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 (2011–2017)

<mask> was sworn in as premier of British Columbia on March 14, 2011, and unveiled a new smaller cabinet on the same day. At the time of her swearing in, she did not hold a seat in the legislature. <mask> ran in former Premier Gordon Campbell's riding of Vancouver-Point Grey and defeated NDP candidate David Eby by 595 votes.Her win marked the first time that a governing party won a by-election in 30 years. After <mask> became premier, the Liberal Party saw a bounce in support and lead in opinion polls, after falling behind the Official Opposition NDP under Campbell. However, the increase in support was short lived and within months the party had fallen behind the NDP once again. Several polls eventually showed a statistical tie between the Liberals and the minor Conservative Party, with support for each party in the low twenties, while support for the NDP was in the high 40s. Internal problems within the Conservative Party towards the end of 2012 saw the party bleed support to the Liberals. In the summer of 2012, several high-profile caucus members, including the Ministers of Education and Finance, announced they wouldn't seek re-election. Though Premier <mask> suggested she "expected" the resignations, the news shook her government.The Quick Wins ethnic outreach scandal, where the Liberals used government resources as part of their partisan ethnic outreach activities, generated public outcry. During her premiership, she was accused of conflict of interest by MLA and former BC Liberal cabinet minister John van Dongen in relation to the sale of BC Rail during her service as a cabinet minister in the Campbell government. In April 2013, B.C.’s Conflict of Interest Commissioner released a decision that <mask> had been in neither a real nor apparent conflict of interest. 2013 re-election
As the 2013 general election approached, polls showed that <mask> was one of the least popular premiers in Canada. Two months prior to the election, The Province newspaper's front page featured a column by pundit Michael Smyth with the banner headline: "If This Man Kicked A Dog He Would Still Win The Election." However, <mask> ran a "tightly-focused campaign that centred on jobs, LNG, and a 'debt free' B.C." During the leaders' televised debate, <mask> attacked NDP leader Adrian Dix for his "waffling position on the Kinder Morgan pipeline expansion".Dix's strategy of taking the "high road", similar to Jack Layton's successful approach in the 2011 federal election, left him vulnerable to "relentless [BC] Liberal attacks on the economic competence of his party". <mask> defied pollster predictions by leading her party to victory, its fourth consecutive mandate but her first, in the May 13, 2013 provincial election reversing a 20-point lead held by the BC NDP at the beginning of the campaign. However, she suffered personal defeat in Vancouver-Point Grey, losing her seat to NDP candidate David Eby by a margin of 785 votes. According to parliamentary precedent, she was entitled to remain premier, but had to win a by-election in order to sit in the Legislative Assembly. She did not rule out running in a riding outside the Lower Mainland in order to get back into the chamber, telling The Globe and Mail that she believed one reason she lost her own riding was that she was devoting so much time to serving the entire province. On June 4, <mask> announced she would run in a by-election for the safe Liberal seat of Westside-Kelowna to re-enter the Legislative Assembly. The incumbent MLA, government whip Ben Stewart, resigned in <mask>'s favour.<mask> won the by-election on July 10, 2013, taking more than 60 per cent of the vote over NDP candidate Carole Gordon. Race relations
In May 2014, <mask> gave a formal apology for 160 historical racist and discriminatory policies imposed against Chinese-Canadians:

While the governments which passed these laws and policies acted in a manner that [was] lawful at the time, today this racist discrimination is seen by British Columbians — represented by all members of the legislative assembly — as unacceptable and intolerable. The entire legislative assembly acknowledges the perseverance of Chinese Canadians that was demonstrated with grace and dignity throughout our history while being oppressed by unfair and discriminatory historical laws. In October 2014, the British Columbia government exonerated First Nations leaders who had been sentenced to be hanged in the Chilcotin War by Judge Begbie in 1864. <mask> stated, "We confirm without reservation that these six Tsilhqot'in chiefs are fully exonerated for any crime or wrongdoing." 2017 campaign

On September 14, 2016 the B.C. Liberal Party named executive director Laura Miller to be the party's campaign director for the May 9, 2017 provincial election.At the time, Miller was facing charges in Ontario for allegedly deleting emails while in service with the Dalton McGuinty provincial Liberal government, though she was later found not guilty. The BC Liberals planned a bridge to replace the Massey Tunnel. The Liberal government instituted taxes for Metro Vancouver property purchases by foreign buyers ("Foreign Buyers Tax"), and implemented a program of no-interest loans from the government to first-time home buyers. <mask> campaigned on her government's economic track record, however the opposition NDP and Greens criticized her inaction on "lax political fundraising laws" and portrayed her as "beholden to big money interests", attacking the BC Liberals on "housing, transit and other affordability issues". While B.C. enjoyed strong economic growth and her government had five balanced budgets, B.C. was also "becoming behind the country’s most unequal province, socio-economically speaking, thanks to 37 per cent cuts to income tax levies, tightened rules for welfare eligibility, cuts to child-care subsidies, reductions in support for women’s centres and the doubling of post-secondary tuitions".Furthermore, <mask>'s approval ratings dropped due to her "ruthless, hyper-partisan style" which led to the perception that to her "winning always seemed so much more important than governing", in the wake of numerous scandals such as "ethnic outreach" and "triple delete" document destruction. <mask> also faced "relentless criticism over bottomless corporate and foreign donations that gave her party a four-fold advantage over the NDP, such that even The New York Times labelled B.C. the "wild west" of political cash and the province's elections agency referred its investigation to the RCMP". During her leadership of the B.C. Liberals, she had shifted them "so far to the right [with regards to environmental and energy policies] to appease its ascendant federal Conservative flank it is now unrecognizable from the centrist party led by Gordon Campbell, her predecessor". The combination of these controversies caused Liberal support in Metro Vancouver to collapse, as an estimated 100,000 voters switched from the Liberals to the Greens. Furthermore, a video of <mask> having a run-in with a disgruntled voter inside a North Vancouver grocery store went viral with the hashtag #IamLinda.In the 2017 general election, the BC Liberals held the largest number of seats (43), ahead of the NDP (41) and Greens (3), but they were one seat short of forming a majority in the Legislative Assembly. Return to the opposition and retirement
After the election, the Liberals entered negotiations with the Green Party of British Columbia, which held the balance of power in the legislative assembly, however on May 29, 2017, the Greens instead reached a confidence and supply agreement with the official opposition NDP, which on paper allowed the NDP to form a minority government by one seat. Although NDP leader John Horgan and Green Party leader Andrew Weaver did not have a close personal relationship, Weaver picked the NDP over the Liberals, citing <mask>'s dismantling of the province's climate change plan (that Weaver worked with then-Premier Gordon Campbell to develop prior to entering politics) plus support for energy companies and pipelines. Furthermore, Horgan reached out to Weaver personally while <mask> did not. Nonetheless, the Liberal government did not relinquish power yet, and <mask>'s new cabinet was sworn in on June 8, 2017. <mask> subsequently recalled the legislative assembly to test its confidence in her government, with a Speech from the Throne that included billions of dollars in new funding and key policies supported by the NDP and Greens. Critics saw the throne speech as a cynical way for the <mask> government to "desperately cling to power in selling out her party and its supporters in offering a de facto 'renewed' policy platform that stands in stark contrast to the last several years of the B.C.Liberal government and the still-warm corpse of the party’s election platform". <mask>'s gambit was regarded as unprincipled "because it’s disrespectful to voters who rely on parties as aggregators of ideas that lead to policies they like", noted that the 30 pledges were absent from the Liberals' election platform, but also the "dramatic conversion to an NDP/Green-light version of her party appear like an over-correction, given the modest shift in support" as the Liberals lost 4 percentage points of popular vote in the general election. However, both the NDP and Green Party leaders said they would not consider legislation by the Liberal minority government, and none of their MLAs broke ranks to support the throne speech. On June 29, 2017, <mask>'s minority government was defeated 44–42 after Horgan introduced a no-confidence motion as an amendment to the throne speech. <mask> then asked Lieutenant Governor Judith Guichon for a new election, contending that an NDP minority government would be unstable due to the need for one of the NDP's members to become speaker. <mask> argued that this would force the speaker to frequently use his or her casting vote to break a large number of 43–43 ties. Guichon did not agree and refused to dissolve the legislature.<mask> then resigned as premier, and Guichon invited Horgan to form a minority government, which took office on July 18. On July 28, 2017, <mask> announced that she would resign as Liberal Party Leader and exit from politics, effective August 4. Federal politics

Missing and murdered indigenous women
Beginning in 2014, <mask> has expressed her support for a national inquiry into missing and murdered indigenous women and girls. On December 8, 2015 <mask> tweeted her support of the federal government's decision to call such a national inquiry. Senate
In December 2015, <mask> expressed her disappointment over Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's plans for a non-partisan senate, saying "appointing senators on merit will give legitimacy to an unelected, unaccountable upper house." She also expressed disappointment over the lack of representation from British Columbia, as of the 105-seat chamber, British Columbia has only six seats. References

External links

Official Biography, Office of the Premier

1965 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Canadian Anglicans
Canadian female first ministers
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Canadian talk radio hosts
Deputy premiers of British Columbia
Education ministers of British Columbia
Leaders of the British Columbia Liberal Party
Members of the Executive Council of British Columbia
People from Burnaby
Premiers of British Columbia
Simon Fraser University alumni
Women MLAs in British Columbia
21st-century Canadian politicians
21st-century Canadian women politicians
Canadian

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<mask> (born 26 February 1979), commonly known as <mask> is a Brazilian professional football manager and former player who is currently in charge of EC São Bernardo. He played most of his career as a left back or midfielder, although he was capable of playing as a winger if needed. With over 120 caps, he has achieved cult status at Guaratinguetá. He is also the fifth most capped player in São Bernardo FC history, featuring in 125 matches and being the team captain in the club's first ever championship win. Club career

