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<mask> (November 26, 1844 – April 28, 1914) was an Alabama lawyer and politician and military officer. He served in the Alabama legislature and as Governor of Alabama. He later became United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama and the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama. Family and early life
Born on November 26, 1844, in Vineville (now Macon, Georgia) to <mask> (1821–1861) and her husband, railroad builder <mask> (1815–1886), who had moved to Georgia in 1839 to become an assistant engineer on the Monroe Railroad, which soon declared bankruptcy. Despite financial problems around the time of <mask>'s birth, <mask> would become engineer on various other railroads in Alabama and Florida, one of Alabama's early industrialists, and briefly an Alabama legislator representing Lee County, Alabama. He also remarried during the Civil War to Aurora Serena Elmore, who was descended from Representative Joseph Brevard of South Carolina and would bear seven boys (<mask>'s step-brothers) during their marriage. Shortly before the war began, <mask> completed the Alabama and Florida Railroad, which supplied the Confederate Navy Yard in Pennsacola.He also helped establish the Chewacla Lime Works, the Montgomery and Talladega Sulphur Mines, and the Muscogee Lumber Company and completed a railroad line connecting Montgomery and Selma, Alabama, shortly before the Civil War ended, and then the Savannah and Memphis Railroad. The <mask>es, even more than the <mask> family, were among the First Families of Virginia. <mask> had arrived in Virginia via Barbados before 1661, and established a tobacco plantation in Henrico County. His descendant <mask>, of Chesterfield County, served as a lieutenant during the American Revolutionary War and as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and the US House of Representatives. His son <mask> (1787–1858), Martha's father, helped establish the Homestead European-style spa in Wythe County, Virginia. The <mask> traced their descent from Captain <mask>, who commanded a British naval vessel in Chesapeake Bay in 1680 and whose youngest son, <mask>, settled near Fortress Monroe in what became Brunswick County, Virginia. <mask>'s descendant <mask> represented Brunswick County in the Virginia House of Burgesses and became a captain in a Virginia regiment during the American Revolutionary War.His son Dr. <mask> <mask> (1788–1824) graduated from the University of North Carolina before he married Mary Armistead <mask>, and their eldest son, <mask> <mask>, studied at Williams College in Massachusetts and at Newark College (now the University of Delaware) before he married <mask>. In 1849, <mask> moved his young family to Montgomery, Alabama, while he was the engineer for the Montgomery and West Point Railroad. <mask> had a sister, Mary, who had been born in Atlanta in 1847 and would have five more siblings who survived infancy before the Civil War began and seven half-brothers from his father's second marriage. In any event, he was not educated at home but was instead sent to Charlottesville, Virginia, to study at a preparatory academy run by Charles Minor and Gessner Harrison. In the summer of 1860, he began to attend the Virginia Military Institute, and fellow cadets elected him as sergeant. During the Civil War, in winter quarters in Petersburg, Virginia, <mask> had begun studying William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England. After the war, he failed as a planter.He clerked for the Alabama and Florida Railroad, and thanks to his father, <mask> read law with John A. Elmore and then in a night class with Alabama Supreme Court Chief Justice Abram J. Walker. Military career

South Carolina seceded from the Union before the end of <mask>'s first semester. On May 1, 1861, after Virginia's secession vote, about 200 cadets (including <mask>) joined Professor and Major General Stonewall Jackson in fighting for the Confederacy. <mask> later recalled that his first duty was burying the dead after the Battle of McDowell. The cadets marched with Jackson's men until May 16, 1861, when the school summoned them back and later awarded them honorary degrees. Meanwhile, <mask> returned to Montgomery and enlisted as a private in the Partisan Rangers, Company K of the 53rd Alabama Regiment, but he was soon promoted to sergeant. The unit fought at the Battle of Thompson's Station, in Tennessee, and <mask> received a lieutenant's commission after he had led the unit despite his own battle wound; both the company's captain and lieutenant had been wounded and abandoned the field.<mask> was appointed aide de camp to General John Brown <mask> and accompanied the Army of Northern Virginia during the Gettysburg Campaign, including as a messenger when <mask> requested permission to attack Cemetery Ridge but was denied during the Battle of Gettysburg. <mask> also fought in the Siege of Petersburg, the Battle of the Wilderness, and the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House. <mask> also fought with <mask> during Jubal Early's campaign that reached the outskirts of Washington DC and at the defeats during the Third Battle of Winchester and the Battle of Cedar Creek in late 1864. During the Battle of Cedar Creek, both sides respected <mask>'s courage for rescuing a girl caught in the crossfire between armies. He also received praise for rescuing a wounded Ohio soldier. Thus, <mask> fought in the Confederate States Army from 1862 to 1865, rising to the rank of major. On April 9, 1865, he physically carried the truce flag on his sword while under fire delivering Lee's surrender, and he witnessed the final ceremony at Appomattox Court House.Postwar career and politics
Returning from the Civil War, <mask> would claim an inheritance from his mother and purchased 750 acres in southern Montgomery County, Alabama in 1865, but he failed as a farmer and moved in with his mother-in-law in Montgomery by 1869. Crushing debts, low cotton prices, and Black Friday would cause him to lose the farm in 1870. Meanwhile, <mask> became editor of the Montgomery Daily Picayune and also read law in 1868, which helped his transition to his later career. Admitted to the Alabama bar in 1868, <mask> began a private legal practice in Montgomery. Until November 1868, <mask> worked with Judge Walker's brother, Hal Walker, both as a lawyer and as editor. The Daily Picayune allied with the Democratic Party, decried "Negro rule," and proposed racial segregation although, unlike more radical newspapers, it also advocated educating black children. <mask> also became children in the local Democratic Party, initially opposing groups allegedly trying to prevent counting of votes for Democrat Robert B. Lindsay for governor although others would characterize such efforts as intimidating black voters.Democrats ended Republican rule in Alabama in 1874, after an election in which <mask> led about 100 armed Democrats, who patrolled Montgomery on Election Day. <mask>' appointment as the reporter of decisions for the Supreme Court of Alabama by Chief Justice Elisha Peck also helped sustain his legal practice from 1870 to 1880. By 1874, <mask> joined a law firm with former Alabama Chief Justice Samuel F. Rice, despite Rice's alliance with the Republican Party during Reconstruction although he later resigned during a depot dispute between the Montgomery and Rice's client, the South and North Alabama Railroad. The Louisville and Nashville Railroad later became one of <mask>' major clients, as were the Capitol City Water Works Company, Western Union Telegraph Company, Southern Express Company, and the Standard Oil Company. By 1898, <mask> partnered with his half brother Charles Pollard <mask>. <mask> also wrote one of the earliest codes of legal ethics in 1887, adopted by the Alabama Bar Association and incorporated into the American Bar Association Code of Professional Ethics in 1907. After the war, <mask> helped organize the Alabama National Guard although his initial efforts to reorganize the Montgomery True Blues as the Governor's Guards ended up being disbanded by federal authorities in 1868.<mask> often spoke for reconciliation between North and South, first at a Memorial Day address in 1874 that became widely republished nationwide, and newly elected Governor <mask>. Houston named <mask> his aide-de-camp for military affairs by year's end. In 1877, the Grand Army of the Republic presented <mask> with a gold medal for his peace efforts, and he also spoke at Jefferson Davis's last visit to Montgomery in 1886 as well as gave Memorial Day addresses in Atlanta in 1887 and at the tomb of <mask> in New York City in 1902. In 1874, the Governor's Guards had offered their services to Governor Houston, and in 1881, they were officially organized as Alabama state troops. In 1876, <mask> resigned his position as aide de camp and became a captain of the Montgomery Greys. Four years later the Second Regiment elected <mask> as their commander, and he oversaw their use, including to save a black man from lynching during the Posey Riot of December 1883 and a white man in Birmingham in December 1888. <mask> ultimately sought political office as a Democrat. First he served on the Montgomery City Council, representing Ward 4 from 1874 to 1884, when he won election as a member of the Alabama House of Representatives where he served from 1884 to 1888, when he declined to seek re-election.During his second term, he became its speaker (1886 to 1888) and advocated funding the state militia and creating the state capital complex to house state government records. To the surprise of some, given his railroad clientele, <mask> also cast a tie-breaking vote making railroads liable for work-related injuries and opposed Governor Edward A. O'Neal's efforts to control the Alabama Railroad Commission. Instead of running for re-election to the legislature, <mask> returned to private practice to raise funds to campaign for governor, which was successful. He defeated the farmer Reuben Kolb and several others in the Democratic convention after several ballots and Republican candidate Benjamin M. Long handily in the general election. <mask> served as the Governor of Alabama from 1890 to 1894. In his first two-year term as governor, <mask> proposed a constitutional amendment to allow long legislative sessions as well as to allow local communities to levy taxes to finance education and internal improvements. He also opposed contrivances to disenfranchise blacks such as educational and property requirements, and he denounced proposals to limit tax revenues from white taxpayers for white schools as unconstitutional.Although by no means a racial egalitarian, <mask> also opposed Alabama's convict leasing system despite propaganda that it helped establish white supremacy as well as a frugal state government Ironically, <mask> both assumed office during a strike by coal miners who opposed unfair competition from leased convicts, which he initially resolved with the United Mine Workers by appointing a health and safety commissioner, and ended his second term dealing with a strike by Birmingham miners against the Tennessee Coal Iron and Railroad Company in which he called out state troops after hiring of black scabs provoked violence; the strike was widened by Eugene V. Debs to join the Pullman Strike. Despite Seay's boasts after cutting state taxes, the state was also nearly bankrupt, and the legislature, during his second term, refused to increase corporate taxes, as <mask> had suggested. Politics proved tumultuous, and <mask>'s attempts at replacing his former political rival Reuben Kolb as agricultural commissioner in his first term nearly proved pyrrhic. The Alabama Supreme Court approved the governor's new agricultural commissioner appointee when Kolb refused to vacate at the end of his term, and Kolb ran as an independent for governor in the next general election and narrowly lost to <mask>, just like in the Democratic primary, which Kolb attributed to <mask>'s over-representation in the state's Black Belt. <mask> would continue to dispute Kolb's contention that the 1892 election had been stolen until his death, and both Alabama House Speaker Frank L. Pettus and Senate President John C Compton were also from the Black Belt and ignored Kolb's request for investigations. Ironically, given his overt white supremist language, Kolb's attempts to link his Farmers' Alliance with the Populist candidate for President, former Union General James B. Weaver, may also have doomed his candidacy, many Alabamians refusing to support either the Republican presidential candidate, Benjamin Harrison nor the Union general, Weaver. Two weeks after <mask> announced that state troops would remain in Birmingham until the miners strike ended, on August 8, 1894, Kolb again lost his bid to become Alabama's governor, this time to Democrat William Calvin Oates, who, unlike <mask>, supported the convict leasing system.Expenses incurred during his gubernatorial term would haunt <mask> for the rest of his life. <mask>'s life insurance went to pay off the mortgage that had been incurred during his governorship. Thus, he did not challenge John Tyler Morgan for the US Senate seat but remained politically active in supporting US President <mask> Cleveland. <mask> became a Gold Democrat rather than supporting William Jennings Bryan, despite continued criticism from Kolb. However, the Gold Democrats got only 6,453 votes in Alabama, compared to Bryan's 107,137, and so <mask>'s political capital in the state also seemed to be finished. <mask> rehabilitated his political fortunes in 1897 by remaining in Montgomery, despite a yellow fever epidemic in the coastal South, his policies being fumigation, prompt burials, and a quarantine supported by armed guards. The 11 people who died in Montgomery were part at least 71 in the whole state.Federal judicial service
<mask> received a recess appointment from President Theodore Roosevelt on October 7, 1901, to a joint seat on the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama and the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama vacated by Judge John Bruce. He was nominated to the same position by President Roosevelt on December 5, 1901. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 17, 1901, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on April 28, 1914 because of his death in Montgomery. <mask> was considered a moderate during his time on the bench. He opposed labor unions but supported the 14th Amendment and was a friend of black leader Booker T. Washington, to whom <mask> owed his appointment as a federal judge. Roosevelt, also friend of Washington, asked him to name a Southern Democrat who he thought would qualify as a federal judge.Washington endorsed <mask> for that position. During his tenure, Judge <mask> heard civil rights cases and took stands against lynching and refused to allow the state's convict lease system to become de facto slavery. Those stands became unpopular in the white community for holding that federal law permitted protection of black people. Death and legacy
His health deteriorated during the seven years while he oversaw a case in which railroads contested new rates set by the Alabama legislature. It was twice addressed by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, and had certiorari denied by the United States Supreme Court. In the winter of 1912–13, <mask> contracted pneumonia and recovered in Florida. Although he returned to his duties in Alabama by November 1913, he again soon took a leave of absence for reasons of health.He had been bedridden for weeks before he lost consciousness on April 26, 1914, and died two days later. Hundreds attended his funeral in Oakwood Cemetery, including many African Americans. References

