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<mask> (born 18 December 1967) is a Slovenian professional football manager and former player. He is currently the manager of Cypriot First Division club Pafos. As a player, Milanič represented both Yugoslavia and Slovenia at international level. He also captained Slovenia at UEFA Euro 2000. Club career
Born in Izola, Milanič began his football career with local side NK Izola. In the 1986–87 season, he joined Partizan. During his time at Partizan, he won the Yugoslav First League and the Yugoslav Cup twice.After the 1992–93 season, Milanič moved to the Austrian side Sturm Graz, where he played for eight seasons and won eight trophies, including two Austrian Bundesliga titles, three Austrian Cups and three Austrian Supercups. In 2000, at the age of 32, Milanič retired early due to injury and to pursue a coaching career in football. International career
During his spell at Serbian club Partizan, Milanič earned five caps for Yugoslavia. Even after Slovenia's independence, he was included by Yugoslavia in their squad for Euro 1992 along with Džoni Novak, but the nation would be suspended due to the Yugoslav Wars. Milanič later represented Slovenia, earning 42 caps. He captained his country at the Euro 2000, including a match against his former national side, Yugoslavia, which ended in a 3–3 draw. Coaching career
After his football career, Milanič turned to coaching.He started his coaching career at his hometown club Izola. After that, he was appointed manager of Primorje and an assistant coach at Sturm Graz under Franco Foda during the 2006–07 season. Gorica
At the start of the 2007–08 season, Milanič was appointed as the head coach of Gorica, where he helped guide them to a third-place finish in the Slovenian PrvaLiga. In the 2007–08 UEFA Cup, the team was knocked out in the first qualifying round after losing over two legs to Rabotnički. Maribor
On 29 May 2008, Milanič was appointed head coach at Maribor by Director of Football Zlatko Zahovič. He won the Slovenian PrvaLiga during his first year in the 2008–09 season. In May 2010, Maribor won the Slovenian Cup.After winning this trophy, Milanič became the first coach that have won all three domestic trophies in Slovenian club football, having won the Slovenian League and the Slovenian Supercup before that. He has achieved that in only two seasons. At the beginning of the 2012–13 season, Maribor played in their fourth successive Supercup. The club defeated their "eternal rivals" Olimpija Ljubljana 2–1 to clinch their second Supercup title. In January 2013, Milanič was selected as the Slovenian Manager of the Year for 2012 by winning the league, cup and supercup. Milanič led Maribor to the group stages of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League as one of the losers in the play-off round of the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League, where they were eliminated by Dinamo Zagreb. This was the second season in a row in which Maribor qualified to the Europa League main stages.They managed to get four points out of six matches, defeating Panathinaikos and drawing with Tottenham Hotspur, both at home. On 9 November 2012, Maribor suffered a 3–1 defeat to Tottenham Hotspur after a hat-trick by Jermain Defoe. In the final game of Group J, Maribor suffered a 4–1 defeat to Lazio. Maribor confirmed their eleventh league title on 11 May 2013 after defeating Olimpija Ljubljana 2–1. In the 2013 Cup Final, Maribor defeated Celje 1–0, thus securing their fourth "double" in the club's history. Sturm Graz
On 4 June 2013, Milanič became a manager of Sturm Graz in the Austrian Bundesliga, with Novica Nikčević as his assistant. One of his first signings was Robert Berić, whom he signed from his former club, Maribor.Sturm Graz were knocked out of the Europa League after losing 1–0 on aggregate in the second qualifying round to Breiðablik UBK. He led his side to a fifth-place finish during his first season during the 2013–14 season. On 21 September 2014, during a press conference, Sturm Graz revealed that Milanič would be leaving the club to join an English side Leeds United after agreeing to buy out his contract at Sturm Graz to make the move. Leeds United
On 23 September 2014, Milanič was appointed as manager of Leeds United on a two-year deal, replacing Dave Hockaday. He was joined at Leeds by his Sturm Graz assistant Novica Nikčević. Milanič parted company on 25 October 2014, minutes after a 2–1 loss to Wolverhampton Wanderers,
just 32 days after taking over, for failing to win any of his six games in charge. Return to Maribor
On 2 March 2016, Milanič returned to the Slovenian PrvaLiga club Maribor.He became the Slovenian champion with the team in the 2016–17 season. Milanič led Maribor to the group stages of the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League after eliminating Zrinjski Mostar, Fimleikafélag Hafnarfjarðar, and Hapoel Be'er-Sheva in the qualifying rounds. In the 2018–19 season, he won his sixth league title with Maribor. He resigned in March 2020 after a 2–1 home defeat against Bravo. Slovan Bratislava
On 7 September 2020, Milanič took charge of Slovak club Slovan Bratislava, signing a one-year contract with an option for further two years, with Novica Nikčević named as his assistant. He was sacked on 9 May 2021 after a series of poor results, despite reaching the cup final and topping the league table. Pafos
On 30 June 2021, Milanič was appointed as head coach of Pafos on a two-year contract.Managerial statistics

Honours

Player
Partizan
Yugoslav First League: 1986–87
Yugoslav Cup: 1988–89, 1991–92

Sturm Graz
Austrian Bundesliga: 1997–98, 1998–99
Austrian Cup: 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99
Austrian Supercup: 1996, 1998, 1999

Manager
Maribor
Slovenian PrvaLiga: 2008–09, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2016–17, 2018–19
Slovenian Cup: 2009–10, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2015–16
Slovenian Supercup: 2009, 2012

Individual
Slovenian PrvaLiga Manager of the Season: 2011–12

See also
Slovenian international players

References

External links
 Player profile at NZS

1967 births
Living people
People from Izola
Yugoslav footballers
Slovenian footballers
Association football defenders
FK Partizan players
SK Sturm Graz players
Slovenian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Serbia and Montenegro
Expatriate footballers in Austria
Yugoslav First League players
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
UEFA Euro 2000 players
Dual internationalists (football)
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Serbia and Montenegro
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Yugoslavia international footballers
Slovenia international footballers
Slovenian football managers
Slovenian expatriate football managers
Austrian Football Bundesliga managers
English Football League managers
Slovak Super Liga managers
Cypriot First Division managers
NK Primorje managers
ND Gorica managers
NK Maribor managers
SK Sturm Graz managers
Leeds United F.C. managers
ŠK Slovan Bratislava managers
Pafos FC managers
Expatriate football managers in Austria
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in England
Expatriate football managers in England
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Slovakia
Expatriate football managers in Slovakia
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Expatriate football managers in Cyprus


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<mask> is an American foreign policy expert and former diplomat who was the Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs from October 2017 until February 2019. Prior to assuming the role at State Department, he was president and CEO of the Center for European Policy Analysis. On July 19, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated <mask> as Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs. He was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate in September 2017. On January 22, 2019, it was announced <mask> would resign from his post in February. Early life
<mask> is a sixth generation Texan who was born in Lubbock, Texas in 1977. He received his B.A.in history from Texas Tech University. He received his M.A. in German and European studies from the BMW Center for German and European Studies at the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service. While studying there, he was awarded the 2004 Hopper Award. He received his DPhil in Political Science from the Otto-Suhr-Institut für Politikwissenschaft from the Freie Universität Berlin. <mask> co-founded the Center for European Policy Analysis in 2005 at the age of twenty-eight. CEPA is a non-profit, non-partisan public policy research institute that studies Central and Eastern Europe.Before co-founding CEPA, <mask> was a research associate at the National Center for Policy Analysis. At CEPA, the bulk of <mask>'s reports and articles advanced the argument that the United States should increase its diplomatic and military engagement with allies in Central and Eastern Europe and East Asia that could otherwise fall under Russian or Chinese influence. <mask> was among the earliest proponents of placing U.S. and NATO military personnel in Poland and the Baltic States in the aftermath of the 2008 Russo-Georgia War. He was a critic of the Obama Administration's U.S.-Russia Reset. In November 2008 he wrote that "Moscow could precipitate a major crisis in Ukraine within [the Obama administration’s] first two years in office." In 2009 he wrote: "Signs of [U.S.] retreat...  regional democrats and embolden Moscow to push its luck elsewhere, particularly in Ukraine." <mask> was an early proponent of using deterrence-by-denial to defend vulnerable U.S. allies like Estonia or Taiwan from Russian or Chinese attack.Where deterrence-by-punishment seeks to dissuade aggression by threatening retaliation against the attacker, deterrence-by-denial seeks to dissuade aggression by making the object of attack itself more resistant to attack. In his historical writing, <mask> has focused mainly on the Habsburg Empire. In his 2018 book The Grand Strategy of the Habsburg Empire, <mask> argued that Austria successfully managed over-extended frontiers against numerous stronger rivals by employing strategies of time-management that allowed it to sequence military contests and avoid contests of strength beyond its ability to bear. An article in The Wall Street Journal about the Habsburg Empire that <mask> co-authored with Purdue University historian Charles Ingrao received the Stanton Prize for using applied history to illuminate contemporary challenges. In 2012, <mask> was an adviser to the national security transition team for the Mitt Romney presidential campaign. <mask> is the author of three books, The Grand Strategy of the Habsburg Empire (Princeton University Press, 2018), The Unquiet Frontier: Vulnerable Allies, Rising Rivals and the Crisis of American Power with Jakub J. Grygiel (Princeton University Press, 2016) and The Godfather Doctrine: A Foreign Policy Parable with John Hulsman (Princeton University Press, 2009). <mask> and Grygiel's 2016 book Unquiet Frontier has been cited as having had a significant influence on National Security Advisor General H.R.McMaster's formulation of the 2017 U.S. National Security Strategy and the shift of emphasis in U.S. foreign policy to great-power competition. The book argues that rising and revisionist powers, Russia and China, are "probing" the periphery of the U.S.-led international order by placing pressure on U.S. allies, and that the United States should strengthen its alliances as a way of achieving strategic stability. As Assistant Secretary for European and Eurasian Affairs, <mask> was responsible for diplomatic relations with the 50 countries of Europe and Eurasia, as well as the institutions of NATO, the EU, and OSCE. He was seen as an advocate for strengthening NATO, for providing military assistance to Ukraine and Georgia, and for stepping up U.S. efforts to counter Russia and China. In August 2018 testimony to the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, <mask> stated:

"Russia and China are serious competitors that are building up the material and ideological wherewithal to contest U.S. primacy and leadership in the 21st Century. It continues to be among the foremost national security interests of the United States to prevent the domination of the Eurasian landmass by hostile powers." <mask> was seen as an architect of State Department efforts to increase U.S. engagement with states in East-Central Europe, the Caucasus, and Western Balkans as a means of countering Russian and Chinese geopolitical influence.<mask> was also seen as a driver of greater U.S. involvement in the Eastern Mediterranean, including through the deepening of U.S. ties with Greece, Cyprus and Israel. He played a role in the resolution of the Greece-North Macedonia name dispute that created the possibility for North Macedonia to join NATO. In a January 4, 2019 letter to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, <mask> stated personal and professional reasons for his decision to resign from his post. In an interview, he said he had not taken this decision in a protest at the Trump administration's policies. <mask>'s resignation, which became publicly known on January 22, became effective in February 2019. <mask> currently serves as Vice Chairman of the Center for European Policy Analysis, as Senior Advisor at the Office of Strategic Stability and Security at the United States Institute of Peace, as a Non-Resident Fellow in the Applied History Project at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government, and as a member of the international advisory board for Cambridge University's Centre for Geopolitics. He previously served as a Chair of the Europe Group for the John Hay Initiative, and as a member of the advisory councils of the Richard G. Lugar Institute for Diplomacy and Congress, the Slovak Atlantic Commission, the Prague Center for Transatlantic Relations, the Atlantic Initiative, and the Alexander Hamilton Society.On March 31, 2020, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg appointed <mask> co-chair of NATO's high-level Reflection Group, a commission of senior experts tasked with providing recommendations to the Secretary General for strengthening the political cohesion and decision-making of the Alliance. The Reflection Group submitted the final report to the Secretary General on November 25, 2020. Personal life
He lives in Virginia with his wife and two children. He speaks German. Publications
 The Grand Strategy of the Habsburg Empire. Princeton University Press. 2018.Unquiet Frontier: Rising Rivals, Vulnerable Allies, and the Crisis of American Power. Princeton University Press. 2016. The Godfather Doctrine. Princeton University Press. 2006. Honors

 Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit, Republic of Poland
 Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit, Hungary
 Gold Medal of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Slovak Republic
 Hopper Award, Center for German and European Studies, Georgetown University
 Distinguished Alumni Award, Texas Tech University
 Stanton Prize for Applied History, Stanton Foundation

References

External links

 Biography at the Center for European Policy Analysis

Living people
Texas Tech University alumni
Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni
Free University of Berlin alumni
Trump administration personnel
United States Assistant Secretaries of State
1977 births

masks:
Aaron Wess Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Aaron Wess Mitchell
Career Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell


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<mask> (December 19, 1829 – December 23, 1901) was a British-born American author and journalist, better known by her pseudonym, Jennie June. She was a pioneer author and editor of women's columns in leading newspapers and magazines in New York. She founded the Sorosis club for women in New York in 1868 and in 1889 expanded it nationwide to the General Federation of Women's Clubs. She also founded the Woman's Press Club of New York City. Early life
<mask> was born in England, the daughter of a Unitarian minister, Reverend <mask>, and his wife <mask>. The family emigrated to the United States when young <mask> was twelve. The family first lived in Poughkeepsie, New York, and later in Southbridge, Massachusetts.Professional career
<mask> first became interested in journalism while a student; she started by editing the school newspaper. Later, she edited and published the newspaper for her brother's church. By 1855, she had moved to New York in search of full-time journalism work, and some sources say it was there she first used the pseudonym "Jennie June". But other sources say that "Jennie June" was a childhood nickname, given to her by a family friend when Jennie was twelve years old. After applying to several newspapers and being turned down, she was eventually hired by a publication called Noah's Sunday Times (often erroneously reported as The New York Times, for whom she did not work); this was a publication edited by Mordecai Manuel Noah. At Noah's, she began writing a regular women's column, focusing on such traditional subjects as fashion, cooking, and the arts. She would later recall this time as challenging since few newspapers wanted to hire a woman at all, and if they did so, it was only in the areas set aside for "women's interests".There was great resistance from male editors about hiring a woman to cover news or do serious reporting outside of what was considered women's sphere. As a result of her journalism career, she also met her husband, a fellow journalist and editor for the New York Herald; his name was David G<mask> and they were married on St. Valentine's Day February 14, 1856. They had three daughters, Minnie, Viola and Alice, and one son, Herbert David. <mask> went on to a career in journalism, becoming editor of The New Republic magazine. She would later tell interviewers that thanks to her husband, her career in journalism advanced; he hired her at New York World, and her career progressed from then on. While most women were expected to give up their career after marrying, Jennie June continued to work and did so even after having children. She was the editor of Demorest's Magazine from 1860 to 1887; this magazine devoted itself to women's fashions, and Jennie became known as an expert in the subject, widely quoted in other publications.She was later the editor of the Cycle Magazine (which she founded) and also the Home-Maker Magazine. Additionally, her columns were often syndicated on women's pages throughout the United States. Feminist

Croly was a pioneer feminist, dedicated to the betterment of her sex. She called for more efficiency in women's dress and ridiculed bloomers as bizarre. She insisted that women's finest work was to be "the caretakers, the homemakers, the educators of children". Croly sympathized with the women's suffrage movement but was not active in it. She strongly supported equality and equal rights, giving special emphasis to new careers for middle-class women such as secretary, bookkeeper, nursing and department store clerk, in addition to traditional roles of teaching.Schlesinger argues that "Croly's lasting contribution to the progress of American women was her insistence that sex be submerged in competent performance". She told American women that financial independence and economic equality was as or more important than the right to vote. She called the first congresses of women in 1856 and 1869, organized Sorosis in 1869; it was an organization that advocated for greater acceptance and more professional opportunities for women. It did not concern itself with politics or women's suffrage. Jennie June told the press that she envisioned the club, (whose name is a Greek botanical term for a kind of tree that yields various kinds of fruits and flowers) as a salon where women could gather and exchange ideas, enjoy literature, and discuss the arts. She later organized its successor, the General Federation of Women's Clubs) in 1890; she also founded the New York Woman's Press Club in 1889 and became its first president. Early meetings were held in her home.Final years

In her later years, Jennie <mask> was often referred to in the press as the "Mother of Women's Clubs", a term that was also mentioned when newspapers reported on how she became ill in the summer of 1898. She suffered a serious fall and broke her hip; her close friend Ellen Demorest, for whose fashion magazine she once worked, also became ill around that same time, suffering a stroke. It seems that she never entirely recovered and, in 1900 announced that she was retiring from newspaper and club work. She made a trip back to England, to see the country of her birth after so many years away and, after returning to New York, she died of heart failure, on December 23, 1901, at the age of 72. In 1994, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. Works
 For Better or Worse; (1875)
 Jennie Juneiana: Talks on Women's Topics (1864)
 Cookery-Book for Young Housekeepers (1866)
 Knitting and Crochet (1885)
 Thrown on Her Own Resources (1891)
 History of the Woman's-Club Movement in America (1898 and 1900)

References

Further reading
 Schlesinger, Elizabeth Bancroft. "The Nineteenth-century Woman's Dilemma and Jennie June".New York History (1961): 365-379. in JSTOR
 Schlesinger, Elizabeth Bancroft. "Croly, <mask>" in Edward T. James, editor, Notable American Women 1607–1950:  A Biographical Dictionary (1971) 1:409-11
 Smith, Henry Ladd. "The Beauteous Jennie June: Pioneer Woman Journalist". Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly (1963) 40#2 pp: 169-174. online

Primary sources

External links

<mask> Croly at the General Federation of Women's Clubs

1829 births
1901 deaths
American magazine editors
American women journalists
American motivational writers
Women motivational writers
American feminists
English emigrants to the United States
19th-century American women writers
Women magazine editors

masks:
Jane Cunningham Croly
Jane Cunningham
Joseph Cunningham
Jane Scott
Jane
Jane
. Croly
Herbert Croly
June Croly
Jane Cunningham
Jane Cunningham


