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 (March 1920 – April 1921). Following the execution of Ned Daly in the aftermath of the Easter Rising O'Hegarty was made Commandant of the 1st Battalion of the Dublin Brigade of the Irish Volunteers. Director of Organisation (March 1920 to April 1921)
In March 1920, following his release, O’Hegarty took over from Collins to be the new Directorial Head of Organization as well as being promoted vice-commandant of the Dublin brigade.Fionan Lynch was appointed to the GHQ Staff of the IRA as Assistant Director of Organisation to O’Hegarty. At the same time, Collins gave the position of Adjutant General to Gearoid O'Sullivan. This allowed Collins to move to Intelligence to conduct a 'dirty war' against soft targets March 1920 – April 1921. O'Hegarty was a close friend of Harry Boland, as well as Collins, and they called him "the parson". Collins could be provocative towards his colleagues and, as O'Hegarty took as Director of Organization, he described O’Hegarty as follows:  "a long cow-lick fell over his right eye; he had untidy collar angled tie and a disheveled appearance...worked hard...muttered rapid speech; mind worked quickly, shrewdly and surely...in clear clever imagery, often biting...quick intellect, often disguised by a surface casualness." But this attitude came to exemplify the true heroic freedom fighter "Lack of general regard for health and personal comfort had become close to affectation with us; it was a sign of manliness. "[5]

On 21 November 1920 O’Hegarty, in common with a number of other members of the various Dublin units, was picked to assist the regular Squad members with the elimination of British agents on Bloody Sunday.Tom Barry, who was in Dublin from 19 to 25 May 1921, commented on O’Hegarty: ‘<mask> O’Hegarty was Director of Organisation and also, at the time of my visit, Secretary of the Cabinet of the Irish Republic. He was a brilliant organiser with a first-class brain, and although he spoke little he was obviously well thought of by the other members of General Headquarters. <mask> was assisted by Eamonn (Bob) Price, who extensively toured the country, organising and inspecting Units of the Army.’

O'Hegarty built on the extensive training and development achieved under Collins, although at the time of the treaty negotiations, it was on its last legs, effectively beaten by superior British forces. The Second Dail and the Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921)
O’Hegarty resigned his military duties in April 1921, being replaced as Director of Organisation by Eóin O’Duffy, to concentrate on his work in the Dáil secretariat. In October 1921 he was a member of the delegation[24] appointed by the Dáil that went to London to negotiate[25] the Anglo-Irish Treaty[26] with the UK, serving as joint secretary. [27][28]  The delegation consisted of Arthur Griffith (Minister for Foreign Affairs and chairman of the delegation); Michael Collins (Minister for Finance and deputy chairman of the delegation); Robert Barton (Minister for Economic Affairs); George Gavan Duffy and Éamonn Duggan, with Erskine Childers, Fionán Lynch, <mask> O’Hegarty and John Chartres providing secretarial assistance. Frank Pakenham in "Peace by Ordeal" describes <mask> O'Hegarty as, the "civil servant of the revolution," the man perpetually behind the scenes, could conceal from few who met him the gifts that were to make possible the Irish constitutional achievements at the Imperial Conference of 1926 '.The Civil War (1922 to 1923)

The Third Dáil
On 7 January 1922 the Dáil voted to accept of the Treaty, with the Deputies having been called to vote by <mask> O’Hegarty one by one in order of their constituencies   The Dáil decision to accept the Treaty split the movement. Shortly before de Valera resigned as President of the Dáil in January 1922, to be replaced by Arthur Griffith, GHQ had reassured him that the IRA would support the Government; but in reality it was as divided as Sinn Féin. Fortunately those IRA staff officers who declared against the Treaty did not head the operations and training branches of the IRA and this lack of expertise became apparent as the civil war progressed. O’Hegarty was a vital and vocal supporter of the Anglo-Irish Treaty within the IRB and was appointed secretary to the cabinet of the provisional government in 1922, participating in the unsuccessful army unification talks to prevent hostilities by unifying army commands in May 1922. Popular support for the Treaty was strong and widespread, though more marked in the more prosperous east than west. The landslide for the pro-Treaty parties in the General Election of June 1922, reflecting a country tired of war and searching for peace, enabled O'Hegarty's appointment to the new Dáil Secretariat of the Provisional Government in 1922– the beginnings of an Irish only civil service. When the Free State took possession of the headquarters of the British Army in Ireland O’Hegarty was one of the five Céitinneach (Richard Mulcahy, John Murthuile, Gerard O'Sullivan and Michael Collins) were present in behalf of Ireland, and four of the five had previously been members of the Keating Branch of the IRB.During the Four Courts crisis, on 22 June 1922 <mask> O Hegarty wrote to the Lloyd George explaining the strategy of the government for dealing with the anti-Treatyites, saying "The Government was, however, satisfied, that those forces contained within themselves elements of disruption which given time would accomplish their own disintegration and relieve the Government of the necessity of employing methods of suppression which would have perhaps evoked a certain amount of misplaced sympathy for them", arguing that force need not be used against them. Governor of Mountjoy Jail (July to August 1922)
Complaints about overcrowding in prisons, and the behaviour of prison guards, became a regular feature of republican propaganda in the course of, and after, the civil war. A major riot by republican prisoners in Mountjoy prison in July 1922, during the Civil War, caused the jail to be put under the control of the military, with <mask> O’Hegarty briefly seconded from his civil service post to serve as military Governor of Mountjoy prison (July–August 1922), a post for which he was spectacularly ill-suited. A stalwart defender of the Free State, O'Hegarty prompted anger and resentment amongst the unruly republican inmates. [6]

In Mountjoy, conditions for internees were appalling, but resistance was fierce. Internees frequently knocked holes in the walls so that they could pass right along a tier, from cell to cell, without going out on the landing. Barricades were often erected to prevent warders entering and searching – a necessary precaution since guns were, on occasion, smuggled in and used in escape attempts.D wing, where many of the internees were, faced the North Circular Road where crowds would gather nightly to wave flags, sing songs of encouragement and shout messages. The internees responded by quarrying out the window frames so that they could lean right out of the windows and shout back. O'Hegarty demanded that these goings-on should cease but the internees refused. He announced that prisoners would be treated as ‘military captives … and that any resistance to their guards or any attempt to assist their own forces, revolt, mutiny, conspiracy, insubordination, attempt to escape or cell wrecking will render them liable to be shot down…’

O'Hegarty threatened that the troops would open fire on anyone leaning out of the windows. This news was relayed to the crowds which then swelled in numbers. When the internees refused, the soldiers opened fire on the windows at 3 p.m. on 14 July 1922, and George Plunkett and a volunteer called Kane were wounded. Then a volley was poured into the cells and more prisoners were hit by ricochets.It has been reported that the troops had instructions to not deliberately shoot anyone but, nonetheless, amazingly, no one died. Peadar O'Donnell, who was a prisoner there, blandly remarks: "One often marvels at the ways of bullets and how they can avoid doing serious injury." and remembered him as the focus of much ‘republican bitterness’. Referring to such appointments, Gearóid O’Sullivan, adjutant-general of the National Army, later commented: ‘You had to … get men whom you could trust, not because they had any particular ability. Director of Organization (July 1922 – December 1922)
O’Hegarty was a General Staff Officer during the Civil War, holding the rank of Commandant General (lieutenant-general) and a member of the Army Council from September 1922, during the civil war. He served for a second term as Director of Organization between July 1922 – December 1922. Director of Intelligence (November 1922– April 1923)
In September 1922, following the death of Michael Collins, he was appointed Director of Intelligence of the National Army until May 1923, replacing Liam Tobin.O’Hegarty realized the importance of expanding the intelligence network outside Dublin and worked to that aim. Professor James Hogan succeeded <mask> O’Hegarty as the Intelligence Department’s Director in April 1923, with O’Hegarty returning to his Civil Service role in May 1923. Army Mutiny 1924
The Army Mutiny was an Irish Army crisis in March 1924 provoked by a proposed reduction in army numbers due to the need to re-organise and reduce the National Army following the end of the civil war. The Mutiny came to a head when the key mutineers scheduled a meeting in the Devlin’s Hotel in Parnell Street on 18 March 1924 to inform the rank and file of their plan and how it was to be carried out. General Headquarters had been informed of the planned meeting and there was concern that it was to be used to stage a coup. Colonel Costello of Army Intelligence who was with Colonel MacNeill, the officer in charge of the raid, outside the hotel met the Adjutant General Gearoid O’Sullivan and <mask> O’Hegarty the secretary of the Executive Council at Portobello Barracks. A discussion ensued on whether the Minister for Defence should be contacted, but it was felt it would take too long to get an answer.Eventually it was agreed that entry and arrest should be effected and eleven mutinous officers were captured, although many escaped. In the event, due to time constraints, none of the Generals in charge of the Army, the Minister for Defence or any member of the Executive Council were contacted until after the raid. Later life
In March 1923, he was appointed Secretary to the Executive Council of the Irish Free State, leaving the army on 1 May 1923 to resume a civil service career full-time. His career is the prime example of the influence of revolutionary veterans within the higher civil service in the early years of the state. Secretary of the Free State Executive Council (1922 to 1932)
He was Secretary to the Free State Executive Council from 1922 to 1932 and principal private secretary to its president, W. T. Cosgrave. Again he recorded the cabinet minutes and was the administrative pivot upon which government turned. He served as secretary to numerous governmental delegations and was widely praised for his work in this role at the imperial conferences of 1926 and 1930.In 1927 he went to New York and Washington DC to represent the government at congressional hearings on the fate of republican funds in the USA which had not been paid into Irish accounts. O'Hegarty's long connections with the revolutionary period, and the old guard, sealed his career in 1932 when a new constitution devised by De Valera had him removed from office. He was one of the very few senior civil servants who was effectively removed from his position after the change of government in 1932. Commissioner of Public Works (1932 to 1957)
From 1932 he was a Commissioner of Public Works responsible for government buildings, mostly in and around Dublin and in 1949 was appointed Chairman of the Commission. He held the position of Chairman of the Commission of the Board of Works until his retirement in 1957. Between 1939–40 during The Emergency he served on the economy committee to advise on wartime spending. He was on the Tribunal inquiry into the bankruptcy of Great Southern Railways, and the poor state of public transportation systems in Ireland from 1941.He was a member of the Transport Commission which published its report in 1943. Family
On 27 April 1922, he married Claire Archer, daughter of Edward Archer, a post office telegraph inspector, from Dublin and Susan Matthews. Michael Collins was best man at the wedding. They lived at 9 Brendan Road, Donnybrook. Claire’s brother, Liam Archer, was a prominent republican volunteer who served in F Company, 1st Battalion, Dublin Brigade, Irish Volunteers, during the Easter Rising but was against the Anglo-Irish Treaty. <mask> O’Hegarty died on 14 March 1958 in Dublin, leaving an estate worth £5, 441, and is buried in Deans Grange. He had two sons and two daughters.O'Hegarty was a keen golfer and was a member of Milltown Golf Club. His papers were deposited in the UCD Archives. Bibliography

