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<mask> (June 21, 1928 – March 8, 2011), considered one of the principal figures in the renaissance of Hawaiian culture in the 1970s, was a celebrated artist-historian and author with a special interest in the seafaring traditions of the ancestral peoples of Hawaii. Kāne played a key role in demonstrating that Hawaiian culture arose not from some accidental seeding of Polynesia, but that Hawaii was reachable by voyaging canoes from Tahiti able to make the journey and return. This offered a far more complex notion of the cultures of the Pacific Islands than had previously been accepted. Furthermore, he created vivid imagery of Hawaiian culture prior to contact with Europeans, and especially the period of early European influence, that sparked appreciation of a nearly forgotten traditional life. He painted dramatic views of war, exemplified by The Battle at Nuuanu Pali, the potential of conflicts between cultures such as in Cook Entering Kealakekua Bay, where British ships are dwarfed and surrounded by Hawaiian canoes, as well as bucolic quotidian scenes and lush images of a robust ceremonial and spiritual life, that helped arouse a latent pride among Hawaiians during a time of general cultural awakening. Early life and education as an artist
<mask> (kɑh-nay) was born in the community of Marshfield, Minnesota in the United States. His father (also named <mask>) worked in family poi business, and became a paniolo (Hawaiian cowboy), then traveled the US in a Hawaiian band.He later served in the Army and Navy, and had his own practice as a Doctor of Optometry. <mask>.'s grandfather immigrated to Waipio Valley from China and being very industrious, he built the first poi factory in the islands, growing taro and producing poi for market. His mother's family were farmers of Danish ancestry in Wisconsin. Kāne's childhood was divided between Wisconsin and Hawaii. He describes in his book, Voyagers, an early awakening to art. In 1935 he was a barefoot child in Hilo, Hawaii, brought by his mother to the opening of a gallery exhibition of the work of D. Howard Hitchcock. He writes that he was "stunned, confronted with miracles" seeing Hitchcock's work and speaking with him briefly.Hitchcock was the first Hawaiian-born artist to achieve international recognition, and his work focused on unique Hawaiian subject matter, particularly the volcanic eruptions near Hilo. According to his own account, besides this exposure to art and the ongoing encouragement of his parents to pursue his interest in drawing, Kāne's most formative experiences in childhood were in Hawaii, where his father and his family passed along the traditional folk tales of the islands. Kāne served in the United States Navy, qualifying for veteran's educational benefits under the G.I. Bill. After he was discharged, he used those benefits to attend the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, in Chicago, Illinois, earning a bachelor's degree and, in 1953, a master's degree. Under an arrangement between the two schools at the time, his master's degree was awarded by the University of Chicago. Early career

<mask> had his own avertising studio on Chicago's Michigan Avenue, which is known as "The Magnificent Mile."He was a very successful designer/illustrator/author. His talents were expansive, working with everything from books and magazines, architectural designs, to commercial television work for Kelloggs and various companies, and more. Kāne said he found advertising work unsatisfying. "The end came when I won a Jolly Green Giant campaign, and for a year, did drawings and paintings of that big green fairy until I could no longer suffer it." Kāne had been sailing a racing catamaran on Lake Michigan, and had begun researching Hawaiian canoes in the library of the University of Chicago and in the Field Museum of Natural History, where in 1961 the museum had installed one of the most extensive collections of artifacts from Pacific Ocean cultures put on view to date. Kāne produced a series of fourteen paintings of Polynesian canoes in the 1960s, which were purchased in 1969 by the Hawaii State Foundation of Culture and the Arts, then headed by its first director, Alfred Preis, architect of the USS Arizona Memorial in Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii. Kāne has stated that this purchase made it possible for him to move to Hawaii, where he lived in Honolulu and continued his study of Polynesian voyaging canoes.The Hōkūleʻa and its cultural impact

In Honolulu, Kāne attracted a group of sailing enthusiasts, including University of Hawaii anthropologist Ben Finney and Tommy Holmes, author of The Hawaiian Canoe. Together they founded the Polynesian Voyaging Society and began work on the Hōkūleʻa, a voyaging canoe based on historical Polynesian design, capable of sailing between Hawaii and Tahiti. Their purpose was to prove that ancestral Polynesian voyagers could have purposely navigated in vessels of similar type to settle Hawaii. Kāne has said his goal was also to spur a revival of cultural identity among Hawaiians and peoples of the Pacific islands. He wrote that in 1973 he, with a number of others at the time, realized that "if a voyaging canoe were built and sailed today, it would function as a cultural catalyst and inspire the revival of almost-forgotten aspects of Hawaiian life." "What intrigued me was to see, if by building this canoe and putting it to active use and taking it out on a cruise throughout the Hawaiian islands, introducing it to the Hawaiian people, training Hawaiians to sail it, if this would not stimulate shock waves or ripple effect throughout the culture- in music and dance and the crafts. And we know it did."Kāne designed and named the Hōkūleʻa, which was launched on March 8, 1975. Technically, the craft is a performance-accurate full-scale replica of a waa kaulua, a Polynesian double-hulled voyaging canoe. The name Hōkūleʻa came to Kāne in a dream, he has said. It is the Hawaiian term for the star Arcturus, which is of critical importance to celestial navigation in the Pacific, and the zenith star of the Hawaiian Islands. He served as the skipper for two years as the canoe sailed trial cruises among the Hawaiian Islands to attract crew and support for its maiden international voyage. Kāne's role in the creation and promotion of the Hōkūleʻa helped restore pride to the peoples of the Pacific, and his paintings of traditional Hawaiian scenes and historical events have helped restore lost identity and, in the words of the President of School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Tony Jones, "rewritten the history of the Pacific." Kāne's colleague, Nainoa Thompson, navigator of the Hōkūleʻa, says Kāne was "the visionary, the dreamer, and he was the architect and the engineer.He's the one that carried the burden of building, and constructing, and sailing Hōkūleʻa." Elsewhere, Thompson told an interviewer, "When you look at <mask>'s legacy, it is transforming Hawaii's society because he brought pride and culture and inspiration back, through the canoe....He is the father of the Hawaiian Renaissance." Kāne died on March 8, 2011, the 36th anniversary of the launch of the Hōkūleʻa. Art works
 Daniel Inouye, United States Senator from Hawaii, has been quoted as saying, "When you saw a <mask>e painting, you were energized and motivated to learn about the past. ...His artwork captured both ancient and modern-day Hawaii and help preserve Hawaii's unique culture for future generations." Kāne became one of the most respected figurative painters in Hawaii, with major works on view at the Bishop Museum, the largest museum in the state and the premier natural and cultural history institution in the Pacific. His work has been exhibited at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Puukoholā Heiau National Historic Site, and in the Hawaii State Capitol.His paintings of Polynesian sailing have been widely reproduced, appearing as illustrations in books and articles. Among the first of these were a series of seven paintings commissioned by the National Geographic Magazine and published in the December 1974 issue. His art is characterized by emphasis on realistic and precise draftsmanship when depicting historical scenes, such as his series of voyaging canoe paintings and many other paintings of battles, everyday domestic life, and ceremonial occasions, which are extensively researched. When Kāne turns his imagination to the legends of old Hawaii and the spiritual and mythological side of the Hawaiian culture, his work is more expressionistic, with bold brushwork and vivid colors. His expressionistic style is seen in his painting Pele, Goddess of the Volcano for the Jaggar Museum at Kīlauea, which depicts the supernatural figure with literal fire in her eyes and flowing lava as her hair. <mask> is well known on so many different levels. Most of <mask>'s art was heavily researched, making sure that everything was historically accurate, even when it came to the weather and cloud coverage at that time in history.He had contacts in Washington, DC, and all around the globe who helped him achieve accuracy in his research. His art was not made by someone simply reaching into the imagination. It was created by an achievement of tireless research and this all adds to the value of his paintings. <mask> was the first person to accurately paint Europeans' ships and more. After heavy research in the Maritime Museum in London, <mask> had uncovered ship plans that they never even knew they had! He used these for some of his paintings. <mask> had also designed some large, magnificently woven tapestries that had the breathtaking beauty of his paintings.Site-specific works
Kāne's paintings include several very large canvasses or murals for hotel lobbies and similar public and commercial spaces. His 1973 mural, made of wool, titled Opening of the Pacific to Man, was designed for a space above the entrance to the Pacific Trade Center, on Alakea and King Streets in central Honolulu. It measures  high and  wide, and offers views of several voyaging canoes and a central monumental male figure holding a paddle. In the corner of the mural is a representation of the wayfarer's chart, traditionally made of shells and sticks, in which islands and ocean swell patterns are encoded to assist the training of a navigator. As a design consultant, Kāne worked on resorts and visitor centers in Hawaii and the South Pacific, as well as a cultural center in Fiji. Kāne was commissioned by the National Park Service in 1976 to paint "Keoua's Arrival", which is on permanent display in the Visitor Center at Puukoholā Heiau National Historic Site. Several of his large canvasses are on permanent view at the Outrigger Hotel in Waikiki in Honolulu, where the management dedicated the area as a permanent tribute to Kāne.One 1973 site-specific mural, painted on a custom-designed wall as part of a history center under construction (and never completed) at Punaluu Beach, twice gained notoriety. The historical mural, titled Ancient Punaluu, Hawaii Island measured  wide by  high. According to a news report, "The mural shows alii, warriors and commoners on the black sandbar, which separates Punaluu Bay from a pond where springs provide fresh water immediately behind the beach.....A ceiling of thatch gave the feeling of being inside an old Hawaiian shelter and the thatch hid lighting, which gave a natural, daylight look to the mural. Pebbles and sand at the base of the painting met real pebbles and sand on the floor of the history center." In 1975 the mural survived a tsunami that destroyed the interior of the building. According to Kāne's account on his personal blog, quoting eyewitnesses, the wave pushed all the displays out the far side of the room and left a mud line three or four feet high on the wall—except on the mural, which was dry and undamaged. Then in 2005 the mural was stolen from the site, which was vacant and unfinished.Thieves are believed to have cut out the wall in five sections using a circular saw powered by a portable generator, and in this way stole the painting, which has never been recovered. Kāne responded by recreating a version of the mural in oil paint on canvas, saying, "Now all the thieves have is a preliminary sketch. Vengeance is mine." Stamps

