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<mask><mask> ( ; born August 1, 1954) is an American software engineer, political figure, and former radio talk show host. He was the Libertarian Party nominee for President of the United States in the 2004 elections, and placed fourth in the race, behind independent candidate Ralph Nader and the two major party candidates, George W. Bush and John Kerry. Two years later <mask> ran as a Libertarian Party candidate in the 2006 congressional elections for Texas's 10th congressional district seat near Austin. In a three candidate field, <mask> came in third, receiving 7,603 votes for 4.3% of the vote. Political career
<mask>'s political philosophy emphasizes individual liberty, personal responsibility, and strict adherence to an originalist interpretation of the U.S. Constitution. All of his positions arise from this foundation. In economics, Badnarik believes in laissez-faire capitalism, a system in which the only function of the government is the protection of individual rights from the initiation of force and fraud.He, therefore, opposes institutions such as welfare and business regulation. <mask> first ran for public office in 2000 as a Libertarian, earning 15,221 votes (17%)
in a race for the Texas legislature district 47. In 2002 he ran for the district 48 seat receiving 1,084 votes, or 2%. <mask> is a member of the libertarian Free State Project. 2004 U.S. presidential campaign

In February 2003, Badnarik announced his candidacy for the Libertarian Party's presidential nomination and spent the following 18 months traveling the country, teaching a course on the United States Constitution to dozens of libertarian groups. He has written a book, Good To Be King: The Foundation of our Constitutional Freedom () on the subject of constitutional law; the book was first self-published by Badnarik, but was released in hardcover in October 2004. Badnarik was viewed as unlikely to win the Libertarian presidential nomination, facing challenges from talk-show host Gary Nolan and Hollywood producer Aaron Russo.At the 2004 Libertarian National Convention, Badnarik gained substantial support following the candidates' debate (broadcast live on C-SPAN). In the closest presidential nomination race in the Libertarian Party's 32-year history, all three candidates polled within 12 votes of each other on the first ballot (Russo 258, <mask> 256, Nolan 246). When the second ballot placed the candidates in the same order, Gary Nolan was eliminated and threw his support to Badnarik; <mask> won the nomination on the third ballot 417 to 348, with None of the Above receiving six votes. Richard Campagna of Iowa City, Iowa, was elected separately by convention delegates as his vice-presidential nominee. Not all libertarians were happy with <mask>'s nomination. Some felt Badnarik would be unable to draw media attention that many had felt Russo would have. Libertarian blogger Julian Sanchez called Badnarik "embarrassing."<mask>'s capture of the nomination was widely regarded as a surprise by many within the party; both Nolan and Russo had outpaced him in both fundraising and poll results prior to the convention. <mask> commented following his success at the national convention, "If I can win the nomination, there's no reason I can't win this election." Badnarik and Green Party candidate David Cobb were arrested in St. Louis, Missouri, on October 8, 2004, for an act of civil disobedience. <mask> and Cobb were protesting their exclusion from the presidential debates of the 2004 presidential election campaign. They were arrested after crossing a police barricade in an attempt to serve an Order to Show Cause to the Commission on Presidential Debates. <mask> was not the only member of his family running in the 2004 cycle. His mother, <mask>, was nominated by the Libertarian Party for lieutenant governor of Indiana in the 2004 Indiana gubernatorial election.By the end of the election cycle, <mask>'s presidential campaign had raised just over one million dollars (US), obtained ballot access in 48 states plus the District of Columbia (the Libertarian Party failed to obtain ballot access in Oklahoma and New Hampshire, although Badnarik was a qualified write-in candidate in New Hampshire), and placed nationwide political advertisements on CNN and Fox News, in addition to local advertising buys in the important swing states of Wisconsin, New Mexico, Nevada, and Arizona. No national polls including Badnarik had put him above 1.5%, though one poll put him at 5% in New Mexico and another at three percent in Nevada. A Rasmussen poll on October 26, 2004 put Badnarik at 3% in Arizona. Badnarik received 397,265 votes nationwide in the November 2, 2004 election, taking 0.3 percent of the popular vote and placing fourth, 68,385 votes behind Ralph Nader but 12,834 vote better than the party's 2000 election results. Badnarik spent most of early 2005 touring the nation and giving speeches. He also taught a class on the U.S. Constitution, using his experiences on the campaign trail to develop his lesson plan. 2006 U.S. congressional campaign

In August 2005, <mask> announced that he would run for the U.S. House of Representatives in the 2006 election.He ran for the 10th Congressional District of Texas, which is currently represented by Republican <mask>. He raised nearly $450,000 for his campaign and received the Libertarian Party of Texas nomination for its 10th district Congressional candidate. He received 7,603 votes, or four percent, in the November election, losing to Republican incumbent <mask>. McCaul, who received 55 percent of the vote, and Democrat Ted Ankrum, who got 40 percent. A December 2006 letter from his campaign manager, Alan Hacker, states that Badnarik has "retired from political candidacy" and is now working as an account representative for a political and novelty bumper sticker mail-order business. Post-campaign events
<mask> delivered a keynote speech at the 2007 New Hampshire Liberty Forum, where he announced his endorsement for Ron Paul, U.S. Congressman from Texas 14th district, in the 2008 presidential election. In April 2007, he began hosting a talk radio program, Lighting the Fires of Liberty, on the We the People radio network.His final program aired on October 3, 2008. In October 2008, he began hosting a talk radio program, by the same title, on the Genesis Communications Network. His final program aired on March 20, 2009. In November 2009, <mask> was elected as one of three delegates from the State of Texas to attend the 2009 Continental Congress sponsored by the We The People Foundation, and subsequently elected parliamentary president of that body. <mask> suffered a heart attack on the morning of December 21, 2009, while in Viroqua, Wisconsin attending a hearing regarding a raw milk case. After the hearing he boarded a car to go to lunch with friends, then slumped over. His friends attempted CPR and contacted the paramedics.They attempted CPR to revive him three times with no success. Upon the fourth attempt his heart was revived yet with erratic behavior. He was taken by helicopter to Gundersen Lutheran Hospital CCU in La Crosse, Wisconsin. Sunday afternoon, January 10, 2010, Badnarik posted a message to his friends and supporters stating that he was improving rapidly and would soon be released from the hospital. Issue positions

