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<mask> (; December 1, 1913 – March 21, 1999) was an American-Canadian developmental psychologist known for her work in the development of the attachment theory. She designed the strange situation procedure to observe early emotional attachment between a child and its primary caregiver. A 2002 Review of General Psychology survey ranked <mask> as the 97th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Many of <mask>'s studies are "cornerstones" of modern-day attachment theory. Life
<mask> was born in Glendale, Ohio on December 1, 1913, the eldest of three daughters born to <mask> and Charles Salter. Her father, who possessed a master's degree in history, worked at a manufacturing firm in Cincinnati and her mother was a nurse. Both her parents were graduates of Dickinson College who placed "high value on a good liberal arts education" and expected their children to have excellent academic achievements.In 1918, her father's manufacturing firm transferred him and the family moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada, where Salter would spend the rest of her childhood. Salter was a precocious child who thirsted for knowledge. She began reading by the age of three, and the family would once a week visit the local library where her mother would select appropriate books for her level. She was close with her father, who assumed the duties of tucking her in at night and singing to her, but did not have a warm relationship with her mother; Salter later stated that their relationship was marked by her mother's jealousy and interference with the bond she had with her father. Salter excelled in school, and decided to become a psychologist after reading William McDougall's book Character and the Conduct of Life (1926) at the age of 15. She began classes at the University of Toronto at the age of 16, where she was one of only five students to be admitted into the honors course in psychology. She completed coursework for her bachelor's degree in 1935, and decided to continue her education at the University of Toronto with the intention of earning her doctorate in psychology.She earned her master's degree in 1936 and her PhD was granted in 1939. Salter's dissertation was titled "An Evaluation of Adjustment Based on the Concept of Security". Her dissertation stated that "where family security is lacking, the individual is handicapped by the lack of a secure base from which to work." After graduation, Salter stayed on at the University of Toronto as a teacher before joining the Canadian Women's Army Corps in 1942. While with the army, Salter began as an Army Examiner who interviewed and selected personnel in Kitchener, Ontario. Her duties included administering clinical evaluations and personnel assessment tests. Soon she was promoted as an Advisor to the Director of Personnel Selection of the Canadian Women's Army Corps, and reached the rank of Major in 1945.After victory in the war, Salter returned to Toronto to continue teaching personality psychology, conducted research, and worked with Klopfer on a revision of the Rorschach. She married <mask>, a graduate student in the Psychology department of University of Toronto, in 1950 and moved to London with him to allow him to finish his PhD at University College London. Although they divorced in 1960, the 10 years of accompanying Leonard to different places for his career gave <mask> the opportunity to meet and work with many influential psychologists including John Bowlby, as well as the occasion when they moved to Kampala, Uganda where her first "mother-infant" observation was done. After many other academic positions, including a long tenure at Johns Hopkins University, she eventually settled at the University of Virginia in 1975, where she remained for the rest of her academic career until 1984. From then she became a professor emeritus and stayed active until the year of 1992. While working at Johns Hopkins, <mask> did not receive the proper treatment considering her skills and expertise, such as a proper salary she deserved considering her age, experience, and contribution to the job. She had to wait two years for an associate professor position even though her qualifications surpassed the job description.At the time, women had to eat in separate dining rooms than men, which ultimately meant women could not meet male head department members the "normal way". Ainsworth received many honors, including the G. Stanley Hall Award from APA for developmental psychology in 1984., the Award for Distinguished Contributions to Child Development in 1985 and the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the American Psychological Association in 1989. She was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1992. She died on March 21, 1999, at the age of eighty-five due to a stroke. Early work
During graduate school, <mask> studied under the mentorship of William E. Blatz. Blatz focused on studying what he referred to as "security theory." This theory outlined Blatz's idea that different levels of dependence on parents meant different qualities of relationships with those parents, as well as the quality of relationships with future partners.His tiers of dependence were labeled secure dependence, independent security, immature dependent security, and mature secure dependence. Blatz theorized that the more secure and mature that the interaction was between individuals, the more likely the relationship to be healthy and without insecurities. After leaving the Canadian Women's corps she returned to Toronto to continue teaching personality psychology and conduct research. She married <mask> in 1950 and moved to London with him to allow him to finish his graduate degree at University College. While in England, <mask> joined the research team of John Bowlby at the Tavistock Clinic, investigating the effects of maternal separation on child development. Comparison of disrupted mother-child bonds to normal mother-child relationship showed that a child's lack of a mother figure lead to "adverse development effects." In 1954, she left the Tavistock Clinic to do research in Africa where she carried out her longitudinal field study of mother-infant interaction.She chose to examine a common weaning practice in the area, in which the child is sent away for several days to live with relatives and "forget the breast." <mask> conducted detailed interviews with families from 6 villages surrounding Kampala, Uganda, but was originally met with a language barrier. In order to overcome this, she made a great effort to learn the language to the extent that she could carry out simple conversation. Through learning this, she developed an appreciation for the culture, and later said, "It is a pity that one cannot require field work in another society of every aspiring investigator of child development." <mask>'s book from that field study, Infancy in Uganda, remains an exceptional and classic ethological study in the development of attachment and demonstrates that the process reflects specific universal characteristics that cross linguistic, cultural and geographic lines. <mask> followed her husband when a position as a forensic psychologist brought him to Baltimore. She spoke on clinical psychology at The Johns Hopkins University.In 1958, she was given a permanent position as an associate professor of developmental psychology. During this time at Johns Hopkins, Ainsworth's professional relationship with John Bowlby grew. While he had previously been a mentor, they started working together as equal partners, exchanging paper drafts for comments and finding the time to meet on rare occasions, since he was still primarily in London. Bowlby gave Ainsworth a copy of his new paper "The Nature of the Child’s Tie to His Mother" for her comments and <mask> was able to provide Bowlby information on her studies of infant-mother attachment in Uganda. Ainsworth underwent a difficult divorce in 1960, but continued with her research. She had an opportunity to present the findings from her Uganda study at a Tavistock Mother-Infant Interaction Study Group in London. It was her first time publicly presenting results, and the reactions were not enthusiastic.The primary question that developmental psychologists brought up was her definition for "attachment." Ainsworth was motivated by this and other questions to create a catalogue of behaviors like "crying when the mother left the room, following her, greeting her on return with smiling, vocalization, excited bouncing, reaching or approach behavior" that she could use to qualify attachment. Strange Situation

In 1965, <mask> designed the Strange Situation Procedure as a way of assessing individual differences in attachment behaviour by evoking individual's reaction when encountering stress. The Strange Situation Procedure is divided into eight episodes, lasting for three minutes each. In the first episode, the infant and his or her caregiver enter into a pleasant laboratory setting, with many toys. After one minute, a person unknown to the infant enters the room and slowly tries to make acquaintance. The caregiver leaves the child with the stranger for three minutes; and then returns.The caregiver departs for a second time, leaving the child alone for three minutes; it is then the stranger who enters, and offers to comfort the infant. Finally, the caregiver returns, and is instructed to pick up the child. As the episodes increase the stress of the infant by increments, the observer can watch the infant's movement between behavioural systems: the interplay of exploration and attachment behaviour, in the presence and in the absence of the parent. On the basis of their behaviors, the 26 children in <mask>'s original Baltimore study were placed into one of three classifications. Each of these groups reflects a different kind of attachment relationship with the caregiver, and implies different forms of communication, emotion regulation, and ways of responding to perceived threats. Despite the many findings from her Strange Situation experiment, there was also criticism. It was said to have too much emphasis on the mother and did not measure a general attachment style.It was said that <mask>'s work was biased because the study was conducted with only middle class American families. Critics also believed the experiment was artificial and lacked ecological validity. Anxious-Avoidant Insecure Attachment
A child with the anxious-avoidant insecure attachment style will avoid or ignore the caregiver – showing little emotion when the caregiver departs or returns. The child will not explore very much regardless of who is there. There is not much emotional range regardless of who is in the room or if it is empty. Infants classified as anxious-avoidant (A) represented a puzzle in the early 1970s. They did not exhibit distress on separation, and either ignored the caregiver on their return (A1 subtype) or showed some tendency to approach together with some tendency to ignore or turn away from the caregiver (A2 subtype).Ainsworth and Bell (1970) theorised that the apparently unruffled behaviour of the avoidant infants is in fact as a mask for distress, a hypothesis later evidenced through studies of the heart-rate of avoidant infants. Secure Attachment
A child who's securely attached to its mother will explore freely while the caregiver is present, using her as a 'safe base' from which to explore. The child will engage with the stranger when the caregiver is present, and will be visibly upset when the caregiver departs but happy to see the caregiver on his or her return. In the United States, about seventy percent of middle-class babies present secure attachment in this study. Anxious-Resistant Insecure Attachment
Children classified as Anxious-Ambivalent/Resistant (C) showed distress even before separation, and were clingy and difficult to comfort on the caregiver's return. They either showed signs of resentment in response to the absence (C1 subtype), or signs of helpless passivity (C2 subtype). In Ainsworth's original sample, all six C infants showed so much distress in the course of the episodes of the Strange Situation Procedure 'that observations had to be discontinued.'One percent of infants had responded with high degree of passivity and inactivity in a situation of helpless settings. Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
A fourth category was added by <mask>'s colleague <mask>. In 1990, <mask> put in print her blessing for the new 'D' classification, though she urged that the addition be regarded as 'open-ended, in the sense that subcategories may be distinguished', as she worried that the D classification might be too encompassing and might subsume too many different forms of behaviour  In contrast to infants in other categories classified by <mask>, which possess a standard path of reaction while dealing with the stress of separation and reunion, type D infants appeared to possess no symptom of coping mechanism. In fact, these infants had mixed features such as "strong proximity seeking followed by strong avoidance or appeared dazed and disoriented upon reunion with their caretakers (or both)." From Project STEEP, infants that were having Disorganized/Disoriented (Type D) tested of secreting higher cortisol concentrations in saliva than infants in the traditional (ABC) classifications. Results of this study demonstrate a model of stress reactivity that reflects how the various classification of traditional (ABC) behaviors become a factor that is affecting physiological stress responses. Major works

