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<mask> (born 27 March 1867: died after 1920) was a Polish-born social reformer. She lived in Vienna for slightly more than ten years, between 1899 and 1910. During that time she emerged as a highly effective pioneering advocate for child protection. Life and works
<mask> was born in Warsaw, the elder of her father's two daughters by approximately two years. Warsaw at this time was an ethnically diverse city of some 250,000 inhabitants, and the administrative capital of "Congress Poland", a semi-detached state of the Russian empire. Of <mask>'s mother nothing is known. Her father, Dr. <mask> (1832-1906) was a professor of Ophthalmology at the University of Warsaw.His name suggests that the family may have been members of the city's German-speaking minority, but there are references to <mask> having spoken German, Russian, Polish, English and Italian. (She wrote articles in French, which many in Europe still regarded as the universal language at this time.) Vienna citizen registration records for 1910/11 (by which time her father had died) show her occupations as "Gutsbesitzerin" ("property owner") and "Schriftstellerin" ("author"):  she described herself as a "Kosmopolitin auf dem Gebiete der Philanthropie" ("cosmopolitan [woman] in the philanthropy sector"). There are indications that her health was never robust. Her first contact with Vienna came about through Michael Hainisch whom she met and got to know while both of them were undergoing a hydrotherapy cure at Kaltenleutgeben. Michael Hainisch, who later embarked on a successful career in national politics, was a son to the leading women's rights activist Marianne Hainisch. Much later, in a memoire, he would recall <mask> <mask> as "a girl both beautiful and brilliant".She was awakened to the subject of child protection during the winter of 1898/99 through reading the 1897 German-language edition of "Entartete Mütter. Eine psychisch-juridische Abhandlung" (loosely, "Degenerated mothers: a psychological-juridical study") by Lino Ferriani. Ferriani was an Italian prosecuting magistrate based in Como. He had been troubled by cases he had encountered. <mask> reacted by getting in touch with Ferriani, whom she visited in March 1899. Under his guidance she studied the relevant literature and undertook an eight month research tour of northern Italy, Switzerland and France. She visited prisons, asylums, so-called correctional institutions and orphanages.She spoke to parents who had been convicted of child abuse. She went on to make a detailed study of child protection associations which had already been set up in the United States and in England in order to benchmark these for the future creation of a child protection office in Vienna integrated into the justice system. This auto-didactic approach to study and the acquisition of knowledge more broadly was not untypical among well informed young women impatient to learn more, at a time when university attendance was, in almost every case, accessible only to males. The decision to take a lead as a child protection activist in Austria was partly down to friendships and family connections that she and her sister already had to the country. There were more personal experiences that led her in the same direction. During a prison visit in Innsbruck she came across a case of boys aged between 10 and 12 being detained and left in solitary confinement simply in order to protect them from the adult prisoners, there being no more appropriate provision for juvenile offenders. A further trigger came from widely read press reports of two cases of child abuse leading to the deaths of victims.More broadly the reports triggered outrage among readers of mass-circulation newspapers who had previously been able to avoid awareness of the extreme outcomes to which such cases might lead. Today it must nevertheless be recognised that certain actions within the family which today would be widely seen in western Europe as abusive were still completely normal during the final decades of the nineteenth century. Parents had a "right to punish" bad behaviour by their own children:  physical punishment was most frequently carried out by fathers. On 7 November 1899 <mask> arrived in Vienna armed with an impressive collection of facts and statistics. It is not clear whether she was accompanied by her aging father, or if he was already by this stage living in Vienna. It seems likely that her younger sister Sophie, who according to at least one source had married the ambitious  young university professor of psychology, Sigmund Fuchs (1859-1903) in 1896, was already living in the city. Sophie had met her husband while she was studying at the university medical faculty.<mask> had already, in June 1899, undertaken a culture-oriented trip to Paris during the course of which she had met the pioneering Vienna feminist Marianne Hainisch. From reports provided by Hainisch it is clear that the lengthy conversations  that they held that summer, <mask> Wolfring had already formulated a clear and detailed action programme to be implemented once she moved to Vienna. She arrived with the statutes and organisation plan for an Austrian child protection association fully worked through. She recruited child protection campaigners and co-workers, at least initially, from activist members of the women's movement in Vienna, which comprised women, such as herself, from the city's haute-bourgeoisie. She sustained close contacts, in particular, with Marianne Hainisch and Auguste Fickert. The inaugural meeting of the "Kinder-Schutz- und Rettungsgesellschaft" ("Child Protection and Rescue Society") was held in Vienna on 28 December 1899. <mask> delivered a lecture on the topic "How should we protect children from mis-treatment and Crime?".The lecture was subsequently featured in the Year Book for 1903 of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. She was offered but turned down the presidency if the new association. This, in the judgement of supporters and admirers, was an error. She nevertheless accepted a critical organisational role as its "general secretary". High hopes accompanied the launch of the association, and by the time <mask> <mask> resigned from the executive committee in 1901 important progress had been made. There were 90 children being looked after in residential care, allocated between a house in Kritzendorf and two "villas" at Maria Enzersdorf (both locations being just outside Vienna). Later during 1901, becoming increasingly restless, she quit the "Kinder-Schutz- und Rettungsgesellschaft", keen to concentrate on social reform more broadly and to campaign - not without some success in the longer term - for child protection to be more firmly embedded in statute and, in the more immediate term, treated as a government priority.Implicitly, she seems to have taken the view that some of those calling the shots at the "Kinder-Schutz- und Rettungsgesellschaft" were excessively accepting about the status quo, and she began to gather friends around her in order to set up a new organisation. The "Pestalozziverein zur Förderung des Kinderschutzes und der Jugendfürsorge in Wien" ("Vienna Pestalozzi Association for the promotion of child protection and youth welfare") was launched in 1903. Residential care for abused and neglected children again became the priority, but expansion seems to have been driven by need rather than by criteria based on affordability:  finding the funds for the organisation's activities was a constant struggle. For as long as her health held out, <mask> was tireless in her fundraising efforts, while also pursuing her researches into the causes of social alienation affecting children. She continued to write articles and deliver lectures detailing the changes that were necessary in order to address society's pressing need for structured child protection. She pursued the demands, which she had first published in a 12-page booklet published in 1902, for an end to societal acceptance of fathers' rights to commit violence against children [as a disciplinary device]. In August 1907 she organised and led the first Austrian Child Protection Congress, which was held in Vienna.<mask> <mask> left Vienna in 1910, and little is known of her final years. Research in the Vienna citizen registration records discloses only that she left the city "on health grounds". Towards the end of her time in Vienna it is known that she  suffered a health breakdown and was required to undergo a major operation which failed to deliver a cure for her condition. It is known, also, that Tuberculosis was rife in Vienna during this period, and references have been found to her having "commuted between Switzerland and Warsaw, always stopping off in Vienna along the way" during the later years of her life. Her sister's young husband had died in 1903 and when her sister died in 1920 it was at Davos, a health resort well known at the time for the healing properties against Tuberculosis of its high-altitude mountain air. Irrespective of the state of her own health, <mask> <mask> was still alive in January 1920 when her name appeared as one of the originators of the announcement, which appeared in Vienna's daily newspaper, the Neue Freie Presse, of her sister's death. In that announcement she is identified as "<mask> v.Wolfring, Warschau", indicating that she had survived for long enough to experience Poland's return to independence.<mask> <mask>'s contributions did not go unnoticed abroad. Particular joy accompanied her acceptance of an honorary membership of the respected New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children. It was an honour accorded to very few. Notes

References

1867 births

19th-century women educators
20th-century women educators
Austrian women essayists
Austrian feminists
Child welfare in Austria
Social reformers
Polish women activists

People from Warsaw
Writers from Vienna

masks:
Lydia von Wolfring
Lydia von Wolfring
Lydia
Emil von Wolfring
Lydia
Lydia von
Wolfring
Von Wolfring
Lydia
Lydia
Lydia von
Von Wolfring
Lydia von
Wolfring
von Wolfring
Lydia von
Wolfring
Lydia von
Wolfring
Lydia
Lydia von
Wolfring


