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<mask> (born 21 August 1977 in Ballyvourney, County Cork) is an Irish sportsperson. He plays Gaelic football with his local club Naomh Abán and was a member of the Cork senior inter-county team from 1999 to 2011. Playing career

Club
<mask> plays his club football with his local club called Naomh Abán in Ballyvourney. <mask> first came to prominence as a member of the club's underage teams. After the minor grade, he quickly joined the under-21 team. In 1995 Naomh Abán won their divisional championship and subsequently reached the final of the county under-21 championship. The opponents on that occasion were Mallow and a close game developed.At the full-time whistle the victory went to Mallow, as their ability to score goals clinched a 2–9 to 0–12 win. <mask> subsequently joined the Naomh Abán intermediate football team. In 1999 the club reached the final of the county intermediate championship, with Castletownbere providing the opposition. A close game developed between these two sides, however, at the full-time whistle the sides could not be separated and a draw was the result. The subsequent replay was also a close affair; however, it proved to be more conclusive. In the end victory went to Naomh Abán by 1–9 to 1–6 and <mask> collected a county intermediate championship winners' medal. Inter-county
<mask> first came to prominence on the inter-county scene as a member of the Cork senior football team in the late 1990s.He made his debut in the 1998–99 National Football League, a season which saw Cork reach the final of the competition. Dublin provided the opposition at Cork's home venue, Páirc Uí Chaoimh. A close game developed, however, Cork were never really troubled. A 0–12 to 1–7 score line resulted in victory for 'the Rebels', and gave <mask> a National League winners' medal in his debut season. Later that year he made his championship debut in the provincial series as Cork cruised to a Munster final showdown with arch-rivals Kerry. The men from 'the Kingdom' were on the hunt for a fourth successive provincial title, while Cork were out for success for the first time since 1995. Cork's victory on a score line of 2–10 to 2–4 was unexpected as <mask> claimed his very first Munster winners' medal.A subsequent defeat of Mayo saw Cork book their place in the All-Ireland final against Meath. The pressure was on the Cork footballers to secure a rare double, particularly since their hurling counterparts had won the All-Ireland title a fortnight previously. Ollie Murphy's first-half goal gave 'the Royals' a huge boost at half-time. Immediately after the interval Trevor Giles missed a penalty while Joe Kavanagh responded with a goal which gave Cork a brief lead. It was not enough as <mask>'s side eventually lost the game by 1–11 to 1–8. In spite of this defeat <mask> was later rewarded with an All-Star award. After the highs of 1999, the following year proved disappointing as Cork exited the championship at a very early stage.In 2001 Cork were back and <mask> lined out in his second provincial decider. Reigning All-Ireland champions Kerry were the opponents. The game was a reasonably close affair; however, 'the Kingdom' never looked like losing. At the full-time whistle Cork were defeated by 0–19 to 1–13. 2001 was the first year of the qualifier system so, in spite of being defeated, Cork had another chance to battle for the All-Ireland title. <mask>'s side, however, were subsequently dumped out of the championship by eventual champions Galway. 2002 proved to be a more successful year for <mask>.After defeating Kerry in the provincial semi-final, Cork qualified for a Munster final showdown with Tipperary. While many people expected Cork to win the game easily, Tipp nearly sneaked a win, however, the provincial decider ended in a draw. The replay was an absolute rout. Cork won by a huge score line of 1–23 to 0–7, giving <mask> a second Munster winners' medal. Cork's next game was the All-Ireland semi-final where they met Kerry for the third time in the championship that year. Furthermore, it was the first-ever meeting of these two great rivals in Croke Park. While expectations were high the game turned into a rout as everything went Kerry's way.Talismanic forward Colin Corkery was red-carded as 'the Rebels' were humiliated by 3–19 to 2–7. 2002 ended with the Cork hurling team going on strike. In turn, the football team joined in a sympathy strike. The players, who had been seeking better conditions, refused to play or train with the county again until the dispute with the county board was resolved. After a protracted standoff, the players' grievances were eventually settled. 2003 was a difficult year as Cork surrendered their provincial crown at an early stage before later crashing out of the championship in the All-Ireland qualifiers. In 2004 <mask>'s side fared no better.After losing to Kerry in the Munster semi-final Cork were forced to manoeuvre through the All-Ireland qualifiers once again. An unconvincing victory over Clare was followed by a humiliating 0–18 to 0–12 defeat by Fermanagh and an end to Cork's championship ambitions. By 2005 the Cork footballers had regrouped and reached the Munster final for the first time in three years. Once again Kerry, the reigning All-Ireland champions, provided the opposition. The game was a close affair, however, <mask>'s side were narrowly defeated by just 1–11 to 0–11. This did not mean the end of Cork's All-Ireland campaign. After winning their next two games 'the Rebels' qualified for an All-Ireland semi-final meeting with Kerry.In an embarrassing game of football for Cork, <mask>'s side were trounced by thirteen points on a score line of 1–19 to 0–9. In 2006 <mask>'s team reached the Munster final with Kerry lining out against them. That game ended in a 0–10 points apiece draw. The replay saw a much fresher Cork team surprisingly defeat Kerry by 1–12 to 0–9. James Masters proved the hero of the day, as he scored 1–7 of Cork's total. <mask> had secured a third Munster winners' medal. The quirks of the championship saw Cork face Kerry again in the subsequent All-Ireland semi-final for the third time in five seasons.In a similar pattern to previous encounters Cork failed to beat Kerry at Croke Park. A 0–16 to 0–10 resulted in Cork being knocked out of the championship. In 2007 Cork were out to atone for their defeats by Kerry the previous year. Both sides met in the provincial decider for the third year in succession. Cork gave a good account of themselves, however, Kerry could not be beaten and <mask>'s side went down on a 1–15 to 1–13 score line. Cork later did well in the All-Ireland series and finally qualified for the All-Ireland final after an eight-year absence. In a cruel twist of fate Kerry were the opponents and, in an even crueller twist, a late injury ruled <mask> out of a place on the starting fifteen.While the first half was played on an even keel, 'the Kingdom' ran riot in the second half and a rout ensued. Goalkeeper Alan Quirke came in for much criticism after conceding some easy goals. <mask> was sprung from the bench as a substitute, however, at the full-time whistle Cork were trounced by 3–13 to 1–9. In 2008 Cork gained a modicum of revenge on Kerry when the sides met again in that year's Munster final. Kerry were cruising by eight points at the interval, however, Cork stormed back in the second-half. Kerry could only muster three points as Cork secured a remarkable 1–16 to 1–11 victory. It was <mask>'s fourth Munster winners' medal.Both sides met again in the All-Ireland semi-final, however, after a thrilling draw and a replay Kerry were the team that advanced to the championship decider. AT the start of 2009 Cork were earmarked as potential All-Ireland contenders. The team laid down their credentials at an early stage with a defeat of Monaghan to take the National League Division 2 title. After a subsequent defeat of Kerry in a replay of the Munster semi-final, Cork subsequently faced Limerick in the Munster final. <mask> was ruled out of that game through injury. Cork were the red-hot favourites going into the game, however, his loss on the field was felt as Limerick put Cork to the pin of their collars. After a slow start 'the Rebels' settled and eventually secured a narrow 2–6 to 0–11 victory.<mask> also missed Cork's subsequent All-Ireland quarter-final but looks set to return for a semi-final showdown with reigning champions Tyrone. In December 2011 <mask> retired from Inter-county football. Inter-provincial
<mask> has also lined out with Munster in the inter-provincial series of games and has enjoyed some success. He first lined out with his province in 1999 when Munster qualified to play Connacht in the final. The game was a largely dull affair, with the southern province securing a 0–1 to 0–6 victory and a Railway Cup winners' medal for <mask>. It was the first of four consecutive call-ups to the Munster team, however, <mask>'s province

International
<mask> has also been chosen for duty with the Ireland team in the International Rules Series against Australia. He first lined out for his country in the first test in 2002.Australia, however, narrowly won that game by 65 points to 58 points. The second test ended in a 42 points apiece draw. As a result of this Ireland lost by an aggregate score of 7 points. <mask>'s football prowess earned him a place on the Ireland team again in 2003. A close series of games developed once again. Australia won the first test by 10 points; however, Ireland narrowed the margin of victory to just 3 points for the second test a week later. A 101–94 aggregate score line gave Australia a second consecutive International Rules title.After failing to make the squad in 2004, <mask> was included in the Ireland squad that travelled to Australia for the International Rules series the following year. It was a disappointing two-game series as Ireland were trounced in both tests. A 163–106 aggregate score line resulted in a defeat for <mask>'s Ireland side. Honours

Naomh Abán
Cork Intermediate Football Championship:
Winner (1): 1999

Cork
Munster Senior Football Championship:
Winner (5): 1999, 2002, 2006, 2008, 2009 (sub)
Runner-up (3): 2001, 2005, 2007
National Football League (Div 1):
Winner (1): 1998–99
National Football League (Div 2):
Winner (1): 2009

Munster
Railway Cup:
Winner (1): 1999

References

1977 births
Living people
Naomh Abán Gaelic footballers
Cork inter-county Gaelic footballers
Munster inter-provincial Gaelic footballers
Irish international rules football players

masks:
Anthony Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch
Lynch


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<mask> (November 15, 1933 – September 29, 2001) was an American actress. She had acclaimed roles in plays In White America and Having Our Say, winning three Obie Awards during her career. She played the Oracle in The Matrix (1999) and The Matrix Reloaded (2003) films, the latter film being her last. She played the role of the mother of Yusef Bell in the mini series The Atlanta Child Murders which aired in 1985. Early life
<mask> was born on November 15, 1933, in Chicago, Illinois. As a young child she was put into the custody of her maternal grandparents. She never knew who her father was and she moved to Janesville, Wisconsin after her mother was hospitalized for a mental illness.She attended the University of Illinois at Chicago, where she participated in plays, but did not focus on acting. She decided to be a professional actor when her godmother introduced her to the Goodman Theatre in Chicago. She became one of the few African Americans at the Goodman School of Drama at the Art Institute of Chicago (now at DePaul University). During her studying at the Goodman School she also, "learned professional acting skills in the Court Theater at the University of Chicago". One of her most influential instructors was Bella Itkin, who cast <mask> in many classical roles. <mask> began acting  on Broadway in 1963. Her first role was Ruth in the show of A Raisin in the Sun.Her first professional performance was In White America. <mask>, "play[s] a 13-year-old Arkansas girl who tries to enter her Little Rock school". She won an Obie Award or Off-Broadway Theater Award. Instead having to audition for roles, people started to make parts for her to be in. She was known for her work with Joe Papp, and appeared in his productions of Long Day's Journey into Night, Chekhov's Cherry Orchard, Brecht's Mother Courage (adapted by Ntozake Shange), and Shakespeare's Coriolanus. <mask> searched for roles in which she could perform to the best of her ability. She once said, "Young people today, I think, are thinking in terms of stepping stones.…I don't know that I ever thought that way.It sounds ridiculous, but I was always thinking in terms of a more difficult role". Personal life

