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 is"/"Music To Watch Girls By"), "Was will ein Boy" ("What does a boy want?") (1967), "Ja, ich sing" ("Yes, I sing"), "A Banda (Zwei Apfelsinen im Haar)" ("Two oranges in my hair"), "Der Computer Nr.3" (1968), "Ein bisschen Goethe, ein bisschen Bonaparte" ("A bit of Goethe, a bit of Bonaparte"), "I like Mozart" (1969), "Dann schon eher der Piano player" ("I prefer the piano player") (1970), "Ali Baba Und Die 40 Räuber" ("Ali Baba and the 40 Thieves") (1971), "Komm mit mir nach Bahia, Miguel" ("Come with me to Bahia, Miguel") (1972). Post-Gainsbourg career
New label, new beginnings
<mask> had several other releases in France in 1968, none of which aroused any great interest. At the end of 1968, on reaching the age of 21, <mask> separated from Denis Bourgeois and spread her wings upon the expiration of her contract with Philips. She moved to a new record label, La Compagnie, in 1969, with whom her father Robert signed a contract, where she made a number of recordings, but did not succeed in finding a coherent style with Norbert Saada as artistic director. She went her own way in 1969 with two adaptations: one Italian and the other British: "L'Orage/La Pioggia)" ("The Storm") which she sang with Gigliola Cinquetti at the 1969 Sanremo Music Festival, and "Les Années folles" ("Gentlemen Please"), created by Barbara Ruskin. Her songs "Des gens bien élevés", "La Manille et la révolution", "Zozoï" and "Éléphants" were largely ignored. La Compagnie went bankrupt within three years of its creation, co-founder and singer Hugues Aufray blaming the failure entirely on Norbert Saada.The early seventies continued to be a barren period for <mask>. Although she was the first artist to be recorded in France for Atlantic Records in 1971, her singles "C'est cela l'amour" (1971) and "Chasse neige" (1971), faltered in the charts. In 1972, <mask>, for the last time, recorded songs by Gainsbourg, "Frankenstein" and "Les Petits ballons", but these also failed to chart. The results of her collaboration with Jean-Michel Rivat as artistic director, "La Quatrieme chose" (1972), "Par plaisir" and "Plus haut que moi" (1973) all failed to meet with commercial success. From the 1970s onwards, <mask> started regularly visiting Senegal. She bought a hideaway there on the island of N'Gor, close to Dakar in 1990. Collaboration with Michel Berger
Gall was enthralled by Michel Berger's music when she heard his song "Attends-moi" ("Wait for Me") one day in 1973.During a later radio broadcast, she asked him for his opinion on songs which her then producer wanted her to record. Although he was disconcerted by the quality of the songs, there would be no question of collaboration. Only six months later, in 1974, after she sang vocals on the song "Mon fils rira du rock'n'roll" on Berger's new album, <mask>'s publisher asked him, at her behest, to write for her. Gall had already made her mind up that "It will be him and nobody else". In 1974, "La Déclaration d'amour" was to be the first in a long line of hits which marked a turning point in <mask>'s career. Meanwhile, the two artists had fallen in love and married on 22 June 1976, the only marriage for both. After they married, <mask> only sang songs written by Berger until his death in 1992.Musicals
In 1978, pushed by Berger, she once again trod the boards of the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées where she had auditioned 15 years earlier, starring in a show titled Made in France. The most novel aspect of this show was that, except for the Brazilian drag act Les Étoiles, the members of the orchestra, choir and the dance troupe were exclusively female. In this show, France sang "Maria vai com as outras" the original, Brazilian (Portuguese) version of "Plus haut que moi". In 1979, <mask> took part in a new show which remains memorable for many. Composed by Michel Berger and written by the Québécois author Luc Plamondon, the rock opera Starmania enjoyed a success not usual for musicals in France. The show played for one month at Palais des congrès de Paris. In 1982, <mask> rehearsed in the Palais des Sports of Paris to present Tout pour la musique, an innovative spectacle marked by its use of electronic music.The songs "Résiste" and "Il jouait du piano debout" ("He played the piano standing") quickly became French pop standards. 1980s and humanitarian projects
In 1985, <mask> joined Chanteurs Sans Frontières, on the initiative of Valérie Lagrange. She also worked for S.O.S Ethiopie for the benefit of Ethiopia under the aegis of Renaud. At the same time, she gave a successful series of concerts lasting three weeks at the new venue Le Zénith in Paris, where she performed new songs like "Débranche" ("Loosen-up"), "Hong-Kong Star", and gave solid acoustic performances of "Plus haut", "Diego libre dans sa tête" and "Cézanne peint". In 1985 and 1986, <mask> worked with Berger, Richard Berry, Daniel Balavoine and  for the benefit of Action Écoles, an organisation of schoolboy volunteers which collects essential food products in France for African countries where famine and drought prevail. On 14 January 1986, during a trip to Africa, Balavoine tragically perished in a helicopter crash. In 1987, the song "Évidemment", written by Berger and sung by <mask>, was a moving homage to their lost friend.The song appeared on the album Babacar. On the same album, the song "Babacar" was about a child <mask> and Berger had thought to adopt from Dakar, Senegal after meeting a mother who had begged <mask> to take her child. Instead of adopting the child Berger and <mask> decided to help financially by writing a song about the dilemma and donating the proceeds of the song to the child. The costs covered an apartment for the family and paid study costs for both the mother and child. <mask> topped the pop charts in many countries in 1987 and 1988 with another song from the Babacar album, "Ella, elle l'a" ("Ella′s got it"), a Berger tribute to Ella Fitzgerald. Following the release of Babacar, <mask> launched a new show produced by Berger. Opening at Le Zénith, the successful production toured throughout Europe, and gave rise to the live album Le Tour de France '88.1990s and later

<mask> took a break from singing in the early 1990s and did not record any more for several years to come. She did, however, make an album called Double Jeu with Berger released 12 June 1992. Following the release of Double Jeu, <mask> and Berger announced a series of concerts in various Parisian venues; this project was nearly cancelled by Berger's death from a heart attack on 2 August 1992. Although <mask> was strongly affected by Berger's death, she wanted to complete the project they had planned. She decided to commit to the performances at Bercy and promoted the songs that she and Berger created together. She finally performed at the Bercy in September. All the songs she performed were written by Michel Berger from Double Jeu, and from their discographies.A year later, she went back on stage and performed in a new show in the Salle Pleyel in Paris featuring new musicians. The repertoire featured songs written exclusively by Berger though <mask> included her own versions of songs originally performed by others. In 1996, <mask> asked Jean-Luc Godard to produce the video clip of her song "Plus haut", taken from her album France. Godard initially refused, but later agreed, and directed a dreamy, picturesque video titled "Plus Oh!" near his residence in Rolle, Switzerland. It was given its first and only airing (due to copyright issues) on 20 April 1996 on the French television channel M6. After a year in Los Angeles, she released her eighth studio album, France, in 1996.That same year, she decided to headline at the Paris Olympia. The next year, in 1997, she announced her retirement and recorded an unplugged show for French television showcasing songs from her final album. Personal life
<mask> married her collaborator and songwriter, Michel Berger, on 22 June 1976. They had two children together, Pauline and Raphaël. Her daughter Pauline was diagnosed with cystic fibrosis soon after she was born. She and Berger had decided to focus their hopes on the progress of medical research and to keep details of Pauline's condition a secret from the public. She entered into a pact with her husband to alternate their professional projects to take care of their daughter in the hope that a cure would be found.Michel Berger died of a heart attack in 1992, at age 44. <mask> was diagnosed with breast cancer in April 1993, which was successfully treated. Pauline died in December 1997. Following the death of her daughter, <mask> made only occasional public appearances. She was a patron of the French charity Cœurs de Femmes and a regular poker player up until her death. Death and legacy

As a farewell to her career, a documentary movie was shot in 2001, France Gall par France Gall and millions watched the documentary when it was broadcast on French television that year. <mask> staged and appeared in the 2007 France 2 documentary, Tous pour la musique, marking the 15th anniversary of Michel Berger's death.A long-term breast cancer survivor, <mask> died, aged 70, of an infection after a two-year battle with a cancer of undisclosed primary origin, at the American Hospital of Paris in Neuilly-sur-Seine on 7 January 2018. She was buried with her husband and daughter on 20 Avenue Rachel (division 29) at Montmartre Cemetery in Paris. Discography
Albums

 N'écoute pas les idoles (March 1964)
 France Gall (Mes premières vraies vacances) (August 1964)
 Sacré Charlemagne (December 1964)
 Poupée de cire, poupée de son (April 1965)
 Baby pop (October 1966)
 Les Sucettes (November 1966)
 1968 (January 1968)
 France Gall (1973)
 Cinq minutes d'amour (1976)
 France Gall (6 January 1976)
 Dancing Disco (27 April 1977)
 France Gall Live (live album, 9 November 1978)
 Starmania (various artists) (16 October 1978)
 Paris, France (19 May 1980)
 Tout pour la musique (10 December 1981)
 Palais des Sports (live album, 4 November 1982)
 Débranche! 6
 4 February 1984 — "Calypso", words and music by Berger
 20 May 1984 — "Cézanne peint", words and music by Berger
 3 April 1987 — "Babacar", words and music by Berger FR No. 11 GER No. 14
 24 August 1987 — "Ella, elle l'a", words and music by Berger FR No. 2 GER No.1

