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<mask> (born 6 February 1995) is a German professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for  club Bayern Munich and the Germany national team. Club career

VfL Bochum
In 2009, <mask> started his career with Werner SV 06 Bochum. He stayed for two years with the WSV before making the move to VfL Bochum in 2011. On 30 July 2012, <mask> was awarded the 2012 under-17 Fritz Walter Medal in gold. On 4 August 2012, he made his professional debut for Bochum in the 2. Bundesliga against Dynamo Dresden in the rewirpowerSTADION. <mask> had an impressive 2012–13 season at Bochum and was their standout performer as Bochum narrowly avoided relegation from the 2.Bundesliga. During the season, <mask> was linked to several big clubs around Europe including Bayern Munich, Manchester United, Arsenal and Real Madrid. Matthias Sammer, the then sporting director of Bayern Munich, reportedly met with <mask> to try to convince him of joining Bayern in the summer of 2013. Schalke 04
On 30 June 2013, Schalke 04 confirmed the transfer of <mask> from Bochum. He signed a five-year contract until 30 June 2018. The transfer fee was reported to be €3.250 million. 2013–14 season

During the 2013–14 season, Goretzka had a promising first season, scoring five goals in 32 appearances in all competitions.He became a regular starter in the second half of the season and helped Schalke finish in third place in the Bundesliga behind champions Bayern Munich and Borussia Dortmund. At the end of the season, <mask> was called up for the 30-man preliminary squad of the Germany national team for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. He made his debut in a friendly match against Poland prior to the World Cup. 2014–15 season
During the 2014–15 season, <mask> was limited to only 11 matches in all competitions due to a thigh injury. He returned from the injury on Matchday 24 against TSG 1899 Hoffenheim. <mask> played in only 10 Bundesliga matches during the season. Schalke had a disappointing season and finished in sixth place in the Bundesliga.2015–16 season

During the 2015–16 season, <mask> scored two goals in 34 appearances in all competitions. He was back to full fitness at the start of the season, but had several injuries throughout the season. <mask> was also diagnosed with an inflammatory bowel disease during the season and said "I was diagnosed with a chronic bowel inflammation, which had been having a negative impact on my ability to recover." <mask> continued: "So I completely changed what I eat, cutting out gluten, cow's milk, pork and nuts. As a result, I have fewer issues with my health and I can recover from a game much quicker. 2016–17 season
During the 2016–17 season, <mask> played in a career-high 41 matches in all competitions, scoring eight goals. This was regarded as <mask>'s best season to date as he flourished in a more attacking role.On 20 April, <mask> received a concussion and suffered a double fracture of his jaw while playing against Ajax in the Europa League. He continued and played almost the entire match until he was substituted in the 84th minute. Schalke finished in a disappointing 10th place in the Bundesliga and did not qualify for European places. 2017–18 season
During the 2017–18 season, <mask> played in 29 matches in all competitions and scored four goals. This was his first season without European football since his arrival at Schalke in 2013. He had problems with stress reaction in bones in his lower leg, which kept him out of action for over two months. <mask> helped Schalke finish second behind champions Bayern Munich to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the first time since the 2014–15 season.On 25 November 2017, he played in his 100th Bundesliga game in a match against Schalke's bitter rivals, Borussia Dortmund. On 19 January 2018, <mask> announced that he would leave Schalke in the summer of 2018 and join rivals Bayern Munich. His decision did not go down well with the Schalke fans and board. Schalke's supervisory board chairman, Clemens Tönnies, expressed his first reaction regarding Goretzka's decision on a football talk show. Tönnies said: "My first reaction was, that you shouldn’t wear the jersey of Schalke anymore." Tönnies said that Goretzka could be forced to sit in the stands should his decision have a negative impact on the team. Bayern Munich

2018–19 season

On 1 July 2018, <mask> officially joined Bayern by signing a four-year contract until June 2022.On 12 August 2018, in the DFL Super Cup, he came on for Thomas Müller in the 64th minute. This was <mask>'s first appearance for Bayern. On 1 September, he scored his first goal for the club in a 3–0 away victory over VfB Stuttgart. The following year, on 19 January 2019, he scored his first ever brace in the Bundesliga, scoring twice in a 3–1 win over Hoffenheim. On 15 February 2019, <mask> scored an own goal in a Bundesliga game after 13 seconds; no Bayern player had yet touched the ball. On 18 May 2019, <mask> won his first Bundesliga title as Bayern finished two points above Dortmund with 78 points. A week later, he won his first DFB-Pokal as Bayern defeated RB Leipzig 3–0 in the 2019 DFB-Pokal Final.He did not appear in the match as he was out injured. 2019–20 season
On 26 November 2019, <mask> scored his first Champions League goal during a 6–0 away win at Red Star Belgrade. He played vital part of Bayern's treble win under Hansi Flick. He played most of the games, including the whole Champions League campaign, making a midfield duo with Joshua Kimmich. After Benjamin Pavard got injured and Kimmich was asked to play as a right-back, <mask> played in a box-to-box midfielder role next to Thiago, including in the Champions League final. 2020–21 season
On 24 September 2020, <mask> scored a goal in a 2–1 win over Sevilla after extra time in the 2020 UEFA Super Cup. In April 2021, he missed the second leg against Paris Saint-Germain in the Champions League quarter-finals due to muscle problems.However, he ended the season winning his third consecutive Bundesliga title. 2021–22 season
Ahead of the season, <mask> was assigned the number 8 shirt left vacant by Javi Martínez. On 17 August 2021, Goretzka conquered the 2021 DFL-Super Cup with Bayern, playing the full 90 minutes. On 16 September, Bayern announced that <mask> had signed a new contract, keeping him at the club until 2026.

International career

Youth
On 15 October 2010, <mask> made his Germany national U-16 football team debut in a friendly against Northern Ireland. He scored in the 3–2 victory. On 24 August 2011, he made his Germany national U-17 football team debut against Turkey in a 4–0 victory. In May 2012, he captained the Germany national U-17 football team at the 2012 UEFA European Under-17 Championship in Slovenia and led the German U-17 team all the way to the final against the Netherlands.In the final, <mask> scored the first goal of the match; his goal was compensated in stoppage time, taking the scoreline to 1–1. The subsequent penalty shoot-out was won by the Netherlands. On 8 August 2013, he debuted for the Germany national U-21 football team under Horst Hrubesch in a 0–0 draw against France, in which he had a magnificent match. <mask> was contacted by the Polish national team but rejected the offer as he is not aware of any Polish background. Senior
On 8 May 2014, <mask> was included in the 30-men preliminary squad of the German national team for the 2014 FIFA World Cup by Germany's manager, Joachim Löw. On 13 May 2014, he made his debut in a 0–0 draw against Poland. After Germany's match against Poland, in which <mask> had suffered a muscle injury, he was removed from the team's preparatory training camp and final squad for the 2014 World Cup in Brazil.In May 2017, <mask> was named in Germany's squad for the Confederations Cup in Russia. In the nation's opening match for the tournament on 20 June, he scored his first goal for Germany in a 3–2 Group B win over Australia. <mask> scored two goals against Mexico in the semi-finals. <mask> finished joint top scorer with Timo Werner and Lars Stindl in the competition with three goals. The German national team won the competition, beating Chile in the final in Saint Petersburg. On 4 June 2018, <mask> was included in Germany's final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. On 27 June, he made his World Cup debut in the last match of the group stage in a 2–0 defeat to South Korea as his side got knocked out from the World Cup for the first time since 1938.On 19 May 2021, he was selected to the squad for the UEFA Euro 2020. He scored a goal in the final group fixture, a 2–2 draw against Hungary. Olympic team
Alongside Schalke teammate Max Meyer, <mask> was named in the squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics. He captained Germany in their first match against Mexico, but picked up a shoulder injury, and returned to Gelsenkirchen. Playing style
In 2013, <mask> was referred to as one of the brightest talents in German football. Peter Neururer, Goretzka's head coach at Bochum, said that he had "never seen an eighteen year old footballer which had a potential as Goretzka", and titled him as the "talent of the century". Goretzka has a potent eye for scoring goals and is known to possess good ball control ability and also has the ability to pick out passes for his teammates.He produces powerful shots from outside the penalty area. He is also well known for his excellent heading ability which sees him regularly score goals with his head. At 1.89 m, <mask>'s high-jumping ability helps him to win aerial battles against strong and tall defenders. His main position is as a central midfielder, although he can be deployed as a defensive midfielder, a right winger and a playmaker. <mask>'s game has often been compared to two of Germany's footballing greats, Lothar Matthäus and Michael Ballack. Personal life
<mask> was born in Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia. He completed his Abitur and graduated from the  (Alice-Salomon-Vocational School) in Bochum.His father, Konrad, is an automotive engineer and electrical engineer for Opel. <mask> launched an online initiative, "We Kick Corona", with his Bayern Munich teammate Joshua Kimmich, to help charitable, social or medical institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Goretzka has been an activist against hate crime, visiting the Dachau Holocaust memorial, and meeting Holocaust survivor Margot Friedlander. He is a critic of the far-right political party Alternative for Germany, calling them a "disgrace for Germany" and saying "when a party is supported and led by Holocaust revisionists and Corona deniers, then they are unmasking themselves". Career statistics

Club

International

As of match played 11 November 2021. Germany score listed first, score column indicates score after each Goretzka goal. Honours
Bayern Munich
 Bundesliga: 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21
 DFB-Pokal: 2018–19, 2019–20
 DFL-Supercup: 2018, 2020, 2021
 UEFA Champions League: 2019–20
 UEFA Super Cup: 2020
 FIFA Club World Cup: 2020

Germany U17
 UEFA European Under-17 Championship runner-up: 2012

Germany Olympic
 Summer Olympic Games silver medal: 2016

Germany
 FIFA Confederations Cup: 2017

Individual
 Fritz Walter Medal in Gold (U-17): 2012
 FIFA Confederations Cup Silver Boot: 2017
 FIFA Confederations Cup Bronze Ball: 2017
 UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season: 2019–20
 Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2017–18, 2020–21
kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2020–21
VDV Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2020–21