<mask> married the actor Clarence Williams III in 1967. They appeared on an episode of Williams's television show The Mod Squad that ran from 1968 to 1973; <mask> made two guest appearances. The two acted together in a 1964 film, The Cool World. Williams was the one to announce her death in 2001. While <mask> did not have many close relatives,  she stayed in contact with her Delta Sigma Theta sorority sister, Cicely Tyson. Tyson stated that, although they did not see each other often, their telephone conversations would often last for hours.Highlights
Moving from the New York stage, <mask> started to do roles on the big screen. She was in many theatrical performances and also performed some roles on television. The Cool World (1964) – This was <mask>'s first appearance on a full-length feature film. She played Mrs. Custis. It was on the set of this film that she starred next to her future husband, Clarence Williams III. Nothing But a Man (1964) – <mask> plays a woman named Lee, who lives with the main character's (Duff Anderson) father. She was also active in television, appearing in such programs as I Spy, two episodes of Law & Order and The Cosby Show (1987).Her character in both Law and Order episodes, named Satima Tate, was based on the widow of Malcolm X, Betty Shabazz. The first episode, titled Conspiracy (1992), was based on Malcolm X's assassination. Malcolm X was played by Hal Miller. The second episode, titled Entrapment (1997), focused on her character's children's acts of revenge against the people they believed were really responsible. She returned to theatre again in 1995, acting alongside Mary Alice (who was later to replace her in The Matrix films following her death), appearing as 103-year-old Sadie Delany, in Having Our Say, on Broadway at the Booth Theatre, for which she received rave reviews. The Matrix (1999) and The Matrix Reloaded (2003) – She played the Oracle, however, she died during filming and was thus unable to portray her role in the third film. As a result, Mary Alice replaced her in The Matrix Revolutions and Enter the Matrix.Death

<mask> died on September 29, 2001, at age 67. The cause of her death was diabetes. A memorial was held at Cypress Hills Cemetery in Brooklyn on October 15, 2001. Martin Duberman, the author of In White America, told the audience about her 1963 performance that, "she embodied it. At the end of the scene each night, there were tears streaming down her face, her body was trembling, but her dignity was intact ... <mask> had to be covered with blankets in order to calm her shaking". She is interred in Kensico Cemetery in Valhalla, New York. Filmography

Film
 The Cool World (1964) as Mrs. Custis
 Nothing But a Man (1964) as Lee
 The Comedians (1967) as Mrs. Philipot
 The Angel Levine (1970) as Sally
 Man and Boy (1972) as Ivy Revers
 Leonard Part 6 (1987) as Medusa
 City of Hope (1991) as Jeanette
 The Matrix (1999) as The Oracle
 The Matrix Reloaded (2003) as The Oracle (posthumous release)
 The Matrix Resurrections (2021) as The Oracle (Archive Footage)

Television
 The Bill Cosby Show as Dolores Winters
 I Spy (1968) as Shana
 The Outcasts (1968), "Take Your Lover in The Ring", Episode #5, as Sabina
 Mod Squad (1969) as Jenny
 To All My Friends on Shore (1972) as Serena
 Top Secret (1978) as Judith
 The Files on Jill Hatch (1983) as Mrs. Hatch
 House of Dies Drear (1984) as Sheila Small
 The Atlanta Child Murders (1985) (miniseries) as Camille Bell
 The Cosby Show (1987) as Dr. Barbara Bracy
 Separate but Equal (1991) as Buster
 Law & Order (1992 and 1997) as Mrs. Tate
 Percy & Thunder (1993) as Sugar Brown

References

External links

 <mask> Biography, UMass.<mask> Biography, New York Times. Gloria Is The Glory, New York Times, March 26, 1972. 1933 births
2001 deaths
Burials at Cypress Hills Cemetery
Deaths from diabetes
Actresses from Chicago
Actresses from Wisconsin
Obie Award recipients
University of Illinois alumni
DePaul University alumni
Burials at Kensico Cemetery
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
African-American actresses
American television actresses
American film actresses
American stage actresses
Delta Sigma Theta members
People from Janesville, Wisconsin
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American people

masks:
Gloria Foster
Foster
Gloria
Gloria Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
Foster
Gloria Foster
Gloria Foster
Gloria Foster
Gloria Foster
Foster
Gloria Foster
Gloria Foster


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Abu al-Abbas Ahmad bin Abd al-Rahman bin Muhammad bin Sa'id bin Harith bin Asim al-Lakhmi al-Qurtubi, better known as <mask> (; 1116–1196) was an Arab Muslim polymath from Córdoba in Islamic Spain. <mask> was notable for having challenged the traditional formation of Arabic grammar and of the common understanding of linguistic governance among Arab grammarians, performing an overhaul first suggested by Al-Jahiz 200 years prior. He is considered the first linguist in history to address the subject of dependency in the grammatical sense in which it is understood today, and was instrumental during the Almohad reforms as chief judge of the Almohad Caliphate. Biography

Education
<mask>'s exact date of birth is a matter of dispute, having been listed as both 1116 and 1119 according to the Gregorian calendar. His family was famous within their local community. <mask> was not known to have traveled outside of Cordoba prior to his academic study. He grew up in a family of noble origin, and as a youth he seemed to concern himself only with pursuing his education.In addition to religion, he was also well-versed in geometry and medicine. He moved from Cordoba to Seville where he studied Arabic grammar and syntax from the works of Sibawayh. Later, he left the Iberian Peninsula for Ceuta in North Africa in order to study historiography and prophetic tradition with Muslim academic Qadi Ayyad. <mask> was most affected by his linguistic study, excelling so far as to develop his own independent opinions in regard to disputes among grammarians. Career
<mask> initially served as a judge in Fes in present-day Morocco and later at Béjaïa in present-day Algeria. It was during his initial judgeship that he was a teacher of fellow Andalusian theologian and litterateur, <mask> al-Kalby. Later on, Almohad Caliph Abu Yaqub Yusuf chose him to serve as the chief judge for the caliphate.He served in Fes, Marrakesh and Seville, outliving Abu Yaqub to serve under the caliph's son Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur and remaining as the empire's chief judge for the remainder of his life. During the Almohad reforms, he assisted the Almohad authorities in banning any and all religious books written by non-Zahirites during the reign of Abu Yaqub Yusuf, and oversaw the outright burning of such books under Yusuf's son Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur. <mask>āʾs adherence to Zahirism has been described by Dutch arabist Kees Versteegh as "fanatical." He died in Seville the Islamic calendar month of Jumada al-awwal during the Hijri year of 592, corresponding to 1196 in the Gregorian calendar, just as he was approaching eighty years of age. Views
<mask> rose to fame as one of the first to launch attack on Arabic grammar theory and called for its reformation. Although he was concerned with attacking all major schools of Arabic grammar, he was focused on the grammar of the linguists of Basra, as it was the most popular school around him. His attack on eastern Arabic grammar was violent yet reasoned and eloquent, defending his view that grammar as it was understood in that region was complicated, casuistic, obscure and artificial; <mask> instead called for building simple and clear grammar based on true facts of the language.Among his ideas which were considered revolutionary both during his life and with renewed interest in his work during the 1950s was the abolition of governance and linguistic analogy. <mask> felt that scholarly work on the Arabic language was intentionally convoluted and inaccessible to both non-native speakers and laymen Arabs, and that an overall simplification of language and grammar would enhance overall comprehension of Arabic. <mask> held great respect for the language as the native speakers understood it, and while he emphasized a simplification of grammar he did not advocate a complete overhaul of the entire language. His Zahirite views in Muslim jurisprudence influenced his views in linguistics. He explicitly denied the ability of human beings to willfully choose what they say and how they say it, since speech – like all other things – is predetermined by God. Because Arabic grammarians during <mask>'s time often linked the spoken language to grammatical causes, they earned both his linguistic and theological ire. In his view, the Zahirite denial of legal causality in regard to Islamic law carried over into a denial of linguistic causality in regard to Arabic grammar.<mask>'s reaction toward Arabic grammar and grammarians wasn't without provocation. Both earlier Zahirite jurists such as <mask>m and al-Ballūṭī and some Shafi'ites sparred with Hanafite jurists who sought to justify practices such as Istihsan, anathema to the more orthodox schools, on the basis of grammatical and linguistic arguments. Thus suspicion and antagonism toward grammarians in the east, where the Hanafite rite predominated, had already been started before <mask> began his whole-scale vehemence. Legacy

Influence
<mask>'s mastery of the Arabic language and its subfields was so great that, at the time, he was said to have been isolated from the general body of scholarship in terms of sheer knowledge. His refutation was written toward the end of his life and demonstrated his clarity of thought and independent judgment, causing his student <mask> al-Kalby to brand him as the leader of all grammarians. His critical views of Arabic grammar as it was taught in the eastern Muslim world found an audience with other linguistic and religious scholars of the western half, Abu Hayyan Al Gharnati being one example. Gharnati also criticized so-called "eastern grammarians" and, after his treatise on the non-existence of grammatic causality, cited <mask> as his inspiration.Although <mask>, Abu Hayyan and <mask> shared their Zahirite and Andalusian backgrounds, not all of <mask>'s intellectual descendants shared these traits. Thus, while <mask> opened the discussion regarding the competence of grammarians, suspicion surrounding them and the religious implications of their work continued even after his death. In the mid-20th century, the rediscovery of <mask>'s Refutation by Egyptian linguist Shawqi Daif caused minor shockwaves. Convinced that <mask>'s abolition of linguistic analogy and governance were the solutions to the failure of Arabic language education, Daif used this foundation for his later advocacy of modernizing language arts education in the Middle East. So strong was <mask>'s refutation of grammarians that University of Oxford Laudian Professor of Arabic Geert Jan van Gelder referred to <mask> as the Sextus Empiricus of the Arab world. Works
 ()
 ()
 ()

