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<mask>ni () (born 1927) is a European-born American-Israeli rabbi, scholar in the domain of Jewish Sciences, and Professor of Talmud. He serves as Reish Metivta of the Union for Traditional Judaism's rabbinical school. Biography
<mask> was born in the small town of Kobyletska Poliana (Кобилецька Поляна, Poiana Cobilei, Gergyanliget) in Carpathian Ruthenia, then in  Czechoslovakia (now in Rakhiv Raion, in Ukraine). His parents separated when he was 4 years old, and he grew up in the home of his grandfather, a Talmudic scholar in  Sighet, Romania. His grandfather began teaching him at age five, and he was regarded as an Illui ; he received semikha (Rabbinic ordination) at age 15. During the Holocaust, at the age of 16  he was deported to Auschwitz. After a week he was transferred to a forced labor camp, Gross-Rosen, then to AL Wolfsberg, and later to  Mauthausen concentration camp and was the only member of his family to survive.When he arrived in the United States at the age of 18, he was placed in a Jewish orphanage where he created a stir by challenging the kashrut of the institution since the supervising rabbi did not have a beard and, more importantly, was not fluent in the commentaries of the Pri Megadim by Rabbi Yoseph Te'omim. This was a standard for Rabbis in Europe. A social worker introduced him to Saul Lieberman, a leading Talmudist at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTS) in New York, who recognized his brilliance and took him under his wing. <mask> later studied with Lieberman for many years at the JTS. Initially, he studied in Yeshiva Chaim Berlin under Yitzchak Hutner and was allowed to not attend lectures because of his advanced standing. Over the next decade, he completed high school and then earned a bachelor's degree in philosophy from Brooklyn College, and a Master's Degree in philosophy from NYU; he wrote his Doctorate in Talmud at JTS. He married Zipporah Hager, a descendant of the Vizhnitzer Rebbes.They had 3 children: Baruch (formally known as Bernard), Ephraim, and Yeshiahu. He has six grandchildren, all of whom are scholars as well; Avidan, Hadar, Daniel, Rebecca, Benjamin (Jamin), and Eliana. <mask> later changed his name to "Halivni," a Hebrew translation for "weiss" or "white." He originally wanted to abandon the surname <mask> because that was the name of a guard in the concentration camp in which he was interned. He was initially considering changing his name to <mask>; however, out of respect for this grandfather/teacher Yeshayahu <mask>, he maintained a memory of the family name, using the compound name <mask>ni. For many years he served as a Professor of Talmud at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTS). He resigned in 1983.Halivni later served as Littauer Professor of Talmud and Classical Rabbinics in the Department of Religion at Columbia University. In July 2005, he retired from Columbia University. He now lives in Israel and teaches at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Bar Ilan University. <mask>'s "source-critical approach" to Talmud study has had a major impact on academic understanding and study of the Talmud. The traditional understanding viewed the Talmud as a unified homogeneous work. While other scholars had also treated the Talmud as a multi-layered work, <mask>'s innovation (primarily in the second volume of his Mekorot u-Mesorot) was to distinguish between the onymous statements, which are generally succinct Halachic rulings or inquiries attributed to known Amoraim, and the anonymous statements, characterised by a much longer analysis often consisting of lengthy dialectic discussion, which he attributed to the later authors- "Stamma'im" (or Savora'im). It has been noted that indeed the Jerusalem Talmud is very similar to the Babylonian Talmud, minus Stammaitic activity, which is to be found only in the latter.Controversy

Source-critical analysis
His methodology of source-critical analysis of the Talmud is controversial among most Orthodox Jews, but is accepted in the non-Orthodox Jewish community, and by some within Modern Orthodoxy. Halivni terms the anonymous texts of the Talmud as having been said by Stammaim (based on the phrase "stama d'talmuda" which refers to the anonymous material in the Gemara), who lived after the period of the Amoraim, but before the Geonic period. He posits that these Stammaim were the recipients of terse Tannaitic and Amoraic statements and that they endeavored to fill in the reasoning and argumentative background to such apodictic statements. The methodology employed in his commentary Mekorot u' Mesorot attempts to give Halivni's analysis of the correct import and context and demonstrates how the Talmudic Stammaim often erred in their understanding of the original context. Chate'u Israel
In Halivni's books Peshat and Derash and Revelation Restored, he attempts to harmonize biblical criticism with traditional religious belief using a concept he developed termed Chate'u Israel (literally, "Israel has sinned"). This concept states that the biblical texts originally given to Moses have become irretrievably corrupted. Revelation Restored writes as follows:

According to the biblical account itself, the people of Israel forsook the Torah, in the dramatic episode of the golden calf, only forty days after the revelation at Sinai.From that point on, until the time of Ezra, the scriptures reveal that the people of Israel were steeped in idolatry and negligent of the Mosaic law. Chate'u Yisrael, states that in the period of neglect and syncretism after the conquest of Canaan when the originally monotheistic Israelites adopted pagan practices from their neighbours, the Torah of Moses became "blemished and maculated". According to Halivni, this process continued until the time of Ezra (c.450 BCE), when finally, upon their return from Babylon, the people accepted the Torah. It was at that time that the previously rejected, and therefore maculated, text of the Torah was recompiled and edited by Ezra and his "entourage." He claims that this is attested in the books of Ezra and Nehemiah, and Halivni supports his theory with Talmudic and Midrashic sources which indicate that Ezra played a role in editing the Torah. He further states that while the text of the Pentateuch was corrupted, oral tradition preserved intact many of the laws, which is why the Oral Law appears to contradict the Biblical text in certain details. This view was seen as possibly being in contradiction to the 8th of Maimonides' 13 principles of faith, which states "the Torah that we have today is the one that was dictated to Moses by God".Some believe that Maimonides says that this applies to every single word in the Torah. As a result, <mask>'s assertions were rejected by some Orthodox rabbis. As a spiritual leader

<mask> was involved in the 1983 controversy at JTS surrounding the training and ordination of women as rabbis. He felt that there may be halakhic methods for ordaining women as rabbis, but that more time was needed before such could be legitimately instituted, and that the decision had been made as a policy decision by the governing body of the Seminary rather than as a psak halachah within the traditional rabbinic legal process. This disagreement led to his break with the seminary and with the movement of Conservative Judaism, and to his co-founding of the Union for Traditional Judaism  and its yeshiva, the Institute of Traditional Judaism. Until 2005, Halivni was the spiritual leader of Kehilat Orach Eliezer (KOE), a congregation on Manhattan's Upper West Side, a position he had held since the congregation's foundation in 1992. In 2002, many members of the congregation wanted to allow women to be called up to the Torah, which, while supported by a then-recent legal argument by Rabbi Mendel Shapiro, is opposed by many rabbis for halakhic and sociological reasons.Halivni was not excited about the practice, and told the congregation: "I shall allow it, but only if it is done no more frequently than a few times a year, and only if it is done in a separate room from the 'real' service." Thus, the congregation allows this practice only under very limited circumstances. Nevertheless, even this "compromise" was far too liberal for many congregants. On the other side, many liberals favored a Partnership minyan approach and were frustrated by KOE's failure to include women in the main Torah service. Awards
 In 1985, <mask> was a co-recipient (jointly with Hillel Barzel and Shlomo Pines) of the Bialik Prize for Jewish thought. In 1997, he won awarded the National Jewish Book Award in Scholarship for Revelation Restored: Divine Writ and Critical Responses
 In 2008, he was awarded the Israel Prize for his Talmudic work. Published works

Halivni's published works include:
Mekorot u'Mesorot (Hebrew), a projected ten volume commentary on the Talmud.Peshat and Derash
Revelation Restored
The Book and the Sword, his memoirs. Breaking the Tablets: Jewish Theology After the Shoah, a collection of essays on Holocaust theology. The central thesis of "Breaking the Tablets" is that the history of the Jews is "bookmarked" by two diametrically opposing "revelations": Sinai and Auschwitz. The revelation on Mount Sinai was the apex of God's nearness to the Jews, while the revelation at Auschwitz was the nadir of God's absence from them. Halivni's conviction is that Auschwitz represents not merely God's "hiding his face" from Israel, as a consequence of the Jews' sins — a familiar trope in rabbinic theology — but also his actual, ontological withdrawal from human history. In Breaking the Tablets Halivni explicitly rejected the notion that this withdrawal is simply an example of "God hiding his face" as viewed in normative Judaism. The concept of hester panim (God's hiding his face) is classically used with regard to punishment, and Halivni is adamant that the Holocaust cannot in any way be regarded as a punishment for Israel's sins.See also
List of Bialik Prize recipients
List of Israel Prize recipients

References

1927 births
Czechoslovak Jews
Living people
People from Kobyletska Poliana
Ukrainian Jews
Jews from Carpathian Ruthenia
Talmudists
Columbia University faculty
Israel Prize Rabbi recipients
Israel Prize in Talmud studies recipients
Czechoslovak emigrants to Romania
Romanian emigrants to the United States
American Conservative rabbis
American Orthodox rabbis
American people of Romanian-Jewish descent
American Jewish theologians
Jewish Theological Seminary of America people
Auschwitz concentration camp survivors
Holocaust theology
American emigrants to Israel
Mauthausen concentration camp survivors
20th-century American rabbis
21st-century American Jews

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<mask><mask> (1906 – June 20, 1996) was an American meteorologist and inventor, the founding professor of Department of Meteorology at California Institute of Technology (1933–1948), one of the U.S. Air Force meteorologists who provided forecasts for the Normandy Landings in 1944, a controversial pioneer of long-term forecasting and cloud seeding, and "a brilliant American salesman" who in 1938 started the first private weather business in the United States. Early years

