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 who deserted during World War 2 to fight on the allied side against Nazi Germany and gave a state apology for their post war treatment by the Irish State. Penalty points controversy
In November and December 2012 controversy arose as a result of some Independent TDs alleging Gardaí had unlawfully cancelled road traffic tickets and penalty points and naming individuals in the Dail who it was alleged had broken the law. Shatter stated that caution should be exercised in assuming all the allegations made were accurate pending the completion of an investigation, expressed concern about individuals being so named and promised to publish the investigation report. In December 2012, he also stated that if following completion of the investigation he had any remaining concerns he would refer the issue to the independent Garda Inspectorate. In May 2013, he published two Garda reports. They established that in approx 2.5% of cases examined there had been a failure to properly comply with Garda procedures and recommended the introduction of reforms.<mask> described some of the decisions made cancelling penalty points as "exotic" and defying common sense. He published a code of practice to apply in the future and requested an independent report from the Garda Inspectorate. It was published 9 months later, proposed further reforms and endorsed <mask>'s code of practice. In March 2014, <mask> announced the governments agreement to implement all of the recommended reforms. When publishing the May 2013 Reports, <mask> acknowledged the role played by a Garda whistle blower in identifying Garda failures while expressing concern about some inaccurate allegations made that had been widely publicised and fueled some of the political and media controversy relating to the issue, including an inaccurate allegation that 7 individuals had died in traffic accidents because of the cancellation of penalty points. In the Dail in October 2013, he criticised a whistleblower for not co-operating with the original Garda investigation into his allegations. This generated further controversy and criticism of Shatter by his political opponents.Following publication of the Garda Inspectorates report, he apologised to the whistleblower in the Dail, explaining he understood the whistleblower had co-operated with the Inspectorate and that he now believed the Gardaí should have done more to engage with him prior to May 2013. During hearings of the Disclosures Tribunal in 2018, it emerged from evidence given by Shatter and Garda Assistant Commissioner O’Mahony that the whistleblower, Maurice McCabe, had requested anonymity when alleging Garda failures, that request had been respected and it was the reason why he had not been interviewed during the Garda investigation into his allegations relating to traffic charges and penalty points. GSOC bugging affair

In February 2014, the Irish edition of The Sunday Times''' ran a series of stories claiming that the offices of the Garda Síochána Ombudsman Commission (GSOC) had been bugged with a variety of highly sophisticated bugging equipment available only to government-level actors. GSOC's sole responsibility is to investigate wrongdoing in the Irish police force, the Garda Síochána, and there was widespread speculation that the Garda, or some rogue members or former members were responsible for the bugging to forestall investigations. John Mooney, the journalist who wrote the story, explicitly linked the bugging to GSOC's investigation of Garda handling of the case of Kieran Boylan, the convicted drug-runner who was assisted by gardaí in obtaining a passport, a haulage licence and had a prosecution for drug running terminated in extraordinary circumstances. Mooney reported that GSOC called in a specialist British counter-surveillance firm after a senior Garda, in a meeting with GSOC, let slip that he knew of information which GSOC staff had discussed including in a report, but had not actually included. Shatter, as Justice Minister, had responsibility for both the Garda and GSOC.Statements he made in the aftermath of the revelation were critical of GSOC. <mask> both questioned the conclusion that GSOC offices were bugged, and criticised it for not informing him of the alleged bugging prior to his reading of GSOC’s alleged concerns in February 2013 in the Sunday Times… He stated there was no evidence that GSOC’s offices had not been bugged at all or of any Garda involvement, asserting that the source of one of the anomalies found was a WiFi signal from a coffee shop on the ground floor of GSOC's offices. He said that the Gardaí had been subjected to "baseless innuendo". Although GSOC itself had concluded by December 2013 that it had not been bugged and that there was no evidence of any Garda misconduct, both opposition politicians and sections of the media accused Shatter of a cover up and he was under sustained media criticism and political attack. A retired High Court Judge, John Cooke was appointed by the government to conduct an independent informal inquiry which he concluded in June 2014. Cooke fully engaged with GSOC and obtained independent technical assistance. His report confirmed that Shatter had correctly and truthfully addressed the issue, that there was no evidence that GSOC had been bugged or of any Garda involvement and he criticised the Sunday Times reports.The Sunday Times was further criticised by a Senior Counsel in a further report on the issue, commissioned by GSOC, extracts from which were published in September 2014. The Sunday Times never responded to the criticism, explained or apologized for its conduct. Connections with Oliver Connolly
Oliver Connolly, a barrister, arbitrator, mediator and director of Friary Law, a mediation service nominated by two previous Justice Ministers to conduct court directed mediation was appointed in 2011 by Shatter as the Garda Confidential Recipient, an office intended to receive complaints of wrongdoing confidentially from gardaí who have evidence of malpractice in the force. In February 2014, a transcript of a conversation between Connolly and Sergeant Maurice McCabe, a whistleblower, recorded by McCabe was made public. Initially extracts from the transcript were recited in the Dail by Mick Wallace TD and Leader of the Opposition, Micheál Martin. In it, Connolly appeared to be repeatedly telling McCabe not to take any steps that would lead to the publication of wrongdoing that he was reporting. Connolly is quoted as saying "I’ll tell you something Maurice and this is just personal advice to you.If Shatter thinks your [sic] screwing him, you’re finished … If Shatter thinks it's you, if he thinks or is told by the Commissioner or the Gardaí here’s this guy again trying another route trying to put pressure on, he’ll go after you." On 5 February 2014, these comments were read into the Dáil record by Mick Wallace, the independent TD. Following the emergence of the GSOC bugging controversy, these comments were featured more prominently in news media. <mask> informed the Dail that there was no basis for what was alleged by Connolly and that he had never made any such threats. On 19 February, <mask> sacked Connolly as Garda Confidential Recipient. This issue coinciding with the GSOC bugging issue and further fuelled the controversy, resulting in trenchant media and political criticism and calls for <mask>'s resignation. Connolly in March 2014 issued a statement expressing support for <mask> as a reforming Minister but declined to explain his comments as contained in the McCabe transcript on the basis that his conversations as confidential recipient with whistleblowers were confidential.Until his resignation <mask> continued to be publicly criticised for making alleged threats against McCabe. The O'Higgins Report published in May 2016 addressed the issue. It fully accepted Shatter's evidence to it that he had not had any such discussion with Connolly nor ever threatened McCabe. It also recorded that McCabe did not challenge and accepted <mask>'s evidence and that Connolly had when appearing before it declined to address the issue on the basis that his engagement with McCabe was confidential. Guerin Report, O'Higgins Report, Fennelly Report, resignation and loss of seat
On 25 March 2014, the Garda Commissioner, Martin Callinan announced his retirement as Garda Commissioner. It subsequently emerged that his unexpected departure was connected to the discovery of previously publicly unknown Garda recordings of phone conversations in Garda stations for over two decades. The circumstances relating to the Commissioners premature retirement and the role of the Taoiseach and the actions of Attorney General, Maire Whelan and <mask> as Minister of Justice were the subject of a statutory Commission of Investigation by retired Supreme Court Judge, Niall Fennelly.The Commissioner had written to Brian Purcell, the Secretary General of the Justice Department on 10 March 2014, informing him of the discovery of the recordings and action being taken. The Gardaí had also informed the Attorney General of the issue the previous autumn. <mask> claimed he knew nothing of the letter until after the Commissioner's resignation when some hours later he received a copy of it from the Secretary General of the Justice Department. His political opponents and various media commentators challenged and ridiculed this claim. This added to the controversy in which he was embroiled. Upon publication of the Interim Fennelly Report in September 2015, Fennelly determined that <mask> had told the truth and criticised Whelan for not discussing the issue with him and Purcell for not furnishing the Commissioner's letter to Shatter after he received it. Whelan and Kenny had discussed the recordings issue together on 23 March 2014 and Fennelly was critical of their failure after that meeting to inform <mask> of their concerns about the recordings.Fennelly concluded that had they done so the Commissioners retirement may not have occurred. <mask> claimed that he had not been informed of the recordings until the evening of 24 March 2014. His political opponents alleged he knew of them earlier. The Fennelly Report found also that <mask> was truthful on this issue. The Fennelly Report recorded evidence given by <mask> that contradicted that of Whelan and Kenny in relation to the task given by Kenny to Purcell when visiting the Commissioner on Kenny's direction the night before his premature retirement, 23 March 2014. Kenny claimed that Purcell was tasked to obtain information from Callinan. <mask> claimed he was tasked with informing Callinan that following the next day's cabinet meeting Kenny may be unable to express confidence in Callinan.Shatter's evidence accorded with that of Purcell and Martin Fraser, Kenny's Secretary General in the Taoiseach's Department. The evidence of Whelan and Kenny on the issue was rejected by Fennelly. On 7 May 2014, <mask> resigned as Minister for Justice and Equality and as Minister for Defence following receipt by the Taoiseach, Enda Kenny, of the report of Seán Guerin into allegations made by Garda Sergeant Maurice McCabe. Guerin criticised <mask>'s approach to complaints and allegations made by McCabe and concluded that <mask> had "not heeded" McCabe's voice. In his resignation letter and six weeks later in the Dail, <mask> challenged Guerin's conclusions and criticism of him asserting that Guerin had neither interviewed him nor given him any opportunity to address his concerns. He stated that Guerin's report recorded Guerin had met McCabe on four separate occasions and conducted nineteen hours of interviews with him. In July 2014, <mask> took court proceedings against Guerin challenging the manner in which he conducted his inquiry.In May 2016, following a sworn Commission of Investigation presided over by retired High Court Judge Kevin O’Higgins, the O'Higgins Report concluded that <mask>, as Minister for Justice, had taken a personal interest in McCabe's complaints and allegations, had dealt with them appropriately, promptly, properly and reasonably and that there had been a failure by McCabe to respond to letters sent by <mask> and his officials to McCabe's solicitors in the period October 2012 to December 2014. O' Higgins conclusions entirely contradicted those of Guerin's informal Inquiry. In October 2016, the Court of Appeal ruled that <mask> had been denied a fair hearing by Guerin and that his rights to natural and constitutional justice had been violated. In March 2017, the Court made a declaration in those terms. Subsequent to the October 2016 judgement the Guerin Report was removed from government websites. In July 2017, the Supreme Court agreed to hear an appeal by Guerin against the decision of the Court of Appeal. In February 2019 the Supreme Court dismissed Guerin’s appeal.In doing so it ruled that Guerin’s task was to conduct a preliminary inquiry and to identify any issues that should be subject to a sworn commission of investigation; that he had no mandate to pass judgement on anyone or to cricise <mask> and that he had violated Shatters constitutional rights and failed to afford <mask> a fair or any hearing. There was no response by the Irish Government or by any opposition politician to the judgement of the Supreme Court. <mask> contested the redrawn constituency of Dublin Rathdown at the 2016 general election. After the election he complained about a Fine Gael letter signed by Enda Kenny, as Taoiseach and leader of Fine Gael and Brian Hayes MEP, the party's Director of Elections distributed in parts of his constituency which gave the impression he was going to be easily re-elected and which directed Fine Gael voters to give their first preference vote to his Fine Gael colleague, Josepha Madigan. Madigan won the only Fine Gael seat in the three-seat constituency. Hayes later publicly apologised for the distribution of the letter but Kenny remained silent on the issue. <mask> also was critical of the conduct of Fine Gael’s national campaign and the role in it of Enda Kenny.In his book Frenzy and Betrayal: The Anatomy of a Political Assassination, published by Merrion Press in May 2019, <mask> details the events which resulted in his resignation from government, their aftermath, the disconnect between truth and politics and the role in Irish politics of fake news, alternative facts and the importance of factual truth. The Irish Times columnist and former political editor, Stephen Collins, writing in that paper on 28 June 2019, stated that the book "should be required reading for journalists, politicians, civil servants and lawyers as a case study of how false narratives can develop with lightening speed and become widely accepted as fact with devastating consequences for those caught in the centre" He described as " decidedly odd … the virtual silence that continues to surround the hounding from office just five years ago of <mask>, one of the best ministers for justice in the history of the state". PublicationsFamily Law in the Republic of Ireland (1980), Laura: A Novel You Will Never Forget (1989), Ireland and the Palestine Question 1948–2004 (2005),  (foreword by <mask>)Life is a Funny Business (2017), Frenzy and Betrayal: The Anatomy of a Political Assassination'' (2019),