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<mask>Narduzzo" <mask> (born San Cataldo, September 22, 1955) is a Sicilian former mafioso who became a government informant or "pentito" in 1992. His testimony led to the arrest of over 200 mafiosi during the so-called "Operation Leopard" (). Messina has implicated several politicians and government officials with ties to Sicilian Mafia, in particular Giulio Andreotti, seven times Prime Minister for Italy. Early career
Born in San Cataldo, Caltanissetta, Messina was from a family of mafiosi going back a few generations. "I represent the seventh generation belonging to Cosa Nostra," he said. "I was affiliated not because I was a robber or because I was able to kill, but because I was bound to become a member by family tradition." He left elementary school and became involved in burglary.He was imprisoned several times. In April 1982 after serving four years for armed robbery he eventually became a "man of honour" in the local Mafia family of San Cataldo. Messina became a close friend of Giuseppe Madonia, the boss of Vallelunga – one of the most important Mafia families in the province of Caltanissetta and an ally of the Corleonesi. In 1984 he was arrested again for the killing of a drug dealer. He stayed in prison until 1989. After his release, he organized a drug trafficking ring for Giuseppe Madonia that covered several region in Italy. Madonia, in the meantime, had become the representative of the province of Caltanissetta in the Interprovincional Commission of Cosa Nostra.Arrest and pentimento
Messina was arrested in April 1992 and decided to become a government informant (pentito). He was the first mafioso to start collaborating after the Capaci massacre in which judge Giovanni Falcone, his wife and three men of his police escort were killed. He said he was moved by emotional appeal of Rosaria Schifani – the widow of one of the police escorts of Falcone – against the Mafia. Messina started to collaborate on June 30, 1992 and was a goldmine of information to Falcone’s colleague Paolo Borsellino, especially about the workings of the Mafia in central and southern Sicily. He talked about a rival mafia-like organisation in Sicily, the Stidda. It was composed originally of mafiosi who had left the organisation during the Second Mafia War of the 1981-82. The new group was particularly strong in southern Sicily around the towns of Agrigento, Caltanissetta and Gela.As a result of his declarations 203 arrest warrants were issued on November 17, 1992, in the so-called "Operation Leopard" (Operazione Leopardo). At that time the Mafia had killed Borsellino as well. The Corleonesi reign of terror
Messina also revealed that Cosa Nostra was in the midst of a profound internal crisis around 1990. Life within the organisation had become an intolerable nightmare under the reign of terror instituted by the Corleonesi under the leadership of Totò Riina. Murder had become institutionalised instead of a measure that had to be used sparingly and rationally. Messina described how the Corleonesi organized their rise to power: "They took power by slowly, slowly killing everyone … We were kind of infatuated with them because we thought that getting rid of the old bosses we would become the new bosses. Some people killed their brother, others their cousin and so on, because they thought they would take their places.Instead, slowly, (the Corleonesi) gained control of the whole system. (…) First they used us to get rid of the old bosses, then they got rid of all those who raised their heads, like Giuseppe Greco 'the Shoe', Mario Prestifilippo and Vincenzo Puccio … all that’s left are men without character, who are their puppets." Public-sector contracts
An important part of <mask>’s testimony was information on how the Mafia maintained its grip on construction and public-sector contracts in Sicily, which some experts suggest is the Sicilian Mafia’s greatest source of income. He revealed the identity of Totò Riina's "minister of public works" Angelo Siino – a businessman who oversaw the Mafia’s public-sector contracts, collected the bribes, met the entrepreneurs and politicians, made the threats and, if necessary, ordered the killings. Messina himself was heavily involved negotiating the contracts as the underboss of the Mafia family with an aging leader, acting as the intermediary between business leaders and politicians. Government contracts were an important source of revenue and virtually nothing got built without Mafia approval and the necessary kickbacks. "The rule is that any firm starting a job on the territory of a family must contact a man of honour of that family, in order to establish … the percentage to be paid to the Mafia family, considering the overall value of the work," according to Messina.Masonic lodges played an important role to tie the necessary contacts. All the most senior Mafia bosses were affiliated to the Masonry, according to Messina, which represented a “meeting point for everyone”. Mafia and politics
Perhaps Messina's most devastating revelations were about the relations between Cosa Nostra and Italian politics. He was the first pentito to name Giulio Andreotti as the ultimate point of reference of a chain of political exchanges that should have adjusted the sentence of the Maxi Trial that had established Cosa Nostra a single hierarchical organisation ruled by a Commission and that its leaders could be held responsible for criminal acts that were committed to benefit the organisation (the so-called Buscetta theorem). The Mafia counted on judge Corrado Carnevale of the Supreme Court to modify the sentence. And Salvo Lima – Andreotti’s pro-consul on Sicily – "acted as the liaison with (…) Andreotti for the needs of the Sicilian Mafia," said Messina. However, one of the architects of the Maxi Trial, judge Giovanni Falcone, had moved to the ministry of Justice in Rome and managed to prevent that Carnevale would preside the section that would judge the Maxi Trial sentence.According to Messina, there was widespread resentment within Cosa Nostra toward the Andreotti faction of the Christian Democracy and the Craxi group of the Italian Socialist Party. The Mafia betrayed
The Mafia felt betrayed by Salvo Lima and Andreotti. In their opinion they had failed to block the confirmation of the sentence of the Maxi Trial by the Italian Supreme Court in January 1992, which upheld the Buscetta theorem. Many Mafia bosses were condemned to life in prison and Cosa Nostra reacted furiously. In March 1992, they killed Lima and in May Mafia killers blew up Giovanni Falcone, his wife, and three bodyguards. In July, a second car bomb killed Falcone's colleague and close friend Paolo Borsellino, along with five bodyguards. "As for the killings of Falcone and Borsellino, without a doubt the result of the Maxi Trial played a determining role, " Messina said."A reaction was absolutely necessary to improve morale and to re-assert the power of Cosa Nostra. That reaction had to be against the magistrates who had handled the case and against the politicians who had failed to guarantee the positive outcome of the trial and had allowed Carnevale to be removed from the case." Legacy
Although a mafioso of minor importance from the province of Caltanissetta, Messina’s early testimony about the links between Cosa Nostra and politics was of crucial importance at the time. The knowledge about the inner workings of the top echelon of Cosa Nostra, he obtained from Giuseppe Madonia – considered to be the number two of the Mafia around 1990. He was a key witness for the prosecution against the Mafia in the province of Caltanissetta. On December 4, 1992 he appeared before the Italian Parliamentary Antimafia Commission led by senator Luciano Violante. However, some of his declarations were far fetched.He claimed that there was Mafia Commission on a global scale, which has been discarded by most serious academics and law enforcement specialists. He also claimed Umberto Bossi and the League of the North, a political organization advocating the separation of Northern and Southern Italy, was a "creature" of the Sicilian mafia in order to set up a similar League of the South controlled by the Mafia. References

Jamieson, Alison (2000), The Antimafia. Italy’s Fight Against Organized Crime, London: MacMillan Press
Labrousse, Alain; Laurent Laniel and Alan A. Block (2002). The World Geopolitics of Drugs, 1998/1999, Dordrecht (Netherlands): Kluwer Academic Publishers
Lyman Michael D. and Gary W. Potter (2000). Organized Crime, Prentice-Hall
Paoli, Letizia (2003).Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style, New York: Oxford University Press
Stille, Alexander (1995). Excellent Cadavers. The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic, New York: Vintage

External links
 Messina <mask>, short biography

1955 births
Living people
People from San Cataldo, Sicily
Gangsters from the Province of Caltanissetta
Pentiti

masks:
Leonardo "
Messina
Messina
Leonardo


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<mask> (28 August 1924 – 3 July 2014), commonly called "<mask>" (full Hebrew name: ), was one of the founders of the Jewish Renewal movement and an innovator in ecumenical dialogue. Early life
Born <mask> in 1924 to Shlomo and Hayyah Gittel Schachter in Żółkiew, Poland (now Ukraine), Schachter was raised in Vienna, Austria. His father was a liberal Belzer hasid and had Zalman educated at both a Zionist high school and an Orthodox yeshiva. Schachter was interned in detention camps under the Vichy French and fled the Nazi advance by fleeing to the United States in 1941. He was ordained as an Orthodox rabbi in 1947 within the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic community while under the leadership of the sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe, Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn, and served Chabad congregations in Massachusetts and Connecticut. In 1948, along with Rabbi Shlomo Carlebach, Schachter was initially sent out to speak on college campuses by the Lubavitcher Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson. In 1958, Schachter privately published what may have been the first English book on Jewish meditation.It was later reprinted in The Jewish Catalog, and was read by a generation of Jews and as well as some Christian contemplatives. Schachter left the Lubavitcher movement after experimenting with "the sacramental value of lysergic acid" from 1962. With subsequent rise of the hippie movement in the 1960s, and exposure to Christian mysticism, he moved away from the Chabad lifestyle. Career and work

From 1956 to 1975, Reb <mask> was based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, though he travelled extensively. In Winnipeg, he worked as Hillel director and as head of Judaic Studies at the University of Manitoba. These positions allowed him to share his ideas and experiential techniques of spirituality with many Jewish and non-Jewish students, leaving lasting memories. While pursuing a course of study at Boston University (including a class taught by Howard Thurman), he experienced an intellectual and spiritual shift.In 1968, on sabbatical from the Religion department of the University of Manitoba, he joined a group of other Jews in founding a havurah (small cooperative congregation) in Somerville, Massachusetts, called Havurat Shalom. In 1974, Schachter hosted a month-long Kabbalah workshop in Berkeley, California; his experimental style and the inclusion of mystical and cross-cultural ideas are credited as the inspiration for the formation of the havurah there that eventually became the Aquarian Minyan congregation. He eventually left the Lubavitch movement altogether, and founded his own organization known as B'nai Or, meaning "Sons of Light," a title he took from the Dead Sea Scrolls writings. During this period he was known to his followers as the "B'nai Or Rebbe", and the rainbow prayer shawl he designed for his group was known as the "B'nai Or tallit". Both the havurah experiment and B'nai Or came to be seen as the early stirrings of the Jewish Renewal movement. The congregation later changed its name to the more gender neutral, "P'nai Or" meaning "Faces of Light", and it continues under this name. In the 1980s, Schachter added "Shalomi" (based on the Hebrew word shalom, peace) to his name, as a statement of his desire for peace in Israel and around the world.In later years, Schachter-Shalomi held the World Wisdom Chair at The Naropa Institute; he was Professor Emeritus at both Naropa and Temple University. He also served on the faculty of the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College, Omega, the NICABM and many other major institutions. He was co-founder with Rabbi Arthur Waskow of ALEPH: Alliance for Jewish Renewal, bringing together P'nai Or and The Shalom Center, and founder of the ALEPH Ordination Programs. The seminary he founded has ordained over 80 rabbis and cantors. Schachter-Shalomi was among the group of rabbis, from a wide range of Jewish denominations, who traveled together to India to meet with the Dalai Lama and discuss diaspora survival for Jews and Tibetan Buddhists with him. Tibetans, exiled from their homeland for more than three generations, face some of the same assimilation challenges experienced by Jewish diaspora. The Dalai Lama was interested in knowing how the Jews had survived with their culture intact.That journey was chronicled in Rodger Kamenetz' 1994 book The Jew in the Lotus. Themes and innovations
Schachter-Shalomi's work reflects several recurring themes, including:

"Paradigm shifts" within Judaism
 New approaches to halakha (Jewish law) including "psycho-halakha" (as of 2007, called "integral halakha") and doctrines like eco-kashrut
The importance of interfaith dialogue and "deep ecumenism" (meaningful connections between traditions)
 "Four Worlds" Judaism (integrating the Physical, Emotional, Intellectual, and Spiritual realms)

