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<mask><mask> (January 17, 1915 – January 19, 2001) was an American onion farmer and commodity trader best known for manipulating the onion futures market. Public outcry over his practices led to the passing of the Onion Futures Act, which banned the trading of futures contracts on onions. Personal life
The son of a Russian Jew who converted to Catholicism, <mask> was a devout Catholic. He donated a significant amount of his fortune to the church, and was rewarded with private audiences with three popes. Kosuga carried a .38 caliber pistol and a billy club with him at all times. He drove stock cars in his spare time and was a licensed pilot. He once survived a plane crash near Oswego, New York when the plane he was flying ran out of fuel mid-flight.He was left in a body cast after the crash, but made a quick recovery. Farming
Born and raised in Pine Island, New York, Kosuga owned a  black dirt farm where he grew onions, celery, and lettuce. His customers included the U.S. Army and Campbell's soup. He also began trading wheat futures. After an unsuccessful stint trading in which he was brought to the brink of bankruptcy, Kosuga withdrew from commodity trading and at his wife's insistence focused on farming full-time. Commodity trading
Kosuga was unable to leave trading behind permanently, however, and returned to the commodity market where he began trading onion futures. At the time, onions futures contracts were the most traded product on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, accounting for 20% of its trades in 1955.He soon began splitting his time between New York and Chicago, where he traded on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange several days a week. In Chicago, he was a very successful trader. He lavished expensive gifts upon his brokers, buying them each a new Buick one year. One of his brokers eventually rose to the position of Chairman of the exchange. Kosuga sometimes used deceptive practices to manipulate the futures market. He once bribed a weather bureau to issue a frost warning in order to inflate the price of futures contracts that he owned. The weather bureau did issue the warning, though the temperature never fell below .Cornering the onion market
With his partner Sam Seigel, a fellow onion trader and owner of a local produce company, Kosuga embarked upon a scheme to corner the onion futures market. In the fall of 1955, Seigel and Kosuga bought enough onions and onion futures so that they controlled 98 percent of the available onions in Chicago. Millions of pounds of onions were shipped to Chicago to cover their purchases. By late 1955, they had stored  of onions in Chicago. They soon changed course and convinced onion growers to begin purchasing their inventory by threatening to flood the market with onions if they did not. Seigel and Kosuga told the growers that they would hold the rest of their inventory in order to support the price of onions. As the growers began buying onions, Seigel and Kosuga purchased short positions on a large amount of onion contracts.They also arranged to have their stores of onions reconditioned because they had begun to spoil. They shipped them outside of Chicago to have them cleaned and then repackaged and re-shipped back to Chicago. The new shipments of onions caused many futures traders to think that there was an excess of onions and further drove down onion prices in Chicago. By the end of the onion season in March 1956, Seigel and Kosuga had flooded the markets with their onions and driven the price of  of onions down to 10 cents a bag. In August 1955, the same quantity of onions had been priced at $2.75 a bag. So many onions were shipped to Chicago in order to depress prices that there were onion shortages in other parts of the United States. Seigel and Kosuga made millions of dollars on the transaction due to their short position on onion futures.At one point,  of onions were selling in Chicago for less than the bags that held them. This drove many onion farmers into bankruptcy. A public outcry ensued among onion farmers who were left with large amounts of worthless inventory. Many of the farmers had to pay to dispose of the large amounts of onions that they had purchased and grown. Regulatory action
In the aftermath of the crash, many commentators characterized <mask>'s actions as unprincipled gambling. <mask> was defiant, replying to his critics: "If it's against the law to make money... then I'm guilty". The abrupt change in prices gained the attention of the Commodity Exchange Authority.Soon they launched an investigation and the U.S. Senate Committee on Agriculture and House Committee on Agriculture held hearings on the matter. <mask> testified before Congress, and defended his practices under questioning from members of the committee. During the hearings, the Commodity Exchange Authority stated that it was the perishable nature of onions which made them vulnerable to price swings. Then-congressman Gerald Ford of Michigan sponsored a bill, known as the Onion Futures Act, which banned futures trading on onions. The bill was unpopular among traders, some of whom argued that onion shortages were not a crucial issue since they were used as a condiment rather than a staple food. The president of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, E. B. Harris, lobbied hard against the bill. Harris described it as "burning down the barn to find a suspected rat".The measure was passed, however, and President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the bill in August 1958. After the ban was passed, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange filed a lawsuit in federal court alleging that the ban unfairly restricted trade. After a federal judge ruled against them, they declined to appeal to the Supreme Court and the ban stood. Later life
After the futures market was reformed, <mask> returned to New York full-time and focused on his local business interests and philanthropy. <mask> opened a restaurant next to his farm called The Jolly Onion Inn, where he served as a chef. The Jolly Onion Inn (later known as Ye Jolly Onion Inn) became one of the most popular restaurants in Orange County. He became well respected for his philanthropy, and in 1987 was named Pine Island Citizen of the Year by the Pine Island Chamber of Commerce.After <mask> died, his widow, <mask> (1915–2009), continued his philanthropy. References

Bibliography

External links
Text of the Onion Futures Act
Planet Money episode on NPR, "The Tale of the Onion King"

1915 births
2001 deaths
American commodities traders
Farmers from New York (state)
American financiers
American investors
American Roman Catholics
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Businesspeople from Chicago
Businesspeople from New York (state)
People from Orange County, New York
20th-century American businesspeople

masks:
Vincent W
. Kosuga
Kosuga
Kosuga
Kosuga
Kosuga
Kosuga
Kosuga
Kosuga
Polly Kosuga


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<mask> (born September 12, 1975) is a Dominican professional baseball second baseman. He played in Major League Baseball for the Florida Marlins, New York Mets, and Minnesota Twins from 1996 through 2010. <mask> is a three-time All-Star, three-time Gold Glove winner, and won the World Series with the Marlins in 1997 and 2003. He is also the only player who played for the Marlins in both of their World Series winning seasons who did not get traded in between the two seasons. Professional career

Early career
On August 19, 1992, <mask> was signed as a non-drafted free agent by the Florida Marlins. In 1994, he played his first year of baseball in the Gulf Coast League, playing for the Gulf Coast Marlins. He also set a Marlins short-season record in stolen bases, with 31.In 1995, he was called up to the Kane County Cougars in the Class-A Midwest League, and was selected to the All-Star team. He injured his shoulder in July, causing him to miss the rest of the season. That year, he led the entire Marlins organization in batting average with .326, as well as being second in stolen bases. <mask> spent most of the 1996 season in the Eastern League, but was called up to the Marlins mid-season and made his major league debut on August 8. His first major league hit came in a game against the New York Mets, where he knocked in the game-winning run in the 10th inning. He was named to the Eastern League All-Star team and post-season All-Star team. Florida Marlins

1997–99
<mask> started playing full-time for the Marlins at second base during the 1997 season.Both at age 21, he and Édgar Rentería were the youngest middle infield combination in the history of the National League. He bruised his left heel mid-season, and missed the entire month of May with the injury. He was optioned to the Triple-A Charlotte Knights on July 28 and did not come back to the major leagues until the next season. Due to this, he did not play for the Marlins during the 1997 World Series. <mask> remained with the Charlotte Knights until being recalled to the Marlins on August 4, 1998. While in Charlotte, he had a streak of 32 consecutive games reaching base safely. With the Marlins, his highest hit streak was eight games, between August 14 and 19.By the end of the season, he was third among Marlins minor leaguers in stolen bases, and a .203 batting average, 3 stolen bases and 10 RBIs. <mask> improved in 1999, with many short hitting streaks. These streaks included six games from May 10 to 17, and six games from August 1 to 7. He also had a 22-game hitting streak in a stretch between August 9 and September 3. He finished fourth in the league in stolen bases, and was fourth among leadoff hitters in on-base percentage at .385. He was named the Marlins Most Valuable Player by the South Florida Chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America. 2000–02
<mask> started the 2000 season with a seven-game hitting streak from April 5 to 12, though he was placed on the disabled list with a strained back shortly afterwards.A week after coming back, he set a single-game team record with four stolen bases on May 17. He had three in the next game, falling short of the National League record of 8 in two games, set by Walt Wilmot in 1894. In 2000, he also became the Marlins all-time stolen base leader by stealing his 116th career base on June 20 while playing the Milwaukee Brewers. He finished the season with 62 stolen bases, leading the entire major leagues. In 2001, <mask> had two hitting streaks, eight games from May 6 to 13 and 14 games from June 29 to July 22. He finished fifth in the league in stolen bases with 33. He also had a .263 batting average, 45 RBIs, and 10 triples, a career high.In 2002, <mask> had a 35-game hitting streak, which is the longest ever by a second baseman (since matched by fellow second baseman Chase Utley of the Philadelphia Phillies in 2006). This was the sixth-longest streak in the history of the National League, and also the 10th longest in the history of Major League Baseball. <mask> played second base in the 2002 All-Star Game, the first All-Star selection of his career. In 2002, he hit .305 with 39 RBIs and 48 stolen bases, leading the league in stolen bases for the second time in his career. He was again named the Marlins Most Valuable Player by the South Florida Chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America. 2003–05

<mask> was a member of the National League All-Star team in 2003, his second career All-Star selection. He also led the Marlins in hitting and won his first career Gold Glove Award.<mask> was a central figure in the NLCS Game 6 comeback by the Marlins against the Chicago Cubs at Wrigley Field after a foul ball that he hit was knocked away from the Cubs' Moisés Alou by fan Steve Bartman. The Marlins went on to win that game, as well as Game 7, to get to the 2003 World Series, in which the Marlins defeated the heavily favored New York Yankees. This was the second World Series of <mask>'s career, but the first in which he actually played. In 2004, <mask> had a .291 batting average with 47 RBIs, a career best. He also had two home runs and seven triples. He was second only to Juan Pierre on the Marlins with a .373 on-base percentage and set a Marlins record with his 425th career walk, passing Gary Sheffield's previous mark of 424. <mask> won his second straight Gold Glove and posted the National League's second-best fielding percentage at second base (.991), behind Philadelphia's Plácido Polanco.In his final season with the Marlins, <mask> won his third Gold Glove award in a row. He led the majors in batting versus left-handed pitchers with a .423 average. <mask> was also a member of the 2005 National League All-Star team, and replaced Jeff Kent of the Los Angeles Dodgers at second base in the second inning. He was traded to the Minnesota Twins on December 2, 2005, in exchange for two minor leaguers, Scott Tyler and Travis Bowyer. The Marlins replaced <mask> at second base with Dan Uggla, a Rule 5 selection from the Arizona Diamondbacks. Minnesota Twins