References

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1951 births
Living people
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Councillors of Dublin County Council
Fine Gael TDs
Irish Orthodox Jews
Irish solicitors
Jewish Irish politicians
Members of the 22nd Dáil
Members of the 23rd Dáil
Members of the 24th Dáil
Members of the 25th Dáil
Members of the 26th Dáil
Members of the 27th Dáil
Members of the 28th Dáil
Members of the 30th Dáil
Members of the 31st Dáil
Ministers for Defence (Ireland)
Ministers for Justice (Ireland)
People educated at The High School, Dublin
Politicians from County Dublin
Irish

masks:
Shatter
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Shatter
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Alan Shatter
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Alan Shatter


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<mask> (, ) is a former separatist leader who served as the head of the self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic, in eastern Ukraine, from 14 August 2014 to 24 November 2017. He was born 26 June 1964 either in Luhansk or in the town of Kelmentsi, Chernivtsi Oblast. <mask> himself did not issue a public statement on 24 November 2017, but on that day a Luhansk People's Republic website claimed he had resigned as their president. On 25 November the 38-member People's Council of the self-proclaimed state unanimously approved <mask>'s resignation. Biography
<mask> was born either in Luhansk or in the town of Kelmentsi to Venedikt and <mask>. He also has a brother <mask> who resides in Kyiv. According to research carried out by a journalist, Plotnitsky graduated from a school in Kelmentsi.According to one of his classmates, <mask> moved to Luhansk (then part of Soviet Ukraine) in 1982, when he joined the army. Other sources claim that he was drafted to the army and served in Penza where he graduated from the Penza Artillery and Engineer College. In 1991 <mask> retired from the Soviet Army as a major and moved to Luhansk. <mask> was a reserve officer of the Soviet Army and started to dedicate himself to business activities after the fall of Soviet Union. Eventually <mask> opened his own business in sale of fuel and lubrication materials. In 2004-2012 he worked for the regional Inspectorate for the Protection of Consumer Rights. In 2018 it was reported that <mask> had been arrested and was in pre-trial detention in a Russian jail in St. Petersburg

Luhansk People's Republic
With the start of 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine (in the Donbass region), Plotnitsky sided with the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR).In April 2014 he organized the rebel battalion Zarya and on 21 May 2014 he was appointed as the Minister of Defense for Luhansk People's Republic. After the resignation of Valeriy Bolotov on 14 August 2014, <mask> succeeded him as a Head of the LPR. <mask> won the 2014 LPR election with 63% of the vote. The Russian Foreign Ministry recognized the elections despite the Minsk Protocol which they signed. Despite participating in and winning the election, <mask> later stated that he had been appointed to the post, but did not specify by whom. Another journalist's research points to a direct connection between <mask> and a former Ukrainian official, Oleksandr Yefremov (former Governor of Luhansk Oblast), one of the leaders of Party of Regions. On 30 October 2014, the Prosecutor General's Office of Ukraine issued a statement, that he and Aleksandr Popov are suspected of kidnapping Nadiya Savchenko.Since 10 November 2014 <mask> has been wanted by the Security Service of Ukraine for his role in the LPR. <mask> challenged Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko to a duel (possibly to be broadcast live on TV) in an open letter published on 19 November 2014 in which he proposed "Whoever wins will dictate their terms to the opposing side". Plotinsky said that if he won the duel, he would begin by ending all military action in the country's turbulent east, and would then force "all legal, half-legal, paralegal and illegal armed groups" into exile. On 11 February 2015, the LPR leadership signed the Minsk II agreement that outlined the reintegration of rebel-held territory into Ukraine and amending the Ukrainian constitution to grant it special status within Ukraine's borders. The next week <mask> said that "If Ukraine remains like it is now, we will never be together", but that if the Ukrainian government would carry out the reforms laid out in the Minsk agreement "Time will tell whether we will be part of the future, new and renewed Ukraine." On 18 January 2017 <mask> (on his official website) declared "we will never return to Ukraine!" and that the LPR was "returning to its home – Russia, the Russian world".On 22 November 2017 Russian media citing unofficial sources stated that he had been overthrown by the former interior minister on 21 November 2017 and had fled to Russia while other Russian media reported that he had not left Luhansk. On 24 November 2017 a separatist website stated that <mask> had retired from the presidency citing poor health - "For health reasons. Multiple war wounds, the effects of blast injuries took their toll." The website stated that security minister Leonid Pasechnik had been named acting leader "until the next elections." <mask> was stated to become the separatist's representative to the Minsk process. <mask> himself did not issue a public statement on 24 November 2017. The following day the 38-member People's Council of the self-proclaimed state unanimously approved <mask>'s resignation.2016 assassination attempt

On 6 August 2016 <mask>'s car exploded, injuring its passengers including <mask>. According to the separatists, an explosive device had been planted and detonated near a set of traffic lights. They also claimed Ukrainian "saboteurs" might be behind the "terrorist" attack – a claim denied by the Ukrainian authorities. On 7 August 2016 <mask> was said to be stable after hospital treatment. Conflict with Cossacks
Members of Russian Cossacks, particularly Pavel Dryomov, accused <mask> of embezzlement of state property and called for an armed coup-d'état against him. The statement was released on 31 December 2014, soon after a major conflict between supporters of <mask> and the Russian cossacks in Antratsyt during which, according to the RNBO, 18 people were killed and the leader of the cossacks Nikolay Kozitsyn disappeared. Dryomov also pointed out that the regional administration of Luhansk Oblast was being controlled by "people of Oleksandr Yefremov", while Plotnitsky was promoted by another Ukrainian parliamentarian Natalia Korolevska.Another conflict ensued in the city of Rovenky on 21 January 2015 and another street fight took place involving grenade launchers and armoured personnel vehicles in Krasny Luch on 28 February 2015. Anti-Semitism
In June 2015, <mask> told an audience at a Russian university that Ukraine's Euromaidan revolution was masterminded by a cabal of Jews, and that the name "Euromaidan" was really "Evreimaidan", which translates from Russian to "Jewmaidan". He also referred to President Petro Poroshenko as "Valtzman" (there is an unproven urban legend that Poroshenko's father was actually named Valtzman until he adopted his wife's last name). In the speech he also said "I have nothing against the Jews as a people, as the 'Chosen People,' we can talk about this separately if we have the time". Jewish leaders commenting on his remarks agreed they were anti-Semitic. The Anti-Defamation League also condemned Plotnitsky. References

People of the Luhansk People's Republic
Pro-Russian people of the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
Living people
1964 births
People from Luhansk
People from Kelmentsi
Russian nationalists
Pro-Russian people of the war in Donbas
East Ukrainian Volodymyr Dahl National University alumni

masks:
Igor Venediktovich Plotnitsky
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Nina Plotnitsky
Mykhailo Plotnitsky
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<mask>, Knight Herreweghe (born 2 May 1947) is a Belgian conductor and choirmaster. Herreweghe has founded La Chapelle Royale and Collegium Vocale Gent and is a heavily renowned conductor of Renaissance to early Romantic classical music, with his largest known specialisation being in Baroque music—with a particular focus towards the work of Johann Sebastian Bach. Early life
Herreweghe was born in Ghent as the first of three children to Edward Raymond Frans (1919-2006) and <mask> (née van Herrewege; 1919-1976). He received his first piano lessons from his mother. In his school years at the University of Ghent, Herreweghe combined studies in medical science and psychiatry with a musical education at the Ghent Conservatory, where Marcel Gazelle, Yehudi Menuhin's accompanist, was his piano teacher. Career

