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 the team for several days.He missed two games and was stripped of his title as team captain. Nick Van Exel received a seven-game suspension for bumping referee Ron Garretson during a game on April 9. <mask> was publicly critical of Van Exel, saying his actions were "inexcusable." <mask> was himself suspended five days later, when he bumped referee Scott Foster, missing three games. He also missed several games due to a calf injury. Despite these difficulties, the Lakers finished with a record of 53–29 and fourth seed in the NBA Playoffs. Although they were facing the defending NBA champion Houston Rockets, the Lakers had home court advantage in the five-game series.The Lakers played poorly in a Game 1 loss, prompting <mask> to express frustration with his role in coach Del Harris' offense. <mask> led the way to a Game 2 victory with 26 points, but averaged only 7.5 points per game for the remainder of the series, which the Rockets won three games to one. After the Lakers lost to the Houston Rockets in the first round of the playoffs, <mask> initially expressed a desire to return to the team for the 1996–97 NBA season, but he also talked about joining another team as a free agent, hoping to see more playing time at point guard instead of power forward. A few days later, <mask> changed his mind and retired permanently, saying, "I am going out on my terms, something I couldn't say when I aborted a comeback in 1992." <mask> Johnson All-Stars

Determined to play competitive basketball despite being out of the NBA, <mask> formed the Magic Johnson All-Stars, a barnstorming team composed of former NBA and college players. In 1994, <mask> joined with former pros Mark Aguirre, Reggie Theus, John Long, Earl Cureton, Jim Farmer, and Lester Conner, as his team played games in Australia, Israel, South America, Europe, New Zealand, and Japan. They also toured the United States, playing five games against teams from the CBA.In the final game of the CBA series, <mask> had 30 points, 17 rebounds, and 13 assists, leading the All-Stars to a 126–121 victory over the Oklahoma City Cavalry. By the time he returned to the Lakers in 1996, the Magic Johnson All-Stars had amassed a record of 55–0, and <mask> was earning as much as $365,000 per game. <mask> played with the team frequently over the next several years, with possibly the most memorable game occurring in November 2001. At the age of 42, <mask> played with the All-Stars against his alma mater, Michigan State. Although he played in a celebrity game to honor coach Jud Heathcoate in 1995, this was <mask>'s first meaningful game played in his hometown of Lansing in 22 years. Playing in front of a sold-out arena, <mask> had a triple-double and played the entire game, but his all-star team lost to the Spartans by two points. <mask>'s half-court shot at the buzzer would have won the game, but it fell short.On November 1, 2002, <mask> returned to play a second exhibition game against Michigan State. Playing with the Canberra Cannons of Australia's National Basketball League instead of his usual group of players, <mask>'s team defeated the Spartans 104–85, as he scored 12 points, with 10 assists and 10 rebounds. Brief period in Scandinavia
In 1999, <mask> joined the Swedish squad M7 Borås (now known as 'Borås Basket'), and was undefeated in five games with the team. <mask> also became a co-owner of the club; however, the project failed after one season and the club was forced into reconstruction. He later joined the Danish team The Great Danes. Rivalry with Larry Bird

<mask> and Bird were first linked as rivals after <mask>'s Michigan State squad defeated Bird's Indiana State team in the 1979 NCAA finals. The rivalry continued in the NBA, and reached its climax when Boston and Los Angeles met in three out of four NBA Finals from 1984 to 1987.<mask> asserted that for him, the 82-game regular season was composed of 80 normal games, and two Lakers–Celtics games. Similarly, Bird admitted that <mask>'s daily box score was the first thing he checked in the morning. Several journalists hypothesized that the <mask> rivalry was so appealing because it represented many other contrasts, such as the clash between the Lakers and Celtics, between Hollywood flashiness ("Showtime") and Boston/Indiana blue collar grit ("Celtic Pride"), and between blacks and whites. The rivalry was also significant because it drew national attention to the faltering NBA. Prior to <mask> and Bird's arrival, the NBA had gone through a decade of declining interest and low TV ratings. With the two future Hall of Famers, the league won a whole generation of new fans, drawing both traditionalist adherents of Bird's dirt court Indiana game and those appreciative of <mask>'s public park flair. According to sports journalist Larry Schwartz of ESPN, <mask> and Bird saved the NBA from bankruptcy.Despite their on-court rivalry, <mask> and Bird became close friends during the filming of a 1984 Converse shoe advertisement that depicted them as enemies. <mask> appeared at Bird's retirement ceremony in 1992, and described Bird as a "friend forever"; during <mask>'s Hall of Fame ceremony, Bird formally inducted his old rival. In 2009, <mask> and Bird collaborated with journalist Jackie MacMullan on a non-fiction book titled When the Game Was Ours. The book detailed their on-court rivalry and friendship with one another. The following year, HBO developed a documentary about their rivalry titled Magic & Bird: A Courtship of Rivals, which was directed by Ezra Edelman. NBA legacy

In 905 NBA games, <mask> tallied 17,707 points, 6,559 rebounds, and 10,141 assists, translating to career averages of 19.5 points, 7.2 rebounds, and 11.2 assists per game, the highest assists per game average in NBA history. <mask> shares the single-game playoff record for assists (24), holds the Finals record for assists in a game (21), and has the most playoff assists (2,346).He is the only player to average 12 assists in an NBA Finals series, achieving it six times. He holds the All-Star Game single-game record for assists (22), and the All-Star Game record for career assists (127). <mask> introduced a fast-paced style of basketball called "Showtime", described as a mix of "no-look passes off the fastbreak, pin-point alley-oops from halfcourt, spinning feeds and overhand bullets under the basket through triple teams." Fellow Lakers guard Michael Cooper said, "There have been times when [<mask>] has thrown passes and I wasn't sure where he was going. Then one of our guys catches the ball and scores, and I run back up the floor convinced that he must've thrown it through somebody." <mask> could dominate a game without scoring, running the offense and distributing the ball with flair. In the 1982 NBA Finals, he was named the Finals MVP averaging just 16.2 points, the lowest average of any Finals MVP award recipient in the three-point shot era.<mask> was exceptional because he played point guard despite being 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m), a size reserved normally for frontcourt players. His career 138 triple-double games places him third all-time behind Oscar Robertson and Russell Westbrook. <mask> is the only player in NBA Finals history to have triple-doubles in multiple series-clinching games. For his feats, <mask> was voted as one of the 50 Greatest Players of All Time by the NBA in 1996, and selected to the NBA 75th Anniversary Team in 2021. The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inducted him in 2002. ESPN's SportsCentury ranked <mask> #17 in their "50 Greatest Athletes of the 20th Century" In 2006, ESPN.com rated <mask> the greatest point guard of all time, stating, "It could be argued that he's the one player in NBA history who was better than Michael Jordan." Bleacher Report also listed <mask> first in its all-time NBA point guard rankings.Several of his achievements in individual games have also been named among the top moments in the NBA. At the 2019 NBA Awards, <mask> received the NBA Lifetime Achievement Award (shared with Larry Bird). Basketball executive career
On February 21, 2017, <mask> replaced Jim Buss as the president of basketball operations for the Los Angeles Lakers. Under <mask>, the Lakers sought to acquire multiple star players and cleared existing players, including future All-Star D'Angelo Russell, off of their roster in an attempt to free up room under the league's salary cap. The franchise reached an agreement with free agent LeBron James on a four-year contract in 2018, but efforts to trade for Anthony Davis during the 2018–19 season proved unsuccessful. The Lakers did not reach the playoffs during <mask>'s executive tenure. In an impromptu news conference on April 9, 2019, <mask> resigned from the Lakers, citing his desire to return to his role as an NBA ambassador.Outside basketball

Personal life

<mask> first fathered a son in 1981, when <mask> was born to Melissa Mitchell. Although Andre was raised by his mother, he visited <mask> each summer, and later worked for Magic Johnson Enterprises as a marketing director. In 1991, <mask> married Earlitha "Cookie" Kelly in a small wedding in Lansing which included guests Thomas, Aguirre, and Herb Williams. <mask> and Cookie have one son, Earvin III (EJ), who is openly gay and a star on the reality show Rich Kids of Beverly Hills. The couple adopted a daughter, Elisa, in 1995. <mask> resides in Beverly Hills and has a vacation home in Dana Point, California. <mask> is a Christian and has said his faith is "the most important thing" in his life.In 2010, <mask> and current and former NBA players such as LeBron James, Dwyane Wade, and Bill Russell, as well as Maya Moore from the WNBA, played a basketball game with President Barack Obama as an exhibition for a group of military troops who had been injured in action. The game was played at a gym inside Fort McNair, and reporters covering the president were not allowed to enter. The basketball game was part of festivities organized to celebrate Obama's 49th birthday. Relationship with Jerry Buss
<mask> had an extremely close relationship with Lakers owner Jerry Buss, whom he saw as a mentor and a father figure. Calling Buss his "second father" and "one of [his] best friends", <mask> spent five hours visiting Buss at the hospital just a few months before his death from cancer. Speaking to media just hours after Buss had died, <mask> was emotional, saying, "Without Dr. Jerry Buss, there is no Magic." Buss acquired the team from Jack Kent Cooke in 1979, shortly before he drafted <mask> with the #1 pick in the 1979 NBA draft.In addition to playing 13 seasons for the Lakers and coaching the team briefly in 1994, <mask> also had an ownership stake in the team for nearly twenty years. Buss took a special interest in <mask>, introducing him to important Los Angeles business contacts and showing him how the Lakers organization was run, before eventually selling <mask> a stake in the team in 1994. <mask> credits Buss with giving him the business knowledge that enabled him to become part owner of the Los Angeles Dodgers. Buss supported <mask> as he revealed his diagnosis of HIV in 1991, and he never hesitated to keep <mask> close to the organization, bringing him in as part-owner, and even as a coach. <mask> had never seriously considered coaching, but he agreed to take the head coaching position with the Lakers in 1994 at Buss' request. In 1992, Buss had given <mask> a contract that paid him $14 million a year, as payback for all the years he was not the league's highest-paid player. Although <mask>'s retirement prior to the 1992–93 NBA season voided this contract, Buss insisted that he still be paid.It was this arrangement that allowed <mask> to coach the team without receiving any additional salary. After <mask> ended his coaching stint, Buss sold him a 4% stake in the Lakers for $10 million, and <mask> served as a team executive. Media figure and business interests

