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<mask> (born 19 August 1986) is a British adventurer, author, motivational speaker who lives in Gloucester, and is best known for doing worldly adventures dressed up as his alter-ego, Adventureman. Motivational speaker

<mask> has delivered motivational, entertaining and inspiring talks for schools, businesses, charities, and after dinner events all around the world. Whilst sharing his adventures and hardships, he focuses on finding more motivation, never giving up, and helping people to discover more within themselves to make a difference in the world. He has spoken at some of the biggest corporations in the world, including Microsoft, Google and received acclaim from notable people including Sir Steve Redgrave, Sir Geoff Hurst, Dame Kelly Holmes, Sir Ranulph Fiennes and Prince Harry. Author
In 2017, <mask> released a book called, Adventureman: Anyone Can Be a Superhero, about his historic 5,000-mile run across Canada, that quickly became a best-seller on Amazon. Adventureman suit
Whilst <mask> does his adventures, he always dresses up in his alter-ego custom made costume, Adventureman - which was designed by 10-year-old Conner Reddy who suffers with dyspraxia. Cycling Bangkok to Gloucester

In 2012, <mask> bought a second hand bike and decided to cycle the 14,000 miles from Bangkok to his hometown Gloucester, passing through dozens of countries.Along the way he was shot at, arrested and slept rough. He documented his journey in a series of YouTube clips. Static cycle world record
Two days after he finished the journey back from Bangkok, <mask> made the decision to attempt the world static cycling record, which stood at 224 hours and 24 minutes. It was a challenge he had conceived whilst cycling from Bangkok. He stepped off the exercise bike set up within a marquee in Gloucester after pedalling for a Guinness world record breaking 268 hours – more than eleven days. Solo run across Canada
<mask> set off on 9 March 2013 from St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, on the Atlantic coast and completed the journey of 5,000 miles to Vancouver on the Pacific on 3 February 2014. <mask> spoke to schools and businesses throughout the entire journey to help with fundraising.His original intention had been to complete the journey before the winter. <mask> was inspired by Terry Fox, one-legged and suffering from cancer, whose run across Canada was cut short by cancer. On the route, <mask> faced a number of ordeals: he endured −40C temperatures, he was beaten and robbed celebrating the new year in Banff, Alberta, and had to push his  load in a pushchair when he was no longer able to carry it on his back. Suffering from acute tendinitis in his foot, he continued his run and a bone spur has grown over the inflammation. He slept rough on the side of the road unless taken in by strangers. He wore through 10 pairs of trainers. He raised more than $500,000 (£250,000) for children's charities in the UK and Canada in a bid to give back to the charities that supported him as an unwell child.Solo run across America

<mask> started his run on 10 April 2018 on the West Coast at Cape Alava, in Washington's Clallam County, and completed his 5,500-mile (or 210 marathon) run a year later on the East Coast in Gloucester, Massachusetts before his year long visa ran out. During the adventure, he fought through desolate +50C deserts, was caught in a terrifying flood in Junction, Texas, been mistaken for a Mexican drug runner, dodged striking snakes, scorpions, spiders, even a mountain lion and was ordered to come out of his tent "with his hands first" by a police officer with his hand on his holster. Throughout <mask> raised money for U.S children's hospitals and sick children in the U.K and raised nearly $200,000 (£175,000). Treadmill world record
Just weeks later, <mask> then broke another endurance world record, running the most amount of miles humanly possible to this point in time; a record-breaking distance of 524 miles. <mask> spent 7 days on a treadmill, sleeping less than 3 hours of sleep a night. <mask> spent more than 20 hours a day running, covering more than 3 marathons a day - a total of 20 marathons back-to-back. During the challenge, he broke through both physical and emotional barriers, finally reaching 'the beyond', having bouts of naturally formed hallucinations and chemicals being produced around his body, surprisingly giving him power to continue on.Superhero Foundation

<mask> co-founded Superhero Foundation, a charity aiming to "empower real-life Superheroes to change, and save lives". In the UK, the charity supports individuals raising money for treatment not provided by the NHS, as well as supporting children's hospitals. The charity began by helping Gloucestershire-based father James Bottger raise money to help his wheel-chair bound daughter for an operation in the US to enable her to walk for the rest of her life. Bottger climbed up and down Robinswood Hill in Gloucester, UK, 75 times, until he 'reached the equivalent of Mount Everest', raising tens of thousands of pounds in the process. Since, the charity has helped other families in similar situations. Personal life
<mask> was born in Gloucester, England to Donald and <mask>. As a child, <mask> battled an immune deficiency, epilepsy, and syringomyelia and was frequently hospitalised up to the age of nine.As an adult <mask> lives in Gloucester with his partner Anna McNuff, who also is an adventurer, best-selling author and motivational speaker. Honours and awards

In December 2012, <mask> achieved a World Record for 'Marathon Static Cycling' - stepping off the bike at 268 hours (more than 12 days). In 2013, during his run across Canada, in Calgary, he was Awarded the White Hat (in previous years the likes of Prince William, Kate Middleton, Arnold Schwarzenegger and many more have also been White Hatted). Voted 'Male Runner Of The Year' and awarded the 'Golden Shoe' from Canadian Running magazine. After the run across Canada, on his homecoming in Gloucester, <mask> was presented with the Medal of the City of Gloucester - the highest accolade the Mayor of Gloucester can bestow. In September 2014 <mask> was named Pride of Britain's 'Fundraiser of the Year' for the West. He was named in the Independent's 'Happy List 2014', a list of 100 people giving back to the community.Ambassador of the Year at the Believe in Gloucester Awards 2014. National Adventure Award Winner for 'Fundraiser of the Year' in 2014. Honorary Fellowship from the University of Gloucestershire in 2015. Pride of Britain winner for 'Fundraiser of the Year' - 2019. References

External links

1986 births
Living people
People educated at St Peter's High School, Gloucester
Place of birth missing (living people)
Sportspeople from Gloucestershire
English male long-distance runners
English motivational speakers

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Jamie McDonald
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John Charles "<mask><mask> (25 June 1923 – 11 August 1974) was an Australian cricketer who played in 3 Tests from 1953 to 1955. Education
The son of a Stipendiary Magistrate,  Mr. <mask>, S.M., <mask> received his secondary education at St Patrick's College, Ballarat. War service
He moved to Melbourne in 1941 and took up a position under the Naval Board; and he went on to see active service in the Royal Australian Air Force from 1942 to 1946. Football
A star half-forward with St Patrick's College, he trained with Richmond Football Club in the 1943 pre-season, and was placed on their supplementary list at the start of the 1943 season. He played intermittently for Richmond's Second Eighteen; and, in 1946, he was released by Richmond to the Belgrave Football Club in the Mountain District Football Association. In 1949, in a semi-finals match on 17 September 1949, in which he kicked nine goals for Belgrave, he was knocked out during the match. He thought nothing of the injury and, thinking it was just concussion, he sought no additional medical treatment.On 4 October, he collapsed at work, and was hospitalized. At the hospital, it was discovered that he had fractured his skull (the second time that he had fractured his skull in his football career). He immediately retired from football, having set the goal-kicking record of 152 goals in a single season. He was not fit enough to resume cricket until 29 October 1949; and the consequences of this severe head injury were such that he suffered from severe headaches from time to time for the rest of his life; and, very often, he had to take special headache powders in order for him to be able to play cricket. Cricket
He was already an outstanding schoolboy cricketer whilst at St Patrick's College, where he took 118 wickets in four years, at a time when the College's team only played four matches a year. At 15 years of age he was selected to play in the Ballarat Cricket Association's (senior) team that competed in the Provincial Group of the March 1939 Country Week Carnival in Melbourne. He played at least one of these matches at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.He played District Cricket for the Melbourne Cricket Club from the beginning of the 1941/1942 season. In his first match for Melbourne, playing against the Essendon Cricket Club, he put on an exceptional performance after the break for tea:

During the time he was in the R.A.A.F. he was stationed near Sydney and, whilst there, he played intermittently with the Mosman Cricket Club. In 1945 he transferred to the St Kilda Cricket Club. Reporting on his October 1945 debut for St Kilda, following his 1945 transfer from Melbourne, The Argus commented:

State Cricket
He played in 69 Sheffield Shield cricket matches for Victoria, from 1946 to 1956, scoring 867 runs, and taking 218 wickets. He took a wicket, bowling the South Australian batsman Thomas Elliott Klose, with the first ball he ever bowled for Victoria. He was also famous for not scoring what might have been the easiest runs ever scored in a Sheffield Shield Cricket in the first innings of Victoria's match against New South Wales, at the St Kilda Cricket Ground on Saturday, 24 December 1955:

Test Cricket

Selection
To the relief of the many who had come to refer to the continuously overlooked <mask> as "Australia's forgotten cricketer", the Australian selectors announced in February 1953, that they had selected him for the team to tour England for the 1953 "Coronation" Ashes series.Although cricket writer Tom Goodman thought that <mask>'s selection was "a surprise" and "a gamble", former Australian champion spin-bowler Bill "Tiger" O'Reilly, commended the Australian selectors for "[their] effort to tighten up the distressing state of our spin attack" and expressed his view that "if <mask> can adapt himself to the English conditions he will be a certain choice for the Test attack on tour". At the time of his 1953 Test selection, a newspaper described his action as follows:

In its  October 1974 obituary, The Cricketer described his action, which can be seen at  and also at  as follows:

Tasmania
On the way to England, <mask> played with an Australian XI against a Tasmanian team, in Hobart, in March 1953. On the first day, the Australian XI were 9/505 at stumps. By the end of the second day the Tasmanian team were 2/21 in their second innings, having been forced to follow on after being all out for 202. <mask> bowled eleven overs, had three maidens and took none for 24. The Tasmanian team went on to score 234 in its second innings; <mask> taking 2 for 28 off 11 overs (with three maidens). The team squad then travelled to Launceston, and played a match against a combined Northern Tasmanian side.The Australian XI, made up of  Lindsay Hassett (captain), Arthur Morris (vice captain),  Ron Archer, Richie Benaud, Alan Davidson, Jim de Courcy, <mask>, Graeme Hole, Bill Johnston, Gil Langley,  (cricketer), and Colin McDonald. <mask> had been selected as twelfth man; however, he replaced Ray Lindwall in the team, who was indisposed from having a tooth extracted the day before. The remainder of the squad were used to strengthen the opposition, and Ian Craig, Keith Miller, Neil Harvey, Doug Ring and Don Tallon all played for the combined Northern Tasmanian side. At the end of the first day's play, the Combined side were all out for 262 (hill's figures were 0/27), and the Australian XI were 93 without loss. At the end of the second day, the Australian XI had scored 469 (<mask> scored 20) and the combined team were 2/19 in its second innings (<mask> did not bowl on the second day). On the last day, the combined team scored a total of 245 in its second innings (with <mask> taking 3/58) and the Australian XI, scoring 41 without loss, won the match. England
In 1953, the entire tour of England involved 34 matches in all: five Test cricket matches, and an additional 29 matches that were played before, during, and after the Test series.Of the Five Tests, he played two for Australia against England during the 1953 Ashes Series. His first Test match appearance was in the rain affected First Test  from 11–16  June 1953 at Trent Bridge (both he and Alan Davidson made their Australian Test debut in the same match). In a drawn match, he scored a duck and  four runs; and took 3/35 and 1/26. His second Test match appearance was the Third Test, from 9–14 July 1953 at Old Trafford. In a drawn match, he scored 8 runs (n.o.) and a duck, and took 3/97 in England's only innings. He was twelfth man for the Fourth Test at Headingley).The first four matches of the series were drawn; and the last match of the series (for which <mask> was not selected) was won by the M.C.C. by eight wickets. Of the 29 additional matches that the squad contested during the tour, he played in 20 of them:
 29 April – 1 May: against Worcestershire at New Road; match drawn; he did not bat, took 3/57 from 33 overs (19 maidens). 2–4 May: against Leicestershire at Grace Road; the Australians won by an innings and 154 runs; he did not bat, took 1/8 and 4/46. 6–8 May: against Yorkshire at Park Avenue; the Australians won by an innings and 154 runs; he did not bat, took 0/40 and 4/61. 13–14 May: against Cambridge University at Fenner's; the Australians won by an innings and 106 runs; he scored 15 runs, took 1/5 in the first innings, did not bowl in second innings. 16–19 May: against Marylebone Cricket Club at Lords; match drawn; he scored 2 runs (n.o.), took 0/33 in second innings. 20–21 May: against Oxford University at Christ Church Ground, Oxford; the Australians won by an innings and 86 runs: he scored 3 runs, and took 3/11 and 0/18. 30 May – 1 June: against Nottinghamshire at Trent Bridge; match drawn; he did not bat, took 5/62. 3–5 June: against Sussex at Hove; match drawn; he scored 25 runs, took 4/40 and 4/38. 6–8 June: against Hampshire at County Ground; the Australians won by 158 runs; he scored 22 (n.o. ), took 2/27 and 0/28. 20–23 June: against Yorkshire at Bramall Lane; match drawn; he scored 31 runs, took 1/65 in first innings.1–3 July: against Gloucestershire at Ashley Down; the Australians won by 9 wickets; he did not bat, took 2/22 and 0/44. 4–6 July against Northamptonshire at County Ground; the Australians won by an innings and 62 runs; he scored 8 (n.o. ), took 0/9 and 1/11. 29–31 July: against Surrey at The Oval; match drawn; he scored a duck, and took 1/42. 1–4 August: against Glamorgan at St. Helen's, Swansea; match drawn; he scored 5 runs, took 0/43 and 0/32. 8–11 August: against Lancashire at Old Trafford; the Australians won by 7 wickets; he scored 7 runs (n.o. ), took 1/27 and 2/63.22–25 August: against Somerset at County Ground, Taunton; match drawn; he scored 7 runs, took 0/9 in the first innings. 29 August – 1 September: against Kent at St Lawrence Ground; the Australians won by an innings and 176 runs; he scored 51 runs (n.o. ), took 0/21 in first innings. 2–4 September: against "Gentlemen of the South" at Central Recreation Ground in Hastings; the Australians won by an innings and 163 runs; he scored 5 runs, took 0/22 and 4/76. 5–7 September: against "Combined Services" at Hawker's Sports Ground, Kingston upon Thames; the Australians won by an innings and 261 runs; did not bat, took 0/11 and 6/34. 9–11 September: against T. N. Pearce's XI at North Marine Road; the Australians won by 2 wickets; scored 18 and 9 runs (n.o. ), took 4/65 and 3/94.West Indies
In 1955, the entire tour of the West Indies involved 12 matches in all: five Test cricket matches, and an additional 7 matches that were played before and during the Test series; one of the additional matches, a two-day match between an Australian XI and, G.A. Headley's XI, a team selected by the eminent West Indian cricketer G. A. Headley, that was scheduled to take place on 6 and 7 June 1955, at Jarrett Park, in Montego Bay, was abandoned when play could not commence on either day due to heavy rain. He played a single Test match for Australia against the West Indies:the drawn Fourth Test match, at Kensington Oval, Bridgetown from 14 to 20 May 1955, in which he scored 8 runs (n.o.) and 1 run, and took 0/71 and 1/44. Of the 6 additional matches that the squad contested, he played in 5 of them:
 4–7 April: against Trinidad at Queen's Park Oval in Port of Spain, Trinidad; match drawn; he scored 22 runs (n.o. ), took 1/32 and 0/33. 20–22 April: against British Guiana at Bourda in Georgetown, Guyana; the Australians won by an innings and 134 runs.Although he did not bat, this match is where he produced his best ever match figures: 5/50 in the first innings, and 5/15 in the second. He took the wickets of Wilfred Edun, Rohan Kanhai (twice), Patrick Carmichael Legall (twice), Ivan Madray (twice),  Cliff McWatt, Charles O'Neil Paul, and Norman Delisle Wight. 7–11 May: against Barbados at Kensington Oval in Bridgetown; the Australians won by 3 wickets; scored one run, and took 3/53 and 3/81. 26–28 May: against Windward Islands at Queen's Park in St. George's, Grenada; match drawn; scored 5 runs (n.o. ), took 3/57 and 2/13. 1–3 June: against Leeward Islands at Antigua Recreation Ground  in St. John's; the Australians won by an innings and 219 runs; scored 12 runs, did not bowl in first innings, took 5/42 in the second. End of Test career
After the West Indies, <mask> was never considered for Test selection again; the general view was that he had been tried and found wanting at Test level.In his three match Test career he had taken 8 wickets — Trevor Bailey (twice), Don Kenyon (twice), Peter May, Tom Graveney, Bill Edrich, and the West Indian John Holt — had taken two catches, and had scored 21 runs. District Cricket
In 1956, whilst still in the Victorian State Squad, he was associated with a move by Lindsay Hassett to open up a Cricket coaching school, the Lindsay Hassett School of Cricket, and was expected, along with Doug Ring, Ernie McCormick, John Edwards, to provide expert coaching, under the supervision of the former Fitzroy off-spinner Joe Plant. In 1958, the St Kilda team set a record that still stands today: in the match against Northcote, at the rain affected St Kilda Cricket Ground, on Saturday 15 November 1958, St Kilda dismissed Northcote in its first innings for just 33 runs. With such a collapse, only the two fast bowlers John Edwards (1928–2002) and Peter Hosking (1932–) were used in the first innings. Let loose in the second innings, <mask> took
5/21 (including Bill Lawry, l.b.w. for 14 runs). In November 1961, <mask> and John Edwards, both playing for St Kilda Cricket Club were both chasing 500 wickets in District Cricket; at that stage they had each taken 497 and 496 wickets, respectively.On the following Saturday (4 November), <mask> took four wickets for 6 runs; whilst Edwards failed to take a wicket. <mask> played his last game for the St Kilda Cricket Club in the 1963/1964 District Cricket semi-final against Essendon in March 1964. St Kilda lost the match, with <mask> scoring 7 runs in his only innings, and failing to take a wicket. In a 1950 interview, the Prahran Cricket Club Captain, Ivan Porter, said that of all the bowlers that he had ever faced in his long career, that he was the most impressed with <mask>: "He is one of the most difficult to score runs off". At the end of the 2009/2010 District Cricket season, <mask> still shared the St Kilda Cricket Club record for 68 wickets in a season with Harry Zachariah (1911–2009), who had played with Northcote and University (which he captained), before playing 72 games for the St Kilda club from  1940/1941 to 1943/1944, and then moving to the Richmond Cricket Club for the 1944/1945 season. Zachariah took 68 wickets for the St Kilda twice in a single season: in the 1941/1942 and 1943/1944 seasons. Across his whole career, <mask> took 612 wickets at an average of 12.99.Bureaucrat
At the time of his death (at 51) he was a high-level civil servant in the Age and Invalid Pension division of the Victorian Office of the Commonwealth Department of Social Security. He was also responsible for the management and oversight of the casual ticket selling staff at the St. Kilda Cricket Ground and the South Melbourne Cricket Ground for the home matches of the Fitzroy Football Club and the South Melbourne Football Club, respectively. Honours
He is a member of the Ballarat Sports Museum's Hall of Fame. References

External links

 Cricinfo Player Profile: <mask>
 Victoria Premier Cricket biography: John (<mask>) Charles Hill
 Ballarat Sports Museum's Hall of Fame Player Profile: <mask>
  <mask> appealing for the wicket of Colin McCool, in the Sheffield Shield match against Queensland, on Monday 15 December 1952, at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, The Argus, (Tuesday, 16 December 1952), p. 8. <mask> appealing for the wicket of Trevor Bailey, in the Victoria v. M.C.C. match on Saturday 11 December 1954 at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, The Mercury, (Monday, 13 December 1954), p. 9. 1923 births
1974 deaths
Australia Test cricketers
Victoria cricketers
Melbourne Cricket Club cricketers
Australian cricketers
Cricketers from Melbourne
People educated at St Patrick's College, Ballarat
Royal Australian Air Force personnel of World War II

