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<mask> (147 – 11 August 223), courtesy name Wenhe, was an official of the state of Cao Wei during the early Three Kingdoms period of China. He started his career in the late Eastern Han dynasty as a minor official. In 189, when the warlord Dong Zhuo took control of the Han central government, he assigned <mask> to the unit led by Niu Fu, his son-in-law. In 192, after Dong Zhuo was assassinated by Lü Bu, <mask> advised Li Jue, Guo Si and Dong Zhuo's loyalists to fight back and seize control of the imperial capital, Chang'an, from a new central government headed by Lü Bu and Wang Yun. After Li Jue and the others defeated Lü Bu and occupied Chang'an, <mask> served under the central government led by them. During this time, he ensured the safety of the figurehead Han emperor, Emperor Xian, who was being held hostage by Li Jue. He also attempted to prevent internal conflict between Li Jue and Guo Si, but with limited success.After Emperor Xian escaped from Chang'an, <mask> <mask> left Li Jue and briefly joined the general Duan Wei before becoming a strategist of the warlord Zhang Xiu. While serving under Zhang Xiu, he advised his lord on how to counter invasions by the warlord Cao Cao, who had received Emperor Xian in 196 and taken control of the central government. In 200, during the Battle of Guandu between Cao Cao and his rival Yuan Shao, <mask> <mask> urged Zhang Xiu to reject Yuan Shao's offer to form an alliance and instead surrender to Cao Cao. Zhang Xiu heeded his advice. <mask> <mask> then became one of Cao Cao's strategists. During his service under Cao Cao, <mask> <mask> made three important contributions. First, during the Battle of Guandu, he urged Cao Cao to switch from being on the defensive to adopting an offensive stance, which ultimately led to Cao Cao's decisive victory over Yuan Shao.Second, during the Battle of Tong Pass in 211, he suggested to Cao Cao to pretend to agree to make peace with the northwestern warlords Han Sui and Ma Chao, and then sow discord between them. Cao Cao heeded his suggestion, successfully stirred up internal conflict among the warlords, and then used the opportunity to defeat them. Thirdly, in the 210s, when Cao Cao's sons Cao Pi and Cao Zhi were fighting to be their father's successor, <mask> <mask> indirectly helped Cao Pi by giving him advice and hinting to Cao Cao that he should choose the older son to be his heir apparent. After Cao Cao's death in 220, Cao Pi ended the Eastern Han dynasty by forcing Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne to him, and founded the state of Cao Wei with himself as the emperor. As an expression of gratitude to <mask> <mask>, Cao Pi appointed him as Grand Commandant – one of the top three positions in the Wei government – and promoted him to a district marquis. Between 220 and 223, <mask> <mask> advised Cao Pi against attacking Cao Wei's rival states, Eastern Wu and Shu Han, and focus on internal development. However, Cao Pi ignored his advice and invaded Wu, but ended up sustaining heavy losses and not making any significant gains.<mask> <mask> died in 223. Early life and career
<mask> <mask> was from Guzang County (姑臧縣), Wuwei Commandery (武威郡), which is in present-day Wuwei, Gansu. In his youth, he was unimpressive and unheard of. However, Yan Zhong (閻忠), an official from Hanyang Commandery (漢陽郡; around present-day Gangu County, Gansu), felt that <mask> <mask> was extraordinary and even remarked that Jia had the brilliance of Zhang Liang and Chen Ping, two famous strategists of the early Western Han dynasty. <mask> <mask> was nominated as a xiaolian to serve in the Eastern Han government as a Gentleman Cadet (郎). However, due to illness, he quit his job and went home. On the way back, he was captured by Di rebels at Qian County (汧縣; in present-day Long County, Shaanxi) along with several other travellers.He told the rebels: "I am a maternal grandson of Lord Duan. If you let me live, my family will reward you handsomely." "Lord Duan" referred to Duan Jiong (段熲), who held the position of Grand Commandant (太尉) in the Han imperial court. As Duan Jiong had served for years as a general guarding the Han Empire's western regions, he was well known among the people living in the area. <mask> <mask> knew that the Di rebels were afraid of Duan Jiong, so he pretended to be Duan Jiong's maternal grandson. As he expected, the rebels treated him respectfully and released him. The other travellers were all killed.Service under Dong Zhuo
In 189, the warlord Dong Zhuo entered the imperial capital, Luoyang, and took control of the central government. <mask> <mask> was then serving as the Commandant (都尉) of Pingjin (平津) and an assistant official in the Grand Commandant's office. He was promoted to Colonel Who Attacks Barbarians (討虜校尉) and assigned to the unit led by Dong Zhuo's son-in-law, Niu Fu. In 192, Dong Zhuo was assassinated by Lü Bu in the imperial capital, Chang'an, while Niu Fu was murdered by his subordinates. The rest of Dong Zhuo's loyalists, including Li Jue, Guo Si and Zhang Ji, became fearful and wanted to disband and return to their respective home commanderies. <mask> <mask> told them: "I heard that the new government in Chang'an is planning to exterminate everyone from Liang Province. If all of you break up and travel alone, even a tingzhang can arrest you.Why don't you retreat to the west together? There you can gather and reorganise your forces, and then attack Chang'an to avenge Lord Dong. If you succeed, you can make use of imperial authority to conquer the rest of the Empire. If you fail, it's still not too late to escape." Dong Zhuo's loyalists agreed with <mask> <mask> and did as he suggested. They managed to defeat the new central government in Chang'an led by Lü Bu and Wang Yun, and then took control of the city. Pei Songzhi, who annotated <mask> <mask>'s biography in the Sanguozhi, strongly criticised <mask> <mask> for offering this suggestion.He argued that Dong Zhuo's death marked the end of his tyranny and a possible revival of the declining Eastern Han dynasty. However, due to <mask> <mask>'s suggestion, the Han Empire became even more chaotic after Dong Zhuo's death. Service under Li Jue
When <mask> <mask> later served as Left Adjunct (左馮翊), Li Jue and Dong Zhuo's loyalists wanted to reward him by making him a marquis, but <mask> <mask> said, "That suggestion I made was meant to save your lives. What merit have I achieved to deserve a reward?" He declined to accept the marquis title. Later on, when he was nominated to serve as a Supervisor of the Masters of Writing (尚書僕射), he said: "The Supervisor of the Masters of Writing is like a tutor to officials. I don't have a strong reputation so I am afraid I might not be able to convince people that I am suited for this appointment.What will become of the imperial court if I accept this appointment for my personal glory?" He was then assigned to be a Master of Writing (尚書) instead, and was tasked with selecting candidates to serve in the government. Li Jue and the others regarded him highly but were also wary of him. The candidates <mask> <mask> chose tend to be officials who formerly served in the previous administration. <mask> <mask> was praised for this mode of selecting government officials by retaining some continuity in appointments. When there were tensions between Li Jue, Guo Si and Fan Chou, with their respective subordinates urging them to go to war, <mask> <mask> reprimanded them for their behaviour and tried to persuade them to avoid conflict. They listened to him.When his mother died, <mask> <mask> resigned and went home for filial mourning. He was given the honorary position of a Household Counsellor (光祿大夫) by the imperial court. In 195, when conflict broke out between Li Jue and Guo Si in Chang'an, Li invited <mask> <mask> back to serve as General Who Upholds Righteousness (宣義將軍). Li Jue and his men discussed with <mask> <mask> their plan to bring Emperor Xian to their camp and use the emperor as a hostage to threaten Guo Si, but <mask> <mask> said: "No, it isn't right to hold the Emperor hostage." Li Jue refused to listen to him and went ahead. Guo Si, on the other hand, kidnapped Emperor Xian's subjects and held them hostage in his own camp. Zhang Xiu told <mask> <mask>, "You shouldn't stay here any longer.Why don't you leave?" <mask> <mask> replied, "I have received grace from the Empire, so I won't betray the Empire's trust in me. If you wish to leave, you can go. I won't leave." Li Jue used material wealth to tempt thousands of Qiang tribesmen to support him in his struggle against Guo Si. He even promised to give palace women as concubines to the tribal chiefs. When the tribesmen showed up at Chang'an, they asked: "Is the Emperor inside?General Li has promised to give us palace women as concubines. Where are they?" Emperor Xian turned to <mask> <mask> for help. <mask> <mask> secretly hosted a banquet for the tribal chiefs, gave them some expensive material gifts, and succeeded in making them leave. Li Jue lost the support of the tribal chiefs. <mask> <mask> played an important role in resolving the conflict between Li Jue and Guo Si, and in ensuring Emperor Xian's safety during the time. Later, after Emperor Xian escaped from Chang'an, Li Jue led his forces in pursuit and defeated forces led by the emperor's loyalists.He hated certain officials such as Zhao Wen (趙溫), Wang Wei (王偉), Zhou Zhong (周忠) and Rong Shao (榮邵), and wanted to execute them. <mask> <mask> advised him against it by saying: "They are the Emperor's subjects. How can you harm them?" Li Jue spared them. Brief service under Duan Wei
After Emperor Xian left Chang'an, <mask> <mask> gave up his official post and left Li Jue. He heard that the general Duan Wei (段煨), who was from the same commandery as him, was stationed at Huayin County (華陰縣; present-day Huayin, Shaanxi), so he went to Huayin County to join Duan Wei. <mask> <mask> was well known among Duan Wei's men, so Duan Wei was fearful that <mask> <mask> would seize the position of leadership from him.He pretended to treat <mask> <mask> respectfully while secretly keeping a close watch on him. <mask> <mask> knew that Duan Wei was suspicious of him, and he felt very uneasy. Around 196, the warlord Zhang Xiu was based in Nanyang Commandery (南陽郡; around present-day Nanyang, Henan). <mask> <mask> secretly contacted Zhang Xiu and conveyed his intention to join him; Zhang Xiu agreed and sent his men to receive <mask> <mask>. Before <mask> <mask> left Duan Wei, someone asked him, "(Duan) Wei treated you generously. Why are you leaving?" <mask> <mask> replied, "(Duan) Wei is suspicious by nature and he's wary of me.Even though he treats me generously now, I believe he will harm me eventually. However, if I leave now, he will be more than happy to see me gone. If I manage to help him find an external ally, he will treat my family well. (Zhang) Xiu lacks a strategist, so he definitely hopes to have me on his side. By leaving, I can protect myself and my family." Service under Zhang Xiu

Jia <mask> left Duan Wei and headed to Nanyang Commandery, where Zhang Xiu welcomed him and treated him like a family elder. As <mask> <mask> foresaw, Duan Wei was pleased to see that <mask> <mask> had not only left, but also helped him gain Zhang Xiu as an ally.<mask> <mask> urged Zhang Xiu to form an alliance with Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province, and went to speak to Liu Biao. Liu Biao treated him like an honoured guest. <mask> <mask> remarked: "(Liu) Biao has the ability to serve as a Ducal Minister in times of peace. However, he not only lacks foresight, but is also suspicious and indecisive, hence he won't be successful." Battles against Cao Cao