In the same period, he began conducting and in 1970 he founded the Collegium Vocale Gent with a group of fellow students. Very soon Nikolaus Harnoncourt and Gustav Leonhardt took notice of his musical approach, and invited him and the Collegium Vocale Gent to join them in their recordings of the complete Bach cantatas.Herreweghe's approach to Baroque music was soon drawing praise and in 1977 he founded another ensemble in Paris, La Chapelle Royale, to perform the music of the French Golden Age, Campra, Lully, Charpentier, Delalande, Dumont, Gille. From 1982 to 2002 he was artistic director of the Académies Musicales de Saintes. During this period, Herreweghe started several other groups and ensembles with whom he made historically appropriate and well-thought-out interpretations of repertoire stretching from the Renaissance to contemporary music. They include the Ensemble Vocal Européen, specialised in Renaissance polyphony, and the Orchestre des Champs Élysées, founded in 1991 with the aim of playing Classical and Romantic repertoire on original instruments. Since 2009, Herreweghe and Collegium Vocale Gent have been actively working on the development of a large European-level symphonic choir, at the invitation of the prestigious Accademia Chigiana in Siena and since 2011 with the support of the European Union's Cultural Programme. For some time Herreweghe has been active performing the great symphonic works, from Beethoven to Gustav Mahler. He has been principal conductor of the Royal Flemish Philharmonic since 1997.As a guest conductor, Herreweghe has conducted a number of well-known orchestras, including the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, the Stavanger Symphony Orchestra, the Rotterdam Philharmonic, the Dutch Broadcasting Orchestra, the Mahler Chamber Orchestra, the Berlin and Vienna Philharmonic Orchestras, and the Royal Flemish Philharmonic. He was artistic director of the Festival of Saintes and was permanent guest conductor of the Netherlands Radio Chamber Philharmonic from 2008 to 2013. Herreweghe is principally known as a conductor of the music of Johann Sebastian Bach. He is regarded by leading Bach scholars today as a founding father of the Baroque authentic practice, original-instrument movement and one of record label Harmonia Mundi's most prolific recording artists, with over 60 albums to his name. He is married to Ageet Zwiestra. Selected discography
Over the years, Herreweghe has built up an extensive discography of more than 100 recordings with these ensembles, on such labels as Harmonia Mundi, Virgin Classics and Pentatone. Highlights include the Lagrime di San Pietro of Lassus, Bach's St Matthew Passion, the complete symphonies of Beethoven and Schumann, Mahler's song cycle Des Knaben Wunderhorn, Berlioz's L'Enfance du Christ & Les Nuits d'été, Bruckner's Symphony No.5, Fauré's Requiem (1988 & 1901), Pierrot lunaire by Schönberg, Weill's Violin Concerto, Berliner Requiem; Cantate vom Tod im Wald and Stravinsky's Symphony of Psalms. In 2010 he founded together with Outhere Music his own label, φ (PHI). Since then these recordings have been published:
 2010: MAHLER, Gustav: Symphony no. 4; Alt-rhapsodie; Schicksalslied (LPH 025)
 2017: BACH, Johann Sebastian: Du treuer Gott – Leipzig Cantates (LPH 027)
 2017: MONTEVERDI, Claudio: Vespro della Beata Vergine (LPH 029)

Recordings for PRIMEPHONIC
 Schubert – Symphonies. <mask>, Royal Flemish Philharmonic. PENTATONE PTC 5186446 (2012). Beethoven – The 9 Symphonies <mask>he, Royal Flemish Philharmonic.PENTATONE PTC 5186312 (2011). Mendelssohn Bartholdy – The Piano Concertos & Rondo brilliant. Martin Helmchen, <mask>he, Royal Flemish Philharmonic. PENTATONE PTC 5186366 (2011). Schubert – Symphony No. 9 in C, D. 944, "The Great". <mask>, Royal Flemish Philharmonic.PENTATONE PTC 5186372 (2011). Beethoven – Symphonies Nos. 4 & 7. <mask>, Royal Flemish Philharmonic. PENTATONE PTC 5186315 (2011). Stravinsky – Monumentum • Mass & Symphonie de Psaumes, Bach & Stravinsky – Choral-Variationen. <mask>, Royal Flemish Philharmonic, Collegium Vocale Gent.PENTATONE PTC 5186349 (2010)
 Beethoven – Symphony No. 9 "Choral" <mask>, Christiane Oelze, Ingeborg Danz, Christoph Strehl, David Wilson-Johnson, Royal Flemish Philharmonic, Collegium Vocale Gent, Academia Chigiana Siena. PENTATONE PTC 5186317 (2010). Beethoven – Symphonies Nos. 5 & 8 <mask>, Royal Flemish Philharmonic. PENTATONE PTC 5186316 (2007). Beethoven – Symphonies Nos.2 & 6. <mask>, Royal Flemish Philharmonic PENTATONE PTC 5186314 (2009). Beethoven – Symphonies Nos. 1 & 3 <mask>he, Royal Flemish Philharmonic. PENTATONE PTC 5186313 (2008). Honours and awards

Honours
 1994: Officier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
 2000: Created knight Herreweghe by Royal Decree of King Albert II. 2003: Knight of the Legion of Honour.Awards
 In 1990 the European music press named him "Musical Personality of the Year". Herreweghe and Collegium Vocale Gent were appointed "Cultural Ambassadors of Flanders" in 1993. In 1997 he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the Catholic University of Leuven
 In 2010 the city of Leipzig awarded him its Bach-Medaille for his work as a performer of Bach. Royal Academy of Music Bach Prize (2016)

References

<mask>he. Orchestre des Champs-Élysées. Accessed 21 April 2014. [ <mask>he].Allmusic. Accessed 21 April 2007. <mask>he Royal Flemish Philharmonic. Accessed 17 November 2007. Belgian conductors (music)
Belgian male musicians
Male conductors (music)
Belgian performers of early music
1947 births
Living people
Ghent University alumni
Bach conductors
Virgin Veritas artists
Belgian knights
Winners of the Royal Academy of Music/ Kohn Foundation Bach Prize
Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
21st-century conductors (music)
Harmonia Mundi artists

masks:
Philippe Maria François Herreweghe
Elza Maria Augusta Herreweghe
Philippe Herreweghe
Philippe Herreweg
Philippe Herreweg
Philippe Herreweghe
Philippe Herreweghe
Philippe Herreweghe
Philippe Herreweghe
Philippe Herreweghe
Philippe Herreweghe
Philippe Herreweg
Philippe Herreweg
Philippe Herreweg
Philippe Herreweg


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<mask> (born November 14, 1945) is the Russell E. Palmer Professor of Finance at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Siegel comments extensively on the economy and financial markets. He appears regularly on networks including CNN, CNBC and NPR, and writes regular columns for Kiplinger's Personal Finance and Yahoo! Finance. <mask>'s paradox is named after him. Biography
<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois, and graduated from Highland Park High School. He majored in mathematics and economics as an undergraduate at Columbia University, graduating in 1967, and obtained a Ph.D. from MIT in 1971.At MIT he studied under Paul Samuelson and Robert Solow, both Nobel Prize winners. He taught at the University of Chicago for four years before moving to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. As of 2007, Siegel was advisor to WisdomTree Investments, a sponsor of exchange-traded funds; he owed about 2% the company then worth an estimated $700 million. Investing advice
In his books Stocks for the Long Run (1998) and The Future for Investors (2005), Siegel outlines his investing theories and advice. He recommends against holding bonds, arguing their long-term performance tends to be negative after inflation. Siegel's position on bonds has been disputed, with critics proposing his data is flawed due to use of unreliable information from earlier sources. For stocks, Siegel recommends relying primarily or exclusively on index funds when possible, as active management tends to underperform market averages over long periods.(When he wrote in the late 1990s and early 2000's, index funds were not necessarily available in 401k plans but have become more popular since then.) He is not opposed to holding a small portion of the portfolio in single stocks, provided their selection is prudent. For all stocks or investment options, Siegel advise following a "D-I-V" mnemonic as a guideline: prioritizing dividends, international, and valuation. His research found dividend-paying stocks tend to offer superior long-term performance, as they are associated with profitable mature companies that hold up well during bear market and recession, and are also more likely to be reasonably valued. He has endorsed the Dogs of the Dow method, of holding the highest-dividend stocks in the Dow Jones Industrial Average. Siegel recommends substantial international stock holdings, up to 40-50%, to avoid home country bias and obtain a broader variety of options. For valuation, Siegel recommends stocks or indexes that are fairly valued or undervalued while avoiding sectors that are overvalued or trendy, as they tend to offer poor long-term results.He calls this phenomenon the "growth trap" and notes that fast-growing companies, industries or economies are not necessarily good investments. TV programs
He has been a frequent guest on the business TV program Kudlow & Company on CNBC, hosted by Lawrence Kudlow. Siegel, like Kudlow, tends to favor supply-side economics. Siegel is also a lifelong friend of Robert Shiller, an economist at the Yale School of Management, whom Siegel has known since their MIT graduate school days. <mask> and Shiller have frequently debated each other on TV about the stock market and its future returns, and have become financial media celebrities, regularly appearing on CNBC. Criticisms