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<mask> (6 November 1891 – 7 August 1971) was a German general who served in the First and Second World Wars. During the latter, he was the German military attaché in Italy. Early life
<mask> was born in Stettin on 6 November 1891, the son of Prussian Army Generalleutnant <mask> and his wife Hedwig  Russell. The family was ennobled in 1913, and added the nobiliary particle "von" to their surname. He was initially homeschooled, then attended the Schiller-Realgymnasium in Stettin, gymnasiums in Stargard and Stralsund, the lyzeum in Strassburg, and the gymnasium in Küstrin. First World War
Rintelen joined the Prussian Army and was promoted on 17 September 1910 as a fahnenjunker in the . He was promoted to unteroffizier on 27 January 1911, fähnrich on 23 May 1911, and leutnant on
27 January 1912, with seniority backdated to 30 January 1910.During the First World War he served on the Western and Eastern fronts. He was adjutant of the III. Battalion of the 2nd Reserve Infantry Regiment from 2 August to 24 September 1914, then ordnance officer on the staff of the 81. Reserve Infantry Brigade from 13 January to 22 August 1915. He was promoted to oberleutnant on 18 September 1915. On 13 December 1915, he joined the staff of the 2nd Grenadier Regiment, becoming adjutant on 13 January 1916, and a company commander on 15 September 1917. From 7 December 1917 to 23 May 1918, he was on the staff of the 109th Infantry Division, except from 24 January to 4 March 1918, when he commanded the 227th Field Artillery Regiment in that division.On 24 May 1918 he was posted to the staff of the XI Corps. He joined the staff of the 78th Reserve Division on 14 July, and the  For his services, he was promoted to  hauptmann on 18 October 1918. He was awarded both classes of the Iron Cross. Between the wars
After the war, Rintelen was one of the officers who was retained in the Reichswehr. He married Ernina Boy-Kessler on 9 June 1920 in Stettin. The couple had a daughter and a son, <mask>, who later married Countess Clotilde of Nassau-Merenberg. Rintelen was posted to the staff of  1 in Berlin on 1 October 1921.On 1 October 1922 he was transferred to the staff of the 6th Division in Münster, and then, on 1 October 1922, to that of Gruppenkommando 2 in Kassel. On 1 October 1925, he assumed command of the 16th Company of the . On 1 October 1928, he returned to staff duties on the staff of the 2nd Cavalry Division. Promotion was slow in the inter-war years, and he was not promoted to major until 1 April 1931 (with seniority backdated to 1 October 1929). Thereafter, promotion became faster, and he was promoted to Oberstleutnant on 1 December 1933, and assumed command of the 1st Battalion of Infantry Regiment Döberitz on 1 October 1934. He was promoted to Oberst on 1 October 1935, and entered the . Second World War
On 1 October 1936, Rintelen was posted to Rome as the German military attaché in Italy.He would remain in this post for the rest of his military career, although he was promoted to generalmajor on 1 June 1939, generalleutnant on 1 June 1941, and general der infanterie on 1 July 1942. After Italy entered the Second World War in June 1940, he became the representative of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) to the Italian High Command (Comando Supremo). As such, he was answerable to the Oberkommando des Heeres, the OKW and the Foreign Office. He learned to speak Italian fluently, and established good relationships with the Italian civil and military leadership. When German troops started moving into Italy, Rintelen exercised command over them, although operational units came under Italian tactical command. He was given the title of Deutscher General bei dem Hauptquartier der italienischen Wehrmacht (German General at the Headquarters of the Italian Armed Forces). Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring was appointed OB Süd in December 1941, but initially controlled only the air forces in Sicily.Rintelen was subordinated to him in October 1942, but could still communicate with the OKW directly as its representative in Italy. Despite his warm relations with the Italians,  Rintelen was under no illusions about the military prowess of Italy, which he felt was exaggerated by the Nazis due to their political affinity with fascism. In May 1943, he submitted a report on combat effectiveness of the Italian armed forces, concluding that they "have not up to now fulfilled the missions assigned them in this war, and have actually failed everywhere." He concluded that the Italians could not repel a full-scale Allied invasion of Italy without substantial German assistance. In response, OKW ordered Kesselring to reconstitute three divisions that had been destroyed in the Tunisian campaign. When the Italian government changed in July 1943, Rintelen accepted the explanation of General Vittorio Ambrosio that it would have no effect on military operations and that Italy would remain in the war as an ally of Germany. Adolf Hitler did not believe it, and used Rintelen, whom he considered an "Italophile", as cover while OKW prepared Fall Achse (Operation Axis) to disarm the Italian forces and occupy Italy.When he found out about it, Rintelen considered it a breach of faith with the Italians, and urged Kesselring to resign rather than implement it. Rintelen went to see Hitler in person. Hitler was far from convinced, and suspected Rintelen was a traitor. Nonetheless, he let him return to his post in Italy as if nothing had happened. On 1 September 1943, <mask> was transferred to the Führerreserve and was succeeded by Rudolf Toussaint. On 31 December 1944,  <mask> retired, and was awarded the German Cross in Silver for his services. He had also been awarded the Italian Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus.Later life
Rintelen worked for the US Army's Historical Division in 1946 and 1947, writing a monograph on German-Italian Cooperation. He also wrote about his experiences in Italy in a book Mussolini als Bundesgenosse: Erinnerungen des deutschen Militärattachés in Rom, 1936–1943 ("Mussolini as ally: Memoires of the German military attaché in Rome, 1936-1943") (1951). It was translated into Italian, but never published in English. He died in Heidelberg on 7 August 1971. Bibliography

Notes

References

1891 births
1971 deaths
German military personnel of World War I
German memoirists
Generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht)
Generals of Infantry (Wehrmacht)
Military personnel of Prussia
Military personnel from Szczecin
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
German military attachés
20th-century memoirists

masks:
Enno Emil von Rintelen
Enno Emil von Rintelen
Wilhelm Rintelen
Enno
Rintelen
Rintelen


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Bayajidda (Hausa: Bàyā̀jiddà) was, according to the legends surrounding most West African states before the 19th century, the founder of the Hausa states. Most accounts say that Bayajidda came from Baghdad. Bayajidda came first to Borno where he was given one of the Mai's daughters as a wife, and then later lived for a while in Hausa land where he married the Queen of Daura, who also  gave him a Gwari mistress as a reward for slaying "Sarki", said to be a great snake which deprived her people of access to water. By the Queen of Daura, Bayajidda had a son called Bawo, another called Biram by the Borno princess, and yet another son, Karbagari, by his Gwari paramour. Bawo is said to have succeeded his father and had six sons who became the rulers of  Daura, Katsina, Zazzau, Gobir, Kano and  Rano. These, together with Biram, which was ruled by the son of Bayajidda and of the Borno Princess, formed the "Hausa Bakwai" or the "Hausa 7". However, Karbagari the son of the Gwari mistress had seven sons too who ruled Kebbi, Zamfara, Gwari, Jukun, Ilorin, Nupe and Yauri which are referred to in this tradition as the "Banza Bakwai" or "Illegitimate seven"

His hero's legend

The hero's departure from Baghdad and his stay in Borno
According to the legend, Bayajidda was a prince from Baghdad (the capital of modern-day Iraq) and son of King Abdullahi, but he was exiled from his home town after Queen Zidam, also known as Zigawa, had conquered the city.Once he left Baghdad, he traveled across Africa with numerous warriors and arrived in Borno. Once in Borno, tales differ as to what caused tension with the local king. According to one story, Bayajidda realized his forces were stronger than those of the king; because of this, he planned to overthrow him. However, the king heard of the plot and, after consulting with his advisors, gave Bayajidda his daughter, Magaram (also known as Magira), in marriage. Later, when the king attacked and took over several towns, he tricked his new son-in-law into leaving his own men to guard the towns, thereby decreasing the number of men Bayajidda had at his disposal. Bayajidda realized that he was being tricked when he had only his wife and one slave left; during the night, they fled to Garun Gabas, now situated in the Hadeja region. While there, Magaram gave birth to Bayajidda's first child, Biram, the eponymous ancestor of the petty kingdom of Gabas-ta-Biram ("east of Biram").However, according to another version of the story, Bayajidda was welcomed into Borno, married Magaram and became popular among the people. Because of this, the king envied him and plotted against him; upon being informed of this by his wife, he fled Borno with her. Arrival in Daura and slaying of the serpent
Bayajidda left his wife and child in Garun Gabas and continued on to the village of Gaya near Kano - which others believe to be Gaya in modern Niger -, where he had the local blacksmiths make him a knife. He then came to the town of Daura (located in modern-day Katsina State), where he entered a house and asked an old woman for water. She informed him that a serpent named Sarki (sarki is the Hausa word for king) guarded the well and that the people were only allowed to draw water once a week. Bayajidda set out for the well and killed the serpent with the sword and beheaded it with the knife the blacksmiths had made for him, after which he drank the water, put the head in a bag, and returned to the old woman's house. (The Kusugu Well where this is said to have happened is nowadays a tourist attraction.)The next day, the people of Daura gathered at the well, wondering who had killed the snake; Magajiya Daurama, the local queen, offered sovereignty over half the town to whoever could prove that he killed the snake. Several men brought snake heads forth, but the heads did not match the body. The old woman, owner of the house Bayajidda was staying in, informed the queen that her guest had slayed it, after which Daurama summoned Bayajidda. Having presented the snake's head, proving to her that he was the one who had slain Sarki, he turned down the offer of half the town, instead requesting her hand in marriage; she married him out of gratitude for slaying the serpent. Relationship with Magajiya Daurama

Because it was against the custom of the people of Daura for their queens to marry, Daurama made a compromise with Bayajidda and said she would only have sexual intercourse with him later; because of this, she gave him a concubine named Bagwariya. (According to the oral palace version of the legend, Daurama gave him Bagwariya because she wanted to break her "queenly vow to remain a virgin," but had to undergo rituals to do so.) Bagwariya had a son fathered by Bayajidda and she named him Karap da Gari, or Karbagari which means "he snatched the town" in Hausa.This worried Daurama, and when she had a son of her own (also fathered by Bayajidda), she named him Bawo which means "give it back". Two groups of descendants
Throughout his life, <mask> is said to have fathered three children with three different women. Bawo fathered six of his own sons, whose names were Daura, Gobir, Kano, Katsina, Rano, and Zazzau)now . Together with Biram, the son of Magaram, these seven went on to rule the seven "legitimate" Hausa states, the Hausa Bakwai. (Some versions of the tale leave Bawo and Magaram out entirely, with Biram, Daura, Gobir, Kano, Katsina, Rano, and Zaria being the sons of <mask> and Daurama). Karbagari's descendants, meanwhile, founded the seven "illegitimate" states, the Banza Bakwai. The Hausa kingdom began as seven states founded by the Bayajidda legend and the six sons of Bawo and himself, in addition to the hero's son Ibrahim of an earlier marriage.Social context

Social embeddedness of the legend
The different figures of the Bayajidda narrative were embodied by precise officials of the former Daura kingdom: the king represented Bayajidda, the official queen mother Magajiya Daurama and the official royal sister Bagwariya. Re-enactment during the Gani/Mawlūd festival
Formerly the celebrations of the Mawlūd or Gani festival consisted in the re-enactements of the major details of the legend: departure from Iraq, slaying of the snake in the well and marriage between the hero and the queen. The royal sword and the knife are still believed to have been those ones used for the slaying of the snake and the cutting of its head. Repercussions on other regional traditions
The Bayajidda legend is widely known at the courts of the "Seven Hausa" kings where it is considered to correspond to the oldest known history of Hausaland. As already observed by the traveller Heinrich Barth the basic division between the Seven Hausa and the Seven Banza is used among the Songhay to distinguish between the northern hausa  and the southern gurma side of the River Niger. Historical meaning
There are a variety of views on the Bayajidda story, with differing opinions on the meaning and historicity of the tale. Some scholars suppose that Bayajidda is a historical person, the founder of the Seven Hausa states, and contemporary Hausa royals - especially those in Daura and Zaria (Zazzau) - trace their lineage to and draw their authority from him (see Kano Chronicle).By contrast, others claim that Bayajidda never existed. Medieval history
W. K. R. Hallam argues that Bayajidda represents a "folk personification" of the supporters of Abu Yazid (a tenth-century Kharijite Berber rebel), whose followers fled southwards from North Africa after Yazid's defeat by and death at the hands of Fatimids. According to this theory, the Hausa states would have been founded by Kharijite refugees in the tenth century CE. Elizabeth Isichei, in her work A History of African Societies to 1870, suggests that Bayajidda's stay in Borno prior to arriving in Hausaland is "perhaps a folk memory of origins on the Borno borderland, or a reflection of Borno political and cultural dominance." Symbolical history
One view is that the story of the marriage of Bayajidda and Daurama symbolizes the merger of Arab and Berber tribes in North and West Africa. Biblical Anthropologist, Alice C. Linsley, maintains that Bayajidda's closest biblical counterpart is Cain . Cain is said to have fled from his father, married a princess whom he met at a well, and was involved with metalworkers.Most of the heroes of Genesis met their wives at sacred wells or springs. Abraham married Keturah at the Well of Sheba (Beersheva). Issac (Yitzak) found a wife at a well in Aram. Moses encountered his wife at a well sacred to the Midianites and won her hand after he delivered the women and flocks from Egyptian raiders. The antiquity of the Hausa origins account is believed to be attested by the role which water plays in the story. In the ancient world shrines were built along rivers and at wells or springs from West Central Africa to the Indus River Valley. Serpents inhabited these places and were both venerated and feared.In Sanskrit serpent is naaga, in Hebrew nahash, and in Hausa the serpent is naja. In his 1989 book An Imperial Twilight, Gawain Bell suggests that the marriage of Bayajidda and Daurama signals a "change from a matriarchal to a patriarchal system." (Prior to the arrival of Bayajidda, the Daura monarchy would have been exclusively female.) Bibliography
 Barth, Heinrich: Travel and Discoveries in North and Central Africa, 3 vols., New York, 1857-9. Hogben, S. J. and Anthony Kirk-Greene: The Emirates of Northern Nigeria, London 1966 (p. 145-155). Lange, D.: "The Bayajidda legend and Hausa history", in: E. Bruder und T. Parfitt (eds. ), Studies in Black Judaism, Cambridge 2012, 138-174.Nicolas, Guy: Dynamique sociale et appréhension du monde au sein d'une société hausa, Paris 1975. Palmer, Herbert R.: Sudanese Memoirs, Bd. 3, Lagos 1928 (Bayajidda-Legende, p. 132-146). Smith, Michael: The Affairs of Daura, Berkeley 1978. Notes and references

