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 only those who reside in this country but do not obey the laws of the land...I consider such people [to be] traitors." The Shiv Sena is viewed by the media as being anti-Muslim, though Shiv sena members officially reject this accusation. When explaining his views on Hindutva, he conflated Islam with violence and called on Hindus to "fight terrorism and fight Islam." In an interview with Suketu Mehta, he called for the mass expulsion of illegal Bangladeshi Muslim migrants from India and for a visa system to enter Mumbai, the Indian National Congress state government had earlier during the Indira Gandhi declared national emergency considered a similar measure.He told India Today "[Muslims] are spreading like a cancer and should be operated on like a cancer. The country...should be saved from the Muslims and the police should support them [Hindu Maha Sangh] in their struggle just like the police in Punjab were sympathetic to the Khalistanis." However, in an interview in 1998, he said that his stance had changed on many issues that the Shiv Sena had with Muslims, particularly regarding the Babri Mosque or Ram Janmabhoomi issue: "We must look after the Muslims and treat them as part of us." He also expressed admiration for Muslims in Mumbai in the wake of the 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings perpetrated by Islamic fundamentalists. In response to threats made by Abu Azmi, a leader of the Samajwadi Party, that accusations of terrorism directed at Indian Muslims would bring about communal strife, Thackeray said that the unity of Mumbaikars (residents of Mumbai) in the wake of the attacks was "a slap to fanatics of Samajwadi Party leader Abu Asim Azmi" and that Thackeray "salute[s] those Muslims who participated in the two minutes' silence on 18 July to mourn the blast victims." Again in 2008 he wrote: "Islamic terrorism is growing and Hindu terrorism is the only way to counter it. We need suicide bomb squads to protect India and Hindus."He also reiterated a desire for Hindus to unite across linguistic barriers to see "a Hindustan for Hindus" and to "bring Islam in this country down to its knees." In 2008, following agitation against Biharis and other north Indians travelling to Maharashtra to take civil service examinations for the Indian Railways due to an overlimit of the quota in their home provinces, <mask> also said of Bihari MPs that they were "spitting in the same plate from which they ate" when they criticised Mumbaikars and Maharashtrians. He wrote: "They are trying to add fuel to the fire that has been extinguished, by saying that Mumbaikars have rotten brains." He also criticised Chhath Puja, a holiday celebrated by Biharis and those from eastern Uttar Pradesh, which occurs on six days of the Hindu month of Kartik. He said that it was not a real holiday. This was reportedly a response to MPs from Bihar who had disrupted the proceedings of the Lok Sabha in protest to the attacks on North Indians. Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar, upset with the remarks, called on the prime minister and the central government to intervene in the matter.A Saamna editorial prompted at least 16 MPs from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, belonging to the Rashtriya Janata Dal, Janata Dal (United), Samajwadi Party and the Indian National Congress, to give notice for breach of privilege proceedings against Thackeray. After the matter was raised in the Lok Sabha, Speaker Somnath Chatterjee said: "If anybody has made any comment on our members' functioning in the conduct of business in the House, not only do we treat that with the contempt that it deserves, but also any action that may be necessary will be taken according to procedure and well established norms. Nobody will be spared.'" In 2009, he criticised Indian cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, a "Marathi icon", for saying he was an Indian before he was a Maharashtrian. Opposition to Caste Based Reservations
Thackeray firmly opposed caste based reservation and said - "There are only two castes in the world, the rich are rich and the poor is poor, make the poor rich but don't make the rich poor. Besides these two castes I don't believe in any other casteism." The Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) supported caste based reservations based on the Mandal commission.Thackarey, despite being warned that opposition to the reservations would be politically suicidal for the Shiv Sena party, opposed the BJP over this issue and said he would initiate "divorce proceedings against the BJP"  if the BJP supported caste based reservations. This also let to his conflict with Chhagan Bhujbal, an OBC, who later left the Shiv Sena. Views on Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
Thackeray defended Vinayak Damodar Savarkar against criticism and praised him as a great leader. In 2002, when President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam unveiled a portrait of Savarkar in the presence of Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the Congress Party opposed the unveiling of the portrait and boycotted the function. Thackeray criticised the opposition and said "Who is [Congress president and Leader of the Opposition] Sonia Gandhi to object to the portrait? What relation does she have with the country? How much does she know about the history and culture of India?".Years later, when Congress General Secretary Digvijaya Singh made a statement that Savarkar was the first to suggest the two-nation theory that led to the partition, Thackeray defended Savarkar and accused Singh of distorting history. Support for Kashmiri Pandits
In 1990, the Islamic militant organisation Hizbul Mujahideen, through the columns of an Urdu daily Aftab, warned Kashmiri Pandits to leave the valley within 36 hours. <mask> Thackeray got seats reserved in engineering colleges for the children of these Kashmiri Pandits in Maharashtra. He was one of the first persons to help them after which Punjab also followed suit. At a meeting with them he supported the idea that the Kashmiri Pandits could be armed for their self-defence against the Jihadis. Personal life
Thackeray was married to Meena <mask> (née Sarla Vaidya) on 13 June 1948 and had three sons, oldest son Bindumadhav, middle son Jaidev, and youngest son Uddhav. Meena died in 1995 and Bindumadhav died the following year in a car accident.Uddhav succeeded his father as the leader of Shiv Sena. Uddhav's son, Aditya wants to continue the family dynasty by getting active in the party. Raj is his brother Shrikant's son. Despite Raj's breakaway from the main party, Raj continues to maintain that Thackeray was his ideologue and relations between them improved during Thackeray's final years. Raj broke away from Shiv Sena to form his own political party called the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena. Sanjeevani Karandikar is <mask> <mask>'s sister. Thackeray drew cartoons for the Free Press Journal, the Times of India and Marmik besides contributing to Saamna till 2012.He cited the New Zealander cartoonist David Low as his inspiration. Death

Thackeray died on 17 November 2012, of cardiac arrest. Mumbai came to a virtual halt immediately as the news broke out about his death, with shops and commercial establishments shutting down. The entire state of Maharashtra was put on high alert. The police appealed for calm and 20,000 Mumbai police officers, 15 units of the State Reserve Police Force and three contingents of the Rapid Action Force were deployed. It was reported that Shiv Sena workers forced shops to close down in some areas. The then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh called for calm in the city and praised Thackeray's "strong leadership", while there were also statements of praise and condolences from other senior politicians such as the then-Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi and the BJP leader and MP (Former Deputy Prime Minister of India), L. K. Advani.He was accorded a state funeral at Shivaji Park, which generated some controversy and resulted from demands made by Shiv Sena. It was the first public funeral in the city since that of <mask> Gangadhar Tilak in 1920. Thackeray's body was moved to the park on 18 November. Many mourners attended his funeral, although there were no official figures. The range reported in media sources varied from around 1 million, to 1.5 million and as many as nearly 2 million. His cremation took place the next day, where his son Uddhav lit the pyre. Among those present at his cremation were senior representatives of the Maharashtra government and the event was broadcast live on national television channels.The Parliament of India opened for its winter session on 21 November 2012. <mask> was the only non-member to be noted in its traditional list of obituaries. He is one of few people to have been recorded thus without being a member of either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha. Despite having not held any official position, he was given the 21-gun salute, which was again a rare honour. Both houses of Bihar Assembly also paid tribute. The funeral expenses created further controversies when media reports claimed that the BMC had used taxpayers' money. In response to these reports, the party later sent a cheque of Rs.500,000 to the corporation. The Hindu, in an editorial, said regarding the shutdown that "Thackeray’s legion of followers raised him to the status of a demigod who could force an entire State to shut down with the mere threat of violence". Following his death, police arrested a 21-year-old woman who posted a Facebook comment against him, as well as her friend who "liked" the comment. Shiv Sena members also vandalised the clinic owned by the woman's relative. Legacy
Thackeray was called Hindu Hruday Samrat ("Emperor of Hindu Hearts") by his supporters. His yearly address at Shivaji Park was popular among his followers. In 2012, he instead gave a video-taped speech and urged his followers "to give the same love and affection to his son and political heir Uddhav as they had given him".Thackeray was known to convert popular sentiment into votes, getting into controversies and making no apologies for it though his son has tried to tone down the party's stance after his death. He was known for his inflammatory writings, was seen as a good orator who used cruel humour to engage his audience. He had a large political influence throughout the state, especially in Mumbai. His party never had any formal internal elections nor was he ever formally elected as its chief at any point. Gyan Prakash said, "Of course, the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement had mobilized Marathi speakers as a political entity, but it was Thackeray who successfully deployed it as an anti-immigrant, populist force." He inspired <mask> Kashyap the leader of Bastar who often regarded as the Thackeray of Bastar. A memorial for him was proposed at Shivaji Park but legal issues and opposition from local residents continue to delay it.Thackeray is satirised in Salman Rushdie's 1995 novel The Moor's Last Sigh as 'Raman Fielding'. The book was banned by the Maharashtra state government. Suketu Mehta interviewed Thackeray in his critically acclaimed, Pulitzer-nominated, non-fiction 2004 book Maximum City. Thackeray previewed director Ram Gopal Verma's film Sarkar, which is loosely based on him, released in 2005. The 2011 documentary Jai Bhim Comrade depicted a speech by Thackeray at a public rally, in which he articulated "genocidal sentiments" about Muslims, stating that they were the "species to be exterminated." The documentary followed this by showing several Dalit leaders criticising Thackeray for his beliefs. In popular culture
A Bollywood biopic titled Thackeray, starring Nawazuddin Siddiqui and written by Shiv Sena politician Sanjay Raut was released on 25 January 2019.See also

