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<mask> (October 3, 1957 – August 4, 2009) was an American screenwriter, consultant, author and educator based in Los Angeles who, through his Save the Cat trilogy of books on screenwriting and story structures, became one of the most popular writing mentors in the film industry. <mask> led international seminars and workshops for writers in various disciplines, as well as consultation sessions for some of Hollywood's largest studios. <mask> died unexpectedly August 4, 2009, of what was characterized as either a pulmonary embolism or cardiac arrest. A public memorial was held at the Writers Guild of America, West on September 29, 2009. Early life
<mask>'s father, Kenneth C. T<mask>, was an Emmy-winning TV producer of many children's shows in the 1960s and 1970s. Among them were The Funny Company, Hot Wheels, animated segments on Sesame Street, Big Blue Marble and the cult classic Roger Ramjet. At the age of eight, <mask> was hired by his father as a voice talent for an animated special starring Sterling Holloway.<mask> continued doing children's voices alongside Gary Owens, June Foray and others until his voice changed and he was fired by his producer father. <mask> went on to earn a B.A. degree in English from Georgetown University, and returned to Los Angeles where he began his career writing for the Disney TV series Kids Incorporated. <mask> began writing full-time as a screenwriter in 1987. He was a member of the Writers Guild of America for over 20 years. <mask>'s first spec screenplay sale was in 1989 for the script Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot, which sold for $500,000 in a bidding war.He went on to sell 12 more original screenplays and was named "one of Hollywood's most successful spec screenwriters". Million dollar script sales include Blank Check, co-written with Colby Carr for Walt Disney Pictures, and Nuclear Family, co-written with James Haggin for Steven Spielberg/Amblin Entertainment. Save the Cat! <mask>'s nonfiction book Save the Cat! The Last Book on Screenwriting You'll Ever Need was the number one selling book among screenwriting manuals on Amazon and in 2018 is on its 34th printing. The book describes in detail the structure of the monomyth or hero's journey, providing a by-the-minute pattern for screenwriting. Title
The title Save the Cat!was coined by <mask> to describe a decisive moment when the protagonist demonstrates that they are worth rooting for. <mask> writes, "It's the scene where we [first] meet the hero", in order to gain audience favor and support for the main character right from the start. In the opening scene of the movie Frequency, for example, Frank Sullivan, played by Dennis Quaid, is a veteran firefighter who jumps into a manhole to save two workers from a gas explosion. <mask> argues that Frank's casual confidence facing danger makes him interesting to the audience. From this point, the audience is fully invested in Frank's well-being and rooting for him to succeed. According to <mask>, this crucial element is missing from many of today's movies. He referenced Lara Croft: Tomb Raider – The Cradle of Life (2003) as being a film that focused on making the character Lara Croft "cool" and sexy (via a "new latex body suit for Angelina Jolie") instead of likable.An estimated $95 million was spent on this film, and it only grossed $156.5 million worldwide ($65.6 million in the U.S.). This sequel did not lose money, but it earned considerably less than the original Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001), which grossed $274.7 million worldwide ($131.1 million in the U.S.). Premise
In his book, <mask> gave greatest emphasis on the importance of structure through his <mask> Snyder Beat Sheet or the "BS2" which includes the 15 essential "beats" or plot points that all stories should contain. <mask>'s method expanded the 15 beats further into 40 beats, which are laid out on "The Board." The Board is divided into 4 rows, with each row representing a quarter of the story, namely the 1st Act, the 1st half of the 2nd Act, the 2nd half of the 2nd Act, and the 3rd Act. <mask> also introduced 10 genres in his book that distinguished how stories are structured. According to <mask>, standard genre types such as Romantic Comedy, Epic or Biography did not say much about the story, only the type of movie it is.<mask>'s system explored genre more fully, with categories such as "Monster in the House", "Golden Fleece", "Buddy Love" and others. Criticism
The book has been criticized for allegedly leading to formulaic screenplays. While previous screenwriting advice was more conceptual, Save the Cat points to specific pages of the screenplay where beats should happen. Since screenplay pages are analogous to minutes of film, this has been called a minute-by-minute guide to writing a story. A New York Times article criticized a perceived Hollywood formula. But it questioned whether Save the Cat caused the trend or was inspired by it. Book series
In 2007, <mask> wrote Save the Cat!Goes to the Movies. The second book took 50 landmark movies, identified their specific genres, and broke them down into the 15 beats of the BS2. The third book of <mask>'s series, Save the Cat! Strikes Back: More Trouble for Screenwriters to Get Into... and Out Of, was published in November, 2009. This was the last book in the series to be authored by <mask> himself. The fourth book was a compilation of <mask>'s blogs and other writings on the subject of screenwriting, titled Save the Cat! <mask>'s Blogs: More Information and Inspiration for Writers, (published in 2016).The fifth book was written by his student, Spanish screenwriter and novelist Salva Rubio. It is titled Save the Cat! Goes to the Indies, was published in April 2017, and features the analysis of 50 independent, European, auteur and cult films. The sixth is the first non-screenwriting book, Save the Cat! Writes a Novel: The Last Book on Novel Writing That You'll Ever Need, written by student and YA novelist Jessica Brody (published on October 9, 2018). Software
As a companion to his books, <mask> developed a story structure software product called Save the Cat! The Last Story Structure Software You'll Ever Need.The software places <mask>'s Beat Sheet and Board on an end user's desktop, phone, or tablet. In 2008, <mask> and the software company Final Draft, Inc. specializing in script formatting, became partners in building import/export functions between the two programs. <mask>'s company, Blake Snyder Enterprises, LLC, released an iPhone app of the software in November, 2009 and an Android app in 2016. Version 4 of the software and apps, which includes new templates for novelists and television writers, was released in the fourth quarter of 2018. Workshops and consultations
<mask> developed two weekend workshops for writers, filmmakers and executives. The introductory class, The Beat Sheet Workshop, helped participants come up with the solid structure of the 15 beats, before they embark on the actual writing of the script. In addition, The Beat Sheet Workshop was expanded to be led internationally.The second workshop, a continuation of the first, called The Board Workshop, had participants take their 15 beats and expand them into 40 cards for a more detailed story structure. <mask> held his workshops all over the United States, Europe and Asia. The workshops were run year round. <mask> also taught his method in such universities as UCLA, Chapman University, Vanderbilt University and the Beijing Film Academy. The in-person Beat Sheet Workshops continue, taught by "Master Cats" who were mentored by <mask>. The Beat Sheet Workshops expanded with online courses in 2017. Following the release of his first book, <mask> provided script analysis to studios such as Disney, DreamWorks, Laika and Nelvana.Dedications
How to Train Your Dragon (DreamWorks, 2010) was dedicated to <mask>. Whispers Under Ground (Gollancz, 2012) by Ben Aaronovitch was dedicated to him as well. Filmography
Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot (1992)
Blank Check (1994)

Bibliography
Save the Cat! The Last Book on Screenwriting You'll Ever Need (2005)
Save the Cat! Goes to the Movies: The Screenwriter's Guide to Every Story Ever Told (2007)
Save the Cat! Strikes Back: More Trouble for Screenwriters to Get Into… and Out Of (2009)
Save the Cat!<mask>'s Blogs: More Information and Inspiration for Writers (2016)
Other STC titles:Save the Cat! Goes to the Indies: The Screenwriters Guide to 50 Films from the Masters (by Salva Rubio, 2017)Save the Cat! Writes a Novel: The Last Book On Novel Writing That You'll Ever Need (by Jessica Brody, 2018)

 References

 External links
 www.blakesnyder.com
 www.savethecat.com
 Interview with <mask> at
 Interview with <mask> from The Vancouver Sun
 <mask> and Final Draft, Inc. Software Development Partnership Announced at Final Draft, Inc. Press Release
 <mask> interview by Ari Eisner at Creative Screenwriting, The Cat with the Golden Fleece: Save the Cat! Goes to the Movies, October 5, 2007
 <mask> interview by Therese Walsh at www.WriterUnboxed.com
 <mask> interview by Jenna Glatzer at www.absolutewrite.com
 <mask> interview at www.Hollywoodlitsales.com
 Nuclear Family'' spec sale report at www.Hollywoodlitsales.com

1957 births
2009 deaths
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American education writers
American information and reference writers
American instructional writers
American male non-fiction writers
American male screenwriters
American television writers
Deaths from pulmonary embolism
American male television writers
Screenwriting instructors
Writers of books about writing fiction
20th-century American screenwriters

masks:
Blake Snyder
Snyder
Snyder
Snyder
. Snyder
Snyder
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<mask>  (born 1 October 1969) is a former Australian rules footballer of Aboriginal descent who became a spokesperson for Indigenous rights and against racism in sport. Early career
Despite being drafted to the VFL, the West Torrens Football Club of the Adelaide-based SANFL argued that <mask> was "contracted with the club and could not play anywhere else." Noel Judkins said, "I was guaranteed this wasn't the case, so I took the contract to Darwin and met with <mask>'s father Jack and he was irate. He grabbed it and wrote the word 'bullshit' right across the front of it. When it became clear he wanted to play at Essendon, West Torrens agreed it wasn't a binding contract." However, despite this, <mask> did play for West Torrens during the 1988 SANFL season, winning the club's best and fairest award, the third-last player to do so as the Eagles merged with the Woodville Football Club following the 1990 season to become the Woodville-West Torrens Eagles. Australian Football League career
<mask> played perhaps the best game of his career in the 1993 AFL Grand Final.Playing on Mark Athorn, <mask> ran amok, helping Essendon gain a healthy quarter-time lead, and to maintain it. By the end of the game, he had amassed 20 kicks and 13 handballs, totalling 33 possessions. <mask>'s performance was rewarded with the Norm Smith Medal, which was presented to him by fellow Tiwi Islander Maurice Rioli. In the pre-season of 1994 in a practice match against the West Coast Eagles, <mask> injured his knee which required 12 months of solid rehabilitation, and he was not seen for the entire 1994 AFL Home and Away season. In 1995, <mask> made a triumphant return to AFL football and played almost a full season. In the Anzac Day match between Essendon and Collingwood at the MCG, <mask> claimed to have been racially taunted by Collingwood's ruckman, Damian Monkhorst. The AFL arranged a mediation session between <mask> and Monkhorst, and, although <mask> was clearly unsatisfied by the short-term outcome of this meeting, the long-term result was that it set a precedent; consequently, since this incident, there have only been three widely publicised accusations of racial taunts on the AFL field in the proceeding 25 years.For the next two seasons, <mask> needed knee surgery and only took the field seven times. He missed the first half of 1998 recovering from the surgery but finished the year strongly, playing in nine games. According to the Round 3 AFL Record of 1999, between the beginning of the 1994 and end of the 1998 seasons, <mask> played only 38 of a possible 119 games. <mask> is renowned for his sharp wit. In an incident recalled by <mask>'s coach, Kevin Sheedy, there was a fundraiser to reconstruct Windy Hill that was underway, and Sheedy was conducting a serious training session in front of a whiteboard and 200 people, mostly money donors. He paused to ask if anyone had a question. To the surprise of all that knew him, <mask>, who apparently hadn't spoken up during a training session in five years, raised his hand, causing people to fall silent to hear <mask> speak.<mask> asked, "What was wrong with the blackboard?" <mask> had the honour of kicking the first-ever goal at the new Docklands Stadium when it opened in 2000. He was also a member of Essendon's record-breaking premiership team in 2000 which saw only one loss for the entire season. <mask> faced heavy scrutiny for his bump on Troy Simmonds, which rendered Simmonds unconscious and raised the possibility of him losing mobility, which thankfully never eventuated. However, this incident inspired the AFL to introduce new rules protecting players with their heads over the ball. <mask> was suspended for this incident. 2001 was <mask>'s final season, and although Essendon made the Grand Final that year, <mask>lelland Trophy (): 1989, 1990, 1993, 1999, 2000, 2001
 2× NTFL premiership player (St Mary's): 1986–1987, 1987–1988