In 2006, <mask> began his only full season playing for the Minnesota Twins. He had an impressive first month of hitting, batting .432 with 19 hits.Over that stretch, <mask> drove in runs in five straight games from April 13 to 19. <mask> had three four-hit games for the Twins this season, on April 15, August 5, and August 9. He had a six-game hitting streak from May 6 to 13, and recorded his 300th career stolen base while facing the Chicago White Sox on August 26. In the 2007 season, <mask> set a new Major League Baseball record, going 143 games at second base without an error. He also recorded his 1,500th career hit on May 29 while facing the Chicago White Sox. <mask> was traded by the Twins to the New York Mets on July 30, 2007 for two minor league players, catcher Drew Butera and outfielder Dustin Martin. He finished the season with a .301 batting average with one home run, 38 RBIs and 19 stolen bases.On November 18, the Mets re-signed him to a four-year contract worth a reported $25 million. New York Mets
<mask> had a strong finish to the 2007 season after being traded. He reached base safely in 40 of his last 46 games, and scored 34 runs in his last 42 games. In 50 games as a Met, <mask> batted .296 with 20 RBIs and 10 stolen bases. In 2008, a year plagued with injuries and several bench stints, <mask> hit .245 in 87 games, but still managed to steal 17 bases in 19 attempts. In 2009 spring training, <mask> led all major league players in walks, with 17 from 56 official at-bats. On March 16, 2009, <mask> was presented the opportunity to bat right-handed instead of being a switch hitter.He declined, and continued to be a switch hitter throughout the rest of his career. Although the Mets struggled as a team, <mask> enjoyed a bounce-back year in '09, hitting .302 with 77 runs scored and a .387 on-base percentage. However, on June 12, with two outs in the bottom of the ninth inning and runners on first and second base, <mask> dropped an easy pop fly hit by Alex Rodriguez for a two-run game-ending error at Yankee Stadium, earning him a measure of infamy in the Mets–Yankees rivalry and a place in Mets' history. On June 4, 2010, the Mets put <mask> on the disabled list because of problems in both his feet. He was replaced by Rubén Tejada who played at second base in the Mets' 5–4 win against the Florida Marlins at Citi Field. He was criticized, along with Carlos Beltrán and Óliver Pérez, for not going to the hospital that had soldiers who had amputated arms and legs; he claimed that he did not want to be horrified by the experience. <mask> commented on not being happy with his playing time and "has to work something out this offseason".During spring training of 2010, he was booed by the home fans at Digital Domain Park where the Mets play their spring training games. He was released from the Mets spring training roster on March 18, 2011. Philadelphia Phillies
On March 21, 2011, <mask> signed a minor league deal with the Philadelphia Phillies. On March 22, he reported to Phillies training camp. <mask> was released shortly thereafter on March 30, 2011. He appeared on the ballot for the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum 2016 election and earned zero votes. Career statistics
In 1,720 games over 15 seasons, <mask> posted a .290 batting average (1,889-for-6,510) with 1,001 runs, 194 doubles, 59 triples, 28 home runs, 443 RBI, 370 stolen bases, 800 bases on balls, .368 on-base percentage and .351 slugging percentage.He finished his career with a .984 fielding percentage playing every inning of his major league career at second base. In 20 postseason games, he hit .220 (18-for-82) with 6 runs, 4 doubles, 4 RBI, 3 stolen bases and 11 walks. Personal life
<mask> graduated from the class of 1991 at Colegio San Benito Abad in the Dominican Republic. He is married and has two children—<mask>., born on October 12, 2001, and Adonai, born on July 30, 2009. In August 2019, <mask> was cited on charges related to a drug trafficking and money laundering operation, while Octavio Dotel was arrested on related charges. In late August 2019, <mask> was cleared of money laundering charges, and it was determined that there was no evidence to link <mask> to any money laundering activity. See also
 List of Major League Baseball annual stolen base leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders
 List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
 List of Miami Marlins team records

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
Binghamton Mets players
Calgary Cannons players
Charlotte Knights players
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Canada
Dominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States
Florida Marlins players
Gold Glove Award winners
Gulf Coast Marlins players
Gulf Coast Mets players
Kane County Cougars players

Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
Major League Baseball second basemen
Minnesota Twins players
National League All-Stars
National League stolen base champions
New York Mets players
Sportspeople from San Pedro de Macorís
Portland Sea Dogs players
St. Lucie Mets players

masks:
Luis Antonio Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo
Luis Jr
Castillo
Castillo
Castillo


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<mask> is a Baltimore rabbi and Torah scribe who falsely claimed he had rescued Holocaust-era Torah scrolls from Eastern Europe, selling the scrolls at inflated prices. On August 24, 2011, he was arrested on charges of mail fraud and wire fraud, and he pleaded guilty on February 2, 2012. False claims

<mask> claimed he had personally traveled to Eastern Europe and beyond to recover Torah scrolls lost or hidden during the Holocaust, including some from the sites of concentration camps at Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen. He said that during his travels he had been beaten and imprisoned, and called himself the "Jewish Indiana Jones" during a Torah dedication in 2004. In court, he admitted that from 2004 to 2010 he had made up the stories of his travels; he had never been to the places he had claimed. The Torahs he sold did not have the claimed provenance. Save a Torah foundation

Youlus created the non-profit foundation "Save a Torah," purportedly to finance his travels and the restoration of the rescued Torah scrolls, dedicated to rescuing and restoring Torah scrolls hidden, lost or stolen during the Holocaust and other world upheavals and placing them in Jewish congregations.Instead he sold Torah scrolls he had obtained by other means, partly at inflated prices. According to prosecutors, he defrauded the charity and its donors of $862,000. Congregations that have acquired Torah scrolls from Save a Torah include New York's Central Synagogue and Congregation Kol Ami of Frederick. In January 2010, the Washington Post reported that many Torahs purportedly rescued from Holocaust sites in Eastern Europe appeared to be old Torah scrolls mostly acquired when American congregations closed, and resold at high prices because of <mask>'s unsubstantiated assertion that they were rescued from Holocaust-related sites. Similar questions were reported in an April 14, 2010 New York Times article concerning a Torah at New York's Central Synagogue. On August 24, 2011, <mask> was arrested and charged with fraud. According to prosecutors, he made up the stories about the Torahs' origins.<mask> was also accused of taking more than $340,000 of the $1.2 million raised by Save a Torah, including $145,000 or more for his personal use. Through an attorney, <mask> initially denied the allegations. He later pleaded guilty to fraud, having used money from the fraud to cover his personal expenses. He was convicted of two counts of mail and wire fraud in a Manhattan federal court on October 11, 2012. On December 17, 2012, <mask> began serving a 51-month prison sentence at the federal correctional institution in Otisville, New York. <mask> was incarcerated until August 26, 2016. Complaint

<mask> was arrested in Manhattan on fraud charges on August 24, 2011, for claiming to have toured Europe in search of lost or hidden Torah scrolls – the holy Jewish texts containing Hebrew scripture.He distributed the scrolls among American synagogues and communities, sometimes at inflated rates, and diverted almost one third of $1.2 million into his accounts for personal use. <mask> embezzled more than a million dollars from Save a Torah. He had that money transferred to a Jewish bookstore he owned in Wheaton, Maryland, on a pretext of payment for restoring old and damaged scrolls. He was charged for writing $344,000 in checks to himself from the bookstore account, $200,000 in personal expenses, and for using $90,000 to pay private school tuition fee for his kith and kin. He was also charged for $145,000, which donors had meant for saving a Torah and was instead diverted to his personal bank account. Investigation

David M. Rubenstein, one of the founders of Carlyle Group, who had bought a Torah and donated it to Central Synagogue, sought the authenticity of scrolls by hiring Michael Berenbaum, a Holocaust historian and former director of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Holocaust Research Institute. Berenbaum said, "What I found is the claim for the origin of the Torah could not be verified."<mask> Z. Rosensaft, an adjunct professor of law at Cornell University, vice president of the American Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors and their Descendants, and general counsel of the World Jewish Congress, was skeptical about <mask>'s claim of discovering an old Torah at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, as his parents were liberated from that camp and the camp was burned down by British Army during World War II. On complaint lodged by Rosensaft, the state of Maryland began investigating Save a Torah. State officials found that <mask>' stories "may be misleading." Michael P. Schlein, investigator for the Office of the Secretary of State of Maryland, said that "we could probably or reasonably assume they could not be wholly accurate." Additionally, despite <mask>'s claims that he traveled through Europe "rescuing" Torah strolls, his passport records show that he never traveled to Europe. Confession

<mask> offered this confession on Feb 2, 2012, to Manhattan Federal District Court judge Colleen McMahon:

He also pleaded guilty to mail fraud and wire fraud, admitting that he had used the United States Postal Service and email to further a scheme to solicit donations and siphon money claiming for restoration and preservation of Torah scrolls. Plea deal

As part of his plea agreement, he will repay his victims $1.2 million.<mask> was freed on $100,000 bond until he was sentenced on October 10, 2012 by Judge Colleen McMahon to just over four years in prison. He was released from federal prison on August 26, 2016. Awards

He received the Peacemaker award for 2005 from the Olender Foundation. Further reading

References

External links
 Local Torah buyer debates scroll’s authenticity
 PBS's Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly - Video from August 1, 2008 on Save a Torah
 Two Torahs, Two Holocaust Stories and One Big Question
 Auschwitz Torah - A synagogue honors a Torah saved from the Holocaust. Saving the Torah

American Orthodox rabbis
American people convicted of fraud
American members of the clergy convicted of crimes
Jewish American writers
Living people
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Menachem Youlus
Youlus
Youlus
Youlus
Youlus
Youlus
Youlus
Youlus
Youlus
Youlus
Menachem
Youlus
Youlus
Youlus
Youlus
Youlus