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<mask>-Turki () (died October 29, 867) was a Turkic general in the service of the Abbasid Caliphate. He played a central role in the events that followed the assassination of al-Mutawakkil in 861, known as the Anarchy at Samarra. During this period he and his ally Bugha al-Sharabi were often in effective control of affairs in the capital, and were responsible for the downfall of several caliphs and rival officials. After <mask> was killed in 867, his position was inherited by his son Salih. Early life

<mask> was originally a slave (ghulam) and was owned by the Nu'man family in Baghdad, where he worked as an armorer. At some point he was purchased by the future caliph al-Mu'tasim (r. 833–842), and he soon rose to prominence as a member of the Abbasids' new Turkish corps. When al-Mu'tasim decided to move his capital to Samarra in 836, <mask> and his followers were settled in the new city, having received land allotments adjacent to al-Hayr.In 838 <mask> participated in al-Mu'tasim's Amorium campaign, and is mentioned as commanding the caliph's advance guard as they passed through the Gates of Tarsus. According to al-Ya'qubi, Wasif also served as al-Mu'tasim's chamberlain (hajib). During the caliphate of al-Wathiq (r. 842–847), <mask> was granted the Samarran cantonment of al-Matira, which had formerly been in the possession of the disgraced general al-Afshin. In 846 he undertook an expedition to the areas of Isfahan, al-Jibal and Fars, where he attempted to stop a band of Kurds from infiltrating the region. After al-Wathiq died in 847, <mask> and other high-ranking officers and court officials met to choose his successor. The group eventually agreed to select al-Mutawakkil, and Wasif was among the first to render the oath of allegiance to the new caliph. During al-Mutawakkil's reign (847–861), <mask> was appointed as chamberlain.The caliph also entrusted <mask>'s sister Su'ad with the guardianship of his son al-Mu'ayyad. Assassination of al-Mutawakkil, caliphate of al-Muntasir
Al-Mutawakkil was assassinated by members of his Turkish bodyguard in December 861. <mask> was not a member of the assassination team, but he was a central figure in the plot. Al-Tabari claims that the conspiracy was hatched after al-Mutawakkil ordered <mask>'s estates in Isfahan and al-Jibal to be seized in favour of al-Fath ibn Khaqan, and that the caliph had been plotting to kill <mask> and Bugha al-Sharabi, forcing the conspirators to strike against him first. For his part, <mask> was aware of the plan and sent five of his sons, including Salih ibn <mask>, to assist the assassins. Al-Mutawakkil's death resulted in his eldest son al-Muntasir becoming caliph. During his short reign (861–862), <mask> and Bugha urged the caliph to cancel his father's succession arrangements and depose al-Muntasir's brothers al-Mu'tazz and al-Mu'ayyad from their position as his heirs.The Turks feared that if al-Mu'tazz became caliph, he would seek revenge for al-Mutawakkil's death and eliminate them. They eventually convinced al-Muntasir to force his brothers to abdicate, and instead declare his own son as his successor. In early 862 <mask> was appointed by the caliph to undertake a major campaign on the Byzantine frontier. The decision to select <mask> was allegedly the work of the vizier Ahmad ibn al-Khasib, a political rival who sought to remove the general from Samarra. <mask> seems to have had no objection to the assignment and led a large force to the frontier, where he captured a fortress from the Byzantines. Disorder in Samarra, outbreak of civil war
While on campaign at the frontier, <mask> learned of the death of al-Muntasir in June 862, and that a cabal of Turkish officers, including Bugha, had selected al-Musta'in (r. 862–866) to succeed him. Being unable to play any role in the selection process, <mask> decided to continue with the expedition for a time, but by the next year he had returned to Samarra.During the first year of al-Musta'in's reign, the administration was dominated by his vizier Utamish. When the latter attempted to exclude <mask> and Bugha from power, however, the two officers retaliated by inciting the army against him. This strategy eventually succeeded and Utamish was killed by the mawlas in June 863. Following his death, <mask> and Bugha each received new powers; <mask> was made governor of al-Ahwaz and Bugha was appointed over Palestine. <mask> subsequently also became al-Musta'in's administrative assistant, while his secretary became vizier. In early 865, <mask> and Bugha ordered the killing of Baghir al-Turki, an officer who had been plotting against them. Baghir, however, was popular with the Turkish soldiers, and a riot broke out when news of his fate became known.Seeing that they were unable to regain control, <mask>, Bugha and al-Musta'in departed from Samarra and made their way to Baghdad, where they were welcomed by its governor Muhammad ibn 'Abdallah ibn Tahir. The Turkish soldiers, seeing that the caliph had abandoned them, decided to depose al-Musta'in and swear allegiance to al-Mu'tazz instead, and an army was dispatched to attack Baghdad. Over the course of the next year, central Iraq was the site of fighting between the Samarran Turks and forces loyal to al-Musta'in. <mask> and Bugha stayed by the caliph and participated in battles to defend Baghdad, although overall command of al-Musta'in's war effort was in the hands of Muhammad ibn 'Abdallah. By the end of 865, however, hopes for an al-Musta'in victory had diminished, and <mask>, Bugha and Muhammad decided to force the caliph to surrender and abdicate, which he did in January 866. They also negotiated with al-Mu'tazz's forces to bring an end to the war. As part of the agreement, <mask> and Bugha were promised new positions; <mask> was to be appointed over al-Jibal and Bugha was to become governor of the Hijaz.Under al-Mu'tazz
Following the victory of al-Mu'tazz, <mask> and Bugha initially remained in Baghdad. The new caliph, however, initially took a hostile attitude toward the two officers, and ordered Muhammad to drop their names, together with those they had registered, from the diwans. When <mask> and Bugha discovered in April 866 that one of Muhammad's deputies had been contracted to kill them, they went on the defensive, gathering their troops, purchasing weapons and distributing funds in their neighborhoods. <mask> and Bugha then called on their allies to pressure al-Mu'tazz to restore them to favor. <mask> bribed al-Mu'ayyad to speak positively to the caliph about him, while Abu Ahmad ibn al-Mutawakkil spoke on Bugha's behalf. The Turkish soldiers also favored allowing them to return to Samarra. In October 866 they received an invitation from the caliph to come to the capital, and they accordingly set out for the city.In the following month, al-Mu'tazz restored them to the positions that they had held prior to their departure to Baghdad. After their return to Samarra, <mask> and Bugha resumed their administrative duties. <mask> ordered the repair of the Mecca Road and put Abu al-Saj Dewdad in charge of the project. He also appointed the Dulafid 'Abd al-'Aziz ibn Abu Dulaf as his deputy governor in al-Jibal, and sent him cloaks signifying his appointment. Death
On October 29, 867, the Turkish soldiers, together with the Ushrusaniyya and Faraghina regiments, rioted, demanding four months of their allotments. Bugha, <mask> and Sima al-Sharabi went out with a hundred of their followers and attempted to defuse the situation. <mask> told the rioters that there was no money to pay them, at which point Bugha and Sima decided to depart.The rioters then attacked <mask>, slashing and stabbing him. He was then taken to a nearby residence, but the soldiers dragged him out and struck him with axes until they broke both his arms and decapitated him, and his head was placed on top of a stick. Following <mask>'s death, al-Mu'tazz entrusted Bugha with <mask>'s duties. <mask>'s son Salih also became an influential figure in Samarra until he was killed in 870. Notes

References

867 deaths
Generals of the Abbasid Caliphate
9th-century Turkic people
Deaths by decapitation
Slaves of the Abbasid Caliphate