Sources

 Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex, Random House, 2002, location 21341, Kindle Edition

1844 births
1914 deaths
People from Macon, Georgia
Politicians from Montgomery, Alabama
Governors of Alabama
Alabama Democrats
Montgomery, Alabama City Council members
Members of the Alabama House of Representatives
Judges of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama
Judges of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama
United States district court judges appointed by Theodore Roosevelt
20th-century American judges
Virginia Military Institute alumni
19th-century American politicians
Lawyers from Montgomery, Alabama
Military personnel from Montgomery, Alabama
People of Alabama in the American Civil War
Editors of Alabama newspapers
19th-century American judges

masks:
Thomas Goode Jones
Martha Goode
Samuel Jones
Thomas
Samuel Goode
Thomas
Samuel Jones
Good
Jones
John Goode
Samuel Goode
Thomas Goode
Jones
Roger Jones
Thomas
Thomas
John Jones
Thomas Williamson
Jones
Goode
Samuel Goode
Jones
Martha Goode
Samuel Jones
Thomas
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Gordon
Gordon
Jones
Jones
Gordon
Jones
Jones
Goode
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
George S
Jones
Jones
Ulysses Grant
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Jones
Grover
Jones
Jones
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<mask> (later Countess Rosenberg-Orsini; Venice, 21 January 1737Padua, 22 August 1791) was an Anglo-Venetian author. She is best known for her association with Casanova as well as her secret love affair with Andrea Memmo, one of the last statesmen of the Venetian Republic. Early life
Reputedly a beauty of her day, <mask>e was conceived out of wedlock but was legitimized by the marriage of her parents, Greek-born Venetian Anna Gazini and Englishman Sir <mask>. She was the eldest of the couple's five children, and was raised solely by her mother after Sir Richard's death. At the age of sixteen, <mask> met Andrea Memmo, the 24-year-old son of one of Venice's ruling families. The two fell in love and began a clandestine affair which lasted nearly seven years. Due to the difference in their social classes, marriage was not a consideration for them.Also, upon the discovery of Memmo's attentions to her daughter, Anna forbade them to see each other. This was to protect Giustiniana's virtue and reputation so as not to deter future suitors. These two factors led to the writing and exchange of hundreds of surreptitious letters between Giustiniana and Memmo, some written in a secret code devised by Memmo himself. After four years of secret meetings, stolen moments and public hand signals, Memmo finally urged his family to petition the Venetian authorities for permission to marry Giustiniana. As the process dragged on, the lovers grew hopeful that they would indeed be united; but just as the request was about to be approved, evidence surfaced about the dishonorable past of Giustiniana's mother, Anna. The ensuing scandal left the Wynnes no choice but to leave Venice. Anna and her five children then made their way to Paris with the hope of continuing to London where they thought to start a new life in Sir Richard's native land.Paris debacle
Following Memmo's advice to her, Giustiniana worked to become acquainted with Paris’ tax collection general, the wealthy but elderly widower Alexandre Jean Joseph Le Riche de La Pouplinière. She used her charms to attract his attentions, believing that a marriage to an elderly gentleman would help facilitate a future for her affair with Memmo. Just as the lovers had hoped, La Pouplinière did ask her to become his wife. During this time, Giustiniana was pregnant but hid it as best she could and told no one. It is possible the baby was conceived with Andrea Memmo but there is no proof of this. As the wedding neared she grew more and more desperate to rid herself of the fetus growing inside her. She eventually turned to her acquaintance, Casanova, who had escaped the prison in Venice and was in Paris the same time as she.Giacomo Casanova, notorious Venetian and famed lover of women, detailed his interaction with <mask> in his memoirs, The History of My Life. In it, he describes how he tricked her into allowing him sexual intercourse by convincing her that doing so (with saffron and honey smeared on his phallus) would discharge her unwanted fetus. Casanova's “remedy” was not successful however, and Giustiniana gave birth to an unnamed son in a convent outside of Paris. The baby was given up to a family capable of raising him. <mask>'s disappearance during this time sparked many rumors throughout Paris and then Venice, and eventually led to the end of any marriage plans with M. de La Pouplinière. End of the affair
The Wynne family finally arrived in London in 1760 and stayed for a year's time. Society there remained closed to them for the most part and the decision to return to Venice was made.During this time, letters between Giustiniana and Memmo continued. The latter had tried to go on with his life and asked her permission to take an official mistress. Their time apart had changed them and even Giustiniana conceded that she no longer had a taste for marriage. Upon the family's return to Padua, Giustiniana forbade Memmo to come to her. When eventually they did meet again, it was as fond friends. Later life
Settled again in Venice, Giustiniana accepted the hand of the Austrian ambassador to Venice, Philip Josef, Count Rosenberg-Orsini, and married him in a secret ceremony (probably) at the Embassy. Giustiniana lived with him in Palazzo Loredan until their return to Austria.She was never acknowledged by the Austrian government as a countess and after his death, she eventually made her way back to Italy. She never remarried and began to write stories, the first an account of a major celebration in Venice, the second a compilation, and the third a novel in French titled Les Morlacques. Her works were published in London and Venice and by 1786 she was considered a successful author. On 22 August 1791, <mask>, Countess Rosenberg-Orsini, succumbed to (probably) uterine cancer. Andrea Memmo (by that time a former Governor of Padua, former Ambassador to Constantinople, and then Procuratore di San Marco) visited her just before her death. She was buried in the Church of San Benedetto in Padua, where a tablet in her memory can be found above the entrance portal. A Venetian Affair
In the 1990s, stacks of Memmo's letters to Giustiniana were found bundled in the attic of Palazzo Mocenigo on the Grand Canal by Mocenigo descendant, Alvise di Robilant.Upon his untimely death his son, Andrea di Robilant, researched the letters and eventually wrote the historical work A Venetian Affair, originally published in 1963,  published by Knopf in 2003. Conversely, letters from Giustiniana to Andrea Memmo had been found previously but had only told one side of the story. With di Robilant's discovery, a clearer picture began to emerge. Works
Du sejour des comtes du Nord à Venise en Janvier MDCCLXXXII: Lettre de Mme la comtesse Douairière des Ursins, et Rosenberg à Mr. Richard Wynne, son frère, à Londres, Londra (1782)
Moral and Sentimental Essays on miscellaneous subjects, written in retirement, on the banks of the Brenta, in the Venetian state (2 voll. ), Londra, (1785)
Pièces morales & sentimentales de Madame J.W.C. Ècrites à une Campagne, sur le Rivages de la Brenta, dans l'Ètat venitien A Londre chez Robson, New Bond Street (2 voll. ), Londra (1785)
Il trionfo de' gondolieri; ovvero novella viniziana plebea scritta in idioma francese da Madame G. W. C-t-ssa di R-s-g. Recata nell'italiano da L(odovico) A(ntonio) L(oschi), In Venezia nella stamperia Graziosi in S.Apollinare.Venezia (1786)
Alticchiero, a Mr. Huber de Genève, J.C.D.R.(1786?) A André Memmo Chevalier de l'Etoile Dor et procurateur de Saint Marc, à l'occasion du mariage de sa fille Aineé avec Louis Mocenigo Venezia 30 aprile 1787: Stamperia Giuseppe Rosa. Venezia (1787)
Alticchiero. Par Mad.e J.W.C.D.R. à Padoue. ma Venezia, per i tipi di Nicolò Bettinelli. (1787).Les Morlacques, Modena (1788), in collaborazione con Bartolomeo Benincasa. Du sejour des comtes du Nord à Venise en Janvier MDCCLXXXII: Lettre de Mme la comtesse Douairière des Ursins, et Rosenberg à Mr. <mask>, son frère, à Londres, Elibron Classics. Chesnut Hill (2001)
Les Morlacques Jella: Oder Das Morlachische Madchen, Part. 1-2 (1797). Whitefish, MT (USA), Kessinger publishing (2009)