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<mask> (born 1964) is a British-American epidemiologist, public health consultant, author and journalist. She is an academic researcher and the director of Ternyata Ltd., a public health consultancy based in London, UK. Her research investigates the ways in which politics, economics and culture influence public health. This has included markets for substandard and falsified medicines and HIV. Before this, <mask> was a journalist who worked as a correspondent for Reuters in several Asian countries. Her first book The Wisdom of Whores: Bureaucrats, Brothels and the Business of AIDS, which examines factors influencing decision-making for HIV prevention, was longlisted for the Samuel Johnson Prize in 2009. <mask> is also known for her 2014 travel book Indonesia Etc.: Exploring the Improbable Nation, in addition to other writings on the society and politics of Indonesia. <mask> is a Visiting Senior Research Fellow at King's College London's Policy Institute, an Honorary Professor in the Department of Population Health at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, and a Fellow of the School of Health Policy and Management at Erasmus University Rotterdam. Education

She was born in the United States and educated in several European countries. She graduated from Oxford University with an MA in classical Chinese in 1986. After working as a journalist for many years, <mask> changed professional course, taking an MSc in Medical Demography and later a PhD in Infectious Disease Epidemiology at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. Journalism career
After her first degree, <mask> joined Reuters as a foreign correspondent, working in Hong Kong, India and Indonesia. She also reported at various times for The Economist and the Asia Times from Jakarta, Hanoi, Phnom Penh, Brussels and Nairobi.During her times as a journalist she covered major political events such as the Tiananmen Square demonstrations and the insurgency in Aceh as well as a wide range of business stories. Epidemiology and public health career
After retraining as an epidemiologist, Pisani focused on HIV for over a decade, conducting research and working as an advisor for the Ministries of Health of China, Indonesia, East Timor and the Philippines, and for organisations such as the UNAIDS, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, World Bank, and the World Health Organization. Her work has focused on HIV, sexually transmitted infections and sexual and drug-taking behaviour, and on building disease surveillance systems. In the late 2000s, she began working with the Wellcome Trust and other major funders of public health research to increase the sharing of data between scientists so that more knowledge can be squeezed out of expensive field research. She also worked with Wellcome to explore ways of increasing engagement between scientists and society in the countries where they sponsor major research programmes. One outcome of this was the "Foreign Bodies, Common Ground" exhibition, bringing together art from residencies in research centres in Thailand, Vietnam, Malawi, Kenya, South Africa and the UK. In 2016, Pisani initiated a collaboration with an East London based orchestra, the Grand Union Orchestra, which led to "Song of Contagion", a jazz show which tried to explore the reasons for bad decision-making in global health through music.Pisani wrote the first two editions of the biennial global report on AIDS for UNAIDS in 1998. In 2008, she published her first book The Wisdom of Whores, which argues that a substantial portion of the funding devoted to HIV and AIDS is wasted on ineffective programming, the result of science and good public health policy being trumped by politics and ideology. It was long-listed for the Samuel Johnson Prize for Non-fiction in 2009. The following year, she gave a TED talk arguing that the "rational" health belief model that underpins many public health campaigns are irrational from the point of view of those they target. In the mid-2010s, <mask>'s interest turned to the quality of medicines. With research grant support from the Wellcome Trust and Erasmus University Rotterdam, she led a four-country study into the political and economic factors driving the market for substandard and falsified medicines, especially in middle income countries, and continues to work in this area. Substandard and falsified medicines
While working in an HIV prevention programme in Indonesia in 2004, Pisani and her colleagues discovered that the medicines they were giving female sex workers to cure sexually transmitted infections were not working.There were three possible reasons for this: the women were not taking their medicines correctly; the pathogens were resistant to the medicines; or, the medicines were of poor quality. It turned out to be the second of these, but it took fully four years to change national guidelines and to start treating women with medicines that did work, largely because of the economic interests of government-owned pharmaceutical companies. At the Conference on Medicine Quality and Public Health in Oxford in September 2018, Pisani explained that this incident suggested a link between medicine quality and antimicrobial resistance, as well as in the political drivers of pharmaceutical policy. In 2016, the UK government's Review on Antimicrobial Resistance asked Pisani to review evidence for the links between poor quality medicine and the development and spread of drug resistant infections. The full report was summarised in an interim paper published by the AMR Review. With funding from Wellcome Trust, Pisani led a study looking at the political and economic factors that incentivise pharmaceutical companies to produce substandard medicines, and the factors that create market opportunities for criminals to make and sell falsified drugs. The research team looked closely at medicine markets in Indonesia, Romania and Turkey, as well as at producers of active ingredients in China.They concluded that substandard medicines are most common where oversight of production standards is lax and procurement systems push prices so low that companies are incentivised to cut corners. Falsified medicines, on the other hand, appear where there is an unmet demand from patients (sometimes because of aggressive marketing), and where patients or health care providers are incentivised to step outside of the regular supply chain, to cut costs or to maximise profits. AIDS prevention

Pisani has been a vocal advocate of the harm reduction approach to addressing HIV/AIDS, supporting needle exchange programmes, making condoms widely available, and giving aid to countries that have policies of legalized prostitution. She outlined these views in her book, subsequent articles, interviews, and her 2010 TED Talk. She strongly criticized the regulations imposed by USAID ambassador Randall Tobias, in particular, those forbidding aid recipients from accepting, tolerating, or legalizing prostitution, or promoting anything but abstinence, arguing that organizations of prostitutes are effective at educating those most at risk, and that abstinence-only sex education has been demonstrated to fail in rigorous scientific studies. In addition, she criticized the Catholic Church's prohibition on condom use as a means to prevent the spread of HIV. In an interview with The Guardian, she said "I don't think it's evil to have anal sex with 16 people in a weekend without condoms.I just think if you do that there's a high likelihood you're going to get infected. That's all. It's cause and effect. And I think if we can prevent a fatal disease, we should. I don't get how it's OK to keep someone alive once they're sick - but not OK to stop them getting sick. I just don't get that." In an article for The Guardian the following year, she criticised the Catholic Church's attitude to HIV/AIDS, asking "[w]hy can't we extend our compassion to those who are not yet infected, and provide them with all the information and tools they need to stay uninfected?Whether the pope likes it or not, those tools include condoms. In her TED Talk, she called the position "clearly irrational." Writing on Indonesia
In late 2011, <mask> took a sabbatical from her day job to explore Indonesia, where she had worked from 1988 – 1991 as a foreign correspondent, and from 2001-2005 in her capacity as an epidemiologist and public health advocate. She blogged about her travels at Portrait Indonesia from late 2011-2013. At the end of 2013, she moved her blog to a new site, Indonesia, Etc. Her travels there form the basis of a book, Indonesia, Etc. : Exploring the Improbable Nation, which was published to critical acclaim in June 2014.The book was listed among the best non-fiction books of 2014 by The Economist and by The Wall Street Journal. Since working on Indonesia, Etc., <mask> has contributed articles on Indonesian politics, particularly the 2014 presidential election, to Foreign Affairs, The New York Times and Nikkei Asia Review. Pisani has also provided commentary on corruption in Indonesia. Personal life

In The Wisdom of Whores, Pisani wrote, "I went to Sunday School as a child, and I still go to church every now and then. But I am unable to understand religious convictions or religious ideologies that stand in the way of saving hundreds of thousands of lives." In addition to English, she is fluent in French and Spanish, and has learned Chinese and Indonesian. References

External links

 Teyata Ltd. Public Health Consultancy.<mask>, Director
 Wisdom of Whores <mask>'s blog on AIDS, sexuality, health policy and much else
 Portrait Indonesia  <mask>'s blog on her travels in Indonesia. Late 2011-2013. Indonesia, Etc. The new site for <mask>'s blog on Indonesia issues, as of 2014. <mask>'s presentation at the TED 2010 conference: "Sex, drugs, and HIV – Let's Get Rational"

Alumni of the University of Oxford
American women journalists
1964 births
Living people
American women epidemiologists
American epidemiologists
Women medical researchers
British women journalists
Reuters people
HIV/AIDS activists
HIV/AIDS researchers
Academics of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Alumni of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
Women travel writers
Erasmus University Rotterdam faculty

masks:
Elizabeth Pisani
Pisani
Pisani
Pisani
Pisani
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Elizabeth Pisani
Elizabeth Pisani
Elizabeth Pisani
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Elizabeth Pisani


