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<mask> (December 25, 1815 – January 10, 1887) was an American industrialist who rose from humble origins as an  Irish immigrant laborer to found the largest and most productive shipbuilding empire in the postbellum United States, John Roach & Sons. <mask> emigrated to the United States at the age of sixteen in 1832, eventually finding employment at the Howell Works of James P. Allaire in New Jersey, where he learned the ironmolder's trade. Following an abortive attempt at farming in Illinois in 1839, <mask> returned to Allaire's employment at the Allaire Iron Works in New York City, where he learned how to build marine steam engines. In 1852, after 20 years in the employment of Allaire, <mask> and three partners purchased a small New York ironworks which had fallen into receivership, the Etna Iron Works. <mask> soon became sole proprietor, and during the American Civil War transformed the Etna Works into a major manufacturer of marine engines. He continued to prosper after the war, diversifying into the manufacture of machine tools and buying out his main engine-building competitors in the postwar slump. In 1867 he purchased the Morgan Iron Works on New York's East River, and relocated his business there.In 1871, <mask> purchased the shipyard in Chester, Pennsylvania of Reaney, Son & Archbold, which had fallen into receivership, and renamed it the Delaware River Iron Ship Building and Engine Works, which thereafter became his main facility. In the next few years he founded a network of new companies in Chester to support the shipyard's operations, including the Chester Rolling Mill, the Chester Pipe and Tube Company, the Hirsch Propeller Company, the Chalmers-Spence asbestos company, and later the Combination Steel and Iron Company and the Standard Steel Casting Company. To give his sons a stake in the business, <mask> founded the firm of John Roach & Sons, which became the overall parent and marketing company. He also attempted to create his own shipping line with the establishment of the United States and Brazil Mail Steamship Company, but this latter venture was a costly failure. From 1871 until 1885, John Roach & Sons was easily the largest and most productive shipbuilding firm in the United States, building more tonnage of ships than its next two chief competitors combined. In the mid-1880s the firm ran into trouble with a series of U.S. Navy contracts which became the subject of political controversy. <mask> had signed the contracts under a Republican administration, but when the Democratic administration of Grover Cleveland came to power, it voided one of the contracts.Doubts over the validity of the remaining three contracts made it impossible for John Roach & Sons to obtain loans, and in 1885 the Roach shipbuilding empire was forced into receivership. <mask> died at his home in New York at the age of 71 on January 10, 1887, while his firm was still in the hands of the receivers. After settling all the company's debts, his sons found themselves still in possession of the Delaware River Iron Shipbuilding Works in Chester and the Morgan Iron Works in New York, and they resumed the business, which was continued for another 20 years, although the firm never regained the preeminent position it had enjoyed under <mask>.'s leadership. Early life and career

<mask> was born on December 25, 1815 at Mitchelstown, County Cork, Ireland, the first of seven children to Patrick Roche, a retail salesman, and his wife Abigail Meany. The Roche family traced its origins back to Godebert de Rupe, a major landholder in Cork in the twelfth century. <mask>'s father Patrick made a modest living by collecting produce from the region's farmers to sell in the local township, and by purchasing the farmers' needs while in town. <mask> received only a rudimentary education, and went to work at the age of thirteen after his father Patrick fell on hard times.Patrick died in 1831, and <mask> was unable to find enough work to support the family. Around the same time, an uncle who had emigrated to the United States sent money for his two sons to join him, but their mother would allow only one to go, offering the second fare to <mask> instead, who accepted it. In 1832, at the age of sixteen, <mask> emigrated together with his cousin to the United States. Arriving in New York City, he was at first unable to find regular work, but eventually gained secure employment at the Howell Works of James P. Allaire on the recommendation of a former employee of his father. Howell Works

Roach began his employment at the Howell Works as a common laborer at 25c a day, collecting bricks and conveying them in a wheelbarrow to various building sites around the company grounds. Concerned about the potential ill effects of the brick dust on his health, he soon decided to improve his situation by learning the iron molder's trade. At the time, the firm's proprietor, James P. Allaire, charged an entry fee of sixty dollars for an apprenticeship, but impressed by <mask>'s dedication, he decided to waive the fee.This created some resentment on the part of the established iron molders, who at first disdained to teach <mask> their skills, subjecting him to various forms of humiliation instead. When Allaire heard of their treatment, he personally visited the molding floor and addressed the gathered tradesmen: "You see this boy—it is my wish that he should learn the trade—see to it that my wishes are not further disregarded." <mask> was thereafter taught the trade, eventually becoming a highly skilled iron molder. Attempt at farming

In 1837, the Howell Works' blast furnace exploded, bringing production to a standstill, and because of the financial panic which occurred the same year, Allaire was unable to raise the funds to fully repair it for two years. Although the Howell Works was self-sufficient in food, <mask> decided upon a change in career after a colleague encouraged him to take up farming in Illinois. In 1838, <mask> set out with $500 in savings to make a down payment on a farm in Peoria, Illinois, planning to send for his wife when the transaction had been concluded. His 28-day journey began with an 85-mile train leg, followed by transfer to a canal boat which in the course of its 385-mile route had to pass through no less than 176 locks.At the Allegheny Mountains, the boat was actually lifted in sections over the mountain on steam-driven cable cars before resuming its journey. The final leg of the journey was completed on a Mississippi riverboat. Once in Illinois, <mask> was dismayed to discover that so complete was the isolation of the region that corn served not only as the staple foodstuff, but also as the principal source of heating and even as the local currency. He nevertheless made a down payment on the farm, but his plans were dashed when he received news from his wife that the couple's remaining savings had been lost in some kind of financial failure. <mask> was forced to forfeit the farm, and with no remaining money took several months to work his way back to New Jersey. While his farming venture had ended in failure, <mask> learned much from the experience, including the vital importance of transport and proximity to markets. "I came to the conclusion then", he was later to write, "that it was better to own an acre or two of land where there was a railroad, and where you could get something for what you raised on your land, than to own the whole of Illinois without means of transportation."These were lessons he would apply to his own business model in later life. Later career

Etna Iron Works

After returning to his wife in New Jersey, <mask> resumed employment with James Allaire, but this time at the latter's engine building plant, the Allaire Iron Works in New York City. During his twelve years at the plant, <mask> applied himself to learning everything he could about the manufacture of marine steam engines. In 1852, <mask>, by now 37 years of age, joined with three other ironmolders, including his brother-in-law <mask> who had $8,000 in savings, to purchase a small New York ironworks which had fallen into receivership, the Etna Iron Works. <mask> was given the task of touting for business while his three partners attended to production on the shop floor. After its first year of operations, the business had made a modest $1000 profit, but now a dispute arose as <mask> wanted to invest the money in expanding the plant while his three partners preferred to split the money into dividends of $250 each. Realizing they had reached the limit of their ambition, <mask> secured a mortgage on the property and bought his partners out, making himself sole proprietor.In a three-month period, he made a profit of $8,000 from sales of iron castings to local shipyards, giving his new company a solid foundation. By 1859, the Etna Works employed 40 people, and in that year the company received a windfall capital injection when a lawyer friend named <mask> died and left <mask> trustee over his $70,000 estate, enabling <mask> to expand his business further. When the American Civil War broke out in 1861, <mask> was in a position to take advantage of high demand by converting his plant into a manufacturer of marine steam engines. At its wartime peak, the Etna Works employed 2,000 people, and by the war's end it had become a leader in the industry. Morgan Iron Works

In the aftermath of the war, the U.S. government dumped more than a million tons of surplus shipping onto the market, depressing prices and leaving shipyards and marine engine builders with little or no work. From 1865 to 1870, many shipyards and engine builders were driven to bankruptcy. Roach, however, managed to prosper in this difficult period by diversifying into the manufacture of machine tools, and selling them to the U.S. Navy which was in the process of upgrading the facilities of its own shipyards.He secured almost a million dollars worth of such contracts between 1866 and 1868, and was thus able to buy out most of his competitors. In 1867 he purchased the Morgan Iron Works and relocated his business there, retaining the Etna Works only as a rental property. The Morgan Works, with its ideal location on New York's East River, would remain a key part of the Roach business empire for the next four decades. Chester shipyard

Roach had observed that Great Britain was steadily replacing its fleet of wooden-hulled sidewheel steamers with modern iron-hulled, screw-driven steamships. Anticipating a similar trend in the United States, he decided to establish an iron shipbuilding facility of his own. In 1871, he purchased the shipyard of Reaney, Son & Archbold in Chester, Pennsylvania, which had fallen into receivership. Roach renamed the yard the Delaware River Iron Ship Building and Engine Works and invested heavily in expanding its facilities.To support its operations, he established a network of companies in Chester, including the Chester Rolling Mill, which supplied iron hull plates and beams to the yard, the Chester Pipe and Tube Company, for supplying boiler pipes and other ships' piping, the Chalmers-Spence Company, which supplied asbestos insulation for the steam pipes, and the Hirsch Propeller Company. He would later establish the Combination Steel and Iron Company for the production of iron and steel castings, and the Standard Steel Casting Company for the production of steel ingots, both of which firms would soon be engaged in producing steel for the shipyard. This network of vertically integrated companies enabled <mask> to largely eliminate third-party suppliers, cutting costs and thus allowing him to regularly underbid competitors. He quickly established himself as the nation's leading iron shipbuilder, building more tonnage of ships in most years than the aggregate output of his next two major competitors, Harlan & Hollingsworth and William Cramp & Sons. U.S. and Brazil Mail Steamship Company

Roach was not content with simply owning the largest shipbuilding empire in the United States. He had visions of transforming John Roach & Sons into a vast global transportation empire, and as the first step toward this goal, he established the United States and Brazil Mail Steamship Company in 1876 to operate a shipping line between the United States and Brazil. At this time, British shipping companies operated a highly lucrative "triangular trade" from Britain to Brazil to the U.S. and back to Britain which allowed them a near-monopoly on Brazilian imports.<mask> hoped to break into the Brazilian import market with his new shipping line, but lacking the funds to engage in a prolonged trade war, intended to rely on subsidies from the American and Brazilian governments to support his venture. The U.S. and Brazil Mail Company was launched with great fanfare, with President Rutherford B. Hayes and many members of Congress attending the launch of one of the company's first ships. To <mask>'s dismay however, both the Brazilian and U.S. governments ultimately rejected his application for subsidies, and his Brazil Mail company struggled on for a number of years before eventually failing. <mask> lost almost a million dollars in his Brazilian shipping line venture, leading to a shortage of operating capital for his business empire that would eventually contribute to its financial failure. Political controversies

