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<mask>, (; born 12 May 1929) is a Namibian revolutionary, anti-apartheid activist and politician who served three terms as the first President of Namibia, from 1990 to 2005. <mask> was a founding member and the first president of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) in 1960. Prior to 1960, SWAPO was known as the Ovambo People's Organisation (OPO). He played an important role as leader of the national liberation movement in campaigning for Namibia's political independence from South African rule. He established the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) in 1962 and launched a guerrilla war against the apartheid government of South Africa in August 1966 at Omungulugwombashe, beginning after the United Nations withdrew the mandate for South Africa to govern the territory. <mask> led SWAPO during the lengthy Namibian War of Independence, which lasted from 1966 to 1989. During World War I, South Africa defeated the German colonial forces in South West Africa and established martial law in the colony after making a peace treaty in July 1915.After the war, the League of Nations officially assigned the former German colony to the United Kingdom as a mandate under the administration of South Africa. When the National Party won the 1948 election in South Africa, it passed laws establishing racial segregation known as apartheid. It applied these laws to South West Africa as well, which it governed as the de facto fifth province of South Africa. Apartheid created strict racial classifications and reduced the rights of natives, in particular. <mask> became involved in anti-colonial politics during the 1950s. In 1959, he cofounded and served as the first president of the Ovamboland People's Organization (OPO), a nationalist organization advocating an independent Namibia. In December 1958 he was an organizer of the Old Location resistance and was arrested and deported to Ovamboland.In 1960 he escaped and went into exile in Tanzania where he was welcomed by Julius Nyerere. Namibia finally achieved independence from South Africa in 1990, holding its first democratic elections. SWAPO won a majority and <mask> was elected as the country's first President on 21 March 1990. He was re-elected for two more terms in 1994 and 1999. <mask> retired as SWAPO party president on 30 November 2007. He published his autobiography Where Others Wavered in 2005. He has received multiple honors and awards for his leadership, including the Lenin Peace Prize, Indira Gandhi Peace Prize, and the Ho Chi Minh Peace Prize.The Parliament of Namibia honored him with the titles "Founding President of the Republic of Namibia" and "Father of the Namibian Nation". In 2007 SWAPO named him as "Leader of the Namibian Revolution." Early life
<mask>una <mask> was born at Etunda, a village in Ongandjera, near the town of Okahao, Ovamboland, Southwest Africa on 12 May 1929. <mask> was born to Helvi Mpingana Kondombolo (1898–2008) and Daniel Uutoni Nujoma (1893–1968). His mother Helvi was an Uukwambi princess by virtue of descent, and this fact would later reinforce Nujoma's charismatic influence during his political career. He is the eldest of his parents' eleven children. Nujoma spent much of his early childhood looking after his siblings and tending to the family's cattle and traditional farming activities.His educational opportunities were limited. He started attending a Finnish missionary school at Okahao when he was ten and completed Standard Six, which was as high as possible for blacks during the time. In 1946, at age 17, he moved to Walvis Bay to live with his aunt, where he began his first employment at a general store for a monthly salary of 10 Shillings. He would later also work at a whaling station. While there he was exposed to world politics by meeting soldiers from Argentina, Norway and other parts of Europe who had come during World War II. In 1949, <mask> moved to Windhoek, where he started work as a cleaner for the South African Railways (SAR), while attending adult night school at St Barnabas Anglican Church School in the Windhoek Old Location, mainly with the aim of improving his English. He further studied for his Junior Certificate through correspondence at the Trans‐Africa Correspondence College in South Africa.Political career

<mask> became involved in politics in the early 1950s through trade unions. <mask>'s political outlook was shaped by his work experiences, his awareness of the contract labour system, and his increasing knowledge of the independence campaigns across Africa. In 1957, at age 29, <mask> resigned from SAR so he could devote more time to politics. In 1957, a group of Namibians working in Cape Town led by Andimba Toivo ya Toivo formed the Ovamboland People's Congress (OPC). OPC was opposed to South African policies in South West Africa including the inhumane contract labour system under which people were forced to work for meagre wages. In 1958, ya Toivo sent a petition to the United Nations (UN) to force the apartheid regime to relinquish South West Africa to the Trusteeship Council of the United Nations. Consequently, he was expelled from Cape Town to Windhoek and then to Ovamboland where he was restricted.On 19 April 1959, <mask> and OPC cofounder Jacob Kuhangua adapted a copy of the OPC constitution and formed the Ovamboland People's Organization (OPO) in Windhoek. At its first congress <mask> was elected president. During the next year he travelled Namibia in secret mobilizing and setting up branch structures of OPO. In September 1959, the South West African National Union (SWANU) was formed as an umbrella body for anti-colonial resistance groups. <mask> joined its executive committee representing OPO. After the Old Location Massacre on 10 December 1959, <mask> was arrested and charged for organising the resistance and faced threats of deportation to the north of the country. By the directive of OPO leadership and in collaboration with Chief Hosea Kutako, it was decided that <mask> join the other Namibians in exile who were lobbying the United Nations on behalf of the anti-colonial cause for Namibia.In 1960, <mask> petitioned the UN through letters and eventually went into exile in February of that year. He left Namibia on 29 February, crossing into Bechuanaland and from there travelling to Bulawayo in Southern Rhodesia by train. He flew from Bulawayo to Salisbury and on to Ndola in Northern Rhodesia. With the assistance of a member of the Northern Rhodesian United National Independence Party (UNIP) he crossed into the Katanga Province of Belgian Congo. There <mask> met Moise Tshombe from the Conakat Party of Congolese. Crossing back over the border to Ndola he boarded a flight to Mbeya. In Mbeya, he was treated for malaria and escaped from the hospital after being threatened with arrest by the colonial authorities.From Mbeya, <mask> travelled with the assistance of officials of the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) via Njombe, Iringa and Dodoma to Dar-Es-Salaam. With the assistance of Julius Nyerere, then president of TANU, he received a passport. While in Tanganyika, he received permission to address the UN Committee on South West Africa in New York. In April 1960, <mask> travelled from Tanganyika to Khartoum, Sudan, and from there to Accra, Ghana, where he attended the All African People's Conference organised by Kwame Nkrumah against the French atom bomb test in the Sahara Desert. Nujoma met with other African nationalist leaders such as Patrice Lumumba, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Joseph Kasa-Vubu and Frantz Fanon at the conference. His early encounters with other African nationalist leaders left a lasting impression and informed his Pan-African outlook. Kwame Nkrumah assisted Nujoma to travel to United States and later to Liberia, where a case on South West Africa was being presented to the International Court of Justice.After breaking away from SWANU, OPO reconstituted itself as the South West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO) in New York on 19 April 1960, <mask> was elected president in absentia. He arrived in New York in June 1960 where he petitioned before the Sub Committee of the Fourth Committee of the General Assembly of the United Nations. <mask> demanded that South West Africa be given its independence by 1963 at the latest. He then returned to Tanganyika in 1961, from where he and a small group of activists would develop SWAPO into an international force. He received support from other African nationalists and received strong backing from Julius Nyerere. <mask> established SWAPO's Provisional headquarters in Dar es Salaam and arranged scholarships and military training for Namibians who had started to join him there. Among the first arrivals were Mzee Kaukungwa, Mosé Tjitendero and Hifikepunye Pohamba.In 1962, SWAPO founded its armed wing, the South West African Liberation Army (SWALA), later renamed the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN). <mask> himself procured the first weapons from Algeria via Egypt, Sudan, Tanzania and Zambia, from where they were taken to Omugulugwombashe in Ovamboland. On 21 March 1966, in a bid to test South Africa's claims at the International Court of Justice at the Hague that Namibians in exile were free to return and its assertion that they were in self-imposed exile, <mask>, accompanied by Hifikepunye Pohamba, chartered a plane to Windhoek. On arrival at the airport, they were arrested and deported to Zambia the next day. On 26 August 1966 the first armed clash between SWALA and the South African security forces took place when paratroopers and police attacked SWALA combatants who had set up a camp at Omugulugwombashe. The attack would mark the beginning of the Namibian War of Independence which would last more than 25 years. In 1969, <mask> was re-affirmed as SWAPO President at the Tanga Consultative Conference in Tanzania.In the late 1960s <mask> continued his diplomatic rounds as SWAPO set up offices across Africa, Europe and the Americas. He represented SWAPO at the founding of the Non-Aligned Movement on 1 September 1961 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia as well as at the founding of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia on 25 May 1963. In 1965, the OAU recognised SWAPO as the only lawful representative of the Namibian people. In 1974, the Portuguese Empire collapsed and Namibia's border with Angola opened up. <mask> recognised that this paved the way for major changes in the way the war was being fought and over the next two years SWAPO's military campaign shifted its base from Zambia to Angola. The opening of the border enabled thousands of SWAPO supporters to stream out of Namibia to join the

masks:
Samuel Shafiishuna Daniel Numa
Nujoma
Nujoma
Nujoma
Nujoma
Nujoma
Samuel Shafiish
Daniel Nujoma
Nujoma
Nujoma
Nujoma
Nujoma
Nujoma
Nujoma
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Nujoma
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 movement in exile. <mask>'s son Utoni <mask> and his two brothers were among those who arrived in Zambia.At the 1977 World Conference Against Apartheid in Lisbon Nujoma underlined the necessity to destroy the colonial system and institutions of South-African racist regime in Namibia in order to build those which will serve the interest of people irrespective of race, religion or origin. He also warned of the danger of installation of neocolonialist marionettes who would superficially change the visible colonial regime while the position of the majority of people would stay the same. In the late 1970s <mask> led the SWAPO negotiations team between the Western Contact Group (WCG), which consisted of West Germany, Britain, France, the US and Canada, and South Africa on the one hand, and the Frontline States and Nigeria on the other, about proposals that would eventually become United Nations Security Council Resolution 435, passed in September 1978. While agreement on Resolution 435, which embodied the plan for free and fair elections in Namibia, was undoubtedly a diplomatic coup, its implementation became bogged down for another ten years. South African delaying tactics and the decision by American president Ronald Reagan's administration to link a Cuban withdrawal from Angola to Namibian independence frustrated hopes of an immediate settlement. On 19 March 1989, the signing of the cease-fire agreement with South Africa took place, which resulted in the implementation of the UN Security Council Resolution 435. After 29 years in exile, <mask> returned to Namibia in September 1989 to lead SWAPO to victory in the UN-supervised elections that paved the way for independence.<mask> returned a day before the UN deadline for the Namibia people to register to vote for an election that would draft a constitution when it received its Independence from South Africa. The Constituent Assembly, elected in November 1989, chose him as Namibia's first president. <mask> was sworn in on 21 March 1990, in the presence of Javier Perez de Cuellar, Secretary General of the UN, Frederik de Klerk, president of South Africa, and Nelson Mandela, just released from prison. President of SWAPO