Kāne's work on a much smaller scale reveals his artistic versatility. Kāne designed seven postage stamps for the U.S. Postal Service including stamps commemorating each of the 25th and the 50th anniversaries of Hawaiian statehood. His 1984 stamp for the 25th anniversary of Hawaiian statehood depicts a double-hulled voyaging canoe, a Pacific golden plover (a migratory bird which winters in Hawaii), and a volcano erupting on the flank of Mauna Loa, on the Big Island of Hawaii.On the day of its release, sales of this stamp set a new record for the U.S. Postal Service. His 2009 stamp for the State's 50th anniversary depicts a person surfing and people paddling a traditional outrigger canoe, all riding the same wave. This stamp engendered some controversy, as Kāne was highly critical of the typography in the final design, which he felt mistakenly substituted an apostrophe for the symbol that signals a glottal stop in the word Hawaii and is known by the term okina. He also designed postage stamps for several Pacific island nations, including French Polynesia, the Federated States of Micronesia, as well as the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Three-dimensional art
Although best known for his paintings, Kāne also produced limited-edition bronze sculpture and other three-dimensional works besides the Hōkūleʻa, which has been called his moving sculpture. His monumental bronze figure, The Young Kamehameha stands in Wailea, Maui.Last commission

Kāne's last commissioned work was for the Royal Hawaiian Hotel, a wall sized painting of Kamehameha I's landing in Oahu. His health declined and he passed before the work could be completed; however, he had left instructions that, should he die before the work was finished, he wished Brook Kapūkuniahi Parker to complete the work. Eventually the hotel decided to display the work unfinished. Publications
Kāne communicated his message of the importance of Hawaiian culture and its origins, in print (as author, publisher, and illustrator) and television. Kāne is the author of several books, including:

 Canoes of Polynesia (1974) (portfolio of 12 lithographs with accompanying booklet)

 Voyage, the Discovery of Hawaii (1976)

 A Canoe Helps Hawaii Recapture Her Past in National Geographic Magazine, April, 1976

 Pele, Goddess of Volcanoes (1987)

 Voyagers (1991, 2nd edition 2006)

 Ancient Hawaii (1997)

Kāne is illustrator of:

 The Life and Times of John Young: Confidant and Advisor to Kamehameha the Great

 The Power of the Stone: A Hawaiian Ghost Story

 Christmas Time with Eddie Kamae and the Sons of Hawaii (1977 album cover: Hawaii Sons HS-4004)

 Voyagers, The First Hawaiians (film directed and scored by Paul Csige, based on the 1976 book Voyage, The Discovery of Hawaii by <mask>e)

Online interviews include:

 Never Lost: Polynesian Navigation (The Offering)

 Ask the Experts: <mask> Kāne (The Wayfinders: A Pacific Odyssey) Kāne served as a member of the advisory panel for the 1998 independent film, The Wayfinders: A Pacific Odyssey, which was broadcast widely on television stations including those of the U.S. Public Broadcasting System. Honors
 1984—Named a Living Treasure of Hawaii by the Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Honolulu
 1987 —One of 16 chosen as Pookela (Champion) for the Year of the Hawaiian Celebration
 1988–1992 – A founding trustee of the Native Hawaiian Culture & Arts Program, Bishop Museum
 1998 – Awarded Bishop Museum's Charles Reed Bishop Medal
 2002 – Received an award for excellence from The Hawaii Book Publishers Association
 2008 – Awarded an honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts by the School of the Art Institute of Chicago

References

External links
Television interview with Nainoa Thompson

Herbert K. Kane Family Trust

1928 births
2011 deaths
Hawaii (island)
Artists from Hawaii
Historians of Hawaii
Hōkūlea
Native Hawaiian writers
Polynesian navigation
School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Writers from Hawaii

masks:
Herbert Kawainui Kāne
Kāne
Herbert
Herbert Jr
Herb
Herb
Herb Kān
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb Kān
Herb Kawainui


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<mask> "Sal" <mask> (; born January 12, 1942) is an Italian mobster in the <mask> crime family. He became nationally known when he and his brothers set up a multimillion dollar heroin cartel during the 1970s and 1980s. At the turn of the century he made headline news again when members of his family were suspected of trying to get him a presidential pardon through bribery. <mask> was born as the middle son of <mask> in Palermo in Sicily on January 12, 1942. Along with his two brothers Giuseppe (Joseph) and Giovanni (John), he became a made man of the Sicilian Mafia. They are distant relatives of <mask> and his son <mask>. The family moved to the United States in 1962.After moving, <mask> started his own family and had four children. Both of his sons, Anthony and Tommaso have been suspected of being mobsters. After <mask>binos also were closely related to the Spatola, Inzerillo, and Di Maggio Mafia families in Sicily. All these families worked closely together to form a trans-Atlantic heroin smuggling operation:

"the Gambino brothers are cousins of the Spatola brothers <mask>, Vincenzo and Antonio, their father, Salvatore, being brother to the Gambino's mother; that Giuseppe Inzerillo married Giuseppa Di Maggio-sister of Calogero, Giuseppe and Salvatore Di Maggio- while Calogero Di Maggio married Dominica Spatola, thus strengthening the kinship between these families." Move to New Jersey
The Gambino family eventually made their way to New Jersey. Although they entered the country illegally in 1962, they were granted permanent residency in 1966.The brothers later joined the Gambino crime family and were made members of the criminal organization in 1975 by Paul Castellano. Older brother Giovanni (who Americanized his name to John) was named a caporegime (captain) in the crime family and <mask> and Giuseppe (who Americanized his name to Joseph) were his top lieutenants. Together the brothers formed a crew known as the "Cherry Hill Gambinos", named after their city of operation, Cherry Hill, New Jersey. Together <mask> and Joseph ran a chain of restaurants called "Father and Son Pizza". They also ran pizza shops in Philadelphia and Camden, and, with a cousin, pizzerias as far south as Dover, Delaware. The two brothers were also suspects in a string of arsons in the 1980s. Despite his considerable earnings, <mask> reported little money on his income tax return.<mask> owned Sals pizza in Delran, New Jersey. Although no longer there, it's where he met with his underlings now and again wearing suits that made him a stand alone presence. According to government reports:

"one finds a financial picture which is simply not credible. His own attorney was unable to identify his occupation when asked to do so by the court. During the last few years, he has reported moderate amounts of income, approximately $20,000 in his 1982 U. S. Individual Income Tax Return and approximately $21,000 in his 1983 Income Tax Return. Yet he lives in a lavish home which is insured for $150,000 and for which he makes mortgage payments of $1,087.00 each month. Moreover, during the calendar year 1983, he made deposits totaling just under $35,000 in his checking account.He testified that he was unemployed from December 31, 1983, until his arrest on March 16, 1984. Although he allegedly had no source of income, he stated he left untouched the $20,000 in cash he had accumulated from his pizzeria. Still he was able to meet his living expenses, gamble in the casinos and pay $1,697.00 in cash to have fountain lights installed in front of his house during this time period." In 1983, Louis Eppolito – a former New York Police Department (NYPD) detective who worked on behalf of the New York Mafia – was suspected in a corruption case that he had provided NYPD intelligence reports on to <mask>. <mask> was also linked to the Pizza Connection probe, where dealers would sell drugs from pizzerias. Heroin trafficking and conviction
Despite an official ban on drug dealing by the American Mafia, the Italian Gambino brothers were heavily involved in international heroin trafficking out of Bensonhurst. The Cherry Hill Gambinos were the ultimate recipients of the heroin that was brought in by the Inzerillo-Gambino-Spatola-Di Maggio clan from Sicily.They smuggled an estimated US$600 million worth of heroin into the U.S. every year. A lot of this money was sent back to Italy to be invested in legitimate businesses. By 1982 the Inzerillo-Gambino-Spatola holdings in Palermo alone were estimated to be worth one billion US dollars. The Gambinos had a close relationship with the Italian banker Michele Sindona. When Sindona got in trouble and was indicted for the bankruptcy of the Franklin National Bank, <mask> procured a false passport and helped to stage a bogus kidnap in August 1979, to conceal a mysterious 11-week trip to Sicily before his scheduled fraud trial. However, Sindona also had put the Mafia's heroin money at risk, due to his financial malpractice. The real purpose of the kidnapping was to issue sparsely disguised blackmail notes to Sindona's past political allies – among them Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti – to engineer the rescue of his banks and recuperate Cosa Nostra's money.The Gambinos accompanied Sindona's attempt to recover the money, but the plans failed and Sindona was arrested, leading to the indictment of the Inzerillo-Spatola-Gambino network. It remains unclear if any of the Mafia money Sindona had lost was recovered. <mask> met Sindona and <mask> upon his return at JFK Airport. In 1980, Giovanni Falcone signed an arrest warrant in Italy for the three brothers on drug trafficking charges. The brothers didn't go back to Italy and the United States did not grant extradition, so they went on trial and were convicted of drug trafficking in absentia. In March 1980, <mask> and his brother Joseph were arrested by American authorities for alleged participation in an attempt to import 91 pounds of heroin from Milan, Italy. They were both acquitted of those charges.In 1984, <mask> and three others went on trial for narcotics trafficking charges in the United States. <mask> was found guilty of selling heroin to undercover police officers and sentenced to 45 years in prison. He was then sent to Federal Correctional Institution, Terminal Island in Los Angeles to serve his sentence. Pardon attempt
<mask> made headlines again in 2001 when reports surfaced that in 1995 President Bill Clinton's half-brother Roger Clinton, Jr. had allegedly accepted $50,000 and a Rolex watch from <mask>'s children. According to reports, in return Roger said he could guarantee Anna and Tommaso, <mask>'s children, a presidential pardon by President Clinton. In 1995, Roger Clinton unsuccessfully lobbied officials for parole for <mask>. In 1999 when the president was prepared to decide who would be pardoned before his final days in office, <mask>'s name was on the list for consideration.Ultimately, the President did not grant <mask> a pardon. Deportation and release from prison
While in prison <mask> remained in good contact with the Los Angeles crime family members Jimmy Caci and his own son Tommaso. The Italian government attempted to extradite <mask> in 2001, based on an in absentia conviction for drug trafficking. The U.S. District Court in California denied the request because <mask> had already been convicted on similar charges in New York. In 2006, <mask> was released from prison after serving 22 years and then transferred to an immigrant detention center in California to await expulsion to Italy. In September 2007, an immigration judge in Los Angeles cited the United Nations Convention Against Torture in ruling that <mask> should not be deported. The judge found that in Italy, <mask> would probably be locked up in a harsh, life-threatening and life-shortening prison system designed to compel inmates to reveal information about the Sicilian Mafia (see article 41-bis prison regime).Similar reasoning was used to prevent his brothers from being deported after their criminal convictions. Immigration and Customs Enforcement successfully appealed the ruling. On May 23, 2009, <mask> arrived at Rome's Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport, where he was taken into custody. He was released while his lawyer, Daniele Francesco Lelli, pursued an appeal with the Court of Cassation, Italy’s top criminal court. However, shortly after his release from prison, the Palermo Appeals Court issued an arrest warrant for <mask> on October 27, 2011. He was arrested in a Rome clinic where he had checked in for medical tests. <mask> appealed the conviction and on February 3, 2014, he was acquitted of drug trafficking charges and was freed from prison.In July 2019 <mask> was arrested in coordinated, international police raids triggered by a trans-Atlantic WhatsApp message. Notes

