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<mask> (born November 2, 1984) is a professional Canadian football running back for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played as a tailback until 2014, when he became the starting fullback for the Edmonton Eskimos. McCarty is known for being able to fill many roles at his position, with TSN sportscaster Chris Schultz noting in 2010 that he is a "multi-purpose running back who catches the ball extremely well, blocks well and runs well". He is a champion of the 103rd Grey Cup. Prior to being drafted by the Eskimos in the fourth round of the 2007 CFL Draft, McCarty played high school football for the St. Thomas More Knights, where he broke multiple school records. He later played college football for the Western Washington Vikings. With the Vikings, McCarty developed into a dual threat, being used heavily as a rusher and receiver.McCarty has spent his entire professional career with the Edmonton Eskimos, making him the most veteran player on the team as of the 2015 season. High school career

McCarty played high school football for the St. Thomas More Knights in Burnaby, British Columbia beginning in 1998, playing as both a running back and middle linebacker on the Grade 8 team. He quickly became a key player on the team, including rushing for 185 yards and four touchdowns while adding 10 defensive tackles in the Grade 8 provincial semi-finals on November 24 against the Handsworth Royals. For that performance, he was named "Star of the Week" by The Vancouver Sun. The Knights went on to defeat the Vancouver College Fighting Irish 48–0 in the Grade 8 B.C. championship game, where McCarty scored another three touchdowns. The following year, McCarty joined the senior team at St. Thomas More, skipping the junior team entirely.He continued in his role as a running back while switching to the secondary defensively. Despite being a rare Grade 9 player on the senior team, he was one of the Knights' two leading rushers that year. McCarty scored a touchdown in the AAA B.C. championship game, helping the Knights win their first senior title as they beat the Pinetree T-Wolves 29–6. While K.C. Steele, the Knights' coach, has a policy of not recording player statistics, it is estimated that McCarty finished 1999 with over 1,000 rushing yards and 15 touchdowns. In 2000, McCarty played a significant role in the Knights' rushing and return game.He rushed for 150 yards and three touchdowns against the Burnaby Central Wildcats in the annual Burnaby Bowl, adding two punt returns for touchdowns. By the end of October, the Knights had compiled a perfect 6–0 record, and defensive coordinator and former CFL defensive back Lou Deslauriers called McCarty "the best player for his age and talent that we've ever had at our school". He recorded 238 yards and four consecutive touchdowns with only 23 carries in the Knights' 46–12 victory over the W. J. Mouat Hawks in the AAA championship game. For his role in earning the Knights their second AAA title, McCarty was named the game's MVP, becoming the youngest player to earn this award. McCarty remained a presence on the field for the Knights in 2001, expanding his role by playing some snaps as a fullback. He rushed for 160 yards in that year's Burnaby Bowl, including three touchdowns as a halfback and one as a fullback. McCarty had another notable performance in a 67–7 blowout against the South Delta Sun Devils, running for 200 yards and three touchdowns.He also showed himself to be a capable receiver, including making five catches for 66 yards in a match against the Holy Cross Crusaders. McCarty also finished that game with 110 yards and two touchdowns on only three carries. Despite giving up only 19 points during the entire regular season, the Knights lost 32–26 in the quarter-finals of the playoffs against the Centennial Centaurs after McCarty was stopped one yard away from the endzone on the last play of the game. As a senior, McCarty recorded 2,400 yards and scored 33 touchdowns in just nine games, averaging 266.7 yards and over three touchdowns per game. He ran for 380 yards and three touchdowns in a 21–20 loss against the W. J. Mouat Hawks in the quarter-finals of the AAA playoffs. He was named the 2002 Provincial Player of the Year for his performance and finished his four-year AAA career at St. Thomas More with 84 touchdowns, breaking a school record. Other sports

McCarty played basketball and baseball during high school as well.He lettered in basketball with the Knights. At the 2001 Big League World Series, McCarty played for Team Canada as a shortstop and center fielder, helping the team to third place in the international competition. Despite being skilled as a baseball player, McCarty chose football over professional baseball due to the physicality of the former sport. College career

Boise State

McCarty originally committed to Boise State University and played for the Broncos. In 2003, he was given redshirt status and did not play. McCarty played a limited role the following year, but capitalized on the opportunities he was given, rushing for 104 yards on only 10 carries. His only touchdown came on a 7-yard carry in the October 24 game against the Fresno State Bulldogs.The Bulldogs finished with an 11–1 season in 2004. Reedley

<mask> transferred to Reedley College and played for the Tigers in 2005. He ended the season with 620 rushing yards, 500 receiving yards, and 14 touchdowns, as the Tigers earned a 10–1 record along their way to the Central Valley Conference championship title. McCarty also played baseball at Reedley. Western Washington

After his single season at Reedley, McCarty transferred to Western Washington University and played football for the Vikings. McCarty was immediately a significant factor in the Vikings' gameplan. In the season opener, he rushed for 139 yards and three touchdowns on 30 carries against the Humboldt State Lumberjacks.He also played a large role in the passing game early in the season, making eight receptions for 126 yards through the first two games. After starting the first seven games for the Vikings, McCarty broke his foot in a game against the South Dakota Hardrockers. At the time of his injury, he led the Vikings in rushing and receiving yards. He finished the season with 492 rushing yards and five touchdowns on 130 carries, as well as 30 receptions for 278 yards. McCarty was also named a second-team all-star of the North Central Conference. Professional career

Edmonton Eskimos

Following his only season at Western Washington, McCarty declared himself eligible for the 2007 CFL Draft. He was selected in the fourth round of the draft by the Edmonton Eskimos with the 27th overall pick.He was re-signed on December 19, 2008 to a multiple-year contract, and again following the 2011 season. 2007 season

McCarty made the active roster and played in all 18 regular season games his rookie season. He was used in the passing game and on the special teams, finishing with seven receptions for 99 yards and a touchdown as well as five special-teams tackles. McCarty made his CFL debut on June 28 in the season opener against the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. He received his first carry and reception in a Week 10 game against the Calgary Stampeders, where he was given two carries for one yard and caught one reception for 10 yards. 2008 season

McCarty played a larger role in his second season with the Eskimos, especially as a receiver. On September 1 in a match against the Stampeders, starting running back A. J. Harris was injured, and McCarty rushed for 73 yards on 12 carries as a backup.Filling in again for the injured Harris on September 13 against the Montreal Alouettes, McCarty was named Canadian Player of the Week for the first time with 72 yards on only 9 carries and a touchdown. Receiving his first start of his career on October 4, McCarty rushed for 88 yards on 19 carries with a touchdown along with eight catches for 80 yards, earning him another Canadian Player of the Week award. He played in all 18 games and started three times in his second year, finishing with 490 yards and four touchdowns on 88 carries. He had 70 catches, the second-highest amount among running backs. He also continued his role on the special teams, ending the season with 11 special-teams tackles. During the season, head coach Danny Maciocia referred to McCarty as "the best fourth-round pick he'd ever been associated with". 2009 season

McCarty split time with Arkee Whitlock in 2009.He rushed for two touchdowns in Week 4, being named the Canadian Player of the Week for the third time. He was also named the Canadian Player of the Month in July after continuing to play a large role in the rushing game. In August, McCarty injured his hamstring in a game against the Stampeders and missed several games. He briefly returned in mid-September before being sidelined again with recurring hamstring issues until late October. In Week 19, McCarty ran for 81 yards and a touchdown off of 10 carries, helping the Eskimos defeat the BC Lions in a 45–13 blowout. Despite having his season sidetracked by injuries, McCarty finished 2009 with 348 rushing yards and five touchdowns on 67 attempts, as well as seven special-teams tackles. He saw a significantly smaller role as a receiver, catching 20 passes for only 124 yards.2010 season

McCarty remained in a multi-purpose role in 2010 and was utilized more frequently in the passing game compared to the previous season. He made a reception for a first down following a fake punt in Week 6. He missed two games later in the season due to a hand injury. In a September 26 game against the Toronto Argonauts, McCarty rushed for 84 yards on 10 carries and two fourth-quarter touchdowns, including a 46-yard breakaway. McCarty was utilized about equally on the ground and in the air, ending his season with 287 rushing yards on 62 carries and 278 receiving yards on 36 catches as well as five total touchdowns. He continued to play on the special teams where he made eight tackles. He started in six of the 15 games he played, and the Eskimos nominated him for Most Outstanding Canadian.2011 season

In 2011, the Eskimos utilized a committee of running backs, with McCarty, Daniel Porter, and Jerome Messam all receiving significant playing time. McCarty was used mostly in short-yardage situations on the ground, while also being active as a receiver and on special teams. He played in 18 games, made eight starts, and finished with 209 yards on 52 carries with no touchdowns. He also caught 22 passes for 150 yards and a touchdown. McCarty played in both of the Eskimos' playoff games. In the West Semi-Finals against the Stampeders, he rushed for a goal-line touchdown, in addition to making three receptions and two special-teams tackles. McCarty played a more limited role in the West Finals against the BC Lions, where he was given only one carry for six yards, made one tackle on special teams, and caught two passes for a total of four yards.2012 season

