text_chunks:
<mask> (24 February 1913 – 27 June 1945) was a Norwegian seaman, fur farmer and resistance fighter during World War II. When the leadership of Milorg was torn up by the Gestapo in 1942, he acquired a leading role in the organisation and participated in re-establishing the central leadership (Sentralledelsen, SL) of Milorg together with Jens Christian Hauge. Holst had to flee Norway in the autumn of 1943 and stayed in Sweden until the liberation of Norway in 1945. <mask> is remembered both for his work with the Norwegian resistance and for the circumstances surrounding his death in Stockholm in 1945. Holst's demise was so much talked of at the time that the Milorg leadership issued a statement in the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten in July 1945. Swedish and Norwegian authorities officially concluded that Holst committed suicide, but his family and many of his friends and colleagues were of the opinion that Holst was murdered. Background

<mask> was born and grew up in the town of Lillehammer.He was the son of businessman <mask> and Inga <mask>, born Rasmussen, both originally from Stavanger. After elementary school Holst attended secondary school and vocational training in Lillehammer. A couple of years after his confirmation he found work as a seaman, and in the years 1930–1933 he sailed on MS Brageland, owned by the Norwegian shipping company Sydamerikalinjen, then transferred to , owned by the Norwegian shipowner Ditlev-Simonsen. In 1933 he finished working as a seaman and became a fur farmer in Mesnali, east of Lillehammer. Holst contracted tuberculosis and just before the outbreak of World War II he had a major operation related to his pulmonary tuberculosis. From December 1944 until his death he was married to Margarete Corneliussen, daughter of Ragnar Corneliussen, the president of Tiedemann's tobacco factory and a member of the board of Industriforbundet, and Monna Morgenstierne Roll. He was thus brother-in-law to Major General Ole Otto Paus, who was married to his wife's sister Else.Work with the resistance

Clandestine work in Norway

After Norway was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany Holst soon, despite his bad health, started working with the main Norwegian resistance organisation, Milorg. He was recruited in 1941 by his brother-in-law, the officer Lars Heyerdahl-Larsen and was soon given important tasks and gained a reputation as the most action-oriented man in the secretariat of the central leadership (Sentralledelsen). From 1942 Holst worked as a courier, established Milorg's system for hiding refugees (apartments where resistance fighters went into hiding before being "exported" to neutral Sweden) and had close contact with such central resistance figures as Ole Borge and Jens Christian Hauge. <mask>t was, according to professor Tore Pryser, instrumental in teaching Hauge the various skills needed: "In many ways it was actually Holst who trained the inexperienced Hauge." At this time Holst worked closely with Hauge and for half a year they shared an undercover apartment. Holst's girlfriend and wife-to-be cared for the two men and was herself deeply involved in work for the resistance. In his report about his work during the war Jens Christian Hauge was highly approving of "Kaka", as Holst was called informally, and especially recognised him among his colleagues.When Jomar Brun (known for his involvement in Norwegian heavy water production) and his wife had to flee to Sweden, it was <mask> who through Milorg's chief of communications, Salve Staubo, organised an undercover apartment in Oslo for the couple. It was also <mask> who through Staubo recruited Milorg's legendary chief of weapons, Bror With. Even though he never had any formal executive position in Milorg, <mask>t had an important role in the practical work in the organisation, and he was especially important for Milorg in the autumn of 1942 when several of the leaders were arrested by the Gestapo or had to flee to Sweden. Holst participated in the meeting at the turn of the year 1942 when Milorg was reorganised with Jens Christian Hauge as Inspector General (known as "big I"). In addition to being the link between the Milorg leadership and its district organisations, Holst was also the link to resistance groups independent of Milorg. They included Oslogjengen with Gunnar Sønsteby, XU, Asbjørn Bryhn' groups, 2A and the Osvald Group (also known as the Sunde Group after its leader Asbjørn Sunde). The cooperation with the communists and their inferior security almost resulted in Holst being caught by the Gestapo.Holst had an important role during the Osvald Group's fire-bombing of the work-service office in Pilestredet in Oslo on 20 March 1943, which Milorg hesitantly agreed to, whose aim was to destroy archives of people assigned to work service for the Nazi regime. In spite of his bad health Holst worked hard and took on several dangerous assignments, among them meetings with people who were suspected of working with the German security services. Holst also organised squads for liquidating dangerous German and collaborationist Norwegian agents. Holst was a skilled undercover operator, fully aware of the risks of being captured, and always carried a gun and a poison pill with him so that if he was caught, he could commit suicide and not reveal information about the organisation. Escape to Sweden

In the summer of 1943 Holst had to flee to neutral Sweden. After hiding at a fur-farm in Mesnali he was accompanied over the border by a border guide at Svinesund on 5 August. He was arrested on entering Sweden and explained that he had to flee as he had been in possession of a radio without permission, had listened to news from London, and had spread it to others.He did not say anything about his work with Milorg. After being questioned by the Swedish authorities in Strömstad, as a refugee from Norway he was sent to Kjesäter and after further questioning there given permission to travel to Stockholm. In Stockholm Holst was employed at the Norwegian legation, working with military office number 4 (Mi4) at an office at Skeppargatan 32 on Östermalm. He worked with supplies to the resistance forces in Norway and one of his tasks was to organise courier activities into and out of Norway. Part of Holst's work for the Norwegian resistance was illegal in neutral Sweden. At least once Holst were arrested by the Swedish police, but was quickly set free. The arrest was connected with a failed attempt by Holst to organise a courier route over Magnor, assisted by a Swede with local connections and another Norwegian.After the war it was revealed that the two were in the service of the German intelligence agency, the Abwehr. Holst was good at organising and acquiring equipment and had many contacts, one of whom was the Soviet ambassador to Sweden, Alexandra Kollontai, from whom he acquired several pistols. In November 1944 Holst was involved in an illegal weapons purchase and received a warning from the Swedish security police, Säpo. Around the same time Holst was mentioned by Säpo in connection with an espionage affair in which the Norwegian intelligence agent Finn Jacobsen was involved. It was however not possible for the Swedish authorities to interrogate Holst as he had diplomatic immunity. Finn Jacobsen was working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) and cooperated with Holst in supplying the British with intelligence from Norway, without the knowledge of the Norwegian legation in Stockholm, which the SIS did not fully trust. Holst was an activist and probably had sympathy with the action-connected resistance groups, such as 2A and the Osvald Group and the so-called sports office (Idrettskontoret) at the Norwegian legation, led by Harald Gram.Holst married Margarete Corneliussen on 19 December 1944 in Stockholm. Peace and death

After the German capitulation in May 1945, Holst was working on closing the various storage bases that Norwegian resistance fighters had established on Swedish soil, and travelling back and forth between Sweden and Norway. On 23 June, he arrived in Norway by car from Stockholm and early in the morning of 26 June he accompanied British and Norwegian forces in searches carried out at German military camps at the Wehrmacht headquarters in Lillehammer. The same day he unexpectedly travelled back to Stockholm and on the morning of 27 June was found dead at the top of the staircase in an apartment building at Rindögatan 42 on Gärdet. He was found by the porter's wife, shot in the right side of the head, lying in a pool of blood at the top of the staircase, outside the door to the elevator room. Some hours earlier she had found his rucksack and travel bag outside the entrance. The body was found with 1,200 NOK, a large sum at that time (equal to more than 20,000 NOK, or over $3,000 in 2012), something that seemed to rule out robbery as a motive for murdering him.According to the Swedish police Holst had rung the doorbell and had been let in by one of the tenants, but had not then visited that apartment. The policeman who first saw the body reported that the pistol (<mask>'s own, a Spanish Llama Colt 9mm) was in Holst's right hand, with his finger on the trigger. The gun was removed by the police officer before the criminal police came. There is no photograph or sketch of the body at the site, only photographs from the autopsy. Even though the case was investigated as a possible murder, the Swedish police quickly concluded that it was suicide. The criminal technicians test fired the weapon found in <mask>'s hand and found that it was the same as the one that fired the bullet found in the staircase where Holst had been found dead. Of the 28 tenants in the building, only three were questioned by the police during the investigation.In addition to limited questioning of possible witnesses, there were several other deficiencies in the investigation; there was no detailed description of the place he was found and information that was routinely collected during murder investigations was not recorded. <mask> Middelthon <mask> was buried at Vestre gravlund in Oslo. The grave is marked with a simple headstone on which his name, birth and death are carved. "The Holst

masks:
Kai Christian Middelthon Holst
Holst
Kai Holst
Christian Holst
Holst
Kai Hols
Holst
Holst
Kai Hols
Holst
Holst
Kai Christian
Holst


text_chunks:
 Case"

Suicide or murder? <mask>'s family, many of his friends and colleagues in the resistance movement, among them Hans Ringvold and Erik Myhre, held the opinion that Holst was murdered. Among the theories colleagues and friends put forward about a possible murder was liquidation by a foreign intelligence service, be it from Germany, Sweden, the Soviet Union or the US. Threats
Holst's family did their own research regarding his death.<mask>'s sister, Else Heyerdahl-Larsen, contacted Norwegian authorities, but was warned against looking into the case as it could be dangerous. Ole Otto Paus, then an army captain, later a major general, was married to the sister of <mask>'s widow and in 1945 in Oslo he saw the documents from the police investigation when he tried to check the case. Paus found it especially troubling that <mask> had bought sleeping car tickets from Stockholm to Oslo for his wife and himself for the day after he was found dead. When he wanted to check the documents again two years later, they were gone. Paus was warned by a high-ranking Norwegian police officer, the jurist Olav Svendsen, former chief of the juridical office (Norwegian: Rettskontoret, a Norwegian intelligence organisation in neutral Sweden) against continued research into <mask>'s death. The same police officer also threatened Holst's widow and wife to leave the case. Ole Otto Paus was also warned by the chief of defence, Lieutenant General Ole Berg (former chief of the military office Mi2 and Mi4 at the Norwegian legation in Stockholm), against any further research into the case, as he risked his life by doing so.Renewed research