Manuscripts
 NLI, Piaras Beaslai papers
 NAI, Dept of Taoiseach S6301

Periodicals
 Catholic Bulletin (August 1919), 425. Glossary
 NLI = National Library of Ireland
 NAI = National Archives of Ireland
 MA = Master of Arts
 UCDA = University College Dublin Archives
 IRB = Irish Republican Brotherhood

References

1892 births
1958 deaths
People from County Cork
Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) members
People of the Irish Civil War (Pro-Treaty

masks: Diarmuid Diarmuid Diarmuid Diarmuid Diarmuid Diarmuid Diarmuid Diarmuid Diarmuid Diarmuid


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<mask> (born 29 July 1993) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a forward or attacking midfielder for Premier League club Leicester City. He began his career at hometown club CD Tenerife, where he received several personal awards for his performances in the 2013–14 Segunda División season before joining Newcastle for around €3 million. <mask> has represented Spain internationally at under-21 level. Club career

Tenerife
Born in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, <mask> finished his formation with local club Tenerife, making his senior debut with the B-team in the 2011–12 season, in the fourth division. He appeared with the main squad in the third level in the following campaign, featuring in 16 matches and scoring once as the Blanquiazules returned to division two after a two-year absence. After impressing in the 2013 pre-season, <mask> played his first professional match on 18 August, starting in a 1–0 away defeat against Alcorcón. He scored his first goal in the "silver category" on 29 September, in a 1–0 home win over Real Madrid Castilla.On 23 March of the following year <mask> scored his first hat-trick of his career, starting in a 5–0 thrashing against Ponferradina. This was one of the performances which earned him the league's Player of the Month award, which he retained for a second consecutive time while his manager Álvaro Cervera won the equivalent. In October 2014, <mask> won the Breakthrough Player in the 2013–14 Segunda División and Best Attacking Midfielder in the 2013–14 Segunda División awards at the LFP Awards Ceremony. Newcastle United
On 5 June 2014, <mask> rejected interest from Real Madrid, Barcelona and Porto to join Premier League club Newcastle United for an estimated €3 million fee. The deal was confirmed a day later. He made his league debut on 17 August, replacing fellow debutant Emmanuel Rivière in the 83rd minute of a 2–0 home defeat against then champions Manchester City. <mask> scored his first goal in his first league start on 26 October, in a 2–1 away win over Tottenham Hotspur.Six days later, as a half-time substitute for Papiss Cissé, he scored the only goal of the game to defeat Liverpool and give Newcastle their fourth successive win. On 9 November, <mask> made it three league goals in as many games in a 2–0 away win against West Bromwich Albion. He scored less frequently in the second half of the season as Newcastle struggled, but his equaliser against the same opponents on 9 May 2015 ended a run of eight consecutive defeats under John Carver, as Newcastle avoided relegation. <mask> scored Newcastle's first in a 2–2 draw with title holders Chelsea on 26 September 2015. On 18 October, he recorded a goal in a 6–2 rout of Norwich City, Newcastle's first win of the season. He scored the only goal of an away win at Bournemouth on 7 November, with Newcastle's only shot on target. On 13 December, as a substitute, he scored an added-time winner at Tottenham Hotspur, moving Newcastle out of the relegation places.On 1 February 2016, Newcastle United announced that <mask> signed a new contract, committing himself to the club until the summer of 2021. <mask> stayed with Newcastle despite a drop into the Championship, helping the club return to the Premiership immediately after one season. <mask> ended the season with 9 goals in 25 appearances, with 11 of them coming as starts, scoring key goals against title rivals Brighton as well as Barnsley to help seal the Championship title on the final day of the season. He scored his first Premier League goal of the season in a 2–2 draw at Southampton on 15 October. He then scored in consecutive matches in a 1–0 away win over Stoke City and a brace in a 3–1 home win over Luton in the FA Cup. On 31 March 2018, <mask> ended his 8-match goalless run by scoring the only goal in a victory over Huddersfield, in the 80th minute. <mask> continued his good form with a goal and an assist each, in wins over Leicester City and Arsenal.On 20 April 2019, he scored his first hat-trick for the club in a 3–1 win over Southampton. In doing so, he became the first player to score a Premier League hat-trick for Newcastle since Georginio Wijnaldum in 2015. Leicester City
On 4 July 2019, Perez signed a four-year contract with Leicester City for a fee of £30m. He made his competitive debut for Leicester City in a 0–0 draw with Wolverhampton Wanderers on 11 August. On 25 October 2019, Perez scored his first goal for Leicester City, going on to complete a hat-trick in a 9–0 away win over Southampton. On 11 April 2021, <mask> was one of three players dropped from Leicester's squad for the game against West Ham United after breaching COVID-19 protocols. International career
On 29 August 2014, <mask> received his first call-up to the Spain national under-21 team for the 2015 European Under-21 Championships qualifying matches against Hungary and Austria.He made his under-21 debut as a 77th-minute substitute for Munir El Haddadi against Hungary on 4 September. Personal life
<mask>'s older brother, Samuel, is also a forward, who has played for Blyth Spartans and Berwick Rangers. He currently plays for Alnwick Town in the Northern Football Alliance Premier Division. Cousin María José <mask> is a forward for Levante UD Femenino and the Spain women's national team. After leaving Newcastle, Perez became the subject of a comedy drama based on a true story when a teenage girl convinced her parents to buy the property next to his. On the day they moved in, Perez was transferred to Leicester City. The show, starring ex-Emmerdale star Charlie Hardwick and local stand-up comedian, Mike Milligan was recorded by the Newcastle Evening Chronicle as “the most incredible story to come out of the WAGS generation”.Career statistics

Honours
Newcastle United
EFL Championship: 2016–17

Leicester City
FA Cup: 2020–21
FA Community Shield: 2021

Individual
Segunda División Player of the Month: March 2014, April 2014
Segunda División Breakthrough Player: 2013–14
Segunda División Best Attacking Midfielder: 2013–14
Segunda División Team of the Season: 2013–14

References

External links

Newcastle official profile

1993 births
Living people
Footballers from Santa Cruz de Tenerife
Spanish footballers
Spain under-21 international footballers
Association football forwards
CD Tenerife B players
CD Tenerife players
Newcastle United F.C. players
Leicester City F.C. players
Tercera División players
Segunda División B players
Segunda División players
Premier League players
English Football League players
FA Cup Final players
Spanish expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in England
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in England

masks:
Ayoze Pérez Gutiéz
Pérez
Pérez
Pérez
Pérez
Pérez
Pérez
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<mask> (born 15 June 1984) is a former Australian rules football player who played with the Hawthorn Football Club and the Brisbane Lions in the Australian Football League (AFL). He played for the Hawthorn Football Club from 2002 to 2017, captaining the club from 2011 to 2016. In 2018, <mask> moved to the Brisbane Lions, before retiring in 2019. <mask> started his career playing on the half-back flank but as his career progressed he has been known to push up into the midfield. He is a four-time premiership player, three-time premiership captain and a two-time Norm Smith Medallist. <mask> is widely regarded as one of the most respected players, in particular as a captain, to have ever participated in the sport. Early life
<mask> was born in the Victorian town of Colac.<mask> supported Richmond during his childhood, with his favourite player being Matthew Richardson. AFL career

Hawthorn (2002–2017)

<mask> played as a half-back flanker and midfielder during his playing career. Recruited from the Geelong Falcons Under 18 team, <mask> made his debut in 2002. <mask> was recruited from the Geelong Falcons Under-18 Football Club, and in 2001 nominated for the 2001 AFL Draft. He was the number-one draft choice of Hawthorn Football Club (which had been traded from Fremantle for Trent Croad and <mask>harlin). Throughout his career he was often compared with Chris Judd, who was chosen with the third selection in the same draft. <mask> made his debut in 2002.He was named in the 2005 All-Australian team and in the International Rules team for Australia. <mask> was named sole vice-captain of the Hawthorn Football Club in October 2007. He was named in the 2008 All-Australian team and in the International Rules team for Australia. <mask> won the Norm Smith Medal for being the best player on the ground during the 2008 AFL Grand Final. <mask> became the captain of the club after Sam Mitchell handed over the captaincy prior to the 2010 Peter Crimmins Medal count. <mask> played only eight home and away games in 2012 due to a Posterior cruciate ligament injury. Returning after a brief illness that kept him out of the preliminary final, he led his side in the 2012 AFL Grand Final but didn't have a major influence on the result.More post-season surgery followed and he missed the first game of the 2013 season, but he played the majority of the season finishing fifth in the club's Peter Crimmins Medal award. <mask> played in the 2013 AFL Grand Final against Fremantle Dockers and was listed as one of his team's best players on the day. Hawthorn's victory allowed him to claim his second Premiership and his first Premiership as a captain. <mask> had another consistent year in 2014. He played his 250th career game in the Grand Final, with the Hawks defeating the Sydney Swans to win their 12th premiership. In the game, <mask> became only the third player (after Gary Ayres and Andrew McLeod) to win two Norm Smith Medals, and captained the side to his third premiership, his second as captain. <mask> was suspended for two weeks in round 21, 2015 by the Match Review Panel (MRP) for an incident in which made contact with Chad Wingard in close proximity to the behind post.<mask>'s history of strong performances in finals, in particular during Hawthorn's run of three consecutive premierships in 2013, 2014 and 2015 has led to members of the media, including commentator Bruce McAvaney, to dub him "Mister September", after the month in which AFL finals traditionally take place. <mask> announced in July 2017 that he would retire at the end of the season. In <mask>'s last game for Hawthorn, he had 14 disposals in a 9-point win over the Western Bulldogs. Brisbane Lions (2018–2019)
In October 2017 Hawthorn confirmed media speculation that <mask> would seek a move to  in the forthcoming trade period. He was officially traded Brisbane during the trade period. After an impressive 2018 season participating in 19 senior matches, averaging just below 20 disposals and an 80% disposal efficiency with no reported injuries apart from a minor calf injury, it was confirmed that <mask> Smith Medal: 2008, 2014
 3× All-Australian team: 2005, 2008, 2010
 All-Australian team captain: 2010
Hawthorn captain: 2011–2016
 2× Peter Crimmins Medal: 2005, 2010
 AFLPA Best Captain Award: 2014
 AFLPA Madden Medal: 2019
  best clubman: 2013
  most consistent player: 2017
 3× Australian international rules football team: 2005, 2014, 2015
 Jim Stynes medal: 2014
 AFL Rising Star nominee: 2002
 Ron Barassi Medal (MVP in U18 IR Series): 2001
 U18 International Rules Representative: 2001
 AFL/AIS Academy: 2001
  life member

