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<mask>'Shaughnessy (born 30 November 1984 in Kilmallock, County Limerick) is an Irish sportsperson. He plays hurling with his local club Kilmallock and was a member of the Limerick senior inter-county team from 2002 to 2011. Biography

<mask>'Shaughnessy was born in Kilmallock, County Limerick in 1984. He was educated at his local primary school and later attended the famous St. Colman's College, Fermoy in Fermoy, County Cork, a virtual nursery for young hurling talent. Here his hurling skills were first developed and he became a star on the college's various hurling teams. O'Shaughnessy enjoyed a very successful hurling career, beginning by capturing three Dean Ryan Cup titles in-a-row in 2000, 2001 and 2002. By this stage he was also a star on the St. Colman's senior hurling team.O'Shaughnessy won his first Dr. Harty Cup winners' medal in 2001. He later collected his first All-Ireland colleges' title when St. Colman's defeated Dublin Colleges in the final of that competition. O'Shaughnessy captured a second Harty Cup title in 2002 before later lining out in a second All-Ireland colleges' final. His scoring exploits in that game were spectacular. Gort CBS provided the opposition, however, O'Shaughnessy scored 2–8 of a total score of 2–10. It was his second All-Ireland winners' medal. 2003 saw O'Shaughnessy win a third consecutive Harty Cup winners' medal.The subsequent All-Ireland final saw St. Colman's take on St. Kieran's, however, victory went to the Kilkenny team on that occasion. After completing a successful Leaving Certificate at St. Colman's O'Shaughnessy became a cadet in the Irish Army. He is now commissioned as an army lieutenant. Playing career

Club

O'Shaughnessy plays his club hurling with his local Kilmallock club and has enjoyed much success. As a member of the club's minor hurling team he captured three consecutive county titles in 2000, 2001 and 2002. The latter final saw O'Shaughnessy give a fantastic scoring exhibition once again. In that game they beat Na Piarsaigh by 4–11 to 2–11.Three of their 11 points were scored in a gripping last 10 minutes, the previous 4–9 had come from the hurley of <mask>'Shaughnessy in a glorious 50-minute spell of individual brilliance. O'Shaughnessy later joined the club's under-21 team, however, he enjoyed little success in this grade. Around the same time he joined the Kilmallock senior team. He lined out in the senior county final in 2005, however, Garryspillane were victorious on that occasion by 2–15 to 2–12. Minor and under-21

O'Shaughnessy first came to prominence on the inter-county scene as a member of the Limerick minor hurling team in the early 2000s. He had little success in this grade and later joined the county's under-21 team where he first tasted inter-county glory. 2002 saw Limerick reach the provincial decider for the third year in-a-row, however, it was O'Shaughnessy's first year as full member of the team.After an exciting contest with Tipperary, which included extra-time, Limerick won the game by 1–20 to 2–14. It was his O'Shaughnessy's first Munster under-21 winners' medal. For the third year in-a-row Limerick lined out in the All-Ireland final with Galway providing the opposition. O'Shaughnessy's side powered to a 3–17 to 0–8 victory. It was his first, and only, All-Ireland under-21 winners' medal. Senior

In 2003 O'Shaughnessy made his senior championship debut in a Munster semi-final against Waterford. Both sides drew level on that occasion, however, Limerick lost the replay and continued their streak of bad luck that had lasted since 2001 when they were dumped out of the championship in the All-Ireland qualifiers.The next few years proved difficult for both O'Shaughnessy and for Limerick. In spite of coming close to creating some hurling upsets, defeat seemed to be Limerick's lot. In 2006 Limerick remained unbeaten throughout the entire National Hurling League campaign and qualified for the final against Kilkenny. It was an unhappy day for Limerick as 'the Cats' won the game by 3–11 0–14. In spite of some success in the league, Limerick's championship form was still below par. All this changed in 2007 when Limerick had one of their best seasons. That year Limerick faced near neighbours Tipperary in the semi-final of the Munster championship.That game ended in a draw with both sides scoring 1–19. The replay saw Limerick in arrears by ten points at half-time, however, Limerick rallied to level the game at the end of normal time. A period of extra time had to be played and O'Shaughnessy turned out to be the hero as he scored the equalising point which meant that the sides had to play for a third time. Once again, Limerick looked vulnerable at times during the game, however, they grinded out a victory with a score line of 0–22 to 2–13. It was Limerick's first win in the Munster championship since 2001. O'Shaughnessy later lined out against Waterford in the Munster final, however, they were defeated on a score line of 3–17 to 1–14. These two sides later met again in the All-Ireland semi-final, however, manager Richie Bennis had done his homework and masterminded a magnificent 5–11 to 2–15 victory over the Munster champions.This victory allowed O'shaughnessy's side to play Kilkenny in the championship decider. Unfortunately, Limerick got off to a bad start with goalkeeper Brian Murray letting in two goals by Eddie Brennan and Henry Shefflin in the first ten minutes. Limerick fought back, however 'the Cats' went on to win the game by seven points. In spite of this loss O'Shaughnessy was later presented with his first All-Star award, marking him out as one of the best players of the championship. After the highs of the previous year, 2008 proved to be a difficult year for the Limerick hurlers. The team were beaten by 4–12 to 1–16 in opening game of the championship by Clare. The newly structured qualifier system pitted O'Shaughnessy's side against Offaly in a must-win game.Limerick, however, were out of sorts as they suffered a surprising 3–19 to 0–18 defeat. Limerick's involvement in the championship came to an end following this defeat. In late 2009 O'Shaughnessy was diagnosed with sclerosis but remained to feature during the league. In April 2011 just three days before the National Hurling League Division 2 final, O'Shaughnessy announced his retirement from Inter-County hurling. Provincial

O'Shaughnessy has also lined out with Munster in the Railway Cup inter-provincial competition. He first lined out with his province in 2002, however, Munster were defeated by arch-rivals Leinster in the final. His inclusion on the team that year marks him out as the youngest Munster man to ever play for his province.It was 2006 before O'Shaughnessy played with Munster again. On that occasion Connacht were the victors in the semi-final of the competition. After an absence the following year O'Shaughnessy was back on the team in 2008. Once again Munster reached the final, however, Leinster were the winners on that occasion. Honours
 Dr. Harty Cup (3): 2001, 2002, 2003
 Dr. Croke Cup (3): 2001, 2002
 Munster Under-21 Hurling Championship (2): 2001, 2002
 All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship (2): 2001, 2002
 Limerick Senior Hurling Championsphip (3): 2010, 2012, 2014
Munster Senior Club Hurling Championship (1): 2014

Championship Appearances

References

1984 births
Living people
Kilmallock hurlers
Limerick inter-county hurlers
Munster inter-provincial hurlers
Irish Army soldiers
People educated at St Colman's College, Fermoy

masks:
Andrew O
Andrew O
Andrew O


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is a Japanese music composer, pianist, and music director who works for the video game company Nintendo. He is best known for his involvement in numerous contributions in the Super Mario and The Legend of Zelda series of video games, among others produced by the company. <mask> was hired by Nintendo in 1984, becoming the first person hired by them to specialize in musical composition for video games. Shortly after, <mask> was assigned as the sound designer on the 1985 game Super Mario Bros. His work on the game, especially the overworld musical theme, has often been cited as among the most memorable in video games. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in Nagoya, Japan, on August 13, 1961. He began taking lessons on the electronic organ from the age of five. He improved his skills in the instrument in a cover band that played jazz and rock music.<mask> studied at the Art Planning Department of Osaka University of Arts, but was never classically trained or academically dedicated to music. With a love of arcade video games such as Space Invaders and the early Donkey Kong series, he said video games were the only place where he could find the kind of sound creation that he was looking for. He gained some experience in composing and arranging pieces, using the piano, and a computer by programming sounds in BASIC. Career

In 1984, during <mask>'s senior year, Nintendo sent his university a message recruiting for music composition and sound programming. He successfully applied for the job without requiring any demo tapes. He recalls, "I found my way to Nintendo by looking at the school's job placement board. You're supposed to apply to many different companies, but I saw the Nintendo ad, and had a love of making synthesizers, and loved games, and thought – that's the place for me.I interviewed with one company, Nintendo, and that's where I've been ever since." <mask> was the third person hired by Nintendo to create music and sound effects for its games, joining Hirokazu Tanaka and Yukio Kaneoka. However, he was the first at Nintendo to actually specialize in musical composition. His first work at Nintendo was the audio design for the 1984 arcade game Punch-Out!!. As the Famicom had become popular in Japan by then, <mask> was assigned to compose music for the console's subsequent games at Nintendo's new development division, Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development (EAD). His second work at Nintendo was an instruction manual on how to program Japanese popular music into the Famicom using the peripheral Family BASIC. To conclude his first year at Nintendo, he created some of the music of Devil World, alongside Akito Nakatsuka.In 1985, Nintendo started marketing the Famicom abroad as the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) to capitalize on the 1983 video game crash that had devastated Atari, Inc. and other companies. Super Mario Bros. was <mask>'s first major score. The game's melodies were created with the intention that short segments of music could be endlessly repeated during the same gameplay without causing boredom. The main theme is iconic in popular culture and has been featured in more than 50 concerts, been a best-selling ringtone, and been remixed or sampled by various musicians. <mask>'s work on The Legend of Zelda scores has also become highly recognized. He produced four main pieces of background music for the first installment of the series; the overworld theme has become comparable in popularity with the Super Mario Bros. main theme. After the success of The Legend of Zelda, he provided the score for two Japanese-exclusive games, The Mysterious Murasame Castle (1986) and Shin Onigashima (1987).He created the soundtrack to Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panic (1987), which was later rebranded outside Japan as Super Mario Bros. 2 in 1988. <mask> returned to the Super Mario series to produce the scores to Super Mario Bros. 3 (1988) and the SNES launch title Super Mario World (1990). Koichi Sugiyama directed a jazz arrangement album of Super Mario World music and oversaw its performance at the first Orchestral Game Musical Concert in 1991. After finishing the soundtrack to Super Mario World, <mask> was in charge of the sound programming for Pilotwings (1990), while also composing the "Helicopter Theme" for it, and created the sound effects for Star Fox (1993). In 1995, he composed for the sequel to Super Mario World, Yoshi's Island. Until the early 2000s, <mask> would usually write all compositions by himself on a project, with The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time being the last one <mask> worked on alone. Since then, he has been collaborating with other staff members at Nintendo, advising and supervising music created by others, as well as providing additional compositions for games, including Super Mario Galaxy, The Legend of Zelda: Spirit Tracks, The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword and Super Mario 3D World.He also served as the sound director and lead composer of Super Mario Maker and its sequel, Super Mario Maker 2. Concerts
<mask> attended the world premiere of Play! A Video Game Symphony at the Rosemont Theater in Rosemont, Illinois in May 2006, where his music from the Super Mario Bros. and The Legend of Zelda series was performed by a full symphony orchestra. He also attended and performed in a series of three concerts celebrating the 25th anniversary of The Legend of Zelda series in late 2011. He performed piano with the American rock band Imagine Dragons live at The Game Awards 2014 ceremony in December 2014. Musical style and influences
<mask>'s music for Super Mario Bros. was designed around the feeling of motion that mirrors the player's physical experience. This followed the philosophy of series creator and designer, Shigeru Miyamoto, who demanded that audio for the game be made "with substance" and are synchronized with elements of the game.As a result, <mask> based a number of the score around genres that are primarily used for dancing, such as Latin music and the waltz. In the first The Legend of Zelda, <mask> juxtaposes the game's overworld theme with the theme that plays in dungeons. <mask> remarked on the importance of projecting distinct characters through music, so that players know almost immediately where they are within the game. <mask> used this contrast in other games he worked on, including Super Mario Bros.

