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<mask>, also spelled Ferrell, (1789–October 12, 1854) was a former slave and carpenter from Virginia who became the second preacher of the First African Baptist Church in Lexington, Kentucky, serving from 1823 to 1854. During his 31 years of service, Ferrill attracted and baptized many new members in the growing region; by 1850 the church had 1,820 members and was the largest of any congregation in the state, black or white. Of mixed race, <mask> had been apprenticed as a carpenter when young. His wife, a free person of color, purchased his freedom and they moved to Kentucky by 1812. In Lexington, Ferrill was successful in working with both black and white leaders of the city, and became highly respected. The funeral procession for him numbered 5,000 people, the largest in the city after that of the white statesman Henry Clay. Ferrill led the first black church west of the Allegheny Mountains; it was the third oldest black Baptist congregation in the United States, and had been founded in 1790 by enslaved preacher Peter Durrett, also from Virginia.Early life and education
London was born into slavery in 1789 in Hanover County, Virginia, where his enslaved mother was owned by <mask>, an English immigrant. The unmarried master died soon after. Ferrill's estate, including slaves, was inherited by his sister Ann (<mask>) Winston. She named the mixed-race slave boy as <mask> after her brother, who was likely his father. As noted by Edward Ball, author of Slaves in the Family (1999), a study of the interracial relationships among his ancestors, mixed-race slaves were frequently given names that distinguished them from the others. London Ferrill is an example of such naming. Ann Winston died when <mask> was eight or nine years old.When her estate was settled, London was sold away from his mother to Colonel Samuel Overton. Soon the master apprenticed <mask> to learn carpentry, a skilled trade. This was often the pattern for children of white masters, to give them an artisan skill to enable them to support themselves as adults. <mask> was baptized in 1809 at the age of 20 and had a conversion experience with the Baptists. The minister and congregation approved of his preaching and singing, and he began to preach more widely in the community. Marriage and family
As a young man, <mask> married a free black woman named Rodah Hood, who was also of mixed race. She bought her husband's freedom from Overton's estate after his death.(Townsend records her first name as Rhoda.) At that time, <mask> and Rodah migrated to Kentucky; they settled in Lexington about 1812. A few years after Rodah's death in 1833 during a major cholera epidemic in Lexington, <mask> adopted two orphaned children, siblings Eleazer and Elizabeth Jackson. He never remarried. Career
As a slave, <mask> was not permitted to be ordained, but he was asked by local people to preach, and about fifty people converted under his preaching before he moved to Kentucky. He moved to Lexington, where another preacher, Peter Durrett (known as Old Captain) was preaching at what is known as the First African Baptist Church of Lexington. Durrett was quite old, and the people desired Ferrill to begin preaching as well.In 1817, he joined the First Baptist church, a white congregation. The local leaders of the white Baptist community were uncertain whether or not people Durrett had baptised should be accepted into the church, as Durrett had not been regularly ordained. <mask> was ordained in 1822, and leaders of the First Baptist Church helped the First African Baptist Church be covenanted in "fellowship" in 1822; this allowed it to be independent. In 1823 the Trustees of Lexington formally appointed <mask> as the preacher for the First African Baptist Church, to succeed the aging founder, Peter Durrett. It was the oldest black Baptist church west of the Allegheny Mountains and the third oldest in the United States. Ferrill worked well with both blacks and whites in the growing city. In 1824 his church was received into the Elkhorn Association, the local Baptist association made up mostly of white churches.After several years, <mask> had created considerable goodwill. White leaders initiated a legislative petition to permit him to remain in the state, in response to a threat from rivals competing for control of the black church. They had threatened to force <mask> from the state, using the law that required free blacks from other states to leave Kentucky after 90 days. In 1833 <mask> was notable as among the few clergy to stay in Lexington during the cholera epidemic, when he cared for the sick, dying and bereaved. Five hundred of the city's total 7,000 population died, including his wife Rodah and nearly one-third of the congregation of Christ Church Episcopal. Other ministers who stayed were Rev. Benjamin Bosworth Smith of Christ Church, whose wife also died in the epidemic; and Father Ed McMahon of the Catholic Church.With the growth of Lexington and the region, <mask> baptized many new converts, including those in outlying areas. He continued to attract members to his growing congregation. By 1850 the First African Baptist Church had 1,820 members, both slave and free, and was the largest congregation, black or white, in the state. <mask> was said to have baptized 5,000 persons during his years of service in the region. Death and legacy
<mask> died of a heart attack October 12, 1854. His funeral procession numbered nearly 5,000, the largest in the city after that two years before for the white planter and statesman Henry Clay. Because of his high reputation and long service in the city, <mask> was buried in the Old Episcopal Burying Ground, the only African American so honored.In 2010 Christ Church Cathedral held a special joint service with First African Baptist to commemorate <mask>, at which both choirs sang. Christ Church parishioner Robert Voll, who has worked on the monument and community garden projects (see below), said, "<mask>ll was a force for unity, a force for connecting the black and white communities of Lexington." Legacy and honors
1854, <mask> was the only person of color to be buried in the Old Episcopal Burying Ground. 2008, Christ Church Cathedral dedicated its community garden in <mask>'s honor. 2010, Christ Church Cathedral helped gain approval for a city monument installed in <mask>'s honor at the Old Episcopal Burying Ground. The state has also memorialized the site with a highway marker. Christ Church held a joint service with First African Baptist to commemorate Ferrill and the monument.References

1789 births
1854 deaths
African-American Baptist ministers
Baptist ministers from the United States
People from Hanover County, Virginia
People from Lexington, Kentucky
18th-century American slaves
Free Negroes
19th-century Baptist ministers
Baptists from Virginia
Baptists from Kentucky
19th-century American slaves
19th-century American clergy

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London Ferrill
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<mask> (born December 11, 1979) is an American actor, producer, director and screenwriter best known for his role as Shawn Hunter on the 1990s sitcom Boy Meets World and its 2010s sequel Girl Meets World. He is also known for his role in the 2002 horror film Cabin Fever and as the voice of Tom Lucitor in Star vs. the Forces of Evil and Brick Flagg in Kim Possible. Early life and education
<mask> was born in San Francisco, California, the second of two boys born to Lin (née Warner), a teacher and nutritionist, and <mask>, a firefighter, who are both originally from Pennsylvania. He has English and Irish ancestry. He graduated from Nonesuch School in Sebastopol, California in 1998. His elder brother is <mask>, an actor and photographer. <mask> attended morning classes at Occidental College while still filming for Boy Meets World, accumulating a year's worth of credit before the series ended.In 2004, <mask> graduated magna cum laude from Columbia University as an English major. He completed his Master of Fine Arts in fiction and literature in June 2009 at Bennington College. Career
<mask> began his acting career at the age of nine, when he starred as Gavroche in the San Francisco production of Les Misérables, alongside Larisa Oleynik as Young Cosette. After the stage production, he appeared in small screen roles on television. In 1992, he received his first regular television series role as Julie Andrews's son on Julie. When the series was canceled, <mask> made his debut on film as Amy Irving's son in Benefit of the Doubt. It was not until he was chosen for the role of Shawn Hunter in the ABC series Boy Meets World that he received widespread recognition.During the seven-year run, he was nominated twice for the Young Artist Award and nominated for once for The Hollywood Reporter YoungStar Award. He found it difficult coping with his newfound fame, citing at least one breakdown at 15 when he was on a "Sail With the Stars" charity cruise. However, in a later interview, <mask> also stated that he was inconsiderate with his power, having previously set up weekly six hour roundtrip commutes back to Sonoma with his mother and brother. <mask> permanently moved to Los Angeles at 16 and later attended morning classes at Occidental College. After Boy Meets World ended in 2000, he moved to New York to attend Columbia University. At that time, actors Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Julia Stiles, and Anna Paquin were all registered students at the university. <mask> took one semester off to star as Paul in the indie horror film Cabin Fever (2002), directed by Eli Roth.He took another semester off to star in a Broadway production of The Graduate, opposite Jerry Hall as Mrs. Robinson. In 2006, he returned to television for a regular series role in Pepper Dennis on The WB. The show was short-lived and was not chosen as one of the transferring shows to The CW. That same year, <mask> recorded a reading for the audio version of the Anthony Kiedis biography, Scar Tissue. He had a brief cameo appearance in 2009's Cabin Fever 2: Spring Fever, the sequel to Cabin Fever. Along with his brother, Shiloh <mask>, he wrote and directed the short film, Irish Twins, which premiered at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival. It went on to win both the Jury Award and Audience Award at the Woods Hole Film Festival, a Special Jury Prize in the Action/Cut Short Film Competition and Best First-Time Director at DC Shorts.Speaking to Pure Movies in 2010 he expressed that he wanted to expand his writing and directing career: "Acting is always there and I enjoy it but it's kind of got a little unfulfilling lately. You know, I'm in the low budget horror world. ... I have a whole lot of other stuff I want to do." In 2010, <mask> starred in the science fiction-thriller film Darkening Sky alongside Ezra Buzzington, Charley Rossman, Sally Berman, Daniel Kirschner and LaShan Anderson under the direction of Victor Bornia. In late 2012, <mask> declined an offer to reprise his role as Shawn Hunter in the spinoff, Girl Meets World. However, during production of the pilot in March 2013, <mask> along with other cast members, who were also unconfirmed to return, appeared on the set sparking rumors of a cameo or return to the new series.Creator Michael Jacobs stated "I think there's more than a chance, I think there's a strong chance" when commenting on <mask> and other original series cast members returning. Other current cast members commented on <mask>'s return indicating that his return might be a secret not ready to be revealed. In June 2013, a Boy Meets World reunion was held with <mask> attending along with many of his former cast members. On March 19, 2014, it was confirmed that <mask> would reprise his role as Shawn Hunter, the first being a holiday-themed episode along with former cast members Betsy Randle and William Russ. He has managed to leverage his reprisal of Shawn on the condition that he and his brother would get to direct a few episodes. In March 2012, <mask>, Julia Pistell, and Tod Goldberg, started Literary Disco, a podcast about books and writing. In September 2019, <mask> debuted Never Ever Land, his play inspired by the 1993 child sexual abuse accusations against Michael Jackson, in Los Angeles.Personal life
<mask> began dating actress Alexandra Barreto after they met while filming the 2006 television series Pepper Dennis. They became engaged in December 2012, and married on October 20, 2013 in Oregon. The couple have one son, Indigo "Indy" Barreto <mask>, born in December 2014. In April 2008, <mask>, along with his brother Shiloh and his then-girlfriend Alexandra Barreto, co-created a 30-second television ad in support of Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama titled, "It Could Happen to You". The ad, submitted to MoveOn, became one of 15 finalists from a pool of over 1,100 submitted ads, and was chosen as the funniest ad in May 2008. In August, MoveOn raised $200,000 to air the ad on MTV and Comedy Central; it was the first political commercial to ever appear on Comedy Central. In early 2009, <mask> narrated the audiobook of The Obama Revolution by Alan Kennedy-Shaffer.In 2018 and 2019, he was seen attending the Women's March, March for Public Education in Los Angeles, and March for Our Lives. Filmography

