text_chunks:
<mask> "Bob" <mask> (October 27, 1926 – November 12, 1993) was an American political aide and businessman, best known for his service as White House Chief of Staff to President <mask> and his consequent involvement in the Watergate scandal. Born in California, <mask>man served in the Navy Reserves in World War II and attended UCLA. In 1949, he joined the J. Walter Thompson advertising agency, where he worked for 20 years as a prominent advertising executive in both Los Angeles and New York City. He made a name for himself early in Los Angeles social circles from his work as chairman of the UCLA Alumni Association and a member of the University of California Board of Regents. A long family association with the Republican Party and his own interest drew <mask>man to politics. In the 1950s, he became acquainted with Nixon, for whom he developed both an intense respect and steadfast loyalty. He began as an advance man on President Dwight D. Eisenhower's reelection campaign in 1956, again worked as an advance man on Nixon's 1960 presidential campaign, and managed Nixon's 1962 run for governor of California.When Nixon was elected President in 1968, he selected <mask> as his chief of staff. <mask>man is credited with implementing more significant changes to White House staffing systems and Executive Branch governance and operations than any chief of staff before him or since, and it is the "Haldeman system" that presidential administrations continue to operate on today. His intensity and no-nonsense management style earned him a reputation as a stern taskmaster who expected top-notch performance. After he left the Nixon administration in April 1973, <mask> was tried on counts of perjury, conspiracy, and obstruction of justice for his role in the Watergate cover-up. He was found guilty and imprisoned for 18 months. Upon <mask>man's release, he returned to private life and was a successful businessman and real estate developer until his death from cancer in 1993 at the age of 67. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Los Angeles on October 27, 1926, one of three children of socially prominent parents.His father, <mask> <mask>, founded and ran a successful heating and air conditioning supply company, and gave time and financial support to local Republican causes, including the <mask> financial fund that led to the so-called "Fund Crisis" during the 1952 presidential race. His mother, Katherine (née <mask>), was a longtime volunteer with the Salvation Army and other philanthropic organizations. His paternal grandfather, <mask> <mask>, co-founded the Better America Federation of California, The Oz Film Manufacturing Company, and a gentleman's club named The Uplifters. <mask> and his siblings were raised as Christian Scientists. Known to his peers as a "straight arrow", he sported his trademark flat-top haircut from his high school years – a look that he would adopt for most of his life until after his resignation as Chief of Staff – enjoyed discussions of ethics, and achieved the rank of Eagle Scout. He attended Harvard School, an elite boys prep school, during which time he met Joanne "Jo" <mask>, who was attending Marlborough School, an elite, private secondary school which educated women in the 7th to 12th grades. The two married in 1949.During World War II he was in the United States Navy Reserve but did not see active combat. <mask>man attended the University of Redlands and the University of Southern California, then transferred to the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He received his B.A. from UCLA in 1948, where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi fraternity. At UCLA, he met John Ehrlichman, who became a close friend and colleague in the Nixon administration. In 1949, he joined the J. Walter Thompson advertising agency, where he worked for 20 years in both Los Angeles and New York City; other employees of this firm during this period included <mask>, who went on to serve as White House Press Secretary in the Nixon administration. A long family association with the Republican Party and his own interest drew <mask>man to politics and during this period he commenced working for <mask>, for whom he developed both an intense respect and steadfast loyalty.Beginning as an advance man on Nixon's 1956 and 1960 campaigns, <mask>man managed Nixon's 1962 run for governor of California, and when Nixon was elected President in 1968, he chose <mask>man to be his chief of staff. Career in the Nixon administration

When <mask>'s appointment to the White House was announced, <mask>, a close friend and presidential scholar, urged him to start keeping a daily diary recording the major events of each day and <mask>man's thoughts on them. <mask>man took this suggestion and started keeping and maintaining a daily diary throughout his entire career in the Nixon White House (January 18, 1969 – April 30, 1973). The full text of the diaries is almost 750,000 words, and an abridged version was published as The <mask>man Diaries after <mask>'s death. A full version is available to researchers at the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum. Gaining a reputation as a stern taskmaster who expected top-notch work, he and John Ehrlichman were called "the Berlin Wall" by other White House staffers in a play on their German family names and shared penchant for keeping others away from Nixon and serving as his "gatekeepers". They became Nixon's most loyal and trusted aides during his presidency.Both were keen in protecting what they regarded as Nixon's best interests. He and the president were very close – <mask>man was even dubbed "the president's son-of-a-bitch" – and Nixon relied on him to filter information that came into his office and to make sure that information was properly dispensed. Role in Watergate

<mask>man was one of the various key figures in the Watergate scandal. The "Smoking Gun" tape revealed that Nixon instructed <mask>man to have the CIA pressure the FBI into dropping its Watergate investigation. Nixon instructed him to tell the CIA that the investigation would "open up the whole Bay of Pigs thing again". In his book, <mask> later wrote: "It seems that in all those references to the Bay of Pigs, he was actually referring to the Kennedy assassination." He also said that Nixon might have been reminding CIA Director <mask> that the CIA assassination attempts on Fidel Castro may have triggered the assassination of Kennedy.The unexplained  minute gap in Nixon's Oval Office recordings occurred during a discussion that included the President and <mask>man on June 20, 1972. Nixon requested the resignations of <mask> and Ehrlichman in what has been described as a long and emotional meeting at Camp David. <mask>man was fired, and the resignations were announced on April 30, 1973. In a phone conversation shortly after the resignations, Nixon told <mask>man that he loved him like his brother. On the eve of Nixon's resignation, <mask>man asked for a full pardon along with a full pardon of Vietnam War draft dodgers. He argued that pardoning the draft dodgers would take some of the heat off him. Nixon refused.On January 1, 1975, <mask> was convicted of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and three counts of perjury. He was sentenced to serve  to 8 years, subsequently commuted to 1 to 4 years. In Lompoc Federal Prison, <mask>man worked in a facility testing sewage. On December 20, 1978, after serving 18 months, <mask>man was released on parole. The Ends of Power
In 1978, Times Books published The Ends of Power, written by <mask>man with the writer Joseph DiMona. <mask>man wrote in the book that Nixon had initiated the break-in and had participated in the cover-up from the onset. A passage in The Ends of Power has been claimed to support allegations linking Watergate to the assassination of John F. Kennedy.Oliver Stone's 1995 film Nixon, in which <mask> was portrayed by James Woods, presents the scenario that Nixon attempted to use the CIA's hidden anti-Castro history to help cover up his own misdeeds during Watergate. Stone credited the comments attributed to <mask>man in The Ends of Power as the source for his scenario. According to the political commentator Chris Matthews, <mask>man denied writing those words and said the theory of events actually belonged to DiMona. Matthews reported that <mask>man said he had no idea of what Nixon meant by the "whole Bay of Pigs thing" comments. Noting that Stone had implicated Nixon as having a role in planning a plot to kill Castro, <mask> described it as "one of the most controversial themes of his movie". A response by Nixon writers <mask> and Christopher Wilkinson stated that DiMona, <mask>man's ghostwriter, had confirmed that it was <mask>man's conclusion that "the Bay of Pigs thing" was a code for the Kennedy assassination. Later life
In his post-prison years, <mask>man went on to a successful career as a businessman, taking an interest in hotels, development, real estate, and chain restaurants in Florida.Death
On November 12, 1993, after refusing medical treatment in accordance with his Christian Science beliefs, <mask>man died of abdominal cancer at his home in Santa Barbara, California. He was survived by his wife of almost 45 years, the former <mask>, and their four children – Susan, <mask> (<mask>), Peter, and Ann. His remains were cremated and scattered at a site that has not been revealed. Upon <mask>man's death, <mask> said in a statement, "I have known <mask>man to be a man of rare intelligence, strength, integrity and courage. He played an indispensable role in turbulent times as our Administration undertook a broad range of initiatives at home and abroad." His White House diaries were released posthumously as The Haldeman Diaries in 1994. Popular culture
In the 30 Rock episode "Rosemary's Baby", <mask>man is satirized in "the mailbox sketch that shocked America," by <mask> (Carrie Fisher).See also
 Operation Sandwedge

References

Further reading

 <mask>, Joanne H. (2017). In The Shadow Of The White House. Vireo/Rare Bird. . External links
 H.R<mask>man testifying at the Watergate Hearings WETA-TV, 1973 Watergate Hearings
 Washington Post profile of <mask>man
 Washington Post <mask>deman Obituary
 Ford Library & Museum:The Watergate Files
 <mask>'s Parlour Tricks: <mask><mask>man
 Watergate trial of H.R. <mask>, courtroom sketches.The Testimony of John Ehrlichman & H. R. Haldeman at Smithsonian Folkways

