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<mask>'Brien (14 November 1893 – 17 June 1981) was an Irish politician, activist and writer. She was a member of Seanad Éireann from 1957 to 1969. Early life
<mask> was the daughter of Irish republican and socialist leader <mask> and his wife <mask>. She was born in Edinburgh, one of seven children. She moved with her family to Dublin when she was three years old. Her formal education in Dublin extended to weekly Gaelic League classes to learn the Irish language. Otherwise, her mother, a former nursery maid, taught her how to read by the age of three  and how to write, and arithmetic.The family moved to Troy, New York, when she was nine years old for her father to work at an insurance company. That work fell through, at which time he became increasingly political, prompting the family's eventual return to Ireland, this time to Belfast in 1910, with <mask> going ahead a year earlier. After her father's execution, the surviving <mask>s tried to depart for America but were denied passports by the British government. Undeterred, they travelled to Boston via Edinburgh with <mask> using the pseudonym Margaret (her middle name). In Boston, she met Seamus O'Brien, a courier for Michael Collins, whom she later married in 1922. When she wanted to return to Ireland, she was denied entry but stowed away on a boat from Liverpool dressed as a boy. Her marriage to Seamus was happy but produced no children.Political career

Influence
<mask>'Brien was heavily influenced in her political beliefs by her father <mask>, who was a committed Republican and Socialist. From a young age she attended her father's political meetings, accompanying him on a four-month Scottish lecture tour at age 8. After moving to Belfast in 1911, she began to get more involved in the labour and republican movements while her father James remained in Dublin and became an organizer of the Irish Transport and General Workers Union (ITGWU) in Dublin. She was a founding member of the Young Republican Party, advocating against Partition of Northern Ireland as the Home Rule Crisis increased. She also helped to found the Belfast branch of Cumann na mBan, the women's section of the Irish Volunteers

Prior to the 1916 Rising
At eight years old, she saw her father speak at many socialist clubs in Glasgow, she thereafter became a devotee of socialist politics. She moved to Belfast in 1910 for work, and her family followed soon after. She participated in her first strike whilst working in Belfast over the conditions in which factory workers were being forced to work under.While she was in Belfast she became a founding member of the Young Republican Army and of the girl's branch of the Fianna. She was also a founding member of Cumann na mBan in Belfast. In 1914, plans were being put in place for a rebellion in Ireland. She and her sister helped courier ammunition and arms to hiding places for Erskine Childers and were then rewarded with two rifles. She was then sent to America with a message from her father about the rising planned for 1916. When <mask>'Brien returned to Dublin she met members of the Military Council who were planning the rising. In the days before the rising, she was sent back to Belfast to try and convince the leading activist there to join the fight.Under the command of a 23-year-old <mask>'Brien, she and nine other members of Cumann na mBan returned to Dublin to take part in the fight and were the only organised group to leave Ulster to take part in the rising. 1916 Rising
In her statement to the Bureau of Military History, she described "the rare privilege" of cooking breakfast for the leaders of the rising at Liberty Hall on the morning of the rising. She was sent back to Co.Tyrone for their safety and to re-muster the Northern Division of the Irish Volunteers, under orders from Patrick Pearse. After the attempt failed, she returned to Dublin with her sister, but due to train disruptions walked from Dundalk, and spending a night in a field near Balbriggan only to arrive hours after the leaders of the Easter Rising surrendered. She vividly remembers visiting her father <mask>, in Dublin Castle the night before his execution, where she smuggled out statements to the court martial; Before they said goodbye, as he feared for his family, he advised them that there would be resentment against them and advised them to go to the United States

Political career 1916–1918
While in Boston she spoke for hours at Faneuil Hall in order to gain American support and recognition of the Irish Republic. She furthered her efforts by writing a book titled "The Unbroken Tradition" in which she describes the events of the Easter Rising, which was subsequently banned as President Woodrow Wilson entered the United States in World War I and it was labelled "anti-British"
In 1917 she returned anonymously to Ireland, and remained quiet for some time. She disagreed with the Labour Party's policy on neutrality, and canvassed for Sinn Féin in the 1918 general election.War of Independence and Civil War 1919–1923
Following her return to Ireland in 1917, she remained active in Cumann na mBan and fought during the War of Independence from 1919 to 1921. Following the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, Cumann na mBan had sided on the anti-treaty side. Following the outbreak of the Irish Civil War, she supervised an Anti-Treaty first aid post at Tara Hall. Cumann na mBan was outlawed by the Free State government and in November 1922 she was arrested and imprisoned in Kilmainham Gaol, with many other members. She was released in 1923 on the writ of Habeas corpus on the grounds her arrest had been unlawful. Later political career
In the years after the Irish Revolutionary period, O'Brien, who had gone back and forth ideologically between prioritising Irish Nationalism and Socialism, came to believe as her father did that the two causes could be wed as one. She thus began set about trying to gain influence over the Irish Republican Army.However, this stance brought her into conflict with her brother Roddy, who publicly accused her of "regressing from Marxism towards Republicanism". Despite this, in 1926, she, along with her brother, founded the short-lived Irish Workers' Party from 1926 to 1927. Following the meeting of the Republican Congress on 29–30 September 1934 in Rathmines Town Hall, the Socialist movement in Ireland was divided on whether the Congress should resolve itself into a new revolutionary Socialist Party, or remain as a united front of all progressive forces against Fascism. She supported forming a new political party, but when a resolution was passed to remain as a united front, she and her group withdrew from the congress. Following the collapse of the Republican Congress, O'Brien joined the Labour Party. In the summer of 1936, O'Brien wrote to Leon Trotsky, offering to report to him on the actions of the ‘National Revolutionaries’ of the  IRA, as well any developments in the Labour Party, whom O'Brien still believed could take ‘the leading role in the revolutionary movement in Ireland’. O'Brien operated the Labour Party's Drimnagh, Dublin Branch, but resigned from the party when the workers-republic cause was deleted from its constitution in 1939.During the 1930s, she was a statistician in the Irish Transport and General Workers Union (ITGWU) and a telegraph agent during the Second World War, until ill-health forced her retirement. In 1940 O'Brien was briefly involved with Córas na Poblachta, an attempt by the IRA to create its own political party. The venture didn't go far. For whatever reason, O'Brien did not show much interest in the much more successful organisation of the same concept, Clann na Poblachta, which featured many of Ireland's Republican and left-wing figures amongst its ranks. She was nominated to the Seanad Éireann in 1957 by nomination of the Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera, and stressed that she would not join his Fianna Fáil Party and remain independent, although she is listed as a Fianna Fáil senator. During her time, she blocked many bills, including the 1959 proposal to abolish Proportional Representation and a church-promoted bill to consign female juvenile offenders to Magdalene Laundries. She was renominated in 1965 by Seán Lemass, but his successor Jack Lynch failed to re-nominate her, ending her political career.Support for Republicans during The Troubles
<mask>'Brien supported the Provisional IRA during The Troubles, suggesting "the present fight in the North of Ireland [is] the continuation of the battle for which [<mask>] died". In 1977, she gave the funeral oration of INLA chief of staff Seamus Costello, saying, "Of all the politicians and political people with whom I have had conversations, and who called themselves followers of <mask>, he was the only one that truly understood what <mask> meant when he spoke of his vision of the freedom of the Irish people." Shortly before her death in 1981, she spoke at the 1980 Ardfheis of Sinn Féin. Death
<mask> O'Brien died in Meath Hospital, Dublin, on 17 June 1981, ten days after being admitted due to failing health. She was 87, and was the last of seven children. She had no children of her own. Her husband Seamus had died in 1962.She is buried in Dublin's famous Glasnevin Cemetery. Before she died, she asked to be given a Republican funeral. More than 200 people gathered at her graveside in Glasnevin on that date, and her life was celebrated in the Church of Our Lady of Good Counsel, Drimnagh. The Taoiseach at the time, Charles Haughey, did not attend her funeral, even though he had planned to do so; when asked to comment on his absence, he refused, but sources claimed that Haughey decided to avoid the funeral because of its overtly Republican nature. In the book Studies in Irish radical leadership, Máirtín Ó Cadhain suggests that following the collapse of the Republican Congress, O'Brien took a dim view of Communists and that she came to reject the idea of Irish republican legitimism in favour of accepting the reality of the Irish state, evidenced by her acceptance of the position as a senator. For this, Ó Cadhain suggests O'Brien was a representation of "Republican Labour" in search of a party. References

Bibliography
The Irish Rebell (1916)
The Unbroken Tradition (1918)
Portrait of a Rebel Father  aka Born of a Rebel Father(1935)
<mask> Wrote for Today – Socialism (1978)
We Shall Rise Again (1981, Mosquito Press)

1893 births
1981 deaths
20th-century women members of Seanad Éireann
Cumann na mBan members
Irish republicans
Irish socialists
Members of the 9th Seanad
Members of the 10th Seanad
Members of the 11th Seanad
Nominated members of Seanad Éireann
People from Rathmines

masks:
Nora Connolly O
Nora Connolly
James Connolly
Lillie Connolly
Nora
Connolly
Nora
Connolly O
James Connolly
Connolly O
Connolly O
James Connolly
Connolly O
Connolly
Connolly
James Connolly
Nora Connolly
James Connolly


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<mask> (; born 26 October 1955) is a former Spanish judge. <mask> formerly served on Spain's central criminal court, the Audiencia Nacional, and was the examining magistrate of the Juzgado Central de Instrucción No. 5, which investigates the most important criminal cases in Spain, including terrorism, organised crime, and money laundering. In 2011, he was suspended from judicial activity and in 2012 he was convicted of illegal wiretapping and disbarred for a period of 11 years. <mask> legally assisted Julian Assange. On 24 March 2020, it was announced that <mask> was diagnosed with COVID-19 and hospitalized during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. Early life
Born in Torres, Jaén, <mask> graduated from the University of Seville in 1979.He was appointed to the Audiencia Nacional in 1988, and rapidly made his name in Spain by pursuing the Basque separatist group ETA. Political career
In 1993, <mask> asked for an extended leave of absence as a judge and went into politics, running for the Congress of Deputies (the lower house of parliament) as an independent candidate on the party list of the then ruling party Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE). Prime Minister Felipe González appointed him head of a strengthened National Plan Against Drugs, but <mask> resigned shortly after being appointed, complaining of lack of support from the government, and returned to the Audiencia Nacional. Spanish cases