References
Davis, John H. (1993). Mafia Dynasty. The Rise and Fall of the Gambino Crime Family, New York: Harper Collins,
Salter Frank K. (ed.) (2002). Risky transactions: trust, kinship, and ethnicity, New York: Berghahn Books,
Shawcross, Tim & Martin Young (1987).Men Of Honour: The Confessions Of Tommaso Buscetta, Glasgow: Collins
Sterling, Claire (1990), Octopus. How the long reach of the Sicilian Mafia controls the global narcotics trade, New York: Simon & Schuster,
<mask>bino at the New Jersey Casino Control Commission
Roger and Me, Philadelphia Citypaper, September 6–13, 2001
Pizza Parlors: Safehouses for Drug Smugglers in 1985 Report of the Pennsylvania Crime Commission. http://news.google.ca/newspapers?id=4n0xAAAAIBAJ&sjid=p6UFAAAAIBAJ&dq=rosario%20gambino&pg=2786%2C1911660
sify.com

1942 births
Living people
Gambino crime family
American gangsters of Sicilian descent
Inzerillo-Gambino Mafia clan
Italian emigrants to the United States
Gangsters from Palermo

masks:
Rosario
Gambino
Gambino
Family Rosario Gambino
Tommaso Gambino
Carlo Gambino
Thomas Gambino
Gambino
Rosarioam
Rosario
Rosario
Rosario
Rosario
Rosario Gambino
Rosario
Rosario
John Gambino
Rosario
John Gambino
Rosario
Gambino
Gambino
Rosario Gambino
Gambino
Rosario
Rosario Gambino
Gambino
Gambino
Gambino
Gambino
Gambino
Gambino
Gambino
Gambino
Gambino
Gambino
Gambino
Gambino
Rosario Gam


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<mask> (5 September 1908 – 1 September 1987) was an Italian historian of the Classical antiquity, known for his work in historiography, characterised by Donald Kagan as "the world's leading student of the writing of history in the ancient world". Biography
<mask> was born on 5 September 1908 in Caraglio, Piedmont. In 1936 he became Professor of Roman History at the University of Turin, but as a Jew soon lost his position due to the anti-Jewish Racial Laws enacted by the Fascist regime in 1938, and moved to England, where he remained. After a time at Oxford University, he went to University College London, where he was Professor from 1951 to 1975. He was a Fellow of the Warburg Institute and supervised the PhD of Wolf Liebeschuetz. Momigliano visited regularly at the University of Chicago where he was named Alexander White Professor in the Humanities, and at the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. He wrote reviews for The New York Review of Books.In addition to studying the ancient Greek historians and their methods, he also took an interest in modern historians, such as Edward Gibbon, and wrote a number of studies of them. After 1930, Momigliano contributed a number of biographies to the Enciclopedia Italiana; in the 1940s and 1950s he contributed biographies to the Oxford Classical Dictionary and Encyclopædia Britannica. In 1974 he was made an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE). A number of his essays were collected into volumes published posthumously. He died on 1 September 1987 in London. Views
In the 1930s, Momigliano joined the National Fascist Party, swore loyalty to Benito Mussolini, and sought exemption from antisemitic Italian racial laws as a party member. Momigliano believed that several classical works of European literature had contributed to the nationalism and warfare in Europe, and considered works such as Germania and the Iliad as "among the most dangerous books ever written".Momigliano considered it wasteful and "comical" to spend much efforts at identifying and explaining the forces held responsible for the gradual disintegration of the Roman Empire. In the 1980s, Momigliano and fellow historian Carlo Ginzburg leveled heavy criticism against French philologist Georges Dumézil, whom they charged with being a fascist opposed to "Judeo-Christian" society. Momigliano's attacks on Dumézil, who was then in very poor health, have been described as "unfair and vicious" by Edgar C. Polomé. Works
 George Grote and the Study of Greek History, London: Lewis, 1952. The Conflict Between Paganism and Christianity in the Fourth Century, Clarendon Press, 1963
 Studies in Historiography, Garland Pub., 1985,
 The Development of Greek Biography: Four Lectures, Harvard University Press, 1971; revised and expanded, Harvard University Press, 1993,
 Alien Wisdom: The Limits of Hellenization, Cambridge University Press, 1975; reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1978, 1990, 1991, 1993
 Essays in Ancient and Modern Historiography, Wesleyan University Press, 1977,
 "History and Biography" and "Greek Culture and the Jews", in The Legacy of Greece, a new Appraisal, Moses I Finley (ed. ), Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1981
 How to Reconcile Greeks and Trojans, North-Holland Pub. Co., 1982
 "Premesse per una discussione su Georges Dumézil", Opus 2 (1983): 329–42.English translation: "Introduction to a Discussion of Georges Dumezil", in Studies on Modern Scholarship (see below), pp. 286–301. "Georges Dumézil and the Trifunctional Approach to Roman Civilization", History and Theory 23, no. 3 (1984): 312–20. "Two Types of Universal History: The Cases of E. A. Freeman and Max Weber," The Journal of Modern History Vol. 58, No. 1, March 1986
 On Pagans, Jews and Christians, reprint, Wesleyan University Press, 1987,
 The Classical Foundations of Modern Historiography, University of California Press, 1990,
 Essays on Ancient and Modern Judaism, Editor Silvia Berti, University of Chicago Press, 1994;
 Studies on Modern Scholarship.Edited by G. W. Bowersock & T. J. Cornell. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. "The Rules of the Game in the Study of Ancient History", History and Theory 55, no. 1 (February 2016). References

Further reading

 Bowersock, G. W. "Momigliano's Quest for the Person", History and Theory, Vol. 30, No. 4, Beiheft 30: The Presence of the Historian: Essays in Memory of <mask> Momigliano.(Dec. 1991), pp. 27–36. honorificus: A.D<mask>: Studies on Modern Scholarship (eds. G.W. Bowersock and T.J. Cornell, 1994)
 Christ, Karl. "<mask> <mask> and the History of Historiography", History and Theory, Vol. 30, No.4, Beiheft 30: The Presence of the Historian: Essays in Memory of <mask> <mask>. (Dec. 1991), pp. 5–12. Ginzburg, Carlo. "Momigliano and de Martino", History and Theory, Vol. 30, No. 4, Beiheft 30: The Presence of the Historian: Essays in Memory of <mask> <mask>.(Dec. 1991), pp. 37–48. Gould, Rebecca Ruth. "Antiquarianism as Genealogy: <mask> Momigliano’s Method", History & Theory Vol. 53 No. 2 (2014), pp. 212–233.Kagan, Donald, "<mask> Momigliano and the human sources of history", The New Criterion, Vol. 10, No. 7, March 1992. Murray, Oswyn. "<mask> Momigliano, 1908–1987: [Obituary]", The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 77. (1987), pp.xi–xii. Murray, Oswyn. "<mask> Momigliano in England", History and Theory, Vol. 30, No. 4, Beiheft 30: The Presence of the Historian: Essays in Memory of <mask> <mask>. (Dec. 1991), pp. 49–64.Phillips, Mark Salber. "Reconsiderations on History and Antiquarianism: <mask> <mask> and the Historiography of Eighteenth-Century Britain", Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 57, No. 2. (Apr. 1996), pp. 297–316.Weinberg, Joanna. "Where Three Civilizations Meet", History and Theory, Vol. 30, No. 4, Beiheft 30: The Presence of the Historian: Essays in Memory of <mask> Momigliano. (Dec. 1991), pp. 13–26. Italian classical scholars
Italian historians
Jewish historians
Jewish Italian writers
1908 births
1987 deaths
MacArthur Fellows
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
Academics of University College London
British Jewish writers
Fellows of the British Academy
Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century Italian Jews
Italian refugees
Jews who immigrated to the United Kingdom to escape Nazism
Scholars of Roman history
20th-century British historians
20th-century British writers
20th-century Italian writers
20th-century male writers
Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa faculty
People from Caraglio

masks:
Arnaldo Dante Momigliano
Momigliano
Arnaldo
. Momigliano
Arnaldo
Momigliano
Arnaldo
Momigliano
Arnaldo
Momigliano
Arnaldo
Arnaldo
Arnaldo
Arnaldo
Arnaldo
Momigliano
Arnaldo
Momigliano
Arnaldo


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<mask> (born 3 April 1960) is a Filipino accountant and financial expert. He was the Secretary of Finance of the Republic of the Philippines under the administration of President Benigno S. Aquino III. He also served as the chair of the Cabinet Economic Development Cluster and member of the Monetary Board of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. <mask> is a multi-awarded finance minister, recognized 7 times in 6 consecutive years by various international institutions for turning the Philippine economy around and restoring investor confidence. He had previously been Secretary of Trade and Industry and then Secretary of Finance during the term of Aquino's predecessor President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo but resigned amid the latter's involvement in the 2005 "Hello Garci scandal". <mask> is the third longest-serving Finance Secretary in history, behind <mask> and Jaime Hernandez, and is to date, the longest-serving Finance Secretary after the EDSA Revolution of 1986. Background

