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<mask> (December 12, 1845 – May 29, 1903) was an American  architect and an innovator in the Shingle Style. The stark geometry and compact massing of his cottages in Tuxedo Park, New York, influenced Modernist architects, including Frank Lloyd Wright and Robert Venturi. He also designed Richardsonian Romanesque institutional buildings, Beaux-Arts mansions, and Manhattan skyscrapers. In Canada, he designed Châteauesque railroad stations and grand hotels for the Canadian Pacific Railway, including Windsor Station in Montreal and Château Frontenac in Quebec City. Life and career

<mask> was born in Cumberland, Maryland, the son of William and <mask>. He studied for a short time at Princeton University. After four years of internship in the office of the Baltimore architects Niernsee & Neilson (1864–68), he began his professional work in Baltimore with Ephraim Francis Baldwin as a partner.Following a brief study trip to Europe, he opened an office in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, where he practiced from 1873 to 1876. He settled in New York City in 1877, where he worked on a series of domestic projects. These culminated in the design and layout of the exclusive 7,000-acre planned community of Tuxedo Park (1885–86), created by Pierre Lorillard IV. The striking buildings <mask> designed there, with their severe geometry, compact massing and axial plans, were highly influential in the architectural profession. Eight of <mask>'s houses – including five from Tuxedo Park – were among the one hundred buildings selected for George William Sheldon's landmark survey of American domestic architecture: Artistic Country-Seats (1886–87). The most famous of these, the Pierre Lorillard V cottage ("Cottage G"), though demolished and now known only through photographs, remains an icon of American architecture. <mask>'s daughter wrote in 1911:
"In beginning Tuxedo, the architect's idea was to fit buildings with the surrounding woods, and the gate-lodge and keep were built of graystone with as much moss and lichen as possible.The shingled cottages were stained with the color of the woods—russets and grays and dull reds—ugly to the taste of a quarter century later, though this treatment did much to neutralize the newness of the buildings—Old World and tradition-haunted as it looks, it is new, incredibly new." Among the Manhattan office buildings he designed were the American Surety Building, the St. James Building, the Bank of the Metropolis and the International Bank. He also collaborated with sculptor Daniel Chester French on the Richard Morris Hunt Memorial (1898) in Central Park. He designed a lecture hall and a dormitory at Yale University. His grandest residential commission was Georgian Court, the neo-Georgian estate of George Jay Gould I in Lakewood, New Jersey. <mask> invented, patented, and built the parlor bay-window cars for the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Boston and Albany Railroad. This work prompted the Canadian Pacific Railways to consider his portfolio.He designed the Château Frontenac in Quebec City for the Canadian Pacific (arguably the structure <mask> is most identified with), as well as the first Banff Springs Hotel in Alberta, and many other hotels and stations. He was a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects (1890) and belonged to the Architectural League of New York. In 1900, he entered into a partnership with French architect Jules Henri de Sibour, who had earlier worked in his office. The firm continued to use the name "Bruce Price & de Sibour" until 1908, five years after <mask>'s death. In 1871, <mask> married Josephine Lee, the daughter of a Wilkes-Barre coal baron. They had two children: <mask> Post, who became a novelist and the American authority on etiquette, and William, who died in infancy. <mask> is buried, along with his wife and son, in Hollenback Cemetery in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.Selected works

United States

 10 East Chase Street, Baltimore, Maryland (c. 1870). Coryell Apartment Building, 21 East 21st Street, Manhattan, New York (1878). James Alfred Roosevelt Estate, Cove Neck, New York (1881). "Cleftstone" (Charles T. How cottage), Bar Harbor, Maine (1881). Now Cleftstone Manor Hotel. "Seacroft", Rumson, NJ (1881)
 "Far Niente" (William B. Rice cottage), Bar Harbor, Maine (1882, demolished 1943).J. M. Wayne Neff residence, Cincinnati, Ohio (1882, demolished). Listed in Sheldon's Artistic Country-Seats (1886–87). "Seaverge" (George F. Baker residence), Monmouth Beach, New Jersey (c. 1884, demolished). Listed in Sheldon's Artistic Country-Seats (1886–87). Cordelia Sterling residence, Stratford, Connecticut (1886). Listed in Sheldon's Artistic Country-Seats (1886–87). Osborn Hall, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (1887–88, demolished 1926).Welch Hall, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (1891). Main Building, Hotchkiss School, Lakeville, Connecticut (1892, demolished 1970). Hotchkiss Library of Sharon, Sharon, Connecticut (1893)
 Elizabeth Train Station, Elizabeth, New Jersey (1893–94). Built as Central Railroad of New Jersey Depot. American Surety Building, 100 Broadway, Manhattan, New York (1894, altered). Architect Herman Lee Meader widened the building and added additional stories in 1922. "The Turrets" (John J. Emery house), Bar Harbor, Maine (1895).Now part of College of the Atlantic. St. James Building, 1133 Broadway, Manhattan, New York (1896). "Georgian Court" (George Jay Gould I mansion), Lakewood, New Jersey (1896). Now Georgian Court University. Richard Morris Hunt Memorial, Fifth Avenue between 70th & 71st Streets, Central Park, New York City (1898), with sculptor Daniel Chester French. Daniel B. Wesson residence, Springfield, Massachusetts (1898, destroyed by fire 1966). Old Washington County Library, Hagerstown, Maryland (1900).Whittier Hall Dormitories, Teachers College, Columbia University, Manhattan, New York (1901), with J. M. Darragh. Audrain Building, 220-30 Bellevue Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island (1902). Bank of the Metropolis, 31 Union Square West, Manhattan, New York (1902–03). Northfield Chateau, Northfield, Massachusetts (1903, demolished 1963). Tuxedo Park, New York
 Tuxedo Park Post Office, Tuxedo Park (1885). Gate-Lodge and Keep, Tuxedo Park (1885–86). Erie Railroad Tuxedo Park Station, Tuxedo Park (1885)."Cottage G" (Pierre Lorillard V Cottage), Tuxedo Park (1885–86, demolished). Listed in Sheldon's Artistic Country-Seats (1886–87). William Kent Cottage, Tuxedo Park (1885–86, demolished). Listed in Sheldon's Artistic Country-Seats (1886–87). Vincent Scully argues that Frank Lloyd Wright modeled his Oak Park house and studio after this and the Chanler cottage. W. Chanler Cottage, Tuxedo Park (1885–86, altered). Scully identifies the client as "W. Chandler," but it was likely Winthrop Astor Chanler.The Tuxedo Club, Tuxedo Park (1886, demolished 1927). Pierre Lorillard IV Cottage, Tuxedo Park (1886, altered). Listed in Sheldon's Artistic Country-Seats (1886–87). Henry I. Barbey Cottage, Tuxedo Park (1886, demolished). Listed in Sheldon's Artistic Country-Seats (1886–87). Travis Van Buren Cottage, Tower Hill Road, Tuxedo Park (1886, altered beyond recognition). Listed in Sheldon's Artistic Country-Seats (1886–87).Francis D. Carley Cottage, West Lake Road, Tuxedo Park (1886, moved from original site 1896). Tuxedo Park School (first building), Tuxedo Park (c. 1887, demolished). M. G. Barnwell Stable, Clubhouse Road, Tuxedo Park (1889–90). Meta K. Cruger Cottage, Tower Hill Road, Tuxedo Park (c. 1890). Japanese Cottage, 16 Summit Road, Tuxedo Park (1891). Our Lady of Mount Carmel Roman Catholic Church, Route 17, Tuxedo Park (1895, burned 1897). <mask> Price Cottage, Pepperidge Road, Tuxedo Park (1897).Voss Cottage, Pepperidge Road, Tuxedo Park (c. 1897). One of four cottages <mask> built for rental. Samuel Clemens rented it in 1908. Emily Post cottage, Tuxedo Park (c. 1897). One of four cottages <mask> built for rental. His daughter Emily inherited it. Addison Cammack House, Tuxedo Park (1900).Price Collier House, West Lake Road, Tuxedo Park (1900). Tuxedo Park Association Offices, Route 17, Tuxedo Park (1900). Tuxedo Stores (Business Block), Route 17, Tuxedo Park (c. 1900). Tuxedo Park Library, 227 Route 17, Tuxedo Park (1901). Methodist Episcopal Church, 7 Hospital Road, Tuxedo Park (1902). Now Tuxedo Historical Society. R. M. Gillespie House, Tuxedo Park (1903).Canada
 Windsor Station, Montreal, Quebec (1887–89). Banff Springs Hotel, Banff National Park, Alberta (1888, demolished 1925). <mask>'s wood-and-shingle hotel was replaced by one of stone and concrete. James Ross House, Montreal, Quebec (1892). Now known as Old Chancellor Day Hall at the McGill University Faculty of Law. Château Frontenac, Quebec City, Quebec (1893). Place Viger, Montreal, Quebec (1897).A combined railroad station and hotel. Gallery

See also
Canada's railway hotels
Canadian Pacific hotels
Canadian Pacific Railway

References
 Samuel Hulet Graybill, Jr., <mask>, American Architect (1824-1903) (PhD dissertation, Yale University, May 1957). Vincent J. Scully, Jr., The Shingle Style and The Stick Style (Revised Edition) (Yale University Press, 1971). External links

<mask> from Philadelphia Architects and Buildings. Architects from Maryland
Architects from Baltimore
Architects from Pennsylvania
Architects from New York City
19th-century American architects
Railway architects
1845 births
1903 deaths
Architects from Cumberland, Maryland
Fellows of the American Institute of Architects

masks:
Bruce Price
Price
Marian Bruce Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
Price
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Emily Price
Price
Bruce
Price
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Bruce Price
Bruce Price