McCarty played a limited role in 2012, both due to injuries and competition from other backs, including Cory Boyd, Hugh Charles, and Jerome Messam. McCarty missed six games due to a high ankle sprain suffered during the Labour Day Rematch. Playing in the other 12 games but starting in none, McCarty rushed only 12 times and made five receptions with a lone rushing touchdown. He added four special-teams tackles. 2013 season

McCarty played a role as a receiver and special teams player in 2013, but was almost entirely absent from the rushing game. He rushed for 48 yards on 9 carries, but caught 20 passes for 186 yards and two touchdowns. He continued to play on the special teams, and recorded nine special-teams tackles.2014 season

<mask> was shifted from playing mostly as a backup tailback to the fullback position, where he started all 18 regular season games. In his new position, McCarty was primarily used for blocking and remained involved on special teams and as a receiver. He continued his extremely limited role as a rusher, finishing the season with just eight carries. McCarty had 16 catches for 123 yards and two touchdowns, as well as a career-high 12 special-teams tackles. 2015 season

McCarty was again used as a fullback and special teams player in 2015. After sustaining an unspecified injury in week 12, he missed several games and was placed on the six-game injured list. McCarty finished the season with only one carry and nine catches, his lowest total number of touches in any CFL season.With 12 starts, McCarty finished with one carry for 20 yards, nine receptions for 68 yards, as well as five special teams tackles and one kick return for 17 yards. McCarty played in the West Final and had one special teams tackle. He became a Grey Cup champion for the first time after rushing for three yards on a fake punt in the championship game versus the Redblacks. McCarty announced his retirement from football on March 14, 2021. Calgary Stampeders
On July 25, 2021, it was announced that McCarty had signed with the Calgary Stampeders. Season statistics

Personal life

McCarty grew up in Muskogee, Oklahoma. After his mother, Jackie Conway  Sent calvin mccarty to Canada to live with his father, <mask>.His mother was a college softball player for the NEO Lady Norse, while his father was a college basketball player for the Bacone Warriors and the Southeastern Oklahoma State Savage Storm. McCarty's siblings were also college athletes; Tiffany played softball for the McPherson Bulldogs while Jordan was a quarterback with the Reedley Tigers. References

1984 births
Living people
Canadian football fullbacks
American football running backs
Boise State Broncos football players
Western Washington Vikings football players
Reedley Tigers football players
Edmonton Elks players
Calgary Stampeders players
Players of American football from Oklahoma
Sportspeople from Muskogee, Oklahoma
Players of Canadian football from British Columbia
Sportspeople from Burnaby

masks:
Calvin McCarty
McCarty
McCarty
Orlando McCarty


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<mask> (October 21, 1844 – May 12, 1926) was an American memoirist. She was a Nantucket, Massachusetts native who later on in life immigrated to Arizona. A well travelled and educated woman, Summerhayes spent two years, from 1871 to 1873, studying literature in Germany. Her passion for writing took her into a career as a writer. She became well known as a writer in Massachusetts, but she usually did her writing during the winter, which, in turn, led to her becoming interested in the warmer weather of Arizona. In 1873, she married soldier <mask>, a veteran of the American Civil War. <mask> was still in the military when the couple married, so <mask> further expanded her travels by going with her husband wherever the military sent him when no war was being fought.The Summerhayes arrived at Fort Russell, near Cheyenne, Wyoming shortly after marrying. In 1874, they were sent by the military to an Arizona that at the time counted with only about 20,000 inhabitants. They stayed at a ranch owned by Corydon Cooley, a White man who had two Indian wives. Accommodations at Cooley's ranch were quite different from what <mask> had experience in the east and Europe. She was also disturbed by the fact that Cooley had two wives. Her observations were published in 1908 in an autobiography named "Vanished Arizona" that details her memories of Arizona and the West before widespread settlement and the experiences of military wives. Summerhayes travelled, in August 1874, about 200 miles by a steamboat to Fort Mohave from Fort Yuma, enduring temperatures along the Colorado River that soared to 122 degrees.Soon after arriving at Fort Mohave, the military and their families loaded their belongings into wagons, heading to Prescott, near where Fort Whipple stood. For <mask>, the experience of traveling through the desert was both adventurous and frightening; she was not used to using snake protection before sleep, witnessing dogs being eaten to their deaths by these animals, and other experiences. Soon after arriving at Prescott, the group of soldiers and their families moved slightly to the north, to Camp Verde. <mask> by this point began to think that the military had better accommodations for prostitutes than they had for the soldiers' wives themselves. In Camp Verde, she befriended Mrs. George Brayton, who advised her to "Take all you need, and it will get carried along, somehow". The military group, consisting of 100 people, mostly men, faced a two-month-long trip to Camp Apache, passing by the Mogollon Rim. According to <mask> in her autobiography, they were attacked by Indians along the way.During that era, Apache Indians went twice a week to Camp Apache to be counted and receive food and water. At one point, she noticed that one Apache woman had a disfigured face and that she had lost her nose because she had supposedly committed adultery. Another time, she was watching a show, when the Apache chief "Diablo" supposedly approached major William Worth and asked him how many ponies would Worth accept in exchange for Worth's wife. Again, she attended an Apache show, and she feared for her life when the Indians, painted and wearing feathers, began to jump and shout around fires. She said that they had knives and recalled her fear. Eventually, she was able to leave the show. During her stay at Camp Apache, she found out that soldiers had also used cruelty in killing Apaches.Once handed a box, she noticed a foul smell coming from it. A soldier told her that the box had rotten cheese, and, in reality, it had the head of an Apache Indian, a fact which she found out about later, because she did not open the box herself. In January 1875, she was by herself as she gave birth to her son Harry. She had to perform various tasks by herself, because there were no nurses around, no running water for her or the newborn, barely any food (she and her baby survived the first days only on vegetables and milk), and, perhaps more importantly, no doctor to attend to them, as the military doctor on base was not well prepared to handle newborns and their mothers. In April 1875, despite the pleas of Mexicans not to try to travel to Phoenix because of hazards related to warring tribes, the Summerhayes made it to Arizona's future capital. Soon after, however, she and her husband, whom she affectionately nicknamed "Jack", moved back to Nantucket, thinking about baby Harry's welfare and about the hot Arizona summers. But they missed Arizona and returned shortly afterwards.In 1878, the Summerhayes moved to California. This was followed by various other moves which were appointed by the military. After Geronimo's campaign was over, the Summerhayes were ordered to Arizona once again. They arrived at Tucson using a Pullman car. In 1900, her husband retired from the military, and the Summerhayes returned to the East, where they lived in various cities including Washington, D.C., New York and Nantucket. After her 1908 autobiography was published, <mask> became a celebrity, receiving fan mail from hundreds of people, especially military men and students that valued her view of military. <mask> died on May 12, 1926 at Schenectady, New York.She and her husband John are buried next to each other, at the Arlington National Cemetery. References

Leo Banks, Stalwart Women: Frontier Stories of Indomitable Spirit ()
Bill W. Smith, Journal of Arizona History, Spring of 1996, Vol 37, No. 1. "<mask> <mask>, Correcting the Biographical Record"
Lamar (Current Edition) The New Encyclopedia of the American West
Obituary for <mask>, The Schenectady Gazette, Schenectady, New York, May 13, 1926
A copy of <mask> Death Certificate is available from The New York State Department Of Health
A copy of the Birth Certificate for <mask> (Her Maiden Name) is available from The Commonwealth Of Massachusetts (Archives Department)
The Headstone of <mask> (Arlington National Cemetery)

External links

1844 births
1926 deaths
American memoirists
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
People from Nantucket, Massachusetts

masks:
Martha Summerhayes
John Wyer Summerhayes
Wyer Summerhayes
Martha
Martha Summerhayes
Martha Summerhayes
Martha Summerhayes
Summerhayes
Martha Summerhayes
Martha Summerhayes
Martha Dunham
Summerhayes
Martha Summerhayes
Martha Summerhayes
Martha Dunham
Martha Summeres


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<mask> (18 September 1901 – 20 October 1983) was a German anti-fascist and communist and survivor of Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Biography

