text_chunks:
<mask> (born 30 March 1948, Heswall, Cheshire, United Kingdom) is an Australian slide guitarist known for his style of playing rock and roll and blues music. In 1990 he issued Short Fuse Blues which brought him to the attention of United States label, Alligator Records. Two of his albums have appeared on Billboard Top Blues Albums, Steel on Steel (1995) peaked at No. 13 and Ticket to Chicago (1997) reached No. 15. His sixth album, Under the Spell, appeared in April 1999 and won "Best Blues & Roots Album" at the ARIA Music Awards of that year. <mask> is noted for his unusual performance style, which alternates traditionally plucked notes and chords with the slide notes played by his hand draped over the guitar's neck.According to Australian rock music historian Ian McFarlane, <mask> "is the most acclaimed blues guitarist Australia has ever produced ... courtesy of his unorthodox slide guitar style, his rousing live shows and a series of hard-rocking, roadhouse blues albums ... yet it took two decades of slogging around the Australian touring circuit before the local industry sat up and took notice". Biography

1948-1960s
Robert David <mask> was born on 30 March 1948 in Heswall, United Kingdom, due to a mix up at the hospital he was named Robert when it should have been David. The family called him David and now he goes by David Robert <mask>. When he was four years old his family moved to Perth, Western Australia. He became interested in blues music after hearing a school friend's Muddy Waters' album when aged six. At twelve years old he received his first guitar and started to teach himself due to lack of availability of teachers. He used the albums of Eric Clapton, Jimi Hendrix, Blind Willie Johnson, Skip James, Blind Lemon Jefferson to learn.He later used work of Robert Johnson, Elmore James, and Mississippi Fred McDowell. <mask> is left-handed and, after breaking a finger in a football accident, he played the guitar right-handed. "I had to have a cast on it. So I came up with this idea, just while I was recuperating, of jamming the slide on my index finger and hanging it over the top of the guitar – quite an awkward sort of style, really. It took me about three months before this cast came off. And over that time it started to feel good". In 1965 <mask> formed his first group, Broken Habits, which included Daryl Upson on bass guitar.The following year he created the earliest version of <mask> Band with Upson, Denis Crake on vocals and Jim Morris on drums. In 1968 <mask> joined The Beat 'n Tracks, a pop, blues, R&B band formed in early 1967 with Ace Follington on drums, Warren Morgan on keyboards and vocals, Ross Partington on lead vocals and Murray Wilkins on bass guitar. They played covers of The Beatles, Paul Butterfield, Motown and Vanilla Fudge material. The group won the 1968 Perth heat of the national Hoadley's Battle of the Sounds and travelled to Melbourne for the final. They also toured the eastern states before <mask> returned to Perth late that year to continue his university studies. He was replaced by Phil Manning (ex-Bay City Union, Laurie Allen Revue) on guitar and lead vocals – The Beat 'n Tracks evolved into Chain. 1970s
In 1972 Hole formed Dave Hole Blues Band with Upson and Al Kash on drums (ex-Blackfeather), the trio relocated to London and played in local pubs.<mask> returned to Perth in 1974, from that time for twenty years, he toured the Western Australian pub circuit with differing line-ups of <mask> Band. By 1977 with Hole were Phil Bailey on bass guitar and Ian Ironside on drums. They provided two tracks, "Country Town" and "Still in Love with You", for a various artists compilation, The 6WF Rock Group Album which appeared in 1979. Also that year <mask> joined with Matt Taylor (ex-Bay City Union, Chain, Western Flyer) on lead vocals and harmonica to form Matt Taylor Band featuring <mask>, they were backed by Paul Pooley on bass guitar (Manteca) and Ric Whittle on drums (Fatty Lumpkin, Manteca). They toured Australia "playing some of the most electrifying blues rock ever heard in this country". By late 1980 the group dissolved without recording any material. 1980-90s
During the 1980s <mask> Band continued with various line-ups until 1988, when he established Short Fuse with John Wilson on bass guitar and Ronnie Parker on drums.In 1990 they released an album, Short Fuse Blues, which Hole had financed, produced, and recorded in three days. Bob Patient (ex-Matt Taylor's Chain) guested on keyboards and joined to tour in support of the work. Rock music historian, Ian McFarlane, observed that it is "full of Hole's sinuous, hot-wired guitar work, which evoked the spirit of Elmore James and Blind Willie Johnson". Hole sent a copy to United States magazine, Guitar Player, its editor, Jas Obrecht, wrote an article in July 1991 praising Hole as the newest guitar wizard and comparing him with Stevie Ray Vaughan and Albert King. Soon a copy of the album was in the hands of Alligator Records president Bruce Iglauer who signed Hole up as the first non-US-based artist of their 26-year history. In November 1992 Guitar Players critics, Art Thompson and Chris Gill, praised him – and fellow slide guitarists Sonny Landreth and <mask> – as "visionary" with a "distinctive technique" that "redefine[s] the art". While new fans were gained via radio play on more than 1000 stations.Reviews appeared in Guitar for the Practicing Musician, Billboard, Audio, Spin, Chicago Tribune, The Denver Post and Associated Press. <mask> signed a deal for the European market with Provogue Records, with albums and tours of the US and Europe helping increase his popularity further. Later tours of Europe have seen him headlining festival shows in Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, France and Switzerland with the Leverkusen Blues Festival in Germany televised nationally. He has also performed in Brazil, Sweden, Norway, Russia, Austria, Italy, Spain, Belgium and the UK. Two of his albums have appeared on Billboard Top Blues Albums chart, Steel on Steel (1995) peaked at No. 13 and Ticket to Chicago (1997) reached No. 15.In August 1997 <mask> commenced his third tour of US blues festivals and displayed his "unique slide playing style which involves using his index finger rather than his pinkie". On 20 April 1999 he issued Under the Spell, which won "Best Blues & Roots Album" at the ARIA Music Awards of that year. McFarlane noted that he "is the most acclaimed blues guitarist Australia has ever produced ... courtesy of his unorthodox slide guitar style, his rousing live shows and a series of hard-rocking, roadhouse blues albums ... yet it took two decades of slogging around the Australian touring circuit before the local industry sat up and took notice". Although under-appreciated in Australia <mask> was described by Robert Messenger in The Canberra Times as "a musical genius" and "in the US he is living blues legend". 2000s
In August 2004 <mask> was interviewed by Brendan Hutchens for ABC's George Negus Tonight and recalled "It's very, very raw emotional music. And it communicates very strongly and it did to me. When I first heard blues, it bowled me over.And it's great. I love it. I love to be able to communicate with people through that, through the music". On 19 May 2007 <mask> issued his tenth album, Rough Diamond, which Sing Out!s Gary von Tersch compared with Muddy Waters and Duane Allman as "spirited" and showed "incendiary blues and rock slide guitar". As well as releasing ten albums, <mask> has continued to tour worldwide for six months each year, returning to his home in the Darling Scarp of Western Australia for the other six months. Discography

Studio albums

Live albums

Compilation albums

Awards

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. |-
| ARIA Music Awards of 1999
| Under the Spell
| Best Blues & Roots Album
|
|-

West Australian Music Industry Awards
The West Australian Music Industry Awards are annual awards celebrating achievements for Western Australian music.They commenced in 1985. <mask> was inducted into its Hall of Fame in 2005 after winning Most Popular Original Blues Act in 2001. |-
| 2001 || <mask> || Most Popular Original Blues Act  ||
|-
| 2005 || <mask> || Hall of Fame ||
|-

References

General
  Note: Archived [on-line] copy has limited functionality. BlindPig
 Blues Rockers

Specific

External links

 Pictures: "Poster advertising performance by <mask> at The Continental Café, Prahran, Victoria" 1997, 1999, both held at State Library of Victoria, accessed 24 March 2013. 1948 births
Living people
ARIA Award winners
Australian blues guitarists
Australian male guitarists
Blues rock musicians
Electric blues musicians
Musicians from Western Australia
People from Perth, Western Australia
English emigrants to Australia
People from Heswall
Provogue Records artists

masks:
Robert David Hole
Hole
Hole
Hole
Hole
Hole
Hole
Dave Hole
Hole
Hole
Hole
Dave Hole
Hole
Dave Hole
Dave Hole
Dave Tronzo
Hole
Hole
Hole
Hole
Hole
Hole
Hole
Dave Hole
Dave Hole
Dave Hole


text_chunks:
<mask> (also Klemens; pseudonym: <mask> ; ; 9 September 1778 – 28 July 1842) was a German poet and novelist, and a major figure of German Romanticism. He was the uncle, via his brother Christian, of Franz and <mask>. Biography