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<mask> (born August 25, 1938) is a Canadian politician who was convicted for the murder of his ex-wife, JoAnn Wilson. Early life
<mask> was born in Toronto when his father, <mask>, worked for Canada Packers. He moved to Saskatchewan when he father returned home to run the family business. His father subsequently entered politics and became Saskatchewan premier from 1964 to 1971. <mask> began studying agriculture at the University of Saskatchewan. After one year, he transferred to Iowa State University, where he met JoAnn Geiger. In 1962, they married.He graduated from Iowa State with B.S. and M.S. degrees in agriculture and then went to work on his father's ranch in Moose Jaw. Political career
After his father's death in 1971, <mask> cultivated his own interest in politics. In 1975, he won the provincial riding of Thunder Creek as a Liberal, but he defected to the Progressive Conservatives two years later after voter popularity had shifted from the Liberals to the Conservatives. The move was denounced by the Liberals and also privately by his wife. Marital issues
Geiger felt disgraced by <mask>'s behaviour, and their marriage began to disintegrate.<mask> began a number of extramarital relationships, which he made little effort to hide from public scrutiny. When Geiger confronted him with these indiscretions, <mask> is reported to have verbally and physically abused her. <mask>'s dalliances did not adversely affect his popularity as a politician, and in 1978, he was re-elected to the Legislative Assembly. Divorce
His marriage, however, did not fare so well, and in 1980, after nearly a year of legal battling, the couple divorced. Geiger was awarded custody of two of their three children, as well as $820,000 for her share of the marital property; the amount was one of the highest ever awarded by a Canadian divorce court. <mask> formally contested the settlement and ignored its custody terms. At one point, he flew to Geiger's new home in Brampton, Ontario to kidnap the children.Geiger soon married Tony Wilson, but she had to endure almost-constant harassment from her ex-husband. After she was shot and injured the next year by an unidentified assailant, thought to be <mask>, she gave up her claim to custody of Regan, the middle child, and settled for about half of her original court award. Geiger and Wilson believed that <mask> had been behind the shooting, but the Crown never pressed charges. Again, <mask>'s political life was largely unaffected, and he won his third straight term as MLA at the 1982 election. The Saskatchewan Conservatives won a majority government in that election, and <mask> was appointed to the provincial cabinet as Minister of Energy and Mines. However, public criticism and disputes with Premier Grant Devine made <mask> resign from that post the following year. Murder of wife
Four days after <mask>'s resignation, on 21 January 1983, JoAnn was found bludgeoned and shot to death in the garage of her Regina home.Again, rumours abounded that <mask> had been in some way involved, but he was not formally charged until 7 May 1984, after a lengthy police investigation. Evidence of guilt
Four key pieces of evidence eventually led to <mask>'s arrest:

A credit card receipt dated 17 January, four days before the murder, with <mask>'s name and signature on it, was found near the murder scene. Neighbours reported seeing a suspicious car, a black Ford Mustang, parked outside the Wilson residence around the time of the murder. The car's licence plates were illegible because they were covered with mud. When a neighbour tried to wipe off the mud, she could uncover only the numbers "292" before the car pulled away. A car with a matching description and licence plate was subsequently found on <mask>'s property and was traced to the Saskatchewan government's lent vehicles parking lot. The ammunition (.357 Magnum) and the type of gun (Ruger Security-Six) thought to be used in the murder matched those <mask> that had purchased on a trip to Palm Springs, California.Most damningly, a man named Gary Anderson confessed to police that he had been approached by <mask> for help in the murder. He resembled the man whom neighbours had described as sitting in the orange Ford Mustang while it was parked outside the Wilson residence. He also named two other men (Cody Crutcher and Charlie Wilde) as participants with him in the plot. The three men told police that it was Anderson whom neighbours had seen sitting in the Ford Mustang outside the Wilson residence, there was a disguise in the Mustang back seat, and it was <mask> who was wearing the disguise when he had actually committed the murder. Police convinced Anderson to wear a wire and to meet with <mask> to try to elicit a confession or to reveal details of the murder. During the recorded conversation, <mask> made several statements that implied he was involved in the crime. Anderson made several attempts to elicit an incriminating statement, but <mask> did not confess directly.However, <mask> told Anderson repeatedly to deny any direct accusations or indirect allegations. <mask>'s responses and evasiveness, besides other evidence, convinced police that he had been the mastermind. Conviction
<mask> was tried in Saskatoon for the murder of his ex-wife in the autumn of 1984. In addition to the evidence presented, he insisted on testifying so that he could try and explain the recorded conversation between Anderson and him. He was found guilty under the prosecution of Serge Kujawa and was given a sentence of life imprisonment with no eligibility for parole for 25 years. <mask> appealed the verdict, but the Saskatchewan Court of Appeal rejected the plea in 1986. Subsequent requests to the Supreme Court of Canada and the federal Minister of Justice for a review of his case were also denied.A request for an early parole hearing was rejected in 2000, but the jury of a later hearing in 2003 decided that he was eligible to apply. He did so, and on 31 March 2004, the National Parole Board rejected his bid for early release. Throughout his trial and his appeals, <mask> has steadfastly maintained his innocence, which he admits is probably the reason that he was not paroled until late 2006. Parole
On December 18, 2006, he made his first public appearance since he had been paroled two weeks earlier. He appeared at the Saskatchewan Legislature for a ceremony honouring former premiers of the province. <mask> spoke with the media about the accomplishments of his late father but refused to discuss the murder of his ex-wife. <mask> has written a 440-page book about his case, Final Appeal: Anatomy of a Frame.It was released by ECW Press on September 1, 2009. On April 21, 2010, <mask> agreed to relinquish any profits related to the sale of his book, such as his $5,000 advance from his publisher. <mask> has also instructed the publisher of his book to forward any further royalties from its sale to the Saskatchewan Minister of Finance. In 2011, funds from the sale of the book in the amount of $13,866.44 were turned over to the Ministry of Justice. Biographies
Bird, Heather. Not Above The Law: The Tragic Story of JoAnn Wilson and <mask>. Toronto: Key Porter Books Limited, 1985.Mankiewicz, Francis, director. Love and Hate: The Story of <mask> and JoAnn <mask>. (Television movie.) Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 1989. This film starred Kenneth Welsh and Kate Nelligan as <mask> and JoAnn <mask>. Siggins, Maggie. A Canadian Tragedy, JoAnn & <mask>: A Story of Love and Hate.Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1985. <mask>, <mask>. Backrooms: A Story of Politics. Douglas & McIntyre, 1985. Wilson, Garrett & Lesley Wilson. Deny, Deny, Deny: The Rise and Fall of <mask>. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company, 1986.References

External links
Crime Library article on <mask>
CBC's <mask> Timeline

<mask> returns to Sask. legislative building
CBC News: <mask> writing book about his case

1938 births
Living people
Members of the Executive Council of Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan Liberal Party MLAs
Progressive Conservative Party of Saskatchewan MLAs
Politicians from Toronto
Canadian people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by Canada
Canadian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Canada
People paroled from life sentence
Canadian politicians convicted of crimes
Politicians convicted of murder

masks:
Wilbert Colin Thatcher
Colin Thatcher
Ross Thatcher
Thatcher
Thatcher
Thatcher
Thatcher
Thatcher
Thatcher
Thatcher
Thatcher
Thatcher
Thatcher
Thatcher
Thatcher
Thatcher
Thatcher
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Colin Thatcher
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Thatcher
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Thatcher
Colin Thatcher
Colin
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Colin
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Colin Thatcher
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Colin
Colin Thatcher
Colin Thatcher
Colin Thatcher
Colin Thatcher
Colin Thatcher


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<mask> (born 9 June 1940 in Vancouver, British Columbia) is a Canadian poet and writer. Biography
He spent four years of his childhood on the Canadian prairies, but otherwise remained on the west coast until 1963, where he got his bachelor's degree in English and Philosophy at the University of British Columbia. <mask> received his M.A. and Ph.D. in English at the University of Toronto. He taught English and Creative Writing at Concordia University for twenty years (1978–1998). Then he returned to the west coast, where he was appointed Distinguished Professor of Canadian Culture at Western Washington University (1998–2001). He has also taught English at the British Columbia Institute of Technology and the University of Victoria, as well as serving as a writer-in-residence at Green College (UBC) and the Vancouver Public Library.In 2007 he received an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Royal Roads University. <mask> has written and edited over thirty-five books, including seventeen books of poetry, as well as fiction, non-fiction, drama, translation, criticism and anthologies. His work has been translated into five languages. Before embarking on his literary career, he worked as a gillnet fisherman, loaded boxcars at BC Sugar Refinery, stocked shelves at Woodwards, worked as a fishing guide and drove a water-taxi. <mask> is known as one of Canada's best political poets, having been singled out for this honour by literary critic George Woodcock in the late 1960s, whose claim graced the back cover of many of Geddes' books. Geddes has explored human rights issues in places such as Chile during its dictatorship, in Nicaragua during its civil war, and in Palestine and Israel after the Oslo peace accord. He lives on Thetis Island, British Columbia.Literature and the Environment

<mask> is most known for being a political and humanist poet, but his writing is also deeply rooted in place. Although he cannot be defined as an environmental writer or nature writer, early books such as Snakeroot (1973) and more recent work such as Sailing Home: A Journey through Time, Place & Memory (2001) are based around a specific place and explore the human relationship with that environment. Geddes's relationship to the environment seems to be strongly nostalgic: Sailing Home is a memoir of his personal search for a place which may no longer exist, or may have changed beyond recognition, and Snakeroot also involves revisiting a landscape which is no longer home. Geddes approaches the environment with an attitude that ranges from confrontational to appreciative. In the poem "ladder grass" (from Snakeroot) he reveals the appreciative side: "The ladder grass/ at my feet is unique, splendid," and in "snakeroot" he says, "The road to hell is paved." However, these lines co-exist in the book that contains the poem "blood and feathers," which is far more confrontational towards nature, especially in the opening lines "I refuse to be seasonal, stirred/ to a frenzy by a planet’s turning. Let the dead rocks and dying grasses/ speak for themselves, or be dumb."Whether confrontational or appreciative, though, Geddes' responses to the environment seem based in a strong attachment to the places he has lived, and in an undeniable connection between human beings and their surroundings. In 2010 Robert G. May edited a collection of critical studies, <mask>: Essays on His Works (Guernica Editions) which includes contributions by: W. H. New, M. Wynn Thomas, Winnifred M. Bogaards, Shirley McDonald, Lake Sagaris and Robert G. May. Bibliography
Poetry
 Poems (1971)
 Rivers Inlet (1972)
 Snakeroot (1973)
 Letter of the Master of Horse (1973)
 War & other measures (1976)
 The Acid Test (1980)
 The Terracotta Army (1984)
 Changes of State (1986)
 Hong Kong (1987)
 No Easy Exit (1989)
 Light of Burning Towers (1990)
 Girl by the Water (1994)
 The Perfect Cold Warrior (1995)
 Active Trading: Selected Poems 1970-1995 (1996)
 Flying Blind (1998)
 Skaldance (2004)
 Falsework (2007)
 Swimming Ginger (2010)
 What Does A House Want? (2014
 The Resumption of Play (2016)

