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<mask> is Professor of Law and Humanities at the School of Law Queen Mary, University of London. He has made contributions in the areas of legal philosophy, justice theory, jurisprudence, and human rights. He has also contributed to the law and literature movement. Legal Theory

In The Concept of Injustice, Heinze examines what he calls the 'classical' style of justice theory, running from Plato to Rawls. Classical justice theorists, Heinze argues, depart from notions of 'injustice' on the seemingly obvious assumption that 'justice' and 'injustice' are logical opposites. For Heinze, 'injustice', in ancient and modern Western languages, is a sheer etymological happenstance. 'Justice' and 'injustice' do appear as opposites within conventional, already pre-defined contexts, in which certain norms are uncritically assumed.Outside of such assumptions, however, the relationship between the two terms becomes far more complex. In order to overcome that recurring error, Heinze proposes a notion of 'post-classical' justice theory, using literary texts as examples. That project continues <mask>'s earlier publications in Law & Literature. In an article in the journal Law & Critique, the feminist scholar Adrian Howe examines how Heinze has innovated within critical theory to offer alternative readings of William Shakespeare. Citing the example of The Comedy of Errors, Howe explains how, well into the 20th century, scholars often thought that Shakespeare would not have sought to convey a serious socio-legal critique in a seemingly frivolous play. Heinze, according to Howe, uncovers a "range of socio-legal dualisms; master–servant, husband–wife, native–alien, parent–child, monarch–parliament, buyer–seller. The Comedy, [Heinze] argues, deploys concepts of 'comedy' and 'error' to reflect problematic socio-legal relationships that are based on traditional but changing models of socio-legal domination and subordination."Howe adds that, on Heinze's reading, "it is the viewpoint of the privileged male that is challenged in the play." In The Concept of Injustice, Heinze amplifies those themes. He reviews classical theories of justice, from Plato to Rawls, challenging their assumptions of a seemingly logical opposition between the concepts of 'justice' and 'injustice'. Free speech

In the area of human rights, Heinze has frequently challenged Western European restrictions on freedom of speech, as embodied in so-called "hate speech" bans. Heinze argues that a modern democracy has more effective and more legitimate ways of combating social intolerance, without having to restrict speech within the public sphere. According to the free speech expert <mask>, Heinze identifies further problems of coherence within hate speech bans. Barendt writes that the bans, according to Heinze's critique, "are often justified as necessary to prevent discrimination against the targeted racial or other groups.But in fact they themselves discriminate between the groups protected by hate speech laws (racial, ethnic, religious groups and gays) and those left unprotected (other cultural groups, the physically and mentally disabled, transsexuals)." In his book Hate Speech and Democratic Citizenship <mask> reviews ongoing debates about the legality of dangerous, provocative or offensive speech. He concedes that some democracies may be unstable enough to require bans, but one that has crossed a discernible threshold to become what Heinze calls a ‘longstanding, stable and prosperous democracy’ (LSPD) can only legitimately curtail expression within public discourse on ‘viewpoint-selective’ grounds under independently reviewable criteria of a ‘state of exception’ constituting a national security emergency. Heinze acknowledges that hate speech has led to violence in Rwanda, the German Weimar Republic, the immediate post-Cold War Yugoslavia, and other weaker democracies. None of these, Heinze notes, were LSPDs. Full-fledged democracies, by contrast, have more legitimate and effective ways of combatting violence and discrimination without having to punish persons who hold provocative views.‘Central to the LSPD model’, according to Lesley Abdela, ‘it can be shown that western democratic states have taken moral and symbolic stands—not always perfectly or without contradiction— but certainly in more than peripheral, lip-service ways. Measures including non-discrimination laws, pluralist primary education (and bans on individually targeted stalking, harassment, or ‘fighting words’) convey the state’s moral and symbolic messages against intolerance or violence.’

Sexuality

<mask> has also written on problems of sexuality and human rights.James M. Donovan summarises some of Heinze's criticisms of international organisations. Donovan notes that, in Heinze's view, "the failure to include sexual orientation within the United Nations human rights agenda, by the late 20th century, had resulted not merely in the exclusion of sexual orientation, but in a further mystification of it, which in turn was used to justify its continued exclusion. For Jennifer Wilson, Heinze's view in particular explains "the exclusion of transgender people from anti-discrimination laws." The Norwegian historian of religion Dag Øistein Endsjø contends that, according to Heinze, the absence of any specific reference to sexual orientation or identity in earlier international human rights instruments "does not mean that [sexual minorities'] fundamental rights are excluded from protection by these conventions." Simon Obendorf argues that "homosexual rights are indeed worthy of protection at international law", but questions "<mask>e's calls for a treaty-based instrument to codify and enforce principles of non-discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in international law." Obendorf challenges the concept of "sexual minorities" which Heinze, in his book Sexual Orientation: A Human Right, defines as "people whose sexual orientation derogates from a dominant heterosexual norm." Susan Sterett draws greater attention to Heinze's view of fluid and contingent sexual identities and orientations.Heinze, according to Sterett, "maps the discourse of sexual orientation onto postmodernist forms of knowledge, which emphasize the fragmentation of the legal subject." Conway Blake and Philip Dayle further explore Heinze's view "that sexual minorities have become pawns in what [Heinze] calls the international 'sensitivity game'. Blake and Dayle continue:

In this game, post-colonial regimes bolster their domestic authority by promoting nationalist campaigns based on ideas about sexuality, which depict minority sexual orientations as manifestations of Western decadence. Resistance to any programme of tolerance towards homosexuality is said to be rooted in 'ancient' and 'indigenous' traditions. Heinze also notes the tendency of western states to eagerly demonstrate that they are not imposing a 'first world' agenda on 'traditional' societies. As a consequence, there has been a self-censoring forbearance in challenging southern states, as a kind of deference to indigenous cultural beliefs. In short, Heinze complains that many western states have been willing to tolerate human rights relativity in the context of sexuality.Politics of International Human Rights

Heinze's criticisms of international law and institutions have also reached beyond the specific issues of free speech and sexuality. In other writing, he examines how inter-governmental and non-governmental organisations become politicised, therefore failing to adhere to their own professed mandates. According to Rosa Freedman, Heinze explains how state members of the United Nations Human Rights Council, as well as its predecessor, the UN Human Rights Commission, have used bloc voting to ensure an entrenched and systemic "sidelining" of attention away from the gravest human rights situations. Contrary to writers who advocate political compromise and piecemeal approaches, Heinze argues that the criterion of universally even-handed application of norms and standards necessarily inheres within any concept of human rights. He further warns that, insofar as human rights are designed to apply universally to all states, irrespective of political system, they by definition never fully satisfy the requirements of a democratic state. Career

After receiving his Licence and Maîtrise from the Université de Paris, Heinze enrolled as a DAAD scholar at the Freie Universität Berlin. He received a Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School, and, following a Fulbright fellowship at the University of Utrecht, completed a Doctorate in Law at the University of Leiden.Heinze's other awards include grants from the Nuffield Foundation; an Obermann Fellowship (Center for Advanced Studies, University of Iowa); a Chateaubriand fellowship (French Ministry of Education); a Sheldon fellowship (Harvard Law School); an Andres Public Interest grant (Harvard Law School); and a C. Clyde Ferguson Human Rights Fellowship (Harvard Law School). Before his appointment at the University of London, Heinze completed work for the International Commission of Jurists in Geneva and the United Nations Administrative Tribunal in New York. Heinze has advised the human rights organisations Amnesty International, Liberty, and the Media Diversity Institute, and serves on the Editorial Board of The International Journal of Human Rights. Publications
Heinze is the author of several books on legal theory and philosophy, including:
 Sexual Orientation: A Human Right (Kluwer 1995) (Russian translation, Idea Press Moscow 2004)
 Of Innocence and Autonomy: Children, Sex and Human Rights (editor, Ashgate 2000)
 The Logic of Liberal Rights (Routledge 2003)
 The Logic of Equality (Ashgate 2003)
 The Logic of Constitutional Rights (Ashgate 2005)
 The Concept of Injustice (Routledge 2013)
 Hate Speech and Democratic Citizenship (Oxford University Press 2016)

References

External links

Queen Mary, University of London: Professional Web-page

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Harvard Law School alumni
Legal writers
Human rights activists

masks:
Eric Heinze
Heinze
Eric Barendt
Heinze
Heinze
Eric Heinz


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<mask> (15 July 1904 – 10 February 2001) was a renowned Indian classical vocalist of the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana. Early years and background

Mogu was born in the village of Kurdi in the then Portuguese Goa. In 1913, when she was ten years old, her mother, Jayashree, took her to the temple at Zambaulim and arranged for a wandering holyman to teach music to Mogu for a while. Later she took Mogu to a traveling theatre company, the Chandreshwar Bhootnāth Sangeet Mandali, and the company took Mogu in as an actress. While Mogu was with Chandreshwar Bhootnath Mandali (चन्द्रेश्वर भूतनाथ मंडळी), her mother died in 1914. A legend says that on her deathbed the mother told Mogu that her aatma will not reincarnate until Mogu became a famous singer. The theatre company soon went bankrupt, and the rival Sātārkar Stree Sangeet Mandali (सातारकर स्त्री संगीत मंडळी) hired Mogu.She played commendably the parts such as of Kinkini in the play, Punyaprabhāv, and of the heroine Subhadrā in the play with the same name, Subhadrā. During her stint at the Sātārkar Stree Sangeet Mandali (सातारकर स्त्री संगीत मंडळी), Mogu was given lessons in music by Chintobuva Gurav. At the same time, Mogu took lessons in Kathak from Ramlal. She was also trained in Ghazal by Dattaramji Nanodkar. A conflict arose, however, between Mogu and one of the senior women in the theatre company, who then expelled Mogu from the company. Mogu's spirits drooped and it also took a toll on her health. In 1919, Mogu was taken by her aunt for medical treatment to Sangli.The visit to Sangli opened a new chapter in her life. While in Sangli, she learnt music under the tutelage of Inayat Khan for a brief while. Career