Personal life
<mask> married long-time girlfriend since high school, Lauren Kirkman, in 2009 and has four sons, Cooper, Chase, Leo and Tanner. He earned the nickname 'The General' (which would later be the title of his 2017 autobiography) for his leadership abilities both on and off the field. Media career
<mask> appears regularly on a Melbourne radio station segment during the football season. In 2011, <mask> competed in the third season of the Channel Seven television series Australia’s Greatest Athlete. He also made special guest appearances on Channel Seven's Football coverage while still playing as a special comments commentator from the 2016 season onward.From the 2020 season, he joined the network's Friday night commentary team on a permanent basis while remaining based in Brisbane. References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
All-Australians (AFL)
Brisbane Lions players
Hawthorn Football Club players
Hawthorn Football Club Premiership players
Peter Crimmins Medal winners
Norm Smith Medal winners
Geelong Falcons players
Colac Football Club players
Box Hill Football Club players
People from Colac, Victoria
Australia international rules football team players
Four-time VFL/AFL Premiership players

masks:
Luke Hodge
Hodge
Hodge
Hodge
Hodge
Hodge
Hodge
Hodge
Hodge
Luke McP
Hodge
Hodge
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Hodgem
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<mask> FRSC (June 11, 1922 - December 31, 1980) was a Canadian neuropsychologist and a professor in the psychology department at McGill University (1949-1980). He is known for his contributions to the neurobiological study of motivation and behaviour and his two books on these topics; Motivation: A Systematic Reinterpretation (1959), and A Theory of Intelligent Behaviour (1976). He also served as chair of the McGill University Psychology Department (1975 - 1980). Early life
<mask> was born in Rawalpindi, British India (now Pakistan). He had three brothers, all of whom found success in military careers: two became generals and one became an admiral. <mask>, known as D.B. to his close friends and students, developed an interest in experimental psychology early on while completing his B.A.at Punjab University in Lahore. He continued his studies at Harvard University, completing his M.A. in 1946 and his Ph.D. in 1948, both under the supervision of J.C.R. Licklider
At Harvard, <mask> took classes under J.G. Beebe-Center, and was influenced by other members of the faculty including Edwin Boring, Gordon Allport, and Stanley Smith Stevens. His fellow students included Virginia Sanders, Mark Rosenzweig, Jim Egan, Davis Howes, George Miller, and Leo Postman. <mask>'s Ph.D. thesis research and first publications examined motivation and hoarding behaviour in rats.Career
<mask> taught for two years at American University in Washington, D.C., before joining the Psychology Department at McGill University in 1949, when Donald O. Hebb was the Department Chair of Psychology. At McGill, the core of <mask>'s research examined the neurophysiology of fear and motivation and the role of the former in the latter. <mask>'s research interests included the human threshold of pain, psychopharmacology, and neuropsychology, with a specific focus on the neural correlates of intelligent behaviour. He published his second book, A Theory of Intelligent Behaviour, in 1976, describing the integration of neural processes underlying motivation and sensory-motor coordination to produce intelligent behaviour. <mask>'s Ph.D. students include Lynn Nadel, psychologist and co-author of the widely cited book, The Hippocampus As a Cognitive Map (Nadel & O'Keefe, 1978). <mask> was elected President of the Canadian Psychological Association in 1958. His presidential address described the relationship between experimental psychology and behaviour disorders.<mask> also served as chair of the Associate Committee on Experimental Psychology of the National Research Council of Canada from 1962 to 1968. In 1975, he was appointed the Chair of the Psychology Department of McGill, a position he held for five years until his death on December 31, 1980 from a heart attack

Research

Motivation
<mask> applied research in pharmacology and neurology to human executive functioning. He defined motivation as a dynamic interaction between biological, social, internal, and external factors. Internal factors included physiological and driving cues, and external factors included environmental stimuli. <mask> strongly felt that motivation, as a topic in psychology, could unify diverse psychological subfields that typically held conflicting ideas. <mask> was a forerunner in integrating methods and findings from both sides of the nature vs. nurture debate to support his research in motivation. His research combined a diverse set of theories and topics, including goal direction, sensory cues, arousal, blood chemistry, and reinforcement.This work culminated in the publication of his first book in 1959, Motivation: A Systematic Reinterpretation, which attempted to systematize the contemporary motivation literature within a new framework. Based on evidence from human experimental data and animal paradigms, the book explored the underlying explanations for goal-directed motivation in humans. Methods in neuropsychology
In the late 1950s, <mask> developed novel pharmacological and neuropsychological experimental techniques for use in rats. He applied these methods to study a range of topics including intelligence, learning, exploratory behaviour, emotion, disinhibition, and habituation. These methods varied from Pavlovian conditioning paradigms to drug injections of methylphenidate and chlorpromazine in rat models. For example, one of his experiments  examined the differing effects methylphenidate, chlorpromazine, and imipramine  had on freezing and immobility in rats. <mask> found that these drugs decreased and altered the pattern of this response in rats, indicating a type of induced avoidance behaviour.Other aspects of research
In his second book, 'A Theory of Intelligent Behaviour' (1976), <mask> defined intelligence as a set of adaptive, directed, anticipative, and creative behaviours intended to bring about desired outcomes. This book highlighted the many neural connections enabling cognitive knowledge, motivational arousal, and sensory motor coordination. <mask> argued that together, their interactions produced intelligence. In a similar vein, <mask> had radical ideas regarding human learning: he rejected the typical operant conditioning theory of response-reinforcement. Instead, he argued that learning was produced by our cognitive representations of our external environments; these schemas could be influenced by context, incentive, and motivation. Towards the end of his career, <mask> expanded his research to include psychological disorders manifesting in behavioural problems. He published papers about human weeping and language in apes in 1972 and 1981, respectively.Honours and awards
<mask>'s contribution to the field of psychology has been recognized through the conferral of several honours. Elected president of the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) from 1958 to 1959, <mask> was also a Fellow of both the CPA and the American Psychological Association. He was awarded the Canadian Centennial Medal in 1967, and in 1973  was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, a rare honour for a psychologist. In recognition of his teaching and research contributions to McGill's Department of Psychology, the <mask> <mask> Fellowship was established, valued at $10,000. The Fellowship is awarded to a student in a program at the graduate level, with preference for students from developing countries

References

1922 births
1980 deaths
Canadian psychologists
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Harvard University alumni
McGill University alumni
McGill University faculty
Neuropsychologists
University of the Punjab alumni
20th-century psychologists
Presidents of the Canadian Psychological Association
Indian expatriates in the United States
Indian emigrants to Canada