Fiction
 The Unsettling of the West (1986)

Non-Fiction
 Letters from Managua: Meditations on Politics & Art (1990)
 Sailing Home: A Journey through Time, Place & Memory (2001)
 Kingdom of Ten Thousand Things: An Impossible Journey from Kabul to Chiapas (2005)
 Drink the Bitter Root: A Search for Justice and Healing in Africa (2010, USA 2011)
 Medicine Unbundled: A Journey through the Minefields of Indigenous Health Care (2017)

Drama
 Les Maudits Anglais (1984)

Translation
 I Didn't Notice the Mountain Growing Dark (1986), poems of Li Bai and Du Fu, translated with the assistance of George Liang

Criticism
 Conrad's Later Novels (1980)
 Out of the Ordinary: Politics, Poetry & Narrative (2009)
 Bearing Witness (2016)

Anthologies
 70 Canadian Poets (2014)
 20th-Century Poetry & Poetics (1969, 1973, 1985, 1996)
 15 Canadian Poets Times 3 (1971, 1977, 1988, 2001)
 Skookum Wawa: Writings of the Canadian Northwest (1975)
 Divided We Stand (1977)
 The Inner Ear (1983)
 Chinada: Memoirs of the Gang of Seven (1983)
 Vancouver: Soul of A City (1986)
 Compañeros: Writings about Latin America (1990)
 The Art of Short Fiction: An International Anthology (1992; brief edition, 2000)

Awards
 E.J.

masks:
Gary Geddes
Geddes
Geddes
Geddes
Gary Geddes
Gary Ges


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<mask> (born 14 May 1961) is an English novelist, comedy writer and critic, who has worked as a journalist and screenwriter. A former staff writer for the music magazine NME, his writing credits have included On the Hour, Blue Jam, TV Burp and Veep; for the latter of these he won an Emmy in 2015. Biography
<mask> was born in Wortley, West Riding of Yorkshire (now South Yorkshire) on 14 May 1961, adopted, and moved at an early age with his family to Plymouth. <mask> went to Woodford Junior School and Plymouth College,  then Exmouth Comprehensive School. <mask> began writing for the music publication NME in 1983, where with Steven Wells he concentrated on comedy writing until 1995. Alongside this, he also contributed material to British comedy shows such as Spitting Image. In 1992, he joined the writing team for the Radio 4 spoof news programme On the Hour, before writing for the television follow-up The Day Today in 1994.He appeared regularly on Collins and Maconie's Hit Parade (Radio 1, 1994–1997), with his Quantick's World slot and on the weekly show, The Treatment on BBC Radio Five Live, which was an hour-long satirical news round-up. In 1995, <mask> presented a pilot show called Now What? to Carlton Television but he series was not picked up for development. He wrote with Chris Morris for Brass Eye in 1996 (broadcast in 1997) and Blue Jam (Radio 1, 1997), as well as the subsequent television version Jam (Channel 4, 2000). He also provided material for Smack the Pony (Channel 4, 1999–2001), Harry Enfield's Brand Spanking New Show (Sky One, 2000) and featured on Radio 4's The 99p Challenge. Working with Jane Bussmann, he co-wrote and performed Bussmann & Quantick Kingsize for BBC Radio 4 in 1998. In 2000, the pair created what Quantick has claimed was the world's first internet sitcom and docusitcom (documentary/sitcom), Junkies, about three heroin addicts.Starring Peter Baynham, Sally Phillips and Peter Serafinowicz, the writing pair claimed the project grew out of their frustration with the commissioning process. They argued the average sitcom cost £200,000 to make and was difficult to finance, so they secured the services of cast and crew on a voluntary basis and made a show for less than £4,000. The site received over a million visits in its first eight months of existence. In 2000, Quantick's biography of The Clash was published, with further books on Beck, Lenny Bruce, Richard Pryor and Bill Hicks appearing in 2001. That year he collaborated with Andrew Collins and Stuart Maconie on Lloyd Cole Knew My Father, a live show about working as a music journalist. A performance was later broadcast on Radio 2 as a six-episode series. In 2003 and 2005, Quantick contributed material to sketch show That Mitchell and Webb Sound, five series of 15 Minute Musical (2004–08) and several series of Parsons and Naylor's Pull-Out Sections.He also made several appearances on Clive Anderson's radio panel show We've Been Here Before in 2003 and 2004. In 2005 he appeared in Channel 4's Come Dine with Me. Between 2003 and 2005 Quantick co-presented a weekly programme One Way Single Parent Family Favourites on London based community arts radio station Resonance FM. In 2006 he wrote and presented series 3 of 'The Blagger's Guide', a six-part comedy series on BBC Radio 2 and appeared as Doctor Dave Radio on Radio 2 comedy programme, Radio Rivron. Between 2001 and 2012 He was also part of the writing team of Harry Hill's TV Burp. Following its final series, Quantick contributed material to The Thick of It, helped write material for the comedian Rob Brydon, and recorded further editions of The Blagger's Guide for Radio 2 until 2014. In September 2012, Quantick published an e-book novel, Sparks, which was positively reviewed by Neil Gaiman and Ben Aaronovitch.He produced a four-episode comedy series 52 First Impressions with <mask> for Radio 4 in 2014 in which he recounted stories about 52 individuals he had encountered in his life/career. He received an Emmy in 2015 for his work on the HBO series Veep. That year he crowd-funded a novel The Mule via the Unbound company which was released on 25 February 2016. He had two writing manuals published with Oberon Books: How To Write Everything in 2015, then How to Be a Writer: Conversations With Writers About Writing the following year. In April 2019 his novel All My Colors came out, described by the author <mask> Barnett as "a blend of Murakami-ish otherworldliness, Stephen King small town horror and Douglas Adams-esque absurdity." Bibliography

Fiction
Sparks (10 September 2012, Kindle ASIN: B0098UTP5E)
That's Because You're a Robot with Shaky Kane (Image Comics, 2014)
The Mule (Unbound, 25 February 2016, )
 Go West (Unbound, 24 January 2019, )
 All My Colors (Titan Books Ltd, 16 April 2019, )
 Night Train (Titan Books Ltd, 29 September 2020, )

Nonfiction
Dress to Kill by Eddie Izzard, <mask>uantick et al. SOTCAA article 'Collins, Maconie and Quantick
Scroll down to Collins and Maconies' Hit Parade clip — Radio Zone
An interview with <mask> on RechargedMagazine.com

1961 births
Comedians from Devon
English male journalists
English radio writers
English television writers
English screenwriters
English male screenwriters
English humorists
English music critics
English biographers
Living people
NME writers
People from Exmouth
People from Wortley, South Yorkshire
People educated at Plymouth College
British male television writers
Male biographers

masks:
David Quantick
Quantick
Quantick
David Quantick
Quantick
David Quantick
David M
David Q
David Quantick


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Princess Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate (; known as Liselotte von der Pfalz, 27 May 1652 – 8 December 1722) was a German member of the House of Wittelsbach and, as <mask> (Duchesse d'Orléans), the second wife of Philippe I, Duke of Orléans (younger brother of Louis XIV of France), and mother of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, France's ruler during the Regency. She gained literary and historical importance primarily through preservation of her correspondence, which is of great cultural and historical value due to her sometimes very blunt descriptions of French court life and is today one of the best-known German-language texts of the Baroque period. Although she had only two surviving children, she not only became the ancestress of the House of Orléans, which came to the French throne with Louis Philippe I, the so-called "Citizen King" from 1830 to 1848, but also became the ancestress of numerous European royal families, so she was also called the "Grandmother of Europe". Through her daughter she was the grandmother of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, the husband of Maria Theresa, and great-grandmother of Joseph II and Leopold II (both Holy Roman Emperors) and Marie Antoinette, the last Queen of France before the French Revolution. Life