 Abortion: Badnarik personally opposes abortion, but believes that decisions regarding abortion rights should be made at the state and not the federal level. He recognizes that there is significant controversy surrounding when life begins, and argues that therefore the state should not legislate against abortion, since a fetus is arguably not a human life in and of its own. Broadcast regulation: Badnarik opposes government regulation of "offensive" content."I find it very offensive when the government tells me what I can and cannot watch. [...] Individual people should decide what is or is not obscene and they will make that decision by watching or not watching reality TV." Campaign finance reform: Badnarik supports eliminating public matching funds and contribution limits for political campaigns. Civil rights: Badnarik supports all of the Bill of Rights unequivocally, a position which he claims contrasts with most political candidates. Badnarik says government does not grant rights but rather acknowledges them, that they exist independently of government as part of who and what we are, and that, as Thomas Jefferson noted in the United States Declaration of Independence, the only legitimate function of government is to secure them. Economic policy: Badnarik would eliminate the federal income tax and drastically reduce government spending. He advocates the elimination of the Federal Reserve and the restoration of a commodity-based currency.Education: Badnarik supports the elimination of the federal Department of Education, claiming that it is both unconstitutional and ineffective. Badnarik has called for the privatization of education, which he believes would result in both more effective and affordable alternatives due to free market competition. Energy: Badnarik opposes government regulation of the energy industry, instead arguing that the free market is more effective in controlling prices and maintaining stability. Free trade: Badnarik would withdraw the U.S. from the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)]. "NAFTA and GATT have about as much to do with free trade as the Patriot Act has to do with liberty," he has said. "We need to get the government out of regulating trade, so that American workers can do what they do best and that is to create wealth." Gay marriage and Civil Unions: Badnarik believes that marriage, as a contract between two individuals, should not be a government concern and supports the right of individuals to associate in whatever ways they see fit.Gun control: Badnarik opposes restrictions on gun ownership as restrictions on an individual's right to self-defense. Badnarik is an enthusiastic gun owner, and strongly supports the Right to keep and bear arms. Health care: Badnarik opposes government involvement in health care and drug regulation, as he contends that the current drug approval process raises costs for consumers. Illegal drugs: Badnarik supports the decriminalization of marijuana and other illegal drugs. See also: Drug legalization. Immigration: Badnarik believes that, "Peaceful immigrants should be allowed to enter the US at conveniently located Customs and Immigration stations, subject only to brief vetting to ensure that they are not terrorists or criminals, and reasonable consideration of the nation's ability to assimilate them." International relations: Badnarik supports the reduction and eventual elimination of government-funded foreign aid programs.His platform also calls for withdrawal from the United Nations and the eviction of the UN from the United States. Iraq War and military intervention: Badnarik supports a rapid withdrawal of U.S. forces from Iraq, while providing for repair to Iraqi infrastructure damaged by U.S. action. He also supports ending foreign intervention. Military draft: Badnarik opposes any reinstatement of a military draft. 9/11 Truth: Badnarik has signed the 9/11 Truth Statement calling for new investigations of the 9/11 terrorist attacks, including the failure of US intelligence to act on warnings of upcoming attacks, the breakdown of military air defense, and the nature of the investigations. The Statement has also been signed by the other 2004 Presidential candidates Ralph Nader and David Cobb. Badnarik has also mentioned that he would fight Al-Qaeda if he was elected president.Arguments for limited government
<mask> believes that the federal government has exceeded its Constitutional bounds and should be scaled back in favor of a laissez-faire society. His political views are influenced by the writings of both Ayn Rand and L. Neil Smith. Views on taxes
<mask> believes that the U.S. Constitution does not provide for a federal income tax and has posed the tax protester argument that the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was never legally ratified. Badnarik has also posed the tax protester argument that the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as "non-positive law," applies to only certain groups, and argues that the only types of income susceptible to taxation are "the domestic income of foreigners, certain foreign income of Americans, income of certain possessions corporations, and income of international and foreign sales corporations" He has also cited the Supreme Court decision Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad, in which the Court indicated that the Sixteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution did not give Congress any power that it did not have already. He also argues that the Sixteenth Amendment was not properly ratified, citing the two-volume work The Law that Never Was, co-authored by William J. Benson. One of his key statements on income tax is that the United States grew to be the most powerful nation in the Universe without requiring such a tax, and that it began to falter when the government began to intervene in the economy and individuals' lives. In the past, he has stated that refusing to file a tax return is justifiable until the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) provides a legal reason for doing so (see Federal statutes imposing obligations to pay income taxes and file returns).However, in his book Good to Be King he writes, "I do not know if Americans are liable to pay income taxes." In an August 2004 interview with the journal Liberty, <mask> stated that he had not filed tax returns for approximately the previous three years as he was unemployed. However, he said he had contacted the IRS to find out his tax liability and to settle up on any taxes he owed. This was an effort to make his then-campaign to be the President of the United States go more smoothly. Positions on personal identification
When he moved to Texas, he did not obtain a driver's license, due to that state's requirement that an applicant provide a Social Security Number and fingerprint. Identification is supplied by carrying a United States passport. 2004 Ohio recount
After the 2004 presidential election, <mask>, working with Green Party candidate David Cobb, sought a recount of the Ohio vote.This caused controversy within the Libertarian Party, as presidential second place candidate John Kerry had not contested the vote in Ohio, and a recount would cost the state an estimated $1.5 million of tax-payer money. Some party members were concerned that a recount would damage the public perception of the Libertarian party. <mask> said that he decided to push for a recount after receiving "about two dozen passionate requests to do so from Libertarians in various states." Good to Be King
In his book Good to Be King Badnarik suggests that it is unnecessary to have a driver's license to drive, that the IRS has no Constitutional authority to collect taxes, and that common law marriages are valid in all 50 states. See also