In 1997, his production company Magic Johnson Entertainment signed a deal with Fox. In 1998, <mask> hosted a late night talk show on the Fox network called The Magic Hour, but the show was canceled after two months because of low ratings. Shortly after the cancellation of his talk show, <mask> started a record label. The label, initially called Magic 32 Records, was renamed Magic Johnson Music when <mask> signed a joint venture with MCA in 2000. Magic Johnson Music signed R&B artist Avant as its first act.<mask> also co-promoted Janet Jackson's Velvet Rope Tour through his company Magicworks. He has also worked as a motivational speaker, and was an NBA commentator for Turner Network Television for seven years, before becoming a studio analyst for ESPN's NBA Countdown in 2008. <mask> runs Magic Johnson Enterprises, a conglomerate company that has a net worth of $700 million; its subsidiaries include Magic Johnson Productions, a promotional company; Magic Johnson Theaters, a nationwide chain of movie theaters; and Magic Johnson Entertainment, a film studio. In addition to these business ventures, <mask> has also created the Magic Card, a pre-paid MasterCard aimed at helping low-income people save money and participate in electronic commerce. In 2006, <mask> created a contract

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 food service with Sodexo USA called Sodexo-Magic. In 2004, <mask> and his partner Ken Lombard, sold Magic Johnson Theaters to Loews Cineplex Entertainment in 2004. The first Magic Johnson Theater located in the Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza, closed in 2010 and re-opened in 2011 as Rave Cinema 15.In 2012, <mask> launched a cable TV network called Aspire, featuring programming targeted at black audiences, similar to networks such as Black Entertainment Television (BET) and TV One. <mask> began thinking of life after basketball while still playing with the Lakers. He wondered why so many athletes had failed at business, and sought advice. During his seventh season in the NBA, he had a meeting with Michael Ovitz, CEO of Creative Artists Agency. Ovitz encouraged him to start reading business magazines and to use every connection available to him. <mask> learned everything he could about business, often meeting with corporate executives during road trips. <mask>'s first foray into business, a high-end sporting goods store named Magic 32, failed after only one year, costing him $200,000.The experience taught him to listen to his customers and find out what products they wanted. <mask> has become a leading voice on how to invest in urban communities, creating redevelopment opportunities in underserved areas, most notably through his movie theaters and his partnership with Starbucks. He went to Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz with the idea that he could successfully open the coffee shops in urban areas. After showing Schultz the tremendous buying power of minorities, <mask> was able to purchase 125 Starbucks stores, which reported higher than average per capita sales. The partnership, called Urban Coffee Opportunities, placed Starbucks in locations such as Detroit, Washington, D.C., Harlem, and the Crenshaw District of Los Angeles. <mask> sold his remaining interest in the stores back to the company in 2010, ending a successful twelve-year partnership. He has also made investments in urban real estate through the Canyon-Johnson and Yucaipa-Johnson funds.Another major project is with insurance services company Aon Corp. In 2005–2007, <mask> was part of a syndicate that bought the Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower, then the tallest building in Brooklyn, for $71 million and converted the 512-foot high landmark structure from an office building into luxury condominiums. In 1990, <mask> and Earl Graves Sr. obtained a large interest in the Washington, D.C. PepsiCo bottling operation, making it the company's largest minority-owned facility in the U.S. <mask> became a minority owner of the Lakers in 1994, having reportedly paid more than $10 million for part ownership. He also held the title of team vice president. <mask> sold his ownership stake in the Lakers in October 2010 to Patrick Soon-Shiong, a Los Angeles surgeon and professor at UCLA, but continued as an unpaid vice president for the team. In February 2017, <mask> returned to the Lakers as an advisor to Jeanie Buss. In the wake of the Donald Sterling controversy, limited media reports indicated that <mask> had expressed an interest in purchasing the Los Angeles Clippers franchise.In 2015, <mask> completed his planned acquisition for a "majority, controlling interest" in EquiTrust Life Insurance Company, which manages $14.5 billion in annuities, life insurance and other financial products. He is an investor for aXiomatic eSports, the ownership company of Team Liquid. Sports franchise ownership
In January 2012, <mask> joined with Guggenheim Partners and Stan Kasten in a bid for ownership of the Los Angeles Dodgers baseball team. In March 2012, <mask>'s ownership group was announced as the winner of the proceedings to buy the Dodgers. The Johnson-led group, which also includes movie executive Peter Guber, paid $2 billion for the Dodgers, the largest amount paid for a professional sports team. While <mask> is considered the leader of the ownership group, the controlling owner is Mark Walter, chief executive officer for Guggenheim Partners. Peter Guber, who is the co-owner of the Golden State Warriors, owns a small stake in the Dodgers along with <mask>.The Dodgers won the 2020 World Series, giving <mask> a Major League Baseball title to his credit. <mask> and Guber were also partners in the Dayton Dragons, a Class-A minor league baseball team in Dayton, Ohio, that sold out more than 1,000 consecutive games, a record for professional sports. <mask> and Guber sold their stake in the Dragons in 2014. Together with Guggenheim, <mask> was also involved in the February 2014 purchase of the Los Angeles Sparks team in the WNBA. As such, in 2014, <mask> was named one of ESPNW's Impact 25. He won the WNBA championship as the owner in 2016. <mask> announced his co-ownership of a Major League Soccer expansion franchise based in Los Angeles on October 30, 2014.The temporary name was Los Angeles Football Club, which later became permanent in 2015. Politics

<mask> is a supporter of the Democratic Party. In 2006, he publicly endorsed Phil Angelides for Governor of California, in 2007 he supported Hillary Clinton in her presidential campaign, and in 2010 he endorsed Barbara Boxer in her race for re-election to the U.S. Senate. In 2012, he endorsed Barack Obama for president. He endorsed and appeared in campaign ads for unsuccessful Los Angeles mayoral candidate Wendy Greuel in 2013. In 2015, he once again endorsed Hillary Clinton in her second presidential campaign. He hosted a fundraiser for Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign on August 22, 2016.HIV activism

After announcing his infection in November 1991, <mask> created the Magic Johnson Foundation to help combat HIV, although he later diversified the foundation to include other charitable goals. In 1992, he joined the National Commission on AIDS, a committee appointed by members of Congress and the Bush Administration. <mask> left after eight months, saying that the White House had "utterly ignored" the work of the panel, and had opposed the commission's recommendations, which included universal healthcare and the expansion of Medicaid to cover all low-income people with AIDS. He was also the main speaker for the United Nations (UN) World AIDS Day Conference in 1999, and has served as a United Nations Messenger of Peace. HIV had been associated with intravenous drug users and homosexuals, but <mask>'s campaigns sought to show that the risk of infection was not limited to those groups. <mask> stated that his aim was to "help educate all people about what [HIV] is about" and teach others not to "discriminate against people who have HIV and AIDS". <mask> was later criticized by the AIDS community for his decreased involvement in publicizing the spread of the disease.To prevent his HIV infection from progressing to AIDS, <mask> takes a daily combination of drugs. He has advertised GlaxoSmithKline's drugs, and partnered with Abbott Laboratories to publicize the fight against AIDS in African American communities. Awards and honors

NBA
 10-time NBA champion (five as a player, five as owner/executive)
 Three-time NBA MVP
 Three-time Finals MVP
 Nine-time All-NBA First Team
 12-time NBA All-Star
 Two-time All-Star Game MVP
 1992 J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award
 Named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996
 Selected on the NBA 75th Anniversary Team in 2021
 No. 32 retired by the Lakers
 Statue in front of the Staples Center

USA Basketball
 1992 Olympic gold medal (U.S. national team)

NCAA
 1979 NCAA champion (Michigan State)
 No. 33 retired by Michigan State
 Statue at Michigan State

High school
 1977 Michigan high school state champion (Lansing Everett High School)

Halls of Fame
 Two-time Naismith Memorial Hall of Fame inductee:
 2002 – individual
 2010 – member of "The Dream Team"
 College Basketball Hall of Fame (class of 2006)
 FIBA Hall of Fame (class of 2017 as a member of "The Dream Team")
 Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

Sports ownership
 2016 WNBA champion (as part owner of the Sparks)
 2020 World Series champion (as part owner of the Dodgers)

NAACP  Image Awards
 1992 Jackie Robinson Sports Award

Entertainment
 1993 Grammy Award (Best Spoken Word Album)

NBA career statistics

Regular season

|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 77 || 72 || 36.3 || .530 || .226 || .810 || 7.7 || 7.3 || 2.4 || 0.5 || 18.0
|-
| style="text-align:left"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 37 || 35 || 37.1 || .532 || .176 || .760 || 8.6 || 8.6 || style="background:#cfecec;"|3.4* || 0.7 || 21.6
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A.Lakers
| 78 || 77 || 38.3 || .537 || .207 || .760 || 9.6 || 9.5 || style="background:#cfecec;"|2.7* || 0.4 || 18.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 79 || 79 || 36.8 || .548 || .000 || .800 || 8.6 || style="background:#cfecec;"|10.5* || 2.2 || 0.6 || 16.8
|-
| style="text-align:left"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 67 || 66 || 38.3 || .565 || .207 || .810 || 7.3 || style="background:#cfecec;"|13.1* || 2.2 || 0.7 || 17.6
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 77 || 77 || 36.1 || .561 || .189 || .843 || 6.2 || 12.6 || 1.5 || 0.3 || 18.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 72 || 70 || 35.8 || .526 || .233 || .871 || 5.9 || style="background:#cfecec;"|12.6* || 1.6 || 0.2 || 18.8
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 80 || 80 || 36.3 || .522 || .205 || .848 || 6.3 || style="background:#cfecec;"|12.2* || 1.7 || 0.4 || 23.9
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 72 || 70 || 36.6 || .492 || .196 || .853 || 6.2 || 11.9 || 1.6 || 0.2 || 19.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A.Lakers
| 77 || 77 || 37.5 || .509 || .314 || style="background:#cfecec;"|.911* || 7.9 || 12.8 || 1.8 || 0.3 || 22.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 79 || 79 || 37.2 || .480 || .384 || .890 || 6.6 || 11.5 || 1.7 || 0.4 || 22.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 79 || 79 || 37.1 || .477 || .320 || .906 || 7.0 || 12.5 || 1.3 || 0.2 || 19.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 32 || 9 || 29.9 || .466 || .379 || .856 || 5.7 || 6.9 || 0.8 || 0.4 || 14.6
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 906 || 870 || 36.7 || .520 || .303 || .848 || 7.2 || style="background:#E0CEF2;"|11.2 || 1.9 || 0.4 || 19.5
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|All-Star
| 11 || 10 || 30.1 || .489 || .476 || .905 || 5.2 || 11.5 || 1.9 || 0.6 || 16.0