External links
 (Includes audio file of pronunciation of Bayajidda.) Map showing Bornu and the Hausa Bakwai
Hausa language version of the Bayajidda tale: Part I & Part II
 English translation of the palace version of the Bayajidda legend in Lange, Ancient Kingdoms, Dettelbach 2004, 289-296. African mythology
Hausa
Legendary progenitors

masks: Bayajidda Bayajidda


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Mohamed Al-Rufrafi, an Arab poet, writer, media and translator living in exile, born in Tunis in 1950, resided in several countries before settling in France in 1984. In parallel with the journalistic work, he devoted his work to writing, translating and various cultural and artistic events, from Paris and through European and Arab cities. Life

The Tunisian experience
His full name is Mohamed al-Bashir bin Mukhtar Al-Rirvi and his nickname is Raffarfa (a coastal city in northern Tunisia) from which his ancestors came from the father's side and they are of Andalusian-Mursiki origin. Before leaving Tunisia in 1975, he began his four-year career in the field of media, as a journalist in the field of theatre, music and painting and translator in Tunisian Arabic-speaking newspapers and magazines, most of which disappeared or changed its name, and at the same time continued his university studies at the Tunis College of Arts and the Institute of Journalism and News Science, a study he dropped in the 1980s to complete in the 1980s with the goal of obtaining bachelor's (leave) in Arabic language and literature, including a master's degree in the same article with a message about "The City of Arabic Poetry" and the Institute of Journalism and News Sciences, a study he had to complete in the 1980s with the aim of obtaining bachelor's degree in Arabic language and literature, including a master's degree in the same article with a message about "The City of Arabic Poetry." Inalco, the French Institute of Oriental Languages and Civilizations (INALCO) of the University of Sorbonne-Paris-Medina, was supervised by Professors Luc Deheuvelsand Sobhi Bustani. The Arab and European Experience
From Tunisia, Mohamed Al-Rafrafi emigrated to Arab capitals and cities, bright and maghreb. For nearly five years, he spent nearly five years in Baghdad, studying philosophy at her university, where, after completing her first term, he chose to leave for Beirut, where he re-embarked on his media and cultural work at the height of the civil war and within the institutions of the Lebanese and Palestinian national movement at that time.This experience was subsequently ledby the Swedish authorities, whose right-wing government refused to allow him to remain in Sweden after one year of his stay in Stockholm, a club that has since been transformed into a political attraction between various Arab opposition groups until he split into various Arab clubs. Mohamed Raffarfi's stay in Tunisia, which was living in the early 1980s, did not last long under the late President Bourguiba, most notably the so-called Gafsa operation, which was suspended upon arrival from Stockholm and his passport withdrawn, but under pressure from the Swedish parliamentary opposition and Amnesty International and the accompanying media campaign in support of him, he was soon released. His short cooperation in Tunisia with the newspaper Al Rai, which was run by opposition leader Hassib Ben Ammar and then worked as a political and cultural correspondent from Tunisia for Arab weekly such as "Future" and "Arab Position" cyprus, had a negative impact on his personal situation, which led him to leave Tunisia again and go with his Tunisian wife to Cyprus in 1983, where he worked for the Nicosia-based Magazine "Arab Position" as editor-in-chief of The Arab Maghreb ,European and African Affairs. After a Cyprus year he moved to France where he was appointed by this magazine as director of its Paris office. Expand Media Activity
From Paris, his media experience as a reporter, editor and commentator extended to include local, immigrant and international Arab media, such as incidents, "All Arabs", "Al-Wasat" and "Al-Wasat" and "Al-Frank" Tunisian, as well as Tunisian radio and Radio France International Arab Program. He also contributed culturally to the Palestinian magazine Carmel, "Arabs and World Thought", "Contemporary Arab Thought", and the magazine "Poetic Movement" published from Mexico by the poet Kaiser Afif and "Al-Masar" magazine union of Tunisian writers, and this experience extended to the television field through the cultural program "Space of Lights" prepared and presented on the satellite network Arab News Network (Arab News Network) from London. He has exhibited some cultural events, festivals and dozens of meetings with arab intellectual and art elites over the last three years of the last century, in Paris.Tunisia, Cairo, Amman and Baghdad. Creative works
Zabad Al-Bahour is a poetry diwan issued in Arabic by the French publishing house Larmatan 1996, in the free word series, a series that was initially allocated by the publisher to the writers of Iraq, who were deprived of publication because of the embargo in the 1990s, and then opened it to Arab writers in general. 150 pages containing poems and texts attached to special drawings by the Syrian artist Youssef Abdelki (Isbn: 2-7384-4533-0) which was mentioned in the cover of the Diwan that it was written between 1977 and 1996. Excerpts from his poetry
From the fourth page of the cover of his diwana, butter of the seas, we read:

With poetry,

Weave you from the threads of the sun tent,

For meditation and serenity,

And I'm picking you up from the sea gardens. Cloud,

to breed and leave. With poetry,

I don't leave, I don't stay,

Every place is my home. When he's familiar with me,

And i'm not going to make it when I'm familiar with it

I'm not going to do that.Testimonies about him and his poetry

 Raf <mask>-Rirvi as a "silent" intellectual has practiced many creative forms over the last quarter century and his diwan "Butter of the Seas" is characterized by its diversity in the way he writes the modern poetic poem, to the extent that he mixes with his reader between the form of the poem and the "poetic speech". (Samuel Chamoun, "Arab Jerusalem" London, January 21, 1997)

 Mohamed Raffarfi belongs to the Tunisian generation of the 1970s, but from the beginning he remained completely different from the poets of his generation. He wrote and continues to be a poem that is different in form and content... He was also familiar with international poetry, and continued with new experiences in the Orient. In the early 1970s, Mohamed El-Rafravi left Tunisia to live in various Arab and European countries. The life of travelling made him less in writing, and he abandoned poetry for years, turning to the troubles of life... However, he was able to occupy his position as the owner of one of the distinct voices in Tunisian and Maghreb poetry.Abdel Fattah Khalil, London weekly al-Wasat: January 27, 1997, issue 261)
 The hair of "Rifrafi" is above weight and above the old and modern references, it is the hair of life and hair... Poetry here is never subject to the place in its constant and stimulating movement, and it rejects the sinus of things. (Mohamed El Ghazali, Al-Masar, The State of the Union of Tunisian Writers, October 1997, double issue 32–33)
 <mask>-Rirafi chose from the beginning two gates: the first opens its horizons to write a different poetry that is based on music and the second led to the knowledge of the springs of creative experiences west and bright after the man floated in more than the capital and city until he settled in the "capital of light" Paris. (Habib Chebbi, Tunisian observer magazine, January 10, 1998). L'écume des vers (Butter of the Seas) this collection of poems, which is in French, is translated by Mohamed Moumen and Hadia Al-Daridi from the texts of The Butter of The Seas, as well as texts written by the poet in French, published by the same French publishing house Larmatan French in 2009. In a series (poets from five continents)
 The Big Boy: A solidarity partnership with 31 writers and writers from the Arab scene in the author of a group book entitled "A Book Saves a Child", with a narrative text entitled "The Big Boy", page 111; published in 180 pages by The Arab House of Science Publishers, Beirut, Lebanon, 2015. The publisher of the fourth newspaper of the cover says about the purpose of the publication of this book:

"A collection of letters and articles aimed at Arab childhood, written in a book entitled "A Book That Saves a Child", and the proceeds of its profits go back to the tortured Arab childhood... We are invited to turn the title of the book into a reality to soothe the wounds of childhood and bring back the smile to her face, perhaps to re-shape her future." Translation works
The translation work from and out of French, completed by Mohamed Al-Rifafi for nearly four decades, dealt with a variety of fields of knowledge, including poetry, thought, art and politics...Some have been published in books and some in different periodicals. Some were carried out in collaboration with the French Ministry of Culture and UNESCO, most notably:

In poetry

 Translation of the complete works of the French poet Stéphane Malarmé, part of which was published in Arabic under the title "The Seasons of Malarme" in the magazine "Arabs and World Thought" by the National Development Center, Beirut, autumn 1990. This translation was supported by the "Department of Books and Reading" of the French Ministry of Culture. Translation of the "Aguafuertes" by the Spanish poet Federico Mayor Zaragoza, published by eaux Fortes at The Rich Publishing Foundation Rabat Morocco 1997. Diwan's translation of "Like a Confession from a Stone" by The French-Portuguese poet Josiane de Jaso-Berger, published in 2003 in a bilingual edition (Arabic and French) by the French publishing house Romor de Zag. Translation of an anthology of Cypriot poetry, old and new, parts of which were published in the Cyprus 1983 Cyprus Journal of The Arab Attitude and the London Accidents Magazine 1988.
 Review, in conjunction with Josiane de Jaso-Berger, for the translation by Hadia Al-Daridi from Arabic to French by the Iraqi poet Wafa Abdul Razzaq, "Memoirs of the Child of War" Mémoires de l'enfant de la guerre published by the French publishing house L'Harmattan. Just as poems were translated into Arabic by Tunisians such as Moncef Ghesham, Taher Bakri, Raouf Raisi and French such as Paul Elwar, Jean-Pierre Faye, Jules Subarviel, Laurent Gaspard [French] and René Char.Braille, the French poet and singer Savo, who performed two of her songs in Arabic, was translated and included in one of her records, and also translated into French poems by Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish and Tunisian poets such as Khaled Najjar, Bashir Al-Qahwaji and Aisha Al-Khodraoui. In thought

 Translation of le plaisir du texte by the French thinker Roland Barthes, published in Arabic in the magazine "Arabs and World Thought" by the National Development Center, Beirut (10th issue of Rabie (1990) and was based on a review of the translation of Dr. Mohamed Khair Al-Bekaai, compared to a translation by Dar Toubkalof Morocco. In politics

 of the book "The Détente between the United States and the Soviet Union" USA-URSS la détente by the French historian Anne de Tinguy, about the Belgian-French Publications of The Belgian-French Complexe, published in the magazine "Arab Attitude" in Cyprus, 1985. Translation of Le Pouvoir et la Vie(1988) Memoirs of the Former French President. Translation of a field research entitled "A Strategy for Sustainable Development in the Field of Desert Tourism" by Tunisian researcher Ezzedine Hosni, translated in French and published by UNESCO 2000. Contributions

 "Hadith al-Ouartr": the name of a poetry musical show that he combined, on the knees, tunisian artist kamenja musician Walid Gharbi and a group of violinists, law, oud and slavery as part of the "Medina Festival" (1998), organized annually by the Municipality of Tunis in Ramadan. He contributed to it with a historical and poetic text that dealt with the history of music in The City of Tunis and its transformations over the course of a century."Fine Arts and Multimedia": the title of a lecture given in the summer of 2000 in the Tunisian city of Sfax as part of his contributions to the "International Festival of Fine Arts" held annually in the coastal city of Al-Mahris, south of Sfax. A "visit to break the siege" of Libya at the head of a delegation from France that included French and Arab figures from prominent intellectuals and artists (including the philosopher Jean-Pierre Faye and novelist Yves Frémion [French] included participation in the first spring festival in 1997. A "visit to break the embargo" on Iraq, during which he covered some of the events of the 1998 Marbad Poetry Festival and held meetings with Iraqi, Arab and foreign writers, which were shown in his television show "Space of Lights" on the Arab News Network. Association and Institutional Activities
His activities in this field have spanned nearly 20 years, starting as a media consultant and translator from Paris for the Center for National Development based in Beirut, Lebanon, an institution run by Arab thinker Muta'a Safadi, which publishes the magazines "Contemporary Arab Thought" and "Arabs and World Thought". He was also a member of the Press Clubin Paris at the beginning of its founding. He then worked as a media consultant in charge of relations with Arab media at the Arab-European Mobile League, headed by Professor Mohamed Aziza. At the level of Tunisian activity in the diaspora, he chaired the Tunisian Cultural Committee in France for one year (1995/96), succeeding Tunisian writer Taher El Bakri.He also succeeded him at the head of the European branch of the Union of Tunisian Writers, which included well-known Tunisian names such as Mohamed Aziza, the late Afif Al-Akhdar, the late Abdelwahab Al-Madab, Albert Meme, Lucian H.E. Fawzia Zaouri, Hala Al-Baji, Abu Bakr al-Ayadi, the late Mohamed Ghazali and Al-Hadaji El Sayed... However, after a dispute with the presidency of the Union in Tunisia, he resigned from the presidency of the European branch to establish another independent migrant union under the name "Book of Tunisians of Europe" in accordance with writers and researchers such as Afif Ben Abdeslam, Ayadi Shabir, Ashour Ben Poor, Abu Bakr al-Ayadi and the late Mohamed El Ghazali. References

Tunisian poets
Tunisian translators
1950 births
Living people

masks:
Mohammed Al
Mohammed Al


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<mask> (奥秀太郎 Oku Shūtarō, born in 1975 in Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese film director and visual planner. Biography
Born 1975 in Tokyo. His major films are "The Labor Cop", "Japanese Naked Tribe," "Aka-sen", "Cain's Descendant" (officially selected for the 57th annual Berlin International Film Festival),"USB"(Cast: Kazushi Watanabe, Kaori Momoi, Nao Omori, Hideki Noda etc.). He has participated stage productions as visual planner for such plays as "Elisabeth" and "MOZART!" for TOHO Musical, "The Bee" and "Egg" for NODA MAP productions, "1789", "Casablanca" for the Takarazuka Revue, and more. Also as a stage director, he energetically deals with staging that makes full use of visuals. And that made him won the 2008 Yomiuri Theater Awards for Excellent Staff Award for Black Cat (Written and Directed by him).His major stage productions are "Persona4 Arena", "BLOOD-C The LAST MIND", "GHOST in THE SHELL ARISE : GHOST is ALIVE", and so on. Filmography
 KAI-ON (2000, 74min)
 The Labor Cop (2002, 91min)
 Ten-Sho-Chi (A yet to be released) -- documentary on the Japanese legendary treatre directors Yukio Ninagawa, Hideki Noda and Masahide Komaki. Japanese Naked Tribe (2003, 72min)
 AKA-SEN (2004, 90min) -- This film featured Japanese Kabuki star Shido Nakamura in his first leading role. Cain's Descendant (2006, 90min) -- Officially selected for the 57th Berlinale Forum Section. / Takarazuka Revue
2013 "ABKAI"-Hanasaka Jisan- / Ebizo Ichikawa Independent Performance
2013 MIWA / NODA・MAP
2014 The Two Gentlemen of Verona / Toho
2014 Mozart! / Toho
2018 Marie Antoinette / Toho
2018 CASANOVA / Takarazuka Revue
2019 musical Ocean's Eleven / Takarazuka Revue
2019 Elisabeth / Toho
2019 Q -A Night At The Kabuki- / NODA・MAP
2020 The Green Bottle / NODA・MAP
2020 musical「ONCE UPON A TIME IN AMERICA」/ Takarazuka Revue
2020 Elisabeth / Toho

External links
Official website

Japanese film directors
Living people
1975 births
People from Tokyo


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Arthur, Prince of Wales (19/20 September 1486 – 2 April 1502), was the eldest son of King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York. He was Duke of Cornwall from birth, and he was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester in 1489. As the heir apparent of his father, Arthur was viewed by contemporaries as the great hope of the newly established House of Tudor. His mother, Elizabeth, was the daughter of Edward IV, and his birth cemented the union between the House of Tudor and the House of York. Plans for Arthur's marriage began before his third birthday; he was installed as Prince of Wales two years later. At the age of eleven, he was formally betrothed to Catherine of Aragon, a daughter of the powerful Catholic Monarchs in Spain, in an effort to forge an Anglo-Spanish alliance against France. Arthur was well educated and was in good health for the majority of his life.Soon after his marriage to Catherine in 1501, the couple took up residence at Ludlow Castle in Shropshire, where Arthur died six months later of the sweating sickness, which Catherine survived. Catherine later firmly stated that the marriage had not been consummated. One year after Arthur's death, Henry VII renewed his efforts to seal a marital alliance with Spain by arranging for Catherine to marry Arthur's younger brother Henry, Prince of Wales, who would ascend to the throne in 1509 as King Henry VIII. The question over whether Arthur and Catherine consummated their marriage was much later, and in a completely different political context, exploited by Henry VIII and his court. This strategy was employed in order to cast doubt upon the validity of Catherine's union with Henry VIII, eventually leading to the separation between the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church. Infancy