Games

Music and sound design

Supporting roles

Awards

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| 2011
| Super Mario Galaxy 2
| British Academy Games Awards (Best Original Music)
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| rowspan="2" | 2014
| rowspan="2" | Super Mario 3D World
| British Academy Games Awards (Best Original Music)
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| Video Game Music Online (Best Soundtrack – Retro / Remixed)
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|}

References

External links

1961 births
20th-century Japanese composers
20th-century Japanese male musicians
20th-century Japanese pianists
21st-century Japanese composers
21st-century Japanese male musicians
21st-century Japanese pianists
Chiptune musicians
Japanese male composers
Japanese male pianists
Japanese pianists
Living people
Mario (franchise) music
Musicians from Aichi Prefecture
Nintendo people
Osaka University of Arts alumni
People from Nagoya
Sound designers
Video game composers

masks: Kondo Kondo Kondo Kondo Kondo Kondo Kondo Kondo Kondo Kondo Kondo Kondo Kondo Kondo Kondo Kondo Kondo Kondo Kondo


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<mask> is a Canadian singer-songwriter and producer based in Toronto who has worked with artists like Nelly Furtado, Tori Amos and Jane Siberry. Fusing acoustic and electronic elements, his work is identifiable for its signature "warm" piano sound and live strings mixed with filtered synthesizers and other electronic manipulations 1. Besides production, <mask> is a solo recording artist. His debut album 'Deep Freeze' was released on UMI Records in 2006. Early years
Growing up in Ottawa, <mask> began studying classical piano at four. At age 10, he obtained a pre-1900 Nordheimer upright piano. <mask> eventually used a sampler to record each key of this oddly detuned piano at many different volumes, recreating a digital version of it to be used as an organic centerpiece in his recordings and later on in his live shows.Also studying jazz saxophone from 14, saxophonists Stuart Matthewman of Sade, Branford Marsalis and John Coltrane were early influences. In his early teens <mask> developed a strong interest in creating and manipulating music electronically using synthesizers, turntables, tape splicing and effects units. Some electronic influences <mask> cites are experimental Toronto band Syrinx led by Anne Murray keyboardist John Mills-Cockell, early Pink Floyd, Tomita, Giorgio Moroder, Eurythmics, Yaz, Thomas Dolby, Pet Shop Boys, Depeche Mode, New Order, William Orbit and Björk. Early studio work
In 1991, <mask> relocated to Toronto to study film and music at York University and began a residency at Toronto club Work. In 1992 he began an apprenticeship in Toronto recording studio Number Nine Sound and later was an assistant engineer at R&B production house TazzDab Productions. His early production work included remixes for R&B singer Carlos Morgan, Canadian independent artist Jane Siberry and as well as Sony Music artist Esthero. Collaborations
Through Esthero's manager, Canadian Idol judge Zack Werner, <mask> met and began collaborating with Jon Levine, songwriter and keyboard player for The Philosopher Kings.Together they worked with EMI artist Dayna Manning and received a Best R&B Recording Juno Award for JackSoul's 'Sleepless' album on BMG Records. In 2007 they collaborated on 'Calling to Say' for EMI artist Serena Ryder, which rose to No. 1 on the Canadian charts. <mask>'s work on Nelly Furtado's third album 'Loose' brought him to the attention of Los Angeles writer-producer Rick Nowels resulting in collaborations on material for Joss Stone, Kylie Minogue, Charlotte Church and Shaznay Lewis of All Saints. Holly Knight, another Los Angeles writer-producer brought <mask> in to work on material for The Donnas, Alaina Beaton and Joe Elliot of Def Leppard. In 2009 <mask> began composing music for film and theatre. He was nominated for an Outstanding Sound Design/Composition Dora Award for the Darren Anthony play Secrets of a Black Boy.Solo singer-songwriter work
In 2006 <mask> released 'Deep Freeze', his first solo album as a singer-songwriter, on Prozzak/Philosopher Kings guitarist James Bryan's label UMI Records. In Canadian newspaper The National Post interviewer Mike Doherty refers to '<mask>'s trademark piano, which sounds as though it were recorded underwater'2. In that article, <mask> explains that his breathy vocals and organic piano sound are intentionally set against inhuman, icy beats and sterile analog synthesizer sweeps to accentuate their warmth and humanness by contrast. In 2006 and 2007 <mask> toured the album in Canada with James Bryan's project Sunshine State. The tracks 'In The Way', 'Games', 'Love Song 1968', 'I Wonder Where You Are' and 'Deep Freeze' enjoyed radio play in Canada and the U.S. The full-length 'Daylight Fading Out' was released in 2012, followed by the 'Sea & Space' EP in 2013, both on <mask>'s own Afternoon Tea label. House music projects
Under the alias Gavo, <mask> has also produced a steady stream of remixes including work for Atlantic Records artist Tori Amos, EMI artist Thomas Dolby and Nelly Furtado.In 2000 his remix of Furtado's 'I'm Like A Bird' was cited as a Dance Hot Plate in Billboard Magazine. <mask> also maintains ongoing collaborations with Toronto DJ Dwayne Minard with disco-house project Righteous and electro-funk project White Punks On Dope. The Righteous single 'Love Is Love' featuring New York singer MJ White on vocals was released on the prestigious UK-based Hed Kandi label. White Punks On Dope have performed live at various locales around Toronto, including Shane Percy's Candybar party series in 2007. House singles recorded with Toronto DJ Deko-ze have been released on Toronto-based Hi-Bias Records under the moniker Deko-ze'n'Gavo. 1"
Thomas Dolby – "She Blinded Me With Science"
Tori Amos – "Horses" – Dance Music Authority citation
Tori Amos – "Putting The Damage On"
Usher – "You Make Me Wanna"

Film and theatre composition
Secrets of a Black Boy (Play) – Outstanding Sound Design/Composition Dora Nomination
How Black Mothers Say I Love You (Play)
Bunny (Short Film)
Last Vestiges (Short Film)
Our Dance Of Revolution (Feature Documentary)

External links
 <mask> Official Site
 <mask> on Facebook
 <mask> at MySpace
 Apathy Is Boring Profile
 Righteous Official Site
 Righteous at MySpace
 White Punks On Dope at MySpace

References
1National Post Interview
2National Post Interview

Canadian rhythm and blues musicians
Canadian record producers
Canadian songwriters
Canadian pop singers
Canadian male singers
Canadian dance musicians
Living people
Musicians from Ottawa
Musicians from Toronto
Remixers
Writers from Ottawa
Writers from Toronto
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Gavin Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
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Gavin Bradley
Gavin Bradley
Gavin Bradley