Awards/nominations

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1979 births
Living people
American people of English descent
American people of Irish descent
American male child actors
American male film actors
American male screenwriters
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American television directors
Bennington College alumni
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Film directors from California
Film producers from California
Male actors from the San Francisco Bay Area
Screenwriters from California
Writers from the San Francisco Bay Area
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors

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King Arthur Strong
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Senator <mask> (born 28 January 1966) is a Nigerian politician and a Lawyer. He is the Senator representing Bayelsa - West in the 9th National Assembly. He was the Governor of Bayelsa State in southern Nigeria from 14 February 2012 to 14 February 2020. He was a member of the House of Representatives from 2007 until 2012. Early life and education
<mask> was born 28 January 1966 in Toru-Orua Town of Sagbama Local Government Area of Bayelsa State, Nigeria. He is a descendant of the King Kpadia Royal House of Tarakiri Kingdom. <mask> attended Kolobiriowei Primary School, Toru-Orua, from 1972 to 1978, where he obtained his First School Leaving Certificate and proceeded to Government Secondary School, Toru-Ebeni, in 1978 to 1983 where he got his West African School Certificate (WASSCE/GCE).<mask> would enroll in the Rivers State University of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt, to study law in 1988; he would earn his LL.B in 1992. In 1993, he went on to earn his Bachelors in Law from the Nigerian Law School, and was also called to the Nigerian Bar shortly thereafter. Legal career
<mask> <mask> joined the Nigeria Police Force in 1986. Upon his graduation from the law school in 1993, he was appointed a cadet assistant superintendent of police in 1994, from where he proceeded to Nigeria Police Academy, Kano for Officer's Training. It was in the course of his training that he voluntarily resigned from the police force after nearly a decade of policing, to practice law. As a lawyer, he worked with Serena David Dokubo & CO as an associate solicitor from 1994 to 1995 and moved to Aluko & Oyebode, a prominent law firm in Lagos, also as an associate solicitor, between 1995 and 1996. He founded Seriake Dickson & CO in Port Harcourt and later Yenagoa and became its managing solicitor from 1996 to 2006.He was elected pioneer publicity secretary, Nigerian Bar Association (NBA) Yenagoa from 1996 to 1998. Political career

Alliance for Democracy
<mask> began his political career as a member of Alliance for Democracy (Nigeria) and was elected as the Bayelsa State chapter chairman of the party from 1998 to 2000. The political party produced a senator representing Bayelsa West, a member of the House of Representatives representing Sagbama - Ekeremor Federal Constituency and three members of the State House of Assembly from Brass Local Government. After his tenure as chairman elapsed, was elected national legal adviser of the Alliance for Democracy and served in that position between 2000 and 2002. Attorney General of Bayelsa State (2006 - 2007)
In January 2006, <mask> was appointed the attorney-general and commissioner for justice of Bayelsa State (2006 to 2007) by the then Governor, Dr. Goodluck Ebele Jonathan GCFR. As attorney general, he was a member of the Body of Benchers, member, Council of Legal Education and vice chairman of the State Advisory Judicial Service Commission. House of Representatives
<mask> was elected to the National Assembly's House of Representatives in 2007 and was appointed chairman, House Committee on Justice and member of several committees including Defence, National Security, Intelligence and Foreign Affairs

In April 2011, he was elected for a second term; this election was the first time that someone in his constituency has done this.In his second term, he was appointed Chairman House Committee on Special Duties. At the National Assembly, he sponsored/co- sponsored several bills, which include:

 The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (Establishment) Act (Amendment) Bill, 2009. The Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences (Establishment) Act (Amendment) Bill, 2009. The Political Parties(Internal Democracy)Bill, 2008. The Constitution Alteration Bill, 2010. The Legislative Houses, Powers and Privileges Act (Amendment) Bill, 2009. The Evidence Bill, 2009.The Kidnapping and Hostage Taking (Prohibition) Bill, 2009. The Freedom of Information Bill, 2007. The Court Ordered Elections (Streamlining of Tenure of Office) Bill, 2008. The Prevention of Terrorism Bill, 2009. Transmission of power by a President or Governor amendment Bill (section 145), 2010

Gubernatorial career
The Independent National Electoral Commission reported that <mask> <mask> won over 90% of the votes. They went on to say that this helped in "further strengthening the PDP's stronghold on power there since Jonathan became president." Shortly after taking over gubernatorial duties, <mask> said that he was "painfully transiting to the executive arm of government."He indicated that he may return to the National Assembly someday. <mask> was re-elected Governor of Bayelsa State at the 2015 Bayelsa State gubernatorial election. On the 14th of February, 2020, <mask> officially handed over to Douye Diri as the Governor of Bayelsa State. Milestone Achievements in Office

Key Legislation
While in office, <mask> <mask> sent over 50 bills to the Bayelsa State  House of Assembly, BSHA, including the State Transparency Law, Thanksgiving Law and the Judicial Autonomy Law for which he has received commendations from the Attorney General of the Federation and the Honorable Chief Justice of Nigeria. Governor <mask> enacted the Right to Education Law in Bayelsa which obliges parents, guardians of Children as well as the Government of the state to ensure that children are in schools up to the age of 18. Education
For the first time in their history, <mask>ke <mask> made education free and compulsory in Bayelsa State for students in primary and secondary schools. <mask> also Introduced compulsory boarding education and built 13 model boarding schools as none existed before, including the flagship Ijaw National Academy which has over 1,500 students on full scholarship, over 200 beneficiaries are drawn from Ijaw communities in five states of Rivers, Edo, Akwa Ibom, Ondo and Delta.Similarly, the boarding school system also covers the over 25 constituency secondary schools built by the <mask> administration. <mask> has awarded scholarships to several hundreds and thousands of Masters and doctoral degree students in top class universities in the world, including the Lincoln University which produced Victor Perewari Pere, a student of Mathematics and Computer Science as the overall best graduating student and valedictorian of the school in the 2016/2017 session. <mask>'s massive investment in education paid off as the state which was once at the bottom in the ranking of secondary education in Nigeria, leaped to be among the top five leading states in the country. The <mask> led Restoration government also established the prestigious University of Africa, Toru-Orua and the Bayelsa Medical University, Bayelsa State Polytechnic Aleibiri and other non degree awarding tertiary institutions such as Bayelsa School of Agriculture, Bayelsa State Sports Academy Asoama, the first in Nigeria, The Bayelsa International Institute of Catering and Hospitality, Yenagoa, Bayelsa Driving School to take care of the teeming population of students in need of world class tertiary education. These institutions are affiliated to several world class universities. The Government of Governor <mask> also made huge investments to upgrade the facilities and programs in the Niger Delta University, the Bayelsa State College of Education as well as the Bayelsa State School of Nursing and Midwifery and Bayela State School of Health Technology of which they all have full accreditation from their respected regulatory bodies. Governor <mask> by law established the Bayelsa Education Development Trust Fund, the first in the country, continuing a passion for education that has currently made Bayelsa the educational hub and epicenter of human capital development in Nigeria especially with the establishment of several institutions of learning.Just like the Education Trust Fund, Governor <mask> introduced the Bayelsa State Student Loan board , backed by law to give loans to deserving Bayelsa students who require financial assistance to pursue their education with their certificates as collateral. <mask> says that this was done to ensure that every Bayelsa student has the opportunity to pursue their education without restrictions. The establishment of the Bayelsa State Teachers Training and Certification Board backed by Law, another innovation to ensure the continuous training and retraining of all teachers in Bayelsa. The law provides for certification of teachers to be eligible to be employed for teaching in Bayelsa and that program has since commenced. These key policies as well as the legal framework have received commendation by the National Council on Education and has been recommended as the benchmark for revitalizing the educational sector by all states in Nigeria. Governor <mask> built over 500 residential quarters for headmasters and teachers of primary schools in several rural communities to solve accommodation problems, Governor <mask> also built and renovated several primary schools. Audtors have revealed that Governor <mask>'s restoration project spent over N80 billion in educational infrastructure in his 8 years as Governor of Bayelsa State.Healthcare
Governor <mask> made unprecedented provisions of healthcare facilities in the state in line with his restoration agenda. He built the Bayelsa Diagnostics Centre, The Bayelsa State Forensics Centre and the Bayelsa Drug Mart to tackle incidents of fake drugs in the state both commissioned by former President Olusegun Obasanjo. He also built the fully equipped 100 bed Bayelsa Specialist Hospital which is renowned for its world class facilities and built 80 bed hospitals in Kaiama, Sagbama, Ekeremor and Southern Ijaw local governments. Governor <mask> also completely refurbished and equipped the general hospital in Brass. Governor <mask>'s plan as part of his restoration agenda was to build a health centre and health workers' quarters in all 105 political wards in the state. He, however, completed this in 83 wards under the implementation of the Bayelsa State Primary Healthcare Board inaugurated by his administration. Governor <mask> also announced a special allowance for pregnant women who registered and attended antenatal in the state upon verification.Governor <mask> received wide recognition and praise for his work in the Maternal and Child Healthcare by several healthcare professional groups in Nigeria. By the end of his administration, there was a significant drop in maternal and infant mortality in Bayelsa State, from being one of the highest in the country to being the least in the South South. Governor <mask>'s legacy in healthcare is cemented in the establishment of Bayelsa State Health Insurance Scheme backed up by law which has become a reference point among health administrators in the country. The board runs one of the most successful health insurance schemes in Nigeria which has become a template for several health insurance programs of other states that visit Bayelsa to understudy the scheme. The scheme currently has over 100,000 beneficiaries, the scheme has also successfully funded 1,771 surgeries in Bayelsa since its establishment. Economy
Governor <mask> expanded the Bayelsa State Economy which laid the foundation for bringing prosperity to Bayelsa people. Governor <mask> created the Bayelsa State Micro finance Bank, the first in Bayelsa known as Izon Ibe Microfinance Bank duly licensed by the Central Bank of Nigeria with branches in every Local Government headquarters in the state.The purpose of the bank was for people in rural communities and MSES to be able to access loans. Governor <mask> built the largest Cassava processing plant in Nigeria to enable out-growers to have loans to plant cassavas that will feed the plant with cassavas. Governor <mask> also built a massive poultry and turned Bayelsa to the center of aquaculture taking advantage of its natural topography and history but with the current issues of river pollution which has largely affected a predominantly fishing people, Governor <mask> set up an Aquaculture Village in Yenegwe which has 500 ponds of 50 by 20 meters equipped with processing units, feed mills, storage facilities, processing plants, hatchery and other facilities such as cafeteria, school on an over 127 hectares of land. Several young people were trained in Songhai farm and a number of them have already began work at the fish ponds. A second aquaculture village sited at Igeibiri in Southern Ijaw will host 1000 ponds. Land for this purpose was acquired and cleared with Local Government Areas designated and discussions reached an advanced stage with the Central Bank on its NIRSAL supervised Anchor Borrowers Program. In addition, two mechanized fish farms were given to contractors to build, one in Ogbogero in Yenagoa LGA to an Israeli Firm, the second one in Angalabiri; which has been completed.Governor <mask> signed a law declaring all land in Bayelsa as urban and subject to the Governor's Certificate of Occupancy to free up the wealth that has been frozen in the state by rural land owners. <mask> revolutionized the land administration system by computerizing land administration in Bayelsa. The Bayelsa Geographic Information Service established by law which guarantees that Certificate of Occupancy will be processed and presented within 30 days. <mask>'s administration partnered with landlords to number all buildings and plots in the state capital to enable revenue collection and effective man management and administration. Governor <mask>'s biggest impact in the Bayelsa economy is perhaps driving the state's internal generated revenue from a meager ₦50 million per month in 2012 at the beginning of his administration to ₦1.2 billion per month as at the end of his administration through several economic reforms. In addition, he employed over 5000 young Bayelsa graduates into the civil service, and implemented policies to stop casualization of workers. Infrastructure
Governor <mask> led an infrastructural revolution in the construction of several roads and bridges, but his biggest legacy however, is the starting and finishing of the ₦55 Billion Bayelsa International Airport which was commissioned and opened with an inaugural flight on the 15th of February, 2019.Civil Service Reforms
-Governor <mask>'s administration dropped the civil service wage bill from a ridiculous ₦6.4 billion to about ₦3 billion, for the first time the Bayelsa civil service was purged of all wage bill and payroll fraud as well as fake employments. A regime of accountability and transparency was entrenched. This was a courageous move on his part, a feat dreaded by past administrations especially considering the fact that it did not promise any political credit. This move which threatened to make him unpopular was immediately justified as the Bayelsa State Civil Service was freed of Ghost workers which paved way for the employment of over 5000 young Bayelsa graduates. To further strengthen the Civil Service and encourage excellence in education, Governor <mask> announced automatic employment to every first class graduate of Bayelsa descent. This civil service reforms with the employments have now introduced fresh blood of young men and women will dedicate themselves to the service for the state for 35 years. The recruitment process was competitive, free from patronage and applicants were selected by merit alone.Governor <mask> initiated and signed into law a bill known as the Public Service Documentation and Records Agency, the first in Nigeria, with powers to handle proper documentation of personal and official records of all in the public service in the state from inception until date. A team of former Heads of Service and Permanent Secretaries were put together for over a year to go through methodically the personal and public records of everyone in public service and streamline all the fraudulent emoluments hitherto drawn by civil service