References

External links

kicker profile

1995 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Bochum
Footballers from North Rhine-Westphalia
German footballers
Association football midfielders
VfL Bochum players
FC Schalke 04 players
FC Schalke 04 II players
FC Bayern Munich footballers
2.Bundesliga players
Bundesliga players
Regionalliga players
UEFA Champions League winning players
Germany youth international footballers
Germany under-21 international footballers
Germany international footballers
2017 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2018 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2020 players
FIFA Confederations Cup-winning players
Olympic footballers of Germany
Footballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Germany
Olympic medalists in football

masks:
Leon Christoph Goretzka
Goretzka
Goretzka
Goretzka
Goretzka
Goretzka
Goretzka
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<mask> (11 April 1901 – 27 February 1960) was an Italian engineer, politician and industrialist whose entrepreneurial activity thrived on the idea that profit should be reinvested for the benefits of the whole society. He was son of the founder of Olivetti, <mask>, and Luisa Revel, the daughter of a prominent Waldensian pastor and scholar. <mask> was known worldwide during his lifetime as the Italian manufacturer of Olivetti typewriters, calculators, and computers. <mask> was an entrepreneur and innovator who transformed shop-like operations into a modern factory. In and out of the factory, he both practiced and preached the utopian system of "the community movement," but he never managed to build a mass following. In his company, apart from managers and technicians, he enrolled a large number of artists like writers and architects, following his deep interest in design and urban and building planning that were closely linked with his personal utopian vision. The Olivetti empire had been begun by his father, Camillo.Initially, the "factory", consisting of 30 workers, concentrated on electric measurement devices. By 1908, 25 years after Remington in the United States, Olivetti started to produce typewriters. Biography

<mask>'s father Camillo, who was Jewish, believed that his children could get a better education at home. <mask>'s formative years were spent under the tutelage of his mother, daughter of the local Waldensian pastor, an educated and sober woman. Also, as a socialist, Camillo emphasized the non-differentiation between manual and intellectual work. His children, during their time away from study, worked with and under the same conditions as his workers. The discipline and sobriety Camillo imposed on his family induced rebellion in <mask>'s adolescence manifested by a dislike of "his father's" workplace and by his studying at a polytechnic school of subjects other than the mechanical engineering his father wanted.Nevertheless, after graduation in chemical engineering at the Polytechnic University of Turin in 1924 he joined the company for a short while. When he became undesirable to Mussolini's Fascist regime, his father sent him to the United States to learn the roots of American industrial power. For the same reasons he later went to England. Upon his return he married Paola Levi, a daughter of Giuseppe Levi and a sister of his good friend Natalia Ginzburg; a marriage that produced three children, but did not last long. His visit to various plants in the United States, and especially Remington, convinced Adriano that productivity is a function of the organizational system. With the approval of father, Camillo, he organized the production system at Olivetti on a quasi-Taylorian model and transformed the shop into a factory with departments and divisions. Possibly as a result of this reorganization, output per man-hour doubled within five years.Olivetti for the first time sold half of the typewriters used in Italy in 1933. <mask> <mask> shared with his workers the productivity gains by increasing salaries, fringe benefits, and services. In 1931 he visited the USSR and created an Advertising Department at Olivetti that worked with artists and designers. The creation of an Organization Office followed one year later, when he became general manager, and the project for the first portable typewriter started. His success in business did not diminish his idealism. In the 1930s he developed an interest in architecture, as well as urban and community planning. He supervised a housing plan for the workers at Ivrea (a small city near Turin, where the Olivetti plant is still located) and a zoning proposal for the adjacent Aosta Valley.Under Fascism, patronizing workers at work and at home was in line with the corporative design of the regime. While <mask> showed distaste for the regime, he joined the Fascist Party and became a Catholic. Yet, during World War II, he participated in the underground antifascist movement, was jailed, and at the end sought refuge in Switzerland. There he was in close contact with the intellectual emigrees and he was able to further develop his socio-philosophy of the Community Movement. He also had contacts with representatives of the British Special Operations Executive. With these he tried to avoid the Allied invasion of Italy and to obtain a negotiated Italian retreat from the war assuming a mediation of the Holy See and making strong the support that he enjoyed with influential Italian political circles. During the immediate post-war years the Olivetti empire expanded rapidly, only to be briefly on the verge of bankruptcy after the acquisition of Underwood Typewriter Company in the late 1950s.During this period, first calculators and then computers replaced the typewriter as a prime production focus. <mask> shared his time between business pursuits and attempts to practice and spread the utopian ideal of community life. His belief was that people who respect each other and their environment can avoid war and poverty. His utopian idea was similar to that preached by Charles Fourier and Robert Owen during the previous century. Death
On the 27th of February 1960, <mask> <mask> took a train from Arona, in the north of Italy, towards Lausanne (Switzerland). A few kilometres after the border between the two countries, he had a neuronal bleeding that led him to dead. An autopsy hasn’t been delivered, leaving various hypothesis opened, including the one that sees the participation of some US based lobbies in Olivetti’s death.After the declassification of documents elaborated by the CIA, has been find out that the Italian entrepreneur has been object of investigations from the Agency for several years. In his enterprises, <mask> <mask>'s attempts at utopia may be translated in practice as actions of an enlightened boss or a form of corporatism. He decreased the hours of work and increased salaries and fringe benefits. By 1957 Olivetti workers were the best paid of all in the metallurgical industry and Olivetti workers showed the highest productivity. His corporatism also succeeded in having his workers accept a company union not tied to the powerful national metallurgical trade unions. During the 1950s, in a limited way, the community movement succeeded politically in Ivrea. (<mask> was even elected mayor of Ivrea in 1956.)But the utopia at the factory and in Italy at large began withering away even before <mask>'s death in 1960. <mask> <mask>'s era saw great changes in Italian business and in industrial relations. New organizational methods were sought and humanistic idealism spread during the cruel time of World War II as well as during the difficult post-war years. The utopia of Olivetti could not have easily survived, but it helped induce the rapid reconversion of Italy's industry from war to peacetime production. Further reading

References

External links

Adriano Olivetti Foundation
<mask> <mask> biography
<mask> <mask> short biography on "History Computer" by IEEE
 a film by Emanuele Piccardo on <mask> <mask>

1901 births
1960 deaths
People from Ivrea
Italian Waldensians
20th-century Italian businesspeople
Olivetti people
Italian chemical engineers
L'Espresso founders
Italian magazine founders
Deputies of Legislature III of Italy
Polytechnic University of Turin alumni

masks:
Adriano Olivetti
Camillo Olivetti
Adriano Olivetti
Olivetti
Adriano
Adriano
Adriano
Adriano
Olivetti
Adriano
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Adriano
Olivetti
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<mask> (born 14 September 1959) is a Norwegian vocalist and musician, best known as the lead singer of the synthpop/rock band A-ha. A-ha has released 10 studio albums to date, and topped the charts internationally after their breakthrough hit "Take On Me" in 1985. Harket has also released six solo albums. Before joining a-ha in 1982, <mask> had appeared on the Oslo club scene as the singer for blues outfit Souldier Blue. <mask> was named a Knight First Class of the Order of St. Olav by King Harald for his services to Norwegian music and his international success. Early life
The son of Reidar, a chief physician at a hospital, and Henny, an economics teacher and brother to Gunvald, Håkon, Ingunn and Kjetil, <mask> grew up in Asker in southern Norway. His early musical influences included Uriah Heep, Jimi Hendrix, Queen, Johnny Cash, Simon and Garfunkel, David Bowie, and James Brown.<mask>'s father had contemplated becoming a classical pianist; <mask>, guitarist Paul Waaktaar-Savoy (Pål Waaktaar until his marriage in 1994), and keyboardist Magne Furuholmen, formed on 14 September 1982, and left Norway for London to make a career in the music business. They chose the studio of musician, producer, and soon-to-be-manager John Ratcliff, because it had a Space Invaders machine. Ratcliff introduced the band to his manager, Terry Slater, and, after a few meetings, a-ha had two managers. Slater and Ratcliff together formed T.J. Management. Ratcliff dealt with all the technical and musical aspects; Slater was the international business manager and liaison to Warner Brothers' head office.The band says the name a-ha comes from a title Paul contemplated giving to a song; he was dithering between the titles "a-ha" and "a-hem". <mask> was looking through Paul's notebook, and came across the name, which he liked, and immediately decided that it was the right name. In 1984, A-ha released their first single, "Take On Me", which became a hit only on the third attempt in 1985, after it had been re-recorded and accompanied by a music video directed by Steve Barron. The single's international success helped a-ha's debut album Hunting High and Low to sell over 10 million copies worldwide. Their second studio album was Scoundrel Days, followed by Stay on These Roads and East of the Sun, West of the Moon. The band then issued the commercially disappointing Memorial Beach, after which the band went on hiatus. <mask> re-joined his colleagues in a-ha in 1998 to perform at the Nobel Peace Prize concert.Since 1998, a-ha has released four studio albums and several compilations. Their eighth studio album Analogue was released in 2005, and became a big hit worldwide, achieving Platinum certification in the UK. The band's last studio album before their split, Foot of the Mountain, was released in the spring of 2009. Harket held a note for 20.2 seconds in A-ha's 2000 song "Summer Moved On", believed to be the longest note in UK chart history. The note held exceeds the chest voice note in Bill Withers' famous song Lovely Day by 2.2 seconds. In October 2009, A-ha announced that they would disband after a farewell tour in 2010. Tickets for A-ha's final concert at the Oslo Spektrum on 4 December 2010 sold out within 2 hours.On 27 September 2015, a-ha reunited for a huge crowd assembled at Rock in Rio 2015 festival in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which led to a reunion tour and the Cast in Steel album. In June 2017 the band performed for MTV Unplugged in their homeland. The performance was released as a live album that September, and the acoustic version of "Take On Me" was made part of the soundtrack of the Hollywood movie Deadpool 2. As a band member

