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<mask> (12 December 1980 – 2 September 2021) was an Indian actor, host and model who appeared in Hindi television and films. He was known for his roles in Balika Vadhu, Broken But Beautiful 3 and Dil Se Dil Tak. He emerged as the winner of reality shows Bigg Boss 13 and Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7. He hosted Savdhaan India and India's Got Talent. He won the World's Best Model title in December 2005 beating 40 other participants from across Asia, Latin America, and Europe. He made his acting debut with a lead role in the 2008 show Babul Ka Aangann Chootey Na. In 2014, <mask> made his Bollywood debut in a supporting role in Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania.Life and career

1980–2007: Early life and career beginnings
<mask> <mask> was born on 12 December 1980 into a Hindu Brahmin family in Bombay (present-day Mumbai) to Ashok <mask>, a civil engineer employed at the Reserve Bank of India and <mask>, a homemaker. He lost his father because of a lung disease during his modelling days. He has two elder sisters. <mask> attended St. Xavier's High School, Fort, Mumbai and holds a bachelor's degree in Interior Design from Rachana Sansad School of Interior Design. <mask> has described himself as a very athletic child, and represented his school in tennis and football. He played against Italian football club, AC Milan’s under-19 team, on their Mumbai visit as part of Festa Italiana. After completing bachelor's degree in interior design, <mask> worked in an interior designing firm for a couple of years.In 2004, <mask> was runner-up in the Gladrags Manhunt and Megamodel Contest. He appeared in a video "Resham Ka Rumal" sung by Ila Arun. In 2005, he represented India at the World's Best Model contest held in Turkey, and became the first Indian, as well as the first Asian, to win the title beating 40 contestants from across Asia, Latin America, and Europe. After winning the title, he appeared in advertisements for Bajaj Avenger, ICICI and Digjam. 2008–2011: Television debut

In 2008, he made his acting debut with a lead role in the television show Babul Ka Aangann Chootey Na on Sony TV  opposite Aastha Chaudhary. <mask> played Shubh Ranawat, a man dedicated to his work and family. The show ended in February 2009.In 2009, he appeared as Veer Vardhan Singh in Jaane Pehchaane Se... Ye Ajnabbi on Star One opposite Sanjeeda Sheikh and Aditi Tailang. The show ended in September 2010. After Jaane Pehchaane Se... Ye Ajnabbi ended, he also appeared in a few episodes of Aahat. In 2011, he appeared as Rahul Kashyap in Love U Zindagi opposite Pavitra Punia on StarPlus. The show was inspired by the Bollywood movie Jab We Met. He also appeared in an episode of CID. 2012–2014: Breakthrough with Balika Vadhu and Bollywood debut

In 2012, <mask> appeared as District Collector Shivraj Shekhar, opposite Pratyusha Banerjee and Toral Rasputra in Balika Vadhu.It was his portrayal of Shiv in the long-running Colors TV social drama series Balika Vadhu which earned him widespread recognition and popularity, including several awards and nominations. He received the "GR8! Performer of the Year (Male)" award at the Indian Television Academy (ITA) Awards. He left the show in 2015, when his character, Shiv, died fighting with terrorists. In 2013, <mask> participated in the celebrity dance reality show Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6, and was eliminated in the 11th week. It was reported that <mask> had signed a 3-film-deal with Dharma Productions. In 2014, <mask> made his Bollywood debut in the romantic comedy Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania in a supporting role playing the character of Angad Bedi, an NRI doctor and fiancé of the female protagonist played by Alia Bhatt.The film earned him an award for "Breakthrough Supporting Performance (Male)" in the 2015 Stardust Awards. 2014–2018: Television hosting, Khatron Ke Khiladi and Dil Se Dil Tak
In 2014, <mask> was named the host of Savdhaan India. He introduced stories of common people who fought against crime. In 2015, after exiting from Balika Vadhu, he hosted India's Got Talent 6, with Bharti Singh, and the season finale was aired in June 2015. In 2016, <mask> won the stunt reality show Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7. The same year, he hosted India's Got Talent 7 with Bharti Singh, and the season finale was aired in July 2016. Later in 2016, <mask> appeared as Mr. Chakraborty, an Indian businessman, in a Kazakhstan movie, Business in Kazakhstan.In 2017, he appeared as Parth Bhanushali in Dil Se Dil Tak with co-stars Rashami Desai and Jasmin Bhasin. The series was inspired by the Bollywood movie, Chori Chori Chupke Chupke. He left the series in December 2017. 2019–2021: Bigg Boss 13 and Broken But Beautiful 3

 In 2019, he participated in the reality show Bigg Boss 13, and was declared the winner in February 2020. Ormax media rated <mask> to be the most popular contestant of Bigg Boss 13, ranking him as number one throughout 20 weeks. He was voted the most favourite contestant of Bigg Boss 13 in polls conducted by Hindustan Times, India TV News, and The Times of India. He was the most tweeted contestant of Bigg Boss 13.<mask> won the Bigg Boss #AsliFans (Asli Fans) contest on Twitter conducted by Voot by getting the highest number of tweets among all the contestants, with hashtag #SidharthKeAsliFans. In 2020, after winning Bigg Boss 13, <mask>'s massive popularity helped him bag appearances in two music videos, "Bhula Dunga", and "Dil Ko Karaar Aaya". The same year, <mask> entered as one of the "Toofani" Seniors in Bigg Boss 14, with Hina Khan and Gauahar Khan, for the first two weeks. <mask> then appeared in another music video "Shona Shona". In January 2021, <mask> hosted 16th week's "Weekend Ka Vaar" of Bigg Boss 14, as <mask> was filling in for Salman Khan, who was missing from the show due to other work commitments. <mask> made his OTT debut as Agastya Rao with the third season of the romance web series Broken But Beautiful opposite Sonia Rathee streaming on ALTBalaji and MX Player. The series and <mask>'s performance received positive response from critics, Mugdha Kapoor of DNA India wrote, "It’s the fire and genuineness in Sidharth’s acting and freshness in Sonia’s performance that keeps the viewers glued and wanting to see more."In the media

In 2014, he won the Gold Awards Most Fit Actor award and was included in Rediff's Television's Top 10 Actors. In 2015, he was awarded the Wellness Icon of the Year award in 8th Geospa Asiaspa India Awards. In 2021, he also won the Synth GlobalSpa Fit and Fab Award. In 2013, <mask> entered the Times of India's Most Desirable Men of 2013 at 34th position, ranking 33rd in 2014, 44th in 2017, 41st in 2018, 15th in 2019, and 11th in 2020. He was ranked 5th and 7th in the Times of India's Top 20 Most Desirable Men on Television in 2017 and 2018 respectively, and then he was ranked 1st consecutively in The Times 20 Most Desirable Men on Television in 2019 and 2020. He was announced Hindustan Times Most Stylish TV Personality 2017. Later in the year, he was also placed at the 10th position in the exclusive list of Top 12 Indian Male Hotties of 2017 by Trendrr.In 2019, <mask> was the 9th most searched personality in India on Google. He was ranked 17th and 13th in BizAsia'''s Top 30 TV Personalities of 2019 and 2020, respectively. In 2021, he was declared The Times of India's Charismatic TV personality. Before Bigg Boss 14 premiere, <mask> was voted as the  Bigg Boss'' Greatest Of All Times (GOAT) in a series of polls conducted by Colors TV, where 16 popular contestants across all the previous 13 seasons were nominated for the title. Death
<mask> died on 2 September 2021 after suffering a heart attack at the age of 40. <mask>'s family consisted of his mother and two sisters. His family informed the Mumbai police, that <mask> was not under mental stress and they did not suspect any foul play in his death.His family also appealed his fans to not spread rumours about his death. Filmography

Films

Web series

Television

Special appearances

Music videos

Awards and nominations

See also
 List of Indian television actors
 List of Indian film actors

References

External links

1980 births
2021 deaths
21st-century Indian male actors
Male actors from Maharashtra
Best Model of the World winners
Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) contestants
Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi participants
Indian male film actors
Indian male models
Indian male soap opera actors
Indian male television actors
Indian television presenters
Male actors from Mumbai
Male actors in Hindi cinema
Participants in Indian reality television series

masks:
Sidharth Shukla
Shukla
Sidharth
Shukla
Shukla
Rita Shukla
Shukla
Shukla
Shukla
Shukla
Shukla
Shukla
Shukla
Shukla
Shukla
Shukla
Shukla
Shukla
Shukla
Shukla
Shukla
Shukla
Shukla
Shukla
Shukla
Shukla
Shukla
Shukla
Shukla
Sidharth
Shukla
Shukla
Shukla


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<mask> (May 9, 1775 – February 24, 1828) was known for his victories as an American army officer in the War of 1812, where he reached the rank of general. His successes on the northern border during that war made him a national hero, and he was awarded a Congressional Gold Medal. Even as the US Army was reduced in size after the war, <mask> retained commissioned status. In 1821, <mask> was appointed Commanding General of the United States Army and held that post until his death. He initiated post-graduate education for staff and command officers, and the General Recruiting Service, to manage acquiring troops. After his death, he received a military funeral in Washington, DC, with a mile-long parade along Pennsylvania Avenue to his burial at Congressional Cemetery. Early life
Born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, <mask> was the son of Samuel and Abi (White) <mask>.His middle name was in honor of his paternal grandmother, a descendant of Samuel Jennings and his wife. Jennings had served as deputy governor of West Jersey and later receiver general of Pennsylvania in the early 18th century. Raised a Quaker, <mask> graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1790. He taught school for several years. In 1798, he moved to upstate New York, which was being settled and developed after the sale of thousands of acres of land formerly held by nations of the Iroquois Confederacy. Most had been forced to cede their lands and moved to a major reserve in Upper Canada. <mask> was a pioneer settler and landowner in the Black River country.He and his extended family established mills and a store, laid out roads and improved navigation on the lower Black River, which flowed into Lake Ontario. Military service