 Full list of candidates in the U.S. presidential election, 2004
 Free State Project

References

 Bradford, R. W. "An Interview with <mask>ik ," Liberty. Retrieved October 11, 2004. External links
 Liberal Institute interview with <mask>ik from April 2005

 Website for <mask>'s class on the Constitution
 An eight-hour recording of Badnarik's Constitution class

1954 births
Living people
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American politicians
Candidates in the 2004 United States presidential election
American anti–Iraq War activists
American gun rights activists
American male non-fiction writers
American political writers
American talk radio hosts
Drug policy reform activists
Libertarian Party (United States) presidential nominees
Non-interventionism
People from Hammond, Indiana
Texas Libertarians
Writers from Texas

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Elaine Badnarik
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Michael McCaul
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<mask> (née Miller, born  1973) is an American lawyer, author, and former officer in the United States Army Judge Advocate General's Corps . She is a law professor at the Chapman University School of Law. Education
She attended the University of Wyoming from 1992 to 1999, receiving a B.A. (1996)  and a J.D. (1999) from the University of Wyoming College of Law. Career
From 2000 through 2003, Rotunda served on active duty as an officer in the United States Army Judge Advocate General's Corps and then served in the Individual Ready Reserve until 2008. She held the rank of Major in the Army.She is notable for her military service related to Guantanamo Bay, first as a Legal Advisor to the Guantanamo Detention Camp Commander, later as a legal advisor to the Department of Defense Criminal Investigation Task Force, then as a Prosecutor for the Guantanamo Military Commissions. In 2008, she published a book about her experience, titled Honor Bound: Inside the Guantanamo Trials. Rotunda is also the author of a Law School Textbook entitled Military & Veterans Law, published by Thomson West Publishing, 2011. From 2003 to 2005, Rotunda was the Wyoming State Planning Coordinator and served as a legal and policy advisor to then-Governor, and headed up the Governor's policy team. Dave Freudenthal. In 2006, she became a law professor at the George Mason University School of Law, where she was the Director of a pro bono law clinic for military personnel and veterans. In 2008, Rotunda and her then-husband <mask> joined a list of former faculty of George Mason University who took positions at the Chapman University School of Law.They divorced in 2014. She developed and heads the Chapman pro bono law clinic for military personnel and veterans. In 2009 was named as a lecturer at University of California, Berkeley, School of Law (Boalt Hall), where she assisted in starting a similar clinic which she now teaches. Rotunda has written and spoken as an advocate for military troops. Her op-eds have appeared in the Wall Street Journal, the Christian Science Monitor, The New York Sun, The Chicago Tribune, The Washington Times, The Orange County Register, and others. She has appeared on national and international television news programs including Al Jazeera, Hannity's America, and The Brit Hume Report. Rotunda's television interview on Dialogue with Doti and Dodge was awarded a Bronze Telly Award in 2009.In September 2008, Rotunda testified before Congress about restoring the rule of law in Guantanamo Bay and various legal issues impacting the troops. Honor Bound: Inside the Guantanamo Trials
Honor Bound offers a behind the scenes look at the inner workings of the War on Terror, in the context of the personal narrative of a Judge Advocate. It received positive and negative critical notice. Positive notice
Jacket blurbs included praise from scholars and litigators including former Solicitor General Theodore Olson who called it "immensely readable and stunningly valuable..."  Former U.S. Attorney General Edwin Meese stated, "U.S. Army Captain (now Major) <mask> <mask> was at the center of the most important and controversial legal issues in the war, including the difficulties of detaining and prosecuting terrorists while traditional war is being redefined." Harvard Law School Professor Alan Dershowitz said in a jacket blurb, "This eye-opening inside account must be read by everyone who cares about balancing national security and human dignity." Rotunda disagrees with Dershowitz on the topic of torture. Dershowitz maintains that the law should be introduced to permit civil judges to issue limited "torture warrant", under special circumstances, like the "ticking time bomb" scenario.In her book Rotunda generally rejects torture as a legitimate interrogation tactic and calls Dershowitz's "ticking time bomb" hypothetical  "inherently imperfect because it assumes what we cannot know. If the detaine does not disclose the information sought, is it because he truly does not know, or is it because the interrogator has not applied a sufficient amount of torture?" Negative notice
Toronto Star reporter Michelle Shephard, author of Guantanamo's Child: The Untold Story of Omar Khadr critiqued five Guantanamo-related books, including Rotunda's Honor Bound which she called "... a poorly written personal account of an Army JAG that glosses over critical events in Guantanamo's history with offhand dismissals." Shephard continued, "There is some interesting legal stuff to ponder – such as how and why has the U.S. administration exceeded or sidestepped the protections of the international Geneva Conventions ...". Specialist in Constitutional Law at the Library of Congress Louis Fisher wrote that as a Judge Advocate General's Corps officer, Rotunda had "a good opportunity to understand the military commissions underway at "Gitmo" and correct misconceptions about the procedures." About the book, he wrote, "For readers hoping for an even-handed assessment, the initial appearance is not promising." Fisher quotes Shepard's statement that the U.S. erred in "imposing rules that made it difficult for prosecutors to respond to defense counsel claims ...", and states that "The book never explains what constraints existed ...".Of Rotunda's statement that the U.S. erred by "giving detainees more rights than the Geneva Conventions require", Fisher states "They needed them. Unlike prisoners of war, who are released after a war and do not face trial, the detainees were subject to prosecution and possibly the death sentence". Comments on the Supreme Court's Boumedienne ruling
In June 2008 the Supreme Court overturned portions of the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 and the Military Commissions Act of 2006. <mask> authored an op-ed in the Chicago Tribune entitled "Supreme Court Ruling Puts Soldiers at Great Risk", which criticized aspects of the Supreme Court's ruling. In the years since the ruling Rotunda has appeared on numerous academic panels and has published several academic articles discussing, and analyzing, the Boumediene decision, and other decisions related to Guantanamo Bay. In the National Review, Peter Pham stated that Rotunda had more years of military service than all the nine Supreme Court Justices put together. According to Pham, Rotunda's position was that:

2008 Testimony before a Senate Judicial Subcommittee
In September 2008 Rotunda testified before a subcommittee of the United States Senate's Judicial Committee.In her testimony Rotunda cited incidents where U.S. prison guards were attacked by detainees and where U.S. officials, contrary to U.S. and International Law, made some areas "off limits" to U.S. guards maintaining detention camps. She discussed one incident in Camp Bucca, Iraq, which led detainees to attack from the inside out and resulted in a bloody four-day standoff. Rotunda supported religious freedoms for detainees, but opined that making prison areas and detainee personal  items "off limits" to searches by U.S. prison guards has led to violence and has put guards at risk. She also pointed-out that it was contrary to U.S. Law. In her testimony before Congress, Rotunda also criticized the U.S. Army for limiting the duties of female military police officers serving in Guantanamo Bay, arguing that the U.S. Military should allow female and male officers alike to perform their duties without imposing limitations based on gender. 2011 Muslim Headscarf Controversy
In March 2011, Rotunda weighed in on a controversy over whether their superiors should have encouraged female GIs in Afghanistan and Iraq to wear Muslim head-scarves while deployed to Iraq. stating that anyone familiar with military culture understood this suggestion was tantamount to an order, which inappropriately put  female GIs at risk.On April 8, 2011, in a Chicago Tribune op-ed about those risks, Rotunda triggered controversy. Rotunda pointed out that photographs, released by the U.S. Military and published in the Washington Post, showed women wearing headscarves, in lieu of helmets, while on an armed patrol alongside male troops, who were wearing helmets. Military spokesman Lieutenant Colonel Michael Lawhorn disputed Rotunda's safety claims, stating that a helmet could be worn over top of a headscarf. According to Rotunda, the objections from Lieutenant Colonel Martha McSally, a female fighter pilot stationed in Saudi Arabia, had influenced Congress to pass an "anti-abaya law". But Rotunda said the 2003 law was specific to female GIs stationed in Saudi Arabia, and that it had expired. She recommended that Congress reauthorize a similar law to protect female troops in the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars. Litigation
Rotunda became involved in high-profile legal issues and litigation stemming from the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars.In 2003, she was a lawyer assigned to Private Jessica Lynch after Lynch's rescue in Iraq. In December 2011, Rotunda took on the U.S. Air Force for its allegedly illegal termination of 157 Air Force Officers on the eve of retirement. On December 28, 2011, Rotunda exposed the Air Force in a Wall Street Journal op-ed entitled The Air Force Grounds Its Officers, stating, "This holiday season, the Air Force has 'separated' (that is, fired) 157 officers on the eve of their retirement, including pilots flying dangerous missions, to avoid paying their pensions." She goes on to urge Congress to enact a law that would provide pro-rated retirement to these 157 officers and comments, "America's heroes have our backs. Who has theirs?" References

1974 births
Living people
American lawyers
Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Army
Chapman University School of Law faculty
George Mason University School of Law faculty
University of Wyoming alumni
University of Wyoming College of Law alumni
American women lawyers
Women legal scholars
American women academics
21st-century American women

masks:
Kyndra Kaye Rotunda
Ronald Rotunda
Kyndra
Rotunda
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<mask> (also Shepherd, c. 1515 – December 1558) was an English composer of the Renaissance. Biography
<mask> was probably born around 1515, judging from his statement in 1554 that he had been composing music for twenty years. Nothing certain is known about his early life. The first undoubted sighting of him occurs when he was probably in his later twenties, as informator choristarum at Magdalen College, Oxford. He served in this capacity during 1541-2 and again from 1544-8. <mask> left Magdalen College in March 1548 and next appears in a list of the Gentleman of the Chapel Royal who sang at the funeral of King Edward VI in August 1553; he may have joined the chapel directly after his departure from Magdalen, but, because of a gap in Chapel Royal records from 1547, this is not certain. He presumably remained active at the chapel up to the year of his death.In 1554 he supplicated, apparently unsuccessfully, for the degree of Doctor of Music at Oxford University, stating that he had studied music for twenty years and had "composed many songs". In March 1556 he witnessed the will of a fellow Gentleman of the chapel, Luke Caustell, and on New Year's Day 1557 he presented a roll of songs to Mary Tudor. In July 1559 he and his Chapel Royal colleague Richard Edwards were granted the reversion of a lease of a manor in Kent. <mask> died in December 1558 during an influenza epidemic. He made his will on 1 December and was buried at St Margaret's, Westminster on 21 December. Despite this, he was awarded liveries for both the funeral of Queen Mary on 13 December and for the coronation of Elizabeth I on 15 January 1559. Sources
<mask>'s compositions for the Latin liturgy exist exclusively in post-Reformation anthologies.Most are contained in two sets of partbooks: the principal source of his Latin music in five or more parts is the Baldwin partbooks at Christ Church, Oxford (GB-Och Mus. 979-83), copied after 1575, while his four-part pieces are in the so-called Gyffard Partbooks (GB-Lbl Add. 17802-5), a set of four manuscript partbooks, probably copied for Dr Roger Gyffard during the 1570s. Much of the Gyffard music may have been composed during <mask>'s Magdalen years (Gyffard had formerly been a fellow of Merton College, Oxford). Relatively few of the pieces in these two sources appear elsewhere. Other sources supply few additional pieces beyond extracts from longer compositions. His mass Cantate appears exclusively in the Forrest-Heyther partbooks; a 'Kyrie' for Easter Day (see below) is found in the Hammond Partbooks (GB-Lbl Add.MSS 30480–4) and elsewhere; and a setting for two soloists of the troped lesson 'Laudes Deo' for the first mass of Christmas Day is in a manuscript at Oxford (GB-Och Mus. 45). The six-part Gaude virgo Christiphera, the only large-scale votive antiphon by <mask> to survive in anything more than a fragmentary state, appears in a seventeenth-century set of partbooks that now lacks its sixth, superius book (GB-Ob Tenbury 807-11); the missing treble part can be partially completed with the help of other sources, but is still lacking in the fully scored, six-voice sections. The sources for <mask>'s English-texted music are more diverse. Two sources compiled or planned during his lifetime contain a few of his anthems: the Wanley Partbooks (GB-Ob MSS Mus. Sch. e. 420-22) and <mask>'s Certaine Notes.Although Day's collection was not finally published until 1565, there are reasons to believe that it was planned during the reign of Edward VI. The sources for <mask>'s services are all of much later date and often incomplete. Works