Paul Waaktaar-Savoy describes <mask> as being "totally different from me." He recalls the band's first visit to London together, during which <mask> burned all his clothes and re-fashioned his wardrobe. "He has given me self-confidence, encourages me to talk to people, not to be afraid and to use the abilities I have. <mask> is actually the only one in Norway who had as much ambition as I did.I guess we both have big egos. In a way, we're each sitting in our own little world, while Mags is more down to earth. Mags often has to mediate between <mask> and me... It's good that we're so different and still respect each other. The tension between us is creative." Magne Furuholmen describes <mask> as "together". Furuholmen says <mask> "believes strongly in everything he does.This goes for the band too, and it rubs off on us. He has the courage of his own convictions and cannot be shaken. He's an expert at always getting the last word, whether he's right or not. <mask> is very loyal and he's fair when it comes to giving people a chance, letting them show who they are and what they're worth before judging them." Order of St. Olav
The three members of A-ha, <mask> <mask>, Magne Furuholmen and Paul Waaktaar-Savoy, were appointed Knights of the First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav for their contribution to Norwegian music. The Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav is granted as a reward for distinguished services to the country and humankind. The official ceremony took place on 6 November 2012.Outside a-ha

Before <mask> joined Pål and Magne, he was the lead singer of a soul band called "Souldier Blue". In 1993, Harket performed a cover of "Can't Take My Eyes Off You" by Crewe/Gaudio on the Coneheads movie soundtrack in 1993. After A-ha went on a hiatus in 1994, Harket pursued a solo career, and has so far released six studio albums. <mask> has collaborated in live performances and in studio recordings with several artists, among them Pakistani rock band Junoon, on the songs "Piya" and "Pyar Hai Zindagi"; and Hayley Westenra, on "Children First". He has also performed and worked with many other Scandinavian artists, such as Bjørn Eidsvåg, Silje Nergaard, Oslo Gospel Choir, Espen Lind, Elizabeth Norberg-Schulz and Carola Häggkvist. On a-ha recordings, <mask> has sung with Graham Nash, Lissie, Alison Moyet, Ian McCulloch, Ingrid Helene Håvik and Anneli Drecker. Harket released another solo album, Letter from Egypt, on 28 May 2008 via Universal Records Germany.In 2009 <mask> created and performed the main theme of A Name is a Name, a film about Macedonia by Sigurjon Einarsson. In April 2012 <mask> released his new solo album, Out of My Hands, in both Norway and Germany, and on 14 May in the UK.. In April 2014, <mask> released his sixth album, titled "Brother". He also composed a song with his cousin's son, Blade Whitehead, for an annual music night. Other appearances
In addition to numerous A-ha and solo concerts, <mask> has also performed on various other shows and concerts both as a solo artist and with a-ha. Some notable ones:

 <mask> and Klaus Meine of the German band Scorpions performed a duet version of the Scorpions' hit song Wind of Change at a Scorpions concert in Athens, Greece, on 11 September 2013 for an MTV Unplugged album. Christina Aguilera and Pitbull performed the song "Feel This Moment", which contains sampling of a-ha's "Take On Me", live at the MGM Grand during the 2013 Billboard Music Awards with a surprise appearance from <mask> <mask>.UNICEF Benefit Concert (2005) – Sang the official UNICEF song "Children First" at the H.C. Andersen jubilee in Copenhagen, Denmark, 2005. The song is a duet and was sung with Hayley Westenra. He provided vocals to the Jan Bang single "Merciful Waters" which appears on the group's debut 1989 album Frozen Feelings. In January 2021, <mask> appeared on the second series of the British version of The Masked Singer, masked as the Viking. He became the first contestant on the franchise to perform their own song, when he sang "Take on Me" in episode five. He finished in seventh place. Vocal range and style
<mask> <mask> is known for his vocal range, which some sources have claimed spans five octaves, although <mask> himself said in 2009, "I've never counted, quite honestly".His voice is capable of "the greatest falsetto in the history of pop music EVER...", according to [[New Musical Express|NME'''s]] Sylvia Patterson, and of an "unyielding groan" as described in Entertainment Weekly. Sound engineer Gerry Kitchingham, who worked with a-ha on "Take On Me", described Harket as "an excellent singer" with "this incredibly strong falsetto and almost choir-boyish clarity". Personal life

<mask> has three children with his ex-wife Camilla Malmquist <mask>, to whom he was married between 11 February 1989 and 1998: Jakob Oscar Martinus Malmquist <mask> (b. 14 May 1989), Jonathan Henning Adler Malmquist <mask> (b. 30 December 1990), and Anna Katharina Tomine Malmquist <mask> (b. 14 April 1993; she uses Tomine as her first name). Harket also has a daughter, Henny (born 2 February 2003), with then-girlfriend Anne Mette Undlien.Harket has another daughter, Karmen Poppy (born 7 September 2008), with Inez Andersson. Tomine sings in Alan Walker's song "Darkside". Discography

Albums

Singles

Filmography
1988 Kamilla og tyven (en. Kamilla and the Thief) as Christoffer
1989 Kamilla og tyven II as Christoffer
1996 Eurovision Song Contest - Co-Host
2009 Yohan: The Child Wanderer as Yussuf
2010 The Armstrong & Miller Show – cameo as himself. 2021 The Masked Singer'' – as "Viking”

Awards

See also
 List of Eurovision Song Contest presenters

References

External links

Fan site
<mask>'s official Myspace
Site from Universal Germany
A-ha's official site
English/French site dedicated to <mask> Harket

1959 births
Living people
A-ha members
Norwegian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Norwegian male singers
Norwegian pop singers
Musicians from Kongsberg
Musicians from Asker
Norwegian multi-instrumentalists
English-language singers from Norway
Spellemannprisen winners
Norwegian new wave musicians
Synth-pop new wave musicians
Male new wave singers

masks:
Morten Harket
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Morten
Morten
Mortenrket
Morten
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Morten
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Jeremy "<mask>" <mask> (born 26 February 1960) is an English singer, musician, songwriter and record producer. He came to prominence in the early 1980s as the lead vocalist and keyboardist of post-punk group Killing Joke. <mask> was known for his unique raspy voice and intense stage presence (occasionally appearing wearing face makeup). Bill Janovitz, writer for the website Allmusic, described <mask>'s stage presence and voice as "almost always full-on in his approach, with a terrifying growl of a voice that is similar to that of Tears for fears's Curt Smith". In the first part of their career, <mask> also played synth while singing, adding electronic atonal sounds to create a disturbing atmosphere to their music. In addition, <mask> has composed orchestral and soundtrack pieces. Killing Joke have influenced numerous bands such as Nirvana, Foo Fighters, Jane's Addiction, My Bloody Valentine, Faith No More, Nine Inch Nails, Tool, Godflesh, Soundgarden, Metallica and Marilyn Manson.James Hetfield picked <mask> as one of his favourite singers. In November 2010, the band received the "Innovator Award" at the 2010 Classic Rock Roll of Honour; the award was presented to Killing Joke by admirer and friend Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin, who stated, "I go back a long way with <mask> <mask> and the band. I used to go and see the band, and it was a band that really impressed me." Early life
<mask> was born in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England, to Ronald A. and Gloria H. (née Pandy) <mask>: an English father and an Anglo-Indian mother of half-Bengali descent, both of whom were school teachers. He studied piano and violin under Eric Coleridge, head of music for Cheltenham College, until the age of 17, and was a member of several cathedral choirs in England. He later moved to and became a citizen of New Zealand. <mask> studied in Leipzig, East Germany, in 1978, and Cairo Conservatoire in 1979, completing an extensive study of Arabic quarter tones at the latter institution.According to his own account, <mask> also studied international banking for three years in Switzerland and is an ordained priest with a church in New Zealand. Music

Killing Joke

In 1978, <mask> founded Killing Joke with drummer Paul Ferguson in Notting Hill, England. The pair then recruited guitarist Geordie Walker and bassist Martin Glover (aka Youth). The group released their first single in October 1979 and their first eponymous album was released in 1980. <mask> told biographer Jyrki "Spider" Hämäläinen that forming the band felt "it was the destiny". <mask> contributed lead vocals and keyboards to the band's songs, which are categorised as post-punk, and the music later inspired the industrial rock and metal genres. Solo composition and recordings