As a result of his business dealings, <mask> found himself involved in a number of political controversies during the course of his career, as business competitors and political opponents alike sought to malign his reputation. He also attracted criticism as a consequence of his subsidy campaigns. A staunch Republican and generous donor to the Republican Party, <mask> enjoyed the patronage of successive Republican administrations, but the Democrats continued to suspect him of obtaining government contracts not through merit but from favoritism and jobbery with a corrupt Navy Department.While <mask> may indeed have benefited from a degree of favoritism under Republican administrations, no credible evidence was ever presented to substantiate the allegations of corruption made against him, and indeed his ability to regularly undercut his competitors sometimes saved the government considerable sums of money. Suspicions persisted however, and when the Democratic administration of Grover Cleveland assumed office, it repudiated a partly completed set of government contracts with Roach, driving the Roach shipyard into receivership. Machine tools

The first substantial political controversy in which <mask> was engaged arose from his sale of surplus machine tools from the Etna Iron Works to the Philadelphia Navy Yard in 1867. This sale raised the ire of two specialist Philadelphian machine tool manufacturers, William Sellers & Co. and Bement and Dougherty, both of whom had expected to be awarded the contract themselves. The two firms contacted their Congressional representative, William D. Kelley, who quickly raised the matter in Congress on behalf of his constituents. Kelley was appointed Chairman of a subcommittee to investigate the Roach contract. In support of claims that the contract had been awarded as a result of political

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 favoritism, Kelley produced two compliant experts who were prepared to testify against the quality of Roach's tools.The investigation soon drew the attention of the Navy's Bureau of Steam Engineering, Benjamin Isherwood, who appointed a board which took evidence from 25 independent experts on the quality of Roach's machine tools, and which unanimously repudiated the findings of the Kelley report. At this point the controversy should have ended in favor of Roach but now a staunch opponent of Isherwood's engineering department, Vice-Admiral David Dixon Porter, decided to use it as a means of discrediting Isherwood. Payments to Roach were suspended while the political battle continued for over a year, threatening Roach with bankruptcy. Finally however, the Navy agreed to accept the tools already received and to pay Roach $86,000 for release from the rest of the contract. <mask> realized the importance of political influence during this period, and secured the services of lawyer William E. Chandler who became his chief Washington lobbyist. <mask> also became a generous donor to the Republican Party. USS Tennessee

In August 1871, <mask> submitted a proposal to the U.S. Navy for refitting several warships with compound engines, asserting that the new engines would save space and reduce running costs by as much as 40%.The Navy agreed to an experimental engine refit for one vessel, , for which <mask> would receive $300,000 for two compound engines plus the ship's original engines for their scrap value. In February 1872, the editor of New York's The Sun newspaper, Charles Dana, initiated an editorial campaign against Secretary of the Navy George M. Robeson, accusing him of receiving kickbacks from companies in return for favoring them with Navy contracts. Dana alleged that <mask> had corruptly received from Robeson the excessive sum of $700,000 to refit the Tennessee—$300,000 for the new engines plus a $400,000 scrap value for the old. In an extraordinary step, Congress consented to Dana's demand that he personally be given the power to cross-examine witnesses in a Congressional inquiry into the allegations. Dana was able to establish evidence of corruption in Robeson's case, but he failed to demonstrate any such evidence against <mask>. Dana's initial estimate of a $400,000 scrap value for Tennessee's old engines had been provided by former Navy Bureau Chief Benjamin Isherwood, but under oath Isherwood retracted his earlier estimate and submitted a new estimate of $175,000. This estimate was also incorrect however—in fact, the scrap value of Tennessee's old machinery was only $38,000 after subtracting the cost of removing it from the ship.<mask> was actually doing the job cheaper than for a similar contract he had recently completed for a private client. In spite of the lack of evidence, Dana never retracted the charges of corruption he had levelled against <mask> in the pages of The Sun. <mask>'s name had become tainted by his association with Robeson, and Democrats in particular continued to suspect him of receiving favorable treatment from successive Republican administrations. Pacific Mail subsidy

Shortly after opening his Chester shipyard, <mask> received a large contract from the Pacific Mail Steamship Company for the construction of seven modern iron-hulled, screw-propelled steamships to replace their ageing fleet of wooden-hulled sidewheel steamers. <mask> quickly began work on the contract, but in 1873, Pacific Mail confessed an inability to meet its obligations after the company's managing director squandered its capital reserves with a failed stock manipulation scheme and then absconded with a large amount of cash. <mask> was put in a difficult position as he still had several Pacific Mail ships in an uncompleted state on his slipways with an aggregate value in excess of $500,000. The situation was made worse when stock speculator Jay Gould, in an attempt to gain control of Pacific Mail by driving down its share price, lobbied Congress to cancel the $500,000 subsidy it had earlier granted to the company.Fearing that loss of the subsidy would bankrupt Pacific Mail, <mask> instructed his own lobbyist, William Chandler, to organize a counter-campaign. Unknown to <mask> however, Chandler also had Gould as a client, making Chandler reluctant to take any action which might lose him Gould's patronage. Gould's campaign was ultimately successful, and Congress cancelled the Pacific Mail subsidy. Fortunately, Pacific Mail survived the financial crisis, but <mask> was again maligned in Congress, this time by Gould's opportunistic extension of earlier attacks on <mask> portraying him as an unethical businessman supposedly surviving only as a result of political favoritism and government subsidies. USS Puritan

In 1873, the Virginius war scare with Spain prompted Secretary of the Navy George Robeson to order a new class of five monitors to protect America's ports. Two of these monitors— and —were contracted for with John Roach & Sons. Robeson soon ran out of money to pay for the monitors, and in 1876 was obliged to ask Congress for an additional $2,300,000 to complete them.Two days before leaving office, he gave orders for completion of the monitors and at the same time awarded a further $997,000 contract to <mask> for the addition of armored belts and turrets to Puritan. When the new Secretary of the Navy, Richard W. Thompson, assumed office, he appointed an ad hoc naval board to review the monitor contracts. The board concluded that the work <mask> had done on Puritan was first-class, and that the price of the contracts had been reasonable; however, it averred that the extra weight of the armored belts would render the ship unseaworthy. <mask> scoffed at the latter conclusion, but two further naval inquiries confirmed the findings of the first, as a result of which the government refused to honor the contracts. The Puritan controversy revived the attacks on <mask> alleging favoritism and jobbery, and he was forced to keep the uncompleted vessel in his shipyard at his own expense for the next five years. Only in 1882 did Congress finally approve completion of the ship, whose eventual performance would prove the conclusions of the earlier inquiries wrong. Brazil Line subsidy

In 1875, C. K. Garrison's United States and Brazil Mail Steamship Company went bankrupt.The following year, <mask> decided to revive the company, believing that with the deployment of modern iron-hulled, screw-propelled steamships, he could succeed where the Garrison-run operation had failed. <mask> fully expected to receive a subsidy from the government to help him run the line, since the Garrison company had enjoyed a U.S. government subsidy worth $150,000 annually. Nevertheless, he launched his new Brazil Line with great fanfare, inviting President Rutherford B. Hayes and the entire U.S. Congress to the launch of one of the Line's first ships, and lobbying hard for the subsidy. Unfortunately, his high-profile campaign had the opposite effect to that intended, as a host of entrenched interest groups—including Bostonian sailing ship owners and merchants, free traders, and competitors in the shipbuilding industry—joined forces to oppose it. In 1879 the proposed subsidy bill was struck down in Congress. Forced to compete with subsidized British shipping lines for the Brazil trade without a subsidy of its own, Roach's Brazil Line steadily lost money. In May 1881, Roach wound up the company.His losses in the venture amounted to almost a million dollars, leading to a shortage of operating capital that would eventually contribute to the bankruptcy of his business empire. USS Dolphin

In 1881, William H. Hunt was appointed Secretary of the Navy by the new administration of James A. Garfield. Hunt conducted a review and found that the Navy at this time comprised a mere 52 seaworthy vessels, only 17 of which were iron-hulled, including 14 dated Civil-War era ironclads. Appalled at the Navy's dilapidated condition, he appointed an advisory board in June 1881 to look into the problem, which made some recommendations concerning the desirable qualities for a new generation of warships. Congress subsequently created a Naval Advisory Board to make more definitive recommendations, and in December 1882 the Board recommended the construction of four new warships to comprise the "nucleus of the New Navy"—three protected cruisers and one dispatch vessel. These would be the Navy's first steel warships. Since the Navy's own yards lacked the facilities to build the new ships, the four contracts were tendered to the private sector.On July 2, 1883, it was announced that John Roach & Sons had won all four contracts with an aggregate bid $315,000 lower than the next lowest bidder, William Cramp & Sons. Charles Cramp would later declare it impossible to build the ships at the prices tendered by <mask>, but with his own steel mills, <mask> could save $275,000 on the cost of the steel alone. His success in winning all four bids was however to revive the old charges of favoritism. Shortly after <mask> began building the new vessels, their design, authored by the Naval Advisory Board, came under scathing attack in the prestigious British engineering journal The Engineer. Editor of The Sun, Charles Dana, seized upon this article to renew the attack upon Roach, and the various faction-ridden departments in the U.S. Navy began to circulate their own criticisms. Soon the ships were being denigrated by press and politicians alike as "costly toy[s]", "egregious failures" and "comic naval architecture." The Navy began submitting an increasing number of design changes to Roach, leading to mounting cost overruns, and construction was further delayed by a nationwide shortage of the high quality steel the Navy demanded.By the time the first ship to be completed, , was ready for her final sea trials in early 1885, a new Democratic administration under Grover Cleveland had come to power. In spite of Dolphin passing her sea trials, the new administration, for whom <mask> had become a symbol of Republican corruption, found a pretext to declare the Dolphin contract void. <mask>, by now a terminally ill old man, placed his company into receivership a short time later. He later explained that with over $500,000 tied up in the four uncompleted U.S Navy ships, whose contracts might be declared void at any time, he was unable to raise the necessary loans to continue in business. Thomas Edison, a business acquaintance of <mask>, probably encapsulated the feelings of many <mask> supporters regarding the Dolphin affair with an entry in his diary:

... Read Sunday Herald, learned about <mask>'s failure. Am sorry. He has been pursued with great malignity by newspapers and others, from ignorance I think.Americans ought to be proud of <mask>, who started in life as a day laborer and became the giant of industry and the greatest shipbuilder in the United States ... What has he now for forty years of incessant work and worry? For people who hound such men as these I would invent a special Hades ... In spite of the heavy criticism initially levelled at them from many different quarters, the completion of the four ABCD ships—the Navy's first steel vessels—was later hailed as the "Birth of the New Navy", and all four vessels were to provide many years of reliable service. Death and legacy
During the protracted dispute over Dolphin, <mask> had fallen ill with a chronic mouth infection. In 1886, the illness was diagnosed as cancer. <mask> underwent surgery in spring of that year but it provided only temporary relief. He died at the age of 71 on January 10, 1887, while his business was still in the hands of receivers.At his funeral, held at St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church on Fourth Ave. and Twenty-second St., 500 mourners filled the galleries alone, many of them employees of John Roach & Sons who demonstrated a "real affection" for their late employer. <mask> was interred at the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York. Following <mask>'s death and the settlement of all the company's debts, <mask>'s heirs found themselves still in possession of both the Chester shipyard and the Morgan Iron Works. <mask>'s eldest son <mask> <mask> assumed head of the business, which would continue for another 20 years, although the yard would never again regain the pre-eminent position in American shipbuilding that it had enjoyed under <mask>. In total, the shipyard established by <mask> built 179 iron ships between 1871 and 1907—98 under <mask>'s own management and an additional 81 under that of his eldest surviving son, <mask> <mask>. At its peak, Roach's business empire is said to have been the nation's largest employer with the exception of the railroad companies. After the retirement of the <mask> family from the shipbuilding business, the Roach yard was taken over by W. Averell Harriman, who built an additional 40 ships there for the U.S.Shipping Board during and after World War I. Personal life

<mask> married Emeline <mask>—sister of the Howell Works foreman, later <mask>'s business partner, <mask>—at James Allaire's mansion on the Howell Works property in 1836. The couple had nine children, three of whom, Garrett, James and Stephen, died in childhood. The others were William Henry, <mask>, Garrett 2d and Stephen 2d—all of whom followed <mask>. into the family business—and Sarah and Emeline. In 1898 Emeline <mask> married William Cameron Sproul who would become the 27th Governor of Pennsylvania. <mask> was survived by his wife, to whom he left a $5,000 annuity, and all his adult children except William. Footnotes

References
Hall, Henry (ed.)(1896): America's Successful Men of Affairs: An Encyclopedia of Contemporaneous Biography Vol. 1, New York Tribune, New York, page 542, as reproduced at the Allaire Village website. Heinrich, Thomas R. (1997): Ships for the Seven Seas: Philadelphia Shipbuilding in the Age of Industrial Capitalism, Johns Hopkins University Press, . Jordan, <mask>. (Ed.) (1914): A History of Delaware County Pennsylvania and its People, Lewis Historical Publishing Library, New York. Pedraja, René de la (1998): Oil and Coffee—Latin American Merchant Shipping from the Imperial Era to the 1950s, Greenwood Press, .Swann, Leonard Alexander Jr. (1965): <mask>, Maritime Entrepreneur: the Years as Naval Contractor 1862-1886 - United States Naval Institute (reprinted 1980 by Ayer Publishing, ). Tate, E. Mowbray (1986): Transpacific Steam: The Story of Steam Navigation from the Pacific Coast of North America to the Far East and the Antipodes, 1867-1941 - Associated University Presses, . Tyler, David B. (1958): The American Clyde: A History of Iron and Steel Shipbuilding on the Delaware from 1840 to World War I, University of Delaware Press (reprinted 1992, ). External links

 Obituary, Daily Evening Bulletin, January 11, 1887

1816 births
1887 deaths
19th-century American businesspeople
American company founders
American manufacturing businesspeople
American shipbuilders
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
Irish emigrants to the United States (before 1923)
John Roach & Sons
People from Chester, Pennsylvania
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<mask> (January 26, 1871 – November 16, 1958) was an American writer, best known for his investigative journalism and muckraking. <mask> was born in Dunkirk, New York. <mask> was a muckraker, known for exposing public-health injustices. He was the son of <mask>, Jr., a minister, and <mask>. <mask> attended Hamilton College in Clinton, New York from 1887 to 1891. He also attended a semester at Union College. In 1907, <mask> divorced his wife, Elizabeth Ruffner Noyes, after having two daughters.Eight years later <mask> married an actress, Jane Peyton. <mask> was a close friend of both the investigative reporter Ray Stannard Baker and District Attorney Benjamin Darrow. Career

From 1891 to 1900, he was a reporter for the New York Sun where his career began, and then joined McClure's Magazine, where he gained a reputation as a muckraker for his articles on the conditions of public health in the United States. In 1904, <mask> became an editorial staffer with McClure's Magazine working with Lincoln Steffens, Ida Tarbell, and Ray Stannard Baker. <mask> considered himself a freelance writer and used his writings to support himself. In 1905, <mask> was hired by Collier's to prepare articles on patent medicines. In a series of 11 articles he wrote for the magazine in 1905, "The Great American Fraud", <mask> exposed many of the false claims made about patent medicines, pointing out that in some cases these medicines were damaging the health of the people using them.The series had a huge impact and led to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. In 1911, the Supreme Court ruled that the prohibition of falsifications referred only to the ingredients of the medicine. This meant that companies were again free to make false claims about their products. <mask> returned to the attack, and in another series of articles in Collier's Weekly, <mask> exposed the misleading advertising that companies were using to sell their products. Linking his knowledge of newspapers with patent medicines, he wrote The Clarion (1914), which was critical of newspaper advertising practices and led to a series of consumer-protection articles in the New York Tribune. His service during World War I for the Committee on Public Information led to Common Cause (1919), a novel on a newspaper's battle against pro-Germans in Wisconsin. Literary works
<mask> was a prolific writer, who wrote fiction as well."Night Bus" (1933), one of <mask>'s many magazine stories, became the basis for the 1934 film It Happened One Night. <mask>'s first solo novel was in 1908, Flying Death, which added to his mystery collection. His best-known novel, Revelry (1926), based on the scandals of the Harding administration, was later followed by Incredible Era (1939), a biography of Harding. Among his other works are The Great American Fraud in Collier's (1905–06), The Mystery (1907), with S. E. White, Average Jones (1911), The Secret of Lonesome Cove (1912), The Health Master (1913), The Clarion (1914), The Unspeakable Perk (1916), Our Square and the People in It (1917), Success (1921), Siege (1924), The Gorgeous Hussy (1934), Maiden Effort (1937), The Harvey Girls (1942; adapted into the 1946 movie musical starring Judy Garland), Canal Town (1944), Plunder (1948), Grandfather Stories (1955), and Tenderloin (1959). The Clarion and Success are studies of modern journalism. Average Jones is a series of stories about a detective investigating fraudulent or unusual advertisements. In addition to his many books, <mask> also wrote 415 short stories and articles.Tenderloin described the battle between Charles H. Parkhurst and Tammany Hall. The New York Times reviewer H. I. Brock called the book an "outstanding period piece" and "a finale to a long and varied writing career". Tenderloin was adapted into a 1960 musical with book by George Abbott and Jerome Weidman and songs by Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick, the team that had created Fiorello! Tenderloin ran for 216 performances. New critic Howard Taubman praised the songs, but complained about a "dragging book" and said, "The wages of virtue, alas, are largely dullness." <mask> also published a biography of Alexander Woollcott (1945) and three books for the Landmark Series, The Pony Express (1950), The Santa Fe Trail (1952), and The Erie Canal (1953). The printing of his 1947 novel Banner by the Wayside was the subject of an Encyclopædia Britannica documentary on the manufacture of hardback books (see external links).<mask> last book, Tenderloin (1959), was published after his death and was later adapted into a Broadway musical. Risqué novels

In the 1920s and 1930s, <mask>, under the pseudonym of Warner Fabian, wrote several novels that at the time were considered highly risqué. These titillating works, which mainly featured young women flappers and their trials and tribulations of early adulthood, often became best-sellers avidly read by Jazz Age youth. Flaming Youth, <mask>' first novel of this sort, dealt with the sexual urges of young women and had a sexual frankness that was shocking for its time. Because of the nature of the novels, <mask> utilized the Fabian pseudonym so that his more standard works would not be tainted by any scandal accruing to these novels. Most of these novels were later brought to the screen, including Flaming Youth starring Colleen Moore; Sailors' Wives, with Mary Astor in the lead; and The Wild Party featuring Clara Bow. Novels published under the pseudonym "Warner Fabian" include:

 Flaming Youth (New York: The Macaulay Company, 1924)
 Sailors' Wives (New York: Boni & Liveright, 1924)
 Summer Bachelors (New York: Boni & Liveright, 1926; The Macaulay Company, 1927)
 Unforbidden Fruit (New York: Boni & Liveright, 1928; Cleveland & New York: International Fiction Library, 1928)
 The Men in Her Life (New York: Sears Publishing Co., 1930; Grosset & Dunlap, 1930)
 Week-End Girl (New York: The Macaulay Company, 1932)
 Widow's Oats (New York: The Macaulay Company, 1935)

Later life and Death

<mask> had a winter residence in Beaufort, South Carolina.He died in Beaufort on November 16, 1958, at the age of 87. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered at his home at Owasco Lake in New York State. <mask>'s papers are archived in academic libraries, including Syracuse University, Hamilton College, and Harvard University. A significant portion of his collections are located at the American Antiquarian Society in Worcester, Massachusetts. Selected publications

The Great American Fraud (1912)
The wealth master

Selected filmography
 Wandering Fires (1925)
 Summer Bachelors (1926)
 The Wild Party (1929) [Based on the novel Unforbidden Fruit]
 What Men Want (1930)
 Men in Her Life (1931)
 Week Ends Only (1932)
 It Happened One Night (1934) [Based on the short story Night Bus]
 The Gorgeous Hussy (1936) [Based on <mask>' novel of the same title]
 The Harvey Girls (1946) [Based on <mask>' novel of the same title]

References

External links

 Samuel Hopkins Adams Collection (Syracuse University Library)

1871 births
1958 deaths
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American male writers
American investigative journalists
American male novelists
Critics of alternative medicine
Journalists from Upstate New York
Hamilton College (New York) alumni
People from Dunkirk, New York
Progressive Era in the United States
American male short story writers
20th-century American short story writers
Novelists from New York (state)
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers

masks:
Samuel Hopkins Adams
Background Adams
Adams
Myron Adams
Hester Rose Hopkins
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams
Adams


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<mask> (April 18, 1816 – October 6, 1899)  was a 19th−century sea captain, California landowner, investor, baker, and vintner; and a mayor of Los Angeles, California. Personal