<mask> was born in San Francisco in 1906. He attended college at the University of California at Berkeley, achieving a bachelor's degree in physics. However, his first career aspiration was music. <mask> was an accomplished pianist and pursued music professionally but found it financially unrewarding. Still in early twenties he worked at the radio station and at a stock brokerage – until the Wall Street Crash of 1929. Finally, working for an airline and advice from his brother-in-law, Horace Byers, an MIT graduate, helped him find his true interest in weather.Caltech
Around 1930, he began studying at the California Institute of Technology in the Department of Aeronautics, which provided only a few courses in meteorology, notably by Beno Gutenberg (atmospheric structure) and Theodore von Kármán (aeronautics), <mask>'s advisors in his doctoral studies. Caltech offered the first dedicated meteorology class in the 1933–34 season. <mask> made his name known by a controversial paper asserting that the 1933 crash of USS Akron was a direct consequence of a mistaken forecast by the Weather Bureau. <mask>'s paper was instrumental to von Kármán's work explaining the actual cause of Akron disaster; he was also instrumental in determining the cause of the USS Macon crash in 1935. These publications brought <mask> to the attention of the US Air Force; <mask> befriended Air Force chief Hap Arnold, then a colonel stationed at March Field not far from Caltech. <mask> completed his doctoral degree in 1934 and remained at Caltech as an instructor. In 1937 he helped found the school's meteorology department and became its head.The department was unique in its commercial focus on the needs of profitable industries, including not just aviation, but almost anyone willing to pay, including the movie industry, for which <mask> famously forecast the weather for the burning of Atlanta in Gone With The Wind. <mask> was determined about making money; "weather forecasting was his product line, although, like many a great salesmen, his number one product was himself". He then stayed as a professor, offering a special curriculum for Arnold's nascent Air Force Weather Service. Caltech terminated the meteorology department in 1948. In response, <mask> left the school to start his own firm, taking with him most of the department staff. World War II

With the outbreak of World War II Arnold recruited <mask> into the United States Army Air Corps. <mask> prevailed over other, scientifically inclined meteorologists: while they searched for causes of natural phenomena, <mask> relied on analyzing historic patterns and cycles.He reused old weather maps that resembled current situation, arguing that future weather developments will most likely follow the recorded patterns - the same "weather typing" that brought him commissions from Hollywood studios. Critics called <mask>'s methods "canned memory". The primitive methods and aggressive salesmanship made <mask> an enemy of scientific elite like George Cressman and Carl-Gustaf Rossby and Weather Bureau chief Francis W. Reichelderfer, who detested <mask> as a "smug, supremely self-confident self-promoter". However, with Arnold's backing <mask> was nearly invincible. In 1944 <mask> was engaged in meteorology support for the upcoming Allied Normandy Landings (see Weather forecasting for Operation Overlord), along with rival weather services from the United Kingdom. On May 28 Sverre <mask>, a Norwegian meteorologist in British service, raised concerns that a coming storm would break out on June 2 and interfere with the landings planned on June 5. <mask> argued to the contrary, asserting that there was no need to postpone the offensive – he envisaged nothing but continuously quiet weather over the following five days.<mask> based his confidence on studies of 50 years of recorded weather; he was certain that the English Channel would be protected by the Azores High, a pressure pattern dominating over the eastern Atlantic. Unusually, as time passed by the uncertainties of the vital weather forecast did not dissolve, and consequently tension between <mask> and <mask> increased further. Finally, on June 3, Colonel Donald Yates (deputy to chief meteorologist James Stagg), a former student of <mask> and one of the few people who could handle him, intervened in the rivalry and persuaded the Allied meteorologists to produce a joint weather forecast. In the end, <mask>'s opinion prevailed; despite <mask>'s initial objection, the landings were delayed by one day, saving the troops from a major  disaster. The controversy was fictionalised in the 2014 play Pressure by David Haig, with <mask> appearing as a central character; the play however does not make reference to <mask>'s role, instead making an uncompromising Stagg the hero who, by persuading Eisenhower that he was right and <mask> wrong, saved countless lives by insisting that the landing be postponed by a day. Post-war practice

After leaving Caltech, <mask> continued offering commercial long-term weather forecasts. He also added the service of cloud seeding, forcing precipitation in drought-affected areas.In summer of 1948 <mask> performed the first series of 27 airborne cloud seeding tests over central Arizona, dropping up to  of ice particles on each flight. Indeed, the seeded clouds released rain, raising water levels in local reservoirs. The "rain makers" admitted that the result had other, natural, causes, but in a year that was one of the driest on record it was a significant success. Financially, the volume of water added by <mask>'s experiment cost only $2.50, compared to $14 going rate. In December 1949 <mask> suggested cloud seeding without resorting to airborne devices; his proposal employed ground-based smoke generators dispersing vaporized silver iodide. A single smoke dispenser set, asserted <mask>, could be moved by two wheelbarrows; it theoretically provided cloud-seeding particles for an area of . Tests demonstrated a fourfold increase in precipitation.By 1951 his cloud-seeding business had 120 employees and had been hired to seed clouds over  in the western United States as well as parts of Mexico and San Salvador. However, the American meteorological establishment opposed his practice, asserting his methods of cloud seeding were bogus and the weather could not be forecast for more than five days in the future. <mask> decided to offer his long term forecasting to the Weather Bureau, but they too did not believe in his methods, so he started a private business. He successfully proved his basic premises, making a substantial profit from forecasts and weather making. <mask>'s practice caught the eye of many famous figures, and he was hired to forecast the weather for presidential inaugurations and movie shoots. He garnered attention in 1957 when his prediction of sunny weather for President Eisenhower's second inauguration, made 17 days before the event, came true. Of his most notable achievements, Dr. <mask> also made rain in Israel after a severe drought, made it stop hailing in Alberta, Canada, and made enough snow for the 1960 Winter Olympics to take place.During the mid-sixties, Irving P. Krick & Associates operated a  successful cloud seeding operation in the area around Calgary, Alberta. This utilized both aircraft and ground-based generators that  pumped silver iodide into the atmosphere in an attempt to reduce the threat of hail damage. Ralph Langeman, Lynn Garrison, and Stan McLeod, all ex-members of the RCAF, attending the University of Alberta, spent their summers flying hail suppression. A number of surplus Harvard aircraft were fitted with racks under each wing containing 32 railroad fuzees that were impregnated with silver iodide. These could be ignited individually or all at once, depending upon the threat. In coordination with ground units, the aircraft would lay a plume of silver iodide in front of approaching cumulonimbus clouds with noticeable effect. Large, active CBs were reduced to nothing.Heavy hail storms were reduced in intensity. This effective program was funded by farmer contributions and government grants. The program was run each summer and did much to reduce crop damage by hail, otherwise the farm community would not have continued to finance the project. In 1990 <mask> sold his weather business to Strategic Weather Services, remaining with that company as chairman emeritus until his 1996 death from heart failure. References

  Fourth edition: Crest Publishers, 1997. MIT Press. MacMillan.Notes

External links
 <mask><mask>: Weather Fraud or Weather Genius, by Randy Cerveny and Ron Holle, Weatherwise Magazine, July–August 2008
 Topography versus air masses : a discussion of the phenomena associated with the passage of air masses over the irregularities of the earth's surface - Master's thesis by <mask>
 I. Foehn winds of southern California. II. Foehn wind cyclo-genesis. III. Weather conditions associated with the Akron disaster. IV. The Los Angeles storm of December 30, 1933 to January 1, 1934 - PhD thesis by <mask>

American meteorologists
1906 births
1996 deaths
California Institute of Technology faculty
California Institute of Technology alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
People from San Francisco
Scientists from California

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<mask> (2 February 1907 –  24 May 1973) was a Scottish professional snooker and billiards player. He contested eight consecutive world championship  finals against Fred Davis from 1947 to 1954, and won the title in 1947 and 1950. <mask> was known for his long  and his consistency when playing, and had an aversion to the use of . In 2012, he was inducted posthumously into the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association's World Snooker Hall of Fame. <mask> became a professional player shortly after winning the under-16's British Junior English Billiards Championship in 1922 and won the Scottish professional billiards title six times. He first competed in the World Snooker Championship in 1933, but after a heavy defeat by Joe Davis did not enter again until 1939. After serving in the Fourth Indian Division during World War II, <mask> entered the 1946 World Championship, where he lost to Davis in his first match.As a player that did not reach the championship final, he was eligible to enter the 1946 Albany Club Professional Snooker Tournament, which he won. Following Joe Davis's retirement from the World Championship in 1946, <mask> practised intensively and won the 1947 Championship by defeating Fred Davis in the final. Davis won the following two championships, with <mask> taking the next and then being runner-up to Davis for the next four years. <mask> then retired from World Championship competition, although he continued to play in the News of the World Snooker Tournament until 1959. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born in Edinburgh, on 2 February 1907, the son of a billiard hall manager. The family moved to Coatbridge when <mask> was five. His father coached him in English billiards from age five, having constructed a  platform around one of the billiard tables so that the younger <mask> could reach the table to play.<mask> told an interviewer for The Billiard Player in 1939 that starting to play at a young age was a common feature among many professional players, as "when a kiddie is brought up like that, the game gets fairly into his bones, and he has much more chance than other people of becoming a good player". His father also trained Margaret Lennan, who became the unofficial "British Isles Champion" of women's billiards in 1928. <mask> won the under-16 division of the British Junior English Billiards Championship in 1922 at the age of 15, and turned professional the following year. Career

