text_chunks:
<mask><mask>,  (born August 16, 1937) is a former Canadian cabinet minister. <mask> was born in Victoria, British Columbia. He was educated at Victoria College, Aiglon College and at the University of British Columbia Faculty of Law; he graduated in 1962 with a LLB. During his UBC days <mask> won a silver medal for rowing in the 1960 Olympic Games, and a silver medal in the Pan American Games in Chicago in 1959. He was also a pilot in the University Reserve of the Royal Canadian Air Force. <mask> served as a foreign service officer in the Department of External Affairs between 1962 and 1968. His posts included Indochina (International Supervisory And Truce Commissions) 1963–64, Assistant Canadian Trade Commissioner in Hong Kong, 1964–1967, and China Desk Officer in Ottawa 1967–68.In Hong Kong, <mask> attended the Institute of Oriental Studies of the University of Hong Kong and obtained the British Foreign Officer Higher Standard Certificate in Mandarin. He was elected Liberal MP for the constituency of Esquimalt—Saanich on Vancouver Island in the 1968 federal election. Four years later he switched to provincial politics, and was elected leader of the provincial Liberal Party (April 1972), then the third party in the provincial legislature with 5 out of 55 seats. Although elected himself in the 1972 election, representing the constituency of Victoria, the Liberal Party did not increase its seat total. <mask> served as Member of the Legislative Assembly until his defeat in December 1975. During this period of elected office <mask> was prominent in representing Canadian concerns over offshore oil drilling, pipeline developments in Northern Canada, and oil tanker traffic between Alaska and the Lower 48 states. Between 1976 and 1984, <mask> worked as an environmental consultant and adjunct professor at the University of Victoria's School of Administration, where he taught in the fields of constitutional and administrative law, and environmental policy.His environmental work focused on coastal and wetland protection and marine pollution from oil exploration and transportation. <mask> was appointed as a member of the Immigration Appeal Board for a 10-year term in 1984. He served from March 1, 1984, until December 31, 1988, when the board was dissolved. In the 1993 federal general election <mask> re-entered elected politics. He was elected MP for Victoria and retained this position for three subsequent elections, ending when he retired from politics in January 2006. During this period, he served in the cabinet of Prime Minister Jean Chrétien as Minister of National Revenue (1993–95), Minister of Transport (1995–97), and Minister of Fisheries and Oceans (1997–99). He also was appointed the regional political minister for British Columbia, which he retained until 2002.<mask>'s time in the fisheries portfolio was marked by considerable controversy with the commercial fishing industry as he worked for strict conservation measures to protect fish stocks. These measures including a complete ban on the killing of Coho salmon in 1998. After six years of previous failures, he succeeded in getting an agreement with the United States under the Pacific Salmon Treaty to conserve salmon stocks and to end the destructive competitive fishing by the US and Canadian commercial fleets. In the cabinet shuffle of 1999, Chrétien appointed <mask> Environment Minister. He served in that post for the following five years, making him the longest serving Canadian environment minister. In this period <mask>'s work largely centered on the Rio Summit conventions on biodiversity and climate change. He was successful in getting the Species at Risk Act passed by Parliament and signed into law (2004), and, despite strong objections from the governments of Saskatchewan, Alberta and Ontario and the federal Official Opposition, in securing Canadian ratification of the Kyoto Protocol in December 2002.Other initiatives involved improving air and water quality and established improved federal provincial cooperation on environmental issues. In international work, <mask> was the first Canadian elected as president of the governing council of the United Nations Environment Programme, a post he held for two years. He took a prominent part in the G8 and OECD Environment Minister's meetings. <mask> was dropped from cabinet by Prime Minister Paul Martin in 2004 and did not run in the 2006 election. In February 2007 he was named director of the Guelph Institute for the Environment, from which he retired in 2010. <mask> has received a number of environmental awards, including the John Fraser Award for Environmental Achievement from the Sierra Club of Canada (2005), the Dr. Andrew Thompson Award from West Coast Environmental Law for his lifetime contributions to the environment and sustainability in British Columbia (2004), and the 50th anniversary International Conservation Award (1998) from the Atlantic Salmon Federation. He was awarded an honorary doctoral degree in laws by the University of Victoria in 2007, and an honorary doctorate of science from Wilfrid Laurier University in 2009.He was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2010 and named to the Order of British Columbia in 2018. <mask> is married with two children. Trivia
Like former Liberal leader Stéphane Dion, <mask> has a dog named Kyoto. Unlike Dion's Husky, <mask>'s dog is a Schnauzer and <mask> named his dog first. Archives
There is a <mask> fonds at Library and Archives Canada. References

External links

1937 births
Living people
British Columbia Liberal Party MLAs
Canadian Anglicans
Canadian Ministers of Transport
Canadian sportsperson-politicians
Lawyers in British Columbia
Leaders of the British Columbia Liberal Party
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia
Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
Olympic medalists in rowing
Olympic rowers of Canada
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
Officers of the Order of Canada
Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada
Politicians from Victoria, British Columbia
Rowers at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Rowers from Victoria, British Columbia
Members of the 26th Canadian Ministry
Members of the 27th Canadian Ministry
Canadian male rowers
Peter A. Allard School of Law alumni
Pan American Games medalists in rowing
Rowers at the 1959 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics

masks:
David A
. Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
Anderson
David Anderson


text_chunks:
<mask> is an American-Canadian singer-songwriter and actress. <mask>' debut album Sunseed was released on June 19, 2007; songs "Keep Drivin" and "What You Want" reached #11 on the Japan Hot 100 and #45 on the Canadian Hot 100, respectively. Her second album, When the Bird Became a Book, was released on June 21, 2010, and includes duets with musicians G. Love and Donavon Frankenreiter. Early life
When <mask> was growing up, her mother was a dancer and writer, and her father was a musician and sound engineer (Miles Davis, The Grateful Dead and The Ramones), who operated GlassWing Studios out of the upper floor of their Washington D.C home. "I was surrounded by music at all hours of the day. All types of music. I remember the melodies and beats actually rattling the floorboards.My childhood had a soundtrack filled up with everything from R&B and Jazz to Rock and Americana." For many recording sessions, <mask> was allowed to sit in and watch the recording process. The family relocated to Portland, Oregon when <mask> was three and within several months, <mask> began playing piano and participating in local musical theatre productions. She learned to sing by studying the voices of Judy Garland, Billie Holiday and Nina Simone among others. Career

1998–2005

By middle school, <mask> was accepted into the private performing arts school, The Northwest Academy, where she studied both classical and jazz music, writing, The Meisner Technique, dance and film-making. At the age of 12, she landed the role of Juliet in Concordia University's production of Romeo and Juliet, having lied about her age. In September 2001, she was flown to Washington D.C to perform at the Pentagon for the WWII Ace Pilots Convention.By the time she graduated, two years early at sixteen with honours, <mask> had been in over 100 dramatic and musical plays. Following graduation, her family moved again, this time to an organic blueberry farm on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. <mask> began to learn how to use the recording studio from the ground up. Over the summer of 2003, <mask> took part in an acting intensive, organized by Canadian casting director Maureen Webb. This workshop led her to sign with her longtime acting manager, Vickie Petronio. Other students included but are not limited to Cory Monteith and Dustin Milligan. Within a half of year of being on the island, <mask> landed a lead role in a teen horror film, Sleepover Nightmare, leading to a move to Los Angeles to pursue acting shortly after turning seventeen.The move ended abruptly when a bout of acid reflux, brought on by an eating disorder, caused her to lose her voice. "For over a year, I could barely talk. It was the hardest year of my life. Everything that I had identified with was gone. I was speechless. Literally," she recalls. During that year, <mask> had dedicated her time to songwriting and mastering the recording studio.When her voice finally returned, she immediately put together a band and recorded her first full-length demo album, "First Flight." Upon its completion, <mask> began promoting local shows in and around Vancouver Island and Vancouver, British Columbia, drawing two hundred plus people. She then recorded her second full-length demo "Drifter," which drew the attention of the media. In the fall of 2005, <mask> performed at a showcase in Vancouver, during which Steve Herman (Live Nation) heard her sing. By December, she was signed by Randy Lennox, to Universal Music Canada. 2006–2012
She began recording her first major label recording, Spring 2006, "Sunseed." Her father, <mask>, co-produced the album, which they recorded on her parent's blueberry farm.Sunseed was released in 2007 with singles ‘What You Want’ and ‘Keep Drivin’ landing in the Canadian Top 40 and on the charts in Japan. In 2008, she won Best Mainstream Artist at The Canadian Radio Music Awards. From 2007 to 2009, <mask> toured internationally with the likes of Jason Mraz, Gavin DeGraw, INXS, The Spice Girls, Feist, Justin Nozuka, The Cat Empire, gaining momentum in Australia, Japan, Canada and Europe. When she wasn't touring, <mask> lived in Perth, Australia surfing and writing music. In 2010, <mask> began recording her sophomore album, featuring guest appearances by G Love and Donavon Frankenreiter, "When the Bird Became A Book," which was released in 2012. The music video for ‘Just Pretend,  directed by Josh Forbes (Sarah Bareilles, The Fray) generating over five million views in three weeks following its release. O'Neill Surf Company sponsored <mask> as a musical ambassador.2012–2016

In 2012, while waiting to begin recording her third album, <mask> moved back to Los Angeles to pursue acting, after several years of focusing solely on music. She signed with Paradigm Agency and began studying acting extensively. In 2013, <mask> moved up to Vancouver, British Columbia for a recurring role on the TV show, Cedar Cove. Her contract with Universal Music ended during this time and she began raising money through Pledge Music to record her next record. Nearing the completion of her record, Mike Rittberg, former GM at Verve Music Group USA, with whom <mask> had been in touch for several years, signed her to his label. In October 2015, <mask> signed the contract and began completing the record. It is tentatively scheduled for release Spring 2017.The highly anticipated album is co-produced by <mask>, horns/strings arranged by Carl Marsh (Stax Volt), recorded at Oceanway Studios in Nashville TN, mixed by Michael Brauer at Electric Lady Studios NYC, and mastered by Joe LaPorta. The masters were delivered in May 2016. Albums