In 198, the warlord Cao Cao attacked Zhang Xiu again despite having suffered an earlier defeat at the Battle of Wancheng in 197. However, he pulled back his forces after learning that Tian Feng, an adviser to his rival, Yuan Shao, had urged Yuan Shao to attack Xu (許; present-day Xuchang, Henan) while he was away at war with Zhang Xiu. Zhang Xiu wanted to seize the opportunity to launch a counterattack, but <mask> <mask> warned him not to and predicted that he would be lose the battle.Zhang Xiu ignored him and led his troops to pursue Cao Cao's retreating forces. The result was just like what <mask> <mask> predicted. When Zhang Xiu came back after his defeat, <mask> <mask> told him to attack again and predicted that he would win this time. Zhang Xiu said: "I didn't listen to you earlier, which resulted in my defeat. Now that I have lost, why should I attack again?" <mask> <mask> replied: "Changes have taken place. You'll win if you swiftly attack now."Zhang Xiu heeded <mask> <mask>'s advice and attacked Cao Cao again. He won the battle this time. Zhang Xiu asked <mask> <mask>: "When I led my best troops to attack Cao Cao while he was retreating, you predicted I would lose. When I led my troops to attack Cao Cao again just after he defeated me, you predicted I would win. Your predictions turned out to be accurate. But why is it that your predictions seem so counter-intuitive?" <mask> <mask> replied: "It's easy to understand.General, you may be skilled in warfare, but you are still no match for Cao Cao. When Cao Cao withdrew his forces, I knew he would personally lead his rearguard to cover his retreat. Even though your troops are well-trained, Cao Cao is better than you as a military leader, and his troops are as equally well-trained as yours. Therefore, I knew you would lose. When Cao Cao first attacked you and decided to retreat halfway even though he didn't make any mistakes, I believed something must have happened in his base. After he defeated your pursuing forces, he would lower his guard and hastily retreat. His officers will then take command of the rearguard.They may be brave, but they are no match for you. Therefore, I knew you would win them even though you are leading a group of soldiers who have just been defeated." Zhang Xiu was very impressed with <mask> <mask>'s analysis. Persuading Zhang Xiu to surrender to Cao Cao
In 199, when Cao Cao and Yuan Shao were about to clash at the Battle of Guandu, Yuan Shao sent a messenger to meet Zhang Xiu and propose an alliance between them against Cao Cao. Zhang Xiu wanted to agree, but

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 <mask> <mask>, who was beside him, said to Yuan Shao's messenger: "I say 'No, thank you.' to Yuan Benchu. He can't even accommodate his own brother.What makes him think he can accommodate talents from around the Empire?" A shocked Zhang Xiu turned to <mask> <mask> and asked: "Why do you have to say this? What will become of me now?" <mask> <mask> replied: "Why don't you submit to Cao Cao?" Zhang Xiu asked: "Yuan Shao is powerful while Cao Cao is weak. Besides, I am also Cao Cao's enemy. What will happen if I submit to him?"<mask> <mask> replied: "That's why it is better for you to submit to Cao Cao. He controls the Empire in the name of the Emperor. This is the first reason why you should submit to him. Yuan Shao is militarily more powerful. You have less troops than him, so even if you join him, he won't regard you highly. Cao Cao has less troops. If you join him, he'll be delighted.This is the second reason why you should submit to him. A man who aspires to become a great ruler will be more willing to put aside personal enmities and make his virtues known to people. This is the third reason why you should submit to Cao Cao. I hope you won't have any more doubts." Zhang Xiu heeded <mask> <mask>'s advice and led his forces to surrender to and join Cao Cao. Service under Cao Cao
Cao Cao was very pleased to see <mask> <mask>. He held <mask> <mask>'s hand and said: "You are the person who helps to make my trustworthiness known throughout the Empire."<mask> <mask> was appointed Bearer of the Mace (執金吾) and enfeoffed as a Marquis of a Chief Village (都亭侯). He was later promoted to the position of Governor (牧) of Ji Province. As Ji Province was still under Yuan Shao's control then, <mask> <mask> served as a military adviser to Cao Cao, who then held the appointment of Minister of Works (司空). Advising Cao Cao during the Battle of Guandu
During the Battle of Guandu, when his supplies were running out after a prolonged stalemate against Yuan Shao, Cao Cao sought advice from <mask> <mask>, who said: "My lord, you're wiser than (Yuan) Shao, braver than (Yuan) Shao, better at managing people than (Yuan) Shao, and more decisive than (Yuan) Shao. You have these four strengths, but the reason why you are unable to defeat him after six months is because you have been focusing too much on defence. You should be decisive when the opportunity arises, and victory will follow soon." Cao Cao replied, "Fine."He then led his forces to attack Yuan Shao's camps, which were spread out a distance of over 30 li, and destroyed them. Cao Cao won a decisive victory over Yuan Shao at the Battle of Guandu and subsequently conquered the rest of Yuan's territories north of the Yellow River. Advising Cao Cao against attacking Sun Quan
When Cao Cao was appointed as the Governor of Ji Province after pacifying northern China, <mask> <mask> was reassigned to be a Palace Counsellor (太中大夫) instead. In 208, after Cao Cao had annexed Jing Province, he planned to press on and attack the territories in Jiangdong controlled by the warlord Sun Quan. <mask> <mask> advised him against it and said: "My lord, you have defeated the Yuans and now you have taken Jing Province. Your name spreads throughout the Empire and your military is very strong. If you follow in the footsteps of the Chu state by attracting talents to serve in the government and by improving the lives of the people, you won't need to resort to force to subdue the Jiangdong territories.They will be submit to you on their own." Cao Cao ignored <mask> <mask> and proceeded to attack Jiangdong. He lost the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs against the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei later that year. Pei Songzhi, who annotated <mask> <mask>'s biography in the Sanguozhi, argued that <mask> <mask>'s advice to Cao Cao was inappropriate. He pointed out that Cao Cao's territories lacked the stability necessary for Cao Cao to do as <mask> <mask> advised – focus on economic development in Jing Province. Moreover, Cao Cao had to deal with the external threats posed by warlords such as Han Sui and Ma Chao in the northwest. Pei Songzhi noted that Jing Province was highly unstable and would not remain under Cao Cao's control for long, because of the polarising effects of the presences of Liu Bei and Sun Quan in the region.He pointed out that during the Battle of Jiangling in 208, Cao Cao's general Cao Ren still lost Jiangling Commandery to Sun Quan and Liu Bei's forces despite his best efforts at defending it. Pei Songzhi thus concluded that it was impossible for Cao Cao to focus on economic development in Jing Province, given how unstable the region was, therefore <mask> <mask>'s advice was inappropriate. He argued that Cao Cao made a right choice to attack Jiangdong at the right time, when he had resources for naval warfare acquired from his recent annexation of Jing Province. He also mentioned that Cao Cao's defeat at the Battle of Red Cliffs was not due to miscalculation or poor planning, but because of uncontrollable factors such as the plague which affected his troops and the winds which fanned the fire that destroyed his naval fleet. Advising Cao Cao during the Battle of Tong Pass

In 211, Cao Cao engaged a coalition of northwestern warlords led by Han Sui and Ma Chao at the Battle of Tong Pass. Ma Chao and others agreed to make peace with Cao Cao on two conditions. Firstly, Cao Cao had to give up the northwestern territories to them.Secondly, Cao Cao had to grant them official titles. <mask> <mask> suggested that Cao Cao pretend to agree to their terms, and then try to sow discord among them. Cao Cao heeded <mask> <mask>'s advice. When internal conflict broke out between Han Sui and Ma Chao, Cao Cao took advantage of the situation to attack them and achieved victory. Role in the succession struggle between Cao Pi and Cao Zhi
Sometime between 211 and 217, a power struggle broke out between two of Cao Cao's sons over the succession to the "King of Wei" (魏王), the nominal vassal king title held by their father. One of them was Cao Pi, Cao Cao's oldest surviving son, who held the appointment of General of the Household for All Purposes (五官中郎將). The other was Cao Zhi, who held the title "Marquis of Linzi" (臨菑侯) and was famous for his literary talent.Each of them had a faction supporting him. Cao Pi sent a messenger to meet <mask> <mask> and seek his advice on how to consolidate his position. <mask> <mask> replied: "I hope you will behave in a virtuous and humble manner, perform your duties faithfully, and be a filial son. That is all." Cao Pi took <mask> <mask>'s advice very seriously and did as he was told. Cao Cao faced a dilemma on choosing between his two sons so he consulted <mask> <mask>, who refused to give an answer. Cao Cao asked him: "Why don't you give an answer?"<mask> <mask> replied: "I am still thinking about something, so I can't give an answer yet." Cao Cao asked, "What are you thinking of?" <mask> <mask> replied, "I am thinking of Yuan Benchu, Liu Jingsheng, and their sons." Cao Cao laughed, made up his mind, and designated Cao Pi as his heir apparent. <mask> <mask> was aware that he had not served under Cao Cao for as long as many of his colleagues. He foresaw that he might incur the jealousy and suspicions of others, hence he maintained a very low profile and distanced himself from his colleagues outside of the workplace. He also ensured that his children did not marry people from influential families.He earned the respect and admiration of many strategists and advisers. Service under Cao Pi
In 220, Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne to him, thus ending the Han dynasty. He then established the state of Wei with himself as its first emperor. After ascending the throne, Cao Pi appointed <mask> <mask> as Grand Commandant (太尉) and promoted him from a Marquis of a Chief Village to the Marquis of Weishou District (魏壽鄉侯), with a marquisate of 800 taxable households. <mask> <mask>'s promotion was allegedly an expression of gratitude from Cao Pi, who wanted to thank him for helping him seize the succession years ago. Sun Quan laughed when he heard that Cao Pi had appointed <mask> <mask> as his Grand Commandant. Advising Cao Pi against attacking Eastern Wu

