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<mask> () (born 1934 in Jerusalem) is a Jordanian heart surgeon. Hanania is a former Lieutenant General in the Jordanian Armed Forces and former Senator in the Jordanian Parliament. Family background and education
<mask> was born into an Orthodox Christian Palestinian family originally hailed from Jerusalem, Palestine. His father, <mask>, was a lawyer and politician. The <mask>s lived in West Jerusalem until 1948. In the early 1950s they permanently moved to Amman, Jordan, where <mask>'s father came to hold several cabinet positions in the Jordanian government, including Foreign Minister, Minister of Justice, Minister for Refugees and Minister of Finance. <mask> was also Jordan's Ambassador to Great Britain from 1960–1966 and a Senator from 1968 to 1989 in Jordan's Upper House of Parliament.After completing his primary and secondary education in Jerusalem at al-Ummah College and the College des Frères, <mask> <mask> joined the Jordanian army at age 17. He was sent on a military scholarship to study medicine in England in 1951. <mask> earned his M.B.B.S. medical degree from St. Mary's Hospital Medical School of the University of London in 1957 (St. Mary's has since been incorporated into Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, also at the University of London). <mask> subsequently became House Surgeon and Surgical Registrar at the Royal Northern Hospital in London from 1959-1961. He specialized in cardiovascular surgery and became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1961 (F.R.C.S. ), the American College of Surgeons in 1971 (F.A.C.S.), the American College of Cardiology in 1977 (F.A.C.C. ), the International College of Angiology in 1979 (F.I.C.A.) and the Royal Society of Medicine in 1980. He also became an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in 1980 (Hon. F.R.C.S.I. ), the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow in 1988 (Hon. F.R.C.S.Glasg) and the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1989. <mask> trained under Dr. Michael DeBakey and Dr. Denton Cooley in Houston, Texas as a Fellow in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery at Baylor University College of Medicine. Career

<mask> <mask> performed the first open-heart surgery procedure in Jordan in 1970, the first heart-valve replacement in the country in 1972 as well as the first kidney transplant in the Arab world in the same year and the first coronary artery bypass in Jordan in 1973 and in Iraq some years later. But his most important achievement came in 1985 after performing the first ever successful cardiac transplant in the Middle East and the Arab world at the King Hussein Medical Center in Amman, Jordan. On the administrative level, <mask> was the Director of the King Hussein Medical Center (KHMC) from 1973-1976. He then became Director of the Royal Medical Services of the Jordan Armed Forces from 1976-1988. Under his leadership, the Royal Medical Services experienced an intensive and steady program of expansion and improvement to become one of the premier institutions of medical care in the region.He was also Chief of Cardiovascular Surgery at KHMC from 1973–1992 and the Director General of the National Medical Institution from 1987-1989. After retiring from active army duty with the military rank of Lt. General in 1989, <mask> served six terms as a Senator in Jordan's Upper House of Parliament from 1989–1997 and from 2007–2013. He served as Chairman of the Senate Committee on Health, the Environment and Social Development and member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. In addition, he is a member of the American-Jordanian Friendship Society, the British-Jordanian Friendship Society and the Polish-Jordanian Friendship Society. <mask> was president of the Jordan Cardiac Society and the Arab Cardiac Society from 1988–1990 and was named Clinical Professor of Surgery at the Jordan University of Science and Technology in 1989. <mask> then played a leading role in the founding of the Arab Center for Heart and Special Surgery (now renamed the Arab Medical Center), an institution he directed from 1991-1999. <mask> then established the Hanania Medical Center in Amman.He continued to perform cardiovascular surgery operations mostly at the Arab Medical Center and the Khalidi Medical Center and occasionally at the Islamic Hospital and the Amman Surgical Hospital until 2016. He was appointed as a member of the Board of Trustees of the King Hussein Foundation in 1999 and elected President for Life of the Jordan Cardiothoracic Society in 2005. He is also on the Board of Trustees of al-Quds University and a member of both the Denton A. Cooley Cardiovascular Society and the Michael E. DeBakey International Cardiovascular Society. On November 23, 2011, he delivered the Annual Memorial Lecture for the 16th Pan-Arab and 8th Jordanian Orthopedic Associations Congress. The lecture, held in Amman, was attended by close to 700 medical professionals. On January 13, 2021, in a televised event, <mask> was the first person to be officially vaccinated for COVID-19 in Jordan. Awards

<mask> was appointed an Honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) by Queen Elizabeth II in 1984, the Légion d'honneur by François Mitterrand also in 1984, the Nile Medal First Class of Sudan in 1986, the Insignia of the Commander (First Class) of the Royal Swedish Order by King Carl Gustaf in 1989 and the Medal of the Banner/Bright Star of Taiwan.He was also the first Arab physician to receive the Ben Qurrah Award of the Arab-American-Medical Association-Houston in 1998 for Excellence in Medicine. He also holds the seven major state decorations in Jordan, the highest being the al-Nahda Medal of the First Order which he received from King Hussein in 1994. <mask> was the first recipient of the Jordan State Recognition Prize for achievements in the fields of science and medicine in 2007. In 2008, he received an award from the Jordan Medical Association. In 2009, <mask> received an award from King Abdullah II in recognition of his contributions to the Royal Medical Services in Jordan. On May 25, 2021, King Abdullah II bestowed the first centennial medal of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan upon Dr. <mask> and other Jordanians. Family, friendships and interests

<mask> <mask> married Nada Pio in 1974.They have four children. <mask> was a lifelong friend of the late King Hussein I of Jordan and the late Prince Zeid Bin Shaker, whom he met while the three were students in England. He enjoys reading and automobile racing. <mask> is a founding member of the Board of Trustees of the Royal Automobile Club in Amman. He is also a tennis enthusiast, having served several terms as President of the Jordan Tennis Federation, during which time Jordan entered Davis Cup competition for the first time. Select publications
 D<mask> and A. Hijazi, “Vascular Injuries”, Jordan Medical Journal
 (Vol. 3 No.1, pp. 77–79, May 1968). D<mask>, “Injuries of the Chest”, Jordan Medical Journal
 (Vol. 3 No. 2, pp. 81–84, May 1968). D<mask>, Y. Goussous and S. Saheb, “Congenital Arterio-Venous Fistula of the Kidney”, Jordan Medical Journal (Vol.6 No.1, pp. 1–5, May 1971). T. Suheimat, D<mask>, S. Karmi, “Renal Transplantation – Report of a Renal Transplant”, Jordan Medical Journal. (Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 145–159, November 1972).A. Hanieh and D<mask>, “The Extra-Cranial Cerebro-Vascular Disease: A Report of a Case Treated Surgically”, Jordan Medical Journal (Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 77–88, May 1973). D<mask>, “The King Hussein Medical Center”, Jordan Medical Journal (Vol. 8 No. 2, pp.206–210, November 1973). B. Akasheh, S. Saleh, D<mask>, G. Shubailat, and N. Atalla, “Traumatic Non-Penetrating Injury Causing Complete Transection of the Thoracic Aorta and Rupture of the Right Dome of the Diaphragm – A Case Report”, Jordan Medical Journal
 (Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 54–60, May 1974). Y. Goussous, N. Harbi, H. Zureikat, A. Hijazi, S. Saleh, and D<mask>, “Results of the First 158 Cases of Isolated Replacement of the Mitral and Aortic Valves in Jordan”, Cardio-Pulmonary Medicine: The Bulletin of the American College of Chest Physicians (Vol. 15 No.4, pp. 20–23, October 1976). A. Hiyari, D<mask> and A. Hijazi, “Aortic Aneurysm in Behcet’s Disease”, Jordan Medical Journal (Vol. 12 No. 2, pp. 44–48, November, 1977). N. Harbi, Y. Goussous, H. Zureikat, S. Saleh and D<mask>, “Clinical Non-Invasive and Invasive Findings in 50 Patients with Mitral Valve Prolapse”.Non-Invasive Cardiovascular Diagnosis-Current Concepts (University Park Press, Baltimore, pp. 399–409, 1978). D<mask>, “ A Decade of Open Heart Surgery in Jordan”, Journal of the Irish College of Physicians and Surgeons (Vol. 10 No. 4, April 1981). A. Hijazi, B. Akasheh and D<mask>, “Aortic Rupture Following Non-Penetrating Trauma”, Jordan Medical Journal
 (Vol. 16 No.2, pp. 145–154, November 1982). D<mask>, Y. Goussous, S. Al-Jitawi, N. Abu-Aishah and H. Nesheiwat, “Cardiac Transplant First Operation in the Middle East: Case Report”, Arab Journal of Medicine (Vol. 5 No. 3, pp. 4–7, March 1986). D<mask>, S. Al-Jitawi, B. Akasheh, N. Abu-Aisha, “Cardiac Transplantation: The Initial Jordan Experience”, Saudi Heart Bulletin (Vol.1 No. 1, pp. 11–15, October 1989). JP Veinot, D. Elstein, D<mask>, A. Abrahamov, S. Srivatsa, A. Zimran. "Gaucher’s disease with valve calcification: Possible role of Gaucher cells, bone matrix proteins and integrins." Canadian Journal of Cardiology (1999; 15(2): 211-216). D<mask> and B. Akasheh, "Cardiac Surgery in Jordan, 'A Developing Country.'"In Surgery for All: Surgical Cost Consciousness in the Developing World (Ferozons Limited & MacMillan Publishers Ltd.)
 S. Kabbani, M. Izzat, H. Jamil, B. Akasheh, D<mask>, and H. Raffa. "Left Ventricular Volume Reduction Surgery in the Middle East." Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann (2003 11: 99-101). Newsweek Profile About <mask> (1982)
"Among Palestinians in Jordan, Dr. <mask> <mask> personifies Palestinian success. As director of medical services in the Jordanian armed forces and as chief of cardiovascular surgery at the King Hussein Medical Center, Hanania, 48, is one of the pre-eminent specialists in his field in the Middle East. He is one of the first in the region to perform open-heart surgery, a technique he learned under Dr. Michael E. DeBakey in Houston. He is distraught by the fighting in Beirut—partly because his sister lives there and refuses to move."As a medical man, I am appalled by the suffering the Israelis are inflicting on an innocent population in Beirut," <mask> says. "I am a moderate, but seeing what the Israelis do makes people like me less moderate. <mask> says that even if a Palestinian state were established on the West Bank, he would remain in Amman. But at heart he remains an exile. On clear nights, from the heart institute on the edge of Amman, he can see the lights of Jerusalem just 40 miles away. A Yemeni Jewish family now lives in the house where <mask> grew up, but like most Palestinians he has almost total recall of his former home. It had 13 rooms, was built of rose-colored stone and had a large garden containing an orchard and a vegetable patch."Our house was just outside the city, and in 1948 there were skirmishes nearby," he recalls. "Many Palestinians around us left and finally we seemed to be the only ones around, so we left too, thinking we would be back soon." Hanania's two young children were born in Amman [NOTE: three at the time, four today], but like their father they have no doubt about their roots. "If you ask my young son where he is from," says the doctor, "he will tell you, 'From Jerusalem'." "Where Do they Go From Here," Newsweek, 16 August 1982. References