1926 births
1993 deaths
American campaign managers
American Christian Scientists
American government officials convicted of crimes
20th-century American memoirists
California politicians convicted of crimes
California Republicans
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from stomach cancer
Military personnel from California
Nixon administration personnel
People convicted in the Watergate scandal
People convicted of obstruction of justice
University of Southern California alumni
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
White House Chiefs of Staff
Writers from Los Angeles
Harvard-Westlake School alumni
United States Navy personnel of World War II
United States Navy reservists

masks:
Harry Robbins
Haldeman
Richard Nixon
Halde
Halde
Haldeman
Halde
Haldeman
Halde
Haldeman
Harry Francis
Haldeman
Richard Nixon
Robbins
Harry Marston
Haldeman
Young Haldeman
Horton
Halde
Ronald Ziegler
Halde
Richard Nixon
Halde
Halde
Haldeman
Robert Rutland
Halde
Halde
Halde
Haldeman
Halde
Halde
Halde
Haldeman
Richard Helms
Halde
Haldeman
Halde
Halde
Halde
Haldeman
Halde
Halde
Halde
Halde
Haldeman
Halde
Halde
Halde
Howard Rosenberg
Steven Rivele
Halde
Halde
Halde
Halde
Joanne Horton
Harry
Hank
Halde
Richard Nixon
Bob Halde
Halde
Rosemary Howard
Haldeman
. Halde
Halde
Hal
Ron Schuler
H R
. Halde
Haldeman


text_chunks:
<mask>  (born 1953) is a Canadian historian who serves as Chair of the L.R. Wilson Institute for Canadian History at McMaster University. He was formerly a professor at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, where he taught from 1988 to 2015. During his time at Queen's, he supervised or co-supervised over 33 doctoral theses and 49 master's theses and cognate essays. His primary interests are Canadian cultural and political history, the economic and social history of Atlantic Canada, historical memory and tourism, and the history of liberalism, both in its Canadian and transnational aspects. His long-term project is to write a comprehensive history of the Canadian left. He is the younger brother of poet <mask>, whose works have earned similarly high praise.Education
<mask> earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Dalhousie University in 1975. His honours essay was entitled The Working Class of Metropolitan Halifax, 1850–1889. He then travelled to Britain to study labour history at the University of Warwick in Coventry. He earned his master's degree there in 1976, with a dissertation entitled Trade Unionism in the Baking Industry in Great Britain and Ireland, 1857–1974. He then returned to Canada, again to Dalhousie University, where he completed his PhD, entitled, Industry, Work and Community in the Cumberland Coalfields, 1848–1927, under the supervision of Michael Cross and Judith Fingard. In the 1980s, he served on the editorial board of New Maritimes. Awards and honours
In 2009, <mask>'s Reasoning Otherwise: Leftists and the People's Enlightenment in Canada, 1890–1920 won the Sir John A. Macdonald Prize, awarded by the Canadian Historical Association for the best book written in Canadian history the previous year.His co-authored work, In the Province of History: The Making of the Public Past in Twentieth Century Nova Scotia, was awarded the 2010–2011 Pierre Savard Prize (International Council of Canadian Studies) for the best book on Canada in English or French. In 2014, <mask> delivered the keynote address to the annual meeting of the Canadian Historical Association, and that same year was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada. In September 2017, he was the recipient of an honorary DCL degree from Saint Mary's University. 2017 also saw <mask>'s book The Vimy Trap (co-authored with Jamie Swift) shortlisted for both the Sir John A. Macdonald Prize and the Shaughnessy Cohen Prize for Political Writing. In 2020, Radical Ambition: The New Left in Toronto (co-authored with Peter Graham) received the Flyod S. Chalmers Award for Ontario History. Liberal order framework
In the December 2000 issue of the Canadian Historical Review, <mask> introduced a new framework for interpreting Canadian history. In "The Liberal Order Framework: A Prospectus for a Reconnaissance of Canadian History", <mask> argues that "the category 'Canada' should henceforth denote a historically specific project of rule, rather than either an essence we must defend or an empty homogeneous space we must possess.Canada-as-project can be analyzed as the implantation and expansion over a heterogeneous terrain of a certain politico-economic logic – to wit, liberalism." However, far from simply charting victories along the road to liberal order, <mask>'s approach demands meticulous attention to points of resistance and struggle that shaped the particular contours of Canadian liberalism. Called "reconnaissance" in reference to its Gramscian inspiration, the strategy is at once anti-presentist in seeking to reconstruct the past in its own terms, and present-minded in linking historical findings to contemporary political concerns and ongoing struggles. The piece has been called "one of the most influential articles ever published in Canadian historiography." According to Carleton University historian A. B. McKillop, <mask>'s framework has incited "Canadian historians to a degree not witnessed since [J. M. S.] Careless's 'limited identities' article inspired a generation of fledgling social historians in the seventies." The liberal order framework spawned a number critical essays first presented at the McGill Institute for the Study of Canada and subsequently published in 2008 as Liberalism and Hegemony: Debating the Canadian Liberal Revolution.The Underhill Review (Fall 2009) also featured a forum on "<mask> and the Liberal Order". And finally, the 2009 annual meeting of the Canadian Historical Association also saw a panel discussion devoted to the framework. It is currently listed as the most cited article ever published in the Canadian Historical Review. <mask> has expanded the approach in his multi-volume history of socialism and radicalism in Canada, entitled Realms of Freedom. Serving as the introduction is Rebels, Reds, Radicals: Rethinking Canada's Left History published by Between the Lines Press of Toronto. (It also served as "the inaugural volume in Provocations, a series of concise works advancing broad arguments, written by authors deeply immersed in their fields.") The first volume, Reasoning Otherwise: Leftists And The People's Enlightenment In Canada, 1890-1920, was published in 2008.The second book in the series, Revolution's Iron Gates: The Canadian Left and the Challenge of Modernity, 1921-1956 was originally scheduled for publication in 2013, but has yet to appear. Chair of L.R. Wilson Institute for Canadian History

In September 2015, McMaster University announced that <mask> would be joining their Department of History as the L.R. Wilson Chair for Canadian history. McMaster's Dean of Humanities, Ken Cruikshank, stated:  "Dr. <mask> is the perfect scholar to lead the L. R. Wilson Institute for Canadian History as we approach the 150th anniversary of Confederation in 2017." <mask> already has a vision for the institute, and has recently spoken about the need for historians to contribute to public discourse, and for Canadian historians engaging in a broader conversation that transcends the narrow confines of their own research. This latter theme is an echo of his article, "Liberal Order Framework", in which he decried the state of the field more generally.In a recent profile piece, <mask> spoke of several themes that would be addressed in the next year or two at the Wilson Institute, namely issues of war and peace, and social justice issues. About the former, he said: "McMaster has a wonderful tradition of peace research and tremendous archival sources, and it’s just a paradise for someone who’s interested in peace and war." It is tentatively entitled A New Method of Liberty: Antonio Gramsci, C.B. MacPherson, and the Next Left. References

1953 births
20th-century Canadian historians
21st-century Canadian historians
Alumni of the University of Warwick
Canadian male non-fiction writers
Dalhousie University alumni
Historians from Ontario
Historians of Canada
Living people
McMaster University faculty
People from Cornwall, Ontario
Political historians
Queen's University at Kingston faculty
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada

masks:
Ian Gordon McKay
Don McKay
McKay
McKay
McKay
McKay
McKay
McKay
McKay
McKay
Ian McKay
McKay
McKay
McKay
McKay
McKay