Sources
In English:
Andrea di Robilant A Venetian Affair, Knopf, 2003
Nancy Isenberg, Without swapping her skirt for breeches: The Hypochondria of Giustiniana <mask>, Anglo-Venetian Woman of Letters in The English Malady: Enabling and Disabling Fictions a cura di Glen Colburn. Cambridge, Cambridge Scholars Press 2008, pp. 154–176.In Italian:
Bruno Brunelli, Un'amica del Casanova, Firenze, Sandron, 1923
Nancy Isenberg, Mon cher frère: Eros mascherato nell’epistolario di Giustiniana Wynne a Andrea Memmo (1758-1760), in Trame parentali/trame letterarie, a cura di M. Del Sapio, Napoli, Liguori, 2000, pp. 251–265. Andrea di Robilant, Un amore veneziano, Milano, Mondadori, 2003
Justo Bonetto Le case padovane di Giustiniana Rosemberg Wynne, in L'intermédiaire des Casanovistes, XXII, Genéve 2005, pp. 21–25. Federico Montecuccoli degli Erri Cammei casanoviani, cap. XIII Progetti matrimoniali e matrimoni segreti di Giustiniana Wynne, Genéve 2006
Nancy Isenberg, Seduzioni epistolari nell'età dei Lumi. L'equivoco e provocante carteggio amoroso di Giustiniana Wynne, scrittrice anglo-veneziana (1737-1791), in Quaderno del Dipartimento di Letterature Comparate.Università degli Studi Roma Tre, 2, 2006, pp. 47–70. Nancy Isenberg, editor, <mask> <mask>, Caro Memmo, mon cher frére, Treviso, Elzeviro editore, 2010. 1737 births
1791 deaths
18th-century Italian novelists
18th-century Italian women writers
Austrian countesses
Italian emigrants to the Kingdom of Great Britain
Italian letter writers
Women letter writers
Italian people of British descent
18th-century Venetian writers
18th-century Venetian women
18th-century letter writers

masks:
Giustiniana Wynne
Giustiniana Wynn
Richard Wynne
Giustiniana
Giustiniana
Giustiniana
Giustiniana
Richard Wynne
Wynne
Giustiniana
Wynne


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Joseph Bolitho Johns ( February 1826 – 13 August 1900), better known as Moondyne <mask>, was an English convict and Western Australia's best-known bushranger. Born into poor and relatively difficult circumstances, he became something of a petty criminal robber with a strong sense of self-determination. He is remembered as a person who had escaped multiple times from prison. Biography

Early life
Born in Cornwall, UK, around 1826 and raised as a Roman Catholic, he was the third of six children of blacksmith Thomas Johns (1795–1833) and his wife Mary Bolitho (1804–1860). <mask> was a tall man with black hair and hazel-coloured eyes, and it is likely that he contracted smallpox in his youth as, later, records describe him as "pockmarked". His father died some time in 1833, and Johns and his three brothers took work as copper miners. In 1841 the family was living at Illogan, Cornwall, but by 1848 Johns had migrated to Wales, taking work as an iron ore miner, probably at the Clydach Iron Works.Prison
On 15 November 1848, Johns and an associate using the name William Cross, the pseudonym for the convict John Williams, were arrested near Chepstow for "stealing from the house of Richard Price, three loaves of bread, one piece of bacon, several cheeses, and other goods". Arraigned at the Brecon Assizes on charges of burglary and stealing, the pair pleaded not guilty. On 23 March, they were tried at the Lent Assizes before Sir William Erle. Newspaper reports of the trial suggest that the pair gave an unexpectedly spirited defence, but Johns was abrasive and "contravened the conventions of court procedure". The men were convicted and sentenced to ten years' penal servitude. W. J. Edgar (1990) observes that in several other cases brought before the same judge that day, guilty pleas to very similar charges resulted in sentences ranging from three weeks to three months. Johns and Williams were to spend the next seven months working on a government work party in the local area, before being transferred to Millbank Prison.On 1 January 1850, they were transferred to Pentonville Prison to serve their mandatory six months of solitary confinement. The pair were transferred to Dartmoor Prison on 21 October 1851, but shortly afterwards Johns was transferred to the Woolwich prison hulk Justitia, probably for disciplinary reasons. When the Justitia was destroyed by fire, he was transferred to the Defence. About a year later, he boarded the prison ship Pyrenees for transportation to what was then the British penal colony of Western Australia to serve out the remainder of his sentence. In turn, Williams was transported to Van Diemen's Land in March 1852. Australia bound

Pyrenees sailed for Western Australia on 2 February 1853, and arrived in Fremantle on 30 April. In reward for good behaviour, Johns was issued with a ticket of leave on arrival, and on 10 March 1855 he received a conditional pardon.He then settled in the Avon Valley, one of the most rugged and inaccessible places in the Darling Range. The Aboriginal name for the area was Moondyne. Johns made a living by partly fencing the springs in the area, and trapping escaped stock and horses. Often a reward was offered for the return of such animals. In August 1861, Johns caught an unbranded stallion and branded it with his own mark. This was effectively horse stealing, and when the police heard of this they arrested him at their first opportunity. The horse was taken as evidence, and Johns was placed in the Toodyay lockup.Sometime during the night, Johns broke out of his cell, and stole the horse once more, taking also the local magistrate's brand-new saddle and bridle. He was caught the next day but, while on the run, he had killed the horse and cut his brand out of the hide, thus destroying the evidence. Consequently, he received only a three-year sentence for jail-breaking, whereas a typical sentence for horse stealing was more than ten years. While Johns was serving his sentence, there was a rash of convict escapes and attempted escapes, but Johns remained well behaved. His good behaviour earned him a remission on his sentence, and he was released on a ticket of leave in February 1864. He then found work on Henry Martin's farm in Kelmscott. In January 1865, a steer named "Bright" belonging to William Wallace was killed, and Johns was accused of the deed.He was arrested on 29 March, found guilty on 5 July, and sentenced to ten years' penal servitude. Johns was to protest his innocence of this crime for the rest of his life. He was determined not to serve what he felt was an unjust sentence and, in early November, he and another prisoner absconded from a work party. They were on the run for nearly a month, during which time they committed a number of small robberies. It was during this time that Johns first adopted the nickname Moondyne <mask>. They were finally caught  east of York by a party of policemen that included Tommy Windich, an Aboriginal tracker. For absconding and for being in possession of a firearm, Johns was sentenced to twelve months in irons, and transferred to Fremantle Prison.Escape
In April 1866, Johns sent a petition to the Chief Justice, and received four years off his sentence. This was apparently unsatisfactory to him for, in July, he received a further six months in irons for trying to cut the lock out of his door. Early in August, he succeeded in escaping again. After cutting off his irons, he met up with three other escapees, and together they roamed the bush around Perth, committing a number of robberies and narrowly escaping capture on a number of occasions. Near the end of the month, one of the gang was captured by police. Realising that the gang could not elude the police forever, Johns formulated a plan to escape the colony by travelling overland to the colony of South Australia. This would be a long and arduous journey through extremely arid land, and the gang would have to be very well equipped if it were to stand any chance of success.On 5 September, Johns equipped his company by committing the biggest robbery of his career, stealing supplies and equipment from the Toodyay store of an old enemy, James Everett. The gang then started travelling east along the explorer Charles Hunt's established route. Their tracks were discovered by police on 26 September, about  east of York. A team of police then set out after them, and they were captured on 29 September 1866 at Boodalin Soak, about  north-west of the present-day site of the town of Westonia, approximately  north-east of Perth. Hard labour
As punishment for escaping and for the robberies committed while on the run, Johns received five years' hard labour on top of his remaining sentence. Extraordinary measures were taken to ensure that Johns did not escape again. He was sent to Fremantle Prison, and kept in the yard with his neck chained to the iron bar of a window, while a special "escape-proof" cell was made for him.The stone-walled cell was lined with jarrah sleepers and over one thousand nails, and was almost air-proof and light-proof. Johns was kept in the cell on a bread and water diet, with only one to two hours of exercise a day. In early 1867, due to his diminishing health, Johns was set to work breaking stone in the open air but, rather than permit him to leave the prison, the acting comptroller-general ordered that the stone be brought in and dumped in a corner of the prison yard, where Johns worked under the constant supervision of a warder. Governor John Hampton was so confident of the arrangements, he was heard to say to Johns: "If you get out again, I'll forgive you". However, the rock broken by Johns was not removed regularly, and eventually a pile grew up until it obscured the guard's view of him below the waist. Partially hidden behind the pile of rocks, he occasionally swung his sledgehammer at the limestone wall of the prison. On 7 March 1867, Johns escaped through a hole he had made in the prison wall.Despite an extensive manhunt, no sign of him was found, and he would not be recaptured for nearly two years. He did not return to any of his old haunts, and he committed no crimes, so the authorities received very little information about him. Also, many convicts were encouraged by Johns' audacious escape, and a number of escapes were attempted in the following months, so that he was quickly forgotten. On 25 February 1869, Johns tried to steal some wine from the cellars at Houghton Winery. By chance, the owner had been helping with a police search, and afterwards invited a group of police back to the vineyard for refreshments. When the owner entered the cellar, Johns assumed that he was discovered, and made a dash for the door into the arms of the police. He was returned to prison, sentenced to an additional 12 months, half to be in separate confinement, for absconding.On 22 March 1869, he was sentenced to an additional four years in irons for breaking and entering. Johns made at least one more attempt to escape, attempting in February 1871 to create a key for his cell in the carpenter's workshop, but was unsuccessful. Eventually, in April 1871, Comptroller General Wakeford heard from Johns of Hampton's promise. After verifying with Superintendent Lefroy that those words were spoken, Wakeford informed the current governor, Frederick Weld, who agreed that further punishment would be unfair. Johns was given a ticket of leave in May 1871. Later life
The remainder of Johns' life consisted of periods of good behaviour punctuated by occasional minor misdemeanors and brief jail terms. In January 1879, he married a widow named Louisa Hearn, and they spent some time prospecting for gold near Southern Cross.In 1881, while exploring the countryside around Karridale, he discovered Moondyne Cave. Final years and death
In 1893, Johns' wife Louisa died at the age of 40, and the death affected him greatly. Years after, he began acting strangely, and was eventually found to be mentally ill. He died of senile dementia in the Fremantle Lunatic Asylum (now the Fremantle Arts Centre building) on 13 August 1900, and was buried in Fremantle Cemetery. His tombstone bears the word "rhyddid", meaning "freedom" in Welsh. Cultural references

