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<mask>  (born 9 March 1942) is a Welsh musician, composer, singer, songwriter and record producer who was a founding member of the American rock band the Velvet Underground. Over his six-decade career, <mask> has worked in various styles across rock, drone, classical, avant-garde and electronic music. He studied music at Goldsmiths College, University of London, before relocating in 1963 to New York City's downtown music scene, where he performed as part of the Theatre of Eternal Music and formed the Velvet Underground. Since leaving the band in 1968, <mask> has released 16 solo studio albums, including the widely acclaimed Paris 1919 (1973) and Music for a New Society (1982). <mask> has also acquired a reputation as an adventurous producer, working on the debut albums of several innovative artists, including the Stooges and Patti Smith. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 9 March 1942 in Garnant in the industrial Amman Valley of Wales to <mask>, a coal miner, and Margaret Davies, a primary school teacher. Although his father spoke only English, his mother spoke and taught Welsh to <mask>, which hindered his relationship with his father, although he began learning English at primary school, at around the age of seven.<mask> was molested by two different men during his youth: an Anglican priest who molested him in a church and a music teacher. He played organ at Ammanford church. The BBC recorded <mask> playing a toccata he composed primarily on the black keys of the piano in the style of Aram Khachaturian. His mother was institutionalized for breast cancer when he was 11. Having discovered a talent for viola, <mask> joined the National Youth Orchestra of Wales at age 13. Receiving a scholarship, <mask> studied music at Goldsmiths College, University of London. While he was there he organised an early Fluxus concert, A Little Festival of New Music, on 6 July 1964.He also contributed to the short film Police Car and had two scores published in Fluxus Preview Review (July 1963) for the nascent avant-garde collective. He conducted the first performance in the UK of Cage's Concert for Piano and Orchestra, with the composer and pianist Michael Garrett as soloist. In 1963, he travelled to the United States to continue his musical training with the assistance and influence of Aaron Copland. Upon arriving in New York City, <mask> met a number of influential composers. On 9 September 1963 he participated, along with <mask> and several others, in an 18-hour and 40 minute piano-playing marathon that was the first full-length performance of Erik Satie's "Vexations". After the performance <mask> appeared on the television panel show I've Got a Secret. <mask>'s secret was that he had performed in an 18-hour concert, and he was accompanied by Karl Schenzer, whose secret was that he was the only member of the audience who had stayed for the duration.<mask> would later attribute Cage's writings with his own "relaxed" artistic outlook, having hitherto been raised to believe that European composers were obliged to justify their work. <mask> played in La Monte Young's ensemble the Theatre of Eternal Music. The heavily drone-laden music he played there proved to be a big influence in his work with his next band, the Velvet Underground. One of his collaborators on these recordings was the Velvet Underground guitarist Sterling Morrison. Three albums of his early experimental work from this period were released in 2001. The Velvet Underground (1964–1968)

Despite his background in art music and the avant-garde, <mask> had enjoyed and followed rock music from a young age; on a visit to Britain in 1965, he procured records by the Kinks, the Who and Small Faces that remained unavailable in the United States. Early that year, he co-founded the Velvet Underground with Lou Reed, recruiting his flatmate Angus MacLise and Reed's college friend Sterling Morrison to complete the initial line-up.Just before the band's first paying gig for $75 at Summit High School in New Jersey, MacLise abruptly quit the band because he viewed accepting money for art as selling out; he was replaced by Moe Tucker as the band's drummer. Initially hired to play that one show, she soon became a permanent member and her tribal pounding style became an integral part of the band's music, despite the initial objections of <mask> to the band having a female drummer. On his aforementioned visit to Britain in the summer of 1965, <mask> shopped a crudely recorded, acoustic-based Velvet Underground demo reel to several luminaries in the British rock scene (including Marianne Faithfull) with the intention of securing a record deal. Although this failed to manifest, the tape was disseminated throughout the UK underground over the following eighteen months by such figures as producer Joe Boyd and Mick Farren of the Deviants. As a result, the Deviants, the Yardbirds and David Bowie had all covered Velvet Underground songs prior to the release of their debut album in 1967. The very first commercially available recording of the Velvet Underground, an instrumental track called "Loop" given away with Aspen Magazine, was a feedback experiment written and conducted by <mask>. His creative relationship with Reed was integral to the sound of the Velvet Underground's first two albums, The Velvet Underground & Nico (recorded in 1966, released in 1967) and White Light/White Heat (recorded in 1967, released in 1968).On these albums he plays viola, bass guitar and piano, and sings occasional backing vocals. White Light/White Heat also features <mask> on organ (on "Sister Ray") as well as two vocal turns: "Lady Godiva's Operation", an experimental song where he shares lead vocal duties with Reed, and "The Gift", a long spoken word piece written by Reed written during his time at Syracuse University. Though <mask> co-wrote the music to several songs, his most distinctive contribution is the electrically-amplified viola. He also played celesta on "Sunday Morning". <mask> also played on Nico's 1967 debut album, Chelsea Girl, which includes songs co-written by Velvet Underground members <mask>, Reed and Morrison, who also appear as musicians. <mask> makes his debut as lyricist on "Winter Song" "Wrap Your Troubles in Dreams", and "Little Sister". Apart from appearing on the Velvet Underground's first two albums, he also played organ on the track "Ocean" during the practice sessions to produce demos for the band's fourth album Loaded, nearly two years after he left the band.He was enticed back into the studio by the band's manager, Steve Sesnick, "in a half-hearted attempt to reunite old comrades", as <mask> put it. Although he does not appear on the finished album, the demo recording of "Ocean" was included in the 1997 Loaded: Fully Loaded Edition CD re-issue. Finally, five previously unreleased tracks recorded in late 1967 and early 1968 were included on the albums VU (1985) and Another View (1986). With tensions between Reed and <mask> growing, Reed gave an ultimatum to Morrison and Tucker, declaring that unless <mask> was fired, he would quit the band. Morrison and Tucker reluctantly went along with the scheme. In September 1968, <mask> played his final gig with the Velvet Underground at the Boston Tea Party and according to Tucker, "When <mask> left, it was really sad. I felt really bad.And of course, this was gonna really influence the music, 'cause, <mask>'s a lunatic (laughs). I think we became a little more normal, which was fine, it was good music, good songs, it was never the same though. It was good stuff, a lot of good songs, but, just, the lunacy factor was... gone." After his dismissal from the band, <mask> was replaced by Boston-based musician Doug Yule, who played bass guitar, keyboards and who would soon share lead vocal duties in the band with Reed. Michael Carlucci, who was friends with Robert Quine, has given this explanation about <mask>'s dismissal, "Lou told Quine that the reason why he had to get rid of <mask> in the band was <mask>'s ideas were just too out there. <mask> had some wacky ideas.He wanted to record the next album with the amplifiers underwater, and [Lou] just couldn't have it. He was trying to make the band more accessible." Arguably, the artistic frictions between <mask> and Reed are what shaped the band's early sound much more than any other members. The pair often had heated disagreements about the direction of the band, and this tension was central to their later collaborations. When <mask> left, he seemed to take the more experimental tendencies with him, as is noticeable in comparing the proto-noise rock of White Light/White Heat (which <mask> co-created) to the comparatively dulcet, folk rock–influenced The Velvet Underground, recorded after his departure. <mask> has favorably compared the dissonance of his Velvet Underground compositions to the indecipherable lyricism of certain strains of Southern hip hop: "If I can use out-of-tune stuff, [rappers] don't need words to make sense. There's definitely a lineage".Solo career

1970s
After leaving the Velvet Underground, <mask> worked as a record producer and arranger on a number of albums, most notably the Stooges' highly influential 1969 self-titled debut and a trilogy by Nico, including The Marble Index (1969), Desertshore (1970) and The End... (1974). On these he accompanied Nico's voice and harmonium using a wide array of instruments to unusual effect. While meeting with Joe Boyd (who co-produced Desertshore), he came across Nick Drake's music and insisted on collaborating with the fledgling artist. He appeared on Drake's second album, Bryter Layter (1971), playing viola and harpsichord on "Fly" and piano, organ, and celesta on "Northern Sky". In addition to working as a producer, <mask> initiated a solo recording career in early 1970. His first studio album, Vintage Violence, is a lushly produced roots rock effort indebted to a range of disparate influences, including the Band, Leonard Cohen, the Byrds, Phil Spector and Brian Wilson. The more experimental Church of Anthrax (a collaboration with minimal music pioneer Terry Riley) followed in February 1971, although it was actually recorded nearly a year prior to its release.While his explorations in art music briefly continued with 1972's The Academy in Peril, he would not compose in the classical mode thereafter until he began working on film soundtracks in the 1980s. In 1972, he signed with au courant Reprise Records as a recording artist and staff producer. The Academy in Peril was his first project for Reprise. The subsequent Paris 1919 (1973) steered back towards the singer-songwriter mode of Vintage Violence with a backing band that included Lowell George of Little Feat and Wilton Felder of the Crusaders, as well as the UCLA Symphony Orchestra. Composed of highly melodic songs with arcane and complex lyrics, it has been cited by critics as one of his best. While affiliated with the label, he produced albums by Jennifer Warnes (her third, Jennifer), Chunky, Novi & Ernie, and the self-titled debut of the Modern Lovers, which Reprise chose not to release; it subsequently appeared on Beserkley Records, the latest in a series of important Cale-produced proto-punk records. In 1974 he signed to Island Records as an artist, while continuing to produce a variety of artists, mostly for other labels, including Squeeze, Patti Smith and Sham 69.He worked as a talent scout with Island's A&R department. 1974–1979
In 1974, <mask> moved back to London. As his second marriage began to dissolve, he made a series of solo albums which moved in a new direction. His records now featured a dark and threatening aura, often carrying a sense of barely suppressed aggression. A trilogy of albums – Fear (1974), Slow Dazzle (1975), and Helen of Troy (1975) – were rapidly recorded and released over the course of about a year with other Island artists, including Phil Manzanera and Brian Eno of Roxy Music and Chris Spedding, who played in his live band. A showpiece of his concerts from the era was his radically transformed cover of Elvis Presley's "Heartbreak Hotel," initially performed by <mask> on Slow Dazzle and the live album June 1, 1974, recorded with Kevin Ayers, Nico and Eno. Both "Leaving It Up to You" and "Fear Is a Man's Best Friend" (from Fear) begin as relatively conventional songs that gradually grow more paranoid in tone before breaking down into what critic Dave Thompson calls "a morass of discordance and screaming".<mask> released Animal Justice in 1977, an EP notable particularly for the epic "Hedda Gabler", based very loosely on the play of the same name by Henrik Ibsen. His loud, abrasive and confrontational live performances fitted well with the punk rock scene developing on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. <mask> took to wearing a hockey goaltender mask onstage (as evinced by the cover of Guts (1977), a compilation drawn from the Island trilogy after the label withheld Helen of Troy in the United States); this look predated the creation of Friday the 13th's villain, Jason Voorhees, by several years. During one concert in Croydon, south London, <mask> chopped the head off a dead chicken with a meat cleaver, leading his band to walk offstage in protest. <mask>'s drummer – a vegetarian – was so bothered he quit the band. <mask> mocks his decision on "Chicken Shit" from the Animal Justice EP. <mask> has admitted that some of his paranoia and erratic behaviour at this time was associated with heavy cocaine use.In 1979, he began a relationship with Austin, Texas-based groupie/journalist Margaret Moser. <mask> named the group of women that Moser hung out with the Texas Blondes. His relationship with Moser lasted about five years, overlapping with the beginning of his third marriage. In December 1979, <mask>'s embrace of the punk rock ethic that he helped to inspire culminated in the release of Sabotage/Live. This record, recorded live over three nights, at CBGB that June, features aggressive vocal and instrumental performances. The album consists entirely of new songs, many of which grapple confrontationally with global politics, militarism and paranoia. The band included Deerfrance on vocals and percussion.An earlier live set, consisting mostly of new material, was recorded at CBGB the previous year. It was released in 1987 as Even Cowgirls Get the Blues. The band on that recording includes Ivan Král (best known for his work with Patti Smith) on bass and longtime Brian Eno associate Judy Nylon on vocals. 1980s

