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<mask>, born on October 27, 1947 in New York City, is an American historian who specializes in colonialization, decolonialization, and African history. After finishing his BA at Stanford University in 1969, <mask> received his Doctor of Philosophy from Yale University in 1974. From 1974 to 1982 he was Assistant, then Associate Professor at Harvard University. Becoming Professor of History at the University of Michigan in 1982, he left for a professorship of history at New York University where he has worked since 2002.

<mask> initially studied the history of labor and of labor movements in East Africa, but later moved on to broaden his scope to embrace francophone West Africa as well. Though a firm base in social and polit-economical history is a constant of his works, one characteristic of <mask>`s approach to history is a strong concern with epistemological questions and the possibilities and limits of knowledge production, as can best be seen in his articles on globalization and identity, reprinted in his book "Colonialism in Question" in 2005. <mask>`s contributions to the history of colonialism in Africa and to contemporary African history have been crucial in the fields of African studies and beyond. One of his best known conceptual contributions is the concept of the gatekeeper state that he developed in a number of article contributions in the late 1990s, his book-length essay on "the past of the present" in 2002, and his masterful "Africa since 1940".Stanford Humanities Center 2010
<mask> made some important impacts on the growing field of global history, not least with "Empires in World History" co-written with his wife, the historian Jane Burbank, and published in 2010.Moreover, over the course of the last decades, several topical collections of articles by a wide array of international scholars which <mask> edited or co-edited, have had a lasting impact on global historical thought and research directions. These include "Struggle for the City" (1983), "International Development and the Social Sciences" (1997), and "Tensions of Empire" (1997). (2000) Beyond Slavery: Explorations of Race, Labor, and Citizenship in Postemancipation Societies (The University of North Carolina Press)
<mask>, F. (2002) Africa Since 1940: The Past of the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) ; French translation: L'Afrique depuis 1940 (Paris, Payot, 2008)
<mask>, F. (2005) Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge History (Berkeley: University of California Press) ; French translation: Le Colonialisme en question. Théorie, connaissance, histoire (Paris, Payot, 2010) ; German translation Kolonialismus denken: Konzepte und Theorien in kritischer Perspektive (Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2012)
<mask>, F. in co-operation with Jane Burbank (2010) Empires in World History. Power and the Politics of Difference, (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press) ; German translation: Imperien der Weltgeschichte: Das Repertoire der Macht vom alten Rom und China bis heute (Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2012)
<mask>, F. (2013) Out of Empire: Redefining Africa`s Place in the World (Goettingen: Vienna University Press)
<mask>, F. (2014) Africa in the World: Capitalism, Empire, Nation-State (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press) ; French translation: L'Afrique dans le monde: Capitalisme, empire, Etat-nation (Paris: Payot, 2015)
Cooper, F. (2014) Citizenship between Empire and Nation: Remaking France and French Africa, 1945-60 (Princeton: Princeton University Press) ; French translation: Français et africains? Etre citoyen au temps de la décolonisation (Paris: Payot, 2014)
Cooper, F. (2018) Citizenship, Inequality, and Difference: Historical Perspectives (Princeton: Princeton University Press)

Articles
Cooper, F. (1996) "'Our Strike': Equality, Anticolonial Politics, and the French West African Railway Strike of 1947-48," Journal of African History, 37: 81-118.
Cooper, F. (2000) "Africa's Pasts and Africa's Historians," Canadian Journal of African Studies, 34: 298-336.
Cooper, F. (2001) "What Is the Concept of Globalization Good For? An African Historian's Perspective," African Affairs, 100: 189-213.
Cooper, F. (2004) "Empire Multiplied," Comparative Studies in Society and History, 46: 247-72.
Cooper, F. & Brubaker, R. (2000) "Beyond Identity," Theory and Society, 29: 1-47.’’’<mask>, F. & Burbank, J.’’’  (2019) “Empires after 1919: Old, New, Transformed,” International Affairs, 95 : 81-100. References

External links
<mask>'s web page at Department of History, New York University

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century American historians
21st-century American male writers
Historians of Africa
Historians of colonialism
New York University faculty
Historians of Kenya
Historians of the British Empire
Labor historians
University of Michigan faculty
American male non-fiction writers

masks:
Frederick Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Cooper
Frederick Cooper


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<mask> (4 July 1919 – 16 October 1998) was an eminent Melbourne colorectal surgeon. He was a professor of surgery at Monash University and served as president of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons and chairman of the Menzies Foundation. He played a significant role in influencing the Victorian Government to become the first jurisdiction in the world to introduce legislation for the compulsory use of seat belts in motor vehicles. Early life

<mask> was born on 4 July 1919  in Bruthen, Victoria. He was the third of four children of <mask> and Annie Grace Langford. He was known throughout his life as "Bill", a nickname arising from the fact that he was born during the prime ministership of William Morris ("Billy") <mask>. Education

<mask> attended St Paul's Preparatory School in Malvern, Victoria between 1924 and 1926 and then Melbourne Church of England Grammar School between 1927 and 1937.At school, he distinguished himself in Australian rules football, tennis and athletics. <mask> studied medicine at the University of Melbourne between 1938 and 1943. In the course of his undergraduate studies, he was awarded the Dwight's Prize in Anatomy and Physiology (1940), the Walter and Eliza Hall Exhibition in Pathology (1941), the Keith Levi Memorial Scholarship for Medicine (1943) and was placed first in his final year class list in obstetrics and gynaecology (1943). He represented Melbourne University in Australian rules football and was awarded an Australian Blue for football in 1938. Professional experience

<mask> began work as a junior medical resident officer at the Royal Melbourne Hospital in 1943. Between 1946 and 1949 he occupied various positions in Oxford and London whilst studying for his Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (FRCS) and then in 1950 he resumed work in Australia as an assistant surgeon at the Royal Melbourne Hospital and the Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne. Variously described as "brilliant", a "surgeon of international repute" "one of the most brilliant surgeons and surgical teachers in Australia", a "world-leader in the field of colorectal surgery" and "one of the most distinguished Australian surgeons of the second half of the twentieth century", <mask> was appointed in 1974 as Professor of Surgery at Monash University, a position he retained until 1984.Between 1977 and 1979, he was also Associate Dean of the Monash University Faculty of Medicine and, throughout this period, he was a consultant surgeon and a member of the Board of Management at the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne. A "man of big ideas and concepts" , <mask> founded the Ileostomy Association of Victoria in 1957, the first Australian association to cater for the needs of ostomates, and in 1977 he convened and chaired the inaugural meeting of the Australian Association of Stomal Therapists, now the Australian Association of Stomal Therapy Nurses. <mask> had a longstanding involvement with the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. He was elected as a member of the Victorian State Committee in 1966 and appointed to the Court of Examiners in 1968. He became Censor-in-Chief of the College in 1969 and ultimately served as President between 1975 and 1978. The <mask> Room at the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons premises in Melbourne is named in his honour. A significant initiative undertaken by <mask> in the course of his involvement with the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons was to establish the College's Road Trauma Committee.The advocacy of the Committee is widely acknowledged as directly resulting in the introduction by the Victorian Government of the world's first compulsory seat belt legislation in 1970. It was said that "his determination to make Victoria the first place in the world for compulsory wearing of seatbelts meant that he saved far more lives through this single initiative than he could ever save with his surgical endeavours" . The Committee's work under <mask> was led to the enactment of legislation for compulsory blood alcohol tests for all adult road crash casualties, and in 1976 to random breath test legislation. In 1979, <mask> was appointed founding chairman of the Sir Robert Menzies National Foundation. He held the position until 1988 when the Foundation merged with the Sir Robert Menzies Memorial Trust, whereupon he held the position of Deputy Chairman of the merged entity until 1996. In the course of his career, <mask> authored or co-authored 6 text books and wrote or co-wrote over 300 papers, many of which were published in leading peer-reviewed journals such as the Medical Journal of Australia, the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery, the Lancet and the British Medical Journal. Asian involvement

<mask> had an intense interest in advancing the surgical skills of practitioners in South East Asia.He organised a series of medical teams from the Royal Melbourne Hospital to visit Vietnam in 1964, followed by a team from St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne in 1965 and teams from Prince Henry's Hospital and the Alfred Hospital in 1966. As chairman of the Royal Melbourne Hospital's Vietnam Committee, he travelled extensively through South East Asia demonstrating operating techniques with "energetic enthusiasm" . In India in 1964, and in Vietnam in 1966, he was accompanied on his travels by fellow surgeon Sir <mask> ("Weary") Dunlop. Awards and recognition

<mask> was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1971 for "services to medicine and international relations", and he was knighted in 1977 for "distinguished services to medicine in the field of surgery". <mask> was awarded numerous honorary fellowships of surgical colleges including the American College of Surgeons (1976), the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (1977) and the Royal College of Surgeons of England (1985). Between 1964 and 1965, <mask> was the recipient of the Sir Arthur Sims Commonwealth Travelling Scholarship, resulting in an extended lecturing commitment in Hong Kong, Malaysia, India and South Africa. Significant lectures delivered by <mask> during this career included the Moynihan Lecture in London (1965), the Hunterian Oration in London (1972), the Ismail Oration in Kuala Lumpur (1976) and the Digby Memorial Lecture in Hong Kong (1979).Military service

Between 1939 and 1940, <mask> was a member of the AMF 4th Division, 6th Field Ambulance. He had enlisted at the outbreak of the Second World War but was ordered to return to his studies in 1940 so as to complete his medical training. Between 1950 and 1951, he served as a lieutenant-colonel and senior surgeon at Kure Hospital, Japan, as a member of the British Commonwealth Occupation Forces in the course of the Korean War. In later years, <mask> served as a colonel in the Australian Army Reserve. Family

