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<mask> (, also known as Ali Ghufron, Muklas or Mukhlas; February 1960 – 9 November 2008) was an Indonesian who was convicted and executed for his role in coordinating the Christmas Eve 2000 Indonesia bombings and 2002 Bali bombings. Mukhlas was a senior and influential Jemaah Islamiah leader with ties to <mask>. Early life and background
Different reports place Muklas' birthdate at either 2 February or 9 February 1960, in Solokuro, Lamongan, East Java. He attended the Al-Mukmin Islamic school founded by Abu Bakar Bashir with his brothers Amrozi bin Nurhasyim and Ali Imron. He recruited these two brothers to manufacture the explosives and purchase the vehicles used in the 2002 Bali bombing. After graduating from Al-Mukmin, Muklas sought to continue his Jihad studies at various training camps in Afghanistan. He fought in the Soviet–Afghan War between 1980 and 1989, as a member of <mask>'s "International Brigade."Muklas admitted that he met with Osama <mask> in 1987, and that; "he and other top JI personnel were careful to nurture ties to <mask> and al-Qaeda in the years that followed." Muklas secured the funds, through senior JI member Hambali, needed to perform the 2002 Bali bombing. Political and religious activism

Jemaah Islamiah
After the eventual defeat of the Soviet Union and installation of the Taliban as Afghanistan's rulers, Muklas returned to South East Asia to conduct operations for Jemaah Islamiah. He was named head of JI's "Mantiqi One", a regional network covering Sumatra, Singapore, Malaysia and southern Thailand. Muklas then co-founded an Islamic school in Malaysia that was to be used as a local training ground for JI operatives. Lukmanul Hakiem
In 1991, Muklas, at the behest of <mask> and Abu Bakar Bashir founded Lukmanul Hakiem, a pesantren or Islamic boarding school based on his old school at Ngruki. It was created to link up with other madrassahs and serve to recruit future jihadists.Lukmanul Hakiem employed Noordin Mohammad Top, a Malaysian national, as school principal and he used this role to recruit Muhammad Rais and others for the 2003 Marriott Hotel bombing in Jakarta. Abu Bakar Bashir, <mask>, Muklas, Noordin Top, all taught at the school. JI bomb maker Azahari Husin served on the board of directors. Noordin Top was promoted to director, when Malaysian law was adjusted, however Muklas continued to operate as leader by proxy. 2002 Bali bombing

Muklas admitted to being present and in command at the planning meetings for the Bali bombings, and recruited two of his brothers to help assemble and transport the bombs used in the Bali attacks. Approximately 35,000 was contributed to the Bali bombings by Wan Min Wan Mat, a leader of the JI network in Malaysia. This money was transferred through Hambali, Jemaah Islamiah's head of operations.The money was provided in cash and according to claims by Muklas, the money was not just used for the bombings in Bali, but also in other attacks in Indonesia. After acquiring al-Qaeda funds, Muklas recruited two of his brothers to handle the logistics of the bomb plot. His younger brother Amrozi, was convicted who is also situated on "death row" for his conviction in the attack, personally selected the Mitsubishi van that was to be used outside the Sari Club. Amrozi also assembled the car bomb, and backpack bomb used at Paddy's Pub, in an empty warehouse in Denpasar. Capture

On 4 December 2002 Muklas was arrested while hiding in the Central Javanese town of Solo. He confessed to police that he was the head of one of Jemaah Islamiah's four cells and had ordered the Bali bombings. He admitted to being present and in command at the planning meetings for the Bali bombings, and that he had recruited two of his brothers to help assemble and transport the bombs used in the attacks.He also confessed that another Jemaah Islamiah leader Riduan Isamuddin, (also known as Hambali), had provided the funds for the attacks. In a transcript of his police interview he explained:

Wan Min <mask> Mat, a JI leader in Malaysia, later revealed to police that at Hambali's request he had given Muklas cash of approximately 35,000 for the operation. He also asserted that the money had come directly from al-Qaeda, and that the money was not just to be used for the bombings in Bali, but also for other attacks in Indonesia. At his trial, two hundred witnesses linked Muklas with the attacks. Speaking to documentarian  from prison, Muklas stated (translated into English by Haryanto):

Trial and sentence
His trial began on 16 June 2003. During his trial Mukhlas accuses police interrogators of torturing him into confessing a role in the attacks. He asks the court to ignore his earlier admissions of guilt.Before a panel of five Indonesian judges, on 2 October Muklas was found guilty of coordinating an act of terrorism and sentenced to death. He was the third Bali bomber to receive the death penalty after his brother Amrozi and Imam Samudra. Muklas showed no remorse during the proceedings and used his time in court to denounce George W. Bush and the United States. He declared that the terrorist atrocity was "carried out to avenge the suffering of Muslims at the hands of America and Israel." Judge Cokorda Rai Suamba summed up the trial saying:

Upon hearing the sentence he immediately started screaming "Allahu Akbar" and began doing star jumps. He then hugged his lawyers and told the court the judgement was made under laws he did not believe in. Despite his professed wish to die as a martyr, he like Amrozi and Samudra appealed the sentence.Execution
Originally incarcerated in Denpasar's prison, he was moved to the high-security prison island of Nusakambangan in October 2005. Together with the two other bombers who received death sentences, he launched a constitutional challenge against the use of firing squads. Mukhlas preferred beheading. Despite an initial decision by Muklas, Amrozi and Imam Samudr to not seek a Presidential pardon, on 21 August 2006, Muklas and his co-conspirators authorised their lawyers to file a last appeal which was lodged on 7 December on the basis of retroactive legislation. On 25 September 2008, the Supreme Court of Indonesia rejected the final appeals of Imam Samudra and Mukhlas; having dismissed Amrozi's appeal earlier that month. In October 2008 he remained unrepentant and claimed revenge would be taken for his death. During the month, his final appeals were rejected by Indonesia's constitutional court and the Attorney General's office announced that he would be executed by firing squad in early November 2008.According to a source in Indonesia's Attorney General Office, the executions were to be done before the end of Sunday, 9 November 2008. This was reportedly delayed from the original plan to allow a representative from the family to identify the body post-execution. From Mukhlas's family, his younger brother, Ali Fauzi were sent as a representative of his family. Mukhlas, along with Amrozi bin Nurhasyim and Imam Samudra were shot on 00:15 local time on 9 November 2008. They were executed by firing squad. See also

List of terrorist incidents in Indonesia
Terrorism in Indonesia

References

External links
"Terrorism in Indonesia: Noordins Networks", International Crisis Group
"Combating JI in Indonesia" Ng Boon Yian
Jemaah Islamiyah Shown to Have Significant Ties to al Qaeda
Learning by Doing:Al Qaeda's Allies in Southeast Asia
Terrorism Perpetrated and Terrorists Apprehended
Interpol notice on Muklas

1960 births
2008 deaths
Jemaah Islamiyah
People imprisoned on charges of terrorism
Terrorism in Indonesia
21st-century executions by Indonesia
Executed Indonesian people
People executed by Indonesia by firing squad
People from Lamongan Regency
2002 Bali bombings
Executed mass murderers
Indonesian mass murderers
Islamist mass murderers
Indonesian people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by Indonesia

masks:
Huda bin Abdul Haq
Osama bin Laden
Osama bin Laden
bin Laden
bin Laden
Abdullah Sungkar
Abdullah Sungkar
bin Wan


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<mask> (; born 18 July 1951) is a Belgian socialist politician who is the Minister-President of Wallonia. He served as the Prime Minister of Belgium from 6 December 2011 to 11 October 2014, and headed the <mask>o Government. <mask> was the first francophone to hold the office since Paul Vanden Boeynants in 1979, and the country's first socialist Prime Minister since Edmond Leburton left office in 1974. He was also Belgium's first Prime Minister of non-Belgian descent, and the world's second openly gay person and first openly gay man to be head of government in modern times. Background and early life
<mask> was born in Morlanwelz, Wallonia, to Italian parents. His father was born in San Valentino in Abruzzo Citeriore. While <mask> was born in Belgium, his brothers and sisters were all born in Italy.When he was one year old, his father died in a car crash and his mother was unable to raise all seven children. Due to the poor financial state of his family, three of his brothers were raised in a nearby orphanage. When he was 12, he attended boarding school. Due to medical issues, <mask> had to re-do his first year of high school twice, but eventually excelled in science at the end of his high school years. This led him to pursue a degree in chemistry at the University of Mons, where he eventually obtained a PhD in Chemistry, after being a part-time lecturer at Leeds University as well. Political career
<mask> came in contact with the socialist movement for the first time during his studies in Mons, where he first obtained a master's degree and afterwards a PhD in chemistry. He went during the preparation of his doctorate to the University of Leeds (United Kingdom), where his function was that of lecture member of staff in 1977–1978.He started his political career as an attaché at the cabinet of Jean-Maurice Dehousse in 1980–81. His first political mandate came in 1982, when he was Councillor of Mons (until 1985, and again from 1988 until 2000). In 1986, he was mayor of health, urban renewal and social affairs. Professionally, <mask> was at the same time cabinet member and then Deputy Head of Cabinet of the minister of finance of that time of the Walloon region and consequently Deputy Head of Cabinet of the minister of finance and energy of the Walloon region at that time Philippe Busquin (1981–85) and superintendent of the energy-inspection of the ministry of the Walloon region. He is a deputy (MP) for the Arrondissement of Mons in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives. He once described François Mitterrand as being "a character from a novel". In 2000, he became the mayor of Mons, which is the capital of the province of Hainaut.In 1987, he got his national political breakthrough. He was elected as member of the Chamber of Deputies and went two years later for a short time to the European Parliament. In 1991, <mask> was chosen as a senator, but shortly afterwards (1992), he took in the French-speaking community his first ministerial function in Education and later also Media. These were his responsibilities until Guy Coëme, who was mentioned in the Agusta-scandal, resigned and <mask> went to the federal government in 1994 as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Traffic and Governmental companies. Following the elections in 1995, he remained the Vice-Prime Minister of Belgium and was appointed minister of Economics and Telecommunications. In 1995 he signed the merger of the Belgian airline Sabena with Swiss Air that eventually led to the bankruptcy of Sabena with thousands of unemployed employees as result. In 1996, at the time of the Dutroux affair, Olivier Trusgnach, a prostitute, alleged that <mask> paid him for sex while Trusgnach was still a minor.This accusation could have meant the end of his political career. <mask> denied the accusations. After the federal and regional elections of June 1999 in which, due to the Dioxin Affair, the Christian-Democrats lost many of their votes, <mask> negotiated with the Flemish socialists of sp.a, the Liberals and Green Party to form a "purple-green" government. <mask> himself was in charge of the function of minister-president of the Walloon region, but already in October of the same year the members of the party chose him as president and in April 2000, he was succeeded in his function of minister-president by Jean-Claude Van Cauwenberghe. As new president of the party, <mask> was forced to make a generation change within the PS and go down a new path. During the regional and federal elections of 1995 and 1999, the PS lost many of its votes, partly because of corruption scandals in the 1990s (named Agusta-scandal and UNIOP-affair), in which the most prominent PS-politicians were involved. PS had been in the government subsequently since 1988 (in the regional government and in the federal government), but the liberal PRL (now MR) became in the 1999-elections as strong as the PS.Apart from those two, Ecolo also became an important political party. <mask> realised that drastic action was required to regain the position of the PS. By several measures, such as "Contrat d'avenir pour la Wallonie" (Contract for the Future of Wallonia) and a new generation of party leaders, by which Marie Arena was important, he tried to reassemble the left wing-forces around him. Successfully, because in the elections of 2003, PS regained the electoral score of 1991 and was by far the most important political party before MR. During the regional elections of 2004, it also became the most important party in the Brussels capital region. <mask> changed, in 2004, the liberal coalition partner for the Christian-democratic party, in the Walloon Government and in the Brussels Capital Government (in the last also the green party Ecolo was part of the government). By doing this, coalitions were made which differed from the federal coalition at that time. In October 2005, he became Minister-President of Wallonia after Jean-Claude Van Cauwenberghe resigned amid a corruption scandal, involving several members of <mask>'s party.He continued as party leader though and has had to deal with the PS's ICDI affair that emerged in May 2006. In 2006 and 2007, <mask> and his party appeared unsuccessful in trying to clean out corruption. This was probably instrumental in the party's losing its first place amongst French community parties 2007 federal election. <mask> then decided to take a firmer stance against corruption in Charleroi: he virtually took control of the city's Socialist Party and ordered the Socialist mayor and aldermen to resign. After former PS president Guy Spitaels urged him to choose between the presidency of the party and of the Walloon Government, <mask> decided to organise internal elections for party president in July 2007 rather than in October of that year and announced that he would resign from his mandate as Minister-President if re-elected. On 11 July 2007, he was re-elected president of the Socialist Party with 89.5% of the votes. Prime Minister of Belgium

