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<mask> (alternatively spelled Dubnov, ; , Shimen Dubnov; 10 September 1860 – 8 December 1941) was a Jewish-Russian historian, writer and activist. Life and career
In 1860, <mask> was born Shimon Meyerovich Dubnow (Шимон Меерович Дубнов) to a large poor family in the Belarusian town of Mstsislaw (Mahilyow Voblast). A native Yiddish speaker, he received a traditional Jewish education in a heder and a yeshiva, where Hebrew was regularly spoken. Later Dubnow entered into a kazyonnoe yevreyskoe uchilishche (state Jewish school) where he learned Russian. In the midst of his education, the May Laws eliminated these Jewish institutions, and Dubnow was unable to graduate; Dubnow persevered, independently pursuing his interests in history, philosophy, and linguistics. He was particularly fascinated by Heinrich Graetz and the Wissenschaft des Judentums movement. In 1880 Dubnow used forged documents to move to St Petersburg, officially off-limits to Jews.Jews were generally restricted to small towns in the Pale of Settlement, unless they had been discharged from the military, were employed as doctors or dentists, or could prove they were 'cantonists', university graduates or merchants belonging to the 1st guild. Here he married Ida Friedlin. Soon after moving to St. Petersburg Dubnow's publications appeared in the press, including the leading Russian–Jewish magazine Voskhod. In 1890, the Jewish population was expelled from the capital city, and Dubnow too was forced to leave. He settled in Odessa and continued to publish studies of Jewish life and history, coming to be regarded as an authority in these areas. Throughout his active participation in the contemporary social and political life of the Russian Empire, Dubnow called for modernizing Jewish education, organizing Jewish self-defense against pogroms, and demanding equal rights for Russian Jews, including the right to vote. Living in Vilna, Lithuania, during the early months of 1905 Russian Revolution, he became active in organizing a Jewish political response to opportunities arising from the new civil rights which were being promised.In this effort he worked with a variety of Jewish opinion, e.g., those favouring diaspora autonomy, Zionism, socialism, and assimilation. In 1906 he was allowed back into St Petersburg, where he founded and directed the Jewish Literature and Historical-Ethnographic Society and edited the Jewish Encyclopedia. In the same year, he founded the Folkspartei (Jewish People's Party) with Israel Efrojkin, which successfully worked for the election of MPs and municipal councilors in interwar Lithuania and Poland. After 1917 Dubnow became a Professor of Jewish history at Petrograd University. He welcomed the first February Revolution of 1917 in Russia, regarding it, according to scholar Robert van Voren, as having "brought the long-anticipated liberation of the Jewish people", although he "felt uneasy about the increasing profile of Lenin".<ref>Voren, Robert van (2011). "Undigested Past: The Holocaust in Lithuania. Amsterdam: Rodopi.p. 40, note 128. .</ref> Dubnow did not consider such Bolsheviks as Trotsky (Bronstein) to be Jewish, stating: "They appear under Russian pseudonyms because they are ashamed of their Jewish origins (Trotsky, Zinoviev, others). But it would be better to say that their Jewish names are pseudonyms; they are not rooted in our people. "Dubnow, Speech given June 9, 1917, at St. Petersburg, redacted by his daughter <mask>-Erlich, [biography of Dubnow (in Russian)] (New York 1950); Yiddish translation, Dos Lebn un shafn fun Shimen Dubnov (Mexico City 1952) at 212-213; passage from this Speech quoted by Pinson, "<mask>now" at 13-69, 26, in Dubnow, Nationalism and History (1958). In 1922 Dubnow emigrated to Kaunas, Lithuania, and later to Berlin. His magnum opus was the ten-volume World History of the Jewish people, first published in German translation in 1925–1929. Of its significance, historian Koppel Pinson writes: With this work Dubnow took over the mantle of Jewish national historian from Graetz.<mask>'s Weltgeschichte may in truth be called the first secular and purely scholarly synthesis of the entire course of Jewish history, free from dogmatic and theological trappings, balanced in its evaluation of the various epochs and regional groupings of Jewish historical development, fully cognizant of social and economic currents and influences ...

During 1927 Dubnow initiated a search in Poland for pinkeysim (record books kept by Kehillot and other local Jewish groups) on behalf of the Yidisher Visnshaftlekher Institut (YIVO, Jewish Scientific Institute), while he was Chairman of its Historical Section. This spadework for the historian netted several hundred writings; one pinkes dated to 1601, that of the Kehillah of Opatów. In August 1933, after Hitler came to power, Dubnow moved to Riga, Latvia. He chose Latvia in part for its government's support for Jewish self-reliance and the vigorous Jewish community in the small country. There existed a Jewish theater, various Jewish newspapers, and a network of Yiddish-language schools. There his wife died, yet he continued his activities, writing his autobiography Book of My Life, and participating in YIVO, the Institute for Jewish Research. On the initiative of a Latvian Jewish refugee activist in Stockholm and with help from the local Jewish community in Sweden, Dubnow was granted a visa to Sweden in the summer of 1940 but for unknown reasons he never used it.Then in July 1941 Nazi troops occupied Riga. Dubnow was evicted, losing his entire library. With thousands of Jews, he was transferred to the Riga ghetto. According to the few remaining survivors, Dubnow repeated to ghetto inhabitants: Yidn, shraybt un farshraybt (, write and record"). He was among thousands of Jews to be rounded up there for the Rumbula massacre. Too sick to travel to the forest, he was murdered in the city on 8 December 1941. Several friends then buried <mask>w in the old cemetery of the Riga ghetto.Political ideals
Dubnow was ambivalent toward Zionism, which he felt was an opiate for the spiritually feeble. Despite being sympathetic to the movement's ideas, he believed its ultimate goal, the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine achieved with international support and substantial Jewish immigration, to be politically, socially, and economically impossible, calling it "a beautiful messianic dream". In 1898, he projected that by the year 2000, there would only be about 500,000 Jews living in Palestine. Dubnow thought Zionism just another sort of messianism, and he thought the possibility of persuading the Jews of Europe to move to Palestine and establish a state fantastical. Beyond improbability, he worries that this impulse would drain energy away from the task of creating an autonomous Jewish center in the diaspora. Much stronger than his skepticism towards Zionism, Dubnow rejected assimilation. He believed that the future survival of the Jews as a nation depended on their spiritual and cultural strength, where they resided dispersed in the diaspora.Dubnow wrote: "Jewish history [inspires] the conviction that Jewry at all times, even in the period of political independence, was pre-eminently a spiritual nation,""The most distinguishing characteristic of Jewish nationalism for Dubnow is its spiritual quality." Pinson, "<mask>now" at 13-69, 43, in Dubnow (1958). and he called the push for assimilation "national suicide". His formulated ideology became known as Jewish Autonomism,Israel Friedlaender, Dubnow's Theory of Jewish Nationalism (New York: The Maccabaean Publishing Co. 1905). once widely popular in eastern Europe, being adopted in its various derivations by Jewish political parties such as the Bund and his Folkspartei. Autonomism involved a form of self-rule in the Jewish diaspora, which Dubnow called "the Jewish world-nation". The Treaty of Versailles (1919) adopted a version of it in the minority provisions of treaties signed with new east European states.Yet in early 20th-century Europe, many political currents began to trend against polities that accommodated a multiethnic pluralism, as grim monolithic nationalism or ideology emerged as centralizing principles. After the Holocaust, and the founding of Israel, for a while discussion of Autonomism seemed absent from Jewish politics. Regional history

Dubnow's political thought perhaps can better be understood in light of historical Jewish communal life in Eastern Europe. It flourished during the early period of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795), when it surpassed the Ottoman Empire and western Europe as a center of Judaism. "The Jews of Poland had once been the elect of world Jewry." Howard Morley Sachar, The Course of Modern Jewish History (Cleveland: World Pub. Co. 1958; reprint by Dell) at 31.Regarding Jewish autonomy, at 25-27 (west Europe) and 31-33 (east Europe), Sachar describes it, commenting that the great superficial differences between Jewish self-government in east and west belies a fundamental similarity. Dubnow here describes the autonomous social-economic and religious organization developed by the Jewish people under the Commonwealth government:

Constituting an historical nationality, with an inner life of its own, the Jews were segregated by the Government as a separate estate, an independent social body. ... They formed an entirely independent class of citizens, and as such were in need of independent agencies of self-government and jurisdiction. The Jewish community constituted not only a national and cultural, but also a civil, entity. It formed a Jewish city within a Christian city, with its separate forms of life, its own religious, administrative, judicial, and charitable institutions. The Government of a country with sharply divided estates could not but legalize the autonomy of the Jewish Kahal."The Jews also did not speak Polish, but rather Yiddish, an Hebraicized German. "The sphere of the Kahal's activity was very large." "The capstone of this Kahal organization were the so-called Waads, the conferences or assemblies of rabbis and Kahal leaders. [They became] the highest court of appeal." Their activity "passed, by gradual expansion, from the judicial sphere into that of administration and legislation. Each provincial council or Waad (Hebrew vaad: committee) eventually joined with others to form a central governing body which began to meet regularly. Its name became "ultimately fixed as the Council of the Four Lands (Waad Arba Aratzoth)."These four lands were: Wielkopolska (Posen), Malopolska (Cracow and Lubin), Ruthenia (Lvov (Lemberg)), and Volhynia (Ostrog and Kremenetz); the fifth land Lithuania (Brest and Grodno) withdrew to form its own high Waad. The 'Council of the Four Lands' consisted of the six "leading rabbis of Poland" and a delegate from the principal Kahalem selected by their elders, in all about thirty members. "As a rule, the Council assembled in Lublin in early spring, between Purim and Passover, and in Yaroslav (Galicia) at the end of summer, before high holidays." The Council or Wadd Arba Aratzoth "reminded one of the Sanhedrin, which in ancient days assembled... in the temple. They dispensed justice to all the Jews of the Polish realm, issued preventive measures and obligatory enactments (takkanoth), and imposed penalties as they saw fit. All difficult cases were brought before their court. To facilitate matters [the delegates appointed] 'provincial judges' (dayyane medinoth) to settle disputes concerning property, while they themselves [in plenary session] examined criminal cases, matters pertaining to hazaka (priority of possession) and other difficult matters of law.""The Council of the Four Lands was the guardian of Jewish civil interests in Poland. It sent its shtadlans to the residential city of Warsaw and other meeting-places of the Polish Diets for the purpose of securing from the king and his dignitaries the ratification of the ancient Jewish privileges. ... But the main energy of the Waad was directed toward the regulation of the inner life of the Jews. The statute of 1607, framed [by] the Rabbi of Lublin, is typical of this solicitude. [Its rules were] prescribed for the purpose of fostering piety and commercial integrity among the Jewish people. This firmly-knit organization of communal self-government could not but foster among the Jews of Poland a spirit of discipline and obedience to the law.It had an educational effect on the Jewish populace, which was left by the Government to itself, and had no share in the common life of the country. It provided the stateless nation with a substitute for national and political self-expression, keeping public spirit and civic virtue alive in it, and upholding and unfolding its genuine culture.Cf., Bernard D. Weinryb, The Jews of Poland. A social and economic history of the Jewish community in Poland from 1100-1800 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society 1972), chapter 7 "Legal Status, theory and practice" at 119-155. Yet then the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth suffered grave problems of institutional imbalance.Hillel Levine, Economic Origins of Antisemitism. Poland and Its Jews in the Early Modern Period (Yale University 1991) provides another perspective on the tardy and then incomplete modernization, interrupted and defeated by the 18th-century partitions of Poland. Eventually, the Commonwealth was removed from the map of Europe by successive partitions perpetrated by her three neighboring states, each an autocracy, the third and extinguishing partition coming in 1795. Following the Congress of Vienna (1815) the Russian Empire uneasily governed most of these Polish and Lithuanian lands, including the large Jewish populations long dwelling there.Polish revolutionary slogans employed symbolism from the Bible."References to the Maccabees, the very core of this mythology, can be found everywhere." 1860s Warsaw was compared to ancient Jerusalem. Machabej "gradually come to denote a Jew sympathetic to or actually involved in the Polish insurrectionary movement." Magdalena Opalski and Israel Bartel, Poles and Jews. A failed brotherhood (Brandeis University 1992) at 51-54, 123-127. After the second Polish revolt was crushed, however, more Jews began to see their future with the occupying powers. Not all were assimilators, e.g., the autonomist <mask>, who spoke Russian and maneuvered to enter St. Petersburg (see here "Life and career"), yet speaking Russian was state coerced as well as perhaps chosen.Also, Yiddish is a German idiom, with reference to the other two occupying powers: Imperial Germany, and the Austrian Empire. The Russian Empire first restricted Jewish residence to their pre-existing Pale of Settlement, and later began to further confine Jewish liberties and curtail their self-government. Not only were their rights attacked, but several of the Tzars allowed the imperial government to propagate and to instigate a series of murderous pogroms against the Jewish people of the realm. In the cruel atmosphere of this ongoing political crisis in the region, <mask>w wrote his celebrated histories and played an active rôle in Jewish affairs. He supported the broad movements for change in the Russian Empire; yet in the main he sought to restore and to continue the Jewish autonomy, described above at its zenith under the old Commonwealth, into the 20th century. During his life various large and tragic events were to impact the region, which can be considered as the most horrific of places during the first half of the 20th century. Among these events, ranging from a few positive to news headlines to crimes against humanity, were: the pogroms, the co-opted

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 1905 Russian Revolution, the founding of the Folkspartei, the First World War, the February Revolution followed by the October Bolshevik, the Balfour Declaration, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Versailles Treaty, the Polish–Soviet War, the Weimar inflation, the U.S.A. Immigration Act of 1924, exile of Leon Trotsky by Joseph Stalin, the Soviet Gulag, the Great Depression, collectivization of the Ukraine, the Nazi regime, the Nuremberg racial laws, Stalin's Great Purge, Kristallnacht, the 1939 White Paper, the Nazi–Soviet Pact, the Second World War, the Soviet-Nazi War, and the Shoah.The catastrophe of the genocide claimed the life of the aged historian. National values
Spiritual values were highly esteemed by Dubnow, who viewed the Jewish people as leaders in their advancement. In his Weltgeschichte he discusses the ancient rivalry between Sadducee and Pharisee, as a contest between the ideal of a political nation versus a spiritual nation. He favored the latter, and mounted a critique of the warlike policies of Alexander Jannaeus (r. 103-76 BCE), a king of the Jewish Hasmonean dynasty (167-63 BCE), which was founded by the Maccabees:

This was not the kind of state dreamed of by their predecessors, the hasidim, when the independence of Judea was attained and when the star of the Hasmoneans first began to gleam. Had Judea battled against the Syrian yoke, sacrificed for a quarter of a century its material goods and the blood of its best sons, only in order to become, after attaining independence, a 'despotism' or warrior state after the fashion of its pagan neighbors? The Pharisees believed that the Jewish nation was created for something better; that in its political life it was not to strive for the ideal of brute force but rather for the lofty ideal of inner social and spiritual progress. Not only is there the issue of inner purpose and drive of the communal life of a nation, but also of the ethics of nationalism, relations between nations.Dubnow writes: "There is absolutely no doubt that Jewish nationalism in its very essence has nothing in common with any tendency toward violence." Because of the diaspora experience, "as a Jew, I utter the word 'national' with pride and conviction, because I know my people... is not able to aspire anywhere to primacy and dominance. My nationalism can be only a pure form...." The prophets "called Israel a 'light to the nations' [and taught] the spiritual mission of the people of Israel... to bring other peoples, that is, all 'mankind,' to spiritual perfection." Thus, the nation inspired by Judaism, "the descendants of the Prophets," will promote and inspire the social ethics of humanity, and will come to harmonize with its realization: "the equal worth of all nations in the family of mankind." The "Jewish national idea, which can never become aggressive and warlike" will raise aloft its flag, which symbolizes the joining of the prophetic vision of "truth and justice with the noble dream of the unity of mankind." Jewish History
Earlier in a long and well-regarded essay, Dubnow wrote about the "two halves" of Jewish history. The first "seems to be but slightly different from the history of other nations."But if we "pierce to its depths" we find a spiritual people. "The national development is based upon an all-pervasive religious tradition... embracing a luminous theory of life and an explicit code of morality and social converse." Their history reveals that the Jewish people "has been called to guide the other nations toward sublime moral and religious principles, and to officiate for them, the laity as it were, in the capacity of priests." "The Prophets were the real and appointed executors of the holy command enjoining the 'conversion' of all Jews into 'a kingdom of priests and a holy nation'." After the close of the Tanakh era in Israel, this first half of their history, the "strength and fertility" of the Jews as a spiritual nation "reached a culminating point".Dubnow later distanced himself from the non-sociological approach of his essay Jewish History. Koppel S. Pinson, "<mask>w: Historian and political philosopher" at 13-69, 68, in Dubnow, Nationalism and History (1958). Yet then "the providence of history" changed everything and scattered them "to all ends of the earth"."State, territory, army, the external attributes of national power" became a "superfluous luxury" for the Jews, a hardy and persevering people. Already in the Biblical times, their "character had been sufficiently tempered", they had learned how to "bear the bitterest of hardships" and were "equipped with an inexhaustible store of energy", thus they could survive, "live for centuries, yea, for thousands of years" under challenging conditions in ethnic enclaves mostly in Southwest Asia and later throughout Europe, during their post-Biblical "second half". "Uprooted from its political soil, national life displayed itself [in the] intellectual fields exclusively. 'To think and to suffer' became the watchword of the Jewish people." They brought their "extraordinary mental energy" to the task. "The spiritual discipline of the school came to mean for the Jew what military discipline is for other nations." Dubnow notes that the Jewish people without an army live as if in a future world where nations no longer rise up against each other in war.Hence, for the Jews, their history has become "spiritual strivings" and cultural contributions. "If the inner life and social and intellectual development of a people form the kernel of history, and politics and occasional wars are but its husk, then certainly the history of the Jewish Diaspora is all kernel." "In spite of the noteworthy features that raise Jewish history above the level of the ordinary and assign it a peculiar place, it is nevertheless not isolated, not severed from the history of mankind." These "pilgrim people scattered in all the countries" are "most intimately interwoven with world-affairs". On the negative, when "the powers of darkness and fanaticism held sway" the Jews were subject to "persecutions, infringement of the liberty of conscience, inquisitions, violence of every sort." Yet when "enlightenment and humanity" prevailed in the neighborhood, the Jews were to benefit by "the intellectual and cultural stimulus proceeding from the peoples with whom they entered into close relations." Across the centuries in our history, such tides seem to ebb and flow.On its side, Jewry made its personality felt among the nations by its independent, intellectual activity, its theory of life, its literature, by the very fact indeed, of its ideal staunchness and tenacity, its peculiar historical physiognomy. From this reciprocal relation issued a great cycle of historical events and spiritual currents, making the past of the Jewish people an organic constituent of the past of all that portion of mankind which has contributed to the treasury of human thought. Dubnow states that the Jewish people in the first Biblical half of its history "finally attained to so high a degree of spiritual perfection and fertility that the creation of a new religious theory of life, which eventually gained universal supremacy, neither exhausted its resources nor ended its activity." In its second "lackland" half the Jews were "a people accepting misery and hardship with stoic calm, combining the characteristics of the thinker with those of the sufferer, and eking out existence under conditions which no other nation has found adequate." For this people "the epithet 'peculiar' has been conceded" and Jewish history "presents a phenomenon of undeniable uniqueness." Philosophy
In a short article, Dubnow presented a memorable portrait of historical depth, and its presence in contemporary life:

Every generation in Israel carries within itself the remnants of worlds created and destroyed during the course of the previous history of the Jewish people. The generation, in turn, builds and destroys worlds in its form and image, but in the long run continues to weave the thread that binds all the links of the nation into the chain of generations.... Thus each generation in Israel is more the product of history than it is its creator. ... We, the people of Israel living today, continue the long thread that stretches from the days of Hammurabi and Abraham to the modern period. ... We see further that during the course of thousands of years the nations of the world have borrowed from our spiritual storehouse and added to their own without depleting the source. ... The Jewish people goes its own way, attracting and repelling, beating out for itself a unique path among the routes of the nations of the world... .