In 1980, <mask> signed with A&M Records and moved in a more commercial direction with the album Honi Soit (1981). He worked with producer Mike Thorne towards this end. Andy Warhol provided the cover art, in black and white, but against Warhol's wishes, <mask> colourised it. The new direction did not succeed commercially, however, and his relationship with A&M ended.He signed with ZE Records, a company he had influenced the creation of and which had absorbed SPY Records, the label he had co-founded with Jane Friedman. In 1982, <mask> released the sparse Music for a New Society. Seeming to blend the refined music of his early solo work with the threatening music that came later, it is by any standard a bleak, harrowing record. It's been called "understated, and perhaps a masterpiece." He followed up with the album Caribbean Sunset (1984), also on ZE Records. This work, with much more accessible production than Music for a New Society, was still

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 extremely militant in some ways. It has never seen release on CD.A live album, <mask> Comes Alive, followed it and included two new studio songs, "Ooh La La" and "Never Give Up on You". Different mixes of the two studio tracks appeared on both sides of the Atlantic. During this period, <mask> was born to <mask> and his third wife Risé Irushalmi in July 1985. In a last effort at commercial success, <mask> recorded Artificial Intelligence (1985), his only album for Beggars Banquet Records. Written in collaboration with High Times/National Lampoon editor Larry "Ratso" Sloman, the album was a pop effort characterised by synthesizers and drum machines. It was not significantly more successful than its predecessors, despite the relative success of the single "Satellite Walk". However, "Dying on the Vine" is generally regarded as one of <mask>'s best songs.That same year, he played a neo-Nazi organizer on an episode of The Equalizer, and wrote the music for a dramatization of the Kurt Vonnegut short story, Who Am I This Time? (1982), which aired on PBS and starred Christopher Walken and Susan Sarandon. <mask> again returned to producing, this time for Happy Mondays on their first studio album: Squirrel and G-Man Twenty Four Hour Party People Plastic Face Carnt Smile (White Out) in 1987. In part because of his young daughter, <mask> took a long break from recording and performing. He made a comeback in 1989 with the Brian Eno-produced album Words for the Dying. The album consists mainly of oral work, read or sung by <mask>. It was written in 1982 as a response to the Anglo-Argentinian Falklands War, using poems written by fellow Welshman Dylan Thomas.There are also two orchestral interludes, two other solo piano pieces "Songs Without Words", and finally a song by <mask>, "The Soul of Carmen Miranda". 1990s
Following Warhol's death in 1987, <mask> again collaborated with Lou Reed on the album Songs for Drella (1990), a song cycle about Warhol, their mentor. The album marked an end to a 18-year estrangement from Reed. In his autobiography, <mask> revealed that he resented letting Reed take charge of the Songs for Drella project. The longstanding friction between Reed and <mask> contributed to the passion and lurching frustration evident in the sound of the album, as did the ambivalent relationship Reed had to Warhol. In 1990, following a 20-year hiatus, the Velvet Underground reformed for a Fondation Cartier benefit show in France. He again collaborated with Eno in the same year on Wrong Way Up, a joint album characterised by an up-tempo accessibility at odds with <mask>'s description of the fraught relationship between the pair.A year later, <mask> contributed one song, "Hallelujah", to the tribute album to Leonard Cohen, I'm Your Fan. <mask>'s mid-tempo acoustic version was performed on piano, and his arrangement formed the basis of most subsequent covers of the song, which has since become a standard. In 1992, <mask> performed vocals on two songs, "Hunger" and "First Evening", on French composer and producer Hector Zazou's album Sahara Blue. All lyrics on the album were based on the poetry of Arthur Rimbaud. In 1994, <mask> performed a spoken-word duet with Suzanne Vega on the song "The Long Voyage" on Zazou's album Chansons des mers froides. The lyrics were based on the poem "Les Silhouettes" by Oscar Wilde, and <mask> co-wrote the music with Zazou. It was later released as a single (retitled "The Long Voyages" as it featured several remixes by Zazou, Mad Professor and more).In 1996, <mask> released Walking on Locusts which turned out to be his only solo album of the decade. The record featured appearances by Talking Heads' David Byrne, the Soldier String Quartet, and original Velvet Underground drummer Moe Tucker. <mask> composed an instrumental score for a Ballet titled Nico, performed by the Scapino Ballet in Rotterdam in October 1997 and was released as Dance Music. <mask> has written a number of film soundtracks, often using more classically influenced instrumentation. In 1998, <mask> mainly spent the year on tour with singer Siouxsie Sioux. In February, he was the curator of one day festival called "With a Little Help from My Friends" that took place at the Paradiso in Amsterdam, Netherlands, with the presence of the Metropole Orchestra. The concert was shown on Dutch national television and featured a song specially composed for the event and still unreleased, "Murdering Mouth", sung in duet with Siouxsie and her second band the Creatures.<mask> and Siouxsie then did a double bill tour in the US for two months from late June until mid-August, both artists collaborating on stage on several songs including a version of "Venus in Furs". <mask>'s autobiography, What's Welsh for Zen?, was written in collaboration with Victor Bockris and published in 1999 by Bloomsbury Publishing. 2000s–present

<mask> recorded a cover of "Hallelujah" by Leonard Cohen for the 1991 album "I'm Your Fan." Cohen's original version of the song had not garnered much interest; it was only through <mask>'s arrangement and recording of it (and Jeff Buckley's subsequent cover of <mask>'s arrangement) that it achieved popularity. It was used in the 2001 animated film Shrek, although it did not appear in the film's soundtrack due to licensing issues. Signing to EMI in 2003 with the EP 5 Tracks and the album HoboSapiens, <mask> again returned as a regular recording artist, this time with music influenced by modern electronica and alternative rock. The well-received album was co-produced with Nick Franglen of Lemon Jelly.It was followed by his 2005 album blackAcetate. In 2005, <mask> produced Austin singer-songwriter Alejandro Escovedo's eighth album, The Boxing Mirror, which was released in May 2006. In June 2006, <mask> released a radio and digital single, "Jumbo in tha Modernworld", which was a standalone single. A video was created for the song as well. In March 2007, a 23-song live retrospective, Circus Live, was released in Europe. This two-disc album, composed of recordings from both the 2004 and 2006 tours, featured new arrangements and reworkings of songs from his entire career. Of particular interest is the Amsterdam Suite, a set of songs from a performance at the Amsterdam Paradiso in 2004.A studio-created drone has been edited into these songs. The set also included a DVD, featuring electric rehearsal material and a short acoustic set, as well as the video for "Jumbo in tha Modernworld", a 2006 single. In May 2007, <mask> contributed a cover of the LCD Soundsystem song "All My Friends" to the vinyl and digital single releases of the LCD Soundsystem original. <mask> has continued to work with other artists, contributing viola to Replica Sun Machine, the Danger Mouse-produced second album by London psychedelic trio the Shortwave Set and producing the second album of American indie band Ambulance LTD.

On 11 October 2008, <mask> hosted an event to pay tribute to Nico called "Life Along the Borderline" in celebration of what, five days later, would have been her 70th birthday. The event was reprised at the Teatro Communale in Ferrara, Italy on 10 May 2009. <mask> represented Wales at the 2009 Venice Biennale, collaborating with artists, filmmakers, and poets, and focusing the artwork on his relationship with the Welsh language. In January 2010, <mask> was invited to be the first Eminent Art in Residence (EAR) at the MONA FOMA festival curated by Brian Ritchie held in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.His work for the 2009 Venice Biennale 'Dyddiau Du (dark days)' was shown at the festival, along with a number of live performances at venues around Hobart. The Paris 1919 album was performed, in its entirety, at the Coal Exchange in Cardiff on 21 November 2009, at the Royal Festival Hall in London on 5 March 2010, and the Theatre Royal in Norwich on 14 May 2010. These performances were reprised in Paris, France, on 5 September 2010; Brescia, Italy, on 11 September 2010; Los Angeles, California, on 30 September 2010 at UCLA's Royce Hall; Melbourne, Australia, on 16 October 2010; Barcelona, Spain, on 28 May 2010 and Essen, Germany, on 6 October 2011. In February 2011, <mask> signed a record deal with Domino Records subsidiary Double Six and released an EP, Extra Playful, in September 2011. In May 2011, he and his band appeared at the Brighton Festival, performing songs to the theme of Émigré/Lost & Found. <mask> appeared at the invitation of the Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi, who was the festival's guest director. In the autumn of 2012, <mask> released Shifty Adventures in Nookie Wood, his first full-length studio album since 2005.The album features a collaboration with Danger Mouse, "I Wanna Talk 2 U". Critical reception of the album was mixed to positive, with the Guardian newspaper describing it as "an album that combines the 70-year-old's experience with the glee of a small child." In 2014, he appeared as vendor in an episode "Sorrowsworn" of the crime drama television series The Bridge. <mask> released his sixteenth solo album M:FANS in January 2016. It features new versions of songs from his 1982 album Music for a New Society. In July 2016, <mask> performed the songs "Valentine's Day", "Sorrow" and "Space Oddity" at a late-night BBC Prom concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London, celebrating the music of David Bowie. At the 2017 Grammy Salute to Music Legends ceremony, <mask> performed with, amongst others, Moe Tucker, two Velvet Underground classics, "Sunday Morning" and "I'm Waiting for the Man".The Velvet Underground were also the recipients of the 2017 Merit Award. In February 2019, <mask> collaborated with Marissa Nadler on her new single "Poison". In September 2019, he gives three concerts titled 1964–2019 Futurespective at the Paris' Philharmonie, inviting his compatriot Cate Le Bon to join the band. <mask> features on the track "Corner of My Sky" from Kelly Lee Owens' album Inner Song due out on 28 August 2020. On 6 October 2020, <mask> released a new track and accompanying video called "Lazy Day". Honours and legacy
<mask> was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Velvet Underground in 1996. At the ceremony, <mask>, Reed, and Tucker performed a song titled "Last Night I Said Goodbye to My Friend", dedicated to Sterling Morrison, who had died the previous August.<mask> was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2010 Birthday Honours. Personal life
<mask> married fashion designer Betsey <mask> in 1968. The couple divorced in 1971 having been married three years. In 1971, <mask> met Cynthia "Cindy" Wells, better known as Miss Cindy of the GTOs, and they married soon afterward. Their marriage was rocky and they divorced in 1975. On 6 December 1981, <mask> married his third wife, Risé Irushalmi. They had one daughter together, <mask>.They divorced in 1997. For his 2004 appearance on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs <mask> chose "She Belongs to Me" by Bob Dylan as his favourite track; he also selected  Repetition by Alain Robbe-Grillet as his chosen book and an espresso coffee machine as his luxury item. Substance abuse
As a child, <mask> suffered from severe bronchial issues, which led to a doctor prescribing him opiates. He would come to rely on the drug in order to fall asleep. Biographer Tim Mitchell claims <mask>'s early dependence on medicine was a "formative experience". <mask> later told an interviewer that, "When I got to New York, drugs were everywhere, and they quickly became part of my artistic experiment". He was heavily involved in New York City's drug scene of the 1960s and 1970s, with cocaine as his drug of choice.He is said to have "taken most of the available drugs in the United States." <mask> has said that, "In the '60s, for me, drugs were a cool experiment... In the '70s, I got in over my head." <mask> feels his drug addiction negatively affected his music during the 1980s. He decided to clean up following a series of embarrassing concerts and the birth of his daughter. According to a 2009 BBC interview, the "strongest drug" he was then taking was coffee. <mask> has also hosted a documentary called Heroin, Wales and Me to promote awareness of the problems of heroin addiction, easy availability and low cost of the drug in his native Wales and thousands of addicts.Discography