 Thackeray family
 Prabodhankar Thackeray
 Uddhav Thackeray
 Shiv Sena
 Marmik

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Further reading

External links

1926 births
2012 deaths
Indian anti-communists
Shiv Sena politicians
Politicians from Mumbai
Indian political party founders
Marathi-language writers
Indian cartoonists
Indian editorial cartoonists
Marathi politicians
Indian Hindus
Maharashtra politicians
Far-right politicians in India
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Indian Hindu religious leaders
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<mask> (March 10, 1938 – May 13, 2021) was an American mystery, fantasy, science fiction, and horror author, anthologist, and editor. He was also a noted magician and actor. <mask> was a World Fantasy Award winner and served as co-publisher and editor of Weird Tales Magazine. Early years
<mask> was born in Philadelphia, the son of Morris and Theresa (Baroski) <mask>. He received a Bachelor of Arts in liberal arts at Penn State in 1960, as well as a Master of Arts in English literature and theater in 1962. Career
<mask> served as a reporter for Grit Publishing Company from 1963 to 1965, an assistant managing editor for Business Travel Magazine in 1965 and a senior editor for Harcourt Brace Jovanovich from 1966 to 1970. In 1970, he went to work as a freelance writer.He was a lecturer at The New School for Social Research in New York City in 1975, taught at NYU as an Adjunct Professor of Creative Writing for many years beginning in 1976, and taught as an Adjunct Professor at Mercy College from 2001 to 2006. <mask> was a noted magician and mentalist, often performing under the stage name Count Emkay the Miraculous. His book, The Stein and Day Handbook of Magic is considered an essential part of any magician's library. He also wrote The Handbook of Mental Magic. In 1976, he was the magic instructor for the performing arts summer camp French Woods Festival of the Performing Arts, which he used as research for his book Catalog of Magic. As an actor, <mask> appeared on Broadway with Dame Edna, off-Broadway with Keir Dullea in the critically-acclaimed Strings and in many shows with The Open Book, including the a cappella musical The Hoboken Chicken Emergency, which he adapted for the stage. He was an improvisational comedian, appearing periodically at Standup New York.He also performed regularly at the Jekyll & Hyde Club. He can be heard portraying several characters in The Open Book audiobook Take My Planet, Please! (Metamorphic Press/JestMaster Audio, 2021). In 1975, <mask> co-founded The Open Book, New York City's first and longest lived readers theatre company, along with his wife, Saralee, and other noted theatre professionals. <mask> also established The Open Book's educational outreach division and curriculum, as well as an annual national playwriting competition co-sponsored by Doubleday's Stage & Screen Book Club. <mask> wrote two books about readers theatre: Readers Theatre: What It Is, How to Stage It, published in 1995 by Wildside Press; and From Page to Stage: Selecting and Adapting Literature for Readers Theatre, published 1996 by Fireside Theatre. He also edited Frantic Comedy: 8 Plays of Knockabout Fun, published 1993 by Fireside Theatre.Several of the plays were presented by The Open Book under <mask>'s direction. The Open Book performed <mask>'s adaptation of his own novel, The Last Christmas Of Ebenezer Scrooge, annually for several years. <mask>'s final stage performances were in the revival of The Last Christmas Of Ebenezer Scrooge in a short run of the play, also directed by <mask>, in December 2019 at the Pushkin Hall Theater in NYC. <mask> authored nineteen novels including the science fiction cult classics, The Incredible Umbrella and (co-authored with Parke Godwin) The Masters of Solitude, and the critically-acclaimed mysteries Bullets for Macbeth and My Son, the Druggist. <mask>'s last book, published in 2020 by Metamorphic Press, was Quest for the Pastried Peach, his own whimsical retelling of the famous "Siberian Peach Pie" shaggy joke, which he wrote in a different literary style for each chapter. A collection of <mask>'s poetry is planned for posthumous publication by Metamorphic Press. <mask> edited numerous genre anthologies such as Fiends and Creatures and The Game is Afoot, as well as magazines such as H. P. Lovecraft's Magazine of Horror, Sherlock Holmes Mystery Magazine, and Black Cat Mystery Magazine.As a charter member of The Wolfe Pack, a literary society devoted to Nero Wolfe (the detective created by Rex Stout), <mask> compiled selected essays and stories from the group's journal, The Gazette, into two books in 2005, The Nero Wolfe Files and The Archie Goodwin Files. One of his anthologies, The Fair Folk, won a World Fantasy Award in 2006. In the summer of 2011, <mask> purchased America's oldest supernatural periodical (dating back to 1923), Weird Tales Magazine, with John Harlacher. <mask> was editor and co-publisher (with Harlacher). In addition to other artistic changes, <mask> instituted themed issues. In August 2012, <mask> announced that Weird Tales was going to publish an excerpt from Victoria Foyt's controversial novel Save the Pearls, which many critics accused of featuring racist stereotyping. <mask> wrote an essay titled "A Thoroughly NONRACIST Novel" defending his decision to publish the excerpt.The essay and <mask>'s decision to publish the excerpt were criticized, particularly by N. K. Jemisin and Jim C. Hines, and the publisher subsequently announced that Weird Tales no longer had plans to run the excerpt. <mask> was also a regular columnist, writing "<mask>'s Nth Dimension" for Space and Time, a science fiction magazine. His column is exclusively on the Space and Time website. <mask> was a member of the Authors Guild, the Dramatists Guild of America, the Actors' Equity Association, The Broadway League, and The Sons of the Desert (of which he served as president from 1974 to 1976). He was also an honorary member of the Mark Twain Society. Personal life
<mask> married Saralee Bransdorf on August 4, 1963 in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania; they had one child, Terry Ellen <mask>. Saralee <mask> died July 12, 2006 of complications from endometrial cancer in New York City.The couple resided in New York. <mask> died of natural causes on May 13, 2021 in New York. He is buried in the Sanctuary of Abraham & Sarah Mausoleum in Paramus, New Jersey. Bibliography

Hillary Quayle
A Lively Game of Death (Saturday Review Press, 1972; reissued: Wildside Press, 1999)
The Grand Ole Opry Murders (Saturday Review Press/Dutton, 1974)
aka The Country Music Murders (Wildside Press, 2000)
Bullets for Macbeth (Saturday Review Press/Dutton, 1976; reissued: Wildside Press, 1999)
The Laurel & Hardy Murders (Dutton, 1977; reissued: Wildside Press, 2001)
The Soap Opera Slaughters (Doubleday, 1982; reissued: Wildside Press, 1999)

Marty Gold
My Son, The Druggist (Doubleday, 1977; reissued: Wildside Press, 1999)
My Brother, The Druggist (Doubleday, 1979; reissued: Wildside Press, 1999)

The Masters of Solitude
The Masters of Solitude, with Parke Godwin (Doubleday, 1978)
Wintermind, with Parke Godwin (Doubleday, 1982)

The novel A Cold Blue Light is sometimes listed as a third volume of the trilogy, but it is unrelated. The third volume, Singer Among the Nightingales was not published before the death of Parke Godwin. (Doubleday Direct Inc., 1998)
The Vampire Sextette (GuildAmerica Books, 2000)
The Ultimate Halloween (Ibooks, 2001)
The Dragon Quintet (Science Fiction Book Club, 2003; reissued: Tor Books, 2006)
The Nero Wolfe Files (Wildside Press, 2005)
The Archie Goodwin Files (Wildside Press, 2005)
The Fair Folk (Science Fiction Book Club, 2005)
Forbidden Planets (Science Fiction Book Club, 2006)
A Book of Wizards (Science Fiction Book Club, 2008)
The Ghost Quartet (Tor Books, 2008)

References

External links
 Marvin Kaye's official website

 SFE: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction

1938 births
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American book editors
American fantasy writers
American horror writers
American magazine editors
American male novelists
American mystery writers
American science fiction writers
Science fiction editors
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
Weird Tales editors
Living people

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<mask> (20 August 1898 – 8 August 1973) was a Swedish journalist, author, playwright, historian, and debater. His literary career, spanning more than 45 years, is associated with his series The Emigrants. The four books, published between 1949 and 1959, deal with the Swedish emigration to the United States in the 19th century, and are the subject of two movie adaptations and a musical. Among other works are Raskens (1927) and Ride This Night (1941), a historical novel of a 17th-century rebellion in Småland acknowledged for its subliminal but widely recognised criticism of the Hitler regime. A prominent public intellectual and debater in Sweden, he was recognized for his vocal criticism of the Swedish monarchy (most notably after the Haijby affair), describing it as a servile government by divine mandate, and publicly supporting its replacement with a Swiss-style confederal republic. He spoke out aggressively against the policies of Nazi Germany, the Greek military junta, and the Soviet Union, and his works were among those destroyed in Nazi book burnings. In 1971, he scolded Prime Minister Olof Palme for refusing to present the Nobel Prize in Literature to its recipient Alexander Solzhenitsyn – who was refused permission to attend the ceremony in Stockholm – through the Swedish embassy in Moscow.<mask>'s suicide by self-inflicted drowning also drew much attention. He had had a long struggle with depression and writer's block. Early life
Karl Artur <mask> <mask> was born in 1898 on a farm outside of the town Emmaboda in the Parish of Algutsboda in Småland, in southern Sweden. He was the fourth child of six, of whom only three survived into adulthood. His forebears were soldiers and small farmers. He lived the first nine years of his life at the tenement soldier's cottage in Moshultamåla that his father <mask>, a territorial soldier, took over in 1888. In 1907 the family moved to a small farm in the village of Moshultamåla.This had been the family home of his mother <mask>; they had lost it due to poverty. Money from her family in America enabled them to buy the property back. <mask> had only limited schooling from 1906 until 1912. However, as a child he was an avid reader; he published his first writing at the age of 13. <mask> worked as a farmer and forest laborer, and later at glassblowing before and between his various studies. In 1916 he nearly emigrated to the United States, following his uncle and aunt, but ultimately decided to remain in Sweden with his parents. Largely self-educated, <mask> studied at Kronoberg County Folk High School in Grimslöv from 1916 to 1917, and at Katrineholms Praktiska Skola, a private school in Katrineholm, from 1917 to 1918.<mask> contracted the Spanish flu in 1918, and was sick for half a year. After his illness, <mask> took a position on the newspaper Vadstena Läns Tidning in Östergötland which published many of his stories between 1919 and 1929. In 1926, <mask> made his breakthrough as a playwright when his comedy Kassabrist had a successful run in Stockholm. He published his first novel Raskens the following year. <mask> became a full-time writer when the success of Raskens enabled him to devote himself entirely to writing. Author