Apparent work for Alexander Hamilton
One biographer claimed <mask> received early military training while serving as a military secretary to Alexander Hamilton during the winter of 1798–99. Hamilton was then organizing the U.S. Army for possible war with France. But Hamilton's biographies say that he did not have a secretary, and biographical sketches of <mask> published in 1815 do not mention a connection between him and Hamilton. As a major landowner, in 1807 <mask> was commissioned as a captain in the 108th regiment of the New York Militia. Two years later, he was promoted to colonel. His initial commission was the result of regional political connections.He may have been promoted due to his avoidance of military parades in times of peace. He knew it was time-consuming and expensive on the frontier for members of the militia to assemble for drill or other activities. They survived based on their farming and other occupations. War of 1812
The young American settlements along Lake Ontario had enjoyed a vigorous trade with Kingston and other Canadian sites before the United States imposed a boycott in 1808 on trade with Britain (and Canada) during rising tensions. <mask> was nicknamed "Potash <mask>" because of his activities as a smuggler of this product from Sackets Harbor, New York and along the Saint Lawrence River during this period. Sackets Harbor and other towns were the bases of widespread smuggling of goods with Canada. During the War of 1812, <mask> came to be characterized by his swift action and opportunism on the offensive.He also was known for directing meticulously planned, defensive field works, including for Sackets Harbor. His fortifications there were instrumental in fending off British and Canadian advances. Sackets Harbor had become a major military shipyard for construction of American naval war ships to sail on the Great Lakes, and its protection was critical. Some 3,000 shipyard workers were recruited to the shipyard, and thousands of federal troops were eventually bivouacked in the area. They overwhelmed the small town. When the War of 1812 began, <mask> was a brigadier general in the New York militia, having been appointed to that rank in 1811. Though he opposed the war, he organized defenses in the Great Lakes region.On May 29, 1813, troops led by <mask> defeated the British at the Second Battle of Sackets Harbor, based on his fortifications. As a result of his actions there, <mask> was commissioned as a brigadier general in the regular army. The next year <mask> showed his aggressiveness during the Niagara Campaign, beginning with the capture of Fort Erie on 3 July 1814 in Upper Canada after invasion by the Americans across the Niagara River. This was followed by the Battle of Chippawa on 5 July, when he achieved overwhelming success. The following Battle of Lundy's Lane on 25 July 1814, resulted in such high casualties on both sides that it was considered one of the bloodiest engagements of the war. It resulted in a stalemate. <mask> was wounded twice in this engagement.Brigadier general Winfield Scott was serving under him and believed that <mask>'s decision to refrain from fully committing his strength at the outset of this battle, resulted in the destruction of Scott's brigade and a high number of unnecessary deaths. <mask>'s last battle of the war was the related Siege of Fort Erie, from 4 Aug to 21 Sep 1814, when the British tried unsuccessfully to take back control of the fort. He had directed fortifications to improve defenses at Fort Erie, which contributed to the American success in defeating the British. <mask> was also considered impetuous. After the initial British assault against his forces was repulsed, <mask> ordered a sortie on September 17 against the British that resulted in more than 500 casualties on each side, but changed nothing in the outcome of the siege. After both sides withdrew, the Americans destroyed Fort Erie so that it could no longer be used. Overall, <mask>'s successes along the northern border made him a national hero.Postwar years
After the war, the U.S. Army was reduced in size. By 1821, <mask> was the only major general in the service, and President James Monroe made him commanding general. Despite a stroke suffered in 1821, <mask> functioned well in his new post. He reorganized the army staff into the form it retained for the rest of the century. He advised the secretaries of war and presidents on military policy. He also pushed to establish two post-graduate schools for the military, precursors of present-day staff and command colleges. Another first was his creation in 1822 of the General Recruiting Service; it was the first organization responsible for providing manpower for the Army.Legacy and honors
 For his victories in the War of 1812, <mask> was awarded a Congressional Gold Medal on November 3, 1814. General <mask> was the 24th American to receive this award. In 1818, <mask> was admitted as an honorary member of the New York Society of the Cincinnati. Death
On February 24, 1828, <mask> died. He was given a military funeral: his casket was carried down Pennsylvania Avenue in the nation's capital by a detachment of U.S. Marines. The government shut down to mark the day of his funeral. The mile-long funeral procession was composed of family, military detachments, and government officials.He was buried in the Congressional Cemetery, Washington, D.C.

President John Quincy Adams said of him:
<mask> was one of the eminent men of this age and nation. Though bred a Quaker, he was a man of lofty and martial spirit, and in the late war contributed perhaps more than any man to redeem and establish the military character of his country. Family
In December 1802, <mask> married Pamelia Williams, then seventeen. They had four sons (Gouverneur, <mask>, William, and Nathan) and five daughters (Mary, Eliza, Pamela, Margaret and Katherine). Nathan was the only son to survive into a full adult life. <mask>'s first-born son, Gouverneur, drowned in an ice-skating accident at the age of twelve. <mask> (class of 1832) and William Spencer <mask> (class of 1835), graduated from West Point.<mask> resigned after four years' service in the army, and William resigned after six months. Both died as young men. Nathan W<mask> did not attend the academy but had a successful military career. In 1849, at age thirty-one, Nathan was appointed as a major. In 1864, during the Civil War, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and served as deputy paymaster general. In 1880 he was promoted to brigadier general and paymaster general; he retired in 1882 after 33 years in the army. <mask> married Edmund Kirby, who served as a colonel in the Mexican–American War, and a U.S. Army Paymaster.Their son Edmund also attended West Point, graduated in 1861, and was commissioned as an artillery officer. He served with the Army of the Potomac from First Bull Run through Chancellorsville, where he was severely wounded. Nominated for brigadier general by President Lincoln, he died before the Senate could confirm the promotion, at 23 years of age. <mask> married David Hammond Vinton, who served as assistant quartermaster general of the Union Army during the Civil War. Her younger sister Katherine married Larkin Smith, a Southerner and West Point classmate of their brother William. In 1861, Smith resigned his army commission to serve as assistant quartermaster general of the Confederate army. Legacy
Several counties, townships, towns, and schools were named after <mask> <mask>, both in New York and in other states:

Towns and Cities
 Town of Brownville, New York
 Brownville (village), New York
 General Brown Central School District, Dexter, New York
 The town of Pamelia, New York, was named for his wife, née Pamelia Williams.Brown County, Illinois
 Brown County, Indiana
 Brown County, Ohio
 Brown County, Wisconsin
 Brown Township, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
 Brownstown Township, Jackson County, Indiana
 Brownstown, Indiana
 Brownsville, Tennessee

Citations

See also
 Gen. <mask> Mansion
 Brownville, New York

References

External links

 Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff

 <mask> <mask> papers, William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan

1775 births
1828 deaths
United States Army generals
American people of English descent
People from Pennsylvania in the War of 1812
Congressional Gold Medal recipients
University of Pennsylvania alumni
American Quakers
People from Bucks County, Pennsylvania
People of colonial Pennsylvania
Burials at the Congressional Cemetery
Commanding Generals of the United States Army
Military personnel from Pennsylvania

masks:
Jacob Jennings Brown
Brown
Brown
Jacob Jennings Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Jacob Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
Brown
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General Brown
Brown
Jacob
Brown
Jacob
Brown
Jacob
. Brown
Eliza Brown
Pamela Brown
Jacob Jennings
Brown
Jacob Brown
Jacob Jennings
Brown


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<mask> (c.1696 – 17 September 1756) was an officer of the Royal Navy who saw service during the War of the Spanish Succession and the War of the Austrian Succession. He rose from obscure origins to see service during the War of the Spanish Succession. He was promoted to command several ships, seeing service in home waters and in the Mediterranean during the years of peace, and shortly after the outbreak of the War of the Austrian Succession, was rewarded for his good service with a posting as commodore, and command of a squadron. He served under several of the Mediterranean Fleet's commanders, Nicholas Haddock, Richard Lestock, and most significantly Thomas Mathews. Mathews was engaged in promoting British interests in the Mediterranean during the war, and policing the neutrality of the Mediterranean kingdoms, trying to prevent them joining the war in support of Britain's enemies. Several times <mask> was sent with squadrons to rival nation's ports, to threaten them with naval retaliation if they did not comply with British demands, and was uniformly successful in convincing local rulers not to resist. Promoted to flag rank during the war, <mask> served in a junior role in commanding the principal fleets, mainly in British waters, but also on an expedition to Lisbon.Rising steadily through the ranks, and taking command in his own right eventually, he eventually retired ashore towards the conclusion of the war, and died in 1756 with the rank of admiral of the blue. Family and early life
Little is known about <mask>'s early life. He may have been the eldest son of Tutchen <mask>, resident of Stepney, and his wife Bennet Gash, or Gage. Other accounts suggest that he was the son of Commodore <mask>, who died in 1724. <mask> appears to have entered the navy, as a volunteer-per-order, on 26 August 1708, joining . Dragon went out to Newfoundland in May 1710, but <mask> did not accompany her, having been left at Plymouth on account of his health. Instead he went out to the Mediterranean aboard  and was promoted to second lieutenant of  on 30 July 1710 by Sir John Norris.<mask> remained in the Mediterranean for the next few years, being transferred to  on 4 January 1712 by Sir John Jennings and serving aboard her until July 1714. <mask> then went out with the fleet despatched to the Baltic under Sir John Norris, and served at first aboard Norris's flagship , but transferring at some point between 1715 and 1718 to , before returning to Cumberland. He was promoted to captain of Cumberland on 9 October 1718, remaining with her until 9 February 1720, when he took command of , still with Norris's fleet in the Baltic between 1720 and 1721. He afterwards went to American waters to combat piracy. Command and Mediterranean

<mask> took command of  in 1727, and was assigned at first to the fleet supporting Gibraltar, and then to service in the English Channel with Sir Charles Wager's fleet. He left Advice in 1732 and took command of  the following year. His command of Sunderland lasted until 1737, and took him to Lisbon and into the Mediterranean.His service in these waters continued after his transfer to  in May 1738, with Ipswich assigned to Rear-Admiral Nicholas Haddock's fleet. <mask>'s service continued after the outbreak of the War of the Austrian Succession, and he was appointed commodore in January 1741 and given a detached squadron off Cadiz. Haddock returned to England at about this time, handing over command in the Mediterranean to his second officer, Richard Lestock, who was in turn superseded by the arrival of Vice-Admiral Thomas Mathews. Mathews had the task of carrying out diplomatic missions with the Mediterranean states and of securing British interests during the war. The Neapolitans had, in violation of their claims of neutrality, sent troops to support Britain's enemy, Spain, and Mathews was determined to force their withdrawal from the war. In July 1742 Mathews sent <mask>, in command of squadron, to Naples 'to bring the King of the two Sicilies to a just sense of his errors in having attacked in conjunction with the Spaniards the Queen of Hungary's territories in Italy.' Mission to Naples
<mask> arrived at Naples on the afternoon of 19 August, with orders to capture, sink or burn any vessels carrying military stores and supplies he found there and 'to use his utmost to lay the said city in ashes, unless the King of the two Sicilies shall agree forthwith not only to withdraw his troops now acting in conjunction with those of the King of Spain in Italy, but to forbear from giving in future any assistance of what kind soever.'<mask> sent his flag captain, Merrick de L'Angle, onshore to present the terms to the King, demanding that an answer be returned within half an hour. The small squadron was considerably more powerful than anything the Neapolitans could muster, and after calling an emergency council, the King and his ministers attempted to make conditions, sending a deputy back to <mask> with de L'Angle. <mask> instead stated that he was sent 'as an officer to act, not a minister to treat', and once more demanded the King comply with the demands. With no way of resisting, the Neapolitans confirmed their neutrality, and promised to withdraw their troops. His objective achieved, <mask> weighed anchor at midnight, and sailed to rejoin Mathews at Hyères Bay. Actions against the Genoese
<mask>'s next task involved cruising to protect Tuscany from Spanish attacks, and in February 1743 he went to the Genoese town of Ajaccio, with orders to destroy some Spanish magazines there. On arrival <mask> again threatened to destroy the town with a naval bombardment, unless the inhabitants agreed to demolish the magazines, which they did.Despite this, the Genoese continued to provide assistance to the Spanish, and news reached Mathews early in 1743 that a Spanish ship had collected levies from Corsica and sailed them to Italy, anchoring at Ajaccio. Mathews despatched <mask> on 13 February in Ipswich, and accompanied by HMS Revenge and  to Ajaccio. <mask> anchored off the port on 18 February, with his quarry, the San Isidro, anchored inside, hauled in close to the shore batteries. <mask> weighed anchor at 4 am the next morning and warped into the harbour, laying Ipswich alongside the Spanish vessel, while Revenge did the same. The ships exchanged a heavy fire until the San Isidro caught fire and blew up at noon. <mask> then returned to Mathews at Hyères. Flag rank
After these successes <mask> sailed back to England, arriving there late in 1743, and receiving a promotion to rear admiral on 7 December.He received a command in the Channel Fleet in February 1744 under his old commander, Sir John Norris, and was promoted to vice admiral on 23 June 1744. <mask> was appointed second in command of the fleet sent to Lisbon under Sir John Balchen, and while there produced a report on the contract hospitals. <mask> was highly critical of them, and influenced the later decision to introduce dedicated medical centres solely for naval use. Balchen was lost during the return voyage to England, when his flagship, the 100-gun , disappeared at sea. <mask> replaced him as commander of the fleet, a post he held until 1745. Fleet commands and later life
<mask> was based in the Downs under Admiral Edward Vernon in December 1745, and then succeeded Vernon in the command. The fleet had been stationed off the Downs to meet the threat of a French invasion to support a Jacobite rising.One such fleet had already been dispersed the previous year, and with the collapse of the threat <mask> returned to his usual station, and commanded the main fleet until his retirement in July 1746 on health grounds. He was promoted to full admiral on 15 July 1747, and retired to Twickenham where he died on 17 September 1756. He had married Mary Atkins, of Twell, Gloucestershire on 16 August 1726, but the couple did not have any children. Notes

