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<mask>, Lady <mask> (née Symonds) (April 21, 1763 – December 21, 1807) was an English artist and naturalist. While living in Madras (now Chennai), India, from 1801 to 1807, Lady Gwillim painted a series of about 200 watercolours of Indian birds. Produced about 20 years before John James Audubon published his famous The Birds of America (1827–1839), Gwillim's work has been acclaimed for its accuracy and natural postures––she made her watercolours by observing living birds, sometimes in their natural environments. Early life in England
<mask> was born in the valley of Wye, Hereford, daughter of Esther and Thomas Symonds. She had three sisters: Ann (called Nancy), Mary Symonds (called Polly), and Hester (called Hetty), as well as a younger brother, Thomas, who died in infancy. Her father Thomas Symonds was a stonemason and was sworn a Freeman of the City of Hereford on December 10, 1753. He was also a draughtsman, architect, and monumental mason whose work in Hereford and Somerset was very well-regarded.In 1775 he was acting as clerk of works for Richard Payne Knight at Downton Castle. He was appointed surveyor of the Hereford Cathedral in 1777; following the collapse of the tower (a disaster which he had warned of) in 1786 he retired. Upon his death in March of 1791, his wife Esther continued his business until 1803. Esther Symonds died in 1806. <mask> married <mask> (1759 – September 22, 1837) on May 27, 1784, in London at St. Bride’s Church on Fleet Street. Henry was a lawyer and judge whose family was also from Hereford. Information on their children is inconclusive: London archives document the burial of an infant on January 13, 1786, also named <mask>, who was born March 31, 1785 and baptized June 20, 1785 at St. Bride's.Other sources familiar with <mask>’s life note another daughter named Ann, baptized June 10, 1787, and a son Henry, baptized October 11, 1789. These two children were born in Sarnesfield in Hereford and Henry's burial is recorded in nearby Kinnersley on February 28, 1790. <mask> describes herself as childless in a letter to her sister Hetty written in 1806 from Madras, and none of her preceding letters mention children. In 1797, Henry became the Chief Justice of the Isle of Ely and then by 1801, he was appointed as one of the judges of the Supreme Court of Madras, for which he was knighted. <mask> was escorted to court before their departure by the Bishop of Ely and Agneta Johnson Yorke, the widow of Charles Yorke, the former Chancellor, but Sir Henry did not receive his knighthood until after they had left England via Portsmouth, due to the illness of the king. Time in India
<mask>, her husband, her unmarried sister Mary Symonds, Sir Henry’s assistant Richard Clarke, another clerk, and two Indian servants embarked at Plymouth on the Hindostan in late February 1801, arriving in Madras (now called Chennai) almost five months later, on July 27. Their life there is thoroughly detailed in letters, now held in the British Library, from the sisters to their mother, sister Hester, and friends back in England.The letters cover a wide variety of topics such as the climate, the landscape, the food, local social and religious customs, and much more. Scholars from many fields have read the Gwillim-Symonds letters for information on diverse subjects, such as their visits to women in the zenanas and the role of devadasi women in society. Most famously, however, Gwillim detailed the natural world around her in her letters and in the many bird paintings she created in her seven years in Madras. Bird paintings

Influence
It is unclear where Gwillim’s inspiration to start painting the birds of Madras began, other than a clear and focused interest within herself. She and her sister Mary very likely received basic drawing instructions from their artistic father, and from their letters we know that they later trained under George Samuel, whom they often mention. Samuel painted primarily landscapes in both watercolours and oils, and his influence may be visible in Gwillim’s work. The boom in illustrated natural history books in the mid-18th century surely made an impression.Gwillim names naturalist and author Thomas Bewick in a letter, telling her sister Hetty that she had seen an owl from Bewick’s A History of British Birds (volume one, Land Birds, 1797). She also requests that Hetty send her Bewick’s second volume on water birds, published in 1804. Other naturalists publishing on the native birds of England at this time include William Lewin (The Birds of Great Britain, with Their Eggs, Accurately Figured, 1789–1794), John Latham (ornithologist) (A general synopsis of birds 1781–1785), and Edward Donovan (The Natural History of British Birds, 1792–97). However, during this time of global exploration, Gwillim may also have seen birds from around the world before she herself departed England. Authors such as George Edwards (A Natural History of Uncommon Birds, 1743–51), Mark Catesby (Natural History of Caroline, Florida and the Bahama Islands, 1729–47), and Thomas Pennant (Indian Zoology, 1790) all contributed to the growing field of ornithological illustrations, and in her own series Gwillim painted birds that were also featured in each of these aforementioned earlier volumes. Gwillim refers in one of her letters to the Leverian collection (referred to by her as Parkinson's [museum], then at the Blackfriars Rotunda), which displayed both stuffed birds, including a species of pheasant sent from India by Mary Impey, and paintings of birds. George Shaw's catalogue of the Leverian collection, featuring bird paintings by Sarah Stone, is another possible source of inspiration.Artistic process
We know of Gwillim’s own artistic process from the letters, primarily this description from Mary: “Poor Betsy is never out of trouble for if you gets [sic] dead subjects to draw from they become offensive before she can finish the work to her mind, & when the birds are brought in alive they stare, or kick, or peck, or do some vile trick or other that frightens her out of her wits, sometimes she thinks the birds look sick, that is whenever they stand quiet & then in a great fit of tenderness she lets them fly before they are finished, least thier [sic] sufferings should be revenged upon her or their ghosts should come flying round her & flapping thier [sic] great wings, scare her to death. These are serious troubles I assure you. But we do all we can to remedy such evils & have now got a venerable looking old Moor man who catches a bird at a time he holds them in proper attitudes or feeds these miserable captives in a proper manner, for her poor concience [sic] sake.”

Mary further details that in addition to the live birds which cause trouble as subjects, there are also dried skins of birds all around their house. Mary notes in a different letter that “her present employments keep her quite happy I almost wish you could see her in her glory;  that is, with about twenty black men round her, a table full of books, the floor strewed with baskets of seeded branches of trees, and she herself standing in the midst with her cap snatched [?] to one side and talking away till she is quite fatigued.”

Gwillim herself writes to her sister and mother that she is very much involved and absorbed in her work, often apologizing for writing so little as she is otherwise painting. She estimates having drawn about one hundred by 1805 and in the next two years “a great great great many birds” more. Gwillim’s health was never robust, but it seems only illnesses, such as heat exhaustion and later shingles, slowed her ambition.Style
There exists a great deal of variation within Gwillim’s paintings of birds, and thus a singular “style” is difficult to characterize. However there are different categories into which her paintings can be sorted and a few consistent traits visible in all. Of the 121 known paintings, held in the Blacker Wood Natural History collection at the McGill University Library, 56 have full backgrounds, 26 of the paintings have limited backgrounds, and 39 of the paintings have no background at all. The fully realized backgrounds contain features such as palm trees, distant mountains, and occasionally buildings such as temples. The limited backgrounds contain rocks or branches with some foliage contoured closely to the body of the bird. The paintings that have no backgrounds are perhaps unfinished, or may be the victims of Gwillim’s constant shortage of art supplies. The availability of paper, paints, and brushes was subject to the inconsistencies of ocean travel from England to Madras, and Gwillim herself notes that if she were to paint all her backgrounds in the style of her teacher George Samuel, she would run out of colours to do so even faster.Gwillim painted the birds themselves first, and the backgrounds second. The most consistent trait in Gwillim's birds is her depiction and placement of feathers in such a way that shows an unprecedented understanding of avian anatomy. An aspect of ornithology was pterylography, the study of the patterns of distribution of the pterylae and apterylae particularly in young birds as these were morphological indicators of evolutionary relatedness. Gwillim accurately depicted the patterning and layering of wing and tail feathers in a seated bird, paying attention to multiple different types of feathers in specific locations and relations to their functions and to one another in the anatomy of the bird. Her colouring of the feathers is also very delicately and accurately rendered. Botany
Gwillim also took a keen interest in botany, detailed often in her letters, and was an active member of the global network of naturalists who sent seeds, plants, and illustrations to their friends and peers. Gwillim sent seeds to Lizzie Thoburn, daughter of Frank Thoburn, who ran a nursery of exotic plants in Brompton.Gwillim was also a serious collector for Reginald Whitely, who continued the nursery after Thoburn's death. She was cited in Curtis's Botanical Magazine, the preeminent publication on the topic at the time and praised by the editor John Sims (taxonomist) for her “accurate and graceful drawings.” Both James Anderson (botanist), Physician General of the East India Company, and Johan Peter Rottler, a missionary and botanist living in Madras, became friends of hers. Rottler named a plant after her: Gwillimia indica, later determined to be a species of Magnolia. Gwillim painted the plant at Dr. Rottler’s request, and the drawing was sent to Dr. Smith. The drawing is now in the collection of the Linnean Society of London. In addition there are ten watercolour sketches of plants in the Blacker Wood collection but one can imagine that many more were once extant. Gwillim also consulted with local doctors for the common names of the plants, Brahmins for the Sanskrit name, and then her own books for the Linnaean classification before she drew them.Gwillim was learning Telugu, an important language in Madras at the time, and notes that “without some little knowledge of Botany it is impossible to read the Hindoo languages - Their allusions to particular plants which are essential to their different ceremonies are so pointed that unless you know the plants which Botany alone can teach you, the merit of the whole passage is lost; and after learning a little Botany it seems almost impossible to stop.”  Thus, hers was not just a flower still-life practice, but a culturally aware, scientific approach to illustrating the natural world. <mask> and Mary’s letters also reveal the often uncredited role of local experts and collectors. The letters record that Indians brought Gwillim birds and other natural objects that would interest her and that she might draw. She relied on their expertise for sourcing her subjects, for managing their care (see the “venerable old Moor man” mentioned above), and for information on their habitats and behaviour, as her own ability to observe them in the wild would have been limited. Death and legacy
Gwillim died of unknown causes on December 21, 1807. She was buried at St. Mary’s Church in Madras, which houses her grave marker. Her husband was recalled from the Court the following year under contentious circumstances and returned with Mary to England via the Cape of Good Hope.From that point the life of the paintings is unknown until they were obtained by the founder of the Blacker Wood Library at McGill University, Casey Albert Wood, in the early 1920s from a private bookdealer in London, where they had been forgotten in the basement. Wood bought the large, dust-covered portfolio of Gwillim’s birds, as well as a series of fish and flowers. The only further provenance information is that the London dealer has acquired them “at a sale in the country” many years earlier. On Gwillim’s place in the history of bird illustrations, Wood wrote: "It has been the proud belief of Americans, myself included, that it was our Audubon who first produced full length portraits of the largest birds, and certainly the pictures of the male and female Wild Turkey, of Washington's Eagle etc., and their exact reproduction in the elephant folio bear out that claim. However, so far as originals are concerned, we must now concede the palm to Lady Gwillim, who so far as I know, is the first artist-ornithologist to paint full-sized and exact pictures of any considerable number of birds whose length exceeds, say, 35 inches." Terence Michael Shortt called her art works "the finest ever done of Asian birds". Exhibition history