Masses
Of Sheppard's five surviving Mass ordinary cycles, the six-part Cantate is a full-length, sumptuous festal setting in the tradition of <mask>er, constructed in units of six-part polyphony alternating with a mosaic of semi-choir sections. The principal unifying device, apart from the head-motive passages at the beginning of each movement, is the eight-note figure F-E-F-G-A-Bb-G-F, which occurs at various points in the tenor. Of the four-part Mass cycles, Western Wynde is based on a pre-existing popular melody, also forming the basis of Mass cycles by Taverner and Christopher Tye. In <mask>'s setting the melody migrates between the treble and the tenor. Two other cycles, Be not afraid and The Frences Mass are both elaborately contrapuntal and freely constructed, with the former scored exclusively for men's voices.Playnsong Masse for a Mene is a much simpler work. Written in a simplified notation known as 'strene,' which resembles the symbols of plainsong, it utilises a technique occasionally employed to allow those able to read plainsong, but not mensural notation, to sing simple polyphony. This 'plainsong' style, which was rhythmically uncomplicated and admitted no dissonance more complicated than a cadential suspension (although there is a notable exception in <mask>'s Agnus Dei), is also to be found in Taverner's Plainsong Mass – although this now survives only in conventional, mensural notation. <mask>'s mass includes a Kyrie (unlike most Sarum Mass cycles) and is an alternatim setting with alternating sections of chant and polyphony. Other Latin music
On her accession in 1553, Mary Tudor determined to restore England to the Catholic faith after the Protestant years of Edward VI. This entailed restoring the Latin-language services of the Sarum Rite. A new, up-to-date repertoire of music was required for her chapel, and <mask> was instrumental in supplying it with suitable compositions.Responsories
There are 20 responsories, elaborate liturgical units sung in their most expansive form at Vespers on the more important feasts and at Matins. In this form the complete responsory is sung and then followed by, first, a verse and, secondly, a doxology, each of which is followed by (often progressively) shortened repeats of the responsory. <mask> often set the responsory to five or six-part polyphony with the chant sung as a cantus firmus in the tenor (less commonly in the treble or mean), leaving the sections that were sung by soloists (the incipit, verse and doxology) to be chanted. A good example of <mask>'s technique is his six-part setting of Verbum caro, the ninth responsory at Matins on Christmas Day. One of the most grandiose of <mask>'s responsories is Gaude, gaude, gaude Maria; a setting of the responsory and interpolated 'prosa' for Second Vespers for the Feast of the Purification. In a few settings, for All Saints' Day, Christmas and Lent, he employs the reverse procedure, providing polyphony for the soloists' sections of the chant, but leaving the choral section of the responsory to be sung to plainsong (e.g. In pace in idipsum).Other liturgical works
Like Tallis, <mask> also composed 'alternatim' hymns, setting the even-numbered verses in polyphony and leaving the odd-numbered verses to be chanted or, more probably, replaced by (perhaps improvised) organ settings of the chant. Whilst the cantus firmus in <mask>'s responds is normally in the tenor, in his hymns it is usually placed in the treble. <mask> also composed a number of additional items for particularly solemn feasts of the Church calendar, including settings of the Kyrie and Gradual Haec dies for Second Vespers (not, in this case, the mass) on Easter Day. Of his 'alternatim' settings of the processional psalms for the procession to the font after Second Vespers on Easter Day, he completed Laudate pueri Dominum, but only part of In exitu Israel, leaving its completion to William Mundy and the young William Byrd. Media vita
Arguably supreme amongst all of <mask>'s compositions is his cantus firmus setting of the Lenten Nunc dimittis antiphon Media vita in morte sumus. Here his innovative use of the cantus firmus in breves allows for an expansive canvas and a leisurely harmonic rhythm that effectively complement his solemn treatment of the text. The date and circumstances of the work's creation remain unclear because the original manuscript is lost.The work might have been written for the funeral of Nicholas Ludford, a fellow composer who died in the 1557 influenza epidemic. The work survives only in the partbooks copied by <mask> in the late 1570s. Baldwin's copy now lacks one of the six vocal parts, the tenor, but, since this part bore the plainsong cantus firmus, it can be readily restored from contemporary chant books, except, possibly, in the first two verses where a reconstructed tenor part may or may not be needed (the music sounds complete without it). Recent research has shown that the form of the work as usually performed is incorrect. In particular the chanted Nunc dimittis precedes the antiphon and the scheme of the polyphonic repeats is not as extensive as previously thought. <mask>'s bold counterpoint has led some to question whether the surviving text contains copying errors that make the work sound more modern than it should do. Regardless, <mask>'s Media vita has remained enduringly popular, with at least nine modern commercial recordings.English music
<mask>'s vernacular music has suffered seriously from the loss of manuscript sources. Since he died only a month after Queen Mary, his settings for the Protestant services must have been composed during the reign of Edward VI, who, after some experimental services in 1548, imposed the first Book of Common Prayer in 1549. Some of <mask>'s English-texted music, such as his setting of the Lord's Prayer and his cycle of metrical psalms by Thomas Sternhold (in GB-Lbl Add. MS 15166) may have been composed for domestic recreation rather than for church use. As many as ten services (settings of canticles and other items for the new English Morning Prayer, Evening Prayer and Communion services) have been identified, all surviving in varying degrees of incompleteness. The Second Service is noteworthy for having influenced the design of Byrd's Great Service. Stefan Scot has observed that the Creed of the First Service is virtually identical musically to the Creed of Tallis's untitled four-part Mass in the Gyffard Partbooks.<mask>'s fifteen English anthems, most of which are à 4, comply with the demands of the Protestant reformers for simplicity, clear, audible words and largely syllabic text-underlay. The part-songs O happy dames and Vain, vain, all our life we spend in vain (both à 4) are <mask>'s only known works to non-sacred texts. Editions