Early professional career
<mask> moved to Rotherham, where he managed a billiard hall, and travelled to Glasgow to win the Scottish professional billiards and snooker championships in the 1928/1929 season. He later became the owner of a billiard hall in New Ollerton. He first entered the World Snooker Championship in 1933 defeating Willie Leigh 13  to 11 before losing 1–13 in the semi-finals to Joe Davis. In 1939, <mask> said he realised from watching Davis "annihilate" him that "there was far more in the game than I had ever dreamt of".He did not participate in the championship again until 1939. His six-year absence has been attributed to a commitment to practise and improve his standard of play following the resounding defeat by Davis. In 1939, he defeated Herbert Holt and Dickie Laws in the qualifying competition, both 18–13, then Claude Falkiner 21–10 in the first round, before losing 15–16 to Sidney Smith in the quarter-finals. He finished fourth of seven players in the 1939/1940 Daily Mail Gold Cup. The BBC World Service radio station broadcast part of his match against Fred Davis. <mask> spoke about his playing philosophy in 1939, saying he avoided playing risky shots because he believed matches were typically lost by one player making errors: "It isn't so much that one man wins the game but that the other man loses it." Asked by the interviewer for hints for The Billiard Players  readers to help them improve their standard of play, <mask> advised against the use of  as "it spoils the shot in at least 90 per cent of cases when it's applied by any but a first class player.And generally it really isn't necessary." He also said he had claimed the title of Scottish snooker champion because despite issuing an invitation to any challenger to play for that title, no-one had taken up the challenge. In the 1940 World Championship, he eliminated Holt 24–7 in the first round; Joe Davis then defeated him 9–22 in the semi-final. The championship was suspended for the remainder of World War II. <mask> was called up in 1940, and served in Canada, North Africa, Greece and Italy as a sergeant in the Royal Corps of Signals attached to the Fourth Indian Division, which was an original component of the Eighth Army when it was formed in September 1941. The championship resumed in 1946, with Joe Davis winning again, including a 21–10 victory over <mask> in the quarter-finals. The professional players that did not reach the 1946 final were invited to participate in the 1946 Albany Club Professional Snooker Tournament.<mask> won, some six months after being demobilised, by defeating Alec Brown 20–11 in the final. Following his 1946 World Championship win, Davis retired from the event. In November 1946, <mask> compiled what would have been a new world record for the highest break, 142, against John Pulman, but as the billiard table being used was not of the standard type required for a record, it was not recognised as such. World championship finals and later professional career
<mask> practised intensively in preparation for the 1947 World Snooker Championship, using a billiard table in a neighbour's attic. He defeated Stanley Newman 46–25 and then eliminated Horace Lindrum 39–32 to reach the final. Building refurbishment delays postponed the final, held at Leicester Square Hall, for several weeks. <mask> used the time to continue practising.In a two-week final over 145 frames against Fred Davis, <mask> led 4–2 after the first  and 7–5 after the second, later extending his lead to sixteen frames at 35–19. After this, Davis won six successive frames to reduce the lead to 35–25. <mask> secured victory at 73–49 and finished the match at 82–63. His tactics during the championship involved compiling breaks of around 30 to 50 points, and playing  rather than attempting difficult . Davis became frustrated with the lack of scoring chances <mask> left for him, and missed a number of difficult pot attempts allowing <mask> chances to win frames. There were three century breaks during the match's 145 frames, all made by Davis. Joe Davis commented after the match that, "<mask>'s long potting at present is the equal of anything seen in snooker history," whilst Fred Davis said "he is playing the best snooker I have ever seen".In his book Talking Snooker, first published in 1979, Fred Davis reflected that he had probably been "perhaps overconfident" and also had not expected <mask>'s standard to have improved so much as a result of his many hours of practice. This was the first of eight consecutive finals, from 1947 to 1954, featuring the two players. Two wins by Joe Davis in challenge matches against <mask> after the 1947 championship reinforced the public perception that the 15-time champion Davis was still the best player. <mask> took a playing break of several months on medical advice, having been diagnosed with conjunctivitis after experiencing headaches. In the 1948 World Snooker Championship, held only six months after the 1947 tournament, <mask> reached the final with wins against Kingsley Kennerley and Albert Brown. Fred Davis won 84–61 against <mask>, having reached a winning margin at 73–52. In Talking Snooker, Davis wrote that he had consciously used the same risk-averse tactics that had paid off for <mask> in 1947.At the 1948 Sunday Empire News Tournament, which was a round-robin event with handicaps applied, <mask> finished fourth of five players. In the 1949 World Snooker Championship final, Fred Davis won 80–65 against <mask>, having taken a winning lead of 73–58 on the previous day. The score had been 63–58 before Davis won 10 frames in a row to take the title. <mask> made the highest break of the tournament with 115 on the last day of his semi-final match against Pulman. In the handicapped 1949/1950 News of the World Snooker Tournament, <mask> won only two of his seven round-robin matches and placed seventh out of the eight participants. <mask> defeated Kennerley and Albert Brown to reach the 1950 world final against Fred Davis. the final was played over 97 frames.Davis led 8–4 after the first day, but after two more days <mask> levelled the match at 18–18, including winning five of the last six that day. He took a four-frame lead the following day, and maintained it for several days, eventually extending it to six frames at 45–39 on the penultimate day. <mask>'s victory was confirmed on the last day when the score was 49–32, with the match ending at 51–46. Almost 3,000 spectators watched one session of the match in Blackpool. The Billiard Player magazine attributed <mask>'s success to his strong safety play and a below-par performance from Davis. The highest break <mask> achieved during the match was 80, with Davis's highest break 79. A column in the Manchester Evening News, after the final, commented that, "So afraid were Fred Davis and <mask> ... of making any rash move which would cost them a frame that play was painfully slow at times."With only one win from seven matches in the 1950/1951 News of the World Snooker Tournament, <mask> finished joint-last. <mask> and Fred Davis played the 1951 world final in Blackpool, again over 97 frames, in front of a record crowd for a World Snooker Championship match. From 6–6, Davis moved into a 12–6 lead, reaching a winning margin at 49–36 before the match concluded 58–39. <mask> won half of his matches at the 1951/1952 News of the World Snooker Tournament, leading to a sixth-place ranking out of the nine players. Following a dispute between the Professional Billiards Players' Association (PBPA) and the Billiards Association and Control Council (BA&CC), which derived partly from the PBPA members feeling that the BA&CC was taking too large a share of the income from tournaments, most professional players boycotted the 1952 World Snooker Championship and competed instead in their own 1952 World Professional Match-play Championship. As this event included most of the leading players, the public perceived it as the real world championship. The World Professional Match-play Championships are now accepted by snooker historians as part of the World Snooker Championship series.The 1952 World Professional Match-play Championship final featured Fred Davis and <mask> and was contested across 73 frames. Davis won six of the eight frames in their first session, and led 7–5 after the first day. <mask> had compiled a break of 104. <mask> recorded another century break of 106 in the twentieth frame, but Davis increased his lead over him to 14–10 by the end of the second day. On the third day, Davis achieved a break of 140, a new World Championship record, and <mask> made a 111. Davis finished the day 21–15 ahead. After another day's play, Davis was 29–19 ahead, after which <mask> won eight of the next twelve frames.Davis won the title, finishing the last day at 38–35. The 1952/1953 News of the World Snooker Tournament finished in January 1953, with <mask>'s three wins in eight matches enough to see him finish third. The 1953 World Professional Match-play Championship final in March saw <mask> and Davis even at 6–6 after the first day of the 71-frame match. <mask> took a 13–11 lead after day two, despite a break of 107 by Davis. <mask> was ahead 20–16 after day three, but Davis tied the match at 24–24 after the fourth day which included a century of 102. Davis led 28–26, but <mask> took a 31–29 lead at the end of the fifth day. The match was again level at 33–33 after the final afternoon session, before Davis won 37–34.<mask> placed seventh in the 1953/1954 News of the World Snooker Tournament, having lost five of his eight matches. In the 1954 World Professional Match-play Championship, Fred Davis and <mask> met in their eighth successive final. It was the most one-sided of the finals, with Davis leading 33–15 after four days in the 71-frame contest. Even before losing the match, <mask> said he would not enter the World Championship again because he could not give enough time to the practice he felt was necessary. Davis secured victory by winning the first three frames on the fifth day to lead 36–15. The final score was 45–26 with <mask> making a break of 121 on the final day. After the 1954 World Match-play final, <mask> announced that he would not be playing in any future World Snooker Championships, as he wanted to focus more on the management of his smallholding, although he stated his intention to continue to play in other tournaments and in exhibition matches.With three wins at the 1954/1955 News of the World Snooker Tournament, he failed to gain a high placing. He finished third in 1955/1956, and last in 1956/1957. <mask> inflicted Fred Davis's only defeat in the 1957/1958 News of the World Snooker Tournament (21–16), before finishing third of five players in the final table. Earlier in the same tournament he defeated Joe Davis, also by 21–16, but had received a 14-point start. He did, however, make the highest break of the season, 141. He finished bottom of four players in the 1958 News of the World Snooker Tournament table, with one win in nine matches. In 1960, he retired completely from competitive play.Retirement and legacy
<mask> was married to Ida, whom he met whilst working in Rotherham in the 1920s. After retiring from the sport, he converted his snooker room into a cowshed, breaking up the slates from his billiard table to make a path, and preferred to play bowls rather than snooker. In 1971, he stood as a Conservative Party candidate for the Newport Pagnell Urban District council and was elected. He died in an ambulance on his way to hospital after suffering a heart attack at his home in Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire, on 24 May 1973. He was considered one of the greatest long potters of all time, and a very consistent player, partly due to his avoidance of the use of side. Joe Davis wrote of <mask> in 1948 that:

Fred Davis praised <mask>'s potting ability and described him as a "fierce competitor" although "very limited technically". In noting that Fred Davis and <mask> dominated the game of snooker for several years, Lindrum described their "new approach" to snooker of "extensive safety tactics", recalling that the pair once shared 32 strokes on a single , and suggesting that although safety play demanded skill, "if safety had continued to be used without regard to audience appreciation, it may eventually have brought about a sharp decline in popularity".<mask>'s obituary in Snooker Scene highlighted his "imperturbability" as a playing strength and claimed "his long potting was the best the game has ever seen", whilst noting that his aversion to applying side was probably the reason that he did not achieve more century breaks, as it limited his . The 2005 book Masters of the Baize describes <mask> as "one of the most underrated [world professional snooker] champions", who "redefined the standards of long potting", while a 1989 book by Ian Morrison describes him as "the first great Scottish snooker professional". In 2012, <mask> was inducted into the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association's World Snooker Hall of Fame. Achievements