masks:
Dalbir Bindra
Dalbir Bindra
Dalbir Bindra
Bindra
Bindra
Bindra
Bindra
Bindra
Bindra
Bindra
Bindra
Bindra
Bindra
Bindra
Bindra
Bindra
Bindra
Bindra
Bindra
Bindra
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Dalbir
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<mask> (born September 13, 1973) is an American singer-songwriter, actor, film/tv producer and music supervisor. Life and career
<mask> is the son of Candice and <mask> and has two siblings, Sareece and Colin. In high school, he left his mark as an All-State football, basketball and soccer player and was named the U.S. Army Scholar/Athlete of the Year. After graduating, he decided to pursue a college degree before getting involved in music on a professional level. He attended college on a soccer scholarship studying music business at Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee. In 1991, he surprised his father Jeoffrey when he told his dad that he wanted to follow his steps in the music business. They went on to form a unique son/father duo called <mask> that achieved great success in the CCM scene.They garnered 10 #1 Billboard CCM singles and sold over 1,000,000 copies on all three of their EMI released albums combined. <mask> met his wife, Kenda, in San Jose, California, and married in 1994. They have three children named Luke 25, Gracie 23 and Ella 19. In the late 1990s, <mask> decided to pursue a solo career. While recording his first solo album, <mask>, his wife and children, were involved in a near fatal car accident. After recovering from his injuries, Mr. <mask> was able to release his debut album titled Imagine, that had Billboard #1 single called "Captured" in 2000. <mask> then founded the country music duo Blue County with his friend Scott Reeves.Blue County recorded one album for Curb Records, which included the top 10 single "Good Little Girls"and the Top 20 hit "That's Cool" which <mask> co-wrote. Blue County was also nominated three times for CMA/ACM Duo of the Year. They participated as a featured artist in Conde Nast's/Chevrolet's Fashion Rocks campaign. In 2009, <mask>, co-created a live show in Las Vegas called "Nashville Unplugged: The Story Behind the Song", that features hit songwriters from all genres in a back porch, songwriter in the round style show made famous at the Bluebird Cafe in Nashville, Tn. The audience is able to get a sneak peek behind the curtain of how hit songs are born and then performed by those very songwriters. The show is often referred to as a cross between VH1's Storytellers and Inside the Actor's Studio for songwriters. "Nashville Unplugged" is 11 years running and currently plays every Friday night at 8 PM in Las Vegas at Mandalay Bay Hotel and Casino.<mask> has continued the growth of this show into other casinos and markets around the country including Los Angeles, Reno, Boise, Laughlin, Oregon, Washington, Pennsylvania, Texas and California. In March 2012 til March 2014,  <mask> moved his creative forces and his family to Los Angeles and signed a new exclusive music publishing deal with Cornman Music/Warner Chappell where he had numerous songs placed on shows like ABC's "Nashville" and Bravo's "Project Runway". In May 2015, <mask> co-wrote and co-produced the theme song and end title for Walt Disney's "Monkey Kingdom" called "It's our World" performed by Atlantic Records artist Jacquie Lee. Since December 2015, <mask> Amuro, AOA, Taeyeon, Taemin and Red Velvet with 9 of those songs becoming big hits in SE ASIA. Those hits include "Sing for You" and "For Life" by EXO, "Rain" and "Make Me Love You" by Taeyeon, "Good Luck" by AOA, "Soldier" and "Rise" by Taemin and "Dear Diary" by Namie Amuro. Currently, <mask> has had 20 songs in the hit Netflix series "The Ranch" starring Ashton Kutcher, Sam Elliott and Debra Winger. Recently, <mask> has taken his talents to the silver screen by starring in 3 films called "Acts of God", "The Song" and "Past Due"."The Song" was picked up by Metro-Goldwyn and released in September 2014. It is a modern-day story of King Solomon but told in the context of country music. <mask> plays David King, who is an iconic, outlaw country artist, a la Waylon Jennings type. His son, Jed, follows in his footsteps only to find that he must break the curse in order for his life to turn out better than his daddy had it. In "Acts of God", <mask> plays a US Army Ranger who comes back from combat with P.T.S.D. and the story follows how he handles this difficulty and how it affects his family, career and relationships. <mask> is a partner in Watershed Motion Pictures and has recently released their first feature film called “Playing God” starring <mask>, Michael McKean, Alan Tudyk, Marc Menchaca and Jude Demorest.Www.watershedmotionpictures.com. Watershed is currently in production on their latest feature called Chasing Oslo. <mask> is also a creator and Executive Producer of the new sports gambling talk show called The DeGentlemen Show shot live at Mandalay Bay Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas. He finished principal photography on “Quiet in My Town” on October 24, 2019 in Thomasville, Ga, which is an independent feature film that pulls back the secrets of a small town. It's due to be released in 2021. <mask> and Watershed have recently partnered with Jared Goetz of Ascending Media Group and John Bryan of JB and Associates to represent their latest project called God Family Football which is a new Docu-series that follows the Evangel Christian Academy football program in Shreveport, LA and their football coach and pastor, Denny Duron. <mask>
In 1995, <mask> and Kenda had a son, Luke, who grew up in his father's footsteps, starring in various films including We Were Soldiers with Mel Gibson, Because of Winn-Dixie, How to Eat Fried Worms, and Dear John with Channing Tatum.He also appears in Field of Lost Shoes (2014), Life of the Party, Dumplin' and Measure of a Man (all 2018). On TV, Luke was featured on Family Affair, the ABC Family series Ravenswood, and the Disney Channel series Good Luck Charlie and Girl Meets World. He also starred in some of the Disney Channel Original Movies, Minutemen, Girl vs. Monster and Cloud 9. Kenda <mask>
<mask>'s wife is an actress as well. She was the first on-air personality for CMT when she hosted a show called "Hit Trip". She has starred in numerous films like "Adrenaline" and the fiancé of Michael W. Smith in The Second Chance. She played Emily Osment's mom in Disney Channel's "Dadnapped" as well as Dove Cameron's mom also in Disney's "Cloud 9".In 2015, she portrayed a jealous, murdering wife in CSI. She is also a highly sought after acting coach who has coached likes of Miley Cyrus, Olivia Holt, Kimberly Williams-Paisley, and her own son, <mask>. She worked alongside Taylor Hackford in the Oscar-winning film "Ray" as the on set acting coach for C.J Sanders who played "Young Ray Charles" and had never acted before. Other work

See also
 <mask>rey
 Blue County

References

1973 births
American country singer-songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
American performers of Christian music
Place of birth missing (living people)
Blue County (music group) members
Living people
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee
Members of the Country Music Association
21st-century American singers
Country musicians from Tennessee
21st-century American male singers

masks:
Aaron Jeoffrey Benward
Benward
Jeoffrey Benward
Aaron Jeoffrey
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Benward
Benward
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaronie
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Aaron
Luke Benward
Aaron
Aaron
Luke Benward
Aaron
Benward
Aaron
Luke Benward
Aaron Jeoff


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<mask> (born September 1971) is an Indian-born British businessman, and the founder of Liberty House Group. He is the CEO and chairman of GFG Alliance, an international conglomerate that operates primarily in the steel and mining industries. Following the collapse of Greensill Capital in 2021, <mask> has been under scrutiny for his ties to the failed company, which involved opaque financing and sales invoices that Greensill's administrator has been unable to verify. Early life

<mask> was born in Ludhiana, Punjab, India, the third of four children of <mask> who founded the SIMEC Group. Both his father and grandfather were industrialists and businessmen. At age 13 he was enrolled at St Edmund's School, Canterbury, UK as a boarder. After completing his A-levels he spent his gap year selling bicycles in Turkey for his father before enrolling to study Economics at Trinity College, Cambridge.It is there that in February 1992 he founded the Liberty House Group. When the business was generating £1m a day, he switched to economics with management, a move which he claims freed up time to work on the business. Career

Trading roots
Initially, Liberty House traded steel, rice, sugar, FMCG, engineering and other goods as a part of the family business but it soon diversified into specific commodities and brought together the trading business under three categories—steel, chemicals, and agriculture. In 2009, it entered steel making, buying plants in Africa. A year later in 2010, it was in Asia, setting up the regional headquarters in Singapore and a hub in Hong Kong in 2012 to focus on China. Industrial expansion
In 2013, Liberty House Group entered the UK through the purchase of Mir Steel UK (previously Aphasteel), a steel mill in Newport, South Wales, stopping it from being shut down. The business was formally re-launched as Liberty Steel Newport in October 2015.In the two and a half years leading up to the re-opening <mask> kept the entire 150 people workforce on half-pay while he tried to get the mothballed site operating again. Liberty Steel Newport produces hot rolled coil (HRC) for the following industries: construction, automotive, pipes and tubes, structural hollow sections, highway, yellow goods, materials-handling and power. In November and December 2015 <mask> purchased from administration the UK assets and business of the former Caparo Industries Plc, saving over 1,000 jobs primarily in the West Midlands. In March 2016 Liberty House reached an agreement for the purchase of the last two previously mothballed steel manufacturing sites in Scotland from Tata Steel UK. The deal, which was brokered by the Scottish Government, was completed on 28 April 2016 when Liberty formally acquired the Clydebridge and Dalzell steel mills. The Dalzell site which manufactures steel plate was re-launched on 28 September 2016 by Scotland's First Minister Nicola Sturgeon. In April 2016 when Tata Steel UK announced its intention to sell its UK based operations, <mask> launched a daring bid for the business, and launched Liberty House's Greensteel strategy.In October 2016, Liberty House launched its steel recycling division called Liberty Metals Recycling. In November 2016, <mask> finalised his purchase of Tungsten Bank, and renamed it Wyelands Bank, after the country house estate Wyelands he owns near Chepstow. In November 2016 Liberty House entered into exclusive negotiations with Tata Steel UK for the acquisition of its speciality steels business based in West Yorkshire and China. In February 2017 Tata Steel UK and Liberty House signed an agreement on the purchase, and the deal was completed in April 2017. The acquisition saved 1,700 jobs across sites in Rotherham, Stocksbridge and Brinsworth, Bolton and Wednesbury. In December 2016, the Gupta-led GFG Alliance completed the acquisition of Britain's last aluminium smelter at Fort William in Lochaber, along with the hydro-power plants at Kinlochleven and Fort William. In August 2017, <mask> acquired Arriums Whyalla Steelworks in Australia, encompassing primary steelmaking, recycling, distribution and iron ore mining.The new business is conducted under the Liberty brand. In December 2017, <mask> entered the US market by acquiring the Georgetown steelworks and expanded the US presence by acquiring Export Metals in March 2018. At the end of 2018, he purchased Keystone Consolidated Industries. During December 2018, <mask> acquired Aluminium Dunkerque, the largest aluminium smelter in Europe. This followed the acquisition of AR Industries, a French aluminium wheel manufacturer. In April 2019, <mask> acquired a second bank which he renamed the Commonwealth Trade Bank. He then doubled the GFG Alliance workforce in July 2019, by acquiring seven steelworks and five service centres across seven countries in continental Europe from ArcelorMittal.In October 2019, <mask> consolidated all his global steel businesses to form Liberty Steel Group, which he announced would aim to be the world's first carbon neutral company by 2030. He extended that target to his aluminium businesses, which he grouped together to form ALVANCE Aluminium Group, which he announced in January 2020. He has been dubbed the man who can save the British steel industry through an approach called Greensteel, and has since been working to apply this model of operation to other countries including Australia and the USA. Awards and recognition
The HRH Prince of Wales appointed <mask> as an official HRH Ambassador for Industrial Cadets in March 2018. Controversies

Ties to Greensill Capital

Following the 2021 collapse of Greensill Capital, <mask> <mask> has been under scrutiny for his ties to the failed company. The Financial Times noted in 2019 that <mask>'s companies have been fueled by "opaque financing". In April 2021, a Member of Parliament in the UK accused <mask> of running "a potential Ponzi scheme".Greensill Capital's bankruptcy administrator was unable to verify invoices underpinning certain loans to <mask>, with companies listed on the invoices denying that they had ever done business with <mask>. Personal life
<mask>'s wife Nicola is from Canvey Island, Essex, and was the treasurer of his company. <mask> had kept his relationship with Nicola Crumpton secret for seven years before they married in 2008, the family's first cross-cultural marriage. <mask> and his wife own Wyelands, a country house estate near Chepstow in Wales and have a residence in Sydney, Australia (Bomera, a 19th-century home in Potts Point). They have three children. See also
 Tata Steel Europe
ArcelorMittal