 Chadd, David, ed. <mask>: I: Responsorial Music. London: Stainer & Bell, 1977. Print. Early English Church Music.17. Sandon, Nicholas, ed. <mask>: II: Masses. London: Stainer & Bell, 1976. Print. Early English Church Music. 18.Mateer, David, ed. The Gyffard Partbooks, I. London: Stainer & Bell, 2007. Print. Early English Church Music. 48 / 33, 40, 41. Mateer, David, ed. The Gyffard Partbooks, II.London: Stainer & Bell, 2009. Print. Early English Church Music. 51 / 7, 15. Williamson, Magnus, ed. <mask>: III: Hymns, Psalms, Antiphons, and other Latin Polyphony. London: Stainer & Bell, 2012.Print. Early English Church Music. 54. Recordings
 <mask>: Gaude, gaude, gaude Maria, Choir of St. John's College, Cambridge, Andrew Nethsingha, Chandos Records
 <mask>: Sacred Choral Music, Choir of St. Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh, Duncan Ferguson, Delphian Records
 <mask>, Christopher Tye, The Clerkes of Oxfordshire]], David Wulstan, Proudsound Records
 Church Music by <mask>, Vol. 1, The Sixteen, Harry Christophers, Hyperion Records
 Church Music by <mask>, Vol. 2, The Sixteen, Harry Christophers, Hyperion Records
 Church Music by <mask>, Vol. 3, The Sixteen, Harry Christophers, Hyperion Records
 Church Music by <mask>, Vol.4, The Sixteen, Harry Christophers, Hyperion Records
 Ceremony and Devotion, The Sixteen, Harry Christophers, CORO
 Media vita, Stile Antico, Harmonia Mundi
 Music for Compline, Stile Antico, Harmonia Mundi
 <mask>: Media vita, The Tallis Scholars, Peter Phillips, Gimell Records
 The Tallis Scholars sing Tudor Church Music, Volume Two, The Tallis Scholars, Peter Phillips, Gimell Records
 Western Wind Masses, The Tallis Scholars, Peter Phillips, Gimell Records
 Audivi Vocem, The Hilliard Ensemble, ECM Records
 <mask>: Media vita & other sacred music, Westminster Cathedral Choir, Martin Baker, Hyperion Records

References

External links

1510s births
1558 deaths
Renaissance composers
English classical composers
Gentlemen of the Chapel Royal
16th-century English composers
English male classical composers

masks:
John Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard
John Day
Sheppard
John Tavern
Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard
John Baldwin
Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard
Sheppard
John Sheppard
John Sheppard
John Sheppard
John Sheppard
John Sheppard
John Sheppard
John Sheppard
John Sheppard
John Sheppard
John Sheppard
John Sheppard
John Sheppard