<mask> was born to <mask> and Maximiliane von La Roche, a wealthy merchant family in Frankfurt on 9 September 1778. His father's family was of Italian descent. His sister was writer Bettina von Arnim, who, at a young age, lionised and corresponded with Goethe, and, in 1835, published the correspondence as Goethes Briefwechsel mit einem Kinde (Goethe's correspondence with a child). <mask> studied in Halle and Jena, afterwards residing at Heidelberg, Vienna and Berlin. He was close to Wieland, Herder, Goethe, Friedrich Schlegel, Fichte and Tieck.From 1798 to 1800 <mask> lived in Jena, the first center of the romantic movement. In 1801, he moved to Göttingen, and became a friend of Achim von Arnim. He married writer Sophie Mereau on 29 October 1803. In 1804, he moved to Heidelberg and worked with Arnim on Zeitungen für Einsiedler and Des Knaben Wunderhorn. After his wife Sophie died in 1806 he married a second time in 1807 to Auguste Bussmann (whose half-sister, Marie de Flavigny, later by marriage the Countess Marie d'Agoult, would become the companion of pianist and composer Franz Liszt). In the years between 1808 and 1818, <mask> lived mostly in Berlin, and from 1819 to 1824 in Dülmen, Westphalia. In 1818, weary of his somewhat restless and unsettled life, he returned to the practice of the Catholic faith and withdrew to the monastery of Dülmen, where he lived for some years in strict seclusion.He took on there the position of secretary to the Catholic visionary nun, the Blessed Anne Catherine Emmerich. It was claimed that from 1802 until her death she bore the wounds of the Crown of Thorns, and from 1812 the full stigmata, a cross over her heart and the wound from the lance. <mask> <mask> made her acquaintance in 1818 and remained at the foot of the stigmatist's bed copying her dictation until 1824. When she died, he prepared an index of the visions and revelations from her journal, The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ (published 1833). One of these visions made known by <mask> later resulted in the actual identification of the real House of the Virgin Mary in Ephesus by Abbé Julien Gouyet, a French priest, during 1881. However, some posthumous investigations in 1923 and 1928 made it uncertain how much of the books he attributed to Emmerich were actually his own creation and the works were discarded for her beatification process. The latter part of his life he spent in Regensburg, Frankfurt and Munich, actively engaged in promoting the Catholic faith.<mask> assisted Ludwig Achim von Arnim, his brother-in-law, in the collection of folk-songs forming Des Knaben Wunderhorn (1805–1808), which Gustav Mahler drew upon for his song cycle. In 1835, Swiss painter Emilie Linder, painted the famous portrait of him. He died in Aschaffenburg. <mask>, whose early writings were published under the pseudonym Maria, belonged to the Heidelberg group of German romantic writers, and his works are marked by excess of fantastic imagery and by abrupt, bizarre modes of expression. His first published writings were Satiren und poetische Spiele (Leipzig, 1800), a romance Godwi oder Das steinerne Bild der Mutter (2 vols., Frankfort, 1801), and a musical drama Die lustigen Musikanten (Frankfort, 1803). Of his dramas the best are Ponce de Leon (1804), Victoria und ihre Geschwister (Berlin, 1817) and Die Grundung Prags (Pesth, 1815). On the whole his finest work is the collection of Romanzen vom Rosenkranz (published posthumously in 1852); his short stories, and more especially the charming Geschichte vom braven Kasperl und dem schönen Annerl (1817), which has been translated into English, were very popular.<mask>'s collected works, edited by his brother Christian, appeared at Frankfurt in 9 vols. (1851–1855). Selections have been edited by J. B. Diel (1873), M. Koch (1892), and J. Dohmke (1893). See J. B. Diel and William Kreiten, Klemens <mask> (2 vols, 1877–1878), the introduction to Koch's edition, and R. Steig, A. von Arnim und K. <mask> (1894). In his honor the <mask> <mask> prize is awarded for German literature.Musical settings and cultural references
Richard Strauss set six poems by <mask> in Sechs Lieder, Op. 68, in 1918, which are also known as his Brentano Lieder. <mask>'s work is referenced in Thomas Mann's novel Doctor Faustus. A cycle of thirteen songs, based on <mask>'s poems, is noted in Chapter XXI as one of the composer protagonist's most significant early works. Poems
Eingang
Frühlingsschrei eines Knechtes
Abendständchen
Lore Lay
Auf dem Rhein
Wiegenlied
An Sophie Mereau
Ich wollt ein Sträusslein binden
Der Spinnerin Lied
Aus einem kranken Herzen
Hast du nicht mein Glück gesehen? Frühes Lied
Schwanenlied
Nachklänge Beethovenscher Musik
Romanzen vom Rosenkranz
Einsam will ich untergehn
Rückblick

Religious works
 Die Barmherzigen Schwestern in Bezug auf Armen- und Krankenpflege (Care of the Poor and Sick by the Sisters of Mercy ) (1831) (New Edition edited by Renate Moering)
 Lehrjahre Jesu (The Formative Years of Jesus) (1822) Part I and II (Edited by Jürg Mathes); 1983 edition by W. Kohlhammer, Berlin –
 Das bittere Leiden unsers Herrn Jesu Christi (The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ) (1858-1860 in a reworked edition by Karl Erhard Schmoeger; first authentic edition 1983, New edition by Bernhard Gajek and Irmengard Schmidbauer) ,
 Das Leben der heil. Jungfrau Maria (The Life of the Holy Virgin Mary) (1852, posthumous) , , ,
 Biographie der Anna Katharina Emmerick (Biography of Anna Katharina Emmerich) (unfinished, 1867–1870 in Schmoeger's edition; first authentic edition 1981)
 Tagebuchaufzeichnungen: Geheimnisse des Alten und des Neuen Bundes: Aus den Tagebüchern des Clemens Brentano (Notes from a Diary: Secrets of the Old and New Testaments from the Diaries of Clemens Brentano) ,

Fairy tales

References

Sources
 Phillips, H. A., "Brentano, Clemens Maria" Cassell's Encyclopedia of World Literature New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1953.Further reading
 Blamires, David. “15. <mask> <mask>’s Fairytales”. In: Telling Tales: The Impact of Germany on English Children’s Books 1780-1918. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2009. pp. 263-274. . Web généré le 23 septembre 2021: <http://books.openedition.org/obp/614>.External links

1778 births
1842 deaths
Writers from Koblenz
People from the Electorate of Trier
German people of Italian descent
German Roman Catholics
Roman Catholic writers
German Catholic poets
Converts to Roman Catholicism
Arnim family
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni
University of Marburg faculty
German male poets

masks:
Clemens Wenzeslaus Brentano
Clemens Maria Brentano
Lujo Brentano
Clemens Brentano
Peter Anton Brentano
Clemens Brentano
Brentano
Brentano
Clemens
Brentano
Brentano
Brentano
Brentano
Brentano
Brentano
Brentano
Clemens
Brentano
Brentano
Brentano
Brentano
Clemens
Brentano


text_chunks:
Sir <mask>,  (7 September 1892 – 26 September 1974) was an Australian politician and diplomat. He was the inaugural deputy leader of the Liberal Party (1945–1956), and a government minister under four prime ministers. He was later High Commissioner to the United Kingdom from 1956 to 1964. <mask> was born in Sydney and left school at the age of 13. He served with the Australian Army during World War I, and after the war's end became the manager of a textile factory. <mask> was elected to the House of Representatives in 1931, representing the United Australia Party (UAP). He served briefly as Minister for Interior in 1934, under Joseph Lyons, and returned to the ministry in 1938.Over the next three years he held positions in the governments of Lyons, Earle Page, Robert Menzies, and Arthur Fadden. In 1944, <mask> replaced Billy Hughes as deputy leader of the UAP. When the new Liberal Party was formed the following year, he was elected to the same position. In Menzies' second government, <mask> held various defence-related portfolios. He was also made the inaugural Leader of the House in 1951. <mask> left politics in 1956 to become High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. He retired in 1964, and suffered from Parkinson's disease in later years.His daughter, Shirley Walters, followed him into politics, becoming the first woman to represent Tasmania in the Senate. Early life
<mask> was born in Surry Hills, Sydney, New South Wales, to Elizabeth Jane (née Anderson) and Arthur Hoffman <mask>. His mother was born in Ireland, while his father – who worked as a painter and decorator – was born in England. <mask> attended the Crown Street Superior Public School until the age of thirteen, when he left school to work in the textile industry. He eventually became the manager of one of the factories owned by James Anderson Murdoch. In October 1916, <mask> joined the Australian Imperial Force and served on the Western Front from December 1917 in the 5th Field Artillery Brigade. He was promoted to sergeant in May 1918, and rowed in the Royal Henley Peace Regatta in 1919.After returning to Australia and taking his discharge, <mask> married Mary Cook McCall in 1920. Political career

1930s
Although <mask> had not previously been politically active, in 1931 he established a branch of Joseph Lyons' All for Australia League in the Sydney suburb of Auburn, within Jack Lang's electorate, with police protection. In the December 1931 general elections he defeated Walter Marks for the House of Representatives seat of Wentworth, although both had been endorsed by the United Australia Party (UAP). He was appointed Minister for the Interior from 12 October 1934 in Lyons' second ministry, but lost the position on 9 November 1934 in Lyons' third Ministry, created to accommodate the Country Party. During this period he banned the entry of the Czechoslovakian anti-fascist campaigner, Egon Kisch into Australia. In November 1938, <mask> became Minister without portfolio administering External Territories, and in April 1939 was appointed Postmaster-General and Minister for Repatriation in Robert Menzies' first ministry, when the Country Party left the coalition. World War II
When the Country Party returned to the Coalition in March 1940, <mask> was again left out of the ministry.He became Minister for Trade and Customs in Menzies third ministry in October 1940. He is notable for making available a newsprint ration for Ezra Norton's Daily Mirror in 1941, while tightening overall newsprint rationing. <mask> was a strong supporter of Menzies, as he continued to be after World War II. He went into opposition with the defeat of the Fadden government in October 1941 and almost lost his seat to suffragette and Australian Labor Party candidate Jessie Street in December 1943. <mask> was commissioned as an officer in the Militia in 1940 and in 1942 and 1943 he was a full-time liaison officer with the United States military forces in Australia. On one occasion he wore a uniform in Canberra, causing Eddie Ward to denounce him as a fake soldier and to accuse him of having been a member of the New Guard. His wife died in 1941 and in October 1944 he married Linda Ruth Yardley, née Fullerton, a widow and a businesswoman.He became deputy leader of the UAP in April 1944. When the UAP was folded into the Liberal Party of Australia in late 1944, <mask> became its first deputy leader, holding the position until 1956. He was the longest serving Liberal Party Deputy Leader until his record was broken by Peter Costello in 2006. He was a vocal critic of the Curtin and Chifley governments. Post-war