In 1959 <mask> co-founded the Ovamboland People's Organization (OPO) and became its first president. The next year in 1960 he became the first president of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO). At the time South Africa administered the land under a policy of apartheid, in which the best resources were reserved for those classified white, while other Namibians were treated as inferior. After years of asking the United Nations to ensure the occupying power South Africa released control of South West Africa, he authorised armed resistance in 1966.This began the Namibian War of Independence, which lasted 24 years. During the struggle, <mask> took the combat name "Shafiishuna", meaning "lightning", as the name was in his family on his father's side. During the liberation struggle <mask> was also the commander-in-chief of the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) and the chairman of the Swapo Military Council, which was the biggest decision making body of PLAN. After serving 47 years as leader of SWAPO, he was succeeded by Hifikepunye Pohamba in 2007. There was speculation that he would be re-elected as SWAPO leader in 2007 and that he was planning to run for president again in 2009. In early October 2007, however, <mask> said that he had no intention of seeking re-election as SWAPO President and would stand aside in favour of Pohamba. Pohamba was accordingly elected unopposed as SWAPO president on 29 November 2007 at a party congress.<mask> said that he was "passing the torch and mantle of leadership to comrade Pohamba". The congress also decided to give <mask> the title of Leader of the Namibian Revolution, in addition to his existing title, Founding Father of the Namibian Nation. Choosing to leave active politics, <mask> was not re-elected to the SWAPO Central Committee nor the Politburo, but the congress granted him permission to attend meetings of the Central Committee and Politburo "at his discretion". He may also receive the title of National Chairman of SWAPO. President of Namibia

As head of SWAPO, <mask> was unanimously declared president upon the victory of SWAPO in a United Nations-supervised election in 1989, and was sworn in by UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar on 21 March 1990. At independence, Namibia was gravely divided as a result of a century of colonialism, dispossession, and racial discrimination, compounded by armed struggle and propaganda. For instance, SWAPO had been so demonised by the colonial media and by official pronouncements that most white people, as well as many members of other groups, regarded the movement with the deepest fear, loathing, and suspicion.One of <mask>'s earliest achievements was to proclaim the policy of "national reconciliation", which aimed to improve and harmonise relations amongst Namibia's various racial and ethnic groups. Under his presidency, Namibia made steady if unspectacular economic progress, maintained a democratic system with respect for human rights, observed the rule of law, and worked steadily to eradicate the heritage of apartheid in the interests of developing a non-racial society. <mask> successfully united all Namibians into a peaceful, tolerant and democratic society governed by the rule of law. In 1992 Norway decided to stop drought relief to Namibia in response to the purchase of an expensive new presidential jet and two new VIP helicopters. The planes were bought a few weeks after <mask> had appealed to the international community for drought aid. In 1990 <mask> initiated a plan for land reform, in which land would be redistributed from whites to blacks. Some 12% of the total commercial farmland in the country was taken away from white farmers and given to black citizens by 2007.However, according to a 1998 statement made by the Cabinet of Namibia "the agricultural base is too weak to offer a sustainable basis for prosperity" and 38% of Namibia's rural population continue to live beneath the poverty line as of 2010. <mask> was re-elected as President of Namibia in December 1994 with 76.3% of the vote. The constitution of Namibia was changed to allow <mask> to run for a third five-year term in 1999; this was justified on the grounds that he had not been directly elected for his first term, and the change applied only to <mask>. He won the 1999 election with 76.8% of the vote. The constitution did not allow <mask> to run in November 2004 for a fourth term, and there was not much enthusiasm even within SWAPO to change it again. Hifikepunye Pohamba, described as Nujoma's "hand-picked successor", was elected as the candidate for the presidential election during the SWAPO congress held on 30 May 2004, defeating two other candidates, Nahas Angula and Hidipo Hamutenya. The latter had been dismissed from his post of Foreign Affairs minister by Nujoma barely two days before the congress.Pohamba was elected with a large majority and was sworn in as second President of Namibia on 21 March 2005. In 1998 <mask> came to the defence of the Democratic Republic of Congo President Laurent Kabila when his rule came under threat from rebels backed by Rwanda and Uganda during the Second Congo War. Namibia became involved in the war on behalf of its commitment to the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Namibian, Angolan and Zimbabwean troops helped Kabila fend off the attacks – a move which <mask> saw as defending the DRC's sovereignty against outside interference. <mask> was the international patron and a strong supporter of the Cheetah Conservation Fund, based in Namibia. In 2001, <mask> announced purges against gays and lesbians in Namibia, saying "the police must arrest, imprison and deport homosexuals and lesbians found in Namibia." Post-presidency

Despite stepping down from a formal role, Nujoma is still active in the political sphere, regularly campaigning for SWAPO at various rallies and functions across the country.In 2009, <mask> attained a master's degree in geology from the University of Namibia. The director of the National Society for Human Rights (NSHR) in Namibia stated that <mask> had connections to the CIA. The organisation has asked the International Criminal Court to investigate Nujoma and what they say is his role in disappearances during his term. To date, these claims have not been substantiated. Marriage and personal life
Nujoma married Kovambo Mushimba on 6 May 1951. The couple had three sons and two daughters; Utoni Nujoma (1952), John Nujoma (1954), Sakaria "Zacky" Nujoma (1957), Nelago Nujoma (1959), who died at 18 months while Nujoma was in exile and Usuta Nujoma (1964). Two decades elapsed before his wife joined him abroad.Nujoma's first-born son, Utoni, is a high ranking politician and member of SWAPO who is both a member of Cabinet and National Assembly of Namibia. His youngest son, Zacky, is a geologist by profession who has interest in business and mining. <mask>'s father, Daniel Uutoni <mask>, whose sole "crime" was being <mask>'s father, was arrested at Okahao and sent to Pretoria prison in 1966. There he developed tuberculosis from which he later died in 1968. Nujoma's mother, Kuku Helvi Mpingana Kondombolo, lived to an exceptionally old age, dying in November 2008; she was reportedly more than 100 years old. Sakaria "Zacky" <mask>, youngest son of Nujoma, has been named in association with the Panama Papers. Honours and recognition

Honorary doctorates

See also
 History of Namibia
 Andimba Toivo ya Toivo, co-founder of both OPO and SWAPO
 Aaron Mushimba, brother-in-law and prominent businessperson

References

In book and film
 <mask>, Where Others Wavered, The Autobiography of <mask>, London 2001
 Namibia: The Struggle for Liberation, epic film by Charles Burnett, the Namibian independence movement through the eyes of Nujoma

External links
 Nujoma's interview to German magazine Die Welt (in German)
 Namibia: The Struggle for Liberation (2007) IMDb

1929 births
Living people
Ovambo people
Presidents of Namibia
Namibian revolutionaries
SWAPO
SWAPO politicians
People's Liberation Army of Namibia personnel
People from Omusati Region
Namibian pan-Africanists
Namibian Lutherans
Namibian expatriates in South Africa
South West African anti-apartheid activists
Lenin Peace Prize recipients
Ho Chi Minh Prize recipients
Grand Collars of the Order of Liberty
Namibia University of Science and Technology alumni
University of Namibia alumni
Namibian autobiographers
21st-century Namibian writers
Namibian independence

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Nujoma
Nujoma
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Sam Numa


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<mask> (2 April 1932 – 12 August 2014) was a French historian, who specialized in Medieval history. From 1975 to 1994, he was director of the French National Archives. From 1994 to 1997, he was president of the Bibliothèque nationale de France. He was a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres since 1985. Biography

After his secondary studies at the Lycées Buffon and Henri-IV, he was a student at the École nationale des chartes, from which he graduated as valedictorian in 1956 with a thesis entitled Un conseiller de Philippe le Bel : Enguerrand de Marigny. During the same year and for two years, he was appointed member of the École française de Rome. He was first curator at the National Archives from 1958 to 1961.In 1961, he was appointed professor at the Lycée d'Orléans for 1961 and the following year. He then obtained a position as a research associate at the CNRS, which he held from 1962 to 1964. In 1967, he defended his doctoral thesis on pontifical finances at the time of the Great Western Schism. He first followed a career as a university lecturer at the University of Rennes (1964-1966), as a professor at the University of Rouen (1966-1969), then in Paris, as director of studies at the École Pratique des Hautes Études (1965-1997) and finally as a professor at the University of Paris Sorbonne in 1969. Until 1997 he taught medieval paleography there. In parallel to his career as a teacher-researcher, he held leading positions in the administration of culture. In 1975 he was appointed General Director of the French Archives (also directly responsible for the direction of the Archives nationales), a position he held for 19 years, from 1975 to 1994, and which was marked by the promulgation of a new Law on archives, the construction of numerous archive buildings both in Paris and in the départements, and a very important international activity.Then, from 1994 to 1997, he was the first president of the Bibliothèque nationale de France. From 1979 until its dissolution in 1998, he chaired the French Association for National Celebrations. From 2008 to 2012, he chaired the High Committee for National Celebrations (which became "National Commemorations" in 2011). He was a member of the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres from 1985 (he became its president in 1995), president of the French Commission for UNESCO and a member of the club Le Siècle. He directed the Revue historique from 1973 to 1997. His Philippe le Bel, published in 1978 after numerous scholarly publications, brought him to the attention of a wide public and inaugurated a long series of publications, mainly by Fayard, where he also directed, from 1992 to 1995, a six-volume History of France, of which he wrote the second volume entitled Le Temps des principautés. From the year 1000 to 1515, as well as a Dictionary of Medieval France, published in 1993.<mask> was curator of the Château de Langeais, property of the Institute. He was also a radio personality, hosting in particular the program Question pour l'Histoire on France Inter. From 1984 to 1987, he was a director of TF1. From 1988 to 2002, he was president of the Association des lauréats du concours général. From 2007 to 2013, he was the first president of the Comité historique de la ville de Paris. He died on August 12, 2014 of cancer. The funeral ceremony took place in the Saint-François-Xavier church (7th arrondissement of Paris).The Minister of Culture and Communication, Aurélie Filippetti addresses a tribute to the great historian and servant of the state. He was married since 1956 to the archivist Lucie <mask>. He is buried next to her in the Rabelais cemetery in Saint-Maur-des-Fossés