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<mask> (; February 14, 1941January 18, 1997) was an American politician. He represented Massachusetts in both houses of the United States Congress, holding office from 1975 to 1985. He won eight states as a candidate in the 1992 Democratic presidential primaries, losing the nomination to Bill Clinton. Born in Lowell, Massachusetts, Tsongas graduated from Dartmouth College, Yale Law School and the Kennedy School of Government. After working for the Peace Corps and as an aide to Congressman F. Bradford Morse, Tsongas successively won election as a city councilor and county commissioner. In 1974, he won election to the United States House of Representatives in Massachusetts's 5th congressional district, over the incumbent <mask>. Cronin. In Massachusetts's 1978 Senate election, he defeated incumbent Republican Senator Edward Brooke.In Congress, <mask> established a reputation as a social liberal and fiscal conservative. <mask> was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 1983 and declined to seek re-election in 1984. He returned to politics after undergoing a successful bone marrow transplant. He experienced early success in the 1992 Democratic presidential primaries, winning the New Hampshire primary, but withdrew from the race in March 1992 and endorsed Clinton. An opponent of deficit spending, <mask> co-founded the Concord Coalition. He died in 1997 of complications from pneumonia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Early life
<mask> was born in Lowell, Massachusetts, along with a twin sister, Thaleia, to a once working-class family who came to own a very successful dry cleaning business in Lowell.His father, Efthemios <mask>, was a Greek immigrant, and his mother, Katina (née Pappas; originally Panagiotopoulos), was of Greek descent. After graduating from Lowell High School in 1958, <mask> attended Dartmouth College, graduating in 1962 with an A.B. in economics, then Yale Law School and the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University before settling in Lowell, Massachusetts. While at Dartmouth, <mask> was a member of the  men's swimming team. He picked up the sport again, 27 years later, in 1986, after doctors suggested swimming as a way to rebuild his lung capacity while he was recovering from lymphoma. At a YMCA Masters meet, <mask> once remarked, "I always used to say breaststroke was an athletic event and the butterfly was the political statement." He served as a Peace Corps volunteer in Ethiopia from 1962 to 1964, and as Peace Corps Country Director in the West Indies from 1967 to 1968.In 1967, <mask> – working as an aide to Congressman F. Bradford Morse – met Niki Sauvage, who was spending the summer in Arlington, Virginia. They were married in 1969, and had three daughters: Ashley, Katina, and Molly. Niki <mask> was a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts from 2007 to 2019. When <mask> ran for office, out of concern that people would mispronounce his last name, there were bumper stickers saying "Tsenator Tsongas". Political career
<mask> first entered politics as a city councilor, elected to the Lowell City Council in 1969 where he served two consecutive terms. <mask> went on to serve as a county commissioner of Middlesex County, Massachusetts. In 1974, he ran for United States House of Representatives from a district anchored by Lowell.The district had elected only three Democrats in its entire existence and had been in Republican hands continuously since 1895. However, in the massive Democratic wave of the post-Watergate election of 1974, he defeated freshman Republican <mask>. Cronin by a 21-point margin. He was reelected in 1976, becoming the first Democrat to hold the district for more than one term. Increasingly popular and well-liked in Massachusetts, in 1978 he ran for and was elected to the United States Senate, defeating incumbent Republican Edward Brooke by a 10-point margin. In 1983, he was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and in 1984 announced his retirement from the Senate. His seat went to fellow Democrat, 2004 presidential nominee and United States Secretary of State John Kerry. After undergoing a bone marrow transplant to treat the disease in 1986 and receiving a clean bill of health from doctors in 1991, he returned to politics, running for his party's nomination for President in 1992.Until the 1992 campaign, <mask> had never lost an election. He was the first former Peace Corps volunteer elected to the U.S. Senate (1978). (In 1974, he and Chris Dodd were the first elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.) In October 1979, after the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee voted in favor of Alaska public lands legislation, President Jimmy Carter issued a statement thanking <mask> for his leadership in strengthening the bill. In May 1982, <mask> was one of eight senators to vote against a $177.9 billion military authorization bill for 1983 that provided money for chemical weapons. In July 1982, <mask> met with Prime Minister of Israel Menachem Begin, questioning Begin over where negotiations would fit in the event that Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization Yasser Arafat concede Israel's right to exist along with reneging the Palestinian National Covenant over calls for Israel's abolition and replacement by a secular state. <mask> afterward stated the meetings were distressing.During a May 27, 1983 hearing on the legal effects of the Equal Rights Amendment, the first in over a decade on the amendment, <mask> was questioned by Utah Senator Orrin Hatch over the measure, being described by the New York Times as "visibly shaken by the treatment Senator Hatch gave him". <mask> delivered an opening statement and replied "That issue will be decided in the courts" in response to most questions by Hatch. Political positions
<mask> was generally viewed as a social liberal and an economic moderate. He was especially known for his efforts in Congress in support of historic preservation and environmental conservation on one hand, and for his pro-business economic policies on the other. He played a major role while in the House in the creation of Lowell National Historical Park, as well as in the establishment or expansion of a number of other National Park System areas. He played an equally key role later in the Senate, working closely with then Interior Secretary Cecil Andrus, in successful passage of the massive Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980, which had been hopelessly deadlocked in the Senate since its original passed by the House in 1978. Relative to business and economic matters, <mask> focused in particular on the Federal budget deficit, a cause he continued to champion even after his presidential primary campaign ended, by co-founding the Concord Coalition.<mask> was criticized on occasion by opponents as a Reaganomics-style politician, and as being closer to Republicans with regard to such issues. The Boston Herald editorialized that his political philosophy had "far more in common" with 1990s-era Republican Mitt Romney (who crossed over to vote for <mask> in the 1992 primaries) than with traditional Massachusetts Democrats like Ted Kennedy. In the mid-1980s, he shocked many of the members of the Americans for Democratic Action by telling them that they should focus more on economic growth than wealth redistribution. He once quipped, "If anyone thinks the words 'government' and 'efficiency' belong in the same sentence, we have counselling available." Presidential campaign

Primaries

Described as a "long shot campaign" by the New York Times, <mask> was the first Democrat to launch a bid for the 1992 presidential election, on April 30, 1991 in his hometown of Lowell, Massachusetts. Tsongas campaign was banking heavily on early success in New Hampshire. Like many of the candidates, Tsongas ignored the 1992 contest in Iowa, which was expected to go overwhelmingly to Iowa's Senator Tom Harkin.<mask> hoped that his New England independence and fiscal conservatism from neighboring Massachusetts would appeal to Granite Staters. He achieved recognition for the bluntness and clarity of his plan, distributing a short book titled A Call to Economic Arms, which focused on such issues as the growing federal deficit. When asked why he did not have a tax cut plan like the other candidates, <mask> famously answered, "I'm not trying to play Santa Claus." New Hampshire
During the early weeks of 1992 things seemed to be going <mask>'s way when one major candidate, Bill Clinton, stumbled over issues involving marital infidelity and avoidance of the military draft during the Vietnam War. But Clinton's setback proved temporary, bottoming out weeks before the New Hampshire primary so that while <mask> won the most votes, and was declared the winner, the margin of 33.2% to 24.78% gave each candidate 9 delegates. Clinton adviser James Carville then tagged his man "the Comeback Kid" and declared his campaign back on track, leaving <mask>, still ostensibly the front-runner, to be seen by many as the underdog heading into Super Tuesday. After NH
Following New Hampshire, <mask> was unable to match Clinton's fundraising.Clinton went on to win most of the Super Tuesday delegate contests. <mask> won the primaries in Delaware, Maryland, Arizona, Washington, Utah and Massachusetts, but his campaign never recovered from Clinton's comeback. Convention

Eventually, <mask> pulled out of the race on 19 March 1992, and endorsed Clinton. However, a number of the Tsongas delegates continued to support the former Senator, and voted for <mask> on the first ballot at the Convention. The roll call yielded 289 votes for <mask>, placing him in 3rd place behind Clinton and then-former California Governor, Jerry Brown. During the convention <mask> tried to include a platform plank calling for a delay in tax cuts or tax credits until the budget could be balanced, which was overwhelmingly defeated. Post-Senate career

In late 1994, <mask> briefly led an effort to establish a third party, to be led by someone with "national authority", suggesting General Colin Powell for that role.By that time, <mask> was considered "the most popular political figure in Massachusetts". Death and legacy
He died on January 18, 1997, at age 55 of complications from pneumonia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. His obituary in the New York Times of January 20, 1997 states:

"Mr. <mask>'s lymphoma, a slow-growing cancer of the lymph system, and later developed pneumonia, died at Brigham and Women's Hospital. Mr. <mask> made his survival from cancer an issue in his Presidential campaign when he and two of his doctors, Dr. Tak Takvorian and Dr. George P. Canellos, said he had been cancer-free since a bone-marrow transplant in 1986. In May 1996, he underwent another transplant, getting bone marrow from his twin sister, Thaleia Schlesinger, to correct myelodysplasia, a bone-marrow disorder that can occur in people who have recovered from lymph cancer. On January 27, 1998, the Tsongas Center in Lowell was dedicated in his honor. In a special election held on October 16, 2007, his widow, Niki, won the Massachusetts Congressional seat that <mask> once held.Preservation Massachusetts, a statewide nonprofit focused on preserving Massachusetts history, has an annual Paul Tsongas Award to honor restoration workers in the state. 1984. Heading Home. New York: Knopf. . External links

 Peace Corps bio. of <mask>
 Concord Coalition bio. of <mask>

 Ubben Lecture at DePauw University

 C-SPAN Tsongas goes Swimming
 A Look Back at an Unorthodox Presidential Campaign 25 Years Later

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United States senators from Massachusetts
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
1941 births
1997 deaths
American politicians of Greek descent
County Commissioners in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Dartmouth College alumni
Deaths from cancer in Massachusetts
Deaths from lymphoma
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Democratic Party United States senators
Deaths from pneumonia in Massachusetts
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Massachusetts city council members
Massachusetts Democrats
Peace Corps volunteers
Politicians from Lowell, Massachusetts
Twin people from the United States
United States congressional aides
Candidates in the 1992 United States presidential election
Yale Law School alumni
20th-century American politicians
Centrism in the United States

masks:
Paul Efthemios Tgas
Paul W
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
George Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Paul W
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Paul Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongas
Tsongasgkin
Tsongas
Tsongas
Paul Tgas
Paul Tgas