masks:
Henry Seriake Dickson
Henry Seriake Dickson
Dickson
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Henry Seriake
Dickson
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Dickson
Dickson
Henry Seriake
Dickson
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 fraud syndicates. Governor <mask> was one of the supporters of increase in minimum wage and one of the first Nigerian Governor to implement and pay the new minimum wage before leaving office because of his belief that the Nigerian Worker is underpaid and deserves a better deal. This was one of his last actions before leaving office. He stood firmly against fraud and unprofessional ism in the state civil service and was renowned for rewarding hard work. Women and Youth
<mask> pursued an empowerment of women and youth in Bayelsa which was unprecedented at the time. A high number of women and youths were given sensitive government positions at local councils and state level.At one time in his administration, all Vice Chairmen in the local councils in Bayelsa were women. Before the end of his tenure, <mask> implemented a special affirmative action that led to 40% of elected Councillors being women in the last local government council elections in June, 2019 superintended by him. Bayelsa had the highest number of female appointees in Government during his administration including Commissioners, Special Advisers, Senior Special Assistants, Board Members and others. Governor <mask> recruited, sponsored and supported more women in elective offices in the State and National Assembly. A large percentage of youths were mentored, trained and given several sensitive positions at state and local government level creating sustainable manpower in the process and giving them a sense of direction and purpose. Governor <mask> set up the Henry Seriake Dickson Foundation which would further train and mentor young people in Bayelsa, Niger Delta and in Nigeria. Environment
Protection and preservation of the environment Bayelsa State and the Niger delta which has suffered decades of unmitigated environmental degradation by the major oil companies operating in the areas has been a lifelong commitment and passion of Governor <mask> who devoted a lot of time and energy to raise the bar on environmental awareness and advocacy.He conducted scientific surveys which findings are outstanding, <mask> embarked on and sponsored awareness campaigns such as he Rise for Bayelsa campaign but his major legacy in environment was the conception and set up of the internationally acclaimed and first ever Bayelsa State Oil and Environmental Commission chaired by the Archbishop of York Rt Honourable Dr John Sentamu with a high level panel of international experts and was inaugurated by Governor <mask>. The Commission of inquiry after painstaking hearings and visitations submitted an interim report to Governor <mask> in November 2019. The final report which is being compiled is expected to be submitted soon. The Bayelsa State Oil and Environmental Commission is the first major step by any government of a state to highlight the well known issues of the environment, the impact on oil companies as well as the plight of indigenous people living in the communities. The Commission of Inquiry was made up of foreign experts, diplomats and forensic experts and chaired by Dr. John Sentamu (Chairman) Beyond the Governorship, <mask> continues to be a major voice in the environment and has made that one of the major concerns of the <mask>iake <mask> foundation. Security
Governor <mask> started his administration in 2012 by addressing the issues of security which had crippled the economic and social life in Bayelsa and led to an exodus of companies from the state. Governor <mask> set up operation Doo-Akpo  (peaceful life) which was approved by the President for a special contingent from the Nigeria Police Force Headquarters in Abuja.The deployed Officers were trained and retrained at a special base set up for them and special allowances with daily feeding and medicare were also approved to motivate them. Governor <mask> also provided high tech vehicles and gunboats specially designed with communication devices. Governor <mask> also built the Bayesla State Command and Control centre named the General Owoye Azazi Building which is equipped with modern communication and security devices and a 911 Emergency and fully computerized distress call center which records calls and responses and ensures 4 minute response time. This initiative won <mask> several local and international awards on security as the most security conscious Governor. Governor <mask> also built special checkpoints around Yenegoa, the state capital and in other strategic locations in the state, he introduced a State Wide communication program linked to the Security Command and Control Room to communicate directly with all deployed security assets, vehicles and gunboats in any part of the state. Governor <mask> also introduced a special motorized patrol team as part of the Operation Doo-Akpo. Governor <mask> also set up the Bayelsa State Vigilante Service and strengthened the Bayelsa Volunteers to ensure that Youth and Community leaders were brought into the security architecture.Governor <mask> also built several facilities to support Law Enforcement in the state such as Police Divisions in Yenagoa and Sagbama, The Counter Terrorism Unit office and the Special protection unit, the Nigerian Army Engineering Regiment in Toru-Ora, The Nigerian Navy Base also in Toru-Ora, the only Naval presence between Warri and Onitsha. <mask> donated facilities for the take off of the Nigerian Regiment Training School, The SSS Training school and The Commando Training School. Governor <mask> also donated secondary schools to all Armed Forces present in the state. Governor <mask> also donated a building to serve as the headquarters of the Nigerian Civil Defence in Yenagoa. Bayelsa State was named the safest state in South South Nigeria by Police records during his administration. Ijaw Nationalism and Integration
Governor <mask> promised during his campaigns and inaugural address an aggressive mobilization and defense of Ijaw people split into the 6 states in Nigeria. He christened Bayelsa as the Jerusalem of the ijaw nation, a description that eventually stuck.He created the ministry of Ijaw national affairs and appointed the first non Bayelsa commissioner cabinet member from Delta state, the first president of Ijaw Youth Congress as pioneers to head the new ministry and several appointees numbering over a 100 from across states of Ijaw origins across the south south. Scholarships and employment opportunities were also available to them. Governor <mask> in the midst of unfair national criticism established by law the Bayelsa state flag, coat of arms and an anthem or state song and insisted it was an inherent exercise of the federalist powers of the state, an argument that eventually ended the debate. Today the Bayelsa colors and coat of arms have stayed as an integral part of Bayelsa-Ijaw identity with Governor <mask> saying it is an important aspect of cultural identity. He also made Bayelsa the center of gravity of Niger Delta issues as well as the natural place to host meetings of geo-ethnic nationalities and platforms seeking equality in Nigeria. This is reflected in the set up of the flagship Ijaw National Academy by Governor <mask> which has over 1,500 students on full scholarship with beneficiaries drawn from Ijaw communities in six states of Rivers, Edo, Akwa Ibom, Ondo and Delta. Governor <mask> built and commissioned the Ijaw National Heroes Memorial Park to honour Ijaw people who have excelled in public service to Nigeria while advancing the Ijaw struggle.In May, 2013, <mask> brought back the remains of Late Major Isaac Adaka Boro to Bayelsa to be buried and a befitting mausoleum was built in his memory. Late General Owoye Andrew Azazi, Ijaw Nation's first 4 star Military General who served Nigeria as one time Chief of Army Staff, Chief of Defense Staff and National Security Adviser was also buried at the park and has a mausoleum built in his memory. Other prominent Ijaw icons who have been laid to rest or have mausoleums built to honor them at the Ijaw National Heroes Park are Chief Melford Okilo, Harold Dappa Biriye, Gabriel Okara, Rex Jim Lawson, Rear Admiral Bossman Soroh, Ernest Okoli, Reverend Ockiya, the first man to translate the Bible in to Nembe Language and other associates of Major Isaac Adaka Boro. Governor <mask> set up a historical committee, Ijaw History project, coordinated by a State Historian to oversee and determine those eligible to be immortalized at the Ijaw National Heroes Memorial Park. Promotion of Religion
Governor <mask> is an ardent practicing Christian and is known to popularly use the quote "He serveth God well, who serveth man". <mask> says his faith is the basis for his life and political service and that the whole essence of his political career is anchored on the statement "Service to man is service to God". This statement is engraved on the emblems of the two Universities he established as Governor, The University of Africa and the Bayelsa Medical University.Governor <mask>'s administration began with a statewide fasting and prayer in 2012 and the first bill he sent to the Bayelsa State House of Assembly was to proclaim a Bayelsa State Thanksgiving Law, the only state in Nigeria to do so as at the time. This bill gave birth to November 2as the official Thanksgiving Day and a public holiday in Bayelsa State, this has held for 8 years of his administration. Governor <mask> started a daily morning devotional service in the Bayelsa State Government House and never missed a service. He also instituted weekly prayers for all Women in the state every Wednesday which was chaired and coordinated by his wife and first lady of Bayelsa State, Rachael <mask>. Governor <mask> started a monthly praise night which he never missed throughout his 8 years in office. All these religious precepts he instituted are still being practiced in Bayelsa state as a part of the religious culture. Governor <mask> built the 10,000 seating capacity Bayelsa State Ecumenical Center, the largest by any state Government in Nigeria which was commissioned by Pastor E. A. Adeboye of the Redeemed Christian Church of God in the presence of Vice President Yemi Osinbajo.The Ecumenical Center currently serves as the quarters of the Christian Association of Nigeria, Bayelsa Branch and is managed by a Dickson-inaugurated board set up by law to manage it. Governor <mask> also approved an office space in the Ecumenical Center for Nigeria Prays led by General Yakubu Gowon. Governor <mask> maintained an open mindedness by showing tolerance to religious persuasions other than Christianity. Return to National Assembly
On the 5th of December, 2020, Governor <mask> won the Bayelsa West Senatorial Bye-Election with over 80% of the total votes and was sworn in as Senator into the 9th Senate replacing Senator Ewhrudjakpo Lawrence on the 15th of December, 2020. Other Work
In appreciation of <mask>'s leadership qualities and crisis prevention and management, the national leadership of PDP in 2012 appointed him the Chairman of the party's standing committee on Reconciliation, a position he has held till date, making him the longest serving Committee Chairman ever in the history of PDP. As chairman, he succeeded in reconciling aggrieved parties and keeping the party united. Political Legacy
<mask> <mask> is also well remembered as a Governor for ushering in a new era of political tolerance and accommodation of dissenting voices.He has several times called for political tolerance and maturity in Nigeria and implemented it in Bayelsa. Governor <mask> believes that the right to disagree and dissent is fundamental in a democracy and leaders must respect and protect that even when it hurts while citizens must insist on it for a democracy to thrive. No member of Bayelsa's active opposition was ever victimized or scared. This broad mindedness and disposition was largely responsible for the peace experienced in his administration and changed the political climate of Bayelsa State. <mask> received several awards for maintaining peace and harmony among the people and the political class. He responded to extreme provocation from opposition parties and opposition within his party with maturity, tolerance, respect and accommodation by working for the people. <mask> proudly led a Bayelsa For All agenda directed at change in the right areas in all facets of the state and is also recognized as the first Governor in Bayelsa State history to meaningfully engage the youths and women.Through several interventions, programs and projects including a N2bn loan scheme, <mask> opened up political and economic opportunities for youths and women to participate in governance. The listed reasons maybe why Governor <mask> is the first Bayelsa governor to complete two successive terms in office and the first to do so in an opposition party in Bayelsa State