World Snooker Championship Finals

English billiards

Notes

References

External links
 World Snooker Tour profile

Scottish snooker players
1907 births
1973 deaths
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Corps of Signals soldiers
Winners of the professional snooker world championship
Scottish players of English billiards
Sportspeople from Edinburgh

masks:
Walter Weir Wilson Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Donaldson
Walter Weir
Wilson Donaldson
Donaldson
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Walter Donaldson
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<mask> (born 6 February 1989) is a West Indian cricketer who plays domestic cricket for Trinidad and Tobago and international cricket for the West Indies. A left-handed batsman, his batting style has drawn comparisons with Brian Lara. <mask> is the younger half brother of fellow West Indies cricketer <mask> and his mother is the first cousin of former cricketer Brian Lara. Career
<mask> made his first team debut for Trinidad and Tobago in January 2007 and scored seven in a one-day match against Guyana. He made his first-class debut three days later against the Leeward Islands and scored eight. After another single figure score in his next match against the Windward Islands, he made no further appearances in the 2006/07 season. He returned to the under-19 team for the TCL Under-19 Challenge and finished the tournament as leading run scorer, in five matches scoring 419 runs at an average of 59.85.In preparation for the 2008 Under-19 World Cup, the West Indies under-19s competed in the 2007–08 KFC Cup. <mask> played for the side in two matches; the first saw his team dismissed for a one-day record low total of 18, and <mask> was one of six players who was dismissed without scoring. <mask> described it as a learning experience, saying: "Collins was getting a lot of movement and Edwards was bowling very fast. It was difficult to get them away but the experience was good for us and it came in handy in the other games." At the under-19 World Cup, <mask> played in all five of West Indies matches scoring 165 runs at 55. In the plate final against Nepal, he took three wickets for nine runs (3/9) and scored 24 not out. <mask> finished the 2007/08 season with two first-class matches but failed to score a substantial innings with a best of 29.In October 2008, <mask> was a member of the Trinidad and Tobago squad for the Stanford Series. Having failed to play in the first match against the Super Stars he came into the side for the next match against Middlesex and scored 27 not out including hitting the winning runs with a six over long-on. His domestic form in the 2008–09 season was much improved from the previous season; in the WICB Cup which Trinidad and Tobago won, he scored 41 in the semi-final run chase against Jamaica and added 20 in the final against Barbados. In first-class cricket, he scored 97 against Barbados, in a team score of 264, he was the last man out after 330 minutes of batting. Later in January 2009, he scored a maiden first-class century against the Windward Islands; his innings of 105 included 13 fours and a six. The form led to his selection for West Indies A; however, an injury meant he missed the fixture against the England tourists. On his return to first-class cricket, <mask> scored a second century of the season; against Barbados, he added 111 and shared a 250 run partnership for the fourth wicket with Kieron Pollard.In the following match against Jamaica, he scored 41 and 70 also equalling a Trinidad and Tobago record by taking five catches in the second innings. Older half brother, Dwayne praised his form, saying: "He had been good with the bat and I am happy to see that he has been very consistent this season". Dwayne failed to pass 30 in his final four matches of the season but still ended the season with 605 runs at 43.21.I

International breakthrough
In June 2009, <mask> was called up to the West Indies squad for the first two ODIs of the series with India. He made his international debut in the first ODI at Sabina Park scoring 19 from 16 balls, including two fours from the first two deliveries he faced. On his Test debut against Sri Lanka, <mask> scored 58 from 159 balls. He went on to hit 80 in the second Test and 68 in the third Test to help him get a tour average of 68.66. In February 2011, <mask> was named in West Indies’ 15 man squad for the 2011 Cricket World Cup.The West Indies first engagement after the 2011 World Cup was hosting Pakistan at home. In the two-Test series, <mask> was the only West Indies batsman to score over 100 runs. In October 2011, the West Indies toured Bangladesh. After contributing scores of 2 and 24 not out in the drawn first Test, <mask> scored his maiden Test century in the second to help his team to a 1–0 series victory. The innings of 195 from 297 balls was the ninth highest score by a West Indian batsman in the subcontinent. For his performances in 2011, he was named in the World Test XI by the Cricinfo. Though <mask> was bought by the Deccan Chargers for $100,000 at the 2012 Indian Premier League auction, he missed the competition because it clashed with Australia's tour of the West Indies in March and April 2012.After scoring just 48 runs in the five-match ODI series, <mask> was dropped for the T20Is against the same opponent so he could return to domestic cricket to find form ahead of the Test series. With 184 runs in three Tests, <mask> was the West Indies' second-highest run-scorer in the series behind Shivnarine Chanderpaul and sixth overall. <mask> along with Denesh Ramdin set the record for the highest 3rd wicket partnership in ODI history (258). In the first match of the 2013/14 Test series against New Zealand in Dunedin, <mask> made a fighting maiden double-century after nearly 10 hours of batting to help the West Indies to an unlikely draw. In January 2015, <mask> was named in West Indies’ original 15 man squad for the 2015 Cricket World Cup but he was later forced to withdraw himself from the tournament due to an injury. <mask>'s seventh Test hundred came in the first Test of the Australia tour of 2015–16, in Bellerive Oval, Hobart. He scored 108 off 177 balls in the first innings and eventually lost the match by an innings.<mask> is the first batsman in history to score a Test century in the fourth innings of a Day/Night Test match when he scored 116 against Pakistan in October 2016. He was also the first ever left-handed batsman to have scored a Test hundred in an innings of a Day/Night Test match. In April 2019, <mask> was named in the West Indies' squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. He was offered a recall to the Test side for the two match series against England in 2020, but declined the offer to play in a country with high rates of coronavirus with players having to live for weeks in a secure bubble. On 14 March 2021, against Sri Lanka in the third ODI, <mask> scored his first ODI half-century since June 2016, scoring 102 off 132 deliveries. He also crossed 3000 ODI runs in the match. In September 2021, <mask> was named as one of four reserve players in the West Indies' squad for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup.T20 franchise career
On 3 June 2018, <mask> was selected to play for the Winnipeg Hawks in the players' draft for the inaugural edition of the Global T20 Canada tournament. In July 2020, he was named in the Trinbago Knight Riders squad for the 2020 Caribbean Premier League. References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Trinidad and Tobago cricketers
Nottinghamshire cricketers
West Indies One Day International cricketers
West Indies Twenty20 International cricketers
West Indies Test cricketers
Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2019 Cricket World Cup
Trinbago Knight Riders cricketers
Deccan Chargers cricketers
Comilla Victorians cricketers
Multan Sultans cricketers

masks:
Darren Michael Bravo
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Dwayne Bravo
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<mask> (born April 2, 1966), nicknamed "Romo", and "RomoCop", is a former American football linebacker who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 16 seasons, primarily with the San Francisco 49ers and Denver Broncos. Selected by the 49ers in the third round of the 1988 NFL Draft, he spent six seasons each in San Francisco and Denver. He was also a member of the Philadelphia Eagles and Oakland Raiders for two seasons each. At the time of his retirement, <mask> won four Super Bowl titles, two each with the 49ers and Broncos, and twice received Pro Bowl honors during his Broncos tenure. He also led a controversial career due to often engaging in unsportsmanlike behavior, which resulted in altercations with opponents and teammates. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Vernon, Connecticut. He graduated from Rockville High School in 1984 and Boston College in 1988 with academic honors, and was a Scanlan Award recipient.NFL career