In the 1990s, Holst relatives contacted the lawyer Jan Heftye Blehr. Blehr contacted Rettsmedisinsk institutt (the Norwegian forensic institute) in order to reexamine the autopsy of Holst. The pathologist Olving stated that: "from the findings at the autopsy there is nothing that speaks against that it could be a suicide. There is however nothing that rules out that it could be a murder". On the basis of Major General Paus' statements, the Ministry of Justice and Public Security took up the case and in 1995 the historian Trond Bergh was in Stockholm and got to see what material the Swedish security police Säpo had that was related to Holst's case. According to the Minister of Justice, Grete Faremo, no new information was found. Professor Magne Skodvin at Norway's Resistance Museum looked into the case the same year.The museum used material collected by retired Supreme Court judge Einar Løchen on behalf of Ole Borge, one of Milorg's leaders and veterans, who believed Holst had been liquidated. Borge and Løchen believed it was the communists who had murdered Holst, and the same view was held by the former XU agent Wiggo Ljøner. Professor Skodvin noted certain shortcomings in the police investigation, but concluded that from the material, it was clear that the cause of death was suicide. Questions
Among the strange circumstances of the case is that Holst's dossier at the Swedish security police has been removed from the archive. Professor Tore Pryser claims that with the level of detail Säpo went into in similar cases there must have been a dossier: "Everything points to the information about Holst having been destroyed." There is however some information relating to Holst in dossiers regarding three other persons. The witness statements regarding his whereabouts when arriving in Stockholm and who he was together with the night he died are also contradictory.Holst was found dead in an apartment building where the German intelligence organisation, the Abwehr, had a cover apartment, while a British SIS agent lived in the apartment building next door. The man who opened the door via intercom was Svante Holger Ahreson, an acquaintance of Holst's. According to Ahreson's statement to the Swedish police he had only heard mumbling, thought it was someone who had called the wrong apartment, and went back to bed when no one turned up at his apartment. According to Ahreson's daughter, Holst did however have an agreement with him to lodge Norwegian resistance fighters who were under threat, and Holst was therefore in close contact with Ahreson and not some distant acquaintance. According to her, contradicting what he told the Swedish police, Ahreson had recognised Holst's voice on the intercom, waited for him to arrive at the apartment, which did not happen, but registered that the elevator passed, heard voices and after that a gunshot. According to the Swedish police Holst was found with the pistol in his right hand, something that has been interpreted as a sign of suicide. Gun experts do however say that it is highly unusual for a handgun to remain in the dead person's hand, as the recoil combined with almost immediate loss of muscle firmness will result in the weapon falling out of the person's hand.That the body was found with the gun in its right hand is also something that provoked a strong reaction from the family, as according to them Holst was left-handed. In the Swedish police's 32-page report about the case the conclusion of suicide is written in only one place: on the front page, the forensic pathologist who performed Holst's autopsy wrote Suicidum, Latin for suicide. The same physician who in his autopsy report drew no conclusion concerning how Holst died, suicide or murder, signed the police report, but according to Swedish handwriting experts the signature has been forged. <mask>'s superior in Stockholm in 1945, Wladimir Mörch Hansson, said that Holst received death threats, and found the lack of Swedish assistance in solving the case impossible to explain. Odd Feydt, active in the resistance group 2A and in 1943 leader of Sambandskontoret (a Norwegian intelligence office in neutral Sweden) stated that Holst was followed (tailed) during his last trip from Lillehammer to Stockholm and that Holst's death might be connected with cooperation between the Norwegian Rettskontoret and the Swedish intelligence organisation C-byrån. The Swedish professor Ingvar Bergström, who had worked for C-byrån in Gothenburg during the war, was of the opinion that Holst had been murdered. He first stated that the liquidation had been ordered at "high levels within Milorg" but later on changed his opinion, in consultation with the retired landshövding and historian Per Nyström, to its having been done by the Swedes in cooperation with the Norwegians.Holst's close colleague during the war, the Milorg leader Jens Christian Hauge, has been criticised for refusing to assist in casting light on the case. In connection with the press coverage of the case in 1994 Hauge issued a press statement in which he stated that he did not have any specific knowledge of the case, and concluded with the following: "It would be a great relief for me and for all of <mask>t's remaining comrades if this sad case could be solved." Operation Claw

The question has been asked whether <mask>'s death could be connected with his task at Lillehammer, a hypothesis primarily put forward by the historian Tore Pryser. Holst might have had with him information from Lillehammer that could damage the operation later known as "Operation Claw" (in Norwegian Lillehammer-kuppet). Odd Feydt stated that when Holst travelled back to Stockholm, he was tailed from the moment he passed the Norwegian-Swedish border. The information about Operation Claw was secret in the years after the war and even today is not all available. A report in the British National Archives is classified until 2020.<mask> never received any decoration from Norwegian authorities for his wartime efforts, in spite of his superior Wladimir Mørch Hansson recommending one to the council of the resistance forces in January 1946. He was however posthumously commended by George VI of Great Britain on 24 June 1950 for Brave Conduct. The question has been raised of why Britain chose to honour <mask>, as he never officially worked for the British. Tore Pryser has put forward the thesis that <mask>, who in addition to his work for Milorg also was in the service of the British SIS, was killed by Swedish intelligence to prevent him from reporting Operation Claw to the SIS. Documentaries

 Göran Elgemyr: Den mystiska kofferten från Lillehammer and Liket på Gärdet i Stockholm, Sveriges Radio P-1, 17 and 20 April 1992
 Mysteriet Holst, Ekkofilm, 2012, aired by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) on 1 April 2013 and by the Swedish Broadcasting Corporation (SVT) in May 2013

Notes

References
 Göran Elgemyr: <mask>ts mystiska död : – Historien om en norsk motståndsman i Oslo och i Stockholm, Jure bokhandel, Stockholm, 2015
 Tore Pryser: Fra varm til kald krig: etterretningskuppet på Lillehammer i frigjøringsdagene 1945 og et mulig mord. Oslo, Universitetsforlaget, 1994
 Tore Pryser: Svik og gråsoner: Norske spioner under 2. verdenskrig, Spartacus forlag, Oslo 2010
 Tore Pryser: USAs hemmelige agenter. Den amerikanske etterretningstjenesten OSS i Norden under andre verdenskrig, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 2010
 Tore Pryser: Tyske hemmelige tjenester i Norden.Spionsaker og aktører 1930–1950, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 2012
 Espen Haavardsholm: Ikke søkt av sol. Forlaget Oktober, Oslo 1994
 Espen Haavardsholm: Taushetens pris, Oktober forlag, Oslo 1995
 Ole Kristian Grimnes et al. : Motstandskamp, strategi og marinepolitikk, Oslo, Universitetsforlaget, 1972
 Arnfinn Moland: Milorg 1941–43: fremvekst, ledelse og organisasjon, Norges Hjemmefrontmuseum, Oslo 1991,
 Arne Semb-Johansson: Fem år for fred og frihet : med Milorg 1940–1945, Cappelen, 1995 ISBN
 Jens Christian Hauge: Rapport om mitt arbeid under okkupasjonen, Gyldendal, Oslo, 1995
 Gunnar Sønsteby: Rapport fra «nr. 24», 1960, Orion Forlag,
 Olav Njølstad: Jens Chr. Hauge: fullt og helt, Aschehoug, Oslo 2008
 Per Helge Martinsen: Rød skygge over DI3: Kommunistene og Milorg i Stor-Oslo 1940–45, Happy Jam Factory, Bergen 2010

External links
 About <mask>, from Norsk biografisk leksikon (Norwegian)

1913 births
1945 deaths
People from Lillehammer
Norwegian sailors
Norwegian resistance members
Secret Intelligence Service personnel
Deaths by firearm in Sweden
Burials at Vestre

masks:
Holst
Holst
Holst
Holst
Holst
Holst
Kai Hols
Kai Holst
Kai Holst
Holst
Holst
Kai Hols
Kai Holst


text_chunks:
Princess <mask> () née Skavronskaya (7 December 1783 – 21 May 1857 or 2 June 1857) was a Russian princess, married to general <mask>. She was known for her beauty, love affairs and unconventional behaviour. Early life

She was the daughter of Count Pavel Martinovich Skavronsky, Chamberlain of the Royal Court and Minister Plenipotentiary to Naples, well known for his mental imbalance and extraordinary love of music, and Yekaterina von Engelhardt, niece and at the same time favorite of Prince Grigory Potemkin. She was educated at the court of the Empress <mask> and the Empress Maria Feodorovna, wife of her son Emperor Paul I; and later became a maid of honor for the Empress Maria. Marriage to <mask>
In 1800 the Paul I of Russia, who was well known for his caprices, found out that General <mask>i dynasty, was secretly in love with <mask>. The Emperor often used to marry members of his court off to each other, and one day at the Palace of Gatchina he suddenly announced that it was his intention to attend the marriage of General <mask> and Countess <mask>. The Countess was said to be in love with Count Peter von der Pahlen, and even the prospective groom was shocked.Nobody however dared to argue with the monarch, and the wedding took place on 2 September in the chapel of the Gatchina Palace, near St. Petersburg. This is what General Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langéron had to say about this union :
"<mask> married the young niece of the great Prince Potemkin. This rich and lustrous partner did not suit him. <mask> was a mere soldier, with the tone and manners of one, and he was extremely ugly. His wife was as white as he was black, and she was as beautiful as an angel, bright, the liveliest of the beauties of St.Petersburg; she would not be happy with such a husband for long...". The "Wandering Princess"