text_chunks:
Emperor <mask> of Northern Wei ((北)魏孝文帝) (October 13, 467 – April 26, 499), personal name né Tuoba Hong (拓拔宏), later Yuan Hong (元宏), was an emperor of the Northern Wei from September 20, 471 to April 26, 499. Under the regent of Empress Dowager Feng, Emperor <mask> enacted a new land-tenure system named the equal-field system in 485, which was aimed at boosting agricultural production and tax receipts. The implementation of the equal-field system was largely due to the court's desire to break the economic power of local magnates who sheltered residents under their control living in fortified villages. Under this system, all land was owned by the state, and then equally distributed to taxpaying farmers. This system successfully created a stable fiscal infrastructure and a basis for universal military conscription for the Northern Wei, and continued well into the Tang dynasty. The equal-field program was coupled with another initiative, the "Three Elders" system, aimed at compiling accurate population registers so that land could be distributed accordingly. Emperor <mask> implemented a policy of sinicization, intending to centralize the government and make the multi-ethnic state easier to govern.These policies included changing artistic styles to reflect Chinese preferences and forcing court officials to speak the language and to wear Chinese clothes. He compelled his own Xianbei people and others to adopt Chinese surnames, and changed his own family surname from Tuoba to Yuan. He also encouraged intermarriage between Xianbei and Han. In 494, Emperor <mask> moved the Northern Wei capital from Pingcheng (平城, in modern Datong, Shanxi) to Luoyang, a city long acknowledged as a major center in Chinese history. While the capital was moved to Luoyang, the military elite remained centered at the old capital, widening the differences between the administration and the military. The population at the old capital remained conservative, while the population at Luoyang were much more eager to adopt <mask>'s policies of sinicization. His reforms were met with resistance by the Xianbei elite.In 496, two plots by Xianbei nobles, one centered on his crown prince Yuan Xun, and one centered on his distant uncle Yuan Yi (元頤). By 497, <mask> had destroyed the conspiracies and forced Yuan Xun to commit suicide. Early life and regency of Emperor Xianwen
Tuoba Hong was born in 467, when his father Emperor Xianwen was himself young—at the age of 13, and not yet ruling by himself, but instead was emperor under the regency of Emperor Xianwen's stepmother Empress Dowager Feng. Tuoba Hong was Emperor Xianwen's oldest son. His mother, Consort Li, was the daughter of Li Hui, a mid-level official at the time, who was a brother of Emperor Xianwen's mother. Empress Dowager Feng, following Tuoba Hong's birth, ended her regency and returned power to Emperor Xianwen, while spending her time raising Tuoba Hong. In 469, at age two, Tuoba Hong was created crown prince.That same year, his mother Consort Li died—and while traditional histories did not describe how she died, it appeared likely that she was forced to commit suicide according to the Northern Wei tradition of forcing crown princes' mothers to commit suicide, for it was written that the entire palace mourned her bitterly. In 471, Emperor Xianwen, who favored Taoist and Buddhist philosophies, tired of the throne, and considered passing the throne to his uncle Tuoba Zitui (拓拔子推) the Prince of Jingzhao. After opposition by virtually all high level officials, however, Emperor Xianwen was still resolved to pass the throne to someone else, but decided to instead yield the throne to Crown Prince Hong. He subsequently did so, and Crown Prince Hong took the throne as Emperor <mask>, while Emperor Xianwen took the title of Taishang Huang (retired emperor), although, due to Emperor <mask>'s young age, Emperor Xianwen continued to be in actual control of important matters. When needed on the frontlines against Rouran, he conducted military campaigns himself, while leaving important officials in charge of the capital Pingcheng (平城, in modern Datong, Shanxi) with Emperor <mask>. In 476, Empress Dowager Feng, resentful that Emperor Xianwen had put her lover Li Yi (李奕) to death in 470, had him assassinated. (Most historians, including Sima Guang, believed that she poisoned him, but another version indicated that Empress Dowager Feng readied assassins who, when Emperor Xianwen came to her palace to greet her, seized and smothered him.)She assumed regency over Emperor <mask> and assumed the title of Grand Empress Dowager. Regency of Grand Empress Dowager Feng
After Grand Empress Dowager Feng re-assumed regency, she was said to be more dictatorial than she was before, but intelligent in her decisions and frugal in her living. Not only was she highly literate, but she also was capable in mathematics. However, she trusted several eunuchs and permitted them to interfere in governmental matters. Further, she greatly promoted her lovers Wang Rui (王叡) and Li Chong (李沖) – both of whom were apparently talented officials, but whose promotions were beyond what their talents and contributions called for. She balanced her reputation by also promoting some honored officials who were not her lovers. Because she was concerned that she would be criticized for what was seen as immoral conduct, she punished those whom she perceived to be criticizing her or parodying her behavior with severe punishment, including death.One of her victims was Li Xin, who had contributed to her prior lover Li Yi's death, as she had Li Xin put to death in 477. Fearful that Emperor <mask>'s mother's clan would try to take power, she falsely accused his grandfather Li Hui (李惠) the Prince of Nan Commandery of treason in 478 and had him and his clan slaughtered. She apparently accelerated the policy of Sinicization, which included social stratification, as she issued an edict in 478 requiring people to marry in their social classes. The Northern Wei started to arrange for Han Chinese elites to marry daughters of the Xianbei Tuoba royal family in the 480s. Some Han Chinese exiled royalty fled from southern China and defected to the Xianbei. Several daughters of the Xianbei Emperor <mask> were married to Han Chinese elites, the Han Chinese Liu Song royal Liu Hui 刘辉, married Princess Lanling 蘭陵公主 of the Northern Wei, Princess Huayang 華陽公主 to Sima Fei 司馬朏, a descendant of Jin dynasty (266–420) royalty, Princess Jinan 濟南公主 to Lu Daoqian 盧道虔, Princess Nanyang 南阳长公主 to Xiao Baoyin 萧宝夤, a member of Southern Qi royalty. Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei's sister the Shouyang Princess was wedded to  The Liang dynasty ruler <mask> of Liang's son Xiao Zong 蕭綜.In 479, after rival Liu Song's throne was usurped by the general Xiao Daocheng, who established Southern Qi as its Emperor Gao, Northern Wei commissioned Liu Chang (劉昶) the Prince of Danyang, a Liu Song prince who had fled to Northern Wei in 465, with an army and promising him support to rebuild Liu Song. However, Liu Chang's abilities were not up to task, and he was never able to gain much following in the border regions to mount a major drive to reestablish Liu Song. By 481, the campaign had fizzled. Also in 481, the Buddhist monk Faxiu (法秀) tried to start a popular uprising at Pingcheng, but was discovered, captured, and executed. Some officials advocating the execution of all Buddhist monks, but Grand Empress Dowager Feng refused. Also that year, she started the building of her future tomb at Fang Mountain (方山), near Pingcheng, leaving instructions that after she died that it would be unnecessary for her to be buried with her husband Emperor Wengcheng, who was buried near the old Northern Wei capital Shengle (盛樂, in modern Hohhot, Inner Mongolia). Later that year, a new criminal code that she commissioned Gao Lü to write was completed—with 832 sections, 16 of them prescribing clan-slaughter as penalty, 235 of them prescribing personal death penalty, and 377 prescribing other forms of punishment.Sometime during Emperor <mask>'s rise to power, Grand Empress Dowager Feng had him detained and considered deposing him in favor of his brother Tuoba Xi (拓拔禧), but her attendants persuaded her otherwise. While Grand Empress Dowager Feng never formally returned imperial powers to him, by about 483 he appeared to be fairly in control of the government, although Grand Empress Dowager Feng continued to retain substantial powers. Indeed, it was by her order that that year, after Emperor <mask>'s concubine Consort Lin bore his oldest son, Tuoba Xun, Consort Lin was forced to commit suicide pursuant to Northern Wei customs. She raised Tuoba Xun herself. In 485, after Emperor <mask> created his younger brothers princes, Grand Empress Dowager Feng established an imperial school for these princes. In 486, perhaps as both a sign of Sinicization and demonstration of Emperor <mask>'s authority, he began to assume traditional Chinese imperial clothing, including a robe with dragon patterns and a tasseled hat. As Emperor <mask> was raised by Grand Empress Dowager Feng, he also became very close to the family of her brother Feng Xi (馮熙).For some time, he took two of his daughters as concubines, but one of them soon died of illness, and the other, Consort Feng Run, also suffered a major illness and was sent back to her father house, where she became a Buddhist nun. The power-sharing arrangement between stepgrandmother and stepgrandson could perhaps be illustrated by an incident in 489, when Emperor Wencheng's younger brothers Tuoba Tianci (拓拔天賜) the Prince of Ruyin and Tuoba Zhen (拓拔楨) the Prince of Nan'an were accused of corruption, a death offense. Grand Empress Dowager Feng and Emperor <mask> jointly convened an imperial council to discuss their punishment. Grand Empress Dowager Feng opened by asking the officials, "Do you believe that we should care about familial relations and destroy law, or to disregard familial relations and follow the law?" The officials largely pleaded for the princes' lives. After Grand Empress Dowager Feng fell silent, Emperor <mask> stated: "What the two princes committed is unpardonable, but the Grand Empress Dowager takes after the brotherly

masks:
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Emperor Wu
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen


text_chunks:
 love that Gaozong [Emperor Wengcheng's Temple name] had. Further, the Prince of Nan'an is filially pious toward his mother.Therefore, the two will be spared the death penalty, but their offices and titles will be stripped from them, and they will be reduced to commoner status with no political rights." In 490, Grand Empress Dowager Feng died, and she was buried with magnificent honors. Emperor <mask> was so distraught that he was unable to take in food or water for five days, and subsequently observed a three-year mourning period for her, notwithstanding officials' pleas for him to shorten the mourning period in accordance with rules that Emperor Wen of Han had set. Early personal reign
After Grand Empress Dowager Feng's death, Emperor <mask> not only continued the sinicization campaign, but carried it out in earnest, changing many laws and customs of the Northern Wei states to conform with Han, particularly Confucian, customs. While he sought out his mother Consort Li's cousins (Consort Li's brothers had been executed with their father Li Hui) and rewarded them with relatively low offices, he later retracted the rewards, bringing criticism that he was treating the Fengs with too much kindness and not treating the Lis with sufficient kindness. in 492, in conformance with past dynasties' tradition, Emperor <mask> demoted the many princes in the state, unless they were descendants of the dynasty founder <mask>u, to the titles of duke, with two exceptions: Baba Guan (拔拔觀) the Prince of Shangdang, because of the great accomplishments of his grandfather Baba Daosheng (拔拔道生), was allowed to remain prince; and the former Liu Song prince Liu Chang the Prince of Danyang, while having his own rank reduced to Duke of Qi Commandery, was given a special title, which appeared to be non-inheritable, of Prince of Song. In 493, <mask> married another daughter of Feng Xi, Feng Qing, as empress.Also in 493, Emperor <mask> began the first of a number of campaigns that he would conduct against Southern Qi – although in the case of this campaign, it was intended to instead allow him to move the capital from Pingcheng south to the Han heartland of Luoyang, to further his sinicization campaign. As he reached Luoyang in the late fall, he ordered a continued advance despite heavy rains, and then, when the Xianbei officials who opposed the campaign tried again to stop him, he offered a compromise—that the capital be moved to Luoyang, and the campaign be abandoned. The officials agreed. He also entrusted the matters of changing Xianbei ceremonies and music to Han ceremonies to the official Wang Su (王肅), who had only recently defected from Southern Qi. in 494, Emperor <mask> made a return to Pingcheng, and, for reasons that are not clear, reopened the discussions on whether to move the capital to Luoyang. This time, the Xianbei officials largely opposed the move, but Emperor <mask> overruled them and continued moving the governmental agencies to Luoyang, although maintaining a fairly substantial governmental presence at Pingcheng for it to serve as the secondary capital. To alleviate the concerns that the move from Pingcheng to Luoyang would cause a supply shortage of horses and other livestock, he had the general Yuwen Fu (宇文福) set up a large livestock grazing zone at Heyang (河陽, in modern Jiaozuo and Xinxiang, Henan).A fief of 100 households and the rank of 崇聖侯 Marquis who worships the sage was bestowed upon a Confucius descendant, Yan Hui's lineage had 2 of its scions and Confucius's lineage had 4 of its scions who had ranks bestowed on them in Shandong in 495 and a fief of ten households and rank of  崇聖大夫 Grandee who venerates the sage was bestowed on 孔乘 Kong Sheng who was Confucius's scion in the 28th generation in 472 by Emperor <mask> of Northern Wei. Late personal reign
Late in 494, under the stated reason that Southern Qi's Emperor Ming had usurped the throne (from his grandnephew Xiao Zhaowen), Emperor <mask> prepared a major campaign against Southern Qi, departing Luoyang about new year 495. He initially put the important cities Shouyang (壽陽, in modern Lu'an, Anhui) and Yiyang (義陽, in modern Xinyang, Henan) under siege, but could not capture them easily, and battles that his armies conducted against Southern Qi armies were largely indecisive. By late spring 495, he abandoned the campaign. In summer 495, Emperor <mask> issued a number of edicts that made what was stated policy official law—that Xianbei clothing and language be prohibited, and that the Han clothing and language be used instead. (An exemption was given to those over 30.) In spring 496, he also ordered that the Xianbei family names be changed to Han ones, changing his own clan's name from Tuoba to Yuan.He also strengthened the social stratification that had already been underway for some time, making eight Xianbei clans and five Han clans particularly honored, and ordering that all political offices be given by clan status, not by abilities, despite heavy opposition by his official Li Chong. The particularly honored clans were:

 Xianbei
 Mu (穆, originally Qiumuling)
 Lu (陸, originally Buliugu)
 He (賀, originally Helai)
 Liu (劉, originally Dugu)
 Lou (樓, originally Helou)
 Yu (于, originally Wuniuyu)
 Xi (奚, originally Daxi)
 Yu (尉, originally Yuchi)
 Han
 Lu (盧)
 Cui (崔)
 Zheng (鄭)
 Wang (王)
 Li (李)

<mask> went as far as ordering his six younger brothers to demote their current wives to concubine status, and taking the daughters of officials from the five Han clans to be their new wives, an action heavily criticized by historians. Sometime prior to fall 496, Emperor <mask> had, perhaps due to recommendation from Empress Feng, welcomed her older sister Feng Run back to the palace to again be his concubine, and Feng Run, believing herself to be the older sister, refused to yield to Empress Feng and began to find ways to undermine her position. In summer 496, Emperor <mask> deposed Empress Feng, who then went to Yaoguang Temple (瑤光寺) and became a Buddhist nun. Also in fall 496, the crown prince Yuan Xun, who did not adjust well to Han customs or the much hotter weather in Luoyang, plotted with his followers to flee back to Pingcheng, perhaps to hold that city against his father. His plot, however, was discovered, and <mask>, after asking his brother Yuan Xi (元禧) the Prince of Xianyang to cane Yuan Xun with him, deposed Yuan Xun. However, a second plot quickly arose, organized by the officials Mu Tai (穆泰) and Lu Rui (陸叡), who intended to again hold the northern regions against the Emperor.However, their plot was revealed by Emperor <mask>'s distant uncle Yu Yi (元頤) the Prince of Yangping, whom they had intended to make their leader but who had only pretended to go along with their plot. Emperor <mask> sent a force commanded by his cousin Yuan Cheng (元澄) the Prince of Rencheng to Pingcheng, putting down the plot before it started in earnest, and putting Mu and Lu to death. In spring 497, Emperor <mask> created another son, Yuan Ke, crown prince. Believing in reports by the official Li Biao (李彪), who then had the former Crown Prince Xun under house arrest, that Yuan Xun was still plotting rebellion, he forced Yuan Xun to commit suicide. In fall 497, Emperor <mask> created Feng Run to be empress, and when Yuan Ke's mother Consort Gao subsequently died, common belief was that Empress Feng had her secretly poisoned so that she could raise Yuan Ke herself. Also in fall 497, <mask> launched another major attack against Southern Qi, this time first concentrating on the city Wancheng (宛城, in modern Nanyang, Henan). While he was able to capture Wancheng and Xinye (新野, also in modern Nanyang), the battles were still largely indecisive.During his absence, a major conflict erupted between Li Chong and Li Biao in the capital Luoyang, and Li Chong, after putting Li Biao under arrest, died in anger. Partly because of this and partly because, once Southern Qi's Emperor Ming died in fall 498, that he should not continue to attack a country that was mourning for its emperor, he ended the campaign in fall 498. At that same time, he himself was falling ill, and he entrusted the important matters to his brother Yuan Xie the Prince of Pengcheng, although he subsequently recovered and was able to return to Luoyang. Meanwhile, however, in Emperor <mask>'s absence, Empress Feng had been carrying on an affair with the attendant Gao Pusa (高菩薩). When she, also in Emperor <mask>'s absence, tried to force <mask>'s sister Princess Pengcheng, whose husband Liu Chengxu (劉承緒, Liu Chang's son) had died earlier, to marry her brother Feng Su (馮夙) the Duke of Beiping, Princess Pengcheng fled out of Luoyang and arrived at <mask>'s camp, accusing Empress Feng of adultery. Once Emperor <mask> arrived back in Luoyang, he arrested Gao and Empress Feng's assistant Shuang Meng (雙蒙) and interrogated them. He then interrogated Empress Feng personally as well, concluding that she had in fact committed adultery.However, claiming that he did not want to shame the Feng clan, he did not depose her, but refused to see her again and also ordered Crown Prince Ke to not to see her again either. Emperor <mask>, despite his own weakened physical state, then decided to again advance south to react against a retaliation campaign by the Southern Qi general Chen Xianda (陳顯達). He was able to repel and defeat Chen, but while on the campaign, he died. Yuan Xie and Yuan Cheng kept his death secret until his body could be returned to Luoyang, and then announced his death. Yuan Ke succeeded to the throne as Emperor Xuanwu. By Emperor <mask>'s will, Empress Feng was forced to commit suicide. See also
Change of Xianbei names to Han names

References

Citations

Sources

 Book of Wei, vol.7, parts 1, 2. History of Northern Dynasties, vol. 3.
 .
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142. External links
Wisdom embodied: Chinese Buddhist and Daoist sculpture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a collection catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Emperor <mask> of Northern Wei (no. 6)

467 births
499 deaths
5th-century Chinese monarchs
Northern Wei emperors
People from

masks:
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Emperor Daow
Emperor Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Emperor Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Emperor Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Emperor Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Emperor Xiaowen
Emperor Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen
Xiaowen


text_chunks:
<mask> (born July 11, 1985) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a defender for Major League Soccer club FC Cincinnati. <mask> began playing college soccer with the West Virginia Mountaineers and the Rhode Island Rams, as well as USL Premier Development League side Rhode Island Stingrays, before being drafted by Major League Soccer club Houston Dynamo in 2008. After an impressive second season in professional soccer <mask> was named as MLS Best XI in 2009 and helped Houston reach the final of the MLS Cup in 2011 as they lost 1–0 to the LA Galaxy. In July 2012 he joined English Premier League side Stoke City. <mask> spent six seasons with the Potters making 186 appearances before joining Queens Park Rangers in June 2018. <mask> spent 3 years at QPR before moving to FC Cincinnati in May 2021. Club career

Early career
<mask> was born in Attleboro, Massachusetts and played youth soccer for Bayside United.He attended Attleboro High School and Providence Country Day School before choosing West Virginia University for college. After making 28 starts in two seasons at  West Virginia Mountaineers, <mask> transferred to the University of Rhode Island for his junior and senior years. <mask> was an immediate starter and helped the Rhode Island Rams beat the Rutgers Scarlet Knights in the 2006 NCAA tournament, scoring in a shootout. As a senior in 2007, <mask> was named midfielder of the Year in the Atlantic 10 Conference and was a first-team all-Mid Atlantic Region selection. During his college years, <mask> also played for Rhode Island Stingrays in the USL Premier Development League where he played 33 times in two seasons scoring eight goals. Houston Dynamo
<mask> was drafted by the Houston Dynamo in the third round (42nd overall) in the 2008 MLS SuperDraft. He made his professional debut on March 29, 2008, coming on as a substitute in a 3–0 defeat against the New England Revolution.In his first home appearance, on April 6, he scored a last-minute goal to help the Dynamo to a 3–3 draw with FC Dallas. He became a regular substitute and sometimes starter for the Dynamo by mid-season. On October 31, 2008, it was announced that <mask> was a finalist for MLS Rookie of the Year along with Sean Franklin and Kheli Dube. <mask> played a key role for Houston in the CONCACAF Champions League and North American SuperLiga in 2008 and ended his debut season with 32 appearances, as the Dynamo reached the 2008 MLS Cup Playoffs but lost to New York Red Bulls in the semi-final. During the season <mask> also played for the reserves, helping them to win the MLS Reserve League. <mask> became a regular for Houston in the 2009 season playing mostly at center-back. He missed just one match in the regular season as Houston again made the play-offs.They edged past Seattle Sounders 1–0 before losing 2–0 to Los Angeles Galaxy in the Western Conference final. <mask> was selected for the 2009 MLS All-Star Game in Sandy, Utah, and he played all 90 minutes in the 1–1 draw with English Premier League side Everton. <mask> was also named in the MLS Best XI for the 2009 season. During the 2010 season, <mask> suffered a knee injury that kept him out for half of the season. He returned in August after undergoing knee surgery, and scored a 70th-minute header from a free kick by Brad Davis against D.C. United in the Dynamo's 3–1 win on September 25. His was restricted to 17 appearances in the 2010 season. Houston had a poor campaign and finished in 7th position.In the 2011 season, <mask> returned to the squad as Houston experienced a much better campaign, qualifying for the play-offs after finishing in 2nd position. After beating Philadelphia Union over two legs, they defeated Sporting Kansas City 2–0 to reach the final of the MLS Cup against the Los Angeles Galaxy. <mask> played the full 90 minutes as Houston lost 1–0. <mask>'s performances during the season saw him named in the 2011 MLS All-Star Game against Manchester United where the MLS All-Stars lost 4–0. <mask> played 15 games in the 2012 season before moving to England in the summer of 2012. Stoke City
<mask> agreed to join English Premier League club Stoke City on July 25, 2012, with the deal subject to a successful work permit appeal, which was granted on August 8. He played in his first match for Stoke in a 1–1 draw with German side SpVgg Greuther Fürth in a pre-season friendly.He missed the opening match of the season away at Reading due to visa issues. He made his Premier League debut in a 0–0 draw against Arsenal on August 26, 2012. He has impressed since his arrival in England and has begun to play at right back, a position which <mask> is enjoying learning about. He also described playing in the Premier League as "pretty special". <mask> played 38 times for Stoke in 2012–13 as they finished in 13th position in the Premier League. After the season finished <mask> admitted that towards the end of the season he began to struggle with fatigue after playing competitive soccer for 18 straight months. At the end of the season Tony Pulis left by mutual agreement and was replaced by Mark Hughes.<mask> stated that he wanted to try and impress Hughes at center-back. <mask> remained at right-back and scored his first goal for Stoke on September 22, 2013, in a 3–1 defeat against Arsenal. <mask> continued to be a key player in his attacking full-back role under Hughes and provided an assist for Peter Crouch in a 2–1 win over Aston Villa on December 21, 2013. <mask> scored a rare goal on March 23, 2014, in a 4–1 win at Aston Villa. <mask> played 41 times for Stoke in 2013–14 as they finished in 9th position in the Premier League. <mask>'s start to the 2014–15 season was disrupted by a hernia injury which required surgery. After recovering from his injury <mask> told manager Mark Hughes that he wants to begin playing in midfield.Despite this <mask> continued to compete with Phil Bardsley for the right back position as the season progressed. He was sent-off for the first time in English soccer after conceding a penalty in a 4–1 FA Cup defeat away at Blackburn Rovers in February 2015. <mask> signed a new three-year contract with Stoke on May 24, 2015. <mask> played 31 times for Stoke in 2014–15 as the Potters finished in 9th position for a second season running and they ended the campaign with a 6–1 victory against Liverpool. <mask> played 34 times in 2015–16 as Stoke again finished in ninth position. Stoke made a poor start to the 2016–17 season, failing to win a match until October with back-to-back wins over Hull City and Sunderland with <mask> impressing in midfield. However, in that Hull match <mask> suffered a knee ligament injury which ruled him out until February 2017.<mask> made 21 appearances in 2016–17, as Stoke finished in 13th position. He signed a two-year contract extension in May 2017. <mask> again made 21 appearances in 2017–18 as Stoke suffered relegation to the EFL Championship. Queens Park Rangers
<mask> joined Queens Park Rangers on loan for the 2018–19 season after not being part of Gary Rowett's plans. <mask> played 19 times for Rangers scoring once in a 1–1 draw against Derby County on October 6, 2018. <mask> made his move to Queens Park Rangers permanent on July 25, 2019. <mask> was named captain of the QPR ahead of the 2020–21 season.On May 5, 2021, <mask> announced he will depart the club returning to his native America after making 90 appearances and scoring twice for QPR. FC Cincinnati
On May 13, 2021, <mask> returned to Major League Soccer and signed with FC Cincinnati on contract through the 2022 season with an additional option year. He made his debut for the club on May 16 against Inter Miami, starting in the 3–2 defeat. International career