Playoffs

|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|1980
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 16 || 16 || 41.1 || .518 || .250 || .802 || 10.5 || 9.4 || 3.1 || 0.4 || 18.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1981
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 3 || 3 || 42.3 || .388 || .000 || .650 || 13.7 || 7.0 || 2.7 || 1.0 || 17.0
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|1982
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 14 || 14 || 40.1 || .529 || .000 || .828 || 11.3 || 9.3 || 2.9 || 0.2 || 17.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1983
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A.Lakers
| 15 || 15 || 42.9 || .485 || .000 || .840 || 8.5 || 12.8 || 2.3 || 0.8 || 17.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1984
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 21 || 21 || 39.9 || .551 || .000 || .800 || 6.6 || 13.5 || 2.0 || 1.0 || 18.2
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|1985
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 19 || 19 || 36.2 || .513 || .143 || .847 || 7.1 || 15.2 || 1.7 || 0.2 || 17.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1986
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 14 || 14 || 38.6 || .537 || .000 || .766 || 7.1 || 15.1 || 1.9 || 0.1 || 21.6
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|1987
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 18 || 18 || 37.0 || .539 || .200 || .831 || 7.7 || 12.2 || 1.7 || 0.4 || 21.8
|-
| style="text-align:left; background:#afe6ba;"|1988
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 24 || 24 || 40.2 || .514 || .500 || .852 || 5.4 || 12.6 || 1.4 || 0.2 || 19.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1989
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 14 || 14 || 37.0 || .489 || .286 || .907 || 5.9 || 11.8 || 1.9 || 0.2 || 18.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1990
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A.Lakers
| 9 || 9 || 41.8 || .490 || .200 || .886 || 6.3 || 12.8 || 1.2 || 0.1 || 25.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1991
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 19 || 19 || 43.3 || .440 || .296 || .882 || 8.1 || 12.6 || 1.2 || 0.0 || 21.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|1996
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. Lakers
| 4 || 0 || 33.8 || .385 || .333 || .848 || 8.5 || 6.5 || 0.0 || 0.0 || 15.3
|- class=sortbottom
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|Career
| 190 || 186 || 39.7 || .506 || .241 || .838 || 7.7 || style="background:#E0CEF2;"|12.3 || 1.9 || 0.3 || 19.5
|-

Head coaching record

|-
| style="text-align:left;"|L.A. A Los Angeles Times photo gallery of <mask>'s stint as head coach of the

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<mask> (1791–1815) was the Maharani of the Indian state of Travancore from 1810 till 1813 and Regent from 1813 till her death in 1815 for her son Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma. She was the only Queen of Travancore to have reigned in her own right which she did for two years before becoming a regent. Background
<mask> was born in the year 1791 to Princess <mask>, Senior Rani of Attingal of the Travancore Royal Family, adopted sister of Maharajah Balarama Varma. Bharani Thirunal was adopted into the Travancore family from Kolathunad in 1788. The Maharanis of Travancore were styled as the "Ranis of Attingal". <mask> was one of Travancore's most popular Queens and introduced several reforms in the state. She also had a sister Uthrattathi <mask>.Accession to the throne and rule
The unpopular Maharajah Bala Rama Varma, during whose reign Travancore faced a number of internal and external problems, revolts and unnecessary battles and conspiracies, including the most important revolt of Velu Thampi Dalawa, died in 1809. At the death of the Maharajah, Gowri <mask>, the senior Rani of Attingal, was barely twenty years of age. There were no eligible male members in the family which meant she would have to take over Travancore and rule it as regent till such an heir would be born to her. However her accession was not easy because a member from the Mavelikara branch of the royal family, a distant cousin, Prince Kerala Varma, who was the pet of the previous ruler, staked a claim on the throne which was anything but substantiated. The Princess placed in the hands of the British Resident Col. John Munro, one of Travancore's most loved British Residents, a document asserting her claim and proving the claim of Kerala Varma untenable. This irked Kerala Varma who resorted to tact and tried to convince the Princess to give up her claim. However the Resident sided with Gowri <mask> and she was made the Regent Maharani of Travancore in 1811.Kerala Varma was permitted to reside at Thiruvananthapuram, the capital. But when he tried to create further troubles, he was imprisoned and banished from Travancore. Selection of the Dewan
One of the earliest acts of Regent Gowri <mask> was to dismiss the existing Dewan or Prime Minister, Ummini Thampi. Ummini Thampi was accused of squandering money and acquiring all the property of the vanquished rebel freedom fighter Velu Thampi Dalawa and others. He was dismissed and when he tried to cause further trouble, he was imprisoned and punished after being found guilty of conspiracy against the Regent Maharani Gowri <mask>. The Maharani was now asked to nominate some individual for the post of Dewan, to which she stated that she found no eligible individual and would like to appoint the Resident Colonel John Munro as her Dewan. Accordingly, Munro became Dewan of Travancore in 1811.Government reforms
 The Dewan Col. Munro informed the Maharani of the widespread corruption in her Government owing to the practice of giving all power, administrative and judicial, to a single officer right from village level to district level. To end this the Proverticars (village officers), Kariakkars (Taluka officers) and the district officials were all deprived of their judicial powers and instead a Court of Appeal and five District Courts at Padmanabhapuram, Mavelikara, Trivandrum, Vaikam and Alwaye were established and modern judicial system was introduced in Travancore. The Courts had each two judges and a Brahmin Sastri. For the trial of Government servants another court known as the Huzhur court was also established. The Police was reorganised in Travancore during the reign of Maharani Gowri <mask> at the suggestion of Col. John Munro Dewan. Deprived of magisterial and judicial power, the district and village officials now could concentrate their attention on the collection of revenue alone, curtailing their power greatly and making them subject to judicial trial in case of misconduct. The revenue department was cleaned of corruption and revenue collection became smoother and organised.Social reforms
 Taxes on festivals, taxes on inheritance of property were abolished. Travancore contained a large number of Devaswoms or Temple Corporations that held vast areas of land and controlled most of the important and wealthy temples in the country. These corporations had fallen prey to corruption and mismanagement and they next engaged the Dewan's attention. More than three hundred of the biggest temples of Travancore were appropriated by the Government under a Devaswom Board and cleared of corruption and mismanagement. By a Royal Proclamation in 1812 5 December, Her Highness Maharani Gowri <mask> abolished the purchase and sale of all slaves and granted them independence excepting those attached to the soil for agricultural purposes. Castes like the Ezhavas, Kaniyans etc. were given independence from their Lords.A restriction put on the Sudras and others regarding the wearing of gold and silver ornaments was removed. A vaccination department was started in Travancore in 1813 under her regency. Finding orthodox reservations amongst her subjects with regard to vaccination, the Queen first vaccinated herself and other members of the Royal family to reassure her people. Secretariat system was introduced under the guidelines of Col. Munro. Change in Dewanship
In 1814, Colonel John Munro resigned his Dewanship as it was not a permanent arrangement for the Resident to take that post. In his stead the Judge of the Appeal Court, Devan Padmanabhan was appointed as Dewan. However he soon after died from smallpox.In his place, one of Col. Munro's assistants, Bappu Rao, was appointed as Dewan of Travancore in that same year. Family

The Maharani was married to a Koil Thampuran, Prince Rajaraja Varma Avargal of the Changanassery Royal Family. From this marriage Gowri <mask> had issue, two sons and a daughter. Her daughter was Maharani Gowri Rukmini Bayi born in 1809. Her eldest son was born on 16 April 1813, the famous King Swathi Thirunal who was a musician and artist and ruled independently from 1829 to 1846. He married a lady who belonged to the Thiruvattar Ammaveedu family. The Maharani next had a son in 1814, Maharajah Uthram Thirunal who ruled from 1846 to 1860.Illness and Death
The Maharani Gowri <mask> started losing her health after giving birth to Uthram Thirunal and died in 1815. She was succeeded as Regent Maharani by her sister, Gowri Parvati <mask>. Succession
Her only daughter, who was now the only female in the matriarchal Travancore Royal Family, Gowri Rukmini <mask> married Rama Varma Koil Thampuran of Thiruvalla Royal Family in 1819 and had seven children, five sons and two daughters. One of these daughters died soon while the other married and had two sons, including Moolam Thirunal Sri Rama Varma. She too died in 1857 after the birth of Moolam Thirunal and so in 1858 two princesses were adopted from the Mavelikara Royal family into Travancore. Full Title
Her Highness Sri Padmanabha Sevini Vanchi Dharma Vardhini Raja Rajeshwari Maharani Ayilyam Thirunal Gowri <mask>, Attingal Mootha Thampuran, Maharani of Travancore. See also
 Travancore
 Maharani
 Swathi Thirunal
 Moolam Thirunal
 Nair
 Ammaveedu

References

Sources
  (3 volumes)

Deaths in childbirth
Travancore royal family
Indian female royalty
Maharajas of Travancore
1791 births
1814 deaths
Hindu monarchs
19th-century women rulers
18th-century Indian royalty
19th-century Indian royalty
Women in Kerala politics
19th-century Indian monarchs
Kerala politicians
Women in Tamil Nadu politics
18th-century Indian monarchs
Women of the Kingdom of Travancore
People of the Kingdom of Travancore
19th-century Indian women politicians
19th-century Indian politicians
18th-century Indian women
18th-century Indian people
People from Thiruvananthapuram district
Women from Kerala

masks: Maharani Ayilyom Thirunal Gouri Lakshmi Bayi


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<mask> (born 5 October 1967) is an English-born Australian actor, musician, singer, and songwriter. <mask> started his career portraying Mike Young in the Australian television series Neighbours. He received international attention for his breakout role in The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert (1994) and subsequently took starring roles in Curtis Hanson's L.A. Confidential (1997), Christopher Nolan's Memento (2000) and Simon Wells's The Time Machine (2002). <mask> is known for his performances in the film adaptation of Cormac McCarthy's The Road (2009), Kathryn Bigelow's war drama The Hurt Locker (2010) and Tom Hooper's historical drama The King's Speech (2010). More recently, he has appeared in Ridley Scott's Prometheus (2012) and Alien: Covenant (2017), the Marvel action film Iron Man 3 (2013) and the historical biopic Mary Queen of Scots (2018). In Australian cinema, he has appeared in The Proposition (2005), Animal Kingdom (2010), 33 Postcards (2011), The Rover (2014), Holding the Man (2015) and The Wizards of Aus (2016).Since 2012, he has played the title role in the TV adaptations of the Jack Irish stories by Australian crime writer Peter Temple. <mask> starred in Todd Haynes' limited series Mildred Pierce (2011) and the HBO crime miniseries Mare of Easttown. <mask> won a Primetime Emmy Award for Mildred Pierce and has received numerous award nominations including for a Golden Globe Award, three Screen Actors Guild Awards and an Australian Academy Film Award. Early life
<mask> was born in Ely, Cambridgeshire, England. His father, <mask>, was a Royal New Zealand Air Force pilot and RAF test pilot, and his mother, Anne Cocking (née Pickering), was an English schoolteacher. He has an elder sister, Tracy. When <mask> was three years old,  the family relocated to Geelong, Victoria, Australia.When <mask> was eight years old, his father died in a flying accident. <mask> attended Geelong College, and was a member of the Geelong Society of Dramatic Arts (GSODA) Junior Players. At the age of 16, he was a competitive amateur bodybuilder, leading to the title of Junior Mr. Victoria. He lived in Box Hill North, Victoria in the late 1980s while working on the Australian drama series Neighbours. His first film appearance, while still at Geelong College, was in a Victorian Vice Chancellors-funded film Life and Study at University, produced and directed by Peter Lane of Deakin University. <mask> was 17 years old and played a 21-year-old student. Career