Education and early career
<mask> earned his bachelor's degree in accountancy at De La Salle University and pursued an MBA with specialisation in international economics, finance, and marketing at the Kellogg School of Management of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, USA.Before his stint in government, <mask>, a Certified Public Accountant, has had extensive work experience in public accounting and finance both in the Philippines and abroad. From 1999 to 2004, he served as chairman and Managing Partner of the country's largest professional services firm Sycip, Gorres, Velayo & Co. (a member firm of Andersen Worldwide until 2002 and presently member firm of Ernst & Young Global). From 2001 to 2002, he was also Area Managing Partner for Asia-Pacific for Assurance and Business Services of Andersen Worldwide, making him the first and only Filipino so far to head the Area practice of a Big 4 accounting firm. In Ernst & Young Global, he was a member of both the Global Executive Board and Global Practice Council. Government service in the Arroyo administration (2004-2005)
In 2004, President Arroyo appointed him Secretary of Trade and Industry. A year after, he was appointed Secretary of Finance. <mask> held the post for 5 months until his resignation together with nine other Cabinet ministers, a group known as the "Hyatt 10" which include then-Education Secretary Florencio Abad, the late Budget Secretary Emilia Boncodin, and Secretary of Social Welfare and Development Corazon "Dinky" Soliman.Return to the private sector (2005-2010)
Together with members of the Hyatt 10, <mask> founded the International Center for Innovation, Transformation and Excellence in Governance (INCITEGov) as a trustee. INCITEGov engages in democratic politics to secure key changes in governance yielding development gains, and to scale up citizen engagement in politics. <mask> also ventured into various entrepreneurial pursuits. Government service in the Aquino administration (2010-2016)

On 30 June 2010, he returned to the finance portfolio in the cabinet of President Benigno S. Aquino III. With Purisima leading Aquino's economic management team, the Philippine economy has kept a 6-year running growth average of 6.2%, its fastest run in 40 years. Under the Aquino administration, the Philippines has also been enjoying strengthening investor and consumer confidence, upgraded to a notch above investment grade by Standard & Poor's and to investment grade by Moody's, Fitch, the National Information and Credit Evaluation (NICE) Investors Service, and the Japan Credit Rating Agency. With 24 positive credit rating actions since 2010, the Philippines is so far the world's most upgraded sovereign.Increased confidence on the Philippines’ prospects has led to a sixfold jump in foreign direct investments (FDIs), from $1.07 billion in 2010 to $6.20 billion in 2014. Under <mask>'s watch, the Philippines' debt as a percentage to GDP fell to a historic low of 44.8% as of 2015, a 10 percentage point decline from the 54.8% posted in 2009 before the Aquino administration took over with a governance philosophy espousing fiscal responsibility. <mask> was also a key champion of the Sin Tax Reform Law passed in 2013, which as of October 2015 has already raised an additional P149.5 billion in incremental revenues from excise taxes on the consumption of tobacco and alcohol products, which are then poured into the Aquino administration's universal health care program. As of 2015, the national Philippine government's deficit was contained to a healthy 0.9% of GDP, while tax effort as a percentage of GDP rose from 12.1% in 2010 to 13.7%, achieved through revenue administration reforms and tougher enforcement. <mask> also oversaw a vast expansion of fiscal space, growing government revenues by 75% in 5 years from P1.208 trillion to P2.109 trillion, enabling the education budget of the government to double within the period. The health budget was also tripled, resulting to improvements in health facilities and the expansion of national health insurance coverage to 93.5 of 100 million Filipinos, up from only 47.1 million Filipinos in 2010. The Philippines also hit its infrastructure spending goal matched at 5% of GDP as of 2016, up by more than 4 times since 2010.The social services budget, used to fund the country's successful conditional cash transfer (CCT) program named the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps), has within 5 years shot up by 9 times to cover what is now 4.62 million households. Purisima helped President Aquino achieve a strong fiscal position for the Philippines by cracking down on corruption, plugging revenue leakages, and strengthening tax administration and enforcement capabilities. The Revenue Integrity Protection Service (RIPS), housed within the Department of Finance, has focused on weeding out corrupt agents among the ranks of revenue generating agencies. Since inception in 2003 until end-2015, RIPS has charged a total of 271 personalities, 158 of which came from 2010 to 2015 alone. Successful resolutions of RIPS cases tallied up to 103, 78 of which came from 2010 to 2015 alone. Since 2010, the Run After Tax Evaders (RATE) campaign of the Bureau of Internal Revenue has filed 435 cases as of 5 February 2016, with total estimated tax liabilities of at least P73 billion. The Run After The Smugglers (RATS) program of the Bureau of Customs meanwhile, has filed 210 cases worth P57 billion in dutiable value since 2010.<mask> also advocated for greater transparency in the extractives industry, believing that increased accuracy between government and company-reported revenues would empower the public to better understand how extractives are contributing back to the local communities where they operate. On 24 February 2016, the global Extractives Industry Transparency Initiative (EITI) awarded the Philippines during its conference in Lima, Peru for having exemplified how EITI reports can maximize impact, translating data collected into real governance reforms on the ground. Towards the end of his tenure, <mask> sought to ensure a smooth transition process at the Department of Finance, welcoming his successor former Secretary of Agriculture and of Environment & Natural Resources Carlos G. Dominguez III. In institutionalizing an efficient turnover, Purisima simplified the agency's body of issuances by repealing 3,771 of its 4,323 outdated or incoherent department orders and collapsing 273 outdated committees from its 356 internal and interagency groups. Purisima also turned over a manual of key information and an economic data bank, as well as renovated the 5th and 6th floors of the agency's headquarters for the incoming Secretary's perusal. <mask> and Dominguez both had their teams working closely for a whole month coordinating an orderly transition for the latter to hit the ground running on day one. As Finance Secretary, he is a member of the Monetary Board of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, the Governor for the Philippines in the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the Governor for the Philippines at the World Bank, and Alternate Governor for the Philippines at the International Monetary Fund.He is also ex-officio Chairman of the Land Bank of the Philippines, the Philippine Deposit Insurance Corporation, the Philippine Export-Import Credit Agency, the National Power Corporation, the Home Guaranty Corporation, the National Transmission Corporation, and the Power Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Corporation. Chairmanships in international fora
In 2011–2012, <mask> served as Chairman of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) Board of Governors, chairing the 45th Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors in May 2012, where the Philippines showed off its hosting chops to the international community, earning the ADB's praise. <mask> was also instrumental in the Philippine hosting of the 23rd World Economic Forum (WEF) on East Asia in 2014. In 2015, while the Philippines hosted the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meetings, he served as the Chair of the APEC Finance Ministers’ Process (FMP) and shepherded the adoption of the Cebu Action Plan (CAP), the first ever roadmap under the FMP. The Cebu Action Plan is a four-pillar roadmap for a more sustainable financial future for the Asia-Pacific region. Its 4 pillars continue the progress towards the Bogor Goals of free and open trade and investment and consists of: (i) promoting financial integration; (ii) advancing fiscal reforms and transparency; (iii) enhancing financial resilience; and (iv) accelerating infrastructure development and financing. As of 2016, the Peru Chairmanship of the APEC Finance Ministers’ Process (FMP) is focusing on implementing the Cebu Action Plan.In 2015 he also served as Chair of the Vulnerable 20 Group of Finance Ministers under the Climate Vulnerable Forum, which the Philippines chaired that year. <mask> chaired the inaugural meeting of the V20 in Lima, Peru, announcing a series of actions to foster greater investment in climate resiliency and low emissions development both in their home countries and internationally. In its first statement, the group called the response to climate change a "foremost humanitarian priority," with the V20 committing to act collectively to "foster a significant increase" of public and private finance for climate action from wide-ranging sources, including international, regional and domestic mobilization. In the inaugural meeting <mask> chaired, all 20 members agreed to establish a sovereign V20 Climate Risk Pooling mechanism to distribute economic and financial risks, enabling participating economies to improve recovery from climate-induced extreme weather events and disasters and to ensure enhanced security for jobs, livelihoods, businesses and investors. Modeled on similar regional facilities, the trans-regional mechanism would increase access to dependable and cost-efficient insurance while incentivizing scaled-up adaptation. V20 member countries also committed to develop or improve their financial accounting models and methodologies to enhance accounting of climate change costs, risks and response co-benefits in all their forms, while seeking a new international partnership to help realize the group's aims. Personal life
<mask> was born in Davao City to the late Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Fidel <mask> and Fevic Velasquez <mask>, and grew up in General Santos City before moving to Metro Manila.<mask> married Corazon "Corrie" de la Cruz in 2005. Together, they have two young children, a son and a daughter. <mask> and his wife are known breastfeeding advocates. Awards
<mask> was first recognized by London-based financial news source Emerging Markets as 2011 Finance Minister of the Year for Asia for his strong policy track record and steadfast commitment to maintaining economic stability. A year later, he was named 2012 Finance Minister of the Year by business and finance magazine Euromoney for his careful and successful stewardship of the Philippine economy whose growth stood against the challenging global macro-economic backdrop. He was once again the choice of Emerging Markets for 2013 Finance Minister of the Year for Asia for his success in steering an economic policy that has led to upgrades in the Philippines’ credit rating to investment grade. In the same year, he was cited by the international publication The Banker as 2013 Finance Minister of the Year for Asia Pacific for elevating the status of the Philippines in the international community.In 2015, he was awarded Finance Minister of the Year 2014 by FinanceAsia for his leadership in driving the comeback story of the country. In 2016, he was given a repeat award by FinanceAsia — Finance Minister of the Year 2015 being his second consecutive recognition by the publication —marking the completion of the economic turnaround of the Philippines. In late 2016, he was given his 7th Finance Minister of the Year recognition by Global Markets (formerly Emerging Markets) more than 3 months after stepping down from his post. <mask>'s record of 7 consecutive awards is a first in the history of the Republic of the Philippines. <mask> was the Alumni Merit Awardee for the Kellogg Graduate School of Management in the 2014 Northwestern Alumni University Awards, making him the first Filipino awardee from Kellogg and among the first Filipinos to receive such a distinction from the university. The Republic of France conferred him the Chevalier de l’ Ordre National du Merite (Rank of Knight) in the economic domain in 2001 for bringing together France and the Philippines. He was named Fellow of the Eminent Southeast Asians Programme of the Singapore International Foundation in 2003.In the Philippines, he has been granted the highest awards in accountancy by the Professional Regulation Commission and the Philippine Institute of Certified Public Accountants. <mask> was conferred Doctor of Humanities, Honoris Causa, by the Angeles University. On 24 June 2016, <mask> was awarded the Order of Lakandula with the rank of Grand Cross (Bayani) by President Aquino for his contributions in driving the Philippine turnaround story. The Order of Lakandula is one of the highest civilian honors conferred by the President of the Republic of the Philippines. The honor is conferred "upon an individual who has devoted his life to the peaceful resolution of conflict; upon an individual whose life is worthy of emulation by the Filipino people." References