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Catherine "<mask>" O'Regan (born 17 September 1957) is a former judge of the Constitutional Court of South Africa. From 2013 to 2014 she was a commissioner of the Khayelitsha Commission and is now the inaugural director of the Bonavero Institute of Human Rights at the University of Oxford. Early life
O'Regan was born in Liverpool, England, into a large Catholic family of Irish immigrants. She moved to Cape Town when she was seven. Her mother was a dentist from a "very political household"; her father was a doctor who became active in poor Catholic communities and those subjected to forced removals. O'Regan studied at the University of Cape Town from 1975 to 1980, earning a BA and LLB. She was taught briefly by Arthur Chaskalson, who had recently founded the Legal Resources Centre, and ran UCT's legal aid project, working with Mahomed Navsa of the University of the Western Cape.After earning an LLM from the University of Sydney, she returned to South Africa and began her articles of clerkship at Bowman Gilfillan. She stayed on at Bowman for two years under John Brand, specialising in labour law and land rights and representing COSATU, NUM, NUMSA and the Black Sash. In 1985, O'Regan went to London to do a PhD at the London School of Economics on interdicts restraining strikes. On her return to South Africa in 1988, she worked at the Labour Law Unit and then became an associate professor at the University of Cape Town. She was a founder member of the Law, Race and Gender Research project and the Institute for Development Law at UCT; advised the African National Congress (of which she was a non-active member from 1991) on land claims legislation, working with Geoff Budlender, Aninka Claassens and Derek Hanekom; and served as a trustee of the Legal Resources Centre Trust. She co-edited No Place to Rest: Forced Removals and the Law in South Africa and contributed to A Charter for Social Justice: A Contribution to the South African Bill of Rights Debate. Judicial career
In 1994, O'Regan was appointed to the newly formed Constitutional Court of South Africa by Nelson Mandela.Aged only 37, O'Regan's appointment was surprising even to her. She and Yvonne Mokgoro were the only female judges on the Court for its first 13 years. O'Regan's first majority judgment was S v Bulwana; S v Gwadiso, where the Court for the first time suspended an order of constitutional invalidity. In 1998, she co-authored Fedsure Life Assurance Ltd v Greater Johannesburg Transitional Metropolitan Council, the Court's founding judgment on the rule of law and legality review. The first major judgment of which she was the sole author was Premier, Mpumalanga, still the leading authority on the doctrine of legitimate expectations (on which O'Regan also wrote in Ed-U-College, again in the context of the government's withdrawal of school subsidies). O'Regan's judgment in Dawood v Minister of Home Affairs, delivered in 2000, established for the first time that the right to family life is constitutionally protected and that the conferral of broad discretionary powers on government officials can be unconstitutional. But by far her most-cited contribution to administrative law is her 2004 judgment in Bato Star v Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, which sets out South African law's approach to reasonableness review and judicial deference.O'Regan's judgment in ACDP v Electoral Commission, dealing with the African Christian Democratic Party's application to contest the 2006 local government elections, introduced the doctrine of substantial compliance into South African law. Her judgment in Richter v Minister of Home Affairs, also on political rights, extended the right to vote to South African citizens living abroad. O'Regan wrote several judgments on labour law, in which she had specialised as an attorney and academic. She wrote two judgments - one in 1999 and one in 2007 - in the ongoing litigation between the South African National Defence Union and the South African National Defence Force, as well as NUMSA v Bader Bop, a judgment dealing with the subject of her PhD thesis: the right to strike. Her 2001 judgment on the relationship between administrative law and labour law, Fredericks v MEC for Education and Training, Eastern Cape, has effectively been overturned - to almost unanimous disapproval by commentators. In Sidumo v Rustenburg Platinum Mines Ltd, O'Regan wrote separately to emphasise, in agreement with the majority judgment of Navsa AJ, her law-clinic colleague of thirty years earlier, that administrative law applies to labour law disputes. In the law of delict, O'Regan's contribution has been significant.In 2002, she wrote Khumalo v Holomisa, one of the Court's first judgments on defamation law and arguably its only judgment applying the Bill of Rights directly to private parties. In 2004, she delivered the Metrorail judgment, which holds that Metrorail has a duty to ensure the safety of commuters on its trains and is regarded as an "exemplar" by international commentators for its protection of the right to personal security. And in 2005, most famously, O'Regan gave judgment in K v Minister of Safety and Security, finding the state liable to compensate a plaintiff who was raped by a police officer. The judgment's radical expansion of the test for vicarious liability, following Bazley v Curry and Lister v Hesley Hall Ltd, was celebrated by women's rights groups but criticised by some academics. It has been approved and applied by the Court subsequently. The judgment is also still cited for its approach to the development of the common law and the use of comparative law. Finally, in Steenkamp NO v Provincial Tender Board, another case on the delictual liability of public authorities, O'Regan co-wrote a dissent (with Langa CJ) that would have held the state liable for pure economic loss caused to the winner of an unlawfully awarded tender.In discrimination law, O'Regan co-authored Prinsloo v Van der Linde, which established the connection between the right to equality and dignity, and penned a unanimous judgment in the 2003 follow-up to Satchwell v President of the Republic of South Africa. Better known are her two dissents. In Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie, she strongly criticised the majority for referring the regulation of same-sex marriage to Parliament rather than providing immediate relief. And her dissent in the earlier S v Jordan (co-authored with Sachs J) held that the criminalisation of sex work (and not its solicitation) unfairly discriminates on the basis of gender and is therefore unconstitutional. O'Regan's fifteen-year term ended in October 2009. Her last judgment for the Court, Mazibuko v City of Johannesburg, on the right to water, proved highly controversial. For some, it was a perceptively restrained summation of the Court's socio-economic rights jurisprudence; for others, it was a "disappointing" and "profoundly conservative" failure by the Court to come to the aid of South Africa's poorest communities.Nevertheless, O'Regan was hailed on her retirement as a "stalwart" of the Court, "among its most industrious, as well as progressive, members". In the view of Johann Kriegler, her long-standing colleague, she was "the most outstanding success of the Constitutional Court". Edwin Cameron has said she is "one of the finest minds ever appointed as a judge in South Africa". After O'Regan retired, along with Pius Langa, Yvonne Mokgoro and Albie Sachs, these four founding members of the Court were replaced by President Jacob Zuma's first raft of senior judicial appointees. This significant change in the Court's composition was seen by some as marking the start of its decline. Acting DCJ
From February to May 2008, O'Regan acted as Deputy Chief Justice in the absence of Dikgang Moseneke. It was during this period that John Hlophe allegedly approached judges Chris Jafta and Bess Nkabinde to influence their decision in litigation involving Jacob Zuma.Dalai Lama controversy
In March 2009 the South African government refused a visa to the Dalai Lama to attend a peace conference. This perceived capitulation by the ruling African National Congress to pressure from China was widely condemned, including by then Minister of Health Barbara Hogan. O'Regan also spoke out, publicly agreeing with Hogan and expressing her "dismay" that "human rights does not seem to enter into the picture of some foreign affairs decisions that are made". O'Regan was heavily criticised by the government and the Black Lawyers Association, which threatened to lay a misconduct complaint against her for "concern[ing] herself with politics". Other positions and awards

O'Regan is an honorary professor at the University of Cape Town and a visiting professor at the University of Oxford, and was a Hauser Global Visiting Professor at New York University. She has four honorary doctorates (from the University of KwaZulu-Natal, University of Cape Town, London School of Economics and University of South Africa), is an honorary bencher of Lincoln's Inn and was elected an honorary foreign member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. O'Regan is an ad hoc judge of the Namibian Supreme Court.In addition, she is the president of the International Monetary Fund Administrative Tribunal and a member of the World Bank Sanctions Board. She was the inaugural chairperson, from 2008 to 2012, of the United Nations Internal Justice Council. She is on the board of several human rights NGOs, including Corruption Watch, the Council for the Advancement of the South African Constitution, the Bingham Centre for the Rule of Law, the Equal Rights Trust and the Southern African branch of the Open Society Foundations. Since 2005, she has been closely involved with the establishment of the Southern African Legal Information Institute, a web-based law reporting system that is part of the Free Access to Law Movement. In 2013, O'Regan was appointed by Premier Helen Zille as a commissioner, with Vusi Pikoli, of the Khayelitsha Commission, tasked with investigating the alleged breakdown of policing in Khayelitsha township. The Commission released its report in August 2014. O'Regan has consistently criticised the slow pace of gender transformation in the South African judiciary.Personal life
O'Regan is married to advocate Alec Freund SC. They have two children. References

Living people
White South African people
South African people of Irish descent
Judges of the Constitutional Court of South Africa
Justices of the Supreme Court of Namibia
South African women judges
South African women in politics
University of Cape Town academics
University of Cape Town alumni
University of Sydney alumni
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Constitutional court women judges
South African women lawyers
20th-century South African lawyers
1957 births
20th-century South African judges
21st-century South African judges
20th-century women lawyers
20th-century women judges
21st-century women judges
Honorary Fellows of the British Academy


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<mask> (September 9, 1898—March 12, 1973), nicknamed "The Fordham Flash" or "The Old Flash", was an American Major League Baseball player and manager of the first half of the twentieth century. <mask> was a switch-hitting second baseman who threw right-handed. He played for the New York Giants (1919–1926) and St. Louis Cardinals (1927–1937). He managed the Cardinals (1933–1938), Pittsburgh Pirates (1940–1946) and Chicago Cubs (1949–1951). He is a member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum and the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum. He is tied with Yogi Berra for most World Series doubles at 10 and holds the record for the most World Series hits at 58 for a player who never played for the New York Yankees, exceeded only by Yogi Berra and Mickey Mantle. Early life
Born in the Bronx, New York City, <mask> attended Fordham Preparatory School, graduating in 1916.He went on to Fordham University where he continued to star in four sports: baseball, football, basketball and track. His speed earned him the nickname "The Fordham Flash". New York Giants