References

1116 births
1196 deaths
12th-century Arabs
12th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Arab grammarians
Medieval grammarians of Arabic
Medieval Moorish mathematicians
Medieval Arab mathematicians
Zahiris
12th-century jurists

masks:
Ibn Maḍāʾ
Ibn Mada
Ibn Mada
Ibn Mada
Ibn Mada
Ibn Mada
Ibn Dihya
Ibn Maḍ
Ibn Mada
Ibn Mada
Ibn Mada
Ibn Mada
Ibn Mada
Ibn Mada
Ibn Haz
Ibn Mada
Ibn Mada
Ibn Dihya
Ibn Mada
Ibn Dihya
Ibn Mada
Ibn Mada
Ibn Mada
Ibn Mada
Ibn Mada
Ibn Mada
Ibn Mada


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<mask>i (17 July 1954 – 28 July 2015) was a Vanuatuan politician. He was the prime minister of Vanuatu on two occasions, and was previously the minister of Foreign Affairs briefly in 1991, the acting president of Vanuatu from 2 March 1999 to 24 March 1999 (during a time in which he was the speaker of Parliament) and the deputy prime minister. He was the president of the Vanua'aku Pati, a socialist, Anglophone political party. Politics
<mask> was first elected to Parliament in 1983. In 1996, he was elected as speaker of Parliament, and in 1999 he was elected as President of Vanua'aku Pati. In a parliamentary vote on 25 November 1999, <mask> was a candidate for the position of Prime Minister, but was defeated by Barak Sopé, receiving 24 votes against 28 for Sope. When Sopé lost a vote of no confidence, <mask> became Prime Minister on 13 April 2001, receiving 27 votes in parliament, with one vote against him.He retained the position after the May 2002 election. Even though his party performed poorly in the July 2004 election, he was re-elected as a Member of Parliament for the Port Vila Constituency with the highest number of votes. He supported Ham Lini for the post of Prime Minister, but Lini was defeated; however, Serge Vohor was ousted in a motion of no confidence and Ham Lini was elected Prime Minister. Being Vanua'aku Party President entitled <mask> to the post of Speaker of the House, which he declined and referred to Sam Dan Avock, who was a Party Executive Member. <mask> became minister for Infrastructure and Public Utilities in the Lini-led government in July 2005. A split in Vanua'aku Pati was resolved in August 2005, and <mask> was re-elected as its President, receiving 124 votes against 67 for Sela Molisa. In late July 2007 he became Minister of Public Utilities again, replacing Serge Vohor, as well as becoming Deputy Prime Minister.Second term as Prime Minister (2008–2011)
<mask> was elected Prime Minister on 22 September 2008, by the Parliament of Vanuatu after three weeks of negotiations following the country's September 2nd general election. <mask> received 27 of the 52 votes in Parliament to become Prime Minister for a second time and a second non-consecutive term. He narrowly beat his nearest opponent, Maxime Carlot Korman, another former Vanuatu Prime Minister and the leader of the Vanuatu Republican Party, who captured 25 votes in Parliament. <mask> succeeded Ham Lini as Prime Minister and headed a new coalition government encompassing his own Vanua'aku Pati, as well as Lini's National United Party, independents and several smaller political parties, such as Namangi Aute. <mask> pledged to continue the policies and reforms of the outgoing Lini government. He announced that some of his government's primary policies would include transparency, good governance and fighting corruption. Opposition leader Maxime Carlot Korman attempted a vote of no confidence motion just two days after <mask> became Prime Minister.The Opposition, led by Korman, claimed that two MPs had defected from the Natapei coalition and were now supporting Korman. However, the Speaker of the Parliament George Wells rejected Korman's motion against <mask> on a technicality saying that one of the two MPs in question had not withdrawn their support for <mask>'s government. A no-confidence vote was nevertheless held on 3 October 2008, but the motion was defeated, with 20 votes in favor and 31 votes against. Because <mask>'s government won the vote by a substantial margin, it was expected that the political situation would be stabilized as a result. Nevertheless, another motion of no confidence was attempted on 25 November 2008; <mask> survived the vote by a narrow margin of 26 to 24. Three Vanua'aku Pati MPs signed the motion of no confidence, and after they refused to withdraw their signatures, Natapei suspended them from the party immediately prior to the vote. In November 2009 Prime Minister <mask>, facing another vote of no confidence, organized a second major cabinet reshuffle.<mask> removed half of his cabinet members and cut ties with two political parties, the National United Party and the Vanuatu Republican Party, when it was revealed that the parties and their members were planning to launch a no confidence motion against his government. <mask> replaced the sacked cabinet members with sixteen members from the opposition Alliance. Among the highest profile reshuffles, Ham Lini, <mask>'s predecessor and a member of the NUP, was replaced as <mask>'s deputy prime minister by the leader of the Alliance bloc, Sato Kilman. In 2010 Maxime Carlot Korman was replaced as the Speaker of parliament by George Wells only for Kormanti to return later and succeed Wells in the position again . Alliance leader Sato Kilman confirmed that because of the reshuffle the Natapei government now had the support of 33 of the 52 MPs in the House. On 27 November 2009, <mask> became ineligible to continue serving as Prime Minister. His parliamentary seat was declared vacant as he had missed three parliamentary sittings without informing the Speaker of the House.Despite being overseas on legitimate parliamentary business, his staff had failed to file the necessary paperwork with the Speaker to give notice of his absence. Serge Vohor became the acting Prime Minister. On December 5, however, Chief Justice Vincent Lunabek ruled that "the Speaker’s decision to unseat the PM on 27 November 2009 was ‘unconstitutional and of no legal effect’". On December 10, Parliament formally confirmed their confidence in <mask>, who thus remained Prime Minister. As of June 2010 <mask> retained the Prime Ministership, with the support of 34 MPs (against 18 for the Opposition). On December 2, 2010 <mask> was ousted by a vote of no confidence. He was succeeded by Sato Kilman.On June 16, 2011 however, Chief Justice Vincent Lunabek ruled in a case put forward by <mask>, contesting the constitutionality of Kilman's election. Lunabek ruled that Kilman's election to office had indeed been unconstitutional, as "[t]he speaker of Parliament Maxime Carlot Korman [had] appointed Mr Kilman prime minister without following article 41 of the constitution which required he be elected by secret ballot". Kilman's premiership was annulled, and <mask> was restored as interim Prime Minister, instructed to convene Parliament for the election of a new Prime Minister. <mask> immediately indicated that he himself would not be a candidate for the position, and that he would support Serge Vohor's candidacy. During his interim premiership, Natapei cancelled Vanuatu's diplomatic recognition of Abkhazia, issued by Kilman the previous month. On June 26, Parliament elected Sato Kilman to the premiership, with 29 votes to Serge Vohor's 23, thus ending <mask>'s interim duties. First cabinet

<mask> named his government's cabinet line-up on 22 September 2008, the day of his election as Prime Minister.His cabinet included members of his own Vanua'aku Pati (VP) as well as the National United Party (VNUP). <mask>'s predecessor, outgoing Prime Minister Ham Lini, was named as the new Minister for Public Utilities and Works. <mask>'s full cabinet included:
 Bakoa Kaltongga as the Minister of Justice and Social Welfare (VP)
 Sela Molisa as Finance Minister (VP)
 Paul Telukluk as Lands Minister (Namangi Aute) (Telukluk is the lone member of Natapei's cabinet from Namangi Aute.) On 21 March 2013, Kilman resigned, after eight of his MPs (including two government ministers) had crossed the floor to join the Opposition. <mask> backed Moana Carcasses Kalosil (leader of the Green Confederation) as the new Prime Minister, and Carcasses appointed him Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs on 23 March. As Minister for Foreign Affairs, he applied Carcasses' policy in beginning a clean-up of the sale of diplomatic passports by previous governments. Within his first few days in office, he revoked the passports of "about ten" diplomats who are understood to have bought them.In a review praised by Transparency International, he indicated that more than two thirds of the country's diplomats could lose their position, as their appointment had not followed proper procedures. <mask> lost office when the Carcasses government was brought down by a motion of no confidence on 15 May 2014. <mask> died on 28 July 2015 at the age of 61 following a long illness. References

External links

 Government of Vanuatu – official website
 Pacific Magazine: Vanuatu promises new backing for West Papuans
 Prime Minister <mask> addresses the United Nations General Assembly, September 27, 2010

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1954 births
2015 deaths
Presidents of Vanuatu
Prime Ministers of Vanuatu
Speakers of the Parliament of Vanuatu
Foreign Ministers of Vanuatu
Members of the Parliament of Vanuatu
Vanua'aku Pati politicians
Vanuatuan socialists

masks:
Edward Nipake Natapei Tuta Fanuarak
Natapei
Natapei
Natapei
Natapei
Natapei
Natapei
Natapei
Natapei
Natapei
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<mask> (October 14, 1957December 7, 2021) was an American writer, musician, and producer. A long-time critic for The Village Voice, <mask> focused particularly on African-American music and culture, helping to establish hip-hop as a genre worthy of music criticism. Flyboy in the Buttermilk: Essays on Contemporary America (1992) collected 40 of his works for the Voice and he published a sequel, Flyboy 2, in 2016. A musician himself, he was a founding member of the Black Rock Coalition and the leader of Burnt Sugar. Early life and education
<mask> was born on October 14, 1957, in Dayton, Ohio. When he was 13 years old, his family moved to Washington, D.C. His parents Charles and Florence (Grinner) <mask> were civil rights movement activists involved in the Congress of Racial Equality, and played Malcolm X speeches and Nina Simone's music around the house. <mask> credited Amiri Baraka's Black Music and Rolling Stone, which he first read when he was 14, with stimulating his interest in collecting and writing about music.As a teenager, <mask> taught himself how to play guitar. He attended Howard University, where he studied journalism and film. Career