1960 births
Living people
People from General Santos
Secretaries of Finance of the Philippines
Secretaries of Trade and Industry of the Philippines
Kellogg School of Management alumni
Benigno Aquino III Administration cabinet members
Arroyo Administration cabinet members
De La Salle University alumni
Northwestern University alumni

masks:
Cesar Antonio Velasquez Purisima
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<mask>,  (born 14 August 1968) is a professional golfer from Northern Ireland who currently plays on the PGA Tour Champions and has previously played on the European Tour and PGA Tour. He has won 21 tournaments worldwide on a number of golf's main tours including the European Tour, the PGA Tour, the Sunshine Tour and the Japan Golf Tour. His biggest victory came when he won the 2011 Open Championship at Royal St George's in England, his first major win after more than 20 years and 54 attempts. <mask> has also won two World Golf Championship events, most notably the 2000 WGC-Andersen Consulting Match Play Championship, when he defeated Tiger Woods in the final. <mask> was ranked in the top-10 of the Official World Golf Ranking for 43 weeks between 2000 and 2002. His highest finish on the European Tour money list is second, which he achieved in 1998, 2000 and 2003. <mask> is currently ranked as the seventh highest career money winner on the European Tour.<mask> has represented Ireland as both an amateur and as a professional, notably at the World Cup and Alfred Dunhill Cup, and was a member of five consecutive European Ryder Cup teams between 1997 and 2006. Amateur career
<mask> was born in Dungannon, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, and in 1987 he played collegiate golf at Wake Forest University in the United States. He was a junior member of Dungannon Golf Club, whose junior section also included three others who are current PGA Golf Professionals: Alistair Cardwell, Barry Hamill and Gary Chambers. <mask> represented his school, Royal School Dungannon, together with Cardwell and Chambers. Professional career

1990–92: Early career
<mask> turned professional in 1990 and played his first full season on the European Tour in 1991. He contested in his first major championship at the 1991 Open Championship, making the cut before finishing in a tie for 64th place. In 1992 <mask> had a solid season on the European Tour, finishing 41st in overall Order of Merit, in doing so achieving his highest finish of his career at the time with a second-place finish at the Honda Open.He finished three strokes behind champion Bernhard Langer. 1993–95: First European Tour win and steady progress
<mask>'s real breakthrough year was in 1993 when he won his maiden European Tour event and played his way to 8th position on the Order of Merit. After a relatively solid but unspectacular first half of the season, <mask>'s form improved greatly during the August–September stretch, achieving four top-10 finishes in four consecutive tournaments. In October 1993, <mask> won his maiden European Tour event at the Alfred Dunhill Open in Belgium. <mask> had the lead after 54 holes and held off the challenge of Englishman Nick Faldo and Vijay Singh, who shot a final-round 64. <mask> prevailed by two strokes. A month later <mask> nearly won his second title at the European Tour's season-ending Volvo Masters, however, he was pipped to the title by Colin Montgomerie who finished one stroke clear.Overall for the season <mask> made 24 out of 30 cuts and finished in the top-10 on seven occasions. The follow-up year in 1994 was another solid season for <mask> on the tour, making 17 of 21 cuts and finishing 37th on the Order of Merit list. <mask> also played in his first U.S. Open although he missed the cut and had his highest finish, at the time, in The Open Championship with a tie for 38th place. In 1995, <mask> had better success, with seven top-10s in 27 events, most notably at the Portuguese Open where he finished second after losing a sudden-death playoff to Adam Hunter on the first extra hole, despite having the joint 54-hole lead. <mask> ended the year 14th on the Order of Merit. 1996–1999: Four more European Tour wins and near miss at 1997 Open
In 1996, <mask> won his second European Tour title at the Linde German Masters by one stroke, shooting a final round 63 to finish 24 under par, one stroke ahead of Englishman Mike Davis. <mask> also recorded his best finish in a major, at that current time, with a tie for 11th place at The Open Championship in 1996.He also equalled his best finish on the Order of Merit, placing in 8th for the season. In May 1997, <mask> finished second at the Volvo PGA Championship, two strokes behind Ian Woosnam. In July 1997, <mask> was in a position to win his first major championship at the 1997 Open Championship at Royal Troon. <mask> held the lead with American Jim Furyk after the first round and then pulled two strokes clear of the field after a 66 in the second round, but a third-round 71 put him two strokes behind leader Jesper Parnevik going into the final day. However, the winner was not to come from the final pairing, as Justin Leonard came storming through the pack with a 65 to beat both <mask> and Parnevik by three strokes. <mask> ended the season 4th on the Order of Merit. In 1998, <mask> made his first appearances at two of the biggest golf events worldwide.He missed the cut on his debut at The Players Championship, but his first visit to Augusta National Golf Club was much more successful, shooting 67–69 on the weekend to finish in a tie for 8th at the Masters Tournament. This remains his highest ever finish at the Masters to date. In May 1998, <mask> won his third career event on the European Tour at the Benson & Hedges International Open by three strokes from Santiago Luna. <mask> then had three more 2nd-place finishes during the season before winning the season-ending Volvo Masters in Spain. His two victories in 1998 helped him to finish in 2nd place on the final 1998 Order of Merit standings behind Colin Montgomerie. <mask> missed only one cut all year, at the Murphy's Irish Open. In 1999, <mask> captured his fifth European Tour win at the Compass Group English Open, finishing two strokes ahead of John Bickerton.He also achieved his highest ever placing at the U.S. Open this year when he finished tied for 10th place. 2000: WGC-Matchplay Championship win and further success
<mask>'s worldwide breakthrough came in 2000 when he won his first World Golf Championship event, defeating Tiger Woods in the final 4&3 at the 2000 WGC-Andersen Consulting Match Play Championship at La Costa Resort and Spa. This was <mask>'s biggest victory of his career so far as he netted the $1 million first prize. <mask> had a difficult route through the championship but defeated a host of big name players: Paul Azinger, Mark O'Meara, Thomas Bjørn, Hal Sutton and David Duval before taking on Woods in the final. <mask>'s fine year in 2000 continued when he finished tied for second place in the Volvo PGA Championship and the following week he won his seventh European Tour event at the Compass Group English Open. <mask> also recorded his best finish at the PGA Championship with a tie for 9th place. He also had three 2nd-place finishes in the 2000 season, which included eleven top-10 finishes.He finished 2nd on the Order of Merit and it was his highest ever season in terms of prize money. <mask> earned over €2.7 million for the year. 2001–03: Continued success and second WGC win
The 2001 season saw <mask> finish one place lower on the Order of Merit in 3rd place, although he did manage some notable results on tour during this season. <mask> added to his list of European Tour wins at the Smurfit European Open, which he won by three strokes at The K Club. A couple of weeks later, <mask> produced another fine performance at The Open Championship at Royal Lytham & St Annes, finishing in a tie for 3rd place, four strokes behind the eventual winner David Duval. <mask> then had another notable 3rd-place finish at the WGC-NEC Invitational, earning in excess of €400,000. In 2002, <mask> played on both the European Tour and the PGA Tour.In the buildup to the Masters, <mask> played the Shell Houston Open and finished second behind runaway winner Vijay Singh. He then played on the European Tour in the summer and won his ninth career title at the Compass Group English Open, becoming the first man to win the tournament three times. In the 2003 WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship, <mask> lost to Peter Lonard at the quarter-final stage. However, <mask> did not have to wait much longer for more WGC success though, when he won his second WGC event at the WGC-NEC Invitational at Firestone Country Club in Akron, Ohio. He finished four strokes ahead of Jonathan Kaye. <mask>'s run of success throughout 2001–2003 saw him miss only three cuts on the European Tour in three years and he finished 2nd on the European Order of Merit for the third time in his career. 2004: First winless season in seven years
<mask> continued his run of good form at the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship in 2004, when he finished third.He lost to Davis Love III in the semi-final on the 21st hole, but beat Stephen Leaney 2-up in the resulting 3rd place playoff match. <mask> also had a good finish at the WGC-American Express Championship, finishing in a tie for 4th place. Despite winning over $2 million in prize money, <mask> did not win an event during the 2004 season on either tour and this was the first time this had happened since 1997. 2005–2007: Loss of form and slump
<mask> played the 2005 season half and half between the European Tour and the PGA Tour. He enjoyed a solid season with many top-10 finishes, but he could not climb the final hurdle of winning an event. The highlights of his year were a 2nd-place finish at the Barclays Scottish Open in Europe and another 2nd place at the MCI Heritage in the United States. With <mask> playing much fewer tournaments on the European Tour he only finished 20th on the Order of Merit compared to his previous success in this category.In 2006, <mask> only managed to record four top-10 placings and finished the year 43rd on the Order of Merit. However, just six weeks after the death of his wife, Heather, he made a big contribution to Europe's Ryder Cup win in 2006 at The K Club in the Ireland. <mask> was one of Ian Woosnam's two wild card picks and he earned three points on the way to victory for Europe, including a 3 & 2 win in his singles match against Zach Johnson. The 2007 season was the worst of <mask>'s professional career. He did not record any top-10 finishes. He withdrew from a number of events in the year and finished 143rd on the Order of Merit list. 2008: Return to form
<mask> ended his winless streak in April 2008 when he won the BMW Asian Open in an emotional victory after a birdie on the 72nd hole to see off Robert-Jan Derksen by one stroke.This was <mask>'s first win in almost five years and the 11th of his career. The win broke the shackles from the slump in form he went through in the previous years and his 12th victory was not far around the corner. <mask> won again in the Netherlands at the KLM Open finishing the tournament four shots ahead of Paul McGinley. <mask> ended his comeback year 13th in the Order of Merit Standings, however he missed out on a place in Nick Faldo's Ryder Cup team, the first time <mask> had done so in over 10 years. 2009–10: Consistent play
The 2009 and 2010 seasons were steady in progress for <mask> as he began to rebuild his form following the successful 2008 season. He only managed to record three top-10 finishes during the whole of 2009, most notably tying for 5th place in the defence of his KLM Open title in the Netherlands. <mask> finished 61st in the Race to Dubai Standings and missed out a place in the season ending finale narrowly by finishing outside the top 60.In 2010, however, he did make into the Dubai Finals after finishing 30th at the end of the year. He was aided by two second-place finishes throughout the season at the Joburg Open behind winner Charl Schwartzel and then at the Barclays Scottish Open ending up three strokes behind Edoardo Molinari. 2011: Open Championship victory
In 2011, <mask> won his first European Tour title since August 2008 with a three-stroke victory over Chris Wood and David Lynn in the Iberdrola Open. After finishing tied for third in the 2001 Open Championship, <mask> did not make the top-10 of any major, until he won his first major championship at the 2011 Open at the age of 42 – his 20th attempt at winning the Claret Jug. <mask> dedicated his victory to his two children and late wife Heather, who lost her battle with breast cancer in 2006: "In terms of what's going through my heart, there's obviously somebody who is watching from up above there, and I know she'd be very proud of me. But I think she'd be more proud of my two boys and them at home watching more than anything else. It's been a long journey to get here".With <mask>'s triumph in The Open at Royal St George's, it was the first time since 1910 where one country (other than the United States) had different golfers win consecutive majors. Rory McIlroy, also of Northern Ireland, captured the 2011 U.S. Open title one month earlier at Congressional Country Club in Bethesda, Maryland. <mask>'s victory at the 2011 Open meant that he became the third major winner from Northern Ireland in 13 months, following Graeme McDowell's win in the 2010 U.S. Open and Rory McIlroy's victory in the 2011 U.S. Open, prompting McIlroy to quip that Northern Ireland was the 'Golf Capital of the World'. PGA Tour Champions
In November 2020, <mask> won the TimberTech Championship in Boca Raton, Florida for his first win on the PGA Tour Champions. It was his first worldwide, since he won The Open Championship in 2011. <mask> collected his second win at the Mitsubishi Electric Championship at Hualalai in Hawaii just 3 months later. In September 2021, <mask> won the Sanford International in a playoff over K. J. Choi and Steve Flesch.Ryder Cup and other team golf
<mask> has represented Ireland as both an amateur and as a professional, most notably at the World Cup and Alfred Dunhill Cup. He was a member of five consecutive European Ryder Cup teams in 1997, 1999, 2002, 2004 and 2006, winning on four occasions and was also appointed a non-playing vice captain by Colin Montgomerie in 2010 and by Paul McGinley in 2014. <mask>'s most notable appearance at the Ryder Cup was in 2006, six weeks after the death of his wife Heather. Heather had loved the Ryder Cup and encouraged <mask> to compete in it, so he made himself available for selection. European captain Ian Woosnam chose <mask> as one of his two wild cards, and he contributed three points from three matches to Europe's victory, and was embraced by members of the European and U.S. teams after he finished the tournament. <mask> was named as the 2016 Ryder Cup captain on 18 February 2015. He was selected by a five-man selection panel consisting of the last three Ryder Cup captains: Paul McGinley, José María Olazábal, Colin Montgomerie, another ex-Ryder Cup player David Howell and the European Tour chief executive George O'Grady.Personal life
<mask>'s grandfather Ben played for Portadown, Sheffield United, Exeter City and Carlisle United and earned two amateur caps for the Ireland national football team (1882–1950) in 1934. His father Godfrey played for Glenavon. He met his wife Heather in a nightclub in Portrush, County Antrim, and they married in March 1996. The couple had two sons, Tyrone and Conor, and the family lived at Sunningdale, Berkshire, UK. In 2005 and 2006 he missed several tournaments to care for his wife, who had been diagnosed with both primary breast cancer in December 2001, then, in 2004, with secondary breast cancer. <mask> died on Sunday 13 August 2006 at 39 years of age, in the Royal Marsden Hospital, London. <mask>'s friend Paul McGinley immediately announced his own withdrawal from the PGA Championship starting in Medinah, Illinois.In a statement McGinley said, "Our two families are very much intertwined, obviously me and <mask>, but Heather and (McGinley's wife) Ali were the best of friends and our kids are in the same class at school. So it is a tough time for us all". Following <mask>'s performance at the 2006 Ryder Cup, six weeks after his wife had died, he was the favourite to win the 2006 BBC Sports Personality of the Year award, but was runner-up to Zara Phillips. He had previously stated he did not want to win with a sympathy vote after his wife's death. <mask> and his sons moved back to Northern Ireland, making their home in Portrush. <mask> and former Miss Northern Ireland Alison Campbell married on 11 April 2012. On 6 April 2011, <mask> was photographed by Kevin Abosch for The Face of Ireland project.<mask> is a supporter of Liverpool F.C. <mask> was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to golf. Amateur wins
1989 East of Ireland Championship
1990 Spanish International Amateur Championship, Irish Amateur Close Championship, South of Ireland Championship, North of Ireland Amateur Championship