a. The squadron consisted of <mask>'s 70-gun Ipswich, the 50-gun , Captain Solomon Gideon; the 50-gun , Captain Harry Powlett; the 40-gun , Captain Richard Hughes; the 20-gun , Captain Merrick de L’Angle; and the 8-gun bomb vessels , Captain J. Bowdler; , Captain J. Philipson; and , Captain the Hon. George Edgcumbe. Also listed in some sources as forming the squadron are a xebec named Guarland's Prize, and the bomb vessel .Citations

References

1690s births
1756 deaths
Royal Navy admirals
Royal Navy personnel of the War of the Austrian Succession

masks:
William Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
George Martin
William Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
Martin
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<mask> (born 4 December 1959) is an Irish former professional footballer, who played as a defender. Mainly a centre back, he also played as defensive midfielder. <mask> is widely considered to be one of the greatest Irish players of all time. He spent the majority of his career at Aston Villa and Manchester United (seven seasons apiece). He is one of only six defenders to have won the PFA Players' Player of the Year award. He also played for St Patrick's Athletic, Derby County and Sheffield United. Also a long-time member of the Republic of Ireland national team, he appeared at the 1990 and 1994 FIFA World Cups, as well as UEFA Euro 1988, the team's first-ever international tournament.Early life
<mask> was born in Greenford, West London to an Irish mother and a Nigerian father. His father disappeared soon after his conception. His mother, <mask>, was terrified that her father would find out she had become pregnant outside marriage and in an interracial relationship. She travelled in secret to London to have her child, who was considered illegitimate, and gave him up for fostering in Ireland when he was four weeks old. When he was five years old, one of the daughters of the family he had been fostered by came to Betty to say they could not control him. At that stage his mother had him back for a number of days before having to put him into an orphanage. Despite being <mask> on his birth certificate, the admission form required the name of the father, hence he was known as <mask> for a time.Club career

St Patrick's Athletic
<mask> made his debut in a League of Ireland Cup clash with the Shamrock Rovers on 30 August 1981 at Richmond Park. Manager Charlie Walker stated in his notes in the match programme that "Since the end of last season I have been acquiring new players: three are local lads from junior clubs- Billy Reid (Fatima Rangers), <mask> (Dalkey United) and John Cleary (Ballyfermot United). Given a time and a little encouragement I feel that by the end of the season they will have done the club proud." He ultimately excelled at The Saints, earning the nickname "The Black Pearl of Inchicore". Manchester United
In 1982, <mask> moved to Manchester United, then managed by Ron Atkinson. He missed out on a place in the FA Cup victory over Brighton & Hove Albion the following year, but soon ousted Gordon McQueen to become the regular partner to Kevin Moran in the centre of defence. In 1985–86, it appeared that <mask> was on course to pick up a league title medal after United won their first 10 league games of the season, but injuries to key players including Bryan Robson soon took their toll on the side and they eventually finished fourth in the table, 12 points behind champions Liverpool.A dismal start to the 1986–87 season saw Ron Atkinson sacked as manager and replaced by Alex Ferguson in November 1986, but <mask> initially remained a regular member of the first team. United finished second behind Liverpool in the league a year later. By the 1988–89 season, <mask> was struggling with knee injuries and was becoming a less regular member of the first team, facing competition from new signings Steve Bruce and Mal Donaghy. His relationship with manager Ferguson was becoming strained. Aston Villa
During the late 1980s <mask> was offered terms at S.S.C. Napoli, but the deal did not come to fruition. <mask> signed for Aston Villa in August 1989.While at Villa, <mask> played some of the best football of his career, despite recurrent problems in his knees. Villa came close to winning the title in <mask>'s first season, finishing second to Liverpool. The next season saw the club fighting relegation for much of the campaign, after boss Graham Taylor left to take control of England. Despite the managerial upheaval, <mask>'s performances continued to impress. Under Jozef Vengloš, the first top flight manager to hail from the European mainland, <mask> became a consistent mainstay of the Villa line up. After Vengloš' solitary season (1990–91) at Villa, Ron Atkinson took over, building one of the finest sides of the early Premier League era. In the inaugural season of the Premier League (1992–93), Aston Villa again finished as runners-up, behind Manchester United.As a sign of the regard he was now held in by his fellow professionals, <mask> won the PFA Players' Player of the Year award at the end of the season. Later career
He played his final game as a professional for Sheffield United against Ipswich Town on 9 November 1997, just before his 38th birthday. He officially retired at the end of the season. International career
In 1990, the Republic of Ireland qualified for its first FIFA World Cup, in 1990 in Italy, eventually reaching the quarter-finals, where they lost to the hosts (1–0 in Rome), with <mask> ever present in the lineups (five matches, 480 minutes played). He captained the team four times in 1992 after the retirement of Mick McCarthy. In the Republic of Ireland's opening game of the 1994 World Cup – a 1–0 win against favourites Italy, thanks to Ray Houghton's early goal – in a perfect example of his commitment to the game, <mask> put up an astonishing defensive performance in spite of excruciating knee problems, including blocking a shot from Roberto Baggio with his face. Post-professional football life
<mask> suffers from alcoholism, and missed occasional matches as a result.In an interview with FourFourTwo, he admitted to playing football while still under the influence of alcohol; additionally, his recurrent knee problems resulted in him undergoing a total of eight operations during his career. <mask>'s autobiography, Back from the Brink, co-written with journalist Vincent Hogan, was the inaugural winner of the William Hill Irish Sports Book of the Year (2006). Upon retiring, he settled in Monageer, County Wexford. In 2004, one year after being taken to court, charged with a breach of the peace, <mask> returned to the football world after five years, moving to Waterford United in Ireland as director of football. In 2011, <mask> recorded a cover version of the Gerry Goffin and Carole King song "Goin' Back". He followed that single up with an 11 track album released in 2011 with going to his two designated charities the Acquired Brain Injury Foundation and the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation of Ireland. On 29 June 2013, <mask> was arrested over an alleged public order offence at a hotel in County Offaly.He was bailed and appeared at Tullamore district court on 17 July. Career statistics

Club

International

Honours
Manchester United
FA Cup: 1984–85

Aston Villa
Football League Cup: 1993–94, 1995–96

Individual
PFAI Players' Player of the Year: 1982
Football League First Division/Premier League PFA Team of the Year: 1986, 1993
FAI Senior International Player of the Year: 1990, 1991
PFA Players' Player of the Year: 1993
Football League 100 Legends: 1998 (inducted)
English Football Hall of Fame: 2015 (inducted)
FAI Hall of Fame: 2020 (inducted)

See also
 List of people on the postage stamps of Ireland
 List of Republic of Ireland international footballers born outside the Republic of Ireland

References
Specific

General

1959 births
1990 FIFA World Cup players
1994 FIFA World Cup players
21st-century Irish male singers
Association football defenders
Aston Villa F.C. players
Black Irish people
Black Irish sportspeople
Citizens of Ireland through descent
Derby County F.C. players
English Football Hall of Fame inductees
English Football League players
FA Cup Final players
Irish autobiographers
Irish people of Nigerian descent
Irish sportspeople of African descent
European sportspeople of Nigerian descent
League of Ireland players
Living people
Manchester United F.C. players
People from Greenford
Premier League players
Republic of Ireland association footballers
Republic of Ireland international footballers
Sheffield United F.C. players
St Patrick's Athletic F.C. players
UEFA Euro 1988 players

masks:
Paul McGrath
McGrath
McGrath
Betty McGrath
Paul McGrath
Paul Nwobilo
McGrath
Paul McGrath
McGrath
McGrath
McGrath
McGrath
McGrath
McGrath
McGrath
McGrath
McGrath
McGrath
McGrath
McGrath
McGrath
McGrath
McGrath
McGrath
McGrath
McGrath