<mask> went on to a 16-year career in the NFL, playing for the San Francisco 49ers (1988–1993), Philadelphia Eagles (1994–1995), Denver Broncos (1996–2001), and Oakland Raiders (2002–2003). After his career, he was listed by ESPN as the fifth dirtiest player in professional team sports history. Romanowski played 243 consecutive games during the 1988-2003 seasons, an NFL record  that stood until Chris Gardocki broke it during the 2006 season, finishing his career with 265, (256 reg. season and 9 playoff games). He won 4 Super Bowl Championships, and played 5 Super Bowls (Super Bowl XXIII, Super Bowl XXIV, Super Bowl XXXII, Super Bowl XXXIII and Super Bowl XXXVII). During his 16-year career, Romanowski compiled 1,105 tackles, 39.5 sacks, 18 forced fumbles, and 18 interceptions, which he returned for a net total of 98 yards and 1 career touchdown. <mask> was a Pro Bowl selection twice, in 1996 and 1998, both during his tenure with the Denver Broncos.Altercations
Romanowski was involved in numerous altercations with both teammates and opponents. In 1995, while with the Eagles, he was ejected from a game — and subsequently fined $4,500 — for kicking Arizona Cardinals fullback Larry Centers in the head. Two more incidents occurred during the 1997 season while he played for the Broncos. In the first, he was fined $20,000 after a helmet-to-helmet hit on then-Carolina Panthers quarterback Kerry Collins in a preseason game resulting in Collins sustaining a broken jaw. In the second incident, Romanowski spat in the face of 49ers wide receiver J. J. Stokes in a regular-season game played in December on a Monday night in response to Stokes' taunting. Two years later, while still with the Broncos, he was fined a total of $42,500 for three illegal hits plus a punch thrown at Kansas City Chiefs tight end Tony Gonzalez, and was also fined an undisclosed amount for throwing a football at Bryan Cox of the New York Jets, the ball hitting him in the crotch area. Marcus Williams incident
In 2003, Romanowski attacked and injured one of his teammates, Marcus Williams, during a scrimmage.Williams, a backup tight end for the Oakland Raiders, was forced to retire after <mask> confronted Williams after a play, ripped off his helmet, and crushed his eye socket with a punch. Williams sued for damages of $3.4 million, arguing that Romanowski had been suffering from "roid rage" when he attacked him. Williams was awarded $340,000 for lost wages and medical expenses by a jury. Williams was quoted as saying he and his lawyers "just wanted to prove what was right and wrong about football". Williams's attorney said he was very pleased with the verdict. Racism allegations
Romanowski has been accused of being racist at many points during his career and after retirement. Various media critics have pointed to his fines for actions including kicking Larry Centers in the head in 1995, spitting on San Francisco 49er receiver J.J. Stokes in 1997, and ripping Eddie George's helmet off in 2002, as evidence.Romanowski called Carolina Panthers starting quarterback Cam Newton "boy" in a tweet after Newton's team lost in Super Bowl 50 and Newton conducted a very brief press interview. He later apologized after he was accused of being racist. Post-NFL career
<mask> co-authored an autobiography in 2005 titled Romo My Life on the Edge: Living Dreams and Slaying Dragons. The book became a New York Times best-selling book in 2005. It chronicles his childhood, college career, NFL career, living with post-concussion symptoms, nutrition, and recovery techniques used during his NFL playing career. He was featured on the cover of the Midway Games title Blitz: The League and adds his voice as Bruno Battaglia, a linebacker in the game who wears his 53. He also appears in NCAA Football Series indirectly as LB #53 for the 1984 Boston College Eagles.In 2006, he founded Nutrition53, a nutritional supplement company. He was also a minority owner of NASCAR's Swan Racing in 2013; Nutrition53 sponsored the team in 10 races that year. Football
In 2008, Romanowski was the defensive coordinator for the Piedmont High School (California) Highlanders Freshman Football team, where his son played. In January 2009, Romanowski threw his name into the search for Mike Shanahan's replacement as the head coach of the Denver Broncos. Romanowski sent a 30-page PowerPoint presentation to team owner Pat Bowlen, but was not considered for the job. The job was ultimately given to Josh McDaniels. BALCO Scandal
<mask> and his wife were investigated for prescription drug fraud, though the charges were later dropped.Records seized by the government belonging to the Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative, later discovered to be the source of a designer steroid, indicate that he had used the anabolic steroid "The Clear" and synthetic testosterone ointment "The Cream" provided by BALCO since 2003. Romanowski admitted to staying a step ahead of NFL drug testing policies. In an October 16, 2005 appearance on 60 Minutes, <mask> admitted to using steroids and human growth hormone that he received from Victor Conte, BALCO owner. In media

References

External links

1966 births
Living people
People from Vernon, Connecticut
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football linebackers
Boston College Eagles football players
Denver Broncos players
Doping cases in American football
American sportspeople in doping cases
Oakland Raiders players
People from Piedmont, California
People from Rockville, Connecticut
Philadelphia Eagles players
Violence in sports
San Francisco 49ers players
American people of Polish descent

masks:
William Thomas Romanowski
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<mask><mask> (November 15, 1873 – May 4, 1962) was a dairy farmer, a farm organization leader, and an American socialist politician. He is best remembered as the 1936 candidate of the Socialist Party of America for Vice President of the United States. Early years

<mask><mask> was born of Danish parents on a Polk County, Wisconsin, farm on November 15, 1873. He worked as a farmhand in his youth but was restless and left young to see the world, sailing the length of the Mississippi River and working as a laborer, miner, and machinist in some 38 states of the union, Canada, and Mexico by the time he was 25. <mask> was one of the original "Sourdoughs," a miner in the Yukon gold rush of 1898. His adventure in the north proved to be successful and he returned to Polk County with enough gold to purchase a farm in Milltown, Wisconsin, where he worked throughout his life as a small-scale dairy farmer. At the time of his 1936 campaign for Vice President of the United States, <mask>'s farm consisted of , which supported 20 cows and produced various small crops.<mask> eventually married; and was the father of seven children — four boys and three girls. The children assisted in the operation of the family farm and no additional labor was employed. <mask> was active in the cooperative movement, which touted over 450 cooperative creameries during the decade of the 1930s. Political career

<mask> joined the Social Democratic Party of America headed by Victor L. Berger and Eugene V. Debs in 1899. He served as school clerk in 1901 for 35 years. <mask> was elected to the Wisconsin State Assembly and served as Speaker of the Assembly for the 1926 term. <mask> was a member of the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin during the 1930s.He was a long-time leader of the American Society of Equity, a farmers' rights organization, serving as President of the Wisconsin Section from 1922 to 1931, and was active in the Farm Holiday Association, elected as a vice president in 1936. In 1934, <mask> was the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for Governor of Wisconsin, receiving over 50,000 votes in the race. The 1936 Convention of the Socialist Party, held in Cleveland, Ohio, named <mask> to the ticket as the party's vice presidential nominee. With party leader Norman Thomas from New York state heading the ticket and making his traditional appeal to young and educated Americans, the selection of the Midwestern farmer <mask> was clearly intended as a calculated attempt at ticket balancing, a signal that the Socialist Party was ready to seriously join the growing movement for a Farmer-Labor party in America. <mask> spent much of the 1936 campaign traveling across the midsection of the country, speaking in Minnesota and Indiana to labor and farmer groups in early July before addressing an anticipated crowd of 25,000 at the Wisconsin state picnic mid-month. The end of July saw <mask> making campaign stops in Illinois, where he spoke on behalf of John Fisher, the Socialist Party's candidate for governor. After the campaign stint in the Midwest, <mask> was hustled back east to the core of the Socialist Party's strength.He spoke in Pennsylvania in early August before making his way to  New York City at a reception in his honor on August 13, 1936, in the club room of the Hotel Delano, where he shared the podium with Harry W. Laidler, Socialist candidate for Governor of New York. At the New York event, <mask> declared that American farmers were "victims of the capitalist skin-game" and that the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt was ineffectual since "we can't regulate what we don't own." The end of August featured <mask> appearances in upstate New York, New Jersey, Washington, D.C., and Maryland. <mask> was a bitter opponent of the 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act, a centerpiece of the New Deal's efforts to support American farmers by cutting production to raise market prices. He declared from the stump on the campaign trail:

"We farmers were asked to ship 6 million little pigs to fertilizer plants — not to slaughter houses. We then had the further privilege of buying back fertilizer so we could raise more and better corn to feed our hogs, so the hogs could be sent to the fertilizer plant to start the circle all over again! "But there's a certain advantage to the plan.Mother can use all those fertilizer bags to sew patches on our overalls!" After his eastern jaunt, <mask> then returned home to Wisconsin to speak at the Wisconsin State Fair at Milwaukee on August 28, a city with a Socialist local government. <mask> then immediately departed for another "Socialist city," making his first appearance on the same platform as SPA Presidential nominee Thomas at a "monster rally" held in Reading, Pennsylvania, on August 30. In September, <mask> was sent into the South, including campaign stops in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. October saw <mask>'s return to the Midwest, where he spoke across the states of Ohio, Indiana, and Missouri before heading for Kansas and Oklahoma. The finale of the 1936 Socialist Party campaign took place on Sunday, November 1, 1936, when the party faithful gathered at Madison Square Garden in New York City to hear Thomas, <mask>, Laidler, black Congressional candidate Frank R. Crosswaith, and Milwaukee Mayor Daniel W. Hoan. Giant portraits of Norman Thomas and <mask> flanked the stage, with a  tall banner of a hand-and-torch — a Socialist Party emblem — immediately behind the rostrum.Hoan and <mask> spoke from Chicago, with their voices broadcast to the huge auditorium via radio hookup. <mask>'s call for America to continue "the pioneering spirit of our forefathers" towards a socialist reorganization of society drew a mighty cheer from the gathering. In 1938, <mask> was the candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin of the Farmer-Labor Progressive Federation. After that federation ended in 1941, he was again candidate for Governor of Wisconsin in 1944. Death and legacy

<mask> died on May 4, 1962, in a hospital in St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin. <mask> was married and the father of four boys and three girls. One who met <mask> during his 1936 New York City campaign stop recalled him:

"<mask> is not one of the usual 'politician' types — a hail fellow well met one minute, a very exclusive, self-important individual the next.As he is on the platform, I can picture him on the farm. And the same kindly, unassuming ways that bespeak him a good neighbor, bespeak him a genuine comrade of the party. The word, comrade, on his lips is a heart-felt recognition of the need of one man for another, a need which capitalism exploits but which genuine Socialism serves." Works
 The Farce of Farm Relief. With Carrie Eddie Sheffler. Chicago: Socialist Party of America, n.d. [c. 1934]. Farmers: Where Are We Going?Chicago: Socialist Party of America, 1934. Footnotes

1873 births
1962 deaths
People from Polk County, Wisconsin
American pamphleteers
American male non-fiction writers
American people of Danish descent
Wisconsin Progressives (1924)
20th-century American politicians
School board members in Wisconsin
Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
Socialist Party of America politicians from Wisconsin
1936 United States vice-presidential candidates
Writers from Wisconsin
Socialist Party of America vice presidential nominees
Leaders of the American Society of Equity