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<mask> (24 March 1867 or 15 February 186926 March 1911) was a Trinidadian lawyer, activist, councillor and writer who was among the founders of the Pan-African movement. As a young man, <mask> travelled to the United States and Canada to further his education before subsequently moving to England where he founded the African Association in 1897 to "promote and protect the interests of all subjects claiming African descent, wholly or in part, in British colonies and other place, especially Africa, by circulating accurate information on all subjects affecting their rights and privileges as subjects of the British Empire, by direct appeals to the Imperial and local Governments." In 1900, <mask> organised the First Pan-African Conference, held at Westminster Town Hall in London. In 1903 he went to practise as a barrister in Southern Africa, becoming the first black man to be called to the bar in the Cape Colony. Early life
The date and place of birth for <mask> is contested. Some sources indicated that he was born in 1869 in Arouca, Trinidad, others that he was born in Barbados in 1867 and travelled to Trinidad with his parents as a young child. He was the eldest son of Elizabeth and <mask>, a wheelwright from Barbados.<mask> grew up in Arouca, a village where the majority of residents were of African descent. He attended the Arouca School, which at the time was run by a Chinese Trinidadian known as Stoney Smith. <mask> started his working life at the age of 17, becoming a teacher with a Class III Certification, and in 1887 he was posted to the government school in San Fernando. According to the records, he was one of only three teachers with certificates in that year. A year later he was the only certified teacher at the school in Canaan, just south of San Fernando; and the following year he was transferred to San Juan, where he remained until he left Trinidad in 1891. A cultured man, he was also qualified to teach singing and played the piano regularly. In January 1890 <mask> became a founding member of the Trinidad Elementary Teachers Union.The feature address was given by Chief Justice Sir John Gorrie, was in favour of reform in government and was constantly at odds with the white ruling class. He frequently gave judgments against the establishment and was so beloved by the man in the street that he was known as "Papa Gorrie". <mask> exhorted the teachers to act as professionals. This is a free country, he reminded them, even if it is a Crown Colony. Gorrie undoubtedly would have influenced his thinking. Around that time, one of <mask>' acquaintances, a coloured lawyer named Edgar Maresse Smith, petitioned the Governor to declare 1 August a holiday for the celebration of Emancipation. Robinson did not support it but Gorrie did.Even at that time, there was in Trinidad a highly educated, articulate and race-conscious group of black men, among them John Jacob Thomas, Maresse Smith, Mzumbo Lazare, C. E. Petioni, the Reverend <mask> Douglin. Thomas particularly was famous for his book Froudacity (1889), in which he refuted and questioned the view espoused by Oxford historian James Anthony Froude that black people could not be entrusted with self-government. Thomas's ideas certainly inspired <mask>. In 1891 <mask> went to New York City, but could only get work shining shoes. He moved in 1893 to Dalhousie University, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, to study for a law degree. While living in Canada, <mask> became a co-founder of the pioneering and innovative Coloured Hockey League (1895-1936), featuring teams from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. In 1895, he went to London and entered King's College London, but although it is known he studied there, there is no record of his enrolment at that time.In his book on the life of <mask>, Owen Mathurin notes: "<mask> was not as fortunate as some of his fellow Trinidadians who had come to study for professions at the expense of wealthy parents or as young winners of a government scholarship who received singular remittances." It was therefore not until 1897 he enrolled as a student of Gray's Inn to read for the bar. He satisfied the entrance requirements by passing a preliminary examination in Latin, English and History. <mask> wrote to newspapers and journals on matters touching on Pan-African interests and during this time earned some money through lecturing for the Church of England Temperance Society. This took him to all parts of the British Isles speaking under the auspices of parish churches. He also lectured on thrift for the National Thrift Society whose chairman, Dr Greville Walpole, wrote that <mask>'s "heroic struggle to make ends meet won his admiration because the little he was able to earn by his lectures simply defrayed the cost of living." The then 29-year-old <mask> became friendly with 32-year-old Agnes Powell, who worked as a secretary with the Temperance Society.She was the eldest of a family of three sons and four daughters of Captain Francis Powell of Kent, who was prominent in local Masonic and Conservative political circles. <mask> and Agnes Powell married in 1898 in the face of the strongest opposition of her father, who refused to give his consent and thereafter refused to receive <mask>. They had five children; the first, <mask> Sylvestre, was born the following year. Development of Pan-African movement

Some time after June 1897, <mask> formed the African Association (later called the Pan-African Association). His good friend, Trinidad attorney Emmanuel Mzumbo Lazare, who at the time was in London taking part in Queen Victoria's 60th anniversary celebrations as an officer of the Trinidad Light Infantry Volunteers, mentioned to <mask> a South African woman, Mrs A. V. Kinloch, whom Lazare had heard discuss "under what oppressions the black races of Africa lived" at a meeting of the Writers’ Club in London. <mask> himself subsequently met Kinloch, who was touring Britain on behalf of the Aborigines' Protection Society (APS), speaking in particular about South Africa. The meeting of these minds resulted in the formation of the African Association.Stating that "the time has come when the voice of Black men should be heard independently in their own affairs", <mask> gave his first address as honorary general secretary in the common-room at Gray's Inn, and Kinloch was the association's first treasurer. Some English people felt the Association would not last three months but by 1900 <mask> was ready to hold the first Pan-African Conference (subsequent gatherings were known as Congresses). The three-day gathering took place at Westminster Town Hall on 23, 24, and 25 July with delegates comprising "men and women of African blood and descent" from West and South Africa, the West Indies, the United States and Liberia. W. E. B. Du Bois, who was to become the movement's torchbearer at subsequent Pan-African Congresses, was a participant and his Address to the Nations with its prophetic statement "The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the colour-line" came to be regarded as the defining statement of the conference. After this <mask> set about spreading the word and he embarked on lecture tours to set up branches in Jamaica, Trinidad and the United States. On 28 June 1901 the Trinidad branch of the Pan African Association was formed, with branches in Naparima, Sangre Grande, Arima, Manzanilla, Tunapuna, Arouca and Chaguanas.He spent two months here and after his departure for the US even more local branches were formed. But after this the profile of the Association suffered because he was not able to give it his full attention. On his return to London he finished his bar exams and, like Mahatma Gandhi around the same time, went on to practise in South Africa, where he stayed from 1903 to 1905. <mask> was the first black man to be admitted to the bar in the Cape Colony, on 29 October 1903, having presented to the court in Cape Town a certificate issued on 20 September confirming his credentials:  Mr. <mask> was admitted as a barrister in the Supreme Court of Cape Colony last month. He is a West Indian. He was educated for the most part at Dalhousie University, Canada, where he spent eight years and took his degree. Afterwards he became a member of Gray's Inn, London.He has practised for several years in London, mainly at the Old Bailey. – Indian Opinion, 12 November 1903. He knew that non-whites were badly treated, but still he took this step. He was soon agitating for the rights of blacks. He also presided over the opening of a coloured preparatory school staffed by West Indians. He was eventually boycotted by the Cape Law Society for it was felt he was "preaching seditious doctrines to the natives against the white man". Return to London
On his return to London, <mask> decided to run for public office as he felt there should be an African spokesman in Parliament and his South African experience had given him the knowledge he needed to speak competently on these affairs.The blacks and coloureds were "my people" and on his arrival he gave the Colonial Office his views. "We should not be deprived of equal justice because of the colour of our skins," he said. <mask> joined the Fabian Society and the National Liberal Club, but did not make it to Parliament. He became involved in municipal politics and won a seat as a Progressive on Marylebone Borough Council in November 1906. He and John Archer were among the first people of African descent to be elected to public office in Britain. However, service as a councillor did not take him away from his interest in and devotion to Africa. He became involved with Liberian affairs and went there in 1908 at the invitation of president Arthur Barclay.In 1908 he returned to Trinidad, where he rejoined the bar and practised until his death four years later. <mask> died on 26 March 1911, at the age of 42. He was buried at Lapeyrouse Cemetery, Port of Spain. Legacy

The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, held a conference on "<mask> <mask> and Pan-Africanism: A Retrospection and Projection" on 7–12 January 2001. A memorial plaque on the site of his former London home at 38 Church Street, Marylebone, was unveiled on 12 October 2007. <mask> was named 16th on a recent list of the "100 Great Black Britons". References

Further reading
Imanuel Geiss, The Pan-African Movement: A History of Pan-Africanism in America, Europe and Africa, London: Methuen, 1974.James R. Hooker, <mask> <mask>: Imperial Pan-Africanist, London: Rex Collings, 1975, 135 pp. Owen C. Mathurin, <mask> <mask> and the Origins of the Pan-African Movement, 1869–1911 (Contributions in Afro-American & African Studies), Greenwood Press, 1976, 224 pp. Marika Sherwood, Origins of Pan-Africanism: <mask> <mask>, Africa, and the African Diaspora, London: Routledge, , 354 pp. Eichhorn N. (2019) "<mask> <mask>’s Black Atlantic." In Atlantic History in the Nineteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan

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British historians
Trinidad and Tobago non-fiction writers
Cricket historians and writers
British pan-Africanists
1869 births
1911 deaths
Trinidad and Tobago lawyers
English barristers
Members of Gray's Inn
Alumni of King's College London
English people of Trinidad and Tobago descent
Black British politicians
Black British writers
Trinidad and Tobago activists
Members of St Marylebone Metropolitan Borough Council
People from Tunapuna–Piarco
Trinidad and Tobago pan-Africanists
Trinidad and Tobago male writers
19th-century lawyers
20th-century lawyers
Progressive Party (London) politicians
Members of the Fabian Society
19th-century English lawyers
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<mask> (, born August 25, 1947) is an immunology researcher, whose career spans across academia and industry. His early research involving the Immunoglobulin E (IgE) pathway and antibody-based therapeutics lead to the development of omalizumab (also known as Xolair), a medication that has been approved for the treatment of severe allergic asthma and severe chronic spontaneous urticaria. <mask> is a cofounder of Tanox, a biopharmaceutical company specialized in anti-IgE therapies for the treatment of allergic diseases. After Tanox's tripartite partnership with Genentech and Novartis was forged in 1996, <mask> returned to his alma mater, the National Tsing Hua University in Taiwan and served as the Dean (1996–1999) of the College of Life Sciences. <mask> was appointed by the Taiwanese government as President of the Development Center for Biotechnology (DCB) in 2000, and served as a Science and Technology Advisor of the Executive Yuan from 2002 to 2006. From 2006 to 2016, he was tenured as Distinguished Research Fellow at the Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica. He founded Immunwork, Inc. in 2014.Education

<mask> was born and raised in Zhongli District, Taoyuan County, Taiwan in 1947. His ancestry traces back to Mei County, Guangdong Province, China. His father <mask>-an (張均安) spent his entire career working for the Taiwan Railroad Bureau. <mask>'s mother, Yeh Ting-mei (葉丁妹), was an elementary school teacher, who worked as a housewife after marriage to raise five children. <mask> obtained a bachelor's degree (1970) and master's degree (1972) in chemistry at the National Tsing Hua University. Afterwards, <mask> received a four-year fellowship at Harvard University, where he did thesis research on protein degradation in the muscle during fasting with Alfred L. Goldberg. <mask> received his Ph.D. in 1977, and did postdoctoral research on T cell immune mechanisms with Herman Eisen at the Center for Cancer Research at MIT from 1977 to 1980.Career