Works
 « Introitus et exitus » sous Clément VII et Benoit XIII… , Istituto di paleografia dell' Università di Roma, Rome, 1957. Les Archives, PUF (coll. Que sais-je ? ), Paris, 1959. Un conseiller de Philippe le Bel : Enguerran de Marigny, PUF, Paris, 1963.Les finances pontificales à l'époque du Grand Schisme d'Occident, 1378-1409, De Boccard, Paris, 1966. De Marco Polo à Christophe Colomb, Larousse, Paris, 1968. Les Contribuables parisiens à la fin de la guerre de Cent ans, les rôles d'impôt de 1421, 1423 et 1438, Droz, Paris/Genève, 1970. Paris au XVe siècle, Hachette, Paris, 1974. Le registre des compagnies françaises : 1449-1467, Imprimerie nationale, Paris, 1975. Philippe le Bel, Fayard, Paris, 1978. La Guerre de Cent ans, Fayard, Paris 1980.François Villon, Fayard, Paris, 1982. Une Histoire de la Normandie, Ouest-France, Rennes, 1986. De l'Or et des épices : naissance de l'homme d'affaires au Moyen âge, Fayard, Paris, 1987. Archives nationales: quinze siècles d'histoire, Nathan, Paris, 1988. L'Univers de Chartres, Bordas, Paris, 1988. Les Grandes découvertes : d'Alexandre à Magellan, Fayard, Paris, 1991. Le temps des principautés, Fayard, Paris, 1992.Dictionnaire de la France médiévale, Fayard, Paris, 1993. La France féodale, Le Grand livre du mois, Paris, 1995. La naissance de l'État, Le Grand livre du mois, Paris, 1995. Paris, Deux mille ans d'Histoire, Fayard, Paris, 1997. Charlemagne, Fayard, Paris, 1999. Louis XI, Fayard, Paris, 2001. Les Plantagenêts : origines et destin d'un empire : XIe-XIVe siècles, Fayard, Paris, 2004.Les Papes d'Avignon, Fayard, Paris, 2006. Le Roi René, Fayard, 2008
 Saint Onuphre : un après-guerre à l'ombre d'un clocher parisien, Fayard, Paris, 2009. Pierre Cauchon ou les maîtres dans la tourmente, Fayard, Paris, 2010

References

External links
 Archives nationales official website

Writers from Paris
1932 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from cancer in France
Lycée Buffon alumni
Lycée Henri-IV alumni
École Nationale des Chartes alumni
French archivists
20th-century French historians
21st-century French historians
French medievalists
Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
Commanders of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit (France)
Corresponding Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America

masks:
Jean Favier
Jean Favier
Favier


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<mask> [DAV-net] (born December 9, 1975) is a Canadian singer-songwriter. The phonetic spelling of her first name (which is Irish) also serves as the title of her 2003 album. She was a member of Atlantic Canadian band Shaye from 2003–2009 with Kim Stockwood and Tara MacLean (2003–2007). Along with Blake Manning, Stuart Cameron and Peter Fusco, she formed a new band called The Heartbroken which was active since 2009. Career
<mask> took singing, guitar and clarinet lessons as a child, and released her debut album, Shadows Wake Me, in 1996. The lead single was "A List of Things", and the album garnered a Juno Award nomination and several East Coast Music Award nominations for <mask>. She toured Canada with Steve Earle in support of his album I Feel Alright.In 2000, <mask> released her follow-up album, Hyperdramatic which included the single "Tattooed", "Never Too Late", directed by Rob Heydon was nominated for Video of the Year at the East Coast Music Awards. In 2001, <mask> won four ECMA's, including Video of the Year and Female Artist of the Year. In 2003, <mask>'s third album, Davnet, was released. The CD was produced and co-written by  Gordie Sampson at Lakewind Sound Studios, his Cape Breton recording studio. The first single was "Another California Song", written by <mask> and Sampson. The video featured <mask>'s Shaye bandmates Kim Stockwood and Tara MacLean. A video was also released for "Traffic".In Christmas of that year, she went to Kabul, Afghanistan, to sing for the Canadian troops there, on the Christmas special Rick Mercer's Christmas in Kabul. She has worked with Alexz Johnson, co-writing two songs on Songs from Instant Star, then four on Songs from Instant Star Two. She recorded two songs on Songs from Instant Star 3: "Just the Beginning" as well as "Darkness Round The Sun" and two songs on Songs from Instant Star 4: "The Music" and "I Still Love You". The song "Say What You Will" was featured in the Degrassi: The Next Generation episode "The Bitterest Pill", where the school held a memorial for a J.T. Yorke, who was fatally stabbed in the prior episode. She did a duet with Rex Goudie on his album Look Closer, on the song "Like I Was Dying", which she also co-wrote. In 2008, <mask> lent her voice to the title sequence of Degrassi: TNG, but her version of the theme was only used for the eighth season.In 2009, <mask>, along with Blake Manning, Stuart Cameron and Peter Fusco, formed a new band called The Heartbroken. They released their debut album Tonight Tonight in June 2010. In September 2016, they released their follow up recording, Storm Clouds. <mask> wrote a song for a play her father Clar <mask> wrote for EDFNL, titled the same as the play: "Are You Watching Me Now?". In April 2019, <mask> released her solo album, Liquor Store Flowers. In June 2020, she co-hosted the Juno Awards of 2020 alongside Odario Williams. She is currently also the Sunday host of Weekend Mornings on the CBC Music radio network.In April 2021, <mask> sang the song 'Sleeping in the Cold Below' on the game Warframe.

masks:
Damhnait Doyle
Doyle
Doyle
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Doyle
Doyle
Doyle
Doyle
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Doyle


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<mask> (30 May 1941 – 20 August 2016) was a German Esperantist. He was an interlinguistics lecturer at the Humboldt University of Berlin. He was one of Germany's most active Esperanto philologists and was from 1991 to 2016 both the chair of the Gesellschaft für Interlinguistik ("Interlinguistics Society") and the editor of its newsletter, Interlinguistische Informationen. He and his wife, <mask>, were especially interested in the evolution of language, particularly in the development of terminology for the constructed language, Esperanto, and questions of sociolinguistics. Blanke made a study of Eugen Wüster's work toward common international terminology and international standardization. Academic career
After completing his initial university studies he worked as a teacher of German and geography. He earned a doctorate from Humboldt University of Berlin in 1976 with his dissertation on comparative word construction of Esperanto and German.In 1985 he earned a second doctorate from Humboldt on constructed languages. (In the former East Germany such a second degree was known as "dissertation B", corresponding to the highest academic qualification of "habilitation" awarded to full professors in many European countries.) In 1988 the university appointed him "Honorary Lecturer of Interlinguistics." Esperanto activities
Having first taught himself Esperanto in 1957, he later became secretary (1968 through 1990) of the Centra Laborrondo de Esperanto-Amikoj ("Central Working Circle of Friends of Esperanto"), a government-sanctioned affiliate of East Germany's Cultural Association (Deutsche Kulturbund). After 1981 the group became a part of the newly founded German Democratic Republic Esperanto Association (Esperanto-Asocio de GDR, GDREA). From 1970 to 1990 Prof. <mask> was also editor of the newsletter of those organizations, Der Esperantist. In 1991 the Esperantists of the former East Germany formally affiliated with the German Esperanto Association (Germana Esperanto-Asocio) which had previously operated only in West Germany.Works of <mask> Blanke

Original works in Esperanto
Ĉu lingvopolitikon por Esperanto? La "Enciklopedia vortaro" de Eugen Wüster
"Esperanto" aŭ "Internacia Lingvo (ILo)": kiel nomi la lingvon? Esperanto kaj lingvistiko: sciencpolitikaj aspektoj
Esperanto kiel faklingvo: elekta bibliografio
Eugen Wüster, la planlingvoj kaj la "naturalisma skolo"
La gazeto "Völkerspiegel"
Kelkaj problemoj de la vortfarado de la germana lingvo kaj de Esperanto: Motivado de la signifo de Esperantaj vortoj
Konfronta komparo de Esperanto kaj la germana lingvo
Konfronta lingvistika komparo de etnolingvo kaj planlingvo
Lingvoplanado en planlingvo: La esperantologio, ĉu priskriba aŭ preskriba scienco? La lingvoscienco kaj planlingvoj: Interlingvistiko kaj interlingvistikaj esploroj
La malnovaj lingvoj kaj la problemo de internacia monda helplingvo
Notoj (interview with the French linguist André Martinet)
Pazigrafioj: La Esperanto-movado kaj sciencaj esploroj
Planlingvaj projektoj kaj la planlingvo Esperanto: La antikvaj lingvoj kaj la problemo de internacia lingvo
Pri Esperanto kaj interlingvistikaj aranĝoj en germanaj universitatoj: kaj pri kelkaj lastatempaj spertoj el Humboldt-Universitato
Pri kio verkas esperantologoj kaj kie trovi iliajn publikaĵojn? Zur Plansprachenproblematik Berlin: Kulturbund der DDR, 1982, 88 pp. (2nd expanded ed.. 1986)
Eugen Wüster und sein "Enzyklopädisches Wörterbuch Esperanto-Deutsch"
Fachkommunikation in Plansprachen
Das Glottonym 'Esperanto' als Metapher
Grundfragen der Entwicklung von Plansprachen - unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Esperanto
Interlinguistik in der DDR: eine Bilanz
Interlinguistik und Plansprachen
Internationale Kommunikation: die Möglichkeiten von Welthilfssprachen
"Internationale Plansprachen. Eine Einführung" in Sammlung Akademie-Verlag, issue 34.Berlin, 1985, 408 pp.,
Interlinguistische Beiträge. Zum Wesen und zur Funktion internationaler Plansprachen. Sabine Fiedler, ed. Frankfurt: Peter Lang Verlag, 2006, 405 pp.,
(with Till Dahlenburg): Konversationsbuch Deutsch-Esperanto. Leipzig: Enzyklopädie-Verlag, 1990, 210 pp. , (2nd expanded ed., 1998, Vienna)
Leibniz und die Lingua Universalis
Pasigraphien (Weltschriften): eine Skizze
"Plansprache und Nationalsprache. Einige Probleme der Wortbildung des Esperanto und des Deutschen in konfrontativer Darstellung" in Linguistische Studien, Series A, No.85, Berlin: GDR Academy of Sciences, 1981, 162 pp. (2nd ed., 1982)
Plansprachen als Fachsprachen
Plansprachen und europäische Sprachenpolitik
Plansprachige Wörterbücher