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<mask> (15 October 1775 – 28 July 1838) was a Swedish-Finnish clarinetist, composer and translator, "the most significant and internationally best-known Finnish-born classical composer and indeed, — the outstanding Finnish composer before Sibelius". Early life and training
<mask> was born in Uusikaupunki (Swedish: Nystad), Finland, into a poor family of bookbinders. His grandfather, <mask> had learned the trade of bookbinding in Turku and Stockholm, then settled in Pori where he fathered nine children, including <mask>'s father Jakob, who also became a bookbinder. In 1765, after Jakob completed his apprenticeship, he moved to Uusikaupunki and married Helena Ylander, but she died about one year later. In 1769 he married Margaretha Messman. The couple had four children, but <mask> was the only one who lived to become an adult. Later in life <mask> described this period of his life, writing in the third person:
In his little town of birth there was only one person who had an active interest in music: a shop assistant  who could be heard in the evenings playing the flute for his own amusement.One night, the four-year-old Berndt was sitting in the street, leaning against a wall, on top of the world with admiration for the sweet melodies. His parents, who had been looking for their son for a long time, scolded him severely, but this could not stop the boy from returning to his favourite spot the next evening. This time he got a beating for his disobedience, but as it was to no avail, they left him  to his "craze", confident that he would come back home as soon as the flute went silent... When <mask> was eight, the family moved to Perttula, the rural village of Nurmijärvi about 23 miles north of Helsinki. His innate interest in music continued, and he learned to play a friend's clarinet by ear. He soon began to receive training from a member of the Nyland regimental band. In 1788, when he was thirteen, another family friend, aware of the young man's natural ability, took him to see Major O. Wallenstjerna at Sveaborg ().Sveaborg was a Swedish fortress built on six islands just off the coast of Helsinki. The educated officers of the fort had significant influence on the culture and politics of the city. Wallenstjerna, impressed with <mask>'s playing, recruited him as a volunteer member of the Sveaborg military band and gave him a place to live with his own family. <mask> received an education at Sveaborg and excelled in music and languages. In 1791 Wallenstjerna transferred to Stockholm and <mask> went with him. Although <mask> spent most of the rest of his life in Sweden, he always considered himself a Finn. In his final years in a letter to Runeberg he called himself a "finsk landsman" (a fellow Finn; note that "Finn" at the time did not refer to the language).He maintained his travel diaries in Swedish. Career as a clarinetist
In Stockholm, <mask> continued his studies and established himself as a clarinet soloist. In 1792, at age sixteen, he received an appointment as the director of the regimental band, and in 1793 became principal clarinet with the Hovkapellet (Royal Court Orchestra), which was directed by his composition teacher, the German composer Abbé Vogler. In 1798 he received financial assistance which enabled him to live in Berlin for a few months and study with the well-known German clarinetist Franz Tausch (1762–1817). Tausch had founded the German school of clarinet playing which emphasized beauty of tone over technique. <mask>'s  progress was swift, and he performed at concerts in Berlin and Hamburg before returning to Sweden. The review of the Hamburg concert in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung was positive.<mask> lived in Sweden for the rest of his life, going back to Finland only once. After a trip to St. Petersburg, on his return trip to Sweden, he performed in Helsinki on 7 July 1801, with the pianist Fredrik Lithander as his accompanist, and in Turku on 30 July, in a concert organized by the orchestra of the Turku Society of Music. In Stockholm <mask> had become acquainted with the French ambassador to Sweden. This friendship encouraged and enabled him to undertake a trip to Paris in 1803. There he performed and also studied clarinet with Jean-Xavier Lefèvre at the newly formed Conservatoire. On 2 June, with the encouragement of Lefèvre, he purchased a new mouthpiece made by Michel Amlingue (1741–1816) and on 14 September a six-key C clarinet made by Jean Jacques Baumann. Before about 1800 Crusell had been playing with the reed turned up, but later turned it down, the modern practice and a position more compatible with cantabile playing.Exactly when he did this is not well established, but he may have favored the reed-above position because of a lack of evenness in his teeth. Around this time the Théâtre-Italien de Paris offered <mask> a position as first clarinetist. Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, anxious to keep Crusell in the royal orchestra, denied a petition for an extension of leave and as a positive inducement made him chief conductor of the bodyguard regiment bands. After <mask> returned to Stockholm he remained with the Royal Court Orchestra until 1833. In June 1811 <mask> made another trip to see Tausch in Berlin, and the two men discussed clarinets. Later that month he visited a benefactor in Leipzig, and in July he purchased a new instrument from Heinrich Grenser in Dresden. His Grenser clarinet was an advanced design for the time, with eleven keys.(A picture of <mask>'s Grenser clarinet can be found here.) Later, in 1822, he again went to Dresden and purchased additional clarinets from the Grenser shop's successor, Grenser & Wiesner, and from another maker by the name of Bormann. The Stockholm Music Museum possesses five clarinets made by Grenser & Wiesner in 1822 or later, four with eleven, and one with ten keys. During his career <mask> became increasingly well known as a clarinet soloist, not only in Sweden but also in Germany, and even in England. He played compositions by Beethoven, Jadin, Krommer, Lebrun, Mozart, and Peter Winter, among others. Of more than 50 known concert reviews (most of which appeared in the German Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung), not even one had any negative comment. Carl Abraham Mankell (1802–1868), music critic of Svenska Tidningen (Swedish News), admired <mask>'s playing for the roundness of his tone and its evenness in quality throughout the range of the instrument.<mask> was also greatly admired for his pianissimo playing. "It is indicative of his reputation that he was for many years the best-paid musician in the court orchestra." Career as a composer
Between 1791 and 1799 Crusell studied music theory and composition with Abbé Vogler and another German teacher, Daniel Böritz, when Böritz was resident in Stockholm. In 1803 while in Paris <mask> studied composition at the Conservatoire with Gossec and Berton. He composed pieces, including concertos and chamber works, not only for his own use, but also for other wind players in the court orchestra. In 1811 he travelled to Leipzig where he established a relationship with the music publisher Bureau de Musique, which became part of C. F. Peters in 1814. From 1818 to 1837 during the summers he conducted military bands in Linköping, providing them with arrangements of marches and overtures by Rossini, Spohr, and Weber and composing pieces for male choir.In 1822 he published three volumes of songs to texts by the Swedish poet Tegnér and others, and in 1826 another volume, Frithiofs saga, with ten songs to texts by Tegnér. An opera, Lilla slavinnan (The Little Slave Girl), was first performed in Stockholm in 1824 and was repeated 34 times in the following 14 years. Other accomplishments and awards
<mask> was a skillful linguist, translating the important Italian, French, and German operas for performances in Sweden. His translation of Mozart's Le nozze di Figaro, first performed in 1821, resulted in his induction into the Geatish Society, an association of literary academics in Sweden. In 1837 he was awarded a Gold Medal by the Swedish Academy and was inducted into the Order of Vasa, for service to the state and society. The National Library of Sweden holds two manuscript autobiographies. Crusell Music Festival
Since 1982 a Crusell Week has been held each summer in Uusikaupunki, Finland (<mask>'s place of birth).The festival is dedicated to music for woodwind instruments. Crusell Week’s Artistic Director is Jussi Särkkä. List of musical works
Dates of composition and first publication and other information are from Asiado,  Dahlström, and WorldCat (OCLC), unless otherwise noted. Soloist with orchestra
 Clarinet Concerto in E-flat major, Op. 1
 Movements: Allegro – Adagio – Rondo. Allegretto
 Completed in 1808? or 1810; published Leipzig, A. Kühnel, 1811, plate no.907 (after 1814 reprinted by C. F. Peters). Duration: ca. 22 minutes. Other publications:
 Edition by Fabian Dahlström with assistance of Margareta Rörby. Stockholm: Edition Reimers, 1995, full score (xxi, 158 pages; includes prefatory notes in English and Swedish and "Critical commentary", pp. 153–158) . Edition for clarinet and piano by Brent Coppenbarger.Wiesbaden [etc. ]: Breitkopf & Härtel, 2000 (copyright 1990, Monteux: Musica Rara), score (45 pages) and part . Edition for clarinet and piano by Pamela Weston. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1990, score (30 pages) and part (11 pages) ; reprint 2004, , . Urtext Edition for clarinet and piano by Nicolai Pfeffer. Munich: Henle, 2016, cat. no.HN 1208, score (31

masks:
Bernhard Henrik Crusell
Crusell
Bernhard Kruselius
Crusell
Bernhard
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Crusell
Bernhard Crusell