Literature and film

While Moondyne Joe was bushranging in 1869, an Irish political prisoner named John Boyle O'Reilly was working in a convict road party near Bunbury. Although it is very unlikely that O'Reilly knew Moondyne <mask>, he must have heard many stories of his exploits.In March 1869, O'Reilly escaped and was rescued by an American ship. After his arrival in the United States, he wrote a novel about convict life called Moondyne: An Australian Tale, whose central character was called Moondyne <mask>. The book is presented as fiction, and neither the character nor the plot bears much resemblance to the life of Joseph Johns. In 1913, O'Reilly's novel was made into a movie entitled Moondyne. Directed by W. J. Lincoln, it starred George Bryant, Godfrey Cass and Roy Redgrave. Randolph Stow wrote a humorous children's book, Midnite: The Story of a Wild Colonial Boy, in 1967 which told the story of an Australian bushranger based on the life and exploits of Moondyne <mask> and a Queensland bushranger Captain Starlight. In 2002, Cygnet Books published The Legend of Moondyne Joe, a work of juvenile fiction written by Mark Greenwood and illustrated by Frané Lessac.The book won the award in the Children's Books category at the 2002 Western Australian Premier's Book Awards. In 2012, Fremantle Press published a postmodern interpretation of Moondyne <mask>'s life, The Ballad of Moondyne Joe, including poems and prose by John Kinsella and Niall Lucy. In song and verse

In 1982 a musical/play was written by Roy Abbott and Roger Montgomery of the Mucky Duck Bush Band and performed by Mucky Duck and friends at various venues. Memorials
A railway siding on the Eastern Goldfields Railway in Johns' area of operations in the Avon Valley has been named "Moondyne", most likely after the man rather than the area. Festivals
On the first Sunday of May, the township of Toodyay celebrates the life and times of Moondyne Joe by holding the Moondyne Festival. This festival takes place in the main street with street theatre, market stalls, demonstrations and the entire town is generally transported back to earlier years. See also
Cornish Australians
List of convicts transported to Australia
List of convict ship voyages to Western Australia

References

External links

 M. Tamblyn, 'Johns, Joseph Bolitho (1827–1900)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, Johns, Joseph Bolitho (1827–1900), published in hardcopy 1972, accessed online 10 February 2014
 Family History site at dbolitho.co.uk

1826 births
1900 deaths
Australian escapees
Australian miners
British escapees
Burials at Fremantle Cemetery
Bushrangers
Convict escapees in Australia
Convicts transported to Western Australia
Australian people of Cornish descent
British emigrants to Australia
Criminals from Western Australia
Deaths from dementia
Escapees from British detention
Escapees from Western Australian detention
Fugitives
Neurological disease deaths in Western Australia
People from Illogan
People from Toodyay, Western Australia
Settlers of Western Australia

masks: Joe Joe Joe Joe Joe Joe Joe


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<mask> (8 March 1926 – 29 August 2001), better known as <mask>, was a Spanish actor, director, and screenwriter born in Águilas, a town in the south-western part of the province of Murcia, Spain. Throughout his career, <mask> appeared in around 200 films working with directors including Francesc Rovira-Beleta, Luis Buñuel, José Luis Sáenz de Heredia, Carlos Saura, Pedro Almodóvar, William Friedkin, Michelangelo Antonioni, Claude Chabrol, Luchino Visconti, and Gillo Pontecorvo. <mask> was recognized both in his native Spain and internationally, winning the Award for Best Actor at the Cannes Film Festival for Los Santos Inocentes and a Goya Award for Best Actor for playing <mask> in Carlos Saura's Goya en Burdeos. One of Spain's most loved actors, <mask> also was known for his commitment to human rights and other social causes. Life and career
In 1936, after the Spanish Civil War broke out, <mask> and his family left Murcia and moved to Madrid. Young <mask> had to work as a street salesboy and in a chocolate factory. When he was 13 years old, he left school to work as an electrician at film studios Estudios Chamartín.<mask> got some sporadic jobs as an extra. Dámaso Alonso and other people advised him to try his luck with a career in theater. During the following years, he got some roles in theater companies such as Lope de Vega or María Guerrero. It was there that he met actress Asunción Balaguer; they married in 1951 and remained together for the rest of <mask>'s life. Their daughter, <mask>, is also an actress. In 1947, <mask> got some regular jobs in theater. He used his full name, <mask>, as his stage name.However, the people who knew him always called him Paco <mask> (Paco is the familiar form for <mask>.) "Paco <mask>" became his unofficial stage name. During the 1940s, <mask> began acting in movies as an extra, but it was not until 1950 that he was first cast in speaking roles, and played romantic leads and rogues. He starred in three films directed by Luis Buñuel - Nazarín (1959), Viridiana (1961) and Belle de jour (1967) - with whom he would develop a lifelong friendship. He was named best actor by the Círculo de Escritores Cinematográficos for El hombre de la isla in 1962. William Friedkin thought of <mask> for the French villain of his 1971 movie The French Connection. However, he could not remember the name of "that Spanish actor".Mistakenly, his staff hired another Spanish actor, Fernando Rey. Friedkin discovered that <mask> did not speak English or French, so he decided to keep Rey. <mask> had previously worked with Rey in Viridiana. <mask> did, however, work with Friedkin in the much less successful but Academy Award-nominated cult classic Sorcerer (1977), a remake of The Wages of Fear (1953). Throughout his career, <mask> worked in France, Italy and Mexico with directors such as Gillo Pontecorvo, Michelangelo Antonioni, Luchino Visconti, Valerio Zurlini, Jacques Rivette, Alberto Lattuada and Silvano Agosti. It is widely considered that <mask>'s best performances came after <mask>'s death in 1975. In the 1980s, <mask> starred in Los Santos Inocentes - winning the Award for Best Actor at the Cannes Film Festival - in El Disputado Voto del Señor Cayo and also in the TV series Juncal.In 1989, he was a member of the jury at the 39th Berlin International Film Festival. In 1999 he played the part of <mask> in Carlos Saura's Goya en Burdeos, winning a Goya Award for Best Actor. <mask>'s final movie was Dagon, directed by Stuart Gordon. The film, which was released after <mask>'s death in 2001, was dedicated to him. The dedication, which appears before the end credits, reads: "Dedicated to <mask>, a wonderful actor and even better human being." <mask> died in 2001 from compensatory dilating emphysema while on an airplane travelling to Bordeaux, returning from having received an Award at the Montreal Film Festival. His death happened only a few weeks before he was due to collect the lifetime Donostia Award at the San Sebastián International Film Festival.The award was accepted by his grandson, Liberto <mask>, also an actor. <mask> is the only Spanish actor to have received an honoris causa doctoral degree from the University of Murcia. Murcia's Film Library and Cinematheque, Filmoteca Regional Francisco Rabal, created in 2004 as a meeting point for movie lovers, was named after him. (1979)El buscón (1979) - MataUnder Siege (1980) - William LombardThe Rebel (1980) - TonyEl gran secreto (1980) - DomingoSpeed Driver (1980) - EspositoNightmare City (1980) - Major Warren HolmesBuitres sobre la ciudad (1981) - Bender (1981) - GiacomoSal Gorda (1982)La colmena (1982) - Ricardo SorbedoTreasure of the Four Crowns (1983) - SócratesVictòria! La gran aventura d'un poble (1983) - Coronel MárquezTruhanes (1983) - Ginés Jiménez ValeraVictòria! 2: La disbauxa del 17 (1983) - Coronel MárquezEscapada Final (1983)Epílogo (1984) - RocabrunoVictòria!

masks:
Francisco Rabal Valera
Paco Rabal
Rabal
Paco Rabal
Francisco de Goya
Rabal
Rabal
Francisco
Rabal
Rabal
Teresa Rabal
Rabal
Francisco Rabal
Rabal
Francisco
Rabal
Rabal
Rabal
Rabal
Rabal
Rabal
Rabal
Rabal
Francisco Franco
Rabal
Francisco Goya
Rabal
Rabal
Francisco Rabal
Rabal
Rabal
Francisco Rabal


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<mask> (born 10 February or 22 October 1964 or 1 January 1967 — died 14 November 2002) (35-38 years old at the time of execution)  was a Pakistani national who was convicted of the 1993 shootings at CIA Headquarters in Langley, Virginia. In the incident, Kansi killed two CIA employees and wounded another three. He soon fled to Kandahar, Afghanistan, which later became a Taliban stronghold, and went into hiding for four years. While in Pakistan, he was caught and arrested by the FBI with help from Pakistani police forces. After being returned to the US, he was convicted and sentenced to death. He was executed by lethal injection in 2002. Background
<mask> was an ethnic Pashtun born on either 10 February or October 22 1964 or 1 January 1967 in Quetta, Pakistan.He entered the United States in 1991 under the name <mask> <mask> and brought a substantial sum of cash he had inherited in 1989 on the death of his father. He traveled on forged papers that he had purchased in Karachi, Pakistan. He had altered his name to "<mask>" and later bought a fake US green card in Miami, Florida. He stayed with a Kashmiri friend, Zahid <mask>, in his Reston, Virginia apartment, and he worked for a courier service. That work would be decisive in his choice of target: "I used to pass this area almost every day and knew these two left-turning lanes [were] mostly people who work for CIA." According to Kansi, he first began to think of attacking CIA personnel after he bought a Chinese-made AK-47 from a Chantilly, Virginia gun store. The plan soon became "more important than any other thing to [him]."Shootings