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Panama <mask> was a black boxer who held the World Colored Middleweight Championship for four years, shortly before it was discontinued. Born Cyril Quinton Jr. on November 14, 1896 in Barbados, British West Indies and raised in the Panama Canal Zone, the 5'7" Quinton originally fought out of Panama and then New York City. He took his ringname from boxing great <mask>, the first black American fighter to win a world boxing title. He found his greatest fame fighting as a middleweight at between 147 and 160 lbs, but in his early career he took the Panamanian Lightweight Title and contended for the Panamanian Welterweight Title at weights roughly between 130 and 147 pounds. Early life
<mask> was born Cyril Quinton Jr. on November 4, 1896 on the small tropical Island of Barbados. His family moved to Colon, Panama while he was still a child. After his father died when he was very young, he was detained by local authorities for stealing fish and spent the next five years in a detention center.At the center, he learned the basic aspects of boxing by partaking in bouts organized by his classmates. Under the guidance of H.R. Cambridge, a local Panamanian business manager, and real estate developer, Quinton adopted his ring name, and became a successful boxer in the Canal Zone where he fought his first thirty fights with considerable success. Taking the Panamanian Light and Middleweight Championships
On October 10, 1915, Panama <mask> first won the Lightweight Championship of Panama at only eighteen against Young Sam Langford at the Pacific Theatre in Panama City in a twenty-round points decision. He later took the Middleweight Championship of Panama by knocking out Benny McGovern in the third of fifteen rounds on November 30, 1916 at the Santa Ana Plaza in Panama City. At the time, these titles were often described as extending to both Central and South America. In his first bout after taking the Middleweight Championship of Panama on December 12, 1916, though barely twenty-one years old, he soundly defeated Abraham Jacob Hollandersky, a former holder of the Panamanian Heavyweight Championship in 20 rounds in Panama City.Moving to New York in 1917
In 1917, <mask> was brought to New York by the talented boxing manager Leo P. Flynn, and settled in Harlem. Some of his important early victories were against the Jamaica Kid, Cleve Hawkins and Battling Thomas. Wins that brought attention to <mask>, 1919–20
<mask> had an important early career win against Jeff Smith on July 8, 1919, in an eight-round newspaper decision of the Philadelphia Inquirer at Atlantic City. On October 23, 1919, he made a very strong showing against well known boxer Bert Kenney in an eight-round newspaper decision in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Kenney had been an opponent of Jack Dempsey in 1916. On May 24, 1920, <mask> made a splash in the boxing world by knocking out Young Fisher in the fifth round at Rochester, New York. On June 15 of that year, <mask> would defeat Fisher again in a ten-round newspaper decision.Rather than acting as a lever to gain access to more lucrative opponents, several boxing historians wrote than these wins, and <mask>' exceptional record may have made it more difficult for him to sign for a bout with a white Middleweight championship contender. Serving as a sparring partner for Jack Dempsey, 1920
<mask> worked as a sparring partner for Jack Dempsey prior to his a bout with future Hall of Fame boxer Billy Miske in early September 1920. The speed and skill he demonstrated in his fast sparring matches with Dempsey won him attention with the press, and the boxing public. The publicity he gained helped him secure a shot at the Colored World Middleweight Championship. World Colored Middleweight Title, October 1920

<mask> won the World Colored Middleweight Championship from Bostonian George Robinson in Madison Square Garden on October 8, 1920 in a twelve-round points decision. <mask> weighed 151 and Robinson weighed 150, in the light middleweight range. It was the first time two black boxers were featured on a fight card at the Garden, though typical of the era, the coverage of the fight was brief in those few newspapers that covered it.The fighting was described as fierce and drawing blood by one source. Blackburn was fighting one of the last matches of his career and was 40 at the time of the bout, ancient for a highly rated boxer, even in 1922. He had a three-inch advantage in reach and height, but it did not compensate for his age and declining stamina. Blackburn had fought many of the greatest boxers of his era, including Sam Langford, Kid Norfolk, and champions <mask>, Harry Greb, Harry Lewis, and Mike Twin Sullivan. On February 17, 1923, Panama <mask> defeated Jimmy O'Gatty in a fifth-round knockout at the Commonwealth Sporting Club in New York City. Defenses of the Colored World Middleweight Championship
<mask> defended the Colored Middleweight Title three times in 1923. He won a ten-round newspaper decision against Whitey Black on May 14 in Detroit.Meeting Black again on October 22, 1923, he knocked him out in Rochester, New York in the eighth of a scheduled non-title ten round bout, but the fight was investigated as neither man appeared to have landed a telling blow in the bout, and Black had been warned against not putting up a serious fight. Bouts with future World Champion Tiger Flowers, 1921–23
<mask> fought Tiger Flowers in Toledo, Ohio, on May 25, 1923, in a twelve-round, no-decision bout, in which the Toledo News Bee reported that Flowers seemed to have had an edge in every round, but <mask>' World Middleweight Title was not at stake as Ohio did not allow decisions. Flowers had a three-inch reach advantage over <mask>, and may have fought with a weight advantage in the bout as well. Even though <mask> had beaten Flowers twice previously, <mask>' manager, Leo Flynn refused to have <mask> meet Flowers for a fourth time, though the purse offered was very large. The Atlanta Constitution noted that Flowers had "badly beaten" <mask> in their May bout. Win over future World Champion Tiger Flowers, 1921
Impressively, on August 8, 1921, <mask> knocked out Flowers in the sixth round at the Auditorium in Atlanta, Georgia. Famed sportswriter Damon Runyon noted prior to the fight that <mask> had a better claim to the Middleweight Title than two of the primary white contenders, Bostonian Italian Johnny Wilson, who first took the title in 1920, and Bryan Downey, who contended for the title once in July 1921 against Wilson.On December 15, 1921, <mask> had decisively beaten Flowers in a fifth-round knockout at the Auditorium in Atlanta, Georgia. These were impressive wins as Flowers would become the first African American to hold the World Middleweight Championship in 1926. At 149 1/2 pounds, on November 18, 1922, <mask> defeated Jewish New York boxer Marty Cross before a large crowd in twelve rounds at the Commonwealth Sports Club in the Bronx in a twelve-round points decision. Cross had a three-inch reach advantage over <mask>. He was a brother of the great lightweight boxer Leach Cross. <mask> was the winner on points in every round, but in the ninth he was nearly knocked out by a single punch to the midsection. <mask> recovered from the blow and came back strongly in the following round, continuing to press his advantage and bringing Cross close to a knockout.<mask> had promised to forfeit his Middleweight Championship bout if he lost the fight. On May 30, 1923, Panama <mask> defeated well known competitor Willie Walker in New York in a ninth-round knockout. Win over Italian <mask>, 1923
On September 15, 1923, Panama <mask> defeated quality competitor Italian <mask> before a crowd that packed the Commonwealth Sporting Club in New York in an important twelve round points decision. Panama <mask> was the aggressor and appeared to outpoint Italian <mask> in each of the fast rounds. In the late rounds, Italian <mask> swung wide of his mark and could not penetrate the defense of <mask>. Panama <mask> had previously lost to <mask> on February 6, 1923 in a twelve-round points decision at New York's Pioneer Sporting Club. Contracting pneumonia again, December 1923
Around late December 1923, after a loss to Morrie Sclaiffer in Omaha, Nebraska, Panama <mask> disastrously contracted pneumonia for a second time.Doctors strongly discouraged him from continuing his boxing, and he was bed-ridden for two months. <mask> took only a four-month period of recuperation before resuming a career as a competitor, though he would never again compete on the world stage. His loss of the Colored title to Larry Estridge only six months later was likely a result of the endurance he had lost to his illness. Win over Andy "Kid" <mask> defeated Andy "Kid" Palmer in their first meeting on January 6, 1923 in a twelve-round points decision at New York's Commonwealth Sporting Club. They had met earlier on October 27, 1922, in the feature bout at Brooklyn's Rink Sporting Club. <mask> had been uncharacteristically disqualified for a low blow in the sixth round, after having been warned twice previously for hitting low. <mask> had started well in the first few rounds, but subsequently took a beating from the short jabs of Palmer.Losing the Colored World Middleweight Championship, June 1924
Only six months after his second battle with pneumonia, <mask> lost his title to Larry Estridge in a decisive ten round unanimous decision at Yankee Stadium in the Bronx on June 26, 1924. <mask> was floored three times in the bout, and was cut by the swinging jabs of his southpaw challenger. <mask> was down by the second round, and may have been woozy in the remaining eight, where he gamely took a serious battering, but fought on. Estridge was twenty-two to <mask>'s twenty-eight years and had a six-pound weight advantage which may have played a factor in the bout. Estridge successfully defended the title in a rematch with <mask> at Queensboro Stadium in Long Island City, Queens, New York on August 11, 1924 before a crowd of 16,000. <mask> once again took a battering in the match. It was Estridge's sole title defense.The title went into abeyance after Tiger Flowers became the first black boxer to win the world middleweight championship when he defeated Harry Greb in 1926. According to BoxRec, Panama <mask>'s last recorded fight was at Balboa Stadium in Mayaguez, Puerto Rico against Francisco Soler on June 10, 1928. Panama <mask> lost the ten round bout. Panama <mask>'s professional boxing career extended for a period of roughly fifteen years. Little has been published about his later life or his death. Achievements

References

External links

 Professional Boxing Record for Panama <mask>, Cyber Boxing Zone

1896 births
Middleweight boxers
World colored middleweight boxing champions
Barbadian male boxers
Year of death missing
British male boxers

masks:
Joe Gans
Joe Gans
Panama Joe Gans
Joe
Panama Joe
Gans
Gans
Gans
Gans
Gans
Gans
Panama Joe
Panama Joe
Joe Gans
Joe
Gans
Panama Joe
Gans
Gans
Gans
Gans
Panama Joe
Panama Joe
Panama Joe
Panama Joe
Gans
Gans
Gans
Gans
Gans
Gans
Joe
Joe Gans
Joe Gans
Joe Gans
Joe
Joe
Joe
Panama Joe
Joe
Gans
Joe
Gans
Palmer Gans
Gans
Gans
Panama Joe
Panama Joe
Gans
Panama Joe
Gans
Panama Joe
Joe
Joe
Joe
Joe Gans