Early career and music
In 1981, following an introduction by family friend Thulani Davis, The Village Voice critic Robert Christgau asked <mask> to contribute to the Voice. The following year <mask> moved to New York City, where he developed friendships with other musicians, including James "Blood" Ulmer and Vernon Reid. In 1985, he co-founded the Black Rock Coalition (BRC) with some of the African-American musicians he knew who had a common interest in playing rock music, writing in a manifesto that the group "opposes those racist and reactionary forces within the American music industry which undermine and purloin our musical legacy and deny Black artists the expressive freedom and economic rewards that our Caucasian counterparts enjoy as a matter of course". In 1999, <mask> established Burnt Sugar, an improvisational ensemble that varies in size between 13 and 35 musicians and blended a range of genres including funk, free jazz, and psychedelic rock. <mask>, who played guitar and conducted the group, described it in 2004 as "a band I wanted to hear but could not find".Writing
Though initially a freelancer, <mask> quickly became the leading critic on Black culture for the Voice and in that position, one of the leading cultural critics in New York City. He became a staff writer for The Village Voice in 1987, a position he held until 2003. He developed a reputation for "slangy erudition", Hua Hsu wrote: "His best paragraphs throbbed like a party and chattered like a salon; they were stylishly jam-packed with names and reference points that shouldn't have got along but did, a trans-everything collision of pop stars, filmmakers, subterranean graffiti artists, Ivory Tower theorists, and <mask>'s personal buddies, who often came across as the wisest of the bunch." <mask>'s 1986 essay "Cult-Nats Meet Freaky Deke" for the Voice Literary Supplement is widely regarded as a milestone in black cultural criticism; in the essay, he juxtaposed the "somewhat stultified stereotype of the black intellectual as one who operates from a narrow-minded, essentialized notion of black culture" (cultural nationalists, or Cult-Nats) with the freaky "many vibrant colors and dynamics of African American life and art", trying to find a middle ground in order to break down "that bastion of white supremacist thinking, the Western art [and literary] world[s]". His work was also published in The New York Times, The Washington Post, Artforum, DownBeat, Essence, JazzTimes, Rolling Stone, and VIBE. At Vibe he became a columnist in 1992, titling his series "Black-Owned". The Source described <mask> as one of "the Godfathers of hip hop journalism".A key contribution was his conceptualisation of hip-hop as existing on a continuum with jazz, claiming for the former the level of cultural respect and inquiry the latter commanded. In 1992, <mask> published Flyboy in the Buttermilk: Essays on Contemporary America, a collection of 40 essays on culture and politics, drawn from his writing for the Village Voice. Writing for Pitchfork, Allison Hussey said, "It became a definitive work for <mask>", treating subjects like Miles Davis, Public Enemy, and Jean Michel Basquiat. Jelani Cobb called the collection "a clinic on literary brilliance" with significant influence on other writers. This impact on subsequent generations of critics was one of <mask>'s major contributions, with Jon Caramanica writing that "he affected every writer I cared about and learned from — we're all <mask>'s children." <mask> often had the admiration of the musicians he wrote about, like David Bowie and Flea of Red Hot Chili Peppers; Flea cried in appreciation when <mask> reviewed their 1999 album Californication. In 2003, <mask> published Everything But the Burden: What White People Are Taking From Black Culture, an edited collection of 18 Black writers addressing the topic of white appropriation of Black art.The same year, he published Midnight Lightning: Jimi Hendrix And The Black Experience, an appraisal of the rock legend as a Black icon. In 2016, <mask> published Flyboy 2. In The New Yorker, Hua Hsu wrote that this follow-up to his first collection brought "into sharper focus" <mask>'s interest in what <mask> described as "the way Black people 'think,' mentally, emotionally, physically", and "how those ways of thinking and being inform our artistic choices." Later career
He was the Louis Armstrong Visiting Professor at Columbia University's Center for Jazz Studies in 2009 and a visiting professor of Africana studies at Brown University in 2012. In 2010, he was awarded a United States Artists fellowship. Personal life
<mask> had a daughter, Chinara <mask>, born circa 1979. In New York, he was a longtime resident of Harlem.<mask> died on December 7, 2021, in New York City, at the age of 64. That night, the Apollo Theater in Harlem displayed his name on the marquee in remembrance, its usual response for cultural icons. Works
  Foreword by Henry Louis Gates Jr.
 Editor

 Co-editor with Liz Munsell. Writing the Future: Basquiat and the hip-hop generation. Boston: Museum of Fine Arts. 2020. .

References

Further reading

 Clayton Perry, "Interview: <mask> – Writer, Musician and Producer", April 8, 2012

External links

Articles by <mask> at The Village Voice

 The Independent Ear, "The Passing of an Ironman", Open Sky Jazz, December 13, 2021. African-American journalists
American music critics
20th-century American journalists
21st-century American journalists
20th-century African-American writers
21st-century African-American writers
21st-century African-American musicians
Journalists from New York City
Journalists from Washington, D.C.
American male journalists
Howard University alumni
1957 births
2021 deaths

masks:
Gregory Stephen Tate
Tate
Gregory Stephen Tate
Tate
Tate
Tate
Tate
Tate
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Tate
Tate
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Greg Tate
Greg Tate


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<mask>  (Portugalete, Biscay, Spain, November 9, 1930 – San Salvador, November 16, 1989) was a Spanish-Salvadoran Jesuit, philosopher, and theologian who worked as a professor and rector at the Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas" (UCA), a Jesuit university in El Salvador founded in 1965. He and several other Jesuits and two others were assassinated by Salvadoran soldiers in the closing years of the Salvadoran Civil War. His work was defining for the shape UCA took in its first years of existence and the years to come. <mask> was also responsible for the development of formation programs for priests in the Jesuit Central American province. Biography
<mask> joined the Jesuits in 1947 and was commissioned to the Central American republic of El Salvador in 1948. He lived and worked there for much of his life until his bloody assassination in 1989. In 1958, Ellacuría studied theology with Vatican II theologian Karl Rahner in Innsbruck, Austria.He also lived in Ecuador and Spain. <mask>'s academic work was an important contribution to "Liberation Philosophy". This school of philosophy stems from the work of Augusto Salazar Bondy and Leopoldo Zea. It focuses on liberating the oppressed in order "to reach the fullness of humanity". <mask> was also a strong supporter and contributor to Liberation Theology. There are different types of Latin American liberation philosophy. <mask>'s thought represents one of the currents within this philosophical tradition.The political implications of <mask>'s commitment to his ideas met strong opposition from the conservative religious and political forces in El Salvador. This opposition led to Ellacuría's murder by the Salvadoran army in 1989 at his residence in UCA along with five other fellow Jesuit priests and two employees. Their murder marked a turning point in the Salvadoran civil war (see History of El Salvador). On the one hand, it increased international pressures on the Salvadoran government to sign peace agreements with the guerrilla organisation FMLN. On the other, it helped make <mask>'s ideas (until then known only in Latin America and Spain) become known worldwide. Philosophy
<mask>'s philosophy takes as a starting point Xavier Zubiri's (1898–1983) critique of Western philosophy. For Zubiri, ever since Parmenides, Western thought separated sensing from intelligence.This error led to two results. The first one was what Zubiri called "the logification of intelligence" and the second one was what he called "the entification of reality". The "logification of intelligence" implied that intellect was reduced to logos. This view led philosophers to believe that what they called "Being" was the cause of reality, and this in turn, explained the confusion of metaphysics with ontology. Logification of intelligence excludes sensual, not so logical, functions of intelligence. Although Zubiri recognized descriptive logos and reason as important components of intelligence, he pointed out that intelligence did not reduce itself to them. For Zubiri intelligence was a unity with the modalities of sensual apprehension, logos and reason.The logification of intelligence led to the perception of reality as "Being" in a zone in space and time (as in Heidegger's Dasein) of identifiable entities with an essence, outside the human brain. This is what Zubiri called the "entification of reality". This perception sees reality as a particular form of "Being". Thereby, for Zubiri, "Being" had been "substantivised" by Western philosophy. For Zubiri, reality is paramount to Being, which is not a noun, but a verb. Being is a particular aspect of reality and not the other way around. Metaphysics studies reality and ontology studies being.Human beings' way of accessing reality is intelligence, not a logified one, but a "sentient intelligence" that is itself a part of reality. The senses, logic, reason, intuition and imagination are one and the same faculty, because each of these things determine one another. This faculty differences human beings from other species and has been achieved through evolution. Having a sentient intelligence implies having a conscience and the possibility to imagine new realities. These formulations are in themselves real by postulation. Realities by postulation can also be realised in other forms, because sentient intelligence has the ability to recognise the processual and structural character of reality. Therefore, human beings are able to influence it, and create and transcend the historical boundaries that have been reached.For Zubiri there is no need for a realist/anti-realist discussion on if there is or not a reality that is external and independent to human beings, or if reality is a bulk of internal illusions to human beings. It is both, but not in the sense critical realism pretends (where human beings are seen as a reality that can be separated from an objective outer reality). For Zubiri, human beings are imbedded in reality and cannot exist without it. They need air, food, water and other beings. The "outer" and objective world must also come inside human beings for them to continue existing. Sentient intelligence should be able to make sense of this existence in a way that allows human beings to realise their capabilities in the world. In this line of thinking, Ellacuría said human reality is unavoidably personal, social and historical.Biology and society are elements of history, which means that they are always in movement. But this should not be confused with historical materialism that says human beings are passive instruments of the forces of history. Human beings certainly inherit constraints constructed in the past but they always have the possibility to transcend them because of their sentient intelligence. Praxis is the name Ellacuría gives to reflected human action aimed at changing reality. Unlike other animals that can only respond mechanically to stimuli from outside, through sentient intelligence and praxis, human beings have to "realise" their existence. Individuals in dialectic interaction with society, have to make out what sort of Ego to have, by using their sentient intelligence, and this implies transcending inherited constraints. This means that progress in reality happens through a combination of physical, biological and "praxical" factors.Through praxis, human beings are able to realise a wider range of possibilities for action. In other words, one praxis can lead to a wider and more complete form of praxis. When this is so, praxis can be said to contribute to increase liberty, if liberty is defined as greater possibilities for action. According to Ellacuría, the existence of people that are marginalized from society implies that history and practice have not delivered a wider range of possibilities for realisation for every human being in the world. This situation has prevented these excluded people to realise their existence as human beings. Therefore, it is a situation that stands away from the fullness of humanity and the fullness of reality. But this situation can be changed.Ellacuría thought that before the evolution of humanity, the further development of historical reality took place only by physical and biological forces. But since the development of human beings, praxis can also contribute to realise historical reality. Since human beings have the possibility to reflect, it is philosophy's duty to exercise this ability to reflect, in order to change reality, and allow greater possibilities for individual realisation. This way of thinking finds its parallels in the 1990s in Martha Nussbaum's definition of human development as the increase in human capabilities for action and Amartya Sen's notion of development as freedom. Theology
As many other theologians of his generation, Ellacuría intended to construct a new theology, which he called a Historical Theology. Methodologically, his view of history followed the Hegelian dialectic tradition, that culminated in Marx's historical materialism. However, in terms of content, he was also critical to Hegel's eurocentric view of history.<mask> rejected as well Marx's view of human beings as objects of their material conditions. He stressed the importance of conscience, human praxis and its possibilities for influencing the course of history, and thereby material conditions themselves. He has been unfairly accused of trying to contaminate theology with Marxism, but the methodological similarities of his thought with Marxism stem from a common Hegelian view of history as progress brought about by overcoming contradictions. Some, as Enrique Dussel, would claim that the similarities between liberation theology and Marx's thought (not to be confused with mainstream interpretations of it) go even beyond that. And they are to be found in more profound common origins of the narrative of liberation in the Judeo-Christian tradition of thought, which Marx also shares. By Historical Theology <mask> meant a way of making theology: to reflect about faith from the historical present and to reflect about the historical present from faith. According to him, all theology is conditioned by its historical present.Historical theology intends to acquire conscience about its historical context and to incorporate it fully. The concept of locus theologicus (theological place) is very important in this theology. Rudolf Bultmann developed existential biblical