Following the 2010 Belgian general election, in which the PS emerged as the largest of the Francophone parties and the second largest political party in Belgium, speculation emerged as to whether <mask> could be the Prime Minister in a new government.The RTBF raised questions, however, about whether <mask>'s limited fluency in Dutch would be a stumbling block in seeking that office; every prime minister since 1979 had been a Fleming. In May 2011, he was appointed Formateur by King Albert II, which gave <mask> the task of forming a government. Traditionally, the Formateur also becomes the Prime Minister of the government he forms. He became prime minister of the <mask> I Government on 6 December 2011. With <mask>'s appointment, Belgium ended 589 days without a government, believed to be the longest such streak ever for a country in the developed world. Yves Leterme had resigned on 26 April 2010 and had been serving as caretaker prime minister since then. Board of directors
Between 2004 and 2005, <mask> <mask> was on the board of directors of what was then Dexia bank, currently Belfius.Personal life
<mask> describes himself as an "atheist, rationalist, and Freemason." He is fluent in Italian, French and English. After becoming Prime Minister, he took Dutch lessons to address his previous limited fluency in the language and this improved enough for him to be able to address the parliament in Dutch and conduct TV interviews in the language. <mask> came out as gay in 1996, and when asked by a confrontational "media pack" if he was gay, he responded, "Yes. So what?" He is the first openly gay man to lead a sovereign state, and the first openly gay person to win the position through an election. Between <mask>'s election and 2013, he was one of the only three openly gay or lesbian national heads of government, the other ones being Icelandic Prime Minister Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir, and Luxemburgish Prime Minister Xavier Bettel.Honours
 : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II by royal decree of 21 May 2014. See also
List of the first LGBT holders of political offices
List of openly LGBT heads of government

Notes

References
 Visite à domicile Interview with <mask> in French (17 May 2007)
 Hilariteit om bizarre tweet van <mask> <mask>, Tweeting behaviour of <mask> <mask> (in Dutch), published on 17 March 2013 in De Standaard

External links

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1951 births
Living people
Recipients of the Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II
Belgian atheists
Belgian chemists
Belgian Ministers of State
Belgian people of Italian descent
Belgian socialists
Belgian Freemasons
Former Roman Catholics
Gay politicians
Government ministers of Belgium
LGBT heads of government
LGBT politicians from Belgium
Mayors of places in Belgium
Members of the Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)
Members of the Senate (Belgium)
Ministers-President of Wallonia
Parti Socialiste (Belgium) MEPs
Prime Ministers of Belgium
21st-century Belgian politicians
LGBT mayors
LGBT legislators

masks:
Elio Di Rupo
Di Rup
Di Rupo
Di Rupo
Di Rupo
Di Rupo
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Di Rupo
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Di Rupo
Di Rupo
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Di Rupo
Di Rupo
Di Rupo
Di Rupo
Di Rupo
Elio
Di Rupo
Di Rupo
Di Rupo
Di Rupo
Di Rupo
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<mask>'Este (16 November 1531 – 17 May 1607) was an important princess with considerable influence at the court of France and a central figure in the French Wars of Religion. In her first marriage she was Duchess of Aumale, then of Guise, in her second marriage Duchess of Nemours and Genevois. Life

<mask>'Este was born on 16 November 1531, the eldest daughter of the Duke of Ferrara Ercole II (son of Lucrezia Borgia and grandson of Pope Alexander VI) and his wife, Renée of France (daughter of King Louis XII of France). She grew up in Ferrara, where she received an excellent education. The future writer and scholar Olympia Fulvia Morata was chosen as one of her companions at court. In 1548, after long and difficult negotiations, her marriage was arranged with the French prince Francis, Duke of Aumale, son of the Duke of Guise. The contract was signed in Ferrara on 28 September and the marriage was held in Saint-Germain-en-Laye near Paris on 16 December.The princess was never to return to Italy. <mask> was the granddaughter of the French king Louis XII and therefore related to Henry II and his sons. By her marriage she had become a member of the powerful Guise family, and because of her Italian roots she had especially close ties to the queen and later queen-mother, Catherine de' Medici. For these reasons, her position at court was outstanding. Duchess of Guise after the death of her father-in-law in 1550, she governed the family estates and the enormous fortunes of the Guise with the help of her mother-in-law, Antoinette de Bourbon. She was active on behalf of her father and acted as mediator between the courts of France and of Ferrara. She gave birth to seven children, four of whom reached adulthood.In February 1563 Francis, Duke of Guise, was assassinated. While the murderer was seized and immediately put to death, <mask> took all possible steps to sue the leader of the French Huguenots, Gaspard de Coligny, whom she held responsible. During the next three years, the widow put pressure on the king and his courts of justice with her petitions, but in January 1566 the king's council declared the admiral of Coligny innocent and imposed eternal silence in the matter. Consequently, most of her contemporaries held the widow of the Duke of Guise responsible for the shot which was fired on Coligny on 22 August 1572 and which became the starting signal for the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. On 29 April 1566, <mask> married Jacques of Savoy, Duke of Nemours and Genevois. Henceforth, the princess spent most of her time in Annecy or on the road between her duchy of Genevois and the court of France. In politically difficult situations she acted as mediator between her husband and the Duke of Savoy, and in the meantime she held her position at the court of France.<mask> promoted her sons' careers, she helped her clients to make their living, and she claimed a prominent place in official ceremonies at court. After the death of her second husband in 1585, <mask> lived in Paris, in her Hôtel de Nemours, on the left bank of the Seine, in what is today Rue Séguier. With the formation of the Catholic League, in which her sons played a prominent part, her importance increased considerably. In December 1588 Henry III ordered the murder of her two oldest sons and the imprisonment of <mask>'Este. Although the sources tell us nothing about the deeds of the Duchess after her liberation, some contemporaries held her responsible for the assassination of the king. During the siege of Paris by Henry IV, <mask> was declared "queen-mother" by the League, but after the Bourbon's conversion back to Catholicism she recognized him as king and tried to convince her rebellious sons to take the same step. In 1594 <mask> traveled to Paris to pay homage to Henry IV.<mask> spent her last years in the highly respectable position of "superintendante de la maison" of the queen, Marie de' Medici, but also in growing indebtedness and in constant worry about the financial situation of her children and grandchildren. Death
When she died on 17 May 1607, the value of her movable goods came to little more than  4000 livres. The entrails and the heart of the Duchess were interred in Paris and in Joinville while her body was brought to Annecy, where it was buried next to her second husband. None of the tombs remain. Significance

With regard to the confessional disputes, <mask>'s life does not differ much from those of other princesses of her time. Her mother was a Calvinist, her father, husbands, and sons were more or less radical Catholics. Although she didn't abjure Catholicism, she never gave away her "true" beliefs.In other regards, she held a special position at the court of France, which can be seen from the numerous lawsuits she was involved in. Although the entanglement in legal proceedings even for minor causes was quite common for the French aristocracy of the early modern period, it was <mask> and her mother who contested the king's right to Brittany, and in doing so they referred to their positions as daughter and granddaughter of a French king. Family

Children from the marriage with Francis, Duke of Guise (1519–1563):
 Henry, prince of Joinville, then Duke of Guise (1550–1588)
 Catherine, Duchess of Montpensier (1551–1596), married Louis, Duke of Montpensier
 Charles, Marquis, then Duke of Mayenne (1554–1611)
 Louis, archbishop of Reims, then Cardinal of Guise (1555–1588)
 Antoine (1557–1560)
 François (1559–1573)
 Maximilien (1562–1567/68)

Children of the marriage with Jacques de Savoie (1531–1585):
 Charles Emmanuel, prince of Genevois, then Duke of Nemours (1567–1595)
 Marguerite (1569–1572)
 Henry I, Marquis of Saint-Sorlin, then Duke of Nemours (1572–1632)
 Robert Lavoye Nemours, (1577 – 1661)

Ancestry

Notes

Sources

Further reading

 Christiane Coester: Schön wie Venus, mutig wie Mars. <mask>'Este, Herzogin von Guise und von Nemours (1531–1607). Oldenbourg, Munich (2007); . Huguette Leloup: Anne d'Este (1531–1607). Fille aînée de Renée de France, Duchesse de Guise puis duchesse de Nemours, Dame de Montargis.Special issue of the Bulletin de la Société d'Émulation de l'Arrondissement de Montargis. 3rd ser., pp. 119, 2002. Jessica Munns, Penny Richards: Exploiting and destabilizing Gender Roles: Anne d'Este. In: French History. Vol. 6 (1992), pp.206–215. Matteo Sanfilippo: article: Este, <mask> d'''. In: Dizionario biografico degli Italiani''. Vol. 43, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome (1993), pp. 315–320. External links