<mask> was born in Harburg on the Elbe (today part of Hamburg). He learned the trade of boilermaker in Hamburg and joined the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) in 1919. He and his wife Martha were married in 1926 and had one son, Rainer. After the Nazis seized power in 1933, <mask> was arrested. For over two years, he was sent to various prisons and concentration camps, including KoLaFu and by 1936, one of the Emslandlager, before finally being sent to Sachsenhausen. Beginning in November 1936, <mask> worked as a prisoner in the camp administration and in 1939, was named Lagerältester (camp supervisor) "because of his unflappable calm and his organisational talent".In May 1942, he was ordered by Lagerführer Fritz Suhren to execute a fellow prisoner by hanging, but refused, a dangerous act of insubordination. He was able to survive the insubordination and to avoid executing the prisoner himself, but he was forced to stand next to the gallows during the hanging, which was made to be particularly slow and painful. In November 1942, he and 17 other prisoner functionaries in the clandestine camp resistance group were arrested, tortured and deported to Flossenbürg concentration camp for extermination. Only through solidarity with the prisoners there that he survived maltreatment from the guards. After 1945
After the war, <mask> was the chairman of the Hamburg KPD and remained politically active after the KPD was banned in 1956. A particular focus of his political activity was his work as chairman of the West German Sachsenhausen Committee along with his work for the International Sachsenhausen Committee and the Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime. He lived in Stübeheide in the Klein Borstel suburb of Hamburg till his death in 1983.Legacy
Martha and <mask>' library, containing 2,000 volumes, was donated to the Memorial and Museum Sachsenhausen, making it the most comprehensive individual donation. Among the documents are files from the Nuremberg Trials of Nazi doctors, judgments for treason from the Volksgerichthof and files from the Nazi Party Chancellery. On 16 April 1999 there was an exhibition called "<mask> (1901-1983) — Lagerältester und Chronist des KZ Sachsenhausen" at the Memorial and Museum Sachsenhausen. It opened with presentations by Dr. Winfried Meyer, Prof. Nozicka of Prague, Ursel Hochmuth and <mask>' son, Rainer. Memoirs
<mask> documented his memoirs and interviews with other former Sachsenhausen prisoners on a collection of taped recordings. He creates a vivid picture of camp life and the resistance work at Sachsenhausen. This recorded archive was transcribed into a book in 1987 by his wife, Martha and historian Ursel Hochmuth.Called My life in Sachsenhausen concentration camp, 1936-1942 (original title: Mein Leben im KZ Sachsenhausen 1936–1942), it was re-released with added material in the German Democratic Republic (GDR)  in 1989. His recollections were valuable because his position gave him access and the length of his imprisonment gave him insights. Naujoks chronicled both the indignities of daily life and the crimes of the Nazis at Sachsenhausen. Every SS guard had to be greeted by the prisoners. When a prisoner walked by an SS guard, six paces beforehand, the prisoner had to place his left hand on the seam of his trousers and with his right hand, quickly doff his cap and lay it on the seam of his trousers on the right-hand side. The prisoner had to walk by the guard while looking at him, as at attention. Three paces afterward, he was allowed to put his cap back on.This had to be done with the thumb pressed against the palm, the four fingers resting on the cap, pressed against the seam of the trousers. If this didn't happen quickly enough or the prisoner didn't snap to attention enough or his fingers weren't taut enough, or anything else happened that struck the SS guard as being insufficient, then one's ear was boxed, he had extra sports, or was reported. — written after 1945

Describing life at the barracks, he wrote,

When we came back to the barracks in the evening, tired after work, everything was all thrown together. The lockers were tipped over, preserves, margarine and any other food lay in a pile in the middle of the barrack with toothpaste, laundry, broken glass, etc. The iron bed frames were all knocked over, the straw sacks [the bedding] emptied out... When we were finally in bed, then the barracks supervisor would come in the middle of the night and it was get out of bed, get on the joists, under the beds — for as long as the barracks supervisor wanted... Many never even went to bed at night, but slept on the floor so they wouldn't have to reconstruct a bed.To avoid being seen by the barracks supervisor, they would crawl under the beds. — written after 1945

Sachsenhausen was built with 67 barracks designed to hold 100 to 120 people, but ultimately held 600. The population expanded dramatically in mid-1938, after the Nazis carried out their "Aktion Arbeitscheu Reich", arresting 10,000 "azociale" (undesirables) as being "work averse" and the "June Initiative", the first mass arrests of Jews. After these massive arrests, thousands of people were deported to concentration camps. Sachsenhausen's population went from 2,920 in May 1938 to over 9,200 in June 1938. Naujoks recalled the overcrowding. In normal occupancy, each barrack had 146 prisoners.This was true until mid-1938. After that, a third bed was added. Then the barrack occupancy was 180-200 men... In essence, this was case only in the first ring after 1938-1939... In other barracks, the overcrowding of the camp led to the beds being removed and the straw sacks were laid on the ground. There were also times where day rooms were covered with straw sacks at night; during the day, the straw sacks were stacked in the other room with the beds. In the large barracks, dubbed "mass barracks", often 400 prisoners were jammed together.From July to September 1942, almost all of the pink triangle prisoners then at Sachsenhausen fell victim to a targeted SS extermination initiative. After liberation, Naujoks reported the murder of 200 individuals in this initiative. Selected works
 Nahrung für das Notstandsgebiet Hamburg, KPD, Hamburg (1947)
 'Das Gestern soll nicht das Heute bestimmen, Sachsenhausen booklet, No. 3. Dortmund (1962)
 Mein Leben im KZ Sachsenhausen 1936–1942. Erinnerungen des ehemaligen Lagerältesten.'' Edited by Ursel Hochmuth.Published by <mask> and the Sachsenhausen Committee for the Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Röderberg-Verlag, Cologne (1987). Also published by Dietz Verlag, Berlin (1989) and Pahl-Rugenstein, Cologne (1989),

References

External links

 Memorial and Museum Sachsenhausen Official website. Retrieved May 5, 2010
 Internationales Sachsenhausen Komitee Official website. Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime Official website

1901 births
1983 deaths
Politicians from Hamburg
Communist Party of Germany politicians
German Communist Party politicians
Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime members
Communists in the German Resistance
Sachsenhausen concentration camp survivors
People from Harburg, Hamburg

masks:
Harry Naujoks
Naujoks
Naujoks
Naujoks
Naujoks
Harry Naujoks
Harry Naujoks
Naujoks
Naujoks
Martha Naujoks


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<mask> (born August 22, 1945) is an American screenwriter, showrunner, director, and producer. He is best known for writing and producing the HBO drama The Sopranos which aired for six seasons between 1999 and 2007. <mask> has also produced and written for such shows as The Rockford Files, I'll Fly Away, and Northern Exposure. He created the original series Almost Grown which aired for 10 episodes in 1988 and 1989. He has won seven Emmy Awards. <mask>'s film debut came in 2012 with Not Fade Away, followed by The Many Saints of Newark (2021), a prequel film to the TV series The Sopranos. Early life and education
<mask> was born into a working-class Italian American family in Mount Vernon, New York, the only child of Henry and <mask>.His paternal grandmother had changed the family name from "DeCesare" to "<mask>". His father owned a hardware store. He grew up in a small garden apartment in Clifton, New Jersey, and in North Caldwell, New Jersey. He grew up watching matinée crime films and was well known as a creative storyteller. He has stated that he had many problems with his parents when he was a child. He says that his father was an angry man who belittled him constantly, and his mother was a "passive-aggressive drama queen" and a "nervous woman who dominated any situation she was in by being so needy and always on the verge of hysteria." A character he created for The Sopranos, Livia Soprano, is based on his mother.<mask> struggled with panic attacks and clinical depression as a teenager, something he dealt with into adulthood. He graduated from high school in 1964 and attended Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, where his depression worsened. "I slept 18 hours a day," he has stated. He described his problems as "normal, nagging, clinical depression." He also worked as a drummer during this period and aspired to be a professional musician. After two years, he transferred to New York University where he chose to pursue a career in film—a decision that was not well received by his parents. He went on to attend Stanford University's School of Film, earning a Master of Arts degree in 1971.Career
<mask> started in Hollywood as a story editor for Kolchak: The Night Stalker and then produced episodes of The Rockford Files and Northern Exposure, among other series. He also worked as a writer of 19 episodes while on The Rockford Files—a show which he worked on in various capacities for more than four years. He won several Emmy awards, including one for a television movie, Off the Minnesota Strip, the story of a runaway he scripted in 1980. His first original created series was Almost Grown in 1988, with Eve Gordon and Timothy Daly. Although the one-hour series was well received by critics, only 10 episodes aired from November 1988 to February 1989. The Sopranos
<mask> worked in relative anonymity before The Sopranos debuted. The story of The Sopranos was initially conceived as a feature film about "a mobster in therapy having problems with his mother".<mask> got some input from his manager Lloyd Braun and decided to adapt it into a television series. He signed a development deal in 1995 with production company Brillstein-Grey and wrote the original pilot script. He drew heavily from his personal life and his experiences growing up in New Jersey, and has stated that he tried to apply his own "family dynamic to mobsters". For instance, the tumultuous relationship between series protagonist Tony Soprano and his mother Livia is partially based on <mask>'s relationship with his own mother. He was also in psychotherapy at the time and modeled the character of Jennifer Melfi after his own psychiatrist. <mask> had been fascinated by organized crime and the mafia from an early age, witnessing such people growing up. He also was raised on classic gangster films such as The Public Enemy and the crime series The Untouchables.The series is partly inspired by the Richard Boiardo family, a prominent New Jersey organized crime family when <mask> was growing up, and partly on New Jersey's DeCavalcante family. He has mentioned American playwrights Arthur Miller and Tennessee Williams as influences on the show's writing, and Italian director Federico Fellini as an important influence on the show's cinematic style. The series was named after high school friends of his. <mask> and producer Brad Grey pitched The Sopranos to several networks; Fox showed interest but passed on it after <mask> presented them the pilot script. They eventually pitched the show to Chris Albrecht, president of HBO Original Programming, who decided to finance a pilot episode which was shot in 1997. <mask> directed it himself. They finished the pilot and showed it to HBO executives, but the show was put on hold for several months.During this time, <mask>, who had long experienced frustration at being unable to break out of TV and into film, considered asking HBO for additional funding to shoot 45 more minutes of footage and release The Sopranos as a feature film. In December 1997, HBO decided to produce the series and ordered 12 more episodes for a 13-episode season. The show premiered on HBO on January 10, 1999, with the pilot, The Sopranos. In 2022, <mask> and Phil Abrham created the 2022 Super Bowl spot for Commonwealth / McCann. Thirty episodes of The Sopranos are explicitly credited to <mask>; however, as the show's creator, showrunner, and head writer, he had a major role in all the scripts, including producing and touching up each script's final draft. He also directed the pilot episode and the series finale (both of which he also wrote). Of the controversial final scene of the series finale, <mask> said, "I have no interest in explaining, defending, reinterpreting, or adding to what is there."Not Fade Away
Not Fade Away (2012), <mask>'s feature film debut, was released on December 21, 2012. It centers on the lead singer of a teenage rock 'n' roll band (played by John Magaro) in 1960s New Jersey. Described as "a music-driven coming-of-age story," the film reunites <mask> with James Gandolfini (former star of Sopranos), who co-stars as Magaro's father. Other cast members include Bella Heathcote, Christopher McDonald, Molly Price, Lisa Lampanelli, Jack Huston and Brad Garrett. <mask> himself has described the film as about "a post-war, post-Depression-era parent who has given his kid every advantage that he didn't have growing up, but now can't help feeling jealous of the liberated, more adventurous destiny his son is able to enjoy." Another former Sopranos cast member, Steven Van Zandt, served as music supervisor and executive producer. The Many Saints of Newark
Although <mask> was "against [the movie] for a long time", Deadline Hollywood reported in March 2018 that New Line Cinema had purchased the script for The Many Saints of Newark, a prequel to The Sopranos written by <mask> and fellow screenwriter Lawrence Konner.<mask> said of the storyline, which centers on the 1967 Newark riots and racial tensions between the Italian-American and African-American communities, "I was interested in Newark and life in Newark at that time... I used to go down there every Saturday night for dinner with my grandparents. But the thing that interested me most was Tony's boyhood. I was interested in exploring that." <mask> served as producer, and in July 2018, Alan Taylor, who previously directed episodes of the series, was hired to direct the film. The film was initially scheduled to be released on September 25, 2020, however, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, its release date was rescheduled to March 12, 2021 and later September 24, 2021 before ultimately being released on October 1, 2021. More recently, he and his Chase Films production company struck a deal with WarnerMedia.Unrealized projects