Alladiya Khan and the power struggle in Bombay

At this time, vocalist Alladiya Khan was in Sangli for medical treatment, and on his way to and from his Vaidya Abasaheb Sambare's home, he walked by Mogu's residence, where he would hear her practice. One day, Alladiya Khan, eager to know the identity of the singer who was rehearsing the song, climbed the stairs and entered the room. Mogu was startled to see a stranger and stopped singing. He asked her to continue singing and at the end appreciated her. He offered to teach her and started the first lesson immediately.Young Mogu of course agreed, but despite Alladiya's fame, she had not heard of him – it was not until some time later, when she observed dignitaries bow down to him, that she fully realised his standing. She was stunned and overjoyed to know who her trainer was. After eighteen months, Alladiya Khan moved to Bombay (or Mumbai), and Mogu followed in 1922. Mogu resided at a small rented premises at Khetwadi in Bombay. Thus begun a time of intrigue in Bombay's high-society and classical music circles. At that time, Alladiya Khan was the court musician of the princely Kolhapur State but he used to have longer periods of residence in Bombay where he used to train his disciples. Her tutelage under Alladiya was filled with obstacles.Ustad Alladiya's students put forth him a condition that he should not train anyone else except them. For Alladiya was supported in Bombay by wealthy patrons in exchange for music teaching, and they would not let him take other students. In the early 1920s, Mogu was forced to leave her guru's tutelage. Mogu was desperate because she could not receive lessons from Alladiya Khan. Upon the advice of her peers, she started learning music from Bashir Khan of the Agra gharana, who agreed to teach her if she would perform the formal gandha-bandan (thread-tying) ceremony of guru-shishya discipleship with fellow Agra musician Vilayat Hussain Khan. The gandha-bandan ceremony was held in 1926 at the Kalidas Building located at Borabhat Lane in Bombay. But after three months, Vilayat Hussain Khan had to leave Bombay because of health problems.When Alladiya heard of the episode, he demanded that she stop the discipleship and instead go to his younger brother, Hyder Khan. But Mogu hesitated because Ustads of the Agra gharana had much clout. She already had much stress in her personal life. She solicited a promise that Alladiya would teach her himself in the future if his brother Hyder Khan ever failed to do so. Alladiya summoned Hyder Khan from Kolhapur and Mogu's training in the Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana commenced under his tutelage in 1926. However, Alladiya Khan's rich and powerful students were pressing him to end it, since they were greatly jealous of Mogu's progress. In 1931, Alladiya felt forced to persuade his brother to stop teaching and leave town, but came clean to the heartbroken Mogu about what had happened which led to him breaking his promise to her.At this stage in her career, Mogu could likely have supported herself as a performer but chose not to. Mogu was not interested in only being a performer but wanted to become a leading exponent. On 10 April 1932, Mogu gave birth her child, Kishori. She continued practicing with determination until one day, Alladiya returned to her. Mogu later received taalim from Ustad Alladiya Khansaheb for a brief period. In 1939, her husband Madhavdas Bhatia died, leaving Mogu with her three school-age children. Accomplished singer and guru
Since 1940, Mogubai started touring across India for performances.She also performed at All India Radio. She came forth as a leading exponent of the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana and her riyaz was rigorous. In an attempt to maintain the purity of her music, Mogubai always avoided the thumri and Natya Sangeet. <mask> performed in that era when women singers were not treated with much respect. Her daughter Kishori Amonkar would later recall how Mogubai had to travel to the venue of her performance in third class railway compartments. Despite being a doyenne, <mask> was paid less and was subjected to shoddy treatment by many organisers. She was not provided a guest house and had to stay at someone's home.<mask> <mask> was known as Mai (माई) to her disciples. She passed on her legacy to her disciples including her daughter Kishori Amonkar. Some of her prominent disciples include Amonkar, Kaushalya Manjeshwar, Padma Talwalkar, Kamal Tambe, Vamanrao Deshpande, Babanrao Haldankar, Suhasini Mulgaonkar and Dr. Arun Dravid. Awards and honours
<mask> <mask> was honoured with several awards, prominent among which are the following:
 Popular title Gaan Tapasvini (गान तपस्वीनी)
 Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (1968)
 Padma Bhushan (1974)

The Gaan Tapasvini Mogubai Kurdikar Award is given at the music festival. In <mask>'s home state of Goa, Margao town's Swarmanch institution organised an annual Gaan Tapasvini Mogubai Kurdikar Smruti Sangeet Sammelan in her memory. Footnotes

Gopalkrishna Bhobe: Kalaatm Gomantak ("Talented Goa")

This was at a time when it was difficult for classical musicians, in however high esteem, to support themselves. The subcontinent's many royal courts had supported the music for centuries, but there was no large middle class and no widespread public appreciation; now the courts were on the remove, and the budding recording industry did not have anything like today's large commercial base.References

External links
   <mask> <mask>'s discography
 Mogubai's music page from Vijaya Parrikar Library of Indian Classical Music

1904 births
2001 deaths
Hindustani singers
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts
Indian women classical singers
20th-century Indian singers
Jaipur gharana
Singers from Goa
Women Hindustani musicians
20th-century Indian women singers
People from North Goa district
Women musicians from Goa
20th-century Khyal singers

masks:
Mogubai Kurdikar
Kurdikar
Kurdikar
Mogubai
Kurdikar
Mogubai
Kurdikar
Kurdikar
Mogubai
Kurdikar


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is a composer, music arranger and film producer. Summary
<mask> was born in Sakaide, Kagawa Prefecture. During his enrollment at the University of Tsukuba, he was introduced to the Butoh dance group, Sankai Juku. Over more than thirty-five years, <mask> has been an artistic director for Sankai Juku's music. <mask> has produced music for news programs such as the six-part documentary, The Miracle Planet (Chikyu Dai Kiko) for NHK and for animated television series. In April 2014, <mask> started music production for Baby Steps on the e-Tele anime slot at NHK Educational TV. History
At three years of age, <mask> started to learn to play the piano.He could listen to music on a hand-turned or electric gramophone imported from the United States by his great-grandfather. <mask> was educated at the Sakaide elementary and lower secondary schools which were associated with the Faculty of Education at Kagawa University. At school, <mask> used a tape recorder to record his piano and guitar compositions and performances. Whilst enrolled at the University of Tsukuba, <mask> met Ushio Amagatsu, who was the organizer of Sankai Juku and a former member of the Kinkan Shonen piano trio. In 1986, <mask>, Takashi Kako, and Yasukazu Sato (Yas Kaz) became the directors of Sankai Juku. Since then, the troupe's work has been performed biennially at the Théâtre de la Ville, Paris, France. In 2002, Hibiki, Resonance from Far Away won an Olivier award for best new dance production and in 2006, Toki, a Moment in the Weave of Time won the grand prize at the sixth Asahi performing arts awards.In 2013, Sankai Juku won a Japan Foundation award. <mask>'s signature work is the music for the 1987 NHK documentary series, The Miracle Planet. The program's main theme won an international prize at the 1992 JASRAC awards. The program won the 29th Director General of Science and Technology Agency award. <mask>'s music has been released on albums including Music for the Miracle Planet, A Dream of Akuaku, Kyplos and Taiyo no Matsuge (Lashes of the Sun). Between 1984 and 1993, <mask> was director of keyboards and music arrangements for the rock group, Yapoos, led by Jun Togawa and was associated with the production of their album, Yapoos Keikaku. <mask>'s song, Raja Maharaja, performed by Jun Togawa, was a hit on Minna no Uta.<mask> has produced ambient music for amusement parks including the Tokyo Sea Life Park (1989) and music for television programs such as News 11 and News 9 (between 1995 and 1999), News 10 (2001), Hello Japan (Ogenki Desuka Nippon Retto) (between 2003 and 2009) for NHK, and Together with Mew and Eep (Nyan Chu to Issho) (between 2003 and 2006) for NHK Educational TV. He has also produced sound tracks for animations such as Oz created by Natsumi Itsuki and music for the Anime cartoon, Kyo Kara Maoh! (2004). <mask> has collaborated with artists such as Princess Princess, Agnes Chan, Yuki Saito and Sophie Marceau. In 2005, Yoshika produced the DVD for the Steinberg TEK laboratory, Japan, Cubase music production software. Since 2010, <mask> has been associated with marketing for the University of Tsukuba, including the song Imagine the Future. In 2012, <mask> was a key note speaker at the 100th anniversary of foundation of the Sakaide Elementary School.Selected works