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Donnchadh (; Latin: Duncanus; English: Duncan) was a Gall-Gaidhil prince and Scottish magnate in what is now south-western Scotland, whose career stretched from the last quarter of the 12th century until his death in 1250. His father, Gille-Brighde of Galloway, and his uncle, Uhtred of Galloway, were the two rival sons of Fergus, Prince or Lord of Galloway. As a result of Gille-Brighde's conflict with Uhtred and the Scottish monarch William the Lion, Donnchadh became a hostage of King Henry II of England. He probably remained in England for almost a decade before returning north on the death of his father. Although denied succession to all the lands of Galloway, he was granted lordship over Carrick in the north. Allied to John de Courcy, Donnchadh fought battles in Ireland and acquired land there that he subsequently lost. A patron of religious houses, particularly Melrose Abbey and North Berwick priory nunnery, he attempted to establish a monastery in his own territory, at Crossraguel.He married the daughter of Alan fitz Walter, a leading member of the family later known as the House of Stewart—future monarchs of Scotland and England. Donnchadh was the first mormaer or earl of Carrick, a region he ruled for more than six decades, making him one of the longest serving magnates in medieval Scotland. His descendants include the Bruce and Stewart Kings of Scotland, and probably the Campbell Dukes of Argyll. Sources
Donnchadh's career is not well documented in the surviving sources. Charters provide a little information about some of his activities, but overall their usefulness is limited; this is because no charter-collections (called cartularies) from the Gaelic south-west have survived the Middle Ages, and the only surviving charters relevant to Donnchadh's career come from the heavily Normanised English-speaking area to the east. Principally, the relevant charters record his acts of patronage towards religious houses, but incidental details mentioned in the body of these texts and the witness lists subscribed to them are useful for other matters. Some English government records describe his activities in relation to Ireland, and occasional chronicle entries from England and the English-speaking regions of what became south-eastern Scotland record other important details.Aside from the Chronicle of Melrose, the most significant of these sources are the works of Roger of Hoveden, and the material preserved in the writings of John of Fordun and Walter Bower. Roger of Hoveden wrote two important works: the Gesta Henrici II ("Deeds of Henry II", alternatively titled Gesta Henrici et Ricardi, "Deeds of Henry and Richard") and the Chronica, the latter a re-worked and supplemented version of the former. These works are the most important and valuable sources for Scottish history in the late 12th century. The Gesta Henrici II covers the period from 1169 to April 1192, and the Chronica covers events until 1201. Roger of Hoveden is particularly important in relation to what is now south-western Scotland, the land of the Gall-Gaidhil. He served as an emissary in the region in 1174 on behalf of the English monarch, and thus his account of, for example, the approach of Donnchadh's father Gille-Brighde towards the English king comes from a witness. Historians rely on Roger's writings for a number of important details about Donnchadh's life: that Gille-Brighde handed Donnchadh over as a hostage to Henry II under the care of Hugh de Morwic, Sheriff of Cumberland; that Donnchcadh married the daughter of Alan fitz Walter under protest from the Scottish king; and that Donnchadh fought a battle in Ireland in 1197 assisting John de Courcy, Prince of Ulster.Another important chronicle source is the material preserved in <mask> Fordun's Chronica gentis Scottorum ("Chronicle of the Scottish people") and Walter Bower's Scotichronicon. John of Fordun's work, which survives on its own, was incorporated in the following century into the work of Bower. Fordun's Chronica was written and compiled between 1384 and August 1387. Despite the apparently late date, Scottish textual historian Dauvit Broun has shown that Fordun's work in fact consists of two earlier pieces, Gesta Annalia I and Gesta Annalia II, the former written before April 1285 and covering the period from King Máel Coluim mac Donnchada (Malcolm III, died 1093) to 2 February 1285. Gesta Annalia I appears to have been based on an even earlier text, about the descendants of Saint Margaret of Scotland, produced at Dunfermline Abbey. Thus material from these works concerning the late 12th- and early 13th-century Gall-Gaidhil may represent, despite the apparent late date, reliable contemporary or near-contemporary accounts. Geographic and cultural background

Donnchadh's territory lay in what is now Scotland south of the River Forth, a multi-ethnic region during the late 12th century.North of the Forth was the Gaelic kingdom of Scotland (Alba), which under its partially Normanised kings exercised direct or indirect control over most of the region to the south as far as the borders of Northumberland and Cumberland. Lothian and the Merse were the heartlands of the northern part of the old English Earldom of Northumbria, and in the late 12th century the people of these regions, as well as the people of Lauderdale, Eskdale, Liddesdale, and most of Teviotdale and Annandale, were English in language and regarded themselves as English by ethnicity, despite having been under the control of the king of the Scots for at least a century. Clydesdale (or Strathclyde) was the heartland of the old Kingdom of Strathclyde; by Donnchadh's day the Scots had settled many English and Continental Europeans (principally Flemings) in the region, and administered it through the sheriffdom of Lanark. Gaelic too had penetrated much of the old Northumbrian and Strathclyde territory, coming from the west, south-west and the north, a situation that led historian Alex Woolf to compare the region to the Balkans. The British language of the area, as a result of such developments, was probably either dead or almost dead, perhaps surviving only in the uplands of Clydesdale, Tweeddale and Annandale. The rest of the region was settled by the people called Gall-Gaidhil (modern Scottish Gaelic: Gall-Ghàidheil) in their own language, variations of Gallwedienses in Latin, and normally Galwegians or Gallovidians in modern English. References in the 11th century to the kingdom of the Gall-Gaidhil centre it far to the north of what is now Galloway.Kingarth (Cenn Garadh) and Eigg (Eic) were described as "in Galloway" (Gallgaidelaib) by the Martyrology of Óengus, in contrast to Whithorn —part of modern Galloway—which was named as lying within another kingdom, The Rhinns (Na Renna). These areas had been part of the Kingdom of Northumbria until the 9th century, and afterward were transformed by a process very poorly documented, but probably carried out by numerous small bands of culturally Scandinavian but linguistically Gaelic warrior-settlers moving in from Ireland and southern Argyll. "Galloway" today only refers to the lands of Rhinns, Farines, Glenken, Desnes Mór and Desnes Ioan (that is, Wigtownshire and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright), but this is due to the territorial changes that took place in and around Donnchadh's lifetime rather than being the contemporary definition. For instance, a 12th-century piece of marginalia located the island of Ailsa Craig "lying between Gallgaedelu [Galloway] and Cend Tiri [Kintyre]", while a charter of Máel Coluim IV ("Malcolm IV") describes Strathgryfe, Cunningham, Kyle and Carrick as the four cadrez (probably from ceathramh, "quarter"s) of Galloway; an Irish annal entry for the year 1154 designated galleys from Arran, Kintyre, the Isle of Man as Gallghaoidhel, "Galwegian". By the middle of the 12th century the former territory of the kingdom of the Rhinns was part of Galloway kingdom, but the area to the north was not. Strathgryfe, Kyle and Cunningham had come under the control of the Scottish king in the early 12th century, much of it given over to soldiers of French or Anglo-French origin. Strathgryfe and most of Kyle had been given to Walter fitz Alan under King David I, with Hugh de Morville taking Cunningham.Strathnith still had a Gaelic ruler (ancestor of the famous Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray), but he was not part of the kingdom of Galloway. The rest of the region—the Rhinns, Farines, Carrick, Desnes Mór and Desnes Ioan, and the sparsely settled uplands of Glenken—was probably under the control of the sons of Fergus, King of Galloway, in the years before Donnchadh's career in the region. Origins and family

Donnchadh was the son of Gille-Brighde, son of Fergus, king of the Gall-Gaidhil. Donnchadh's ancestry cannot be traced further; no patronymic is known for Fergus from contemporary sources, and when Fergus' successors enumerate their ancestors in documents, they never go earlier than he does. The name Gille-Brighde, used by Donnchadh's father (Fergus' son), was also the name of the father of Somhairle, petty king of Argyll in the third quarter of the 12th century. As the original territory of the Gall-Gaidhil kingdom probably adjoined or included Argyll, Alex Woolf has suggested that Fergus and Somhairle were brothers or cousins. There is a "body of circumstantial evidence" that suggests Donnchadh's mother was a daughter or sister of Donnchadh II, Earl of Fife.This includes Donnchadh's association with the Cistercian nunnery of North Berwick, founded by Donnchadh II of Fife's father, Donnchadh I of Fife; close ties seem to have existed between the two families, while Donnchadh's own name is further evidence. The historian who suggested this in 2000, Richard Oram, came to regard this conjecture as certain by 2004. Roger of Hoveden described Uhtred of Galloway as a consanguinus ("cousin") of King Henry II of England, an assertion that has given rise to the theory that, since Gille-Brighde is never described as such, they must have been from different mothers. Fergus must therefore, according to the theory, have had two wives, one of whom was a bastard daughter of Henry I; that is, Uhtred and his descendants were related to the English royal family, while Gille-Brighde and his descendants were not. According to historian G.W.S. Barrow, the theory is disproved by one English royal document, written in the name of King John of England, which likewise asserts that Donnchadh was John's cousin. It is unclear how many siblings Donnchadh had, but two at least are known.The first, Máel Coluim, led the forces that besieged Gille-Brighde's brother Uhtred on "Dee island" (probably Threave) in Galloway in 1174. This Máel Coluim captured Uhtred, who subsequently, in addition to being blinded and castrated, had his tongue cut out. Nothing more is known of Máel Coluim's life; there is speculation by some modern historians that he was illegitimate. Another brother appears in the records of Paisley Abbey. In 1233, one Gille-Chonaill Manntach, "the Stammerer" (recorded Gillokonel Manthac), gave evidence regarding a land dispute in Strathclyde; the document described him as the brother of the Earl of Carrick, who at that time was Donnchadh. Exile and return
In 1160, Máel Coluim mac Eanric (Malcolm IV), king of the Scots, forced Fergus into retirement and brought Galloway under his overlordship. It is likely that from 1161 until 1174, Fergus' sons Gille-Brighde and Uhtred shared the lordship of the Gall-Gaidhil under the Scottish king's authority, with Gille-Brighde in the west and Uhtred in the