<mask>, M. and Bowlby, J.(1965). Child Care and the Growth of Love. London: Penguin Books. <mask>, M. (1967). Infancy in Uganda. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins. <mask>, M., Blehar, M., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978).Patterns of Attachment. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 22.2
O'Connell, A.N., & Rusoo, N.F. (1983). Models of achievement: Reflections of eminent women in psychology. New York: Columbia University Press. External links
<mask> on The Psi Cafe
<mask>sworth profile on Psychology's Feminist Voices
Women's Intellectual Contributions to the Study of Mind and Society
Articles by <mask> including summaries and links to full-text
Transcript of oral history interview and CV (both in PDF format) from the Society for Research in Child Development
Transcript of oral history interview (PDF) from the Canadian Psychological Association
Finding Aid for The <mask> Papers at The Cummings Center for History of Psychology
Episode about <mask> from the BBC Radio 4 program Mind Changers

20th-century American women scientists
20th-century American scientists
Canadian women psychologists
Canadian psychologists
American women psychologists
American developmental psychologists
Developmental psychologists
Attachment psychologists
Canadian female military personnel
University of Toronto alumni
University of Toronto faculty
University of Virginia faculty
People from Glendale, Ohio
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1913 births
1999 deaths
People with acquired Canadian citizenship
American emigrants to Canada
20th-century psychologists
American women academics

masks:
Mary Dinsmore Ainsworth
Ainsworth
Ainsworth
Mary Dinsmore Salter
Mary
Leonard Ainsworth
Mary
Ainsworth
Mary
Leonard Ainsworth
Ainsworth
Ainsworth
Ainsworth
Mary Ainsworth
Ainsworth
Ainsworth
Ainsworth
Ainsworth
Ainsworth
Mary Main
Ainsworth
Mary Ainsworth
Ainsworth
Ainsworth
Ainsworth
Mary Ainsworth
Mary Ain
Mary Ainsworth
Mary Ainsworth
Mary Ainsworth


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<mask> (; born February 16, 1955) is a Canadian pastor of the Light Korean Presbyterian Church in Mississauga. He is a South Korean-born Canadian citizen. He was operating humanitarian efforts in North Korea providing tens of millions of dollars' worth of aid before disappearing in February 2015. The DPRK had arrested him and in December 2015, <mask> was sentenced to life with hard labor for crimes against the North Korean regime. In August 2017, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau sent a Canadian international government delegation to Pyongyang to discuss the case. <mask> was released from detention on August 9, 2017, and arrived in Canada on August 12, 2017. Early life
<mask> was born in South Korea and grew up in Seoul.The family attended a devout Christian church that produced numerous pastors and missionaries. His father, who was born in North Korea, held an office job and his mother worked at a family supermarket. A longtime friend, now a pastor in California, recalls that in high school it was already clear to the two of them that they "were going to do God's work." <mask> was active with Campus Crusade for Christ. <mask> moved to Canada in January 1986, "as part of a missionary group." In Toronto, <mask> studied theology at Knox College, a seminary of the Presbyterian Church in Canada. He became a Canadian citizen.Light Korean Presbyterian Church
<mask> joined or founded and became the senior pastor of the Light Korean Presbyterian Church in Mississauga, Ontario. Under his leadership the congregation grew from a dozen people in 1986 to more than 3,000 members in 2015. It operates from a complex that includes a 1,773-seat sanctuary, an education wing of numerous classrooms, a 5,260-square-foot fellowship hall with a full commercial kitchen, a 6,650-square-foot gymnasium and a 248-seat chapel. He also runs a second young person-oriented church in downtown Toronto. In 1996, during the North Korean four-year famine that killed an estimated 500,000 to 600,000 people, <mask> took an interest in helping North Koreans and used his church as a support base. Humanitarian work
<mask> has done humanitarian work in a variety of countries, but he has visited North Korea over 100 times since 1997. These humanitarian missions have included support for a nursing home, a nursery, an orphanage, and much more.While his church blocked efforts to talk to people working with <mask> for his safety, The Globe and Mail found evidence of extensive efforts to start businesses, import and export food, glasses, fuel, and other goods, feed thousands of people, and even buy the largest hotel in North Korea. The for-profit business interests, in the magnitude of tens of millions of dollars, were used to fund humanitarian efforts. <mask> maintained high-level contacts in North Korea and Canada, including with the Prime Minister's office. He cooperated with people around the world including the US, New Zealand, China and other places. Working with government officials is unavoidable in a state where everything is under government control, but working with the North Korean government increases risk. <mask> focused his efforts around Rajin, near the Rason Special Economic Zone which is an important North Korean effort to gain foreign investment. The Rason zone was led by Jang Song-thaek an uncle of North Korean Leader Kim Jong-un and a powerful political elite until Kim Jong-un had him executed in December 2013.Agence France-Presse first reported a link with Jang's circle, and <mask>'s cooperation with North Korean officials who had ties to Jang could have been a problem according to experts on the DPRK. Any links between <mask> and political elites were denied by spokespersons from <mask>'s church. North Korean imprisonment
<mask> travelled to North Korea on January 31, 2015, crossing the land border with China to visit the northeastern city of Rajin but he disappeared. Much later it was determined he was arrested in February. In a video released by a North Korean propaganda website in August, Hyeon appeared to read from a script to a nearly empty state-operated Pongsu Church in Pyongyang. "The worst crime I committed was to rashly defame and insult the highest dignity and the system of the republic." Former prisoners in North Korea report being coerced into similar confessions.According to the DPRK's official Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) <mask> admitted during the trial to "not only viciously defaming the highest dignity of Korea and its system but also possessing the wicked intention of trying to topple the Republic by staging an anti-state conspiracy." According to China's official Xinhua news agency, "The court said <mask> had attempted to overthrow the North Korean government and undermine its social system with 'religious activities' for the past 18 years". While North Korea was not specific about his alleged crimes, Xinhua reported that <mask> confessed to helping people defect from North Korea, and that he had met the U.S. ambassador to Mongolia regarding the plans (Mongolia is a known path out for North Korean defectors). The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) reported the trial lasted 90 minutes and the charges included "harming the dignity of the supreme leadership, trying to use religion to destroy the North Korean system, disseminating negative propaganda about the North to the overseas Koreans, and helping U.S. and the South Korean authorities lure and abduct North Korean citizens, along with aiding their programs to assist defectors from the North." KCNA further said that the prosecution sought the death penalty, but the defense requested leniency despite the gravity of his crimes "so that he can witness for himself the reality of the nation of the Sun as it grows in power and prosperity," <mask>'s lawyer was reported to have claimed "he had frankly confessed to everything the prosecution had brought up." On December 16, 2015, <mask> was sentenced to life imprisonment with hard labor for crimes against the state of North Korea. Diplomatic efforts to secure release
Because of the sensitivity of the situation and privacy rules the Canadian Foreign Affairs office has said little about <mask>'s situation.North Korea and Canada do not have regular diplomatic relations, with Canada using the Swedish embassy in Pyongyang, which the Globe and Mail reported is staffed by a single person. Diplomatic contact between Canada and North Korea is also made via United Nations representatives. In recent years, Liberal Prime Minister Jean Chrétien established diplomatic ties with the DPRK in 2001 but Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper suspended most contact with North Korea in 2010, and then imposed strict trade and travel sanctions. Canadian officials were using back channels and meeting on the edge of world conferences to press for <mask>'s release. The election of a Liberal Party of Canada government was seen by his family as an opportunity for a breakthrough. After the sentencing the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs stated that it had been an "unduly harsh sentence given to Mr. <mask> by a North Korean court, particularly given his age and fragile health." The Canadian government had not been given access to <mask> and that the lack of access represents "a serious violation of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations and the right of states to have consular access to their citizens."He was released on August 9, 2017, after a Canadian delegation visited Pyongyang and arrived back in Canada on August 12, 2017. In a post-release interview, <mask> attributed his arrest to a video clip of a speech he made at a Christian conference in the United States, where he stated that North Koreans should "believe in God instead of Kim Il-sung and Jesus instead of Kim Jong-Il", which was posted on the internet without his permission and noticed by North Korean authorities. See also
Kenneth Bae, a Korean-American Christian missionary convicted of "anti-state" crimes and given a 15-year sentence in North Korea, but released in 2014. References