 Studio albums

 Vintage Violence (1970)
 The Academy in Peril (1972)
 Paris 1919 (1973)
 Fear (1974)
 Slow Dazzle (1975)
 Helen of Troy (1975)
 Honi Soit (1981)
 Music for a New Society (1982)
 Caribbean Sunset (1984)
 Artificial Intelligence (1985)
 Words for the Dying (1989)
 Walking on Locusts (1996)
 HoboSapiens (2003)
 blackAcetate (2005)
 Shifty Adventures in Nookie Wood (2012)
 M:FANS (2016)

 Live albums
 Sabotage/Live (1979)
 <mask> Comes Alive (1984)
 Even Cowgirls Get the Blues (1991)
 Fragments of a Rainy Season (1992)
 Circus Live (2007)
 Live at Rockpalast (2010)

 Collaborative albums
 Church of Anthrax (1971) (with Terry Riley)
 Songs for Drella (1990) (with Lou Reed)
 Wrong Way Up (1990) (with Brian Eno)
 Last Day on Earth (1994) (with Bob Neuwirth)

 Soundtracks and Scores
 Straight and Narrow (Short) (1970)
 Women in Revolt (1971)
 Heat (1972)
 Caged Heat (1974)
 American Playhouse (TV Series) (1 episode)- Who Am I This Time? (1982)
 Something Wild (1986)
 The Houseguest (short) (1989)
 Dick: A Film by Jo Menell (Documentary short) (1989)
 Songs for Drella (Video) (1990)
 Paris Awakens (1991)
 Healing Hurts (1991)
 Primary Motive (1992)
 The Birth of Love  (1993)
 Life Underwater (1994)
 Ah Pook Is Here (short) (1994)
 Don't Forget You're Going to Die/N'oublie pas que tu vas mourir (1995)
 Antarctica (1995)
 I Shot Andy Warhol (1996)
 Basquiat (1996)
 Rhinoceros Hunting in Budapest (1997)
 Somewhere in the City (1998)
 Night Wind (1999)
 Wisconsin Death Trip (1999)
 The Virgin (1999)
 American Psycho (2000)
 Love Me (2000)
 The King's Daughters / Saint-Cyr (2000)
 The Farewell: Brecht's Last Summer (2000)
 Y Mabinogi / Otherworld (2003)
 New Scenes from America (2003)
 Paris (2003)
 Process (2004)
 About Face: The Story of the Jewish Refugee Soldiers of World War II (2005)
 A Burning Hot Summer (2011)
 Of Women and Horses (2011)
 Paul Sanchez Is Back! (2018)

References

Sources

 The New Musical Express Book of Rock, 1975, Star Books;

External links

1942 births
Living people
People from Garnant
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
British experimental musicians
British rock violists
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Protopunk musicians
ROIR artists
The Velvet Underground members
Welsh male singers
Welsh multi-instrumentalists
Welsh pianists
Welsh record producers
Welsh rock bass guitarists
Welsh rock musicians
Welsh rock singers
Welsh singer-songwriters
Welsh songwriters
Welsh expatriates in the United States
Welsh keyboardists
Welsh artists
Welsh classical violists
Welsh classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Welsh organists
British male organists
Island Records artists
ZE Records artists
Double Six Records artists
All Saints Records artists
Welsh violists
Beggars Banquet Records artists
I.R.S. Records artists
Reprise Records artists
Art rock musicians
Pupils of Cornelius Cardew
Columbia Records artists
A&M Records artists
Pupils of La Monte Young
People associated with The Factory
British male pianists
Male bass guitarists
21st-century organists
Welsh-language singers
Welsh-speaking musicians
Welsh contemporary

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<mask> (c. 95 – 46 BC), often referred to as Metellus <mask>, was a Roman senator and military commander. During the civil war between Julius Caesar and the senatorial faction led by Pompey, he was a staunch supporter of the latter. He led troops against Caesar's forces, mainly in the battles of Pharsalus and Thapsus, where he was defeated. He later committed suicide. Ronald Syme called him "the last Scipio of any consequence in Roman history." Family connections and name
The son of Publius <mask>sica, praetor about 95 BC, and Licinia, Scipio was the grandson of Publius <mask>sica, consul in 111, and Lucius Licinius Crassus, consul in 95. His great-grandfather was <mask>ca Serapio, the man who murdered Tiberius Gracchus in 133 BC.Through his mother Cornelia, Serapio was also the grandson of <mask> Africanus. <mask>'s father died not long after his praetorship, and was survived by two sons and two daughters. The brother was adopted by their grandfather Crassus, but left little mark on history. Publius <mask>, as he was referred to in contemporary sources early in his life, was adopted in adulthood through the testament of <mask> Caecilius <mask> <mask>, consul in 80 BC and pontifex maximus. He retained his patrician status: "<mask>'s ancestry," notes Syme, "was unmatched for splendour." As Jerzy Linderski has shown at length, this legal process constitutes adoption only in a loose sense; <mask> becomes a Caecilius Metellus in name while inheriting the estate of Metellus <mask>, but was never his "son" while the pontifex maximus was alive. He was sometimes called "Metellus <mask>", or just "Scipio", after his adoption.The official form of his name as evidenced in a decree of the senate was "Q. Caecilius Q. f. Fab. Metellus Scipio." <mask> married Aemilia Lepida, daughter of Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus Livianus, consul in 77 BC, but was not without rival in seeking to marry Aemilia Lepida. The virginal Cato had also wanted to marry Aemilia but lost out:

The couple had one son, a Metellus <mask> who seems to have died when he was only 18. Another son may have been born around 70, or a son may have been adopted. The couple's much more famous daughter was born around that time as well. <mask> first married off the celebrated Cornelia Metella to Publius Crassus, the son of Marcus Licinius Crassus.After Publius's death at Carrhae, <mask> decided to succeed Caesar as the father-in-law of Pompey, and approached Pompey with an offer to marry him to Cornelia, which Pompey accepted. Pompey was at least thirty years older than Cornelia. This marriage was one of the acts by which Pompey severed his alliance to Caesar and declared himself the champion of the optimates. He and <mask> were consuls together in 52. Political career
Cicero names "P. Scipio" among the young nobiles on his defence team when Sextus Roscius was prosecuted in 80 BC. He is placed in the company of Marcus Messalla and <mask> Celer, both future consuls. <mask> <mask> was probably tribune of the plebs in 59 BC, but his patrician status argues against his holding the office.It is possible that <mask>'s adoption into a plebeian gens may have qualified him for a tribunate on a technicality. He may have been curule aedile in 57 BC, when he presented funeral games in honour of his adopted father's death, six years earlier. He was praetor, most likely in 55 BC, during the second consulship of Pompeius and Marcus Crassus. In 53 BC, <mask> was interrex with Marcus Valerius Messalla. He became consul with Pompeius in 52 BC, the year he arranged the marriage of his newly widowed daughter to him. Indisputably aristocratic and conservative, <mask> <mask> had been at least a symbolic counterweight to the power of the so-called triumvirate before the death of Crassus in 53 BC. "Opportune deaths," notes Syme, "had enhanced his value, none remaining now of the Metellan consuls."He is known to have been a member of the College of Pontiffs by 57 BC, and was probably nominated upon the death of his adoptive father in 63, and subsequently elected. Role in civil war

In January of 49 BC, Scipio persuaded the senate to issue the ultimatum to Caesar that made war inevitable. That same year, <mask> became proconsul of the province of Syria. In Syria and Asia, where he took up winter quarters, he used often oppressive means to gather ships, troops, and money:

Scipio put to death Alexander of Judaea, and was acclaimed Imperator for claimed victories in the Amanus Mountains — as noted disparagingly by Caesar. In 48 BC, <mask> brought his forces from Asia to Greece, where he manoeuvred against Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus and Lucius Cassius until the arrival of Pompeius. At the Battle of Pharsalus, he commanded the centre. After the optimates' defeat by Caesar, Metellus fled to Africa.With the support of his former rival-in-romance Cato, he wrested the chief command of Pompeius' forces from the loyal Publius Attius Varus, probably in early 47. In 46, he held command at the Battle of Thapsus, "without skill or success," and was defeated along with Cato. After the defeat, he tried to escape to the Iberian Peninsula to continue the fight, but was cornered by the fleet of Publius Sittius. He committed suicide by stabbing himself, so he would not fall into the hands of his enemies. Dignity in death
Facing death, <mask> <mask> achieved an uncharacteristic dignity, famously departing from his soldiers with a nonchalant Imperator se bene habet ("Your general's just fine"). These last words elicited strong praise from the Stoic moral philosopher Seneca:

Assessment
Classical scholar John H. Collins summed up the character and reputation of Metellus <mask>:

See also
 Caesar's civil war
 Battle of Thapsus
 Cornelia Metella
 Caecilia gens

Selected bibliography
Linderski, Jerzy. "Q. Scipio Imperator."In Imperium sine fine: T. Robert S. Broughton and the Roman Republic. Franz Steiner, 1996, pp. 144–185. Limited preview online. Syme, Ronald. "The Last Scipiones." In The Augustan Aristocracy.Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 244–245 online. References

1st-century BC births
Year of birth uncertain
46 BC deaths
1st-century BC Roman governors of Syria
1st-century BC Roman consuls
Ancient Roman adoptees
Ancient Roman generals
Ancient Roman military personnel who committed suicide
<mask>, <mask>
Cornelii Scipiones
Optimates
Pontifices
Roman Republican praetors

masks:
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio
Scipio
Cornelius Scipio Na
Cornelius Scipio Na
Scipio Nasi
Scipio
Scipio
Scipio
Quintus
Metellus
Pius
Scipio
Scipio
Pius
Scipio
Scipio
Scipio
Scipio
Scipio
Scipio
Metellus
Metellus
Scipio
Scipio
Scipio
Metellus
Scipio
Scipio
Scipio
Metellus
Scipio
Scipio
Pius Scipio
Quintus


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<mask> ( ; November 15, 1920 – December 25, 2021) was an American painter known for his colorful works depicting commonplace objects—pies, lipsticks, paint cans, ice cream cones, pastries, and hot dogs—as well as for his landscapes and figure paintings. <mask> is associated with the pop art movement because of his interest in objects of mass culture, although his early works, executed during the fifties and sixties, slightly predate the works of the classic pop artists. <mask> used heavy pigment and exaggerated colors to depict his subjects, and the well-defined shadows characteristic of advertisements are almost always included in his work. Early life and education
<mask> was born to Alice Eugenia (Le Baron) and <mask> in Mesa, Arizona. They moved a year later to Southern California where the family lived for most of <mask>’s childhood until he graduated from secondary school in Long Beach, California. <mask> and his family were members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and his father was a bishop in the church when Thiebaud was a teenager. Morton was also a Ford mechanic, foreman at Gold Medal Creamery, traffic safety supervisor, and real estate agent.One summer during his high school years, he apprenticed at Walt Disney Studios  The next summer, he studied at the Frank Wiggins Trade School in Los Angeles. From 1938 to 1949, he worked as a cartoonist and designer in California and New York City. He served as an artist in the First Motion Picture Unit of the United States Army Air Forces from 1942 to 1945. In 1949, he enrolled at San Jose State College (now San Jose State University) before transferring to Sacramento State College (now California State University, Sacramento), where he earned a bachelor's degree in 1951 and a master's degree in 1952. Career
<mask> subsequently began teaching at Sacramento City College. In 1960, he became assistant professor at the University of California, Davis, where he remained through 1991 and influenced numerous art students. He held a Professor Emeritus title there up until his death in late 2021.<mask> did not have much of a following among Conceptual artists because of his adherence to basically traditional disciplines, emphasis on hard work as a supplement to creativity, and love of realism. Occasionally, he gave pro bono lectures at U.C. Davis. On a leave of absence during 1956–57,  he spent time in New York City, where he became friends with Elaine and Willem de Kooning and Franz Kline, and was much influenced by these abstractionists as well as by proto-pop artists Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns. During this time, he began a series of very small paintings based on images of food displayed in windows, and he focused on their basic shapes. Returning to California, he pursued this subject matter and style, isolating triangles, circles, squares, etc. He also co-founded the Artists Cooperative Gallery, now Artists Contemporary Gallery, and other cooperatives including Pond Farm, having been exposed to the concept of cooperatives in New York.In 1960, he had his first solo show in San Francisco at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and shows in New York City at the Staempfli and Tanager galleries. These shows received little notice, but two years later, a 1962 Sidney Janis Gallery exhibition in New York officially launched Pop Art, bringing <mask> national recognition, although he disclaimed being anything other than a painter of illusionistic form. In 1961, Thiebaud met and became friends with art dealer Allan Stone (1932–2006), the man who gave him his first "break." Stone was <mask>'s dealer until Stone's death in 2006. Stone said of Thiebaud "I have had the pleasure of friendship with a complex and talented man, a terrific teacher and cook, the best raconteur in the west with a spin serve, and a great painter whose magical touch is exceeded only by his genuine modesty and humility. <mask>'s dedication to painting and his pursuit of excellence inspire all who are lucky enough to come in contact with him. He is a very special man."After Stone's death, <mask>'s son <mask> (1960–2010) took over as his dealer. <mask> was a successful art dealer in his own right and had eponymous galleries in Manhattan and San Francisco; he died June 19, 2010. In 1962, <mask>'s work was included, along with Roy Lichtenstein, Andy Warhol, Jim Dine, Phillip Hefferton, Joe Goode, Edward Ruscha, and Robert Dowd, in the historically important and ground-breaking "New Painting of Common Objects," curated by Walter Hopps at the Pasadena Art Museum (now the Norton Simon Museum at Pasadena). This exhibition is considered to have been one of the first Pop Art exhibitions in the United States. These painters were part of a new movement, in a time of social unrest, which shocked the U.S. and the art world. In 1963, he turned increasingly to figure painting: wooden and rigid, with each detail sharply emphasized. In 1964, he made his first prints at Crown Point Press, and continued to make prints throughout his career.In 1967, his work was shown at the Biennale Internationale. Personal life and death
<mask> was married twice. With his first wife, Patricia Patterson, he had two children, one of whom is the model and writer Twinka <mask>. With his second wife, Betty Jean Carr, he had a son, Paul LeBaron <mask>, who became an art dealer. He also adopted Betty's son, Matthew. He died at his residence in Sacramento on December 25, 2021, at the age of 101. Work

<mask> is well known for his paintings of production line objects found in diners and cafeterias, such as pies and pastries.As a young man in Long Beach, he worked at a cafe named Mile High and Red Hot, where "Mile High" was ice cream and "Red Hot" was a hot dog. He was associated with the Pop art painters because of his interest in objects of mass culture; however, his works, executed during the 1950s and 1960s, slightly predate the works of the classic pop artists, suggesting that <mask> may have had an influence on the movement. <mask> employed heavy pigment and exaggerated colors to depict his subjects, and the well-defined shadows characteristic of advertisements are almost always included in his work. <mask> was averse to labels such as "fine art" versus "commercial art" and described himself as "just an old-fashioned painter". He disliked Andy Warhol's "flat" and "mechanical" paintings and did not consider himself a pop artist. In addition to pastries, <mask>  painted characters such as Mickey Mouse as well as landscapes, streetscapes, and cityscapes, which were influenced by the work of Richard Diebenkorn. His paintings such as Sunset Streets (1985) and Flatland River (1997) are noted for their hyper realism, and have been compared to Edward Hopper's work, another artist who was fascinated with mundane scenes from everyday American life.Notable works

1961    Drink Syrups
1961    Pies, Pies, Pies
1962    Around the Cake
1962    Bakery Counter
1962    Confections
1962    Candy Machine
1963    Display Cakes
1963    Cakes
1963    Girl with Ice Cream Cone
1964    Three Strawberry Shakes
1964    Eight Lipsticks
1964    Man Sitting - Back View
1964    Lemon Cake
1966    Powder With Puff
1968    Coloma Ridge
1970    Seven Suckers
1971    Four Cupcakes
1975    Shoe Rows
1976    Potrero Hill
1977    24th Street Intersection
1981    Hill Street (Day City)
1987    Two Paint Cans
1991    The Three Cows
1992    Thirteen Books
1993    Apartment View
1993    Coastline (California Arts Council specialty license plate)
1996    Farm Channel
1999    Reservoir
2000    Clown Cones
2002    Jolly Cones (Ice Cream Cones)
2008    Three Ice cream Cones
2010    The Google 12th Birthday Cake
2010    Tulip Sundae

Collections and exhibitions
Thiebaud's works are in permanent collections at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Crocker Art Museum, and the Whitney Museum of American Art. The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the Albright-Knox Art Gallery, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and the Phoenix Art Museum have also held works by the artist. Exhibitions featuring Thiebaud include a 2001 retrospective at the Whitney Museum, a 2012 retrospective at Acquavella Galleries, and a 2021 retrospective at the Toledo Museum of Art. The Crocker has hosted a Thiebaud exhibition every decade since 1951, including "Wayne Thiebaud 100" to honor the artist's 100th birthday in 2020. Recognition
In 1987, <mask> was awarded the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. On October 14, 1994, <mask> was presented with the National Medal of Arts by President Clinton. In 2009, he was honored by California Lawyers for the Arts with its Artistic License Award at its annual gala celebration.He also received the Lifetime Achievement Award for Art from the American Academy of Design in 2001. <mask> was inducted into the California Hall of Fame in 2010 at the California Museum, Sacramento, and in 2013, he was honored with the California Art Award in recognition of his part in raising the prominence of California art around the world. Auction records
In November 2019, Sotheby's $8.46 million sale of <mask>'s 2011 painting Encased Cakes set an auction record for the artist. This record was broken in July 2020, when his 1962 painting Four Pinball Machines sold for $19,135,000 in New York City at a Christie's global live auction event. Influences
One of <mask>'s students from Sacramento City College was the artist Fritz Scholder (1937–2005), who went on to become a major influence in the direction of American Indian art through his instruction at the Institute of American Indian Arts in Santa Fe, New Mexico (1964–1969). The painter Mel Ramos (1935-2018), considered <mask> his mentor. Among his pupils were the painters Faith Bromberg, Vonn Cummings Sumner, and Christopher Brown.Sharon Core is a photographer known for her photographic interpretations of <mask>'s works. References

Books
 Nash, Steven A.; <mask> Paintings: A Retrospective (Thames Hudson, 2000)
 Baker, Kenneth; Fox Weber, Nicholas; <mask> (Rizzoli, 2022)
 Rubin, Susan; Life and Art of <mask> (Chronicle Press, 2008)
 Shields, Scott; <mask>hiebaud 100: Paintings, Prints, and Drawings (Pomegranate, 2020)
 <mask>, <mask>; Williams, LG; Cooper, Gene; <mask> Lectures on Art and Drawing (PCP Press, 2018)

Further reading
 John Coplans, "New Paintings of Common Objects", Artforum, November, 1962. (Illustrations)