<mask> once quit Killing Joke temporarily following a gig in 1982; the day after, he travelled to Iceland and announced his intention to become a classical composer.Ten years of studying and ongoing Killing Joke involvement later, he commenced conducting and worked with some of the world's leading orchestras. Conductor Klaus Tennstedt described him as a "new Mahler". In 1990, in collaboration with Anne Dudley, <mask> released his first purely instrumental album entitled Songs from the Victorious City, which is formally classified as "World Music", but is primarily composed of a mixture of middle eastern folk themes mixed with western pop-oriented themes. In 1995, <mask> released his first of three albums of symphonic rock music: Us and Them: Symphonic Pink Floyd, which peaked at number one in the Billboard Magazine Top Classical Crossover Albums chart, and Kashmir: Symphonic Led Zeppelin were both written and produced by <mask> with Peter Scholes conducting the London Philharmonic Orchestra. In June 2007, <mask> collaborated with over 150 youth musicians in the Contemporary Youth Orchestra, based in Cleveland, Ohio, to perform the entirety of Kashmir: Symphonic Led Zeppelin along with additional orchestrations of Led Zeppelin's music. In 1999, he produced and arranged an album of Doors material for orchestra, performed by classical musicians including Nigel Kennedy and the Prague Symphony Orchestra, called Riders on the Storm: The Doors Concerto (CD released in 2000). He has worked with the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, who have issued a CD of his Symphony No.1 "Idavoll" with the Auckland Philharmonia Orchestra, and as composer-in-residence to the Prague Symphony Orchestra. In 1996, he released Pacifica: Ambient Sketches, recorded with the New Zealand String Quartet. In 1999, <mask> and Maori singer Hinewehi Mohi formed Oceania (with Hirini Melbourne and many others) which recorded the album Oceania. The record went double platinum in New Zealand. The song "Pukaea" appeared in the film Year of the Devil (2002). Oceania II appeared in 2002. In 2001, <mask> was commissioned by the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden London for his first large scale opera entitled The Marriage at Cana.Also commissioned by the Royal Opera House was <mask>'s Unwanted, a concerto grosso for violin, viola and string orchestra whose theme portrays the plight of the Romany people of central Europe. This work was in collaboration with Czech photographer Jana Tržilová, whose portraits of the Roma taken within her own country moved the composer with their deep compassion and humanity. On 22 March 2003, <mask> was commissioned by the Institute for Complex Adaptive Matter (ICAM) to compose a three-part concerto Music of the Quantum, expressing the ideas of the quantum and emergence in musical form, which he co-produced with his elder brother, Piers <mask> (born 13 February 1958), who is a condensed matter physicist at Rutgers University. On 22 March, Sir Laurence Gardner's book Secrets of the Lost Ark, which expounds on anti-gravity and prehistory, was published. <mask> and Gardner publicly exchanged their work (book and scores) at the Occulture Lectures in Brighton on 20 July 2003, a gesture appropriate to <mask>'s interest in themes of renaissance, collaboration, and working in parallels. Also in 2003, <mask> completed a second work with Nigel Kennedy and the Kroke Trio in the role of friend and producer of their album, East Meets East, released through EMI Classics. In 2004 and 2005, <mask> arranged the Sarah Brightman album Harem and wrote a further 12 Arias to be recorded with her.He also continues with his work as composer in residence of the Prague Symphony Orchestra. In early 2006 Joseph McManners performed <mask>'s Daughter of England at the Royal Albert Hall with the Royal Philharmonic to standing ovation. In 2009, <mask> recorded the Nirvana Suite with the Czech National Symphony Orchestra, and played summer festivals across Europe with Killing Joke. <mask> travelled from Japan to South India with former bandmate Paul Raven's ashes and participated in Pradakshina. In December, <mask>'s Us and Them: Symphonic Pink Floyd was performed at the Berlin Konzerthaus for the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Wall. In 2010, <mask> completed his Magna Suscitatio for solo violin, chorus and full orchestra, which illustrates the process of transformation and illumination of the human condition "from our current barbaric state". <mask> also began work with the Prague Chamber Orchestra and was in discussion about a series of concerts.<mask>'s second symphony, recorded by the Auckland Philharmonic Orchestra, was due for release with the Nirvana Suite. In 2014, <mask> began the year by conducting the NSO Symphony Orchestra (UAE) for the opening ceremony of the Dubai World Cup, which was broadcast to 160 countries. Later that year, <mask> recorded with the Moscow State Film Orchestra and performed his Zep Symphony some 30 kilometres outside St Petersburg at Gatchina Palace for the White Night gala with the Minsk Philharmonic. One month later, <mask> recorded The Nirvana Dialogues with the St Petersburg State Symphony Orchestra for Universal records. Due to the success of this recording, <mask> has entered into a two-year contract as composer-in-residence with the St Petersburg State Symphony Orchestra. Also in 2014, Us and Them: Symphonic Pink Floyd was performed by the Melbourne Ballet Orchestra on 22 October and 1 November. 2015 saw the release of Tambours du Bronx's album Corros, featuring a collaboration with <mask> on the track "Human Smile".On 28 February 2016, <mask> gave a spoken word performance in Auckland, titled Going Over to the Dark Side', A light hearted look at the state of world affairs by the Dark Lord". Later in the year, his Doors Concerto was performed at the White Nights Festival in Saint Petersburg, Russia. 2016 also saw the release of the Levee Walkers, a collaboration between <mask>, Duff McKagan and Pearl Jam guitarist Mike McCready. McKagan stipulated who and what a Levee Walker is: "To become a Levee Walker you must have at least 25 years of musical experience, survived battles with the forces of darkness, and perhaps even kissed death on the cheek. More importantly, there must exist a deep reverence for the music of your comrades, and the commitment they made to this hardest of paths." In September 2016, <mask> was invited by the Etrange festival in Paris for a "carte blanche" programme of six films and a spoken word performance. Films and soundtracks
In 2002, <mask> starred (as himself) in a Czech film by Petr Zelenka Rok ďábla (Year of the Devil).The film was awarded the Crystal Globe at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival. He also co-produced a documentary-style music film with Filmmaker Shaun Pettigrew called "The Death And Resurrection Show", named after a song on Killing Joke's 2003 album. The film was premiered at the British Film Institute on 19 February 2015. Production
Together with Martin Williams and Malcolm Welsford, <mask> founded the York Street Studio in New Zealand. The studio was closed after <mask> produced the ninth album of New Zealand band Shihad, FVEY, which was released in the second half of 2014. <mask> produced Shihad's debut album, Churn—also recorded at York Street—but a disagreement with the band occurred after the release of the album. Following a 15-year period in which <mask> and Shihad did not communicate, <mask> made amends with the band members at a London, UK awards ceremony.Shihad's lead singer and guitarist Jon Toogood explained in June 2014:

We'd had a falling out, I just didn't have time for him [<mask>] ... I was like, "Fuck that guy". But he was softer—he doesn't drink alcohol anymore. He's still gnarly and idealistic and brutal but minus the alcohol that makes him this focused machine. It was just the perfect meeting of what we wanted to do and having the right guy to do it with. Prior to the recording of FVEY, <mask> informed the band, "I'm going to work you until you've made a great record" and, after the completion of a two-month recording period, Toogood referred to the band's time with <mask> as a "bootcamp"; however, Toogood further explained that the band "needed someone to crack the whip" and he felt "purged" afterward. Books
In 2006, <mask> wrote a book about permaculture, free energy, freedom and freedom-loving individuals.Titled Letters from Cythera, it was released in early 2014 and was described by <mask> as an overview of "how the occult sciences have shaped my philosophical outlook expounding on my preferred system for a personalized renaissance (the supersynthesis)"—<mask> stated that the book was written between 2007 and 2008. When asked to expound upon his "supersynthesis" concept, <mask> explained:

[Supersynthesis is] the idea that we can stretch ourselves in 12 different directions all at once, and I put myself out as a guinea-pig and put myself through the paces and I’m in the process of sharing my results with people, to show how far I got. The thing about the super-synthesis is you choose one opus magnum, a huge work to do, then you chose 12 other non related projects that you’re meant to take to mastery and so I’ve finished pretty much everything and now is the execution of all of these – some of which I’ve done …

In the wake of the book's publishing, <mask> did a spoken word performance at London's St Pancras Old Church on 17 June 2015. Awards and accolades
In 2001, <mask> recorded the multi-platinum album Proměny with Czech band Čechomor, which won three Anděl (Angel) awards. <mask> was made Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres by the French Minister of Culture for his contribution to contemporary music, and was decorated by the French government on 27 September 2010, while Killing Joke were in concert at the Bataclan theatre in Paris. On 24th November 2021, <mask>’s contribution to both contemporary and classical music was recognised by the University of Gloucestershire by awarding him an Honorary Doctorate of Music. Personal life
<mask> is a supporter of the concept of environmental sustainability and has invested in the creation of two ecovillages in the South Pacific and in Chile.<mask> does not support any particular political party and is politically non-partisan. He has three daughters. The eldest lives in Switzerland and the two younger ones live in New Zealand. When asked about his perspective on the United States in a May 2013 interview, <mask> explained:

It's different from 30 years ago. There's no rebellion left. Everyone is just a passive zombie. Food supply has something to do with it – it's dumbed down everyone to obese, lethargic corpses ... People are worn down ...It's a fragmented society. People have access now to amazing amounts of information, but their attention spans are getting shorter, their focus is gone. Instant gratification. Instant knowledge orgasm! I think that a lot of the great thinkers couldn't achieve what they did through a computer. References

Further reading

External links

 AudioCulture NZ profile
 <mask> <mask>: Life on the Wild Side. Interview with NZ Herald.21 April 2012. 1960 births
Living people
TVT Records artists
Gothic rock musicians
People from Cheltenham
English people of Bengali descent
Music in Gloucestershire
New Zealand musicians
Killing Joke members
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
English industrial musicians
English composers
English heavy metal singers
British post-punk musicians
English keyboardists
English heavy metal keyboardists
Musicians from Gloucestershire
Symphonic rock musicians
Industrial metal musicians

masks: Jaz Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Jaz Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Coleman Jaz Coleman


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<mask> (née Duchess of Oldenburg; 27 May 1971) is a German politician who has been Deputy Leader of the Alternative for Germany since July 2015 and Member of the Bundestag since September 2017. She previously was Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Germany. She belongs ancestrally to the royal House of Oldenburg which reigned over the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg until 1918. Family background
In accordance with the traditions of the House of Oldenburg, her dynastic style from birth was Her Highness Duchess <mask> of Oldenburg. She is the elder daughter of Duke Huno of Oldenburg and Countess Felicitas-Anita "Fenita" <mask>k. Her father is a younger son of Nikolaus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Oldenburg (1897–1970), erstwhile head of the former ruling family of Oldenburg that lost its throne in 1918. She belongs to the same male-line as the royal houses of Denmark and Norway, the deposed royal house of Greece and imperial Russia, and Charles, Prince of Wales, heir to the thrones of the Commonwealth realms, to which last crown she is also distantly in line in accordance with the Act of Settlement 1701.Her maternal grandfather was Lutz Graf Schwerin <mask>, who served as finance minister since 1932 in the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich in Germany. After the death of Adolf Hitler and Joseph Goebbels he additionally served as the Leading Minister and foreign minister of the short-lived Flensburg Government of Karl Dönitz – and as the so de facto last head of government of the Third Reich announced on May 7, 1945, via radio Reichssender Flensburg the unconditional surrender of the German Wehrmacht, thus ending the war in Europe. Her cousin, Eilika of Oldenburg, is married to <mask> Habsburg, a son of Otto, the last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary. Personal life
In 2010 she married nobleman <mask> <mask> (born 1970). He is the son of businessman Berndt Detlev <mask> (1930–2004) and Antje Krüger. Education and early career
<mask> was a banker before she studied law in Heidelberg and Lausanne. She worked as a lawyer in Berlin when she began her political career.She has also been a member of the Friedrich A. von Hayek Society. Political career
Together with her husband, she founded several conservative associations. On several occasions, the tax authorities have investigated the couple, accused in particular of having misappropriated donations intended for their associations. <mask> was a co-founder of the Göttinger Kreis - Students for the Rule of Law Association - an organization which sought to campaign for reparation for the expulsions and nationalization of land in the Soviet occupied zones of Germany and the former East Germany. The organization calls for appropriated land to be returned to their original owners. The association organized various events with Mikhail Gorbachev, among others. <mask> was a member of the Free Democratic Party and in 2013, became a founding member of Election Alternative 13 set up by Bernd Lucke as the precursor to Alternative for Germany.In 2014, <mask> <mask> was elected a Member of European Parliament representing Alternative for Germany. Initially a member of the European Conservatives and Reformists group, she left the group in April 2016, forestalling her imminent expulsion, and immediately joined the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy (EFDD) group. In the 2017 German federal election, she was elected to the Bundestag and presently serves as deputy chairwoman of the AfD's parliamentary faction. Following her election to the Bundenstag, she resigned her seat in the European parliament and was replaced by Jörg Meuthen. <mask> has been described as a social conservative. She has expressed opposition to same-sex marriage and abortion. She has accused school gay youth networks of using "forced sexualization" on their students.<mask> also supported the United Kingdom's vote for Brexit and is a friend of British eurosceptic politician Nigel Farage. In parliament, she regularly shows her support for Israel which she regards as an ally in the fight against Islamism and in 2017 created the pro-Israel "Friends of Judea-Samaria" group in the European Parliament. Asked in 2016 about the ideological proximity between the AfD and the Front national, she believes that on economic issues, Marine Le Pen is too far to the left, stating that she does not agree with Le Pen's ideas on protectionism and state interventionism. Controversies