In the year 1805 the Princess finally broke up with her husband and went to Europe. The couple had no children.She traveled so extensively that she had a special carriage made, with an elegant ladder that allowed her to climb in and out of it comfortably. It had a bed inside, and all the luggage was placed on the outside. She called her carriage her dormez (дормез) or 'sleeper'; this was the time when she came to be known as "the Wandering Princess". <mask> called her back to Russia a number of times, and sent her so many letters that even her friends tried to persuade her to go; she remained abroad, however, using the excuse that she was sick and in need of medical treatment. In Europe Princess <mask> was a great success, and became well known in court circles. She became notorious everywhere and was called le Bel Ange Nu ("the beautiful nude angel") because of her passion for revealing dresses, and Chatte Blanche ("the White Cat"), because of her unlimited sensuality. Lord Palmerston noted in his memoirs that the Princess only wore translucent Indian muslin, which adhered closely to her figure.From her mother, however, she had inherited an angelic face, alabaster white skin, blue eyes, and a cascade of golden hair. Even when she was thirty it was said she still had the skin of a fifteen-year-old. Her husband the Prince, however, refused to hear a word said against her, insisting that the affairs of his household were his business alone; she was his wife and he would stand up for her. Her huge expenditure on receptions and clothes belied her claims of sickness, but he remained a generous husband and continued to pay her bills. The Prince even remonstrated with the Princess's mother, who had started to get irritated by her daughter's extravagance. In 1808, a military Order was awarded to the wives of those generals who had particularly distinguished themselves in the recent war. Princess <mask> was bypassed, and the pride of her husband was wounded.He argued that Ekaterina bore his name, and that was enough: "She should be rewarded, because she's my wife ...". The Prince paid thousands of roubles for debts Princess <mask> had accumulated from living in Vienna. There were rumors about her connection with the Saxon diplomat Count Friedrich von der Schulenberg, a Prince of Württemberg, Lord Charles Stewart and others. Goethe met her in Karlsbad, and admired her beauty; she had just started a new romance with Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia, who ended his relationship with Princess Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich for her. The Prince soon died in the Battle of Saalfeld, and the princess returned once more to Vienna. She then became the mistress of the very influential Prince Klemens von Metternich and had a daughter by him in Vienna on 29 September 1810, whom she named Marie-Clementine after the natural father. While <mask> was forced by the Tsar to officially acknowledge her paternity, Metternich, on his part, made no secrecy of his fatherhood and the girl even lived with the Prince's family from 1814 until getting married.Life in Vienna

Princess <mask> was an extremely emancipated lady for her age, and played like a man, choosing for herself which man to take as lovers, and which as just friends. After travelling for many years between one European capital and another, she settled in Vienna. Based  there the Princess made her home into one of the most brilliant salons of society, a distinctly pro-Russian, anti-Napoleonic salon. The Princess set up a covert diplomatic post without any official authorization. Her salon was  constantly filled with the rich and famous. She maintained a friendship with Goethe and corresponded with him. She boasted that she knew more political secrets than all the envoys put together.Under her influence, Austrian high society began to boycott the French Embassy. Napoléon found her to be a serious political opponent. As a result of her closeness to Prince von Metternich, she was later able to persuade him to let Austria join the anti-Napoleonic coalition. Death of Prince <mask>

Prince <mask>, despite his age, continued to fight for Russia in the Napoleonic War. Finally, at the Battle of Borodino on 26 August 1812, he was mortally wounded in the leg; he developed gangrene due to lack of treatment, and finally died sixteen days later on 12 September. Shortly before he died he had commissioned two portraits from Volkov, one of himself and the other of his wife. After his death his effects were carefully searched; the sister of Alexander I, <mask> (Ekaterina) Pavlovna had been passionately in love with <mask>, even Napoléon had proposed to her, but she refused because of her love for the Prince.He had refused her advances because he still adored his wife <mask>, and she quickly married her first cousin Wilhelm, later to become King William (Wilhelm) I of Württemberg. Her compromising letters were discovered among his papers, along with an oval miniature of his true love, <mask>. The End of the Napoleonic War

In 1815 the Princess <mask> greeted the victory of the Russian army over Napoléon, and during the Congress of Vienna she held a grand ball in honor of the Russian emperor Alexander I. She was not only his intimate friend but during, and after the war, she constantly supplied the Russian Emperor with information about the political mood in Europe. In the same year she moved to Paris, where the secret police kept her luxurious mansion at number 45 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré under surveillance. Informants hired to follow the princess constantly sent them reports. One informant wrote: "This lady is very well known in high society due to her political influence and coquetry.On Monday night, quite late, two Poles left her, and one of them, Count Stanislas Potocki returned. Such antics are frequent. ..  the Duchess is very fickle. " She counted many Parisian celebrities among her close friends: Stendhal, Benjamin Constant, the Marquis de Custine, even the Queen of Greece. The Princess's cook for a time was Marie-Antoine Carême, the founder of Haute Cuisine. The writer Balzac, despite his sloppy dress sense, had been a frequent visitor to Princess <mask>'s salon in Vienna, amusing the ladies with his stories, so naturally when she moved to Paris he became one of her friends. Balzac mentions in one of his letters that she was one of the two women upon whom he based the character Feodora, heroine of his first novel La Peau de Chagrin.Similarly Victor Hugo mentions her salon in Les Misérables. Second marriage, separation and death

In Paris on 18 January 1830 she married the British general and diplomat Sir John Hobart Caradoc, 2nd Baron Howden and Grimston; she was fifteen years his senior. For a while her married name became Caradoc. They had no children, and later broke up and filed for a formal separation. By 1849 she was on the move again and visited London, apparently for the first time. Even in her old age, when her limbs could no longer support her, she would rest with great elegance and a suggestive manner. Princess <mask> was the heiress to the fabulous jewelry collection of her great uncle, and it is possible that her finances were flagging at the end of her life.She sold some items, including the famous "Potemkin Diamond", which was purchased by the Emperor Napoléon III for his wife the Empress Eugénie, after whom it was subsequently renamed. She finally died during a trip to Venice, on 2 June 1857, and was buried in the San Michele Cemetery, which is also the last resting place of Diaghilev and Stravinsky. Her white headstone bears the French inscription: Princesse <mask> Décedée à Venise le II Juin MDCCCLVII (Princess <mask>, deceased in Venice 2 June 1857). Some sources give her date of death as 21 May, but this is the Russian Old Style. Sales of jewelry

The Empress Eugénie diamond, which she had sold to Napoléon III, was taken to England when the now ex-Royal Family went into exile. When their finances became tight it was auctioned by Christies and bought by the then Gaekwad of Baroda, India, Malhār Rāo. It remained in the Gaekwad princely family for some time, but at some point was sold again, and now seems to be in private Russian hands.In 1977, the Duke of Westminster purchased a diamond and spinel tiara and matching set of jewels reported to have belonged to <mask> as an engagement present for his future bride Natalia “Tally” Phillips. References

1783 births
1857 deaths
Austrian salon-holders
Salon holders of the Russian Empire
House of Mukhrani
Klemens von Metternich
Howden
Howden

masks:
Catherine Bagration
Pyotr Bagration
Catherine II the Great
Prince Bagration
Pyotr Bagrationgration
Catherine
Bagration
Catherine Skaronskaya
Bagration
Bagration
Prince Bagration
Bagration
Bagration
Catherine
Prince Bagration
Catherine
Bagration
Bagration
Catherine
Prince Bagration
Catherine
Catherine
Catherine
Catherine
Catherine
Catherine Bagration
Catherine Bagration
Catherine Bagration


text_chunks:
<mask> (; 6 May 1872 – 21 July 1922), also known as <mask> was an Ottoman military leader and one of the Three Pashas that ruled the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

<mask> was born in Mytilene, Lesbos. As a member of the II Army Corps of the Ottoman Empire he was stationed in Salonica where he developed political sympathies for the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) reformers. He was initially praised by Christian missionaries and provided support to the Armenian victims of the Adana massacres. In the course of his army career <mask> developed a rivalry with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, served in Salonica on the frontlines of the Balkan Wars and was given the military command of Constantinople after the Raid on the Sublime Porte. <mask>'s authoritarian three year rule in Syria alienated the local population who opposed Ottoman nationalism. During the Armenian genocide, his policies were not as deadly as other CUP leaders; <mask> favored the forced assimilation of Armenians. Biography
<mask> was born in Mytilene, Lesbos, to Mehmet Nesip Bey, a military pharmacist.Destined for the army, <mask> graduated from Kuleli Military High School in 1890 and completed his studies at the Military Academy (Mektebi Harbiyeyi Şahane), the staff college in Istanbul, in 1893. He was posted to serve with the 1st Department of the Imperial General Staff (Seraskerlik Erkânı Harbiye), and then he worked at the Kirkkilise Fortification Construction Department bound to Second Army. <mask> was assigned to the II Army Corps in 1896; being appointed two years later, the staff commander of Novice Division, stationed on the Salonica frontier. Meanwhile, he began to sympathize with the reforms of Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) on military issues. It was in 1905 that <mask> was promoted to major and designated Inspector of Roumelia Railways. The following year he signalled his democratic credentials and joined the Ottoman Liberty Society. He became influential in the department of military issues of the Committee of Union and Progress.He was elected to the Board of the III Army Corps in 1907. Following the Young Turk Revolution in 1908 he became a member of the central committee (Merkezi Umum-i) of the CUP and later was deployed as a Kaymakam to Üsküdar, Constantinople. Between August 1909 and April 1911 was assigned as a Wāli to the Adana Vilayet. In Adana he was involved in providing support for the Armenian victims of the Adana massacres, and was praised by Christian missionaries in the region as a competent politician. In the III Army Corps, he worked with future Turkish statesmen Major Fethi (Okyar) and Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk), although Atatürk soon developed a rivalry with <mask> <mask> and his colleagues over their policies after they seized power in 1913. Between 1908 and 1918, <mask> was one of the most important leaders of the Ottoman government. Balkan Wars

In 1911, <mask> was appointed Governor of Baghdad.He resigned to rejoin the army in the Balkan Wars on the Salonica front line, attempting to bolster Turkey's European possessions from encroachment. In October 1912, he was promoted to colonel. At the end of the First Balkan War, he played an important role in the propaganda drawn up by the CUP against negotiations with the victorious European countries. He tried to resolve the problems that occurred in Constantinople after the Bab-ı Ali Attack (Coup of 1913). <mask> played a significant role in the Second Balkan War, and with the revolution of the CUP on 23 January 1913, he became the commander of Constantinople and was appointed Minister of Public Works. He was assigned the military command in the Constantinople Vilayet by Grand Visier Mahmud Sevket <mask> and by December 1913 he was given the title <mask>. In February 1914 he was promoted to Minister of the Ottoman Navy.World War I