Awards

Acting
Her most recent appearances include Heartbeat (2016), Generation Wolf (2017), Prodigals (2017), Girlfriends Guide to Divorce (2015), Cedar Cove (2012-2015), and Love On The Sidelines (2015). She also did voice and motion-capture acting as leading character Rachel S'Jet in the 2016 game Homeworld: Deserts of Kharak. In 2018, <mask> appeared in the film Deadpool 2 as the wife of Josh Brolin's character Cable. Artistry and activism

<mask> has numerous times cited her admiration for Judy Garland, The Supremes, Ray Charles, and The Beach Boys. <mask> has been a major advocate of oceanic preservation since the beginning of her career.While living in Florida, <mask> performed numerous concerts to benefit The Sea Turtle Preservation. Most recently <mask> contributed to the Surfrider Foundation by collaborating with O'Neill Surf Company to create a charity T-shirt, all proceeds going towards oceanic preservation. In 2010, the song "Not In His Garden," featuring Donavon Frankenreiter, was featured on David Suzuki's "Playlist For the Planet." Additional charity work includes partaking in a documentary for the W Network (CAN), "Making Waves." The film followed her across the country as she interviewed locals who had started non-profits in their cities/towns. During this experience, <mask> wrote and released the song "Lullaby (Change The World)," all proceeds going towards the Canadian-based charity, ChildHaven. While in Los Angeles, <mask> is very active with the non-profit, Musicians On Call, a volunteer based program that brings music to children in hospitals.She has also performed several times in Cocoa Beach at the Slater Brothers (Kelly Slater-World Winning Surfer) Invitational, a benefit to raise awareness of skin cancer. References

External links

Living people
Actresses from Washington, D.C.
Actresses from Vancouver
American women singer-songwriters
American film actresses
American television actresses
Canadian film actresses
Canadian women singer-songwriters
Canadian television actresses
Musicians from Vancouver
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women
Singer-songwriters from Washington, D.C.

masks:
Hayley Sales
Sales
Sales
Sales
Sales
Sales
Sales
Sales
Sales
Sales
Sales
Sales
Sales
Sales
Richard Sales
Sales
Sales
Sales
Sales
Sales
Sales
Sales
Sales
Richard Sales
Sales
Sales
Sales
Sales
Sales
Sales
Sales


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 15 November 1954) is an Australian economist and former Australian Labor Party politician. He served as the Australian House of Representatives Member for the Division of Rankin in Queensland from 1998 until 2013. <mask> also served as Minister for Trade and Competitiveness, Minister for Tertiary Education, Skills, Science and Research and Minister for Competition Policy, Small Business and Consumer Affairs in the Rudd and Gillard Governments. Early life
<mask> was born in Baradine, New South Wales to Ern and <mask>, and raised as a Roman Catholic. He and his late elder brother, Lance, were subjected to physical and emotional abuse from their mother, Marge. He was intensely religious as a child, finding solace from his turbulent home life, recalling that "Catholicism helped me make sense of Mum's volatile behaviour where there was no sense to be made of it." He earned a bursary to attend St Patrick's College, Strathfield.He later attended the University of Sydney, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Economics (Honours) and a Master of Economics. He also holds a Doctor of Philosophy in Economics from the Australian National University. Early career
Early in his career, <mask> variously worked as an economic analyst with the United Nations, an economic adviser to the Minister for Resources and Energy and the Minister for Finance Senator Peter Walsh, an Assistant Secretary of the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, and economic and environmental adviser to Prime Minister Bob Hawke. He became Director-General of the Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage in 1990, where he became embroiled in the Cape Melville affair. He was chief executive officer of the South East Queensland Transit Authority from 1995 to 1996. Following the defeat of the Goss Government in 1996, <mask> set up a small business partnership, Eco Managers, with former economic adviser to Premier Wayne Goss, Raymond Garrand. They advised various clients on electricity supply issues in Queensland and global petroleum companies on energy policy.Parliamentary career
Representing the Australian Labor Party, <mask> was elected to the Australian House of Representatives as the Member for Rankin at the 1998 federal election. <mask> was appointed Shadow Minister for Innovation, Industry, Trade and Tourism from 2001 to 2003, and then Shadow Minister for Workplace Relations and the Public Service from 2003 to 2004. <mask> was relegated to the backbench following the 2004 Australian federal election, having supported Simon Crean and Mark Latham in leadership ballots against the wishes of his Right faction in Queensland. While on the backbench he wrote a book, Vital Signs, Vibrant Society, proposing new economic and social policies for the Federal Parliamentary Labor Party. Following the election of Kevin Rudd as Leader of the Labor Party and Julia Gillard as Deputy Leader in December 2006, <mask> was appointed Shadow Minister for the Service Economy, Small Business and Independent Contractors. On 3 December 2007, <mask> was named Minister for Small Business, Independent Contractors and the Service Economy and Minister Assisting the Finance Minister on Deregulation in the newly elected Rudd ministry. In June 2009, he was also appointed Minister for Competition Policy and Consumer Affairs.On 14 September 2010, <mask> was appointed the Minister for Trade, expanded to Minister for Trade and Competitiveness in a ministerial reshuffle announced on 2 March 2012. On 28 October 2012, the Gillard Government released a White paper on Australia in the Asian Century Emerson of which <mask> was the architect. <mask> was assigned the role of Minister Assisting the Prime Minister on Asian Century Policy. In March 2013, in a further reshuffle of ministerial responsibilities, <mask> gained an additional portfolio as Minister for Tertiary Education, Skills, Science and Research. However, after a leadership change in the federal Australian Labor Party in June 2013 in which Kevin Rudd took over as prime minister from Gillard, <mask> resigned his ministerial portfolios and said he would not contest his seat at the next election. Following the Australian federal election held a few months later in September 2013, Jim Chalmers took over from <mask> as the MP for the seat of Rankin in Queensland. Post-parliament
After leaving parliament, <mask> established an economic consulting firm, Craig Emerson Economics Pty Ltd. His clients have included Wesfarmers, Coles, AGL Energy, Santos, the BCA, the ACTU and the PNG Government.<mask> is an adviser to KPMG. He was also a regular presenter on Sky News Australia for some years after leaving parliament. In 2014, <mask> was appointed an Adjunct Professor of Victoria University. He was also a member of the CEDA Council on Economic Policy and Chair of the Advisory Board, Centre for Transformative Innovation, Swinburne University of Technology. <mask> was also President of the Australia China Business Council NSW  and a board member of Obesity Australia. In February 2018, <mask>'s memoir, The Boy from Baradine, was published by Scribe Publications. In August 2018, <mask> was involved in public disagreement with Sky News Australia when he resigned in protest as a commentator for the TV network in when Sky News broadcast an interview with the right-wing Australian activist Blair Cottrell.<mask> said that, "My father fought Nazis in World War II and was interred in a German POW camp." Explaining his decision on Twitter, he said that the decision by Sky News to screen the interview with Cottrell was "another step in a journey to normalising racism and bigotry in our country." In November 2018, <mask> was appointed Distinguished Fellow at the Australian National University. In March 2019, <mask> was appointed Director of the Australian APEC Study Centre at RMIT University. <mask> is also chair of the McKell Institute. See also
 First Rudd Ministry
 First Gillard Ministry
 Second Gillard Ministry

References

External links

Official website

|-

|-

|-

1954 births
Australian Roman Catholics
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Labor Right politicians
Australian National University alumni
Government ministers of Australia
Living people
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Rankin
Members of the Cabinet of Australia
People educated at St Patrick's College, Strathfield
University of Sydney alumni
21st-century Australian politicians
20th-century Australian politicians

masks:
Craig Anthony Emerson
Emerson
Emerson
Marge Emerson
Emerson
Emerson
Emerson
Emerson
Emerson
Emerson
Emerson
Emerson
Emerson
Emerson
Emerson
Emerson
Emerson
Emerson
Emerson
Emerson
Emerson
Emerson
Emerson
Emerson
Emerson
Emerson
Emerson