Early years
Elisabeth Charlotte was born on 27 May 1652 in the castle of Heidelberg as the second child and only daughter of Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine, and his wife Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel. Named after her paternal grandmother <mask> and her own mother, from a young age she was nicknamed Liselotte, a portmanteau of both her names. An emergency baptism was performed shortly after her birth due to her being very weak and thin.She was raised in the Reformed Protestant faith, the most widespread denomination in the Electoral Palatinate at that time. Liselotte was a lively child who liked to run around and climb trees to nibble on cherries. She sometimes claimed that she would have preferred to be a boy, and referred to herself in her letters as a "wild child" (rauschenplattenknechtgen). The marriage of Liselotte's parents soon turned into a disaster, and Liselotte was frequently witness to acts of domestic violence. In 1657, Elector Charles I Louis separated from his wife Charlotte in order to marry morganatically with Marie Luise von Degenfeld, who thus became Liselotte's stepmother. Liselotte likely perceived her as an intruder, but had good relationships with many of her 13 half-siblings, the Raugrafen. With two of her half-sisters, Louise (1661–1733) and Amalie Elisabeth, called Amelise (1663–1709), she kept a lifelong correspondence.Her half-brother Charles Louis (1658–1688), called Karllutz, was a particular favorite of hers; she also called him "Black Head" (Schwarzkopfel) because of his hair color and was ecstatic when he later visited her (1673) in Paris. His early death in battle deeply saddened her. The most important caregiver in Liselotte's life was her aunt Sophia of the Palatinate, her father's youngest sister, who also lived in Heidelberg Castle with Charles I Louis until her marriage in 1658 with Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. In 1659, Liselotte's father sent her to her aunt's court in Hanover in an attempt to separate her from his estranged wife Charlotte. Liselotte later remembered this time as the happiest of her life. Sophia became an important motherly figure for her niece, and remained her most important confidante and correspondent throughout her life. During this time she also underwent a total of three trips to The Hague, where Liselotte met her paternal grandmother <mask>, the "Winter Queen" of Bohemia, who was still living in exile.<mask> wasn't particularly fond of children, but she became very fond of her granddaughter, whom she found similar to her own family, the Stuarts: "She is not like the House of Hesse...she is like ours". Her relatives in The Hague also included the slightly older William of Orange-Nassau, who was her playmate and was later to become King of England. She later also remembered the birth of Sophia's son George Louis, who also became King of England. Liselotte was fluent in French as early as 1661, when a French woman named <mask>, who did not understand German, was appointed as her governess. When Duke Ernest Augustus of Brunswick took office as Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück in September 1662, Liselotte moved with Sophia to Iburg Castle. In 1663 Elector Charles I Louis granted Liselotte's mother Charlotte monetary compensation in exchange for her vacating the Heidelberg residence. Immediately afterwards the Elector brought his daughter back to the court in Heidelberg.Liselotte now received a courtly education customary for princely houses at the time, consisting of lessons in French, dancing, playing the spinet, singing, handicrafts and history. In addition, she was regularly read to from the Bible "in two languages, German and French". Her new governess, Maria Ursula Kolb von Wartenberg, called "the Kolbin", instructed her against "any hatred or prejudice against someone because they belong to a different religion". This religious tolerance was quite unusual in its time and stemmed from the relatively relaxed attitude of her father Charles I Louis, who was a Calvinist himself, but had a built in Mannheim a Concordia church (Konkordienkirche), where the followers of the Calvinist (or Reformed), Lutheran and Catholic denominations could celebrate their rituals. Liselotte benefited from this relatively open religious attitude throughout her life; she had learned about the Lutheran denomination at court in Hanover and, decades later, she still knew how to sing Lutheran chorals by heart. Before her marriage, she was required to convert to the Catholic faith for dynastic reasons, though she remained skeptical of dogmatism throughout her life, and was often critical of "the priests", even while attending mass on a daily basis. She remained convinced of the Calvinist doctrine of predestination and was critical of the Catholic veneration of the saints.Etienne Polier, her first stable master and steward, became a lifelong confidante, whom she took with her to France after her marriage and who remained in her service for life. Marriage

Liselotte was married in 1671 to the brother of King Louis XIV of France, Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, known as "Monsieur", the title given to the eldest brother of the King under the Ancien Régime. As wife of the Duke of Orléans, Liselotte assumed the style of Madame. This political union was conceived by Anna Gonzaga, Liselotte's aunt (as widow of Edward, Count Palatine of Simmern, Charles I Louis' younger brother) and an old friend of the Duke of Orléans; she negotiated the marriage contract, including the terms surrounding Liselotte's required conversion to Catholicism. Anna escorted Liselotte from Heidelberg to Paris. The wedding per procurationem took place on 16 November 1671 at the Cathedral of Saint Stephen in Metz by Bishop Georges d'Aubusson de La Feuillade; in representation of the groom was the Duke of Plessis-Praslin. The day before, she solemnly renounced her old Reformed faith and converted to the Roman Catholic faith.She met her husband, who was 12 years her senior, for the first time on 20 November 1671 in Châlons. Until her husband's death in 1701, she resided in her own apartments in her husband's residences, the Palais Royal in Paris, and the Château de Saint-Cloud. The couple lived mostly at the royal court, where they had to be present for about three-quarters of the year, first in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye and, after its completion in 1682, in the Palace of Versailles, where they had two adjacent apartments in the main wing. They also had apartments in the Palace of Fontainebleau, where the court went in autumn for the hunting season. Liselotte (unlike her husband) took part in this tradition with enthusiasm. She often rode with the King through the woods and fields all day long, from morning to night, without being deterred by occasional falls or sunburn. From Fontainebleau, the couple made regular visits to Montargis Castle, which belonged to Monsieur and which, according to their marriage contract, would later fall to <mask> as a widow's seat.Liselotte maintained her own court of 250 people, which cost 250,000 livres annually, while her husband maintained an even larger one. This was the Duke of Orléans' second marriage, his first wife and cousin Henrietta of England died suddenly and under mysterious circumstances in 1670. He brought two daughters into his new marriage, 9-year-old Marie-Louise (with whom Liselotte was able to build a warm, sisterly relationship) and 2-year-old Anne Marie (who had no memory of her birth mother and whom Liselotte loved like her own child). Liselotte and Philippe's marriage was difficult, as he was homosexual and lived quite openly as such. He led a largely independent life, together with and influenced by his long-time lover, the Chevalier de Lorraine. He had many other favorites and numerous affairs with younger men, including Antoine Morel de Volonne (whom Monsieur made Liselotte's Hofmarschall during 1673–1683). Morel had a very poor reputation even by the standards of the time: "He stole, he lied, he swore, was atheist and sodomite and sold boys like horses."Liselotte had no choice but to come to terms with these conditions, and she ultimately became an unusually enlightened woman for her time, albeit in a somewhat resigned way:

Her most important biographer, the historian and Antwerp professor of French baroque literature Dirk Van der Cruysse, judges: "She was providentially placed between two completely dissimilar brothers, of whom the older made up for the fundamental inability of his younger brother through his appreciation and friendship: to love anyone other than herself. She showed her affection to both of them, wholeheartedly and without any ulterior motives, and accepted the overwhelming power of the one as well as the Italian inclinations of the other without complaint, as destined by fate." Philippe fulfilled his marital duties rather reluctantly; he didn't want to be hugged by Liselotte if possible and even scolded her when she accidentally touched him in his sleep. After fathering three children with his new wife, in 1676 he finally ended their sexual relationship, to Liselotte's own relief. At the court of Louis XIV

Liselotte became very close to her brother-in-law Louis XIV. He was "...enchanted by the fact that this was an extremely witty and lovely woman, that she danced well...". He was often quite amused by her open, humorous and refreshingly uncomplicated nature.They often went hunting together—a rather unusual occupation for a noble lady of the time. Her habit of going for long walks was also noticed by the French court and was initially mocked (she even went for a walk in the park at night) but the King was delighted: "The King used to say: il n’y a que Vous qui jouissés des beautés de Versailles (you are the only one who enjoys the beauties of Versailles)". Despite the fact that she was not particularly beautiful (considered an important asset at French court) and was somewhat unconventional in manners, Liselotte made a good impression on the courtiers. Originally they expected a 'rough' and 'uncultivated' foreigner. <mask> Sévigné remarked "What a delight to have a woman again who can't speak French! ", in reference to Queen Maria Theresa, who had never really learned to speak French and was sensitive to the teasing and jokes of the Précieuses. Later, however, the marquise praised Liselotte's "charming directness" and said: "I was amazed at her jokes, not at her lovable jokes, but of her common sense (esprit de bon sens)...I assure you that it cannot be expressed better.She is a very idiosyncratic person, very determined and certainly has taste." Madame de La Fayette was also surprised by and made similar comments about Liselotte's esprit de bon sens. When the Electress Sophia and her daughter visited Liselotte in Paris and Versailles in 1679, she stated: "Liselotte...lives very freely, and with more innocence: her cheerfulness cheers up the King. I have not noticed that her power goes further than making him laugh, nor that she tries to carry it further." In France, Liselotte only had two German relatives, two older aunts, with whom she had regular contact: Louise Hollandine of the Palatinate (a sister of her father and Abbess of Maubuisson since 1664) and Emilie of Hesse-Kassel (a sister of her mother, who had married the Huguenot general Henri Charles de La Trémoille, Prince of Taranto and Talmont). Children