He was committed to the Gaia hypothesis, to feminism, and to full inclusion of LGBT people within Judaism. His innovations in Jewish worship include chanting prayers in English while retaining the traditional Hebrew structures and melodies, engaging davenners (worshipers) in theological dialogue, leading meditation during services and the introduction of spontaneous movement and dance. Many of these techniques have also found their way into the more mainstream Jewish community. Schachter-Shalomi encouraged diversity among his students and urged them to bring their own talents, vision, views and social justice values to the study and practice of Judaism. Based on the Hasidic writings of Rabbi Mordechai Yosef Leiner of Izbitz, he taught that anything, even what others consider sin and heresy, could be God's will. His major academic work, Spiritual Intimacy: A study of Counseling in Hasidism, was the result of his doctoral research into the system of spiritual direction cultivated within Chabad Hasidism.This led to his encouragement of students to study widely in the field of Spiritual Direction (one-on-one counseling) and to innovate contemporary systems to help renew a healthy spirituality in Jewish life. He also pioneered the practice of "spiritual eldering", working with fellow seniors on coming to spiritual terms with aging and becoming mentors for younger adults. Typology of Hasidic rebbes
Schachter-Shalomi theorized that the historical Hasidic Rebbes may be viewed as occupying one or several of the following roles or functions in relation to their support of their followers:
 The Rav — This role refers to Hasidic Rebbes who also served as ordained rabbis serving Jewish communities. Examples of this type cited by Schachter-Shalomi include Shmelke of Nikolsburg and Pinchas Horowitz. For some Hasidic Rebbes, such as Chaim Halberstam of Sanz, the term Rav was used instead of Rebbe. The Good Jew — This role, known in Yiddish as the Guter Yid, refers to a popular Hasidic Rebbe who is viewed as enjoying God's favor and whose legacies spoke to the conditions of struggling Hasidim. This role was viewed as a continuation of the Talmudic legacy of individuals such as Honi HaMe'agel.Examples of Hasidic Rebbes of this type cited include Aryeh Leib of Shpola and Berishil of Krakow. The Seer — This role, known in Hebrew as the Chozeh, refers to a Hasidic Rebbe is was ascribed prophetic powers. Examples of this type cited include the Seer of Lublin and his student Tzvi Hirsh of Zidichov. The Miracle Worker — This role, known in Hebrew as the Ba'al Mofet, was often assumed by Hasidim to involve expertise in Practical Kabbalah. Examples cited include Ber of Radoshitz. The Healer — This role is understood as involving more than mere healing but also involved the expectation that the Hasid would alter his behavior to merit healing. The Gaon — A variant of the healer-type was the Talmudic genius (gaon) who could offer blessing through the merit of his Talmudic study.This tradition was not limited to Hasidism but also was applied to non-Hasidic rabbis such as Yechezkel Landau of Prague and the Gaon of Vilna. The Son or Grandson of the Tzaddik — This role applied to Hasidic Rebbes who would utilize ancestral merit of a Hasidic predecessor to invoke blessing. In Yiddish, the term eynikl (grandson) would sometimes be used. Often, this role involved the use of petitions at the gravesite of the Hasidic predecessor. Examples cited of this type include Boruch of Medzhybizh who was the grandson of the Baal Shem Tov, the founder of Hasidism. The Block Rebbe — This type is viewed to have developed in New York City from 1900 to 1940 and involved a grandfatherly role to local Jewish residents. The Kabbalist — This role, also known in Hebrew as the Ba'al M'kubal, involved expertise in the theoretical teachings of Jewish mysticism.Examples cited include Shneur <mask> of Lyady (the founder of Chabad Hasidism), Yisroel Hopstein (the Maggid of Kozhnitz), and Isaac of Komarno. The Spiritual Guide — This role, known in Hebrew as the Moreh Derekh ("Teacher of the Path"), reflects the Hasidic notion that Rebbe is the expert on matters of the Love anf Fear of God. The Hasidic Rebbe Aharon Roth reportedly insisted on the use of this term. While Schachter-Shalomi notes that Hasidim valued the living guide over the use of books, some Rebbes, such as Shalom Dovber of Lubavitch, wrote various tracts for different types of spiritual seekers. The Tzaddik of the Generation — This role, known in Hebrew as Tzaddik HaDor, or Rashey Alafim ("Head of Thousands"), invokes the stature of Biblical leaders and is viewed mystically as the conduit of all blessing for the Jewish people of that generation. Death
<mask> Schachter-Shalomi died in 2014 at the age of 89. Honors
Rabbi <mask> Schachter-Shalomi was honored by the New York Open Center in 1997 for his Spiritual Renewal.In 2012 his book Davening: A Guide to Meaningful Jewish Prayer won the Contemporary Jewish Life and Practice Award (one of the National Jewish Book Awards). He was also recognized as a shaikh in the Sufi Order of Pir Vilayat Khan in the United States and in the Holy Land. In 2012, the Unitarian Universalist Starr King School for the Ministry awarded Schachter-Shalomi an honorary doctorate of theology, and he gave a popular series of lectures on the "Emerging Cosmology". Works
Schachter-Shalomi produced a large body of articles, books, audio and video recordings. His free-association homiletical style, typical of Hasidic-trained rabbis, and his frequent use of psychological terminology and computer metaphors are appreciated by many first-time readers. His publications include:

Personal life
Schachter-Shalomi was married four times and was the father of 11 children. At his passing, he was survived by his wife of 20 years, Eve Ilsen, along with children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren.References

External links

 Articles by Rabbi <mask> Schacter-Shalomi

 Index of Works by Rabbi <mask> Schachter Shalomi
 The Reb Zalman Legacy Project
 Patheos interview with Reb <mask> on interfaith dialogue
 Beyond Jewish Triumphalism, an interview with Reb <mask> by Patheos
 Zalman M. Schachter Shalomi Collection, University of Colorado Boulder Libraries

1924 births
2014 deaths
American feminist writers
American Jewish Renewal rabbis
Jewish emigrants from Austria to the United States after the Anschluss
Austrian Orthodox Jews
Boston University alumni
Hebrew Union College alumni
Jewish American writers
Jewish Renewal rabbis
Jews from Galicia (Eastern Europe)
LGBT rights activists from the United States
Male feminists
Naropa University faculty
Rabbis of Vienna
People from Zhovkva
Temple University faculty
Writers from Boulder, Colorado
Orthodox Jewish feminists
20th-century American rabbis
21st-century American rabbis
Polish emigrants to Austria

masks:
Meshullam Zalman Schachter Shalomi
Reb Zalman
Meshullam Zalman Schachter
Zalman
Zalman
Zalman
Zalman
Zalman
Zalman
Zalman
Zalman


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<mask> (21 July 1920 – 1 August 2005), better known as <mask>, was a Dutch painter, sculptor, graphic artist, author and musician. Early period
<mask> was born in Amsterdam on 21 July 1920 as the first son of Pieter Nieuwenhuijs and Maria Cornelissen. Their second son, <mask>, was born a year later. Both sons became artists although their parents had no apparent interest in art. As a young child <mask> drew passionately and showed great talent. He read literature with a special preference for poetry and played musical instruments. During his teenage years he learned to sing and to read music while in the church choir at the Ignatius Gymnasium, a prestigious Jesuit school in Amsterdam.In his later years, greatly inspired by gypsy music, he only played improvised music. He played guitar, violin and at 45 years of age also mastered playing the cimbalon. <mask> painted his first oil painting, De Emmaüsgangers, at age sixteen. It depicted the revelation of Jesus to two of his followers in Emmaus. With no money to buy materials he painted this painting on a jute sugar bag with pigments he had bought from a house painter. Many of <mask>'s early drawings and paintings are religiously inspired, due to his Jesuit schooling. Yet at the age of twenty <mask> turned his back on Catholicism.After one year studying at the Kunstnijverheidsschool (Arts and Crafts School), <mask> attended the Rijksakademie voor Beeldende Kunst (State Academy of Fine Arts) from 1939 to 1941. This education in craftmanship was put to use especially during his "New Babylon" period, when <mask> built many constructions and models. <mask> lived and worked in Bergen from 1941 to 1943. Through the Bergense School he was introduced to the work of Paul Cézanne, which impacted him deeply, as evident in Zelfportret (Self Portrait), 1942. On 13 July 1942 he married Matie van Domselaer, the daughter of the composer Jakob van Domselaer. The city of Bergen was evacuated by the Germans in 1943 and so <mask> and Matie moved back to Amsterdam. During this period <mask> went into hiding and refrained from registering at the Kulturkammer (Nazi Chamber of Culture) to avoid the Arbeitseinsatz (labour supply for the Germans).Because of this he was unable to conventionally exercise his craft or to buy art supplies. To paint <mask> used tablecloths and bed linen and had to rinse them out to start again. During the war <mask>'s brother in law, Jaap van Domselaer, moved into the apartment to hide from the 'Arbeitseinsatz.' He introduced <mask> to Plato, Spinoza, Descartes, Kant, Hegel and Marx. Especially the latter provided great inspiration to <mask> regarding his later ideas on art and society. During the winter famine of 1944 <mask>'s first son, Victor Nieuwenhuys, was born. After the war, <mask>, his wife and son moved back to Bergen only to return to Amsterdam in 1946 where they lived in an apartment across from the zoo Artis.When the war ended <mask> was able to expand and grow as an artist after years of captivity and limitations. He liberated himself artistically and experimented with multiple techniques of art-making. He was inspired by Cubism, especially by Georges Braque. In 1946 his daughter Martha was born, followed by his daughter Olga in 1948. CoBrA
In 1946 <mask> travelled to Paris for the first time where he met the young Danish painter Asger Jorn. The friendship between Jorn and <mask> later formed the basis for the avant-garde movement CoBrA. July 1948 <mask> founded Reflex  with Corneille, Karel Appel and his brother Jan Nieuwenhuys.The first edition of the magazine Reflex was published with a manifesto written by <mask>. For <mask> art had to be experimental. He had deducted this from the French word 'expérience' and believed that art springs from experience of the artist and is continuously changing. In the manifesto he stated that the process of creation is more important to the experimental artist than the work itself; it is a means to reach spiritual and mental enrichment. Also, the work of experimental artists is a mirror image of changes in the general perception of beauty. <mask>, Corneille and Appel, three totally different characters and artists, were united in their quest for innovation. They exhibited their work together and were often seen together in the European art scene.The wanderlust of the three is especially notorious. Later in the year 1948 on the terrace of café Notre Dame in Paris the Experimentele Groep in Holland linked up with Christian Dotremont and Joseph Noiret from Belgium and Asger Jorn from Denmark to form CoBrA, a name which was made by Dotremont, formed by the first letters of their hometowns: Copenhagen, Brussels and Amsterdam. The members opposed aesthetics in painting and bourgeois art in general. <mask> had already outlined their ideas in his manifesto in Reflex magazine. This manifesto contains another of his famous quotes: "A painting is not a structure of colours and lines, but an animal, a night, a cry, a man, or all of these together". <mask> was productive during the CoBrA period. White Bird (1948), Ladder (1949) and Scorched Earth I (1951) are some of his noted works from this period.At this time CoBrA published bulletin additional artists from several different disciplines joined their ranks. In 1948 <mask>, together with poet Gerrit Kouwenaar, published a poetry album Goede Morgen Haan. Additionally there were two large CoBrA exhibitions, one in Amsterdam in 1949 and one in Liège in 1951. The director of the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam (Municipal Museum of Amsterdam), Willem Sandberg, was very supportive of young artists and fully supported the CoBrA group by giving them seven large rooms to exhibit their work in. Most of the CoBrA works had been fairly small due to their lack of money and so Sandberg gave the artists an advance to create some larger works in the week before the exhibition. <mask>, Corneille, Appel and Eugène Brands created several large pieces of art that have become iconic for the movement. The architect Aldo van Eyck was commissioned to shape the exhibition.The works of art as well as the way they were presented give rise to harsh critique from press and public. A critic from Het Vrije Volk wrote: "Geklad, geklets en geklodder in het Stedelijk Museum" ("Smirch, twaddle and mess in the Municipal Museum"). The CoBrA artists were considered scribblers and con artists. In the Liège exhibition in 1951, even larger than the Stedelijk exhibition, the CoBrA group dissolved itself and with its tenth edition bulletin publication. As Christian Dotremont, the international secretary, stated in Museum News in 1962 the group would rather "mourir en beauté" (die in beauty) than become a regular artist interest group. Situationist International

