviyya, and Kanzul Iman (Translation & Explanation of the Qur'an).Several of his books have been translated into European and South Asian languages. Kanz ul Iman (translation of the Qur'an)
Kanzul Iman (Urdu and Arabic: کنزالایمان) is a 1910 Urdu paraphrase translation of the Qur'an by <mask>. It is associated with the Hanafi jurisprudence within Sunni Islam, and is a widely read version of translation in the Indian Subcontinent. It has been translated into English, Hindi, Bengali, Dutch, Turkish, Sindhi, Gujarati, Pashto and also recently translated in Gojri language by Mufti Nazir <mask>. Husam ul Haramain
Husamul Haramain or Husam al Harmain Ala Munhir kufr wal mayn (The Sword of the Haramayn at the throat of unbelief and falsehood) 1906, is a treatise which declared infidels the founders of the Deobandi, Ahl-i Hadith and Ahmadiyya movements on the basis that they did not have the proper veneration of the Prophet Muhammad and finality of Prophethood in their writings. In defense of his verdict he obtained confirmatory signatures from 268 scholars in South Asia, and some from scholars in Mecca and Medina. The treatise is published in Arabic, Urdu, English, Turkish and Hindi.Fatawa Razawiyyah

Fatawa-e-Razvia or the full name Al Ataya fi-Nabaviah Fatwa Razaviah  (translates to Verdicts of Imam <mask> by the blessings of the Prophet) is the main fatwa (Islamic verdicts on various issues) book of his movement. It has been published in 30 volumes and in approx. 22,000 pages. It contains solution to daily problems from religion to business and from war to marriage. Hadaiq-e-Bakhshish
He wrote devotional poetry in praise of the Prophet Muhammad and always discussed him in the present tense. His main book of poetry is Hadaiq-e-Bakhshish. His poems, which deal for the most part with the qualities of the Prophet, often have a simplicity and directness.They reportedly created a favorable climate for na'at writing. His Urdu couplets, entitled Mustafa jaane rahmat pe lakhon salaam (Millions of salutations on Mustafa, the Paragon of mercy), are recited in the mosques globally. They contain praise of the Prophet, his physical appearance (verses 33 to 80), his life and times, praise of his family and companions, praise of the awliya and saleheen (the saints and the pious). Al Daulatul Makkiya Bil Madatul Ghaibiya

Other notable works
His other works include:
Al Mu'tamadul Mustanad
Al Amn o wal Ula
Alkaukabatush Shahabiya
Al Istimdaad
Al Fuyoozul Makkiyah
Al Meeladun Nabawiyyah
Fauze Mubeen Dar Radd-E-Harkate Zameen
Subhaanus Subooh
Sallus Say yaaful Hindiya
Ahkaam-e-Shariat
Az Zubdatuz Zakkiya
Abna ul Mustafa
Tamheed-e-Imaan
Angoothe Choomne ka Masla

Beliefs

<mask> saw an intellectual and moral decline of Muslims in British India. His movement was a mass movement, defending popular Sufism, which grew in response to the influence of the Deobandi movement in South Asia and the Wahhabi movement elsewhere. Imam <mask> <mask> supported Tawassul, Mawlid, the prophet Muhammad's awareness of complete knowledge of the unseen, and other practices which were opposed by Salafis and Deobandis. In this context he supported the following beliefs:
 Prophet Muhammad, although is insan-e-kamil (the perfect human), possessed a nūr (light) that predates creation.This contrasts with the Deobandi view that Muhammad, was only a insan-e-kamil, a respected but physically typical human just like other humans. Prophet Muhammad is haazir naazir (Haazir-o-Naazir on the deeds of his Ummah) which means that prophet views and witnesses actions of his people. This concept was interpreted by Shah Abdul Aziz in Tafsir Azizi in these words: The Prophet is observing everybody, knows their good and bad deeds, and knows the strength of faith (Imaan) of every individual Muslim and what has hindered his spiritual progress. He reached judgments with regard to certain practices and faith in his book Fatawa-e-Razvia, including:

Islamic Law is the ultimate law and following it is obligatory for all Muslims;
To refrain from Bid'ah is essential;
It is impermissible to imitate the Kuffar, to mingle with the misguided [and heretics] and to participate in their festivals. Fatwas

Qadiyanis (“Ahmadis”)
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad of Qadian claimed to be the Messiah, Prophet and Mahdi awaited by some Muslims as well as a Ummati Nabi, a subordinate prophet to Muhammad who came to restore Islam to the pristine form as practiced by Muhammad and early Sahaba. <mask> declared Mirza Ghulam Ahmad a heretic and apostate and called him and his followers disbelievers (kuffar). Deobandis
The theological difference with Deobandi school begun when Maulana <mask> <mask>ri objected in writing to some of the following beliefs of Deobandi scholars.A founder of the Deobandi movement, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi stated that God has the ability to lie. This doctrine is called Imkan-i Kizb. According to this doctrine, because God is omnipotent, God is capable of lying. Gangohi supported the doctrine that God has the ability to make additional prophets after Muhammad (Imkan-i Nazir) and other prophets equal to Muhammad. He opposed the doctrine that Muhammad has knowledge of the unseen (Ilm e Ghaib). When <mask> <mask> visited Mecca and Medina for pilgrimage in 1905, he prepared a draft document entitled Al Motamad Al Mustanad ("The Reliable Proofs"). In this work, <mask> branded Deobandi leaders such as Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, and Muhammad Qasim Nanotwi and those who followed them as kuffar.<mask> collected scholarly opinions in the Hejaz and compiled them in an Arabic language compendium with the title, Hussam al Harmain

masks:
Ahmed Raza Khan
Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi
Ahmed Rida Khan
Ahmed Raza Khan
Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi
Naqi Ali Khan
Raza Ali Khan
Ahmed Raza Khan Barvi
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Ali Khan
Ahmed Raza
Ahmed Raza
Khan
Ahmed Raza
Khan
Imam Ahmed
Raza
Khan
Khan
Ahmed Qadri
Ahmed Raza
Khan
Ahmed Raza
Khan
Khan
Ahmed Raza
Khan Qad
Ahmed Raza
Khan
Ahmad Raza
Khan