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 pages) and part (11 pages), ISMN 979-0-2018-1208-3. Clarinet Concerto in F minor, Op. 5 ("Grand")
 Movements: Allegro – Andante pastorale – Rondo. Allegretto
 First performed 1815; published Leipzig, C. F. Peters, 1817, plate no. 1335. Duration: ca. 24 minutes.Other publications:
 Edition for clarinet and piano, with cadenza, by Jost Michaels. Hamburg: Sikorski, ca.1962, plate H.S.549, cat. no. 549,  score (35 pages) and part  . Edition for clarinet and piano by Pamela Weston. Vienna: Universal Edition, 1991, score (29 pages) and part (11 pages) . Urtext Edition for clarinet and piano by Nicolai Pfeffer.Munich: Henle, 2015, cat. no. HN 1209, score (31 pages) and part (11 pages), ISMN 979-0-2018-1209-0. Clarinet Concerto in B-flat major, Op. 11
 Movements: Allegro risoluto – Andante moderato – Alla polacca
 Composed ca. 1807?, later revised and published Leipzig, C. F. Peters, 1829, plate no. 2077.Duration: ca. 25 minutes. Other publications:
 Edited by Mayer. New York: Edition Peters. Edition for clarinet and piano by Bieger/ Foerster. New York: Edition Peters. Edition for clarinet and piano by Pamela Weston.Vienna: Universal Edition, 1988, cat. no. 18267, score (36 pages) and part (12 pages) . Urtext Edition for clarinet and piano by Nicolai Pfeffer. Munich: Henle, 2015, cat. no. HN 1210, score (32 pages) and part (12 pages), ISMN 979-0-2018-1210-6.Sinfonia concertante in B-flat major, for clarinet, horn, bassoon and orchestra, Op. 3
 Movements: Allegro – Andante sostenuto – Allegro ma non tanto
 First performed 1804; revised and published Leipzig, C. F. Peters, 1830. Other publications:
 Amsterdam: KW-Verlag, 1961, score (68 pages) and 22 parts . Piano reduction. Amsterdam: KaWe, 1981; plate KW50a, score (18 pages); plate K.51W, 3 solo parts ; reprint 1985 . Concertino in B-flat major, for bassoon and orchestra
 Completed and published Leipzig, C. F. Peters, 1829. Other publications:
 Arrangement for bassoon and piano by Harri Ahmas.Helsinki: Musiikki Fazer Musik, 1984, FM 06658-9, score (33 pages) and part (8 pages) ; reprint [Helsinki? ]: Warner/Chappell Music Finland, 1995, , . Helsinki, Fennica Gehrman Oy, 2015: score (87 pages) and parts, ISMN 979-0-55011-250-6. Introduction et Air suedois, for clarinet and orchestra, Op. 12
 Alternate title: Introduction and Variations for Clarinet and Orchestra, Op. 12
 Based on a popular song "Supvisa" by Olof Åhlström
 First performed in 1804 as Variationer på visan: Goda gosse, glaset töm (Variations on the song: "Dear boy, empty the glass")
Revised and published Leipzig, 1830. Other publications:
 Hamburg: Musikverlag Hans Sikorski, 1983, plate H.S.1263 K, score (23 pages) and part (7 pages) . Winterthur: Amadeus, 1992, score (15 pages) part (7 pages) ; reprint 2006 . Airs suedois for bassoon and orchestra (1814)
 This work is often confused with Introduction et Air suedois for clarinet and orchestra above. It is an entirely different piece. Airs suedois for bassoon has remained relatively obscure because of the loss of the full score. It is nevertheless a fine and interesting work. Orchestrated by Graham Sheen [score available from the editor].London: Park Publications, 1985, score (35 pages) and part (10 pages) . Solo bassoon part and composer's piano reduction published by Emerson Edition, edited by Graham Sheen
 Recorded by Graham Sheen and Elizabeth Burley on SFZ Music CD "Goodbye, Mr Galliard" SFZM0109
 Recorded by Knut Sonstevold and Stefan Lindgren on Daphne CD "Fagottissimo"
 Also: [London]: British Double Reed Society, ca. 1993, score (21 pages) and part . Chamber music
 Quartet in E-flat major for clarinet, violin, viola and cello, Op. 2
 Composed 1807? ; published Leipzig, A. Kühnel, 1811. Other publications:
 Edition Peters, cat.no. EKB 019. After the edition by <mask>. Winterthur: Amadeus, 2006, score (15 pages) and 4 parts . Arrangement for 3 clarinets and bass clarinet by Béla Kovács. Leverkusen: Edition Darok, ca. 1996, score (20 pages) and 4 parts .Quartet in C minor for clarinet, violin, viola and cello, Op. 4
 Composed 1804? ; published Leipzig, C. F. Peters, 1817. Other publications:
 Edition Peters, cat. no. EKB 039. After the edition by <mask>r.Winterthur: Amadeus, 2006, score (16 pages) + 4 parts . Manuscript edition by Lyle T. Barkhymer (Indiana University), 1975, score (pp. 53–91) and 4 parts . Quartet in D major for clarinet, violin, viola and cello, Op. 7
 Composed 1821? ; published Leipzig, C. F. Peters, 1823, cat. nos.1723 and 1783B. Other publications:
 Edition Peters, cat. no. EKB 040. Transcription for oboe in C major by Kurt Meier. Winterthur: Amadeus, 2002, score (16 pages) and 4 parts
 Quartet in D major for flute, violin, viola and cello, Op. 8 (Edition Peters EKB 056)
 Arrangement of Op.7
 Composed 1821? ; published Leipzig, C. F. Peters, 1823. Other publications:
 Helsinki: Suomalaisen Musiikin Tiedotuskeskus, 1991, score (25 pages) and 3 parts . Edition by Kurt Meier. Winterthur: Amadeus/<mask> Päuler, 2002, miniature score (16 pages) and 4 parts . Arrangement ("Sonata") for flute and piano by Timo Hongisto. Espoo: Fazer Music, 1990, score (44 pages) and part .Three clarinet duets: No. 1 in F major, No. 2 in D minor (score), No. 3 in C major
Published Leipzig, C. F. Peters, 1821. Other publications:
 Edition Peters, cat. no. EP 7780.Three progressive clarinet duets, London: Hinrichsen Edition, 1960, score (3 volumes score and 3 parts) . Concert Trio (Potpourri) for clarinet, horn, and bassoon
Edition by <mask>r. Winterthur: Amadeus, 2005, score (8 pages) and 3 parts ; . Arrangement by Stig Rybrant. Lidingö: Busch, 2007, score (12 pages) and parts . Divertimento in C major for oboe, two violins, viola and cello, Op. 9
Free score at IMSLP.Dates: published Leipzig, C. F. Peters, 1823, cat. no. 1728. Other publications:
 Edition by <mask>. Winterthur: Amadeus, 2003, score (15 pages) and 5 parts . Vocal works
 Sångstycken ("Songs")
 Texts by Esaias Tegnér and others
Published Stockholm, 1822, 3 volumes. Vol 1 .Frithiofs saga (10 songs), for voice and piano
 Texts by Esaias Tegnér
 Published Stockholm, 1826; enlarged 1827. Other publications:
 Zwölf Gesänge aus der Frithiof's Saga (Twelve Songs from the Frithiof's Saga), translated from Swedish by Gottlieb Mohnike. Leipzig :  C.F. Peters, [1827], score (28 pages) . Tolf sånger ur Frithiofs saga, Stockholm: Elkan & Schildknecht, [186-? ], score (35 pages) . Lund: Gleerup; Copenhagen: Lose & Olsen, no date, score (28 pages) ."From Ganges' beauteous strands"  for voice, clarinet & piano
From incidental music to Den lilla slafvinnan (The little bondswoman). Originally for soprano and chamber orchestra. Published Ampleforth, Yorkshire: Emerson Edition, 1980, score (22 pages) and 2 parts . "Oi terve Pohjola!" for vocal quartet
 Swedish title: "Hell dig, du höga Nord!" ("Hail, O Northland!") Also arranged for chorus.Probably <mask>'s most famous composition in Finland. Music for stage
 Lilla slavinnan (The Little Slave Girl), opera in 3 acts
 Libretto by René Charles Guilbert de Pixérécourt; translated by Ulrik Emanuel Mannerhjerta and G. Lagerbjelke. First performed in Stockholm on 18 February 1824. Excerpts published Stockholm,1824. Held at Stockholm's Kungliga Teaterns Bibliotek. Other publications:
 Piano reduction by Ludwig Anton Edvard Passy. Stockholm: Westerberg, [ca.1825], score (52 pages, "obl. fol.") . Libretto, Stockholm, 1824 . Motive from "Tusen och en natt". Helsingfors, 1909, score (4 pages) . Citations and references

Cited sources
Asiado, Tel (2004). "<mask> <mask> (1775-1838).Swedish-Finnish clarinetist, composer and translator." at Mozart Forum. Hillila, Ruth-Esther and Barbara Blanchard Hong (1997). Historical dictionary of the music and musicians of Finland. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. .
 Rice, Albert R. (2003). The clarinet in the classical period. Oxford: Oxford University Press.. .
Sadie, Stanley, ed. ; John Tyrell; exec. ed. (2001). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians, 2nd ed. London: Macmillan. (hardcover).(eBook). Winter, Helmer (1925). Berndt Henric <mask>n 150-vuotismuisto [Berndt Henric <mask>'s 150th (birthday) anniversary]. Uusikaupunki: the author. .

Other sources

 Dahlströhm, Fabian (1976). <mask> <mask>: klarinettisten och hans större instrumentalverk. Helsingfors: Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. Language: Swedish.. .
 Kallio, Ilmari (1994). <mask> <mask> (1775–1838). Uusikaupunki: Crusell-Society. Language: Finnish. .
 Spicknall, John Payne (1974). The solo clarinet works of Bernard Henrik <mask> (1775–1838). Thesis—University of Maryland. .
 Wilson, Sven (1977). <mask>: tonsättare, klarinettvirtuos''.Stockholm: Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien (Royal Swedish Academy of Music). Language: Swedish. . . Note: Includes extracts from <mask>'s diaries of journeys abroad in 1803, 1811 and 1822. . External links

 Biography at Mozart-Forum. Biography at the Finnish Crusell Society website. History of the genesis of the concertos Opus 5 and Opus 11
 Naxos recording of the clarinet concertos with Karl Leister.Crusell Music Festival - Uusikaupunki. 1775 births
1838 deaths
18th-century classical composers
18th-century male musicians
19th-century classical composers
19th-century male musicians
Finnish classical clarinetists
Finnish classical composers
Finnish male classical composers
Finnish people of Swedish descent
Pupils of Georg Joseph Vogler
Recipients of the Order of Vasa
Romantic composers
Swedish autobiographers
Swedish classical composers
Swedish male classical composers
Swedish-speaking

masks:
Bernhard Päuler
Bernhard Päule
Bernhard
Bernhard Päule
Bernhard Päuler
Crusell
Bernhard Henrik
Crusell
Cruselli
Crusell
Bernhard Henrik
Crusell
Bernhard Henrik
Crusell
Crusell
Bernhard Crusell
Crusell