Film and television
<mask> transitioned to television when he was cast in the Australian soap opera Neighbours in 1985, playing the role of Mike Young for several years.<mask> also found roles in other television series such as Home and Away (1988) and Snowy River: The McGregor Saga (1993). The director/producer/writer Frank Howson cast <mask> in his first three films, Heaven Tonight, Hunting and Flynn, and paid for him to go to the Cannes Film Festival in 1991 for the premiere of the Howson-directed Hunting. The accompanying Howson-funded publicity campaign brought <mask> to the attention of the international film industry. He made his first major film breakthrough shortly after, with his role as a drag queen in The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert in 1994. Since then, he has appeared in several US productions including L.A. Confidential, Ravenous, Rules of Engagement, Memento, The Count of Monte Cristo and The Time Machine. <mask> portrayed pop artist Andy Warhol in Factory Girl and Harry Houdini in Death Defying Acts.He also appeared in The Road and in Bedtime Stories with Adam Sandler. <mask> continued to perform in Australian films, such as The Hard Word (2002) and The Proposition (2005), written by fellow Australian Nick Cave. In January 2009, <mask> returned to the stage after a seven-year absence. He performed in the Melbourne Theatre Company's production of Poor Boy, a play with music, co-written by Matt Cameron and Tim Finn. In 2009, he portrayed Staff Sergeant Matthew Thompson in The Hurt Locker. In 2010, he appeared as David, Prince of Wales, who became King Edward VIII, in The King's Speech. Both films won the Academy Award for Best Picture, making <mask> the first actor to appear in back-to-back Best Picture winners since Michael Peña (who appeared in Million Dollar Baby and Crash).<mask> starred as the eponymous lead in the Australian TV miniseries Jack Irish, an adaptation of the detective novels of author Peter Temple broadcast on the ABC network in 2012. In May 2012, <mask> was cast to star in David Michôd's The Rover. In 2013, <mask> played the villain character Aldrich Killian in Iron Man 3. <mask> had a supporting role in Neil Armfield's romantic-drama film Holding the Man, as Dick Conigrave. The 2015 film stars Ryan Corr and Craig Stott, with supporting performances from <mask>, Anthony LaPaglia and Geoffrey Rush. Holding the Man was adapted from Timothy Conigrave's 1995 memoir of the same name. Music
Next to acting, <mask> has a lifelong passion for music and songwriting.He released his first album, Broken Bones, in November 2014. <mask> appeared in a documentary special celebrating Neighbours 30th anniversary titled Neighbours 30th: The Stars Reunite, which aired in Australia and the UK in March 2015. <mask> released his second studio album The Nomad in 2018. <mask> appeared in Australian band Silverchair's music video for "Across the Night" and in Razorlight's video for "Before I Fall to Pieces." Furthermore, he appeared in the video for the song "Follow Me Around" by Radiohead. He recorded the soundtrack for A Slipping-Down Life, singing and playing guitar on cover versions of songs by Ron Sexsmith, Vic Chesnutt and Robyn Hitchcock. Personal life
<mask> married his childhood sweetheart, psychologist Kate Mestitz, in March 1997.In October 2015, <mask> confirmed he and Mestitz had ended their marriage after 18 years. <mask> is in a relationship with Dutch actress Carice van Houten; they have a son, Monte, who was born in August 2016. As an Australian rules football fan who supports the Geelong Football Club in the Australian Football League, <mask> has done media work with the club, including a documentary narration. <mask> supports a number of charitable organisations for many causes such as animal rights, animal welfare, and protecting the Earth's ecology. Filmography

Film

Television

Music Videos

Awards and nominations

On 18 September 2011, <mask> won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie for his work in Todd Haynes' limited series Mildred Pierce as Monty Beragon. <mask> received a Golden Globe Award nomination for his performance. <mask> has been nominated for three Screen Actors Guild Awards winning for Outstanding Cast in a Motion Picture along with the cast of The King's Speech (2010).<mask> was nominated with the cast of L.A. Confidential (1997) and Mildred Pierce (2011). Discography
 Broken Bones (2014)
 The Nomad (2018)

References

External links

 Actor Profile at Local World's Ely News

1967 births
20th-century Australian male actors
21st-century Australian male actors
21st-century Australian singers
Australian bodybuilders
Australian expatriate male actors in the United States
Australian expatriates in the Netherlands
Australian male film actors
Australian male voice actors
Australian male singer-songwriters
Australian male soap opera actors
Australian male stage actors
Australian people of New Zealand descent
English emigrants to Australia
Living people
Male actors from Cambridgeshire
Male actors from Geelong
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
People educated at Geelong College
People from Ely, Cambridgeshire
Singers from Cambridgeshire

masks:
Guy Edward Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Stuart Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Guy
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce
Pearce


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<mask>eang () (born April 13, 1954) is a Taiwanese-American artist and filmmaker who lived and worked in New York City in the 1980s and 90s, until relocating to the EuroZone in 2000. Cheang received a BA in history from the National Taiwan University in 1976 and an MA in Cinema Studies from New York University in 1979. Since the 1980s, as a multimedia and new-media artist, she has navigated topics of ethnic stereotyping, sexual politics, and institutional oppression with her radical experimentations in digital realms. She drafts sci-fi narratives in her film scenario and artwork imagination, crafting her own “science” fiction genre of new queer cinema. From homesteading cyberspace in the 1990s to her current retreat to post net-crash BioNet zone, Cheang takes on viral love, bio hack in her current cycle of works. Over the past decade, she has emerged as a prominent figure in new media art. Cheang is one of the leading multimedia artists dealing with multidisciplinary topics.She is regarded as a pioneering figure in internet-based art, with her multimedia approach at the interface between film, video, internet-based installation, software interaction and durational performance. Her work is often interactive. She is most noted for her individual approach in the realm of art and technology, creatively intermingling social issues with artistic methods. Cheang's work employs film, video, net-based installation, and interface to explore "...ethnic stereotyping, the nature and excesses of popular media, institutional – and especially governmental – power, race relations, and sexual politics." Cheang has also written and directed the feature films I.K.U. and Fluidø, and directed Fresh Kill. Life events
Cheang was born during a time when the island of Taiwan was under martial law in 1954.From Taiwan, Cheang moved to New York in the 1980s. She admitted to feeling liberated after moving, calling it a process of “self-acknowledgment and affirmation.” Her art career seeded and bloomed in New York. Shortly after she moved to New York, she joined the collective Paper Tiger Television and started producing live weekly programs that used public-access channels to reach cable subscribers. After 20 years in New York, she went on a decade of a self-imposed lifestyle as a digital nomad which she says “liberated me from monthly fixed payments of rent, electricity and phone bills.” She lived in Japan, Holland, the United Kingdom, and finally relocated to Paris in 2007, where she currently works and resides. Cheang concluded her 20 years spent in New York with Brandon (1998–1999), the first Guggenheim Museum web art commission/collection. Tough social themes such as racial politics help progress her work. She recalls, “When I first got to New York, I was more concerned about certain kinds of racial discrimination or stereotypes of being an Asian woman — there were many different kinds of fantasies about Asian women.”

2019 Venice Biennale
<mask> Cheang represented Taiwan at the 58th Venice Biennale in 2019.She is the first woman to represent Taiwan with a solo-exhibition. Her site-specific work was installed at the Palazzo delle Prigioni, a former prison across from the Palazzo Ducale in Piazza San Marco. Curated by philosopher Paul B. Preciado, the immersive installation explored pervasive technologies of control, from surveillance to incarceration, drawing from historical and contemporary cases in which people have been imprisoned due to their gender, sexual orientation, or race. The Influencers 2019
In her talk for The Influencers 2019, "Genre Bending Gender Fxxxking", Cheang reflects on her eventful trajectory mixing, messing genres and genders in her multi-disciplinary art practices, from BRANDON (1998-1999, Guggenheim Museum), 3x3x6 (2019, Venice Biennale) to her current projects in process, UNBORN0x9 and UKI, an interruptive cinema. Notable works
Color Schemes, is an interactive three-channel video installation exhibited at the Whitney Museum of American Art in 1990. The video features people of different ethnicities and reveals the complex attitudes surrounding ethnic stereotyping embedded in American Culture. In 1994, Cheang directed the film Fresh Kill.The title refers to a garbage dump in Staten Island. The film "envisions a post-apocalyptic landscape strewn with electronic detritus and suffering the toxic repercussions of mass marketing in a high-tech commodity culture." Bowling Alley, commissioned by the Walker Art Center and funded by AT&T New Art/New Visions, was exhibited in 1995. The installation linked the Walker's Gallery 7, the city's community bowling alley (Bryant-Lake Bowl), and the World Wide Web. Bowling Alley mixed real-life with cyberspace to illustrate the similarities and differences of how people communicate with one another face-to-face and through the Internet. Bowling Alley  was Cheang's first cybernetic installation. Cheang collaborated with other Minneapolis artists to present a work which set to challenge the idea of what is personal and public, popular art and fine art by intertwining these oppositions.Another major Web-based project Cheang created was Brandon (1998–1999). The one-year narrative project explored the issues of gender fusion and techno-body in both public space and cyberspace. The site got its name from Brandon Teena, a trans man who was raped and murdered in 1993 after his biological sex was revealed. Brandon was the first Web-based artwork commissioned by The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. It explores Brandon Teena's story in an experimental way that conveys the "fluidity and ambiguity of gender and identity in contemporary societies." In addition to the website, Brandon included live public events at the Guggenheim Museum, the De Waag Society for Old and New Media in Amsterdam, and Harvard University. Over time, as web browsers evolved, Brandon stopped displaying correctly.In 2017, the artwork was digitally restored and made publicly viewable again in a joint initiative by the Guggenheim's conservation department and New York University's department of computer science. Brandon was also featured in Rhizome's Net Art Anthology, an online exhibition of one hundred important net artworks. Brandon is currently accessible at http://brandon.guggenheim.org. The project was a major achievement in the conservation of net.born art. Contemporary web browsers could no longer recognize much of the early HTML code used on the site, or support the unique Java applets used to animate its text and images. In December 2016, Conserving Computer-Based Art (CCBA), a joint initiative of the Guggenheim and NYU, obtained approval from Cheang to restore the work. In 2000, Cheang directed the feature film I.K.U., a pornographic film which she claimed was inspired by Blade Runner.I.K.U. was nominated for an International Fantasy Film Award. Recent works
Cheang's Locker Baby Project (2001-2012) is a playfield of sonic imagery triggered only by human interaction. Her baby series project proposes a fictional scenario set in year 2030. The transnational DPT (DollyPolly Transgency) advances clone babies as an intelligent industry. The Clone Generation holds the key to unlock the networked inter-sphere of ME-motion (Memory+Emotion). Baby Play (2001), the first installment employs a large scale table football field.Opposing rows of 22 ball players are replaced by human sized cloned locker babies. The tracking of ball movement retrieves ME-data (texts and sound) deposited in respective lockers. Baby Love (2005), the second installment consists of 6 large size teacups and 6 clone babies. Each teacup is an auto-driving mobile unit with spinning wheels allowing direction maneuver and speed variation. Each baby is a situated mac-mini engine with wifi linked to the net depository of shuffles and remixes of popular love songs. Baby Work (2012), the third installment designates the public visiting the gallery to collect and rearrange scattered keys and compose words into collective sonic expression. Active participants are the clone babies who are entrusted to store and retrieve ME-data.Cheang wrote and directed the 2017 science fiction film Fluidø. In 2021, she was one of the participants in John Greyson's experimental short documentary film International Dawn Chorus Day. Filmography

