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 film." In 2003, <mask> received acclaim for his leading role in Monsieur Ibrahim, a French-language film adaptation of the novel Monsieur Ibrahim et les fleurs du Coran, as a Muslim Turkish merchant who becomes a father figure for a Jewish boy. For this performance, <mask> received the César Award for Best Actor. <mask> said of the film:

It has nice big chunks of dialogue, which is what I like to do, rather than riding horses or camels.I'd turned down everything and stopped working for four years. I said, 'I'm going to stop doing that rubbish and keep some dignity.' But when I read the script for 'Monsieur Ibrahim,' I phoned the producers immediately. I said, 'Hang on, I'm coming, wait for me.' My problem is finding parts. When you're young and successful, they write or adapt parts for you. But when you're an old chap, let's be frank, you don't sell tickets anymore.If they need an old Englishman, American or Italian, there are plenty of actors around. So what's open for me? Old Arabs. And that's what I play in this film. <mask>'s later film roles included performances in Hidalgo (2004), Imperium: Saint Peter (2005) playing the title role for Italian television, One Night with the King (2005) (again with O'Toole), and 10,000 BC (2008) as the narrator. <mask> was seen in The Ten Commandments (2006). Also in 2006, <mask> played the artist Hans Canon in "The Crown Prince", a film about Rudolf, the 19th century crown prince of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.In Egypt he starred in Hassan and Marcus (2008) with Adel Emam' and was in The Traveller (2009). He had support roles in The Last Templar (2009) and Rock the Casbah (2013). <mask>'s final role was as lead actor in the short science education film 1001 Inventions and the World of Ibn Al-Haytham, which was directed by Ahmed Salim and was released as part of the United Nations' International Year of Light campaign, operated by UNESCO. Contract bridge career

<mask> said bridge was his personal passion and at one time was ranked among the world's top 50 contract bridge players. At the 1964 World Bridge Olympiad he represented the United Arab Republic bridge squad and in 1968 he was playing captain of the Egyptian team in the Olympiad. In 1967 he formed the Omar Sharif Bridge Circus to showcase bridge to the world and invited professional players including members of the Italian Blue team, which won 16 World championship titles, to tour and promote the game via exhibition matches including one watched by the Shah of Iran. Touring through Europe, the Circus attracted thousands of spectators who watched the matches via Bridge-O-Rama, a new technology (and predecessor to the modern-day VuGraph) that displayed bidding and cardplay on television monitors.Players included Benito Garozzo, (considered by many as the greatest bridge player of all time) plus his Italian compatriots Pietro Forquet and Giorgio Belladonna and Frenchman Claude Delmouly. In 1970, <mask> and the circus went to London's famous Piccadilly Hotel for an 80-rubber match against British experts Jeremy Flint and Jonathan Cansino. The stakes were £1 per point, huge stakes even by today's standards. The event was to present bridge as a rich, exciting spectacle and to break through into television to bring the game within the reach of millions. The Circus ultimately won the match by 5,470 points, but <mask> still incurred a net loss after paying all related expenses. The Circus, under the management of Mike Ledeen, toured Canada and the U.S. in 1970–71. <mask>'s team joined with the Dallas Aces for a seven-city tour of Chicago, Winnipeg, Los Angeles, Minneapolis–St.Paul, Dallas, Detroit and Philadelphia. In each city, a team of local experts participated in the exhibition. In 1975, sponsored by the Lancia division of Fiat, <mask> and members of the Italian Blue Team faced off in four challenge matches against American teams. <mask>'s team won in Chicago, but was defeated in New York, Los Angeles and Miami. The Omar Sharif World Individual Championship held in 1990 offered the largest total purse ($200,000) in the history of bridge. In 1997, he was a member of the Committee of Honour for the Bermuda Bowl on the first time it was held in an Arab Country, Tunisia. He competed in a transnational team (with French, German and Lebanese players) and finished 11th.In 1999 he played in a French senior team at the European Championships in Malta, finishing second. In 2000 at Maastricht, he joined Egypt's senior team, finishing in ninth place. With Charles Goren and later Tannah Hirsch, <mask> contributed to a syndicated newspaper bridge column for the Chicago Tribune. He was also both author and co-author of several books on bridge and licensed his name to a bridge video game, Omar Sharif Bridge, initially released in an MS-DOS version and Amiga version in 1992 and is still sold in Windows and mobile platform versions. He was also the hand analyst commentator for the Epson worldwide bridge contests. <mask> was a regular in casinos in France. By 2000 <mask> had stopped playing bridge entirely.Having once proudly declared the game his passion, he now considered it an addiction: "I didn't want to be a slave to any passion anymore. I gave up card playing altogether, even bridge and gambling." <mask>, however, continued to license his name to bridge software games, and co-authored a book with bridge writer David Bird, "<mask> Talks Bridge". Written in 2004, it includes some of his most famous deals and bridge stories. Personal life

Family and personal relationships

<mask> lived in Egypt from his birth until he moved to Europe in 1965. He recounted that in 1932, his father "wasn't a wealthy man", but "earned quite a bit of money". Before the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, King Farouk frequented <mask>'s family home, and became a friend and card-game partner of <mask>'s mother.His mother was an elegant and charming hostess who was all too delighted with the association because it gave her the privilege of "consorting only with the elite" of Egyptian society. <mask> also recounted that his father's timber business was very successful during that time in ways that <mask> describes as dishonest or immoral. By contrast, after 1952, <mask> stated that wealth changed hands in Egypt under Nasser's nationalisation policies and his father's business "took a beating". In 1954, <mask> starred in the film Struggle in the Valley with Faten Hamama, who shared a kiss with him although she had previously refused to kiss on screen. The two fell in love; <mask> converted to Islam, changed his name, and married her. They had one son, Tarek <mask>, born in 1957 in Egypt, who appeared in Doctor Zhivago as Yuri at the age of eight. The couple separated in 1966 and their marriage ended in divorce in 1974.<mask> never remarried; he stated that after his divorce he never fell in love with another woman again. Before their divorce, <mask> dated actresses Pat Sheehan and Dodie Marshall. <mask> was also one of the ambassadors of Egypt's bid for the 2010 FIFA World Cup which lost out to South Africa. The Nasser government imposed travel restrictions in the form of "exit visas", so <mask>'s travel to take part in international films was sometimes impeded, something he found to be intolerable. These restrictions influenced <mask>'s decision to remain in Europe between his film shoots, a decision that cost him his marriage, though the couple remained friends. It was a major crossroad in <mask>'s life and changed him from an established family man to a committed bachelor living in European hotels. When commenting about his fame and life in Hollywood, <mask> said, "It gave me glory, but it gave me loneliness also.And a lot of missing my own land, my own people and my own country". When <mask>'s affair with Streisand was made public in the Egyptian press, his Egyptian citizenship was almost withdrawn by the Egyptian government because of Streisand being Jewish and a vocal supporter of Israel, which was then in a state of war with Egypt. <mask> became friends with Peter O'Toole during the making of Lawrence of Arabia. They appeared in several other films together and remained close friends. He was also good friends with Egyptologist Zahi Hawass. Actor and friend Tom Courtenay revealed in an interview for the 19 July 2008 edition of BBC Radio's Test Match Special that <mask> supported Hull City Association Football Club and in the 1970s he would telephone their automated scoreline from his home in Paris for score updates. <mask> was given an honorary degree by the University of Hull in 2010 and he used the occasion to meet Hull City football player Ken Wagstaff.<mask> also had an interest in horse racing spanning more than 50 years. He was often seen at French racecourses, with Deauville-La Touques Racecourse being his favourite. <mask>'s horses won a number of important races and he had his best successes with Don Bosco, who won the Prix Gontaut-Biron, Prix Perth and Prix du Muguet. He also wrote for a French horse racing magazine. In later life, <mask> lived mostly in Cairo with his family. In addition to his son, he had two grandsons, <mask> (born 1983 in Montreal) and Karim. The younger <mask> is also an actor.His position on the 2011 Egyptian revolution

<mask> was very supportive of the 2011 Youth revolution in his home country and asked for the resignation of Hosni Mubarak, stating: "Given that the entire Egyptian people don't want him and he's been in power for 30 years, that's enough." Health problems and death
<mask> had a triple heart bypass operation in 1992 and suffered a mild heart attack in 1994. Until his bypass, <mask> smoked 25 cigarettes a day. He quit smoking after the operation. In May 2015, it was reported that <mask> was suffering from Alzheimer's disease. His son Tarek <mask> (who portrayed his father's character as a child in Doctor Zhivago) said that his father was becoming confused when remembering some of the biggest films of his career; he would mix up the names of his best-known films, Doctor Zhivago and Lawrence of Arabia, often forgetting where they were filmed. On 10 July 2015, less than six months after his former wife's death at the same age, <mask> died after suffering a heart attack at a hospital in Cairo.On 12 July 2015, <mask>'s funeral was held at the Grand Mosque of Mushir Tantawi in eastern Cairo. The funeral was attended by a group of <mask>'s relatives, friends and Egyptian actors, his coffin draped in the Egyptian flag and a black shroud. His coffin was later taken to the El-Sayeda Nafisa cemetery in southern Cairo, where he was buried. Awards
At the 35th Academy Awards, <mask> was nominated for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Sherif Ali in Lawrence of Arabia but lost to Ed Begley. He won two Golden Globe awards in the same year for his role. In 1966, he won a third Golden Globe award for the titular role in the film Doctor Zhivago. In November 2005, <mask> was awarded the inaugural Sergei Eisenstein Medal by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in recognition of his significant contributions to world film and cultural diversity.The medal, which is awarded very infrequently, is named after Russian director Sergei Eisenstein. Only 25 have been struck, as determined by the agreement between UNESCO, Russia's Mosfilm and the Vivat Foundation. Honours
: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit (Egypt)
: Knight of the Legion of Honour
: Commander of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite

Filmography

See also
 Cinema of the United States
Cinema of Egypt
David Lean
 Terence Young
 Ezz El-Dine Zulficar
 Salah Abu Seif
 Top 100 Egyptian films