Many of his works have been translated into English, and he is well-recognized in the English-speaking world among those interested in Scandinavian culture and history. In his autobiographical novel, A Soldier with a Broken Rifle (Swedish: Soldat med brutet gevär), he speaks to the importance of giving voice to the downtrodden, illiterate classes of his forebears.This viewpoint also formed his History of the Swedish People, I-II (Swedish: Min svenska historia, berättad för folket, I-II), published in 1970–71 in both Swedish and English. He had intended the history to have more volumes, but he never finished it. As a playwright, <mask> wrote 38 works for the stage or for radio (1919-1973). Some were produced as lighter classics of the Swedish stage and television, or were adapted as feature films by directors such as Ingmar Bergman (Lea och Rakel/Leah and Rachel; Malmö City Theatre 1955) and Alf Sjöberg (Domaren/The Judge; 1960). Social themes
<mask> had become a member of a young Social Democrats club in 1913. In his works, he often expressed a republican (anti-royalist) point of view, much due to the facts that surfaced in the Kejne affair and Haijby affair, in which <mask> took an active part. From the 1950s, <mask> participated in debates about the Swedish monarchy, bureaucracy, and corruption, and devoted much time to help individual citizens who had suffered injustice.Much like others of his generation of Swedish authors from a working-class background, such as Ivar Lo-Johansson, Harry Martinson and Moa Martinson, <mask> depicted the life of the dispossessed, their traditions, customs, and everyday struggle. His novels are important documents of social history, and trace the influences of various social and political movements in Sweden. The Emigrants series

<mask>'s most famous work is The Emigrants series of four novels, written between 1949 and 1959, that describe one Swedish family's emigration from Småland to Chisago County, Minnesota in the mid-19th century. This was a destiny shared by almost one million Swedish people, including several of the author's relatives. These novels have been translated into English: The Emigrants (1951), Unto a Good Land (1954), The Settlers (1961), and The Last Letter Home (1961). His literary portrayal of the Swedish-American immigrant experience is considered comparable to O.E. Rolvaag's work depicting that  of Norwegian-American immigrants.Films and musical
Swedish film director Jan Troell 1971-72 turned the books into two major feature films, The Emigrants and The New Land, starring Max von Sydow and Liv Ullmann as Karl Oskar and Kristina. These were nominated for several Academy Awards and The New Land won Golden Globe Awards. The musical Kristina från Duvemåla (English title Kristina) (1995) by ex-ABBA members Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson is based on <mask>'s The Emigrants Series. Even several of the other works by <mask> have been turned into films and TV series in Sweden over the years. Moberg Room
Moberg donated his papers to the Swedish Emigrant Institute in Växjö, Sweden, It displays his original manuscripts, excerpts, notes, and photographs in The Moberg Room, in such a way that visitors get a feeling of meeting <mask> <mask> in his workshop. This unique collection of Moberg memorabilia includes Axel Olsson's sculpture entitled The Emigrants, which portrays the main characters featured in The Emigrants Series. The Vilhelm Moberg Society, headquartered in the Swedish Emigrant Institute, promotes publications, research and popular interest in <mask>'s works.Later life
<mask> struggled with severe depression in the last years of his life. He committed suicide by drowning himself in a lake outside his house. He left a note to his wife saying: "The time is twenty past seven; I go to seek in the lake the eternal sleep. Forgive me, I could not endure." <mask> was buried in Norra begravningsplatsen in Stockholm. Klockan är tjugo över sju. Jag går att söka i sjön, sömnen utan slut.Förlåt mig, jag orkade inte uthärda. Works in English translation

The Emigrants series

 The Emigrants (1949), . Unto a Good Land (1952), . The Settlers (1956), . The Last Letter Home (1959), . Fiction
 Memory of Youth
 Ride This Night
 A Time on Earth, . When I Was a Child, .Nonfiction
 A History of the Swedish People, Vol. 1: From Prehistory to the Renaissance, . A History of the Swedish People, Vol. 2: From Renaissance to Revolution, . Both volumes translated by Paul Britten Austin. The Unknown Swedes: A Book About Swedes and America, Past and Present, . References

Sources
 Holmes, Philip.<mask> <mask>,  Twayne's world authors series  (Boston, MA: Twayne Publishers. 1980)
 Holmes, Philip. <mask> <mask>. En introduktion till hans författarskap (Stockholm, Carlsson, 2001)
 Holmes, Philip. <mask> <mask>: Utvandrarna (Studies in Swedish literature (Orton and Holmes. 1976)
 Eidevall,  Gunnar. <mask> <mask>, Swedish portraits (Stockholm, Sweden: Svenska Institutet; 2nd edition.1996)
 Mårtensson, Sigvard. Vilhelm <mask> och teatern (Stockholm, Carlssons, 1992)

Further reading

External links

 <mask> <mask> - The Greatest Swedish Author
 Kristina from Duvemåla - The Musical
  Vilhelm <mask>'s Duvemåla
 Vilhelm Moberg's Emigration District
 Hiking in Vilhelm Moberg's Emigrant District
  Vilhelm Moberg - Emmaboda county

1898 births
1973 suicides
People from Emmaboda Municipality
Writers from Småland
Swedish historians
20th-century Swedish novelists
Swedish republicans
Swedish historical novelists
Swedish-language writers
Suicides by drowning in Sweden
Swedish male novelists
20th-century historians
Burials at Norra begravningsplatsen
20th-century male writers
1973 deaths

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<mask> (, ;  1660 – 30 June 1727), also known as Mohammad Hadi and born as Surya Narayan Mishra, was the first Nawab of Bengal, serving from 1717 to 1727. Born a Hindu in the Deccan Plateau  1670, <mask> was bought by Mughal noble Haji Shafi. After Shafi's death, he worked under the Divan of Vidarbha, during which time he piqued the attention of the then-emperor Aurangzeb, who sent him to Bengal as the divan  1700. However, he entered into a bloody conflict with the province's subahdar, Azim-us-Shan. After Aurangzeb's death in 1707, he was transferred to the Deccan Plateau by Azim-us-Shan's father the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah I. However, he was brought back as deputy subahdar in 1710. In 1717, he was appointed as the Nawab Nazim of Murshidabad by Farrukhsiyar.During his reign, he changed the jagirdari system (land management) to the mal jasmani, which would later transform into the zamindari system. He also continued sending revenues from the state to the Mughal Empire. He built the Katra Masjid mosque at Murshidabad where he was buried under the steps of the staircase after his death on 30 June 1727. He was succeeded by his son-in-law Shuja ud Din Muhammad <mask>. Early life
According to Sir Jadunath Sarkar, <mask> <mask> <mask> was originally a Hindu and named as Surya Narayan Mishra, born in Deccan  1670. The book Ma'asir al-umara supports this statement. At the age of around ten years, he was sold to a Persian named Haji Shafi who circumcised him, and raised him with the name Mohammad Hadi.In  1690, Shafi left his position in the Mughal court and returned to Persia accompanied by <mask> <mask> <mask>. About five years after Shafi's death, Murshid returned to India and worked under Abdullah Khurasani, the Diwan of Vidarbha in the Mughal Empire. Due to his expertise in revenue matters, he was noticed by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and played an important role when applying the sharia based Fatwa Alamgiri's financial strategies. Unlike other Islamic rulers, <mask> <mask> <mask> had only one wife, Nasiri Banu Begum, and no concubines. He had three children, two daughters and one son. One of his daughters became the wife of Nawab Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad <mask> and mother of Sarfaraz <mask>. First appointment in Bengal

Conflict with Azim-us-Shan
Aurangzeb appointed <mask> <mask> the Diwan of Bengal  1700.At that time, Azim-us-Shan, a grandson of the Mughal emperor, was the subahdar of the province. He was not pleased at this appointment as he intend to use the revenue collected from the state to fund his campaign to occupy the Mughal throne after Aurangzeb's death. Immediately after being appointed to the post, <mask> <mask> went to Jahangirnagar (present day Dhaka) and transferred officials from the service of Azim-us-Shan to himself, enraging Azim-us-Shan. Assassination attempt
Azim-us-Shan planned to assassinate <mask> <mask>. Taking advantage of the fact the soldiers had yet to be paid, he convinced them that <mask> <mask> was responsible for the situation. He planned to have them surround <mask> <mask> on the pretext of confronting him over non-payment of their wages, and he would then be stabbed. One morning when <mask> <mask> was going to meet Azim-us-Shan, soldiers, under the leadership of Abdul Wahid, surrounded him and asked him for their wages.But, according to Historian Chowdhury, <mask> <mask> knew that us-Shan was responsible for inciting the soldiers, so he said to them: "You have conspired to assassinate me. Remember that the Alamgir (Aurangzeb) will come to know everything. Abstain from doing such things, as it is a way of showing disrespect to the emperor. Be careful! If you kill me, then you will face dire consequences." Azim-us-Shan was extremely worried <mask> <mask> knew of his assassination plans and was fearful of Aurangzeb's reaction. <mask> <mask> behaved as if he knew nothing of the plan assuring us-Shan they would remain friends in the future.However, he wrote about the matter to Aurangzeb, who in turn sent a letter to us-Shan warning him that if <mask> <mask> was "harmed, then he would take revenge on him". Foundation of Murshidabad
<mask> <mask> felt unsafe in Dhaka, so he moved the diwani office to Mukshudabad. He said that he relocated the office since Mukshudabad was situated in the central part of Bengal, making it easy to communicate throughout the province. As the city was on the banks of the Ganges, European trading companies had also set up their bases there. <mask> <mask> thought that it would be easy for him to keep a vigil over their actions. He also relocated the bankers to the new city. Azim-us-Shan felt betrayed as this was done without his permission.Historian Chowdhury says that <mask> <mask> was able to do this because he had the "support" of Aurangzeb. A year later, in 1703, Aurangzeb transferred us-Shan from Bengal to Bihar and Farrukhsiyar was made the titular subahdar of the province. The subah office was then relocated to Mukshudabad. The city became a centre for all activities of the region. <mask> <mask> went to Bijapur to meet Aurangzeb, and to give him the revenue which was generated from the province. The emperor was happy with his work and gifted him clothes, flags, nagra, and a sword. He also gave him the title of Murshid Quli and gave him permission to rename the city Murshidabad (the city of Murshid Quli Khan), which he did when he returned to it.When the city was renamed is disputed by historians. Sir Jadunath Sarkar says that he was given the title on 23 December 1702, and his return to the city would have taken at least three months; so Mukshudabad was renamed in 1703. But according to the newspaper Tarikh-i-Bangla, and Persian historian Riwaz-us-Salatin, the city was renamed in  1704. Chowdhury opines that this "might be the correct date" as the representative of the British East Indian Company in Orissa province met <mask> <mask> in early 1704. The fact that the first coins issued in Murshidabad are dated 1704 is strong evidence of the year of the name change. Reign