A Ribbon of Dreams
<mask> has previously developed A Ribbon of Dreams, a miniseries for HBO. According to an HBO press release, the series' pilot would "begin in 1913 and follow two men, one a college-educated mechanical engineer, the other a cowboy with a violent past, who form an unlikely producing partnership and together become pioneers and then powers for a time in motion pictures." Specifically, the two men would "begin as employees of D.W. Griffith, and then cross career paths with John Ford, John Wayne, Raoul Walsh, Bette Davis, Billy Wilder and others who gave shape to Hollywood as it grew from the age of rough-hewn silent Westerns, to the golden era of talkies and the studio system, to the auteur movement, to television, and finally to the present day." In 2021, <mask> revealed that HBO agreed to proceed with the production of the miniseries but with "a cheesy budget", to which <mask> refused to agree. Therefore, <mask> and HBO parted ways on the project and A Ribbon of Dreams fell through. Personal life
After graduating from NYU in 1968, <mask> moved to California and married his high school sweetheart Denise Kelly. He is the father of actress Michele DeCesare, who appeared in six The Sopranos episodes as Hunter Scangarelo.<mask> has stated that he "loathed and despised" television shows, watching only The Sopranos and movies. However, he has said in recent interviews that he watches Boardwalk Empire and Mad Men, the work of former Sopranos writers and producers Terence Winter and Matthew Weiner, respectively. He said that he made those negative comments in part because he had been frustrated working within the confines of 1990s network television.

masks:
David Henry Chase
Chase
Chase
Chase
Norma Chase
Chase
Chase
Chase
Chase
Chase
Chase
Chase
Chase
Chase
Chase
Chase
Chase
David Chase
Chase
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Chase
Chase
Chase
Chase
Chase
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<mask>. (July 27, 1926 – June 9, 1995) was an influential leader in the Phoenix-area Civil Rights Movement. Known for his outspokenness, <mask> was instrumental in various reform efforts in the Valley, including voting rights and the desegregation of schools, neighborhoods, and public accommodations. Early life

<mask> was born on July 27, 1926, to mortician <mask> and schoolteacher <mask> (née Perkins) in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and subsequently grew up in Ardmore, Oklahoma. In 1921, Hartwell's mortuary was located in the Greenwood neighborhood of Tulsa, the site of the violent Tulsa race riot, which he narrowly escaped; the business was burned down by a mob along with most other businesses in that black community. Hartwell's oldest brother, <mask>., was a taxi driver who served whites and blacks and was the first of the six brothers, who started the family legacy of funeral service by opening the nation's first African-American funeral business still owned by the same family. <mask> has said that he grew up hearing about it. <mask>, the first person in her family to earn a college degree, was the president of the National Association of Colored Women's Oklahoma chapter.Hartwell's mortuary business, relocated to Ardmore, became a success and the <mask>s lived more comfortably than most black families during the Great Depression. Theodore "Ted" <mask>, a cousin of <mask>, followed in William Jr.'s footsteps to become Oklahoma NAACP president in the 1930s despite the earlier death of his brother. <mask>'s parents instilled in him the value of education. He attended the segregated Douglass High School in Ardmore, and around this time began to develop both his love for flying and his entrepreneurial acumen by earning his own money to pay a local pilot to take him up in his plane regularly. Military career

When <mask> graduated high school in 1944, the new Tuskegee Airmen, a corps of black military pilots in World War II, appealed to both his interest in flying and in racial equality. He later remarked that he enlisted to refute the popular notion that blacks could not successfully fly planes. Trained at Tuskegee Army Air Corps Field in Alabama in 1945, he became part of the US Army's early integration effort.In Alabama, <mask> experienced racially motivated violence firsthand, narrowly escaping a lynching at the hands of local police at the age of 19. As he tells it, <mask>, less deferential than normal because of his recent graduation and because he was accustomed to giving orders, had drawn the ire of a white gas station attendant, who alerted the police to his behavior. He was followed out of the station by a police car, and, after pulling over, brutally beaten by three officers with shotguns; one suggested killing him, but another objected because he was wearing a military uniform. <mask> was transferred to Luke Air Force Base in Arizona for gunnery training, becoming one of the first black soldiers involved in the base's integration. <mask> later remarked upon his surprise at discovering the extent to which Phoenix was plagued by racism similar to the South's. In November 1945, he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Army Air Corps. Phoenix and entrepreneurship
After the war, he went on to settle in Phoenix in 1946, where he and brother Hartwell <mask> family profession.<mask> was initially unable to secure a loan, being rejected by all of the banks in town, until a stranger agreed to make a personal loan of $35,000 to start the business after hearing his story. This made Lincoln Ragsdale Phoenix's first black funeral home owner in Arizona in 1948. He would later graduate from the Arizona State University, and also received a doctorate in business administration from Union Graduate School. In 1949, he married <mask>, a local schoolteacher at Dunbar Elementary School who became an important activist in her own right. <mask>'s many business holdings over the years included the mortuary business, a real estate agency, a construction business, a restaurant and nightclub, various insurance companies in several states, an ambulance service, and a flower shop. During his years of activism, <mask> nevertheless became wealthy in his many business dealings. <mask>'s original business model subverted Phoenix's discriminatory practices to his own economic gain.Because blacks and Hispanics were not permitted to patronize white establishments, he expected to be able to corner the market in his industry among those underserved groups—and while Hispanics were not major customers, his business with the small black community boomed. However, Ragsdale, somewhat controversially for the time, began to specifically cater to white and Hispanic clientele in the 1960s, putting him at odds with the National Funeral Directors and Morticians Association, Inc., a black trade association. He employed white workers and took his name out of the business', renaming from "Ragsdale Mortuary" to "Universal Memorial Center." <mask> saw this business decision as part of his broader activism for racial integration: "I was almost bankrupt in 1965. There just wasn't enough business to support me, so I decided to go after the white business. We talk about integration but too often continue to work in all-black situations." Civil Rights-era activism

Early work

The Ragsdales were founding members of the Greater Phoenix Council for Civic Unity (GPCCU) in the late 1940s.One of <mask>'s first forays into civil rights action was in a case that touched both his military and mortuary careers. In 1952, <mask>'s business received the body of Pfc. Thomas Reed, a black soldier killed in the Korean War. While the family wanted to have him buried in the military veterans' plot at the Greenwood Memorial Park cemetery in Phoenix, cemeteries were segregated and the veterans' plot was all-white. <mask> worked with the GPCCU to publicize the controversy in the media both locally and nationally, getting a fellow activist, Thomasena Grigsby, to publish an editorial in the Chicago Defender. After a three-month standoff in which the body was left unburied by <mask> in a mortuary vault, the funeral directors gave in and voted to integrate the cemetery; <mask> went on to work for the integration of other cemeteries. In April 1951, <mask> was elected to the GPCCU board of directors.He and the GPCCU advocated in the Arizona Legislature for a law to desegregate Arizona's schools. The effort was also backed by some white leaders, notably Barry Goldwater. The law which passed only went so far as to allow school boards to voluntarily desegregate. While many districts, including Tucson's, did desegregate voluntarily, Phoenix schools did not. The GPCCU then campaigned for a local ballot initiative to desegregate Phoenix's schools, but it failed by a 2-to-1 margin. In 1952, the Ragsdales, the GPCCU, and the NAACP funded a lawsuit against the white-only Phoenix Union High School on behalf of three black children against school segregation; <mask> helped raise the GPCCU's $5,000 contribution for the lawsuit. The suit challenged the legality of the law's segregation option, in effect contesting the law they had just lobbied for.The case, decided by Judge Fred C. Struckmeyer in the Maricopa County Superior Court, became the nation's first court decision declaring school segregation laws illegal, over a year prior to the Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education decision. Another case that year brought by the same lawyers against an elementary school agreed with Struckmeyer's decision. Fighting housing discrimination