<mask> started his career at the youth ranks of Botafogo, playing as a midfielder, but he made his senior debut for Bragantino, playing in the 1999 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B. After leaving the Bragança Paulista club, he signed for Campeonato Potiguar side São Gonçalo in 2000. Under head coach Paulo Moroni, he ended up scoring three goals during the tournament and helping the club finish second overall.His play caught the attention of América de Natal, which promptly signed <mask> <mask> to play in the Copa João Havelange Group Yellow. He returned to São Gonçalo the next year, finishing the 2001 Campeonato Potiguar as the club's top scorer, netting five goals. Nevertheless, <mask> <mask>'s offensive style of play got him a move to Figueirense in the Série B. He became a starting midfielder under Gilmar da Costa, but lost his starting spot after suffering a groin injury. He was part of the roster that finished second and achieved promotion back to the first division. On 17 July 2002, he was released by Figueirense. He then signed for Fortaleza for the remainder of the year.He scored two goals in his Campeonato Cearense debut, leading his new club to a 3–1 win over Boa Viagem on 18 July. He would score again on 29 July, in a 3–1 victory over bitter rivals Ceará. <mask> <mask> played in 12 of the 29 games in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B as the Leão do Pici won promotion to the 2003 Série A. After brief spells with Coríntians de Caicó, ABC and Campinense, on 29 June 2004 he joined Série C club Treze. <mask> <mask> was signed by Joinville on 8 November 2004, helping the club to a fourth place on the 2005 Campeonato Catarinense. He renewed his contract for the Série A2 later that year, in which Joinville were crowned champions. After a stint with Juventus, he joined Botafogo de Ribeirão Preto in 2006.Ferroviária
On 4 January 2007, <mask> <mask> was signed by Ferroviária, reuniting him with head coach Edison Só, with whom he had won the Paulista A3 with Botafogo de Ribeirão Preto. The one-year-deal saw him play in the Campeonato Paulista Série A3 and the Copa do Brasil, as well as in the Copa FPF. On 28 January, he made his debut away to Flamengo de Guarulhos as a late game substitute. He made his first start on February 17, playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 win at the Fonte Luminosa against Catanduvense. <mask> would be named again in the starting lineup on 4 March in a 1–0 home win over XV de Piracicaba and on April 15 in a 3–3 away draw against Votoraty, as Ferroviária finished the first stage at the top of the table. On 2 May, he was once again named among the starters for the match against Linense, relegating then first-choice left back Fernando Luís to the bench. He was the in the starting lineup in all games for the remainder of the second stage, in which Ferrinha achieved promotion but didn't advance to the finals.For the 2007 Copa FPF, <mask> <mask> was moved to the midfield and given the number 10 shirt. On 1 August, he scored his lone goal for Ferroviária in a 2–2 draw with Botafogo de Ribeirão Preto at Santa Cruz. He was later moved back to defence by manager Edison Só for the remainder of the competition, failing to be constantly figured in the starting XI. São Bernardo
Série A3 side São Bernardo FC signed <mask> <mask> from Ferroviária for the 2008 season. He scored his first goal for the club on his Serie A3 debut against Independente de Limeira in a 1–1 away tie on 27 January 2008. On 8 March, <mask> <mask> scored his first hat-trick for São Bernardo in a 4–1 win against Votoraty. <mask> became a valuable player for the club during the season, being played as a left winger by manager Lelo.He scored eight goals during the first stage and helped the club finish fourth, advancing to the second stage. On 17 May, <mask> <mask> opened the scoring for Bernô in a 3–1 home victory against Linense. Eight days later, he would score again against the same opponent, improving his goal tally to 10 on the year as his team won 4–1 at Gilbertão. São Bernardo took first place in a group that also featured Linense, Votoraty and Oeste Paulista, achieving promotion for the Série A2 for the first time and qualifying for the finals against Flamengo de Guarulhos. In the first leg of the Série A3 finals, on 8 June, <mask> <mask> scored from a free kick in the 39th minute to tie the game 1–1 at 1º de Maio. He would score again in the second leg, opening the scoring in the 24th minute, converting a penalty suffered by Raul. Flamengo would tie the game sixteen minutes later, giving the Guarulhos team the trophy, as they had the better overall record after the two legs ended in a tie.<mask> finished the Série A3 as the club's top goalscorer, finding the back of the net 12 times during the tournament. During the second half of the year, São Bernardo played in the Copa Paulista. The club's performance was not very positive, being eliminated in the first stage, having accumulated seven defeats in 14 games. <mask> would go on to score five more goals during the competition, bringing his season totals to 17. <mask> <mask> stayed with the São Bernardo do Campo club for the 2009 Campeonato Paulista Série A2. He was a starter in the first game of the year, a 1–2 home defeat to Rio Branco on 24 January 2009. He had an eventful game a week later against Ferroviária: he netted an own goal in the 28th minute, only to score from the penalty spot seven minutes later to tie the game, which would end 2–1, giving São Bernardo their first ever Série A2 win.He continued to be featured on the left wing after the departure of Lelo, only missing one  Série A2 match after picking up three yellow cards. However, his offensive production ended up being considerably smaller than previous season's, as he would only score again on 25 March in a 2–1 come-from-behind victory over Atlético Sorocaba. Under Luciano Dias, <mask> <mask> was given the number 10 shirt and was an undisputed starter for the beginning of the Copa Paulista later that year. But as the year went on, he fell out of favor with the new manager and was deemed surplus by the end of the year, prompting a move out of Tigre. He finished the season with 38 games played and 4 goals scored in all competitions. Guaratinguetá
<mask> joined newly promoted Série B side Guaratinguetá for the 2010 season. In his new club, he made the switch back to defence under coach Nedo Xavier and later Luís Carlos Martins.On 13 January 2010, he scored his first goal for Guará in his Série A2 debut for the club, in a 1–1 away draw to Votoraty. His display in that game put him in the Team of the Week. On 21 January he had an assist and scored a late game-winning goal to help his team overcome a one-goal deficit and defeat São Bento at Walter Ribeiro, earning him his second appearance in the Team of The Week. On 24 January, he led Guará to a 3–1 home win over Taquaritinga with two assists in the game, but was sent off before the final whistle, making him miss the next match. He made the Team of the Week for the third time on 13 February, following a 1–1 home draw against Linense. On 21 February, he had an assist and scored the third goal as Guaratinguetá beat Noroeste 3–0, winning him a fourth Team of the Week spot. On 17 April, <mask> scored in the 75th minute to secure an away draw in a derby against São José.He would later acknowledge that as one of the most important matches he scored on. His play helped Guaratinguetá win promotion to the state league first division after just one year in the second tier. <mask>'s seven goals during the tournament put him as the club's second top goalscorer, and he was voted by journalists as the best left-back of the tournament. Peixe would be a mainstay for Guará during the 2010 Série B as well. He scored twice in his first national match for the club on 8 May, helping Guaratinguetá to a 3–1 home win against Duque de Caxias, the first three points ever won by the Garça in Série B history. On 29 May he put on a decisive performance against Santo André, netting the first goal of the match and assisting Nenê on the second as his team won 3–1 at Dario Rodrigues Leite. He made 33 appearances for the club during the league, all of them as a starter on the left side of the defense, netting seven goals as Guaratinguetá avoided relegation by just one point.Mirassol
In December 2010, it was announced <mask> <mask> signed a short deal with Mirassol to play for the club during the Paulistão. On 16 January 2011, he made his debut against Ponte Preta, a game Mirassol went on to win 2–1. He played 74 minutes before being replaced by Diego. Although he was chosen as the starting left back for the first two games, <mask> was subbed out in both matches and was later relegated to the bench in favor of Diego. After 14 games, head coach Ivan Baitello put him in the starting lineup on April 3, as he played 72 minutes before being replaced by Marcelinho in a 0–1 loss to São Paulo at Arena Barueri. On 17 April, he played the full 90 minutes for the only time during his tenure with Mirassol, in a 0–3 away loss to Botafogo de Ribeirão Preto. Return to São Bernardo
His return to Tigre was announced on 31 May 2011, as he signed a one-year contract with the club, reuniting him with manager Luis Carlos Martins.<mask> made his Copa Paulista return for São Bernardo in a 1–2 defeat away to Juventus, playing the full 90 minutes as a left back. He scored his first two goals in his second spell at 1º de Maio on 7 August, leading Bernô to a 2–1 away win against São José. On 9