<mask> married Alison Clare Lelean on 30 December 1944. They had four children, Jennifer (born 1947), Gordon (1949), Ann (1954) and John (1957). Later life

Sir <mask> died on 16 October 1998 after a 15-year battle with Parkinson's Disease.His wife Alison died on 9 June 2018. Sources
Books in which <mask>'s work is mentioned include the following:
 Beasley, A.W, Portraits at the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, 1993 pp. 48–49
 Beasley, A.W, The Mantle of Surgery, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, 2002 pp. 23, 86, 91, 111, 131, 147-8, 149, 151, 156, 166, 183, 190, 191, 195, 237
 Butler, J. M, Time Isn't Long Enough, The Hawthorne Press, 1971, pp 70, 93
 Ebury,S, Weary: the Life of Sir <mask>nlop, Viking Australia, 1994, pp 564, 584, 585, 587
 Kingsley Norris, F, No Memory for Pain, William Heinemann, 1970, p 270-271
 Terry, S, House of Love: Life in a Vietnamese Hospital, Lansdowne Press, 1966, p 144
 The Alfred Healthcare Group Heritage Committee, Alfred Hospital: Faces and Places, The Alfred Healthcare Group, 1996, pp 99–101, 114
 Watts, J.C, Surgeon at War, George Allen & Unwin, 1955, p 144
 Wigglesworth, E.C. (ed), The Sir Robert Menzies Memorial Trust and Foundation: the First Fifteen Years 1978-1993, The Menzies Foundation, 1996, Ch 2

References

https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/client/en_GB/lives/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ASSET$002f0$002f380882/one?qu=%22rcs%3A+E008699%22&rt=false%7C%7C%7CIDENTIFIER%7C%7C%7CResource+Identifier

Australian colorectal surgeons
1919 births
1998 deaths
Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Medical doctors from Sydney
20th-century surgeons

masks:
Sir Edward Hughes
Edward Stuart Reginald Hughes
Reginald Hawkins Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Edward
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Hughes
Edward
Hughes
Edward Du


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<mask> (born August 26, 1973) is a former American football center who played nine seasons for the Oakland Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). After playing college football for Texas Christian University, he was taken by the Oakland Raiders in the second round of the 1995 NFL Draft. He was elected to the Pro Bowl in 2002. He was the leader of the Raiders offensive line that led them to Super Bowl XXXVII. Professional career
After playing college football for Texas Christian University, <mask> was selected by the Oakland Raiders in the second round of the 1995 NFL Draft, with the 49th overall pick. In 1996, Mike White's last year as head coach, the second-year <mask> replaced Dan Turk in the lineup, becoming only the fifth starting center in Raider history, after Turk, Don Mosebar, Dave Dalby, and Jim Otto. The first sign of his mental health problems turned up during the season when he was found disoriented and wandering around the team hotel in Denver shortly before a game with the Denver Broncos.<mask> missed that game and was hospitalized. During the 2000 NFL season with Jon Gruden as head coach and Rich Gannon at quarterback, Oakland scored 479 points (29.9 points/game), 3rd of 31 teams in the NFL, thanks to a strong offensive line which included <mask> playing between Steve Wisniewski at left guard and Mo Collins at right guard in all 16 games (also both playoff games), finishing with a won-lost record of 12–4 and an AFC West title. In the divisional round of the 2000–01 NFL playoffs, Oakland shut out the Miami Dolphins 27–0, gaining 140 yards on the ground. An early sign of <mask>' future trouble was displayed when he went missing a week before the AFC championship game, though in this case he did show up 24 hours before the game started and played in the Raiders 16–3 loss to the Baltimore Ravens. During the 2001 NFL season, <mask> was injured, playing in only 2 regular season games, replaced by Adam Treu (also in both playoff games), when Oakland scored 399 points (24.9 points/game), 4th of 31 teams in the NFL, and won the AFC west again with a 10–6 record, defeating the New York Jets in a wildcard game but losing to the New England Patriots in the divisional round, in controversial fashion (see Tuck Rule Game). In the 2002 NFL season with Bill Callahan in his first year as head coach, <mask> rebounded strongly by starting all 16 regular season games and making the Pro Bowl. Oakland won the AFC west for the third straight year, with an 11–5 record, scoring 450 points (28.1 points/game), 2nd of 32 teams in the NFL.In the 2002–03 NFL playoffs, the Raiders defeated the New York Jets again with 399 total yards, with an offensive line composed of <mask>, Frank Middleton and Mo Collins at guard, Barry Sims and Lincoln Kennedy at tackle. The Raiders then beat with the same offensive line the Tennessee Titans in the AFC championship game, gaining 375 total yards. Then, inexplicably, the day before Super Bowl XXXVII, <mask> was reported as missing for most of the day before the game after not taking his depression medication. When he resurfaced that night, he was so incoherent that he didn't even know where he was. According to one of his teammates, <mask> didn't even recognize Callahan. Despite this, Al Davis still wanted <mask> in the game, and development coach Willie Brown had <mask> running sprints in the parking lot on the morning of the game to see if he could still play. Callahan had initially intended to let <mask> play, but not start.However, he ultimately decided to suspend <mask> for the game after concluding that he was not fit to take the field at all. He initially wanted to fly <mask> back to Oakland, but was unable to get him a plane ticket because he was missing his wallet and identification. He spent 30 days at the Betty Ford Center, during which time he was diagnosed with bipolar disorder (or manic-depressive disorder). He'd been diagnosed with depression while at TCU, but it is common for the two to be confused in the early stages. It turned out that he had gone into a manic episode after not taking his medication. According to his wife, <mask> spent most of the day before the Super Bowl partying across the border in Tijuana, Mexico; he had thought the Raiders already won the game and he was celebrating their "victory." With Adam Treu as the starting center, the Raiders were blown out in an ugly loss in the Super Bowl to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, 48–21.<mask> regained his starting job the next year in the 2003 NFL season with the same linemates, a disastrous 4–12 for the team. However, his name and those of several of his teammates were found on the list of clients of the Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative that had given performance-enhancing drugs to Marion Jones and others. The Raiders released him in the summer of 2004 after he tested positive for "the clear," a steroid known to have come from the BALCO lab. Treu replaced him as the starting center. Post-football troubles
A few months later, on Christmas Eve, he was arrested for punching a security guard who tried to keep him from going to a bar at the Sir Francis Drake Hotel in San Francisco. On January 15, 2005, <mask> was shot three times during a brawl with police in Miami Beach, and was subsequently charged with attempted murder for his role. Under a plea agreement, <mask> pleaded guilty to five charges, including the attempted murder charge, and was sentenced to five years' probation, ordered to receive treatment for his bipolar disorder, and to avoid alcohol.He has spent most of the last decade in jail or in rehab facilities due to problems with substance abuse. He ultimately ended up in a rehab facility in Houston in 2008, and was transferred to a halfway house in May 2009. In a 2009 interview with HBO's Real Sports, <mask> told Andrea Kremer that before being diagnosed as bipolar, he had dealt with his mood swings by taking alcohol, cocaine, marijuana and steroids. He also said that he had been in a manic mood for both Raider playoff games prior to the Super Bowl. His ex-wife, Marisa, also interviewed for the story, said that before the diagnosis there were days where he had breakfast and went right back to bed. In early 2010, a police officer pulled him over near Dallas and found crack cocaine in his car. On March 25, 2011, <mask> was sentenced to five years in a Florida prison for a drug-related probation violation and was released on September 25, 2012.In August 2016, <mask> was alleged to have punched a mother and her daughter in Boca Raton, Florida resulting in his arrest and two subsequent charges of felony battery before being sent to a mental health facility. In November 2020, <mask> was accused of leaving a restaurant in Delray Beach, Florida without paying for his meal. A restaurant employee followed <mask> as he fled the restaurant on foot. During his flight, <mask> allegedly threw a rock at the restaurant employee. Delray Beach Police were called and <mask> was taken into custody. See also
List of doping cases in sport

References

1973 births
Living people
American football centers
People with bipolar disorder
TCU Horned Frogs football players
Oakland Raiders players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
Doping cases in American football
American sportspeople in doping cases
American shooting survivors

masks:
Barret Glenn Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins
Robbins