The Ragsdales made history in 1953 by moving into a home on West Thomas Road in the exclusive Encanto area north of the red line which separated the segregated white and black neighborhoods in Phoenix. In that era, blacks were excluded from home ownership in north of the neighborhoods along Van Buren Street by banks who refused them loans for such houses and real estate agents who refused to show the houses to blacks. Eleanor was a licensed real estate agent with knowledge of the market and also fair-skinned enough to pass for white, both of which allowed her to find a suitable home in a white neighborhood without arousing suspicion; <mask> viewed the home at night, being driven through an alley behind the house. The Ragsdales, unable to buy the house themselves, asked a white friend of Eleanor to purchase the house in his own name and then transfer the title to them. Enduring threats from neighbors, harassment from local police who stopped them while driving in their own neighborhood, and graffiti with racial epithets on their home, despite never being fully accepted in their own neighborhood the couple lived in the home for 17 years and raised their four children there.They became a local symbol of resistance to housing discrimination. The model the Ragsdales had established for circumventing the controls on black home ownership was repeated by other blacks, often aided by Eleanor, to move into other homes in the all-white area. NAACP and public accommodations

By the 1960s, Ragsdale and Rev. George B. Brooks, respectively vice-president and president of the Maricopa County NAACP chapter, were organizing protests and meeting with local business leaders to end workplace discrimination that barred blacks from skilled jobs. Ragsdale also began to target segregation in public accommodations and facilities, and in 1962, echoing the 1960 Greensboro Woolworth's sit-ins, Lincoln and Eleanor organized protests at the local Phoenix Woolworth's stores. <mask> participated in the creation of the Action Citizens Committee and ran for Phoenix City Council in 1963 along with the Committee's slate of other candidates. While ultimately narrowly unsuccessful, the campaign drew attention to the lack of minorities and South Phoenix residents in government and led to the registration of many new African-American and Latino voters.In 1964 <mask> successfully lobbied the Phoenix City Council for passage of a public accommodations law, and nearly a year later Arizona passed a statewide civil rights law, both similar in nature to the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964. 1964 also saw Martin Luther King Jr. give a speech at the Arizona State University at Ragsdale's invitation, after which the <mask>s hosted him in their home. Work with the Hispanic community

Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the black population of Phoenix remained under 5% of the city's total and Hispanics outnumbered blacks 3-to-1, necessitating more multicultural organizing than occurred elsewhere in the Civil Rights Movement. Later life

As a pilot, <mask> served on the Phoenix Municipal Aeronautics Advisory Board in the 1970s. <mask> later became involved in the intense fight to create a statewide Martin Luther King Jr. Day in Arizona, which finally passed after a voter-approved ballot measure in 1992. <mask> died on June 9, 1995 of colon cancer in his Paradise Valley, Arizona, home. His crypt is located in the Serenity Mausoleum of Phoenix's Greenwood/Memory Lawn Mortuary & Cemetery.The executive terminal at Phoenix's Sky Harbor International Airport was renamed the Lincoln J. Ragsdale Executive Terminal in his honor. The Links, Incorporated Phoenix Chapter, of which the Ragsdales were active members, contribute to the Arizona State University Dr. <mask> J. Ragsdale Memorial Scholarship, named in his honor. Notes

References

1926 births
1995 deaths
Activists for African-American civil rights
Arizona State University alumni
Aviators from Oklahoma
Businesspeople from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Military personnel from Phoenix, Arizona
Tuskegee Airmen
Union Institute & University alumni
20th-century American businesspeople
African-American aviators

masks:
Lincoln Johnson Ragsdale Sr
Ragsdale
Ragsdale
Hartwell Ragsdale
Onlia Violet Ragsdale
William Ragsdale Jr
Lincoln
Onlia Ragsdale
Ragsdale
Ragsdale
Lincoln
Lincoln
Lincoln Ragsdale
Ragsdale
Ragsdale
Ragsdale
Ragsdale
Ragsdaledale
Ragsdale
Eleanor Ragsdale
Ragsdale
Ragsdale
Ragsdale
Ragsdale
Ragsdale
Ragsdale
Ragsdale
Ragsdale
Ragsdale
Ragsdale
Ragsdale
Lincoln
Ragsdale
Ragsdale
Ragsdale
Ragsdale
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Ragsdale
Lincoln


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<mask> (December 31, 1933 – July 19, 2005) was an American author of crime fiction, a screenwriter, convicted felon and an actor. He wrote numerous books, some of which have been adapted into films. He wrote the scripts for - and acted in - Straight Time (1978) (adapted from his debut novel No Beast So Fierce), Runaway Train (1985) and Animal Factory (2000) (adapted from his sophomore novel of the same name). He also played a minor role in Reservoir Dogs (1992). He began running away from home when he was five years old, and developed a pattern of criminal behaviour, earning his first conviction when he was fourteen, leading to a cycle of incarceration, parole, re-offending and further jail time. He was convicted of bank robbery, drug dealing, extortion, armed robbery, and forgery. Bunker was released from prison for the last time in 1975, after which he focused on his career as a writer and actor.Early life

1930s − 1940s
Bunker was born on December 31, 1933 into a troubled family in Los Angeles. His mother, Sarah (née Johnston), was a chorus girl from Vancouver, and his father, <mask><mask>, a stage hand. His first clear memories were of his alcoholic parents screaming at each other, and police arriving to "keep the peace", a cycle that led to divorce. Consistently rebellious and defiant, young Bunker was subjected to a harsh regime of discipline. He attended a military school for a few months, where he began stealing and eventually ran away again, ending up in a hobo camp. While Bunker eventually was apprehended by the authorities, this established a pattern he followed throughout his formative years. By age 11, Bunker was picked up by the police and placed in juvenile hall after he assaulted his father.Some sources cite that this incident, along with extreme experiences such as the severe beating he experienced in a state hospital called Pacific Colony (later called Lanterman Developmental Center), created in Bunker a life-long distrust for authority and institutions. Bunker spent time in the juvenile detention facility Preston Castle in Ione, California, where he became acquainted with hardened young criminals. Although young and small, he was intelligent (with an IQ of 152), streetwise and extremely literate. He soon learned to hide his fear and embrace his dog-eat-dog surroundings. A long string of escapes, problems with the law and different institutions—including a mental hospital—followed. At the age of fourteen, following his first criminal conviction, Bunker was paroled to the care of his aunt. However, two years later he was caught on a parole violation, and was this time sent to adult prison.There, he believed, he could either be predator or prey, and did his best to establish himself in the former category. In Los Angeles County Jail, he stabbed another inmate (Bunker claims it was convicted murderer Billy Cook, although circumstantial evidence shows Cook couldn't have been the victim) and soon gained a respectful reputation as a fearless young man. Some thought he was unhinged, but in his book Mr. Blue: Memoirs of a Renegade he stated this was a ruse designed to make people leave him alone. Criminal life and early writing

1950s − 1960s
In 1950, while at the McKinley Home for Boys, Bunker met one of the home's prominent benefactors, Louise Fazenda, a star of the silent screen and wife of the producer Hal B Wallis, who gave him support and encouragement. Through her he met Aldous Huxley, Tennessee Williams and newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst, whose guest he was at San Simeon. Fazenda sent him a portable typewriter, a dictionary, a thesaurus and a subscription to the Sunday edition of The New York Times, whose Book Review he devoured. He also subscribed to Writer’s Digest and enrolled in a correspondence course in freshman English from the University of California, selling blood to pay for the postage.However, the following year the 17-year-old Bunker had the dubious honor of being the youngest-ever inmate in San Quentin State Prison. During his time spent in solitary confinement, Bunker was near the cell of death row inmate Caryl Chessman, who was writing his novel Cell 2455, Death Row. Chessman had sent Bunker an issue of Argosy magazine, in which the first chapter of his book was published; in 1955 the novel was made into a movie by Fred F. Sears. Bunker - who had dropped out of school in seventh grade - said that Chessman, along with other prison writers including Dostoevsky and Cervantes, inspired him to become a writer himself. Bunker was paroled in 1956. Now 22, he was unable to adjust to living in normal society. As an ex-convict, he felt ostracized by "normal" people, although he managed to stay out of trouble for several years.Although Fazenda attempted to help him, after she was diagnosed with a nervous breakdown her husband pronounced many of her former friends — including Bunker — personae non-gratae in the Wallis household. Bunker held down various jobs for a while, including that of a used car salesman, but eventually returned to crime. He orchestrated robberies (without personally taking part in them), forged checks, and engaged in other criminal activities. Bunker ended up back in jail for 90 days on a misdemeanor charge. He was sent to a low-security state work farm, but escaped almost immediately. After more than a year, he was arrested after a failed bank robbery and high-speed car chase. Pretending to be insane (faking a suicide attempt and claiming that the Catholic Church had inserted a radio into his head), he was declared criminally insane.1970s
Although Bunker eventually was released, he continued a life of crime. In the early 1970s, Bunker ran a profitable drug racket in San Francisco; he was arrested again when the police, who had put a tracking device on his car, followed him to a bank heist. (The police expected Bunker to lead them to a drug deal and were rather shocked by their stroke of luck.) Bunker expected a 20-year sentence, but thanks to the solicitations of influential friends and a lenient judge, got only five. In the early 1970s he was a criminal associate of Sandra Good and Lynette Fromme. Career