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Renato da Cunha Pereira
Renato Peixe
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Peixe
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 November 2011, <mask> made his 100th São Bernardo appearance in a 0–2 loss to Comercial at Santa Cruz. <mask> started in 25 games and scored a total three goals, as São Bernardo was eliminated by Comercial in the Copa Paulista semifinals. <mask> <mask> was São Bernardo's team captain for the 2012 Paulista Série A2. He was a starter in their first game of the season, a 0–1 defeat against São Carlos. His first goal of the year was scored on 4 February, as he converted a penalty kick suffered by Danielzinho in a 1–2 home loss to Atlético Sorocaba.On 11 February, he helped Bernô win their first game of the season after five consecutive losses, scoring the third goal in a 4–2 victory against União São João. A week later, he scored from the penalty spot to secure a 1–0 win over Santacruzense. He scored again the following match, against Penapolense. On 5 May, after missing a penalty shot earlier in the first leg of the Série A2 finals against União Barbarense, <mask> <mask> converted an injury time penalty kick to tie the game at 1–1. After another draw in the second leg, São Bernardo won their first title in club history, as <mask> <mask> lifted the Paulista Série A2 trophy as team captain. He finished the tournament with six goals in 24 appearances. Return to Guaratinguetá
In June 2012, <mask> <mask> left São Bernardo for a second stint with Guaratinguetá in the Brasileirão Série B.He was named team captain on his return. He made his return for Guará on 16 June after coming on as a 67th-minute substitute in a 1–0 away defeat against Bragantino. Under new manager Pintado, <mask> <mask> started for the first time in a 1–1 draw against Avaí, on 23 June. His first goal came on 28 August against Criciúma, opening the scoring in a 2–1 home win. On 17 November, he set up the first goal and scored the second as Guaratinguetá beat Ipatinga 3–2 at Ipatingão. On 24 November, <mask> <mask> played a crucial part in helping Guaratinguetá escape relegation, as he scored a header against Barueri, ensuring a 2–1 win in the last matchday, which moved the team out of the relegation zone. He ended his first season back with Guaratinguetá with four goals and one assist in 26 Série B appearances.He was a regular starter for the 2013 Paulista Série A2. On 23 January, <mask> <mask> scored Guaratinguetá's opening goal of the season and assisted Wellington Pimenta as their team started the year with a 3–1 away win against São Carlos. On 31 March 2013, <mask> <mask> made his 100th appearance with Guaratinguetá in a 0–0 home draw against Rio Claro, in the final matchday of the Série A2 first stage. He made 24 appearances and scored eight goals in Paulista Série A2, finishing as the club's joint-top goalscorer alongside strikers Jonatas Belusso and Douglas Tanque. <mask> <mask> played 29 matches in the 2013 Brasileirão Série B, having scored five goals and provided a single assist during the league. He was Guaratinguetá's second most capped player in the competition, behind goalkeeper Saulo and was the club's top goalscorer alongside Jonatas Belusso. Unlike in the previous season, Guaratinguetá didn't avoid relegation to Série C, finishing 17th on the table.Santo André
On 2 December 2013, <mask> <mask> became Santo André's third signing for the 2014 season. He made his first start for Ramalhão on 25 January in a 2–0 home win over his former team Guaratinguetá, being replaced in the 77th minute by Ramalho. On 12 April, <mask> <mask> scored for the first time for Santo André in a derby against bitter rivals São Caetano, netting the third goal in a 3–1 win. He was a regular starter for the club in the Série A2, having made 18 appearances and recording two assists as the club finished a respectable 6th place. São Caetano (loan)
As his wages were deemed too high for Copa Paulista standards, <mask> <mask> was loaned together with three more players to São Caetano for the 2014 Brasileirão Série C. At Anacleto Campanella, he was reunited with former Santo André manager Vilson Taddei. He made his Azulão debut on 27 April against Guarani. <mask> <mask>'s only goal for São Caetano came on 24 August, as he scored from the penalty spot in a 2–0 home win over Caxias.He returned to Santo André at the end of the year. <mask> <mask> was a starter in 14 games for Ramalhão's 2015 Série A2 campaign, but failing to score a single goal. São José
On 25 June 2015, <mask> <mask> signed a six-month deal with São José. He made his Copa Paulista debut for the club on 18 July, playing the full 90 minutes in a goalless draw against Juventus. He made four more appearances as the Águia do Vale lost the following seven games and finished the cup with the worst record overall. Monte Azul
<mask> <mask> joined Monte Azul for the 2016 Paulista Série A2. He was reunited once again with Edison Só, his former manager at Botafogo and Ferroviária.On 20 February, <mask> <mask> made his debut in a 2–0 away defeat to Atlético Sorocaba. On 9 March, he scored from the penalty spot in a 2–1 win over Batatais, which was his only goal for Monte Azul. He made 13 appearances during the competition as Monte Azul finished 16th and was demoted to Série A3 the next season. São José dos Campos
In January 2017, aged 37, he signed for Paulista Série A3 club São José dos Campos, looking to provide veteran leadership to a group of youngsters. <mask> <mask> was named the club captain for the competition and was given the number 8 shirt. He made his debut on 29 January, playing the full 90 minutes and appearing as a playmaking midfielder in a 0–1 defeat to his former club Monte Azul. On 8 February <mask> <mask> scored his first São José dos Campos goal in a last-minute penalty kick to secure a 1–0 away win over Matonense.He was sent off in a 1–1 draw against Nacional on 20 February for insulting match official José Roberto Marques following a yellow card. After serving a one-game suspension, he was back in the starting lineup for the 5 March clash against Portuguesa Santista, scoring a penalty kick for the team's lone goal in a 1–3 loss. <mask> <mask> netted his third league goal for São José dos Campos on 19 March, scoring a last-minute equalizer from the penalty spot in a 1–1 home draw against Desportivo Brasil, helping his team move up one spot on the standings. He picked up a third yellow card during a 0–1 away defeat to Comercial on 26 March, which got him out of the next match against Inter de Limeira. He would go on to score twice in a 5–0 thrashing of Marília at Martins Pereira, netting the Tigre do Vale's third goal from a Michael pass into the 6-yard box in the 72nd minute, and the closing goal from a penalty kick, eight minutes later. He left São José dos Campos at the end of the 2017 Paulista Série A3, featuring in 17 league matches and scoring five goals, the second most in the team. The club, however, ended up being relegated, falling victim to the new Série A3 rules which were created to reduce the number of teams in the division.São José dos Campos finished 16th with 24 points in 19 games. Style of play
<mask> <mask> played most of his career as a left–sided full-back or wing-back. He was a very offensive-minded player, constantly making runs down the field and cutting inside to shoot. In spite of being a defender, he was a prolific goal scorer for both Treze and São Bernardo. Managerial career

São Bernardo FC
In May 2017, <mask> <mask> became assistant coach of São Bernardo, working alongside his former São Bernardo teammate Wilson Júnior. Wilson and <mask> also worked together at Monte Azul, as the former was head coach of the club and the latter was a player. São Bernardo played in the 2017 Brasileirão Série D, achieving a respectable 9th place in the final standings, after being eliminated by São José-RS in a penalty shootout in the third stage of the league.The team also did well the following season, narrowly missing promotion in the 2018 Campeonato Paulista Série A2 but not going past the second stage in the 2018 Copa Paulista. In October 2018, Wilson, <mask> and fitness coach Deivid Marques signed with fellow Série A2 side Nacional, but after two months and no official matches, the trio returned to Tigre. On 10 February 2019, they were fired from São Bernardo, following a six-game winless streak to start the 2019 Paulistão Série A2. EC São Bernardo
Shortly after his dismissal from São Bernardo, he was signed by their crosstown rivals, EC São Bernardo. Initially, <mask> <mask> served as assistant coach under Oliveira and Régis Angeli. When Angeli resigned on 2 July 2019, <mask> <mask> took over as caretaker manager. His first game in charge was a 0–1 defeat against Grêmio Osasco in the Copa Paulista.On 12 July, he was named as the new manager of Esporte Clube São Bernardo. Under <mask> <mask>, the Cachorrão achieved their best ever Copa Paulista finish, reaching the semifinals before being eliminated by fellow ABC Region side and eventual champions São Caetano. <mask> <mask> led EC São Bernardo to the 2020 Campeonato Paulista Série A3 finals, winning promotion to the second division but missing the chance to win the league title. After losing six of the first eight games in the 2021 Campeonato Paulista Série A2, <mask> <mask> resigned as manager, following a 1–0 away defeat to Red Bull Brasil on 26 April. São José
On 1 May, <mask> <mask> was announced as the new head coach of São José, replacing Ricardo Costa. He left the club at the end of the 2021 Campeonato Paulista Série A3. EC São Bernardo (second stint)
On 23 July, <mask> <mask> was chosen to coach EC São Bernardo in the 2021 Copa Paulista.The club made it to the quarterfinals, being eliminated by their city rivals (and <mask> <mask>'s former club), São Bernardo Futebol Clube. Personal life
<mask> got his nickname Peixe during his years at Bragantino. As the club had another player with the same name as him, he got nicknamed Peixe (Fish, in Portuguese) due to being from Rio de Janeiro, where Peixe is a slang term meaning mate or pal. He was a Flamengo supporter during his childhood, and his footballing idol

masks: Renato Renato Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Renato Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato Peixe Renato