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<mask><mask> (July 26, 1817 – January 18, 1906) was a freethinker, abolitionist and feminist campaigner. She campaigned for racial justice and for the education of African Americans. Colman wrote an autobiography, called Reminiscences in 1891, covering her memories of the abolitionist movement. Personal life
Colman – also referred to as <mask> and <mask> during different times of her life – was born in Sturbridge, Massachusetts, to parents <mask> (who died in 1824) and Erastus Danforth (a blacksmith). She first married John Maubry Davis (also a universalist) in 1835 but he died six years later from tuberculosis. Eight years later she married Luther Coleman, who was killed 11 years later in a work accident at the New York Central railroad. She argued that it was negligence, due to the fact that the company did not spend the money that was needed for repairs.The company paid for the funeral, but when prompted by Colman to financially support her thereafter, refused. Colman had one child, a daughter, named Gertrude. Having her made her think about why married women and mothers had such few rights and seemed to utterly depend on the "goodwill of their husbands" for any kind of freedoms. When Gertrude died in 1862, she opted for a secular memorial conducted by Frederick Douglass as opposed to holding a traditional funeral. First yearnings for justice
Very early in her life, Colman felt disturbed by injustices in the world. At age six, she was "horrified" to discover that slavery existed and often asked her mom about it. By the time she was 35 years old, she had renounced Christianity, "more because of [the church's] complicity with slavery than from a full understanding of the foolishness of its creeds."Teacher
Following the death of her second husband, in 1854 Colman became a teacher in a segregated colored school in Rochester. However, she was so horrified by this that she lobbied for the parents to withdraw their children, causing the closure of the school. Together with Susan B. Anthony, she spoke at the State Teachers' Convention against corporal punishment in schools and unfairness of different salary for male and female teachers. It was during this time Colman developed a reputation for being a liberal cause campaigner by "silencing Christian hecklers," as she threw their principles back at them. But within two years, Rochester started offering education to both white and black children. Accomplishments
Colman visited President Abraham Lincoln (together with Sojourner Truth). In 1878, at the New York State Freethinkers' Association Convention in Watkins Glen, she arranged bail for one of the associates of D. M. Bennett who were selling a marriage reform and birth control tract and were arrested.She then got the charges dropped against them all. In 1880 she spoke at that very same convention, together with Robert Green Ingersoll. Career
Between 1856 and 1860, Colman worked with the Western Anti-Slavery Society and the American Anti-Slavery Society. In 1859 she assisted in the petition drive for women's right to vote in New York. In 1863, she was appointed secretary at the Women's National Loyal League. In America's largest petition drive to date, the League presented almost 400,000 signatures to Congress. This substantially facilitated the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, eliminating slavery in America.In 1864, Colman became matron at the National Orphan Asylum in Washington, DC. This organization was run by the National Association for the Relief of Destitute Colored Women and Children. At the same time, she taught and served as a superintendent in schools in Washington and Arlington, Virginia, for the National Freedman's Relief Association, an institution founded to help former slaves. National Women's Rights Convention
This annual series of meetings was established in order to "increase the visibility of the early women's rights movement" in America. <mask> attended the first meeting in Worcester in 1850. The array of topics discussed included: women's property rights, marriage reform, career opportunities and greater educational access. Encouraged by her friend Amy Kirby Post, who would later write a foreword to her autobiography, Colman also spoke at this convention on the topic of the anti-slavery movement.Publications
Colman's writings occasionally appeared in the anti-slavery newspaper, The Liberator, as well as The Truthseeker, for example in 1858 covering a conference speech by Douglass. Recognition
In 1898, Samuel Porter Putnam, in 400 Years of Freethought, described Colman as follows: "<mask><mask>, in whom the ardor of youth finds no ashes in snowy age, and the silver morn is radiant ever ... Mrs. Colman is radical in every direction. She is opposed to white slavery as well as black slavery, and has devoted herself to woman's rights as well as to the rights of man. She is a radical Freethinker, having outgrown superstitions of every kind. She has not lost her interest in any living question. She has had a busy and eventful career; has mingled with the world, among its characters and great movements, and has done her share to bring about the great gains of the present time. She has shown what a woman can do who has self-reliance, energy, and devotion to truth and right.Her name shines in the annals of progress." <mask> is remembered on International Women's Day and Women's History Month as "one of nineteenth-century America's most active – and best-connected – freethinkers." She was referred to as "the Zelig of the Golden Age of Freethought." References

1817 births
1907 deaths
American abolitionists
American women novelists
19th-century American women writers
19th-century American writers
19th-century American slaves
Feminism and history
American suffragists
Women civil rights activists
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women
19th-century African-American women
Freethought in the United States

masks:
Lucy N
. Colman
Lucy Davis
Lucy Newhall Danforth Colman
Hannah Newhall
Lucy Colman
Lucy N
. Colman
Colman


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<mask> (1563 – 21 August 1631) was a Bosnian Franciscan and writer. He is considered to be the founder of Bosnia and Herzegovina literature. Life

<mask> was born in Jelaške near Olovo in the then-Eyalet of Bosnia. He probably joined the Franciscans in the nearest monastery in Olovo and was schooled there. He continued his studies in Italy, but then returned to Bosnia to work there. In 1609 he was a chaplain in Sarajevo. It is plausible that he also performed other duties, since the monasteries of that age usually had schools.It was there that <mask> wrote his first work, Christian Doctrine for the Slavic People, and started to translate One Hundred Miracles or Signs of the Blessed and Glorious Virgin. In 1611 <mask> <mask> traveled to the Republic of Venice, where he first had the Cyrillic letters molded, and then printed both works. In 1612, <mask> came to the monastery of Kreševo and started writing his greatest and most important book, <mask>'s Words on Sunday Gospel All Year Round, completed in Olovo (1614). It was also printed in bosančica in Venice 1616 (2nd edition in 1704), as well as Christian Doctrine with Many Spiritual Matters (1616, several later editions). <mask> <mask> published his works with the advice and support of Bartul Kačić-Žarković, bishop of Makarska (1615–1645), who managed some parishes in Bosnia. There were also links between Bosnian Franciscans and the Franciscan monasteries around Makarska (Živogošće, Zaostrog, Makarska). Nothing else is known about <mask>'s life.He died in Olovo on 21 August 1631. Analysis of his work

<mask> wrote his books to meet the needs of the Catholic folk. The big Christian Doctrine from 1611 was intended for clerics, while the small Christian Doctrine from 1616 became a textbook for the people. The former is made up of several unidentified Latin works (the sermons of John Herolt, Bernardine Bastio, etc.). The latter looks like a dialog between a teacher and a student, mixing verses and prose, with various religious and educational themes. The Small Doctrine was one of the most popular books in Bosnia and Herzegovina and widely used in neighboring Dalmatia. The Small Doctrine had as many as eight editions.<mask> had its content "made into one from Ledezmo's and Bellarmino's learning". More precisely, <mask> used the Croatian translation of the catechism of James Ledezmo (1578), the Italian original of Roberto Bellarmino and the Croatian translation of his book by A. Komulović. The Small Doctrine includes the Tears of the Blessed Virgin Mary in eight-syllable verses, written as a variation on the "crying" literature from the age of Croatian glagolitic literature. Verses on Abraham and Isaac are a paraphrase of the Abraham of Mavro Vetranović; the life of St Catherine, also in verses, is a paraphrase of an older peoples legend. One Hundred Miracles… is a loose translation of the medieval legends of John Herolt (Promptuarium discipuli de miraculis B. M. Virginis, Venice, 1598). Words... is a collection of sermons for priests and nuns, mostly after the collections of Herolt (Sermones discipuli de tempore et de Sanctis) and some other Catholic authors. Meaning and legacy
<mask> <mask> is distinguished with the historical title of the founder of the Bosnia and Herzegovina literature.This means that he was Bosnian Franciscan who wrote in narodni jezik (), which was, beside Bosnian, at the time a common name among Bosnians for the South Slavic language, Štokavian dialect. Such medieval writings, found in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Dalmatia, Old Herzegovina, like the Gršković's Apostle, the Hrvoje's Missal, the Hval's Codex, the Venetian Apocalypse, belong to the Bosnian literature, and are considered the written heritage, but not a literature in the strict modern sense. The above analysis shows that <mask> was not always an original writer, but a translator and compiler. As a translator, he was not meticulous about being faithful to his sources, which means that he modified them to bring them closer to the folk mixed idiom of the Eastern-Bosnian Štokavian dialect and Ikavian–Ijekavian accent, spoken between Olovo and Kreševo in Bosnia. Considering the sources he used within the Counter-Reformation, his choice was already obsolete in his age, since during the Catholic Baroque period, he found his models in Catholic literature of the late Middle Ages, which doesn't mean that he was not well versed in the literature of his time. Actually, researchers believe that <mask> was very interested in his local public, so he chose those works that would have the strongest impact on the overall goal of Counter-Reformation, which explain why <mask> had such a great success and gained reputation within Croatian circles that only Andrija Kačić Miošić could surpass. While the other Counter-Reformers went along with the times, using rationalism to lure people, <mask> went back to the Middle Ages to attract his public.His retelling of the biblical stories and ancient legends exemplify medieval imagination. In that regard, <mask>'s didactic prose is saturated with fiery imagery of hell and purgatory for sinners and paradisical bliss for the just, while his sermons abound with the tales of the miraculous and the supernatural. Influence on Croatian literary development
<mask> and his style had been largely followed by Croatian writers, who all contributed to the eventual victory of the Štokavian dialect in Croatian literature. Some of them were Stjepan Margitić and Stjepan Matijević in Bosnia, Toma Babić in Skradin, Pavao Stošić in Lika, Antun Depope on Krk and Đuro <mask> in Dubrovnik. Finally, <mask> was one of the reasons why Croats finally accepted Štokavian-Ijekavian as the dialectal basis of the standard language in the 19th century, hence the claim for belonging to Croatian written heritage.

masks:
Matija Divković
Divković
Divković
Matija
Divković
Divković
Divković
Matija
Divković
Divković
Divković
Divković
Divković
Matija
Divković
Divković
Divković
Divković
Divković
Divković
Divković
Matijašević
Divković


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<mask> (, ; born 27 June 1980) is a Syrian-Armenian singer-songwriter known for her soprano voice and unique style, which fuses jazz, Middle Eastern folk music and Western classical music. Personal life
<mask> was born in Damascus to <mask>, an Armenian Catholic from Aleppo with roots from Marash, and Ghada, a Syriac woman originally from Mardin. Her paternal great-grandfather, <mask>, was an Armenian Catholic from Marash, Cilicia, and a calligrapher. She has said that his educations and skills saved him and his family during the Armenian genocide, since the Ottoman army made use of his skills to write military communiqués and spared him his life. After the war, he and his family settled in Aleppo, along with a large number of Armenians who had been deported from Cilicia. Her grandfather, <mask>, worked as a tailor in Aleppo and member of the Syrian Communist Party. While many of his friends and family repatriated to Soviet Armenia in 1947, Hovannes chose to remain in Aleppo.In the 1960s, as the Syrian government began cracking down on political dissidents, Hovhannes was arrested. His possessions were confiscated and he spent many years in prison. As a result, most of his children migrated to Canada, except for Artine, <mask>'s father, who chose to remain in Aleppo. After finishing his high school education, Artine received a scholarship to study engineering in Damascus, there he met <mask>'s mother, Ghada. The couple married in 1977 and <mask> was born a few years later, in 1980. <mask> grew up with her identity split between her father's and her mother's community. As a child, she attended an Armenian Catholic school in the old city of Damascus, where she has stated that she had a hard time finding her place, as the children considered her only half-Armenian.Chamamyan is multilingual and speaks four languages fluently: Arabic, Armenian, English and French. Musical career