Awards and Honours
<mask> <mask> is a member of notable cultural organisations like the Sekiapu Club of Opume, Nembe, Brass, Kalabari and holds the celebrated title of OfurumaPepe (meaning The Great White Shark which braves the ocean when the tempest is highest).He also holds several traditional titles including the following -

 Olokodau of Orua
 Adaka the 1st of Kolokoma/Opokuma
 Edi 1 of Ogbia,
 Twon-Ibe  Toloumobo of Brass
 Okuta, Rock of Ijaw Nation,
 Ekwueme 1 of Ndi-Igbo (Bayelsa),
 Agurai of Tarakiri Kingdom,
 Ogbogbo Olotu of Oguan,
 Tarikekereowei of Alei Kingdom,
 Opu Okiziri of Kabowei, Bayelsa State,
 Edi 1 of Ogbia, Ebifiniowei 1 of Kumbowei Kingdom, Delta State. Oyi Ihotu K' Idoma, Benue State

<mask>ke <mask> also holds several honorary doctorate degrees, including:

 An honorary doctorate degree in public administration by Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti in 2016
 A doctorate degree in international relations by the Maryam Abacha American University, Maradi in Niger Republic. An honorary doctorate Degree on environmental management by Cross River State University of University of Technology (CRUTECH) conferred on him in November 2017. Several Media organisations have voted for Henry Seriake Dickson as Governor of the year during his time in office and honored him with several awards including

 Vanguard Newspaper Governor of the Year, 2018
 Leadership Governor of the year, 2018. The Sun Outstanding Politician of the year, 2018. Daily Telegraph Award for Good Governance, 2018
 Daily Independent Man of the Year, 2019
 Nigerian Pilot Man of the year, 2019
 Africa Independent Television Transparency Award, 2018
 Silverbird Television Award as the best performing state Governor in Nigeria in the education sector, 2018

Other Awards
Henry Seriake Dickson is an honorary citizen of the States of Georgia and South Carolina in the United States of America.He was presented a key to the city of Stonecrest, Georgia, as well as a humanitarian award by Trinity International University of Ambassadors, USA in 2017. Other Notable Achievements

 <mask> <mask> was elected National Legal Adviser of the foremost Pan-Ijaw Socio-Cultural and Political group, the Ijaw National Congress (INC) and served between 2001 and 2003
 Became a member of the National Executive Committee (NEC), Nigeria Bar Association between 2004 and 2006. <mask> <mask> is a member of the Governing Board of Visitors to the Lincoln University (Pennsylvania), United States
 He is a Member of the Westminster Africa Business Group, UK House of Parliament. He is a member of the International Bar Association
 He is a member of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (United Kingdom) Nigerian Chapter. He is a member of the Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria

See also
List of Governors of Bayelsa State

References

External links
Official Website
Twitter
Facebook
Instagram

1966 births
Living people
Governors of Bayelsa State
Peoples Democratic Party state governors of Nigeria
Members of the House of Representatives (Nigeria)
Rivers State University

masks:
Dickson
Dickson
Dickson
Dickson
Dickson
Dickson
Dickson
Dickson
Dickson
Dickson
Henry Ser
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Dickson
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Dickson
Dickson
Dickson
Dickson
Henry Seriake
Dickson
Dickson
Dickson
Dickson
Dickson
Dickson
Henry Seriake
Dickson
Henry Seria
Dickson
Henry Seriake
Dickson
Henry Seriake
Dickson


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Anthony Philip Harford (born 19 April 1957), better known by his stage name <mask>, is an English heavy metal vocalist, best known for his time fronting Black Sabbath, initially from 1987 to 1991 and again from 1993 to 1997. <mask> was the band's second-longest-serving vocalist after Ozzy Osbourne. He has since been involved in many other projects (such as M3, Misha Calvin, The Cage, Giuntini Project, and Phenomena). Despite performing almost exclusively as a vocalist, <mask> is a multi-instrumentalist, stating in an interview that he plays guitar, bass, drums, violin, keyboards, harmonica, bagpipes, and pan pipes. On his 2005 solo album Scream, <mask> performed vocals, bass, drums, violin and additional guitar parts. Career