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<mask> (born 19 July 1929) is a French historian whose work is mainly focused upon Languedoc in the Ancien Régime, particularly the history of the peasantry. One of the leading historians of France, <mask> has been called the "standard-bearer" of the third generation of the Annales school and the "rock star of the medievalists", noted for his work in social history. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Les Moutiers-en-Cinglais, Calvados. His father was <mask>,who would become  minister of Agriculture for Marshal Philippe Pétain and subsequently a member of the French resistance after breaking with the Vichy regime. <mask>rie described his childhood in Normandy growing up on his family estate in the countryside as intensely Catholic and royalist in politics. The <mask> family were originally the aristocratic <mask>ries, descended from a Catholic priest who fell in love with one of his parishioners, dropped out of the priesthood to marry her and was then ennobled by the Crown; the family dropped the aristocratic de from their surname at the time of the French Revolution. <mask>'s grandfather was a French Army officer of Catholic royalist views who was dishonorably discharged from the Army in 1902 for refusing orders from the anti-clerical government to close Catholic schools.Later, the former Captain <mask> <mask> returned to rural Normandy, was elected mayor of Villeray and was active in organising a union for rural workers. During his childhood, <mask> <mask>'s hero was Marshal Pétain. Marshal Pétain's fall from grace – from the hero of Verdun and one of France's most loved men to the reviled collaborator and one of France's most hated men, sentenced to death for high treason for his collaboration with Germany – had a major influence on <mask> <mask>'s sense of history. Speaking of the rise and fall of Marshal Pétain from hero to traitor as an example of the vicissitudes of history, <mask> <mask> in a 1998 interview stated: "I have remained fascinated since then with what we call decline and fall. France is full of people who became very important, then became nothing. My fascination is probably due to the fact that my own family was once important and then became zero. There was a contrast between my own career and the feelings in my family."Because his father had been a minister in the Vichy government, his son grew up in an atmosphere of family shame and disgrace. The historian was educated in Caen at the Collège Saint-Joseph, in Paris at the Lycée Henri-IV and in Sceaux at the Lycée Lakanal. He was awarded an agrégation in history after studying at the École Normale Supérieure and a doctorat ès lettres from the University of Paris. <mask> <mask> has taught at the Lycée de Montpellier, the University of Montpellier, the École Pratique des Haute Études in Paris, the University of Paris and at the Collège de France, where he occupied from 1973 to 1999 the chair of History of Modern Civilization and became emeritus professor. <mask> <mask> was a member of the French Communist Party (PCF) between 1945 and 1956. His devoutly Catholic parents had expected him to become a Catholic priest and were scandalized that their son should become an ardent Communist and atheist. The Great Depression of the 1930s together with France's defeat in 1940 at the hands of Germany had caused many people in France to lose faith in both capitalism and liberal democracy.The leading role played by the French Communists in the Resistance during the German occupation and the willingness of many of the traditional French elites to support the Vichy regime together with the apparent success achieved by the Soviet regime's planned economy and its "scientific socialism" led <mask> <mask>, like many other people of his generation in France, to embrace Communism as the best hope for humanity. The PCF proudly billed themselves as the "party of 75,000 shot"-a reference to the claim that the Germans had shot 75,000 French Communists between 1941 and 1944 (the true figure was actually 10,000 French Communists executed by the Germans between 1941 and 1944); nevertheless the PCF had acquired tremendous prestige in 1940s France as a result of its role in the Resistance. The German occupation had been a profoundly traumatic experience for the French, not the least because unlike World War I, in which the Union sacrée proclaimed by Raymond Poincaré in 1914 had united the left and the right against the common German enemy, World War II had seen a civil war in France. The Resistance had fought not only the Germans, but also the police, gendarmes and the much feared Milice of the Vichy regime. The Milice were a collection of French fascists, gangsters and assorted adventurers used by the Vichy regime to hunt down and murder résistants, who in their turn assassinated members of the Milice. Given this background, in which many young French people had seen at first-hand the pretty streets, avenues and squares of French cities, towns and villages sullied by acts of outrageous cruelty and violence, <mask> <mask> described his generation as a scarred one, saying: "It was dangerous for young people during the war. If we are subjected to violence, we will in turn be violent towards others.It is like someone who is sodomised and then sodomises others." <mask> <mask> explained that he became a Communist as a reaction to his war-time experiences. When the Hungarian writer Arthur Koestler's 1940 novel Darkness at Noon was translated into French in 1949, <mask> <mask> saw it as confirming the greatness of Stalinism instead of the condemnation that Koestler had intended. Koestler's novel concerned a prominent Soviet Communist and Old Bolshevik named Rubashov who was arrested and charged with crimes against the Soviet Union that he did not commit, but which he willingly confessed to in a show trial after hearing an appeal to Party discipline. The character of Rubashov is generally believed to be modeled by Koestler on Nikolai Bukharin, a prominent Old Bolshevik and the leader of the "rightist" (i.e. moderate) faction in the Communist Party who was shot in 1938 after a show trial in Moscow which Bukharin confessed to a fantastic array of bizarre and improbable charges such as being an agent of foreign powers, sabotage, "wrecking", and working with <mask> from his exile in Mexico City and the "White Guard" leaders in Paris to overthrow Stalin. Bukharin's real crime had been to oppose Stalin in the post-<mask> succession struggle in the 1920s and to advocate continuing the New Economic Policy - which allocated control of the "commanding heights" of the Soviet economy to the state while allowing free enterprise in the rest of the economy - as a viable model for the future.It was not until 1928 when Stalin brought in the First Five Year Plan that full socialism arrived in the Soviet Union, a policy choice that Bukharin had opposed. The image of the Bukharin-like character Rubashov confessing to crimes that he did not commit in order to uphold the greatness of Communism in Darkness At Noon caused a sensation at the time, but the truth was rather more brutal and sordid: Bukharin had been psychologically "broken" after months of torture by the NKVD, and had been reduced to such a state that he was willing to "confess" to anything. <mask> Ladurie wrote in a 1949 essay about Darkness At Noon that: "Rubashov was right to sacrifice his life and especially his revolutionary honor so that the best of all possible regimes could be established one day". <mask> Ladurie was to subsequently admit that he had misunderstood the message of Darkness At Noon. At the height of the Cold War in the early 1950s, <mask> Ladurie described the atmosphere inside the Party as "une intensité liturgique". In 1955, <mask> Ladurie married Madeleine Pupponi with whom he had one son and one daughter. <mask> Ladurie left the PCF after doubts caused by the 1956 Hungarian Revolution became too much for him.<mask> <mask> was later to write that the sight of Soviet tanks crushing the ordinary people of Hungary in 1956 who were merely demanding basic human rights led him to abandon his optimism of the late 1940s that the Soviet Union represented the best hope of humanity and instead led him to the conclusion that communism was an inhumane, totalitarian ideology that oppressed people in the Soviet Union, Hungary and elsewhere. <mask> <mask>'s break with the PCF did not mean a break with the left: he joined the Socialist Party, running as a Socialist candidate in Montpellier in 1957, winning 2.5% of the vote. In 1963, a disillusioned <mask> Ladurie left the Socialists. <mask> Ladurie has often written for Le Nouvel Observateur, L'Express, and Le Monde  newspapers, and appeared on French television (in France, historians have far more social prestige than they do in the English-speaking world; to be a successful historian in France is to be something of a celebrity). Les paysans de Languedoc
Le Roy Ladurie first attracted attention with his doctoral thesis, Les paysans de Languedoc, which was published as a book in 1966 and translated into English as The Peasants of Languedoc in 1974. In this study of the peasantry of Languedoc over several centuries, Le Roy Ladurie employed a huge range of quantitative information such as tithe records, wage books, tax receipts, rent receipts and profit records, together with the theories of such thinkers as Ernest Labrousse, Michel Foucault, David Ricardo, Fernand Braudel, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Thomas Malthus, François Simiand, Sigmund Freud and Max Weber, to contend that the history of Languedoc was "l'histoire immobile." He argued that the history of Languedoc was marked by waves of growth and decline that in essence changed very little over the passage of time.<mask> Ladurie acknowledged his debt to Braudel, who had argued that it was climate and geography that shaped the course of history, but felt that Braudel had gone too far in regarding these factors as causal agents in history. Instead, <mask> Ladurie felt that culture and economics were just as important as the nature of the land and the weather. Influenced by the work of his mentor Fernand Braudel, <mask> Ladurie set out to write a histoire totale (total history) of Languedoc from the 15th to the 18th centuries that would integrate political, cultural, economic, social history and environmental history. <mask> Ladurie proposed that the determining feature of life in Languedoc was the culture of the people who lived there, arguing that the people of Languedoc could not break the cycles of advance and decline not so much because of technological factors, but because of the culture that prevented them from developing more progressive technology and farming practices. In Les paysans de Languedoc, <mask> Ladurie went against the prevailing Marxist view that dominated French historiography at the time that the history of early modern France from the 15th century to the 18th century was the ever-accelerating accumulation of property and wealthy by capitalists. Instead, <mask> Ladurie contended that in Languedoc there had been cycles of economic advance and decline from the 15th to the 18th centuries. According to <mask> Ladurie, there were several cycles, namely:
"the low water mark" in the 15th century when French society was still recovering from the massive death toll caused by the Black Death of the 14th century which had wiped out much of the population of France.As a consequence, there was social pressure on the survivors to have as many children as possible to repopulate France. With a growing population in the late 14th and 15th centuries, forests were cut down to make room for farms, while poorer land that had been neglected was reclaimed for the growing number of Languedoc peasants. The growing also meant that property was constantly being subdivided while wages declined. The first phase in turn led to the second phase, the "advance" of growing prosperity that lasted until 1530. After 1530, <mask> Ladurie maintained that the "stubborn inelasticity" of farming practices in Languedoc combined with a growing population led to a period of economic decline that lasted for the rest of the 16th century. Peasants planted more grain, but owing to a combination of cultural conservatism, a shortage of capital and a refusal to innovate, could not increase the productivity of the land to match the increasing population. The growing numbers of mouths to feed together with the "stubborn inelasticity" of Languedoc farming methods led a period of social misery with more and more struggling to survive on less and less.Many peasants moved to other provinces in a search of a better life while those that remained in Languedoc tended to get married at a later age in order to limit family size. In the 16th century, ordinary people in Languedoc  were all too aware that they were living in very tough times, but <mask> Ladurie wrote that they were "preoccupied to the point of self-immolation" with religious issues. The Reformation had badly divided ordinary people, and during the French Wars of Religion, Protestants and Catholics fought one another over the social domination of Languedoc society. Between 1562 and 1598, a series of civil wars took place in France between Catholics and Huguenots to determine whether France would be a Catholic or Calvinist nation: Frenchmen went about killing each other with much passion and fury, both sides being convinced that their faith was the one true faith and that France's salvation was literally in the balance. The Reformed Church had made great gains in the south of France, and as a result Languedoc, like many provinces in the south was the scene of especially vicious fighting during the Wars of Religion. <mask> Ladurie argued that it was the devastating effect of the civil wars in France that gave birth to both anti-tax revolts as the peasants objected to the increased taxes to which the series of civil wars gave rise and a widespread belief in witchcraft, which held out the promise of a more just society. <mask> Ladurie wrote that witchcraft represented the lingering survival of the beliefs of the ancient pagan religion before the conversion of Languedoc  to Christianity.The ancient Celts had thrown valuable objects into pools and streams to appease the powerful water spirits that were believed to live there while, later, the Romans had imported the belief in Dryads (woodland nymphs) and Naiads (water nymphs). Despite becoming nominally Christian, the people of Languedoc continued to do this for centuries. Peasant folklore had it that certain favored young women could be invited to join the sisterhood of the Naiads and that if they accepted the invitation by diving naked into the magical waters, they would be transformed into a sensuous Naiad who would be forever young. <mask> Ladurie suggested that these folktales about young women turning into Dryads or Naiads reflected both female fantasies of escape from the patriarchal society of 16th century Languedoc and a way for the peasants to "explain away" young women who had run away. Given the prevalence of such beliefs, many peasants took it for granted that certain women were witches who had magical powers and could talk to the spirits of the forest and the waters. During the period of the Wars of Religion, many ordinary people repulsed in equal measure by the brutal fanaticism of the Catholics and the Huguenots turned to these women, as a rejection both of the bloody mayhem caused by the Wars and of the existing social order which Christianity, whenever it be Protestant or Catholic, upheld. <mask> Ladurie wrote that the appeal of witchcraft with its glorification of the sensuous pleasures of the human body held out the promise of a "social inversion", which it failed to deliver upon.In studying the cultural and religious history of Languedoc, <mask> Ladurie was very different from many other Annales historians who usually ignored these aspects of history. <mask> Ladurie wrote that by the end of the 16th century, the "Malthusian curse" had fallen on Languedoc as the substantial population growth was not matched by increased productivity of the land to provide enough food for all the extra mouths. Starting in 1600, a third phase that <mask> Ladurie called "maturity" began. In the 17th century, the productivity of the land in Languedoc finally caught up with the growth in the population. Contrary to the claims of Marxist historians, <mask> Ladurie argued that there was little accumulation of wealth, as continuing agrarian conservatism and a major increase in what <mask> Ladurie called "parasitic phenomena" both retarded efforts to build up capital. The "parasitic phenomena" were the increasing taxes levied by the French Crown combined with increased tithes demanded by the Catholic Church and increased rents by landlords. Many Languedoc peasants went deeply into debt in an effort to pay all of these.The adverse climate of the 17th century, in which the Little Ice Age was at its height, together with the fact that France was constantly at war in the 17th century further contributed to the increasing misery of the peasantry of Languedoc. In the second half of the 17th century was what <mask> Roy Ladurie called the fourth phase of "the long period of recession". As the peasants struggled to pay their loans, taxes, tithes and rents, the economy of Languedoc went into a period of steep decline. This period of rising unemployment and poverty together with poor hygiene, unsanitary living conditions, emigration to other provinces of France, late marriages and a rise in birth control – as many men started to use primitive condoms – all led to a dramatic decline in the population of Languedoc. During this period, many wealthier families were able to embark upon land