External links

<mask>hiebaud at the National Gallery of Art
<mask>aud papers, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution
 Interview with <mask>, May 17-18, 2001, Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution
<mask> in the National Gallery of Australia's Kenneth Tyler Collection
 Seeing America video discussion of <mask>'s Ponds and Streams (2001) featuring Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco curator Dr. Lauren Palmor and Dr. Stephen Zucker of Smarthistory YouTube channel
 <mask> Biography and Interview with American Academy of Achievement

1920 births
2021 deaths
Painters from Arizona
Painters from California
San Jose State University alumni
California State University, Sacramento alumni
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
United States National Medal of Arts recipients
People from Long Beach, California
People from Mesa, Arizona
American pop artists
American still life painters
University of California, Davis faculty
American Latter Day Saints
First Motion Picture Unit personnel
20th-century American painters
American male painters
American centenarians
21st-century American painters
21st-century male artists
20th-century American printmakers
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
Men centenarians

masks:
Morton Wayne Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Morton Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Paul Thiebaud
Paul Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Thiebaud
Wayne Thiebaud
Wayne Thiebaud
Wayne Thiebaud
Wayne T
Thiebaud
Wayne
Wayne Thiebaud
Wayne T
Waynehieb
Wayne Thiebaud
Wayne Thiebaud
Wayne Thiaud
Wayne Thiebaud


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<mask> (;, born February 20, 1980) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist. A professional competitor since 2006, he has competed for the UFC, World Series of Fighting, and KSW. His nickname Toquinho (), Portuguese for "little tree stump", comes from his short, stocky, heavily muscled build and the low success rate his opponents have had in grappling him down to the canvas. Palhares is primarily known for his powerful ground game. Of his 15 submission victories 11 have come from leg locks. He is also known for his refusal to release submission holds when either the opposing fighter has signaled submission or the referee has called a stop to the bout, causing him to be fired by the UFC, and WSOF. Early life and education
Palhares grew up in abject poverty in the Brazilian countryside.He recalls working in the fields to help support his family as young as age seven and said that there were times where there was not enough food for everyone. He eventually had to leave his shanty and move underneath a local bridge in a tent city slum. Palhares began training in Brazilian jiu-jitsu at the age of 15, before moving to Rio de Janeiro to compete professionally. He claimed the Fury Fighting Championship Middleweight Championship in December 2007 after defeating Flavio Mura, Pan-Am Jiu-Jitsu champion Fabio Negao, and Chute Boxe's Daniel Acacio in a tournament. Palhares earned his Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu black belt under former UFC Middleweight Champion Murilo Bustamante and Bebeo Duarte. Experts in martial arts touted Palhares as one of the most naturally gifted grapplers today. Having spent his entire early career competing in Brazil, <mask>' first bout outside his home country was in the United States at UFC 84.He is considered to be one of the best in the world at leg locks, such as the heel hook and kneebar. Palhares took 2nd place in the under 88 kg 2011 ADCC, finishing his first three opponents quickly with leg locks, before losing to established World Champion Andre Galvao in the final, by points. Career

Ultimate Fighting Championship

Middleweight

Palhares fought against former PRIDE Middleweight & Welterweight Champion Dan Henderson at UFC 88. Henderson defeated Palhares by unanimous decision handing Palhares his first loss in the UFC. Palhares quickly rebounded from the loss to defeat veteran Jeremy Horn at UFC 93 by unanimous decision. Palhares was expected to face Italian Alessio Sakara on December 5, 2009 at The Ultimate Fighter 10 Finale, but due to an injury while training, Sakara had to withdraw. On December 12, 2009 at UFC 107 Palhares fought against Lucio Linhares and defeated Linhares by heel hook.At UFC 111, <mask> defeated Tomasz Drwal by heel hook 45 seconds into the first round. He was, however, subsequently suspended for 90 days for continuing to crank the submission even after Drwal had tapped and referee Kevin Mulhall stepped in to stop the fight. <mask> was expected to face Nate Marquardt on August 28, 2010 at UFC 118, however the bout was moved to September 15, 2010 to headline UFC Fight Night 22 after Alan Belcher was forced to pull out of his bout with Demian Maia with an eye injury. Marquardt defeated <mask> via first round TKO. During the fight, <mask> claimed that Marquardt had greased his leg after failing to secure a leg lock on the ground. Marquardt attacked, catching <mask> off guard as he was complaining to the referee and won the fight through a ground-and-pound stoppage. <mask> would later apologize for his actions during the fight after it was determined by officials that Marquardt's leg was not greased.<mask> was expected to face Alexandre Ferreira on March 3, 2011 at UFC Live: Sanchez vs. Kampmann. However, on January 18, Ferreira was dismissed from Chute Boxe Academy, his home training camp, for a "lack of commitment." Less than an hour later, it was reported that the fight had been cancelled due to Ferreira losing family and friends in the Brazilian floods, resulting in him being in "no condition to train or fight." David Branch replaced Ferriera. <mask> defeated Branch via second round submission (kneebar). <mask>/Ferreira was expected to take place on August 27, 2011 at UFC 134. However, Ferreira was forced out of the bout with an injury and replaced by Dan Miller.Palhares would defeat Miller by unanimous decision, although there was some controversy when Palhares dropped Miller in the first round and after a few follow up punches, incorrectly thought the fight was over. <mask> next faced Mike Massenzio on January 14, 2012 at UFC 142  He defeated Massenzio by heel hook in the first round, earning him his second Submission of the Night bonus. Palhares then faced Alan Belcher on May 5, 2012 at UFC on Fox 3. After getting the fight to the ground, Palhares was almost caught on a twister attempt by Belcher. Palhares was able to escape and proceeded to attempt various types of leglocks, which were all defended by Belcher. After some action, Palhares ended on his back, eventually succumbing to Belcher's ground and pound at 4:18 of the first round. <mask> was expected to replace an injured Luiz Cane against Yushin Okami on August 11, 2012 at UFC 150.However <mask> himself was injured and forced out of the bout. Palhares faced Héctor Lombard on December 15, 2012 at UFC on FX 6 where he lost via KO at 3:38 of Round 1. Following his loss to Lombard, the UFC announced that Palhares tested positive for elevated testosterone levels in his post-fight drug test and, subsequently, has been suspended for nine-months retroactive to December 14. Drop to Welterweight and release from the UFC
Following his loss to Lombard, <mask> stated that he would be moving down one weight class to the welterweight division. He made his debut in the new division against Mike Pierce on October 9, 2013 at UFC Fight Night 29. He won the fight via heel hook submission just 31 seconds into the first round. This was the only successful submission throughout the event.However, Palhares was denied a Submission of the Night bonus because he continued cranking the heel hook after the referee stepped in, an act UFC deemed "unsportsmanlike conduct." It was also noted that Pierce tapped a total of eight times to no response from Palhares. The next day, while conducting an interview with ESPN's Jeremy Schaap, UFC president Dana White announced that the UFC was releasing Palhares effective immediately due to not letting go of the submission. Hours later, UFC and Zuffa released a statement saying that Palhares was already in trouble for his failure to release his heel hook on Drwal in 2010 and his drug suspension in 2012, and his actions the night before were the last straw. World Series of Fighting
In November 2013, Palhares signed a contract with World Series of Fighting, but was already on thin ice as WSOF president Ray Sefo had given Palhares a very stern warning about in-cage conduct. <mask> made his WSOF debut at WSOF 9 against the reigning Welterweight Champion Steve Carl. He won via inverted heel hook submission in the first round to win the WSOF Welterweight Championship.In July, he was scheduled to fight Jon Fitch at WSOF 11. However, on April 30, 2014, the match was canceled. The fight with Jon Fitch was rescheduled for WSOF 16 on December 13, 2014. <mask> successfully defended his title, winning by kneebar only 90 seconds into first round. Again the length of the submission hold came into question. <mask> faced Jake Shields on August 1, 2015 at WSOF 22. Shields did well against Palhares for the majority of the fight, but the tables began to turn in the 2nd round with a takedown by Palhares and the subsequent damage Palhares did on the ground.In the 3rd round, Palhares submitted Shields, but faced penalty from the NSAC soon after for once again holding on to a submission after being prompted to let it go by the referee, and for repeatedly eye-gouging Shields. Palhares came to the press one day after the incident and claimed innocence. Following the incident, Palhares was stripped of his welterweight title and suspended indefinitely, with WSOF vice-president Ali Abdel-Aziz saying that Palhares "has mental problems and shouldn’t be allowed to fight until he fixes them." Independent promotions
After the release from the WSOF, Palhares compiled a record of 1–4–1 in Italian, Polish and Russian promotions, losing two championship fights in the process. Taura MMA
On July 28, 2020, it was announced that <mask> had signed a contract with Taura MMA. Initially, he was expected to make his promotional debut against Sean Loeffler at Taura MMA 11 on October 30, 2020. However, on September 8, 2020, news surfaced that the bout was rescheduled to take place at Taura MMA 10 on October 23, 2020.Reports surfaced in the week leading up to this fight that Loeffler was forced to withdraw and was quickly replaced with Anthony Gordillo instead. In turn, Gordillo was not able to leave his hometown due to COVID-19 restrictions and the bout was cancelled. Result
! Rec.
! Opponent
! Method
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!Division
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masks:
Rousimar Christian Palhares
Palhares
Palhares
Palhares
Palhares
Palhares
Palhares
Palhares
Palhares
Palhares
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Palhares
Palhares
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Squadron Leader <mask>, AFC (5 May 1905 – 12 February 1948) was an Austrian-born gliding champion and sailplane designer of the 1920s and 30s. He became a British subject and an RAF test pilot. He was killed testing a glider in 1948. Early life

<mask> was born in Vienna, the son of dentist also called <mask> (1874–1946), who was nephew of <mask> (de) (doctor, writer), <mask> (de) (botanist), both Galician Jews. In his youth his favourite sport was boating. Gliding
As a young man, he visited the Wasserkuppe in Germany and became passionate about the sport of gliding that was developing there. So Kronfeld became a member of the first Austrian gliding school.He befriended Walter Georgii, who was a meteorologist working at the nearby Darmstadt University of Technology and who had recently discovered thermals. Kronfeld became something of a test-pilot for Georgii, investigating this still-new phenomenon with the assistance of a variometer disguised as a vacuum flask. In 1926, the German newspaper Grüne Post offered a RM 5,000 prize for the first glider pilot to fly . <mask> took up the challenge in 1929 and selected a long chain of hills, the Teutoburger Wald, as a promising site for the record attempt. He took off in a glider of his own design, named Wien ("Vienna"), launched by bungee, near Ibbenbüren. After a flight lasting over five hours, he landed near Detmold, 102.5 km away. Kronfeld used the prize money to build a gigantic sailplane, named Austria, which had a wingspan of 30 metres - a record not to be matched until the end of the twentieth century.<mask> was awarded the Hindenburg Cup in 1930. In the same year he undertook the first flight from a mountain in Lower Austria. He also staged large air shows. By 1930 he held the world records for distance (164 km) and height (2,589 m). In 1930 he also had success gliding in England. On 15 February 1931 <mask> and Wolf Hirth were the first men awarded the "Silver C". On 20 June 1931 <mask> was the first pilot to fly a glider across the English Channel, making a return flight the same day.For this he won £1000 from the Daily Mail

