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Antonio Hardy (born September 10, 1968), better known by his stage name <mask>, is an American rapper who began his career in 1986 as a member of the Juice Crew. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential and skilled MCs in hip hop. Rolling Stone ranked his song "Ain't No Half-Steppin'" number 25 on its list of The 50 Greatest Hip-Hop Songs of All Time, calling him "a master wordsmith of rap's late-golden age and a huge influence on a generation of MCs". Biography

1980s
In 1984, <mask> became friends with Biz Markie, and he would co-write some of Biz's best-known lyrics. Both eventually became important members of the Queens-based Juice Crew, a collective headed by renowned producer Marley Marl. <mask> signed with Tyrone Williams's (Marl's manager) and Len Fichtelberg's Cold Chillin' Records label in 1987 and debuted the same year with the 12" single "Raw", which was an underground hit. The name <mask> came from a variation on Caine, David Carradine's character from the TV show Kung Fu (1972-1975), and a character called "<mask>" whom Vincent Price played in the film Beach Party (1963).<mask> is known for his ability to syncopate over faster hip hop beats, and despite his asthmatic condition, he is acknowledged as one of the pioneering masters of fast rhyming. His sense of style is renowned and set a number of late-1980s and early-1990s hip hop trends (high-top fades hairstyles, velour suits, and four-finger rings). The backronym "King Asiatic Nobody's Equal" is often applied to his moniker. He released his debut album on Cold Chillin' Records in the early summer of 1988 called Long Live the Kane, which featured the hit "Ain't No Half Steppin'". The following year, <mask> released his second album and biggest hit to date, It's a Big Daddy Thing, which included 1970s sample throwbacks like "Smooth Operator" and the Teddy Riley-produced track "I Get the Job Done", which hit the R&B top 40 during the closing of the 1980s. He also had a memorable verse on the Marley Marl-produced track "The Symphony" released in late 1988, which included Juice Crew members Craig G, Masta Ace, and Kool G Rap. 1990s

<mask> <mask> appeared on Patti LaBelle's 1991 effort, "Burnin.He provided the rap chorus to the single "Feels Like Another One". He also appeared on the video release "Live in New York". He contributed the song "'Nuff Respect" to the soundtrack of Ernest Dickerson's feature film debut Juice, which starred Omar Epps and Tupac Shakur, further demonstrating his fast lyrical delivery. In 1991, <mask> won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for his performance on the Quincy Jones collaborative track "Back on the Block" from the album of the same name. Widely regarded as one of the greatest rappers during the "golden age" of hip hop (1986–1997), <mask>'s experimentation with R&B beats and his alignment to the Five Percent Nation drew criticism. Later albums, such as Looks Like a Job For…, were acclaimed, but he was never able to return to the commercial and artistic success of It's a Big Daddy Thing. However, he still tours extensively.As an actor, he debuted in Mario Van Peebles' 1993 western Posse, and appeared in Robert Townsend's 1993 film The Meteor Man. He also posed for Playgirl and Madonna's book Sex during the 1990s. During the early 1990s, Jay-Z toured with <mask>, and <mask> helped him early on in his career. Ice-T says: "I actually met Jay-Z with <mask>. <mask> brought Jay-Z over to my house." <mask> himself says that Jay-Z was not technically his hypeman in the true sense of the term: "he wasn't a hypeman, he basically made cameo appearances on stage. When I would leave the stage to go change outfits, I would bring out Jay-Z and Positive K and let them freestyle until I came back to the stage."Jay-Z was also featured on <mask> <mask>'s track "Show & Prove" from Daddy's Home (1994), as well as in the video. In 1995, <mask> recorded with MC Hammer and Tupac Shakur on the rap song "Too Late Playa" (along with Danny Boy). He was also mentioned to signing with Death Row East in 1996. In 1997, <mask> teamed up with Frankie Cutlass on his third single title "The Cypher Part 3" and some of Marley Marl Juice Crew veterans. In 1998, he released his final solo album, Veteranz' Day. It received mixed reviews and did not sell well. However, <mask> did not give up rapping and made many appearances in the 2000s.2000s
In 2000, <mask> <mask> appeared on Tony Touch's "The Piece Maker" mixtape alongside Kool G Rap and KRS-One. A rejuvenated <mask> occasionally collaborated with a variety of hip-hop artists, including A Tribe Called Quest, Jurassic 5, Little Brother, and DJ Babu of the Beat Junkies. He released two singles, the Alchemist-produced "The Man, The Icon", and the DJ Premier-produced "Any Type of Way" (on which he discusses urban collapse in post-9/11 New York City ("Giuliani got New York lookin' like it's Amistad")) and the erosion of the middle class. <mask> <mask> appeared on the trip hop group Morcheeba's 2003 single "What's Your Name". In 2005, <mask> <mask> was honored during the VH1 Hip-Hop Honors. After a medley of hits performed by T.I., Black Thought, and Common, he came out to perform "Warm It Up, <mask>" with his old dancers, Scoob and Scrap. <mask> and Kool G Rap can both be seen briefly in Dave Chappelle's Block Party.In 2006, he appeared as a guest MC on the track "Get Wild Off This", produced by the Stanton Warriors for their Stanton Sessions Vol. 2 breaks mix. He also appeared alongside the Wu-Tang Clan, Rakim, and his longtime friends Busta Rhymes and Q-Tip in a segment of the 2006 Summer Jam concert (June 7, 2006), as part of an initiative by Busta Rhymes to honor the legacy of New York City hip-hop. In 2007, a new track, "BK Mentality", was released on the mixtape compilation Official Joints. <mask> also appeared on Joell Ortiz's The Brick: Bodega Chronicles mixtape. <mask> <mask> made a cameo in the 2008 video for "Game's Pain", a track by rapper The Game. The video also featured appearances by Raekwon, Three 6 Mafia and Ice Cube.The Game also referenced Jay-Z's former occupation as <mask>'s hypeman: "Ask a Jay-Z fan about <mask> <mask>: Don't know him, Game gon' show 'em". He also appeared on the remix of "Don't Touch Me" by Busta Rhymes. Also in 2009, <mask> played the role of Clay in the film Just Another Day. The film is the tale of two rappers, one poor and young, one older and successful. The movie follows them through a day of their lives. 2010s
<mask> <mask> appears on one track on MA Doom: Son of Yvonne—the collaboration between MF Doom and former Juice Crew member Masta Ace. As of 2013, <mask> was recruited by New York City power group Lifted Crew and R&B singer Showtyme to form a band called "Las Supper".The project is said to have a classic hip hop and R&B vibe to it. The album, Back to the Future, was released on March 26, 2013. On November 24, 2014, <mask> <mask> discussed his upbringing, childhood influences, relationships, sexual experiences and Madonna's 1992 book Sex in an interview on the Dr. Zoe Today show. In 2016, he was featured on Tito Jackson's single "Get It Baby" in addition to appearing in the documentary Hip-Hop Evolution. 2020s
In June 2020, <mask> released the single "Enough", aimed at addressing issues surrounding police brutality. Legacy
<mask> <mask> is regarded as one of the most influential and skilled golden age rappers. MTV put him at No.7 in their "Greatest MCs of All Time" list. He is placed at No. 4 in Kool Moe Dee's book There's a God on the Mic: The True 50 Greatest MCs. About.com ranked him No. 3 on its list of the "Top 50 MCs of Our Time", and RZA listed him as one of his "Top 5 best MCs". In 2012, The Source ranked him No. 8 on their list of the "Top 50 Lyricists of All Time".AllMusic says "his best material ranks among the finest hip-hop of its era, and his sex-drenched persona was enormously influential on countless future would-be players", and describes him as "an enormously talented battle MC", "one of rap's major talents", refers to his "near-peerless technique" and "first-rate technique and rhyming skills", and says he "had the sheer verbal facility and razor-clean dexterity to ambush any MC and exhilarate anyone who witnessed or heard him perform". Kool Moe Dee describes him as "one of the most imitated emcees ever in the game" and "one of the true greatest emcees ever". Ice-T stated:
"To me, <mask> <mask> is still today one of the best rappers. I would put <mask> <mask> against any rapper in a battle. Jay-Z, Nas, Eminem, any of them. I could take his 'Raw' "swagger" from 88 and put it up against any record [from today]. <mask> is one of the most incredible lyricists… and he will devour you on the mic.I don't want to try to out-rap <mask> <mask>. <mask> <mask> can rap circles around cats." His first two albums are also considered hip hop classics and Rolling Stone says, "he has received consistent critical kudos". In the book Rap-Up: The Ultimate Guide to Hip-Hop and R&B, Cameron and Devin Lazerine say <mask> <mask> is "widely seen as one of the best lyricists of his time and even today regularly gets name-checked by younger dudes", and music journalist Peter Shapiro says <mask> is "perhaps the most complete MC ever". Eminem references <mask> <mask> in the lyrics to his song "Yellow Brick Road" from his album Encore, saying, "we (Eminem and Proof) was on the same shit, that <mask> Daddy <mask> shit, where compound syllables sound combined", and he quotes the same lines in his book The Way I Am—this illustrates how <mask> <mask> had an influence on both Eminem's and Proof's rhyme technique. Discography

Studio albums
Long Live the Kane (1988)
It's a Big Daddy Thing (1989)
Taste of Chocolate (1990)
Prince of Darkness (1991)
Looks Like a Job For... (1993)
Daddy's Home (1994)
Veteranz' Day (1998)

Collaboration albums
Back to the Future with The Las Supper (2013)

Filmography
 1993 Posse as "Father Time"
 1993 The Meteor Man as "Pirate"
 2005 Dave Chappelle's Block Party as Himself. 2007 Dead Heist  Hunter
 2008 Love for Sale
 2009 Just Another Day as Clay
 2016 Exposed as Jonathan "Black" Jones
 2018 Law and Order: Special Victims Unit as Ray Wallis / "Four Stroke"