Following the Liberal Party's win in the December 1949 election, <mask> became the third-ranking member of the government, behind Menzies and Country Party leader Arthur Fadden. He served as Minister for Postwar Reconstruction (until March 1950) and Minister for Defence in the Menzies ministry. From April 1950 until March 1951 he was resident in London, and in October 1950 he moved from the Defence portfolio to become Minister for the Interior.In May 1951, he became Minister for Defence Production and Vice-President of the Executive Council in Menzies' fifth ministry and the inaugural Leader of the House. From November 1955 to February 1956, he was also Minister for the Army and Minister for the Navy. <mask> was acting prime minister for two weeks in June 1954, when Menzies was in New Zealand and Fadden was recovering from injuries sustained in a car accident. Later life
<mask> resigned from parliament in 1956 and became Australian High Commissioner in London, where he was an outspoken advocate of the "Old Commonwealth". The <mask>s returned to Australia in September 1964 and moved to the Sydney suburb of Castle Cove. He died at Chatswood of Parkinson's disease and was survived by his wife and the three daughters of his first marriage. One of his daughters was Shirley Walters, a Senator for Tasmania 1975–93.Honours
<mask> was made a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) in 1954 as a result of being minister in charge of the royal visit of Queen Elizabeth II. This was an honour within the Queen's personal gift. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) in 1961 for his service as High Commissioner to the UK. Notes

1892 births
1974 deaths
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
United Australia Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Wentworth
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Leaders of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Cabinet of Australia
Australian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Australian Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
Australian Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Australian politicians awarded knighthoods
High Commissioners of Australia to the United Kingdom
Permanent Representatives of Australia to the International Maritime Organization
Defence ministers of Australia
20th-century Australian politicians

masks:
Eric John Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison


text_chunks:
<mask> (; née <mask>; born September 18, 1971) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles in A Different World (1991–1993), The Nutty Professor (1996), as Niobe in The Matrix Reloaded (2003), The Matrix Revolutions (2003) and The Matrix Resurrections (2021), Gotham (2014–2017) and Girls Trip (2017). In 2018, <mask> began co-hosting the Facebook Watch talk show Red Table Talk, for which she has received a Daytime Emmy Award from seven nominations. Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2021. Her other notable roles include a guest appearance on the short-lived sitcom True Colors (1990), Menace II Society (1993), Set It Off (1996), Scream 2 (1997), Ali (2001), Collateral (2004), the Madagascar films (2005–2012), Hawthorne (2009–2011), Magic Mike XXL (2015), Bad Moms (2016), and Angel Has Fallen (2019). <mask> launched her music career in 2002, when she helped create the heavy metal band Wicked Wisdom, for which she was a singer and songwriter. Along with her husband <mask>, she has a production company, and has had producing credits in films, documentaries, and television series.She also wrote a children's book, Girls Hold Up This World, which was published in 2004, and landed at number two on The New York Times Best Seller list. Since 1997, <mask> <mask> has been married to <mask>, with whom she has two children: son Jaden and daughter Willow. Through their marriage, she is also stepmother to <mask>'s son from his earlier marriage, <mask>. Early life and family
Born in Baltimore, Maryland, <mask> <mask> <mask> was named after her mother's favorite soap opera actress, <mask> Rowland. <mask> <mask> is of Jamaican and Bajan descent on her mother's side and African-American descent on her father's side. Her parents are Adrienne Banfield-Jones, the head nurse of a Baltimore inner-city clinic, and Robsol <mask> Jr., who ran a construction company. Banfield-Jones, who during the 2010s became Adrienne Banfield-Norris, became pregnant in high school; the couple married but divorced after several months.Banfield-Jones raised <mask> with the help of her own mother, Marion Martin Banfield, a Jamaican-born social worker. Banfield noticed her granddaughter's passion for the performing arts and enrolled her in piano, tap dance, and ballet lessons. <mask> <mask> has remained close to her mother and said, "A mother and daughter's relationship is usually the most honest, and we are so close." She also added: "[My mother] understood what I wanted and never stood in my way." She participated as the maid of honor in Banfield-Norris's 1998 wedding to Paul Jones, a telecommunications executive. <mask> <mask> has shown great admiration for her grandmother, saying, "My grandmother was a doer who wanted to create a better community and add beauty to the world." <mask> <mask> attended the Baltimore School for the Arts, where she met and became close friends with her classmate, rapper Tupac Shakur.When she met Shakur, she was a drug dealer. Her mother had been a heroin addict. She majored in dance and theatre and graduated in 1989. After graduation, she spent a year at the North Carolina School of the Arts. Acting career

Beginnings (1990–1995)

<mask> began her acting career in 1990, when she starred in an episode of True Colors. She received guest roles in television shows such as Doogie Howser, M.D. (1991) and 21 Jump Street (1991), and earned a role on comedian Bill Cosby's NBC television sitcom A Different World in 1991, as college freshman Lena James.In 1994, <mask> <mask> acted with Keenen Ivory Wayans in the action and comedy film A Low Down Dirty Shame. She described her character, Peaches, as "raw" with "major attitude", and her acting garnered positive reviews. The New York Times wrote, "Ms. <mask>, whose performance is as sassy and sizzling as a Salt-N-Pepa recording, walks away with the movie." In 1994, she also starred as a title character in Doug McHenry's romantic drama Jason's Lyric (1994), opposite Allen Payne; in 1995, played a convict on work release in the horror film Demon Knight (1995). In his review of the former film, Roger Ebert praised the chemistry between Payne and <mask> <mask>, writing: "[He] has powerful chemistry with the enigmatic, teasing, tender character played by Pinkett; they really seem to like one another, which is not a feeling you always pick up in screen romances". Rise to prominence (1996–2003)
<mask> <mask> starred with actor and comedian Eddie Murphy in the 1996 remake of The Nutty Professor, portraying the love interest of a kindhearted university professor who is morbidly obese. The film was a commercial success, earning $25 million in its first weekend in North America and eventually $274 million worldwide.She also had a lead role in Set It Off (1996), a crime drama about four women who rob banks to escape from poverty, opposite Queen Latifah, Vivica A. Fox, and Kimberly Elise. Her acting in the film was noted in the San Francisco Chronicle, which wrote that she was "the one to watch". Budgeted at $9 million, Set It Off made $41 million globally. In 1997, <mask> <mask> had a cameo role in Scream 2 as a college student who is brutally murdered in front of hundreds of filmgoers. The film made more than $100 million at the North American box office. In 1998, she played a news reporter in the thriller Return to Paradise, with Joaquin Phoenix and Vince Vaughn, and took on the title role of an extroverted woman, alongside Tommy Davidson, in the comedy Woo.While favorably reviewing her performance in Woo, Derek Armstrong of AllMovie wrote that the script was "formulaic" and "not much of a vehicle for its impish starlet". She next starred in Spike Lee's film Bamboozled (2000) as a personal assistant to the main character, played by Damon Wayans. Although the film met with mediocre reviews, it won the National Board of Review's Freedom of Expression Award. In 2001, <mask> <mask> portrayed a loud-mouthed wife in the moderately successful comedy Kingdom Come, with LL Cool J, Vivica A. Fox, Anthony Anderson, Toni Braxton, and Whoopi Goldberg. In the biographical sports drama Ali (also 2001), she played Sonji Roi, the first wife of boxer Muhammad Ali, opposite <mask>. While she loved the final product, she initially did not think she was the right person for the role: "I felt like because we were a couple off screen, for people to see us together on the screen in a movie like this, would take people out of the movie, that people would see Will and <mask> there—they wouldn't see Ali and Sonji".Perhaps her best-known role to date is the part of human rebel Niobe in the films The Matrix Reloaded (2003) and The Matrix Revolutions (2003), sequels to 1999's The Matrix, and the related video game Enter The Matrix (2003). The character was written specifically with <mask> <mask> in mind. Directly after she filmed her scenes for Ali, <mask> <mask> flew to Australia to work on the Matrix sequels. The sequels earned over $91 million and $48 million during their North American opening weekends, respectively. Acting, producing, and directing (2004–2013)
In the neonoir thriller Collateral (2004), alongside Jamie Foxx and Tom Cruise, <mask> <mask> played a U.S. Justice Department prosecutor and the target of a contract killer. The film was a critical and commercial success, grossing $217.8 million worldwide. She voiced Gloria, a strong, confident, but sweet hippopotamus, in the computer animated film Madagascar (2005).Tom McGrath, one of the film's directors, said they found all these traits in her voice when they listened to her. Despite a mixed response from critics, the film was a commercial success, earning $532 million worldwide, making it one of the biggest hits of 2005. In 2007, she played the wife of an affluent dentist in the drama Reign Over Me, with Adam Sandler, Don Cheadle, Liv Tyler, and Donald Sutherland. Entertainment Weekly called the film a "strange, black-and-blue therapeutic drama equally mottled with likable good intentions and agitating clumsiness", and found <mask> <mask> "graceful" in it. In 2008, <mask> <mask> took on the role of a lesbian author in the all-female comedy The Women, opposite Meg Ryan, Annette Bening, Debra Messing, and Eva Mendes. Though a commercial success, The Women was panned by critics, with <mask> <mask> earning a nomination for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress for her performance. Her directorial debut was the drama The Human Contract (also 2008); she also wrote, and starred as the sister of a successful but unhappy businessman, with Paz Vega and Idris Elba.It debuted at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2008. The success of Madagascar led <mask> <mask> to return to the role of Gloria in the 2008 sequel Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa, which earned US$603 million at the international box office. <mask> <mask> was an executive producer and starred as a Chief Nursing Officer in the TNT medical drama Hawthorne, which premiered on June 16, 2009. USA Today remarked:  "<mask> <mask>'s Hawthorne is tired in every sense of the word, and she's not the only one. Every character and event falls under the category of painfully predictable". Hawthorne ended on August 16, 2011, after three seasons. While she reprised the voice role of Gloria in Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (2012), which made over US$746 million, she also voiced the character in the NBC Christmas special Merry Madagascar (2009) and the direct-to-DVD film Madly Madagascar (2013).Commercial success (2014–present)
Beginning in 2014, <mask> <mask> starred in the first season of the FOX crime drama Gotham, as Gotham City gangster Fish Mooney. She returned, recurrently, in the second and third seasons of the series. In 2015, she starred in the comedy Magic Mike XXL, as the manager of a star stripper club, opposite Channing Tatum and Joe Manganiello. The film made US$122.5 million worldwide. She starred with Mila Kunis, Kristen Bell and Christina Applegate in the comedy Bad Moms (2016), as the sidekick of a domineering parent-teacher association head. It received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the cast and humor, though did not feel it could "take full advantage of its assets". The film, nevertheless, earned more than US$183.9 million.<mask> <mask> next took on the role of a nurse and uptight mom in the comedy Girls Trip (2017), alongside Regina Hall, Queen Latifah and Tiffany Haddish. The film was chosen by Time magazine as one of its top ten films of 2017, and grossed US$140 million worldwide, including over US$100 million domestically, the first comedy of 2017 to do so. In July 2017, <mask> <mask> appeared at the Essence Festival where, on the Empowerment Stage, she appeared to talk alongside Queen Latifah. <mask> <mask> spoke highly of the cast reflecting their characters in real life, stating that they are all women who love other women and