Notes

References

Bibliography

 The Eternal Male, with Marie-Thérèse Guinchard, transl. Martin Sokolinsky (Doubleday, 1977); orig. French, Éternel masculin (Paris: Stock, 1976)
 Goren's Bridge Complete, Charles Goren with <mask> (Doubleday, 1980) – one of several later editions of Goren
 <mask>'s Life in Bridge, with Anne Segalen and Patrick Sussel, transl. and adapted by Terence Reese (Faber, 1983); orig. French, Ma vie au bridge (Paris: Fayard, 1982)
 <mask> Talks Bridge (2004)
 Bridge Deluxe II Play with <mask> (instruction manual)

External links

 <mask> at elcinema.com (Arabic)
 The Making of Lawrence of Arabia, Digitised BAFTA Journal (Winter 1962–1963)

 <mask> (Aveleyman)

1932 births
2015 deaths
20th-century Egyptian male actors
21st-century Egyptian male actors
Best Actor César Award winners
Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (film) winners
Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (film) winners
New Star of the Year (Actor) Golden Globe winners
Cairo University alumni
Contract bridge writers
Converts to Sunni Islam from Catholicism
Egyptian contract bridge players
Egyptian former Christians
Egyptian male film actors
Egyptian male television actors
Egyptian Muslims
Egyptian nationalists
Egyptian non-fiction writers
Egyptian people of Lebanese descent
Egyptian people of Syrian descent
People associated with the University of Hull
People convicted of assault
People from Alexandria
People from Cairo
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Victoria College, Alexandria

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<mask> (20 May 1929 – 11 February 2020) was a Mozambican poet, revolutionary, and politician. As a young man he travelled to Portugal, and France for an education. He was a founding member of the Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (FRELIMO—Mozambican Liberation Front), in 1962, and served as the party's deputy president from 1969 to 1977. He was Minister of Economic Development in the late 1970s, Frelimo Political Bureau member in charge of the economy in the early 1980s, Chairman of the country's parliament, the Assembly of the Republic, from 1987 to 1994, and, as of 1999, remained a member of the Frelimo Central Committee. He represented the left wing of the party, remaining an avowed Marxist-Leninist, despite the party's embrace of capitalism in recent decades, an embrace which <mask> declared was temporary. Under the pseudonyms Kalungano and Lilinho Micaia, he published his early poems in O Brado Africano, and his work appeared in two anthologies produced by the Casa dos Estudantes do Imperio in Lisbon. Under the pen-name Lilinho Micaia, a collection of his poetry was published in the Soviet Union.Under his real name, he had a book published by the Associação dos Escritores Moçambicanos (Mozambican Writers' Association) in 1987, entitled Canto do Amor Natural. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born May 20 1929 in Lumbo, Mozambique. His father was Firmindo <mask> and his mother was Teresa Sabino <mask>. Firmindo <mask> was a political activist belonging to the African Association of Mozambique. He grew up in Lourenço Marques (now Maputo) the capital of Mozambique. He started working at a factory under the control of the Portugal labor regime and came face to face with the violence and racism against the factory workers in Mozambique. With his father's political affiliations and these early labor experience Dos <mask> began to put together his own ideas.When he was 18 he left Mozambique to go to school in Lisbon, Portugal it was there where he expressed his fathers ideas of unity among those oppressed by Portugals colonialism through his writing and poems. At the House for Students of the Empire in Lisbon, <mask> and others increasingly spread their nationalist sentiments. Some of the men <mask> overlapped and shared his ideas with were Amilcar Cabral, Agostinho Neto, and Eduardo Mondlane all eventual nationalist leaders in Guinea Bissau, Angola, and Mozambique. Exile in Paris
In the early 1950s these nationalist speaking students came to attention of the Portuguese political police and so Dos <mask> and others decided to flee to various other countries Dos <mask> escaped to France where he worked with many other exiled African nationalists. In Paris <mask> lived among leftist African writers and artists who were part of the literary journal Presence Africaine. using the pen names — Kalungano in Portuguese language publications and Lilinho Micaia for the collection of his poetry published in the Soviet Union he proceeded to publish several poems. In the 1950s  he urged Portuguese political exiles in Paris to continue and increase their opposition to the Salazar regime in Portugal and embrace the nationalist cause for Africa.He played a large role in the formation of the Anti-Colonial Movement (MAC) in Paris in 1957. He joined the Paris branch of the Uniao Democratica Nacional de Mocambique, that was a nationalist groups that merged to create the Frente de Libertacao de Mocambique (Frelimo). He was involved in the founding of the Conference of Nationalist Organisations of the Portuguese Colonies (CONCP) at Casablanca, and elected permanent secretary in charge of co-ordinating nationalist activity. Frelimo Founding
Eduardo Mondlane one of the very influential African nationalists <mask> had gotten to know in Portugal decided to try and put in motion the ideas of a united front for African colonies under Portuguese role to start the fight for independence, and <mask> lent his support. The connections that <mask> and Mondlane made in their youth as scholars were a crucial part of Frelimo's success as Julius Nygere pledged support to Mozambique opperating out of Tanzania. While <mask> and others who had studied in Portugal were the ones who made up the founders. This was founding of the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frelimo).Frelimo, the party which undertook and waged the war for independence from Portugal, held its first congress in Tanzania in September 1962. The three major Mozambican parties that were UDENAMO (Uniao Oemocratica Nac1onal de Mocambique); MANU (Mozambique African Nationalist Union); and UNAHI (Uniao Africana de Hocambique lndependente) combined to form Frelimo. Frelimo Policies
Since Frelimo was a liberation movement they were very dependent on help and support from different nations and organizations. Ways of acquiring supplies and arms for guerrilla warfare were part of the goal but also there was a strong focus on gaining support from the U.N. In process of gaining others support the party hoped to distance and isolate Portugal from the rest of the world believing that this would significantly weaken their hold on the African colonies. Many different countries contributed to Frelimo's cause a number of African countries helped seeing that no African state could be free with white colonialism existing in Africa. Socialist countries such as the Soviet Union and China contributed substantially to the efforts the Soviet Union was especially helpful because of their place on the U.N. Security Council where they continued to vote against Portuguese colonialization.The proposed spending of Frelimo is meant to be on military action against Portugal. WIth Mondlane at the head as president of Frelimo they appeal to human freedom, democracy and world peace. <mask>'s Wife
Pamele <mask> (nee Beira) was born in Johannesburg in South Africa on 19 June 1942 to Banny and Golda Beira. She joined the  African National Congress (ANC) November, 1961 <mask> and Joe Louw were arrested under the Immorality Act. They were charged and went to trial. She decided to leave South Africa and ended up in Tanzania where she quickly met <mask> <mask>. Pamela and <mask> had a daughter in Oct 1963 and eventually married in 1968.Both Mondlane and <mask> <mask> were married to white women. Problems arose as some thought it was hypocritical of these leaders to discuss how to fight white domination in Mozambique while being married to a white woman. Political career
Mondlane, the rather moderate leader of Frelimo who had been a lecturer in the USA and a United l\jations official, was murdered on 2 February 1969, with the clear involvement of the pro-Soviet faction within Frelimo under Uria Simango and Samora Machel. His death was very mysterious and was no murderer was ever brought to justice but what this event did was throw <mask> into a very important role <mask> <mask> dos  was elected to Frelimo's 3 person ruling system (<mask>, Uria Simango, and Samora Moises Machel). In the late 1970s, Dos <mask> was Minister of Economic Development. He was a member of the Frelimo Political Bureau in charge of the economy in the early 1980s. From 1987 to 1999, Dos <mask> was chairperson of the country’s Parliament, the Assembly of the Republic.He represented the left wing of the party and was a Marxist-Leninist. Although the political party may have began to look into adopting ideas of capitalism Dos <mask> was stubborn not accepting it and calling these motions brief. He became head of the most reforming parliament in Mozambican history - which got rid one party state, replacing it with political pluralism, approved a Constitution of the Republic which included guarantees for freedom of assembly, freedom of expression and freedom of the press, and even changed the county's name - from People's Republic to Republic of Mozambique. But still kept his stance on Socialism. U.S Relations
Once Mozambique is a free country no longer under Portuguese rule <mask> <mask> wants to create bonds with the U.S. Goals of developing economic relations and receiving aid on bandits who are keeping Mozambique at war. Cooperation with U.S. for emergencies such as bandits and droughts and for agriculture even if the U.S had given off idea of being focused on the private sector.<mask> <mask> says "Although it took some time for our views to be shared by the U.S., I think they are closer than in the past and sufficiently near to enable us to take strong steps forwards in order to bring about peace and promote economic and social development.". End of Life
July 1 1970 <mask> was invited to the Vatican by the Pope where he was given a copy of the papal encyclical Populorum Progressio on the problems of the underdeveloped world. The next year he received the Lenin Centenary Medal. The war with Renamo had finally wrapped up  in 1992 when Frelimo and Renam signed a treaty but the expenses made the country one of the poorest ones. Declared national hero in 2015 by Mozambicans. Died Feb 11 2020. "Therefore, in life as in death, <mask> <mask>, the philosopher's griot, remains an icon in the African's story of toil in the wake of colonialism and neo-colonialism which call for a respective response to collective suffering.""A people cannot say farewell to their history.”- <mask> <mask>

References. 3. “<mask> Dos <mask>.” The Presidency <mask> Dos <mask>, Internet Archive Wayback Machine, 2014, https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095519/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp?relid=7743. 4. Castel-Branco, Ruth, et al. “A People Cannot Bid Farewell to Their History.” Africa Is a Country, 19 Feb. 2020, https://africasacountry.com/2020/02/a-people-cannot-bid-farewell-to-their-   history. 5."<mask> <mask> ." Encyclopedia of World Biography. . Encyclopedia.com. 26 Oct. 2021 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>. 6. “Mozambique: FRELIMO Founder <mask> Dos <mask> Dies.” AllAfrica.com, 11 Feb. 2020, https://allafrica.com/stories/202002110850.html. 7. Witney J. Schneidman.“FRELIMO’S Foreign Policy and the Process of Liberation.” Africa Today, vol. 25, no. 1, Indiana University Press, 1978, pp. 57–67, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4185752. 8. Obichere, Boniface I. “Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane and the Enigma of Revolutionary Leadership.” Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies, vol.4, no. 2, 1973, https://doi.org/10.5070/f742016450.