References

External links

1968 births
Living people
African-American male actors
African-American record producers
Grammy Award winners for rap music
American hip hop record producers
Cold Chillin' Records artists
MCA Records artists
People from Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn
Rappers from Brooklyn
Five percenters
East Coast hip hop musicians
African-American male rappers
21st-century American rappers
Record producers from New York (state)
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century African-American musicians
20th-century African-American people
Juice Crew members

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Big Daddy Kane
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Big Daddy Kane
Big Daddy
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<mask> is an American author and psychologist known for her research on dreams, hypnosis and imagery, and has written on evolutionary psychology. <mask> is a teacher at Harvard Medical School,  and a past president of the International Association for the Study of Dreams and of the American Psychological Association’s Div. 30, the Society for Psychological Hypnosis. She is editor-in-chief of the journal Dreaming: The Journal of the Association for the Study of Dreams and a consulting editor for Imagination, Cognition, and Personality and The International Journal for Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis. She has written five books for the general public: Pandemic Dreams (2020), The Pregnant Man and Other Cases From a Hypnotherapist's Couch (1998), The Committee of Sleep (2001), Waistland (2007), and Supernormal Stimuli (2010). She is the editor of four academic books: Trauma and Dreams (1996), The New Science of Dreaming (2007), Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy (2010), and The Encyclopedia of Sleep and Dreams (2012). Research
<mask> is best known for her work on dreams and their contributions to creativity and objective problem solving.She interviewed modern artists and scientists about their use of their dreams, documenting dramatic anecdotes including Nobel Prizes and MacArthur Foundation 'genius grants' whose ideas originated in dreams. She also conducted research asking college students to incubate answers to real-life homework and other objective problems on which they were working, finding that in one week’s time, half had dreamed about their topic and half of those had a dream which provided an answer. <mask> describes dreaming as simply “thinking in different biochemical state” and believes we continue to work on all the same problems—personal and objective—in that state. Her research concludes that while anything—math, musical composition, business dilemmas—may get solved during dreaming, the two areas dreams are especially likely to help are 1) anything where vivid visualization contributes to the solution, whether in artistic design or invention of 3-D technological devices and 2) any problem where the solution lies in thinking outside the box—i.e. where the person is stuck because the conventional wisdom on how to approach the problem is wrong. <mask> has also conducted research on lucid dreams and on helping people suffering from PTSD to incubate mastery dreams to change their nightmares, and published studies tracking the progression of dreams during bereavement. She has studied characteristics of dreams in various disorders including depression and dissociative disorders.During the summer 2010 publicity about the dream-themed film Inception, <mask> was interviewed by media including ABC, NBC Today, CNN, The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, and USA Today, pointing out that some aspects of the film, like lucid dreaming, control of one’s own dreams, and dreams-within-dreams were highly realistic while the control of others’ dreams, time slowing in dreams, and absolute impossibility of dreaming that you die were all fictional premises in the service of the thriller plot. <mask>’s studies of hypnosis have focused on different types of high hypnotizables, finding two subgroups which she terms fantasizers and dissociaters. Fantasizers are people who have vivid imaginations, find it easy to block out real-world stimuli, spend much time daydreaming, report imaginary companions as a child and grew up with parents who encouraged imaginary play. Dissociaters usually had a history of childhood abuse or other significant trauma, had learned to escape into numbness, and to forget unpleasant events. Their association to “daydreaming” was often going blank rather than vividly recalled fantasies. Both score equally high on formal scales of hypnotic susceptibility. Other research by <mask> focused on the similarities and differences of daydreams and nocturnal dreaming and on the significance of earliest memories as reflecting a microcosm of an individual’s worldview.<mask> is interested in film and has written on techniques which films use to represent dreams and on the negative stereotypes of hypnosis in film. Most recently <mask> has written on evolutionary psychology, especially the concept of supernormal stimuli—the idea that technology can create an artificial object which pulls an instinct more strongly than that for which it evolved. The phrase "supernormal stimuli" was coined by the Dutch scientist Niko Tinbergen in the 1930s. <mask>'s book Waistland (2007)  explores the weight and fitness crisis in terms of supernormal stimuli for food and rest. Her latest book, "Supernormal Stimuli: How Primal Urges Overran Their Evolutionary Purpose" (2010)  examines the impact of supernormal stimuli on the diversion of impulses for nurturing, sexuality, romance, territoriality, war, and the entertainment industry’s hijacking of our social instincts. Selected publications

Books

The Pregnant Man: and Other Cases from a Hypnotherapist's Couch (Times Books, 1998)
Trauma and Dreams (Harvard University Press, 2001)
Waistland: The (R)Evolutionary Science Behind Our Weight and Fitness Crisis (Norton, 2007)
The New Science of Dreaming [3 volumes] (Praeger, 2007)
Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy [2 volumes] (Praeger, 2009)
The Committee of Sleep: How Artists, Scientists, and Athletes Use Their Dreams for Creative Problem Solving - and How You Can Too (Random House 2001; Oneiroi Press, 2010)
Supernormal Stimuli: How Primal Urges Overran Their Evolutionary Purpose (Norton, 2010)
Encyclopedia of Sleep and Dreams: The Evolution, Function, Nature, and Mysteries of Slumber [2 volumes] (Greenwood, 2012)

References

External links

   Deirdre <mask>'s website

American women psychologists
American psychologists
American women non-fiction writers
Harvard Medical School faculty
Hypnotherapists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Academic journal editors
American women academics
21st-century American women

masks:
Deirdre Barrett
Barrett
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<mask> the Boneless ( ; born in 800s–c. 873), also known as <mask>, was a semi-legendary Viking leader who invaded England and Ireland. According to the Tale of Ragnar Lodbrok, he was the son of Ragnar Loðbrok and his wife Aslaug. His brothers included Björn Ironside, Halfdan Ragnarsson, Hvitserk, Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye and Ubba. <mask> is probably the same person as Ímar. The origin of the nickname is not certain. "Ívarr beinlausi" could be translated to "Ivar legless", but "beinlausi" could also be translated as "boneless", since "bone" and "leg" translates to the same word, "bein", in Old Norse.Several of the sagas describe him as lacking legs/bones, while a passage in Ragnarssona þáttr (also known as the tale of Ragnar's sons) suggest it refers to male impotence. According to the Tale of Ragnar Lodbrok, <mask>'s bonelessness was the result of a curse. His mother, Aslaug, was Ragnar's third wife. She was described as a völva, a type of seer or clairvoyant. She said that she and her husband must wait three nights before consummating their marriage after his return following a long separation (while he was in England raiding). However, Ragnar was overcome with lust after such a long separation and did not heed her words. As a result, <mask> was born with weak bones.Another hypothesis is that he was actually known as "the Hated", which in Latin would be Exosus. A medieval scribe with only a basic knowledge of Latin could easily have interpreted it as ex (without) os (bone), thus "the Boneless", although it is hard to align this theory with the direct translation of his name given in Norse sources. While the sagas describe <mask>'s physical disability, they also emphasise his wisdom, cunning, and mastery of strategy and tactics in battle. He is often considered identical to Ímar, the founder of the Uí Ímair dynasty, which at various times, from the mid-ninth to the tenth century, ruled Northumbria from the city of York, and dominated the Irish Sea region as the Kingdom of Dublin. Chronology

 865 the Great Heathen Army, led by <mask>, invaded the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. The Heptarchy was the collective name for the seven kingdoms East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Mercia, Northumbria, Sussex and Wessex. The invasion was organised by the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok, to wreak revenge against Ælla of Northumbria who had supposedly executed Ragnar in 865 by throwing him in a snake pit, but the historicity of this explanation is unknown.According to the saga, <mask> did not overcome Ælla and sought reconciliation. He asked for only as much land as he could cover with an ox's hide and swore never to wage war against Ælla. Then <mask> cut the ox's hide into such fine strands that he could envelop a large fortress (in an older saga it was York and according to a younger saga it was London), which he could take as his own (compare the similar legendary ploy of Dido). Late the next year, the army turned north and invaded Northumbria, eventually capturing Ælla at York in 867. According to legend, Ælla was executed by <mask> and his brothers using the blood eagle, a ritual method of execution of debated historicity whereby the ribcage is opened from behind and the lungs are pulled out, forming a wing-like shape. Later in the year, the Army moved south and invaded the kingdom of Mercia, capturing the town of Nottingham, where they spent the winter. King Burgred of Mercia responded by allying with the West Saxon king Æthelred of Wessex, and with a combined force they laid siege to the town.The Anglo-Saxons were unable to recapture the city, but a truce was agreed whereby the Danes would withdraw to York. The Great Heathen Army remained in York for over a year, gathering its strength for further assaults. <mask> and Ubba are identified as the commanders of the Danes when they returned to East Anglia in 869, and as the executioners of the East Anglian king, Edmund the Martyr, for refusing their demand that he renounce Christ. The precise account of Edmund's death is unknown, however it has been suggested that his capture and execution at the hands of the sons of Ragnar is likely to have occurred. Death
The Anglo-Saxon chronicler Æthelweard records his death as 870. The Annals of Ulster describe the death of Ívar in 873. The death of Ívar is also recorded in the Fragmentary Annals of Ireland under the year 873.The identification of the king of Laithlind as Gothfraid (i.e., Ímar's father) was added by a copyist in the 17th century. In the original 11th-century manuscript, the subject of the entry was simply called righ Lochlann ("the king of Lochlainn"), which more than likely referred to Ímar, whose death is not otherwise noted in the Fragmentary Annals. The cause of death—a sudden and horrible disease—is not mentioned in any other source, but it raises the possibility that the true origin of <mask>'s Old Norse nickname lay in the crippling effects of an unidentified disease that struck him down at the end of his life. In 1686, a farm labourer named Thomas Walker discovered a Scandinavian burial mound at Repton in Derbyshire close to a battle site where the Great Heathen Army overthrew the Mercian King Burgred of his kingdom. The number of partial skeletons surrounding the body—over 250—signified that the man buried there was of very high status. It has been suggested that such a burial mound is possibly the last resting place of <mask>. According to the saga, Ivar ordered that he be buried in a place that was exposed to attack, and prophesied that, if that was done, foes coming to the land would be met with ill-success.This prophecy held true, says the saga, until "when Vilhjalm bastard (William I of England) came ashore[,] he went [to the burial site] and broke <mask>'s mound and saw that [<mask>'s] body had not decayed. Then Vilhjalm had a large pyre made upon which <mask>'s body was] burned... Thereupon, [Vilhjalm proceeded with the landing invasion and achieved] the victory." Fictional portrayals
 <mask> the Boneless is a minor character in the 1969 film Alfred the Great, portrayed as an acrobatic and agile warrior. In the 2013 film Hammer of the Gods, <mask> the Boneless is portrayed as a reclusive, homosexual viking. (The character was played by Ivan Kaye, who later portrayed King Aelle in the History Channel's TV series Vikings.) In the History Channel's 2013 TV series Vikings, <mask> is portrayed as the son of Ragnar and Aslaug and a younger half-brother to Björn Ironside. He first appeared in Season Two as a baby, and later was played by James Quinn Markey and Alex Høgh Andersen.<mask>'s invasion of East Anglia and killing of Edmund the Martyr are depicted in the video for The Darkness's song Barbarian. <mask> is a significant character, alongside his brother Ubba in Bernard Cornwell's Saxon Stories novel series, including the first The Last Kingdom (2004). Throughout the subsequent television adaptation by the same name, however, <mask> remains an unseen character. <mask> the Boneless and his brothers Ubba and Halfdan, all appear in the video game, Assassin's Creed: Valhalla as allies of the main protagonist, Eivor. Here he is portrayed as extremely aggressive and callous, causing friction with the other characters. <mask> is voiced by Canadian actor, Eric Johnson. References