text_chunks:
<mask> (20 June 1859 – 27 September 1943) was an English first-class cricketer, who played as a wicket-keeper for Middlesex between 1881 and 1883, and for Hampshire from 1891 to 1906, for whom he served as captain for three years from 1900 to 1902. He was also secretary to Southampton Football Club for one season, from 1895 to 1896. Cricket career
<mask> was born at Kilburn, (then in Middlesex) and educated at Bruce Castle School, Tottenham and at Chatham House Grammar School, Ramsgate, and was a member of the cricket eleven at both schools. Middlesex
He made his first appearance for Middlesex against Surrey in May 1881 when he opened the batting in the second innings, scoring 5 and 16*, helping Middlesex to victory by ten wickets. At Middlesex, he was played as a batsman rather than a wicket-keeper, with A J Webbe being the long-established 'keeper. His highest score for Middlesex came shortly after his debut, in the match against Oxford University in June, when he scored 57* in the second innings as Middlesex won by seven wickets. <mask> spent three seasons with Middlesex, during which he played twelve matches, totalling 246 runs at an average of 12.94.Hampshire
In 1891, he made his first appearance for Hampshire, then not ranked as a first-class county. The June 1891 match lasted only two days with Essex winning by an innings and 40 runs, with <mask> contributing 52 runs in his two innings. He soon became the wicket-keeper for Hampshire and was often the opening batsman in partnership with Russell Bencraft. <mask> continued to play for Hampshire after they were re-instated as a First Class county in 1896, and in 1899 was a member of K. S. Ranjitsinhji's side who toured the United States, playing twice against the Gentlemen of Philadelphia as well as three other matches. He was appointed Hampshire's captain in 1900 (taking over from Teddy Wynyard), and marked this by scoring his only century in First Class cricket; this came at Edgbaston in June 1900 when he scored 101 in the second innings against Warwickshire; he shared in a stand of 180 with Edward Sprot for the second wicket in a drawn match. In June 1901, Hampshire were facing almost certain defeat against Lancashire at Aigburth, Liverpool. Hampshire were bowled out in the first innings for only 106, and Lancashire replied with 413–8 declared.When Hampshire opened the second innings, few people thought that Lancashire would need to bat again. J. G. Greig opened the batting and the score had reached 374, with one wicket remaining and Hampshire still seemingly heading for defeat. <mask> came to the wicket as the last batsman in and he and Greig put on an unlikely 113 for the tenth wicket (<mask> 52); Greig's innings was 249*. Lancashire's eventual target was 181 in 140 minutes; they closed at 111 for 5, rain having cut short play by almost an hour. He was a member of Archie MacLaren's touring party to Australia in 1901/02, playing in one match against Victoria in February 1902. For the 1902 season, he passed the Hampshire captaincy to Edward Sprot, but continued to serve Hampshire for a further five seasons, although by 1906 his appearances were rather infrequent. His final match for Hampshire came at Basingstoke in May 1906 against Warwickshire.Southampton St Mary's Football Club
In the spring of 1895, <mask> was appointed secretary to Southampton St Mary's Football Club, then playing in the Southern League. As secretary, he was responsible for signing new players and agreeing player contracts as well as being involved in team selection – the day to day coaching and training of the players was in the hands of the trainer. One of <mask>'s first acts as secretary was to accompany Alfred McMinn, one of the club committee, on a trip to the Potteries to recruit players. McMinn was a native of Staffordshire and was "most persuasive on his home turf". On this trip, <mask> and McMinn signed six players: Jack Farrell, Samuel Meston and Willie Naughton from Stoke, Watty Keay from Derby County, Joe Turner from Dresden United and Alf Wood from Burslem Port Vale, as well as recruiting Stoke's long-serving trainer, Bill Dawson. The Saints committee were anxious to secure their services and signed them before the Football League season was over. Port Vale and Stoke lodged a complaint with the Football Association (FA) about "poaching", and an emergency FA meeting was held at Sheffield, resulting in the Saints being severely censured for negligence.St Mary's were ordered to pay their own costs, plus £4 6s 3d to Stoke and £1 13s to Port Vale. McMinn was suspended for a year and Dawson for a month. Wood's registration with St Mary's was cancelled (shortly afterwards he moved to Stoke). The 1895–96 season was the Saints' second in the Southern League, having finished third in the inaugural season. The team started the season badly, losing the first three matches, which was blamed on the inability of the new players to settle in the area. Eventually, under trainer Dawson's guidance, the team's form improved and there were only three further league defeats and they again finished third behind Millwall Athletic and Luton Town. Top scorer in the league was Jack Farrell with ten goals from his 17 appearances.The highlight of the league season was the visit of Millwall on 21 March 1896 when a crowd of 8,000 saw the Saints defeat the reigning champions 2–0, with goals from <mask> and Joe Turner. The greatest excitement, however, came in the FA Cup, when an away victory over local rivals Freemantle in the First Qualifying Round was followed by comfortable home victories over Marlow (5–0), Reading (3–0) and Uxbridge (3–0). In the First Round proper, the Saints received a home draw against opposition from the Football League First Division for the second consecutive year, this time against The Wednesday. Saints' trainer, Bill Dawson, spent the week leading up to Wednesday's visit with extra training for the players, taking them through their paces on Shawford Down. For the match, played at the Antelope Ground on 1 February 1896, the crowd was estimated at 12,000, by far the largest yet recorded for a football match in Southampton. The Saints had to play their third-choice goalkeeper, Walter Cox as Tom Cain was injured, and the Royal Artillery refused to allow on-loan 'keeper "Gunner" Reilly to play. The Saints took an early lead, through Watty Keay, before two goals from Alec Brady gave Wednesday the half-time lead.Wednesday increased their lead shortly after the break, and although Joe Turner got one back, the Saints were unable to score an equaliser. Wednesday ran out 3–2 winners and went on to win the Cup the following April. At the end of the season, the Saints had to vacate the Antelope Ground, which had been sold for re-development, and moved to the County Ground, partly through the connections of the club's president, <mask>'s former Hampshire strike partner, Dr. H. W. R. Bencraft, who was also Hon. Secretary to the cricket club. During the summer of 1896, <mask> resigned his position as secretary (ready for Hampshire's first season back in the first-class cricket ranks), being replaced by Alfred McMinn (having served his twelve months' suspension), with Mr. E. Arnfield as his assistant. <mask> was one of the founder directors when the football club was incorporated into a limited company, "Southampton Football and Athletic Company Limited" in July 1897; on the Memorandum of Association he was listed as "<mask>, Mineral Water Merchant and Hampshire wicket-keeper" of Hill Lane, Southampton. He remained a director of the company for several years.References

Bibliography

External links

Profile on www.cricinfo.com
Profile on www.cricketarchive.com
Biography

1859 births
1943 deaths
People from Kilburn, London
People educated at Chatham House Grammar School
English cricketers
Middlesex cricketers
Hampshire cricketers
Hampshire cricket captains
English football managers
People educated at Bruce Castle School
Southampton F.C. managers
Gentlemen of the South cricketers
North v South cricketers
Gentlemen cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Gentlemen of England cricketers
London County cricketers
Southern Football League managers
Wicket-keepers

masks:
Charles Robson
Robson
Robson
Robson
Robson
Robson
Robson
Robson
Robson
Robson
Charles Baker
Robson
Robson
Robson
Charles Robson


text_chunks:
<mask>, Comtesse de Voisins  (23 April 1804 – 22 April 1884) was a Swedish-born ballet dancer of the Romantic ballet era partially of Italian descent, a central figure in the history of European dance. She spent most of her life in the Austrian Empire and France. She was one of the most celebrated ballerinas of the romantic ballet, which was cultivated primarily at Her Majesty's Theatre in London and at the Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique of the Paris Opera Ballet. She is credited with (though not confirmed as) being the first ballerina to truly dance en pointe. Early life
<mask> was born in Stockholm, Sweden, to the Italian choreographer <mask> and the Swedish ballet dancer Sophie Karsten, maternal granddaughter of the Swedish opera singer Christoffer Christian Karsten and of the Polish opera singer and actress Sophie Stebnowska. Her brother, Paul (1808–1884), was also a dancer and an influential choreographer; they performed together early in their careers. Marriage
Taglioni was married to Comte Auguste Gilbert de Voisins in 1835, but separated in 1836.She later fell in love with Eugene Desmares, a loyal fan, who had defended her honour in a duel. Desmares and Taglioni gave birth to an (illegitimate) child in 1836. Three years later Desmares died in a hunting accident. In 1842 she gave birth to her second child. It is unknown who the father is even though the birth certificate states the father as Gilbert de Voisins. <mask>'s children's names were Georges Philippe <mask> de Voisins and Eugenie-<mask> Gilbert de Voisins. Training
Taglioni moved to Vienna with her family at a very young age where she began her ballet training under the direction of Jean-Francois Coulon and her father.After Filippo was appointed the ballet master at the court opera in Vienna there was a decision that <mask> would debut in the Habsburg capital. Even though <mask> had trained with Coulon, her technique was not up to the standards that would impress the Viennese audiences. Her father then created a rigorous six-month training regimen for his daughter where she would hold positions for 100 counts. The training was conducted daily and consisted of two hours in the morning with difficult exercises focusing on her legs and two hours in the afternoon focusing on adagio movements that would help her refine poses in ballet. Taglioni had a rounded back that caused her to lean forward and had slightly distorted proportions. She worked hard to disguise her physical limitations by increasing range of motion and developing her strength. Taglioni focused her energy on her shape and form to the audience and less on bravura tricks and pirouettes.In Vienna, <mask> danced her first ballet choreographed by her father titled "La Reception d'une Jeune Nymphe à la Cour de Terpsichore". Career

Before joining the Paris Opéra, Taglioni danced in both Munich and Stuttgart, and at age 23 debuted in another ballet choreographed by her father called "La Sicilien" that jump-started her ballet career. Taglioni rose to fame as a danseuse at the Paris Opéra when her father created the ballet La Sylphide (1832) for her. Designed as a showcase for Taglioni's talent, it was the first ballet where dancing en pointe had an aesthetic rationale and was not merely an acrobatic stunt, often involving ungraceful arm movements and exertions, as had been the approach of dancers in the late 1820s. Pas de Quatre

In 1837 Taglioni left the Ballet of Her Majesty's Theatre to take up a three-year contract in Saint Petersburg with the Imperial Ballet (known today as the Kirov/Mariinsky Ballet). It was in Russia after her last performance in the country (1842) and at the height of the "cult of the ballerina", that a pair of her pointe shoes were sold for two hundred rubles, reportedly to be cooked, served with a sauce and eaten by a group of balletomanes. In July 1845, she danced with Lucile Grahn, Carlotta Grisi, and Fanny Cerrito in Jules Perrot's Pas de Quatre, a ballet representing Taglioni's ethereal qualities that was based on Alfred Edward Chalon’s lithographic prints.Pas de Quatre was originally choreographed to be presented to Queen Victoria, who attended the third performance. Retirement, last years and death
Taglioni retired from performing in 1847; for a time she took up residence at the Ca' d'Oro on the Grand Canal in Venice. When the ballet of the Paris Opéra was reorganized on stricter, more professional lines, she was its guiding spirit. With the director of the new Conservatoire de danse, Lucien Petipa, and Petipa's former pupil, the choreographer Louis Mérante, she figured on the six-member select jury of the first annual competition for the corps de ballet, held on 13 April 1860. Her only choreographic work was Le papillon (1860) for her student Emma Livry, who is remembered for dying in 1863 when her costume was set alight by a gas lamp used for stage lighting. Johann Strauss II composed the "Marie Taglioni Polka" (Op. 173) in honour of <mask>'s niece, <mask> "Paul<mask>, also known as "<mask> the Younger".The two women, having the same name, have often been conflated, or confused with each other. Later in England, she taught social dance and ballroom to children and society ladies in London; she also took a limited number of ballet pupils. She resided at #14 Connaught Square, London from 1875 to 1876. Death
Taglioni died in Marseille on 22 April 1884, the day before her 80th birthday. Her body was moved to Paris. There is some debate over whether she is buried in Montmartre or in Père Lachaise, or if the grave Montmartre site belongs to her mother. The local dancers began leaving their worn pointe shoes on the Montmartre grave as a tribute and thanks to the first pointe dancer.See also
Women in dance