References

External links

Living people
Businesspeople from Ludhiana
People educated at St Edmund's School, Canterbury
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
1971 births

masks:
Sanjeev Gupta
Sanjeev Gupta
Gupta
Pauman K Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
Sanjeev
Gupta
Gupta
Gupta
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<mask> (July 6, 1856 – February 24, 1937) was a Canadian rancher, meat packer, businessperson, senator, and philanthropist. A self-made man of wealth, he built one of the world's largest integrated meat-packing empires, P. Burns & Co., becoming one of the wealthiest Canadians of his time. He is honoured as one of the Big Four western cattle kings who started the Calgary Stampede in Alberta in 1912. He made his fortune in the meat industry, but ranching was his true passion. <mask>'  of cattle ranches covered so vast an area of Southern Alberta that he boasted about being able to travel from Cochrane to the US border without ever leaving his land. In 1931, he was appointed to the Canadian Senate as a representative for Alberta. On October 16, 2008, the Calgary Herald named <mask> as Alberta's Greatest Citizen.Early life
<mask>'Byrne was born in Oshawa, Ontario, on July 6, 1856, the fourth of eleven children of Michael and Bridget O'Byrne. His parents had emigrated from County Mayo, Ireland in 1848 due to the Great Famine, and as part of the naturalization process, the family name was shortened to Byrne and then later to <mask>. The family moved from the Oshawa area northward in the spring of 1864 to the small community of Kirkfield, Ontario, where <mask> spent a majority of his childhood. <mask> had very little formal schooling but learned a great deal about hard work and thriftiness from his parents. He spent his last summer in Kirkfield chopping wood for a neighbour. He had intended to save enough money to travel out west, but when it came time for him to collect his pay, he discovered that his employer did not have enough cash to cover the $100 he was owed for his labour and so was instead given two oxen as payment. They had a resale value of $70, but he saw an alternative.He made $140 by slaughtering the animals and reselling their meat and byproducts. That experience was one that he would remember when he was as an entrepreneur. With his brothers John and Dominic in 1878 he head out west at the age of 22. They started out by steamer, but when they reached Rat Portage, he feared that if he paid for transportation the rest of the way, he might lack funds on his arrival. Undaunted, he bought some bread and cheese, and with his gun for protection, walked the rest of the way to Winnipeg. He and John, impressed by reports of good lands to the west, decided to take advantage of the Dominion Homestead Act of 1872. The brothers set out on foot to locate their homesteads and walked  until they found land to their liking just east of Minnedosa, Manitoba.<mask> continued to homestead in Manitoba until after the Louis Riel rebellion but gradually became involved in buying cattle and selling meat. He began his meat packing career with a cow bought on credit and sold for $4. He began freighting goods from Winnipeg and driving his neighbours' cattle to the Winnipeg market. By 1885, he was buying and selling his own cattle. As a contractor from railway construction, that <mask> transitioned from being a small-time broker to a successful entrepreneur. In 1887, William Mackenzie and his partners Donald Mann, James Ross, and Herbert Holt secured a railway construction contract to drive a line from Quebec through Maine to the Eastern Seaboard. Mackenzie had grown up in Kirkfield and remembered <mask> from their briefly-shared school days and time spent working in their fields.Aware of <mask>' experience in the livestock business, Mackenzie gave him the opportunity to provision the labourers who were to construct the line. <mask> learned to establish a mobile slaughtering facility, which could move easily as the railhead was extended. The success of the contract in Maine led to whole succession of other contracts with Mackenzie and Mann. Alberta

<mask> moved to Calgary in 1890 and established his first substantial slaughterhouse. In 1898, he built a packing house in Calgary followed by others in Vancouver, Edmonton, Prince Albert, and Regina. He then turned to ranching on a large scale and acquired large tracts of land. His company, P. Burns & Co. (later Burns Foods) became western Canada's largest meatpacking company.At the grand opening of his second abattoir in 1899 (the first had burned down), the Calgary Herald described the event as "the passing of yet another milestone on the road to Calgary's full measure of prosperity." In 1901 he married Eileen Ellis of Penticton in a small ceremony in London, England. Back in Calgary, <mask> was building a house for him and his new bride. <mask> Manor, on the corner of 4th Street and 13th Avenue SW, designed by Pat's friend, the famed architect Francis Rattenbury, was a grand, 18-room sandstone mansion, visited by the likes of Prime Ministers and Royalty. Construction took two years, and the couple meanwhile lived at the Alberta Hotel, on Stephen Avenue. The <mask>es had one son, <mask> <mask>, born in Calgary in 1906. In 1912, he was one of the Big Four, who started the Calgary Stampede.With A.E. Cross, A.J. McLean, and George Lane, they arranged $100,000 worth of financing and billed the event as "The Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth." <mask> then personally owned six ranches with 38,000 head of cattle, 1,500 horses and 20,000 sheep. His company, Burns Foods, had abattoirs in Calgary, Edmonton, Vancouver, Prince Albert, and Regina with an overall daily capacity of 1,070 cattle, 6,000 pigs, and 3,000 sheep. <mask>' facilities were of the utmost sanitation and technically advanced to a level previously unseen in Western Canada. Facilities were eventually opened in Winnipeg, Seattle, Australia, and Great Britain.<mask> was able to revolutionize the slaughterhouse industry by emphasizing efficiency in the use of byproducts. Traditionally, much of the animals had been lost to waste, but with his advanced abattoirs, <mask> could expand the list of recoverable products, which included leather, fats for soap, bone for bone meal and manufactured articles, fertilizers, glycerine, hair for brushes, and even an array of pharmaceuticals. <mask> joked that the only product not recovered were the pigs' squeals, which could have been sold to politicians. <mask> played a crucial role in World War I by supplying meat to troops overseas. For example, he shipped over 2,000 tons of pork shipped to troops in France during the first half of 1917. After the war, Belgium was looking to secure a meat supply from a North American company. With no American distributors able to meet the call, <mask> stepped in to help the devastated nation.British Columbia

From the early 1900s to 1914, he was the principal meat supplier for the workers during the construction of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. One of the Foley, Welch and Stewart, sternwheelers, the Skeena was used for the express purpose of delivering <mask>' beef to the railway construction camps in British Columbia. As part of his western expansion, <mask> purchased several thousand acres of land south of Vancouver with the intent of using it for grazing cattle. The property included a significant amount of wetland that was not ideal terrain for cattle grazing and so failed. The land was renamed the Burns Bog and maintained its original state until around the 1940s, when peat harvesting began and parts of the bog were dug up. In 1907, <mask>, a brother, oversaw the construction of Burns Foods' first slaughterhouse in Vancouver. When it was torn down in 1969 the man in charge of the demolition said it was the toughest building to destroy he had ever seen with brick walls that were  thick.<mask> constructed the historic 18 West Hastings Street as his regional head office and one of several retail outlets in the city. The building is a six-storey brick Edwardian commercial building on West Hastings Street, Vancouver. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Hastings Street corridor was the centre for Vancouver's trade and manufacturing. In 1910, Dominic had the Vancouver Block built on Granville Street, Vancouver. Dominic moved into the penthouse upon completion of the building in 1912 and lived there until his death in 1933. The building is recognized by its large clock tower and has incredible historic value with its prominent location, the highest point of land in Downtown Vancouver, and being an early example of Edwardian commercial buildings that typified the building boom at the turn of the 20th century. The Blakeburn coalmine, near Princeton and Coalmont, was another of <mask>' ventures.Bow Valley Ranch

The Bow Valley Farm became the functional headquarters of his cattle empire. <mask> purchased the Ranche in 1902 from William Roper Hull. <mask> also acquired adjacent sections of land, as they became available. Eventually, the Burns Ranch at Bow Valley included some  bounded on the north by what is now Stampede Park, on the east by the Bow River, on the south by 146th Avenue, and on the west by MacLeod Trail, a large property by any standards but only a small segment of his ranching empire. The farm was an ideal location with respect to the <mask> family meat packing plant. Many large cattle drives were brought to the site where the animals were bedded, fed, watered and rested before being herded to the stockyards. <mask> frequently offered the hospitality of the ranch to distinguished people visiting the Calgary area.Hull was responsible for building the natural brick two storey Bow Valley Ranche House which was said to be the finest country home in the territories. When <mask> bought the property, the house was a two-hour ride away from Calgary, and he used it as a weekend retreat. Today, the house has the elegant Bow Valley Ranche Restaurant in Fish Creek Provincial Park. After his death, his nephew and business successor Michael John <mask> came to live in Bow Valley Ranche House. Under his supervision, the ranching operation continued to prosper and he also preserved the established tradition of true western hospitality remembered by many Calgarians. In failing

masks:
Patrick Burns
Burns
Burns
Patrick O
Burns
Burns
Patrick
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Patrick Michael
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Dominic Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns


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 health, Michael John <mask> moved to Calgary in 1950, and his son Richard J<mask> came to live at the ranch with his wife and three sons. Under his management, many more improvements were made, including the construction of a tennis court, a swimming pool, and a one-story addition.Richard J<mask> lived at the site until 1970. In 1973, the Alberta Provincial Government purchased the Bow Valley Ranche from the Burns Foundation as part of the development of Fish Creek Provincial Park. Later years