Contributions to biomedicine
<mask> invented anti-IgE therapeutics in 1987. IgE plays a central role in the initiation of hypersensitivity reactions in the human body, and is responsible for allergic diseases that affect 20–40% of the population in developed countries. Originating from <mask>'s research, antibodies that target the IgE-mediated allergic pathway have proven effective in the treatment of various allergic diseases. Among these anti-IgE drugs are: Omalizumab (Xolair), approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of allergic asthma and chronic spontaneous urticaria (primarily an autoimmune disease); Talizumab (TNX-901), shown to be effective in treating allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and peanut allergy; and Ligelizumab, a high-affinity TNX-901 under active clinical development at Novartis. In 1993, <mask>'s patent was granted for his discovery of CεmX, a unique region on human membrane-bound IgE (mIgE), leading to another therapeutic approach to treating IgE-mediated diseases. Apart from anti-IgE therapeutics, <mask> also first proposed the concept and methodology of the antibody matrix in 1983. By aligning antibodies of distinct specificities in a matrix-like manner, scientists are able to detect and quantify multiple antigens in one simultaneous attempt.Thereafter, many other types of microarrays emerged, including DNA microarrays and protein microarrays, among others. Work in biotechnology
In March 1986, <mask> <mask> and Nancy T<mask> founded Tanox, Inc., where he served as Vice President of Research & Development (1986–1996) and director of the board from 1986 until Tanox was acquired by Genentech in 2007. In order to secure funding for a start-up company based on family funds, the <mask>s sought collaboration with Genentech in 1989, sending data and samples of early anti-IgE antibody, but talks with Genentech were unsuccessful. In 1990, Tanox partnered with Ciba-Geigy (which later merged with Sandoz to form Novartis) and started developing Talizumab (TNX-901). A few years later, legal disputes arose as the Changs discovered that Genentech launched its own anti-IgE program, developing what now became known as Omalizumab (Xolair). The Changs took it to the court in 1993 and accused Genentech of misappropriating its work, but the legal battle dragged on. <mask> was granted patents in 1995.In 1996, Tanox and Genentech settled out of court, with Genentech paying Tanox a compensation. The two companies and Novartis agreed to jointly develop Xolair, under the reasoning that Genentech had better manufacturing processes to produce antibodies in large quantities. <mask> not only proposed the theory behind anti-IgE therapeutics, but also actively participated in the phase I and II clinical trials of Talizumab from 1990 to 1996. Meanwhile, after the settlement in 1996, Tanox continued to develop Talizumab, not for allergic asthma but for peanut allergy. In 2001–2003, Talizumab entered phase II clinical trials for peanut allergy, and obtained very positive results. Genentech, however, sued Tanox, arguing that their contract in 1996 should prevent Tanox from developing any potential competitor drugs to Xolair. Again, the dispute rose to the court.Although Tanox won the consent in a federal district court, it lost the arbitration that followed, and the development of Talizumab for peanut allergy was suspended. Post-Tanox
In 2014, <mask> started the company Immunwork in Taiwan. Investing attempts
<mask> tried his hand at investing, purchasing large quantities of derivatives under Deutsche Bank's advice. Unfortunately, his scientific expertise did not translate into financial acumen, and as a result he lost $50 million in total. <mask> initiated a counter-claim for the amount lost in response to the bank's claim for a sum of $1.7 million. While successful in his claim at the High Court, the decision was reversed on appeal, where the Singapore Court of Appeal stated that he had the requisite knowledge of shares to not rely on the advice of the bank. He also had to repay a $1.7 million debt incurred from investment losses.This case has since become a point of authority in contract law. Awards and honors
 Honorary Fellow Award from the American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (ACAAI), 2004. Nature Biotechnology's shortlist of personalities who made the most significant contribution to biotech in the past 10 years. Honorary Fellow Award from American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology (AAAAI), 2007. The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize in Medical Sciences, 2014. Selected publications
 <mask> TW, Tang N, 1972, "Selection pressure of homologous proteins of varied activities." Nature, 239, 207.<mask> TW, Kung PC, Gingras SP, and Goldstein G, 1981, "Does OKT3 monoclonal antibody react with an antigen-recognition structure on human T cells?" Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 78, 1805–1808. <mask> TW, Kato I, McKinney S, Chanda P, Barone AD, Wong-Staal F, Gallo RC, and <mask> NT, 1985, "Detection of antibodies to human T-cell lymphotropic virus-III (HTLV-III) with an immunoassay employing a recombinant Escherichia coli-derived viral antigenic peptide."Nature Biotechnology, 3, 905–909. <mask>W, Davis FM, Sun NC, Sun CRY, MacGlashan Jr. DW, and Hamilton RG, 1990, "Monoclonal antibodies specific for human IgE-producing B cells: a potential therapeutic for IgE-medicated allergic diseases." Nature Biotechnology, 8, 122–126. Peng C, Davis FM, Sun LK, Liou RS, Kim Y-W, and <mask>W, 1992, "A new isoform of human membrane-bound IgE." Journal of Immunology, 148, 129–136. <mask> TW, 2000, "The pharmacological basis of anti-IgE therapy." Nature Biotechnology, 18(2), 157–162.Chang TW and Shiung YY, 2006, "Anti-IgE as a mast cell-stabilizing therapeutic agent." The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 117(6), 1203–1212. <mask>W, Wu PC, Hsu CL, Hung AF, 2007, "Anti-IgE antibodies for the treatment of IgE-mediated allergic diseases." Advances in Immunology, 93, 63–119. <mask> TW and Pan AY, 2008, "Cumulative environmental changes, skewed antigen exposure, and the increase of allergy." Advances in Immunology, 98, 39–83. Chen JB, Wu PC, Hung AF, Chu CY, Tsai TF, Yu HM, <mask>Y, <mask> TW, 2010, "Unique epitopes on C epsilon mX in IgE-B cell receptors are potentially applicable for targeting IgE-committed B cells."Journal of Immunology, 184(4), 1748–1756. Chu HM, Wright J, Chan YH, Lin CJ, <mask> TW & Lim C, 2014, "Two potential therapeutic antibodies bind to a peptide segment of membrane-bound IgE in different conformations." Nature Communications, 5, 3139. <mask>W, Chen C, Lin CJ, Metz M, Church MK, Maurer M, 2015, "The potential pharmacologic mechanisms of omalizumab in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria." The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 135(2), 337–342.e2. References

External links
 "Immunwork", Biotech company founded and directed by <mask>. 1947 births
Taiwanese immunologists
National Tsing Hua University alumni
Taiwanese biotechnologists
Living people
Harvard University alumni
People from Taoyuan City
TWAS laureates
Taiwanese expatriates in the United States

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<mask> (born <mask><mask>; July 22, 1951) is an American political candidate, former government official, and political commentator. She served as Deputy National Security Advisor under Michael Flynn for the first four months of the <mask> administration. She was asked to step down by Flynn's successor H. R. McMaster; news of her pending nomination as U.S. Ambassador to Singapore was reported at the same time. President <mask> nominated her in May 2017; she withdrew it in February 2018 due to concerns around her answers related to links between <mask> associates and Russian officials, in particular about discussions between Flynn and Russian ambassador <mask>. <mask> began her political career in the 1970s as a night-shift typist and assistant press liaison for National Security Council staff. In the 1980s, she worked in the Department of Defense as a speechwriter and Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs.She ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for the 2006 U.S. Senate election in New York. She frequently appears on Fox News and has written three books. Early life and education
<mask> was born on July 22, 1951, in Madison, Wisconsin, where she grew up as the oldest of four siblings. Her father was a train dispatcher for the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad. She later said that her father had persistent rage issues and that she was beaten at least twice a month between the age of 2 and 12. "I had one of the most difficult childhoods imaginable. I was beaten up, I was whipped with a belt, I was kicked, I was shoved, and my father took a gun to us on a couple of occasions at a very young age".She said she avoided further beatings by staying away from home as much as possible and leaving home at the age of 18. In 2006, her father emphatically denied any such behavior; in response, she stood by her statements but requested "privacy for a family that I love and forgave many years ago". She later said that Disney heroines helped her overcome obstacles and inspired her to believe that women could achieve whatever they wanted. Troia graduated from Madison West High School in 1969. Troia studied at the Elliott School of International Affairs of the George Washington University in Washington, D.C. In 1970 she worked part-time at the Nixon White House for <mask>'s National Security Council staff. She was on the nighttime typing pool, which meant that she typed the President's Daily Brief.Intrigued by U.S. foreign policy and Nixon's 1972 China visit, <mask>a majored in Chinese studies, and graduated from George Washington in 1973. Career

She continued to work in the White House during the Ford administration as a research assistant and at times assisted or filled in for the NSC press liaison. She is sometimes considered a <mask> protégée. In December 1975, an Associated Press story quoted the 24-year <mask>a extolling Secretary of State <mask> in keeping the world's image of the United States strong during the Nixon impeachment. After working in the Ford administration, with a desire to be "taken really seriously", <mask>a studied on scholarship at Oxford University, where she earned a combined bachelor's degree in Politics, Philosophy, and Economics, and was later conferred a master's as is convention at Oxford. <mask>a attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she studied nuclear weapons, China, and the Soviet Union for three years toward a Ph.D., but ended up as an "all but dissertation" case. The title of her unfinished thesis was "The Sino-Soviet nuclear confrontation of 1969 from the point of view of the <mask> stepladder period of escalation".A second thesis attempt may have been entitled "The President's Strategic Defense Initiative". She returned to Washington, D.C., in 1981 following the election of Ronald Reagan as President and the new Republican majority in the U.S. Senate and became a member of the Senate Armed Services Committee staff, working for chair <mask>. There she worked on the preparation of committee briefings and talking points. Reagan administration
In the Reagan administration, when she was known informally as <mask>, she started working as speechwriter for U.S. Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger in March 1982. Specifically, she worked on his "Six Tests for the Use of U.S. Military Power" speech, sometimes considered a forerunner of the Powell Doctrine. Speechwriting was a significant activity in the Reagan administration because it forced a decision to be reached among battling factions, sometimes with the president intervening to settle a policy matter. Similar battles took place within the Pentagon, and she said that speeches were used to "short-circuit layers and layers of conflicting interests" in the defense bureaucracy.She likened the particular process she and Weinberger used to the traditional negative response model of the Book of the Month Club: "We'd send out the speech draft with a note saying that if we haven't heard from you by a certain day, we'll assume you agree. The responses were quick and usually on the major issues." In December 1983 she was promoted to Principal Deputy to Michael I. Birch, the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs. She later served as Pentagon spokesperson, with newspaper articles from that time describing her as a "senior Pentagon spokeswoman". She was reportedly under consideration for the Assistant Secretary position. She stayed in this position until around November 1984. 2006 Senate campaign