Birth and death

<mask> was born in Marseilles or Menton, France, on April 18, 1816. He died of heart failure on October 6, 1899, at the age of 83 in his home at 615 Ducommun Street in Los Angeles. A solemn high mass was scheduled for the Old Plaza Church, with interment following at the Catholic Calvary Cemetery in East Los Angeles. He was at his death the "[second-]oldest foreigner in Los Angeles, if not in California," after Elijah Moulton. Marriages

<mask>'s first marriage was in 1844 to Sevilda, a local indigenous woman, in the Pueblo de Los Ángeles in Alta California. They had nine children, Charles, <mask>., Constance, Hortense, Marie Larquier, <mask>, Margarita Drouet, Adele Kracke, and Eugenie Hoover.She died in 1890. However, "In spite of the opposition of relatives," the Los Angeles Times noted, <mask> married Maria Jesus Benite Feliz on June 4, 1896, in a "quiet but romantic wedding" to "the woman who for thirty long years has been, to all intents and purposes," his wife. The Times added:
There was an attempt made to prevent the issuance of a marriage license to Mr. Mascarel, but it proved futile, as the law does not require a license to render the marriage valid in a case like this. . . . The desire to have the union made legal was brought about by the failing health of Mrs. Mascarel, who, although twenty years younger than her aged husband, is still a woman far advanced in years. Personality

In an 1899 talk before the Historical Society of Southern California, Los Angeles historian H.D. Barrows noted that Mascarel was "physically of stalwart proportions, being over six feet in height and weighing over 200 pounds." Another contemporary, Horace Bell, recalled in 1881 that Mascarel was a "giant .. . with a great grizzly grip." Barrows told his audience that:

While Mr. <mask> was naturally of a retiring disposition, including  him to shun publicity, he was in many respects a remarkable man. He had clear-cut and eminently practical views, strong convictions and a sound judgment in business matters, which enabled him to accumulate a handsome fortune, though he gave away for charitable and other purposes, considerable sums during his lifetime. His charities, which in his later years amounted to several hundred dollars a month, were, as a rule, unknown to outsiders, i.e., to any one except himself and the beneficiaries. Barrows noted that Mascarel "spoke French and Spanish, but like so many natives of France who came to California, he was never quite able to master the English language." When General Irwin McDowell was commander of the army on this coast, after the close of the civil war, he made Los Angeles a visit, and our people were anxious to have him receive due honors by the Mayor, which office was at the time filled by Mr. Mascarel; and they feared his unfamiliarity with the English language might cause embarrassment. But as it happened, General McDowell spoke French fluently, and so the official courtesies between him and the Mayor passed off felicitously.Legacy

When <mask> died, his estate was estimated to be worth a million dollars, but a later probate determined the sum to be "no more than $500,000 or $600,000. The difference may be accounted for that in his later years the old man got into the habit of deeding away his property to his loving friends until it was somewhat reduced," the Los Angeles Times reported. "A dozen or fifteen suits in this county and Santa Barbara county" were opened "to recover  the property that deceased had deeded away so generously. when the will was challenged by three of his children [from his first wife]—Constance M. Goytino, Hortense <mask> and <mask>. . . . volley after volley of allegations of murky fraud and deceit were fired back and forth . . . until the situation had become very complicated." The settlement gave one-fourth of the estate to Mrs. Goytino, one-fourth to Hortense <mask> and the remaining half to six grandchildren (said to be the "offsprings of a deceased sister"), "after $5 has first been given  to the widow, Mrs. Mascarel; $2400 to Hortense <mask> and to Mrs. Goytino, and $100 to <mask>." The children waived all claims to any of the property that Mascarel deeded to anyone else while he was alive.<mask> had "provided for his wife before he died, and assigned her certain mortgages aggregating about $24,000, besides valuable property." It was agreed that the children would refund to investor Max Goldschmidt the sum of $25,000 he had paid for the Hotel Mascarel property in Santa Barbara in return for his giving them the deed to the hotel. Vocation

When <mask> was eleven years old, he shipped out on a French merchant ship, and at age 21 he joined the French Navy for four years. In about the year 1840, he sailed from Gibraltar for Valparaiso. In passing Cape Horn he had both feet frozen, from which he was ill when he arrived at Valparaiso. After recovering his health[,] Captain <mask> engaged in coasting trade off the western coast of South America, he and another party having purchased a vessel, a Chilean schooner, La Joven Fanita. Mascarel sold the vessel to <mask> Limantour but remained aboard as captain while trading on the California coast.In 1845 they arrived at San Pedro in Alta California, where Mascarel debarked and made his way to settle in the Pueblo de Los Ángeles. He went to work as a cooper for Luis Vignes and then, with "two Manon brothers" started a bakery. Mascarel was noted as a man "largely instrumental in building up" early Los Angeles. He owned property "in the very midst of the city's wholesale district" and in San Bernardino, Riverside, Ventura, and Santa Barbara Counties. Public service
<mask> was a member of the Los Angeles Common Council in 1864–65, and he was again elected on November 12, 1866, to succeed Moritz Morris, who had resigned the previous month. He served also on the council in 1867 (his position was declared vacant on August 19 of that year, but he was reelected on September 2), in 1868–69 and in 1869–70 (he resigned on January 13, 1870). After the council was reformatted from an at-large representation to one based on electoral districts, he was elected to represent the 2nd Ward in 1873–74, 1874–75, 1880–81 and 1881–82.<mask> was a supporter of the Union government during the American Civil War, and helped to overcome a "strong secessionist movement" in Los Angeles at that time. Mayor
He served one term as the Mayor of Los Angeles, from May 5, 1865, to May 10, 1866. He was also a member of the Fire Commission. During his mayoral term, he wanted to include the prohibition of weapons in the city. During the municipal campaign in 1866, a local newspaper wrote: "Wanted: a candidate for Mayor who can read and speak the English language." In 1871, he invested in the Farmers and Merchants Bank of Los Angeles with Isaias W. Hellman and Charles Ducommun. In 1874 he acquired a store on Gower Street west of Los Angeles, which in 1886 became the city of Hollywood.References and notes

Access to the Los Angeles Times links may require the use of a library card. Land owners from California
Mayors of Los Angeles
Los Angeles Common Council (1850–1889) members
19th-century American politicians
1816 births
1899 deaths
Burials at Calvary Cemetery (Los Angeles)
French emigrants to the United States
19th-century American businesspeople

masks:
Jose Mascarel
Mascarel
Mascarel
Jose Jr
Josephine Tst
Mascarel
Mascarel
Mascarel
Mascarel
Sylvester Mascarel
Mascarel
Mascarel
Sylvester Mascarel
Mascarel
José Mascarel
Mascarel
Joseph Yves
Mascarel
Mascarel


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<mask> (25 February 1944 – 6 October 1973) was a French racing driver who took part in the Formula One World Championship. He competed in 47 World Championship Grands Prix, achieving one win, 13 podium finishes and 89 career points. Family background
<mask> was the son of Charles Goldenberg (1901–1985), a Parisian jeweller, and <mask>. Charles was a Russian-Jewish émigré brought to France as a young boy by his parents, to escape the persecution of the Jews under the Tsarist autocracy. During World War II, under the Nazi occupation of France, Goldenberg joined the French Resistance to avoid forced deportation to Poland, as he was a registered Jew. In order not to draw further attention, Charles and Huguette's four children were all registered with her surname (Cevert) rather than his. Some years after the liberation of France, <mask>'s father wanted to rename his children back to Goldenberg, but the family objected as by now they had become known as Cevert.<mask> was the brother-in-law of Grand Prix driver Jean-Pierre Beltoise. Career

Early career
When he was 16, <mask> began his motorsport career on two wheels, rather than four, initially racing his mother's Vespa scooter against friends, before graduating to his own Norton at the age of 19. After completing his National Service, <mask> switched his attention to cars. In 1966 he completed a training course at the Le Mans school, before enrolling at the Magny-Cours racing school. At the same time he registered for the Volant Shell scholarship competition, which offered the top finisher the prize of an Alpine Formula Three car. <mask> duly qualified for the final race and won. His first season in F3, at the wheel of his prize Alpine, did not go well.He lacked the funds and experience to properly set up and maintain his car. After finding sponsorship for the 1968 season, <mask> traded in his Alpine for a more competitive Tecno car. With his new mount <mask> finally started to win races, and by the end of the season he was French Formula 3 Champion, just ahead of Jean-Pierre Jabouille. After winning the French Formula 3 Championship, <mask> joined the works Tecno Formula Two team in 1969, and finished third overall, as well as driving in the F2 class of the 1969 German Grand Prix. At the time, Formula Two was an ideal training ground for ambitious drivers, as many top Grand Prix drivers also competed in the F2 class, when their Formula One schedules permitted. When Jackie Stewart had a hard time getting around <mask> in an F2 race at Crystal Palace the same year, Stewart told his team manager Ken Tyrrell to keep an eye on the young Frenchman. This personal recommendation was to pay off in 1970, as when Tyrrell needed a new driver at short notice Stewart's recommendation was still in his mind.Tyrrell later commented on the reason for <mask>'s appointment to the Formula One team that "everybody said it was (French oil company and Tyrrell sponsor) Elf, but it was really what Jackie said about him." Formula One

When Johnny Servoz-Gavin suddenly retired from the Tyrrell Formula One team three races into the 1970 season, Tyrrell called upon <mask> to be his number two driver, alongside defending World Champion Stewart. Over the next four seasons, <mask> became the veteran Stewart's devoted protégé. After making his debut at the Dutch Grand Prix at Zandvoort in Tyrrell's second customer March-Ford, he increased his pace and closed the gap to Stewart with virtually every race. He earned his first World Championship point by finishing sixth in the Italian Grand Prix at Monza. In 1971, with the Tyrrell team now building their own cars, <mask> finished second in France and Germany, both times behind team leader Stewart. Then, in the season-ending United States Grand Prix at the newly extended Watkins Glen race course, the Frenchman earned his first and only Grand Prix win:

Having started from fifth spot, <mask> took the lead from Stewart on lap 14 as the Scot's tires began to go off in the 100° heat.At about half-distance, <mask> finally began to struggle with the same understeer that had plagued Stewart much earlier. Jacky Ickx was closing, and his Firestones were getting better as the race went on. On lap 43, Ickx set the fastest lap of the race, and the gap was down to 2.2 seconds. Then, on lap 49, the alternator on Ickx's Ferrari fell off, punching a hole in the gearbox and spilling oil all over the track! Denny Hulme's McLaren hit the oil and spun into the barrier, bending his front suspension. Hulme was standing beside the track when <mask> came by and also slid off and hit the barrier, but he kept going, now 29 seconds in the lead! <mask> coasted home, taking both hands off the wheel to wave as he crossed the line.<mask> became only the second Frenchman to win a Formula One World Championship Grand Prix (Maurice Trintignant won at Monaco in 1955 and 1958), and received 50,000 U.S. dollars as award. It was the high point of his career, helping him take third place in the 1971 Drivers' Championship behind Stewart and Ronnie Peterson. Great expectations for <mask>, Stewart and Tyrrell were not fulfilled in 1972, <mask> finished in the points only three times, with second places in Belgium and in the USA, and a fourth at his home race in France at the Clermont-Ferrand circuit. One bright spot in a disappointing year for <mask> was his second-place finish at the 24 hours of Le Mans, driving a Matra-Simca 670 with New Zealand's Howden Ganley. Death
In 1973, the Tyrrell team was back on top in Formula One and <mask> showed he was capable of running with Stewart at almost every race. He finished second six times, three times behind Stewart, who acknowledged that at times the Frenchman had been a very "obedient" teammate. As <mask> began to draw even with Stewart's driving abilities, the Scot was secretly planning to retire after the last race of the season in the United States.For the 1974 season, <mask> would be Tyrrell's team leader. At Watkins Glen, with Stewart having already clinched his third World Championship, <mask> was killed during Saturday morning qualifying, while battling for pole position with Ronnie Peterson. In the fast right-left uphill combination called "The Esses", <mask>'s car was a little too far over towards the left side of the track, getting a bump from the kerbs. This made it swerve towards the right-hand side of the track, where it touched the track's signature powder blue safety barriers causing it to spin and crash into the barriers on the other side of the track at a near 90° angle, uprooting and lifting the barrier. <mask> died instantly of massive injuries inflicted by the barrier. <mask> had crashed violently in the uphill Esses heading onto the back of the circuit. Fighting the car as he went up the hill, he brushed the curb on the left, whipped across the track and hit the guardrail on the right.The car began to spin, and he swerved back across the track at 150 mph and hit the outside guardrail almost head-on, Stewart said. Jackie Stewart was one of the last on the scene of <mask>'s accident and said later "They [the marshals] had left him [in the car], because he was so clearly dead." Stewart immediately left the scene of the accident and returned to the pits. Word of the severity of the crash gradually reached the pit area. Footage shows track personnel and members of other teams, including Lotus owner Colin Chapman heading for the Tyrrell pit where Stewart parked his car. Chapman was told by Lotus team manager Peter Warr that <mask> was the driver involved and that it was "very bad". When Stewart exited his car, Chapman apparently deduced simply from his expression that it was a fatal accident.The Lotus team boss shook his head and stated mournfully, "Cevert...bloody hell." He then sighed and started walking slowly back to the Lotus pits. Emerson Fittipaldi parked his car shortly thereafter and immediately got out without speaking. He later called <mask>'s death, "One of the saddest [days] of my career." Because of <mask>'s death, Tyrrell withdrew its entry for this GP, and Stewart did not run his final, and 100th race. <mask> was 29 years and 224 days old. He is buried in the Cimetière de Vaudelnay in the village of Vaudelnay, Maine-et-Loire.Cause of the accident analysed by Stewart
When practice resumed, Stewart went out on the track in his car on a personal fact-finding mission. His conclusion was that his own preference was to take The Esses complex in fourth gear in the Tyrrell, hence he would be at the low end of the engine's rev range, making the car more tractable and less nervous (in exchange for a bit less throttle response). <mask>, however, preferred to use third gear and be at the top end of his engine's power range: it was always something of a compromise because of the need to accelerate through the combination of corners. Stewart noted that the Tyrrell always felt jumpy through this section of the Watkins Glen track owing to its short wheelbase; he felt that this was somewhat counteracted by driving in the higher gear even though this meant a time penalty if he got his line wrong through the corner. A film documentary of the time, shot minutes before the start of the fatal practice session, captures Stewart and <mask> in a spirited debate on exactly this point. Another accident occurred at the same circuit a year later in the 1974 USA Grand Prix when another young Formula One driver, Helmuth Koinigg, died when his car went straight into the barrier at turn 7. As a response to <mask>'s and Koinigg's accidents, a chicane was added in 1975 in order to slow the cars through the "Esses".The chicane was removed in 1985 after the track lost its Formula One race in 1981. Films
The 2013 film Rush portrays a composite of <mask>'s qualifying fatal accident, combining what appears to be the remains of a blue liveried 1973 Tyrrell 006 with the configuration of Helmuth Koinigg's accident while driving the Surtees TS16 in the 1974 race. The 2013 documentary 1: Life on the Limit documents <mask>'s fatal accident in 1973. <mask> was extensively profiled and interviewed in the Formula One documentary, The Quick and the Dead. Racing record

Career summary

 Ineligible for Formula One points, because <mask> drove with a Formula Two car. Complete Formula One World Championship results
(key) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

 Ineligible for Formula One points, because <mask> drove with a Formula Two car. Non-Championship results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position)
(Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Winner Volant Shell 1966
French Formula 3 Champion 1968
Third in the Formula 2 European Championship 1969
Third in the Formula 1 Drivers' World Championship 1971
Second in the 24 hours of Le Mans 1972
Winner in Donnybrook, Can-Am 1972
Winner of 1000km of Paris 1970

See also
List of select Jewish racing drivers

References

External links

Hamilton, Maurice, Ken Tyrrell: The Authorised Biography, HarperCollinsWillow 2002, .Team Tyrrell Drivers – 1971
Grand Prix Encyclopedia
8W – Tyrrell in 1973
Atlas F1 Bulletin Board with 3 photographs of <mask>'s grave at Vaudelnay

1944 births
1973 deaths
French racing drivers
French Formula One drivers
Tyrrell Formula One drivers
Formula One race winners
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
European Formula Two Championship drivers
French Formula Three Championship drivers
World Sportscar Championship drivers
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
Racing drivers killed while racing
Sports deaths in New York (state)
French people of Russian-Jewish descent
Sportspeople from Paris

masks:
Albert François Cevert Goldenberg
Cevert
Huguette Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
François Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert
Cevert


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is a Japanese retired kickboxer, mixed martial artist, and a cosplayer, fighting out of Nishinomiya, Hyogo. He's ranked 2nd dan black belt in Nippon Kempo, and was known by his career in K-1. Biography
<mask> was born in 1984 in the city of Nishinomiya, Hyogo. He started learning judo when he was an elementary school. He continued training judo until the graduation of junior high school. During his high school life, he practiced full contact karate, but he attended training only once or twice a week. He first intended to become a professional wrestler, but was deemed too short, so he decided to be a fighter instead.Mixed martial arts
<mask> joined the team of Nippon Kempo and started training seriously when he was matriculated in University of Marketing and Distribution Sciences. In addition, <mask> started participating professional mixed martial arts bouts. He also started cosplaying anime characters during his entrance to the ring. Kickboxing
Since 2007, <mask> shifted his workplace to kickboxing, and he became known as "Otaku kickboxer" because of his entrance show before the bouts. He won ten consecutive victories, and won the vacant title of NJKF at Super welterweight on December 9, 2008. This was the first time for NJKF that the kickboxer who is not the member of NJKF wins the title of NJKF (Sakigake juku is not member of NJKF). On January 25, 2009, he was chosen and awarded 2008 Outstanding Performance Award by NJKF, and also given 3 more awards certified combat sports medias.K-1
After winning the title, <mask> was offered by K-1. He participated K-1 World MAX 2009 Japan Tournament  on February 23, 2009, and he knocked out Hayato at 2R at the quarterfinal, but he was beaten by Yuya Yamamoto and lost by TKO because of being cut at the semifinal. After the Japanese tournament, <mask> was offered to fight against Albert Kraus from Netherlands on April 21. They engaged in a heated war of words before the bout where Kraus said "he seems to be a gay". The fight ended in Nagashima losing by knockout in round one. On October 26, <mask> was offered to fight against Xu Yan from China. Although he trained at Masato's gym, he was knocked out at round one.In December, he was awarded the 2009 Walkout of the Year by Inside MMA of HDNet. On March 27, 2010, <mask> participated to K-1 World Max 2010 Japan tournament. He won the tournament with 3 consecutive knock outs. Although he wanted to defend his NJKF title after this tournament, he returned his title as on 1 April because he was going to participate the world tournament and it was hard to arrange his schedule for defending title. On December 31, 2010, <mask> took part in a "mixed rules" bout against judo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu expert Shinya Aoki at Dynamite!! 2010, the annual New Year's Eve fight festival. One round was to be held under kickboxing rules and the other under mixed martial arts rules.A coin toss decided that the kickboxing round was to commense first. Aoki took advantage of the fact that he only had to survive through a single three-minute round of kickboxing and thus threw pointless attacks like flying dropkicks and rolling heel kicks while holding onto the ring ropes in order to run the clock down. As the second round began, and Aoki now in his element under MMA rules, he dropped immediately for a double leg takedown, while <mask> launched a flying knee square into Aoki's jaw. The blow instantly knocked out Aoki, after which <mask> followed up with a number of hammerfists on the supine Aoki. The referee stepped in and stopped the fight four seconds into the period. He faced Henri van Opstal at REBELS 13 in Tokyo on October 28, 2012 with a place at the Shoot Boxing World Tournament 2012 on the line. He lost via unanimous decision (30-29, 30-29, 29-28).He lost a one-sided unanimous decision to Robin van Roosmalen at Glory 4: Tokyo - 2012 Heavyweight Grand Slam in Saitama, Japan on December 31, 2012 after being dropped in round one. He lost to Yoshihiro Sato by unanimous decision at Hoost Cup: Kings in Nagoya, Japan on June 16, 2013. <mask> stopped a three-fight skid when he beat Hiroki Shishido by unanimous decision at Shoot Boxing Battle Summit Ground Zero Tokyo 2013 in Tokyo, Japan on November 15, 2013. Professional wrestling
On March 6, 2011, <mask> appeared in the puroresu promotion Pro Wrestling ZERO1 to challenge fellow rookie Daichi Hashimoto, who was scheduled to face Masahiro Chono, and said that he had also made his debut in wrestling and soon would be Daichi's rival. <mask> began training in the ZERO1 dojo under Shinjiro Otani, who was also Hashimoto's trainer. Although Daichi was the original target to Yuichiro, veteran wrestler Kohei Sato offered to wrestle <mask> first, so Yuichiro had his debut on May 5 at the Korakuen Hall against him, with th Otaku Kickboxer winning the bout. The match was highly praised and some said that Yuichiro's skill was such that he seemed to have years of experience.Later, on June 14, <mask> had his first match against Daichi, teaming with former yokozuna and K-1 fighter Akebono to defeat Hashimoto & Otani. Two months after, <mask> teamed up with Hashimoto and Otani to defeat Ryoji Sai, KAMIKAZE & Munenori Sawa. After their last meeting, <mask> announced his intention to face Masahiro Chono, who had wrestled against Hashimoto. Chono agreed and the match was held in Inoki Genome Federation, with <mask> in the losing side. Thereafter, <mask> began competing actively for IGF, achieving significant victories over Munenori Sawa and Bob Sapp. Upon his return to ZERO1, <mask> came in a feud with Fujita Hayato, being defeated by Fujita in a singles match. This was his final match of the year, as <mask> returned to kickboxing shortly after.In 2013, <mask> made a return to pro wrestling in IGF, beating Black Tiger in two consecutive matches. Lethwei and retirement
In February 2020, <mask> made his debut in lethwei rules against Aut Chin Thwai, being defeated after a leg injury at the third round. He entered the match wearing the first anime cosplay he wore in his career, that of Haruhi Suzumiya from the eponymous franchise, and suggested this was his last fight. Nahashima was scheduled to face Shohei Asahara, Yasuomi Soda and Yusaku Nakamura in his retirement exhibition match at DEEP☆KICK 55 on September 23, 2021. As in the previous occasion, he came to the match wearing a significant cosplay, the same Miku Hatsune costume he wore in his K-1 championship in November 2008, and thanked the fans for their support in his 14 years career. I || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (unanimous)  ||3|| 3:00 ||19-10-1
|-
|-  bgcolor="#C5D2EA"
| 2015-01-31 || Draw ||align=left| Yi Long || Wu Lin Feng World Championship 2015 || Chongqing, China || Decision (Unanimous) || 3 || 3:00 || 19-9-1
|-
|-  bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 2014-12-29 || Loss ||align=left| Hinata || Blade 1 || Tokyo, Japan || Decision  || 3 || 3:00 || 19-9
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2014-09-09 || Win ||align=left| Yi Long || Wu Lin Feng || Khorgos, China || TKO  || 2 || || 19-8
|-
|-  bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 2014-06-16 || Loss ||align=left| Danilo Zanolini || Rise 100 - Blade 0 -  || Tokyo, Japan || DQ (Fouls) || ? || ?:??style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2010-03-27 || Win ||align=left| Hiroki Nakajima || K-1 World MAX 2010 -70kg Japan Tournament Final || Saitama, Japan || KO (Right Hook) || 3 || 1:58 || 15-3
|-
! style=background:white colspan=9 |
|-
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2008-09-27 || Win ||align=left| Soichiro Miyakoshi || NJKF "Start of the New Legend XI" || Tokyo, Japan || TKO (Referee Stoppage) || 1 || 1:50 || 9-0
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2008-06-08 || Win ||align=left| Kenta || NJKF "West Swell" || Osaka, Japan || Decision (Majority 2-1) || 5 || 3:00 || 8-0
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2008-05-03 || Win ||align=left| Marmai || Khaolak stadium || Khao Lak, Thailand || KO || 4 || || 7-0
|-  bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2008-02-11 || Win ||align=left| Shine Soo || "MARS 11 2nd Anniversary MARS Blaster Bout Tournament A block" Final || Tokyo, Japan || KO (Left Hook) || 3 || 0:18 || 6-0
|-
! 2010
|
|align=center| 2
|align=center| 0:04
| Chūō-ku, Saitama, Japan