Theatrical works
Sankai Juku
 Unetsu, the Egg Stands out of Curiosity (1986), Theatre de la veille, Paris. Shijima, the Darkness Calms Down in Space (1988), Theatre de la veille, Paris. Omote, the Grazed Surface (1991), Theatre de la veille, Paris. Yuragi, in a Space of Perpetual Motion (1993), Theatre de la veille, Paris. Hiyomeki, Within a Gentle Vibration and Agitation (1995), Theatre de la veille, Paris. Hibiki, Resonance from Far Away (1998), Theatre de la veille, Paris. Kagemi, Beyond the Metaphors of Mirrors (2000), Theatre de la veille, Paris.Utsuri, Virtual Garden (2003), Theatre de la veille, Paris. Toki, a Moment in the Weave Time (2005), Theatre de la veille, Paris. Kinkan Shonen (1978), Nihon Shobo Hall, Japan. (Re-created in 2005 at the Biwako Hall Centre, Shiga.) Shantala Shivalingappa (2007), Theatre des Abbesses, Paris. Tobari, as if in an Inexhaustible Flux (2008), Theatre de la veille, Paris. Utsushi (2008), a collage of previous works.Kara mi, Two Flows (2010), Theatre de la veille, Paris. Une Histoire D'ame with Sophie Marceau (2011), Theatre de Rond Point, Paris. Umusuna, Memories before History (2012), Opera de Lyon. Film Soundtrack
 Robinson’s Garden (1987)
- Berlin International film Festival, Reader Jury of the “Zitty” (1987), Locarno International Film Festival, Special Mention (1987)

Music for NHK television
 Weekend seminar (1985)
 Everyone's Songs (1985), opening theme for Minna no Uta
 Raja Maharaja (1985) performed by Jun Togawa for Minna no Uta
 Poketto no Nakade (1986) performed by Yuki Saito for Minna no Uta
 Shinpu san no Paipu Orugan (1986) performed by Agnes Chan for Minna no Uta
 Miracle Planet (1987)
 News 11 (1995) for News Watch 9
 High-Vision (1995), album. News 10 (2001)
 Nyan Chu to Issho (2003), Together with Mew and Eep
 Ogenki Desuka Nippon Retto (2003), Hello Japan
 Kyo Kara Maoh! (2004), Today's Demon King anime. Baby Steps (2014), e-television anime."Hiyomeki, Within a Gentle Vibration and Agitation (1995) Sankai Juku (Wave)
 “Green Legend Ran (1995) Ova, (Pioneer LDC)
 Bastard (1996) sound track (Victor)
 Hibiki, Resonance from Far Away (1998) Sankai Juku (Wave)
 Umino Onritsu (1989) music for Tokyo Sea Life Park. 2000s
 Kagemi, Beyond the Metaphors of Mirrors (2000) Sankai Juku (IO-factory)
 Utsuri, Virtual Garden (2003) Sankai Juku (IO-factory)
 Toki, a Moment in the Weave of Time (2005) Sankai Juku (IO-factory)
 Unetsu (2006) Sankai Juku DVD (IO-factory)
 Kinkan Shonen (2005) Sankai Juku (IO-factory)
 Tobari, as if in an Inexhaustible Flux (2008) Sankai Juku (IO-factory)
 Kyo kara Mao! (2009) original sound track (BMG)

2010s
 Kara mi, two flows (2010) Sankai Juku (IO-factory)
 Umusuna, Memories before History (2012) Sankai Juku (IO-factory)
 Dreaming and Music Concert ~  Anpanman Hit Songs with Orchestra~ CD (2013)  (VAP)
 Baby Steps (2014) original sound track (IO-factory)

Amusement parks and concerts
 Tokyo Sea Life Park (1989)
 Seto Ohashi Expo, Shikoku Museum (1988)
 Saitama Expo Theme Pavilion (1988)
 Asia Pacific Ocean Expo, Saison Museum (1989)
 Panasonic Information and Communication Systems, TDC Bird Hi-Vision Theater (1992)
 48th National Sports Festival, music director (1992)
 Inter-Highschool championships, music director (1998)
 Yoichiro Yoshikawa Concert, Kagawa Prefectural Hall (2000)

Bibliography
 Opinel and Peacock Day Gentosha Literary Publications, a youth graffiti describing with a witty touch how the Sankai Juku World Tour started. References

External links

 Yoichiro Yoshikawa anime at Media Arts Database
 Yoichiro Yoshikawa works at Oricon

1957 births
Japanese composers
Japanese film producers
Japanese male composers
Japanese music arrangers
Living people

masks: Yoshikawa Yoshikawa Yoshikawa Yoshikawa Yoshikawa Yoshikawa Yoshikawa Yoshikawa Yoshikawa Yoshikawa Yoshikawa Yoshikawa Yoshikawa Yoshikawa Yoshikawa Yoshikawa Yoshikawa


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Murong <mask> () was a regent of the Chinese/Xianbei state Former Yan during the reign of <mask> (Emperor You), after the death of the previous, far more capable regent <mask>. He, along with <mask>'s mother Empress Dowager Kezuhun, is often blamed for Former Yan's decline and fall. Early life
Murong <mask> was one of the youngest, if not the youngest, sons of the Jin vassal, the Xianbei chief Murong Hui (), the father of Former Yan's founder <mask>. Although historical records do not give his age, it was probably close in range to <mask>, Murong Huang's heir apparent. (This is corroborated in that his grandnephew <mask>, at one point, referred to him as an uncle rather than a granduncle, perhaps out of confusion in his young age.) It is not known who his mother was. The first reference to him in history was in 339, when he was mentioned as one of Murong Huang's generals (along with another brother, <mask> (, note different tone and character than his nephew who would later inherit the throne), Muyu Gen, and Muyu Ni (慕輿泥)) who conducted a successful raid against Later Zhao's border region.During <mask> Jun's reign
In 348, <mask> Huang died, and was succeeded by his son <mask> Jun, who was then still using the Jin-created title Prince of Yan. In 349, Later Zhao's emperor Shi Hu died, and his state soon fell into internecine wars between his sons and his adoptive grandson Shi Min. <mask> Jun therefore decided to advance south. In Murong Jun's campaigns over the next few years, which saw him seize much of Later Zhao's territory and capture Shi Min (who had by then changed him name to Ran Min, to the family name that his father had before his adoption by Shi Hu) and destroy his short-lived state Ran Wei, <mask> <mask> served as a major general. <mask> <mask> led the army that sieged Ran Wei's capital Yecheng (鄴城, in modern Handan, Hebei), after Ran Min's capture, in 352, against Ran Min's wife Empress Dong and son Ran Zhi, and the city fell to him, formally ending Ran Wei. He was put in charge of Yecheng's defenses. In 354, <mask> Jun, who had by now completely broken from Jin and claimed imperial title, put him in charge of military operations in the Luoyang region (although Former Yan would not be able to capture Luoyang at this time) and also created him the Prince of Shangyong.Over the next few years, <mask> <mask> would be involved in leading armies against various former Later Zhao generals who were still trying to maintain independence and vacillating between Former Yan, Former Qin, and Jin. His campaigns were of mixed successes and failures. In 360, <mask> Jun grew seriously ill, and he commissioned his capable brother <mask> Ke as regent for his son <mask> Wei. Murong <mask>, Yang Wu, and Muyu Gen were to serve as Murong Ke's assistants. Murong Jun soon died, and <mask> Wei succeeded him. During Murong Ke's regency
Muyu Gen, a more senior official than <mask> Ke or <mask> <mask>, was unwilling to submit to <mask> Ke, and he falsely told the young emperor and his mother Empress Dowager Kezuhun Murong Ke and <mask> <mask> were planning a rebellion. Empress Dowager Kezuhun believed Muyu, but the young emperor did not and refused to authorize his actions.Murong Ke soon found out and, after consulting with <mask> <mask>, executed Muyu and his clan. <mask> Ke was clearly the regent at this point, but he consulted <mask> <mask> on all major decisions. His regency was considered a successful one, as he governed the empire with efficiency while expanding its borders southward, at Jin's expense. Murong <mask>'s role in this success is unclear. In 361, the magician Ding Jin (丁進), whom <mask> Wei trusted, tried to flatter <mask> Ke by suggesting to him to kill Murong <mask>, but <mask> Ke became angry and executed Ding. In 366, both <mask> Ke and <mask> <mask> offered to resign their posts and return all of their authorities to <mask> Wei. <mask> Wei declined.In 367, <mask> Ke grew ill. He tried to persuade <mask> <mask>, <mask> Wei, and <mask> Wei's older brother Murong Zang (慕容臧) the Prince of Le'an that one of his main responsibilities, as the commander of the armies, should be transferred to <mask> Chui the Prince of Wu, his brother, as he saw <mask> Chui as a capable general, but after <mask> Ke died later that year, Murong <mask> declined to do so, and instead gave that post to <mask> Wei's younger brother Murong Chong the Prince of Zhongshan. <mask> <mask> himself assumed the regency and held power in conjunction with Empress Dowager Kezuhun. Regency
<mask> <mask>, while apparently having military abilities, was incompetent and corrupt as a regent. In 368, when four of Former Qin's dukes rebelled against the Former Qin emperor Fu Jiān, they sought help from Former Yan. Many officials, including <mask> Jun's brother <mask> De the Prince of Fanyang, saw this as a perfect opportunity to conquer Former Qin, but <mask> <mask> declined to take any actions against Former Qin, so Former Qin forces crushed the four rebel dukes. In 368 as well, the key official Yue Wan, concerned about the growing corrupt practice by noble families of putting commoners into their fiefs—a practice that would mean that those commoners were only responsible to them, not responsible for paying taxes to the empire, leading to the empire's treasury being so lacking that it was unable to pay its officials—petitioned <mask> Wei for a reform ending the practice.<mask> Wei approved the reform and put Yue in charge of it, and Yue restored over 200,000 people to the tax-paying ranks. The nobles were all resentful of Yue, who died later in 368—and while most historians believed that he died of natural causes, having been already ill previously — the Book of Jin stated that he was poisoned by <mask> <mask>, who had much to lose from Yue's reform. In 369, the Jin general Huan Wen launched a major attack against Former Yan, defeating every army that Murong <mask> sent against him, including the most major one commanded by <mask> Zang, advancing to the vicinity of Yecheng, by now Former Yan's capital. In panic, <mask> <mask> and <mask> Wei considered fleeing to the old capital Helong (和龍, in modern Jinzhou, Liaoning). <mask> Chui, whose authority had been curtailed by <mask> <mask> previously, offered to make one last try to resist. Meanwhile, <mask> <mask> also sent messengers to Former Qin, requesting assistance—offering to cede to Former Qin the Luoyang region, which <mask> Ke had captured in 365 if Former Qin would assist. <mask> Chui, along with <mask> De, were able to deal Huan a major defeat, and Former Qin forces soon arrived and dealt Huan another defeat.Huan would not be able to launch a major attack against Former Yan again. However, <mask> <mask> and Empress Dowager Kezuhun soon engaged in two damaging decisions. Still resentful of <mask> Chui (whose wife was her sister but whom he did not favor), Empress Dowager Kezuhun denied him and his soldiers rewards and in fact considered killing him, a decision that Murong <mask> concurred in because he was also apprehensive of Murong Chui. <mask> Chui, hearing the news, fled to Former Qin and became a general for Fu Jiān. They also refused to cede the Luoyang region to Former Qin, as previously promised. In anger, late in 369, Fu Jian sent a 60,000-men force, commanded by his prime minister Wang Meng, against Former Yan. In spring 370, Wang first advanced on Luoyang and forced its surrender.He then advanced on Hu Pass (壺關, in modern Changzhi, Shanxi), defeating all Former Yan resistance on the way. He then captured Jinyang (晉陽, in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi). <mask> <mask> led a 300,000-men strong force against Wang, but apprehensive of Wang, he stopped at Lu River (潞川, in modern Changzhi as well). Wang soon arrived to prepare to face off against him. Meanwhile, Murong <mask> made the worst display of his corruption at this time—keeping guards at forests and streams, disallowing commoners and even his own soldiers from cutting firewood or fishing unless they paid a usage fee in either money or silk. He soon had a stash of wealth, but completely lost the morale of his soldiers. <mask> Wei, hearing this, sent a messenger to rebuke him and ordering him to distribute the wealth to the soldiers, but the damage was done.In winter 370, the armies engaged, and despite the numerical advantage that Murong <mask> had, Wang crushed him, and <mask> <mask> fled back to Yecheng by himself. <mask> Wei abandoned Yecheng and tried to flee to Helong, but was captured on the way, ending Former Yan. <mask> <mask> fled to Goguryeo, which, however, arrested him and delivered him back to Former Qin. Fu Jiān pardoned him and made him an imperial assistant. In 372, <mask> Chui told Fu Jiān that <mask> <mask> was the cause of Former Yan's destruction and should be killed; instead Fu Jiān effectively exiled <mask> <mask> by making him a governor of a remote commandery. This was the last historical record of him, and it is not known when or how he died. When <mask> Chui restored the regime as Later Yan, <mask> Yi (慕容懿), grandson of Murong <mask>, succeeded his title as Duke of Shangyong.Former Yan regents
Former Yan imperial princes
Former Yan generals
Former Qin people
Sixteen Kingdoms chancellors
4th-century Chinese people