.     9. FRELIMO. ["The Mozambique Liberation Front (Frente de Libertacao de Mozambique or FRELIMO) Is an Organisation..."]. 1963, pp. 1–16, https://jstor.org/stable/10.2307/al.sff.document.chilco049. University of Southern California.10. “Pamela Dos <mask> (Nee Beira).” Pamela Dos <mask> (Nee Beira) | South African History Online, South African History Online, 17 Feb. 2011, https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/pamela-dos-santos-nee-beira. 11. Thomashaussen, Dr. Andre E. The National Resistance of Mozambique, vol. 13, no. 2, 1983, pp. 125–129.12. Novicki, Margaret A. "<mask> Dos <mask>: Opening New Fronts." Africa Report 34.3 (1989): 21. ProQuest. Web. 17 Nov. 2021.14. “<mask> Dos <mask>.” Biography, https://biography.yourdictionary.com/marcelino-dos-santos. 15. “Remembering <mask> Dos <mask>, the Revolutionary Poet.” The Herald, 19 Feb. 2020, https://www.herald.co.zw/remembering-marcelino-dos-santos-the-revolutionary-poet/. Sources

 Bookrags Encyclopedia of World Biography (accessed December 2007). Mozambique News Agency interview (accessed December 2007). External links

 Interview with <mask> <mask> by Tor Sellström within the project Nordic Documentation on the Liberation Struggle in Southern Africa

1929 births
2020 deaths
Presidents of the Assembly of the Republic (Mozambique)
Mozambican writers
Socialist realism writers
Communist writers
Communist poets
Mozambican communists
Anti-revisionists
FRELIMO politicians
Recipients of the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo
Mozambican independence activists
People from Nampula Province

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<mask> (also Wisehart; c. 15131 March 1546) was a Scottish Protestant Reformer and one of the early Protestant martyrs burned at the stake as a heretic. <mask> was the son of James and brother of Sir John of Pitarrow, both ranking themselves on the side of the Reformers. He was educated at the University of Aberdeen, then recently founded, and travelled afterwards on the Continent. It is thought that it was while he was abroad that he first turned attention to the study of the Reformed doctrines. He engaged for some time in teaching Greek at Montrose. <mask> afterwards proceeded to Cambridge and resided there for about six years, from 1538 to 1543. He returned to Scotland in the train of the Commissioners who had been appointed to arrange a marriage with Prince Edward and the Queen of Scots.He preached to the people with much acceptance at Montrose, Dundee, and throughout Ayrshire. On passing East to the Lothians, <mask>, who spoke latterly as in near prospect of death, was apprehended by Bothwell in the house of Cockburn, of Ormiston. He was carried captive to St. Andrews, where he was tried by a clerical Assembly, found guilty, and condemned as an obstinate heretic. The following day he was executed at the stake on Castle Green, his persecutor, Cardinal David Beaton or Bethune, looking on the scene from the windows of the castle, where he himself would be assassinated within three months. Life
He belonged to a younger branch of the Wisharts of Pitarrow near Fordoun, Kincardineshire. His mother was Elizabeth, sister of Sir James Learmonth, married <mask> of Pitarrow in April 1512. He was probably called <mask> after his maternal grandfather of granduncle Prior <mask>, the name was certainly derived from his mother's family.<mask>'s father, <mask>, died in May 1525, therefore, his mother, Elizabeth together with her brother, Sir James Learmonth of Balcomie, were the two people who were responsible for <mask>'s upbringing. Some have suggested that he may have graduated M.A., probably at King's College, Aberdeen, though others, including Wishart biographer Rev. Charles Rogers says that his name does not occur on the records of any Scottish college. He was certainly a student at the University of Leuven, from which he graduated in 1531. He taught the New Testament in Greek as schoolmaster at Montrose in Angus, until investigated for heresy by the Bishop of Brechin in 1538. He fled to England, where a similar charge was brought against him at Bristol in the following year by Thomas Cromwell. Under examination by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer he recanted some utterances.In 1539 or 1540 he may have visited Germany and Switzerland, but by 1542 he had entered Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he studied and taught. In 1543 he returned to Scotland, in the train of a Scottish embassy which had come to London to consider the treaty of marriage between Prince Edward (later Edward VI of England) and the infant Mary, Queen of Scots. He returned to Montrose, where again he taught Scripture. He may have been the "Scottish man called <mask>" acting as a messenger to England for Alexander Crichton of Brunstane in a 1544 plot against Cardinal David Beaton. Some historians such as Alphons Bellesheim and Richard Watson Dixon have accepted this identification; others are sceptical. Other possibilities include a <mask>, Baillie of Dundee, who allied himself with Beaton's murderers; and Sir <mask> (died 1576), afterwards a Scottish judge. His career as an itinerant preacher began in 1544, from when he traveled Scotland from east to west.The story has been told by his disciple John Knox. He went from place to place, in danger of his life, denouncing the errors of the Papacy and the abuses in the churches of Montrose, Dundee (where he escaped an attempt on his life), Ayr, Perth, Edinburgh, Leith, Haddington (where Knox accompanied him) and elsewhere. At Ormiston in East Lothian, in January 1546, he was seized by Lord Bothwell on the orders of Cardinal Beaton, taken to Elphinstone Castle, and transferred by order of the privy council to Edinburgh castle on 19 January 1546. Thence he was handed over to Beaton, who had a "show trial", with John Lauder prosecuting <mask>. He was hanged on a gibbet and his body burned at St Andrews on 1 March 1546. Foxe and Knox attribute to him a prophecy of the death of the Cardinal, who was assassinated on 29 May following, partly in revenge for <mask>'s death. <mask>'s preaching in 1544–45 helped popularise the teachings of Calvin and Zwingli in Scotland.He translated into English the first Helvetic Confession of Faith in 1536. At his trial he refused to accept that confession was a sacrament, denied free will, recognised the priesthood of all believing Christians, and rejected the notion that the infinite God could be "comprehended in one place" between "the priest's hands". He proclaimed that the true Church was where the Word of God was faithfully preached and the two dominical sacraments rightly administered. Memorials
The Martyrs Memorial at St Andrews was erected to the honour of <mask>, Patrick Hamilton, and other martyrs of the Reformation era. Dundee's East Port (also known as Cowgate Port), the remains of a gateway in the town's walls, is known as the Wishart Arch. The Arch is the only surviving portion of the town's walls, and probably survived owing to a story that <mask> preached from it in 1544 to plague victims. However this story has been described as 'probably-mythical' and the structure is thought to have been built around 1590, long after <mask>'s death.<mask> was also commemorated in Dundee with a United Presbyterian church being named after him. Wishart  church was built in Dundee' Cowgate in 1841 and could seat over 700 people. It was this church that the missionary Mary Slessor was a member of when she lived in Dundee. It was renamed Wishart Memorial Church in 1901, a year after it had become part of the United Free Church of Scotland, and 1929 became part of the Church of Scotland. In 1975 the church congregation was united with Dundee church and the building was sold to Dundee Cyrenians who turned it into a hostel for people with alcohol problems called the Wishart Centre. There is a house at Saint Kentigern College in Auckland, New Zealand, named after him. A lodge of the Scottish Orange Order, formed with a warrant in Dundee but often meeting in near by Forfar, is named The Wishart Arch Defenders in his honour.See also
Patrick Hamilton (martyr)
John Ogilvie (saint)
List of Protestant martyrs of the Scottish Reformation

References

Sources

Further reading

 Cramond's Truth about Wishart (1898). Cameron M, et al. (eds), Dictionary of Scottish Church History and Theology (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1993). Ryrie, Alec, The Origins of the Scottish Reformation (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2006)

External links
 Stirnet Genealogy: 'Wishart1' (<mask> is listed as son of Sir James Wyschart of Pittarrow and Elizabeth Learmont)
 <mask>art Quincentennial

1510s births
1546 deaths
16th-century Protestant martyrs
16th-century Calvinist and Reformed ministers
People from Kincardine and Mearns
Scottish Calvinist and Reformed ministers
Alumni of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
Old University of Leuven alumni
Executed Scottish people
Executed British people
People executed for heresy
People executed by the Kingdom of Scotland by burning
16th-century executions by Scotland
People from Aberdeenshire
Scottish Reformation
People associated with Dundee
Protestant martyrs of Scotland

masks:
George Wishart
George Wishart
Wishart
Wishart
James Wishart
George
George Lemont
George
James Wishart
George
Wishart
George Wishart
John Wishart
Wishart
Wishart
Wishart
George Wishart
George Wishart
Wishart
Wishart
George
George Wish


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<mask>) (20 February 1839 - 18 December 1880) was an Irish survivor of the Great Famine who emigrated with his family to Massachusetts in the United States. He later became an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War, as well as a revolutionary fighting alongside the Irish Republican Brotherhood in both Canada during the Fenian Raids and Ireland during the Fenian Rising of 1867. Towards the end of his life, he became involved in electoral politics in Massachusetts, becoming one of the few Roman Catholics elected at that time to the Massachusetts House of Representatives. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in 1839 and was therefore old enough to experience, alongside his family and community, the devastating impact of the Great Famine in Ireland, which ravaged the land between 1845 and 1852. At the height of the famine in 1847, following the death of <mask>'s younger sister Hanora, the <mask> family elected to immigrate to the United States in order to escape. They would eventually settle in Lawrence, Massachusetts. Deasy's experience of the Great famine left him with a deep-seated resentment against British rule in Ireland.Another influence that pointed Deasy towards Irish Nationalism was that his own father, Michael, had been a part of the Young Ireland movement before leaving Ireland. Although the Deasy family had left before it started, the Young Irelanders had launched a rebellion against the British in 1848, a revolt sometimes referred to as the "Famine Rebellion". <mask>'s younger brother Cornelius was likewise influenced towards Irish Nationalism, and while in the United States became involved in numerous Irish-American political and civic societies. In 1857 both <mask> and Cornelius were sworn into the Fenian Brotherhood, the American wing of the Irish Republican Brotherhood. Both organisations, collectively referred to as "Fenians", were secret societies which sought to bring about the forcible overthrown of British rule in Ireland and bring about a democratic Irish Republic. Following his swearing-in, <mask> was assigned to recruiting and expanding the influence of the Fenians in Lawrence. American Civil War