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 east.When in 1174 the Scottish king William the Lion was captured during an invasion of England, the brothers responded by rebelling against the Scottish monarch. Subsequently, they fought each other, with Donnchadh's father ultimately prevailing. Having defeated his brother, Gille-Brighde unsuccessfully sought to become a direct vassal of Henry II, king of England. An agreement was obtained with Henry in 1176, Gille-Brighde promising to pay him 1000 marks of silver and handing over his son Donnchadh as a hostage. Donnchadh was taken into the care of Hugh de Morwic, sheriff of Cumberland. The agreement seems to have included recognising Donnchadh's right to inherit Gille-Brighde's lands, for nine years later, in the aftermath of Gille-Brighde's death, when Uhtred's son Lochlann (Roland) invaded western Galloway, Roger of Hoveden described the action as "contrary to [Henry's] prohibition". The activities of Donnchadh's father Gille-Brighde after 1176 are unclear, but some time before 1184 King William raised an army to punish Gille-Brighde "and the other Galwegians who had wasted his land and slain his vassals"; he held off the endeavour, probably because he was worried about the response of Gille-Brighde's protector Henry II.There were raids on William's territory until Gille-Brighde's death in 1185. The death of Gille-Brighde prompted Donnchadh's cousin Lochlann, supported by the Scottish king, to attempt a takeover, thus threatening Donnchadh's inheritance. At that time Donnchadh was still a hostage in the care of Hugh de Morwic. The Gesta Annalia I claimed that Donnchadh's patrimony was defended by chieftains called Somhairle ("Samuel"), Gille-Patraic, and Eanric Mac Cennetig ("Henry Mac Kennedy"). Lochlann and his army met these men in battle on 4 July 1185 and, according to the Chronicle of Melrose, killed Gille-Patraic and a substantial number of his warriors. Another battle took place on 30 September, and although Lochlann's forces were probably victorious, killing opponent leader Gille-Coluim, the encounter led to the death of Lochlann's unnamed brother. Lochlann's activities provoked a response from King Henry who, according to historian Richard Oram, "was not prepared to accept a fait accompli that disinherited the son of a useful vassal, flew in the face of the settlement which he had imposed ... and deprived him of influence over a vitally strategic zone on the north-west periphery of his realm".According to Hoveden, in May 1186 Henry ordered the king and magnates of Scotland to subdue Lochlann; in response Lochlann "collected numerous horse and foot and obstructed the entrances to Galloway and its roads to what extent he could". Richard Oram did not believe that the Scots really intended to do this, as Lochlann was their dependent and probably acted with their consent; this, Oram argued, explains why Henry himself raised an army and marched north to Carlisle. When Henry arrived he instructed King William and his brother David, Earl of Huntingdon, to come to Carlisle, and to bring Lochlann with them. Lochlann ignored Henry's summons until an embassy consisting of Hugh de Puiset, Bishop of Durham and Justiciar Ranulf de Glanville provided him with hostages as a guarantee of his safety; when he agreed to travel to Carlisle with the king's ambassadors. Hoveden wrote that Lochlann was allowed to keep the land that his father Uhtred had held "on the day he was alive and dead", but that the land of Gille-Brighde that was claimed by Donnchadh, son of Gille-Brighde, would be settled in Henry's court, to which Lochlann would be summoned. Lochlann agreed to these terms. King William and <mask> swore an oath to enforce the agreement, with Jocelin, Bishop of Glasgow, instructed to excommunicate any party that should breach their oath.Ruler of Carrick
There is no record of any subsequent court hearing, but the Gesta Annalia I relates that Donnchadh was granted Carrick on condition of peace with Lochlann, and emphasises the role of King William (as opposed to Henry) in resolving the conflict. Richard Oram has pointed out that Donnchadh's grant to Melrose Abbey between 1189 and 1198 was witnessed by his cousin Lochlann, evidence perhaps that relations between the two had become more cordial. Although no details are given any contemporary source, Donnchadh gained possession of some of his father's land in the west of the kingdom of Gall-Gaidhil, namely the "earldom" of Carrick. When Donnchadh adopted or was given the title of earl (Latin: comes), or in his own language mormaer, is a debated question. Historian Alan Orr Anderson argued that he began using the title of comes between 1214 and 1216, based on Donnchadh's appearance as a witness to two charters issued by Thomas de Colville; the first, known as Melrose 193 (this being its number in Cosmo Innes's printed version of the cartulary), was dated by Anderson to 1214. In this charter, Donnchadh has no title. By contrast Donnchadh was styled comes in a charter dated by Anderson to 1216, Melrose 192.Oram pointed out that Donnchadh was styled comes in a grant to Melrose Abbey witnessed by Richard de Morville (Melrose 32), who died in 1196. If the wording in this charter is accurate, then Donnchadh was using the title before Richard's death: that is, in or before 1196. Furthermore, while Anderson dated Melrose 192 with reference to Abbot William III de Courcy (abbot of Melrose from 1215 to 1216), Oram identified Abbot William as Abbot William II (abbot from 1202 to 1206). Whenever Donnchadh adopted the title, he is the first known "earl" of the region. Carrick was located in the Firth of Clyde, in the Irish Sea region far from the main centres of Scottish and Anglo-Norman influence lying to its east and south-east. Carrick was separated from Kyle in the north and north-east by the River Doon, and from Galloway proper by Glenapp and by the adjacent hills and forests. There were three main rivers, the Doon, the Girvan and the Stinchar, though most of the province was hilly, meaning that most wealth came from animal husbandry rather than arable farming.The population of Carrick, like that in neighbouring Galloway, consisted of kin groups governed by a "chief" or "captain" (cenn, Latin capitaneus). Above these captains was the Cenn Cineoil ("kenkynolle"), the "kin-captain" of Carrick, a position held by the mormaer; it was not until after Donnchadh's death that these two positions were separated. The best recorded groups are Donnchadh's own group (known only as de Carrick, "of Carrick") and the Mac Cennétig (Kennedy) family, who seem to have provided the earldom's hereditary stewards. The population was governed under these leaders by a customary law that remained distinct from the common law of Scotland for the remainder of the Middle Ages. One documented aspect of Carrick and Galloway law was the power of sergeants (an original Gaelic word Latinised as Kethres), officials of the earl or of other captains, to claim one night of free hospitality (a privilege called sorryn et frithalos), and to accuse and arrest with little restriction. The personal demesne, or lands, of the earl was probably extensive in Donnchadh's time; in 1260, during the minority of Donnchadh's descendant Countess Marjory of Carrick, an assessment made by the Scottish king showed that the earls had estates throughout the province, in upland locations like Straiton, Glengennet and Bennan, as well as in the east in locations such as Turnberry and Dalquharran. Relations with the church
Records exist for Donnchadh's religious patronage, and these records provide evidence for Donnchadh's associates as well as the earl himself.Around 1200 Earl Donnchadh allowed the monks of Melrose Abbey use of saltpans from his land at Turnberry. Between 1189 and 1198 he had granted the church of Maybothelbeg ("Little Maybole") and the lands of Beath (Bethóc) to this Cistercian house. The grant is mentioned by the Chronicle of Melrose, under the year 1193:  These estates were very rich, and became attached to Melrose's "super-grange" at Mauchline in Kyle. In 1285 Melrose Abbey was able to persuade the earl of the time to force its tenants in Carrick to use the lex Anglicana (the "English law"). Witness to both grants were some prominent churchman connected with Melrose: magnates like Earl Donnchadh II of Fife, the latter's son Máel Coluim, Gille Brigte, Earl of Strathearn, as well as probable members of Donnchadh's retinue, like Gille-Osald mac Gille-Anndrais, Gille-nan-Náemh mac Cholmain, Gille-Chríst Bretnach ("the Briton"), and Donnchadh's chamberlain Étgar mac Muireadhaich. Áedh son of the mormaer of Lennox also witnessed these grants, and sometime between 1208 and 1214 Donnchadh (as "Lord Donnchadh") subscribed (i.e. his name was written at the bottom, as a "witness" to) a charter of Maol Domhnaich, Earl of Lennox, son and heir of Mormaer Ailean II, to the bishopric of Glasgow regarding the church of Campsie.There are records of patronage towards the nunnery of North Berwick, a house founded by Donnchadh's probable maternal grandfather or great-grandfather Donnchadh I of Fife. He gave that house the rectorship of the church of St Cuthbert of Maybole sometime between 1189 and 1250. In addition to Maybole, he gave the church of St Brigit at Kirkbride to the nuns, as well as a grant of three marks from a place called Barrebeth. Relations with the bishop of Glasgow, within whose diocese Carrick lay, are also attested. For instance, on 21 July 1225, at Ayr in Kyle, Donnchadh made a promise of tithes to Walter, Bishop of Glasgow. Donnchadh's most important long-term patronage was a series of gifts to the Cluniac Abbey of Paisley that led to the foundation of a monastery at Crossraguel (Crois Riaghail). At some date before 1227 he granted Crossraguel and a place called Suthblan to Paisley, a grant confirmed by Pope Honorius III on 23 January 1227.A royal confirmation by King Alexander III of Scotland dated to 25 August 1236 shows that Donnchadh granted the monastery the churches of Kirkoswald (Turnberry), Straiton and Dalquharran (Old Dailly). He may also have given the churches of Girvan and Kirkcudbright-Innertig (Ballantrae). It is clear from several sources that Donnchadh made these grants on the condition that the Abbey of Paisley established a Cluniac house in Carrick, but that the Abbey did not fulfil this condition, arguing that it was not obliged to do so. The Bishop of Glasgow intervened in 1244 and determined that a house of Cluniac monks from Paisley should indeed be founded there, that the house should be exempt from the jurisdiction of Paisley save recognition of the common Cluniac Order, but that the Abbot of Paisley could visit the house annually. After the foundation Paisley was to hand over its Carrick properties to the newly established monastery. A papal bull of 11 July 1265 reveals that Paisley Abbey built only a small oratory served by Paisley monks. Twenty years after the bishop's ruling Paisley complained to the papacy, which led Pope Clement IV to issue two bulls, dated 11 June 1265 and 6 February 1266, appointing mandatories to settle the dispute; the results of their deliberations are unknown.Crossraguel was not finally founded until about two decades after Donnchadh's death, probably by 1270; its first abbot, Abbot Patrick, is attested between 1274 and 1292. Anglo-French world
In secular affairs one of the few important facts recorded about Donnchadh was his marriage to Avelina, daughter of Alan fitz Walter, lord of Strathgryfe and [northern] Kyle, and High Steward of Scotland. The marriage is