masks:
Ping
Murong Wei
Murong Ke
Murong Wei
Ping
Murong Huang
Murong Jun
Murong Wei
Murong Jun
Murong
Murong
Murong
Murong
Murong
Ping
Murong
Ping
Murong
Murong
Ping
Murong
Murong
Murong
Ping
Murong
Murong
Murong
Ping
Murong
Murong
Ping
Murong
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Murong
Murong
Ping
Ping
Murong
Murong
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Murong
Murong
Murong
Ping
Murong
Murong
Murong
Murong
Ping
Murong
Murong
Murong
Murong
Murong
Ping
Murong
Murong
Ping
Murong
Ping
Murong
Murong
Murong
Ping
Murong
Murong
Murong
Ping
Ping
Murong
Murong
Ping
Murong
Murong
Murong
Ping
Murong
Ping
Murong
Murong
Murong
Murong
Ping
Murong
Ping
Murong
Murong
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<mask> (29 May 1907 – 18 August 1977) was a Swiss comedian, radio personality, and stage and film actor who starred predominantly in Swiss German-language cinema and television and stage productions, but he was also known for the role of Theophil Läppli, a parody on the Swiss militarism. Early life and education
Born and raised in Basel, Canton of Basel-Stadt in Switzerland as son of Berta née Stump and Emil, <mask>'s father died when <mask> was at the age of 11. Berta <mask> had now, for <mask> and his three siblings, to earn the family's keep. After his apprenticeship as merchant at Jacky Maeder & Cie to 1922, he attended the drama school for the first time, and found his true passion. To have an income, <mask> tried among others as a chicken farmer in the Canton of Ticino in 1928. From 1928 to 1930 <mask> took acting lessons at Oskar Wälterlin and body workout at Rosalia Chladek at the Basel conservatory. Upon completion of the drama school, in 1930 he founded his own theater company, but graduated in 1934 at the Basel conservatory.Theatre, solo-program and film
Meanwhile, he premiered at the Stadttheater Basel, among others in Robert Cedric Sheriffs "Die andere Seite" and in Stravinsky's ballets "Petrushka" and "Pulcinella". In the war year of 1940 <mask> also starred at the Corso-Theater at the present Bellevueplatz in Zürich in Gilberte de Courgenay. At the Bernhard-Theater Zürich, and at the Schauspielhaus Zürich Rasser appeared in comedies and classic dramas. <mask> played on numerous Swiss theaters, including the role of the frog in Johann Strauss' Die Fledermaus in Lausanne and at the Opéra du Rhin in Strasbourg in 1961, and in 1963 in Gogol's "The Government Inspector". <mask> also appeared with Charles F. Vaucher at the Küchlintheater Basel, and among many others, he appeared in the musical "Spalebärg 77a" by the popular radio show of Margrit Rainer and Ruedi Walter in 1964. Between 1952 and 1975 <mask> also starred in one-man programs in southern Germany and Switzerland, among other things, as member of the Fauteuil ensemble in Basel. His son Roland founded the theater in 1957, where <mask> had his last great appearance in the revue "Offenbach am Spalenberg" in 1976.Along with the Läppli films, <mask> starred in German language films, among others in Füsilier Wipf in 1938 and the Ueli films in the 1940s, but also Wilhelm Tell in 1960 and Die plötzliche Einsamkeit des Konrad Steiner (The Sudden Loneliness of Konrad Steiner) in 1976. Theophil Läppli
But above all, <mask> was a popular cabaret artist and comedian: In 1935 he joined the newly founded Cabaret Resslirytti Basel, for the first program of his later most popular role of Theophil Läppli. From 1935 to 1941 <mask> belonged with a short interruption to   the ensemble of the Cabaret Cornichon in Zürich, where he stood out in particular through its parodies of Basel arrogance and independent line. In 1943 <mask> founded in Basel the satirical political Kabaret Kactus which became very successful. On 31 December 1945, written and produced by Rasser HD-Soldat Läppli premiered, a mixture of cabaret and folk theater, which was so successful that the production had to move into the larger Küchlin Theater. Jaroslav Hašek's The Good Soldier Švejk modeled the figure of the Swiss Army subsidiary soldier Theophil Läppli – militarism mocking, it became <mask>'s trademark. This was followed by the comedy "Demokrat Läppli" (1947) and, with little success, by the musical "Weltenbürger Läppli" (1949).Besides, <mask> played with the Kabaret Kactus number cabaret and directed his Swiss German version of Mary Chase's Harvey starring himself in 1950. In 1958 Eynar Grabowsky organized a tour with the comedy "Millionär Läppli", and in 1969 followed by the popular play "Zivilverteidiger Läppli". <mask> participated in several Swiss films: "HD-Soldat Läppli" (1960) and "Demokrat Läppli" (1961) were filmed for the cinema. Politics
<mask> was part of a Swiss cultural delegation to China in 1954/55 and this led to his being branded a "communist" by Swiss nationalists. He was politically active and was elected to the Nationalrat as a representative of the Landesring der Unabhängigen (LdU) between 1967 and 1975, where he stood for peace, social justice and culture. Personal life
In the early 1930, however, <mask> was not able to live from his income as artist, and therefore he also led his own painter company from 1930 to 1935. From 1932 to 1945 <mask> was married to Adele Schnell in first marriage; from the marriage emerged their son <mask>.In 1947 <mask> married Ninette Rosselat; they had three children. Filmography
1937: La faute de l'abbé Mouret
1938: Füsilier Wipf - Notar
1940: Fräulein Huser - Kramer - Erfinder
1940: Die mißbrauchten Liebesbriefe - Viggi Störteler
1941: Emil, mer mues halt rede mitenand - Rudi Wiederkehr
1942: Das Gespensterhaus - Dr. Loosli / Prof. Gábor Károly
1951: Die Tat des Anderen
1952: Palace Hotel - Leblanc, Küchenchef
1952: The Merry Vineyard - Herr Zigerli
1954: Uli, der Knecht (Uli, the Servant" - international English title)  - Baumwollhändler
1954: Frühlingslied1954: Läppli am Zoll (Short) - Theophil Läppli
1955: Uli, der Pächter - Baumwollhändler, ihr Mann
1956: S'Waisechind vo Engelberg
1957: Der 10. Mai - Automobilist
1959: HD-Soldat Läppli - HD-Soldat Läppli
1961: Wilhelm Tell - Saufkumpan
1961: Demokrat Läppli - Theophil Läppli
1970: Keine Angst Liebling, ich pass schon auf - Concierge Stierli
1971: Immer die verflixten Weiber - Stirnimann
1976: Die plötzliche Einsamkeit des Konrad Steiner (The Sudden Loneliness of Konrad Steiner) - Hans Sonderegger (final film role)