Another writer of Jewish history although from a younger generation, Lucy Dawidowicz, summarizes the personal evolution and resulting weltanschauung of <mask>w:

Early in his intellectual life, Dubnow turned to history and in the study and writing of Jewish history he found the surrogate for Judaism, the modern means by which he could identify as a Jew, which would give him inner satisfaction and keep him part of the Jewish community. ...Even in his pioneering studies of hasidism, <mask>'s rationalism shines through. ... Yet despite his rationalism, despite his modernity, Dubnow believed in a mystic force--the Jewish will to live. Dubnow himself adumbrates his own philosophical and religious understanding: "I am agnostic in religion and in philosophy.... I myself have lost faith in personal immortality, yet history teaches me that there is a collective immortality and that the Jewish people can be considered as relatively eternal for its history coincides with the full span of world history." "Dubnow with his profound historical approach, weaves into his automomist theories all the strands of Jewish past, present and future." Dubnow Institute in Leipzig

In honor of <mask>w and as a center for undertaking research on Jewish culture, in 1995, the Leibniz Institute for Jewish History and Culture – <mask>w was founded.It is an interdisciplinary institute for the research of Jewish lived experience in Central and Eastern Europe from the Early Modern Period to the present day. The Dubnow Institute is dedicated to the secular tradition of its namesake. At the Dubnow Institute, Jewish history is always regarded in the context of its non-Jewish environs and as a seismograph of general historical developments. The institute is contributing courses to several degree programs of Leipzig University and offers a Ph.D. research scheme. See also
 History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union
 Timeline of Jewish history
 Dubnow Park in Tel Aviv (named after <mask>w)

References

Bibliography

Published titles
 World History of the Jewish People. His Russian manuscript История еврейского народа translated into German by Dr. A. Steinberg, published as: Weltgeschichte des Jüdischen Volkes (Berlin: Jüdischer Verlag 1925–1929), in ten volumes. Published in Russian (1936).Hebrew: Divre Yemei 'Am 'Olam (Berlin, Tel Aviv: Dvir 1923–1940), ten volumes. English: see below. The newest history of the Jewish people, 1789–1914. German: Die neueste Geschichte des Jüdischen Volkes (Berlin: Jüdischer Verlag 1920–1923), three volumes. Russian: Новейшая история еврейского народа, in three volumes, updated in 1938. The ancient history of the Jewish people. German: Die Alte Geschichte des Jüdischen Volkes (Berlin: Jüdischer Verlag 1925–1930), 7 vols.Jewish history textbook. Russian: Учебник еврейской истории, in 3 volumes, 1901. English: see below. Jewish history for school and home. Yiddish: Idishe Geshikhte far Shul un Haym (Riga 1934). French: Précis d'histoire juive des origines à nos jours (Paris 1936). Portuguese: Historia Judáica (Rio de Janeiro: Circulo Bibliofilo Hebráico 1948), 543 pp.Spanish: "Manual de la Historia Judía" (Buenos Aires: Editorial S. Sigal, seven editions through 1970), 672 pp. A History of Hassidism, 3 vols; Yiddish: Geshikhte fun khasidizm (Vilna 1930). Hebrew: Toldot ha-hasidut (Tel Aviv 1930–1932). German: Geschichte des Chassidismus (Berlin 1931–1932). Spanish: Historia del Jasidismo (Buenos Aires: Conferación Pro-Cultura Judía 1976). Records of the Lithuanian Council. Hebrew: Pinkas Medinat Lita (Berlin 1925).Book of <mask>w. Hebrew: Sefer Shimon Dubnov (London, Jerusalem: 1954), essays and letters, edited by S. Rawidowicz. Book of My life. Russian: Моя  жизнь or Kniga zhizni (Riga: Jaunátnes Gramata 1934–1935), three volumes. German: Buch des Leben (Berlin 1937; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck Ruprecht 2004), three volumes; selections: Mein Leben (Berlin 1937). Yiddish: Dos bukh fun mayn lebn (New York-Buenos Aires: Congress for Jewish Culture 1962–1963), three volumes. In EnglishHistory of the Jews (South Brunswick, NJ: T. Yoseloff 1967–1973) in 5 volumes, translated from Russian by M. Spiegel of the ten-volume, 4th edition Istoriia Evreiskogo Naroda (History of the Jewish People).Nationalism and History.Essays on old and new Judaism (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America 1958), edited [collected, introduced, partly translated] by Koppel S. Pinson. [The "External Links" below provide limited access to some of its contents. ]A Short History of the Jewish People (London: M. L. Cailingold 1936), two volumes, translation by David Mowshowitch of the Russian Uchebnik evreiskoi istorii (1901).History of the Jews in Russia and Poland. From the earliest times until the present day (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America 1916–1920), three volumes, translated by Israel Friedlaender.Jewish History. An essay in the philosophy of history (London: Macmillan 1903), translated from Russian to German by Israel Friedlaender, then from German to English by Henrietta Szold, 62 pages. Reprint 2004. First published in the Jewish journal Voskhod (St. Petersburg 1893).[English translation included by the editor Pinson (1958): see above.] In Jewish Encyclopedia (New York 1903–04): "Council of the Four Lands" IV:304-308; "Jocob Frank" V:475-478; "Hasidism" VI:251-258. Two short excerpts from his autobiography (Riga 1934–1935), translated from its Yiddish version (1962–1963), in Dawidowicz, editor, The Golden Tradition. Jewish Life and Thought in Eastern Europe (Boston: Beacon Press 1967): "Under the Sign of Historicism" at 232–242, and "Jewish Rights between Red and Black" at 461–470. Commentary
K. Groberg and A. Greenbaum, editors, A Missionary for History: essays in honor of <mask> (University of Minnesota 1998). A. Steinberg, editor, <mask>now. L'homme et son oeuvre (Paris: Section Française de Congrés Juif Mondial 1963).Several languages. Josef Fraenkel, <mask>, Herzl, and Ahad Ah-am: Political and cultural Zionism (London: Ararat Publishing Society 1963). Joshua Rothenberg, Shim'on Dubnov: tsu zayn hundert-yorikn geboyrntog (New York: Idish-natsyonaler arbeter farband 1961). YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, <mask>w 1860-1941. Life & work of a Jewish historian (New York 1961), exhibition catelogue. Sofia Dubnova-Erlikh, Zhizn i tvorchestvo S. M. Dubnova (New York 1950), memoir and biography by his daughter, translated from the Russian as: The Life and Work of S. M. Dubnow. Diaspora nationalism and Jewish history (Inidiana University & YIVO 1991); introduced by Jonathan Frankel, "S. M. Dubnow.Historian and Ideologist" at 1-33. Elias Tcherikower, editor, <mask> lekoved zayn finf um zibetsikstn yoyvl (Vilna: Yidisher Visnshaftlekher Institut 1937). Israel Friedlaender, Dubnow's Theory of Jewish Nationalism'' (New York: The Maccabaean Publishing Co. 1905). External links
Autonomism
Dubnow biography
Shimon Dubnow (1860-1941)
Simon Dubnow Institut
Papers of <mask>now. ; RG 87; YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, New York,

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<mask> (born January 2, 1975) is a Dominican-American attorney and diplomat who is the United States Ambassador to Spain. Most recently, she was the chief of staff to First Lady Jill Biden. She formerly served as a litigation and international arbitration partner with the international law firm Winston & Strawn LLP. She was previously a partner with Chadbourne & Parke LLP, practicing in the firm's International Arbitration and Latin America groups. <mask> is also affiliated with the faculty at Columbia University School of Law and the School of International and Public Affairs. From March 2012 until December 2014, she served as United States ambassador to Uruguay. She is a former deputy assistant secretary for the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs at the United States Department of State.President Biden nominated her to be the next United States Ambassador to Spain on July 27, 2021, being confirmed on December 18, 2021. Early life and education
A native of the Dominican Republic, <mask> immigrated to the United States in 1982. She graduated valedictorian of her class at Aquinas High School in the Bronx. She was admitted to Harvard University, where she helped found several student groups and was active with the Institute of Politics at the John F. Kennedy School of Government. After earning an A.B. in government from Harvard University in 1997, <mask> was named the John Harvard Scholar and earned a Master of Philosophy in development studies in 1998 from Emmanuel College, Cambridge. <mask> also earned a Juris Doctor from Columbia Law School in 2001.At Columbia, she was the editor for the Columbia Journal of Transnational Law. Her graduate studies were supported by The Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans. After law school, she clerked for Judge Laura Taylor Swain. Career
In 2008, <mask> was active in the Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign before joining the Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign. Prior to joining the Obama administration, <mask> was an attorney in private practice at the international law firm of Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP in New York. <mask> resided in the Washington Heights neighborhood in Manhattan and served on the boards of several non-profit groups. She also served as a legal fellow at Columbia Law School and the Institute for Policy Integrity at New York University School of Law.In 2006, <mask> served as deputy director of the Office of Accountability in the New York City Department of Education. <mask> has published widely in both Spanish and English on a range of issues including regulatory reform, community organizing, housing reform, immigration policy and Latin American politics for both popular press and academic journals. <mask> is a member of the Council of Foreign Relations and a World Economic Forum Young Global Leader. <mask> is the recipient of various public interest awards, including recognitions from Columbia University, New York University, the NorthStar Foundation, the Legal Aid Society, and the Hispanic National Bar Foundation. She serves on the boards of several nonprofit and advocacy organizations. She is also a member of a Washington, D.C.–based Western Hemisphere think tank, the Inter-American Dialogue. Obama administration
In 2009, <mask> joined former secretary of state Hillary Clinton to serve as Deputy Assistant Secretary in the Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs.During her tenure, Reynoso was charged with developing and implementing a comprehensive security and rule of Law strategy for Central America and the Caribbean. In October 2011, President Barack Obama expressed his intention to nominate Reynoso as United States ambassador to the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, a nomination that required the advice and consent of the United States Senate. On March 30, 2012, the U.S. Senate confirmed Reynoso as United States ambassador to Uruguay. As an ambassador, Reynoso focused on trade and commerce, with particular interest in agricultural trade, and on science, technology and education cooperation. In 2014, during her time as Ambassador to Uruguay, <mask> was allegedly denied entry into a restaurant in Montevideo because of racial discrimination, though they initially claimed it was due to lack of reservation and dress code despite others entering without a reservation. Uruguayan media called it a "diplomatic mess" and the restaurant apologized, claiming the host incorrectly discerned who could enter. <mask> escalated this incident with the State Department.Biden administration

In November 2020, <mask> was named chief of staff to the then-incoming First Lady of the United States, Jill Biden. On July 27, 2021, President Joe Biden announced the nomination of <mask> to be the United States ambassador to Spain and Andorra. Her nomination was sent to the Senate the following day. Her nomination was reported favorably by the Senate's Foreign Relations Committee on November 3, 2021. On December 18, 2021, her nomination was confirmed in the Senate by voice vote. <mask> arrived in Spain on January 17, 2022. On February 2, 2022, she presented her credentials to King Felipe VI.Recognition
<mask> was recognized in Crain's New York's 2017 "List of Leading Women Lawyers in NYC". She and her colleague Nicole Silver were recognized in Latinvex's 2017 ranking of "Latin America's Top 100 Female Lawyers." In 2017, Winston & Strawn was ranked as an international firm for its Latin America practice, of which <mask> is a member, in the international arbitration category. References