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 ("The Sword of Two Sanctuaries"), a work containing 34 verdicts from 33 ulama (20 Meccan and 13 Medinese). This work initiated a reciprocal series of fatwas between Ahle Sunnat (Barelvis) and Deobandis lasting to the present. Shia
Imam <mask> <mask> wrote various books against beliefs and faith of Shia Muslims and declared various practices of Shia as kufr. He considered most Shiites of his day apostates because, he believed, they repudiated necessities of religion. Wahabi Movement
Imam <mask> <mask> declared Wahabis as disbelievers (kuffar) and collected many fatwas of various scholars against the Wahhabi movement founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, who was predominant in the Arabian peninsula, just as he had done with the Ahmadis and Deobandis. Until this day, <mask>'s followers remain opposed to the Wahhabi and their beliefs. Permissibility of currency notes
In 1905, <mask>, on the request of contemporaries from Hijaz, wrote a verdict on the permissibility of using paper as a form of currency, entitled Kifl-ul-Faqeehil fehim Fe Ahkam-e-Kirtas Drahim.Political views
Unlike other Muslim leaders in the region at the time, <mask> and his movement opposed the Indian independence movement due to its leadership under Mahatma Gandhi, who was not a Muslim. Imam <mask> <mask> declared that India was Dar al-Islam and that Muslims enjoyed religious freedom there. According to him, those arguing the contrary merely wanted to take advantage of the provisions allowing Muslims living under non-Muslim rule to collect interest from commercial transactions and had no desire to fight Jihad or perform Hijra. Therefore, he opposed labelling British India to be Dar al-Harb ("abode of war"), which meant that waging holy war against and migrating from India were inadmissible as they would cause disaster to the community. This view of <mask>'s was similar to other reformers <mask> <mask> and Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy. The Muslim League mobilized the Muslim masses to campaign for Pakistan, and many of <mask>'s followers played a significant and active role in the Pakistan Movement at educational and political fronts. Despise of the British
The Imam's refusal to unite with Hindu Nationalists against the British is misconstrued by his detractors, either due to ignorance or malice, as opposition to the re-establishment of the Caliphate, or even more ludicrously as support for the British.This supposed support can be dismissed by the fact that he refused to acknowledge the British courts during their occupation in India, his refusal to pray for one of his own students as it may have indirectly benefitted the British, and the fact that he would even turn the postage stamps on letters upside down as a mark of disrespect. Legacy
Many religious schools, organizations, and research institutions teach <mask>'s ideas, which emphasize the primacy of Islamic law over adherence to Sufi practices and personal devotion to the prophet Muhammad. Recognition
 On 21 June 2010, Muhammad al-Yaqoubi, a cleric and Sufi from Syria, declared on Takbeer TV's programme Sunni Talk that the Mujaddid of the Indian subcontinent was <mask> <mask>, and said that a follower of Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah can be identified by his love of <mask> and that those outside of that those outside the Ahlus Sunnah are identified by their attacks on him. 'Ali bin Hassan Maliki, Mufti of Mecca, called <mask> the encyclopedia of all religious sciences. Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938), a poet, Sufi and philosopher, said: "I have carefully studied the decrees of <mask> and thereby formed this opinion; and his Fatawa bear testimony to his acumen, intellectual caliber, the quality of his creative thinking, his excellent jurisdiction and his ocean-like Islamic knowledge. Once Imam <mask> forms an opinion he stays firm on it; he expresses his opinion after a sober reflection. Therefore, the need never arises to withdraw any of his religious decrees and judgments.In another place he says, "Such a genius and intelligent jurist did not emerge." It is rumored that Prof. Sir Ziauddin Ahmad, who was the head of department of Mathematics at Aligarh University, was once unable to find solutions to some mathematic algorithms, even after he took help from the mathematicians abroad. On the request of his friend who was also the mureed (disciple) of <mask>, Ziauddin visited <mask> on special visit to get answers to his difficult questions, and under guidance of <mask> he finally succeeded in getting solutions. Justice Naeemud'deen, Supreme Court of Pakistan: "Maulana <mask>'s grand personality, a representation of our most esteem ancestors, is history making, and a history uni-central in his self. ... You may estimate his high status from the fact that he spent all his lifetime in expressing the praise of the great and auspicious Holy Prophet (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam), in defending his veneration, in delivering speeches regarding his unique conduct, and in promoting and spreading the Law of Shariah which was revealed upon him for the entire humanity of all times. His renowned name is 'Muhammad' (sallal laahu alaihi wasallam), the Prophet of Almighty Allah. ...The valuable books written by a encyclopedic scholar like <mask>, in my view, are the lamps of light which will keep enlightened and radiant the hearts and minds of the men of knowledge and insight for a long time." Societal influence
 Ala Hazrat Express is an express train belonging to Indian Railways that runs between Bareilly and Bhuj in India. The Indian government issued a commemorative postal stamp in honour of <mask> <mask> on 31 December 1995. Aala Hazrat Haj House Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh
 Aala Hazrat Hospital Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh
 Ala Hazrat Terminal, Bareilly Airport, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh
 Raza Academy

Spiritual successors
<mask> <mask> <mask> had two sons and five daughters. His sons Hamid <mask> <mask> and <mask> <mask>ri are celebrated scholars of Islam. Hamid <mask> <mask> was his appointed successor. After him <mask> <mask> succeeded his father, who then appointed Akhtar <mask> <mask> as his successor.His son, Mufti Asjad <mask> <mask> now succeeds him as the spiritual leader. He had many disciples and successors, including 30 in the Indian subcontinent and 35 elsewhere. The following scholars are his notable successors:
Hamid <mask> <mask> (d. 1875/1943)
<mask> <mask> (d. 1892/1981)
Amjad Ali Aazmi (d. 1882/1948)
Muhammad Abdul Aleem Siddiqi
Naeem-ud-Deen Muradabadi
Zafaruddin Bihari (d. 1886/1962)
Abul Muhamid al-Ashrafi al-Jilani (d. 1894/1961)
Hasmat <mask> (d. 1901/1960)
Maulana Ziauddin Madani (d. 1877/1981)

Educational influence
Al Jamiatul Ashrafia is the main educational institute and learning centre that provides Islam education. Raza Academy publishing house in Mumbai
Imam Ahmed Raza Academy Durban, South Africa

See also
 Dargah-e-Ala Hazrat
 Hassan Raza Khan
 Asjad Raza Khan
 Hamid <mask> <mask>
 Akhtar <mask> <mask>
 Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi
 Mustafa Raza Khan
 Qamaruzzaman Azmi
 Raza Academy
 Amjad Ali Aazmi
 Abdul Rashid Dawoodi founder of Tehreek-e-Soutul Awliya

References

Further reading
 Baraka, A. (2003). A Saviour in a Dark World (Article). The Islamic Times, March 2003.Stockport, UK: Raza Academy. Haroon, Muhammad. (1994). The World Importance of <mask> <mask> <mask>elvi. Stockport, UK: Raza Academy. Imam, Muhammad Hassan. (2005).The Role of the Khulafa-e-Imam <mask> <mask> in Pakistan Movement 1920–1947. Diss. Karachi: University of Karachi. Azimbadi, Badr. (2005).Great Personalities in Islam. Adam Publishers. External links

English books of Imam <mask> Qadri
 Full Biography of Ala Hazrat in Urdu
 Official website of Dargah Imam <mask>