Individual
 Norm Smith Medal: 1993
 Essendon Captain: 1999
 2× All-Australian team: 1988, 1995
 State of Origin (Northern Territory): 1988
 State of Origin (QLD/NT): 1993
 Essendon Team of the Century 1896-1997 – Wing
 Australian Football League Indigenous Team of the Century 1904-2003 – Wing
 Northern Territory Team of the Century – Wing
 Australian Football Hall of Fame - 2007 Inductee
 West Torrens Football Club – Best & Fairest: 1988

Post-football

Following his retirement, <mask> became a spokesman for Indigenous Australians. He was a critic of then-Prime Minister John Howard's policies towards Indigenous Australians—most notably Howard's refusal to make an apology to the Stolen Generation. In a letter published in Melbourne's The Age, <mask> likened Howard to "those cold-hearted pricks" who stole his parents. His political activities culminated in a protest march from Melbourne to Canberra, leaving on 21 November 2004. The aim of the walk was to obtain a meeting with the Prime Minister. After ten days of intense media scrutiny of the walk, the Prime Minister eventually granted <mask> a meeting, at which point <mask> called an end to the walk, having completed about 325 km of the planned 650 km walk. He later said: "I wanted to make a change.It was about challenging the government about some of the issues Aboriginal people were facing and still face – education, employment, health, housing, the Stolen Generations." The walk became known as The Long Walk, and the tradition of a commemorative community walk in Melbourne has continued, with thousands turning out for the event. The walk takes places in late May or early June before the Dreamtime game, starting at Federation Square and ending at the MCG. <mask> is patron of The Long Walk, an organisation inspired by his walk and which works for the health and well-being of Indigenous Australians. In 2006, he was charged with assaulting a man at a football club function in Darwin. He pleaded guilty when the case came to trial in 2009, saying that he had struck a man who had attacked his sister. No conviction was recorded, with the magistrate saying that he was unlikely to re-offend.In July 2011, <mask> signed up as ambassador for weight-loss agency Jenny Craig, partly to highlight indigenous health. Weighing 112 kg, 30 kg more than his playing weight, his aim was to drop at least 10 kg in around 10 weeks. In 2015, he became board member of the newly founded Michael Long Foundation (MLF), and in 2016 the <mask> Learning and Leadership Centre (MLLLC) opened in Darwin. MLF funds education and football programs for indigenous people, and the MLLLC, funded by the federal government and managed by the Australian Football League Northern Territory (AFLNT), aims to nurture talent and improve lives and communities. In 2018, he was treated for a life-threatening infectious disease, melioidosis, in a hospital in Darwin; however, this did not stop him from announcing plans for a second Long Walk, as he was honoured for the Sir Doug Nicholls round at Dreamtime at the 'G in May 2019. <mask> was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in the 2021 Queen's Birthday Honours, for "service to Australian rules football, and to the Indigenous community". Champions of Essendon
In 2002, an Essendon panel ranked him at 23 in their Champions of Essendon list of the 25 greatest players ever to have played for Essendon.Notes

References

Main, Jim. The Big Aussie Rules Book, Bombers have too Long to wait, Rugby Press Limited 1994 page 67
Hobbs, Greg. AFL Record, A mighty Long performance to offset a captain's pain, Australian Football League, Progress Printers & Distributors, Round 3 1999, page 61
Football Record, AFL Grand Final Football Record, 1993
Main, Jim. & Christison, Darren, 1989 Football The Year in Review, Century Magazines 1989
The 90's: The Decade that Delivered (video/DVD)
The Long Walk – History
Give us some hope Source: The Age 4 December 2004

External links

1969 births
Living people
Australian rules footballers from the Northern Territory
Essendon Football Club players
Essendon Football Club Premiership players
Champions of Essendon
Norm Smith Medal winners
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
West Torrens Football Club players
All-Australians (AFL)
Indigenous Australian players of Australian rules football
St Mary's Football Club (NTFL) players
Tiwi Islands people
Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Rioli family
Two-time VFL/AFL Premiership players

masks:
Michael Long
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Michael
Long
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<mask> (born March 8, 1982) is a Canadian professional boxer and mixed martial artist. A professional competitor since 2007, <mask> has also formerly competed for Bellator, the WSOF, the MFC, TFC, and the AFC. Mixed martial arts career

Maximum Fighting Championship
<mask> began his career with Maximum Fighting Championship, On February 22, 2008 at MFC 15 Ford defeated Pete Spratt via rear-naked choke in the second round. On May 9, 2008 at MFC 16 Ford defeated CJ Fernandes via rear-naked choke submission in round one. On July 25, 2008 at MFC 17 Ford was defeated by Pat Healy via arm-bar submission, the fight was for the MFC Welterweight Championship. On September 28, 2008 at MFC 18 Ford defeated Laverne Clark via guillotine choke in the second round. On February 20, 2009 at MFC 20 Ford was defeated by Pat Healy via split decision in a rematch for the MFC Welterweight Championship.On September 10, 2010 at MFC 26 Ford was defeated by Douglas Lima via armbar submission in the second round. On November 12, 2010 at MFC 27 Ford defeated Pete Spratt in a rematch via rear-naked choke submission. Ford has twice left the Edmonton-based MFC organization due to contract disputes. Independent promotions
Ford signed with the Edmonton-based promotion The Fight Club. On March 19, 2010, at TFC 10 Ford defeated former Ultimate Fighter finalist Tom Speer via rear-naked choke submission in round one on March 19, 2010 to retain the TFC Welterweight Championship. On May 19, 2011, <mask> fought UFC veteran Karo Parisyan at MMA Live 1 in London, Ontario, After the first two rounds, <mask> caught Parisyan with a knee and cut his forehead, causing the doctor and referee to stop the fight giving Ford the win via doctor stoppage. Aggression Fighting Championship
On June 10, 2011, <mask> Returned to the Aggression MMA organization at AMMA 7: Confrontation defeating Nick Hinchcliffe in round three via TKO due to punches.On September 16, 2011, at AMMA 8: Unfinished Business, Ford was defeated by David Hulett via guillotine choke in round one. On February 11, 2012, Ford defeated Ricky Goodall at AMMA 9 via TKO due to elbows in round one. On March 23, 2013, Ford fought for the renamed Aggression Fighting Championship promotion in Edmonton, Alberta. Ford defeated Brendan Tierney via KO in the second round at AFC 17. Ford faced Ultimate Fighter vet Michael Hill on July 5, 2013 at AFC 19 for the AFC Welterweight Championship. Ford defeated Hill via rear-naked choke submission in the fifth round to win the AFC Welterweight Championship. Bellator Fighting Championships
Ford signed with Bellator making his debut On May 4, 2012 at Bellator 67, Ford defeated Luis Santos via TKO due to knees and punches in the second round.On November 2, 2012 at Bellator 79, Ford took on Kyle Baker at Casino Rama in Ontario, Ford won via unanimous decision. World Series of Fighting
On December 5, 2013, it was announced that Ford signed a multi-fight deal with World Series of Fighting’s Canadian branch and is expected to debut under the WSOF banner in early 2014. Ford is expected to make is WSOF debut at WSOF Canada 1 against Joel Powell for the inaugural WSOF Canadian Welterweight Championship. Ford won via knockout due to a front kick and punches in just 53 seconds of round one to win the WSOF Canadian Welterweight Championship. Ford was scheduled to fight Bristol Marunde on June 7, 2014 at WSOF Canada 2. He pulled out after getting injured during training. Ford faced Jake Shields in the main event at WSOF 14 on October 11, 2014 in Edmonton, Alberta Canada.Although he dropped Shields early in the fight with a left hand, <mask> eventually lost the fight via rear naked choke submission in the first round. <mask> was set to face Yushin Okami in a Middleweight bout for the main event of WSOF 21 on June 5, 2015. However, <mask> announced that he had to pull out of the June fight with Okami. Unified MMA
On January 6, 2022, it was announced that <mask> would be making his return to MMA on March 4, 2022 at Unified MMA 43 against Dawond Pickney. Professional boxing career
<mask> made his professional boxing debut on February 13, 2010, winning a four-round majority decision over Willard Lewis. On June 8, 2015, it was announced that <mask> was retiring from MMA to focus on a career in professional boxing. <mask> fought on September 11, 2015 against Gary Kopas competing for the KO Boxing promotion.He won a four-round unanimous decision. On September 20, 2015, it was announced that <mask> will fight on October 16, 2015 against Antonio Dos Santos at Dekada Premier Fight Night. He won via knockout in the first round. On November 13, 2015, it was announced that <mask> will fight on December 4, 2015 against Alvaro Enriquez for the KO Boxing promotion. He won via technical knockout in the second round. On February 22, 2016, it was announced that <mask> will fight on March 11, 2016 against David Whittom for the KO Boxing promotion. He won via knockout in the first round.On April 22, 2016, <mask> faced former Thailand Olympic Gold and Silver medalist Manus Boonjumnong. He won via fourth-round technical knockout after his opponent was no longer able to continue entering the fifth round. On September 9, 2016, <mask> faced former World Boxing Council Cruiserweight Champion Victor Manuel Palacios for the KO Boxing promotion. He won the fight via unanimous decision. On October 29, 2016, it was announced that <mask> would face IBO Asia Pacific Light Heavyweight Champion Sam Rapira on February 17, 2017 for the Vacant UBO Light Heavyweight Championship. He won the fight via TKO to become the UBO World Light Heavyweight Champion. On November 10, 2016, it was announced that <mask> would be facing Mario Baeza for the KO Boxing promotion on December 2, 2016.He won the fight via unanimous decision. On March 13, 2017, it was announced that <mask> would be making the first defense of his title against former WBC Asian World Champion New Zealand fighter Robert Berridge on May 27, 2017. He won the fight via technical decision after an accidental head butt. On August 10, 2017, it as announced that <mask> would be facing British fighter WBO European Light Heavyweight Champion Anthony Yarde on September 16, 2017 for the vacant WBO Intercontinental Light Heavyweight Championship. On August 25, 2017, it was announced that the fight was canceled after a contract dispute. On September 6, 2017, it was announced that <mask> would be facing Joaquin Murrieta on September 9, 2017 for Rixta Promotions. He won the fight via corner stoppage in the fourth round.On November 17, 2017, it was announced that Ford would be facing former WBA Super Middleweight Champion Fedor Chudinov for the WBA International Super Middleweight Title on December 9, 2017. Ford lost via twelve round unanimous decision. On February 9, 2019, Ford faced off against Nick Hannig for the vacant WBC International light heavyweight title. Ford lost via twelve round unanimous decision. On April 6, 2019, Ford faced off against German Olympic boxer Serge Michel. <mask> won the fight via knockout to win the WBC International Silver light heavyweight title. On August 31, 2019, Ford faced undefeated Joshua Buatsi which ended in controversy after what appeared to be a low shot from Buatsi, the fight was stopped awarding Buatsi the victory via knockout