masks:
Ignacio Ellacuría
Ellacuría
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 hermeneutics, or the idea that each individual can only read and understand the bible from his or her personal existential condition, and the biblical text acquires life only if it can awaken an experience of faith in the reader. This generates a hermeneutical circle, since the reader understands the Bible from his historical present and the historical present from the Bible. Ellacuría placed himself in this hermeneutic tradition, and he gave a step further. For Ellacuría, the reader is not just an individual but a community, just like the people of Israel in the Old Testament. This means that community faith comes first, and then individual faith.According to Ellacuría, the value of the Old Testament is not reduced with the New Testament. The New Testament makes the community character of faith from the Old Testament something radical and universal. It makes it radical, because it establishes that the alliance of God with people is much more than a simple code of laws and liturgical rituals; it is an invitation to justice and charity, not as exceptional practices, but as a stable structure. That is why this alliance is established in a law. It makes the faith universal, because the New Testament is communicated to every human being, independently of race, culture, sex, religion or social condition. Liberation Theology is then a new way of doing Historical Theology in a particular locus theologicus: the historical present of Latin America, where a large portion of the population is oppressed by structures that deny them the possibilities to satisfy their needs and to develop. It arises from the spirit of Gaudium et spes of the Second Vatican Council and the social encyclicals of Pope John XXIII, and more specifically, the Episcopal Conferences of Medellín in 1968 and Puebla in 1978.Such a reflection on the Bible is supported on the historical present of a collectivity that desires liberation from oppression. There is a long biblical tradition about liberation that starts with the Book of Exodus. According to Ellacuría, salvation is accomplished historically, not just individually, but collectively. It is not just about liberation from evil, guilt, personal or social offenses, pain, disease and fetichism. Those forms of liberation only start by liberation from unjust structures like slavery, political domination, psychological and social oppression. Besides the book of Exodus, the Bible also presents other such cases of liberation from oppression as the return from exile in Babylon in the books of Esdras and Nehemiah; the fight against Macedonian occupation in the book of Maccabees; the Beatitudes of Jesus; and the book of Apocalypse in the face of the persecution of Christians in Rome. Other forms of doing historical theology would be for example Feminist Theology; African-American theology as developed by Martin Luther King Jr. in the fight for civil rights in the United States; African Liberation Theology, that has mostly been applied to South Africa in the fight against apartheid; and Indigenous Theology that stems from Bartolomé de las Casas and other missionaries in the first Spanish colonies in the Americas in the 16th century.Union of science and theology
From Ellacuría's commencement address to Santa Clara University in 1982, Ellacuría was aware of the challenges implied in relating theology with science. However he managed to articulate a relationship between the two in his vision of a university that served the purpose of liberating the oppressed. According to Ellacuría, there are two aspects to every university. The most evident one is that it deals with culture, or in other words, knowledge and the use of sentient intellect. The second, and not so evident, is that it must be concerned with the social reality, precisely because a university is inescapably a social force; it must transform and enlighten the society in which it lives. Ellacuría believed that a university cannot always and in every place be the same. It must constantly look at its own peculiar historical reality.The Third World is characterized more by oppression than by liberty, more by poverty than by abundance. According to Ellacuría, in such a context a university must do everything possible so that liberty overcomes oppression. He added that the university must carry out this general commitment with the means uniquely at its disposal. As an intellectual community, the university must analyse causes; use imagination and creativity together to discover the remedies to problems; communicate a consciousness that inspires the freedom of self-determination; educate professionals with a conscience, who will be the immediate instruments of such a transformation; and constantly hone an educational institution that is both academically excellent and ethically oriented. Ellacuría thought that it is possible for reason and faith to merge in confronting the reality of the poor. Reason must open its eyes to their suffering, while faith sees in the weak of this world what salvation must mean and the conversion to which we are called. Such a university must take into account the preferential option for the poor.This does not mean that only the poor will study at the university; it does not mean that the university should abdicate its mission of academic excellence, an excellence which is needed in order to solve complex social issues of our time. What it does mean, is that the university should be present intellectually where it is needed; to provide science for those without science; to provide skills for those without skills; to be a voice for those without voices; to give intellectual support, for those who do not possess the academic qualifications to make their rights legitimate. References

Selection of Ellacuría's publications
Ellacuría, <mask>, Veinte Años de Historia en El Salvador: Escritos Políticos [VA], three volumes, second edition, San Salvador: UCA Editores, 1993
Ellacuría, <mask>, Escritos Universitarios [EU], San Salvador: UCA Editores, 1999. Ellacuría, <mask>, Filosofía de la Realidad Histórica, San Salvador: UCA Editores, 1990. Ellacuría, <mask>, Escritos Filosóficos [EF], three volumes San Salvador: UCA Editores, 1996–2001. Ellacuría, <mask>, Escritos Teológicos [ET], four volumes, San Salvador: UCA Editores, 2000–2002
Ellacuría, <mask>, "Filosofía y Política" [1972], VA-1, pp. 47–62
Ellacuría, <mask>, "Liberación: Misión y Carisma de la Iglesia" [1973], ET-2, pp.553–584
Ellacuría, <mask>, "Diez Años Después: ¿Es Posible una Universidad Distinta?" [1975], EU, pp. 49–92
Ellacuría, <mask>, "Hacia una Fundamentación del Método Teológico Latinoamericana" [1975], ET-1, pp. 187–218
Ellacuría, <mask>, "Filosofía, ¿Para Qué?" [1976], EF-3, pp. 115–132
Ellacuría, <mask>, "Fundamentación Biológica de la Ética" [1979], EF-3, pp. 251–269
Ellacuría, <mask>, "Universidad y Política" [1980], VA-1, pp.17–46
Ellacuría, <mask>, "El Objeto de la Filosofía" [1981], VA-1, pp. 63–92
Ellacuría, <mask>, "Función Liberadora de la Filosofía" [1985], VA-1, pp. 93–122
Ellacuría, <mask>, "La Superación del Reduccionismo Idealista en Zubiri" [1988], EF-3, pp. 403–430
<mask>, <mask>, "El Desafío de las Mayorías Populares" (1989), EU, pp. 297–306 (an English translation is available in TSSP, pp. 171–176)
Ellacuría, <mask>, "En Torno al Concepto y a la Idea de Liberación" [1989], ET-1, pp. 629–657
Ellacuría, <mask>, "Utopía y Profetismo en América Latina" [1989], ET-2, pp.233–294 (an English translation is available in TSSP, pp. 44–88). About <mask>
Burke, Kevin, The Ground Beneath the Cross: The Theology of <mask>, Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2000. Burke, Kevin; Lassalle-Klein, Robert, Love that Produces Hope. The Thought of <mask>, Colleville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 2005. Cerutti, Horacio, Filosofia de la Liberación Latinoamericana, Mexico City: FCE, 1992. Hassett, John; Lacey, Hugh (eds.), Towards a Society that Serves its People: The Intellectual Contribution of El Salvador’s Murdered Jesuits [TSSP], Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1991. Lee, Michael, Bearing the Weight of Salvation. The Soteriology of <mask>ía, New York: Herder Book, The Crossroad Publishing Company, 2008. Samour, Héctor, Voluntad de Liberación: El Pensamiento Filosófico de Ignacio Ellacuría, San Salvador: UCA Editores, 2002
 Sols Lucia, José: The Legacy of <mask>, Barcelona: Cristianisme i Justícia, 1998. Sols Lucia, José: La teología histórica de <mask>ría, Madrid: Trotta, 1999. Sols Lucia, José: Las razones de Ellacuría, Barcelona: Cristianisme i Justícia, 2014. Whitfield, Teresa, Paying the Price: <mask> and the Murdered Jesuits of El Salvador, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995.External links

 http://www.uca.edu.sv/martires/new/

1930 births
1989 deaths
People from Portugalete
Martyred Roman Catholic priests
Catholic martyrs of El Salvador
Assassinated Salvadoran people
Jesuit martyrs
Basque Roman Catholic priests
20th-century Spanish Roman Catholic theologians
20th-century Spanish Jesuits
Liberation theologians
Roman Catholic missionaries in El Salvador
Catholic philosophers
20th-century Spanish philosophers
Spanish people murdered abroad
Assassinated Spanish people
People murdered in El Salvador
People of the Salvadoran Civil War
Burials in El Salvador
20th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
Jesuit missionaries
Spanish Roman Catholic missionaries
Central American University faculty
Basque

masks:
Ignacio
Ignacio
Ignacio
Ignacio
Ignacio
Ignacio
Ignacio
Ignacio
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Ignacio
Ignacio
Ignacio
Ignacio
Ignacio
Ignacio
Ellacuría
Ignacio
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Ellacuría
Ignacio Ellacuría
Ignacio Ellacuría
Ignacio Ellacur
Ignacio Ellacuía
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<mask> (born 22 March 1985) is a Danish professional road racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam . Before turning professional for , he was a mountain biker racing for Team Cannondale–Vredestein, winning the Under-23 World Cup and Under-23 World Championships. <mask> has finished 7th overall at the Tour de France and 6th at the Giro d'Italia, his best result at a Grand Tour. His best career results are his win in the 2019 Liège-Bastogne-Liège, the 2020 Il Lombardia and his overall wins in both the 2017 and 2019 editions of the Critérium du Dauphiné stage race, in the former of which he won two stages. He has also won several other stage races during his career including Danmark Rundt 3 times in a row from 2008 to 2010, Tour de Luxembourg and Tour of Austria in 2012, and Tour of Slovenia in 2009. Career