External links

<mask> <mask> Pantaleón's profile from the Biden-Harris transition website

|-

1975 births
Living people
21st-century American women
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Ambassadors of the United States to Andorra
Ambassadors of the United States to Spain
Ambassadors of the United States to Uruguay
American women ambassadors
Biden administration personnel
Columbia Law School alumni
Dominican Republic emigrants to the United States
Harvard University alumni
Hispanic and Latino American diplomats
Members of the Inter-American Dialogue
New York (state) Democrats
New York (state) lawyers
People associated with Winston & Strawn
Simpson Thacher & Bartlett
United States Department of State officials

masks:
Julissa Reynoso Pantaleón
Reynoso
Reynoso
Reynoso
Reynoso
Reynoso
Reynoso
Reynoso
Reynoso
Reynoso
Reynoso
Reynoso
Reynoso
Reynoso
Reynoso
Reynoso
Reynoso
Reynoso
Reynoso
Reynoso
Julissa
Reynoso


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<mask> (also spelled as Pliev; ; ;  — 2 February 1979) was a Soviet military commander. <mask> would rise to become the premier cavalry general of the Soviet Army. He became Army General (1962), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (16 April 1944 and 8 September 1945), Hero of the Mongolian People's Republic (1971). During World War II, <mask> commanded several mechanized cavalry units, ranging from regiments to army corps. The military historians David Glantz and Jonathan House described <mask> as a "great practitioner of cavalry operations in adverse terrain". <mask> became known in the West largely for his involvement in the Cuban Missile Crisis. Early life and career
<mask> started his military career in the Red Army in 1922.He graduated from the Leningrad Cavalry school in 1926, from the Frunze Military Academy in 1933 and from the Soviet General Staff Academy. He joined the Communist party in 1926. World War II
At the start of the invasion of the Soviet Union, <mask> commanded the 50th Cavalry Division (renamed 3rd Guards Cavalry Division). His unit participated in the Battle of Moscow and the Battle of Stalingrad. <mask> served with Lev Dovator who fought alongside Rokossovsky with the crucial 16th Army. These forces along with that of Pavel Belov were the most successful cavalry units of the Battle of Moscow. During the Battle of Stalingrad, his forces were the first to complete the encirclement of the German 6th Army, thus trapping 330,000 men inside the pocket.He commanded cavalry-mechanized group consisting of 4th Guards Cavalry Corps and 4th Mechanized Corps during the Bereznegovatoye–Snigirevka Offensive along the Black Sea coast, as part of the 3rd Ukrainian Front under Army General Rodion Malinovsky. During Operation Bagration in the summer of 1944, part of the 1st Belorussian Front, <mask>'s cavalry-mechanized group attacked towards Slutsk. According to Glantz and House, the unit was highly successful in exploiting the operational breakthrough. In the fall of 1944, he commanded a cavalry-mechanized group consisting of two divisions during the Battle of Debrecen. The operations of Lieutenant General Pliev's 1st Guards Cavalry Mechanized Group demonstrates its usefulness as it fought through Ukraine, Eastern Europe and into Germany. With Dovator killed in action and Belov promoted to an army commander, Pliev was able to apply deep battle operations better than any other general which eventually made him the only Soviet cavalry personnel to receive two Heroes of the Soviet Union. His valuable experience serving directly under Lev Dovator while planning and fighting with the best especially in the early stages of the war made him stand out among others.When more tanks were added to the cavalry corps, <mask> became the pioneer in the newly cavalry mechanized groups who immediately proved themselves in battle. This made him well respected among his peers and soldiers. He ended the war in command of the Soviet-Mongolian Cavalry-Mechanized Group of the Transbaikal front in Manchuria, fighting against the Japanese Kwantung Army. Post-war
After the war, <mask> continued his career in the military, and took command of the Stavropol Military District in February 1946. In June he became commander of the 9th Mechanized Army, stationed in Romania with the Southern Group of Forces. He commanded 13th Army between February 1947 and 1949, in western Ukraine. <mask> graduated from higher academic courses at the Military Academy of the General Staff in 1949, and in April took command of the 4th Army in the Transcaucasian Military District.In June 1955, he was appointed First Deputy commander of the North Caucasus Military District, succeeding to command of the district in April 1958. On 27 April 1962 <mask> was promoted to Army General. In June his troops took part in suppressing Novocherkassk riots. During the Cuban Missile Crisis he was the commander of Group of Soviet forces as part of the Operation Anadyr in Cuba from July 1962 to May 1963. After returning from Cuba, he assumed command of the North Caucasus Military District again. In June 1968, <mask> became an advisor for the Ministry of Defense of the USSR's Group of Inspectors General, a position for elderly senior officers. He lived in Rostov-on-Don and died on 6 February 1979 in Moscow.<mask> was buried in the Walk of Fame in Vladikavkaz. Awards
<mask> was awarded five Orders of Lenin, three Orders of the Red Banner, two Orders of Suvorov (1st Class), Order of Kutuzov (1st Class), numerous medals and nine foreign orders. He was decorated twice Hero of the Soviet Union. Books authored

Плиев И.А.. Через Гоби и Хинган (Through the Gobi Desert and the Khingan Mountains). 1965. Плиев И.А.. Конец Квантунской армии (The End of the Kwantung Army). 1969

See also
 Soviet invasion of Manchuria
 Pavel Belov
 Lev Dovator

References

Harrel, John (2019).Soviet Cavalry Operations During The Second World War: The Genesis Of The Operational Manoeuvre Group. Pen & Sword Military. Cited sources

1903 births
1979 deaths
People from Pravoberezhny District, North Ossetia–Alania
People from Terek Oblast
Ossetian people
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union candidate members
Second convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities
Third convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Fourth convocation members of the Soviet of the Union
Fifth convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities
Sixth convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities
Seventh convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities
Army generals (Soviet Union)
People of the Soviet invasion of Poland
Soviet military personnel of World War II
Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union alumni
Heroes of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner
Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class
Recipients of the Order of Kutuzov, 1st class
Commanders of the Legion of Merit
Frunze Military Academy alumni

masks:
Issa Alexandrovich Pliyev
Pliyev
Pliyev
Pliyev
Pliyev
Issa Pliyev
Pliyev
Pliyev
Pliyev
Pliyev
Pliyev
Pliyev
Pliyev
Pliyev
Pliyev
Pliyev


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<mask> (3 June 1787 in Bernay, Eure – 14 July 1859 in La Vaupalière) was a French geologist, philologist, archaeologist and historian. While studying classics and law, <mask>t developed a passion for history and archeology. To further it, he learned, besides Latin and Greek, English, Italian, German, Swedish, Hebrew and Sanskrit. His encyclopedic knowledge, the critical and rigorous method he applied to his research, were clearly an innovation in his time. As an historian, <mask> pioneered, along with his friend Arcisse de Caumont, research on the Romanesque and Gothic architecture in Normandy and France. In 1824, he cofounded with de Caumont, Charles de Gerville and Father Gervais de La Rue, the Société des Antiquaires de Normandie, a veritable "school in motion of specialists of architecture". He was elected a member of the Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Rouen in 1813, and chaired, on various occasions, the learned societies of Seine-Inférieure and Eure.He was elected a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1838. <mask> Prévost, who was fascinated by the History of Normandy, published the five volumes of the Norman chronicler Orderic Vitalis' work. He showed his versatility by authoring, among many scientific papers, a Discours sur la poésie romantique in 1825. In 1830, he published two sets of detailed notes on the important discovery of "the treasure of Berthouville", a fabulous collection of Gallo-Roman silverware listed today among the most valuable pieces medal cabinet of the Bibliothèque nationale de France. He is responsible for the restoration of the Parlement de Normandie in Rouen and conservation of Roman theater of Lillebonne. He began a political career with his election as general counselor in Bernay in 1831, then as deputy in 1834. He was consistently re-elected until the Orleans family fell from power after the French Revolution of 1848. he did not oppose the republic, but said humorously, "The Republic and I greet one another, but we do not talk."He then resumed scholarly activities he had never really abandoned, and earned the nickname of "Norman Pausanias". When he died in 1859, he had gone almost blind. He is featured in Jean de La Varende's most famous novel, Leather-Nose (1936), when the hero, Roger Tainchebraye, meets "a black man feverishly measuring, looking, counting, an active and tiny insect: it was <mask> Prevost, the archaeologist of Bernay, semi-founder of the science that would get such a upswing" walks through the ruins of the Abbey of Saint-Evroul. Nez-de-Cuir also mentions a mysterious crypt in the abbey with "miscellaneous valuables, rings and bits of sticks, which come from a discovery made around here"... The innumerable unpublished Notes historiques et archéologiques by <mask>t were later published in several volumes between 1866 and 1869 by Louis Passy and Léopold Delisle. They have been widely used by generations of researchers, and are still authoritative. <mask> was appointed sub-prefect of Bernay in August 1814 before he was discharged in November 1815.A street of his native town of Bernay was named after him. ], Londres, 1860

Numerous articles in the journals of various learned societies. References
 Adolphe-André Porée, <mask> Prévost, archéologue et historien, Bernay, Vve <mask>èvre, 1881

1787 births
1859 deaths
People from Bernay, Eure
French geologists
French botanists
French philologists
French historians
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
French male non-fiction writers

masks:
Auguste Le Prévost
Le Prevos
Le Prevost
Le
Auguste Le
Le Prevos
Le Prévost
Auguste Le
Lef


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<mask> (born August 22, 1937) is an American professional baseball executive. He previously served as the general manager of four MLB teams: the Toronto Blue Jays (1978–1994), Baltimore Orioles (1996–1998), Seattle Mariners (2000–2003), and Philadelphia Phillies (2006–2008). He guided the Blue Jays to World Series championships in 1992 and 1993, and later with the Phillies in 2008. He won a national championship in college while pitching for the University of Southern California (USC). <mask> was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in 1997, the National Baseball Hall of Fame on July 24, 2011, the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 2013, and the Phillies Wall of Fame in 2018. Early life
<mask> was born to former minor league baseball player <mask> in Chico, California. In 1951, he earned his Eagle Scout from the Boy Scouts of America.He continued to stay involved in Scouting and received the Order of the Arrow's Vigil Honor mere months after winning the College World Series at USC. After graduating from Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, California, he hitchhiked to Vulcan, Alberta, to toil as a kid pitcher with the semi-pro Vulcan Elks of the Foothills-Wheatbelt League. <mask> had to wire his grandmother for $25 to finance his last leg from Montana to Vulcan. He attended USC and joined the Delta Chi Fraternity. He graduated in 1958 with a degree in business. He was also a gifted pitcher, playing on the 1958 National Title baseball team at USC and spending five years in the minor league systems of the Baltimore Orioles and Pittsburgh Pirates, venturing as high as Triple-A. A left-hander, <mask> posted a win/loss record of 45–32 with an earned run average of 3.42 in 164 minor league games.Front office career