Films
 1990 – How History Was Wounded: An Exclusive Report on Taiwanese Media (Short film; director)
 1994 – Fresh Kill (director)
 2000 – I.K.U. (director, screenwriter)
 2000 – Love Me 2030 (Short video; director)
 2017 – Fluidø (director, producer, screenwriter)
 2017 – Wonders Wander (director, producer, screenwriter)

See also
 List of female film and television directors
 List of LGBT-related films directed by women
Taiwanese art

References

External links
 Bowling Alley
 Brandon
 Baby Love
 Shu Lea Cheang in the Video Data Bank

 <mask> Lea Cheang's artworks and biographical information can be found in Experimental Television Center and its Repository in the Rose Goldsen Archive of New Media Art|, Cornell University Library. <mask> Lea Cheang on Vimeo
 https://web.archive.org/web/20080203204921/http://tiger.towson.edu/~kbinya1/shu_lea_cheang.html
 https://web.archive.org/web/20081118051407/http://www.walkerart.org/archive/1/B7737137B85D01716161.htm
 http://the-artists.org/artist/<mask>-Lea-Cheang
 Tribe, Mark and Reena Jana. New Media Art. <mask> Lea Cheang Papers, Fales Library and Special Collections at New York University Special Collections
http://www.babywork.biz/proposal/lockerbaby-3parts.pdf

1954 births
Living people
Feminist artists
Installation artists
New media artists
Women pornographic film directors
Taiwanese women artists
Artists from New York City
Artists from Paris
Taiwanese emigrants to the United States

masks:
Shu Lea Ch
Shu Lea
Shu
Shu
Shu
Shu


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<mask> (born 19 December 1956), also known as Rockman Rock, is an English artist and musician, best known as one-half of the duo The KLF, co-founder of The Orb and as the man who burnt £1 million. He is married to artist, musician, and ex-Thompson Twin Alannah Currie. Early life and career
<mask> was born on the Wirral Peninsula in Cheshire. As a 17-year-old artist, he drew a popular The Lord of the Rings poster (and later, a counterpart based on The Hobbit) for British retailer Athena. In 1981-2 <mask> was guitarist in a band called Angels 1–5, who recorded a Peel session on 1 July 1981. Lead vocalist was Cressida Bowyer, whom Cauty later married. He then joined the band Brilliant with which he remained until its break-up in 1986.<mask> was also an original member of Zodiac Mindwarp and the Love Reaction, in 1985. Artistic partnership with Bill Drummond
Cauty joined with Bill Drummond to form The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu (The JAMs), a collaboration that played out in various guises and media over much of the next decade. As an A&R man, Drummond had signed Brilliant to WEA. Concocting a scheme for a hip-hop record on New Year's Day 1987, Drummond needed a like-minded collaborator with expertise in current music technology, and so contacted <mask>. Drummond later commented that Cauty "knew exactly, to coin a phrase, 'where I was coming from'". A week later, The JAMs had recorded their debut single, "All You Need Is Love". Several singles and three albums as The JAMs followed (their debut, 1987; the follow-up, Who Killed The JAMs?; and compilation Shag Times) before a change of direction saw the duo mutate into dance and ambient music pioneers, The KLF. The duo had their first British number one hit single as The Timelords with the Gary Glitter/Dr. Who novelty-pop mash-up "Doctorin' the Tardis", claimed to be sung by <mask>'s 1968 Ford Galaxie American police car. During this period, <mask> also worked with Tony Thorpe of The Moody Boys; besides remix and production work by the Moody Boys for The KLF and vice versa, Thorpe and Cauty recorded the single "Journey into Dubland" together at the KLF's Trancentral studios. The KLF released two albums, Chill Out and The White Room, and a string of top 5 singles, becoming the biggest selling singles act in the world in 1991. In 1992, suddenly and very publicly, The KLF retired from the music industry and deleted their entire back catalogue. Drummond and Cauty re-emerged in 1993 as the K Foundation, releasing one limited edition single ("K Cera Cera") and awarding the £40,000 K Foundation art award for the "worst artist of the year".In 1994, the duo courted infamy by setting fire to one million pounds in cash on the Scottish island of Jura. In 1995, they undertook a screening tour of a film of the burning, before signing a moratorium on K Foundation activities. <mask> worked with Drummond again in 1997 with a campaign to "Fuck the Millennium", the highlight of which was a 23-minute live performance satirising the "pop comeback", in which <mask> and Drummond appeared as grey-haired pensioners and wheeled around the stage in electric wheelchairs. They returned as The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu in 2017, with a novel - 2023: A Trilogy - and a 3-day festival, "Welcome to the Dark Ages". <mask> confirmed that the duo's work is an ongoing project. Throughout their career, Drummond has often been the mouthpiece of the group and was sometimes viewed, subjectively, as their chief protagonist. NME, for example, wrote: "One suspects that the real boiling genius of the duo is initiated by Drummond.The elements of the K Foundation affair are classic Drummond – honesty mixed with deranged publicity-seeking, pop terrorism ideas mixed with utter strangeness and mysticism..., and a sense that the things pop groups do should be visionary and above all should not be mundane." However, the initial idea for the K Foundation's one million incineration was <mask>'s, although he was beginning to express regret in 1995 at which time Drummond remained resolute. Contrasting with Drummond's image, <mask> was perceived, or presented, as "Rockman Rock – cool dude"; the "quiet", enigmatic one, a "long-haired and quietly spoken chain-smoker: a leather-jacketed misfit [who] has carried his adolescent rock obsession into adulthood". However, as the previously quoted NME piece cautioned, "We can't underestimate the importance of <mask>". Cauty was the musical bedrock of The KLF, whether laying down the starting track for "Doctorin' the Tardis", or playing electric guitar, bass, drums and keyboard on "America: What Time Is Love?". He and his wife, Cressida, were at the centre of KLF operations, living and working at Trancentral (actually the Cautys' squat in Stockwell, London) and driving the "JAMsmobile" (Cauty's 1968 Ford Galaxie American police car) as their regular, everyday vehicle. Cressida, too, helped out, taking on an organisational role for KLF Communications, in addition to design and choreography work for The KLF, and her own work as an artist.Engineer Mark Stent recalled Drummond as providing "big concepts and insane ideas", whereas <mask> - he said - was "literally a musical genius". John Higgs wrote in The KLF: Chaos, Magic and the Band who Burned a Million Pounds that:

Ambient house, 1988–1992
In the late 1980s, <mask> met Alex Paterson and the duo began DJing and producing together as The Orb. Paterson and <mask>'s first release was a 1988 acid house anthem track, "Tripping on Sunshine" released on the compilation Eternity Project One, put together by Paterson's childhood friend and Cauty's ex-bandmate, Martin "Youth" Glover. The following year, The Orb released the Kiss EP, a four-track EP based on samples from New York City's Kiss FM on Paterson and Youth's new record label WAU/Mr. Modo Records. After spending a weekend of making what Paterson described as "really shit drum sounds", the duo decided to abandon beat-heavy music and instead work on music for after-hours listening by "taking the bloody drums away". Paterson and Cauty began DJing in London and landed a deal in 1989 for The Orb to play the chill-out room at London nightclub Heaven.Resident DJ Paul Oakenfold brought in the duo specifically as ambient DJs for his "The Land of Oz" event at Heaven. Though initially The Orb's Monday night performances had only several "hard-core" followers, their "Chill Out Room" act grew popular over the course of their six-month stay at Heaven to the point that the small room was often packed with around 100 people. The Orb's performances became especially popular among weary DJs and clubbers who sought solace from the loud, rhythmic music of the dancefloor. The Orb would build up melodies using multitrack recordings linked to multiple record decks and a mixer. They incorporated many CDs, cassettes, and BBC sound effects into their act, often accompanied with pieces of popular dance tracks such as "Sueño Latino". Most often, they played dub and other chill out music which Bill Drummond described as "Ambient house for the E generation." Throughout 1989, Paterson, Cauty, Drummond and Youth developed the musical genre of ambient house through the use of a diverse array of samples and recordings.The culmination of Cauty and Paterson's musical work came towards the end of the year when The Orb recorded a session for John Peel on BBC Radio 1. The track, then known as "Loving You", was largely improvisational and featured a wealth of sound effects and samples from science fiction radio plays, nature sounds, and Minnie Riperton's "Lovin' You". The Orb changed the title to "A Huge Ever Growing Pulsating Brain That Rules from the Centre of the Ultraworld". In 1990, <mask> and Drummond held a chillout party at Trancentral, Cauty's squat. A recording of Patersons DJing was made with a view to releasing it as an LP but the mix contained many uncleared samples and other records and was unusable. Later that year <mask> and Drummond went to the isle of Jura, Scotland to record a techno record called Gate. Instead they created a long form ambient film called Waiting (1990).During the same year <mask> and Drummond went into the studio and made the ambient LP Chill Out. The Grove Dictionary suggests Chill Out to be the first ambient house album. When offered an album deal by Big Life, The Orb found themselves at a crossroads. Cauty preferred that albums by The Orb were released on his KLF Communications label, whereas Paterson wanted to ensure The Orb did not become an offshoot of The KLF. Due to these issues, <mask> and Paterson split in April 1990, with Paterson keeping the name The Orb. Cauty removed Paterson's contributions from the recordings in progress and released the album as Space on KLF Communications. Post-KLF
In 1999 Cauty produced several remixes under the alias The Scourge of the Earth for Placebo, Marilyn Manson, Hawkwind, Ian Brown, The Orb, and others.In December 1999 he joined with Guy Pratt, Lloyd Stanton and Denise Palmer to record and release a mobile telephone-themed novelty-pop record "I Wanna 1-2-1 With You" under the name Solid Gold Chartbusters. It was released as competition for the Christmas Number One but only reached Number 62 in the UK Singles Chart. In 2001, <mask> joined with former collaborators Alex Paterson and Pratt in a London recording studio, together with Dom Beken, an associate of Pratt. Recording later continued in <mask>'s Brighton studio. In 2003, the group released their first single, "Boom Bang Bombay", under the name Custerd. Subsequently, they settled on the name "Transit Kings". <mask> left the band in 2004 to work on other projects.Two years later, the Transit Kings released their debut album, Living in a Giant Candle Winking at God; Cauty is listed as a composer on seven of the album's 12 tracks. In 2002, Cauty's two remixes of U2's "New York" were featured as B-sides on the band's Electrical Storm single. <mask> was, until mid-2005, part of art/music collective Blacksmoke, together with James Fogarty and manager Keir Jens-Smith. Cauty works with the L-13 Light Industrial Workshop, London which he explains "is not a gallery, it’s a support system, spiritual home and technical epicentre for a small group of artists" which includes Billy Childish, Jamie Reid, and Harry Adams. Cauty first worked in conjunction with L-13 on the Cautese Nationál Postal Disservice. Subsequent collaborations included the Riot in a Jam Jar exhibitions and the ADP Riot Tour - is a vast 1:87 scale model in a 40-foot shipping container which tours historic riot sites around the world. L-13 continue to collaborate with Cauty and Drummond, running "dead perch merch", official merchandise operatives to The JAMs.Following 2003 media speculation that Saddam Hussein could launch a poison chemical attack on London, Cauty designed the Stamps of Mass Destruction for Blacksmoke Art Collective. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd class stamps featuring the Queen's head wearing a gas mask were released as limited edition prints and exhibited at Artrepublic Gallery, Brighton. Following a legal battle over alleged copyright infringement, the stamps were sent to Royal Mail for destruction. In 2004, Cauty installed a gift shop, Blackoff, at the Aquarium Gallery, based on the UK government's Preparing for Emergencies leaflet. The installation included "terror aware" items, such as "terror tea towels", "attack hankies" and "bunker-buster jigsaw puzzles" (the latter missing one piece). He commented, "The gift shop becomes the place we can explore our branding ideas, Cash for trash – it represents the futility and the glory of it all." In response to the Iraq War troop surge of 2007, Cauty developed Operation Magic Kingdom, a series of images showing US forces in Iraq wearing masks of lovable and friendly Disney characters, adopting the UK's "winning hearts and minds" tactics in a bid to gain the confidence of the Iraqi people.In Operation Magic Kingdom "the rules of engagement have been changed to include 'try and be more fun' before firing." The images were launched at the Bayswater Road Sunday Art Exhibition, bombed onto billboards and fly-posted across London, as well as being released by The Aquarium as limited edition prints and stamps. In June 2011 he held a public exhibition at L-13 entitled A Riot in a Jam Jar consisting of a series of scale dioramas depicting violent confrontations between British rioters and police, each contained within an inverted glass jar. In 2012, <mask> premiered his short film, Believe the Magic, starring Debbie Harry, Nick Lehan and Branko Tomović, at Tate Modern as part of the annual Merge festival. The ideas of A Riot in a Jam Jar evolved into the Aftermath Dislocation Principle, shown at the Hoxton Arches in October 2013. The 448-square-foot installation at 1:87 scale (representing approximately one square mile) details the desolate and charred aftermath of what appears to have been a devastating riot. The sculpture, constructed by modifying components of traditional model railway kits, took approximately 8 months to complete includes nearly 3,000 police figures and a soundtrack pitched to match the 1:87 scale.The piece "makes a political statement about societal freedom and state control". The Aftermath Dislocation principle then toured the Netherlands, being shown at Piet Hein Eek Gallery, Eindhoven (November 2013), Cultuurwerf, Vlissingen (April 2014), and Mediamatic, Amsterdam (July–August 2014). In 2015, the work was exhibited at Banksy's Dismaland and then in London. Following this it was re-engineered to fit inside a 40-foot shipping container and now tours historic riot sites around the world. In 2014, Cauty released a series of limited edition Smiley Riot Shields. Each are all ex-police riot gear painted over with a yellow smiley face. He originally designed the shields in 2012 as a symbol of "non-violent direct action" and as a practical self-protective measure for his step-daughter during the Occupy St Paul's eviction.Personal life
<mask> was married to Cressida ( Bowyer), with whom he has twins, Daisy and Harry, and a younger son, Alfie. He later married artist and musician Alannah Currie (formerly of Thompson Twins) in 2011. See also
 Anti-art

References

External links

1956 births
British conceptual artists
English artists
English writers
English electronic musicians
English keyboardists
English record producers
English rock guitarists
Living people
Musicians from Liverpool
The Orb members
The KLF members
Remixers
Squatters
Tolkien artists
KLF Communications artists

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<mask> (born December 9, 1943 in Brooklyn as Kenneth Rosenberg) is an American singer, songwriter, and music producer who was a founding member of Jay and the Americans. His career spans from the 1950s to today, with projects ranging from starting doo-wop groups to music supervising to creating solo albums. Early career
<mask> grew up hanging around the famous Brill Building, the Tin Pan Alley song machine, and started his first vocal group, the Harbor Lites, at 15. The group recorded two singles for Ivy Records in 1959. He then formed another group and auditioned for Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, who signed them to United Artists Records, and named the group Jay and the Americans. Jay and the Americans
Jay and the Americans released fifteen albums, and their first hit was "She Cried", which was released in 1962. The group was the opening act for not only The Beatles' first US performance, but also for The Rolling Stones' first US performance.They also appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. They had many other hit singles in the 60s, and started their own publishing and production company, JATA Enterprises. Their last release was in 1971 and the group broke up in 1973. Steely Dan
In 1967, the songwriting duo of Walter Becker and Donald Fagen came to the Brill Building to sell their songs, and ended up knocking on <mask>'s door. <mask> liked what he heard, and offered to manage them. The duo arranged horn and string sections for Jay and the Americans and toured with them as bassist and keyboardist, eventually recording demos and masters with <mask> in 1969. He continued to work with Becker & Fagen until 1971, when he brought one of their songs ("I Mean to Shine") to Richard Perry, who then brought it to Barbra Streisand and recorded it on Barbra Joan Streisand.They were hired as songwriters at ABC Dunhill Records, and released their first Steely Dan album, Can't Buy a Thrill, in 1972. They went on to become one of the best selling and critically acclaimed bands of the 1970s. Film and television
After this, <mask> began doing session work, producing, and writing music for movies. He was the music supervisor for the movies Eddie and the Cruisers, Animal House (which also featured an uncredited Robert Cray as bass player with fictional group, Otis Day and the Knights) and American Hot Wax with Tim McIntire, Jay Leno, and Fran Drescher. He wrote the theme for the score, produced the soundtrack album (which made the Top 40), and appeared in the movie as "Professor La Plano" to lead his fictional group, the Planotones, in a performance of "Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay". The Animal House soundtrack also made the charts and sold over one million copies and the Eddie and the Cruisers soundtrack album sold triple Platinum. He contributed music for many other films and TV shows.He was a guest vocalist on Saturday Night Live in 1977 (singing a live version of his current single "The Performer"), and became the program's musical director in 1980–1981. He booked Aretha Franklin and Prince, as well as James Brown, who on his only appearance on the show performed for far longer than his allotted time, forcing the producers to go to a commercial while he was still singing. 1990s-on
In 1992, <mask> started a doo wop group, the re-formed (no longer fictional) <mask> and The Planotones from American Hot Wax. They released two albums "Teenage Jazz" and "Looking for an Echo", and then created the whole soundtrack for the 1999 film Looking for an Echo, for which <mask> was also the musical director and the singing voice of Armand Assante. Since then the group has released five more albums, "Lover's Island", Countdown to Love", "Dancing and Romancing", "Oceans of Time", and their holiday album, "Mr. Santa". They continue to perform to audiences nationwide and on PBS. <mask> did not perform from 2014 to 2017 for health reasons.Other artists produced and performed with
Phoebe Snow, Danny O'Keefe, Delbert McClinton, The Kingsnakes, Rafi Pagan, Peter Himmelman, Toni Basil, Yusef Lateef, Brooklyn Dreams, Peter Allen, Don McLean, John Cafferty, Tracey Ullman, The Beaver Brown Band, among others. Discography
Studio albums:
 1975: <mask> 32
 1988: Short Vacation
 1994: Teenage Jazz
 1996: Looking For an Echo
 2000: Looking For an Echo (Motion Picture Soundtrack)
 2002: <mask> and the Planotones
 2005: Lover's Island
 2006: Soundtrack to the Doo Wop Era: A <mask> Collection Volume 1
 2007: Countdown to Love
 2007: Dancin' and Romancin'
 2009: Soundtrack to the Doo Wop Era: A Kenny <mask> Collection Volume 2
 2010: Oceans of Time
 2011: Mr. Santa
 2013: Acapella
 2014: Lost And Found: Archives – Vol. 1
 2015: Lost And Found: Archives – Vol. 2
 2017: <mask>

Live albums:
 2002: Live and Out of this World

Videos and DVDs:
 1978: American Hot Wax
 2000: Looking For An Echo
 2007: <mask> and the Planotones: Live at the Cuillo
 2015: Happy Holidays DVD

Filmography
Music Department:
 1978: American Hot Wax (music producer, music supervisor)
 1978: Animal House (music supervisor – uncredited)
 1979: The Warriors (music supervisor: additional music)
 1980: Hollywood Knights (soundtrack producer)
 1980–1981: Saturday Night Live (TV series) (musical director)
 1983: Eddie and the Cruisers (music producer, music supervisor, – Lead vocal on "Those Oldies but Goodies (Remind Me of You)")
 1988: Hairspray (Producer title song, composer)
 1989: Eddie and the Cruisers II: Eddie Lives!