Death of Aurangzeb
Until the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, all the powers of the subahdar were vested in the hands of <mask> <mask>. He was succeeded by Azim-us-Shan's father Bahadur Shah I.He reappointed his son as the subahdar of the province and made <mask> <mask> his deputy. Azim-us-Shan influenced his father to throw <mask> <mask> out of the province. As a result, he was appointed the Diwan of Deccan in 1708, and served in the post until 1709. But, in 1710, <mask> <mask> was brought back as the diwan (revenue officer) of the province on the advice of us-Shan. According to Sarkar, he did so to form an allegiance with him, as he thought that it would be impossible to occupy the Delhi throne without the support of local nobility. Though he was brought back, his relationship with the Mughal prince remained stained. Shah was succeeded by Jahandar Shah in 1712, (27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713) and he was followed by Farrukhsiyar in 1713.In 1717, he gave <mask> <mask> the title of Zafar <mask> and made him the Subahdar of Bengal, thus holding both the post of subahdar and diwan at the same time. He declared himself the Nawab of Bengal and became the first independent nawab of the province. The capital was shifted from Dhaka to Murshidabad. Revenue
<mask> <mask> replaced the Mughal jagirdari system with the mal jasmani system, which was similar to France's fermiers generals. He took security bonds from the contractors or ijardaars who later collected the land revenue. Though at first there remained many jagirdars, they were shortly squeezed out by the contractors, who later came to be known as zamindars. <mask> <mask> continued his policy of sending part of the revenue collected to the Mughal Empire.He did so even when the empire was in decline with the emperor vesting no power, as the power became concentrated in the hands of kingmakers. He justified his action by saying that it would be impossible to run the Mughal Empire without the revenue he sent. Historian Chowdhury says that his real reason was to show his loyalty to the Mughal Emperor so that he could run the state according to his own wishes. Records show that every year 1 crore 30 lakh rupees was sent as the revenue to the Mughal emperor. Besides money revenue was also paid in kind. <mask> <mask> himself used to carry the money and other forms of revenue with the infantry and the cavalry to Bihar where they were given to the Mughal collector. Structures built
With Murshidabad evolving as the capital of Bengal, it became necessary for <mask> <mask> to build buildings and offices for work to be carried out from that city.In the Dugharia region of the city he built a palace, a diwankhana ("office of revenue collection", a court of exchequer). He also built an inn and a mosque for foreign travellers. He constructed a mint in the city in 1720. In the eastern end of the city he built the Katra Masjid mosque in 1724 where he was buried after his death. Conditions in Murshidabad
During <mask> <mask>'s reign  the people of the Murshidabad used to participate in many festivals. One of them was the Punyah which occurred in the last week of the Bengali month of Chaitra. The zamindars, or their representatives, took part in it.However, the festival which was celebrated with the greatest pomp and grandeur was Mawlid the festival to celebrate the birth of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. During Mawlid people from neighbouring provinces came to the city to celebrate. On <mask> <mask>'s order chirag or lamps were lit in all religious places such as mosques, and imambararas. <mask> <mask> also imitated the Mughal tradition of holding a durbar in the city which was attended by the city's bankers, foreign tourists, and European companies' representatives. Because of the increase in trade, a new class of businessmen arose who also attended his durbar. Due to his pious nature, <mask> <mask> followed Islam strictly and, according to Islamic rules, visitors were fed twice a day. The city used to be a major exporter of rice across India but , <mask> <mask> prohibited all export of rice.Chowdhury says that the condition of Hindus during his reign was "also good" as "they became more rich". Though <mask> <mask> was a Muslim, Hindus were employed in the tax department primarily because he thought they were experts in the field; they could also speak fluent Persian. Death and succession

<mask> <mask> died on 30 June 1727. He was succeeded initially by his grandson Sarfaraz <mask>. But his son-in-law Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad <mask> did not accept the succession, and planned to fight a war against him. <mask> gave up without a fight  and Shuja-ud-Din became the nawab in 1727. Sarfaraz would ascend the throne after his father's death in 1739 only to be defeated and replaced by Alivardi <mask> in 1740.<mask> <mask> remains buried under the stairs to the main-floor of Katra Masjid—a five-bayed rectangular mosque constructed by himself—pursuant to his wishes. Popular belief holds the mosque to have been constructed of material obtained upon destruction of several Hindu temples and residences; however, it is unlikely since the mosque shows an uniformity of material and <mask> used to be an active patron of local temples. See also
List of rulers of Bengal
History of Bengal
History of Bangladesh
History of India
 Shia Islam in India

Footnotes

Notes and references

Notes

References

Nawabs of Bengal
1727 deaths
Converts to Islam
Year of birth unknown
1660 births
Indian Muslims

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Murshid Quli Khan
Murshid Quli Khan
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<mask>, 1st Duc d'Otrante, 1st Comte <mask> (21 May 1759 – 25 December 1820) was a French statesman, revolutionary, and Minister of Police under First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, who later became Emperor Napoleon. He was particularly known for the ferocity with which he suppressed the Lyon insurrection during the Revolution in 1793 and for being minister of police under the Directory, the Consulate, and the Empire. In English texts, his title is often translated as Duke of Otranto. <mask> was born in Le Pellerin, a small village near Nantes. His mother was Marie Françoise Croizet (1720–1793), and his father was <mask> (1719–1771). He was educated at the college of the Oratorians at Nantes, and showed aptitude for literary and scientific studies. Wanting to become a teacher, he was sent to an institution kept by brethren of the same order in Paris.There he made rapid progress, and was soon appointed to tutorial duties at the colleges of Niort, Saumur, Vendôme, Juilly and Arras. There he was initiated into Freemasonry at "Sophie Mademlaine" lodge in 1788. At Arras he had had some encounters with Maximilien Robespierre both before the revolution and in the early days of the French Revolution (1789). In October 1790, he was transferred by the Oratorians to their college at Nantes, in an attempt to control his advocacy of revolutionary principles - however, Fouché became even more of a democrat. His talents and anti-clericalism brought him into favour with the population of Nantes, especially after he became a leading member of the local Jacobin Club. When the college of the Oratorians was dissolved in May 1792, Fouché left the Oratorians, having never taken any major vows. A revolutionary republican
After the downfall of the monarchy on 10 August 1792 (following the storming of the royal Tuileries Palace), he was elected as deputy for the département of the Loire-Inférieure to the National Convention—which proclaimed the French Republic on 22 September.Fouché's interests brought him into contact with the Marquis de Condorcet and the Girondists, and he became a Girondist himself. However, their lack of support for the trial and execution of King Louis XVI (December 1792 - 21 January 1793) led him to join the Jacobins, the more decided partisans of revolutionary doctrine. Fouché was strongly in favor of the king's immediate execution, and denounced those who wavered. The crisis that resulted from the declaration of war by the Convention against Great Britain and the Dutch Republic (1 February 1793, see French Revolutionary Wars), and a little later against Spain, made Fouché famous as one of the Jacobin radicals holding power in Paris. While the armies of the First Coalition threatened the north-east of France, a revolt of the Royalist peasants in Brittany and La Vendée menaced the Convention on the west. That body sent Fouché with a colleague, Villers, as representatives on mission invested with almost dictatorial powers for the crushing of the revolt of "the whites" (the royalist colour). The vigour with which he carried out these duties earned him a reputation, and he soon held the post of commissioner of the republic in the département of the Nièvre.Together with Pierre Gaspard Chaumette, he helped to initiate the dechristianization movement in the autumn of 1793. In the Nièvre department, Fouché ransacked churches, sent their valuables to the treasury, and helped establish the Cult of Reason. He ordered the words "Death is an eternal sleep" to be inscribed over the gates to cemeteries. He also fought luxury and wealth, wanting to abolish the use of currency. The new cult was inaugurated at Notre Dame de Paris by "The Festival of Reason". It was here that Fouché gave "the most famous example of its [dechristianization] early phase". Ironically enough, it was only a year previous that Fouché had been "an advocate of the role of the clergy in education," yet he was now "abandoning the role of religion in society altogether in favour of 'the revolutionary and clearly philosophical spirit' he had first wanted for education."Overall, the dechristianization movement "reflected the wholesale transformation that Jacobin and radical leaders were beginning to see as necessary for the survival of the Republic, and the creation of a republican citizenry." <mask> went on to Lyon in November with Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois to execute the reprisals of the Convention. Lyon had revolted against the Convention. Lyon, on 23 November, was declared to be in a "state of revolutionary war" by Collot and Fouché. The two men then formed the Temporary Commission for Republican Supervision. He inaugurated his mission with a festival notable for its obscene parody of religious rites. <mask> and Collot then brought in "a contingent of almost two thousand of the Parisian Revolutionary Army" to begin their terrorizing."On 4 December, 60 men, chained together, were blasted with grapeshot on the plain de Brotteaux outside the city, and 211 more the following day. Grotesquely ineffective, these mitraillades resulted in heaps of mutilated, screaming, half-dead victims, who were finished off with sabres and musket fire by soldiers physically sickened at the task." Events like this made Fouché infamous as "The Executioner of Lyons." The Commission was not happy with the methods used for killing the rebels so, soon after, "more normal firing squads supplemented the guillotine." These methods led to the carrying out of "over 1800 executions in the coming months." Fouché, claiming that "Terror, salutary terror, is now the order of the day here... We are causing much impure blood to flow, but it is our duty to do so, it is for humanity's sake," called for the execution of 1,905 citizens. As Napoleon's biographer Alan Schom has written:
Alas, Fouché's enthusiasm had proved a little too effective, for when the blood from the mass executions in the center of Lyons gushed from severed heads and bodies into the streets, drenching the gutters of the Rue Lafont, the vile-smelling red flow nauseated the local residents, who irately complained to Fouché and demanded payment for damages.Fouché, sensitive to their outcry, obliged them by ordering the executions moved out of the city to the Brotteaux field, along the Rhône. From late 1793 until spring 1794, every day "batch after batch of bankers, scholars, aristocrats, priests, nuns, and wealthy merchants and their wives, mistresses, and children" were taken from the city jails to Brotteaux field,  tied to stakes, and dispatched by firing squads or mobs. Outwardly, <mask>'s conduct was marked by the utmost rigour, and on his return to Paris early in April 1794, he thus characterised his policy: "The blood of criminals fertilises the soil of liberty and establishes power on sure foundations". Conflict with Robespierre
Robespierre was appalled by the atrocities Fouché committed while on mission. In addition, early in June 1794, at the time of the "Festival of the Supreme Being", Fouché went so far as to mock the theistic revival. Robespierre exchanged angry communications with him, then tried to expel <mask> from the Jacobin Club on 14 July 1794. Fouché, however, was working with his usual energy and plotted Robespierre's overthrow from behind the scenes while remaining in hiding in Paris.Because Robespierre was losing his influence and because <mask> was under the protection of Barras, <mask> ultimately survived Robespierre's final wave of purges. The remaining ultraleftists (Collot d'Herbois, Billaud-Varenne), and the moderates (Bourdon de l'Oise, Fréron) who had won the support of the nonaligned majority of the Convention (Marais), also opposed Robespierre. <mask> engineered Robespierre's overthrow, culminating in the dramatic Coup of the 9th Thermidor on 28 July 1794. <mask> is reported to have worked furiously on the overthrow:

Rising at early morn he would run round till night calling on deputies of all shades of opinion, saying to each and every one, "You perish tomorrow if he [Robespierre] does not". <mask> describes his activities in this way in his memoirs:

Being recalled to Paris, I dared to call upon [Robespierre] from the tribune, to make good his accusation. He caused me to be expelled from the Jacobins, of whom he was the high-priest; this was for me equivalent to a decree of proscription. I did not trifle in contending for my head, nor in long and secret deliberations with such of my colleagues as were threatened with my own fate.I merely said to them... 'You are on the list, you are on the list as well as myself; I am certain of it!' Fouché, as both a ruthless suppressor of Federalist rebellion and one of the key architects of Robespierre's overthrow, embodied the merciless French politics of the era. Directory
The ensuing movement in favour of more merciful methods of government threatened to sweep away the group of politicians who had been mainly instrumental in carrying through the coup d'état. Nonetheless, largely because of Fouché's intrigues, they remained in power for a time after July. This also brought divisions in the Thermidor group, which soon became almost isolated, with <mask> spending all his energy on countering the attacks of the moderates. He was himself denounced by François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas on 9 August 1795, which caused his arrest, but the Royalist rebellion of 13 Vendémiaire Year IV aborted his execution, and he was released in the amnesty which followed the proclamation of the Constitution of 5 Fructidor. In the ensuing Directory government (1795–1799), Fouché remained at first in obscurity, but the relations he had with the far left, once headed by Chaumette and now by François-Noël Babeuf, helped him to rise once more.He is said to have betrayed Babeuf's plot of 1796 to the Director Paul Barras; however, recent research has tended to throw doubt on the assertion. His rise from poverty was slow, but in 1797 he gained an appointment dealing with military supplies, which offered considerable opportunities for making money. After first offering his services to the Royalists, whose movement was then gathering force, he again decided to support the Jacobins and Barras. In Pierre François Charles Augereau's anti-Royalist coup d'état of Fructidor 1797, Fouché offered his services to Barras, who in 1798 appointed him French ambassador to the Cisalpine Republic. In Milan, he was judged so high-handed that he was removed, but he was able for a time to hold his own and to intrigue successfully against his successor. Early in 1799, he returned to Paris, and after a brief stint as ambassador at The Hague, he became minister of police at Paris on 20 July 1799. The newly elected director, <mask> Sieyès, wanted to curb the excesses of the Jacobins, who had recently reopened their club.Fouché closed the Jacobin Club in a daring manner, hunting down those pamphleteers and editors, whether Jacobins or Royalists, who were influential critics of the government, so that at the time of the return of general Napoleon Bonaparte from the Egyptian campaign (October 1799), the ex-Jacobin was one of the most powerful men in France. In Napoleon's service
Knowing the unpopularity of the Directors, Fouché joined Bonaparte and Sieyès, who were plotting the Directory's overthrow. His activity in furthering the 18 Brumaire coup (November 9–10, 1799) ensured him the favor of Bonaparte, who kept him in office. In the ensuing French Consulate (1799–1804), Fouché efficiently countered the opposition to Bonaparte. He helped increase centralization and efficiency of the police in both Paris and the provinces. Fouché was careful to temper Napoleon's more arbitrary actions, which at times won him the gratitude even of the royalists. While exposing an unrealistic intrigue in which the duchesse de Guiche Ida d'Orsay was the chief agent, Fouché took care that she should escape.Equally skilful was his action in the so-called Aréna-Ceracchi plot (Conspiration des poignards), in which agents provocateurs of the police were believed to have played a sinister part. The chief "conspirators" were easily ensnared and were executed when the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise (December 1800) enabled Bonaparte to act with rigour. This far more serious attempt (in which conspirators exploded a bomb near the First Consul's carriage with results disastrous to the bystanders) was soon seen by Fouché as the work of Royalists. When Napoleon showed himself eager to blame the still powerful Jacobins, Fouché firmly declared that he would not only assert but would prove that the outrage was the work of Royalists. However, his efforts failed to avert the Bonaparte-led repression of the leading Jacobins. In other matters (especially in that known as the Plot of the Placards in the spring of 1802), Fouché was thought to have saved the Jacobins from the vengeance of the Consulate, and Bonaparte decided to rid himself of a man who had too much power to be desirable as a subordinate. On the proclamation of Bonaparte as First Consul for life (1 August 1802) Fouché was deprived of his office, a blow softened by the suppression of the ministry of police and by the assignment of most of its duties to an extended Ministry of Justice.Napoleon was, in fact, so intimidated by his minister of police that he did not dismiss the man personally, sending instead a servant with the information that – in addition to getting 35,000 yearly francs income as a senator and a piece of land worth 30,000 francs a year – he would also receive over a million francs from the reserve funds of the police. After 1802, he went back to freemasonry, attending "Les Citoyens réunis" lodge in Melun. Cambacérès who was Deputy Grand Master of Grand Orient de France, helped him becoming Conservator of the "Grande Loge symbolique Générale" attached to the Supreme Council of France, where he would be in charge of Masonic Justice. There he could find a valuable source of information on Freemasons throughout the empire. <mask> did become a senator and took half of the reserve funds of the police which had accumulated during his tenure of office. He continued, however, to intrigue through his spies, who tended to have more information than that of the new minister of police, and competed successfully for the favor of Napoleon at the time of the Georges Cadoudal-Charles Pichegru conspiracy (February–March 1804), becoming instrumental in the arrest of the Duc d'Enghien. Fouché would later say of Enghien's subsequent execution, "It was worse than a crime; it was a mistake" (a remark also frequently attributed to Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord).After the proclamation of the First French Empire, Fouché again became head of the re-constituted ministry of police (July 1804), and later of Internal Affairs,

masks:
Joseph Fouché
Fouché
Youth Fouché
Julien Joseph Fouché
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 with activities as important as those carried out under the Consulate. His police agents were omnipresent, and the terror which Napoleon and Fouché inspired partly accounts for the absence of conspiracies after 1804. After the Battle of Austerlitz (December 1805), Fouché uttered the famous words: "Sire, Austerlitz has shattered the old aristocracy; the Faubourg Saint-Germain no longer conspires". Nevertheless, Napoleon did retain feelings of distrust, or even of fear, towards Fouché, as was proven by his conduct in the early days of 1808. While engaged in the campaign of Spain, the emperor heard rumours that Fouché and Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, once bitter enemies, were having meetings in Paris during which Joachim Murat, King of Naples, had been approached. At once he hurried to Paris, but found nothing to incriminate Fouché. In that year Fouché received the title of Duke of Otranto, which Bonaparte created—under the French name Otrante—a duché grand-fief (a rare, hereditary, but nominal honor) in the satellite Kingdom of Naples.When, during the absence of Napoleon in the Austrian campaign of 1809, the British Walcheren expedition threatened the safety of Antwerp, Fouché issued an order to the préfet of the northern départements of the Empire for the mobilization of 60,000 National Guards, adding to the order this statement: "Let us prove to Europe that although the genius of Napoleon can throw lustre on France, his presence is not necessary to enable us to repulse the enemy". The emperor's approval of the measure was no less marked than his disapproval of Fouché's words. The next months brought further friction between emperor and minister. The latter, knowing Napoleon's desire for peace at the close of 1809, undertook to make secret overtures to the British cabinet of Spencer Perceval. Napoleon opened negotiations only to find that Fouché had forestalled him. His rage against his minister was extreme, and on 3 June 1810 he dismissed him from his office. However, Napoleon never completely disgraced a man who might again be useful, and Fouché received the governorship of the Rome département.At the moment of his departure, <mask> took the risk of not surrendering to Napoleon all of certain important documents of his former ministry (falsely declaring that the some had been destroyed); the emperor's anger was renewed, and <mask>, on learning of this after his arrival to Florence, prepared to sail to the United States. Compelled by the weather and intense sea-sickness to put back into port, he found a mediator in Elisa Bonaparte, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, thanks to whom he was allowed to settle in Aix-en-Provence. He eventually returned to his domain of Point Carré. In 1812 he attempted in vain to turn Napoleon from the projected invasion of Russia, and on the return of the emperor in haste from Smarhoń to Paris at the close of that year, the ex-minister of police was suspected of involvement in the conspiracy of Claude François de Malet, which had been unexpectedly successful. Fouché cleared his name and gave the emperor useful advice concerning internal affairs and the diplomatic situation. Nevertheless, the emperor, still distrustful, ordered him to undertake the government of the Illyrian provinces. On the break-up of the Napoleonic system in Germany (October 1813), Fouché was ordered on missions to Rome and thence to Naples, in order to watch the movements of Joachim Murat.Before Fouché arrived in Naples, Murat invaded the Roman territory, whereupon <mask> received orders to return to France. He arrived in Paris on 10 April 1814 at the time when Napoleon was being constrained by his marshals to abdicate. Fouché's conduct in this crisis was characteristic. As senator he advised the Senate to send a deputation to Charles, comte d'Artois, brother of Louis XVIII, with a view to a reconciliation between the monarchy and the nation. A little later he addressed to Napoleon, then banished to Elba, a letter begging him in the interests of peace and of France to withdraw to the United States. To the new sovereign Louis XVIII he sent an appeal in favour of liberty, and recommending the adoption of measures which would conciliate all interests. The response was unsatisfactory, and when he found that there were no hopes of advancement, he entered into relations with conspirators who sought the overthrow of the Bourbons.The Marquis de Lafayette and Louis Nicolas Davout were involved in the issue, but their refusal to take the course desired by <mask> and others led to nothing being done. Hundred Days and Bourbon restoration