After CoBrA Constant's work became more abstract. Back in Amsterdam in the summer of 1952 he developed an interest in spatial architecture and three-dimensional works.With Aldo van Eyck, whom he met during his CoBrA time, he created a space for the exhibition 'Man and House' at the Urban Museum Amsterdam from 1952-1953. In 1954 he worked on a project with Gerrit Rietveld. Together they created a model house for warehouses de Bijenkorf. In 1952 <mask> received a scholarship from the Arts Council of Great Britain to study in London for three months. There he met, amongst others, Henry Moore, Anthony Hill, Kenneth Martin, Ben Nicholson, Barbara Hepworth, Roger Hilton and Victor Pasmore. He found the art climate in London very welcoming. As opposed to Paris, <mask> felt that art was judged more objectively.At that time <mask> lived near Kensington Gardens and as he walked through the bombed city every day he started to wonder how people live and how cities should be built. His stay in London raised his awareness of how the constructions that surround us influence us. He felt that the constructions of his time were mostly practical, immensely dull and provided no room to develop playful and creative lifestyles. In the summer of 1956 Asger Jorn invited <mask> to Alba, Piedmont, Italy, for a congress dedicated to 'Industry and the Fine Arts' initiated by 'Mouvement pour un Bauhaus Imaginiste' (International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus). At this congress <mask> presented his lecture Demain la poésie logera la vie in which he pleaded for a free architecture which could stimulate a creative lifestyle rather than impede it.In 1952 Debord had founded the Lettrist International for which he was a writer, filmmaker and strategic activist. The 'Lettrist International' were also at the Alba congress and they pleaded for a unitary urbanism (the synthesis of art and technology). Later that year <mask> visited Debord in Alba, which proved to be an inspiration for both.Debord wanted to establish an even more radical movement which would totally abandon the arena of fine art while solely focusing on questions of psychogeography, a total dissolution of boundaries between art and life. In 1957 he and Asger Jorn brought together the International Movement for an Imaginist Bauhaus and the Lettrist International by establishing Situationist International. They specifically denied their status as an art movement. <mask> did not join SI at that time. He objected to the SI on the ground that the movement seemed to be established mainly by artists who have their own interest at heart more than a common goal. When SI openly pleaded for 'unitary urbanism', as defined by <mask> and Debord, <mask> joined. An intensive correspondence between him and Debord followed.<mask> wrote several theoretical articles for the French SI journal and staged events at several museums in Paris as well as the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam, where he showed his New Babylon series in 1959. The success of the New Babylon show in 1959 prompted SI to plan a group exhibition there in April–May 1960. This exhibition would never take place. Disagreements in the group resulted in a split and several expulsions. In 1960 <mask> left the group for the same reason he initially objected to joining. By 1961 no one remained of the original artistic core or tendency except Debord himself. though members more allied to the SI's political tendency remained.New Babylon

Back in Amsterdam after his stay in London, Nieuwenhuys started to focus mainly on architecture and the urban environment. The focal point of his work was finding out what potential added value art can provide in intensifying daily life, in which there is room for creative expression. He abandoned painting to work solely on his New Babylon project from 1956 to 1974. With New Babylon Nieuwenhuys envisioned a "world wide city for the future" where land is owned collectively, work is fully automated and the need to work replaced with a nomadic life of creative play. New Babylon is inhabited by homo ludens, who, freed from labor, will not have to make art, for he can

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 be creative in the daily practice of his life. In Nieuwenhuys' own words:
The project of New Babylon only intends to give the minimum conditions for a behaviour that must remain as free as possible. Any restriction of the freedom of movement, any limitation with regard to the creation of mood and atmosphere, has to be avoided.Everything has to remain possible, all is to happen, the environment has to be created by the activity of life, and not inversely. The New Babylon project consisted of a series of models, constructions, maquettes, collages, drawings, graphics and texts expressing <mask>'s theories of urban development and social interaction. A few examples of spatial constructions for which he used modern materials like stainless steel, aluminum and perspex are Het Ruimtecircus (1956) (Spatial Circus) and Het Zonneschip (1956) (Sunvessel). In 1974 the New Babylon project officially came to an end with a large exhibition in the Gemeentemuseum Den Haag. Because he lacked room to store the vast collection of constructions, maquettes, maps and structures he sold them all to the museum. In 1999 <mask>'s New Babylon: City for Another Life, opened at the Drawing Center in New York. It was his first solo exhibition in the United States and was curated by Mark Wigley.There was a symposium conducted in conjunction with the exhibition. According to the Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas, <mask> has made a lot of architects think with his New Babylon: "He was an example of courage". Colorism
<mask> returned to painting, watercoloring and graphics in 1969. Until the mid-1970s, the subjects of his imaginary world New Babylon still crowded his work. However, more and more, he was inspired by contemporary and political issues, including such things as the Vietnam War, African famine and Kosovo refugees. Marxism was a strong influence. Rudi Fuchs said in his foreword to the Catalogue of Constant Paintings in 1995: "there are people who consider <mask>'s later work as a return to tradition.I, however, do not share this opinion. Because I consider his later development from the 1970s as greater penetration into the garden of painting." In the tradition of the Venetian Renaissance painters, Titian and Tintoretto, <mask> applied himself to the technique of colorism. Following this technique the artist doesn't make use of charcoal or pencil sketches but applies colour directly on the canvas with the paintbrush, constructing soft transitions instead of sharp contours. The most important feature of this technique is the way light is expressed in the painting by integrating it into the colour. This technique is laborious. The painting comes to life layer by layer.<mask> painted with oil on canvas and every layer he applied then needed to dry. In this period <mask> produced a mere three to four paintings per year. Public space

In 1949 <mask> decorated a garden wall in Tibirkelunde, Sjelland, Denmark. In 1963 The Gate of Constant was placed at the entry of a sports park in the west side of Amsterdam. <mask> designed the forty-foot-high concrete structure as a commission for the Municipality of Amsterdam. For almost three decades the structure adorned the entry in anonymity until Rita Doets, a former employee of the municipality, left money in her legacy to construct an information sign next to the gate. <mask>'s widow, Trudy Nieuwenhuijs, was present at the inauguration.In 1966 <mask> designed a fountain for the Kooiplein in Leiden. For years the structure didn't function and slowly withered. When the square was redesigned in 1999, the fountain was repaired. New equipment made sure that the shoppers were not bothered by the water. Death
<mask> died on 1 August 2005 and was survived by his son and his three daughters, and by his widow and her daughter. Films
Gyromorphosis (1958), 7 min - In Gyromorphosis, film maker Hy Hirsh strives to display the kinetic qualities of the New Babylon structures of <mask> Nieuwenhuys. One by one he puts parts of the structures in motion and films the details with colored lighting having them overlap each other, appear and disappear.He creates a sensation of acceleration and suspense suggested by the work itself. Accompanying Simon Vinkenoog to <mask>'s New Babylon (1962), 15 min - Lies Westenburg visits <mask> at his studio with writer Simon Vinkenoog. Simon Vinkenoog and <mask> discuss the ideas behind the New Babylon project. <mask> oder der Weg nach New Babylon (1968), 55 min - For ten years <mask> worked on his New Babylon project as a reaction to the architectural and social reality. Film maker Carlheinz Caspari follows <mask> and his visions. Cobra, a revolt against order (1986), 50 min - Documentary by Jan Vrijman about the meaning and influence of the COBRA group, then and now. <mask>, Avant le Départ (2005), 82 min - <mask> died in the summer of 2005.Thomas Doebele and Maarten Schmidt filmed the artist during the last months of his life. They followed him and his dog, Tikus, on their daily stroll to the artist's studio, where he finished his last painting Le Piège. New Babylon de Constant (2005), 13 min - New Babylon visually captured by <mask>'s son Victor Nieuwenhuijs and Maartje Seyfert. Exhibitions
This is an incomplete list of <mask>'s exhibitions over the years:
 1940 at the Aalderink art gallery in Amsterdam (together with Hans Wiesman, first exhibition for Constant)
 1947 Santee Landweer art gallery in Amsterdam (first solo exhibition for <mask>)
 1953 For a spatial colorisme in the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam Constant with Aldo van Eijck
 1956 XXVIII Esposizione Biennale Internazionale d'Arte, Venice
 1959 II. Documenta, Kassel
 1959 Constant. Constructions and models Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
 1961 Niw (sic!) Babylon in the Stedelijk Museum Schiedam
 1964 4.Documenta, Kassel
 1964 Académie Royale, Kopenhagen
 1964–1965  '45-'85 Gemeentemuseum Den Haag
 1966 New Babylon at the Biennale of Venice (<mask> represented the Netherlands)
 1967 New Babylon in Kunstnernes Hus, Oslo
 1974 New Babylon, Gemeentemuseum Den Haag
 1974–1975 Constant. An illustration of freedom [drawings 1945-74], Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
 1978 Constant. Paintings 1969-77, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam
 1980 Constant. Paintings 1940-1980, Gemeentemuseum Den Haag
 1985 Work from the period 1975-1985, Centraal Museum in Utrecht
 1985 Arbeiten auf Papier 1948-1985, in Kultur-historischen Museum der Stadt Bielefeldt
 1986 Constant 1945-1983, Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn
 1993 Constant. Drawings, Gemeentemuseum Den Haag
 1994 Constant. Models / Constructions, Gemeentemuseum Den Haag
 1994–1995 Constant. Œuvreprijs 1994, Chabot Museum, Rotterdam
 1996 Constant: paintings 1948-1995, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam & Nordjyllands Kunstmuseum Ålborg
 1997 Situacionistes.Art, politica, urbanisme, Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona (MACBA)
 1998 Constant, etchings and lithographs, Museo de Bellas Artes de Caracas, Venezuela
 1998–1999 Constant - New Babylon, Witte de With (Centrum voor hedendaagse kunst), Rotterdam
 1999 Another City for Another Life: <mask>'s New Babylon, The Drawing Center, New York
 2001 Constant, une rétrospective, Musée Picasso Antibes
 2002 Constant. New Babylon, Documenta 11, Platform 5, Kassel Hauptbahnhof
 2004 Constant graphic, Cobra Museum
 2005–2006 Tribute to <mask>, Gemeentemuseum Den Haag
 2006 Play! The art of play, Cobra Museum
 2008–2009 Constant. In his studio, Stedelijk Museum Schiedam
 2009 Time as Matter. MACBA collection. New Acquisitions, Museu d'Art Contemporani de Barcelona
 2009 Intensely Dutch, Art Gallery of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia
 2011 Klee und Cobra. Ein Kinderspiel, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern, Switzerland
 2012 Klee and Cobra.A Child's Play'', Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Humlebaek and Cobra Museum