The earliest exhibition of Gwillim’s work was in a group show at the Victoria Memorial Museum (now the Canadian Museum of Nature) for the Forty-fourth Meeting of the American Ornithologists’ Union in Ottawa, Ontario, October 1927.Other group exhibits featuring Gwillim’s work include the Royal Ontario Museum’s Animals in Art in 1975 and the Glenbow-Alberta Institute’s Birds of Prey in 1977. The Robert McLaughlin Gallery in Oshawa, Ontario, exhibited the first and only solo show of 60 of Gwillim's paintings from May 27th  – June 22nd, 1980. Curated by Allan Walkinshaw with contributions from Canadian ornithologist and artist Terence Michael Shortt, this exhibition and its catalogue situated Gwillim among other early British naturalists as well as within the popularity of watercolors as a serious medium. In his chapter, Shortt noted Gwillim’s scientific attention to the details of her birds, especially their feathers, and claimed that "no artist before 1800 had demonstrated the kind of intimate understanding of pterylography that is revealed in the Gwillim birds." The Gwillim Project
Elizabeth Gwillim has seen renewed scholarly attention in recent years, thanks in part to the Gwillim Project. This international project is a partnership between McGill University Library’s Rare Books and Collections department (the Gwillim Collection is part of the Blacker Wood collection), the South Asia Collection in Norwich, UK (which holds the Madras Album, primarily attributed to Mary Symonds), the Aga Khan Museum in Toronto, and the DakshinaChitra Museum in Chennai, with the collaboration of a network of scholars in Canada, the US, the UK, and India. The Gwillim project is funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.Selected works

References

Further reading
 Bermingham, Ann. Landscape and Ideology: The English Rustic Tradition, 1740-1860. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986. Dickenson, Victoria. Drawn from Life: Science and Art in the Portrayal of the New World. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998. Jackson, Christine E. Bird Etchings: The Illustrators and Their Books, 1655-1855.Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985. Spear, Jeffery (2000). "Gods and Dancing Girls: A Letter from 1802 Madras". The Wordsworth Circle. 31 (3). Walkinshaw, Allan. <mask>: Artists and Naturalist 1763-1807.Oshawa ON: The Robert McLaughlin Gallery, 1980. Wheeler, Patrick. Ribbons Among the Rajahs - a History of Women in India Before the Raj. Pen & Sword Books, 2017. Wilcox, Scott. The Line of Beauty: British Drawings and Watercolors of the Eighteenth Century. New Haven, CT: Yale Center for British Art, 2001.External links
 The Gwillim Collection Archive Online at McGill University
 The Gwillim Project Webinar Series

British bird artists
1763 births
1807 deaths
British watercolourists
Wives of knights

masks:
Elizabeth
Gwillim
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Henry Gwillim
Elizabeth
Gwillim
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Elizabeth Gwillim
Elizabeth
Elizabeth Gwillim


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<mask>. (born June 25, 1928) is a retired United States Army general who served as the United States Army Chief of Staff from 1983 to 1987. Early life and education
<mask> was born on June 25, 1928, in Dobbs Ferry, New York. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1950, where he later served as a social sciences instructor, from 1956 to 1960. Military career
Upon graduation from the Military Academy in 1950, <mask> was commissioned a second lieutenant and assigned to the 18th Infantry Regiment and then the 6th Infantry Regiment in West Berlin. He served as a platoon leader and company executive officer in the 511th Airborne Infantry Regiment and served as an aide-de-camp to the commander in the 37th Infantry Division and 10th Infantry Division. He received master's degrees in economics and government from Harvard University and was a graduate of the National War College and Armed Forces Staff College. Wickham then served as operations officer of the 1st Battle Group, 5th Cavalry Regiment, in South Korea, and was executive officer to Chief of Staff of the United States Army, General <mask>.Later he commanded in combat the 5th Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division in South Vietnam, where he was seriously wounded by a satchel charge explosive. He made his way to a foxhole and continued to command his men. On his way there he was hit 15 times by AK-47 fire. The NVA eventual called off the attack. <mask> was put up for the Distinguished Service Cross but received the Silver Star for his actions that day. <mask> spent over a year in the hospital recovering. He later commanded the 1st Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division in West Germany.<mask> returned to South Vietnam as the Deputy Chief of Staff, Military Assistance Command, Vietnam. He then commanded the 101st Airborne Division, was director of the Joint Staff of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and afterward, as a four-star general, became Commander in Chief of the United Nations Command and Commander of the United States Forces Korea and Eighth Army in South Korea. In 1979, <mask> played a leading role in calming political tensions after the assassination of South Korean President Park Chung Hee, and wrote a book Korea on the Brink  about the dangerous period. He also served as senior military assistant to Secretaries of Defense James R. Schlesinger and Donald Rumsfeld. In 1983, President Ronald Reagan appointed Wickham Chief of Staff of the United States Army. Role in Gwangju Massacre
After Chun Doo-hwan seized control of South Korea in a military coup following the 1979 assassination of South Korean dictator Park Chung-hee, nationwide pro-democracy protests erupted. Appalled by the brutal repression of student protests at Chonnam National University in Gwangju, protests escalated to the level of city-wide uprising.Martial law forces responded by escalating the violence, opening fire on unarmed protesters. On May 20, the same day that special-forces paratroopers shot protesters near Gwangju station, Wickham received a request from the ruling military junta to transfer OPCON for the ROK Army 20th division. After consultation with US ambassador William H. Gleysteen and colleagues in Washington, Wickham approved the OPCON transfer. By 2230 hours on the same evening, elements of the 20th division had already been moved to Gwangju. The next day, the violence escalated, including indiscriminate firing on civilians from helicopters. By May 27, the 20th division, along with four other divisions, had been used to re-take the city in a large-scale military assault leading to numerous civilian deaths and casualties. When asked to testify about the massacre in 1989 for the South Korean National Assembly, Wickham maintained that he had no way not to approve of the OPCON transfer.Many Koreans believe, however, that his response to the notification of OPCON transfer amounted to a tacit approval of the massacre. Later work
<mask> retired from the United States Army in 1987 after 37 years of active service. He was twice awarded the Silver Star for battlefield valor, as well as the Bronze Star Medal for valor, the Purple Heart, ten Air Medals, four Legions of Merit, four Defense Distinguished Service Medals, two Army Distinguished Service Medals, a Navy Distinguished Service Medal and Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, the Combat Infantryman Badge, Expert Infantryman Badge, Parachutist Badge, and 21 foreign decorations, including the Republic of Korea's highest military decoration. He was named by Army Times as one of the ten leaders who most changed the United States Army. The Association of Graduates United States Military Academy presented him with the Distinguished Graduate Award in 2005, and he received the Infantry Doughboy Award in 2006. <mask> served as Town Council President in Sun City, Arizona and as an elder at Saint Andrews Presbyterian Church in Tucson, Arizona. He served as Chairman of the Board for Honeywell Federal Systems and Nortel Federal Systems, and as director of several other corporations.He was named vice chairman for the United States-China National Committee and has served as a member of the Secretary of Defense Policy Board. He is also active in the United Way, and a member of the Alfalfa Club, and Council on Foreign Relations. For the past 20 years he continues as the Military and Foreign Affairs speaker on The Buckmaster Show, KVOI radio in Tucson, Arizona. In his autobiography My American Journey, General Colin Powell mentioned serving with <mask> and praised him as "every inch a Soldier". Awards and decorations

References

External links
 Portrait of <mask><mask> Jr. by Margaret Holland Sargent

1928 births
Living people
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
People from Dobbs Ferry, New York
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the National Order of Vietnam
United States Army Chiefs of Staff
United States Military Academy alumni
National War College alumni
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
Arizona city council members
United States Army Vice Chiefs of Staff
Recipients of the Air Medal
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
People from Sun City, Arizona
Recipients of the Meritorious Service Medal (United States)
Commanders, United States Forces Korea

masks:
John Adams Wickham Jr
Wickham
Wickham
Harold Johnson
Wickham
Wickham
Wickham
Wickham
Wickham
Wickham
Wickham
John A
. Wickham


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<mask> (1903–1996) was an American archaeologist and professor of anthropology at the University of Tennessee. She is most famous for her work on excavations in the Tennessee Valley, beginning in the 1930s. She was instrumental in establishing the anthropology department at the University of Tennessee as well as the Frank H. McClung Museum. She was the first female full professor at Tennessee outside of home economics and among the first prominent female archaeologists in the United States. Early life and education
<mask> was born in 1903 in Moline, Illinois to artist and interior designer <mask> and his wife Ann (married 1879). She travelled to Italy in 1924 to study art and music in preparation for a career as a musical performer, but after four years returned to the United States and began training as a nurse at the Presbyterian Hospital of Chicago. She engaged in to graduate study in sociology at the University of Chicago, where  she was persuaded to study physical anthropology under Fay-Cooper Cole, the founder of the university's  Department of Anthropology.There she completed all of the requirements for a PhD save her dissertation, though she published on her graduate school research on hair variability in 1935 and 1936. She taught at Beloit College in Wisconsin for one year in 1937 before being taken onto the staff of <mask> at the University of Tennessee in 1938, who was working for the Works Progress Administration on sites inundated by TVA projects. Tennessee Valley excavations
Beginning with the Marksville, Louisiana excavations in 1933, money and work crews from a succession of federal relief agencies (the Civil Works Administration, Federal Emergency Relief Administration, Works Progress Administration, Tennessee Valley Authority, and National Park Service) were committed to major excavations all over the region. The TVA, established in 1933 to provide for navigation, flood control, and rural electrification, was perhaps the most important agency in fostering archaeology in Tennessee and surrounding states. The agency's dam construction efforts threatened to inundate large numbers of sites, but was persuaded to also engage in salvage archeology,  under the direction of archeological consultant William Webb of the University of Kentucky. Archaeological projects in Tennessee were placed under the responsibility of <mask> at the University of Tennessee. He assembled a staff of archaeologists and physical anthropologists that included <mask>, who would take over the management of the university's archaeology laboratory and work closely with <mask> in drafting many of its most important reports.These included major surveys of the archaeology of the Chickamauga Basin (1941) and of Hiwassee Island (1946). Due to financial constraints and philosophical conflicts with the TVA and Webb, the Chickamauga report was not published in full until 1995. However, Hiwassee Island: An Archaeological Account of Four Tennessee Indian Peoples became a classic in the field, established as a model by Walter Taylor in his widely read A Study in Archaeology. Kneberg and <mask> also composed a 2,000 page manual for the UT lab, which detailed protocols for all stages of excavation and analysis and described a sophisticated catalog system for sites and artifacts. Later work