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George A
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<mask> (born February 28, 1948) is an American writer of children's and young adult fiction, as well as a prominent linguist. She has worked in syntax, phonetics, phonology, morphology, historical and comparative linguistics, Romance studies, the structure of Japanese, structure of American Sign Language, poetics, writing for ESL students, and mathematical and linguistic analysis of folk dance. She has taught linguistics at Smith College, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Georgetown University, the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, the University of Pennsylvania, and is currently a professor of linguistics and social justice at Swarthmore College. Her children's books have been translated into many languages, including different sign languages. Many of her children's books are retellings of fairy tales, including The Magic Circle, Crazy Jack, Spinners, Zel, Breath, Bound, Beast, and The Wager for older children, and The Prince of the Pond, Ugly, and Mogo the Third Warthog for younger children. Other children's stories are historical fiction based in Italy, including Daughter of Venice, For the Love of Venice, and The Smile. <mask> has won numerous awards for her work, including the Golden Kite Award given by the Society of Children’s Book Writers and Illustrators (for Stones in Water, and honor book Breath), the Sydney Taylor Award given by the Association of Jewish Libraries (for Stones in Water, and, honor book, The King of Mulberry Street and the Parents' Choice Gold Award (for Alligator Bayou and Silver awards for North and The King of Mulberry Street).Her publications in linguistics include Syntactic argumentation (with Emily Rando). (Washington, DC: Georgetown Univ. Press, 1979), Syntax: Theory and Problems (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1993),  Linguistics: An introduction  (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1996), Humour in sign languages: The linguistic underpinnings (with Rachel Sutton-Spence) (Dublin: Trinity Press, 2009), and L'animale parlante ("The speaking animal") (2004), written with Marina Nespor, along with dozens of articles in the scholarly journals. She is a former member of the editorial board of the journal Language (the flagship journal of the Linguistic Society of America). Early life
<mask> <mask> was born the youngest of four children in Miami, February 28, 1948, to an Italian-American family.After correcting an eyesight problem left undiagnosed until the age of 10, <mask> became an avid reader. From then on she found solace in the escape provided by books, using reading as comfort during family troubles and instability stemming from her father's gambling problem. She was accepted to Harvard University for undergraduate education and received both her B.S. (Mathematics, 1970) and M.A./Ph.D. (Romance Languages, 1973). A postdoctoral fellowship in linguistics at M.I.T. in 1974 led to her resulting career in the field.She is married and has five children. <mask> has dual citizenship in the U.S. and Italy. Early linguistics career
<mask> began her linguistics career in generative syntax, with a focus on Italian and other Romance languages. Her dissertation in 1973 was titled The Two Si's of Italian: An Analysis of Reflexive, Inchoative, and Indefinite Subject Sentences in Modern Standard Italian. Her subsequent work spanned many topics within generatic syntax on Romance languages and English, including its interfaces with intonation, morphology, and other areas. Early writing career
Although <mask> always had a love of writing, she decided not to pursue it as a career in early life. Her professional writing career began with the publication of her first book, The Hero of Barletta, in 1988.<mask>'s novels tackle real-world problems children of any age may face, including family hardships, anxiety, phobias, and illness. As explained in a 2012 TED Talk, <mask> finds it important that children read stories about real-life problems they may face, to help comfort those who are experiencing similar difficulties. Work with Deaf communities
In the earlys 2000s, <mask> <mask> began a program of research on sign languages and developed connections within the Deaf community. <mask> has contributed to linguistic research on sign languages, including the publication of the book Primary movement in sign languages in 2011. Combining her interest in language and literature, <mask> has collaborated with others to create bimodal bilingual ebooks for hearing parents to read to their deaf children. These are ebooks and videos that are both conveyed in oral language, and conveyed in sign language in a video. Languages represented in this project include American Sign Language, Brazilian Sign Language, Fijian Sign Language, Korean Sign Language, Irish Sign Language, Nepali Sign Language, Swedish Sign Language, and others.The books are translated into the oral language relevant for each signed language.

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Donna Jo Napoli
Napoli
Donna Jo
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Donna Jo
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<mask>-Tal (; born 1946) is an Israeli academic, author and Branco Weiss Professor of Research in Child Development and Education at School of Education, Tel Aviv University. Biography
Bar-Tal was born in Stalinabad, Tajikistan, USSR in 1946, but lived his childhood in Szczecin, Poland until his immigration to Israel in 1957. In Israel he completed his undergraduate studies at Tel Aviv University. Bar-Tal has pursued his graduate training in social psychology at the University of Pittsburgh, where he completed his doctoral dissertation in 1974. He stayed at Pittsburgh Learning Research and Development Center for postdoctoral studies during 1975. In 1975, Bar-Tal returned to Tel Aviv University. His teaching career has been at Tel Aviv.He served as a Director of the Walter Lebach Research Institute for Jewish-Arab Coexistence through Education from 2002 through 2005. He was a Co-editor in Chief of the Palestine Israel Journal from 2001 through 2005. He also served as the President of the International Society of Political Psychology from 1999 through 2000. Awards
 In 1991, his paper "The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict; A Cognitive Analysis" won the Otto Klineberg Intercultural and International Relations Prize of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI). In 2002, his paper, titled, Why does Fear Override Hope, won the second place in the same competition. In 2006, Stereotypes and Prejudice in Conflict, received the Alexander George Award of the International Society of Political Psychology for the best book in Political Psychology. In 2006 he also received Peace Scholar Award of the Peace and Justice Studies Association.In 2009, his paper “Reconciliation as a foundation of culture of peace” won again the Otto Klineberg Intercultural and International Relations Prize of SPSSI. In 2011 he received the Lasswell Award of the International Society of Political Psychology for distinguished scientific contribution in the field of political psychology. In 2012 he received the Nevitt Sanford Award of the International Society of Political Psychology for engaging in the practical application of political psychological principles, and creating knowledge that is accessible and used by practitioners to make a positive difference in the way politics is carried out. In 2013 he received an honorary membership of the Polish Society of Social Psychology. In 2014 he received the Morton Deutsch Conflict Resolution Award of the Society for the Study of Peace, Conflict, and Violence, Division 48 of American Psychological Association. The prize is given to an individual who has made notable contributions to the integration of theory and practice in the field of conflict resolution. Work
Since the early 1980s his interest has shifted to political psychology.First, he was interested in shared beliefs in groups and societies, in general studying their formation, function and change. Later he directed most of his attention to the study of the socio-psychological foundations of intractable conflicts and peace building, including reconciliation. Socio-psychological infrastructure in times of intractable conflict
In the latter area, he studied how socio-psychological infrastructure evolve in times of intractable conflict. This infrastructure was found to consist of shared societal beliefs of the ethos of the conflict,  collective memory, and emotional collective orientations. Bar-Tal has examined the contents, acquisition, functions, of societal mechanisms, as well as their contribution to the crystallization of social identity and development of the culture of a society in conflict during the conflict. Socio-psychological barriers to peacemaking
Bar-Tal has also studied socio-psychological barriers to peacemaking and ways to overcome them. He also examined the required changes in this socio-psychological repertoire for conflict resolution and reconciliation.Specifically, he proposed a conceptual framework allowing for reconciliation, peace education and eventually peace culture to evolve. In addition, in order to understand maintenance of conflicts Bar-Tal studied acquisition of the conflict repertoire of children and adolescents. Bar-Tal developed with his collaborators theoretical frameworks for concepts like siege mentality, intractable conflict, security, patriotism, delegitimization, ethos of conflict, changing collective memory, collective emotional orientation, socio-psychological infrastructure, culture of conflict, coping psychologically with occupation, acquisition of intergroup psychological repertoire, political socialization of young children in intractable conflict, transitional context, collective identity, process of peace building, reconciliation, ethos of peace, culture of peace, barriers to peace making and ways to overcome them, peace education, struggle of narratives, routinization and self-censorship. Research of conflicts and their resolution
In 1999 Bar-Tal has founded a learning community dedicated to the research of conflicts and their resolution. The community consists of ten to fifteen graduate and post-graduate students, mostly for doctoral degree, who have excelled in their studies. The students, arrive from leading universities in and outside Israel and study for various related degrees, carry their studies regarding conflicts and their resolution. The learning community serves as a framework for learning, reflecting, debating, and developing; carrying conceptual and empirical studies; socialization for academic career and societal involvement; and for social support.Selected publications
Bar-Tal has published twenty books and over two hundreds articles and chapters in major social and political psychological journals, books and encyclopedias. A selection:
 Bar-Tal, D. (1976). Prosocial behavior: Theory and research. New York: Halsted Press. Bar-Tal, D. (1990). Group beliefs: A conception for analyzing group structure, processes and behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag.Bar-Tal, D. (2000). Shared beliefs in a society: Social psychological analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Bar-Tal, D., & Teichman, Y. (2005). Stereotypes and prejudice in conflict: Representations of Arabs in Israeli Jewish society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Bar-Tal, D. (2007). Living with the conflict: Socio-psychological analysis of the Israeli-Jewish society. Jerusalem: Carmel. (in Hebrew)
 Bar-Tal, D., & Saxe, L. (Eds. ), (1978). Social psychology of education: Theory and research.New York: Halsted. Frieze, I., Bar-Tal, D., & Carroll, J.S. (Eds. ), (1979). New approaches to social problems: Applications of attribution theory. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. (Sponsored by SPISSI).Staub, F., Bar-Tal, D., Karylowski, J., & Reykowski, J. (Eds. ), (1984). Development and maintenance of prosocial behavior. New York: Plenum. Stroebe, W., Kruglanski, A., Bar-Tal, D., & Hewstone, M. (Eds), (1988). The social psychology of intergroup conflict.New York: Springer-Verlag. Bar-Tal, D., & Kruglanski, A. (Eds.) (1988). The social psychology of knowledge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bar-Tal, D., Graumann, C., Kruglanski, A.W., & Stroebe, W.(Eds. ), (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Changing conceptions. New York: Springer-Verlag. Bar-Tal, D., & Staub, E. (Eds.) (1997).Patriotism in the life of individuals and nations. Chicago: Nelson-Hall. Bar-Tal, D., Jacobson, D., & Klieman, A. (Eds.) (1998). Security concerns: Insights from the Israeli experience. Stamford, CT:  JAI.Raviv, A., Oppenheimer, L., & Bar-Tal, D. (Eds.) (1999). How children understand war and peace:  A call for international peace education. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. Ben-Amos, A., & Bar-Tal, D. (Eds.)(2004).Patriotism: Homeland love Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuhad (in Hebrew). Bar-Tal, D. (Ed. ), (2011) Intergroup conflicts and their resolution: Social psychological perspective. New York: Psychology Press
 Bar-Tal D., & Schnell I. (Eds.) (2012).The Impacts of Lasting Occupation: Lessons from Israeli Society (Series in Political Psychology). Oxford University Press, USA
 Bar-Tal, D. (2013). Intractable Conflicts: Socio-Psychological Foundations and Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. References