Professional wins (25)

PGA Tour wins (3)

European Tour wins (14)

1Co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour

European Tour playoff record (0–1)

Japan Golf Tour wins (3)

Japan Golf Tour playoff record (0–1)

Sunshine Tour wins (1)

Sunshine Tour playoff record (0–1)

Challenge Tour wins (1)

Other wins (3)
1992 Ulster Professional Championship
1994 Smurfit Irish PGA Championship
2010 Lough Erne Challenge (with Rory McIlroy)

PGA Tour Champions wins (3)

PGA Tour Champions playoff record (1–0)

Major championships

Wins (1)

Results timeline
Results not in chronological order in 2020. CUT = missed the half way cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place
NT = No tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic

Summary

Most consecutive cuts made – 7 (2000 Masters – 2001 Open Championship)
Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (2000 Open Championship – 2000 PGA)

Results in The Players Championship

CUT = missed the halfway cut
WD = withdrew
"T" indicates a tie for a place

World Golf Championships

Wins (2)

Results timeline

1Cancelled due to 9/11

QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play
"T" = Tied
WD = Withdrew
NT = No tournament
Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009.

masks:
Darren Christopher Clarke
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<mask> is an American former professional boxer and mixed martial artist. She was the first to win the Women's WBO Super Bantamweight and IBA Super Bantamweight titles. Nicknamed "The Hurricane", she is also one of the quickest boxers ever to win a world title, having fought just five previous professional bouts before winning the IBA Super Bantamweight title. In mixed martial arts, <mask> competed for ONE Fighting Championship and Bellator MMA. <mask> retired from combat sports in March 2018. Boxing career

Early career

<mask> was born in San Francisco, California. Despite her father making her train in martial arts when she was little, she had no interest in boxing whatsoever.It was only while working as a bok-fu instructor, at the West Wind Martial Arts and Boxing School in Berkeley, California, that <mask> was introduced to boxing through a lecture session organized by her now trainer-manager, Angelo Reyes. Amateur career
<mask> made her amateur boxing debut in 2004, managing to win silver in the San Francisco Golden Gloves despite having officially trained for just two weeks. After delivering a good performance at the National Golden Gloves in 2005, <mask> would be taken under the wing of two-division world champion Carina Moreno and trainer Rick Noble, further improving her craft. By 2007, she was ranked second among all female amateur boxers in the US, and took  part in the unsuccessful campaign to include women's boxing in the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Professional career
At this point, <mask> decided to turn pro, and approached veteran trainer Freddie Roach. Impressing Roach with her work ethic — even sparring against male fighters — <mask> eventually became part of Roach's large stable of boxers, alongside Filipino boxing legend Manny Pacquiao and former world champion Gerry Peñalosa. She was scheduled to make her pro debut against Hondi Hernandez on the undercard of the Pacquiao-Barrera rematch in October 2007, but her fight was canceled when Hernandez failed to make weight.<mask> instead fought and won against Rita Valentini a month later. This was followed by several other successful fights, culminating in her first title win against Kelsey “The Road Warrior” Jeffries on September 12, 2009 for the vacant International Boxing Association super bantamweight title in women's boxing. Now trained by Nonito Donaire Sr., father of boxer Nonito Donaire Jr., <mask> followed up that win by defeating Donna Biggers and becoming the first female World Boxing Organization Super Bantamweight champion on December 4, 2009. Her next fight was on March 27, 2010, against boxer Lisa Brown for the vacant World Boxing Association junior featherweight title. Mixed martial arts career

ONE Fighting Championship
<mask> signed a contract with ONE Fighting Championship to compete in women's mixed martial arts. She is a black belt in Bok Fu, an aggressive martial arts system that combines the Five Animals style of Kung Fu – Tiger, Crane, Panther, Snake, and Dragon – with Kenpo Karate and Shotokan. She is also a black belt in Taekwondo

<mask> made her debut at ONE FC: Rise of Heroes on May 2, 2014 against Aya-Saeid Saber.She was successful in her debut, winning the fight via TKO in the third round. On August 29, 2014, <mask> suffered her first loss to Ann Osman of Malaysia at ONE FC: Reign of Champions. On December 5, 2014, <mask> defeated Walaa Abbas of Egypt in ONE FC: Warrior's Way at the Mall of Asia Arena in the Philippines. <mask> improved her mixed martial arts record to 2–1. On December 11, 2015, <mask> lost to Irina Mazepa of Russia at ONE Championship: Spirit of Champions. It would be her last fight in ONE. Bellator MMA
In September 2017 it was announced <mask> was signed to Bellator MMA.<mask> faced Lisa Blaine at Bellator 185 on October 20, 2017. She lost the fight via split decision. <mask> faced Heather Hardy on February 16, 2018 at Bellator 194. She lost the fight via unanimous decision. She retired from mixed martial arts and combat sports the following month with an MMA record of 2–4. Achievements

Professional career
2009
WBO Super Bantamweight World Champion
IBA Super Bantamweight World Champion