In 1919, <mask> left Fordham  to sign with the New York Giants of the National League, moving directly to the majors without playing in the minor leagues. He made an immediate impact, finishing third in the NL in stolen bases and seventh in RBI in 1920, his first full season. Manager John McGraw was so impressed by <mask> that he soon named him team captain, giving him advice in base-running and hitting. The Giants played <mask> at both third base and second base early in his career, but by 1923 he was installed as the team's full-time second baseman. <mask> batted over .300 in his last six seasons with New York.He was also an expert fielder and a skilled base-runner. In 1921, he led the National League with 48 steals, in 1923 in hits, and in 1924 in runs. With <mask> adding his fiery competitiveness to the team, the Giants won the World Series in 1921 and 1922, winning the NL pennant the following two seasons as well. <mask> is tied with Pablo Sandoval for the franchise post-season multi-hit games record of 15. St. Louis Cardinals
After the 1926 season, <mask> was traded—with pitcher Jimmy Ring—to the St. Louis Cardinals in exchange for star Rogers Hornsby. After an August 1926 loss in which <mask> had missed a sign, costing the Giants a run, McGraw had loudly berated <mask> in front of the team; <mask> responded by leaving the team, and his previously close relationship with McGraw virtually ended. Playing second base for the Cardinals, <mask> appeared in four more World Series (1928, 1930–31, 1934), bringing his career total to eight.He was the driving force of the "Gashouse Gang", the nickname for the Cardinals clubs of the early 1930s, which were built around him to reflect his no-holds-barred approach. The Cardinals had won only one pennant before <mask> joined the team; the Giants would win the pennant only once in <mask>'s nine seasons as the Cards' regular second baseman. <mask> played eleven seasons with the Cardinals. In 1931, he was voted the Most Valuable Player in the National League after batting .311 with 4 home runs, 82 RBI and leading the League in stolen bases with 28. The 1931 Cardinals also triumphed in the World Series, defeating Connie Mack's defending two-time champion Philadelphia Athletics in seven games. <mask> became player-manager of the Cardinals in 1933, and was named to the NL's first three All-Star teams from 1933 to 1935. In 1934, he managed the Cardinals to another seven-game World Series victory—this time over the Detroit Tigers.<mask> finished his playing career in 1937. His career statistics totaled a .316 batting average, still the highest ever for a switch hitter, with 2,880 hits, 1532 runs, 466 doubles, 138 triples, 105 home runs, 728 walks and 1,244 RBI over 2,311 games. He also stole 419 bases in his nineteen playing seasons. His hit total stood as the record for switch-hitters until Pete Rose surpassed it in 1977. <mask> also hit .300 for his career from both sides of the plate; the only other switch-hitter with more than 5,000 at-bats with this distinction is fellow Hall of Famer Chipper Jones. <mask> was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1947. After no players had been selected by the writers in the previous two years (the only elections since 1942), the rules were revised to limit eligibility to those players who had retired after 1921; <mask> was among the first four players to benefit from the more reasonable field of candidates.After his retirement as an active player, <mask> continued to manage the Cardinals, but was never able to capture another pennant. <mask> also had managerial stints with the Pittsburgh Pirates (1940–46) and the Chicago Cubs (1949–51), but without the success he had in St. Louis. <mask>'s career ledger as a manager shows a 1,138–1,078 (.514) mark, including the pennant in 1934. He also spent the first two months of the 1949 season as a New York Giants' coach, working under his old double-play partner, Leo Durocher, before leaving June 14 to replace Charlie Grimm as manager of the Cubs. Post-baseball career and death
<mask> also worked for several years as a baseball color commentator on radio and television. In 1939, he called games for the Boston Bees and the Boston Red Sox on the Colonial Network, a regional radio network serving five New England states. He also called Giants radio in 1947–48, then worked as a post-game host for the team's telecasts in the 1950s.His broadcasting trademark was worrying about pitchers walking batters: "Oh, those bases on balls!" After a heart attack in September 1956 forced <mask> to curtail his activities, Phil Rizzuto (recently released by Yankees as a player) filled in for him on Giants post-game shows for the rest of the season. From 1959 to 1961, <mask> teamed with Jack Whitaker to form the backup crew for Saturday Game of the Week coverage on CBS. A number of years after <mask> left the playing field as a manager, he became a member of the Hall of Fame's Committee on Baseball Veterans, which is responsible for electing players to the Hall of Fame who had not been elected during their initial period of eligibility by the Baseball Writers; he later became chairman of the committee. In the years just prior to his death, a number of <mask>'s Giants and Cardinals teammates were elected to the Hall; some notable writers, chiefly among them Bill James, have criticized these selections—including Jesse Haines, Dave Bancroft, Chick Hafey, Rube Marquard, Ross Youngs and George Kelly—which include some of the most widely questioned honorees in the Hall's history. Critics have pointed out that many of these selectees had accomplishments which were less outstanding than those of other players who were bypassed, and were only selected because of <mask>'s influence. <mask> died in Wilmington, Delaware from injuries suffered from a car accident near Elkton, Maryland a month earlier.He was 74 years old. <mask> had been returning to Rhode Island from the meeting of the Veterans Committee in Florida when he lost control of his car. <mask> died in the same manner as other N.Y. Giant Hall of Famers Mel Ott (1958) and Carl Hubbell (1988). He is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, New York City. During his lifetime, <mask> used 1898 as his year of birth, although other records (Social Security death index, Census records, World War I Draft registration, and passport application) indicate an 1897 birth. In 1999, he ranked number 88 on The Sporting News list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and was a nominee for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.In January 2014, the Cardinals announced <mask> among 22 former players and personnel to be inducted into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum for the inaugural class of 2014. <mask> is mentioned in the poem "Line-Up for Yesterday" by Ogden Nash:

Years later, Nash added a footnote to this stanza: "p.s. Thanks to Durocher, now everything's kosher." For many years, he lived at 184 Fenimore Road in the Bonnie Crest neighborhood of New Rochelle, New York. He had two hounds named Flash and Patches who kept him company. <mask> eventually moved to Charlestown, Rhode Island, devoting himself mainly to his interests in gardening and classical music. The Mosholu Baseball Field in Bedford Park, Bronx, was renamed to Frank Frisch Field in 1948.See also

 List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
 List of Major League Baseball player-managers
 List of Major League Baseball managers by wins
 List of St. Louis Cardinals team records
 List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders

Notes

References

External links

1898 births
1973 deaths
Accidental deaths in Maryland
Baseball players from New York (state)
Boston Braves announcers
Boston Red Sox announcers
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
Chicago Cubs managers
Fordham Rams baseball players
Fordham Rams football players
Fordham Rams men's basketball players
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Major League Baseball player-managers
Major League Baseball second basemen
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
National League All-Stars
National League Most Valuable Player Award winners
New York Giants (NL) announcers
New York Giants (NL) coaches
New York Giants (NL) players
Pittsburgh Pirates managers
Road incident deaths in Maryland
Sportspeople from the Bronx
Sportspeople from New Rochelle, New York
St. Louis Cardinals managers
St. Louis Cardinals players
Vaudeville performers
<mask>isch
Fordham Preparatory School alumni
American men's basketball players

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Frank Francis Frisch
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Frankie Frisch
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<mask> (2 November 1928 – 19 July 2013) was a Swiss geologist, who made contributions to the understanding of the geological evolution of Europe and the North Atlantic borderlands, of intraplate tectonics and of plate tectonic controls on the evolution and hydrocarbon potential of sedimentary basins. Ziegler's career consists of 33 years as exploration geologist with the petroleum industry, 30 of which with Shell, and 20 years of university teaching and research. Life and work
Born in Winterthur, <mask> took a PhD degree at the University of Zurich in spring 1955 and immediately joined the petroleum industry. Following three years of fieldwork and well sitting in Israel, Madagascar and the Algerian Sahara with American and French oil companies, he joined Shell Canada in Calgary. For six years he was engaged in the exploration of the Cordilleran foothills of British Columbia, the Northwest Territories and the Yukon, as well as of the Pacific shelf. This involved extensive helicopter-supported fieldwork. In view of a growing family, he converted from a structurally oriented field-geologist to a more sedentary, stratigraphic trap hunting subsurface-geologist and chalked-up his first natural gas discoveries in the Alberta down-dip reef belt.After guiding an airborne excursion through the Cordillera during the 1967 Devonian Symposium of Calgary, his guidebook, summarizing “The Development of Sedimentary Basins in Western and Arctic Canada”, was published by the Alberta Society of Petroleum Geologists in 1969. <mask> was transferred to Shell International in the Netherlands on 1 January 1970, where he supervised Shell's exploration activities in the North Sea area. As the North Sea success story unfolded, Shell and its partners were rewarded with numerous important oil and gas discoveries, including the giant Brent, Statfjord, and Troll fields. <mask>'s responsibilities as exploration adviser expanded stepwise to all Shell companies in Europe, then South America, and ultimately worldwide. Parallel to his operational responsibilities, <mask> compiled regional geological data to gain a better understanding of the hydrocarbon potential of hitherto little explored basins on the Atlantic seaboard and of basins behind the Iron Curtain. Presentations at various conferences and symposia prompted academia to propose to Shell to publish his set of palaeogeographic/palaeotectonic maps. In 1982 <mask>'s Geological Atlas of Western and Central Europe was published.In this volume he retraced the geological history, depositional environments and tectonics of Europe north of the Alps in greater detail than had ever been done before. In the same line, the American Association of Petroleum Geologists invited <mask> to tour the United States and Canada in 1986-1987 as distinguished lecturer, speaking on the Evolution of the Arctic-North Atlantic and Western Tethys. He died on 19 July 2013 in Binningen, Switzerland. Scientific career
In autumn 1988 <mask> retired from Shell and returned with his wife to Switzerland where he joined the University of Basel as lecturer. In short succession he published with Shell's support in late 1988 the AAPG Memoir 43, entitled “Evolution of the Arctic-North Atlantic and Western Tethys”, in 1989 a volume published by the Royal Geological and Mining Society of the Netherlands on “Evolution of Laurussia - A Study in Late Palaeozoic Plate Tectonics” and in 1990 for Shell's 100 years of Exploration Jubilee the 2nd edition of his “Geological Atlas of Western and Central Europe”. In addition he carried out consulting work, lectured regularly on Shell's behalf at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, and participated in international research endeavors, such as the International Lithosphere Program (leader of working group 3: Intra-Plate Tectonics 1985-90: Bureau member 1991-94), EUROPROBE (1990–2002), the IGCP-369 Comparative evolution of Peri-Tethyan Rift Basins Project (1994–99) and the TRANSMED Atlas Project (2000–04). He initiated and coordinated the transnational EUCOR-URGENT Project (1999–2008) that dealt with the evolution and neotectonics of the Upper Rhine Graben.He contributed materially to the development of the follow-up TOPO-EUROPE Project, which addresses the neotectonic and topographic evolution of Europe. <mask> published widely in international journals and in thematic volumes on processes controlling extensional and compressional intraplate tectonics and on the evolution of the lithosphere. His publications found wide recognition and contributed enormously to narrowing the gap between academia and the industry. His work changed the way geologists look at depositional systems and tectonic processes controlling the evolution of sedimentary basins. Awards
In 1992 <mask> was appointed as Honorary Lecturer at University of Basel and in 1996 as Titular Professor for Global Geology. He was awarded Honorary Doctor Degrees by the Moscow State University (1997) and the Technical University Delft (2001). He was a recipient of the Foumarier medal of the Belgian Geological Society, the van Waterschot van der Gracht medal of the Royal Geological and Mining Society of the Netherlands, the William Smith medal of the Geological Society of London, the Neville George medal of the Geological Society of Glasgow, the Stephan Müller medal of the European Geosciences Union, the Leopold von Buch medal of the German Geological Society and the Leonidovici Kaptsa medal of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences.From the American Association of Petroleum Geologists he received the Robert Dott sr. Memorial Award for the publication of his Memoir 43, and later the Special Commendation Award for his regional synthesis of the geological evolution of Europe and for being a lively catalyst of the dialogue among Earth Scientists. Memberships
<mask> was elected a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1984. He became a member of the Academia Europaea in 1990. <mask> was also a member of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. He was a life member of the Bureau of the International Lithosphere Program and an honorary member of the Geological Society of London, the European Geosciences Union, the Geological Society of Poland and the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. Honours
On the occasion of his 80th birthday the Swiss Geological Society honoured <mask> with a symposium on the theme “Deep Earth - from Crust to Core”, held in Lugano on 23 November 2008. Selected publications