Translations into English
International Planned Languages

References

External links
Gesellschaft für Interlinguistik (GIL) (in German and English)
Pri la germana reunuiĝo (in Esperanto)
Ĉu manifesti kaj civiti? (in Esperanto)
Works by and about <mask> <mask> in the Department of Planned Languages, Austrian National Library

1941 births
2016 deaths
People from Neumünster
German Esperantists
Translators to Esperanto
Linguists from Germany
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
20th-century translators

masks:
Detlev Blanke
Wera Blanke
Blanke
Detlev
Detlev
Blanke


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<mask> (1926 – 19 August 1993, ) was a Syrian general, a leader of the left-wing of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party in Syria, and the country's de facto leader from 1966 until 1970, when he was ousted by Hafez al-Assad's Corrective Movement. Early life and career
<mask>ite family of the Haddadin tribe. However, there is another report stating his birth year as 1924. He studied at the Homs Military Academy, and entered the Syrian Army in 1946. <mask> was originally a member of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP), but later became a member of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, led by Michel Aflaq and <mask>-Din al-Bitar, in the 1950s through an associate of Akram al-Hawrani. Even so, <mask> remained close to the SSNP; his brother, Ghassan, was one of its most prominent members in Syria. He changed allegiance again in the 1950s, when he became a member of the Arab Nationalist Movement, a party supporting Gamal Abdel Nasser's ideological beliefs.<mask> supported Syria's ascension into the United Arab Republic (UAR), a union republic consisting of Egypt and Syria. During the UAR-era, <mask> was stationed in Cairo, Egypt. <mask> established the Military Committee alongside other Ba'athists in 1959. The chief aim of the Military Committee was to protect the UAR's existence. In the beginning there was only four members of the Military Committee, the others were Hafez al-Assad, Abd al-Karim al-Jundi and Muhammad Umran. The Military Committee also tried to save the Syrian Ba'ath movement from annihilation. Committee members were among those who blamed Aflaq for the Ba'ath Party's failing during the UAR years.The party's Third National Congress in 1959 supported Aflaq's decision to dissolve the party, but a 1960 National Congress, in which Jadid was a delegate representing the then-unknown Military Committee, reversed the decision and called for the Ba'ath Party's reestablishment. The Congress also decided to improve relations with Nasser by democratising the UAR from within. A faction within the party, led by al-Hawrani, called for Syria's secession. The Military Committee did not succeed in its aims, and in September 1961 the UAR was dissolved. Nazim al-Kudsi, who led the first post-UAR government, persecuted <mask> and the others for their Nasserite loyalties, and all of them were forced to retire from the Syrian Army. In 1963 <mask> was promoted from Lieutenant colonel to Major general and named Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of Syria. Strongman of Ba'athist Syria
While <mask> remained away from public view, as the second secretary of the Ba'ath Party, men allied to him filled the top posts in state and army: Nureddin al-Atassi, as party chairman, state president and later prime minister; Yousuf Zouayyen, as prime minister; Ibrahim Makhous as foreign minister, Hafez al-Assad as defense minister; Abd al-Karim al-Jundi, as security chief.Many of these men were Alawis (e.g. all of the above except Atassi, Jundi, and Zouayyen, who were Sunni), giving the government a sectarian character. Several were military men, and all belonged to the Ba'ath Party's left-wing. Under <mask>'s rule, Syria aligned itself with the Soviet bloc and pursued hardline policies towards Israel and "reactionary" Arab states especially Saudi Arabia, calling for the mobilization of a "people's war" against Zionism rather than inter-Arab military alliances. Domestically, <mask> attempted a socialist transformation of Syrian society at a forced pace, creating unrest and economic difficulties. Opponents of the government were harshly suppressed, while the Ba'ath Party replaced parliament as law-making body and other parties were banned. Public support for his government, such as it was, declined sharply following Syria's defeat in the 1967 Six-Day War, when Israel captured the Golan Heights, and as a result of the troubled internal conditions of the country.After the war, in particular, tensions began to increase between <mask>'s followers and those who argued that the situation called for a more moderate stance on socialism and international relations. This group coalesced around Defense Minister Hafez al-Assad, who protested the "adventurism" of <mask>, and demanded a normalization of the internal situation by adopting a permanent constitution, liberalizing the economy, and mending ties with non-Ba'athist groups, as well as the external situation, by seeking an alliance with conservative Arab states such as Jordan and Saudi Arabia. While Jadid retained the allegiance of most of the civilian Ba'ath apparatus, Assad as defense minister gradually asserted control over the military wing of the party. In 1969, Assad purged several Jadid loyalists, and from that point on Jadid had lost his preeminence in the state. Downfall and death
In 1970, when conflict erupted between the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the Jordanian army, Jadid sent Syrian-controlled Palestinian troops of the nominally PLO-run Palestine Liberation Army, based in Syria, into Jordan to aid the PLO. This decision was not supported by Assad's right-wing Ba'ath faction, and the troops withdrew. The action helped trigger a simmering conflict between <mask>'s and Assad's factions within the Ba'ath Party and army.The Syrian Communist Party aligned itself with <mask>, drawing him the support of Soviet ambassador, Nuritdin Mukhitdinov. Angered by this, Assad decided to scare the Soviets by sending Mustafa Tlass to Beijing to procure arms and wave Chairman Mao's Little Red Book. In November 1970, <mask> tried to fire Assad and his supporter Mustafa Tlass. Assad responded by launching an intra-party coup dubbed the Corrective Movement. <mask> was arrested on 13 November 1970, and remained in the Mezzeh prison in Damascus until dying from a heart attack on 19 August 1993. References

Bibliography

1926 births
1993 deaths
Ba'athist rulers
Chiefs of Staff of the Syrian Army
Homs Military Academy alumni
Leaders ousted by a coup
Leaders who took power by coup
Members of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party
Members of the National Command of the Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)
Members of the Regional Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region
People from Latakia
Prisoners and detainees of Syria
Syrian Alawites
Syrian Arab nationalists
Syrian generals
Muslim socialists

masks:
Salah Jadid
Jadidaw
Jadid
Salah al
Jadid
Jadid
Jadid
Jadid
Jadid
Jadid
Jadid
Jadid
Jadid
Jadid
Jadid
Jadid
Jadid
Jadid
Jadid


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<mask> (January 25, 1917 – March 29, 1982), sometimes credited as <mask> "Guitar" <mask>, was an American jazz guitarist and record producer. Biography
Born in St. Louis, Missouri, <mask> studied music theory as a teenager and learned ukulele as a child before taking up guitar. He spent his early career in territory bands, playing in groups such as Eddie Johnson's Crackerjacks, the Jeter-Pillars Orchestra, the Sunset Royal Orchestra, the Brown Skin Models, and Andy Kirk's 12 Clouds Of Joy. His composition "Floyd's Guitar Blues", recorded with Andy Kirk's orchestra in March 1939, has been claimed as the first hit record to feature a blues solo on electric guitar. <mask> enlisted during World War II and was stationed in Britain as a sergeant. He also met and played with Django Reinhardt in Paris. Following the war, he rejoined Andy Kirk's band before forming his own small ensembles.He played with Wild Bill Davis in the 1950s, and Bill Doggett in the early 1960s, and also recorded occasionally with drummer Chris Columbo's bands during the late 1950s and early 1960s. He later settled in Indianapolis and formed his own jazz trio. In the 1970s, <mask> moved into writing songs and record production, working with Dakar/Brunswick Records in Chicago, for which he recorded a few singles. He produced two albums with R&B star, Loleatta Holloway for Aware Records of Atlanta, as well as two (one completed, but unissued when the label folded) with John Edwards, who later became lead singer of the Detroit Spinners. He produced two Top 10 R&B hits on Aware with Edwards ("Careful Man", No. 8 in 1974) and Holloway ("Cry To Me", No. 10 in 1975).In the late 1970s, he produced tracks on several albums with Loleatta Holloway for Gold Mine/Salsoul Records. He managed the former gospel singer and later married her. He died in Indianapolis, Indiana in March 1982 at the age of 65 and was buried in the New Crown Cemetery. Discography

As leader
 "<mask>'s Guitar Blues" // "I'm Weak For You" (Hy-Tone 29, 1947) – with Jo Jo Adams
 "Around The Watch, Part 1" // "Around The Watch, Part 2" (Hy-Tone 30, 1947) – with Jo Jo Adams
 "I Get The Blues Every Morning" // "Voodit" (Hy-Tone 31, 1947) – with Jo Jo Adams
 "Blue Moods" // "Saturday Nite Boogie" (Aristocrat 409, 1950; reissue: Chess 1439)
 "Gloomy Evening" // "Floydynasty" (Decca 48257, 1951) – with Horace Henderson
 "After Hours" // "Me And You" (Decca 28208, 1952) – with Horace Henderson
 "Don't Cry Baby" // "You May Be Trash To Someone (But Baby You're A Queen To Me)" (Decca 28801, 1953) – note: B-side by the Billy Valentine Trio (with Mickey Baker on guitar). "Grandpa's Gully Rock" // "This Is A Miracle" (Fortune 540, 1961) – with The Montclairs
 "Getting Nowhere Fast" // "Soul Strut" (Dakar 604, 1968)
 Floyd's Guitar Blues (Disques Black & Blue 33.046, 1972) – with Wild Bill Davis and Chris Columbo; reissued on CD as Relaxin' With <mask> (The Definitive Black & Blue Sessions) in 1996 by Black & Blue (BB-875). "The Bump" // "I Want 'Cha To Let Me Come Home" (Aware/GRC 042, 1974)
 "I Just Can't Give You Up" // "I Just Can't Give You Up (Instrumental Version)" (Salsoul 2001, 1975)