<mask>
1531 births
1607 deaths
<mask>
Anna
Anna
16th-century French women
17th-century Italian women
Anna
Anna
Anna
Anna
Anna
People of the French Wars of Religion
Italian ladies-in-waiting
French ladies-in-waiting
Household of Catherine de' Medici

masks:
Anna d
Anna d
Anna
Anna
Anna
Anna
Anna
Anna d
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<mask> () (died 22 May 192), courtesy name Zhongying, was a Chinese military general, politician, and warlord who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty. At the end of the reign of the Eastern Han, <mask> was a general and powerful minister of the imperial government. Yet he forced the young Emperor Shao of Han to abdicate and replaced him with his half-brother Emperor Xian of Han while he sought to become the de facto ruler of China in the boy-emperor's name. The Eastern Han dynasty regime survived in name only. <mask> seized control of the imperial capital Luoyang in 189 when it entered a state of turmoil following the death of Emperor Ling of Han and a massacre of the eunuch faction by the court officials led by General-in-Chief He Jin. <mask> subsequently deposed Liu Bian (Emperor Shao) and replaced him with his half-brother, the puppet Emperor Xian of Han. <mask>'s rule was brief and characterized by cruelty and tyranny.In the following year, a coalition of regional officials (cishi) and warlords launched a campaign against him. Failing to stop the coalition forces, <mask> sacked Luoyang and relocated further west to the former Western Han capital at Chang'an (modern Xi'an, Shaanxi province). He was assassinated soon after in 192 by his subordinate Lü Bu in a plot orchestrated by Interior Minister Wang Yun. Early life
<mask> was born in Lintao, Longxi Commandery in the early 140s and was said to be a chivalrous youth who was physically strong and excelled in horseback archery. He travelled around the Qiang and Xiongnu regions and befriended many men of valor. Around 165, <mask> became a member of the Wulin corps (羽林郎, branch of the Imperial Guard) in the capital. Zhuo served under Zhang Huan's northern campaign to suppress an uprising of the Qiang.He eventually became a county magistrate in the Yanmen Commandery, a divisional commandant in the Shu Commandery, the Wu and Ji colonel in the Western Regions, inspector of Bing Province, and administrator of the Hedong Commandery. At the outbreak of the Yellow Turban Rebellion in the summer of 184, <mask> was sent to take over from Lu Zhi in the attack on Zhang Jue in Julu. Although his efforts during the rebellion were initially unsuccessful, with the arrival of Huangfu Song, victory was gained in the winter against the peasants. When the Liang Province Rebellion occurred and the barbarians rebelled with local gentries Han Sui and Bian Zhang, <mask> was reinstated and sent to suppress the rebels. <mask> was given the title General Who Smashes the Caitiffs in 185, and General of the Vanguard in 188. He was promoted to be the governor of Bing Province, but he refused to take up his new post as he was unwilling to leave his men. During the turbulent situation, the power of the Eastern Han dynasty was clearly waning.<mask> then settled in Liang Province and built up his power. Rise to power
Following the death of Emperor Ling of Han in 189, General-in-Chief He Jin ordered <mask> to lead troops into Luoyang to aid him in eliminating the eunuch faction known as the Ten Attendants. Before <mask> could arrive, He Jin was assassinated by the eunuchs and the capital city fell into a state of turmoil. The eunuchs took Liu Bian (Emperor Shao) hostage and fled from Luoyang. <mask>'s army intercepted the eunuchs and brought the emperor back to the palace. At the same time, He Jin's half-brother, General of Chariots and Cavalry He Miao (), was killed by his subordinates after they accused him of colluding with the eunuchs. After arriving in Luoyang, <mask> realized that his 3000 men were unequal to the numerous troops in and about the capital.<mask> ordered some of his army to march out at night and re-enter the city at dawn, thus making it seem as though he was receiving reinforcements. <mask> then took command of the leaderless forces of He Jin and He Miao, convinced Lü Bu to join his ranks, and made himself Excellency of Works. In 189, <mask> deposed Emperor Shao and replaced him with the Emperor Xian of Han. <mask> declared himself chancellor, and became the head of the imperial court in Luoyang. However, in the words of Rafe de Crespigny, <mask>'s "conduct towards the court and the imperial officials was bullying, oppressive and frequently bloody." This prompted Yuan Shao to form an army in opposition to <mask>'s military authority. Coalition against <mask>o

<mask>o retreats to Chang'an

In the same year, regional officials and warlords around the country formed a coalition force and launched a punitive campaign against <mask>.In response, he sent a detachment to intercept the coalition vanguard led by Sun Jian, and ordered his son-in-law, Niu Fu, to supply the fortress of Mei with 30 years' worth of rations. After his subordinates Hua Xiong, Hu Zhen, and Lu Bu were defeated by Sun Jian at Yangren, <mask> sent Li Jue to propose a marriage between Sun's son and <mask>'s daughter, and split the empire between the two families. Sun Jian refused and prepared to attack Luoyang. <mask> evacuated everyone in Luoyang and moved them to Chang'an in the west. Before the relocation, <mask> ordered his troops to ransack the tombs of the late Han emperors for treasures, seize valuables from the wealthy residents in Luoyang, and burn down the palaces and anything that might be useful to the coalition. Then the chancellor assembled his forces in the city and personally led them to ambush the approaching army. <mask>'s ambush failed and he was driven back by Sun Jian.He ordered Lu Bu to lead a cavalry force back to the city to halt Sun's progress before he took flight for Mianchi. Sun Jian broke through one of the eastern gates and defeated Lu Bu, taking the city. Defeat of the coalition
Despite taking Luoyang, the city was so heavily damaged that Sun Jian chose to retreat rather than to try to hold it. <mask> then sent his generals Li Jue, Guo Si, and Zhang Ji to the frontline against the eastern warlords. By this time the coalition had already fallen into disarray and internal bickering. The only ones who actively opposed <mask> were the senior imperial officer, Zhu Jun and his old friend, Tao Qian. Tao, despite having a general alliance with <mask>, sent 3,000 elite troops from Danyang to aid Zhu in the battle with <mask>'s forces at Zhongmu.Zhu was defeated. Li Jue and his comrades then raided the surrounding area around Chenliu and Yingchuan for slaves. Morale among the allied soldiers were low due to news of the ways in which <mask>o would torture captives. Apparently he would have them tied up with fat-soaked clothes and start a fire from their foot. He left their heads unbound so he could enjoy their screams and watch their expressions while being tortured. Rule of terror

Two months after he moved the capital, <mask> revived the title of Grand Master, an antiquated title once reinvigorated by Wang Mang, but scrapped in Eastern Han. He appointed his younger brother <mask> as General of the Left and gave official posts to several of his kin.<mask>o threw lavish banquets during where torture would be performed on captured enemies, such as the severing of limbs or removal of tongues and eyeballs or being burnt alive. His audience were said to have experienced a high degree of discomfort. For Yuan Shao's role as leader of the coalition against him, <mask>o had the entire Yuan clan in Luoyang wiped out. Within two years, thousands of public servants were wrongly accused and executed, and numerous commoners were kidnapped or killed. In order to purchase materials for further development of the Mei citadel, he had bells and bronze statues, among which were nine of the Twelve Metal Colossi, melted and recast into coins. The coins did not weigh the same, however, resulting in all copper cash being devalued. Downfall and death
<mask> kept Lü Bu as a personal bodyguard, and swore an oath as father and son.However, after an argument, <mask> threw a hand-axe at Lü Bu, who dodged the weapon. Lü Bu's relationship with <mask> was also weakened when he established an affair with one of <mask>'s harem. In 192, with encouragement from Interior Minister Wang Yun, Lü Bu made his decision to kill <mask>. One morning, Lü greeted <mask> at the palace gate with a dozen trusted men led by Cavalry Captain Li Su. Li stepped forward and stabbed <mask>. <mask> cried out for Lü Bu to save him, but Lü merely answered, "This is an imperial order," after which he delivered a fatal blow to <mask>. It was recorded that <mask>'s corpse was left on the streets with a lit wick placed on his navel.The wick burned for several days on the fat of the corpse. It was said that the light from the flame could last for days. A special order stated that anyone who went forth to collect the body would be killed. However, three officials, including Cai Yong, still challenged the order and were executed. Meanwhile, all affiliates of the <mask> clan, including <mask>'s 90-year-old mother, were put to death. Legacy
After <mask>'s death, several of his loyalists, such as Li Jue, Guo Si, Zhang Ji and Fan Chou, escaped on the belief that their allegiance to him would be considered  treason. Wang Yun, who had taken control of the government, heard their appeal for pardon and said, "Of all those who should be forgiven, they are the exceptions."The four then planned to relinquish their positions and go into hiding. However, an advisor named Jia Xu suggested they should take this opportunity to launch a strike at Chang'an since the Liang faction was practically unscathed. The four then roused several-thousand core followers to attack Chang'an. Wang sent Xu Rong and Hu Zhen (former members of the Liang faction) to fight the Liang force en route, but Xu was killed in the first encounter and Hu joined the rebels, inflating the size of their army to 100,000 when they surrounded the capital. Lü Bu attempted to break the siege, but was defeated outside the city gate, and thus Chang'an fell into the hands of <mask>'s followers. Emperor Xian was taken hostage and power in the court fell into the hands of the Liang faction once again. Family
 Father: <mask>ya (died 181)
 Mother: Lady <mask> (103-192), titled Lady of Chiyang, executed
 Younger brother: <mask> (died 192) - After <mask> backed Emperor Xian, <mask> was appointed to the rank of Left General.After Lü Bu killed <mask>, <mask> was labeled an accomplice and executed, and his head was put on public display
 Nephew: <mask> (died 192) - born in Lintao County, Gansu, fathered by <mask> (董擢, note different character than his own) elder brother of <mask>, executed
 Sons: <mask> had some infant sons who were enfeoffed and later presumably executed, and at least one son of his was born 171 but died earlier than 190
 Granddaughter: <mask> (), born after 178, titled Lady of Weiyang. She was given her passage to adulthood ceremony and a grand title and lands at an unceremoniously young age despite a 50-year-old Zhu Jun's protests. For the grand ceremony, a platform was built to be five to six che –about 116 cm (3'10") or 139 cm (4'7") in modern conversions– and she rode in a blue-covered golden carriage as thousands of soldiers marched behind her. <mask> was said to have given her the seal personally. <mask> was presumably executed. Grandson: born 186, executed
 Daughter: married Niu Fu
 Foster Son: Lü Bu