Legal battle with the Berliner Schaubühne
In November 2015, a leading Berlin theatre, the Schaubühne, was brought into legal conflict with <mask> <mask> over a play, Falk Richter's FEAR, that parodied AfD leaders as zombies and mass murderers. <mask> <mask> is depicted facing retribution for her grandfather's role as a minister in Hitler's government. AfD Spokesperson Christian Lüth responded by interrupting a performance and filming it. <mask> <mask> and the conservative activist Hedwig <mask>e then requested and obtained a preliminary injunction against the theatre, prohibiting it from using images of them in the production.They charged that the use of the images violated their human dignity protected under the Constitution. On 15 December 2015, the court ruled against the complainants in favour of the theatre's freedom of expression and lifted the injunctions against using the images. The judges commented that 'any audience member can recognize that this is just a play'. Remarks about use of deadly force against refugees
In late February 2016, <mask> was "pied" by members of the German left-wing group Peng Collective at a party meeting in Kassel. The activists, dressed as clowns, protested against her assertion that German border control personnel had the right to shoot at incoming illegal immigrants. A YouTube video of the assault gained wide attention in social media. "Rapist hordes" tweet
<mask>'s Twitter account was blocked for twelve hours after she posted a criticism of the Cologne Police Department for publishing a New Years greeting in Arabic as well as in German, French and English.She had written: "What the hell is wrong with this country? Why is the official page of the police in NRW tweeting in Arabic? Are they seeking to appease the barbaric, Muslim, rapist hordes of men?" Cologne was the location of multiple sexual assaults and robbery on New Year's Eve, December 2015 (see New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany). Other prominent members of the AfD quickly sprang to <mask>'s defense, including Alice Weidel. Ancestry

See also

 2014 European Parliament election in Germany
 Counts, dukes and grand dukes of Oldenburg
 List of people who have been pied

References

External links

1971 births
Living people
Politicians from Lübeck
Duchesses of Oldenburg
Free Democratic Party (Germany) politicians
Alternative for Germany politicians
Members of the Bundestag for Berlin
Members of the Bundestag 2021–2025
Members of the Bundestag 2017–2021
Alternative for Germany MEPs
MEPs for Germany 2014–2019
21st-century women MEPs for Germany
Jurists from Schleswig-Holstein
Female members of the Bundestag
Members of the Bundestag for the Alternative for Germany
Women opposition leaders

masks: Beatrix Amelie Ehrengard Eilika von Storch


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<mask>, 1st Baron <mask>,  (8 March 1878 – 19 December 1960) was a British military commander and Conservative Member of Parliament. Jeffreys attended Eton and Sandhurst before being commissioned into the Grenadier Guards. He saw action in Africa and in the Second Boer War as a young officer, and went to France with his battalion at the start of the First World War. He served on the Western Front throughout the war, rising to command the 2nd Grenadier Guards, then a series of infantry brigades, before being promoted to command the 19th (Western) Division from September 1917 until the end of the war. Following the armistice, he commanded a division in the forces occupying Germany, and then held various commands until he retired from the army in 1938. From 1925 onwards he served as a magistrate and county councillor in Hampshire, and after retirement increased his involvement with local administration. He chaired a series of local bodies, and in 1941 was elected to the House of Commons for the constituency of Petersfield.He retired from Parliament at the 1951 election, and was created a peer the following year, as Baron <mask>. He continued to sit in the House of Lords until his death in 1960. Early life and family
<mask> <mask> was born on 8 March 1878. His father, Arthur Frederick <mask>, was a rural landowner, with an estate at Burkham, near Alton, Hampshire; he was later elected to Parliament, as a Conservative, and held the seat for almost thirty years. He married Amy Fenwick in 1877; they had four children, <mask> and his three younger sisters. Jeffreys was educated at Eton College before entering the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He passed out of Sandhurst in 1897, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Grenadier Guards on 3 May 1897.In 1905, he married Dorothy, Viscountess Cantelupe. She was the widow of Lionel Sackville, Viscount Cantelupe, the eldest son of the Earl De La Warr, an officer in the Royal West Kent Regiment, who had died a few months after their marriage in 1890. The two had one son, Christopher, a captain in the Grenadier Guards, who died in the Battle of France in 1940. Military career
With his regiment, Jeffreys took part in the Sudan expedition of 1898, and saw action at the Battle of Omdurman. He was promoted to lieutenant later that year, on 28 November 1898, and later served two stints in the Second Boer War, in 1900–1901, and again from April 1902. Following the end of the war two months later, he returned with most of the men of the guards regiments on board the SS Lake Michigan, which arrived in Southampton in October 1902. He remained on regimental service, promoted to captain in October 1903 and major in October 1910, until he was promoted to command the Guards Depot in June 1911.On the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, <mask> rejoined his regiment, and went overseas with the British Expeditionary Force. He saw service at the Battle of Mons with the 2nd Battalion, and was promoted to command it in June 1915, with the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel. He remained with the battalion until January 1916, when he was promoted to command the 58th Infantry Brigade in the 19th (Western) Division, with the temporary rank of brigadier general. He relinquished command of the brigade on 3 May, but was re-appointed to command the 57th Infantry Brigade, in the same division, on 21 July, in the middle of the Battle of the Somme. On 30 December he again was transferred to command the 1st Guards Brigade, holding command through most of 1917 until he returned to the 19th Division as its new commander in September, with a corresponding promotion to temporary major general. He commanded the division until the end of the war, during which time it fought at the Third Battle of Ypres, in the German spring offensive, and during the final Hundred Days Offensive. During the war, Jeffreys was severely wounded, mentioned in despatches nine times, and appointed a Companion of St. Michael and St. George (in 1916) and a Companion of the Bath (in 1918).He was also awarded a series of foreign decorations; the Order of St Stanislaus (2nd Class) from Russia; a Commander of the Order of the Crown, Grand Officer Order of Leopold, and Croix de Guerre from the Belgian government; a Commander of the Legion of Honour and Croix de Guerre from the French; a Knight of the Norwegian Order of St. Olav; the Japanese Order of the Rising Sun (2nd Class); and a Grand Cross of the Romanian Order of the Crown. After the armistice in November 1918, the division received orders to demobilise in December, and in February 1919 <mask> was transferred to 30th Division. The 30th Division was assigned to the rear area ports, and was correspondingly later to demobilise. He was then transferred to command the Light Division in the British Army of the Rhine, the occupation forces in Germany, and in 1920 returned to England as Major-General commanding the Brigade of Guards and General Officer Commanding London District. He relinquished command of London District in 1924, and spent two years on half pay until appointed to the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division in the Territorial Army in 1926. He was promoted to lieutenant general in 1930, and again placed on half-pay, but was appointed to the Southern Command in India in 1932. This was his final active role and he held it until 1936, having been promoted to full general in 1935.From 1936 to 1938 he held the ceremonial position of ADC to the King, and finally retired from the Army in 1938. In retirement, he was the honorary colonel of 48th Searchlight Regiment, Royal Artillery (later 583rd (Hampshire) Heavy AA Regiment) from 1938 to 1948, the Colonel of the Royal Hampshire Regiment from 1945 to 1948, and of the Grenadier Guards from 1952 to his death. Political career
<mask>' political career began in 1926, when he was elected as a councillor to Hampshire County Council. He left the council in 1932, during his posting to India, but was re-elected following his return in 1937; in 1941, he was appointed as an alderman. From 1938 he was appointed chair of the Hampshire Territorial Army Association and the County Civil Defence Committee, and in 1940, on the formation of the Home Guard, became its County Organizer. He also worked as a magistrate, becoming Chair of the Basingstoke County Bench in 1925, and continuing to sit until 1952, with the exception of a four-year gap during his Indian posting. In a 1941 wartime by-election, he was elected as a Conservative to the House of Commons for Petersfield in Hampshire; he held the seat until his retirement in 1951.The following year he was raised to the peerage as <mask>, of Burkham in the County of Southampton. In December 1960, he died aged 82, and was succeeded in the barony by his grandson Mark, his son Christopher having been killed in action in May 1940. Arms