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<mask> (হরিচাঁদ ঠাকুর) (11 March 1812 – 5 March 1878), worked among the untouchable people of Bengal Presidency. He formed the Matua sect of Hindus. Life
<mask> was born in a Namashudra (or Chandala) peasant family in 1811(or 1812) in the Safaldanga village of Gopalganj District, Bangladesh of what was then Bengal Presidency (now a part of Bangladesh). He was the son of Jashomanta Biswas (father) and Annapurna Devi (mother). His family was a vaishnavite for generations His grandfather Manchanram Biswas was a devout vaishnavite and known as Thakur Manchanram in the locality. His father Jashomanta also inherited the same Thakur title from his grandfather and during the time of his father, his family adopted the surname Thakur abandoning their original surname Biswas. He was married to Jagat Mata Shanti Mata and they had two sons.He was evicted from his native village Safaldanga through the machinations of the village zamindar and finally he became settled in the village Orakandi of the same district. He did cultivation and some small trading for his daily living. He was well-known in the locality as a very religious person who has some magical power. Because of that, many people of his community from his own village, as well as surrounding villages, came to him as a disciple. Eventually, he founded a sect of Vaishnavite Hinduism called Matua. He did not believe in asceticism and preached the word of God staying within the family. According to him, the best ascetic is the person who can express his devotion to God remaining a family man (Grihete thakiya jar hay bhaboday.Sei je param sadhu janio nishchay). He passed away at Faridpur District in 1878. Social and Religious Reforms
People started gathering around him because of his religious nature as well as his miraculous power well-known in the nearby locality. According to historian Sekhar Bandyopadhyay, one day Thakur "experienced atma darshan or self-revelation, through which he realized that he was the incarnation of God himself, born in this world to bring salvation to the downtrodden". After that he started preaching his own religious realization which is only based on Bhakti. According to his doctrine, all traditional rituals, except devotion to God, faith in mankind, and love for living beings, are meaningless and distortions from the real aim of attaining God. During that time, lower-caste peoples in India were terribly oppressed and marginalized by the upper-caste people (mostly belong to the Vaishnav or Hindu Brahmin religions).These downtrodden people did not have any right in anything. His simple doctrine attracted many adherents from his own marginalized community. However, higher caste Hindus and Vaishnavs distanced themselves from his religion. He organized these downtrodden peoples of his own community under the banner of his new religious doctrine (known as Matua religion) and established Matua Mahasangha. In one sense, he gave the religionless Namashudras a new religion, his own Matua religion and helped them to establish their own right. His followers began to believe that he was gifted with supernatural power and can protect them from the Brahmanical cruel rules and regulations in the society. They started considering him as God (Param Brahma) Harichand and as an avatar (incarnation) of Vishnu or Krishna.Thus, he became known as Sri Sri <mask> Thakur. Although he initially attracted followers only from his community, later his religion attracted followers from other caste communities that were marginalised by the upper castes, including the Chamars, Malis, and Telis. His newly founded Matua religion is based on only three basic principles - Truth, Love, and Sanity. He completely rejected the sermons of earlier Hindu saints which described the household as an illusion and family as the main obstacle on the path of attaining salvation. Earlier Hindu saints discouraged people toward family life by preaching One has to leave home to achieve Nirvana (attaining salvation). However, he said Let karma (work) be our religion. There is no need for leaving home to lead a saintly life.He insisted that one can achieve salvation only through simple love and devotion to God. There is no need for initiation by a guru (Diksha) or pilgrimage. One can attain God by chanting Haribol and praying the God. All other mantras except the name of God and Harinam (Haribol) are just meaningless and distortions. He formulated his new Matua religion by combining the work with religion. He said haate kam mukhe nam (work in the hand and name of the God Hari in mouth). He challenged the traditional Hindu belief which described the woman as an illusion (maya), the gateway to hell, and the main obstacle on the path of attaining God.However, he insisted on strict sexual discipline and family values for his followers. According to his religion, all people are equal. He told his followers to treat everyone with the same dignity. He gave twelve instructions to his followers. These twelve instructions are: (I) Always speak the truth (II) Treat the woman as your mother-being; Respect the woman (III) Always respect your parents (IV) Treat your neighbors and all earthly living beings with love, pity, and kindness (V) Never discriminate on racial grounds (VI) Bring all the six passions of the mind under your control. These six passions of mind are - Lust, Anger, Greed, Infatuation, Pride, and Jealousy. (VII) Remain liberal to all other religions and creeds (VIII) Become honest in mind and activities and avoid saintly dress to adorn yourself with (IX) Perform your duties devotedly and utter the sacred Haribol and pray to God simultaneously (X) Build a temple of pure thoughts in your heart and soul and a temple of Shree Hariparameshwar at your dwelling place (XI) Pray daily to God with devotion and sanctity (XII) Sacrifice yourself to the cause of God.Legacy
After his death, one of his sons, Guruchand <mask>, himself a Chandala or avarna (born 1846), worked with C. S. Mead in a campaign to have the Chandala people recategorised as Namasudra. He established number of schools in his locality for the education of Dalit community. According to Sekhar Bandyopadhyay, it was under the leadership of Guruchand that the Matua sect "achieved its doctrinal cohesion and organisational push, as it came to be associated with the Namasudra social protest movement started in 1872". A considerable body of Dalit literature that mixes religious and secular themes has emerged around Thakur and Matua. This includes biographies, promotions of the teachings and interpretations of the relationship to later events, such as the thoughts of B. R. Ambedkar and comparisons with the situation of black people in the US. See also
 Guruchand Thakur
 Pramatha Ranjan Thakur

References

 Hitesh Ranjan Sanyal : Social Mobility in Bengal, Calcutta, 1985,

1810s births
1878 deaths
Bengali Hindus
Bengali Hindu saints
People from Faridpur District
Hindu denominations
Matua people

masks:
Harichand Thakur
Harichand Thakur
Harichand
Thakur


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<mask> (born 24 March 1961) is an English former professional footballer and manager who has managed teams in both the Welsh and English leagues. He has also managed classes as a substitute teacher. Born in Birkenhead, Cheshire, he won one full cap for England, against the Republic of Ireland in 1985. Most recently, he was assistant manager at Bradford Park Avenue. Early career
<mask> was born in Birkenhead and was spotted by scouts from Nottingham Forest while playing for Cammell Laird in the West Cheshire league. Forest offered Cammell Laird a brand new football kit if they could sign <mask>, to which they reluctantly agreed. In the 1983–84 and 1984–85 seasons, <mask> was Forest's leading goalscorer.<mask> also played in the UEFA Cup semi-final clash with Anderlecht in 1984, which Forest lost 3–2 on aggregate. While a Forest player, <mask> was capped for the England national football team on the one occasion at senior level, in a 2–1 friendly win over the Republic of Ireland on 26 March 1985. Manchester United
<mask> completed a transfer to Manchester United on 12 March 1986 for a fee of £750,000. By this stage of the season, United were falling behind Everton and Liverpool in the league title race which they had looked so certain to win after a 10-match winning start to the season. A hectic fixture schedule followed, with 10 games being played between <mask>'s arrival on 12 March leading up to his first goal in a 4–0 win over Leicester City on 26 April. By then, however, the impressive win was too late to revive United's title challenge as it had become a three-horse race between Everton, Liverpool and West Ham United, with Liverpool eventually winning. United manager Ron Atkinson had signed him as a successor to Mark Hughes, who would be signing for Barcelona at the end of the season.He started 11 league games for United at the end of the 1985–86 season, but only scored once and United finished fourth. <mask> himself did not have a bad start to the 1986–87 season, but United's performances in the league were some of their worst since relegation in the 1973–74 season. By the beginning of November, <mask> had scored five goals in the league and another goal in the Football League Cup, but United were second from bottom in the league and battling against relegation when just months earlier they had been title contenders. <mask> scored his seventh goal of the season on 4 November 1986, but it came as United were thrashed 4–1 by Southampton in the fourth round replay of the League Cup. Ron Atkinson was then sacked and replaced by Alex Ferguson. Ferguson was intent on building a new side, but there were few changes to the line-up while the 1986–87 season wore on and <mask> was undoubtedly one of the best players in the side that season. In December, he scored twice in successive 3–3 draws with title challengers Tottenham Hotspur and fellow strugglers Aston Villa.On 20 April 1987 he scored the only goal in a 1–0 home win over deadly rivals Liverpool which helped end Liverpool's defence of the league title, which was won by Everton. By now, United's relegation worries had long gone and they finished a healthy 11th in the final table. <mask> finished the season as United's top goalscorer with 16 goals (14 in the league and two in the League Cup) and for the 1987–88 season he would have a new strike partner in the shape of Brian McClair following the departure of Frank Stapleton. McClair's arrival took the pressure off <mask> as the Scotsman was top scorer for a United side who finished second behind Liverpool in the league in 1987–88, scoring 24 goals in the league and 31 in all competitions. <mask> played in 34 out of 40 league games (13 as a substitute) and scored five league goals. In all competitions he made 40 appearances and scored six goals, vying with Norman Whiteside (normally a midfielder) for the role of United's second striker. However, the 1988 close season saw the return of Mark Hughes to Old Trafford after two years away and it was widely expected that <mask> would leave, but he began the 1988–89 season still a United player, and with a regular place in the first team.He scored in successive league games in September and was also on the scoresheet in a League Cup tie but he was then sold to newly promoted Middlesbrough in November 1988 for a fee of £750,000. He had scored his last goal for United on 28 September 1988, finding the net in a 1–0 Football League Cup second round first leg win over Rotherham United at Millmoor. Middlesbrough
Davenport walked straight into the Ayresome Park first team under manager Bruce Rioch but it took him 11 games to get off the mark, netting in a 1–0 victory against his previous employers Manchester United at Ayresome Park on 2 January 1989. However, he managed just four goals from 24 games in 1988–89 as Boro slipped back into the Football League Second Division just one season after promotion. 1989–90 was even tougher as Boro narrowly avoided a second successive relegation and <mask> managed a mere three goals from 35 league games, and by the end of the season Rioch had gone and Boro were now managed by Colin Todd. In July 1990, he signed for their local rivals Sunderland who had just been promoted to the First Division. Sunderland
Davenport signed for nearby Sunderland in the summer of 1990, and formed an effective strike partnership with Marco Gabbiadini in the first half of the season.Despite this, Sunderland were relegated at the end of the season. In the 1991–92 season, <mask> continued to be a prominent player for Sunderland, scoring in the Wear-Tees Derby at Roker Park on 20 April 1992 with a first time volley from outside the 18-yard box, a goal that has been regarded as being one of the best scored at Roker Park in recent memory. In the same season, he played in the 1992 FA Cup Final at Wembley against Liverpool. <mask> scored the first goal in a famous 2–1 quarter-final victory over Chelsea during the road to Wembley and formed a partnership with striker John Byrne (who scored in every round bar the final itself). He played one more season for Sunderland, in the new Division One, before moving north of the border to sign for Airdrieonians, who had just been relegated from the Scottish Premier Division. Despite the fact that he had played for Manchester United and Nottingham Forest in the 1980s, both teams who fairly regularly won trophies around that time, this was <mask>'s first and only appearance in a major cup final. End of playing career
He finished his playing career with spells at several lower division and Scottish League clubs including Airdrieonians, St Johnstone, Stockport County and Southport where he also held post as Caretaker manager, during which time Southport were unbeaten.After leaving Southport he joined Macclesfield as a player scoring his 100th league goal at Exeter City F.C in May 1998. After his football career finished, <mask> went on to coach rugby and teach at St Anselms College in Birkenhead. He has since stayed on at St Anselms and acted as a substitute teacher and general organiser and liaison for school trips and finance. Management
After progressing as a coach and assistant manager he was appointed as manager after Sammy McIlroy left to become Northern Ireland manager in January 2000. However, he was sacked in December 2000 after refusing to work alongside newly appointed joint manager Gil Prescott. In June 2001, <mask> was appointed as manager of Bangor City in the Welsh Premiership, where he took the team to three third-place finishes in four years qualifying for European competition 3 times. Bangor City memorably beat FK Sartid (Yugoslavia) in the UEFA cup first round in 2002.<mask> resigned from his post in December 2005 citing a lack of progress in the Welsh premier league and Bangor's unsuccessful application to build a new stadium as his reasons. He was appointed manager of Colwyn Bay on 24 May 2006, resigning on 15 January 2007 to once again become manager of Southport. However, in April 2008 he was sacked as manager despite vying for a place in the Conference North playoff positions. His sacking an acrimonious one, blaming the chief executive, Haydn Preece, personally for his demise quoting that he felt he was "stabbed in the back". On 11 May 2010, he found himself back in management as he was appointed as the assistant manager at Bradford Park Avenue only to find himself without a job by August the same year due to a change in personal circumstances. References