1856 births
1921 deaths
<mask>vi
Barelvis
Mujaddid
Indian Sufis
Sunni imams
Critics of Shia Islam
Hanafi fiqh scholars
Hanafis
Maturidis
Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
Translators of the Quran into Urdu
Writers in British India
Barech
Indian male poets
Poets in British India
Poets from Uttar Pradesh
Muslim reformers
Scholars from Uttar Pradesh
People from Bareilly
People from Bareilly district
Founders of Indian schools and colleges
19th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian non-fiction writers
20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Indian Sunni Muslims
Critics of Ahmadiyya
Indian people of Pashtun descent
People who memorized the

masks:
Ahmed Raza
Khan
Ahmed Raza
Khan
Khan
Khan
Khan
Ahmed Raza
Khan
Khan
Syed Ahmed
Khan
Khan
Khan
Ahmed Raza
Khan Barelvi
Khan
Khan
Ahmed Raza
Ahmed Raza
Ahmed Raza
Ahmed Raza
Ahmed Raza
Ahmad Raza
Ahmed Raza
Ahmad Raza
Khan
Imam Ahmed
Raza
Khan
Raza
Khan
Mustafa Raza
Khan Qad
Raza
Khan
Mustafa Raza
Khan
Raza
Khan
Raza
Khan
Raza
Khan
Mustafa Raza
Khan
Ali Khan
Raza
Khan
Raza
Khan
Imam Ahmed
Raza
Khan Bar
Ahmed Raza
Khan
Ahmed Raza
Ahmad Raza
Ahmed Barel


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Gormflaith ingen <mask> (c. 870–948) was an Irish Queen of Tara, Munster, and Leinster. Family background

Gormflaith was the daughter of <mask>, High King of Ireland from 879 to 916. Her mother was Gormlaith ingen <mask> mac Conaing of Brega. Her known siblings were:

 Donnchad Donn, her full sibling. Óengus mac Flann Sinna, died 915. Máel Ruanaid mac Flann Sinna, killed in 901
 Donnell mac <mask>, King of Mide 919–921. Lígach ingen Flann <mask>, died 923.Conchobar mac Flann Sinna, king of Mide 916–919. Áed mac Flann Sinna, blinded on Donnchad Donn's orders in 919. Cerball mac Flann Sinna
 Muirgel ingen Flann Sinna, died 928. Queen of Munster

Gormflaith was notable for been the successive queen consort of Munster, Leinster and Tara. Gormflaith was married first to King Cormac mac Cuilennáin of Munster, who had taken vows of celibacy as a bishop. The marriage was not said to be consummated. MacShamhran (p. 203) writes that "difficulties relating to this marriage leave it probable that it is a fiction – created when memory of Gormlaith became assimilated to the "sovereignty goddess" who had three husbands".However, recent work has criticised attempts to see influence from supernatural beliefs in the portrayals of Gormflaith. Queen of Leinster

Cormac was killed at the battle of Bealach Mugna in 908 by an alliance of <mask> <mask> of Tara and Cerball mac Muirecáin, King of Leinster. Flann afterwards married Gormflaith to Cerball, who is alleged (according to a text in the Book of Leinster) to have abused her so much that she was forced to return to her father at least once. Political intrigue

MacShamhran writes (p. 203) "... the case for accepting as historical her marriage to Cerball is strengthened by a dindshenchas poem in the Book of Leinster, which also presents a different view of their relationship, implying that she was involved in intrigue on his behalf. She is blamed for the deaths of Cellach Carmain, who was an Ui Muirdaig dynast, and his wife Aillenn – apparently rivals of her husband. This circumstance, along with the fact that Cerball had the support of Flann Sinna at Belach Mugna, fits well with a Clan Cholmain-Ui Faelain alliance in the years prior to that battle." Ó Cróinín (pp.219), citing the poem Cell Chorbbáin (composed shortly after 909), writes: "It states quite categorically that Gormlaith was responsible for the death of Cellach of Carmun and his wife Aillend – 'she laid them in the church ground' (dos-fuc i talmain cilli) and by these actions 'she wrought terrible deeds' (do-ringni gnimu grana). This is clearly referring to a double-murder, and equally clearly, it is implicit that Gormlaith – and, by extension, her husband Cerball? – were involved together in a conspiracy to remove the reigning king of Leinster (here named as Cellach Carmun) and presumably replace him with Cerball." Ó Cróinín goes on to compare the data in the poem with that of Cóic ríg tríchat to show that "there is something wrong with the Ui Dunlainge succession at precisely this point. ... It looks very much as though the struggle for succession ... saw several of the Ui Muiredaig line eliminated in the first half of the ninth century, and their names were simply expunged from the record:"

Queen of Tara

After Cerball's death in 909 Gormlaith married her stepbrother Niall Glúndub, who died in 919. By him she had Muirchertach mac Néill, ancestor to the O'Neill dynasty of the north of Ireland.After marriage

The Annals of Clonmacnoise have her becoming poverty-stricken after the death of Niall, reduced to wandering from place to place as a poet to survive. This literary tradition, which appears over a century after her death, may be based upon a misreading of her obit in the Annals of Ulster, which instead indicates she died in a convent. Poems

A number of poems of later date are ascribed to Gormflaith in Middle Irish sources, including laments for Cerball and Niall, but not for Cormac. L.M. McCraith, noting that “the charm of Gaelic verse depends for the most part on an elaborate system of repetition and alliteration, which no other language can reproduce,” gives this translation of the poem “Gormlaith, the daughter of Flann, speaks to the Priest”:

“Monk, remove thy foot! Lift it from the grave of Nial. Too long dost thou heap earth
On him with whom I fain would lie.Too long dost thou, Monk, there
Heap earth on Noble Nial,
Thou brown-haired friend, though gentle,
Press not with thy sole the earth! Do not too firmly close the grave
O Priest, whose office is so sad. Rise off the fair, the dark-knee’d Nial,
Monk! Remove thy foot! O Mac Nial of finest gold
‘Tis not my will that thou are bound [i.e. in grave-clothes],
Leave – Ah! leave his stone and grave.Monk! Remove thy foot! I am Gormley, regent queen. Daughter I of Flann the Bold! Stand not thou upon the grave. Monk! Remove thy foot!”

Family tree

     Gormlaith ingen <mask> mac Conaing = Flann Sinna =
                                       |             |
     __|             |_
    |                                  |             |            |         |        |      |       |        |       |
    |                                  |             |            |         |        |      |       |        |       |
    Gormflaith, d. 948.Donnchad Donn Cerball Máel Ruanaid  Óengus  Áed Conchobar Donnell Lígach Muirgel
    =Niall Glúndub                     |
    |                                  |
    |                                  |
    Muirchertach mac Néill Donnall, King of Tara
    |                                  |
    |                                  |
    Domnall ua Neill Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill
    |                                  |
    |                                  |
    O'Neill dynasty Ua Mael Sechlainn

See also

 Gormflaith (Irish name)