GAL

His 1994 investigation led to the conviction of José Barrionuevo Peña, a former Interior minister, as head of the Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación (GAL), a state terrorist group. Drug-trafficking

Garzón made his name as a magistrate through several police operations centred on drug-trafficking in Galicia. Colombian cartels, such as the Medellín Cartel, were using the Galician mafia, already accustomed to smuggling tobacco, to smuggle drugs into Spain. In 1990, Operación Nécora led to the conviction of members of the clan led by Laureano Oubiña.The following year <mask> headed another investigation, Operación Pitón, which led to the conviction of members of the Charlines clan. Caso Atlético
In 1999, he investigated Jesús Gil, the former mayor of Marbella and owner of Atlético Madrid, who was convicted in 2002 on grounds of corruption. Closure of media outlets
<mask> has also presided in many trials against alleged ETA members. Falling back on the judicial presumption named "everything is ETA", he presided a case against Orain S.A., the Basque communication company that published the newspaper Egin and owned the radio station Egin Irratia. Garzón ordered the closure of both and sent some of the company officers to prison, due to their alleged links with ETA. These charges were later dropped for lack of evidence, and the journalists were released. Many years later Garzón imprisoned them again under the allegation of being part of ETA in a "broader" sense.While Egin was allowed to reopen years later by the Audiencia Nacional, the state of ruin shown by the facilities made operation impossible. Ban of Basque parties Batasuna, EAE-ANV and EHAK
As a National Court judge, Garzón declared on 11 December 2001 that there is no ETA entourage but "everything is ETA". On 3 September 2002, he accused the Basque party Batasuna of helping and funding ETA, participating in the armed organization, and as such, involved in "crimes against humanity", also criticising any nuanced approach on Batasuna and ETA. Police shut down offices and property of the party on Garzon's orders, and suspended for three years the operations of the party. 22 members of its directive committee were arrested by 2007. Ahead of the Spanish general election on 9 March 2008, Garzón suspended in February the Basque parties EAE-ANV and EHAK (PCTV), also ordering the closure of their headquarters, premises, establishments and any other venues, as well as blocking the parties' banking accounts. In April 2008, the judge concluded the summary that involved Batasuna to ETA, putting on trial 41 members of the party, including Arnaldo Otegi.The 61 Chamber of the Supreme Court of Spain outlawed in September the parties EAE-ANV and EHAK. In March 2009, Garzón processed 44 members constituting the directive committees of the three parties in an indictment numbering 583 pages. The judge stated that "EAE-ANV and EHAK (PCTV) were manipulated by the members of the national committee of Batasuna to continue the criminal pursuit designed by ETA". Approach on torture

<mask> rose to prominence in the Spanish special tribunal National Court dealing with anti-terrorism in early 1990s. Basque terrorism suspects held incommunicado for days stood before court sometimes with clear signs of violence on their body. As a judge, he used to ignore right away apparent injuries detainees' bodies, as well as their statements describing their period in police hands, labelling injuries "self-inflicted", or irrelevant, and failing to investigate the cases. Approximately 100 Basques and Catalans may have been tortured under the jurisdiction of <mask> <mask> as a judge.Francoist atrocities

On 17 October 2008, <mask> formally declared the acts of repression committed by the Franco regime to be crimes against humanity, and accounted them in more than one hundred thousand killings during and after the Spanish Civil War. He also ordered the exhumation of 19 unmarked mass graves, one of them believed to contain the remains of the poet Federico García Lorca. On 17 November 2008, <mask> said that he was dropping the investigation against Franco and his allies after state prosecutors had questioned his jurisdiction over crimes committed 70 years ago by people who are now dead and whose crimes were covered by an amnesty passed in 1977. In a 152-page statement, he passed responsibility to regional courts for opening 19 mass graves believed to hold the remains of hundreds of victims. Caso Gürtel

<mask> started a major corruption inquiry, code-named "Gürtel" from the name of its ringleader, Franscisco Correa, ("Gürtel" being German for "belt", which is the meaning of "correa" in Spanish). The case was related to bribes given to People's Party. He was disposed of the case in 2010.Allegation of improper eavesdropping
The accused in the case sought to have evidence against them ignored. The accused asked that the evidence be ruled inadmissible, since it was obtained from conversations between prisoners and counsel, which, under Spanish law, it is claimed, is allowed only in terrorism-related cases. <mask>'s authorisation of the recordings resulted in his suspension as a judge. International cases

Augusto Pinochet

On 10 October 1998, <mask> issued an international warrant for the arrest of former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet for the alleged deaths and torture of Spanish citizens. The Chilean Truth Commission (1990–91) report was the basis for the warrant, marking an unprecedented use of universal jurisdiction to attempt to try a former dictator for a crime committed abroad. Eventually it was turned down by British Home Secretary Jack Straw, who rejected <mask>'s request to have Pinochet extradited to Spain on health grounds. Kissinger and Operation Condor
<mask> asked for permission for cross-examination of former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in connection with a plot in the 1970s known as Operation Condor.Dirty War
Garzón also filed charges of genocide against Argentine military officers on Dirty War's disappearance of Spanish citizens during Argentina's 1976–1983 dictatorship. Eventually, Adolfo Scilingo and Miguel Angel Cavallo were prosecuted in separate cases. Scilingo was convicted and sentenced to over 1,000 years incarceration for his crimes. Guantanamo
Garzón issued indictments for five Guantanamo detainees, including Spaniard Abderrahman Ahmad and Jordanian Jamil El Banna. Ahmad was extradited to Spain on 14 February 2004. El Banna was released to the United Kingdom, and in 2007, Garzón dropped the charges against him on humanitarian grounds. Bush Six

In March 2009, Garzón considered whether Spain should allow charges to be filed against former officials from the United States government under George W. Bush for offering justifications for torture.The six former Bush officials are: Alberto Gonzales, former Attorney General;
John Yoo, of the Office of Legal Counsel;
Douglas Feith, former undersecretary of defense for policy;
William Haynes II, former general counsel for the Department of Defense;
Jay Bybee, also at Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel; and
David Addington, Vice President Dick Cheney's Chief of Staff. However, the investigation was assigned to Judge Eloy Velasco who chose not to pursue it stating that Spain could not investigate the case if the U.S. did not intend to conduct its own investigation into the matter. In a U.S. diplomatic cable leaked by WikiLeaks it was revealed that Chief Prosecutor Javier Zaragoza intended to argue that the case
should not be assigned to Judge <mask>, and a later cable stated that <mask> was "forced to give up" the investigation. On 29 April 2009, <mask> opened an investigation into an alleged "systematic programme" of torture at Guantánamo Bay, following accusations by four former prisoners. Similarly, the leaked cable indicates that the Chief Prosecutor intended to also fight this investigation and that he feared, "<mask> may attempt to wring all the publicity he can from the case unless and until he is forced to give it up." In September 2009, the Spanish newspaper Público reported that, despite opposition, <mask> was proceeding to the next phase of his investigation. (Andy Worthington, writing in the Huffington Post gave an English language account of this story).Alex Saab
On 22 July 2020, <mask> said that he would represent Alex Saab in a U.S. extradition case. Appearance before the Spanish Supreme Court
The Supreme Court of Spain has declared admissible three criminal accusations against <mask> for 'prevarication' which implies using his authority as a judge to intentionally subvert the course of justice. This is a very serious criminal offense punishable by suspension from any (Spanish) judicial activity for up to twenty years. Crimes against humanity by Franco's government
In October 2008, <mask> opened a controversial inquiry into alleged crimes against humanity committed by the Nationalist government during the Spanish Civil War and the years that followed the war. This action was controversial because the offenses were nearly 70 years old, previous to the concept of crimes against humanity, and a 1977 general amnesty act barred any investigations related to criminal offenses with a political aim previous to 1976. In 2008, the inquiry was suspended. In September 2009, a trade union called "Manos limpias" (Clean Hands) filed a lawsuit against <mask> alleging that <mask> had abused his judicial authority by opening the inquiry.Manos Limpias is a "far-right group," according to The New York Times. <mask> denied any wrongdoing. In April 2010, <mask> was indicted by the Spanish Supreme Court for prevarication for arbitrarily changing his juridical criteria to engineer the case in order to bypass the law limiting his jurisdiction. If convicted, he could have been barred from his duties for 20 years. <mask>'s indictment has been highly divisive within Spain and controversial abroad. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch condemned the indictment, and The New York Times published an editorial supporting him, whereas The Wall Street Journal condemned <mask>'s proceedings in an editorial supporting the rule of law. There were public protests in Spain from left wing organizations supporting <mask>.The International Commission of Jurists considers that his short-lived inquiry did not justify disciplinary action, let alone criminal prosecution, adding that the prosecution of judges for carrying out their professional work was "an inappropriate and unwarranted interference with the independence of the judicial process". On 24 April 2010, <mask> presented an appeal to the Supreme Court against the judge investigating the case, Luciano Varela for giving advice to the plaintiffs about the errors in their documents. <mask> accused the judge of partiality, in having "a direct interest in the proceedings and bias in the action" and having "worked closely with the plaintiffs by offering counsel or legal advice" intended help the complainants to correct a defect in their series of indictments to meet a deadline, an action which he defined as "atypical, extrajudicial and prejudicial to one of the parties" (i.e. him, as the accused). According to Garzón, "intervention by the instructing judge is not protected under any provision of the current legal procedural rules and is clearly unrelated to the substantive rules of Spanish court procedure". Luciano Varela accepted the appeal and temporarily stepped out from the case until the Supreme Court rules on the appeal. On 11 May 2010, Luis Moreno-Ocampo, chief prosecutor of the International Criminal Court

masks:
Baltasar Garzón Real
Garzón
Garzón
Garzón
Garzón
Garzón
Garzón
Garzón
Garzón
Garzón
Baltasar
Garzón
Garzón
Garzón
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Garzón
Garzón
Garzón
Garzón
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 (ICC) requested that the Judiciary of Spain might assign <mask> as a consultant to the ICC for six months, which would have allowed General Council of the Judicial Power of Spain (La Comisión Permanente Extraordinaria del Consejo General del Poder Juidicial or CGPJ) to avoid suspending <mask> during the impending trial for investigating crimes committed during the Francisco Franco era.In response, Judge Varela brought forward his conclusion that <mask> should stand trial, and the CGPJ rejected the request of the ICC on the basis that it appeared to be simply a personal request by Moreno-Ocampo, rather than an official ICC invitation. On Friday, 14 May 2010, <mask> was duly suspended from judicial activity (with pay) 'as a precaution, pending judgment' as a result of the decision of Judge Varela, which suspension is formally required by Spanish law. The CGPC subsequently declared that it would require five different certificates ('informes' in Spanish) to release <mask> to the ICC as a consultant for six months during his period of suspension from judicial activity. These were:

 That the public prosecutor (which opposes the trial of <mask>) certify that there would be no conflict of interest
 That the Supreme Court of Spain (hearing the case against <mask>) would not be delayed or inconvenienced
 That the ICC certify the appointment would not provide immunity for <mask> from either outstanding or future criminal process in Spain
 That Spain's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation declare the appointment of <mask> to be in the national interest of Spain
 That the Secretary General of the CGPJ was satisfied that all of the above certificates were appropriate and legally valid for this temporary assignment. José Manuel Gómez Begresista, the president of the CGPJ's Commission for Studies and Reports, impugned each of the above five conditions, which he characterized as 'ridiculous' since <mask> had previously been assigned to such work, and no immunity from Spanish law attaches thereto. He went on to state that the decision taken by the CGPJ "lacked any legal grounds whatsoever". Later that day, the CGPJ authorised the assignment of Garzón to the ICC.Coincidentally, on the same day, The Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg delivered final judgement in the case Vassili Kononov v. Latvia No. 36376/04, on 17 May 2010. The Russian Federation had maintained that any prosecution of the applicant was statute-barred, as supported by the dissenting opinion of Judge Costa joined by Judges Kalaydjieva and Poalelungi, which is essentially analogous to the basis of the prosecution of Garzón: under "Article 15 of the European Convention on Human Rights no derogation is permissible and in conclusion, [the dissident judges] consider that, in respect of Article 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights

(a) the legal basis of the applicant's [previous] prosecution and conviction was not sufficiently clear in 1944;
(b) [the current legislation] it was not reasonably foreseeable at that time either, particularly by the applicant himself;
(c) prosecution of the offense was, moreover, statute-barred from 1954 under the applicable domestic legislation;
(d) and, as a consequence, the finding that the applicant's acts were not subject to statutory limitation, thus resulting in his conviction, amounted to retrospective application of the criminal law to his detriment." However, in the prevailing and joint concurring opinion of judges Rozakis, Tulkens, Spielmann and Jebens, (Para No. 6) "the right approach, [] is that Article 7 of the Convention and the principles it enshrines require that in a rule-of-law system anyone considering carrying out a particular act should be able, by reference to the legal rules defining crimes and the corresponding penalties, to determine whether or not the act in question constitutes a crime and what penalty he or she faces if it is carried out. Hence no one can speak of retroactive application of substantive law, when a person is convicted, even belatedly, on the basis of rules existing at the time of the commission of the act." Since the Spanish State of Franco had laws against kidnapping and killing, it might be difficult to argue that these acts were legal, even if they were directed by (Francoist) state officials, particularly as Garzón convicted the PSOE government officials promoting the GAL assassination squads.Impartiality questions
On 17 December 2010, <mask> challenged five of the seven Supreme Court justices that could be appointed to judge him for his activities in respect of the exhumation of Franco victims. He alleges that Juan Saavedra, Adolfo Prego Oliver, Joaquin Giménez, Francisco and Juan Ramon Berdugo Monterde should be disqualified from officiating in any way because they have participated in pre-trial activities and thus may have an interest in the outcome that might affect their impartiality. These five judges have intervened in the investigation of the case, and the defence claims that consequently – and according to a strict interpretation of the principle of nemo iudex in causa sua – such intervention demonstrates these five judges an indirect interest in the outcome of the process. The background to this case is that conservative opinion generally asserts that "the dictatorship" is past, and exhuming its less savoury activities is injurious to modern Spanish political interests (as may be Garzón's extraterritorial attempts to accuse foreign nationals of crimes against humanity). Certainly founding members of the People's Party, such as Manuel Fraga, were members of Franco's government, and there may be a fear that the more aggressively socialist opposition may wish to use these exhumations to imply thereby the intentions of modern Spanish political leaders may be less than entirely democratic, and that established political entities may seek to influence the course of justice (for example – between 2005 and 2010 – when the PP and PSOE denied the Spanish Senate the necessary majority to approve fresh judges for the Constitutional Court of Spain)

Banco Santander corruption allegation
The allegation is that <mask> dropped (adjourned sine die) a case against the director of Santander, Emilio Botín, in return for payment for some courses sponsored by the bank in New York between 2005 and 2006. This appeal to the Supreme Court follows a charge previously archived by the criminal court on 27 November 2006, since the alleged 1.2 million euro fee was deemed by the lower court to be in fact 216,000 euros, which was not paid to Garzón, but to the university foundation. This Supreme Court corruption case against Garzón was archived on 13 February 2012, on the next but one working day after Garzón's conviction for bugging the Gürtel corruption suspects.The Supreme Court Investigating Judge insisted that there was clear evidence of wrongdoing involving some 2.5 million US$, but, because the complaint was originally laid on 12 June 2009, but the last payment was made in May 2006 the 3-year statute of limitations relating to the Supreme Court had been exceeded by 25 days. It was not clear why the case, previously archived by a provincial court on 27 November 2006 was not referred back to the lower court where a 15-year statute of limitations applies provided there is disclosure of 'further and better evidence' which might then lead to a jury trial. Supreme Court trial
On 9 February 2012, the Supreme Court ruled that judge <mask> <mask> was guilty of illegally ordering the placement of wiretaps in jailhouses to record conversations between inmates and their lawyers in a case of corruption. Under Spanish law, such wiretaps are only expressly permitted for terrorism cases and the legality of their use in other cases is more vague. The Supreme Court also barred <mask> from the legal profession for 11 years. The court said: "<mask>'s methods are typical of totalitarian countries, without any respect of the right of defence." Since Garzon can not appeal the charges, his career as a judge is likely to have ended.He was also fined €2,500. People protested the trial and ruling outside the court with banners calling for "justice" and photos of the people said to have been killed by the Franco regime. Many other judges also came out in support of Garzón. Given the severity of the accusations against the Supreme Court, a large number of persons and institutions issued statements in support of the ruling. The progressive Judges for Democracy association stated that "The Supreme Court and any other criminal court can only be asked to apply the law and respect the presumption of innocence. This must be both in determining the facts and in interpreting the norm. Whether or not one agrees with the Court's decision and the interpretation on which it is founded, we must state that the Supreme Court has ruled in this context and should not be disqualified as such an institution for it.Margarita Robles, member of the General Council of the Judiciary and former Subsecretary of State with the socialist government, said that the Supreme Court ruling was "legally impeccable" and had been produced as part of a procedure "with all the guarantees." It was later revealed that the Supreme Court had made a mistake in sentencing by overlooking the fact the <mask> had been suspended for nearly a year in the period 2010/2011 solely on the basis of his pending trial on a charge relating to his investigation of Francoist atrocities, a charge on which he was subsequently cleared. Allegations of politicisation of the judiciary
In June 2010, <mask> was recruited as a consultant to the ICC. At the end of October 2010, the re-election of Judge Juan Saavedra to the Spanish Supreme Court Penal Division reactivated the three judicial processes against <mask>. The re-appointment of a right-wing judge may have suggested to the Spanish legal authorities that the complaints had sufficient weight to merit continuing the domestic process despite the rulings in the European Court of Human Rights cited above. The alleged "political colonisation" of the Spanish judiciary is an increasingly recurrent theme in the Spanish centre/left-wing media. More than 1,500 Spanish judges earlier this year criticised the influence of the major parties in the decisions of the Supreme Judicial Council (CGPJ) via a manifesto that for the first time exposed publicly what was claimed to be a long-standing open secret among Spanish lawyers.In a 2011 book, <mask> wrote that he had at times exceeded the provisions of domestic Spanish legislation, but quoted external sources, including international treaties, to explain his behavior. Other work
In July 2012, WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange recruited <mask> as head of his legal team. In September 2012, <mask> wrote an article in The Journal Jurisprudence outlining his views on sexual violence during wartimes. Awards and honors

2009 Hermann Kesten Prize
2010 International Hrant Dink Award
2010 Prix René Cassin awarded by Jeune République, after a jury decision composed by Dominique de Villepin, Luis Moreno-Ocampo, Bertrand Badie, Stanley Hoffmann, Souleymane Bashir Diagne, Eva Joly, Mireille Delmas Marty and others. The work was designed by Miquel Barcelo (May 2010)
2011 Kant-Weltbürger-Preis, in Freiburg i.Br. in Germany, after a jury decision of the Kant Gesellschaft. The papers of the ceremony on 7 May 2011 were published in Berthold Lange (Hrsg.), Weltbürgerrrecht, Ergon Verlag, Würzburg, 2012. .Prix

Garzón was awarded 22 Honoris Causa Doctoral Degrees in 10 years, between 1999 and November 2009: 16 from Latin American countries, two from the US, two from the UK, and one from Belgium. His 22nd "Honoris Causa" Doctoral Degree award, awarded by the University of Jaén on 9 November 2009, was his first to be received in Spain. Bibliography
 (Christmas tale: A different world is possible), Ediciones de la Tierra (2002)
 (A world without fear), Plaza & Janes, S.A. and Debolsillo (February 2005)
Prologue of  (And if my child starts using drugs? Practical tips to prevent, know, and act), Begoña del Pueyo, Alejandro Perales (Editorial Grijalbo) (June 2005)
 (The fight against terrorism and its limits), Adhara Publicaciones, S.L. (February 2006)
Denis Robert, , Stock, 1996. Interviews and portrait of seven anticorruption judges: Bernard Bertossa, Edmondo Bruti Liberati, Gherardo Colombo, Benoît Dejemeppe, <mask> Garzón Real, Carlos Jimenez Villarejo, Renaud Van Ruymbeke