References

 <mask>'s profile at the University of Basel

External links
 The International Lithosphere Program
 The EUROPROBE Program
 The TRANSMED Project
 The EUCOR-URGENT Project
 The TOPO-EUROPE Project

1928 births
2013 deaths
Members of Academia Europaea
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
People from Winterthur
20th-century Swiss geologists
University of Zurich alumni
University of Basel faculty

masks:
Peter Alfred Ziegler
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<mask> (August 3, 1871 – June 16, 1929) was an American literary historian and scholar. His three-volume history of American letters,  Main Currents in American Thought, won the Pulitzer Prize for History in 1928 and was one of the most influential books for American historians of its time. Career
Born in Aurora, Illinois, to a Republican family that soon moved to Emporia, Kansas, Parrington attended the College of Emporia and Harvard University, receiving his B.A. from the latter institution in 1893. He did not undertake graduate study. He was appalled by the hardships of Kansas farmers in the 1890s, and began moving left. After teaching English at the College of Emporia, he moved to the University of Oklahoma in 1897, where he taught British literature, organized the department of English, coached the football team, played on the baseball team, edited the campus newspaper, and tried to beautify the campus.He published little and in 1908 he was fired due to pressures from religious groups who wanted all "immoral faculty" fired. From there he went on to a distinguished academic career at the University of Washington. Intellectual on the left
<mask> moved to the much friendlier University of Washington in Seattle, Washington in 1908. He recalled in 1918, "With every passing year my radicalism draws fresh nourishment from large knowledge of the evils of private capitalism. Hatred of that selfish system is become the chief passion of my life. The change from Oklahoma to Washington marks the shift with me from the older cultural interpretation of life to the later economic." Founder of American Studies
<mask> founded the interdisciplinary American Studies movement with his 1927 work Main Currents in American Thought.The movement was expanded in the 1920s and 1930s by Perry Miller, F. O. Matthiessen, and Robert Spiller. The elements that these pioneers considered revolutionary were interdisciplinarity, a holistic culture concept, and a focus on the uniqueness of American culture. From the introduction to Main Currents of American Thought:

"I have undertaken to give some account of the genesis and development in American letters of certain germinal ideas that have come to be reckoned traditionally American—how they came into being here, how they were opposed, and what influence they have exerted in determining the form and scope of our characteristic ideals and institutions. In pursuing such a task, I have chosen to follow the broad path of our political, economic, and social development, rather than the narrower belletristic." Main Currents in American Thought

<mask> is best remembered as the author of Main Currents in American Thought (1927), a politics-centered 3-volume history of American letters from colonial times that won the 1928 Pulitzer Prize for History, which postulates a sharp divide between the elitist Hamiltonian current and its populist Jeffersonian opponents, making clear his identification with the latter. Parrington defined the three phases of U.S. history as Calvinistic pessimism, romantic optimism, and mechanistic pessimism, with democratic idealism as the main driving force. Parrington defended the doctrine of state sovereignty, and sought to disassociate it from the cause of slavery, claiming that the association of those two causes had proven "disastrous to American democracy," removing the last brake on the growth of corporate power in the Gilded Age as the federal government began shielding capitalists from local and state regulation.For two decades Main Currents in American Thought was one of the most influential books for American historians. Reising (1989) shows the book dominated literary and cultural criticism from 1927 through the early 1950s. Crowe (1977) calls it "the "Summa Theologica of Progressive history." Progressive history was a set of related assumptions and attitudes, which inspired the first great flowering of professional American scholarship in history. These historians saw economic and geographical forces as primary, and saw ideas as merely instruments. They regarded many dominant concepts and interpretations as masks for deeper realities. Reinitz (1977) stresses Parrington's heavy use of historical irony, which occurs when the consequences of an action emerge contrary to the original intentions of the actors.<mask> represented the Progressive School of historians which stressed the duality of good versus evil in the American past. Yet, in his final volume of Main Currents he concluded that the Jeffersonian farmer, the Progressives' traditional democratic hero, had joined forces with the greedy business community to produce a destructive form of capitalism which culminated in the 1920s. His progressive interpretation of American history was highly influential in the 1920s and 1930s and helped define modern liberalism in the United States. After receiving overwhelming praise and exerting enormous influence among intellectuals in the 1930s and 1940s, Parrington's ideas fell out of fashion before 1950. Richard Hofstadter says "the most striking thing about the reputation of V L Parrington, as we think of it today, is its abrupt decline....during the 1940s Parrington rather quickly cease to have a compelling interest for students of American literature, and in time historians too began to desert him." Hofstadter shows how Parrington's ideas came under heavy assault in the 1940s and 1950s, naming Lionel Trilling as especially influential in the attack. Harold Bloom says: "Parrington was, in turn, condemned to obscurity by critics like Lionel Trilling, who sharply criticized his literary nationalism and his insistence that literature should appeal to a popular constituency."Liberal historian Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., in his autobiography, says that the progressive histories of the 1920s such as Main Currents, "are little read and their authors largely forgotten." He adds that, "Main Currents impoverished the rich and complex American past. Parrington reduced Jonathan Edwards, Poe, Hawthorne, Melville, Henry James to marginal figures, practitioners of belles lettres, not illuminators of the American experience." Coaching career

<mask> was the second head coach of the University of Oklahoma football team, where he was the first OU faculty member to officially hold the position. He is credited with bringing a Harvard style of play and better organization to the OU football program. During his four-year stretch from 1897 to 1900 Parrington's teams played only twelve games, with 9 wins, 2 losses and 1 tie. <mask>'s span as head football coach was the longest of any of Oklahoma's first 5 coaches.The Parrington Oval at the University of Oklahoma and Parrington Hall at the University of Washington are named for <mask> <mask>. Head coaching record

Legacy
Hall finds that in the 1940s and 1950s English professors dropped Parrington's approach in favor of the "New Criticism" and focused on the texts themselves rather than the social, economic, and political contexts that intrigued Parrington. Meanwhile, historians shifted to a consensus model of the past that considered Parrington's dialectical polarity between liberal and conservative to be naive. During the 1950s the book lost its popularity, and was largely ignored by scholars. While dismissing its thesis, some commentators were still captivated by Parrington's politically committed writing style, as historian David W. Levy noted:
Readers and scholars of the rising generation may not follow Parrington's particular judgments or point of view, but it is hard to believe that they will not still be attracted, captivated, and inspired by his sparkle, his breadth, his daring, the ardor of his political commitment. Books
  The Connecticut Wits (1926)
  Main Currents in American Thought (1927)
 Sinclair Lewis, Our Own Diogenes (1927)

References

Sources

 The standard scholarly biography

 Summary of his ideas

External links

1871 births
1929 deaths
American studies
Harvard University alumni
Historians of the United States
Oklahoma Sooners football coaches
Pulitzer Prize for History winners
University of Oklahoma faculty
University of Washington faculty
20th-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
American literary historians
American male non-fiction writers

masks:
Vernon Louis Parrington
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<mask> (born May 13, 1956) is an American actor, comedian, and writer. He is best known for portraying Sy Ableman in A Serious Man (2009), Sam Sotto in In a World... (2013), Bruce Ben-Bacharach in Lady Dynamite (2016–2017), and for having performed in seven films directed by Woody Allen, as well as his numerous appearances in other films and television shows. Early life
<mask> was born to a secular Jewish family in New York City, New York. His biological mother is actress/director Nancy Zala and his biological father, British psychoanalyst Stan Silverstone, was a relative of the prominent Adler acting family, including Luther and Stella Adler. He is the adopted son of Louis, a New York television producer, and Syma (Krichefsky) <mask>, a sometime actress and housewife. He attended the Hunter College Elementary School, a primary school for gifted children, and Riverdale Country School. His father worked with TV pioneer Nat Hiken on such shows as Car 54, Where Are You?and The Phil Silvers Show. When he was sixteen, his family had financial difficulties, and was forced to move to Hollywood, Florida. <mask> has said that he was raised in a non-believer Jewish family who never went to synagogue, except to attend a cousin's bar mitzvah. When he was asked if he wanted to attend Hebrew school, he said no, and thus had no religious training. However, he credits his non-religious upbringing as helping him to develop a belief in God later in life, as he had no "forced dogma to overcome." Career