<mask> was an Air Scout within the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund and took part in the 4th World Scout Jamboree (1933) in Hungary as a member of the Austrian contingent. He participated in the Air Scout camp and contributed to the Airshow. He served as Commissioner for Air Scouts of the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund. <mask> also was an honorary member of this Scout association. In addition to being the first person to pilot a glider across the English Channel, on Saturday 4 June 1938, Kronfeld became the first pilot to fly a towed glider across the Irish Sea. Under tow from an Avro Cadet piloted by Mark Lacayo, they departed Kirby Moorside, Yorkshire, proceeding westwards via Blackpool the original planned point in order to make the crossing to Ronaldsway Airport, Isle of Man. However, with an airspeed of 65 knots flying into a 50 knot head wind resulting in a groundspeed of 15 knots, it was difficult to make concerted progress and at one point Lacayo suggested abandoning the attempt.The wind was causing significant problems in addition to lowering cloud and had blown the aircraft and glider 30 nautical miles off course. Nevertheless, Kronfeld was determined to make the attempt and they managed to fix their position at 2,000 feet above St Bees Head and re-planned a crossing to Maughold Head. The weather resulted in the aircraft and glider descending to only 50 feet above the sea and a further problem was being caused by reducing visibility and the approaching darkness. The sea crossing took 1 hour 50 minutes. Due to the weather conditions a landing at Ronaldsway Airport could not be made and this resulted in them diverting to Hall Caine Airport, touching down at 20:00hrs. On Tuesday 7 June, Kronfeld gave an exhibition of aerobatics over Ronaldsway as a feature of the 1938 Manx Air Derby. Exile
In 1933, the new Nazi government prohibited Jews from flying, and as a Jew, Kronfeld fled Germany first for Austria, later for the United Kingdom.In 1934 he was awarded the Silver medal of the Lilienthal Society. There, he continued flying, taking over the British Aircraft Company, and in 1938 became chief instructor for the newly founded Oxford University and City Gliding Club (now split up in the Oxford University Gliding Club and the separate Oxford Gliding Club). He settled in England in January 1938 and his father followed him to England in 1939. Kronfeld was a member of the Österreichischer Aero Club and brought the records of this association to the United Kingdom. In 1939 he became a British citizen and during World War II he served in the Royal Air Force. He held the rank of Squadron Leader. He was posted to the Airborne Forces Experimental Establishment on military glider development.For that work he was awarded the Air Force Cross. Post war, as Chief Test Pilot for General Aircraft, he was killed in the crash of an experimental flying wing glider - the General Aircraft GAL 56 (TS507) - during stalling trials, at Lower Froyle after taking-off from Lasham Airfield. After successfully recovering from a stall, the aircraft entered an inverted dive. His observer was able to leave the aircraft and survived despite a low level parachute opening. Aircraft tested
British Aircraft Company Drone
Baynes Bat - tailess military glider

Memory and legacy
There are streets named after <mask> in Detmold (Robert-Kronfeld-Straße), Fulda (Robert-Kronfeld-Straße), Oerlinghausen (Robert-Kronfeld-Straße), Gerasdorf (Kronfeldgasse), Graz (Kronfeldgasse) and Vienna (Kronfeldgasse). In 1990 a memorial stone, commemorating the first 100 km flight by Kronfeld in 1929, was erected by the Heimatverein am Hermannshöhenweg near Riesenbeck. The Robert-Kronfeld-Memorial Prize (Robert-Kronfeld-Gedächtnispreis) is awarded by the Segelflugschule Oerlinghausen, since 1979."The-Robert-Kronfeld-Cup was awarded by the State Government of Austria on the occasion of the 21st World Gliding Championships 1989 in Wiener Neustadt." It is also named The Robert Kronfeld Challenge Cup. There is also a Robert Kronfeld-contest (Robert-Kronfeld-Wettbewerb) organized by the Segelflugschule Oerlinghausen. In 1961 the <mask>feld Memorial flight from Innsbruck to Kufstein (Kronfeld-Gedächnissegelflug) took place and a special cachet was issued commemorating this flight. In 1994 a special cachet was issued commemorating <mask>'s 90th Birthday. <mask> was commemorated in an exhibition in the National Scout Center of the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund in Vienna in September 2010 and stamp and special cachet were issued. An Air Scout group of the Österreichischer Pfadfinderbund in the 1960s was named after <mask>feld.The sole surviving Kronfeld Drone de Luxe, G-AEKV, built in 1936, is preserved at Brooklands Museum, Surrey, UK. Acquired by Mike Beach in the early 1980s and restored to flying condition at Brooklands around 1984, 'KV was later purchased by Brooklands Museum with the support of a Heritage Lottery Fund grant and is kept in ground running condition. An orchard in memory of <mask> and his son was created at Lasham Airfield in 2014. In the years following <mask>'s death his widow, Margaret, approached L Wingfield MC DFC, to create a lasting memorial, to which the Oxford Gliding Club, was reformed, flying at Kidlington Airport in 1951. Kronfeld been the first permanent Chief Flying Instructor in 1938. The club is still operating, based at RAF Weston-on-the-Green to the north of Oxford City. Notes

References

Austrian aerospace engineers
Austrian aviators
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in England
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
People associated with Scouting
Sportspeople from Vienna
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Royal Air Force officers
Scouting and Guiding in Austria
1904 births
1948 deaths
British test pilots
Jewish emigrants from Austria to the United Kingdom after the Anschluss
British aviators
Glider flight record holders
British aviation record holders

masks:
Robert Kronfeld
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Robert Kronfeld
Adolf Kronfeld
Ernst Moriz Kronfeld
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<mask> (April 1855 – February 6, 1908) was an American business owner and professional sports team owner. He was the principal owner of the Detroit Tigers of the American League from November 1901 through October 1903. <mask> began his career as a book agent in Ohio. He subsequently entered the life insurance business, first as an agent and later as a regional manager for large life insurance interests. In the late 1890s, he became a promoter and builder of interurban electric railways, including the 61-mile Toledo, Fremont & Norwalk Railway (later part of the Lake Shore Electric Railway) and the 79-mile Detroit, Ypsilanti, Ann Arbor & Jackson Railway (sometimes known as the "Ypsi-Ann"). In November 1901, he led a syndicate that acquired the Detroit Tigers from James D. Burns and George Stallings. He purchased majority interest in 1902 and owned the team until late 1903.During <mask>'s ownership, the team began the tradition of training in the south and acquired stars "Wild Bill" Donovan and "Wahoo Sam" Crawford, whose services would be key to the 1907 American League championship team. Early years
<mask> was born in 1855 at Prairie Depot (now known as Wayne) in Wood County, Ohio, near Toledo. He was the son of Richard and Lillie (Atkinson) <mask>. He began his career as a book agent, traveling through Ohio. <mask> later credited his work as a book agent with his development as a businessman:"I think that this experience developed all the business tact I have. It was a hard road to travel and necessitated close study of human nature. I learned to read men's faces, to know their moods, and to judge their character.It necessitated a great deal of reading as well, for I found the great way to draw men out and get them interested was to catch them by sounding their favorite style of books. I had to be generally well informed to talk intelligently, and I think the experience had much to do toward broadening my views of life generally." In his work as a book agent, he was located variously in Toledo, Wheeling and Cleveland. Business career
While living in Cleveland, <mask> became involved in the life insurance business. He moved to Detroit in 1892 or 1893 where he continued to work as a life insurance agent. He ultimately became regional manager for National Life Insurance Co. and then Home Life Insurance Co.

<mask> also became involved in promoting and building electric railways in Ohio and Michigan. In 1899, <mask>, along with partner Henry A. Haigh, built the Toledo, Fremont & Norwalk Railway with financial backing from the Comstock lumber family.The Toledo line was an interurban railway running 61 miles from Toledo to Fremont, Ohio, with <mask> serving as the railway's first president. It later became part of the Lake Shore Electric Railway. In approximately 1898, <mask> also promoted and built the Detroit, Ypsilanti, Ann Arbor & Jackson Railway (sometimes known as the "Ypsi-Ann"). The Ypsi-Ann allowed passengers to take interurban cars from Detroit to stops 79 miles west of the city, including Ypsilanti, Ann Arbor, Chelsea and Jackson. <mask> and partner James D. Hawks also owned the Lansing City Electric Railway until August 1903. Detroit Tigers
On November 2, 1901, and with the support of American League president Ban Johnson, <mask> took control of the finances of the Detroit Baseball Club by paying up a note given by owners James D. Burns and George Stallings for $13,600 secured by stock. This led later to a reorganization of the club, the retirement of both Burns and Stallings, and the control of the enterprise by a syndicate in which <mask>, James McNamara, <mask>. Cook, E.H. Doyle and J. H<mask> were prominent members.Toward the end of the 1902 season, on August 6, <mask> purchased the holdings of his colleagues in the ownership syndicate and gained control of the club. The Sporting News noted that "<mask> wants a winning club and will have no other." In 1902, the Reach Official American League Guide described Detroit's new owner:"He is a portly and prosperous gentleman, a successful business man in many directions, but best known as president of the Detroit, Ypsilanti, Ann Arbor and Jackson Railway, a trolley line 76 miles in length, that is destined to reach Chicago." As owner and president of the Tigers, <mask> sought to acquire a number of stars to play for the team. He sought to negotiate a deal to bring Honus Wagner to Detroit, but the deal was "blocked within his own league." He was successful in acquiring "Wild Bill" Donovan and "Wahoo Sam" Crawford, whose work later helped the club win the American League pennant in 1907. During the 1903 season, <mask> began the team's custom of training in the south.The club trained that year at Shreveport, Louisiana, with Ed Barrow as manager. <mask> was a clerk who kept the books for <mask>. Navin knew that <mask> was "woefully under-financed from the outset" and "nearly out of money." Navin also knew Bill Yawkey, a wealthy 28-year-old lumber heir. At Navin's urging, Yawkey purchased the Tigers from <mask> in October 1903 for $50,000 with Navin receiving a ten percent share of the club. Family and later years
<mask> was married to Dorothy Hood of Milan, Ohio. They twin sons, both of whom died in infancy.Politically, he was a Republican. He was a 32nd degree Mason and a member of the Turtle Lake club, the New York Athletic Club, the Detroit Boat Club, the Lake St. Clair Shooting and Fishing Club, and the Ohio Society of New York. He enjoyed horses and driving as recreation and lived at 59 East Ferry Avenue in Detroit. In January 1907, <mask> sold his railway interests and retired. His wife died in California in early 1907, while she was "trying to regain her health." <mask> also became seriously ill while in California. One newspaper described his condition as a "physical trouble that developed into paresis," a mental condition.Another newspaper account stated that he became "broken down physically and mentally." After an illness reportedly lasting three years, <mask> died in Detroit in February 1908 at age 52. He was buried at Woodmere Cemetery in Detroit. References