1934 births
Living people
Jordan University of Science and Technology faculty
Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Jordanian cardiac surgeons
Jordanian Christians

masks:
Daoud Anastas Hanania
Daoud Hanania
Anastas Hanania
Hanania
Hanania
Anastas Hanania
Daoud
Hanania
Hanania
Hanania
Hanania
Daoud
Hanania
Hanania
Hanania
Hanania
Hanania
Hanania
Hanania
Hanania
Hanania
Hanania
Hanania
Daoud
Hanania
Hanania
Hanania
. Hanania
. Hanania
. Hanania
. Hanania
. Hanania
. Hanania
. Hanania
. Hanania
. Hanania
. Hanania
. Hanania
. Hanania
. Hanania
. Hanania
. Hanania
. Hanania
. Hanania
Hanania
Daoud
Hanania
Hanania
Hanania
Hanania


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<mask> (born January 16, 1996) is an American singer-songwriter who is the frontwoman and bass player of the Brooklyn-based band Sunflower Bean. Cumming models occasionally, and has modeled for several well known designers and has appeared in global campaigns for H&M and Diesel. Cumming is also a political activist and is active in the Model Alliance. She has produced and directed a video featuring her fellow models, encouraging young people to become politically active. Early life
Cumming was born in Manhattan to <mask>, a television writer/producer, and Cynthia Harden, a physician and epileptologist. (Harden is currently chair of the epilepsy section of the American Academy of Neurology.) In the 1990s, Alec and Cynthia were a creative partnership as well as a marital one - writing, performing, and releasing songs in the alternative pop band Bite The Wax Godhead (1990-1998).<mask> grew up in the East Village, Manhattan, attended New York City public schools, and started a band - Supercute! - along with neighborhood friends June Lei and Rachel Trachtenburg (of the Trachtenburg Family Slideshow Players) in 2009. Supercute!, a bubblegum-girl-group-psychedelic-pop amalgam, created (in <mask>'s words) "ukulele rock operas"; the band lasted through 2013 with <mask> and Trachtenburg serving as their creative core. "It was almost an art project about not letting your age or being a girl stop you from trying anything," <mask> told the New Musical Express in 2016. <mask> and Trachtenburg also co-hosted a talk show (Pure Imagination, 2011-2013), on the Progressive Radio Network, aimed at encouraging fellow teens to become involved in art and political action. In 2014, <mask> graduated as a vocal music student at Professional Performing Arts School, made her acting debut in the movie short People Who Don't Know Me, and performed solo gigs with original musical material at local clubs, often with her father accompanying her on bass. She also interned at the Museum of Modern Art, where she curated an off-site show about instagram art.There she met choreographer Dean Moss, who cast her for a leading role in his dance piece johnbrown, which debuted at The Kitchen on October 16, 2014. Musical influences
"When I was a really little kid," <mask> told the New York Times, "my parents had a VHS tape called 'Glam Rock.' It was about 15 songs of Gary Glitter, T. Rex and Alice Cooper, and I watched it every day until it broke." She has said that other influences include The Beach Boys and Brian Wilson, The Beatles, Devo, Fat White Family, Carole King, The Kinks, Cate Le Bon, Mr Little Jeans, Joni Mitchell, Kate Nash, New York Dolls, Plastic Ono Band, Iggy Pop, The Sex Pistols,  Tina Weymouth and Talking Heads, The Velvet Underground, The Waitresses and The Who. Sunflower Bean

In August 2013, <mask> joined guitarist Nick Kivlen and drummer Olive Faber in Sunflower Bean, a power trio initially based in Glen Head, New York that had started off a spin-off of the band Turnip King. In the following year, the band moved to Bushwick, Brooklyn and became a part of the borough's thriving "DIY" scene, playing over eighty shows that year and earning themselves title of New York City's "hardest-working band of 2014". The band's appearance at the 2014 CMJ Music Marathon received good notices from All Songs Considered's Bob Boilen and from The New York Times's Jon Pareles, who wrote "New York is still home to bands as varied as Sunflower Bean, whose music suggests what might have happened if psychedelia had emerged after punk and the Police rather than before."The band recorded their debut EP Show Me Your Seven Secrets (initially self-released on January 27, 2015) and was signed to Fat Possum Records later that year. The album Human Ceremony was released on February 5, 2016, garnering largely positive reviews;

"I Was a Fool", the first single released from Sunflower Bean's second album Twentytwo In Blue, debuted on NPR's "Songs We Love" series on November 3, 2017. Twentytwo In Blue was released on March 23, 2018 by Mom + Pop Music in the U.S. and Lucky Number Music worldwide. She has collaborated with other artists and appeared on the Manic Street Preachers album The Ultra Vivid Lament in 2021. Modeling career

Although Cumming had done occasional modeling jobs in the Supercute! era, her fashion career was bolstered in February 2014, when she was asked to walk in Yves Saint Laurent's Ready To Wear Fall Winter 2014 show in Paris. Saint Laurent's creative director Hedi Slimane signed the musician to an exclusive modeling contract, using her in three campaigns and in six shows for Saint Laurent; Cumming was frequently referred to as "Hedi Slimane's muse" in the press at the time.Since then, she has modeled for Anna Sui, Elsa Schiaparelli, Max Mara, Rochas and Fausto Puglisi, appeared in global campaigns for H&M and Diesel, and was seen on the cover of Harper's Bazaar Kazakhstan and in many fashion editorials, most notably in many of Vogue's international editions (US, UK, France, Italy, Spain, Brazil, Mexico, Australia, Japan). In March 2017, Cumming appeared with Madonna for Vogue Germany in the news-making film and photo spread "Her Story", released on International Women's Day 2017. Political activism

In 2017, <mask> founded Anger Can Be Power, a project that "endeavors to invoke the DIY spirit to inspire people to integrate political involvement in their lives"; she has hosted several public events dedicated to the topic of young people, particularly women, moving into concrete political action. Cumming is also active in the Model Alliance, and directed and produced a video featuring fellow models that encourages young people to directly call their political representatives. She interviewed Iranian-American singer Rahill Jamalifard (from Habibi) about her experiences as a volunteer Persian translator during the protests against Donald Trump's travel ban at John F. Kennedy International Airport. References

External links
 <mask> @ models.com
 <mask> is Supercute! <mask> is Rock & Roll
 <mask>'s Instagram
 Sunflower Bean's Bandcamp page

1996 births
21st-century American women singers
21st-century American singers
21st-century American musicians
Activists from New York City
American activists
American rock bass guitarists
Child indie musicians
Women bass guitarists
Female models from New York (state)
American women rock singers
People from the East Village, Manhattan
Singers from New York City
Living people
21st-century American bass guitarists
21st-century American women

masks:
Julia Rachel Cumming
Alec Cumming
Julia
Cumming
Cumming
Julia
Cumming
Cumming
Cumming
Cumming
Cumming
Julia Cumming
Julia Cumming
Julia Cumming
Julia Cumming