Black Sabbath, The Eternal Idol, Headless Cross and Tyr (1987–90)
During the recording of The Eternal Idol (1987), <mask> was brought in to re-record Ray Gillen's tracks, alongside former Electric Light Orchestra drummer Bev Bevan who had previously been in Sabbath during 1983–84 on the Born Again tour. <mask> had been contacted by Black Sabbath to replace Glenn Hughes the year previous.He secured his place in the band after a successful audition singing the track "The Shining". Before the release of the new album, Black Sabbath accepted an offer to play six shows at Sun City, South Africa during the apartheid era. During this period Geezer Butler was coerced into rejoining the band with Bev Bevan remaining on drums. The band was supposed to play a music festival in Plymouth on 18 July, but Butler backed out at the last minute but <mask> and Sabbath had been in rehearsals on 14–16 July in preparation. The band drew criticism from activists and artists involved with Artists United Against Apartheid, who had been boycotting South Africa since 1985. Bev Bevan refused to play the shows, and was replaced by Terry Chimes, formerly of The Clash. After nearly a year in production, <mask>'s debut with Sabbath The Eternal Idol was released on 8 December 1987 and ignored by contemporary reviewers.On-line internet era reviews were mixed. AllMusic said that "<mask>'s powerful voice added new fire" to the band, and the album contained "some of Iommi's heaviest riffs in years". The album would stall at No. 66 in the UK, peaking at 168 in the US. Sabbath toured in support of Eternal Idol in Germany, Italy and for the first time, Greece. Unfortunately, in part because of a backlash from promoters over the South Africa incident, other European shows were cancelled. Bassist Dave Spitz left the band shortly before the tour, and was replaced by Jo Burt, formerly of Virginia Wolf.Following the poor commercial performance of The Eternal Idol, Black Sabbath were dropped by Vertigo Records and Warner Bros. Records, and signed with I.R.S. Records. The band took time off in 1988, returning in August to begin work on their next album. As a result of the recording troubles with Eternal Idol, <mask>mi opted to produce the band's next album himself. "It was a completely new start", Iommi said. "I had to rethink the whole thing, and decided that we needed to build up some credibility again". Iommi enlisted ex-Rainbow drummer Cozy Powell, long-time keyboardist Geoff Nicholls and session bassist Laurence Cottle, and rented a "very cheap studio in England".Black Sabbath released Headless Cross in April 1989, and this album was again ignored by contemporary reviewers. Eventually, AllMusic would give the album four stars, calling Headless Cross "the finest non-Ozzy or Dio Black Sabbath album". Anchored by the number 62 charting single "Headless Cross", the album reached number 31 on the UK charts, and number 115 in the US. Queen guitarist Brian May, a good friend of Iommi's, played a guest solo on the song "When Death Calls". Black Sabbath were told by Gloria Butler that Geezer was going to join the band again. The band waited until April 1989 for Butler, but Geezer instead went and joined Ozzy Osbourne's band. Following the album's release, the band added touring bassist Neil Murray, formerly of Whitesnake, Gary Moore's backing band, and Vow Wow.The ill-fated Headless Cross U.S. tour began in May 1989 with openers Kingdom Come and Silent Rage, but because of poor ticket sales, the tour was cancelled after just eight shows. The European leg of the tour began in September, where the band were enjoying chart success. After a string of Japanese shows, the band embarked on a 23 date Russian tour with Girlschool. Black Sabbath was one of the first bands to tour Russia, after Mikhail Gorbachev opened the country to western acts for the first time in 1989. <mask> returned to the studio with Black Sabbath in February 1990 to record Tyr, the follow-up to Headless Cross. While not technically a concept album, some of the album's lyrical themes are loosely based on Norse mythology. Tyr was released on 6 August 1990, and reached number 24 on the UK albums chart, but was the first Black Sabbath release not to break the Billboard 200 in the US.The album would receive mixed internet-era reviews, with AllMusic noting that the band "mix myth with metal in a crushing display of musical synthesis", while Blender gave the album just one star, claiming that "Iommi continues to besmirch the Sabbath name with this unremarkable collection". The band toured in support of Tyr with Circus of Power in Europe, but the final seven UK dates were cancelled because of poor ticket sales. For the first time in their career, the band's touring cycle did not include US dates. The tour had a few surprises, that being that Ian Gillan, Geezer Butler, & Brian May made appearances during a few of the shows. Butler officially rejoined the band after the end of the Tyr tour ahead of the Dehumanizer (1992) album with the intention of putting something back together with <mask> and Cozy Powell. In an interview with Geezer Butler and <mask> in Kerrang in mid-1991 they talked about having to "get rid of" <mask>. This effectively ended <mask>'s first spell with the band.Brief Departure from Sabbath and Back Where I Belong (1991–93)
<mask> recorded his first solo album Back Where I Belong (1992) while Black Sabbath had reunited with Ronnie James Dio for the Dehumanizer (1992) album. At the demo level for Back Where I Belong, <mask> played all the instruments and the album itself featured former Black Sabbath members bassist Neil Murray and drummer Cozy Powell, as well as Brian May on guitar, among others. Cozy Powell also joined the band for the subsequent tour after leaving Black Sabbath himself. There were two singles released for the album. The first was "If There Is a Heaven", and the second was "Angel in the Bed". This album includes a version of "Jerusalem" from the Black Sabbath album Tyr (1990). <mask> stated that "Back Where I Belong is an album of songs that were written over the period between 1990 and 1991.The title reflects my feelings at having this opportunity to write, record, and perform my own material. The recording of this album has been made possible due to the contributions of the following people who have all given their individual and very special talents to this project, for which I would like to express my eternal thanks!" <mask> returned briefly to Black Sabbath to work on Dehumanizer (1992) when things were not working out with Ronnie James Dio. He, Geoff Nicholls and Cozy Powell worked on a song called "Raising Hell" during these sessions which subsequently ended up on Martins second solo album Scream (2005). <mask> said: "I had already started my first solo album Back Where I Belong so when I got the call to go back I was committed by that point. And in fact it was just a couple of months after they had started the thing with Ronnie James Dio. I was determined to finish my solo thing and so turned them down at that point.We did keep in touch though and I went to some shows. Ronnie wasn’t too pleased, but eventually they had enough and asked me to rejoin again later so it felt like I hadn’t actually left. In fact, I was never formally fired, the phone just stopped ringing. Ian Gillan [Deep Purple singer, also another ex-Black Sabbath lead singer] asked me once if I had actually been fired and I said, "No." He said, "Neither have I." We should just turn up one day and walk on stage!" <mask>'s return to Sabbath at this stage was again short lived as Warner Bros had paid a huge amount of advance money for Dehumanizer, and again, record company pressure forced another change, they wanted either Ozzy Osbourne or Dio.<mask> was again forced out from the band in favour of Dio. <mask> famously met Dio on the Dehumanizer tour after being invited to the show by Iommi & Butler. <mask> would be flown in to replace Dio (who had left the band over the Ozzy Osbourne retirement show) on the last show of the tour but after visa problems Rob Halford was asked to do the show instead. Return to Black Sabbath, Cross Purposes and Forbidden (1993–97)
Drummer Vinny Appice left the band following the reunion show to join Ronnie James Dio's solo band, later appearing on Dio's Strange Highways and Angry Machines. After Iommi & Butler realised that the Ozzy Osbourne reunion talks were breaking down they enlisted former Rainbow drummer Bobby Rondinelli, and reinstated <mask>. Martins 4th album with Sabbath, Cross Purposes, was released on 8 February 1994. The album received mixed reviews, with Blender giving the album two stars, calling Soundgarden's 1994 album Superunknown "a far better Sabbath album than this by-the-numbers potboiler".AllMusic's Bradley Torreano called Cross Purposes "the first album since Born Again that actually sounds like a real Sabbath record". The album just missed the Top 40 in the UK reaching number 41, and also reached 122 on the Billboard 200 in the US. Cross Purposes contained the song "Evil Eye", which was co-written by Van Halen guitarist Eddie Van Halen, although uncredited because of record label restrictions. Touring in support of Cross Purposes began in February 1994 with Morbid Angel and Motörhead in the US. The band filmed a live performance at the Hammersmith Apollo on 13 April 1994, which was released on VHS accompanied by a CD, entitled Cross Purposes Live. After the European tour with Cathedral and Godspeed in June 1994, drummer Bobby Rondinelli quit the band and was replaced by original Black Sabbath drummer Bill Ward for five shows in South America. Following the touring cycle for Cross Purposes, bassist Geezer Butler quit the band for the second time.Iommi would criticize <mask> during this period in his book, to which <mask> responded; "It surprises me. I mean, they never said anything to me. Surely, if you've got a problem, the first person you should say something to is the person that's in the band with you... You don't wait ten years. It sounds like a really stupid thing to say, as they didn't say anything to my face – and, if that's the case, then more fool them for not saying anything, because, you know, we could have fixed it. I said to them, endlessly, that if there was anything they wanted changed, done differently, just to say and we could fix it, but clearly they didn't, they hadn't got the guts to, obviously, and to write about it in a book afterwards seems a bit daft to me. I'm not bitter about it, but it is surprising… it seems a bit stupid to say that after the event". Following Butler's departure, newly returned drummer Bill Ward once again left the band.Butler and Ward were meant to have recorded Forbidden (1995). In the wake of their departure Iommi then reinstated former members Neil Murray on bass and Cozy Powell on drums, effectively reuniting the TYR line-up. The band enlisted Body Count guitarist Ernie C to produce the new album, which was recorded in London in the fall of 1994. The album featured a guest vocal on "Illusion of Power" by Body Count vocalist Ice-T. The resulting Forbidden was released on 8 June 1995, but failed to chart in the US or the UK. The album was widely panned by critics; AllMusic's Bradley Torreano said "with boring songs, awful production, and uninspired performances, this is easily avoidable for all but the most enthusiastic fan"; while Blender magazine called Forbidden "an embarrassment ... the band's worst album". Black Sabbath embarked on a world tour in July 1995 with openers Motörhead and Tiamat, but two months into the tour, drummer Cozy Powell left the band, citing health issues, and was replaced by former drummer Bobby Rondinelli.This would be <mask>'s final tour with the band. In December 1996, both <mask> (via a letter to Sam Naugler) and Iommi (via an interview with Pete Scott) both confirmed that <mask> was not "out" of Sabbath, so as late as December 1996, it would appear that Iommi intended on going forward with the band as it last existed at the end of 1995. As for the rest of the band, Neil Murray was working with Cozy Powell in Peter Green's (founder of Fleetwood Mac) 'Splinter Group'. In 1997, <mask>mi disbanded the contemporary line-up to officially reunite with Ozzy Osbourne and the original Black Sabbath line-up. Vocalist <mask> claimed that an original line-up reunion had been in the works since the band's brief reunion at Ozzy Osbourne's 1992 Costa Mesa show, and that the band released subsequent albums to fulfill their record contract with I.R.S. Records. <mask> later recalled Forbidden as a "filler album that got the band out of the label deal, rid of the singer, and into the reunion.However I wasn't privy to that information at the time". I.R.S. Records released a compilation album in 1996 to fulfil the band's contract, entitled The Sabbath Stones, which featured songs from Born Again (1983) to Forbidden (1995). <mask> would also later hit out on Sabbath for being deleted from the band's history; "It seems a bit of a waste of ten years of the band's history. To cut that out, they're not just cutting me out, they're cutting themselves out. It seems like cutting your own nose off to spite your face. Why would you want to delete ten years of your history?It seems to me that they've got their minds elsewhere, and whatever brings them the most money seems to be what they go for. I mean, the Ozzy reunion. How many times do you want to go and pay to see them do the same stuff? OK, people argue that those old songs are people's favourites. Well; it's probably that way because you keep ramming it down people's throats and don't give them a chance to buy anything else. It seems disjointed and disconnected to me, and I don't understand why they would want to even cut themselves out of that history". Solo and other collaborations (1998–2005)
After leaving Sabbath, <mask> worked with a variety of projects, including Aldo Giuntini.With Dario Mollo, he released two further albums; The Cage in 1999 and The Cage 2. <mask> also worked with Empire for their 2003 record Trading Souls. Late in 2004, <mask> let it be known that there would be a new solo album by him out in 2005. The album was recorded at <mask>'s house, which is in Headless Cross in Redditch, Worcestershire England. The album featured again former Sabbath member Geoff Nicholls and some drum tracks from the late Cozy Powell. <mask> explained; "I have recorded 2 tracks featuring the legendary drumming of Cozy Powell. How?well, when I fronted Cozy Powell's Hammer, he gave me 20 drumming tracks to write some songs with, I forgot I had them until I found them recently in the move to my new house." <mask>'s Headless Cross (2006-2019) and Kingdom of Madness (2019-present)
<mask> established Headless Cross in 2005 and would go on to tour Europe in 2006. The band also toured Brazil in 2008. After Dio's passing in 2010, there was some speculation that he would either return to Black Sabbath or join the renamed Black Sabbath Heaven & Hell. <mask> however ruled out ever working with Sabbath again stating: "Sabbath hasn’t talked to me in 15 years. All of the albums that I was on were removed from sale completely by them and it would take unbelievable changes to get it all back together". Black Sabbath were rejoined by Ozzy Osbourne in 2011 with the band's legal disputes apparently concluded.<mask>'s Headless Cross last performed at the Asylum in Birmingham, UK on 27 July 2012. This marked <mask>'s first ever UK show as a solo artist and first show with his new Headless Cross line-up. <mask> stated in interviews that this will be his only live show of the year. In January 2013 <mask> signed to a new music publishing deal by Alan Bambrough of Sony/ATV Music Publishing Limited. <mask>'s would be working on the fourth album Giuntini Project IV (2013) from Giuntini Project, the Italian people heavy metal band started in 1988 by guitarist Aldo Giuntini as a solo project. This will be the third album <mask> has appeared on. <mask> will also appear on releases with Layla Milou and with Veronica Freeman, vocalist with Benedictum.In 2019, it was announced that <mask> would front Kingdom of Madness, a band featuring former Magnum members Mark Stanway, Micky Barker and Richard Bailey performing material from Magnum's classic period. The COVID-19 crisis prevented the band from touring in 2020, with dates postponed till 2021. On the 14th of January 2022 <mask> released Thorns, his third solo album. Reunion with Iommi and Black Sabbath re-releases
In January 2016 <mask> announced on his Facebook page that he "was greeted by <mask>mi VERY warmly" at the unveiling of the Cozy Powell memorial (also attended by Neil Murray) and that they may work together again. Shortly after Iommi himself announced his intention to work with <mask> again. Iommi said: "We've held back on the reissues because of the current Sabbath thing with Ozzy, but they will certainly be happening. I'd like to do a couple of new tracks for those releases [Headless Cross and Tyr] with <mask>.I'll also be looking at working on Cross Purposes and Forbidden." Personal life
In August 2015, <mask> married his wife Carol. On a religious level, <mask> has claimed to be a non-believer. In a Myspace blogpost, he calls his choice to release a Christmas single "a kind of strange thing considering i dont believe there's a Christ", but goes on to explain that the song - titled "Who Put the Devil in Santa" - says that none of the Christmas message works, and in the first few lines writes that the promise of a man called Jesus "No ones seen and doesn't seem to exist".