Sometime between 220 and 223, Cao Pi wanted to attack and conquer Wei's two rival states, Wu and Shu.He consulted <mask> <mask> on which of the two he should attack first. <mask> <mask> replied: "Before you can conquer others, you have to build up military power first. Before you can establish a power base, you have to promote civil culture. Your Majesty has received the Mandate of Heaven in a timely fashion and now rules over the Empire. If you can promote civil culture while waiting for an opportunity to strike, it won't be difficult for you to conquer your enemies. Wu and Shu may be small and insignificant states, but they are shielded by natural geographical barriers such as mountains and rivers. Liu Bei has talent and great ambition; Zhuge Liang excels in statecraft; Sun Quan understands trends and sees through deception; Lu Yi assesses military power very well.They control geographically advantageous locations, and have set up defences at strategic points and the rivers and lakes. It is not easy to plan an attack. According to military strategy, you should gain the upper hand first before actually fighting a battle. You should assess the enemy's strength, and then decide which generals to send into battle. This is to ensure that you don't miscalculate. From my observation, none of our officials are capable of rivalling (Liu) Bei and (Sun) Quan. Even though you may fight a war with the prestige of an Emperor, you can't win without making significant losses.In the past, Shun ordered his troops to brandish their weapons to scare the Youmiao into submission. As of now, I think it is better to focus on civil affairs first before military affairs." Cao Pi refused to listen to <mask> <mask>. In 223, Wei sustained heavy losses at the Battle of Jiangling against Wu. Death
<mask> <mask> died on 11 August 223 at the age of 77 (by East Asian age reckoning). He was given the posthumous title "Marquis Su" (肅侯). Family and descendants
According to the Xin Tang Shu, <mask> <mask> descended from the royal family of the Zhou dynasty.His ancestor was Gongming (公明), the youngest son of Shuyu (a son of King Wu of Zhou). Gongming was enfeoffed by King Kang of Zhou as the Count of Jia (賈伯) and given the lands around Linfen as his fief, which was named "Jia". His descendants adopted "Jia" as their family name. <mask> Yi, a notable scholar-politician who lived in the Western Han dynasty, was an ancestor of <mask> <mask>. <mask> <mask>'s father, <mask> Gong (賈龔), served as a General of Light Cavalry (輕騎將軍) in the Eastern Han dynasty and moved his residence to Wuwei Commandery, where <mask> <mask> was born. <mask> <mask> had an elder brother, <mask> Cai (賈綵). <mask> <mask> had at least three sons.His eldest son, <mask> Mu (賈穆), was a Chief Commandant of Escorting Cavalry (駙馬都尉). After <mask> <mask>'s death, <mask> Mu inherited his father's marquis title, Marquis of Weishou District (魏壽鄉侯). He also served as the Administrator (太守) of various commanderies. <mask> <mask>'s youngest son, <mask> Fang (賈訪), was given a marquis title and 200 taxable households around the same time as when <mask> <mask> was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Weishou District. According to the Xin Tang Shu, <mask> <mask> had a son, <mask> Ji (賈璣), who also served as a Chief Commandant of Escorting Cavalry like <mask> Mu, and held the title of a Secondary Marquis (關內侯). <mask> Ji is not mentioned in <mask> <mask>'s official biography in the Sanguozhi. When <mask> Mu died, his marquis title was passed on to his son, <mask> Mo (賈模).According to the Shiyu (世語), Jia Mo served as a Regular Mounted Attendant (散騎常侍) and General Who Protects the Army (護軍將軍) during the reign of Emperor Hui in the Western Jin dynasty. <mask> Mo had two sons, <mask> Yin (賈胤) and <mask> Kan (賈龕). <mask> Yin, Jia Kan, and their cousin <mask> Pi, served in the Jin government and held high official positions. Writings
<mask> <mask> annotated the military treatise Wuzi and wrote another military text called Wu Sun Zi Sanshi'er Lei Jing (吳孫子三十二壘經). He also created a copy of Sun Tzu's The Art of War. Appraisal
Chen Shou, who wrote <mask> <mask>'s biography in the Sanguozhi, appraised him as follows: "<mask>n You and <mask> <mask> were very detailed in their strategising and had never miscalculated before. However, in terms of adaptability and flexibility, they were second to (Zhang) Liang and (Chen) Ping."Pei Songzhi, who annotated the Sanguozhi, disagreed with Chen Shou. He believed that biographies should be categorised in the same volume on the basis of similarities. He argued that <mask> <mask>'s biography should be in the same volume as the biographies of Cheng Yu and Guo Jia rather than in the same volume as the biographies of <mask> Yu and <mask> You. In Pei Songzhi's opinion, <mask> <mask> was more similar to the former two than to the latter two. Pei Songzhi even remarked, "The difference between the moral characters of <mask>n You and <mask> <mask> is like the difference between moonlight and candlelight. Both give off light, but they are fundamentally different." He also criticised Chen Shou for appraising <mask> You and <mask> <mask> in the same sentence instead of appraising them separately.In popular culture

<mask> <mask> was first introduced as a playable character in the seventh instalment of Koei's Dynasty Warriors video game series. See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

Notes

References
Citations from the Sanguozhi

Citations from the Sanguozhi zhu

Other citations

 Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi). Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi). Ouyang, Xiu, and Song, Qi (eds.) (1060).New Book of Tang (Xin Tang Shu). Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu). Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian. Wei, Zheng (ed.) (636).Book of Sui (Sui Shu). Dong Zhuo and associates
Liu Biao and associates
Officials under Cao Cao
147 births
223 deaths
People from Wuwei
Han dynasty politicians from Gansu
Cao Wei

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<mask> (c. 1515–1578) (also known as Doctor Burcot) was a mining engineer and physician who came to England from Germany. He was involved in mining ventures in Derbyshire and Cornwall, and in assaying the black ore, thought to be gold-bearing, brought back to England from Baffin Island by Martin Frobisher. He later practised as a physician in London, where he enjoyed a mixed reputation, and is said to have attended Elizabeth I when she contracted smallpox. He is alluded to in several literary works published during the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I. Early career

<mask>'s surname is spelled variously in extant documents; contemporary spellings include Cranye, Cranach, Cranicke, Cranegh, Craneigh, Craneighe, Craunighe and Kranyke. He is also referred to in some documents as '<mask>', as though it were his surname, and later as 'Doctor Burcot'. He is said to have been born in southern Germany, and according to Bennell his surname suggests that he came from Kronach in upper Franconia near the Erzgebirge, a mining area.He came to England during the reign of Mary I, and is first heard of in the State Papers on 3 June 1553 ('The suit of Burghard touching the mines'). According to Wallis he was perhaps a Catholic attempting to avoid the vicissitudes of the Protestant Reformation on the continent. On 29 May 1554 he was given licence for twenty years to 'mine, break open ground, melt, divide (i.e. separate metals) and search for all manner of metals' in accordance with an indenture which he had entered into on 18 May of that year. The grant included a prohibition preventing others from making use of his methods for a six-year period. He initially worked at Makeney in Derbyshire, where he erected a watermill on the opposite bank to Milford, close to the current bridge, north of Duffield, and built a smeltmill, the first of its kind, to extract lead from ore obtained at Burrel Edge, that is Barrel Edge at Wirksworth, where the Godbehere lead vein runs below Black Rocks and Barrel Edge, close to the Roman road which runs from Wirksworth to Milford via the Chevin. Depositions taken in 1582 state that he left Derbyshire in 1554, having heard of better mining opportunities in Cornwall and Devon.In Cornwall he rented the former Benedictine priory of St Cyric and St Juliett near St Veep, and at a cost of £300 converted a 14th-century flour mill at nearby Lerryn to a smelting house for silver-bearing ore. To finance the enterprise he was granted a loan by the Duchy of Cornwall. In 1557 John Trelawny, John Tredeneck and Thomas Treffry were directed to take charge of the mines Kranich had discovered, and the Duchy of Cornwall advanced a loan of £600 to finance the enterprise. Although considerable lead was produced, the anticipated production of copper and silver did not materialise. The lead was sent to Treffry, who died in 1563, at which time it passed into the hands of his son, John, who refused to deliver it to Carnsew and Tredeneck, who had taken over the mines and were responsible for repayment of the loan. The outcome of a Chancery suit for recovery of the lead is not known. At some point <mask> is said to have been arrested for debt, and imprisoned in the Marshalsea in London, perhaps in connection with this loan. During his years in Cornwall, Lewis credits Kranich with introducing useful innovations at Sir Francis Godolphin's tin works, among them the hydraulic stamp mill and improved methods of dressing ore, as well as the use of charcoal as fuel for smelting instead of the traditional peat.However Lewis also allows for the possibility that these innovations should be credited to Daniel Hoechstetter. Richard Carew, on the other hand, mentions the 'rubble of certain mines and remains of a fining house' which demonstrate Kranich's 'vain endeavour in seeking of silver ore' in Cornwall. After Kranich had left Cornwall, a 16-page memorandum was prepared by William Carnsew 'relating to silver and lead mines in Cornwall and activities of Dr <mask> Kranich' in response to a request for information about the potential profitability of the mines from Piers Edgcumbe of Cotehele. Among the matters covered in the memorandum were 'the many disputes and arguments Kranich had with his sponsors'. According to Wallis, Kranich's mining enterprises in the West Country were ultimately a failure, and he moved to London. On 14 June 1561 Kranich was granted denization by Elizabeth I. In London he practised medicine, and became known as 'Dr Burcot'.His abilities as a physician were well thought of by some, including John Somers, who wrote from court to Sir Nicholas Throckmorton on 29 August 1562 that 'My Lady Marquis' was seriously ill with jaundice, and that although some physicians had despaired of her, 'Burcot, the Dutchman, at a pinch is like to do some good if he may be suffered'. In October 1562 the Queen was stricken with smallpox, and several modern sources state that she was cured by Kranich. The story runs that Kranich was summoned when the Queen first fell ill on 10 October. Kranich diagnosed smallpox, whereupon she 'dismissed him as a fool'. However, by 16 October she was so grievously ill that she lapsed into unconsciousness, giving rise to alarmed talk among her councillors of the succession. Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon, is said to have forced Kranich, 'some said at the point of a dagger', to resume his treatment of the Queen. Kranich ordered that she be given a potion he had devised, and be wrapped in red flannel and placed close to the fire.Within two hours the Queen is said to have regained consciousness. According to Foot, she rewarded Kranich with a grant which was stopped by Sir William Cecil; however other sources note that in 1562 he was given 100 marks. Doubt has been cast on this story, however. Bennell terms the tale that Hundson threatened Kranich with a dagger 'a later invention', and Brooks notes that the ultimate source of the story of Kranich's cure of the Queen is the memoirs of Sir Richard Carew, son of the author of The Survey of Cornwall (1602). Carew, writing after 1628, recalled a dinner at his father's home in 1601 or thereabouts at which his father and three other kinsmen of his recounted stories about Kranich, including his treatment of the Queen's smallpox. But Erickson notes that there are 'major discrepancies' between Carew's account, written decades after the fact, and the Spanish ambassador De Quadra's dispatches at the time; she concludes that while it is possible that Burcot treated the Queen for smallpox, Carew's narrative cannot be accepted as accurate. John Nettleton also recorded that Kranich was sent by the Queen to treat Elizabeth Plantagenet (d.1569), the daughter of Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle, in her final illness.Kranich is said to have collaborated with Christopher Schutz in developing the use of calamine lotion in the treatment of burns from the furnaces used in smelting. On 22 June 1563 he was given license for twenty years to make engines 'for the draining of waters' according to a new design he had lately perfected. His licence was similar to an earlier grant to John Medley, but Kranich was given additional powers involving drainage in old and abandoned mines. Final years