When WPA funds ran out in 1940, <mask> joined the UT Division of Anthropology (part of the Department of History) as its second professor, becoming the first female professor at the university outside of home economics. She became the first female full professor in 1950. In 1947, in large part due to the work of Kneberg and <mask>, the division became a full department.<mask> continued working on scientific reports, often with <mask>, through the 1950s and early 1960s. She also made major contributions to archaeology in Tennessee as an institution. <mask> and <mask> were major drivers in the founding of the Tennessee Archaeological Society in 1944, which continues to work to support archaeology and archaeological knowledge in the state and published the annual journal Tennessee Archaeologist until 1981. In 1950, she collaborated with the Eastern Band of the Cherokee to reconstruct an 18th-century Cherokee village in Cherokee, North Carolina, which remains an important center for historical re-enactment and cultural tourism. She published popular works during this period that brought Tennessee archaeology to a lay public. The most successful of these, Tribes that Slumber: Indian Times in the Tennessee Region, she both wrote and illustrated, employing skills gained during her early life training as an artist. It remains a bestseller for the UT Press.Perhaps her most enduring physical contribution to archaeology in the state was the establishment of the Frank H. McClung Museum (now the McClung Museum of Natural History and Culture) on UT's Knoxville campus in 1961. Marriage and retirement

In 1961, at age 65, <mask> married her longtime colleague <mask> after what she described as “the longest courtship on earth.” The same year the couple retired from archaeology and moved to Winter Haven, Florida. <mask> <mask> died there in 1996 of heart failure at the age of 93. Honors

<mask> was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1950. In 1995, she was honored at the Southeastern Archaeological Conference with the Distinguished Service Award. The conference dubbed her a “founding mother of Southeastern archaeology.”

Publications

1935. Improved Technique for Hair Examination.American Journal of Physical Anthropology 20:15-67. 1936a. Hair Weight as a Racial Criterion. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 21:279-286. 1936b. Scientific Apparatus and Laboratory Methods: Differential Staining of Thick Sections of Tissues. Science 83(2):561-562.1941. Prehistory of the Chickamauga Basin in Tennessee (with T. M. N<mask>). University of Tennessee, Division of Anthropology, Tennessee Anthropological Papers No. 1. Mimeographed. 1945	. The Persistent Potsherd.Tennessee Archaeologist 1(4):4-5. 1946	. Hiwassee Island: An Archaeological Account of Four Tennessee Indian Peoples (with T. M. N. <mask>). University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. 1951a. An Archaic Autobiography (with T. M. N. <mask>). Tennessee Archaeologist 7(1):1-5.1951b. Early Projectile Point Forms and Examples from Tennessee (with T. M. N<mask>). Tennessee Archaeologist 7(1):6-19. 1951c. An Early Woodland Autobiography (with T. M. N. <mask>). Tennessee Archaeologist 7(2):31-38. 1952a.The Tennessee Area. In Archaeology of Eastern United States, edited by J. B. Griffin, pp. 190–198. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 1952b. The Autobiography of a Memorial Mound Builder (with T. M. N. <mask>).Tennessee Archaeologist 8(2):37-41. 1952c. The Autobiography of a "Bone House" Indian (with T. M. N<mask>). Tennessee Archaeologist 8(2):37-41. 1952d. Comparison of Certain Mexican and Tennessee Shell Ornaments (with T. M. N. <mask>). Tennessee Archaeologist 8(2):42-46.1953	. The Cherokee "Hothouse" (with T. M. N. <mask>). Tennessee Archaeologist 9(1):2-5. 1954a. Oconoluftee Indian Village: An Interpretation of a Cherokee Community of 1750 (with T. M. N<mask>). Cherokee Historical Association. Cherokee, North Carolina.1954b. Ten Years of the Tennessee Archaeologist, Selected Subjects (editor, with T. M. N<mask>). J. B. Graham, Chattanooga. 1954c. The Duration of the Archaic Tradition in the Lower Tennessee Valley. Southern Indian Studies 5:40-44.1955. The A. L. LeCroy Collection (with T. M. N. <mask>). Tennessee Archaeologist 11(2):75-82. 1956a. The Paleo-Indian Complex on the LeCroy Site (with T. M. N. <mask>). Tennessee Archaeologist 12(1):5-11. 1956b.Some Important Projectile Point Types Found in the Tennessee Area. Tennessee Archaeologist 12(1):17-28. 1957a. The Camp Creek Site (with T. M. N. <mask>). Tennessee Archaeologist 13(1):1-48. 1957b. Chipped Stone Artifacts of the Tennessee Valley Area.Tennessee Archaeologist 13(1):55-65. 1958a. Tribes That Slumber: Indians of the Tennessee Region (with T. M. N<mask>). The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. 1958b. The Nuckolls Site (with T. M. N<mask>). Tennessee Archaeologist 14(2):60-79.1959a. The Archaic Culture in the Middle South (with T. M. N<mask>). American Antiquity 25:161-183. 1959b. Engraved Shell Gorgets and Their Associations. Tennessee Archaeologist 15(1):1-39. 1961a.Eva: An Archaic Site (with T. M. N<mask>). University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville. 1961b. Four Southeastern Limestone-tempered Pottery Complexes. Southeastern Archaeological Conference Newsletter 7:3-15. *
1962. Woodland Fabric Marked Ceramic System.Proceedings of the Sixteenth Southeastern Archaeological Conference, edited by S. Williams. 8:33-40. 1995. The Prehistory of the Chickamauga Basin in Tennessee. 2 vols. (Compiled and edited by L. P. Sullivan). University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.References

External links
 Obituary for <mask> <mask> in the SAA Bulletin
 - Entry in the University of South Florida's celebration of women anthropologists. Frank H. McClung Museum, founded in part due to the work of Kneberg <mask>. A History of the McClung Museum at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Jefferson Chapman and Elaine A. Evans, McClung Research Occasional Paper, No. 22, Knoxville: McClung Museum, University of Tennessee, 2013. 1903 births
1996 deaths
American anthropologists
American anthropology writers
University of Chicago alumni
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
University of Tennessee faculty
American women anthropologists
Women science writers
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American women scientists
American women archaeologists
American women non-fiction writers
20th-century American archaeologists
20th-century anthropologists
American women academics

masks:
Madeline Kneberg Lewis
Kneberg
Charles Kneberg
Thomas Lewis
Tom Lewis
Madeline Kneberg
Lewis
Lewis
Kneberg
Lewis
Kneberg
Lewis
Kneberg
Lewis
Kneberg
Tom Lewis
Kneberg
Lewis
Kneberg
. Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
. Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
. Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
. Lewis
. Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
. Lewis
. Lewis
. Lewis
. Lewis
Madeline Kneberg
Lewis
Lewis


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<mask><mask> (September 5, 1934 – May 8, 2021) was an American political scientist specializing in comparative politics. He was director of the World Values Survey, a global network of social scientists who have carried out representative national surveys of the publics of over 100 societies on all six inhabited continents, containing 90 percent of the world's population. The first wave of surveys for this project was carried out in 1981 and the latest wave was completed in 2019. From 2010 <mask> also was co-director of the Laboratory for Comparative Social Research at the National Research University - Higher School of Economics in Moscow and St Petersburg. This laboratory has carried out surveys in Russia and eight ex-Soviet countries and is training PhD-level students in quantitative cross-national research methods. <mask> died on 8 May 2021. Using data from the World Values Survey, he created a model of cultural dimensions which has two axes: secular-rational values versus traditional values and self-expression values versus survival values.The data has been often visualized in the form of the Inglehart–Welzel cultural map of the world, which has been described as "one of the most famous pieces of Inglehart's research tradition". In the seventies Inglehart began developing an influential theory of Generational Replacement causing intergenerational value change from materialist to post-materialist values that helped shape the Eurobarometer Surveys, the World Values Surveys and other cross-national survey projects. Building on this work, he subsequently developed a revised version of Modernization theory, Evolutionary Modernization Theory, which argues that economic development, welfare state institutions and the long peace between major powers since 1945, are reshaping human motivations in ways that have important implications concerning gender roles, sexual norms, the role of religion, economic behavior and the spread of democracy. Writings
<mask>'s numerous writings have become extremely influential, with translations published in German, Italian, Spanish, French, Swedish, Brazilian Portuguese, Russian, Polish, Croatian, Japanese, Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, Persian, Urdu and  Indonesian. Brief descriptions of some of his most influential works include:

The Silent Revolution
In The Silent Revolution (1977) Inglehart discovered a major intergenerational shift in the values of the populations of advanced industrial societies. Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society
Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990). Economic, technological, and sociopolitical changes have been transforming the cultures of advanced industrial societies in profoundly important ways during the past few decades.This ambitious work examines changes in religious beliefs, in motives for work, in the issues that give rise to political conflict, in the importance people attach to having children and families, and in attitudes toward divorce, abortion, and homosexuality. <mask>'s earlier book, The Silent Revolution (Princeton, 1977), broke new ground by discovering a major intergenerational shift in the values of the populations of advanced industrial societies. This new volume demonstrates that this value shift is part of a much broader process of cultural change that is gradually transforming political, economic, and social life in these societies. Inglehart uses a massive body of time-series survey data from twenty-six nations, gathered from 1970 through 1988, to analyze the cultural changes that are occurring as younger generations gradually replace older ones in the adult population. These changes have far-reaching political implications, and they seem to be transforming the economic growth rates of societies and the kind of economic development that is pursued. Modernization and Postmodernization
In Modernization and Postmodernization (1997) Inglehart argued that economic development, cultural change, and political change go together in coherent and, to some extent, predictable patterns. Inglehart theorised that industrialization leads to related changes such as mass mobilization and  diminishing differences in gender roles.Changes in worldviews seem to reflect changes in the economic and political environment, but take place with a generational time lag. Following industrialization, advanced industrial society leads to a basic shift in values, de-emphasizing instrumental rationality. Postmodern values then bring new societal changes, including democratic political institutions and the decline of state socialist regimes. Rising Tide
Written with Pippa Norris, Rising Tide:  Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the World (New York and Cambridge:  Cambridge University Press, 2003) examines how the twentieth century gave rise to profound changes in traditional sex roles. This study reveals how modernization has changed cultural attitudes towards gender equality and analyzes the political consequences. It systematically compares attitudes towards gender equality worldwide, comparing almost 70 nations, ranging from rich to poor, agrarian to postindustrial. This volume is essential reading to gain a better understanding of issues in comparative politics, public opinion, political behavior, development and sociology.Sacred and Secular
Inglehart's 2004 book with Pippa Norris, Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide reexamines the secularization thesis. This book draws on a base of new evidence generated by four waves of the World Values Survey executed from 1981 to 2001 in eighty societies, covering most of the world’s major faiths. Examining religiosity from a broader perspective and in a wider range of countries than have been done before, this book argues that religiosity persists most strongly among vulnerable populations, especially those in poorer nations and in failed states, facing personal survival-threatening risks. Exposure to physical, societal and personal risks drives religiosity. Conversely, a systematic erosion of traditional religious practices, values and beliefs may have occurred among the more prosperous strata in rich nations. But at the same time, a growing proportion of the population—in both rich and poor countries—spends time thinking about the meaning and purpose of life. It is argued that in developed countries, the established churches are losing their ability to tell people how to live their lives, but spiritual concerns, broadly defined, may be becoming increasingly important.Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy
Written with Christian Welzel, Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence (2005) demonstrates that people's basic values and beliefs are changing, in ways that affect their political, sexual, economic, and religious behavior. These changes are roughly predictable because they can be interpreted on the basis of a revised version of modernization theory presented here. Drawing on evidence from societies containing 85% of the world's population, the authors argue that modernization is a process of human development, in which economic development triggers cultural changes that make individual autonomy, gender equality, and democracy increasingly likely. Cosmopolitan Communications
Written with Pippa Norris. In Cosmopolitan Communications: Cultural Diversity in a Globalized World (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009) he argues that societies around the world have experienced a flood of information from diverse channels originating beyond local communities and even national borders, transmitted through the rapid expansion of cosmopolitan communications. For more than half a century, conventional interpretations, Norris and Inglehart argue, have commonly exaggerated the potential threats arising from this process. A series of fire-walls protect national cultures.This book develops a new theoretical framework for understanding cosmopolitan communications and uses it to identify the conditions under which global communications are most likely to endanger cultural diversity. The authors analyze empirical evidence from both the societal level and the individual level, examining the outlook and beliefs of people in a wide range of societies. The study draws on evidence from the World Values Survey, covering 90 societies in all major regions worldwide from 1981 to 2007. The conclusion considers the implications of their findings for cultural policies. Cultural Evolution
The book Cultural Evolution: People's Motivations Are Changing, and Reshaping the World (Cambridge University Press, 2018) updates the results and theories published in <mask>'s previous books,  presenting the first full statement of <mask>'s Evolutionary Modernization theory, describing how social values and human priorities have evolved through history as a consequence of rising existential security. The book culminates with an explanation of the recent rise of xenophobic authoritarian populist parties, driven by rapid cultural change, large-scale immigration and rapidly-rising economic inequality due to an inherent tendency for knowledge societies to have winner-takes-all economies. On December 16, 2018, Fareed Zakaria chose Cultural Evolution as his book of the week, describing it as "really brilliant work.The presentation is based on longitudinal survey data from more than a hundred countries in the World Values Survey collected in six waves from 1981 to 2014. Evolutionary modernization theory holds that economic and physical insecurity elicits an authoritarian reflex leading to xenophobia, strong in-group solidarity, authoritarian politics and rigid adherence to traditional
cultural norms. Modernization and economic development have led to a degree of security in many countries after World War II where people take survival for granted. This has led to decreasing authoritarianism and the rise of Postmaterialist Values: egalitarian norms, secularization, tolerance of foreigners, gender equality, and tolerance of divorce, homosexuality, and abortion. The existential security and the egalitarian norms that develop under the feeling of security are necessary for democracy to develop. The freedom of choice in postmaterialist societies also leads to improved happiness. Inglehart now sees a backlash in terms of increasing authoritarianism, political populism, and erosion of democracy as a consequence of the decreasing economic security that follows the growing economic inequality.Trump and the Populist Authoritarian Parties: The Silent Revolution in Reverse. The essay 'Trump and the populist authoritarian parties: the silent revolution in reverse' is a piece co-written by <mask> and Pippa Norris and explores the themes that led to the rise in Populist parties in the modern world. This is explored through various examples, such as Brexit, France's National Party and the rise of Trumpism in the Republican Party in the USA. <mask> states that the economic gains of the last 3 decades have gone almost entirely to those at the top, whilst those lower down the ladder have instead dealt with declining real wages as well as cutting costs decreasing the security of their jobs. <mask> and Norris also explain two questions that arise during their piece, the first being what motivates people to support populist parties, and why have the votes for populist parties risen so high compared to three decades ago. Awards and recognitions
Inglehart has received the following honors:
Doctor, honoris causa, Uppsala University, Sweden, 2006. Doctor, honoris causa, Free University of Brussels, Belgium, 2010.Doctor, honoris causa, University of Lüneburg, Germany, 2012
Fellow, The American Academy of Political and Social Science
Fellow, The American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Winner of Johan Skytte prize in Political Science, 2011. Bibliography
Inglehart has written more than 250 publications, including:

The Silent Revolution, Princeton University Press, 1977. Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society, Princeton University Press, 1990. Value Change in Global Perspective, University of Michigan Press, 1995 (with Paul R. Abramson). Modernization and Postmodernization, Princeton University Press, 1997. (with Wayne Baker) “Modernization, Cultural Change and the Persistence of Traditional Values.”  American Sociological Review. (February, 2000).Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change around the World, Cambridge University Press, 2003 (co-authored with Pippa Norris). Human Beliefs and Values: A Cross-Cultural Sourcebook based on the 1999–2002 values Surveys. Mexico City: Siglo XXI, 2004 (co-edited with Miguel Basanez, Jaime Deiz-Medrano, Loek Halman and Ruud Luijkx). Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide, Cambridge University Press, 2004 (co-authored with Pippa Norris).
 . Cultural Evolution: People's Motivations are Changing, and Reshaping the World, Cambridge University Press, 2018, . "Giving Up on God: The Global Decline of Religion", Foreign Affairs, vol. 99, no.5 (September / October 2020), pp. 110–118. "From 2007 to 2019, only five countries [studied] became more religious, whereas the vast majority [...] moved in the opposite direction. [...] India is the most important exception to the [...] declining religiosity. [...] The most dramatic shift away from religion has taken place [in the US]." (p. 112.)In the past, "Religion emphasized the importance of fertility because [...] [i]n the world of high infant mortality and low life expectancy that prevailed until recently, the average woman had to produce five to eight children [...] to simply replace the population." (p. 115.) "[W]hen a society reached a sufficiently high level of economic and physical security, younger generations grew up taking that security for granted, and the norms around fertility receded." (p. 116.) "Countries with low levels of economic and physical security tend to have high levels of religiosity and also high levels of corruption."(p. 117.) Religion's Sudden Decline: What's Causing it, and What Comes Next? Oxford University Press; 2021, . References

External links
Website at the University of Michigan. World Values Survey worldvaluessurvey.org
Asabiyya: Re-Interpreting Value Change in Globalized Societies
Laboratory for Comparative Social Research
Modernization, values and happiness: Russia and the world <mask>hart's Presentation in the Context Club (St.Petersburg, Russia)

1934 births
2021 deaths
Writers from Milwaukee
University of Michigan faculty
Higher School of Economics faculty
Writers about globalization
Populism scholars

masks:
Ronald F
. Inglehart
Inglehart
Inglehart
Ronald Inglehart
Ronald Inglehart
Inglehart
Inglehart
Ronald Inglehart
Inglehart
Inglehart
Ronald Ingle


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Abu'l-Qasim al-Husayn ibn <mask>ribi () (Aleppo, May 981 – Mayyafariqin, 1027), also called al-wazir al-Maghribi ("the Western Vizier") and by the surname al-Kamil Dhu'l-Wizaratayn ("Perfect Possessor of the Two Vizierates"), was the last member of the Banu'l-Maghribi, a family of statesmen who served in several Muslim courts of the Middle East in the 10th and early 11th centuries. Abu'l-Qasim himself was born in Hamdanid Aleppo before fleeing with his father to Fatimid Egypt, where he entered the bureaucracy. After his father's execution, he fled to Palestine, where he raised the local Bedouin leader <mask>fal to rebellion against the Fatimids (1011–13). As the rebellion began to falter, he fled to Iraq, where he entered the service of the Buyid emirs of Baghdad. Soon after he moved to the Jazira, where he entered the service of the Uqaylids of Mosul and finally the Marwanids of Mayyafariqin. He was also a poet and author of a number of treatises, including a "mirror for princes". Life

Early life and career in the Fatimid court
Abu'l-Qasim al-Husayn was the son of Abu'<mask>ribi, himself the grandson of the family's founder, Abu'<mask>ribi, a Persian official who had originally served at the Abbasid court of Baghdad as head of the diwan al-maghrib, the "Bureau of the West", whence the family's nisbah of "al-Maghribi".In the late 940s, Abu'l-Qasim's grandfather entered the service of the Hamdanid Emirate of Aleppo, serving as a secretary (katib) under Emir Sayf al-Dawla (r. 946–967), a post to which he was followed by Abu'l-Qasim's father <mask>. According to the 13th-century Aleppan historian Ibn al-Adim, Abu'l-Qasim was born in May 981 in Aleppo. The later Egyptian historian al-Maqrizi reports that he was born in Egypt instead, but this is in all likelihood incorrect. In 989/90, Abu'l-Qasim was forced to flee the Hamdanid domains when his father <mask> sided with the rebellious governor of Homs, Bakjur, in his effort to capture Aleppo from Sayf al-Dawla's son and heir, Sa'd al-Dawla (r. 967–991). <mask> defected to the rebel camp, but Bakjur's  assault failed, and the Banu'l-Maghribi were forced flee to Egypt and the "lusher pastures of the Fatimid court", in the words of Hugh N. Kennedy. In Egypt, <mask> rose to senior posts in the caliphal administration, while Abu'l-Qasim received his education as a katib, and in the early reign of Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (r. 996–1021) acquired an influential position in the Diwan al-Sawad (the fiscal bureau responsible for the land tax). Flight from Egypt and the Jarrahid revolt
Soon, however, the Banu'l-Maghribi became involved in the intrigues between various factions of the Fatimid court, and in 1009/10, the powerful Christian vizier, Mansur ibn Abdun, convinced al-Hakim to have all the members of the family executed.According to the poet Ibn al-Qarih, who had been tutor to the Banu'l-Maghribi before the massacre, Abu'l-Qasim was largely responsible for this turn of events: in a polemical text (hija) written against him, Ibn al-Qarih accused him of "having been the indirect instigator of his family's ruination through his own intrigues" (P. Smoor). This provoked the reaction of the famous Syrian poet Abu'l-Ala al-Ma'arri, who had been in contact with Abu'l-Qasim and later wrote an elegy on the latter's death; nevertheless, in the exchange of letters that followed al-Ma'arri himself recognized that Abu'l-Qasim's intrigues played a role, although he tried to minimize this by ascribing them to "youthful ambition and inexperience, and their terrible result as being the ultimate effect of crushing Fate". Abu'l-Qasim was the only one of his family to escape death, and fled to the Jarrahids of Palestine in 1011. Driven by a flaming desire to avenge himself upon the Caliph, he persuaded the Jarrahid emir, Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah, to raise the Bedouins in open rebellion against al-Hakim. The revolt spread swiftly through the Palestinian hinterland. Even the provincial capital, Ramlah, fell to the Bedouin, and the coastal cities were besieged, but not taken. Abu'l-Qasim went as far as orchestrating the proclamation of an anti-Caliph, the Alid Sharif of Mecca, Abu'l-Futuh al-Hasan ibn Ja'far, in July 1012.Despite the rebellion's initial success, the Jarrahids were susceptible to bribery by the Caliph and did not inspire trust in their confederates: dismayed by the lack of respect shown to him by the Jarrahids, Abu'l-Futuh abandoned the revolt and returned to Mecca, while Abu'l-Qasim himself fled to Iraq. Later career in Iraq and the Jazira
In Iraq, Abu'l-Qasim tried to seek refuge in the Abbasid administration (then under Buyid control). Ibn al-Adim reports that the Abbasid caliph, al-Qadir (r. 991–1031) was initially suspicious of Abu'l-Qasim's intentions due to his nisbah, which implied Fatimid sympathies, and Abu'l-Qasim was forced to remain at Wasit until the true origin of his surname could be explained. From the Baghdad court, he switched to the service of the Uqaylid ruler of Mosul, Qirwash ibn al-Mukhallad, as his vizier, before entering the court of Nasr al-Dawla ibn Ahmad, the Marwanid ruler of Mayyafariqin. He then returned briefly to Baghdad to serve as vizier under al-Qadir, but soon fell out with the Caliph due to his support for pro-Alid factions in Kufa, and was forced to return to Nasr al-Dawla's service, where he remained as vizier until his death in 1027. In accordance with his will, he was buried in Karbala. Writings
Abu'l-Qasim was also an author and poet of some note.His more important works were a compilation of Ibn al-Sikkit, a work on Arab tribal nomenclature, and a short manual on statecraft, or "mirror for princes", the Kitab fi'l-si'yasa, probably written for his patron, Nasr al-Dawla ibn Ahmad. In his work, al-Ma'ari records al-Maghribi's possession of a precious library. It survived long after his death in Mayyafariqin, where Ibn Shaddad reported it as still extant two centuries later. Legacy
Abu'l-Qasim's alleged conversations with the Nestorian archbishop Elijah of Nisibis form the basis of that cleric's Book of Sessions (), covering religious, literary, and linguistic topics. References