References

Sources

Further reading
Homans, Jennifer. Apollo's Angels: A History of Ballet, Random House, 2010. Madison U. Sowell, Debra H. Sowell, Francesca Falcone, Patrizia Veroli, Icônes du ballet romantique. <mask>i et sa famille, Gremese, 2016. <mask>, Souvenirs. Le manuscrit inédit de la grande danseuse romantique, édition établie, présentée et annotée par Bruno Ligore, Gremese, 2017. External links

 <mask> (1804–1884): A life on toe tip (web presentation of the Taglioni collection in the Netherlands Music Institute)

1804 births
1884 deaths
Ballet teachers
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Italian ballerinas
French countesses
Paris Opera Ballet étoiles
Prima ballerinas
Swedish ballerinas
Swedish people of Italian descent
Swedish people of Polish descent
Swedish emigrants to the Austrian Empire
Expatriates of the Austrian Empire in France
19th-century Swedish ballet dancers

masks:
Marie Taglioni
Taglioni
Filippo Taglioni
Taglioni
Marie Gilbert
Marie Edwige
Marie
Marie
Marie
Marie Taglioni
Marie
" Taglioni
Marie
Marie Taglion
Marie Taglioni
Marie Taglioni


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 1 June 1986) is a New Zealand rugby union player, currently playing for the Kobelco Steelers. He formerly played for the  in the Super Rugby competition and for  in the ITM Cup. <mask> made his international debut for New Zealand in 2009, playing 84 tests from then until the 2019 Rugby World Cup. He was a key member of the 2015 Rugby World Cup-winning team. <mask> was vice-captain of the All Blacks from 2016 to 2017 and captained the team once, against Samoa in 2017. He scored 39 tries for New Zealand throughout his international career, placing him amongst the all-time leading try scorers. He normally plays as an outside back, but has also previously played as a centre and halfback.Playing career

Provincial rugby
Born in Dunedin and educated at King's High School, <mask> progressed through the junior ranks in the city at his beloved Green Island Rugby Club (The Grizzlies) before making his Air New Zealand Cup debut in 2008. He was one of the break-out stars of the 2009 Air New Zealand Cup, scoring six tries for Otago on route earning a year-end selection for the New Zealand national team (All Blacks). In the 2010 ITM Cup, however, he struggled to make the same impact as Otago endured a nightmare season and bottom-of-the-table finish, while <mask> missed several matches while at the Commonwealth Games in India. Super Rugby
<mask> was selected to the  squad for the 2009 Super 14 season
In 2010, <mask> started every Highlander game, and scored two tries for the season. He played mainly on the wing, and earned one start at fullback while Israel Dagg was out injured. Shifted back to his preferred position of fullback for the 2011 Super Rugby season, earned praise from coach Jamie Joseph and consideration for another All Blacks callup. He started every Highlander game for the third season running and added another two tries to his career total.In 2013 he continued as Highlanders fullback and was selected for the All Blacks to play on the wing against France. On 5 December 2013, <mask> won the Super Rugby Player of the Year award for the 2013 Super Rugby season. In May 2015 <mask> played his 100th Super Rugby game against the Western Force. In 2017, <mask> played his 127th game for the Highlanders in their Round 15 22–25 loss to the Crusaders, equalling Anton Oliver's record for the most capped Highlander ever. Unfortunately, <mask> was taken off the field early in the second half for a concussion test- which was failed, after tripping over All Blacks teammate Ryan Crotty. International

Early career
In 2009 <mask> was included in the 33-member All Blacks squad for the 2009 Autumn Internationals, ahead of veteran All Black winger Joe Rokocoko. <mask> made his test debut for the All Blacks against Italy on 14 November 2009 at the San Siro, Milan, which the All Blacks won 20–6.He scored his first All Blacks try against the Barbarians in the last game of the tour which the Barbarians ran out winners 25–18 at Twickenham, London, on 5 December 2009. <mask> did not figure into All Black squads in 2010, but was selected for the rugby sevens squad which competed at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, India, where he helped New Zealand to a gold medal finish. 2012–2013
<mask> made ten test appearances for the All Blacks in 2012, eight of which were off the bench. In June 2013, he played & featured in all 3 games against France in the French NZ Tour Series, on the right wing, with veteran Cory Jane ruled out due to injury. In the first game of the 3 Test Series at Auckland's Eden Park, he set up a try to <mask> (in the 32nd minute) and was awarded man-of-the-match award. In the second game on 15 June at Christchurch's Rugby League Park, he scored a try in the 48th minute of the game. The final game of 3 Test Series, he again scored another in the 35th minute at New Plymouth's Yarrow Stadium.<mask> would also form what would be a long-standing combination with fullback Israel Dagg during this series. In August 2013, during the 2013 Rugby Championship, <mask> scored 3 tries in the All Blacks 47–29 win against the Wallabies at Sydney's ANZ Stadium. The following week when the All Blacks faced the Wallabies at Wellington's Westpac Stadium, he scored 2 tries to help New Zealand win 27–16 and to retain the Bledisloe Cup. In September 2013, <mask> scored 2 tries to help the All Blacks win 33–15 against Argentina in La Plata. In October 2013 following the close of the Rugby Championships, <mask> was awarded with the record for the most tries in a Rugby Championship/Tri Nations series, scoring 8 tries in 6 matches. <mask> continued this form into the end-of-year tests, scoring his eleventh test try of 2013 against Japan on 2 November that year, during a 54–6 win over the Japanese. 2014–2015
In 2014 <mask> was named in the mid-year three-test series against England.<mask> started on the right wing for the first test on 7 June 2014, in combination with Julian Savea on the left wing and Israel Dagg at fullback. Dagg was subbed off in the 54th minute due to injury, leaving <mask> to start at fullback in the second test on 14 June 2014. <mask> won Man of the Match in the second test of the series, a narrow 28–27 win, performing a try-saving tackle on English winger Manu Tuilagi and scoring a try in the 43rd minute. <mask> started at fullback in six of his 12 appearances for the All Blacks in 2014, with Dagg struggling with persistent injury. On 30 August 2015, he was named as one of the 31 members of the New Zealand Rugby World Cup team. <mask> was the only fullback selected in the squad, with Cory Jane and Israel Dagg dismissed for <mask>'s Highlanders team-mate Waisake Naholo. <mask> played in all seven of New Zealand's games at the 2015 Rugby World Cup, starting as fullback in all but one match (against Namibia, where he was substituted on for Colin Slade).He scored two tries in the competition, one against Namibia in their second pool match, and one against Tonga in their final pool game. He was awarded Man of the Match for his efforts in the semi-final against South Africa, which was won by a narrow 20–18. In the final against Australia, he was yellow carded for a tip tackle, becoming the first player to receive a card in a Rugby World Cup Final. He returned to the pitch to help the All Blacks to a 34–17 victory, setting up replacement back Beauden Barrett for a try as the All Blacks became the first team ever to take back-to-back titles, as well as the first to win three Rugby World Cups. 2016
In 2016, after the international or complete retirements of All Black captain Richie McCaw, Dan Carter, Tony Woodcock, Keven Mealamu, All Blacks vice-captain <mask> and Ma'a Nonu, <mask> was named as the vice-captain of the All Blacks by Head Coach Steve Hansen, with number 8 Kieran Read succeeding Richie McCaw as captain. <mask> started his role as vice-captain on 11 June 2016 when the All Blacks beat Wales 39–21 in the first of the three-test series between the two countries. <mask> was named as Man of the Match for the first test of the series and was not subbed off.<mask> was shifted to right wing for the second test against Wales to accommodate for Israel Dagg who had returned from injury. The second test, a 36–22 win on 18 June 2016, was both <mask> and Dagg's 50th test, with both players scoring tries. <mask> was errorless in the second test with the exception of letting in Welsh lock Alun Wyn Jones in for a try, but did not win Man of the Match for the second week in a row, conceding the award to Dagg. <mask> scored the opening try of the third test on 25 June 2016 and finished the series without being subbed off from the field, with the All Blacks thrashing Wales 46–6 to end the series. <mask> was moved back for fullback for the second round of the 2016 Rugby Championship with Dagg as the right wing. This would become the re-established combination between the two players, with <mask> cementing his spot as the All Blacks' first-choice fullback. Those two players ended up finishing as highest try scorers in the competition, both having scored 5 tries across the 6 matches of the competition each.<mask>'s most notable involvement in the competition was on 10 September 2016 where he scored two tries against Argentina during a 57–22 win. <mask> was not subbed off during the Rugby Championship, but the performances of himself and Dagg were overshadowed by that of Beauden Barrett, the new first-choice first-five-eighth for the All Blacks, who scored 81 points in the competition. During the 2016 game vs Ireland in Dublin, <mask> provided cover at halfback while <mask> was sin binned in the first half of the match. <mask> was injured with a broken finger towards the end of the match, ending his international year as he was replaced by winger Waisake Naholo. <mask> scored 8 tries throughout 2016, third-to-highest for the All Blacks behind new fly-half Beauden Barrett and Israel Dagg (the highest two international scorers for the year). 2017
<mask> became the 68th captain of the All Blacks in the absence of Kieran Read, on 16 June 2017, as he recovered from a concussion sustained during Super Rugby to lead the All Blacks out against Samoa at Eden Park, as a warm-up for the three-test series against the touring British & Irish Lions team. <mask> was subbed off for debutant Jordie Barrett in the 63rd minute, with lock Brodie Retallick taking over as captain for the rest of the test, which ended as a 78–0 win over Samoa.<mask> was named to start at fullback in the first test of the historic series against the Lions on 24 June 2017, but only lasted 21 minutes before receiving what was at the time, thought to have been his third concussion sustained in the space of three months. <mask> was replaced by veteran first-five Aaron Cruden, with Beauden Barrett shifting to fullback and Israel Dagg staying on the right wing as the All Blacks beat the Lions 30-15 without <mask> on the field. This test would be <mask>'s only ever fixture against the Lions, with Waisake Naholo, Jordie Barrett and Julian Savea deputising for him in the second and third tests. <mask> was sorely missed during the series, as the Lions broke a number of records to draw the series 1–1 with the All Blacks. After confirming that his vertigo was not a sign of concussion symptoms and instead caused by an inner ear infection, <mask> announced that he would take a sabbatical from all forms of rugby following the second Bledisloe Cup test of 2017. <mask> was named in the All Blacks squad for the 2017 Rugby Championship, but would begin his sabattical after the second Bledisloe Cup test. <mask> scored tries in both Bledisloe Cup tests against the Wallabies during the Rugby Championship, making yet another career milestone from the right wing (rookie Damian McKenzie was used at fullback), as <mask> scored his 30th try for the All Blacks in the second test on 26 August 2017, which the All Blacks won 35–29.His sabattical started following the conclusion of this test, with Beauden Barrett named as All Blacks vice-captain in <mask>'s absence. 2018–2019
<mask> made his return to international rugby after the 2018 Super Rugby season, scoring four tries from 12 tests in the 2018 season. <mask> scored his 30th try for New Zealand on 9 June, in a 52–11 win over France, placing him amongst the all-time top try-scorers internationally. Having played many 2018 tests on the right wing, <mask> was again shifted back to his preferred position at fullback for New Zealand's opening test of 2019, a 20–16 win against Argentina, with Damian McKenzie not considered for selection due to injury. <mask> started at fullback in the other two tests of the 2019 Rugby Championship, but <mask>'s poor performance in the first Bledisloe Cup test, saw New Zealand lose to Australia in a record 26–47 defeat, having already lost Scott Barrett to a red card. In the second Bledisloe Cup test for 2019, <mask>, as well as fellow poor-performing veterans, Owen Franks and Rieko Ioane, were axed from the match-day 23 altogether, with Beauden Barrett supplanting <mask> as New Zealand's first-choice fullback, while rookie wingers, George Bridge and Sevu Reece, picked to start. Although Barrett had overtaken <mask> in the pecking order, <mask> was picked to start in his final home game in New Zealand, a 92–7 win over Tonga, scoring two tries in the game, having a far better performance.Although there were calls from the media for <mask> to be dropped, he was named for his second World Cup, having been picked by All Black Head Coach, Steve Hansen, as one of 31 players in New Zealand's squad for the 2019 Rugby World Cup. He played in all three tests during the pool stages of the World Cup, two as a replacement off the bench and starting at fullback against Namibia in a 71–9 victory, scoring two tries in the process of that victory. <mask> was not selected for the World Cup quarter-final win against Ireland, or the semi-final loss to England, having been surpassed by Sevu Reece and Beauden Barrett. With New Zealand's loss in the semi-final eliminating the team from the competition, Hansen chose to give <mask>, as well as fellow retiring players, Kieran Read, Matt Todd, Sonny Bill Williams and Ryan Crotty their final test, in the Bronze Final against Wales. <mask> had a standout performance, including two tries, against Wales, with New Zealand beating them 40–17, claiming third place in the 2019 World Cup. International tries