As sideman
With Jo Jo Adams (featured vocalist with Floyd Smith's Combo)
The Chronological Jo Jo Adams 1946–1953 (Classics 'Blues & Rhythm Series' #5083, 2004) – includes Smith's December 1946 six-side Hy-Tone session featuring the classic re-recording of "Floyd's Guitar Blues". With Mildred Bailey and Her Oxford Greys
The Chronological Mildred Bailey 1939 (Classics #1187, 2002) – includes Bailey's March 1939 six-side Vocalion session with Mary Lou Williams, Floyd Smith, John Williams, Eddie Dougherty.With Krazy Kris / Chris Columbo and The Swinging Gentlemen
 "<mask>'s Guitar Blues" // "Wishy Washy" (King 4991, 1956)
 "Oh Yeah!, Pt. 1" // "Oh Yeah!, Pt. 2" (King 5012, 1957) – with Johnny Hammond <mask>
With Wild Bill Davis Trio
Here's Wild Bill Davis (Epic LG-1004 [10" LP], 1954)
On The Loose (Epic LN-1121 [10" LP], 1954)
Wild Bill Davis At Birdland (Epic LN-3118, 1955) – reissued as Lullaby Of Birdland in 1972. Evening Concerto (Epic LN-3308, 1955)
Wild Bill Davis On Broadway (Imperial LP-9010, 1956)
Wild Bill Davis In Hollywood (Imperial LP-9015, 1956)
Impulsions (Disques Black & Blue 33.037, 1972) – reissued on CD in 1987 by Black & Blue (233.037). Midnight Slows Vol. 2 (Disques Black & Blue 33.045, 1972)
With Bill Doggett and His Combo
Oops! The Swinging Sounds Of Bill Doggett (Columbia CL-1814/CS-8614, 1962)
With Dizzy Gillespie and His Orchestra
The Chronological Dizzy Gillespie And His Orchestra 1949–1950 (Classics #1168, 2002) – includes the 18-piece Gillespie orchestra's January 1950 four-side Capitol session.With Al Grey
Al Grey & Wild Bill Davis (Disques Black & Blue 33.041, 1972) – with Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson
With Earl Hines Swingtette
The Chronological Earl Hines And His Orchestra 1947–1949 (Classics #1120, 2000) – includes Hines' December 1948 four-side MGM session with <mask>, Arvell Shaw, Sid Catlett. With Andy Kirk and His Clouds Of Joy
The Chronological Andy Kirk And His 12 Clouds Of Joy 1939–1940 (Classics #640, 1992) – includes the Kirk orchestra's original Decca recording of "Floyd's Guitar Blues". The Chronological Andy Kirk And His Clouds Of Joy 1940–1942 (Classics #681, 1993)
The Chronological Andy Kirk And His Orchestra 1943–1949 (Classics #1075, 2000)
With Johnny "Hammond" <mask>
The Stinger (Prestige PR-7408, 1965) – reissued on CD as Good 'Nuff in 2003 by Prestige (24282). With Buddy Tate
Buddy Tate & Wild Bill Davis (Disques Black & Blue 33.054, 1972) – reissued on CD as Broadway in 1987 by Black & Blue (233.054). With Noble Watts Quintet
Honkin', Shakin' & Slidin' (A Singles Collection 1954–1962) (Jasmine #3115, 2019) – includes Watts' first session ("Mashing Potatoes" // "Pig Ears And Rice" on DeLuxe 6066, 1954) as a leader with backing by the Wild Bill Davis Trio (<mask> <mask> Columbo). With Mary Lou Williams (featured pianist with Six Men & A Girl)
The Chronological Mary Lou Williams 1927–1940 (Classics #630, 1992) – includes Williams' January 1940 four-side Varsity session with Earl Thompson, Buddy Miller, Dick Wilson, <mask> Smith, Booker Collins, Ben Thigpen. References

Sources
Further Reading
"<mask> Smith".Grove Dictionary of Jazz, 2nd ed, 2001. John Chilton, Who's Who of Jazz. 1972. 1917 births
1982 deaths
American jazz guitarists
Musicians from St. Louis
20th-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Missouri
American male guitarists
Jazz musicians from Missouri
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Jeter-Pillars Orchestra members
Decca Records artists
Black & Blue Records artists

masks:
Floyd George Smith
Floyd
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Smith
Floyd Smith
Smith
Davis Floyd
Smith Chris
Floyd
Floyd


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<mask> (2 September 1850 – 25 June 1941) was a German mathematician and patron of the arts. He was born in Ohlau, Prussian Silesia (now Oława, Poland) and died in Zürich, Switzerland. Family and academic career

<mask> came from an extremely wealthy Silesian merchant family with Jewish roots. He was the first-born child and only son of the Upper Silesian railway entrepreneur and coal mine owner <mask> (1821–1901) and his wife Paula, née Deutschmann (1827–1909). He had a younger sister, Martha. <mask> attended the Maria Magdalena Gymnasium in Breslau, where he excelled in music and mathematics. Starting in 1868 he studied mathematics and physics in Berlin and at the Ruprecht Karl University in Heidelberg.In 1872 he was awarded a doctorate in mathematics, studying under Leo Königsberger. In 1875, he moved from Berlin, where his parents lived, to Munich to earn his habilitation. Two years later he became a lecturer at Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich. In 1886 <mask> was appointed associate professor of mathematics there, and in 1901 full professor. He retired as emeritus professor in 1922. He was elected a member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences in 1898, a position he held until 1938, and was a corresponding member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences. He was also awarded membership in the Leopoldina, Germany's oldest academy of natural sciences.Pringsheim considered himself to be a German citizen who no longer followed the "Mosaic belief" (meaning conservative or orthodox Judaism). He repeatedly declined to have himself baptized. In 1878 <mask> married the Berlin actress Gertrude Hedwig Anna Dohm (1855–1942), whose mother was the famous Berlin advocate of women's rights Hedwig Dohm (1831–1919). They had five children: Erik (born 1879), Peter (born 1881), Heinz (born 1882) and twins born in 1883, Klaus and Katharina, known as Katia. His first-born son, Erik, was exiled to Argentina because of his dissolute life and gambling debts and died there at an early age. His sons Peter and Klaus followed him in pursuing academic careers, obtaining professorships in physics and musical composition. One musician in the family was enough, so his third son, Heinz, became an archaeologist with a doctorate in that field, but soon changed course, becoming a successful conductor and critic in Berlin and Munich.His daughter Katia was the first female in Munich to earn the qualifications for university admission and was one of the first active women students at Munich University. She later became the wife of the author and Nobel Prize winner Thomas Mann. In 1889 Pringsheim and his family moved into a Neo-Renaissance villa at Arcisstrasse 12 designed by the Berlin architects Kayser & von Großheim with interior furnishings provided by Joh. Wachter and the court furniture manufacturer O. Fritsche of Munich. On major social nights the Munich elite was hosted here in what was known as the Pringsheim Palace. Besides mathematics, ever since his youth Pringsheim was also intensively occupied with music, and adapted various compositions of Richard Wagner for the piano. Later he became interested in the theory and history of art, building up important collections of majolica earthenware and paintings.In his novel Royal Highness, Thomas Mann portrayed his father-in-law as the character Samuel Spoelman. Mathematical investigations
In mathematical analysis, <mask> studied real and complex functions, following the power-series-approach of the Weierstrass school. Pringsheim published numerous works on the subject of complex analysis, with a focus on the summability theory of infinite series and the boundary behavior of analytic functions. One of <mask>'s theorems, according to Hadamard earlier proved by E. Borel, states  that a power series with positive coefficients and radius of convergence equal to 1 has necessarily a singularity at the point 1. This theorem is used in analytic combinatorics and the Perron–Frobenius theory of positive operators on ordered vector spaces. Another theorem named after Pringsheim gives an analyticity criterion for a C∞ function on a bounded interval, based on the behaviour of the radius of convergence of the Taylor expansion around a point of the interval. However, <mask>'s original proof had a flaw (related to uniform convergence), and a correct proof was provided by Ralph P. Boas.<mask> and Ivan Śleszyński, working separately, proved what is now called the Śleszyński–Pringsheim theorem on convergence of certain continued fractions. Besides his research in analysis, <mask> also wrote articles for the Enzyklopädie der mathematischen Wissenschaften on the fundamentals of arithmetic and on number theory. He published papers in the Mathematische Annalen. As an officer of the Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, he recorded the minutes of its scientific meetings. Acquaintance with the Wagner family

<mask> had a deep, early interest in music and was especially fascinated by the works of Richard Wagner. He corresponded with Wagner personally, whose letters he took with him when he went into exile to Switzerland. His musical inclinations led to the publication of several arrangements of Wagner's work, and he also wrote on subjects in the field of music.His association with Wagner was so intense that <mask> supported Wagner financially to a significant extent, and also backed the Bayreuth music festival. In gratitude, he received a certificate designating him as a patron, which guaranteed him a seat at certain performances. In her memoires about this acquaintance with Wagner, his granddaughter, Erika Mann, wrote that Prof. <mask> was even once involved in a duel because someone had insulted Wagner. Financial situation

His family's fortune left <mask> a wealthy man. He also had a sizeable monthly income as a full professor at the university. After the death of the family patriarch in 1913 he had at his disposal assets amounting to 13 million marks and an annual income of 800,000 marks, which is today equivalent to 10.5 million euro and 646,000 euro, respectively. Pringsheim's financial decline began with World War I.As a “German patriot” he subscribed to war loans which lost their nominal value after the war, which meant the loss of a major part of his capital. The disastrous inflation of 1923 and 1924 resulted in additional high losses. As a result, he had to sell part of his art collection, which probably included a mural by Hans Thoma. His ironic comment, “I live from wall to mouth”. He also had to sell his marvellous mathematics library which contained many precious books dating back to the sixteenth century. The auction catalogue is still preserved in the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek. Nazi persecution
When the Nazis came to power in 1933, Pringheim was persecuted because of his Jewish origins.Primarily because of his age (he was in his mid-80s) he did not want to go abroad, as did most of his family, and remained in Germany. One of many antisemitic pieces of Nazi legislation, the Namensänderungsverordnung which came into effect 1 January 1938, forced him to legally change his name into <mask> <mask> at age 87. At first, he was not allowed to leave the country. Winifred Wagner was not able to help the elderly Wagner devotee in this respect. Through the intervention of the then-rector of Munich University (LMU), his former neighbor Karl Haushofer, who was a friend of Rudolf Hess, and the professor of mathematics Oskar Perron, one of <mask>'s former students, as well as through the initiative of a courageous member of the SS who arranged for passports at the last minute, he and his wife were able to leave for Zurich, Switzerland on 31 October 1939 after suffering further grave humiliations. During Kristallnacht, in November 1938, the SS seized Pringsheim's maiolica collection from his home in Munich. His world famous collection of majolica was sold in a forced sale by the Nazis at Sotheby's in London in exchange for permission to emigrate.<mask>'s house had to be sold to the Nazi party. It was torn down and replaced by a party administration building. The files of all German Nazi party members were stored there until 1945. Today it houses the Institute of Art History of Munich University (LMU) and the offices of the Munich State Collection of Antiquities, among others entities. <mask> died on 25 June 1941 in Zurich. His wife then apparently burned all of the personal effects which had been brought to Switzerland, including the letters from Richard Wagner. She died one year later.Restitution claims
Pringheim's heirs have requested that artworks looted by the Nazis and sold in forced sales be returned to the family. Publications
 Entehrt. Ausgeplündert. Erste Abteilung: Grundlagen der Theorie der analytischen Funktionen einer komplexen Veränderlichen, Leipzig and Berlin 1925
 Vorlesungen über Zahlen- und Funktionenlehre, 2 vol. (Bibliotheca Mathematica Teubneriana, volumes 28,29). Leipzig, 1916–1932
 Kritisch-historische Bemerkungen zur Funktionentheorie, Reprint 1986