masks:
Tony Martin
Martin
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Tony Iom
Tony Martin
Tony Iommi
Tony Iommi
Tony Martin
Martin
Tony Martin
Tony Martin
Tony Martin
Tony Martin
Martin
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Tony Martin
Tony Martin
Martin
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Tony Martin
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Tony Iom
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Tony
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<mask> (; 26 November 1952 in Moscow – 24 August 2017) was a doctor of Juridical Science, Master of Laws and professor at Moscow State University. Education
He entered Lomonosov Moscow State University Faculty of Law in 1970 and graduated in 1975. He studied full-time at the graduate school of the Institute of State and Law, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, from 1975 to 1979. He defended the candidate’s dissertation on the “Legal Regime of the State Forestry Fund Lands” (thesis supervisor – I.A. Ikonitskaya, Senior Researcher) on January 23, 1979. The defense took place at the Institute of State and Law, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. He defended the doctoral thesis on the “Right to Forest Use in the USSR” in 1991.The defense took place at the Institute for State and Law, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. <mask> <mask> was awarded the academic title of Doctor of Juridical Science on January 10, 1992 and academic rank of professor on December 22, 1993. Career
<mask> <mask> worked at the Institute for State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences  in the position of senior research officer from 1978 to 1992. He was director of the Russian Federation Constitutional Court Department of Environmental and Land Law. He combined working at the Russian Federation Constitutional Court with teaching as he was employed in the position of professor in the Department Of Environmental and Agrarian Law of Moscow University of Law from 1992 to 1995. He has been working at the Faculty of Law since September 1, 1995. He gives lecture courses on “Land Law” and “Environmental Law” (including within a framework of the Faculty of Law International Legal Programme at the International Center of Lomonosov Moscow State University in Geneva, Switzerland).He gives a special course on “Topical Issues of the Natural Resources Law.”

He is a member of Lomonosov Moscow State University Dissertation Council D 501.001.99 (Faculty of Law). He interned at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign College of Law  in 1990 and 1991, and holds the LLM degree. Professor <mask> <mask>, Doctor of Juridical Science worked as a lawyer for a long time, and he was a member of Inter-Republic Bar Association from 1995 to 1997, and a member of Iniurcolleguia, Attorneys-at-Law. As an Iniurcolleguia lawyer, he won the first Russian arbitral case on the contract of sale of an enterprise as an asset complex (see details: Russian Federation Supreme Arbitration Court Plenum Presidium Act on the case # 951/96 of 20.08.1996, O.I. Krassov). “The First Lawsuit on the Contract of Sale of an Enterprise Lasted a Thousand Days” // Business lawyer. 1997.# 11). He has also participated as an expert in the London Court of International Arbitration trial of the case of annulment of the contract of sale of land plots reserved for state needs. Attorney <mask> <mask> won the arbitration proceeding for the legal claim of the investment company against Krasnodar Krai Department of Property Relations on privatization of a large land plot on The Black Sea coast and building it up, etc. <mask> <mask>, Doctor of Juridical Science, has extensive experience in consulting and preparing expert reports. For instance it, was Mr. <mask> who:
 prepared the expert report on the case of legality of building the cultural and business complex Ohta by JSC Gazprom in Saint Petersburg;
 proved groundlessness of compensation claims faced by a large timber company on compensation of environmental damage for not removing brush wood from cutting areas;
 prepared the expert report on the Russian Federation Supreme Court case on repealing several provisions of the procedure of estimating damage caused to water objects by breaking water legislation approved by the Russian Federation Ministry of Natural Resources order of March 30, 2007;
 consulted for a major investment development company on the issue of purchasing a land plot with a total area of 256 hectares in Moscow region;
 represented interests of a major oil and gas company involved in the case of JSC Gazprom claim against the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources and Federal Agency for Subsoil Use;
 proved legality of actions of Surgut Administration on the procedure of granting land plots in an auction and without auctioning;
 proved legality of building tourist infrastructure facilities on the tourist complex land with permission to use it for “repairing vessels, building slipways, and tourism management” within industrial other special purpose lands, etc. Currently, <mask> <mask> is a member of Lomonosov Moscow State University Dissertation Council: D 501.001.99 (Faculty of Law). Legislative activity
He has extensive experience in legislation.He has taken part in developing a number of normative legal acts:
 Provisions on forest lease in the USSR;
 Fundamentals of legislation on settlements, urban development, and architecture of the USSR and union republics;
 Fundamentals of forestry legislation of the Russian Federation;
 Fundamentals of water legislation of the Russian Federation;
 Russian Federation subsoil law;
 Federal law “On Environmental Protection”;
 Federal law “On Environmental Appraisal”;
 Federal law “On Environmental Safety”;
 Federal law “On Land Restoration”;
 Federal law “On Ecological Disaster Zones”;
 Forestry code of the Russian Federation, etc. Publication
He is the author of more than 140 published research papers including monographs, commentaries to pieces of legislation, textbooks, and study guides (including co-authorship):
 “Land law.” Textbook. M.: Norma. 2012;
 “Environmental Law.” Textbook. M.: Norma. 2012;
 Commentary to the Russian Federation Land Code. M.: Norma.2009. (recommended by the Judicial Department under the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation to courts of general jurisdiction);
 “Environmental Law.” Russia: Norma. 2008;
 “Land Law Dictionary” – M. Gorodets. 200;
 Commentary to the Russian Federation Forestry code. M., Norma. 2007;
 “Land law.” M., Lawyer, 2007.-671 p.;
 “Land law: Textbook.” – Second edition, revised. M.: Lawyer, 2004.– 671 p.;
 “Environmental Law: Study Guide for Higher Education Institutions.” – M.: Norma. 2004. – 576 p.;
 “Land Law in Contemporary Russia.” M.: “Delo” Publishing House. 2003. – 624 p.;
 “Environmental Law.” M.: “Norma” Publishing House, 2003. – 320 p.;
 “Natural Resources of Russia: Commentary to Legislation.” M.: Delo, 2002. – 816 p.;
 Commentary to the Russian Federation Land Code.M.: Lawyer. 2002. – 779 p.;
 Commentary to the Russian Federation Law “On Subsoil.” M.: Lawyer. 2002. – 480 p.;
 Commentary to the Russian Federation Urban Development Code. M.: Lawyer. 2001.– 718 p.;
 “Russian Federation Water Code” (article-by-article commentary) // Law. 2001. # 5. P.5-35;
 “Environmental Law.” – M.: “Delo” Publishing House, 2001. – 767 p.;
 “Right to Private Land Ownership.” – M.: Lawyer. 2000. – 379 p.;
 Land Law: Textbook.” – M.: Lawyer.2000. – 624 p.;
 Right to Private Land Ownership: Purchase and Sale, Lease, Privatization, Judicial Defense.” M.: White Alfars. 1995 – 144 p.;
 Commentary to the Fundamentals of the Russian Federation forestry legislation. M.: Jurid. Lit. 1995 – 280 p.p. ;
 Commentary to the Russian Federation Water Code / M.: Justiceinform.1997. – 327 p. (co-authorship);
 “Legal Regime of the State Forestry Fund Lands.” M.: Nauka. 1985. “Forest Use Right in the USSR.” M.: Nauka. 1991;
 “Right of Ownership of Forests” // Environmental law. 2006. # 2, 3;
 “Legal Requirements to Environmental Protection in Urban Development” // Legislation and economy.2001. # 3. P. 35-45;
 “Contemporary Land Legislation in Questions and Answers of Professors of the Department of Environmental and Land Law, Faculty of Law, Lomonosov Moscow State University” // Environmental Law of Russia. Digest of the Research and Practice Conference. Fifth issue. 2005–2007: Study Guide for Higher Education Institutions / Edited by A.K. Golichenkov.M.: Forgreifer. P.332–334 (co-authorship with A.K. Golichenkov, G.A. Volkov, M.I. Vasilieva and T.V. Petrova);
 “Legal Regime of Lands as a Legal Category” // Environmental Law of Russia: Digest of Research and Practice Conferences. Second issue.1999–2000 / Edited by A.K. Golichenkov. Compilers – A.K. Golichenkov and I.A. Ignatieva. M.: POLTEKS. 2001.P.142–145;
 “Legal Regulation of Building Up and Zoning Settlements. Legal Regime of Certain Types of Zones” // Legislation and economy. 2001. # 7. P. 35–73;
 “Order of Elaborating, Approving, and Examining Urban Development Documentation. General Plans and Projects, Urban and Rural Boundaries” // Legislation and economy. 2001.# 6. P. 28–50;
 “Peculiarities of Legal Regulation of Using Settlement Land in Urban Development Legislation” // Legislation and economy .2001. # 5. P. 31–49;
 Commentary to the wildlife legislation // Legislation and economy. 2001. # 9. P. 4–57;
 “Urban Development Law of Russia” // Environmental Law of Russia: Digest of Research and Practice Conferences.Second issue. 1999–2000 // Edited by A.K. Golichenkov. Compilers: A.K. Golichenkov and I.A. Ignatieva. M.: POLTEKS.2001. P. 385–389;
 “Formation of the Institution of Private Property Right in Russia” // Environmental Law of Russia: Digest of Research and Practice Conferences. 1996–1998 / Edited by A.K. Golichenkov. Compilers: A.K. Golichenkov and I.A. Ignatieva.M.: Zertsalo. 1999. P. 367–371;
 “Natural Resources Law as a Branch of Law. New Program of the Curriculum” // Environmental Law of Russia: Digest of Research and Practice Conferences 1996–1998 / Edited by A.K. Golichenkov. Compilers: A.K. Golichenkov and I.A.Ignatieva. M. Zertsalo. 1999. P. 115–118;
 “Certain Constitutional Aspects of Land Relations” // Environmental Law of Russia: Digest of Research and Practice Conferences 1996–1998 / Edited by A.K. Golichenkov. Compilers: A.K. Golichenkov and I.A.Ignatieva. M. Zertsalo. 1999. P. 157–159;
 “Right of State Ownership of Natural Resources” // State and law. 1995. # 9, etc. While working at Lomonosov Moscow State University Faculty of Law, <mask> <mask> served as the thesis supervisor of six candidates of juridical sciences (N.G.Narysheva, E.N. Pugach, N.L. Lisina, A.A. Minaeva, N.A. Golysheva and I.S. Ivaschuk). Two of them, N.G. Narysheva and A.A. Minaeva, work in the department at the present time.Professor <mask> <mask>, Doctor of Juridical Science, is mentioned in 240 sources in the ConsultantPlus reference system databases. References