Soon Napoleon escaped from Elba and made his way in triumph to Paris. Shortly before his arrival in Paris (19 March 1815), Louis XVIII sent <mask> an offer of the ministry of police, which he declined: "It is too late; the only plan to adopt is to retreat". He then foiled an attempt by Royalists to arrest him, and on the arrival of Napoleon he received for the third time the portfolio of police. That, however, did not prevent him from entering into secret relations with the Austrian statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich in Vienna, his aim being to prepare for all eventualities. Meanwhile, he used all his powers to induce the emperor to democratize his rule, and he is said to have caused the insertion of the words: "the sovereignty resides in the people—it is the source of power" in the declaration of the Conseil d'État. But the autocratic tendencies of Napoleon could not be overridden, and Fouché, seeing the fall of the emperor to be imminent, took measures to expedite it and secure his own interests.In 1814, <mask> had joined the invading allies and conspired against Napoleon. However, he joined Napoléon again during his return and was police minister during the latter's short-lived reign, the Hundred Days. After Napoléon's ultimate defeat in the Battle of Waterloo, Fouché again started plotting against Napoleon and joined the opposition of the parliament. He headed the provisional government and tried to negotiate with the allies. He probably also aimed at establishing a republic with himself as head of state, with the help of some Republican freemasons. These plans were never realised, and the Bourbons regained power in July 1815. And again, Fouché's services were necessary: as Talleyrand, another notorious intrigant, became the prime minister of the Kingdom of France, Fouché was named his minister of police: so he was a minister of King Louis XVIII, the brother of Louis XVI.Ironically, <mask> had voted for the death sentence after the trial of Louis XVI. Thus, he belonged to the regicides, and ultra-royalists both within the cabinet and without could hardly tolerate him as a member of the government. <mask>, once a revolutionary using extreme terror against the Bourbon supporters, now initiated a campaign of White Terror against real and imagined enemies of the Royalist restoration (officially directed against those who had plotted and supported Napoléon's return to power). Even Prime Minister Talleyrand disapproved of such practices, including the execution of Michel Ney and compiling proscription lists of other military men and former republican politicians. Famous, or rather infamous, is the conversation between Fouché and Lazare Carnot, who had been interior minister during the Hundred Days:

Carnot: "Where should I go then, traitor?" Fouché: "Go where you want, imbecile!" <mask> was soon relegated to the post of French ambassador in Saxony; Talleyrand himself lost his portfolio soon after, having been Prime Minister from 9 July to 26 September 1815.In 1816, the royalist authorities found <mask>'s further services useless, and he was proscribed. He died in exile in Trieste in 1820. Works
Fouché wrote some political pamphlets and reports, the chief of which are:
 Réflexions sur le jugement de Louis Capet ("Thoughts on the trial of Louis Capet", 1793)
 Réflexions sur l'éducation publique ("Thoughts on public education", 1793)
 Rapport et projet de loi relatif aux colleges ("Report and law project regarding colleges", 1793)
 Rapport sur la situation de Commune Affranchie Lyons ("Report on the situation of the breakaway commune of Lyon", 1794)
 Lettre aux préfets concernant les prétres, etc. ("Letter to the préfets regarding priests etc. ", 1801)
The letters of 1815 noted above, and a Lettre au duc de Wellington ("Letter to the Duke of Wellington", 1817)

Family

<mask>, 1st Duc d'Otrante, was a son of <mask> Fouché (1719 – 1771) and wife Marie Françoise Croizet (1720 – 1793). By his first marriage to Bonne Jeanne Coiquaud (1 April 1763 – 8 October 1812), he had seven children:
 Nièvre <mask> d'Otrante (10 August 1793 – August 1794). <mask> <mask> d'Otrante, 2nd Duc d'Otrante (22 July 1796 – 31 December 1862), married to Fortunée Collin de Sussy in 1824; they separated shortly after without issue.Stillborn child (1798). Stillborn child (1799). Armand François Cyriac <mask> d'Otrante, 3rd Duc d'Otrante (25 March 1800 – 26 November 1878). Unmarried and without issue. Paul Athanase <mask> d'Otrante, 4th Duc d'Otrante (25 June 1801 – 10 February 1886). He later moved to Sweden, where he married twice and left issue, which remained in Sweden. Joséphine Ludmille <mask> d'Otrante (29 June 1803 – 30 December 1893), married to Adolphe Comte de La Barthe de Thermes (1789–1869), and had issue (a son, Paul and a daughter, Isabelle).By his second marriage to Ernestine de Castellane-Majastres (5 July 1788 – 4 May 1850), he had no children. In literature and on screen
The Austrian novelist Stefan Zweig wrote a biography entitled <mask>é. Zweig takes a psychological approach to understanding the complicated minister of police. Zweig asks himself in the beginning of the book about how <mask> could "survive" in power from the revolution to the monarchy. <mask> also appears as one of the main characters in For the King, a novel by Catherine Delors (Dutton, 2010), where his role in the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise is discussed. <mask> was featured as one of the two main (and only) characters in the play by Jean-Claude Brisville Supping with the Devil in which he is depicted dining with Talleyrand while deciding how to preserve their respective powers under the coming regime. The drama was hugely successful and turned into a film The Supper in 1992 directed by Édouard Molinaro, starring Claude Rich and Claude Brasseur.<mask> portrayed <mask> briefly in his short story The Duel (1924), which was filmed in 1977 as The Duellists, written by Gerald Vaughan-Hughes and directed by Ridley Scott. <mask> is portrayed by Albert Finney. <mask> appears as a recurring character in the Roger Brook series of historical novels by Dennis Wheatley. Fouché is referenced on the first page of the novel Perfume: The Story of a Murderer by Patrick Süskind as a 'gifted abomination'. Fouché is an important character in the novel The Hastening Wind by British novelist Edward Grierson, which concerns the Cadoudal conspiracy to assassinate Napoleon in 1804. In Mountolive (1958), the third novel of Lawrence Durrell's Alexandria Quartet, a French diplomat is said to have (ironically) complimented the cruel and venal Egyptian Minister of the Interior, Memlik Pasha, by telling him that he is "... regarded as the best Minister of Interior in modern history--indeed, since Fouché there has been no-one to equal you." Memlik is so taken with the comparison that he orders a bust of Fouché from France, which then sits in his reception room gathering dust.In Bernard Cornwell's novel Sharpe's Enemy, Fouché is mentioned as an early mentor of the French spymaster Pierre Ducos, who becomes a bitter enemy of Richard Sharpe in later novels. Fouché makes an appearance in the Doctor Who novel World Game by Terrance Dicks. Fouché appears in the novel The Twisted Sword, by Winston Graham. The novel Captain Cut-Throat by John Dickson Carr, set in Napoleonic France in 1805, when the invasion of England was planned, portrays Fouché scheming and counter-scheming various complicated plots. Fouché is a significant character in The Carton Chronicles: The Curious Tale of Flashman's true father (2010) by Keith Laidler. Fouché was portrayed by French actor Gérard Depardieu in the mini-series Napoleon. Fouché was portrayed by actor Stephen Jenn in the 1987 mini-series Napoleon and Josephine: A Love Story.In the Hollywood historical drama Reign of Terror (1949), <mask> is played by Arnold Moss. He is a character in Treason's Tide by Robert Wilton, set during the summer of 1805. Originally published as The Emperor's Gold in June 2011, it was re-issued under the new title in February 2013 by Corvus, an imprint of Atlantic Books. <mask> is portrayed by Morris Perry in the BBC's War and Peace (1972 TV series) episode 11, Men of Destiny. <mask> is mentioned in Diary of a Man in Despair by Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen. Reck relates a meeting with Heinrich Himmler in 1934 at which Himmler asks Reck for information. Surprised at Himmler's request, Reck asks Himmler why the Fouché of the Third Reich needed information from him.Reck relates that Himmler clearly had no idea who <mask> was. The 48 Laws of Power cites him as an example of following Rule #35: Master The Art Of Timing. He is a character in The Paris Affair by Teresa Grant

References

Further reading
Cole, Hubert. Fouche: The Unprincipled Patriot. Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1971
 Delors, Catherine. For The King. E.P.Dutton, 2010
 Forssell, Nils. Fouche: The Man Napoleon Feared (1928) scholarly biography  online
 Kurtz, Harold. "Fouché, Part I: Before Bonaparte 1759-1799" History Today 12#10 (1962)  online
 Kurtz, Harold. "Fouché, Part II: The Statesman and His Fall"  History Today  (1962) 12#11  online
 Nelson, Marian Purrier, "The Napoleonic police under the administration of <mask>, 1799-1810" (MA thesis, U of Nebraska-Omaha, 1967). online. Zweig, Stefan. <mask>che The Portrait Of A Politician (1930) online
 a main source for this article
 The Fouché Memoirs (not genuine, but they were apparently compiled, at least in part, from notes written by Fouché)
 Heraldica.org (Napoleonic heraldry)

External links

 Medusa's Head: The Rise and Survival of <mask>, Inventor of the Modern Police State, a book website

1759 births
1820 deaths
People from Loire-Atlantique
1
Thermidorians
French interior ministers
Deputies to the French National Convention
Members of the Sénat conservateur
Members of the Chamber of Representatives (France)
Représentants en mission
Regicides of Louis XVI
French diplomats
French male essayists
French police chiefs
French political writers
French spies
Spies of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
Illyrian Provinces
People of the Reign of Terror
French Freemasons
Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or