 Literature
 Franz Rüeb: Alfred Rasser''. Verlagsgenossenschaft Zürich 1975. References

External links

 Alfred Rasser on the website of the Swiss national television SRF

1907 births
1977 deaths
People from Basel-Stadt
Alliance of Independents politicians
Members of the National Council (Switzerland)
Swiss male stage actors
Swiss male film actors
20th-century Swiss male actors
Kabarettists
Swiss male radio actors
Swiss comedians
Swiss male musical theatre actors
Swiss male television actors
20th-century Swiss male singers
20th-century comedians

masks:
Alfred Rasser
Rasser
Alfred
Rasser
Alfred
Alfred Rasser
Rasser
Rasser
Rasser
Rasser
Rasser
Rasser
Alfred Rasser
Rasser
Rasser
Rasser
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Rasser
Rasser
Rasser
Alfred Rasser
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Roland Rasser
Rasser


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<mask> (November 18, 1812 – November 6, 1904) was a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He was also a member of the United States House of Representatives from Florida, following the reconstruction era; the mayor of Memphis, Tennessee; an volunteer officer in the United States Army during the Second Seminole War; a member of the Arkansas Senate; a member of the Florida Senate; and a Circuit Court Judge in Florida. Early life (1812 to 1852)
<mask> was born near Lebanon, Tennessee. He served as captain of mounted volunteers in the Second Seminole War in 1836. <mask> studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1838. He moved to Mississippi County, Arkansas in 1840, where he practiced law. Finley served in the Arkansas Senate in 1841.He moved to Memphis, Tennessee in 1842, and continued the practice of law. He served as mayor of Memphis in 1845. He moved to Marianna, Florida in November 1846 and was elected to the Florida Senate in 1850. Finley was a presidential elector on the Whig Party ticket in 1852. Judicial Service to the State of Florida (1853 to 1861)
On May 1, 1853, Florida Governor Thomas Brown appointed Finley Circuit Judge of the Western Judicial Circuit of Florida. Finley served as a Circuit Judge of the Western Judicial Circuit of Florida from 1853 to 1861. State of Florida v. Simon, A Slave

In June 1853, Finley presided over State of Florida v. Simon, A Slave.The Collins Hotel in Pensacola, Florida burned on October 17, 1852; the Collins fire spread to the home of Francisco Moreno. On October 18, Dr. R.T. Maxwell's home burned, and an alleged arson attempt was made to the home of a Mrs. Derry, from which a perpetrator was discovered and fled. On October 19, Alex McVoy's home burned. After the McVoy fire, Pensacola Mayor <mask> ordered the arrest of Simon, one of McVoy's slaves, for arson. Sierra questioned Simon in the Mayor's office; took Simon's confession to arson of the Maxwell, Derry, and McVoy homes; and ordered Simon arrested. Simon was held in the Pensacola jail from October 1852 until trial in June 1853. Sierra testified at the June trial that during Simon’s interrogation "there was a great crowd just outside the mayor’s office calling for Simon to be hanged.According to Mayor Sierra, if not for the protection he gave Simon, 'the people would have taken [Simon] into their own hands.' The mayor told Simon that if he admitted that he alone had burned Dr. Maxwell’s house, that he would be tried and certainly hung. However, the mayor also told Simon that if he had accomplices, he could turn state’s evidence and his accomplices would be put on trial rather than him." Sierra further testified that when he asked Simon if he set these fires, "Simon replied, 'Send for my master, and I will tell the whole.' Simon’s master, Alex McVoy, arrived at the mayor’s office, and McVoy reiterated to Simon the warnings and promises that the mayor had already made. Simon then stated that he had set fire to Dr. Maxwell’s house, and that he was alone when he did it. Simon told Mayor Sierra and McVoy that he had started the fire at a ground-floor window on the east side of Dr. Maxwell’s house and remained there until it was blazing."Simon’s attorney Richard Lewis Campbell questioned Mr. <mask>, who "testified that he saw Dr. Maxwell’s house on fire at about 2 a.m. and that he was one of the first persons to arrive on scene. Commyns contradicted Simon’s purported confession. According to Commyns, the fire did not start at the ground floor of the house as Simon had stated, but rather at the shingles on the roof." Campbell also questioned Chester Knapp, who "contradicted Simon’s purported confession. According to Knapp, the fire had not started on the ground floor, but rather in the attic. Further, Knapp testified that upon seeing the attic in flames, he had tried to break down the front door of the home, and that had the ground floor windows been burning, he would have noticed." Following Campbell's examination of Commyns and Knapp, the State questioned McVoy, "who testified that he was in the mayor’s office when Simon confessed and that Simon was 'laboring under great terror, and that he never saw anyone more terrified.'"Citing American and English common law, Campbell motioned that Finley "exclude Simon’s confession from the jury’s consideration, arguing that Simon’s statements to Mayor Sierra were elicited by undue terror or the hope of reward." Finley denied Campbell’s motion and directed the jury "to determine whether Simon’s confession was voluntary." The jury found Simon guilty. Simon stated at a sentencing hearing that he was not guilty of arson. Finley then ordered Simon executed by hanging on Friday, August 26, 1853, between 10 a.m. and 1 p.m. by the Sheriff of Escambia County at “some convenient place.”

Campbell appealed <mask>'s denial of Campbell's motion to the Supreme Court of Florida. The Court heard oral arguments on July 13 and 14, 1853. On July 25, 1853, with <mask> present, the Court reversed <mask>'s denial of Campbell's motion in a 2 to 1 ruling, and ordered a new trial.The Court based their decision "on the common law doctrine that for a confession to be admissible as evidence, the mind of the accused should at the time of the confession be uninfluenced by fear or hope. With respect to Simon’s confession, <mask> [Albert G.] Semmes noted that there were 'few cases to be found in the books where stronger influences were brought to bear on the mind of the prisoner to extort a confession than the one before us. That it was made under the influence of fear or apprehension of personal violence, can scarce be doubted.' <mask> noted that the crowd outside the mayor’s office was clamoring to hang Simon, and Mayor Sierra, who was Simon’s only protection from the crowd, was demanding that Simon confess. <mask> reasoned that if Simon maintained his innocence, he risked alienating Mayor Sierra, which could have resulted in the mayor abandoning him to the crowd. <mask> speculated that in Simon’s mind, a confession was 'the only immediate security for his person and his life.' <mask> also focused on the fact that Simon was a slave, and that Simon made his confession in the presence of, and at the urging of, his master.According to <mask>, 'the ease with which this class of our population can be intimidated, and the almost absolute control which the owner does involuntarily exercise over the will of the slave, should induce the courts at all times to receive their confessions with the utmost caution and distrust.' Further, <mask> opined that the trial testimony proved that Simon had falsely confessed. Specifically, <mask> noted that when Simon admitted to the burning of Dr. Maxwell’s house, he claimed to have set the fire at the east window on the first floor of the home, and that he had stayed there watching the fire until it blazed up. However, the two defense witnesses who testified at trial stated that the fire had started at the top of the house in the attic. One of these witnesses testified that, as the attic burned, he was located near the ground floor east window where Simon had confessed to starting the fire, but there was no fire there. According to <mask>, '[T]hese witnesses, who are unimpeached, and whose testimony is uncontradicted, establish the fact, that the confessions of the prisoner as to the particulars of the burning were altogether untrue.' As <mask> reasoned, if Simon had been truthfully confessing to arson, he would have had no reason to lie about the location where he had started the fire."Hardy stated that "without [Simon's] coerced confession, it did not appear there was any evidence to convict him." Simon was to be held in the Pensacola jail until the second trial. Finley cancelled the October 1853 Escambia County Circuit Court term due to a Yellow Fever epidemic. Simon’s second trial was postponed until the next Escambia County Circuit Court term, in June 1854. Simon died in the Pensacola jail on February 25, 1854. The Florida Supreme Court's 1853 reversal of <mask>'s decision established a precedent that confessions extracted by threats or promises are inadmissible at trial. End of Pre- Civil War Judicial Service to the State of Florida

With the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, <mask> left service to the Western Judicial Circuit of Florida.Service to the Confederate States of America (1861 to 1865)

<mask> Service
<mask> was appointed judge of the Confederate States court for the district of Florida in 1861. He resigned in March 1862 to join the Confederate Army. Military service
<mask> volunteered as a private in the 6th Florida Infantry of the Confederate Army, and was successively promoted to be the colonel of the regiment. He took part in the Kentucky Campaign in Maj. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith's column. His first significant combat came at the Battle of Chickamauga, where his regiment captured a battery of Union artillery, but was unsupported and forced to withdraw with 165 casualties. He was promoted to brigadier general on November 8, 1863 (with date of rank of November 16), commanding all of the Florida infantry in the Army of Tennessee. <mask>'s Brigade, part of Maj. Gen. <mask>. Breckinridge's division, was caught up in the Confederate rout at the Battle of Missionary Ridge, but performed well in protecting the rearguard of the army as it withdrew.Army commander Gen. Braxton Bragg expressed his thanks to <mask> for "his gallant bearing and prompt assistance in every emergency." <mask>'s brigade saw heavy fighting in the Atlanta Campaign of 1864. He was badly wounded at Battle of Resaca and placed on medical leave until the army reached Atlanta. At the Battle of Jonesborough, his horse was killed by artillery shell fragments, which severely wounded him again, but he refused to be evacuated to Atlanta until all of his wounded men had been taken care of. Finley was unable to return to his brigade for the remainder of the war. He tried to reach it in North Carolina after he recovered from a second wound, but Federal troops blocked his way. Military Surrender
<mask> surrendered with Maj. Gen. Howell Cobb in Columbus, Georgia, and was paroled to Quincy, Florida on May 23, 1865.Congressional Service to the United States of America (1876 to 1882)
<mask> served in the United States House of Representatives during the 44th, 45th, and 47th United States Congress as a member of the Democratic Party (United States). <mask> successfully contested the election of <mask>. Walls to the 44th United States Congress. Finley served in the from April 19, 1876, to March 3, 1877. <mask> successfully contested the election of Horatio Bisbee, <mask>. to the 45th United States Congress and served from February 20 to March 3, 1879. He presented credentials as a Member-elect to the 47th United States Congress and served from March 4, 1881, to June 1, 1882, when he was succeeded by Horatio Bisbee, <mask>., who successfully contested Finley's election. Finley presented credentials on December 5, 1887, as a Senator-designate to the United States Senate for the term commencing March 4, 1887, but was not permitted to qualify because the appointment was made before the vacancy occurred. Electoral history