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 consolidation as they were able to buy the land of less successful families on the cheap. At the beginning of the 18th century, Languedoc society was, in <mask> Roy Ladurie's opinion, not far from where it had been two centuries earlier, thus making this entire period one of "l'historie immobile". <mask> Roy Ladurie saw this as the result of the inability of the farmers of Languedoc to increase the productivity of the land, writing: "Some have spoken of a natural ceiling on productive resources.But 'nature' in this case is actually culture; it is the customs, the way of life, the mentality of the people; it is a whole formed by technical knowledge and a system of values, by the means employed and the ends pursued". <mask> <mask> argued that, as a result, the unwillingness of the peasants of Languedoc to engage in technologically innovative farming techniques to increase the productivity of the land (as was happening during the same period in England) was the result of the "lack of the conscience, the culture, the morals, the politics, the education, the reformist spirit, and the unfettered longing for success" that characterized the entire culture of Languedoc during these centuries. However, <mask> <mask> pointed out that what he had traced was not a cycle in the proper sense as Languedoc did not return in the 18th century to where it had been in the 15th. Even though this was overall a period of economic stagnation, <mask> <mask> noted that were "islands" of growth and change in Languedoc. Some of the more enterprising farmers started to grow silk and vines, the latter laying the foundations of the Languedoc wine industry. Others switched over to cloth manufacture. In conclusion, <mask> <mask> argued that these economic changes together with the beginning of elementary schools in which the sons of farmers acquired some literacy, the decline of religious fanaticism and a "a general improvement in behavior" all come together to bring about the "economic takeoff" of the 18th century, when the cycles of decline and advance were finally broken.In <mask> <mask>'s view, there were "structures" comprising long-term and slowly changing material and mental patterns which underlined the more dramatic and, in his opinion, less important "conjoncture" of trends and events, upon which historians have traditionally focused. <mask> Ladurie wrote that what he was exploring in Les paysans de Languedoc was the relationship between the vie culturelle that was the "superstructure" of beliefs, politics and thought as it was changed slowly by the vie matérielle of the environment and geography that was the "base" on which the superstructure rested. Like Braudel, <mask> Ladurie believes that it is the history of the "structures" that really mattered, but unlike Braudel, <mask> Ladurie has expressed an interest in biography and the histoire événementielle (history of events), which Braudel dismissed as irrelevant. However, <mask> Ladurie stated that while studying histoire événementielle is interesting, it is the "structures" of French society that explain the course of French history. Montaillou

<mask> Ladurie's best-known work is Montaillou, village occitan de 1294 à 1324 (1975), a study of the village of Montaillou in the region of Languedoc in the south of France during the age of the Cathar heresy. Montaillou was a bestseller in both France and after its translation into English in the United States and Great Britain, and remains <mask> Ladurie's most popular book by far. As a result of the book, the previously little-known village of Montaillou became a popular tourist destination.In Montaillou, <mask> Roy Ladurie used the records of the Inquisition of Jacques Fournier, Bishop of Pamiers, to develop a multi-layered study of life in a small French village over the course of several years. <mask> Roy Ladurie used the records of interrogations conducted by Fournier to offer a picture of both the material and mental worlds of the inhabitants of Montaillou. Montaillou was much praised by reviewers in both France and the English-speaking world for its vivid, atmospheric recreation of the everyday life of the people of Montaillou in the early 14th century. Many critics have noted that for <mask> Ladurie, the village priest Father Pierre Clergue, an ardent womanizer whose vow of celibacy meant nothing and who apparently slept with most of the women of Montaillou seemed to be something of a hero for the historian. Clergue's affair with the local aristocrat and noted beauty, the Countess Béatrice de Planisoles formed one of the central stories that <mask> Roy Ladurie related in Montaillou with much sympathy for the doomed couple. Critics of <mask> Roy Ladurie have argued that the Holy Inquisition was an instrument of judicial repression for whom torture or the threat of torture were routine methods. The Canadian historian Norman Cantor argued that none of the people questioned by Fournier had appeared willingly before the Holy Inquisition, and that therefore the Fournier Register which <mask> Roy Ladurie had used as his main source for Montaillou is not reliable.Other critics have noted that the people questioned by Fournier spoke in Occitan, had their remarks written down in Latin and that <mask> <mask> had translated the text into French and have wondered if something has been lost in the translation. Resisting the "totalitarian temptation"
In France, the intelligentsia has more prestige than does the intelligentsia in the English-speaking world and as such, intellectuals are expected to take stands on the major issues of the day. In January 1978, <mask> <mask> was a founding member of the Comité des intellectuals pour l'Europe des libertés (Committee of Intellectuals for a Europe of liberties), an anti-communist group of liberal French intellectuals opposed to the powerful influence of the French Communist Party on French intellectual life and the alliance of the Socialists and the Communists which they saw as a threat to French democracy. The Comité des intellectuals pour l'Europe des libertés was not a conservative group, and instead was opposed to Communism from a liberal vantage-point, declaring itself opposed to both "the unarticulated cry and pure revolt on one hand and absolute knowledge and totalizing ideology on the other", damning the "fatal socialist-statist equation" as offering the end of the Republic and everything it stood for. In its founding manifesto, the Comité des intellectuals pour l'Europe des libertés declared its intention "to defend the synonymy of these three words: Europe, culture, freedom". Significantly, the committee did not limit its remit to France or even Western Europe, instead proclaiming its intention to defend liberty in all of Europe, Western and Eastern. He analysed his political engagement and Communism in Ouverture, société, pouvoir: de l’Édit de Nantes à la chute du communisme (2004) and Les grands procès politiques, ou la pédagogie infernale (2002).Carnaval de Romans
Another work was Le Carnaval de Romans: de la chandeleur au mercredi des cendres (translated into English as Carnival in Romans) which dealt with the 1580 massacre of about twenty artisans at the annual carnival in the town of Romans-sur-Isère, France. In this book, <mask> Roy Ladurie used the only two surviving eyewitness accounts of the massacre (one of which was hostile towards to the victims of the massacre by Guérin, the other sympathetic yet often inaccurate by Piémond), together with such information as plague lists and tax lists, to treat the massacre as a microcosm of the political, social and religious conflicts of rural society in the latter half of the 16th century in France. This book provides an example of a micro-historical approach to the social structure of the town of Romans and tax rebellions in early modern France. Social history
Other more recent treatments of social history by <mask> Roy Ladurie have included La sorcière de Jasmin (translated into English as Jasmin's Witch) and Le siècle des Platter, 1499-1628 (translated into English as The Beggar and the Professor: A Sixteenth Century Family Drama). In Jasmin's Witch, <mask> Roy Ladurie following the lead of Carlo Ginzburg, who argued that the idea of witchcraft as held by peasants was very different from the idea of witchcraft held by judges and churchmen. To understand the "total social fact of witchcraft," <mask> Roy Ladurie used the 1842 poem Françouneto written by Jacques Boè and based on a traditional French peasant folk tale. <mask> Roy Ladurie contended that the poem contains many authentic traces of popular beliefs about witchcraft in rural France during the 17th and 18th centuries.<mask> Ladurie argued that the "crime" of the "witch" Françouneto was the violation of the unwritten social code of "limited wealth," namely that she increased her own wealth at the expense of others. In The Beggar and the Professor, <mask> Ladurie used the letters and memoirs of the Platter family to examine the social values of the 16th century, especially in regards to religion, medicine, crime, learning, and taxes. Another work of social history by <mask> <mask> was his 1982 book Love, Death, and Money in the Pays d'Oc, The French Peasantry: 1450-1660, which as it title indicates examined the views held by French peasants about love, death and money. Political history
Though best known for his work in "microhistory", <mask> Ladurie has also examined the political history of France between 1460 and 1774 in a two-volume history. The first volume was L'Etat royal: de Louis XI à Henri IV, 1460-1610 (translated into English as The French Royal State: 1460-1610). In this book, <mask> Ladurie argued that the major concerns of the French Crown were the economy, the Reformation and aristocratic politics, and that the main reasons for the growth of the French state was the need to raise revenue to pay for military expansion into Italy, Provence and Burgundy and its rivalry with Spain over mastery of western Europe. In the second volume, Ancien Régime: de Louis XIII à Louis XV, 1610-1774 (translated into English as The Ancien Régime), <mask> <mask> argued that there was a close connection between the domestic and foreign policies of the French Crown.In particular, <mask> <mask> argued that periods of authoritarianism in domestic policy coincided with periods of aggression in foreign policy, and that periods of liberalism in domestic policy coincided with periods of a pacific foreign policy. In order to pay for war, the French state had to increase taxation to raise the necessary funds. In Ancien Régime France, society was divided into three legal categories; the First Estate (the Catholic Church), the Second Estate (the nobility) and the Third Estate (the commoners). The first two estates, which comprised the more wealthier elements of French society were exempt from taxation and to make up the shortfall in revenue, the Third Estate was taxed more heavily than what had been the case if the tax burden in French society was spread with greater equality. <mask> Ladurie argued that because war was so expensive, the French state always had to drastically increase taxation in times of conflict. And that because of the highly unequal nature of the French tax system, the increased taxes had to be accompanied with increased repression to crush the social resistance generated by the higher taxes. The three men who dominated French politics in the 17th century, namely the Cardinal Richelieu, Cardinal Mazarin and King Louis XIV were all obsessed with winning  la gloire (the glory) of making France into the world's greatest power, which meant that the 17th century was a period of constant warfare where France was almost always at war with some other power to win la gloire.As a result, anti-tax revolts frequently broke out all over France in the 17th century as the Third Estate attempted to reject the oppressively heavy taxation needed to pay for the wars intended to win la gloire. All of the anti-tax revolts were crushed with ferocious brutality by the Crown to send the message that it was folly on the part of ordinary people to challenge the might of the French state. Despite certain lapses in the 1750s, <mask> Ladurie argued that the reign of King Louis XV was characterized by liberalism at home and peace abroad while the rule of Cardinal Richelieu and King Louis XIV was marked by aggression and authoritarianism. At the end of his two-volume history, <mask> Ladurie stated that the growth of popularity of Enlightenment ideas, anti-clericalism, and liberalism had by 1774 already placed France on the road to the French Revolution. The American historian Stuart Carroll commented that in these books of the 1990s, <mask> Ladurie was according the decisions individuals and histoire événementielle a level of importance in influencing history that he had rejected in his 1973 book Le Territoire de l'historien where he had claimed the quantitative methodology and the study of long-term structural changes had replaced histoire événementielle and biographies as the main focus of the work of a historian. Historiography
<mask>'s mentor was Fernand Braudel, a prominent member of the Annales School and one of the most prolific contemporary historians. At the beginning of the 1970s, Ladurie founded the movement of the "Nouvelle histoire" (New History).<mask> Ladurie is a leading champion of "microhistory," in which a historian uses the study of an event, locality, family or life to reveal the "structures" which underlie life in the particular period under study. Some, like Niall Ferguson, have questioned the value of "microhistory," arguing that it is wrong to assume that the study of one village or one incident in one town or one family reveals wider patterns of life in France, let alone the rest of Europe. Another line of criticism has centered around <mask> Ladurie's use of the term "structures." His critics contend that he has never clearly defined the term, nor explained why "structures" change over time, or even whether the "structures" <mask> Roy Ladurie purports to find exist. <mask> Roy Ladurie has also worked on the history of French regions (Histoire de France des régions, 2004) and on anthropometric history as well as on the impact of climate changes on human history. Besides writing books, <mask> Roy Ladurie is a prolific essayist writing on variety of subjects such as the utility of computers as method of historical research, rates of delinquency in the French Army in the 19th century, the spread of global diseases and the belief of French peasants that magic could be used to generate impotence. The latter was a reference to the widespread practice of French peasant men in the Middle Ages and the early modern period of paying witches to use their (supposed) magical powers to make their rivals in love go impotent.<mask> <mask> is also known as one of the first modern environmental historians because his work focused on human agency in environmental change, as well as environmental factors in human history. Works
Les Paysans de Languedoc - 1966
Histoire du climat depuis l'An Mil, 1967
Montaillou, village occitan, 1975,  (English),  (French)
Le Territoire de l'historien Vol. 1 - 1973
Le Territoire de l'historien Vol. 2 - 1978
Le Carnaval de Romans, 1579-1580 - 1980
L'État royal - 1987
L'Ancien Régime - 1991
Le Siècle des Platter (1499-1628), Le mendiant et le professeur - 1995
Saint-Simon, le système de la Cour - 1997
Histoire de la France des Régions - 2001
Histoire  des paysans français, de la peste noire à la Révolution - 2002
Histoire humaine et comparée du climat - 2004
Abrégé d'Histoire du climat - 2007