In 1573 Richard Eden, in the course of requesting licence from the Queen to 'compound the admirable medicaments of Paracelsus from metals and minerals', cited a certain 'Brocardus' as one of a number of foreigners permitted to do so. According to Campbell, 'Brocardus' is a Latinized form of the name 'Burchard', and Eden's petition is therefore evidence that Kranich was engaged in alchemy in England at the time. In 1577 Kranich was involved in assaying the tons of black ore brought from Baffin Island during Sir Martin Frobisher's voyages to the Canadian Arctic in search of the Northwest Passage. Between 1 November 1577 and 6 March 1578 another German metallurgist working in England, Christopher Schutz, performed three 'great proofes' of the ore. <mask> and a Venetian metallurgist working in England, Giovanni Battista Agnello, were also brought in to assay the ore. <mask> and Schutz were soon at odds, with Schutz accusing Kranich, who was favoured by Martin Frobisher, of 'evil manners and ignorance'.Numerous documents survive showing Kranich's involvement in the assaying of the ore, including a letter of 26 November 1577 in which Kranich reported to Sir Francis Walsingham on the amount of gold found in his tests. Amid growing doubts about the value of the ore, Kranich insisted that it contained a significant amount of gold, and asked for £200 and a daily wage of £1 to refine it. He also designed a furnace for smelting the ore. However the ore eventually turned out to be worthless iron pyrite, and it was later alleged by Robert Denham, who had assisted Kranich with his tests, that Kranich had added gold and silver coins of his own to bring the projected value of the refined ore to £50 per ton. The story that Kranich allegedly doctored the assay tests is found in a deposition to the Privy Council by Michael Lok, one of the principal proponents of the Frobisher expeditions; in the deposition Lok claims that the evidence of Kranich's fraud was presented to Lord Burghley at his house in the Strand in the presence of Lok, Sir Walter Mildmay, and all the Commissioners involved in supervising the Frobisher expeditions. Although his reputation suffered, Kranich nonetheless appears to have survived the Frobisher debacle relatively unscathed. However investors, including a number of prominent courtiers, lost £20,000, and the lawsuits which followed ruined Michael Lok.In 1578 he is said to have been included in a list of Papists. Kranich made his will on 7 October 1578. The chief beneficiary was his wife, Agnes, who was to have his house in St Clement's churchyard near Temple Bar, London, and, after payment of his just debts, the proceeds of the sale of his lands and tenements in Holborn in the parish of St Giles in the Fields, as well as the residue of his goods and chattels after the payment of legacies to the poor and to his servants. By a codicil dated 19 October he bequeathed to one of his servants, William Deane, any proceeds in excess of £700 received from the sale of his lands in Holborn as well as his medical books and instruments. A silver bowl which had been given him by 'my Lord', went to another servant. He was buried at St Clement Danes on 22 October 1578. On 21 November 1578 probate was granted to his sole executrix, his widow Agnes.Marriage and issue
He married a wife named Agnes, about whom nothing further is known, by whom he had a daughter, Susan, who was buried at St Clement Danes on 20 September 1578. According to William Fleetwood, his daughter's death hastened Kranich's own end. Allusions to Kranich in Elizabethan and Jacobean literature

Kranich is alluded to, both favourably and unfavourably, in published works by several Elizabethan and Jacobean authors. He is satirised under the anagram 'Dr Tocrub' in the 1573 and 1578 editions of William Bullein's A Dialogue Against the Fever Pestilence, although there is no Dr Tocrub in the original edition of 1564. In The Discoverie of Witchcraft (1584), Reginald Scot disparagingly described Kranich's purchase, for monetary gain, of a familiar spirit from a juggler and conjurer called Feats:

And though Saul were bewitched and blinded in the matter, yet doubtless a wise man would have perchance espied her knavery. Methinks Saul was brought to this witch (i.e. the Witch of Endor) much after the manner that Doctor Burcot was brought to Feats, who sold Master Doctor a familiar, whereby he thought to have wrought miracles, or rather to have gained good store of money.Gabriel Harvey was also critical of Kranich. In a marginal note in his copy of Georg Meier's In Iudaeorum Medicastrorum Calumnias (1570), he compared Kranich to the Queen's physician, Doctor Lopez, whom he termed 'none of the learnedest or expertest physicians in the court, but one that maketh as great account of himself as the best'. Harvey added: 'Doctor Burcot was in a manner such another; who so bold as blind Bayard?'. In Kind-Heart's Dream (1593) Henry Chettle featured Dr Burcot ('though a stranger, yet in England for physic famous') as one of the five apparitions who appear to him in his dream. Thomas Nashe also alluded to Kranich in the dedicatory epistle of Have With You To Saffron Walden (1596):

Memorandum, I frame my whole book in the nature of a dialogue, much like Bullen and his Doctor Tocrub. Thomas Deloney referred to him in his epistle to the readers in the second part of The Gentle Craft:

Notwithstanding, if you find yourself overcharged with melancholy, you may perhaps have here a fit medicine to purge that humour by conferring in this place with Doctor Burket. Gervase Markham considered Kranich an excellent physician, and in the 1631 edition of The English Housewife specifically mentioned 'Dr Burket and Dr Bomelius' as a source for the prescriptions in his first chapter, stating that they had given a manuscript containing the remedies to 'a great worthy Countess of this land'.According to Best, however, there is no evidence that either <mask> or Bomelius contributed to the manuscript upon which Markham relied for his prescriptions. Notes

References

External links
The Canadian Museum of Civilization – The Nunavut Voyages of Martin Frobisher
Smerwick Harbour’s Black Ore Retrieved 10 November 2013
Tregardock Retrieved 6 November 2013
Will of Doctor <mask> <mask>, Doctor of Physic, proved 21 November 1578, PROB 11/60/578, National Archives Retrieved 6 November 2013
<mask> Cranicke, physician, v John Eyleworthe and others, C 3/44/95, National Archives Retrieved 6 November 2013
Burchard Cranicke v Thomas Hennige, C 3/46/121, National Archives Retrieved 6 November 2013
Burchard Craunighe v. Thomas Mallett, C 3/43/99, National Archives Retrieved 6 November 2013
William Aspenall v Burchard CraneigheC 3/1/29, National Archives Retrieved 6 November 2013
Markham, Gervase, Countrey Contentments, or The English Huswife, LSE Digital Library Retrieved 6 November 2013

Further reading

Halliday, F. E., Queen Elizabeth and Dr Burcot, History Today, v (1955) 542–4. 16th-century German physicians
German mining engineers
Mining in Cornwall
1510s births
1578 deaths
16th-century German engineers

masks:
Burchard Kranich
Kranich
Burchard
Kranich
Burchard
Kranich
Kranich
Kranich
Burchard
Kranich
Burchard


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<mask>  (11 November 1870 – 21 December 1951), was a Church of England clergyman and musical scholar who became well known for his work in promoting the revival of sixteenth and seventeenth century English music. Life and work
<mask> was born in Paddington, London, on 11 November 1870, the fifth child of <mask>, assistant director of the Royal Army Clothing Depot, and his wife Louisa Emily, daughter of <mask>, a captain in the Royal Horse Guards. Fellowes showed musical ability at an early age and in 1878 received an offer from Joseph Joachim to become his violin pupil; the offer was not taken up and <mask> went to Winchester College. He studied as an undergraduate at Oriel College, Oxford from 1889 to 1892, taking a fourth class in theology and becoming a Bachelor of Music and Master of Arts in 1896. <mask> became an ordained deacon in 1894 and priest in 1895, and held a curacy in Wandsworth, after which he became precentor of Bristol Cathedral in 1897. On 12 January 1899 he married Lilian Louisa, a daughter of Admiral Sir Richard Vesey Hamilton. He was a minor canon of St. George's Chapel, Windsor from 1900 to 1951, and from 1924 to 1927, he was in charge of the choir following the death of the conductor Sir Walter Parratt.<mask>' passion for mid-16th century – mid-17th century music led him to edit thirty-six volumes of madrigals, thirty-two volumes of lute songs, and twenty volumes of William Byrd's music. He was one of the editors of Tudor Church Music, ten volumes published by Oxford University Press in the 1920s with the support of the Carnegie UK Trust. His work covered not only the music, but important biographical and critical writing such as The English Madrigal Composers, published in 1921 and William Byrd, published in 1936. <mask> was honorary librarian of St. Michael's College, Tenbury from 1918 until 1948, and during this time he arranged and catalogued the musical library of Sir Frederick Ouseley. He was succeeded in this post by Watkins Shaw. <mask>' works were recognised by his alma mater and he was appointed an honorary fellow of Oriel in 1937, he also received honorary doctorates in music from Dublin University in 1917, Oxford University in 1939, and Cambridge University in 1950. <mask> was interested in cricket, and in 1930, he published History of Winchester Cricket.He was appointed a Member of the Royal Victorian Order in 1931 and in 1944 he became a Companion of Honour. He was president of the Musical Association from 1942 until 1947, where he aided them secure a Royal affiliation, and president of the Church Music Society from 1946 until 1951, following on from Archbishop Lang. <mask> died at 12 Clarence Road, Clewer Within, Windsor, on 21 December 1951. Fellowes' editions of English Tudor church music represent a very significant contribution to 20th Century musical scholarship, bringing to new prominence composers such as Byrd and Orlando Gibbons, whose work was thus made accessible to composers and scholars, notably Ralph Vaughan Williams, whose revision of The English Hymnal was influenced by study of these themes in Fellowes' editions. He lectured extensively on the subject, travelling numerous times to the United States for this purpose. His was the foremost work in the Anglican Tudor revival of the early 20th Century. Other interests included cricket, writing A History of Winchester Cricket, and music performance, titling his memoirs the Memoirs of an Amateur Musician.Publications
 Appendix with Supplementary Notes
 English Cathedral Music, revised J. A. Westrup –  Publisher: London, Methuen, 1969. English Cathedral Music from Edward the Sixth to Edward the Seventh
 English Madrigal Composers
 English Madrigal School
 English Madrigal Verse, 1588–1632
 English School of Lutenist Song Writers – Publisher: Boston : Music Library Association, c1984. Orlando Gibbons and His Family: The Last of the Tudor School of Musicians
 Tudor Church Music
 William Byrd – English Church Music, Vol. 1
 William Byrd: A Short Account of His Life and Work
 The Knights of the Garter, 1348–1939: With a Complete List of the Stall Plates in St. Georges Chapel. Historical monographs relating to St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle Volume 1. (SPCK – 1939)
 Organists and Masters of the Choristers of St. George's Chapel in Windsor Castle.Historical monographs relating to St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle Volume 3. (1939)
 The Military Knights of Windsor, 1352–1944. Historical monographs relating to St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle Volume 4. (1944)
 The Vicars Or Minor Canons of His Majesty's Free Chapel of St. George in Windsor. Historical monographs relating to St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle Volume 5. (1945)
 The Baptism, Marriage and Burial Registers of St George's Chapel, Windsor Historical monographs relating to St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle Volume 10., (1957). Correspondence
Oriel College, Oxford, maintains a collection of his papers that includes a letter to his mother relating his eyewitness account of Queen Victoria's funeral, his work on Tudor Church Music, letters from Adrian Boult, Edward Elgar, Gustav Holst, Herbert Howells, Hubert Parry, John Stainer, Charles Villiers Stanford, Leopold Stokowski, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Henry Walford Davies, and Henry Wood.The St George's Chapel Archives, Windsor Castle, maintains several collections, including letters to him from Sir Henry Walford Davies 1924–1930, H. C. Colles 1931 and C. Hylton Stewart 1929; the Fellowes Collection, including his private papers and ephemera from his life and work at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle; and a collection of gramophone recordings and sheet music belonging to Fellowes. Other records of his work on the monograph series and as a minor canon of Windsor are available. The Bodleian Library: Music Library on Broad Street, Oxford maintains correspondence including letters to Frederick Ouseley, formerly "The Tenbury Collection" at St. Michael's College, Tenbury. References