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<mask> (February 17, 1888 – February 12, 1972) was a New York attorney, judge, feminist and political activist in support of civil liberties. During the era of McCarthyite persecution, she was accused of being affiliated with 28 communist front organizations. <mask> was a charismatic speaker, and she regularly travelled throughout the U.S. lecturing about civil liberties, the law, and women's equality. Early life
<mask> was born in New York City, to Maria Wellington (Stanwood) and <mask>, a patent attorney. She grew up on the Upper West Side of Manhattan, with a family summer home in Lakeville, Connecticut. She graduated from Horace Mann School in 1904. She studied economics and history at Smith College, graduating in 1908.While at Smith she participated in field hockey and tennis, and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa. <mask> felt that she "misspent" the years 1908 to 1913 as a "social butterfly." After spending a year in Mexico and observing poverty and injustice at a close range, she decided to focus on social activism. She graduated from New York University School of Law in 1917 and was admitted to the New York Bar in the same year. Career
<mask> began her legal career in 1917 as a law clerk in the New York firm Gwinn and Deming. Later that year, she began work as a research specialist among the group of lawyers advising delegates to the Paris Peace Conference. As a research specialist, she studied wartime labor patterns and collected economic data for the conference.From 1919 to 1925, <mask> worked for the firm of Pitkin, Rosenson, and Henderson in New York City. For most of her career, <mask> devoted a great deal of her energy to advocating for social justice and a variety of liberal and progressive causes such as the New Deal, women's rights, the labor movement, and consumer cooperatives. In 1930, <mask> established the law firm of Straus and Kenyon with <mask>, with whom she worked in partnership to campaign for women's advancement until 1939, when she became a justice of the municipal court. <mask> was appointed as a member of the New York City Comptroller's council on taxes for the relief of the unemployed in 1934. In 1936 she chaired a committee to study procedure in women's courts where she called for more sympathetic treatment of sex workers and stronger prosecution of their clients and pimps. <mask> gained national prominence as a feminist activist in 1938 when she was named the U.S. representative to the League of Nations Committee for the Study of the Status of Women, a group of seven lawyers charged with studying women's legal status internationally. World War II interrupted the committee's work and it was never completed.<mask> resumed her commitment to improving women's status around the world through her work as the U.S. delegate to the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women from 1946 to 1950. Already well-known in academic, legal, and political circles, in 1950 <mask> made national news when Senator Joseph R. McCarthy named her as the first person to be investigated by the Tydings Committee. McCarthy alleged that <mask> had been a member of 29 Communist front organizations. Two "reliable former members of the Communist party" reportedly told McCarthy that "she had one job and one job only and that was to attach herself to a prominent individual... high in public life and try to influence the writings of that individual." <mask> responded aggressively to McCarthy's accusations by declaring: "He's a lowdown worm and although it ought to be beneath my dignity to answer him, I'm mad enough to say that he's a liar and he can go to hell." Of her involvement with communist organizations, she said "I am not, and never have been, a supporter of, a member of, or a sympathizer with any organization known to me to be, or suspected by me, of being controlled or dominated by Communists." In the wake of her confrontation with McCarthy, <mask> received widespread support from the press and from respected public figures such as Eleanor Roosevelt.Although the Senate subcommittee cleared the charges against her on July 17, McCarthy's accusations ended <mask>'s career in public service. During the 1950s and 1960s, <mask> prepared briefs for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and worked for the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). She continued to push the ACLU to take a stand against sexist policies and institutions, and was the sole woman on the board of the ACLU for many years. She worked with African-American activist and attorney, Pauli Murray, on preparing briefs for cases that challenged sex discrimination in the 1940s and 1950s. She joined the pro Equal Rights Amendment forces, and also teamed with much younger feminists in the emerging women's liberation movement where she participated in the 1971 Women's Strike for Equality and in the burgeoning movement to legalize abortion. In 1966, Murray and <mask> successfully argued White v. Crook, a case in which the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ruled that women have an equal right to serve on juries. When attorney and future Supreme Court justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg wrote her brief for Reed v. Reed—a 1971 Supreme Court case that for the first time extended the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause to women—she added Murray and <mask> as coauthors in recognition of her debt to their work.Personal life
<mask> had lengthy and intense romantic relationships with various men throughout her adult life, including Walcott Pitkin, Elihu Root Jr., and L. V. Pulsifer. Fiercely independent, she made a conscious decision not to marry. Death
<mask> participated in various aspects of President Johnson's War on Poverty and at age 80, she worked tirelessly and almost single-handedly to establish legal services for the poor on the Lower West Side of Manhattan. When <mask> was diagnosed with stomach cancer in 1969, she concealed the severity of her illness from most people and refused to suspend or even curtail her legal or political work. She was an active advocate for social justice until her death on February 12, 1972, 5 days before her 84th birthday. Popular culture
<mask> is portrayed by Kathy Bates in the 2018 film On the Basis of Sex, which is about the life and career of Ruth Bader Ginsburg. References

Further reading

External links
<mask> papers at the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Special Collections

1888 births
1972 deaths
Activists for African-American civil rights
American activists
American feminists
20th-century American lawyers
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Cooperative organizers
Deaths from stomach cancer
Victims of McCarthyism
Smith College alumni
20th-century American women lawyers

masks:
Dorothy Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
William Houston Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Dorothy Straus
Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Dorothy Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Dorothy Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Kenyon
Dorothy Kenyon


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<mask> (born August 22, 1926) is a German-American forensic pathologist who has worked on a number of high-profile cases, including the investigations of the assassinations of president John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. He also testified at the trials of Casey Anthony and Phil Spector, the 1996 civil trial against O. J. Simpson, and consulted on the investigation of JonBenét Ramsey's 1996 death. He wrote and with his son Daniel co-edited the book Spitz and Fisher's Medicolegal Investigation of Death: Guidelines for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigation. Biography
<mask> was born in 1926 to a Jewish family in Stargard, Germany (now Poland); his parents, Siegfried and <mask>, were both physicians. Given the growing antisemitism in Germany, his family fled to Mandatory Palestine when he was a child. <mask>'s father got <mask> as a youth a job working in a medical examiner's office, where he was charged with cleaning and other small duties. Spitz eventually began assisting with the autopsies.He recalls assisting with the autopsy of Morris Meyerson in 1951; he was the husband of Golda Meir, the future Israeli politician and Prime Minister. <mask> returned to Europe for medical school, where he started studies at Geneva University in Switzerland. After he had been four years in Geneva, the Hebrew University in Jerusalem established the university's Medical School and <mask> transferred there. He received his medical doctorate after an additional three years of studies and clinical work. He graduated at the age of 27. <mask> immigrated to America in 1959. His decision to leave his native Israel was partly inspired by the lack of regional need for his chosen career path."In seven years in Israel, there was only one murder." He said. "It just wasn't the right place for a forensic pathologist." <mask> later served as Deputy Chief Medical Examiner in Baltimore, Maryland, and Chief Medical Examiner for Wayne County, Michigan (Wayne County includes the city of Detroit). There he made many controversial changes, and in 1976 he was charged with taking parts from bodies without getting permission from the next of kin, privately charging for his services, and improperly conducting ballistic experiments on dead bodies. Although <mask> admitted some of the charges, the Wayne County Prosecutor declined to prosecute him, saying that "He was just being a doctor." Work as a forensic pathologist
In 1969, <mask> testified on behalf of Joseph and Gwen Kopechne, the parents of Mary Jo Kopechne, who died following a car accident in the vehicle of Ted Kennedy at Chappaquiddick Island.Kopechne was presumed to have died from drowning after Kennedy's car swerved off a small bridge and plunged into the water. Kopechne's parents were seeking to prevent her body from being exhumed and autopsied. <mask> testified that the autopsy was unnecessary, and the available evidence was sufficient to conclude that Kopechne died from drowning. The judge sided with Kopechne's parents and denied the request for exhumation. In 1970, while <mask> was the deputy chief medical examiner for Maryland, he determined that Sister Cathy Cesnik, a 26-year-old Catholic nun who disappeared in November 1969, had been murdered by a blow to the head. In 1994, a witness came forward and said a priest took her as a young teen, to see Cesnik's body shortly after she had gone missing. She said that he was threatening her not to say anything about the sexual abuse that was allegedly occurring at her Catholic school.The witness told police she remembered maggots on Cesnik's corpse, but was not believed. The police said that maggots were unlikely in November. However, in 2016, when <mask>'s original autopsy was made public, it had documented that there were maggots present. <mask> confirmed this when interviewed for the 2017 Netflix series The Keepers, about Cesnik's murder. In 1975, <mask> was asked to work as an advisor to both the Rockefeller Commission and the House Select Committee on Assassinations. He reviewed the autopsy performed 12 years earlier on president John F. Kennedy by military pathologists. "They botched that autopsy," <mask> said."They had absolutely no experience in forensic pathology." He attributed the flaws in the investigation to the fact that at that time in the United States, forensic pathology was in its infancy. Despite his conclusion that the original investigation was flawed, he agreed with the Warren Commission's conclusion that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the shooting. In 1979, <mask> consulted with the same committees on the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968. The committee determined that King was killed by one rifle shot by James Earl Ray. In 2011, <mask> testified for the defense in the trial of Casey Anthony for the death of her daughter, Caylee. He disagreed with the prosecution's medical examiner Jan Garavaglia, who had said that the death could be ruled as a homicide based on the autopsy, and described her work as "shoddy".Garavaglia acknowledged that the cause of death could not be ascertained by the autopsy she performed, but ruled the death a homicide based on the circumstances. Spitz criticized her for failing to open the skull and test sediment found in the skull; he believed that was proof that Caylee had decomposed while lying on her side, rather than the position in which she was found. He disagreed with the state's theory that duct tape found next to Caylee's body was used as a murder weapon, saying it is much more likely that the duct tape was placed after her death to hold the mandible in place when moving the body. He also believes that the placement of Caylee's hair was staged by someone before being photographed. In a CBS Detroit interview on September 2016 and in the documentary series The Case of: JonBenét Ramsey (2016), <mask> accused Burke Ramsey of killing his sister, although the pathologist had not performed an autopsy of the girl. On October 6, 2016, Burke filed a defamation lawsuit against <mask>, seeking a total of $150 million in damages since Burke had never been considered a suspect by the Boulder police. In 2003, DNA evidence found from an unidentified male appeared to have cleared each family member from suspicion, as their DNA was excluded from matching.New testing in 2016 revealed there was DNA from two persons other than JonBenét Ramsey. <mask> is a professor of pathology at Wayne State University School of Medicine in Detroit, Michigan and an adjunct professor of pathology at the University of Windsor in Canada. He has written a book entitled: Spitz and Fisher's Medicolegal Investigation of Death: Guidelines for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigation. List of notable cases

Personal life
<mask> is the father of <mask>, who is also a pathologist, and <mask>, a surgeon. He has a sister, Karni Frank, who also lives in Michigan. References

External links

1926 births
Living people
American people of German-Jewish descent
American forensic pathologists
JonBenét Ramsey
Medical examiners
O. J. Simpson murder case
Researchers of the assassination of John F. Kennedy
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to Mandatory Palestine
Israeli emigrants to the United States
People from Grosse Pointe Shores, Michigan
Jewish American Scientists

masks:
Werner Uri Spitz
Werner Spitz
Anna Spitz
Spitz
Werner
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Werner
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Spitz
Daniel Spitz
Jonathan Spitz