Early years
<mask>'s interest in singing began at a young age. As a child, she sang in an Armenian church in the winter and in a Syriac church in the summer. <mask> began studying basic music theory and solfège at the age of nine. Her first instrument was the xylophone. <mask> owes much of her early musical education and experience to her maternal grandmother and to her father. Her grandmother introduced her to classical singing and traditional Armenian music, while her father, a saxophonist, shared with her his love for the Armenian language and its music.At home, she grew up speaking Armenian with her father. While finishing a degree in Financial Management at the University of Damascus in 2002, Chamamyan experienced problems in her relationship, she has said that her fiancé broke up with her on graduation day. This, Chamamyan has stated, led her to search for new ways to express herself, which led her back to the world of music. Chamamyan took part in a singing competition at the French Cultural Institute in Damascus, following which someone suggested that she study at the Conservatory for Music in Damascus. <mask> entered the Higher Institute of Music in Damascus, there she studied classical singing and classical piano. She has stated that she would have preferred to study jazz, but there was no such option at the conservatory. <mask> stood out as a lyric soprano, a rare voice type in the Arab world.While studying at the conservatory, <mask> started a musical project, travelling throughout the Syrian countryside with fellow students, seeking to combine jazz influences with the Oriental, Arab-Armenian musical heritage. This project eventually led to the production of her first two albums, Hal Asmar Ellon in 2006 and Shamat in 2007, in which she remixed new versions of traditional and classical Levantine songs, breathing new air into such well-known Arabic classics as Lamma Bada Yatathanna, a song based on an old Andalusian muwashshah and the titular Hal Asmar Ellon. During her studies, <mask> also entered the Radio Monte Carlo's Middle Eastern music competition, the first of its kind, which she won in 2006. She graduated from the conservatory in 2007. At that time, she had already become one of the most famous female Arabic singers in the Middle East. In 2010, the Gulf-based Arabian Business Magazine ranked her as one of the 500 most influential figures in the Arab world. In 2011, following the eruption of the Syrian Civil War, <mask> relocated to Paris, where she currently lives and creates her music.Later years
Following her relocation to Paris, <mask>'s music continued to develop. While in France, she began to study jazz piano, and she began writing and composing her own music. Her music continued to take inspiration from folk music and especially from her Syrian-Armenian roots. In her 2013 album, Ghazl El Banat, <mask>'s musical style came to maturity as she showed her full range of musical talent, which includes writing, composing, producing, playing instruments, and singing. <mask> has performed throughout Europe and the Middle East, from London to Geneva and from Cairo to Beirut, even performing in the Gulf countries and Turkey. In 2014, she took part as a jury member and special guest in "Tsovits Tsov – ArmVision 2014", an international contest for Armenian music at the Kremlin Theatre in Moscow, which gathered Armenian musicians from all over the world. This led <mask> to a collaboration with French-Armenian songwriter and jazz pianist André Manoukian.Together they produced in 2015 a version of Moutn Er (Black Sky), an Armenian poem by Hovannes Toumanian, in honor of the 100th anniversary of the Armenian genocide. Her fourth album, LAWNAN (Two Colors), came out in 2016, born out of a three-year collaboration with Turkish composer and kanun player Göksel Baktagir. <mask> has described the album as "a pure partnership between people who chose to unite [in] music...despite the pain of life divid[ing] us, about love and longing for home, about the exile inside and outside". <mask> has also shown an interest in social issues. In October 2012, she pulled out of the Salam Orient Festival in Vienna, along with several other artists, after being informed by BDS activists that the festival was being sponsored by the Israeli government. She has been active with Syrian refugees in Germany and has been vocal in her support for them. Her 2019 single, "I am Syrian", describes the experience of a Syrian living in exile.Musical style
<mask>'s music is known for its fusion of Arab (particularly Syrian) and Armenian folk songs together with Western classical music and modern styles, such as jazz. In her style of singing, she has stated that she was strongly influenced by Lebanese singer Fairuz, who revolutionized Arabic singing styles with her extensive use of her "head voice". Throughout her musical work, Chamamyan sings mainly in Arabic and Armenian. <mask> has stated in interviews that the multilingual nature of her music is significant and important to her, and she hopes to perform in more languages in the future, such as English, French or even Greek. <mask> remains close to her Armenian roots, both cultural and musical, and includes an Armenian folk song in each of her albums and concerts. <mask> is known for her style of combining folkloric music with modern styles and arrangements, crossing genres and creating a new fusion of both the traditional and the new. She has stated that she keeps an open mind when it comes to musical style.She sees music as a universal language and takes inspiration from all sorts of musical genres, including the Portuguese Fado and the Spanish-Andalusian Flamenco. Discography

Albums
 Hal Asmar Ellon (2006)
 Shamat (2007)
 Ghazl El Banat (2013)
 LAWNAN (2016)

Singles
 Khayt El Kassab (2015)
 Shwey W Byehda El Omer (2015)
 Sareri Hovin Mernem (2016)
 Yakhi Ana Souriyeh (2019)
 remember (2020)

Soundtracks
 Nizar Qabbani (2005)
 Grandma's Tattoos (2011)
 Love in Damascus (2017)
 Han3esh w nshof (2020) for Egyptian TV series "Ella Ana"

References

External links
Official Website

Official Facebook Page

Official YouTube Channel

Official Instagram Account

Official Twitter Account

1980 births
21st-century Syrian women singers
Syrian expatriates in France
People from Damascus
Ethnic Armenian women singers
Syrian people of Armenian descent
Living people

masks:
Lena Chamamyan
Lena
Artine Chamamyan
Sarkis Chamamyan
Hovhannes Chamamyan
Lena
Lena
Lena
Lena
Lena
Lena
Lena
Lena
Lena
Lena
Chamamyan
Chamamyan
Chamamyan
Chamamyan
Chamamyan
Chamamyan
Chamamyan
Chamamyan
Chamamyan
Chamamyan
Lena
Chamamyan


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<mask>,  (12 January 1906 – 20 October 1995), was a British historian and archaeologist, particularly associated with the excavation of the forts of Hadrian's Wall, notably at Vindolanda. He was born in Eccles, Lancashire, England, on 12 January 1906. He died at Carvoran House, Greenhead, Northumberland, England, on 20 October 1995, age 89. Education and career
<mask> was educated at Clifton College. He then studied classics at Brasenose College, Oxford, where he obtained a double first in Mods and Greats. He was influenced in the study of history and archaeology by Michael Holroyd, his Brasenose tutor; R. G. Collingwood, the renowned authority on Roman Britain; and F. G. Simpson, Director of Field Studies at Durham, and a great influence on Birley vis-à-vis the art and science of excavation. Under the direction of F.G. Simpson, Birley began excavating at Hadrian's Wall in 1927 while an undergraduate.<mask>'s first archaeological dig occurred at Birdoswald. After graduating from Oxford, Birley worked for a short time for the Society of Antiquaries of London acting as a construction site observer for the Society. It was during this period in London that <mask> befriended Mortimer Wheeler of the London Museum engendering in Birley a lifelong interest in "imported Roman 'samian' pottery with moulded decoration." A chance discovery in 1929 of two inscription stones in the praetentura at Birdoswald led Birley to suggest redating the Wall periods. This discovery, and Birley's redating, impacted the study of Roman Britain tremendously inasmuch as it "has formed the basis of all subsequent work on the chronology of Hadrian's Wall." In 1929, having developed a keen interest in the Wall through his excavations, Birley succeeded in buying the Clayton Estate at Chesterholm that had belonged to Anthony Hedley, the 19th century antiquary. Nearby Houselands would also come up for sale; however, Birley could not afford the purchase of both properties, although he would eventually excavate them both.Chesterholm-Vindolanda would eventually be converted into a museum and research centre, in which the spectacular finds from Vindolanda would be displayed and interpreted. In 1931, at the age of 24, he became a lecturer at the University of Durham, "already with an impressive record of excavation on Hadrian's Wall, partly under the guidance of F.G. Simpson," whom he would replace upon the latter's stepping down as Director of Field Studies. Through trips to Germany and Switzerland, he began to expand his expertise in samian pottery, epigraphy, and his primary field of interest, the Roman army. As a consequence of these trips abroad, his continental reputation grew. In 1943, he was promoted to reader. In 1947, he became Vice Master of Hatfield College. In 1949, he was promoted to Master of Hatfield.He would finish his academic career having been Master of Hatfield College (1949–1956); Professor of Romano-British History and Archaeology (1956–1971); Head of the Department of Archaeology (1956–1971); and Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences (1968–1971). In 1949, Birley established the first International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies. During his tenure, he was president of all three of the local archaeological societies. Also, during his years at Durham, he would influence such notable students as George Jobey and John Gillam, each of whom would go on to hold prestigious university teaching positions. One student recalls that Birley was "incredibly generous and trusting in … [his] … support to students." Birley would become known as an expert on the Roman army. For his "practical experience of the ways in which modern armies work," he was inspired in asking questions about organisation and methods of the Roman army.His expertise and work in this field served to make <mask>veral highly-talented and influential postgraduate students to the Department, whose research has … "epitomised, and to a large degree set the agenda for, British work on the Roman military for much of the twentieth century." Often known collectively as the "Durham School," they include David Breeze (Chief Inspector of Ancient Monuments for Historic Scotland and Visiting Professor at Durham University since 1994), Brian Dobson (Emeritus Reader at Durham University), the late Mike Jarrett (former Professor at Cardiff University), Valerie Maxfield (Professor at Exeter University) and John Wilkes (Emeritus Professor at the London Institute of Archaeology).Birley's influence is still very much alive in the Archaeology Department at Durham University: "Durham Archaeology is still founded on the vision and determination of its early pioneers, notably <mask> and … [his] … influence lives on in successive generations of staff and students." In <mask>'s obituary, former Durham PhD student and Emeritus Yates Professor of Greek and Roman Archaeology at the Institute of Archaeology, John Wilkes wrote in The Independent that "<mask> dominated the study of the Roman army, of Hadrian's Wall and Roman frontiers in general for much of his 40 years as a teacher at Durham University, interrupted only by six years of war service, when he was engaged in the study of the German army for Military Intelligence." World War II service