masks:
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Fouché
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Fouché
Fouché
Fouché
Fouché
Fouché
Fouché
Fouché
Joseph Fouché
Julien Joseph
Fouché
Joseph Liberté
Fouché
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Joseph Fouch
Fouché
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Joseph Conrad
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<mask>, aka <mask>, real name Ophlin Russell, (born on 2 January 1962) is a Jamaican dancehall DJ and singer. She is known to the world as the first female dancehall DJ and was described as being a "dominating female voice for over two decades" on the dancehall scene. One of her most famous songs is "Bam Bam", labeled as a "well-known reggae anthem" by BBC and a "classic" by The Observer. Career
Born in Kingston, Jamaica, Russell was one of 15 siblings. Her elder brother, Robert, is better known as Brigadier Jerry, and by her mid-teens, she would occasionally perform on the Twelve Tribes of Israel soundsystem Jahlovemuzik sound system that she worked with, and worked for three years on the Stereophonic sound system with General Echo. <mask> was born in a conservative household in Kingston. She was expected to perform conservative duties such as being an elder of the community and promote socially conservative values such as staying in the household, be drug-free, and family oriented.Early on, she rebelled against her traditional values and followed her brother Brigadier Jerry in DJing. She was repeatedly dissuaded from DJing and encouraged to pursue Christian music by her father. When she was a teenager, she got into Dancehall. She was the only girl to show up to dance. The family norms did not appeal to her and she ran away from home for months at a time. <mask> followed DJ Junior Chalice around Jamaica and in St. Thomas was given a chance by him to DJ. She is quoted from an interview as saying, "Me never nervous again after that.That was 15. When I was 16 I say, 'Alright, I go step up me thing.'" In 1980, producer Winston Riley was the first to take her into the studio, resulting in her first single, "Papa Dean" for his Techniques label. Russell-Myers went on to perform at Reggae Sunsplash, making her the first female deejay ever to perform there, and she is also the first female Jamaican deejay to tour internationally. She had further success with singles such as "One Two", "Money Can't Buy Me Love", "Transport Connection" and "Bam Bam". Her debut album, One Two was released in 1982. She went on to work with producer Henry "Junjo" Lawes, recording "A No Any Man Can Test Sister Nancy", "Bang Belly", and a collaboration with Yellowman, "Jah Mek Us Fe A Purpose".She continued to appear live, sometimes on Jahlove Music with her brother. The sound system toured internationally, with both Sister <mask> and Brigadier Jerry making their debut UK performances at the Brixton Town Hall, London in 1982. Despite his first album being released after hers, Sister <mask> claims her brother as her main inspiration and supporter. His stage presence and voice projection have clearly influenced Sister <mask>'s work and career. Aspects of his rolling vocal pattern, sing jay style, expressive performances, and culturally conscious lyrics are found in much of Sister <mask>'s music. Much like her brother, she also focuses on cultural issues and has a spiritual tone as well in many of her tracks. Unlike his sister however, Brigadier Jerry was never really able to capture his exceptional live performances on a recorded track that was on par.Today he still puts out the occasional single and tours somewhat regularly. In 1996, she relocated to New Jersey. In an interview with The Jamaica Observer in 2002, Russell said that although she was working in the banking sector, that "music is [her] first love" and said she still performs "every now and then". She explained that her absence from the recording scene was due to her wanting to "give other female artists a chance", though she said she was still "as ready as the first day [she] came into the business". The Observer cited Russell a role model for a successive generation of female acts, including Lady Saw, <mask>, Macka Diamond, Lady G, Shelly Thunder, Carla Marshall, Lorna G, Lady English, and Lady P.

In 2007, Russell released the second of her two albums, Sister Nancy Meets Fireproof, produced by djMush1, formerly of the Slackers (NYC Ska) on Special Potato Records. The album was distributed by Jammyland Records in New York, NY. The album features four original compositions, as well as four instrumental versions of the aforementioned songs.In 2011, <mask> did an interview where she stated that it's harder now for women to make it in the field of music. When asked why, she said it's because "Maybe because there weren’t so many female artists out and men respected the women." This seems to agree with Cooper that dancehall music liberated women from "repressive respectability and conservative gender ideologies." Rastawomen singers are free to act and say as they please on stage. Upon its original release, "Bam Bam" never really caught on in Jamaica but has been a fixture in other genres of music ever since. While the song was originally recorded in 1966 by Toots and the Maytals, it is <mask>'s version that is so often sampled in various genres. R. Henry Gordon, N. N. McCarthy and Frederick "Toots" Hibbert hold the copyright to the original version of the song, but were never compensated royalties for use of the song by <mask> or any artist who sampled her cover.Beginning in 1991 with Main Source "Bam Bam" has been sampled in 73 songs - most recently Kanye West's 2016 hit "Famous". <mask>'s version uses Ansel Collin's legendary 1977 instrumental "Stalag 17", a well known riddim, alternatively known as a backing track used repeatedly. In 2016 <mask> retired from being a bank accountant in New Jersey so she could pursue music and performing. She recently played at Rebel Salute 2017 in Jamaica in January as well as played at Brooklyn Bowl in New York on 25 May 2017. In her interview with HOT 97 she stated that she plans to do more shows in the coming future. Collaborations and samples
<mask> collaborated with Thievery Corporation on the song "Originality" for the 2006 compilation album Versions. She also collaborated with DJ /rupture and Kid 606 on the "Little More Oil" single in 2006.<mask>'s classic "Bam Bam" has been re-recorded and sampled over 80 times since its release in 1982 including:

 "Bam" featuring Damian Marley on the Jay-Z album 4:44 (2017). "Famous" by Kanye West on the album The Life of Pablo (2016). Canadian producer RCola brought <mask> into Liondub's studio to re-sing her classic "Bam Bam", released in 2007 as a drum and bass dancefloor remix "A What A Bam Bam (Remixes)" on 12" vinyl with Division One remix on the AA side. In 2007, Sister <mask> voiced a dubplate of her "Bam Bam" with new lyrics for Atlanta ragga/drum and bass DJ Tester. Canadian/American producer Krinjah published a 12" vinyl single "Bam Bam (Remix)" in 2001, which helped start off the ragga-jungle revival in North America. Personal life
She worked as an accountant at a bank in New Jersey and is now currently retired from the profession.

masks:
Sister Nancy
Muma Nancy
Sister Nancy
Nancy
Nancy
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Nancy
Nancy
Sister Carol
Sister Nancy
Sister Nancy
Sister Nancy
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<mask> (October 14, 1910 – June 4, 2010) was an American basketball coach and player. Nicknamed the "Wizard of Westwood", he won ten National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) national championships in a 12-year period as head coach for the UCLA Bruins, including a record seven in a row. No other team has won more than four in a row in Division I college men's or women's basketball. Within this period, his teams won an NCAA men's basketball record 88 consecutive games. <mask> won the prestigious Henry Iba Award as national coach of the year a record seven times and won the AP award five times. As a 5'10" guard, Wooden was the first player to be named basketball All-American three times, and the 1932 Purdue team on which he played as a senior was retroactively recognized as the pre-NCAA Tournament national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation and the Premo-Porretta Power Poll. <mask> was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a player (1960) and as a coach (1973), the first person ever enshrined in both categories.One of the most revered coaches in the history of sports, <mask> was beloved by his former players, among them Lew Alcindor (later Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) and Bill Walton. Wooden was renowned for his short, simple inspirational messages to his players, including his "Pyramid of Success". These often were directed at how to be a success in life as well as in basketball. Wooden's 29-year coaching career and overwhelmingly positive critical acclaim have created a legacy of great interest in not only sports, but in business, personal success, and organizational leadership as well. Early life and playing career
<mask> was born in 1910 in Hall, Indiana, to Roxie (1887–1959) and <mask> (1882–1950), and moved with his family to a small farm in Centerton in 1918. He had three brothers: Maurice, Daniel, and William, and two sisters, one (unnamed) who died in infancy, and another, Harriet Cordelia, who died from diphtheria at the age of two. When he was a boy, Wooden's role model was Fuzzy Vandivier of the Franklin Wonder Five, a legendary team that dominated Indiana high school basketball from 1919 to 1922.After his family moved to the town of Martinsville when he was 14, Wooden led his high school team to a state tournament title in 1927. He was a three-time All-State selection. After graduating from high school in 1928, he attended Purdue University and was coached by Ward "Piggy" Lambert. The 1932 Purdue team on which he played as a senior was retroactively recognized as the pre-NCAA Tournament national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation and the Premo-Poretta Power Poll. <mask> was named All-Big Ten and All-Midwestern (1930–32) while at Purdue, and he was the first player ever to be named a three-time consensus All-American. In 1932, he was awarded the Big Ten Medal of Honor, recognizing one student athlete from the graduating class of each Big Ten member school, for demonstrating joint athletic and academic excellence throughout their college career. He was also selected for membership in the Beta Theta Pi fraternity.<mask> is also an honorary member of Alpha Phi Omega National Service Fraternity. <mask> was nicknamed "The Indiana Rubber Man" for his suicidal dives on the hardcourt. He graduated from Purdue in 1932 with a degree in English. After college, <mask> spent several years playing professional basketball with the Indianapolis Kautskys, Whiting Ciesar All-Americans, and Hammond Ciesar All-Americans while he taught and coached in the high school ranks. During one 46-game stretch, he made 134 consecutive free throws. He was named to the NBL's First Team for the 1937–38 season. During World War II in 1942, he joined the United States Navy.He served for nearly two years and left the service as a lieutenant. Coaching career

High school

<mask> coached two years at Dayton High School in Dayton, Kentucky. His first year at Dayton, the 1932–33 season, marked the only time he had a losing record (6–11) as a coach. After Dayton, he returned to Indiana, where he taught English and coached basketball at South Bend Central High School until entering the Armed Forces. <mask> spent two years at Dayton and nine years at Central. His high school coaching record over 11 years was 218–42. Indiana State University
After World War II, <mask> coached at Indiana State Teachers College, later renamed Indiana State University, in Terre Haute, Indiana, from 1946 to 1948, succeeding his high school coach, Glenn M. Curtis.In addition to his duties as basketball coach, <mask> also coached baseball and served as athletic director, all while teaching and completing his master's degree in education. In 1947, <mask>'s basketball team won the Indiana Intercollegiate Conference title and received an invitation to the National Association of Intercollegiate Basketball (NAIB) National Tournament in Kansas City. <mask> refused the invitation, citing the NAIB's policy banning black players. One of <mask>'s players, Clarence Walker, was a black man from East Chicago, Indiana. That same year, <mask>'s alma mater Purdue University asked him to return to campus and serve as an assistant to then-head coach Mel Taube until Taube's contract expired, when <mask> would take over the program. Citing his loyalty to Taube, <mask> declined the offer, because this would have effectively made Taube a lame-duck coach. In 1948, <mask> again led Indiana State to the conference title.The NAIB had reversed its policy banning African-American players that year, and <mask> coached his team to the NAIB National Tournament final, losing to Louisville. This was the only championship game a Wooden-coached team ever lost. That year, Walker became the first African-American to play in any post-season intercollegiate basketball tournament. UCLA