References

 Three weddings and a funeral: rewriting Irish political history in the tenth century, Dáibhí Ó Cróinín, pp. 212–224; and Gormfhlaith, daughter of Flann Sinna and the lure of the sovereignty goddess, Máirín Ní Dhonnchadha, pp. 225–237, in Seanchas: Studies in Early and Medieval Irish Archaeology, History and Literature in Honour of Francis J. Byrne, Dublin: Four Courts, 1999. .
 Gormlaith (d. 948), p. 203, Ailbhe MacShamrain, in Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia, 2005. Medieval Irish poets
Irish royal consorts
9th-century Irish writers
10th-century Irish writers
People from County Westmeath
Irish princesses
9th-century Irish women
10th-century women writers
10th-century writers
Irish women poets
870s births
Year of birth uncertain
948 deaths
10th-century Irish women
10th-century Irish people
10th-century Irish poets
9th-century Irish poets
Gaels

masks:
Flann Sinna
Flann Sinna
Flann
Fn Sinna
Sinna
Flann
Sinna
Flann


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<mask> (  ; born June 30, 1947 in Tanta, Egypt) is an Egyptian film director active in the Egyptian film industry since the 1970s. He is considered one of the Egyptian directors who re-defined Realism in Egyptian cinema in the 1980s. In a recent book published by Bibliotheca Alexandrina in 2007 about the most important 100 films in the history of Egyptian cinema, three of his movies were listed: The Collar and the Bracelet, Bitter Day, Sweet Day, and Ice Cream in Gleem. Biography
<mask> completed his high school in Cairo then joined the Egyptian Higher Institute of Cinema where he graduated in 1967. He then went to Warsaw, Poland on a fellowship for two years where he met his future wife, Monika Kowalczyk. He started his career with a focus on documentaries then moved to feature narratives and directed 12 long features that were screened at various international film festivals. He is one of the first Egyptian and Arab directors to venture into digital film making in the late 1990s.70
“If we consider ‘The will’ by Kamel Selim in 1939 the beginning of Egyptian realism in cinema, so we have to admit that ‘House-Boat No.70’ by <mask> <mask>, 1982, is the start of the new realism”
Samir Farid (prominent Film Critic) in his book “New Realism in Egyptian Cinema”, 1991. Thesis by Beaty Klimkiewicz, Warsaw University, Neofilology Department, Poland

1996 The Centennial of Arab Cinema, Lincoln Center, New York, USA

1996 The 6th Edition of Black Movie, Genève, Switzerland

Sweet Day, Bitter Day
1988 The 12th Cinematographic Days of Carthage, Tunis
Best Actress – Faten Hamama

1988 The Three Continents Film Festival, Nantes, France
Special Mention

1988 “Cinema & Reality of the 80’s in Egypt”, M.A. Wild Desire
1991 Montreal World Film Festival, Canada, “Today’s Cinema, Tomorrow’s Cinema” Program

Ice Cream in Gleem
1993 The 19th Festival of the Egyptian Film Society
Special Jury Award

America Abracadabra (America Shika Bika)
1993 The 11th Damascus Film Festival, Syria (Main Program)

1994 The 4th Pyongyang Film Festival, Korea
The Special Prize of the Juries

1997 The International House of Philadelphia, USA, Contemporary Egyptian Cinema

Traffic Light
1995 The 19th Cairo International Film Festival
Special Jury Prize “Silver Pyramid”
“The Jury believes that ‘Traffic Light’ deserves the award because it managed to paint with great sensitivity a nation’s troubles in a single night during a crowded traffic light of the city of Cairo”

1997 II Cinema Dei Paesi Arabi, Cinema Del Comune Di Bologna, Italy

In the Press
The best of Egyptian cinema , the best 15 best Egyptian films of all time

See also
 List of Copts
 Lists of Egyptians

References

 Biography for Khairy Beshara

External links
 Khairy Beshara
 Moondog
 خيري بشارة

Egyptian film directors
1947 births
Living people
People from Tanta

masks:
Khairy Beshara
Beshara
Khairy
Beshara


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<mask>. (born November 10, 1992) is an American football quarterback for the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at the University of Louisville and was drafted in the first round of the 2014 NFL Draft by the Minnesota Vikings. With the Vikings, <mask> threw for 14 touchdowns in each of his first two seasons, including winning the NFC North and making a Pro Bowl appearance in 2015. The following preseason, <mask> suffered a severe injury to his left leg, which knocked him out for all but one offensive series of the next two seasons. After the Vikings declined his fifth-year option, <mask> signed with the New York Jets, although he was promptly traded to the New Orleans Saints. With the Saints, he served as backup to Drew Brees, including winning all five games as a replacement when Brees was injured in 2019. He signed with the Carolina Panthers the following season and started for the majority of it.<mask> was then traded to the Broncos in 2021. Early years
The son of <mask> Sr. and Rose Murphy, <mask> was born in Miami, Florida on November 10, 1992. He attended Miami Northwestern Senior High School. In his sophomore year, he replaced Jacory Harris as starting quarterback and took over a team that had been named the 2007 national champions by USA Today. He completed 97 of 160 attempts (60.6 percent) for 1,560 yards over the season, throwing 16 touchdowns with three interceptions. He also carried 45 times for 211 yards (4.7 average) and two more scores. Northwestern finished the season 13–3, falling short to Seminole High School of Sanford 28–21 in the 6A state title game.As a junior, <mask> passed for 2,546 yards and 32 touchdowns and rushed for 379 yards and five more scores. In a late-September game against Hialeah-Miami Lakes High School, he completed 19 of 24 passes for 327 yards and a Dade County record of seven touchdowns. He was named second-team All-State for 6A classification and first-team All-County by the Miami Herald. Northwestern finished the season 10–2, after a 29–16 loss to rival Miami Central High School. As a senior, <mask> had 2,606 passing yards and 22 touchdowns despite missing parts of the season with a medial collateral ligament injury. He also rushed for 223 yards and eight more scores. Northwestern had a 9–3 record for the season, losing 42–27 to Miami Central in the 6-A semifinals, in which he threw for 436 yards and scored four touchdowns.Regarded as a four-star recruit, <mask> was considered the sixth best dual-threat quarterback prospect in the nation by Rivals.com. He played in the 2011 U.S. Army All-American Bowl. <mask> originally committed to the University of Miami in June 2010. But, after the firing of Miami head coach Randy Shannon in November 2010, <mask> switched his commitment to the University of Louisville. College career

As a freshman at Louisville in 2011, <mask> entered the season as a backup to Will Stein. However, by the Cardinals' fourth game of the season against Marshall, he was starting and remained the starter the rest of the year. He finished the season completing 191 of 296 passes for 2,129 yards with 14 touchdowns and 12 interceptions.For his play, he was named the Big East Rookie of the Year and was named a freshman All-American by Rivals.com, Scout.com, CBS Sports, and Sporting News. As a sophomore in 2012, <mask> started 11 of 12 regular season games. In his only non-starting action, coming off the bench while injured against Rutgers, he led his team to a win, a Big East title, and a berth to the BCS. He finished the regular season completing 267 of 387 passes for 3,452 yards with 25 touchdowns and just 7 interceptions. He finished 6th in the nation in completion percentage, 8th in yards per attempt, and 7th in passing efficiency. For his play, he was named the Big East Offensive Player of the Year. <mask> and his Cardinals football team entered the 2013 Sugar Bowl against the Florida Gators as decided underdogs.Although Florida boasted the nation's #1 pass efficiency defense, <mask> passed for 266 yards and a pair of touchdowns to become the game's MVP in a 33–23 win. As a junior in 2013, <mask> completed 303 of 427 passes for 3,970 yards with 31 touchdowns and four interceptions. In his final college game against the Miami Hurricanes in the 2013 Russell Athletic Bowl, he completed 35 of 42 passes for 447 yards three touchdowns and was named the game's MVP. Statistics