Major League Baseball owners
Detroit Tigers owners
1855 births
1908 deaths
People from Wayne, Ohio
People from Monroe County, Ohio
19th-century American businesspeople

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Samuel Floyd Angus
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Judah Maccabee (or <mask>, also spelled Machabeus, or Maccabæus, Hebrew: יהודה המכבי,  Yehudah HaMakabi) was a Jewish priest (kohen) and a son of the priest Mattathias. He led the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire (167–160 BCE). The Jewish holiday of Hanukkah ("Dedication") commemorates the restoration of Jewish worship at the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 164 BCE, after Judah Maccabee removed all of the statues depicting Greek gods and goddesses and purified it. Life

Early life
Judah was the third son of Mattathias the Hasmonean, a Jewish priest from the village of Modi'in. In 167 BCE Mattathias, together with his sons Judah, Eleazar, Simon, John, and Jonathan, started a revolt against the Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who since 175 BCE had issued decrees that forbade Jewish religious practices. After Mattathias's death in 166 BCE, Judah assumed leadership of the revolt in accordance with the deathbed disposition of his father. The First Book of Maccabees praises Judah's valor and military talent, suggesting that those qualities made Judah a natural choice for the new commander.Origin of the name "The Hammer"
In the early days of the rebellion, Judah received a surname Maccabee. It is not known whether this surname should be understood in Greek, Hebrew or Aramaic. Several explanations have been put forward for this surname. One suggestion is that the name derives from the Aramaic maqqaba ("makebet" in modern Hebrew), "hammer" or "sledgehammer" (cf. the cognomen of Charles Martel, the 8th century Frankish leader), in recognition of his ferocity in battle. Others believe it is in reference to his weapon of choice. According to Jewish folklore the name Maccabee is an acronym of the verse Mi kamokha ba'elim Adonai, "Who among the gods is like you, O Adonai?", the Maccabean battle-cry to motivate troops. (Exodus 15:11). Some scholars maintain that the name is a shortened form of the Hebrew maqqab-Yahu (from naqab, "to mark, to designate"), meaning "the one designated by Yahweh." Although originally the surname Maccabee was exclusive to Judah (his brothers had different surnames), at a later date it came to signify all the Hasmoneans who fought during the Maccabean revolt. Early victories

Mindful of the superiority of Seleucid forces during the first two years of the revolt, Judah's strategy was to avoid any engagement with their regular army, and to resort to guerrilla warfare, in order to give them a feeling of insecurity. The strategy enabled Judah to win a string of victories. At the battle of Nahal el-Haramiah (wadi haramia), he defeated a small Seleucid force under the command of Apollonius, governor of Samaria, who was killed.Judah took possession of Apollonius's sword and used it until his death as a symbol of vengeance. After Nahal el-Haramiah, recruits flocked to the Jewish cause. Shortly thereafter, Judah routed a larger Seleucid army under the command of Seron near Beth-Horon, largely thanks to a good choice of battlefield. Then in the Battle of Emmaus, Judah proceeded to defeat the Seleucid forces led by generals Nicanor and Gorgias. This force was dispatched by Lysias, whom Antiochus left as viceroy after departing on a campaign against the Parthians. By a forced night march, Judah succeeded in eluding Gorgias, who had intended to attack and destroy the Jewish forces in their camp with his cavalry. While Gorgias was searching for him in the mountains, Judah made a surprise attack upon the Seleucid camp and defeated the Seleucids at the Battle of Emmaus.The Seleucid commander had no alternative but to withdraw to the coast. The defeat at Emmaus convinced Lysias that he must prepare for a serious and prolonged war. He accordingly assembled a new and larger army and marched with it on Judea from the south via Idumea. After several years of conflict Judah drove out his foes from Jerusalem, except for the garrison in the citadel of Acra. He purified the defiled Temple of Jerusalem and on the 25th of Kislev (December 14, 164 BCE) restored the service in the Temple. The reconsecration of the Temple became a permanent Jewish holiday, Hanukkah, which continued even after the Temple was destroyed in 70 CE. Hanukkah is still celebrated annually.The liberation of Jerusalem was the first step on the road to ultimate independence. After Jerusalem

Upon hearing the news that the Jewish communities in Gilead, Transjordan, and Galilee were under attack by neighboring Greek cities, Judah immediately went to their aid. Judah sent his brother, Simeon, to Galilee at the head of 3,000 men; Simeon proceeded to successfully fulfill his task, achieving numerous victories and transplanted a substantial portion of the Jewish settlements, including women and children, to Judea. Judah personally led the campaign in Transjordan, taking with him his brother Jonathan. After fierce fighting, he defeated the Transjordanian tribes and rescued the Jews concentrated in fortified towns in Gilead. The Jewish population of the areas taken by the Maccabees was evacuated to Judea. At the conclusion of the fighting in Transjordan, Judah turned against the Edomites in the south, captured and destroyed Hebron and Maresha.He then marched on the coast of the Mediterranean, destroyed the altars and statues of the pagan gods in Ashdod, and returned to Judea with much spoils. Judah then laid siege to the Seleucid garrison at the Acra, the Seleucid citadel of Jerusalem. The besieged, who included not only Syrian-Greek troops but also Hellenistic Jews, appealed for help to Lysias, who effectively became the regent of the young king Antiochus V Eupator after the death of Antiochus Epiphanes at the end of 164 BCE during the Parthian campaign. Lysias together with Eupator set out for a new campaign in Judea. Lysias skirted Judea as he had done in his first campaign, entering it from the south, and besieged Beth-Zur. Judah raised the siege of the Acra and went to meet Lysias. In the Battle of Beth-zechariah, south of Bethlehem, the Seleucids achieved their first major victory over the Maccabees, and Judah was forced to withdraw to Jerusalem.Beth-Zur was compelled to surrender and Lysias reached Jerusalem, laying siege to the city. The defenders found themselves in a precarious situation because their provisions were exhausted, it being a sabbatical year during which the fields were left uncultivated. However, just as capitulation seemed imminent, Lysias and Eupator had to withdraw when Antiochus Epiphanes's commander-in-chief Philip, whom the late ruler appointed regent before his death, rebelled against Lysias and was about to enter Antioch and seize power. Lysias decided to propose a peaceful settlement, which was concluded at the end of 163 BCE. The terms of peace were based on the restoration of religious freedom, the permission for the Jews to live in accordance with their own laws, and the official return of the Temple to the Jews. Lysias defeated Philip, only to be overthrown by Demetrius, son of the late Seleucus IV Philopator; returned from years as a hostage in Rome. Demetrius appointed Alcimus (Jakim), a Hellenist Jew, as high priest, a choice the Hasidim (Pietists) might have accepted since he was of priestly descent.Internal conflict

When war against the external enemy came to an end, an internal struggle broke out between the party led by Judah and the Hellenist party. The influence of the Hellenizers all but collapsed in the wake of the Seleucid defeat. The Hellenizing High Priest Menelaus was removed from office and executed. His successor was another Hellenizer Alcimus. When Alcimus executed sixty priests who were opposed to him, he found himself in open conflict with the Maccabees. Alcimus fled from Jerusalem and went to the Seleucid king, asking for help. Meanwhile, Demetrius I Soter, son of Seleucus IV Philopator and nephew of the late Antiochus IV Epiphanes, fled from Rome in defiance of the Roman Senate, arrived in Syria.Declaring himself the rightful king, he captured and killed Lysias and Antiochus Eupator, taking the throne. It was thus Demetrius to whom the delegation led by Alcimus, complained of the persecution of the Hellenist party in Judea. Demetrius granted Alcimus's request to be appointed High Priest under the protection of the king's army and sent to Judea an army led by Bacchides. The weaker Jewish army couldn't oppose the enemy and withdrew from Jerusalem, so Judah returned to wage guerrilla warfare. Soon after, it was necessary for the Seleucid Army to return to Antioch because of the turbulent political situation. Judah's forces returned to Jerusalem and the Seleucids dispatched another army, again led by Nicanor. In a battle near Adasa, on the 13th Adar 161 BCE, the Seleucid army was destroyed and Nicanor was killed.The annual "Day of Nicanor" was instituted to commemorate this victory. Agreement with Rome and death

The Roman–Jewish Treaty was an agreement made between Judah Maccabee and the Roman Republic in 161 BCE according to  and Josephus. It was the first recorded contract between the Jewish people and the Romans. The agreement with Rome failed to have any effect on Demetrius' policy. On receipt of the news of Nicanor's defeat, he dispatched a new army, again commanded by Bacchides. This time the Seleucid forces of 20,000 men were numerically so superior that most of Judah's men left the field of battle and advised their leader to do likewise and to await a more favorable opportunity. However, Judah decided to stand his ground.In the Battle of Elasa, Judah and those who remained faithful to him were killed. His body was taken by his brothers from the battlefield and buried in the family sepulchre at Modiin. The death of Judah Maccabee (d. 160 BCE) stirred the Jews to renewed resistance. After several additional years of war under the leadership of two of Mattathias' other sons (Jonathan and Simon), the Jews finally achieved independence and the liberty to worship freely. In the arts

Pre-19th century
As warrior hero and national liberator, Judah Maccabee has inspired many writers, and several artists and composers. In the Divine Comedy, Dante sees his spirit in the Heaven of Mars with the other "heroes of the true faith". In Shakespeare's Love's Labour's Lost, he is enacted along with the other Nine Worthies, but heckled for sharing a name with <mask> Iscariot.Most significant works dedicated solely to him date from the 17th century onwards. William Houghton's Judas Maccabaeus, performed in about 1601 but now lost, is thought to have been the first drama on the theme; however, Judas Macabeo, an early comedia by crucial Spanish playwright Pedro Calderón de la Barca is extant. Fernando Rodríguez-Gallego details its history in his critical edition: the play was performed in the 1620s in different versions and finally published as part of an anthology by Vera Tassis in 1637. Following on its heels is El Macabeo (Naples, 1638), a Castilian epic by the Portuguese Marrano Miguel de Silveyra. Two other 17th century works are La chevalerie de Judas Macabé by French poet Pierre Du Ries, and the anonymous neo-Latin work Judas Machabaeus (Rome, 1695). Handel wrote his Judas Maccabaeus oratorio (1746) on the subject. 19th century