Amateur Record
2007
Rank No. 2, United States Nationwide Rankings
Silver Medalist, United States Championship
Gold Medalist, San Francisco Championship
2006
Champion, National Diamond Belt
California State Champion
Champion, San Francisco Golden Gloves
Rank No, .5 Quarter-finalist, United States Championship
Silver Medalist, Nor Cal Championship
2005
Rank No. 6, United States Nationwide Rankings
Bronze Medalist, National Golden Gloves
Champion, San Francisco Diamond Belt
Best Fight of the Tournament and Quarter-finalist, National PAL Championships
Silver Medalist, San Francisco Golden Gloves
Quarter-finalist, United States Championship
Silver Medalist, Nor Cal Championship
2004
Silver Medalist, San Francisco Golden Gloves

Professional boxing record

| style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|14 Wins (2 knockouts, 12 decisions),  4 Loss, 3 Draws
|-  style="text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;"
|  style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Res. Accessed March 3, 2010. Promising Prospect: <mask> – 15Rounds.com. Accessed March 3, 2010. <mask> scores upset to win IBA title – Inquirer.net. Accessed March 3, 2010.<mask> – BoxRec.com. Accessed March 3, 2010. <mask> debuts as prof in Pacquiao-Barrera rematch – GMANews.TV. Accessed March 3, 2010. <mask> wins the WBO Women’s world title! - FightFan.com. Accessed March 3, 2010.<mask> awaits Donaire Sr.'s arrival – Philboxing.net. Accessed March 3, 2010. Year of birth missing (living people)
Date of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Sportspeople from San Francisco
American women boxers
American sportspeople of Filipino descent
Boxers from San Francisco
American female mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists from California
Mixed martial artists utilizing American Kenpo
Mixed martial artists utilizing Shotokan
Mixed martial artists utilizing taekwondo
Mixed martial artists utilizing boxing
Bantamweight mixed martial artists
American female karateka
American female taekwondo practitioners
American eskrimadors
American mixed martial artists of Filipino descent
Flyweight mixed martial artists
American people of Ilocano descent
21st-century American women

masks:
Luciana Bonifacio Julaton
Julaton
Julaton
Julaton
Julaton
Julaton
Julaton
Julaton
Julaton
Julaton
Julaton
Julaton
Julaton
Julaton
Ana
Julaton
Julaton
Ana Julaton
Julaton
Julaton
Ana Julaton
Ana Julaton
Ana Julaton
Ana Julaton
Ana Julaton
Ana Julaton


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Sir <mask>  (25 November 1884 – 9 July 1968) was a British diplomat and civil servant. He was Permanent Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs from 1938 to 1946. His long tenure of the Permanent Secretary's office makes him one of the central figures of British policy before and during the Second World War. His diaries are a source of great value and give a sharp sense of the man and his life. Like most senior officials at the Foreign Office, he was bitterly critical of the appeasement policies of the 1930s but admitted that until British rearmament was better advanced, there were few other options. In particular, he stressed that without an American commitment to joint defence against Japan, Britain would be torn between the eastern and western spheres. Conflict with Germany would automatically expose Britain's Asian Empire to Japanese aggression.Background and education
<mask> was brought up in a distinguished and wealthy aristocratic family as the seventh son and youngest child of <mask>, 5th Earl <mask>, and his first wife Lady Beatrix Jane Craven, daughter of William Craven, 2nd Earl of Craven. He was the brother of <mask>, Viscount Chelsea, <mask>, 6th Earl <mask>, <mask>, and Sir Edward <mask>. He was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he read History. Early Foreign Service career
Cadogan had a distinguished career in the Diplomatic Service, serving from 1908 to 1950. His first posting was to Constantinople, where he "spent two happy years learning the craft of diplomacy and playing upon the head of Chancery a series of ingenious practical jokes." <mask>'s second posting was in Vienna, and during the First World War, he served in the Foreign Office in London. At the end of the First World War, he served at the Versailles Peace Conference.In 1923, he became the head of the League of Nations section of the Foreign Office and remained quite optimistic about the prospects for the League. He was less confident about the prospects of success for the Disarmament Conference in Geneva and became quite frustrated at the lack of trust necessary for joint disarmament. Performing this work, he developed an appreciation for his colleague and superior, Anthony Eden. Cadogan found him agreeable, and in a 1933 letter to his wife, he wrote, "He seems to me to have a very good idea of what is right and what is wrong, and if he thinks a thing is right he goes all out for it, hard, and if he thinks a thing is wrong, ten million wild hordes won't make him do it." Eden returned the admiration, writing that Cadogan "carried out his thankless task with a rare blend of intelligence, sensibility, and patience." In 1933, with Adolf Hitler in power and the fate of the Disarmament Conference clear, Cadogan accepted a posting at the British legation in Peking. The family arrived in 1934, after the Nationalist government had evacuated Beijing because of troubles with Japan.He met with Chiang Kai-shek and attempted to persuade him of Britain's support. Despite the lack of a real Chinese government, <mask> did his best but lacked support from the Foreign Office. In 1935, after his recommendation to extend a loan to the Republic of China was again denied, he wrote that "with all their protestations that they mean to 'stay in China', they do nothing. And 'staying' will cost them something in money or effort or risk. The Chinese are becoming sick of us. And there is no use my 'keeping in touch' with them if I never can give them an encouragement at all". In 1936, Cadogan received a request from the newly appointed Secretary of State, Anthony Eden, offering him the post of joint Deputy Under-Secretary.He regretted leaving China so suddenly but took up the offer and returned to London. Things there had grown much worse since his departure. Fascist Italy had attacked Abyssinia and Nazi Germany had reoccupied the Rhineland. Assessing the situation, Cadogan advised a revision of the more vindictive elements of the Treaty of Versailles, "which was really more in the nature of an armistice." However, this suggestion was not taken up by Sir Robert Vansittart or Eden. It was felt that modifying the Treaty would only increase Germany's ambitions. Cadogan disagreed and wrote in his diary: "I believe that, so long as she is allowed to nurse her resentment to her bosom, her claims increase with her armaments."He wanted to engage Germany in an effort to get German grievances set down on paper and was not as troubled by his colleagues about the possibility of German domination of Central Europe. <mask> grew impatient with the lack of strategic direction in the Foreign Office. He complained, "It can't be said that our 'policy' so far has been successful. In fact we haven't got a policy; we merely wait to see what will happen to us next". Permanent Under-Secretary
In 1938, <mask> replaced Robert Vansittart as Permanent Under-Secretary at the Foreign Office. He considered his predecessor's style to be emotional and disordered compared to <mask>'s terse and efficient manner. There were, however, no significant divergences in policy although Vansittart's detestation of the dictators was more publicly known.Cadogan served in this capacity from 1938 to 1946 and represented Britain at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in 1944, where he became well acquainted with Edward Stettinius and Andrei Gromyko. His work there was greatly respected. Winston Churchill told Parliament, "His Majesty's Government could have had no abler representative that Sir <mask> and there is no doubt that a most valuable task has been discharged." In preparation for the Yalta Conference, Cadogan expended a great deal of effort attempting to bring the "London Poles" under Stanislaw Mikolajczyk around to the idea of losing their eastern territories to the Soviet Union. After 22,000 Polish officers and intellectuals were shot by the Soviet Red Army in the Katyn massacre, <mask> wrote in his diary on 18 June 1943 that "years before Katyn the Soviet Government made a habit of butchering their own citizens by the 10,000s, and if we could fling ourselves into their arms in 1941, I don't know that Katyn makes our position more delicate. The blood of Russians cries as loud to heaven as that of Poles. But it's very nasty.How can Poles ever live amicably alongside Russians, and how can we discuss with Russians execution of German 'war criminals', when we have condoned this?" He was also involved in discussions about the composition of provisional governments in Yugoslavia and Greece. <mask> then accompanied the British delegation to the Yalta Conference in 1945. David Dilks, the editor of his published diaries, notes, "He looked on Yalta much as he had looked at Munich. Both agreements entailed serious injury to the rights of states which could not defend themselves against large and predatory neighbours; both reflected the military and geographical facts; neither was a matter for pride or for fierce self-reproach, since it hardly lay in British power at the material time to do other; both looked better on signature than in the hard after-light." <mask> wrote in his diary in January 1944: "They [the Soviet diplomats] are the most stinking creepy set of Jews I've ever come across." At the same time, he defended the Yalta Conference as relatively successful, writing “We have got an agreement on Poland which may heal differences, for some time at least, and assure some degree of independence for the Poles.”

United Nations

At the end of the war <mask> had hoped for the Washington embassy but it went to another capable career diplomat, Sir Archibald Clark Kerr.Instead, it is probably his experience with the League of Nations and his prominent role at Dumbarton Oaks that made Clement Attlee appoint <mask> the first Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations. He served in this capacity from 1946 to 1950. During his time at the UN, as David Dilks points out, "British diplomacy had to be conducted from a precarious position of over-commitment and economic instability." <mask> expressed great frustration with the inflexibility of his Soviet counterparts, who were forbidden from mixing with other delegations or informal exchanges of views. At one point, he asked himself, "How can ten men discuss with a ventriloquist's doll?" He saw many parallels between Soviet actions at the beginning of the Cold War and those of the Germans on the eve of the Second World War. He remarked to Winston Churchill, "What forces itself on one's attention is the degree to which everything favours the evildoer, if he is blatant enough.Any honest Government fights (in peacetime) with two hands tied behind its back. The brilliant blatancy of the Russians is something that we can admire but cannot emulate. It gives them a great advantage." Although he was never celebrated as a public figure, <mask> enjoyed great prestige within diplomatic circles. He was widely respected for his ability, character and experience. He and his wife cultivated a large and varied number of friends by entertaining at their Long Island home, Hillandale. Later life
In 1952, <mask> was made Chairman of Board of Governors of the BBC by Winston Churchill, who had returned to office the previous year.When <mask> expressed his concern that he lacked appropriate qualifications, Churchill replied, "There are no qualifications. All you have to do is to be fair". <mask> added, "And sensible, I suppose". Churchill nodded. On his appointment, he confessed that he had never seen a BBC Television programme and that what he had seen of American television, he disliked. He served until 1957. In the last decade of his life, <mask> gradually shed his commitments and devoted more time to his late-blooming interest in art.Honours
Cadogan was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1939, a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1941, admitted to the Privy Council in 1946 and appointed to the Order of Merit in 1951. Family