Notes

References
"JEFFREYS, 1st Baron". (2007). In Who Was Who. Online edition

External links

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1878 births
1960 deaths
People educated at Eton College
Jeffreys, <mask> Party (UK) hereditary peers
Barons in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
British Army personnel of the Mahdist War
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
British Army generals of World War I
Jeffreys, <mask>, <mask>, <mask> from Petersfield
Grenadier Guards officers
Deputy Lieutenants of Hampshire
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
Members of Hampshire County Council
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Peers created by Elizabeth II

masks:
George Darell Jeffreys
Jeffreys
Jeffreys
George Darrell
Jeffreys
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George
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Baron Jeffreys
George Conservative
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<mask> (25 December 1903 – 22 August 1965) was a British co-operator and Labour Co-operative politician. The Labour Party campaign centre and headquarters building in Northumberland Heath is named "Norman Dodds House" in honour of the former MP. He was Member of Parliament from 1945 until his death in 1965, and is best remembered for having been Margaret Thatcher's successful opponent when she first stood for Parliament, in the 1950 and 1951 general elections. Early life
<mask> was born in Dunston-on-Tyne, near to Gateshead, the son of <mask>. He attended Dunston-on-Tyne Council School, an elementary school, as his only education. From 1918 he was employed by the Co-operative Wholesale Society in Newcastle upon Tyne, and in 1925 <mask> joined the Labour Party. He moved to London in 1929, where he was employed by the Co-operative Wholesale Society as manager of the London branch of the CWS publicity department.<mask> joined the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers and the National Co-operative Managers Association. His main occupation was organising trade exhibitions for the CWS around England. In 1931 <mask> married Eva Pratt, from Catford, who also became involved in the Co-operative movement. <mask> later became the second woman to join the CWS board. <mask> and <mask> had two sons together. During the Second World War, <mask> joined the Home Guard where he had commissioned rank and served in the East End of London during The Blitz. In 1942 he joined the Royal Air Force in which he served until 1945.In 1945 he became a Director of the People's Entertainment Society. Election to Parliament
As the war came to an end, the Government invited the Boundary Commission to divide the abnormally large constituencies; one of them was the Dartford division of Kent, which had a 1939 electorate of 134,935. The Commission recommended that two new boroughs, Bexley and Dartford be created out of the division. The sitting MP for Dartford was Jennie Adamson, who had won a by-election for Labour in 1938; she decided to fight in the new Bexley constituency. <mask>, who was living in Dartford, was selected as Labour candidate for the new Dartford borough constituency. When the election came he had a straight fight with the Conservative Party candidate, Captain Ralph Grubb, who had served on the staff of Field-Marshal Montgomery. <mask> had a well-funded campaign, outspending his opponent by £1,071 to £954, and won the seat with a majority of 19,714.Parliament
<mask> made his maiden speech on 26 October 1945, reporting on a recent visit he had made to occupied Berlin. He said that the children in Berlin were living in refugee camps and were starving, and urged the Government to provide more food for them. A year later, he was one of the three MPs to visit Greece as a delegation organised by the League for Democracy in Greece, a pressure group based in London. Apart from <mask>, the MPs Leslie Solley and Stanley Tiffany were also members of the delegation. The delegation received the invitation to Greece from General Othoneos, who was then the president of the Greek Union of Democratic Associations, to come as guests of his organisation. The Foreign Office did not sponsor the delegates' visas on the grounds that their visit was private and not official, but the Greek Embassy in London authorised the visas nonetheless. The delegates split up into pairs, with <mask> and the delegation's secretary Diana Pym going to Northern Greece, speaking at the 1946 May Day demonstration in Thessaloniki, and visiting the Women's Prison and surrounding villages.On their return, the delegates wrote a pamphlet called Tragedy in Greece relaying their experiences in the country and their worries about Greece's political future. Tragedy in Greece was circulated with over 40,000 copies sold in the years after it was published. Shortly after his return from Greece, <mask>' views on Greece were vigorously criticised in Parliament by Foreign Office Minister Hector McNeil; <mask>, complaining that he had not been able to speak in the debate and had not been told he was to be mentioned, later spoke in detail about his views on Greece in an adjournment debate on 29 October 1946. McNeil gave a partial apology but maintained his view of the delegation. While usually loyal to the Labour Party whip, <mask> broke it on two occasions during the Parliament. The first was in May 1946 when he joined 31 other Labour MPs in voting to delete a clause in the National Insurance Bill which limited unemployment benefit to 180 days; the second was in May 1947 when he supported an amendment to end National Service on 1 January 1951, along with 29 other Labour MPs. 1950 election
In February 1949, Dartford Conservative Association selected Margaret Roberts, then a 23-year-old research chemist at BX Plastics of Manningtree, as their candidate for the forthcoming general election.Dodds engaged in a prolonged exchange of letters through the columns of the Dartford Chronicle through the autumn of 1949 over the Government's Control of Engagement Order, which allowed the Government to specify jobs for the unemployed in which they were required to work. Dodds pointed to the relatively small number of people who were directed, and invited Roberts to a public meeting at which he would tell her what had happened on Tyneside and Wearside between the wars (she declined due to prior engagements). They also clashed on family allowances. At the end of November 1949, Dodds and Roberts met in a public debate in which he concluded by pointing to rising employment figures and suggesting that Roberts would soon join the Labour Party: "May I ask her a favour? When she wants to join, will she let me have the pleasure of enrolling her?" When the election was called for 23 February 1950, Dodds campaigned strongly, even using a helicopter to advertise, and played on his local standing, as he was President of Dartford Football Club. He again outspent his opponents, both Roberts and Liberal candidate Harry Giles, winning re-election with a reduced majority of 13,638.Afterwards, he paid tribute to the clean fight in the constituency. A few weeks later <mask> invited Roberts to lunch at the House of Commons. First question
Dodds had the distinction of submitting the first question in the new Parliament; he asked the Prime Minister to call a conference to find ways of outlawing the hydrogen bomb and atomic weapons. <mask> was appointed a member of the Central Advisory Committee to the Minister of Pensions, and in May 1951 was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Alfred Robens, the Minister of Labour. As the Government had a small majority, MPs were pressed to attend at all times; on 19 March 1951 <mask> attracted some attention when he came to Parliament with pyjamas, a pillow and a car rug, allowing him to catch some sleep during all-night sittings. 1951 election
Speaking at a summer fete in his constituency on 18 August 1951, <mask> disclosed that the Cabinet was split on the issue of whether to hold a general election that October or whether to wait until June 1952. He stated his prediction that the election would in fact be held on 25 October 1951.The fact that Ministers were divided about when to call an election was an open secret but <mask>' speech allowed it to be reported and his prediction was taken seriously. His prediction proved accurate. <mask> had a straight fight in Dartford against Margaret Roberts who was readopted as the Conservative Party candidate. She succeeded in reducing his majority by 1,304 to 12,334; in his victory speech <mask> congratulated Roberts on her engagement to Denis Thatcher and wished them good fortune. For her part Roberts said that she and Dodds had been good friends as political opponents. Writing in 1995, Margaret Thatcher described <mask> as "a genuine and extremely chivalrous socialist of the old school" whom she was lucky to have as an opponent. Some eight years later, Roberts, now Margaret Thatcher, joined him in the House of Commons as the member for Finchley in 1959.He was Member of Parliament for Dartford from 1945 to 1955, and then for Erith and Crayford from 1955 until his death in 1965, aged 61. References

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1903 births
1965 deaths
Labour Co-operative MPs for English constituencies
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
People from the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead

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<mask> (March 2, 1900 – May 27, 1954) was an American prison warden, film actor, and political candidate for Governor of Colorado. He is best remembered for his wardenship of the Colorado Territorial Correctional Facility (CTCF), an infamous prison in Cañon City, Colorado, and for playing himself in Canon City, a 1948 film noir crime film. Early life
<mask> was born on March 2, 1900 in Sheridan Lake, Colorado to parents Boon and <mask>. In a harbinger of young <mask>'s career path, Colorado Governor William H. Adams appointed <mask>'s father Boon as warden of the Colorado Territorial Correctional Facility. Adams would later appoint <mask> as warden of the same facility, making them the first father and son appointed warden by the same Governor. Wardenship
Governor Adams appointed <mask> as Colorado Territorial Correctional Facility Warden in 1932, when <mask> was coincidentally thirty-two years of age. This made <mask> the youngest warden in the history of the state and federal prison systems at that time.<mask> wasted no time earning his reputation as “the most notorious” warden in Colorado history. A strict disciplinarian, <mask> pioneered the use of painful and degrading punishments inside and outside prison walls. Among these was the “Old Gray Mare,” a wooden sawhorse on which inmates were bent-over, tied-down, and “flogged with a leather strap.” Although Warden <mask> used the “Mare” as a means of punishment and deterrence, the device would later play a central role in the controversy that led to his removal. Homosexual prisoners also were unspared. Early in <mask>'s tenure, male prisoners caught in amorous liaisons “were forced to wear dresses and push a wheelbarrow filled with rocks as their punishment.” A 1935 photograph documents the practice. But <mask> also pioneered modern rehabilitative penological practices. He opened ranches, workshops, gardens, and other facilities to keep inmates busy, provide them with skills to earn a living upon release, and reduce the prison's operating costs.<mask> also separated female prisoners from dangerous males, implemented a dental care program, and took young and developmentally-disabled inmates, like Joe Arridy, under his wing. <mask>'s defenders preferred to focus on these rehabilitative efforts. “Many were led to believe that [<mask>] was unduly harsh and inhumane,” wrote The Steamboat Pilot upon his death, “[b]ut for those who knew him…he was an efficient operator of an institution that was difficult to handle.”

Film career
A snowy, chaotic prison break was among the difficulties that confronted <mask> during his controversial tenure. On December 30, 1947, twelve inmates escaped <mask>'s prison in the thick of a snowstorm just before New Year's Eve. <mask> organized a search party, and successfully captured or killed all of the escapees, “with most of the survivors suffering some degree of frostbite.”

Hollywood wasted no time capitalizing on the dramatic events. Just months later, director Crane Wilbur, actors Scott Brady, Jeff Corey, and Whit Bissell, and a film crew arrived at <mask>'s prison gates to recreate the escape for the silver screen. The result was “Canon City,” a whirlwind film noir shot almost entirely on location and in the Royal Gorge area.True to form, Warden <mask> secured a central role in the film: playing himself. Throughout Wilbur's gritty drama, <mask> can be seen inspecting the prison, explaining his duties, and coordinating the search efforts – all while wearing his trademark Stetson, with his two Dobermans, Chris and Ike, by his side. The New York Times effusively praised <mask>'s acting skills, writing that his performance evoked “a naturalness few actors could stimulate.”