873 deaths
Monarchs of Jorvik
Northumbrian monarchs
9th-century English monarchs
Monarchs of Dublin
Uí Ímair
Viking rulers
House of Munsö
Year of birth unknown
9th-century Vikings

masks:
Ivar
Ivar Ragnarsson
Ivar
Ivar
Ivar
Ivar
Ivar
Ivar
Ivar
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Ivar
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<mask> (born 10 January 1985) is an Indian model, actress, and dancer who works in the  Hindi television industry. Dhami is recognised for her roles in the shows Geet – Hui Sabse Parayi, Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon, Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani, Pardes Mein Hai Mera Dil and Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka. In 2013, Dhami participated in Colors TV's Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6 along with choreographer Salman Yusuff Khan and became the winner. Early life

Dhami was born on 10 January 1985 into a Gujarati family in Mumbai, where she studied. She attended Mary Immaculate Girl's High School and also went to Mumbai's Mithibai College from where she has a degree in sociology. Before entering into modelling, Dhami was a dance instructor Dhami belongs to a conservative family. According to her interview in The Times of India, she said:

Career

2007–2011: Start of her career and debut show

Dhami started her career with modelling for print and television advertisements before debuting in the entertainment industry with her appearance in the music video for "Saiyyan Dil Mein Aana Re" followed by "Humko Aaj Kal Hai", "Teri Meri Nazar Ki Dori" and a Punjabi music video "Nachle Soniyo Tu" and worked in advertisements like Colgate with Saif Ali Khan, Lion Honey, Pulimoottil Silks, Vasan Eye care, RKS Grand (Shopping Mall), Amul, VIP Bags, Chevrolet, Reliance mobile and jewellery.<mask> made her acting debut on television with Star One's Dill Mill Gayye, where she portrayed Dr. Muskaan form 2007 until 2009. In 2008, she participated in 9X's relaity show, Kaun Jeetega Bollywood Ka Ticket by Ekta Kapoor as a contestant. In 2010, she appeared as the female lead in Star One's Geet – Hui Sabse Parayi opposite Gurmeet Choudhary. Dhami got recognition with her portrayal of the character Geet with thiss role. The show had a successful run for two years until it ended in December 2011 after the closure of the channel. Dhami made an appearance on Imagine TV's reality show Big Money: Chota Parda Bada Game in 2010. She later in the same year was a part of another reality show, Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan.2012–present: Madhubala and Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6

In May 2012, <mask> made a brief appearance through her dance performance for the show Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha. Later, Dhami played the lead role in the Colors TV show Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon opposite to Vivian Dsena from 2012 to 2014. In 2013, Dhami participated in Colors TV's dance reality show, Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6. She emerged as the winner alongside choreographer Salman Yusuff Khan. In June 2014, Dhami presented Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7 however within a month she got replaced by Manish Paul. In December 2014, Dhami participated in Sony TV's Box Cricket League playing for Karan Tacker's team Mumbai Wariors. In 2015, Dhami played the roles of Rani Gayatri and Savitri in Zee TV's Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani opposite Siddhant Karnick.While playing the role of Gayatri, <mask> said:

 She left the show in May 2016. The show ended in 2017. In the same year, joined for a web series called I Don't Watch TV along with Karan Patel, Nakuul Mehta, Karan Wahi, Disha Parmar, Sanaya Irani, Kritika Kamra and many other tv celebrities. In November 2016, <mask>, joined Star Plus's Pardes Mein Hai Mera Dil, by Ekta Kapoor's Balaji Telefilms opposite Arjun Bijlani. The show went off air in June 2017. In December 2016, Dhami appeared in a short film The Change. During an interview, Dhami said that she will not going to do kissing and bold scenes on screen, when asked the reason she told that this is her personal choice as she is not comfortable with it.Much of her work in television serials has been in romance-themed shows. From June to October 2018, she played Nandini, a victim of domestic violence who falls in love with the husband of her best friend in Colors TV's Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka, along with Shakti Arora and Abhinav Shukla. A critic from India Today praised her, saying that she is equally good as the television actress Sriti Jha who also portrayed a victim of domestic violence. In Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka and Geet Huye Sab Se Parai, Dhami portrayed two times on screen wife of Abhinav Shukla. She left the show in November 2018. She was massively trolled on social media for her intimate scenes with Shakti Arora in Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka. Other appearances
In 2011, Dhami (along with her Geet co-actor, Gurmeet Choudhary) made a guest dance performance on Rubina Dilaik & Avinash Sachdev's Chhoti Bahu - Sawar Ke Rang Rachi for a special Holi episode.Later in July 2011, she made an dance performance on Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo and later in December 2011, Dhami then made an appearance on Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani and danced along with Gurmeet Chowdary on the last episode which aired Abhay & Pia's wedding. In July 2012, Dhami made a guest appearance on Colors TV's Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha to promote her show Madhubala. In March 2013, she made an guest appearance on Nach Baliye 5 to support her brother Jaisheel <mask> & her sister in law Suhasi Dhami who were contestants on the show. In June 2014, Dhami was seen on Colors TV's Mission Sapne and later made another appearance in Comedy Nights with Kapil. In September 2015, she was seen as a guest contestant on the eighth season of Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa to support Sanaya Irani. Other work
Dhami was the brand ambassador for Canvironment Week 2011 and 2013 to support the cause of 'Save Our Planet'. In 2016, she was part of the Swachh Survekshan 2017 Initiative for an environmentally cleaner India (Swachh Bharat Abhiyan).Dhami was also the captain for Team 'D' Celebrity Championship 2016, where six teams comprising 78 television personalities competed to help kids in need of education and food. She won, and received an award from 'I HELP A KID.COM' Celebrity Championship. In 2017, Dhami became the brand ambassador of Bajaj Brahmi Amla Ayurvedic Hair oil. Films and advertisements

Personal life
On 21 February 2015, Dhami married businessman Neeraj Khemka in a traditional Hindu ceremony. Suhasi <mask>, also an actress, is married to her elder brother Jaisheel <mask>. Dhami said that her in-laws are very supportive when it comes to her work. In the media

Bombay Times called her 'Numero Uno' actress on television.<mask> is also known for her style and fashion sense. <mask> is among the highest earning television actresses in India. In 2011, she was voted the most desirable woman on television in polls conducted by TellyChakkar.com. She is the brand ambassador of MATRIX India's hair colour brand, SoColor. Dhami was included in second place on "Television's Top 10 Actresses" list by Rediff. Dhami also included in the top nine list of Indian television most stylish on-screen actress by Rediff. The UK-based newspaper Eastern Eye placed her in their "50 Sexiest Asian Women" list.In 2012, Eastern Eye placed her at twelfth position. Thereafter she remained in the top three spots for three consecutive years, listed at the third spot in 2013, the second spot in 2014, the third spot in 2015, the fourth spot in 2016, sixth spot in 2017, and twelfth spot in 2018. Dhami included in list of FHM India 100 Sexiest women of 2014 at 10th place. In 2016, Dhami was nominated in "Sexiest Woman" list by FHM India. Dhami was listed eight among the "35 Hottest Actresses in Indian Television" by MensXP.com, an Indian lifestyle website for men. She was ranked in 38th position in The Times of India's 2014 list of "50 Most Desirable Women". According to the survey in India in 2017, Dhami was voted as desirable woman opposite to Hrithik Roshan in the list.<mask> received an offer to participate in Bigg Boss but she rejected it. During her dance performance on Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6, film maker Karan Johar compared Dhami to film actress Zeenat Aman. Filmmaker Karan Johar complimented Dhami by saying that she is better than Kareena Kapoor when she performed in the song "Halkat Jawani" from the film Heroine on Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6. She is also known as Madhubala from her serial Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon and as Maaneet due to her chemistry with Gurmeet Choudhary. Filmography