<mask> retired from playing and began a front-office career in 1963, when he became the assistant farm director with the Houston Colt .45s. He would eventually work his way up to the position of Director of Scouting before moving to the New York Yankees system in 1974, as a Coordinator of Player Development. In 1976, he moved, this time to the expansion Toronto Blue Jays, becoming their Vice President of Player Personnel, and in 1977, their Vice President of Baseball Operations and General Manager. In 1984, he was named Executive Vice President of Baseball Operations. As Toronto's general manager, <mask> won five division titles (1985, 1989, 1991, 1992 and 1993) and led the club to their first World Series championships in 1992 and 1993. Shortly after <mask> resigned in 1994, the Blue Jays went into decline, not finishing higher than third place until 2006, and failing to make the playoffs until 2015. In 1995, <mask> was named the general manager of the Baltimore Orioles to replace Roland Hemond, who had resigned.He cited the fact that they were close to winning a championship as a factor to his decision to come out of retirement. He guided the Orioles to the playoffs in 1996 and 1997. He announced on September 20, 1998 his departure from the Orioles when his three-year contract expired after the conclusion of the season. The Orioles struggled shortly after his departure, failing to achieve a winning season until 2012. <mask> then became the general manager of the Seattle Mariners, who had parlayed their incredible 1995 playoff run into a new ballpark and the financial resources to become a perennial contender. Upon his hiring, the responsibility fell on <mask> to trade Ken Griffey, Jr. to Cincinnati after Griffey played out his final season in Seattle. The Mariners made back-to-back playoff appearances for the only time in franchise history in 2000 and 2001, and the 2001 team, with a 116–46 record, tied the 1906 Chicago Cubs for the all-time Major League Baseball record for most wins in a single season.However, the Mariners failed to make it past the American League Championship Series in either year, and did not make the playoffs for the rest of <mask>'s tenure as GM and advisor. The Mariners have not reached the playoffs since his departure. On November 2, 2005, <mask> was named the Philadelphia Phillies' general manager, after which his first big move was to trade Jim Thome and cash to the Chicago White Sox for Aaron Rowand along with prospects Gio González and Daniel Haigwood, being a move which cleared the way for Phillies' Rookie of the Year Ryan Howard to become the permanent starter. Howard would be named NL MVP that year. <mask> had permanent residence in Toronto with his wife Doris, however they have since relocated to Seattle after he became the Phillies GM. He had become a Canadian citizen in 2004. <mask> retired from his position as general manager after leading the Phillies to a World Series championship in 2008.Assistant general manager Rubén Amaro, Jr. was named his successor. <mask> remained in the organization as a senior advisor to Amaro and Phillies president David Montgomery. In August 2014, <mask> became interim president of the Phillies while Montgomery was on medical leave. In January 2015, Montgomery returned but became Phillies chairman, while <mask> assumed the club presidency on a permanent basis. <mask> returned to his senior advisor role after the Phillies promoted Andy MacPhail to president, who first joined the Phillies organization as a special assistant to <mask> during the 2015 season. Since 2016, <mask> served as part-owner of teams in the collegiate woodbat Great West League such as the Chico Heat and Yuba-Sutter Gold Sox. He won championships with the Heat in the league's inaugural season in 2016 and their final season in 2018.Honors and awards
In 1993, Sporting News awarded its Sportsman of the Year honor to <mask> and Blue Jays manager Cito Gaston. In 1997, <mask> was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame. In 2002, <mask> was inducted into the Toronto Blue Jays' Level of Excellence
In 2008, baseball fans nationwide voted him the MLB "This Year in Baseball Awards" Executive of the Year. Also in 2008, he was named "King of Baseball", a ceremonial title awarded by Minor League Baseball to one person each year in recognition of longtime dedication and service to professional baseball. In December 2009, Sports Illustrated named him as number 7 on its list of the Top 10 GMs/Executives of the Decade (in all sports). On December 6, 2010, <mask> was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame by the new Expansion Era Committee which considers Expansion Era candidates identified from the Expansion Era, 1973–present. He was the fourth general manager ever enshrined.He was formally inducted on July 24, 2011, with former major league players, Roberto Alomar and Bert Blyleven. In 2015 he received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America
In 2018, <mask> became the first executive inducted into the Philadelphia Baseball Wall of Fame

References

External links

<mask> at B-R Bullpen
Alumni report from USC

1937 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball people in Canada
Baltimore Orioles executives
Baseball players from California
Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
Columbus Jets players
Elmira Pioneers players
Fox Cities Foxes players
Houston Astros executives
Houston Astros scouts
Little Rock Travelers players
Los Angeles Valley Monarchs baseball players
Marshall School of Business alumni
Major League Baseball general managers
Major League Baseball scouting directors
Minor league baseball players
National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees
New York Yankees executives
Philadelphia Phillies executives
Rapiños de Occidente players
Rochester Red Wings players
Seattle Mariners executives
Sportspeople from Chico, California
Sportspeople from Toronto
Stockton Ports players
Toronto Blue Jays executives
USC Trojans baseball players
Vancouver Mounties players

masks:
Lawrence Patrick David Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Larry Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Gillick
Pat Gillick


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<mask> RWA FRSA is a British painter and performance artist of Ghanaian descent who uses her body as the starting point for much of her work. Themes of particular interest include feminism, colonialism, religion and spirituality. Damoah's debut exhibition entitled "Black Brits," took place in 2006 in Charlie Allen's Boutique, Islington, London, UK and received some media attention. It was featured on BBC News, Channel 5 News and other regional and local media outlets in the UK. Damoah's solo exhibitions to date also include Genesis, This is Us, Supermodels, Black Lipstick, and a domestic violence exhibition for the National Centre for Domestic Violence. Performances to date include This is Me the Inconsistency of the Self, My Body is Present, Homage to Ana Mendieta and #MYFACE. Education
Damoah studied Applied Biology at Kingston University in South West London, England graduating with honours in 1999.Career
Damoah worked in the pharmaceutical industry as a medical representative for six years. During that time, Damoah was diagnosed with endometriosis. As a result of the condition she left the industry. She then pursued oil painting. Damoah's debut exhibition Black Brits was launched in 2006. The exhibition sought to examine the role of race and identity in iconography. The series, through a series of portraits, sought to question whether the race of major British icons as diverse as the Krays and David Beckham was relevant to their given status as icons.They were portrayed with reversed skin colours. On 6 March 2006, Damoah arranged a demonstration at Parliament Square as part of Endometriosis awareness week with the Endometriosis charity Endometriosis UK. The event was marked by a communal scream by participants followed by a march to 10 Downing Street to hand in a 13,000 signature petition for the Prime Minister Tony Blair. <mask>'s second exhibition was “Supermodels" exhibited at Nolia's Gallery, London in 2008. The series of large oil paintings examined the size zero discussion, which became a popular social debate in 2006. Subsequent exhibitions include "Black Lipstick" in 2008 and "NCDV" in 2009. Damoah was invited to Hungary in 2009 to take part in an exhibition entitled "British Art in the Twenty First Century" at Opera Gallery in Budapest.In November 2015, Damoah put on her fifth solo exhibition in Camden, London entitled "This is Us." In October 2018, <mask> launched her sixth solo show entitled Genesis in London. Simultaneously referencing and inverting Yves Klein’s 1960 performance Anthropométrie de l’époque bleue, which saw the artist use female participants as malleable ‘printmaking tools’, Damoah has instead assumed the role of living paint brush, using her own body to make painterly gestures, exerting her power as a black female artist. The shift from male director to female protagonist has enabled Damoah to redefine how the black female body is portrayed, deconstructing stereotypes as a means of reconstructing wider socio-cultural narratives. The artist has cited David Hammons and Ana Mendieta as key influences in the production of Genesis. The exhibition, which comprised paintings, prints and performative works, was accompanied by a dynamic events programme, including a live streamed performance by <mask>, democratising the way in which the work is consumed, but also interrogating the complexities of internet culture and how we connect through performance. Though the work itself is complex and multi-faceted, it was built around a minimal palette of black and gold.Speaking of this decision, the artist explained that "black and gold have been used both for aesthetic and metaphorical reasons. Black is evoking skin colour, but also absence as a lived experience. Meanwhile, gold is referring to Ghana's historical source of wealth which gave it its colonial name (Gold Coast)." Group shows in 2018 included Bonhams "We face Forward!" A celebration of contemporary Ghanaian artists including El Anatsui, Professor Ablade Glover and fellow BBFA Collective member and founder Enam Gbewonyo; BBFA Presents at Tafeta London and Muse, Model or Mistress in London. Damoah's current work involves using her own body as "a paintbrush of sorts," by covering herself with oil paint and pressing her body onto her painting surface, leaving impressions, or traces of herself behind. Only too aware of the historic hyper-sexualisation of the black female body, Damoah is resolute that this is far from what she wishes to explore in the work.Gender and race are obvious issues which are apparent, however, Damoah maintains that the work is about much more than this. Writing on her painting surfaces using text in English, Twi and Ga, (the latter two being the languages of the artists parents) Damoah expresses a deep desire to connect with her Ghanaian roots, while entering into a conversation about where she fits in as a child of the African Diaspora. The influence of artist Artist Ana Mendieta is apparent in this new work, while direct references in her written text to artist Jean Michele Basquiat, reflect a self-confessed admiration for the artist. Damoah cites Frida Kahlo as her main artistic influence. To date, Damoah has examined social issues in her work including issues regarding race, identity, sexuality, and domestic violence. Damoah is a founding member of the BBFA Collective and the INFEMS Collective. In September 2019, Damoah appeared in the Visual Collaborative electronic catalogue, in an issue themed Vivencias which translates to "Experiences" in Spanish.She was interviewed alongside 30 people from around the world that included Kelli Ali, Dakore Akande and Desdamona. She was a guest artist of Museum Week in Paris at the Cite nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration. References