<mask> received his first call up to train with the senior United States national team in January 2009, but he was injured during the first week and was unable to play in the team's friendly against Sweden. He participated again in training with the team in Carson, California in January 2010, leading up to a friendly match against Honduras. <mask> did not play in that match, but he was again called into camp for the February 24, 2010, game against El Salvador in Tampa, Florida. He appeared as a substitute in the 86th minute for Robbie Rogers, recording his first cap for the national side, nearly scoring on a blazing strike that narrowly went over the bar.In December 2011, <mask> was called up to coach Jürgen Klinsmann's camp. On January 21, 2012, he went 90 minutes in a friendly against Venezuela. <mask> scored his goal for the national team on May, 29 in a 4–2 defeat against Belgium. <mask> was a part of the United States national team during the 2014 FIFA World Cup. He started as central defender during the team's first two group stage games against Ghana and Portugal. He was benched for the third game against Germany. In the Round of 16 defeat against Belgium, <mask> started in central midfield.<mask> sat out the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup due to a combination of injury and wanting to be with his club for preseason. <mask> started in every game at the Copa América Centenario in central defense alongside Hertha BSC's John Brooks. Style of play

A versatile player who is currently featured as center back but can also play as a right back or defensive midfielder. <mask> is known for his aerial ability, strength, athleticism and composure on the ball. Personal life
During his time at Houston Dynamo, <mask> took part in a series of community service efforts to raise money for local charitable organizations in 2011 and 2012. The 20 for 20 campaign was started in September 2011 when <mask>, who wore the No. 20 jersey in Houston, announced a goal to raise a total of $20,000 for the Fisher House and Ronald McDonald House of Houston.In March 2012, <mask> and the Dynamo announced the return of the 20 for 20 campaign with the same initial goal of $20,000, with proceeds going to the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society. Growing up <mask> supported English side Manchester United and Italian side Juventus. Since living in England <mask> has participated in local community work,

<mask> was one of the few sportspeople who expressed support for then President Donald Trump's Executive Order 13769, which put a 90-day immigration freeze on several nations and suspended activity on the United States Refugee Admissions Program. Career statistics

Club

International

Honors
Houston Dynamo
 MLS Cup runner-up: 2011
 Major League Soccer Eastern Conference Champion: 2011

Individual
 Atlantic 10 Conference Midfielder of the Year: 2007
 Dynamo Newcomer of the Year: 2008
 MLS Best XI: 2009
 Dynamo Defender of the Year: 2009
 Major League Soccer All-Star Game: 2009, 2011

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
American soccer players
American expatriate soccer players
American expatriate sportspeople in England
United States men's international soccer players
Association football midfielders
West Virginia Mountaineers men's soccer players
Rhode Island Stingrays players
Rhode Island Rams men's soccer players
Houston Dynamo FC players
Stoke City F.C. players
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
FC Cincinnati players
Soccer players from Massachusetts
People from Attleboro, Massachusetts
Expatriate footballers in England
Houston Dynamo FC draft picks
USL League Two players
Major League Soccer players
Major League Soccer All-Stars
Premier League players
American expatriate sportspeople in the United Kingdom
2014 FIFA World Cup players
Copa América Centenario players
English Football League players
Association football defenders

masks:
Geoffrey Scott Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron
Cameron


text_chunks:
Sir <mask>  (born 31 March 1957) is a British Conservative Party politician who served as Minister of State for International Development from 2010 to 2014 and as Minister of State for Europe and the Americas from 2016 to 2019. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Rutland and Melton from 1992 to 2019. He began his career in the oil industry with Royal Dutch Shell, and was first elected to the House of Commons in the 1992 general election. After gaining several minor positions in the government of John Major, he played a key role in William Hague's successful bid for the Conservative leadership in 1997. <mask> received several promotions to the Conservative front bench, and eventually joined the Shadow Cabinet after the 2005 general election. He stood for the Conservative leadership in 2005, but withdrew early on because of a lack of support. Eventual winner David Cameron appointed him Shadow Secretary of State for Trade and Industry in December 2005; the name of the department he shadowed was changed to Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform in July 2007.Following the 2010 general election, the new Conservative Prime Minister Cameron appointed <mask> as Minister of State for International Development. He left this post following the government reshuffle in July 2014, and was subsequently appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in September 2014, for services to international development and to UK–Middle East relations. While on the backbenches, <mask> served on the Intelligence and Security Committee between 2015 and 2016. After two years out of government, he returned to frontline politics when new Prime Minister Theresa May appointed him as Minister for Europe and the Americas, and effective deputy to then-Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson, in July 2016. <mask> resigned as Minister of State on 22 July 2019 citing Johnson's election to the Tory leadership and, hence, the UK's premiership. He became the first openly gay Conservative Member of Parliament, publicly coming out in 2002. Early life
<mask> was born in Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire, the second son of James Grant <mask>, an RAF wing commander, and his wife <mask> (née Carter), a teacher.The family travelled much, following <mask>'s father on NATO postings, including in Gibraltar, Italy, and Norway. Education
<mask> was educated at two independent schools: Beechwood Park School in Markyate, and Merchant Taylors' School in Northwood, at both of which he was 'Head Monitor' (head boy). He had two brothers, who also attended Beechwood Park School. Their family supported the Liberal Party, and <mask> ran (and lost) as a Liberal at a school mock election in 1970; two years later he joined the Young Conservatives. He then attended St John's College, Oxford, where he coxed the college first eight, and was elected President of the Oxford Union in 1979. Whilst there, he formed a friendship with Benazir Bhutto, and ran her successful campaign to become the President of the Oxford Union. He gained a Kennedy Scholarship to study at Harvard University between 1981 and 1982.