Awards and honours

Super Rugby
 Super Rugby Centurion
 Super Rugby Champion - 2015

International rugby

Rugby World Cup / Webb Ellis Cup
Winners: 2015
The Rugby Championship
Winners: 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018
Runners-up: 2015
Bledisloe Cup
Winners: 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019
Dave Gallaher Trophy
Winners: 2013 (2x), 2016, 2018
Freedom Cup
Winners: 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019
Killik Cup
Winners: 2009

Hillary Shield
Winners: 2013, 2014 (2x), 2018
British & Irish Lions series
Winners: 2017 (drawn series – shared title)
World Rugby Player of the Year
Nominated: 2013
World Rugby Team of the Year (New Zealand)
Winners: 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017
Laureus Team of the Year (New Zealand)
Winners: 2016

Personal life
<mask> married Katie Menzies in 2015. Their daughter was born that year and their second child, son Walter was born on 9 March 2017 while <mask> was out injured with concussion.References

External links
 Highlanders profile

 ESPN Profile

Rugby union wings
Rugby union fullbacks
New Zealand rugby union players
Living people
1986 births
New Zealand international rugby union players
Highlanders (rugby union) players
Otago rugby union players
Rugby union players from Dunedin
New Zealand international rugby sevens players
People educated at King's High School, Dunedin
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for New Zealand
Commonwealth Games rugby sevens players of New Zealand
Rugby sevens players at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games medallists in rugby sevens
Section Paloise players
Kobelco Kobe Steelers players

masks:
Benjamin Robert Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Aaron Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Conrad Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Ben Smith
Aaron Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith


text_chunks:
<mask> (November 14, 1882 – October 4, 1974) was an American mathematician who taught for many years at the University of Texas. He is known for his work in general topology, for  the <mask> method of teaching university mathematics, and for his racist treatment of African-American mathematics students. Life
Although <mask>'s father was reared in New England and was of New England ancestry, he fought in the American Civil War on the side of the Confederacy. After the war, he ran a hardware store in Dallas, then little more than a railway stop, and raised six children, of whom <mask>, named after the commander of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, was the fifth. <mask> entered the University of Texas at the unusually youthful age of 15, in 1898, already knowing calculus thanks to self-study. He completed the B.Sc. in three years instead of the usual four; his teachers included G. B. Halsted and L. E. Dickson.After a year as a teaching fellow at Texas, he taught high school for a year in Marshall, Texas. An assignment of Halsted's led <mask> to prove that one of Hilbert's axioms for geometry was redundant. When E. H<mask> (no relation), who headed the Department of Mathematics at the University of Chicago, and whose research interests were on the foundations of geometry, heard of <mask>'s feat, he arranged for a scholarship that would allow <mask> to study for a doctorate at Chicago. Oswald Veblen supervised <mask>'s 1905 thesis, titled Sets of Metrical Hypotheses for Geometry. <mask> then taught one year at the University of Tennessee, two years at Princeton University, and three years at Northwestern University. In 1910, he married Margaret MacLelland Key of Brenham, Texas; they had no children. In 1911, he took up a position at the University of Pennsylvania.In 1920, <mask> returned to the University of Texas at Austin as an associate professor and was promoted to full professor three years later. In 1951, he went on half pay but continued to teach five classes a year, including a section of freshman calculus, until the University authorities forced his definitive retirement in 1969, his 87th year. In 1973, the University of Texas honored him by giving the name Moore Hall to a new building housing the physics, mathematics, and astronomy departments. Because of <mask>'s racism, in one of the changes following the George Floyd protests the University changed the name to Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy Building. A strong supporter of the American Mathematical Society, he presided over it, 1936–38. He edited its Colloquium Publications, 1929–33, and was the editor-in-chief, 1930–33. In 1931, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.Topologist
According to the bibliography in Wilder (1976), <mask> published 67 papers and one monograph, his 1932 Foundations of Point Set Theory. He is primarily remembered for his work on the foundations of topology, a topic he first touched on in his Ph.D. thesis. By the time <mask> returned to the University of Texas, he had published 17 papers on point-set topology—a term he coined—including his 1915 paper "On a set of postulates which suffice to define a number-plane", giving an axiom system for plane topology. The Moore plane, <mask>'s road space, <mask> space,  and the normal Moore space conjecture are named in his honor. Unusual teacher
<mask> <mask> is known to have supervised 50 doctoral dissertations, almost all at Texas, including those of R. H. Bing,  F. Burton Jones, John R. Kline, Edwin Evariste Moise, Mary Ellen Rudin, Gordon Whyburn, Richard Davis Anderson, and Raymond Louis Wilder. <mask> has been described as having been one of the most charismatic and inspiring university teachers of mathematics ever active in the United States. Accounts have been given of his ability to teach students who had never previously distinguished themselves in mathematics how to do proofs.He went out of his way to teach elementary and service courses every year, and actually forbade his pre-doctoral level students from consulting the mathematical literature. It was while attending lectures at the University of Chicago that <mask> first hit on his original teaching methods. Finding these lectures rather boring, even mind dulling, he would liven up a lecture by running a race in his mind with the lecturer, by trying to discover the proof of an announced theorem before the lecturer had finished his presentation. <mask> often won this silent race, and when he did not, he felt that he was better off from having made the attempt. It was at the University of Pennsylvania, while teaching a course on the foundations of geometry, that <mask> first tried out the teaching methods that came to be known as the <mask> method. The success of this method led others to adopt it and similar methods. Racism
<mask>'s record as a teacher of mathematics has been tarnished by his racism towards black students.Most of <mask>'s career was spent in a racially segregated part of the United States. African-American students were prohibited from even enrolling at the University of Texas until the late 1950s,
and <mask> himself was strongly in favor of segregation. After the University of Texas began admitting African-American students, he refused to allow them into his classes,
even for mathematics graduate students such as Vivienne Malone-Mayes. He told another African-American mathematics student, Walker E. Hunt, "you are welcome
to take my course but you start with a C and can only go down from there". On one occasion he walked out of a talk by a student, his academic grandchild, after discovering that the speaker was African-American. <mask> was also known for repeatedly claiming that female students were inferior to male students, and, though "less pronounced than his racism", for his antisemitism. However, while <mask>'s racism is confirmed by several first-hand accounts of his refusal to teach African-American students, the often-repeated description of him as a misogynist and antisemite is based largely on his oral remarks.Some of the sources reporting these remarks, such as Mary Ellen Rudin, also point out that in fact he encouraged females who showed mathematical talent and that he had Jewish students, such as Edwin E. Moise (who was asked about <mask>'s anti-Semitic reputation in an interview) and Martin Ettlinger, and close colleagues, such as Hyman J. Ettlinger. His encouragement of Rudin and other white female students is documented and between 1949 and 1970 (the earliest period when national data are known) 4 of <mask>'s 31 doctoral students (13%) were female, while nationally 175 were female out of 2646 doctoral graduates in mathematics and statistics (7%). Honors
 The <mask> Lee <mask> Hall, a classroom building at the University of Texas, was named after <mask> from its construction in 1972–2020. In 2020, following complaints and petitions in 2019 and then the 2020 George Floyd protests and Black Lives Matter movement, it was renamed to the "Physics, Math and Astronomy Building". Quotations
"That student is taught the best who is told the least." <mask>, quote in Parker (2005: vii). "I hear, I forget.I see, I remember. I do, I understand." (Chinese proverb that was a favorite of <mask>'s. Quoted in Halmos, P.R. (1985) I want to be a mathematician: an automathography. Springer-Verlag: 258)