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<mask>Quax<mask> (22 March 1919 – 25 September 1979) was a German military aviator who served in the Luftwaffe during World War II. As a fighter ace, he claimed 46 enemy aircraft shot down in 536 combat missions, eleven of which while flying the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter in Defense of the Reich. Born in Nuremberg, <mask> served in the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany. Following flight training, he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing) in 1941, operating on the Eastern Front. He claimed his first aerial victory on 13 December 1941. In October 1942, <mask> became the wingman of his friend Walter Nowotny. In November 1943, he was severely wounded after he was shot down.After his convalescence, he was posted to Erprobungskommando 262, an experimental unit testing the Me 262 jet fighter. He then served with Kommando Nowotny, an operational test unit led by Nowotny, experimenting with the Me 262 under combat conditions. Following the death of his friend Nowotny on 8 November 1944, <mask> was posted to Jagdgeschwader 7 "Nowotny" (JG 7—7th Fighter Wing), the first jet fighter wing. Flying with this unit, he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 22 March 1945. On 30 March, <mask> was forced to bail out from his damaged aircraft, sustaining severe injuries to his leg which then had to be amputated. <mask> died on 25 September 1979 in Nuremberg. Early life and career
<mask> was born on 22 March 1919 in Nuremberg, at the time in Free State of Bavaria.Prior to joining the military service, <mask> worked as a photo reporter. Starting in May 1940, <mask> was trained as a fighter pilot at the Jagdfliegerschule 5 in Wien-Schwechat where he befriended Walter Nowotny. He "earned" his nickname "Quax" by crashing the difficult-to-control Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter plane three times during his flight-training. The name of a popular accident-prone cartoon character of the time, it was taken from the movie Quax the Crash Pilot released in 1941 with the famous German actor Heinz Rühmann as "Quax". World War II
World War II in Europe began on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. <mask> arrived on the Eastern Front as an Unteroffizier, soon after German forces had launched Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. There, he was assigned initially to the Ergänzungsgruppe of Jagdgeschwader 54 (JG 54—54th Fighter Wing).The Ergänzungsgruppe was a supplementary training group attached to JG 54 under the command of Hauptmann Leo Eggers. There, he was again reunited with Nowotny. In July, he was posted to 1. Staffel (1st squadron) of JG 54. He claimed his first victory on 13 December 1941, which was not confirmed. On this mission, Schnörrer, against orders, had broken formation to attack the enemy aircraft. The Schwarm, flight of four aircraft, had been led by Horst Ademeit who later criticized Schnörrer for his behavior.Eastern Front
<mask> claimed his first confirmed aerial victory on 12 May 1942 over a Yakovlev Yak-1. On 13 August, he shot down a Petlyakov Pe-2 bomber, his only other claim in 1942. At the time, 1. Staffel was commanded by Oberleutnant Heinz Lange and subordinated to I. Gruppe (1st group) headed by Hauptmann Hans Philipp. On 25 October, Nowotny was transferred from 3. Staffel to take command of 1. Staffel from Lange.Nowotny then chose his friend <mask> to be his wingman. In mid-December, I. Gruppe began converting to the Focke Wulf Fw 190 A-4 fighter aircraft. On 16 January 1943, 1. Staffel was ordered to Heiligenbeil, present-day Mamonovo, where most of the pilots received the Fw 190 aircraft. As of 1 February, Nowotny, <mask>, Anton Döbele and Rudolf Rademacher, formed a team known as the "chain of devils" () or the Nowotny Schwarm, which during the course of the war was credited with 524 combined aerial victories, making them the most successful team in the Luftwaffe. In February, I. Gruppe of JG 54 was fighting in the Siege of Leningrad. The combat area was predominantly in the east and southeast of Leningrad where Soviet forces had created a corridor to the city in Operation Iskra.On 23 February, Soviet forces launched an attack south of Leningrad as part of Operation Polyarnaya Zvezda. The attack was repelled by forces under the command of Generalleutnant Carl Hilpert. That day, all available aircraft of I. Gruppe flew missions in defense of this attack, predominantly attacking Soviet ground attack aircraft. By nightfall, the Gruppe reported 32 Soviet aircraft destroyed, including an Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack aircraft claimed by Schnörrer in the vicinity of Mga, southeast of Leningrad. On 15 March, Soviet forces attacked the German positions of the X. Armeekorps (10th Army Corps) south of Lake Ilmen, breaching the German lines south of Staraya Russa. Operating from an airfield at Gorodets, I. Gruppe claimed 21 aerial victories that day, including <mask>'s fifth aerial victory. This victory was claimed over an Il-2 ground attack aircraft shot down southeast Staraya Russa.On 1 April, the Gruppenkommandeur (group commander), Philipp was transferred and temporarily replaced by Hauptmann Gerhard Koall until Major Reinhard Seiler took command on 1 May. On 5 June, I. Gruppe flew combat air patrols in the area of Volkhov as well as escorting bombers from Kampfgeschwader 53 (KG 53—53rd Bomber Wing) attacking the locks in the harbor of Novaya Ladoga. There, the Gruppe fought against many Soviet fighter aircraft during the course of which Schnörrer claimed a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighter shot down. Three days later, I. Gruppe escorted bombers to the railroad bridges near Volkhovstroy. On this mission, Schnörrer claimed the destruction of a Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighter aircraft. On 15 June, the Nowotny Schwarm was sent on a mission to the coastal area near Kronstadt. On this mission, <mask> claimed another LaGG-3 fighter shot down, his eighth aerial victory in total, while Nowotny claimed his 99th to 101st aerial victory.Operation Citadel
In early July, I. Gruppe of JG 54 was ordered to move to Oryol, in the southern sector of Army Group Centre, where it fought in Operation Citadel which initiated the Battle of Kursk. Subordinated to Luftflotte 6 (Air Fleet 6), the Gruppe began relocating on 2 July and arrived at the airfield name Panikowo, a makeshift airfield created for the attack on the Kursk salient, on 4 July. The next day, the Wehrmacht launched Operation Citadel and I. Gruppe supported the attack of the 9th Army on the northern sector of the salient, escorting bombers of Kampfgeschwader 4, 51 and KG 53 (KG 4, KG 51—4th, 51st Bomber Wing), as well as Junkers Ju 87 dive bombers of Sturzkampfgeschwader 1 (StG 1—1st Dive Bomber Wing) to their target areas. That day, I. Gruppe claimed 59 aerial victories, including a LaGG-3 fighter by Schnörrer in the vicinity of Maloarkhangelsk. The next day, I. Gruppe targeted the airspace near Ponyri and during multiple combat missions claimed 29 aerial victories which included a LaGG-3 shot down by Schnörrer at 14:33. On 7 July, the Gruppe again operated over Ponyri where they claimed 35 aerial victories for no loss of their own, including a Douglas A-20 Havoc bomber, also known as "Boston", and a Lend-Lease Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighter claimed by Schnörrer. By 14 July, Operation Citadel had failed after Soviet forces had launched Operation Kutuzov in the northern sector.Although in the southern sector, the offensive continued until 17 July in Operation Roland. That day, <mask> claimed an Il-2 ground attack aircraft and a LaGG-3 fighter destroyed. One of his opponents may have been a pilot from the Free French Régiment de Chasse Normandie-Niémen (Fighter Squadron 2/30 Normandie-Niemen). That day, Mayor Jean Tulasne led his unit on an Il-2 ground attack aircraft escort mission to Znamenskaya,  northwest of Oryol, losing three aircraft to I. and IV. Gruppe of JG 54. With German forces in retreat, Oryol was cleared on 5 August. Over the following days, I. Gruppe operated from an airfield at Karachev, located approximately halfway between Oryol and Bryansk, predominately flying over the combat area of Oryol.On 7 August, <mask> shot down two Il-2 ground attack aircraft in this area. Battle at Kharkov and Smolensk
On 9 August, I. Gruppe was ordered  south to Poltava Airfield where they were placed under the control of Luftflotte 4 (Air Fleet 4). The reason for this was a response to the successful Soviet Belgorod–Kharkov offensive operation following the Battle of Kursk. On 11 August, Nowotny was temporarily appointed commander of I. Gruppe, a position he held until 15 September when he was officially assigned as Gruppenkommandeur. The next day, the Gruppe flew multiple combat air patrols and fighter escort for Ju 87 dive bombers in the area west of Kharkov. On one of these missions, Schnörrer shot down a La-5 fighter. Over the following days, the Gruppe continued to escort for dive bombers to Grayvoron and Okhtyrka.On 16 August, Schnörrer shot down another La-5 fighter. Two day later, the Gruppe returned to Kharkov and Okhtyrka where Schnörrer