See also
Carmelo Soria, Spanish diplomat assassinated in 1976 by the Chilean DINA
Command responsibility

References

External links

Biography at SpainView
Judge Garzón: Introduction to a Life, article at Stanford
BBC News –  Profile: Judge <mask> Garzon
Judge Garzon Support Page
<mask> <mask> y José María Mena en Canal-L: "El crimen organizado siempre busca espacios de impunidad"

1955 births
Living people
People from the Province of Jaén (Spain)
Spanish judges
Spanish socialists
University of Seville alumni
WikiLeaks
Censorship in

masks: Garzón Garzón Garzón Garzón Garzón Garzón Garzón Garzón Garzón Garzón Garzón Garzón Baltasar Garzón Garzón Garzón Garzón Garzón Garzón Garzón Garzón Garzón Baltasar Baltasar Baltasar Garzón


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<mask> ( – August 12, 1864) was a Confederate politician who commanded the 19th Louisiana Infantry Regiment during the early stages of the American Civil War, including during the Battle of Shiloh. <mask> was born in Tennessee and later moved to Shreveport, Louisiana, becoming a wealthy lawyer and prominent local politician. Elected colonel of the new 19th Louisiana in late 1861, <mask> resigned from the army after Shiloh due to ill health. Returning to politics, he won an unopposed election for a seat in the Confederate House of Representatives and briefly served in the Second Confederate Congress before his death in 1864. Antebellum period
<mask> was born in Tennessee , according to census data. Little is known of his early life and education. By the 1850 census, he had become a lawyer and moved to Caddo Parish, Louisiana.At that time, he owned real estate valued at $1,000. <mask> achieved local prominence and served several terms in the state legislature. He was elected to the state senate in 1852 as a Whig from the district including Caddo, DeSoto, and Sabine Parishes. In 1855, <mask> was one of the organizers of the American Party (known as the Know Nothings) in Shreveport. He won election as a Know Nothing state representative from Caddo Parish in 1857. By the 1860 census, his assets had grown to a value of over $100,000, including four slaves, making him one of the wealthiest men in north Louisiana at the time and one of the most successful lawyers in the state. He was the owner of shops and the largest residence in Shreveport, and was invested in land and slaves, having married Caledonia Cash, the adopted daughter of a leading local planter, in 1852.Two Mississippi and Red River steamboats, the B. L. <mask> and B. L. <mask> No. 2, built in 1857 and 1867, respectively, were named after him. Secession and Civil War
As a former Whig who had become a Know Nothing, <mask> prioritized the preservation of the Union over states' rights, in opposition to Southern Democrats. In the 1860 election, he became a prominent supporter of moderate Constitutional Union Party, serving as an elector for it. Traveling to Washington, <mask> addressed Constitutional Unionists there in early August, denouncing secessionists as corrupt office-seekers and affirming the party ticket as the sole alternative to Republican Party. In the months leading up to the election he campaigned for the Constitutional Unionists in north Louisiana. Motivated by economic interests, a majority of Shreveport voters went for the Constitutional Union ticket in November.Planters in the rest of Caddo Parish carried it for the Southern Democrats, who gained a plurality of the state vote over the Constitutional Unionists. After Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected president, <mask> became a proponent of immediate disunion, standing for election to the state secession convention for the senatorial district of Caddo, DeSoto, Natchitoches, and Sabine Parishes. <mask> and DeSoto Parish planter and state senator Henry Marshall significantly outpolled their cooperationist opponents who favored delaying secession, and signed the state secession ordinance after it was pushed through by those advocating immediate secession on January 26, 1861. <mask> soon stood for election as a delegate to the Montgomery Constitutional Convention that became the Provisional Congress, but lost to Marshall by eight votes. <mask> joined the army on April 20, becoming third lieutenant of the Shreveport Grays infantry company, which was slated to join the 1st Louisiana Regulars but instead went to Lieutenant Colonel Charles Didier Dreux's 1st Louisiana Battalion, where it was designated Company D. He brought <mask>, a free colored man, into service with him. After serving at Pensacola, <mask> and his unit were transferred to Virginia, one of the first Louisiana units to reach the state. The battalion served on picket duty in the Virginia Peninsula and on July 2 <mask> resigned his commission, returning to Louisiana with <mask>.A request by Major General Leonidas Polk to appoint <mask> as judge advocate general in his command was denied. <mask> unsuccessfully ran for a seat in the Confederate Senate in November and at Shreveport became captain of the Keachi Warriors. The latter became Company I of the 19th Louisiana Infantry Regiment, and <mask> was elected colonel of the regiment when it was organized on November 11. <mask> led the regiment in the 1862 Battle of Shiloh as part of Colonel Randall L. Gibson's brigade. About noon on the first day of the battle, April 6, the 19th Louisiana advanced into the Davis' wheat field against the Union center, and were struck by Union fire after reaching the log cabin in the middle of the field, their opponents obscured by the brush. <mask> advanced his men to seek shelter behind a fence on the north side of the field. In the brigade advance on Union positions that became known as the Hornet's Nest, he ordered a bayonet charge, which failed with the loss of a sixth of the regiment to fire from three Union regiments and their artillery.Gibson's brigade failed to break the Union line in several frontal assaults, with <mask> writing in his post-battle report that "it would have been madness to have kept my command there longer." Exhausted, the brigade was sent to the rear by corps commander Major General Braxton Bragg. <mask> advocated for bringing up artillery and flanking the Union line at the Hornet's Nest. Bragg ignored this suggestion, but <mask> was vindicated by the surrender of the Hornet's Nest defenders hours later when the Confederates employed massed artillery and flank attacks. That night, <mask> camped his regiment to the right of Brigadier General Patton Anderson's brigade, separating it from the rest of Gibson's brigade. On the morning of April 7, <mask> attempted to rejoin Gibson's brigade but Brigadier General Jones Withers ordered him to turn over command of the 19th Louisiana to its lieutenant colonel and put him in command of an improvised brigade consisting of his regiment, the 25th Alabama and Crescent Regiments, and the 5th Company of the Washington Artillery. His ad hoc formation was positioned on the right of the army in support of Brigadier General James R. Chalmers' brigade in Davis' field.The  guns of the Washington Artillery were temporarily overrun by Colonel William B. Hazen's brigade around 11:00, and the Louisianans charged forward to retake them, routing the Union troops. In the latter, <mask> was stunned by being thrown from his horse and had to be carried off the field. <mask> resigned his commission on May 29, due to health problems, after a long period on sick leave, returning to Shreveport. His resignation was not accepted until July 15. In the election of November 1863 he won a seat representing the 5th district in the Confederate House of Representatives after running unopposed, replacing the anti-administration Marshall, who declined to run for re-election. On February 19, 1864, he was appointed presiding judge of the military court of the Trans-Mississippi Department, a position that carried the rank of colonel with it. Due to travel time, <mask> was not admitted to the first session of the Second Confederate Congress until May 25.He proposed no bills and rarely voted, advocating for higher taxes and protectionism. The session ended on June 14 and <mask> returned to Louisiana. His health continued to decline and he died near Shreveport, likely at the mansion of his wife's stepfather, on August 12. His seat was filled by Henry Gray in a special election. <mask>, described by a contemporary newspaper as "well known as one of the most brilliant men in North Louisiana," was buried in an unmarked grave in Shreveport's Oakland Cemetery. <mask> and his wife had three sons, <mask>, A.G., and Thomas Green, the last of which died in 1956 at the age of 92. <mask> loaned his residence to department commander Lieutenant General Edmund Kirby Smith when the Trans-Mississippi Department was headquartered in Shreveport.A plaque was dedicated to <mask> at the Oakland Cemetery in 1979. Notes

Bibliography

 – Unpublished manuscript in University of New Orleans collections

1824 births
1864 deaths
Members of the Confederate House of Representatives from Louisiana
19th-century American politicians
Louisiana lawyers
People from Tennessee
Politicians from Shreveport, Louisiana
Confederate States Army officers
1860 United States presidential electors
Louisiana Constitutional Unionists
Louisiana Know Nothings
American slave owners
19th-century American lawyers