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 known from Roger of Hoveden's Chronica, which recorded that in 1200 Donnchadh:  The marriage bound Donnchadh closer to the Anglo-French circles of the northern part of the region south of the Forth, while from Alan's point of view it was part of a series of moves to expand his territory further into former Gall-Gaidhil lands, moves that had included an alliance a few years earlier with another Firth of Clyde Gaelic prince, Raghnall mac Somhairle (Rǫgnvaldr, son of Sumarliði or Somerled). Charter evidence reveals two Anglo-Normans present in Donnchadh's territory. Some of Donnchadh's charters to Melrose were subscribed by an Anglo-Norman knight named Roger de Skelbrooke, who appears to have been Lord of Greenan. De Skelbrooke himself made grants to Melrose regarding the land of Drumeceisuiene (i.e. Drumshang), grants confirmed by "his lord" Donnchadh.This knight gave Melrose fishing rights in the river Doon, rights confirmed by Donnchadh too and later by Roger's son-in-law and successor Ruaidhri mac Gille-Escoib (Raderic mac Gillescop). The other known Anglo-French knight was Thomas de Colville. Thomas (nicknamed "the Scot") was the younger son of the lord of Castle Bytham, a significant landowner in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire Around 1190 he was constable of Dumfries, the royal castle which had been planted in Strathnith by the Scottish king, probably overrun by the Gall-Gaidhil in the revolt of 1174 before being restored afterwards. Evidence that he possessed land in the region under Donnchadh's overlordship comes from the opening years of the 13th century when he made a grant of land around Dalmellington to the Cistercians of Vaudey Abbey. Historians G.W.S. Barrow and Hector MacQueen both thought that Thomas' nickname "the Scot" (which then could mean "a Gael" as well as someone from north of the Forth), is a reflection of Thomas' exposure to the culture of the south-west during his career there. It is not known how these two men acquired the patronage of Donnchadh or his family.Writing in 1980, Barrow could find no cause for their presence in the area, and declared that they were "for the present impossible to account for". As Richard Oram pointed out, in one of his charters Roger de Skelbrooke called Donnchadh's father Gille-Brighde "my lord", indicating that Donnchadh probably inherited them in his territory. Neither of them left traceable offspring in the region, and even if they did represent for Carrick what could have been the embryonic stages of the kind of Normanisation that was taking place further east, the process was halted during Donnchadh's period as ruler. Vaudey Abbey transferred the land granted to it by Donnchadh to Melrose Abbey in 1223, because it was "useless and dangerous to them, both on account of the absence of law and order, and by reason of the insidious attacks of a barbarous people". Ireland
The Anglo-Norman John de Courcy, whose early life was probably spent just across the Irish Sea in Cumbria, invaded the over-kingdom of Ulaid in north-eastern Ireland in 1177 with the aim of conquest. After defeating the region's king Ruaidhrí Mac Duinn Shléibhe, de Courcy was able to take control of a large amount of territory, though not without encountering further resistance among the native Irish. Cumbria was only a short distance too from the lands of the Gall-Gaidhil, and around 1180 John de Courcy married Donnchadh's cousin Affrica, whose father Guðrøðr (<mask>idh), King of the Isles, was son of Donnchadh's aunt.Guðrøðr, who was thus Donnchadh's cousin, had in turn married a daughter of the Meic Lochlainn ruler of Tir Eoghain, another Irish kingdom. Marriage thus connected Donnchadh and the other Gall-Gaidhil princes to several players in Ulster affairs. The earliest information on Donnchadh's and indeed Gall-Gaidhil involvement in Ulster comes from Roger of Hoveden's entry about the death of Jordan de Courcy, John's brother. It related that in 1197, after Jordan's death, John sought vengeance and

Donnchadh's interests in the area were damaged when de Courcy lost his territory in eastern Ulster to his rival Hugh de Lacy in 1203. John de Courcy, with help from his wife's brother King Rǫgnvaldr Guðrøðarson (Raghnall mac <mask>idh) and perhaps from Donnchadh, tried to regain his principality, but was initially unsuccessful. De Courcy's fortunes were boosted when Hugh de Lacy (then Earl of Ulster) and his associate William III de Briouze, themselves fell foul of John; the king campaigned in Ireland against them in 1210, a campaign that forced de Briouze to return to Wales and de Lacy to flee to St Andrews in Scotland. English records attest to Donnchadh's continued involvement in Ireland.One document, after describing how William de Briouze became the king's enemy in England and Ireland, records that after John arrived in Ireland in July 1210:  The Histoire des Ducs de Normandie recorded that William and Matilda had voyaged to the Isle of Man, en route from Ireland to Galloway, where they were captured. Matilda was imprisoned by the king, and died of starvation. Another document, this one preserved in an Irish memoranda roll dating to the reign of King Henry VI (reigned 1422–1461), records that after John's Irish expedition of 1210, Donnchadh controlled extensive territory in County Antrim, namely the settlements of Larne and Glenarm with 50 carucates of land in between, a territory similar to the later barony of Glenarm Upper. King John had given or recognised Donnchadh's possession of this territory, and that of Donnchadh's nephew Alaxandair (Alexander), as a reward for his help; similarly, John had given Donnchadh's cousins Ailean and Tómas, sons of Lochlann, a huge lordship equivalent to 140 knight's fees that included most of northern County Antrim and County Londonderry, the reward for use of their soldiers and galleys. By 1219 Donnchadh and his nephew appear to have lost all or most of his Irish land; a document of that year related that the Justiciar of Ireland, <mask> Marisco, had dispossessed ("disseised") them believing they had conspired against the king in the rebellion of 1215–6. The king, John's successor Henry III, found that this was not true and ordered the Justiciar to restore Donnchadh and his nephew to their lands. By 1224, Donnchadh had still not regained these lands and de Lacy's adherents were gaining more ground in the region.King Henry III repeated his earlier but ineffective instructions: he ordered Henry de Loundres, Archbishop of Dublin and new Justiciar of Ireland, to restore to Donnchadh "the remaining part of the land given to him by King John in Ireland, unless anyone held it by his father's own precept". Later in the same year Donnchadh wrote to King Henry. His letter was as follows:  Henry's response was a writ to his Justiciar:
 It is unlikely that Donnchadh ever regained his territory; after Hugh was formally restored to the Earldom of Ulster in 1227, Donnchadh's land was probably controlled by the Bisset family. Historian Séan Duffy argues that the Bissets (later known as the "Bissets of the Glens") helped Hugh de Lacy, and probably ended up with Donnchadh's territory as a reward. Death and legacy
Donnchadh was said by the Martyrology of Glasgow to have died on 13 June 1250.<ref>Balfour Paul, Scots Peerage, vol. ii, p. 423; Innes (ed. ), Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis, vol.ii, p. 616</ref> He was succeeded in the earldom by Niall. The traditional view, going back to the 19th century, is that Niall was Donnchadh's son. This view has been undermined with more recent research by genealogist Andrew MacEwen, who has argued that Niall was not the son of Donnchadh, but rather his grandson, a view embraced by leading Scottish medievalist Professor G.W.S. Barrow. According to this argument, Donnchadh's son and intended heir was Cailean mac Donnchaidh (alias Nicholaus), who as his son and heir, issued a charter in Donnchadh's lifetime, but seemingly predeceased him. It was further suggested that Cailean's wife, Earl Niall's mother, was a daughter of the Tir Eoghain king Niall Ruadh Ó Neill, tying in with Donnchadh's Irish activities, accounting for the use of the name Niall, and explaining the strong alliance with the Ó Neill held by Niall's grandsons. Another of Donnchadh's sons, Eóin (John), owned the land of Straiton.He was involved in the Galwegian revolt of Gille Ruadh in 1235, during which he attacked some churches in the diocese of Glasgow. He received a pardon by granting patronage of the church of Straiton and the land of Hachinclohyn to William de Bondington, Bishop of Glasgow, which was confirmed by Alexander II in 1244. Two other sons, Ailean (Alan) and Alaxandair (Alexander), are attested subscribing to Donnchadh and Cailean's charters to North Berwick. A Melrose charter mentions that Ailean was parson of Kirchemanen. Cailean, and presumably Donnchadh's other legitimate sons, died before their father. Donnchadh's probable grandson, Niall, was earl for only six years and died leaving no son but four daughters, one of whom is known by name. The last, presumably the eldest, was his successor Marjorie, who married in turn Adam of Kilconquhar (died 1271), a member of the Mac Duibh family of Fife, and Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale.Marjorie's son Robert the Bruce, through military success and ancestral kinship with the Dunkeld dynasty, became King of Scots. King Robert's brother, Edward Bruce, became for a short time High King of Ireland. Under the Bruces and their successors to the Scottish throne the title Earl of Carrick became a prestigious honorific title usually given to a son of the king or intended heir; at some time between 1250 and 1256 Earl Niall, anticipating that the earldom would be taken over by a man from another family, issued a charter to Lochlann (Roland) of Carrick, a son or grandson of one of Donnchadh's brothers. The charter granted Lochlann the title Cenn Cineoil, "head of the kindred", a position which brought the right to lead the men of Carrick in war. The charter also conferred possession of the office of baillie of Carrick under whoever was earl. Precedent had been established here by other native families of Scotland, something similar having already taken place in Fife; it was a way of ensuring that the kin-group retained strong locally based male leadership even when the newly imposed common law of Scotland forced the comital title to pass into the hands of another family. By 1372 the office had passed—probably by marriage—to the Kennedy family of Dunure.The 17th-century genealogical compilation known as Ane Accompt of the Genealogie of the Campbells by Robert Duncanson, minister of Campbeltown, claimed that "Efferic" (i.e. Affraic or Afraig), wife of Gilleasbaig of Menstrie (fl. 1263–6) and mother of Campbell progenitor Cailean Mór, was the daughter of one Cailean (anglicised Colin), "Lord of Carrick". Partly because Ane Accompt'' is a credible witness to much earlier material, the claim is thought probable. Thus Donnchadh was likely the great-grandfather of Cailean Mór, a lineage that explains the popularity of the names Donnchadh (Duncan) and Cailean (Colin) among later Campbells, as well as their close alliance to King Robert I during the Scottish Wars of Independence. Notes

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Secondary sources

12th-century births
1250 deaths
People from Dumfries and Galloway
People from South Ayrshire
Recipients of Scottish royal pardons
Mormaers of Carrick
12th-century mormaers
13th-century

masks:
Gofra
Gofra
Geoffrey de


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<mask> (3 July 1859 - 7 April 1942) was a Catholic White Fathers missionary who was Vicar Apostolic of Nyassa in today's Malawi from 1911 until his resignation in 1934. Early years

<mask> was born on 3 July 1859 in Sainte Marie-de-Redon, France. He was a deacon in his home Diocese of Rennes, then was admitted to the White Fathers (Society of Missionaries of Africa) on 22 September 1882. He was ordained a priest of the White Fathers on 22 September 1883. For six months he taught scripture at the novitiate. In March 1884 he left for Zanzibar, where he worked for fifteen months. On 19 September 1885 <mask> left Bagamoyo in the missionary caravan of Jean-Baptiste-Frézal Charbonnier, headed by Bishop Léon Livinhac, who was returning to his mission in Buganda.At Kondoa the missionaries met Captain Émile Storms, who was returning to Europe after delivering the stations of Mpala and Karema to the White Fathers. The caravan reached Kipalapala on 12 December 1885, where it rested. On 19 January 1886 Charbonnier and his two companion left for Ujiji. There they embarked on Lake Tanganyika, reaching the mission at Kibanga on the west shore on 19 March 1886. Kibanga