Films

Television

Web

Music videos

Awards and nominations

See also
List of Hindi television actresses
List of Indian television actresses

References

External links

Living people
Indian television actresses
Actresses in Hindi television
Place of birth missing (living people)
Indian soap opera actresses
1985 births
Gujarati people

masks:
Drashti Dhami
Dhami
Dhami
Dhami
Dhami
Dhami
Dhami
Dhami
Dhami
Dhami
Dhami


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<mask> (April 8, 1909 – November 4, 1964) was an American outsider artist, originally from South Carolina but based in Washington, D.C. for most of his life. <mask> worked as a janitor and secretly built a large assemblage of religious art from scavenged materials, known as the Throne of the Third Heaven of the Nations' Millennium General Assembly. Often abbreviated to simply the Throne, it is currently on display at the Smithsonian American Art Museum in Washington. Art critic Robert Hughes of Time magazine wrote that the Throne "may well be the finest work of visionary religious art produced by an American." Early life
<mask> was born in 1909 in Elloree, South Carolina as one of four children to <mask>. and Sarah (Johnson<mask>. His father, who had abandoned the family, was a gospel singer and a traveling Baptist preacher who was also a known criminal who had worked on chain gangs. In 1928, <mask> moved to Washington, D.C. and shared an apartment with his older brother Lee.<mask> worked as a short-order cook until 1943 when he was drafted into the United States Army Air Forces. He served with the 385th Aviation Squadron in Texas, Hawaii and in the jungles of Saipan and Guam. The segregated unit was noncombatant and duties included carpentry and maintenance of airstrips. <mask> built a small, shrine-like object during his time in Guam that he later incorporated into his larger artwork. He was awarded the Bronze Star and was honorably discharged in 1945, after which he returned to Washington. In 1946, <mask> was hired by the General Services Administration as a janitor and worked there until his death. Throne of the Third Heaven of the Nations' Millennium General Assembly

In 1950, <mask> rented a garage on 7th street in northwest Washington.Over the next 14 years, <mask> built a complex work of religious art inside the garage with various scavenged materials such as aluminum and gold foil, old furniture, pieces of cardboard, light bulbs, jelly jars, shards of mirror and desk blotters held together with tacks, glue, pins and tape. The complete work consists of 180 objects, many of them inscribed with quotes from the Book of Revelation. The centerpiece of the exhibit is a throne, seven feet tall, built on the foundation of an old maroon-cushioned armchair with the words "Fear Not" at its crest. The throne is flanked by dozens of altars, crowns, lecterns, tablets and winged pulpits. Wall plaques on the left bear the name of apostles and those on the right list various biblical patriarchs and prophets such as Abraham and Ezekiel. The text The Throne of the Third Heaven of the Nations' Millennium General Assembly was written on the objects in <mask>'s handwriting. <mask> described his work as a monument to Jesus in Washington.It was made based on several religious visions that prompted him to prepare for Christ's return to earth. <mask> wrote that God visited him often, that Moses appeared to him in 1931, the Virgin Mary in 1946, and Adam on the day of President Truman's inauguration in 1949. The term "third heaven" is based on scriptures that refer to it as the "heaven of heavens" or God's realm. The work is based on biblical prophecies of the millennium, including St. John's vision of God seated on a silver and gold throne surrounded by angels, references to Judgment Day, the crowns to be worn by the saved and other events described in Revelation. The work also has an affiliation with African-American yard shows as well as altars used in African-derived New World religions such as Vodou, Santería and Candomblé. Art critic Robert Farris Thompson describes the Throne as "a unique fusion of biblical and Afro-American traditional imagery." The work is associated with the American Millenarian and Dispensationalist movements of the 19th and 20th centuries.These movements divided the history of God's interactions with humanity into seven phases or dispensations, the last of which would be the "Millennium." St. James: The Book of the 7 Dispensation
<mask> kept a 108-page loose-leaf notebook titled St James: The Book of the 7 Dispensation. Most of the text was written in an unknown script that remains undeciphered. The text is available online and has been the subject of research. <mask> altered the seventh dispensation so that he became not only the author of The Book of the 7 Dispensation but also a prophetic counselor of the Millennium. <mask> recorded "the Old and the New Covenant" and a second set of commandments, which <mask> believed God had given to him to pass along because man no longer followed the original Ten Commandments. Some of the text was accompanied by notes in English in <mask>'s handwriting.In the notebook, <mask> referred to himself as St<mask> with the title "Director, Special Projects for the State of Eternity" and ended each page with the word "Revelation." <mask> had also written texts, some of which refer to religious visions, on various pieces of paper and cardboard and on a few pages in each of seven other notebooks. Tacked to a bulletin board in a corner of the garage was the message "Where there is no vision, the people perish." <mask> also created wall plaques with Roman numerals one through ten and his undecipherable script suggesting commandment-bearing tablets. The largest plaque on the left side of the display contains the text "Nations Readjustment Plan" and is trimmed in gold foil. <mask> approached local churches about using his creation as a teaching tool but none were interested. Two reporters came to view the display but did not deem it worthy of news coverage.<mask> hoped to develop a storefront ministry but never achieved that goal. <mask> was somewhat reclusive. He had few close friends and spent most of his personal time working on his shrine. <mask> attended various churches in Washington but never joined a particular congregation because of his belief that the proliferation of denominations contradicted the oneness of God. He expressed an interest in finding a "holy woman" to assist with his life's work but never married. It is unknown whether <mask> considered himself an artist. <mask>'s work is an example of outsider or naïve art – art made by people who are self-taught, who have not studied art techniques, art history or art theory.Death and discovery of the display
<mask> died of stomach cancer on November 4, 1964, at the Veteran's Hospital in Washington. He is interred at the Warren Chapel Baptist Church in Elloree, South Carolina. The art was not discovered until after <mask>'s death in 1964, when the owner of the garage, Meyer Wertlieb, came to find out why the rent had not been paid. He knew that <mask> had been building something in the garage. When he opened the door, he found a room filled with the artwork. <mask> had kept his project secret from most of his friends and family. His relatives first heard about it when his sister came to claim his body.When <mask>'s sister refused to take the artwork, the landlord placed an advertisement in local newspapers. Ed Kelly, a sculptor, answered the advertisement and was so astounded by the exhibit, he contacted art collector Alice Denney. Denney brought art dealers Leo Castelli and Ivan Karp, and artist Robert Rauschenberg, to see the exhibit in the garage. Harry Lowe, the assistant director of the Smithsonian Art Museum, told the Washington Post that walking into the garage "was like opening Tut's tomb." The story of <mask> and his artwork finally became public in the December 15, 1964 issue of the Washington Post. Lowe paid <mask>'s outstanding rent and took possession of the art display. In 1970, <mask>'s work was donated to the Smithsonian American Art Museum, where it has been on display ever since.In popular culture
Author and poet Denis Johnson published a book with the name The Throne of the Third Heaven of the Nations Millennium General Assembly: Poems Collected and New, which includes a poem named after <mask>'s work. In 2007, composer Jefferson Friedman premiered a musical piece inspired by <mask>'s artwork titled "The Throne of the Third Heaven," commissioned jointly by the National Symphony Orchestra and the ASCAP Foundation. The indie music group Le Loup named their 2007 debut album The Throne of the Third Heaven of the Nations' Millennium General Assembly. In 2015, author Shelley Pearsall published a young adult novel, The Seventh Most Important Thing, which put the artwork and the artist in a fictional context, imagining a meeting between <mask> and a troubled thirteen-year-old boy. The author says she was inspired by the fact that "for more than a decade, <mask> had labored alone, without fanfare, to create art for art's sake – a nearly impossible concept to grasp in today's world of rampant social-media sharing and instant celebrity." In 2018, Cheyenne/Arapaho author Tommy Orange published a short story, "The State," that references <mask> and The Throne of the Third Heaven of the Nations Millennium General Assembly. The story was an excerpted chapter from Orange’s 2018 novel There There.References

 "St. James the Janitor," Fortean Times #150, 2001

External links
<mask> - Smithsonian American Art Museum
The Throne of the Third Heaven of the Nations' Millennium General Assembly, exhibition label - Smithsonian American Art Museum

1909 births
1964 deaths
20th-century African-American artists
20th-century American artists
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Artists from South Carolina
Artists from Washington, D.C.
Burials in South Carolina
Collection of the Smithsonian Institution
Deaths from stomach cancer
Deaths from cancer in Washington, D.C.
General Services Administration
Janitors
Outsider artists
People from Elloree, South Carolina
Undeciphered historical codes and ciphers
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
Visionary artists

masks:
James Hampton
Hampton
James Hampton
James Sr
) Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
. James
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
Hampton
James Hampton