Professional career
As early as April 2013, <mask> was seen as one of the top prospects for the 2014 NFL Draft, alongside Jadeveon Clowney and Johnny Manziel. Reports said that, had he been eligible for the 2013 Draft, he most likely would have been the first quarterback taken. At one point, he was projected by many to be the first overall pick in the draft. On January 1, 2014, <mask> announced that he would forgo his final year of eligibility at Louisville.Minnesota Vikings

2014 season

<mask> was selected by the Minnesota Vikings as the 32nd and final pick of the first round of the draft. The Vikings had traded their second round and fourth round picks to the Seattle Seahawks to move up and select <mask>. <mask> signed a four-year contract worth $6.85 million with a $3.3 million signing bonus with the Minnesota Vikings. <mask> entered the season as the second-string quarterback, behind veteran Matt Cassel, but ahead of Christian Ponder. <mask> made his NFL debut on September 21, 2014, against the New Orleans Saints, entering in relief of the injured Cassel and finishing the game with 150 passing yards. He was named the starting quarterback for the remainder of the season after Cassel, who broke his foot in the aforementioned game, was placed on injured reserve. On September 28, 2014, <mask> made his first NFL start against the Atlanta Falcons and won the game, in large part due to his 317 passing yards, and scored his first NFL touchdown on a 13-yard rush.After spraining his ankle during the Falcons matchup, <mask> was inactive for the next game against the Green Bay Packers in Week 5. However, he was able to recover in time for the Week 6 game against the Detroit Lions. However, a weak offensive line against a strong Lions' defense led to a 17–3 rout. <mask> was intercepted three times, two from tipped passes, and was sacked eight times. During Week 7 against the Buffalo Bills, <mask> threw his first NFL touchdown pass to Cordarrelle Patterson. Despite being sacked five times and throwing two interceptions, <mask> helped the Vikings get a 16–10 lead, but the effort was negated only by the Bills' comeback win which put them up 17–16 with no time to retaliate. In the next game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, <mask> threw for 241 yards and a touchdown and was sacked only once.He led a game-tying drive to force overtime, where fellow first-round pick Anthony Barr made a fumble recovery on the Bucs' first overtime play, giving the Vikings a 19–13 win. His third win as a starter, a 29–26 comeback win over the Washington Redskins, broke a franchise record shared by Fran Tarkenton and Ponder for wins among starting rookie quarterbacks. <mask> added to this record with wins over the Carolina Panthers, New York Jets, and Chicago Bears in weeks 13, 14, and 17 respectively. The win over the Jets is notable for when wide receiver Jarius Wright turned a screen pass from <mask> into an 87-yard touchdown, giving the Vikings another overtime win. <mask> finished his rookie year with 2,919 passing yards, 14 touchdowns, 12 interceptions, and an 85.2 passer rating. He also rushed for 209 yards and a touchdown. He played in 13 games, starting 12 of them.On January 13, 2015, <mask> was selected as the quarterback of the 2014 NFL All-Rookie team by the Pro Football Writers of America, joining Tommy Kramer as the only Vikings quarterbacks to claim this award. <mask> also won the 2014 Pepsi Rookie of the Year award, as voted by fans. 2015 season

<mask> threw for no touchdowns and an interception behind a struggling offensive line that allowed five sacks in the 3–20 loss at the San Francisco 49ers in Week 1. He threw only 18 times the next game, but completed 14 of those passes for 153 yards and threw his first touchdown pass of the year to tight end Kyle Rudolph in a 26–16 win over the Detroit Lions in Minnesota's home opener. <mask> had some struggles in week three against the San Diego Chargers, going 13 of 24 for 121 yards and one interception but won the game 31–14 with a strong performance by the defense and running back Adrian Peterson. He rebounded to go 27 of 41, 269 yards and a touchdown pass to Mike Wallace against Denver Broncos who had the number one ranked defense coming into the game. Minnesota still lost 23–20 as <mask> was sacked seven times.Coming off of a bye week, he threw 31 times and completed 17 of them for 249 yards with another touchdown pass to Rudolph, but threw two interceptions in a sloppy 16–10 win against the Kansas City Chiefs. <mask> then had arguably the best game of his career the next week against the Detroit Lions in Detroit, going 25 of 35, 316 yards, two touchdown passes and no interceptions, including his first touchdown pass to rookie Stefon Diggs. That game was <mask>'s fourth career 300+ yard passing game, and the second 300+ passing game of <mask>'s career against the Lions. <mask> led his fourth career fourth-quarter comeback at the Bears despite having a below-average day going 17 of 30, 187 yards, one touchdown and one interception. <mask> went 13 of 21 for 144 yards and an interception while also rushing for a touchdown and two-point conversion against the St. Louis Rams before he sustained a blow to the head by the Rams' safety Lamarcus Joyner that caused <mask> to leave the game in the fourth quarter. Minnesota still managed to pull off a 21–18 victory in overtime against the Rams. At home against the Chicago Bears in week 15, <mask> completed 17 of 20 pass attempts, four passing touchdowns, and a rushing touchdown in a 38–17 win, giving him a career-high passer rating (154.4).In a fight for the NFC North Division Title in week 17 against the Green Bay Packers, <mask> connected only 52.6% of his passes for 99 yards and an interception. Despite his career-lowest passer rating (45.7), the Vikings pulled off a 20–13 victory and won their first division title since 2009. <mask> finished his second season with 3,231 passing yards, 14 touchdowns, and 9 interceptions. He also rushed for 192 yards and 3 touchdowns. On January 10, in the Wild Card Round against the Seattle Seahawks in one of the coldest games ever played, <mask> was 17-of-24 for 146 yards as the Vikings fell 10–9. On January 25, 2016, he was named to his first Pro Bowl. 2016 season

During a team practice on August 30, 2016, <mask> suffered a non-contact injury to his left leg.A subsequent MRI confirmed that he tore his ACL and suffered other structural damage, including a dislocation of the knee joint. As a result, <mask> missed the rest of the 2016 season. After the loss of <mask> for at least the 2016 season, the Vikings traded a first-round pick in the 2017 NFL Draft and a conditional fourth-round pick in the 2018 NFL Draft to the Philadelphia Eagles for quarterback Sam Bradford. In 2016, the Vikings went 8–8, finishing third in the NFC North and missing the playoffs, despite starting the season with a 5–0 record. 2017 season
Originally, the media reported that <mask>'s injury would keep him out for 17–19 months, meaning he would miss the entire 2017 season. In January 2017, doctors confirmed that the healing would indeed take 19 months. On May 1, 2017, the Vikings declined the fifth-year option on <mask>'s contract, making him a free agent after the 2017 season.<mask> began throwing and doing individual work in May at Vikings mini-camps. Head coach Mike Zimmer said on June 6, that <mask> "has a long way to go" until he is fully healed, but was impressed by his rehabilitation progress to that point. However, on September 2, the Vikings announced that he would begin the season on the PUP list, meaning that he would miss the first six games to begin the year. On October 16, he was cleared to practice, but could not return to action for three more weeks. <mask> was activated off PUP to the active roster on November 8 to be Case Keenum's backup. <mask> entered the Week 15 game against the Cincinnati Bengals in relief of Keenum in the fourth quarter. The crowd gave <mask> a standing ovation as he walked onto the field.He finished with an interception out of two pass attempts as the Vikings won 34–7. New York Jets