Bibliography

 N. Seleznyov, Book of Sessions by Mar Elias (ʾIliyyā), Metropolitan of Nisibis, with Wazir Abū ʾl-Qāsim al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī al-Maghribī and the Epistle of Metropolitan Elias (ʾIliyyā) to Wazir Abū ʾl-Qāsim

981 births
1027 deaths
11th-century people of the Fatimid Caliphate
11th-century Iranian people
Viziers
Viziers of the Abbasid Caliphate
Medieval Iraqi people
People from Aleppo
Poets of the Abbasid Caliphate
Medieval Iraqi writers
Husayn
Islamic mirrors for princes

masks:
Ali al Magh
Mufarrij ibn Dagh
l Hasan Ali ibn al Hun al Magh
l Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al Magh
Ali
Ali
Ali
Ali


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<mask> (born January 2, 1983) is a former American football wide receiver. He was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the sixth round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He played college football at Oregon State. <mask> has also played for the Chicago Bears, Seattle Seahawks and Omaha Nighthawks. Early years
Hass played on the varsity football team as a wide receiver and defensive back at Jesuit High School for three years. He helped lead the team to an OSAA 4A State Championship in 2000 over North Medford High School as a senior, recording 79 receptions for 1,739 yards and 21 touchdowns. He finished the championship game with an interception return for a touchdown.In the quarterfinals against co-#1 team and rival Central Catholic he scored a state playoff-game record seven touchdowns. He was on the First-team All-State Offense and Defense, First-team All-Metro Offense and Defense, and was the OSAA Football Offensive Player of the Year in 2000. Despite his gaudy statistics as a senior, he was not offered a single NCAA Division 1 scholarship and elected to walk-on at Oregon State. College career
Hass was a starting wide receiver for Oregon State University from 2003 - 2005. Although he was an outstanding player in high school, most college scouts felt his limited size and speed would prevent him from excelling at the collegiate level, and was not offered a football scholarship by any Division I schools, and ended up as a walk-on at Oregon State. After playing mostly on special teams in 2002, he was awarded a scholarship and a starting role as he broke out with the first of three consecutive 1,000+ receiving yard seasons in 2003. He kept the pace in 2004, breaking more school and conference records on his way to being named a Third-team All-American.In 2005, his senior season, <mask> won the Fred Biletnikoff Award and was named an AP, Walter Camp and ESPN First-team All-American. He was invited to the 81st annual East-West Shrine Game recording four receptions for 107 yards, including the game-winning touchdown for the West. Records
Despite only playing three seasons, <mask> currently holds many Oregon State records, as well as several Pac-10 records. Some of these include:
 The first receiver in Oregon State and Pac-10 history to have three consecutive 1,000-yard seasons, and is only the 10th player in NCAA history to do so. Holds the Oregon State record and is third in the Pac-10 for receiving yards in a career with 3,924
 The only player in Oregon State and Pac-10 history with two 225-plus yards receiving games. His 293 receiving yards against Boise State in 2004 is an Oregon State and Pac-10 record for most receiving yards in a single game. His 14 receptions against Arizona State in 2004 is an Oregon State record for most receptions in a game.His 20 receiving touchdowns ties him for the school record for receiving touchdowns in a career. His 90 receptions in the 2005 season is an Oregon State record for most receptions in a single season. His 220 receptions in his college career was an Oregon State record for most receptions in a career
 His 1,532 receiving yards in the 2005 season is an Oregon State and Pac-10 (Not including pac-12 records) record for most receiving yards in a single season. Professional career

Pre-draft

Although some pre-draft analysis had Hass projected as a third or fourth round pick, he was selected in the sixth round (171st overall) of the 2006 NFL Draft by the New Orleans Saints. It was reported by writers Jim Beseda and Paul Bucker of The Oregonian that Heisman Trophy winner Reggie Bush played a part in the selection, putting in a good word for Hass with Saints' executives. It was also reported that Bush had requested for Hass to be his roommate at the rookie mini-camp, but Hass ended up rooming with cornerback Josh Lay instead. New Orleans Saints
Hass wore jersey #18 with the Saints, a change from the #28 he wore in college due to the NFL's positional jersey numbering rules.On July 27, 2006 <mask> signed a three-year contract with the Saints, details were undisclosed. He recorded three receptions for 28 yards in his first preseason game on August 12 against the Tennessee Titans. However, he was released by the Saints on September 3, 2006. Chicago Bears
The Chicago Bears signed <mask> to their practice roster on September 4, 2006. He remained there throughout the season, until the team signed him to their active roster on February 8, 2007. During the next preseason finale, he made a leaping touchdown catch. He finally earned a spot on the Bears' active roster as the team's sixth wide receiver on September 1, 2007.On August 29, 2008, <mask> was waived by the Bears. He was re-signed to the team's practice squad on September 30, only to be released again on October 11. He was re-signed to the practice squad on October 15. <mask> was released again on December 23. Seattle Seahawks
Hass was signed to a future contract by the Seattle Seahawks on January 7, 2009. Despite scoring a touchdown in the first preseason game, <mask> was cut by Seattle on September 5, 2009. He was signed to the Seahawks' practice squad two days later.On November 3, the Seahawks signed <mask> to their 53-man roster. On November 12, 2009, <mask> was moved to the Seahawks practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster again on December 26 when the team waived defensive end Derek Walker. <mask> was placed on injured reserve with a dislocated shoulder on December 30. On August 23, 2010, <mask> was released by the Seahawks. Omaha Nighthawks
Hass was signed by the Omaha Nighthawks of the United Football League on August 31, 2010. Post-football life
After playing with the Nighthawks in 2010, <mask> left football to pursue a career with Nike, Inc.He worked for the company's development department and  designs sporting equipment. He now is a project manager at Pacific Geosource , providing advanced innovative solutions to he pavement industry. He is married to his wife, Rebecca and has two kids Logan and Gwyneth. See also
 List of NCAA major college football yearly receiving leaders

References

External links
Just Sports Stats
Chicago Bears bio
Seattle Seahawks bio

1983 births
Living people
Players of American football from Portland, Oregon
American football wide receivers
Oregon State Beavers football players
New Orleans Saints players
Chicago Bears players
Seattle Seahawks players
Omaha Nighthawks players
Jesuit High School (Beaverton, Oregon) alumni

masks:
Mike Hass
Hass
Hass
Hass
Hass
Hass
Hass
Hass
Hass
Hass
Hass
Hass
Hass
Hass


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<mask> (born 27 April 1994) is a Canadian professional soccer player who plays as a forward for Major League Soccer club Houston Dynamo. Club