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<mask> (July 5, 1856 – March 28, 1913) was an American landowner and patriarch of the <mask> clan of Carroll County, Virginia. He was convicted and executed for murder in 1913 after a sensational courthouse shootout the previous year that left a judge, prosecutor, sheriff, and two others dead, although the validity of the conviction has been source of debate within Carroll County for decades. <mask>, who was before the bar for sentencing after being convicted of taking a prisoner from a deputy sheriff, allegedly triggered the shooting at the Carroll County Courthouse in Hillsville on March 14, 1912. Early life and activities
<mask> was born in 1856 and spent much of his life living in Cana, Virginia, located below Fancy Gap Mountain in Carroll County. He was the patriarch of the county's most prominent family, which, in addition to owning large tracts of farmland and a prosperous general store, were also active in local politics as proud Southern Democrats. Both <mask> and his brother Sidna held legal licenses for the production of alcohol. <mask> was noted for his generosity, but also his quick temper and easily injured pride.He had a history of violent altercations, including shooting a black man in North Carolina, beating a police officer in Mount Airy and later shooting his own cousin. In May 1889, <mask>'s brothers, Garland and Sidna <mask>, were tried for carrying concealed pistols and assaulting a group of thirteen men. In July 1889, the Carroll County court indicted <mask> for assault as well, but in December of that year the Commonwealth's Attorney dropped the case. In September 1889, after pleading no contest to the assault, Garland and Sidna were fined $5 each plus court costs, and the prosecutor dropped the weapons charges. Judge Robert C. Jackson, an attorney in Roanoke and Judge Thornton Massie's predecessor in the Carroll County courtroom, stated that, "<mask> was perhaps the worst man of the clan  overbearing, vindictive, high tempered, brutal, with no respect for law and little or no regard for human life. During my term of office <mask> was several times charged with violations of law. In several instances he escaped indictment, I am satisfied, because the witnesses were afraid to testify to the facts before the grand jury."Judge Jackson recalled a trial in 1904 in which <mask> was convicted of assaulting a neighbor, Noah Combs. <mask> had wanted to buy a farm owned by one of his own brothers, but could not agree on a price. Combs wanted the land badly enough to pay the asking price and bought it despite <mask>'s warnings not to "butt in." Not long afterward, <mask> shot and wounded Combs, and was indicted and tried on charges of assault. Sentenced by the jury to an hour in jail and a $100 fine, plus costs, <mask> immediately posted bail pending an appeal. His defense team included former Commonwealth's Attorney Walter Tipton and recent County Court Judge Oglesby. At the next term of court, <mask> produced an order of clemency from Governor Andrew J. Montague suspending the jail sentence.In another instance, while arguing over the administration of their father's estate, <mask> got into a gunfight with his own brother, Jasper, known as "Jack", a local constable. In a fusillade of shots, <mask> hit Jack in the head, which struck a glancing blow on Jack's scalp, while one of Jack's bullets hit <mask> in the chest. His pistol empty, <mask> proceeded to beat Jack with the butt of his empty revolver. Sentenced to a $100 fine and one hour in jail for wounding Jack, <mask> refused to go, saying that he "would never spend a minute in jail as long as the blood flowed through his veins". <mask>'s body bore the scars of thirteen bullet wounds, five of them inflicted in quarrels with his own family. Despite their history of violence, the <mask>s held considerable political power, and <mask> had a reputation for courage. In 1908, while serving as special deputies, <mask> and a relative, Henry "H.C." <mask>, were charged with unlawful assault upon prisoners held in their custody who they claimed had resisted arrest.On February 1, 1908, the <mask>s were convicted of the charge and sentenced to ten days in jail and a fine of $10. Only a month later, their petition for executive clemency was granted by Governor Claude A. Swanson, restoring their political rights to hold office. In 1910, Sidna <mask> was tried in the United States court at Greensboro, North Carolina for making twenty-dollar counterfeit coins. The federal court in Greensboro found him not guilty, while Sidna's alleged accomplice, Preston Dickens, was found guilty and sentenced to serve five years in federal prison. Sidna was retried and found guilty of perjury in his trial testimony, and was sentenced to two years' imprisonment. Sidna promptly appealed and won a new trial on the perjury charge. The next year, after the <mask>s complained that they could not expect justice from William Foster, the Republican Commonwealth Attorney of the county (who had recently switched parties), Judge Thornton L. Massie appointed both <mask> and H.C. as police officers for the New River section of the county.However, times were changing: Virginia's judicial structure was altered in a series of legal reforms, particularly the county court system, which was replaced by circuit courts. The new system appointed a full-time judge to hold court at scheduled intervals in a circuit of several counties. While the state legislature still appointed circuit judges, the new system reduced the ability of individual delegates to ensure that their preferred judge was selected for their particular county; furthermore, judges could no longer practice law for private clients while on the bench, and as regional judges their susceptibility to local influence and public opinion was reduced. Arrest of the Edwards brothers
One night in December 1910 (some sources say 1911), two of <mask>'s nephews, Wesley  and Sidna Edwards, attended a corn shucking bee in Hillsville. While there, Wesley kissed a girl who was romantically linked to a local youth, Will Thomas, which led to an altercation between the two young men. At a church service the next morning conducted by Wesley's uncle, <mask>, Thomas reportedly called out Wesley into a fight. According to Wesley, Thomas and three friends assaulted him, and he defended himself with the help of his brother Sidna, who rushed to join the fight.Wesley and Sidna were charged with disorderly conduct, assault with a deadly weapon, disturbing a public worship service, and other violations. Rather than face arrest, the two men fled over the state line to North Carolina, where they found jobs in a granite quarry. The deputy clerk of Carroll County, Dexter Goad, obtained a new warrant for the brothers' arrest, notifying the sheriff in Surry County, North Carolina, who soon arrested both men. A Carroll County deputy sheriff, Thomas Samuels, and his driver, Peter Easter, traveled in Easter's four-seater buggy to the state line and received the brothers from Sheriff Haynes and Deputy Oscar Monday, who had arrested the brothers at work. There was only one set of handcuffs, and because Sidna Edwards had tried to escape a couple of times, Wesley was handcuffed in the front seat of the buggy and Sidna was tied in the back seat. On the way to the courthouse, the buggy passed by several properties owned by the <mask>s. <mask> met the buggy south of Sidna <mask>'s home as he was on the way to his own home.Deputy Samuels pulled a gun (later determined to be inoperative) and ordered <mask> to move away, and <mask> rode back past the buggy to Sidna's store where he then blocked the narrow road with his mare. Samuels again pulled his gun on <mask>. A fight ensued and <mask> beat Samuels with his own pistol. Wesley Edwards tried to grapple with Easter, but Easter got away and fired a shot at <mask> as he did so, wounding <mask> in the finger. <mask> then released the Edwards brothers. Easter ran to an acquaintance's home, and he telephoned the sheriff at Hillsville. Deputy Samuels was left lying unconscious in a ditch, and his horses were run off.<mask> later stated that he never intended to have the boys set completely free, he just wanted them to be released from their manacles. On the following Monday, Wesley and Sidna Edwards were turned over to the court by <mask>, and the two Edwards brothers were soon tried and convicted of their crimes. Wesley was sentenced to sixty days and his brother thirty, which were served outside jail on work-release. Indictment
The Commonwealth's attorney, William Foster had served as Carroll County's prosecutor for eight years, having been first elected on the Democratic ticket. Later, Foster changed to the Republican party, and by 1912 was a prominent leader in the GOP in Carroll County, being elected the last time on the Republican ticket. Foster was a political enemy of the <mask>s, who had supported <mask>'s son, Walter, as Democratic candidate for Commonwealth's Attorney against Foster in the last election. (<mask> had lost the bitterly fought race.)Foster called upon a grand jury to investigate the escape/pistol-whipping incident. <mask> agreed to testify and admitted 'roughing up' Samuels, but denied intending to release the prisoners: "That there Samuel[s] was abusing the boys. He had them handcuffed and tied up with a rope. I just can't bear to see anyone drug around." Nonetheless, the grand jury indicted <mask>, Sidna <mask> and <mask> for interfering with the deputies, and <mask> was also indicted for assault and battery upon Samuels. Sidna <mask> was never tried for his part in the altercation, while <mask> was acquitted at trial. When <mask>'s case was set for trial, rumors arose that he had sent word to Deputy Samuels that he would kill Samuels if the deputy testified against him.<mask> later denied this, but the reported threat caused Samuels to leave the state the same night it was delivered. The rumor that the <mask>s were intimidating witnesses was called to the attention of the court. Judge Thornton L. Massie called Constable <mask> (and <mask>, who had been deputized by Massie about six months earlier) to the bar and proceeded to question them about the alleged intimidation. <mask> denied all responsibility for the allegations of intimidation, which he stated were untrue and insisted neither he nor his brother was guilty of wrongdoing. In response, the judge told the two men that if the law could not be faithfully enforced in Carroll County by the county's deputized officers he would bring in state troops if necessary to maintain order. A witness later testified that <mask> had remarked that he "would not let any man talk to me that way." Trial and shooting

After close to a year of delays, <mask> was finally brought to trial on March 13, 1912.Judge Thornton L. Massie, who had deputized <mask> six months earlier, presided. <mask> was well represented by a two-attorney team. Both Walter Scott Tipton and David Winton Bolen, were retired Carroll County judges. Samuels' departure forced Commonwealth's Attorney William M. Foster to rely on testimony from Deputy Easter. The jury could not agree on a verdict immediately as the trial ended, and were sequestered in a local hotel overnight. Fearful of the <mask>s' reaction, and having received death threats, many officials of the court armed themselves. At least two of the participants, Judge Massie and Sheriff Webb, had told friends that they expected trouble.Many of <mask> clan members were spectators in the courtroom, most of them armed with pistols. Sidna <mask> and Claud <mask> stood on benches in the courtroom's northeast corner to see over the crowd. Friel <mask> sat in the back of the room, and the Edwards boys stood on benches next to the north wall. When the jury returned a guilty verdict against with a sentence of one year in the penitentiary, <mask> is reported to have said to Judge Massie: "If you sentence me on that verdict, I will kill you." The judge immediately sentenced <mask> to one year's imprisonment. According to <mask>'s defense attorney, David Winton Bolen, "[<mask>] hesitated a moment, and then he arose...He looked to me like a man who was about to say something, and had hardly made up his mind what he was going to say, but as he got straight, he moved off to my left, I would say five or six feet, and he seemed to gain his speech, and he said something like this, 'I just tell you, I ain't a'going.'" At this point, shots broke out in the courtroom.Accounts differ as to who actually fired the first shot. Many accounts claim that <mask> initiated the confrontation by pulling a gun in court. In his defense testimony, <mask> stated that Sheriff Lew F. Webb fired first, but that the shot missed <mask>, at which point Deputy Clerk Goad, the Clerk of Court, fired and hit <mask>, causing him to fall. (When <mask> fell, wounded, he landed on top of his lawyer David Bolen, who had ducked to the ground as soon as the shooting started, and who is reported to have said, "<mask>, they are going to kill me shooting at you!") <mask> stated that only then did he draw his own revolver and begin shooting. After a fusillade of shots, the <mask> clan left the courthouse, armed with pistols and 12-gauge pump shotguns and shooting as they ran. Judge Massie, Sheriff Webb, Commonwealth's Attorney Foster, and the jury foreman (Augustus C. Fowler), were all hit and died of their wounds sustained in the crossfire.More than fifty bullets were later recovered from the shooting scene. Elizabeth Ayers, a 19-year-old subpoenaed witness who had testified against <mask>, was shot in the back while trying to leave the courtroom, and died at home the next day. Seven others were wounded, including Deputy Clerk Goad and <mask>. <mask>, wounded too badly in the hip, thigh and knee to leave town, instead spent the night in the Elliott Hotel accompanied by his eldest son, Victor, who was later acquitted of involvement in the shootout. Upon his arrest by deputies at the hotel, <mask> attempted to slash his own throat with a pocketknife, but was overpowered before he could complete the job. Manhunt
Virginia law held that when a sheriff died his deputies lost all legal powers, so the shooting left Carroll County without law enforcement. Recognizing the need for immediate action, assistant clerk S<mask> Landreth sent a telegram to Democratic Governor William Hodges Mann which read:

Send troops to the County of Carroll at once.Mob violence, the court. Commonwealth's Attorney, Sheriff, some jurors and others shot on the conviction of <mask> for a felony. Sheriff and Commonwealth's Attorney dead, court serious. Look after this now. Governor Mann immediately called on the Baldwin-Felts Detective Agency to find those responsible for the shootings and arrest them. The Commonwealth of Virginia posted rewards ($1000 for Sidna <mask>, $1000 for Sidna Edwards, $800 for Claud <mask>, $500 for Friel <mask>, and $500 for Wesley Edwards) - dead or alive. Within a month, all suspected

masks:
Floyd Allen
Allen
Allen
Floyd Allen
Allen
Allen
Floyd
Allen
Floyd
Floyd Allen
Floyd Allen
Allen
Floyd
Floyd Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Floyd
Floyd
Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Floyd
Floyd Allen
Garland Allen
Allen
Floyd Allen
Allen
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd Allen
Floyd Allen
Allen
Jack Allen
Walter Allen
Floyd Allen
Floyd Allen
Allen
Barnett Allen
Floyd Allen
Allen
Barnett Allen
Floyd Allen
Allen
Allen
Jack Allen
Floyd Allen
Jack Allen
Floyd Allen
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Floyd Allen
Floyd Allen
Floyd Allen
Floyd
Allen
Floyd Allen
Allen
Allen
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd Allen
Allen
Floyd Allen
Floyd Allen
Floyd
Floyd
. Floyd
Floyd Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen


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 shooters were in custody, except Sidna <mask> and Wesley Edwards.During the initial manhunt, several posses of detectives and local deputies searched the surrounding countryside. Friel <mask> gave himself up to detectives in the company of his father, <mask>, who worried his son might be killed while being apprehended. Cousins Claud <mask> and Sidna Edwards were soon arrested after a brief search. The U.S. Revenue Service had sent Deputy Agent Faddis to investigate reports of illegal liquor trafficking by the <mask>s. Agent Faddis and four men raided <mask>'s property, seizing illegal stills and fifty gallons of moonshine. Two more illegal stills were found at Sidna Edwards' house. However, Sidna <mask> and his nephew, Wesley Edwards, fled Virginia.After several months' chase, Baldwin-Felts detectives located them in Iowa after an informant's tip. Sidna <mask> maintained until the end of his life that this informant was Maude Iroller, Wesley's fiancee, who provided information on the fugitives' location in exchange for $500 from the detective agency. Others state that Miss Iroller's father, who had never approved of his daughter's romance with Wesley Edwards, tipped off the detectives that Maude was going to Des Moines to marry him. Baldwin-Felts detectives traveled to Des Moines, arrested the suspects, and returned them to Carroll County to stand trial. Trials for the courthouse shooting
<mask> was the first to be brought to trial on a charge of murdering Judge Massie, Sheriff Webb, and Commonwealth's Attorney Foster. Judge W. R. Staples presided over the courthouse shooting trials, which were prosecuted by Assistant Attorney General Samuel W. Williams and involved attorneys Draper, Landreth, Poage and Wysor. No autopsies were ever performed and rumors flew of friendly fire casualties.The prosecutor's case was based on the formation of a conspiracy by the <mask>s to kill the trial judge, local law enforcement, and others who had wronged them in the event of a guilty verdict. J. E. Kearn, a traveling salesman from Roanoke, testified he sold Sidna <mask> a lot of ammunition at the March term of the Hillsville court, specifically 500 each of .32 and .38 caliber pistol cartridges and 500 12-gauge shotgun shells. The prosecution attempted to show that <mask> and Claud <mask> prompted the gun battle by standing and pulling their pistols and opening fire. Former judge David Winton Bolen, who had been present during the shooting as one of <mask>'s defense attorneys, was the first witness the prosecution called at <mask>'s murder trial. Bolen had been standing next to <mask>, and was facing Judge Massie when the first shots struck the judge's robes. Bolen testified that Claud <mask> fired the first shot, and that Claud <mask>'s pistol shot, together with a second shot fired by Sidna <mask>, killed Judge Massie. Another prosecution witness was <mask>'s other attorney, Walter S. Tipton.Tipton testified he saw Claud <mask> in the courthouse with a pistol raised in both hands as if he had just fired it. During a second glance Tipton again saw <mask> with his pistol raised and held in both hands; he then saw <mask> fire his pistol. Yet another lawyer who witnessed the shooting, W. A. Daugherty of Pikeville, stated that several young men were standing on court benches at the back of the room firing their pistols "like Custer's cavalrymen at the Little Big Horn". Deputy Sheriff George W. Edwards, who became the sheriff of Carroll County after Sheriff Webb's death, testified that, as a deputy sheriff at the time, he had spoken with <mask> just after <mask> learned of his indictment. <mask> said that Commonwealth's Attorney Foster would not give him a show; but that if he did not there would be a "big hole put in the court house." The next witness was Sidney Towe, who largely corroborated the testimony of Sheriff Edwards. On a different occasion, he heard <mask> make the same threat of putting the biggest hole in the courthouse that any man ever had seen.On the other hand, <mask> and his relatives claimed Deputy Clerk Dexter Goad had fired first, prompted by a long-standing vendetta he and Foster held against the <mask> family. The defense attempted to show that Deputy Clerk Goad shot Elizabeth Ayers in his exchange of fire with the <mask>s, a charge Goad denied. Years later, an allegation surfaced that Deputy Clerk H.C. Quesinberry had confessed on his deathbed to starting the shooting; two men swore an affidavit to that effect in 1967 (for which each man was reportedly paid $25). Others consider the alleged affidavit to be hearsay, made years after the event transpired, and worthless. In his testimony at his murder trial, <mask> admitted he had fired at Deputy Clerk Quesinberry and again twice more at other unknown persons once he had left the courthouse. Deputy Clerk Dexter Goad admitted firing the second shot at <mask>, striking him in the pelvis. He said he thought <mask>'s fumbling with his sweater buttons was a prelude to drawing his pistol.However, Goad denied firing the first shot in the fusillade. Though wounded by four bullets himself, Goad recovered. S. E. Gardner, a Hillsville undertaker who prepared the body of Sheriff Webb for burial, testified that the Sheriff was shot no less than five times. One bullet entered the back and ranged upward, lodging directly under the collarbone. A second shot entered the back about four inches lower, while a third shot cut the sheriff across the chin. Another entered the body at the cap of the left hip and passed through the abdomen. The last and fifth shot went into the calf of the leg and when his trousers were removed, a .32 caliber bullet was discovered.Attorney Howard C. Gilmer, of Pulaski, Virginia, was at Hillsville Courthouse in a room adjoining Judge Massie's courtroom when the shooting broke out. Gilmer testified he heard two shots in quick succession, after which there was a slight interval and then a great volley of firing. He also testified that he saw the crowd come out of the court house, and recognized <mask> and Sidna <mask> as the last to leave, both of them following and firing as they backed out, apparently in response to fire coming from within the courthouse. The last two bullets were fired by <mask> and went through two of the steps of one of the courthouse's stairways, where they can still be viewed today. Gilmer said he heard <mask> say two or three times, "I am shot, but I got the damn scoundrel." County Treasurer J. B. Marshall testified that when the shooting started he turned to escape the courthouse.After getting down the steps he leaned against the window of his office when two girls, Dora and Elizabeth Ayers, passed him. He testified that one of the girls pointed out some of the <mask>s leaving the courthouse, when Sidna <mask> came toward him, pointed his pistol at him, and fired. Marshall then related that Sidna <mask>'s bullet buried itself in the window about six inches above his head. Marshall also testified he had been standing near Sheriff Webb, but did not see any pistol in the Sheriff's hand. Another witness, Walter Petty, also testified that the first shots were fired from the courtroom's northeast corner, where Claud <mask> was standing. Petty also witnessed a pistol duel between Sidna <mask> and Deputy Clerk Dexter Goad. At Claud <mask>'s trial for the murder of Commonwealth's Attorney Foster, Judge David W. Bolen was again the prosecution's star witness.Judge Bolen confirmed his prior testimony that he saw Claud <mask> fire the first shot at Judge Massie from the courtroom's northeast corner, whereupon Claud advanced toward the court officers to where Commonwealth's Attorney Foster was standing. For his part, Claud <mask> admitted to firing his pistol while in the courtroom. Claud testified that he saw Sidna <mask> firing just about the time he saw Deputy Clerk Goad fire. <mask>, whose pistol was used in the courthouse shooting, said he saw Wesley Edwards from outside the courtroom firing a revolver through the courthouse window and over spectators' heads just after the shooting began, and later saw Edwards run from the courthouse together with Sidna <mask>. <mask> also asserted that Claud had taken Victor's handgun as the two left their hotel in Hillsville on that morning. Sidna Edwards testified that he was not armed on the day of the shooting and that he did not like to carry guns. He denied firing a gun during the courthouse shootings, and stated that he did not see who fired the first shot, but thought that it came from the vicinity of Deputy Clerk Goad's desk.Sidna Edwards had scalded his foot some years before and was partially lame, and limped out of the courthouse, riding his mother's horse back to his home. Sidna <mask> denied that he shot Judge Massie, or that he fired at Commonwealth's Attorney Foster, Sheriff Webb, or at Juror Fowler. <mask> claimed that when the shooting began, he drew his own revolver and fired five times at Deputy Clerk Goad and Deputy Sheriff Gillespie, because both men were firing at him. After those five shots, he dropped to his knees and reloaded his revolver. Sidna <mask> claimed that when he left the courthouse, Goad followed behind him, shooting him through the left arm, the bullet lodging in his left side. He stated that he fired back at Goad on the courthouse steps, but denied shooting at Treasurer J. B. Marshall.He also said he went to Blankenship's Livery Stable after the incident, where he met other family members and left Hillsville with Claud <mask>, Wesley Edwards, and Sidna Edwards. They returned to their homes by traveling cross-country through the farm fields rather than public roads. Sidna <mask> and Wesley Edwards then left Virginia, eventually reaching Des Moines, Iowa. Aftermath
<mask> was tried for the first-degree murder of Commonwealth's Attorney Foster. On May 18, 1912, the jury found <mask> guilty. He wept freely as the verdict was read. In July 1912, after three separate trials, Claud <mask> was convicted of first-degree murder for the killing of Commonwealth's Attorney Foster, and for second-degree murder for the killing of Judge Massie.For their roles in the shooting, <mask> and Claud  were sentenced to death by electrocution. <mask>'s death sentence was deeply unpopular with <mask> supporters in the county, but many other residents were unsympathetic, surprised by the deaths of so many people over <mask>'s refusal to serve a year in prison. Governor Mann, who had received death threats in the same handwriting as the threats previously delivered to the trial judge, had to cut short a trip to Pennsylvania after learning his Lieutenant Governor, James Taylor Ellyson (1847–1919), had attempted to commute the <mask>s' sentences in his absence, instigating a brief constitutional power struggle between the two men. Governor Mann refused a request to commute the death sentences to life imprisonment, and <mask> was electrocuted on March 28, 1913 at 1:20PM. Eleven minutes later, his son Claud followed his father to death in the electric chair. Sidna <mask> pleaded guilty and received a total of 35 years in prison for the voluntary manslaughter of Commonwealth's Attorney Foster, and for second-degree murder of Judge Massie. He also pleaded guilty to second-degree murder for the shooting of Sheriff Webb, and was sentenced to 18 years' imprisonment.Wesley Edwards drew nine years for each count of murder for the slaying of Foster, Massie, and Webb for a total of 27 years' imprisonment. Sidna Edwards pleaded guilty in August 1912 to second-degree murder, and was sentenced to 15 years in the penitentiary. Friel <mask> was tried in August 1912 and after confessing to shooting prosecutor Foster, was sentenced to 18 years in prison. Democratic Governor Elbert Lee Trinkle pardoned Friel <mask> and Sidna Edwards in 1922. In April 1926, Governor Harry Flood Byrd pardoned Sidna <mask> and Wesley Edwards. <mask> and <mask> were acquitted. Burden "Byrd" Marion, a cousin and neighbor, had all charges against him dropped.Accounts differ as to whether this was for a lack of evidence, or because Marion became a state's witness and admitted his role in aiding the <mask>s. Shortly after the <mask> trials, law enforcement officers found a still in an old house on Burden Marion's farm, and he was arrested for making illegal liquor. He was tried in federal court, found guilty, and sentenced to a year in federal prison at Moundsville, West Virginia. He began his sentence in August 1913, and died of pneumonia in prison on November 25, 1913. The Carroll County prosecutor placed liens on all property owned by <mask> and Sidna <mask> for the heirs of the victims. After three wrongful death lawsuits by the victims' estates and survivors, that property was confiscated and sold at auction, forcing Sidna <mask>'s wife and two small daughters to live in rented quarters and work at menial jobs until Sidna's eventual pardon. <mask>'s son, Victor, bought his father's house so his mother would not have to move.In 1921, however, Victor moved his family to Tabernacle Township, New Jersey. <mask> lost his job as constable as a result of the Hillsville shooting, and soon his life. On March 17, 1916, he  stopped for the night in a roadhouse near Mt. Airy, North Carolina where he encountered Will McGraw, a moonshine hauler. A dispute arose between McGraw and <mask> about the Hillsville tragedy; during the confrontation McGraw drew a gun and shot <mask> twice, killing him on the spot. <mask> was buried near his home in Carroll County, in the presence of a thousand mourners. A Some sources claim that Burden Marion was found beaten to death in his cell.List of the dead and wounded