When Europe was divided into two blocs before the First World War, he supported an alliance with France. He went to France to negotiate an alliance with the French, but failed and then sided with Enver and Talaat, who favoured the German side. <mask>, along with Enver and Talaat, took control of the Ottoman government in 1913. The Three Pashas effectively ruled the Ottoman Empire for the duration of World War I. After the Ottoman Empire declared war on the Allies in World War I, Enver <mask> nominated <mask> <mask> to lead the Ottoman army against British forces in Egypt, and <mask> accepted the position. In late 1914, he was assigned with the Governorship and the military command for the southern provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Previously snubbed by the Allies, <mask> switched his attention to an alliance with the Central Powers, although he had at first been opposed to a full alliance with Germany.Nevertheless, he agreed in early October 1914 to use his ministerial powers to authorise Admiral Souchon to launch a pre-emptive strike in the Black Sea, which led to Russia, Britain and France declaring war on the Ottoman Empire a few days later. Governor of Greater Syria

<mask> <mask> was appointed with full powers in military and civilian affairs as Governor of Syria in 1915. A provisional law granted him emergency powers in May of that year. All cabinet decrees from Constantinople concerning Syria became subject to his approval. His offensives on both his first and second attacks on the Suez Canal failed. Coupled with the wartime exigencies and natural disasters that afflicted the region during these years, this alienated the population from the Ottoman government, and led to the Arab Revolt. In the meantime, the Ottoman army usually commanded by Colonel Kress von Kressenstein pushed towards and occupied Sinai.The two men had a thinly disguised contempt for each other, which weakened the command. He was known among the local Arab inhabitants as al-Saffah, "the Blood Shedder", being responsible for the hanging of many Lebanese, Syrian Shi'a Muslims and Christians wrongly accused of treason on 6 May 1916 in Damascus and Beirut. In his political memoirs, the leader of the "Beirut Reform Movement" Salim Ali Salam recalls the following: <mask> resumed his campaign of vengeance; he began to imprison most Arab personalities, charging them with treason against the State. His real intent was to cut off the thoughtful heads, so that, as he put it, the Arabs would never again emerge as a force, and no one would be left to claim for them their rights … After returning to Beirut [from Istanbul], I was summoned … to Damascus to greet <mask> … I took the train … and upon reaching Aley we found that the whole train was reserved for the prisoners there to take them to Damascus … When I saw them, I realized that they were taking them to Damascus to put them to death. So … I said to myself: how shall I be able to meet with this butcher on the day on which he will be slaughtering the notables of the country? And how will I be able to converse with him? … Upon arriving in Damascus, I tried hard to see him that same evening, before anything happened, but was not successful.The next morning all was over, and the … notables who had been brought over from Aley were strung up on the gallows. During 1915-1916, <mask> had 34 political opponents executed as martyrs. At the end of 1915, <mask> with viceregal powers is said to have started secret negotiations with the Allies for ending the war; he proposed to take over the Ottoman administration himself as an independent King of Syria. These secret negotiations came to nothing, in part because the Allies reportedly could not agree on the future territory of the Ottoman Empire; France objected strongly, and Britain was unwilling to fund the Imperial operations. His most successful military exploit was against the British Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force, which had arrived in early 1915 from India. 35,000 British troops marched north on Baghdad, hoping to take the citadel with relatively few casualties. <mask> <mask> was appointed to command and marshalled a vast army, ultimately led by General Halil Kut, which by the time of the siege of Kut al-Amara numbered 200,000 Turks and Arab auxiliaries.The British could only evacuate their wounded with <mask>'s consent and attempted to send emissaries requesting permission to evacuate while the city was encircled on three sides. <mask> refused to compromise his advantageous position, and strafed enemy attempts by the Tigris Corps to take relief boats up river. They had underestimated <mask>'s considerable administrative capabilities and will to resist the Allied armies. The Ottoman troops fought hard at the Battle of Ctesiphon, but the subsequent fate of POWs and civilians later enhanced <mask> <mask>'s wartime reputation as a capricious and cruel general. Nonetheless, the successes impressed T. E. Lawrence to write a significant account of their diplomatic encounters when finally Kut fell in April 1916, which provides for "a colourful character". The ever-present threat of Arab Revolt fomented by British intelligence was rising throughout 1916 and 1917. <mask> instituted strict control over Syria Province against Syrian opponents.<mask>'s forces also fought against the Arab nationalists and Syrian nationalists from 1916 onwards. Ottoman authorities occupied the French consulates in Beirut and Damascus and confiscated French secret documents that revealed evidence about the activities and names of the Arab insurgents. <mask> used the information from these documents as well as from others belonging to the Decentralization Party. He believed that insurgency under French control was the main reason for his military failings. With the documents he gathered, <mask> moved against the insurgent forces which were led by Arab political and cultural leaders. This was followed by the military trials of the insurgents known as Âliye Divan-ı Harb-i Örfisi in which they were punished. Commander of Fourth Army

Gaza's head of garrison, Major Tiller, had 7 infantry battalions, a cavalry squadron, and some camel troops.The British under Colonel Chetwode already had 2,000 troops in front of the city. Reluctantly, <mask> marched with the 33rd Division to relieve Gaza. Kressenstein was delighted to have repelled the British assault and wanted to mobilise aggressively by driving into Shellal, Wadi Ghazze, and Khan Yunis, but <mask> absolutely forbade it. The British had a whole division in retreat, so <mask> apprehended that a two-battalion sortie would have been annihilated. One of <mask>'s associates in Iraq was engineer Colonel Heinrich August Meissner who had built both the Hejaz and Baghdad railways and who was employed on an ambitious project to construct a railway to the Suez canal at Bir Gifgafa. By October 1915, the Central Powers had already built 100 miles of track as far as the oasis of Beersheba. <mask> insisted that an extended railway would be needed to attack British Egypt.<mask> was completely committed to the Turko-German military machine, which he saw as necessary to resist the new wave of offensives launched by the British High Command. Kemal and <mask> became increasingly sceptical of German capabilities, but <mask> was not yet prepared to openly back the German allies. He insisted on the possibility of a planned allied assault behind the Yıldırım Army, as the Seventh Army gathered at the Turco-German Aleppo Conference. In the shake-up that followed, <mask> was demoted to a command of the Fourth Army under General Erich von Falkenhayn. They now adopted a plan similar to the Kress Plan for Gaza and sent the Yıldırım Army to Baghdad. It was not until October 1917 that the Seventh Army could march south to face the growing threat from Allenby, hampered by the limitations of the single-gauge railway, which was built away from the coastline to avoid Royal Navy salvos. On 7 November, the British captured Gaza, but <mask> had long since been forced to evacuate.Although chased, he managed to retreat at speed. In December, the Turks were driven out of Jaffa, <mask>'s army still in retreat, and the city fell without a fight. Falkenhayn had ordered an evacuation on 14th, and the British had begun to enter the same day. But now the Turkish Eighth formed a much stronger line of entrenchment; <mask>'s organized defence of Gaza had been amply anticipated by the British. His army delayed them further at the vital Junction railway station. But the British were probably unaware of its importance. The fighting in the hills was all but over by 1 December.On 6 December, <mask> <mask> was in Beirut to make a speech publicizing the allied deal to 'carve up' Syria-Palestine into partitioned spheres of influence in the Sykes-Picot agreement. At the end of 1917, <mask> ruled from his post in Damascus as a near-independent ruler of his portion of the Empire. But he had resigned from the 4th Army and returned to Istanbul. On 9 April and then 19 April 1918, <mask> ordered the evacuation of civilians from Jaffa and Jerusalem. The Germans were furious and rescinded the order, revealing the chaos in the Ottoman Empire. <mask>'s ambiguous attitude to the subject populations of the Ottoman Empire proved beneficial to the British colonial authorities. The Turkish line was solidified in readiness for the final onslaught at Nebi Samwell and Nahr-el-Auja.To the south of Nebi were the defences of Beit Iksa; the Heart and Liver Redoubts before Lifa; and Deir Yassin, two systems behind Ain Karim. In all, there were 4 miles of fortifications. Role in the Armenian genocide
<mask>'s role in the Armenian genocide has been contested by historians. His policies allowed some Armenians to survive in the territories under his control. German historian Wolfgang Gust states, "while preserving the lives of perhaps 150,000 Armenians—in terrible conditions—he helped kill another 150,000". In December 1915, he offered to the Entente powers that he would march to Constantinople, overthrow the CUP government, and end the genocide in exchange for the guarantee of the Ottoman Empire's territorial integrity in its pre-World War I borders. Historian Ümit Kurt argues that "The most fundamental difference between Cemal and the other two leaders [Talat and Enver] was the methods he wanted to employ to decrease the number of Armenians to a level that would no longer pose a threat to the Ottoman state."Instead of killing Armenians, he favored their forced conversion and assimilation to neutralize the perceived Armenian threat. Kurt furthermore argues: "Saving the lives of some fortunate Armenians does not exempt Cemal from the label ‘génocidaire’, for he was fully committed to the disappearance of Armenians from Turkish soil." Parliament

In the last congress of Committee of Union and Progress held in 1917, <mask> was elected to the Board of Central Administration. With the defeat of the empire in October 1918 and the resignation of Mehmed Talaat <mask>’s cabinet on 2 November 1918, <mask> fled with seven other leaders of the CUP to Germany, and then Switzerland. Military trial and assassination