During World War II, he worked in military intelligence. Birley was appointed to the Territorial Army Reserve of Officers Special List (a list of officers not formally attached to a unit) as a second lieutenant on 25 August 1939, just prior to the outbreak of war. In the New Years Honours of 1943 Birley, by then promoted to the rank of captain and temporary major, became a member of the military division of the Order of the British Empire (MBE). On 24 May 1945 Birley, since promoted to temporary lieutenant-colonel, received permission from the war office to accept the award of the Polish order of Polonia Restituta fourth class (officer's cross).On 16 January 1948 he received permission to accept the American award of the Legion of Merit third class (officer). On 8 September 1953 <mask>, whose permanent commission during the war had only been that of a lieutenant and who held the war substantive rank of major, was granted the permanent rank of major backdated to 1 January 1949. Major <mask> reached the age limit (50 years) for service on 12 January 1956 and retired from the army on that date, being granted the honorary rank of lieutenant-colonel. Personal life

In 1934, he married Margaret Isabel Goodlet, a former student of his who excavated at Housesteads and Vindolanda and with whom he published a report on the Vindolanda excavations. The marriage that would last over 60 years until his death. Their two sons, Robin (1935–2018) and Anthony (1937–2020), would both become eminent in their field, and would continue their father's work at Vindolanda. The elder, Robin, was named after Birley's great influence, R.G.Collingwood, while the younger, Anthony, was named after Anthony Hedley, the former owner of Chesterholm. While still excavating at Chesterholm-Vindolanda to this day, the <mask> family no longer reside there having left Chesterholm for Durham in 1950. Birley family

<mask> was the great-great-nephew of Hugh Hornby <mask>, who led the troops at the Peterloo Massacre in 1819. Selected publications

<mask>, <mask> & Devijver, Hubert (1988). The Equestrian Officers of the Roman Imperial Army, Vol. 1. Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben

See also
Official Vindolanda Site
<mask> (son)
<mask> (son)
Andrew Birley (grandson)
Brian Dobson
David Breeze

References

British archaeologists
English archaeologists
Academics of Durham University
Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford
People educated at Clifton College
People from Eccles, Greater Manchester
1906 births
1995 deaths
British people of English descent
Scholars of Hadrian's Wall
Scholars of Roman history
20th-century British historians
<mask>
Masters of Hatfield College, Durham
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
20th-century archaeologists

masks:
Eric Barff Birley
Birley
Birley
Birley
Birleyse
Eric Birley
Birley
Eric Birley
Birley
Birley
Birley
Eric
Birley
Birley
Eric
Robin Birley
Anthony Birley
Eric Birley


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<mask>nt <mask> () (1871-1936) was a Spanish Catalan publisher and politician. He is best known as director of El Correo Catalán, the newspaper he periodically owned and managed between 1903 and 1933. As a politician he was active within Carlism; he remained the regional Catalan party leader in 1915-1916 and in 1919–1933. He twice served in the Cortes, in 1907-1910 as member of the Congress of Deputies and in 1918-1919 as member of the Senate. He is counted among moderate Carlists, who favored alliance with conservative Catalanists and opposed the violent faction within his party. Family and youth

The Catalan Junyent family was first noted in the 13th century and a few of its representatives distinguished themselves in the history of Spain, yet it is not clear whether any counted among the forefathers of <mask>. None of the sources consulted provides any information on his distant ancestors; the only one identified along the patriline is his father, <mask> (1836-1900).He spent all his life in the Catalan town of Piera and it seems that he ranked in the local bourgeoisie, listed as one of the local propietarios and at times among the "more important" ones; he owned an estate known as Can Perevells. Salvador married a girl from Cornella de Llobregat, Prudencia <mask> Oller (1837-1914), possibly related to a local industrialist family. It is not clear how many children they had; it is known that <mask> had at least one sister. Nothing is known about the childhood of <mask> in general or about his early education in particular. At unspecified time though probably in the late 1880s he entered the law faculty of the Barcelona University; he graduated in jurisprudence shortly before or in 1895. He formally entered the Barcelona colegio de abogados in 1897 and in the very late 19th century he was officially recorded as a practicing lawyer. In 1901 he was listed among juzgados municipales, noted as fiscal in Distrito de San Gervasio de Cassolas; in the early 20th century he acted as defense attorney and specialized in civil law.At unspecified time though prior to 1898 <mask>nt married Joaquína Quintana Padró (1874-1912); close to nothing is known about her or her family. The couple settled in Barcelona and had 3 children. As a widower and sometime before 1916 Junyent remarried with a widow, Mercedes Canalías Vintró (died 1934); the couple had no own children. The oldest daughter of <mask> and Joaquína died in early childhood. Their son, José María <mask> Quintana (1901-1982), already in the 1930s was a locally known Carlist politician; he briefly served in the Barcelona ayuntamiento in the 1940s, but he made his name mostly as periodsta and partially as a writer, assuming distinguished positions in the Catalan press corps of the 1950s. The younger daughter María de Montserrat <mask> Quintana (1905-1985) married Juan Baptista Roca Caball, a well-known Catalan Christian-democratic politician of late Francoism. Among Junyent's grandchildren <mask> Junyent became one of the most recognized politicians of early post-Francoist era, counted among "fathers of the 1978 constitution"; <mask>yent Armenteras grew to high executive positions in the world of Catalan commercial finance.Early public engagements (1894-1906)

None of the sources consulted provides information on political preferences of Junyent's ancestors, though it seems that his father was a Traditionalist, possibly close to Integrism. The young <mask> already during his academic period was active in conservative organizations; in 1891 he acted as secretary of Junta Directiva del Asociación de San Luis Gonzaga and engaged in the Barcelona branch of Juventud Carlista, growing to its vice-treasurer prior to 1894. In the mid-1890s noted in various religious initiatives he was also speaking at local Carlist círculos, reportedly applauded by the public and by some party heavyweights. This is how he attracted attention of the regional Carlist jefé Luis Llauder y Dalmases, also the owner and manager of the unofficial regional party mouthpiece, El Correo Catalán. Llauder invited Junyent to contribute to El Correo, which soon turned into a permanent collaboration. At the turn of the centuries Llauder's health was already seriously deteriorating; following his death the daily was taken over by Fomento de la Prensa Tradicionalista, a Carlist institutional outpost. In 1903 its president duque de Solferino appointed Junyent the new director of El Correo; the caretaker manager Salvador Morales was nominated editor-in-chief but he served briefly and departed for Madrid shortly.As head of El Correo Catalán Junyent became one of the leading figures of Catalan Carlism and one of the key party propagandists nationwide. When attending Traditionalist Barcelona rallies or meetings of the mid-1900s Junyent started to appear alongside regional party tycoons like Erasmo Janer or Mariano Fortuny. Initially his political stand did not differ very much from the orthodox party line, exalting Catholic religion and hailing Traditionalist values though also lambasting Jewish conspiracy and masonic designs. This did not spare him animadversion of the Integrists, who suspected Junyent of secret negotiations with the Maurista branch of the Conservatives and charged him with embracing liberalism. In 1906 Junyent represented Traditionalists in talks with other Catalan political groupings when mounting a common front against Ley de Jurisdicciones, a newly adopted regulation which placed perceived offences against the army and state under the military jurisdiction; in Catalonia it was widely perceived as assault on the region and its identity. He emerged as one of the leaders of the movement, and together with Francesc Cambó Junyent was entrusted with a mission of travelling to Madrid and coordinating action with dissenting parliamentarians. Later that year the Catalan opposition took shape of Solidaritat Catalana, a block of local parties opposed to the Ley; within his party Junyent was lobbying for taking part in the coalition and was the only Carlist who signed the document which founded the alliance.Together with Cambó and José Roca y Roca he also entered the informal triumvirate which ran Solidaritat and entered its Comité Executiu, later together with Solferino co-signing on part of the Carlists. Versus catalanismo and pistolerismo (1907-1915)