There has been interest in Judah in every century.Giuda Macabeo, ossia la morte di Nicanore... (1839), is an Italian "azione sacra" based on which Vallicella composed an oratorio. One of the best-known literary works on the theme is Judas Maccabaeus (1872), a five-act verse tragedy by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. A Hebrew version of Longfellow's play was published in 1900. Two later 19th-century interpretations of the story are Judas Makkabaeus, a novella by the German writer Josef Eduard Konrad Bischoff, which appeared in Der Gefangene von Kuestrin (1885), and The Hammer (1890), a book by Alfred J. Church and Richmond Seeley. 20th century
Several 20th-century Jewish authors have also written works devoted to Judah Maccabee and the Maccabean Revolt. Jacob Benjamin Katznelson (1855–1930) wrote the poem, "Alilot Gibbor ha-Yehudim Yehudah ha-Makkabi le-Veit ha-Hashmona'im" (1922); the Yiddish writer Moses Schulstein wrote the dramatic poem, "Yehudah ha-Makkabi" (in A Layter tsu der Zun, 1954); Jacob Fichman's "Yehudah ha-Makkabi" is one of the heroic tales included in Sippurim le-Mofet (1954).Amit Arad's historical novel "Lions of Judea – The miraculous story of the Maccabees" (2014). Many children's plays have also been written on the theme by various Jewish authors. In addition, the American writer Howard Fast penned the historical novel, My Glorious Brothers, which was published in 1948, during the 1947–1949 Palestine war. During World War II the Swiss-German writer Karl Boxler published his novel Judas Makkabaeus; ein Kleinvolk kaempft um Glaube und Heimat (1943), the subtitle of which suggests that Swiss democrats then drew a parallel between their own national hero, William Tell, and the leader of the Maccabean revolt against foreign tyranny. The modern play Playing Dreidel with Judah Maccabee by Edward Einhorn is about a contemporary boy who meets the historical figure. Visual arts

In the medieval Christian art, Judah Maccabee was regarded as one of the heroes of the Old Testament. He figures in a tenth-century illustrated manuscript Libri Maccabaeorum.The late medieval French artist Jean Fouquet painted an illustration of Judah triumphing over his enemies for his famous manuscript of Josephus. Rubens painted Judah Maccabee praying for the dead; the painting illustrates an episode from 2 Maccabees 12:39–48 in which Judah's troops find stolen idolatrous charms on the corpses of Jewish warriors slain on the battlefield. He therefore offers prayers and an expiatory sacrifice for these warriors who have died in a state of sin. During the Counter-Reformation the passage was used by Catholics against Protestants in order to justify the doctrine of purgatory. Accordingly, Rubens painted the scene for the Chapel of the Dead in Tournai cathedral. In the 19th century, Paul Gustave Doré executed an engraving of Judah Maccabee victoriously pursuing the shattered troops of the Syrian enemy. Music
In music, almost all the compositions inspired by the Hasmonean rebellion revolve around Judah.In 1746, the composer George Frideric Handel composed his oratorio Judas Maccabeus, putting the biblical story in the context of the Jacobite rising of 1745. This work, with libretto by Thomas Morell, had been written for the celebrations following the Duke of Cumberland's victory over the Scottish Jacobite rebels at the Battle of Culloden in 1746. The oratorio's most famous chorus is "See, the conqu'ring hero comes". The tune of this chorus was later adopted as a Christian Easter hymn tune Thine Be The Glory, Risen Conquering Son. A Hebrew translation of Handel's Judas Maccabee’' was prepared for the 1932 Maccabiah Games and is now popular in Israel with the motif of "conqu'ring hero" becoming a Hanukkah song. Beethoven composed a set of theme and variations 12 Variations on 'See the conqu'ring hero comes' for Cello and Piano, WoO 45. Tom Lehrer refers to <mask> <mask> in his song "Hanukkah in Santa Monica".Mirah refers to Judah Maccabee in her song "Jerusalem". In "The Goldbergs Mixtape", a parody song is named "Judah Macabee". See also
Jewish leadership
List of Hasmonean and Herodian rulers
Nine Worthies

 References

 Further reading
 Schalit, Abraham (1997). "Judah Maccabee". Encyclopaedia Judaica (CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0). Ed. Cecil Roth.Keter Publishing House. Schäfer, Peter (2003). The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World. Routledge. External links

 The Hasmoneans on the Web (Resource Index)
Judas Maccabeus on the Web (pictures and directory)
Jewish Encyclopedia
Catholic Encyclopedia
Judah Maccabee
"Under the Influence: Hellenism in Ancient Jewish Life" Biblical Archaeology Society
Who Was Judah Maccabee? by Dr. Henry Abramson
 Lions of Judea'', novel series by Amit Arad

160 BC deaths
2nd-century BCE High Priests of Israel
2nd-century BC Hasmonean rulers
Hasmonean dynasty
Military personnel killed in action
People in the deuterocanonical books
Year of birth unknown
Maccabees
2nd-century BCE Jews
Jewish priests
Gilead

masks:
Judas Maccabeus
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<mask> (born Ronald Fredianelli; June 12, 1930, Detroit—January 25, 2004, Las Vegas) was an Italian-American musician, songwriter, pantomimer, and comedian best known as a member of the band The Gaylords and the music/comedy duo Gaylord and Holiday. Among their many hits are "Tell Me You're Mine", "From the Vine Came the Grape", and "The Little Shoemaker". He adopted the stage name <mask> in the 1950s after going by <mask> for a brief period. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born Ronald L. "<mask>" Fredianelli on June 12, 1930 in Detroit to Joseph and Florence (née Antico) Fredianelli. His mother died of pulmonary tuberculosis in 1932; his father remarried Frances (née Graziana) in 1937. Gaylord is Italian on both sides: his father was born in Boveglio and his mother's parents were from Naples. Gaylord grew up in the same east side Detroit neighborhood as Bonaldo Bonaldi (later known as Burt Holiday), purportedly his cousin, and they both attended the University of Detroit Mercy to study pre-law.In 1947, while still students, Bonaldi and <mask> (then still known as Fredanelli) formed a musical group called the Gay Lords with classmate Don Rae. They performed on campus and in clubs around Detroit; a newspaper misprinted their name from the Gay Lords to the Gaylords, which they took on. Gaylord finished two years of law school before quitting to tour with the band. Career
The first hit by the Gaylords was "Tell Me You're Mine" which hit #2 on the music charts upon its release in 1952. The record sold more than 1.2 million copies and was a gold record. This was an Italian love song, "Per un Bacio d'Amore", with English lyrics written by the band and "an upbeat chorus". Singing popular Italian songs in English, and popular English songs in Italian, continued to be a part of the Gaylords' style throughout their career.Not long after, <mask> was drafted into the Korean War; he finished basic at Camp Atterbury and was subsequently assigned to the Special Services. He sang with the military band, did a number of singing commercials, and continued to produce music as a solo artist for Mercury Records. His hit song "Cuddle Me" was in the Billboard Top 20 Singles between March and May 1954. He guest starred on the Army-sponsored radio show Club 31 and, in addition to "Cuddle Me", recorded "Coquette" and "Tell Me You Love Me Tonight". He was discharged from the military in 1958 and returned to the Gaylords, where he had been temporarily replaced by Billy Christ. After a brief split between <mask> and Holiday, they reunited and began rebuilding the band to its success before the war. The following year, Bonaldi and <mask> moved to Nevada together to work on the lounge circuit, a gig that was quite popular at the time.In the 1960s, they began billing as both a music and comedy duo. Their sets variously included poking fun at the city (when they were traveling); taking up stereotypical Italian personas and putting them in improbable situations; and impressions of other musicians, including The Mills Brothers, Elvis Presley, and Sonny and Cher. Gaylord wrote "I'll Trade You Laughter For Love" for fellow lounge circuit performer Don Rickles, who eventually used the song as his "theme song". In 1966, they  performed at Frank Sinatra's wedding to Mia Farrow. Rae, who had been an accompanying part of the Gaylords for several years, officially left the band in 1975. In the 1960s and 1970s, Gaylord appeared on a number of variety shows while the genre was at its peak, most of the time with Holiday but at times on his own. These appearances include The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour, The Hollywood Palace, Moving Wheels, The Johnny Carson Show, Headline Hunters,  Melodies and Money, The Flip Wilson Show, Jukebox Jury, and The Ford Show.In 1965, the two were working on a pilot for their own TV show, but it never came to fruition. In 1985, they created Famiglia, described by Holiday as "an Italian Fiddler on the Roof", written by Gaylord. The film was eventually converted into a musical for stage. It follows the lives of a three-generation Italian family, starring <mask> as the middle generation; Holiday as his father; and Gaylord's son Tony as his son. His wife Terry and son Ron Jr. also appear. In addition to playing guitar, violin, bass, banjo, and mandolin, Gaylord was a talented songwriter who wrote a number of hits, including "Cuddle Me" (performed by Gaylord); "Oh, Am I Lonely?" (performed by Gaylord); "I'll Trade You Laughter For Love" (performed by Don Rickles); "I Will Never Pass This Way Again" (performed by Glen Campbell), and "Wondering!"(performed by The Gaylords). <mask> continued performing until the end; his last gig was in Michigan just four months before his death in January 2004. Personal life
<mask> stayed in the Las Vegas/Reno area from the time he and Holiday moved there in 1959 until his death. He had two children, Ronald Jr. and Melissa, with his first wife, Teena, and three, Chris, Tony, and Tiffany, with his second wife, Terry, who he was with for 35 years. Four of five children are or were involved in show business. Tony was the guitarist for Third Eye Blind until 2010 and previously played with heavy metal band Apocrypha and cover band Loveshack; Tiffany sang at Texas Station with Loveshack and at MGM Grand Las Vegas with Venus; Ron Jr. filled his father's role in Gaylord and Holiday; and Chris is a musician. Melissa, his eldest daughter, is a teacher.He was also survived by his grandchildren Jaime Fredianelli-Lessig and Joseph Fredianelli, and great-grandchildren Jared Phillips and Kaylee Lessig. When not performing, <mask> enjoyed painting, sketching, sculpting, and collecting cars. <mask> died on January 25, 2004 in his Las Vegas home following an eight-year battle with cancer. He hid his diagnosis from everyone, including his wife Terry and partner Burt, for as long as he could so he could continue performing. References

1930 births
2004 deaths
American male pop singers
20th-century American singers
Singers from Detroit
20th-century American male singers
Comedians from Michigan
People from Detroit
Musicians from Detroit
Guitarists from Detroit
American people of Italian descent
People from Las Vegas
Musicians from Las Vegas
People from Reno, Nevada
Musicians from Reno, Nevada
American comedians
Comedians from Nevada
20th-century American comedians
American comedy musicians
American sketch comedians
Military personnel of the Korean War
American military personnel of the Korean War

masks:
Ronnie Gaylord
Ronnie Gaylord
Ronnie Vincent
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