Films
 Frau Thomas Mann, film script and director: Birgit Kienzle, first broadcast: ARD, 9 August 2005
 Die Manns – Ein Jahrhundertroman, film script: Horst Königstein and Heinrich Breloer, director: Heinrich Breloer, WDR 2001

See also
Dohm–Mann family tree
Vivanti–Pringsheim theorem
Aryanization
 Nazi plunder
 List of Claims for Restitution for Nazi-looted art

References

Sources
 Ernst Klee, Das Kulturlexikon zum Dritten Reich, Frankfurt/Main 2007
 Franz Neubert (Hrsg. ), Deutsches Zeitgenossen-Lexikon, Leipzig 1905
 Hermann A.L.Degener, Wer ist's, Leipzig 1911
 Hermann A.L. Degener, Wer ist's, Berlin 1935
 Tilmann Lahme, "Von der Wand in den Mund – Ordnung und spätes Leid im Haus der Schwiegereltern Thomas Manns: Die Pringsheims im Münchner Jüdischen Museum", artikel in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung dated 7 April 2007

Further reading
 Inge und Walter Jens: Auf der Suche nach dem verlorenen Sohn – Die Südamerika-Reise der Hedwig Pringsheim 1907/8. Rowohlt Verlag, Reinbek, 2006,
 Lorenz Seelig: Die Münchner Sammlung Alfred Pringsheim – Versteigerung, Beschlagnahmung, Restitution. In: Entehrt. Ausgeplündert. Arisiert. Entrechtung und Enteignung der Juden, bearb.von Andrea Baresel-Brand (= Veröffentlichungen der Koordinierungsstelle für Kulturgutverluste, Bd. 3). Magdeburg 2005, pp. 265–290. Inge und Walter Jens: Katias Mutter. Das außerordentliche Leben der Hedwig Pringsheim. Rowohlt.Reinbek, 2005. Katia Mann: Meine ungeschriebenen Memoiren. Fischer TB. Frankfurt, 2000. Inge und Walter Jens: Frau Thomas Mann. Das Leben der Katharina Pringsheim. Rowohlt.Reinbek, 2003. Kirsten Jüngling/Brigitte Roßbeck: Katia Mann. Die Frau des Zauberers. Brigitte Propyläen. 2003. External links

1850 births
1941 deaths
19th-century German mathematicians
20th-century German mathematicians
German art collectors
19th-century art collectors
20th-century art collectors
People from the Province of Silesia
Heidelberg University alumni
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich faculty
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Switzerland

masks:
Alfred Pringsheim
Pringsheim
Rudolf Pringsheim
Pringsheim
Pringsheim
Pringsheim
Pringsheim
Pringsheim
Pringsheim
Pringsheim
Pringsheim
Pringsheim
Pringsheim
Pringsheim
Pringsheim
Alfred Israel
Pringsheim
Alfred Pheim
Pringsheim
Pringsheim


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Henry "<mask>" <mask> (born January 3, 1984) is an American professional boxer. He has challenged once for the WBO junior welterweight title in 2016, having previously held the regional WBO–NABO lightweight title in 2010, and the NABF lightweight title from 2011 to 2012. On December 30, 2016 Lundy defeated John Delperdang for the vacant UBF  lightweight world title. Early life

Lundy's first love growing up was football; he earned a partial scholarship to play collegiate football at Kutztown University, but declined upon learning his aunt could not afford to send both him and his sister, Muneerah, to college. "Send my little sister", Lundy told his aunt, "and I'll find another way." Lundy eventually took a liking to boxing at the age of 18 after knocking out a would-be schoolyard bully with an uppercut. "I put him to sleep", Lundy recalled.Fearing the repercussions, Lundy ran home to his uncle, who told him to put his quick hands to use. "People ain't fighting people – they're shooting people!" he told Lundy, "So get your butt in the gym!" Amateur career
Lundy took his family's advice and began a successful amateur boxing career in which he finished 65–5 overall and won the 2003 Pennsylvania Golden Gloves. Lundy also won a silver medal at the 2005 National Golden Gloves and won the Junior Lightweight Open Division championship at the Middle Atlantic Championships and East Central Championships before his amateur career ended with a narrow loss in the 2007 Pan-Am Games. Professional career
<mask> began his professional career in 2006 under the guidance of promoter Jimmy Burchfield Sr. and Classic Entertainment and Sports, defeating Steve Thomas by first-round knockout at the Cape Cod Melody Tent in Hyannis, Massachusetts. Lundy quickly rose to 10–0 within the next 16 months, including wins in Providence, Rhode Island; Lincoln, Rhode Island; and Mashantucket, Connecticut, at Foxwoods Resort Casino, establishing an early reputation as one of boxing's most promising road warriors.On March 28, 2008, <mask> faced his toughest test to date when he traveled to Salamanca, New York, to face undefeated hometown favorite Darnell Jiles Jr. at the Seneca Allegany Casino on ESPN's Friday Night Fights. The bout ended in a draw with all three judges scoring the fight, 38–38. <mask> returned to ESPN two months later, facing another unbeaten prospect in Esteban Almarez. This time, <mask> earned the win, narrowly beating Almarez by unanimous decision, 38–37, 38–37, 38–36 at the Twin River Casino in Lincoln, Rhode Island. A year later, <mask> earned a breakthrough victory, knocking out undefeated Jason Cintron, the younger brother of former world champion Kermit Cintron, in the fifth round of their scheduled eight-round bout at the Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey, on April 24, 2009. Lundy called out Cintron prior to the bout, questioning Cintron's background and predicting a knockout win. "I guarantee this fight will be over in three rounds", Lundy said."I hold no punches in the ring. When you look at my resume, I'm fighting people that can fight. Who has he fought? There's a buzz going around that he's planning to knock me out. You have, what, three knockouts on paper? Look at my knockout ratio. Look at the type of guys I’m fighting.He's not on my level. He's nowhere in the same league as me." Lundy breezed through his next three bouts, stopping former New England amateur standout Josh Beeman in the fifth round, knocking out Justo Sanchez in the sixth round of a scheduled 10-round bout two months later, and annihilating Aldo Valtierra in 2 minutes, 41 seconds at Mohegan Sun on October 31, 2009. Lundy began 2010 with another tough challenge, facing former Cuban amateur standout Richard Abril at The Roxy in Boston, Massachusetts, on January 22. Despite getting knocked down in the sixth round on what appeared to be a slip, Lundy held on for a narrow, 98–91, 96–94, 94–95 split-decision victory to improve to 17–0–1. With eight consecutive wins under his belt, Lundy issued a challenge to lightweights willing to face him in the ring. "Look at the records of the guys who I have fought", Lundy said."I was fighting opponents with fifty-plus fights in my sixth bout. I have fought many veterans, undefeated guys and now contenders. I am ready for the next level, any lightweight out there, preferably in the top 10, because I know I am very close to realizing my dream to become world champion." NABO championship
Undefeated lightweight Tyrese Hendrix answered <mask>'s challenge, agreeing to face <mask> on April 16, 2010 at the Omni New Daisy Theater in Memphis, Tennessee, for the vacant NABO lightweight title on Friday Night Fights. <mask> dominated, knocking down Hendrix twice in the first and again in the sixth en route to a 98–90, 100–88, 99–88 unanimous-decision victory to capture the NABO title. First career loss
Three months after winning the title, <mask> made his first defense against John Molina Jr. in the main event of ESPN's Friday Night Fights at Twin River Casino in Lincoln, Rhode Island, on July 9, 2010. <mask>'s speed and power overwhelmed Molina through the first half of the fight before Molina sent Lundy to the canvas in the eighth round courtesy of a hard, overhand right.<mask> made it back to his feet, but struggled down the stretch; Molina caught <mask> against the ropes in the 11th round and finished him off with a flurry, prompting referee Ricky Gonzalez to stop the bout at the 2:18 mark. Molina improved to 21–1 while Lundy dropped to 18–1–1. <mask> returned to the ring five weeks later, again on ESPN, with a unanimous decision win over Omri Lowther in Montreal, Quebec – a fight <mask> agreed to take on three days' notice. NABF championship
<mask> earned another shot at a title on April 1, 2011 when he faced former Venezuelan Olympian Patrick Lopez for the vacant NABF lightweight championship on Friday Night Fights at Foxwoods Resort Casino. Lundy sent Lopez to the canvas in the second round and ultimately won the fight by unanimous decision, 99–91, 97–92, 95–94. The win was <mask>'s second in a row since losing to Molina, improving his overall record to 20–1–1. Showdown against David Diaz
Four months after beating Lopez, Lundy again traveled to an opponent's backyard, agreeing to face former world champion and fan favorite David Diaz at the Horseshoe Casino in Hammond, Indiana, a short distance from Diaz's hometown of Chicago, Illinois.The fight took place August 19, 2011 on ESPN. <mask> took control early before Diaz caught him with a right hook in the fourth round, sending <mask> tumbling to the canvas. Diaz tried desperately to end the fight in the fourth, but Lundy survived and eventually cut Diaz above the eye in the fifth. Referee Gerald Scott threatened to stop the fight due to the damage over Diaz's eye, but ultimately allowed the former world champion to continue. <mask> finished Diaz in the sixth with a left hand that put Diaz on his back 37 seconds into the round. Second NABF title defense
After making his first title defense against Diaz, <mask> squared off against little-known power-puncher Dannie Williams of St. Louis, Missouri. Williams began the war of words in December by threatening to "hurt" Lundy if the two were to meet in the ring.The match was scheduled as the 10-round main event of ESPN's Friday Night Fights on March 30, 2012, at the Foxwoods Resort Casino's MGM Grand Theater. After months of talk from both camps, Williams got off to a strong start, dropping <mask> with a hard right hand to the temple in the opening round. Lundy bounced back to dominant the final nine rounds in arguably his most impressive victory to date. <mask> won unanimously on all three scorecards, 97–92, 97–92, 98–91, utilizing his jab to neutralize Williams' counter-punching abilities. Third NABF title defense
On July 27, 2012, <mask> defended his title against Mexican challenger Ray Beltran in the main event of ESPN's Friday Night Fights at Resorts Casino Hotel in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Lundy entered the fight ranked No. 1 among lightweights in the WBC.Beltran applied pressure throughout the fight, constantly driving <mask> against the ropes. Both fighters exchanged clean blows at the end of the third round, with <mask> striking Beltran at the bell, wobbling Beltran momentarily, but Beltran escaped with a 96–94, 96–94, 95–95 majority-decision, claiming the NABF crown and handing <mask> just the second loss of his professional career. Move to 140-pound division
Following the loss to Beltran, <mask> moved up from lightweight to light welterweight and challenged then undefeated and No. 3 ranked World Boxing Council light welterweight contender Viktor Postol on March 21, 2013 in Kyiv, Ukraine. Lundy gave Postol his toughest test to date, particularly in the late rounds of their scheduled 12-round bout, but lost a 116-112, 116-112, 116-113 unanimous decision. Shortly thereafter, <mask> returned to ESPN's Friday Night Fights in Salem, New Hampshire, to face 33-year-old Nigerian veteran Ajose Olusegun in the 10-round main event at Rockingham Park on July 19, 2013. Despite taking the fight on short notice, Lundy pieced together arguably his most impressive performance to date, dominating Olusegun to earn a 100-90, 98-92, 98-92 unanimous decision win.The win snapped <mask>'s two-fight losing streak. Return to prominence
With the win over Olusegun generating significant buzz in the boxing world, <mask> faced another tall task early in 2014 when he battled rising prospect and Cuban defector Angelo Santana in the main event of the Friday, Feb. 21, 2014 edition of ShoBox: The Next Generation, <mask>'s first appearance on Showtime. It was a breakthrough performance for <mask>, who outboxed Santana over 10 rounds at the Wolstein Center in Cleveland, Ohio, to win unanimously on all three scorecards, 98-91. <mask> sealed the lopsided victory with a knockdown in the ninth round. <mask> returned to the ring on May 31, 2014 at Mohegan Sun in Uncasville, Connecticut, where he beat Mexican challenger Gerardo Cuevas, the son of former world champion Pipino Cuevas, via second-round knockout, his third consecutive win. HBO debut