Personal life
<mask> is married to wife Nina & has two children, a son, <mask>. and a daughter, Bella.He is the son of retired professional boxer <mask>. In 2003, <mask> was the participant in an armed robbery home invasion. During the robbery, <mask> used a knife on the home owner and cut the victim's left index and middle finger to the bone. The victim's wife and two children were present in the house at the time. <mask> served a four-year sentence for this crime.

masks:
Ryan Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford
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<mask>  (born 25 February 1971) is an Aboriginal  Australian athlete and former politician. As part of the Australian women's field hockey (Hockeyroos) team at the 1996 Olympic Games, she was the first Aboriginal Australian to win an Olympic gold medal. She later switched sports to sprinting and went to the 1998 Commonwealth Games and 2000 Olympic Games. She was elected to the Australian Senate at the 2013 federal election, after then Prime Minister Julia Gillard named her as a "captain's pick", installing her as the preselected Labor candidate over incumbent Labor senator Trish Crossin. She retired from the Senate in 2016. Sporting career
<mask> was a representative in the Australian Women's Hockey team at the 1996 Summer Olympics, becoming the first Aboriginal Australian to win an Olympic gold medal. In 1997, she switched sports and a year later she became a double gold medalist in the 1998 Commonwealth Games (Kuala Lumpur) winning the 200m sprint with a time of 22.77 seconds and sharing in Australia's 4 × 100 metres relay win.<mask> was named Young Australian of the Year in 1997. <mask> continued to represent Australia on the athletics track, running over 200 metres at the 1999 World Athletics Championships and 400 metres at the Sydney Olympics in 2000. She made the Olympic semi-finals in her individual event and ran in the Australian 4 × 400 metres relay team, which made the final, finishing fifth. In the Olympic year of 2000, a portrait of her was hung in the Sporting Archibald Prize, painted by Glenda Jones. In 2005, she sold her Olympic memorabilia to the National Museum of Australia for $140,000. It included her gold medal, hockey stick, Sydney Olympic torch and the running shoes she wore in the Sydney Olympics. Political career
On 22 January 2013 the Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard announced she would invite <mask> to join the Australian Labor Party and stand as a candidate for the Senate in the Northern Territory at the 2013 election.On 29 January 2013 her preselection was endorsed by the ALP executive 19 votes to 2, meaning her name was placed first on the ALP's senate ticket in the Northern Territory, supporting the likelihood that she would become Australia's first female Indigenous federal parliamentarian. On 7 September 2013 <mask> became Australia's first Indigenous woman elected to federal parliament. <mask> was sworn into parliament on 12 November, and noted the apology to the stolen generation in her maiden speech. <mask> announced on 24 May 2016 that she would not nominate to re-contest her Senate seat at the 2016 federal election. Fairfax and the ABC reported that <mask> was one of the frontrunners being considered to replace Jason Mifsud as head of diversity for the Australian Football League (AFL). Malarndirri McCarthy announced on 25 May 2016 that she had been invited by Labor to nominate herself as <mask>' Senate replacement and that she would do so. <mask>'s Senate term ended at the double dissolution of 9 May 2016.Other roles
 Peris is an Ambassador for the Australian Indigenous Education Foundation. Personal life
Peris was born in Darwin, Northern Territory. Her biological father was Indigenous rights activist John Christophersen, although she had no contact with him between the ages of 2 and 16. Her mother, Joan, had been removed from her mother raised in the Catholic mission on Melville Island, as one of the Stolen Generations. Peris met Sean Kneebone when she was 17, they had a daughter in 1990, married in 1995 and divorced in 2001. While married to Kneebone, she adopted the surname <mask>-Kneebone but reverted following their divorce. In March 2002 she married Daniel Batman; and they had two children but they separated in 2010 and Batman died in a car crash in June 2012.Peris married Scott Appleton on 12 August 2012. Peris has three children: Jessica (with Kneebone) and Destiny and Jack (with Batman). She became a grandmother at the age of 40. Peris' autobiography, Nova: My Story was released on 4 April 2003. In 2019, <mask> competed in the sixth season of Australian Survivor. She was eliminated on Day 10 and finished in 21st place. In 2020 she sued for defamation over brief comments made by Jacinta Price on the television program Studio 10.Controversy
In October 2014, explicit emails between <mask> and athlete Ato Boldon were leaked to the press. The emails were used as the basis for allegations that <mask> had used her role as an ambassador for Athletics Australia to organise a trip to Australia for Boldon as part of the "Jump Start to London" athletics program, during which she intended to engage in an affair with the athlete. Boldon subsequently described the accusations as containing "gross fabrications" and threatened legal action. Speaking in Parliament on 30 October, <mask> denied wrongdoing, and alleged that the release of the emails was part of a blackmail attempt in regard to the child custody battle. See also
 List of Indigenous Australian politicians
 Dual sport and multi-sport Olympians

References

External links
 Athletics Australia profile

 Transcript of <mask> interview on Enough Rope with Andrew Denton, 31 March 2003
  <mask>, <mask> in The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia
 Summary of parliamentary voting for Senator <mask> on TheyVoteForYou.org.au

1971 births
Living people
Australian female field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players of Australia
Australian female sprinters
Olympic athletes of Australia
Olympic gold medalists for Australia
Field hockey players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Indigenous Australian Olympians
Indigenous Australian track and field athletes
Indigenous Australian field hockey players
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Australian Institute of Sport field hockey players
Sportspeople from Darwin, Northern Territory
Australian sportsperson-politicians
Members of the Australian Senate
Members of the Australian Senate for the Northern Territory
Women members of the Australian Senate
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Indigenous Australian politicians
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games medallists in athletics
21st-century Australian politicians
21st-century Australian women politicians
Australian Survivor contestants

masks:
Nova Maree Peris
Peris
Peris
Peris
Peris
Peris
Peris
Peris
Peris
Peris
Nova Peris
Peris
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Peris
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Peris
Nova Peris
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<mask> (1852–1931) was an American socialist activist and newspaper publisher. Originally a Baptist minister before becoming a medical doctor, <mask> is best remembered as a factional leader of the Washington state affiliate of the Socialist Party of America (SPA) during the first decade of the 20th century and as editor of The Socialist, one of the most-widely circulated radical newspapers of that period. <mask> led a party split from the Socialist Party of Washington in 1909 and helped found a short-lived organization called the Wage Workers Party. His paper failed with that organization and he died in self-chosen obscurity in New York City, a medical doctor working in a low paying service job. Biography

Early years

<mask><mask> was born in January 1852 in Pepperell, Massachusetts, the son of <mask> and <mask>. As a boy Hermon worked on a farm, in a butcher shop, and in a paper mill, all the while attending school. In 1864, in the midst of the American Civil War, the 12-year-old Hermon attempted to run away and enlist, but his father successfully tracked him down and returned him home.<mask> studied at Eastman's Business College in 1867, thereafter taking a job as a bookkeeper and clerk in a dry goods store in New York City, studying at night so that he could attend college. <mask> was an 1873 graduate of Madison University and of its theological seminary in 1876. After graduating the seminary, <mask> had spent over a decade as a Baptist preacher in Ithaca, New York and Newton, Massachusetts before leaving the church owing to feelings that it did not adequately represent the teachings of Jesus. Thereafter, <mask> decided to become a medical doctor, enrolling in Harvard Medical School, from which he graduated in 1890. Upon graduation, <mask> practiced medicine for two years in Newton  before taking a job as a company doctor for the Great Northern Railway which brought him to Seattle in 1893, where he continued to work as a medical practitioner for the rest of the decade. <mask> was married and his wife, Hattie, worked as the manager of a small Seattle hotel that was widely used by radical speakers during their stops while making speaking tours of the Pacific Northwest. The pair would eventually separate with "Mother" <mask> remaining in town after her former husband's departure as a venerated member of Seattle's radical community.Political career