Endnotes

References
Barzun, Jacques Clio and the Doctors: Psycho-history, Quanto-history and History, Chicago, II: University of Chicago Press, 1974. Burke, Peter The French Historical Revolution: The Annales School, 1929-1989, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990. Cantor, Norman Inventing the Middle Ages: the Lives, Works and Ideas of the Great Medievalists in the Twentieth Century, New York: W. Morow, 1991. Carrard, P. "The New History and the Discourse of the Tentative: <mask> Ladurie's Question Marks" pages 1–14 from Clio, Volume 15, Issue #1, 1985.Carrard, P. Poetics of the New History: French Historical Discourse from Braudel to Chartier, Baltimore, M.D. : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Hartigan, F.X. "Montaillou" pages 275-283 from Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History, Volume 21, 1994. Himmelfarb, Gertrude The New History and the Old: Critical Essays and Reappraisals, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Lloyd, Christopher The Structures of History, Blackwell, Oxford, 1993. Newman, E.L. "<mask> Roy Ladurie's Magic: Jasmin's Witch" pages 285-292 from The Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History, Volume 21, 1994.Sonnino, P. "Les paysans de Languedoc: vingt-sept ans après" pages 293-300 from The Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History, Volume 21, 1994. Stone, Lawrence "In the Alleys of Mentalité" pages 20–23 from New York Review of Books, Volume 26, Issue #17, November 8, 1979. Willis, F.R. "The Contribution of the Annales School to Agrarian History: a Review Essay" pages 538-548 from Agricultural History, Volume 52, Issue #4, 1978. 1929 births
Living people
People from Calvados (department)
École Normale Supérieure alumni
Collège de France faculty
French Communist Party members
20th-century French historians
Historiographers
Historians of France
Microhistorians
Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques
Lycée Henri-IV alumni
Lycée Lakanal alumni
Environmental historians
French male writers
Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy
Historians of

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<mask><mask>, M.D., J.D. (July 18, 1935 – April 2, 2008) was an American physician and attorney in Orange County, California who established a legal medicine bioethics educational program at the Western University of Health Sciences in Pomona, California, formerly COMP. Early life
Dr<mask> was born in his parent's New York City home on July 18, 1935. The son of an Italian immigrant father, Dr. Cifarelli spent his youth in Jackson Heights, New York. In 1952 at 16 years of age he entered the Men's Light-Heavyweight Division of the Golden Gloves Boxing league where he earned an impressive winning record over a short boxing career in which he was never knocked down and lost only one bout. Throughout his young adulthood Dr. Cifarelli spent time working in the Roman Bronze Works foundry, the oldest and longest running foundry in America, in Brooklyn, New York, which was owned and operated by his maternal uncle and which produced some of the most notable bronze sculptures of the 20th Century, including the Heisman Trophy, the statue of Thomas Jefferson in the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C., the Iwo-Jima Memorial In Washington, D.C., the statue of Atlas at Rockefeller Center, New York and many other iconic pieces. It was there where Dr. Cifarelli developed an interest in bronze sculpture that lasted throughout his lifetime.Education and Early Medical Career
Dr. Cifarelli showed very little ability or interest in academics during his schooling through high school. Rather, he interacted with a "tough crowd" often getting into many physical confrontations all the way through high school—he barely graduated and had numerous disciplinary issues. Consequently, the high school guidance counselor recommended Cifarelli pursue a career involving manual labor and upon graduation gave him an application to the Sanitation Department for the City of New York. This clearly was a turning point in Cifarelli's life and was the beginning of a lifelong pursuit of education and knowledge. Upon graduation from high school Cifarelli did not have high enough grades for general admission to college. Instead, he was allowed to enroll in two college courses on a probationary status during the summer immediately following high school graduation. He earned straight A's in the courses and was accepted into the University; within one year his performance earned him an academic scholarship.Dr. Cifarelli majored in Biology at Long Island University while working nights as an attendant at the famed Metropolitan Opera House in New York City, where he developed a lifelong love of opera. His honors for academic achievement included earning a Departmental Medal in Biology which was presented to him by William Zeckendorf. A natural linguist, Dr. Cifarelli read, wrote and spoke four languages. He spoke two different dialects of Italian and understood and was semi-conversational in Latin. He was so proficient in French that after his first year of studies in college he became the preferred student-substitute for French class at all levels on campus. He went on to attend medical school at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. On a visit home during medical school he met Jean Abitabile, a New York native, whom he later married. After graduating from Georgetown, Dr. <mask> returned to New York City, where he practiced medicine for several years, working with well-known New York physicians including Dr. <mask>. LoPresti.During this period Dr. Cifarelli, in collaboration with others, became involved developing and testing the gastroscope, the medical device now commonly used to screen patients for colon cancer. Dr. <mask> earned his reputation as one of the pioneers of the medical specialty of Gastroenterology working in many hospitals in Brooklyn and Queens, N.Y. including St. Mary's Hospital in Brooklyn, N.Y. where he founded the Gastroenterology Clinic and served as Chief of the Department. Military service - Vietnam and the Persian Gulf War
In 1966, recognizing the dire need created by the Vietnam War for physicians in the military, Dr. <mask> voluntarily enlisted in the United States Army. He served in Vietnam from 1966 through 1967, attaining the rank of Captain and serving as Chief of Medicine at the 67th Evac. Hospital in QuiNan, Vietnam. He was awarded a Bronze Star and a Letter of Commendation for his service during the war. Dr. <mask>'s respect and admiration for military service never faded.In 1982 he re-joined the Army, in its reserve unit as a Lt. Colonel. Two years later he attained the rank of full Colonel and continued to serve in the U.S. Army Reserves Medical Corps through most of the 1990s. During that period he was named Chief of Medicine and later Commander of the 349th General Hospital in Los Angeles, a unit called to serve in the Persian Gulf War. He also commanded the 458th MASH Unit and later served as a Consultant to the U.S. Army Surgeon General, obtaining a top secret clearance at the Pentagon. As the millennium arrived Dr. Cifarelli finally retired from the military. Move to California
In December 1970 Dr. Cifarelli moved his wife and four children to California where his medical career flourished.Through the 1970s and 1980s Dr<mask> served as Chief of Medicine and Chief of Staff at several Orange County hospitals including Good Samaritan Hospital in Anaheim, California. At Good Samaritan in 1978 Dr. Cifarelli met and befriended Ferdinand Waldo Demara  aka "the Great Imposter," who was serving as the hospital's chaplain. Recognizing that Demara did not appear to have any family or close relationships, Dr. Cifarelli began regularly inviting Demara to family gatherings at his home. As Chief of Staff, Dr. Cifarelli was also instrumental in helping secure for Demara a place to live in the hospital, where Demara later died. In the 1970s Dr. <mask> began teaching clinical medicine at U.C. Irvine Medical School and legal medical subjects at COMP. He ultimately attained the rank of full clinical professor at UCI Medical School and at COMP and held those positions until his death.In 1979 he was named in the First Edition of "The Best Doctors of America." Early Legal Career
In the mid 1970s Dr. Cifarelli began attending night school at the Western State College of Law, while continuing his busy career as a physician during the day. He passed the bar and began practicing both law and medicine in 1979, becoming one of the first practicing physicians and attorneys in Orange County. He devoted much of his practice to medical malpractice issues. He later moved his law practice to Santa Ana and continued to practice law for several years, joined in the late 1980s by his oldest son <mask><mask>, J.D. Later Legal Career
After a short semi-retirement in the late 1990s, Dr. <mask> returned to the practice of law around 2000, joining the law firm run by his sons including well-known child rights attorney Thomas A<mask>, at The Cifarelli Law Firm, LLP. It was during the second half of his legal career where Dr. Cifarelli took up the cause of representing physicians in legal/ethical issues related to the treatment of patients including the terminally ill.Teaching and Advocating for Patients' Rights
Dr. Cifarelli spent much of the second half of his legal and teaching career on bioethics issues on behalf of terminally ill patients seeking the right to die with dignity and the physicians who treat them. Always driven by a love of education and philosophy, Dr. Cifarelli became actively involved with the American College of Legal Medicine, educating practicing physicians and attorneys about cutting edge issues involving Bio-Ethics and the right to death with dignity. He ascended to the rank of President of the American College of Legal Medicine in 2005 and was honored with the organization's Gold Medal for lifetime achievement in March 2008. At COMP Dr. Cifarelli established the school's first Legal Medicine Ethics program in 1978 and taught generations of physicians about the ethical and legal issues doctors face on a daily basis in their care of patients including the terminally ill.  Dr. Cifarelli truly loved teaching and his 29 years of lecturing at COMP provided him much joy. In his legal practice Dr. Cifarelli successfully represented many physicians being investigated by the State Medical Board for following patients' wishes and providing advanced end-of-life care to terminally ill and suffering patients. Dr. Cifarelli also promoted awareness of these subjects through his active leadership in the American College of Legal Medicine. Death and Family
Dr. Cifarelli was diagnosed with lung cancer in the Summer of 2007.He underwent extensive treatment for the disease until his death. He is survived by his four children Emilia Longo, Nina Longo, <mask><mask> and Thomas A<mask>, and seven grandchildren Candace, Amanda, Jeanine, Alex, Vincent, Angela and Michael. He is also survived by his younger brother Dr. Albert V<mask> of New York City, and his second wife Barbara. References