Legend:

See also
List of male kickboxers
List of K-1 events

References

External links
 Official K-1 Profile
 MMA Madness Profile
 MMA Universe Profile
 Official blog
 Official Gree blog

1984 births
Living people
People from Nishinomiya
Japanese male kickboxers
Japanese male mixed martial artists
Cosplayers
Japanese male professional wrestlers
Japanese male karateka
Sportspeople from Hyōgo Prefecture
Kunlun Fight kickboxers
Japanese Lethwei practitioners
Mixed martial artists utilizing Nippon Kempo
Mixed martial artists utilizing karate

masks:
Yuichiro Nagashima
Nagashima
Nagashima
Nagashima
Nagashima
Nagashima
Nagashima
Nagashima
Nagashima
Nagashima
Nagashima
Nagashima
Nagashima
Nagashima
Nagashima
Yuichiro
Nagashima
Nagashima
Nagashima
Yuichiro
Nagashima
Nagashima
Nagashima
Nagashima


text_chunks:
<mask> ( – ) was an American television actor and Korean War veteran, who played Hoss Cartwright in the long-running NBC Western television series Bonanza. Biography

Early life
<mask> was born in De Kalb, Texas, United States, the son of Ora "Shack<mask> and <mask>, née Davis. As a boy, he attended Texas Military Institute. In 1940, he enrolled in school Hardin-Simmons University and Sul Ross State University and earned a degree in speech and drama. In 1946, he played football at Southern Baptist-affiliated Hardin–Simmons University in Abilene, Texas. In 1947, he transferred to Sul Ross State Teacher's College in Alpine, Texas, where he was a star football player, and graduated in 1950. After two years of military service, he earned a master's degree in the dramatic arts.He worked as a rodeo performer and a bouncer in a bar while a student. He is remembered from his school days for his height of  and weight of , and for being good-natured despite his intimidating size. Blocker was a high-school English and drama teacher in Sonora, Texas, from 1953 to 1958; a sixth-grade teacher and coach at Eddy Elementary School in Carlsbad, New Mexico, and then a teacher in California. <mask> and his wife Dolphia, moved to Los Angeles where he secured some acting roles. U.S. Army
Blocker was drafted into the United States Army during the Korean War. He had basic training at Fort Polk, Louisiana, and served as an infantry sergeant in F Company, 2nd Battalion, 179th Infantry Regiment, 45th Infantry Division in Korea, from December 1951 to August 1952. He received a Purple Heart for wounds in combat.In addition to the Purple Heart, <mask> received the National Defense Service Medal, Korean Service Medal with two bronze campaign stars, Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation, United Nations Service Medal, Korean War Service Medal, and Combat Infantryman Badge. Acting career

In 1957, <mask> appeared in a Three Stooges short, Outer Space Jitters, playing the Goon, billed as "<mask>". He made two appearances on Gunsmoke as the blacksmith:  on August 25, 1956, in "Alarm at Pleasant Valley" and  on October 18, 1958, in "Thoroughbreds". He also appeared in 1957 as Will in the episode, "A Time to Die" of the ABC/Warner Bros. Western series, Colt .45. In 1957, <mask> was cast in episodes of David Dortort's NBC series The Restless Gun as a blacksmith and as a cattleman planning to take his hard-earned profit to return to his family land in his native Minnesota. That same year, he had at least two roles as a bartender in an episode of the syndicated Western-themed crime drama Sheriff of Cochise, starring John Bromfield, and in the film, Gunsight Ridge. Also in 1957, he appeared in the Cheyenne episode, "Land Beyond the Law", playing one of the outlaw minions (Pete).He also appeared in The Rifleman. In 1958, he played a prison guard and later had a recurring role as Tiny Budinger in the NBC Western series Cimarron City, starring George Montgomery, John Smith and Audrey Totter. He also was seen in "The Señorita Makes a Choice", a 1958 episode of Walt Disney's Zorro series, as well as an episode, "Underground Ambush", of Sergeant Preston of the Yukon, playing Mule Conklin. In 1958, <mask> had a supporting role as Sergeant Broderick in "The Dora Gray Story" on NBC's Wagon Train. That same year, he appeared in "Stagecoach Episode" of the NBC Western Jefferson Drum, starring Jeff Richards. In March 1958, he also appeared as Joe, a thief, in season one of Have Gun Will Travel, in the episode "Gun Shy"

<mask> was cast as bearded poker-playing rodeo performer, Cloudy Sims, in the 1958 episode "Rodeo" on the David Janssen crime drama, Richard Diamond, Private Detective. In the storyline, a rodeo performer named Ed Murdock, portrayed by Lee Van Cleef, is murdered before he can make his final performance at the annual event in Madison Square Garden.In 1959, as Bonanza began its long network run, <mask> guest-starred in an episode of the Keenan Wynn and Bob Mathias NBC series, The Troubleshooters, an adventure program about unusual events surrounding an international construction company. Another 1959 role was as Del Pierce in "Johnny Yuma", the first episode of the ABC Western series The Rebel, starring Nick Adams. Bonanza (1959–1972)

<mask>'s big break also came in 1959, when he was cast as Eric "Hoss" Cartwright on the NBC television series Bonanza and played the role in 415 episodes until his death. <mask> said he portrayed the gentle-natured Hoss character with a Stephen Grellet excerpt in mind: "We shall pass this way on Earth but once, if there is any kindness we can show, or good act we can do, let us do it now, for we will never pass this way again." In 1963, <mask> starred with Frank Sinatra in the comedy Come Blow Your Horn. He worked with Sinatra again in 1968 in the Tony Rome film sequel Lady in Cement, playing a menacing tough guy. Stanley Kubrick attempted to cast <mask> in his film Dr. Strangelove, after Peter Sellers elected not to add the role of Major T.J. "King" Kong to his multiple other roles, but according to the film's co-writer, Terry Southern, <mask>'s agent rejected the script.The role went to Slim Pickens, who played the iconic scene of riding an atomic bomb down while waving his cowboy hat. In 1968, <mask> starred as John Killibrew, a blacksmith, who had convinced a number of settlers to follow him to California and founded the town of Arkana. This TV film, Something for a Lonely Man, also featured Susan Clark, John Dehner, Warren Oates, and Don Stroud. In 1970, <mask> portrayed a love-shy galoot in The Cockeyed Cowboys of Calico County, with Nanette Fabray as a love prospect and a supporting cast featuring Jim Backus, Jack Elam, Noah Beery Jr., and Mickey Rooney. <mask> also appeared on NBC's The Flip Wilson Show comedy hour. Director Robert Altman befriended <mask> while directing episodes of Bonanza. Years later, he cast <mask> as Roger Wade in The Long Goodbye, but <mask> died before filming began.The role then went to Sterling Hayden, and the film was dedicated to <mask>. Also in 1963, Blocker started and received partial ownership in a successful chain of Bonanza Steakhouse restaurants (Ponderosa Steakhouses started in 1965), in exchange for serving (in character as Hoss) as their commercial spokesman and making personal appearances at franchises. Personal life