Kibanga was fortified so it could be defended against the forces of Tippu Tip and Rumaliza, who were constantly raiding the region for slaves. The mission provided a refuge for people fleeing from the slavers. The mission had an orphanage with over 100 children who had been redeemed at the great slave market in Ujiji.It was self-sufficient in food, with the refugees working the fields. Guillemé was to work there for the next three years. Guillemé assisted in obtaining supplies, building, teaching and supervising field work. In 1887 the mission was attacked by slavers who were driven off by gunfire,
In 1888 the mission redeemed 162 slaves and baptized 204 people. At the end of that year there were three hundred children in the orphanage. Charbonnier died at Karema on 16 March 1888. Léonce Bridoux was asked to succeed him as Vicar Apostolic.On 16 January 1889 <mask> embarked for Ujiji to wait for Bridoux. Bridoux reach Ujiji on 25 January 1889, and the two priests reached Kibanga on 28 January 1889. At the end of April, Bridoux left for Mpala, taking with him <mask>, who was to head the mission there. Guillemé became a qualified doctor. Around this time <mask> learned the art of vaccination, which he was to practice for the rest of his life. During a smallpox epidemic in 1908 he personally vaccinated over 1,500 people. Mpala

The missionaries were reduced to three when Father Moncet died in August 1889.Guillemé as Superior was assisted by Father Herrebaut, while Father Van der Straeten was assigned to the village of Captain Léopold Louis Joubert near Mrumbi, to the south of Mpala. During 1890 and 1891 the intensity of slaving activity increased. Joubert, whose job was to defend the Marungu region surrounding Mpala, took an active role against the slavers. Rumaliza responded by sending an expedition with the goal of eliminating Joubert. On 4 June 1890 Guillemé received a letter from Rumaliza warning that his troops were planning to cross the Lufuko River seeking Joubert, but saying they would not harm the missionaries. The next day however a storm destroyed many of the attackers' boats, and the others withdrew. Bridoux died of a fever on 20 October 1890.His successor was Adolphe Lechaptois, who made his base at Karema, which he reached on 8 September 1891. From there he visited the missions of Mpala, Mrumbi and Kibanga on the west shore. On 16 October 1891 Captain Alphonse Jacques, head of the Belgian anti-slavery expedition,
arrived at Mpala in time to disrupt Rumaliza's plans for another expedition against Joubert. Jacques stayed until Christmas. He left the next day for the north, and established the military base of Albertville near the Lukugo River. By the end of 1891 the threat from the slavers had been seen off. The mission was prospering, and had 300 Christian households and almost 2,000 catechumens.On 22 February 1892 a caravan arrived at Mpala, led by Bishop Lechaptois. With him were Father Marqués, who had been appointed pro-vicar of the Upper Congo, and two missionaries to reinforce the staff. Marqués died on 11 August 1892, and Guillemé administered the pro-vicariate until Father Victor Roelens arrived in March 1893. In January 1893 Rumaliza was finally defeated and forced to flee. In March 1895 the Upper Congo became an apostolic vicariate, led by Father Roelins. In December 1895 Roelins gave Guillemé responsibility for the vicariate while he visited Belgium. In June 1896 there was a revolt of soldiers to the north of the mission, but Captain Joubert intervened successfully and the mission was not attacked.Roelins returned to Mpala on 10 September 1897. One of the tasks he set for Guillemé was to exhume the bodies of missionaries who had been buried at Kibanga so they could be reburied in the church at Mpala. Guillemé found that the fields around the former mission that had been cleared with so much effort had completely returned to jungle. On 25 November 1897 Guillemé left Mpala. He crossed the lake to Karema, and then traveled by way of Lake Nyasa to the coast, from where he sailed to Marseilles. Later career

<mask> was next assigned to assist Mgr. Joseph Dupont, the Vicar Apostolic of Nyassa, who had to return to Europe for medical attention.<mask> left Marseilles on 19 May 1899 and arrived at Kayambi on 29 July 1899. He founded in turn missions at Kilonga, Chiwamba, Mua and Kachebere. In January 1905 <mask> was appointed Visitor of the vicariates of Nyasa, Karema and Upper Congo, and was able to revisit the places where he had worked before in the Congo. Towards the end of 1905 <mask> was elected to attend the White Fathers general chapter. He left Europe again on 25 July 1906 as regional superior of the vicariates of Nayasa, Karema and Upper Congo. Bishop Dupont resigned for health reasons in 1911, and the Nyassa vicariate was divided into two. The new Apostolic Vicariate of Bangwelo covered the northern part of what is now Zambia,
while the remainder of the Nyassa Vicariate covered northern and central Nyasaland (now Malawi).Father Etienne-Benoît Larue was placed in charge of Bangwelo. On 24 February 1911 <mask> was appointed Titular Bishop of Mathara in Proconsulari and Vicar Apostolic of Nyassa. He made his base at Bembeke. He was ordained as bishop by Bishop Auguste-Léopold Huys on 18 June 1911. In February 1915 there was a minor rebellion in which considerable material damage was done. Forty three rebels were captured and three sentenced to death. <mask> gave evidence at a subsequent commission of inquiry in which he pointed out that none of the rebels had been Catholics.He noted the dangers of distributing bibles too widely, since native teachers could make dangerous interpretations of the teachings in them. Guillemé was always careful to avoid conflict with authority. After World War I he issued instructions to missionaries,

Guillemé returned to Europe again in 1920 to attend the general chapter of the society. After his return he founded a junior seminary, several new missions and a leprosarium,
He introduced use of the local language into primary schools. In 1930 <mask> was honored as a pioneer of the Congo by King Albert I of Belgium. He later received honors from the governments of Britain and France and from the Pope. He retired on 27 June 1934, but continued to live at a mission in his former vicariate, which was given his name.<mask> <mask> died on 7 April 1942 aged eighty-two. References
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Sources

1859 births
1942 deaths
French Roman Catholic missionaries
Roman Catholic missionaries in Malawi
History of Malawi
White Fathers priests
French Roman Catholic titular bishops
Apostolic vicars
French Roman Catholic bishops in Africa
Roman Catholic bishops in Nyasaland
Roman Catholic bishops of Lilongwe

masks:
Mathurin Guillemé
Mathurin Guillemé
Guillemé
Guillemé
Guillemé
Guillemé
Guillemé
Guillemé
Guillemé
Guillemé
Guillemé
Guillemé
Guillemé
Mathurin
Guillemé


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<mask> (October 12, 1908 – May 3, 1993) — born <mask> — was a prominent Ecuadorian novelist, essayist, journalist, historian and diplomat. An innovator of the 20th-century Latin American novel, he was a founding member of the literary Grupo de Guayaquil ("Group of Guayaquil"), which brought a new emphasis to realistic novels. The government of President Jaime Roldós Aguilera (1979–81) appointed <mask> as Chancellor of the Republic and he also served as Foreign Minister of Ecuador (1979–80) and Ambassador to France (1983–84). His books have not yet been translated into English. Biography
<mask> was born in Guayaquil in 1908, the son of <mask> (1862-1919) and of Amalia Diez-Canseco y Coloma (1865–1945), daughter of the former Peruvian President Francisco Diez Canseco y Corbacho and his wife. <mask> had to support his family from the age of 14. He read at night and assisted as a gate listener at the Colegio Vicente Rocafuerte, which was co-ed until 1937.He would monitor student conversations to ensure proper decorum. Pareja completed his early education in his hometown: primary school at the Colegio San Luis Gonzaga of the Christian Brothers. In 1927 <mask> and Jorge Pérez Concha founded the magazine Voluntad in collaboration with Leopoldo Benites Vinueza, but they published only six issues. In 1930, <mask> embarked on an adventure in the United States. As a result of the Great Depression, he worked on the New York City docks for a year (his later novel El Muelle (The Pier, 1933) reflects these experiences). After returning to Ecuador, he became a professor of history and of Spanish and Spanish American literature at Universidad Laica Vicente Rocafuerte de Guayaquil. He also served as a Superintendent of Secondary Education and as a deputy of Guayas Province.In 1934 he married Mercedes Cucalón Concha, a second cousin and niece of Carlos Concha Torres and his wife. They had three children together: Cecilia, Jorge and Francisco. Political issues
As an intellectual who was attracted to socialist ideas, Pareja sometimes was at cross purposes with the ruling governments in Ecuador. During the dictatorship of Federico Páez (1935–37), Pareja was incarcerated and ultimately exiled to Chile. There he worked for the Ercilla Publishing House. Returning to Ecuador, he became a member of the Assembly, but was jailed again by the regime of President Aurelio Mosquera Narvaez. (This 30-day detainment formed the basis of his novel, Hombres sin tiempo).In 1944 <mask> was appointed as Ecuador's chargé d'affaires in Mexico. In 1945 he became a special representative for the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) in Washington D.C. He later served in Montevideo and Buenos Aires, coordinating for the governments of México, Central American nations, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay. Between August 1979 and July 1980, during the government of President Jaime Roldós Aguilera, <mask> was appointed to the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs. During the rule of Roldós's successor, President Osvaldo Hurtado, he served as Permanent Delegate to UNESCO and Ambassador to Paris (1983–84). After retirement, Pareja dedicated his time to historical research. He died in Quito on 1 May 1993.Literary works and political stance
<mask> was born into a conservative family but became part of a “socialist generation” in Ecuador. He lived through considerable political turmoil in the 1920s and concluded that his country's salvation lay on the left side of the political spectrum. He denied, however, being a “left-winger”. He insisted that he did not want to use his fiction as an instrument of propaganda. Rather, he sought to simply and directly depict social conditions that called for redress, while denouncing those in power who were guilty of corruption and injustice. His first novel, La casa de los locos (1929), satirized Ecuadorian politics. He attacked so many living people that publication was considerably delayed.Pareja attested to the strong influence of the Mexican writer and politician José Vasconcelos. Other major literary influences included the Greek classics, Balzac, Dostoievski,  Thomas Mann, Will Durant and Arnold Toynbee. Some critics have also detected the influence of Freud, Ehrenburg, Gide and Proust. <mask>'s cycle of narrative fiction was marked by realism and a strong connection with the history of his country (El muelle [“The Pier”], 1933; Hombres sin tiempo [“Men Without Time”], 1941; Las tres ratas [The Three Rats], 1944). Having established a reputation as a writer both inside and outside of Ecuador, in 1944 he published an important biographical novel, The Barbaric Bonfire, about the actions and historical circumstances surrounding the life and death of General Eloy Alfaro. He started a new cycle of novels n 1956 with La advertencia (“The Warning") and continued with El aire y los recuerdos (“Air and Memories”; 1959) and Los poderes omnímodos (“All-embracing Powers”; 1964). He was writing about the evolution of Ecuadorian society since 1925.Subsequently, he published the novel Las pequeñas estaturas ("Small Statures"; 1970). He also wrote essays: “Thomas Mann and the New Humanism” (1956) and “Essays on Essays” (1981). (To date his works have not been translated into English.) Pareja maintained a long association with the famous "Guayaquil Group" of Ecuadorian writers (José de la Cuadra, Joaquín Gallegos Lara, Demetrio Aguilera Malta, Enrique Gil Gilbert). He also associated with writers from other countries: Jorge Luis Borges, Juan David García Bacca, John Dos Passos, Arnold Toynbee, Julio Cortázar, Alvaro Mutis, Jorge Enrique Adoum, Benjamin Carrión, Oswaldo Guayasamín and his nephew Miguel Donoso <mask>. The only biography about Pareja was written by the journalist and writer Francisco Febres Cordero. Pareja maintained periodic correspondence with American writer John Steinbeck.President Galo Plaza Lasso worked with Pareja in educational projects after World War II around the globe, mostly in Central and South America. Accolades and positions
Medalla de la Fundación Internacional Eloy Alfaro La Habana 1944
Medalla al Mérito Literario Municipio de Guayaquil, 1972
Premio Nacional Eugenio Espejo ("Eugenio Espejo National Award"), Ecuador's most important literary award, given for a life's work, 1979. Gran Oficial de la orden al Mérito del Ecuador
Gran Cruz de la Orden al Mérito del Ecuador
Gran Cruz de Order of Isabella the Catholic
Grand Croix de Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Gran Cruz de la Order of the Sun (Peru)
Gran Cruz da Orden de Rio Branco
Gran Cruz de la Orden Jóse Cecilio del Valle
Légion d'honneur, June 1992. Received the honor for presiding the Bicentennial of the French Revolution Committee. Title of Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Guayaquil, 1986
Member, National Academy of History, June 1989
Member, Real Academia Española
Member, Anthropological and Geography Institute of Ecuador
Member, Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana
Member, Ecuadorean Academy of History
 Member, Center of Literary Studies, University of Guayaquil
History advisor, Pan American Institute of Geography and History, Ecuador. Professor of Cultural History, Universidad Central del Ecuador
 Subdirector and Professor of American History and Political Theory, International Institute of Politic studies, San José, Costa Rica. Full Professor of Latin America History and International Relations, Graduate School of the University of Florida, USA
Pensamiento Politico of the Republicas Grancolombianas
Guggenheim Fellowship
Full Professor of Latin American Political Problems and International Relations, Advanced Center of Studies, Graduate School, University of Miami, USA.Professor of History Research, Universidad Central del Ecuador
Full Professor in Foreign  Literature, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Ecuador
Cátedra Laronque Tinker, Graduate School, University of Texas, Literature and Politics in the Countries of the Grupo Andino. Courses and conferences at the University of Texas, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque and at the Universidad de Puerto Rico. Legacy
Pareja was father-in-law to the noted ethnomusicologist Gerard Béhague. Selected works