On 25 January 1993, <mask> stopped his borrowed brown Datsun station wagon behind a number of vehicles waiting at a red traffic light on the eastbound side of Route 123, Fairfax County. The vehicles were waiting to make a left turn into the main entrance of CIA headquarters. <mask> emerged from his vehicle with his semi-automatic Type 56 assault rifle and proceeded to move among the lines of vehicles, firing a total of 10 rounds into them, killing Lansing H. Bennett, 66, and Frank Darling, 28. Three others were left with gunshot wounds. Darling was shot first and later received additional gunshot wounds to the head after Kansi shot the other victims. <mask> returned to his vehicle and drove to a nearby park. After 90 minutes of waiting, he realized that he was not being actively sought; he then drove back to his Reston apartment.At the time, reports said police were looking for a white male in his twenties and that the shooting was not thought to be directly connected to the CIA. He hid the rifle in a green plastic bag under a sofa, went to a McDonald's to eat, and booked himself into a Days Inn for the night. The CNN news reports he watched made it clear that police had misidentified his vehicle and did not have his license plate number. The next morning, he took a flight to Quetta, Pakistan. According to Kansi, he killed CIA employees because, "I was really angry with the policy of the U.S. government in the Middle East, particularly toward the Palestinian people," Kansi said in a prison interview with CNN affiliate WTTG. On 16 February 1993, <mask>, then a fugitive, had been charged in absentia. The charges involved the capital murder of Darling, the murder of Bennett, and three counts of malicious wounding for the other victims, along with related firearms charges.Arrest and rendition
In May 1997, an informant walked into the U.S. consulate in Karachi and claimed he could help lead them to Kansi. As proof, he showed a copy of a driver's license application made by Kansi under a false name but bearing his photograph. Apparently, the people who had been sheltering Kansi wanted the multimillion-dollar reward offer for his capture. Kansi stated, "I want to make it clear [that] the people who tricked me [...] were Pushtuns, they were owners of land in the Leghari and Khosa clan areas in Dera Ghazi Khan, but I will never name them." As Kansi was in the dangerous Durand Line border region, the informant was told to lure Kansi into Pakistan, where he could be more easily apprehended. Kansi was tempted with a lucrative business offer, smuggling Russian electronic goods into Pakistan, which brought him to Dera Ghazi Khan, in the Punjab province of Pakistan, where he checked into a room at the Shalimar Hotel. At 4 a.m. on 15 June 1997, an armed team of FBI officers, working with the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence, raided Kansi's hotel room.His fingerprints were taken on the scene, confirming his identity. Sources disagree as to where Kansi was taken next. US authorities claim it was a holding facility run by Pakistani authorities, but Pakistani sources claim it was the US embassy in Islamabad, before he was flown to the U.S. on 17 June in a C-141 transport. During the flight, Kansi made a full oral and written confession to the FBI. Trial
During <mask>'s trial, the defense introduced testimony from Dr. Richard Restak, a neurologist and neuropsychiatrist, that Kansi was missing tissue from his frontal lobes, a congenital defect that made it hard for him to judge the consequence of his actions. That testimony was reiterated by another psychiatrist for the defense, based upon independent examination. <mask> was tried in front of a jury at the Fairfax County Courthouse in Fairfax, Virginia over a period of ten days in November 1997; he had pleaded not guilty to all charges.The jury found him guilty and recommended the death penalty for the capital murder charge. On 4 February 1998, <mask> was sentenced to death for the capital murder of Darling, who was shot at the beginning of the attack and again after the other victims had been shot. His other sentences of life imprisonment for the first-degree murder of Bennett, a 60-year sentence for the three malicious woundings, and fines totaling $600,000 were rendered moot by his execution. Execution and burial
<mask> was executed by lethal injection on 14 November 2002, at Greensville Correctional Center, in Jarratt, Virginia. <mask>'s body was repatriated to Pakistan; his funeral was attended by the entire civil hierarchy of Balochistan, the local Pakistan Army Corps Commander and the Pakistani Ambassador to the United States, Ashraf Jahangir Qazi. See also
 Capital punishment in the United States
 Capital punishment in Virginia
 List of people executed in Virginia

References

1964 births
2002 deaths
20th-century criminals
21st-century executions by Virginia
Central Intelligence Agency
Executed assassins
Executed Pakistani people
FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives
Fugitives
Pakistani people convicted of murder
Pakistani people executed abroad
People convicted of murder by Virginia
People executed by Virginia by lethal injection
People executed for murder
People from Quetta
University of Balochistan alumni

masks:
Aimal Kansi
Kansi
Mir Aimal
Kansi
Kansi
Mir
Kansi
Kansi
Kansi
Kansi
Kansi
Kansi
Kansi
Kansi
Kansi


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<mask>, an Englishman who lived in the 13th century, was an early Prior of the Carmelite religious order. Little is known about his life with any historical certainty. The Blessed Virgin Mary is traditionally said to have appeared to him and given him the Carmelite habit, the Brown Scapular. Thus, popular devotion to <mask> is usually associated with devotion to Our Lady of Mount Carmel. Life
The Brothers of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mount Carmel had their origins as a Christian hermit community in Palestine; with the  enfeebling and fall of the Crusader Kingdoms and the resumption of Muslim rule, in the early 13th century the members moved to Europe where they became mendicant friars. <mask> was born in England and became an early leader of the Order soon after it migrated to that country. Historical evidence about <mask>'s life comes primarily from medieval catalogues of saints and of Carmelite priors general, which are not consistent with one another in their details.The earliest of these describe <mask> as someone known for holiness during his life, and miracles attested to this after his death. He is said to have died in Bordeaux on May 16, though the year is not documented. The surname "<mask>" appears in some documents but not in others, and is related to a story that <mask> lived for a time in a hollow tree ("stock" meant tree trunk) before the arrival of the Carmelites in England, in keeping with prophetic tradition. He is believed to have lived at Aylesford in Kent, a place that hosted in 1247 the first general chapter of the Carmelite Order held outside the Holy Land, and where there is still a monastery of Carmelite friars. <mask> was probably the fifth or sixth prior general of the Carmelites (historical evidence suggests perhaps from about 1256–1266). During his service, the order spread widely in southern and western Europe, especially in England. <mask> is credited with founding houses in the university cities of that era, as in 1248 at Cambridge, in 1253 at Oxford, in 1260 at Paris and Bologna.This action was important for both the growth of the institution and for the training of its younger members. <mask> lived an ascetic life. He lived on a diet of herbs, roots and wild apples and drank only water. He died in Bordeaux, France, where he was buried. The earliest extant liturgical office in <mask>'s honour was composed in Bordeaux in France, and dates from 1435. Liturgies are first known to have been celebrated in Ireland and England in 1458, and throughout the Carmelite Order in 1564. His feast day, an optional memorial, is May 16.<mask>'s bones are still preserved in a cathedral in Bordeaux; a tibia was brought to England in the 1860s for the Carmelite church in Kensington, a part of the skull was enshrined at Aylesford in 1950. <mask> is the patron saint of the English province of Discalced Carmelites. Brown Scapular

The earliest accounts of <mask>'s life do not mention him having a vision. The first such reference dates from the late 14th century, over 100 years after the July 16, 1251 date when tradition says the vision occurred. It states that "St. <mask> was an Englishman, a man of great holiness and devotion, who always in his prayers asked the Virgin to favour his Order with some singular privilege. The Virgin appeared to him holding the Scapular in her hand. In its original context, the meaning of this promise was that Carmelite religious who persevered in their vocation would be saved.Beginning in the 16th century, the Carmelites began giving the Brown Scapular to lay people who wanted to be affiliated with the Order, and it became increasingly popular as a religious article. Scholarly investigation into historical source documents has raised questions about whether <mask>'s vision actually happened, or if this tradition about him arose later, perhaps as a means of expressing in the form of a story, the strongly held Carmelite spiritual belief in the favor and protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Several other religious orders in the Middle Ages had similar stories of Mary giving their habit or promising protection. The great Carmelite authors of the 14th century do not mention the scapular at all. Challenges to the historicity of the scapular vision (and passionate defenses of it) are not a new phenomenon; a notable challenge came in 1653, from a scholar at the University of Paris, Jean de Launoy. In response, a Carmelite named John Cheron published a fragment of a letter  which he purported to be an account by <mask>'s secretary Peter Swanington (or Swanyngton), giving details of <mask>'s life, and the scapular vision. This document was also the origin of the date that has become traditional for the vision, July 16, 1251 (July 16 was already in the 17th century the feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, though that liturgy made no reference to the scapular).Today, scholars affirm that this document was a forgery and Cheron himself the likely author. Shortly after Vatican II, the historical uncertainties revealed by 20th-century scholars such as Ludovico Saggi, of the "Institutum Carmelitanum" in Rome, resulted in the Catholic Church briefly striking the feast day of <mask> from the Carmelite liturgical calendar. It was restored in 1979 as an optional memorial, on the condition that no mention be made of the scapular vision. Devotion to the Brown Scapular remains widespread and recommended by the Catholic Church. The Carmelites continue to find meaning in the traditional story and iconography of <mask> receiving the scapular, particularly as reflecting their filial relationship with Mary. When Pope John Paul II addressed the Carmelite family in 2001 on the occasion of the 750th anniversary of the bestowal of the Scapular, he said that "Over time this rich Marian heritage of Carmel has become, through the spread of the Holy Scapular devotion, a treasure for the whole Church. By its simplicity, its anthropological value and its relationship to Mary's role in regard to the Church and humanity, this devotion was so deeply and widely accepted by the People of God that it came to be expressed in the memorial of 16 July on the liturgical calendar of the universal Church," the Feast of Our Lady of Mount Carmel.See also
Scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel
Carmelites
Book of the First Monks
Constitutions of the Carmelite Order
Carmelite Rite
Hermit
St Simon Stock Catholic School
Cincture of the Theotokos relic associated with St. Thomas in the Eastern Orthodox Church