Early years (2006–2008)
For the 2006 season <mask> rode his first year as a professional mountain biker for Cannondale-Vredestein. In 2007 <mask> moved to Italy in order to focus on riding his bike.It was a hard year for <mask> as he had no friends in the area and had no visits from his family. Despite being alone it allowed him to focus on his mountain bike career. The biggest event of his 2007 season came in September where he would ride the Under-23 UCI Mountain Bike World Championships. His biggest rival at the event was Swiss rider Nino Schurter. They had competed in GP Tell just weeks before the event where <mask> finished 3rd and Schurter 8th. However, when they approached the final of the race Schurter was in the lead but <mask> was closing in on the Swiss and overtook him on the final lap on an uphill section. <mask> could cross the line as Under-23 World Champion.After the event <mask> got tattooed the rainbow stripes on his right arm. The following year <mask> decided to focus more on road racing, however he would still ride mountain bikes races. After having finished 2nd overall with teammate Roal Paulissen in Cape Epic in 2007, he came back with Paulissen again the following year and claimed the overall win. He was leading the 2008 edition of Danmark Rundt heading into the last stage. He had been in contact with , and the deal was finally signed the day before he won Danmark Rundt. Despite having signed the contract, <mask>'s manager wanted him to wait as his market value could inflate if he won Danmark Rundt which he did the following day. Team Saxo Bank (2009–2010)

<mask> rode his first World Tour season in 2009, riding for  which was led by Bjarne Riis.He had a great first year with finishing 6th overall in the Volta a Catalunya and Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré. <mask> won his second Danmark Rundt in August and had also won Tour of Slovenia one and a half months previous. He rode his first Grand Tour in August and September when he started in the Vuelta a España. He crashed in the first couple stages when he rode into the back of a tanker due to limiting road control. Later in the season he finished 2nd in the Italian classic Giro dell'Emilia. The following year would be a controversial year for . It was uncertain whether the team would continue in 2011 due to a lack of sponsorship interest.<mask> wanted to stay at the team but got a great offer from  which was enough to persuade him. In June <mask> finished 3rd overall in the Tour de Suisse and won the Danish National Time Trial Championships for the first time in his career. In July 2010, <mask> started his first ever Tour de France. Despite most of the team set to leave in the 2011 season, Riis managed the team well and Andy Schleck would end up winning the race due to Alberto Contador's Clenbuterol case. Following the Tour de France, <mask> won his third Danmark Rundt in a row. In his last race for , <mask> finished 4th in Giro di Lombardia after beating Vincenzo Nibali in a sprint. Leopard Trek (2011–12)

2011: Grand Tour leaders jersey
In the 2011 season, Fuglsang was riding for the new Luxembourgish team  funded by Flavio Becca.<mask> had a mixed start to his season with finishing 11th at Tour of Oman before abandoning at Paris-Nice. He finished 3rd on the Time trial at Critérium International and 4th on the Time trial at Tour of the Basque Country. He had to wait until the middle of April to get his first top result of the season. <mask> rode Amstel Gold Race where an attack on Cauberg saw Philippe Gilbert take the victory. <mask> could not quite follow the pace but managed to finish 4th just 5 seconds behind Gilbert. It was decided from the start of the season that <mask> would ride the Tour de France as a domestique for the Schleck brothers, and he showcased great form in his final stage race before the Tour. Delivering yet another great Time trial, <mask> finished 4th overall in the Tour de Suisse.In June he also finished 2nd in the Danish National Time Trial Championships. Arriving at the 2011 Tour de France,  was one of the favorites to take the win. After the first 8 stages, Fränk Schleck was 3rd, <mask> 5th and Andy Schleck 6th. Later in the race <mask> dropped out of the top 10 but the Tour was still a success with Andy Schleck taking a stage win and 2nd overall, and Fränk Schleck taking 3rd overall. <mask> participated in the Vuelta a España where  won the Opening Team Time Trial with Fuglsang crossing the line in first position. This meant that <mask> would wear the Red Leaders jersey on the following stage. <mask> was just the second Danish rider to wear the jersey, which was previously worn by Lars Michaelsen.His teammate Daniele Bennati took over the lead on stage 2. <mask> put in another great Time trial on stage 10 and finished 6th which moved him up to 2nd overall. However, later in the race he would drop to 11th overall. 2012: Excluded from World Tour races
In 2012, <mask> remained with the Schleck brothers, as the team became . He was slated to be his team's leader in the 2012 Giro d'Italia, but had to withdraw due to knee problems and was replaced with Fränk Schleck. <mask> later won the Tour de Luxembourg, taking the overall classification jersey in the queen stage to Differdange and then defending his lead with the help of his team for the fourth and final stage in Luxembourg City. The last stage had to be shortened by  by the organizers due to heavy rain.He was then excluded from the Tour de France by the  team management after he had criticized them. He stated that he wanted to race for another squad in the next season since he was not happy with the way things were going within the team. In his book released in collaboration with Rasmus Staghøj in 2018, <mask> wrote that there was no real structure around the team. was the result of a merger between the two teams:  and . During races and training camps the team was often split and racing as two teams, not one. Having phoned the general manager Johan Bruyneel, it was confirmed that <mask> was not riding any more World Tour races in 2012. As <mask> had just won the Danish National Time Trial Championships for the second time in his career, he went to Austria to ride the Tour of Austria.<mask> won stage 4 and the overall race ahead of Steve Morabito of  who finished one minute and 24 seconds behind the Dane. Astana (2013–present)

2013: 7th overall at the Tour de France
<mask> left  at the end of the 2012 season, and joined  on an initial three-year contract from the 2013 season onwards. In the 2013 Tour de France, <mask> was the team leader of Astana. As Dan Martin attacked on stage 9, <mask> saw it as a perfect opportunity to gain time on the other contenders, and attacked with Martin. They got a gap straight away, and started to work together. Inside the final kilometers it was clear to see that the bunch could not catch them. <mask> led out the sprint from the front, and as Martin attacked, he could not follow and had to settle with 2nd place.It was not until stage 13 that <mask> again was on the offence, when  attacked during sections of crosswinds. <mask> was the only rider from Astana in the break and finished 4th on the stage, advancing to 6th overall. His efforts on that stage gained praise from his team-mates and staff. From then on, <mask> battled with Dutch rider Bauke Mollema for the 6th place. Eventually he ended up finishing 7th overall, after a good performance in the mountains and the time trials. Later that year he helped team-mate Vincenzo Nibali to the Italian's second place at the Vuelta a España. 2014: Helping Vincenzo Nibali win the Tour de France

Throughout the spring of the 2014 season, <mask> showed he had consistent form at the major World Tour stage races.He was set to help Vincenzo Nibali win the 2014 Tour de France. However the Italian rider showed no results before the Critérium du Dauphiné. On the final stage of the one-week stage race, Nibali attacked but was later dropped due to his efforts. <mask> was then ordered to pace Nibali up the final climb, but when the pace kept getting slower, <mask> was then finally ordered to ride his own chance. This sparked a lot of controversy at Astana since the leader for the Tour de France, was weaker than his domestique. On stage 2 of Tour de France, <mask> attacked a few times until Nibali managed to get away and win the stage in the end. Just a few days later, <mask> and Nibali were riding together on the cobblestone stage and dropped all the other contenders.However, on the final sector of cobblestones, Nibali was once again having problems, and could not close the gap to Lars Boom who rode away in the distance and won the stage. <mask> had to slow down his pace in order to get Nibali to the finish line, and once again <mask> finished second on a Tour de France stage. After the stage, Nibali was first overall and Fuglsang second overall. However, on the first climbing stage, <mask> showed weakness and dropped to fourth overall. On the following stages he dropped out of the top 10, and lost even more time on stage 13 when he hit a bottle on the downhill to the final climb. The remainder of the race became a challenge for <mask> who finished 36th overall. 2015: Hunting a Tour de France stage win
Having finished 7th overall at both the Tour of Oman and Paris-Nice, <mask> also cracked the top ten in two of the three Ardennes Classics, finishing eighth at La Flèche Wallonne and ninth at Liège–Bastogne–Liège.His main goal of the season was to help Vincenzo Nibali defend his 2014 Tour de France title. However already on the first mountain stage, Nibali looked vulnerable and <mask> was awarded his own chance by the Astana team. <mask> did a great final climb but only finished 13th because of acting as domestique to Nibali. The Astana team then said they were going to focus on Fuglsang for the remainder of the race. However, on the following day Fuglsang lost a lot of time, with Nibali only losing a minute. The final day in the Pyrenees saw the race heading up Plateau de Beille, and Fuglsang was in a 22-man breakaway. As the group was heading up the final climb, more riders were dropped from the group and Joaquim Rodríguez attacked with no one able to match the Spaniard's pace.Rodríguez won the stage with 1:12 down to <mask> who arrived at the soaking wet finish line in 2nd place. In probably his last chance for a stage win, <mask> went all in on stage 18 of the race. He was once again a part of a huge group which became smaller as it approached the Col du Glandon. It was clear that <mask> had a shot at winning the stage, but he was taken down by a motorbike which was about to pass the group. This ended his chances of a stage win and the driver of the motorbike was later ejected from the race. 2016: Olympic Silver medal
As the final preparation race for the 2016 Giro d'Italia, Fuglsang rode the Giro del Trentino. <mask> finished the race in 3rd overall with team-mate Tanel Kangert finishing 2nd overall.The team leader for the Giro, Nibali only finished 21st overall. On the first