In 2006, <mask> ran in the Republican primary in the United States Senate election in New York for a seat held by Democrat Hillary Clinton.She was a late entrant – not forming an exploratory committee until March 2006 – who was recruited once the leading Republican, Westchester County District Attorney Jeanine Pirro, saw her candidacy implode. <mask> had considered a congressional race to challenge Democratic incumbent Carolyn Maloney of Manhattan, but demurred on the grounds that she was unlikely to succeed. Nonetheless she wanted to make a point by running as a Republican in New York, saying: "I spent 20 years of my life fighting against single party rule. It was called the Soviet Union and Communism then. But we are now allowing our system in the United States to have single party rule in many states. I am worried that we are dividing into Blue States where the Republicans don't run and Red States where Democrats don't run. That's counter to the whole concept of the United States as a place for competitive debates and competitive elections".In the Republican nomination race for Senate, <mask> described herself both as a "moderate Republican" and a "Reagan Republican". She was pro-choice. She ran into trouble with a March 2006 comment that appeared to allege that the Clinton campaign had been flying helicopters low over her Southampton, New York, house and spying on her, or that Clinton forces had rented an apartment across from her $18 million duplex on Park Avenue; she later said she had been joking, but the episodes upset her. In May, <mask>'s campaign manager Ed Rollins made a variety of coarse personal remarks against her opponent, former Yonkers Mayor John Spencer. All in all, the contest between Spencer and <mask> started ugly and got uglier. <mask>'s candidacy was plagued by media and other allegations that she overstated her credentials. The New York Times reported that <mask>'s claim that she had written part of Ronald Reagan's "Star Wars" speech was false and had actually been written by Reagan's "top national security advisers", which did not include <mask>.Regarding her being the highest-ranking woman of her time at the Reagan Pentagon, the newspaper reported that this was also false and that two women at the Pentagon at the time held higher ranks. Also at issue was her claim that she had been the first female professional staff member of the Senate Armed Services Committee, which she had not been. Finally, the Spencer campaign objected to her assertion that she had held a civilian rank equivalent to that of a three-star general. Her inconsistent record of voting in prior New York state elections also became an issue, with her having missed 6 of the last 14 votes. To this charge she responded at the time that she had no excuses, and later conceded that the "realities of family life took precedence". She maintained voting addresses in two different places at the same time, Manhattan and Southampton, sometimes voting in one and sometimes in the other, which was a possible felony under state law. In response, her lawyer conceded that what she did was in violation of election law but said: "there was no criminal intent, no venality here ...This is a case of the boards of elections not doing their jobs ... She should have been turned away". She emphasized that she had never voted twice and promised to cancel the Southampton registration. Troubled by these disclosures, as well as issues in her personal life, by late June her campaign was just about out of money. She then loaned her campaign $100,000 of her own money. On August 22, <mask> announced that she would be suspending her campaign until further notice after her daughter was caught shoplifting in Southampton. In the September 12 primary, <mask> was defeated by Spencer 61% to 39%, amid historically low turnout. Despite her loss, her campaign manager Ed Rollins praised her for "a good fundraising effort" and being "a tireless candidate".Spencer went on to lose 31% to Clinton's 67% in the November general election. Political commentator

In 2010, <mask> regularly appeared on Fox News as a commentator, wrote a weekly column on FoxNews.com, and hosted an online talk show called Defcon 3, a reference to DEFCON, the United States' defense readiness levels. She also appeared regularly on Fox News Radio, ABC Radio, WMAL, and WVOX. In this role, <mask> was highly critical of President Obama's approach to combating terrorism, saying he failed to acknowledge the threat that "global Islamist jihad" posed to "Western Civilization". After the ISIL beheading incidents in 2014, she said Obama had "stuck his head in the sand" and said it was a "dereliction of duty" for "playing a lot of golf". On the U.S. diplomatic cables leak, <mask> called Julian Assange a terrorist, WikiLeaks "a terrorist organization", and called for the death penalty for Chelsea Manning (whom she referred to as Bradley Manning) if the soldier was found guilty of making the leaks. On waterboarding, she said, "It's not torture, but even if it is torture, it's worth doing".As a commentator, <mask> often expressed doubts about globalism and the value of U.S. interventions abroad. Regarding the 2011 military intervention in Libya, she characterized it as "insane". In 2016, she

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 applauded the Brexit vote in approval of withdrawal from the European Union. In other cases she advocated for either strong action or none at all: "Either bomb Iran, or let Iran get the bomb." She dismissed putative Saudi support for the Iranian nuclear agreement, saying "they are Arabs, they are not going to say something to your face that will upset you ... it's not what they say, it's what they do." In 2013, <mask> wrote that Vladimir Putin deserved a Nobel Peace Prize for his actions during the Syrian Civil War. In 2014, following the annexation of Crimea, she tweeted, "Putin seizes countries, Obama threatens maybe to kick Russia out of the G-8 club.Bet Putin's sorry now! Winners write history, not whiners." She said the United States might be able to find "common ground" with Putin. <mask> was a board member of The Jamestown Foundation from June 2008 until her appointment as Deputy National Security Advisor in 2017. She also served as a distinguished advisor to the Foundation for Defense of Democracies. She is a senior fellow at the American Conservative Union. <mask> is the author of three books, Our Time is Now: Reclaiming an America We Can Believe In, Our Time is Now: Tough Love Diplomacy, Commonsense Economy, and the Second Great American Century, and Revolution: <mask>, Washington and "We the People".<mask> administration

Transition

On November 25, 2016, it was reported that <mask> was selected as President-elect <mask>'s Deputy National Security Advisor, a position that does not require Senate confirmation. <mask> had no existing relationship with <mask> before his campaign but knew his two older sons from their appearances on Fox News, while he liked her appearances on that channel. It would represent <mask>'s first government position in over 30 years. Following her selection, <mask> pulled down her website and expunged her public social media accounts. The selection surprised some people given <mask>'s length of time away from government and the fact that she had little experience with intense extra-hours positions and personnel and crisis management. However, her former boss <mask> praised the selection. Retired general Michael T. Flynn, who had been selected as President <mask>'s national security adviser, had ties to <mask> and tweeted a welcome to her.Hawk and former Senator Joe Lieberman also praised <mask> for being "one of our country's most experienced, informed and wise foreign policy and national security experts". Deputy National Security Advisor
Once in office, <mask>'s style annoyed some of the more non-political staffers on the NSC. She repeated the "Make America Great Again" mantra to career employees and mentioned that she was wearing shoes from the Ivanka <mask> apparel line, giving other NSC staffers the impression she was too political. On February 14, 2017, Flynn announced his resignation after he became embroiled in controversy regarding discussions he had with Russian officials, but one report quoted <mask> as intending to stay on, at <mask>'s request. Further reports indicated that a requirement for any replacement in the position was that <mask> be kept on as that person's number two, which was a disincentive for some potential nominees, including Vice Admiral Robert Harward. General H. R. McMaster was eventually named Flynn's replacement. In mid-March 2017, Dina Habib Powell was named as another Deputy National Security Advisor, with an emphasis on strategy.According to Politico, the appointment had been "designed to effectively push out <mask>", who was "seen as a weak deputy". The increasing problems surrounding Flynn also made <mask> vulnerable due to the ties between the two. On April 9, 2017, it was reported that <mask> had been asked to step down from her position after less than three months in the role but that she had been offered a position as the U.S. Ambassador to Singapore. <mask> said she viewed the move in a positive light, as a "promotion", and a White House official encouraged the interpretation. She would remain as Deputy National Security Advisor for some amount of time, although probably not all the way until her planned ambassadorial confirmation. The shuffle was supposed to take place in a fortnight, but that intention did not work out, and after a month went by the shift had still not happened, reportedly pending McMaster's selection of a replacement for <mask>.<mask> continued to perform some duties during this time, such as meeting with the Prime Minister of Australia. She also gave <mask> a known online hoax about mainstream media's supposed hypocrisy about climate change in respect to the 1970s global cooling conjecture. According to another report, <mask> was still favored by <mask>, who did not understand why her departure was necessary. Ambassadorial nomination and Special Counsel investigation

After Ricky L. Waddell was nominated to succeed her as Deputy National Security Advisor on May 10, 2017, she was officially announced as <mask>'s nominee for U.S. Ambassador to Singapore on May 19, 2017. Singapore-based newspaper The Straits Times noted that all U.S. Ambassadors to Singapore had been political appointees since 1986.On June 15, 2017, <mask> was formally nominated by the White House, and her confirmation hearing before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee took place on July 20, 2017, during which she described Singapore's importance with the real estate maxim "location, location, location". <mask> also stated that she believed Russia had interfered in the 2016 U.S. elections. On September 19, <mask>'s confirmation was approved by the Committee and was sent on to the full Senate, but as of the end of November her nomination was not scheduled for a vote in the full Senate. On December 1, Robert Mueller's Special Counsel investigation named <mask> as one of the people involved with Michael Flynn, her former supervisor, and <mask>shner in developments leading up to Flynn's guilty plea to lying to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. In particular, <mask> and <mask> reportedly briefed Flynn on what to say about U S. sanctions against Russia. The next day, an email <mask> wrote during the transition surfaced; it read: "If there is a tit-for-tat escalation <mask> will have difficulty improving relations with Russia, which has just thrown U.S.A. election to him." After talking to <mask>k, Flynn informed <mask> of the contents of the conversation, who in turn passed on the information to one of her colleagues.In response to these revelations, Senate Foreign Relations Committee ranking members Mark Warner and Dianne Feinstein suggested that she testify before Congress, Cory Booker questioned whether <mask> had been fully forthcoming in her previous testimony, and Committee Chair Bob Corker pronounced her nomination "frozen". By December 5, committee Democrats had placed a formal Senate hold on her nomination. At the end of 2017, the U.S. Senate sent <mask>'s nomination back to the White House rather than tabling it until 2018, along with other pending nominations. On January 10, 2018, the administration renominated <mask>. On February 2, 2018, <mask> withdrew her nomination, writing "I have come to this decision reluctantly, because I believe in your mission" in her resignation letter to <mask>. In response, <mask> blamed the Democrats, noting that they "chose to play politics rather than move forward with a qualified nominee for a critically important post" even though Senate Republicans could have approved her nomination unilaterally given their majority, which suggests that some of them may have been hesitant to approve her. In September 2018 it became known that she had indeed walked back her story to the special prosecutor.The FBI accepted <mask>'s contention that she had not misstated factualities intentionally. Awards and honors
In 1985, <mask> received the Department of Defense's highest civilian honor, the Distinguished Civilian Service Award. At the 2015 CPAC meeting, the Clare Boothe Luce Policy Institute awarded <mask> its Woman of the Year award. In November 2016, the American Conservative Union selected <mask> as its "Conservative in the Spotlight", with ACU chair Matt Schlapp calling her "not only a brilliant strategist with a wealth of global affairs knowledge, but ... also an expert communicator who knows how to effectively deliver clear and concise messages to grassroots activists". Personal life