Originally from Bowie County, Texas, <mask> arrived in Los Angeles in 1958 planning to do post-grad work at UCLA but began getting acting roles. Previously, while attending Sul Ross State College, he had a non-speaking part in a stage play and found that he was attracted to acting. He also played in Summer Stock in Boston in 1950 after getting his degree at the College. <mask> was a Free Methodist. He married Dolphia Parker, whom he had met while a student at Sul Ross State University.Their children are Hollywood actor <mask>, Hollywood producer <mask>, and twin daughters Debra Lee (artist) and <mask> Lynn. <mask> won a 1998 Emmy for producing Don King: Only in America. <mask>, a liberal Democrat was among Hollywood celebrities who supported Pat Brown's re-election in 1966 as governor of California against Ronald W. Reagan. In 1968, Blocker backed then-U.S. Senator Eugene J. McCarthy of Minnesota for the Democratic presidential nomination. Blocker later supported the eventual Democratic Party nominee, Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey, also of Minnesota, for the presidency against the Republican Richard M. Nixon. Blocker kept a house in Inglewood, California, and a  Tudor-style mansion in the Hancock Park area of Los Angeles, not far from singer Nat King Cole.The house was later purchased by American heavy metal singer Rob Zombie, and was featured on an episode of MTV Cribs. On the 2010 PBS special, Pioneers of Television: Westerns, actor Mitch Vogel, who played adopted brother Jamie Cartwright on Bonanza, said Blocker, "was so easy to get to know—the kind of guy you could go and have a beer with." <mask>, a performance automobile fan, once owned a 1965 Chevrolet Chevelle SS396 "Z-16" (RPO Z16 option), as Chevrolet was the commercial sponsor of the show. He also owned a 1965 Huffaker Genie MK10 race car, nicknamed the "Vinegaroon". The car was run by Nickey Chevrolet in the 1965 and 1966 U.S. Road Racing Championship series, as well as the 1966 Can-Am championship. Death

On May 13, 1972, <mask> died in Los Angeles, at age 43, of a pulmonary embolism following gallbladder surgery at Daniel Freeman hospital. A news item provides these specifics: "Blocker went into the hospital for gall bladder surgery, developed a blood clot in his lung, and died".The writers of Bonanza took the unusual step of referencing a major character's death in the show's storyline that autumn. A 2011 report added that "this was to be the first time in television history that a show had dealt with, or even mentioned, the death of one of its characters". Specifics as to the death were not discussed in the series, but some years later, in a subsequent series, Bonanza: The Next Generation one character stated that "Hoss drowned trying to save another's life". Bonanza lasted another season without Hoss, and the 14th and final season ended on January 16, 1973. That season was "by far the least popular and least requested season in the show's rerun package". <mask>'s remains were interred in a family plot in Woodmen Cemetery, in De Kalb, Texas. The common grave site is marked by a plain stone with the name "B. <mask><mask>" engraved; three family members are buried beside him – his father, mother, and sister.Filmography

Namings
The following are named after Blocker:
 The <mask> Room is on the second floor of the O'Donnell Heritage Museum in O'Donnell, Texas, where he was brought up. <mask>er Beach is in Malibu, California. <mask>er Avenue is a street in the Boulder Ranch development in Henderson, Nevada. References

External links

 Biography by Bruce Eder, Allmovie

 Roadside America, <mask> Memorial
 "Cactus Pryor Interviews <mask>": KTBC interview from 1965

1928 births
1972 deaths
People from DeKalb, Texas
Male actors from Texas
American male film actors
United States Army soldiers
United States Army personnel of the Korean War
American male television actors
Can-Am entrants
Sul Ross State University alumni
People from O'Donnell, Texas
People from Sutton County, Texas
TMI Episcopal alumni
Male actors from Los Angeles
Free Methodist Church members
California Democrats
20th-century American male actors
Western (genre) television actors
Deaths from pulmonary embolism

masks:
Bobby Dan Davis Blocker
Blocker
" Blocker
Mary Arizona Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Don Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Dirk Blocker
David Blocker
Danna
David Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Blocker
Dan D
. Blocker
Dan Blocker
Dan Block
Dan Block
Dan Blocker
Dan Blocker


text_chunks:
<mask> (1870–1947) was an English geneticist. Career

<mask> had hoped to read Natural Sciences at Cambridge University, but became ill at a critical time, possibly with tuberculosis, and this prevented him attending, although he recovered and led an active life thereafter. <mask> inherited a plant nursery business in the small Leicestershire village of Burbage. At his Burbage laboratories, a part of the family plant nurseries, <mask> carried out his studies on hybridisation in orchids. He wrote an early paper proposing that new species evolved from hybridisation, based on his orchid knowledge, in 1898, almost two decades before similar theories were published by Johannes Paulus Lotsy. <mask> was a frequent correspondent and friend to William Bateson and helped in the introduction of Mendelian genetics in the early 20th century. Also in Burbage, <mask> collected the first data to advance the theory that blue eye colour was recessive to brown.He carried out many investigations into the genetics of coat colour inheritance in horses, chickens and other domestic animals. As well as studying eye colour in humans, he was an ardent eugenicist and believed fervently that the human race could be improved by genetic study. In his book on 'Creative Evolution' he advocated a theory of musical ability based on Mendelian loci. Although an early promoter and lifelong supporter of Mendelian genetics and a friend of Bateson's, he appears to have parted ways with his mentor on some points. In his 1932 book on The Mechanism of Creative Evolution Hurst adopted the chromosome theory of inheritance whole-heartedly referring copiously to Thomas Hunt Morgan's Drosophila work, and he was also clearly a staunch Darwinist. He believed that natural selection and Mendelian genetics were compatible, and referred to the theoretical work of Sewall Wright, R.A. Fisher, and J.B.S. Haldane, which proved that quantitative traits and natural selection were compatible with Mendelism.As he argued in Creative Evolution (1932), p. xix:

"The genetical approach to Darwinism has been further strengthened by the mathematical work of Fisher and Haldane, which has placed the study of natural selection on a higher plane, and has provided a new tool and approach to the problem, from which much is expected during the next decade. Fisher's work on The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, with its new views of the origin of dominance and the natural selection of genotypes, has already become a classic. J.B.S. Haldane's Mathematical Theory of Natural Selection shows that in evolution, neither mutation nor Lamarckian transformation can prevail against natural selection of even moderate intensity. In America, Sewall Wright has also made an extensive mathematical investigation of the problem of evolution and natural selection, and in the main his results agree with those of Fisher and Haldane although he attaches more importance to random survivals in medium-sized populations than either Fisher or Haldane." <mask> was also a major initiator of the modern "genetical species concept" later known as the biological species concept. This was very much in tune with William Bateson's own beliefs, and Bateson's views on this topic were accepted by many other geneticists worldwide, including Theodosius Dobzhansky.Here is <mask>'s concept of species in Creative Evolution (1932), p. 66-7:

"A species is a group of individuals of common descent, with certain constant specific characters in common which are represented in the nucleus of each cell by constant and characteristic sets of chromosomes carrying homozygous specific genes, causing as a rule intra-fertility and inter-sterility. On this view the species is no longer an arbitrary conception convenient to the taxonomist, a mere new name or label, but rather a real specific entity which can be experimentally demonstrated genetically and cytologically. Once the true nature of species is realised and recognised in terms of genes and chromosomes, the way is open to trace its evolution and origin, and the genetical species becomes a measurable and experimental unit of evolution." Such views were typical of the stance in evolutionary biology, adopted later by and today mainly credited to Theodosius Dobzhansky and Ernst Mayr, and dubbed "The Modern Synthesis" by Julian Huxley in 1942. Significance
<mask> was famous for his work on hybridisation and breeding in orchids, but also for carrying out early studies into eye colour genetics (demonstrating the dominance of brown eyes over blue in 1905), and animal coat coloration (in subjects ranging from horses to chickens). William Bateson was credited as the scientist who first brought Mendel's theories to the English speaking-world, and the coiner of the term 'genetics'. Given the nickname 'Bateson's Bulldog', <mask> has been described along with Bateson as one of the two leaders of Mendelism in England at the turn of the 20th century.Bateson and <mask> collaborated in the battle against the biometricians Karl Pearson and Walter Frank Raphael Weldon, with <mask> generating much data from experimental crosses of different plant varieties and animal colour variants, including chickens, horses, and man. Together they practically proved that Mendelian genetics could be extended to many different systems. <mask> was much younger than Bateson, but had a fiery passion for genetics, great skill in debate, and an approachableness lacking in some of his older peers which meant he was well respected within the scientific and lay community. See also

Cock, Alan G. & Forsdyke, D.R. 2008. Treasure Your Exceptions. The Science and Life of William Bateson.Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Chapter 10. Bateson's Bulldog. pp. 269–294. Schwartz, J. 2008.In Pursuit of the Gene. From Darwin to DNA. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. pp. 133–143. References

Some publications
Hurst, C.C. 1898.Curiosities of orchid breeding. Nature (London) 59: 178–181
Hurst, C.C. & Rolfe R.A. 1909. The Orchid Stud Book
Hurst, C.C. 1925. Experiments in Genetics
Hurst, C.C. 1926.Origin of species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 138: 30
Hurst, C.C. 1927. Species concept. Report of the British Association, 1926, Oxford
Hurst, C.C. 1927. Mechanism of evolution.Eugenics Review 19: 19
Hurst, C.C. 1930. Species concept. Gardener's Chronicle 88: 325
Hurst, C.C. 1931. New species concept. Reports of the International Congress of Botany, 1930.Cambridge
Hurst, C.C. 1932. The Mechanism of Creative Evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Hurst, C.C. 1932. A Genetic Formula for the Inheritance of Intelligence in Man
Hurst, C.C. 1934.The Genetics of Intellect
Hurst, C.C. 1935. Heredity and the Ascent of Man