Henry VII became King of England upon defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. In an effort to strengthen the Tudor claim to the throne, Henry decided on naming his firstborn son "Arthur" and born in Winchester where Legend of King Arthur originated in order to emphasise the Welsh origin of the Tudors.On this occasion, Camelot was identified as present-day Winchester, and his wife, Elizabeth of York, was sent to Saint Swithun's Priory (today Winchester Cathedral Priory) in order to give birth there. Born at Saint Swithun's Priory on the night of 19/20 September 1486 at about 1 am, Arthur was Henry and Elizabeth's eldest child. Arthur's birth was anticipated by French and Italian humanists eager for the start of a "Virgilian golden age". Sir Francis Bacon wrote that although the Prince was born one month premature, he was "strong and able". Young Arthur was viewed as "a living symbol" of not only the union between the House of Tudor and the House of York, to which his mother belonged as the daughter of Edward IV, but also of the end of the Wars of the Roses. In the opinion of contemporaries, Arthur was the great hope of the newly established House of Tudor. Arthur became Duke of Cornwall at birth.Four days after his birth, he was baptised at Winchester Cathedral by the Bishop of Worcester, John Alcock, which was immediately followed by his confirmation. John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford, Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby, William FitzAlan, 16th Earl of Arundel, Queen Elizabeth Woodville and Cecily of York served as godparents; the latter two, his grandmother and aunt, respectively, carried the prince during the ceremony. Initially, Arthur's nursery in Farnham was headed by Elizabeth Darcy, who had served as chief nurse for Edward IV's children, including Arthur's own mother. After Arthur was created Prince of Wales in 1490, he was awarded a household structure at the behest of his father. Over the next thirteen years, Henry VII and Elizabeth would have six more children, of whom only three—Margaret, Henry and Mary—would reach adulthood. Arthur was especially close to his sister Margaret (b. 1489) and his brother Henry (b.1491), with whom he shared a nursery. On 29 November 1489, after being made a Knight of the Bath, Arthur was appointed Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, and was invested as such at the Palace of Westminster on 27 February 1490. As part of his investiture ceremony, he progressed down the River Thames in the royal barge and was met at Chelsea by the Lord Mayor of London, John Mathewe, and at Lambeth by Spanish ambassadors. On 8 May 1491, he was made a Knight of the Garter at Saint George's Chapel at Windsor Palace. It was around this time that Arthur began his formal education under John Rede, a former headmaster of Winchester College. His education was subsequently taken over by Bernard André, a blind poet, and then by Thomas Linacre, formerly Henry VII's physician. Arthur's education covered grammar, poetry, rhetoric and ethics and focused on history.Arthur was a very skilled pupil and André wrote that the <mask> of Wales had either memorised or read a selection of Homer, Virgil, Ovid, Terence, a good deal of Cicero and a wide span of historical works, including those of Thucydides, Caesar, Livy and Tacitus. Arthur was also a "superb archer", and had learned to dance "right pleasant and honourably" by 1501. Childhood
The popular belief that Arthur was sickly during his lifetime stems from a misunderstanding of a 1502 letter, but there are no reports of Arthur being ill during his lifetime. Arthur grew up to be unusually tall for his age, and was considered handsome by the Spanish court: he had reddish hair, small eyes, a high-bridged nose, resembling his brother Henry, who was said to be "extremely handsome" by contemporaries. As described by historians Steven Gunn and Linda Monckton, Arthur had an "amiable and gentle" personality and was, overall, a "delicate lad". In May 1490 Arthur was created warden of all the marches towards Scotland and the Earl of Surrey was appointed as the Prince's deputy. From 1491, Arthur was named on peace commissions.In October 1492, when his father travelled to France, he was named Keeper of England and King's Lieutenant. Following the example of Edward IV, Henry VII set up the Council of Wales and the Marches for Arthur in Wales, in order to enforce royal authority there. Although the council had already been set up in 1490, it was headed by Jasper Tudor, Duke of Bedford. Arthur was first dispatched to Wales in 1501, at the age of fifteen. In March 1493, Arthur was granted the power to appoint justices of oyer and terminer and inquire into franchises, thus strengthening the council's authority. In November of that year, the Prince also received an extensive land grant in Wales, including the County of March. Arthur was served by sons of English, Irish and Welsh nobility, such as Gerald FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Kildare, who had been brought to the English court as a consequence of the involvement of his father, Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare, in the crowning of pretender Lambert Simnel in Ireland during Henry VII's reign.Other servants were Anthony Willoughby, a son of Robert Willoughby, 1st Baron Willoughby de Broke, Robert Radcliffe, the heir of the 9th Baron FitzWalter and Maurice St John, a favourite nephew of Arthur's grandmother Lady Margaret Beaufort. He was brought up with Gruffydd ap Rhys ap Thomas, the son of powerful Welsh nobleman Rhys ap Thomas, Gruffydd grew quite close to Arthur and was buried in Worcester Cathedral upon his death in 1521, alongside the Prince's tomb. Marriage

Henry VII planned to marry Arthur to a daughter of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, in order to forge an Anglo-Spanish alliance against France. It was suggested that the choice of marrying Arthur to Ferdinand and Isabella's youngest daughter, Catherine (b. 1485), would be appropriate. Thanks to negotiations by the Spanish ambassador Rodrigo González de la Puebla, the Treaty of Medina del Campo (27 March 1489) provided that Arthur and Catherine would be married as soon as they reached canonical age; it also settled Catherine's dowry at 200,000 crowns (the equivalent of £5 million in 2007). Since Arthur, not yet 14, was below the age of consent, a papal dispensation (i.e., waiver) allowing the marriage was issued in February 1497, and the pair were betrothed by proxy on 25 August 1497.Two years later, a marriage by proxy took place at Arthur's Tickenhill Manor in Bewdley, near Worcester; Arthur said to Roderigo de Puebla, who had acted as proxy for Catherine, that "he much rejoiced to contract the marriage because of his deep and sincere love for the Princess". In a letter from October 1499, Arthur, referring to Catherine as "my dearest spouse", had written: "I cannot tell you what an earnest desire I feel to see your Highness, and how vexatious to me is this procrastination about your coming. Let [it] be hastened, [that] the love conceived between us and the wished-for joys may reap their proper fruit." The young couple exchanged letters in Latin until 20 September 1501, when Arthur, having attained the age of 15, was deemed old enough to be married. Catherine landed in England about two weeks later, on 2 October 1501, at Plymouth. The next month, on 4 November 1501, the couple met  for the first time at Dogmersfield in Hampshire. Arthur wrote to Catherine's parents that he would be "a true and loving husband"; the couple soon discovered that they had mastered different pronunciations of Latin and so were unable to easily communicate.Five days later, on 9 November 1501, Catherine arrived in London. On 14 November 1501, the marriage ceremony finally took place at Saint Paul's Cathedral; both Arthur and Catherine wore white satin. The ceremony was conducted by Henry Deane, Archbishop of Canterbury, who was assisted by William Warham, Bishop of London. Following the ceremony, Arthur and Catherine left the Cathedral and headed for Baynard's Castle, where they were entertained by "the best voiced children of the King's chapel, who sang right sweetly with quaint harmony". What followed was a bedding ceremony laid down by Arthur's grandmother Lady Margaret Beaufort: the bed was sprinkled with holy water, after which Catherine was led away from the wedding feast by her ladies-in-waiting. She was undressed, veiled and "reverently" laid in bed, while Arthur, "in his shirt, with a gown cast about him," was escorted by his gentlemen into the bedchamber as viols and tabors played. The Bishop of London blessed the bed, and prayed for the marriage to be fruitful, after which the couple were left alone.This is the only public bedding of a royal couple recorded in Britain in the 16th century. Death

After residing at Tickenhill Manor for a month, Arthur and Catherine headed for the Welsh Marches, where they established their household at Ludlow Castle. Arthur had been growing weaker since his wedding, and  Henry VII thus seemed reluctant to allow Catherine to follow him, until ultimately ordering her to join her husband. Arthur found it easy to govern Wales, as the border had become quiet after many centuries of warfare. In March 1502, Arthur and Catherine were afflicted by an unknown illness, "a malign vapour which proceeded from the air." It has been suggested that this illness was the mysterious English sweating sickness, tuberculosis ("consumption"), plague or influenza. While Catherine recovered, Arthur died on 2 April 1502 at Ludlow, six months short of his sixteenth birthday.News of Arthur's death reached Henry VII's court late on 4 April. The King was awoken from his sleep by his confessor, who quoted Job by asking Henry "If we receive good things at the hands of God, why may we not endure evil things?" He then told the king that "[his] dearest son hath departed to God," and Henry burst into tears. "Grief-stricken and emotional," he then had his wife brought into his chambers, so that they might "take the painful news together"; Elizabeth reminded Henry that God had helped him become king and "had ever preserved him," adding that they had been left with "yet a fair Prince and two fair princesses and that God is where he was, and [they were] both young enough." Soon after leaving Henry's bedchamber, Elizabeth collapsed and began to cry, while the ladies sent for the King, who hurriedly came and "relieved her." On 8 April, a general procession took place for the salvation of Arthur's soul. That night, a dirge was sung in St Paul's Cathedral and every parish church in London.On 23 April, Arthur's body, which had previously been embalmed, sprinkled with holy water and sheltered with a canopy, was carried out of Ludlow Castle and into the Parish Church of Ludlow by various noblemen and gentlemen. On 25 April, Arthur's body was taken to Worcester Cathedral via the River Severn, in a "special wagon upholstered in black and drawn by six horses, also caparisoned in black." As was customary, Catherine did not attend the funeral. The Earl of Surrey acted as chief mourner. At the end of the ceremony, Sir William Uvedale, Sir <mask> and Arthur's household ushers broke their staves of office and threw them into the <mask>'s grave. During the funeral, Arthur's own arms were shown alongside those of Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd and Brutus of Troy. Two years later, a chantry was erected over Arthur's grave.Legacy

Shortly after Arthur's death, the idea of betrothing the widowed Catherine to the new heir apparent, Henry, had arisen; Henry VII and Isabella I were keen on moving forward with the betrothal and the pope granted a dispensation towards that end. Henry VIII ascended the throne on 22 April 1509 and married Arthur's widow on 11 June. They had six children; three of their sons died before reaching three months of age, a daughter was stillborn, and another lived for only a week. The couple's surviving child was Mary I (b. 1516). In 1526, Henry started to pursue the affections of Anne Boleyn. At the same time, he became troubled by what became known as the King's "great matter", that is, finding an appropriate solution for his lack of male descendants.It soon became the King's wish to dissolve his marriage and marry Anne, who was more likely to bear children. Henry believed that his marriage was cursed and found confirmation in the Bible, in . Although in the morning following his wedding, Arthur had claimed that he was thirsty "for I have been in the midst of Spain last night" and that "having a wife is a good pastime", these claims are generally dismissed by modern historians as mere boasts of a boy who did not want others to know of his failure. Until the day she died, Catherine maintained that she had married Henry while still a virgin. After Henry's constant support of the claim that Catherine's first marriage had been consummated, an annulment was issued on 23 May 1533, while the King had already married Anne on 25 January. Anne was beheaded for high treason in 1536, after which Henry proceeded to marry four more times. At the time of his death in 1547, Henry only had three living children; the only son, Edward VI, succeeded but died six years later.His successors were Henry's daughters by Catherine and Anne, Mary I and Elizabeth I. Upon Elizabeth's death in 1603, the House of Tudor came to an end. In 2002, following the initiative of canon Ian MacKenzie, Arthur's funeral was reenacted with a requiem mass at Worcester Cathedral, on occasion of the quincentenary of his death. Despite his role in English history, Arthur has remained largely forgotten since his death. The only known portrait of Arthur was rediscovered by English art dealer Philip Mould. The stained-glass image of Arthur Tudor praying is in St Laurence's Church in Ludlow Shropshire where he died at the castle in 1502. In popular culture
Arthur has been featured in several historical fiction novels, such as The King's Pleasure, by Norah <mask>, Three Sisters, Three Queens by Philippa Gregory and Katherine, The Virgin Widow, by Jean Plaidy.In The Constant Princess, by Philippa Gregory, Catherine promises Arthur to marry his brother, thus fulfilling not only her own destiny of becoming Queen of England but also the couple's plans for the future of the kingdom. The Alteration, by Kingsley Amis, is an alternate history novel centred on the "War of the English Succession" during which Henry VIII attempts to usurp the throne of his nephew, Stephen II, Arthur and Catherine's son. The historical drama The Six Wives of Henry VIII was broadcast in 1970, with Martin Ratcliffe as "Prince Arthur". In 1972, BBC2 aired a historical miniseries titled The Shadow of the Tower, with "Lord Arthur, Prince of Wales" played by Jason Kemp. He is portrayed by Angus Imrie in 2019 period drama The Spanish Princess. Ancestors