Public collections
<mask>'s artworks can be found in the following public collections. 1960 Sikkens Award (together with Aldo van Eyck)
 1966 Premio Cardazzo at the Venice Biennale
 1971 Royal decoration of 'Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau' (refused)
 1974 David Röell Award for his work as a draughtsman
 1985 Singer Award for his entire body of work
 1991 Resistance Award of the Foundation Artist Resistance 1942-1945
 1994 Oeuvre Award from Foundation Fund for Fine Arts, Design & Engineering

Further reading
This list does not include <mask>'s own writings. Klee and Cobra. A Child's Play. Michael Baumgartner en Kirsten Degel, Ludion, Amsterdam, 2012
 Constant. The late period. Trudy van der Horst, BnM publishers, 2008
 In Girum Imus Nocte et Consumimur Igni.The Situationist International (1957–1972). JRP|Ringier, Zürich, 2006
 Constant. Grafics. Waanders uitgevers/Editions Cercle d'Art, Zwolle/Paris, 2004
 CoBrA. The color of freedom. The Schiedam collection. NAi publishers, Rotterdam, 2003
 Après nous la Liberté.Constant and the artistic avant-garde in 1946-1960. Marcel Hummelink, academic thesis privately published, 2002
 The Activist Drawing Retracing. Situationist Architectures from <mask>'s New Babylon to Beyond. Edited by Catherine de Zegher and Mark Wigley, The Drawing Center, New York, 2001
 Constant. Une rétrospective. Musée Picasso, Antibe, 2001
 Constant. L'atelier d'Amsterdam.Jean-Clarence Lambert, Editions Cercle d'Art, Paris, 2000
 The Child in Cobra. Cobra Museum for modern art, Amstelveen, 2000
 Constant's New Babylon. The hyper-architecture of desire. Mark Wigley, Zero, Rotterdam, 1998
 The A of COBRA in word en image. 50 years Cobra. Jaski Art Gallery, Amsterdam, 1998
 Cobra. Copenhague.Bruxelles. Amsterdam. Art éxperimental 1948-1951. Musée cantonal des Beaux-Arts et Hirmer Verlag, Munich, 1997
 Constant. Schilderijen/Paintings 1948-195. Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, 1996
 <mask>. Aquarellen/Watercolors 1975-1995.Haags Gemeentemuseum, 1996
 Constant. Les Aquarelles. Jean-Clarence Lambert, Editions Cercle d'Art, Paris, 1994
 Cobra. Richard Miller, Nouvelles Éditions Françaises, Paris, 1994
 Constant. Les trois escpaces. Jean-Clarence Lambert, Editions Cercle d'Art, Paris, 1992
 New Babylon. Constant.Art et Utopie. Jean-Clarence Lambert, Editions Cercle d'Art, Paris, 1992
 Documents Relatifs À La Fondation De L'Internationale Situationiste 1948-1957. Éditions Allia, Paris, 1985
 Cobra 1948-1951. Éditions Jean-Michel Place, Paris, 1980
 Cobra. History, foreplay and meaning of a movement in art after the second world war. Willemijn Stokvis, De Bezige Bij, Amsterdam, 1980

References

External links
website bij <mask>'s son and his film 'New Babylon de Constant', bio with photos
management foundation Stichting "Fondation Constant" with bio and photos
Constants works and photos at 'not bored' a situationist site
Interview with <mask>, 2003
Constants works at Tate Galery
Constant texts on New Babylon a situationist site

1920 births
2005 deaths
Painters from Amsterdam
Situationists
20th-century Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
Dutch contemporary

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<mask> (22 November 1693–27 May 1775) was a daughter of <mask>, Prince of Condé, and his wife, <mask>, légitimée de France, a legitimised daughter of King Louis XIV of France and his famous mistress, <mask>. She was the wife of <mask>, Prince of Conti. It was <mask>th who presented <mask>ur to the court of King Louis XV of France. <mask>th was the Duchess of Étampes in her own right, having succeeded to the title at the death of her aunt, <mask>, Dowager Duchess of Vendôme. The county of Sancerre, previously held by her brother Louis Henri I, Prince of Condé, also became her property in 1740 at his death. Biography
<mask>th was born on 22 November 1693, at the Palace of Versailles. As a member of the House of Bourbon-Condé, she was a princesse du sang.In youth, she was known at court as <mask>moiselle de Charolais, a style later borne by her younger sister. Her parents' second daughter, and third child, she was one of nine children. She was baptised in the chapel of Versailles on 24 November 1698 with her brother Louis Henri and her sister <mask>. Marriage
At the age of seventeen, it was suggested by her ambitious mother that she marry one of the king's grandsons, the young Duke of Berry. The marriage, however, did not take place due to the machinations of <mask>th's aunt, the Duchess of Orléans, who wanted the Duke for her own daughter, <mask> Élisabeth d'Orléans. On 9 July 1713, <mask>th married her first cousin Louis Armand <mask>, Prince of Conti, at Versailles. Her husband, who was three years younger than his bride, had become the Prince of Conti in 1709 upon the early death of his father François Louis, Prince of Conti.His mother was the pious Marie Thérèse <mask>, eldest granddaughter of Le Grand Condé. Her marriage was part of a double wedding between the Condé and Conti branches of the House of Bourbon; <mask>th's older brother Louis Henri <mask> married <mask>moiselle <mask>, Marie Anne <mask>-Conti. The ceremony took place in the newly built Royal Chapel of Versailles. Present at the wedding were her mother, paternal grandmother the Princess Palatine Anne, Dowager Princess of Condé; Charles, Duke of Berry, and his wife <mask> Élisabeth d'Orléans, her uncles Louis-Auguste <mask>, duc du Maine, Louis-<mask> <mask>, comte de Toulouse and Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, as well as her aunts Françoise-<mask> <mask>, Duchess of Orléans, and the two widowed Princesses of Conti, Marie Anne <mask> and Marie Thérèse <mask>. In August 1716, at the age of twenty-two, <mask>th contracted smallpox from her husband, whom she had been nursing through his illness. A year later she gave birth to her first child. She and her husband had five children.The Princess Palatine Elizabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Orléans (Madame), sister in law of Louis XIV and famous memoir writer, wrote of <mask>th circa 1719:

{{quote|She is a person full of charms, and a striking proof that grace is preferable to beauty. When she chooses to make herself agreeable, it is impossible to resist her. Her manners are most fascinating; she is full of gentleness, never displaying the least ill-humour, and always saying something kind and obliging. It is greatly to be regretted that she is not in the society of more virtuous persons, for she is herself naturally very good; but she is spoiled by bad company. She has an ugly fool for her husband, who has been badly brought up; and the examples which are constantly before her eyes are so pernicious that they have corrupted her and made her careless of her reputation. Her amiable, unaffected manners are highly delightful to foreigners. Among others, some Bavarians have fallen in love with her, as well as the Prince Ragotzky; but she disgusted him with her coquetry...she does not love her husband, and cannot do so, no less on account of his ugly person than for his bad temper. It is not only his face that is hideous, but his whole person is frightful and deformed. She terrified him by placing some muskets and swords near her bed, and assuring him that if he came there again with his pistols charged, she would take the gun and fire upon him, and if she missed, she would fall upon him with the sword. Since this time he has left off carrying his pistols.}} <mask>th had several extramarital affairs, such as her liaison with the handsome Philippe Charles <mask> Fare. These infidelities incensed her husband, whose jealousy made him turn physically violent against his wife. He is reported to have hurt his wife to the point that she had to see a doctor on two separate occasions.After a particularly dramatic scene in the Conti household, the princess refused to live with her husband anymore and took refuge with her mother. Later she fled to a convent. According to Saint-Simon, she once said of her husband:

he could not make a prince du sang without her, while she could make one without him. The first years of her marriage were full of court cases at the Parlement de Paris against her husband due to his violent temper and her desire to leave him. In 1725, she consented to return to the Prince of Conti, who had her confined to the Château de l'Isle-Adam. She was able later, however, to convince him to allow her to return to Paris in order to give birth to her daughter, <mask>. Her husband died a year later.Due to his open support of the Scottish economist John Law who had implemented the introduction of paper money to France during the Régence of the young King Louis XV of France, her husband had made a fortune. Her husband died in 1727 at the Hôtel de Conti (quai Conti) in Paris due to a "chest swelling". <mask>th was known at court either as Madame la Princesse de Conti troisième or Madame la Princesse <mask>ti dernière douairière, in order to distinguish <mask>th from the other two widowed princesses of Conti still alive:
Marie Anne <mask> (1666–1739), the legitimised daughter of Louis XIV and <mask> La Vallière and wife of Louis Armand <mask> <mask>, Prince of Conti. She was known as Madame la Princesse de Conti première douairière as she was the first to be widowed in 1685. Her husband's Conti title fell upon his younger brother, <mask> <mask>, Prince of Conti. Marie Thérèse <mask> (1666–1732), the wife of François Louis <mask>, Prince of Conti and <mask>th's mother-in-law. She was known as Madame la Princesse de Conti seconde douairière after losing her husband in 1709.In 1733 <mask>th purchased a townhouse with an extensive garden on the rue Saint-Dominique in Paris from Françoise <mask> (widow of Louis Phélypeaux, Marquis de La Vrillière), and hired the architect Nicolas Simonnet to redecorate the interiors. At that time it also became known as the Hôtel de Conti. It is shown on the 1739 Turgot map of Paris as "H. de Conty". The Dowager Princess and her aunt the Dowager Duchess of Orléans joined forces in 1743 to arrange the marriage of her son to her first cousin, <mask> d'Orléans, and that of her daughter to <mask>'s nephew, the heir to the House of Orléans. This helped to somewhat smooth over the century-long feud between the House of Condé and House of Orléans, a feud fueled by the animosity between <mask>th's mother and aunt, the Princess of Condé and the Duchess of Orléans, both legitimised daughters of Louis XIV and <mask> Montespan. After the death of her mother in June 1743, she acquired the château de Louveciennes, which later reverted to the Crown. Louis XV in turn gave it to the successor of <mask> Pompadour, Madame du Barry.The Dowager Princess of Conti later also acquired the château de Voisins''. Later, in 1746, the Dowager Princess was asked by Louis XV to present his new mistress, the future <mask> Pompadour, at court. She attended the ball at Versailles in honour of the marriage of Infanta Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain to Louis, Dauphin of France in 1745. According to Nancy Mitford's <mask> Pompadour book, the proud Dowager Princess was annoyed at no one recognising her. She obliged the king in the hope that he would help her escape her debts, a tactic which worked. Just before her death, the princess gave her townhouse on the rue Saint-Dominique in Paris to her son, and she died there at the age of eighty-one, on 27 May 1775. She was buried at the Église Saint-Sulpice in Paris.She had just sold the Hôtel de Conti (rue Saint-Dominique) to her grandson Louis François <mask>-Conti who moved in in the next year. Issue

Ancestry

References

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1693 births
1775 deaths
People from Versailles
<mask>
<mask>
Dukes of Étampes
18th-century French women
17th-century French women
People of the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans
People of the Ancien Régime
<mask>
Etampes, Duchess of, <mask> <mask>
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Burials at Saint-Sulpice, Paris

masks:
Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon
Louis III de Bourbon
Louise Françoise de Bourbon
Madame de Montespan
Louis Armand II de Bourbon
Louise Élisabe
Madame de Pompado
Louise Élisabe
Marie Anne de Bourbon
Louise Élisabe
Made
Louise Anne
Louise Élisabe
Marie Louise
Louise Élisabe
de Bourbon
de Bourbon
Louise Élisabe
de Bourbon
Made
de Conti
de Bourbon
Marie Louise
de Bourbon
Alexandre de
Bourbon
Marie de
Bourbon
de Bourbon
de Bourbon
Louise Élisabe
Louise Élisabe
Louise Élisabe
de La
Louise Henriette
Louise Élisabe
de Con
Louise Élisabe
de Bourbon
Louise de
I de
Bourbon
François de
Bourbon
de Bourbon
de Bourbon
Louise Élisabe
Louise Élisabe
de Mailly
Louise Diane
Louise Diane
Louise Élisabe
Madame de
Madame de
Madame de
Madame de
de Bourbon
Louise Elisabeth
Louise Elisabeth
Louise Elisabeth
Louise Elisabeth
de Bourbon
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<mask>  (; born 18 November 1963) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He is best known for his most successful years at English club Manchester United, whom he captained to victory in the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final to complete the Treble. He also won the UEFA Euro 1992 with his country Denmark. Born in Gladsaxe, Copenhagen, <mask> was famous for his intimidating physique – at  tall and weighing close to  during his playing days – and wore specially made size XXXL football shirts. A fierce competitor, he was known for his loud, unstinting criticism of perceived mistakes by his defenders. Unusually for a goalkeeper, <mask> scored 11 goals during his career, including one for the national team. He is also the most capped player for the Denmark national team, with 129 games between 1987 and 2001.In addition to Euro 92, he played for his country at the 1998 FIFA World Cup and three additional European Championship tournaments. He captained the national team in 30 matches. He also represented Gladsaxe Hero, Hvidovre, Brøndby, Sporting CP, Aston Villa and Manchester City in a career that lasted from 1981 until 2003 and yielded 24 trophies. Regarded as one of the greatest goalkeepers of all-time, he was voted the IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper in 1992 and 1993, and in 2000, the IFFHS also ranked <mask> among the top 10 goalkeepers of the 20th century, and is argued by many to be the greatest goalkeeper in Premier League history alongside Petr Čech. In 2001, <mask> won a public poll held by Reuters, in which the majority of the 200,000 participants voted him as the best goalkeeper ever, ahead of Lev Yashin and Gordon Banks. In 2003, <mask> was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in recognition of his impact on the English game. In March 2004, he was named as one of the "125 greatest living footballers", at the FIFA 100 celebrations.His son, Kasper, is also a professional goalkeeper, currently playing for Premier League side Leicester City and the Danish national team. Career

Early years
<mask> was born in the Søborggård parish of Gladsaxe, Denmark, to Inger, a Danish nurse, and Antoni "Tolek" <mask>, a Polish jazz musician. He held Polish citizenship until 1970 when he, his father, and his three sisters became Danish citizens. <mask> inherited his middle name – Bolesław – from his great-grandfather. He spent his early years in the town of Buddinge, Copenhagen, and began his football career playing for a team in the adjacent suburb of Høje-Gladsaxe. His first match came on 7 August 1972 at the age of 8. After a two-and-a-half-year unbeaten run, <mask> was approached by BK Hero, a team from a few divisions above Høje-Gladsaxe and with one of the largest youth football schemes in Denmark.BK Hero merged with Gladsaxe BK in 1979 to form Gladsaxe-Hero BK, and <mask> was presented with the opportunity to play for the Zealand FA's junior representative team. Eventually graduating to the Gladsaxe-Hero senior squad, <mask> met his first mentor in Svend Aage Hansen, the first team coach at the club, and later to become his father-in-law. With Gladsaxe-Hero already relegated from the Danish Third Division with three games to go, Hansen promoted Schmeichel and six others from the youth team for a match against IF Skjold Birkerød. The team lost 1–0, but <mask> received mentions in local newspapers for his personal performance. At the end of the season, Hansen explained to Schmeichel his plan for the future, which involved <mask> spending two more seasons with Gladsaxe-Hero BK before moving on to Hvidovre, playing for the Danish national team, and eventually having a successful career abroad. <mask> admits that he had received an offer to play for B 1903's youth team, but he turned it down as the club "seemed a bit boring". The following season Gladsaxe-Hero needed only to avoid defeat to Stubbekøbing to prevent relegation from the Danish National League.In the end, <mask> played one of the best games of his career and Gladsaxe-Hero won the match. At the end of the game, Hansen's daughter, Bente, ran onto the pitch and hugged <mask>. The two ended up going out as a couple, and they eventually got married. Before becoming a professional footballer, <mask> had to work a number of jobs to make ends meet. His first job came in the dyeing department of a textile factory, but safety concerns led to his resignation. He then spent 12 months as a cleaner at an old people's home, before taking up an office job with the World Wildlife Fund. He originally worked in the organisation's shops, but three weeks after he joined, the store manager left and <mask> was promoted to the position of sales manager.Soon after, <mask> was called upon to do his four weeks of compulsory military service. However, this coincided with Hvidovre's summer training camp in Portugal, which he was permitted to go on with the proviso that he completed his military service the following month. Nevertheless, the delicate organisational situation that arose between the WWF, the Danish defence department and Hvidovre prompted <mask> to give up working for the WWF. A job with his father-in-law's flooring firm came next, until he realised that his knees could not support his  frame for eight hours a day, and he was offered a job with the advertising firm owned by Hvidovre's chairman, Niels Erik Madsen. This was to be his last job outside football, as he was offered a contract with Brøndby the following spring. Professional career

Brøndby (1987–1991)
Despite the fifth best defence in the league, conceding 40 goals in 30 games, Schmeichel and Hvidovre finished in 14th place and were relegated in 1985. After only a single season, the club bounced right back to the 1st Division, but Schmeichel was lost by Hvidovre to Danish runners-up Brøndby IF before the 1987 season.Winning the Danish league in his first year, he joined a club which he helped turn into a success. He made his debut for the Danish national team in May 1987, under national manager Sepp Piontek, and was selected for the Euro 88 tournament, where he eventually became Denmark's starting goalkeeper, after initially serving as a back-up to Troels Rasmussen in Denmark's opening 3–2 defeat to Spain; Denmark lost both of their remaining two matches 2–0 to West Germany and Italy, however, and were eliminated in the first round of the competition. In all, <mask> and Brøndby won four championships in five seasons. The climax of his Brøndby career would come in the European 1991 UEFA Cup competition, which saw <mask> as an important part of the team that reached the semi-finals, keeping seven clean sheets in the competition. The club was eliminated from the tournament following a 2–1 away defeat to Roma with a last-minute goal by Rudi Völler. Following the tournament, <mask> was voted 10th in "The World's Best Goalkeeper 1991" poll by the IFFHS. Manchester United (1991–1999)