Youth
<mask> became a member of the Woolwich Soccer Association, of which his father Jeff was president, at age 6. He  trained with English club Newcastle United on multiple occasions throughout his youth. The first time he travelled to Newcastle as a schoolboy, he stepped right into training with the academy, something that no other Canadian had ever done. <mask> originally made contact with Newcastle through a local coach and his son, David Edgar, a fellow Canadian who was also at Newcastle. Between the ages of 9 and 16, <mask> trained with the club during his two-week school break each March and for two months each summer. He played for the academy between the ages of 9 and 13 before being part of the first team reserves between age 14 and 16.A combination of UK work permit difficulties, injury, and wishing to return home to Canada prompted <mask> to leave the club, at which time he joined the TFC Academy in the Canadian Soccer League. PS Kemi Kings
<mask> left Toronto FC and signed a 1+2 contract with PS Kemi Kings in the Kakkonen, the third tier of Finnish football, on 5 April 2013. He made his debut for PS Kemi on 24 April 2013 in a 2–0 defeat to VPS in a Finnish Cup match. On 27 April he made his first league appearance for the club in a 2–1 win over Kerho 07. <mask> scored his first goal for Kemi on 19 May in a 2–2 draw with Vasa IFK. <mask> made 22 appearances and scored 11 goals in the regular season to help PS Kemi win the Kakkonen Pohjoinen (Northern) Division and advanced to the promotion playoff series, where they lost 2–0 on aggregate to HIFK, with <mask> appearing in both legs. Lansing United
After leaving PS Kemi, <mask> trained with Lansing United of the National Premier Soccer League for most of the season but was able to appear in only a limited number of matches because of contractual complications with his former club.<mask> was home for the summer and decided to join the club, of which a good friend was assistant coach, to stay fit while waiting to be signed by a professional club. At that time, it was believed that <mask> would return to Toronto FC after impressing head coach Ryan Nelsen. About the way in which <mask> ended up with the club, Lansing head coach Eric Rudland described it as, "[He] fell into our lap through a comedy of errors." In total, <mask> made ten appearances during his time with the club, tallying three goals and six assists while also battling injuries after deciding to stay with the club for the season. Following the season, <mask> was named to the NPSL's Supporters' XI team after helping Lansing earn the NPSL Great Lakes West conference title in the club's inaugural season. Pittsburgh Riverhounds
In january 2015 <mask> signed with the Pittsburgh Riverhounds of the United Soccer League, the third tier of the United States soccer league system, after trialing with the club during preseason. On 8 April 2015 it was announced that <mask> had received his international transfer clearance and would be available for the Riverhounds' third match of the season, an away fixture against Saint Louis FC on 11 April.<mask> made his Riverhounds debut as a starter in the match, a 1–1 draw. He scored his first league goal for the Riverhounds on 25 April, the final goal of a 5–1 victory over Toronto FC II. <mask> finished the season with 21 league appearances for the Riverhounds while scoring two goals, helping Pittsburgh finish 5th in the Eastern Conference and qualify for the playoffs. He did not appear in the Riverhounds playoff game, a 4–2 loss to New York Red Bulls II in extra time. Swope Park Rangers
<mask> signed with USL side Swope Park Rangers on 2 March 2016. He made his Rangers debut on 26 March in 2–1 win over Portland Timbers 2. <mask> scored his first two goals for Swope Park on 14 May against Tulsa Roughnecks FC.In August 2016, Sporting Kansas City, Swope Park's MLS affiliate, announced that they had signed <mask> on a short-term loan to play in the 2016–17 CONCACAF Champions League against Central FC. He made his CCL debut in a 1–2 defeat to the Vancouver Whitecaps on 13 September 2016. He was called up to Sporting's squad again for the tournament in October 2016 for the final match of the group stage, the return fixture against Central FC. On 18 September <mask> had a goal and assist to help Swope Park defeat OKC Energy 3–0. He ended the regular season with 5 goals and 1 assist from 24 appearances, helping the Rangers finish 4th in the Western Conference and qualify for the playoffs. <mask> played every minute of Swope Park's 4 playoff games and had 3 assists to help the Rangers reach the final, where they lost 5–1 to New York Red Bulls II. Sporting Kansas City
After a successful 2016 season, <mask> signed a first-team contract with Sporting Kansas City on 2 December 2016.He made his MLS debut on 20 May 2017, getting the start in a 2–0 loss to the Vancouver Whitecaps. <mask> spent most of 2017 on loan with SKC's USL affiliate, Swope Park Rangers. He 3 assists from 24 appearances in the regular season for the Rangers, helping Swope Park qualify for the playoffs after finishing 4th in the Western Conference. <mask> played 3 times in the playoffs to help the Rangers reach the final. He would not appear in the final, a 1–0 loss to Louisville City. On 27 November, upon conclusion of the 2017 season, Sporting KC announced they would not exercise <mask>'s option for the 2018 season. On 10 December 2017 <mask>'s MLS rights was traded by Kansas City, along with the rights to Kévin Oliveira and a second-round selection in the 2018 MLS SuperDraft, to Atlanta United in exchange for goalkeeper Alexander Tambakis, the MLS rights to forward Kenwyne Jones, and a fourth-round selection in the 2021 MLS SuperDraft.<mask> did not sign with Atlanta. Indy Eleven
On 7 February 2018, <mask> joined Indy Eleven of the United Soccer League. He made his debut for Indy on 24 March in a 1–0 win over the Richmond Kickers. On 7 April he scored his first goal for Indy to give them a 1–0 win over North Carolina FC. <mask> ended the 2018 season with 1 goal and 1 assist in 10 appearances in the regular season as Indy Eleven finished 7th in the Eastern Conference. <mask> did not appear in Indy's playoff game. On 20 April, <mask> scored his first goal of the 2019 season to help Indy defeat Bethlehem Steel 3–0.He scored in the 84th minute on 18 May to give Indy a 1–0 win over Charleston Battery. <mask> scored 5 goals and had 1 assist during a 6 match stretch in June, including a game winning goal in the 89th minute on 15 June in a 2–1 win against Loudoun United, helping Indy record 5 wins and 1 draw during the month. <mask> ended the regular season with 32 appearances, 11 goals, and 4 assists as he helped Indy finish 3rd in the Eastern Conference. He was named to the USL Championship Team of the Week seven times during the season. In the playoffs, <mask> scored twice in 3 appearances as he helped Indy reach the conference finals, where they lost 3–1 to Louisville City in extra time. <mask> and Indy Eleven opened the 2020 season on 7 March by beating Memphis 901 4–2, with <mask> scoring twice and adding an assist during the game. Soon after, the USL Championship season was paused due to the COVID-19 pandemic.Indy returned to play on 11 July, with <mask> scoring once in a 2–0 win against Saint Louis FC. In Indy Eleven's next game, <mask> scored again, helping Indy to a 2–1 win over Sporting Kansas City II. On 22 July, <mask> scored seven minutes into stoppage time to give Indy a 1–0 win against the Pittsburgh Riverhounds and to bring his scoring streak to 6 straight games (including Indy's final 2 games of the 2019 playoffs). For this goal, <mask> picked up the ball slightly behind midfield, dribbled down the right flank, cut inside and shot it into the top left corner from over 25 yards out. <mask> finished the shortened regular season with 10 goals and 2 assists in 15 appearances, however Indy failed to qualify for the playoffs. His goal tally was tied for the 5th highest in the league. <mask> was named to the 2020 All-League Second Team, was named the USL Championship Player of the Month for July, and made the Team of the Week four times.Houston Dynamo
On 14 January 2021, <mask> returned to Major League Soccer, signing with the Houston Dynamo. He made his Dynamo debut in their season-opening 2–1 victory against the San Jose Earthquakes on 17 April, getting an assist on Maxi Urruti's game-winning goal. In <mask>'s third game with the Dynamo on 1 May, he scored his first goal for the club, netting the equalizer in a 1–1 draw with Los Angeles FC. He missed the next 3 games due to a hip injury. On 4 August, <mask> scored in a 3–2 loss to Austin FC, but left the game in the first half due to an ankle injury. He missed Houston's next 4 games. <mask> returned and played in the Dynamo's next 2 games before suffering another injury, keeping him out for 4 games.<mask> ended the season with 4 goals and 3 assists in 19 appearances. He was hampered by injuries for the back half of the season, making 9 appearances, just 1 of them a start, and picking up no goals or assists over the final 17 games. It was a disappointing season for the Dynamo as a team, finishing bottom of the Western Conference, failing to qualify for the playoffs. In December 2021, Houston picked up <mask>'s contract option, keeping him at the club through the 2022 MLS season. International
In 2005, <mask> was one of the final 140 players narrowed down to represent Canada at the Under-12 level in the Danone Nations Cup in France. However, he was not selected for the final squad. At that time, <mask> was invited back in April 2006 for tryouts for the next edition of the tournament.<mask> received his first national team call up at any level for a pair of U17 friendlies against Mexico in Morelia in April 2011 in preparation for the upcoming U17 World Cup. He came on as a 69th-minute substitute in the second match, a 0–3 defeat. He was then was named to Canada's final U17 squad for the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Mexico but withdrew due to a concussion. In July 2012 he was named to Canada's U20 squad for a training camp and two friendlies in Mexico. In 2013, he was then included in Canada's U20 squad for the 2013 Francophone Games in Nice. He went on to appear in two of Canada's three matches in the tournament. In May 2014, head coach Benito Floro called up <mask> to the senior squad for the first time for a training camp and friendlies against Moldova and Bulgaria in Austria but he once again withdrew because of injury.He was called up to the senior squad again, this time as an injury replacement for Sam Adekugbe and André Hainault, in March 2015 for friendlies against Puerto Rico and Guatemala. He didn't appear in either match, but he made the bench against Puerto Rico. In June 2021 after a hot start with the Houston Dynamo, <mask> was named to Canada's 60-man provisional squad for the 2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup. On July 1, he was confirmed as part of the final 23-man squad. At the Gold Cup, he made his senior debut as a substitute for Tajon Buchanan, in a 4–1 group stage victory over Haiti. He made 2 appearances at the Gold Cup, both in the group stage, as Canada reached the semifinals, where they lost 2–1 to Mexico. Career statistics

International

Honours

Individual
NPSL Supporters' XI team: 2014
USL Championship All-League Second Team: 2020
USL Championship Player of the Month: July 2020

Club
PS Kemi
Kakkonen Pohjoinen Champion: 2013
Lansing United
NPSL Great Lakes West Conference Champion: 2014

References

External links
Canada Soccer profile

1994 births
Living people
Association football defenders
Association football midfielders
Canada men's youth international soccer players
Canadian Soccer League (2006–present) players
Canadian soccer players
Houston Dynamo FC players
Indy Eleven players
Major League Soccer players
National Premier Soccer League players
People from Woolwich, Ontario
Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC players
Soccer people from Ontario
Sporting Kansas City players
Sporting Kansas City II players
Toronto FC players
USL Championship players
Ykkönen players
Expatriate footballers in Finland
Expatriate soccer players in the United States
Canadian expatriate sportspeople in Finland
Canadian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Canada men's international soccer players

masks:
Tyler Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher
Tyler
Pasher
Pasher
Pasher