masks:
Benjamin Lewis Hodge
Hodge
Hodge
Hodge
Hodge
Hodge
Hodge
Hodge
Hodge
Hodge
Hodge
Hodge
Hodge
Hodge
James Lewis
Hodge
Hodge
Lewis
Hodge
Hodge
Hodge
Hodge
Hodge
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Benjamin Lewis
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<mask> (13 February 1835 – 26 May 1908) was an Indian religious leader and the founder of the Ahmadiyya movement in Islam. He claimed to have been divinely appointed as the promised Messiah and Mahdi—which is the metaphorical second-coming of Jesus (mathīl-iʿIsā), in fulfillment of Islam's latter day prophecies, as well as the Mujaddid (centennial reviver) of the 14th Islamic century. Born in 1835 to a Rais family in Qadian, <mask> emerged as a writer and debater for Islam. When he was just over forty years of age, his father died and around that time he believed that God began to communicate with him. In 1889, he took a pledge of allegiance from forty of his supporters at Ludhiana and formed a community of followers upon what he claimed was divine instruction, stipulating ten conditions of initiation, an event that marks the establishment of the Ahmadiyya movement. The mission of the movement, according to him, was the reinstatement of the absolute oneness of God, the revival of Islam through the moral reformation of society along Islamic ideals, and the global propagation of Islam in its pristine form. As opposed to the Christian and mainstream Islamic view of Jesus (or Isa), being alive in heaven to return towards the end of time, <mask> asserted that he had in fact survived crucifixion and died a natural death.He traveled extensively across the Punjab preaching his religious ideas and rallied support by combining a reformist programme with his personal revelations which he claimed to receive from God, attracting thereby substantial following within his lifetime as well as considerable hostility particularly from the Muslim Ulema. He is known to have engaged in numerous public debates and dialogues with Christian missionaries, Muslim scholars and Hindu revivalists. <mask> <mask> was a prolific author and wrote more than ninety books on various religious, theological and moral subjects between the publication of the first volume of Barahin-i-Ahmadiyya (The Proofs of Ahmadiyya, his first major work) in 1880 and his death in May 1908. Many of his writings bear a polemical and apologetic tone in favour of Islam, seeking to establish its superiority as a religion through rational argumentation, often by articulating his own interpretations of Islamic teachings. He advocated a peaceful propagation of Islam and emphatically argued against the permissibility of military Jihad under circumstances prevailing in the present age. By the time of his death, he had gathered an estimated 400,000 followers, especially within the United Provinces, the Punjab and Sindh and had built a dynamic religious organisation with an executive body and its own printing press. After his death he was succeeded by his close companion Hakīm Noor-ud-Dīn who assumed the title of Khalīfatul Masīh (successor of the Messiah).Although <mask> <mask> is revered by Ahmadi Muslims as the promised Messiah and Imām Mahdi, Muhammad nevertheless remains the central figure in Ahmadiyya Islam. <mask> <mask>'s claim to be a subordinate (ummati) prophet within Islam has remained a central point of controversy between his followers and mainstream Muslims, who believe Muhammad to be the last prophet. Lineage and family
<mask> <mask>'s lineage through his forefathers can be traced back to <mask> Beg, a descendant of the Mughal Barlas tribe. 1530 <mask> Beg migrated from Samarkand (present-day Uzbekistan) along with an entourage of two hundred people consisting of his family, servants and followers. Travelling through Samarkand, they finally settled in the Punjab, India, where <mask> founded the town known today as Qadian during the reign of the Mughal emperor Babur, his distant relative. The family were all known as Mughals within the British governmental records of India probably due to the high positions it occupied within the Mughal empire and their courts. <mask> Beg was granted a Jagir of several hundred villages and was appointed the Qadhi (judge) of Qadian and the surrounding district.The descendants of <mask> are said to have held important positions within the Mughal empire and had consecutively been the chieftains of Qadian. Life

Early life and education
<mask> <mask> was born on 13 February 1835 in Qadian, Punjab, the surviving child of twins born to an affluent Mughal family. He was born in the Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh. He learned to read the Arabic text of the Qur'an and studied basic Arabic grammar and the Persian language from a teacher named Fazil-e-Illahi. At the age of 10, he learned from a teacher named Fazl <mask>. Again at the age of 17 or 18, he learnt from a teacher named Gul Ali Shah. In addition, he also studied some works on medicine from his father, <mask> Murtaza, who was a physician.From 1864 to 1868, upon his father's wishes, <mask> <mask> worked as a clerk in Sialkot, where he would come into contact with Christian missionaries with whom he frequently engaged in debate. After 1868, he returned to Qadian, as per his father's wishes, where he was entrusted to look after some estate affairs. During all this time, <mask> was known as a social recluse because he would spend most of his time in seclusion studying religious books and praying in the local mosque. As time passed, he began to engage more with the Christian missionaries, particularly in defending Islam against their criticism. He would often confront them in public debates, especially the ones based in the town of Batala. In 1886, certain leaders of the Arya Samaj held discussion and debate with <mask> <mask> about the truthfulness of Islam and asked for a sign to prove that Islam was a living religion. In order to dedicate special prayers for this purpose and so as to seek further divine guidance, <mask> <mask> travelled to Hoshiarpur upon what he claimed was divine instruction.Here, he spent forty days in seclusion, a practice known as chilla-nashini. He travelled accompanied by three companions to the small two-storied house of one of his followers and was left alone in a room where his companions would bring him food and leave without speaking to him as he prayed and contemplated. He only left the house on Fridays and used an abandoned mosque for Jumu'ah (Friday prayers). It is during this period that he declared God had given him the glad tidings of an illustrious son. Taking of the Bay'ah

<mask> <mask> claimed divine appointment as a reformer as early as 1882 but did not take any pledge of allegiance or initiation. In December 1888, <mask> announced that God had ordained that his followers should enter into a bay'ah with him and pledge their allegiance to him. In January 1889, he published a pamphlet in which he laid out ten conditions or issues to which the initiate would abide by for the rest of his life.On 23 March 1889, he founded the Ahmadiyya community by taking a pledge from forty followers. The formal method of joining the Ahmadiyya movement included joining hands and reciting a pledge, although physical contact was not always necessary. This method of allegiance continued for the rest of his life and after his death by his successors. His claim
<mask> <mask> proclaimed that he was the Promised Messiah and Mahdi. He claimed to be the fulfilment of various prophecies found in world religions regarding the second coming of their founders. <mask> <mask>'s followers say that he never claimed to be the same physical Jesus who lived nineteen centuries earlier. <mask> <mask> claimed that Jesus died a natural death, in contradiction to the traditional Muslim view of Jesus' physical ascension to heaven and the traditional Christian belief of Jesus' crucifixion.He claimed in his books that there was a general decay of Islamic life and a dire need of a messiah. He argued that, just as Jesus had appeared in the 14th century after Moses, the promised messiah, i.e. the Mahdi, must also appear in the 14th century after Muhammad. In Tazkiratush-Shahadatain, he wrote about the fulfillment of various prophecies. In it, he enumerated a variety of prophecies and descriptions from both the Qur'an and Hadith relating to the advent of the Mahdi and the descriptions of his age, which he ascribed to himself and his age. These include assertions that he was physically described in the Hadith and manifested various other signs; some of them being wider in scope, such as focusing on world events coming to certain points, certain conditions within the Muslim community, and varied social, political, economic, and physical conditions. Post-claim
In time, <mask> <mask>'s claim of being the Mujaddid (reformer) of his era became more explicit.In one of his most well-known and praised works, Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya, a voluminous work, he claimed to be the Messiah of Islam. Muslims have maintained that Jesus will return in the flesh during the last age. <mask> <mask>, by contrast, asserted that Jesus had in fact survived crucifixion and died of old age much later in Kashmir, where he had migrated. According to <mask> <mask>, the promised Mahdi was a symbolic reference to a spiritual leader and not a military leader in the person of Jesus Christ as is believed by many Muslims. With this proclamation, he also rejected the idea of armed Jihad and argued that the conditions for such Jihad are not present in this age, which requires defending Islam by the pen and tongue but not with the sword. <mask> <mask> wrote two books named "Tuhfa e qaisariah" and "Sitara e Qaisaria" in which he invited Queen Victoria to embrace Islam and forsake Christianity. Reaction of religious scholars
Some religious scholars turned against him, and he was often branded as a heretic, but many religious scholars praised him like Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad among many others who praised him for his defense of Islam.After his death, opponents accused him of working for the British Government due to the termination of armed Jihad, since his claims of being the Mahdi were made around the same time as the Mahdi of Sudan (<mask>). Following his claim to be the Promised Messiah and Mahdi, one of his adversaries prepared a Fatwa (decree) of disbelief against <mask> <mask>, declaring him a Kafir (disbeliever), a deceiver, and a liar. The decree permitted killing him and his followers. It was taken all around India and was signed by some two hundred religious scholars. Some years later, a prominent Muslim leader and scholar, Ahmed Raza Khan, was to travel to the Hejaz to collect the opinions of the religious scholars of Mecca and Madina. He compiled these opinions in his work Hussam ul Harmain (The sword of two sanctuaries on the slaughter-point of blasphemy and falsehood); in it, <mask> <mask> was again labelled an apostate. The unanimous consensus of about thirty-four religious scholars was that <mask> <mask>'s beliefs were blasphemous and tantamount to apostasy and that he must be punished by imprisonment and, if necessary, by execution.Journey to Delhi

<mask> <mask> went to Delhi, which was at the time considered a centre of religious learning and home to many prominent religious leaders, in 1891, with the intention of distinguishing what he believed to be the truth from falsehood. He published an advertisement in which he invited the scholars to accept his claim and to engage in a public debate with him regarding the life and death of Isa (Jesus), particularly Maulana Syed Nazeer Husain (1805–1901), who was a leading religious scholar. He also proposed three conditions that were essential for such a debate: that there should be a police presence to maintain peace, the debate should be in written form (for the purpose of recording what was said), and that the debate should be on the subject of the death of Jesus. Eventually, it was settled, and <mask> <mask> travelled to the Jama Masjid Delhi (main mosque) of Delhi accompanied by twelve of his followers, where some 5,000 people were gathered. Before the debate started, there was a discussion on the conditions, which led to the conclusion that the debate should not be upon the death of Jesus, but upon the claims of <mask> <mask>. He explained that his claim could only be discussed after the death of Jesus was proven, for Jesus was considered by many to be living and the one who will descend to Earth himself. Only when this belief was refuted could his claim to be the Messiah be discussed.Upon this, there was a clamour among the crowds, and <mask> <mask> was informed that the other party alleged that he was at odds with Islamic beliefs and was a disbeliever; therefore, it was not proper to debate with him unless he clarified his beliefs. <mask> <mask> wrote his beliefs on a piece of paper and had it read aloud, but due to the clamour among the people, it could not be heard. Seeing that the crowd was drifting out of control and that violence was imminent, the police superintendent gave orders to disperse the audience, and the debate did not

masks:
Mirzā Ghulām Ahmad
Ghulam Ahmad
Ghulam Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Mirza Ghulam
Ahmad
Mirza Hadi
Mirza Hadi
Mirza Hadi
Mirza Hadi
Mirza Hadi
Mirza Ghulam
Ahmad
Ahmad
Mirza Ghulam
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ahmad
Mirza Ghulam
Ahmad
Mirza Ghulam
Ahmad
Mirza Ghulam
Ahmad
Mirza Ghulam
Ahmad
Mirza Ghulam
Ahmad
Mirza Ghulam
Ahmad
Mirza Ghulam
Ahmad
Muhammad Ahmad
Mirza Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Mirza Ghulam
Ahmad
Mirza Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad


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 take place. A few days later, however, a written debate did take place between <mask> <mask> and Maulwi Muhammad Bashir of Bhopal, which was later published. <mask> <mask> is known to have travelled extensively across Northern India during this period of his life and to have held various debates with influential religious leaders. Challenge to opponents
<mask> <mask> published a book called The Heavenly Decree, in which he challenged his opponents to a "spiritual duel" in which the question of whether someone was a Muslim or not would be settled by God based on the four criteria laid out in the Qur'an, namely, that a perfect believer will frequently receive glad tidings from God, that he will be given awareness about hidden matters and events of the future from God, that most of his prayers will be fulfilled and that he will exceed others in understanding novel finer points, subtleties and deeper meanings of the Qur'an. The sun and moon eclipse
After announcing his claim to be the Messiah and Mahdi, his opponents demanded that he should produce the "heavenly sign" detailed in the tradition attributed to the 7th-century Imam Muhammad al-Baqir, also known as Muhammad bin Ali, in which a certain sign is stated about the appearance of the Mahdi:

<mask>is maintain that this prophecy was fulfilled in 1894 and again in 1895, about three years after Ghulam <mask> proclaimed himself to be the Promised Mahdi and Messiah, with the lunar and solar eclipse during the month of Ramadhan, according to the <mask>iyya interpretation of the prophecy.<mask> <mask> declared that this was a sign of his truth and was in fulfillment of the tradition or prophecy. The eclipses being a sign of the Mahdi are also mentioned specifically in the Letters of Rabbani by <mask>. Scientific historical records indicate these eclipses occurred at the following dates:

Lawsuit
In 1897, a Christian missionary, Henry Martyn Clark, filed a lawsuit of attempted murder against <mask> at the court of District Magistrate Captain Montagu William Douglas in the city of Ludhiana. The charge laid against him was that he hired a man by the name of Abdul Hameed to assassinate Clark. However, he was not detained by the police and was declared innocent by the then-magistrate Captain Douglas. The Revealed Sermon

In 1900, on the occasion of the festival of Eid ul-Adha, he is said to have delivered an hour-long sermon extempore in Arabic expounding the meaning and philosophy of sacrifice. This episode is celebrated as one of the important events of the history of Ahmadiyya.The sermon was simultaneously written down by two of his companions and came to be known as the Khutba Ilhamiyya, the revealed or inspired sermon. Ahmadiyya literature states that during this sermon, there was a change in his voice, he appeared as if in a trance, in the grip of an unseen hand, and as if a voice from the unknown had made him its mouthpiece. After the sermon ended, <mask> fell into prostration, followed by the rest of the congregation, as a sign of gratitude towards God. <mask> wrote later:

Challenge to John Alexander Dowie

In 1899, Scottish-born American clergyman John Alexander Dowie laid claim to be the forerunner of the second coming of Christ. <mask> <mask> exchanged a series of letters with him between 1903 and 1907. <mask> <mask> challenged him to a prayer duel, where both would call upon God to expose the other as a false prophet. <mask> <mask> stated:

Dowie declined the challenge, calling <mask> <mask> the "silly Mohammedan Messiah".<mask> <mask> prophesied:

The challenge of "prayer duel" was made by <mask> in September 1902.The Dictionary of American Biography states that after having been deposed during a revolt in which his own family was involved, Dowie endeavoured to recover his authority via the law courts without success and that he may have been a victim of some form of mania, as he suffered from hallucinations during his last illness. Dowie died before <mask>, in March 1907. Encounter with the Agapemonites
In September 1902 the Rev. John Hugh Smyth-Pigott (1852-1927) proclaimed himself the Messiah and also claimed to be God while preaching in the Church known as "The Ark of the Covenant" in Clapton in London. This church was originally built by the Agapemonites, a religious movement founded by the Anglican priest Henry James Prince. <mask> <mask> wrote to Smyth-Pigott, informing him that such a blasphemous proposition did not behove man, and that in the future he should abstain from making such claims, or he would be destroyed. This message was sent in November 1902.Newspapers in America and Europe published <mask> <mask>'s notification. Despite this prophecy, Smyth-Piggot continued to claim divinity both before and after <mask>'s death in 1908, as reported by various contemporary newspapers at the time. Last journey
Towards the end of 1907 and early 1908, <mask> <mask> claimed to have received numerous revelations informing him of his imminent death. In April 1908, he travelled to Lahore with his family and companions. Here, he gave many lectures. A banquet was arranged for dignitaries where <mask> <mask>, upon request, spoke for some two hours explaining his claims, teachings and speaking in refutation of objections raised against his person; here, he preached reconciliation between Hindus and Muslims. He completed writing his last work, entitled Message of Peace, a day before his death.<mask> was in Lahore at the home of Dr. Syed Muhammad Hussain (who was also his physician), when, on 26 May 1908, he died as a result of old age and weakness. His body was subsequently taken to Qadian and buried there; he had previously claimed that an angel had told him that he would be buried there. Marriages and children

<mask> <mask> married twice. His first wife was his paternal cousin Hurmat Bibi. Later, they separated and lived separately for a long time. At the time of his second marriage, Hurmat Bibi gave him the permission to live with the second wife and decided against a divorce. Children
With his first wife, Hurmat Bibi, he had two sons:
<mask> <mask> (1853–1931) (became Ahmadi)
<mask> <mask> (1855–1904) (died at the age of 49 years and did not become Ahmadi)

With his second wife, Nusrat Jahan Begum, he had ten children:

Five children died young:
Ismat (1886–1891)
Bashir (1887–1888)
Shaukat (1891–1892)
Mubarik (1899–1907)
Amtul Naseer (1903–1903)

Five children lived longer:
<mask>-ud-Din Mahmood <mask> (1889–1965)
<mask> <mask> (1893–1963)
<mask> <mask> (1895–1961)
(Nawab) Mubarika Begum (1897–1977)
(Nawab) Sahiba Amtul Hafeez Begum (1904–1987)

Legacy

Although <mask> <mask> aroused much opposition particularly from Muslim leaders owing to his messianic claims, opinion of him was not entirely negative.Many leading Muslim scholars, theologians and prominent journalists who were his contemporaries or had come into contact with him, had, despite differing with him in matters of belief, praised his personal character and acclaimed his works in the cause of Islam and the manner of his argumentation against proclaimants of other religions. The teachings that Jesus survived crucifixion, migrating towards the east in search of the Israelite tribes that had settled there and that he died a natural death upon earth, as propounded by <mask> <mask>, have been a source of ongoing friction with the Christian church since they challenge the core beliefs of Christianity and would nullify the doctrines of vicarious atonement and resurrection, the two principal tenets of Christianity. Western scholars and historians have acknowledged this fact as one of the features of <mask> <mask>'s legacy. <mask> <mask> was the first to propose a post-crucifixion journey to India for Jesus and the first—other than the local people—to identify the Roza Bal shrine in Kashmir as the tomb of Jesus. These ideas have been further expanded upon since his death in light of subsequent findings, both by Ahmadis and individuals independent of the Ahmadiyya movement. However, the views remain controversial having been dismissed by some while being supported by others. Anthropological research tends to corroborate a link between the tribes of Israel and the peoples of south/central Asia, specifically the Pashtuns of Afghanistan and the people of Kashmir– as suggested by <mask> <mask> in his book Jesus in India (and by others) – while findings from genetic evidence seem to remain equivocal.Jesus' survival of crucifixion and his natural death have become an important element of Ahmadi belief and Ahmadis have published extensively on this topic. A number of modern Muslim scholars and Muslim intellectuals seem to conform to the idea of Jihad as fundamentally a peaceful religious endeavour rather than chiefly (or unconditionally) a militaristic struggle, in accordance with <mask> <mask>'s standpoint on the issue. Furthermore, some Islamic scholars have opined that Jesus has died (<mask> <mask>'s assertion) or have expressed their own confusion on this matter, though the majority orthodox position of most Muslims with regard to this issue has not changed. One of the main sources of dispute during his lifetime and continuing since then is <mask> <mask>'s use of the terms nabi ("prophet") and rasool (messenger) when referring to himself. Most non-Ahmadi Muslims consider Muhammad to be the last of the prophets and believe that <mask> <mask>'s use of these terms is a violation of the concept of the Finality of Prophethood. His followers fall into two factions in this regards. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, which comprises by far the majority of Ahmadis, believes that <mask> <mask>'s prophetic status does not in any way infringe the finality of Muhammad's prophethood – to which it is wholly subservient and from which it is inseparable – and is in accordance with scriptural prophecies concerning the advent of the Messiah in Islam.This group is currently headed by <mask> <mask>'s fifth caliph, or successor, carrying the title of Khalifatul Masih, an institution believed to have been established soon after his death. The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, which comprises a small fraction of all Ahmadis and believes in an allegorical understanding of these terms with reference to <mask> <mask>, formed in 1914 when a number of prominent Ahmadis seceded from the main body soon after the election of <mask> <mask> as the second caliph. This group is administered by a body of people called the Anjuman Ishaat-e-Islam ("movement for the propagation of Islam"), headed by an Emir. The movement initiated by <mask> <mask> – which is often seen to have emerged as an Islamic religious response to the Christian and Arya Samaj missionary activity widespread in 19th century India, and is viewed by its adherents as embodying the promised latter day revival of Islam – has, since its establishment, grown in organisational strength and in its own missionary programme under the leadership of its caliphate. Although it has expanded to over 200 countries and territories of the world, numbering an estimated 10 to 20 million, it has received a largely negative (often hostile) response from mainstream Muslims who view <mask> <mask> as a false messiah and his teachings as heretical, particularly the teaching that he was a prophet. Pakistan is the only state that specifically requires every Pakistani Muslim to denigrate <mask> <mask> as an impostor and his followers as non-Muslims when applying for a passport or a national ID card. See also

<mask>yya Caliphate
Jesus in Ahmadiyya Islam
List of founders of religious traditions
List of Mahdi claimants
List of people claimed to be Jesus
Mirza <mask> <mask> bibliography
Mujaddid
Seal of the Prophets