Dead
 Thornton Lemmon Massie, judge
 Lewis Franklin Webb, Carroll County sheriff
 William McDonald Foster, Commonwealth's Attorney
 Augustus Cezar Fowler, juror
 Elizabeth Ayres, witness

Wounded
 <mask>, defendant
 Sidna <mask>, defendant
 Dexter Goad, Clerk of Court
 Christopher Columbus Cain, juror
 Andrew T. Howlett, spectator
 Elihue Clark Gillespie, Deputy
 Stuart Worrell, spectator

References

Biography

External links
 Transcriptions of contemporary newspaper articles
 Allen Trial: 1912 - Virginia Tries <mask> For Murder
 "Mug Shot Monday Special Edition:  <mask> and <mask>", at The UncommonWealth: Voices from the Library of Virginia at the Library of Virginia
"100 Years Ago - Law and Disorder", at The UncommonWealth: Voices from the Library of Virginia
 The Washington Times March 17, 1912
 Reward poster for the Allens 1912

”<mask>’s Lament”  a song by Phillip W. Jones, song writer, trial lawyer and historian. YouTube. 1856 births
1913 deaths
1912 murders in the United States
People from Carroll County, Virginia
American people convicted of murder
People executed for murder
Executed people from Virginia
Ballads
20th-century executions by Virginia
People executed by Virginia by electric chair
People convicted of murder by Virginia
20th-century executions of American people
American mass murderers
Virginia

masks:
Allen
Allen
Jack Allen
Allen
Allen
Floyd Allen
Allen
Allen
Floyd Allen
Allen
Allen
Floyd
Allen
Floyd Allen
Floyd Allen
Floyd Allen
Allen
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Allen
Floyd Allen
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Floyd
Floyd Allen
Floyd Allen
Allen
Floyd
Floyd Allen
Floyd Allen
Allen
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Floyd Allen
Floyd
Floyd
Floyd
Allen
Floyd
Floyd Allen
Allen
Allen
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Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Victor Allen
Allen
Victor Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Floyd Allen
Floyd Allen
Allen
Floyd
Allen
Allen
Floyd Allen
Allen
Floyd Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Allen
Victor Allen
Barnett Allen
Allen
Allen
Floyd Allen
Allen
Allen
Floyd Allen
Jack Allen
Jack Allen
Allen
Jack Allen
Floyd Allen
Allen
Floyd Allen
Floyd
Claude Allen
Floyd


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<mask> (18 July 1842 – 16 February 1913) - in religious <mask> of Saint Joseph - was an Argentine Roman Catholic professed religious and the founder of the Poor Sisters of Saint Joseph. Rolón survived a cholera outbreak in Buenos Aires in the 1870s that claimed her mother and brother and after this made two failed attempts to enter the Capuchin Poor Clares and the Carmelites. In 1880 she moved to Mercedes where she founded an orphanage that would later evolve into a religious congregation. Her order spread to the point that the motherhouse relocated to Rome as did she and it was there that she died. Her beatification process opened in 1950 despite the fact that the cause was not introduced on a formal level until 1975. In 1993 she became titled as Venerable after Pope John Paul II confirmed that Rolón had practiced heroic virtue during her life. Life
<mask> was born in San Isidro on 18 July 1842 to <mask> and María Gutíerrez; her baptism was celebrated on 22 July and she was baptized in the names "<mask>".Her parents named her in honor of Saint Camilo de Lelis. Rolón received her Confirmation when she was seven from Bishop Mariano Escalada and then made her First Communion in 1854. In 1867 a cholera epidemic broke out in Buenos Aires and after it disappeared the Yellow Fever spread throughout the region. This new outbreak claimed the life of her mother in 1870 while her brother Andrés died not long following this. From the age of eighteen she had felt a strong call to the religious life and so set herself on joining the Capuchin Poor Clares in Buenos Aires. Rolón tried entering in 1886 but failed. This came after a previous and failed attempt to join the Carmelites at their convent.Rolón entered the order on 21 April 1875 and assumed the religious name "Dolores de San José" but ill health (which the rigors of convent life caused to worsen) forced her to leave the order on 20 May to spend five months recuperating at her home. Her father died not long after this in mid-1877. Rolón - on 28 January 1880 - moved out of her father's home alongside two friends and eleven orphaned girls to Mercedes in order to found an orphanage there and to pursue their religious dreams where the group settled in an old house. The rich benefactor Leon Gallardo heard about her venture and so promised that he would establish a building to serve as the fledgling order's motherhouse which was established in 1889 in Muñiz. Rolón founded the Poor Sisters of Saint Joseph in Mercedes and went on to establish 32 houses and two novitiate houses. On 19 March 1881 she and three others assumed the religious habit for the first time and she later made her initial profession on 19 March 1882. Rolón arrived in Rome on 7 May 1891 alongside two companions on a mission to obtain papal approval for her institute.It was there she spoke with Cardinal Mariano Rampolla who approved of her idea and assured her that he would do whatever he could to get the pope to approve it. The cardinal also managed to secure her and her companions a private audience with Pope Leo XIII. Rolón threw herself at the pope's feet which she kissed and the pope promised her that he would issue the papal decree of praise for the order. Her return to Buenos Aires on 26 July 1891 saw her continue with her religious formation that culminated in her solemn profession as "<mask> de San José" on 19 March 1892. Rolón served as the order's first Superior General and was re-elected as such on 19 March 1896; she later undertook another trip to Rome on 31 March 1903 and would return to Buenos Aires that July around the time that Pope Leo XIII died. Papal approval for her order was given before the pope's death on 3 May 1898. The nun returned to Rome on 30 November 1904 to meet with the new Pope Pius X in a private audience while later on 19 March 1908 was re-elected once more as Superior General before making a return trip to Rome in late 1908.The nun made another trip to Rome on 27 September 1910 and arrived there in late October. The Constitutions for her order received approval from Pope Pius X on 15 December 1908 and so she travelled to Rome to have the pope approve her statutes. In 1910 the order's motherhouse was established in Rome where she would relocate. In late 1911 she became ill and so was confined to her bed but it was later diagnosed as a carcinoma of the uterus (evolving into uterine cancer) that had first manifested in 1875 and was the reason for her departure from the Carmelites. Rolón rallied from this but her cancer returned sometime in 1912 forcing her to sign her spiritual testament on 27 September 1912 in preparation for her death. Her condition worsened on 10 October 1912 and she remained in bed for treatment though would move to an armchair when she had enough strength to move about. Rolón died in Rome at 12:20am holding a Crucifix in her hands.Her remains arrived in Buenos Aires on 22 March to the metropolitan cathedral and then were taken to Muñiz for interment. Her order now exists in countries such as Romania and Madagascar and in 2008 had 161 religious in 30 houses. Beatification process
The beatification process for the late nun opened in both Rome and the La Plata diocese in an informative process that opened on 2 August 1950 and concluded later on 20 March 1952. Her spiritual writings were also collected as part of the investigation for theologians to examine; their aim was to discern whether her writings adhered to doctrine or not and a decree issued on 28 January 1959 confirmed her writings were approved. The formal introduction to the cause came under Pope Paul VI on 13 March 1975 while an apostolic process was later held from 8 June 1977 until 31 July 1978. The Congregation for the Causes of Saints later validated these processes in Rome on 13 November 1981 as having adhered to their regulations for causes. The postulation - officials in charge of the cause - submitted the official Positio dossier to the C.C.S.in 1990 for investigation. This dossier was the culmination of the informative and apostolic process with biographical information and that information attesting to her holiness. Theologians approved the dossier on 23 June 1992 as did the C.C.S. members later on 12 January 1993. <mask> was declared to be Venerable on 2 April 1993 after Pope John Paul II confirmed that the late religious lived a life of heroic virtue. The current postulator for the cause is Dr. Silvia Mónica Correale. Her beatification depends upon papal confirmation of a miracle that is often a healing that science and medicine fail to explain.The diocese that one such healing originated in investigated the case and the process for this concluded on 5 August 2016. Cardinal Giovanni Angelo Becciu sent a letter to Bishop Santiago Olivera in 2019 stating that two medical experts had to meet to assess if the case was credible before sending it to the medical board for evaluation. References

External links
 Hagiography Circle
 Official website

1842 births
1913 deaths
19th-century Argentine people
19th-century Argentine women
19th-century venerated Christians
20th-century Argentine people
20th-century Argentine women
20th-century venerated Christians
Argentine Roman Catholics
Founders of Catholic religious communities
People from Buenos Aires Province
Roman Catholic religious sisters and nuns
Superiors general
Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II