Toward the end of the 1890s, <mask> was exposed to the ideas of Laurence Gronlund through the Fabian Society of Seattle and began to take an active interest in the ideas of municipal reform. <mask> helped to draft a new city charter for Seattle and formed a Citizens' Non-Partisan League in 1900 to attempt to end the monopoly power wielded by the Seattle Electric Company. It was around this time that <mask> was exposed to Marxist ideas for the first time. He became involved in a strike of Seattle telephone operators, attempting to win support for a proposed general strike from the Western Central Labor Union, but without success. The candidacy of radical trade union organizer Eugene V. Debs for President of the United States in 1900 on the ticket of the Social Democratic Party of America inspired <mask> and brought him to the next chapter of his diverse life story. After becoming the State Organizer of the Social Democratic Party of Washington in the summer of 1900, <mask> launched Seattle's first explicitly socialist weekly newspaper on August 12 under the simple and direct title The Socialist. A total of 500 tabloid-sized copies were printed at a cost of $13.The first editorial office of the publication was the basement of Social Democratic Party headquarters, located at 220 Union Street in Seattle. <mask> also stood for office himself in the fall of 1900, running on the Social Democratic Party's ticket for U.S. Congressman. Although initially conceived as a temporary publication associated with the needs of  the Debs campaign, <mask> soon came to see his new newspaper as a more permanent vehicle. <mask> emerged as an aggressive opponent of the neo-Populist agrarian-oriented socialism touted by J.A. Wayland and his newspaper, The Appeal to Reason and thereby emerged as a leading national voice for a more assertive "proletarian" orientation. Young enthusiasts gathered around <mask> and his newspaper, with <mask> continuing to play the role of leader of the SPW's "Red faction" until about 1909.<mask> <mask>'s second plunge into electoral politics came in the fall of 1901, when he and his party comrade John T. Oldman, ran for three year terms as directors on the King County Board of Education in Seattle. Together the pair received about 25 percent of the vote in a losing effort. <mask> ran in the December 1901 party election to be the SPW's National Committeeman, delegate to an annual governing convention. He was defeated in a seven-person race by just 3 votes by George Boomer — with an additional 8 votes for <mask> from Local Tacoma arriving in the mail just after the deadline for counting. In the fall election of 1902, <mask> stood as the Socialist Party's candidate for Washington State Senate in the state's 36th Electoral District. As a leader in the Socialist Party of Washington, <mask> was regarded by some as a "dogmatic, dictatorial" personality, albeit with considerable intelligence and speaking skill. <mask> regularly attacked those whom he deemed insufficiently stalwart in their commitment to revolutionary socialism, running on his front page the fire-breathing 1903 platform of Local Seattle next to the civic reform-oriented platform of Local Spokane under the headings "As Much Socialism as Possible" and "As Little Socialism as Possible," respectively and leading the charge to suspend and reorganize the local.Public ridicule of this sort at the expense of erstwhile comrades did little to advance the goal of a united Socialist Party of Washington. To his supporters, on the other hand, <mask>'s unflinching salvos at the temporizing half-measures of others were red meat for the faithful. Local Seattle was deeply divided between radical and moderate faction, with some branches, such as Titus's Pike Street Branch, dominated by the left wing, while others, such as the Finnish branch and (after 1903) Central Branch, were firmly on the side of the centrist forces which had steadily come to dominate the national Socialist Party. Pike Street Branch included radical true-believers such as Alfred Wagenknecht (future head of the Communist Labor Party), Elmer Allison (future editor of the Communist Party weekly, The Toiler), and Emil Herman (a political prisoner during World War I and Socialist Party organizer after his release). The Branch dedicated itself to attempts at winning over the working class to the socialist cause through soapbox speaking and public meetings — activities which frequently brought it into conflict with civic authorities. The moderate wing of the party, on the other hand, sought to build an electoral organization of broad popular appeal, in the hopes of winning political power through the ballot box and initiating a series of fundamental political reforms. These differing orientations, combined with <mask>'s pugnacious use of his newspaper as a tool for factional warfare, kept the Washington Socialist Party in a state of nearly perpetual internecine warfare.Despite a healthy national circulation of about 7,000, The Socialist consistently ran at a deficit — money made good by <mask> and a handful of his closest supporters. Effective with its June 26, 1904 issue, The Socialist abruptly shifted from a heavily illustrated 4-page formate to a sparse 2-page sheet, running a headline on the front entitled "Shall The Socialist Live or Die?" This article noted that while the publication had been basically covering its expenses over a period of several months, for the past two months the publication had suddenly begun running at a deficit of $100 per month, an amount deemed unsustainable by the 35 members of the "Socialist Educational Union" headed by <mask> <mask> back of the publication. After a year of financial struggle, marked by an experimental change of the publication's name to Next and an attempt at making it a newspaper targeted to the broad public rather than limited to active Socialist Party members, the decision was made to revive the old name and to move The Socialist to Toledo, Ohio, effective in September 1904. This more central geographic location would give the newspaper a better chance for a wide national readership, it was hoped. <mask> further expanded the paper's cachet by adding former National Executive Secretary of the Socialist Party William Mailly to the editorial staff. The paper continued to cover the activities of the Socialist Party of Washington in its pages each week, coverage written by correspondents.In 1905 the moderate faction which dominated Central Branch of Local Seattle launched a referendum vote on new bylaws for the city which would have the effect of eliminating the existing branches in favor of a single organization broken down by electoral districts, with Local Seattle immediately taking possession of all assets belonging to its various branches. This proposal was regarded as a direct assault on the left-wing Pike Street Branch and was bitterly fought by <mask> and his associates, which actively campaigned for defeat of the proposal. Part of this effort by <mask> included an attempt to get members who had already hastily voted in favor of the measure to retract their votes. When the Seattle City Central Committee refused to provide adequate ballots for this purpose to the Pike Street Branch, <mask> had small forms printed declaring the intention of the signatory to vote against the proposal. This provoked <mask>'s enemies in Central Branch of Local Seattle to prefer charges against <mask> and the Pike Street Branch for election fraud for this and other smaller technical matters. When <mask> was cleared of these charges at a meeting of the full Seattle City Central Committee, a heated gathering which lasted 7 hours, Central Branch launched a statewide referendum vote against <mask>. This vote closed on June 1, 1905, and exonerated <mask> by a vote of 4-to-1.Of the 41 votes cast against <mask> in the state, fully 35 came from Seattle Central Branch. A further move of the paper brought it to Caldwell, Idaho, before finally returning to Seattle later in the decade. Later years

In July 1909, outmaneuvered and outnumbered at the State Convention of the Socialist Party of Washington, <mask> led the left-wing delegates out of the meeting hall to hold their own parallel convention and to elect their own officers, with a view to holding a referendum of Washington Socialists as to which of the dual State Committees was legitimate. The National Executive Committee of the Socialist Party of America intervened however, declaring the actions of the dissident radicals unconstitutional and recognizing the moderate-dominated regular convention. Locked out of the Socialist Party, the left-wing dissidents decided against joining the existing Socialist Labor Party of America, instead seeking to build a new political organization from the ground up — a group called the Wage Workers Party (WWP). Future Communist Party leader William Z<mask> played a leading role in this organization and later recalled it in his memoirs.In connection with this change of status, <mask> renamed his weekly The Workingman's Paper. The new organization was virtually stillborn, however, dissipating and dead by 1910. <mask>'s newspaper died with the new group, many of whom went on to join the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). <mask> was broken as an effective leader of Washington state's radicals by the loss of his paper. Death and legacy

In his later years the former Baptist preacher and medical doctor moved to New York City, where he worked in the wintertime as the uniformed doorman of a posh hotel. During the summer <mask> returned to his roots as a physician, practicing medicine in upstate New York. <mask> produced one more political work before his death, a small and poorly circulated political pamphlet which came off the press in 1922 calling for unity between communists, socialists, and revolutionary industrial unionists.Only a single copy of this document seems to have survived. Neither <mask> nor Hattie <mask> are found in the census of 1930. <mask> <mask> died in obscurity in New York City in 1931. See also

 Socialist Party of Washington

Footnotes

Works

Books and pamphlets
 Poison Ivy and Poison Sumac. Newton, MA: Newton Journal Press, 1882. The ABC of Socialism. Toledo, OH: The Socialist, n.d. [c. 1906].The Old Ethics and the New: Two Editorials Reprinted from The Workingman's Paper of Seattle. Seattle: Trustee Publishing Co., n.d. [1910]. Insurgency; or, the Economic Power of the Middle Class. With William Z<mask>. Seattle: Trustee Publishing Co., 1910. —Reprinted from The Workingman's Paper, issue of September 10, 1910.The Revolution in America: An Appeal to Socialists, Communists, Industrial Unionists, and All Radical Proletarians, to Adopt a Common Program of Action. New York: <mask> C. <mask>, 1922.

Notable articles
 "The ABC of Socialism," The Socialist, whole no. 178 (Jan. 3, 1904), pg. 5. "An Object Lesson in Referendums," The Socialist, whole no. o. 241 (May 6, 1905), pg.3. External links
 The Labor Press Project: Labor and Radical Newspapers in the Pacific Northwest. Harry Bridges Center for Labor Studies, University of Washington. Retrieved March 24, 2010. Further reading

 Paul B. Bushue, Dr. <mask> F. <mask> and Socialism in Washington State, 1900-1909. M.A. Thesis.Seattle: University of Washington, 1967. Terry R. Willis, Unemployed Citizens of Seattle: Hulet Wells, Seattle Labor, and the Struggle for Economic Security. PhD dissertation. Seattle: University of Washington, 1997. 1852 births
1931 deaths
Businesspeople from Seattle
Businesspeople from Toledo, Ohio
Businesspeople from New York City
American newspaper editors
Members of the Socialist Party of America
Socialist Party of America politicians from Washington (state)
American Marxists
American socialists
Washington (state) socialists
Social Democratic Party of America politicians
Harvard Medical School alumni
People from Pepperell, Massachusetts

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<mask>, Jr. (December 3, 1862May 5, 1929) was an American sculptor, and teacher. Instructor of Sculpture at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts for 37 years, his students included Paul Manship, Albin Polasek, and Walker Hancock. He created heroic sculpture for international expositions and war memorials, but also was noted for his small bronzes and portrait busts. His work is in the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the National Gallery of Art, the Smithsonian American Art Museum, the National Portrait Gallery, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the National Academy of Design, the Museum of Fine Arts Boston, and other museums. <mask> was born in the Chestnut Hill section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the youngest of the 8 children of <mask> and Elizabeth (Simmons<mask>. His family were Quaker farmers, and of German and Dutch heritage. He attended Philadelphia public schools, and developed an interest in art at an early age.At 17 he apprenticed himself to John Struthers & Sons Marble Works, at that time one of the largest stone carving ventures in the country. He spent four years carving ornament and figures for Philadelphia City Hall, under the direction of sculptor Alexander Milne Calder. To improve his understanding of anatomy and his skill at carving figures, he began attending night classes at the Spring Garden Institute. He studied under Thomas Eakins at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts beginning in 1884, and followed Eakins to the Art Students' League of Philadelphia in 1886. He returned to PAFA the following year, and studied under Thomas Anshutz. Grafly moved to Paris in 1888, where he studied for a year at the Académie Julian—drawing under Tony Robert-Fleury, painting under William-Adolphe Bouguereau, and sculpture under Henri Chapu. He shared a flat with fellow American art students Robert Henri, Harry Finney, William Hoefeker, and James Randolph Fisher.In 1889 he gained admittance to the École des Beaux Arts, but only stayed one year. He exhibited two ideal busts, Saint John and Daedalus at the Paris Salon of 1890. He exhibited his first major work, a life-size female nude, Mauvais Presage, at the Salon of 1891, which received an Honorable Mention. It is now at the Detroit Institute of Arts. Career