Liselotte and Philippe I of Orléans had three children together:
 Alexandre Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Valois (2 July 1673 – 16 March 1676). Born at the Château de Saint-Cloud and died at the Palais-Royal before his third birthday.His death has been attributed to bloodletting by the Orléans family's doctors; last person to carry the title Duke of Valois. Philippe d'Orléans (2 August 1674 – 2 December 1723). Born at the Château de Saint-Cloud, he was titled Duke of Chartres from birth until becoming Duke of Orléans in 1701; married his first cousin Françoise Marie de Bourbon and had issue; died at the Palace of Versailles; Regent of France and Navarre during the minority of Louis XV of France—the era was known as la Régence. Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans (13 September 1676 – 23 December 1744). Born at the Château de Saint-Cloud and married Leopold, Duke of Lorraine in 1698 and had issue; became the Sovereign Princess of Commercy 1737; she died at Commercy; known as Mademoiselle de Chartres, a title given her at birth; grandmother of Queen Marie Antoinette. Liselotte had a warm relationship with her children. She was devastated by the untimely death of her eldest son Alexandre Louis at the age of two.She mourned him for six months before the birth of her daughter, who apparently helped her over the terrible loss. Her younger son Philippe resembled her in appearance, and also shared her literary, artistic and scientific interests. During his father's lifetime and shortly thereafter, his relationship with his mother was distant under the influence of his father and his favorites, and his mother often criticized his debauchery. Later, however, their relationship improved. Difficulties and tragedies

From around 1680 massive problems arose in the Orléans marriage, as the Chevalier de Lorraine, the Marquis d'Effiat and other favorites of her husband intrigued against Liselotte in order to eliminate her influence on the Duke. Among other things, her enemies conspired to have her confidantes, including her beloved lady-in-waiting Lydie de Théobon-Beuvron and her husband, the Chamberlain Count de Beuvron, dismissed from court. After these departures she was defenseless against the intrigues of the favorites and the arbitrary whims of her husband.To make matters worse, her personal relationship with the King had cooled as his mistress <mask> Maintenon gained influence, leading Louis XIV to be less and less inclined to intervene in Liselotte's quarrels with his brother. Liselotte became isolated, withdrawing more and more into her writing room. Simultaneously, Liselotte was drawn into

masks:
Madame
Elizabeth Stuart
Elizabeth Stuart
Elizabeth
Madame Trelon
Madame
Madame de
Madame de


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 a larger court scandal through her wardship of Comte of Vermandois, whose mother had left court to become a nun. The young comte had become embroiled in a secret homosexual 'brotherhood' of French nobles and courtiers, which required members to "swear an oath to renounce all women." Several incidents were reported in which women were sadistically tortured, and also was reported that a poor waffle seller was raped, castrated and killed by courtiers. Though the Duke of Orléans didn't belong to this brotherhood himself, many of his favorites did. In June 1682, it became known that the 'brotherhood' included the Prince of la Roche-sur-Yon and the young Comte of Vermandois, among other notable figures at court.Louis XIV punished his own son severely and sent him to war, where he died shortly afterwards at the age of 16. Liselotte later recalled: "The Comte de Vermandois was very good-natured. The poor person loved me as if I were his birth mother...He told me his whole story. He had been horribly seduced." One of his 'seducers' is said to have been the Chevalier de Lorraine—her husband's lover and her avowed enemy. Other problems arose in the following years due to quarrels with <mask> Maintenon, the last important mistress and, from the end of 1683, the secret wife of Louis XIV. Liselotte regarded the marquise with contempt due to her low social rank and her perceived lust for power.She described her in numerous letters with epithets like "the King's old drab", "old whore", "old witch", "Megaera", "Pantocrat" or as "mouse filth mixed with the peppercorns". At the instigation of the increasingly powerful Maintenon, contact between Liselotte and her brother-in-law was restricted to formal occasions, and if the King retired to his private apartments with some chosen relatives after dinner, she was no longer admitted. In 1686, she wrote to her aunt Sophia: "Where the devil can't get there, he sends an old woman, whom we all want to find out, being part of the royal family..." Since Liselotte's correspondence was secretly monitored, the King and the Maintenon were privy to her insults, which further degraded her relationship with the King. In addition, since 1680—after the Affair of the Poisons, in which the previous maîtresse-en-titre Madame de Montespan was involved–Louis XIV, under the influence of the bigoted <mask> Maintenon, underwent a transformation from a philanderer who was primarily interested in his pleasure and not infrequently crept into the apartments of Liselotte's maid of honor, into a man obsessed with morality, piety and religion. In 1685, he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau, which ended the religious tolerance of the Edict of Nantes and renewed persecution of Protestants, in France known as Huguenots. Many French Protestants emigrated to Holland and Germany, including Liselotte's aunt, Emilie of Hesse-Kassel. The emigrants were supported by the Brandenburg ambassador, Ezekiel Spanheim, to whom Liselotte was very close because he had once been the tutor of both her father and brother.Since Liselotte herself was originally a Protestant and (in contrast to the half-Huguenot Maintenon) had only become a half-hearted Catholic, this became an important part of her problematic situation. She blamed the situation on the influence of <mask> Maintenon, who she regarded as hypocritically bigoted, corrupt and greedy for power:

At the royal court, however, the topic was taboo:

Liselotte, however, also saw the opportunities that the Huguenots brought to Protestant countries after emigrating:

When the Wittelsbach line of Palatinate-Simmern ended in 1685 with the death of Liselotte's brother, Charles II, Elector Palatine, Louis XIV raised a claim to the Electoral Palatinate on behalf of Liselotte, contrary to her marriage contract, and began the Palatinate War of Succession. Heidelberg (including the electoral palace) and Mannheim, were systematically destroyed. The experience was extremely traumatic for Liselotte: the death of her beloved half-brother Karllutz and the devastation of her homeland by her brother-in-law in her own name. This situation inevitably brought her into serious conflict with the King and his inner circle. Her husband Philippe generously distributed the spoils of war that befell him (the so-called Orléans money) to his favorites, in particular to the Chevalier de Lorraine. In 1692, Liselotte learned that her powerlessness extended even to her own children when Louis XIV married her son Philippe, Duke of Chartres, to Françoise Marie de Bourbon, legitimized daughter of the King and his mistress <mask> Montespan.The King's other "bastards from double adultery" also married within the extended royal family, as their status as illegitimate barred them from marrying into foreign courts and even into other noble families in France, yet the King refused to have them marry below their "station". Liselotte and the courtiers viewed this marriage as a mésalliance and a humiliation, and she reacted with indignation and anger. Various chroniclers report that she was no longer in control of her emotions, and burst into tears of desperation in front of the whole court.Saint-Simon writes that she slapped her son in front of the whole court for consenting to the marriage. The wedding took place on 18 February 1692. The King gave his daughter a pension of 50,000 écus and jewelry worth 200,000 écus, and a two million dowry was promised in the marriage contract, which, in the end, was never paid. The marriage was not a happy one, and Philippe would have affairs throughout his entire life. In 1693, Elisabeth Charlotte fell ill with life-threatening pox (smallpox).She defied the instructions of contemporary doctors and managed to survive the disease, but ended up with a pockmarked face. She did not concern herself with this, since she had always considered herself ugly (in excessive exaggeration, as earlier portraits by Mignard and Largillière, among others, prove) and had no interest in make-up. Possibly as a further consequence of the disease, from 1694 onwards she gained so much weight, that it began to interfere with her walks. Even so, she continued to hunt, but only with horses that were big and strong enough to support her weight. The external change in her appearance is clearly documented in the surviving portraits from this period. In September 1700 she complained to her aunt Sophia: "Being a Madame is a great craft, I would have sold it like the batches here in the country, I would have long since carried it for sale". Sophia, who grew up in relatively modest circumstances in exile in Holland, commented on her niece's lamentations in a letter to her (rather poor) half-brother Karllutz:

When Sophia was declared heir to the British throne in the spring of 1701 by the Act of Settlement, Liselotte (who would have had a better claim had she not become Catholic) commented on 15 May in a letter to her half-sister Raugräfin Luise: "I would rather be elector than king in England.The English humor and their parliament are not my business, my aunt is better than me; she will also know how to deal with them better than I would have done". Widowhood

On 9 June 1701, the Duke of Orléans died of a stroke at the Château de Saint-Cloud. Earlier, he had a heated argument with his brother at the Château de Marly about the conduct of his son—who was also Louis XIV's son-in-law. He left only debts, and Liselotte wisely renounced their common property. In his will, which was published publicly in the Mercure galant and the Gazette d’Amsterdam, he did not mention his wife. Liselotte personally burned the love letters he had exchanged with his lovers so that they would not fall into the hands of the notaries: "...in the boxes I locked up all the letters the boys wrote to him, and then spent them unread so that it might not come into contact with others". She wrote to her aunt Sophia: "I must confess that I was much more saddened than I am if Monsieur had not done so böße officien (that is, 'bad services') to the King".Her attitude towards the deceased's mignons was no longer prudish, but rather serene: when she was reported in 1702 that the Earl of Albemarle, lover of the recently deceased King William III of England, almost died of heartache, she remarked dryly: "We have not seen such friends here with my lord...". After her husband's death, Liselotte feared that the King would send her to a convent (as stipulated in her marriage contract), leading her to attempt a reconciliation with <mask> Maintenon. To the King, she explained frankly and freely: "If I hadn't loved you, then I would not have hated <mask> Maintenon so much, precisely because I believed she was robbing me of your favor". <mask> Maintenon confronted Liselotte with secretly-made copies of Liselotte's candid letters to correspondents abroad, which were bursting with abuse against Maintenon, and were read with relish in foreign courts. Liselotte was warned to change her attitude towards <mask> Maintenon, but the peace between the two women was fleeting, and Liselotte was "more tolerated than loved." Except on official occasions, she was rarely admitted to the King's inner circle. She was punished with contempt above all by Marie Adélaïde of Savoy, Monsieur's granddaughter from his first marriage and granddaughter-in-law of Louis XIV, who was a spoiled child, but an outspoken favorite of both the monarch and his mistress.After Monsieur's death, Liselotte lived in his former apartment in Versailles and took part in visits to the court in Marly or Fontainebleau. She was still allowed to take part in the court hunts, in which she and the King no longer rode on horseback, but sat and shot together from a calash. Liselotte avoided the Palais Royal and Saint Cloud until 1715 in order not to be a burden to her son and his wife. She rarely went to her remote widow's residence, Montargis Castle; but she refrained from selling it in case the King should grow tired of her presence at Versailles, which Maintenon endeavored to work towards:

The Régence and Death

Louis XIV died on 1 September 1715 after a reign of 72 years and 110 days; one of the last people he summoned to his deathbed was Liselotte, saying goodbye to her with noble compliments. In his will, the deceased monarch divided the regnal prerogatives among relatives and courtiers, allocating to his legitimized son, Duke of Maine, guardianship of the new monarch, Louis XV, who was just 5 years old. The Parlement of Paris overturned the will's provisions at the request of Liselotte's son, Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who, being the only legitimate agnate of the royal family in France, became Regent for the underage sovereign, beginning the time known as the Régence. Liselotte became the first lady of the court; as she had been at least officially once before, between the death of Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria, Dauphine of France (20 April 1690) and the marriage of Marie Adélaïde of Savoy with Louis, Duke of Burgundy (7 December 1697).The court at Versailles dissolved until the new King came of age, as the late Louis XIV had ordered, and Liselotte was soon able to return to her beloved Saint-Cloud, where she spent seven months of the year from then on, with her old ladies-in-waiting keeping her company: the "Marschallin" Louise-Françoise de Clérambault and the German Eleonore von Venningen (by marriage von Rathsamshausen). She didn't like to spend the winter in the Palais Royal (the official residence of her son and his family) because of the bad Parisian air from the smoke from the many chimneys (and "because in the morning you can only smell empty night chairs and chamber pot") and the bad memories of her marriage:

Although she had not made it a habit to interfere in politics, only one month after the Louis XIV's death, Liselotte successfully campaigned for the release of Huguenots who had been sent to the galleys for many years because of their beliefs. 184 people, including many preachers, were released; two years later she managed to release a further 30. Despite her elevation in status, Liselotte did not share in the country's relief after the long rule of Louis XIV; she "was unable to decipher the signs of the times; she saw nothing but the decline and decline of morality, where in reality a new society was born, lively, disrespectful, eager to move and live freely, curious about the joys of the senses and the adventures of the spirit". For example, she strictly refused to receive visitors who were not properly dressed in courtly regalia:

Most of all, Liselotte was worried about the many intrigues and conspiracies against her son. She loathed the foreign minister and later prime minister, Father Guillaume Dubois (cardinal from 1721) and mistrusted the economist and chief financial controller John Law, who caused a currency devaluation and speculative bubble (the so-called Mississippi bubble):

As a clergy advisor, she valued two staunch supporters of the Age of Enlightenment: Archbishop François Fénelon (who fell from grace under Louis XIV) as well as her intermittent confessor Abbé de Saint-Pierre. Etienne de Polier de Bottens, a Huguenot who had followed her from Heidelberg to France, also played a special role as confidante and spiritual advisor.Liselotte, long a marginal figure at court, as the Regent's mother, was suddenly a point of contact for many. However, she by no means appreciated this role change:

Liselotte was interested in opera and theatre and followed their development over decades, and was also able to recite long passages by heart. She was well read, as evidenced by many of her letters, and had a library of more than 3,000 volumes, including all the popular French and German novels and plays of her time (Voltaire dedicated his tragedy Oedipe to her), as well as most of the classical Greek and Latin authors (in German and French translation), Luther Bibles, maps with copperplate engravings, travelogues from all over the world as well as the tomes of natural history, medicine and mathematics. She amassed an extensive coin collection, primarily of antique gold coins (it was not her father who inherited the 12,000 copies her father had inherited in Kassel, but her mother), she owned 30 books on coin science and corresponded with Spanheim and other numismatists. She also bought three of the recently invented microscopes, with which she examined insects and other things. She spent her days at court gatherings, writing letters, reading and researching. In June 1722, she visited Versailles for the last time, when the 12-year-old Louis XV received his 4-year-old bride Infanta Mariana Victoria of Spain.Upon seeing the room in which Louis XIV died, she came to tears:

Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, Duchess of Orléans, died on 8 December 1722 at 3:30 a.m. at the Château de Saint-Cloud, aged 70. She was buried in the royal necropolis at the Basilica of Saint-Denis, next to her husband and his first wife. Her son mourned her deeply (only a year later he followed her to the grave), and did not take part in the memorial mass on 18 March 1723. In the funeral sermon she was described as follows:

In his memoirs, Saint-Simon describes her:

Correspondence
Liselotte is said to have written

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 an estimated 60,000 letters throughout her life, 2/3 in German and 1/3 in French, of which about 5,000 have survived, and about 850 of these are in French. With this, she surpasses the second great letter writer and contemporary witness of her epoch, <mask> Sévigné with her approximately 1,200 letters. The letters deal with all aspects of life. They contain vivid and often satirical descriptions of court life, memories of her childhood and youth in Germany, the latest court gossip from all over Europe, reflections on literature and theatre, and thoughts about God and the world.Liselotte sought relief by writing long letters to her relatives in Germany, and the constant exchange became a cure for her inner melancholy and sadness. The letters were also a way of maintaining her German, the language being an important link to her home and cultural identity. Her German letters were mixed with numerous words and passages in French, especially when she was relaying conversations with Louis XIV, with her husband Philippe or other French members of court. Johannes Kramer describes her letters as "the best studied example of the use of the German language in private letters between members of the high nobility". Liselotte tended to use coarse formulations, which was not uncommon in letters from princely persons of the 16th and 17th centuries, but in Helmuth Kiesel's view she had gone extraordinarily far in this, being psychological in disposition and frivolous in tone. Perhaps her previously reformed faith had contributed to the polemics known to her; in any case, their tone differed greatly from the Précieuses of the Parisian salons of their time, and also from the naturalness of the German bourgeois lettering style of the 18th century, as shaped by Christian Fürchtegott Gellert. She liked to draw striking comparisons and often incorporated proverbs or appropriate excerpts from plays.Her favorite saying (and personal motto) is often quoted as: "What cannot be changed, let go as it goes" (Was nicht zu ändern stehet, laß gehen wie es gehet)

Unlike <mask> Sévigné, she did not write for the public, but only as direct communication to her correspondents. This may explain the almost unbridled spontaneity and unrestricted intimacy of her style. The letters often appear to have no pretensions and are subject to spontaneous ideas, whereby they make the reader a living companion (W. L. Holland). Most of the letters are addressed to her aunt Sophia of the Palatinate, Electress of Hanover, whom she wrote twice a week. Sophia's strong personality offered her support in difficult life situations; Liselotte had also shaped the atmosphere of the Hanoverian court with her scientific and literary interest, her religious tolerance and her thoughts on morality and virtue in consideration of human inadequacies. After Sophia's death in 1714 she complains:

Sophia, however, who had been of a cooler and more calculating nature than her emotional niece, had commented on her letters:

Liselotte's half-sister Raugräfin Luise (1661–1733) subsequently became an inadequate replacement for the revered and admired aunt. She had also written regularly to another half-sister, Raugräfin Amalie Elisabeth (Ameliese; 1663–1709).She kept a lifelong contact with her Hanoverian educator Anna Katharina von Offen, the governess of the Electress Sophia's children, and with her husband, the chief stable master Christian Friedrich von Harling. Her weekly [French] letters to her daughter, the Duchess of Lorraine were destroyed in a fire on 4 January 1719 at the Château de Lunéville, the country residence of the Dukes of Lorraine. In later years, the wife of the British heir to the throne and later King George II, Caroline of Ansbach, also became an important correspondent, although they never met. Caroline was an orphan who had become a ward of Electress Sophia's daughter Sophia Charlotte of Hanover and was married by Sophia to her grandson George in 1705. From her, Liselotte learned all the details about the family quarrels at the English court. She also wrote regularly with the sister of George II and granddaughter of the Electress Sophia, the Prussian Queen Sophia Dorothea of Hanover. Numerous letters to other relatives and acquaintances have also been found, including to Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and his librarian Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who had previously been in the service of Sophia and her husband.She knew that the Cabinet noir opened her letters to copy critical passages and translate them; hence, she sometimes even incorporated derisive remarks addressed directly to the government, particularly to her favorite enemy, Foreign Secretary Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Marquess of Torcy. Her most frank letters are those which she did not send by post, but gave to travellers en route to Germany. In these letters she was able to freely express her frustrations with Monsieur's favorites in the Palais Royal and her hatred for <mask> Maintenon. She describes her stylistic principles in a letter to her half-sister Ameliese:

In her letters, Liselotte also mentioned her dislike for the pompous Baroque style that had become fashionable:

To characterize the nature of her correspondence, she uses the term "chat". The letters usually consisted of 15 to 30 folded sheets of paper with gilt edging, which she inscribed with large, energetic handwriting. Her biographer Dirk Van der Cruysse says: "Had <mask> lived in our time, she would have spent her days on the phone". Her letters provide us with a unique perspective on court life in the Baroque period and a vivid picture of her personality.Her descriptions of other members of court are often less precise, but much more colorful and humorous than those of Marquis de Dangeau, whose court diary and memoirs made him the official chronicler of the reign of Louis XIV. Nevertheless, she wrote without literary ambitions and not for posterity either: "I write as I speak; because I am too natural to think before I write." After answering a letter, she burned the letter she had received herself, and probably assumed that the same thing happened to her letters after being read. Fortunately, just under a tenth escaped this fate. Nature and appearance
Liselotte was described as solid and mannish. She possessed the stamina to hunt all day, refusing to wear the mask that Frenchwomen were accustomed to wearing to protect their skin while outdoors. As a result, her face developed a ruddy and weather-beaten look.She walked rapidly, and most courtiers were unable to keep up, save for the King. She had a "no-nonsense" attitude. Her hearty appetite caused her to gain weight as the years went on, and when describing herself she once commented that she would be as good to eat as a roasted suckling pig. Raised a Protestant, she was not fond of lengthy Latin masses. She remained faithful and was at times outraged by the open infidelity practised by the aristocracy. Her views were frequently the opposite of those prevalent at the French court. She is known by different names and styles in different languages, either by variations of her given names, such as Charlotte Elisabeth, Elisabeth Charlotte and Liselotte von der Pfalz or variations of her titles and territorial designations, such as Electoral Princess, Princess Palatine, of the Palatinate, of the Rhine, "the Palatine", etc.The dynastic titles to which she was entitled were Countess <mask> of the Rhine at Simmern and Duchess of Bavaria. At the royal court of France she was known as the Princess Palatine Elisabeth Charlotte prior to her marriage, and afterwards her official title became "Her Royal Highness, <mask>, Duchess of Orléans," though she was more widely known simply as <mask>, a unique designation she was entitled to as wife of the King's younger brother. Quotes

Legacy
In 1788, some longer excerpts from Liselotte's letters appeared for the first time in a French translation, then a few years later in the German original, under the title Anecdotes from the French Court, especially from the times of Louis XIV and the Duke Regent. During the French Revolution, it was believed that Liselotte was a key witness to the depravity and frivolity of the Ancien Régime. This Chronique scandaleuse became popular in Germany when the editors of the letters succeeded in identifying the author as a moral and honest German princess in the midst of the depraved and frivolous French court life. In her aversion to the French way of life and her enthusiasm for everything German (and especially Palatinate), her published letters followed the pattern of anti-French sentiment in German literature of the 17th century. In 1791, a new, anonymously edited selection of letters appeared under the title "Confessions of Princess Elisabeth Charlotte of Orléans".In this publication, she was portrayed as The good, honest, German woman–without all the pampered and creeping court sensibilities, without all the crookedness and ambiguity of the heart–, representative of the more honest times of earlier centuries, to which the German courts had to return in order to prevent revolution. The Duchess of Orléans thus became a figure of considerable cultural importance in Germany. Friedrich Karl Julius Schütz published a new selection of the letters in 1820, also emphasizing the "strong contrast between the old, truly German simplicity, loyalty, honesty and efficiency...to the glamour, opulence, etiquette and gallantry, such as the unlimited intriguing spirit and the whole, systematically developed frivolity and hypocrisy of this court, for a full half of a century." "In the further course of the 19th century, the letters lost their immediate political relevance, but because of their cultural and historical significance and their German usability, they found equally committed editors and a broad public." Wolfgang Menzel, who in 1843 found a volume of letters published by her half-sister Raugräfin Luise, saw in the Duchess of Orléans the simple German woman and the most open soul in the world, who only had to watch too much moral corruption... understandable that she sometimes expresses herself about it in the crudest words. From then on, the letters were widely used as anti-French propaganda by a growing German nationalist movement. Liselotte was stylized as a martyr of the French court and elevated into a national cult figure, by figures such as Paul Heyse, Theodor Schott and Eduard Bodemann.Fashion
The so-called palatine is named after Liselotte; it is a short cape or turned-down collar trimmed with fur, which women use to protect the cleavage and neck from the cold in winter. Originally, she was mocked by the French court because of her "old" furs that she wore when she arrived from Heidelberg, but since she was very popular with the king in the 1670s, the ladies began to imitate this trend during the unusually cold winter of 1676. The result was a womenswear item valued for centuries. When Liselotte wanted to put on her old fur again in November 1718 to see a performance of Voltaire's Oedipus, to which she was dedicated, she found that it had been eaten by clothes moths. But she took the opportunity to examine the moths under the microscope the next day. Popular culture
 1932: Liselott - Singspiel by Richard Keßler, music by Eduard Künneke, performed in Heidelberg in 2004–2005. 1935: Liselotte von der Pfalz - UFA film, director and screenplay: Carl Froelich, literary source: Rudolf Presber.Liselotte was played by Renate Müller. 1943: Liselotte - Ein Roman aus dem Leben der Elisabeth Charlotte von der Pfalz (Liselotte - A novel from the life of Elisabeth Charlotte von der Pfalz). Alexander Freiherr von Ungern-Sternberg, A. Weichert Verlag Berlin
 1966: Liselotte von der Pfalz - Director: Kurt Hoffmann. Liselotte was played by Heidelinde Weis
 2014: A Little Chaos - British film, directed by Alan Rickman. Liselotte was played by Paula Paul. 2017–2018: Versailles - BBC series. Liselotte was played by Jessica Clark.Titles and styles
27 May 1652 – 16 November 1671: Her Serene Highness Princess Palatine Elisabeth Charlotte
16 November 1671 – 9 June 1701: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Orléans
9 June 1701 – 8 December 1722: Her Royal Highness The Dowager Duchess of Orléans
Madame was the prevalent style accorded her from marriage. Ancestry

Notes

References
 Dirk Van der Cruysse: Madame sein ist ein ellendes Handwerck. Liselotte von der Pfalz. Eine deutsche Prinzessin am Hof des Sonnenkönigs. (in German) Aus dem Französischen von Inge Leipold. 7th edition, Piper, Munich 2001, . Arlette Lebigre: Liselotte von der Pfalz.Eine Wittelsbacherin am Hofe Ludwigs XIV. (in German). Claassen, Düsseldorf 1988,  (reprint Heyne, Munich 1991). Sigrun Paas (ed. ): Liselotte von der Pfalz. Madame am Hofe des Sonnenkönigs. HVA, Heidelberg 1996,  (catalog for the exhibition in Heidelberg Castle).Gilette Ziegler (ed. ): Der Hof Ludwigs XIV. in Augenzeugenberichten (in German), DTV publisher, 1981, . Eduard Bodemann (ed. ): Briefe der Kurfürstin Sophie von Hannover an die Raugräfinnen und Raugrafen zu Pfalz (in German), 1888, Wentworth Press 2018, . Eduard Bodemann (ed. ): Aus den Briefen der Herzogin Elisabeth Charlotte von Orléans an die Kurfürstin Sophie von Hannover (in German), 1891, hansebooks,
 Helmuth Kiesel: Briefe der Liselotte von der Pfalz (in German), Insel publisher, Leipzig 1981, .Marita A. Panzer: Wittelsbacherinnen. Fürstentöchter einer europäischen Dynastie. Pustet, Regensburg 2012, , pp 108–121. Ilona Christa Scheidle: Schreiben ist meine größte Occupation. Elisabeth Charlotte von der Pfalz, Herzogin von Orléans (1652–1722) (in German). In: Dies. : Heidelbergerinnen, die Geschichte schrieben.Munich 2006, , pp. 27–39. Mareike Böth: Erzählweisen des Selbst. Körper-Praktiken in den Briefen Liselottes von der Pfalz (1652–1722) (in German) (= Selbstzeugnisse der Neuzeit. vol. 24). Böhlau, Köln/Wien/Weimar 2015, .Wilhelm Ludwig Holland: Briefe der Herzogin Elisabeth Charlotte von Orléans (in German), Stuttgart/Tübingen 1867–1881, Wentworth publisher 2018 (6 volumes)

Further reading
 Life and letters of Charlotte Elisabeth, Princess Palatine and mother of Philipp d'Orléans, régent de France 1652–1722, compiled, translated, and gathered from various published and unpublished, Chapman & Hall, London, 1889. A woman's life in the court of the Sun King: letters of Liselotte von der Pfalz, 1652–1722, Elisabeth Charlotte, Duchesse d'Orléans, translated by Elborg Forster, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984. External links

1652 births
1722 deaths
17th-century German writers
18th-century German writers
17th-century German women writers
18th-century German women writers
Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Calvinism
Duchesses of Montpensier
Duchesses of Orléans
Duchesses of Chartres
French duchesses
French princesses
German letter writers
Women letter writers
House of Orléans
House of Palatinate-Simmern
Nobility from Heidelberg
People of the Ancien Régime
People of the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans
Princesses of the Palatinate
17th-century memoirists
18th-century French memoirists
17th-century diarists
18th-century diarists
17th-century letter writers
18th-century letter

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