A military court in Turkey accused <mask> of massacring Arab subjects of the Ottoman Empire and sentenced him to death in absentia. Later in 1920, <mask> went to Central Asia, where he worked as a military advisor, charged with modernising the Afghan Royal Army. Assassination
Due to the success of the Bolshevik Revolution, <mask> travelled to Tiflis to act as a military liaison officer to negotiate over Afghanistan with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.Together with his secretary, <mask> was assassinated on 21 July 1922 by Armenian Revolutionary Federation members Stepan Dzaghigian, Artashes Gevorgyan, and Petros Ter Poghosyan, as part of Operation Nemesis, a global plan to track down and assassinate all surviving perpetrators of the Armenian Genocide. <mask>'s remains were brought to Erzurum and buried there. Family
His grandson Hasan Cemal is a well-known columnist, journalist and writer in Turkey. Legacy
<mask> <mask> is known in the Arab world as Jamal Basha as-Saffah ("the Bloodthirsty") for his treatment of the local Syrian population during WWI. <mask> <mask> named a street in Damascus after himself, but the name was later changed to "al-nasr street". References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 Hasan Kayali: Cemal Pasa, Ahmed, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.1872 births
1922 deaths
People from Mytilene
Kuleli Military High School alumni
Ottoman Military Academy alumni
Ottoman Military College alumni
Committee of Union and Progress politicians
Ottoman military personnel of the Balkan Wars
Ottoman Army generals
Pashas
Ottoman military personnel of World War I
Ottoman governors of Damascus
1922 crimes
People sentenced to death in absentia
Assassinated people of the Ottoman Empire
People of the Ottoman Empire murdered abroad
People murdered in Georgia (country)
Deaths by firearm in Georgia (country)
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)
People convicted by the Ottoman Special Military Tribunal
Greek genocide
Ottoman governors of Baghdad
Baghdad vilayet
People assassinated by Operation Nemesis
Arab Revolt

masks:
Ahmed Djemal Pasha
Cemal Pasha
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Ahmed Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Pasha
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Pasha
Pasha
Djemal
Pasha
Djemal
Pasha
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Pasha
Jamal Pasha
Jamal Pasha
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Pasha
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Pasha
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Pasha
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Pasha
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Djemal
Pasha
Djemal
Pasha


text_chunks:
<mask> (born December 31, 1993) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 12 Ford Mustang for Team Penske. He is the son of former NASCAR driver <mask> and the grandson of modified dirt track legend <mask>. He is known for giving a young fan in the stands the checkered flag after a race win. Racing career

Early career

A third-generation racer and son of then-Cup Series driver <mask>, Blaney started his racing career in quarter midget racing, winning his first race at age 9; he also competed, and won, in Bandolero cars at a young age. Moving up to Legends cars at age 12, Blaney won the Lowe's Motor Speedway Young Lion's Winter Heat Point Championship, as well as in three divisions of the Carolina Fall Nationals in quarter midgets.At age 14, Blaney debuted in late model racing at Orange County Speedway, while in 2009, at age 15, he began competing in the Pro All Stars Series (PASS)-sanctioned South Super Late Model Series, finishing second in points and winning the series' Rookie of the Year award; he finished third in the PASS national points as well. In addition, he won the Eastern Grand Nationals quarter midget event in Huntsville, Alabama. Continuing to compete in the PASS South Super Late Model Series in 2010, Blaney scored his first career win in the series at Dillon Motor Speedway, adding wins at Greenville-Pickens Speedway and Newport Speedway on his way to a second consecutive second-place finish in the PASS South championship standings. Blaney also competed in the Champion Racing Association (CRA)-sanctioned Southern Six Pack series, winning the series championship for 2010. Returning to the PASS South Super Late Model Series in 2011, Blaney won two races in the series, at Dillon Motor Speedway and Ace Speedway, winning the series championship. He also made his debuts in the ARCA Racing Series and NASCAR K&N Pro Series West and East in 2011, scoring top ten finishes in every start in the three series; he won his first career NASCAR race in the K&N Pro Series West season finale at Phoenix International Raceway winning by over two seconds in his only series start. For 2012, <mask>, who had won praise from Tony Stewart and Kevin Harvick for his driving skills, returned to the K&N Pro Series East, running six races for family-owned DB Racing, driving the No.10, as well as to the PASS Super Late Model Series in the Carswell Motorsports No. 98. NASCAR

Xfinity and Trucks (2012–2015)
In addition, Blaney signed with Tommy Baldwin Racing to compete in six NASCAR Nationwide Series races, driving the No. 36 SealWrap-sponsored Chevrolet, starting at Richmond International Raceway in April. Blaney qualified in the Top 10 in his debut at Richmond International Raceway, and finished seventh in the race. In July 2012, <mask> announced that he had signed a contract to drive for Team Penske a minimum of three races in the 2012 Nationwide Series season, starting at Iowa Speedway in August. He also ran selected races in the Camping World Truck Series for Brad Keselowski Racing, finishing sixth in his debut in the series at Bristol Motor Speedway.<mask> won his first career Truck Series race on September 15, 2012, at Iowa Speedway; at the time, he was the youngest winner in Truck Series history at 18 years, eight months, and 15 days. The previous record was 20 years and 18 days set by Kyle Busch in 2005.Blaney returned to the Camping World Truck Series in 2013, driving the full schedule for Brad Keselowski Racing and competing for the series' Rookie of the Year award. Blaney won his first career pole in the series at Kentucky Speedway in June, then won his second career Truck Series race at Pocono Raceway in August. Blaney also competed in the Nationwide Series at Iowa Speedway in June, substituting for Joey Logano after a rainout created a schedule conflict; Blaney finished ninth in the event. Blaney competed in a second Nationwide Series race in 2013, at Kentucky Speedway on September 21, and led 96 of the race's 200 laps to win his first career race in the series, beating Austin Dillon and Matt Crafton. Blaney was the only race winner in the 2013 Nationwide season to not have any Sprint Cup experience. In January 2014, Blaney announced that in addition to a full Camping World Truck Series schedule with BKR, he would be running 15 Nationwide Series and two Sprint Cup Series races for Team Penske during the year.He made his debut at Kansas Speedway, finishing 27th. In August, it was announced that Blaney would be running in the Nationwide Series for Penske in 2015, and would also run twenty Sprint Cup Series races for Wood Brothers Racing in the No. 21 Ford during the 2015 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series season. Blaney drove the No. 29 truck full-time for Brad Keselowski Racing. He had many Top 10 but failed to win in the spring. However his year's turning point was at Dover in late May 2014, when he came up short to Kyle Busch who beat him by 0.5 (one car length) seconds for the win.After the race, <mask> was one of the drivers who said that because Kyle was winning a lot in the truck series, that the Cup series drivers should no longer race in any division besides the Cup series. <mask> won his second career Nationwide race in August 2014 at Bristol Motor Speedway, beating Kyle Busch in a green-white-checkered finish. The next week, Blaney won his first Truck race of 2014 spectacularly at Ron Fellows' own Canadian Tire Motorsports Park raceway, edging German Quiroga by 0.49 seconds in a photo-finish. In 2015, <mask> began his Xfinity Series schedule at Las Vegas in the Boyd Gaming 300. After leading two laps, he was briefly in contention for the win. After spinning out fellow driver Erik Jones late in the race, Blaney restarted the final restart in eighth place. Despite this, he drove from eighth to second in the final 21 laps.Though he caught up to race leader Austin Dillon with three laps to go, Blaney was unable to force his way by Dillon. <mask> finished second to Dillon by a three-car-length winning difference. In the Cup Series, <mask> performed well for a rookie in the No. 21 for the Wood Brothers team. He picked up his first Top 10 at Talladega in the GEICO 500, running as high as second and finishing 4th. He didn't qualify for three races due to rainouts. He nearly won at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in the Xfinity race, finishing second to Kyle Busch after being passed on the final lap.He won at Iowa and nearly won at Road America in his debut at the track. He again won at the Kentucky standalone race in September beating Ty Dillon on a late-race restart. <mask> got his second top 10 of his career in Sprint Cup at Kansas for the Hollywood Casino 400 finishing seventh. Full-time Cup (2016–present)

Wood Brothers Racing (2016–2017)

Blaney began competing full-time in the Cup Series in 2016 with the Wood Brothers despite that the Wood Brothers were excluded from NASCAR's new Charter system implemented before the 2016 Cup series season. He got his third Top 10 of his career in Sprint Cup, finishing 6th in the Kobalt 400 at Las Vegas. Blaney picked up more top tens at Phoenix, Talladega, Kansas, Dover, and Pocono for a so-far successful half of the season with his best finish being a 5th at Kansas. Before the race at Auto Club Speedway, Blaney and close friend Darrell Wallace Jr. drove together from Phoenix to Fontana and stole the headlines one evening when they took over NASCAR's Snapchat and filmed themselves mimicking drivers such as Carl Edwards.At Chicagoland, Blaney ran well all day and for the final restart, he gambled and stayed out, and got the race lead. However, on the restart Martin Truex Jr. would get past him easily due to having fresher tires and would go on to get the win, and Blaney would finish 4th. In 2017, fellow single-car team Go Fas Racing announced that they would loan their charter to the No. 21 Wood Brothers team, guaranteeing Blaney a spot in every race of the 2017 season. During the Daytona 500, <mask>, despite being caught up in an early wreck, charged from 5th on the final lap to place second to Kurt Busch. <mask> had a better race in April at Texas Motor Speedway. He qualified second to Kevin Harvick.He then passed Harvick early in the race to lead the next 148 laps. However, a late-race pit stop error cost Blaney the race. He recovered from his mishap and finished 12th. At Kansas, <mask> won his first career Cup Series pole. The race was primarily a duel between him and Martin Truex Jr. After battling Truex for 3 restarts, Truex pulled away to win the race while <mask> finished fourth. In June, he won his first career Cup race at the Axalta presents the Pocono 400 at Pocono Raceway. After passing Kyle Busch with 10 laps to go, he held off Kevin Harvick to claim the victory, qualifying him for the playoffs.On July 26, <mask> announced he would be moving to Team Penske's No. 12 car for the 2018 season; Paul Menard was signed to take over the No. 21 car. At the end of the regular season, Blaney entered the playoffs as the ninth seed, courtesy of his win at Pocono and three stage wins. During his playoff run, Blaney made it into the Round of 8, highlighted by a third-place finish in the Round of 12 finale at Kansas, despite having to start last and at the rear of the field after his car failed post-qualifying inspection. <mask> then scored consecutive top-ten finishes at Martinsville and Texas, but despite winning the pole for the Round of 8 finale at Phoenix, he faded outside of the top ten by the end of stage one. He rebounded to secure eighth by the end of stage two, but could not improve his standing on the track, ultimately finishing the race in 17th and being eliminated from the playoffs.<mask> wound up finishing 29th in the season finale at Homestead-Miami Speedway, securing a ninth-place finish in the final Cup Series standings with his one win, four top fives, 14 top tens, four stage wins, and two poles. His ninth-place points finish was also the highest for a driver for the Wood Brothers since Morgan Shepherd finished sixth in the final Cup standings in 1994. Team Penske (2018–present)