1946 births
Living people
Israeli psychologists
Social psychologists
Tel Aviv University faculty
University of Palermo faculty
People from Dushanbe


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<mask> (born October 2, 1941) is an American poet, writer, and political activist from Flint, Michigan. <mask>'s defining style is jazz poetry, and he has released most of his works in audio formats. Most of his pieces include musical accompaniment, usually by a varying group of collaborators dubbed Blues Scholars. As an emerging young poet in the mid-1960s, <mask> took on the role of manager for the Detroit rock band MC5. The band's politically charged music and its Yippie core audience dovetailed with <mask>'s own radical development. In 1968, while still working with the band, he conspicuously served as a founding member of the White Panther Party, a militantly anti-racist socialist group and counterpart of the Black Panthers. Arrested for possession of marijuana in 1969, <mask> was given ten years in prison.The sentence was criticized by many as unduly harsh, and it galvanized a noisy protest movement led by prominent figures of the 1960s counterculture. <mask> was freed in December 1971, but he remained in litigation – his case against the government for illegal domestic surveillance was successfully pleaded to the US Supreme Court in United States v. U.S. District Court (1972). <mask> eventually left the US and took up residency in Amsterdam. He continues to write and record and, since 2005, has hosted a regular radio program, The <mask> Radio Show, as well as produced a line-up of other shows on his own radio station, Radio Free Amsterdam. <mask> was among the first people to purchase recreational marijuana when it became legal in Michigan on December 1, 2019. Early life and education
<mask> was a member of the Class of 1960 at Albion College in Albion, Michigan, but he dropped out after his first year. <mask> subsequently attended the Flint College of the University of Michigan, now the University of Michigan-Flint.During his time at UM-Flint he served on the university's Publications Board, school newspaper The Word, and was the president of the Cinema Guild. He graduated in 1964. 1960s activism
Born in Flint, Michigan, <mask> was involved in the reorganization of the Detroit underground newspaper, Fifth Estate, during the paper's growth in the late 1960s. Fifth Estate continues to publish to this day, making it one of the longest continuously published alternative periodicals in the United States. <mask> also contributed to the formation of Detroit Artists Workshop Press, which published five issues of Work Magazine. <mask> worked as a jazz writer for Down Beat from 1964 to 1965, being an outspoken advocate for the newly emerging Free Jazz Avant Garde movement. <mask> was one of the "New Poets" who read at the seminal Berkeley Poetry Conference in July 1965.In April 1967 he founded the Ann Arbor Sun, a biweekly underground newspaper, with his wife Leni <mask> and artist Gary Grimshaw. Involvement with the MC5

<mask> managed the proto-punk-band MC5 from 1966 through 1969. Under his guidance the band embraced the counter-culture revolutionary politics of the White Panther Party, founded in answer to the Black Panthers' call for white people to support their movement. During this period, <mask> booked "The Five" as the regular house band at Detroit's famed Grande Ballroom in what came to be known as the "Kick out the Jams" shows. He was managing the MC5 at the time of their free concert outside the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. The band was the only group to perform before police broke up the massive anti-Vietnam war rally because it was turning into a riot. Eventually, the MC5 came to find <mask>'s politics too heavy-handed.He and the band separated in 1969 In 2006, <mask> joined MC5 bassist Michael Davis to launch the Music Is Revolution Foundation, serving as a general board member. Imprisonment and public support
After a series of convictions for possession of marijuana, <mask> was sentenced to ten years in prison in 1969 after offering two joints to an undercover female narcotics officer. The severity of his sentence sparked high-profile protests, including an infamous incident at the 1969 Woodstock Festival wherein Yippie activist Abbie Hoffman jumped on the stage and seized a microphone during a performance by The Who. Hoffman managed to shout only a few  words about <mask>'s plight before he was forcibly ejected from the stage by guitarist Pete Townshend. With a more successful protest, <mask> performed his new song "John Sinclair" on television and recorded it for his next album, Some Time in New York City (1972), though by that time <mask> had been released. With "directness and simplicity", said one critic, the lyrics lament <mask>'s intended harsh punishment: "They gave him ten for two – what else can the bastards do?" Various public and private protests culminated in the "John Sinclair Freedom Rally" at Ann Arbor's Crisler Arena in December 1971.The event brought together celebrities including Lennon and Yoko Ono; musicians David Peel, Stevie Wonder, Phil Ochs and Bob Seger, Archie Shepp and Roswell Rudd; poets Allen Ginsberg and Ed Sanders; and countercultural speakers including Abbie Hoffman, Rennie Davis, David Dellinger, Jerry Rubin, and Bobby Seale. Three days after the rally, <mask> was released from prison when the Michigan Supreme Court ruled that the state's marijuana statutes were unconstitutional. These events inspired the creation of Ann Arbor's annual pro-legalization Hash Bash rally. In 1972, Leonard Weinglass took on the defense of <mask> in Detroit, Michigan after he was charged with conspiracy to destroy government property along with Larry 'Pun' Plamondon and <mask>. The case became United States v. U.S. District Court, 407 U.S. 297 (1972), on appeal to the United States Supreme Court. The Court rendered a landmark decision prohibiting the US government's use of domestic electronic surveillance without a warrant, freeing <mask> and his co-defendants. Writing, performances, and poetry
<mask> has been writing a newspaper column on cannabis, "Free the Weed," since the mid-1980s.The primary focus of <mask>'s column has been the social history of cannabis use in the US; however, he often touches upon the global campaign for its legalisation. Since the mid-1990s <mask> has performed and recorded his spoken word pieces with his band The Blues Scholars, which has included such musicians as Wayne Kramer, Brock Avery, Charles Moore, Doug Lunn, and Paul Ill, among many others. He also performed as a distinctive disc jockey for New Orleans' WWOZ Radio, the public jazz and heritage station. On March 22, 2006, <mask> joined The Black Crowes on stage at the Paradiso in Amsterdam, and read his poem "Monk in Orbit" during the instrumental break in the song "Nonfiction". Two days later, he went back onstage at the Black Crowes show in the Paradiso, reading his poem "Fat Boy" during the long instrumental jam following the Black Crowes' song, "How Much for Your Wings?". On January 20, 2009, to mark Barack Obama's inauguration as the 44th President of the United States, <mask> performed a series of his poems accompanied by a live band, featuring Elliott Levin, Tony Bianco and Jair-Rohm Parker Wells at Cafe OTO in Dalston, East London. In 2011, <mask> recorded spoken-word for the intro to the song “Best Lasts Forever” by Scottish band The View (band), produced by Youth (musician).The John Sinclair Foundation

Created in 2004, The John Sinclair Foundation is a non-profit organization based out of Amsterdam, Netherlands. Its mission is to ensure the preservation and proper presentation of the creative works via in poetry, music, performance, journalism, editing and publishing, broadcast and record production of <mask>. To date, the foundation has produced books, zines, records, and documentaries highlighting <mask>'s contribution to the historic cannabis legalization effort, rock music in Detroit, and psychedelic communitarianism. Discography
<mask> has recorded several of his poems and essays.

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<mask> (born January 9, 1954) is an American environmentalist, lawyer and politician. From 2006 to 2012 he served as a member of the Maine House of Representatives, representing House District 118, part of Portland, Maine. From 2013 through 2016, <mask> held an at-large seat on the Portland, Maine City Council. Early life, education, and law career
<mask> was born in Sacramento, California, and spent most of his childhood in the Liberty Corner section of Bernards Township, New Jersey and also lived in Bernardsville, New Jersey. He was an honor student, an Eagle Scout and a varsity athlete. After graduating from Bernards High School in 1972, he worked his way through the University of Pennsylvania as a taxicab driver, projectionist and theater usher. He graduated with a dual major in English and History.While an undergraduate, he co-founded a jazz club called the New Foxhole Café in West Philadelphia. In 1976, Hinck spent six months teaching English language at the Iran-America Society in Isfahan, Iran. He traveled in the Middle East from Turkey through Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India. In 1977, <mask> moved to Seattle, Washington, where he worked in the local movie business, managing a landmark movie theater and buying and booking films. He subsequently became involved with the Greenpeace movement, co-founded the national organization known as Greenpeace USA, and served as National Campaign Director. In 1990, <mask> earned a law degree from the UC Berkeley School of Law. <mask> was associate editor of the California Law Review where he also published The Republic of Palau and the United States: Self-Determination Becomes the Price of Free Association.In 1991, Hinck married Juliet Browne, whom he had met in law school. Browne is a partner at Verrill Dana law firm, where she is chair of the firm's Environmental Law Group. She is also a trustee of Unity College in Unity, Maine. After law school, Hinck initially practiced law with Morrison & Foerster, then California's largest law firm. At MoFo, Hinck represented defendants in securities fraud class actions such as In re VeriFone Sec. Lit., Civ. No.C-90-2705-VRW (N.D. Cal.) He then practiced with Lieff Cabraser, a class-action law firm. Hinck worked on consumer and environmental class actions and served as plaintiffs' class counsel in the massive maritime environmental tort case In re Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. In 1993, both <mask> and his wife Juliet Browne took positions as Assistant Attorneys General in Palau, a United Nations trusteeship in the Western Pacific. Hinck successfully litigated a series of cases that in 1994 enabled the Republic of Palau to become a sovereign nation. Hinck also successfully prosecuted criminal cases including one where he gained the conviction of legislators for trafficking in dangerous narcotics.In 1995 he was designated Acting Attorney General for the new nation. In 1998, working with Lewis Saul & Associates, which has offices in Washington DC and Portland, Maine, Hinck filed the first statewide case in the country against oil companies over groundwater contamination in Maine caused by the gasoline additive MTBE. Subsequently, Hinck helped to organize cases nationwide for recovery from MTBE pollution. Environmental activism