Upon the outbreak of the American Civil War, both <mask> and Cornelius were amongst the many thousands of Irish to volunteer for the Union Army.<mask> and Cornelius enlisted in June 1861 in Boston and were enrolled into Company I (“McLellan Rifles”) of the 9th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment. In time, the regiment would become known as the "Fighting Ninth" and the <mask> brothers would see 32 engagements over the course of the war with the regiment. During the Battle of Gaines' Mill on 27 June 1862 the entirety of I Company's officers were killed. In response, <mask> was given a battlefield commission and made a captain, as well as being appointed company commander. Both <mask> and Cornelius ("Connie") were wounded in action during the Battle of the Wilderness in early May of 1864, Connie on 5 May and Captain <mask> on 8 May. <mask>'s injury was a severe head wound, however, as a company commander, he insisted on continuing to fight until the end of the day. It was only then that he received aid from the regimental doctor.The wound would develop into a scar Deasy would carry for the rest of his life. The <mask> brothers mustered out of the Union Army on 21 June 1864. Fenian activities
<mask> returned to his Fenian activities almost immediately. He attended a mass convention of the Irish Republican Brotherhood in Cincinnati, Ohio in January of 1865 and in August was one of 300 delegates to be selected by the organisation to be sent to Ireland to prepare the country for a rebellion. However, upon <mask>'s arrival in Ireland, he was arrested in Skibereen in his home county of Cork, where he was found to be in possession of military-grade documents. Deasy was whisked away to a jail in England to be further integrated. Deasy was later released from custody on the condition he return to the United States.Deasy promptly ignored that order and returned to Ireland post haste, and sent home to Clonakilty. There Deasy received orders from Thomas J. Kelly, functionally the head organiser of the forthcoming rebellion. Kelly asked Deasy to report to Dublin. However, while there, Deasy was almost arrested again. Kelly seemed suitably impressed enough with Deasy that he elected to bring him into the "Secret Circle", a cell within the IRB dedicated to the eradication of spies, informers and traitors within the movement. The "Secret Circle" was, predictably, despised by British authorities in Ireland, who were aware of its existence and derisively referred to as the "Irish American Assassination Company" or "the Shooting Circle". The capture of the Secret Circle was a top priority amongst the British.On 4 November 1865 <mask>, alongside Kelly and John Devoy, was amongst a rescue party who broke the leader of the IRB, James Stephens, out of Richmond Gaol. Following that rescue, <mask> accompanied Kelly and Stephens over to France (where the Fenians had built a considerable support network) and then onwards back to the United States to rendezvous with the American Fenians in New York to report on their progress. From there they once more travelled back to Ireland. Fenian Raids on Canada

By June of 1866, the globetrotting Deasy (alongside his brother once more) was now on the Canadian border, where he participated in the Battle of Fort Erie. The raid was part of the Fenian Raids; a plan had emerged amongst one faction of the American Fenians that they should, rather than seeking to capture Ireland directly, they should muster as many veterans of the American Civil War as quickly as they could and seize the lightly defended Canada, which would then be exchanged back to the British for Ireland. The Battle of Fort Erie was a success, as was the following Battle of Ridgeway, with battle-hardened Fenian troops overcoming novice Canadian militias. Ridgeway saw the first-ever usage of the term "Irish Republican Army" as well as the first display of the Irish Tricolour flag.Despite these successes, the Fenians were soon forced to return to the United States after U.S. President Andrew Jackson issued a proclamation declaring that the US would oppose the Fenians in order to prevent the raids escalating into a war between the United States and the British Empire. Fenian Rising in Ireland

In January 1867 <mask> once more returned to Ireland alongside American Civil War veterans  Colonel Ricard O'Sullivan Burke of the 154th New York Engineers, Captain Michael O’Brien of the 13th New
Jersey Light Artillery, and Captain John McCafferty of Morgan’s Raiders, Confederate Cavalry. On 11 February 1867 <mask> and Captain McCafferty were part of a Fenian raid on Chester Castle in England, which had the objective of securing weapons for a rebellion in Ireland. However, the raid had to be called off as the authorities had been tipped off. It soon emerged that the plan had been betrayed by an informer, John Joseph Corydon. Tensions were rising amongst the Fenians as the failure to secure weapons meant that plans to launch a rebellion in Ireland by February had to be pushed back to March. Preceded by some skirmishes in February, the Fenian Rising had "properly" begun in March 1867, which Deasy sent to Millstreet in County Cork, where he was told to gather recruits and attack military and police buildings.He did this in parallel to Fenian commanders doing so across the country as well. However, the rising never truly "took off" as the British had long been aware of the coming danger and responded quickly to suppress it. By end of March, any semblance of a Fenian rebellion had already been snuffed out. Second-in-Command of the IRB
Following the crushing of the rebellion, Deasy like many other Fenians would have gone to ground to avoid capture and waited for their next move. Thomas Kelly was not long in attempting to reorganise the Fenians after their defeat. Kelly envisioned that the next phrase of Fenian resistance to British rule should come from within England itself, and ordered his remaining officers to meet him there. Amongst other roles doled out, Deasy was named Commander of Manchester and Liverpool, two cities with significant Irish populations.In September 1867 Kelly held a Fenian conference in Manchester to discuss the future of the Fenian movement and its new campaign in England. Amongst other events at that conference, Kelly was named the clear leader of the IRB (in succession to James Stephens). Kelly also made clear he wanted to move the IRB away from the Fenian Brotherhood, which he viewed as having become too divided by infighting, and towards Clan na Gael, a new organisation also based in New York City. Finally, besides Kelly becoming the clear number one within the IRB, Kelly named <mask> as his aide-de-camp and deputy, effectively naming him second-in-command of the organisation. The historical author Joseph O’Neill wrote of the situation “<mask> was Kelly’s ideal second in command, and the Fenian leader was delighted with his appointment. They shared the same formative experiences and inhabited the same mental world. They could sit in silence knowing exactly what the other was thinking.”

The Manchester Martyrs

On 11 September 1867 <mask> and Kelly were travelling to another meeting in Manchester City when it became apparent the pair were being followed by the British authorities.They were eventually arrested and charged with loitering so that they could be held for a prolonged amount of time. Kelly and Deasy gave their names as "Mr. Wright" and "Mr. Williams" but they were eventually identified after a number of days, at which point they were charged with their involvement with the Fenian Rising. However, their delay tactics had brought them time and their arrest was known amongst the Irish community in Manchester. A plan to rescue them was made by Edward O'Meagher Condon with other Manchester Fenians. On 18 September 1867, while Kelly and Deasy were being driven through the city from the courthouse with four other prisoners, Fenians armed with revolvers attacked the prison van. During the scuffle, police sergeant Charles Brett, who was seated inside the van, was accidentally shot dead – the leaders of the 30-plus Fenian force called on him to open the door and he refused. He then looked through the keyhole just as one of the rescuers blew the lock off; the shot killed him.One of the women prisoners in the van then took the keys from his belt and passed them to the Fenians, who unlocked the van and rushed <mask> and Kelly away. A reward of £300 (£24,000 as of 2015) was offered, without result. <mask> and Kelly were sheltered by the network of revolutionaries in Manchester, reputedly including Frederick Engels and his Irish partner Lizzie Burns. <mask> managed to eventually board a ship which took him directly to New York City, while Kelly disguised himself as a Franciscan monk and travelled back to Galway to visit his mother, before himself taking a ship back to New York. The escape of the Fenian leaders and the death of a police officer caused outrage and mass embarrassment amongst the British authorities, and they turned to scapegoats for retribution. Dozens of Manchester Irish were arrested and thrown into jail. Three of the Fenian rescuers, William Philip Allen, Michael Larkin, and Michael O'Brien, were arrested after a massive manhunt and later executed after a swift trial followed by many appeals.Their execution was badly bungled and widely reported. Their cause was taken up worldwide and was one of the foundations of Irish revolutionary success of the early 20th century. The three are remembered as the Manchester Martyrs. Return to Massachusetts and entering electoral politics
<mask> finally returned home to Lawrence by 1870, having effectively been gone for a decade. Reunited with his brother Connie, the two set up a number of businesses such as a saloon, a liquor
dealership, a hotel, and a number of rental properties. In 1872 <mask> successfully ran for Lawrence City Council and won re-election in '74. Deasy owed his success to the population of 8,200 Irish living in Lawerence by 1875, who accounted for almost half of the population.The Irish were becoming a powerful force in New England politics and the Democratic Party moved to capitalise. A group of Irish community leaders and Democrats came to Deasy to ask him to run for the Massachusetts House of Representatives. Deasy agreed and it was agreed that John Breen, who had fought with Deasy in Canada, would serve as his replacement on Lawrence city council. This gave Breen much political momentum, and Breen would later become the first Irish and first Roman Catholic to become Mayor of any city in New England. Deasy was elected to the 1874 Massachusetts legislature and would serve there the following two years as well. Only 13 members of the entire 213 member legislature were Irish in 1876, and Deasy was the only Irish Catholic to be elected from Essex County out of 33. Falling ill and death
In June of 1878 the end of July 1878, Deasy was a patient at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston suffering from excruciating pain caused by rheumatoid arthritis.likely to have developed from sleeping on the cold wet ground during his service in the Civil War. His condition forced him out of the busy world of politics, although he did make one more notable public political appearance when he hosted Charles Stewart Parnell at a fundraiser at Lawerence city hall in early 1880. Deasy took ill again on 9 December 1880 and died the following day. He was given an elaborate funeral that was attended en mass by Lawrence's Irish community, Fenians and veterans of the Union Army, with members of the 9th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment particularly in force. Deasy is buried at the Immaculate Conception Cemetery in Lawrence, Massachusetts. The Irish National Graves Association, in Dublin, Ireland designated the grave of Deasy an Irish National Grave on 16 August 1990. Deasy received a new green granite headstone on his grave on 23rd November 1992, the dedication organized by Bob Bateman, great-grandson of <mask>’s brother Cornelius.The principal speaker for the dedications was Derek Warfield of the Wolfe Tones. His headstone reads:

References

Irish soldiers in the United States Army
Union Army officers
Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood
Irish escapees
Escapees from England and Wales detention
People from County Cork

masks:
Timothy John Deasy
Timothy Deasy
Timothy
Deasy
Timothy
Timothy
Timothy
Timothy
Timothy
Deasy
Timothy
Timothy
Deasy
Timothy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Deasy
Timothy


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Field Marshal <mask>,  (25 December 1881 – 4 November 1944) was a senior British Army officer with service in both the First World War and the Second World War. From May 1940 to December 1941 he was the Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS), the professional head of the British Army, and subsequently served in Washington, D.C., as Chief of the British Joint Staff Mission and then Senior British Representative on the Combined Chiefs of Staff (CCS). Early life
Born in Lurgan, County Armagh, Ireland in 1881, <mask>'s father was the local bank manager and his mother was a Greer from Woodville, Lurgan. Always intended for a career in the services, <mask> attended the Methodist College Belfast, Cheltenham College and the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. Military career
On 8 May 1901 <mask> was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the 1st battalion the Leinster Regiment and was posted to South Africa to see out the Second Boer War. After the end of the war in June 1902, <mask> left Cape Town with other men of his battalion on the SS Englishman in late September 1902, arriving at Southampton the following month, from where they were posted to Fermoy. <mask> was appointed regimental adjutant on 15 August 1906, having previously been assistant adjutant from 1902.Promoted captain on 12 July 1911, he was seconded to study at the Staff College, Camberley from 1 February 1913, and was still there on the outbreak of the First World War eighteen months later. First World War
After briefly serving on the Staff of Southern Command <mask> became brigade major of the 25th Brigade (8th Division) in France where he was present at Neuve Chapelle and won the Distinguished Service Order. During 1916 <mask> served on the General Staff of the 55th Division and Canadian Corps, before being promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel and Chief of Staff (GSO1) of the 37th Division in January 1917. He was moved to the General Staff at General Headquarters in October of that year, initially as part of the Training Section but was soon shifted to the Operations Section. By the end of the war he was a brigadier general and had been Mentioned in Despatches eight times. From the spring of 1918 he was Head of Operations at GHQ, an important promotion after the sacking of many of Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig's senior staff following the Battle of Cambrai. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1918 New Year Honours.He also received a number of foreign decorations for his service, including the Officer of the Legion of Honour, the French Croix de guerre, Commander of the Order of the Crown of Belgium, Officer of the Order of the Crown of Romania. Between the wars
After the war <mask> returned to the Staff College and served as an instructor there. In the 1928 New Year Honours he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB). In 1929 he was posted to India and in 1930 was promoted to major-general before returning to appointments at the Staff College (for in fact the third time but this time as Commandant) and then to the War Office as Director of Military Operations and Intelligence, holding that post until 1 September 1936. Alongside his other positions, he was appointed to the largely honorary role of Colonel of the East Lancashire Regiment on 24 December 1932, a position he held until his death. Following his service on the General Staff, <mask> was sent to Palestine, during the Arab revolt, where he was appointed General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the British forces in Palestine on 8 September 1936, holding the post until 1937. He was knighted in the 1937 Coronation Honours with his promotion to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB), and he was then appointed General Officer Commanding, Aldershot Command.The same year he was interviewed by Leslie Hore-Belisha, Secretary of State for War, for the post of Chief of the Imperial General Staff, but lost out to Lord Gort who was almost five years his junior. Second World War
At the outbreak of the Second World War <mask> hoped to be appointed Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force, but the position again went to Gort. The resulting vacancy as Chief of the Imperial General Staff was filled by Sir Edmund Ironside, leaving <mask> to be eventually posted as commander of I Corps in France on 3 September 1939. He was promoted to general on 1 October 1939 (with seniority backdated to 5 December 1937). On returning to the UK in April 1940, <mask> was appointed Vice Chief of the Imperial General Staff (and a member of the Army Council), under Ironside, by the then Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain. On 27 May 1940, after Chamberlain had been replaced by Churchill, <mask> replaced Ironside as CIGS. Faced with the prospect of a German invasion, <mask> produced a memorandum on 15 June advocating the use of chemical warfare against an enemy landing.Although acknowledging that first use of chemical weapons would alienate the United States and invite retaliation, he concluded that "at a time when our National existence is at stake ... we should not hesitate to adopt whatever means appear to offer the best chance of success." After criticism from the Director of Home Defence and other offices <mask> withdrew the memorandum. Nevertheless, the proposal was largely endorsed by Churchill on 30 June and it was ordered that the Royal Air Force begin preparations for deploying mustard gas, although he added that actual employment would need to be ordered by Cabinet. <mask> was promoted field marshal on 18 November 1941, but by this time it was clear how poorly he and Churchill got on. <mask> gained a reputation as unimaginative and obstructionist. Keen to get him out of the way, Churchill at the end of 1941 had <mask> advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) and posted him to Washington as his personal representative where he became Chief of the British Joint Staff Mission, then Senior British Representative on the Combined Chiefs of Staff. <mask> showed a great flair as a diplomatic military presence.In 1943 alone he attended the Quebec Conference, the Casablanca Conference, the Tehran Conference and meetings in India, China and Brazil. He also served on the Combined Policy Committee set up by the British and United States governments under the Quebec Agreement to oversee the construction of the atomic bomb. He was awarded the Henry Howland Memorial Prize in 1944, in part to ensure his continued favour with Churchill. In the United States he was immensely important in making the Chiefs of Staff committee – which included members from both countries – function, often promoting unity of action. He was particularly friendly with General George Marshall and the two exercised a great deal of influence on President Roosevelt who described <mask> as "the most important figure in the remarkable accord which has been developed in the combined operations of our two countries". Death

<mask> served in Washington until his death from aplastic anaemia in November 1944. His funeral arrangements reflected the great professional and personal respect and affection that he had earned.A memorial service was held in Washington National Cathedral and the route of the cortege was lined by some thousands of troops, following which he was interred in Arlington National Cemetery, where a simple service was conducted at the graveside. A witness recorded that "I have never seen so many men so visibly shaken by sadness. [General George] Marshall's face was truly stricken ...". He was sorely missed by the American Joint Chiefs of Staff, who sent a warm message of condolence to their British colleagues:

<mask> was posthumously awarded the American Distinguished Service Medal in 1944 as well as receiving an unprecedented joint resolution of the United States Congress appreciating his services. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia. The equestrian statue on <mask>'s grave is one of only two at the cemetery, the other is Major-General Philip Kearny's. References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Danchev, Alex."Very Special Relationship: Field Marshal Sir <mask> and General George Marshall." online
 Danchev, Alex. "'Dilly-Dally', or Having the Last Word: Field Marshal Sir <mask> and Prime Minister Winston Churchill." Journal of Contemporary History 22.1 (1987): 21–44.

masks:
Sir John Greer Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
Dill
John Dill
John Dill


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<mask>  (7 September 1905 – 27 August 1990) was an Australian academic and historian. <mask> (born <mask>) was born in the town of , Victoria in 1905. She was educated at Loreto Convent in South Melbourne and Portland, Presentation Convent in Windsor, and Lauriston Girls' School in Armadale. From there, Fitzpatrick entered the University of Melbourne, enrolling in English, following on from her love of literature in high school. However, the honours program in English did not appeal to her, so she enrolled also in history, studying under Ernest Scott; this second subject would become her favourite after a holiday to Tasmania at the end of her first year, when she was inspired by a visit to the ruins of Port Arthur. From 1925, she was a member of the Lyceum Club. She graduated from Melbourne with a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in 1926, and with financial support from her parents, obtained another Bachelor of Arts at Somerville College, Oxford University in 1928, completing the three-year degree in two years.On her return to Australia in 1929, <mask> was employed as a temporary lecturer at the University of Sydney, teaching history. The following year she became a tutor in English at her alma mater, a position she held until 28 August 1932, when she married journalist <mask> and was consequently forced to leave her job, as was required of all female academics at the time. After leaving Melbourne, Fitzpatrick graduated with a Masters of Arts from Oxford in 1933. In 1935 she and her husband separated; she applied to the University of Melbourne for a job, but was rebuffed, the Appointments Board advising her that women were only wanted for secretarial work. Fitzpatrick studied shorthand and typing at the Melbourne Technical School (now RMIT University) in 1936, and indeed became a teacher there the following year, teaching shorthand and commercial English. By 1937 she was tutoring English at the University of Melbourne, when a new lectureship in the Department of History was advertised; having been advised by the vice-chancellor Raymond Priestley to acquaint herself with the new professor of history Max Crawford, which she did, with the support of a letter of introduction from her former teacher Scott. Crawford later recalled that he "could see at once that Ernest Scott had sent [him] a winner", and supported <mask> for the position over a strong field of other candidates, and she was appointed to the lectureship late in 1937, to commence in 1938.The appointment increased the full-time staff in the department from two (Crawford and Jessie Webb) to three, and for a while the department was the first in the University with a majority of female staff. <mask> taught first-year British history herself, to both the regular and honours students, and assisted with later-year subjects, sharing the entire teaching duties of the department with Webb whenever Crawford was absent. Her course in British history was widely varied, and was distinctive among contemporary courses elsewhere in the world for teaching British social, cultural and economic history in conjunction with the traditional political and religious subject matter. She also taught a second-year honours level subject on the French Revolution up until the Second World War. <mask>'s lectures were well regarded amongst her students; Geoffrey Serle described them in a eulogy for <mask> as "set-piece performances, every word considered and counting... in that individual clear voice, cool and rational, but imbued with passion... Some students were known to return for the evening repeat." Her first area of research, following on from her early interest in Port Arthur, was the colonial-era history of Van Diemen's Land, and she produced several publications on this subject.Outside of her academic work, <mask> gave a number of radio talks for adult education programs through the 1940s, covering a variety of history topics. During the war, <mask> negotiated with employers on behalf of female university students who had been drafted to work under the Manpower regime, in her role as President of the Council for Women in War Work. In 1942 <mask> was promoted to senior lecturer, and in 1948 became an associate professor. At the time, she was only the third woman to have been appointed associate professor at the University, and the first in Australia outside the natural sciences. <mask>'s first book, Sir John Franklin in Tasmania, 1837–1843, was published in 1949. Shortly after this she commenced work on a biography of Charles La Trobe, but it was never published. Her second book, Australian Explorers, was a selection of writings from early explorers, commissioned for Oxford University Press and published in 1958; it would become a standard text for Australian history courses.In addition to this historical writing, she also reviewed new books in British and colonial history, and contributed literary reviews and criticism to Southerly and Meanjin. When a second chair in history was created in 1955, <mask> was Crawford's first choice for the position, but she declined to apply for it; John La Nauze was appointed instead. <mask> later wrote that she did not think the quality of her original scholarship qualified her for a chair. <mask> continued to teach the compulsory first-year British history course solo until a second lecturer was appointed in 1959, and the history class – which by that time comprised more than five hundred students – was divided in two. She was a founding member of the Australian Humanities Research Council in 1956 (the only woman among them), and later a founding fellow of its successor body, the Australian Academy of the Humanities. <mask> retired from teaching in 1962. In 1964 she was a member of the Third University Committee, which advised the Government of Victoria on the establishment of Melbourne's third university, La Trobe University; it was Fitzpatrick who suggested that it be named after Charles La Trobe.She continued to write in her retirement, preparing a large work on the American novelist Henry James; she failed to find a publisher however. In 1975 she authored a commissioned history of Presbyterian Ladies' College, and in 1983 published Solid Bluestone Foundations, part memoir and part social history, which was warmly received by critics. In retirement, Fitzpartrick accumulated significant wealth generated, in the main, from the financial success of her father, who after a distinguished civil service career culminating as Head of Treasury, Victoria, was recruited to stockbroking by Sir Ian Potter. Awards, honours and legacy