Living people
1955 births
South Korean emigrants to Canada
Naturalized citizens of Canada
Prisoners and detainees of North Korea
Canadian Presbyterian ministers
Canadian people imprisoned abroad
Canadian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Canadian people of Korean descent

masks:
Hyeon Soo Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
Lim
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<mask> (May 19, 1942 – February 20, 2021) was an American philosopher, who spent most of his career teaching philosophy at Cornell University where he was Susan Linn Sage Professor of Philosophy and Humane Letters Emeritus. He specialized in epistemology, the philosophy of science, and the language and mind. Education and career
<mask> became interested in the philosophy of science during his undergraduate studies for a mathematics major at MIT for which he was awarded an S.B. in 1963. He then, at the same institution and under the directorship of <mask>, went on to earn his Ph.D in 1970 with a doctoral thesis on mathematical logic titled A Recursion-Theoretic Characterization of the Ramified Analytical Hierarchy. (He would also co-author, with Gustav Hensel and Hilary Putnam, a 1969 paper by this title.) After teaching at Harvard University, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and the University of California, Berkeley, <mask> taught, from 1972, at the Sage School of Philosophy at Cornell University.In 1981 he was appointed as the Susan Linn Sage Professor of Philosophy there, a position he retained until his retirement, as professor emeritus, in 2017. <mask> held visiting positions at Claremont-McKenna College (2012),  the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand (2016), and the University of Melbourne in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. And, after his retirement from Cornell, he also taught at Lewis & Clark College. Philosophical work
<mask> was best known for his arguments in favor of scientific realism and moral realism. In the case of scientific realism, <mask> was a defender of what is called "the miracle argument" according to which if successful scientific theories "were far from the truth...the fact that they are so successful would be miraculous. And given the choice between a straightforward explanation of success and a miraculous explanation, clearly one should prefer the non-miraculous explanation, viz. that our best theories are approximately true."In the case of moral realism, he was a key figure in the meta-ethical school known as "Cornell Realism." On this view, a moral property like "goodness is a complex natural property that is not directly observable, but nonetheless has a robust causal profile....  'Goodness' is not synonymous with any simpler set of more directly observable claims. Instead, 'goodness' describes the functionally complex natural property that is the effect of certain characteristic causes, and the cause of certain characteristic effects." <mask>, along with Hilary Putnam and Jerry Fodor, was also influential in the development of an anti-reductionist form of materialism in the philosophy of mind. In this view, although all individual psychological states and processes are entirely constituted by physical entities, the "explanations, natural kinds, and properties in psychology do not reduce to counterparts in more basic sciences, such as neurophysiology or physics." The American philosopher Jason Josephson Storm has adapted <mask>'s account of biological natural kinds, which is focused on "homeostatic property-clusters," to develop an account of social kinds. Drawing on process philosophy, Storm argues that social kinds are studied by the human sciences and are more fluid and interdependent than classical natural kinds, while showing broad structural similarities to biological natural kinds as described by <mask>.Select works
More complete publication details at <mask>'s PhilPapers listing, copies of further papers at his homepage's Selected Publications

Select papers and book chapters
 "Determinism, Laws and Predictability in Principle," Philosophy of Science (1972). "Scientific Realism and Naturalistic Epistemology," PSA 80, vol. 2 (1980). "What Materialism Does Not Imply," in Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology Volume I, ed. N.J. Block (1981). "On the Current Status of the Issue of Scientific Realism," Erkenntnis (1983). "Observations, Explanatory Power and Simplicity," in Experiment and Observation in Modern Science, ed.Achinstein and Hannaway (1984). "Lex Orandi est Lex Credendi," in Images of Science: Scientific Realism Versus Constructive Empiricism, ed. Churchland and Hooker (1984). "The Logician's Dilemma: Deductive Logic, Inductive Inference and Logical Empiricism," Erkenntnis (1985). "How to be a Moral Realist," in Essays on Moral Realism, ed. Sayre McCord (1988). "Constructivism, Realism, and Philosophical Method," in J. Earman, ed.Inference, Explanation, and Other Philosophical Frustrations. University of California Press (1992). "Metaphor and Theory Change," in Metaphor and Thought, ed. Ortony (1993)

Edited books
<mask>, <mask>; Gasper, Philip; Trout, J. D. (1991). The Philosophy of Science. MIT Press. .

See also
American philosophy
List of American philosophers

Notes

External links
"Objective Truth" <mask> on The Philosophers Zone podcast with host Alan Saunders (2008)
"Evolutionary theory as methodological anesthesia" (2011) video/podcast of 'Debating Darwin: evolutionary psychology" lecture for UCTV. "Is Evolutionary Psychology Misleading Us?"(2012) video of lecture for the Marian Miner Cook Athenaeum of Claremont McKenna College. "<mask>: Reconciling Realism and Neo-Kantian Social Constructivism" video of Science - Big Questions Revisited lecture for the Symposium on Occasion of the Farewell of Paul Hoyningen-Huene from Hannover (18 July 2014)

1942 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American essayists
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American essayists
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American philosophers
Action theorists
American ethicists
American logicians
American male essayists
American male non-fiction writers
American philosophy academics
Analytic philosophers
Contemporary philosophers
Cornell University faculty
Epistemologists
Harvard University faculty
Kant scholars
Metaphor theorists
Metaphysicians
Metaphysics writers
Moral philosophers
Moral realists
Ontologists
Philosophers from Washington, D.C.
Philosophers of education
Philosophers of ethics and morality
Philosophers of language
Philosophers of logic
Philosophers of mathematics
Philosophers of mind
Philosophers of psychology
Philosophers of science
Philosophers of social science
Philosophy of biology
Philosophy teachers
Philosophy writers
University of Michigan faculty

masks:
Richard Newell Boyd
Boyd
Richard Cartwright
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Boyd
Richard
Boyd
Richard Boyd


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<mask> (September 15, 1893 – February 22, 1955) was a highly decorated officer of the United States Marine Corps, who reached the rank of lieutenant general. He is most noted as commanding officer of the 22nd Marine Regiment during Battle of Eniwetok. He later served as director of personnel or commanding general of the Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego. Early career

<mask><mask> was born on September 15, 1893, in Azle, Texas. He attended the Texas A&M University and graduated in 1917 with Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering. <mask> was eager to see combat during World War I, he almost immediately entered the United States Marine Corps and was commissioned second lieutenant on May 23, 1917. Upon the completing of the Officer's Basic training, he was assigned as platoon leader to the 51st Company, 2nd Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment in Philadelphia.The 5th Marines were sent overseas in June 1917, arriving in Saint-Nazaire the following month. <mask> spent the next few months with intensive training for trench warfare including grenade throwing, bayonet drill, gas mask drill and weapons firing at land targets and airplanes etc. His unit subsequently went to the trenches in the Montgermont sector in March 1918 and <mask> participated in its defense. However he was ordered back to the United States in April 1918 and was appointed an instructor at Bayonet school within Marine Barracks Quantico, Virginia. <mask> remained in this capacity until October 1920, when has been transferred to the 2nd Marine Brigade under Brigadier General Harry Lee and sent to Dominican Republic to fight insurgents. The orders for return to the United States came in August 1922 and <mask> has been appointed Aide-de-camp to the Commandant Norfolk Navy Yard, Rear Admiral Philip Andrews. This assignment was terminated in September 1925, when he was assigned to the Company Officers Course at Marine Corps School at Quantico.Upon the graduation in June 1926, now in the rank of captain, <mask> assumed command of Marine detachment aboard the battleship USS West Virginia and participated in the ship's voyage to Australia and New Zealand. <mask> left sea duties in July 1928, when he was appointed an instructor at the Officers Basic School at Philadelphia Navy Yard. He left for overseas duty in July 1932, when he was sent to Haiti and subsequently commanded constabulary detachment within Garde d'Haïti. <mask> finished his tour of duty in September 1934 and returned to the United States. For his service in Haiti, he was decorated with Haitian Distinguished Service Medal with Diploma by the Government of Haiti. Meanwhile, he was promoted to the rank of major in May 1934. His next assignment was at Headquarters Marine Corps in Washington, D.C., where he served with the Division of Reserve until July 1937.<mask> was subsequently transferred for another studies at Marine Corps School at Quantico, where he graduated from the Senior Officers Course in May 1938. While on studies, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel in December 1937. <mask> was subsequently appointed an instructor at the school. World War II

He left Quantico in May 1940 and subsequently was transferred to the Marine Corps Base San Diego as Chief of Planning Section under Major General William P. Upshur. <mask> was transferred to Egypt in July 1941, where he served as a Naval observer in Cairo. Following the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, he returned to the United States and reported for duty at San Diego with 2nd Marine Division as operations officer. <mask> has been promoted to the rank of colonel on 1 January 1942 and after five months with 2nd Division, he was appointed commanding officer of the newly activated 22nd Marine Regiment at Camp Elliott, California.The 22nd Marines were sent to the Pacific theater and subsequently arrived to Samoa at the end of June. Colonel <mask> subsequently commanded the regiment, which was designated as independent unit during the island defense and also conducted the intensive jungle training. <mask> did not see combat until February 1944, when his unit participated in the Battle of Eniwetok. He landed on Engebi Island on 18 February following the Naval bombardment. <mask> placed his command post on the beach and participated in the hand-to-hand fighting, when almost one thousand of Japanese soldiers were killed with only 85 dead and missing plus 166 wounded US soldiers. On 22 February, <mask> and his 22nd Marines invaded the Parry Island and continued to fight the enemy for next 10 hours. After the Island Headquarters of Japanese Army was conquered, <mask> radioed to the Commander of Amphibious Group Two, Rear Admiral Harry W. Hill: "I present you with the island of Parry".<mask> was subsequently decorated with the military's second-highest decoration awarded for valor in combat, Navy Cross. He also received the Navy Unit Commendation. When the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade under Brigadier General Lemuel C. Shepherd Jr. was reactivated at the beginning of April 1944, <mask> had been appointed its chief of staff. <mask> participated with his new command in the Recapture of Guam at the end of July 1944 and was decorated with the Legion of Merit with Combat "V" and second Navy Unit Commendation. The 1st Provisional Brigade was disbanded in September 1944 and its units were used to form 6th Marine Division with Shepherd in command and <mask> as chief of staff. <mask> remained in this capacity until 16 November, when he was relieved by Colonel <mask>. McQueen and returned to the United States. Upon his return, <mask> was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in December 1944 and appointed assistant director of personnel at Headquarters Marine Corps.He held that position until May 1945, when he was appointed assistant division commander of 2nd Marine Division under Major General LeRoy P. Hunt. <mask> subsequently participated in the Occupation duties in Japan and was later decorated with the Bronze Star for his service in this capacity. Postwar life