The death of his father brought <mask> back to Philadelphia in early 1892, and he began teaching at the Drexel Institute and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. PAFA created the position of "Instructor of Sculpture" for <mask>, and under him the sculpture department was put "on an equal footing with painting for the first time". He took a one-year sabbatical in 1895, to get married and create what he hoped would be his masterpiece.In Paris, he began work on The Vulture of War, a nightmarish sculpture group depicting carnage and death. It quickly evolved from a two-figure work to a three-figure work, and ultimately a four-figure work. These consisted of the colossal figure of War; who wields the uncomprehending Man as a weapon (swings him like a scythe); a lifeless woman (Death and Destruction); and the sinister figure of Plunder, who holds the globe under his foot. Sculptor Jean Dampt provided Grafly with weekly critiques as the work progressed. Of the four figures, only the plunderer was completed by the end of his sabbatical. Grafly returned to teaching at PAFA in Fall 1896, but continued to work on the sculpture group. A heroic-sized plaster of the plunderer was exhibited at PAFA's 1898 annual exhibition, and was part of Grafly's gold medal-winning exhibit at the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris.The plaster was also part of <mask>'s exhibit at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, but he abandoned it there rather than paying the freight fees to ship it back to Philadelphia. <mask> was commissioned in 1898 to create two colossal busts for the Smith Memorial Arch, a Civil War monument in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. Following sculptor William Ordway Partridge's withdrawal, <mask> also created the memorial's 15-foot (4.6 m) statue of General John F. Reynolds. Expositions

Fountain of Man
<mask> and architect <mask> Arnold were commissioned to create a fountain for the 1901 Pan-American Exposition, in Buffalo, New York. The Fountain of Man was crowned by an eerie half-hooded central figure, Man, the Mysterious, with faces on the front and back of his head representing the two natures of Man. Supporting the fountain's upper basin were nude figures representing the 5 senses, and supporting the lower basin were four pairs of crouching male and female atlantes, each couple representing contrasting emotions— love and hate, ambition and despair, etc. Sculptor Lorado Taft wrote: When opportunity comes, and with it demand for a man's highest abilities, he who has always done his best has himself well in hand.Such an opportunity came to Mr. Grafly at the Pan-American Exposition. While the sculptural decorations of that most charming of fairs were as a rule well suited to their purpose, and contributed much to its beauty, there were few features of striking originality. The one which stands out in memory as of permanent value, as a lasting contribution to the art of this country, is Mr. Grafly's "Fountain of Man". Louisiana Purchase Exposition

Grafly served as a member of the Art Jury for the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, Missouri, and designed the medal that was awarded to winning artists. Following sculptor John Quincy Adams Ward's withdrawal, Grafly created a heroic-size seated figure of Thomas Jefferson for the Cascade Garden. His Vérité (Truth) was carved in marble, and installed in a niche flanking the main entrance to the Palace of Fine Arts (now the Saint Louis Art Museum). His sculpture group, Electricity, was installed over an entrance to the Palace of Electricity.Pioneer Mother Monument

<mask>'s best known sculpture is probably the Pioneer Mother Monument (1913–15), in San Francisco, California. John E. D. Trask, a museum administrator and former managing director of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, headed the Fine Arts Department for the planned 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition. The Pioneer Mother Monument Association raised $22,500 for the project, and Trask commissioned Grafly to create the sculpture in 1913. <mask>'s plaster sketches are preserved at Wichita State University's Ulrich Museum of Art, and an early iteration of the work bordered on comical—a stalwart mother balancing screaming twin infants, one on each arm. <mask>'s final model went in another direction, granting the woman and her two naked toddlers a simple dignity. The casting took longer than expected, and the sculpture was not in place for the exhibition's March 2, 1915 opening. Set atop a 26-foot (7.9 m) stepped concrete base, the monument was dedicated on June 30, 1915.The Pioneer Mother monument, by <mask>, is a permanent bronze, a tribute by the people of the West to the women who laid the foundation of their welfare. It is to stand in the San Francisco Civic Center, where its masterful simplicity will be more impressive than in this colorful colonnade. It is a true addition to noteworthy American works of art and fully expresses the spirit of this courageous motherhood, tender but strong, adventurous but womanly, enduring but not humble. It has escaped every pitfall of mawkishness, stubbornly refused to descend to mere prettiness, and lived up to the noblest possibilities of its theme. The strong hands, the firmly set feet, the clear, broad brow of the Mother and the uncompromisingly simple, sculpturally pure lines of figure and garments are honest and commanding in beauty. The children, too, are modeled with affectionate sincerity and are a realistic interpretation of childish charm. Oxen skulls, pine cones, leaves and cacti decorate the base; the panels show the old sailing vessel, the Golden Gate, and the transcontinental trails.Relocation of the monument to San Francisco's Civic Center never happened, and the sculpture was rediscovered during the Great Depression, weather-beaten and vandalized, amidst the ruins of the 1915 world's fair. Civic and historical groups, notably the Native Daughters of the Golden West, raised money to restore the sculpture for the 1939 Golden Gate International Exposition. After the exposition, it was installed in Golden Gate Park and rededicated on December 8, 1940. Works exhibited
1893 World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Illinois – portrait bust of Daedalus (bronze), A Bad Omen (plaster). The group was awarded a medal "for excellence". 1895 Cotton States and International Exposition, Atlanta, Georgia, Portrait of My Mother. The bust was awarded a silver medal.1900 Exposition Universelle, Paris, France – The Vulture of War, The Symbol of Life, From Generation to Generation, portrait busts of his mother and wife. The group was awarded a gold medal. 1901 Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, New York – The Vulture of War, The Symbol of Life, From Generation to Generation, portrait busts of his mother and wife, an architectural medal for Cornell University. The group was awarded a gold medal. 1902 South Carolina Inter-State and West Indian Exposition, Charleston, South Carolina – The Symbol of Life, From Generation to Generation. The group was awarded a gold medal. 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis, Missouri – The Vulture of War, The Symbol of Life, From Generation to Generation, In Much Wisdom; portrait busts of his wife, Dr. Louis Starr, artist Joseph R. DeCamp, and politician James McManes.Grafly served as a member of the Art Jury. His works were not in competition for awards. 1910 Exposition Internacional de Arte del Centenario, Buenos Aires, In Much Wisdom. It was awarded the Grand Prize in Sculpture. 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition, San Francisco, California – Marble Head [Ideal Head of a Woman? ], The Oarsman, Maidenhood; portrait busts of W. Elmer Schofield, George Harding, Dr. Joseph Price, Edward W. Redfield, Joseph R. DeCamp, Edwin Swift Clymer, Henry L. Viereck, William M. Paxton and Thomas P. Anshutz. Grafly served as an advisor to the exposition.His works were not in competition for awards. 1926 Sesquicentennial Exposition, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – Aeneas and Anchises, The Symbol of Life, From Generation to Generation, Head of War (Meade Memorial); portrait busts of W. Elmer Schofield, Thomas P. Anshutz, and The Evangelist Felix. Grafly served as director of its Department of Fine Arts and head of the Art Jury. His works were not in competition for awards. Other works

Portrait busts

Grafly modeled dozens of portrait heads and busts; many as commissions, but also of friends and family members. In 1898, he modeled a bust of Hugh H. Breckenridge, the first in what became a three-decade series of busts of fellow artists. The sitter sometimes painted a portrait of Grafly in exchange.Lorado Taft claimed "there is no sculptor in this country who can make a finer bust". Critic Helen W. Henderson wrote:
The bust of Henry Lorenz Viereck, entomologist, is the unique work of <mask> in Washington. [D.C.] It is owned by the sitter. This bust, made about 1908, is one of the most successful of that series of portrait busts commenced by the sculptor a few years ago, and including at the present time, many distinguished artists, doctors, and specialists in other fields. In the department of portrait busts Grafly stands unrivalled in his generation. The head of Viereck is extremely typical of the quality and character of the sculptor's achievement. In the 1920s, Grafly created four busts of historical figures for the Hall of Fame for Great Americans, in Bronx, New York City.New York Custom House
<mask> modeled two of the colossal figures for the façade of the Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House in Manhattan, New York City. His allegorical figure of England (1903–07) depicts a young Queen Victoria dressed in armor, holding the wand of Hermes and accompanied by the shield of St. George and a ship's wheel. His allegorical figure of France (1904–07) depicts a goddess crowned with a laurel wreath, holding a sceptre, a sheaf of wheat and a bronze statuette representing the Fine Arts, and accompanied by a Gallic rooster and a herm of the ancient god Dusios. Both figures were carved in limestone by the Piccirilli Brothers. Meade Memorial

The most prestigious commission of Grafly's career was the Major General George Gordon Meade Memorial (1915–27), a monument for the National Mall in Washington, D.C. General Meade (1815–1872) had been commander of the decisive Union victory at Gettysburg, and the memorial was the gift of Pennsylvania to the

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 nation. It was originally installed south of Pennsylvania Avenue, between 2nd and 3rd Streets NW—a site now mostly covered by the Capitol Reflecting Pool.This was opposite and slightly north of the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial. On January 21, 1915, President Woodrow Wilson signed a joint resolution of Congress creating the federal commission for the Meade Memorial. On November 23, 1915, the commission chose <mask> as sculptor and Simon & Bassett (later Simon & Simon) as architects for the project. <mask>'s sculpture program went through several iterations before it was granted preliminary approval by the D.C. Commission of Fine Arts, three years later. His design mixed the literal, the allegorical and the fantastical, and was granted final approval in January 1922. The memorial features eight figures grouped in a circle. The primary figure of General Meade, dressed in his Civil War uniform, faces south.He is flanked by six nude allegorical figures – Loyalty, Fame and Energy on the west side; Chivalry, Progress and Military Courage on the east side – representing qualities that Grafly "believed were necessary for the character of a great general". Facing north is the dark angel of War, "unchanged since war first ravaged the world", who wears a helmet, breastplate and cape, and before whom stands a knightly sword, ready to be taken up when necessary. "War... holds in his grim clutch two memorial tablets [on which are listed Meade's military battles]. His wings, in long sweeping curves, stretch toward the standard held by Loyalty... The side groups are thus outlined against the ominous shadow of the wings of War." Loyalty and Chivalry remove General Meade's "cloak of battle". "Loyalty also raises aloft over Meade's head a standard [ Legion eagle ] of wreaths and garlands, in commemoration of great achievement."The Piccirilli Brothers carved the figures from white Tennessee marble. The cylindrical base is gray granite, and its stepped circular platform is Milford pink granite. The memorial was dedicated on October 19, 1927. The Meade Memorial was dismantled in 1969, to make way for excavation of the 3rd Street Tunnel under the National Mall and construction of the Capitol Reflecting Pool. Following fourteen years in storage, the memorial underwent restoration, and was installed on the entrance plaza of the E. Barrett Prettyman United States Courthouse in 1983, one block northwest of its original site. Pennypacker Memorial