Notes

External links

Butler's Lives of the Saints: St. <mask>

Carmelites
Priors General of the Order of Carmelites
Venerated Carmelites
Medieval Kent
People from Aylesford
Marian visionaries
Our Lady of Mount Carmel
13th-century Christian saints
Medieval English saints
1265 deaths
English Roman Catholic saints
English saints
Year of birth unknown
English hermits
13th-century English people

masks:
Simon Stock
Simon Stock
Simon
Simon
Simon
Stock
Simon
Simon
Stock
Stock
Simon Stock
Simon
Simon Stock
Simon
Simon
Simon Stock
Simon Stock
Simon
Simon Stock
Simon Stock
Simon Stock


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<mask> (; 30 October 1912 – 30 January 1991) was a Catalan philosopher, essayist and writer. He is considered the most prominent Catalan philosopher of the 20th-century and was the author of over 35 books, including a four-volume Diccionario de filosofía (Dictionary of Philosophy, 1941) and Being and Death: An Outline of Integrationist Philosophy (1962). Subjects he worked on include ontology, history of philosophy, metaphysics, anthropology, the philosophy of history and culture, epistemology, logic, philosophy of science, and ethics. He also directed several films. <mask> was known for his inclusion of humans and non-human animals within the same moral sphere, or continuum, arguing that the difference was one of degree, not kind; the <mask> Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics is named in his honour. Biography
<mask> was born in 1912, in Barcelona, Spain. He studied at Santa Maria del Collell, then at the University of Barcelona, where he earned a BA, in 1932, and his BPhil, in 1936.During the Spanish Civil War, he enlisted in the Republican Army, serving as an intelligence clerk, before escaping the country in 1939. In exile, he spent three months in Paris, before moving to and lecturing in Havana, Cuba and Santiago, Chile. After receiving a Guggenheim Fellowship, he moved to the United States, first residing in New York City. In 1949, <mask> <mask> was hired by Bryn Mawr College to teach philosophy and Spanish literature, where he worked till his retirement, in 1981. He married Priscilla Cohn (his former doctoral student) in 1980. <mask> <mask> died from a heart attack, on 30 January 1991, while visiting Barcelona. Philosophy
<mask> <mask> is the creator of a philosophical method he called integrationism, with which he sought to integrate opposite systems of thought.He argued that irreducible concepts, which are the source of many disputes and divisions in philosophy, do not denote existing realities in themselves but are "limit concepts"; that is to say, these "opposite poles" do not exist absolutely. They exist only as trends or directions of reality and therefore are complementary and are useful to talk about it. His philosophical work also focused on questions of an ontological nature. He called his ontological position "monism sui generis", since it unites monism and pluralism; it is an emergentism in which the elements assemble themselves by virtue of their properties or functions, or properties-functions. Each structure, although it depends to exist on the elements that compose it, is not reducible to them because it acquires new properties-functions that cannot be explained based on those of the element. The structure also becomes an element for a new structure. Self-assembly begins from the physical level to the point where structures acquire more complex properties-functions and of a different order to give rise to a new biological level, and thus the continuum progresses until reaching the social and then the cultural level.It is a continuum that does not break and that goes from matter to reason. He was one of the first philosophers to introduce applied ethics to the Spanish-speaking world and was a staunch supporter of animal rights. His works combine a wide variety of influences, including the Spanish philosophers Miguel de Unamuno, Eugeni d'Ors and <mask> y Gasset and numerous other representatives of both continental and analytic philosophy. Legacy
In January 1991, <mask> <mask> made public the decision to donate his personal library to the University of Girona. The collection consists of 7,255 books, 156 journal titles and correspondence, with 6,748 letters. The correspondence includes letters between <mask> <mask> and his friends, politicians and intellectuals of the time. This collection also includes letters from his departure into exile in the 1940s (Cuba, Chile and the United States), until his death in 1991.Other documents of interest include related writings, with politics and culture sent by personalities of the time: Xavier Benguerel, Enrique Tierno Galván, Néstor Almendros and Josep Trueta, among many others. Founded in 1989, the <mask> Mora Chair in Contemporary Thought, regularly organizes seminars and lessons on contemporary philosophy. In 1982, he was awarded the Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic. In 1984, he was awarded the Creu de Sant Jordi of the Generalitat de Catalunya and the Grand Cross of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise. In 1985, he was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities. In addition to being a numerus clausus member of the International Institute of Philosophy and various academic societies, he belonged to the North American Academy of the Spanish Language. See also
 List of animal rights advocates

References

Further reading
Horta, Óscar.La filosofía moral de J<mask> <mask>. Documenta Universitaria, Girona, 2008. External links
 Works by <mask> <mask> at Internet Archive
 Josep Ferrater Mora Foundation
 Ferrater Mora Collection (University of Girona Library)
 Ferrater Mora Correspondence in the University of Girona DUGi Repository
 Los derechos de los animales ("Animal rights"; the first essay on animal rights published in Spain)

1912 births
1991 deaths
20th-century Spanish philosophers
Animal rights scholars
Animal ethicists
Bryn Mawr College faculty
Film directors from Catalonia
Novelists from Catalonia
Philosophers from Catalonia
Moral philosophers
People from Barcelona
Recipients of Princess of Asturias Awards
Recipients of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
Spanish essayists
University of Barcelona alumni

masks:
José María Ferrater Mora
Ferrater Mora
Ferrater Mora
Ferrater Mora
Ferrater
Mora
Ferrater
Mora
Ferrater
Mora
José Ortega
Ferrater
Mora
Ferrater
Mora
Ferrater
. Ferrater
Mora
José Ferrater
Mora


text_chunks:
<mask>d Amager. He has previously played for Danish Superliga clubs Odense BK, Vejle BK, Viborg FF, and F.C. Copenhagen, winning four Superliga championships and two Danish Cup trophies with F.C. Copenhagen. He has also played for Scottish Premier League club Rangers. <mask> was named the 2005, 2006 and 2007 Danish Goalkeeper of the Year.He has played 11 games for the Denmark national team, and represented Denmark at the 2002 and 2010 FIFA World Cup tournaments as an unused understudy of Thomas Sørensen. Club career

Danish breakthrough
Born in Roskilde, Christiansen competed with later national team player Peter Madsen to be the best forward on Zealand in his teenage years. At 17, he did not want the life of a professional footballer, and chose to play amateur football in Serie 3, the fourth lowest level of Danish football. For fun, he tried playing the position of goalkeeper, in which position he caught the attention of higher ranking clubs. Roskilde B 1906 offered him a contract in 1997, and he was Roskilde's goalkeeper for one season, before he followed his coach to Ølstykke FC. In 1998, he moved to Odense Boldklub (OB) in the second tier of Danish football, the Danish 1st Division. He helped OB win promotion to the top-flight Danish Superliga, where he got his national breakthrough.When OB legend Lars Høgh retired in January 2000, a string of strong displays by Christiansen showed a strong temper and good reflexes. He looked the long term replacement of Lars Høgh, though Christiansen never got the chance to make a decent bid for Høgh's record 817 games for OB. As Scottish club Rangers suffered injuries in their goalkeeping staff, the search for replacements turned to <mask>, who was eager to move abroad at 22 years of age. On the bench in Glasgow
In Glasgow, he played alongside fellow Dane Peter Løvenkrands, with whom he became good friends, and he played a handful of games in his first time at Rangers, including a few outings in the UEFA Champions League. His league debut was a 3–0 home defeat to Kilmarnock. When first choice goalkeeper Stefan Klos returned from his injury, he once again took control of the goalkeeper spot. Christiansen could not force his way into the starting line-up, and he was put on loan.His first loan deal with Danish Superliga club Vejle Boldklub in 2001 was a personal success for Christiansen. Though Vejle was relegated to the 1st Division, he was called up to the Danish national team. After the period in Vejle, <mask> was loaned out to VfL Wolfsburg. This period was one of the worst in his career, the result being that he was dropped from the national team. He did not play a single first team game for Wolfsburg, and did not make many friends in Germany. <mask> later said he would rather warm the bench at Rangers, than in Wolfsburg. Danish success
In the winter transfer window of the 2003–04 Superliga season, <mask> returned to Denmark once more to play for Viborg FF, following a string of goalkeeper switches; former Viborg goalkeeper Arek Onyszko moving to Odense BK, replacing Karim Zaza who had transferred to Brøndby IF.At Viborg, <mask> showed the impressive form that he had displayed for Odense and Vejle once more. Following one and a half year at Viborg, <mask> moved to F.C. Copenhagen (FCK) in the summer of 2005. At FCK, he was assigned the no. 1 jersey as the club's first choice for the goalkeeping position. His debut in the FCK-jersey came on 20 July 2005, keeping a clean sheet as AaB were defeated 1–0 at Aalborg Stadion in Aalborg. In the autumn 2006, he was an important part of FCK's participation in the 2006–07 UEFA Champions League, producing many great saves.This brought renewed interest from foreign clubs, as he and teammate Michael Silberbauer were both rumoured on their way to English club Everton in the 2006 winter transfer window. The transfer never materialized, and in January 2007, Christiansen expressed his desire to further his career by moving to a club in a bigger league, but a new five-year contract cancelled every rumour. In the opening match of the 2007–08 season, against FC Nordsjælland at Farum Park, Christiansen was close to score on a header, as it hit the inside of the post, and was parried by Nordsjælland keeper Kim Christensen, after a corner kick deep into extra time. In May 2008 he was linked with a £1 million move to West Bromwich Albion. For the 2009–10 season, FCK bought Johan Wiland as a backup. When Christiansen was injured against Brøndby IF in the seventh Superliga game of the season, Wiland replaced him with such success that Christiansen was permanently demoted to the bench. Media reports suggested he wanted a transfer, and when FCK bought Kim Christensen as a new backup keeper in the Summer 2010, Christiansen was expected to leave the club.He signed for IF Elfsborg of the Allsvenskan championship in June 2010.