External links
American College of Legal Medicine

1935 births
2008 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
American gastroenterologists
Deaths from lung cancer
Georgetown University School of Medicine alumni
Long Island University alumni

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<mask> or Poor (died 15 April 1237) was a medieval English bishop best known for his role in the establishment of Salisbury Cathedral and the City of Salisbury, moved from the nearby fortress of Old Sarum. He served as Bishop of Chichester, Bishop of Salisbury and Bishop of Durham. Early life
Poore was probably the son of <mask> of Ilchester, also known as <mask>clive, who served as Bishop of Winchester. He was the brother of <mask>, who served as bishop of Salisbury from 1194 to 1217. <mask> studied under Stephen Langton at Paris. <mask> became Dean of Salisbury in 1197, and unsuccessfully was nominated to the see of Winchester in 1205 and attained the see of Durham in 1213. His election to Durham was disallowed by Pope Innocent III before it was made public, probably because the pope knew that King John wished for the translation of his advisor John de Gray from the see of Norwich to Durham.During the interdict on England during King John's reign, <mask> returned to Paris to teach until the interdict was lifted. It was probably during these years before Poore held an episcopal office that he completed Osmund's Institutio, as well as his own works the Ordinale and the Consuetudinarium. The Institutio detailed the duties of the cathedral clergy at Salisbury, along with their rights. The Ordinale covered the liturgy, and how the various specialised services interacted with the basic divine service. The last work, the Consuetudinarium, gave the customs of Salisbury itself. Both the Consuetudinarium and the Ordinale  were basically guides to the Sarum Rite, the usual form of liturgy in thirteenth century England. While he was dean, he also encouraged Robert of Flamborough to write a penitential.<mask> was Bishop of Chichester in 1215, being elected about 7 January and consecrated on 25 January at Reading. He attended the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215. He also served as one of the executors of King John's estate. Bishop of Salisbury

<mask>'s brother, <mask>, died in 1217, and <mask> succeeded to his position as Bishop of Salisbury by 27 June. He owed his move to the see of Salisbury to the papal legate, Cardinal Guala Bicchieri. It was during this time that he oversaw and helped plan the construction of the new Salisbury Cathedral as a replacement for the old cathedral at Old Sarum. He also laid out the town of Salisbury in 1219, to allow the workers building the cathedral a less cramped town than the old garrison town at Old Sarum.The cathedral, however, was not dedicated until 1258. It was while Poore was at Salisbury that he issued his Statutes of Durham, which derived their name from the fact that he reissued them after being moved to the see of Durham. These statutes were influential on many other episcopal legislation. He also welcomed the first Franciscan friars to Salisbury around 1225. He also served as a royal justice in 1218 and 1219. In 1223, with the fall from power of Peter des Roches bishop of Winchester, Ranulph earl of Chester, and Falkes de Breauté, <mask> helped Hubert de Burgh take over the government, along with Stephen Langton and Jocelin of Wells bishop of Bath and Wells. The four men worked together to govern England for the next five years.While <mask> was at Salisbury, he took part in the translation of St Wulfstan's in 1218, and in the translation of Saint Thomas Becket's relics in 1220. At the later event, he was the only other bishop besides Stephen Langton actually to examine Becket's body. <mask> also petitioned Pope Gregory IX to have the first bishop of Salisbury, Osmund de Sees canonized, but was unsuccessful. Osmund was eventually made a saint in 1457. Bishop of Durham
<mask> was translated to the see of Durham on 14 May 1228. With his move to Durham, he withdrew from royal service, although he was briefly back in service when Peter des Roches returned to power in late 1232 and early 1233. At Durham, he inherited a quarrel between the bishop and the cathedral chapter that mainly involved the election of the prior and the right of the bishop to undertake visitations of the priory.The quarrel had begun under <mask>, and had led to appeals to the papal curia from the monks. Soon after coming to Durham, <mask> issued a set of detailed constitutions that governed many of the relations between the bishop, the prior, and the cathedral chapter that was the basis of church government in Durham until the Dissolution of the monasteries under King Henry VIII of England. Legacy and death
In 1220, while Poore was bishop of Salisbury, he ordered his clergy to instruct a few children so that the children might in turn teach the rest of the children in basic church doctrine and prayers. He also had the clergy preach every Sunday that children should not be left alone in a house with a fire or water. Also during his time in Salisbury, he promoted the education of boys by endowing some schoolmasters with benefices provided they did not charge for instruction. In 1237, <mask> established a retirement house for the old and infirm clergy of the diocese of Durham. <mask> was also an opponent of pluralism, the holding of more than one benefice at the same time.He not only held that a clerk receiving a new benefice should give up the old one, but that if the clerk protested about the loss, he should lose both benefices. He also decreed that the clergy should not be involved in "worldly business". Poore House at Bishop Wordsworth's School, Salisbury is named in honour of his legacy to Salisbury schools. Poore died on 15 April 1237 at the manor of Tarrant Keyneston in Dorset. His tomb was claimed for both Durham and Salisbury, but most likely he was buried in the church at Tarrant Keyneston which was what he had wished. He is commemorated with a statue in niche 170 on the west front of Salisbury Cathedral. Citations

References

 British History Online Bishops of Chichester accessed on 20 October 2007
 British History Online Bishops of Durham accessed on 25 October 2007
 British History Online Bishops of Salisbury accessed on 20 October 2007
 British History Online Bishops of Winchester accessed on 2 November 2007
 British History Online Deans of Salisbury accessed on 30 October 2007

Year of birth unknown
1237 deaths
Bishops of Durham
Bishops of Chichester
Bishops of Salisbury
13th-century English Roman Catholic bishops
Deans of Salisbury