Political career
Even before the release of Canon City, <mask> was quick to capitalize on his newfound notoriety as warden of Colorado's state penitentiary. <mask> ran unopposed in the 1944 Democratic Primary for Governor of Colorado, earning over 34,000 votes. He proceeded to narrowly lose to Republican John Charles Vivian in the 1944 Colorado gubernatorial election. But <mask> was to have the last laugh, as the sting from his loss to this “staunch fiscal conservative” was lessened by the self-sustaining nature of <mask>'s prison operation. For as most state instrumentalities struggled under the so-called “spend nothing governor,” <mask>'s prison ranches, workshops, gardens, and other facilities helped the prison remain profitable.Controversy and death
Notwithstanding <mask>'s successes inside and outside prison walls, the “Old Gray Mare” eventually caught up with him – and proved to be his undoing. By the early 1950s, word of <mask>'s floggings had reached the public and spurred significant opprobrium. In response, Governor Daniel I. J. Thornton launched an investigation and called for <mask>'s removal. A federal indictment followed, and <mask> faced a trial for violating his prisoners’ constitutional rights, among other misdeeds. Although the jury ultimately acquitted <mask>, the attention spurred a separate civil service inquest, which found that <mask> mixed his personal financial affairs with those of the prison. The man who made his name doling out punishment thus faced a sanction of his own: a two-year suspension from his Wardenship of two decades. <mask> died from a heart attack on May 27, 1954, just three days short of the lifting of his suspension, and was buried at Lakeside Cemetery in Cañon City, just two miles from the prison.Legacy
Warden <mask>'s life remains controversial. Supporters remembered him as a “kindly man” who “took charge of the penitentiary when it was in a state of chaos.” “When prisoners were whipped,” they wrote, “he did not ask someone else to do it. He did the job himself.”

Others point to <mask>'s brutal floggings, humiliation of homosexuals, financial misdeeds, and relentless self-promotion as proof of the hypocrisy at the heart of the American penological model. Regardless, <mask> remains inextricably linked with the culture of prisons and jails in the United States. Gardens and employment training remain in place to encourage good behavior and prepare inmates for the outside world. The film Canon City remains a cult classic. And each year, thousands of visitors learn from <mask>'s complicated legacy at the Colorado Prison Museum and elsewhere.“Because of the many attacks against him,” read <mask>'s obituary, “many were led to believe he was unduly harsh and inhumane.” “But for those who knew him,” the obituary continued, “they had a far different opinion.”

References

1900 births
1954 deaths
American prison wardens
Colorado Democrats
20th-century American male actors

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Roy Best
Roy Phelix Best
Carrie Blakely Best
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<mask> "Lipa" <mask> (Latvian: <mask>; May 22, 1914 – October 29, 1993) was a Latvian-American mathematician, born in Riga, who created the theory of pseudoanalytic functions and worked on Riemann surfaces and Kleinian groups. He was also known for his work in human rights activism. Biography
<mask> was born in Riga, then under the rule of the Russian Czars, and spent several years as a child in Saint Petersburg; his family returned to Riga in approximately 1919, by which time it was part of independent Latvia. In Riga, his mother was the principal of a Jewish elementary school, and his father became the principal of a Jewish high school, both of which Bers attended, with an interlude in Berlin while his mother, by then separated from his father, attended the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute. After high school, <mask> studied at the University of Zurich for a year, but had to return to Riga again because of the difficulty of transferring money from Latvia in the international financial crisis of the time. He continued his studies at the University of Riga, where he became active in socialist politics, including giving political speeches and working for an underground newspaper. In the aftermath of the Latvian coup in 1934 by right-wing leader Kārlis Ulmanis, Bers was targeted for arrest but fled the country, first to Estonia and then to Czechoslovakia.<mask> received his Ph.D. in 1938 from the University of Prague. He had begun his studies in Prague with Rudolf Carnap, but when Carnap moved to the US he switched to Charles Loewner, who would eventually become his thesis advisor. In Prague, he lived with an aunt, and married his wife Mary (née Kagan) whom he had met in elementary school and who had followed him from Riga. Having applied for postdoctoral studies in Paris, he was given a visa to go to France soon after the Munich Agreement, in which Nazi Germany annexed Czechoslovakia. He and his wife Mary had a daughter in Paris. They were unable to obtain a visa there to emigrate to the US, as the Latvian quota had filled, so they escaped to the south of France ten days before the fall of Paris, and eventually obtained an emergency US visa in Marseilles, one of a group of 10,000 visas set aside for political refugees by Eleanor Roosevelt. The <mask> family rejoined <mask>' mother, who had by then moved to New York City and become a psychoanalyst, married to thespian Beno Tumarin.At this time, <mask> worked for the YIVO Yiddish research agency. <mask> spent World War II teaching mathematics as a research associate at Brown University, where he was joined by Loewner. After the war, <mask> found an assistant professorship at Syracuse University (1945–1951), before moving to New York University (1951–1964) and then Columbia University (1964–1982), where he became the Davies Professor of Mathematics, and where he chaired the mathematics department from 1972 to 1975. His move to NYU coincided with a move of his family to New Rochelle, New York, where he joined a small community of émigré mathematicians. He was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1949–51. He was a Vice-President (1963–65) and a President (1975–77) of the American Mathematical Society, chaired the Division of Mathematical Sciences of the United States National Research Council from 1969 to 1971, chaired the U.S. National Committee on Mathematics from 1977 to 1981, and chaired the Mathematics Section of the National Academy of Sciences from 1967 to 1970. Late in his life, <mask> suffered from Parkinson's disease and strokes.He died on October 29, 1993. Mathematical research
<mask>' doctoral work was on the subject of potential theory. While in Paris, he worked on Green's function and on integral representations. After first moving to the US, while working for YIVO, he researched Yiddish mathematics textbooks rather than pure mathematics. At Brown, he began working on problems of fluid dynamics, and in particular on the two-dimensional subsonic flows associated with cross-sections of airfoils. At this time, he began his work with Abe Gelbart on what would eventually develop into the theory of pseudoanalytic functions. Through the 1940s and 1950s he continued to develop this theory, and to use it to study the planar elliptic partial differential equations associated with subsonic flows.Another of his major results in this time concerned the singularities of the partial differential equations defining minimal surfaces. Bers proved an extension of Riemann's theorem on removable singularities, showing that any isolated singularity of a pencil of minimal surfaces can be removed; he spoke on this result at the 1950 International Congress of Mathematicians and published it in Annals of Mathematics. Later, beginning with his visit to the Institute for Advanced Study, <mask> "began
a ten-year odyssey that took him from pseudoanalytic functions and elliptic equations to quasiconformal mappings, Teichmüller theory, and
Kleinian groups". With Lars Ahlfors, he solved the "moduli problem", of finding a holomorphic parameterization of the Teichmüller space, each point of which represents a compact Riemann surface of a given genus. During this period he also coined the popular phrasing of a question on eigenvalues of planar domains, "Can one hear the shape of a drum? ", used as an article title by Mark Kac in 1966 and finally answered negatively in 1992 by an academic descendant of <mask>. In the late 1950s, by way of adding a coda to his earlier work, <mask> wrote several major retrospectives of flows, pseudoanalytic functions, fixed point methods, Riemann surface theory prior to his work on moduli, and the theory of several complex variables.In 1958, he presented his work on Riemann surfaces in a second talk at the International Congress of Mathematicians. <mask>' work on the parameterization of Teichmüller space led him in the 1960s to consider the boundary of the parameterized space, whose points corresponded to new types of Kleinian groups, eventually to be called singly-degenerate Kleinian groups. He applied Eichler cohomology, previously developed for applications in number theory and the theory of Lie groups, to Kleinian groups. He proved the Bers area inequality, an area bound for hyperbolic surfaces that became a two-dimensional precursor to William Thurston's work on geometrization of 3-manifolds and 3-manifold volume, and in this period <mask> himself also studied the continuous symmetries of hyperbolic 3-space. Quasi-Fuchsian groups may be mapped to a pair of Riemann surfaces by taking the quotient by the group of one of the two connected components of the complement of the group's limit set; fixing the image of one of these two maps leads to a subset of the space of Kleinian groups called a Bers slice. In 1970, Bers conjectured that the singly degenerate Kleinian surface groups can be found on the boundary of a Bers slice; this statement, known as the Bers density conjecture, was finally proven by Namazi, Souto, and Ohshika in 2010 and 2011. The Bers compactification of Teichmüller space also dates to this period.Advising
Over the course of his career, Bers advised approximately 50 doctoral students, among them Enrico Arbarello, Irwin Kra, Linda Keen, Murray H. Protter, and Lesley Sibner. Approximately a third of Bers' doctoral students were women, a high proportion for mathematics. Having felt neglected by his own advisor, Bers met regularly for meals with his students and former students, maintained a keen interest in their personal lives as well as their professional accomplishments, and kept up a friendly competition with Lars Ahlfors over who could bring to larger number of academic descendants to mathematical gatherings. Human rights activism
As a small child with his mother in Saint Petersburg, Bers had cheered the Russian Revolution and the rise of the Soviet Union, but by the late 1930s he had become disillusioned with communism after the assassination of Sergey Kirov and Stalin's ensuing purges. His son Victor later said that "His experiences in Europe motivated his activism in the human rights movement," and Bers himself attributed his interest in human rights to the legacy of Menshevik leader Julius Martov. He founded the Committee on Human Rights of the National Academy of Sciences, and beginning in the 1970s worked to allow the emigration of dissident soviet mathematicians including Yuri Shikhanovich, Leonid Plyushch, Valentin Turchin, and David and Gregory Chudnovsky. Within the U.S., he also opposed the American involvement in the Vietnam War and southeast Asia, and the maintenance of the U.S. nuclear arsenal during the Cold War.Awards and honors
In 1961, <mask> was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in 1965 he became a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He joined the National Academy of Sciences in 1964. He was a member of  the Finnish Academy of Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society. He received the AMS Leroy P. Steele Prize for mathematical exposition in 1975 for his paper "Uniformization, moduli, and Kleinian groups". In 1986, the New York Academy of Sciences gave him their Human Rights Award. In the early 1980s, the Association for Women in Mathematics held a symposium to honor Bers' accomplishments in mentoring women mathematicians. Publications

Books

<mask>, Lipman (1976), Calculus, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, (in collaboration with Frank Karal)

Selected articles
with Abe Gelbart:

with Shmuel Agmon:

with Leon Ehrenpreis:

References

External links

20th-century American mathematicians
Latvian mathematicians
Latvian emigrants to the United States
Scientists from Riga
Latvian Jews
New York University faculty
Columbia University faculty
Syracuse University faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Complex analysts
1914 births
1993 deaths
Presidents of the American Mathematical Society
People from New Rochelle, New York
Mathematical analysts
Mathematicians from New York (state)

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<mask>  (12 December 173118 April 1802) was an English physician. One of the key thinkers of the Midlands Enlightenment, he was also a natural philosopher, physiologist, slave-trade abolitionist, inventor, and poet. His poems included much natural history, including a statement of evolution and the relatedness of all forms of life. He was a member of the <mask>dgwood family, which includes his grandsons <mask> and Francis Galton. <mask> was a founding member of the Lunar Society of Birmingham, a discussion group of pioneering industrialists and natural philosophers. He turned down an invitation from George III to become Physician to the King. Early life and education

<mask> was born in 1731 at Elston Hall, Nottinghamshire, near Newark-on-Trent, England, the youngest of seven children of <mask> of Elston (1682–1754), a lawyer and physician, and his wife Elizabeth Hill (1702–97).The name Erasmus had been used by a number of his family and derives from his ancestor <mask> Earle, Common Sergent of England under Oliver Cromwell. His siblings were:
 Robert Waring <mask> of Elston (17 October 1724 – 4 November 1816)
 <mask> (15 September 1725 – 8 April 1800)
 William Alvey <mask> (3 October 1726 – 7 October 1783)
 <mask> (12 November 1727 – 3 August 1813)
 <mask> (10 April 1729 – 29 September 1789)
 <mask>, rector of Elston (28 September 1730 – 24 May 1805)

He was educated at Chesterfield Grammar School, then later at St John's College, Cambridge. He obtained his medical education at the University of Edinburgh Medical School; whether he ever obtained the formal degree of MD is not known. <mask> settled in 1756 as a physician at Nottingham, but met with little success and so moved the following year to Lichfield to try to establish a practice there. A few weeks after his arrival, using a novel course of treatment, he restored the health of a young fisherman whose death seemed inevitable. This ensured his success in the new locale. <mask> was a highly successful physician for more than fifty years in the Midlands.George III invited him to be Royal Physician, but <mask> declined. In Lichfield, <mask> wrote "didactic poetry, developed his system of evolution, and invented amongst other things, a carriage steering mechanism, a manuscript copier and a speaking machine. Personal life
<mask> married twice and had 14 children, including two illegitimate daughters by an employee, and, possibly, at least one further illegitimate daughter. In 1757 he married Mary (Polly) Howard (1740–1770). They had four sons and one daughter, two of whom (a son and a daughter) died in infancy:

 <mask> (1758–1778), uncle of the naturalist
 <mask> <mask> (1759–1799)
 <mask> (1763, survived 4 months)
 Robert Waring <mask> (1766–1848), father of the naturalist <mask>
 William Alvey <mask> (1767, survived 19 days)

The first Mrs. <mask> died in 1770. A governess, Mary Parker, was hired to look after Robert. By late 1771, employer and employee had become intimately involved and together they had two illegitimate daughters:
 Susanna Parker (1772–1856)
 Mary Parker Jr (1774–1859)

Susanna and Mary Jr later established a boarding school for girls.In 1782, Mary Sr (the governess) married Joseph Day (1745–1811), a Birmingham merchant, and moved away. <mask> may have fathered another child, this time with a married woman. A Lucy Swift gave birth in 1771 to a baby, also named Lucy, who was christened a daughter of her mother and William Swift, but there is reason to believe the father was really <mask>. Lucy Jr. married John Hardcastle in Derby in 1792 and their daughter, Mary, married Francis Boott, the physician. In 1775. <mask> met Elizabeth Pole, daughter of Charles Colyear, 2nd Earl of Portmore, and wife of Colonel Edward Pole (1718–1780); but as she was married, <mask> could only make his feelings known for her through poetry. When Edward Pole died, <mask> married Elizabeth and moved to her home, Radbourne Hall, four miles (6 km) west of Derby.The hall and village are these days known as Radbourne. In 1782, they moved to Full Street, Derby. They had four sons, one of whom died in infancy, and three daughters:
 <mask> (1782–1829)
 Frances Ann Violetta <mask> (1783–1874), married Samuel Tertius Galton, was the mother of Francis Galton
 Emma Georgina <mask> (1784–1818)
 Sir Francis Sacheverel <mask> (1786–1859)
 <mask> (1787–1818)
 <mask> (1789–1790), died in infancy. <mask> (1790–1825), married Admiral Thomas James Maling

<mask>'s personal appearance is described in unflattering detail in his Biographical Memoirs, printed by the Monthly Magazine in 1802. <mask>, the description reads, "was of middle stature, in person gross and corpulent; his features were coarse, and his countenance heavy; if not wholly void of animation, it certainly was by no means expressive. The print of him, from a painting of Mr. Wright, is a good likeness. In his gait and dress he was rather clumsy and slovenly, and frequently walked with his tongue hanging out of his mouth."Freemasonry
<mask> had been a Freemason throughout his life, in the Time Immemorial Lodge of Cannongate Kilwinning, No. 2, of Scotland. Later on, Sir <mask>, one of his sons, was made a Mason in Tyrian Lodge, No. 253, at Derby, in 1807 or 1808. His son Reginald was made a Mason in Tyrian Lodge in 1804. <mask>'s name does not appear on the rolls of the Lodge but it is very possible that he, like Francis, was a Mason, as he held many Masonic beliefs such as Deism throughout his life. Death
<mask> died suddenly on 18 April 1802, weeks after having moved to Breadsall Priory, just north of Derby.The Monthly Magazine of 1802, in its Biographical Memoirs of the Late Dr<mask>, reports that "during the last few years, Dr. <mask> was much subject to inflammation in his breast and lungs; he had a very serious attack of this disease in the course of the last Spring, from which, after repeated bleedings, by himself and a surgeon, he with great difficulty recovered." <mask>'s death, the Biographical Memoirs continues, "is variously accounted for: it is supposed to have been caused by the cold fit of an inflammatory fever. Dr. Fox, of Derby, considers the disease which occasioned it to have been angina pectoris; but Dr. Garlicke, of the same place, thinks this opinion not sufficiently well founded. Whatever was the disease, it is not improbable, surely, that the fatal event was hastened by the violent fit of passion with which he was seized in the morning." His body is buried in All Saints' Church, Breadsall. <mask> <mask> is commemorated on one of the Moonstones, a series of monuments in Birmingham. Writings

Botanical works and the Lichfield Botanical Society

<mask> formed 'A Botanical Society, at Lichfield' almost always incorrectly named as the Lichfield Botanical Society (despite the name, composed of only three men, <mask> <mask>, Sir Brooke Boothby and Mr John Jackson, proctor of Lichfield Cathedral) to translate the works of the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus from Latin into English.This took seven years. The result was two publications: A System of Vegetables between 1783 and 1785, and The Families of Plants in 1787. In these volumes, <mask> coined many of the English names of plants that we use today. <mask> then wrote The Loves of the Plants, a long poem, which was a popular rendering of Linnaeus'  works. <mask> also wrote Economy of Vegetation, and together the two were published as The Botanic Garden. Among other writers he influenced were Anna Seward and Maria Jacson. Zoonomia
<mask>'s most important scientific work, Zoonomia (1794–1796), contains a system of pathology and a chapter on 'Generation'.In the latter, he anticipated some of the views of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, which foreshadowed the modern theory of evolution. <mask> <mask>'s works were read and commented on by his grandson <mask> the naturalist. <mask> <mask> based his theories on David Hartley's psychological theory of associationism. The essence of his views is contained in the following passage, which he follows up with the conclusion that one and the same kind of living filament is and has been the cause of all organic life:

Would it be too bold to imagine, that in the great length of time, since the earth began to exist, perhaps millions of ages before the commencement of the history of mankind, would it be too bold to imagine, that all warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament, which THE GREAT FIRST CAUSE endued with animality, with the power of acquiring new parts, attended with new propensities, directed by irritations, sensations, volitions, and associations; and thus possessing the faculty of continuing to improve by its own inherent activity, and of delivering down those improvements by generation to its posterity, world without end! <mask> <mask> also anticipated survival of the fittest in Zoönomia mainly when writing about the "three great objects of desire" for every organism: "lust, hunger, and security." A similar "survival of the fittest" view in Zoönomia is <mask>' view on how a species "should" propagate itself. <mask>' idea that "the strongest and most active animal should propagate the species, which should thence become improved".Today, this is called the theory of survival of the fittest. His grandson <mask>, much less libidinous and who led more of an invalid life, and who is not known to have illegitimately fathered children, or fathered children he did not plan, acknowledge and raise, posited the different and fuller theory of natural selection. Charles' theory was that natural selection is the inheritance of changed genetic characteristics that are better adaptations to the environment; these are not necessarily based in "strength" and "activity", which themselves ironically can lead to the overpopulation that results in natural selection yielding nonsurvivors of genetic traits. <mask> <mask> was familiar with the earlier proto-evolutionary thinking of James Burnett, Lord Monboddo, and cited him in his 1803 work Temple of Nature. Poem on evolution
<mask> <mask> offered the first glimpse of his theory of evolution, obliquely, in a question at the end of a long footnote to his popular poem The Loves of the Plants (1789), which was republished throughout the 1790s in several editions as The Botanic Garden. His poetic concept was to anthropomorphise the stamen (male) and pistil (female) sexual organs, as bride and groom. In this stanza on the flower Curcuma (also Flax and Turmeric) the "youths" are infertile, and he devotes the footnote to other examples of neutered organs in flowers, insect castes, and finally associates this more broadly with many popular and well-known cases of vestigial organs (male nipples, the third and fourth wings of flies, etc.)Woo'd with long care, CURCUMA cold and shy
Meets her fond husband with averted eye:
Four beardless youths the obdurate beauty move
With soft attentions of Platonic love. <mask>'s final long poem, The Temple of Nature was published posthumously in 1803. The poem was originally titled The Origin of Society. It is considered his best poetic work. It centres on his own conception of evolution. The poem traces the progression of life from micro-organisms to civilised society. The poem contains a passage that describes the struggle for existence.His

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Erasmus Robert Darwin
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Elizabeth Darwin
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