Following his showings on the international scene, Manchester United signed <mask> on 6 August 1991 for £505,000, a price described in 2000 by Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson as the "bargain of the century."It was mainly because at the time, <mask> was a relative unknown outside Denmark, especially within the United squad members. <mask> played the bulk of his career for United, eight years in total. With United, <mask> won five FA Premier League titles, three FA Cups, one League Cup, and the UEFA Champions League. Manchester United finished as runners-up in <mask>'s first season (also winning the Football League Cup for the first time in the club's history), but it was on the international stage that <mask> enjoyed his biggest success that year. In the Danish national team under new national manager Richard Møller Nielsen, <mask> was Denmark's starting goalkeeper at the Euro 92 tournament which they won. Although Denmark initially finished behind Yugoslavia in their qualification campaign for the final tournament, the latter nation were banned from the competition, while Denmark replaced them in the finals. <mask> made a string of important saves during the tournament, keeping a clean sheet in Denmark's opening 0–0 draw against England, and producing decisive stops against Eric Cantona and Jean-Pierre Papin in a 2–1 win over France to advance to the last four.In the semi-finals against defending champions the Netherlands, following a 2–2 draw after extra time, he stopped a penalty kick from Marco van Basten – the only miss of the shoot-out – which enabled Denmark to advance to the final in a 5–4 shootout victory. <mask> also made several decisive saves in the final, and even held a cross with one hand, keeping a clean sheet in his nation's 2–0 victory over Germany. For his performances throughout the season, he was elected "The World's Best Goalkeeper of 1992" by IFFHS. In the 1992–93 season, 22 clean sheets from <mask> helped United win the Premier League championship, the first time the club had won England's top trophy in 26 years. <mask> was once again named "The World's Best Goalkeeper" in 1993. In January 1994, <mask> fell out with Ferguson, as United had squandered a 3–0 lead to draw 3–3 with Liverpool. The two had a row where <mask> "said the most horrible things", and he was subsequently sacked by Ferguson.A few days later, <mask> made an improvised apology to the other players. Unknown to him, Ferguson was eavesdropping on this, and he let <mask> stay at Manchester United. <mask> and United repeated the Premier League championship win at the end of the season, also capturing the FA Cup. United were denied a domestic treble by losing the 1994 League Cup Final to Aston Villa, a game for which <mask> was suspended. At international level he suffered disappointment as Denmark failed to qualify for the 1994 FIFA World Cup. <mask> played for Denmark at Euro 96, hosted by England. The defending European Champions went out in the preliminary group stage, despite delivering results equivalent to the Euro 92 tournament in the first round.Following a match against Arsenal in November 1996, <mask> was accused of racism by Arsenal striker Ian Wright. During the game, <mask> and Wright had a number of controversies, and at the end of the game, the two players confronted

masks:
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 each other on their way off the pitch. After the game, news emerged of a police inquiry into the incident, where it was alleged that <mask> had made a racist remark. After months of politicising by The FA and The PFA, who wanted a "converted" <mask> as their posterboy of the "Kick Racism out of Football" campaign, no evidence was found and the case was dropped. Under new national manager Bo Johansson, <mask> was a part of the Danish squad at the 1998 FIFA World Cup. He was one of the leading members of the Danish campaign, which ended in a 3–2 quarter-final defeat to Brazil. <mask> ended his Manchester United career on the highest note, when <mask> and United won the Treble, the FA Premier League title, FA Cup and UEFA Champions League, in the same season.In that year's FA Cup semi-final against Arsenal, <mask> saved a penalty kick by Dennis Bergkamp in the last minutes of the game (which <mask> revealed he was unaware of time), to send the game into extra time. In the absence of the suspended Roy Keane, he captained United in the UEFA Champions League final in May 1999. German opponents Bayern Munich had a 1–0 lead until the dying minutes of the game, when United received a corner kick. <mask> ran into the attack attempting to cause confusion, and Teddy Sheringham scored the equalising goal. A few seconds later, Ole Gunnar Solskjær scored the 2–1 winner for United to ensure that <mask>'s United career ended on the highest possible note. In an unforgettable celebratory moment, <mask> was shown cartwheeling gleefully in his area after Solskjær's winning goal. With his departure, Manchester United had trouble finding a replacement for him, going through several high-profile goalkeepers including Mark Bosnich, Massimo Taibi, Fabien Barthez, Tim Howard and Roy Carroll before finally buying Edwin van der Sar, who Sir Alex Ferguson considered the best goalkeeper to have played for the club since <mask>.<mask> played his 129th and last international against Slovenia in 2001. He kept a clean sheet in the match – something he had done, staggeringly, in 42 per cent of his appearances for Manchester United. <mask> will be remembered as far more than being the greatest goalie in the history of De Rød-Hvide and the Red Devils. Indeed, in a 2001 Reuters poll, he beat Lev Yashin and Gordon Banks to be named the finest keeper in football history. Despite being a goalkeeper, he would run into the attack on corner kicks if his team was behind. The sight of him going up for the corner was a great distraction to opposing defenders. He scored a goal in this fashion, for Man United, in a UEFA Cup match against Rotor Volgograd at Old Trafford in September 1995.He scored in the last minutes of the game to tie the match 2–2, though United were eliminated from the tournament on the away goals rule. Sporting CP (1999–2001)
Schmeichel decided to leave English football at the end of the 1998–99 season, as the gruelling 60-game season, which came with playing with a successful club, was threatening to undermine his high standards at the age of 36. Seeking a slower pace of football, he moved to Sporting CP, where he penned a two-year contract. In his first season with the club, he won the 1999–2000 Primeira Liga title, putting an end to the team's 18 years without a championship. At the end of the 1999–2000 season, <mask> and Sporting CP agreed to terminate his contract with a free transfer back to Manchester United verbally agreed. However, Sir Alex Ferguson called the deal off due to turning an eye to the "future", Fabien Barthez. The contract issue with Sporting CP was quickly resolved and he continued for a second season in Portugal.He scored his only goal for the Danish national team, a penalty kick in a 2–2 draw against Belgium, in a June 2000 warm-up match for Euro 2000. He represented Denmark at Euro 2000, where the team was eliminated in the group stage. He announced his retirement from the national team in February 2001, and played his final match (his 129th international appearance) two months later, captaining the side in a 3–0 friendly win over Slovenia at Copenhagen's Parken Stadium; he was substituted in the 65th minute to a standing ovation, replaced by long-time back-up <mask>r. His second year with Sporting was remarkable in that it was the first time in 14 years, since his Hvidovre days, that <mask>'s club had finished below second place in the league. <mask> stated his wish to activate a contract option of a further year at Sporting in January 2001, but eventually decided to leave the club when his contract expired in June 2001. Aston Villa (2001–2002)
<mask> returned to England with Aston Villa in July 2001, signing a one-year contract with the option to extend it by a further year. On 20 October 2001, <mask> became the first goalkeeper to score a Premier League goal, in a 3–2 defeat away to Everton; this feat has been repeated just five times since: by Blackburn Rovers' Brad Friedel on 21 February 2004, also from a corner kick; by Tottenham Hotspur's Paul Robinson from a free-kick on 17 March 2007; by Everton's Tim Howard on 4 January 2012; by Stoke City's Asmir Begović on 2 November 2013; and by Liverpool's Alisson on 16 May 2021.<mask> left Aston Villa after one season after he fell behind <mask> in the club's pecking order under new manager Graham Taylor, who had replaced John Gregory in February 2002. Manchester City (2002–2003)
In 2002, <mask> completed a move to Manchester City on a free transfer. He played only one season, in 2002–03. <mask>'s record in the Manchester derby is exceptional, in that he was never on the losing side. During his nine years with Manchester United, they were unbeaten against Manchester City, while in his single season with City, they won at Maine Road and drew at Old Trafford. Retirement
<mask> announced his retirement from football in April 2003. In December 1999, <mask> became the owner of his childhood club Hvidovre IF, but withdrew from the club in June 2002.<mask> worked as a pundit for the BBC after retiring, being a regular analyst on Match of the Day until 2005. He then began hosting live UEFA Champions League matches on Danish television channel TV3+, with Preben Elkjær and Brian Laudrup the studio pundits. However, he still works occasionally as a pundit for the BBC. His popularity in Britain is perhaps best measured by Chesney Brown on the Manchester-based soap opera Coronation Street, naming his former dog (a Great Dane) "Schmeichel". He also took part in Soccer Aid, and played for the Rest of the World team, who lost 2–1 after he was substituted at half-time. <mask> was a contestant on the 2006 series of the BBC's popular Saturday night TV programme Strictly Come Dancing, but was voted out by the public on his 43rd birthday. He also appeared on The Weakest Link in the UK, but he was voted off as the weakest link in the first round.On 31 August 2007, an investor group including Schmeichel announced their intention to invest DKK 250 million (€33.5 million) in the football club Brøndby IF and make him sports director. This was announced in a press conference in Danish at a hotel in Copenhagen. The offer fell through when Brøndby failed to accept the offer within the group's deadline. In February 2007, he became the host in a new quiz, on TV3 named 1 mod 100 (the Danish version of 1 vs. 100). In 2008, he became the host of the European version of the Discovery Channel programme, Dirty Jobs. In April 2018, <mask>chel Show. He received criticism from Danish media for his appearance in it.Style of play
<mask> is widely regarded by pundits, as well as both former and current goalkeeping colleagues, as one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time, and also as Denmark's greatest goalkeeper ever, and has been described as a modern, talented, world-class, and complete goalkeeper, who also stood out for the longevity of his career. A tall, strong and physically imposing goalkeeper, with a large frame and long reach, as well as excellent reflexes, he was also extremely athletic and agile for a player of his size, and was known for his ability to cover the goal with his trademark "star jump" saves, a technique he reportedly developed from playing handball. He was highly regarded for his goalkeeping technique, shot-stopping ability, and positioning between the posts, as well as his command of his area, handling, and ability to rush off his line both in one on one situations or when coming out to claim crosses. A courageous and fierce competitor, he was a vocal presence in goal, known for his strong character, mentality, ability to organise his defence, and leadership from the back, as well as for his criticism of his defenders whenever they made mistakes. He was also effective at stopping penalties. In addition to his goalkeeping ability, he was also known for his capacity to read the game, as well as his adeptness with the ball at his feet, and his distribution and ability to launch swift counter-attacks with his long and accurate throws and kicks. Unusually for a goalkeeper, he would often go up for corner kicks in the opposition's area when his team were trailing, and scored 11 goals in his career.Career statistics