Death (1904)
<mask> died on November 6, 1904 in Lake City, Florida.He was interred to Evergreen Cemetery in Gainesville, Florida. Legacy
In the 1930s, the School Board of Alachua County (Florida) named an elementary school for Finley. JJ <mask> Elementary School was located in Gainesville, Florida at the corner of Northwest 5th Avenue and 19th Street, about 1 kilometer north of the University of Florida. On June 16, 2020, the School Board of Alachua County (Florida) removed <mask><mask>'s name from the school, during protests associated with the murder of George Floyd. The School Board will convene a citizen committee to recommend a new name by August 2020. In January 2019, the Gainesville City Commission named a city park in honor of Finley. The vote to name the park for Finley was unanimous.In February 2020, the City of Gainesville City Commission removed <mask>'s name from the park, by a unanimous vote. The City process to approve a new name required input from a citizen advisory board. The City suspended advisory board activity during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. The park remained unnamed through the pandemic. The Gainesville Sun inaccurately reported that the playground was renamed "as part of the city of Gainesville and Alachua County's truth and reconciliation process". See also
List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

References
 Eicher, <mask>., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, . <mask>, Terry L., "<mask> <mask>", The Confederate General, Vol.2, Davis, William C., and <mask> (eds. ), National Historical Society, 1991, . Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .
 Retrieved on 2008-02-13
 Hardy, D.C., "Simon, A Slave v. The State of Florida: The Precedent-Setting Decision Establishing Confessions Extracted by Threats or Promises Are Inadmissible at Trial", Florida Bar Review, 2019, vol. 93, no. 5, available at https://www.floridabar.org/the-florida-bar-journal/simon-a-slave-v-the-state-of-floridathe-precedent-setting-decision-establishing-confessions-extracted-by-threats-or-promises-are-inadmissible-at-trial/#u6a74

Notes

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1812 births
1904 deaths
Florida Whigs
Florida Democrats
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Florida
Confederate States Army generals
Judges of the Confederate States
People of Florida in the American Civil War
American lawyers
Mayors of Memphis, Tennessee
People from Lebanon, Tennessee
Florida state senators
Arkansas state senators
American people of the Seminole Wars
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
People from Marianna, Florida

masks:
Jesse Johnson Finley
Finley
Finley
Joseph Sierra
Joseph Commyns
Finley
Finley
Finley
Justice
Justice Semmes
Justice Semmes
Justice Semmes
Justice Semmes
Justice Semmes
Justice Semmes
Justice Semmes
Justice Semmes
Justice Semmes
Finley
Finley
Judicial
Finley
Finley
Finley
John C
Finley
Finley
Finley
Finley
Finley
Josiah T
Finley
Jr
Jr
Finley
Finley
J J
. Finley
Finley
John H
Jones
Jesse Johnson
Finley
Julie Hoffman


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<mask> (born June 11, 1982) is an American lawyer, politician and former member of the Boston City Council. She represented District 4, which includes parts of Boston's Dorchester, Mattapan, Jamaica Plain, and Roslindale neighborhoods. She was first elected to the council in November 2015 and assumed office in January 2016. She served as president of the council from January 2018 until January 2020. She is a Democrat. In September 2020, she launched her unsuccessful campaign for Mayor of Boston in 2021. <mask> placed third in the September 14 primary behind Annissa Essaibi George and Michelle Wu, the latter of which would go on to win the general election.Education and early career
<mask> graduated from Boston Latin School, Princeton University (with a B.A. degree), and the UCLA School of Law (with a J.D degree). She began her legal career working for a nonprofit in Roxbury that provided free legal services pertaining to education rights and access to education. She later worked as deputy legal counsel to Governor Deval Patrick. Boston City Council
In the 2015 Boston City Council election, first-time candidate <mask> placed first in the 4th district's preliminary election and went on to defeat 16-term incumbent Charles Yancey in the general election with 61% of the vote. <mask> was re-elected in November 2017, having run unopposed. On December 9, 2017, <mask> announced that she had unanimous support of her colleagues to be the next president of the council.She was elected council president on January 1, 2018. <mask> was the first African-American woman to hold the position. She won re-election to the council in November 2019, and was succeeded as president by Kim Janey in January 2020. <mask> was a supporter of voting "yes" on the Massachusetts Charter School Expansion Initiative referendum in 2016. The referendum was heavily defeated by voters. In 2019, as City Council president, <mask> proposed an ordinance to create a city inspector general. Mayor Marty Walsh came out in opposition to it.The ordinance was rejected by the City Council in a 9-4 vote. Also in 2019, <mask> and fellow councilor Matt O'Malley proposed the idea of a vacancy tax on abandoned residential and commercial properties. In June 2020, <mask> was one of five city councilors in the minority that voted against Mayor Walsh's $3.61 billion operating budget proposal. She argued that it failed to include changes necessary for the city to address its racial inequality and systemic racism. In July 2020, amid the George Floyd protests, <mask> proposed an ordinance to create of a police oversight board. Ultimately, the Boston City Council voted later that year to approve a different ordinance creating an Office of Police Accountability that features a civilian police review board and oversight panel for internal affairs, which Mayor Walsh signed into law. In 2021, <mask>, with fellow councilor Kim Janey, proposed an ordinance that would have banned employers in Boston from running credit checks on job seekers, arguing that credit checks are most detrimental to low-income applicants.In May 2021, the City Council passed an ordinance by <mask> and Ricardo Arroyo which limits the use of crowd control weapons by officers of the Boston Police Department. Acting Mayor Kim Janey signed the ordinance into law. The ordinance had previously been passed by the City Council in December 2020, but had been vetoed by Mayor Marty Walsh in January 2021.

, <mask> serves on four council committees: Community Preservation Act, Public Safety & Criminal Justice, Rules and Administration, and Whole. <mask> is not running for reelection in 2021, as she instead opted to run for mayor. 2021 mayoral campaign

On September 24, 2020, <mask> announced her candidacy in the 2021 Boston mayoral election from her childhood home in Roxbury. In an announcement video that was released, she declared, "I’m running for mayor, because every neighborhood deserves real change and a real chance." During her campaign, <mask> was critical of Acting Mayor Kim Janey, who was also a candidate in the election.<mask> held press conferences criticizing Janey on various topics, including urging her to release legal documents related to a police scandal and to make greater cuts to the city's police department budget. In early August, <mask> called for Janey to put in place rules which would require that many businesses require patrons provide proof of vaccination. <mask> also criticized Janey for having, per her criticism, waited too long to put in place a vaccine mandate for city employees. <mask> received the endorsement of the Boston Globe editorial board. Ahead of the primary election, a super PAC associated with UNITE HERE Local 26, supporting Kim Janey's candidacy, ran a negative radio advertisement against <mask> which attacked her past support for charter school expansion, and which alleged that <mask> was "supported by special interests that want to take money from our schools, and give it to other schools that discriminate against kids with special needs". The latter accusation was seen as alluding to the fact that a super PAC supporting <mask>'s candidacy received funding from wealthy charter school proponents, such as Reed Hastings. <mask> publicly took issue with the characterization of her in this ad, and urged Janey to disavow it, which Janey did not.Janey's campaign manager accused <mask> of being a hypocrite, characterizing <mask>'s campaign as being entirely, "based on negative political attacks on Mayor Janey". <mask> delivered a concession speech on the night of the nonpartisan mayoral primary, despite extremely little of the vote having yet been officially reported. Once the votes were counted, <mask> had finished third in the primary, meaning that she will not advance to the general election. Following her loss, <mask> has stated that she will have a publicly transparent process in contemplating which general election candidate (Annissa Essaibi George or Michelle Wu) to endorse, if any. She has stated that she will seek firm commitments to the Black community to be made by the candidate she endorses. Personal life
<mask> was born in Boston. Her mother and father died when she was at a young age; she refers to an aunt and uncle as her parents.When she was 29, her twin brother, who suffered from scleroderma, died while in state custody awaiting trial. Her other brother, Alvin, is an alleged serial rapist currently awaiting trial on nine sexual assault charges. <mask>'s husband is Matthew. They have two sons, Alexander and Aiden. <mask> lives in the Mattapan neighborhood of Boston. Electoral history