masks:
Camila Rolón
Camila
Camila Rolón
Eusebio Rolón
Corina Camila
Camila
Rolón


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<mask> (Hebrew: שלמה אבינרי) (born 1933 in Bielsko, Poland) is an Israeli political scientist. He is  Professor of Political Science at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and member of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. He also serves as  Recurring Visiting Professor at the Central European University in Budapest and Fellow of a Munich-based academic think tank offering advice to politicians (). Ideas
<mask> has written extensively in the history of political philosophy, especially on the political thought of Karl Marx, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and on the early Zionist political theories of Moses Hess and Theodor Herzl. He has also written numerous books and articles on Middle Eastern affairs and international affairs. <mask> contributed in revising Hegel's political thought and showing Hegel's pluralism. <mask> was also involved in the debate over the dissolution of the Soviet Union.He argued that it was the pre-capitalist structure of 1917 Russia, as well as the strong authoritarian traditions of the Russian state and its weak civil society, which pushed the Soviet revolution towards its repressive development. His recent intellectual biography of Herzl shows how developments in his native Austro-Hungarian Empire, rather than the Dreyfus Affair in France, convinced Herzl of the failure of Jewish emancipation in Europe and of the need to find a political solution for the Jews, based on national self-determination, outside of Europe. His work has appeared in Dissent, Foreign Affairs, and The New York Review of Books. He frequently contributes Op-eds to Haaretz. He is a member of the Editorial Board of the Jewish Review of Books. Positions held
He served as Director of Eshkol Research Institute (1971–74); Dean of Faculty of Social Sciences (1974–76); Director-General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1976–77); and Director of the Institute for European Studies at the Hebrew University (1997–2002). <mask> has had numerous visiting appointments including Yale University, Wesleyan University, Australian National University, Cornell University, University of California, The Queen's College, Oxford, Northwestern University, Cardozo School of Law,  and Oxford and, most recently, the University of Toronto.He has been a visiting scholar at the Wilson Center, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and Brookings Institution in Washington, DC, and at the Institute of World Economics and International Relations in Moscow. He is currently Recurring Visiting Professor at the Central European University, in Budapest. <mask> served as Director-General of Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1975–77. He also headed the Israeli delegation to the UNESCO General Assembly, and in 1979 he was a member of the joint Egyptian-Israeli commission that negotiated the Cultural and Scientific Agreement between the two countries. When the Rabin government appointed <mask> to the post of Director-General of the Foreign Ministry in 1975, this was harshly criticized by the Likud opposition because of <mask>'s support for negotiations with the PLO (a Likud MK even compared him  to "Lord Haw-Haw", the British traitor who had broadcast from Berlin during World War II and was later executed). During his time at the Foreign Ministry, <mask> followed the official line of the Rabin government preferring the "Jordanian Option" and participated in some of the meetings with King Hussein. But in his writings, and internal Foreign Ministry memoranda, he tried to present the conflict with the Palestinians within a wider context of a conflict between two national movements, beyond the narrow ideological or security-oriented conventional Israeli discourse.At that time, some of the first unofficial meetings between Israeli peace activists and PLO officials also took place. These developments were curtailed by the Likud electoral victory in 1977, which also led to <mask>'s resignation from the Foreign Ministry, but were resumed in the 1990s in the second government of Rabin and led to the Oslo accords between Israel and the PLO. Honors and awards
<mask> is the recipient of many honors and awards including:
 A British Council Scholarship (1961);
 The Rubin Prize in the Social Sciences (1968). The Naphtali Prize for the study of Hegel (1977). The Present Tense Award for the Study of Zionism (1982). The Israel Prize (1996), for political science. In 2006, he received the Israel Political Science Association Award for his contribution to the discipline in Israel and abroad.He holds a Ph.D. Honoris Causa from the University of Cluj-Napoca (Romania). In 2009, he received the Italian Solidarity Order of Merit (O.S.S.I), with the rank of "Commendatore", from Italian President Giorgio Napolitano
 In 2009, received the Solomon Bublick Award of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 2010 he received a Ph.D.Honoris Causa from the Weizmann Institute, Rehovot. In 2011 he was elected to the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. In 2013 he was elected to the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences (PAU) and received the EMET Prize in Political Science. Selected publications
The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx (1968)
Karl Marx on Colonialism and Modernization (1968)
Israel and the Palestinians (1971)
Hegel's Theory of the Modern State (1972)
Marx's Socialism (1973)
Varieties of Marxism (1977)
The Making of Modern Zionism (1981)
Moses Hess: Prophet of Communism and Zionism (1985)
Arlosoroff: A Political Biography (1989)
Communitarianism and Individualism (co-editor with Avner de Shalit) (1992)
Europe's Century of Discontent (co-editor with Zeev Sternhell) (2003)
Moses Hess: The Holy History of Mankind & Other Writings (2004)
Herzl - Theodor Herzl and the Foundation of the Jewish State (2013)
Karl Marx: Philosophy and Revolution (2019)
Besides Hebrew and English editions of his books, they have been translated into French, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Polish, Hungarian, Czech, Russian and Japanese. Editor and translator
Historical introduction to the Hebrew edition of Theodore Herzl's Diaries
Avineri also translated Karl Marx's Early Writings into Hebrew.See also
List of Israel Prize recipients

References

External links
 Carnegie Endowment Bio
 Needed: a paradigm shift in the 'Middle East Peace Process', Fathom: For a deeper understanding of Israel and the region, 30 January 2013

Israeli Jews
Hebrew University of Jerusalem faculty
Wesleyan University faculty
Members of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
Israel Prize in political science recipients
Israeli people of Polish-Jewish descent
People from Bielsko
1933 births
Living people
Israeli political scientists
Central European University faculty
Solomon Bublick Award recipients
EMET Prize recipients in the Social Sciences
Polish emigrants to Mandatory Palestine

masks:
Shlomo Avineri
Avineri
Avineri
Avineri
Avineri
Avineri
Avineri
Avineri
Avineri
Avineri
Avineri


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<mask> known as <mask> (良星) is a Japanese kickboxer. A professional competitor since 2013, <mask> is the former BigBang Super Bantamweight titlist and one-time RISE Bantamweight title challenger. He is a highly considered Flyweight fighter by Combat Press. Kickboxing career
<mask> was scheduled to face Masaki Takeuchi at RISE 130 on February 3, 2019. He won the fight by unanimous decision, with scores of 30-29, 30-28 and 30-29. <mask> made his KNOCK OUT debut against Keisuke Miyamoto at KNOCK OUT 2019 SPRING: THE FUTURE IS IN THE RING on April 29, 2019, in a five-round fight. He won the closely-contested fight by unanimous decision, with scores of 50-49, 50-49 and 50-47.<mask> was scheduled to face Tomo Arimatsu at RISE 133 on July 5, 2019. He won the fight by a first-round knockout, stopping Arimatsu with a right straight at the 2:05 minute mark of the round. <mask> was scheduled to face Yuki Masato at RISE 134 on September 29, 2019. He won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. His seven-fight winning streak earned <mask> the chance to challenge the reigning RISE Bantamweight champion Masahiko Suzuki at RISE 136 on January 13, 2020. The bout was a rematch of their July 6, 2018, meeting, which <mask> lost by unanimous decision. <mask> lost the fight by a late fourth-round knockout.It was the first stoppage loss of his kickboxing career. <mask> was scheduled to fight Daiki Toita at RISE 141 on August 23, 2020. He won the fight by unanimous decision, with scores of 30-29, 30-28 and 30-28. <mask> made his RIZIN debut against the four-time Rajadamnern Stadium title challenger Mutsuki Ebata at Rizin 24 - Saitama on September 27, 2020. He lost the fight by unanimous decision. <mask> was scheduled to face Keito Naito at RISE 146 on February 23, 2021. He won the fight by unanimous decision.<mask> was scheduled to face the former WBC Muaythai and WMC Japan titleholder David Chibana at RISE 151 on July 28, 2021. <mask> lost the fight by split decision, after an extra round was contested. <mask> was scheduled to face the #4 ranked RISE bantamweight Takuya at RISE 152 on October 22, 2021. He won the fight by unanimous decision, with scores of 30-27, 30-27 and 30-26. He scored the sole knockdown of the fight in the second round, flooring Takuya with a high kick. style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"
| 2017-09-03|| Win ||align=left| Mochifumi Takahashi ||BigBang 30|| Tokyo, Japan || TKO (Ref. Stoppage/Punches) || 2 || 2:43
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#c5d2ea;"
| 2017-06-04|| Draw ||align=left| Chikara Iwao ||BigBang 29|| Tokyo, Japan || Decision (Majority) || 3 || 3:00
|-
!style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"
| 2017-04-02|| Win ||align=left| Takaaki || Krush.75 || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#FFBBBB;"
| 2017-01-15||Loss ||align=left| Namito Izawa || Krush.72 || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"
| 2016-09-04|| Win ||align=left| Takashi Ohno ||BigBang 26|| Tokyo, Japan || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00
|-
! Kick Tournament, Semi Final || Osaka, Japan || Decision || 2 ||2:00
|-  style="background:#CCFFCC;"
| 2012-04-15|| Win|| align=left|  || All Japan Jr. Kick Tournament, Quarter Final || Osaka, Japan || ||  ||
|-  style="background:#CCFFCC;"
| 2012-03-04|| Win ||align=left| Yuki Egawa || All Japan Jr. Kick Kanto Area Selection Tournament, Final || Tokyo, Japan || Decision || ||
|-  style="background:#CCFFCC;"
| 2012-03-04|| Win ||align=left|  || All Japan Jr. Kick Kanto Area Selection Tournament, Semi Final || Tokyo, Japan || Decision || ||
|-  style="background:#CCFFCC;"
| 2012-03-04|| Win ||align=left|  || All Japan Jr. Kick Kanto Area Selection Tournament, Quarter Final || Tokyo, Japan || Decision || ||
|-  style="background:#FFBBBB;"
| 2011-12-18|| Loss ||align=left| Atsuki Senoo || KAMINARIMON || Tokyo, Japan || Decision || 2|| 1:30
|-
| colspan=9 | Legend:

See also
 List of male kickboxers

References

Living people
1997 births
Japanese male kickboxers
Sportspeople from Tokyo

masks:
Rasta Kido
Rasta
Kido
Rasta
Rasta
Rasta
Rasta
Rasta
Rasta
Rasta
Rasta
Rasta
Rasta
Rasta
Rasta
Rasta


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<mask> (February 28, 1803 – April 14, 1877) was a U.S. Representative from Massachusetts now more remembered for his research and publishing concerning the Loyalists of the American Revolution than as a public servant. Background and early life