In 1983 <mask> was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Laws by the University of Melbourne, and in 1989 she was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for her services to education, particularly in the field of history. She was awarded a University of Melbourne Award, which "recognises those individuals who have made an outstanding and enduring contribution to the University and its scholarly community". A bronze plaque honouring her is on the wall along the Professors' Walk at the Parkville campus of the University. <mask> died in 1990.From her estate she bequeathed a fund to the University of Melbourne for the purchase of history books for the library; she dedicated it in the name of her father, Henry Pitt, "in gratitude for allowing her the university education of which he had been deprived." The University has named its largest theatre in her honour, in addition to the ARC <mask> Australian Laureate Fellowship, and the <mask> Lecture. References

External links
 <mask>, <mask> in The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in the Twentieth Century

Further reading

1905 births
1990 deaths
Officers of the Order of Australia
Australian women historians
20th-century Australian historians
University of Melbourne faculty
20th-century Australian women writers
University of Melbourne women
Fellows of the Australian Academy of the Humanities
Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford
People educated at Lauriston Girls' School

masks:
Kathleen Elizabeth Fitzpatrick
Biography Fitzpatrick
Kathleen Elizabeth Pitt
Fitzpatrick
Brian Fitzpatrick
Fitzpatrick
Fitzpatrick
Fitzpatrick
Fitzpatrick
Fitzpatrick
Fitzpatrick
Fitzpatrick
Fitzpatrick
Fitzpatrick
Fitzpatrick
Fitzpatrick
Fitzpatrick
Fitzpatrick
Fitzpatrick
Kathleen Fipatrick
Kathleen Fitzpatrick
Fitzpatrick
Kathleen


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<mask> (born July 22, 1966) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, where he won the Heisman Trophy. He spent sixteen years with the Los Angeles/Oakland Raiders, during which he established himself as one of the NFL's greatest wide receivers of all time. <mask> has also played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. In 2015, he was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. High school and college career
Before his college career at Notre Dame, <mask> played for Woodrow Wilson High School in Dallas, the same school as 1938 Heisman Trophy winner Davey O'Brien. <mask>'s receipt of the 1987 Heisman Trophy gave Woodrow the distinction of being the first high school in the country to have produced two Heisman Trophy winners.Amazingly, <mask> didn’t play football as a freshman at Woodrow, because he was forbidden to do so by his mother. Instead, he played in the Woodrow band during that first year. But he joined the Woodrow football team as a sophomore, although he initially tried to hide that fact from his mom. She later found out about it when the band leader called his house asking why he was no longer at band practices. Despite his outstanding contributions to Woodrow's football program, the team fared poorly, posting only a 4–25–1 record over his three years as a starter. Nevertheless, <mask> was heavily recruited by major colleges. His five official visits were to Notre Dame, Nebraska, Oklahoma, nearby SMU and Iowa.While at Woodrow, <mask> also was a standout track athlete. He was one of the state's top performers in the 400-meter dash, with a PR of 47.14 seconds, and he cleared 7.42 meters in the long jump event. <mask> chose the University of Notre Dame and played there from 1984–1987, earning the nickname "Touchdown Timmy." In his first year, he set a freshman record with twenty-eight receptions. As a junior, he set a record with 1,937 all-purpose yards. Offensively he ran for 254 yards with 2 TD and caught 45 passes for 910 yards with 5 TD. During 1987, <mask> caught 34 passes for 846 yards, returned 34 punts for 401 yards, rushed for 144 yards, gained 456 yards on 23 kickoff returns, and scored eight touchdowns.<mask> finished his career at Notre Dame with 137 receptions for 2,493 yards, a school-record 5,024 all-purpose yards, and 22 touchdowns. However, just as in high school, <mask>'s team achieved limited success, with a 25–21 record over his four seasons, and an 0–2 record in bowl games. But in the year after <mask> graduated (1988), Notre Dame won the national title. <mask> was named an All-American twice and won the 1987 Heisman Trophy, becoming the first wide receiver ever to win that award. As of 2020, Woodrow Wilson High School is still the only public high school with two Heisman Trophy winners. When <mask> graduated, he held 19 individual school records. In 1989, <mask> and Davey O'Brien were inducted together as members of the initial class of the Woodrow Wilson High School Hall of Fame, created in celebration of the school's 60th Anniversary.In 2009, <mask> was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. In January 2012, <mask> received the Silver Anniversary Award from the NCAA in recognition of his myriad athletic and professional accomplishments. NFL career

<mask> was selected by the Los Angeles Raiders with the 6th pick of the 1988 NFL Draft. In his first NFL season, he led the league in kickoff returns, return yards, and yards per return average. Though it took time for him to fill into the role as the team's #1 receiver, catching just 147 passes in his first five seasons, he went on to rack up 9 consecutive 1,000-yard seasons from 1993-2001. He also led the NFL in punt returns in 1994, and receptions in 1997. In March 1994, <mask> was offered and signed a free-agent offer-sheet with the Denver Broncos.The Raiders matched the offer soon thereafter. He was voted to the Pro Bowl nine times, in 1988 and 1991 as a kick returner, and in 1993-97, 1999 and 2001 as a receiver. In 2001, <mask> would later play alongside another well-known wide receiver, Jerry Rice. On December 9, 2001, <mask> returned a punt 88 yards for a touchdown in a home game against the Kansas City Chiefs, making him the oldest player in NFL history to score a touchdown on a punt return. In 2002, he passed Gene Upshaw to become the Raiders' all-time leader in games played with 224. He also set Raiders franchise records for receptions, receiving yards, and punt return yards. <mask> was released by the Raiders before the 2004 season, as he did not want to accept a smaller role in the offense.He was signed shortly thereafter by the Buccaneers (coached by former Raider head coach Jon Gruden). The move was controversial, considering that <mask> had always been a fan favorite in the Oakland area and was much admired by many current and former Raiders players and staff over the sixteen years he spent with the Raider organization. He was the last of the Los Angeles Raiders to remain with Oakland. On September 27, 2004, in his first game at Oakland since being signed by Tampa Bay, <mask> reached 100 career receiving touchdowns, tying him (with Steve Largent) for 3rd on the NFL's all-time career receiving touchdown list at that time (behind former teammate Jerry Rice [197] and Cris Carter [130]). He received a standing ovation from the Oakland Raider crowd. In 2005, <mask> signed a one-day contract with the Raiders to retire with the team. The July 18 news conference was attended by two Raiders officials and only one active Raider, wide receiver Jerry Porter.<mask> retired with 14,934 receiving yards, the second-highest total in NFL history, 1,094 receptions (3rd), and 100 touchdown catches (3rd-Tied). <mask> also gained 190 rushing yards, 3,320 punt-return yards (5th in NFL history), 3 fumble-return yards, and 1,235 yards returning kickoffs. This gave him a total of 19,682 combined net yards, ranking him #5 among the NFL's all-time leaders at the time of his retirement. He also scored 105 total touchdowns (100 receiving, 1 rushing, 3 punt returns, 1 kickoff return). <mask> is the only player ever to retire in the NFL's top five leaders for both receiving and return yards. <mask> became eligible for enshrinement in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2010, but was not selected that year. He was considered a long shot to get in on his first try, as there was a logjam of accomplished receiver candidates, including Jerry Rice (<mask>'s former teammate), Cris Carter and Andre Reed.On January 7, 2012 and again on January 11, 2013, <mask> was selected as a finalist for enshrinement in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, but was not chosen. On January 31, 2015, <mask> was selected for enshrinement in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame on August 8, 2015. NFL career statistics