 Shaw, Watkins, '<mask>, <mask> (1870–1951)', rev., Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. Online database article number 33103. The Fellowes Collection at Oriel College. Collections of <mask> <mask>, Minor Canon of Windsor at St George's Chapel Archives

External links

1870 births
1951 deaths
British classical musicians
Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour
Members of the Royal Victorian Order

masks:
Edmund Horace Fellowes
Fellowes
Horace Decimus Fellowes
Edmund Packe
Fellowes
Fellowes
Fellowes
Fellowes
Fellowes
Fellowes
Fellowes
Fellowes
Edmund Horace
Edmund Horace
Fellowes


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<mask> (1889–1976) was a British Unitarian minister and Marxist philosopher and author of many works on philosophy, anthropology, and religion. <mask>'s father, a successful builder and architect, came from a Welsh farming family, and was a very devout Methodist. Young <mask>'s social and political views clashed with those of his father. Their quarrels eventually led to his father disinheriting him. Education and religious work
<mask> was born on 1 February 1889. He attended Dulwich College and University College London, where he earned his Bachelor of Science degree. Having been raised a Methodist, he soon left that church to become a Congregationalist.He studied for the ministry at Cambridge, and in 1916 was appointed to a Presbyterian church in Gravesend, Kent; in 1924, he moved to a church in Birmingham. He earned his Doctor of Philosophy degree in philosophy from the University of Birmingham, specialising in the philosophy of Karl Marx, and becoming a Marxist himself. By 1929, his left-wing views were too strong for the church he was in and he moved to Ipswich as a Unitarian minister. Here, his leftist political sermons attracted a large youth following, but upset a group of older, more conservative members. Their complaints led <mask> to offer his resignation, to be put to a vote of the membership. In a packed and charged meeting, he received the support of the majority of church members. Political and social activism
<mask> participated in anti-war political activity starting in 1916.On one occasion, he had to be rescued from an angry crowd. He also became involved in work to support the unemployed, and served on the local Trades Union Council. On one occasion, at Christmas, he led a group of unemployed men who marched to the Town Hall, where the Mayor was holding his formal Christmas dinner. They walked in and sat down, demanding to join the feast. He also was involved with the Boy Scout movement, running a Scout troop, and authoring training booklets. He acted as a guide for outdoor holidays organised by the Holiday Fellowship. He often went to Switzerland, and took parties up the Matterhorn.In the 1935 general election he stood unsuccessfully as Labour candidate for Great Yarmouth. Leftist politics
The Bolshevik Revolution had a great effect on <mask>, and he studied Russian. He became a Christian socialist, and later a Marxist. In 1936 the Left Book Club, started by the publisher Victor Gollancz, was very popular. <mask> quit his ministry in Ipswich to take on the task of building a national network of discussion groups. The groups brought together in a progressive movement intelligent, literate people who had not found rewarding political action in left-wing parties. Soon there were groups in every town.In effect, the Left Book Club and its groups had become a quasi–political party. He also became the editor of the British Marxist journal, Modern Quarterly, from 1946 to 1953. He was very interested in polemical writing, and authored many books and articles in a polemical vein on topics of philosophy, social issues, and Marxism. In one exchange of polemics, he took on the French Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser. Althusser's part of the exchange is the article "Reply to <mask>". "Reply to <mask>" first appeared, translated by Grahame Lock, in two numbers of the theoretical and political journal of the Communist Party of Great Britain, Marxism Today, in October and November 1972. As Althusser himself noted: "'Reply': because, a few months earlier (in its January and February numbers of 1972), the same journal had published a long critical article by <mask> (a British Communist philosopher known for his interventions in political-ideological questions) under the title: 'The Althusser Case'."Miscellaneous
During the Second World War <mask> was a lecturer for the British Army, working with the Army Education Corps and the Army Bureau of Current Affairs and lecturing on, among other things, Britain's wartime ally, the Soviet Union. He also taught at several different schools, including a stint teaching biology at Morley College, an adult education college in London. <mask> died on 12 February 1976. Works
 How To Run a Patrol   Brown, Son & Ferguson 1914
 How To Run Wolf Cubs  Brown, Son & Ferguson
 A Boy Scout Troop and How To Run It
 Wolf Cub Star Tests and How To Pass Them
 The Log of the Pioneers
 How To Run A Scout Camp  Brown & Son 1918
 The Old Testament in the 20th Century  Allen & Unwin 1923
 A Faith to Live By   Williams and Norjak 1931
 Russia in 1932  Pamphlet Christian World 1932
 Christianity and the Social Revolution (Edited with Karl Polanyi & Donald Kitchin) Gollancz 1935
 Textbook of Marxist Philosophy (Ed.) Douglas Fallacies: A Critique of Social Credit   Chapman & Hall 1935
 Socialism and the Churches  Pamphlet Gollancz 1937
 An Introduction to Philosophy   Gollancz 1937 then fully revised Watts 1954
 The Case Against Pacifism    Allen & Unwin 1939
 Marxism and Modern Idealism   Pamphlet (Marxism Today Series) Lawrence & Wishart 1944
 The Philosophy of Betrayal (with Reginald Bishop) Pamphlet Russia Today Society 1945
 The Basis of Soviet Philosophy   Pamphlet British Soviet Society 1947
 Marxism and the Irrationalists   Lawrence & Wishart 1955
 Marxism and the Open Mind   Routledge & Kegan Paul 1957
 Religions of the World Made Simple   Made Simple Books 1958
 Science, Faith, and Scepticism   Lawrence & Wishart 1959
 Anthropology Made Simple   Double Day 1961
 Socialism and the Individual   Lawrence & Wishart 1961
 Teach Yourself A History of Philosophy   English University Press 1962
 Man and Evolution   Lawrence & Wishart 1962
 The Life and Teaching of Karl Marx   Lawrence & Wishart 1965
 Bertrand Russell: Philosopher and Humanist   Lawrence & Wishart 1968
 Naked Ape or Homo Sapiens? (with Bernard Towers) Garnstone 1969
 The Left Book Club: An Historical Record   Gollancz 1970
 The Marxism of Marx   Lawrence & Wishart 1972
 The Uniqueness of Man   Lawrence & Wishart 1974
 Beyond Chance and Necessity (Ed.) Garnstone 1974
 Max Weber and Value Free Sociology: A Marxist Critique   Lawrence & Wishart 1975

Notes

References

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links

1889 births
1976 deaths
19th-century Christians
20th-century British philosophers
20th-century Christian clergy
20th-century Unitarian clergy
20th-century Welsh educators
20th-century Welsh writers
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Alumni of University College London
British Army personnel of World War II
British Marxists
Christian communists
English activists
English Christian socialists
English communists
English Congregationalists
English male non-fiction writers
English philosophers
English Unitarians
Labour Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
Marxist humanists
Marxist theorists
People associated with Scouting
People educated at Dulwich College
Unitarian socialists
Welsh anti-war activists
Welsh Christian socialists
Welsh communists
Welsh Congregationalists
Welsh philosophers
Welsh Unitarians

masks:
John Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
John Lewis
John Lewis
John Lewis
Lewis
Lewis


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<mask> (born July 30, 1975) is an American computer scientist and former professional basketball player. Playing at the guard position, <mask> earned All-American honors as a high school athlete at Lakes High School in Lakewood, Washington and later at the collegiate level at Stanford. The 1997 Naismith College Player of the Year, <mask> helped Stanford make three consecutive Final Four appearances from 1995 to 1997 and scored 2,215 career points, a school record that stood for 11 years. From 1997 to 2006, <mask> played professional basketball in the American Basketball League, Women's National Basketball Association, and various European teams. Having been a computer science major at an undergraduate at Stanford, <mask> completed a doctorate in technology, media, and society at the University of Colorado at Boulder in 2012. Later that year, she joined the faculty of the University of Washington. Her research focuses on disinformation and social media communication during disasters.Early life
Catherine Evelyn <mask> was born July 30, 1975 in West Point, New York, to a military family. Her father <mask> was a United States Army colonel, and her mother Margaret (née Leonard) was a teacher and author. Growing up in Tacoma, Washington, <mask> attended Lakes High School in nearby Lakewood. As a senior in 1993, <mask> made the Parade All-American first team and was the Kodak All-America MVP. She was also named Washington Player of the Year by Gatorade and USA Today. At the 1993 Women's Basketball Coaches Association High School All-America Game, she scored 12 points and earned MVP honors. College basketball career
At Stanford University, <mask> played at guard for the Stanford Cardinal under coach Tara VanDerveer from 1993 to 1997 with NCAA Tournament appearances every season, including the Final Four from 1995 to 1997.In her first season in 1993–94, <mask> averaged 9.9 points and 2.9 rebounds and made the Pac-10 All-Freshman team. <mask> had a breakout season in 1994–95 with 16.0 points, 4.2 rebounds, and 4.0 assists and was a first-team All-Pac-10 honoree. Averaging 20.1 points, 4.7 rebounds, and 3.5 assists as a junior in 1995–96, <mask> was the Pac-10's Co-Player of the Year and received multiple All-American honors, specifically first team honors from Kodak, Basketball America magazine, and the United States Basketball Writers Association and second team honors from the Associated Press and United Press International. On January 13, 1996, Starbird scored a career high 44 points against USC. As a senior in 1996–97, <mask> averaged 20.9 points, 3.7 rebounds, and 3.2 assists and was a first-team Associated Press All-American. <mask> also won the Naismith College Player of the Year, USBWA Women's National Player of the Year award, and WBCA Player of the Year awards. Upon graduating, <mask> had a program record 2,215 career points.That record would be broken 11 years later in 2008 by Candice Wiggins. <mask> graduated from Stanford in 1997 with a Bachelor of Science in computer science. College statistics
Sources:

International basketball career
<mask> represented the US at the 1997 World University Games held in Marsala, Sicily, Italy in August 1997. The USA team won all six games, earning the gold medal at the event. <mask> averaged 8.7 points per game. Professional basketball career
After college, she was selected by the Seattle Reign with the fourth overall pick in the 1997 ABL draft. In two seasons with the Reign, <mask> played in 59 games and averaged 12.9 points, 2.8 rebounds, and 2.8 assists.The ABL shut down and filed for bankruptcy in late December 1998. In 1999, the Sacramento Monarchs selected <mask> in the third round (26th overall) in the WNBA Draft. <mask> played in 24 games with one start for the Monarchs in 1999, averaging 2.0 points and 1.0 rebounds. In the 2000 expansion draft, the Miami Sol selected <mask> then traded her to the Utah Starzz for Elena Baranova and a second-round pick. <mask> averaged 4.0 points in 2000 and 4.7 points in 2001 with the Starzz. <mask> played professional basketball in Europe during the two offseasons, in France in 2000–01 and  Austria in 2001–02. In 2002, <mask> averaged 1.7 points in 15 games for the Starzz before being traded to the Seattle Storm for Semeka Randall.With the Storm, <mask> averaged a career high 5.9 points. The Storm waived <mask> prior to the 2003 season. In the 2003–04 offseason, <mask> played in 14 games for the Spanish team Adecco Estudiantes Madrid, averaging 18.7 points and 5.1 rebounds. <mask> played her final year in the WNBA with the Indiana Fever in 2004, averaging 1.7 points and 0.8 rebounds. After the 2004 WNBA season, <mask> returned to Estudiantes. She played for PDV Ibiza during the 2005–06 season. Academic career
<mask> earned a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship in 2009.Studying in the Alliance of Technology, Learning, And Society (A.T.L.A.S.) program, she received her Ph.D. in technology, media, and society at the University of Colorado Boulder in 2012; her thesis was titled "Crowdwork, Crisis and Convergence: How the Connected Crowd Organizes Information during Mass Disruption Events." Beginning in September 2012, she was a faculty member of the University of Washington Department of Human Centered Design & Engineering, where she directs the Emerging Capacities of Mass Participation (emCOMP) lab. In 2019, <mask> was promoted to associate professor. She studies educational possibilities of social media as well as crisis informatics. Her research sits at the intersection of computer science and social science and falls within the fields of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). Using a combination of empirical methods, including qualitative, computational and network analysis, <mask> examines both small group and large scale interaction online within the context of disasters and other mass disruption events, studying how digital volunteers and other members of the crowd work to filter and shape the information space.One of the shooting events <mask> documented was the attack at the Pulse nightclub in Orlando. In another research project, her analysis of a dataset of 600,000 tweets about the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico helped to put together a map of how information was shared among those close to the event and more broadly. Personal life
<mask>'s grandfather Alfred Dodd <mask> was an Olympic athlete who was an Army general during World War II. Grandfather Charles Leonard was an Olympic silver medalist and the first Olympian with a perfect pistol shooting score. Great-great-grandfather George A. Dodd was an Army officer who fought in the Battle of Guerrero. In 2008, <mask> married Melissa Marsh. <mask> said in a 2011 interview with ESPN the Magazine that she never considered a career in coaching basketball due to concerns that she would need to be closeted.Besides basketball, <mask> has also played Gaelic football. In 2007, she managed the Seattle Gaels women's Gaelic football team. Notes

External links
 Official academic page at the University of Washington
 WNBA player file
 Stanford player profile
 March 22, 1996 San Francisco Examiner article on <mask>'s family and career at Stanford

1975 births
Living people
All-American college women's basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Spain
American women computer scientists
American computer scientists
American women's basketball players
Basketball players from New York (state)
Basketball players from Tacoma, Washington
Human–computer interaction researchers
Indiana Fever players
Ladies' Gaelic football managers
Lesbian academics
Lesbian sportswomen
LGBT people from Washington (state)
LGBT sportspeople from the United States
North American GAA
Parade High School All-Americans (girls' basketball)
People from Lakewood, Washington
People from West Point, New York
Sacramento Monarchs players
Seattle Reign (basketball) players
Seattle Storm players
Shooting guards
Small forwards
Stanford Cardinal women's basketball players
Universiade gold medalists for the United States
Universiade medalists in basketball
University of Colorado Boulder alumni
Utah Starzz players

masks:
Catherine Evelyn Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Edward Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
Starbird
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<mask> (), often referred to as Zaydana (died 1716), was a slave concubine of Moulay Ismail of Morocco (r. 1672–1727), she then became one of his four wives. She had an acknowledged influence over the affairs of state through her personal influence over the sultan. Some Europeans are even said to have called her the "Empress of Morocco" as a result. Life

Identity

Lalla <mask>'s real identity is subject to conflicting reports from historic sources and there are multiple theories regarding her origins. Some identify her as a black slave, others as a princess and some as a Barbuchi. Reports from European slaves at the court of Sultan Moulay Ismail identify her as a black slave concubine. Moroccan historians do not give account of her origins nor of her status as wife, but refer to her as "the noble <mask>".Al Nâsiri and Al Zayani both refer her as such. Other studies identify her as the "Princess of Tuat", in the 17th century the Aït Atta were the tribe who lead the Emirate of Tuat before Sultan Sidi Mohammed of Tafilalet conquered the Emirate in 1652. <mask> <mask>'s brother was Ali ben Atta, one of the Caids (Major) of Guich Al Udaya. As in the first half of the 17th century the Atta were the tribe who lead the Emirate of Tuat, if she was truly the Princess of Tuat it would make sense that her brother would bear as a part of his surname "Atta" as himself being filiated to the Aït Atta. The third explanation of her origins cites <mask> <mask> as a Barbuchi, it is not precised if she is of the slave cast of this tribe. Some sources identify her as a woman born as <mask> bint Mubarak El Rehmani Al Berabuchi, in the Royal court of her husband Sultan Moulay Ismail she was surnamed the Udaya Queen. From Moroccan historians we know her as <mask> <mask> Al Mubaraka, therefore regarding the conventional Arabic patronymic surname, her father's name is Mubarak.In this theory her being surnamed the Udaya Queen is credited to the powerful Guich Al Udaya created in the late 1670s by Sultan Moulay Ismail. As further explanation, the Beidane society was (before the 20th century) lead by the armed aristocracy called the Awlad Hassān. Two of the sons of Hassān are identified to be: Rehman and Uday. The first, also the eldest, is the ancestor of the Barbuchi. The Udayas as spelled in Guich Al Udaya do not concern the family name but the confederation of given Hassāni tribes. Guich Al Udaya thus include the following tribes: M'gharfa, the eponymous Udaya and Barbuchi. This explains why in this last theory Moroccan sources and European slaves at the court of Moulay Ismail refer to her as the Udaya Queen.Marriage & children

Historic sources stipulate that <mask> <mask> also known as Zaydana was purchased for sixty ducats from Moulay Rashid to become a member of Moulay Ismail's harem as a slave concubine. In accordance with Islamic law, the Sultan was allowed to have a harem of slave concubines in addition to his four wives, as long as the concubines were slaves. However, despite the fact that the sultans normally only married women from prominent families such as the Sharif families, Moulay Ismail formally married Zaydana. Sultan Moulay Ismail had thousands of slave concubines in his harem and hundreds of children, along with Lalla <mask> he had three additional legal wives: <mask> Halima Al Sufyaniyah, Lalla Umm al-Iz at-Taba and <mask> Khanatha bint Bakkar. Zaydana managed to achieve a great emotional bond with Sultan Moulay Ismail, and thereby gain influence over the entire kingdom. She has been referred to in some European reports as the "Empress of Morocco", which is not to be taken literary. The Europeans often referred to the Sultan as "Emperor" or "King" rather than "Sultan", and to the Sultan's consorts as "Empress" or "Queen", which was the equivalent titles of their own rulers and their own ruler's wives; and whenever a woman entered the harem of the Sultan they referred to it as a "marriage", even when this may simply have been slave concubinage.The habit of European translators to equalize local customs to their own equivalents in this way may have caused confusion. In reality, there was no equivalent of an Empress consort or a Queen consort at a Muslim court, were the ruler could have many wives and concubines, and the first royal consort to bear an official title in Morocco is <mask> Salma. Zaydana lived inside the harem of Moulay Ismail, while for instance <mask> Halima Al Sufyaniyah, another wife of Moulay Ismail, resided with him in the Royal Palace of Meknes (Dar Lakbira). The harem was named "the palace of Sherrers", and in the 1680s, Zaydana notably lived there with her son Moulay Mohammed Zaydan aged 8. Zaydana had several children with Sultan Moulay Ismail, among them:

 Prince Moulay Mohammed Zaydan (1672–1708),

 Sultan Moulay Abdelmalik,
 Sultan Moulay Ahmed. Although Moulay Ahmed was two years younger than Moulay Abdelmalik, he was crowned after his father's death in March 1727. Despite having multiple sons by her husband, <mask> <mask>'s sons reigns were short lived as it was Sultan Moulay Abdallah who managed to sustainably win the throne and his son Sidi Mohammed III reigned after him.Influence

The French Dominican friar Dominique Busnot described her as an enormous, tall and fat black woman who somehow managed to acquire such influence over the sultan that she could often deal with him as she wished. To explain her influence, many Moroccans called her a witch. Zaydana staged intrigues and plots to have her own son Moulay Mohammed Zaydan (1672–1708) named successor before Moulay Muhammad al-Alim, who was the son of a Spanish concubine. She claimed that he was preparing a coup to conquer the throne. While this was not initially true, he was in 1704 provoked to actually do so, after which he was captured by Moulay Zaydan in July of that year. He committed suicide in 1706 after his father had one of his hands and one of his feet amputated as punishment. As Zaydana planned, Moulay Ismail had her own son replace him as governor of Taroudant.However, in October 1708, her son was murdered by his concubines at Taroudant. Moulay Zaydan was said to be a drunk. It has been suggested that the two women accused of the killing were actually following orders from the sultan, he wanted to get rid of his unworthy son who had massacred the civilian population of Taroudant. Moulay Ismail did not dare to tell Zaydana and acted in secret, she subsequently had the two women executed. Moulay Zaydan was buried in the Moulay Muhammad al-Alam Mausoleum at Meknes. Zaydana died in 1716. A report made by a Spanish captive called Joseph de Leon alleged that Ismail Ibn Sharif was strangled  by his "concubine" Zaydana.This is clearly libelous however, as Ismail Ibn Sharif lived for over a decade after Zaydana died. References

1600s births
1716 deaths
17th-century Moroccan people
18th-century Moroccan people
Moroccan slaves
Alaouite dynasty
17th-century Moroccan women
18th-century Moroccan women
17th-century slaves
18th-century slaves
Slave concubines
Spouses of sultans

masks:
Lalla Aisha Al Mubaraka
Aisha
Lalla Aisha Al Mubaraka
Lalla
Aisha
Lalla
Aisha
Aisha
Lalla
Aisha
Lalla
Aisha
Aisha
Lalla
Lalla
Lalla
Lalla
Lalla
Aisha