City Council

 write-in votes

Mayor

Note:2021 Boston mayoral primary results are not yet certified

References

Further reading

External links
 Profile at boston.gov

1982 births
Living people
Lawyers from Boston
Princeton University alumni
Boston City Council members
Women city councillors in Massachusetts
UCLA School of Law alumni
People from Mattapan
African-American city council members in Massachusetts
African-American women in politics
Candidates in the 2021 United States elections
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American politicians
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women

masks:
Andrea Joy Campbell
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<mask> (May 16, 1880 – January 3, 1965) was a monologist in vaudeville. He was known to stage audiences for his witty improvisations and creative word games. He had a successful career as a character actor in films, appearing in over 50 films in his 25-year film career. He is probably best known to film audiences from the musical Singin' in the Rain, in which he appears as the man demonstrating a talking picture early in the film. Early years
After the deaths of his parents, <mask> was placed in an orphanage in Indianapolis, Indiana, when he was seven years old, and he lived there until he was 13. He worked as a private secretary until he was 21. Career
Tannen never intended to become a performer.As a young man, he was a salesman whose pitch was so good that he began to get offers to entertain at parties. He made his professional vaudeville debut at the age of 21, and soon developed into a monologist, the predecessor to today's stand up comic. He would frequently end his routines before the payoff of the story, allowing the audience to complete it for themselves, and exited with the phrase "My father thanks you, my mother thanks you, my sister thanks you, and I thank you," which was co-opted by the young George M. Cohan. <mask> made his Broadway debut in 1905, in a musical comedy called Lifting the Lid and went on to appear in three other productions in the next year. As a vaudevillian, he played the Palace Theatre in New York City – the apex of vaudeville performing – more often that almost any one else, indicating that he was at the peak of his profession. He appeared again on Broadway in 1916, and returned again in 1920, in a comic play with music, Her Family Tree, for which he received credit for writing his own scenes. Tannen was also seen in two editions of Earl Carroll's Vanities, in 1925 and 1926, and in George White's Scandals.In 1926, he became manager of Vanities in addition to his comedic performances. The advent of talking pictures created a need in Hollywood for performers with stage experience, and <mask> appeared in his first film in 1935, when he did an uncredited bit in Stranded. This set him upon his 25-year career as a character man, although his work frequently went without credit. In the 1940s, <mask> was part of Preston Sturges' unofficial "stock company" of character actors, appearing in eight films written and directed by Sturges, with the size of his roles increasing over time. Undoubtedly, <mask>'s most memorable and prominent performance came at the age of 72, when he portrayed a man demonstrating the technology of talking pictures in a film-within-the-film in Singin' in the Rain in 1952. <mask> continued to appear in films until 1959, when he was seen in an uncredited role in director John Sturges' Last Train from Gun Hill. He continued to work until he suffered a stroke in 1964.Personal life and death
When Tannen was 19 years old, he married Beatrice Muhleman. The couple, who had two sons, Charles and William, were married  for 60 years, until her death in 1960. Tannen died at the age of 84, on January 3, 1965, at the Motion Picture Country Home in Woodland Hills, California. Legacy
Lucille Ball said that seeing Tannen perform in her hometown of Jamestown, New York when she was a child inspired her to go into show business. His sons, <mask> and <mask>, were both successful film and television actors; William had a recurring role on The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp; Charles later became a television executive.

masks:
Julius Tannen
Tannen
Tannen
Tannen
Tannen
Tannen
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William Tannen
Charles Tannen


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Major General <mask> (June 5, 1894 – January 24, 1974) was an officer in the United States Army. He is most noted for his service as Commanding General of the 14th Armored Division during the later part of World War II. <mask> and his division liberated Prisoner-of-war camps, Oflag XIII-B and Stalag VII-A in April 1945. Following the war, <mask> held several important assignments including several divisional commands or as acting Commanding General of the Fifth United States Army and completed his career as Chief of the Office of Military History in September 1955. Early years
<mask><mask> was born on June 5, 1894 in Warrenton, Virginia as the son of <mask> and <mask>. Following the graduation from the Gordon Military Institute in Barnesville, Georgia, he sought for an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, but it was hard to come by, so he entered the Virginia Polytechnic Institute in Blacksburg, Virginia instead. <mask> completed almost three years there and finally received an appointment to West Point in June 1913.He was a member of the class which produced more than 55 future general officers. Among his classmates were: <mask>. Armstrong, Rex W. Beasley, Robert M. Bathurst, Henry A. Barber Jr., William O. Butler, Theodore E. Buechler, Homer C. Brown, Aaron Bradshaw Jr., John T. Bissell, Mark W<mask>, Miles A<mask>, Gerald A<mask>, Norman D<mask>, Joseph L<mask>, John T<mask>, John W<mask>, James A<mask> Jr., John M. Devine, William F. Daugherty, William W. Eagles, <mask>. Gerhardt, Theodore L. Futch, Robert W. Hasbrouck, William K. Harrison Jr., Arthur M. Harper, Ernest N. Harmon, Horace Harding, Milton B. Halsey, Augustus M. Gurney, Edwin J. House, Joel G. House, <mask>. Kilburn, Laurence B. Keiser, Harris Jones, Harold R. Jackson, Frederick Augustus Irving, Harris M. Melasky, William C. McMahon, John T. Murray, <mask>. Mullins Jr., Bryant Moore, Daniel Noce, Harold A. Nisley, Matthew Ridgway, William O. Reeder, Onslow S. Rolfe, Thomas D. Stamps, Willis R. Slaughter, Stephen H. Sherrill, Herbert N. Schwarzkopf, Joseph P. Sullivan, Edward W. Timberlake, George D. Wahl, George F. Wooley Jr., Sterling A. Wood, Raymond E. S. Williamson, Robert A. Willard and George H. Weems. He graduated with Bachelor of Science degree on April 20, 1917 shortly following the American entry into World War I and was commissioned second lieutenant in the Cavalry Branch.<mask> completed his basic training at Fort Sam Houston, Texas, while attached to 3rd Cavalry Regiment and was promoted to the permanent rank of first lieutenant on May 15, 1917 and to the temporary rank of captain on August 5 that year. He embarked for France in October 1917 and his regiment was tasked with the operation of three major horse remount depots. The three squadrons were charged with the purchase of horses, mules and forage, the care, conditioning, and training of remounts before issue, and the distribution and issue of remounts to the American Expeditionary Force. <mask> was later transferred to the headquarters, U.S. First Army under General John J. Pershing and became Secretary of the General Staff, VII Corps under Major generals Omar Bundy and William G. Haan. While in this capacity, he took part in the Meuse-Argonne offensive and following the Armistice, <mask> participated in the occupation of the Rhineland, while stationed at the corps headquarters in the town of Wittlich. He was later ordered to Montabaur and assumed duty as Aide-de-Camp to the commanding general, 1st Infantry Division, Edward F. McGlachlin. <mask> remained in this capacity until September 1919, when he was ordered back to the United States.Interwar period

Upon his return stateside, <mask> was reverted to his permanent rank of first lieutenant and attached to the 14th Cavalry Regiment at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. He remained with that outfit until November that year and joined the headquarters of Southern Army Department for duty in the Plans and Training Division. While in this capacity, <mask> was promoted again to Captain on April 13, 1920 and finally left this assignment in January 1921 in order to rejoin 14th Cavalry at Fort Des Moines, Iowa. After several months in Iowa, <mask> was transferred to the staff of United States Military Academy at West Point, New York and served as an Instructor in the Department of Natural and Experimental Philosophy until September 1926, when he entered the Army Cavalry School at Fort Riley, Kansas. He graduated in June 1927 and joined 13th Cavalry Regiment located at Fort Riley. His tenure with 13th Cavalry lasted until April 1929, when he returned to the United States Military Academy at West Point as Assistant Professor in the Department of Natural and Experimental Philosophy. <mask> was promoted to major on October 1, 1932.In August 1934, <mask> entered the Army Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas and graduated from the two-year course in June 1936. He then remained at the School as an Instructor until July 1940. During that period, he witnessed the development of Armoured warfare doctrine in the United States Army and gradual mechanization of Cavalry units. His old 13th Cavalry Regiment was mechanized in mid-June 1940, redesignated 13th Armored Regiment and <mask> joined him as newly promoted lieutenant colonel and Regimental Intelligence officer. He served in this capacity under Colonel Raymond E. McQuillin until November that year and then assumed duty as Plans and Training officer of the Armored Force Replacement Training Center at Fort Knox, Kentucky. World War II
In April 1941, <mask> was transferred to Pine Camp, New York and joined the headquarters of newly activated 4th Armored Division under Major General John S. Wood as Assistant Chief of Staff for Operations (G-3). <mask> was promoted to the temporary rank of brigadier general on September 10, 1942 and joined the recently activated 14th Armored Division, commanded by Major General Vernon Prichard, at Camp Chaffee, Arkansas.While there, he was appointed Commander of Divisional Combat command A, a combined brigade size unit of tanks, armored infantry, armored field artillery battalions and engineer units. He commanded his combat command during an intensive period of training and then during the Tennessee maneuvers from November 1943 until January 1944. In September 1944 <mask> succeeded Major General Prichard, who was sent to command the 1st Armored Division on the Italian front, in command of the division and embarked for the European Theater (ETO) by mid-October 1944. The 14th Armored Division landed at Marseille in southern France on October 29 and within two weeks some of its elements were ordered to the defensive positions along the Franco-Italian frontier. In mid-November 1944, the division took part in the drive through the Vosges Mountains and participated in the heavy combats at Gertwiller, Benfeld, and Barr. <mask> and his division subsequently took part in the Operation Nordwind, major German offensive in Rhineland-Palatinate, Alsace and Lorraine. The major fighting between January 1 and 8 occurred in the Vosges Mountains and two combat commands of the division were in almost continuous action against the German thrusts.With the failure of his attack in the Vosges, the enemy attempted to break through to Hagenau and threaten Strasbourg and the Saverne Gap by attacks at Hatten and Rittershoffen, two small villages located side by side on the Alsatian Plain. However, this, the strongest attack of Operation Nordwind, was halted by the 14th Armored Division in the fierce defensive Battle of Hatten-Rittershoffen which ranged from January 9 to 21, 1945. With advancement into the heart of Germany, <mask> and his division liberated Oflag XIII-B and Stalag XIII-C, Prisoner-of-war camps at Hammelburg, Bavaria on April 6, 1945 and another POW camp, Stalag VII-A near Moosburg on April 29th. On May 2nd and 3rd, the 14th Armored liberated several sub-camps of the Dachau concentration camp. Upon entering the towns of Mühldorf and Ampfing, units of the division discovered three large forced labor camps containing thousands of Polish and Soviet civilians. Units also liberated two additional camps nearby holding Jewish prisoners. <mask> was responsible for the liberation of some 200,000 Allied prisoners of war from German prison camps.Among those liberated were approximately 20,000 American soldiers, sailors and airmen, as well as an estimated 40,000 troops from Great Britain and the Commonwealth. For his service during World War II, <mask> was decorated with the Army Distinguished Service Medal, Silver Star, Bronze Star Medal or Army Commendation Medal. He was also decorated with Legion of Honour and Croix de Guerre with Palm by the Government of France. Postwar service