Born in New Concord (now Lisbon), New Hampshire, <mask> moved to Boston, Massachusetts, with his parents in 1811 and to Hampden, Maine, in 1814. He completed preparatory studies. At the age of eighteen, he moved to Eastport, Maine, and became employed as a clerk and afterwards engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was editor of the Eastport Sentinel. Founder of the Eastport Lyceum. Incorporator of Eastport Academy and Eastport Athenaeum.He served as member of the Maine House of Representatives in 1833 and 1834. Deputy collector of customs at Eastport 1841–1843. He moved to Framingham, Massachusetts, in 1848, having been appointed a trial justice. <mask> was elected as a Whig to the Thirty-second Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Benjamin Thompson and served from December 13, 1852, to March 3, 1853. He was not a candidate for the Thirty-third Congress. He moved to Roxbury, Massachusetts, having been appointed secretary of the Boston Board of Trade. He also served as special agent of the United States Treasury Department.Loyalist studies
From early childhood, <mask>, in his own words, was "revolution-mad." But, not until 1821, when he moved to Maine and was close enough to pursue his passion, did he realize the great resource available and the profound, for the times, insight that  "there was more than one side to the Revolution." Prior to this  "every 'Tory' was as bad as bad could be, every 'son of Liberty' as good as possible." During the 1840s, <mask> published the results of his research in the North American Review (the United States' first literary magazine). The article was not well received by "patriotic" Americans. One of the few to applaud his research and publishing was Harvard-based historian Jared Sparks. When the fruits of his labor appeared in 1847 in revised and expanded form as The American Loyalists, or Biographical Sketches of Adherents to the British Crown in The War of the Revolution; Alphabetically Arranged; with a Preliminary Historical Essay a firestorm of controversy erupted.He died in Roxbury, Massachusetts, April 14, 1877. He was interred in Hillside Cemetery, Eastport, Maine. Works by <mask> (in Chronological Order)
 Review of ″1. Speech delivered in the Senate of the United States, Jan. 24, 1839 on the Bill to Abolish  the Duty on Salt. By John Davis. National Intelligencer of March 25, 1839. and 2. Reports of the Majority and Minority of the Select Committee on the Origin and Character of Fishing Bounties and Allowances.Read in the Senate of the United States, April 10, 1840. Washington: Blair & Rives, Printers. 1840.  pp. 80.″  The North American Review, Vol. 57, Issue No. 120 (July 1843), pp. 58–86.The running title of this work is ″The Fisheries: Cod, Mackerel and Herring.″
 Review of ″Report by Mr. J. P. Kennedy, from the Committee on Commerce. Read and laid upon the Table in the House of Representatives, May 28, 1842. Twenty-seventh Congress, Second Session. 8vo. pp. 63.″  The North American Review, Vol. 57, Issue No.121 (October 1843), pp. 293–332. The running title of this work is ″Our Commercial History and Policy.″
Review of ″A History of the Operations of a Partisan Corps, called the Queen's Rangers, commanded by Lieut. Col. J. G. SIMCOE, during the War of the American Revolution; illustrated by ten engraved Plans of Actions. Now first published, with a Memoir of the Author, and other  Additions. New York: Bartlett and Welford. 1844.8vo. pp. 328.″  The North American Review, Vol. 58, Issue No. 123 (April 1844), pp. 261–302. This was the lead article in this issue and the running title of this work is ″Simcoe's Military Journal: The American Loyalists.″
Review of ″Report of the Land Agent of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, laid before the Legislature, January 10, 1844.By George W. Coffin. 8vo. pp. 12.″  The North American Review, Vol. 58, Issue No. 125 (October 1844), pp. 261–335.The running title of this work is ″The Forest Lands and the Timber Trade of Maine.″
 The American Loyalists, or Biographical Sketches of Adherents to the British Crown in The War of the Revolution; Alphabetically Arranged; with a Preliminary Historical Essay. Boston, MA: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1847.  vi, 733 pp. Life of Edward Preble: Commodore in the Navy of the United States. [Boston, MA: Charles C. Little and James Brown, 1847]. Series 2,Volume 12 of the Library of American Biography edited by Jared Sparks. Extract from and Concluding Part of the Speech of <mask>, at Gloucester, on Wednesday Evening, Nov. 9, 1853, on the New Constitution. [Gloucester (Mass.)?: n.p., 1853?] Notes on Duels and Dueling, Alphabetically Arranged, with a Preliminary Historical Essay. Second edition. Boston, MA: Crosby, Nicholas, and Company, 1855. An Address Before the New England Historic-Genealogical Society, in the Hall of the House of Representatives of Massachusetts, TUESDAY, SEPT. 13TH, 1859. The Hundredth Anniversary of the Death of Major General James Wolfe, with Passages Omitted in the Delivery, and Illustrative Notes and Documents. Boston, MA: A. Williams & Co. for the Society, 1859.100 pp. Notes on Duels and Dueling, Alphabetically Arranged, with a Preliminary Historical Essay. Third edition. Boston, MA: Crosby, Nicholas, and Company, 1859.  vi, 425 pp. Biographical Sketches of Loyalists of the American Revolution, with an Historical Essay. 2 volumes. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1864.Google Books Volume 1——vi, 608 pp. Google Books Volume 2——600 pp. Cod and Whale Fisheries. Report of Hon. Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State, on the Subject of Sod and Whale Fisheries, Made to the House of Representatives, February 1, 1791. Also, Report of <mask>, Esq., on the Principal Fisheries of the American Seas, being part of House Executive Document No. 23, of the Second Session, Thirty-second Congress.[Washington, DC, 1872]. 42d Cong., 2d Sess. House. Misc. Doc. 32. References

Sources
 Eileen Ka-May Cheng.″American Historical Writers and the Loyalists, 1788-1856: Dissent, Consensus, and American Nationality.″ Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 23, No. 4 (Winter 2003), pp. 491–519. William L. Welch. ″<mask> and His Critics.″  The New England Quarterly , Vol. 78, No.3 (September 2005), pp. 448–452. External links
 The American Loyalists: Or, Biographical Sketches of Adherents to the ... (1847) by <mask>. Complete text of the first of two editions (the second appeared in 1864 in two volumes) of <mask>'s magnum opus in pdf format. Guide to the <mask> Papers, New Hampshire Historical Society, Concord, New Hampshire (10 pdfs)
 <mask> Biographical Sketch from the History of Lisbon, (Grafton County) New Hampshire website. This article contains information both supplementary to and contradictory of that found in <mask>'s Congressional biography
 <mask> Manuscript Collections from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website

References

1803 births
1877 deaths
Burials in Maine
Historians of the American Revolution
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts
Members of the Maine House of Representatives
Massachusetts Whigs
Maine Whigs
People from Eastport, Maine
Whig Party members of the United States House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
People from Lisbon, New Hampshire

masks:
Lorenzo Sabine
Sabine
Sabine
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Lorenzo Sabine
Lorenzo Sabine
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<mask> (c. 1055 – 1124) was a Benedictine historian, theologian and author of autobiographical memoirs. <mask> was relatively unknown in his own time, going virtually unmentioned by his contemporaries. He has only recently caught the attention of scholars who have been more interested in his extensive autobiographical memoirs and personality which provide insight into medieval life. Life
<mask> was born of parents from the minor nobility at Clermont-en-Beauvaisis. <mask> claims that it took his parents over seven years to conceive, as he writes in his Monodiae. According to his memoirs, the labour nearly cost him and his mother their lives, as Guibert was a breech birth. <mask>'s family made an offering to a shrine of the Virgin Mary, and promised that if Guibert survived, he would be dedicated to a clerical life.Since he survived, he followed this path. His father was violent, unfaithful and prone to excess, and was captured at the Battle of Mortemer, dying eight months later. In his memoirs, <mask> views his death as a type of blessing, stating that if his father had survived, he likely would have forced Guibert to become a knight, thus breaking the oath to the Virgin Mary to dedicate Guibert to the church. His mother was domineering, of great beauty and intelligence, and exceedingly zealous. Guibert writes so much about his mother, and in such detail, that some scholars, such as Archambault, have suggested that he may have had an Oedipus complex. She assumed control of his education, isolated him from his peers and hired him a private tutor, from the ages of six to twelve. <mask> remembers the tutor as brutally exacting, and incompetent; nevertheless Guibert and his tutor developed a strong bond.When Guibert was around the age of twelve, his mother retired to an abbey near Saint-Germer-de-Fly (or Flay), and he soon followed. Entering the Order at St. Germer, he studied with great zeal, devoting himself at first to the secular poets Ovid and Virgil—an experience which left its imprint on his works. He later changed his focus to theology, through the influence of Anselm of Bec, who later became the Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1104, he was chosen abbot of the poor and tiny abbey of Nogent-sous-Coucy (founded 1059) and henceforth took a more prominent part in ecclesiastical affairs, where he came into contact with bishops and court society. More importantly, it gave him time to engage in his passion for writing. His first major work of this period is his history of the First Crusade called Dei gesta per Francos (God's deeds through the Franks), finished in 1108 and touched up in 1121. The history is largely a paraphrase, in ornate style, of the Gesta Francorum of an anonymous Norman author; Crusade historians have traditionally not given it favourable reviews; the fact that he stays so close to Gesta Francorum, and the difficulty of his Latin, make it seem superfluous.Recent editors and translators, however, have called attention to his excellent writing and original material. More importantly, the Dei gesta supplies us with invaluable information about the reception of the crusade in France. Guibert personally knew crusaders, had grown up with crusaders, and talked with them about their memories and experiences. For the modern reader, his autobiography (De vita sua sive monodiarum suarum libri tres), or Monodiae (Solitary Songs, commonly referred to as his Memoirs), written in 1115, is considered the most interesting of his works. Written towards the close of his life, and based on the model of the Confessions of Saint Augustine, he traces his life from his childhood to adulthood. Throughout, he gives picturesque glimpses of his time and the customs of his country. The text is divided into three "Books."The first covers his own life, from birth to adulthood; the second is a brief history of his monastery; the third is a description of an uprising in nearby Laon. He provides invaluable information on daily life in castles and monasteries, on the educational methods then in vogue, and gives insights into some of the major and minor personalities of his time. His work is coloured by his passions and prejudices, which add a personal touch to the work. For example, he was quite sceptical about the propriety of Catholic relics of Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary and numerous Catholic saints, and entertained doubts about their authenticity, noting that some shrines and pilgrimage sites made conflicting claims about which bodily remnants, clothing or other sacred objects were held at which site. Notes

References
Sources
The Autobiography Of Guibert. C.C. Swinton Bland, translator,The Autobiography of <mask>, Abbot of Nogent-sous-Coucy (London: George Routledge: New York: E.P.Dutton, 1925) From Internet Archive
Memoirs and  from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Excerpts from the English translation by C.C. Swinton Bland. On the Saints and their Relics from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook
The Revolt in Laon from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook. On the First Crusade, includes <mask>'s version of Pope Urban's speech and impressions of Peter the Hermit. The Deeds of God through the Franks, e-text from Project Gutenberg. Translated by Robert Levine 1997.Books
Paul J. Archambault (1995). A Monk's Confession: The Memoirs of <mask> of Nogent. John Benton, ed. (1970). Self and Society in Medieval France: The Memoirs of Abbot <mask> of Nogent. A revised edition of the 1925 C.C. Swinton Bland edition, includes introduction and latest research.(1984 reprint, University of Toronto Press). <mask> <mask>gent, Dei Gesta per Francos, ed. R.B.C. Huygens, Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis 127A (Turnhout: Brepols, 1996)
Robert Levine (1997). The Deeds of God through the Franks : A Translation of <mask> <mask>'s `Gesta Dei per Francos' . Joseph McAlhany, Jay Rubenstein, eds. (2011).Monodies and On the Relics of Saints: the Autobiography and a Manifesto of a French Monk from the Time of the Crusades. Translated from the Latin, with introduction and notes. Penguin Classics. Jay Rubenstein (2002). Guibert of Nogent: Portrait of a Medieval Mind, London. .
 Karin Fuchs, Zeichen und Wunder bei Guibert de Nogent. Kommunikation, Deutungen und Funktionalisierungen von Wundererzählungen im 12. Jahrhundert (München: Oldenbourg, 2008) (Pariser Historische Studien, 84).Laurence Terrier (2013). "La doctrine de l'eucharistie de <mask> <mask>. De pigneribus Livre II. Texte et Traduction", Paris, Vrin. Articles
 Elizabeth Lapina, "Anti-Jewish rhetoric in <mask> of Nogent's Dei gesta per Francos," Journal of Medieval History, 35,3 (2009), 239-253. External links