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a 14th-century historical novel by Luo Guanzhong, was a romanticization of the events that occurred before and during the Three Kingdoms era. Because the real-life <mask> was already much of a cruel and treacherous character, the novel probably could do little more to accentuate that treachery and cruelty.It did, however, on two occasions deviate from the history. <mask> and the three sworn brothers
<mask> first appeared as early as late in Chapter 1. Being sent to quell the Yellow Turban Rebellion, <mask> was defeated by the rebel leader Zhang Jiao and the battle was turning into a rout. The three newly sworn brothers, Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei, happened to be nearby. They then led their forces out to <mask>'s rescue. Suddenly met with this new opposition, the rebels were swept off their feet and had to retreat. After returning to camp, <mask>o asked the three brothers what offices they currently held.And they replied that they held none. <mask> harrumphed and then ignored them. This angered Zhang Fei so much that he grabbed his sword and wanted to kill <mask>. He was however stopped by his two brothers, who suggested taking their service elsewhere. Thus was <mask>'s life spared and the three brothers went their own way. <mask> and Diaochan

Perhaps the most popular story about <mask> was the fictional love triangle involving <mask>, Lü Bu and Diaochan, which eventually led to the death of <mask> in the hands of his own adoptive son, Lü Bu. After <mask> moved the capital to the more strategically sound Chang'an, Interior Minister Wang Yun started to contemplate a plot to assassinate the tyrant by using the petite Diaochan, a song girl who was brought up in his household but whom he had been treating like his own daughter, to plant the seed of dissension between <mask> and Lü Bu.Inviting Lü Bu over one night, Wang Yun asked Diaochan to serve wine to the guest. Lü Bu was immediately seized by the girl's beauty. Well aware of this, Wang Yun then promised to marry Diaochan to the mighty warrior. A few days later, however, Wang Yun laid a feast for <mask> and repeated the feat. Like Lü Bu, <mask> could not lift his eyes off Diaochan, who also displayed her prowess in song and dance. <mask>o then brought Diaochan home and made her his concubine. When Lü Bu heard about this early the next morning, he headed for <mask>'s bedroom and peeped in through the window.There he saw Diaochan sitting up grooming her hair while <mask> was still asleep. Aware of Lü Bu's presence, Diaochan put up a sorrowful expression and pretended to wipe tears off her eyes with a handkerchief. A similar incident recurred about a month later, but this time <mask> woke up in time to see Lü Bu staring fixedly at Diaochan. Lü Bu was then thrown out and forbidden to come into the house. Then one day, while <mask> was holding a conversation with Emperor Xian, Lü Bu stole to his foster father's residence and met with Diaochan in the Fengyi Pavilion (). Weeping, Diaochan pleaded with Lü Bu to rescue her from <mask>o. Placing his halberd aside, Lü Bu held Diaochan in his arms and comforted her with words.Right then, <mask> returned to find the duo in the pavilion. The startled Lü Bu turned to flee. <mask>o grabbed the halberd and gave chase. Being too slow, <mask> could not catch up with the agile Lü Bu. He then hurled the halberd at Lü Bu but the latter fended it off and got away. After the incident, Lü Bu became increasingly displeased with <mask>. The displeasure was further inflamed by Wang Yun, who suggested subtly that Lü Bu kill <mask>.Lü Bu was eventually persuaded. The conspirators sent Li Su to fetch <mask> from his castle in Meiwu () under the pretense that the emperor intended to abdicate the throne to the warlord. The overjoyed <mask> then came to the palace gate, where his troops were barred from entering. As <mask>'s carriage neared the palace building, soldiers loyal to Wang Yun escorted <mask>o to the trap they set. Then suddenly a general stabbed <mask>. Injured only in the arms, <mask> then cried out for Lü Bu to save him. Lü Bu walked over and impaled <mask>'s throat with his halberd, proclaiming, "I have an imperial decree to slay the rebel!"In popular culture

Animation
 The character Toutaku Chuuei of the anime short series, Ikki Tousen, is based roughly on <mask>o. Comics
<mask>o appears as a character in the Hong Kong manhua The Ravages of Time illustrated by Chan Mou. <mask>o appears as a major antagonist in the manga series Sōten Kōro, which is loosely based on Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Games

 <mask>o is featured as a playable character in Koei's Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi video game series. In the collectible card game Magic: The Gathering there is a card named <mask>, the Tyrant, in the Portal: Three Kingdoms set. <mask> is a major faction leader in the strategy game Total War: Three Kingdoms. See also
 Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms

Notes

References

 Chen, Shou (3rd century).Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi). Fan, Ye (5th century). Book of the Later Han (Houhanshu). Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi). Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica., Xia, Z,H., Das, D. (2021). <mask>o. Britannica . Retrieved from: https://www.britannica.com/biography/<mask>o
Evans,M. (2003).<mask> (Zhongyin). Biography (SGYY). Retrieved from: http://kongming.net/novel/sgyy/dongzhuo.php (Sanguo Yanyi)(Romance of the Three Kingdoms)

192 deaths
2nd-century births
2nd-century deaths
Assassinated Chinese politicians
Assassinated heads of government

Han dynasty generals from Shaanxi
Han dynasty politicians from Gansu
Han dynasty prime ministers
Han dynasty warlords
People from Dingxi
Political office-holders in Shanxi
Regents of China
Year of birth unknown

masks:
Dong Zhuo
Dong Zhuo
Dong Zhuo
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Dong Zhuo
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Dong Zhuo
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<mask> (梁崇義) (died 781) was a general of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Daizong, <mask> took advantage of the army's discontent after the death of the general Lai Tian (來瑱) to seize control of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan, Hubei) and held it semi-independently from the imperial regime. After Emperor Daizong's son Emperor Dezong became emperor, however, he was defeated by another general then-loyal to the imperial government, Li Xilie, and committed suicide as his headquarters were falling. Background
It is not known when <mask> was born, but it is known that his family was from the Tang capital Chang'an. He became known for his strength and was said to be able to fold gold and straighten out metal hooks. He became an archer in the imperial guards and later served under the general Lai Tian in Tang's struggle against rebel Yan forces during the Anshi Rebellion. He was said to be silent and liked by other soldiers, and eventually became an officer.He continued to follow Lai late in the Anshi Rebellion as Lai became the military governor (jiedushi) of Shannan East Circuit. During this time, Lai became hesitant to periodically visit Chang'an to pay respect to Emperor Suzong, because of his poor relationships with the powerful eunuchs, led by Li Fuguo. After Emperor Suzong's death in 762, Emperor Suzong's son and successor Emperor Daizong, then under heavy influence by Li Fuguo (as Li Fuguo held the command of the imperial guards and therefore controlled the capital), tried to remove Lai from his power base by moving him to Huaixi Circuit (淮西, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan). Lai, however, was fearful of the move, and both he and his army favored staying in Shannan East, and so declined the move to Huaixi. Emperor Daizong relented and kept him at Shannan East. After Li Fuguo was removed from power later in the year, however, Lai accepted honorary titles as the minister of defense and chancellor and reported to Chang'an to meet Emperor Daizong. Once he got to Chang'an, however, his old enmity with the new eunuch in charge of the imperial guards, Cheng Yuanzhen, flared up, and Cheng induced another official, Wang Zhongsheng (王仲升), into accusing Lai being complicit with Yan generals during the Anshi Rebellion.Lai was removed from his posts and exiled, but was further ordered to commit suicide on the way to exile. Prior to Lai's visiting Chang'an, however, he had left several key officers stationed at various prefectures of Shannan East. When they heard of Lai's death, they, including <mask>, who was then at Nanyang (南陽, in modern Nanyang, Henan), fled their posts back to Xiang Prefecture (襄州), the capital prefecture for Shannan East. Neither he nor two other officers, Li Zhao (李昭) and Xue Nanyang (薛南陽), was initially willing to claim leadership, but the soldiers supported him, and so he took command. He soon executed Li and Xue and blamed the disturbance on them. Emperor Daizong was unable to do anything against <mask> at that point, so he made <mask> the reserve military governor, and shortly after military governor, of Shannan East. <mask> took Lai's body and reburied it with honor, and further built a temple dedicated to Lai.He went as far as to avoid using Lai's old office and main hall, to show respect. As Jiedushi
<mask> soon began to govern the circuit as a semi-independent realm from imperial authority, and he was allied with several other generals in the same position -- Xue Song, Tian Chengsi, Li Baochen, Li Zhengji, and Li Huaixian. The imperial government was unable to do anything about them and was content with nominal submission from them. Overall, he controlled six prefectures. However, as, unlike his allies, he was completely surrounded by circuits loyal to the imperial government, and also had the weakest army among the six, he tended to be the most respectful to the imperial government and occasionally followed imperial decrees. Nevertheless, after Emperor Daizong's death in 779, when his relatives advised him that he should visit Chang'an to pay respect to the new emperor, Emperor Daizong's son Emperor Dezong, <mask> stated:

Death
As of 781, however, things came to a head when two of the generals that <mask> was allied with, Li Baochen and Li Zhengji, died, and Emperor Dezong refused to allow their sons (Li Weiyue and Li Na), respectively, to succeed as military governors of their circuits (Chengde (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) and Pinglu (平盧, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong)). Li Weiyue and Li Na, along with Tian Chengsi's successor Tian Yue, therefore prepared for war against the imperial government, as did <mask>, particularly since Li Xilie, the military governor of Huaixi, had repeatedly requested imperial approval to attack Liang.When a certain Guo Xi (郭昔) accused <mask> of treason, however, Emperor Dezong, in order to placate <mask>, had Guo caned and exiled, and then sent the official Li Zhou (李舟) to Xiang Prefecture to try to comfort <mask>. Li Zhou's mission, however, had the opposite effect, as Li Zhou's prior mission to another rebellious general, Liu Wenxi (劉文喜), was followed by Liu's soldiers rising against him and killing him, and it was rumored that Li Zhou had an ability to turn rebellious generals' subordinates against them. Therefore, as Li Zhou reached the borders of Shannan East, <mask> refused him entry and requested another imperial messenger. Because Emperor Dezong was then preparing for war against Chengde and Pinglu, he did not want another war with Shannan East at the moment. He therefore sent another official, Zhang Zhuo (張著), to Shannan East, honoring <mask> with the honorary title as chancellor, creating his wife as a lady, bestowing on him an iron certificate (guaranteeing that he would not be put to death), and summoning him to Chang'an. He also accepted <mask>'s prior recommendation that one of the officers he favored, Lin Gao (藺杲), be made the prefect of Deng Prefecture (鄧州, in modern Nanyang). After Zhang arrived at Xiang Prefecture, <mask> hesitated about what to do, as did Lin, who did not dare to accept the post without <mask>'s approval.<mask>, after some thought, wept in Zhang's presence but still refused to visit Chang'an. In reaction, Emperor Dezong created Li Xilie the Prince of Nanping and put in him charge of the operations against Liang. Meanwhile, <mask> launched a preemptive attack against Jiangling, hoping to capture it and gain access to the south. However, he was defeated at Siwang (四望, in modern Xiangfan) and retreated back to Xiang Prefecture. He gathered his troops and concentrated them in Xiang and Deng Prefectures, while Li Xilie gathered the forces and headed northwest on the Han River toward Xiang Prefecture. <mask> attacked some of Li Xilie's troops stationed at Linhan (臨漢, near Xiang Prefecture), slaughtering them, but subsequently, when Li Xilie's main troops arrived, Liang's generals Zhai Hui (翟暉) and Du Shaocheng (杜少誠) were defeated by Li Xilie at Man River (蠻水, flowing through modern Xiangfan) and then Shukou (疎口, also in modern Xiangfan). Zhai and Du surrendered to Li Xilie, and Li Xilie ordered them to take their troops to enter Xiangyang (the capital of Xiang Prefecture) first.<mask> ordered resistance, but his troops opened the gates and fled outside. <mask>, seeing no escape, committed suicide with his wife and children by jumping into a well. Li Xilie took his body out from the well, cut off the head, and sent it to Chang'an. Li Xilie also slaughtered <mask>'s relatives and friends, as well as 3,000 soldiers who had participated in the Battle of Linhan. Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 121. New Book of Tang, vol.224, part 1. Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 222, 223, 225, 226, 227. 8th-century births
781 deaths
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Shannan East Circuit
Politicians from Xi'an
Tang dynasty generals from Shaanxi
Tang dynasty politicians from Shaanxi

masks:
Liang Chongyi
Liang
Liang Chongyi
Liang
Liang
Liang
Liang
Liang Chongyi
Liang
Liang
Liang Chongyi
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<mask> (July 13, 1913 – July 21, 1982) was an American television personality. He was the founding host and anchor of NBC's Today from 1952 to 1961. His easygoing and relaxing style belied a lifelong battle with depression. Garroway has been honored for his contributions to radio and television with a star for each on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and the St. Louis Walk of Fame, the city where he spent part of his teenaged years and early adulthood. Early life
Born in Schenectady, New York, Garroway was of Scottish descent. By the time Garroway was 14, he had moved with his family 13 times, finally settling in St. Louis, Missouri, where he attended University City High School and Washington University in St. Louis, from which he earned a degree in abnormal psychology. Before going into broadcasting, Garroway worked as a Harvard University lab assistant, book salesman, and piston ring salesman.After not being able to successfully sell either, Garroway decided to try his hand in radio. Career

Early years
<mask> began his broadcasting career at NBC as a page in 1938; he graduated 23rd in a class of 24 from NBC's school for announcers. Following graduation, he landed a job at Pittsburgh radio station KDKA in 1939. As a station reporter, he filed reports from a hot-air balloon,  a U.S. Navy submarine in the Ohio River, and deep inside a coal mine. His early reporting efforts earned Garroway a reputation for finding a good story, even in unusual places. The "Roving Announcer", as he was known, worked his way up to become the station's special-events director, while still attending to his on-air work. After two years with KDKA, Garroway left for Chicago.Radio

When the United States entered World War II in 1941, Garroway enlisted in the U.S. Navy. While stationed in Honolulu, he hosted a radio show when he was off duty, playing jazz records and reminiscing about the old days back in Chicago. After the war, Garroway went to work as a disc jockey at WMAQ (AM) in Chicago. Over time, Garroway hosted a series of radio programs, such as The 11:60 Club, The <mask> Show, and Reserved for Garroway. One oddity Garroway introduced on his radio shows was having the studio audience respond to a song number not by applauding, but by snapping their fingers. Garroway also worked to organize jazz concerts, creating  a "Jazz Circuit" of local clubs in 1947, bringing back interest in this music genre. His fellow disc jockeys voted him the nation's best in the 1948 and 1949 Billboard polls.He won the award again in 1951. <mask> was the first "communicator" on NBC Radio's Monitor when the program first aired on June 12, 1955. He continued as the Sunday-evening host of the news and music program from 1955 to 1961. Garroway worked on the air at WCBS radio in 1964 and briefly hosted the afternoon rush-hour shift at KFI in Los Angeles in late 1970 and early 1971. Television

Garroway was introduced to the national television audience when he hosted the experimental musical variety show Garroway at Large, telecast live from Chicago. It was carried by NBC from June 18, 1949, to June 24, 1951. Garroway's relaxed, informal style when on the air became part of his trademark.In 1960, reviewer Richard F. Shepard of The New York Times wrote, "He does not crash into the home with the false jollity and thunderous witticisms of a backslapper. He is pleasant, serious, scholarly looking, and not obtrusively convivial." On television, Garroway was known for his signoff, saying "Peace" with an upraised palm. Along with Arthur Godfrey, Arlene Francis, Steve Allen, and Jack Paar, Garroway was one of the pioneers of the television talk show. Television commentator Steven D. Stark traces the origins of the style to Chicago. <mask>, Studs Terkel, and Hugh Downs all hosted relaxed, garrulous, extemporaneous shows in that city in the early 1950s. Earlier radio and television voices spoke with an authoritative "announcer's" intonation, resembling public oration, often dropping about a musical fifth on the last word of a sentence.<mask> was one of the broadcasters who introduced conversational style and tone to television, beginning some broadcasts as though the viewer were sitting in the studio with him, as in this November 20, 1957, introduction for the Today show: "And how are you about the world today? Let's see what kind of shape it's in; there is a glimmer of hope." Pioneering NBC president Sylvester "Pat" Weaver chose Garroway as the host of his new morning news-and-entertainment experiment, the Today show, in 1952. He was joined by news editor Jim Fleming and announcer Jack Lescoulie when the show debuted on Monday, January 14, 1952. Though initially panned by critics, Garroway's style attracted a large audience that enjoyed his easygoing presence early in the morning. His familiar "cohost", a chimpanzee with the puckish name of J. Fred Muggs, did not hurt his genial manner, but his concurrent seriousness in dealing with news stories and ability to clearly explain abstract concepts earned him the nickname "The Communicator" and eventually won praise from critics and viewers alike. At the same time he did Today, Garroway also hosted a Friday-night variety series, The Dave Garroway Show, from October 2, 1953, to June 25, 1954.On October 16, 1955, he began hosting NBC's live Sunday-afternoon documentary Wide Wide World, continuing with that series until June 8, 1958. Another Friday-evening variety show, Dave's Place, was on the air in 1960. He also hosted a radio show, Dial Dave Garroway, that went on the air as soon as Today wrapped up each morning. Dial <mask>ay had begun in 1946 when Garroway was still working for WMAQ in Chicago. Garroway took Today to various locations during his tenure - Paris in 1959 and Rome in 1960; car shows and technology expos; plays and movies; and aboard an Air Force B-52 for a practice bombing run. Through television, Garroway gave viewers access to a variety of people that included politicians, writers, artists, scientists, economists, and musicians. In his role as Today host, Garroway acted as pitchman for several of the show's sponsors.Among them were Admiral television sets, Alcoa, and Sergeant's dog food. Most of the appearances were in the form of print ads in newspapers and magazines. By 1960,  a board game called "<mask>ay's Today Game" also was produced. In 1961, Garroway hosted a special filmed program for the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association that traced Billy Graham's crusades from 1949 to 1960. <mask>'s relaxed demeanor on TV hid his depression. Toward the end of his professional career, he began to have disagreements with staff members; some days, Garroway would disappear in the middle of the Today broadcast, leaving colleagues to finish the live program. When Garroway's second wife, Pamela, died of a prescription-drug overdose on April 28, 1961, Garroway sank into a deeper emotional malaise.In late May 1961, <mask> resigned, announcing his intention to leave Today—either at the end of October when his contract was finished or sooner, if possible — to spend more time with his children. On June 16, 1961, Garroway left the morning show he helped pioneer. Later career
After leaving Today, Garroway returned to television on National Educational Television (the forerunner of PBS) with a science series called Exploring the Universe in late 1962. Later, he went back to working in radio, doing "split-shift" shows called Garroway AM (midmornings) and Garroway PM (midafternoons) for WCBS (AM), New York. Garroway also started a magazine, National FM-Radio; the venture was a costly failure, with Garroway realizing he was not cut out to be a businessman. While he was in the publishing business, Garroway began reading various law books to try to understand what his lawyer was saying. His attorney told him that he had done enough legal reading to pass the New York State bar exam.On a bet, Garroway sat for and passed the written exam. In April 1969, <mask> launched a daytime talk show on WNAC-TV, Tempo Boston, which he hoped would be picked up for national syndication. Stations in New York and Philadelphia agreed to pick up the show, but by early 1970, the small-scale syndication ended and Tempo was cancelled. The show had promise, but management instead decided to fill its time slot with old movies instead of more expensive local programming. After leaving the Boston airwaves, <mask> traveled to Southern California, hosting a music-and-talk show on KFI radio in Los Angeles. He planned to re-enter the television world with a CBS summer replacement show, Newcomers, but the show never made it past the summer of 1971. While in Los Angeles, Garroway began to take acting workshops; he had a role in an episode of the Western series Alias Smith and Jones as a judge in 1972.Garroway appeared sporadically on other television programs without achieving the success and recognition levels he enjoyed on Today. He largely remained out of the public eye for the rest of the 1960s and 1970s, although he did re-emerge for Today anniversaries. His final such appearance was on the 30th-anniversary show, on January 14, 1982. Other media

Garroway narrated a compilation of romantic songs performed by the Boston Pops Orchestra, Getting Friendly with Music, in 1956. He also served as narrator for special albums, including 1964's The Great Campaigners, 1928–1960 and 1960's Names From the Wars. In 1960, Garroway wrote Fun on Wheels, an activity book for children on road trips. The book was revised and reissued in 1962 and 1964.Toward the end of his life, Garroway planned to write an autobiography. The book never made it past the research stage; the surviving notes, manuscripts, audio tapes, and news clippings were sent to former Today researcher Lee Lawrence. Upon Lawrence's death in 2003, the boxes were turned over to the Library of American Broadcasting, Special Collections, University of Maryland Libraries, where they remained as of 2009. Personal life

Marriages and children

Garroway was married three times and had three children. His first marriage was to Adele Dwyer, whom he married in 1945. The couple had a daughter, Paris, before divorcing the following year. He married former actress and ballerina Pamela Wilde in 1956.They had a son, David Cunningham <mask>, Jr., in 1958. Garroway later adopted Wilde's son Michael from her first marriage. Wilde died of a prescription-drug overdose on April 28, 1961. Garroway married astronomer Sarah Lee Lippincott in February 1980. They remained married until <mask>'s death in 1982. Interests