English painters
Living people
Modern painters
English contemporary artists
English women painters
English people of Ghanaian descent
20th-century British women artists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Black British artists
People educated at St Ursula's Convent School
21st-century British women artists
20th-century English women
20th-century English people
21st-century English women
21st-century English people

masks:
Adelaide Damoah
Damoah
Damoah
Adelaide Damoah


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<mask> (; born 12 September 1969) is an Argentine professional golfer who has played on both the European Tour and PGA Tour. He is known affectionately as "El Pato" in Spanish ("The Duck") for his waddling gait. He is a two-time major champion, with wins at the U.S. Open in 2007 and the Masters in 2009; he was the first (and still only as of 2021) Argentine and South American to win either. He also lost in a sudden death playoff at the Masters in 2013. Background and personal life
Born in Córdoba, Argentina, <mask>'s father, Miguel, was a handyman, and his mother worked as a maid. He was three or four when his parents split up and was left in the care of his paternal grandmother. <mask> stayed with her until he was 16, when he moved in a few feet away, to the house of Silvia, twelve years his senior, and a mother of four boys.They had a son, Federico, followed by another, <mask>. When <mask> was 10, he became a caddy at the Córdoba Country Club, which he says almost became his home. He learned golf playing against other caddies for money. His fierce determination and powerful swing soon caught the eye of members, one of whom, Juan Cruz Molina, a local real estate magnate, bought him his first set of clubs when he was 16. With his stocky figure and habit of smoking at every hole, <mask> cut a distinctive figure on the course. He is also acknowledged as having one of the biggest swings in the game. His son Federico became a professional golfer in 2008 and entered the PGA Tour's qualifying school in 2011, but was eliminated in the second stage.His other son, <mask>, became a professional in 2012 and joined the Canadian Tour. The elder <mask> and his sons also compete on PGA Tour Latinoamérica. In January 2021, <mask> was arrested in Rio de Janeiro as a result of Interpol issuing a red notice due to him having left Argentina without authorisation following the start of a trial where he was facing a number of criminal charges, including assault, theft and illegal intimidation. In March 2021, he remained imprisoned in Brazil awaiting extradition. <mask> was extradited to Argentina in June 2021. In July 2021, he was convicted and sentenced to two years in prison. Professional career

Early career
<mask> turned professional at age twenty and his first three visits to the European Tour Qualifying School were unsuccessful.On his fourth trip in 1995, made with Molina's financial assistance, he qualified for membership of the European Tour in 1996. <mask> retained his card comfortably in his first three seasons and improved substantially to tenth on the Order of Merit in 1999. He has since finished in the top 15 of the Order of Merit on seven occasions, with a best placing of fifth in 2005. European Tour wins
<mask>'s first European Tour win was the 2001 Argentine Open, which was sanctioned by the European Tour on a one-time basis that year. In 2005, he won the BMW Championship, the most prestigious event on the European Tour outside the majors and the World Golf Championships. However, it was only his third European Tour win, a tally which was perhaps disappointing given his consistent form on the tour. At that point, <mask> had also won seven non-European Tour events in Latin America, where the standard of play is much lower than on the European Tour.<mask> featured a highest of 9th in the Official World Golf Ranking on 2 October 2005. He was the top-ranked Latin American player for a number of years before the emerging pair of Andrés Romero and Camilo Villegas won PGA Tour tournaments in 2008. <mask> earned enough money ($623,504) on the PGA Tour in 2006 playing as a non-member to earn a tour card for 2007. He has played almost full-time in 2007, 2008, and 2009. In 2009, Cabrera announced partnership with Gary Player Design to collaborate on a golf course design business with a focus in Latin America. This coincides with golf, the Olympics and Brazil coming together in 2016. 2007 U.S. Open win
<mask> won his first major championship at the 2007 U.S. Open at Oakmont near Pittsburgh.He finished the tournament at 5-over, topping runners-up Tiger Woods and Jim Furyk by one stroke. <mask> entered the third round as the leader at even par, after finishing the first round at 1-under, and shooting 1-over on the second day. He struggled during the third round, finishing 6 strokes over par, putting him 4 strokes behind Aaron Baddeley and two behind Woods. <mask> rebounded and came back strong on the last day. He birdied one of the longest par-3 holes in major championship history when he sunk a  putt at the 8th hole, which played at a lengthy  on Sunday. <mask> finished one stroke under par, bringing him down to 5-over (285) for the championship, just enough to secure his first career major victory. At a post-round interview <mask> said "Well, there are some players that have psychologists, some have sportologists, I smoke."<mask> became the first Argentine player to win the U.S. Open and the second to win a major, joining Roberto De Vicenzo, who won the British Open in 1967 at Royal Liverpool (Hoylake). <mask> received the 2007 Olimpia de Oro ("Golden Olympia") as Argentina's sportsperson of the year. 2009 Masters win
<mask> won the Masters Tournament in 2009 in a three-way sudden-death playoff, seeing off Chad Campbell after the first playoff hole, and defeating Kenny Perry on the second. On the first playoff hole, the 18th, <mask> missed right of the fairway, leaving his ball stymied directly behind a tree. On his second shot, he hit a shot right of the tree that would have sent the golf ball onto the 10th hole fairway, but ended up hitting another tree about  ahead, bouncing left and settling in the center of the 18th fairway. He and Perry both got up-and-down for par, while Campbell missed his  par putt and was eliminated. On the second playoff hole, the 10th, <mask> made par to defeat Perry, becoming the first Argentine to win the Masters.He was the lowest-ranked golfer to win the Masters, having been ranked 69th before the tournament. <mask> struggled with injuries throughout most of the 2010 season and was forced to miss a number of events after undergoing surgery. In that year he was granted the Platinum Konex Award as the best golfer from the last decade in Argentina. 2011
In 2011, <mask> was in the mix to win a second Green Jacket at Augusta when he was in the final pairing on Sunday, four strokes behind leader Rory McIlroy. <mask> started the round solidly and even tied for the lead at one point during the afternoon, but bogeys on 12 and 16 derailed his chances. He posted a final round 71 which placed him in sole seventh, five strokes behind the South African Charl Schwartzel. This was however <mask>'s best finish in a major tournament since his win back in 2009.He missed the cut in the years other three major championships and failed to qualify for the season ending FedEx Cup playoffs, finishing 154th in the standings. His best finish of the season was a T6 in the fall season at the McGladrey Classic. 2013
At the Masters in 2013, <mask> was again in the final pairing on Sunday. After taking a two shot lead on the front nine, <mask> proceeded to lose the lead and after failing to birdie the par-5 15th and was two shots behind leader Jason Day. Day then bogeyed two holes in succession and when <mask> made a 20-foot putt for birdie at the 16th he tied Adam Scott and Day briefly for the lead. As <mask> stood on the 18th fairway, up ahead on the green and playing in the penultimate group, Scott holed a birdie putt to take the lead. <mask> hit a  7-iron to  and knocked in the putt to force a playoff.On the first playoff hole, Scott's second shot was  out, but rolled back off the front of the green. <mask>'s second shot also came up short, rolling back off the green and coming to rest behind Scott's ball. <mask>'s chip just slid by the hole. Both players then made par sending them onto the 10th for the second playoff hole. Scott and <mask> hit their tee shots in the fairway and matched each other with approach shots which landed on the green giving both birdie chances, <mask> with  uphill and Scott a downhill right to left 12 footer. <mask>'s putt was a turn away from dropping in, giving Scott a chance to win with his putt. Scott made the putt defeating <mask> and bringing Australia their first ever green jacket.Although Cabrera was fully exempt on the PGA Tour, he occasionally competed in Argentinian events on PGA Tour Latinoamérica, a developmental tour in Latin America whose 2013 members included former PGA Tour winners Carlos Franco and Ted Purdy. <mask> won the 2012 Visa Open de Argentina and the 2013 Abierto del Centro. 2014
<mask> won the Greenbrier Classic in West Virginia on 6 July 2014, his first PGA Tour victory since claiming the green jacket in 2009. It was his third win in the United States, but his first non-major win on the PGA Tour. <mask> shot a six-under-par 64 on both Saturday and Sunday to secure the title, winning $1.17 million

2015
Cabrera had a down year on the 2015 PGA Tour season. He finished in the top-25 only twice and wound up 170th on the PGA Tour's money list. Team golf career
Cabrera was a member of the international squad in the Presidents Cup in 2005, 2007, 2009, and 2013.Results timeline

WD = withdrew
CUT = missed the half way cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place. Summary

Most consecutive cuts made – 7 (2008 PGA – 2010 U.S. Open)
Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (2001 Masters – 2001 U.S. Open)

Results in The Players Championship

CUT = missed the half-way cut
WD = withdrew
"T" indicates a tie for a place. Results in World Golf Championships

1Cancelled due to 9/11

QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play
"T" = tied
NT = No tournament
Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009. Results in senior major championships

"T" indicates a tie for a place
NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic

Team appearances
Alfred Dunhill Cup (representing Argentina): 1997, 1998, 2000
World Cup (representing Argentina): 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006
Presidents Cup (International Team): 2005, 2007, 2009, 2013

References

External links

<mask> fought his way from the barrio to the U.S. Open

Argentine male golfers
European Tour golfers
PGA Tour golfers
Winners of men's major golf championships
People from Córdoba Province, Argentina
1969 births
Living people

masks:
Ángel Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Ángel
Cabrera
Cabrera
Ángel
Ángel
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Cabrera
Angel Cabrera