Following the War, the 14th Armored Division was stationed in Germany, where it participated in the occupation duty until the beginning of August 1945, when it was ordered back to the United States for deactivation. The 14th Armored was deactivated at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia on September 16, 1945 and <mask> was ordered to Fort Jackson, South Carolina and assumed command of 30th Infantry Division. <mask> supervised the demobilization of the troops until December 1945, when 30th Division was deactivated and he was reverted to his peacetime rank of colonel ordered to Washington, D.C. for duty as President of War Department Board for Selection of Regular Army Officers. While in this capacity, he was shortly thereafter promoted again to Brigadier general and ordered to the Philippines, where he assumed duty as Assistant Division Commander, 86th Infantry Division.While in this capacity, <mask> served as deputy to Major General Harry Hazlett and participated in the repatriation of Japanese prisoners of war on Leyte until February 1947. He was subsequently ordered to Japan and joined the headquarters of 24th Infantry Division under Major General James A. Lester as assistant division commander. The division was stationed on Kyushu and maintained order during the occupation duties. <mask> was promoted again to major general on January 24, 1948, and succeeded general Lester as division commander. He departed the division by the end of April 1949 and returned to the United States for duty as commanding general of 2nd Armored Division at Fort Hood, Texas. Following the outbreak of the Korean War, <mask>'s division was tasked with the training of replacement units for combat. He was sent to Fort Sam Houston, Texas in November 1950 and assumed duty as Deputy Commander, Fifth United States Army under Lieutenant General Stephen J<mask>.Upon the retirement of general <mask> in December 1951, <mask> assumed his duties and served as Acting general of Fifth Army until July 1952, when new commanding general, William B. Kean relieved him. <mask> then resumed his duties as deputy commander and remained in that capacity until February 1953, when he was ordered to Washington, D.C. for duty as Chief of the Office of Military History. He retired on September 30, 1955 after 38 years of active service. Death

Following his retirement, <mask> settled in Washington, D.C. and died of kidney failure at Walter Reed Army Medical Center on January 24, 1974, aged 79. He was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia. His wife, Mary Gorman <mask> (1897-1987) is buried beside him. They had two sons: <mask>. and Robert (Colonel, USMA 1944).Decorations

Here is Major general <mask>´s ribbon bar:

References

External links
Generals of World War II

1894 births
1974 deaths
People from Warrenton, Virginia
United States Army generals
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army Command and General Staff College faculty
United States Military Academy faculty
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Silver Star
Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Military personnel from Virginia
United States Army generals of World War II

masks:
Albert Cowper Smith
Smith
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Albert C
. Smith
Eugene Albert
Blanch Baker Smith
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Clare H
. Clark
. Cowles
. Counts
. Cota
. Collins
. Cole
. Coffey
. Code
Charles H
Charles S
Charles L
Smith
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Smith
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Smith
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Smith
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Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
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. Chamberlin
Chamberlin
Smith
Smith
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Smith
Albert Jr
Smith


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<mask> (, , tr. ; ) was a Baltic German nobleman, statesman, diplomat and general who served in the Imperial Russian Army. <mask> was a count of the Austrian Empire and Grand Duchy of Finland and the 5th last man to be promoted General-Field Marshal in the history of the Russian Empire. He served as the Governor-General of Finland from 1854 to 1861 and the last Viceroy of the Kingdom of Poland from 1863 to 1874. <mask> was most notable for his role as the viceroy of Finland and Poland. He gained a reputation for his role in defending Finland and Estonia from Anglo-French invasion during the Crimean War and was also crucial in suppressing and crushing the Polish January Uprising of 1863, during which rebel forces carried out numerous failed assassination attempts on him, martial law was consequently declared in Poland. <mask> also held responsible for improving the economy and industry of Finland and Poland  during his time as viceroy.As a German, <mask> was never keen of the Russification policies introduced in Poland, being opposed to the Pan-Slavism ideology of the Russians and keen towards the foreign policies of Germany. Outside of his military career, <mask> was also a topographer and geodesist, being one of the founding members of the Russian Geographical Society. He died in St. Petersburg in 1874 and was buried in his family estate in Korten, Livonia (in now Pilskalns, Latvia). Biography

Origin

<mask> <mask> <mask> was born on May 15, 1794 (26 according to the Julian calendar in use in Russia at the time), in the family estate in the small village of Sagnitz, in the Kreis Dorpat of the Governorate of Livonia. His father <mask> <mask> (1763–1811) was a state councillor and his mother Gertruda <mask> <mask> (1774–1844) was a young noblewoman, the younger <mask> was the first cousin once removed of generals Gregor (1765–1838) and Burchard <mask> <mask> (764–1838), both of whom served in the Russian Imperial Army during the course of the Napoleonic Wars. Genealogists still debate where the Livonian noble <mask> family originated in, many speculated they originated in Westphalia. The first known ancestor of the family to appear in Livonia was <mask> <mask>.His son, who was also named Otto, was a vassal of the Livonian Knighthood. <mask> belonged to the Sagnitz branch of the Luist line of the family. The Luist line was formed by Captain <mask> <mask> (1656–1715), and the further divided Sagnitz branch was formed by <mask>'s grandfather Major Gotthard <mask> <mask> (1714–1766). Early life
<mask> along with his siblings spent their childhood in the Sagnitz castle and were home educated by the young <mask> <mask>ve. He was brought up as a Lutheran. After he finished his home education he studied in the Tartu Gymnasium in Dorpat. Originally not seeking a military career as a family tradition, <mask> enrolled into the Philosophy faculty of Imperial University of Dorpat in 1810.But after Napoleon invaded of Russia in 1812, <mask> dropped out from university and voluntarily entered the Russian Imperial Army. He entered the army as a Fahnenjunker and was enlisted into the 6th Libau Infantry Regiment which was stationed at the north-western part of Russia to defend against Napoleon. <mask>'s bravery during the war of 1812 rewarded him the rank of lieutenant from Alexander I personally. He was also appointed second to the quartermaster due to his high education and being multilingual among Russian soldiers at the time. After Napoleon was pushed out of Russia, <mask> was transferred to a partisan unit under the commands of <mask> Tettenborn and Pavel Kutuzov and took part in actions in Germany including the Battle of Leipzig. Family
<mask> was born the eldest son of a family with three siblings, including his younger brother Gustav "Astaf" Gotthard <mask> <mask>, owner of the Alt-Ottenhof Manor. His other brother Alexander was a diplomat and consul in Naples and London.<mask> <mask> married late in his life. In 1839, after a long relationship with the Baroness de Sassè, he married a rich Milanese aristocrat Leopoldina Cicogna-Mozzoni (1786–1874), the widow of the Italian politician Alessandro Annoni, with whom he had no children. However, after his brother Gustav's death in 1861, <mask> adopted his orphaned nephews and brought them under his care:

 <mask> Magnus Graf <mask> (1845–1938)
 <mask> Joachim Graf <mask> (1847–1893)
 Georg Erich <mask> <mask> <mask> (1849–1920)
 Emilie <mask> "Minni" Anna Marie Ulrike Pauline Gräfin <mask> (1852–1945)

Since his marriage was childless, his Austrian and Finnish comital titles were inherited by his nephews/adoptive children. Notice biographique. Warsaw 1872 – Autobiography

Notes

Citations

General sources

  (de)
  (ru)
  (ru)

External links

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1794 births
1874 deaths
People from Otepää Parish
People from Kreis Dorpat
Baltic-German people
Counts of the Russian Empire
18th-century Finnish nobility
19th-century Finnish nobility
Governors of the Grand Duchy of Finland
Namestniks of the Kingdom of Poland
Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)
Founding members of the Russian Geographical Society
Russian people of the January Uprising
Russian people of the November Uprising
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Russia)
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 3rd class
Recipients of the Gold Sword for Bravery
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

masks:
Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert Graf von Berg
Berg
Berg
Berg
Berg
Berg
Friedrich Wilhelm
Rembert
von Berg
Friedrich Georg
von Berg
Wilhelmine
von Ermes
Friedrich
Magnus von
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Berg
Otto von
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Friedrich
Gustav von
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Friedrich
Ernst von
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Friedrich Georg
Wilhelm Stru
Berg
Berg
Berg
Berg
Baron von
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Karl von
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Count von
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Friedrich
Friedrich Georg
von Berg
Alexander Rembert
von Berg
Rembert
Graf von
Berg
Wilhelmine
von Berg