<mask> was transferred back to the United States in April 1946 and subsequently was appointed commanding officer of the Marine Training and Replacement Command at Camp Pendleton, California. However he served in this capacity just for a brief period, because he was transferred to the command of local newly activated 3rd Marine Brigade in September 1946. This unit was used as an administrative command for combat veterans returning from occupation duties in Japan. The 3rd Brigade was absorbed by 1st Marine Division in July 1947 and <mask> has been appointed Assistant Division Commander under Major General Graves B. Erskine. This assignment lasted until February 1948, when <mask> was appointed commanding general of the Troop training unit at Naval Amphibious Base Coronado.He was responsible for the amphibious training of the soldiers for Pacific Fleet. While served in this capacity, <mask> was awarded with Doctor of law degree on 13 November 1948 by his Alma mater, Texas A&M University. <mask> has been promoted to the rank of major general in July 1949 and transferred to Headquarters Marine Corps in Washington, D.C., where he was appointed director of personnel under his old superior, Commandant Lemuel C. Shepherd. He took command of Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego in April 1952 and served in this capacity until 30 January 1954, when he was relieved by Major General <mask>. McQueen. <mask> finally retired from the Marine Corps on 1 July 1954 and was advanced to the rank of lieutenant general on the retired list for having been specially commended in combat. Following his retirement, <mask> resided in La Jolla, California, and suddenly died of heart attack on February 22, 1955, at Naval Hospital, San Diego. He is buried at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery.Decorations

Here is the ribbon bar of Lieutenant General <mask><mask>:

See also

6th Marine Division

References

1893 births
1955 deaths
People from Azle, Texas
Texas A&M University alumni
United States Marine Corps generals
American military personnel of the Banana Wars
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War I
United States Marine Corps World War II generals
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Burials at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery
Military personnel from Texas

masks:
John Thaddeus Walker
John T
. Walker
Young Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
John C
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
Walker
John C
Walker
Walker
John T
. Walker


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<mask> (1593 – 27 August 1666) was a Scottish presbyterian minister who became a Westminster Divine and Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1646, after failing to emigrate to Boston in 1636. Born in Irvine in 1593, the sixth son of <mask> of Windyedge, a merchant-adventurer and cadet of <mask>, and Beatrix Mure of the Rowallan family, he gained an MA at the University of Glasgow in 1612 and became regent there in 1615. When the episcopalian John Cameron was appointed Principal, <mask> resigned and went to Ireland, to become minister of a Presbyterian congregation at Bangor, County Down. He was ordained for it by <mask>, Bishop of Down and Connor, <mask> was "very careful to inform... of what accusations had been laid against me of disaffection to the civil powers, whom he was the use of the English liturgy nor Episcopal government.... I declared my opinion fully to the Bishop at our first meeting... [who] said to me, 'I hear good of you, and will impose no conditions on you.'" Echlin, however, turned against him. In September 1631, he was suspended from his ministry and on 4 May 1632 deposed.Though bent on emigrating to New England, the ship in which he and other ministers sailed was driven back by weather, a sign, <mask> thought, that his services were still required at home. He dodged an order for his arrest by escaping to Scotland and was admitted to the Second Charge of Ayr in July 1638. After periods in Scotland and Ireland, he accompanied the Scottish army to England in 1640 and helped to negotiate the 1641 Peace of Ripon. In 1646, <mask> was elected Moderator of General Assembly, then Chaplain-in-Ordinary to King Charles I. He was also on a committee endeavouring in 1648 to get Cromwell to establish "a uniformity of religion in England." He was summoned to London by Cromwell in 1654, but excused himself on grounds of ill-health. On the establishment of episcopacy he was removed from his charges in September 1661, confined to Musselburgh, then to Kirkcaldy for three and a half years, and then to Meikle Couston, Aberdour, Fife, where he died on 27 August 1666 and was buried.Life

He was a native of Irvine, Ayrshire. His father was a merchant-adventurer, <mask> of Windyedge, a younger brother of the family of <mask> of that ilk; his mother was Beatrix Muir (of the house of Rowallan), who lived for nearly a century. From the parish school at Irvine <mask> proceeded to the University of Glasgow, where he took his degree of M.A. He is stated to have acted as a schoolmaster in Glasgow. In his twenty-second year he was appointed a regent or professor in the university. One of his students was the future author of polemics for the Covenanters, <mask>. In 1616 he was licensed as a preacher of the gospel in connection with the established church (presbyterian) of Scotland.In 1622 he resigned his professorship. Having gone over to Ireland, he was called to Bangor, County Down, and ordained by <mask>, the Bishop of Down, on 10 July 1623. But he was suspended in the autumn of 1631, and deposed in 1632 for nonconformity; Echlin had turned a blind eye in the 1620s to presbyterian clergy in his diocese, but <mask> (on his own account) didn't react to hints by Theophilus Buckworth, Bishop of Dromore, and was then interviewed by James Ussher, who tried to persuade him with arguments current from John Sprint. By the intervention of the king, Charles I, he was restored in May 1634; but the former sentence was renewed, with excommunication, by John Bramhall, bishop of Derry, the same year. Excommunicated and ejected, <mask>, along with others, fitted out a ship, intending to go to New England in 1635. But the weather proved so bad that they were beaten back, and, returning to Scotland, he lived partly in that country and partly in England. Orders were issued in England for his apprehension in 1637, but he escaped to Scotland, and preached for some time in Ayr.He was invited to go to France as chaplain to the regiment of Colonel Patrick Hepburn of Waughton, but after embarking at Leith he was threatened by a soldier whom he had reproved for swearing, and went ashore again. He also petitioned the privy council 'for liberty to preach the gospel,' and received an appointment at Burntisland in April 1638. He was nominated to St. Andrews in the same year, and was admitted there on 8 October 1639. In the Second Bishops' War of 1640 he accompanied the Scottish army on its march into England. He assisted in the negotiations for the treaty of peace presented by Charles I on 8 November 1641. After the Irish Rebellion of 1641 he once more went to Ireland with several other clergymen of the Scottish kirk, the Irish general assembly (presbyterian) having petitioned for supplies for their vacant charges. He afterwards returned to St. Andrews.In 1645 he attended the lord president <mask> and others to the scaffold. In the same year he was one of the Scottish ministers who went to Newcastle to speak very plainly to the king. In 1646 he was elected Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland (3 June). Later, on the death of Alexander Henderson, he was appointed chaplain-in-ordinary to the king, supported by the revenues of the Chapel Royal. The Commission of the General Assembly, in 1648, named him one of those for 'endeavouring to get Cromwell to establish a uniformity of religion in England.' At the division of the church, in 1650, into Resolutioners and Protesters, he leaned to the former, but lamented the strife. Summoned with others to London in 1654, that 'a method might be devised for settling affairs of the church,' he pleaded ill-health and declined to go.In the same year he was appointed by the council of England 'one of those for the admission to the ministry in Perth, Fife, and Angus.' At the Restoration he came under the notice of Archbishop James Sharp, had to resign his charge in September 1661, and was confined to certain places, first of all to Musselburgh, afterwards to Kirkcaldy (where he remained three and a half years), and finally to Meikle Couston near Aberdour. As a Covenanter he preached outdoors. He died at Aberdour on 27 August 1666, and was buried in the parish churchyard. Works
Autobiography was published by the Wodrow Society (1848); fragments were published in 1754. Preface to Durham's Treatise on Scandal. Commentary on the Book of Proverbs, (ready but not published)
Answer to Bishop Hall's Remonstrance, ready for the Press, but these were never published.Bibliography
Edin. Guild. Reg. ;
Edin. Marr. Reg. ;
Reg.Sec. Sig. ;
G. R. Sas., iii. 164, ix. 106;
Lamont's Diary;
Tombst. ;
Baillie's Letters ;
Hill's Life of <mask> ;
Reid's Ireland, i., 101 et seq.;
Dictionary Nat. Biog. Reed's Presbyterianism of Ireland, i.;
Row and Stevenson's Hist. ;
Rutherford's and Baillie's Letters;
Kirkcaldy Presb. Reg. ;
Connolly's Fifeshire;
Chambers's Biogr. ;
Scott's Fasti, ii.91;
Hill's Life of <mask>

Family
He married first Beatrix, daughter of <mask>, merchant, in right of whom he became a burgess of Edinburgh on 16 July 1626; she died in July 1632, aged 27. Their issue were two sons and a daughter: James, one of the ministers of Dysart, <mask>, and Jean, who married William Row, minister of Ceres. His second wife was Katherine, daughter of Hugh Montgomerie of Braidstane, afterwards Viscount Airds. Their issue were seven sons and a daughter. One of these sons, David, was father of <mask>, the poet of the Grave, and another, Hugh, grandfather of Dr. <mask>. He marr. (1) 16 July 1626,
Beatrix (died July 1632, aged 27), daugh.of <mask>, merchant, burgess of
Edinburgh, and had issue – James, min. of Dysart ; <mask> ; Jean (marr. William
Row, min. of Ceres) : (2) Katherine, daugh. of Hugh Montgomerie of Braidstane, Vis-
count Airds, and had issue – William ;
David, min. of Old Kirk Parish, Edinburgh
[father of <mask>., min. of Athelstane-
ford, author of The Grave] ; Samuel ;
John, writer, Edinburgh, born 1640; Archi-
bald ; Alexander in Edinburgh ; Andrew,
born 1644; Montgomery, born 1646; Hugh,
merchant, Edinburgh ; Catherine (marr.George Campbell, min. of Old Kirk, Edin-
burgh, and Professor of Divinity). References
Citations

Sources

1593 births
1666 deaths
Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
Scottish Commissioners at the Westminster Assembly
People from Irvine, North Ayrshire
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Irish Presbyterian ministers

masks:
Robert Blair
John Blair
Blair
Blair
Robert Echlin
Blair
Blair
Blair
John Blair
Blair
Blair
Robert Baillie
Robert Echlin
Blair
Blair
Robert Spottiswoode
Hugh Blair
Hugh Blair
Robert Hamilton
Robert
Robert Blair
Hugh Blair
Robert Hamilton
Robert
Robert B