On March 18, 2018, <mask> signed a one-year contract with the New York Jets. The contract only guaranteed a $500,000 signing bonus, though he could make up to a maximum of $15 million from a non-guaranteed salary and incentives. New Orleans Saints

2018 season
On August 29, 2018, the Jets traded <mask> and a 2019 sixth-round draft pick to the New Orleans Saints for a 2019 third-round draft pick. <mask> made his Saints debut on October 8 against the Washington Redskins, taking a knee twice to close out the game. He did this in two more games later in the season. On December 28, with the Saints already having locked up the #1 seed, it was announced that <mask> would start in the season finale against the Carolina Panthers.Making his first start since 2015, <mask> finished the game completing 14 of 22 passes for 118 yards, a touchdown, and an interception as the Saints lost 14–33. He also rushed for 12 yards. 2019 season
On March 15, 2019, <mask> signed a one-year, $7.25 million fully guaranteed contract with the Saints. During Week 2, he replaced Drew Brees, who left with a right thumb injury, completing 17 of 30 passes for 165 yards in a 27–9 loss to the Los Angeles Rams. Due to Brees's injury, <mask> was named the starting quarterback for Week 3. In that game, <mask> completed 19 of 27 passes for 177 yards and two touchdowns as the Saints defeated the Seattle Seahawks on the road by a score of 33-27. This was the first game where <mask> threw for more than one touchdown in a game since week 15 of the 2015 season.In Week 5 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, <mask> threw for 314 yards, four touchdowns, and one interception in the 31–24 win. In Week 6, against the Jacksonville Jaguars, he had 240 passing yards and one passing touchdown in the 13–6 victory. In Week 7, against the Chicago Bears, he had 281 passing yards and two passing touchdowns. Brees returned from his injury in Week 8 against the Arizona Cardinals. Carolina Panthers

On March 26, 2020, <mask> signed a three-year, $63 million contract with the Carolina Panthers. <mask> made his debut with the Panthers in Week 1 against the Las Vegas Raiders. During the game, <mask> threw for 269 yards, including a 75-yard touchdown to former Jets' teammate Robby Anderson, in the 30–34 loss.During Week 2 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, <mask> finished with 367 passing yards and two interceptions as the Panthers lost 17–31. In Week 3 against the Los Angeles Chargers, <mask> threw for 235 yards and one touchdown during the 21–16 win. This was <mask>'s first win as a Panther. In Week 5 against the Atlanta Falcons, <mask> threw for 313 yards and two touchdowns during the 23–16 win. In Week 9 against the Kansas City Chiefs, <mask> threw for 310 yards and two touchdowns and rushed for 19 yards and another touchdown during the 31–33 loss. <mask> finished the season with career high totals in several statistics, including completions (340), passing yards (3,733), touchdowns (15), and rushing yards (279). Denver Broncos
On April 28, 2021, weeks after the Panthers acquired Sam Darnold in a trade with the Jets, <mask> was traded to the Denver Broncos in exchange for a 2021 sixth-round pick.The team brought in <mask> to compete with incumbent quarterback Drew Lock, and the players split starts throughout the 2021 preseason. On August 25, 2021, the Broncos announced that <mask> had won the starting job. On September 12, <mask> made his Broncos debut on the road against the New York Giants, completing 28-of-36 passes for 264 yards and two touchdowns in a 27–13 season-opening victory. He then led the team to 2–0 with a victory over the Jacksonville Jaguars in Week 2 with a 328-yard, two-touchdown day. <mask> suffered a concussion in the Broncos Week 15 loss to the Cincinnati Bengals ruling him out for the rest of the season. <mask> was placed on injured reserve on January 5, 2022. NFL career statistics

Regular season

Postseason

NFL records
 First rookie quarterback to ever complete over 70% of his passes in four straight games.Vikings franchise records
 Most wins in a season by a rookie starting quarterback: 6
 Highest single season completion percentage by a rookie: 64.4
 Highest single season passer rating by a rookie: 85.2
 Most passing attempts in a season by a rookie: 402
 Most games with 30 passing attempts by a rookie: 6
 Most games with 40 passing attempts by a rookie: 3
 Most completions in a season by a rookie: 259
 Most passing yards by a rookie quarterback: 2,919
 Longest pass by a rookie quarterback: 87
 Most completions in a game by a rookie: 31 (December 14, 2014)
 Highest completion percentage in a single game by a rookie quarterback with at least 40 attempts: 75.6% (December 14, 2014)

Personal life
<mask> grew up in Miami as the youngest of four children to a single mother. He is a Christian. He graduated from the University of Louisville with a degree in Sports Administration after the 2013 college football season. His mother, Rose, is a breast cancer survivor. In 2014, soon after her son was drafted by the Vikings, Cadillac presented a pink Escalade to Rose when they learned that <mask> had wanted to get her one since he was in the third grade. References

External links

Denver Broncos bio
 Louisville Cardinals bio

1992 births
Living people
African-American players of American football
American football quarterbacks
Carolina Panthers players
Denver Broncos players
Louisville Cardinals football players
Miami Northwestern Senior High School alumni
Minnesota Vikings players
New Orleans Saints players
New York Jets players
Players of American football from Miami
Unconferenced Pro Bowl players

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<mask> (born 1964) is an American writer, consultant and teacher on the social and economic effects of Internet technologies and journalism. In 2017 he was appointed Vice Provost of Educational Technologies of New York University (NYU), after serving as Chief Information Officer at NYU Shanghai from 2014 to 2017. He also is an associate professor at the Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute and Associate Arts Professor at the Tisch School of the Arts' Interactive Telecommunications Program. His courses address, among other things, the interrelated effects of the topology of social networks and technological networks, how our networks shape culture and vice versa. He has written and been interviewed about the Internet since 1996. His columns and writings have appeared in Business 2.0, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, the Harvard Business Review and Wired. Shirky divides his time between consulting, teaching, and writing on the social and economic effects of Internet technologies.His consulting practice is focused on the rise of decentralized technologies such as peer-to-peer, web services, and wireless networks that provide alternatives to the wired client–server infrastructure that characterizes the World Wide Web. He is a member of the Wikimedia Foundation's advisory board. In The Long Tail, Chris Anderson calls <mask> "a prominent thinker on the social and economic effects of Internet technologies." Education and career