IPO debate
Siegel has said that Initial Public Offerings, stock sold by new companies, typically disappoint. In his The Future for Investors: Why the Tried and the True Triumph Over the Bold and the New (Crown Business, 2005), Siegel analyzed 9,000 IPOs between 1968 and 2003 and concluded that IPOs consistently underperformed a small-cap index in nearly four out five cases.Others disagree. 2000 bullishness
Some have criticized Professor Siegel for being bullish on the stock market back in 2000. In a BusinessWeek interview in May 2000 when asked about the stock market, he replied:
"Seven percent per year [average] real returns on stocks is what I find over nearly two centuries. I don't see persuasive reasons why it should be any different from that over the intermediate run. In the short run, it could be almost anything." That being said, Professor Siegel was correct when he also stated in the same interview:
"I have voiced my concern about the technology sector, and I sometimes advise people to shade down from that sector relative to its percentage in the [Standard & Poor's 500-stock index.] I really am concerned with these companies that have p-e ratios of 90, 100, and above.I still think stocks, as a diversified portfolio, are the best long-run investment. I will say that indexed bonds at 4% are an attractive hedge at the present time. To get a 4% real rate of return, although it's not as high as 6.5% to 7% that we talked about in stocks, as a guaranteed rate of return is certainly comforting against any inflation." On March 14, 2000, The Wall Street Journal published an opinion piece by Siegel titled: "Big-Cap Tech Stocks Are a Sucker Bet". The piece issued warnings against investing in some of the hottest technology stocks during the dot com bubble. Bibliography
Books
 The Future for Investors: Why the Tried and the True Triumph Over the Bold and the New (2005). Stocks for the Long Run: The Definitive Guide to Financial Market Returns and Long-Term Investment Strategies, McGraw-Hill (1994), .Revolution on Wall Street: The Rise and Decline of the New York Stock Exchange (1993). Academic journal publications
“Risk, Interest Rates, and the Forward Exchange,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 86 (2), May 1972, pp. 303–9;
“Reply,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, 89 (1), February, 1975, pp. 173–5. “Stability and the Keynesian and Classical Macroeconomic Systems,” Journal of Monetary Economics, 2 (2), April 1976, pp. 257–66. “Indexation, the Risk-Free Asset, and Capital Market Equilibrium,” (with Jerold Warner) Journal of Finance, 32 (4), September 1977, pp.1101–8. “The Gibson Paradox and Historical Movements in Real Interest Rates,” (with Robert Shiller) Journal of Political Economy, 85 (5), October 1977, pp. 891–907. “Notes on Optimal Taxation and the Optimal Rate of Inflation,” Journal of Monetary Economics, 4(2), April 1978, pp. 297–305. “Inflation-Induced Distortion in Government and Private Saving Statistics,” Review of Economics and Statistics, 61 (2), April 1979, pp. 83–90.“Bank Regulation and Macroeconomic Stability” (with Anthony Santomero), American Economic Review, 71 (1), March 1981, pp. 39–53. “Inflation, Bank Profits, and Government Seignorage,” American Economic Review, 71 (2), May 1981, pp. 352–5. “Bank Reserves and Financial Stability,” Journal of Finance, 35 (5), December 1981, pp. 1073–85. “Monetary Stabilization and the Informational Value of Monetary Aggregates,” Journal of Political Economy, 90 (1), February 1982, pp.176–80. “A General Equilibrium Money and Banking Paradigm” (with Anthony Santomero), Journal of Finance, 37 (2), May 1982, pp. 357–69. “Technological Change and the Super-Neutrality of Money,” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 15 (3), August 1983, pp. 362–7. “Operational Interest Rate Rules,” American Economic Review, 73 (5), December 1983, pp. 1102–10.“The Mortgage Refinancing Decision,” Housing Finance Review, 3 (1), January 1984, pp. 91–7. “Money Supply Announcements and Interest Rates: Does Monetary Policy Matter?” Journal of Monetary Economics, 15 (2), March 1985, pp. 163–76. “The Application of the DCF Method for Determining the Cost of Capital,” Financial Management, 14 (1), Spring 1985, pp. 46–53. “Deposit Deregulation and Monetary Policy” (with Anthony Santomero) in Carnegie Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, Volume 24, Spring 1986, pp.179–224. “Are Money, Growth and Inflation Related to Government Deficits? Evidence for Ten Industrialized Economies” (with Aris Protopapadakis), Journal of International Money and Finance, 6, March 1987, pp. 31–48. “Does It Pay Stock Investors to Forecast the Business Cycle?” Journal of Portfolio Management, 18 (1), Fall 1991, pp. 27–34. “The Real Rate of Interest from 1800-1990: A Study of the U.S. and the U.K.: Journal of Monetary Economics, 29 (2), April 1992, pp.227-52. “The Equity Premium, Stock and Bond Returns Since 1802,” Financial Analysts Journal, 48(1), January/February 1992, pp. 28–38; winner of the 1992 Graham and Dodd Scroll Award. “Equity Risk Premia, Corporate Profit Forecasts, and Investor Sentiment around the Stock Crash of October 1987,” Journal of Business, 65 (4), October 1992, pp. 557–70. “The Theory of Security Pricing and Market Structure” (with Marshall Blume), Journal of Financial Markets, Institutions, and Instruments, 1 (3), August 1992, pp. 3–58; with a Foreword by Paul Samuelson
“Long Term Characteristics of Income Producing Real Estate” (with Joseph Gyourko), Journal of Real Estate Finance, 11 (1) Spring 1994, pp.14–22. “The Nifty-Fifty Revisited: Do Growth Stocks Ultimately Justify Their Price?” Journal of Portfolio Management, 21 (4), summer 1995, pp. 8–20. “Anomalies: The Equity Premium Puzzle” (with Richard Thaler), Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11 (1), Winter 1997, pp. 191–200. “The Shrinking Equity premium,” lead article in The Journal of Portfolio Management, vol. 26, 1, Fall 1999, 10-17.The Rise in Stock Valuations and Future Equity Returns, Lead article, The Journal of Investment Consulting, Vol 5, No. 1, June/July 2002, pp. 9–19
“What Is an Asset Price Bubble? An Operational Definition,” European Financial Management, Vol. 9 No. 1, 2003, pp. 11–24,
“Perspectives on the Equity Risk Premium,” Financial Analysts Journal, v. 61 (1), November/December 2005, pp.61–73 reprinted in Bold Thinking on Investment Management,” Ed., Rodney N. Sullivan, 2005, pages 202-217, CFA Institute
“The Long Term Returns on the Original S&P 500 Firms,” (with <mask>), Financial Analysts Journal, v. 61 (1), January/February 2006. pp. 18–31. Awards
1994: Best Business School Professor in worldwide ranking, Business Week

2002: Lindback Award for outstanding university teaching

1996, 2005: Helen Kardon Moss Anvil Award for outstanding MBA teaching

2005: Nicholas Molodovsky Award by the Chartered Financial Analysts Institute to “those individuals who have made outstanding contributions of such significance as to change the direction of the profession and to raise it to higher standards of accomplishment.”

Notes

External links
 JeremySiegel.com where the "Wizard of Wharton" weighs in on the markets, the economy and investment strategies. Bloomberg Article: "The Shiller & Siegel Show"
 EricTyson.com Summary of global investing perspectives in "Stocks for the Long Run"

1945 births
21st-century American economists
20th-century American Jews
University of Pennsylvania faculty
Living people
Supply-side economists
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania faculty
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
21st-century American Jews
University of Chicago Booth School of Business faculty

masks:
Jeremy James Siegel
Siegel
Siegel
Siegel
Jeremy Schwartz


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<mask> CBE (born 22 May 1943) is a British business executive who is the chairman of the British Red Cross, member of the advisory board at Cogress Ltd and was the former chairman of French Connection. A Chartered Accountant by profession, <mask> has also been involved in the footballing world and was the chairman of Manchester City F.C. from 1998 to 2003, a period of revival and stability in the club's 130-year history and is generally held in high regard by Manchester City supporters for helping to pull the club out of its nadir. <mask> is also President of Level Playing Field and Chair of the Centre for Access to Football in Europe. He has been chairman of Wembley Stadium Limited since July 2008, during which he has renegotiated the £341m loan that has ensured the stadium's financial future would be more manageable. <mask> was the FA chairman from January 2011 until his 70th birthday in May 2013, having been selected as Lord Triesman's replacement by the FA Council in December 2010. He said that his main priorities as chairman were reducing dissent and increasing respect in English football, establishing closer links with FIFA to gain greater influence in international football and enforcing a fairer playing field financially.In December 2019, <mask> stepped down as Executive Chairman of Ted Baker. Manchester City
<mask> began supporting Manchester City in 1954 and watched the 1956 FA Cup Final between City and Birmingham City, despite it coinciding with the day of his Bar Mitzvah. He joined Manchester City in 1994 as a board member and replaced outgoing chairman Francis Lee as chairman in 1998. He inherited the role at a time when the once famous team of the 1960 and 70s was an ailing side plummeting into the depths of the Football League. The club reached their nadir when they were relegated to the old Football League Division Two in 1998, which was then the third tier of English football – the only time in Manchester City's 130-year history they have been in the third tier. His spell as Manchester City chairman saw five seasons of Manchester City yo-yoing between divisions. The club returned to the Division One via the play-offs in a tense penalty shootout with Gillingham.The first season after being promoted, the club finished 2nd in Division One and were promoted to the Premiership. However they went on to finish 18th and were subsequently relegated. <mask> brought Kevin Keegan in as manager with the task to get City into the top flight and provide the stability to remain there. The club gained promotion in Keegan's first season in charge finishing 1st in Division One, winning by 10 clear points and scoring 101 league goals (more than 2 a game) for the first time since 1957–58 season. <mask> departed Manchester City and was succeeded as chairman by John Wardle. The exact reason for his departure was believed to be down to "excessive spending", something <mask> warned Manchester City to be wary of after the financial gambles Peter Swales often took to give City impetus to challenge for trophies. Successes
However his tenure at Manchester City is fondly looked on by Manchester City supporters, who credit <mask> for preventing City getting stuck in the lower divisions and providing the necessary back-room clout to give the club stability, while <mask> upon leaving City thanked his fellow City fans for their support: "I would like to thank our wonderful fans for their backing.They have been fantastic in their support, which has never wavered even during the most difficult times. I have been touched by their kindness and enthusiasm. I have supported Manchester City since I was a boy and I am desperate for us to succeed." Manchester City Academy – <mask> agreed to establish an academy with Jim Cassell in charge of the program in 1998. The academy has since garnered a reputation as one of the best in English football has produced more professional footballers than any other Premier League club. The club moved into a new training facility at Carrington Training Centre, whilst the academy used the old Platt Lane training ground nearby Maine Road as a new training facility
<mask> was heavily involved in negotiations which moved the club from Maine Road to the new 47,000 seater City of Manchester Stadium in 2003. The move secured City's long-term future and the stadium's capacity was an attractive asset for prospective owners.The 47,000 seater stadium was believed to a key reason why Sheikh Mansour chose Manchester City to buy while looking for the most suitable football club with potential to advance to the top. The appointment of the recent England manager, Kevin Keegan in 2001, was a major coup considering the club was in the Division One upon Keegan's appointment. Wembley Stadium Limited
<mask> took over from Michael Jeffries in July 2008, after the stadium was plagued by years of construction delays and financial mismanagement. <mask> worked with FA secretary and fellow chartered accountant, Alex Horne and refinanced the £341m loan to secure the stadium's short-term future. Football Association chairman
<mask> became chairman of the Football Association on 25 January 2011. The nomination was met with surprise, with many expecting <mask> to be promoted as chairman. However some analysts see <mask> as a "safe pair of hands", and point to business revivals with ailing companies such as French Connection, Manchester City and Wembley Stadium Limited that have given weight to his appointment.<mask> was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2014 New Year Honours for services to football. Demands for FIFA reform
<mask>'s appointment as chairman followed the failed 2018 World Cup bid in December 2010. <mask> aimed to foster better relations with the FIFA Executive Committee in an aim to enforce English influence at the top of FIFA. However, accusations of bribery and members suspended on suspicion of corruption at FIFA meant the FA and <mask> took a tougher stance with FIFA with a demand of reform. Ultimately, the FA abstained from the 2011 FIFA presidential election between incumbent president Sepp Blatter and Mohammed Bin Hammam. Bin Hammam was later suspended by FIFA days prior to the election and the FA demanded that the election would be postponed with only one name on the ballot paper two days prior to the election. With only a day The FA managed to get 17 football associations to support their demand.Other football associations such as Germany also vented their concern at the events unfolding at FIFA as too did FIFA sponsors. Business interests
<mask> oversaw the controversial fcuk advertisement campaign at French Connection in 1997. <mask> sits on the boards of a number of public companies, including fashion label Ted Baker and restaurant chain Carluccio's. <mask> also sits on the advisory board for property investment firm Cogress Ltd.