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<mask> (2 August 1900 - 21 July 1948) - in religious Giacomo da Balduina - was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and a professed member from the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin. <mask> studied in Rovigo before being summoned to Milan for mandated service in the armed forces towards the close of World War I but following it was able to resume his studies in Bassano del Grappa. He was ordained to the priesthood and spent a brief respite in Slovenia due to a disease he was suffering from. He remained for most of his time as a friar listening to confessions in Udine but died in 1948 in Lourdes while on a pilgrimage. <mask>'s cause for beatification launched in the 1980s and he became titled as a Servant of God while the confirmation of his life of heroic virtue enabled for Pope Francis to name him as Venerable on 16 June 2017. Life
<mask> was born in Balduina di San Urbano on 2 August 1900 as the eighth of ten children to the modest farmers <mask> (d. 11 March 1924) and Giuseppina Marin (d. 31 July 1932) who were married in Padua on 24 March 1887. He received baptism on 5 August 1900 from Father Cristiano Sartori with the names <mask>; his godparents were Angelo Bertoet and Maddalena Sartori.On 18 April 1910 he received his Confirmation from the Bishop of Padua Luigi Pellizzo and then his First Communion on 2 April 1911 in his hometown from Father Eugenio Bau. <mask> attended school from 1906 until 1909 and then attended school in Lendinara from 1910 until 1914. It was in Lendinara that he had his first encounters with friars from the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin; he became impressed with their order and so began visiting them and decided that he wished to enter their order which he did on 13 October 1917 with the beginning of his ecclesial studies in Rovigo. On 20 March 1918 he was called to Milan for mandated service with the armed forces due to World War I. He remained in the armed forces for his service until 1921. He began his novitiate in Bassano del Grappa on 28 September 1922 at which point he was vested in the Franciscan habit and assumed his religious name. He made his initial profession into the order on 29 September 1923.<mask>'s studies in Thiene in Vicenza were interrupted on 3 July 1924 when he was transferred for his education at Santissimo Redentore in Venice. During his theological studies around 1925 he began feeling the effects of the disease encephalitis lethargica that led to doubts for his proceeding towards ordination. His superiors feared his premature death and so decided to dispense him from the final part of his theological formation so that he could be ordained but he did make his solemn profession on 8 December 1926. He received his ordination to the priesthood from the Cardinal Patriarch of Venice Pietro La Fontaine in the church of Saint Nicholas of Tolentino on 21 July 1929. He celebrated his first Mass in his hometown on 4 August 1929. <mask>'s suffering increased at a gradual rate but he offered his suffering for the salvation of souls and the sanctification of priests. He spent a brief respite in Koper in Slovenia and then on 28 November 1931 arrived in Udine where he would live but first underwent a thorough examination.The doctors diagnosed him with postencephalitic parkinsonism on 29 September 1932. His cell was positioned on the first floor to act as a confessional where he would hear penitents due to his disease. On 15 September 1941 he made a pilgrimage to Loreto and then made another one there in 1946. <mask>'s renown in the confessional became great to the point that people called him "santo confessore". There were some penitents that often said that <mask> could mention their faults to them before having the chance to speak with people comparing it to Padre Pio's reading of hearts. Monsignor Pietro Baldassi - a priest who served the Unione Nazionale Italiana Transporto Ammalati a Lourdes Santuari Internazionali - knew just how ill Filon was and so invited him to make a pilgrimage to Lourdes. He left on 19 July 1948 (he celebrated his final Mass that morning) via train reaching Lourdes but could not proceed from there to the grotto as he had hoped.The next evening his condition worsened. He experienced great pain at 11:00pm on 21 July with his breathing becoming labored. He lost consciousness and woke sometime later and so received the Anointing of the Sick when the pain continued but died just moments later while singing the Magnificat. His funeral was held on 23 July and he was buried in a wooden coffin. His remains were interred in Lourdes but on 15 October 1949 his remains were exhumed to be placed in another grave in a coffin of oak lined with zinc and exhumed once more on 9 June 1997. Beatification process
The beatification process launched on 15 October 1982 after the Congregation for the Causes of Saints granted the official "nihil obstat" (no objections to launching the cause) decree thus titling him as a Servant of God. The cognitional process to investigate Filon and his reputation for holiness opened on 25 February 1984 and was concluded later on 18 November 1989.The C.C.S. validated this process on 11 March 1994 as having complied with their regulations for conducting causes. The postulation submitted the Positio dossier on 21 July 2001 to the C.C.S. for further assessment. Nine theologians approved the dossier on 13 October 2016 as did the cardinal and bishop members of the C.C.S. some months later. Pope Francis named <mask> as being Venerable on 16 June 2017 upon confirming that the late friar had lived a life of heroic virtue.<mask>'s beatification depends upon the confirmation of a miracle that in most cases is a healing that science and medicine cannot explain. The diocesan investigation for such a case was called for in September 2016 and was launched on 11 February 2017. The current postulator for this cause is the Capuchin friar Carlo Calloni. References

External links
 Hagiography Circle
 Official website

1900 births
1948 deaths
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
20th-century venerated Christians
Capuchins
Clergy from Padua
Venerated Catholics by Pope Francis

masks:
Beniamino Filon
Filon
Filon
Beniamino Filon
Giacomo Filon
Beniamino Angelo
Filon
Filon
Filon
Filon
Filon
Filon
Filon


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<mask> (born September 19, 1965) is a retired American basketball player. She played for the University of Georgia, as well as many USA Basketball teams including three Olympic teams. <mask> was inducted into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame and the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Early years

<mask> grew up in Charleston, South Carolina, where she attended St. Andrews High School. In her senior year, she helped lead the team to a 30–0 record, including a state championship. College years
<mask> began her career at the University of Georgia, where she was a two-time All-American (1986, 1987) and won varsity letters all four years. In her freshman year, she was named to the Freshman All-American team, and was the first ever SEC Freshman of the year.She went on to become the National Player of the Year in 1987. While she was at Georgia, the team won the SEC twice. The team earned invitations to the NCAA Tournament every year in each of her four years, reaching the Sweet Sixteen twice, the Elite Eight once, and finishing as the national runner up in 1985. <mask> is the holder of several single season records that still stand:
 Points (796)
 Points per game (24.9)
 Field goals made (310)
 Free throws made (176)
 Free throws attempted (240)

Over her four-year career, she hit 62% of her field goal attempts, a school record. In NCAA Tournament games, she holds the record for best field goal shooting percentage, hitting 60 of her 84 attempts in the 12 games she played (1984–1987). In the 1985 NCAA semi-final game against Western Kentucky, she hit 10 of 12 field goal attempts, a record field goal percentage for NCAA semi-final games. Georgia compiled a record of 116–15 while <mask> was on the team.She ranks second on Georgia’s all-time career charts with 2,195 points (17.6 ppg) and 1,193 rebounds (9.5). Her jersey number (#32) was retired, making one of only three Lady Bulldogs to receive that honor. Georgia statistics
Source

USA Basketball

<mask> was a member of eleven USA basketball teams. She holds several records in international competitions including the USA Olympic record for rebounds (66) in a single competition and the USA Goodwill Games competition record for rebounds (54). World University Games 1985

While a sophomore at Georgia, <mask> was selected for the team to represent the US at the 1985 World University Games, held in Kobe, Japan. <mask> was the leading scorer in the first three games, including a 38-point output in the first game against the People's Republic of Korea, along with 13 rebounds. She would end up leading the team in scoring, with 17 points per game, rebounding, with almost eight per game and blocks with eleven.The team ended up with a 5–1 record, losing to the USSR in the title match. The USA team was down by 18 points at one time, fought back to close the margin, but ended up losing 87–81, to end up with the silver medal. Goodwill Games 1986

<mask> was selected to represent the US at the inaugural Goodwill Games, held in Moscow in July 1986. North Carolina State's Kay Yow served as head coach. The team opened up with a 72–53 of Yugoslavia, and followed that with a 21-point win over Brazil 91–70. The third game was against Czechoslovakia and would be much closer. <mask> was one of the scoring leaders in this game, scoring 12 points to help the US to a 78–70 victory.The USA faced Bulgaria in the semi-final match up, and again won, this time 67–58. This set up the final against the Soviet Union, led by 7-foot-2 Ivilana Semenova, considered the most dominant player in the world. The Soviet team had a 152–2 record in major international competition over the prior three decades, including an 84–82 win over the US in the 1983 World Championships. The Soviets held the early edge, leading 21–19 at one time, before the USA went on a scoring run to take a large lead they would never relinquish. The final score was 83–60 in favor of the US, earning the gold medal for the USA squad. <mask> was the second leading scorer in the finals with 17 points, behind only Cheryl Miller with 18. For the entire event, <mask> averaged eleven points, tied for third leading scorer with Anne Donovan.World Championship 1986

<mask> continued to represent the US with National team at the 1986 World Championship, held in Moscow, a month after the Goodwill games in Moscow. The USA team was even more dominant this time. The early games were won easily, and the semifinal against Canada, while the closest game for the USA so far, ended up an 82–59 victory. <mask> was one of the stars of the tournament, scoring a team high 19 points against Czechoslovakia, and a team high 21 points against Hungary. At the same time, the Soviet team was winning easily as well, and the final game pitted two teams each with 6–0 records. The Soviet team, having lost only once at home, wanted to show that the Goodwill games setback was a fluke. The USA team started by scoring the first eight points, and raced to a 45–23 lead, although the Soviets fought back and reduced the halftime margin to 13.The USA went on a 15–1 run in the second half to out the game away, and ended up winning the gold medal with a score of 108–88. <mask> was one of five double-digit scorers in the game. Pan American Games 1987

<mask> was a member of the USA team at the 1987 Pan American Games held in Indianapolis, Indiana USA. The USA team won their first game easily, then had a closer game against Brazil, winning 84–81. The next game was against Cuba, which again was a close match. The USA team was behind at the half, and trailed by seven in the second half, but came back to win 85–80. The title game was a rematch with Brazil.While Brazil's Hortência Marcari scored 30 points, <mask> matched her output with 30 points of her own, helping the USA win gold with a 111–87 victory. <mask> was the leading scorer (17.8) and rebounder(10) for the USA team. Olympics 1988