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<mask> (August 28, 1920 in Orland, California – May 10, 1998 in Glendale, California) was an American musician, possibly  the most famous virtuoso of the theatre organ of the modern era. <mask> was best known for his virtuoso performances on the huge Wurlitzer theater pipe organs at the famed Fox Theater on Market Street in San Francisco and the ornate Paramount Theaters in both New York City and Oakland. In the early1940s he was an active performer on radio, first on the west coast; in 1944 he was transferred to New York City by NBC, and played numerous radio shows from 1944-1951. In 1948 he was hired as solo organist at the Paramount Theatre in Times Square. He left New York in 1951. The early 50s brought fame via his iconic recordings on HIFI Records, using the 5-manual Wurlitzer originally from the Paradise Theatre, Chicago, installed in the home of HIFI owner Richard Vaughn. The 60s brought more fame through his recordings (primarily on the DOT label) on the organ sponsored by Leslie organ speaker inventor Don Leslie and installed in his warehouse on S. Fair Oaks Blvd.in South Pasadena. In the 70s, he installed a theatre pipe organ in his home in the Hollywood Hills, and recorded numerous CDs on the BANDA label. He concertized widely across the United States. He also played two concerts in the UK (one on a Conn electronic organ, as a Conn promotional event, the other on the Wurlitzer organ in the Gaumont State Theatre, Kilburn, London). Early years
<mask> learned to play the piano at an early age from his aunt who was a private music teacher. His mother was a movie accompanist on the piano for silent movies played at the Orland Theatre. He grew up in Stockton and Sacramento, where he graduated from Grant Union High School in 1938.One of his first projects was installing a theater organ there, where it still remains and plays. Career
In 1938, he had his first playing job at a Chinese night club in Oakland, called the New Shanghai Cafe and Terrace Bowl, which boasted a 2-manual, 6-rank Wurlitzer; the show was broadcast nightly by an Oakland radio station. In 1941, he joined San Francisco radio station KFRC and on the Blue Network by 1942. In December, 1942 he started performing at the San Francisco Fox Theater on Saturday nights. In late 1944, he relocated to New York City to work as organist for NBC radio. He began recording at this time, first cutting 78 RPM records for Syd Nathan's King Records and Regent Records, in addition to securing contracts for transcription disks on the Thesaurus, Associated, and Muzak labels. In New York, he was a guest on the Paul Whiteman"Stairway to the Stars" radio program (May 21, 1946) and Percy Faith, as well as on the network shows of Bing Crosby and Perry Como.He also conducted his own orchestra on the Robert Q. Lewis show and began a seven-year stint playing in a trio with Charles Magnante, accordionist, and Tony Mottola, guitarist, for Jack Berch's NBC show sponsored by the Prudential Insurance Company. The trio, with added bassist Bobby Haggart, recorded five "Soundies," as well. In 1948, he signed on as house organist for the Paramount Theater in New York. There, he played with many of the great jazz and pop artists of the time, including Frank Sinatra, Frankie Laine and Ella Fitzgerald. During his time in New York he made several recordings on both the organ in the New York Paramount's theatre and on the organ in the studio above the theatre - the organ on which Jesse Crawford made many of his most famous recordings. These recordings were first released as 78rpm single and later compiled into LP releases on the King (organ in the theatre) and Regent (organ in the studio with the addition of Cozy Cole on drums) labels. He moved to Los Angeles in 1951 and in the mid 50's began making a series of recordings for Richard Vaughn's High Fidelity Recordings, Inc. label on a 5-manual, 21 rank Wurlitzer organ which Vaughn had acquired from the Paradise Theatre in Chicago (he was the first act signed to the label after its founding).Vaughn claimed that <mask>'s first seven albums for HIFI Records sold 1,000,000 copies in their first two years of release. He went on to record 20 albums for the HiFi label. By the late 1950s, <mask> developed an avid, if cult-sized, following for his solo organ concerts during this time and was able to fill big variety-era theaters long after their main audiences had shriveled. <mask> became renowned among theater organists for his pyrotechnic virtuosity, devising novel effects and pulling off lightning fast stop changes. In 1963 he became ABC's musical director for the West Coast, including becoming the studio organist (and eventual musical director) for the soap opera General Hospital. <mask> remained with the show even after it switched from live broadcasts to video tape in the 1970s, and as musical cues modernized, he even began composing piano arrangements for GH'''s underscore. In his next-to-last year with the soap, <mask> was asked to compose new theme music for GH, a piano-dominated tune which debuted on the program in April 1975.Over a year later, in July 1976, then-executive producer Tom Donovan chose to replace <mask>'s music with the style of another director. <mask>, his scores, and his GH theme song were history (with the latter being replaced by the piece that will forever be the closest association of GH in history, "Autumn Breeze" by Jack Urbont). During his long career, <mask> played a key role in reviving interest in theater organ music. He recorded more than 60 albums. <mask> was the first act signed to Richard Vaughn's HIFI Records and recorded 20 albums as their featured organist in the late 1950s before switching to Dot Records in 1963. On his HIFI albums, <mask> is a perfect complement to the label's star, Arthur Lyman. His Dot albums are somewhat less showy, though he continues to work with a considerable range of material, from old standards to Dave Brubeck's "It's a Raggy Waltz."In August 1970, however, the studio/warehouse (owned by organ speaker inventory Don Leslie) where he kept his personal pipe organ burned and he stopped recording for over 10 years. <mask> bought a house in the Hollywood Hills less for its location than for its capacity to accommodate his own mighty Wurlitzer pipe organ. He worked on it constantly, swapping out pieces he collected in his travels around the U.S. In 1980, his friend Bob Power founded BANDA Records for the purpose of recording <mask>, and many of his albums were available from BANDA. In 1995, he was presented with the first Lifetime Achievement Award by the American Theatre Organ Society. He continued to play at concerts and make recordings to the end, and many unreleased tapes have been digitized after the acquisition of BANDA. He finished his last album, Salon, just 60 days before his death.BANDA has released almost nothing since the early 2000s however, but the new owner of BANDA (<mask> biographer William L. Coale, Ph.D.) has issued numerous new offerings, including Back to School and an all-piano offering Gin & Tonic'' viewable at https://www.geniusofgeorgewright.com/store/c2/<mask>_CDs_.htmlhhttps://www.geniusofgeorgewright.com/store/c2/<mask>_CDs_.html

<mask>'s organ recordings were distributed on the Associated Program Service Transcriptions, Muzak, Thesaurus Transcription Service, Armed Forces Radio Service, RCA Custom (under the pseudonym Jocelyn McNeil), RCA Camden (under the pseudonym Guy Melendy), Malar, King, Regent, Lurite, Doric, Century, Hamilton, Reader's Digest, Essential, BANDA, HiFi, SOLO, and DOT labels. <mask> died of heart failure on May 10, 1998, in Los Angeles. His remains were cremated by the Neptune Society and scattered in the organization's Rose Garden. References

External links
<mask> Biography and CDs
American Theatre Organ Society
Reflection on <mask> by Ron Mussleman
The Theatre Organ Home Page

1920 births
1998 deaths
American keyboardists
Theatre organists
Musicians from Sacramento, California
RCA Victor artists
Dot Records artists
20th-century American musicians
People from Orland, California
Musicians from Stockton, California
20th-century organists

masks:
George Wright
Wright
George Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
George Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
Wright
George Wright
George Wright
George Wright
Wright
Wright
George Wright
George Wright


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Princess <mask>na <mask> (; 1844-1868), was a Russian lady in waiting. She is known for her love affair with the future Alexander III of Russia, who attempted to renounce his place as heir to the throne in order to marry her, a plan he was forced to abandon. She married Pavel Pavlovich Demidov, 2nd Prince of San Donato in 1866. Early life
Princess Maria Elimovna <mask> was born in the family of the diplomat, Prince Elim Petrovich Meshchersky and Varvara Stepanovna (1819-1879), the daughter of the writer S.P. Zhikharev . In 1844, when Mary was not yet a year old, her father died. Maria Elimovna spent her childhood in Paris and Nice, constantly moving between her mother and grandmother.Abroad, Varvara Stepanovna led such an eccentric lifestyle that Empress Alexandra Feodorovna took her daughter to and placed Varvara in an institute. The Empress was forced to turn for help to her relative Princess Elizaveta Nikolaievna Chernysheva (widow of the Minister of War Alexander Chernyshyov ) and asked her to take Maria in. When she was eighteen years old Maria, was received in the house of her aunt, Princess Elizabeth Baryatinskaya (daughter of Chernyshyov). But she was jealous of her niece because her husband was particularly attached to her, some sources even say in love. "It cannot be said that Princess Baryatinskaya spoiled her. On the contrary, she rather kept her in a black body. She took the last place in the house..."

- Count Sergei Dmitrievich Sheremetev

Romance with Grand Duke Alexander
Not long after, her relitives petitioned and Maria became a Lady-in-waiting to Empress Maria Alexandrovna and settled in the Winter Palace.In the spring of 1864, at the court, Maria met with the Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich, the second son of the Empress. Her name appeared in the Grand Duke's letters. In June of the same year, he wrote to his mother: “We went with the company to Pavlovsk to the farm and drank tea there. M. E<mask> also rode with us on horseback and often visited Pavlovsk with us ”.Gradually she is included in the company formed at the court from the representatives of the "golden youth". In addition to the Grand Duke Alexander, it included: Tsarsevich Nicholas, Grand Duke Vladimir, and their cousins Nikolai Leuchtenberg , Nikolai Konstantinovich, Prince Meshchersky , Count Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov, Prince Vladimir Baryatinsky, and Lady-in-Waiting Alexandra Zhukovskaya. The youth had fun, danced, played cards, and more and more often Alexander tried to choose Maria as a partner. According to a contemporary, the princess was "extraordinarily beautiful, wonderfully built, rather tall, her black eyes, deep and passionate, gave her graceful face an extraordinary charm.The sound of her voice was methodical, and the stamp of some mysteriously restrained sad feeling, very charming, was imposed on her whole being." In 1865, Tsarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich died, and Alexander became the heir to the throne. In the same year, the feelings of the Grand Duke also changed: from friendly to something more serious. On June 7, he wrote in his diary: "Every day is the same, it would be unbearable if it were not for M." They allegedly met by chance on a walk in the park, but soon the Emperor and Empress learned about this relationship. Maria Alexandrovna found this behavior of her son "indecent". On June 19 on the English road from Tsarskoe Selo to Pavlovsk, the Tsarevich said that "they can no longer be in such a relationship as they were up to now" As a souvenir, Marie presented her photo with Sasha Zhukovskaya with the inscription: " In remembrance of the last day in dear Tsarskoe ." On November 4 of the same year, the princess gave Alexander her self-portrait.Maria's cousin, Vladimir Meshchersky, stole the letters to her from the heir to the throne and handed them over to the empress, after which a scandal erupted in the imperial family though they continued to meet. They were helped by Alexandra Zhukovskaya, who delivered notes, settled disagreements, and guarded the peace during walks. The Tsarevich was not sure of Maria's feelings, he was afraid that she might accept someone elses proposal, so he offered his close friend and heir to a huge fortune, Count Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov, to marry Maria. However, the count soon married Countess Elizaveta Shuvalova. The meetings became more frequent, and <mask> was reprimanded. Countess Catherine Tiesenhausen claimed that the Maria was behaving indecently, openly running after the heir. And in order to avoid 'serious consequences' she must stop seeing the Tsarevich.In November 1865, Alexander II expressed a desire for the Tsarevich and Nikolai's former bride, the Danish princess Dagmar of Denmark, to marry. The Tsarevich felt conflicted between his feelings for <mask> and duty. He wrote in his diary on March 15: “I really love her, and if I were a free man, I would certainly marry, and I am sure that she would completely agree”. At a ball on April 18,  Meshcherskaya informed the heir that Prince Wittgenstein had proposed to her. The Tsarsevich's parents insisted on a trip to Denmark, and in May the he wrote in his diary: “I only think now about giving up my plight and, if possible, marrying sweet M.E. I want to refuse to marry Dagmar, which I cannot love and do not want ... Maybe it will be better if I renounce the throne ... I do not want another wife, like M. E." At the same time, the Grand Duke feared that “when the decisive moment comes, she will abandon me, and then everything was lost”.In May 1866 the emperor announced that an article was published in Danish newspapers that the Tsarevich did not want to marry Dagmar because of his feelings for <mask>. Christian IX of Denmark sent a letter to the imperial family asking them to confirm the heir's plans for his daughter. There was a major quarrel, during which Alexander declared his desire to abdicate the throne and marry 'dear Dusenka', which was not understood by Alexander II, who threatened to expel the Maria. After explaining himself to Maria, Alexander decided to go to Denmark. The only thing he asked his father about was not to punish the girl. The Empress reassured her son that <mask> would go to Paris with her aunt Princess Chernysheva. The engagement of Tsarevich Alexander and Princess Dagmara of Denmark took place on June 17, 1866, and a wedding followed on October 28.Princess <mask> saw the heir again in 1867 in Paris, where he came with his father at the invitation of Emperor Napoleon III. Later life
After leaving the imperial court, Maria lived with Princess Chernysheva. In March 1867, at the Austrian court, she met the secretary of the Russian embassy in Vienna, the wealthy Pavel Pavlovich Demidov (1839-1885). Soon, on June 7, 1867, their wedding was solemnly celebrated. The guarantors for the groom were Prince A. I. Baryatinsky and Baron A. F. Budberg ; the guarantors for the bride are Count D. K. Nesselrode and Count I. I. Vorontsov-Dashkov . The young couple spent their honeymoon near Florence at the Villa San Donato . Demidov adored his young wife, and surrounded her with luxury.Maria Elimovna had the most beneficial influence on her husband. According to a contemporary, after marriage, Demidov became a completely different person, his crazy spending and evenings in the casino stopped. In the spring of 1868, before the birth of her son, Maria and her husband moved to Vienna in order to be able to use the advice a famous professor. In Vienna, she often went to church, where she was seen praying in tears. Her pregnancy was difficult, Aurora Karlovna came to Vienna from Finland in order to support her son and daughter-in-law. Both women became very friendly and spent a lot of time together. On July 25, 1868, Maria Elimovna gave birth to her son Elim, named after her father, and died the next day from eclampsia .The doctors managed to save the boy who was also in danger. On the eve of her death, Maria Elimovna confessed to her friend A. Zhukovskaya that “she never loved anyone except the Tsarevich”. Her husband found a letter in his own name, in which she said goodbye to him and thanked him for the happiness that he gave her and which lasted less than a year. Grief-stricken Demidov refused to see his son for several months, and considered himself the culprit of his wife's death. He starved himself and was on the verge of suicide. After meeting with the Jesuit Fathers from the Catholic order "Heart of Jesus" Pavel came to his senses and became very religious. He lived modestly, walked often, no longer wore a tailcoat, and spent a lot of money on charity work.In memory of his wife, he established the Mariinsky needlework workshop in Paris. Princess Maria Demidova was buried in Vienna at the Orthodox cemetery of St. Mark. Allegedly, her ashes was later transported to the family tomb of the Demidov's at the Pere Lachaise cemetery in Paris. Though according to the diary of Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich in 1880, her ashes were still in France. References