1952 births
2017 deaths
Moscow State University alumni
People from Moscow

masks:
Oleg Igorevich Krassov
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Anthony W<mask> (February 14, 1913 – February 6, 1998) was an American air racer and test pilot for the Lockheed Corporation from the 1940s to the 1970s. Early life

Born Anthony Puck in Duluth, Minnesota, his father died while he was still young. His mother, Aloysia Evans, moved <mask> and his older sister Nancy to southern California for the warmer climate. While <mask> was a teenager, his mother remarried, to <mask>, who gave the children his name. From an early age, <mask> had been much more interested in flying than his studies, so he dropped out of high school to pursue flying full-time. He worked odd jobs to pay for food and flying, mostly maintaining airplanes or flight instructing. Air racing

In 1936, he began to try his hand at air racing, starting with the national air races in Los Angeles.In 1938 he flew, for the first time, a Keith Rider racer dubbed The Firecracker, owned by air racing enthusiast Bill Schoenfeldt. In this plane, he won the Greve Trophy in Cleveland that year. His landing after that flight was rough and damaged the aircraft too heavily to allow him to compete for the Thompson Trophy the next day. A year later, he was back in Cleveland, and this time placed second in the Thompson race. Postwar air racing

After the end of World War II, LeVier bought a war surplus P-38 Lightning for $1,250 in Kingman, Arizona. He modified it for air racing and painted it bright red. He competed at the national air races in Cleveland in 1946 and won second place in the Thompson Trophy.Mechanic and airline pilot

After the 1939 races, LeVier got his first formal job, working as a mechanic for the Douglas Aircraft Company, hoping to get promoted to test pilot. However, frustrated by his chances with that company, he earned an instrument rating and went to work for Mid-Continent Airlines in Kansas City. Six months later, though, he left that job also, to work with General Motors testing engines for Cessna aircraft in Wichita. When a job opened for him at the Lockheed Corporation in Burbank, California, he left Wichita and returned to southern California. Lockheed career
LeVier started at Lockheed ferrying Hudson bombers to Canada for delivery to the Royal Air Force. He later trained and checked out pilots in the Hudson and its transport variant, the Lodestar. His job description was changed to engineering test pilot in 1942 to fly the PV-1 Ventura.His test flying was instrumental in proving the Lockheed P-38 Lightning design. He and chief engineering test pilot Milo Burcham alternated flying dive tests to observe the design's performance at transonic speeds. To demonstrate the reliability of the design in the hands of a skilled pilot, he performed aerobatic shows for students at the Polaris Flight school at War Eagle Field in nearby Lancaster. In 1944, LeVier visited Eighth Air Force air bases in Great Britain to demonstrate the engine-out reliability of the P-38. He left England less than a week before the invasion of Normandy. P-80 Shooting Star

When he returned to the United States, testing of the P-80 Shooting Star jet fighter was underway. He had made the first flight of the XP-80A in January, and the testing program continued through 1944 and into 1945.In October 1944, Milo Burcham was killed in the crash of a production P-80, and <mask> filled his office as chief engineering test pilot in January 1945. Just two months into his career as head of this department, he suffered a serious crash on March 20, 1945, when his P-80 lost its tail due to a faulty turbine blade. Upon landing, he broke his back and had to wear a brace during his recovery, but six months after his crash, he was back in the air. He tested two evolutions of the P-80: the T-33 and the three variants of the F-94 Starfire. He also performed most of the tests of the XF-90 penetration fighter prototype. He also flew the first flights of the XF-104 Starfighter, and the U-2. In 1972 LeVier took an L-1011 Tristar on a world tour promoting Lockheed's newest and largest commercial airliner.He was succeeded as chief engineering test pilot at Lockheed by Herman "Fish" Salmon. He died at the age of 84 on February 6, 1998 from complications of cancer and kidney failure, after surviving eight crashes and one mid-air collision. Awards

 Aviation Week & Space Technology Flight Safety Award, 1971. National Aviation Hall of Fame inductee, 1978. National Aeronautic Association Elder Statesman Award, 1986. National Aviation Club Clifford Henderson Award for Achievement, 1986. Aerospace Walk of Honor inductee, 1990.Society of Experimental Test Pilots James H. Doolittle Award, 1993
International Air & Space Hall of Fame inductee, 1993. Godfrey L. Cabot Award, 1995. National Air and Space Museum Lifetime Achievement Trophy, 1997. He was inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2001. The Society of Experimental Test Pilots annually presents the <mask>ier Flight Test Safety Award. First flights

The following is an incomplete list of the first flights of a new design that were piloted or copiloted by <mask> during his career at Lockheed. Photographs do not necessarily depict the first flight.References

  Caidin, Martin. Fork-Tailed Devil. Ballantine, 1968. Cole, Duane, "The Right Start: <mask>." AOPA Magazine, March, 1994. Pilot by <mask> with John Guenther, 1954 (reprinted 1990). External links

 A eulogy of <mask> from Edwards Spy Planes
 Moments in Flight Test History: The First Flight of the YF-104
 National Aviation Hall of Fame biography
 MotorSports Hall of Fame biography
 <mask>ier Flight Test Safety Award
 LeVier W5 Cosmic wind "Mr. Robinson", a racing plane built in 1947, now in the collection of the EAA AirVenture Museum in Oshkosh, WI