<mask> represented the US at the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, Korea. The opening match against Czechoslovakia was not easy, with the USA team trailing at the half, but coming back in the second half to win 87–81. <mask> scored 19 for the US, second most behind Teresa Edwards. The USA team went on to beat Yugoslavia and China, with <mask> having a 27-point and 13 rebound game against China. The next match was against the USSR, a team the USA had beaten in recent competitions, but never in the Olympics, until this year, when the USA won a "surprisingly easy" game 102–88, with <mask> scoring 26 points, only one fewer than Cynthia Cooper's 27.The gold medal game was a rematch against Yugoslavia, which the USA team won 77–70. <mask> was the leading scorer and rebounder for the team, with 17.6 and 10.4 respectively. World Championship 1990

<mask> continued her USA representation as a member of the USA National team at the 1990 World Championships, held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The team won their opening round games fairly easily, with the closest of the first three games a 27-point victory over Czechoslovakia. Then they faced Cuba, a team that had beaten the US in exhibition matches only a few weeks earlier. The USA team was losing at halftime, but came back to win 87–78. The USA team found itself behind at halftime to Canada in their next game, but came back to win easily 95–70.After an easy match against Bulgaria, the USA team faced Czechoslovakia again, end achieved an almost identical result, winning 87–59 with Teresa Edwards scoring 23 points, and <mask> scoring 16. In the title match, <mask> was the leading scorer with 23 points, and added nine rebounds, to help the USA team win the gold medal. For the entire event, <mask> was the second leading scorer behind Teresa Edwards, and the leading rebounder on the team. Goodwill Games 1990

The 1990 Goodwill game were held in Seattle, Washington less than two weeks following the World Championships. The USA team had now won 36 consecutive games in major international competition, and hoped to continue the trend at the Goodwill Games. The team members and coaches on the USA were unchanged. The USA team struggled in its first two games, starting out behind to South Korea before winning, and falling behind to the Soviet team at halftime, before winning 86–78.<mask> was the star of that game scoring 23 points and pulling down 16 rebounds. The team won against Australia and Bulgaria to face the Soviet team for the gold medal. The USA team won the gold medal with an 82–70 win over the Soviet team. <mask> again led the team in rebounds at almost eleven per game, and was second in scoring honors, behind Teresa Edwards. Pan American Games 1991

<mask> was a member of the USA team invited to the 1991 Pan American Games held in Havana, Cuba. The teams started with a strong performance against Canada, winning 87–70. The next game against Brazil started well, with the USA team jumping out to an 18–3 lead, which they extended to 26–8, but Brazil came back to take a halftime lead.The game was tied at 81 with just over two minutes left. Hortência Marcari scored in the final minute to give Brazil a three-point lead. <mask> responded to bring the margin to one, but Brazil made free throws in the final seconds to secure the 87–84 upset. After beating Argentina easily, the USA team faced the host Cuba team, and won 91–71. That moved both teams to a rematch in the semi-finals, but this time Cuba would prevail. The USA team then went on to beat Canada for the bronze medal. <mask> was the team's leading rebounder, with 8.8 per game, and the second leading scorer, at 15.3 per game, behind Teresa Edwards.Olympics 1992

<mask> earned a place on the team representing the US at the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. The team started out impressively, scoring 111 points in their opening match against Czechoslovakia, at that time, the most points ever scored by the USA Olympic team. They would best that mark four days later with 114 points against host team Spain. They also had a strong victory over China, winning 93–67, before facing the Unified team. The USA team fell behind by eleven points in the second half, rallied to take a small lead, but could not secure the victory, and ended up with a loss 79–73. The USA team beat Cuba 88–74 to win the bronze medal. <mask> again dominated the boards, leading the team with 9.6 rebounds per game.She scored 11.4 points per game, which was fourth best on the team. World Championship 1994

<mask> continued her participation on the USA team at the 1994 World Championships. The preliminary rounds were held in Hobart, Tasmania while the final rounds were in Sydney, Australia. <mask> was the leading scorer with 20 points in the first round win over South Korea. The USA team won their first six games before playing Brazil in the semi-final match up. <mask> had one of the most impressive performances in World Championship history, with 29 points and 19 rebounds. However, Brazil's Hortência Marcari also had a great game scoring 32 points, and the final score of 110–107 favored the Brazilian team.The USA team regrouped to beat the host Australia team 100–95 to take home the bronze medal. <mask> led all scores on the USA team with 14.6 points per game and was the teams's leading rebounder, with 11.1 per game. Olympics 1996

<mask>'s final event as a member of the USA team was the 1996 Olympics, held in Atlanta, Georgia USA. The USA team won all their pool play games by large margins, although they were behind Cuba by as much as seven points before Lisa Leslie's 24 points, helped the USA take over the game. The USA victory over Australia featured a record setting 15 assists by Teresa Edwards, while <mask> was the leading scorer with 24 points. Against Japan, Lisa Leslie set a USA Olympic scoring record with 35 points, and <mask> tied a USA scoring record with 16 rebounds. In the final, the USA team faced 7–0 Brazil—a team that had beaten the USA squad in the 1991 Pan Am games and the 1994 World Championships.This time, playing before a home crowd of 32,987, the USA team started out very strong, hitting 71.9 per cent of their field goals leading to an eleven points margin at the half. The USA team scored the first eight points of the second half and won the gold medal 111–87. <mask> was the second leading scorer (behind Lisa Leslie) and the team's leading rebounder. Professional career
<mask> played professionally internationally for several years and ended her professional career with the Atlanta Glory of the American Basketball League (ABL). She was honored as a member of the 1998 ABL All-Star Game Eastern Conference Team. 1989–1991 Kyoto Petroleum (Japan)
 1992 Sidis Ancona (Italy)
 1993–1995 Valencia (Spain)
 1995–1996 Galatasaray (Turkey)

Legacy
The NCAA named the annual <mask> Award in her honor, which recognizes the top power forward in women's NCAA Division I college basketball. Awards and honors

 1986—Consensus All-America team
 1987—Consensus All-America team
 1987—National Player of the Year
 1987—Winner of the Honda Sports Award for basketball
 1987—WBCA Player of the Year
 1988—USA Basketball’s Female Athlete of the Year
 1992—USA Basketball’s Female Athlete of the Year
 2005—Induction into Georgia Sports Hall of Fame
 2006—Induction into Women's Basketball Hall of Fame
 2012—Induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

References

Bibliography

External links
 WBHOF Bio

1965 births
Living people
African-American basketball players
All-American college women's basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
American women's basketball players
Atlanta Glory players
Basketball players at the 1987 Pan American Games
Basketball players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 1991 Pan American Games
Basketball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Basketball players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Basketball players from South Carolina
Galatasaray S.K.(women's basketball) players
Georgia Lady Bulldogs basketball players
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in basketball
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in basketball
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in basketball
Power forwards (basketball)
Sportspeople from Charleston, South Carolina
Universiade gold medalists for the United States
Universiade medalists in basketball
Medalists at the 1985 Summer Universiade
Competitors at the 1986 Goodwill Games
Competitors at the 1990 Goodwill Games
Medalists at the 1987 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American women
United States women's national basketball team players

masks:
Katrina McClain
McClain
McClain
McClain
McClain
McClain
McClain
McClain
McClain
McClain
McClain
McClain
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McClain
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McClain
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McClain
McClain
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McClain
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McClain
McClain
McClain
McClain
McClain
McClain
McClain
Katrina McClain


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<mask>che (Trungram Gyaltrul Rinpoche) is the head of the Trungram lineage and one of the highest tulkus of the Kagyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism. He has received extensive transmissions of the Nyingma lineages, and teaches in the spirit of the nonsectarian Rimé movement. He is also the first incarnate lama to earn a Ph.D. in the West, having completed a doctoral program in Indo-Tibetan Buddhist Studies at Harvard University. Widely recognized for his ability to modernize ancient Buddhist teachings for today's challenges, he is dedicated to the value of education in bringing wisdom to life. To realize this vision, he has founded organizations throughout Asia and the United States. Born into a Nepalese Sherpa family, <mask> was recognized by Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, 16th Karmapa, as the 4th Trungram Gyalwa Rinpoche, the reincarnation of the 3rd Trungram Gyalwa. Birth and recognition

<mask> was born on the mountain of Tsari, near Daporijo, Arunachal Pradesh, India, into a Sherpa family from Nepal.As an infant, <mask> Gyalwa had a transparent abdomen, which eventually led his parents to take him to seek out the 16th Karmapa, supreme head of the Kagyu lineage. In a public audience, even before his parents had a chance to speak with the Karmapa, the 16th Karmapa recognized the child on sight as the “intentionally reborn” manifestation (tulku) of the 3rd Trungram Gyalwa. The 16th Karmapa explained Trungram Gyalwa's marking as a symbol of his predecessor's realization of Mahamudra practice. The 16th Karmapa proclaimed the boy as the 4th Trungram Gyalwa, with the formal name of “Trungram Gyalwa Tulku Karma Tenpai Gyaltsen Trinlay Kunkhyab Pal Sangpo" and bestowed him with dharma robes. He gave him Buddhist refuge vows, and wrote a long-life prayer for him. Trungram <mask> was enthroned at Rumtek Monastery, the main seat of the Karmapa, in Sikkim, India. Names

Gyalwa Trulku was the name of the first incarnation of the Trungram Gyalwa lineage.Gyalwa was his personal name; Trulku refers to incarnation. Since this first Trugram Gyalwa belonged to the Trungram teaching lineage and was well respected by people, his full name was <mask> <mask> Trulku Rinpoche. This name is quite long, so he often used Gyaltrul, the shortened form of Gyalwa Trulku, making the name Trungram Gyaltrul Rinpoche. The 4th Trungram <mask> Rinpoche is also known as Trungram Gyaltrul Rinpoche, and, to a lesser degree, Drungram Gyaltrul, Tenpai Gyaltsen, <mask> Lama, and <mask> Trulku. He himself prefers to write Trungram Gyalwa, although his official name is either H. E<mask> <mask> Rinpoche or H. E<mask> Gyaltrul Rinpoche. In the west, he often uses <mask> <mask> Rinpoche, PhD; worldwide, his students simply call him Rinpoche. Education