After graduating from Yale University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in fine art in 1986, he moved to New York. In the 1990s he founded the Hard Place Theater, a theatre company that produced non-fiction theater using only found materials such as government documents, transcripts and cultural records and also worked as a lighting designer for other theater and dance companies, including the Wooster Group, Elevator Repair Service and Dana Reitz. During this time, <mask> was vice-president of the New York chapter of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and wrote technology guides for Ziff Davis. He appeared as an expert witness on cyberculture in Shea v. Reno, a case cited in the U. S. Supreme Court's decision to strike down the Communications Decency Act in 1996.<mask> was the first Professor of New Media in the Media Studies department at Hunter College, where he developed the MFA in Integrated Media Arts program. In the Fall of 2010, <mask> was a visiting Morrow Lecturer at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government instructing a course titled: "New Media and Public Action". Views
In his book Here Comes Everybody, <mask> explains how he has long spoken in favor of crowdsourcing and collaborative efforts online. He uses the phrase "the Internet runs on love" to describe the nature of such collaborations. In the book, he  discusses the ways in which the action of a group adds up to something more than just aggregated individual action borrowing the phrase "more is different" from physicist Philip Warren Anderson. <mask> asserts that collaborative crowdsourced work results from "a successful fusion  of a plausible promise, an effective tool, and an acceptable bargain with the users." He states that the promise of what the user will get out of participating in a project leads to a person's desire to get involved.Collaborators will then choose the best social networking tool to do the job. One that "must be designed to fit the job being done, and it must help people do something they actually want to do." The bargain, <mask> states, defines what collaborators expect from each other's participation in the project. <mask>'s 'Promise, Tool, Bargain' premise restates aspects of the Uses and Gratifications Theory of mass media research. He points to four key steps. The first is sharing, a sort of "me-first collaboration" in which the social effects are aggregated after the fact; people share links, URLs, tags, and eventually come together around a type. This type of sharing is a reverse of the so-called old order of sharing, where participants congregate first and then share (examples include Flickr, and Delicious).The second is conversation, that is, the synchronization of people with each other and the coming together to learn more about something and to get better at it. The third is collaboration, in which a group forms under the purpose of some common effort. It requires a division of labor, and teamwork. It can often be characterized by people wanting to fix a market failure, and is motivated by increasing accessibility. The fourth and final step is collective action, which <mask> says is "mainly still in the future." The key point about collective action is that the fate of the group as a whole becomes important. <mask> also introduces his theory of mass amateurization:

Combined with the lowering of transaction costs associated with creating content, mass amateurization of publishing changes the question from "Why publish this?"to "Why not?" Tied to mass amateurization is the idea of publish-then-filter which is now required due to the mere size and amount of material being created on a daily basis. <mask> calls this mass amateurization of filtering a forced move. He uses the Portland Pattern Repository, which introduced the wiki concept that inspired Wikipedia, as an example of this new marriage of mass content creation and mass filtering. In 2010 <mask> published Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age which expands on themes introduced in Here Comes Everybody. The book follows concepts he introduced in a Web 2. 0 conference presentation April 23, 2008 called "Gin, Television, and Social Surplus", Herein he popularizes the concept of cognitive surplus, the time freed from watching television which can be enormously productive when applied to other social endeavors.Technology has turned many past consumers into producers. This new production capacity, combined with humanity's willingness to share, can change society if applied to civic endeavors. <mask> introduces Cognitive Surplus as a continuation of his work in Here Comes Everybody. "This book picks up where that one left off, starting with the observation that the wiring of humanity lets us treat free time as a shared global resource, and lets us design new kinds of participation and sharing that take advantage of that resource." <mask> has also written about "algorithmic authority," which describes the process through which unverified information is vetted for its trustworthiness through multiple sources. Institutions vs collaboration
In July 2005, <mask> gave a talk titled "Institutions vs collaboration" as a part of TEDGlobal 2005. This presentation reveals many of the ideas and concepts that would ultimately be presented in Here Comes Everybody and in future TED talks.Shirky compares the coordination costs between groups formed under traditional institutions and those formed by groups which "build cooperation into the infrastructure." Classic institutions have to create economic, management, legal and physical structures and inherently, by creating these rigid structures, must exclude large numbers of people. Companies like Flickr, however, having built "cooperation into the infrastructure" of their company, do not have to build massive infrastructure nor exclude large groups of potential contributors. Shirky states that since many social systems follow the Pareto principle wherein 20% of contributors account for 80% of contributions, traditional institutions lose out of the long tail of contributors by turning only the few that dominate the distribution into employees. The cooperative infrastructure model escapes having to lose this resource. Shirky presents an institution as enabler and institution as obstacle concept. The relatively small number of high-volume contributors can be assimilated, as employees, into the old-style corporate model and thus can live in an "institution-as-enabler world".The long tail of contributors, however, who make few and infrequent contributions, see institutions as an obstacle as they would never have been hired, therefore, disenfranchised. <mask> argues that an idea or contribution may be infrequent and significant. Furthermore, all of the long tail contributors, taken in aggregate, can be substantial. One pitfall of the "mass amateurs" creating their own groups is that not all niches that are filled will be positive ones; <mask> presents pro-ana groups as an example. Shirky closes by stating that the migration from institutions to self-organizing, collaborative groups will be incomplete and will not end in a utopian society. Rather, chaos will follow as was created by the advent of the printing press before it, and that this period of transition will last roughly fifty years. <mask> claims that our actions and behavior are generated by convenience.Writer and analyst Megan Garber writes: "The more people we have participating in media, and the more people we have consuming it—and the more people we have, in particular, creating it—the better. Not because bigger is implicitly better than the alternative compact, but because abundance changes the value proposition of media as a resource." According to Jay Baer by making collaboration more convenient for the user, it will eventually become a more commonplace. Further, enhancing the outcome of collaboration will instill motivation within the users. According to Audrey Tang, <mask> has coined the phrase "cognitive surplus", to describe the way that time spent on the internet can have an increasing social value. Evolution of asymmetric media
In June 2009, <mask> participated in a TED@State talk titled "How cellphones, Twitter and Facebook can make history" aka "How social media can make history." In the talk, he explains that this is the first time in history that communication is possible from many to many.In the past, communication to a large group excluded the possibility of having a conversation, and having a conversation meant not interacting with a group and instead was necessarily a one-to-one structure. <mask> labels this incongruous exchange as asymmetric. In <mask>'s view, this feature is one of the main reasons that the internet revolution is different from communication revolutions that preceded it. The second difference between the twentieth and twenty-first century communication revolution, Shirky states, is now all media is digitized. This means that the Internet now encapsulates all forms of media from the past and the medium itself has become the site of exchange, not just a means of exchange. Finally, the Internet allows people to create content, thus the line between producers and consumers has become blurred. As <mask> puts it, "Every time a new consumer joins this media landscape, a new producer joins as well."Even countries like China, as <mask> gives as an example, go to great lengths to control information exchange on the Internet but are having trouble as the "amateurization" of media creation has effectively turned every owner of a cellphone and Twitter account into a journalist. The populace as a whole, <mask> claims, is a force much harder to control than a handful of professional news sources. He compares the "Great Firewall of China" to the Maginot Line as both were built to protect from external threats but that is not where the majority of content is being created in this new media landscape. As an example of the potential of this two-way, collaborative environment <mask> believes we are now living in, he presents as a case study MyBarackObama.com. Over the issue of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, members of the website were upset over Obama's announcement that he was changing his stance and that now he was going to sign the bill "that granted immunity for possibly warrantless spying on American persons." Despite the disagreement between the President and the posters opposed to his altered view, <mask> cites the mere fact that the President posted a reply to their concerns, instead of persecuting/ignoring the group, as hope for the future of this new form of mass media. Shirky principle