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<mask> (born December 13, 1953 in Paris) is a contemporary artist of Gabonese origin. Biography
<mask> grew up in Libreville, Gabon, where she spent her formative years, and eventually moved to Europe to study Philosophy, Literature and Languages at the Institut Catholic de Paris in Madrid, Spain. Her artistic practice emerges from a 30+ year career engaging with consciousness through the notion of memory, both personal and collective, and exploring cross-cultural and trans-historical dialogues to interrogate the meaning of existence, as well as of her personal and shared history. <mask>’s current projects focus on the female condition, emancipation and the breaking of silence. Her work on this matter reflects upon the psychological concept of resilience by exploring the notion of healing, repair and transformation. <mask>'s creative force stems from her belief in the ability of art to transform consciousness. Her work sheds new light on difficult and relevant issues which prevent us from ignoring what takes place around us.<mask>'s concern for social issues has compelled her to campaign for relevant but uncomfortable and often ignored topics. She believes that modern art has a role to play in changing cultural norms. In 2009, <mask> represented the Republic of Gabon at the 53rd Venice Biennale with a solo show entitled The Lighthouse of Memory - Go Nogé Mènè, curated by Fernando Francès, being the very first artist from Central Africa to exhibit solo in a National Pavilion. Through the use of archives and found documents, her proposal traced the past to shape the future, honouring the title Go Nogé Mènè which means Building the Future in her mother tongue. <mask> states that, "Gabon was looking for new directions, as was the rest of the world - new systems, new models of society, new ways of seeing.” Central to her artistic proposal was the question “Où Allons Nous?” (Where Are We Going?) - A poetic, omnipresent, important, fundamental and universal probe. Work
<mask> has used pop, conceptual and minimal art in her creation of universal symbols, which remind spectators of where the solutions to our world may lie, and how a society lacking moral strength may begin to heal.Using her sculptures as starting points, Owanto has created a series of icons which she presents in highly technical formats such as light-boxes and traffic signs - media previously explored by Maurizio Cattelan, Rogelio López Cuenca, Gabriel Acuña and Michael Pinsky. “Owantoʼs discourse focuses on images of a family group and a child playing, which suggest a happier world to come. The pieces have a double intention: to alert us to solutions to our global predicament, and to suggest a change in governing attitudes and rules. The light-boxes, like torches and lighthouses, illuminate a future characterised by tolerance, unity and hope." Flowers Series
The ‘Flowers Project’ is one that Owanto started 6 years ago, after discovering some old photographs in a forgotten drawer. Highlighted in this project are the fundamental questions concerning the future of women and girls and their rights to have a say over their own bodies – regarding particularly the practice of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C). She strives to bring to light the complex and contested issues surrounding this practice, which is often done in discreet initiation ceremonies around the world, as an age-old ritual signifying the important transition from childhood to womanhood by curbing sexual desire.Owanto retrieves archival photographs of an FGM/C ceremony, and enlarges them up to 2x3 meters high. She then disrupts the violation in the images by removing the sections deemed most private, through covering the void with delicate, hand crafted, and cold porcelain flower sculptures. The physical act of removing the flower, the “deflowering”, momentarily exposes the viewer to the truth. The flower is a symbolic cover-up that masks the identity of these young girls — an identity that was taken away from them — and hides this very loss. The original image is transformed to enable the young women in the old image to embody a different narrative. One thousand Voices

One Thousand Voices is an immersive sound installation, produced by <mask> in collaboration with Katya Berger, which amplifies an ensemble of voices collected from around the world. It is a collection of audio testimonies from Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) survivors.Using various languages, some speaking anonymously, most testifying openly, the installation projects sounds and stories of survival and resilience. The voices weave together to create one collective narrative. While the flower poetically plays a healing role and attempts to metaphorically change the narrative in Flower Series —from victims to heroines— the collective voice of women and girls united to say “no more” in One Thousand Voices breaks the silence and literally changes the narrative. Pardonne Moi

Pardonne-Moi is produced in collaboration with reformed cutters/circumcisers from the Kolda Region in South Senegal and from Cross River State in Nigeria. Women who have abandoned the knife to adopt the needle are changing their destiny as they weave the words of liberation voiced by the heroines in One Thousand Voices. On the one hand is the notion of healing and on the other hand, is the notion of pardon or atonement. The use of a new medium, material and embroidery, needle instead of knife, is explored, as well as the relationship between the spoken, the written word, and the enlightened word.The yellow thread symbolizes transformation. In this exceptional act of solidarity all women are united. Field of Light

In this neon series, the painful testimonies of FGM/C survivors are re-appropriated and turned into light messages. The oral words are materialized into illuminated written words, offering a way out from the shadows, and suggests transformation and healing. Awards and Honors
<mask> had the honor of representing the Republic of Gabon at the 53rd International Art Exhibition of the Venice Biennale in 2009, with a solo show in Gabon's first National Pavilion. She is one of the winners of the Mbokodo Awards from South Africa for 2020. “The awards honor women who have strengthened communities and individuals through their art.”

Exhibitions

Solo Exhibitions:
2011: "El Faro de la Memoria" Galería Maior, Vigo, Spain; Palma de Mallorca, Spain

2012: "Où Allons Nous?"Voice Gallery, Marrakech, Morocco

2013: "Protect" (Public art intervention), Jardins de Saint Martin, Monaco, Monaco

2014: "Here, Now." Biennale de Marrakech, Marrakech, Morocco

2015: <mask> " L'Atelier de l'artiste", Art Marbella (Galeria Yusto-Giner), Marbella, Spain

2016: "Flowers" Conseil National, Monaco, Monaco

2018: "Dance with Me" African Artist's Foundation (AAF), Lagos, Nigeria

2018: "Flowers" Voice Gallery, Marrakech, Morocco

2019: "One Thousand Voices" Museo d'Arte Contemporanea Donnaregina (MADRE), Naples, Italy

2019: "One Thousand Voices" Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa (Zeitz MOCAA), Cape Town, South Africa

2020: "Flowers" Sakhile&Me, Frankfurt, Germany

2020: "La Bible de ma Mère" LagosPhoto20, Online Home Museum

Group Exhibitions:
2016: "Made in Spain. 2019. Material Insanity. Casablanca, Morocco: Somadi. .
 DeSouza, Allan; Milbourne, Karen; Mutu, Wangechi; Osodi, George and Clive van den Berg. 2013. Earth Matters: Land as Material and Metaphor in the Arts of Africa.New York, USA: Monacelli Press. .
 Frances, Fernando. 2009. Owanto: The Lighthouse of Memory - Go Nogé Mènè. Imola, Italy: Maretti Editore. .
 Sherman, Louise. 2002. Owanto. Barcelona, Spain: Polígrafa. .
 Benetton, Luciano; Frances, Fernando and Helena Juncosa.2014. Identity/Modernity: Contemporary Artists from Spain. Footnotes

External links

 owanto.com
 https://www.sakhileandme.com/artists/owanto.htm
 https://zeitzmocaa.museum/artists/owanto-berger/
 https://www.1-54.com/london/artists/owanto/

1953 births
French artists
French people of Gabonese descent
Gabonese artists
Living people
Gabonese activists

masks: Owanto Owanto Owanto Owanto Owanto Owanto Owanto Owanto Owanto Owanto Owanto


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<mask> (August 3, 1909 – November 10, 1971) was an American novelist, short story writer, and educator. He ranks as one of Nevada's most distinguished literary figures of the 20th century, and was the first inductee into the 'Nevada Writers Hall of Fame' in 1988, together with Robert Laxalt, <mask>'s mentee and Nevada's other heralded twentieth century author. Two of <mask>'s novels, The Ox-Bow Incident and The Track of the Cat, were made into films. As a writer, <mask> taught himself to use the familiar materials of the western saga to explore the human psyche and to raise deep philosophical issues. Biography
Born in East Orland, Maine, <mask> grew up, graduated from Reno High School in 1926 and went to college at the University of Nevada, where his father, <mask>, was president of the University of Nevada. In 1933 <mask> married Barbara Frances Morse and moved to Cazenovia, New York, where he taught high school English and began his fiction-writing career. <mask>'s first published novel, The Ox-Bow Incident (1940), was successful and is often considered to be the first modern Western, without the usual clichés and formulaic plots of the genre.The novel is a story about a lynch mob mistaking three innocent travelers for cattle rustlers suspected of murder. After the travelers are hanged, the lynch mob finds that they killed the wrong suspects. The novel's themes include an examination of frontier law and order, as well as culpability. The novel was well-received, gave <mask> literary acclaim that was unusual for a writer of Westerns, and in 1943 was adapted into a movie starring Henry Fonda and Harry Morgan. Over the next decade, <mask> published two more novels: The City of Trembling Leaves (1945) and The Track of the Cat (1949). In 1950, a collection of short stories, The Watchful Gods and Other Stories, was released. Since they began appearing in national magazines during the 1940s, <mask>'s short stories gained national recognition and earned the O. Henry Prize five times, in quick succession, between 1941 and 1945.After this initial success in the short story format, some of these stories (notably "Hook" and "The Wind And The Snow Of Winter") have been repeatedly anthologized as classic examples of the genre. <mask>'s short story, "The Portable Phonograph" - a poignant depiction of survivors in the aftermath of nuclear war - is also well known. Two Hollywood films were inspired by <mask>'s writings, and one of these (The Ox-Bow Incident) received an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture. The other film was Track of the Cat, based on <mask>'s novel The Track of the Cat. (Note that the film's title drops the definite article used in the novel's title). Although he continued to write more sporadically after 1950, <mask> published no more fiction works during the remaining two decades of his life. Thereafter, <mask> devoted his creative energies to teaching and lecturing.From 1954 to 1956, he was a professor of creative writing at the University of Montana in Missoula, where he was noted by his students for his teaching skills and for his eccentric clothing which consisted of a blue turtleneck shirt, maroon corduroy jacket, grey slacks and blue socks which never varied throughout the term. <mask> began teaching at a writer's workshop at San Francisco State University during the summer of 1955, moving to San Francisco in 1956 after he was hired there full-time to establish a formal Creative Writing Program. He remained there until 1962. <mask> would return to Reno to serve as the writer-in-residence at the university from 1962 until his death from cancer in Virginia City, Nevada on November 10, 1971 at aged 62. He spent the last ten years of his life editing The Journals of Alfred Doten. He died almost two years to the day after the death of his wife Barbara (Frances Morse) <mask> (December 16, 1906 - November 12, 1969). Both of them died of cancer, as <mask>'s biographer Jackson J. Benson noted in his biography of <mask>, The Ox-Bow Man.<mask> was chosen, along with Robert Laxalt, to be the first writer inducted into the Nevada Writers Hall of Fame when it was established in 1988 by the Friends of the University of Nevada Libraries. Books by <mask>
Fiction