By the Great War, <mask> had become one of Canada's most successful businessmen and had butcher shops and abattoirs all across Western Canada. He had over 100 retail meat shops in the provinces of British Columbia and Alberta. He also established 65 creameries and cheese factories, 11 wholesale provision houses and 18 wholesale fruit houses. He extended his empire overseas and set up agencies in London, Liverpool and Yokohama. In 1928, Burns Foods generated sales of about $40 million ($ million in ).In 1928, he sold his interests in Burns Foods for $15 million ($ million in ) to Dominion Securities and the company was renamed Burns & Co. Ltd. In the sale, <mask> retained control over his true passion, his vast cattle ranches, which covered so much of Southern Alberta that he could travel from Cochrane to the US border without ever leaving his land. At the height of his empire, his assets included nearly  of ranch land, roughly the size of Luxembourg. One of his most prized possessions was the Bar U Ranch, south of Calgary, which was among the largest in the country and one of the first and most enduring large corporate ranches of the West. Under George Lane, it had achieved an international repute as a centre of breeding excellence for cattle and purebred Percheron horses. <mask> acquired the property from Lane's estate after his close friend died in 1925. Some of the other ranches in his possession were Willow Creek, Glengarry (44), Bradfield, Two Dot, Rio Alto, Linehum, Flying E, and C.K.In 1931, he was appointed to the Senate of Canada by his close friend, R. B. Bennett, to represent the senatorial division of Northern Alberta. In making the announcement, Prime Minister Bennett had this to say about him: “Holding your wealth as a trust, you have given generously to every good cause and your life has been an inspiration to the younger generation.” He sat as an independent until he resigned for health reasons in 1936. He was predeceased by both his wife, Eileen, and their son, <mask>. He died in Calgary on February 24, 1937 with his nephew John and other family at his side. He is buried alongside his son in St. Mary's Cemetery in Calgary. Upon his death, he left his estate to his nieces and nephews and many charities. The tax on his estate was enough to offset the provincial deficit and balance the budget.As a result, the Social Credit Party chose to eliminate the Provincial Sales Tax permanently. Philanthropy
<mask> was known as a man of few words but great generosity. One employee estimated that for a period <mask> was donating over $50,000 per year ($ thousand in ). When a huge rock slide devastated the community of Frank, Alberta in 1903, <mask> was among the first to send aid. Five years later, when fire swept through Fernie, British Columbia, leaving 6,000 people homeless, he sent carloads of food. He was a staunch supporter of many children’s charities, making sure that the local orphanage was always well-stocked with free high-quality meat. He was an active Catholic but also supported other religious groups.When he was called upon to pay for the painting of a small Catholic church near Calgary, he requested for the Anglican church next door to be painted as well, at his expense, so that it did not look shabby by comparison. He was extremely generous to the Diocese of Calgary and donated large sums to St. Mary's Parish. He donated three 750 lb bells to St. Mary's Cathedral in 1904 that were cast by the Fonderie Paccard in Anncey, France. The bells were the only parts from the old building used in the construction of the existing cathedral. He paid for the construction of Albert Lacombe's "Hermitage" in Pincher Creek, and donated the land for the Lacombe Nursing Home at Midnapore, which he kept provisioned at his expense. <mask> placed a high value on education. He contributed to the creation of Western Canada College, now Western Canada High School, in Calgary, provided the funding for the erection of St. Joseph's College at the University of Alberta, and financed construction on a new school building, new residence, and donated land for expansion at Vancouver College in Vancouver.On August 11, 1914, he offered £10,000 to equip a complete "Legion" (Mounted Rifles Regiment) of Canadian Legion of Frontiersmen, for the Canadian Government's war effort. In 1914, Pope Benedict XV created him a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Gregory the Great, the first Canadian to receive such an honour. He was also a Knight of St. John of Jerusalem, and an honorary colonel in Calgary's 31st Regiment. In honour of his 75th birthday, a huge cake (said at the time to be the world’s largest birthday cake) led the Stampede parade and was cut and distributed that evening to the city's underprivileged citizens. Also, he celebrated his birthday by giving a 5 lb roast to every family in which the head of the house was unemployed and a ticket for a meal at any restaurant in the city to the unmarried unemployed. It was during the Depression days, and the gifts were much needed; 2000 Calgary families received the roasts and 4000 single unemployed dined out at his expense. <mask> took special interest to environment conservation.Recognizing the value of the trees in Fish Creek Valley, he directed his foreman to erect fences around the groves of aspen and poplar as protection from the cattle. They also planted 2000 poplars along the MacLeod Trail, adjacent to Bow Valley Ranche. Burns Memorial Fund
In his will, <mask> endowed a third of his estate to the Burns Memorial Fund. As such, in 1939 a court order was issued setting up trusteeship and administration of The Burns Memorial Bequest Fund for three groups of beneficiaries:
 Widows and orphans of members of the police force of Calgary
 Widows and orphans of members of the fire brigade of Calgary
 Poor, indigent and neglected children of Calgary

Today, the Burns Memorial Fund is made up of a private charitable foundation (the Children’s Fund) and two non-profit trusts (the Police Fund and the Fire Fund). The funds operate collectively as the Burns Memorial Fund. Death and legacy
<mask> died February 24, 1937—less than six months after the death of his son. Estate
After his death, <mask>' estate was assessed at $3.8 million ($ million in )—having fallen significantly due to the Great Depression.In 1996, Maple Leaf Foods purchased a majority of Burns Foods for an undisclosed amount. Some Maple Leaf products retain the <mask> name but many have been rebranded. Alberta's Greatest Citizen
As part of its 125th anniversary, the Calgary Herald organized the search for Our Greatest Albertan. In what is considered the largest citizen journalism project in the province, readers originally nominated 125 people for consideration. A Top 10 list was culminated from months of thought, debate, and votes from the public. Along with <mask>, the list included former Premier Peter Lougheed, former Mayor and Lieutenant-Governor Grant MacEwan and Famous Five member Nellie McClung. On October 16, 2008, at a gala at Heritage Park, <mask> was named the province's greatest citizen.The Herald commented that "His story is the story of Alberta. His struggles, his dreams, his success and philanthropy define the very core of our western character." Influence on ranching
<mask> was a major force behind the growth of ranching in Alberta. He purchased large herds of purebred Hereford stock, which he used to help fellow ranchers improve the blood lines of their own cattle. A pioneer of cold-weather ranching, <mask> put up 250,000 tons of hay for winter feed and convinced other ranchers to utilize winter feeding methods themselves. He renovated the corrals and feeding pens on his ranches and introduced modern feed-lot techniques to finish cattle for market. Namesakes

Buildings
 Burns Manor, Calgary
 Burns Block, Calgary
 Burns Block, Nelson
 Burns Block, Vancouver
 Burns Building, Calgary
 Burns Stadium (former home of the Calgary Cannons), Calgary,
 Senator <mask> Building at SAIT Polytechnic, Calgary
 Senator <mask> School, Calgary

Land
 Burns Bog, Delta, British Columbia (Named after <mask>' brother, Dominic)
 Mount Burns, Alberta

Neighbourhoods
 Burnsland, Southeast Calgary
 Burns Industrial Park, Calgary
 Burnsland Cemetery, Calgary

Parks
 Senator <mask> Memorial Rock Garden, Calgary

Roads
 Burnsland Road, Calgary
 Burns Ranch Road, Olds
 Burns Road, Winnipeg
 Patrick Street, Winnipeg

Ranches
The following is a list of ranches owned wholly or in part by <mask> or his companies:

 OH/Rio Alto Ranch
 Bar U Ranch
 Bow Valley Ranch
 CK Ranch
 Ricardo Ranch
 Circle Ranch
 Walrond Ranch
 Bradfield Ranch
 Lineham Ranch
 Glengarry Ranch
 Flying E Ranch
 76 Ranch
 Two Dot Ranch

References

References

Works Cited

External links

<mask>: A Man of His Word
<mask>' Manor House
Best of Alberta.Our Greatest Citizen Announced

 Burns Memorial Fund
 The Ranche Restaurant at the Bow Valley Ranche

1856 births
1937 deaths
19th-century Canadian businesspeople
20th-century Canadian businesspeople
Businesspeople in agriculture
Businesspeople from Ontario
Businesspeople from Alberta
Canadian people in rail transport
Canadian people of Irish descent
Canadian philanthropists
Canadian ranchers
Canadian Roman Catholics
Canadian senators from Alberta
Independent Canadian senators
Knights of Grace of the Order of St John
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
People from Kawartha Lakes
People from Oshawa
Settlers of Canada
Canadian

masks:
Burns
. Burns
. Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Patrick Michael
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Patrick Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
Burns
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Burns
Patrick Burns
Patrick Burns
Burns
Patrick Burns
Patrick Burns
Patrick Burns
Patrick Burns


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Mirko Manuele Martorana (born 19 April 1994), known professionally as Rkomi, is an Italian rapper and songwriter. Early life
Rkomi was born and raised in Milan in the famous district of Calvairate, located in the eastern part of the suburbs of Milan. He attended the CFP Galdus hotel Institute until the third year, and then dropped out at the age of 17 without obtaining a diploma. Until the age of 21 he worked as a bartender, bricklayer and dishwasher. He became friends with rapper Tedua, who was his roommate. Tedua himself originally planned to become a tour manager. Career