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<mask> (7 August 1729 in Schloss Herdringen16 September 1810 in Münster) was a German politician and the most important statesman in the Principality of Münster in the second half of the 18th century. Fürstenberg was committed to a cautious and enlightened course of reform. Life
<mask> was born 7 August 1729, at Herdringen in Westphalia. He was the son of <mask> from the Westphalian noble family of Furstenberg, and Helene <mask>, daughter of <mask>. His sister Maria Anna (1732–1788) was abbess in Fröndenberg Abbey. After receiving his early education from private tutors, <mask> studied from 1746 to 1748 at the Jesuit School in Cologne. In 1748 he became cathedral capitular in Münster and Paderborn.The cathedral chapter of Münster at that time traditionally consisted of sons of the Westphalian nobility. He received minor orders and the subdeaconship, though he had no intention of entering the priesthood. From 1750 to 1751, he studied jurisprudence at the University of Salzburg, which he completed at the Sapienza in Rome in 1753. During the Seven Years' War (1756–1763) he rendered signal services to his country as intermediary between the opposing camps, and through his influence warded off many a calamity from the city and principality of Münster. After the death of Clemens August, Elector of Cologne and Prince-Bishop of Münster, on 6 February 1761, it was chiefly through the influence of Fürstenberg that <mask> <mask>egg-Rothenfels, who had succeeded Clemens August at Cologne (6 April 1761), was also elected Prince-Bishop of Münster in September, 1762. In recognition for these services the new prince-bishop entrusted Fürstenberg with the temporal and spiritual administration of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster. In 1762 he appointed him privy councilor and minister and, in 1770, vicar-general and curator of educational institutions.No better man could have been found to manage the temporal and spiritual affairs of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster which had suffered severely during the Seven Years' War. Everybody was deep in debt and all trade and commerce was at a standstill. To restore prosperity to the people he improved agricultural conditions by dividing the land into marks, draining marshes and reclaiming much soil which hitherto had lain idle or in pasturage. He ameliorated the condition of the serfs and gave an impulse to the entire abolition of serfdom. In order to liquidate the public debt he placed a duty on such imported goods as could be easily dispensed with, and for a space of six years levied a moderate capitation tax from which the privileged estates were not exempted. He pushed through the taxation of the clergy against a storm of indignation. He improved the military and the sanitary system, the former by founding a military academy at Münster and by introducing something similar to the "Landwehr" or militia, the latter by founding a college of medicine (1773) and inducing its director, the learned Christopher Ludwig Hoffmann, to draw up a code of medicinal regulations which was justly admired through Germany as a model of its kind.In 1780 <mask> was dismissed from his ministerial office because he had campaigned for the introduction of a standing army, had plans to excavate a canal in the direction of the Rhine, and had encountered energetic resistance. Above all, however, he had unsuccessfully campaigned against the election of <mask> of Austria as co-adjutor of the Cologne Elector-Archbishop and Prince-Bishop of Münster <mask>, since he himself had aspired to succeed Maximilian as bishop of Münster. His younger brother <mask> succeeded in 1786 for Hildesheim and Paderborn. Educational Reforms
The baron, however, remained vicar general until 1807 and kept the supervision over the school system, during whose reform his friend Bernhard Heinrich Overberg supported him above all. The school system was at the center of Fürstenberg's reforms. In 1776 the vicar general published a revolutionary "school order" for the grammar school, which changed the canon of subjects thoroughly in favor of mathematics and the natural sciences. This educational reform included a seminal commitment to mathematics, physics, and psychology as three "basic sciences".In 1773 he founded the Old University of Münster. In 1777, the general compulsory education in the Principality of Münster was tightened. Together with Bernhard Heinrich Overberg, he worked out a reorganization of elementary schools in the 1780s. On his initiative, a school experiment began in 1780 at the Gymnasium Paulinum: High German became a school subject. He initiated a reform of the Gymnasium, and founded the University of Münster and a seminary. <mask> was also an important stenographer. From 1761 he used the English stenography system of Aulay Macaulay for his diary entries in French and made his own creative changes within this system.Princess Amalie <mask>in
In Münster Fürstenberg belonged to the Catholic Münster Circle (familia sacra) around the Princess Amalie <mask>in, who lived in Münster since 1779 and with whom he had a close friendship. His letters to the princess are an important literary testimony of the century. After the French Revolution of 1789, Fürstenberg took intensive care of fleeing clerics from Flanders and Brabant, who were stranded in Münster, during the Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars together with Amalie <mask>in. <mask> was buried at the Überwasserfriedhof in Münster; since 21 October 1929 his grave has been in the cemetery of the canons of St. Paul's Cathedral in Münster. References

Sources
Esser, W. (1842). <mask> Fürstenberg. Dessen Leben und Wirken nebst seinen Schriften über Erziehung und Unterricht [<mask> Fürstenberg.His life and achievements,
accompanied by his writings on education and teaching.]. Münster, Germany: J. H. Deiters. 1729 births
1810 deaths
<mask> Friedrich

masks:
Franz Friedrich Wilhelm von Fürstenberg
Franz Friedrich Wilhelm von Furstenberg
Christian Franz Dietrich von Fberg
von Galen
Wilhelm Goswin Anton von Galen
Franz
Maximilian Friedrich
von Kögs
Fürstenberg
Maximilian Franz
Maximilian Friedrich
Franz Egon
Fürstenberg
von Gallitz
von Gallitz
von Gallitz
Fürstenberg
Franz von
Franz von
Franz


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<mask> (born <mask>; September 17, 1922 – March 10, 2018) was an Austrian-born American scientist, academic and artist. Early life
Koffler was born in Vienna, Austria. In 1939, at the age of 17, he emigrated by himself to the United States. The second recipient of the International Scholar by the University of Arizona, Koffler received his B.S. degree in Agricultural Chemistry in 1943 from the University of Arizona, and from the University of Wisconsin, his M.S. in Microbiology in 1944 and Ph.D. in Microbiology and Biochemistry in 1947. Purdue, University of Minnesota, University of Massachusetts Amherst
In 1947 he became an assistant professor of bacteriology at Purdue University and was rapidly promoted to a full professorship in 1952 – then the youngest full professor at Purdue.In 1953 he held a Guggenheim Fellowship at Western Reserve University medical school and in 1957 was awarded the Eli Lilly Award in Bacteriology and Immunology from the American Society of Bacteriology (now Microbiology). From 1959–1975, Koffler served as Purdue University's Head of Biological Sciences, a department that he brought to international prominence. In 1974 he was appointed a Frederick L. Hovde Distinguished Professor of Biology. During his tenure at Purdue until 1975, his research concentrated on the physiology and biochemistry of microorganisms. His ability to identify, recruit, and help develop promising scientists, and to successfully build and lead intellectual enterprises, became widely known. This led to his appointments as Vice-President for Academic Affairs at the University of Minnesota in 1975, Chancellor of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1979, leaving in 1982 to become the President of The University of Arizona. University of Arizona
Koffler served as President of The University of Arizona from 1982–1991, the first alumnus of the University of Arizona to hold the position.Building on the successful presidencies of Richard Harvill and John Schaefer, creators of the modern University of Arizona, Koffler presided over the growth of the University during 1982–1991, which led to the election of the University of Arizona into the highly selective Association of American Universities, and to the National Science Foundation national ratings in 1991 as 20th in Research and Development among all (private and public) American institutions and as 15th among public universities. These achievements were partly fueled during his presidency through the recruitment of approximately 700 faculty members and other professionals. There was an increase in the ethnic and gender diversity of the University, with a 94 percent increase of minority faculty members, a 118 percent increase in women faculty members, and a 123 percent increase in minority students. State funding almost doubled, R&D expenditures increased almost 150 percent, university facilities were expanded almost 60 percent, and 34 research centers were created. Koffler received numerous recognitions for his contributions to the universities, professional groups, and communities that he served. He was a Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology since its founding in 1955 and received honorary doctorates from Purdue University in 1977 and from the University of Arizona and Amherst College in 1981. Purdue University established the <mask> Distinguished Professorship in 1996 and the University of Arizona's Chemistry-Biology Building was named the <mask>r Building in 2000,.He also received the University of Arizona Alumni Association's 2001 Alumni Achievement Award. Koffler Prize
In 2001 the University of Arizona established the annual Koffler Prizes, through <mask> and Phyllis Koffler to recognize outstanding accomplishments in the areas of teaching, research/scholarship/creative activity, or public service/outreach. Retirement

Academy Village and Arizona Senior Academy
In 1991 Koffler conceived the Arizona Senior Academy and the Academy Village retirement community in 1991 for professionals over the age of 55 who want to continue living an active life of academic and creative pursuits, and contribution to their local and global communities. Art career
Koffler's interest in the visual arts, and in sculpture, ballet, and architecture began as a child when he attended many of Vienna's cultural offerings in music and theatre with his mother. During his 1953–54 sojourn as a Guggenheim Fellow in Cleveland, he became a conspicuous presence in the Cleveland Museum of Art, where he became acquainted with the Curator of Prints and Drawings, Leona Prasse, who sparked his interest in the visual arts. After his return to Purdue, Koffler became acquainted with Rudy Pozzatti, a leading printmaker in America and Distinguished Professor at Indiana University. His friendship with Pozzatti began his habit of collecting art and visiting galleries and museums.Consequently, he became well acquainted with prehistoric and primitive art, as well as modern German, French, Mexican, Japanese, and American art. Koffler admired the painters of the American abstract expressionism movement that began in the 1940s, especially Mark Tobey, Jackson Pollock, Paul Jenkins, and Helen Frankenthaler, who influenced him significantly when, in 2013, he turned from appreciating to creating art. In 2013 at the age of 90, during a long recuperation from emergency surgery, Koffler began a career in art. Using his iPad to do abstract digital images, Koffler created thousands of digital paintings, had several art shows, and launched the Henry Koffler Art website. Koffler Art Exhibitions
 Magical World of <mask>r's Abstract Art, May 21 – October 31, 2014, University of Arizona Tech Parks Arizona. First solo exhibition. See University of Arizona Tech Parks Arizona, Magical World of <mask>r's Abstract Art show.See online article. See paintings from the show. SAACA 2015 Spring Exhibition, April 23 – July 14, 2015, Ventana Medical Systems, Tucson, Arizona. See SAACA announcement and Henry Koffler Art web page. See paintings from the show. University of Arizona Leaders of Eminence Develop into Artists of Distinction, May 5 – December 31, 2015, law firm of Mesch, Clark, & Rothschild, Tucson, Arizona. See the <mask>ffler Art page.See paintings from the show. Art in the Park, January 25 – March 29, 2017, University of Arizona Tech Parks Arizona. See paintings from the show. 95!, January 14 – March 15, 2018, Tucson Jewish Community Center, Tucson, Arizona. See paintings from the show. Death

<mask> died on March 10, 2018 in Tucson, Arizona at age 95. His wife of 71 years, Phyllis (Pierson<mask>, died on March 31, 2019 in Tucson, Arizona at age 97.

masks:
Henry Koffler
Heinrich Koffler
Henry Koffler
Henry Koffle
Henry
Henry Koffle
Henry Koffle
Henry Ko
Koffler
) Koffler