Early career
He began his theatrical training at Hampshire College, where he worked with (and was heavily influenced by) Tina Packer, John Guare, Jean-Claude van Itallie, and members of The Living Theatre. <mask> then entered the Yale School of Drama.At Yale, he was a Samuel F. B. Morse College Graduate Fellow. He was also a nominee for the Irene Ryan Award, a prize conferred upon the most promising young actors in the United States. While still at Yale, he was an instructor at the well-known performing arts camp, Stagedoor Manor. After his training, he appeared on stage with several resident theatre companies, including The Guthrie Theater, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, The Yale Repertory Theater, and on Broadway in the Tony Award-winning Amadeus. Following Amadeus, <mask> entered what he called "a period of personal darkness", during which he effectively stopped acting on stage. At the same time, with an insider's understanding of the industry and assistance from his agent, he became established as a voice actor, and continued to do film work. <mask>'s voice became a familiar presence on television, serving as the sound of the Olympics, Mercedes Benz, CBS Sports, USA Network, the Super Bowl, and numerous commercials and television programs.He became known within the industry as a voice actor, appearing in the Grand Theft Auto series, and dubbing several actors' entire performances in films. <mask>'s feature film debut was in Marshall Brickman's 1983 romantic comedy, Lovesick, starring Dudley Moore and Elizabeth McGovern. <mask>'s second film was Woody Allen's comedy-drama Hannah and Her Sisters (1986). In addition, <mask> has prolifically appeared in other Allen films. He has appeared in more Allen movies than any other actor besides Diane Keaton and Mia Farrow (and Allen himself). He has appeared in Radio Days (1987), Another Woman (1988), Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989), Shadows and Fog (1991), Husbands and Wives (1992), and Hollywood Ending (2000). During the 1980s <mask> played significant supporting roles in Roland Joffé's religious epic The Mission (1986), Elaine May's comedy Ishtar (1987).Also in 1987, he appeared in Peter Yates' legal mystery thriller Suspect (1987) starring Cher, Dennis Quaid, and Liam Neeson as well as the romantic comedy The Pickup Artist starring Robert Downey Jr. and Molly Ringwald. The following year he appeared in The Good Mother (1988), opposite Diane Keaton and Liam Neeson. 2010s
For his portrayal of "sensitive" villain Sy Ableman, in Joel and Ethan Coen's 2009 film, A Serious Man, which was nominated for Best Picture at the 2010 Academy Awards, he became widely known. About that character, Film Confessional said, "Sy Ableman is as great a contemporary movie villain as The Joker, Hans Landa, or Anton Chigurh.... The character <mask> contrives is the year's most brilliant force of destruction." For his performance in A Serious Man, <mask>, along with the Coen Brothers, and the film's Ensemble and Casting Directors won Film Independent's Independent Spirit Robert Altman Award. New York magazine listed <mask>'s work as among the Best Performances of the Decade, and Empire called Sy Ableman "One of The Best Coen Bros.Characters of All Time". Several leading U.S. critics, including A. O. Scott of The New York Times, Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune, and Roger Ebert all said his performance was worthy of Academy Award nomination. On television, <mask> starred with Maria Bamford in the Netflix comedy Lady Dynamite, on FX's Emmy Award-winning Fargo, Hulu's Golden Globe Award-nominated Casual, the Fox comedy New Girl, and Verizon Go90's sports send-up Now We're Talking. He is a present or past recurring guest star on USA Network's Benched, Showtime's House of Lies, HBO's Girls, Childrens Hospital, Blunt Talk, FX's Married, and Trial & Error. In previous seasons, he played Larry David's smug psychiatrist, Dr. Arthur Thurgood, on Curb Your Enthusiasm, tough-guy jurist Judge Alan Karpman on The Good Wife, and played himself in the CBS situation comedy The Crazy Ones with Robin Williams and Sarah Michelle Gellar. In 2017, he appeared as a special guest star in the acclaimed Fargo episode "The Law of Non-Contradiction". He also appeared in 2 episodes of Brooklyn Nine-Nine as fantasy author D.C. Parlov.<mask> appeared in the Sundance film Lemon (2017), a collaboration with Brett Gelman and Janicza Bravo, Brawl in Cell Block 99 opposite Vince Vaughn, Sean McGinly's Silver Lake, which he starred in with Martin Starr, and Dragged Across Concrete. <mask> had previously starred as Sam in Lake Bell's In a World..., winner of the Waldo Salt Screenwriting Award at the Sundance Film Festival, opposite Kurt Russell and Richard Jenkins in Bone Tomahawk, and re-teamed with the Coen brothers and co-stars George Clooney, Tilda Swinton, and Ralph Fiennes in Hail, Caesar! (2016). Prior, he had starred in Get on Up (2014), a bio-pic about the life of James Brown, and opposite Elliott Gould, as auteur/director Bob Wilson, in Fred Won't Move Out, a film about the decline of a stubborn patriarch and his family. Other 2010s appearances included The Dictator (2012), with Sacha Baron Cohen and Sir Ben Kingsley, where <mask> appeared in a cameo as the Director of the dictator's Nuclear Weapons Program, and Some Kind of Beautiful, where <mask> played a villain, opposite Pierce Brosnan and Jessica Alba. On Broadway in 2011, after a long hiatus from the theatre, <mask> originated the roles of The Father in Ethan Coen's Talking Cure, and Thomas Moran in Elaine May's George Is Dead, two of the one-act plays that comprised Relatively Speaking. Subsequently, <mask> took on the role of Vanya in the Guild Hall production of Uncle Vanya, about which The New York Times said he gave "an excellent (...) multi-layered performance (...) Mr. <mask> easily inhabits the comic, awkward lover, but also brings out Vanya's vast loneliness".As a writer, he has produced screenplays including Girl of the Perfume River, A Jones for Gash, The Asshat Project, and is currently at work on a long-form, television version of The Preservationist, a fictional drama inspired by the case of <mask>'s college friend, Edward Forbes Smiley III, a renowned cartographic expert and dealer, who admitted to having been the most brazen and prolific map thief of all time. In 2019, <mask> acted in the crime thriller Lying and Stealing alongside Theo James and Emily Ratajkowski. The film was a modest critical success with Dennis Harvey of Variety writing, "Lying and Stealing manages to be a retro escapist pleasure — one whose cleverness might actually have been muffled by flashier surface assets." 2020s
<mask> joined the Marvel Cinematic Universe in WandaVision as Arthur Hart, Vision's boss. In 2020 he appeared in Emma Seligman's directorial debut Shiva Baby. The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival and received critical acclaim. The following year he appeared in Nikole Beckwith's pregnancy comedy Together Together starring Ed Helms, and Patti Harrison.The film also received critical plaudits. In 2021, <mask> was named by a host of prominent critics and film professionals in Vulture and New York Magazine as one of "The 32 Greatest Character Actors Working Today". Personal life
<mask> moved with his wife, Leslee, and twin sons to Los Angeles in 2013. Both of the <mask> children were diagnosed with autism and he and his wife have been involved in advocacy for persons living with autism spectrum disorder and their families. <mask> and his wife divorced in 2021. Filmography