Business career
After graduating from Oxford, <mask> worked as a trader of oil and refined products, first with Royal Dutch Shell (1979–81) and then for Marc Rich from 1982 to 1988 (Rich became a fugitive from justice in 1983).He worked for Rich in London and Singapore. <mask> used the connections he had built up to be self-employed from 1988 to 1992, acting as a consultant and adviser to foreign governments on oil supplies, shipping and refining. In 1989, <mask> set up the independent Harcourt Consultants, which advises on oil and gas matters. He made over £1 million after helping fill the need to supply oil to Pakistan after supplies from Kuwait had been disrupted in the Gulf War. Political career
<mask> was an active member of the Battersea Conservative Association from 1979 until 1984, when he moved to live in Singapore, from which he returned in 1986. After Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher resigned in November 1990, he offered his home in Westminster as the headquarters of John Major's leadership campaign. Member of Parliament
<mask> first stood for Parliament as a Conservative candidate in the 1987 general election, unsuccessfully contesting the safe Labour seat of Barnsley West and Penistone.For the 1992 general election he was selected as the Conservative candidate for Rutland and Melton, a safe Conservative seat, which he retained with a 59% share of the votes cast. In the Labour landslide of 1997, his proportion of the vote was reduced to 46% but has since increased to 48% in 2001, 51% in 2005 and 51% in 2010. From 1993 to 1995, <mask> was a member of the Social Security Select Committee. His first governmental position was as Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Minister of Health, a position he obtained in December 1993. He resigned from the position within a month, after it emerged that he had used the Right to Buy programme to make profits on property deals. It emerged that he had lent his elderly next-door neighbour money to buy his home under the Right to Buy legislation. The neighbour bought an 18th-century council house at a significant discount and sold it to <mask> just over three years later.Gyles Brandreth describes this event in his diary as "little <mask> has fallen on his sword. He did it swiftly and with good grace." After returning to the backbenches, he became Chairman of the Conservative Backbench Constitutional Affairs Committee. He returned to government in July 1995, when he was again appointed a Parliamentary Private Secretary, this time to the Chairman of the Conservative Party, Brian Mawhinney. In November 1995, <mask> performed a citizen's arrest on an Asylum Bill protester who threw paint and flour at Mawhinney on College Green. <mask> was involved in the 1997 leadership contest, being the right-hand man of William Hague, the eventual winner. In this capacity, he was called "the closest thing [the Conservatives] have to Peter Mandelson".<mask> and Hague had both been at Oxford, both been Presidents of the Oxford Union, and had been close friends since at least the early 1980s. Front-bench career
As a reward for his loyalty to Hague during the leadership contest, in June 1997, <mask> was entrusted with the positions of Vice Chairman of the Conservative Party and Parliamentary Political Secretary to the Party Leader. He became Shadow Health Minister in June 1998. A year later he was made Shadow Trade and Industry spokesman, and he was appointed a front-bench spokesman on Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs in September 2001. When Michael Howard became Conservative Party leader in November 2003, <mask> became Shadow Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs, but as Howard had significantly reduced the size of the Shadow Cabinet, <mask> was not promoted to the top table. This continued to be the case when he was moved to become Shadow Secretary of State for International Development in September 2004. However, following the 2005 general election, the Shadow Cabinet was expanded to its original size once more, and <mask> joined it as Shadow Secretary of State for Transport.He held this position for just seven months, becoming Shadow Secretary of State for Trade and Industry on 7 December 2005, after David Cameron's election to the party leadership the previous day. On 2 July 2007, he was appointed Shadow Secretary of State for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform, as new prime minister Gordon Brown had abolished the Department of Trade and Industry the previous week, replacing it with the aforementioned new department. In January 2009, <mask> became Shadow Leader of the House of Commons. Failed leadership bid
Before the 2005 general election, he was rumoured to be planning a leadership campaign in the event that then-leader Michael Howard stepped down after a (then-likely and later actual) election defeat. On 10 June 2005, <mask> publicly declared his intention of standing in the 2005 leadership election. However, on 18 July 2005, he withdrew from the race, admitting in The Guardian that his withdrawal was due to a lack of 'active lieutenants', and urged the party to abandon those that he dubbed the 'Tory Taliban':

MPs' expenses 2009

On 15 May 2009, the satirical BBC programme Have I Got News for You showed footage of <mask>'s previous appearance on the show in which he boasted about his second home allowance, denied that he should pay any of the money back and stated it was "a great system". The show then cut to footage of David Cameron announcing that <mask> would return money to the fees office, followed by <mask>'s personal apology, in which he called for the system to be changed.On 14 August, <mask> said (whilst being filmed without his knowledge by Don't Panic), that MPs, who were at the time paid around £64,000 a year, were having, "to live on rations and are treated like shit. I spend my money on my garden and claim a tiny fraction on what is proper. And I could claim the whole lot, but I don't." These remarks attracted the attention of the press, and were criticised by commentators from all sides. <mask> apologised once more, and Cameron, though critical of <mask>'s comments, denied that he would sack him from the Shadow Cabinet. Despite these assurances, on 7 September 2009, <mask> was "demoted" from the Shadow Cabinet, to become Shadow Minister for Prisons, after he and Cameron came to an agreement that his position was untenable. Political funding
The Rutland and Melton Constituency Association has received £12,166.66 in donations since 2006.<mask> has received corporate donations from The Biz Club (£6,000, 2006–09), Midland Software Holdings Ltd (£8,000, 2007–09), and ABM Holdings Limited (£1,500, 2009). <mask> has also had tens of thousands of pounds from private individual donors. WikiLeaks 2010
According to The Daily Telegraph and The Guardian, to assess the possible policies of a future Conservative government, American Intelligence drew up a dossier on several members of that party, including <mask>. It compiled details of his political associations with leading Conservatives, including William Hague. The cable called for further intelligence on "<mask>'s relationship with Conservative party leader David Cameron and William Hague", and asked: "What role would <mask> play if the Conservatives form a government? What are <mask>'s political ambitions?" Nuclear power
As shadow business secretary in 2008, <mask> stated, referring to the Hinkley Point C project, that "on no account should there be any kind of subsidy for nuclear power."Middle East
In August 2011 he found himself under pressure to remove a video of himself accusing Israel of a "land grab" in the occupied territories. In an October 2014 speech to the Royal United Services Institute <mask> said: "Indeed just as we rightly judge someone as unfit for public office if they refuse to recognise Israel, so we should shun anyone who refuses to recognise settlements are illegal. No settlement endorsers should be regarded as fit to stand for public office, remain a member of a mainstream political party or sit in a parliament. How can we accept lawmakers in our country or any other country when they support lawbreakers in another?" In a BBC Radio interview linked to that speech and another given during a House of Commons debate on Palestinian statehood he said: "All know that the United States is in hock to a very powerful financial lobby which dominates its politics." Commenting on <mask>'s statements, a spokesman for the Board of Deputies of British Jews called him "breathtakingly one-sided". Libyan oil cell
In August 2011, it was reported that <mask> had played an instrumental role in blocking fuel supplies to Tripoli, Libya, during the Libyan conflict.In April 2011, the former oil trader convinced the UK prime minister to establish the so-called 'Libyan oil cell' which was run out of the Foreign Office. The cell advised NATO to blockade the port of Zawiya to stifle Gaddafi's war effort. They also helped identify other passages the smugglers were using to get fuel into Libya via Tunisia and Algeria. London-based oil traders were encouraged to sell fuel to rebels in Benghazi, with communication being established between traders and the rebels to route the fuel. One Whitehall source commented: 'The energy noose tightened around Tripoli's neck. It was much more effective and easier to repair than bombs. It is like taking the key of the car away.You can't move. The great thing is you can switch it all back on again if Gaddafi goes. It is not the same as if you have bombed the whole city to bits. Appointment to Privy Council
On 28 May 2010 he was appointed to the Privy Council upon the formation of the Coalition government. Comments by Israeli embassy official

In January 2017, Al Jazeera aired a series entitled The Lobby. The last episode showed Shai Masot, an official at the Israeli embassy in London, proposing an attempt to "take down" British "pro-Palestinian" politicians, including <mask>. The leader of the opposition Jeremy Corbyn wrote an open letter to Theresa May objecting to what he called an "improper interference in this country’s democratic process" and urging the prime minister to launch an inquiry on the basis that "[t]his is clearly a national security issue".The Israeli ambassador Mark Regev apologised to <mask> for the "completely unacceptable" comments made in the video. A Foreign Office spokesman, effectively rejecting Corbyn's comments, said it "is clear these comments do not reflect the views of the embassy or government of Israel". Masot resigned shortly after the recordings were made public. Pro-Israel British activists and a former Israel embassy employee complained to Ofcom, but Ofcom dismissed all charges. Political views

<mask> is a right-wing libertarian. The Guardian has variously described him as 'economically libertarian' and 'socially libertarian'. He has been described as the 'liberal, urbane face of the Conservative Party'.He is a moderniser within the Conservative Party. One of the chapters in his book Saturn's Children is devoted to an explanation of his support for the legalisation of all drugs. This chapter was removed when the paperback edition was published to prevent embarrassment to the Party leadership, however <mask> at one time posted the chapter on his website, "for the benefit of the enquiring student". <mask> believes in minimising the size of government, and in Saturn’s Children advocated limiting government responsibility to essential services such as defence, policing and health. In 2002, <mask> was described by the BBC as a "staunch" Eurosceptic. However, he declared for the 'Remain' camp in the run-up to the UK's referendum on EU membership. On 2 October 2017, <mask> spoke at the Chicago Council of Global Affairs.In his speech he attributed Britain's majority vote to leave the EU to a "blue-collar tantrum against immigration". He is on the council of the Conservative Way Forward (CWF) group. He is one of the leading British members of Le Cercle, a secretive foreign policy discussion forum. In contrast to most members of both CWF and Le Cercle, who hold pro-Republican Atlanticist views, he actively supported John Kerry in the US 2004 presidential election. This surprised some, but <mask> is a friend of Kerry, having met him while at Harvard. Following the release of the Panama Papers, which contained revelations about David Cameron's income from overseas funds set up by his father, <mask> defended the Prime Minister. He urged Cameron's critics, especially MPs, to "admit that their real point is that they hate anyone who has got a hint of wealth in them" from whose viewpoint it followed that "we risk seeing a House of Commons which is stuffed full of low-achievers".Michael Deacon wrote in The Daily Telegraph: "There are two inferences to draw from Sir <mask>’s outburst. One is that he thinks the Commons should only be 'stuffed with' the rich. The second is that he thinks the vast majority of his constituents, not being rich, are 'low-achievers'. Probably not a view to advertise in his next election leaflet". Personal life
<mask> was the first sitting Conservative MP voluntarily to acknowledge that he is gay; he did this in an interview with The Times on 29 July 2002, although he has said that this came as no surprise to friends. Indeed, in an editorial published on the news of <mask>'s coming out, The Daily Telegraph reported, "The news that <mask> is gay will come as a surprise only to those who have never met him. The bantam Tory frontbencher can hardly be accused of having hidden his homosexuality."On 3 March 2008, it was announced in the Court & Social page of The Daily Telegraph that <mask> would be entering into a civil partnership with his partner James Dunseath, which would make him the first member of either the Cabinet or the Shadow Cabinet to enter into a civil partnership. The two were joined as civil partners on 24 July 2008 at Merchant Taylors' Hall in the City of London. <mask> has a committed following in the gay community and is active in speaking up for gay rights. He was responsible for formulating the Conservatives' policy response to the introduction of civil partnership legislation in 2004, which he considered his proudest achievement of the Parliament between 2001 and 2005. He was among those who rebelled against his party by voting for an equal age of consent between heterosexuals and homosexuals on numerous occasions between 1998 and 2000. However, he voted against same-sex adoption in 2001. Works and appearances