Greenpeace USA
In November 1978, <mask> took a job in Seattle working for a monthly newspaper published by the environmental organization Greenpeace, then based in Vancouver, B.C. The next year, <mask> was hired as the Media and Campaign Director for  Greenpeace Seattle. In late 1979, he represented that office at a meeting of the U.S.-based branches of Greenpeace and joined in the creation of the new national affiliate, Greenpeace USA. In the years that followed, <mask> was instrumental in building Greenpeace USA into one of the nation's largest and most influential environmental groups.He led Greenpeace campaigns on a range of issues related to preserving clean air and water, protecting the marine environment, and encouraging development of clean energy. From 1979 to 1981 <mask> played a leading role in efforts by Greenpeace Seattle and Greenpeace Vancouver to prevent oil pollution on the Northwest Coast. The Greenpeace campaign achieved a ban on oil supertankers in Puget Sound and an end to plans to construct the Northern Tier Pipeline. <mask> led Greenpeace in some of its earliest work on controlling toxic pollution. In 1982, Hinck and Greenpeace exposed the dangerous practices of the Western Processing Company, a waste-handling firm. The company, located in Kent, Washington, had surreptitiously buried thousands of barrels of dangerous toxic compounds on company grounds. Greenpeace pressure eventually led to federal EPA enforcement proceedings.The site was placed on the federal Superfund list and was eventually completely cleaned up with money from WPC and its clients, including Boeing. In 1983 <mask> assumed Greenpeace USA's key leadership position of Campaign Director. In that capacity, <mask> worked with Greenpeace Canada to confront a Russian whaling operation on the Siberian coast in the North Pacific. On July 18, 1983, Greenpeace's flagship Rainbow Warrior sailed into Soviet waters off Siberia just as the annual meeting of the International Whaling Commission was underway in Cambridge, England. The Greenpeace ship landed at a remote whaling station, where seven Greenpeace activists went ashore and were arrested. The Rainbow Warrior started out to sea in order to deliver to the outside world documentation of the whaling operation and the arrest of Greenpeace workers. Pursued by a warship, a merchant vessel and a helicopter, the Rainbow Warrior escaped across the Bering Strait to US waters near Nome, Alaska.The Greenpeace activists were held captive for five days while <mask> negotiated their release with Soviet authorities. The transfer was made at sea on the International Date Line from a Soviet warship to the Rainbow Warrior before a worldwide media audience. Hinck collaborated on the worldwide effort to prevent dumping nuclear waste at sea. The work of <mask>'s team at Greenpeace USA, along with that of collaborators, resulted in the U.S. government's dropping plans to recommence nuclear waste disposal at sea. Greenpeace subsequently achieved a total ban on nuclear dumping through the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, an international treaty now commonly referred to as the London Convention. <mask> also initiated efforts to curtail the incineration of highly toxic waste at sea. The efforts of <mask> and Greenpeace colleagues in North America and Europe resulted in a ban passed in the London Convention that effectively ended the practice.During this period, Hinck testified before Congressional committees and consulted on marine pollution issues with the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment and the National Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere. In 1985, Hinck led Greenpeace campaigns for the control of pollution and protection of clean water throughout North America. Hinck contributed to environmentalist successes against notorious toxic polluters, including the ASARCO Tacoma smelter in Washington state. For example, Chemical Waste Management (now WMX Technologies), later admitted that charges made against it for mishandling waste and other practices had "proved well-founded" and had resulted in important improvements. Hinck initiated efforts related to toxic waste and toxic product exports from the Western industrialized countries to lesser developed countries. This campaign culminated in the adoption of a treaty known as the Basel Convention, which regulates transboundary shipping of hazardous waste; 160 nations are now signatories to this treaty. In 1986 and 1987, Hinck and Greenpeace colleague Kelly Rigg initiated the first Greenpeace campaign to tackle environmental harm arising from the lending practices of the World Bank and other multilateral development banks.In 1996, after attending law school and practicing law in California, Palau and Maine, <mask> returned to Greenpeace. He was hired by Greenpeace International Executive Director Thilo Bode to serve as International Campaign Director. In that capacity, working out of the Amsterdam headquarters, <mask> served as delegate to the 1997 convention in Kyoto, Japan, which generated the Kyoto Protocol. Natural Resources Council of Maine
From 2003 to 2006, Hinck worked as Staff Attorney for the Natural Resources Council of Maine, Maine's leading environmental advocacy group. Hinck worked on developing clean renewable energy and alternatives to toxic pollution. In 2004, <mask> and NRCM achieved a substantial victory with the signing into law of Maine's landmark electronic waste law, which for the first time required manufacturers to take responsibility for environmentally sound recycling of computers and TVs. While at NRCM, Hinck helped to make Maine a leader in reducing mercury pollution.Maine House of Representatives

Elections
<mask> ran for the Maine House of Representatives in 2006 in Maine's 118th House District, based in the city of Portland. He defeated incumbent State Representative John Eder, a Green Independent, 52%-48%. In 2008, he won re-election to a second term against Joshua Miller, also a Green Independent, 74%-26%. In 2010, he won re-election to a second term against Green Independent Carney Brewer and Republican Mark Carpentier 72%-14%-14%. which covers part of Portland. Tenure
In 2006 <mask> authored L.D. 837, An Act to Prevent Infant Exposure to Harmful Hormone-disrupting Substances, which would have set new guidelines for chemicals in children's products, including a ban on Bisphenol A, popularly known as BPA.The bill was defeated, but some of its provisions were subsequently adopted through rulemaking. During <mask>'s two sessions as co-chair of Maine Legislature's Committee on Energy, Utilities and Technology, the Committee worked on and unanimously passed out legislation on such subjects as: 1) rural broadband infrastructure, known in Maine as the "three ring binder"; 2) the smart grid; 3) ocean energy development; 4) energy corridors; and 5) Property Assessed Clean Energy ("PACE") legislation to provide innovative financing for efficiency, weatherization and residential use of renewable power. These bills were passed by the full legislature and signed into law by Governor Baldacci. In 2010, <mask> successfully sponsored LD 1535, An Act To Create a Smart Grid Policy in the State, which was signed into law in 2010. The law promotes development of an electrical transmission system to manage and reduce energy use. <mask> introduced a bill to encourage best practices and greater responsibility in the dispensing and prescribing of addictive painkillers like OxyContin;  that bill has now been enacted as Resolve, To Reduce Opioid Overprescription, Overuse and Abuse. Committee assignments
<mask> served as House Chair of the legislature's Committee on Energy, Utilities and Technology and was later ranking member.He served on the Joint Select Committee on Maine's Energy Future and the Commission to Study Maine's Energy Infrastructure. He served for several years as vice-chair of the Energy and Environment Committee of the Council of State Governments Eastern Regional Council, an organization of legislators from Eastern states and Canadian provinces. <mask> was also a member of the National Caucus of Environmental Legislators and the National Coalition of Legislators for Energy Action Now, pushing the United States Congress for progressive energy and climate policies. Controversy
<mask>'s wife, Juliet Browne, served on Governor John Baldacci's wind power task force and was a leading pro-wind power attorney in the state. Some anti-wind power activists alleged that <mask>, as co-chair of the Utilities and Energy Committee, had a conflict of interest regarding projects from which his wife's clients would benefit. He requested a ruling from the state Ethics Commission, which ruled that he would not violate the Legislature's ethics code. 2012 campaign for U.S. Senate

On November 12, 2011, Rep. <mask> announced his candidacy for the United States Senate seat then held by Olympia Snowe.Hinck collected over 2,000 signatures and appeared on the ballot for the Democratic Primary. <mask> lost the primary to State Senator Cynthia Dill, finishing in third place of the four contestants. Portland City Council
In November 2013, <mask> won a seat on the Portland, Maine City Council and was sworn in on December 2. <mask> defeated Portland attorney Wells Lyons, receiving 7,101 votes, 58 percent of those cast, while Lyons received 5,171 votes, or 42 percent. For one year, <mask> chaired the Portland City Council's Energy & Sustainability Committee. Under his leadership in 2016, Portland: 1) committed to the construction of Maine's largest municipal solar power installation; 2) joined the fewer than two dozen municipalities in the United States that require energy building benchmarking of large commercial and residential buildings; and 3) committed to replace all of Portland's old street lights and changing them out for new energy-efficient LED units. In 2015, working with then Mayor Michael Brennan, <mask> was instrumental in assuring passage of a measure that for the first time set a minimum wage in the City of Portland higher than the statewide minimum.The new minimum wage of $10.10 an hour went into effect on January 1, 2016, and rose to $10.68 per hour on January 1, 2017, though the sub-minimum wage for service employees who receive tips was not increased, a carve-out that Hinck vocally supported. With the increase, Portland went from having the sixth lowest minimum wage in country as a function of the area cost of living to the nation's twelfth highest minimum wage. (In 2016, Maine voters passed a ballot initiative raising the minimum wage statewide to $12 by 2020; the statewide minimum wage became higher than Portland minimum wage as of January 1, 2019, making the city ordinance effectively moot.) In 2014, Hinck also played a lead role when Portland adopted an ordinance requiring a 5 cent fee on all disposable plastic and paper bags provided at supermarkets, grocery stores and other retail shops. <mask> was defeated on re-election by Pious Ali. The two candidates agreed on many issues, but Ali advocated for a bond to renovate the city's four most run-down elementary schools while Hinck supported an alternative plan that entailed a request for partial state funding. Ali won with 63 percent of the vote, while Hinck received 20 percent and a third challenger, libertarian Matthew Coffey, received 17 percent.References

External links

1954 births
Living people
Bernards High School alumni
Lawyers from Sacramento, California
Lawyers from Portland, Maine
Maine Democrats
Members of the Maine House of Representatives
People from Bernards Township, New Jersey
People from Bernardsville, New Jersey
Portland, Maine City Council members
UC Berkeley School of Law alumni
University of Pennsylvania alumni

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