<mask> married Alan Roberts <mask> (born 1942) on January 12, 1985, at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. He was a general partner in Lazard Frères and went on to become a well-known investment banker. In 1985, K. T. <mask> became a stay-at-home mother.The couple had three children together, along with two from his first marriage to whom she became stepmother. During the next two decades, <mask> says she "taught Sunday school, served as a class mother, directed school plays, headed a preschool library, and sang in the church choir". She and her husband joined a number of exclusive New York clubs and country clubs. Her youngest daughter attended the United States Naval Academy. <mask> had two brothers, <mask> and Michael. Michael died of an AIDS-related illness on June 8, 1995. Prior to his death, McFarland outed her brother as gay to her parents, blaming his homosexuality on family abuse and cutting off contact with her parents.In 2006, her surviving brother <mask>, in defense of their father, told the New York Post, "If I had one word to describe my sister, it would be 'evil'". '' In 2000, <mask> started doing some work for the Foreign Policy Association, booking speakers for ladies' lunches. She is a life member of the Council on Foreign Relations. References

External links

 NSC page
 Ambassadorial nomination record of stages in Congress

 <mask> “KT<mask> - Board member biography, Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. IMDB entry
 Website - archived as of October 2016
 On National Security and Islamic Terrorism  - with Gen. Jerry Boykin

1951 births
21st-century American women
Alumni of St Anne's College, Oxford
American commentators
American politicians of Italian descent
American speechwriters
American women civil servants
Candidates in the 2006 United States elections
Elliott School of International Affairs alumni
Ford administration personnel
Fox News people
Living people
Madison West High School alumni
New York (state) Republicans
Nixon administration personnel
Politicians from Madison, Wisconsin
Politicians from Manhattan
People from Southampton (town), New York
Reagan administration personnel
<mask> administration personnel
United States Department of Defense officials
United States Deputy National Security Advisors
Women in New York (state) politics
American

masks:
McFarland
McFarland
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Trump
Trump
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Donald Trump
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McFarland
McFarland
McFarland
Henry Kissinger
Trump
McFarland
McFarland
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McFarland
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Jared Ku
Kushner
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Kislya
McFarland
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Tom
Tom Troia
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Kathleen Troia
” McFarland
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<mask> (born 1959), known as The Killer from the Cave, is a Bulgarian thief, robber, murderer and suspected serial killer. He was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of 59-year-old Elena Tomova in Vlado Trichkov, and is suspected of murdering at least four other pensioners from 2009 to 2011. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in 1959 in the village of Tsarevets as one of two children. His father Tsvetan was a wealthy shopkeeper, but a very aggressive and nervous man, while his mother was a housekeeper. <mask>i was an unruly child, and in order to discipline him, his father would chain him to the family bed and put food just out of reach, starving his young son, with his mother never trying to protect or even interact at all with him. His father would even chain him to the family car and drive around the yard, and beat him with a motor cord until his skin turned blue. He studied up to the 8th grade, but didn't finish his education, and was continuously incarcerated for various robberies throughout the rest of his life, during some of which he was also abused and even gang raped by some of the inmates.In order to evade beatings by his father, the young Leshtarski would go out at night stealing and robbing people. Eventually, at 15 or 16 years old, he was called for mandatory service in the army, and began visiting the village only from time to time. One day, Leshtarski had to return to his regiment following a short break, with his father offering to drive him and his mother to the nearby village in the family's newly bought Moskvitch. From there, Leshtarski would catch a train to Roman. However, shortly after they took off, his father - who had drunk heavily - got into a car crash. Although Leshtarski was unscathed, his father had had his legs broken and his mother suffered a heavy concussion, allegedly causing her mental health issues. According to Leshtarski, she would be in the kitchen cooking and when the cat would jump on the table, she would drag along the cat's fur before putting it back into the pot, and even burned down some of the family's sheep pens.His mother would eventually accuse him of raping her, for which Leshtarski was sentenced to 18 years imprisonment. During his stay in prison, he was regularly visited by his brother, who'd often ask him for money to buy various house appliances. One of the women in the facility also taught Leshtarski how to do donations, in order to have his sentence reduced. Shortly after his incarceration, his mother suffered from a stroke and stopped talking. Leshtarski was described as an "excellent prisoner, bad citizen", and after 12 years behind bars, he was released in 2005. According to him, his father then told him that his mother had started talking again soon after seeing him. After this, Leshtarski resumed with stealing and robbing rich people, being incarcerated and released at various times.He had bought off an underage Romani prostitute to have as a live-in girlfriend, but the girl later abandoned him, hurting him deeply. From 2005 to 2008, he worked in hotel complex "Chaika" in Vratsa as a worker. He was described as a good, hard-working employee, but one day, just after his probation period had ended, he went berserk, breaking all of the company cars' and trucks' windows before fleeing. Feeling that he couldn't fit into normal society, Leshtarski began living in caves around the mountain range, surviving by eating 3-4 spoonfuls of honey every day and hunting animals with a self-made bow, with some reports claiming that he had eaten live bats. He was also a skilled climber who scaled his way to most of his hideouts and even during his later confessions, he claimed that he could walk 30 kilometers to the seaside in the span of several days. For a span of four months, he hid in the house of former cellmate Stoyan Mladenov in Dolna Kremena, threatening to kill the man and his family if they ratted him out. Leshtarski slept in their attic, making a hole in the walls to see what's going on downstairs.He'd disappear for 4-5 days, leaving his hideout by climbing out the roof. On one occasion, he attacked Mladenov with a stool, and even raped his wife. Murder of Elena Tomova
On August 27, 2009, Elena Tomova, a 59-year-old woman who lived with her daughter and her husband in Sofia and often visited her renewed villa in Vlado Trichkov, noticed that somebody had been in her house and had slept in her bed. The woman even found a hunter's hat lying around, but none of the more expensive items were touched. Tomova contemplated calling the police, but decided that it's no use and abandoned the idea, instead wondering if she should remain in the villa or return to Sofia. As the villa was a bit farther away from other homes, Tomova had decided to get her axe and place it nearby. She then went off to collect wild berries, later asking her neighbor if she could stay at her house, but the latter denied, as she had visitors.Soon after, while trying to read a book, she heard somebody open the wooden gate. That somebody turned out to be Leshtarski - scruffy, with a long, graying and bushy beard. The day before, Leshtarski had boarded a train from Mezdra to Sofia and landed in Vlado Trichkov, where he then proceeded to wander around the hillside, sleeping in abandoned houses without doors or windows before continuing to drift along. He eventually reached Tomova's house, entering through a broken window from the back side, and began looking for food and water. Leshtarski found and drank a bottle of gin, and then ate some canned mushrooms and cucumbers before deciding to leave. He then returned a few hours later to check if anybody was home, noticing that Tomova was there - a plump woman, 160 cms tall, blond hair, wearing a dress, a vest and some slippers. After noticing him, he asked Tomova for some food, after which the good-natured woman gave him two slices of bread.Leshtarski confessed that he intended to sleep in the house, before asking to make himself an omelette, to which Tomova agreed. While he was baking the eggs, Tomova phoned her daughter Zornitsa, telling her that there was a man in the house and that her father was sleeping in the adjoining room (which was a lie, as she had been divorced for 10 years, and visited the villa alone). After offering Leshtarski to go outside for a smoke, the two returned to the room, where Tomova, who was a Jehovah's witness, started lecturing him about the Bible and God. Upon hearing this, Leshtarski got agitated, telling her that she reminded him of his mother. The two got into a quarrel, with the enraged Leshtarski pushing Tomova off her chair. Tomova had grabbed the axe and tried to defend herself, but she was overwhelmed. Leshtarski then pushed her onto the bed, intending to rape her while choking Tomova with his hands.When he let her go, she did not move anymore. Supposedly, Leshtarski then sat on the bed and started crying, and after some time, he lowered his victim's clothes to her spine, before taking a knife and carving a cross on her forehead. He then took a metal spatula and severed her left breast, leaving it under the bed, put the sheets and the Bible over the deceased, grabbed the bottle of gin and left. On August 28, her daughter Zornitsa rang on Tomova's telephone, but nobody answered. She called her mother several times and on the following day, along with her husband and son, traveled to the villa. The husband found the corpse and immediately called the police. The police conducted a search on the entire area, checking twice, but after months, the investigation into Tomova's death was called off.Capture, trial and sentence
The investigators worked on the case for two years, examining witness testimonies, pictures and the victim's background. They determined that the killer would be over 35, male, Bulgarian, with a basic education, with no permanent job, without a family. He would also be knowledgeable of the area, sexually immature, have a hatred towards women due to a tragic past, unable to have a social or sexual contact with the opposite sex. That profile fitted Leshtarski near perfectly. On February 22, 2011, <mask> <mask> was captured in a cave near Mezdra on suspicion of committing robberies and taken to the court, where he readily confessed to murdering Tomova, but later recanted his confession, claiming he was mistreated by the police and that he wasn't hiding from them due to killing Tomova, and that he was instead doing because he was filmed by a camera stealing heroin from a rich woman. Nevertheless, on September 29, 2011, he was given two life sentences by the court, and is currently serving in Sofia Central Prison. Suspected murders
Leshtarski is suspected by authorities to have committed at least four other murders in the Vratsa and Montana provinces.Although no details about the latter murders are available, the former suspected murders are that of Yordan Yolov and Vladimir Toshovski. The 82-year-old and half-blind Yolov was beaten to death at his home in Staro Selo in January 2011, not far from where Leshtarski was hiding after killing Tomova, after which he was robbed. The following month, the 75-year-old Toshovski was also robbed at his home in Gorna Kremena, and when he only tried to give half of his pension to the killer, he was also beaten to death in a rage. Aside from these, another similar murder that occurred in the capital is also thought to be Leshtarski's doing: the July 2007 killing of 59-year-old Mariana Dandova, who was also found strangled and with her breast cut off by a knife. Her body was found in a place frequented by a lot of prostitutes, but there were no witnesses to the crime. It was initially thought that, due to wild dogs having torn apart the rest of the corpse, she had been attacked by the rabid beings, but it was later determined that this was not the case. Leshtarski might have also had a motive here - the woman resembled the prostitute which had abandoned him years ago.There is also a possibility for even more murders, as murders of elderly people have been reported around the country. The fact that while searching through his cave police found 12 pairs of glasses, possibly means that for the period that he was hiding out in the mountain range and travelled to the seaside, Leshtarski might have murdered more people living in remote villages. Aftermath
Leshtarski continues to deny any of the murders attributed to him, claiming that the police have framed him and that the real killer is out there. He has taken a huge dislike to his portrayal in the media, and in 2016, he claimed that when he gets out, he'd skin alive at least five people. In 2020, during an interview with psychologist Todor Todorov recorded on the Bulgarian show No Man's Land, Leshtarski admitted to two further murders: his very first killing, which occurred in his native Tsarevets in 1999, when he got drunk and beat to death a female neighbor without any reason; he also confessed to killing a midwife whose death was erroneously attributed to heart problems, but refused to divulge the date or location of the crime. In response to his claims, prosecutors have indicated that they would investigate the claims and bring new charges if enough evidence is gathered. See also
List of serial killers by country