<mask> put his winning streak on the line in his HBO debut against NABF super lightweight champion Thomas Dulorme on December 6, 2014, at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York. The two also fought for the vacant NABO title.Dulorme sent Lundy to the canvas in the opening round of their scheduled 10-round bout, but <mask> made his push in the later rounds, at one point hurting Dulorme in the sixth with a hard left hook. Dulorme held on and won by split decision, 97-92, 96-93, 93-96. A month later, Lundy agreed to fight Boxcino lightweight tournament champion Petr Petrov on just eight days' notice in the main event of an ESPN telecast at the Turning Stone Resort & Casino in Verona, New York. Lundy missed weight by four pounds and the bout was cancelled. Lundy fought again on national television on July 11, 2015, this time challenging Mauricio Herrera in the main event on HBO Latino for the vacant NABF 140-pound title. Lundy lost on the scorecards via technical decision when the fight was stopped toward the end of the fifth round due to a pair of cuts over each of Herrera's eyes caused by accidental head-butts. Each judge scored the bout even after four, but judges Eddie Hernandez and Fernando Villareal awarded the partial fifth round to Herrera while Zac Young ruled it an even 10-10 round.Herrera won, 48-47, 48-47, 48-48. Return to lightweight division
After the bout with Petrov was cancelled, Lundy vowed to return to 135 pounds to silence the critics who suggested he could no longer make that weight in his 30s. On October 17, 2015 <mask> made his long-awaited return to the lightweight division at Mohegan Sun in Connecticut, defeating Carlos Winston Velasquez by fifth-round knockout to capture the vacant WBC Continental Americas Titles. <mask> dominated the fight from the opening bell, dropping Velasquez twice before the referee stopped the bout in the fifth. First world title shot
After winning in October, <mask> earned his first shot at a world title when he faced reigning World Boxing Organization (WBO) junior welterweight champion Terence Crawford in the main event of HBO's World Championship Boxing Telecast Feb. 27th, 2016 at The Theater at Madison Square Garden. Panned as a second-rate fight for the undefeated Crawford, the bout picked up considerable steam in the weeks leading up to the telecast as Lundy boldly predicted a knockout win. Following a heated press conference in New York City in which Crawford pushed Lundy during their face-off, Crawford stopped Lundy at the 2:09 mark of the fifth round.Professional boxing record

References

External links

1984 births
Lightweight boxers
Boxers from Philadelphia
Living people
American male boxers
Light-welterweight boxers

masks: Hank Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy Lundy


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<mask>, 3rd Baronet (27 October 1920 – 24 December 2004) was a British soldier, diplomat, and Conservative and later Liberal Democrat politician, best known for standing against Margaret Thatcher for the party leadership in 1989. In spite of his staunch conservative views on economic policy, his passionate support of increased British integration into the European Union led to him becoming increasingly marginalised in Thatcher's Conservative Party. After being deselected as a Conservative parliamentary candidate for the 1992 general election, Meyer became policy director of the European Movement, and in 1998 he joined the Pro-Euro Conservative Party. After that disbanded in 2001, he became a member of the Liberal Democrats. Early life
Meyer was the son of Marjorie Amy Georgina (née Seeley) and Sir Frank Cecil Meyer. His father was vice-chairman of the De Beers diamond company, and from 1924 to 1929 he was Conservative Member of Parliament for Great Yarmouth, Norfolk. His father was from a Jewish family.His grandfather, <mask> Meyer, 1st Baronet, was born in Hamburg, Germany; he migrated to Britain in the late 19th century, when he worked for the Rothschilds, and later for De Beers; he eventually became Governor of the National Bank of Egypt and was given a baronetcy for the large donations he made to found a National Theatre in Britain. Education and war service
Meyer was educated at Sandroyd School in Wiltshire before winning a Scholarship to Eton College. He inherited the baronetcy at the age of 15 when his father died in a hunting accident. Like his father, he also attended New College, Oxford, but after one year he joined the Scots Guards in 1941, the same year he married Barbadee Knight, and they had one son and three daughters. During the battle for Caen, in the break-out from the Normandy invasion beaches he was seriously wounded when the tank he was travelling in was hit, and he spent the next nine months on his back in hospital. During this time he read extensively to make up for his lost years at Oxford, but decided not to return to university. Instead, he joined HM Treasury where he mostly worked on winding up the affairs of the Polish government-in-exile.Diplomatic career
In 1946 Meyer passed the Foreign Service examinations, and from 1951 to 1956 he was appointed to the British Embassy in Paris, where he became First Secretary in 1953. The subsequent appointment to the embassy in Moscow was not so enjoyable – he did not speak the language, and confined to the "diplomatic ghetto" through the Soviet government's ban on foreign contacts with its citizens, he said he did not have a job to do. He was rescued by a Soviet attempt to compromise him – he reported an attempt to lure him into a cab by a woman agent to the ambassador, who put Meyer and his family on the next plane home. Between 1958 and 1962, he worked at the Foreign Office on European political problems, at a time when the Office was changing its policy from being against the "Common Market" to in favour of Britain's joining it. Political career