Novels
La casa de los locos (Guayaquil, 1929)
La señorita Ecuador (Guayaquil, 1930)
Río arriba (1931)
El muelle (Guayaquil, 1933)
La Beldaca (Santiago de Chile, 1935)
Baldomera (Santiago de Chile, 1938)
Hechos y hazañas de don Balón de Baba y su amigo don Inocente Cruz (Buenos Aires, 1939)
Hombres sin tiempo (Buenos Aires, 1941)
Las tres ratas (Buenos Aires, 1944), made into the Argentine film of the same name in 1946. La advertencia (Buenos Aires, 1956)
El aire y los recuerdos (Buenos Aires, 1959)
Los poderes omnímodos (Buenos Aires, 1964)
Las pequeñas estaturas (Madrid, 1970)
La manticora (Buenos Aires, 1974)

Editor, collection of folk poetry
El entenao (Guayaquil, 1991)

Short Stories
Los gorgojos (Quito, 1954)

Essays
Breve historia del Ecuador (1946)
Historia del Ecuador (1954)
La lucha por la democracia en el Ecuador (Quito, 1956)
Thomas Mann y el nuevo humanismo (Quito, 1956)
El Ecuador de Eloy Alfaro (1966)
Historia de la República: El Ecuador desde 1830 a Nuestros días (2 vols. ; Guayaquil: Cromograph, 1974)
Las Instituciones y la Administración en la Real Audiencia de Quito (Quito, 1975)
Ecuador: de la prehistoria à la conquista española (Quito, 1978)
Ecuador: la República de 1830 a nuestros días (Quito, 1979)
Ensayos de Ensayos (Quito, 1981)
Notas de un viaje a China (Quito, 1986)

Biographies
La hoguera bárbara – Vida de Eloy Alfaro (México, 1944), a biography of Ecuadorian president Eloy Alfaro. Vida y leyenda de Miguel de Santiago (México, 1952), a biography of Ecuadorian painter Miguel de Santiago.<mask> is included in the following anthologies:
El nuevo relato ecuatoriano (Quito, 1951)
Antología básica del cuento ecuatoriano (Quito, 1998)

Articles
Pareja <mask>, <mask> (1989), Entry: "Juan Montalvo (1832-1889)"; In Solé, Carlos A (Editor in Chief) and María Isabel Abreu (Associate Editor), Latin American Writers – Volume 1; New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 3 volumes. References

Citations

Other sources
Aguilar-Monsalve, Luis (1942), <mask> Diezcanseco y su novela socio-política, 1979, Universidad de California, Los Ángeles. 327 pp. Director: John A. Crow. Gama e Silva, Vicente (1981), "Hacia una sociología de la literatura: acercamiento a la novela 'Pequeñas estaturas', de <mask> Diezcanseco", Cultura, 4:11 (Sept/Dec issue), pp 61–91. Heise, Karl H. (1973), La evolution novelistica de <mask> Diezcanseco, Buenos Aires/New York: Ediciones de Libreria
Madinier, Laurence (1980), Vision de la Société Equatorienne de Guayaquil a travers l'oeuvre d'<mask>reja Diezcanseco, Memoire de Maîtrise [Dissertation: Université de Paris – Nanterre]; Institu d'Etudes Iberiques er Latino-Americaines (June 1980).Neira, Raul Fernando (1990), La experiencia literaria de <mask> Diezcanseco: Su primer ciclo novelistico (1929-1944) [Dissertation: The University of Texas at Austin (August 1990)]. Rengifo, <mask> (1990), La narrativa de <mask> Diezcanseco, Quito: Ediciones del Banco Central del Ecuador
Schwartz, Kessel (1959) “<mask> y Diez Canseco, Social Novelist”, Hispania, Vol 42, No. 2, (May), pp 220–228. External links

<mask> <mask> recorded at the Library of Congress for the Hispanic Division's audio literary archive on Aug. 24, 1961

1908 births
1993 deaths
People from Guayaquil
Ecuadorian male writers
Ecuadorian historians
Ecuadorian journalists
Male journalists
Universidad Laica Vicente Rocafuerte de Guayaquil faculty
Ecuadorian diplomats
Foreign ministers of Ecuador
Permanent Delegates of Ecuador to UNESCO
Ambassadors of Ecuador to France
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Sun of Peru
20th-century historians
20th-century male writers
20th-century journalists

masks:
Alfredo Pareja Diezcanseco
Alfredo Pareja y Díez Canseco
Pareja
Pareja
Fernando Pareja y Pareja
Pareja
Pareja
Pareja
Pareja
Pareja
Pareja
Pareja
Pareja
Alfredo Pareja
Diezcanseco
Alfredo
Alfredo Pareja
Alfredo Pareja
Alfredo Paja
Alfredo Pa
Alfredo Paja
Alfredo
Alfredo Paja
Alfredo Pareja
Alfredo Pareja
Diezcanseco