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<mask> ( ; born 29 April 1970) is a Lebanese civil servant and civil society activist. He served as minister of interior and municipalities, considered to be one of the most powerful positions in the country, from 2008 to 2011 for two consecutive cabinets in both Fuad Siniora and Saad Hariri's governments. <mask> is one of the few political personalities who is appreciated by both ends of the rivaled Lebanese political clan and thus, subsequently holds good esteem with many of the personas across the complex and contentious Lebanese political spectrum. An attorney by formation and practice, <mask> is an expert on issues of decentralization and electoral law reform. He is known to abstain from engaging in feudal politics, and to focus instead on building the Lebanese civil society and Lebanese civil institutions. During his mandate as minister of interior, <mask> was credited for pushing forward a culture of responsibility and openness where he made himself easily accessible to all Lebanese citizens eager to share complaints and/or opinions, and was widely present in day-to-day activities of his subordinates. His actions resulted in an unpremeditated cultivation of a very attractive public image that he still possesses today.<mask> was also credited with overseeing Lebanon's best-managed round of elections to date in 2009, which he orchestrated in one day instead of the conventional four weekends, a record in Lebanese history. This has earned him the First Prize of the prestigious United Nations Public Service Award where Lebanon was ranked first among 400 government administrations from all over the world by the United Nations Public Administration Network (UNPAN). On 26 May 2011, <mask> resigned from office as minister of interior and municipalities in Saad Hariri's government after an inter-party conflict developed between the Internal Security Forces and the Ministry of Telecommunications in Lebanon. <mask> <mask> has been granted several awards to date, in 2010 he was the recipient of the International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) Charles T. Manatt Democracy Award, which recognizes extraordinary efforts to advance electoral participation and democratic values. <mask> is also the recipient of the distinction of the French Legion of Honor or Légion d'Honneur, the highest decoration in France, ranking him as Chevalier, and of the Grand Cross of the Spanish Order of Civil Merit (Sp: Orden del Mérito Civil) rewarded for "extraordinary service for the benefit of Spain". Early life and education
<mask> <mask> and Antoinette (née Salem). The first of two children, <mask> and his younger sister Maha were brought up in a middle-class civil household with no political ancestry, where both parents were high school teachers; their father a senior grade mathematics teacher and their mother an Arabic literature teacher.<mask> completed his high school education at Collège Saint Joseph – Antoura des Pères Lazaristes from which he graduated in 1988. He then attended the Faculty of Law at Saint Joseph University in Beirut from which he earned his Master's Degree in Law. He was admitted to the Beirut Bar Association in 1993. From 1993 to 1996, <mask> worked as a trainee lawyer in Beirut in the cabinet of Ibrahim Najjar, who later served as minister of justice in the same government as <mask>. While working in the office of Najjar, <mask> contributed along with a handful of judges and fellow lawyers to the drafting of a legal monthly supplement in An-Nahar "Houqouq Annas" (Ar: حقوق الناس) or "People's Rights", the first of its kind, designed to familiarize people with judiciary rights and jargon and promote the implementation and modernization of Lebanese laws with the aim of bringing more justice to society. At the same time, <mask> was pursuing doctoral studies at the University of Paris X in Paris, France, a school that also graduated Nicolas Sarkozy and Dominique de Villepin among other influential personalities. <mask> is currently preparing his doctoral thesis on the subject of "Decentralization in Lebanon after the Taif Agreement", a topic that is one of his main subjects of expertise as well as one of the major lobbying points of his political agenda.Career and policymaking activities
<mask> held a number of academic posts as lecturer in two prestigious universities in Lebanon:  His alma mater Université Saint Joseph (USJ) and Université Saint-Esprit de Kaslik (USEK). Furthermore, he sits today on the Board of Trustees of Notre Dame University. With time, <mask> became more and more involved in key public actions that took him to the forefront of national, high-profile political activism, largely due to his expertise on many impending national topics, notably electoral law, decentralization and the constitution. Electoral reform

<mask> <mask> is one of the staunchest and most active experts on electoral law reform in Lebanon. In March 1996, <mask> founded along with other activists the Lebanese Association for Democratic Elections (LADE), an independent, nonprofit organization specialized in the study of elections and electoral laws' impact on democracy. The subject of elections and electoral law reform will become another forte of <mask> <mask>'s life and political agenda. In 2004, <mask> was elected Secretary General of LADE to lead a group of more than 1,300 domestic electoral observers during the 2005 elections.In 2006, he was chosen to serve as a board member of the Lebanese chapter of Transparency International (LTA). In 2005–2006, he was commissioned by the Prime Minister of the Republic Fuad Siniora along with eleven others to serve on a blue-ribbon commission headed by Former Minister Fouad Boutros to propose a draft for electoral law reform, this commission came to be familiarly known as the "Boutros Commission". The Boutros Commission

In 2005, the new cabinet headed by Prime Minister Fuad Siniora launched an independent commission on 8 August 2005 headed by Former Foreign Minister Fouad Boutros to study the dire issue of the 2000 electoral law and propose a change. The commission was named the "Lebanese National Commission on Electoral Law", more casually known as the "Boutros Commission." Twelve people, six Muslims and six Christians, were appointed, of which <mask> was chosen to be one of the key expert members. Other members included: Fouad Boutros (President), Ghaleb Mahmassany, Michel Tabet, Zouheir Chokr, Ghassan Abou Alwan, Nawaf Salam, Abdel Salam Sheaib, Fayez Al-Hajj Shahine, Paul Salem, Khaldoun Naja, and Arda Ekmekji. The commission met for nine months and delivered a 129-article draft law for comprehensive electoral reform to the cabinet on 31 May 2006.The 129 articles detailed a myriad of reforms including lowering the voting age to 18 years, implementing an electoral list quota of 30% female candidates, an assessment of absentee balloting for Lebanese abroad, and the implementation of comprehensive and tight regulations for political campaigns and their financial spendings, among other things. Unfortunately, the cabinet ran out of time before it had a chance to vote on the Boutros Commission's proposal. Five weeks later, the July War broke out in July 2006 before the law could be sent to parliament. The subsequent deterioration of the political situation and closing of the legislature prevented any proposed reforms from being addressed, and remained pending. Decentralization

<mask> worked as a research associate at the "Lebanese Center for Policy Studies", a Beirut-based think tank of which he is a board member today. LCPS aims to provide researched, politically neutral guidelines to serve policymaking. <mask> also consulted with the UNDP on local governance and decentralization from 2001 to 2008.He is currently the chairman of the "Governmental Committee of Decentralization" (Ar: اللجنة الخاصة باللامركزية), knowing that the topic of decentralization happens to be his Doctorate Thesis subject. Minister of the interior and municipalities

Following the deadly clashes of May 2008, on 21 May 2008, figures from both the opposition and majority signed the Doha Agreement under the auspices of Qatar's foreign minister and prime minister Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber al-Thani, finally diffusing an 18-month crisis. The Doha negotiations resulted in the long-awaited election of General Michel Sleiman as President of the Lebanese Republic and the formation of the 70th national unity government led by Prime Minister Fuad Siniora, composed of 30 ministers distributed among the majority (16 ministers), the opposition (11 ministers) and the president (3 ministers). <mask> <mask>, who had been engaged in serious national struggles for democratization for over 15 years, stood out as a professional and committed civil society activist. Newly elected President Michel Sleiman consequently named <mask> <mask> as Minister of Interior and Municipalities. <mask> served as Minister of Interior and Municipalities under two consecutive cabinets. The first cabinet led by Prime Minister Fuad Siniora in the 70th national unity government which lasted from 11 July 2008, until November 2009.<mask> successively served for a second term under Prime Minister Saad Hariri's cabinet which lasted from 9 Nov 2009 to 13 June 2011, though he had resigned on 26 May 2011. As Minister of Interior and Municipalities in Fuad Siniora's government, <mask> occupied one of the toughest and most high profile jobs in the country and was able to set a very high record of positive changes within many of the country's sectors. Enforcing traffic laws

The first crackdown <mask> orchestrated was on traffic disobedience. Working closely with NGOs that promote road safety and injury prevention, notably the Youth Association for Social Awareness (YASA) and Kun Hadi (Arabic for "Be Calm", as well as a play on the word "Hadi" which is the name of a young man who died in a speeding car accident and namesake of the organization), one of <mask>'s first undertakings as minister was to impose traffic laws, including seatbelt enforcement and speed limits compliance. Resultantly, under his mandate, in the first year alone, the Ministry of Interior raised the number of traffic officers from 593 to 1,800. 87% of motorists started complying with traffic lights. 32,323 illegal motorcycles were confiscated.A decline of 77% in car thefts was recorded. All of the above were records in the history of the Ministry of Interior and Municipalities (MoIM). Time magazine published an article citing the importance of <mask>'s undertakings regarding traffic laws: "Unable to solve the big problems facing the country, Ziad <mask>, Suleiman's choice to lead the powerful Ministry of the Interior, began focusing on problems that might actually make a difference in the lives of average Lebanese. In particular, the police began cracking down on the single biggest cause of death in the country: not terrorism, or war, but traffic accidents." Supporting freedom of association
Being an avid civil society activist and a human rights campaigner, <mask> has been known to support and actively encourage the work of Lebanon's Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). Thus, a major undertaking tackled by <mask> was signing off on counts of registration applications from NGOs that had been stacking up for years and never accorded registration permits. <mask> released a circular facilitating the registration of NGOs.The number of NGOs approved under <mask> rates as one of the highest in the history of the Interior Ministry. Privacy of religious identity
<mask> is the first government official to ever officially give freedom of choice to Lebanese citizens about revealing their religious affiliation on civil registry documents. Although Lebanese new identification cards issued post-civil war do not state citizens' religious affiliation, individual civil registry records still maintained the obligation for religious disclosure. <mask> thus issued a circular in February 2009 decreeing that every Lebanese citizen was now free to cross out his/her religious identity from all official documents, and replace it with a slash sign (/) if they desire. <mask> stated that such freedom allocation is simply consistent with the Lebanese Constitution and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Monitoring of the "best managed elections" to date
For several years, the Civil Campaign for Electoral Reform (CCER), a broad alliance for civil society associations founded in 2005 by <mask> among others, was demanding that the parliament hold parliamentary elections over the course of one day. Although the Administration and Justice parliamentarian commission wanted to try and hold the 2009 elections over two days for security reasons, <mask> made great efforts to resolve all logistical difficulties in order to hold the elections in one day.The 2009 Parliamentary Elections were consequently held over the course of one day, on 7 June 2009. The March 14 Alliance beat the opposition bloc of the March 8 Alliance winning 71 seats in the 128-member parliament to 57 seats going to the latter. This result is virtually the same as the result from the 2005 elections, yet the turnout is said to have been as high as 55%. Former US President Jimmy Carter with the Carter Center Observation Mission issued a report "[commending] the Lebanese people and the electoral authorities for

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Ziyad Baroud
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