<mask> was very interested in astronomy, and during a tour of Russian telescopes, he met his third wife, astronomer Sarah Lee Lippincott. In his final years, he attended astronomy symposia at Swarthmore College and spent time at Sproul Observatory.<mask> was also an automobile enthusiast, and one of his hobbies was collecting and restoring vintage luxury and sports cars. He was especially fond of his 1938 SS Jaguar 100, which he also raced in his spare time. Garroway was featured in several automobile commercials, including the first Chevrolet Corvette in 1953, and the Ford Falcon in 1964. <mask>, a music lover and amateur drummer, lent his name to a series of recordings of jazz, classical, and pop music released in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Among them were Wide, Wide World of Jazz, 1957's Some of My Favorites and 1958's <mask>'s Orchestra: An Adventure in Hi-Fi Music. Death
In 1981, <mask> underwent open-heart surgery, as a result of which he contracted a staph infection. On January 14, 1982, Today broadcast its 30th-anniversary special, which featured all of the important living, former, and current staff members.<mask>, who had recently undergone drug rehabilitation for an amphetamine addiction, appeared to be cheerful and in good spirits during the show. He also indicated that he would be present for the show's 35th anniversary in 1987. A few months later, however, Garroway began suffering complications from the infection he had contracted during surgery. He spent some weeks in and out of hospitals and had an in-home nurse tending to him. On July 21, he was found dead of a self-inflicted shotgun wound at his Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, home. No suicide note was found and Garroway's nurse did not recall him being unusually depressed in the final day of his life. Garroway's son Michael said that his father had been experiencing complications from his heart operation and he had "unfortunately succumbed to the traumatic effects of his illness".In addition, he was extremely depressed at his inability to resurrect a TV career, saying to friends and family "I'm old hat, old news. Nobody wants old <mask> anymore." His family held a private graveside service for him in Philadelphia on July 28. <mask> is buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania. The July 22 edition of Today was mainly a remembrance of <mask>. His colleague Jack Lescoulie, news editor Frank Blair, and former consumer reporter Betty Furness offered tributes on the show. <mask>'s death was noted on NBC Nightly News with Tom Brokaw and Roger Mudd.Commentator John Chancellor was the man who replaced Garroway on Today 21 years earlier. On NBC News Overnight, host Linda Ellerbee closed the program with "Peace" instead of her usual "And so it goes." Because of Garroway's dedication to the cause of mental health, his third wife, Sarah, helped establish the Dave Garroway Laboratory for the Study of Depression at the University of Pennsylvania. Parodies and fictional representations
Robert McKimson's 1960 cartoon Wild Wild World depicts "Cave Darroway" presenting footage from the Stone Age. Mad spoofed him in one issue (issue #26, from November, 1955) as "The <mask>rowunway Show." In Robert Redford's 1994 film Quiz Show, Garroway was portrayed by Barry Levinson. References

Listen to
 Boxcars711: <mask> narrates Names from the Wars (1960)

External links

 A Garroway retrospective
 'Garroway at Large' from the Museum of Broadcast Communications
 TVParty.com tribute to 'Today' in the 1950s - includes video clips and photos from the Garroway era

 Dave Garroway Laboratory for the Study of Depression
 St. Louis Walk of Fame Entry
  <mask>'s famous Jaguar SS100 racing car, with article and history
 <mask> Papers at the American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming

1913 births
1982 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
American television news anchors
United States Navy personnel of World War II
American radio DJs
Burials at West Laurel Hill Cemetery
Suicides by firearm in Pennsylvania
NBC News people
Writers from Schenectady, New York
Military personnel from Schenectady, New York
United States Navy officers
Washington University in St. Louis alumni
20th-century American musicians
Journalists from New York (state)
1982 suicides
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists

masks:
David Cunningham Garroway
Garroway
Dave Garroway
Garroway
Garroway
Garroway
Dave Garrow
Dave Garrow
Garroway
Garroway
Garroway
Garroway
Garroway
Garroway
Garroway
Garroway
Garroway
Dave Garroway
Garroway
Garroway
Dave
Garroway
Garroway
Garroway
Dave Gar
Dave Garroway
Dave Garroway
Dave Garroway


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<mask>, known largely by his initials, <mask> (20 August 1873 – 13 April 1946), was an English composer, conductor and lecturer. Biography
<mask> was born in St Albans and was a chorister at St Albans Cathedral. He studied organ, violin and piano in London at the Royal Academy of Music along with composition under Frederick Corder, and privately with Charles Villiers Stanford. He mainly made his living as an organist and lecturer; he was Professor of Harmony at the Royal Academy of Music where he taught from 1909 to 1912. In 1911 <mask> was Director of Music for the Pageant of London at Crystal Palace. In 1912, <mask> went to South Africa to direct the South African College of Music in Cape Town. He was Principal until 1935 and is credited with a significant expansion of the school.In 1920, <mask> became Professor of Music at the University of Cape Town, where he held classes for degree courses. The South African College of Music was incorporated into the University in 1923 and Professor <mask> became Dean of the Faculty of Music. <mask> founded the Little Theater, a training center for opera, and occasionally directed the Cape Town Music Society. He died in Gordon's Bay near Somerset West, Cape Province, Union of South Africa. The W H <mask> Music Library at the University of Cape Town is named in honour of <mask> <mask>. Music
Compositions by <mask> were heavily featured in the series of concerts directed by August Manns at Crystal Palace between 1899 and 1912. Premieres there included the Walt Whitman Symphony and the symphonic poems The Pardonor's Tale and The Canterbury Tales.The symphonic prelude A Song in The Morning received its London premiere at the BBC Proms in 1901, and Agamemnon its world premiere at the Proms in 1908. Dan Godfrey was also a champion of <mask>'s music in Bournemouth. Thomas Beecham put on performance of the Arcadian Suite, Love Among the Ruins and The Shepherd. However, when <mask> moved to South Africa performances back in the UK all but ceased. He continued to compose while in South Africa with all of his four mature symphonies (numbers 2 to 5) premiered there. His Symphonic Variations received its first performance in Cape Town in August 1917, but was not heard in London until 24 February 1921 when <mask> conducted it during a trip back to England. The three movement Concerto for Viola and Orchestra Rosa Mystica was also premiered in Cape Town in 1917, one year after it had been completed.The South African Symphony (No 4) was first performed in Cape Town on 1 March 1928. While it is essentially a work in the European tradition it incorporates some African folk music elements. These, according to John Joubert, who took private composition lessons from <mask> from 1942–46, were probably provided by Percival Kirby, Professor of Music at Witwatersrand University in Johannesburg. <mask>'s 70th birthday was celebrated in the UK with a BBC broadcast of the 1941 Symphonic Fantasy Aeterna munera as well as the Arcadian Suite on 20 August 1943. But since then his music has rarely been revived, with the exception of recordings of the South African Symphony and the Viola Concerto. Selected works
Opera
 Hippolytus (c.1914); music drama in 3 acts; libretto after Euripides
 Isabeau (1922–1924); fantasia in 1 act
 The Mouse Trap (1928); opera in 1 act; libretto after The Sire de Maletroit's Door by Robert Louis Stevenson
 Doctor Love (1930); opera in 1 act; libretto after Le Docteur amoureux by Molière
 The Wandering Scholar (1935); musical comedy in 1 act; libretto by Clifford Bax based on The Wandering Scholars by Helen Waddell
 The Duenna (1939); musical comedy in 3 acts; libretto by Richard Brinsley Sheridan
 Romeo and Juliet (1939); unfinished opera

 Music for Japanese Noh plays
 Komachi (1925)
 Tsuneyo of the Three Trees (1926)
 Hatsuyuki (1934)
 The Pillow of Kantan (1935)
 Kageyiko (1936)

Incidental music
 Life's Measure (?1905–1908)
 A Vision of Delight (1906); music to the play by Ben Jonson

Orchestral
 The Canterbury Pilgrims, Symphonic Prelude (1896) (after Chaucer)
 The Pardoner's Tale, Symphonic Poem (1898) (after Chaucer)
 Symphony No. 1 Walt Whitman in C minor (1899)
 A Song of the Morning, Symphonic Prelude (1901)
 Mother Carey, Symphonic Poem (1902)
 Epithalamium, Serenade for orchestra (1904)
 The Shepherd, Symphonic Poem (1907)
 Agamemnon, Symphonic Prelude (1908)
 Love among the Ruins, Symphonic Poem (1908)
 Arcadian Suite (c.1908)
 Danse du tambour (1909)
 Le fée des sources, Symphonic Poem (1912)
 Prelude (1912)
 Staines Morrice Dance (1912)
 Symphonic Variations (1915)
 Symphony No.2 in A minor (1918)
 Symphony No. in F major (1918–1919)
 The Portal, Symphonic Poem (1921)
 A Song of Greeting, Symphonic Poem (1921)
 Veldt Loneliness (1921)
 In modo academico, Suite in C minor (1924)
 Symphony No. 4 "A South African Symphony" (1927)
 An English Suite (1929)
 Symphony No. ); words by Benjamin Farrington
 The Tumbler of Our Lady for soloists, choruses and orchestra (1936)
 The Song of the Sinless Soul for mezzo-soprano, female chorus and orchestra (1944)
 Adonis for soprano, mezzo-soprano, female chorus and orchestra (1945)

Vocal
 The Rose and the Lily for voice and piano (1892)
 Songs of Youth and Springtide for voice and piano, Op. 9 (1892–1896); words by Robert Browning
   "Summum Bonum" (on Browning's poem)
   "Nay, but You, Who Do Not Love Her" (from Browning's collection Dramatic Romances and Lyrics)
 Serenade for voice and piano (1896)
 Three Songs for voice and piano (1896); words from Sonnets from the Portuguese by Elizabeth Barrett Browning
   "Say Over Again"
   "If Thou Must Love Me"
   "I Lift My Heavy Heart"
 Crabbed Age and Youth for voice and piano (1898)
 Five Settings of E. Nesbit for voice and piano (1898); words by E. Nesbit
 Three Old English Songs for voice and orchestra
 Love's Farewell for voice and piano (1902)
 The Four Winds for baritone and orchestra (1903); words by C.H. Luderz
 Six Love Lyrics for baritone or alto and piano (1903); words by <mask> Henley
 Sing Heigh Ho! for voice and piano (1903)
 Bhanavar the Beautiful, Song Cycle for voice and chamber ensemble (1908)
 The Ballad of the Bird Bride for baritone and orchestra (1909); words by Rosamund Marriott Watson
 The Little Corporal for voice and piano (1912)
 Sappho, Song Cycle for soprano and orchestra (1920, revised 1942)
 Claire de lune for voice and piano (1925); words by Paul Verlaine
 D'une prison for voice and piano (1925?); words by Paul Verlaine
 Que faudre-t'il a ce cœur for voice and piano (1925); words by Jean Moréas
 Four Medieval Songs for voice and piano (1927)
 Four Medieval Songs for voice and piano (1930)
 Twelve Blake Songs; words by <mask>
   "Spring"
   "Summer"
   "Autumn"
   "Winter"
   "To the Evening"
   "To Morning"
   "My Pretty Rose Tree"
   "The Fairy"
   "In a Myrtle Shade"
   "The Birds"
   "My Spectre around Me"
   "I Heard an Angel Singing"