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<mask> (born December 7, 1994) is a Filipina actress, cosplayer, host, singer, songwriter and gamer who rose to prominence after being declared the Pinoy Big Brother: Teen Edition 4 Big Winner. <mask> started her career under ABS-CBN where she was launched as one of the Star Magic Angels. She is currently managed and under contract with GMA Artist Center. <mask> was the Official VJ or Anime Jockey for Hero TV, the main female presenter for ABS-CBN Sports and Action's NCAA Basketball Championship (Philippines), a feature host for the morning show, Umagang Kay Ganda  and a performer on the second season of the show, Your Face Sounds Familiar. She was also the cover girl of various magazines and became the 2018 Calendar Girl of Ginebra San Miguel. After signing a record deal with Ivory Music & Video (Sony Music Philippines) in 2016, <mask> released her major-label debut studio album, Now Playing: <mask> (2016) which was awarded a certified Gold Award by the Philippine Association of the Record Industry for its outstanding album sales. Aside from writing all her songs from her album, she also wrote the songs for other artists namely Jennylyn Mercado and Maja Salvador.<mask> graduated cum laude from the Philippines' top university, University of the Philippines, with a degree in broadcast communication and served as the Sangguniang Kabataan President in her hometown Barotac Nuevo, Iloilo. Personal life
<mask> was born to Rodolfo <mask> Jr., a Filipino politician and Tam Porlucas, a Filipina accountant. <mask> was born and raised in Barotac Nuevo, Iloilo, Visayas, Philippines. At the age of fourteen, Sarrosa started participating in Cosplay Conventions and won several awards for cosplaying in the Philippines. By the age of fifteen, <mask> served as the Sanggunian Kabataan (English: Youth Council) President of her municipality, Barotac Nuevo, Iloilo, Philippines where she became the chairman of the Committee of Youth and Sports. Before joining Pinoy Big Brother: Teen Edition 4, <mask> was an accounting student of the University of the Philippines Visayas but transferred to the university's main Diliman campus in 2013. <mask> worked as full-time actress and host while attending classes in the UP College of Mass Communication.Sarrosa graduated cum laude from the Philippines' top university with a degree in BA Broadcast Communication. Aside from receiving Latin Honors, Sarrosa was awarded multiple times for her research in cosplay's history in the Philippines. In her private life, She previously had a relationship to Sen. Grace Poe-Llamanzares' son Brian but separated before the 2016 Presidential Elections. Pinoy Big Brother
Sarrosa was dubbed Cosplay Cutie ng Iloilo, Sarrosa entered the house of Big Brother on Day 2 together with the other female housemates. On Day 91 at the Malolos Sports and Convention Center in Bulacan, she was declared the Big Winner after garnering a massive 33.92% percent of internet votes and triumphed over Karen Reyes with 11.91%, Roy Requejo with 9.38%, and twins Jai and Joj Agpangan with 9.26%. Career
In 2012, after winning Pinoy Big Brother: Teen Edition 4, <mask> launched her acting and recording career in the Philippines. <mask> joined the cast of the Filipino television-drama, Kahit Puso'y Masugatan, together with her on-screen partners, Kit Thompson and Yves Flores.<mask> became a regular performer for the weekend variety program ASAP (variety show) where she was named the Pop Viewer's Choice Awardee as Pop Female Cutie. During that same year, <mask> and Young JV also released their digital single entitled, "Your Name", which ranked Number 1 on MYX. Later, <mask> launched her hosting career by becoming the Official VJ or Anime Jockey for Hero TV. <mask> was also a recurring cast as Maristela on the Filipino comedy sitcom TodaMax for two years. <mask> was acknowledged by various award recognition bodies such as the PMPC Star Awards for television and the Golden Screen Awards for her performances as an actress in 2012. In 2013, <mask> released a self-titled album under Star Records with the carrier single "Mr. Kupido", which got her a nomination as the Best New Female Recording Artist during the PMPC Star Awards for Music. The official music video for her song starred <mask> and Enrique Gil.<mask> also became the official resident cosplay judge and host for the first Philippine cosplay show, iCosplay. Later that year till the beginning of the year 2014, <mask> starred in the television series Moon of Desire as Anise and top billed for "Mahal Ko Si Sir" on Ipaglaban Mo as Dolly. She also became the cover girl for November 2014 issue of FHM Philippines. In 2015, <mask> became a regular feature and travel host for the morning show Umagang Kay Ganda and became the main female presenter for basketball, volleyball and cheer dance for the National Collegiate Athletic Association (Philippines) during its Season 91 and 92. <mask> also became one of the eight celebrity performers on the second season of the show, Your Face Sounds Familiar. She also joined by her PBB Teen predecessor James Reid and Nadine Lustre, for Maalaala Mo Kaya's Valentines episode "Signs of Love" and joined Enrique Gil and Liza Soberano in the television series, Forevermore. She also became a part of the fourth batch of lucky stars in the game show, Kapamilya Deal or No Deal where she donated her winnings to 29 Barangay Daycares in her home province, Iloilo City, Philippines.In that same year, <mask> was relaunched on ASAP (variety show) as one of Star Magic's Star Magic Angels where she was titled the "Playful Angel". In 2016, <mask> became the host of Hero (TV channel)'s flagship show My Hero Nation. She also launched her second album under Ivory Music & Video (Sony Music Philippines) entitled Now Playing: <mask> which was a certified Gold Awardee by the Philippine Association of the Record Industry. She released the song Mr. Pakipot as her album's first single. Aside from writing all her songs from her album, she also wrote the songs Lampara and Magkaibang Mundo together with Jonathan Ong for Jennylyn Mercado's Album entitled Ultimate and Maja Salvador's Single Haplos. <mask> also became a regular cast of the family fantasy show My Super D, FPJ's Ang Probinsyano and top billed the Ipaglaban Mo! episode entitled Hayok.In 2017, <mask> starred in the highest rating TV Film on TV5 Philippines' entitled Wattled Presents: AFGITMOLFM where she was partnered with Richard Juan and Kino Rementilla. She also became the host of another Hero (TV channel) Program, Hero Tambayan. She also launched another single entitled LABEL featuring Abra (rapper) which won her the Favorite Music Video Award during the 30th Awit Awards. <mask> was also a part of the cast of La Luna Sangre as one of the main antagonists before joining the cast of The Good Son (TV series). In the same year, she also starred in another controversial Ipaglaban Mo! episode entitled Tuliro where she played the role of a Schizophrenic. In 2018, <mask> covered for the men's magazine FHM Philippines during their February issue and became the 2018 calendar girl of the liquor brand, Ginebra San Miguel.She also became the host of The Filipino Channel and ABS-CBN Sports and Action's program, The First Five and became the official muse of the Barangay Ginebra San Miguel basketball team in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). In 2020, <mask> moved to GMA Network after eight years being a Kapamilya talent. Advocacy
<mask> is an advocate for youth. She is the Sanggunian Kabataan President in her home municipality and an active participant in programs and fundraising projects by Ako Ang Simula and Sagip Kapamilya. On December 6, 2012, Sarrosa held a feeding program for 29 barangays in Barotac Nuevo, Iloilo and donated chairs for 10 barangay day cares. On December 9, 2012, <mask> celebrated her 18th birthday with cancer patients from Pedis Hema Onco with the help of Ako Ang Simula and her endorsement, Lolita. Discography

Albums
 <mask> (Self Titled Album) (2013)
Now Playing: <mask> (2016) – Certified Gold Award by PARI in October 2016

Singles

Heartbroken

Song Writer
Lampara – Jennylyn Mercado
Magkaibang Mundo – Jennylyn Mercado
Haplos Maja Salvador

Filmography

Awards and nominations

References

External links

  of Pinoy Big Brother

1994 births
Living people
Pinoy Big Brother contestants
Big Brother (franchise) winners
Filipino film actresses
Filipino television actresses
Filipino child actresses
People from Iloilo City
Star Magic
Star Magic Batch 20
Sparkle GMA Artist Center
Actresses from Iloilo
Hiligaynon people
Filipina gravure idols
Cosplayers
University of the Philippines Diliman alumni
University of the Philippines Visayas alumni

masks:
Myrtle Abigail Porlucas Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Myrtle
Sarrosa
Myrtle Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Myrtle
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Myrtle
Sarrosa
Sarrosa
Myrtle Sarrosa
Myrtle


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<mask> (September 22, 1922 – March 12, 2014) was an American attorney, environmentalist, and professor of environmental law, who has been recognized as a pioneer in the field of United States environmental law. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York, on September 22, 1922, the son of <mask> and Rebecca (née Schwartz) <mask>. As a teenager, his growing love for the outdoors and fascination with the American wilderness, as well as his interest in the writings of Thoreau, Emerson, and Wordsworth, led him to a lifelong passion for the natural environment, to wilderness preservation and environmental protection. Hiking and camping expeditions during his college years, to the Catskill and Adirondack mountains of New York State, foreshadowed his advocacy in later years for the “forever wild” clause in the New York State constitution and his activism for environmental preservation in his home state and throughout the U.S.

<mask> graduated from Brooklyn College with a degree in political science in 1943. He had enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1942 and was called up in the spring of 1943 shortly before his college graduation. He served in the front lines in Europe, including in the Battle of the Bulge, was wounded twice and awarded the Purple Heart with Oak Leaf Cluster. Convalescence at a U.S. Army hospital in Devon, England gave him further opportunity to study the verse of William Wordsworth.<mask> enrolled at Columbia Law School following his discharge from the Army in the fall of 1945. A Harlan Fiske Stone scholar, he received the Bachelor of Laws degree in 1948. Legal career

One of <mask>'s first lawsuits that gained public attention was <mask> v. Louis Newman (1951). In this case, <mask> argued that the owner of a car that is double-parked is liable for damage incurred to a car traveling from the curb to the normal traffic stream. The argument was upheld. As a partner in the firm Winer, Neuberger & Sive, founded in New York City in 1962, and chairman of the Atlantic Chapter of the Sierra Club in the 1960s, <mask> developed his reputation as an expert litigator and fierce defender of the environment. The successor firm, Sive, Paget & Riesel, remains a leader in environmental law.Sive lost one of the earliest cases under the National Environmental Policy Act, Concerned About Trident v. Schlesinger, 400 F.Supp. 454 (D.D.C. 1975). Among the many landmark cases Sive argued were Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission (1971). The Storm King case accorded standing to a citizens group without financial interest in the proposed power project and ordered the defendant to explore alternatives. Con Ed eventually abandoned the project. Other notable cases included Committee for Nuclear Responsibility, Inc. v. Schlesinger (1971), argued before the U.S. Supreme Court, which attracted wide media attention to the issue of governmental underground nuclear bomb testing and its potential environmental effects at Amchitka Island, Alaska; Concerned About Trident, Inc. v. Rumsfeld (1976), which established that strategic military decisions are not exempt from compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act; Mohonk Trust v. Board of Assessors of Town of Gardiner (1979), a real property case that on appeal established that land owned by a trust for environmental preservation and use could be exempt from real property taxes; Citizens Committee for the Hudson River v. Volpe et al.(1970), which stopped the construction of a proposed expressway on fill to be placed in the Hudson River. Academic experience
<mask> taught litigation and environmental law for many years at Columbia Law School, and also taught environmental law as a visiting faculty member at the Universities of Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, Utah, Hawaii, Colorado, and Washington. He joined the faculty of Pace University Law School in 1995; the Pace Law Library houses the <mask> Manuscript Collection, for students and scholars of environmental law. Environmental organizations