See also
Manchester City F.C. ownership and finances

References

1943 births
Living people
People from St Helens, Merseyside
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English businesspeople
English Jews
Manchester City F.C. directors and chairmen
Chairmen of the Football Association
English accountants
People educated at Christ's College, Finchley
Aston Villa F.C. directors and chairmen

masks:
David Alan Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
David Dein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
Bernstein
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Bernstein
Bernstein


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<mask> (; born November 2, 1968) is a politician in Serbia. He has served several terms in the National Assembly of Serbia, originally as a member of the Democratic Party and subsequently with the Social Democratic Party. He is one of the founders of the liberal political party, Serbia 21. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Belgrade, in what was then the Socialist Republic of Serbia in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He is an information technology engineer in private life. Political career

Democratic Party
<mask> was elected as a Democratic Party city councillor in Belgrade in 1996 and 2000. He took part in protests against the government of Yugoslav president Slobodan Milošević in July 1999, following the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.In the 2000 Serbian parliamentary election,  <mask> received the ninety-fourth position on the electoral list of the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS), a broad coalition that included the Democratic Party. This alliance won a landslide victory with 176 out of 250 mandates, and <mask> served as part of its delegation in the parliament that followed. (From 2000 to 2011, parliamentary mandates were awarded to sponsoring parties or coalitions rather than to individual candidates, and it was common practice for the mandates to be distributed out of numerical order. <mask> did not automatically receive a mandate by virtue of his position on the list, although in fact he was included in his party's delegation.) In 2001, he accompanied party deputy chair Boris Tadić on an official visit to Germany. The Democratic Party contested the 2003 Serbian election at the head of its own alliance and won thirty-seven mandates. <mask> was included on its electoral list; although not initially selected as part of its delegation, he was awarded a mandate on February 17, 2004, as a replacement for another candidate who had resigned.He was subsequently chosen as president of the Democratic Party's executive board. The Democratic Party was not part in government during this sitting of parliament, and <mask> served in opposition. In August 2005, he attended an event in Poland celebrating the twenty-fifth anniversary of the founding of Solidarity. <mask> received the sixty-seventh position on the Democratic Party's list in the 2007 parliamentary election. The list won sixty-four seats. He was not immediately included in the party's delegation on this occasion but was able to re-enter the assembly on May 22, 2007, as the replacement for another delegate. During this period, he served as leader of the Serbian parliament's delegation to the NATO Parliamentary Assembly.He was again selected to return to the legislature following the 2008 election. The party returned to participation in government in 2007 and was the dominant presence in a coalition government after 2008. <mask> was the chief of Democratic Party incumbent Boris Tadić's campaign staff in the 2008 Serbian presidential election and was commended by Tadić following the latter's re-election. Shortly after the end of the campaign, <mask> was described as having "bawled out" a journalist who asked a challenging question about the Democratic Party's coalition partners, and the newspaper Politika ran an editorial criticizing his actions. Tadić later accused Politika of having illegally recorded a conversation with Đurišić; Politika responded by rejecting the charge and defending its actions on the basis of a commitment to the freedom of the press. These events led to some friction between the newspaper and the government. In August 2008, following an alliance between the Democratic Party and the Socialist Party of Serbia at the republic level, <mask> announced that the two parties would also cooperate as partners in municipal governments across Vojvodina.In August 2009, he remarked that Serbian politics was probably shifting in the direction of a two-party system, with the Democratic and Progressive parties being at the head of rival blocs. He served on the assembly's defence and security committee during this time. Serbia's electoral system was reformed in 2011, such that parliamentary mandates were awarded in numerical order to candidates on successful lists. <mask> received the eighty-fifth position on the Democratic Party's Choice for a Better Life coalition in the 2012 Serbian parliamentary election. The list won sixty-seven mandates, and <mask> did not serve in the parliament that followed. In December 2012, he voted against an internal party decision for former ministers to return their parliamentary mandates (i.e., resign from the legislature). Social Democratic Party
The Democratic Party subsequently experienced a serious split, with Boris Tadić creating a breakaway group called the New Democratic Party.This group contested the 2014 election in a fusion with the Greens of Serbia and in alliance with other parties. <mask> sided with Tadić in the split and was given the eighth position on the alliance's list for the 2014 election; the list won eighteen mandates and <mask> was returned to the assembly, where he served as chair of the New Democratic Party's assembly group. Later in the year, the party changed its name to the Social Democratic Party. The Social Democratic Party contested the 2016 Serbian parliamentary election in a coalition with the Liberal Democratic Party and the League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina, as well as some smaller parties. The alliance won thirteen mandates; <mask> received the fourth position on its list and was again returned to the assembly. There were four members of the Social Democratic Party in the 2016–20 Serbian parliament; they served in a parliamentary group with Miroslav Aleksić, who was initially the leader of the People's Movement of Serbia and later a member of the People's Party. <mask> was the group's leader and was vice-chair of the parliamentary defence and internal affairs committee; a member of the committee on the rights of the child; a deputy member of the committee on administrative, budgetary, mandate, and immunity issues; the chair of the parliamentary friendship group with Jordan; and a member of the friendship groups with Argentina, Australia, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, China, Germany, Iran, Israel, Japan, Montenegro, Morocco, and the United States of America.Serbia 21
In 2019, <mask>, along with Nenad Konstantinović joined a liberal movement called Serbia 21. Boris Tadić, the president of the Social Democratic Party denounced this move and stated that the party was in the process of expelling <mask> and Konstantinović. In March 2020, Serbia 21 announced their participation in the 2020 Serbian parliamentary election as a part of the United Democratic Serbia coalition along with the Party of Modern Serbia, League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina, and the Civic Democratic Forum, and some national minority parties. <mask> was selected to appear in first position on the list. The list did not cross the electoral threshold to win representation in the assembly. References

1968 births
Living people
Members of the National Assembly of Serbia
Members of the City Assembly of Belgrade
Members of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly
Politicians from Belgrade
Democratic Party (Serbia) politicians
Social Democratic Party (Serbia) politicians