In April 2010, Kevin Kelly cited the phrase "Institutions will try to preserve the problem to which they are the solution", and called it the "Shirky Principle", as the phrasing reminded him of the clarity of the Peter Principle.Communal value vs civic value
In June 2010, <mask> participated in TED@Cannes wherein he spoke about cognitive surplus and its role furthering communal and civic value. The talk was titled, "How cognitive surplus will change the world," and the possibility for change, which <mask> presents, runs the spectrum at one end with communal value being increased and at the other end with civic value being furthered. Digital technology has allowed human generosity and "the world's free time and talents," which <mask> calls cognitive surplus, to combine and create a new form of creative expression. This creative expression can take the form of lolcats or endeavors such as Ushahidi; the former <mask> says increases communal value, "it is created by the participants for each other" for simple amusement, whereas the latter he cites furthers civic value meaning the group action is taken to benefit society as a whole. <mask> then presents the view that society lives under social constraint and that these social constraints can create a culture that is "more generous than" the environment created by contractual constraints alone. Understanding where the economic or contractual motivation of a situation ends and where the social part begins, <mask> claims is key when designing to maximize generosity. This being the case, to have society use its "trillion hours a year of participatory value" to advance civic value, society itself simply needs to prize, and collectively praise, endeavors like Ushahidi.<mask> wrote an essay about the aspects of online community building through broadcast media. As members of a broad social community and users of media outlets, Shirky suggests ways in which we can  build up this type of society. Shirky suggests five different things to think about when dealing with broadcast media outlets:
Audiences are built. Communities grow. Communities face a tradeoff between size and focus. Participation matters more than quality. You may own the software, but the community owns itself.The community will want to build. Help it, or at least let it. Response to Evgeny Morozov on consulting for the Libyan government
In March 2011, <mask> responded to questions raised by Evgeny Morozov about consulting he had done for the Libyan government. Morozov tweeted "With <mask> consulting the Libyan govt, it's now clear why dictators are so smart about the Web". <mask> explained he had been invited in 2007 to speak in Boston to Libya's IT Minister. <mask> stated the talk was "about using social software to improve citizen engagement in coastal towns. The idea was that those cities would be more economically successful if local policies related to the tourist trade were designed by the locals themselves."<mask> added that nothing came of the project beyond his initial talk. He defended his underlying desire to expand representative government in Libya and concluded that "the best reason to believe that social media can aid citizens in their struggle to make government more responsive is that both citizens and governments believe that." Reaction to SOPA
In January 2012, at TED Salon NY, <mask> gave a talk titled "Why SOPA is a bad idea." He cites SOPA as a way for traditional, mass media producers to "raise the cost of copyright compliance to the point where people simply get out of the business of offering it as a capability to amateurs." After an offending internet site is identified, with the identification process itself not specified in the bill, the targeted site will be removed from the Domain Name System (DNS). <mask> claims since you can still use the static IP address of the site in question, removal from DNS is futile. He identifies the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 as a law that was able to delineate between sharing with your friends as being legal and selling for commercial gain as illegal.Unsatisfied, media companies, <mask> claims, continued to push government to create more sweeping legislation which would hinder any form of sharing. This pressure, in 1998, created the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. It was now legal for media companies to sell uncopyable material although uncopyable digital material does not exist. To remedy this fact, <mask> states that media companies now tried to break consumer's computer hardware to create the illusion that the media they purchased was indeed uncopyable. Whereas DMCA was "surgical," SOPA is "nuclear" since the law stipulates any sites pointing to "illegal" content may be censored. Ultimately, <mask> points out the public-at-large is by far the largest producers of content and they are the ones which will be censured. They will be presumed guilty until they can prove the content they published is not illegal.This turns the American legal system on its head. He closes by encouraging Americans to contact their senators and congressmen and reminding them they prefer "not to be treated like a thief." Distributed version control and democracy
On June 29, 2012, <mask> participated in Session 12: Public Sphere of TEDGlobal 2012. <mask> made the observation that many of the technological advancements in communication throughout history, from the printing press to the television, were heralded as harbingers of world peace yet ended up creating greater dissent. "The more ideas there are in circulation, the more ideas there are for any individual to disagree with." However, <mask> claims, with this increased "arguing," comes an increased "speed" of information exchange. <mask> cites "The Invisible College" as an example of a group that was able to utilize this effect created by the printing press, via the scientific journal, to help launch the scientific revolution.He then states we are in a similar period today with open-source programmers and their use of distributed version control or DVCS. DVCS, he argues, allows for "more arguments" to be made into "better arguments". DVCS also allows for "cooperation without coordination" which <mask> states is "the big change". He then suggests that DVCS fits naturally with law as it, and software development, are "dependency-related." <mask> presents another application for DVCS – drafting legislation. He cites Open Legislation, a listing of legislative information from the New York State Senate and Assembly, as an early step in that direction. The talk culminates with <mask> posing the open question of whether or not government will transition from striving towards one-way transparency to mutual collaboration and suggests if it does, there is already a "new form of arguing" centered around DVCS to aid the transition.Bibliography
 The Internet by E-Mail (1994) –
 Voices from the Net (1995) –
 P2P Networking Overview (2001) –

 Planning for Web Services: Obstacles and Opportunities (2003) –
 Selected Articles in The Best Software Writing I, Joel Spolsky ed. (2005) –
 "A Group is its Own Worst Enemy" by <mask>
 "Group as User: Flaming and the Design of Social Software" by <mask>
 Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations (2008) –
 Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age (2010) –
 Little Rice: Smartphones, Xiaomi, and the Chinese Dream (2015) –

See also
 Networked advocacy

Footnotes

References

External links

  <mask>'s Bio

 Clay Shirky's writings on the O'Reilly Network

 Socially Intelligent Computing A Dialogue with Daniel Goleman
 "It's Not Information Overload. It's Filter Failure." Video, <mask> at Web 2.0 Expo NY, Sept. 16–19, 2008. Video (and audio) of interview/discussion with <mask> by Will Wilkinson on Bloggingheads.tv
 Let a Thousand Flowers Bloom A talk about journalism and pay walls. – Colloquium @ NYU. Ontology is Overrated: Links, Tags, and Post-hoc Metadata – a presentation (MP3) from the O'Reilly Emerging Technology Conference held in San Diego, California, March 14–17, 2005.1964 births
American technology writers
Internet culture
Living people
New York University faculty
Writers from Columbia, Missouri
Technology evangelists
Wikimedia Foundation Advisory Board members
Yale University alumni

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