Notes

References
Jones, F. Burton, 1997, "The Beginning of Topology in the United States and the Moore School" in C. E. Aull and R. Louwen, eds., Handbook of the History of General Topology, Vol. 1.Kluwer: 97–103. Lewis, Albert C., 1990, "R. L<mask>" in Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 18. Charles Scribner's Sons: 651–53. <mask>, R. L., 1970 (1932). Foundations of Point Set Theory. Vol.13 of the AMS Colloquium Publications. American Mathematical Society. Wilder, R. L., 1976, "<mask> <mask> 1882–1974," Bulletin of the AMS 82: 417–27. Includes a complete bibliography of <mask>''s writings. Further reading
  Biography, with extensive list of academic descendants of R. L<mask> and their publications. External links

 The Legacy of <mask> <mask> Project. Links to biographical material and the <mask> method.1882 births
1974 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Northwestern University faculty
People from Dallas
Presidents of the American Mathematical Society
Princeton University faculty
Topologists
University of Chicago alumni
University of Pennsylvania faculty
University of Texas at Austin College of Natural Sciences alumni
University of Texas at Austin faculty
Mathematicians from Texas
American white supremacists

masks:
Robert Lee Moore
Moore
Moore
Robert
Moore
Moore
. Moore
Robert
Robert
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Robert Lee
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
Robert
Moore
Moore
Moore
Moore
. Moore
Moore
Robert Lee
Moore
Moore
. Moore
Robert Lee
Moore
Moore


text_chunks:
<mask> (June 8, 1923 – January 10, 1987) was a soldier in the German Army in both the Wehrmacht of World War II and the postwar Bundeswehr, as well as a civilian jurist in the German Federal service. As an officer in the Bundeswehr, he rose to the rank of general, and completed his military service as commander-in-chief of NATO's Allied Forces Central Europe (AFCENT). He also authored numerous books on military-related subjects. Early years
<mask> und <mask> was born on June 8, 1923 in Tübingen, Germany, into a family rich in military tradition, with over 250 years of service to various German polities. His father, <mask> und <mask>, who served as a Wehrmacht officer throughout the Second World War, reached the rank of General der Panzertruppe ("General of Armored Troops"), and began his own highly decorated military service before the First World War in service with the Reichswehr. His mother, <mask>, was the daughter of Prussian general <mask>. Like most of his male forebears, he sought a military career and began it at age 17, by joining the cavalry regiment commanded by his father.In 1946, he married Ebba <mask>; they had four children, three boys; Dominic, Stefan, Botho and a girl, Marina Josepha Anna Sidonie. Wehrmacht 1940–1945
<mask> <mask> started his military career on October 1, 1940 in the replacement section of the 3rd Cavalry Regiment, at Göttingen, commanded at the time by his father. On June 21, 1941, Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. <mask> fought on this front as a Lieutenant with the 24th Panzer Division in the German 6th Army, ultimately participating in the Battle of Stalingrad, one of history's bloodiest battles. He was placed in command of a panzer squadron on August 23, 1942, in the later stages of this battle. Not long before the end of the battle, he was wounded and evacuated back to Germany. Upon his recovery and promoted to Oberleutnant, he was assigned to serve as a regimental adjutant in northern Italy with the re-constituted 24th Panzer Division.His unit being transferred back to the Eastern Front, after October 1943, he found himself again facing the Soviet Army in combat, this time at Kiev and the Dnieper Bend. Soviet offensives having pushed the German forces along with the 24th Division back to Romania, in August 1944, during the Second Battle of Jassy-Kishinev he was wounded again, this time losing his right arm, again requiring his evacuation from the front. No longer able to serve directly in combat, at the age of 21 years, <mask> und <mask> was transferred to the Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH) or Army High Command and was assigned to be the personal adjutant of General der Panzertruppe Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg. While serving in this capacity, he was captured by American forces at the end of the war. Wehrmacht decorations
 Deutsches Kreuz in Gold, September 4, 1944
 Panzervernichtungsabzeichen
 Nahkampfspange in Silver

Civilian life 1945–1956
After a short period as a prisoner of war, <mask> und <mask> was released and began to study law at the University of Göttingen, continuing later in Zürich and at the University of Oxford as a Rhodes scholar, following in his father's footsteps. In 1951, he was awarded a doctorate in law. His dissertation was entitled "The State Party: a Comparison Between the Weimar and the Bonn Constitutions."At this time, he was appointed to serve in the newly created Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz ("Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution"). Bundeswehr 1956–1979
His combat and OKH experiences being of great value, he was reactivated into military service with the Bundeswehr in March 1956, and was placed in a workgroup considering matters of military intelligence pertaining to the armed forces to the east (the Warsaw Pact). Following General Staff training, he filled an assignment with the G-3 (Operations) section of Panzerlehrbrigade 9 at Munsterlager, where he participated in field testing the new Leopard 1 main battle tank. His next post was to work with an Army study of nuclear tactics and planning. In 1964, he returned to Munsterlager and Panzerlehrbrigade 9 as commander of Panzerlehrbataillon 94, where he was able to receive practical experience in use of the Leopard tank. <mask> und <mask> became known as an expert on tanks. First NATO assignment
After the successful conclusion of his training at the NATO Defence College in Rome, <mask> und Etterlin served for two years with the planning office of the Northern Army Group (NORTHAG) in Mönchengladbach, working on the integration and coordination of Dutch, British, Belgian, and German armed forces units.Promotion to General
After a short intermission in the Panzerbrigade 20 in Hemer from October 1969 to March 1970, he received orders to report to the Army Staff in Bonn, and was promoted to the rank of Brigadegeneral on September 30, 1970. Later, after a promotion to Generalmajor, <mask> und <mask> took command of Defense District 5, in the vicinity of Stuttgart, where he worked in cooperation with civil authorities, state ministries and the federal defense administration. He was especially busy coordinating major allied formations with the German Army, as well as developing plans to quickly mobilize reservists. On July 1, 1974, he returned to duty with the German field army, assuming command of the 7th Panzer Division, stationed in Unna. Here, he was particularly entrusted with development of the new Army Structure 4 initiative, after which he led his division through multiple successful exercises. In spring 1978, <mask> und <mask> was promoted to the rank of Generalleutnant and assigned to be commanding general of the Bundeswehr's I Corps, headquartered in Münster. AFCENT Commander-in-Chief
On October 1, 1979, <mask> und <mask> was promoted to full general and replaced the retiring General Franz-Joseph Schulze as Commander-in-Chief of Allied Forces Central Europe.The dramatic political and military events of the late 1970s led to the planning in 1980 of the "Long-Term Defense Program" and included the creation of European reserve forces. Despite these affairs, more political than military, General <mask> und Etterlin maintained regular contact with both large and small Bundeswehr units under his command, watching over their tactical training and overall preparedness for war, intervening, when necessary, to make corrections

Retirement
After four years in command of one of the most powerful military formations standing in defense of central Europe, General <mask> und Etterlin retired, honored with the Großer Zapfenstreich on September 30, 1983. In his long and productive career in military and political affairs, <mask> und <mask> was also responsible for many contributions to military literature. He wrote several books on military tactics and history, covering such subjects as armor, artillery, and military vehicles, and made over 1,000 contributions to military magazines, primarily Soldat und Technik ("Soldier and Technology"). Among his historical works were a history of his old wartime unit, the 24th Panzer Division. Apart from military subjects, he was interested in baroque and modern art history and classical music. <mask> died on January 10, 1987, in Ühlingen, Baden-Württemberg, surrounded by his family.Works
 Die 24. Panzer-Division 1939-1945. Vormals 1. Kavallerie-Division, Nebel Verlag,
 Die deutschen Panzer 1926 - 1945, Bernard & Graefe,
 Die deutschen Geschütze 1939-1945, Bernard & Graefe,
 Panzer der Bundeswehr und ihrer Verbündeten, Athenäum-Verlag 1958
 Soldaten zwischen Rhein und Weser, Verlag Wehr u. Wissen,
 Der Gegenschlag, Vowinckel-Verlag
 Die Kampfpanzer von 1916 - 1966, Bernard & Graefe,
 Taschenbuch der Panzer. Jg. 1. 1943 - 1954; Taschenbuch der Panzer.Jg. 2. 1943 - 1957; Taschenbuch der Panzer. Jg. 3. 1960; Taschenbuch der Panzer. Jg.4. 1969
 Das kleine Panzerbuch, Lehmann
 Der sowjetische mittlere Kampfpanzer der Baureihe T-34 bis T-62, Lehmann
 Pionierpanzer, Bernard & Graefe,