In the 1948–1949 season, <mask> was hired as the fourth basketball coach in UCLA history. He succeeded Fred Cozens, Caddy Works, and Wilbur <mask>; <mask> became the school's athletic director. <mask> signed a three-year contract for $6,000 in the first year. Prior to being hired at UCLA, he had been pursued for the head coaching position at the University of Minnesota, and it was his and his wife's desire to remain in the Midwest, but inclement weather in Minnesota prevented <mask> from receiving the scheduled phone offer from the Golden Gophers.Thinking that they had lost interest, <mask> instead accepted the head coaching job with the Bruins. Officials from the University of Minnesota contacted <mask> immediately after he accepted the position at UCLA, but he declined their offer because he had already given his word to UCLA. Wooden had immediate success, fashioning the mark of the rarest of coaches, an "instant turnaround" for an undistinguished, faltering program. Part of this success was due to his unique offensive system, the same system that countless coaches use today. <mask> stated, "I believe my system is perfectly suited to counter all the modern defenses I have seen, and that includes run-and-jump, 1–3–1 trapping, box-and-one, triangle-and-two, and switching man-to-man." Prior to <mask>'s arrival at UCLA, the basketball program had only had two conference championship seasons in the previous 18 years. In his first season, he took a UCLA team that had posted a 12–13 record the previous year and transformed it into a Pacific Coast Conference (PCC) Southern Division champion with a 22–7 record, the most wins in a season for UCLA since the school started playing basketball in 1919.He surpassed that number the next season with 24–7 and a second division title and overall conference title in 1950, and would add two more in his first four years. Up to that time, UCLA had collected a total of two division titles since the PCC began divisional play, and had not won a conference title of any sort since winning the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference in 1927. In spite of these achievements, Wooden reportedly did not initially enjoy his position, and his wife did not favor living in Los Angeles. When Mel Taube left Purdue in 1950, <mask>'s inclination was to return to West Lafayette and finally accept the head coaching job there. He was ultimately dissuaded when UCLA officials reminded him that it was he who had insisted upon a three-year commitment during negotiations in 1948. Wooden felt that leaving UCLA prior to the expiration of his contract would be tantamount to breaking his word, even though Purdue offered more money, a car and housing. By the 1955–56 season, <mask> had established a record of sustained success at UCLA.That year, he guided the team to its first undefeated PCC conference title and a 17-game winning streak that came to an end only at the hands of Phil Woolpert's University of San Francisco team (who had Bill Russell and K.C. Jones) that eventually won the 1956 NCAA Tournament. However, UCLA was unable to advance from this level over the immediately ensuing seasons, finding itself unable to return to the NCAA Tournament, as the Pete Newell-coached teams at the University of California took control of the conference and won the 1959 NCAA Tournament. Also hampering the fortunes of <mask>'s team during that time period was a probation that was imposed on all UCLA sports teams in the aftermath of a scandal that involved illegal payments made to players on the school's football team. The probation was also extended to three additional schools: the University of Southern California, California and Stanford. The scandal resulted in the dismantling of the PCC conference. By the 1961–1962 season, the probation was no longer in place and <mask> returned his team to the top of the conference.This time, however, they would take the next step, and in so doing, unleash a run of dominance unparalleled in the history of college basketball. UCLA reached the Final Four of the NCAA tournament for the first time in school history. A narrow loss, due largely to a controversial foul call in a 1962 semi-final game against Ed Jucker's eventual national champion Cincinnati team, convinced Wooden that his Bruins were ready to contend for national championships. Two seasons later in 1964, the final piece of the puzzle fell into place when assistant coach Jerry Norman persuaded Wooden that the team's small-sized players and fast-paced offense would be complemented by the adoption of a zone press defense, which increased the probability of turnovers by the opposing team. The result was a dramatic increase in scoring, giving UCLA a powerhouse team that went 30–0 on its way to the school's first basketball national championship and first undefeated season as the Bruins beat Vic Bubas' taller and slower racially segregated Duke team 98–83 in the final. Walt Hazzard fouled out of the game late in the second half on a player control foul, but this was irrelevant when he cut down the net in celebration and was named tournament most valuable player. Gail Goodrich, Keith Erickson, Fred Slaughter, and Jack Hirsch contributed to the UCLA win.With no player taller than 6 feet, 5 inches, the Bruins' speed and zone press forced 29 turnovers and nullified the height advantage of Duke's Hack Tison and Jay Buckley, two 6-foot, 10-inch players. In the 1964-1965 campaign, the defending NCAA champions got off to an ominous start when UCLA lost to Illinois by 27 points in its opening game. It was all uphill after that as the squad repeated as national champions with Gail Goodrich, Kenny Washington, and Doug McIntosh. The Bruins upended Dave Strack's Michigan team 91–80 in the finals of the NCAA tournament. Goodrich shared Player of the Year honors with Princeton's Bill Bradley. The 1966 squad was denied a chance at a triple crown when it finished second to Oregon State in the Athletic Association of Western Universities (now the Pac-12). UCLA was ineligible to play in the NCAA tournament that year because in those days only conference champions received a bid to the tournament.The Bruins' 1967 incarnation returned with a vengeance with sophomore star Alcindor, reclaiming not only the conference title, but the national crown with another 30–0 season, and then retaining it every season but one until <mask>'s retirement immediately following the 1975 NCAA championship. The resurgence of the Bruins under <mask> made it obvious that they needed a new home. Since 1932, the Bruins had played at the Men's Gym. It normally seated 2,400, but had been limited to 1,500 since 1955 by order of the city fire marshal. This forced the Bruins to move games to Pan Pacific Auditorium, the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena and other venues around Los Angeles when they were expected to attract larger crowds—something that happened fairly often after the Bruins' first national title. At <mask>'s urging, a much larger on-campus facility, Pauley Pavilion, was built in time for the 1965–66 season. The building was christened on November 27, 1965, in a special game that pitted the UCLA varsity against the UCLA freshmen.It was Lew Alcindor's (later Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) freshman season (freshmen were ineligible to play on the varsity in those days). UCLA was the defending national champion and ranked number 1 in the pre-season poll. The freshmen easily won the game by a score of 75–60. It was a powerful indication of things to come. A rule change was instituted for the 1967–1968 season, primarily because of Alcindor's towering play near the basket. The dunk shot was outlawed and would not be reinstated until the 1976–1977 season, which was shortly after <mask>'s retirement. This was at least the second time that the rules committee had initiated change in response to the domination of a superstar player; in 1944, the goaltending rule was instituted to counter George Mikan's dominant defensive play near the basket.In January, UCLA took its 47-game winning streak to the Astrodome in Houston, where the Bruins met Guy Lewis's Houston squad, who had Elvin Hayes and Ken Spain, in the Game of the Century in the nation's first nationally televised regular season college basketball game. Houston upset UCLA 71–69, as Hayes scored 39 points. In a post-game interview, <mask> said, "We have to start over." UCLA went undefeated the rest of the year and thrashed Houston 101–69 in the semi-final rematch of the NCAA tournament en route to the national championship. Sports Illustrated ran the front cover headline Lew's Revenge. The rout of Houston. UCLA limited Hayes to only 10 points; he had been averaging 37.7 points per game.<mask> credited Norman for devising the diamond-and-one defense that contained Hayes. The Game of the Century is also remembered for an incident involving <mask> and Edgar Lacy. Lacy was ineffective on defense against Elvin Hayes, and <mask> benched him after 11 minutes. Lacy never re-entered the game. Furious with <mask>, Lacy quit the team three days later, telling the Los Angeles Times "I've never enjoyed playing for that man." UCLA's talent during the 1968 NCAA tournament was so overwhelming that they placed four players on the All-Tournament team. In addition to Alcindor, Lucius Allen, Mike Warren, and "Lefty" Lynn Shackelford were given accolades.Kenny Heitz was also a member of UCLA's 1968 team. Lew Alcindor finished his career at UCLA in 1969 with a third consecutive national championship when the Bruins beat George King's Purdue team 92–72 in the title game. The three straight titles were matched by three consecutive MVP awards in the tournament as Alcindor established himself as college basketball's superstar during the three-peat performance. Alcindor and <mask> would continue their communication even after he left UCLA. In 2017, Jabbar wrote a book, "Coach Wooden and Me", which details their long-standing friendship. A sportswriter commented that everybody outside of UCLA would be happy that glorious day in June when Alcindor finally graduated and college basketball could go back to the routine method of determining a national champion. This prophecy would prove to be ludicrous over the next six years.The 1970 squad proved that nobody was indispensable to the success of the UCLA program, not even Alcindor, as Sidney Wicks, Henry Bibby, Curtis Rowe, <mask>, and Kenny Booker carried the Bruins to their fourth consecutive NCAA title with an 80–69 win over upstart Jacksonville, coached by Joe Williams. Wicks and Rowe double teamed 7-foot Artis Gilmore on defense and shut down the high-powered Jacksonville offense, which had been averaging 100 points per game. Gilmore and 5'10" Rex Morgan had been dubbed "Batman and Robin" by the press. In the 1971 NCAA championship game, Steve Patterson outscored Howard Porter of Jack Kraft's scandal-plagued Villanova squad as UCLA won 68–62. The following year, UCLA had its closest game in all of Wooden's 10 championships, beating Hugh Durham's Florida State team 81–76 to take the 1972 title. After the game, Bill Walton said, "We didn't play well." The 1972–1973 season was one of the most memorable campaigns in the history of UCLA basketball.Freshmen became eligible to play varsity ball again, and the Bruins went 30–0 and stretched their winning streak to a record 75 straight in breezing through the NCAA tournament by blowing out Gene Bartow's Memphis State team 87–66 in the final, as Bill Walton hit an incredible 21 of 22 field goal attempts. Walton and <mask> were everybody's Player and Coach of the Year again. Keith Wilkes, Greg Lee, and Larry Hollyfield were members of that team, and Wilkes would go on to win four NBA championships as well. UCLA's two big streaks came to an end during the 1973–1974 season. In January, the winning streak stopped at 88 games when Digger Phelps's Notre Dame squad upended the Bruins 71–70 in South Bend. Two months later, Norm Sloan's North Carolina State team defeated UCLA 80–77 in double overtime in the semifinals of the NCAA tournament. David Thompson was NC State's All-American, and Tom Burleson did an excellent job on defense against Bill Walton.UCLA had beaten the Wolfpack by 18 points early in the season, but things were different when they met in March. <mask> coached what would prove to be his final game in Pauley Pavilion on March 1, 1975, a 93–59 victory over Stanford. Four weeks later, following a 75–74 overtime victory over former player and former assistant coach Denny Crum and Louisville in the 1975 NCAA Tournament semifinal game, <mask> announced that he would retire at age 64 immediately after the championship game. His legendary coaching career concluded triumphantly when Richard Washington and David Meyers combined for 52 points as UCLA responded with a 92–85 win over Joe B. Hall and Kentucky to claim <mask>'s first career coaching victory over the Wildcats and his unprecedented 10th national championship. Marques <mask> and Andre McCarter were also key contributors on Wooden's final championship team. The success of Wooden's last team was particularly impressive because

masks:
John Robert Wooden
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