References

Endnotes

Footnotes

Bibliography

External links
 "Intimate Strangers",  a popular account of the sweating sickness theory. |-

1486 births
1502 deaths
15th-century English nobility
16th-century English nobility
Burials at Worcester Cathedral
Catherine of Aragon
Children of Henry VII of England
Deaths from sweating sickness
Dukes of Cornwall
Heirs apparent who never acceded
Heirs to the English throne
House of Tudor
Knights of the Bath
Knights of the Garter
Lords Warden of the Marches
People from Winchester
Princes of Wales

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Prince
Richard Croft
Prince
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<mask> (formerly known under the mononym Charice; born May 10, 1992) is a Filipino singer and television personality. In 2007, after some appearances on Philippine television, Zyrus sang on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, and the following year, he made several international television appearances, including on The Oprah Winfrey Show. He then began performing in concerts with David Foster and Andrea Bocelli, among others. Zyrus released the studio album Charice in 2010; it entered the Billboard 200 at number eight, making it the first album of an Asian solo singer ever to land in the Top 10. The single "Pyramid" from that album, featuring singer Iyaz, is <mask>'s most successful single to date, charting within the Top 40 in a number of countries after its debut live performance on The Oprah Winfrey Show. He released further albums Chapter 10 in 2013 and Catharsis in 2016. Crossing over to acting on television, he joined the cast of TV series Glee later in 2010 as Sunshine Corazon.In 2011, "Before It Explodes", written by Bruno Mars, was released as the lead single from Zyrus's second international studio album, Infinity. Zyrus was one of the four judges of the Philippine version of The X Factor, on ABS-CBN, in 2012. Zyrus came out as a gay woman in 2013. In 2017, he came out as a transgender male after having male chest reconstruction and beginning testosterone treatment. He adopted the name <mask>, and discontinued the use of the name "Charice Pempengco". Early life
Zyrus was born as Charmaine Clarice Relucio Pempengco in Cabuyao, Laguna province, Philippines and was raised by single mother Racquel. To help support the family, Zyrus began to enter singing contests at the age of seven, from town fiestas in various provinces to singing competitions on TV, eventually competing in almost a hundred such contests.In 2005, Zyrus joined Little Big Star, a talent show in the Philippines loosely patterned after American Idol. Eliminated after the first performance, Zyrus was called back as a wildcard contender and eventually became one of the finalists. Although a consistent top scorer in the final rounds, Zyrus did not win the title in the finale, placing third. Zyrus made some minor appearances on local television shows and commercials, but essentially fell off the radar after Little Big Star. Only in 2007 did Zyrus gain worldwide recognition after an avid supporter, FalseVoice, started posting a series of performances on YouTube. These videos received over 15 million hits, making Zyrus an internet sensation. Career

2007–2008: Discovery and early work
In June 2007, producers at Ten Songs/Productions, a music publishing company in Sweden, invited Zyrus to a demo-recording seeing online videos.Zyrus recorded seven songs—six covers and an original song called "Amazing", and was next invited to the South Korean talent show Star King on October 13, 2007, singing "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going" and a duet of "A Whole New World" with Kyuhyun from Super Junior. Having seen online videos, Ellen DeGeneres invited Zyrus to appear on her show. He flew to the United States for the first time and performed two songs on the December 19, 2007 episode: "I Will Always Love You" and "And I Am Telling You". Following this American debut, <mask> made a second appearance on Star King on December 28 as the "Most Requested Foreign Act", performing Gloria Gaynor's "I Will Survive" and singing a duet with Lena Park. In January 2008, Zyrus was invited to Malacañan Palace to perform for President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. Returning to the international scene, <mask> next guested on the April 8 episode of The Paul O'Grady Show in London, England. The Philippine debut EP Charice was released in May 2008; this mini album, consisting of six songs and six backing tracks, was awarded gold certification in the Philippines in October 2008, and reached platinum status in 2009.Zyrus appeared on the edition of May 12 of The Oprah Winfrey Show in the episode "World's Smartest Kids", where performing Whitney Houston's "I Have Nothing". After the show, Oprah Winfrey contacted David Foster to see what the music producer could do for Pempengco. Zyrus performed with Foster for the first time as one of the entertainers on the May 17 opening of the MGM Grand at Foxwoods Resort Casino in Ledyard, Connecticut. This was followed by a debut on the international concert stage in Foster's May 23 tribute concert, Hitman: David Foster and Friends, at the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada, performing a medley of songs from The Bodyguard as well as the standard, "And I Am Telling You". A CD/DVD of this concert, including Zyrus' The Bodyguard medley, was released on November 11, 2008. The show was aired several times on PBS and other public television networks starting in December 2008 under the Great Performances banner. One of the singers at the concert was Pempengco's idol, Andrea Bocelli.Bocelli subsequently expressed interest in performing a duet with Pempengco with an invitation to be a guest on his birthday concert "The Cinema Tribute" held on July 20 at the Teatro del Silenzio in his hometown of Lajatico, Tuscany, Italy. Aside from the solo performance, Zyrus sang a duet of "The Prayer" with the famous tenor in front of more than 8,000 people. Zyrus was invited to perform for the Feyenoord's Centennial Anniversary in the Netherlands held on September 26 of the same year, singing the team's anthem, "You'll Never Walk Alone" in front of a crowd of about 50,000 football (soccer) fans In a guest appearance on the "Dreams Come True" episode of The Oprah Winfrey Show on September 9, Oprah referred to Zyrus as "The Most Talented Girl in the World". After singing Celine Dion's "My Heart Will Go On" with David Foster on piano, Zyrus was surprised by Celine Dion's appearance via satellite, at Oprah's invitation, inviting Pempengco to sing a special duet at New York City's Madison Square Garden as part of Dion's Taking Chances Tour. The promised duet took place on September 15, dedicating "Because You Loved Me" to Pempengco's mother. The performance received rave reviews in the New York Post and The New York Times, and was eventually featured on the September 19 episode of The Oprah Winfrey Show. Zyrus would then perform at the Andre Agassi Grand Slam for Children Benefit Concert at the Wynn Las Vegas casino resort.In November, Pempengco and David Foster appeared on Good Morning America to promote Foster's tribute album, Hitman: David Foster and Friends, performing The Bodyguard medley and "I Will Survive". 2009–2010: First major performances

In January 2009, Zyrus performed at two pre-inauguration events in Washington, D.C., in the lead up to the first inauguration of Barack Obama: the "Realizing the Dream" gala at the Hyatt Regency Hotel and the "Pearl Presidential Inaugural Gala" at the Mandarin Hotel. February performances at two post-Oscar award events followed: Oscar Night at Mr. Chow's and Oprah's Oscar After Party, held in the Kodak Theatre. Zyrus then debuted a new original song, "Fingerprint", composed by Robbie Nevil and produced by David Foster, and then appeared in April in the season premiere of Ti lascio una canzone, an Italian musical variety show televised from Teatro Ariston in the city of Sanremo. Zyrus performed "I Will Always Love You", "I Have Nothing", "The Prayer", and "Listen", and went on to sing "The Star-Spangled Banner" in front of 57,000 baseball fans during the Los Angeles Dodgers 52nd season home opener at Dodger Stadium. In May, Zyrus released a second Philippine album, My Inspiration. The album consists of 12 tracks, including "Always You" and a cover of Helen Reddy's "You and Me Against the World" performed as a duet with Pempengco's mother.The album was certified gold in the Philippines within two months after release, and then platinum in December 2009. Also in May, Zyrus would again perform at a David Foster and Friends concert held at the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada. On the May 18 episode "Finale: Oprah's Search for the World's Most Talented Kids" of The Oprah Winfrey Show, Zyrus debuted a first internationally released single, "Note to God", written by Diane Warren and produced by David Foster. The single was made available for digital download on the same day and debuted at #24 on the Billboard Hot Digital Songs chart, #44 on the Billboard Hot 100, #9 on the Hot Canadian Digital Singles chart and #35 on the Canadian Hot 100. Later that same month, Zyrus was again invited to sing at the Ti lascio una canzone show as a special guest. The first major concert for Zyrus was called Charice: The Journey Begins, presented to a sold-out crowd on June 27 at the SMX Convention Center, SM Mall of Asia in the Philippines. Guests included Christian Bautista, Kuh Ledesma and Little Big Star finalists.On June 28, 2009, in concert, Zyrus revealed a planned duet with legendary pop singer Michael Jackson, explaining that Jackson's lawyer said that Michael had chosen Zyrus to be his special guest on his tour, but Jackson died before the tour could begin. Zyrus contributed to two Christmas albums in 2009, first as David Archuleta's duet partner for the song "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" on his Christmas album, Christmas from the Heart, then contributing a rendition of "The Christmas Song" to the compilation album, A Very Special Christmas 7. Zyrus was one of the headlining acts on the David Foster and Friends 10-city North American Tour that ran during the fall of 2009, and made a cameo appearance in the feature film Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel, released in North America on December 23. The official movie soundtrack includes Zyrus' rendition of "No One" by Alicia Keys, accompanied by The Chipettes. Later in the month, Zyrus appeared on the grand finale of Singapore Idol as a guest, performing two signature songs, The Bodyguard medley and "Note to God". 2010–2012: Charice and Infinity