Prior to the 1907 general elections the Catalan Carlists were divided by the question of would-be alliance with republicans and nationalists within a joint Solidaritat list; Junyent was among key advocates of the coalition and managed to win over the new regional leader, Janer, who authorized the Carlist entry into the partnership. Following some haggling with La Lliga Junyent was agreed to stand in Vic and with hardly any opposition he won comfortably. The Carlist entry into Solidaritat produced great success for the party, with 6 Carlists elected in Catalonia only. Junyent himself became one of Traditionalist tycoons in the region and entered the nationwide political scene; though in the Carlist Cortes minority, he continued also as member of Comité Directivo of Solidaritat MPs. In the chamber he was moderately active, usually voicing on Catalan or religious issues. In 1908-1909 Solidaritat was gradually disintegrating as parties forming the alliance were pursuing increasingly incompatible goals.The Carlists were more and more anxious about partnership with parties suspected of separatism; Junyent for some time tried to alleviate the charges, e.g. by declaring that for local Traditionalists Catalonia was a sister province to all other provinces, and Spain was their common mother. However, in 1909 also he developed grave doubts; El Correo was increasingly engaged in polemics with Catalan nationalists and some Junyent's editorials assumed belligerent tone, lambasting "cobardes y canallas". By next general elections of 1910 Solidaritat was already defunct; Junyent managed to negotiate merely a local alliance with La Lliga, and as a joint carlista-liguero candidate he tried to renew his Cortes bid from Vic. This time he lost marginally to a Liberal candidate; his protests pointing to alleged corruption proved ineffective. In the early 1910s Junyent was member to a moderate faction of Catalan Carlists led by subsequent provincial jefe, Duque de Solferino. Their opponents in the Catalan party ranks were led by Dalmacio Iglesias, who advocated a strategy of urban violence aimed mostly against the radical republicans.Iglesias intended to develop the newly born paramilitary Requeté organization into a street task force, an instrument of militant pistolerismo; this approach climaxed in the 1911 urban battle in Sant Feliú de Llobregat. For Junyent and Solferino the role of requeté would be rather to guarantee "the free exercise by all citizens of their legitimate rights " and to be "a body of voluntary Civil Guards that only molests those who live from the booty of disorder, violence and anarchy". If they managed to prevail and keep the hotheads in check it was only with great difficulty, and largely thanks to perfect relations with the new Carlist king, Don Jaime. Junyent travelled to Venice to greet the pretender when he assumed the claim, and in 1914 he travelled to Viareggio to receive instructions on conduct of Carlist propaganda following outbreak of the Great War. As former MP, manager of El Correo and member of the provincial executive Junyent appeared also on party rallies across Catalonia or beyond. Towards Catalan party jefatura (1915-1919)

Overwhelmed by internal conflicts Solferino resigned as the Catalan party jefe in 1915. As his closest collaborator, representative of similar moderate line and a politician extremely loyal to Don Jaime, Junyent was nominated his successor.He was immediately subject to onslaught on part of 3 partially overlapping groups of inner opposition: violent radicals accused him of appeasement versus "regionalismo conservador", anti-Catalanists lambasted his perceived penchant towards "derecha nacionalista" and the emerging Mellistas were unhappy about his utter loyalty to Don Jaime, even though El Correo Catalán tended to sympathize with Germany rather than with the Entente. All these factions focused on Iglesias as their leader; when in 1916 the national party jefé Marqúes de Cerralbo endorsed him as the party candidate in general elections from Lerida another crisis ensued. Eventually the entire Junta Provincial including Junyent as its head handed their resignations; Solferino was reinstated as the Catalan jefé. Changes in local party leadership did not prevent growing fragmentation of Catalan Carlism in the late 1910s. According to one scholar around 1917 it was divided into a faction led by Junyent and Lluís Argemí and a group headed by <mask> and Teodoro Más; according to another by 1919 there were 3 groups, the Jaimistas with Junyent, Bartolomé Trías and Juan María Roma, the Ateneo faction championed by Pablo Vives and the Mellista section led by Iglesias. Still more confusing was emergence of Carlism-flavored trade unions, catering to urban proletariat; during foundation of Sindicato Libre Regional in Barcelona in 1919 Junyent was present and supportive, though soon the Libres would emancipate and vehemently deny any Traditionalist heritage. Junyent cautiously tried to navigate his way between violent urban insurrectionism, nationalist separatism, Mellista concept of grand ultra-right alliance and watering down of Traditionalist ideario in an ambiguous bourgeoisie coalition.Though lambasting "nacionalistas cuando se atribuyen la representación de Cataluña" he tried not to burn the bridges with La Lliga. It was thanks to the Lliguista support that in 1918 – still officially listed as abogado - he was elected as the Barcelona representative to the Senate. His entry into the upper chamber coincided with explosive climax of the Mellista fronde within Carlism; in early 1919 de Mella and his supports broke away to form their own organization, the move which decimated command party layers across the country. Junyent maintained his trademark loyalty to Don Jaime; he took part in Magna Junta de Biarritz, a grand meeting supposed to set the party course for the future, and for the second time was nominated the Catalan leader. Unlike the first brief episode, this time his string at the helm of regional Carlism would last 14 years. Senate, Mancomunitat and ayuntamiento (1919-1923)

In the Senate Junyent did not

masks:
Miguel Junye
Rovira
Miguel
Salvador Junyent Boés
Rovira
Miguel
Miguel
Miguel Junye
Miguel
Junyent
Junyent
Miguel Roca
Miguel Jun
Miguel
Miguel Salellas


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 distinguish himself with notable activity; in internal works of the chamber he remained rather passive. However, he became heavily engaged in talks between Cortes and a newly formed makeshift Catalan quasi-government, Mancomunitat.Already in 1918 Junyent entered the editorial committee of Bases d’Autonomia de Catalunya, appointed by Mancomunitat; he also joined comisión extraparlamentaria set up by the Cortes with the purpose of negotiating Catalan autonomous regulations. Junyent joined the faction which advocated unilateral declaration of autonomy instead of pushing the project through the Madrid parliament, which he thought would only water it down. In 1919 together with Cambó and Lerroux he emerged as member of an informal Catalan triumvirate leading the project, joined a common commission formed by Mancomunitat and the Cortes, and edited autonomy text to be subject to popular plebiscite. Together with Cambó and Lerroux, Junyent was also among key Catalan leaders who decided to suspend the autonomy campaign in the spring of 1919, in wake of major strike and social unrest engulfing the region. His ticket in the senate expired in 1919 and apparently he made no effort to renew it. In his public activity – including support for the Mancomunitat-driven autonomy attempt – Junyent acted not only on his own behalf but also as representative of the Carlists, now named the Jaimistas. In 1920, as the Mellista breakup kept decimating the party, he went on underlining his total loyalty to Don Jaime and in El Correo Catalán he declared that the Traditionalists must stay united behind their claimant.He presided or attended closed Traditionalist meetings and public rallies, in 1920-1921 remained active also in increasingly paralyzed Mancomunitat. At the time he was getting increasingly skeptical about social and political developments in Spain; in the early 1920s El Correo was criticizing growing anarchy and chaos, especially that Junyent himself almost fell victim to a bomb attack, intended to kill the civil governor. It seems that at the time El Correo Catalán was already his own property; businesswise Junyent was also engaged in Banco Catalán, as he presided over its Consejo de Administración. In early 1922 Junyent ran to the Barcelona ayuntamiento on the Traditionalist ticket and was successfully elected from distrito cuarto. The same year he was nominated teniente de alcalde, one of the deputy mayors, confirmed on this position in 1923. He adhered to his trademark balanced political position and in the town hall he maintained good relations with moderate Catalanists from La Lliga, admitting reservations but in general declaring himself in support for ideas of its defunct leader, Prat de la Riba. Junyent remained tractable and conciliatory; in June 1923, when the ayuntamiento was locked in internal crisis, he offered to resign his tenencia de alcaldía.He also intervened in favor of Traditionalist trade-unionists from Sindicatos Libres, at times in trouble with the forces of order. In his capacity of the Barcelona concejal Junyent hosted also his king, Don Jaime, during the claimant's 5-day stay in the city in July 1923. Dictatorship (1923-1931)

Increasingly anxious about growing political chaos and social unrest, like many Carlists Junyent seemed to have appreciated the advent of Primo de Rivera dictatorship; already in mid-1923 he took part in Somatén feast together with the Barcelona capitán general. His cautious support started to evaporate following first measures of the new regime. By the end of 1923 he was deposed from the Barcelona ayuntamiento, his career in the town hall terminated after less than 2 years; in 1924 the ban on usage of Catalan in public administration prompted him to sign an open letter, which demanded that the language be freely used across the region; finally, in 1924 he was trialed retroactively in relation to his 1918 article in El Correo Catalán; the piece in question technically called for Spain to maintain strict neutrality during the Great War, but the prosecutor charged Junyent with instigating rebellion. Outcome of the case is not known. At the time Junyent remained in close touch with his king Don Jaime; in late 1923 he travelled to Paris to get latest instructions on proper Carlist stand versus the dictadura, and made the same trip in early 1924 and then later the same year.In the mid-1920s the party position towards the regime changed and evolved first into non-participation and then into criticism. As the Catalan regional jefé Junyent issued a series of orders which warned the rank-and-file not to engage in official structures and introduced sort of internal party censorship, aimed to enforce united stand of the Catalan Carlist press; as director of El Correo Catalán and within limits permitted by censorship, he tried to propagate the same stand in his daily. His own public activity was largely reduced to Traditionalist or religious gatherings, like celebrating Fiesta de Monarquía Tradicional; in 1925 he led a large Carlist pilgrimage to Rome. However, in 1926 he was noted also as admitted by the minister of interior; neither the purpose not the outcome of the visit is known. There is scarce information on Junyent public activities of the second half of the 1920s; going on as the Carlist Catalan jefé he already received homages as a distinguished leader and remained among key nationwide party politicians meeting Don Jaime, e.g. during his visit to the claimant's residence in Frohsdorf. Traditionally steering clear of risky enterprises, in the late 1920s he intervened to defuse a plot to mount sort of a rising in Seu d’Urgell, contemplated by some young Carlist hotheads.Once dictatorship gave way to dictablanda he resumed efforts aimed at Catalan autonomy. When presidents of provincial Catalan diputaciones met in 1930 in what seemed like an effort to re-create Mancomunitat, Junyent in El Correo claimed that the Catalan problem required "solución integral y definitiva", yet he did not fail to note that with own language, laws, flag and spirit, Catalonia "es española porque es profundamente catalana". In February 1931 he entered new comisión extraparlamentaria, supposed to work on an autonomy statute. Republic (1931-1933)