For his tenure at Team Penske, it was announced that Penske would enter a primary sponsorship deal with John Menard Jr. and Menards, which sponsors the team's IndyCar operations. Blaney made the Playoffs with five top-fives and 12 top-10s in the regular season. He scored his first win with Team Penske in the Bank of America Roval 400 at the Charlotte Roval after leaders Martin Truex Jr. and Jimmie Johnson wrecked going into the chicane. The win advanced him to the Round of 12 Playoffs. <mask> was eliminated from the Round of 12 after the fall Kansas race and finished the season 10th in points.Blaney remained consistent within the top 10 in points in 2019. At Watkins Glen, he spun Jimmie Johnson out of contention, leading to an argument between the two after the race. The animosity between them lasted until Michigan a week later. At the Charlotte Roval, Blaney finished eighth to advance to the Round of 12. Blaney won the Talladega fall race in a photo finish of 0.007 seconds over <mask> and advanced into the Round of 8, despite an early spin onto pit road. Despite finishing third at Phoenix, he was eliminated in the Round of 8. <mask> lost the 2020 Daytona 500 to Denny Hamlin in the second-closest finish in Daytona 500 history.At the GEICO 500, he recorded his fourth Cup win, defeating Ricky Stenhouse Jr. by 0.007. He had transmission issues at the 2020 Quaker State 400, forcing him to drive through the turns one-handed because his car kept jumping out of fourth gear. Nonetheless, he held the lead for a small part of the final lap but hit a drain on the apron, finishing sixth. <mask> made the playoffs with his win at Talladega, but was eliminated in the Round of 16 following the Bristol Night Race. During the 2021 season, Blaney won at Atlanta and Michigan, scoring his fifth and sixth career wins in the series respectively. The Atlanta win was emotional for Blaney as it came 20 years after his dad almost won the same race, only to lose because of a broken wheel. For the first time in his career, Blaney had back-to-back wins after he won the last race of the regular season at Daytona International Speedway the following week.Both wins gave him his sixth and his seventh career wins. After only winning four races in the five seasons before 2021, Blaney captured three wins in the cup Series regular season. He went into the 2021 Cup playoffs as the second-seeded driver with three wins on the season behind Kyle Larson, who had five wins. Blaney made it to the Round of 8 before being eliminated after Martinsville. He finished the season 7th in the points standings. In media

In 2017, Blaney voiced <mask> "Inside" Laney in the Pixar film Cars 3. At the beginning of the 2017 season, Blaney began a NASCAR-supported podcast featuring former Miss Sprint Cup and current Motor Racing Network personality Kim Coon and NASCAR.com analyst Chuck Bush, called the Glass Case of Emotion podcast.In June 2017, Blaney became a member of Fox NASCAR Cup driver-only broadcast team for the Xfinity Series race at Pocono Raceway, working as a pit reporter alongside Erik Jones and Ricky Stenhouse Jr. He also interviewed race-winner Brad Keselowski; the next day, the roles were reversed as he won his first Cup race with Keselowski, still in his firesuit, interviewing him. The driver-only broadcast format returned for the 2018 Xfinity race at Talladega Superspeedway as Blaney returned to his pit duties. Blaney had a cameo appearance as a delivery boy in the 2017 film Logan Lucky. Blaney guest-starred in the TV show Taken in season 2 episode 12 "Imperium", as Special Agent Nathan Wood; the episode aired on April 20, 2018. Blaney had a cameo appearance as himself in the Netflix's television series The Crew. Personal life
Blaney is the only son and middle child of Lisa and <mask>.He has two sisters: Emma and Erin; Emma is married to driver Cale Conley. Blaney is of Irish descent. He is a close friend of fellow drivers and competitors Bubba Wallace, Erik Jones, and Chase Elliott, and an avid Star Wars fan. Blaney has multiple tattoos, including a Star Wars inspired piece on his right leg, a sprint car on his left side, and the #10 in red on the left side of his chest in tribute to the number he ran most often growing up. Motorsports career results

NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)Cup Series

Daytona 500

Xfinity Series

Camping World Truck Series

K&N Pro Series East

K&N Pro Series West

Whelen Modified Tour

 Season still in progress
 Ineligible for series points
 In 2012 Blaney switched from Nationwide to Truck Series points at Atlanta Motor Speedway in August. ARCA Racing Series
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.) References
Notes

Citations

External links

 Official profile at Bodyarmor SuperDrink

Living people
1993 births
Sportspeople from High Point, North Carolina
Racing drivers from North Carolina
NASCAR drivers
ARCA Menards Series drivers
Team Penske
People from Trumbull County, Ohio
Team Penske drivers

masks:
Ryan Michael Blaney
Dave Blaney
Lou Blaney
Dave Blaney
Blaney
Blaney
Blaney
Blaney
Blaney
Blaney
Blaney
Blaney
Blaney
Blaney
Ryan Blaney
Blaney
Blaney
Blaney
Blaney
Blaney
Blaney
Ryan Newman
Blaney
Blaney
Ryan
Dave Blaney


text_chunks:
José Adelino Barceló de Carvalho (born 5 September 1942 in Kipiri, Angola), better known as <mask>, is a folk and semba singer and songwriter from Angola. Biography

Youth and athletic career
José Adelino Barceló de Carvalho was born in the province of Bengo, and left Angola when he was 23 years old to become a track and field athlete, becoming the Portuguese record holder for the 400 metres (Angola was at the time one of Portugal's five African colonies). He had already begun his singing career at the age of 15. Musical career

Colonial period
Carvalho abandoned athletics in 1972, concentrating solely on his music, and immediately became famous in his native Angola, as well as in Portugal. After the Carnation Revolution in April 1974, he would become a hit both with immigrants from the ex-Portuguese colonies, and Portuguese of both African and European descent. He has released over 30 albums, singing in Portuguese and traditional Angolan languages. His tracks are a mixture of Portuguese folk sounds, semba, kizomba and latin elements.While Angola was still a Portuguese colony, <mask> was an outspoken supporter of independence. This led him to be exiled from Angola in the early 1970s. At this time, Portugal was ruled by the authoritarian and conservative Estado Novo regime government, founded by Salazar. Barceló de Carvalho's status as a Portuguese star athlete allowed him the rare freedom of movement, which he used – under the name of <mask> Kuenda – to carry messages between exiled pro-independence African fighters and compatriots still in Angola. When the Portuguese government and its political police (P.I.D.E.) realised <mask> Kuenda and Barceló de Carvalho were the same man, <mask> was forced into exile in Rotterdam, where, in 1972, he definitively adopted the name <mask> and recorded his first record, Angola 72. His iconic track "Mona Ki Ngi Xica", which would feature on the soundtrack of Cédric Klapisch's 1996 film When the Cat's Away (Chacun cherche son chat), was introduced on this album.A warrant for his arrest was issued in Angola for the seditious lyrics of the album, forcing him to move nomadically between Germany, Belgium and France until Angola's independence from Portugal in 1975, brought about by the events of the Carnation Revolution. While in Europe, <mask> met other Portuguese-speaking musicians and adapted the sounds of semba to his already diverse music style. Independent Angola
After independence, the new Angolan government took Angola's best solo acts and founded and supported an orchestra called "Semba Tropical". The purpose was to revive the lost music industry, as described by a People's Republic of Angola ministry spokesman during the band's tour in Europe in the mid-1980s:
"We had great problems because of the war for independence. When the Portuguese left they dismantled some of the basic structure by smashing and sabotaging equipment and we had to start from scratch. After independence there were no bands at all. Those which were formed were not active because they had no instruments."As it was the case under Portugal's colonial rule, only a tiny minority of Angolans (1%) were allowed to get an education. Thus, the newly independent country, with relatively good infrastructure, and blessed with rich natural resources, was in fact badly mismanaged and plagued by corruption and failed central planning for several decades after independence from Portugal. After Angola's independence <mask> lived for some time in Paris and Angola, before establishing his main residence in Lisbon. As post-colonial life in Angola disintegrated into corruption, squalor, brutality, and an interminable and bloody civil war, <mask> remained critical of the political leaders on all sides. <mask>'s voice of peace and conscience continues to make him a hero to the people of Angola no matter where he resides. He remains fiercely dedicated to the ideal of nonviolence, he states simply: "We must live without harming others." Now aged 74, he publishes in 2016 his thirty-first album Recados de Fora (Messages from Elsewhere) which include 9 new songs including Tonokenu, plus the covers of Sodade Meu Bem Sodade, a composition of Zé do Norte already sung by Maria Bethânia or Nazaré Pereira, and Odji Maguado composed by the Capeverdean writer B. Leza and popularised by Cesaria Evora in her 1990 album, Distino di Belita.Awards
Bonga received the distinction of "Knight of the Order of Arts and Letters" by the French government. The honorable mention was delivered by the Ministry of Culture of France in a ceremony on 10 December 2014 in Angola. Buala, African Contemporary Culture. 1942 births
Living people
People from Bengo Province
Angolan expatriates in Belgium
Angolan expatriates in Germany
Angolan expatriates in France
Angolan expatriates in the Netherlands
Angolan folk singers
Angolan emigrants to Portugal
Musicians from Rotterdam
Angolan songwriters
S.L. Benfica athletes
20th-century Angolan male singers
21st-century Angolan male singers

masks: Bonga Bonga Bonga Bonga Bonga Bonga Bonga Bonga Bonga Bonga


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 18 March 1980) is an experimental architect, artist and academic from Melbourne, Australia. He practices across a range of disciplines including interior design, set-design, sculpture, installation art and architecture. He is well known for his guerrilla-style installations, notably Alphaomega Apartment (2008) where he theatrically transformed a tiny rental apartment with reimagined prosaic materials and unbeknown to the owners. <mask> studied architecture at RMIT University and developed professionally in Melbourne's ‘ideas-lead’ architectural scene of Cassandra Fahey and ARM Architecture. Both were environments where research, creative thinking and what-if design established his interests in the unorthodox, pursuing speculative and culturally symbolic ideas. In 2008 <mask> started his practice Studiobird and commenced a practice-based PhD at RMIT University under the supervision of Professor Leon van Schaik AO. Over the next four years <mask> undertook a series of practice-based research projects including installation, scenography and sculpture that examined his methodologies, motivations and fuelled his emergent interdisciplinary practice ambitions.In recent years <mask> has expanded his practice incorporating photography, performance, video art, interactive sculpture and architecture and has presented works at international festivals, galleries and museums both nationally and internationally. <mask> has exhibited commissioned works at the National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne Festival, Museum of Old and New Art (MONA), and the Venice Architecture Biennale. His practice is recognised with numerous honours including a Green Room Award, Australian Interior Design Award and an Australian Institute of Architects VIC Award. Select Projects