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<mask> (11 November 1886 – 30 June 1976) was a Spanish poet and essayist. He is particularly known as a writer of libretti, primarily for zarzuelas. Although he was born in Oviedo and lived at times in both Zaragoza and Madrid, he considered himself a son of Spain's La Mancha region, where his family had lived from the early 20th century in the small town of La Solana (Ciudad Real). The zarzuela La rosa del azafrán, composed by Jacinto Guerrero to a libretto by <mask>, is considered emblematic of the region. Biography
<mask> was born in Oviedo to a well-to-do family. His father was an official with the Banco de España, and his aunt owned a large hacienda in La Mancha. He originally trained and worked as a mining engineer.After suffering from health problems caused by his years in the mines, he took up a post with the Spanish Post Office in Madrid where he worked as a telegraphist from 1907 until 1917. During that time he also began his writing career, and in 1911, published a long poem, Nochebuena en la Central in the magazine El Telegrafista Español. <mask> had been a close friend of the Spanish writer Carlos Fernández-Shaw, and after his death formed a writing partnership with his son, Guillermo Fernández-Shaw, which was to produce over 70 libretti including those for two of the best-known zarzuelas of the 20th century, Doña Francisquita by Amadeo Vives and Luisa Fernanda by <mask> Torroba. The first libretto they wrote together was for the 1916 zarzuela, La canción del olvido by José Serrano. A year after its triumphal premiere, <mask> gave up his job as a telegraphist to become a full-time writer. However, he continued to maintain ties with his former colleagues, contributing articles and poems to their magazines, El Telégrafo Español and El Electricista, into the 1930s. In 1943, he performed at the celebrations for the 88th anniversary of the Spanish Telegraph Service with two other telegraphists who also became zarzuela librettists, Pedro Llabrés and Francisco Prada.In the course of their 30-year collaboration, <mask> and Fernández-Shaw wrote libretti for virtually every Spanish lyric composer of the day. Although most of their libretti were original stories, several of them were based on works by Spanish playwrights such as Lope de Vega, Manuel Machado, and Jacinto Benavente. They also produced Spanish versions of stage plays by Goethe, Schiller, and Rostand. <mask>'s partnership with Fernández-Shaw ended in the late 1940s following a personal feud, after which <mask> wrote libretti on his own, while Fernández-Shaw began a new partnership with his brother Rafael. <mask> was one of the founders of the Sociedad General de Autores y Editores (SGAE) and served as a counselor to the organization. He was also a founding member of the Instituto de Estudios Madrileños and published several monographs on the history of Madrid including Por la calle de Alcalá  (1953), Prehistoria de la gran vía (1966), and Mesonero Romanos, activista del madrileñismo (1968). <mask> died in Madrid on 30 June 1976 at the age of 89 and was buried in the Cementerio de la Almudena.A primary school and one of the central streets in his boyhood hometown of La Solana are named in his honour. In 1982, the SGAE established the "Premio Federico <mask>" which is awarded annually to a distinguished zarzuela singer. Family

<mask> married his cousin, Carmen Sanchez Saráchaga (born in Ciudad Real). They had a daughter named Marjuela. Libretti
Although the vast majority of <mask>'s libretti were written with Guillermo Fernández-Shaw, he also collaborated with other librettists, most notably with José Tellaeche for Pablo Luna's 1941 zarzuela, Calatravas. He also wrote several libretti on his own, including those for Ernesto Rosillo's 1922 revue, La rubia del Far-West, and Juan Dotras Vila's 1952 zarzuela, Aquella canción Antigua. The libretti written with Guillermo Fernández-Shaw include:
 1916.La canción del olvido by José Serrano
 1923. Doña Francisquita by Amadeu Vives
 1923. El dictador by Rafael Millán Picazo
 1926. El caserío by Jesús Guridi
 1927. La villana by Amadeu Vives
 1928. La meiga by Jesús Guridi
 1930. La rosa del azafrán by Jacinto Guerrero
 1932.Luisa Fernanda by <mask> Torroba
 1933. La labradora by Leopoldo Magenti
 1934. La chulapona by <mask> Torroba
 1936. La tabernera del puerto by Pablo Sorozábal
 1939. La malquerida by Conrado del Campo
 1943. Loza Lozana by Jacinto Guerrero
 1944. Peñamariana by Jesús Guridi

Notes and references

Sources
El País, Falleció <mask>, autor de "Doña Francisquita", 1 July 1976.Accessed 24 June 2009. Fernández Álvarez, Diego Emilio, Luisa Fernanda, 2007. (The article's main sources are Diccionario de la Zarzuela ; El libro de la zarzuela ;  and Historia de la zarzuela, Vol. II .) Accessed 24 June 2009. García-Cervigón, A., El poeta <mask> da nombre al nuevo colegio de La Solana, La Tribuna (Ciudad Real), 4 March 2009. Accessed 24 June 2009.Hennessey, Mike, CISAC Goes Gold: Spain, Billboard Magazine, 6 November 1976. Accessed 24 June 2009. La Vanguardia, Ha fallecido don Guillermo Fernández Shaw, director de la Sociedad General de Autores, 18 August 1965, p. 5. Accessed 24 June 2009. La Vanguardia, Entíerro de Federico <mask>, 3 July 1976, p. 46. Manzanares, Pedro Gomez and Webber, Christopher, <mask> and Guillermo Fernández Shaw, Zarzuela!, October 2001. Accessed 24 June 2009.Olivé, Sebastián, Historias de Telégrafos, Asociación de Amigos del Telégrafo de España, 2009 pp. 183–185. Accessed 24 June 2009. Sadie, Stanley (ed. ), The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Grove's Dictionaries of Music, 1992. Sociedad General de Autores y Editores, El tenor catalán José Bros logra el Premio <mask> 2007 de la SGAE, 14 December 2007. Accessed 24 June 2009.Spanish essayists
Spanish opera librettists
People from Oviedo
1886 births
1976 deaths
Spanish male dramatists and playwrights
Male essayists
20th-century Spanish dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Spanish writers
20th-century Spanish male writers
20th-century essayists

masks:
Federico Romero Saráchaga
Romero
Romero
Romero
Federico Moreno
Romero
Romero
Romero
Romero
Romero
Federico Romero
Romero
Romero
Romero
Federico Moreno
Federico Moreno
Federico Romero
Federico Romero
Romero
Federico Romero
Federico Romero


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<mask> (born July 31, 1987) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder and captains Toronto FC in Major League Soccer and formerly captained the United States national team. The son of soccer coach <mask>, he began his professional career with the MetroStars in Major League Soccer in 2004. He then spent several years in Europe, playing in the Dutch Eredivisie with Heerenveen, German Bundesliga with Borussia Mönchengladbach, English Premier League with Aston Villa and Italian Serie A with Chievo and Roma. He returned to MLS with Toronto FC in 2014, making over 250 total appearances and winning the MLS Cup in 2017. Since his debut in 2006, <mask> has made over 150 appearances for the United States men's national soccer team. He was selected for tournaments including five CONCACAF Gold Cups and two FIFA World Cups, winning two of the former and finishing as runner-up at the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup. Early life
<mask> was born in Princeton, New Jersey, son to <mask>, former coach of the United States national team and Los Angeles FC.While his father was the head soccer coach at Princeton University, the family lived in Pennington, New Jersey. <mask> spent his teenage years in Palatine, Illinois while his father coached the Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer (MLS), and he grew up playing for Sockers FC, who went to the 2002 National Championships and finished third. He later attended the United States Under-17 Men's National Team Residency Program in Bradenton, Florida – the dedicated facility for the training of the under-17 national team – for four semesters, from 2002 to 2004. As a child, he idolized Roy Keane, the Manchester United and Republic of Ireland midfielder. Club career