1913 births
1998 deaths
Lockheed people
Deaths from cancer in California
U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School alumni
American test pilots
People from Duluth, Minnesota
National Aviation Hall of Fame inductees
Commercial aviators

masks:
. LeVier
Tony
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Oscar LeVier
Tony LeVier
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Tony LeV
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<mask>e (, ; 14 November 1917 – 26 October 1979) was a South Korean politician and army general who served as the leader of South Korea from 1961 until his assassination in 1979; ruling as a de facto military dictator from 1961 to 1963, then as the country's de jure third president from 1963 to 1979. Before his presidency, he was a military leader in the South Korean army, and was the second-highest ranking officer in the army. He first came to power after leading a military coup in 1961, which brought an end to the interim government of the Second Republic. After serving for two years as chairman of the military junta, the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction, he was elected president in 1963, ushering in the Third Republic. Seeking to bring South Korea into the developed world, <mask> began a series of economic policies that brought rapid economic growth and industrialization to the nation that eventually became known as the Miracle on the Han River. South Korea possessed one of the fastest growing national economies during the 1960s and 1970s as a result. According to the Gapminder Foundation, extreme poverty was reduced from 66.9 percent in 1961 to 11.2 percent in 1979, making one of the fastest and largest reductions in poverty in human history.This growth also encompassed declines in child mortality and increases in life expectancy. From 1961 to 1979 child mortality declined by 59%, this was the second fastest decrease in child mortality of any country with over 10 million inhabitants during the same period. Under his government, South Korea saw the development of chaebol, family companies supported by the state similar to the Japanese zaibatsu. These companies include Hyundai, LG, and Samsung. However, the economic development of South Korea was pursued at great sacrifice to the working class: the government did not recognise a minimum wage or weekly leave, imposed free work periods for its own benefit, and twelve-hour workdays were the norm. In addition, trade unions and industrial action were prohibited. Despite the above points, which takes a retrospective view from a position of prosperity, the fact that people who were in poverty were able to work stable jobs, was welcomed by the vast majority of South Korean.Although popular during the 1960s, by the 1970s, <mask>'s popularity started to plateau. This resulted in closer than expected victories during the 1971 South Korean presidential election and the subsequent legislative elections. Following this, in 1972, <mask> declared martial law and amended the constitution into a highly authoritarian document, called the Yushin Constitution, ushering in  the Fourth Republic. During this time, political opposition and dissent was constantly repressed and <mask> had complete control of the military, and much control over the media. <mask> was assassinated on 26 October 1979 by his close friend Kim Jae-gyu, the director of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency, at a safe house in Seoul following the student uprising later known as the Bu-Ma Democratic Protests. Cha Ji-chul, chief of the Presidential Security Service, was also fatally shot by Kim. Kim and his accomplices were tortured, convicted and executed for the assassination.Choi Kyu-hah became Acting President pursuant to Article 48 of the Yushin Constitution. Major General Chun Doo-hwan quickly amassed sweeping powers after his Defense Security Command was charged with investigating the assassination, first taking control of the military and the KCIA before installing another military junta and finally assuming the presidency in 1980. Whether the assassination was spontaneous or premeditated is something that remains unclear today—the motivations of Kim Jae-gyu are still debated. Economic growth continued after <mask>'s death and after considerable political turmoil in the wake of his assassination and the military Coup d'état of December Twelfth, the country eventually democratized. Later presidents included Kim Dae-jung, a pro-democracy chief opponent of <mask> who was kidnapped, arrested, and sentenced to death by the <mask> administration, and <mask>-hye,  <mask>'s eldest daughter who was the first female president of South Korea and was impeached, removed from office, and later sentenced to 27 years in prison as a result of an influence-peddling scandal. <mask> is a controversial figure in modern South Korean political discourse and among the South Korean populace in general for his dictatorship and undemocratic ways. While some credit him for sustaining the Miracle on the Han River, which reshaped and modernized South Korea, others criticize his authoritarian way of ruling the country (especially after 1971) and for prioritizing economic growth and contrived social order at the expense of civil liberties.According to a 2019 poll by Gallup Korea, 49% of older Koreans (aged 60+) see <mask> as the greatest president, while only 5% of young Koreans (aged 15-18) see <mask> as the greatest president, making him the second most popular Korean president while simultaneously one of the most controversial and memorable. Early life and education

<mask> was born on 14 November 1917, in Kibi, Keishо̄hoku-dо̄, Chо̄sen to parents <mask>-bin and Bek Nam-eui. He was the youngest of five brothers and two sisters in a poor Yangban family. Extremely intelligent, egotistic and ambitious, <mask>'s hero from his boyhood on was Napoleon, and he frequently expressed much disgust that he had to grow up in the poor and backward countryside of Korea, a place that was not suitable for someone like himself. Those who knew <mask> as a youth recalled that a recurring theme of his remarks was his wish to "escape" from the Korean countryside. As someone who had grown up under Japanese rule, <mask> often expressed his admiration for Japan's rapid modernization after the Meiji Restoration of 1867 and for Bushido, the Japanese warrior code. As a youth, he won admission to a teaching school in Taikyū and worked as a teacher in Bunkei-yū after graduating in high school, but was reportedly a very mediocre student.Following the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the ambitious <mask> decided to enter the Changchun Military Academy of the Manchukuo Imperial Army, with help from Imperial Japanese Army Colonel Arikawa, a drill instructor at the teaching school in Daegu who was impressed by <mask>'s military ambitions. During this time, he adopted the Japanese name . He graduated top of his class in 1942 (receiving a gold watch from the Kangde Emperor himself) and was recognized as a talented officer by his Japanese instructors, who recommended him for further studies at the Imperial Japanese Army Academy in Japan. Career

In Manchukuo

After graduating third in the class of 1944, <mask> was commissioned as a lieutenant into the Imperial Army of Manchukuo, a Japanese puppet-state, and served during the final stages of World War II as aide-de-camp to a regimental commander. The Japanese used Korean collaborators to suppress Korean armed resistance. Return to Korea

<mask> returned to Korea after the war and enrolled at the Korea Military Academy. He graduated in the second class of 1946 (one of his classmates was Kim Jae-gyu, his close friend and later assassin) and became an officer in the constabulary army under the United States Army Military Government in South Korea.The newly established South Korean government, under the leadership of Syngman Rhee, arrested <mask> in November 1948 on charges that he led a Communist cell in the Korean constabulary. <mask> was subsequently sentenced to death by a military court, but his sentence was commuted by Rhee at the urging of several high-ranking Korean military officers. While <mask> had been a member of the Workers' Party of South Korea, the allegations concerning his involvement in a military cell were never substantiated. Nevertheless, he was forced out of the army. While working in the Army as an unpaid civilian assistant, he came across the 8th class of the Korea Military Academy (graduated in 1950), among whom was Kim Jong-pil, and this particular class would later serve as the backbone of the May 16 coup. After the Korean War began and with help from Paik Sun-Yup, <mask> returned to active service as a major in the South Korean Army. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in September 1950 and to colonel in April 1951.As a colonel, <mask> was the deputy director of the Army Headquarters Intelligence Bureau in 1952 before switching to artillery and commanded the II and III Artillery Corps during the war. By the time the war ended in 1953, <mask> had risen to become a brigadier general. After the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement, <mask> was selected for six-months training at Fort Sill in the United States. After returning to Korea, <mask> rose rapidly in the military hierarchy. He was the head of the Army's Artillery School and commanded the 5th and 7th Divisions of the South Korean army before his promotion to major general in 1958. <mask> was then appointed Chief of Staff of the First Army and made the head of the Korean 1st and 6th District Command, which gave him responsibility for the defense of Seoul. In 1960, <mask> became commander of the Pusan Logistics Command before becoming Chief of the Operations Staff of the South Korean Army and the deputy commander of the Second Army.As such, he was one of the most powerful and influential figures in the military. Rise to power
On 26 April 1960, Syngman Rhee, the authoritarian inaugural President of South Korea, was forced out of office and into exile following the 19 April Movement, a student-led uprising. A new democratic government took office on 13 August 1960. However, this was a short-lived period of parliamentary rule in South Korea. Yun Bo-seon was a figurehead president, with the real power vested in Prime Minister Chang Myon. Problems arose immediately because neither man could command loyalty from any majority of the Democratic Party or reach agreement on the composition of the cabinet. Prime Minister Chang attempted to hold the tenuous coalition together by reshuffling cabinet positions three times within five months.Meanwhile, the new government was caught between an economy that was suffering from a decade of mismanagement and corruption under the Rhee presidency and the students who had instigated Rhee's ousting. Protesters regularly filled the streets making numerous and wide-ranging demands for political and economic reforms. Public security had deteriorated while the public had distrusted the police, which was long under the control of the Rhee government, and the ruling Democratic Party lost public support after long factional fighting. Against this backdrop of social instability and division, Major General <mask> formed the Military Revolutionary Committee. When he found out that he was going to be retired within the next few months, he sped up the Committee's plans. It led a military coup on 16 May 1961, which was nominally led by Army Chief of Staff Chang Do-yong after his defection on the day it started. The military takeover rendered powerless the democratically elected government of President Yun, ending the Second Republic.Initially, a new administration was formed from among those military officers who supported <mask>. The reformist military Supreme Council for National Reconstruction was nominally led by General Chang. Following Chang's arrest in July 1961, <mask> took overall control of the council. The coup was largely welcomed by a general populace exhausted by political chaos. Although Prime Minister Chang and United States Army General Carter Magruder resisted the coup efforts, President Yun sided with the military and persuaded the United States Eighth Army and the commanders of various ROK army units not to interfere with the new government. Soon after the coup, <mask> was promoted to Lieutenant General. The South Korean historian Hwang Moon Kyung described <mask>'s rule as very "militaristic", noting right from the start <mask> aimed to mobilize South Korean society along "militaristically disciplined lines".One of <mask>'s very first acts upon coming to power was a campaign to "clean up" the streets by arresting and putting the homeless to work in "welfare centers". The American historian Carter Eckert wrote that the historiography, including his work, around <mask> has tended to ignore the "enormous elephant in the room" namely that the way in which <mask> sought kündaehwa (modernization) of South Korea was influenced by his distinctively militaristic way of understanding the world, and the degree in which the Japanophile <mask> was influenced by Japanese militarism as he created what South Korean historians call a "developmental dictatorship". Eckert called South Korea under <mask>'s leadership one of the most militarized states in the entire world, writing that <mask> sought to militarize South Korean society in a way that no other South Korean leader has ever attempted. In the Imperial Japanese Army, there was the belief that Bushido would give Japanese soldiers enough "spirit" as to make them invincible in battle, as the Japanese regarded war as simply a matter of willpower with the side with the stronger will always prevailing. Reflecting his background as a man trained by Japanese officers, one of <mask>'s favorite sayings was "we can do anything if we try" as <mask> argued that all problems could be overcome by sheer willpower. Eckert wrote when interviewing <mask>'s closest friends, he always received the same answer when he asked them what was the important influence on <mask>, namely his officer training by the Japanese in Manchukuo. All of <mask>'s friends told Eckert that to understand him, one needed to understand his Ilbonsik sagwan kyoyuk (Japanese officer training) as they all maintained <mask>'s values were those of an Imperial Japanese Army officer.On 19 June 1961, the military council created the Korean Central Intelligence Agency in order to prevent counter-coups and suppress potential enemies, both foreign and domestic. Along with being given investigative powers, the KCIA was also given the authority to arrest and detain anyone suspected of wrongdoing or having anti-government sentiments. Under its first director, retired Brigadier General Kim Jong-pil, a relative of <mask> and one of the original planners of the coup, the

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