External links

Bateson's Bulldog
Hurst and Bateson

1870 births
1947 deaths
Evolutionary biologists
British geneticists
British botanists
Deputy Lieutenants of Leicestershire

masks:
Charles Chamberlain Hurst
Hurst
Hurst
Hurst
Hurst
Hurst
Hurst
Hurst
Hurst
Hurst
Hurst
Hurst
Hurst


text_chunks:
General <mask> (April 13, 1896 – August 6, 1987) was a general of the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. <mask>, as second-in-command of the prospective Eighth Air Force, was sent to England to form and organize its bomber command. While he struggled to build up airpower in England, the organization of the Army Air Forces evolved and he was named commander of the Eighth Air Force on December 1, 1942. Although his background was in single-engine fighter aircraft, <mask> became the architect of a strategic bombing force that ultimately numbered forty groups of 60 heavy bombers each, supported by a subordinate fighter command of 1,500 aircraft, most of which was in place by the time he relinquished command at the start of 1944. <mask> then took overall command of four Allied air forces based in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, and by the end of World War II had been named Deputy Commander of the U.S. Army Air Forces. He worked in the aerospace industry following his retirement from the military, then became a newspaper columnist. Childhood and education
<mask> was born in Field Creek, Texas, in 1896, the son of a Dutch tenant farmer.He attended Southeastern State Teachers College in Durant, Oklahoma, and then joined the United States Army in 1917. He was appointed a second lieutenant of Infantry, Officer's Reserve Corps, and assigned to active duty with the 64th Infantry Regiment at Camp Bliss, El Paso, Texas. The 64th Infantry was assigned to the 14th Infantry Brigade on December 20, 1917, to be part of the 7th Infantry Division when it deployed to France. On November 15, 1917, <mask> received a commission in the Regular Army. He later received a Bachelor of Arts degree in journalism from the University of Southern California in 1934. Air Service and Air Corps career
<mask> remained with the 64th Infantry until March 1918, when he was placed on detached service to receive flying instruction at Austin and Kelly Fields in Texas. Upon graduation the following October, he was rated a pilot and assigned to Rockwell Field, California.In July 1919, he transferred to the Philippine Islands, where he served with the 2d Aero Squadron at Fort Mills until September 1919; with the 3d Aero Squadron at Camp Stotsenburg until September 1920, and as executive officer of the Department Air Office, Department and Assistant Department Air Officer, Philippine Department, and in command of the Philippine Air Depot at Manila until September 1921. Meanwhile, on July 1, 1920, he was commissioned into the Regular Army as a captain in the Air Service and returned to the United States in January 1922, for duty at Mitchel Field, New York, where he commanded the 5th Aero Squadron and later was post adjutant. In June 1924, <mask> was named executive assistant in the Office of Air Service at Washington, D.C., and from December 21, 1926, to May 2, 1927, he served as a pilot of one of the Loening OA-1 float planes of the Pan American Goodwill Flight that made a 22,000 mile (35,200 km) trip around South America and, with the others, was awarded the Mackay Trophy. He then became executive officer in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of War at Washington, D.C. In September 1926, he was named operations and line maintenance officer at Bolling Field, Washington, D.C. While on that duty, he participated as chief pilot on the endurance flight of the Army plane, Question Mark, from 1 to January 7, 1929, establishing a new world flight endurance record. For this achievement the entire crew of five, including <mask> and mission commander Major <mask>, were awarded the DFC.In 1930, he made the first transcontinental flight entirely with instruments. In October 1934, <mask> was ordered to duty at March Field, Calif., where he commanded the 34th Pursuit Squadron and later the 17th Pursuit Squadron. In the summer of 1935, he was detached for duty with the Navy and participated aboard the aircraft carrier USS Lexington, on maneuvers in Hawaii and Guam. <mask> entered the Air Corps Tactical School at Maxwell Field, Alabama, in August 1935, and upon graduation the following June entered the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, from which he graduated in June 1937. During his time at Ft Leavenworth from June 3–7, 1936, <mask> made the first blind (instruments only) transcontinental flight from New York to Los Angeles. He then became assistant chief of the Information Division in the Office of the Chief of Air Corps (OCAC) at Washington, D.C., during which he helped plan and publicize the interception of the Italian liner Rex at sea. In November 1940, <mask> was given command of the 20th Pursuit Group at Hamilton Field, California.He was promoted in 1941 to colonel while at Hamilton Field. World War II

Promoted to brigadier general in January 1942, he was assigned to organize the VIII Bomber Command (which became the Eighth Air Force) in England and to understudy the British system of bomber operations. Then, in December 1942, he assumed command of the Eighth Air Force. In a speech he gave to the British that won him favorable publicity, he said, "We won't do much talking until we've done more fighting. After we've gone, we hope you'll be glad we came." Much of <mask>'s initial staff, including Captain Frederick W<mask>, Captain Beirne Lay, Jr., and Lieutenant Harris Hull, was composed of reserve rather than career military officers, and the group became known as "Eaker's Amateurs". <mask>'s position as commander of the Eighth Air Force led to his becoming the model for the fictional Major General Pat Pritchard in the 1949 movie Twelve O'Clock High.Throughout the war, <mask> was an advocate for daylight "precision" bombing of military and industrial targets in German-occupied territory and ultimately Germany—of striking at the enemy's ability to wage war while minimizing civilian casualties. The British considered daylight bombing too risky and wanted the Americans to join them in night raids that would target wider areas, but <mask> persuaded a skeptical <mask> that the American and British approaches complemented each other in a one-page memo that concluded, "If the RAF continues night bombing and we bomb by day, we shall bomb them round the clock and the devil shall get no rest." He personally participated in the first US B-17 Flying Fortress bomber strike against German occupation forces in France, bombing Rouen on August 17, 1942. <mask> was promoted to major general in September 1943. However, as American bomber losses mounted from German defensive fighter aircraft attacks on deep penetration missions beyond the range of available fighter cover, <mask> may have lost some of the confidence of USAAF Commanding General Henry Arnold. To reduce losses to fighters, <mask> was a strong advocate of the Boeing YB-40 Flying Fortress, a B-17 Flying Fortress which carried additional gun turrets and gunners instead of a bomb load and was intended to act as a long-range, "gunship" escort for conventional bombers. However the YB-40 was not a success in combat.<mask> also strongly advocated work on improving the range of conventional fighters using drop tanks. When General Dwight D. Eisenhower was named Supreme Allied Commander in December 1943, he proposed to use his existing team of subordinate commanders, including Lieutenant General Jimmy Doolittle, in key positions. Doolittle was named Eighth Air Force Commander, and Arnold concurred with the change. <mask> was reassigned as Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Allied Air Forces, previous commander Tedder having been selected by Eisenhower to plan the air operations for the Normandy invasion. <mask> had under his command the Twelfth and Fifteenth Air Forces and the British Desert and Balkan Air Forces. He did not approve of the plan to bomb Monte Cassino in February 1944, considering it a dubious military target, but ultimately signed off the mission and gave in to pressure from ground commanders. Historians of the era now generally believe <mask>'s skepticism was correct and that the ancient abbey at Monte Cassino could have been preserved without jeopardizing the allied advance through Italy.He personally led the first raid of Operation Frantic on 2 July 1944, flying in a B-17 called Yankee Doodle II and landing at a Soviet base at Polotava in the Ukraine. On April 30, 1945, General <mask> was named deputy commander of the Army Air Forces and Chief of the Air Staff. He retired on August 31, 1947, and was promoted to lieutenant general in the newly established United States Air Force on the retired list June 29, 1948. Almost 40 years after his retirement, Congress passed special legislation awarding four-star status in the U.S. Air Force to General <mask>, prompted by retired Air Force Reserve major general and Senator Barry Goldwater (R-AZ) and endorsed by President Ronald Reagan. On April 26, 1985, Chief of Staff General <mask>. Gabriel and <mask>, the general's wife, pinned on his fourth star. It is presented to cadets who have completed the requirements of the final phase of the cadet program. The award is accompanied by promotion to the grade of Cadet Lieutenant Colonel, the second highest grade in the program.In 1993 he was inducted into the Airlift/Tanker Association Hall of Fame. In 1981, <mask> was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum. Civilian career

Ten days before the Democratic Party primary runoff election of the 1948 United States Senate election in Texas on Saturday, August 28, 1948, <mask> spoke in support of candidate Lyndon B. Johnson. <mask>. Stevenson's campaign attacked <mask>, and <mask> was defended by other prominent military officers and Johnson. Criticizing a prominent military leader so soon after World War II likely had a negative effect on Stevenson's turnout in the election, and in Howard County in particular (which had quartered an Army Air Force Bombardier School during World War II) returned an abnormally high net gain for Johnson as compared to his gains in other areas. Johnson would go on to be declared the winner of the election by a small margin. <mask> was a vice president of Hughes Tool Company and Hughes Aircraft (1947–57) and of Douglas Aircraft (1957–61).While stationed in New York in the early 1920s, <mask> studied law at Columbia University. <mask> went back to school in the early 1930s at the University of Southern California and received a degree in journalism. With Henry Arnold, <mask> co-authored This Flying Game (1936),
Winged Warfare (1937),

and Army Flyer (1942). Starting in 1962, he wrote a weekly column, carried by many newspapers, on military affairs. <mask> was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame, in Dayton, Ohio, in 1970. Over his 30 years of flying, General <mask> accumulated 12,000 flying hours as pilot. On September 26, 1978, the U.S. Congress passed, and on October 10, 1978, President <mask> signed, Public Law 95-438, which awarded the Congressional Gold Medal to General <mask>, "in recognition of his distinguished career as an aviation pioneer and Air Force leader".<mask> died August 6, 1987, at Malcolm Grow Medical Center, Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Blytheville Air Force Base, Strategic Air Command (SAC) installation, was renamed Eaker Air Force Base on May 26, 1988. Eaker AFB was closed on March 6, 1992, due to Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) action. Military to civilian conversion began, and public aircraft began using the decommissioned base. The military still uses the renamed Arkansas International Airport. The airport in Durant, Oklahoma was renamed Eaker Field to honor <mask>, a graduate of Southeastern State College in Durant. Now known as Southeastern Oklahoma State University, the student aviation majors use the airport as the home of the flight school.

masks:
Ira Clarence Eaker
Eaker
Eaker
Eaker
Eaker
Eaker
Eaker
Eaker
Eaker
Carl Spaatz
Eaker
Eaker
Eaker
Eaker
Eaker
. Castle
Eaker
Eaker
Eaker
Winston Churchill
Eaker
Eaker
Eaker
Eaker
Eaker
Eaker
Eaker
Eaker
Eaker
Charles A
Ruth Eaker
Eaker
Eaker
Coke R
Eaker
Eaker
Eaker
Eaker
Eaker
Eaker
Eaker
Eaker
Jimmy Carter
Eaker
Eaker
Eaker