Film

Television

Theatre

Video games

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1956 births
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors
American adoptees
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American people of South African-Jewish descent
Autism activists
Hampshire College alumni
Hollywood Hills High School alumni
Jewish American male actors
Living people
Male actors from New York City
Yale School of Drama alumni
Riverdale Country School alumni
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Fred Melamed
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<mask> AM (born 8 March 1942) is a former Australian politician. A member of the Liberal Party, she was a Senator for Queensland from 1974 to 1984 and a member of the House of Representatives from 1984 to 2001, holding the seat of Moncrieff. She broke Dorothy Tangney's record for the longest period of service in federal parliament by a woman, which was later surpassed by Bronwyn Bishop. She was the first woman to have served in both houses of parliament. Early life
<mask> was born Kathryn Jean Martin on 8 March 1942 in Brisbane, Queensland. She was the second of two daughters born to Edna (née Sproul) and Ian Martin. Her mother was a nurse and post office worker and her father was a bank officer.She grew up in country Queensland, attending primary schools in Mount Morgan, Kingaroy, Humpybong, and Camp Hill. Her secondary education was completed at Somerville House in Brisbane. She went on to complete a Bachelor of Arts (Hons.) degree in political science at the University of Queensland. Politics
Martin joined the Young Liberals in 1960 during her first year at university. She served as state secretary in 1961 and vice-president in 1963, and had received life membership by the time she graduated. Senate (1974–1984)
Martin was elected to the Senate at the 1974 federal election, a double dissolution.She was ranked in fifth position on the Liberal Party's joint ticket with the Country Party. At the time of her preselection she was asked to use the name "<mask>" rather than her full name as it was "friendlier", and also "to stop wearing knee-high boots and smoking cigars". In April 1975, Martin was chosen as the Liberal Party's assistant whip in the Senate. She was "a linchpin in keeping the Opposition senators in line" during the 1975 constitutional crisis, and retained the position after the Coalition won the 1975 federal election. She resigned as assistant whip in February 1977 after crossing the floor with nine other Liberal senators to oppose a procedural motion to expedite the government's constitutional amendment bills. Martin subsequently led the "No" campaign in Queensland against the simultaneous elections amendment, which was the only one of four not to pass. Her relationship with Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser deteriorated as a result and "destroyed her prospects for promotion while he remained party leader".Prior to the 1983 election, Martin offered to resign her place on the Liberal Senate ticket in favour of Neville Bonner, who had been demoted to the third position. Her offer was rejected and Bonner unsuccessfully stood as an independent. In the last years of the Fraser Government she had increasingly aligned herself with opposition to Fraser's leadership, supporting Andrew Peacock for the party leadership. Fraser resigned as leader after losing the 1983 election and was replaced by Peacock, who appointed Martin as Shadow Minister for Home Affairs and Administrative Services. She resigned from the Senate in November 1984 to seek a lower-house seat at the upcoming federal election, which followed an expansion in the number of House of Representatives seats. After her marriage the previous year she was known as <mask> or <mask> <mask>. In 2021, <mask> stated that a male colleague sexually assaulted her in her office in about 1983 or 1984.She said that the party's leader Andrew Peacock "clearly didn't believe" her account of the incident when she informed him, and that it was "one of the most devastating experiences of my life". <mask> made this allegation publicly known on 9 July 2021, almost three months after Peacock's death on 16 April. House of Representatives (1984–2001)
At the 1984 election, <mask> won the newly created Division of Moncrieff for the Liberal Party. She was the first woman to serve in both houses of federal parliament. She was also the first female Coalition MP to serve in the House since Kay Brownbill in 1969. <mask> was not retained in Andrew Peacock's shadow ministry after the 1984 election. She returned as a shadow parliamentary secretary in 1993 under John Hewson, holding the position until Hewson lost the leadership the following year.She returned to her former position as a deputy whip later in 1994, holding the position until the 1996 election. <mask> hoped to become Speaker of the House of Representatives when the Coalition won the 1996 federal election, but was defeated by Bob Halverson in an internal ballot. She was instead elected to the speaker's panel. Following a ministerial reshuffle, <mask> was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Foreign Affairs in October 1997. She held the position until February 2000 when she announced her decision not to re-contest her seat at the 2001 federal election. She has been a vocal advocate for an increase in the number of women in parliament. Recognition
In 2003, she was made a Member of the Order of Australia, for service to the Parliament of Australia and to the community, particularly as an advocate for improved services and conditions affecting women.<mask> was a relatively low-profile MP but in 1993 received national attention when ALP Treasurer John Dawkins taunted her by calling her "sweetheart" in Parliament, which outraged female MPs from Dawkins' own party. According to a study by the Parliamentary Library, <mask> crossed the floor 20 times during her career, the most out of any woman during the period from 1950 to 2019. Each of those occasions occurred during her service in the Senate. Personal life
From 1965 to 1969 <mask> was married to Donald Maher. In 1972, he was sentenced to life in prison for the murder of a Brisbane hotel manager; he was released in 1987. <mask> re-married in 1975 to Jim Gray, continuing to use her maiden name in parliament. They divorced in 1978 and in 1983 she married <mask>, a former U.S. Marine.She was widowed in 2008. After the conclusion of her political career, <mask> has used the name "Kate" rather than "<mask>". References

1942 births
Living people
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Moncrieff
Members of the Australian Senate
Members of the Australian Senate for Queensland
Women members of the Australian House of Representatives
Women members of the Australian Senate
Members of the Order of Australia
Recipients of the Centenary Medal
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
21st-century Australian politicians
21st-century Australian women politicians
20th-century Australian politicians
Australian schoolteachers
University of Queensland alumni
20th-century Australian women politicians

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Kathryn Jean Martin Sullivan
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<mask> (June 22, 1866 – July 5, 1950), nicknamed "Gooseneck Bill", was an American politician, businessman, and banker of great influence in Texas during the late nineteenth century. Part of the Black and Tan faction, by 1892 he was elected to the Republican Party of Texas's state executive committee, as temporary chairman in 1896, and as permanent state chairman in 1898. During this period, <mask> was also elected as top leader of two black fraternal organizations, serving as Grand Secretary of the state's black Masons for 50 years. In 1906 he founded Fort Worth's first African-American-owned bank as an enterprise of the state Masons; under his management, the bank survived the Great Depression. The black chapters of Masons banked with him, <mask> made loans to black businessmen, and he became probably the first black millionaire in Texas. Early life and education

Named after <mask> and <mask>, <mask> was born on June 22, 1866 in College Mound, Texas, little more than a year after the end of the American Civil War. His father <mask> was a former slave from Tennessee.He was once held by Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest, according to a 2008 report by the Dallas Morning News. His mother was Flora (née Scott) <mask> of Alabama, described by one source as a "free woman of color" before the war, and by another as a "former slave." <mask> was a farmer and blacksmith. After Flora died when <mask> was a child, his father married Belle Crouch. As a teenager, <mask> went to work for rancher and lawyer Captain Z. T. Adams, who took an interest in him. He began teaching the youth about business and law. After graduating from high school in 1884, with the help of Adams and others, <mask> attended Roger Williams University in Nashville, Tennessee.It had been established by the Baptist Church of the North in 1866 as a black college, and was important for educating generations of African-American leaders in the South. Career

After returning to Texas, <mask> served as principal of an African-American high school in Forney, Texas, for several years, in a rural area outside Dallas. The Reconstruction-era legislature had established the state's first public school system. In order to gain approval, legislators agreed to let local boards determine whether schools would be racially segregated. Education was a high priority for freedmen and their children. <mask> married Alice Gibson, who was a teacher at his school. <mask> helped organized a black state fair in North Texas.<mask> became active in the Republican Party and encouraged blacks to vote; he helped organize the party in Kaufman County and the region. In 1892, <mask> was elected to the Republican Party of Texas's state executive committee. He was a power in state politics for more than thirty years, and became a leader of the "Black and Tan" faction, African Americans within the Republican Party. He teamed up politically with white businessman Ned Green of Fort Worth, the son of the wealthiest woman in America. Green supported the "Black and Tan" faction in Republican internal struggles. At the 1896 Republican National Convention, <mask> was given the nickname "Gooseneck Bill" by a Dallas Morning News reporter. In 1898 he was defeated for state chairman of the Republican Party by Henry Clay Ferguson; the continuing rivalry of their factions resulted in a decrease in black influence in the party.Through these years, <mask> had also been active in black fraternal organizations, which developed rapidly throughout Texas and the South after the war as blacks established independent networks. He was elected as the Supreme Grand Chief of the Seven Stars of Consolidation of America. In 1890, he also joined the Prince Hall Freemasonry. In 1899 he was elected as Right Worshipful Grand Secretary of the African-American Texas Masons, a position that provided operating direction to the group. Under his leadership, the Masons developed several business enterprises: started "a cotton mill, published a magazine, offered insurance to members, and established a bank in Fort Worth." He remained the Grand Secretary of the Texas Masons for 50 years. White Democrats regained power in the state legislature and passed laws making voter registration more difficult, requiring payment of poll taxes and, later, restricting minority participation by the use of white primaries.These actions resulted in effective disenfranchisement of blacks, Mexican Americans, and many poor whites in the state. More than 100,000 blacks voted statewide in elections of the 1890s, but by 1906, their number had dropped to 5,000. "Lily White" Republicans essentially drove the "Black and Tan" faction out of power in the party in 1900. <mask> and the Black and Tans temporarily regained power in 1912, before losing it again. <mask> continued to be a notable figure in the national Republican Party, however, attending many national conventions. <mask> turned his energies to business, though he retained an interest in politics. He moved to Fort Worth in 1906, where he became manager of the Fraternal Bank and Trust Company, founded by the Masons as the city's first African-American-owned bank.For a time, it was the bank used by most of the black Mason chapters in the state. With their deposits, <mask> had capital for providing loans to African-American entrepreneurs and could encourage development of their businesses. In that segregated era, blacks had great difficulty gaining financing from white-owned banks. Under <mask>'s management, the bank survived the Great Depression, when many other banks went under. According to a 2008 report by the Dallas Morning News, <mask> was "probably Texas' first black millionaire." Disappointed with Texas Republicans, <mask> increasingly exercised independence in supporting presidential candidates: favoring Progressive Robert M. La Follette, Sr. and Democrats Al Smith and Franklin D. Roosevelt. He returned to the Republican Party to support Thomas E. Dewey in his presidential bid against Harry Truman.<mask> died on July 5, 1950, in Fort Worth, where he was buried in Oakwood Cemetery. He was survived by his fifth wife. His only child, Harry Manack <mask>, had predeceased him by thirty years. Legacy and honors

In 2002, Forney, Texas, erected a historical marker to acknowledge native son <mask> and his achievements; its text includes the following: "Throughout his life, <mask> was a leader in the struggle for social justice, advocating persistence and civic and moral responsibility as the steps to equality." References

Further reading
Barr, Alwyn. Black Texans: A History of Negroes in Texas, 1528–1971 (Austin: Jenkins, 1973). Bundy, <mask>.Life of <mask> <mask>, Ph. D. dissertation, Bunker (1925). ASIN: B00085TUVW
Casdorph, Paul D. A History of the Republican Party in Texas, 1865–1965 (Austin: Pemberton Press, 1965). Glasrud, Bruce A. "<mask><mask>, Business and Fraternal Leader", Black Leaders: Texans for Their Times, ed. by Alwyn Barr and Robert A. Calvert, (Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1981), pp. 83–112
Rice, Lawrence D. The Negro in Texas, 1874–1900 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971).1866 births
1950 deaths
African-American businesspeople
American businesspeople
African-American people in Texas politics
People from Forney, Texas
Texas Republicans
20th-century African-American people

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William Madison McDonald
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William Shakespeare
James Madison
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George McDonald
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