Club

International

Score and result list Denmark's goal tally first, score column indicates score after Schmeichel goal. players
Sporting CP footballers
Aston Villa F.C. players
Manchester City F.C. players
Danish 1st Division players
Danish 2nd Division players
Danish Superliga players
English Football League players
Premier League players
Primeira Liga players
UEFA Champions League winning players
English Football Hall of Fame inductees
Denmark under-21 international footballers
Denmark international footballers
UEFA Euro 1988 players
UEFA Euro 1992 players
UEFA Euro 1996 players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2000 players
UEFA European Championship-winning players
FIFA Century Club
FIFA 100
Danish expatriate footballers
Danish expatriate sportspeople in England
Danish expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in Portugal
Danish television presenters
Participants in British reality television series
Honorary Members of the Order of the British Empire
FA Cup Final players
Schmeichel

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<mask> is an Indian theatre and cinema actress. She has performed in Bhisham Sahni's Madhavi, Manjula Padmanabhan's Hidden Fires, and Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince with director Arvind Gaur. <mask> was selected as "one of the 50 Icons: Emerging personality of India" by Sahara India group with Rahul Gandhi. <mask> also known for "I have a dream" theatre workshop for self-exploration and creative expression. She worked with Living Theatre Academy under Ebrahim Alkazi. She is guest faculty member at National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) and has lectured widely in schools, colleges, and institutes of repute in India and abroad. <mask> organized theatre workshops for children in schools and worked with  NGOs on social issues.Education

She completed higher secondary studies at Maharani Gayatri Devi School, Jaipur. She further studied at Sri Venkateshwara College, Delhi University and studied theater at University of Alabama and Rutgers University. Theatre training

<mask> did a children's theatre workshop at the National School of Drama. She participated in SNA Theatre Workshop, under Kanhai Lal at National Center for Performing Arts, Mumbai. After her graduation, <mask> pursued her training in Theatre Arts and Design at the University of Alabama and Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA. She is a recipient of a Young Artist Scholarship And Junior Fellowship from department of Culture HRD and Ruby Lloyd Artistic and Academic Excellence award and Best International Student Scholarship Award. She acted as lead character in many plays, such as Beth Henley's Abundance and Jules Feiffer's Feiffer's People and worked with directors like Karma Ibsen, Ward Haarbauer, and Anne Carmichael.Theatre in India

On her return to India, she worked with Arvind Gaur to explore the new language for solo performances. <mask> acted in many plays with Asmita theatre. She received the Young Artist scholarship and worked under Shyamanand Jalan in Kolkata and was part of many productions, like Vijay Tendulkar's Khamosh! Adaalat Jaari Hai (Shantata! Court Chalu Aahe) and Char Sau Karod Bhullakar. Nabh Taaron Se Khandit Pulkit, translated from an American dark comedy, was her directorial debut at Padatik. Under the MHRD fellowship, she has written a thesis on Padmashri Ratan Thiyam's Theatre based in Manipur.Acting

 Bhisham Sahni's Madhavi, her first solo, directed by Arvind Gaur won accolades all over India and abroad. Manjula Padmanabhan's Hidden Fires was <mask>'s other solo directed by Arvind Gaur that has been selected by SKP as one of the best plays of year. It was performed for Queen's award project (UK) for Communal harmony. Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince (French: Le Petit Prince), solo by <mask> <mask> directed by Arvind Gaur. It is the only solo performance of The Little Prince in the world. Walking Through the Rainbow premiered in Chennai and deals with domestic abuse and other NRI issues. Mahesh Dattani's Tara and Final Solutions
Vijay Mishra's Tatt Niranjana
Swadesh Deepak's Court Martial and Sabse Udas Kavita
Munshi Premchand's story Moteram ka Satyagrah adapted by Safdar Hashmi & Habib Tanvir
Rajesh Kumar's Me Gandhi Bolto
Street play- Teen Kanastar for Asmita theatre group, New Delhi well praised in World Social Forum

Design and direction

Founding director of Banjara Theatre group at IIT Kharagpur, she has designed and directed many plays such as:
Dharamvir Bharati's Srishti ka Aakhiri Admi
Sarveshwar Dayal Saxena's Bakri
Habib Tanvir's Gadhe
Manjula Padmanabhan's Hidden Fires

She directed many open-air productions like Daldal, Swaha-Swaha, Bandar Kaun, Girgit, Pahle Aap, Teen Apahij, Deewaren Kuchh Kehna Chahti Hain, and .For the Children's Theatre Wing of Banjara, she has written and directed musicals like Veer Abhimani, Aazadi Muft Nahin, TunTun TunTun Tana Bana, Education Gives Real Freedom, Gopi Gayan Bagha Bayen and Beda Dekho Ki. She conducted theatre workshop and directed the children's play Ujla Tota Sabz Pari, In the universe on a magical spree for Nehru Centre, Mumbai, 2007. <mask> worked with many schools of repute like with Kena Kamal Becha Malamal adapted from Badal Sircar's Bengali play Hathamaler Paar in Sahayadri School, J Krishnamurty Foundation, and Pune. Theatre festivals
These plays have been performed for theatre festivals, institutions and NGOs in India and abroad such as Bharat Rang Mahotsav, Muktibodh Natya Utsav, Vivechana National Theatre Festival, Fifth National Balaghat Theatre Festival, Mahindra's Old World Theatre Festival, World Dignity Forum, World Social Forum, Mumbai, The Bash-International Day for Elimination of Violence against Women, Chennai, SATTA-Theatre festival on Power politics, Natrani Festival, Darpana Academy, Ahemdabad, Sahitya Kala Parishad Theatre festival of Best productions of the year, National Solo Theatre Festival, Manch Rangmanch, Punjab Naatshala, Amritsar, Nandikar 23rd National Theatre Festival, Kolkata, Chauraha NCPA, Mumbai, Chaiti, Bhanpura, Performance and Written Word, Sangeet Natak Akademi, Jawahar Kala Kendra Theatre Festival, Jaipur. International festivals include ARMMONO-2 International One Man show festival, Yerevan, Armenia, The North Meetings, International Theatre festival, Niznevartovsk, Russia, ART’ sce`ne, festival international des arts de la sce`ne, France. Theatre teaching

Rashi has conducted theatre workshops for engineering and management students at IITs, IIM, colleges in Delhi and Mumbai, and for children, youth and adults from all kinds of background and judged many drama competitions all over India. For India Habitat Centre she has conducted theatre workshops and was the coordinator for the Platform theatre.She was guest faculty at NIFT and has lectured widely in schools, colleges, and institutes of repute in India and abroad. She participated in major theatre seminars and conferences all over world. Awards

Chosen as one of the 50 Icons: emerging personality of India in 2005 by Sahara India Group with Rahul Gandhi, Sania Mirza, N Karthikeyan, Kiran Majumdar Shaw, Farah Khan and Abhishek Bachchan. Special jury award for experimentation with tradition at International Solo Theatre Festival Armenia for Madhavi play
"Colour of Nation" award at the International Theatre festival in Nizhnevartovsk Theatre Festival, Russia
Hidden Fires, best play of year selected by Sahitya Kala Parishad
Best International Student Scholarship Award, USA
"Ruby Lloyd Aspey Scholarship" for academic and artistic excellence, UAB Theatre Department, Birmingham
Outstanding participation certificate for Dance under Talent Search, USA
President's Honor roll for Academic Excellence, UAB, United States
Best International Student Award Scholarship, UAB, USA
Alpha Lambda Delta, National Academic Honor Society, USA
Dean's Honor list, Livingston College, New Jersey, USA
Award for Best Director for the Children's play “Kitne Taare, Kitne Bulb” at the National Science Drama Competition, Birla Industrial And Technological Museum, East Zonals

Critics' remarks

It was a delightful solo performance by <mask> <mask>, as she brought to fore a range of human emotions in Bhisham Sahni's MADHAVI... it is an experiment both in its presentation by the director Arvind Gaur and its enactment by the actor <mask>. The set and its use to my mind is indeed creative bordering on the genius. -The Hindu
The play was among the very rare meaningful theatre we get to watch in our city. Thought provoking, overwhelming, it left so many fighting their tears.Each person present would have identified with the double standards of our society, each person sitting there would have felt guilty of having reduced the existence of a woman to a mere object, a commodity. Each woman would have relived some part of her life. -Hindustan Times
All women will be able to see a part of themselves in it. The relevance of the issue makes the time setting immaterial. Even though the play is based on mythology, Madhavi. It was a delightful solo performance by <mask> <mask>, as is contemporary in its presentation and style... -India Today
It's 'an actor's play'... The Kathavachan style has been adopted and the actor <mask> relates to the audience in day to day baat cheet...an intense and intimate theatre experience.-The Pioneer
The solo performance is an experiment. It's like taking people through a journey. Even the set design is very experimental. There are blank canvasses on the stage and different colours placed in earthen pots, that symbolize the different colours of life. -First City
The complex story of Madhavi, her trauma, tragedy, and conflicts were portrayed with great sensitivity by <mask> <mask>. The simplicity of set design, use of bamboo structures, canvasses & helped audiences to extend their imagination to grasp the diversity and multi dimensional directorial interpretation of the play. -Navbharat Times

Cinema

 Duvidha (Hindi) The cast includes Manoj Verma and <mask> <mask>; the director was Sharat Kumar.Personal

<mask> <mask>'s mother is an alumnus of National School of Drama. <mask>'s husband Dr. Parag Bhargava is a professor at IIT Bombay. Also read
Rang Prasang, National School of Drama's Theatre Magazine, July–August, 2007, page 30
'Vidusi Abhinatri' <mask> Bunny' by Jaidev Taneja (prominent drama critic)

References

External links
https://rashibunny.in
 About actor <mask> <mask>
 Theatre Workshop by Ms. <mask> <mask>
 The Hindu: Voice against violence

Indian stage actresses
Indian film actresses
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Living people
Delhi University alumni
Actresses from Mumbai
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Rashi Bunny
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