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<mask> (18 June 1904 – 5 June 2003) was a French composer and conductor who held leading positions with musical organizations in France and America. He was friends with many contemporary composers, and despite a considerable list of compositions is mostly remembered for having orchestrated the popular ballet score Gaîté Parisienne from piano scores of Offenbach operettas, and for his recordings as a conductor. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Paris to Anna Devorsosky, of Russian-Jewish descent, and a French father he never met. His surname was taken from his stepfather, <mask>. He started his musical studies on violin at age 6, which he played in cafés and cinemas after his stepfather's death in 1918 to support his mother and sisters. In 1920, he entered the Conservatoire in Paris but eventually left it after failing to win an expected first prize. In addition to continuing his violin studies with Alterman and Jules Boucherit and playing in theatre and cinema bands, he also studied composition.Around this time he met Léo Sir, inventor of string instruments known as the dixtuor, and was persuaded to play the sursoprano (a 4th higher than the violin) and find composers to write for this new medium. Through this <mask> met eminent young Parisian composers of whom Darius Milhaud and Arthur Honegger were the most distinguished, and also contributed his own music to a recital in Paris in October 1921. His Sonatine for two violins and piano, composed for a sight-reading examination, was acclaimed after its performance at the 99th concert of the Société musicale indépendante in Paris at the end of October 1924, attended by both Nadia Boulanger and Alexis Roland-<mask>. After a stint in the military he became Maurice Ravel's third and final student, seeing him once or twice a month while also having lessons in counterpoint and fugue from Jean Huré. while continuing to play violin in the Moulin Rouge and Casino de Paris café orchestras. Ravel's encouragement ultimately led to his winning the Prix Blumenthal (worth 20,000 francs) in 1928. Ravel lobbied the directors of the Opéra-Comique to get <mask>'s one-act opera Rayon des soieries performed there in June 1930.He also arranged for <mask>'s conducting debut, at a concert composed of <mask>'s own music in 1928. Conducting career
His conducting career began in earnest in 1934, when he became percussionist and assistant conductor of the Orchestre National de France, to Désiré-Émile Inghelbrecht. In 1936, Georges Mandel invited him to conduct the Orchestre de Radio PTT. As his fame as a conductor grew, he was attacked in Action Française in 1937 by Lucien Rebatet, who demanded his expulsion from his radio conductorship. In the same year Serge Koussevitzky, in Paris during the Exposition, invited <mask> to become assistant conductor of the Boston Symphony under him – an offer reiterated after a Salle Pleyel concert on the eve of war in 1939. After Ravel's death in 1937, and following the success of Gaîté Parisienne, he became a close colleague of great Russian émigré composer Igor Stravinsky. <mask>'s musical career was interrupted by World War II when, as a corporal in the 300th infantry regiment stationed in 1939 in Alsace near the Rhine, he was taken prisoner by the Germans in May 1940.Still musically active even as a POW, he not only organized concerts in the camp he was interned in but even composed an operetta based on a play by Georges Courteline. Included in a POW exchange, he was sent back to the occupied zone, arrived back in Paris in March 1941 and escaped to Marseille in the Zone libre (free zone) with the help of Roland-<mask>. But he was arrested in Besançon in September 1941 while trying to see his son and sentenced to six months forced labor. With the assistance of a German officer, however, he got the necessary papers to escape back to Marseille. Later in 1942, he returned to Paris and courageously joined the Resistance, working with eminent musical colleagues Désormière, Durey, Delvincourt, Charles Munch and others. Upon the liberation in 1944, he returned to the Orchestre National de France to become their principal conductor, a post he held until 1947. The first concert consisted of works from each of the Allied countries, including the Hymne à la Justice by Magnard.He made sure a wide range of contemporary music was played, and the first season included a complete Stravinsky cycle. In his final year with the orchestra, he brought it to England to join Sir Thomas Beecham and the Royal Philharmonic in a concert organized by Jack Hylton that filled the Harringay Arena with 13,500 listeners. In early 1946, <mask>'s first conductorship in the USA was with the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra. Having accepted the post of composer-in-residence at the College of Puget Sound, he was invited to become music director of the Seattle Symphony, which he conducted from 1948–1951 while undertaking guest engagements in San Francisco and Buenos Aires. He then went to Algiers to conduct there and in Tunis during the winter of 1952-53. He was music director of the Orchestre Symphonique de Liège from 1964-1967, and professor of conducting at the Paris Conservatoire from 1962 to 1974, where he established a more demanding schedule for his students, who included Yan Pascal Tortelier, Eliahu Inbal, Jacques Mercier, Marc Soustrot and Jean-Claude Casadesus. He conducted some of the first modern performances of Jean-Philippe Rameau's Zoroastre, at the Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux and the Opéra-Comique in 1964.The BBC in Manchester invited him to conduct an opera of his choice in 1973, which turned out to be Emmanuel Chabrier's Le roi malgré lui, for which he chose a French cast. In February 1981, <mask> made his debut at the Metropolitan Opera New York in a mixed-bill of 20th century French stage works, returning in 1983 for Francis Poulenc's 1957 operatic masterpiece Dialogues des carmélites and for further appearances in 1986-87. He returned to Seattle in 1986 to conduct Richard Wagner's Ring cycle at the Seattle Opera. He conducted the first performance of Claude Debussy's radical 1902 operatic masterpiece Pelléas et Mélisande in Russia, in Moscow in 1988, and later that year premiered the same work in Caracas, Venezuela. In 1992, he conducted a production of Padmâvatî by Albert Roussel at the Opera Bastille. Composer
<mask> composed prolifically in many classical genres, including operas, operettas, ballets, 13 works for orchestra, choral works both with orchestra and a cappella, works for solo voice and orchestra, chamber music, and music for voice and piano as well as for solo piano. The wide variety of his work, in terms of both genre and tone, reflects his refusal to accept the stylistic compartmentalization prevalent in Paris in the 1920s.His reputation as a composer was sealed in France with Jeanne d'Arc, first performed in 1936, although this was followed by a production of the light-hearted one-act operetta La Poule Noire of 1937. His best-known compositional work was not his own, the 1938 ballet Gaîté Parisienne orchestrated from operetta selections by Jacques Offenbach (copied manually by assistants who chose them from piano scores they speed-read in the Harvard University music library, the most complete repository of Offenbach scores known at that time). The commission by Léonide Massine was originally entrusted to Roger Désormière, but for lack of time Désormière asked his friend <mask> to take over the project. <mask> was initially reluctant, but fulfilled the commission. Massine rejected the score but, after arbitration by Igor Stravinsky, finally accepted the work and choreographed the ballet, which turned out to be a major success. He also orchestrated works by Federico Mompou and Ravel. He was a fluent composer of choral and sacred works, such as La Pietà d'Avignon (1943), Trois pièces liturgiques (1944) and Missa Deo gratias (1953).Parts of his Saint François d'Assise may have influenced Olivier Messiaen, who wrote an extensive opera on the same subject. In 1965 his serious opera Hop, Signor! was a disappointment in Toulouse and at the Opéra-Comique. Works

Stage works
 Rayon des soieries, 1923-1926, opéra bouffe in one act
 Un baiser pour rien ou La folle du logis, 1928-1929, ballet in one act
 Les Bootleggers, 1932, comédie musicale in one act
 La Poule noire, 1933-1937, comédie musicale in one act
 Gaîté Parisienne, 1938, ballet in one act d’après Offenbach
 Que le diable l'emporte, 1948, ballet in one act
 Les femmes au tombeau, 1956, drame lyrique in one act
 Hop, Signor! VEGA
Ravel: Daphnis et Chloé, Rapsodie espagnole, Alborada del gracioso, Valses nobles et sentimentales; Orchestra of the Opéra de Paris, conducted by <mask>. VEGA
Ravel: L'heure espagnole - Géori Boué (Concepcion), Roger Bourdin (Ramiro), Orchestre National de France, conductor: <mask>. Paris 28 December 1944.IMV 027. Ibert: Concertino da camera for alto saxophone and eleven instruments, Debussy: Rapsodie, Loeffler: Poeme paien d'apres Virgile - Marcel Mule, Orchestre Philharmonique de Paris, conductor <mask>. Paris, 1952, 2-EMI 85240. Glazounov: Suite from Raymonda - Orchestre Philharmonique de Paris, conductor <mask>. Paris, 1952, 2-EMI 85240. Scriabin: The Poem of Ecstasy - Orchestre Philharmonique de Paris, conductor <mask>. Paris, 1952, 2-EMI 85240.Sauguet: Les caprices de Marianne - Andrée Esposito (Marianne), Michel Sénéchal (Coelio), Camille Maurane (Octave), Orchestre Radio-Lyrique, conductor: <mask>. Paris, 27–28 May 1959. SOCD 98/99
Bizet: Les pêcheurs de perles - Jeanine Micheau (Leila), Alain Vanzo (Nadir), Gabriel Bacquier (Zurga), Lucien Lovano (Nourabad), Chœur de la RTF, Orchestre Radio-Lyrique, conductor: <mask>. Paris, 25 June 1959. GALA GL 100.504
Messiaen: Chronochromie - Orchestre National de France, conductor <mask>. Ades 14122. Lalo: Symphonie espagnole, Camille Saint-Saëns, violin concerto n°3.Arthur Grumiaux (violin), Orchestre des Concerts Lamoureux, conductor: <mask>. Eloquence 462 579-2 (1963). Satie: Parade, Trois Petite Pieces Montées, Socrate, En habit de cheval. French National Radio & Television Orchestra, <mask>. 1968. Everest - EVERCD014
Offenbach: Pomme d'api, M. Choufleuri restera chez lui le . . ., Mesdames de la Halle - Mady Mesplé, Jean-Philippe Lafont, Léonard Pezzino, Charles Burles, Michel Trempont, Michel Hamel; Orchestre Philharmonique de Monte-Carlo, Ensemble Choral Jean Laforge, Conductor: <mask>.Monte Carlo 21–29 September 1982. EMI 3952972. Puccini: Tosca - Jane Rhodes, Albert Lance, Gabriel Bacquier; Orchestra of the Opéra de Paris, conducted by <mask>. VEGA - VAL 18
Offenbach: La belle Hélène - Jane Rhodes, Bernard Plantey, Jean Giraudeau, Michel Hamel, Jacques Doucet, Bernard Demigny, Andrine Forli; Orchestra and Chorus of the Opéra-Comique, Paris, conducted by <mask>. Philips GL5664

Personal life
<mask> was married twice. His first marriage was to a chorus girl, Mlle. Troussier, in 1927.He had begun a relationship with soprano Claudine Verneuil while still married to his first wife, but during his tenure in Seattle presented Claudine as his wife even though he had not divorced Troussier. His failure to declare Verneuil's true status led to his detention for six weeks on Ellis Island on the way back to Seattle in October 1951, and his Seattle contract was terminated after the discovery of his first marriage. In 1952, he finally obtained a divorce and married Verneuil. He had two sons, Alain born in 1933 and Clément in 1956. He was made a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur in 1961 and a Commandeur in 1991. A convert to Roman Catholicism, in 1999 he published a small book, 'Crescendo vers Dieu', in which he examined the religious beliefs that were woven into his life story. He died in Paris, just short of his 99th birthday.References

External links
On-line biography
Radio France biography
<mask> interview by Bruce Duffie, September 9, 1985
 <mask> on data.bnf.fr

1904 births
2003 deaths
Musicians from Paris
French people of Jewish descent
French male classical composers
French operetta composers
French male conductors (music)
Prix Blumenthal
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
Conservatoire de Paris faculty
French ballet composers
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
20th-century French conductors (music)
20th-century French male musicians

masks:
Manuel Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Bernard Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Manuel
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Manuel
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Manuel Rosenthal
Manuel Rosenthal
Manuel Rosenthal
Manuel Rosenthal
Manuel Rosenthal
Manuel Rosenthal
Manuel Rosenthal
Manuel Rosenthal
Manuel Rosenthal
Manuel Rosenthal
Manuel Rosenthal
Manuel Rosenthal
Manuel Rosenthal
Rosenthal
Manuel Rosenthal
Manuel Rosenthal