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 decisive day in the Giro d'Italia, Nibali attacked but was again dropped after his attack. <mask> followed the other contenders and even attacked inside the final kilometer and finished 2nd, and also advancing to 2nd place overall. Two days later <mask> lost time to the other contenders as he punctured on a gravel sector. After making a comeback in the final week of the race, Nibali ended up winning the Giro d'Italia with help from <mask> and his Astana team. At the Tour de France, <mask> was missing form but attacked on the final mountain stage but had no luck in going for the win on that stage. The team leader of Astana, Fabio Aru also cracked on that stage which meant Astana left the Tour de France empty handed.At the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro Fuglsang was in the chaser group descending the final climb, when two of the main-favorites Vincenzo Nibali and Richie Porte crashed. Going into the final kilometers Rafał Majka was alone in the front but an attack from Fuglsang and Greg Van Avermaet meant that a trio had formed inside the last 1.5 kilometers. Going into the sprint <mask> was leading the trio inside the final kilometer, with Van Avermaet opening the sprint inside the final 200 meters beating Fuglsang at the line. This meant a gold medal for Van Avermaet, silver for Fuglsang and bronze for Majka. Following his silver medal in the Olympic Games, Fuglsang started showing more aggressive racing for the following seasons. 2017: Winning the Critérium du Dauphiné

In June 2017 Fuglsang rode the Critérium du Dauphiné alongside Italian team-mate Fabio Aru as the leader. On stage 6, Fuglsang attacked on Mont du Chat, and got a gap on the general classification contenders.However, Aru also attacked a few minutes after which sparked a lot of debate since his team-mate was at the front of the race. Aru reached the top of the climb first with Chris Froome, Richie Porte and <mask> 15 seconds behind. On the downhill Aru was caught and the quartet reached the finish line together with Fuglsang winning the stage. This was a huge relief for <mask> as this was his first win in almost five years, and his first world tour win and first win in Astana colors. On the following day, Fuglsang finished 7th and was the only rider who could keep up with Porte, which meant he maintained his 3rd place in the general classification. On the last day of the race, Fuglsang showed a strong performance. Froome and  did everything to win and attacked early on the stage which cracked race leader Porte.It was clear to see that Froome were doing everything he could to boost his gap down to Porte. However he had used too much energy on the stage, and cracked up the final climb. Dan Martin then attacked and <mask> attacked a little later, and managed to chase down Martin, and blast pass him as <mask> won his second stage in just three days. Not only did he win the stage but Fuglsang also won the overall race, which was the biggest win of his career. Going into the Tour de France, <mask> was now considered one of the top favorites. On the first mountain stage, Fuglsang lost over a minute and started doubting if he had lost the form he had one month earlier. He bounced back on the queen stage of the race on stage 9 that included Mont du Chat which Fuglsang had ridden one month previous at the Critérium du Dauphiné.Having a great knowledge of the climb, <mask> attacked just as in the Dauphiné but once again an attack was made by team-mate Fabio Aru. This sparked a lot of debate as the Italian attacked his own team-mate and attacked when Chris Froome had a mechanical. Eventually <mask> reached the downhill with the other general classification contenders as they hunted down Warren Barguil for the stage win. <mask> attacked inside the final 500 meters but was chased down by Rigoberto Urán and lost his chance for the stage win. Despite losing the stage win, <mask> had gained the 5th place overall. Days later he went down in a crash in the feeding zone and suffered fractures to his elbow and wrist. He abandoned the race on stage 13.At the Tour of Almaty, <mask> won stage 2 which finished on a climb to Almaty. 2018: Team leader at the Tour de France

At his first race of the season, <mask> finished 3rd in the Spanish stage race "Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana". He scored another top 10 finish one week later at the Vuelta a Murcia, placing 6th. In the middle of February, <mask> rode the Vuelta a Andalucía, where he was 4th overall. <mask> arrived at Paris-Nice with hopes of riding for the general classification, however he was involved in a crash on the first stage, and lost time as he did the previous year. As his team-mate Luis León Sánchez was in the leaders jersey, Fuglsang helped his team-mate throughout the race, but when Sanchez cracked on stage 7, Fuglsang got his own chance with a few kilometers to go, and finished 9th on the stage. His next attempt to improve form after the opening stage races of the year was the first altitude training camp for the Tour de France.His first races back after his training camp were the Ardennes Classics, where he managed to finish 8th at Amstel Gold Race and 10th at Liège–Bastogne–Liège, as his best results. <mask> was ready to race again only two days later, when he started Tour de Romandie. After a disappointing time trial on stage 3, he attacked on the downhill of the last climb on stage 4, and took his first win of the season. He finished inside the bunch on the final stage, which meant he finished 4th overall. <mask> then went to altitude training camp once again to focus for the Tour de France. On 1 June, <mask> published his first book which he made in collaboration with Rasmus Staghøj. His last race before "La Grand Boucle" was Tour de Suisse.<mask> and his Astana team-mates got off to a very bad start to the race, only finishing 20th in the team time trial on stage 1. <mask> recovered and finished 2nd on the queen stage, and delivered the best time trial of the general classification contenders on stage 9, advancing <mask> to 2nd place overall. When <mask> arrived at the Tour de France however, his first week was full of chaotic moments. He was ninth on the first stage but with one man down on stage 3, Astana almost lost a minute in the team time trial. As the race hit the region of Brittany, <mask> was dealing with crashes and mechanical problems. He managed to overcome the problems and advanced to 7th place in the general classification after the cobbled classics stage, a stage in which Fuglsang attacked but had no luck of getting away from the bunch. As the race hit the Alps, <mask> was near top 3 overall, but cracked on stage 11 and dropped to 12th overall.For the rest of the race, he was struggling to keep up with the other general classification contenders and finished 12th overall in Paris. <mask> returned to racing after 2.5 weeks at Arctic Race of Norway where he was in the breakaway on stage 2, and finished 9th on the stage. At the Canadian World Tour classic Grand Prix Cycliste de Montréal, <mask> was in a late breakaway with Tim Wellens () and James Knox (), but was brought back by the bunch with 6.2 kilometers to go. In late September, Fuglsang rode the UCI Road World Championships, and finished 20th. One week later, <mask> was 11th at Giro dell'Emilia. 2019: Winning Liege-Bastogne-Liege and the Criterium de Dauphiné
<mask> started his 2019 season at Vuelta a Murcia where he finished 6th in the general classification. He also won the Mountains classification at the race.His next success would already come in the following week, where he won Vuelta a Andalucía in front of other Tour favourites. He rode his first big classic of the season in Strade Bianche where he finished 2nd behind Julian Alaphilippe. <mask> attacked several times in the final but could not drop the Frenchman, who ended up outsprinting <mask> on the last climb. At Tirreno-Adriatico the Astana Team made a poor effort in the Team time trial and only finished 13th. On stage 5 to Recanati, <mask> attacked and made a huge effort on the hard stage. He ended up winning and made a jump to 3rd in the general classification which would be his final position in the race. Fuglsang dedicated his win on Stage 5 to his former team-mate Michele Scarponi.In his next race at Tour of the Basque Country, <mask> rode in honour of his team-mate Ion Izagirre who would go on to win the overall race. Izaguirre took the race lead on the final day from Emanuel Buchmann, who would also make an error in the final turn. The German cyclist took the wrong turn which caused him to lose several seconds and ultimately his podium place. However the race jury decided to reinstate Buchmann on the podium, which dropped Fuglsang down to 4th place overall. Fuglsang found the decision "ridiculous" and said he had never seen anything like it before. <mask> rode an amazing Ardennes Classics week where he finished on the podium in all three races. At Amstel Gold Race, Fuglsang rode away with Alaphilippe, and they looked to fight out the win, however they slowed down drastically in the final kilometre which allowed the chasing group to bridge the gap to the leaders.Ultimately <mask> finished 3rd, and Alaphilippe 4th. At La Flèche Wallonne Fuglsang attacked on Muur de Huy, and only Alaphilippe could follow. It was once again a battle between Fuglsang and Alaphilippe as the Frenchman outsprinted the Dane. At the final classics race Liège–Bastogne–Liège, <mask> was the favourite, and he delivered despite huge pressure. He attacked in the final stages and dropped everyone, however he nearly crashed with 3 kilometres to go, but a miraculous save from <mask> secured him his first win in a monument classics. At his final race before the Tour de France, <mask> finished 3rd on Stage 2 at Critérium du Dauphiné, and proved he was one of the strongest candidates for the overall Tour win. He would take the yellow jersey on the penultimate day after attacking and dropping Adam Yates.His nearest rival for the overall win, Yates abandoned the race due to a fever. Thibaut Pinot tried an attack inside the final two kilometres, however <mask> quickly closed it down, and won his second Critérium du Dauphiné. 2020: Second monument win
<mask> started his 2020 campaign with a repeat victory in the Spanish stage race Vuelta a Andalucía. Aside from winning the general classification, <mask> also won two stages and finished 2nd on two other occasions. After the racing resumed in August, <mask> started with a 5th-place finish in the Italian neo-classic Strade Bianche, and a week later, he managed to come 2nd in the Tour de Pologne. On 15 August he took his first victory after the lockdown as he soloed his way to victory in the Italian monument race Il Lombardia. The victory in Lombardy was Fuglsang's second monument win, and it also marked the first time a Danish cyclist won the race.In the 2020 UCI Road World Championships, <mask> finished 5th in the road race and thus improved on his previous best result, a 12th-place finish from the road race in 2019. <mask> came into the road race as a top favourite and rode a tactical race until the last ascent up Cima Gallisterna, where he came up just short against his classics rival and the eventual race winner Julian Alaphilippe. Alaphilippe escaped on the last climb and soloed to victory, while <mask> lost the sprint for silver and bronze medals in a chase group. He contested the Giro d'Italia, finishing sixth overall – his best Grand Tour finish to that point. Personal life
<mask> lives in Monaco with his wife Loulou, whom he married in 2015. The couple have a daughter, Jamie Lou who was born in June 2017. Before moving to Monaco, <mask> and Loulou lived in Luxembourg where <mask> trained together with Andy Schleck and Fränk Schleck.His wife Loulou gave up her own chances of a modelling career in order to support <mask> in his sporting