 The Ox-Bow Incident, Random House (New York, NY), 1940; published with an introduction by Clifton Fadiman, Heritage, 1942; published with an afterword by W. P. Webb, Armed Services Edition, 1943, New American Library (New York, NY), 1960; reprinted, Modern Library Paperback Classics (New York, NY), 2001. The City of Trembling Leaves, Random House (New York, NY), 1945; published as Tim Hazard, Kimber (England), Armed Services Edition, 1946; 1951(an abridged version). Reprinted as part of the Western Literature Series, University of Nevada Press (Reno, NV), 1991, 2003. With a "Foreword" by Robert Laxalt. The Track of the Cat, Random House (New York, NY), 1949, reprinted, University of Nevada Press (Reno, NV), 1993, 2003, with an "Afterword" by <mask> Tilburg <mask>. The Watchful Gods and Other Stories, Random House (New York, NY), 1950.(contains "Hook," "The Wind and the Snow of Winter," "The Rapids," "The Anonymous," "The Buck in the Hills," "Why Don't You Look Where You're Going?," "The Indian Well," "The Fish Who Could Close His Eyes," "The Portable Phonograph," and "The Watchful Gods"). Reprinted, University of Nevada Press (Reno, NV), 2004. With a "Foreword" by Ann Ronald

Poetry

Christmas Comes to Hjalsen (1930)
 "Dawn, Washoe Valley; Big Dusk; Pyramid Lake" (1932)
Ten Women in Gale's House: And Shorter Poems (1932)
 "To a Friend with New Shoes" (1934)

Other
(Author of foreword) Robert Cole Caples: A Retrospective Exhibition, 1927-63 (catalog), [Reno, NV], 1964. (Editor) The Journals of Alfred Doten, 1849-1903, three volumes, University of Nevada Press (Reno, NV), 1973. Online edition username and password: doten
 <mask> Tilburg <mask>: Critiques, edited by Charlton Laird; University of Nevada Press (Reno, NV), 1983. In this volume, some of <mask>'s works were collected and grouped with essays about <mask> and his writings

Further reading
Contemporary Literary Criticism, Volume 28, Gale (Detroit, MI), 1984. Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 9: "American Novelists, 1910-1945", Gale (Detroit, MI), 1981.Lee, L. L., <mask> <mask> <mask>, Boise State College (Boise, ID), 1973. Lindroth, James R., <mask>'s The Ox-Bow Incident: A Critical Commentary, Monarch Press (New York, NY), 1966. Shafton, Anthony, The Nevada They Knew: Robert Caples and <mask> Tilburg <mask>, Fonthill Media (Charleston, SC), 2017. Stegner, Wallace, One Way to Spell Man, Doubleday (New York, NY), 1982, pp. 124–35. Twentieth-Century Western Writers, St. James Press (Chicago, IL), 1991. Westbrook, Max, <mask> Tilburg <mask>, Twayne (New York, NY), 1969.Notes

References

External links
<mask> Tilburg <mask> Papers, NC527, University of Nevada, Reno, Special Collections and University Archives. Publisher's page for Charlton Laird's Critiques at University of Nevada Press
Articles in Western American Literature

20th-century American novelists
American Western (genre) novelists
Novelists from Maine
University of Nevada, Reno faculty
San Francisco State University faculty
1909 births
1971 deaths
People from Orland, Maine
Writers from Reno, Nevada
American male novelists
American male short story writers
O. Henry Award winners
20th-century American short story writers
20th-century American male writers

masks:
Walter Van Tilburg Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Walter Ernest Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Clark
Walter Van
Clark
Walter Van
Clark
Clark
Clark
Walter Van
Tilburg
Clark
Clark
Walter Van
Clark
Walter Van
Clark
Walter Van
Clark


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<mask> (March 13, 1868 – September 25, 1924) was a missionary evangelist in Japan. He was also one of the cofounders of the Oriental Missionary Society (now One Mission Society; formerly OMS International). Early life
<mask> was born on March 13, 1868, in Toulon, Illinois, to David and <mask>. He grew up in the Methodist Episcopal Church. At age 15, he was offered and accepted a summer job as a telegraph operator at a local railway station. Excelling at this new job, he chose not to return to school the following fall and continued with his new profession. He received a number of promotions over the following years.At 18, he was transferred to a station in Chicago, and by the time he was 19, he earned a salary comparable to employees who had been working there for many years. On June 8, 1889, at 21 years old, he married childhood friend, Lettie Burd. During their first year of marriage, they moved to the Rocky Mountains in order to escape city life. When the high altitude caused Lettie to become very sick though, they returned to Chicago for the next 10 years. Telegraphers’ Mission Band
Upon their return to Chicago, Cowman continued his work at the telegraph office. His attitude had changed though since the last time he was there. After a strong conviction, <mask> recommitted his life to God.“He made it the first thing in his life to be a Christian, feeling he must concentrate all his energy upon it” (Page 19). One way in which he did this was by forming the “Telegraphers’ Mission Band" in Chicago with coworkers who had become Christians because of him. One member was Ernest A. Kilbourne, who would later become a cofounder of the Oriental Missionary Society. The Telegraphers’ Mission Band sent letters explaining the Gospel to telegraphers all over the United States, Great Britain and Australia. The Oriental Missionary Society
In the late 1890s, Cowman met and befriended Juji Nakada at his church, Grace Methodist Episcopal Church. Nakada had come from Japan to study at Moody Bible Institute. He, too, would later become a cofounder of the Oriental Missionary Society.Upon Nakada’s return to Japan, the Telegraphers’ Mission Band began financially supporting him as a missionary, thus continuing the connection they had made with him while he was in the states. After feeling a deep call on their hearts, <mask> and Lettie left America on February 1, 1901, to serve as missionaries in Japan. They worked alongside Nakada, with the dream of starting a Bible training institute. “The aim of the institute would not be to produce classical scholars, but young men and women who could handle their mother tongue with effect, who were steeped in the Bible and who could so proclaim it as to arrest and influence all classes of people” (page 52). Within a few months of being in Japan, that dream became a reality when they were able to open a mission hall where Nakada could preach the Gospel message and train leaders. The hall held Bible classes in the daytime and was the venue for evangelistic services in the evening. This was the beginning of the Oriental Missionary Society.In 1902, Ernest Kilbourne joined Cowman and Nakada to assist in their growing ministry. Electric Messages
A small monthly periodical called Electric Messages began being printed in November 1902. This was mailed to supporters in the United States and included monthly reports of the work that was being accomplished. The name was later changed to The O.M.S. Standard and is currently called OMS Outreach. Tokyo Bible Training Institute
Having outgrown their original building, a need for a larger building for the Bible Training Institute arose in early 1903. By the end of 1903, a new school had opened in Tokyo, providing ample room to grow.The larger space not only accommodated more students, but also provided for great conventions and hundreds of guests. Seoul Bible Training Institute
In 1904, two Koreans went to Japan to attend the Tokyo Bible Training Institute. Through these students, OMS began to make connections with Korea. By 1910, they were able to send two missionaries from England, John and Emily Thomas, to Korea. Shortly after their arrival, another Bible Training Institute opened, just outside Seoul. Similar to Japan’s school, the Seoul Bible Training Institute fostered much growth and transformation of the surrounding region. The Great Village Campaign
Burdened by the number of people who remained unreached in Japan, Cowman began The Great Village Campaign in 1913.He had a vision “whereby every person in Japan might hear the Gospel in the next five years” (125). He could not rest until the entirety of Japan’s 58 million-person population was reached. Teams of missionaries visited every town, village and home throughout Japan, proclaiming the Gospel and distributing Bibles. Tokyo was the first to be visited, where 3 million Bibles were delivered. From there, workers went out among the provinces to continue with their goal of providing every home with a Bible. Toward the end of 1914, the hard work began to take a toll on Cowman’s health. He and Lettie returned to America for a short time in 1915 to rest and regain his health.The Village Campaign continued to progress while they were in the States, but soon enough, they returned to Japan to complete the work they had begun. 1917 posed to be the most intensive year of the campaign. In the spring, they went to the large island of Kyushu (home to 9,million residents) to establish temporary headquarters. As the year went on and the completion of the campaign drew near, <mask> once again became ill. He began to have many heart problems, leading Lettie and him to leave Japan for another few months. In January 1918, while at home in America, they received news through the O.M.S. Standard that the Japan Village Campaign was complete.About 60 million Japanese were equipped with the Gospel, covering  of land (page 137). Late life
While back in America, <mask> regained his health for a short time. He traveled for six months, telling the incredible story of The Great Village Campaign. He would have likely continued traveling the country, but numerous heart attacks forced him to rest at his home in California. For the next six years, he suffered in great pain, yet he always kept a positive attitude while continuing his work for the Lord. “Although broken in body, he kept an oversight of the home office and every department of work on the field, dictating letters by the hundreds” (page 142). He also began to make plans to go into China, so that another Bible training institute could be established.In March 1924, Cowman faithfully signed the bank books of OMS over to two trustees: Ernest Kilbourne and W.J. Clark, a Los Angeles businessman. Death and The Cowman Memorial Bible Training Institute
On the night of July 17, 1924, Cowman experienced a stroke that paralyzed his entire left side. The doctors said he would only live a few more hours, but he lived a number of weeks more. He passed just after midnight on September 25, 1924 (page 153). Two days after his funeral, a letter came to him stating that a fellow worker was giving $25,000 to open a Bible Training Institute in China. One year later, in September 1925, the Bible Training Institute was up and running in Shanghai.It was fittingly named, “The Cowman Memorial Bible Training Institute.” (page 155)