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<mask> (born November 3, 1955),  known as <mask>, is a Dominican singer, songwriter, arranger and Grammy-award nominee musician, best known for his role of bandleader of Merengue music act Los Hermanos Rosario. In 1990, his started his successful solo carrer receiving gold and platinum certifications. <mask> is one of the best selling and most popular merengue artist and had received nonimations to the Latin Grammy Awards, Latin Billborad Music Awards and Grammy Awards. Is well known by the hits "Kulikitaca", "Resistire", "Seguire", "Jenny" and "Viborar del Mar". <mask> was the first solo merengue act to ever sell out Madison Square Garden, United Palace, Altos de Chavón, la Plaza del toro in Madrid and Cuervana Stadium, México. <mask> is a minority owner/limited partner of the Miami Dolphins NFL team. Musical career
<mask> is best known for his Merengue numbers.As a member of Los Hermanos Rosario, <mask> has been a key figure in popularizing Merengue music, with hits reaching the top of the Billboard Latin charts and the top of charts in Europe. <mask> is the top selling Merengue artist of all time. The three-time Grammy nominee has sold more than 100 million albums worldwide. He is best known for his Romantic Merengue renditions. <mask> <mask> and his brothers were always interested in music. From young, they recall finding whatever instruments they could in household items since they were born in poverty and could not afford real musical instruments. The group in which <mask> started his musical career was formed in 1978 and its name is "Los Hermanos Rosario": it consisted of himself, his brothers Pepe and Rafa (as the lead singers) and brothers Luis, Tony, and Francis (as the instrument players).They used to play in their neighbors houses and this is how they eventually got to be known and discovered. After the death of their brother Pepe, <mask> and Rafa took the lead in the band with <mask> as the main singer due to his unique and highly recognized voice. In the late 1980s, after 12 years of being with his brothers, <mask> was removed from the group and began his own solo career. He debuted on April 14, 1990, in the "Roberto Clemente" Coliseum of Puerto Rico. He went on to become the most popular merengue singer with some of his albums reaching diamond status. His Debut Album, "Y mas...", receive critical aclaim. With his second album, "Atado a ti" sold more than the expectations of the label and stayed at the Billboard Charts for more than 30 weeks.In 1992, his third studio album "Retorno a mis raises", went Platinum. The Single "La Gozadera" peaked at the number 7 in dominican airplay. In 1993, his fourth studio album "Amor Jollao" went Gold. In 1994, he signed with WEA Latina, followed by the release of the albums "Me olvide de vivir" (1994) and Quiero Volver a Empezar (1995). The subsequents, "Seguire" (1997) and "Exclusivo" (1998) become his highest charted albums in the United States. La Magia del Cuco, released in 1999, become his first album to be certified platinum by the RIAA, with sales over 200,000 copies. In that same year, Toño peformed at The Merengue Festival in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.In 2000, Toño 10th Studio Album "Yo soy Toño" become his best selling album to date. It was certified platinum (Latin Field) by the RIAA and sold over 250,000 copies. Also, it was nominated for Best Merengue Album at the 44th Annual Grammy Awards and Best Merengue/Bachata Album at the 2nd Annual Latin Grammy Awards. Toño en America, dropped on 2002, was moderated success and debut at  in Dominican Republic Best Selling Albums Charts. The single "Yo kuli, Yo kula" better known as "Kulikitaca" become a massive success across Latin America

in 2004, <mask> <mask> signed a multi-album contract with Universal Latino. Also, peformed a sold out show at Altos the Chavon with Tego Calderon. In the same year, On december 7th, he released 12th studio album "Resistire", met positive reviews and it was nominated for Best Merengue/Bachata Album at the 6th Annual Latin Grammy Awards.The title track was nominated as "Tropical Airplay Song of the Year" at the 2006 Latin Billboard Music Awards. In 2006, his live album "En Vivo: El original" peaked at 5 on US Tropical Albums Chart. "A tu gusto" was released on 2007 and enter at the top 10 of Billboard Tropical Charts. In 2009, his compilation album Don't Worry Be Happy: The Best of Toño <mask> debut at 16 on Billboard Tropical Albums. In 2018, his song "Kulikitaka" became an internet sensation in the southern Indian Member State of Kerala. It became very famous and was used in numerous stage shows, video albums and even in the most famous Malayalam web series Karikku's Thera Para . In Kerala it  became famous as an African song and not as a Latin song because of a video that circulated in Whatsapp.Even small restaurants started getting named after the song in Kerala. Tono <mask> married Marilyn Brenes in 1983, at Marriage Palace, in New York City. Discography

With Los Hermanos Rosario

Studio albums
1980: ¡Vienen Acabando! 1983: Vol. 1

1984: Vol. 2

1985: Vol. 3

1987: Acabando!1988: Otra Vez! 1990: Fuera de Serie

Compilation albums
1988: Lo Mejor de los Hermanos Rosario

1989: Lo Mejor de los Hermanos Rosario Vol. 2

1993: 14 Éxitos Impressionantes

1994: Juntos Con Sus Éxitos

1997: El Disco de Oro

1998: La Historia Musical Rosario

2001: 20 Aniversario

2003: Grandes Éxitos

2005: Grandes Éxitos Vol.

masks:
Máximo Antonio del Rosario
Toño Rosario
Toño Rosario
Rosario
Rosario
Maximo Antonio del Rosario
Rosario
Rosario
Toño
Rosario
Toño
Toño
Toño
Toño
Toño
Rosario
Rosario
Rosario


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<mask> (April 18, 1891 – April 16, 1952) was a vaudevillian, actor and songwriter, a writer of sketches and dialogue for vaudeville and musicals, "active in nearly every field of show business." He was the brother of composer <mask> and uncle of the journalist <mask>. 1906 to 1929
<mask> was born April 18, 1891, to a Jewish family originating in Austria. While a teen he appeared in Gus Edwards's teenage acting troupe, "School Girls and School Boys" performing the one-act sketch comedy Primary No. 23. An unnamed critic noted that <mask> "caught exactly the flavor of the traditional Hebrew comedian...He was there with the inevitable parodies, which received the usual applause." When the show played in Chicago in 1907, a critic noted "<mask> in a Hebrew boy character displayed genuine talent that promises to place him among the coming comedians."This was confirmed by another critic who caught the group on tour at the Alhambra Theatre in Los Angeles: "<mask> is the bright particular star of the little company. The boy has developed into a real comedian, and is a great little worker, just busy all the time. His first-rate singing voice, clever dancing and natural comedy ability gives him a wide scope. <mask> never tires." Each season the Gus Edwards troop was retooled based on the talents of who was in the group at the time. By 1911, <mask> had achieved the distinction of being able to sing a solo song, "Love Me to a Yiddsha Melody." <mask>'s first solo attempt came in 1912 but was not received well.The reviewer wrote that the initial song followed by a five-minute monologue was ineffective, and suggested he drop the Jewish impersonation in favor of a characterization that could stand for "any foolish kid." The following year <mask> married Hazel Rosebloom. In addition to announcing his wedding, Variety said that <mask> was to star in a play, Davy's Debut by Joe LeBrandt (the play was never produced). Over the course of his varied career <mask> appeared in many vaudeville acts. A 1919 notice advertises Chicken Chow Mein being produced by <mask> and playing in Brighton Beach the week of August 18, with an opening scheduled at the Palace Theatre for September 1, 1919. Beginning at least in 1920, <mask> often teamed with other performers. In 1920 he was performing "Little Bits" at the Palace, a sixteen-minute long skit with his sister Hattie Darling.A critic related that both played violins and both danced—<mask> to a Russian step and Hattie to a waltz. This was followed by <mask> doing a single dance, then both singing  an interrupted duet, followed by imitations. One critic concluded that the act was too much to function as the penultimate number of the evening. By the time the act moved to the Brighton Theatre, another critic complimented <mask> calling him a "versatile artist, doing many things, and doing them well." This critic still complained of the Yiddish accent but was happy that no Yiddish phrases were used, noting that the imitations included portrayals of Al Jolson, Lew Fields, and George M. Cohan. By 1922 he had founded the "Herman Timberg Producing Company" whose purpose was to provide financial support in return for a portion of Timberg's profits. That year he was sued by the Company whose backers included "Garry" Herrmann (a baseball magnate), Sol Gilsey, and others from Cincinnati.They asked for an accounting of receipts from his show Tick-Tack-Toe and for $40,000 which they had advanced him. As announced in Billboard, an "amicable settlement [was] expected." The He was performing in Cleveland by mid-April 1923. By May, he was back in New York City, appearing at Loew's State Theatre in New York again with his sister Hattie Darling, this time also with his brother Sammy. By 1924 his popularity was such that Variety was able to report that "...his comedy dances were so vociferously encored they would not allow [him] to continue with the violin." 1929 to 1952
The fall of 1929 was a significant time for <mask>. It was announced that rehearsals would begin on September 19 for his show Take It Easy written by <mask> with music composed by his brother <mask>.The show was announced to have tryouts in Brooklyn and Newark, and "may open on Broadway late next month" (that is, October). The Brooklyn Eagle announced that the show would play for one week commencing October 20, 1929. Notably, the announcement mentioned that the entire show would be broadcast over station WLTH. The Broadway production apparently never came to pass, probably due in part to the Wall Street Crash of 1929. <mask> reportedly had saved a great deal of money from stage appearances that was lost in the Crash. His subsequent career was marked by the continuation of his varied activities orbiting around performing (now usually with comic foils), writing, and occasionally producing. An exception to his stage activities was film.In 1931 he wrote and appeared in the MGM short Ambitious People. In an interview that same year he was quoted saying of a new playwright: "He knows nothing about dialogue or building up a situation. He doesn't know upstage from downstage or a border light from a fly gallery. But he knows all the dirty stories in the world." In 1933 he appeared in Laff It Off, a paired double act with his son <mask>. (later known as the comedian Tim Herbert) and with Pat Rooney and his son Pat. Jr.  Later that year, "the diminutive dance comedian" (the description given to <mask> by the New York Sun) presented a new version of his skit "The Laugh Factory" at the Metropolitan Theatre and was again assisted by his son <mask> Jr., along with Audrey Parker, Leo Chalzel and Oliver Harris. His June 1934 appearance at the Palace Theatre in a 53-minute act called Temptations occasioned a number of reviews.The New York Herald Tribune said that <mask> "offers in rapid succession all of the comedian's tested variety routines. "<ref>G.P., "<mask>'s Show on Palace Theatre Stage," New York Herald Tribune (Jun. 16, 1934).</ref>  But Variety was more critical: "At 53 minutes, [it] moves too slowly, though some moments go fast." The review suggested "there's too much talking and too many repetitions of the same effect, such as engaging in dialogue with more than 2 chorines." The reviewer complimented his partner, Audrey Parker, but concluded that <mask> "has a show with plenty of comedy and flash, but it needs to be broken up more with specialties." In addition to continuing his vaudeville appearances,"National, L'ville," Variety (Apr. 12, 1939) about a 1939 appearance at the National Theatre in Louisville, Kentucky.<mask> was apparently aiming for work on a complete Broadway show. In 1936 it was reported that he had been engaged by Jack Curtis and Carlteton Hoagland to adapt the London musical Yes, Madam for Broadway. Apparently nothing came of this effort. In 1946 <mask> was said to be working on a comedy for actor Hugh Herbert, "said to have a Park Avenue background." That same year there was a casting call for a play, Knickerbocker's Children authored by Ben Levinson and <mask>. Neither of these efforts appear to have come to fruition. In 1949, <mask>, "who's been on the boards for more years than he may care to admit," was appearing with the youthful Graham Sisters.As if recalling his earlier acts, Variety reported that "<mask> hasn't lost his skill at dancing or comedies and fiddling." One of his last appearances was at the Palace Theatre where, "nearly blind, he did an energetic turn with a femme foil which called for extremely fast movement and trick violin playing. The act was excellently received." His obituary noted that he was known for the Timberg "crawl-off," a comic maneuver in which he exited the stage crawling on all fours. At the twilight of his life <mask> was living at the Greystone Hotel at 212 West 91st Street (on Broadway) in Manhattan, New York. <mask> died on April 16, 1952 at Memorial Hospital in New York City "after a long illness." Family
<mask> married Hazel Rosenbloom on Nov. 26, 1913.Under her stage name, Hazel Rosewood, she was a dancer in shows such as those produced by Gus Edwards as well as in the Ziegfeld Follies. She had been appearing in the musical All Aboard prior to marriage. She died August 21, 1960, age 68. Survivors included two sons, Irwin and Tim Herbert (a comedian), two sisters and two brothers. <mask>'s nephew was Jesse Kaye, booking agent for the Roxy and Loews, and later head of artists and repertory for MGM Records. Another nephew is the journalist <mask>. Broadway Appearances
Information from IBDB.1908 School Days (performer)
1916 Passing Show of 1916 (performer)
1916 The Show of Wonders (composer)
1917 Doing Our Bit (composer, performer)
1917 Over the Top (additional numbers)
1920 Tick-Tack-Toe (producer, director, book, composer, lyricist)
1921: Passing Show of 1921 (actor)
1922: <mask>'s Follies (producer)
1924 Schemers (producer)
1942 You'll See Stars (director, composer, lyricist)