Grafly was commissioned to create a memorial to Major General Galusha Pennypacker for Logan Square, Philadelphia. A valorous Civil War officer, Pennypacker had been promoted to general at age 22.<mask>'s concept was to depict him in the prime of his manhood—as a burly, bare-chested Roman general, flanked by tigers and straddling a chariot-like cannon. Grafly invited his former student Albert Laessle to model the tigers, and worked on the project, 1921–26, before setting it aside to complete the Meade Memorial. In 1934, five years after <mask>'s death, Laessle completed the Pennypacker Memorial based on his teacher's designs. Other honors
The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts awarded <mask> its 1899 Converse Gold Medal of Honor "for distinguished services to art and to the Academy". The National Sculpture Society awarded him its 1905 J. Q. A. Ward Prize.At its 1913 annual exhibition, PAFA awarded him the first Widener Gold Medal for Sculpture for his portrait bust of Thomas Anshutz. The Philadelphia Water Color Club awarded him its 1916 Lea First Prize (for drawing). The National Academy of Design awarded him its 1919 Watrous Gold Medal, for his portrait bust of Childe Hassam. The Chicago Art Institute awarded him its 1921 Potter Palmer Gold Medal for his portrait bust of Frank Duveneck, and the Concord Art Association awarded him its 1922 Medal of Honor for the same work. <mask> was a founding member of the National Sculpture Society (1893), served on its council, and was later elected a Fellow. He was elected an Associate of the National Academy of Design in 1902, and an Academician in 1905. (Robert Henri painted Grafly's NAD diploma portrait.)He was a member of the Philadelphia Art Club, the Architectural League of New York, the National Institute of Arts and Letters, and other arts organizations. Personal
Grafly married Frances Sekeles of Corinth, Mississippi, on June 7, 1895. They had one daughter, Dorothy (1896–1980), born in Paris during his sabbatical from PAFA. The <mask>s lived at 2140 N. 12th Street, Philadelphia, and he had a studio at 2200 Arch Street. In 1905, Grafly bought property in Lanesville, Gloucester, Massachusetts, and built a house and studio that he named "Fool's Paradise". Favored PAFA students were invited to visit and use his studio. Following the 1917 death of sculptor Bela Pratt, Grafly taught (additionally) at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.He made "Fool's Paradise" his residence year-round, and commuted to Philadelphia or Boston by train. <mask>'s protégé, Walker Hancock, considered him "the pre-eminent instructor of sculpture in this country", and came to PAFA in 1920 specifically to study under him. Hancock won awards for his work as a student, two traveling scholarships and, after graduation, the 1925 Prix de Rome in sculpture. In April 1929, on the day Hancock returned to Philadelphia from the American Academy in Rome, he heard the news—<mask> had been struck by a hit-and-run driver the night before. During the ensuing days, even though he was gradually failing, we had the opportunity to talk about things that concerned him. Two things were very much on his mind. He asked me to make sure that the wreath behind the head of General Meade in the Meade Memorial in Washington would be freshly gilded.His other worry was that the landscaping around his statue of James Buchanan in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, had not been carried out. He wanted me to see that this was done. In the period of his hospitalization and suffering, Grafly told Mr. [John Andrew] Myers [Director of PAFA] that he wanted me to take his place as instructor of sculpture at the Pennsylvania Academy. He lived only two weeks after the accident. Hancock was among those who eulogized Grafly at his memorial service. The pall bearers at his funeral included former students Albert Laessle and Albin Polasek; and artists Hugh Breckenridge, Edward Redfield, Robert Henri and Albert Rosenthal. Legacy
Except for his sabbatical in 1895–96, <mask> taught at PAFA from 1892 to his death in 1929.Among his students were sculptors Eugene Castello, Nancy Coonsman, George Demetrios, Meta Vaux Warrick Fuller, Walker Hancock, <mask>, Albert Laessle, Paul Manship, Eleanor Mary Mellon, Louis Milione, Albin Polasek, Dudley Pratt, Lawrence Tenney Stevens, and Katherine Lane Weems. The collection of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts includes about twenty Grafly bronzes. The Ulrich Museum of Art at Wichita State University possesses more than two hundred of his works, mostly plaster casts, a bequest of <mask> Drummond (the artist's daughter). <mask> became an art critic and author. Her 1929 biography of her father, The Sculptor's Clay: <mask> (1862–1929), was reissued by Wichita State University in 1996. Selected works
Aeneas and Anchises (1893), Delaware Art Museum, Wilmington, Delaware. The sculpture depicts Aeneas carrying his aged father, Anchises, out of the burning city of Troy.The Vulture of War (1895–99), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Symbol of Life (1897), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The young man leans on a scythe; the young woman holds an orb from which grows a stalk of wheat. From Generation to Generation (1897–98), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A youth and an old man walking side by side past a winged zodiac clock. Smith Memorial Arch, West Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Bust of Admiral David Dixon Porter (1898–1901)
Bust of John B. Gest (1901)
General John F. Reynolds (1901–02)
Fountain of Man (1901), Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, New York.In Much Wisdom (1902), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. A nude, helmeted goddess stands with a snake draped over her shoulders, looking into a hand mirror. Vérité (Truth) (1904), Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, Missouri. Mother and Child (1905, cast in bronze 1989), Charles Grafly Sculpture Garden, Wichita State University. Maidenhood (1906), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. An anatomical study, it was part of <mask>'s exhibit at the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition. U.S.Custom House, Manhattan, New York City, Cass Gilbert, architect. Allegorical figure of England (1903–07)
Allegorical figure of France (1904–07)
Ideal Head of a Woman (1908), Ulrich Museum of Art, Wichita State University. The Oarsman (1910), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Modeled at Grafly's Lanesville studio, probably as an anatomical study, it was part of his exhibit at the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition. Pioneer Mother Monument (1913–15), Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California. James Buchanan (1924–28), Buchanan Park, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Major General George Gordon Meade Memorial (1927), E. Barrett Prettyman Federal Courthouse, Washington, D.C.
Head of War (1921), Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City.Another cast is at the Art Institute of Chicago. Head of Chivalry (1927), Smithsonian American Art Museum. Major General Galusha Pennypacker Memorial (1921–34), Logan Circle, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Albert Laessle completed the monument from Grafly's designs. Portrait busts

Daedalus (1890), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1890. Exhibited at PAFA in 1891, and purchased by the Temple Fund.My Mother – Bust of <mask> (1892, cast in bronze 1990), Charles Grafly Sculpture Garden, Wichita State University. Icarus (1894, cast in bronze 1973), Charles Grafly Sculpture Garden, Wichita State University. Henry O. Tanner (1896), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. Hugh H. Breckenridge (1898), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Joseph R. DeCamp (1902), Philadelphia Museum of Art. Edward Hornor Coates (1903), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. W. Elmer Schofield (1905), National Academy of Design, New York City.The Surgeon—Portrait of Joseph Price (1906), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Emily Clayton Bishop (1907), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Edward W. Redfield (1909), National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
William M. Paxton (1909), Museum of Fine Arts Boston. The Entomologist—Portrait of Henry L. Viereck (1909), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. <mask> Lea (1910), Library Company of Philadelphia. Thomas P. Anshutz (1912), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Awarded PAFA's first Widener Gold Medal, in 1913.Frank Duveneck (1915), National Portrait Gallery, Washington, D.C.
Paul Wayland Bartlett (1916), National Academy of Design, New York City. Childe Hassam (1918), Philadelphia Museum of Art. Morris Gray (1923), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. Hall of Fame for Great Americans, Bronx, New York City
 James Buchanan Eads (1924)
 Jonathan Edwards (1926)
 David Glasgow Farragut (1927)
 John Paul Jones (1928)

Notes

Further reading
Drummond, <mask>, The Sculptor's Clay: <mask> (1862–1929), Edwin A Ulrich Museum of Art, Wichita State University Wichita, Kansas (1929, reprinted 1996). Moissaye Marans, "<mask>ly as Teacher", National Sculpture Review, vol. 21 (Fall 1972). Pamela H. Simpson, The Sculpture of <mask>, PhD.dissertation, (University of Delaware, 1974). Anne d'Harnoncourt, "<mask> (1862–1929)", Philadelphia: Three Centuries of American Art (Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1976), pp. 439–40. Susan James-Gadzinski and Mary Mullen Cunningham, "<mask>, 1862-1929", American Sculpture in the Museum of American Art of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (PAFA, 1997), pp. 118–41. External links

1862 births
1929 deaths
American architectural sculptors
Sculptors from Pennsylvania
Drexel University faculty
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts faculty
Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts alumni
School of the Museum of Fine Arts at Tufts faculty
Students of Thomas Eakins
Alumni of the Académie Julian
American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts
National Sculpture Society members
20th-century American sculptors
20th-century male artists
19th-century American sculptors
American male sculptors
Road incident deaths in Pennsylvania
Pedestrian road incident deaths
Artists from Philadelphia
American people of German descent
American people of Dutch descent
19th-century male

masks:
Grafly
Grafly
Grafly
Grafly
Grafly
Grafly
Grafly
Grafly
Grafly
Grafly
Charles Harley
Dorothy Grafly
Dorothy Grafly
Charles Grafly
Grafly
Elizabeth Grafly
Henry Charles
Dorothy Grafly
Charles Grafly
Charles Graf
Charles Grafly
Charles Grafly
Charles Grafly