References

1923 births
1987 deaths
German military writers
German untitled nobility
German Army personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Bundeswehr generals
German male non-fiction writers
Generals of the German Army
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

masks: Ferdinand Maria Johann Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 1969) is an Irish folk singer, and a former member of the Irish band Solas. She resides in Cork, Ireland. Early years
<mask> was born in Ballyduff Lower, Kilmeaden, County Waterford, Ireland. Her family encouraged her to sing in the house, in a church choir and at school. At Waterford Regional Technical College she studied piano then took music at University College Dublin in 1987. Having learned to copy Ella Fitzgerald's scat singing, she performed in a Dublin bistro several nights per week while still a student. At the Royal Irish Academy of Music she studied classical music and sang in a jazz band, then a folk-ballad band, then another jazz band.She also fell under the influence of Dublin folk singer Frank Harte. During this time she also formed her own band, called "Dorothy". Emigration to the USA
In 1993, <mask> moved to New York City, to study jazz at Long Island University. When she began to frequent Irish traditional sessions in New York, she started singing Irish traditional music again, performing mostly in bars and local centres. During 1994, she sang with Atlantic Bridge before joining Solas, recording five songs on their début album in 1996. At the same time, she was still performing jazz and folk material herself at the Tramps club in Manhattan, accompanied only by a percussionist. In 1997, <mask> recorded a solo album, Songlines, inspired by the novel of the same name by Bruce Chatwin and produced by Séamus Egan.The album featured both Irish traditional and contemporary folk songs, and included several members of Solas. Solo career
<mask> left Solas at the beginning of 1999 to pursue her solo ambitions. She then moved back to Ireland, although frequently travelled between her home in Cork and America. In 2000, she collaborated with several other vocalists on Seal Maiden: a Celtic Musical. It concerned the mythical creature called the selkie (in this case, a seal-woman). The album featured a story written by Irish playwright Marina Carr narrated by <mask>, produced by Niall Vallely and Leib Ostrow, and featured contributions from Martin Hayes & Dennis Cahill, Iarla Ó Lionaird, Máiréad Ní Mhaonaigh, Michael McGoldrick, Mel Mercier and Robbie Overson. In 2001, <mask> finished working on her second solo album, The Winds Begin to Sing (2001) which was well received by critics and propelled her into a stable solo career.She released Distant Shore in 2003 and toured extensively throughout the Americas and Europe. In 2005, <mask> released Chasing the Sun featuring Irish traditional and folk songs which she learned from her mother and maternal grandmother. The album included a number of songs written by <mask> herself as well as songs by Belfast musician Barry Kerr. The album was well received and was the last to be released on the Shanachie and Vertical labels so that <mask>, husband Niall Vallely and other associated acts could release her music independently. In 2006, <mask> joined her previous band Solas to guest on their live DVD and album, Reunion: a Decade of Solas. On the recordings, <mask> was joined by all of the band's past members and current members from the period. She joined Deirdre Scanlan (Solas vocalist 2000–2007) and Antje Duvekot, along with the male vocalists from the band.In 2008, <mask> and her husband set up Crow Valley Music to release Ships in the Forest. In early 2010, <mask> released Exiles Return, a duet album with former Solas bandmate John Doyle; it was listed among the Top 5 albums of the year by The Irish Echo newspaper. Released in 2014, Two More Hours was <mask>'s sixth solo album and her first entirely self-penned work. Contemporary in tone, it takes a much more personal approach to her writing and singing. It features a duet with Irish chart-topper Mick Flannery as well as contributions from Abigail Washburn and Aoife O’Donovan, and was produced by Niall Vallely. A departure from the traditional music she has focused on for many years, Two More Hours draws on <mask>'s lifelong love of R&B, jazz and blues in creating a vibrant new mix of sounds. Vallely's string arrangements help meld together a cast of Ireland's musicians from the worlds of classical, folk and rock music including Ken Rice, Kate Ellis, Sean Og Graham (of Beoga), Trevor Hutchinson, Eoghan Regan, Danny Byrt and Caoimhín Vallely.In 2017 Karan was Traditional Artist in Residenceat University College Cork, toured the UK with the Transatlantic Sessions, performed at Glasgow's Celtic Connections, and toured in the US both with her own band and with Lúnasa, including a performance at New York's Carnegie Hall. In 2018 Karan helped to found FairPlé which is an organization aimed at achieving fairness and gender balance for female performers in Irish traditional and folk musics. In 2019 she released her latest album Hieroglyphs That Tell the Tale on the Vertical Records Label. Produced by renowned Scottish producer and BAFTA-nominated composer Donald Shaw, the album also features Karan's long-time musical collaborators Sean Óg Graham & Niamh Dunne (Beoga), Kate Ellis (The Crash Ensemble) and Niall Vallely (Buille). Drawing inspiration from contemporary folk writers Janis Ian, Eliza Gilkyson, Mick Flannery and Bob Dylan, the album displays <mask>'s impressive talent as a songwriter. She is joined on vocals by some of the women singers she's long-admired, including Karen Matheson, Niamh Dunne, Pauline Scanlon, Maura O'Connell and Aoife O Donovan. <mask> has also collaborated with Bela Fleck, Maura O'Connell, Tim O'Brien, Lunasa, The Boston Pops Orchestra, The Dubliners & Imelda May, A Stór Mo Chroí (featuring John Spillane, Lumiere and Muireann Nic Amhlaoibh), among others.Personal life
<mask> is married to Irish concertina player Niall Vallely and has collaborated frequently with the Vallely brothers and their bands. She has two daughters (Muireann and Áine) and currently lives in Cork. Discography

Solo albums
 1997 – Songlines
 2000 – Seal Maiden (<mask> <mask> & friends)
 2001 – The Winds Begin To Sing
 2003 – Distant Shore
 2005 – Chasing The Sun
 2008 – Ships in the Forest
 2014 – Two More Hours
 2018 – Hieroglyphs That Tell the Tale

With Solas
 1996 – Solas
 1997 – Sunny Spells and Scattered Showers
 1998 – The Words That Remain
 2006 – Reunion: A Decade of Solas (CD/DVD)

Miscellaneous recordings
 1996 – Her Song: Exotic Voices of Women from Around the World (Various Artists)
 1997 – Celtic Tapestry, Vol. 1 (Various Artists)
 2007 – A Christmas Celtic Sojourn Live (Various Artists)
 2007 – Excalibur: Vol. 2 (Alan Simon)
2008 - Absolutely Irish (Various Artists)
 2010 – Exiles Return (with John Doyle)
 2014 -  A Prairie Home Companion- Duets 2  (Various Artists)

External links
 Official website
 Wedding in Barga between Karan and husband Niall
 Karan Casey Uk Tour 2009 Folk Radio UK

1969 births
Alumni of the Royal Irish Academy of Music
Irish women singers
Irish folk singers
Living people
Musicians from County Waterford
People from County Waterford
Alumni of Waterford Institute of Technology
Shanachie Records artists
Compass Records artists
Vertical Records artists

masks:
Karan Casey
Casey
Casey
Casey
Casey
Casey
Casey
Casey
Casey
Casey
Casey
Casey
Casey
Casey
Casey
Casey
Casey
Casey
Casey
Karan
Casey