References

External links

 Timberg Alley, the website for the <mask> family. Stars of Vaudeville #180: <mask>

1891 births
1952 deaths
American singer-songwriters
Jewish American male actors
Jewish American comedians
20th-century American male actors
Vaudeville performers
20th-century American singers
20th-century American Jews

masks:
Herman Timberg
Sammy Timberg
Robert Timberg
Herman Timberg
Timberg
Herman Timberg
Herman Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Herman
Herman
Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Sammy Timberg
Timberg
Herman Jr
Timberg
Herman Timberg
Timberg
Herman Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Herman Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Timberg
Robert Timberg
Herman Timberg
Timberg
Herman Timberg


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<mask> (1682 – October 26, 1773) was a French military engineer, mathematician, spy, and explorer who is best remembered for bringing back five specimens of Fragaria chiloensis, the beach strawberry, from an assignment in South America, thus introducing this New World fruit to the Old. Family history
As described by G.M. Darrow, Frézier's ancient surname was derived from fraise, the French word for strawberry. A story relates the surname is derived from the fact that Julius de Berry, a citizen of Anvers (i.e. Antwerp), was knighted by Charles the Simple in 916 for a timely gift of ripe strawberries. The Emperor gave the Fraise family (the surname was corrupted as "Frazer") three "fraises" or stalked strawberries for their coat of arms. Members of the Frazer family emigrated to Scotland as members of the retinue of the French ambassador, who had been sent by Henry I of France as a gesture of friendship to Malcolm III of Scotland, the vanquisher of Macbeth.For the services against the invading Danes, King Máel Coluim (Malcolm) rewarded the Frazers with grants of land and a coat of arms – which contained the original crest of three strawberries (see Clan Fraser). Édouard Frazer returned to France from Edinburgh around 1500 to escape Scottish political troubles, taking refuge in Amsterdam. The son of Édouard was Charles-Simon, who settled in France. Charles-Simon's descendants later settled in Savoy. Youth and education
Amédée-<mask> was born in Chambéry, Savoy, in 1682. Frézier's father, Pierre-Louis <mask>, a distinguished attorney of law, professor, and advisor to the Duke of Savoy at Chambéry, intended his son to follow him in the law. However, Frézier resisted this career path and was sent instead to study science and theology at Paris.His thesis was entitled Treatise on Navigation and the Elements of Astronomy. After completing his scientific studies, Frézier traveled to Italy where he studied art and architecture –interests he later applied to his study of fortresses and defense structures. He returned to France around 1700 and accepted a lieutenantship in an infantry regiment. Treatise on Fireworks
Frézier's post gave him enough leisure time to publish his Traité des feux d'artifice pour le spectacle (1706, revised 1747) (Treatise on Fireworks). In this treatise, Frézier studied the recreational and ceremonial uses of fireworks – and pyrotechnics in general, rather than their military uses. Frézier surveyed earlier works on the subject. As Frézier included also instructions for the manufacture of decorative fireworks, the book became a standard text for fireworks makers.Frezier's Treatise on Fireworks earned its author a transfer to the military intelligence corps, as military engineer for Saint-Malo. Work in South America

Frézier's superior officers, impressed by his competence, recommended that Frézier be the one to receive the assignment of studying the defense fortifications of Chile and Peru. Frézier was a lieutenant-colonel of the French Army Intelligence Corps when on January 7, 1712, he was dispatched to South America, four months after the return from the same continent of Louis Feuillée. The goal of Frezier's reconnaissance mission seems to have included making hydrographical observations, correcting existing charts, and taking exact plans of the most important ports and fortresses along the coasts. Frézier ended up disagreeing with Feuillée in regards to the latter's measurement of the latitudes and longitudes of the South American coast and of the principal ports of Chile and Peru. Frézier actually pointed out several mistakes in Feuillée's Relation, which led to a bitter feud between the two travelers. Sailing aboard the St. Joseph, an armed merchant ship, for about five months, he arrived in Concepción, Chile, on June 16, 1712, after rounding Cape Horn.Passing himself off as a trader or merchant captain, he could visit the fortifications as a tourist. <mask> ingratiated himself with the Spanish Governors, and based in Concepción, sketched maps of the ports that showed the best approaches for attack, where ammunition was stored and the routes of escape, estimated the strength of the Spanish colonial governments, the state of these colonies' natives, and examined the Spanish gold and silver mines. He also reported on the operations of the Church, the physical geography and flora and fauna of the area, as well as its agricultural products – such as the species of strawberry that he would subsequently introduce to Europe. About the beach strawberry, Frézier wrote: "They there cultivate entire fields of a type of strawberry differing from ours by their rounder leaves, being fleshier and having strong runners. Its fruit are usually as large as a whole walnut, and sometimes as a small egg. They are of a whitish-red colour and a little less delicate to the taste than our woodland strawberries." Relation du voyage de la Mer du Sud
All of this was valuable information, which was immediately translated into other major European languages after its first appearance in French as Relation du voyage de la mer du Sud, aux côtes du Chili, du Pérou et de Brésil, fait pendant les années 1712, 1713, et 1714.<mask>'s account of his travels in South America was published in Paris in 1716 (2d ed., enlarged, 1732). It was published in England in 1717 as A Voyage to the South-Sea, And along the Coasts of Chili and Peru, In the Years 1712, 1713, and 1714, which included a supplement by Edmund Halley. A Dutch translation appeared in Amsterdam in 1718 and a German translation appeared in Hamburg in 1718. Additional works included his Réponse au P. Feuillée, which was added to the Paris edition of 1832. Frézier also published a Lettre concernant l'histoire des tremblements de terre de Lima ("Letter concerning the history of earthquakes in Lima") (1755). Awards and return to the New World

Frézier left Concepción on February 19, 1714, and reached Marseilles on August 17. Upon his return, he was allowed to present his maps to King Louis XIV, who awarded Frézier with 1,000 écus from the royal treasury.In 1719, Frézier returned to the New World as Engineer-in-Chief to Hispaniola (Santo Domingo) on a two-year assignment to fortify the island. He made a map of the island, and also a plan of the City of Santo Domingo. He suffered from malaria there, but was only allowed to return to Europe in 1728. On his return, he received the cross of St. Louis. He was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1752. Work in Europe
Upon his return to Europe, Frézier was sent to Philippsburg and then to Landau, where he built twenty-six defense structures. Frézier wrote a work that applied the theories of architecture to practical engineering, called La Théorie et la Pratique de la Coupe des Pierres et des Bois pour la Construction des Voûtes et autre Parties des Bâtimens Civils & Militaires, ou Traité de Stéréotomie à l'Usage de l'Architecture (Doulsseker; Paris: L.H.Guerin, 1737-38-39) (The theory and practice of cutting stones and wood for the construction of vaults and other parts of civil and military buildings, or treatise on stereotomy in architectural usage). This work was the standard text on the subject of stone cutting, outlining the principles of three-dimensional geometry. Frézier illustrates complicated intersections between forms such as spheres and cones. He also examines actual building problems, and analyzes complex vaults. He also married, and was commissioned as a captain. In 1739, he was named Director of Fortifications for the whole of Brittany. In 1764, he retired from service, but still maintained an interest in various subjects, including desalinization, architecture, navigation, and landing methods for the Isles Lucayes (the Bahamas).It is said he made himself read at least six hours a day, especially books on travel and history. He died in Brest. See also
 Jean-Charles Perrinet d'Orval

References

External links

Digitized copy of the German translation of "Relation du voyage de la mer du Sud aux côtes du Chili, du Pérou, et du Brésil" (Hamburg: 1718) via John Carter Brown Library on Internet Archive
G.M. Darrow, The Strawberry: History, Breeding and Physiology
History of the Strawberry
"Amédée François Frézier discovered the Chilean strawberry"

Gallery

1682 births
1773 deaths
People from Chambéry
French engineers
French explorers
French spies
Botanists active in South America
Members of the French Academy of Sciences

masks:
Amdée François Frézier
François Frézier
Frézier
Frézier
Frézier


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<mask> (born August 1, 1997 in Richmond, British Columbia) is a Canadian beach volleyball player. Along with her twin sister, Nicole McNamara, <mask> has competed in many beach volleyball events around the world. From the fall of 2015 until the spring of 2019, <mask> competed collegiately for the UCLA Bruins, leading the team to its first Pac-12 and NCAA titles in the sport during the 2018 season, and a second NCAA championship in the 2019 season. Early life and high school career

<mask> attended high school in Greater Vancouver, at South Delta Secondary School. Her first notable achievement in international beach volleyball competition was winning the bronze medal at the 2014 FIVB Beach Volleyball U19 World Championships. Three weeks later, they won the silver medal at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics after being defeated in a 3-set-final. Beach volleyball career