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 claimed a MiG-3 fighter shot down in the afternoon, his 20th claim. On 20 August, I. Gruppe again escorted Ju 87 dive bombers and Heinkel He 111 bombers to Okhtyrka. Without loss, I. Gruppe claimed 15 aerial victories, including a Pe-2 bomber and an Il-2 ground attack aircraft by Schnörrer. The next day, <mask> claimed another Il-2 ground attack aircraft shot down on a mission to Kharkov. On 27 August, I. Gruppe was withdrawn from the combat area of Kharkov and ordered to the airfield Iwanowka which was located at Ordschonikidsegrad, present-day part of Bryansk, which again placed them under the control of Luftflotte 6. Reason for this relocation was Soviet success in the Battle of Smolensk and the pressure exerted on the 9th Army.Nowotny claimed his 200th aerial victory on 8 September. On 17 September, the Gruppe moved to Vitebsk. <mask> claimed his next aerial victory on 28 September, a LaGG-3 fighter. That day, I. Gruppe operated over Velizh, located approximately  northeast of Vitebsk. On 7 October, I. Gruppe again flew missions to combat area of Velizh where <mask> claimed a Bell P-39 Airacobra and P-40 fighter aircraft. Two days later, in combat near Nevel, he was credited with shooting down another P-39 fighter and an Il-2 ground attack aircraft. On 14 October, to the southwest of Smolensk near Markovo, Nowotny became the first pilot to claim 250 aerial victories.That day, <mask> claimed his 33rd aerial victory, a P-40 shot down near Lyady. <mask> was awarded the German Cross in Gold () on 21 October. On 11 November, the Nowotny Schwarm lost Döbele, who was killed in a mid-air collision with an Il-2 ground attack aircraft east of Vitebsk. The next day, Nowotny claimed his last aerial victory on the Eastern Front. A few minutes later <mask> shot down a Yakovlev Yak-9 attacking Nowotny for his own 35th victory claim. <mask> was then shot down in his Fw 190 A-5 (Werknummer 410021—factory number) south of Nevel by German anti-aircraft artillery. Bailing out at approximately , his parachute failed to deploy in time, and he crashed to the ground, breaking both legs and suffering a severe concussion.<mask> was then rescued by the German infantry and flown in a Junkers Ju 52 to a Luftwaffe hospital in Dölau, today part of Halle. Flying the Messerschmitt Me 262
Seven months later in June 1944, having recovered from his injuries, and commissioned as an officer, Leutnant <mask> was transferred to Erprobungskommando 262, a small unit doing flight-testing of the revolutionary new Messerschmitt Me 262 jet aircraft. In September, the fighter was ready to proceed to advanced combat-testing and his friend Nowotny was brought in to lead the project. On 26 September, the unit was re-designated Kommando Nowotny. But progress was slow and with the war-situation getting worse, an impatient General Adolf Galland arrived in early-November to get a personal report. On 8 November, in very poor weather conditions, Nowotny led a Schwarm of Me 262s into one of its first group combat missions and was killed in action, probably shot down after an engine flame-out left him defenceless. On 15 November, <mask> and Major Rudolf Schoenert, Oberst Gordon Gollob, Major Georg Christl, Hauptmann Heinz Strüning, Major Josef Fözö formed the guard of honor at Nowotny funeral at the Zentralfriedhof in Vienna.The eulogy was delivered by Generaloberst Otto Deßloch. Following these events, Jagdgeschwader 7 "Nowotny" (JG 7—7th Fighter Wing) "Nowotny" was formed and placed under the command of Oberst Johannes Steinhoff. On 19 November, remnants of Kommando Nowotny was redesignated at Lechfeld Airfield to III. Gruppe of JG 7 and ordered to Brandenburg-Briest where they joined the Stab (headquarters unit). In consequence, the 1., 2. and 3. Staffel of Kommando Nowotny became the 9., 10, and 11. Staffel of III.Gruppe which Steinhoff had placed under the command of Major Erich Hohagen. <mask> was assigned to III. Gruppe of JG 7 flying in Defense of the Reich. From February to March 1945, he claimed eleven aerial victories flying the Me 262 jet-fighter, making him one of the top jet-aces of the war. On 3 February 1945, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Eighth Air Force attacked Brabag's synthetic fuel factory at Magdeburg. III. Gruppe of JG 7 was one of the Luftwaffe units scrambled to intercept the bombers.The USAAF lost 23 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers and seven North American P-51 Mustang fighters in the attack. <mask> was one of the Luftwaffe pilots to have claimed a B-17 shot down that day. On 9 February, over 1,200 heavy bombers of the Eighth Air Force attacked synthetic fuel factories, railroad and other targets. Close to Berlin, III. Gruppe intercepted a formation of B-17 bombers and their fighter escort. In this encounter, <mask> claimed the destruction of a P-51 fighter aircraft. On 3 March, 29 Me 262s from Stab and III.Gruppe intercepted USAAF heavy.bombers heading for Magdeburg, Hannover, Hildesheim and Braunschweig. At approximately 10:15, Me 262s from 9. Staffel engaged in aerial combat with B-17 bombers between Braunschweig and Magdeburg. Schnörrer accounted for one of the B-17 bombers shot down that day. On 18 March, the Eighth Air Force headed for various railway stations and tank factories in the greater Berlin area with 1,329 heavy bombers, escorted by 632 fighter aircraft. Flying from Parchim Airfield, 37 Me 262 fighters led by Major Theodor Weissenberger took off to intercept the bombers. For the first time, six of the Me 262 fighters were armed with the R4M unguided air-to-air rocket.Firing his rockets, <mask> shot down two B-17 bombers. On that mission, Oberleutnant Günther Wegmann, the Staffelkäpitan of 9. Staffel of JG 7, was wounded in aerial combat. In consequence, <mask> was temporary given command of 9. Staffel, a command position referred to as Staffelführer. The following day, 1,273 heavy bombers from the USAAF 3rd Air Division again attacked the synthetic fuel factories. The bombers were intercepted by 28 Me 262 fighters north of Chemnitz.In this encounter, <mask> shot down a B-17 bomber. On 22 March, <mask> was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross () for 43 aerial victories claimed. On 30 March, the USAAF 3rd Air Division dispatched 1,320 heavy bombers, escorted by 852 fighter aircraft, to the U-boat pens and oil storage facilities at Hamburg, Bremen, Wilhelmshaven and Farge. Defending against this attack, Me 262s from I. and III. Gruppe of JG 7 were scrambled. The attack force was intercepted north of Lüneburg. At 13:30 <mask> shot down two B-17 bombers, his last aerial victories.He was then hit by crossfire from a third bomber. Pursued by P-51 fighters near Uelzen, he bailed out but his leg hit the tailplane on his exit. Although he landed safely his leg wounds were so serious that he had to have his leg amputated, thus ending his combat career. Command of 9. Staffel was then passed on to Oberleutnant Gustav Sturm

Later life
After the war, <mask> worked as a photographer for the Deutsche Presse-Agentur (dpa). <mask> died on 25 September 1979 in Nuremberg, aged 60. Summary of career

Aerial victory claims
According to Obermaier, <mask> was credited with 46 aerial victories claimed in 536 combat missions.This figure includes 35 claims on the Eastern Front and 11 flying the Me 262 jet fighter over the Western Allies. Matthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 45 aerial victory claims, plus one further unconfirmed claim. This figure of confirmed claims includes 34 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 11 on the Western Front flying the Me 262 jet fighter, including nine four-engined bombers. Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 10662". The Luftwaffe grid map () covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about . These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size. Awards
Pilot's Badge (6 May 1941)
Eastern Front Medal (6 August 1942)
Wound Badge in Black (13 November 1943)
Order of the Cross of Liberty 2nd Class (22 November 1942)
Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe in Gold for fighter pilots (14 November 1942)
Iron Cross (1939)
 2nd Class (16 September 1942)
 1st Class (22 June 1943)
Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 1 November 1943 as Feldwebel and pilot
German Cross in Gold on 21 October 1943 as Leutnant in the I./Jagdgeschwader 54
Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 22 March 1945 as Leutnant of the Reserves and Staffelführer of the 11./Jagdgeschwader 7

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

1919 births
1979 deaths
Luftwaffe pilots
German World War II flying aces
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Liberty, 2nd Class
German amputees
Military personnel from Nuremberg
Photographers from

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<mask> (also known as <mask>i jurist, who served as the first president of the Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind, and the second rector of the Madrasa Aminia. He was regarded as the Grand Mufti of India. He was a founding member of Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, and was on its foundation committee, which was headed by Mahmud Hasan Deobandi. Lineage
<mask>’s family had shifted from Bhopal to Shahjahanpur. <mask>‘s father, Inayatullah, had four sons and two daughters and was poor. Early life
<mask> ibn Khairullah ibn 'Ibadullah Dehlvi was born in Shahjahanpur, a district in Uttar Pradesh, India in 1875.At the age of five, he commenced his education at the maktab of Hafiz Barakatullah. There, he completed the Qur'an and obtained instruction in Urdu and elementary Persian from Nasimullah. Thereafter, he enrolled at Madrasa 'Azeeziya. There, he completed his Persian studies, studying the most advanced kitab of Persian, Sikandar Naama, and commenced his Arabic studies under Budhun Khan. Then, Dehlawi was sent with a letter of recommendation from his teacher, 'Ubaidul Haq, to the administrator of the Madrasa 'Arabiya at Shahi Masjid in Muradabad. He was admitted and remained at the residence of Muhammad Isma'il. Since his father was poor, Dehlawi covered his educational expenses by weaving and selling topis.He studied there for two years. Dehlawi then enrolled at Darul Uloom Deoband in 1895. Because of his memory and intelligence, he did not exert as much effort, but quickly overtook his classmates and earned the highest marks on his examinations. He completed his studies at Darul Uloom Deoband in 1898 at the age of twenty-two. Career
After graduating, Dehlawi spent time in Delhi with his close friend, Aminuddin. Then, he returned to Shahjahanpur, where his former teacher, 'Ubaidul Haq, had founded Madrasa 'Ainul 'Ilm. Dehlawi became a teacher there and handled the secretarial and administrative duties.Dehlawi also taught Arabic and Persian. His salary was fifteen rupees per month. Along with his duties as a teacher and administrator, Dehlawi started to answer fatwas during this period. In his answer to each fatwa, Dehlawi was meticulous and cautious and would answer with well-written evidence. While at Madrasa 'Ainul 'Ilm, Dehlawi also started a monthly periodical, Al Burhan, in response to the Ahmadis. The first issue was published in Sha'baan of 1321 AH and made an attempt to refute Ahmadi beliefs. Around this time, Madrasa 'Ainul 'Ilm’s finances started to deteriorate.Thus, in 1321 AH, the teachers' salaries were reduced. <mask>’s salary was reduced from eighteen to sixteen rupees per month. However, he remained at Madrasa 'Ainul 'Ilm for five more years until the death of his teacher, 'Ubaidul Haq Khan. Thereafter, Dehlawi moved to Delhi and became a teacher at Madrasa Aminia. Besides teaching hadith and answering fatwas, Dehlawi managed the organizational affairs of the madrasa. His salary was twenty rupees per month. The courts of law benefited from his presence as well.After his arrival at Madrasa Aminia, Dehlawi commenced a step-by-step implementation of beneficial reforms to the educational structure of the madrasa. Then, in 1328 AH, he initiated an assembly called Anjuman Islahul Kalaam. The purpose of this gathering was to teach students how to deliver speeches and debate. Every eighth day, each student had to deliver a speech or engage in a dialogue and Dehlawi would help. This assembly was successful in its aim, but was eventually ended due to a lack of participation. After fifty years, Dehlawi had answered hundreds of thousands of fataawa and his rulings are a treasure to fiqh. The fatwas of Dehlawi were extremely concise yet full of well-written evidence.His fatwas were always answered according to the intent of the questioner. It was for this reason that he was renowned among common folk as well as the officials of the courts of law, who would prefer his rulings in religious cases. He was appointed the first president of the Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind, a position he served until 1940. He also drafted a fatwa recommending a boycott of British goods which was signed by around 500 Muslims scholars. Literary career
From an early age, Dehlawi enjoyed reading and writing. His first major endeavour was the magazine, Al Burhan, which he wrote in refutation of the Ahmadi beliefs. His second major work was an Arabic poem, Raudur Rayyaahin, published in 1909.It was first presented at the annual convention of Madrasa Aminia in 1908. The eloquence and grandeur of the poem was such that <mask> was requested to and produced an Urdu translation with footnotes, providing more details than and explaining difficult words from the original. <mask>’s  most renowned publication is Ta'limul Islam, four volumes of questions and answers for children in simple language. <mask> wrote other religious books which are no longer available. He actually produced few works because his teaching, political activities, domestic activities, and answering fatwas busied him to such an extent that he had no time to write. Final years and death
During his final years, due to what he saw as the deterioration of morality in society, clashes between Hindus and Muslims, and other reasons, Dehlawi withdrew from politics and became reclusive, not even giving public comment. In his final months he suffered severe liver illness, despite medical treatment.On 31 December 1952, he died at the age of 77. He was buried near Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, in Mehrauli, Delhi. His funeral was attended by 100,000 people. Students
Dehlawi‘s students include Muhammad Taqi Amini, Izaz Ali Amrohi. Hazrat Molana Allah Yar Khan, Chakrala Pakistan

References

Bibliography

1875 births
1952 deaths
Hanafis
Maturidis
Deobandis
20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
Indian Muslim scholars of Islam
Grand Muftis of India
Students of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi
Founders of Indian schools and colleges
Founders of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind
Presidents of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind

masks:
Kifayatullah Dehlawi
Mufti Kifayatullahaf
Dehlawi
Dehlawi
Kifayatullah ibnayatullah ibn Fhullah
Dehlawi
Dehlawi
Dehlawi
Dehlawi