No Beast So Fierce and early success
In prison, Bunker continued to write. While still incarcerated, he finally had his first novel No Beast So Fierce published in 1973, to which Dustin Hoffman purchased the film rights.Novelist James Ellroy said it was "quite simply one of the great crime novels of the past 30 years: perhaps the best novel of the LA underworld ever written". Bunker was paroled in 1975, having spent 18 years of his life in various institutions. While he was still tempted by crime, he now found himself earning a living from writing and acting. He felt that his criminal career had been forced by circumstances; now that those circumstances had changed, he could stop being a criminal. Animal Factory and film work
He published his second novel, Animal Factory to favorable reviews in 1977. The following year saw the release of Straight Time, a film-adaptation of No Beast So Fierce. While it was not a commercial success, it earned positive reviews and Bunker got his first screenwriting and acting credits.Like most of the roles Bunker played, it was a small part, and he went on to appear in numerous movies, such as The Running Man, Tango & Cash and Reservoir Dogs, as well as the film version of Animal Factory, in 2000, for which he also wrote the screenplay. In 1985, he had written the screenplay for Runaway Train, in which he had a small part, as did Danny Trejo thanks to Bunker's help; the two had known each other when they were incarcerated together years before. The film helped launch Trejo's career. Bunker had better luck robbing banks in real life than he did in the movies. In Reservoir Dogs, where he was most fondly remembered as Mr. Blue, he played one of two criminals killed during a heist. The film's director, Quentin Tarantino, had studied Straight Time while attending Robert Redford's Sundance Institute. Bunker was the inspiration for Nate, Jon Voight's character in Michael Mann's 1995 crime film Heat; Bunker also worked as an adviser on the film.In The Long Riders, he had a brief role as Bill Chadwell, one of two members of the James-Younger Gang killed during a bank robbery in Northfield, Minnesota. Prior to his death Bunker assisted in production of short films alongside Canadian director Sudz Sutherland such as "The Confessions of a Taxicab Man", "The Spooky House on Lundy's Lane" and "Angie's Bang". He also wrote and directed a Molson Canadian Cold Shot commercial. Writing style
Bunker's hard-boiled and unapologetic crime novels are informed by his personal experiences in a society of criminals in general and by his time in the penal system in particular. Little Boy Blue, in particular, draws heavily on Bunker's own life as a young man. He recounted in an interview, "It has always been as if I carry chaos with me the way others carry typhoid. My purpose in writing is to transcend my existence by illuminating it."A common theme in his fiction is that of men being sucked into a circle of crime at a very young age and growing up in a vicious world where authorities are at worst cruel and at best incompetent and ineffectual, and those stuck in the system can be either abusers or helpless victims, regardless of whether they're in jail or outside. Dennis McLellan wrote:

Bunker said that much of his writing was based on actual events and people he has known. In Bunker's work, there is often an element of envy and disdain towards the normal people who live outside of this circle and hypocritically ensure that those caught in it have no way out. Most of Bunker's characters have no qualms about stealing or brutalizing others and, as a rule, they prefer a life of crime over an honest job, in great part because the only honest career options are badly paying and low-class jobs in retail or manual labor. Robert Dellinger met fellow inmate Bunker in 1973 at the federal prison on Terminal Island, where Dellinger taught a creative writing class. They became lifelong friends, with Dellinger making the public announcement of Bunker's death, and saying that "Bunker wrote with energy and a muscular style that very few people have, and his words just literally jump off the page". Bunker's autobiography, Mr. Blue: Memoirs of a Renegade, was published in 1999.Personal life and death
In 1977, Bunker married a young real estate agent, Jennifer Steele. In 1993, a son, Brendan, was born. The marriage ended in divorce. In 2001, he reportedly had a short-lived marriage to Angie Furgesson, having met at BackPage cooking school. Bunker was close friends with Mexican Mafia leader Joe "Pegleg" Morgan, ex-convict and professor John Irwin, as well as actor Danny Trejo, who is the godfather of his son. He first met all three men while serving time in Folsom State Prison. A diabetic, Bunker died on July 19, 2005 at Providence St. Joseph Medical Center in Burbank, California, following surgery to improve the circulation in his legs.He was 71.

masks:
Edward Heward Bunker
Edward N
. Bunker


text_chunks:
{{Infobox writer
| image =
| name = <mask>
| pseudonym =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Writer, Entrepreneur, Founder of the Flow Research Collective
| alma_mater =
| genre = Nonfiction
| movement =
| notableworks = The Art of the ImpossibleThe Rise of SupermanAbundanceA Small Furry PrayerWest of JesusBoldStealing Fire}}
<mask> is an American author, journalist, and entrepreneur. His articles have appeared in over 70 publications, including The New York Times Magazine, LA Times, Wired, Time magazine, GQ, Discover, Popular Science, Outside, Men’s Journal, Details and National Geographic Adventure. He is best known for his non-fiction books, including the New York Times bestseller Abundance, A Small Furry Prayer, West of Jesus, Bold, The Rise of Superman and Stealing Fire. <mask> is well regarded as one of the world's leading experts on Ultimate Human Performance. While best known for his work on Flow, <mask> also writes about the use of other non-ordinary states of consciousness in optimizing performance. He is also the Founder of the Flow Research Collective, a research and training organization. The mission of the Flow Research Collective is to understand the science behind ultimate human performance and use it to train up individuals and organizations.By decoding the neurobiology of flow—understanding what is going on in the brain and in the body when humans are performing at their best—the Collective believes they can open up a new possibility space for human potential. Flow Research Collective also trains leaders in all domains to get more flow so they can benefit from the performance enhancements the state provides. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois. After attending Orange High School in Cleveland, Ohio, he graduated from the University of Wisconsin, Madison in 1989 with degrees in English and Creative Writing. In 1993, he received an MA in Creative Writing from The Johns Hopkins University. Entrepreneur
Flow Research Collective
<mask> is the co-founder and Executive Director for the Flow Research Collective. The Flow Research Collective is a research and training organization.The mission is to understand the science behind ultimate human performance and use it to train up individuals and organizations. By decoding the neurobiology of flow—understanding what is going on in the brain and in the body when humans are performing at their best—we can open up a new possibility space for human potential. We help leaders in every domain get more flow so they can benefit from the performance enhancements the state provides. Amplified productivity. Improved decision making. Heightened creativity. The list goes on.<mask> has worked with clients ranging from Fortune 1000 companies such as Cisco, Google & Deloitte to world class athletes and entrepreneurs to the US Special Forces. Creating Equilibrium
Creating Equilibrium, an environmental summit in Lake Tahoe, CA in 2017,  was founded by <mask>, Gabrielle Hull, Matt Reardon and Antony Randall. <mask> was creator, writer, Co-producer and Key Note speaker of Visions. Rancho de Chihuahua
In 2007, alongside his wife, Joy Nicholson, <mask> co-founded the Rancho de Chihuahua dog sanctuary in Chimayo, New Mexico. Rancho de Chihuahua specializes in hospice care and long term rehabilitation for special needs dogs. <mask>'s experience with Rancho de Chihuahua inspired his 2010 book A Small Furry Prayer: Dog Rescue and the Meaning of Life. The Reporter’s Gym
<mask> is the co-founder, alongside the Los Angeles Lakers and 826 LA, of the Reporter’s Gym, a sportswriting camp for inner-city school children.The program ran for 3 years, between 1997–2000. Author
<mask>’s books and articles often deal with the intersection of science and culture, and make frequent and extended use of academic work, particularly in the areas of neuroscience, evolutionary theory, ethology, psychopharmacology and psychology. He has written a total of seven non-fiction books Stealing Fire, Tomorrowland, Bold, The Rise of Superman, Abundance, A Small Furry Prayer, West of Jesus, and two novels The Angle Quickest for Flight and Last Tango in Cyberspace.The Art of Impossible