College experience
In 2015, <mask> became a member of UCLA Bruins beach volleyball team.She and her sister went 16-12 in dual matches on court one during the 2016 college season, leading the team to a 22-8 overall record and third place finishes in both the inaugural Pac-12 and NCAA tournaments, and fourth-place ranking nationally. During the season, she and Nicole were named Pac-12 Pair of the Week for the week of April 4, to the All-Pac-12 and Pac-12 All-Freshman First Teams, and to the AVCA Collegiate Beach All-America Team. During the 2017 season, <mask> and Nicole improved to 28-7 in dual matches, leading the Bruins to a 30-6 overall record. The team finished runner-up at the Pac-12 Beach Volleyball Championships by a single match, but was defeated in the NCAA tournament in its third match after falling to Florida State in the Elimination Bracket. During the season, she and Nicole were named Pac-12 Pair of the Week for the weeks of March 14 and April 11. As with her freshman year, <mask> earned both All-Pac-12 First Team and AVCA All-American honors. She was named to the Pac-12 All-Academic First Team for beach volleyball following the season for her performance in the classroom her sophomore year.During the 2018 season, <mask> and Nicole went 35-7 in dual matches, leading the UCLA Bruins to a 40-4 overall record and to their first Pac-12 and NCAA championships, beating USC and Florida State, respectively. Once again, the sisters were honored as members of the All-Pac-12 First Team, and as All-Americans in the process. Additionally, the McNamara twins were named Pac-12 Pair of the Year in the week following completion of the championship. Following the season, <mask> was once again named to the Pac-12 All-Academic First Team to honor her performance in the classroom for her junior year. During the 2019 season, <mask> and Nicole went 32-4 in dual matches, leading the UCLA Bruins to a 35-3 overall record and their second consecutive NCAA championship, beating the USC in the final match. Additionally, they finished runner-up to USC at the Pac-12 championship. One final time in their collegiate careers, both sisters were honored as members of the All-Pac-12 First Team and as AVCA Collegiate All-Americans.Additionally, the McNamara twins were named Pac-12 and AVCA/CollegeBeachVB.com Pair of the Week for the week of April 2.

International competition
At the 2016 FIVB Beach Volleyball U21 World Championships, <mask> and Nicole won the bronze medal by coming back from one set down (18-21, 23-21, 15-10) against USA’s Sarah Sponcil and Torrey Van Winden in the third place match. In May 2018, <mask> and Nicole competed in their first FIVB World Tour event, the Bangkok 1 star, winning five matches and advancing to the semifinals before eventually finishing in fourth place. In early June 2018, the <mask> and Nicole won the women's competition at the 2018 Volleyball Canada NORCECA Open Beach Trials in Toronto, earning the top ranking for Canada for subsequent competition in the 2018 NORCECA Beach Volleyball Tour. Later in the month, they competed in their second FIVB World Tour event, the Singapore Open 2 star, advancing through the qualifying rounds to pool play, before barely missing out on the quarterfinal round due to point differentials. <mask> and Nicole then competed at the Die Techniker Beach Tour event in Nuremberg, earning a fifth place finish after a three-set loss to the tournament's fourth place finisher. In mid-July 2018, the McNamara twins competed at the 2018 FISU World University Beach Volleyball Championship in Munich, winning the gold medal in the championship with a three set win against Spain. Later in July, she and <mask> also competed at FIVB 3 star tour events in both Haiyang and Tokyo.In mid-August, she and her sister won the Canadian championship at the 2018 Senior Beach Nationals in Toronto, winning seven total matches including a three-set win over the team of Gordon and Bukovec in the final. As a result of winning the Canadian NORCECA Open Beach Trials in June, <mask> and Nicole qualified to compete in NORCECA beach volleyball tour events later in the year. Competing at the Punta Cana (Dominican Republic) tour stop in late September, they placed second to the American team of Falyn Fonoimoana and Molly Turner. Accolades
 Champion, 2018 Senior Beach Nationals (Canada)
 Champion, 2018 WUC Beach Volleyball (representing Canada)
 2x NCAA Champion, Beach Volleyball (2018 & 2019, representing UCLA)
 4x AVCA Collegiate Beach Volleyball All-American (2016-2019)
 2018 VolleyMob All-American, Beach Volleyball
 2018 Pac-12 Pair of the Year (with Nicole McNamara)
 4x First-team All-Pac-12 (2016-2019)
 First-team Pac-12 All-Academic (2018, 2017)
 2016 Pac-12 All-Freshman First Team
 5x Pac-12 Pair of the Week (with Nicole McNamara, 2016-2019)
 2019 AVCA/CollegeBeachVB.com Pair of the Week (with Nicole McNamara, for April 2)
 Bronze Medalist, Beach Volleyball, 2016 FIVB U21 World Championships
 Silver Medalist, Beach Volleyball, 2014 Summer Youth Olympics
 Bronze Medalist, Beach Volleyball, 2014 FIVB U19 World Championships

References

External links

 <mask> (Volleyball Canada)

Living people
1997 births
Women's beach volleyball players
Canadian women's beach volleyball players
UCLA Bruins women's beach volleyball players
Beach volleyball players at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics
People from Richmond, British Columbia
Youth Olympic silver medalists for Canada

masks:
Megan Norma McNamara
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan
Megan McNamara


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<mask> (August 30, 1901, Brookline, Massachusetts – June 17, 1962, Pacific Palisades, California) was an American arranger, orchestrator and composer, who studied classical composition at the Paris Conservatoire. He is credited with orchestrating nine productions on Broadway from 1931 to 1938, and over seventy-five motion pictures from 1931 to 1962. Film scholar Clive Hirschhorn considers him the finest orchestrator ever to work in the movies. Early in his career, film composer John Williams spent much time around <mask>. Hollywood career

During his Broadway apprenticeship <mask> first came across Johnny Green, his future MGM musical director, when they were recording motion picture overtures in the early days of sound at New York to be shown before the main features began. <mask> first came out to Hollywood in the late 1930s to work for Alfred Newman (e.g. Born to Dance and Gunga Din) and also collaborated with the famed Broadway orchestrator Robert Russell Bennett on the arrangements for Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers' 1938 dance picture Carefree.<mask> is recognized as MGM's best principal orchestrator of musicals made between 1942 and 1962. He reputedly studied mathematical musical progressions under the influential theorist Joseph Schillinger, whose other students included George Gershwin, and major Broadway/Hollywood orchestrators such as Ted Royal, Edward B. Powell, and Herbert W. Spencer. <mask> employed a somewhat smaller orchestra than usual, but nevertheless achieved a rich, elaborately constructed sound in his arrangements. The fact that the orchestra that <mask> used was smaller in size than the normal huge studio orchestra was practically unnoticeable, except that the quality of the orchestral sound on films that Salinger worked on seemed greatly improved, with much less distortion than was common in the days before true high fidelity. However, in Hugh Fordin's The World of Entertainment: The Freed Unit at MGM, a 1975 book dealing with the MGM musicals, composer-conductor Adolph Deutsch, who worked with <mask> on more than one film, criticized his orchestrations for the Jerome Kern 1946 biopic Till the Clouds Roll By as being "too elaborate" for a composer like Kern (a criticism that <mask> reportedly did not take well) and recounted that he stated that he would only work with <mask> on the 1951 film version of Show Boat (music by Kern) if he "simplified" his style of orchestration. (The two patched it up and did work on that film and subsequent others, receiving a joint Academy Award nomination for it.) <mask> orchestrated most of the musicals that MGM is famous for; among them, in addition to the 1951 Show Boat, were Girl Crazy (the 1943 version), Meet Me in St. Louis (1944) (which included a memorable arrangement of The Trolley Song), Anchors Aweigh (1945), the 1947 film version of Good News, Summer Holiday (1948), the 1949 film version of On the Town, the 1950 film version of Annie Get Your Gun, Singin' in the Rain (1952), the 1953 film version of Kiss Me, Kate, Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954), An American in Paris (1951), The Band Wagon (1953), Gene Kelly's pioneering 1956 all-ballet film Invitation to the Dance and the original film musical Gigi (1958).His lush scoring for the ballet sequences in Lerner and Loewe's Brigadoon (1954) have come to be regarded as high points of the orchestrator's art in the Golden Age of musicals. Recognition
Although many of the films that <mask> worked on were Oscar-nominated for the adaptation of the music featured in them, according to industry practices at the time, nominations usually went to the musical directors/conductors of the music (such as Adolph Deutsch or André Previn), and not to orchestrators. Only once was <mask> nominated, for his Show Boat orchestrations. Ironically, the film An American in Paris, which <mask> also orchestrated, was nominated for the same award that year, so the two films were competing against each other in the Oscar race. But in the case of An American, the nomination went only to Johnny Green, who conducted the George Gershwin music heard in the film, and not to <mask>. Green won that year; <mask> never received an Oscar. Despite this lack of popular recognition during his lifetime, <mask> was highly regarded within the film music industry; working steadily and occasionally uncredited (e.g.The Big Country for Jerome Moross). He was content to collaborate with some of the jazzier arrangers on the lot, most frequently Skip Martin and once memorably with Nelson Riddle for High Society (1956). <mask> orchestrated for film the music of all the major popular composers of the mid-20th century, including Irving Berlin, George Gershwin, Rodgers and Hart and Cole Porter. His work on the 1948 biopic Words and Music, led Richard Rodgers to publicly applaud the way their songs were orchestrated and presented. Barbra Streisand insisted on reusing his original orchestrations when they could be found and colleagues, including Stanley Donen, Debbie Reynolds, Johnny Green and André Previn, have subsequently paid tribute to his musical abilities. <mask>'s contributions have gained wider public recognition since the 1970s with the release of the That's Entertainment! compilation films and many of the original soundtracks of his scores on compact discs.The British conductor John Wilson has also been repopularizing his work in a series of concerts and recordings featuring reconstructions of the original orchestrations of the MGM classics. Final credits
<mask> died suddenly in 1962, under disputed circumstances. The Internet Movie Database states that he had a heart attack in his sleep, but it is claimed that <mask> committed suicide. He lost his home in the 1961 Bel Air Fire, which police believe may have contributed to his despondency. The last film that he worked on was Billy Rose's Jumbo, released in 1962. It was not a big success, either critically or commercially. The film was based on a not too successful 1935 Rodgers and Hart stage musical, although the show did produce three hits, "My Romance," "Little Girl Blue," and "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World."<mask> also composed original music for film and television. Among the A-list film scores he wrote was the 1953 romantic comedy Dream Wife and the 1958 drama Lonelyhearts; some of the TV scores he worked on were those for the late 1950s series Wagon Train and Bachelor Father. References

External links

Extended article at The Robert Farnon Society

1901 births
1962 deaths
20th-century American composers
American film score composers
American music arrangers
People from Brookline, Massachusetts
American male film score composers
20th-century American male musicians
1962 suicides

masks:
Conrad Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger
Salinger