1124 deaths
Crusade literature
12th-century French writers
French religious writers
French historians
French autobiographers
French abbots
Benedictine abbots
Year of birth uncertain
French male writers
12th-century historians
12th-century Latin writers

masks:
Guibert de Nogent
Guibert
Guibert
Guibert
Guibert
Guibert
Guibert
Guibert
Guibert
Guibert
Guibert
Guibert
of No
Guibert
de Nogent
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de Nogent
Guibert


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<mask> (; born July 9, 1962) is an American entrepreneur, speaker, author, former stockbroker and convicted felon. In 1999, he pled guilty to fraud and related crimes in connection with stock-market manipulation and running a boiler room as part of a penny-stock scam. <mask> spent 22 months in prison as part of an agreement under which he gave testimony against numerous partners and subordinates in his fraud scheme. He published the memoir The Wolf of Wall Street in 2007, which was adapted into a film with the same name released in 2013. Early life
<mask> was born in 1962 in the Bronx borough of New York City to Jewish parents. His father Max and his mother Leah were both accountants. He was raised in Bayside, Queens.Between completing high school and starting college, <mask> and his close childhood friend Elliot Loewenstern earned $20,000 selling Italian ice from styrofoam coolers to people at a local beach. <mask> went on to graduate from American University with a degree in biology. <mask> planned on using the money earned with Loewenstern to pay for dental school, and he enrolled at the University of Maryland School of Dentistry. He left after the dean of the school said to him on his first day: "The golden age of dentistry is over. If you're here simply because you're looking to make a lot of money, you're in the wrong place." Career

Early ventures
<mask> became a door-to-door meat and seafood salesman on Long Island, New York. He claims in interviews and his memoirs that the business was an initial success; he grew his meat-selling business to employ several workers and sold  of beef and fish a week.The business ultimately failed, as he filed for bankruptcy at 25. According to his memoirs and interviews, a family friend helped him find a job as a trainee stockbroker at L.F. Rothschild. <mask> says he was laid off after that firm experienced financial difficulties related to the Black Monday stock market crash of 1987. Stratton Oakmont
Belfort founded Stratton Oakmont as a franchise of Stratton Securities, then later bought out the original founder. Stratton Oakmont functioned as a boiler room that marketed penny stocks and defrauded investors with the "pump and dump" type of stock sales. During his years at Stratton, <mask> developed a lifestyle that consisted of lavish parties and intensive use of recreational drugs, especially methaqualone—sold to him under the brand name "Quaalude"—that resulted in an addiction. Stratton Oakmont at one point employed over 1,000 stock brokers and was involved in stock issues totaling more than $1 billion, including being behind the initial public offering for footwear company Steve Madden.The firm was targeted by law enforcement officials throughout nearly its entire history, and its notoriety inspired the film Boiler Room (2000), as well as the biopic The Wolf of Wall Street (2013). Stratton Oakmont was under near-constant scrutiny from the National Association of Securities Dealers (now the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority) from 1989 onward. Finally, in December 1996, the NASD expelled Stratton Oakmont, putting it out of business. <mask> was then indicted for securities fraud and money laundering in 1999. <mask> served 22 months of a four-year sentence at the Taft Correctional Institution in Taft, California, in exchange for a plea deal with the Federal Bureau of Investigation for running pump-and-dump scams that led to investor losses of approximately $200 million. <mask> was ordered to pay back $110.4 million that he swindled from stock buyers. <mask> shared a cell with Tommy Chong while serving his sentence, and Chong encouraged him to write about his experiences as a stockbroker.The pair remained friends after their release from prison, with <mask> crediting Chong for his new career direction as a motivational speaker and writer. At a motivational talk that he delivered in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, on May 19, 2014, <mask> stated:

I got greedy. ... Greed is not good. Ambition is good, passion is good. Passion prospers. My goal is to give more than I get, that's a sustainable form of success. ... Ninety-five percent of the business was legitimate.... It was all brokerage firm issues. It was all legitimate, nothing to do with liquidating stocks. Federal prosecutors and SEC officials involved in the case, however, have said, "Stratton Oakmont was not a real Wall Street firm, either literally or figuratively". Restitution
Belfort's restitution agreement required him to pay 50% of his income towards restitution to the 1,513 clients he defrauded until 2009, with a total of $110 million in restitution further mandated. About $10 million of the $110 million that had been recovered by Belfort's victims  was the result of the sale of forfeited properties. In October 2013, federal prosecutors filed a complaint against Belfort.Several days later, the U.S. government withdrew its motion to find <mask> in default of his payments, after his lawyers argued that he had only been responsible for paying 50% of his salary to restitution up until 2009, and not since. The restitution he paid during his parole period (after leaving prison) amounted to $382,910 in 2007, $148,799 in 2008, and $170,000 in 2009. Following this period, <mask> began negotiating a restitution payment plan with the U.S. government. The final deal that <mask> made with the government was to pay a minimum of $10,000 per month for life towards the restitution, after a judge ruled that <mask> was not required to pay 50% of his income past the end of his parole. <mask> has claimed that he is additionally putting the profits from his U.S. public speaking engagements and media royalties towards the restitution, in addition to the $10,000 per month. Prosecutors also said that he had fled to Australia to avoid taxes and conceal his assets from his victims, but later recanted their statement, which had been given to The Wall Street Journal, by issuing <mask> an official apology and requesting that The Wall Street Journal print a retraction. <mask> also claimed on his website and elsewhere that he intended to request that "100% of the royalties" from his books and The Wolf of Wall Street film be turned over to victims.But in June 2014, spokesmen for the U.S. attorney said that <mask>'s claim was "not factual", and that he had received money from the initial sale of the movie rights that was not entirely put towards his restitution repayment. BusinessWeek reported that <mask> had paid only $21,000 toward his restitution obligations out of approximately $1.2 million paid to him in connection with the film before its release. <mask> has stated that the government refused his offer to put 100% of his book deal money towards his restitution. Writing
<mask> wrote the two memoirs The Wolf of Wall Street and Catching the Wolf of Wall Street which have been published in approximately 40 countries and translated into 18 languages. A movie based on his books opened in 2013 starring Leonardo DiCaprio (as <mask>), Jonah Hill, and Margot Robbie; the film was written by Terence Winter and directed by Martin Scorsese. He wrote his first book in the days following his release from prison (after a false start during his sentence, when he wrote and destroyed 130 initial pages). He received a $500,000 advance from Random House, and before its release, a bidding war began for the book's film rights.The former Federal prosecutor who led the criminal investigation of <mask> said that he "invented much", that "he aggrandized his importance and reverence for him by others at his firm", and that "The real <mask> story still includes thousands of victims who lost hundreds of millions of dollars that they never will be repaid." Motivational speaking
<mask> has given motivational speeches. This has included a tour of live seminars in Australia entitled "The Truth Behind His Success", in addition to other appearances. In a 60 Minutes interview regarding his new career, <mask> stated of his previous life that his "greatest regret is losing people's money". He also runs sales seminars entitled "<mask> Belfort's Straight Line Sales Psychology". When he first began speaking, he focused largely on motivation and ethics, then moved his focus to sales skills and entrepreneurship. His speaking engagements are run through his business Global Motivation Inc. and, , <mask> was spending three weeks out of each month on the road for speaking engagements.The main theme of his speeches includes the importance of business ethics and learning from the mistakes that he made during the 1990s—such as believing that he was justified in skirting the rules of financial regulators simply because it was a common thing to do. His per-engagement speaking fees have been about $30,000–75,000 and his per sales seminar fee can be $80,000 or more. The main subject matter of his seminars is what he has called "Straight Line System", a system of sales advice. Some reviewers have reacted negatively to the content of the speeches, specifically Belfort's recounting of stories from the 1990s. Australian training scandal
An investigation led by 7News and The Sunday Mail uncovered links between Belfort and employment company Career Pathways Australia run by Paul Conquest, who also has majority-ownership of Face to Face Training. These two brands were heavily promoted at Belfort workshops held at Brisbane's Eatons Hill Hotel. Belfort reportedly gave two workshops on Sales for the staff of Face to Face Training.Face to Face Training received $3.9 million from state government during FY-2014 and $6.34 million during FY-2015 for its training and assessment services. The majority of this money was expected to be spent on service training and certification which did not happen. 9 News Australia called the training program a scam and the certification program a "Tick Flick" in its 60 Minutes segment. Personal life
While running Stratton Oakmont, <mask> and his first wife Denise Lombardo were divorced. He later married Nadine Caridi, a British-born, Bay Ridge, Brooklyn-raised model whom he met at a party. He had two children with her. <mask> and Caridi ultimately separated following her claims of domestic violence, which were fueled by his problems with drug addiction and infidelity.They divorced in 2005. <mask> was the final owner of the luxury yacht Nadine, which was originally built for Coco Chanel in 1961. The yacht was renamed after Caridi. In June 1996, the yacht sank off the east coast of Sardinia and frogmen from the Italian Navy special forces unit COMSUBIN rescued all who were aboard the vessel. <mask> said that he insisted on sailing out in high winds against the advice of his captain, resulting in the sinking of the vessel when waves smashed the foredeck hatch. <mask> is also an avid tennis player. Works

Nonfiction

Autobiographies
The Wolf of Wall Street (Bantam, 2007) .Catching the Wolf of Wall Street: More Incredible True Stories of Fortunes, Schemes, Parties, and Prison (Bantam, 2009) . Self-help
Way of the Wolf: Become a Master Closer with Straight Line Selling (2017) . Adaptations

Filming of Scorsese's adaptation of <mask>'s memoirs began in August 2012, and the film was released on December 25, 2013. Time magazine reported that many of the escapades depicted in the film are consistent with <mask>'s memoirs and what was written about him in Forbes articles, although some of the Forbes-related content was embellished. <mask> was portrayed by Leonardo DiCaprio, who won the Golden Globe for Best Actor and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance. See also
 White-collar crime

References

External links

1962 births
Living people
20th-century American criminals
American businesspeople convicted of crimes
20th-century American Jews
21st-century American memoirists
American money launderers
American motivational speakers
American people convicted of fraud
American stockbrokers
American University alumni
Businesspeople from Queens, New York
Criminals from New York City
Writers from the Bronx
People from Bayside, Queens
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Jordan Ross Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
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Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Jordan
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
Belfort
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