masks:
Jada Koren Pinkett Smith
Pinkett
Pinkett Smith
Pinkett Smith
Will Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Will Smith
Smith
Trey Smith
Jada
Pinkett
Smith
Jada
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Pinkett
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Will Smith
Jada
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith


text_chunks:
 work to empower each other, a feature that she notes as rare in Hollywood. Beginning in May 2018, <mask> <mask> has hosted the Facebook Watch talk show Red Table Talk, which features her mom and her daughter and focuses on a wide range of topics, with these being watched from three different perspectives. In a positive review, USA Todays Maeve McDermott praised the series for its "insightful guests, no-holds-barred topics and <mask>'s magnetic hosting presence". Musical career

Under the name <mask> Koren, <mask> <mask> formed the metal band Wicked Wisdom in 2002.The band consists of <mask> <mask> performing lead vocals, Pocket Honore (guitar, vocals), Cameron "Wirm" Graves (guitar, keyboard, vocals), and Rio (bass, vocals). The band is managed by James Lassiter and Miguel Melendez of Overbrook Entertainment, a company co-founded by <mask> <mask>'s husband <mask>. The band's self-titled debut album was released on February 21, 2006, by <mask> <mask>'s production company 100% Womon and Suburban Noize Records. <mask> served as the project's executive producer. The album made it to Billboard's Top Heatseekers chart, and peaked at number 44 during the week of March 11, 2006. AllMusic reviewer Alex Henderson said of the album, "[<mask> <mask>] shows herself to be an expressive, commanding singer" and that "[Wicked Wisdom] shows considerable promise". The band promoted the album in 2006, touring with heavy metal band Sevendust.Onyx Hotel Tour
Wicked Wisdom landed a slot on Britney Spears' Onyx Hotel Tour in 2004, one of the year's highest-profile tours. The band opened for Spears for eight dates in April and May 2004, during the European leg of the tour. Ozzfest 2005
In 2005, Sharon Osbourne went to see Wicked Wisdom perform at a small nightclub in Los Angeles. She said, "I was blown away. When you see and hear <mask> with her band it's apparent that she has nothing but love and respect for this genre of music". In May 2005 organizers announced Wicked Wisdom would perform on the second stage of 2005's Ozzfest. Fans of the festival were outraged, claiming the band did not have the credibility to perform at the music festival.Aware of the questions about the band's addition to Ozzfest, <mask> <mask> said, "I'm not here asking for any favors. You've got to show and prove. And not every audience is going to go for it." Wicked Wisdom's guitarist Pocket Honore said while early dates of the tour were rocky, "once word got out that we weren't a joke, people started coming out and by the sixth or seventh gig we were on fire". <mask> <mask> agreed, saying, "After seven dates within the Ozzfest tour, the whole attitude of it started to turn around once the word of mouth started getting out." Other ventures

Business
After opening her music company 100% Women Productions, <mask> <mask> created her own fashion label, Maja, in 1994. The clothing line features women's T-shirts and dresses embellished with the slogan "Sister Power", sold primarily through small catalogs.In 2003, <mask> <mask> and <mask> helped to create the television series All of Us, which aired on UPN/The CW. <mask> <mask> published her first children's book, Girls Hold Up This World, in 2004. "I wrote the book for Willow and for her friends and for all the little girls in the world who need affirmation about being female in this pretty much masculine world. I really tried to capture different sides of femininity. I want girls in the world to feel powerful, to know they have the power to change the world in any way they wish." In 2005, <mask> <mask> became one of many celebrities to invest a combined total of US$10 million in Carol's Daughter, a line of beauty products created by Lisa Price. She became a spokesman for the beauty line, and said, "To be a part of another African American woman's dream was just priceless to me."Philanthropy
In 1997, <mask> <mask> was the emcee of the Million Woman March in Philadelphia. Together with Will, <mask> <mask> has created the Will and Jada Smith Family Foundation in Baltimore, Maryland, a charity which focuses on youth in urban inner cities and family support. Her aunt, Karen Banfield Evans, is the foundation's executive director. The charity was awarded the David Angell Humanitarian Award by The American Screenwriters Association (ASA) in 2006. The Will and Jada Smith Family Foundation has provided grants to non-profit organizations such as YouthBuild, and <mask> <mask> has made personal donations to organizations such as Capital K-9s. In 2006, <mask> <mask> donated $1 million to her high school alma mater, the Baltimore School for the Arts, and dedicated the new theater to her classmate and close friend Tupac Shakur. When <mask> <mask>'s aunt, Karen Banfield Evans, was diagnosed with lupus, the Will and Jada Smith Family Foundation, in association with the Lupus Foundation of America and Maybelline, held the first annual "Butterflies Over Hollywood" event on September 29, 2007, at the El Rey Theatre in Los Angeles.The event raised funds for LFA public and professional educational programs. The Will and Jada Smith Family Foundation was presented with an award in 2007 at the 4th Annual Lupus Foundation of America Awards. In 2012, on behalf of PETA, <mask> <mask> wrote a letter to Baltimore's mayor, asking that the visiting Ringling Brothers Circus "comply with Baltimore's absolute prohibition of the use of devices such as bullhooks" and not harm the elephants. In 2013, she appeared in a video clip for Gucci's "Chime for Change" campaign that aims to raise funds and awareness of women's issues globally. Personal life
<mask> <mask> had a close friendship with rapper Tupac Shakur that formed while they attended the Baltimore School for the Arts. She later appeared in his music videos "Keep Ya Head Up" (1993) and "Temptations" (1995). In 1995, she contributed $100,000 towards Shakur's bail as he awaited an appeal on his sexual abuse conviction.<mask> <mask> stated in the 2003 documentary Tupac: Resurrection that he was "one of my best friends. He was like a brother. It was beyond friendship for us. The type of relationship we had, you only get that once in a lifetime." <mask> <mask> dated former basketball player Grant Hill while he attended Duke University. Family

She met <mask> in 1994 on the set of <mask>'s television show The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, when she auditioned for the role of his character's girlfriend, Lisa Wilkes. She was considered too short and the role went to actress Nia Long.Will and <mask> later began dating after he separated from Sheree Fletcher. Prior to this, Will had developed an attraction to <mask>, but did not act on it. <mask> eventually moved from her hometown of Baltimore to California to be with him. On December 31, 1997, while <mask> was three months pregnant, about 100 guests attended their wedding at The Cloisters, near her hometown of Baltimore, Maryland. Regarding her marriage, <mask> said that they are "private people" and told one interviewer, "I will throw my career away before I let it break up our marriage. I made it clear to Will. I'd throw it away completely".The pair produce films through their joint production company, Overbrook Entertainment and Westbrook Inc. In April 2013, <mask> <mask> caused many to believe she and Will were in an open marriage after stating in an interview: "I've always told Will, 'You can do whatever you want as long as you can look at yourself in the mirror and be okay'. Because at the end of the day, Will is his own man. I'm here as his partner, but he is his own man". However, she denied such, clarifying her statements on Facebook, writing: "Open marriage? The statement I made in regard to, 'Will can do whatever he wants', has illuminated the need to discuss the relationship between trust and love and how they co-exist". <mask> and Will have two children, Jaden (born 1998), and Willow (born 2000).She is also the stepmother of <mask>, Will's son from a previous marriage. Will commented in 2008 on their parenting styles: "We're not strict but we definitely believe it's a very important component for rearing children. It creates safety for them. They understand that they need guidance." The family resides in a  home, on , in Malibu. Controversy
In May 2014, <mask> and Will's parenting skills were questioned when Moisés Arias, who was 20 at the time, was photographed shirtless in a bed with then-13-year-old <mask>, which triggered an investigation by the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services. Scientology
After meeting Tom Cruise during the filming of Collateral in 2004, Pinkett <mask> and <mask> donated US$20,000 to the Hollywood Education and Literacy Program (HELP), Scientology's basis for homeschooling.Affairs
In late June 2020, singer August Alsina claimed that he and <mask> had been involved in an affair in 2016, with <mask>'s permission. A spokesman for <mask> <mask> denied the claims, saying they were "absolutely not true". On July 10, during an episode of Red Table Talk featuring <mask>, <mask> <mask> confirmed an "entanglement" with Alsina during her separation from Will, although not with Will's permission. <mask> said Alsina misconstrued it as permission because she and Will were "separated amicably". <mask> <mask> further claimed she wanted to "heal" Alsina, but needed to find healing for herself first. She eventually got back with Will after breaking things off with Alsina and stated she has not spoken to him since. After <mask> <mask>'s use of the word "entanglement" went viral on the Internet, Alsina released a collaboration titled "Entanglements" with rapper Rick Ross on July 19, 2020, singing "The definition of entanglement is when you get tangled in the sheets".In 2021, <mask> <mask> stated that she was guilty of having an affair with a man; <mask> also admitted to having had sex outside the marriage as well. Filmography