Books
<mask> is the author of three published nonfiction books:
 (economics)
 (political science)
 (political memoir of 2016–2020)

His pamphlet An End to Illusions proposed an independent Bank of England, the break-up of clearing banks, reduction of implicit tax subsidies given to owner-occupiers, curtailment of pension fund tax privileges, and new forms of corporate ownership.Saturn's Children presents a detailed case regarding the history and consequences of government control over institutions and activities which were historically private, to the extent that many citizens assume that privately or communally developed municipal facilities and universities are creations of the state, and that prohibitions on drug use, sex, and personal defence have always existed. In the Thick of It is <mask>'s diary from the eve of the Brexit referendum in 2016 to the UK's eventual exit from the EU. Television and radio
<mask> has appeared four times on the satirical news quiz Have I Got News for You: first appearing on 28 October 2005,
then 20 October 2006,
and again on 2 May 2008
and 24 April 2009. His 2009 appearance featured a badly received ironic joke about murdering the latest Miss California, who stated that she opposed same-sex marriages. He has appeared on many occasions as a panellist on BBC TV's Question Time and BBC Radio 4's Any Questions? In 2006, he took part in a documentary entitled How to beat Jeremy Paxman. See also

References

External links

 <mask> MP official constituency website
Appearances on C-SPAN

 <mask> Profile at New Statesman Your Democracy

|-

|-

1957 births
Living people
Alumni of St John's College, Oxford
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Coxswains (rowing)
Drug policy reform activists
English libertarians
English people of Scottish descent
Gay politicians
Harvard University alumni
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
LGBT members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
LGBT politicians from England
LGBT rights activists from the United Kingdom
People educated at Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood
People from Rickmansworth
Politics of Penistone
Presidents of the Oxford Union
Shell plc people
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
Politicians awarded knighthoods
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Gay sportsmen
LGBT sportspeople from England
LGBT rowers

masks:
Alan James Carter Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Anne Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Alan Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Alan
Duncan
Duncan
Alan Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Duncan
Alan Duncan
Alan Duncan


text_chunks:
<mask> is a career military intelligence officer and a recognized expert in the fields of human intelligence, strategic interrogation, special operations, and special survival training. He has been widely recognized as one of the most effective and prolific interrogators in the Department of Defense. Kleinman served as an interrogator, the chief of a joint interrogation team, and as a senior advisor on interrogation to a special operations task force during Operations Just Cause, Desert Shield/Storm, and Iraqi Freedom, respectively. He was formerly the Director of the Air Force Combat Interrogation Course. Kleinman also served as the Director of Intelligence at the Personnel Recovery Academy, a unit of the Joint Personnel Recovery Agency that serves as Department of Defense agency responsible for overseeing Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE) training for U.S. military personnel. In 2003, he was chosen to lead a contingent of interrogation and resistance to interrogation advisors to assist a task force involved in the questioning of Iraqi insurgents. What he did not know until his arrival in country was that he would be witnessing the systematic employment of a coercive interrogation strategy that formerly had only been used in the SERE program to train U.S. military personnel to resist interrogation.These methods had been routinely used by Soviet and Chinese interrogators during the Cold War to compel prisoners to produce propaganda. A Senate Armed Services report released in 2008 cited then Lieutenant Colonel <mask> as the only officer who took action to stop the use of these techniques. <mask> was one of the first experienced interrogators, and the first military officer, to offer a strong public case against the use of coercive interrogation practices. Carefully avoiding the politics surrounding this issue, he offered a systematic argument—based on moral, legal, and operational considerations—that torture had no place in American intelligence doctrine. The colonel has worked continuously to change American interrogation protocols for more than a decade. During his deployment to Iraq in 2003, when the Iraqi insurgency was growing and the Pentagon demanded better intelligence, he witnessed firsthand how the system began to promote "brutal and humiliating measures." <mask> has argued that a central reason for the push beyond previous legal and moral boundaries stems from the critical shortcomings in the Army Field Manual on interrogation.Many of the methods set forth in the manual, he contends, lack any measure of objective evidence to substantiate their effectiveness in eliciting reliable information. While the Bush Administration moved to update the manual in 2006—and added new restrictions on abusive treatment of detainees—there was, Kleinman maintains, "no effort to objectively test the efficacy of the approaches.” Colonel Kleinman testified before Congress in 2007 in an effort to call attention to this enduring problem and insisted that the interrogation manual be replaced. His proposals, however, were largely ignored. Kleinman testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee of the United States Senate about the use of interrogation techniques which exceeded those allowed by law. He specifically cited the employment of harsh interrogation methods that were previously reserved for use in programs designed to train U.S. military personnel to resist interrogation if held by countries that were not signatories to the Geneva Convention. Those techniques, to include forced nudity, sleep deprivation, and painful shackling, were being used on Iraqi detainees. "It had morphed into a form of punishment for those who wouldn't cooperate," he told the Senate panel.Discovering the use of such measures in Iraq in 2003 prompted him to order a stop to such interrogations and to warn his superiors that these interrogation practices were abusive and, in his opinion, illegal. <mask> was a senior advisor for a major study into interrogation commissioned by the Intelligence Science Board, a research entity under the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, and wrote two of the chapters that appeared in the study's final report. The findings set forth in this report described the harsh interrogation techniques used again detainees since 9/11 as "outmoded, amateurish, and unreliable. Colonel Kleinman has observed that while the U.S. Government has spent billions on spy satellites, very little has been invested in a formal study of the art and science of interrogation. This, he has noted, is in spite of the fact that there is a broad consensus that interrogation might be the best source of information on an elusive, low-tech, stateless foe like Al Qaeda. On November 8, 2007 <mask> testified before the Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties of the US House of Representatives:
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|
"[M]any Americans, understandably angry and seeking some manner of revenge after the vicious attacks of 9/11, have fallen prey to the proposition that excessive physical, psychological, and emotional pressures are necessary to compel terrorists or insurgents to answer an interrogator's questions. Further, this form of interrogation is too often viewed as an inevitable and appropriate means of punishment the detainees deserve for their malicious acts.Such beliefs are equally untrue... [C]oercion is decidedly ineffective. Coercive interrogation methods are wholly counterproductive in winning the hearts and minds of detainees and, I might add, the populations from which they emerge. Instead, coercive methods are almost certain to create what is perhaps the most callous form of degradation one human can inflict upon another: humiliation. Humiliation is an inevitable product of any form of torture". |}
In July 2013, Colonel <mask> was awarded the 2013 "Practitioner Excellence" award by the International Investigative Interviewing Research Group (iIIRG) during that organization's conference held in Maastricht, the Netherlands. This award recognized both his "outstanding achievements to the area of ethical investigative interviewing" and his emphatic public stance against torture and coercion. Since 2003, Colonel Kleinman has worked continuously to change the American interrogation protocol to one that is evidence-based, operationally sound, and human rights compliant.To achieve that objective, he has called for a complete review and revision of the Army Field Manual on interrogation. While the latest version published in 2006 placed restrictions on abuse, he asserts "there was no effort to objectively test the efficacy of the approaches [interrogaton strategies]." He supported passage of the McCain-Feinstein amendment to the National Defense Authorization Act in June 2015, which includes provisions that require a complete review of the Army Field Manual on interrogation and ensures representatives of the International Committee of the Red Cross have access to all detainees in U.S. custody, because ″passing strongly worded legislation that would stand as a bulwark against torture is the single most important step we must take.″. In 2014, Colonel <mask> was named one of "Nine Heroes Who Stood Up Against Torture" by Human Rights First. References

United States Air Force officers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

masks:
Steven Kleinman
Kleinman
Kleinman
Kleinman
Kleinman
Kleinman
Kleinman
Kleinman