References

External links
 onemissionsociety.org

1868 births
1924 deaths
People from Toulon, Illinois
American Methodist missionaries
Methodist missionaries in Japan
American expatriates in Japan

masks:
Charles Elmer Cowman
Charles Cowman
Mary Cowman
Charles
Charles
Cowman
Charles


text_chunks:
<mask> (July 12, 1901 – September 6, 1978) was a Belarusian-born American public relations consultant who represented celebrities and major corporations. He was best known for the lavish entertaining he hosted for clients and other notables at his Manhattan townhouse located at 19 Gramercy Park South. Background
<mask> was born in Brest-Litovsk, Russia, now part of Belarus. He began his life living in poverty in a small wooden hut. Because of this poverty, his family emigrated to the United States with his family in 1910 to Lower East Side, Manhattan, New York City. <mask> attended Public School No.62 and then DeWitt Clinton High School. He took part in drama and dance at Henry Street Settlement, where his mother was a cleaning lady.Miss Wald, the director, was very impressed with Ben. At the age of 16, she offered him a job as the leader of the boy's club, and in turn allowed him to continue his schooling and live at the settlement house. Two years later, Miss Wald helped him get a scholarship to study at Columbia College. He got a job covering Columbia University sports for the Brooklyn Eagle. This helped his writing skills to become a publicist. He married Hilda Kaplan in March 1924. Brendan Gill, a close friend of <mask> claimed, "Ben wanted to be remembered as he was in his prime."His will was written on December 7, 1977 after he learned he was terminally ill with throat cancer. The will directed his executors of this estate to destroy all his files and papers. <mask> died in New York City at age 77 of a heart attack on September 6, 1978. Early career
<mask> was unsatisfied by the challenge of college and answered an ad in The New York Times with the Chicago Portrait Company as a door-to-door salesman. He became bored and quit after two months. Then, he hitchhiked to Flint, Michigan where he worked as a reporter and movie critic for the Flint Journal. He returned to New York City in 1921.Upon returning to New York City, his first work in the public relations field was writing stories for the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. In 1922, Miss Wald got a call from Lewis Strauss, the former secretary to Herbert Hoover and director of the American Relief Administration with the task to get food and medical assistance to the famine-stricken areas of Russia and Europe. <mask> took the job where he realized what it was like to be rich, and he fell in love with the lifestyle that coincided. At the age of 22, he rented a room in Greenwich Village and made an earning by providing publicity for Jewish fund drives, writing stories for the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee. He also did some public relations work for the Salvation Army, and a few night clubs. Public relations career
A self-described "cabinetmaker who fashioned large pedestals for small statues", <mask> represented many clients. While his company, Publicity Consultants Inc., was nominally located in offices on Park Avenue, his real business was done in his five-story townhouse in the Gramercy Park neighborhood of Manhattan, where he was renowned for his lavish entertaining for his clients and his contacts in the press.As his son would later describe in his memoir Lost Property: Memoirs and Confessions of a Bad Boy, "our home, my home, was a stage for his work". <mask> had such an air of persuasion and success about him that his clients would pay a fee just to talk with him on the phone. He loved showing off his extravagance with his clients through entertaining and gift giving. <mask> gained mass success and affluence because he was dedicated to following through on his promises to his clients, and because of this his reputation grew by word of mouth. His first big break was when he persuaded Oscar Weintraub to hire him to promote the new Fifth Avenue Hotel. He helped make the hotel known by inviting a distinction of guests to visit including Trader Horn, Prince George Matchabelli, and the Grand Dutchess Marie Romanov. His success lead to Weintraub hiring him to promote the other two hotels Weintraub managed.This also lead to Sonnenberg's introduction to Joel Hillman who was about to open the George V Hotel in Paris, which became Sonnenbergs' first European account. He became a full-time publicist in 1925. In 1927, he persuaded his father to retire because he felt financially secure and like he had “arrived.” In 1929, he left Greenwich Village and opened his office in a more luxurious building at 247 Park Avenue. He incorporated as Publicity Consultants Inc. He kept his staff very small and hired freelancers as needed, but did much of the work himself. From 1929, his fee income was at least $250,000 a year and from 1942 to his death it was always at least half a million annually. By 1930,  Sonnenberg and the field of Public Relations were becoming very well known.<mask> made his clients look up to press agents, rather than looking down on them. He moved to No.19 in 1931 and rented out the two bottom floors and by 1945 he was able to afford the whole thing. Perhaps his most famous client was Charles Luckman, an extremely successful architect, in 1950. "If there is one single achievement that public relations men cite <mask> for, it is the media barrage that he engineered for Luckman, beginning with a Time cover piece." In 1927, <mask> publicized Bergdorf Goodman department store for $100 a month. He was then hired to promote the 50th anniversary in 1951. He planned for a gala dinner dance in the Plaza Hotel with almost 700 or 800 in attendance.It was a sellout and tickets sold for $50. There was a live fashion show. There were also live mannequins in the store windows. Because of this great success he was then hired by Fred Lazares Jr. who operated Bloomingdale's, Abraham & Straus, Filenes of Boston, and Burdine's in Miami. In the 1950s he counseled his friend Stanley Marcus, founder of Neiman Marcus, for free who stated, "I learned more from <mask> about life and business than from any other person except my father." Working for Pepperdine, Inc. made <mask> a multimillionaire. Pepperdine, Inc was created by a poor family that made bread suitable for asthmatics and sold to Campbell Soup Co. in 1958 for $28 million, which earned him $9 million.Legacy
After 36 years of hustling clients and building a business, <mask> closed down Publicity Consultants, Inc. in 1963, because 247 Park Avenue was being torn down and his right-hand man George Schreiber was terminally ill with a brain tumor. He became strictly a consultant and gradually reduced his number of clients. In his later years <mask> focused less on making money and more on his hobbies, collecting being his favorite. He went for one last collecting jaunt to England in 1978 at the age of 76. In his final phase he worked alone. He claimed to have earned between $25 million to $30 million in his lifetime. References

Sources
Barmash, Isadore.Always Live Better Than Your Clients: The Fabulous Life and Times of <mask>, America's Greatest Publicist. Dodd, Mead and Company. Scott Cutlip (1994) The Unseen Power: Public Relations: A History  . 1901 births
1978 deaths
American public relations people
Columbia University alumni
People from the Lower East Side
Belarusian Jews
People from Brest, Belarus
American people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
DeWitt Clinton High School alumni
People from Gramercy Park

masks:
Benjamin Sonnenberg
Sonnenberg
Sonnenberg
Sonnenberg
Sonnenberg
Sonnenberg
Sonnenberg
Sonnenberg
Sonnenberg
Sonnenberg
Sonnenberg
Sonnenberg
Sonnenberg
Ben Sonnenberg
Sonnenberg
Sonnenberg
Sonnenberg
Benjamin Sonnenberg


text_chunks:
Air Commodore <mask>,  (7 April 1908 – 1 January 1984) was a British test pilot and senior Royal Air Force officer who took part in several air races and record-breaking flights in the 1930s. Early life
<mask> was born on 7 April 1908 at Motueka, New Zealand, the eldest of nine children of mining engineer <mask> (1874–1961) and his wife <mask> (1886–1943). As a teenager, <mask> developed engineering and practical country skills, and established a business repairing and reselling motor cars. His ambition was to be a master mariner, but that was abandoned due to incurable seasickness. He was inspired by the expansion of aviation, and particularly the pioneering flights in Australia and New Zealand by aviators such as Charles Kingsford-Smith and C.W.A. Scott in the late 1920s. He learned to fly at the Marlborough Aero Club at Omaka Aerodrome, near Blenheim.In 1930, after failing his attempt to join the Royal New Zealand Air Force, he moved to the United Kingdom. RAF career, 1930–1935
In 1930, after arriving in England, <mask> found that there was a waiting list to join the RAF, so he then joined Fairey Aviation Company as a working student. Applications to the RAF were repeatedly halted, until it was found that his blood pressure was lower during flying than while awaiting medical examinations on the ground. In October 1930, he joined No. 3 FTS at RAF Spitalgate, where he went solo after about two hours flying. In April 1931, he was posted as pilot officer to No. 25 Squadron at RAF Hawkinge, flying Hawker Fury I fighter biplanes.In April 1932, he was promoted to flying officer. He was one of the team that performed formation aerobatics, including loops, with nine Furies at the April 1934 RAF display at RAF Hendon. In August 1934, he was posted to No. 24 Squadron at Hendon. In October 1935, he declined to renew his short service commission, and left the RAF, although remaining as a Reserve Air Force Officer (RAFO) pilot with the RAFVR. Civilian flight testing, 1935–1939
In October 1935, <mask> accepted the offered post of civilian test pilot at RAE Farnborough. Soon after he had started flying a Cierva C.30 autogiro at Farnborough, he was invited by Raoul Hafner to carry out test flying of the Hafner AR.III in his off-duty time, and <mask> later flew demonstrations of that gyroplane at many aviation events.He conducted official flight test aerodynamics work on aircraft including Parnall Parasol and Miles Falcon; ice formation research on Airspeed Courier, Handley Page Heyford and Northrop Gamma; and anti-intruder wire strike tests with Miles Hawk and Fairey P.4/34. In January 1938, he was awarded the Air Force Cross. In October 1938, Air Vice Marshal <mask> asked <mask> to conduct test flying of the prototype of the Westland Whirlwind, in place of Westland test pilots. Clouston piloted its first flight from Yeovil Aerodrome to Boscombe Down. Races and record-breaking flights, 1935–1939