Awards and nominations

References

External links

Wicked Wisdom
New Village Leadership Academy

1971 births
Living people
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from Los Angeles
Actresses from Baltimore
African-American women singer-songwriters
<mask>
African-American film producers
African-American rock singers
American women heavy metal singers
Musicians from Baltimore
Philadelphia 76ers owners
Singers from Los Angeles
American women rock singers
American heavy metal singers
American television actresses
African-American actresses
American film actresses
American voice actresses
African-American businesspeople
American women in business
Nu metal singers
American women film producers
American film producers
Television producers from California
American women television producers
Comedians from Maryland
Singer-songwriters from Maryland
Time 100
21st-century African-American women singers
University of North Carolina alumni
Singer-songwriters from

masks:
Pinkett
Smith
Smith
Jada
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Will Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Will Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Jada
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Will Smith
Smith
Jada
Jada
Jada
Jada
Jada
Pinkett
Smith
Jada
Trey Smith
Jada
Willow Smith
Smith
Smith
Jada
Will Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Will Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Jada
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Pinkett
Smith
Will Smith
Will Smith


text_chunks:
<mask> (born November 30, 1941) is a former senior writer and correspondent for People magazine and People en Español. He is also a highly regarded author whose novel The Road to Tamazunchale has been recognized as a milestone in Chicano literature. About Arias' most recent work of fiction, The Wetback and Other Stories (2016), author Paul Theroux writes, "I felt reading these wonderful stories that I was admitted to an adjacent neighborhood, a rich culture that is another world—call it Amexica—both mysterious and magical, that is persuasive through its tenderness. My hope is that <mask> continues to write short stories that tell us who we are." Early life
A Los Angeles native, Arias spent his early years in a neighborhood located between the Los Angeles River and Elysian Park known as Frog Town or Elysian Valley, the allegorical setting for much of his fictional work. Career

Journalism
<mask>' journalism career began in 1962 in Argentina working for the English-language daily newspaper, Buenos Aires Herald. Later, he became a Peace Corps volunteer near Cusco, Peru, contributing to the Christian Science Monitor an eyewitness account of a massacre of farmers by government troops.He also worked for a year on the Daily Journal in Caracas, Venezuela, thereafter publishing as a freelancer to various publications, including The Nation, the Los Angeles Times, Hispanic Link, and Nuestro magazine. In 1985 <mask> began work as a People magazine senior writer with a global beat. His feature byline stories focused on all manner of people in war, famine, hurricanes, earthquakes and other calamities. Of his time as the magazine's parachute journalist, Arias has said, "On every continent, I covered five wars, famine, earthquakes, hurricanes, all kinds of disasters in Haiti, Somalia, Ethiopia, Australia, Vietnam, Moscow, you name it." His first major disaster article was the 1985 Mexico City earthquake, which he was assigned simply because he was the only staff member fluent in Spanish. Literary work
Arias' work is influenced by twentieth-century Latin American literature and he has been called "a post-modernist who integrates in his fiction a keen eye for actual Mexican-American experience." The Road to Tamazunchale
<mask>' best known work is the novel The Road to Tamazunchale, for which numerous critical studies exist.The Road to Tamazunchale depicts the last days of Fausto Tejada, an old widower being cared for by his teenage niece in Los Angeles and occasionally visited by the spirit of his dead wife. Fausto spends his final days in a number of fantastic scenarios that suggest magic realism. Tamazunchale, while a real place, serves here as a metaphorical place, a magical place where wishes come true but that can never really be reached; the real town is never shown in the novel, but is used in the fantastical play that Fausto and his neighbors create called "The Road to Tamazunchale". The novel radically breaks with the tradition of Chicano literature that focuses on learning to understand reality, constructing a Chicano version of history and bringing order to the world. Instead, Arias' protagonist is more a creator of worlds than an interpreter of them. Chicano Literature: A Reference Guide'''s entry for Arias describes The Road to Tamazunchale as a breakthrough work of Chicano fiction:

A feature film adaptation of The Road to Tamazunchale entitled Fausto's Road is in the works. The Wetback and Other Stories
According to Arias himself, The Wetback and Other Stories, a collection of short stories inspired by the Mexican-American denizens of the Elysian Valley of his youth, is an attempt to "bridge the white world and the darker Spanish-speaking world":

Personal life
While a student at UCLA, Arias met and quickly married his wife Joan, then working towards her doctorate in Hispanic languages and literature.Their only son is filmmaker <mask>, currently residing in Tokyo, Japan. Arias is an accomplished potter (retiring from People having ignited a previously dormant passion for the fine arts). Awards and honors
1975 National Book Award, nominee, The Road to Tamazunchale
1975 University of California, Irvine, Chicano/Latino Literary Prize, first prize, The Wetback
2003 Latino Literary Hall of Fame Award, best biography, Moving Target2004 Los Angeles Press Club Award for wire service/daily or weekly newspaper bureau, People magazine's coverage of the Laci Peterson murder
2016 Peace Corps Award, The Wetback and Other StoriesList of works
FictionThe Road to Tamazunchale (1975) — Arias' seminal novel about the fantastical journeys of an old man approaching death, National Book Award nominee.The Wetback and Other Stories (2016) — a collection of short fiction about the Mexican-American inhabitants of Los Angeles' Elysian Valley neighborhood. Martinez, Eliud; "<mask>' The Road to Tamazunchale: Novel of the New Reality"  Latin American Literary Review, 1977; 10: 51-63. Gingerich, Willard. "Aspects of Prose Style in Three Chicano Novels: Pocho, Bless Me, Ultima, and The Road to Tamazunchale"  pp. 206–228 IN: Ornstein-Galicia, Jacob (ed.); Metcalf, Allan (bibliog. ); Form and Function in Chicano English. Rowley, MA: Newbury House; 1984. Nieto, Eva Margarita. "The Dialectics of Textual Interpolation in <mask>' The Road to Tamazunchale" pp. 239–246 IN: Lattin, Vernon E. (ed.); Contemporary Chicano Fiction: A Critical Survey. Binghamton, NY: Bilingual; 1986. Lerat, Christian. "Ultime va-et-vient entre l'ici et l'ailleurs dans The Road to Tamazunchale" pp. 189–202 IN: Béranger, Jean (ed. ); L'Ici et l'ailleurs: Multilinguisme et multiculturalisme en Amérique du Nord. Bordeaux: Presses de l'Université de Bordeaux; 1991.Fabre, Geneviève; "Leave-Taking and Retrieving in The Road to Tamazunchale and The Ultraviolet Sky"  The Bilingual Review/La Revista Bilingüe, 1991 May-Dec; 16 (2-3): 171-79. Herrera, Andrea O'Reilly; "<mask>' The Road to Tamazunchale and the Idea of Death"  The Americas Review: A Review of Hispanic Literature and Art of the USA, 1994 Fall-Winter; 22 (3-4): 114-24. Martín-Rodríguez, Manuel M. "Border Crisscrossing: The (Long and Winding) Road to Tamazunchale". pp. 181–206 IN: Hawley, John C. (ed. and introd. ); Cross-Addressing: Resistance Literature and Cultural Borders''.Albany, NY: State U of New York P; 1996. External links
Peace Corps Online (accessed March 2008)
UCLA bio (accessed March 2008)

American writers of Mexican descent
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American male writers
Living people
1941 births
University of Barcelona alumni
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
American magazine journalists
Hispanic and Latino American novelists
Hispanic and Latino American journalists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
21st-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers

masks:
Ronald Francis Arias
Ron Arias
Arias
Arias
Arias
Michael Arias
Ron Arias
Ron Arias
Ron Arias


text_chunks:
<mask> (; born 28 August 1942) is an Angolan politician who served as the president of Angola from 1979 to 2017. As President, <mask> was also the commander in chief of the Angolan Armed Forces (FAA) and President of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), the party that has ruled Angola since it gained independence in 1975. He was the second-longest-serving president in Africa, surpassed only by President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo of Equatorial Guinea, who took power less than two months before <mask>. Early life and education
<mask>, born in what is today the district of Sambizanga in Luanda, is the son of <mask> and <mask>. He attended primary school in Luanda, and received his secondary education at the Liceu Salvador Correia, today called Mutu ya Kevela. While in school, <mask> joined the MPLA, which marked the beginning of his political career. Due to repression by the colonial government, <mask> went into exile in neighbouring Congo-Brazzaville in 1961.From there he collaborated with the MPLA and soon became an official member of the party. To continue with his education he moved to the Soviet Union, where by 1969, he received degrees in petroleum engineering and in radar communications, from the Azerbaijan Oil and Chemistry Institute in Baku, Azerbaijan. Military career
In 1970, he returned to Angola, which was still a Portuguese territory known as the Overseas Province of Angola. He served for three years in the MPLA's EPLA guerrilla force (Exército Para a Libertação de Angola), later known as the People's Armed Forces for the Liberation of Angola (FAPLA), the military wing of the MPLA, becoming a radio transmitter in the second political-military region of the MPLA in Cabinda Province. In 1974, he was promoted to sub-commander of the telecoms service of the second region. He was the MPLA representative to Yugoslavia, Zaire and the People's Republic of China before he was elected to the Central Committee and Politburo of the MPLA in Moxico in September 1974. Political career