Notes

Further reading
The Essence of Islam, Islam International Publications, Ltd.; 2nd edition (2004),
Iain Adamson: Ahmad, The Guided One, Islam International Publications, 1990, revised 1991.Yohanan Friedmann, Prophecy Continuous – Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background; Oxford University Press (2003)
Jesus in India, Ahmadiyya Muslim Foreign Mission Department, 1978, ; Original Masih Hindustan Mein, Oriental & Religious Publications Ltd., Rabwah (Online)

S. R. Valentine, 'Islam & the Ahmadiyya Jama'at', Hurst & Co, London/New York, 2008

External links

Official Website of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
Official Website of the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement
Complete List of the Works of <mask> <mask>-Ahmadiyya specifically caters to an Arabic-speaking audience. Like Al Islam itself, Islam-Ahmadiyya is home to a wide variety of content including books, articles and multimedia content
How To Distinguish Between A True Prophet And A False Prophet

1835 births
1908 deaths
Angelic visionaries
Founders of new religious movements
Indian Ahmadis
Indian Islamic religious leaders
People from Gurdaspur
Religious apologists
Self-declared messiahs
Swoon hypothesis
Self-declared

masks:
Mirza Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ahmad
Ahmad
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ahmad Sirhindi
Ahmad
Ahmad
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Mirza Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Mirza
Mirza
Mirza Ghulam
Ahmad
Mirza Ghulam
Ahmad
Mirza Ghulam
Mirza Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Death Ahmad
Mirza Ghulam
Ahmad
Mirza Sultan
Ahmad
Mirza Fazal
Ahmad
Mirza Basheer
Ahmad
Mirza Bashir
Ahmad
Mirza Sharif
Ahmad
Mirza Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Mirza Mahmud
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ghulam
Ahmad
Ahmadi
Ghulam
Ahmad
Mirza Ghulam
Ahmad Islam


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<mask> (born April 14, 1984) is a Canadian former professional baseball pitcher and television personality. He played for the Florida Marlins, Pittsburgh Pirates, and New York Yankees in Major League Baseball (MLB) and for the Tokyo Yakult Swallows of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). Leroux also competed for the Canadian national baseball team in international competitions. Career

Amateur career
Leroux attended St. Joseph Secondary School in Mississauga, Ontario. The Tampa Bay Devil Rays selected Leroux in the ninth round in the 2002 MLB draft, but he did not sign. He attended Winthrop University, where he played college baseball for the Winthrop Eagles baseball team. He also played collegiate summer baseball for the Falmouth Commodores of the Cape Cod League in 2004.Professional career

Minor leagues
The Florida Marlins selected Leroux in the seventh round of the 2005 MLB draft, and he signed. In 2006, Leroux was assigned to the Greensboro Grasshoppers of the Class A South Atlantic League, where he made three starts before being injured. After a rehab assignment with the Gulf Coast Marlins of the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League, he was assigned to the Jamestown Jammers of the Class A-Short Season New York-Penn League. In 11 total starts, he went 0-4 with a 6.06 earned run average (ERA), striking out 22 in  innings pitched. Leroux played 2007 with Greensboro, where in 46 appearances, he went 2-3 with a 4.14 ERA, striking out 76 in  innings. Leroux played 2008 with the Jupiter Hammerheads of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League, where in 57 games, he went 6-7 with a 3.65 ERA and one save, striking out 78 in 74 innings. Leroux began 2009 with the Jacksonville Suns of the Class AA Southern League, where he played until he was promoted to the major leagues by the Marlins.He had a few stints with Florida, but spent most of his time in Jacksonville, where in 46 games, he went 5-3 with a 2.70 ERA and two saves, striking out 55 in 60 innings. Florida Marlins
On May 23, 2009, Leroux was recalled by the Marlins. He made his MLB debut three days later against the Philadelphia Phillies. He was optioned the next day when Brett Carroll was recalled. He rejoined the Marlins when Matt Lindstrom went on the disabled list. In his third appearance, he recorded his first MLB strikeout, which was of Cristian Guzmán. In 5 games with the Marlins, he had a 10.80 ERA with two strikeouts in  innings

Leroux opened 2010 with the New Orleans Zephyrs of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League (PCL), but was recalled on April 14.<mask> was placed on the 15-day disabled list on May 19 with a right elbow strain. He missed 26 games, and was subsequently assigned to New Orleans. He was recalled on September 3 when the rosters expanded. Pittsburgh Pirates
<mask> was claimed off waivers by the Pittsburgh Pirates on September 13, 2010. In 23 games with both teams, he went 0-1 with a 6.75 ERA with 22 strikeouts in  innings. <mask> began 2011 with the Indianapolis Indians of the Class AAA International League, but after a poor start, he was demoted to the Altoona Curve of the Class AA Eastern League. After a 5-game stint with Altoona, he returned to Indianapolis.On July 3, <mask> was recalled to Pittsburgh, replacing Brad Lincoln. He was optioned to Indianapolis on July 22, but was recalled 5 days later, only to be placed on the disabled list with a left calf strain 2 days after that. He was activated from the disabled list on August 22, and remained on the roster for the rest of the season. In 23 games with the Pirates, he went 1–1 with a 2.88 ERA. Prior to the 2012 season, <mask> was placed on the 60-day DL with a right pectoral strain. He rejoined the club as a September call-up after rehab and an assignment to the AAA Indianapolis Indians. In 10 games with the Pirates, he had a 5.56 ERA with 12 strikeouts in 11.2 innings.Leroux made the 2013 Opening Day roster with the Pirates, but was designated for assignment on April 12 after pitching in 2 games. He elected free agency on April 17, 2013. Tokyo Yakult Swallows

On April 23, 2013, Leroux signed with the Tokyo Yakult Swallows of the Central League of Nippon Professional Baseball. New York Yankees
On January 27, 2014, Leroux signed a minor league contract with the New York Yankees. The deal included an invitation to major league spring training. Leroux began the season with the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders of the International League. He made his Yankee debut on April 29, 2014.He was designated for assignment on May 3, 2014. He was called back up by the Yankees on July 23, 2014, but was designated for assignment two days later. He was called back up a third time on August 11, 2014 and again designated for assignment two days later. After the 2014 season, he became a free agent. After pitching two innings, he earned a 22.50 ERA, a loss, and didn't earn a win. Later career
Leroux signed a minor league deal with the Milwaukee Brewers on January 26, 2015. He began the season with the Colorado Springs Sky Sox of the PCL.On May 18, 2015, he was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies for cash considerations. He spent the rest of the season with the Reading Fightin Phils of the Eastern League and the Lehigh Valley IronPigs of the International League. On April 3, 2016, Leroux was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for cash considerations, and assigned to the Buffalo Bisons of the International League. He was released on August 28. After playing for the Canadian national team in the 2017 World Baseball Classic, Leroux retired from baseball. International career
He was selected to the Canada national baseball team at the 2009 World Baseball Classic, 2013 World Baseball Classic, 2015 Pan American Games, 2015 WBSC Premier12, 2017 World Baseball Classic, 2019 Pan American Games Qualifier, 2019 Pan American Games and 2019 WBSC Premier12. Pitching style
Leroux throws three pitches: a four-seam fastball and two-seam fastball in the low-to-mid 90s, and a slider in the low-to-mid 80s.He also used to throw a changeup to left-handed hitters, but he dropped it after the 2011 season to simplify his pitching approach. Personal life
In 2017, Leroux was cast as the Bachelor on The Bachelor Canada. References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Altoona Curve players
Bachelor Nation contestants
Baseball people from Quebec
Baseball players at the 2015 Pan American Games
Baseball players at the 2019 Pan American Games
Bradenton Marauders players
Canadian expatriate baseball players in Japan
Canadian expatriate baseball players in the United States
Canadian people of French descent
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Falmouth Commodores players
Florida Marlins players
Greensboro Grasshoppers players
Gulf Coast Marlins players
Gulf Coast Yankees players
Indianapolis Indians players
Jacksonville Suns players
Jamestown Jammers players
Jupiter Hammerheads players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Canada
Navegantes del Magallanes players
Canadian expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
New York Yankees players
New Orleans Zephyrs players
Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers
Pan American Games gold medalists for Canada
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
Pan American Games medalists in baseball
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders players
Sportspeople from Montreal
Tokyo Yakult Swallows players
Toros del Este players
Canadian expatriate baseball players in the Dominican Republic
Winthrop Eagles baseball players
World Baseball Classic players of Canada
2009 World Baseball Classic players
2013 World Baseball Classic players
2015 WBSC Premier12 players
2017 World Baseball Classic players
2019 WBSC Premier12 players
Medalists at the 2015 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2019 Pan American Games

masks:
Christopher Adam Leroux
Leroux
Leroux
Leroux
Leroux
Leroux


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<mask> (born July 24, 1987) is an American actress. She rose to prominence as a child for playing Natalie Hillard in the film Mrs. Doubtfire (1993) and went on to play Susan Walker in Miracle on 34th Street (1994), the title character in Matilda (1996), Annabel Greening in A Simple Wish (1997), and Lily Stone in Thomas and the Magic Railroad (2000). She took a 12-year hiatus following the latter film to focus on writing. She returned to acting in 2012, and has predominantly worked in web series. Early life
<mask> was born in Burbank, California, on July 24, 1987, the oldest daughter of Burbank PTA school volunteer <mask> (née Shapiro; 1953–1996) and KTLA broadcast engineer <mask>. Her mother was Jewish, while her father is half Irish. She was raised Jewish and became an atheist when she was 15.She has three older brothers named Danny, Jon, and Joel, and a younger sister named Anna. She is a cousin of political commentator and media host Ben Shapiro, but she has disavowed him due to differences arising from his conservative views and her opposing progressive beliefs. They have no contact with each other. <mask>'s mother was diagnosed with breast cancer on March 10, 1995, and died on April 26, 1996. The film Matilda was dedicated to her memory. <mask> later recalled that this affected her passion for acting. At age 12, <mask> was diagnosed with OCD.She has also been diagnosed with ADHD. She attended Idyllwild Arts Academy in Idyllwild, California. After graduation in 2005, she relocated to New York City to continue her studies at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, graduating in 2009. She appeared in her own one-woman show called Weren't You That Girl? while in college. Career