text_chunks:
<mask> PC (1817– 30 September 1878) was an unpopular and controversial Irish politician and judge, whose name became a byword in Ireland  for betraying one's political principles. Background
He was born in Galway, son of <mask>, clerk of the Crown for Kilkenny,  and his wife Mary ffrench,  daughter of  Austin ffrench of Rahoon, near Galway. He went to Dr Huddard's school in Dublin, and graduated from the University of Dublin: he  was called to the Bar in 1840, and became Queen's Counsel  in 1849. No-one has ever questioned his intellectual abilities. He was a superb speaker both in public and private and he founded a well-known debating society, the Tail-end Club. He published several books on law, politics and literature, including a book on the prose writings of John Milton. Despite his later reputation for eccentricity and bad temper, as a young man he was considered  to be the best of company:  genial, good humoured and a superb conversationalist.He joined the Connaught circuit where he rapidly acquired a large practice, due less to any great legal skill than to his eloquence and  impressive presence; these gifts soon turned him towards politics. He married Kate Rooney, daughter of Thomas  Rooney,  a Galway surgeon, in  1841; they had one son, and a daughter Mary,  who married James Murphy (1823-1901), judge of the High Court, and had six children, including Edward Sullivan Murphy. Political career
In 1847 <mask> was elected MP for Athlone. In 1851 he was one of the  founders  of the Catholic Defence Association  which championed the cause of tenant reform; he was re-elected for  Athlone in 1852.In the latter year he helped found the Independent Irish Party, which was  popularly known as "the Pope's Brass Band". The new party  was pledged to repeal  the Ecclesiastical Titles Act and to further the cause of  tenant reform, and most crucially, its  members gave an explicit promise  not to take office but  instead to hold the balance of power at Westminster. In this they were at first successful, helping to vote out the administration of Lord Derby, who was replaced by Lord Aberdeen. Within months of promising  not to take office, Keogh (together with  his colleague John Sadleir) made the decision which destroyed his reputation  in his own lifetime and long  after his death: he accepted office in the Aberdeen Government, becoming first   Solicitor-General for Ireland, and  then Attorney-General for Ireland in 1855.His decision was seen by the Irish electorate  as an unforgivable betrayal of a solemn pledge and his name,  along with Sadleir's, entered the Irish political vocabulary. Even a century later, John A. Costello turned down the offer by Éamon de Valera to make him a Supreme Court judge on the ground that he "did not wish face charges of being another Sadleir or Keogh". Judicial career
In 1856 <mask> was appointed a judge of the Irish Court of Common Pleas. On the grounds of legal ability no one could dispute that he was highly qualified for judicial office, and in non-political cases he had a good reputation: if not a profound lawyer, he had the ability to quickly see the essential point of a case. Unfortunately his conduct as a judge did nothing to restore the damage to his reputation. He was a man of strong opinions, which were  always expressed forcefully, and his hot temper led to frequent quarrels with counsel. On one occasion Peter O'Brien, the future Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, was threatened with removal from Court.It must be said in Keogh's defence that, having recovered his temper, he apologised to O'Brien in open court in the presence of the assembled Bar. This suggests that Keogh, who as a young man had been famed for geniality and good humour, was not acting out of malice, but rather suffering from stress and ill-health. Keogh's conduct of the "Fenian Trials" of 1865–6 and the savage sentences which were handed down were much criticised, although his defenders said that Charles Kickham at least had been treated as leniently as the evidence allowed. Further damage was done to his reputation by his decision on the Galway election petition case of 1872, where <mask> Poer Trench, the unsuccessful candidate, petitioned to unseat the winner, John Philip Nolan, on the grounds of intimidation and undue pressure from the Catholic clergy. According to Delaney, Keogh's judgment took nine hours to read and "was delivered in an extremely biased manner and did nothing to enhance the reputation of the judiciary". Much of it seems to have been a diatribe against the Catholic hierarchy, which struck the audience as coming very strangely from a former member of the "Pope's Brass Band". There was a public uproar, and the Government had to move to defeat a motion in the House of Commons calling for Keogh's removal from the bench.On foot of the judgment the Government's Law Officers, much to their own embarrassment, felt obliged to prosecute Patrick Duggan, Bishop of Clonfert, and were clearly relieved when he was acquitted.Friendship with Father Healy
Keogh developed a close friendship with Father Healy of Little Bray and the two used to dine at each other's houses every week. Father Healy's broad mindedness and sense of humour struck a chord with the unconventional judge. Father Healy remained supportive of Keogh throughout Keogh's disputes with the Church and periods of mental illness. The following exchange was recorded by Father Healy's biographer:
"My dear Healy," said Keogh, with a very solemn face, "I'll do anything you wish - only name it. I'd turn Turk or Mohammedan if it serves you." "Turn Catholic," replied Healy. Last years and death
In his last years, Keogh showed increasing signs of eccentricity,  in the face of unrelenting  public hostility  from much of the Catholic population.His public  clash with Peter O'Brien, which probably occurred in 1877, suggests that his bad temper was the result of stress rather than ill nature, and the reminisces of Oliver Burke demonstrate  that he could still show considerable  charm and good humour on occasion.In 1878 he travelled abroad to Belgium and Germany  in an effort to regain his health, but on 19 August 1878 he attacked his valet with a straight razor in a fit of delirium, and was confined to a hospital. While he may have recovered his sanity, he continued to decline physically and died in Bingen am Rhein 30 September 1878. He was buried in Bonn. Reputation

Keogh's death did nothing to lessen  the hostility to him at home; the Irish newspapers heaped abuse on him, causing The Times of London to protest that in any country but Ireland his talents would have won him popularity and respect. There is no doubt of his intellectual gifts, while his  friends recalled the charm and good humour he had shown in his earlier years, and his son-in-law, Mr Justice  James  Murphy,  to whom he had been close,  championed him to the end. The picture of him in Burke's Anecdotes of the Connaught Circuit, published a few years after Keogh's death,  is largely favourable. However, as McCullagh points out, not many politicians so damage their reputations that they are still spoken of with contempt a century later; and despite Keogh's gifts,  one must conclude that much of  the damage to his reputation was self-inflicted.The inscription on the Cormack brothers memorial at Loughmore – placed there 32 years after <mask>'s death – was typical of the continuing hostility to him. Arms

References

External links

1817 births
1878 deaths
19th-century Irish people
Politicians from County Galway
Irish barristers
Solicitors-General for Ireland
Attorneys-General for Ireland
Members of the Privy Council of Ireland
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Athlone
UK MPs 1847–1852
UK MPs 1852–1857
Justices of the Irish Common Pleas

masks:
William Nicholas Keogh
William Keogh
Keogh
Keogh
William Le
Keogh


text_chunks: <mask> (January 16, 1952 – June 11, 2021) was a heavyweight boxer briefly ranked as the top contender for the title of champion in 1980 by the WBC. Born in Montería, Colombia, <mask> won a bronze medal in the light-heavyweight category at the 1974 Central American and Caribbean Games. <mask> was once a sparring partner for Argentine heavyweight Oscar Bonavena, before turning professional on November 15, 1975. Of his first 20 bouts, the  power puncher won 17 by knockout, nine in the first round. <mask>'s first loss as a pro came in 1978, at the hands of future champion "Big" John Tate. He went on to fight other future champions Mike Weaver and Trevor Berbick, knocking Berbick out in the first round of their meeting on April 3, 1979. In 1980, he earned a seventh round technical knockout over dangerous contender and multiple-time world title challenger Earnie Shavers and was ranked as the number one contender to Larry Holmes' WBC belt.He was defeated in an elimination bout with former champion Leon Spinks by 9 round technical knockout. He would go on to fight such name fighters as Randall "Tex" Cobb and Jimmy Thunder (with whom he fought in his last bout on December 8, 1989).

masks:
Bernardo Mercado
Mercado
Mercado
Mercado


text_chunks:
<mask> (13 September 1896 - 10 January 1963) was a Polish composer, educator, lawyer and music organizer. His works include the operas The Rise of the Scholars, Krakatuk and Theodor Gentlemen, the ballets The Peacock and the Girl and Mazepa ballets, two violin concertos, chamber and choral works. As a music teacher, Szeligowski was very well established in Vilnius, Lublin, Poznań and Warsaw. He was also a respected music writer who frequently wrote for journals and magazines specialized in music such as the Kurier Wileński, Tygodnik Wileński, Muzyka and the Kurier Poznański. His achievements include the creation of the Poznan´ Philharmonic, where he served as its first director between the years 1947-1949, and the founding of the Poznań Musical Spring, one of the most important festivals of contemporary music at the time. Life and work

Musical education
<mask> was born on 13 September 1896 in Lemberg, then in Austro-Hungarian Galicia and now in western Ukraine. Szeligowski’s first music and piano teacher was his mother.Later he began studying music at the Conservatory of Music of the Polish Society in L'vov in the years 1910-1914, where he studied piano under the direction of Vilem Kurz, and then from 1918-1923 in Kraków, where he studied piano with H. Peters, and composition with Bolesław Wallek-Walewski.<ref>{{cite web|title=Szeligowski Tadeusz|last=Encyklopedia Muzyczna PWN|url=https://pl.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyklopedia_Muzyczna_PWM/Szeligowski_Tadeusz|access-date=31 August 2016}}</ref> Szeligowski's further education included musicology with Zdzisław Jachimecki and law at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, where he received his doctorate in 1922. There he found work as repetiteur at the Kraków Opera House, allowing him to become well acquainted with the opera repertoire. He complemented his studies in music in the years 1929-1931 in Paris, where he met many composers of his time such as Sergei Prokofiev, George Enesco and Arthur Honegger. There he studied composition with Nadia Boulanger and orchestration with Paul Dukas. There he attended many concerts and intensely experienced the latest compositions by Darius Milhaud, Francis Poulenc, ballet productions of many famous companies, as well as highly acclaimed performances by Jascha Heifetz, Vladimir Horowitz, Arthur Rubinstein and Ignacy Jan Paderewski. Musical career
In 1923 Szeligowski worked in Vilnius, Lithuania (then part of the Second Polish Republic), as lawyer and lecturer at the Conservatory of Music. There he met Karol Szymanowski and became a great admirer of his music.He also worked with a dramatic theatre called Reduta, composing music for many of its productions. Shortly after his return to Poland in 1931, he began teaching music in Poznań until 1939, and then moved to Lublin for a little while after World War II. From 1947-1962 he worked for The State Higher School Of Music () in Poznań, and from 1947-1950 he became director of the National Opera Academy, when on his own initiative the Poznań Philharmonic was created. In addition, he was the initiator of the festival of contemporary music, the "Poznań Musical Spring", where modern music was then presented in all its glory, and one of the organizers of the H. Wieniawski International Violin Competition. From 1951-1962 Szeligowski worked in Warsaw, first for the faculty of the Fryderyk Chopin University of Music in Warsaw, and later as director of the Polish Society of Composers. A large group of his graduates on composition include: Zbigniew Bargielski, Augustyn Bloch, Joanna Bruzdowicz, Wojciech Lukaszewski, <mask> Wojciech Maklakiewicz, Boleslaw Ocias, Witold Rudzinski, Marek Sart, Aleksander <mask> and Antoni Szuniewicz. As a music writer
Lvov’s musical scene at that time included a city opera, a symphonic orchestra, a music society and also a conservatory of music, and there Szeligowski was very active as a social organizer.Musicians such as Felix Weingartner and Oscar Nedbal usually visited the city and frequently performed works by Giuseppe Verdi and Richard Wagner. From 1951-1954 he served as chairman of the Polish Composers Union, and from 1953 he worked for the Board of Polish Music Publishers and the Central Pedagogical Office for Arts Education (COPSA). <mask> Szeligowski died in Poznań on 10 January 1963 and since 1965 he has been buried in the Poznań Skalka crypt of Merit. Awards

Szeligowski received numerous awards, among them:

Also, he received numerous prizes and awards, including:
 The City of Poznań Music Prize