Early positions
In June 1975, <mask> became coordinator of the MPLA's Department of Foreign Affairs; he also coordinated the MPLA's Department of Health at this time.Upon Angolan independence in November 1975, the MPLA held power in Luanda, but the new MPLA government faced a civil war with the other political formations, the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA). The same year, Dos <mask> was appointed as Angola's first Minister of Foreign Affairs upon independence, and in this capacity he played a key role in obtaining diplomatic recognition for the MPLA government in 1975–76. At the MPLA's First Congress in December 1977, <mask> <mask> was re-elected to the Central Committee and Politburo. In December 1978, he was moved from the post of First Deputy Prime Minister in the government to that of Minister of Planning. After the death of Angola's first president, Agostinho Neto, on 10 September 1979, <mask> <mask> was elected president of the MPLA on 20 September 1979, and he took office as President of Angola, and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces on 21 September. He was also elected as President of the People's Assembly on 9 November 1980. Peace process
The biggest issue he had to cope with was the ongoing conflict with the main rival liberation movement, the National Union for the Total Integration of Angola (UNITA).UNITA, led by Jonas Savimbi and supported by South Africa and the United States, never fully recognized the legitimacy of MPLA as the ruling government of Angola and triggered several armed conflicts over the years to express its opposition. The resulting 27-year civil war ravaged the country and the Angolan economy. The war was also marked by intense foreign intervention, since the Soviet Union and Cuba backed the MPLA government and the US and South Africa supported UNITA as a way to limit the expansion of Soviet influence in Africa. On 29 and 30 September 1992, after 16 years of fighting that killed up to 300,000 people, elections were held in Angola, under United Nations supervision. <mask> <mask> won the election against his main rival, Jonas Savimbi (49.57% vs. 40.07%). However, as he had not reached the absolute majority, a second round would have been necessary for his becoming the constitutional president. This second round never took place, as UNITA declared it did not recognize the election.A three-day war then started, during which the Halloween Massacre occurred, when tens of thousands of UNITA protestors were killed nationwide by MPLA forces. Savimbi then decided to give up on the elections, alleging voting fraud, and immediately resumed the civil war. Meanwhile, <mask> remained in office. In 1993, while Savimbi and UNITA refused to give up territory won through battle, the United States, involved in settling peace talks between the two rival parties and leaders in order to work out a power-sharing arrangement, decided to withdraw their support from UNITA and officially recognize <mask> and the MPLA government as the official ruling body in Angola. The death of UNITA's leader Jonas Savimbi in February 2002 enabled the resumption of peace process. On April 4, the Angolan army and the rebels agreed to a ceasefire, and peace was officially declared on August 2. While recognized as an official political party by the Angolan government, UNITA agreed to demobilize its armed forces, made up of 50,000 fighters, and agreed for them to be integrated into the national security forces.Following that decision, the UN Security Council reopened United Nations offices in Angola and authorized the United Nations Mission in Angola (UNMA), aimed at consolidating peace in the country. Governance issues after end of civil war

In 2001, <mask> announced that he would step down at the next presidential election. However, in December 2003 he was reelected as head of the MPLA and no further presidential election took place, despite these being announced for 2006, then 2007, and finally 2009. After a legislative election in 2008 in which the ruling MPLA won a landslide victory, the party started working on a new constitution that was introduced early in 2010. Under the terms of the new constitution, the president is elected by first-past-the-post double simultaneous vote for the same term as the assembly, and may serve a maximum of two terms. Each participating party nominates a presidential candidate as top of its list, who must be clearly identified on the ballot paper. The top candidate of the party receiving the most votes is elected president..

<mask> <mask> reportedly escaped an assassination attempt on 24 October 2010 when a vehicle tried to intercept his car as he was returning from the beach with his family.His escort opened fire killing two passengers in the vehicle, and weapons were found on board. This incident has not been confirmed by any other source. In February–March 2011, and then again in September 2011, demonstrations against <mask> were organized in Luanda by young Angolans, mostly via the Internet. In the 2012 legislative election, his party, the MPLA, won more than two-thirds of the votes. As <mask> had been the top candidate of the party, he automatically became president, in line with the constitution adopted in 2010. In September 2014, <mask> <mask> announced the end of the cumulation of the position of provincial governor with provincial first secretary of the MPLA. This measure aimed to improve the operation of the provincial administration and the municipal administrations, as a way to adjust the governance model to a new context and bigger demand for public services.Contribution to economic development

As President, <mask> continued the task of economic and political reconstruction begun by his predecessor. In the early 1990s, <mask> progressively abandoned the Marxist ideology and established a liberalised free-market economy in Angola, setting the country on the path to becoming sub-Saharan Africa's third largest economy, following South Africa and Nigeria, the second largest African oil producer and a top destination for foreign investment in Africa. In November 2006, <mask> cofounded the African Countries Diamond Producers Association, an organization of approximately 20 African nations founded to promote market cooperation and foreign investment in the African diamond industry. <mask> <mask>'s role in the development of the oil sector was praised in London, during the opening of the first annual world conference to support the national business sector, which was held in October 2014. The name of the Angolan President was hailed for his commitment in the integration of the national entrepreneurship in the sector and staff training, as well as for his incentive towards young people's training in technical areas, namely in Petroleum Engineering. The role of the President <mask> <mask>, in the growth of the Angolan economy, was the topic of a lecture held on August 28. The Angolan economist <mask> de Morais, the lecturer, stressed the various pragmatic steps taken by the Angolan Head of State, in all stages of the complex context of the country.According to the speaker, President <mask> <mask> has always had to solve complex problems in the leadership of the country's destiny, ranging from war to the pacifying of the spirits of citizens and through economic and political stabilization. Succession
Dos <mask> announced on 11 March 2016 that he planned to retire in 2018. This timetable would mean that he would leave office after the next election, scheduled for 2017. In December 2016, the MPLA chose João Lourenço, the Minister of Defense and Vice-President of the MPLA, as the party's top candidate and therefore its presidential candidate for the 2017 legislative election, indicating that <mask> would step aside prior to 2018. Dos <mask> stated on 3 February 2017 that he would leave office following the election later in 2017, with Lourenço slated to succeed him. However, he was to remain in his post as President of the MPLA and was therefore expected to continue playing a key role at the top of Angolan politics through the leadership of the ruling party. The fact that his children <mask> <mask> and <mask> <mask> held key economic posts—Isabel heading Sonangol and <mask>o heading the Fundo Soberano de Angola—also suggested that <mask> for some time retained considerable influence.Controversial issues
Dos <mask> has been accused of leading one of the most corrupt regimes in Africa by ignoring the economic and social needs of Angola and focusing his efforts on amassing wealth for his family and silencing his opposition, while nearly 70% of the population lives on less than $2 a day. Dos <mask> became wealthy when he first took power, but only began amassing his incredibly large assets during and after the Angolan civil wars. When the ceasefire occurred and large portions of the economy were being partially privatized, he took control of several emerging companies and industries. He helped arrange similar takeovers of several other natural resource industries. Eventually the Angolan Parliament made it illegal for the president to have financial holdings in companies and organizations. In response to this, Dos <mask> supposedly began arranging for his daughter to receive the financial kickbacks and assets from these companies. Dos <mask> then began using the government to take direct control of stakes in companies offered as kickbacks which he indirectly controlled and reaped the benefits of and managed to retain large corporate assets through proxies.In what has become known as the Luanda Leaks, a vast network of more than 400 banks, companies and consultants was revealed to have engaged in money-laundering for the <mask> family. Among others, these include firms such as Banco BIC, founded by <mask> family billionaire associate Américo Amorim, Boston Consulting Group, McKinsey & Company and PwC, Eurobic as well as a shell company called Athol Limited. According to Angolan media reports, Brave Ventures, a firm run by Swiss art dealer Yves Bouvier, was also implicated in money-laundering activities in its role as a subcontractor for a French consulting firm tasked by <mask> to oversee the development of the public health system. Along with this, the government budget had grown over a decade to 69 billion dollars in 2012 through oil revenues. The International Monetary Fund reported that 32 billion in oil revenue simply went missing from the government's ledger before being tracked to have been used on "quasi-fiscal activities". Awards and recognition
Dos <mask> was praised for the major role he played in favour of the country's independence and his commitment to the promotion of peace and democracy in the country, through negotiations with opposition movements designed to put a definite end to the civil war. He has received the following awards:

 Order of Agostinho Neto
 Military Order of Saint James of the Sword (January 16, 1996, Portugal)
 Order of Prince Henry (Portugal)
 Grand Ribbon of the Order of the Republic of Serbia (2016, Serbia)
 Order of Honour (August 31, 2012, Russia)
 Order of Friendship (October 30, 2006, Russia)
 Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo (April 2010, South Africa)
 Order of Jose Marti (Cuba)

He has also received these diplomas:

 Honorary Diploma of the National Institute of Freedom
 Honorary Doctorate of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (Russia,1998)
 Honorary Diploma of the National Commission on Racial Justice of the Unified Church of Christ (USA)
 Honorary Diploma from the Federal University of Brazil

José Eduardo dos Santos was named "Man of the Year 2014" by Africa World magazine.According to the newspaper, the choice of the Angolan leader was due to his contribution to the great process of economic and democratic recovery of Angola since the end of the war. A University of Namibia Engineering and Information Technology campus in Ongwediva is named after <mask>, himself an engineer by profession, for assisting Namibia with attaining her freedom from oppression. Personal life
<mask> <mask> married three times and has six children from his wives, and one born out of wedlock. His first wife was the Russian-born Tatiana Kukanova, whom he met while studying in Azerbaijan. Dos <mask>' and Kukanova's children include <mask> <mask>, the richest woman in Africa. With Filomena Sousa, one of his children was <mask> <mask>, who served as Chair of Fundo Soberano de Angola. With Maria Luísa Abrantes Perdigão, one of his children is Angolan artist Coréon Dú.He is currently married to former fashion model and air hostess Ana Paula <mask>, whom he married in 1991. He and his family have amassed a significant personal fortune. In mid-2017, <mask> twice traveled to Barcelona in Spain on weeks-long visits that were rumored to be related to a medical problem. The government acknowledged that the first visit was related to his health. No official explanation was given for his second visit, from 3 July to 19 July. Apart from Portuguese, he is also fluent in Spanish, French and Russian. See also
List of current Angolan ministers
List of heads of state of Angola
<mask> <mask>