In January 2021, <mask> published The Art of Impossible: A Peak Performance Primer. Stealing Fire
<mask>, alongside Jamie Wheal, have co-authored a book titled "Stealing Fire". The book was published on February 21, 2017 and is a National Bestseller. Stealing Fire brings to light a trillion dollar economy that has gone unnoticed and unnamed for centuries. The book introduces real life examples of "flow states" and the neuroscience that all humans are gifted with to unlock our hidden potential.The authors discuss how "ecstatis" is applied in every industry, the evolution of its research and how it is revolutionizing our world. Tomorrowland
In 2015 May, <mask> released, Tomorrowland: Our Journey From Science Fiction To Science Fact. In Tomorrowland Kotler guides readers on a mind-bending tour of the far frontier, and how these advances are radically transforming our lives. From the ways science and technology are fundamentally altering our bodies and our world (the world’s first bionic soldier, the future of evolution) to those explosive collisions between science and culture (life extension and bioweapons). Bold
In February 2015, <mask> published Bold: How to Go Big, Create Wealth, and Impact the World, his second book with Peter Diamandis. The book discusses the exponential advancement of technology and teaches entrepreneurs how to thrive in such an environment by being nimble and resilient. Bold debuted on the New York Times bestseller list and remained on the list for six weeks, reaching #6 overall.Best Sellers March 29, 2015 New York Times.May 7, 2015 Since its release, Bold has been reviewed by the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, Financial Times, and others.Knee, Jonathan A. Business Books Reveal a Billionaire Obsession New York Times. May 7, 2015 It was named one of the top 25 books read by corporate America in 2015. The Rise of Superman
In 2014, <mask> announced his next book, The Rise of Superman: Decoding the Science of Ultimate Human Performance. The book explores the state of consciousness known as "flow", an optimal state in which humans perform and feel their best. The book includes examples from adventure athletes including big wave surfer Laird Hamilton, skater Danny Way, and big mountain snowboarders Travis Rice and Jeremy Jones. The Rise of Superman explains how extreme athletes are accelerating their flow states to perform better and how people can use the same tactics to accelerate performance in everyday tasks.Abundance

In 2012 Kotler published Abundance: The Future Is Better Than You Think with Peter H. Diamandis. The book revolves around the idea that the world is getting better and in the future most people of the world will have access to clean water, food, energy, health care, education, and everything else that is necessary for a first world standard of living, thanks to technological innovation. The authors argue progress in artificial intelligence, robotics, infinite computing, ubiquitous broadband networks, digital manufacturing, nanomaterials, synthetic biology, and many other growing technologies will enable the human race to make greater gains in the following two decades than in the previous two hundred years. By doing so, the authors suggest humans will have the ability to meet and exceed the basic needs of every man, woman, and child on the planet.Abundance debuted at #1 on both Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble's bestseller lists, and at #2 on the New York Times bestseller list. It remained on the NYT bestseller list for nine weeks, gathering reviews and profiles from outlets including The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, TIME, BusinessWeek, Wired, Slate, and others. Abundance was voted one of the "Top 5 Must Read Business Books of the Year" by Fortune Magazine. A Small Furry Prayer, West Of Jesus & The Angle Quickest for FlightA Small Furry Prayer was a Wall Street Journal and SF Chronicle Bestseller.Angle Quickest for Flight was a SF Chronicle Bestseller and was shortlisted for the William L. Crawford IAFA Fantasy Award. Blogs
Previous blogs of <mask>'s include "Far Frontiers," a blog about technology and innovation for Forbes and "The Playing Field," a blog about the science of sport and culture for Psychology Today. Bibliography

 Nonfiction West of Jesus: Surfing, Science and the Origin of Belief, 2006A Small, Furry Prayer: Dog Rescue and the Meaning of Life, 2010Abundance: The Future Is Better Than You Think, 2012, co-authored with Peter H. Diamandis
The Rise of Superman: Decoding the Science of Ultimate Human Performance 2014Bold: How to Go Big, Create Wealth, and Impact the World, 2015,  co-authored with Peter H. DiamandisTomorrowland: Our Journey from Science Fiction to Science Fact, 2015Stealing Fire: How Silicon Valley, the Navy SEALs, and Maverick Scientists Are Revolutionizing the Way We Live and Work, co-authored with Jamie Wheal, 2017The Art of Impossible: A Peak Performance Primer, 2021

 Novels
 The Angle Quickest for Flight, 1999
 Last Tango in Cyberspace, 2019
 The Devil's Dictionary'', 2022

References

External links
 <mask> Personal web page
 Rancho de Chihuahua <mask>'s dog sanctuary
 Amazon author’s page
 Michael Krasny’s KQED Forum June 11, 2006 interview with <mask>

Journalists from Illinois
Living people
American non-fiction writers
Writers from Chicago
1967 births

masks:
Steven Kotler
Steven Kotler
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Sir <mask>, FBA (born Finkelstein; 20 May 1912 – 23 June 1986) was an American-born British academic and classical scholar. His prosecution by the United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security during the 1950s resulted in his relocation to England, where he became an English classical scholar and eventually master of Darwin College, Cambridge. His most notable publication is The Ancient Economy (1973) in which he argued that the economy in antiquity was governed by status and civic ideology, rather than rational economic motivations. Early life
<mask> was born in 1912 in New York City to Nathan Finkelstein and Anna Katzenellenbogen. About 1946, he adopted the surname <mask>. He was educated at Syracuse University, where, aged fifteen, he graduated magna cum laude in psychology, and at Columbia University. Although his M.A.was in public law, most of his published work concerned ancient history, especially the social and economic aspects of the classical world. Career

United States
<mask> taught at Columbia University and City College of New York, where he was influenced by members of the Frankfurt School who were working in exile in America. He then taught at Rutgers University. Red scare
On 5 September 1951, an ex-communist, Karl Wittfogel, testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee that Finley was a communist. On 28 March 1952, <mask> appeared before the Committee and invoked the Fifth Amendment regarding his association with communism. On 7 September 1952, Lewis Webster Jones, the president of Rutgers University, announced his intention to appoint Trustee and Faculty Committees to review the cases of professors involved in government inquiries. On 15 November 1952, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover met with Jones to discuss the cases.On 12 December 1952, Rutger's Board of Trustees resolution declared, "It shall be cause for immediate dismissal of any member of faculty or staff" to fail to co-operate with government inquiries. On 31 December 1952, Rutgers dismissed Finley. Rutgers University records show:
On 3 December 1952, the Special Faculty Committee issued a report stating there should be no charges against Heimlich or <mask> and that the University should take no further action in the matter. However, the Trustees, who had the final say in the matter, issued a resolution on 12 December 1952: "it shall be cause for immediate dismissal of any member of faculty or staff" who invokes the Fifth Amendment before an investigatory body in refusing to answer questions relating to communist affiliations and that Professors Heimlich and <mask> would be dismissed as of December of 31, 1952 unless they conformed to the new policy. Neither chose to do so. There was protest at the decision by members of the faculty, who formed an Emergency Committee on the matter. In 1954, he appeared before the United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security, which asked him whether he had ever been a member of the Communist Party USA.He again invoked the Fifth Amendment and refused to answer. Britain
<mask> immigrated to Britain, where he was appointed university lecturer in classics at Cambridge (1955–1964) and, during 1957, elected to a fellowship at Jesus College. He was reader of ancient social and economic history (1964–1970), professor of ancient history (1970–1979) and master of Darwin College (1976–1982). He gave the 1974 Mortimer Wheeler Archaeological Lecture. He broadened the scope of classical studies from philology to culture, economics, and society. He became a British subject in 1962 and a Fellow of the British Academy in 1971, and was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II during 1979. He was a doctorate adviser to Paul Millett, now a senior lecturer in Classics at the University of Cambridge.Work
Among his works, The World of Odysseus (1954, revised ed. with additional essays 1978) proved seminal. In it, he applied the findings of ethnologists and anthropologists like Marcel Mauss to interpret Homer, a radical method that was thought by his publishers to require a reassuring introduction by an established classicist, Maurice Bowra. Paul Cartledge asserted in 1995, "... in retrospect <mask>'s work can be seen as the seed of the present flowering of anthropologically-related studies of ancient Greek culture and society". Following the example of Karl Polanyi, Finley argued that the ancient economy should not be analysed using the concepts of modern economic science, because ancient man had no notion of the economy as a separate part of society, and because economic actions in antiquity were determined not primarily by economic, but by social concerns. This text was later criticized by, amongst others, Kevin Greene,
who argues that Finley underplays the importance of technological innovation, and C. R. Whittaker,
who rejects the concept of a "consumer city". Marriage and death
In 1932 Finley married Mary (, who later changed to her mother's surname, Thiers), a schoolteacher, and the two enjoyed a happy and mutually reinforcing marriage.On the day of her death he suffered a cerebral haemorrhage, and he died the following day on 23 June 1986 at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge. The New York Times obituary adds: "He had suffered a stroke the previous day, an hour after learning of the death of his wife." Bibliography
 Studies in Land and Credit in Ancient Athens, 500–200 B.C. : The Horos Inscriptions (1951). Economy and Society in Ancient Greece (1953). The World of Odysseus (1954). Aspects of Antiquity: Discoveries and Controversies (1960).The Ancient Greeks: An Introduction to Their Life and Thought (1963). A History of Sicily: Ancient Sicily to the Arab Conquest (1968). Aspects of Antiquity: Discoveries and Controversies (1968). Early Greece: The Bronze and Archaic Ages (1970). The Ancient Economy (1973). Democracy Ancient and Modern (1973). Studies in Ancient Society, editor (1974).The Use and Abuse of History (1975). Schliemann's Troy: One Hundred Years After (1975). Studies in Roman Property, editor (1976). The Olympic Games: The First Thousand Years, with H.W. Pleket (1976). Ancient Slavery and Modern Ideology (1980; expanded edition edited by Brent D. Shaw, 1998). The Legacy of Greece: A New Appraisal (1981).Authority and Legitimacy in the Classical City-State (1982). Politics in the Ancient World (1983). Ancient History: Evidence and Models (1985). <mask> was also the editor of numerous volumes of essays on ancient history. See also