Compositions

Instrumental

Orchestral worksThe Peasant King - Overture to the comedy of Piotr Baryka for orchestra (1926)Kaziuki - St. Casimir's Day, suite for orchestra (1928–29)Concerto for Orchestra (1930)Archaic Suite for orchestra (1930)Little Suite for orchestra (1931)Clarinet Concerto (1933)Andante for clarinet and orchestra (1933)Blue Bird - suite for orchestra (1936)Epitaph on the death of Karol Szymanowski for string orchestra (1937)Carol Suite for string orchestra (1939)Piano Concerto (1941)Suite for small orchestra of Lublin (1945)Kupałowa night - suite for orchestra (1945)Nocturno for orchestra (1947)Comedy Overture for small symphony orchestra (1952)The peacock and girl ballet suite for orchestra (1953)Four Polish Dances for symphony orchestra (1954)

Chamber musicLithuanian Song for violin and piano (1928)String Quartet No. 1 (1928–29)Ricercar for 4 voices, instrumental or vocal (1931)String Quartet No. Says <mask> Szeligowski, Movement Music 1959
Podhajski, Marek; Tadeusz Szeligowski: counterpoint studies with Nadia Boulanger, Res Fact No. 8, PWM, Kraków 1977
Szantruczek, Tadeusz; Compose... and die.The thing about <mask> <mask>, Ars Nova, Poznan 1997
<mask>, <mask>; (biography), in: Encyclopedia of Music, ed. by A. Chodkowski, OWN, Warsaw 2001, p. 866
<mask>, <mask>; (biography), in: M. Hanuszewska B. Schaeffer, Polish Almanac of contemporary composers, PWM, Kraków 1982, p. 263-265
<mask>, <mask>; Studies and Memories, edited by F. Wozniak, Pomerania, Bydgoszcz 1987
<mask>, <mask>; Around the author and his works, ed. by T. Brodniewicz, J. Kempinski, J. Tatar, Ars Nova, Poznan 1998
<mask>, <mask>; The 10th anniversary of the composer's death, the materials of the scientific session, Academy of Music, Gdańsk 1973

ReferencesThis article is based on the translation of the corresponding article on the Polish Wikipedia. A list of all contributors can be found there at the History section''. External links

The Poznan School of Music

1896 births
1963 deaths
20th-century classical composers
Composers for piano
Chopin University of Music faculty
Musicians from Lviv
Polish male classical composers
Polish classical musicians
Polish classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Polish Romantic composers
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century male musicians
19th-century male musicians
Recipients of the State Award Badge (Poland)

masks:
Tadeusz Szeligowski
Tadeusz Szeligowski
Tadeusz
Szeligowski
Tadeusz
Tadeusz
Tadeusz
Szeligowski
Szeligowski
Tadeusz
Szeligowski
Tadeusz
Szeligowski
Tadeusz
Szeligowski
Tadeusz
Szeligowski
Tadeusz


text_chunks:
<mask> (, March 10, 1865 – September 28, 1898), courtesy name Fusheng (), pseudonym Zhuangfei (), was a well-known Chinese politician, thinker, and reformist in the late Qing dynasty (1644–1911). He was executed at the age of 33 when the Hundred Days' Reform failed in 1898. <mask> was one of the six gentlemen of the Hundred Days' Reform, and occupies an important place in modern Chinese history. To many contemporaries, his execution symbolized the political failure of the Qing dynasty's reformation, helping to persuade the intellectual class to pursue violent revolution and overthrow the Qing dynasty. Early life

<mask> was one of nine siblings and was born in Beijing, although his family originally came from Liuyang, Hunan Province. His father, <mask> (), was the governor of Hubei, and his mother, a traditional Chinese housewife named Xu Wuyuan (), was very strict with her children. <mask> spent his childhood in Beijing and his youth in Liuyang.He began his formal education at 5 and was tutored by a famous scholar called Ouyang Zhonggu () when he was 10. Although he was talented at essay writing, he objected to the conventional form of the essay that was required for examinations. As a result, he only achieved the title of "student member" (shengyuan; 生員), a very low educational level. At the age of 12, <mask>'s mother, eldest brother, and second eldest sister died within a span of five days due to diphtheria that had spread during a visit to a cousin. He also fell gravely ill but recovered three days later, which many people deemed to be a miracle. After <mask> lost his mother, his father’s concubine treated him badly. In 1879, <mask> studied under another scholar, Xu Qixian (), with whom he began a systematic study of representative works in Chinese, as well as natural science.In 1884, he left his home and traveled to several different provinces of China, including Hebei, Gansu, Xinjiang, Shaanxi, Henan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Shandong, and Shanxi. He composed more than 200 poems during the trip. At the age of 19, <mask> married a woman named Li Run () and had a son named <mask>heng (), who died within a year of being born. Reforming campaign

Background
National isolationism began in the late 18th century, and resulted in a wide technological gap between China and the Western world, which had exacerbated corruption among the feudal authorities. One effect of this gap was a push by Western countries to develop and invest in underdeveloped nations, including China. This led to the First Opium War between China and Britain, which ushered in a period of foreign invasion and colonization in China, at the time ruled by the Qing dynasty. During this time, Chinese intellectuals and officials sought ways to improve Chinese life and national prospects.In 1895, after a defeat by Japan in the First Sino-Japanese War, China was forced to sign the unequal Treaty of Shimonoseki, under which Taiwan was occupied and 250 million taels were paid to Japan. Astonished and indignant by the defeat, <mask> realized the necessity of a thorough reformation in China, and he and his colleagues searched for new approaches to improve national standing. In 1896, he wrote the poem My Feelings ():

世间无物抵春愁，合向苍冥一哭休。四万万人齐下泪，天涯何处是神州？Nothing in this world can withstand the longing for spring, These longings join together until they reach the shadowy netherworld in tears. The wailing 400 million people are asking the same question:Oh where, oh where on this earth can we find our divine China? Between 1896 and 1897, he finished writing a book called Ren Xue (仁学, Theory of Benevolence), which was considered to be the first philosophical work of the Reform. In the book, he said absolute monarchy greatly oppressed human nature. In 1898, he founded a new academy called the South Academy, which attempted to introduce Reformation ideals in southern China, specifically the Hunan district.He later created the newspaper Hunan Report () to publicize the advantage of reform policies. Hundred Days Reform

Early in 1898, <mask> was introduced to Emperor Guangxu（光绪皇帝）, who was considering enacting reform policies. He was appointed a member of the Grand Council, and within two months the Hundred Days' Reform began with the issuing of an Imperial order titled Ming Ding Guo Shi (). However, some of the new policies appeared to challenge the existing interests of many government officials, which led to objections from Manchu aristocrats and they reported the case to Empress Dowager Cixi（慈禧太后）,  who was the de facto leader of the central authority as she was holding much more political leverage than the Emperor, even though he had been literally in power for more than two decades. As a result, the Reform policies did not gain wide and effective support officially. In September 1898, <mask> and his counterparts thought the Dowager and conservative officials were planning to interfere with the Reformation campaign, and he visited general Yuan Shikai（袁世凯）, in the hope that Yuan's army could support the Reformation Movement by murdering Ronglu (荣禄，a Manchu official who was in charge of the capital and its surrounding regions then) and imprisoning Cixi in the Summer Palace（颐和园）. After returning to Tianjin,  he immediately betrayed the Reform movement by divulging the conspiracy.Cixi was also informed that the reformists were trying to engage Itō Hirobumi (伊藤博文，a Japanese politician and reformist who was touring in China) as a government consultant and provide him with a certain amount of power, which worried her significantly about the dynasty's stability. As a result, Cixi returned to the Forbidden City（紫禁城） from the Summer Palace on Sep 21 and led a coup, where she seized the throne power from Emperor Guangxu and ordered the arrest of all those involved in the Reformation. The short-lived Reformation Movement ended 103 days after it began and it has been known ever since as the Hundred Days' Reform. Emperor Guangxu was imprisoned at Ying Tai (a tiny isiand in the middle of a lake) in Zhongnanhai, allowing Cixi to absolutely consolidate her public standing and authority. All the Reformation policies were abolished except for Jing Shi Da Xue Tang (京师大学堂), the first government-established tertiary educational institution in China’s history, which later on became Peking University. <mask> was arrested at the Guild Hall of Liuyang () in Beijing on September 24. He had been encouraged to escape to Japan, where the government had expressed sympathy for Reformist scholars.However, <mask> refused to go with the reason that his sacrifice would serve as a catalyst for Reformation ideals among the nation. His words on this were as follows:

各国变法，无不从流血而成。今中国未闻有因变法而流血者，此国之所以不昌者也。有之，请从嗣同始。Seen from the world, no successful reforms were made without bleeding. So far, within China, it has never been heard that anyone sacrificed his life to reform the nation, for which the country lacks prosperity. If there is anyone to be, just start from me. After being captured, <mask> was put in the Xing Bu Da Lao (刑部大牢), the jail belonging to the then-Ministry of Justice, and charged with treason and attempting a military coup. The legal inquiry process was interrupted by an abrupt order from the Emperor (effectively made by Cixi) calling for an immediate execution due to the severity of his crimes. Consequently, <mask> was escorted to the Caishikou Execution Grounds outside Xuanwu Gate of Peking on the afternoon of September 28, 1898, where he was executed by beheading along with five others: Yang Shenxiu, Lin Xu, Liu Guangdi, Kang Guangren (younger brother of Kang Youwei), and Yang Rui.Historically, these men are called the six gentlemen of the Hundred Days' Reform. There were originally another two officials to be executed along with the six, Zhang Yinhuan and Xu Zhijing, but they survived the execution due to rescues by high-ranked officials and foreign interventions. <mask>'s last words on the execution ground are well-known in China, translated as follows:
有心杀贼，无力回天。死得其所，快哉! 快哉! Having got the intention to kill the robbers, I lacked the strength to transform my destiny. Sacrificing at the place where I should die, it is exciting! exciting!Death and legacy
After the execution, <mask>'s remains were collected and stored by some of his friends. In 1899, the remains were sent to and buried in his hometown, Liuyang, Hunan. His father, despite his disagreement with his son's reform efforts, was stripped of all official duties, and returned to his hometown, where he died three years later. <mask>'s wife, Li Run （李闰）, became active in promoting girls’ education and also volunteered as a foster mother in Hunan in her later years. She died in 1925, 14 years after the collapse of the Qing dynasty and 27 years after her husband's death. See also
Former Residence of <mask>ong
Lin Xu
Tang Caichang

References

External links

1865 births
1898 deaths
People from Wuwei
Philosophers from Gansu
19th-century Chinese philosophers
Qing dynasty politicians from Gansu
Executed Qing dynasty people
Executed people from Gansu
People executed by the Qing dynasty by decapitation
19th-century executions by China

masks:
Tan Sitong
Tan Sitong
Tan Sitong
Tan Jixun
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan Lans
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan
Tan Sit