References

Further reading
 Fredriksen, John C. ed.Biographical Dictionary of Modern World Leaders (2003) pp 139–141. James, W. Martin. Historical dictionary of Angola  (Rowman & Littlefield, 2018). Messiant, Christine. "The <mask> <mask> Foundation: or, how Angola's regime is taking over civil society." African Affairs 100.399 (2001): 287-309. Vines, Alex, and Markus Weimer."Angola: Thirty years of <mask>." Review of African Political Economy 36,120 (2009): 287-294. Wright, George. "The Clinton administration's policy toward Angola: an assessment." Review of African Political Economy 28.90 (2001): 563-576. External links

Official webpage of MPLA
<mask> <mask> the Untold Story (Separatist website)

 Journal of Contemporary History, April 2020 (Students from Portuguese Africa in the Soviet Union)

1942 births
20th century in Angola
20th-century Angolan people
20th-century politicians
21st-century Angolan people
21st-century politicians
Angolan expatriates in France
Angolan expatriates in the Republic of the Congo
Angolan expatriates in the Soviet Union
Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University alumni
Communist rulers
Grand Crosses of the Order of Prince Henry
Living people
MPLA politicians
People of the Angolan Civil War
People from Luanda
Presidents of Angola
Presidents of the National Assembly (Angola)
Recipients of the Order of Honour (Russia)
Recipients of the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo

masks:
José Eduardo dos Santos
José Eduardo dos Santos
dos Santos
Eduardo dos Santos
Avelino Eduardo dos Santos
Jacinta José Paulino
dos Santos
dos Santos
dos Santos
Santos
Eduardo dos
Santos
José Eduardo
dos Santos
José Eduardo
dos Santos
dos Santos
dos Santos
dos Santos
José Eduardo
dos Santos
dos Santos
dos Santos
José Eduardo
dos Santos
dos Santos
dos Santos
dos Santos
José Eduardo
dos Santos
José Eduardo
dos Santos
José Pedro
Jose Eduardo
dos Santos
Santos
dos Santos
Santos
Isabel dos
Santos
José Filomeno
dos Santos
José Filomen
dos Santos
Santos
Santos
Santos
Santos
dos Santos
dos Santos
dos Santos
Santos
dos Santos
José Eduardo
dos Santos
Santos
Isabel dos
Santos
José Filomeno
dos Santos
dos Santos
dos Santos
Isabel dos
Santos
Eduardo dos
Santos
dos Santos
José Eduardo
dos Santos


text_chunks:
<mask><mask> (; born  September 3, 1936) was born in Taiwan and grew up in a small village in Guangdong, China.He is a poet.He published his first book of english poems in 1995. Engineering research career
Marr was educated in Taiwan and came to the United States in 1961 as an engineering student. After receiving his master's degree in mechanical engineering from Marquette University in 1963, he worked for Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co. in Milwaukee, developing safety and control systems for nuclear power plants. He entered the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1967 and received  his PhD degree in nuclear engineering two years later. In 1969, he joined Argonne National Laboratory as a researcher, working in the area of energy and environmental systems, including Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor safety research,  and electric hybrid vehicle development. Poet and translator
Marr has devoted most of his leisure time to the translation and writing of modern poetry.He has published nineteen books of poems in his native Chinese language, all under the pen name Fei Ma , and several books of translations. He published his first book of poems in English, Autumn Window, in 1995. The book was very well received. The Chicago Tribune and several local newspapers carried favorable reviews and he was hailed by one of the Chicago critics as one of the collectible Chicago poets. Regarded as one of the leading contemporary Chinese-language poets, his poems are included in over one hundred anthologies, ranging from literary textbooks to special collections and have been translated into more than ten languages. He has also edited several anthologies of Chinese and Taiwanese modern poetry and has received several awards from Taiwan for his poetry translation and writing. He is a former president of the Illinois State Poetry Society.Artist
Since 1990, he has engaged in artistic activities such as painting and sculpting, and has held several solo and group art exhibitions in art galleries and public libraries in the Chicago area. In 2006, some of his paintings were displayed on PublicBoard.com, a Website devoted to art and literature, for the celebration of the Chinese New Year. During the 2008 Olympics, he was invited to participate in an art show at an art museum in Beijing. Publications
 In the Windy City, Chinese/English, Li Poetry Society, Taipei, Taiwan, 1975
 Selected Poems of William Marr, Taiwan Commercial Press, Taipei, Taiwan, 1983
 The White Horce, Times Publishing Company, Taipei, Taiwan, 1984
 Anthology of Fei Ma's Poetry, Joint Publishing, Hong Kong, 1984
 The Resounding Echos of Hoof Beats, Li Poetry Society, Taipei, Taiwan, 1986
 Road, Elite Publishing Co., Taipei, Taiwan, 1986
 Anthology of Short Poems by Fei Ma, Strait Art Publishing House, Fuzhou, China, 1990
 CHANSONS, translation of selected poems by Pai Chiu, Chinese/English, Giant Publishing Co., Taipei, 1972; Rock Publisher, Taipei, 1991
 Fly! Spirit, Morning Star Publishing Co., Taichung, Taiwan, 1992
 Anthology of Self-selected poems by Fei Ma, Guizhou People's Press, 1993
 Autumn Window, anthology of English poems, Arbor Hill Press, Chicago, 1995; 2nd Edition, 1996
 The Microscopic World, Taichung Cultural Center, Taichung, Taiwan, 1998
 Let the Feast Begin—My Favorite English Poems, English/Chinese, Bookman Publishing Co., Taipei, 1999
 The Poetic Art of Fei Ma, Writers Publishing House, Beijing, China, 1999
 Not All Flowers Need to Bear Fruits, Bookman Books Co., Taipei, Taiwan, 2000
 Poems of Fei Ma, Flower City Publishing House, Guangzhou, China, 2000
 Selected Poems of William Marr, The Milkyway Publishing Co., Hong Kong, 2003
 Selected Poems of William Marr, Chinese/English, The World Contemporary Poetry Series, The Milky Way Publishing Co., Hong Kong, 2003
 Anthology of Poems by Fei Ma, National Museum of Taiwan Literature, Tainan, Taiwan, 2009
 Between Heaven and Earth, selected poems in English, PublishAmerica, Baltimore, 2010
 You Are the Wind,  Anthology of Fei Ma's Poetry, Vol. 1 (1950-1979),  Showwe, Taipei, Taiwan, 2011
 Dream Design, Anthology of Fei Ma's Poetry, Vol. 2 (1980-1989),  Showwe, Taipei, Taiwan, 2011
 The World of Grasshoppers, Anthology of Fei Ma's Poetry, Vol.3 (1990-1999), Showwe, Taipei, Taiwan, 2012
 The Sunshine Scarf, Anthology of Fei Ma's Poetry, Vol. Dominic Cheung, Columbia University Press, New York, 1987
The Voice of the Poet, Chicago Tribune (Tempo Dupage), 1996.2.25
The Nuclear Poet, Downers Grove Reporter, 1996.4.19
Going 60 in Chicago—60 Years of Poetry from The Poets Club of Chicago,. International Who's Who in Poetry and Poets' Encyclopaedia, 9th Edition. ; 2003
International Authors and Writers Who's Who—16th Edition,1999; 17th Edition, 2001;2003;2005

External links
An Interview with <mask>, by Alan Harris, http://www.poetrysky.com/interview.html
<mask>: Five Poems, published in Eastlit, August 2013, http://www.eastlit.com/eastlit-august-2013/eastlit-august-2013-content/william-marr-five-poems/
<mask>r: Five Poems, published in Eastlit, February 2014, http://www.eastlit.com/eastlit-february-2014/eastlit-february-2014-content/william-marr-poetry/
Poetry Hall First Poet Laureate <mask>，https://poetryh.com/Personages/Personages-William%20Marr%20001.htm