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<mask>, A.R.C.A., (8 July 1915 – 22 May 2016) was a British artist, best known for her work during World War II for the Recording Britain project. During the War she was commissioned for Recording Britain to make architectural records of old buildings in anticipation of their possible destruction. Eighteen finished works were presented to the scheme and her legacy is also preserved in many books. Early life
<mask> was born at Hampton on Thames, the younger of two daughters of <mask>, a banker with Glynn Mills, later Coutts (d. 1954) and Jessie, née Cross. Her Christian name comes down through her paternal family originating with a Belgian ancestor. After leaving St Philomena’s, a Catholic school near Carshalton, she studied at Wimbledon School of Art and then at the Royal College of Art. Like many students of her generation she was influenced by the draftsman and engraver Robert Sargent Austin.<mask> gained her RCA Diploma in 1938. She taught for two days a week at the Central School of Art and was evacuated with the school to Luton during the Second World War. In Luton she continued to teach and also worked for a Blood Transfusion Unit at the local hospital, later moving to St Albans, where the art school was rapidly establishing itself as a centre of excellence. She would return to London for the weekend, a hazardous journey since there had to be total darkness on the trains to comply with the Blackout restrictions. World War Two
An introduction to Arnold Palmer resulted in <mask> receiving several commissions from the Recording Britain project: the counties she was allocated included Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire, Cheshire, Derbyshire, Staffordshire and Cornwall. The Victoria & Albert Museum holds 14, while three Bedfordshire and one Cornish watercolour are still missing. <mask> was especially intrigued by Mow Cop, below the hill on which Primitive Methodism was founded in 1810.The numerous participating artists in the scheme exhibited at the National Gallery, which had been emptied of its own collection. These exhibitions and the handsome four volume hardback set published just after the war by the Oxford University Press, partly financed by the Pilgrim Trust from the USA, enhanced these artists' reputations both at home and abroad. In 1943 and 1944 <mask> exhibited at the Royal Academy, where a painting entitled Blood Donors was sold but unfortunately its present location is not known. In September 1944 the War Artists' Advisory Committee purchased, for six guineas, the picture Suburban Flying-bomb Damage from <mask>. In 1945 a painting entitled Study of American soldiers standing outside, the Rainbow Corner, North London, was sold to James Bussy of Sheffield. Her work in portraiture continued apace and one of the most characteristic paintings, which remained in her own collection, was that of her father, Percy Ebsworth <mask>, in his ARP helmet. She described how everyone was so debilitated towards the end of war – “not eating properly didn’t help their health and confidence was extremely shaken”.Post-war
After the War, two further topographical books, illustrated by her exclusively, were published for the Visions of England series by Paul Elek: The Black Country, by Walter Allen in 1946 and Derbyshire, by Nellie Kirkham, in 1947. In 1944, <mask> began to teach at St Albans School of Art, in what was considered to be a very informal art college: in 1947 she was appointed to teach permanently in the painting school, usually the preserve of men. She continued to teach there until she became, briefly, a full-time senior lecturer in the Graphic Design School at Twickenham College of Technology. <mask> settled in Hampstead. There, her continued enthusiasm for the initiative set by Recording Britain, led her to sketch many local London vistas. Two particularly fine examples are Bombed Building, Weatherall House, Well Walk NW3 being knocked down of 1948 and Hampstead Heath Station and Magdala Pub 1949 are now in the collection of the Hampstead Museum at Burgh House, just up the hill from where her family still live. <mask> shared a house on Church Row in Hampstead village with fellow artist Olive Cook in the late 1940s.In 1950, she was asked to design the sets for The Atom Secrets, a play for the toy theatre by George Speaight. To commemorate this Pollock’s Museum Trust published a greetings card showing The Cabin of the Lucy for Scene III in 2003, with the encouragement of Alan Powers. <mask> contributed illustrations to articles in various magazines, notably Far and Wide. In 1952 she wrote and illustrated an article on ships' figureheads for Collins Magazine. <mask> became a member of the Society of Industrial Artists, Illustrators Group (MSIA) in 1957, having contributed to their Biennial review in 1949. Amongst her early students from St Albans as well as Ronald Maddox was David Gentleman, and from various other establishments were John Raynes, Stanley Smith, Albany Wiseman and Ian Sidaway. <mask> also exhibited in the Allied International Artists (AIA) group exhibitions, with the Royal Society of British Artists, the Royal Watercolour Society and the New English Art Club.Painting Styles
Fresh, primary colours characterise her work of the 60s and 70s: highlights of red abound in her still lifes and portraits: pots of geraniums, a summer hat, the costume of an Indian wooden marionette. Trees were always important sources of subject matter, the pear tree in the garden of Christchurch Hill features from the moment they moved to Hampstead. In her later career a series of large canvases, painted with a rich brownish palette reflect her interest in spiritualism, Freud and Jung in particular. While she was growing up her father had not encouraged a religious leaning in his household and she may have found an equally cool reception from her husband, an atheist, for this work but there is an unmistakable passion/ambition therein. In 2009 an anthology of her poems, The Silent Fairground was published and a review written by Piers Plowright for the Camden New Journal. In autumn of 2013 an exhibition was held at Burgh House. References

External links

1915 births
2016 deaths
20th-century British women artists
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
Alumni of Wimbledon College of Arts
British centenarians
British war artists
Painters from London
People from Hampstead
World War II artists
Women centenarians

masks:
Malvina Cheek
Malvina Cheek
Percy Ebsworth Cheek
Cheek
Cheek
Cheek
Cheek
Cheek
Cheek
Cheek
Cheek
Cheek
Cheek
Cheek
Cheek


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<mask> (born November 11, 1980) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player and current assistant coach for the Boston Bruins. <mask> played for the Ottawa Senators, Boston Bruins and Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was a member of the Bruins' 2011 Stanley Cup-winning team. He won gold with Team Canada at the 2017 Spengler Cup. In the 2018 Winter Olympics, <mask> represented Canada as captain of the men's ice hockey team, leading the team to a bronze medal. Playing career

Amateur
<mask> was born in Toronto and grew up one hour east of the city in Bowmanville. He started playing in the Clarington Recreational Hockey League and with the Clarington Toros AA program.He played in the 1994 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Toronto Marlboros minor ice hockey team. For one year, he played for the OHA Jr. A. hockey with the Aurora Tigers. <mask> was then selected in the fourth round, 56th overall, by the Ontario Hockey League (OHL)'s London Knights in the 1997 OHL Priority Selection. At the major junior level, <mask> played for both the Knights and the Sudbury Wolves. In 1998–99, he scored 36 goals, his career-high scoring mark in the OHL. He also played for the Team Orr in the mid-season at the CHL Top Prospects Game. In the OHL playoffs, he scored nine goals and 26 points in 25 games as the Knights reached the OHL Final.Professional

Ottawa Senators
<mask> was drafted 94th overall by the Ottawa Senators in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft. He spent one year in the American Hockey League (AHL) with the Grand Rapids Griffins and three seasons in the same league with the Binghamton Senators. He also played with the Muskegon Fury (of the UHL) for four games (recovering from an injury). In 2004–05, he had finished fifth in the AHL in plus-minus with +30. He also finished fifth on Binghamton with 60 points, as the team finished fourth overall in the League. When he was a professional rookie in 2001–02, he helped the Griffins finish fourth in the AHL. In his two final seasons in Binghamton, <mask> served as team captain.<mask> made his NHL debut on February 5, 2004, in a match against the Toronto Maple Leafs, one of four games he appeared in with Ottawa during 2003–04. In his rookie season of 2005–06, he became a regular in Ottawa's line-up, appearing in all of the team's 82 games and registering 30 points whilst playing in a checking role. The following season, he was a member of the Senators team that advanced to the 2007 Stanley Cup Finals. On July 31, 2007, he re-signed with the Senators to a one-year contract worth $1.263 million. <mask> was set to become an unrestricted free agent on July 1, 2008, but again re-signed with the Senators on a four-year contract extension worth $8.5 million on June 20, 2008. Boston Bruins
As part of a rebuilding process undertaken by the Senators as the 2010–11 season was concluding, <mask> was traded to the Boston Bruins on February 15, 2011, for a second-round draft pick in 2011; Ottawa later used the pick to select forward Shane Prince. <mask> and the Boston Bruins won the Stanley Cup, defeating the Vancouver Canucks.On April 12, 2012, <mask> scored the game-winning goal in overtime in Game 1 of the Eastern Conference Quarterfinal series against the Washington Capitals; the Bruins ultimately lost the series in seven games. A pending unrestricted free agent as the 2011–12 season wrapped up, <mask> was rumoured to be returning to the Senators, though he ended up re-signing with the Bruins on June 11, 2012, agreeing to a four-year, $12 million contract. The deal, however, was quickly rejected by the NHL due to what then-Bruins General Manager Peter Chiarelli referred to as "payroll tagging issues." <mask> stayed with the Bruins, and played in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals. As the 2013–14 season began on October 3, 2013, with a home game against the Tampa Bay Lightning, <mask> had his first-ever chance at a penalty shot in his NHL career in the first period of the game; he converted the penalty shot, scoring the first Bruins goal of the season against goaltender Anders Lindbäck while the Bruins were in a short-handed situation en route to an eventual 3–1 home victory. The goal marked the first time in NHL history that a team scored its first goal of the season via a penalty shot. In his sixth year with the Bruins in the 2015–16 season, and in the final year of his contract, <mask> began the campaign leading the Bruins penalty-kill.<mask> scored 2 goals in 11 games before on November 3, 2015, he buckled his left leg on the ice and broke his left femur in a game against the Dallas Stars. He was announced to have undergone surgery the following day and was scheduled to have a 6-8 month recovery period, which effectively ruled him out for the season. Return to Ottawa
As a free agent following his recovery from his broken leg with the Bruins, <mask> signed a one-year contract to return to the Ottawa Senators on July 7, 2016. In the 2016–17 season, <mask> appeared in all 82 games for the club, scoring 12 points. Later career and Anaheim Ducks
At the conclusion of his contract, <mask> was not re-signed by the Senators, making him an unrestricted free agent. Unsigned over the summer, the Edmonton Oilers signed <mask> to a professional tryout on September 9, 2017. <mask> attended the Oilers training camp and pre-season and remained with the club to start the 2017–18 season.Despite practicing with the team, <mask> was not offered a contract with the Oilers and on November 24, 2017, he returned within the Senators organization by signing a professional tryout deal with new AHL affiliate, the Belleville Senators. On January 9, 2018, following his performance with Team Canada at the Spengler Cup, <mask> was re-signed to a professional tryout agreement with the Belleville Senators. At the conclusion of the Olympics, <mask> returned to the NHL in agreeing to a one-year, $1.25 million contract for the remainder of the season with the Anaheim Ducks on February 25, 2018. He appeared in just 12 games to play out the regular season, posting two assists. Coaching career
On September 4, 2018, <mask> was hired by the Senators as a development coach, effectively ending his playing career. <mask> joined former Senators' teammate Shean Donovan in overseeing and supporting the development of prospects throughout the Ottawa system. On August 13, 2021, <mask> was hired as an assistant coach by the Boston Bruins.International play

Spengler Cup
On December 20, 2017, <mask> was released from his professional tryout agreement with the Belleville Senators to join Team Canada for the 2017 Spengler Cup, which they won. He rejoined the Senators immediately following the tournament. Olympics
On January 11, 2018, <mask> was named to Team Canada for the 2018 Winter Olympics. He was named team captain on February 8, 2018. <mask>, and Team Canada won the bronze medal, defeating the Czech Republic 6–4. Personal life
<mask> married during the summer of 2008 in Mexico. He met his wife Krissy Broderick while attending Saunders Secondary School as a member of the London Knights as a teenager.Broderick now teaches elementary school in Ottawa. Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

 <mask>'s biography at NHLPA.com

1980 births
Anaheim Ducks players
Belleville Senators players
Binghamton Senators players
Boston Bruins players
Canadian expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Grand Rapids Griffins players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Ice hockey players at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Living people
London Knights players
Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Muskegon Fury players
Olympic bronze medalists for Canada
Olympic ice hockey players of Canada
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Ottawa Senators draft picks
Ottawa Senators players
Sportspeople from Clarington
Sportspeople from Toronto
Stanley Cup champions
Sudbury Wolves players
Toronto Marlboros players

masks:
Christopher Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Kelly
Chris Kelly