References

External links
 Interview with Lead Investigator on the Leshtarski case (in Bulgarian)
 Follow-up interview with Svetoslav Petkov, from the University of Psychology (in Bulgarian)
 "Natural Born Killers" Interview with Leshtarski (in Bulgarian)

1959 births
Living people
Suspected serial killers
Bulgarian people convicted of murder
People from Vratsa Province

masks:
Mihail Tsvetanov Leshtarski
Mihail Leshtarski
Mihail Leshtarsk
Mihail
Leshtarski


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<mask> or <mask>, called Marchesopoulo by his Greek subjects, was the first marquess of Bodonitsa in Frankish Greece from 1204 to his death in or shortly after 1237. He was one of the most important Frankish rulers in Greece, and played a major role in the short-lived Kingdom of Thessalonica: in 1208–1209 he supported the Lombard rebellion against King Demetrius of Montferrat, but by 1221 he was the kingdom's regent (bailli), and was left to defend the city against the ruler of Epirus, Theodore Komnenos Doukas. Left unsupported by the Latin Empire, and with a projected crusade to relieve the city delayed, he surrendered the city in December 1224. The belated arrival of the crusade helped to save his own fief from falling to the Epirotes, however, and he was soon able to return there, dying on or shortly after 1237. Life
Guido hailed from a distinguished family of Lombardy in northern Italy, that ruled over a series of fiefs in the area between Parma, Piacenza, and Cremona. In 1203, <mask> joined the Fourth Crusade—according to William Miller, "because at home every common man could hale him before the courts". Early activity

In autumn 1204, following the sack of Constantinople by the Crusaders and the division of the Byzantine Empire among the Crusader leaders, he accompanied Boniface of Montferrat as he went west to establish his Kingdom of Thessalonica.During Boniface's march south into Greece, <mask> was appointed warden of the strategic pass of Thermopylae. <mask> made the nearby settlement of Bodonitsa (modern Mendenitsa) his seat, erecting a castle on the ruins of an ancient acropolis, probably that of Pharygai, which gave wide sight over the coastal plain around the Malian Gulf. The exact bounds of the marquisate are unknown, but it lay between the northern boundaries of the Duchy of Athens and the town of Zetouni (modern Lamia), which was partially owned by <mask>. The Chronicle of the Morea reports that Boniface soon transferred suzerainty over Bodonitsa to the Prince of Achaea, William of Champlitte (); however, the report of Marino Sanudo Torsello, that this only occurred under Geoffrey II of Villehardouin (), is more likely to be correct. According to the Chronicle, <mask> participated in the long siege of the Acrocorinth, held by the Greek lord Leo Sgouros. Boniface of Montferrat was killed fighting against the Bulgarians in 1207, leaving his infant son Demetrius () as his successor. <mask> and his brother, possibly named Rubino, became one of the leaders of the Lombard revolt against Demetrius and his mother Margaret of Hungary.The Lombard barons favoured Demetrius' older half-brother, William VI, Marquess of Montferrat, but were opposed by the Latin Emperor, Henry of Flanders (). Henry succeeded in outmanoeuvring them and in January 1208 crowned Demetrius king, but the barons launched a rebellion across the kingdom. Henry marched south, overcoming the opposition of the barons one by one; those he captured were treated leniently, however, and allowed to keep their fiefs. <mask> was among the last to hold out, taking refuge in the Cadmeia of Thebes, rather than submit to Imperial judgment at the First Parliament of Ravennika. Emperor Henry was forced to begin preparations for a siege of the Cadmeia, before the Lombard barons agreed to surrender. Once again they were allowed to keep their fiefs, but now as imperial vassals. Like most of the Latin lords of Greece, <mask> had a difficult relationship with the Church in his domains: although he handed over Zetouni to the Knights Templar, he confiscated property belonging to the local bishopric of Thermopylae, and was negligent in the payment of the tithe to the Church.Although he most likely did not attend the Second Parliament of Ravennika in 1210, he ratified the concordat that attempted to settle the differences between the Church and the Latin lords. Fall of the Kingdom of Thessalonica
Although suppressed, the Lombard rebellion undermined the foundations of Latin rule in Thessaly and Macedonia. Many of the Lombard barons remained unreconciled to King Demetrius, and left Greece for Italy over the following years. Thus the kingdom of Thessalonica quickly began crumbling under the assault of the Greek principality of Epirus. The Epirote ruler Michael I Komnenos Doukas (), and his brother and successor Theodore Komnenos Doukas (), conquered most of Thessaly and Macedonia, so that by 1221/22, Thessalonica was surrounded on all sides by Epirote territory and cut off from either the Latin Empire in the east or the Frankish states in southern Greece. In an attempt to gather support in the West, King Demetrius left for Italy in winter 1221/22, and <mask> was appointed as regent (bailli) for Queen Margaret and Demetrius. In this capacity he ratified another convention that recognized the Church's property rights.As bailli <mask> was charged with the defence of Thessalonica against the Epirotes. Urgent calls for a crusade were made in the West, under the leadership of William VI of Montferrat, but in the event, only a small vanguard under the former regent, Count Oberto II of Biandrate, arrived at Thessalonica in summer 1222. The Latin Emperor Robert of Courtenay  () also promised aid and attacked Serres in April 1224, but the siege had to be abandoned following the disastrous defeat of the main Latin army at the hands of the Nicaean emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes () at the Battle of Poimanenon. Left unsupported, the garrison of Thessalonica surrendered in December 1224. Theodore treated the surrendered Latins well, and eventually released most of them, including <mask>, from captivity. These events rendered <mask>'s small fief into a true border march between the Latin states of southern Greece and the territories recovered by the Greeks to the north. Bodonitsa had long provided shelter for Latin refugees, such as the Latin Archbishop of Larissa, who was appointed to the see of Thermopylae; in 1224, after the fall of Thessalonica, Pope Honorius III anxiously encouraged the other Latin rulers of southern Greece to aid in holding Bodonitsa, left leaderless in <mask>'s absence.Some aid was provided—some 1300 hyperpyra were gathered by the clergy alone—but Bodonitsa was saved more through her strong fortifications and the belated arrival of the crusade meant to relieve Thessalonica. The latter only sailed in March 1225, and landed in Thessaly at Halmyros. The Crusader army was soon decimated by disease, however: William of Montferrat himself succumbed to it and the remnants of the army left Greece. If it failed in its original objective, the crusade probably saved Bodonitsa and thereby halted Theodore's southern advance into Central Greece, which either way had never been Theodore's main objective. Death and descendants
On 2 May 1237, <mask> made his will. His date of death is unknown, but it is assumed that he probably died soon thereafter; one of the last living participants in the Fourth Crusade. He was succeeded by Ubertino, his son by the Burgundian Sibylla, a cousin of <mask> of Athens.The couple had also two daughters, Mabilia, who married Azzo VII d'Este, Marquess of Ferrara, and Isabella, who succeeded her brother as marchioness but died childless in 1286, leading to a dispute between her unnamed husband and <mask>, who seized the castle of Bodonitsa and became the new marquess. References

Sources

1237 deaths
13th-century Italian nobility
13th-century rulers in Europe
Christians of the Fourth Crusade
Guy
<mask>bility from Parma
Regents of Thessalonica
Year of birth unknown
Military personnel from Parma

masks:
Guy
Guido Pallavicini
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Guy
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Guy
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Thomas Pallavicini
Guy No