masks:
Marko Đurišić
Đurišić
Đurišić
Đurišić
Đurišić
Đurišić
Đurišić
Đurišić
Đurišić
Đurišić
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<mask>  (born 1952) is an American sociologist, currently University Professor of Social Sciences at Arizona State University. An advocate of using social science to address issues of public concern, he was the Director of the London School of Economics and Political Science from September 2012 until September 2016, after which he became the first president of the Berggruen Institute. Prior to leading LSE, <mask> led the Social Science Research Council, and was University Professor of the Social Sciences at New York University and Director of NYU's Institute for Public Knowledge. With Richard Sennett he co-founded NYLON, an interdisciplinary working seminar for graduate students in New York and London who bring ethnographic and historical research to bear on politics, culture, and society. Biography
<mask> was born in Watseka, Illinois, on June 16, 1952. He studied anthropology and cinema at the University of Southern California (B.A., 1972), anthropology and sociology at Columbia University (M.A., 1974), and social anthropology at Manchester University (M.A., 1975). He received his D.Phil.in sociology and modern social and economic history from University of Oxford in 1980, where he was a student of J.C. Mitchell, Angus MacIntyre, and R.M. Hartwell. He taught at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1977 to 1996. There he was also Dean of the Graduate School and founding Director of the University Center for International Studies. He moved to NYU in 1996 as Chair of the Department of Sociology in a period of major rebuilding. He left for Columbia in 2006 but returned to NYU as Director of the Institute for Public Knowledge (IPK), which promotes collaborations among academics from diverse disciplinary backgrounds and between academics and working professionals. In September 2012 he became the Director and President of the London School of Economics.<mask> has also taught at the Beijing Foreign Studies University, the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, University of Asmara, University of Khartoum, University of Oslo, and Oxford itself. He was Benjamin Meaker Distinguished Visiting Professor at the University of Bristol in 2000 and received an honorary doctorate from La Trobe University in Melbourne in 2005. <mask> is married to Pamela F. DeLargy, who is a public health and Horn of Africa specialist, and who served in the United Nations in Eritrea, Sudan, Sierra Leone and headed the humanitarian response programmes of UNFPA for a decade. She is currently Senior Advisor to Peter Sutherland, the U.N. Special Representative for Migration. Work
From 1999 to 2012 <mask> was President of the Social Science Research Council. At the SSRC <mask> emphasized the public contributions of social science. His views are explained in his essay "Towards a More Public Social Science", which first appeared in the SSRC's 2004 "President's Report" and has been translated, reprinted and widely circulated on the web.After September 11, 2001 he launched an initiative on "Real Time Social Science" which included an essay forum that attracted more than one million readers. This continued with work on the Privatization of Risk, Understanding Katrina: Perspectives from the Social Sciences Program, and now Haiti, Now and Next (examining the impact of the 2010 earthquake on Haiti's social and political future). His conversations with Paul Price have received wide circulation, podcast as Societas. <mask> has written more than 100 scholarly articles and chapters as well as books, among which his most famous is a study of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, Neither Gods Nor Emperors: Students and the Struggle for Democracy in China (California, 1994). <mask>'s work has been translated into more than a dozen languages. Thesis Eleven (2006, Vol. 84, No.1) devoted a special issue to his work, "<mask>: Critical Social Sciences and the Public Sphere." He was also editor in chief of the Oxford Dictionary of the Social Sciences. His recent work has focused on the future of capitalism and on humanitarianism. He has also written on Brexit and the rise of populism. As the Director of the London School of Economics and Political Science <mask> was in the academic year 2012-13 the beneficiary of "one of the biggest increases in overall pay and benefits" in the British higher education sector. As Director, <mask> was very successful in raising funds for the LSE, including millions from the Marshall Foundation, Atlantic Philanthropies, and many other donors. Also during his tenure, LSE begun work on a new Global Centre for Social Sciences, and rose significantly in global university rankings, rising from 71st to 35th best university in the world between 2014 and 2015 in QS World University Rankings.In December 2015 it was announced he would not seek a further term at LSE, instead choosing to step down and return to the United States in 2016 as President of the Berggruen Institute in Los Angeles. In August 2017, British media published critical reports that <mask> had been paid £1.7 million over four years and a London apartment with a market rent of £120,000 a year, despite LSE being criticised for its low teaching standards. As president of the Berggruen Institute, <mask> launched the million-dollar Berggruen Philosophy Prize, and oversaw the development of its Los Angeles and Beijing campuses. In May 2018, it was announced that <mask> would be stepping down from the Berggruen Institute in order to become University Professor of Social Sciences at Arizona State University, effective July 1, 2018. Honours

 2012: Elected an member of the American Philosophical Society. 2014: Honorary doctorate from the Erasmus University Rotterdam, for being "one of today´s foremost social scientists". 2015: Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences (FAcSS)
 2015: Fellow of the British Academy (FBA)
He is a Fellow of the New York Institute for the Humanities.Publications
Monographs

  with Donald Light and Suzanne Keller

Edited Volumes

 <mask>, <mask>; Eduardo Mendieta, and Jonathan VanAntwerpen. (2013) Habermas and Religion. Polity Press. Wallerstein, Immanuel; Randall Collins, Michael Mann, Georgi Derluguian, and <mask>. (2013). Does Capitalism Have a Future? Oxford University Press.<mask>, <mask>, Mark Juergensmeyer, and Jonathan VanAntwerpen. (2011) Rethinking Secularism. Oxford University Press. Michael Warner, Jonathan VanAntwerpen, and <mask>. (2010) Varieties of Secularism in a Secular Age. Harvard University Press. <mask>, <mask> and Sennett, Richard.(2007) Practicing Culture. Routledge. <mask>, <mask>; Gerteis, Joseph; Moody, James; Pfaff, Steven; and Indermohan Virk. (2007) Contemporary Sociological Theory, 2nd. ed. Blackwell. <mask>, <mask>; Gerteis, Joseph; Moody, James; Pfaff, Steven; and Indermohan Virk.(2007) Classical Sociological Theory, 2nd. ed. Blackwell. <mask>, <mask>. (2007) Sociology in America: A History. University of Chicago Press. <mask>, <mask>; Rojek, Chris; and Turner, Bryan.(2006) Sage Handbook of Sociology. Sage Publications. <mask>, <mask>. (2005) Lessons of Empire: Imperial Histories and American Power. New Press. <mask>, <mask>; Price, Paul; and Timmer; Ashley. (2002) Understanding September 11.The New Press. <mask>, <mask>. (2002) Dictionary of the Social Sciences. Oxford University Press. <mask>, <mask>, and McGowan John. (1997) Hannah Arendt and the Meaning of Politics. University of Minnesota Press.<mask>, <mask>. (1994) Social Theory and the Politics of Identity. Wiley Blackwell. <mask>, <mask>; LiPuma, E.; and Postone; M. (1993) Bourdieu: Critical Perspectives. Cambridge: Polity Press and Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <mask>, <mask>. (1992) Habermas and the Public Sphere.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. <mask>, <mask>; Scott, W.R.; and Meyer, M. (1990) Structures of Power and Constraint: Essays in Honor of Peter M. Blau. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <mask>, <mask> and Ianni, F. A. J. (1976) The Anthropological Study of Education. The Hague: Mouton, and Chicago: Aldine. References

External links
 LSE profile page
<mask>'s bio, Institute for Public Knowledge
 Social Science Research Council (USA)

American sociologists
Living people
Scholars of nationalism
1952 births
New York University faculty
People associated with the London School of Economics
University of Khartoum faculty
University of Southern California alumni
Columbia University alumni
Alumni of the University of Manchester
University of Asmara faculty
Fellows of the British Academy
Alumni of St Antony's College, Oxford
Fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences
Social Science Research Council
Columbia University faculty

masks:
Craig Jackson Calhoun
Calhoun
Calhoun
Calhoun
Calhoun
Calhoun
Calhoun
Calhoun
Calhoun
Craig Calhoun
Calhoun
Calhoun
Calhoun
Calhoun
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Calhoun
Craig
Craig Calhoun
Calhoun
Craig
Craig Calhoun
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Craig
Calhoun
Craig
Calhoun
Craig
Calhoun
Craig
Calhoun
Craig
Calhoun
Craig
Calhoun
Craig
Calhoun
Craig
Calhoun
Craig
Calhoun
Craig
Calhoun
Craig
Calhoun
Craig
Calhoun
Craig
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<mask>,  (born 1959), is a British businesswoman and former Anglican priest. She was chief executive officer of the Post Office Limited from 2012 to 2019. Under her leadership, the Post Office prosecuted hundreds of subpostmasters for fraud, despite knowing that the relevant financial discrepancies actually arose from computer errors for which the Post Office was responsible. According to Channel 4 and the BBC, this matter is the biggest miscarriage of justice in British history. In 2019 she became chair of the Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust in London. In December 2020 it was announced that she would be leaving this role early, for personal reasons. In April 2021, following the quashing of 39 of the subpostmasters’ convictions, her duties as a minister ended.Early life and education
Vennells was born in 1959, and grew up in Denton, Lancashire. Having won a funded place, she was educated at the Manchester High School for Girls, an all-girls independent school in Manchester. She then studied Russian and French at the University of Bradford, graduating in 1981 with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree. Career
Vennells began her career as a graduate trainee at Unilever in 1981. She went on to work for L'Oréal, Dixons Retail, Argos, and Whitbread. In 2007, she joined the Post Office as group network director. On 1 April 2012, she became its chief executive officer (CEO).During her time as CEO, the Post Office went from losing £120 million a year to making a profit. In February 2019, it was announced that she would step down from her Post Office role (she was eventual succeeded by Nick Read) and in April that year took over as chair of Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, which runs St Mary's, Hammersmith, Queen Charlotte's, Charing Cross and the Western Eye Hospital in north-west London. She also became a non-executive board member of the Cabinet Office. From 2002 to 2005, Vennells trained for Holy Orders on the St Albans and Oxford Ministry Course. She was ordained in the Church of England as a deacon in 2005 and as a priest in 2006. She has served as a non-stipendiary minister at Church of St Owen, Bromham in the Diocese of St Albans. She was reported to have 'stepped back' from duties in 2021.She also resigned from the Church of England Ethical Investment Advisory Group. Post Office scandal

In December 2019, the Post Office paid out £58 million to sub-postmasters who were awarded compensation for past false prosecutions of monetary theft that had been based on faulty evidence from the Horizon IT system. The judge presiding on the case, Mr Justice Fraser, described the Post Office's approach to the case as "institutional obstinacy" that:

Vennells subsequently apologised to workers affected by the scandal, saying:

In January 2020, as the High Court case against the Post Office ended, Vennells's tenure as CEO was strongly criticised by Conservative peer Lord Arbuthnot, who said: "The hallmark of <mask>ennells’ time as CEO was that she was willing to accept appalling advice from people in her management and legal teams. The consequences of this were far-reaching for the Post Office and devastating for the subpostmasters. However, there seem to have been no consequences for her". He described the behaviour of the Post Office under her leadership as "both cruel and incompetent", and said that "she was faced with a moral choice and she took the wrong one, the one which allowed hundreds of subpostmasters to be falsely accused, humiliated and ruined by the organisation she ran". In early March 2020, she resigned from her Cabinet Office position.On 19 March 2020, Vennells was harshly criticised in the House of Commons, particularly by Kevan Jones, MP for North Durham, who said:

In a BBC Panorama programme screened on 8 June 2020, reporter Nick Wallis is seen phoning Vennells, who terminates the call rather than answer his questions. Wallis says "this is one of the biggest frustrations of covering this story...the consistent refusal of the chief executive and the people at the top to answer serious questions about what has been happening". Vennells had been due to appear before a parliamentary select committee to answer questions about the scandal on 24 March 2020, but this was cancelled due to the Coronavirus crisis and MPs' questions were dealt with in writing. In June 2020 the Criminal Cases Review Commission sent 47 cases in which subpostmasters had been prosecuted to the Court of Appeal as potential miscarriages of justice. The Post Office announced that it was not contesting 44 of them. The cases have been described as the "biggest miscarriage of justice in modern English legal history". On 22 March 2021 a further 42 former subpostmasters had their cases of wrongful prosecution heard in the Court of Appeal, and are also seeking information about the UK government's involvement through the Parliamentary Ombudsman.They are also calling for the government to pay for their £46 million legal bill for their earlier successful court case. During the case, the Post Office's behaviour under Vennells's leadership was described as an instance of "appalling and shameful behaviour". On 14 June 2020 Vennells's handling of the Post Office scandal and the relationship with her role as a priest were highlighted by the BBC's Sunday morning religious radio programme. A convicted former postmaster called for the Bishop of St Albans to strip Vennells of office, Labour MP Chi Onwurah said she must be held accountable, and journalist Nick Wallis reported "real anger" that Vennells appeared to have been protected by "the establishment" including the Church of England, which many see as immoral. The church refused to take part but a statement from the Bishop said that he would consider acting if he received conclusive evidence of her wrongdoing. As of 28 April 2021 Vennells is no longer listed as a member of the Church of England's Ethical Investment Advisory Group on which she had previously served. The Care Quality Commission discussed concerns about her continuing role in the NHS on 8 July 2020.In October, the Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust announced that it would seek external legal advice in reviewing the process that led to her appointment. On 3 December 2020 it was announced that <mask> would step down as chair in April 2021, for personal reasons. On the same day, The Daily Telegraph reported that judges had refused to release a "smoking gun" document, being legal advice given to the Post Office in 2013, that could establish whether it had known for years that its prosecutions of the postmasters had been based upon false evidence. The former NHS consultant psychiatrist Minh Alexander, who made the original referral to the CQC, said that "the trust reluctantly agreed to commission an external report on her fitness only at a late stage", and speculated that Vennells had subsequently been pressured to resign. Arbuthnot said that emergence of this new evidence suggests that Vennells may be in contempt of Parliament for her responses given at the 2015 inquiry, commenting after her resignation: "Can it be a coincidence that shortly after it became clear that the Post Office lied to Parliament, <mask> announced she was stepping down from the NHS job?" In April 2021, thirty nine of the convicted former postmasters had their convictions quashed, with a further twenty two cases still being investigated by the Criminal Cases Review Commission. Earlier in December 2020, the convictions of six other former postmasters were overturned due to wrongful conviction.The executive chairman of the legal firm representing many of the postmasters, Dr Neil Hudgell, said "now Post Office officials must face criminal investigation for maliciously ruining lives by prosecuting innocent people in pursuit of profits", and called for the prime minister to convene a judge-led inquiry. A few days after the subpostmasters’ convictions were quashed, Vennells finally agreed to step back from her duties as a minister. The Bishop of St Albans said that it was "right" that Vennells did so. She also apologised, saying "I am truly sorry for the suffering caused to the 39 subpostmasters as a result of their convictions which were overturned last week". On the same day, she resigned her non-executive directorships at UK supermarket chain Morrisons and furnishings group Dunelm. Sky News quoted a boardroom colleague as saying "there was no way for her to stay on after the ruling – and it's hard to see how she will ever be able to work again". She also resigned as a governor of Bedford School.On 18 May 2021, the government announced that it would put the inquiry into the Post Office scandal onto a statutory footing, enabling it to compel witnesses such as Vennells to testify, and to demand access to all relevant documents. On 22 July 2021, the government said that it would make an interim payment of up to £100,000 in compensation to each of the postmasters affected in the scandal. Honours
In the 2019 New Year Honours, she was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) "for services to the Post Office and to charity". In the aftermath of the Post Office scandal, the Communication Workers' Union has called for Vennells to be stripped of her CBE. References

1959 births
Living people
20th-century British businesspeople
20th-century British businesswomen
21st-century British businesspeople
British chief executives
British women chief executives
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Church of England priests
21st-century English Anglican priests
People from Denton, Greater Manchester
Alumni of the University of Bradford
People educated at Manchester High School for Girls
21st-century British businesswomen

masks:
Paula Anne Vennells
Paula V
Vennells
Paula Vennells


text_chunks:
<mask> FBA (27 March 1922 – 12 February 1974) was an English academic lawyer and author. Biography
<mask> was born in London and educated at Southend High School and St Catharine's College, Cambridge (BA 1942, MA 1946); he received his doctorate from the University of London in 1959. After distinguished war service with the Royal Artillery—during which he was mentioned in despatches and awarded the Order of Leopold II and the Croix de Guerre (1940) with palms—he taught from 1946 at the London School of Economics, University of London, successively as Assistant Lecturer, Lecturer, Reader and (from 1959 to 1970) as Professor of Public Law. He taught LLM courses on "Constitutional Laws of the Commonwealth I" (focusing on Canada, Australia and either India or Pakistan) and, from 1957, "a second course on constitutional laws of the Commonwealth, with a syllabus excluding those countries already covered by the established course and devoting special attention to the constitutions of Ghana, the Federation of Malaya, the Federation and Regions of Nigeria, the Federation of the West Indies, the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Singapore, Uganda and Kenya". In 1954 he accompanied Sir Keith Hancock, acting as secretary to the Namirembe Conference in Uganda. In 1970, <mask> returned to the University of Cambridge as Downing Professor of the Laws of England and a Fellow of Fitzwilliam College. In 1971 he was elected to a Fellowship of the British Academy.He was editor of the Cambridge Law Journal from 1973 to 1974. He died in February 1974, aged 51. During the 1960s he served on a part-time basis as Constitutional Commissioner for Mauritius. He drafted its constitution at the time the country attained independence on 12 March 1968. His work for Mauritius is commemorated by a memorial in the Pamplemousses Botanical Gardens; his ashes were scattered in that country. Publications
<mask>'s research and writing in the field of constitutional law focused in particular on the constitutional problems of developing countries: his advice in this area was frequently sought by the United Kingdom and other governments, and his work led to the publication of The New Commonwealth and its Constitutions in 1964, and after a stay as visiting fellow at the Center for International Studies and as visiting professor at the Law School of New York University, of Microstates and Micronesia in 1970. To the end of his career he continued to be active as a consultant upon the constitutional problems of emergent states and nations.A second area of interest was administrative law. From the publication in 1959 of the first edition of Judicial Review of Administrative Action, his reputation rapidly became established. He produced two further editions of this work in 1968 and 1973. A fourth edition was prepared in 1980 by Professor John M. Evans. Two subsequent editions of <mask>'s ground-breaking work have been written by an editorial team led by Lord Woolf, Professor Jeffrey Jowell QC and Professor Andrew Le Sueur. Among his other works was a popular student text, Constitutional and Administrative Law, with subsequent editions prepared by <mask> <mask> (<mask>'s widow), Professor Harry Street and Professor Rodney Brazier. <mask> was joint-editor of "Commonwealth and Dependencies" in the third edition of Halsbury's Laws of England and editor of "Administrative Law" in the fourth edition of that work.An obituary in the Cambridge Law Journal paid tribute to "a legacy of outstanding scholarship. He reshaped administrative law as an academic subject in the United Kingdom, and his wide-ranging contributions to the literature of public law were consistently incisive and constructive. His style was both elegant and distinctive: like Blackstone – as Jeremy Bentham put it – he spoke the language of the scholar and the gentleman". The Cambridge Law Journal noted that <mask> "was at his happiest in postgraduate teaching and the supervision of research students, but he cared deeply about all aspects of teaching and tripos reform ... Those that knew him will remember him as a somewhat reserved person with a quiet sense of humour, though they will not have known that the appearance of reserve was the result of deafness caused by his artillery service in the war; he was invariably encouraging to his students and younger colleagues and he was generous in his assessment of others". A notice in the Modern Law Review, a journal for which he served as secretary for many years, gave the following assessment:
His work in administrative law has been of seminal significance in the development of the principles of judicial review by courts throughout the Commonwealth. With characteristic modesty, he was astonished by the success of his major books. ... <mask> <mask> was a scholar and legal writer of exceptional quality.He was shy and gave a—perhaps deceptive—impression of diffidence, but his conversation was enlivened by a dry humour, sometimes rather reminiscent of his hero, Maitland, with whom as a constitutional lawyer he will certainly stand comparison

Select bibliography
 The Vocabulary for Commonwealth Relations (London: Published for the Institute of Commonwealth Studies by the Athlone Press, 1954). Judicial Review of Administrative Action (London: Stevens) – 1st edn 1959; 2nd edn 1968, 3rd edn 1973. . The Lawyers and the Constitution: an Inaugural Lecture (London: London School of Economics and Political Science, 1960). The New Commonwealth and its Constitutions (London: Stevens, 1964). .
 Report of the Constitutional Commissioner [for the Mauritius Legislative Assembly] (Port Louis: Govt Printer, 1965). Microstates and Micronesia: Problems of America's Pacific islands and other Minute Territories (New York: New York University Press, 1970). .