American male poets
Taiwanese emigrants to the United States
Living people
Marquette University alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Engineering alumni
American poets
American writers of Chinese descent
Taiwanese poets
20th-century Chinese translators
21st-century Chinese translators
Chinese science writers
American mechanical engineers
American science writers
Writers from Taichung
Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company
Republic of China poets
1936 births
American male non-fiction writers

masks:
William W
. Marr
William Marr
William Marr
William Mar
William Marr


text_chunks:
Sir <mask>  (20 July 1830 – 30 January 1916) was an English geographer, explorer and writer. He was secretary of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS) between 1863 and 1888, and later served as the Society's president for a further 12 years. In the latter capacity he was mainly responsible for organising the British National Antarctic Expedition of 1901–1904, and for launching the polar career of Robert Falcon Scott. <mask> began his career as a Royal Navy cadet and midshipman, during which time he went to the Arctic with  in one of the many searches for Franklin's lost expedition. Later, <mask> served as a geographer to the India Office, and was responsible for the collection of cinchona plants from their native Peruvian forests, and their transplantation in India. By this means the Indian government acquired a home source from which quinine could be extracted. <mask> also served as geographer to Sir Robert Napier's Abyssinian expeditionary force, and was present in 1868, at the fall of Magdala.The main achievement of <mask>'s RGS presidency was the revival at the end of the 19th century of British interest in Antarctic exploration, after a 50-year interval. He had strong and determined ideas about how the National Antarctic Expedition should be organised, and fought hard to ensure that it was run primarily as a naval enterprise, under Scott's command. To do this he overcame hostility and opposition from much of the scientific community. In the years following the expedition he continued to champion Scott's career, to the extent of disregarding or disparaging the achievements of other contemporary explorers. All his life <mask> was a constant traveller and a prolific writer, his works including histories, travel accounts and biographies. He authored many papers and reports for the RGS, and did much editing and translation work for the Hakluyt Society, of which he also became president in 1890. He received public and academic honours, and was recognised as a major influence on the discipline of geography, although it was acknowledged that much of his work was based on enthusiasm rather than scholarship.Among the geographical features bearing his name is Antarctica's Mount <mask>, named after him by Scott in 1902. Early life
<mask> was born on 20 July 1830, at Stillingfleet, Yorkshire, the second son of the Reverend David Frederick <mask>, then vicar of Stillingfleet. The family were descendants of <mask>, former Archbishop of York and royal tutor; this Court connection led to <mask>'s appointment, in 1827, as an honorary canon of Windsor. <mask>'s mother Catherine, née Milner, was the daughter of Sir William Milner, 4th Baronet, of Nun Appleton Hall, Yorkshire. In 1838, <mask> was appointed rector of Great Horkesley, near Colchester, Essex. A year later, Clements began his schooling, first at Cheam School, and later at Westminster School. Reportedly an apt pupil, he showed particular interest in geology and astronomy, and from an early age he wrote prolifically, an activity which filled much of his spare time.At Westminster, which he found "a wonderful and delightful place", he developed a particular interest in boating, often acting as coxswain in races on the River Thames. Royal Navy

Naval cadet, 1844–1850

In May 1844, <mask> was introduced by his aunt, the Countess of Mansfield, to Rear Admiral Sir George Seymour, a Lord of the Admiralty. The boy made a favourable impression on the admiral, and the meeting led to the offer of a cadetship in the Royal Navy. Accordingly, on 28 June 1844, <mask> travelled to Portsmouth to join Seymour's flagship, . Collingwood was being fitted out for an extended voyage to the Pacific Ocean where Seymour was to assume command of the Pacific station. This tour of duty lasted for almost four years. The ship reached the Chilean port of Valparaíso, the headquarters of the Pacific station on 15 December 1844, after a cruise that incorporated visits to Rio de Janeiro and the Falkland Islands, and a stormy passage in the Southern Ocean.<mask>'s social connections assured him of a relatively comfortable time; he was frequently invited to dine with the admiral, whose wife and daughters were on board. After a few weeks' respite in Valparaiso, Collingwood sailed again, this time for Callao, the main port on the Peruvian coast, giving Markham his first experience of a country that would figure prominently in his later career. During the next two years Collingwood cruised in the Pacific, visiting the Sandwich Islands, Mexico, and Tahiti, where Markham attempted to assist the nationalist rebels against their French governor. On 25 June 1846, <mask> passed the examination for midshipman, being placed third in a group of ten. The long periods spent in Chilean and Peruvian ports had also enabled him to learn Spanish. Towards the end of the voyage, <mask> experienced growing doubts about a conventional naval career; he now desired above all to be an explorer and a geographer. On arrival in Portsmouth in July 1848 he informed his father of his wish to leave the navy, but was persuaded to stay.After a brief period of service in the Mediterranean <mask> experienced months of inactivity while based at Spithead and the Cove of Cork, which further diminished his interest in the service. However, early in 1850, he learned that a squadron of four ships was being assembled to undertake a new search for the lost Arctic expedition of Sir John Franklin. <mask> used his family's influence to secure a place in this venture, and in April 1850, was informed of his appointment to , one of the squadron's two principal vessels. First Arctic voyage, 1850–1851

Sir John Franklin had left England in May 1845 with two ships,  and , in search of the Northwest Passage. The expedition was last seen on 29 July, by whalers in the northern waters of Baffin Bay, moored to an ice floe and waiting for the chance to sail westward. The hunt for the missing ships began two years later. The relief squadron which <mask> joined was commanded by Captain Horatio Austin in .<mask>'s ship Assistance was captained by Erasmus Ommanney. <mask>, as the youngest member of the expedition and its only midshipman, had a limited role, but carefully noted every detail of expedition life in his journal. The ships sailed on 4 May 1850. After rounding the southernmost point of Greenland on 28 May, the squadron proceeded northwards until stopped by ice in Melville Bay on 25 June. They were held here until 18 August, when they were finally able to proceed west into Lancaster Sound, the known route taken by Franklin. Here the ships dispersed to search different areas for signs of the vanished expedition. On 23 August, Ommanney sighted a cairn, and discovered packing materials nearby which bore the name of "Goldner", Franklin's canned meat supplier.Together with other odds and ends of abandoned equipment, these fragments were the first traces of Franklin that anyone had found. A few days later, on Beechey Island, the party came across three graves, which proved to be those of members of Franklin's crew who had died between January and April 1846. Searches continued until the ships were laid up for the long Arctic winter. During this enforced rest there were lectures and classes for the crew, and various theatrical diversions in which <mask> was able to display his "great histrionic talent". He did much reading, mainly Arctic history and classical literature, and thought about a possible return visit to Peru, a country which had captivated him during the Collingwood voyage. When spring returned, a series of sledging expeditions was launched to search for further signs of the missing crews. <mask> played a full part in these activities, which produced no further evidence of Franklin, but led to the mapping of hundreds of miles of previously uncharted coast.The expedition returned to England in early October 1851. Immediately on his return to England, <mask> informed his father of his determination to leave the navy. One of the reasons for his disaffection was the severity of the corporal punishment that was constantly administered for what in his view were trivial offences. He had been in trouble during his Collingwood service for attempting to prevent the flogging of a crewman. He had also become disenchanted by the idleness that had occupied long periods of his service. With some regret the elder <mask> consented to his son's request, and after taking and passing the gunnery part of the examination for the rank of lieutenant, <mask> resigned from the service at the end of 1851. Peruvian journeys

First journey, 1852–1853

In the summer of 1852, freed from his naval obligations, <mask> made plans for an extended visit to Peru.Supported by a gift from his father of £500 (more than £40,000 at 2008 values) to cover expenses, <mask> sailed from Liverpool on 20 August. <mask> travelled by a roundabout route, proceeding first to Halifax, Nova Scotia, then overland to Boston and New York, before taking a steamer to Panama. After crossing the isthmus of Panama, he sailed for Callao, finally arriving there on 16 October. He set out for the Peruvian interior on 7 December 1852, heading across the Andes towards his goal, the ancient Inca city of Cuzco. On the way, <mask> paused for nearly a month in the town of Ayacucho, to study the local culture and increase his knowledge of the Quechua people. He then travelled on towards Cuzco, and after crossing a swinging bridge—the Apurimac Bridge—suspended  above the raging Apurímac River, he and his party passed through fertile valleys which brought them finally to the city of Cuzco, on 20 March 1853. <mask> remained in the city for several weeks, researching Inca history, describing in his journal the many buildings and ruins that he visited.During the course of an excursion to nearby towns and ruins he reached the area of San Miguel, La Mar, Ayacucho, where he first learned of the properties of the cinchona plant, a source of quinine, cultivated in that vicinity. He finally left Cuzco on 18 May, accompanied by a party of six who, like him, were returning to Lima. Their journey took them southwards, descending the mountains to the city of Arequipa, a former Spanish colonial settlement with a mixture of native and European architecture. The city is overlooked by the conical volcano Mount Misti, which <mask> likened to Mount Fuji in Japan. On 23 June, the party reached Lima, where <mask> learned of the death of his father. He departed for England, where he arrived on 17 September. Cinchona mission, 1859–1861

The idea of introducing cinchona to India was first made in 1813, by W. Ainslie, and, years later, in 1839, John Forbes Royle suggested that it could be tried in the Nilgiris.The Indian government was spending £7000 pounds a year around 1852 when Royle made a proposal to introduce cinchona to India. By coincidence <mask> was a civil servant in the India Office, and in 1859 he made proposals to his employers for a scheme for collecting cinchona trees from the Peruvian and Bolivian Andes, and transplanting them to selected sites in India. Cinchona bark, a source of quinine, was the first known treatment for malaria and other tropical diseases. These plans were approved and <mask> was placed in charge of the operation. <mask> and his team, which included the botanist Richard Spruce and his future brother-in-law, the New Zealander Charles Bowen, left England for Peru in December 1859, arriving in Lima late in January 1860. There was danger in their enterprise; Peru and Bolivia were on the verge of war, and <mask>'s party soon experienced the hostility of Peruvian interests anxious to protect their control over the cinchona trade. This limited his sphere of operations, and prevented him from obtaining specimens of the best quality.Later Markham overcame bureaucratic obstruction to obtain the necessary export licences. <mask> returned briefly to England before sailing to India, to select suitable sites for cinchona plantations there and in Burma (now Myanmar) and Ceylon. Although many of the Indian plantations failed to flourish and were soon destroyed by insects, others survived, and were augmented by species obtained by Spruce which were more suited to Indian conditions. Twenty years after the first plantations the annual cinchona bark crop from India was estimated at . For his work in introducing cinchona to India, <mask> received a grant of £3,000 (over £200,000 in 2008 terms) from the British Government. Civil servant, geographer, traveller

India Office, 1857–1867
After the death of his father in 1853 Markham needed paid employment, and in December 1853 secured a junior clerkship in the Legacy Duty Office of the Inland Revenue at a salary of £90 per annum (around £6,000 in 2008). He found the work tedious, but after six months was able to

masks:
Clements Robert Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
William Markham
David Markham
Markham
David Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham
Markham