Finding a party, and a seat
The death of his mother in 1962 provided Meyer with the family's wealth, and he decided to enter politics to support his pro-European views. In 1962, he resigned from the Foreign Office to work unpaid for the Common Market Campaign led by Liberal peer Gladwyn Jebb, 1st Baron Gladwyn. He later said that he was initially undecided whether to stand for the Conservatives or the Liberals, but his admiration for the Conservative prime minister Harold Macmillan swung his choice.In 1963, Meyer was selected to fight the constituency of Eton and Slough, then held by Labour's leftwing internationalist Fenner Brockway. In the 1964 General Election, Meyer won the seat by 11 votes, gaining respect by ignoring his constituency party's advice to campaign on the race issue, which could have swung a number of votes in that constituency at the time. His was one of only four Conservative gains in that election. Recognising that he would only be in the seat temporarily, Meyer made the most of his time in Parliament, advocating Britain's joining the Common Market and strengthening the United Nations. He also established himself on the liberal wing of the party: voting to abolish capital punishment and for sanctions against Rhodesia. In the 1966 General Election he lost his seat to Labour's Joan Lestor by 4,663 votes. His liberalism made him almost untouchable in the Conservative party, and his applications to stand in six constituencies (including Windsor, where he lived) were rejected, but eventually fellow Old Etonian Nigel Birch recommended Meyer to replace him in the constituency of West Flintshire, in north-eastern Wales.He returned to Parliament at the 1970 General Election. MP for West Flintshire
Meyer became a popular MP in his new constituency, gaining a reputation for putting the interests of his constituency ahead of Conservative government policy, for example by voting against the closure of the Shotton steelworks, supporting the Airbus A300B whose wings some of his constituents built, against its all-British rival the BAC 3-11, while insisting on the importance of an effective pan-European technology. After Labour's return to power in 1974, he opposed continued sanctions against the white minority government in Rhodesia, claiming that it was intended to transfer power "forcibly to a violent minority". When the Conservative party returned to power under Margaret Thatcher in 1979, Meyer's type of pro-Europeanism was at odds with the Euroscepticism of the bulk of the party. When his Flintshire West constituency's boundaries were expanded and redrawn to form the Clwyd North West constituency in 1983, there was an attempt by local party activists to replace him with the more Thatcherite MEP, Beata Brookes, whom Meyer managed to defeat. Leadership challenge
On 23 November 1989, at a time of both Thatcher's and the Conservative Party's waning popularity and shortly after Nigel Lawson's resignation as chancellor, 69-year-old Meyer put himself forward as the pro-European stalking horse for the leadership of the Conservative Party. Meyer fully expected that one of the more prominent pro-Europeans such as Ian Gilmour or Michael Heseltine would take over the role; in the event, none of them did so, and Meyer had no illusions that he had any chance of success.He was derided as "Sir <mask>'isname" by the pro-Thatcher Sun newspaper, who reported that he was the only Conservative MP to oppose the use of force to win back the Falkland Islands following the Argentine invasion of 1982 and had backed a number of Labour policies, including votes against Tory-led welfare benefit cuts and immigration issues. He was also slammed by the Daily Express as "Sir Nobody". In the 1989 leadership election on 5 December, Meyer was defeated by 314 votes to 33, but when spoilt votes and abstentions were added it was discovered that 60 MPs out of 374 had failed to support Thatcher. Meyer said that "people started to think the unthinkable", and Thatcher was ousted in November 1990 to be succeeded by John Major. On 19 January 1990, Meyer was deselected as a candidate for the 1992 general election by the Clwyd North West constituency party for his "treachery", by a 2–1 majority. The deselection campaign was enlivened by a tabloid newspaper's revelation that Meyer had for 26 years had an affair with Simone Washington, a former model and blues singer. Post-parliamentary career
After his forced career change in 1992 Meyer became policy director for the European Movement, and in 1998 he defected to the Pro-Euro Conservative Party before becoming a member of the Liberal Democrats.In 1999 he stood unsuccessfully, during the European Parliament elections, for the London seat. After 1999 he became a lecturer on European affairs until his death. Death
Meyer died of cancer, aged 84, in Kensington and Chelsea, London, in December 2004. His son, <mask> Frank Meyer (born 1944), succeeded him in the baronetcy. In popular culture
Meyer was portrayed by Geoffrey Wilkinson in the 2002 BBC production of Ian Curteis' controversial The Falklands Play. Arms
 (German: I rest, I rust)

Legacy
The Papers of Sir <mask> are housed at the British Library. The papers can be accessed through the British Library catalogue.References

External links

Obituary – Sir <mask> The Guardian, 8 January 2005
Obituary – Sir <mask> Times Online, 8 January 2005
Obituary – Sir <mask> Daily Telegraph, 10 January 2005

1920 births
2004 deaths
Alumni of New College, Oxford
Baronets in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
British Army personnel of World War II
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for Welsh constituencies
Deaths from cancer in England
English people of German-Jewish descent
Government and politics of Slough
Liberal Democrats (UK) politicians
People educated at Sandroyd School
People educated at Eton College
People from Slough
Politicians of the Pro-Euro Conservative Party
Scots Guards officers
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
UK MPs 1979–1983
UK MPs 1983–1987
UK MPs 1987–1992

masks:
Sir Anthony John Charles Meyer
Sir Carl
Anthony Whats
Anthony Ashley
Anthony Meyer
Anthony Meyer
Anthony Meyer
Anthony Meyer


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<mask> (March 3, 1860 – March 4, 1925), known as <mask>, was an American Major League Baseball pitcher, shortstop, second baseman, third baseman, manager, executive, union organizer, owner and author. <mask>, of English descent, was born in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania  and grew up in Renovo, Pennsylvania. He led the formation of the first professional sports players union and a new baseball league, the Players' League. Early life
<mask> attended the Bellefonte Academy in the early 1870s, and at 13 years of age, he was sent to Pennsylvania State University. In his short time there, he helped jumpstart a baseball program and is often credited for developing the first curveball. However, he was kicked out of school for pushing an upperclassman who attempted to haze him down a flight of stairs, and stealing chickens. The following year, in 1874, his parents James and Ruth died.He tried to make it as a travelling salesman, but when that proved unsuccessful, he returned to his hometown. There, he rediscovered baseball. In , the semiprofessional team for which he was playing folded, which opened the door for him to move on to a new opportunity. He was offered a contract to pitch for the Providence Grays of the still new National League, an all-professional major league that had begun its operations in . Providence Grays
<mask>'s first season with the Grays was a successful one, going 22–13 with a 1.51 ERA. He played that season exclusively as a pitcher, but during the following two seasons he played increasingly in the outfield and at third base. <mask> had his two finest seasons as a pitcher, going 47–19 with 239 strikeouts and a 2.15 ERA in 1879 and 39–24 with 230 strikeouts and a 1.74 ERA in 1880.He pitched nearly 600 innings each year (587.0 in 1879 and 595.0 in 1880). As a 19-year-old pitcher, he won 47 games and led the  Providence Grays to a first-place finish. In , he began to play other positions. On June 17, 1880, <mask> pitched the second perfect game in baseball history, defeating future Hall of Famer Pud Galvin and the Buffalo Bisons, 5–0. Lee Richmond had thrown baseball's first perfect game just five days before, on June 12. The next perfect game by a National League pitcher would not happen for 84 years, when Jim Bunning pitched a perfect game in 1964. <mask> also expanded his leadership role to include managing when he became a player-manager for the team's final 32 games, winning 18 of them, as the Grays finished in second place.The seasons of  and  were the first in which he played more games in the outfield than he pitched. This was due to a nagging arm injury he originally incurred sliding into a base. He still pitched well when he did pitch, winning 37 games over those two seasons and having ERAs of 2.13 and 2.59 respectively, and on August 17, 1882, he pitched the longest complete game shutout in history, blanking the Detroit Wolverines 1–0 in 18 innings. By this time, however, the Grays felt his best days were behind him and sold their former ace hurler to the New York Giants. New York and reserve clause
<mask> moved to the new New York NL club in 1883. An injury to his right arm while running the bases during the 1884 season ended <mask>'s pitching career. As he could not wait for his arm to heal before he returned to the field, he taught himself to throw left-handed so he could play center field for the remainder of the 1884 season.He replaced Jim Price as the Giants' manager for the final 16 games of the 1884 season. With his arm fully recuperated, he became the everyday shortstop in 1885. <mask> graduated from Columbia Law School in 1885 and led the players in forming the Brotherhood of Professional Base Ball Players, the first sports labor union. <mask> and the players had become frustrated with the owners' reserve clause, which allowed them to sign players to one-year contracts and then not allow them to negotiate with other teams when those contracts expired. The players felt that the owners had absolute power. At first, the players had some success, gaining the freedom to negotiate with other teams when they were asked to take a pay cut by their current team. In October 1887, <mask> married actress Helen Dauvray.In , after the Giants had finished first in the National League, and had won a playoff series known today as a "World Series", they played the St. Louis Browns of the American Association for the "Dauvray Cup", which was named after <mask>'s wife. <mask> then captained an All-Star team which, paired with Cap Anson's Chicago club, headed off on a barnstorming world tour. The owners held their winter meetings, and created a classification system that would determine a player's salary. Under the system, the most a player could earn was $2,500. The Giants then sold <mask> to the Washington Nationals for a record price of $12,000. <mask> was furious and left the tour early. He then demanded a meeting with the owners, and said he would refuse to play for Washington unless he received a large portion of his record sale price.Washington eventually refused payment on the transaction, nullifying the deal. The owners denied <mask>'s request for a meeting to discuss the new classification system, saying no talks would be held until after the upcoming season. Though <mask> and the union fought hard for these issues, this did not distract him or his Giants team, as he hit .299 and helped the Giants capture their second-straight "World Series" title in . Amidst <mask>'s commitments as a ballplayer and union organizer, he still found time for a third occupation, that of author. His 1888 book, Base-Ball: How to Become a Player, with the Origin, History and Explanation of the Game was the first published effort to explore baseball's development from its early roots. The Players' League
<mask> realized that negotiations with the owners were going nowhere and threatened to create a Players' League. The owners thought of it as nothing more than an idle threat but had failed to realize <mask>'s connections in the business community, and he began to launch the new league.This new Players' League included a profit sharing system for the players and had no reserve clause or classification plan. The season began in  with over half of the National League's players from the previous year in its ranks. <mask> acted as a player-manager for the Brooklyn club, nicknamed the <mask>'s Wonders, and finished seventh in the league with a .335 batting average. While the Players' League drew well at the box office, the teams' owners grew nervous when the money did not come in as expected because of the profit sharing system. Soon they began holding secret meetings with their National League counterparts and, one by one, sold their teams to the rival league. Later career
Due to an agreement after the dissolution of the Players' League, <mask> stayed in Brooklyn as player-manager for the National League team, the Brooklyn Grooms. Following the  season, <mask> expressed his desire to return to the Giants and was sold to his former club for $6,000.Despite his declining bat, <mask> led the league in stolen bases in 1893. Following the 1894 season, he retired at the age of 34. He finished his career with a .275 average, 2,104 hits, and 540 stolen bases. He is the only man in history to win over 100 games as a pitcher and collect over 2,000 hits. Post-career
<mask> retired from baseball at age 34 in order to enter the legal profession. As a successful lawyer he represented baseball players against the National League. Later he acted as president and part-owner of the Boston Braves franchise and became an official in the short-lived Federal League in 1914, acting as the business manager of the Brooklyn Tip-Tops.In the last quarter century of his life, <mask>'s sporting passion became golf. He won several championships around New York, played all over Europe, and competed regularly in the United States Golf Association U.S. Amateur. He finished second in the prestigious North and South Amateur Championship at Pinehurst Country Club in North Carolina in 1903. The North and South Amateur was the equal of any major golf event at the turn of the century. The first North and South event took place in 1901. Ever the organizer, he was one of the founders of the New York Golf Association and the Long Island Golf Association.<mask> died in Augusta, Georgia, the day after his 65th birthday on March 4, 1925, after a bout of pneumonia, and is interred in Greenfield Cemetery in Hempstead, Long Island, New York. Named in the Honor Rolls of Baseball in 1946, <mask> was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee in 1964. He was inducted into the Suffolk Sports Hall of Fame on Long Island in the Baseball and Historic Recognition Categories with the Class of 2000.

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John Montgomery Ward
Monte Ward
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