Afterlife (2017) was specially designed for Office for Metropolitan Architecture's 2017 MPavilion to transform the interior into an interactive installation that invited audiences to experience an immersive and performative encounter with the afterlife. The installation was composed of a celestial field of reimagined jerrycans that produced chance and compositional harmonies via playful audience manipulation, and a series of commissioned performances in collaboration with composer Daniel Von Jenatsch, choreographic artist Phillip Adams and fashion designer Pia Interlandi. Dormitorium (2017) was an interactive installation exhibited at McClelland Gallery + Sculpture Park (Langwarrin). The rotating work is presented as a communal sleep chamber and exploratory environment that encourages audiences to engage with a complexity of sensory propositions, from textures and materials to the immersive effects of moving light and sound technologies.<mask>'s research led to an extensive exploration in the changing traditions of bedchamber aesthetics and the potential these spaces have to profoundly affect the way we rest and rejuvenate. Theodore Treehouse (2016), an apartment fit-out in Melbourne features pop references and pushes the boundaries of decoration for a residential space. The spaces within the home are innovative and theatrical, while also inviting, incredibly crafted and utterly bespoke. With each room curated in equal measure as part installation exhibit, part stage, the interior contains a touch of the "whimsical voyeur," leaving us wanting to peep a little further. Theodore Treehouse uses a non-traditional delivery strategy. The impeccable execution and playful experimentation of this project contributes in an extremely positive and joyous way to contemporary decoration practice. Sarcophagus (2016), exhibited at the 15th Venice Architecture Biennale invited audiences to experience an immersive environment of simulated sleep-states.This multidimensional architectural installation renders creative curiosities of biological and induced respite, challenging a range of aesthetic, cultural and behavioural concerns. Users are invited to physically occupy the installation offering an unusual interactive experience. The environment is dynamic with the interior transforming with the aid of a multichannel film, filling the intimate chamber with abstract cinematic and meditative sound and imagery. Hydronaut (2015) by <mask> & Mark Richardson Designer/ Maker is a semi-permanent, demountable structure housing an armament of security staff at the northwest edge of Monash University’s Caulfield campus. The building occupies five parking bays on the ground level of an existing car-park and provides a panopticonic point-of-presence in a location known for its security challenges. Aviary (2011) was a set design for Phillip Adams Balletlab. The project premiered at Melbourne Festival, Arts House North Melbourne Town Hall 2011 and later toured at MONA FOMA, Theatre Royal Hobart in 2012 and Teo Otto Theater Remscheid Germany in 2014.Alphaomega Apartment (2008) transformed an ordinary Melbourne CBD rental apartment into a client-specific and personalised surreal escape. Drawing from an extreme range of references, from Michelangelo to the Aussie red kangaroo, a domestic retreat materialised. Awards
2016 Australian Interior Design Award: Winner for Theodore Treehouse

2016 Interior Design Excellence Award (IDEA): Highly Commended for Theodore Treehouse

2015 The Australian Institute of Architects Victorian Award: Winner for Hydronaut (w/ M. Richardson)

2015 The Australian Institute of Architects Victorian Award: Shortlist for Napoleon Perdis Chapel

2015 Interior Design Excellence Award (IDEA): Highly Commended for Hydronaut (w/ M. Richardson)

2015 The Interior Design Excellence Award (IDEA): Shortlist for Napoleon Perdis Chapel

2015 Good Design Australia Award: Good Design Selection for Hydronaut (w/ M. Richardson)

2012 Green Room Award: 1st Place, Design In Dance for Aviary (w/ T. Maticevski, R. Nylon, P. Adams, G. Brown)

References

External links
 Studiobird.com.au
 Artdes.monash.edu.au
 Australiandesignreview.com
 Australiandesignreview.com

1980 births
Living people
Architects from Melbourne
Australian installation artists

masks:
Matthew David Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Bird
Matthew Bird


text_chunks:
<mask> (born July 18, 1965) is an American real estate agent, politician, and television personality, known for the reality series 19 Kids and Counting, which aired from 2008 to 2015. From 1999 to 2003, he was a Republican member of the Arkansas House of Representatives. Life and career
Duggar was born in Springdale, now the fourth largest city in Arkansas, the son of James Lee "<mask>" <mask> (1936–2009) and the former Mary Lester (1941–2019), who owned a real estate brokerage agency. Duggar has an older sister, Deanna (b. 1962). He graduated from Shiloh Christian School. Duggar is a licensed realtor and owns several commercial properties in his local area as an investor.Political career
From 1999 to 2003, <mask> served in the Arkansas House of Representatives for District 6, which was located in northern Washington County. He first won election in 1998, defeating Kathy McFetridge with 56% of the vote. He was re-elected by a wider margin in 2000. Duggar was vice chair of the House Corrections and Criminal Law Subcommittee and also participated in the committees on Insurance and Commerce and Judiciary. In 2002, rather than seeking reelection to the state House, <mask> ran unsuccessfully in the Republican primary election for the United States Senate. He was defeated by the incumbent Senator Tim Hutchinson by a lopsided vote of 71,576 to 20,546. In 2006, Duggar unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for the District 35 seat in the Arkansas State Senate.He lost to his opponent, Bill Pritchard, by two hundred votes. In 2021, Duggar announced his second candidacy for the State Senate, now running in the 7th District. The election was triggered after the incumbent Republican, Lance Eads, resigned. Duggar finished third out of four candidates in the Republican primary, with 15.3% of the vote. Marriage and children
On July 21, 1984, Duggar married Michelle Annette Ruark. Together, the couple has 19 children: Joshua ("Josh") (b. 1988), twins Jana and John-David (b.1990), Jill (b. 1991), Jessa (b. 1992), Jinger (b. 1993), Joseph (b. 1995), Josiah (b. 1996), Joy-Anna (b. 1997), twins Jedidiah and Jeremiah (b.1998), Jason (b. 2000), James (b. 2001), Justin (b. 2002), Jackson (b. 2004), Johannah (b. 2005), Jennifer (b. 2007), Jordyn (b.2008), and Josie (b. 2009). Duggar and his wife also have permanent guardianship of his wife's great-nephew Tyler Hutchins (b. 2008), since November 2016. The family was featured on the reality series 19 Kids and Counting from 2008 to 2015. Duggar and his family are Independent Baptist Christians. They are members of the Institute in Basic Life Principles organization (aka IBLP and Advanced Training Institute), a homeschooling program run by Christian minister Bill Gothard.Duggar's oldest daughter, <mask>, is a leader at the IBLP's "Journey to the Heart" youth ministry. <mask> molestation report
In 2006, <mask> <mask> told the Arkansas State Police that his oldest son, Josh, had molested five underage girls, including family members, in the early 2000s when he was 14–15 years old. The alleged abuse involved touching their breast and genital regions on multiple occasions while they slept and in a few cases while they were awake. <mask> <mask> had been prompted to speak to police after producers of The Oprah Winfrey Show told authorities they had received allegations against Josh Duggar. <mask> <mask> told police he had referred his son to a program consisting of physical labor and counseling after consulting with the leadership of his church. Michelle Duggar stated their son was sent away from home to work for a family friend in the home remodeling business. Upon the son's return home, the father took him to Arkansas State Trooper <mask>, a family acquaintance, who reportedly gave him a "stern talk".The three-year statute of limitations had expired when the allegations were reported, and <mask> was not formally charged with any crime. The public did not learn about this until 2015, when <mask>'s public admission of his behavior caused TLC to cancel the reality show 19 Kids and Counting. In a joint statement to People magazine following the public revelation, <mask> and <mask> said: "Even though we would never choose to go through something so terrible, each one of our family members drew closer to God. We pray that as people watch our lives they see that we are not a perfect family. We have challenges and struggles every day." TLC rebooted the Duggar's reality show as Counting On later in 2015, focusing on the older Duggar children and their spouses and children. This show, too, was canceled in 2021 after Josh Duggar was arrested.On December 9, 2021, <mask> was convicted of receiving and possessing child pornography. Books
<mask> and his wife have written two books together, both published by Howard Books. The first is titled The Duggars: 20 and Counting!, which was released on December 2, 2008. Their second is A Love That Multiplies, which was released June 7, 2011. Other political activities
In 2008, <mask> and his wife endorsed former Governor Mike Huckabee in his campaign for the Republican presidential primaries. In January 2012, the Duggars endorsed Republican former U.S. Senator Rick Santorum of Pennsylvania for president.See also
 The Bates Family

References

External links
 Duggar family website

 Arkansas House of Representatives page (archived from November 2002)
<mask> Duggar Life And Children Story

1965 births
Living people
American investors
American real estate brokers
American television writers
American male television writers
Arkansas Republicans
Baptists from Arkansas
Businesspeople from Arkansas
Duggar family
Members of the Arkansas House of Representatives
Participants in American reality television series
People from Springdale, Arkansas
Writers from Arkansas
People from Washington County, Arkansas
Screenwriters from Arkansas
Conservatism in the United States
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians

masks:
James Robert Duggar
Jimmy Lee
Duggar
Duggar
Duggar
Jana Duggar
Josh Duggar
Jim Bob
Duggar
Jim Bob
Duggar
Jim Bob
Duggar
Jim Hutchens
Josh Duggar
Josh Duggar
Jim Bob
Michelle Duggar
Josh Duggar
Duggar
Duggar
Jim Bob


text_chunks:
<mask> is an Italian-American neurologist and a neuropsychopharmacologist specialized in the long-term effects of drug exposure on the brain. In August 2019, he became president of Global Institutes on Addictions Miami. <mask> was previously the scientific director of the National Institute on Drug Abuse and a professor at the University of California, San Francisco. Education