Junyent greeted the advent of the Republic with far-reaching skepticism. In late 1931 he asserted that the new Cortes remained "politically, socially and religiously extremist and dictatorial", and that they advanced legislation "contra de sentimiento y espíritu tradicional de nuestra raza". Though far from instigating violence, he was detained following Barcelona riots which involved the Carlist youth and spent short time in a prison ship Dédalo, released in December 1931. When in 1932 members of the Sanjurjo conspiracy sounded him on would-be co-operation Junyent refused to commit himself quoting insufficient manpower and authority, which did not prevent his another detention until after the coup.One more detention followed in 1933, after another round of riots and police action against Carlist círculos. Despite his reservations about republicanism-flavored draft of the Catalan autonomy statute Junyent hesitantly decided to support it in the referendum, as "genuine though limited affirmation of Catalonia’s personality". He also silenced the group of Carlist youth – which included his son – when they voiced opposition to the project and made sure that in the party propaganda there was sufficient emphasis on regional Catalan features. However, in fact he remained highly skeptical about secularism of the statute and was anxious that the autonomous region would fell prey to Anarcho-Syndicalism, leaving Carlism trapped in the region ruled by leftist extremism. He tried to counter it by fostering numerous Traditionalist propaganda initiatives, like the spring 1932 Gran Setmana Tradicionalista or by joining conservative institutions like Propaganda Cultural Católica. He also tried to resurrect the alliance with La Lliga, based on the program of defending religion, law and order; the plan did not work and much to his regret, during local Catalan elections of 1932 La Liga preferred to enter alliance with the Radicals. Junyent ran in the campaign himself, but both his personal and the general Carlist results across the region were miserable.Junyent's moderate loyalist strategy, support for autonomy and penchant for alliance with the bourgeoisie La Lliga generated more and more controversy among the Catalan party rank-and-file. It was exacerbated by his comments about a possible fusion between two "ramas borbónicas", even though at the time such concept was contemplated by the late Don Jaime and then by his successor. One of few Carlists leaders "forever", he enjoyed excellent relations with Don Alfonso Carlos and advised him on dynastic issues, yet since 1932 the fronde against him was on the rise, including booing at party rallies. His chief opponents, Conde de Valdellano and José María Cunill Postius, charged him with "concomitancia con los partidos liberales", "colaboracionismo con la política liberal" and "servilismo hacia los liberales"; further charges included Junyent's Catalanism and poor results in 1932 elections. The campaign was well-prepared and some of the opponents travelled to France to win over the claimant. Junyent himself seemed tired and embittered; twice he tried to hand his resignation. His third letter was finally accepted and in June 1933 Junyent ceased as the Catalan jefé.Retiree (1933-1936)

Already in the late 1920s Junyent had to scale down his public engagements due to deteriorating health; no longer the Catalan Carlist political leader, he was gradually withdrawing from active politics altogether. His last known presence at a sitting of the regional party executive is dated at late 1934. His new roles in the party were typical for a retiree, a pundit with advisory voice; in 1933 Don Alfonso Carlos asked him to preside over Junta Consultiva de la Regional de Cataluña, a body which has probably never materialized, and in 1934 he was nominated to Consejo de Cultura Tradicionalista, a board of intellectuals supposed to act as guardians of ideological purity. His rare public engagements were at times related to current politics, e.g. in late 1933 he took part in electoral rally of the Right or in 1934 he joined a rally supposed to commemorate the Carlists killed during the October Revolution. However, Junyent's public appearances were increasingly detached from ongoing events, e.g. in 1935 he participated in a homage session to Juan María Roma.Following 30 years at the helm of El Correo Catalán, in 1933 Junyent ceased also as director of the newspaper. Circumstances of his departure are not clear; none of the sources consulted clarifies whether he resigned, was forced to resign or got dismissed. It is neither clear who was the owner of El Correo at the time he stepped down. His business engagements were these related to presidency of Banco Catalán Hipotecario, due to its political and personal links known as "el banc dels carlins". Junyent had also to take care of his Can Perevells estate in Piera, which was increasingly plagued by social conflicts with jornaleros contracted to work the fields. Finally, Junyent was involved in works of Societat Económica Barcelonesa d’Amics del Pais and Institut Agricola Catalá de Sant Isidre. It is not known whether Junyent was in any way involved or even aware of the Carlist conspiracy against the Republic and whether the July coup caught him by surprise; one source claims that by the time he had already withdrawn from politics.There are confusing accounts on his whereabouts after the coup. According to one source he remained in Barcelona and participated in Banco Catalán executive session; he filed his resignation over issues related to compensation for an employee who suffered during the turmoil; the letter was not accepted. According to another, he went into hiding. One more source claims that a militia patrol arrived at his home to arrest him, but they reportedly resigned due to Junyent's poor health. Shortly afterwards he suffered from fatal heart attack having learnt that his successor as the Carlist Catalan jefé, Tomás Cayla, had been beheaded by the Republicans. One day later another FAI patrol came either to detain or to execute him; they concluded the mission only when led to a room, where the corpse of Junyent was being prepared for funeral. Various accounts of this episode


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<mask>, 1st Viscount <mask> PC (Ire) (January 1676 – 4 July 1744) was an Anglo-Irish courtier, politician and a landowner in both England and Ireland. Fane was baptised at Basildon in Berkshire on 30 January 1676, he was the second son but heir of the Right Hon. <mask>, of Basildon, KB, (1650–1705/06), by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Southcott of Exeter. Family
His elder brother's death made him eventual heir to the Bourchier estates; the manors of Lough Gur and Glenogra in county Limerick and of Clare, near Tandragee, in county Armagh; to the Fane estate at Basildon in Berkshire; and to the Southcott estate at Calwoodley in Devon. The elder brother <mask> was Standard Bearer of the Gentlemen Pensioners from 10 April 1689 until early 1696 when he was killed as a result of a duel (Sunday 12 April 1696 at Leicester Fields), by Elizeus Burges (c. 1670–1736), (later that year he also killed Hildebrand Horden in a brawl. Nineteen years later he almost became Governor of the province of Massachusetts Bay, he did not take up the appointment but was instead British Resident in Venice, 1719–1722 and 1727–1736). Having left Wadham College, Oxford (he had matriculated 3 April 1693, fil.eq. de Balneo natu minor. Taken up for Battels, 21 January 1702/03) Fane duly replaced his unfortunate elder brother as Standard Bearer from 20 April 1696, a post he had vacated by 31 March 1712. Meanwhile, his younger brother George Fane had become Commander of the Royal ship the Lowestoffe, (a 5th rate, 104.5 x  ship built at Chatham dockyard in 1697). Appointed Captain in 1709, he died without issue at New York the same year. Political career
<mask> was appointed Deputy Lieutenant (DL) for Berkshire, 21 September 1715. He was Member of the Irish Parliament (MP) for Killybegs in county Donegal, a seat controlled by the Conygham family, from 1715 to 1719.On 22 April 1718 he was created Baron of Loughguyre, in the county of Limerick, and Viscount <mask>, both in the Peerage of Ireland, and number 264 on the roll. He took his seat seven years later on 21 April 1725, having been appointed to the Irish Privy Council on 5 May 1718. Fane's Irish peerage, though no doubt well deserved, must have been helped along by his soldier-statesman brother-in-law James Stanhope, who had become First Lord of the Treasury in 1717, been created Baron Stanhope of Elvaston and Viscount Stanhope of Mahon on 3 July 1717, returned to his former office of Secretary of State for the Southern Department in 1718, having been further elevated, to Earl, just eight days before Fane, on 14 April 1718. He stood unsuccessfully for Berkshire in the election of 30 August 1727. At the poll <mask> (1319 votes) was beaten into third place by Robert Packer (1620 votes) and Sir John Stonhouse (1558 votes). His wife

Fane married at the Chelsea Hospital, 12 December 1707 (license dated 19 November 1707), Mary (1686–1762) daughter of the envoy hon. Alexander Stanhope, FRS, (the youngest son of the first Earl of Chesterfield), by Catherine (d.1718), daughter and co-heir of Arnold Burghill, of Thingehill Parva, Withington, Herefordshire by his second wife Grizell, co-heir of John Prise of Ocle Pyrchard, Herefordshire.A sister of soldier-statesman James, Earl Stanhope (1673–1721), Mary Fane was also an old friend of the Mistress of the Robes, Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, (coincidentally, the Duchess was a fourth cousin of Mary Stanhope's future husband, <mask>, the common ancestor being Walter Mildmay), having been one of the six original Maids of Honour to Queen Anne, appointed 4 June 1702, an office she had vacated by November 1707. An indenture of settlement dated 19 November 1707 between <mask> of Basildon and others, had her marriage portion at 3,000 L (pounds). Robert Walpole, the husband of Mary's first cousin twice-removed (through the Stanhope family) Catherine Shorter (c.1682–1737) aka cousin Walpole, was a witness. (Philip Stanhope, 1st Earl of Chesterfield's daughter Elizabeth's granddaughter Elizabeth Philipps married Sir John Shorter). Fane died 7 July 1744 and was buried at Basildon 16 July 1744, aged 68. His widow died 21 and was buried at Basildon on 30 August 1762, aged 76. They had seven children.<mask>, 2nd Viscount Fane;
 Mary who married Jerome, 2nd Count de Salis;
 Elizabeth of Windsor (1711–1760);
 <mask> who married John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich;
 Charlotte of Chelsea (1718–1765), (& c1751, of 10, Old Burlington Street);
 and two who died as children, Lucy (d.1713) and James (d. 1714). From 1751 to 1758 Mary, Viscountess Fane lived at No. 2, Swan Walk, Chelsea, London (built 1711–1712). In a letter to Horace Mann, from Strawberry Hill, dated Sunday, 29 August 1762, Horace Walpole ended his long epistle: PS. When I was mentioning acquaintance you have lost, I forgot to name Lady Fane; you see nervous disorders are not very mortal; I think she must have been above seventy. Grotto
In the 1720s and 30s she built the sometime renowned Grotto at the Fane's New House by the Thames at Lower Basildon, but in the parish of Streatley in Berkshire. These extracts show some of the process:
Lady Fane in London, writing to her husband at Basildon, on April ye 1st / 1731:

And to her husband, this time from Florence, November 1736:

Her son, <mask>, was appointed British Resident (Horace Walpole's friend Sir Horace Mann was his assistant then successor as Resident) in Florence in March 1734 and was there in person between 3 October 1734 and the Spring of 1738.Lady Fane and her daughter Dorothy were there with him from June 1736. Dorothy stayed until at least June 1737, this extract from a letter to Lady Fane suggests that the mother too was there for a year:
Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, from Wimbledon, to Lady Fane, 23 September 1737:

It is probable that during this trip Lady Fane ordered her pair of prized scagliola table tops from the Irishman Friar Ferdinando Henrico Hugford (1695–1771). These are quite similar to the one at The Vyne, Hampshire. That top has the arms of Walpole (with his post-1726 Garter Knight embellishments) impaling Shorter – for Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole and his first wife Catherine Shorter, who died 20 August 1737. The hint of shells on the tables suggest that they may have been for her grotto at the New House, Basildon. In 1747 the blue-stocking and fellow Berkshire-dweller Elizabeth Montagu (1720–1800) described the Fane grotto:

Gallery

Notes

References

 other printed (V.C.H. ), and manuscript & family knowledge.John Farrington's print of Basselden from Streatley Hill, 1793

1676 births
1744 deaths
Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford
18th-century Anglo-Irish people
Irish MPs 1715–1727
People from Basildon, Berkshire
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Donegal constituencies
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Viscounts in the Peerage of Ireland
Peers of Ireland created by George I
Charles

masks:
Charles Fane
Fane
Sir Henry Fane
Henry Bourchier Fane
Fane
Fane
Fane
Charles Fane
Charles Fane
Charles
Dorothy Fane
Charles


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<mask> (or <mask>; 18 June 1855 – 18 February 1913) was an Australian Pacific trader, short story writer and novelist. Early life
Becke was born at Port Macquarie, New South Wales, son of <mask>, Clerk of Petty Sessions and his wife Caroline Matilda, née Beilby. Both parents were born in England. Becke was the ninth of twelve children and had a tendency to wander; he has stated that before he was 10 he had twice run away from home. The family moved to Hunters Hill, Sydney in 1867 and Becke was educated at Fort Street High School. In 1869, Becke travelled to San Francisco with his brother William Vernon and was away for nineteen months. At 16 years of age, Becke was a stowaway on a ship bound for Samoa.In Apia he took a job as a book-keeper in the store of Mrs Mary Mcfarlane which he held until some time after December 1872. Under orders of Mrs Mcfarlane, Becke sailed a ketch, the E.A. Williams to Mili Atoll to deliver it to William "Bully" Hayes, the notorious blackbirder. Beck arrived at Mili Atoll on 17 January 1874. Becke remained as a passenger on the Leonora, until the ship was wrecked on 15 March 1874 during a storm while in Lele harbour at Kosrae. It was seven months until HMS Rosario rescued Becke and the others. Becke was later arrested for piracy, but was acquitted in Brisbane at age 19.Then he tried his luck at the Palmer River goldrush, was employed at Ravenswood station and from 1878–79 worked as a bank clerk in Townsville, Queensland. The story Nell of Mulliner's Camp is set in a mining camp in North Queensland. From about April 1880 Becke was in the Ellice Islands (now Tuvalu) working with the Liverpool firm of John S. de Wolf and Co. on Nanumanga until the trading-station was destroyed later that year in a cyclone. In February 1881 he opened his own store in Nukufetau, where he married Nelea Tikena. The stories that Louis Becke set in the Ellice Islands are: The Fisher Folk of Nukufetau that describes a fishing expedition, The Rangers of the Tia Kau that describes a shark attack at the Tia Kau reef between Nanumea and Nanumanga, and Kennedy the Boatsteerer that describes an attempt by a trader on Niutao to escape with a woman betrothed to a Niutaon chief, which ends in tragedy. Later in 1881 a shipwreck on Beru Island in the Gilbert Islands caused him to lose all he had; Becke then worked in New Britain and was in Majuro by November 1882. For the next ten years Becke moved about the Gilbert Islands, Ellice Islands, Caroline Islands and Marshall Islands acquiring a knowledge of the customs and beliefs of the islanders and meeting palagi traders and beachcombers that Becke later used his stories.Becke wrote about Bully Hayes in The Strange Adventures of James Shervinton and other stories: Captain "Bully" Hayes; Concerning "Bully" Hayes; The Wreck Of The Leonora: A Memory Of "Bully" Hayes. However these stories must be read with caution as the line between fact and fiction-writing is unclear. Becke's experiences in the Pacific provided most of the material for Becke's stories. Becke's earliest writing on Hayes was published, without attribution to Becke, in the novel A Modern Buccaneer (1894), which was published by Thomas Alexander Browne under the pseudonym 'Rolf Boldrewood'. Browne was the author of Robbery Under Arms and paid Becke for his recollections of "Bully" Hayes. Following publication of A Modern Buccaneer, Becke wrote to Browne protesting at the use of his manuscript without any significant change, and without attribution of Becke's contribution of the manuscript. Becke returned to New South Wales late in 1885 and on 10 February 1886 married Mary Elizabeth (Bessie) Maunsell, the daughter of Colonel Maunsell, of Port Macquarie.On 9 November 1888 his daughter, Nora Lois, was born. On 9 June 1896 he left Sydney for London with Nora Lois and Miss Fanny Sabrina Long. <mask> and Fanny Long had 2 daughters, Alrema (born 30 October 1897) and Niya (born 27 September 1898). Bessie obtained a divorce on the grounds of desertion on 29 October 1903. In 1908 he and his family went to Auckland, New Zealand, via Fiji; then in 1909 the family travelled to Sydney, Australia. On 7 September 1910 he was elected a member of the Royal Society of New South Wales. He died on 18 February 1913 at the Hotel York in Sydney and was buried in the Waverley Cemetery near to the graves of Henry Lawson and Henry Kendall.Literary career

In January 1892 Becke returned to Sydney and persuaded by Ernest Favenc and J. F. Archibald began to contribute stories to The Bulletin, the first of which was Tis in the Blood appearing in the edition of 6 May 1893. A collection of these stories, By Reef and Palm, was published in England in 1894; His Native Wife, a novelette, was published in Australia in 1895; followed by a further collection of stories, The Ebbing of the Tide, which was published in 1896. Becke went to London about the beginning of 1896, helped by Archibald and William Macleod of The Bulletin who advanced him the sum of £200, and he remained in Europe for around 15 years, during which time a large number of collections of short stories and a few novels and stories for boys were published. Becke was fairly paid by the magazines for his stories, but his books were always sold outright and never on a royalty basis, he was not a wealthy man. His writings were of variable quality, but have been compared to Rudyard Kipling, Herman Melville, Joseph Conrad and Robert Louis Stevenson. Late life and legacy
Becke was in Sydney again in the middle of 1909 and died of cancer there on 18 February 1913, working up until his death. About 30 of Becke's books are listed in E. Morris Miller's Australian Literature with six other volumes written in collaboration with Walter J. Jeffrey.He was survived by his wife and a daughter. Becke had said that any literary success he had achieved was due entirely to the training received from the editor of The Bulletin, J. F. Archibald, "who taught me the secrets of condensation and simplicity of language" Once having learned this, Becke had a wealth of experience to draw upon and, though there was inevitably some monotony of theme, he wrote a very large number of stories that can still be read with interest, and show him to have been a writer of considerable ability.By Reef and Palm and Ebbing of the Tide received both good reviews and strong sales; with By Reef and Palm going through seven reprints between 1894 and 1924. Almost all of Becke's works were published in America by J. B. Lippincott of Philadelphia. Becke was criticised by some reviewers for lapses in grammar and taste. His Native Wife was unfavourably received in America because of its subject matter; J. B. Lippincott also refused to publish The Mutineer: A Romance of Pitcairn Island.<mask>. Melbourne: Hill of Content. The pioneering biography, including the first complete bibliography of his writings and criticism of his works. Sally O'Neill, 'Becke, <mask> (Louis) (1855–1913)', Australian Dictionary of Biography'', Volume 7, Melbourne University Press, 1979, pp 238–239. External links

Dirk HR Spennemann (2000). <mask> (1859–1913). A biography.Works by <mask> at Project Gutenberg Australia

Bibliographic details of Becke's works. 1855 births
1913 deaths
19th-century Australian novelists
20th-century Australian novelists
Australian male novelists
Australian people of English descent
Australian male short story writers
History of Tuvalu
History of Kiribati
Oceania in fiction
19th-century Australian short story writers
19th-century male writers
20th-century Australian short story writers
20th-century Australian male writers
Australian sailors
Beachcombers
Maritime writers

masks:
George Lewis Becke
Louis Becke
Frederick Becke
Becke
Louis Becke
George Lewis
Louis Becke
Louis Becke