References

1922 births
1974 deaths
British lawyers
British legal professionals
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
English legal writers
Fellows of the British Academy
Fellows of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge
Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
English constitutionalists
Academics of the London School of Economics
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Artillery officers
Recipients of the Order of Leopold II
Downing Professors of the Laws of England
Alumni of the University of London
20th-century English historians
20th-century jurists
20th-century lawyers

masks:
Stanley Alexander de Smith
De Smith
de Smith
De Smith
de Smith
Barbara de
Smith
de Smith
de Smith
de Smith
Stanley de
Smith


text_chunks:
<mask> (nee Butts) was an American pioneer woman. After enduring twenty years of beatings by her husband, <mask>, she hired her neighbor Henry Garster in 1838 to kill him. The murder led to Garster’s hanging, the first in Jackson County, Missouri, in 1839. <mask> had previously attempted and failed to murder Williamson herself with rat poison, for which she was tried and sentenced to five years in the Missouri State Penitentiary. The Jackson County community petitioned the governor for her pardon, which he granted shortly before <mask>’s sentence began. The pardon saved her from the fate of being the first woman to be imprisoned in the Missouri State Penitentiary. Early life
<mask> was born between 1797 and 1800 in Putnam County, Georgia, the middle of the state, on America’s southern frontier.<mask>’s father, Henry Butts, was born in South Carolina. Nothing is known about <mask>’s mother, who may have died soon after <mask> was born. Henry then married Susan Upchurch, who was also born in South Carolina. Henry was a cotton producer who owned seven slaves. <mask> had close connections with her half-siblings, especially Salathiel, born in 1810. Her other siblings were Henry, born in 1811, Jackson, born in 1812, and Eleanor, born in 1815. Marriage and childbearing
<mask> married <mask> somewhere between the ages of 17 and 20 years old.She had eight children, which was typical for the women in her family. There is no known record of <mask> and Williamson’s marriage. They had four children in Henry County, Tennessee: William Henry <mask>, born February 28, 1820; James J<mask>, born in 1822; Eli W<mask>, born in 1823; Pendleton Biddle <mask> born in 1824; Martha Jane <mask>, born on August 22, 1828. They had three more children, in Jackson County, Missouri: Elizabeth (Betsy) Ann <mask>, born on November 27, 1830; Jesse A<mask>, born in 1834; and Doctor Salathiel <mask>, born in 1836. <mask> was married to Williamson and living in Stewart County, West Tennessee by the time she was twenty years old, according to the January 30, 1820 census. She would move with Williamson to yet another western frontier in Jackson County, Missouri in 1830 and again with two of her sons and their families to what would be her final frontier in California in 1850. In 1830 <mask> traveled nearly 500 miles by wagon train to Jackson County, Missouri, while pregnant with her sixth child.Many of her extended family members would travel in a wagon train with family to California in 1850. Williamson’s cruelty to <mask> was well-documented in the witness accounts from <mask>’s trials. However, the law limited her legal options to stop the beatings, and her attorneys did not have a self-defense argument for <mask> either, because she pre-meditated his murder. Williamson was probably frequently intoxicated when he beat <mask>. Williamson had outstanding debts to vendors for several gallons of whiskey at the time of his murder. However, Williamson’s excessive drinking and the cruel beatings he gave <mask> were frowned upon by her family and church community, demonstrated by the help <mask> received in obtaining her pardon. <mask> owned no property under the law of coverture until she inherited her dower interests upon Williamson’s death, which was approximately one-third of his estate.<mask> assigned all her dower rights to her attorneys as security for her defense the day she was arrested. During the trials that ensued, <mask> and the children lived on the estate’s income, primarily slave rental income from Williamson’s ten slaves. Slaves
<mask> enlisted the help of two slaves, Ned and Mary, a married couple, to poison Williamson in September 1838. Williamson had inherited Ned and Mary, who probably helped raise him and ultimately served three generations of <mask> family members. Mary suffered 30 lashes for her part in <mask>’s conspiracy plans to poison Williamson. By the time Williamson was murdered, he had owned ten slaves valued at $128,754 (in 2020 equivalent dollars), who generated an average annual rental income for Williamson’s estate of $8,127. Crime and punishment
<mask> paid Henry Garster $150 to kill Williamson on October 27, 1838.She removed a chink from their log cabin, leaving a hole large enough for Garster’s squirrel gun. Garster, a neighbor and employee of Williamson’s shot him through the heart as he dozed in his chair next to the fireplace. Garster then left tracks in the fresh layer of snow back to his home. <mask> had previously attempted to kill Williamson herself in early September with rat poison. Four days later, the Sheriff arrested Garster. <mask> was arrested at Williamson’s burial on October 31, 1838. The <mask>’ slaves, Ned and Mary, a married couple, were also arrested that day.<mask> was held in custody for 35 days until she was indicted on December 4, 1838, along with Henry, for murder, and Mary, for poisoning. <mask> was released on bail. The charges against Ned were dropped, and he was released. On December 5, 1838, Mary pleaded guilty and was sentenced to receive thirty lashes, a penalty determined based on her status as a slave. On May 10, 1839, Garster was the first man hanged in Jackson County at the Temple Lot, While awaiting trial, Garster and his cellmate Alpha P. Buckley escaped jail. Only Garster was recaptured. Garster’s attorneys did not request a change of venue despite the escape attempt, and Garster was found guilty of murder in the first degree.After his hanging, Garster’s property was sold to cover his court costs but did not leave enough to pay his attorney’s fees. The jury found <mask> not guilty of murder in the first degree on August 8, 1839. <mask> had been charged as an accessory before the fact in the first count of murder and as a principal on the second charge of poisoning. She could not be charged for murder unless Garster was first proven guilty of murder, so her murder trial was set for April 12, 1839, two days after Garster’s trial. The jury found <mask> guilty of poisoning Williamson on July 20, 1841, and sentenced her to five years in the Missouri State Penitentiary. <mask> had confessed to the crime after her arrest when Mary accused <mask> of planning the murder, sending Ned to get the poison from Henry Garster, and then telling Mary to put the poison in Williamson’s coffee cup. Williamson became so ill that he wrote his will, but he did not die.<mask>’s attorneys were unable to convince the jury that Mary’s statement was inadmissible because it was a slave’s testimony against a white person or that <mask> was trapped into a confession. After the guilty verdict, <mask> appealed to the Supreme Court. <mask> was the first woman sentenced to the Missouri State Penitentiary in Jefferson City on September 11, 1841, when the Missouri Supreme Court upheld the lower court ruling. Conditions for women in the prison were very harsh. However, petitions signed by 351 influential community members along with personal letters were submitted to Governor Thomas Reynolds on <mask>’s behalf arguing for her pardon because her confession was made under unusual circumstances, her husband had brutally treated her, she had eight young children to care for, and she had an exemplary character. Governor Reynolds granted <mask>’s pardon effective as of August 2, 1841. Final frontier
In 1850, <mask> made the four-month journey to the gold mining encampment of Sacramento, California, to set up a “boarding house” with two sons and their families.It is unknown when and where <mask> died, but she was last known to have lived with her daughter Martha Ann and son-in-law, John Stayton, in San Joaquin County in 1860. Most of her children and their families scattered throughout California, leaving hundreds and perhaps thousands of descendants. References

Bibliography
 Bundschu, William B. Abuse and Murder on the Frontier: The Trials and Travels of <mask>: 1800-1860. Independence, MO, 2003
 Chused, Richard H. “Married Women’s Property Law: 1800-1850.” The Georgetown Law Journal 71, no. 5 (1983)
 Dannenbaum, Jed. “The Origins of Temperance Activism and Militancy Among American Women.” Journal of Social History 15, no.2
 Dobash, R. Emerson, and Russell Dobash. Violence against Wives: A Case against the Patriarchy. New York: Free Press, 1979
 “Execution of Garster in 1839.” Kansas City Times, March 2, 1878, 3, col. 6
 Ewing, Charles Patrick. Battered Women Who Kill: Psychological Self-Defense as Legal Justification. Lexington, Mass, 1987
 Faragher, John Mack. Sugar Creek: Life on the Illinois Prairie. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986
 Fischer, David Hackett.Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America, a Cultural History; v. 1. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989
 Goff, William A. “Garster-<mask> | KC History.” Westport Historical Quarterly 10, no. 1 (June 1974): 19–21
 Hine, Robert V., and John Mack Faragher. The American West: A New Interpretive History. Second edition. Lamar Series in Western History.New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017, Chapter 11 “As the West Goes”
 Kremer, Gary R. “Strangers to Domestic Virtue: Nineteenth-Century Women in the Missouri Prison.” Missouri Historical Review LXXXIV, no. 3 (April 1990)
 McMillen, Sally G. Motherhood in the Old South: Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Infant Rearing. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990
 Mutti Burke, Diane. On Slavery’s Border: Missouri’s Small Slaveholding Households, 1815-1865. Early American Places Ser. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2010
 Nadelholft, Jerome. “Domestic Violence.” In Encyclopedia of American Social History, by Mary Kupiec Cayton, 2115–24.Scribner American Civilization Series. New York: Toronto: New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons; Maxwell Macmillan Canada; Maxwell Macmillan International, 1993
 Ouellette, Richard D. “Zion’s Gallows: The Cultural Geography of the Mormon Temple Lot Site.” The John Whitmer Historical Association Journal 25 (2005): 161–74
 Roach, Andrea L., Ashley E. Ermer, Marilyn Coleman, and Lawrence Ganong. “Attitudes About Intimate Partner Violence and Alcohol Consumption.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2020
 Rorabaugh, W. J. “Alcohol and Alcoholism.” In Encyclopedia of American Social History, by Mary Kupiec Cayton, 2135–42. Scribner American Civilization Series. New York: Toronto: New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons; Maxwell Macmillan Canada; Maxwell Macmillan International, 1993
 Segrave, Kerry. Women and Capital Punishment in America, 1840-1899: Death Sentences and Executions in the United States and Canada.Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Incorporated Publishers, 2008
 Soltow, Lee, and Edward Stevens. The Rise of Literacy and the Common School in the United States: A Socioeconomic Analysis to 1870. Chicago Originals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981
 The Examiner of East Jackson County. “Frank Haight: Old Documents Revealed Tale of Spousal Abuse and Murder.” Accessed September 28, 2020. https://www.examiner.net/article/20150724/NEWS/150729465
 “The First Hanging.” Jackson Examiner (Independence, MO), October 27, 1905
 Union Historical Company. The History of Jackson County, Missouri, Containing a History of the County, Its Cities, Towns, Etc., Biographical Sketches of Its Citizens, Jackson County in the Late War... History of Missouri, Map of Jackson County. Kansas City, Mo.: Union historical company, 1881

18th-century births
19th-century deaths
Year of birth uncertain
Year of death unknown
People from Georgia (U.S. state)
 1830s in Missouri
 Domestic violence
 Poisoners
 Jackson County, Missouri

masks:
Rebecca Ann Littleton Hawkins
Williamson Hawkins
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Williamson Hawkins
Rebecca
Hawkins
. Hawkins
. Hawkins
Hawkins
Hawkins Stayton
Hawkins Butts
. Hawkins
Hawkins
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Hawkins
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Hawkins
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Rebecca
Hawkins
Hawkins