International career
During his time with Vejle, <mask> was called up for the senior national team by national team manager Morten Olsen. He was chosen for the Danish squad at the 2002 FIFA World Cup in South Korea and Japan as a backup for starting national team goalkeeper Thomas Sørensen, and was an unused substitute throughout the tournament. In his time at Viborg, <mask> was recalled to the Danish national team, and made his national team debut on 2 June 2005, in a 1–0 friendly match win against Finland. He played his second game in October 2005, when he came on as a substitute in a 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification 2–1 win against Kazakhstan. He quickly established himself as an understudy for Thomas Sørensen, and made a number of appearances at times when Sørensen was injured. Before the 2010 FIFA World Cup, <mask> lacked playing time at FCK, and found himself in contention with Kim Christensen for the spot as third goalkeeper in the squad for the finals. Eventually Morten Olsen chose Christiansen for his team, and he spent his time at the tournament as an unused substitute.Coaching career
After <mask> left Vendsyssel FF in the summer 2017, he was officially announced as the new assistant manager of Danish 1st Division club AB. In January 2018, he left AB to become goalkeeper coach at Fremad Amager. In 2019, he also functioned as assistant manager for a short period. On 15 July 2019, it was announced, that <mask> had left Fremad Amager because he wanted to stay closer to his family and then became the new goalkeeper coach of Viborg FF. In November 2019, <mask> was on the bench for Viborg in three games, after first keeper, Ellery Balcombe, was banned with a red card and the third and fourth choices was out with injuries, which left Viborg with only Ingvar Jónsson who was able to play. On 13 July 2020, Fremad Amager announced that Christiansen had returned to the club. Career statistics

Honours
OB
 Viasat Divisionen: 1998–99

F.C.Copenhagen
 Danish Superliga: 2005–06, 2006–07, 2008–09, 2009–10
 Danish Cup: 2008–09

Individual
 Danish Goalkeeper of the Year: 2005, 2006, 2007
 Danish Team of the Year: 2005, 2006, 2007

References

External links

Career stats, by Danmarks Radio

Danish Superliga statistics

1978 births
Living people
People from Roskilde
Danish footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Denmark international footballers
Denmark under-21 international footballers
2002 FIFA World Cup players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
Danish Superliga players
Danish 2nd Division players
Scottish Premier League players
Allsvenskan players
Ølstykke FC players
Odense Boldklub players
Rangers F.C. players
Vejle Boldklub players
VfL Wolfsburg players
Viborg FF players
F.C. Copenhagen players
IF Elfsborg players
Danish expatriate footballers
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Scotland
Expatriate footballers in Scotland
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate footballers in Germany
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Sweden
Expatriate footballers in Sweden
Danish 1st Division managers

masks:
Jesper Ringsborg Christiansenema
Christiansen
Christiansen
Christiansen
Christiansen
Christiansen
Christiansen
Christiansen
Christiansen
Christiansen
Christiansen
Christiansen
Christiansen
Christiansen


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<mask> (born October 3, 1984) is a Republican member of the Florida Senate, representing the 7th district, which includes Flagler, St. Johns, and northern Volusia County, since 2016. He previously represented the 6th district from 2015 to 2016. <mask> also served in the Florida House of Representatives from 2012 until he was elected to the Senate. <mask> was born in Jacksonville, and attended Pedro Menendez High School in southern St. Johns County, and then graduated from Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania, where he met his wife and received a degree in economics. After graduating, he began work as a real estate agent, overseeing "the agricultural portfolio for his family's private real estate investment business, the Hutson Companies." Florida Legislature
In 2012, following the reconfiguration of the Florida House of Representatives districts, <mask> opted to run in the newly created 24th District. He won the Republican primary unopposed, and faced St. Johns County Commissioner Milissa Holland, the Democratic nominee, and Michael Cornish, an independent candidate, in the general election.The Florida Democratic Party supported Holland in the election, and sent out a mailer attacking <mask> for supporting the privatization of Medicare, which declared, "<mask>on, don't make our Medicare your voucher"; Hutson responded by noting, "It is unfortunate that [Democrats] are stretching my support for Governor Romney to mean I share all of his positions on issues, and further, it is outrageous that they are attempting to scare seniors over an issue that the state legislature doesn't control." In the end, <mask> ended up narrowly defeating Holland, winning 49% of the vote to her 47% and Cornish's 3%. <mask> was re-elected in 2014 to his second term in the House without opposition. Florida Senate
When State Senator John E. Thrasher announced that he would resign from the legislature to serve as the President of Florida State University, a special election was held to replace him. Hutson announced that he would run, as did fellow State Representative Ronald Renuart, and both submitted their resignations from the Florida House. They were joined in the primary by Dennis McDonald, a former candidate for the Flagler County Commission. Hutson started out with a significant financial advantage over Renuart after he transferred $300,000 from his House re-election campaign to his Senate campaign, and portrayed himself as the "true Conservative" in the race, noting his experience in the legislature of passing legislation on the economy and public safety.He campaigned on his opposition to legal gambling, noting that the communities around casinos "suffer tremendously," and on job creation, promising to directly lobby businesses to move into the district. During the campaign, <mask> was endorsed by State Attorney R. J. Larizza of the 7th Judicial Circuit, St. Johns County Sheriff David Shoar, Volusia County Sheriff Ben Johnson, and Commissioner of Agriculture Adam Putnam. Renuart, meanwhile, was endorsed by the Florida Times-Union, which praised Renuart's strong resume, and commended Hutson for his hard work on a number of issues. The Times-Union noted that, if not for <mask>'s "extreme views on Medicaid," their endorsement would have been "a close call." Despite a tightly-fought campaign, Hutson ended up defeating his opponents by a wide margin, winning 52% of the vote to Renuart's 35% and McDonald's 13%. Advancing to the general election, Hutson was opposed by David Cox, the Democratic nominee and a 2014 congressional candidate. Hutson campaigned on his support for legislation that would allow concealed-carry on college campuses, on his opposition to Medicaid expansion under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, and on his ability to work with both parties.The St. Augustine Record, though praising Cox's strength as a candidate, endorsed <mask> for his experience in the legislature and on his deep knowledge of the issues. This time, <mask> was endorsed by the Times-Union, which observed, "[O]n issues other than expanding Medicaid — which he's regrettably refused to support as long as it involves the use of tax dollars — Hutson has actually been pretty reasonable and thoughtful." They specifically cited his support for closing loopholes on sexual predators, efficiently funding mental illness programs, and opening the Ocklawaha River. Once again, <mask> emerged victorious, defeating Cox in a landslide with nearly 70% of the vote. <mask>'s district was reconfigured and renumbered after court-ordered redistricting in 2016. After Donald Trump lost the 2020 election and refused to concede while making false claims of fraud, <mask> and other Republicans proposed changes to restrict voting rights in Florida. The proposed changes to restrict mail-in voting were notable given that Republicans had traditionally voted by mail more than Democrats, but Democrats outvoted Republicans by mail in 2020.There was no evidence of widespread fraud in U.S. elections or in Florida elections. Hutson defended the restrictions on voting, saying "I believe one fraudulent vote is one too many. And I’m trying to protect the sanctity of our elections." A bill in the 2022 session by Northeast Florida Sen. <mask>on would sharply limit homeowners' ability to file construction defect claims for hidden structural flaws. Senate Bill 736 dramatically reduces the time a home builder is responsible for construction defects. For single family homes, it cuts that time in half – from 10 years to five. It makes no exceptions for intentional fraud, or for violations of building and fire safety codes.<mask>’s father is a prominent Northeast Florida home builder. The Hutson Companies is currently building the massive SilverLeaf project in St. Johns County, which is ultimately expected to have more than 16,000 homes and 45 acres of retail space. Huston also works for the company him self. If passed the bill would protect Huston's family and other builders in Florida making it easier for them to cut corners in construction and evade liability for violating building codes. This proposal from Huston comes less than a year after the Surfside Condominium collapsed due to latent defects. Families of the victims of the Surfside collapse are opposing the bill. References

External links
Florida Senate - <mask>
<mask>on for Florida Senate

1984 births
Living people
Lafayette College alumni
Members of the Florida House of Representatives
Florida state senators
Florida Republicans
21st-century American politicians

masks:
Travis Hutson
Hutson
History Hutson
Hutson
Hutson
Travis Huts
Hutson
Hutson
Hutson
Hutson
Hutson
Hutson
Hutson
Hutson
Hutson
Travis Huts
Hutson
Travis Hutson
Travis Huts


text_chunks:
<mask> (; born 15 November 1967) is a Uruguayan professional football manager and former footballer. He is currently the head coach of the Greek national football team. Poyet played as a midfielder and began his career with short spells at Grenoble and River Plate. He then spent seven years at Real Zaragoza, with whom he won the Copa del Rey and the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. In 1997, Poyet moved to Chelsea on a free transfer and helped the club win the FA Cup and the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. In 2001, he moved to Tottenham Hotspur, where he saw out the remainder of his career. He was also part of the Uruguay side which won the 1995 Copa América.After his playing career ended, Poyet moved into coaching. He served as assistant manager to Dennis Wise at Swindon Town and Leeds United, and Juande Ramos at Tottenham Hotspur. In November 2009, Poyet was appointed manager of Brighton & Hove Albion and in his first full season led the club to promotion as League One Champions, for which he was named League One Manager of the Year by the LMA. In October 2013 he was hired by Premier League team Sunderland and guided them to the League Cup Final in his first season, but was sacked in March 2015 after a poor run of results. He later had spells at Superleague Greece side AEK Athens, La Liga club Real Betis, Chinese Super League team Shanghai Shenhua, Bordeaux of Ligue 1, and Universidad Católica in Chile. Playing career