On January 23, 2010, Zyrus appeared on Io Canto, a renowned singing competition in Italy, performing international standards and an Italian favorite called "Adagio" (made popular by Lara Fabian), in Italian. On January 31 Zyrus was featured as one of the musical acts on the NBC Sports program Silk Soy Milk Skate for the Heart, raising awareness of heart disease.Zyrus performed "Note to God" and debuted two new songs included in the debut album, "In This Song" and "Breathe Out" (later retitled as "Breathe You Out"). The album version and club remixes of a second single from the international debut album, "Pyramid" (featuring Iyaz), were released on February 23, 2010 and March 2, 2010, while Reprise Records dropped the album itself on May 11, 2010. On the same day the launch, he made another guest appearance on The Oprah Winfrey Show along with Justin Bieber. Pempengco's worldwide promotion of the album was the subject of a 12-part mini-documentary 30 Days with Charice, filmed by Alloy TV and published at Teen.com. On June 22, Pempengco confirmed joining the cast of the hit US television series Glee for its second

masks:
Jake Zyrus
Zyrus
Jake Zyrus
Zyrus
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 season. Later the same week, Charice released a promotional single called "Crescent Moon" in Japan, an English rendition of the Japanese song "Mikazuki" by Ayaka. During the inauguration of Philippine President Benigno Aquino III on June 30, 2010, Zyrus sang the Philippine national anthem in front of a crowd estimated at more than half a million.July's promotional tour for the album took Zyrus to Thailand, the Philippines, Japan and South Korea, including a third appearance on Star King. On September 7 the premiere of Glee'''s second season was held in Hollywood with Zyrus in attendance. Zyrus' character Sunshine Corazon, an exchange student from the Philippines, presents lead character Rachel Berry (played by Lea Michele) with serious competition. On November 30, Zyrus appeared on NBC's Christmas in Rockefeller Center, performing two songs from the Christmas EP, "Grown-Up Christmas List" and "Jingle Bell Rock", with producer and mentor David Foster. Zyrus also performed "The Prayer" with the Canadian Tenors and David Foster on the piano for a Christmas special on CBC Television. In December of that year, Zyrus became Operation Smile's official Smile Ambassador, joining such celebrities as Jessica Simpson, Billy Bush, and Zachary Levi in the organization's global efforts to provide free surgeries to children born with cleft lip, cleft palate and other facial deformities. On January 8, 2011, Zyrus was launched as the new endorser of Aficionado Germany Perfume; this event, at the SM Mall of Asia Concert Grounds, titled 1@11, gathered an audience of 85,000.On February 13, 2011, <mask>'s music special Charice: Home for Valentine's was broadcast on the GMA 7 television network in the Philippines. From February 21 to 25, Zyrus embarked on a solo tour to Japan, performing in four shows held at three Zepp music halls, in Nagoya, Tokyo dates and Osaka. It was announced that Zyrus had begun to record new material for an upcoming second international album. The comeback single, "Before It Explodes", written by Bruno Mars, was released on April 18, 2011. The day after its release, another single, "One Day" was released on iTunes, co-written and co-produced with Nick Jonas. "Louder", the third single, was released on May 20 bundled with another song, "Lost The Best Thing". On September 14, 2011, it was revealed in a Japanese broadcast that Zyrus would be singing the theme song to the video game Final Fantasy XIII-2, "New World".The second studio album, Infinity, was released exclusively in Japan on October 5, 2011. On January 18, 2012, Zyrus launched a ten-city tour across Asia to promote the official release of the studio album, Infinity, due later in 2012; the tour began in March. 2013–2015: Chapter 10 and Power of Two
On June 8, 2013, Zyrus revealed plans to release his third album in the Philippines entitled Chapter 10, containing covers of a few favorite modern songs, before heading back to Los Angeles to record more a new international album. The album was released on September 6, 2013 through Star Records; the lead single was a cover of "Titanium". On August 3, 2013, it was announced that on August 10 GMA Network's drama anthology series Magpakailanman would air an episode titled "The Charice Pempengco Story", in which Zyrus reenacted scenes based on real life. A joint concert with Aiza Seguerra followed on September 28 at the Smart-Araneta Coliseum, dubbed the "Power of Two". Zyrus sang "Right Where I Belong" for the direct-to-DVD movie The Swan Princess: A Royal Family Tale (2014).In interviews, Zyrus reported almost losing the role after publicly coming out as lesbian in 2013. Zyrus appeared on the October 19, 2014 episode of Oprah: Where Are They Now?. In 2015, Zyrus reunited with Foster to perform a version of Sam Smith's "Lay Me Down" on Asia's Got Talent. Artistry
Influences
In 2010, Zyrus said that his mother, a former pop vocalist, served as a primary musical influence; He begged her for singing lessons beginning at the age of four. Growing up, the family listened to many types of music, especially artists such as Celine Dion, Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, and Destiny's Child. Zyrus has also expressed admiration for Lady Gaga and Beyoncé for attitude, fashion, and vocal style, and stated a wish to work with both of them someday. Zyrus was also a fan of Michael Jackson, and Justin Timberlake and wished to work with Eminem, Dr. Dre, Chris Brown and Ne-Yo.Zyrus performed "Earth Song" by Michael Jackson with Ne-Yo at the David Foster and Friends Special in Mandalay Bay, Las Vegas in October 2010. Voice
Prior to his transition, when he was known as Charice, Zyrus received positive recognition for his vocal talents. In an ABC News interview, David Foster mentioned Zyrus' ability to mimic other people's voices, which, according to him, is a characteristic of good singers. In a separate interview, Josh Groban stated that Zyrus' voice is one of the most beautiful he had heard in a long time. Ryan Murphy, the executive music producer of the hit US television series Glee, said, "When that girl  opens her mouth, angels fly out." Oprah's bookazine, Oprah's Farewell Celebration: Inside 25 Extraordinary Years of 'The Oprah Winfrey Show, mentioned Zyrus' "soaring soprano voice". However, since his transition from female to male, Zyrus has been known for his "increasingly confident tenor".Personal life
Raised in the Iglesia ni Cristo faith, Zyrus and younger brother Carl were baptized and confirmed into their mother's Roman Catholic faith on May 22, 2010, 12 days after Zyrus's 18th birthday, at the Pasig Cathedral in Pasig,  Metro Manila, Philippines. The more than 40 godparents included ABS-CBN network president Charo Santos-Concio, producer Laurenti Dyogi, The Buzz hosts Boy Abunda and Kris Aquino, segment host and radio personality Jobert Sucaldito, TV Patrol news anchors Karen Davila and Julius Babao, and Star Records head Annabelle Regalado-Borja. Philippine Daily Inquirer columnists Emmie Velarde and Pocholo Concepcion were also included. Oprah Winfrey and David Foster, two principal sponsors who played a major role in Zyrus's ascent to international stardom, were unable to attend and instead sent their own representatives to the ceremony. In October 2011, Zyrus' estranged father, 40-year-old construction worker Ricky Pempengco, was stabbed to death in the Philippines, forcing the cancellation of a concert in Singapore. Ricky had been at a small grocery store in San Pedro, Laguna, a city south of Metro Manila, when he brushed against a drunk man who became angry and stabbed him with an ice pick in the chest and back, according to the Laguna province police chief. Zyrus responded to the stabbing on Twitter:  "I want to thank my fans from around the world for their support and love at this very difficult time for my family and I.""We are all very sad about this terrible tragedy" and "I loved him and I will still love him"; "He's still my Dad after all." Zyrus' exploration of his gender identity was a subject of public interest. In March 2012, Zyrus faced harsh criticism from the Internet and the media after changing his hairstyle and fashion into a self-described "edgy and rock" look, responding: "I know some people think that this is very rebellious but it's not. It's just me evolving." On April 16, 2013, questions were raised after pictures surfaced online of Zyrus in masculine dress. In an interview, mother Raquel Pempengco said that she would respect her child's decision about his own identity. On May 28, The Philippine Star newspaper ran a story about Zyrus' 21st birthday party which was described as a "coming out of sorts".On June 2, 2013, Zyrus said that he identified as lesbian at that time during an interview with Boy Abunda at The Buzz in the Philippines, mentioning past relationships with other women in the industry. Nine months later, in March 2014, <mask> debuted a new "boyish" look with much shorter hair cut and more tattoos. In a 2014 interview with Oprah Winfrey, Zyrus mentioned being attracted to girls since childhood and said "basically, my soul is male", but denied plans to pursue gender transition at that time. In April 2017, <mask> broke up with Alyssa Quijano, after four years of living together. In June 2017, <mask> announced the adopting of his current name and stopped the use of Charice, a name he previously went by, on Twitter and Instagram. Subsequently, Zyrus disclosed that he had undergone removal of both breasts in March, and had begun testosterone shots in April. In an interview with Papermag, he said "I am always thankful for the life of Charice that I experienced and the music that I shared, but that obviously belongs to her, it's not for me.I'm letting her go and be free." 's 2010 Most Irresistible Lyrics for "Pyramid" – Yahoo!, 2010
Number 7 in Reader's Choice Favorite Album of 2010: ChariceBest New Artist – J-Wave Tokio Hot 100 Awards 2011 (Japan)
Female Concert Performer of the Year – 42nd Box Office Entertainment Awards, 2011, Philippines
Number 11 in US Weeklys Hottest Glee Guests List: February 2011 (USA)
Number 79 in Entertainment Weekly (USA, 2011)
2011 GMMSF Box-Office Entertainment Awards - Female Concert Performer of the Year
BPinoy Award – Philippines
Womanity Award Winner – Entertainment: Female Network's Womanity Awards
Number 2 in Hottest Girl Chart: August 2011 issue of J-14 MagazineCoolest Female Singer Award: Yahoo! OMG Awards Philippines
Best Major Concert (Female Category) – 24th Aliw Awards, 2011, Philippines
Entertainer of the Year – 24th Aliw Awards, 2011, Philippines
Favorite Asian Act – Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 2012, [USA]

Discography

Studio albumsMy Inspiration (2009)Charice (2010)Infinity (2011)Chapter 10 (2013)Catharsis (2016)

Extended playsCharice (2008)Grown-Up Christmas List (2010)Evolution (2019)

Filmography
Note: Prior to his appearance on Tonight with Boy Abunda'' in 2017, Zyrus' gender identity as a trans man was not known to the wider public. He was credited as his pre-transition name "Charice" prior to this television appearance. References

External links

 Official MySpace
 Official YouTube Channel

 [ Charice] at Billboard.com

1992 births
Living people
21st-century Filipino male actors
21st-century Filipino  male singers
ABS-CBN personalities
GMA Network personalities
TV5 (Philippine TV network) personalities
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Unitarianism
Filipino child singers

English-language singers from the Philippines
Filipino male film actors
Filipino male television actors
Filipino pop singers
Filipino Roman Catholics
Filipino YouTubers
Former members of Iglesia ni Cristo
LGBT musicians from the Philippines
LGBT singers
LGBT songwriters
LGBT Roman Catholics
Male actors from Laguna (province)
Male YouTubers
YouTube channels launched in 2005
Participants in Philippine reality television series
People from Cabuyao
Singers from Laguna (province)
Star Magic
Star Music artists
Tagalog people
Tenors
Transgender and transsexual male actors
Transgender and transsexual men musicians
Transgender and transsexual media personalities
Music

masks: Jake Zyrus Zyrus Zyrus