text_chunks:
<mask> (June 1823 – December 13, 1849) was an American naturalist, ornithologist, and botanist from Philadelphia. As a young man he worked closely with the renowned naturalist Thomas Nuttall. At the age of eighteen he traveled overland to California, becoming the first botanist to collect specimens in Santa Fe, New Mexico and parts of California. Biography
<mask> was born <mask>. in Philadelphia in June 1823. His father, <mask>., had immigrated from Northern Ireland and served in the War of 1812. After the death of his first wife, Gamble Sr. moved to Philadelphia where he married Elizabeth Gamble in August 1822. They had three children, <mask> and two daughters.Gamble Sr. died of pneumonia in 1832 and Elizabeth Gamble was left to raise the children on her own. <mask> proved to be a good student, perhaps influenced by his mother, who worked as a school teacher. For unexplained reasons, he also began spelling his surname <mask>. In 1838 <mask> met the renowned naturalist Thomas Nuttall and they quickly became friends. Nuttall had a broad expertise in all aspects of natural history and through his influence, <mask> developed an affinity for botany, mineralogy, and ornithology. For the next few years <mask> served as a sort of apprentice for Nuttall. In late 1838, they traveled together on a collecting trip to the Carolinas and the southern Appalachians.They returned to Philadelphia in April 1839 and then quickly set off again for a field trip to New Jersey to study and collect pre-Cambrian limestone minerals. In October 1839 they were back in Philadelphia to attend a meeting of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences where <mask> presented a gold nugget from North Carolina for the museum collection. In February 1840, <mask> accompanied Nuttall to Cambridge, Massachusetts where Nuttall had been invited to present a series of lectures at the Lowell Institute. They also made a couple of field trips to Maine where they collected mineral specimens. By August 1840 the lecture series had ended and they returned to Philadelphia. In March 1841, at the age of eighteen, <mask> set off on his own for California to collect plants and other specimens for Nuttall. He planned to take a more southerly route than that taken in 1834 by Nuttall and John Kirk Townsend.Upon reaching Independence, Missouri he joined a group of traders and headed for Santa Fe following the Santa Fe Trail. Gambel reached Santa Fe in June and spent the next couple months collecting plants. In September Gambel joined a party heading to California and accompanied them along the Old Spanish Trail, arriving in Mexican Alta California in early November, 1841, becoming the first botanist to enter California overland from the east. <mask> spent the next year collecting along the coast from Los Angeles up to Monterey. In February, 1842 he became the first botanist to collect on Santa Catalina Island off the coast of California. In addition to plants, <mask> collected bird specimens and observed them in their habitat. He later published his observations in Remarks on birds observed in Upper California, with descriptions of new species(1847/1849).The new bird species he collected included <mask>'s quail (Callipepla gambelii), mountain chickadee (Parus gambeli) and Nuttall's woodpecker (Picoides nuttallii). By midsummer Gambel was out money and became a clerk on the US Navy ship, Cyane, commanded by Thomas ap Catesby Jones. For the next three years Gambel served on several navy ships, visiting Mexico, the Hawaiian Islands, Tahiti, the Marquesas Islands, Peru and Chile. In a letter to his mother, Gambel said he had "sailed farther than twice around the world." In March 1845 his ship left Chile and sailed to the East Coast via Cape Horn. <mask> returned to Philadelphia by July 1845. While <mask> was in California, Nuttall returned home to England where he remained for the rest of his life.In Philadelphia, <mask> published some of his zoological findings and sent many of his botanical specimens to Nuttall for publication. In 1845 <mask> entered the medical school at the University of Pennsylvania and received a medical degree in March 1848. He married Catherine Towson, a childhood sweetheart, in October. He also served briefly as the  Recording Secretary at the Academy of Natural Sciences. <mask> soon encountered difficulty in establishing a medical practice in Philadelphia. California was booming because of the Gold Rush and presented an opportunity for a new doctor. He shipped his medical books and equipment by sea and made arrangements for his wife to join him after he became settled.On April 5, 1849, <mask> and an acquaintance, Isaac Wistar, left for the difficult overland journey to California. In Independence, Missouri, they formed a larger party led by Wistar and made good progress westward. However, <mask> grew tired of the group's fast pace and joined a slower-moving ox-train led by Captain Boone of Kentucky. Boone offered to relieve <mask> of any camp-duties in exchange for his medical services. The Boone party did not fare well crossing the deserts and mountains of the Great Basin. Most of the livestock and wagons were lost by the time they reached the Sierra Nevada range in October. Early snows were already falling in the high country but Gambel and a few others pushed on to the western slopes.In December, Gambel reached Rose's Bar, a gold mining camp on the Yuba River. The settlement was in the midst of a typhoid epidemic. Gambel tried to treat the ill miners but he became sick himself and died December 13, 1849. He was buried at the base of a giant ponderosa pine but the entire site was soon washed away by hydraulic mining. A genus of lizards, Gambelia, is named in his honour, also in 1848, a genus of flowering plants from California and Mexico, was named after him, Gambelia (plant). Notes

References

American naturalists
American ornithologists
1823 births
1849 deaths
Botanists active in California
Botanists active in North America
Scientists from California
Scientists from Pennsylvania
People from Philadelphia
Deaths from typhoid fever
19th-century American botanists
19th-century American zoologists

masks:
William Gambel
Gambel
William Gamble Jr
William Gamble Sr
William
William
Gambel
Gambel
Gambel
Gambel
Gambel
Gambel
Gambel
Gambel
Gambel
Gambel
Gambel
Gambel
Gambel
Gambel
Gambel
Gambel
Gambel
Gambel


text_chunks:
<mask> (born 4 January 1981), also known as V<mask>, is an Indian badminton player from Kozhikode, Kerala. He clinched six National Championships title, once in the men's doubles and five times in the mixed doubles. He represented India in the 2012 London Olympics, became the first Indian player to participate at the Olympics in the mixed doubles alongside Jwala Gutta. He is the winner of Arjuna Award 2014, given by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, government of India to recognize his outstanding achievement in National sports. He is also the winner of G. V. Raja awards, which is the highest government-level recognition for sports persons in Kerala. He is winner of Jimmy George award 2014. He is also winner of Vivekanandha sports excellence award 2014.He won the Youth excellence award also in 2014.He is the only mixed doubles player from India to reach top 10 in the world badminton ranking(BWF) .His highest ranking is number 6th in world ranking. Career
<mask> started his International career by representing India for Asian junior badminton championship held at Hong Kong in 1997. In 2002, he and Sanave Thomas won the men's doubles title at the Indian National Championships by defeating Jaseel P. Ismail and Jaison Xavier in four games. He won the 2008 Bitburger Open in Germany along with Jwala Gutta. It was India's first mixed-doubles Grand Prix win. <mask> is a five-time National mixed-doubles champion. In 2006, he won the mixed team bronze medal in Commonwealth Games at Melbourne.<mask>-Gutta pair was runner-up at Indian Open held at Hyderabad in 2009. They lost to Indonesian Flandy Limpele and Vita Marissa in the final. 2009 World Badminton Championship
In August 2009, the <mask>-Gutta mixed doubles pair became the first Indians to enter the quarterfinals of World Championship. The Championships was held at Hyderabad, India. The duo, seeded 8th, got a bye in the first round followed by a walkover in the second. In the third round they defeated 12th seed polish pair of Robert Mateusiak and Nadiezda Kostiuczyk 21–11, 22–20 in a 31-minute clash. In the quarter-final they went down to defending champions and second seeds Nova Widianto and Lilyana Natsir of Indonesia.The Indian pair was beaten 16–21, 14–21 in 27 minutes. Chinese Taipei Grand Prix
On 30 August 2009, <mask> partnering Jwala Gutta became the first Indian badminton mixed doubles pair to win a Grand Prix Gold title. They defeated Indonesia's Hendra Aprida Gunawan and Vita Marissa 24–22, 21–18 in the Chinese Taipei Open final. In the quarter-final, the world No. 7 pair and third seed in the tournament, defeated South Korean pair Shin Baek-cheol and Yoo Hyun-Young and in the semi-final <mask> and Gutta prevailed over Malaysians Goh Liu Ying and Chan Peng Soon 21–11, 17–21, 24–22. 2009 World Super Series Masters
In December 2009, <mask> and his doubles partner Gutta reached the World Superseries Masters final in Johor Bahru, Malaysia. They beat Robert Mateusiak and Nadieżda Kostiuczyk of Poland in straight-games 21–19, 21–11.In the final the Indian pair went down to World Championship bronze medalists Joachim Fischer Nielsen and Christinna Pedersen 14–21, 18–21. 2010 Delhi Commonwealth Games
In 2010, <mask> won the silver medal in Commonwealth Games in the mixed team event. He participated at the Asian Games in Guangzhou. <mask> and Gutta pair reached the quarter-finals of the World Championships for the second consecutive year beaten by Koreans Ko Sung-hyun and Ha Jung-eun 21–16, 21–19 having beaten the English pair of Chris Adcock and Gabrielle White and Malaysians Goh Liu Ying and Chan Peng Soon in straight games and overcoming Chayut Triyachart and Yao Lei from Singapore in the pre-quarters in three games. The pair also won the 2010 India Open Grand Prix Gold for their second Grand Prix Gold title beating Triyachart and Lei in three games. 2011 Ranchi National Games winner
In 2011, <mask> and Gutta reached the quarter-finals or better at three tournaments including two Super Series Premieres events at Denmark Open and China Masters where they reached the semi-finals, their first since 2009. They beat second seeded Chinese pair of Tao Jiaming and Tian Qing in the first round 5–21, 21–14, 21–18.2012 London Olympics
<mask> started his Olympic campaign pairing Jwala Gutta in mixed doubles. However they lost their opening match 16–21, 12–21 in just 25 minutes at the Wembley Arena in London. G.V Raja Award
Government of Kerala announced him as the recipient of G.V. Raja awards for 2012–13. Achievements

South Asian Games

BWF Superseries Finals

BWF Grand Prix
The BWF Grand Prix has two levels, the BWF Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It is a series of badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) since 2007. The World Badminton Grand Prix sanctioned by International Badminton Federation (IBF) since 1983.BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament
 BWF & IBF Grand Prix tournament

IBF International

  BWF International Challenge tournament
  BWF International Series tournament
  BWF Future Series tournament

Personal life
<mask> was born at Ramanattukara, in the Calicut district to Karunakaran and Lalitha on 4 January 1981. He did his schooling in Govt. Model Boys School, Thrissur. He completed his graduation from Farook College, Calicut. <mask> is currently working as Chief Manager in ONGC, Chennai. He is married to Dr. Soumya on 16 September 2012. <mask> and Soumya have a son Ivaan, who born 16 February 2017.<mask> has an elder brother Dinu. References

External links

 We stuck to our natural game: Exclusive interview to espnstar.com

1981 births
Living people
People from Kozhikode district
Racket sportspeople from Kerala
Malayali people
Indian male badminton players
Indian national badminton champions
Badminton players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic badminton players of India
Badminton players at the 2006 Asian Games
Badminton players at the 2010 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for India
Badminton players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Badminton players at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India
Commonwealth Games medallists in badminton
South Asian Games gold medalists for India
South Asian Games silver medalists for India
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
South Asian Games medalists in badminton

masks:
Valiyaveetil Diju
. Diju
Diju
Diju
Diju
Diju
Diju
Diju
Diju
Diju
Diju
Diju
Diju
Diju
Diju
Diju
Diju