 Morris U. Cohen
 Jack D. Foner
 Morris Schappes
 Rapp-Coudert Committee

Notes

Further reading
 Derks, Hans. "The Ancient Economy: The Problem and the Fraud," The European Legacy, Vol. 7, No.5. (2002), pp. 597–620. Hornblower, Simon. "A gift from whom? : [<mask>'s book The World of Odysseus: Critical Essay]," Times Literary Supplement, 24 December 2004, pp. 18–19.Morris, Ian. "Foreword [to the updated edition]," The Ancient Economy by <mask><mask>. Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press, 1999 (paperback, ), pp. ix–xxxvi. Nafissi, Mohammad. "Class, embeddedness, and the modernity of ancient Athens," Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 46, Issue 2.(2004), pp. 378–410. Nafissi, Mohammad. Ancient Athens and Modern Ideology: Value, Theory and Evidence in Historical Sciences. Max Weber, Karl Polanyi and <mask> (Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement; 80). London: Institute of Classical Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London, 2005 (paperback, ).Shaw, Brent D.; Saller, Richard P. Editors' introduction to Economy and society in ancient Greece (with <mask>'s up-to-date bibliography). London: Chatto & Windus, 1981 (hardcover, ); N.Y.: The Viking Press, 1982 (hardcover, ); London: Penguin Books, 1983 (paperback, ). Silver, Morris. Review of The Ancient Economy, edited by Walter Scheidel and Sitta von Reden", Economic History Services, 3 January 2003. Watson, George. "The man from Syracuse: <mask> (1912–1986)," Sewanee Review, Vol. 112, Issue 1.(2004), pp. 131–137. External links

 Lancaster University Photo of <mask>

1912 births
1986 deaths
20th-century American historians
American classical scholars
American emigrants to the United Kingdom
American male non-fiction writers
City University of New York faculty
Classical scholars of Columbia University
Classical scholars of Rutgers University
Columbia University faculty
Columbia University alumni
English Jews
English classical scholars
English historians
Fellows of Darwin College, Cambridge
Fellows of Jesus College, Cambridge
Fellows of the British Academy
Historians of antiquity
Jewish American historians
Knights Bachelor
Masters of Darwin College, Cambridge
Members of the University of Cambridge faculty of classics
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Syracuse University alumni
Victims of McCarthyism
English Jewish writers
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American Jews

masks:
Moses Israel Finley
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<mask>   (, born 6 November 1972) is a Hong Kong physician and epidemiologist, serving as the 40th and current Dean of the Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine at the University of Hong Kong (HKU), where he is also the Helen and Francis Zimmern Professor in Population Health and Chair Professor of Public Health Medicine. Previously, he was Under Secretary for Food and Health at the Government of Hong Kong. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Hong Kong and studied at Wah Yan College. His maternal grandfather was British. He continued his education at Stonyhurst College in Lancashire, England (1986-1989) and Crescent School in Canada (1990). When his family moved to Canada due to his father's job with a multinational company, <mask> undertook his undergraduate education at the University of Western Ontario, majoring in chemistry and minoring music. He then entered the medical school at same university, initially majoring in neurosurgery, eventually switching to public health and completed his family medicine residency training in Toronto.He then received his Master's of Public Health degree from Harvard University in 1999., and earned a research doctorate (Doctor of Medicine) at the University of Hong Kong

Career
<mask> joined the HKU medical faculty as an assistant professor in the Department of Community Medicine (now part of the School of Public Health) in 1999 and became an associate professor when the School of Public Health was formed in 2004. During the SARS outbreak, he established and directed the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group. In 2005, he and Catherine Mary Schooling expanded the Children of 1997 study, which followed 'the majority of all babies born in Hong Kong during April and May 1997', into a life-course epidemiological study. <mask> was a Takemi Fellow at Harvard University from 2004 to 2005, and was promoted to full professor in 2006 after returning to HKU. He also served as the Vice President and Censor in Public Health Medicine at the Hong Kong College of Community Medicine from 2006 to 2008. In 2008, <mask> left academia and joined the Government of Hong Kong as the first Under Secretary for Food and Health, during which he led the government's response in the 2009 swine flu H1N1 pandemic. He held the position until 2011 when he was appointed the Director of the Office of the Hong Kong Chief Executive.He returned to HKU in 2012 as the head of the Department of Community Medicine until 2013, when the department was incorporated into the School of Public Health, and the inaugural Master of Chi Sun College. He was also the acting director of the School of Public Health during this period. In 2013, <mask> was appointed as the 40th Dean of the HKU Faculty of Medicine and Chair Professor of Public Health. At the age of 40, he was the second youngest dean ever appointed at HKU medical faculty. During his deanship, the Faculty of Medicine launched the Springboard Scholarships and Second Chance Scholarship schemes to recruit students from more diverse backgrounds. A number of major changes to the faculty as a whole also took place under <mask>'s watch, including the amalgamation of Departments of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology into the School of Biomedical Sciences (2015), the founding of the Emergency Medicine Unit (2015), the expansion of the HKU Health System to include Gleneagles Hong Kong Hospital as the fourth and newest teaching hospital (2017), the introduction of enrichment year in the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) curriculum (2018), and the redevelopment of the Sassoon Road Medical Campus (expected to be completed in 2024). <mask>'s tenure as dean was renewed in 2018 for a 5-year term until 2023.<mask> resigned in November 2021, but would stay until the end of the academic year. <mask> became the interim Director of the School of Public Health, after the former Director, Keiji Fukuda, retired. Outside HKU, <mask> was the founding chair of the Asia Pacific Observatory on Health Systems Policies from 2010 to 2014, an elected council member of the Hong Kong Academy of Medicine from 2012 to 2019, the founding co-director of the World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control from 2014 to 2018, and a member of the University Grants Committee from 2014 to 2019. He is currently serving on the Hospital Authority Board since 2013, the Steering Committee on Primary Healthcare Development since 2017, the Strategic Technical Advisory Committee of the Asia Pacific Observatory on Health Systems Policies since 2018, the Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health at the Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks Corporation since 2020., and the Global Health Risk Framework Commission. He is also an adjunct professor at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital and an adjunct professorial researcher at the China National Health Development Research Center. During the COVID-19 pandemic, <mask> is one of four experts advising the Chief Executive and the Government of Hong Kong. Academically, <mask> was an editor for the Journal of Public Health between 2007 and 2014, the inaugural co-editor of Epidemics, an associate editor of Health Policy.He is currently the founding deputy editor-in-chief of China CDC Weekly and an editor for the British Medical Journal. <mask> will join the Hong Kong Jockey Club in August 2022 as the Executive Director, Charities and Community, succeeding Leong Cheung; he will report directly to the chief executive officer, Winfried Engelbrecht-Bresges. Personal life
<mask>'s interest in music stems from his mother, who taught music in Belilios Public School. He is the Principal Conductor at the Hong Kong University Students' Union Philharmonic Orchestra, an Honorary Guest Conductor at the Hong Kong Children's Symphony Orchestra, a Director at the Asian Youth Orchestra, and an Executive Committee member at the Hong Kong Arts Festival. Previously, he sat on the Board of Governors of the Hong Kong Sinfonietta and the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra (until 1 November 2018). <mask> is one of the initiators of the Hong Kong Coalition, co-founded by 2 former Chief Executives of Hong Kong Tung Chee-hwa and <mask> Chun-ying. Controversies
<mask>'s move to the government in 2008 was controversial as HKU retained his professorship, and he held Canadian citizenship at the time.All Principal officials of Hong Kong, including the Secretaries for the Bureaux, must be filled by Chinese citizens without the right of abode in foreign countries. Although Under Secretaries for the Bureax were not a principal official, they may serve as Acting Secretaries when the Secretaries were unable to hold office. He eventually renunciated his Canadian nationality. On a press conference about the COVID-19 pandemic on 25 January 2020, Leung and attending government officials asked the public to wear face masks but did not do so themselves. He was criticised for claiming he would be unable to speak when wearing a face mask. He apologised the following day. Awards and honours
 Member of the National Academy of Medicine (2018)
 Non-official Justice of the Peace, Hong Kong (2015)
 Faculty of Public Health Service Award, Faculty of Public Health (2014)
 Gold Bauhinia Star, Hong Kong (2012)
 Official Justice of the Peace, Hong Kong (2008)
 Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
 Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians
 Honorary fellow of the Faculty of Public Health

References

1973 births
Alumni of the University of Hong Kong
Harvard University alumni
University of Western Ontario alumni
Hong Kong civil servants
University of Hong Kong faculty
Hong Kong doctors
Living people
Members of the National Academy of Medicine
People educated at Stonyhurst College
Deans (academic)
Hong Kong expatriates in the United Kingdom
Medical journal editors
Hong Kong expatriates in the United States
Hong Kong expatriates in Canada
Members of the Election Committee of Hong Kong, 2021–2026

masks:
Gabriel Matthew Leung
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