External links

1961 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Birkenhead
English footballers
England international footballers
England B international footballers
Cammell Laird 1907 F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C.players
Manchester United F.C. players
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Sunderland A.F.C. players
Airdrieonians F.C. (1878) players
St Johnstone F.C. players
Stockport County F.C. players
Southport F.C.players
Macclesfield Town F.C. players
Congleton Town F.C. players
Bangor City F.C. players
English football managers
Macclesfield Town F.C. managers
Bangor City F.C. managers
Colwyn Bay F.C. managers
Southport F.C.managers
Cymru Premier managers
English Football League players
Association football forwards
FA Cup Final players

masks:
Peter Davenport
Davenport
Davenport
Davenport
Davenport
Davenport
Davenport
Davenport
Davenport
Davenport
Davenport
Davenport
Davenport
Davenport
Davenport
Davenport
Davenport
Davenport
Davenport
Davenport
Peter Davenport
Davenport
Davenport


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<mask> (October 15, 1906 – October 3, 1976), sometimes known as Queen <mask>, was an American blues singer and songwriter. During a recording career that spanned 40 years, from 1926 to the mid-1960s, she worked with  Louis Armstrong, King Oliver, Clarence Williams, Luis Russell, Lonnie Johnson, and Bob Dylan. She also performed in vaudeville and clubs, sometimes with her sister Addie "Sweet Peas" (or "Sweet Pease") <mask> (August 22, 1910 – 1943), also known as the Za Zu Girl. Among her compositions are "Black Snake Blues" (1926), "Dope Head Blues" (1927), and "Organ Grinder Blues" (1928). In 1962 she co-founded Spivey Records. Life and career
Born in Houston, Texas, she was the daughter of Grant and Addie (Smith<mask>. Her father was a part-time musician and a flagman for the railroad; her mother was a nurse.She had two sisters, both of whom also sang professionally: Addie "Sweet Peas" (or "Sweet Pease") <mask> (August 22, 1910 – 1943), who recorded for several major record labels between 1929 and 1937, and Elton Island Spivey Harris (1900–1971). <mask>'s first professional experience was in a family string band led by her father in Houston. After he died, the seven-year-old <mask> played on her own at local parties. In 1918, she was hired to accompany films at the Lincoln Theater in Dallas. As a teenager, she worked in local bars, nightclubs, and buffet flats, mostly alone, but occasionally with singer-guitarists, including Blind Lemon Jefferson. In 1926 she moved to St. Louis, Missouri, where she was signed by Okeh Records. Her first recording, "Black Snake Blues" (1926), sold well, and her association with the label continued.She recorded numerous sides for Okeh in New York City until 1929, when she switched to the Victor label. Between 1931 and 1937, more recordings followed for Vocalion Records and Decca Records, and, working out of New York, she maintained an active performance schedule. Her recorded accompanists included King Oliver, Louis Armstrong, Lonnie Johnson, and Red Allen. The Depression did not put an end to <mask>'s musical career. She found a new outlet for her talent in 1929, when the film director King Vidor cast her to play Missy Rose in his first sound film, Hallelujah!. Through the 1930s and 1940s Spivey continued to work in musical films and stage shows, including the hit musical Hellzapoppin (1938), often with her husband, the vaudeville dancer Billy Adams. In 1951 Spivey retired from show business to play the pipe organ and lead a church choir, but she returned to secular music in 1961, when she was reunited with an old singing partner, Lonnie Johnson, to appear on four tracks on his Prestige Bluesville album Idle Hours.The folk music revival of the 1960s gave her further opportunities to make a comeback. She recorded again for Prestige Bluesville, sharing an album, Songs We Taught Your Mother, with fellow veterans Alberta Hunter and Lucille Hegamin, and began making personal appearances at festivals and clubs, including the 1963 European tour of the American Folk Blues Festival. In 1961 Spivey and the jazz and blues historian Len Kunstadt launched Spivey Records, a low-budget label dedicated to blues, jazz, and related music, prolifically recording established artists, including Sippie Wallace, Lucille Hegamin, Otis Rush, Otis Spann, Willie Dixon, Roosevelt Sykes, Big Joe Turner, Buddy Tate, and Hannah Sylvester, and also newer artists, including Luther Johnson, Brenda Bell, Washboard Doc, Bill Dicey, Robert Ross, Sugar Blue, Paul Oscher, Danny Russo, and Larry Johnson. In March 1962 <mask> and Big Joe Williams recorded for Spivey Records, with harmonica accompaniment and backup vocals by Bob Dylan. The recordings were released on Three Kings and the Queen (Spivey LP 1004) and Kings and the Queen Volume Two (Spivey LP 1014). (Dylan was listed under his own name on the record covers. A picture of her and Bob Dylan from this period is shown on the back cover of the Dylan album New Morning.)In 1964 <mask> made her only recording with an all-white band, the Connecticut-based Easy Riders Jazz Band, led by the trombonist Big Bill Bissonnette. It was released first on an LP and later re-released on compact disc. In Europe in the 1960s and 1970s, she appeared on French television, BBC-TV and Granada TV, but Americans may not have seen these screen appearances until their arrival on YouTube. Spivey married four times; her husbands included Ruben Floyd, Billy Adams, and Len Kunstadt. Spivey died in New York on October 3, 1976, at the age of 69, from an internal hemorrhage. Selected discography

Albums
Idle Hours (Bluesville, 1961) with Lonnie Johnson (three tracks)
Songs We Taught Your Mother (Bluesville, 1962) shared album with Alberta Hunter and Lucille Hegamin (four tracks)
Woman Blues! (Bluesville, 1962) with Lonnie Johnson
A Basket of Blues (Spivey, 1962) shared album with Buddy Terry, Lucille Hegamin and Hannah Sylvester
<mask> and Her Blues (Spivey, 1962)
Three Kings and the Queen (Spivey, 1964) shared album with Roosevelt Sykes, Big Joe Williams and Lonnie Johnson
The Queen and Her Knights (Spivey, 1965) shared album with Lonnie Johnson, Little Brother Montgomery, Memphis Slim and Sonny Greer
 Music Down Home: An Introduction to Negro Folk Music, U.S.A. (1965)
 The Blues Is Life (1976)
 Classic Piano Blues from Smithsonian Folkways (2008)

78 rpm singles - Okeh Records

78 rpm singles - Victor Records

See also
Classic female blues
List of blues musicians
List of classic female blues singers
List of country blues musicians
List of vaudeville performers: L–Z
Spivey Records

References

Bibliography

External links
Victoria Spivey's record label
Guide to the Victoria Spivey Collection, 1925-1940, 1961-1976, Institute of Jazz Studies, Rutgers University - Newark
Victoria Spivey papers, circa 1960–1976, Emory University Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library
Victoria Spivey (1908-1976) on Red Hot Jazz Archive
 Illustrated Spivey Records discography Stefan Wirz
Stuart A.Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: <mask> papers, circa 1960-1976

1906 births
1976 deaths
American blues pianists
American women pianists
American blues singers
Classic female blues singers
Vaudeville performers
Musicians from Houston
Vocalion Records artists
Deaths from bleeding
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
20th-century American pianists

masks:
Victoria Regina Spivey
Victoria
Spivey
) Spivey
Spivey
Spivey
Victoria
Spivey
Spivey
Spivey
Victoria
Victoria Spivey


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<mask> (née Clapp; September 29, 1949) is an American academic. She is James B. Duke Professor of English & Professor of Law at Duke University, and holds appointments in the Duke University School of Law as well as the university's Department of English, Department of African & African American Studies, and Program in Women's Studies. Early life and education
<mask>'s early life was spent in Buffalo, New York, the middle daughter of prominent educators Claude D. and Ouida H. Clapp. She received an A.B. From Talladega College. Part of her undergraduate credits were earned at Wroxton College (Wroxton Abbey), where she studied British literature, politics and economics, and part were earned at Harvard University where she studied Linguistics. <mask> received an M.A.from Michigan State University, an M.L.S. from Duke University School of Law, and a Ph.D. in American Literature and Linguistics from Michigan State University. Her dissertation, about the anthropologist Zora Neale Hurston, was titled "A Critical Investigation of Literary and Linguistic Structures in the Fiction of Zora Neale Hurston". Professional activities
<mask> has been a member of the Duke faculty since 1994. Previously she taught at North Carolina State. She was hired, she later recalled, because Henry Louis Gates, Jr. "had just left for Harvard and Duke suddenly needed someone to teach a night course that had already been scheduled for Gates." She has served on the boards of Duke University's Center for Documentary Studies, and Princeton University's Council on the Study of Women and Gender.She has been affiliated with Duke University's Institute on Care at the End of Life, and with the Trent Center for Bioethics and Medical Humanities. She was the first African American woman to serve as a department chair (African & African-American Studies). While chair, she led the program to full departmental status with the authority to hire and tenure its own faculty. Her teaching and research focusses on African American cultural studies, gender, biocultural studies, law, and ethics. Professor <mask>'s books primarily analyze race, gender, literature, and especially the writings of African-American women. Referring to twentieth-century African-American women authors, <mask> wrote the following, which has been favorably quoted by others in her field:

Recursive structures accomplish a blend between figurative processes that are reflective (like a mirror) and symbolic processes whose depth and resonance make them reflexive. This combination results in texts that are at once emblematic of the culture they describe as well as interpretive of this culture.In 1999, she became the first African American woman to serve as a dean of faculty at Duke. She was Dean of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences until 2004, when she took a leave of absence to attend Duke Law School, earning her Master of Legal Studies (2005). She is a current member of its faculty. <mask> was a founding co-director of the John Hope Franklin Center and the Franklin Humanities Institute. She is a member of the Hastings Center, an elected association of leading bioethics researchers and also serves on the Faculty Scholars in Bioethics Board of the Greenwall Foundation. In 2013, she was named to the Institute of Medicine's Committee on Transforming Care at the End of Life, within the National Academies of the United States. She serves on this committee with 20 other members from around the country.She retired from Duke University as James B. Duke Professor Emerita in June 2017. Books
Professor <mask> has written ten books to date, which can be summarized as follows, in chronological order. New Dimensions of Spirituality: A BiRacial and BiCultural Reading of the Novels of Toni Morrison. Westport (1987; with S. Demetrakopoulos). This book is a series of essays about Toni Morrison's first four novels The Bluest Eye, Sula, Song of Solomon, and Tar Baby. The coauthors, both professors of English, each write one chapter on each novel, as well as a chapter of introduction, "personal reveries", and a conclusion. The writing is relatively free of academic jargon.However, Demetrakopoulos brings to bear an interest in women's studies and Jungian psychology, whereas <mask>'s interest is more in black studies and linguistics. The Character of the Word: The Texts of Zora Neale Hurston (1987)
This 1987 book follows up on <mask>'s 1978 doctoral dissertation about the anthropologist Zora Neale Hurston. According to Cynthia Davis and Verner Mitchell, this book by <mask> is a "rather dense study of linguistic codes in Hurston's novels." Davis and Mitchell acknowledge that the book does "usefully explore Hurston's battle against pejorative conceptions of dialect". Moorings & Metaphors: Figures of Culture and Gender in Black Women's Literature (1992)
This 1992 study considers the ways that cultural tradition is reflected in the language and figures of black women's writing, covering works of Gloria Naylor, Alice Walker, Ama Ata Aidoo, Ntozake Shange, Buchi Emecheta, Octavia Butler, Efua Sutherland, Gayl Jones, and particularly focusing on Toni Morrison's Beloved and Flora Nwapa's Efuru. Analyzing  the work of contemporary African-American and West African writers, <mask> draws connections across two continents. Codes of Conduct: Race, Ethics, and the Color of Our Character (1995)
In Codes of Conduct, <mask> departs from the formality of scholarly prose to meditate about her experiences as a black person in the larger society, the experiences of her son, and the experiences of African-American women who faced public trials and tribulations; in the latter category, she places Tawana Brawley, Anita Hill, Phillis Wheatley, Zora Neale Hurston, and Whoopi Goldberg.This book also discusses the visual power of the black female body, the resonance and drama of language, and African-American community life. Passed On: African American Mourning Stories (2002)
<mask> argues that the susceptibility of African-Americans to early death has had unique cultural effects, and this 2002 book examines the "life of death" in that culture. The book is a memorial for Bem Kayin <mask>, her adopted son who died in an attempted prison break, while serving up to 95 years in prison after pleading guilty to breaking and entering, robbery, rape, and attempted murder. At the time of his death, Bem was also facing first degree murder charges for the deaths of two other women. <mask> <mask> studied mourning rituals and visited funeral homes throughout the United States as well as absorbing evidence from Richard Wright's death in Paris, black cult members' deaths in Jonestown, and other episodes. This is a survivor's tale, and a mordant humor surfaces occasionally. BookMarks: Reading in Black and White — A Memoir (2006)
This 2006 book by <mask> profiles 25 black authors who tended in their memoirs to cite the white giants of English-language literature, while citing markedly fewer black authors, or merely listing the latter as afterthoughts.<mask> interprets this tendency of black authors to "bookmark" primarily white authors as a signal from the memoirists of their supremely literate mastery of Anglo-American literature. Private Bodies/Public Texts: Race, Gender, and a Cultural Bioethics (2011)
In Private Bodies/Public Texts,  <mask> examines instances where personal medical information has been forced into the public sphere, and says that women and African Americans are often the victims. In view of history from Henrietta Lacks to Terri Schiavo, <mask> argues that some populations are more vulnerable to this phenomenon than others. Legal Fictions: Constituting Law, Composing Literature (2014)
In Legal Fictions, Professor <mask> explores the relationship between U.S. literature and U.S. jurisprudence, especially the effect that race concepts in law have had upon literary fiction. <mask> sees such relationships in Toni Morrison's Beloved, in Charles R. Johnson's Middle Passage, in David Bradley's The Chaneysville Incident and in Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man. A Death in Harlem: A Novel (2019)
In 2019, Northwestern University Press published <mask>'s debut novel, a mystery set in Jazz Age Harlem. The book's point of departure is the climactic ending of Passing (novel), the 1929 novel by Nella Larsen.In it, <mask> introduces Weldon Haynie Thomas, "Harlem’s first colored policeman." Kirkus Reviews wrote that "<mask> brings her period, place, and people alive and provides as a bonus a most unexpected culprit." Gone Missing in Harlem: A Novel (2021)
In her highly anticipated second novel, <mask> <mask> evokes the resilience of a family whose journey traces the river of America’s early twentieth century. The Mosby family migrates north to the Harlem of their aspirations and arrive as Harlem staggers under the flu pandemic that follows the First World War. DeLilah Mosby and her daughter, Selma, meet difficulties with backbone and resolve to make a home for themselves in the city, and Selma has a baby, Chloe. The panic of the early thirties is embodied in the kidnapping and murder of the infant son of the nation’s dashing young aviator, Charles Lindbergh. A transfixed public follows the manhunt in the press and on the radio.Then Chloe goes missing—but her disappearance does not draw the same attention. Wry and perceptive Weldon Haynie Thomas, the city’s first “colored” policeman, takes the case. The urgent investigation tests Thomas’s abilities to draw out the secrets Harlem harbors, untangling the color-coded connections and relationships that keep company with greed, ghosts, and grief. With nuanced characters, lush historical detail, and a lyrical voice, Gone Missing in Harlem Northwestern University Press affirms the restoring powers of home and family. Buzz Feed News called it "unputdownable...a spellbinding story about family, grief, and perseverance, full of rich and resilient characters you’ll fall in love with." Publishers Weekly starred review. Group of 88
During the Duke lacrosse case of 2006-07, in which the men's lacrosse team were falsely accused of raping a black woman at a party, <mask> coordinated the so-called "Group of 88" statement.This was an advertisement that she and Professor Wahneema Lubiano crafted for the Duke student newspaper, describing concerns about racism and sexism that the incident allegedly raised, and discussing "what happened to this woman". Historian KC Johnson and journalist Stuart Taylor, Jr. note that <mask> and Lubiano made it a point to publish the statement before the release of DNA results, which prosecutor Mike Nifong had said would be determinative, and before any indictments. The ad proved polarizing. As the facts of the case became clearer, Duke president Richard H. Brodhead, who had barred the indicted players from campus, invited them back. In response, <mask> resigned from a campus committee, stating that she "could no longer work in good faith with this breach of common trust", and she charged the university with failing to wait for a critical judicial decision. According to Johnson and Taylor, <mask> had previously shown little deference to judicial decisions when she said that, "the seriousness of the matter cannot be finally or fully adjudicated in the courts" because "justice inevitably has an attendant social construction." <mask> also announced that she had overheard that there was a witness to racial slurs by lacrosse players.No such witness was ever produced, say Johnson and Taylor, but the Wilmington Journal printed the story, and "<mask> was never disciplined or criticized" by Duke. In 2006, <mask> said that she would sign the Group of 88's ad again "in a heartbeat." Personal life
<mask>'s husband, <mask>, is an Associate Dean for Corporate and Industry Relations at the Pratt School of Engineering at Duke. Her daughter, Ayana <mask>, is an Associate Professor of Physics, also at Duke University. She also adopted a 4-year-old boy, Bem Kayin <mask>. In 1998, at age 21, Bem <mask> was charged with breaking and entering, rape, robbery, and attempted murder and pleaded guilty, receiving a sentence of up to 95 years in prison. At the time of the crime, Bem was living with Karla less than a mile from the victim's home.Bem told his rape victim during the crime that he had killed Peggy Carr, a 32-year-old woman living in Wilmington, North Carolina. In 1999, Bem was shot dead by prison guards during a prison escape attempt. At the time of his death Bem was facing first degree murder charges for the deaths of two women, including Peggy Carr. <mask> <mask> dedicated the prologue (pgs 9-14) of her book, Passed On, to the memory of her son. She wrote of him "We knew North Carolina judicial history, we knew the national tendency to impose the ultimate punishment for crimes committed against white victims by black men." She specifically requested a black funeral home to care for her son's remains, stating, "We expected them to treat him as a child who was loved, I don't think I could have had that conversation with a white funeral director." References

1949 births
Living people
African-American writers
American writers
Duke University faculty
Duke University School of Law alumni
Michigan State University alumni
Talladega College alumni
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American people

masks:
Karla Francesca Holloway
Holloway
Holloway
Holloway
Holloway
Holloway
Holloway
Holloway
Holloway
Holloway
Holloway
Holloway
Holloway
Holloway
Holloway
Karla
Holloway
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Holloway
Holloway
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Holloway
Karla
Holloway
Holloway
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Holloway
Holloway
Russell Holloway
Holloway Arce
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Karla
Holloway


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<mask> (, ; born December 24, 1957) is a Lebanese-born American scholar and conservative political pundit. He worked for the Republican presidential campaigns of Mitt Romney in 2012 and Donald Trump in 2016. He has also served as a commentator on terrorism and the Middle East for Fox News since 2007, and for NBC from 2003 to 2006. A Maronite Christian, <mask> has gained notoriety for his association with Lebanese Christian militias in the 1980s during the Lebanese Civil War, and for his anti-Islam views. Early life and education
<mask> is a Christian Maronite, Lebanese and American citizen. He was born in Lebanon on December 24, 1957, and grew up in Beirut and in his native village of Ghouma (Batroun District). He emigrated to the United States in 1990.He holds undergraduate degrees in law, political science, and sociology from Saint Joseph University and the Lebanese University in Beirut. Following his undergraduate studies, <mask> practiced law in Beirut for a period of time, then went on to obtain a master's degree in international law from the Jean Moulin University Law school in France and a PhD in international relations and strategic studies from the University of Miami. Career

Academia
<mask> taught at the Department of International Relations at Florida International University (FIU) in 1992 and was a visiting professor of comparative politics at Florida Atlantic University (FAU) in Palm Beach County from 1993 to 1994. He was hired as a full-time professor of Middle East studies and international relations in the Department of Political Science at FAU in 1995. While at FAU, <mask> sponsored the student organization Haiti Watch. In 2008 he became Coordinator of the Trans-Atlantic Parliamentary Group on Counter Jihadi-Terrorism. Since 2008, he has lectured at the National Intelligence University in Washington DC, at the Center for Counterintelligence and Security Studies (CI Center) in Virginia, and at the Daniel Morgan Academy, a Graduate School of National Security in Washington DC.He teaches at BAU International University in Washington, D.C. also serving as a university provost and as Director of Graduate Studies at the university. <mask>'s resume says that he "taught Global Strategies at the National Defense University in Washington DC since 2006". A spokesperson for the National Defense University noted that <mask> was employed as an "expert/consultant" from April 2011 to April 2012. Political activism
In 1984, <mask> adhered to a small Lebanese political party of the center-left, the "Social Democratic Christian Union" – Union Sociale Démocratique Chrétienne (USDC). <mask> has served as secretary general of the World Maronite Union, and secretary general of the World Lebanese Cultural Union. <mask> has testified before committees of the U.S. State, Justice, Defense and Homeland Security and the United States Congress. He briefed and testified to international bodies like the European Parliament and the United Nations Security Council on matters related to international security and Middle East conflict.He serves as an adviser to the Anti-Terrorism Caucus in the U.S. House of Representatives since 2007 and is a co-secretary general of the Transatlantic Legislative Group on Counter Terrorism, a Euro-American Caucus, since 2009. He has served on the Advisory Board of the Task Force on Future Terrorism of the Department of Homeland Security in 2006-2007 as well as on the Advisory Task force on Nuclear Terrorism in 2007. He lectures at defense and national security institutions and serves as a consultant on international affairs in the private sector. Advisor to Mitt Romney
<mask> was appointed as foreign policy adviser to Mitt Romney for his 2012 presidential campaign. His appointment was met with criticism from the Council on American–Islamic Relations (CAIR), which described him as "an associate to war crimes" (due to his ties to the Lebanese Forces) and a "conspiracy theorist". The appointment also provoked negative reactions from Islamic studies academics Ebrahim Moosa and Omid Safi, however both scholars were described as militant Islamists by several pieces, including "Walid <mask> vs the Middle East Studies" as well as the Center for a New American Security's Andrew Exum, who said that <mask> was "widely viewed as an extremist". Advisor to Donald Trump
<mask> worked as an advisor to presidential candidate Donald Trump; he was paid $13,000 per month by the campaign.Trump's choice of <mask> renewed scrutiny and speculations about <mask>' past alleged role as an ideologue to Lebanese Christian fighters during the Lebanese Civil War and his perceived far-right views as an academic and analyst of the Middle East region. His supporters argued that <mask> had presciently discerned the threat of jihadist ideology and that he was eminently qualified for a senior post, and pointed to his strong pro-Israel track record. Phases did not have a government post in the Trump administration. Views and controversies