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<mask> (born July 2, 1939) is an American lawyer and politician who was governor of Delaware (1985–92) and the U.S. representative for  (1993–2011). He is a member of the Republican Party. The district includes the entire state of Delaware and is the oldest intact surviving district in the nation. He was the longest-serving U.S. Representative in the state's history. Before his election to Congress, <mask> served as a member of the Delaware General Assembly, starting in the State House of Representatives (1966–67) and then in the State Senate (1968–76). He was the 20th lieutenant governor of Delaware from 1981 to 1985, and the 69th governor of Delaware from 1985 to 1992. On October 6, 2009, <mask> announced his candidacy in the 2010 special election for the seat in the United States Senate held by Democrat Ted Kaufman.Kaufman, appointed by Governor Ruth Ann Minner to fill the vacancy created by Joe Biden (who resigned to become Vice President of the United States), was not a candidate in the election. The election determined who would fill the balance of Biden's term, which ended on January 3, 2015. In one of the most surprising election results of 2010, <mask> lost the Republican primary to Christine O'Donnell. He would have been heavily favored in the general election against Democrat Chris Coons, who defeated O'Donnell by 17 percentage points. <mask> has acknowledged drafting the bill which became law and created the trillion-dollar coin controversy by apparently authorizing the United States Department of Treasury to mint platinum coinage in any denomination. He is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Wilmington, Delaware, the son of Louisa Johnston (née Bache) and James Manderson <mask>, Jr. One of his maternal great-great-grandfathers was Virginia Senator John W. Johnston, and <mask>'s fifth great-grandfathers were founding fathers Benjamin Franklin and Daniel Carroll.<mask>'s father was a patent lawyer for DuPont, a firm so central to the city that it was long known in Wilmington simply as "the company." After graduating from Tower Hill School in 1957, he attended Hamilton College in Clinton, Oneida County, New York. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in economics from Hamilton in 1961. While at Hamilton, <mask> was a brother of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity. In 1964, he earned a Juris Doctorate degree from Georgetown University Law Center in Washington, D.C. He was admitted to both the Delaware Bar and the Washington, D.C. Bar that same year. Family
<mask> and Jane DiSabatino married on May 23, 1992; they have no children.Both are Roman Catholics. Professional and political career
Following his admission to the bar, <mask> returned to Wilmington and joined Connolly, Bove and Lodge, working as an associate (1964–1973) and later partner (1973–1975). A Republican, he served as Deputy Attorney General of Delaware from 1965 to 1966, and was elected to the Delaware House of Representatives in 1966. He served as a state representative for two years before winning a seat in the Delaware Senate, where he remained for eight years. He also served as minority leader from 1975 to 1976. In 1976, <mask> left the state legislature and returned to the full-time practice of law, founding his own firm with Carl Schnee (who was later nominated as U.S. Attorney for the District of Delaware by President Bill Clinton in 1999). He returned to politics in 1980, when he was recruited to run for Lieutenant Governor of Delaware by Governor Pete du Pont.He defeated Democratic state senator Thomas B. Sharp, with 59% to 40% of the vote. He served from 1981 to 1985, and headed panels on education and drunk driving. Governor of Delaware

As the hand-picked choice of the popular Governor du Pont, he easily won election as Governor of Delaware, defeating former Delaware Supreme Court Justice William T. Quillen. In the campaign, <mask> was criticized for being a shadow of his mentor and only promising an extension of du Pont's program. Delaware voters however elected him to another term in 1988 when he defeated Democrat Jacob Kreshtool by a wide margin, and is the last time a Republican won a governor election in the state. <mask> served two terms, cutting the second one slightly short when he resigned to begin his first term as U.S. Representative.U. S. House of Representatives

Committee assignments
 Committee on Education and Labor
 Subcommittee on Early Childhood, Elementary and Secondary Education (Ranking Member)
 Subcommittee on Higher Education, Lifelong Learning, and Competitiveness
 Committee on Financial Services
 Subcommittee on Capital Markets, Insurance, and Government-Sponsored Enterprises
 Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Credit
 Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy and Technology

In 1992, <mask> could not run again for Governor, due to constitutional term limits. The result was what became known as "the Swap." <mask> ran for the seat of U.S. Representative Tom Carper and Carper ran for Governor. Delaware's political leadership had quietly worked out the arrangement and retained the services of two very popular office holders. <mask> was first elected U.S. Representative in 1992, defeating former Lieutenant Governor Shien Biau Woo. Since then, he won election by wide margins eight times, defeating Democrats Carol Ann DeSantis in 1994, Dennis E. Williams in 1996 and 1998, Michael C. Miller in 2000 and 2002, Paul Donnelly in 2004, Dennis Spivack in 2006, and Karen Hartley-Nagle in 2008. <mask> was the co-chair of several Congressional caucuses, including the Diabetes Caucus, the Community College Caucus, the Biomedical Research Caucus and the Passenger Rail Caucus.He was also considered one of the most moderate Republicans in the U.S. House. In the wake of Tom DeLay's indictment in September 2005, liberal columnist E.J. Dionne named <mask> as one of four lawmakers capable of leading an anticorruption reform of the Republican Party. <mask> was a member of various moderate/liberal Republican Organizations, such as Republicans For Environmental Protection, The Republican Majority For Choice, Republicans For Choice and Christine Todd Whitman's Its My Party Too. He is pro-choice and supports some gun control measures. He voted against a constitutional amendment that would have banned same-sex marriage. The non-partisan National Journal gave <mask> an ideological composite score of 59% conservative and 41% liberal.<mask>'s centrist positions served him well in a state that trended increasingly Democratic during his tenure in the House. Delaware had long been reckoned as a bellwether, but has voted Democratic in every presidential election since 1992, due almost entirely to heavily Democratic New Castle County. At the same time, his centrist record made him the target of conservative groups such as Club for Growth, who ranked him the least conservative Republican in the U.S. House in 2008, and RemoveRINOs, who, in April 2010, named him the Ace of Spades on its most-wanted list. In February 2004, <mask> sponsored H.R. 3831 to reauthorize the assault weapons ban of 1994. The bill was co-sponsored by 11 Republican colleagues and 129 Democrats. In June 2008, Rep. Mark Kirk, R-IL, introduced H.R.6257 to reinstate the ban, and <mask> was one of the bill's four Republican co-sponsors. Both bills died in committee. <mask> cosponsored the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act. The bill proposed expanding the number of embryonic stem cell lines that are eligible for federally funded research, expecting that this funding would generate more research and ultimately greater progress in developing new treatments for a wide range of medical conditions. Presently, the only embryonic stem cell lines eligible for federal funded research were derived before August 9, 2001. This legislation removes that date restriction, along with proposing stronger ethical requirements. After successfully passing both the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House, it received U.S. President George W. Bush's first presidential veto in July 2006.In December 2010, <mask> was one of fifteen Republican House members to vote in favor of repealing the United States military's "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" ban on openly gay service members. <mask> suffered two minor strokes during the 2006 campaign, but fully recovered. Considering the general Democratic sweep of other offices, he won the election comfortably, but with a greatly reduced margin over previous years. Despite the increased Democratic sweep of the 2008 election, he, unlike many Republicans, managed to increase his margin of victory, winning over Democratic challenger Karen Hartley-Nagle by 23 points. Considering his moderate profile, popularity, and long history of service to the state, his victory was not considered surprising. <mask> appeared in the documentary, Keeping the Peace, which focused on Michael Berg's 'anti-war' campaign for <mask>'s congressional seat in 2006. It premiered at the Philadelphia Independent Film Festival in 2009 and won the Audience Award.On November 9, 2009, Congressman <mask>'s District was profiled by Stephen Colbert in his segment "Better Know a District." 2010 Senate campaign

In 2010, Congressman <mask> ran to be the Republican candidate to fill the seat of former Senator Joe Biden, who had become Vice President on January 20, 2009. <mask> was defeated in the Republican primary on September 14, 2010, by Christine O'Donnell, the Tea Party favorite. The primary drew 57,000 voters, a small slice of the overall electorate. After the primary, Fairleigh Dickinson University's PublicMind twice polled Delaware voters, running a hypothetical match-up between <mask> and the Democratic candidate, Chris Coons; in it, <mask> beat Coons by a 21-point margin (54%–34%) and also had a favorable rating of 48% compared to O'Donnell's 34%. <mask> refused to support O'Donnell in the Senate campaign against Coons. Coons went on to defeat O'Donnell decisively in the general election.In June 2010, <mask> was one of only two Republicans to vote in favor of the DISCLOSE Act, intended to limit spending on political campaigns by corporations in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission. The bill requires added disclosure for political spending by corporations and prohibits some corporate political spending. Town hall
A town hall style meeting organized by <mask> to discuss health care reform with constituents was featured on the Drudge Report with the headline "VIDEO: Congressman's town hall erupts over Obama birth certificate ...". The story was linked to a tape documenting a few minutes of the event and hosted on YouTube. The incident sparked discussion of the topic in relation to the moderate Republican congressman and commentators' surprise at the audience reaction. <mask> was heckled and booed after calmly responding to a protester, "If you're referring to the President there, he is a citizen of the United States." Reporting in the international press on the explosion of interest in the subject focused on the central role of the <mask> incident.The British newspaper The Guardian reported:But the real impact has been a video that has garnered hundreds of thousands of hits on the web (in which Congressman) <mask>, address(es) a town hall meeting on health care in Delaware last month when a woman suddenly stands up waving a bunch of papers ... The encounter was a warning to Republican officials how far the conspiracy theory has permeated parts of their party. Almanac
Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1. Members of the Delaware General Assembly take office the second Tuesday of January. State Senators have a four-year term and State Representatives have a two-year term. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor take office the third Tuesday of January and have four-year terms. U.S.Representatives take office January 3 and have a two-year term. References

Sources

Images
 Profile, Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress; accessed June 16, 2017. External links

 Delaware's Governors
 Profile at SourceWatch
 News Meat

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1939 births
21st-century American politicians
Carroll family
Catholics from Delaware
Delaware lawyers
Delaware Republicans
Delaware state senators
Franklin family
Georgetown University Law Center alumni
Governors of Delaware
Hamilton College (New York) alumni
Lieutenant Governors of Delaware
Living people
Members of the Delaware House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Delaware
People from Wilmington, Delaware
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Republican Party state governors of the United States
Tower Hill School alumni

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