Early years in Rumtek
Trungram <mask>'s studies began at Rumtek Monastery at age three.There he received a traditional monastic education, followed by studies on Tibetan and Buddhist literature and philosophy at Jamyang Khang school. He took the vows of a novice monk (getsul), but did not later take full ordination, and returned his novice vows before attending university. Nalanda
Trungram <mask> entered the Karma Shri Nalanda Institute for Higher Buddhist Studies, in Rumtek, where he studied the traditional fields of Buddhist philosophy, logic, epistemology, soteriology, cosmology, codes, debates, history, poetry, Sanskrit, literature, medicine, and meditation. During his time at Nalanda, he, with others, helped to set up and run the Students' Welfare Union of Nalanda. He also served as one of the three main teaching assistants of Nalanda Institute. He earned the title of Ka-rabjampa ("one with unobstructed knowledge of scriptures," the Kagyu equivalent of the Geluk Geshe degree) from Nalanda, and also received the degree of Acharya, or Master of Buddhist Philosophy, with First Class Honors, from Sampurnanant Sanskrit University, in Varanasi, India. Teachings from all traditions
Reflecting the non-sectarian approach of his predecessor, Trungram <mask>'s teachers come from all four main schools of Tibetan Buddhism (Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya, Geluk).He studied with some of the greatest masters of recent years, particularly the 16th Karmapa and Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche. He received most of his teachings and empowerments from these two Rinpoches and from Khenchen Trinley Paljor <mask> (appointed by the 16th Karmapa to be <mask> <mask>'s tutor). His other Buddhist teachers include Sakya Trizin, the late Ugyen Tulku <mask>, the late Khamtrul <mask>, Trulshik <mask>, the late Kalu <mask>, the late Salje <mask> and the late Gendun <mask>. He studied extensively under Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche and Khenpo Choedrak Rinpoche. Further studies
Besides traditional Buddhist education, <mask> <mask> studied liberal arts at Kirkwood College in Iowa, USA, and later at Newbury College in Massachusetts, USA. He worked with Professor Donald Lopez as a visiting scholar at the University of Michigan, and was involved in a teaching exchange program and sutra translation there. Later, he studied Chinese for six months in Taiwan at the Language Learning Center of National Taiwan Normal University.He is fluent in Tibetan, English, Nepali, Sherpa, Chinese, and has a good knowledge of Sanskrit, Hindi and French. Harvard Ph.D.
<mask> <mask> entered the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences as a doctoral student in the Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies. His concentration was on Indo-Tibetan Buddhist Studies with special emphasis on comparative studies. He was awarded a Ph.D. in 2004, with a dissertation on Gampopa, the most prominent disciple of Milarepa, focusing on Gampopa's seminal role in the development of the Kagyu School of Tibetan Buddhism. Worldwide activities

Traditional teachings
<mask> <mask> gave his first public teaching as a young boy, to visitors from European countries. He taught the essence of Naropa's Mahamudra and the practice of Avalokiteshvara. The next year he gave a teaching on the Thirty-seven Practices of Bodhisattvas to the monks of Rumtek, praised by all the khenpos and rinpoches present.Soon after, he performed his first initiation, transmitting the essence of the Kagyupa Long Life Buddha practice. <mask> <mask> has given teachings and initiations and helped create groups and centers for Buddhist studies in many countries, including Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bhutan, Canada, China, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Macau, Malaysia, the Netherlands, the Philippines, Poland, Singapore, Sweden, Taiwan and the United States. Academic teachings
In 2016 <mask> <mask> returned to academia, serving as the Numata Visiting Professor at McGill University, where he taught a course in Issues in Buddhist Studies (RELG 556). Preserving practice lineages
When <mask> <mask> visited the Trungram Monastery in Tibet and the nearby cave where the 3rd <mask> Gyalwa had practiced, he met with thousands of disciples of his prior incarnation. During this short visit, he took measures to preserve the Nyengyu tradition - a special oral lineage of Trungram Monastery that was down to only a few transmission holders at that time. For three years, <mask> <mask> served as the President of Dharmodaya, the National Buddhist Association of Nepal. In that capacity, he represented Nepal at the 1998 International Buddhist Conference near Sydney, Australia.He is a lifetime advisor to the organization. Teaching wellbeing
In 2004, with his support, monks of the Trungram tradition founded Dharmakaya, a US-based Buddhist church, for the express purpose of preserving and sharing the wisdom teachings. In 2017, an affiliated center opened, offering long- and short-term retreats and the study of Dharma; it is known as the Dharmakaya Center for Wellbeing in Cragsmoor, New York. The Center is based on the fundamental principle that emotional and physical wellbeing are interconnected and equally essential, and serves to foster both through meditative practices. Philanthropic activities
Early on, <mask> <mask> founded the United Trungram Buddhist Foundation, first in Nepal, followed by several other countries, and later, the United Trungram Buddhist Fellowship (UTBF). These organizations share three goals: To preserve the wisdom teachings; to be a vehicle for educational activities; and to help those who most need it, with special emphasis on supporting disadvantaged children in Nepal and other underdeveloped countries. The foundation has been working to fulfill these goals.In the wake of the 2015 earthquake that devastated Nepal, <mask> <mask> immediately organized aid for the villagers of Barpak VDC, Gorkha, the epicenter of the earthquake, providing food, medicine and temporary shelters. He then founded Buddhist Relief Services, with the mission to bring relief to the victims of disaster. Promoting peace and unity

Another of <mask> <mask>'s projects, the World Center for Peace and Unity, at Buddha Shakyamuni's birthplace in Lumbini, Nepal, is intended as a locus for the growth of an all-encompassing non-sectarian spirit, and an example of 21st century Buddhism contributing to a greener world and reviving ancient art and culture. Inaugurated in 2011, it is located in a special development zone connected to the Lumbini UNESCO World Heritage Site. Unlike the other monasteries, it was specifically conceived to be a non-sectarian center for any Buddhist, or non-Buddhist, visitors to Lumbini, regardless of tradition or lineage, and especially for those who were not represented by the nations who built the other monasteries. Although it is the largest building inside the Lumbini United Nations Development Project Site, it is the most environmentally friendly, with cavity walls, natural air circulation, and solar power. <mask> <mask>, who designed the building himself, feels this “green” approach highlights the importance of our interconnectedness, thus physically promoting peace and unity.The center's design is based on the ancient stupa at the original Nalanda University. It includes elements of early Nepalese architecture, drawn from the style of the 7th-13th centuries, known as the premier era of Buddhist architecture. Educational initiatives
A model secondary school, Trungram International Academy (TIA), has been in operation since 1995. TIA is a highly regarded private English Medium day and boarding school near Kathmandu, Nepal. Its more than 800 students span kindergarten through twelfth grade; many graduate with distinction every year. In 2003, <mask> <mask> initiated work on the Trungram Gyalwa Foundation, which was formally established in 2015. The goal of the organization is to foster knowledge and wisdom through multiple channels, supporting the intellectual and emotional development of people the world over.Projects include traditional schools—expanding TIA to provide schools for Nepal's earthquake victims; developing a Compassion curricula; preserving ancient teachings; and conducting scientific research into the tangible benefits of values such as compassion, care and tolerance. Writing and lecturing
<mask> <mask> is a widely sought after speaker, giving teachings and participating in conferences around the United States. A sample of engagements include:

 POS Research Conference, University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI, 2017)
 Numata Visiting Professor Public Talk, Buddhist Social Action (McGill University, Montreal, Canada, 2016)
 Facebook: Monks & Merchants, Three Moment Method® (Palo Alto, CA, 2013, 2015)
 International Association for Conflict Management, Annual Conference: Leading with Emotions: Mindfulness Practices Fuel Negotiation Success (Clearwater, FL, 2015)
 Association for Contemplative Mind in Higher Education, Tenth Annual Summer Session on Contemplative Pedagogy: Applying the Three Moment Method in Education (2014)
 Mercury Insurance Company (Taiwan): Resilience in the Face of Stress (2014)
 Google: Mindfulness on the Mountain (Mountain View, CA, 2013)
 Contemplative Practices for a Technological Society (Virginia Tech, 2013)