Association with Lebanese militant groups
<mask> has drawn controversy over his association with Lebanese militant groups in the 1980s during the Lebanese Civil War. According to the Washington Post, <mask> "was a political adviser to Lebanese militants during their war against Muslim factions during the 1980s". <mask> has said that he was only involved with the militants in a political capacity and that he has not been directly implicated in any acts of violence. Abed Ayoub, the national legal and policy director for the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, criticizes <mask> saying: "If you look at his history, he was a warmonger and he shouldn't be near the White House.He was part of a militia that committed war crimes and, if anything, he should be tried for war crimes." Sarah Stern, president of the Endowment for Middle East Truth, defended his actions for the Lebanise militant group: "He represented his left-of-center party within a coalition of parties that oversaw the local government of the Christian community when it was surrounded by the Syrian army and the terrorist groups between 1986 and 1988. <mask> is being attacked because he is on the right side of the issues and is fearless in speaking out the truth... [Walid] is in a caliber of his own. He understood the rise of radical Islam in the Middle East. He understood very early on what ISIS is, that it's a real threat. He understands that Islam is more than a religion, that it's also an ideology and an ideology of conquest." Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton conspiracy theories
<mask> has asserted that the Barack Obama administration supported the Muslim Brotherhood.In October 2016, he asserted that "the triangle Clintonmachine-Iranregime-MuslimBrotherhood has unleashed a coordinated propaganda offensive" against Donald Trump. Israel
<mask> has said that "[Israel's] only rational and historical choice is to link up once more with the Christian community of Lebanon. This may represent a choice which may not be appreciated among many Israelis, for various reasons, but it remains one which cannot be avoided... The Christians of Lebanon are the only potential ally against the advance of the northern Arabo-Islamic threat against Israel." 2017 Westminster attack
In March 2017 <mask> attracted attention in the UK when he implied in a tweet that London had "shut down" in the wake of the terrorist attack in Westminster, despite most roads and tube stations (with the exception of the adjacent Westminster station) remaining open as normal, and the fact that only the immediate crime scene was cordoned off: many Londoners replied to <mask> to refute his claim. Views on Islam
According to the New York Times, <mask> "regularly warns that Muslims aim to take over American institutions and impose Shariah, a legal code based mainly on the Koran that can involve punishments like cutting off the hands of a thief." <mask> has also asserted that jihadists are posing as civil rights advocates.Phares has been described as being part of "the Islamophobia industry, a network of researchers who have warned for many years of the dangers of Islam and were thrilled by Mr. Trump’s election." According to Lawrence Pintak of the Atlantic Council and a member of the advisory board for The Media Majlis at Northwestern University in Qatar, <mask> is a "card-carrying Islamophobe". Although <mask> is often described as a scholar on terrorism, Stanford University terrorism expert Martha Crenshaw stated that <mask> was "not in the mainstream as an academic". Duke sociologist Christopher A. Bail describes <mask> as an influential figure in the anti-Islam movement. According to the New York Times, <mask> "is regularly accused by Muslim civil rights groups of being Islamophobic and of fear-mongering about the spread of Sharia law." Writings

Books
référence : Jean-Marc Aractingi, La politique à mes trousses, Paris, Éditions l'Harmattan, 2006 ()

References

External links
 Author's Website

1957 births
American academics
American Maronites
Counter-terrorism theorists
Lebanese emigrants to the United States
Lebanese Maronites
Living people
People from Batroun District
American critics of Islam
University of Miami alumni

masks:
Walid Phares
Phares
Phares
Phares
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Al-<mask>bid emir of Hama first in 1219 (616 AH) and then restored in 1229–1244 (626 AH–642 AH). He was the son of al-Mansur Muhammad and the older brother of al-Nasir Kilij Arslan. Usurpation
In 1219, al-Mansur called together the leading men of Hama and made them swear allegiance to his eldest son, <mask>, as his heir apparent, before sending al-Muzaffar to Egypt to aid Sultan al-Kamil. Some time later he sent his second son, an-Nasir Kilij Arslan to join Al-Muazzam in his campaigns in Palestine. However, as he lay dying some of the leading emirs decided to invite an-Nasir back to Hama to usurp the throne in place of his brother, in the hope that they would be able to exercise real control under his nominal rule. Al-Mansur died in January 1221 (Dhu'l Qa'da 617), and An-Nasir duly installed himself as ruler in Hama. In Egypt, when al-Muzaffar learned of his father's death, he obtained Sultan al-Kamil's permission to go and claim his throne.On reaching Syria however he found his brother firmly established on the throne. None of the notables of Hama would support him in removing An-Nasir, and none of the other Ayyubid princes in Syria was interested in helping him, so he had to return to Egypt, where he was given an estate by Al-Kamil. Restoration
Al-Muzaffar was eventually restored to Hama as a result of the changing balance of power between the major rulers of the Ayyubid family. In November 1228 (Dhu’l Hijja 625) negotiations took place at Tell el-'Ajul near Gaza between Aa-Kamil and his rival al-Ashraf as they sought to agree a balance of power between them across the Ayyubid realms. The result was a comprehensive agreement on redistribution of domains. Al-Kamil's client al-Muzaffar was to be restored to Hama, together with Baarin and Maarrat al-Nu'man. Salamiyah was to be detached from the Hama domain and given to al-Mujahid of Homs.Al-Ashraf and al-Kamil now worked in tandem to put this plan into effect, and Al Kamil led his armies to Damascus in support of al Ashraf who was laying siege to it. The city surrendered in June and almost at once, al-Kamil turned his attention to Hama. On 25 July 1229 (2 Ramadan 626), Al Kamil, in alliance with al-Mujahid of Homs, laid siege to Hama to remove Kilij Arslan and restore al-Muzaffar. After a few days of siege, Kilij Arslan came out to negotiate, and eventually agreed to leave Hama in return for receiving the fortress of Montferrand near Baarin. Eventually, Kilij Arslan died on the same year. Reign
Al Muzaffar took part in the major campaign of 1232 (629) led by Al-Kamil which took Amida and Hasankeyf. He also took part in the unsuccessful campaign of 1234 (631) which apparently aimed at Malatya.In 1238–9, he decided to raze the Montferrand castle to the ground. Conflict with Homs
Al-Muzaffar owed his throne to the ruler of Homs, al-Mujahid, who had organised the conference of the Ayyubid rulers at Tell el-'Ajul in 1228–29 which agreed his restoration. However one of the terms of this agreement was that was that Hama was to turn over the fief of Salamiyah. This was to be the source of constant hostility between the two rulers thereafter. On taking control of the town however Al-Mujahid built a great fortress nearby, which al-Muzaffar interpreted as a threat to him. This led to bad relations between the emirs, and when al-Muzaffar joined al-Kamil of Egypt in a campaign to oust al-Mujahid, the tensions between them broke out into open conflict. When al-Kamil died al-Mujahid attacked the territory of Hama, devastating the countryside and diverting both the River Orontes and the canals which irrigated the fields around the city.He was not able to take the city however, but constant tension and aggression prevailed between the two rulers for the remainder of their days. In the diplomatic manoeuvres which followed the death of al-Kamil, the emir of Hama, Al-Muzaffar, allied himself with As-Salih Ayyub and persuaded him that he could usefully secure his position in Syria before attacking Egypt by removing Al-Mujahid from Homs. al-Mujahid was allied with as-Salih' Ayyub's rival as-Salih Ismail. In March 1239 (Sha’ban 636), As-Salih Ayyub set out with his forces to attack Homs, but soon after he received envoys from Egypt complaining of the rule of al-Adil II and urging him to come and take power himself. In April 1239 therefore as-Salih Ayyub turned away from Homs and moved his forces south in preparation for an invasion of Egypt. As the threat receded, Al-Mujahid conspired with As-Salih Ayyub's uncle, As-Salih Ismail, to take Damascus and divide the Syrian domains between them. Al-Mujahid also undertook some covert warfare against Hama in a rather unusual way.Theobald of Champagne was leading a new crusade and arrived in Palestine in September 1239 (Safar 637). Al-Muzaffar lured Theobald's group with empty promises of converting to Christianity and turning over fortresses to the crusaders. He then managed to start a rumour in the city that al-Muzaffar was about to hand it over to the Crusaders to prevent it from being taken by him. Believing themselves to be in danger, a number of the civic and military leaders of Hama fled to Homs, where they were immediately imprisoned by al-Mujahid. The effect of this incident was to disable Hama temporarily and prevent al-Muzaffar from doing anything to stop Al-Mujahid from moving on Damascus. As a result, al-Mujahid and as-Salih Ismail were able to take Damascus on 28 September 1239 (27 Safar 637). However shortly afterwards al-Mujahid died.As-Salih Ayyub steadily extended is control over all the Ayyubid domains, and al-Muzaffar continued to rule in Hama until his death in 1244. Family
Al-Muzaffar was married to a woman called Ghaziya Khatun, who was the mother of his successor Al Mansur II. References