When <mask> was five, she became interested in acting after watching her older brother Danny appear in television commercials. Her parents were initially disinclined, but eventually agreed to allow her to act.After appearing in several commercials for businesses like Lunchables, Bank of America, Texaco, and Marshalls, she was invited to audition for the 1993 comedy film Mrs. Doubtfire. Producers were impressed and awarded her the role of Natalie Hillard. The following year, she appeared in the remake of Miracle on 34th Street. In 1994, <mask> was cast in a recurring role as Nikki Petrova on Melrose Place and played Barbara Barton in the television film A Time to Heal. She sang "Make 'Em Laugh" at the 67th Academy Awards broadcast on March 27, 1995, with Tim Curry and Kathy Najimy. In 1995, she won the ShoWest Award for Young Star of the Year. <mask>'s film work caught the attention of Danny DeVito, and she was cast as the main protagonist Matilda Wormwood in the 1996 film Matilda.She was nominated for three awards for her performance, winning the YoungStar Award for Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy Film. In 1997, she starred in A Simple Wish alongside Martin Short. Although <mask> was nominated for three awards, the film mostly received negative reviews by critics. In 1997, <mask> went to a table reading for What Dreams May Come starring Robin Williams, but she did not get the part. A year later, she unsuccessfully auditioned for the 1998 remake of Disney's The Parent Trap but the role was given to Lindsay Lohan after she was deemed too young. In 1999, she portrayed Willow Johnson in the 1999 film for The Wonderful World of Disney titled Balloon Farm, based on a fiction book. In 2000, <mask> appeared in the fantasy film Thomas and the Magic Railroad, which was her last film.She retired from film work shortly afterward. She received a script for the 2001 film Donnie Darko, but declined to audition for the film. After retiring from film acting, she began stage acting. Her theater credits include A Midsummer Night's Dream and Cinderella. She also starred in her own live shows Weren't You That Girl? and What Are You Afraid Of? In 2012, <mask> appeared briefly in one episode of a web series called Missed Connection in the role of Bitty and made special appearances on internet review shows for That Guy with the Glasses—most notably a comedic turn playing an adult Matilda during a review of Matilda by The Nostalgia Chick, Lindsay Ellis.That year, she explained why she quit film acting: "Film acting is not very fun. Doing the same thing over and over again until, in the director's eyes, you 'get it right', does not allow for very much creative freedom. The best times I had on film sets were the times the director let me express myself, but those were rare." In May 2013, <mask> wrote an article for Cracked.com, offering her opinion of the delinquency of some former child stars. As of 2013, she worked for Publicolor. Her play Sheeple was produced in 2013 for the New York International Fringe Festival. In an interview that December, <mask> stated that her film acting days are over, and that she is instead focusing on writing.Her book Where Am I Now? : True Stories of Girlhood and Accidental Fame was published on September 13, 2016. <mask> has a recurring role on the podcast Welcome to Night Vale as "The Faceless Old Woman Who Secretly Lives in Your Home", as well as her own storytelling show called What Are You Afraid Of? In 2016, she made a brief return to television in a Mrs. Doubtfire-inspired episode of Broad City, in which she played a waitress where the comical Heimlich scene from the movie was re-enacted. That same year, she also voiced Jill Pill, a writer/director anthropomorphic spider, in season 3 of BoJack Horseman. She voiced Liv Amara/Diane "Di" Amara in Big Hero 6: The Series. In a 2017 NPR interview, The Simpsons voice actor Nancy Cartwright stated that a young <mask> was the inspiration for a character's voice on the episode "Bart Sells His Soul".Charity work
In 2015, <mask> collaborated with Project UROK, a nonprofit organization whose mission is to aid teens with mental illness. Personal life
As of 2013, <mask> resides in the Queens borough of New York City. She is bisexual. In 2015, <mask> appeared in a video by the mental health charity Project UROK in which she discussed the mental illnesses she has experienced, including anxiety, depression, and OCD. She also discussed her history of mental illness on Paul Gilmartin's podcast The Mental Illness Happy Hour. In a 2017 op-ed in Elle magazine, <mask> defended 13-year-old actress Millie Bobby Brown after commentators sexualized Brown's public image. In a 2021 New York Times op-ed, she commented on the documentary Framing Britney Spears and the parallels between their lives as child stars.She recalled an incident in which she was asked to comment on the burgeoning sexuality of an 18-year-old Spears when she herself was barely 13, and expressed relief at largely escaping oversexualization of her public image compared to Spears. She described her disappointment when a reporter called her a "spoiled brat" after she stated that she wanted the day off on her 13th birthday instead of granting interviews. She apologized for sounding like a "spoiled brat". Filmography

Screen roles

Stage roles

A Midsummer Night's Dream (2004)
 Cinderella (2005)
 Weren't You That Girl? (2009)
 What Are You Afraid Of? (2014)

Bibliography
 Sheeple (Play, 2013)
 Where Am I Now? : True Stories of Girlhood and Accidental Fame (2016)

Awards and nominations

References

External links
 <mask> at Substack

 <mask> on Instagram

1987 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
Actresses from Los Angeles
Jewish American atheists
American child actresses
American voice actresses
American stage actresses
American people of Irish descent
American women podcasters
American podcasters
American soap opera actresses
American women bloggers
American bloggers
American women writers
Bisexual actresses
Bisexual writers
Jewish American actresses
Jewish American dramatists and playwrights
Jewish women writers
LGBT dramatists and playwrights
LGBT Jews
LGBT people from California
People with obsessive–compulsive disorder
Singers from Los Angeles
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
Writers from Los Angeles
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American women writers
People from Burbank, California
American bisexual actors

masks:
Mara Elizabeth Wilson
Mara Elizabeth Wilson
Suzie Wilson
Mike Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Wilson
Mara Wilson
Mara Wilson


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<mask> (; 1 July 1910 – 2 July 2004) was a writer and activist from Kerala, India. He authored more than 120 short stories and 16 plays and is widely acclaimed as a writer who had always upheld social relevance in his works. <mask> combated many evils that existed in society during his days. His stories heightened the values of freedom and democracy. His name was synonymous with protest and he used his literary prowess to launch an uncompromising struggle against social injustice. <mask> was one of the pioneers of the progressive writers' forum and literary writers' co-operative in Kerala. He was the president of Kerala Sahitya Akademi and Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society.Biography
<mask> was born on 1 July 1910, in a Syrian Christian family of Edathua village in Kuttanad, Alappuzha district (Alleppey), to Kattappuram <mask> Joseph and Annamma Joseph. After his father's death <mask> went to his mother's house at Ponkunnam in Kottayam. As <mask> himself had said, his childhood was not a protected one, but based on the dictum of the survival of the fittest. While studying in school, he was attracted to Indian independence movement and the subject matter of his early writings was related to this theme. After high school studies he passed the Malayalam 'Vidwaan' examination; the then prevalent qualifying test for language teachers and joined a Catholic school, near Ponkunnam. But his relationship with the management was unpleasant and he left the institution when he was appointed teacher at the Vernacular Middle School in Pampady in 1942. Soon he resigned this job and jumped into the freedom struggle and was imprisoned.He was associated with the Communist Party for some time and was the secretary of Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham (progressive writers' forum) for five years. He died on 2 July 2004, a day after his 94th birthday. His wife Claramma had died in 1991. They had four sons and three daughters. Literary career
<mask> entered the literary field in 1939 with Thirumulkazhcha, a collection of poems that got rave reviews from the stalwarts of the time. It won the award of the Madras government in 1939. <mask> soon changed his track and chose prose, finding that drama and short story were the most effective vehicles to bring the written word close to the spoken one.He was already in the vortex of the great churning that was taking place in Kerala's social arena; he used his literary prowess to launch an uncompromising struggle against social injustice. This brought him in direct conflict with the then Diwan. His short stories Manthrikkettu and Model were banned in 1946 by the government of the princely state of Travancore (now forming southern Kerala) on the charge of treason and <mask> was imprisoned for six months. In 1944, <mask> started the National Book Stall, with the support of people like D. C. Kizhakemuri. But the venture was a total failure; after a few years, it merged with the Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society (SPCS), world's first writer's publishing cooperative and <mask> functioned as its president. This was one of the most creative periods in his life. <mask> has published 24 volumes of short stories, 16 volumes of plays, two collection of poems one collection of essays (profiles of some politicians and public figures) and a volume of autobiography.His short story Sabdikkunna Kalappa has always been considered one of the best short stories in Malayalam
literature. It describes the close relationship between a farmer and his ox. His dramas were noted not only for its social criticism but with its artistic beauty. The dramas when staged his messages were bringing closer to the masses. His left oriented philosophy and relentless fight against feudalism, its decadent values and institutionalised church made him darling of the downtrodden and, simultaneously a thorn in the eye of the powerful. The recurrent themes of <mask>'s writings are the decadence in the echelons of power and the corruption among the clergy. His style is direct, simple and unostentatious and the characters of his stories are ordinary rural folk, mostly farmers and workers.The focus of his works was on human relationships and man's relationship with nature. <mask>'s writing expedited the evolution of a congenial atmosphere for social change in the first half of the 20th century in India. In 1973 <mask> was nominated as the president of Kerala Sahitya Akademi. In 1997, Ezhuthachan Puraskaram, the highest literary honour of the Kerala government was awarded to <mask>. Film career
He wrote screenplays for several films and produced two films. His entry into the film industry was through Navalokam, for which he penned the story and dialogue. The screenplay was heavily loaded with pro-labour dialogues and the film received heavy cuts from the Censor Board.He also worked for films like Asha Deepom, Snehaseema, Bharya, Vidhithanna Vilakku, School Master and many others. He also produced two films – Makam Piranna Manka and Chalanam. <mask> was an honorary member of Malayalam Cine Technicians' Association (MACTA).

masks:
Ponkunnam Varkey
Varkey
Varkey
Varkey
Varkey
Varkey
Varkey
Varkey
Varkey
Varkey
Varkey
Varkey
Varkey
Varkey
Varkey
Varkey
Varkey
Varkey