Calvairate Mixtape and Dasein Sollen
Rkomi has stated several times that he was initiated into a musical career due to his best friend Tedua.Rkomi's first musical projects were Keep Calm Mixtape (with Sfazo) and Quello che non fai tu (with Falco) in 2012, Cugini Bella Vita EP (with Pablo Asso) in 2013, followed by the more famous amateur songbook Calvairate Mixtape, which was created by six people (including Tedua and Izi), in 2014. That was followed by almost two years of silence, then Rkomi published the song Dasein Sollen on the YouTube platform. The song's title is a direct reference to the Heideggerian concept of Dasein. The rapper learned about it through a random search on the Internet. On October 13, 2016, Rkomi released an EP Dasein Sollen in collaboration with the Digital Distribution label. First collaborations and Io in terra
Following the good reception of Dasein Sollen (the single Aeroplanini di carta, created in collaboration with Izi, was certified platinum), Rkomi was hired by an indie singer-songwriter Calcutta for the opening of the show live in Turin. Having come into contact with Shablo, former producer of the album Aeroplanini di carta, Rkomi decides to sign a contract with the Rock Music label managed by Shablo himself and Marracash.On March 13, 2017, the rapper announced that he was going to release his first studio album Universal. On September 8, 2017, Rkomi released the album Io in terra, consisting of 14 tracks, some of them created in collaboration with Marracash (in Milano Bachata), Noyz Narcos (in Verme) and Alberto Paone (in Mai più), a drummer. The album was preceded by the singles Solo, Apnea and Mai più. After its debut in the music charts, Io in terra reached the top of the FIMI chart and was certified gold, while Milano Bachata, Apnea and Mai più were certified platinum. Ossigeno - EP and Dove gli occhi non arrivano
On June 26, 2018, Rkomi announced the upcoming release of an EP, entitled Ossigeno - EP, which was released on July 13, 2019, accompanied by a vinyl edition and an autobiographical book. The CD features the single Acqua calda e limone, which was written in collaboration with rapper Ernia, as well as songs written in collaboration with Tedua, Night Skinny and Mc Bin Laden. At the end of 2018, the single Non ho mai tanto la mia età was released on the occasion of the release of the video game Assassin's Creed: Origins.It is a tribute to a video game saga created by Ubisoft. Solletico and Acqua calda e limone were certified gold. On February 19, 2019, <mask> revealed that he intended to release the album Dove gli occhi non arrivano, which was released on March 22, 2020. Jovanotti, Elisa, Carl Brave, Sfera Ebbasta, Dardust and Ghali also worked on the disc. The album successfully debuted at the top of the FIMI rating, as did Io in terra. Taxi Driver and the Sanremo Festival
On April 1, 2021, Rkomi set the release date for the third studio album, titled Taxi Driver, which was released on April 30. The first single Ho spento il cielo, created in collaboration with Tommaso Paradiso, was released on April 14.Like previous albums, Taxi Driver debuted directly at the top of the FIMI Album Chart. In the same week the single Nuovo range, a collaboration with Sfera Ebbasta, reached the top of the Top Singles. all the songs contained within the disc were classified within the first hundred positions in the Top Singles. On September 24, 2021, the live album Taxi Driver (MTV Unplugged) was released. It included previous tracks edited and sung live. In December 2021, Rkomi released a joint single with Elodie entitled La coda del diavolo. On December 4, 2021, Rkomi's participation in the Sanremo Music Festival 2022 was announced at TG1, followed by the announcement of the song Insuperabile on December 15.The song took 17th place in the final ranking. In February 2022 he collaborates with  Elisa on the song Che cosa manca. Style and influences
Although the rapper's first songs belong to pure rap and do not include other genres, Rkomi proposed himself as an exponent of indie rap. The album Io in terra has often been considered as an example of hip-hop influenced by the genres of prog, funk and others, because of the original and innovative bases (in addition to the drums, the electric bass, guitar and trumpet appear). With Ossigeno - EP, Rkomi began to approach a more funk and pop version of rap, establishing a new musical dimension with the album Dove gli occhi non arrivano, characterized by purely pop sharing. Rkomi's work was influenced by such indie artistes as Saint PHNX, Gorillaz and Twenty One Pilots. As for hip-hop, the rapper's work was influenced by Italian artists Noyz Narcos, Marracash, Fabri Fibra, Gué Pequeno, and such foreign artistes as German rapper Cro, French rapper Lomepal and American rappers Tyler, the Creator, Chance the Rapper and Kendrick Lamar.


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<mask> (3 April 1867 – 1952) was an American writer, naturalist and minister. He lived and worked in Stamford, Connecticut as a minister of the First Congregationalist Church. As a naturalist, he would leave Stamford every March, often with his son, Brian, and two daughters, Lois and Cesca, to travel to "the wilderness" of Maine. There they would stay until the first snows of October, although sometimes he would stay all winter. In the 1920s, he began spending his summers in Nova Scotia, claiming "the wilderness is getting too crowded". He wrote of these wilderness experiences in the books Ways of Wood Folk, Wilderness Ways, Wood-folk Comedies, Northern Trails, Wood Folk at School, and many others. His earlier books were illustrated by Charles Copeland; two later ones were illustrated by Charles Livingston Bull.<mask> believed that the best way to experience the wild was to "plant yourself and sit for hours on end to let the wild come to you; and they will!" Controversy
Because of the increased public interest in the natural world as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, Rev. <mask>'s books were finding a large audience and even being issued in schools under the title of The Wood Folk Series. However, his findings and observations clashed with the prevailing scientific wisdom of animal behavior, which believed animals behaved purely on instinct, and could not learn from experience: a bird builds a nest purely by instinct and is not taught the skills required. Rev. <mask> provided many examples, supposedly from his experience, to cast doubt on that prevailing wisdom, suggesting that in fact animals did learn, and each could become individuals within their species. Some of the more famous observations were that kingfishers would catch fish in a river and then drop them into small pools so their offspring could practice catching the same fish but in an easier environment.He also chronicled a woodcock that made a "splint" for its broken leg. He also wrote of foxes that rode on the backs of sheep to escape hunters and porcupines curling into balls and rolling down hills. All this led to a belief that Rev. <mask> (and others) were anthropomorphizing animal behavior, blurring the lines between the animal world and humans. This came to a head when President Teddy Roosevelt's naturalist adviser, <mask>, accused Rev. <mask> (and others) of gross exaggeration, if not outright lies, regarding his books and the reflections of nature therein. Roosevelt wrote "If he stated that he had seen a weasel kill a deer and then carry it to the top of a pine tree, I would not care how many affidavits he produced, because the feat would be mechanically impossible."<mask> thus found himself at the center of the nature fakers controversy of the early 1900s. Ultimately Burroughs claimed Rev. <mask> was trying to sell books to gullible readers with such lies and President Theodore Roosevelt himself had Rev. <mask>'s books taken from all school libraries. The local Stamford paper chronicled the feud with "our dashing Rev. <mask>". Rev.<mask> would counter that you cannot "understand nature when you have a gun on your hip, ride on top of a wagon or horseback, and have a crowd of twenty with you," taking aim at Teddy Roosevelt's much publicized and photographed forays into nature. He went so far to state Roosevelt "never met an animal he didn't kill." After a couple months back and forth in the Stamford and national papers, Rev. <mask> said that "while obviously we cannot settle this through the media, I invite President Roosevelt anytime to Stamford to settle this like men." Roosevelt never accepted his invitation. Historian Ralph H. Lutts has argued that <mask> was "an experienced woodsman and close observer of nature" who did not intentionally fabricate his observations but
sometimes misinterpreted what he saw. <mask> rejected Darwinism and the idea of struggle for existence.He believed that all animal minds were reflections of God and relied on empathy to understand animal psychology. Stories from Northern Trails (1908), 158pp. Wood Folk Series
Ways of Wood Folk (1899)
Wilderness Ways (1900)
Secrets of the Woods (1901)
Wood Folk at School (1903)
A Little Brother to the Bear and Other Animal Studies. Wood Folk Series Book V (1904) 178pp. (shortened version of the 280pp. 1903 edition)
Northern Trails Book 1. Wood Folk Series Book VI (1908) 128pp.(same content as Wayeeses the White Wolf)
Northern Trails Book II Wood Folk Series Book VII (1908) 158pp. (same content as Stories from Northern Trails)

Footnotes

References
 Lutts, Ralph H. The Nature Fakers: Wildlife, Science and Sentiment. Golden, Colorado: Fulcrum Publishing, 1990. External links

1866 births
1952 deaths
19th-century American writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American Congregationalist ministers
American naturalists
American nature writers
American male non-fiction writers
Writers from Stamford, Connecticut
20th-century American male writers

masks:
William Joseph Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
John Burroughs
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long
Long


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<mask> (born 16 October 1967) is a museum professional, curator, author, and art historian. He is the Senior Research Scholar at the Yale Center for British Art and formerly served as Head of Photographs at the National Portrait Gallery, London. Born in Margate, Kent, he currently resides outside of New Haven, Connecticut. Education
<mask>r received his bachelor's degree at Williams College in 1989 and his master's degree at Stanford University in 1995. In 2000, Prodger received his Ph.D. in history of art from University of Cambridge. He attended secondary school in Hong Kong at Hong Kong International School from 1982-1985. Career
After a brief tenure as a lecturer at the Hong Kong Arts Centre, Prodger began his museum career at the Iris and B. Gerald Cantor Center for the Visual Arts at Stanford University in 1990.In 2001, he became the Assistant Curator of Prints, Drawings and Photographs at the Saint Louis Art Museum. He became the founding Curator of Photography at the Peabody Essex Museum in 2008 and was named Head of Photographs at the National Portrait Gallery, London in 2014. In 2017, Prodger was given the Rome Award from the Paul Mellon Centre and the British School at Rome. In 2013, he received a Focus Award for contributions to the appreciation and understanding of photography. In 2007, he was named the Lisette Model and Joseph G. Blum Fellow at the National Gallery of Canada. Research
Prodger's primary area of expertise is in European and American art from the nineteenth century to the present. He has published extensively on topics in the history of photography and art/science interactions.Much of his work centers on the rise of photographic vision and its effect on modern logic systems. Prodger has devoted much research to the so-called ‘second invention’ of photography, when wet-plate collodion supplanted Daguerreian and paper negative technologies in the 1850s-70s. During this time, it became possible to record things occurring too rapidly to be seen with the naked eye. This is the central theme of three of Prodger's books—Time Stands Still (Oxford, 2003), which analyses the work of Eadweard Muybridge in relation to contemporaneous motion photography; Darwin’s Camera (Oxford, 2009), which examines Charles Darwin’s interest in recording facial expressions as they occur; and Victorian Giants (National Portrait Gallery, 2018), which connects the drive for instantaneity in pictures with the rise of art photography in Britain. Prodger coined the term ‘instantaneous photography movement’ to describe the mania for taking photographs of rapidly occurring action in the mid- to late nineteenth century. Prodger has also written extensively about Modern photography. He is the author of a series, so far including three books (one with Terence Pepper), on Edwardian photographer Emil Otto Hoppé, produced in collaboration with Graham Howe and the E.O.Hoppé Estate in Pasadena, California. He is also an author or co-author of books on Ansel Adams, Ernst Haas, and the partnership between Man Ray and Lee Miller. In contemporary art, Prodger has written monographs on William Eggleston, Martin Parr, and Jerry Uelsmann. He has also written short texts for monographs by Anderson & Low, Katharine Cooper, Harold Feinstein, Sharon Harper, Anna Kuperberg, Yann Mingard, Suzanne Opton, Paul Outerbridge, Anne Rearick, and Joni Sternbach. In 2018, he was curator and primary author of an exhibition and catalogue on early Chinese photography produced in association with Tsinghua University and the Loewentheil Collection