Bibliography

1244 deaths
13th-century Ayyubid rulers
Ayyubid emirs of Hama
Muslims of the Fifth Crusade
Muslims of the Barons' Crusade
Sunni Muslims
Year of birth unknown

masks:
Muzaffar II Mahmudyu
al Muzaffar Mahmud


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<mask> (May 16, 1931 – December 8, 2005) was a Pulitzer Prize winning American composer. Biography
Born in Plainfield, New Jersey, <mask> attended Plainfield High School. He began as a clarinetist, playing jazz for fun and profit. He attended Syracuse University, where he studied composition with Ernst Bacon, who encouraged him in that direction. He then attended Princeton University as a graduate student, where he worked with composers Roger Sessions and Milton Babbitt. He also studied with Luigi Dallapiccola in Italy as a Fulbright Scholar. He became a lecturer and teacher himself, working with students at Yale University, the New England Conservatory of Music (where he became chair of the composition department), Brandeis University, and Harvard University.He won the Pulitzer Prize for music in 1974 for his chamber work Notturno. In 1991, the journal Perspectives of New Music published a 292-page tribute to <mask>. <mask> died in Antigua in 2005. A memorial concert was held at the New England Conservatory on May 8, 2007. A recording of the concert was released by Navona Records in 2009. Music
Most of <mask>'s mature works (including pseudo-tonal works such as Paradiso Choruses and Seven Pious Pieces) were composed using the twelve-tone method; his sound world more closely resembled the lyrical Dallapiccola's than his other teachers'. The pianist Easley Blackwood commissioned Martino's sonata Pianississimo, explicitly requesting that it be one of the most difficult pieces ever written.The resulting work is indeed of epic difficulty, but has been recorded several times. (Blackwood declined to perform it.) <mask> presented Milton Babbitt with at least two musical birthday cards: B,a,b,b,i,t,t on his 50th birthday and Triple Concerto on his 60th. Musical compositions
Many of the instrumental pieces have extensive doublings, such as flute/piccolo/alto flute. Principal publishers: Ione, Dantalian, McGinnis & Marx. Works for orchestra and concertos
Sinfonia, 1953, withdrawn, unpublished
Contemplations, 1956
Piano Concerto, 1965
Mosaic for Grand Orchestra, 1967
Cello Concerto, 1972
Ritorno, 1976, arr. for band, 1977
Triple Concerto, clarinet, bass clarinet, contrabass clarinet, 1977
Divertisements for Youth Orchestra, 1981
Alto Sax Concerto, 1987
Violin Concerto, 1996
 Concertino (clarinet and orchestra), 2004
 Concerto for Orchestra, 2005

Chamber music
String Quartet No.1, withdrawn, unpublished
String Quartet No. 2, 1952, withdrawn, unpublished
String Quartet Mo. 3, 1954, withdrawn, unpublished
Seven Canoni Enigmatici, canons with resolutions (2 violas, 2 ‘cellos/2 bassoons, 1955; string quartet, 1962; 2 clarinets, alto clarinet/basset horn, bass clarinet, 1966, may be combined with version of 1955)
String Trio, 1955, withdrawn, unpublished
Quartet (clarinet and string trio), 1957
Trio (clarinet, violin, piano), 1959
Five Frammenti (oboe, double bass), 1961
Concerto (wind quintet), 1964
Notturno (piccolo/flute/alto flute, clarinet/bass clarinet,  violin, viola, ‘cello, piano, percussion), 1973
String Quartet [No. 4], 1983
Canzone e Tarantella sul Nome Petrassi (clarinet, ‘cello), 1984
From the Other Side (flute, ‘cello, piano, percussion), 1988
Three Sad Songs (viola, piano), 1991
Octet (flute, clarinet, flugelhorn, trombone, percussion, piano, violin, ‘cello), 1998
 Serenata Concertante (flute, clarinet, flugel horn, French horn, percussion, piano, violin, ‘cello), 1999
 String Quartet No. 5, 2004
 Trio (violin, cello, piano), 2004
 Trio (clarinet, cello, piano), 2004

Works for solo instrument
Clarinet Sonata, 1950–51
Suite of Variations on Medieval Melodies (‘cello), 1952, rev. 1954
A Set (clarinet), 1954, rev. 1974
Violin Sonata, 1954
Harmonica Piece, 1954
Quodlibets (flute), 1954
Fantasy (piano), 1958
Fantasy-Variations (violin), 1962
Parisonatina al’dodecafonia (‘cello), 1964
B, A, B, B, IT, T (clarinet with extensions), 1966
Strata (bass clarinet), 1966
Pianississimo, piano sonata, 1970
Impromptu for Roger (piano), 1977
Fantasies and Impromptus (piano), 1980
Quodlibets II (flute), 1980
Suite in Old Form (Parody Suite) (piano), 1982
Twelve Preludes (piano), 1991
15, 5, 92, A.B.(clarinet), 1992
A Birthday Card for Alea III (clarinet), 1997
 Romanza (violin), 2000
 Sonata (violin), 2003
 Violin Sonata No. 2, 2004

Vocal works
Separate Songs (high voice and piano), 1951
All day I hear the noise of waters (James Joyce)
The half-moon westers low, my love (A. E. Housman)
From "The Bad Child’s Book of Beasts" (Hilaire Belloc) (high voice and piano), 1952
The Lion, the Tiger
The Frog
The Microbe
Portraits: a Secular Cantata (Edna St. Vincent Millay, Walt Whitman, e.e. Cummings) (mezzo-soprano and baritone solos, chorus, orchestra), 1954
Arrangement of Anyone lived in a pretty how town (SATB chorus, piano 4 hands, optional percussion, 1955
Three Songs (James Joyce) (soprano/tenor or bass, piano), 1955
Alone
Tutto e sciolto (in English)
A Memory of the Players in a Mirror at Midnight
Two Rilke Songs (mezzo-soprano and piano), 1961
Die Laute
Aus einem Sturmnacht VIII;
Seven Pious Pieces (Robert Herrick) (chorus with optional piano/organ), 1972
Paradiso Choruses (Dante) (solo voices, chorus, orchestra, tape), 1974
The White Island (SATB chorus and chamber orchestra), 1985

Film scores
The White Rooster, c1950, unpublished
The Lonely Crime, 1958, unpublished

Other works
Augenmusik, a Mixed Mediocritique (actress/danseuse/uninhibited female percussionist, tape), 1972
Many popular songs and jazz arrangements, all unpublished

References
Barkin, Elaine, and Martin Brody (2006). "Martino, Donald (James)". Grove Music Online, edited by Deane L. Root. (updated 18 January). Oxford Music Online (accessed 26 August 2017).Fischer, Heinz-Dietrich, ed. (2001). "1974 Award: About the Chamber Music Piece Notturno by <mask><mask>". In The Pulitzer Prize Archives: Part E, Liberal Arts: Volume 15, Musical Composition Awards 1943-1999: From Aaron Copland and Samuel Barber to Gian-Carlo Menotti and Melinda Wagner, edited by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer in cooperation with Erika J. Fischer, 121–24. Munich: K. G. Sauer. .
Griffiths, Paul (2002). "<mask>, <mask> (James)". The Oxford Companion to Music, edited by Alison Latham.Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Los Angeles Times Staff (2005). Los Angeles Times: Obituary of <mask>. Retrieved December 25, 2005. Bibliography

Articles by <mask>
<mask>, <mask>. 1961. "The Source Set and Its Aggregate Formations."Journal of Music Theory 5: 224-273. <mask>, <mask>. 1964. "Claudio Spies: 'Tempi'." Perspectives of New Music 2/2: 112-124. <mask>, <mask>. 1966."Notation in General - Articulation in Particular." Perspectives of New Music 4/2: 47-58. <mask>, <mask>, and Ricci, Robert. 1968. "Wherefore Modern Music?" Music Educators Journal 55: 94-96. <mask>, <mask>.1971. "In Memoriam Stravinsky." Perspectives of New Music 9/2-10/1: 64. <mask>, <mask>. 1972. "Exotic Winds." The Musical Times 113/1555: 865.<mask>, <mask>. 1974. "In Memoriam Dallapiccola." Perspectives of New Music 13/1: 240-245. Interview with <mask>
<mask>, <mask>, and Boros, James. 1991. "A Conversation with <mask>."Perspectives of New Music 29/2 (Summer): 212-278. Further reading
Boros, James. 1991. "<mask>'s Fantasy Variations: The First Three Measures." Perspectives of New Music 29/2 (Summer): 280-293. Brody, Martin. 1991."MSHJ: Faith and Deeds in The White Island." Perspectives of New Music 29/2 (Summer): 294-311. Dembski, Stephen. 1991. "Misreading Martino." Perspectives of New Music 29/2 (Summer): 312-317. Fogg, Jonathan Leonard Ryan.2006. An Aggregate of Styles: <mask>’s 'Fantasies and Impromptus'. A Treatise presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Musical Arts, Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin. Kizas, Andrew J. 2004. From Octatonicism to Dodecaphony: A Study of Pitch Organization in Selected Works by <mask>. A Dissertation prepared for the Degree of Ph.D., University of Western Ontario.Kizas, Andrew J. 2009. The Music of <mask>: A Theory of Pitch Organization in Selected Works. Saarbrücken, Germany: VDM Verlag. Klumpenhouwer, Henry. 1991. "Aspects of Row Structure and Harmony in <mask>'s Impromptu Number 6."Perspectives of New Music 29/2 (Summer): 318-354. Krims, Adam. 1991. "Some Analytical Comments on Text and Music in <mask>'s 'Alone'." Perspectives of New Music 29/2 (Summer): 356-380. Kyr, Robert. 1991."Point/Counter-Point: <mask>'s Radical Statement of Mind and Soul." Perspectives of New Music 29/2 (Summer): 382-392. Littleton, Laurann. 1981. An Analysis of <mask>'s 'Fantasies and Impromptus' For Solo Piano. A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts, Eastman School of Music. Nicholls, David.1992. "<mask>: a survey of his recent music." Music & Letters 73/1: 75-79. Rothstein, William. 1980 "Linear Structure in the Twelve-Tone System: An Analysis of <mask>'s 'Pianississimo'." Journal of Music Theory 24: 129-165. Stadelman, Jeffrey.1991. "A Symmetry of Thought." Perspectives of New Music 29/2 (Summer): 402-439. Vishio, Anton. 1991. "An Investigation of Structure and Experience in Martino Space." Perspectives of New Music 29/2 (Summer): 440-476.Webb, Glenn. 2014. The Percussion Music of <mask>o. A document submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Musical Arts, University of Nevada. Weinberg, Henry. 1963. "<mask>: 'Trio' (1959)."Perspectives of New Music 2/1 (Fall-Winter): 82-90. Yang, Yoon Joo. 2011. A Practical Approach to <mask>'s Twelve-Tone Song Cycles: 'Three Songs' and 'Two Rilke Songs,' for Performance. A Dissertation prepared for the Degree of Doctor of Musical Arts, University of North Texas. Notes

External links
 Publisher's website
 Interview with <mask>, January 12, 1991

American male classical composers
American classical composers
Pulitzer Prize for Music winners
20th-century classical composers
Yale University faculty
New England Conservatory faculty
Brandeis University faculty
Harvard University faculty
1931 births
2005 deaths
Musicians from Plainfield, New Jersey
Plainfield High School (New Jersey) alumni
Composers for piano
Twelve-tone and serial composers
Pupils of Luigi Dallapiccola
Pupils of Roger Sessions
20th-century American composers
Albany Records artists
20th-century American male musicians

masks:
Donald James Martino
Martino
Martino
Martino
Martino
Martino
Donald J
. Martino
Martino
Donald
Donald Martino
Martino
Martino
Donald
Martino
Donald
Martino
Donald
Martino
Donald
Martino
Donald
Martino
Donald
Martino
Donald
Martino
Martino
Donald
Donald Martino
Donald Martino
Donald Martino
Donald Martino
Donald Martino
Martino
Martino
Donald Martino
Martino
Donald Martino
Donald Martino
Donald Martin
Donald Martino
Donald Martino
Donald Martino