Club career
Born in Montevideo, a goalscoring midfielder, he began his career with spells at Grenoble and River Plate. Poyet moved to Real Zaragoza in 1990; winning the Copa del Rey in 1994 and the Cup Winners' Cup a year later, beating Arsenal in the final.He became Zaragoza's longest-serving foreign player, and scored 60 goals in 240 games for the club. Poyet joined Chelsea on a free transfer in June 1997. Not long into his first season at the London club, he suffered cruciate ligament damage, this meant he missed the victorious 1998 Football League Cup Final but recovered to play in the team's successful Cup Winners' Cup Final against VfB Stuttgart. The following year, he contributed 14 goals – making him the club's second highest scorer – to help Chelsea finish third in the Premiership, including a crucial headed goal in 1–0 win against Leeds United. He also scored the winner for Chelsea in the 1998 UEFA Super Cup against Real Madrid. In 1999–2000, he scored 18 goals (which again made him Chelsea's second highest scorer), with a scissors-kick volley against Sunderland, a long range strike against Lazio, and both of Chelsea's goals in the FA Cup semi-final against Newcastle United, among the most memorable, as the team won the FA Cup and reached the UEFA Champions League quarter-finals. With the arrival of new manager Claudio Ranieri in September 2000, Chelsea was a team in transition.With Ranieri seeking to reduce the average age of the squad, Poyet became surplus to requirements and requested a transfer. In 145 appearances for Chelsea, Poyet scored 49 goals. Poyet joined Tottenham Hotspur in May 2001 for around £2.2 million. He scored 14 goals in his debut season for Spurs and helped his team reach the League Cup final, but they lost 2–1 to Blackburn Rovers. His time at the club was blighted by injuries, and he again sustained cruciate ligament damage in August 2002, but still managed to score 23 goals in 98 games. International career
<mask> was a Uruguay international, making his international debut on 13 July 1993 in a friendly match against Peru (1–2). After 67 minutes, he was substituted by Carlos Aguilera.Poyet helped his country win the Copa América in 1995. In doing so, he was voted as the best player in his position at the tournament. He won 26 caps in total, scoring three goals. Managerial career

Early coaching
In July 2006, he became a player and assistant manager at Swindon Town alongside ex-Chelsea teammate, Dennis Wise. Both <mask> and Wise were given permission to talk about forming the new Leeds United management team on 23 October 2006 and looked set to take the place of caretaker manager, John Carver, until Swindon withdrew permission due to disagreements over compensation. On 24 October 2006, <mask> was confirmed as assistant manager of Leeds with Dennis Wise as the manager. On 29 October 2007, Poyet rejoined his former club Tottenham Hotspur to work alongside new head coach Juande Ramos as a first team coach with Marcos Álvarez as a fitness coach.During his first season as assistant manager at White Hart Lane, he won the 2007–08 League Cup, beating Chelsea 2–1 after extra time in the Final after a penalty from Dimitar Berbatov in normal time and a header early into extra time from Jonathan Woodgate. On 25 October 2008, Poyet parted company with Tottenham Hotspur along with manager Juande Ramos, first team coach Marcos Álvarez and sporting director Damien Comolli. Brighton & Hove Albion

On 10 November 2009, Poyet was announced as the new manager of English League One side Brighton & Hove Albion on a one-and-a-half-year contract. Former Tottenham teammate Mauricio Taricco was also announced as Poyet's assistant manager. He steered the club to safety as he had a brilliant start to his career at Brighton by going to Southampton and winning 3–1. He started the 2010–11 season by making a number of signings including Gordon Greer, Radostin Kishishev, Liam Bridcutt, Matt Sparrow, Casper Ankergren and Ashley Barnes. He also signed a new four-year contract along with his assistant Mauricio Taricco.The season started  with five wins from the first eight games putting Brighton top of the League One table. Brighton started the year 2011 with a 5–0 home win on New Year's Day against Leyton Orient. Most notable was a run of eight straight league victories in March, leaving the club 13 points clear at the top with games in hand over all of their closest rivals with the exception of Southampton. Brighton secured promotion to the Championship following a 4–3 home win over Dagenham & Redbridge, Ashley Barnes scoring the winner in the 63rd minute. The League One title was clinched on 16 April 2011, as Brighton beat Walsall 3–1, having been top without slipping since the eighth game of the season and with four games of the season still to play. On 23 May 2011, Poyet was voted LMA League One Manager of the Year for his achievements in the 2010–11 season – his first full season as a football manager. During pre-season 2011, Poyet twice broke the club's record transfer-fee in signing Will Buckley and Craig Mackail-Smith, and also brought in former Spain and Valencia playmaker Vicente on a free transfer.After an unbeaten start to the 2011–12 season, Poyet was named as Championship manager of the month for August 2011. Poyet shortly after signed a new and improved five-year contract to remain at the club until 2016. In March 2012, Poyet won the Outstanding Managerial Achievement Award at the Football League Awards ceremony, beating Crystal Palace manager Dougie Freedman and former Huddersfield Town boss Lee Clark. On 23 June 2013, Brighton released an official statement declaring that Poyet had been informed that "his employment has been terminated with immediate effect". Poyet said that he was only made aware of his sacking when a member of the BBC production staff handed him a printout of the club statement, whilst working as a pundit for BBC Three's coverage of the Spain vs. Nigeria group game in the FIFA Confederations Cup. Sunderland

On 8 October 2013, it was announced that Poyet had been appointed as Head Coach at Sunderland on a two-year contract, becoming the first Uruguayan to manage in the Premier League. Eleven days later in his first match in charge, they lost 4–0 away to Swansea City.His second game in charge, and first at the Stadium of Light, resulted in a 2–1 win against local rivals Newcastle United on 27 October. In his first season in charge, he took Sunderland to the League Cup Final after a penalty shootout win over Manchester United in the semi-finals. On 19 April 2014, Poyet defeated José Mourinho in his first-ever home league defeat in the Premier League as Chelsea manager, a 2–1 win to Sunderland at Stamford Bridge. Poyet led Sunderland to a 2–0 win at home to West Bromwich Albion on 7 May to guarantee Premier League safety with one game remaining, performing "a miracle" in his own words by arresting a decline that saw Sunderland seven points adrift of safety as late as 7 April, when they lost 5–1 to Tottenham Hotspur. Defeat to Everton in their following league game made avoiding relegation look like a near impossible task for the club, but Sunderland, under Poyet's stewardship, earned 13 points out of a possible 15 in their following five league games. Poyet signed a new two-year contract at Sunderland on 28 May 2014. The club sacked Poyet on 16 March 2015.At the time of his sacking, they were in 17th place in the league, one point above the relegation places. AEK Athens

On 29 October 2015, AEK Athens reported that <mask> had agreed in principle to be the club's manager until summer 2016. In February 2016, he guided his team to successive wins against neighbours Olympiacos and Panathinaikos. He was sacked on 19 April 2016 after the team finished third in the league and awaited a Greek Cup semi-final; the board had taken issue with him informing the press before them that he would leave at the end of the campaign. Betis
On 9 May 2016, Poyet had signed a two-year deal with Real Betis. On 12 November 2016, he was sacked and replaced by Víctor Sánchez. Shanghai Shenhua
On 29 November 2016, Poyet became the manager of Chinese Super League side Shanghai Shenhua.Despite of being blamed by public for poor performance in the league and resigning on 11 September, he was still appreciated by some fans for his contribution to the team's championship in 2017 Chinese FA Cup later in November, including a 1-0 home victory over classic rival Beijing Guoan in 4th round, and a 3-1 away victory over Shandong Luneng in quarter final. Bordeaux
On 20 January 2018, Poyet became the manager of Ligue 1 side Bordeaux. In August, he was suspended by the club after criticising the sale of Gaëtan Laborde to Montpellier. He was subsequently fired and replaced by Ricardo Gomes on 5 September. Universidad Católica

On 28 February 2021, Poyet became the manager of Chilean Primera División club Universidad Católica. He began his tenure by winning the delayed 2020 Supercopa de Chile against rivals Colo-Colo and made the last 16 of the 2021 Copa Libertadores, but left by mutual consent at the end of August with the worst campaign in the last 10 years. Greece
On 3 February 2022, Poyet became the manager of the Greek National Football Team.Personal life
Poyet is married to Madelon González with whom he has two sons: Diego (born 1995) and Matias (born 1993). Diego is also a midfielder, making his professional debut in 2014 for Charlton Athletic before moving to West Ham United, and has represented England at youth international level. Poyet's father was Olympic basketball player <mask>, while his brother Marcelo also played the sport professionally in South America. Poyet introduced basketball to Sunderland academy training sessions, believing it to share many attributes with football, particularly marking. Career statistics

International

Scores and results list Uruguay's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Poyet goal. Managerial statistics

Honours

Player
Real Zaragoza
 Copa del Rey: 1993–94
 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1994–95

Chelsea
 FA Cup: 1999–2000
 FA Charity Shield: 2000
 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1997–98
 UEFA Super Cup: 1998

Uruguay
 Copa América: 1995

Manager
Brighton & Hove Albion
 Football League One: 2010–11

Universidad Católica
Supercopa de Chile: 2020

Individual
 League One Manager of the Year: 2010–11
 Football League Award for Outstanding Managerial Achievement: 2011

References

External links

 Official website

1967 births
1995 Copa América players
AEK Athens F.C. managers
Association football midfielders
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.managers
Chelsea F.C. players
Copa América-winning players
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in France
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate football managers in England
Expatriate football managers in Greece
Super League Greece managers
Grenoble Foot 38 players
La Liga players
Leeds United F.C. non-playing staff
Living people
Premier League players
Real Zaragoza players
Club Atlético River Plate (Montevideo) players
Sportspeople from Montevideo
Swindon Town F.C. players
Uruguayan beach soccer players
English Football League managers
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. non-playing staff
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Uruguay international footballers
Uruguayan expatriate footballers
Uruguayan expatriate football managers
Uruguayan expatriate sportspeople in England
Uruguayan expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Uruguayan expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Uruguayan expatriate sportspeople in China
Uruguayan expatriate sportspeople in France
Uruguayan footballers
Uruguayan people of Spanish descent
Uruguayan people of French descent
Premier League managers
Sunderland A.F.C. managers
Real Betis managers
FC Girondins de Bordeaux managers
Club Deportivo Universidad Católica managers
La Liga managers
Ligue 1 managers
Expatriate football managers in Spain
Expatriate football managers in China
Expatriate football managers in France
Expatriate football managers in Chile
Chinese Super League managers
FA Cup Final players

masks:
Gustavo Augusto Poyet Domínguez
Poyet
Poyet
Poyet
Poyet
Washington Poyet