Publications

Books and catalogues
Martin Parr: Only Human, London: Phaidon, 2019. E. O. Hoppé: The English, (forthcoming), Gottingen: Steidl, 2019. The Real Me: Understanding Photo Portraiture in the 21st Century, (forthcoming), London and New York: Thames & Hudson, 2019.Vision and Reflection: Photographs of 19th Century China from the Loewentheil Collection, Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2018. 100 Photographs (editor and introduction), London: National Portrait Gallery, 2018. Victorian Giants: the Birth of Art Photography. Julia Margaret Cameron, Lewis Carroll, Clementina Hawarden, and Oscar Rejlander, London: National Portrait Gallery, 2018. William Eggleston Portraits, London: National Portrait Gallery and New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016. E.O. Hoppé, The German Work 1925–1938, Gottingen: Steidl, 2015.Ansel Adams: At the Water’s Edge, Salem: Peabody Essex Museum, 2012. Man Ray | Lee Miller: Partners in Surrealism, New York and London: Merrell Publishers, 2011. Ernst Haas: Color Correction, Gottingen: Steidl, 2011. Hoppé Portraits: Society, Studio, and Street, London: National Portrait Gallery, 2011. The Mind’s Eye: Fifty Years of Photography by Jerry Uelsmann, San Francisco: ModernBook, 2010. Paul Outerbridge: New Color Photographs from California and Mexico, 1948-55, Portland, Oregon: Nazraeli, 2009. Darwin’s Camera: Art and Photography in the Theory of Evolution, New York and London: Oxford University Press, 2009.Hoppé’s Amerika: Modernist Photographs from the 1920s, New York and London: W. W. Norton & Co., April 2007. Impressionist Camera: Pictorial Photography in Europe, 1888-1918, London and New York: Merrell, 2006. Time Stands Still: Muybridge and the Instantaneous Photography Movement, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Illustrations of Human and Animal Expression from the Collection of Charles Darwin, Lewiston, New York and Lampeter, Wales: Edwin Mellen Press, 1998. External links
 Official Site

Interview, “Fleeting Truths: Thoughts on Portrait Photography,” link

Interview, “What Makes a Great Portrait Photograph?” link

Interview, “Much More than a Muse,” NPR link

References

1967 births
Living people
British curators
British art historians
People from Margate
Williams College alumni
Stanford University alumni
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
British expatriates in Hong Kong
British expatriate academics in the United States

masks:
Phillip Prodger
Phillip Prodge


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<mask> (May 14, 1917 – October 31, 1998) was a professional baseball pitcher, outfielder and pinch-hitter. He played in the Negro leagues, the Puerto Rican winter league (where he was a star), and for a few years at the end of his career, in Major League Baseball with the Cincinnati Reds. He is a member of the Puerto Rican Baseball Hall of Fame. Background
Several baseball reference books give Thurman's date of birth as 1921. However, like so many Negro leaguers, Thurman took some years off his age in order to interest scouts in developing him as a prospect. In fact, 1917 is the correct year of his birth, as he himself admitted after his playing career was over. Therefore, he made his major league debut at the age of 38, and was still in the big leagues at 42.A left-hander, he was listed at 6' 1" (185 cm) and 205 pounds (93 kg). Thurman played semipro ball with various teams in the Wichita area before entering the U.S. Army at the beginning of World War II. He was stationed in New Guinea and Luzon and saw combat action in the Pacific Theater. When he was discharged in 1945, the Homestead Grays in the Negro National League offered him a contract. Negro leagues
He started with the Grays in 1946, playing alongside such greats as catcher Josh Gibson, first baseman Buck Leonard and outfielder Cool Papa Bell. His pitching was not impressive, but he played in the outfield as well. He hit .408 for the season.The following year he hit .338 with 6 home runs in 157 at-bats. In 1948 he posted a 6–4 win-loss record as a starting pitcher, and also hit .345 to help the Grays win the last Negro National League pennant. They went on to defeat the Birmingham Black Barons in the World Series, but after this season the powerhouse Grays were dismantled, along with the league. With the fall of the color barrier in the major leagues in 1947, Negro leagues teams began to lose their star players and also their fan support. Thurman also played winter ball in Puerto Rico for twelve seasons, eleven with the Cangrejeros de Santurce and one with the Leones de Ponce. With Santurce he was a great fan favorite. Thurman led the league in homers in the 1947–48 season with 9, and the following season he had 18.At the end of his career in Puerto Rico he was and still is the All-Time Home Run leader with 120. In 1949 he reported to the Kansas City Monarchs of the newly reorganized Negro American League. The Monarchs were managed by Buck O'Neil and their roster included stars and future stars like Willard Brown, Booker McDaniels, Nat Peeples and Elston Howard. Minor leagues
Thurman's big year in Puerto Rico had not gone unnoticed in the major leagues. On July 29, 1949, it was announced that the New York Yankees had purchased his contract from the Monarchs. He was assigned to the Newark Bears of the International League, where he hit three homers in his first week. For the season, he hit .317 for the Bears in 59 games, before a hand injury sidelined him.The Yankees transferred him to the Chicago Cubs and he spent the 1950 season with Springfield in the International League. There his batting average fell to .269. The next two years he was with the San Francisco Seals of the Pacific Coast League, where he hit .274 and .280. The Cubs still had not integrated at the major league level. Dominican Summer League
Thurman had continued playing with Santurce in the Puerto Rican league. He was one of the biggest names in Latin American baseball. The Dominican Summer League was founded in the early 1950s.It was an "outlaw" league (not affiliated with major league baseball), and tried to lure big-name minor leaguers with generous salary offers. Thurman signed with Escogido in the new league and was suspended from organized baseball. He played in the Dominican Republic for two years, leading the league in homers and RBI in 1954 and also pitching occasionally. Puerto Rican winter league
When the Dominican League joined organized baseball in 1955, Thurman was in limbo. He was still under contract to the Cubs, but they showed no interest. He was still playing winter ball in Puerto Rico, and his 1954–55 season got him noticed again. He hit .323 with 14 homers for the Santurce Crabbers, a team that Don Zimmer called "the best winter league baseball club ever assembled", or as baseball historian Jorge Colón Delgado called them, "The Perfect Machine."Zimmer played shortstop, Ron Samford was the second baseman, Valmy Thomas and Harry Chiti were the catchers, and <mask> was in right field. Willie Mays played center field and led the league in batting. Left fielder, Roberto Clemente, hit .344 for fourth place in the league. George Crowe played first base, and former Negro leagues star Buster Clarkson was at third. Rubén Gómez, Sam Jones (MVP and Triple Crown winner) and Bill Greason were the pitching staff. <mask> still continued to pitch occasionally. Cincinnati Reds
Impressed with his winter season, the Cincinnati Reds bought his contract from the Cubs, for a reported $2,000.He made his major league debut on April 14, 1955, the same day Elston Howard became the first black man to play for the New York Yankees. Thurman hit 7 homers in only 152 at-bats, although his average fell to .217. The following year he hit .295 in only 139 chances, with 8 homers. On August 18, 1956, he hit three consecutive homers and a double against the Milwaukee Braves. Back with the Reds in 1957, he was hitting .351, but by the end of June his average had dropped to .259. On August 2 he was sent down to the Seattle Rainiers of the Pacific Coast League. He hit 8 home runs in the Pacific Coast League before being recalled by the Reds later in August.For the 1957 Reds Thurman hit 16 home runs in 190 at bats. His home run per at-bat percentage of 8.4% was better than Duke Snider who led the league at 7.9%, although Thurman lacked the plate appearances to qualify officially. Return to the minor leagues
Thurman played the entire 1958 season with the Reds and had a few pinch-hitting appearances with them in 1959. His final game was April 21, 1959. He was sent back to the minor leagues that year, but failed to hit well with Seattle or with Omaha of the American Association. In 1960 he hit .274 with Charleston, also of the American Association. He was now 43 years old.In 1961 he finally retired as a player, after 21 games with Charlotte in the South Atlantic League. After his playing career
Thurman had a career .246 average in 334 major league games. He hit 35 homers and drove in 106 runs in 663 at-bats. He played 12 seasons in the Puerto Rican winter league. He is the league's all-time home run hitter, and a member of the Puerto Rican Baseball Hall of Fame. He joined the Minnesota Twins as a scout after his playing career ended, and later scouted for the Reds and the Royals. He died in Wichita, Kansas in 1998, aged 81.See also

 List of Negro league baseball players who played in Major League Baseball
 List of Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico

References

Clark, Dick and Larry Lester, The Negro Leagues Book. Society for American Baseball Research, 1994
Obojski, Robert, "SCD profiles former Reds outfielder <mask>", The Sports Collectors Digest, October 11, 1991
Riley, James A., The Negro Baseball Leagues: The Biographical Encyclopedia. Carroll and Graf, 1994
Swaine, Rick, The Black Stars Who Made Baseball Whole: The Jackie Robinson Generation in the Major Leagues. McFarland, 2006
Young, A.S. "Doc", Great Negro Baseball Stars. A.S. Barnes, 1953
Colón Delgado, Jorge, "La Maquinaria Perfecta" (The Perfect Machine) 2007

External links

 and Seamheads
Good biography from the SABR Biography Project

1917 births
1998 deaths
African-American baseball players
United States Army personnel of World War II
Cangrejeros de Santurce (baseball) players
Charleston Senators players
Charlotte Hornets (baseball) players
Cincinnati Redlegs players
Cincinnati Reds scouts
Homestead Grays players
Kansas City Monarchs players
Kansas City Royals scouts
Liga de Béisbol Profesional Roberto Clemente outfielders
Liga de Béisbol Profesional Roberto Clemente pitchers
Major League Baseball outfielders
Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico
Minnesota Twins scouts
Newark Bears players
Omaha Cardinals players
People from Creek County, Oklahoma
San Francisco Seals (baseball) players
Seattle Rainiers players
Senadores de San Juan players
Springfield Cubs players
United States Army soldiers
20th-century African-American sportspeople

masks:
Robert Burns Thurman
Thurman
Thurman
Bob Thurman