Notable students
 Hubert du Plessis (1922–2011)
 Stefans Grové (1922–2014)
 John Joubert (born 1927)

References

External links
 W H Bell Music Library

1873 births
1946 deaths
19th-century British composers
19th-century classical composers
19th-century English musicians
19th-century British male musicians
20th-century British male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century English composers
Academics of the Royal Academy of Music
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
British music educators
English classical composers
English male classical composers
English opera composers
English Romantic composers
Male opera composers
South African composers
South African male composers
University of Cape Town academics

masks:
William Henry Bell
W H Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
William Henry
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
Bell
William Ernest
William Blake


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<mask>  (born 28 September 1944) is a British-American author and journalist. In his career at The Guardian newspaper, <mask> covered numerous significant events, including Bloody Sunday and the Watergate Scandal. <mask> has written or contributed to more than a dozen nonfiction books, has written one novel, and has contributed to several travel magazines, among them Condé Nast Traveler, Smithsonian Magazine, and National Geographic. Early life and education
Born in London, <mask> attended several boarding schools in Dorset, including Hardye's School. He spent a year hitchhiking around the United States, then in 1963 went up to St Catherine's College, Oxford, to study geology. He graduated in 1966, and found work with Falconbridge of Africa, a Canadian mining company. His first assignment was to work as a field geologist searching for copper deposits in Uganda.Career
While on assignment in Uganda, <mask> happened upon a copy of James Morris' Coronation Everest, an account of the 1953 expedition that led to the first successful ascent of Mount Everest. The book instilled in <mask> the desire to be a writer, so he wrote to Morris, seeking career advice. Morris urged <mask> to give up geology the very day he received the letter, and get a job as a writer on a newspaper. In 1969 <mask> joined The Guardian, first as a regional correspondent based in Newcastle upon Tyne, but later as its Northern Ireland correspondent. <mask>'s time in Northern Ireland placed him around several events of The Troubles, including the events of Bloody Sunday and the Belfast "Hour of Terror". In 1971, <mask> became involved in a controversy over the British press's coverage of Northern Ireland on the floor of the House of Commons when Bernadette Devlin described his role in reporting the shooting to death by British soldiers of Barney Watt in Hooker Street in the morning of Saturday, 6 February 1971. After leaving Northern Ireland in 1972, <mask> was briefly assigned to Calcutta before becoming correspondent for The Guardian in Washington, DC, where he covered news ranging from the end of Richard Nixon's administration to the start of Jimmy Carter's presidency.In 1982, while working as chief foreign feature writer for The Sunday Times, <mask> was on location for the invasion of the Falkland Islands by Argentine forces. Suspected of being a spy, <mask> was held  for three months as a prisoner in Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego. He wrote about this event in his book, Prison Diary, published in 1983 and also in Outposts: Journeys to the Surviving Relics of the British Empire, published in 1985. That same year, he shifted to working as a freelance writer and travelled to Hong Kong. When Condé Nast re-branded Signature magazine as Condé Nast Traveler, <mask> was appointed its Asia-Pacific Editor. Over the following fifteen years he contributed to a number of travel publications including Traveler, National Geographic and Smithsonian magazine. <mask>'s first book, In Holy Terror, was published by Faber and Faber in 1975.The book drew heavily on his experiences of the turmoil in Northern Ireland. In 1976 he published his second book, American Heartbeat, which deals with his travels through the American heartland. <mask>'s first truly successful book was The Professor and the Madman (1998) published by Penguin UK as The Surgeon of Crowthorne. Telling the story of the creation of the Oxford English Dictionary, the book was a New York Times Best Seller. Though he still writes travel books, <mask> has used the narrative non-fiction form he adopted for The Professor and the Madman several more times, resulting in multiple best-selling books. The Map that Changed the World (2001) focuses on the geologist William Smith and was <mask>'s second New York Times best seller. The year 2003 saw the publication of The Meaning of Everything, which returns to the topic of the creation of the Oxford English Dictionary, and of the best-selling Krakatoa: The Day the World Exploded.<mask> then published A Crack in the Edge of the World, a book about San Francisco's 1906 earthquake. The Man Who Loved China (2008) retells the life of the scholar Joseph Needham.The Alice Behind Wonderland, an exploration of the life and work of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (Lewis Carroll), and his relationship with Alice Liddell, was published in 2011. <mask>'s book on the Pacific Ocean, Pacific: Silicon Chips and Surfboards, Coral Reefs and Atom Bombs, Brutal Dictators, Fading Empires, and the Coming Collision of the World's Superpowers, was published in 2015. It was his second book about the Pacific region, his first, Pacific Rising: The Emergence of a New World Culture having been published in 1991. Personal life
On 4 July 2011 <mask> was naturalized as an American citizen in a ceremony aboard the USS Constitution. <mask> lives in Berkshire County, Massachusetts. HarperCollins, 2010.(also published under the title Atlantic: The Biography of an Ocean)
 2011 – The Alice Behind Wonderland (on Alice Liddell)
 2013 – The Men Who United the States: America's Explorers, Inventors, Eccentrics and Mavericks, and the Creation of One Nation, Indivisible
 2013 - The Man with the Electrified Brain Adventures in Madness Kindle edition only
 2015 – When the Earth Shakes: Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Tsunamis
 2015 –  Pacific: Silicon Chips and Surfboards, Coral Reefs and Atom Bombs, Brutal Dictators, Fading Empires, and the Coming Collision of the World's Superpowers
 2018 –  The Perfectionists: How Precision Engineers Created the Modern World (also published as Exactly: How Precision Engineers Created the Modern World)
 2021 – Land: How the Hunger for Ownership Shaped the Modern World

Honours

<mask> was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire for "services to journalism and literature" in Queen Elizabeth II's New Year Honours list of 2006. <mask> was named an honorary fellow at St Catherine's College, Oxford in October 2009. <mask> received an honorary degree from Dalhousie University in October 2010. <mask> received the Lawrence J. Burpee Medal of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society in November 2016. He was also elected a Fellow of the RCGS.

masks:
Simon Winchester
Winchester
Winchester
Winchester
Winchester
Winchester
Winchester
Winchester
Winchester
Winchester
Winchester
Winchester
Winchester
Winchester
Winchester
Winchester
Winchester
Winchester
Winchester
Winchester
Winchester
Winchester
Winchester
Winchester
Winchester
Winchester


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<mask>, known by her stage name <mask> (August 27, 1990October 27, 2009), was a Canadian country folk singer and songwriter from Toronto. Her debut and only album, For Your Consideration, received encouraging reviews and airplay. Following a busy summer performance schedule, which included an appearance as a young performer at the Winnipeg Folk Festival, <mask> embarked on a tour of Eastern Canada with a newly acquired license and car. <mask> died at the age of 19 of injuries and blood loss after eastern coyotes mauled her while she was walking in Cape Breton Highlands National Park's Skyline Trail. Her death is the only known fatal coyote attack on an adult as well as the only known fatal coyote attack on a human ever confirmed in Canada. It shocked experts and led to a reassessment of the risk to humans from the predator behaviour of coyotes. <mask> was born with the given name <mask>w.Her parents were Emily and Ray Luciow. She grew up in the Roncesvalles neighbourhood of Toronto. <mask> became interested in performing by her mid teens, and after graduating from the Etobicoke School of the Arts with a major in musical theatre, decided on a career as a singer and songwriter, taking the surname "<mask>" as her stage name. She had released a four track EP in 2007, she independently released an album titled For Your Consideration in March 2009. In June 2009, she was invited to perform in the Winnipeg Folk Festival. Reaction from the roots music community and radio stations was positive, and she began working on new material. A contributor to the album, Justin Rutledge, later described <mask> as having written beyond her years: "She didn’t provide answers, as so many of her age try to do.There was no preciousness  about her. Instead she asked questions." To promote the album she went on a solo concert tour of the Maritime provinces, beginning on October 23, 2009. A few days before her death, <mask> was nominated for a Canadian Folk Music Award as Young Performer of the Year. Her last performance was in Lucasville, near Halifax; there were two days before her scheduled concert in Sydney. For Your Consideration

<mask>'s only album, For Your Consideration, was released in March 2009. Guest musicians on the album included Justin Rutledge, Lynn Miles, Suzie Vinnick, John Dinsmore, and Michael Johnston.The album received a positive review from Exclaim!, with Eric Thom describing her as "definitively old school, if not world-weary", while Now Toronto described it as sounding "like it comes from someone of a completely different generation". Track listing
 "Don't Know How I Got Here" – 4:08
 "For Your Consideration" – 3:13
 "Clarity" – 4:18
 "Ride Into the Sunset" – 4:14
 "Fun While It Lasted" – 3:41
 "Diamonds & Rust" (Joan Baez)– 4:06
 "Trick of the Light" – 5:00
 "Secluded Roads" – 3:51
 "Shelter from the Storm" – 4:31
 "Love and Maple Syrup" (Gordon Lightfoot)– 3:18