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Post-NFL career
<mask> was in the movie Little Giants, and is co-host on FSN Pro Football Preview with former players Jason Sehorn, Eddie George and NFL Insider Jay Glazer. <mask> is also a representative for YorHealth. In 1995, <mask> became the National Chairman of Athletes & Entertainers for Kids and the related 9-1-1 for Kids. These efforts have helped over five million children and teens through mentoring and educational programs.As of 2013, <mask> has been the General Manager and Co-Owner of the Texas Revolution of the Champions Indoor Football League in his home state of Texas and was an analyst for ESPN College Football. <mask> also hosts a weekly sports-talk show on WRDI. <mask> currently lives in Cedar Hill, Texas. NASCAR
<mask> started a NASCAR racing team as part of their Drive for Diversity program. He was recruiting African American sponsors to fund the venture, and has worked out a technical alliance with Roush Fenway Racing, who will provide support to the upstart team. <mask> hopes to eventually find a black, Hispanic, or woman driver to be the star of his team in order to bring an element of diversity to what is a white-dominated sport. However, the plan never successfully began.Relationship with Raiders owner Al Davis
Since joining the Raiders, <mask> had a complicated relationship with the Oakland Raiders and late owner Al Davis. During a 2009 interview with Sportsradiointerview.com <mask> commented on his former boss:“Meeting Al (Davis) was pretty unique. I found out five or ten minutes after my first practice there that he hated African-American athletes from Notre Dame. And they literally told me that. They literally told me that because we’re known for using our education more than our athletic ability that he thought that I would be one of these guys that would basically take the money and run. I don’t know if that was a ploy to get me amped up, but it certainly worked." In 2000, <mask> was dining in an Oakland restaurant with former Raiders Chester McGlockton and Sean Jones.During their meal, <mask> found himself unable to approach or speak to Davis. <mask> told a reporter, "I was saddened by that because I don't know anybody who I've dealt with for twelve years who I can't say hello to in that situation. I was saddened that the situation is where it is." On August 5, 2004, the Raiders held a press conference with <mask> and Davis which stated that <mask> was leaving the Raiders. Davis and <mask> professed mutual respect for one another and both men expressed a desire for <mask> to return to the Raiders someday. On July 19, 2005, <mask> officially retired but the Raiders did not hold a press conference at the team headquarters. Instead, <mask> held his own press conference in an Oakland hotel ballroom.Davis did not attend the conference because he had a "scheduling conflict". Davis did allow <mask> to sign a ceremonial $765,000 contract with the Raiders so he could retire as an Oakland Raider. <mask>'s 2004 departure from the Raiders eventually became acrimonious, and the outspoken receiver often criticized Davis, senior assistant Michael Lombardi and coach Norv Turner publicly for conspiring to make him expendable. Former teammates Marcus Allen, Lincoln Kennedy and Chester McGlockton attended the press conference. For the Raiders, Amy Trask, the Raiders' chief executive officer who had <mask> sign the ceremonial contract, Marc Badain, a finance executive and Mike Taylor, the team's director of public relations, were on hand. At the time, Raiders receiver Jerry Porter was also in attendance. Lincoln Kennedy stuck up for the absence of Davis stating "It's not his style; he'll probably invite <mask> up to his office, or out to dinner later on.But this? This is not his style." Recent history suggested that Davis was possibly out of touch with the football world prior to his death in 2011 because the Raiders had suffered through seven straight losing seasons (2003–2009) since losing to Tampa Bay in Super Bowl XXXVII. <mask> disagreed, stating "In a lot of peoples’ minds, Al is out of touch, but nothing is further from the truth. He is still quite lucid." Career records
First wide receiver to win the Heisman Trophy. NFL rookie-season record for most combined yards gained, with 2,317 (1988).

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<mask> (April 10, 1893 – May 17, 1980) was an internationally recognized urologist, a pioneer in sex-change surgery, an important mover in the founding of the UCLA School of Medicine, and a book collector known for assembling a library of research materials about Leonardo da Vinci—the Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana—which he donated to the University of California, Los Angeles  between 1961-66. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois on April 10, 1893. Both of his parents worked for the post office. The family moved to Southern California when <mask> was nine. <mask> (the form of name he preferred) received his early education in Orange County, but attended Los Angeles High School, traveling there on horseback. During high school he took courses in Latin, a medical school prerequisite, and met Ruth Smart, whom he would marry in 1918. Because Los Angeles High School was located at the top of a hill and at least an hour's walk to a shop where students could obtain supplies, <mask> came up with the entrepreneurial idea of starting a small book-and-supplies store at the school.This enterprise led him to become acquainted with some of the city's leading bookmen, in particular Ernest Dawson, patriarch and founder of a distinguished line of booksellers. Recounting this story in a letter from 1979, <mask> wrote, “As a Freshman in High School, I learned what an Aldine was and about Gutenberg and his woes and all of the wonderful world of books. During <mask>'s teens, his father suffered from an abdominal attack that required surgery. When the surgeon came out to report that the family patriarch had not survived the operation, the young <mask> noticed that the surgeon smelled strongly of alcohol. He immediately concluded that the surgeon had botched the surgery and killed his father. Taking a lesson from this tragedy, <mask> vowed never to drink alcohol. At the time, <mask>'s mother was employed and thus was able to provide for him and his sister Olive.Crucially, she was able to support <mask> through medical school. <mask> attended the University of California Berkeley, obtaining a B.A. in 1916 and an M.A. in 1917. (He was a member of the first class taught by Herbert McLean Evans.) He then attended the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, where he was chosen to be a fellow of the Hooper Institute for Medical Research, working in urology with Dr. George Whipple and Dr. Frank Hinman. After finishing medical school in 1920, <mask> continued as a Resident in Urology with Dr. Hinman.However, <mask>'s young son Charles had been in a serious auto accident, and his father felt he would receive better care from famed orthopedist Robert W. Lovett at Harvard Medical School. So <mask> applied for a residency in General Surgery at Harvard University-affiliated Peter Bent Brigham Hospital and spent a year working under Dr. Harvey Cushing. (Unfortunately, <mask> continued to have physical problems later in life.) While in medical school, <mask> had taken a non-credit elective course in the History of Medicine taught by Dr. George Washington Corner, an anatomist who had recently come to the University of California from Johns Hopkins University. It was during this class that <mask> developed his lifelong interest in Leonardo da Vinci. It was, he relates, "in that course that I was assigned the subject of Leonardo da Vinci . . . and I was so fascinated that I began collecting everything I could about him."Career
In 1923, <mask> and his wife moved to Los Angeles, where he began a private practice. In 1936 he established the Elmer Belt Urologic Group, which occupied its own building at 1893 Wilshire Boulevard. The second floor of the building housed <mask>'s ever-expanding library. During this period, due to his rising prominence in his profession, he enjoyed privileges as a staff, attending, or consulting urologist at many hospitals around Los Angeles County. In addition to specializing in urology, <mask> was a passionate advocate for public health and, from 1939 through 1954, served as the President of the State Board of Public Health. First appointed to this position by California Governor Culbert Olsen, <mask> was reappointed by Governor Earl Warren for each of the latter's three terms in office. In the public health arena, <mask>'s projects included working to establish the Hyperion Water Reclamation Plant for Los Angeles.He also advocated for the care and rights of refugees from the Dust Bowl who had settled in Tulare County. And during WWII, he campaigned for funds to treat what was then called venereal disease and to control prostitution, which posed serious problems around army and naval encampments in the state. <mask> was the author of numerous publications concerning both urology  and Leonardo da Vinci

Role in the establishment of the UCLA School of Medicine
From the time he returned to California from Boston in 1923, <mask> advocated for the establishment of a medical school at UCLA. Despite his growing status and influence, his efforts were thwarted by the economic and political dislocations of the Great Depression and WWII. However, in 1945, after the war ended, <mask> was able to mount a lobbying campaign for his cause with the Appropriations Committee of the State Legislature. He was personal physician to Governor Earl Warren, and during one consultation, he delivered an impassioned plea that a medical school be established under the administration of UCLA. Before he left <mask>'s office, Warren took out a notebook and jotted down a ten-step action plan for getting the project off the ground and through the state legislature.As the tenth and final step, Warren wrote, “Come and stand behind me when I sign this [legislation].” On February 19, 1946, with <mask> and a few other dignitaries standing behind him, Warren signed a bill appropriating $7 million dollars for a medical school at UCLA. After approval was granted for a medical school for UCLA, a decision had to be made as to where it should be located, on campus or off campus. The Regents’ committee on location for the medical school announced that they were unable to find an area large enough on campus to accommodate it. Dr. <mask> was concerned that the medical school would end up going to somewhere far afield, like the county hospital downtown, so he made a scouting trip to Westwood to review all available land. He came across a nearly vacant 33-acre tract of land that ran from Wilshire Boulevard north to Strathmore Drive and from the western edge of Westwood Village to Veteran Avenue. Dr. <mask> then consulted Dr. Edward Janss, the developer who gave the land for the UCLA campus, as to the ownership of the property. He learned that it was owned by the Veterans Hospital Association and that it would take an act of Congress to separate the land from the Veterans Hospital facility.This would have to be accomplished through a bill introduced into Congress and, if signed by the President, it would become the law. The bill would have to propose that the land be separated and given to the University of California. In advance, the University would have to ask for it. This was the first requisite and it proved to be the hardest one because the central authority of the University would not make the request. Finally, however, Clarence Dykstra, then Chancellor of UCLA, agreed to arrange acceptance for the transfer by the Veterans Hospital Administration. The bill arrived before the eighty-first Congress as the last bill on the docket. At this point, Dr. <mask> reached out to Edwin W. Pauley, who had managed the government's oil program during WWII, and who was instrumental in Truman becoming Roosevelt's vice-presidential running mate in the 1944 election.Dr. <mask> did not know Pauley, but he did know his wife, who helped facilitate a meeting between her husband and Dr. <mask> in the Pauley's home. After hearing Dr. <mask>'s plea for help, Pauley phoned President Truman and convinced him to sign the legislation that allowed for the transfer of the land from the Veterans Administration to the University of California for the construction of the medical school. <mask> helped recruit the School of Medicine's first dean, Stafford L. Warren, who was appointed in 1947. In the fall of 1951, the medical school enrolled its first class, which consisted of 30 students—28 men and two women. Because there was as yet no building to house the medical school, classes were held in temporary bungalows and in a building UCLA had purchased that had formerly been known as the Religious Conference Building. At this time, there were 15 faculty members, including <mask>, who served as Clinical Professor of Surgery (Urology). The main sites for clinical work and research in these nascent days of the School were the UCLA-affiliated hospitals of the Veterans Administration (the Wadsworth Hospital) in Brentwood; and the Veterans Administration Hospital in Long Beach.An affiliation was also established with Harbor Hospital in Torrance in 1951, at which point it, too, became a teaching hospital for the UCLA School of Medicine. In 1955 the university completed work on the UCLA Medical Center, giving the Medical School a permanent home. Not long afterwards, University of California President Robert Gordon Sproul characterized <mask> as "The Life Belt of the UCLA Medical School." <mask> remained a staunch supporter of the School for the rest of his life. The school was named the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA in 2001 in honor of David Geffen who donated $200 million in unrestricted funds. Gender-affirming surgery
<mask> may have been the first surgeon in the United States to perform gender affirmation surgery, which he was likely doing by 1950. However, ascertaining exactly when he did them is not possible because a fire in <mask>'s medical office in 1958 destroyed many, if not all, records prior to that year.The surgeries were performed at Good Samaritan Hospital, where <mask>'s Urologic Group's surgical practice was conducted; he did not perform them at UCLA. <mask> was the uncle of <mask> Goodwin, M.D. (1915-1998) who, in 1951, was the founding chair of the Division of Urology in the Department of Surgery at the UCLA School of Medicine. <mask> trained his nephew in the techniques of sex-change surgery. In 1954 a committee of UCLA doctors, including Goodwin and members of the Psychiatry Department, decided that these surgeries should no longer be performed under the aegis of the university. However, Goodwin continued to perform them quietly. At the end of 1954, <mask> temporarily ceased