He is also a regular contributor to the HuffPost and has written for Tricycle: The Buddhist Review. Inventions
In 2015, Trungram Gylawa began collaborating on a computer implemented system that monitors the user's current state of mind and provides biofeedback and auto-antidotes to help achieve a targeted state of mind. He and his co-inventor received patent approval in 2017. The initial use will be for meditators, but ultimately the system is applicable for all daily living. Trungram mind-stream emanation lineage
The Trungram Gyalwa is a lineage of tulkus of the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.The first <mask> <mask> Tulku". Under his guidance, the Trungram Monastery located at the border of Sichuan and Tibet flourished and "Trungram" was added to his name. His younger brother and disciple Trinley Rabgye became the first Aten Rinpoche. The second <mask> Gyalwa, Gowa <mask>, was both a scholar and an accomplished practitioner, displaying a Ushnisha (crown proturbance). The 3rd Trungram Gyalwa, Gotsa <mask> Luntok Thrinlay (1894–1959), was born in the Wood Horse year in Derge, East Tibet and was recognized by the 15th Gyalwa Karmapa Khakyab Dorje (1871–1922). He was a heart disciple of Karmapa, respected and remembered among the Tibetans as one of the leading meditation masters of the twentieth century. His knowledge of the Tripitaka and attainment in his meditation and Bodhisattva practice made him a model master.Tens of thousands of people in the thinly populated Tibet - laymen, monks, nuns, scholars, abbots and well known masters of the Kagyu, Nyingma, Sakya and Gelug schools, and the Bon tradition came to receive teachings from him. The broad range of students demonstrated the result of his Rimé (non-sectarian) practices which enabled him to teach students from different schools in a style most suitable to each one of them. Among these students were Dilgo Khyentse <mask>, family members of the 16th Karmapa, Chagmey <mask>, Dzigar Choktrul <mask>, Dzigar Thuksey <mask>, Zozi Jetrung <mask>, Surmang Rolpai Dorje and many more. As a child, the 3rd Trungram Gyalwa was a very active boy who liked to play with dogs. At the age of eighteen, he suddenly became quiet and began to meditate in caves. The rest of his life was spent practicing meditation and helping others. He built many short-term and long-term retreat houses beside the Trungram Monastery.He incorporated Rechungpa's Whispered Lineage (Nyengyu) practice into the Trungram Tradition. Most of the time Trungram <mask> stayed in Ngonmo Namzong (Azure Sky Castle), a mountain cave not far from the monastery, doing intensive meditation practice. It is said that he loved to eat the nettles naturally growing around the cave. Khandro Lhamo, Dilgo Khyentse <mask>'s wife, describes their visit to Azure Sky Castle: "One of Khyenste <mask>'s main teachers was Drungram Gyaltrul <mask>, who lived his entire life in a cave near Ngoma Nagsum. I had never met him before, but one time I accompanied Rinpoche to Drungram Monastery, and we stayed near his cave. His cave was in the middle of a large rock outcropping shaped like a vajra and surrounded by meadows. Five or six hundred of his disciples lived in the surrounding caves and practiced the Guru Rinpoche sadhana.So many people circumambulated the rock that the earth was worn away down to waist level. When I met him, his hair hadn't turned gray yet, so he must have been in his fifties. He would eat only once a week and almost never slept." References

Sources
Khyentse, Dilgo; Ani Jinpa Palmo (trans) (2008). Brilliant Moon: The Autobiography of Dilgo Khyentse. Shambhala. . External links

 Dharmakaya Center for Wellbeing
 Dharmakaya Organization
 United Trungram Buddhist Fellowship
 Trungram International Academy
 World Center for Peace and Unity, Lumbini
 Trungram Gyalwa Foundation
 Buddhist Relief Services

1980 births
Living people
Newbury College (United States) alumni
Harvard Divinity School alumni
21st-century Indian inventors
21st-century Indian writers
20th-century lamas
Karma Kagyu tulkus
Rimé lamas
Rinpoches
Tibetan Buddhists from Tibet

masks:
Trungram Gyalwa Rinpo
Trungram Gyalwa
Trungram Gyalwa
Trungram
Gyalwa
Trungram
Gyalwa
Gyalwa
Gyalwa
Gyalwa
. Trungram
Gyalwa
. Trungram
Trungram
Gyalwa
Gyalwa
Gyalwa
Gyalwa
Rinpoche
Trungram
Gyalwa
Rinpoche
Rinpoche
Rinpoche
Rinpoche
Rinpoche
Rinpoche
Trungram
Gyalwa
Trungram
Gyalwa
Trungram
Gyalwa
Trungram
Gyalwa
Trungram
Gyalwa
Trungram
Gyalwa
Trungram
Trungram
Gyalwa
Trungram
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Trungram
Gyalwa
Trungram
Gyalwa
Trungram
Gyalwa
Trungram
Gyalwa
Trungram
Gyalwayalwa
Trungram
Gyalwa
Gyalwa
Rinpoche
Rinpoche
Rinpoche
Rinpoche
Rinpoche
Gyalwa
Rinpoche
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Rinpoche


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<mask> (born June 2, 1962) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1978 to 1996, holding the IBF light heavyweight title from 1987 to 1993. Career
Born in Columbus, Ohio, <mask> was known as "Prince" <mask> and turned pro in 1978. He lost his pro debut against former Olympic boxer Henry Bunch. However, in 1987 he captured the IBF light heavyweight title by stopping Bobby Czyz in Las Vegas. He defended the title against eight boxers before losing the title to Henry Maske in 1993. In 1994 he moved down to Super Middleweight to take on IBF super middleweight title holder James Toney, but he was KO'd in the 12th round. He retired in 1996.

masks:
Charles Williams
Williams
Charles


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<mask>  (born <mask>; October 4, 1779October 5, 1841) was a Mexican Catholic priest and Jesuit. Born in Michoacán, he studied canon law at the Colegio de San Nicolás and the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico. He became acquainted with the future Empress consort <mask> and was made chaplain to the future imperial family. He was later put in charge of the education of all the princes in Mexico. <mask> was a close ally of Emperor <mask>, residing in Madrid for four years as his attorney and political informant, and accompanying him during his exile to Italy and England. Following Iturbide's execution in 1824, <mask> moved to the United States with the exiled Empress <mask> and her children and settled in Washington, D.C. He became the chaplain to the Georgetown Visitation Monastery and entered the Society of Jesus in 1833, working also as a novice and minister at Georgetown College.When the president of Georgetown College, William McSherry, died, <mask> became acting president in 1840, making him the first Latin American president of a university in the United States. As an educator, he garnered a reputation as a strict disciplinarian. Just several months into his presidency, he fell ill and was sent to recuperate in St. Inigoes, Maryland; he died there in 1841. Early life

<mask> López was born on October 4, 1779, in Cotija, Michoacán, in New Spain, located today in Mexico. Born to a family of ranchers, he had a distinguished  lineage. López attended first the Colegio de San Nicolás, and then the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico, where he received a bachelor's degree in canon law. He was then put in charge of the local church in Peribán, Michoacán.Later in life, López related that when the first leader of the Mexican War of Independence, Miguel Hidalgo, was traveling through Michoacán in 1810, López unsuccessfully tried to arrest him, and then fled to Valladolid. There, he became acquainted with <mask> Huarte, the wife of the future Emperor of Mexico, <mask> de Iturbide. As a result of his familiarity with Huarte, López was appointed chaplain to Iturbide's counter-revolutionary army, and later the interim priest in Tingüindín, Michoacán. Chaplain to the Iturbides

When Iturbide was relieved of command by the Viceroy of New Spain in 1816, López traveled to Madrid the following year to defend him as his attorney. Remaining in Spain for several years, López kept Iturbide informed of political events in Madrid, including the early discord between King FerdinandVII and the liberals, which led to an uprising and the Liberal Triennium. In May 1821, López returned to Mexico to rejoin Iturbide during his push to establish Mexican independence. López became the chaplain to the Iturbide family and tutored one of the children, <mask> Jerónimo.Eventually, he was placed in charge of the education of all the princes in Mexico in July 1822 by the Minister of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs and wrote a curriculum titled Método y reglamento de instrucción de los príncipes mexicanos. Modeled on the educational curriculum of Spanish princes, this manual was not published due to military unrest. His curriculum viewed favorably a strong monarchy and a prominent role for the imperial family in politics, putting it somewhat at odds with the newly established constitutional monarchy that shared political power with a representative legislature. Upon Iturbide's exile from Mexico in 1823, López accompanied the imperial entourage, including the emperor's eight children, to Livorno, Italy. He then followed them to England when King Ferdinand of Spain pressured the Grand Duke of Tuscany to expel Iturbide from his country. In 1824, López sailed to Soto la Marina with Iturbide's junta in their unsuccessful attempt to retake Mexico. Move to the United States

When Iturbide was executed in Mexico in 1824, his widow, Empress consort <mask> Huarte, and children fled Mexico for the United States.López accompanied them to New Orleans, where they resided for several months, before traveling north to Baltimore and then settling in the city of Georgetown in the District of Columbia. Huarte enrolled her daughters in the Georgetown Visitation Academy; two of them later became nuns at the Visitation Monastery attached to the academy. One of her sons married a woman residing in Georgetown, and another son, Prince Salvador, enrolled as a student at Georgetown College. López was incardinated as a priest in the Archdiocese of Baltimore and became the chaplain to the Georgetown Visitation Monastery. He began anglicizing his name as <mask> <mask>. Though already a priest, he sought admission to the Society of Jesus and was received on December 10, 1833. As a Jesuit novice, he worked at Georgetown College during his formation, eventually becoming minister of the college.He also became the librarian of the college. His work at Georgetown required him to relinquish his role as chaplain to the Iturbides, who eventually moved to Philadelphia. Georgetown College

Following the death of William McSherry, <mask> was named president of Georgetown College on January 1, 1840, in an acting capacity, with the expectation that the provincial superior would soon appoint a permanent successor to relieve him of this post. Upon his appointment, he became the first Latin American president of a university in the United States. He was known as a strict disciplinarian, both of his students and all Jesuits under his charge. One notable event during his tenure was the establishment of a literary society alongside the existing Philodemic Society, known as the Philonomosian Society, which replaced the Phileleutherian Society. His presidency lasted just several months, before he became ill, and was succeeded by James A. Ryder on May 1, 1840.He returned to the position of minister only briefly, before being sent to St. Inigoes, Maryland, to recuperate. A week before his death, the Jesuits tending to <mask> feared that a coffin would not be ready for him in time; upon learning this, <mask> told them not to worry because he would not die until Saturday. True to his prediction, on October 5, 1841, he died in St. Inigoes, where he was buried in Chapel Field. Eventually, all the graves there were reinterred in the cemetery adjoining St. Ignatius Church in the same village. Notes

References

Citations

Sources

External links

1779 births
1841 deaths
People from Cotija de la Paz
Mexican people of Spanish descent
Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico alumni
Catholic chaplains
American chaplains
19th-century American Jesuits
Mexican Jesuits
Presidents of Georgetown University

masks:
Joseph Anton Lopez
José Antonio López
Ana María Huarte
Lopez
Agustín de Iturbide
Lopez
Ana María
Lopez
José Antonio
Ana María
Agustín
Agustín
Ana María
Joseph Anton
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez
Lopez