text_chunks:
<mask> was the nom de plume of Sulpice Guillaume Chevalier (13 January 1804 – 24 November 1866), a French illustrator, born in Paris. Early career
<mask>'s father, Sulpice Chevalier, was from a family line of coopers from Burgundy. <mask> began work as a mechanical worker in a machine factory but he saw that to make any progress in his profession, he had to be able to draw; accordingly in his spare time in the evenings, he took classes in drawing. He devoted his special attention to architectural and mechanical drawing and worked at land surveying and mapping which led to his obtaining a position with the Government Ordnance Department as a draughtsman. It wasn't until his early thirties that he turned his attention to his proper vocation as an artist. Nom-de-plume
The story is told that he took his name from Gavarnie in Luz-Saint-Sauveur where he had taken a journey into the Pyrenees. His first published drawings were for the magazine Journal des modes.At the time, Gavarni was barely thirty years of age. His sharp and witty drawings gave these generally commonplace and unartistic figures a life-likeness and an expression which soon won him a name in fashionable circles. He gradually gave greater attention to this more congenial work, and ultimately stopped working as an engineer to become the director of the journal Les Gens du monde. Gavarni followed his interests, and began a series of lithographed sketches in which he portrayed the most striking characteristics, foibles and vices of the various classes of French society. The letterpress explanations attached to his drawings were short, but were forcible and humorous, if sometimes trivial, and were adapted to the particular subjects. At first he confined himself to the study of Parisian manners, more especially those of the Parisian youth. Publications
Most of his best work appeared in Le Charivari.He had been invited by the editor François Caboche to draw for the magazine. Gavarni had never drawn caricatures and was reluctant to accept the request but was persuaded to submit some drawings for approval. This he did and they were accepted but he didn't care for the captions which had been added by the magazine editors. Thereafter, he started writing his own. This was the beginning of the Boites aux lettres series. Some of his most scathing and most earnest pictures, the fruit of a visit to London, appeared in L'Illustration. He also illustrated Honoré de Balzac's novels, and Eugène Sue's Wandering Jew.Illustrated works
Among his illustrated works were Les Lorettes, Les Actrices, Les Coulisses, Les Fasizionables, Les Gentilshommes bourgeois, Les Artistes, Les Débardeurs, Clichy, Les Étudiants de Paris, Les Baliverneries parisiennes, Les Plaisirs champêtres, Les Bals masqués, Le Carnaval, Les Souvenirs du carnaval, Les Souvenirs du bal Chicard, La Vie des jeunes hommes, and Les Patois de Paris. He had now ceased to be director of Les Gens du monde; but he was engaged as ordinary caricaturist of Le Charivari, and, while making the fortune of the paper, he made his own. His name was exceedingly popular, and his illustrations for books were eagerly sought for by publishers. Le Juif errant, by Eugene Sue (1843, 4 vols. 8vo), the French translation of Hoffman's tales (1843, 8 vo), the first collective edition of Balzac's works (Paris, Houssiaux, 1850, 20 vols. 8 vo), Le Diable à Paris (1844–1846, 2 vols. 4 vo), Les Français peints par eux-mêmes (1840–1843, 9 vols.8vo), the collection of Physiologies published by Aubert in 38 vols. 18mo (1840–1842), all owed a great part of their success at the time, and are still sought for, on account of the clever and telling sketches contributed by Gavarni. Change in focus
A single frontispiece or vignette was sometimes enough to secure the sale of a new book. Always desiring to enlarge the field of his observations, Gavarni soon abandoned his once favorite topics. He no longer limited himself to such types as the lorette and the Parisian student, or to the description of the noisy and popular pleasures of the capital, but turned his mirror to the grotesque sides of family life and of humanity at large. Les Enfants terribles, Les Parents terribles, Les Fourberies des femmes, La Politique des femmes, Les Mans vengs, Les Nuances du sentiment, Les Rives, Les Petits Jeux de société, Les Fetus Malheurs du bonheur, Les Impressions de ménage, Les Interjections, Les Traductions en langue vulgaire, Les Propos de Thomas Vireloque, etc., were composed at this time, and are his most elevated productions. But while showing the same power of irony as his former works, enhanced by a deeper insight into human nature, they generally bear the stamp of a bitter and even sometimes gloomy philosophy.At one point Gavarni was imprisoned for debt in the debtors' prison of Clichy. After his release, he published his experiences in a work called L'Argent ("Money"). Visit to England

Gavarni visited England in 1849. On his return his impressions were published in the book Londres et les Anglais, illustrés par Gavarni (1862) by Émile de la Bédollière. Most of these last compositions appeared in the weekly paper L'Illustration. In 1857 he published in one volume the series entitled Masques et visages (1 vol. 12 mo), and in 1869, about two years after his death, his last artistic work, Les Douze Mois (1 vol.fol. ), was given to the world. Gavarni was much engaged, during the last period of his life, in scientific pursuits, and this fact must perhaps be connected with the great change which then took place in his manner as an artist. He sent several communications to the Académie des Sciences, and until his death on 23 November 1866 he was eagerly interested in the question of aerial navigation. It is said that he made experiments on a large scale with a view to find the means of directing balloons; but it seems that he was not so successful in this line as his fellow artist, the caricaturist and photographer, Nadar. Collections and catalogues
Gavarni's Œuvres choisies was published in 1845, followed in 1850 by two volumes named Perles et Parures. Some essays in prose and in verse written by him were collected by one of his biographers, Charles Yriarte, and published in 1869.Gavarni l'homme et l'œuvre by Edmond and Jules de Goncourt was published in 1873. A catalogue raisonné of Gavarni's works was published by J. Armehault and E. Bocher, paris in 1873. References

External links

Eugène Forgues (1887) Gavarni, Librairie de l'art, Paris
Les Maitres Humoristes: Gavarni (1909) Librairie Félix Juven, Paris
Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on <mask> (see index)
 A selection of his drawings can be found at the website:  - Type in Gavarni in the "Artists Name" box and click on "Go"

1804 births
1866 deaths
Artists from Paris
French cartoonists
French caricaturists
French draughtsmen
French printmakers

masks:
Paul Gavarni
Gavarni
Paul
Paul Gavarni


text_chunks:
Major General <mask>,  (13 May 1780 – 22 March 1857) was a senior officer of the Royal Marines who served during the French Revolutionary Wars and earned historically noteworthy military distinctions on the North America and West Indies Station during the Napoleonic Wars and the War of 1812. As a battalion commander of Royal Marines, Captain <mask> faced enemy forces which included his counterparts of the United States Marines at Bladensburg, Washington, Baltimore, and New Orleans. In his later years Robyns served one term as Mayor of Penzance (1840–41) in his native Cornwall. Early life and career
<mask>, the son of <mask>, was christened in the Parish of Madron, in West Cornwall, on 13 May 1780. The private christening, performed by a midwife, probably occurred soon after his birth, if not on the actual day of birth. It may be assumed that young Robyns received an adequate common school education that was sufficient to prepare him for a commission. He may have served in the Royal Navy or British Army prior to 1796.It is difficult to document this period of his life with precision. <mask> received his commission as a second lieutenant of His Majesty's Marine Forces in 1796. Soon afterwards he was ordered to the East Indies where he remained on station nearly five years, earning his promotion to first lieutenant in 1799. Following his return, shortly prior to the Treaty of Amiens, he was sent to Ireland where he remained on station until his promotion to captain in 1807. <mask> was thus still a subaltern when H.M. Corps of Marine Forces was elevated to the dignity of Royal Marines on 29 April 1802. In 1808 Captain <mask> of the Marines sailed for Barbados as part of the expedition under Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane and Lieutenant General George Beckwith.Invasion of Martinique
In 1809 Captain <mask> participated in the British Invasion of Martinique, a highly successful amphibious operation. Captain <mask> remained on the Leeward Islands Station until about 1811, well after the seizure of Guadeloupe by the British forces under Cochrane and Beckwith. Chesapeake Campaign
Still a Marine captain, <mask> rejoined Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane's command in 1813, as the Officer Commanding the detachment of Marines aboard . He was among the handful of Royal Marines company-grade officers chosen to command a battalion ashore during the War of 1812. Robyns commanded a 400-strong composite battalion of Royal Marines and Royal Navy personnel in the Battle of Bladensburg, the Burning of Washington, and in the Battle of Baltimore. At Baltimore <mask> was severely wounded while leading his battalion on 12 September 1814. The British Army commander, Major General Robert Ross, was killed in the same action.Writing from , to the Admiralty Lords on 17 September 1814, Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane singled out the "frequently gallant conduct" of Robyns as worthy of special "favour and protection". Battle of New Orleans
Following the defeat at Baltimore, <mask> was brevetted a major on the British Army List. Though still recovering from a wound described as "severe," he accompanied the British expeditionary force which was sent to engage in the Battle of New Orleans. Once again charged with a composite command, he commanded a company in the "composite battalion" of 100 Marines commanded by his senior, Brevet Major Thomas Benjamin Adair (1783–1849), of the Royal Marines. Adair's 100 Royal Marines and a similar-sized party of Edward Nicolls' Red Sticks were brigaded with Colonel William Thornton (British Army officer)'s 85th Regiment of Foot (Bucks Volunteers). Thornton's Brigade performed laudably at New Orleans, overwhelming the American line on the west bank of the Mississippi. The brigade's small triumph, however, was not enough to counterbalance the British disaster of 8 January 1815.Royal Marines also contributed to the subsequent orderly withdrawal by the British forces. Peacetime establishment and later years
In spite of the award of a pension for wounds received, Robyns escaped the officer reductions in the Royal Marines establishment of 1814 and 1816. Robyns married Miss Wilmot <mask> (1787–1867), the second daughter of <mask>, of Penzance, at Madron on 18 July 1815. Routine duties and assignments followed until his retirement in 1835. He was promoted to the substantive rank of major in the Royal Marines on 16 April 1832, thus finally attaining the permanent status of "General and Field Officer (G & FO)", Royal Marines. In 1840 he served one term as Mayor of Penzance, a largely honorary public function. <mask> died in Cornwall on 22 March 1857.He was buried in Madron on 27 March 1857. Promotions and awards
Second Lieutenant, (H.M. Marine Forces) 13 March 1796. First Lieutenant, (H.M. Marine Forces) 1 January 1799. Captain, Royal Marines 19 June 1807. Brevet Major, (Army List) 27 October 1814. 28 December 1815 Awarded a pension for wounds. Major, Royal Marines 16 April 1832.Allowed to retire from the Royal Marines as a Major with full pay in 1835. Knight of the Royal Guelphic Order 25 January 1836. 3 November 1840 War Office Brevet of Lieutenant Colonel, on the British Army List as a "late Major" of the Royal Marines, to date from 10 January 1837. This belated and honorary brevet on the Army List occurred at the same time as that of Colonel James Home of the Royal Marines, and Lieutenant Colonel Edward Nicolls. 1842 Awarded a good-service pension. 1848/1849 Naval General Service Medal (1847) with Clasp for Invasion of Martinique (1809). Colonel, (Army List) 11 November 1851.Major General, (Army List) 20 June 1855. See also
Royal Marines Battalions (Napoleonic Wars)
Corps of Colonial Marines
List of Mayors of Penzance

References
Citations

Bibliography
 Crawford, Michael J. (Ed) (2002). The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History, Vol. 3. Washington: United States Department of Defense. Latimer, Jon (2007): '1812: War With America'.Harvard University Press. Nicolas, Paul Harris (1845): 'Historical Record of the Royal Marine Forces, Volume 2', 1805–1842

1780 births
1857 deaths
Royal Marines generals
French Revolutionary Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the War of 1812
Politicians from Cornwall
Councillors in Cornwall
Mayors of places in Cornwall
Military personnel from Cornwall

masks:
John Robyns
John Robyns
John Robyns
Thomas Robyns
Robyns
John Robyns
Robyns
John Robyns
John Robyns
Robyns
Robyns
Robyns
John
George John
Robyns