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 his transgender surgeries, but in the late 1950s he resumed his sex-reassignment practice.<mask> received referrals from endocrinologist/sexologist Dr. Harry Benjamin; Dr. LeMon Clark, professor of Gynecology at the University of Arkansas and editor of Sexology Magazine; and others. Many prospective patients wrote to directly to  <mask>, who responded to these inquiries thoroughly and compassionately, as can be ascertained in surviving correspondence in the <mask> Papers housed in UCLA Library Special Collections, Medicine and Science. <mask> performed male-to-female operations. One of his best known patients was Patricia Morgan. In early 1962, at the age of 69, and under pressure from his wife, his son Bruce, and his office manager, <mask> ceased performing sex-change operations. In addition to feeling these pressures, <mask> was concerned that a dissatisfied patient might sue him and ruin his practice.It was also becoming increasingly difficult to find hospitals that would allow him to perform sex-reassignment surgery. Finally, he knew there were other doctors to whom he could refer patients, including Goodwin and Dr. Georges Burou, a French surgeon with a clinic in Casablanca. <mask> as a Book and Manuscript Collector
A lifelong bibliophile, <mask> began collecting books as a boy and, by his mid-teens, had assembled a prized collection of comic books and dime novels. Unfortunately, <mask>'s mother did not understand how important these collections were to him, and she discarded them when he went to college—a loss he lamented for the rest of his life. <mask> also collected works by Upton Sinclair and, in 1934, supported Sinclair's campaign for governor of California. He donated his Upton Sinclair collection to Occidental College Library including  first editions "warmly inscribed from Sinclair to <mask>, who was his physician. in 1950."In addition, <mask> formed collections around neurologist Silas Weir Mitchell and the founder of modern nursing,  Florence Nightingale. He donated both collections to the Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library at UCLA. In 2014 the remainder of <mask>'s collection was sold at auction including an  illuminated manuscript by Dante Gabriel Rossetti of The Blessed Damozel by Alberto Sangorski; California mission etchings by Henry Ford (illustrator); a  handwritten manuscript by Bertrand Russell and a signed  Sierra Nevada: The John Muir Trail by Ansel Adams. The Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana

Dr. <mask>'s Leonardo da Vinci collection was his major undertaking as a collector. He aimed to build the most extensive collection on Leonardo in the world by acquiring (1) all editions of Leonardo's works in facsimile; (2) all published works known to have been consulted by Leonardo in the editions the artist used (“Leonardo's Library”); (3) many early-printed books important to the history of art, beginning with Giorgio Vasari's Lives of the Artists; and (4) modern scholarly literature on Leonardo and his legacy in the arts and sciences. He also ultimately acquired all printed editions of Leonardo's Treatise on Painting plus two important manuscript versions of the Treatise that preceded the first printed edition; and a collection of Leonardo-related graphic arts materials, such as prints after the artist's so-called "grotesques." Beginning in the 1930s, Dr. <mask> began working with the Los Angeles book dealer and cultural catalyst Jacob Zeitlin, who acted as Dr. <mask>'s agent in purchasing materials for his collection.By 1945, the Leonardo collection had grown to the extent that <mask> engaged a full-time librarian, Kate Steinitz, to manage it. A former patient of <mask>'s, Steinitz was an important artist who had been active in the avant-garde art scene during the Weimar Republic and who had fled Germany after Hitler came to power. Between 1961 and 1966, <mask> donated in installments his Leonardo da Vinci collection to UCLA on the condition that the University maintain his collection and not integrate it with the rest of the library's holdings. In 2011 a  fiftieth anniversary tribute to the collector was held at the Department of Special Collections. From 1966 to 2002, the Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana was housed in an elegant suite of rooms within the Art Library in Dickson Art Center. The wood-paneled rooms were furnished with Renaissance furniture, antiques, artwork, and art objects donated by the Kress Foundation and Norton Simon. In 2002, counter to the terms of the gift, the Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana was integrated into UCLA Library Special Collections.Personal life
<mask> married the former Mary Ruth Smart (1892-1983) in 1918. Like her husband, Ruth (her preferred name), attended the University of California, Berkeley. After graduating, she attended a full-time program in library science organized by the University Library and offered under the College of Letters and Science. After they settled permanently in Los Angeles in 1923, she became a social and cultural leader in the city. She served on the Los Angeles Library Commission and the Opera Guild of Southern California. She also was president of the UCLA Art Council and helped launch major fundraising events for that group. In 1959, she led a drive to add 35 cents for the city tax rate to help support the city's public elementary schools.She was as well a founding director of the World Affairs Council and national vice president of the Travelers Aid Society. She died on January 9, 1983. The <mask>s had two sons, <mask> <mask> and Bruce Gregory <mask>. <mask> (1919-1994) attended the University of Southern California. He was married to Marie Saunders from 1958-1966. He married Marie Catherine Patino on 15 August 1967, in San Diego, California. He died on May 26, 1994, in his hometown, at the age of 75.<mask> (1926-2012) followed in his father's footsteps and became a urologist, practicing medicine in the Elmer Belt Urological Group for some 20 years. However, he did not enjoy being a doctor. In 1977 he left medicine and, at the age of 51, embarked on a career in education, becoming a successful and popular teacher of Biology, Chemistry, Latin, and Geography at the Brentwood School. <mask>'s sister Olive married Willard Goodwin, Sr. Their son Willard Goodwin, M.D. (1915-1998), was founding chair of the Division of Urology in the Department of Surgery at the UCLA School of Medicine. Like his uncle, Goodwin performed sex-change surgeries. He was also known for  his work in organ and graft transplantation.The <mask> Residence was located at 2201 Fern Dell Place in Los Feliz. Not long after suffering a stroke, <mask> died on May 17, 1980 at age 87. Awards and honors
1951: honorary Phi Beta Kappa key
1952: Italian Silver Star of Solidarity
1962: honorary Doctor of Laws degree, University of California, Los Angeles
1964: University Service Award, University of California Alumni Association
1967: President, Society for the History of Technology
1972: Sir Thomas More Medal for Book Collecting, University of San Francisco
1976: American Urologic Association, for contributions to the History of Urology and to the Forum
1977: Aesculapian Award, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine

Archival sources

 <mask> Papers 1920-1980, bulk 1958-1978. Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library History and Special Collections for the Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles. Opened for research 2010. http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt2199r6k1/admin/?query=<mask>%20(Elmer)%20papers#acqinfo-1.2.6
Note: the papers contain very little prior to 1958. In that year, a fire in <mask>'s medical offices seem destroyed almost everything dated earlier than 1958. in addition, access is restricted for some materials owing to patient or legal confidentiality protocols. Elmer <mask> Papers.Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA. Unprocessed collection. 286 boxes. The Harry Benjamin Collection, Library and Special Collections,The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction, Indiana University, Bloomington. http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/findingaids/view?brand=general&docId=VAC1594&chunk.id=d1e76&startDoc=1
 Willard E. Goodwin papers, 1915-1998, bulk 1915-1998. Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA. Opened for research 2007.http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt367nd8mf/?query=Goodwin+(Willard+E. )+papers
 Robert J. Stoller Papers, 1942-1991. Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA. http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf5s2006mg/admin/?query=Robert%20Stoller#descgrp-1.8.2

Digital sources
Dr.<mask> Tate. The Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana Internet Archive. <mask> collection of Vinciana graphic arts. Online Archive of California.Zagria. A Gender Variance Who's Who. https://zagria.blogspot.com/2019/03/elmer-belt-1893-1980-urologist-pioneer.html

Printed sources
Arthur, Ransom. By the Old Pacific's Rolling Water: Birth of the UCLA School of Medicine. Los Angeles: School of Medicine, University of California, 1992. <mask>, <mask>. "<mask>."In There Was Light: Autobiography of a University, Berkeley: 1868-1968, edited by Irving Stone, 353-367. New York: Doubleday, 1970. Marmor, Max. "The Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana." The Book Collector, 38, no. 3 (Autumn 1989): 1-23. Meyerowitz, Joanne.How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002. Pedretti, Carlo. Leonardo da Vinci: Studies for a Nativity and the 'Mona Lisa Cartoon' with Drawings after Leonardo from the Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana: Exhibition in Honour of <mask>, M.D. on the Occasion of his Eightieth Birthday. Los Angeles: University of California, 1973. Surgeon and Bibliophile: <mask>.Oral History Transcript; interviewed by Esther de Vécsey between 1974-75. Los Angeles: Oral History Program, University of California, Los Angeles, 1983. Notes

 Stanley Brosman, urologist and close friend of <mask>, supplied personal memories about <mask> that added to the accuracy of this entry. Interview on February 8, 2021. Arthur Schapiro, urologist, colleague, and friend of <mask>, also supplied, through numerous exchanges between 2019 and 2021, supplied much critical information and help in creating this entry. References

External links
 The Elmer Belt Library of Vinciana

1893 births
1980 deaths
Surgeons specializing in transgender medicine
University of California, Berkeley alumni
American urologists
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA faculty
20th-century surgeons
Book and manuscript collectors
History of

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