In 1985, <mask> went to Medical School at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, where he graduated cum laude in 1991. In that same year, he started a Residency in Neurology at the University of Rome Tor Vergata where he graduated cum laude in 1995. Career

<mask> became assistant professor in Residence at the University of California, San Francisco in 1999. He became Associate Professor in Residence in 2004, and Professor in Residence in 2007.When he left in 2010, <mask> was Professor in Residence in the Department of Neurology at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), the Howard J. Weinberg Endowed Chair in Addiction Research, and the Associate Director for Extramural Affairs at the Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center. In 2010, he was appointed as the Scientific Director of National Institute on Drug Abuse's (NIDA). <mask> resigned from his position in August 2019 and accepted a job as President of the Global Institutes on Addictions in Miami. Science (journal) broke the story that <mask> had resigned following a probe of allegations of sexual misconduct. This probe was not mentioned when he first departed. The allegations of sexual misconduct were never proven, and <mask>, through counsel, denied them.|

Currently, Dr. <mask> <mask> is the Executive Chairman & Founder in Addiction Treatment center "GIA Miami"

Research
<mask> is known for his studies on the long-term effects of drug exposure on the brain. <mask>'s laboratory, in collaboration with Robert Malenka, was the first to demonstrate that drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, modify the strength of the connections between neurons.This finding cast a new light on the phenomenon of drug addiction, as a process where maladaptive learning plays a role. Subsequent studies have combined electrophysiological, optogenetic, molecular, and behavioral techniques to determine the long-term effects that are produced by chronic exposure to stress, cocaine or ethanol, with the goal of  creating novel therapeutic avenues to decrease the devastating effects of these conditions. In 2013, a study lead by Billy T. Chen, provided rationale for the use of non-invasive brain stimulation, such as repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, in patients with cocaine use disorders. Clinical studies have indeed shown the potential of such technology in the treatment of cocaine use disorders. Publications (non-exhaustive list)

 Bonci A, Malenka RC. Properties and plasticity of excitatory synapses on dopaminergic and GABAergic cells in the ventral tegmental area. J Neurosci.1999 May 15;19(10):3723-30. PubMed PMID 10234004. Thomas MJ, Malenka RC, <mask> A. Modulation of long-term depression by dopamine in the mesolimbic system. J Neurosci. 2000 Aug 1;20(15):5581-6. PubMed PMID 10908594. Ungless MA, Whistler JL, Malenka RC, <mask> A.Single cocaine exposure in vivo induces long-term potentiation in dopamine neurons. Nature. 2001 May 31;411(6837):583-7. PubMed PMID 11385572. Thomas MJ, Beurrier C, <mask> A, Malenka RC. Long-term depression in the nucleus accumbens: a neural correlate of behavioral sensitization to cocaine. Nat Neurosci.2001 Dec;4(12):1217-23. PubMed PMID 11694884. Melis M, Camarini R, Ungless MA, <mask> A. Long-lasting potentiation of GABAergic synapses in dopamine neurons after a single in vivo ethanol exposure. J Neurosci. 2002 Mar 15;22(6):2074-82. PubMed PMID 11896147. Saal D, Dong Y, <mask> A, Malenka RC.Drugs of abuse and stress trigger a common synaptic adaptation in dopamine neurons. Neuron. 2003 Feb 20;37(4):577-82. Erratum in: Neuron. 2003 Apr 24;38(2):359. PubMed PMID 12597856. Hopf FW, Cascini MG, Gordon AS, Diamond I, Bonci A.Cooperative activation of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors increases spike firing of nucleus accumbens neurons via G-protein betagamma subunits. J Neurosci. 2003 Jun 15;23(12):5079-87. PubMed PMID 12832531. Ungless MA, Singh V, Crowder TL, Yaka R, Ron D, Bonci A. Corticotropin-releasing factor requires CRF binding protein to potentiate NMDA receptors via CRF receptor 2 in dopamine neurons. Neuron. 2003 Jul 31;39(3):401-7.PubMed PMID 12895416. Borgland SL, Malenka RC, Bonci A. Acute and chronic cocaine-induced potentiation of synaptic strength in the ventral tegmental area: electrophysiological and behavioral correlates in individual rats. J Neurosci. 2004 Aug 25;24(34):7482-90. PubMed PMID 15329395. Martin M, Chen BT, Hopf FW, Bowers MS, <mask> A.Cocaine self-administration selectively abolishes LTD in the core of the nucleus accumbens. Nat Neurosci. 2006 Jul;9(7):868-9. Epub 2006 May 28. PubMed PMID 16732275. Schilström B, Yaka R, Argilli E, Suvarna N, Schumann J, Chen BT, Carman M, Singh V, Mailliard WS, Ron D, <mask> A. Cocaine enhances NMDA receptor-mediated currents in ventral tegmental area cells via dopamine D5 receptor-dependent redistribution of NMDA receptors.J Neurosci. 2006 Aug 16;26(33):8549-58. Erratum in: J Neurosci. 2006 Sep 13;26(37):9604. PubMed PMID 16914681. Wanat MJ, Hopf FW, Stuber GD, Phillips PE, <mask> A. Corticotropin-releasing factor increases mouse ventral tegmental area dopamine neuron firing through a protein kinase C-dependent enhancement of Ih. J Physiol.2008 Apr 15;586(Pt 8):2157-70. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.150078. Epub 2008 Feb 28. PubMed PMID 18308824; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2465205. Chen BT, Bowers MS, Martin M, Hopf FW, Guillory AM, Carelli RM, Chou JK, Bonci A. Cocaine but not natural reward self-administration nor passive cocaine infusion produces persistent LTP in the VTA. Neuron. 2008 Jul 31;59(2):288-97. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.05.024.PubMed PMID 18667156; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2593405. Argilli E, Sibley DR, Malenka RC, England PM, <mask> A. Mechanism and time course of cocaine-induced long-term potentiation in the ventral tegmental area. J Neurosci. 2008 Sep 10;28(37):9092-100. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1001-08.2008. PubMed PMID 18784289; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2586328. Stuber GD, Klanker M, de Ridder B, Bowers MS, Joosten RN, Feenstra MG, <mask> A. Reward-predictive cues enhance excitatory synaptic strength onto midbrain dopamine neurons.Science. 2008 Sep 19;321(5896):1690-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1160873. PubMed PMID 18802002; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2613864. Wanat MJ, Sparta DR, Hopf FW, Bowers MS, Melis M, Bonci A. Strain specific synaptic modifications on ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons after ethanol exposure. Biol Psychiatry. 2009 Apr 15;65(8):646-53. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.10.042.Epub 2008 Dec 31. PubMed PMID 19118821; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3040034. Tsai HC, Zhang F, Adamantidis A, Stuber GD, <mask> A, de Lecea L, Deisseroth K. Phasic firing in dopaminergic neurons is sufficient for behavioral conditioning. Science. 2009 May 22;324(5930):1080-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1168878. Epub 2009 Apr 23. PubMed PMID 19389999.Borgland SL, Chang SJ, Bowers MS, Thompson JL, Vittoz N, Floresco SB, Chou J, Chen BT, <mask> A. Orexin A/hypocretin-1 selectively promotes motivation for positive reinforcers. J Neurosci. 2009 Sep 9;29(36):11215-25. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6096-08.2009. PubMed PMID 19741128; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2771749. Hopf FW, Bowers MS, Chang SJ, Chen BT, Martin M, Seif T, Cho SL, Tye K, <mask> A. Reduced nucleus accumbens SK channel activity enhances alcohol seeking during abstinence. Neuron.2010 Mar 11;65(5):682-94. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.02.015. PubMed PMID 20223203; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2847608. Tye KM, Tye LD, Cone JJ, Hekkelman EF, Janak PH, Bonci A. Methylphenidate facilitates learning-induced amygdala plasticity. Nat Neurosci. 2010 Apr;13(4):475-81. doi: 10.1038/nn.2506. Epub 2010 Mar 7. PubMed PMID 20208527; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2988577.Bowers MS, Chen BT, Bonci A. AMPA receptor synaptic plasticity induced by psychostimulants: the past, present, and therapeutic future. Neuron. 2010 Jul 15;67(1):11-24. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.06.004. Review. PubMed PMID 20624588; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2904302. Hopf FW, Simms JA, Chang SJ, Seif T, Bartlett SE, <mask> A. Chlorzoxazone, an SK-type potassium channel activator used in humans, reduces excessive alcohol intake in rats. Biol Psychiatry.2011 Apr 1;69(7):618-24. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.11.011. Epub 2010 Dec 31. PubMed PMID 21195386; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3062269. Stuber GD, Sparta DR, Stamatakis AM, van Leeuwen WA, Hardjoprajitno JE, Cho S, Tye KM, Kempadoo KA, Zhang F, Deisseroth K, Bonci A. Excitatory transmission from the amygdala to nucleus accumbens facilitates reward seeking. Nature. 2011 Jun 29;475(7356):377-80. doi: 10.1038/nature10194. PubMed PMID 21716290; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3775282.Kotowski SJ, Hopf FW, Seif T, <mask> A, von Zastrow M. Endocytosis promotes rapid dopaminergic signaling. Neuron. 2011 Jul 28;71(2):278-90. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.036. PubMed PMID 21791287; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3417347. Güler AD, Rainwater A, Parker JG, Jones GL, Argilli E, Arenkiel BR, Ehlers MD, <mask> A, Zweifel

masks:
Antonello Bonci
Bonci
Bonci
Bonci
Bonci
Bonci
Bonci
Bonci
Antonello
Bonci
Bonci
Bonci
Bonci
Bonci
Bonci
Bonci
Bonci
Bonci
Bonci
Bonci
Bonci
Bonci
Bonci
Bonci
Bonci
Bonci
Bonci
Bonci