Death
Having some free time before her next concert, <mask>, an environmentalist who enjoyed nature walks, went to Cape Breton Highlands National Park on the sunny afternoon of October 27, 2009. At 14:45, a middle-aged American couple going in the opposite direction passed her near the beginning of the Skyline Trail in Petit Étang. For an unknown reason, she doubled back after going a short distance along the trail and came back down the access road intending to return to her car. It is possible a coyote was stalking her at this stage. At 15:02, an American couple named Mike and Gayle hiked on the access road heading to the car park. They moved out of the way when two coyotes were walking toward them along the road, but going in the opposite direction.One of the hikers photographed the coyotes with his camera before heading directly to the car park. Trent University's Environmental and Life Sciences graduate program professor and Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources research scientist Brent Patterson later commented that the two coyotes in the male hiker's photo exhibited an extraordinary lack of fear, with one displaying what verged on a dominant attitude toward humans. It is believed these coyotes walked into <mask> on the access road six minutes later, when Mike and Gayle heard what they thought could be either animals howling or a young woman screaming in the distance. The American middle-aged couple reported these commotions in a telephone box at the car park. Both the park's resource conservation supervisor, Erich Muntz, and the Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resource's Wildlife Resources manager, Michael O'Brien, thought <mask>'s predatory animal suspect was a black bear at first, but they soon found out it was a pack of coyotes. A group of four other hikers arrived in the car park, where they heard about the possible screams in the distance from the American couple. After several minutes' walk along the access road they began to find <mask>'s personal items, including keys and a small knife (believed to have been used by her in an attempt to defend herself as she was forced back up the access road and onto the Skyline Trail).As the hikers turned into the clearing at the head of the trail, they saw torn pieces of bloodied clothing and a large amount of blood along the ground. A washroom in the clearing had blood on the door. At 15:25 they found <mask> lying nearby among trees, with a coyote standing over her. After repeated charges by the three young men the coyote moved away from her. She was conscious and able to speak with the rescuers. The coyote remained close by, growling and unafraid until a Royal Canadian Mounted Police officer fired a shotgun at it. <mask> was bitten over most of her body, with particularly serious wounds to her leg and head.Paramedics took her to Sacred Heart Community Health Centre in Chéticamp, where she was then airlifted to Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre in critical condition. At the hospital, she died of blood loss. Her interment was at Greenwood Cemetery in Owen Sound, Ontario. Aftermath
There was speculation by wildlife experts that <mask> might have initiated contact by trying to feed coyotes or by disturbing a den with young. Various other proposed explanations why the unusual attack occurred included that the coyotes might have been larger and bolder than normal coyotes because they were crosses with wolves or domestic dogs, rabid, starving, or protecting a carcass. None of these suggestions were subsequently borne out, causing a reassessment of potential risk to humans from coyote attacks. It was also thought by experts that <mask> may have inadvertently provoked a predation behaviour by running away, though a coyote may have been behind her when she was confronted by the oncoming ones.As is standard practice when an animal remains at large after killing a human, wardens searched for the attacker animal in the vicinity, where five or six coyotes were believed to live. <mask>'s mother issued a statement saying that her daughter would not have wanted her death to result in the extermination of the coyotes: “We take a calculated risk when spending time in nature’s fold — it’s the wildlife’s terrain,” she wrote. “When the decision had been made to kill the pack of coyotes, I clearly heard <mask>’s voice say, ‘Please don’t, this is their space.’ She wouldn’t have wanted their demise, especially as a result of her own." Nonetheless, hours after the incident, while the trail was closed to the public, a female coyote that acted aggressively was killed by a warden keeping watch at the washhouse location. Three others within  of the Skyline trail were caught in leg-hold traps and killed before a large male weighing  was similarly dispatched  away on November 14. Scientific investigation of the carcasses determined that three, including the first and last accounted for, were linked to the attack on <mask> by her blood on their coats and other forensic evidence. The large male coyote was found to have been both the dominant lead coyote photographed on the access road and the one found standing over <mask>; coat markings in the photographs identified its carcass, which also contained pellets from the shotgun of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police constable who fired while at the scene.The dead coyotes not linked to the attack may have been pack-mates of the attackers. The large male and the female may have been a breeding pair; both were related to the other attack-implicated coyote. In mid-November 2009, a coyote came up behind a couple walking in the park approaching so closely that the man hit it on the head with a walking stick. Park conservation managers and scientists opposed a general cull on the grounds that coyotes have the ability to reproduce quickly, and culling would be likely to have no impact, or the opposite of the desired effect. This reasoning assumes that animals removed from the local gene pool by a cull would have the same propensity to fear humans as those coyotes that avoided being caught and killed. In April 2010, Nova Scotia declared a $20 bounty on coyotes, but this did not apply within the park. Visitors were asked to report encounters with coyotes.Ten months after <mask>'s death a sixteen-year-old girl who went camping with her parents at Broad Cove in Ingonish was bitten twice on the head by a coyote. A  scientific study found that though usually unseen, coyotes were often in proximity to humans. Individual coyotes that are not conditioned by nonlethal aversion measures and fail to avoid humans are killed. Taylor Mitchell Legacy Trust
As a memorial, <mask>'s mother established the Taylor Mitchell Legacy Trust, which has a partnership with the David Suzuki Foundation. The trust promotes community outreach for musical/creative expression as well as educating on habitat preservation, the balance between human and wildlife interaction in both natural and urban settings, as well as safety precautions. See also
Kelly Keen coyote attack
Kenton Carnegie wolf attack

References

External links

<mask> memorial and foundation
Myspace site with media

1990 births
2009 deaths
21st-century Canadian women singers
Accidental deaths in Nova Scotia
Canadian child singers
Canadian women folk singers
Canadian women singer-songwriters
Canadian singer-songwriters
Deaths due to coyote attacks
Musicians from Toronto

masks:
Taylor Josephine Stephanie Luciow
Taylor Mitchell
Taylor
Mitchell
Career Mitchell
Taylor Josephine Stephanie Lucio
Taylor
Mitchell
Mitchell
Taylor
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Taylor
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Mitchell
Taylor Mitchell


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<mask> (February 8, 1844 – November 19, 1909) was an American poet and editor. Life and career

<mask> was born on February 8, 1844 at Bordentown, New Jersey. He was the son of Jane (Nutt<mask> and the Rev. <mask>, and educated at his father's seminary in Flushing, Queens. There he learned to set type and published the St. Thomas Register. <mask> later studied law at Philadelphia. During the American Civil War, he enlisted in the state's Emergency Volunteer Militia as a private in Landis' Philadelphia Battery at the time of the Robert E. Lee's 1863 invasion of Pennsylvania.After the Confederates were defeated in the Battle of Gettysburg, <mask> and his unit were mustered out in August. The death of his father, while serving as chaplain of the Fortieth New York Volunteers, obliged him to give up the study of the law. A little later, he became a reporter on the Newark (New Jersey) Advertiser, of which he was later editor. With Newton Crane, he founded the Newark Register. In 1870, he became editor of Hours at Home, a monthly magazine published by Scribner's. It merged with Scribner's Monthly, which was edited by J. G. Holland. <mask> became managing editor.When Holland died in 1881, <mask> became editor. In November 1881, the monthly was renamed as The Century Magazine, and <mask> remained its editor until his death. <mask>'s assistant editor at Century was Sophia Bledsoe Herrick. Under <mask>'s editorship, The Century became one of the most esteemed periodicals in the country and <mask> himself became influential enough that his biographer Herbert Smith referred to the 1880s as "the Gilder Age". He published the works of William Dean Howells, Henry James, Mark Twain, and Walt Whitman

<mask> took an active interest in all public affairs, especially those which tend towards reform and good government, and was a member of many New York clubs. He was one of the founders of the Society of American Architects, of the Authors' Club, and of the International Copyright League. He was a founder of the Anti-Spoils League and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.He was a close friend of George MacDonald, Scottish poet, author, and preacher. They collaborated in various ventures such as MacDonald's American lecture tour in the 1870s. <mask> received the degree of LL.D. from Dickinson College in 1883. As editor of Century Gilder editorialized against women's suffrage. He wrote that giving women the right to vote would destroy the "home woman" who was an anchor of family stability in a changing world. He regarded women as guardians of the nation's morality, and excluded anything from the magazine that would "corrupt" women.<mask> was a member of the Simplified Spelling Board. He was a leader in the organization of the Citizens' Union, a founder and the first president of the Kindergarten Association, and of the New York Association for the Blind. <mask> was chairman of the first Tenement House Commission in New York City. During his service on the commission, he arranged to be called whenever there was a fire in a tenement house, and at all hours of the night he risked his health and his life itself to see the perils besetting the dwellers of the tenements, in order to make wise recommendations as to legislation that would minimize these perils. Family
On June 3, 1874, <mask> married a daughter of Commodore George Coleman De Kay, Helena de <mask> (1846–1916). <mask> met his wife, Helena de <mask>, in May 1872 while she was visiting the offices of Scribner's Monthly, where <mask> <mask> was at the time working as an editor. About a year and a half later, in February 1874, Helena and <mask> became engaged.<mask> <mask> and Helena de <mask> are known to have kept a lengthy correspondence with each other via letter over the course of their marriage. Helena de <mask> is also known to be the subject of love poems written by <mask> <mask>, and they partnered together on some of his books, with her working as the illustrator, such as in Two Worlds and Other Poems (1891). She was a talented painter and a founder of the Art Students League and Society of American Artists. She also modeled for, and was an unrequited love of, the painter Winslow Homer. <mask> and de Kay were the models for the characters Thomas and Augusta Hudson in Wallace Stegner's Pulitzer-prize winning novel, Angle of Repose. Their son, Rodman de Kay <mask> (1877–1953), became an author and married Louise Comfort Tiffany, a daughter of Louis Comfort Tiffany. Their daughter, Rosamond <mask>, was a notable theater critic.A celebrated plaster sculpture of the family by Augustus Saint-Gaudens is owned by the Metropolitan Museum of Art. <mask>'s siblings were William Henry <mask>, an explorer; Jeannette <mask>, a journalist; and Joseph Benson <mask>, an editor. Frank Weitenkampf recounts the following anecdote of <mask> and Alexander Wilson Drake:

Drake and some friends, late one Christmas Eve (or was it Thanksgiving? ), wandering down the Bowery, came across a turkey raffle. They took chances, and won the bird, a large, live specimen. What to do with it? One of the party had a happy idea.Off they marched to <mask>'s house, rang up the butler, and persuaded him to let them tie the bird to a large chair in the front room. Drake continued the story to the effect that <mask> early next morning was aroused by a terrific racket, rushed downstairs, and found the children hilariously dancing around the turkey, whose excited gobbling added to the din. <mask> died November 19, 1909. Selected works

The New Day (1875)
Lyrics and Other Poems (1885)
The Celestial Passion (1887)
Two Worlds and Other Poems (1891)
Five Books of Song (1894)
In Palestine, and Other Poems (1898)
Poems and Inscriptions (1901)
In the Heights (1905)
A Book of Music (1906)
Grover Cleveland: A Record of Friendship
<mask>'s daughter, Rosamond <mask>, edited Letters of <mask> Watson Gilder, published by Houghton Mifflin Company in 1916. See also
 Robert Underwood Johnson

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1844 births
1909 deaths
Union Army soldiers
American male poets
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
American newspaper founders
People from Bordentown, New Jersey
People from Queens, New York
People of Pennsylvania in the American Civil War
19th-century American poets
19th-century American male writers
Journalists from New York City
American male non-fiction writers
19th-century American businesspeople

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