<mask> married Lady Theodosia Acheson, daughter of Archibald Acheson, 4th Earl of Gosford, in 1912. They had a son and three daughters. He died in July 1968, aged 83. Lady Theodosia Cadogan died in October 1977. References

External links

Papers of <mask> held at Churchill Archives Centre

1884 births
1968 deaths
Permanent Representatives of the United Kingdom to the United Nations
BBC Governors
Chairmen of the BBC
Members of HM Diplomatic Service
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Permanent Under-Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs
Members of the Order of Merit
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Younger sons of earls
A
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to China
People from Chelsea, London
Foreign Office personnel of World War II

masks:
Alexander Montagu George Cadogan
Cadogan
George Cadogan
Cadogan
Henry Cadogan
Gerald Cadogan
Cadogan
William Cadogan
Cadogan
Cadogan
Cadogan
Cadogan
Cadogan
Cadogan
Alexander Cadogan
Cadogan
Cadogan
Cadogan
Cadogan
Cadogan
Cadogan
Cadogan
Cadogan
Cadogan
Cadogan
Cadogan
Cadogan
Alexander Cadogan


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<mask> (born 4 August 1974) is a French professional football manager and former player who played as a defender. She played her entire club career with Soyaux in the Division 1. She was also an international player with the France national team from 1993 to 2005, captaining the team for much of that period. In August 2014, she became the first woman to coach a men's professional football team (Clermont) in a competitive match in France. Diacre continued to manage Clermont for three seasons until taking up the position as head coach of the French women's national team. <mask>’s tenure with France has notably been marred with controversies. Playing career

Club
Diacre joined amateur club ASJ Soyaux in 1988, and quickly stood out for her strong character.She remained with Soyaux throughout her entire career. Prior to her final 2006-07 season, she received many proposals from American clubs, but stayed in France. In October 2006, she was injured during a match between Soyaux and Montpellier, suffering from an ACL tear in her right knee. This injury ended her footballing career at the age of 32. During her career 19-year-long career, she played around 350 D1 matches, which was a record at the time. She has since been overtaken by Sandrine Soubeyrand, Gaëtane Thiney and Camille Abily. International
Diacre began her French national team career at the age of 18, debuting for the team on March 9, 1993.She was given captaincy a few years after her debut. Diacre then went on to represent France in the 1997, 2001 and 2005 European Championships, serving as the team's captain. Diacre scored the goal against England that qualified France for the 2003 World Cup, where they were eliminated in the first round. In August 2005, Diacre retired from the France national team at the age of 31, finishing her career with 121 national team caps. Coaching career
Diacre previously served as ASJ Soyaux's manager and the French national team's assistant manager. In June 2014, French men's professional club, Clermont Foot, appointed her as the replacement for head coach Helena Costa. On 4 August, her 40th birthday, she became the first woman to manage in the top two tiers of a men's European League, in a 2–1 Ligue 2 loss at Brest.After three full seasons all in Ligue 2, on 30 August 2017 <mask> left Clermont to become the manager of France's women's national team. She succeeded Olivier Echouafni and became the first woman in the role since January 2007. At the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, hosted by France, Diacre had the goal by the French Football Federation of reaching the final, despite the draw meaning that they would likely face favourites the United States in the quarter-finals. Despite a 2–1 loss at that stage to that team, Diacre said that she would remain in the job for the duration of her long-term contract. Controversies
Diacre generated controversy with her list of call-ups for the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, with notable absences including Kheira Hamraoui and Marie-Antoinette Katoto. The absence of the latter Katoto garnered the most controversy, as she was the French league’s top scorer in the previous season. France exited the tournament in the quarterfinals to the United States, the eventual winners of the tournament.Later in the year, United States player and quarterfinal goalscorer Megan Rapinoe questioned Diacre’s tactics in the match, and suggested the team have a change in management. On the morning of the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup Final, Diacre gave an interview with Téléfoot where she criticized Eugénie Le Sommer’s play during the quarterfinal match against the USA, alleging that Le Sommer ignored Diacre’s tactics and strayed too far to the left. Diacre’s comments were put into question by Olympique Lyonnais president Jean-Michel Aulas and former Lyon manager Reynald Pedros. Aulas claimed that people from Lyon knew of “inconceivable things” that happened during preparation for the 2019 Women’s World Cup. Pedros replied to Diacre’s criticisms with a tweet praising Le Sommer’s play in the striker position with Lyon. Diacre later apologized to Le Sommer for her comments, saying she was “still learning the rules of communication.”

In 2017, Diacre stripped longtime French national team player Wendie Renard of her first-captaincy, and gave the armband to Amandine Henry instead. Renard discussed her feud with Diacre in her 2019 autobiography “Mon Étoile”.Renard wrote that Diacre stripped her of her captaincy under the reasoning that Renard had a low individual level and did not play as well for France as she did for her club team, Lyon. In the same autobiography, Renard also claimed that Diacre refused to shake her hand at a national team camp in Montpellier in 2018, and “looked at (Renard) with disgust” for not introducing herself with the faire la bise instead. Renard’s autobiography drew criticism from Noël Le Graët for revisiting old problems, and Diacre demanded Renard be punished, which Le Graët also pushed back against. In February 2020, French national team midfielder Gaëtane Thiney was the next to speak out against Diacre, asking her to modernize her coaching tactics and model them after French men’s national football team coach Didier Deschamps. Weeks later, she was subsequently left out of the French squad for the 2020 Tournoi de France, with Diacre claiming her performances were below par. Following the Tournoi de France, former Lyon manager Gérard Prêcheur told L'Équipe that “everyone knows” about the bad relationship between Diacre and her players. At the end of July 2020, longtime French national team goalkeeper Sarah Bouhaddi indefinitely retired from international football, at first referencing the team’s early 2019 Women’s World Cup exit as a reason for her departure.Bouhaddi was originally unsettled by Diacre’s decision to give France's third-captaincy to Marion Torrent who had less than 30 caps, after Bouhaddi had been third-captain for over a year. Bouhaddi delved further into her reasons for retiring from the national team and denounced Diacre in an interview, saying “Winning a title with this coach seems impossible to me. We play in a very, very negative environment. I don't see myself winning anything with this manager, and a lot of players think so too but don't say it.” Bouhaddi was included in Diacre’s call-up list in September 2020, but Bouhaddi persisted on being away from the team as long as Diacre was national team manager. A new controversy arose when Diacre did not call up captain Amandine Henry for two Euro 2022 qualifying matches in October of 2020, saying she was not at an adequate national team level after recovering from an injury. The decision drew critical reactions from Olympique Lyonnais Féminin’s General Manager Olivier Blanc, Henry’s agent, Wendie Renard, Amel Majri, and Reynald Pedros. Pedros commented on the situation to Canal+, saying Diacre’s treatment of Henry was “very clearly a punishment.” He continued to criticize Diacre, saying "It is a very complicated relationship between the players and the coach.Players returned to their clubs very psychologically affected. They go to the France team out of obligation, not out of pleasure. They go to the French team with a pit in their stomach. When they came back, we had discussions to morally try to put them afloat […] We could see that there were things that were wrong. The girls were sometimes at their wit's end. ” Diacre responded accusing Pedros of being jealous of her position as national team coach. A short time after the call-up list was announced, Henry scored a goal against Guingamp with her club team, Lyon.She celebrated by plugging her ears (similarly to Memphis Depay’s signature celebration) as teammate Dzsenifer Marozsán pulled on the name of Henry’s shirt, alluding to Diacre’s comments. In the same month of October, former Clermont Foot goalkeeper Franck L'Hostis, along with players Anthony Lippini and Karim Djellabi, spoke out against Diacre’s coaching style in an interview with So Foot, comparing her time at the club to a dictatorship. They claimed Diacre would force players to sit out matches without giving them a reason, and would threaten to fire them “for the good of the group.” Diacre also allegedly would not allow players to stay in their rooms during Ramadan, again for the good of the group. The players continued, criticizing her for being overly particular about minor things such as players wearing matching socks in practice or even barring players from having ice cubes in their drinks. All of these things earned her the nicknames of “Attila,” “the dragon” and “the chief warrant officer” amongst the Clermont players. When Diacre left her position at Clermont, she did so without saying goodbye. In mid-November, Amandine Henry gave an interview with Canal+, where she spoke about being dropped from the national team, accusing Diacre of doing so as punishment for speaking to Noël Le Graët about the team’s issues.Henry went on to describe the national team environment around the time of the 2019 FIFA Women’s World Cup. Days after Henry’s interview, Diacre attempted to put an end to the controversies surrounding the French national team. She re-called Amandine Henry to the team, despite Henry’s public comments against Diacre. Around the same time as Henry’s interview, a former Clermont player, Thomas Guerbert, spoke about her management during her time at the club. Guerbert tweeted that Diacre’s coaching style for the French national team was the same as it was in the Ligue 2 club, and to “not expect her to change.” Guerbert’s claims echoed the concerns of his Clermont teammates from a month prior. At the beginning of February 2021, Noël Le Graët offered his continued support to Diacre: "Her sporting record is very good." He added, however, that her communication could be a point to improve: "She has hardened, perhaps a little too much ...There is probably better communication to be had.” In the summer of 2021, Eric Blahic, Diacre’s assistant coach since January 2020, stepped down from his role. He was the second assistant coach under Diacre to step down since 2017. Blahic was reprimanded by Diacre for having private, off-the-record conversations with players, and upon his departure he blamed Diacre for wanting too much control. Personal life
In December of 2020, Diacre tested positive for COVID-19. Some members of the French women’s national team were reported to nickname her “cocovirus,” in relation to her illness. Honours
Orders
Chevalier of the Ordre national du Mérite: 2014

See also

 List of France women's international footballers
 List of footballers with 100 or more caps
 Timeline of women's sports
 List of women's firsts
 Trophées UNFP du football

References

External links

 Clermont Foot coach profile

1974 births
Living people
People from Croix, Nord
Women's association football defenders
French women's footballers
France women's international footballers
2003 FIFA Women's World Cup players
FIFA Century Club
Clermont Foot managers
French football managers
ASJ Soyaux-Charente players
Female association football managers
France women's national football team managers
Sportspeople from Nord (French department)
2019 FIFA Women's World Cup managers
Knights of the National Order of Merit (France)

masks:
Corinne Catherine Diacre
Diacre
Diacre