1844 births
1868 deaths
Ladies-in-waiting of the Russian Empire
Deaths in childbirth
Russian princesses

masks:
Mariya Elimov
Meshcherskaya
Meshcherskaya
. Meshcherskaya
Meshcherskaya
Meshcherskaya
Meshcherskaya
Meshcherskaya
Meshcherskaya


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<mask> (born as <mask> on June 11, 1977 in Santurce, Puerto Rico) is a Puerto Rican former reggaeton artist. A pioneer of the reggaeton genre, <mask> retired from music in 2014 and dedicated himself to preaching  Christianity. His nickname came to be as the result of an accident. Before joining Karel, he worked as an electrician. One day, he stuck his hand in the wrong place and got shocked. Everyone then called him "Bombillo" (Light Bulb) and "Corto Circuito" (Short Circuit), until eventually giving him a nickname that stuck: "Voltio" (Spanish word for volt). <mask> now identifies as a born-again Christian.<mask> said in an interview: "Yes, really I accepted Christ as my savior, I really do because sometimes you have a void in the hearts and therefore need to search for Christ." Music career
Growing up in the Parque Ecuestre section of Carolina, <mask> entered the music business as a teenager. Together with Rey 29 and Héctor Delgado (AKA Hector "El Father"), he formed The Masters of Funk. Although the trio released no listed albums, they were influential in starting the reggaeton movement. Shortly after separating from The Masters of Funk, Voltio partnered with Karel, a neighborhood friend, to form Karel y Voltio. They released their debut album Los Dueños del Estilo in 2003. The album languished, however, and the duo's enthusiasm dwindled.Karel was last featured in La Mision 4. <mask> was signed under Pina Records company. Pina stole money from <mask> and he left that company, then went into a musical battle (Tiraera Pina, Bling Bling, Wasa Wasa) against Lito y Polaco, Pina Records main artists. With few options, <mask> was preparing to exit the music business when Tego Calderón, a leading artist with White Lion Records, convinced him to sign with the label. Having taken Tego's advice, Voltio released the album Voltage AC, with the hits "Bumper", "No Amarres Fuego" (featuring Zion & Lennox) and "Julito Maraña". Voltio also featured on a remix of the song "Locked Up" by Akon, which was released in the UK as part of Locked Up-Global Remixes. Having experienced relative success, <mask> returned with his a self-titled release in 2005, which included his biggest hit to date "Chulín Culín Chunflai", which features Residente Calle 13 and a remix version with Three 6 Mafia.In 2006, <mask> was on Frankie 2006 remix of his "Puerto Rico". Voltio recently teamed up with Calle 13 to speak out against police brutality in Puerto Rico. On August 11, 2008, announced the publication of a documentary titled "En vivo desde Oso Blanco". The production covers the time that Voltio spent in prison. <mask> is also included on the Grand Theft Auto IV soundtrack with his song Pónmela from the 2007 release of En lo Claro. He made collaborations with Jowell & Randy (Welcome to my crib). En lo Claro has experienced mild success in contrast to Voltio's first two releases, garnering #36 on the U.S.Billboard Top Latin Albums chart. The album also peaked at #24 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart. In 2014, Voltio left reggaeton and converted to Christianity. Discography

Albums
Solo albums
 2004: Voltage AC
 2005: Voltage DC
 2007: En lo Claro

Other albums
 2003: Los Dueños del Estilo

Singles

 2004: "Julito Maraña" (feat. Tego Calderón)
 2004: "Bumper"
 2004: "Lock Up" (Akon feat Voltio)
 2005: "Mambo"
 2005: "Bumper (Official Remix)" (feat. Pitbull & Lil Rob)
 2005: "Chulin Culin Chunfly" (feat. Residente Calle 13)
 2005: "Chulin Culin Chunfly (remix)" (feat.Residente Calle 13 & Three 6 Mafia)
 2005: "Se Van, Se Van" (feat. Tego Calderón)
 2005: "Matando La Liga"
 2005: "Culebra"
 2005: "Chévere" (feat. Notch)
 2006: "Claro de Luna"
 2006: "Let's Go To My Crib" (feat. Jowell & Randy)
 2007: "Los Capo" (feat. Ñejo & Dalmata, Guelo Star, Zion, De La Ghetto, Syko, Hector "El Father" & Jowell & Randy)
 2007: "El Mellao"
 2008: "Pónmela" (feat. Jowell & Randy)
 2008: "Un Amor Como Tú" (feat. Arcangel)
 2009: "Esto Es A Palo"
 2009: "Dimelo Mami"
 2009: "Dimelo Mami (Remix)" (feat.Daddy Yankee)
 2009: "Tumba El Piquete" (feat.J-Alvarez)
 2012: "La Kiebra nuka remix" (feat.Mr.Pelón (503))
 2014: "Siempre Estoy" (feat. Ñengo Flow)

Guest appearances
 1993: "No Te Canses, El Funeral" Daddy Yankee (feat. Voltio)
 1998: "Muévela" DJ Dicky (feat. Voltio)
 2003: "Mi Libertad"  (feat. Jerry Rivera)
 2004: "12 Discípulos" (Eddie Dee feat. Daddy Yankee, Tego Calderon, Ivy Queen, Zion & Lennox, Vico C, Nicky Jam, <mask>, Gallego, Wiso G and Johhny Prez)
 2005: "En Este Infierno" K-Narias (feat. Voltio)
 2005: "Amor de Una Noche" (feat.N'Klabe)
 2005: "So Amazing"  Jagged Edge (feat. Voltio)
 2006: "Lo Que Son Las Cosas (Reggaeton Version)" Anaís (feat. Voltio)
 2006: "En Mi Puertorro"  Andy Montañez (feat. Voltio)
 2006: "Abusando Del Genero"  DJ Joe (feat. Yomo, Voltio, Trebol Clan, Zion & Lennox, Tempo)
 2006: "Mil Caminos"  Leonor (feat. Voltio)
 2006: "Payaso"  Tego Calderón (feat. Voltio & Eddie Dee)
 2006: "Gansta"  Baby Ranks (feat.Voltio)
 2006: "Llegaron Los Rebuleros"  Maestro (feat. Voltio)
 2007: "Ella Volvió" (feat. N'Klabe)
 2007: "Dale Mami Damelo"  DJ Nelson (feat. Voltio)
 2007: "Lo Hecho Hecho Esta"  Tego Calderón (feat. Pirulo, <mask>, Ñejo, Chyno Nyno)
 2007: "Get Me Bodied"  Beyoncé (feat. Voltio)
 2007: "Si Me Matan"  Alexis & Fido (feat. Lapiz Conciente, Luis Vargas, Voltio, De La Ghetto, Jadiel, Primer Mandatario & Sofla)
 2007: "Easy" Don Omar (feat.Zion, Voltio, Eddie Dee, Tego Calderón & Cosculluela)
 2008: "Don't Stay Away from the Sunlight"  Turbulence (feat. Voltio)
 2008: "Levántate" J-King & Maximan (feat. Voltio, Guelo Star)
 2008: "Na De Na (Remix)" Angel & Khriz (feat. John Eric, Gocho, Alexis, <mask>, Arcangel, & Franco "El Gorila")
 2008: "Ella Menea (Remix)" NG2
 2010: "Hipnótika" A.B. Quintanilla Y Los Kumbia All Starz (feat. <mask> and Marciano Cantero from Los Enanitos Verdes)
 2012: "Ella Lo Que Quiere Es Salsa" (Víctor Manuelle (feat. Voltio and Jowell & Randy)

Filmography
 2008: Feel The Noise as himself
 2009: Talento de Barrio as himself
 TBA: Julito Maraña

Note

References

External links

 Official MySpace

1977 births
Living people
People from Santurce, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican rappers
Puerto Rican reggaeton musicians
Sony Music Latin artists
Converts to Christianity
Puerto Rican Christians
21st-century American rappers

masks:
Julio Voltio
Julio Irving Ramos Filomeno
Voltio
Julio Voltio
Julio
Voltio
Voltio
Voltio
Voltio
Voltio
Voltio
Voltio
Voltio
Voltio
Voltio
Voltio