While employed at RAE, <mask> developed a spare time interest in civil aviation, air racing and record-breaking. On 13 April 1936, he displayed his Aeronca C-3 (G-ADYP) at the Pou-du-Ciel (Flying Flea) rally at Ashingdon. He test flew several Flying Fleas from Heston Aerodrome and from Gravesend Aerodrome.On 30 May 1936, he flew his Aeronca C-3 from Hanworth Aerodrome in the London to Isle of Man Race, but missed the final turning point in fog. On 14 June 1936, he flew the Aeronca in the South Coast Race at Shoreham, and came first, but was then disqualified on a technicality. On 11 July 1936, he flew a Miles Falcon (G-AEFB) in the King's Cup Race at Hatfield. On 3 August 1936, he borrowed a Flying Flea (G-ADPY), and raced it in the First International Flying Flea Challenge Trophy Race at Ramsgate Airport, but retired when an oil pipe fractured. On 29 September 1936, he took off from Portsmouth Airport in his Miles Hawk Speed Six (G-ADOD), at the start of the Schlesinger Race to Johannesburg. He was one of nine starters, but force landed 200 miles short of the race destination, and was the last of eight entries that failed to reach Johannesburg. On 29 May 1937, he flew a Miles Hawk Major (G-ADGE) from Hanworth in the London to Isle of Man Race.In June 1937, he learned that the DH.88 Comet (G-ACSS), that won the 1934 MacRobertson Race, was for sale by a scrap dealer, after it had been damaged in Air Ministry testing. He persuaded architect Fred Tasker to purchase the Comet, and then arranged for it to be repaired with upgraded engines and propellers, by Jack Cross of Essex Aero at Gravesend Aerodrome. He entered the Comet for the planned 1937 New York to Paris air race, but the US Department of Commerce refused all necessary permissions for the race. The French government reorganised the race to run from Istres Airfield near Marseille, via Damascus, to Paris. The only inscriptions on the Comet were the registration and race number "G-16", but it was also nicknamed "The Orphan" to reflect the lack of sponsors. On 20 August 1937, accompanied by Flt Lt George Nelson as co-pilot of the Comet, <mask> took off from Istres as one of 13 entrants, of which all the others were more powerful, and all heavily sponsored by European governments. He arrived at Le Bourget in fourth position, a few minutes behind the Savoia-Marchetti S.73 of Bruno Mussolini.In 1937, <mask> broke the record for a return flight from England to Cape Town. Betty Kirby-Green was relatively new to flying, with an appetite for adventure, and agreed to help raise money for an attempt on the Cape record set by <mask> in 1936. Burberry sponsored the flight and provided Burberry flying clothing, and their DH.88 Comet, G-ACSS was consequently named renamed "The Burberry". On 14 November 1937, <mask> and Kirby-Green took off from Croydon Aerodrome, and reached Cape Town on 16 November in a record 45 hours and two minutes. Their return journey of 57 hours and 23 minutes was also record-breaking. The DH.88 Comet has since been restored, and is now held at the Shuttleworth Collection. On 20 November, they arrived back at Croydon in dense fog, having broken several records and covered about 14,690 miles in less than six days.As a result, <mask> was awarded the Britannia Trophy and the Segrave Trophy, and Betty was awarded the Segrave Medal. On 4 December 1937, <mask> married <mask>, the daughter of engineer Samuel Turner of Farnborough; they subsequently had two daughters. In December 1937, Daily Express air correspondent Victor Ricketts proposed to Clouston that they should attempt to break the England to Australia flight record. Ricketts arranged for sponsorship from the Australian Consolidated Press, and once again the DH.88 Comet G-ACSS was hired. It was overhauled and equipped with a small typewriter to compile press reports in flight for dispatch at refuelling stops. It was named "Australian Anniversary", representing the 150th anniversary of Australia. On 6 February 1938, <mask> and Ricketts took off from Gravesend Aerodrome.The first scheduled stop was to be Aleppo in Syria, but bad storms forced <mask> to land at a flooded airfield at Adana in Turkey. His permits were dismissed by Turkish officials, but next day he refuelled with unofficial help, and took off from a roadway, although damaging the undercarriage. He flew to an unmarked airfield on Cyprus, having abandoned the record attempt. Engineer Jack Cross, plus the financier and some equipment, was flown to Cyprus by <mask> in a Vega Gull borrowed from Charles Gardner. After repairs to the Comet, <mask> flew it back to Gravesend, accompanied by Jack Cross. On 15 March 1938, <mask> once again departed from Gravesend with Victor Ricketts in DH.88 Comet G-ACSS. He flew via Cairo, Basra, Allahabad, Penang and Singapore to Darwin, but without beating the 1934 record set by C. W. A. Scott and Tom Campbell Black in the same aircraft.He flew on to Sydney via Charleville, without being aware of the London to Sydney record, until massive crowds welcomed him there as a record-breaker. The next day, 20 March 1938, he flew across the Tasman Sea to Blenheim Municipal Aerodrome (Omaka) in New Zealand, setting more records. He then flew back to Australia, and continued on a return flight to Croydon, arriving in fog on 26 March 1938. He had established eleven records at the end of a round-trip of about 26,000 miles. On 2 July 1938, he flew BA Eagle 2 (G-AFIC) in the King's Cup Race at Hatfield Aerodrome, but was placed outside the top three. Second World War
On 1 October 1939, <mask> rejoined the RAF, and served as a test pilot with the rank of flight lieutenant and acting squadron leader, in the Aerodynamics Flight at Farnborough. His activities included test flying of radio-controlled Airspeed Queen Wasp target drones.In June 1941, he was promoted to squadron leader. Although the unit operated some high speed fighters, it was forbidden to arm their weapons, but Clouston chased intruding German aircraft without damaging them. Increasing incursions led to orders to arm the fighters, and <mask> then claimed a shoot-down of a Heinkel 111 and a Messerschmitt Bf 110 during the same flight in a Spitfire. He carried out many flight tests using both tethered and untethered flares launched from a Handley Page Hampden flying behind a Whitley bomber, in experiments to illuminate target aircraft at night. He also flew tests with a Douglas Havoc, dispensing flash flares. In April 1941, he was attached to No. 219 Squadron, operating Beaufighters from RAF Redhill, to experience night fighter tactics.His reports to the Air Ministry led to improvements to cannons on Beaufighters, and better training for radar operators. On 12 May 1941, he was posted as CO of No. 1422 Flight RAF of the RAE based at RAF Heston. There he carried out testing of the Turbinlite concept of an aerial searchlight mounted on a Havoc night fighter, in collaboration with Group Captain William Helmore and with aeronautical engineer L.E. Baynes, nicknamed "The Baron", for whom he had great admiration. The next experiments involved dropping coils of wire suspended from parachutes, intended to interfere with the operation of intruding aircraft. <mask> conducted another trial instigated by Helmore, involving radio control of a full-size motor launch boat from a high-flying aircraft, using a Douglas DB-7 Havoc.He was also involved in testing the Leigh Light, an aerial searchlight designed to illuminate submarines and surface vessels, and trialled on a Vickers Wellington. In March 1943, <mask> was promoted to wing commander, and posted to command No. 224 Squadron firstly at RAF Beaulieu, then in April 1943 at RAF St Eval. The squadron was mainly involved in anti-submarine operations in the Bay of Biscay, operating B-24 Liberators with airborne radar and depth charges, later supplemented with Leigh lights. The Liberators were often attacked by formations of Bf 110s and Junkers Ju 88s, and in October 1943 <mask> was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for his actions, followed in April 1944 by the Distinguished Service Order. In February 1944, he was promoted to group captain, and posted as commanding officer of RAF Langham, that was still under construction. Operations there started with No.455 Squadron and No. 489 Squadron, both flying Beaufighters on anti-shipping missions in the North Sea area. In October 1944, the Beaufighter squadrons were replaced by No. 521 Squadron with Lockheed Hudsons and No. 524 Squadron with Wellingtons. Postwar
In May 1945, <mask> was posted as CO of German airstrip B151 that was being developed into the headquarters of BAFO (British Air Forces of Occupation), and named RAF Bückeburg. In April 1946, he was appointed to a permanent commission with his existing rank of squadron leader.However, he was then offered the job of Director General of Civil Aviation of New Zealand. Instead of being released by the RAF, he was promoted to group captain, and given a two-year posting as commanding officer of RNZAF Base Ohakea, the main RNZAF strike base, operating de Havilland Mosquitos. In February 1950, he was posted as CO at RAF Leeming, then in July 1953 as commandant of ETPS (Empire Test Pilot School) at Farnborough. (P. L. Runciman asserts that he was Commandant of the ETPS earlier. On 12.12.1950 he signed his father's log book as Commandant of the ETPS) In October 1953, he was posted as SASO (Senior Air Staff Officer) at No. 19 Group, RAF Coastal Command. In July 1954, he was promoted to acting air commodore, then posted as Air Officer Commanding Singapore.In 1957, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath, and was given his final posting as commandant of Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment at Boscombe Down. On 7 April 1960, <mask> retired to Cornwall, and died on 1 January 1984. Notes

Bibliography
<mask>, A.E. 1954. The Dangerous Skies. Cassell ASIN B0000CIX25
Henshaw, <mask>. "Obituary – <mask> <mask>", Aeroplane Monthly, February 1984
Henshaw, <mask>."Personal Album", Aeroplane Monthly, November 1984
Lewis,Peter. 1970. British Racing and Record-Breaking Aircraft. Putnam. Middleton, Don. "Test Pilot Profile No.4 – A.E.<mask>", Aeroplane Monthly, October 1982
Oliver, David. 1994.Hendon Aerodrome – A History. Airlife
Orange, Vincent. 2004. <mask>, <mask> (1908–1984). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 1908 births
1984 deaths
Britannia Trophy winners
British test pilots
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
Royal Air Force officers
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
Segrave Trophy recipients
People from Motueka
New Zealand emigrants to the United Kingdom
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)
British aviation record holders

masks:
Arthur Edmond Clouston
Arthur Clouston
Robert Edmond Clouston
Ruby Alexander Scott
Arthur
Clouston
Clouston
Clouston
Arthur Tedder
Clouston
Clouston
Clouston
Clouston
Amy Johnson
Clouston
Clouston
Clouston
Elsie Turner
Clouston
Clouston
Alex Henshaw
Clouston
Clouston
Clouston
Clouston
Clouston
Clouston
Clouston
Clouston
Arthur Clouston
Clouston
Alex
Arthur Edmond
Clouston
Alex
Clouston
Clouston
Arthur Edmond