<mask> was a leader and activist with a number of environmental organizations. He was a founding member of Natural Resources Defense Council, the nation’s leading public interest law firm in this specialty, and of the Environmental Law Institute. <mask> was also among the lawyers representing the Sierra Club when the Internal Revenue Service abruptly ended the Club's tax-exempt status in 1966. That move had the quite unintended effect of turning Sierra Club into the nationally known organization it remains and vastly increasing its membership.<mask> subsequently served on the Club's Board of Directors. <mask> was a founder of Environmental Advocates of New York, a contributing founder of Friends of the Earth, a member of the board of directors of the Hudson Valley Institute and Scenic Hudson, New York Lawyers for the Public Interest, while serving on the board of directors of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York; and a multi-year chair of the annual ALI-ABA Conference on Environmental Law. Honors and awards
He was the recipient of many awards, from the Environmental Law Institute, the New York State Environmental Planning Lobby, the Sierra Club, the New York State Bar Association, The Nature Conservancy, the New York State Parks and Conservation Association, the Natural Resources Defense Council, and others. He was a prolific author and lecturer on the topics of environmental law and litigation. References

Notes

Further reading
 Fox, Margalit (March 19, 2014). <mask>, a Father of Environmental Law and Advocacy, Dies at 91. The New York Times (New York, NY).Retrieved December 26, 2015. Carlson, Ann E. (1998). "Standing for the Environment," 45 UCLA L. Rev. 931. External links

 David Sive Manuscript Collection, Pace Law School Library
 SCENIC HUDSON COLLECTION: RECORDS RELATING TO THE STORM KING CASE 1963-1981 In the Archives and Special Collections at Marist College
 Sive, Paget & Riesel, PC
  William H. Rodgers, Jr., The Most Creative Moments in the History of Environmental Law: The Who’s, Washburn Law Journal
 Interview with <mask>, Rutgers Oral History Archive

American environmentalists
Columbia Law School alumni
Environmental lawyers
1922 births
2014 deaths
New York (state) lawyers
Pace University faculty
Brooklyn College alumni
20th-century American lawyers
United States Army personnel of World War II

masks:
David Sive
Sive
Abraham Sive
Sive
Sive
Sive
Sive
David Sive
Sive
Sive
Sive
David Sive
Sive
Sive
Sive
Sive
David Sive
David Sive


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<mask> (7 January 1931 – 13 April 1945) was an Italian Roman Catholic seminarian. Rivi was noted for his studious and pious nature with an intense love for Jesus Christ which was evident through frequent confession and the reception of the Eucharist; he was amiable to all and wore his cassock with great pride to the point where he affirmed that he belonged to Christ and His Church. Accusing him of having spied for the Italian Social Republic, Communist partisans murdered him "in odium fidei" (in hatred of the faith) towards the end of World War II in Modena because he was learning to become a priest added with their extreme hatred of the faith. Rivi's holiness was well-noted in his lifetime and people began to hail him as a saint after his vicious murder in which people called for him to be beatified. The cause for his sainthood did not open until 30 September 2005 when he was titled a Servant of God while Pope Francis oversaw his beatification later on 5 October 2013. Life

Childhood and education
<mask> was born on 7 January 1931 in the rural San Valentino as the second of three sons to <mask> (30 October 1903 – 22 October 1992) and Albertina Canovi; he received his baptism on 8 January from the parish priest Luigi Lemmi. His birthplace was located in the foothills of the Apennines between the Secchia and Tresinaro rivers.His paternal grandparents were <mask> and Anna Ferrari who had moved to Levizzano-Baiso to work the land there and since the 1920s lived in a large house named "Poggiolo" with their nine children of whom Roberto was the eldest son. <mask> was a brother of his. His father spent some months in Zadar and Istria from 1923 until 1927 when he returned home and got married. Rivi grew up educated in the faith due to the influence of his mother and in the strong religious atmosphere was a fixture in his parish. Before going to work in the fields each morning he attended the celebration of the Mass and received the Eucharist after he made his First Communion. In this atmosphere of strong religious faith he grew along with his older brother Guido and little sister Rosanna. His exuberance and liveliness often proved a test to his parents but his grandmother Anna sensed his good character and said once that "Rolando will become either a rascal or a saint!He can not walk the middle ground". In 1937 he began attending the local school where his teachers – Clotilde Selmi and the catechist Antoinette Maffei – cultivated his love for life and for Jesus Christ while noting his desire to know and love Jesus. He was admitted to receive his First Communion almost at once because he was among the better prepared children and eager to do so. His First Communion was made on 16 June 1938 on the Feast of Corpus Christi. Rivi changed after that event: while remaining amiable and energetic he became more mature and responsible which was a profound change which was accentuated after receiving his Confirmation on 24 June 1940 from the Bishop of Reggio Emilia Eduardo Brettoni. Seminarian
In the meantime his parish priest Father Marzocchini Olinto (who in March 1934 took the place of the deceased Father Lemmi) became his teacher and a spiritual father. Rivi availed himself to the Sacrament of Penance each week and each morning he got up to serve Mass and receive the Eucharist.He was almost 11 when he was no longer able to ignore the beginnings of his vocation to the priesthood and he said to his parents and grandparents: "I want to be a priest to save many souls. I will go as a missionary to make Jesus known, far far away". His pious parents did not oppose the decision and after he completed his schooling he commenced his ecclesial studies in Marola in Carpineti on 1 October 1942. As was the custom he wore the cassock from the moment he entered as a seminarian and was proud of the garment viewing it as a sign of his belonging to Christ and to the Church. His spiritual mentor at this time was Father Alfredo Castagnetti. Rivi was forced to leave his studies and return home in June 1944 after the Nazi forces occupied the Italian nation but he still wore his cassock with pride against the wishes of his parents. His parents were worried about rising anti-religious sentiment and even violence against ecclesial figures but he refused and continued to wear it.He said to them: "I study to be a priest and these vestments are the sign that I belong to Jesus". Rivi wore his cassock during vacation periods and even during the hot summer months. He liked music and could use a harmonium. People in his village admired him for his holiness and even his father admired him and said once: "My son is so good and studious". Two of his uncles died during World War II on the frontlines. Rivi once read Divini Redemptoris that Pope Pius XI had issued in 1937. Abduction and murder
On 10 April 1945 – at the tail end of the war – he served Mass and then returned home to collect some books before going to the woods where he liked to go.But a group of Communist partisans abducted <mask> while at noon his worried parents noticed he had not returned for lunch so went to the woods to find his books scattered with a note for his parents which said: "Do not search for him. He is coming with us for a little while". The partisans accused him of collaborating with the Fascists to undo them and proceeded to beat and insult him while stripping him of the cassock which caused him great pain. He was led from the woods upon his abduction 25 kilometers to a farm that fronted as their hideout and he was imprisoned in the pigpen. The men struck him on the legs with his own belt and he cried as he was beaten and suffered blasphemies against the priesthood and the Church. Some of the partisans proposed letting him go since he was just a mere child but the verdict was that he was to die and said to those who were wavering: "Shut up or you will have this same fate". On 12 April the commander of those partisans – the Garibaldi Brigade – said: "Tomorrow one priest less" even though Rivi was not a priest.The group murdered Rivi on 13 April for their hatred of the faith was such that they were wanted to kill him in order to have rid the world of a potential priest. The men took Rivi to a shallow grave that had been dug and had him kneel on the edge but he told them: "Allow me the time to say a prayer for my father and mother". The weeping Rivi reflected before he was shot dead. Two of the partisans fired two shots with their pistols which killed him just after 3:00pm with one bullet in the heart and the other in the left temple. The men buried him and had his cassock rolled into a ball that was kicked about and then abandoned under a doorstep of a random house. In the evening on 14 April his father and the San Valentino curate Alberto Camellini found Rivi's corpse in the grave covered in bruises with the two fatal wounds. On 15 April the pair took his remains to clean him and prepare the funeral.His remains were buried at San Valentino on 29 May 1945 but were reburied within the church on 26 June 1997. In 1951 a court in Lucca condemned Giuseppe Corghi (16 years) and Delciso Rioli (26 years) for Rivi's murder which was a sentence that the appeals court and supreme court in Florence confirmed in 1952. But both men served their time until 1957 when the then-Minister of Justice (and Communist) Palmiro Togliatti granted them amnesty. Legacy
Rivi became noted in his town and the surrounding areas for his holiness and for his deep and unwavering faith to Jesus Christ. He was best remembered for his love of the cassock which he believed made him one who belonged to Christ and His Church. His figure became more well known in 2001 after news broke that the English child James Blacknall (b. 1998) was cured of leukemia on 4 April 2001 after a hair and blood relic of Rivi was placed under his pillow with a novena said.Even the L'Osservatore Romano issued two articles on Rivi twice on 12 April 2000 and on 16 January 2004. Beatification
The beatification process opened under Pope Benedict XVI on 30 September 2005 after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints issued the official "nihil obstat" (nothing against) to the cause and titled Rivi as a Servant of God. The diocesan phase for the cause opened in Modena on 7 January 2006 and concluded a short while later on 24 June 2006 before all documentation was sent to the competent authorities in Rome in boxes where the C.C.S. reviewed them and validated the process on 30 November 2007. The postulation compiled and sent the Positio dossier to the C.C.S. in 2010 which received theological approval on 18 May 2012 and that of the C.C.S. on 8 January 2013.Pope Francis confirmed on 27 March 2013 that Rivi was killed "in odium fidei" (in hatred of the faith) and thus approved for the beatification to take place. Rivi was beatified in Modena on 5 October 2013 with Cardinal Angelo Amato presiding over the celebration on the pope's behalf. Almost 20 000 people attended the beatification. The current postulator for the cause is Dr. Francesca Consolini. References

External links
 Rolando Rivi official website
 Hagiography Circle
 Pieve San Valentino
 Father Jerabek's Blog

1931 births
1945 deaths
Italian beatified people
20th-century venerated Christians
20th-century Italian people
Beatifications by Pope Francis
Burials in Emilia-Romagna
Catholic saints and blesseds of the Nazi era
Deaths by firearm in Italy
Italian murder victims
Murdered Italian children
People murdered in Italy
People from Reggio Emilia
Religious persecution by communists
Venerated Catholics
Italian civilians killed in World War II

masks:
Rolando Maria Rivi
Rolando Maria Rivi
Roberto Rivi
Alfonso Rivi
Sergio Rivi
Rivi