MetroStars
Before leaving Bradenton, <mask> signed a Project-40 contract with MLS, turning professional at the age of sixteen, and entered the 2004 MLS SuperDraft, where he was selected thirty-sixth overall by the MetroStars, who at the time were coached by his father. <mask> did not see any playing time in his rookie season, missing out with a foot injury, but went on to gain a starting spot in 2005, playing 30 out of 32 matches for the Metro. Just weeks after his father was fired as the club's coach, he headed in his first professional goal in a victory over Chivas USA on the last day of the 2005 season, sending the team to the playoffs.SC Heerenveen
In January 2006, <mask> became the youngest MLS player to ever be sold when he was transferred to Heerenveen for $250,000 and a portion of any sell-on fee His first start for the Dutch club came on April 16, 2006, in a match against AZ. He found success early, earning five starts and helping the club to a coveted UEFA Cup spot in his first half-season. Upon the retirement of Paul Bosvelt after the 2006–07 season, <mask> took the veteran's starting place in central midfield. <mask> scored sixteen Eredivisie goals and twenty in all competitions during the 2007–08 season. In January 2008, <mask> broke the record for the most goals scored in a single season by an American soccer player playing in a European first division, which was previously held by Brian McBride with his thirteen goals for Fulham in the Premier League. On January 26, 2008, <mask> extended his record to eighteen, with sixteen league goals. Borussia Mönchengladbach

2008–2011

On August 31, 2008, <mask> signed a four-year deal with Bundesliga side Borussia Mönchengladbach for an undisclosed fee.It was later revealed that <mask> had agreed to a switch to English club Birmingham City on the condition that the club retained its Premier League status. However, they did not and he made his Gladbach debut on September 20 in a loss against Hertha Berlin. On November 15, 2008, <mask> scored his first goal for Mönchengladbach against Bundesliga powerhouse Bayern Munich with an eighty-first minute equalizing header. The game ended 2–2. Early in the 2009–10 season, <mask> was briefly suspended after an argument with manager <mask> over playing time. However, the two later reconciled and <mask> re-established himself as a starter with the club before assisting a goal against Bayern Munich with a one-touch volley pass, and scoring the winning goal on a low free kick against Hannover 96. On January 30, 2011, Aston Villa of the Premier League confirmed via their official website that they were in talks to sign <mask> on a loan deal until the end of the 2010–11 season.Loan to Aston Villa
<mask> completed the loan deal to Aston Villa on January 31, 2011. <mask> was paraded in front of the fans at Villa Park on February 5 before kick off of the Premier League match against Fulham. On February 12, <mask> made his Aston Villa debut, coming on in the second half after Jean Makoun was sent off. It was said that <mask> would not join Villa on a permanent basis after Alex McLeish declined to extend his contract. He made only three Premier League appearances and one FA Cup appearance. Chievo
<mask> joined Italian Serie A club Chievo on August 31, 2011. He made his Chievo debut on September 18, coming on in the second half for Paolo Sammarco.He has been nicknamed "The General" by the local fans. <mask> scored his first goal in Italian soccer in a 3–2 victory over Catania on April 7 to take his side up to ninth in the league standings. Roma
On July 16, 2012, <mask> joined Roma, signing a four-year contract for a transfer fee of €3.75 million. On July 17, 2012, <mask> made his debut for Roma as a starter in a 2–1 victory against fellow U.S. national team member Terrence Boyd of the Austrian Football Bundesliga club, Rapid Wien. On July 25, 2012, <mask> scored his first goal for Roma in a club friendly against Liverpool at Fenway Park in Boston. On August 19, <mask> scored his second pre-season goal against Greek club Aris. On August 26, <mask> made his league debut as a starter for Roma in their 2–2 draw against Catania; he picked up the assist in Roma's game-tying goal in the 90th minute.On October 7, 2012, in his first game back after a month-long groin injury, <mask> scored his first goal for the Giallorossi in Roma's 2–0 win over Atalanta. In late January 2013, <mask> received praise from freelance writer for ESPN.com <mask>, stating that Serie A are choosing midfielders like <mask> who "epitomizes the new breed of Serie A midfielder, who's all about energy and hard running, rather than the typical number 10." On May 26, 2013, <mask> started in midfield for Roma as the club fell 1–0 to Rome rivals S.S. Lazio in the final of the Coppa Italia. On September 6, <mask> was sidelined due to an injury he suffered on national team duty against Costa Rica. He returned to action for Roma on October 27, where he scored a goal against Udinese, the only goal either side scored during the match. Toronto FC

On January 9, 2014, AS Roma announced the sale of <mask> to Toronto FC of Major League Soccer for $10 million. As part of the transfer, the two clubs agreed to a partnership including two friendly matches at BMO Field over six years, and a player development program for Toronto FC players at Roma's training facility.<mask> made his debut with Toronto in their season opener at Seattle Sounders FC on March 15, 2014, the game ended in a 2–1 away victory with both goals coming from newly acquired Jermain Defoe. He scored his first goal for Toronto three weeks later on April 5 against the Columbus Crew, a game which ended in a 2–0 away victory. He was named captain prior to the 2015 season. <mask> captained and scored once for Toronto FC in the 2016 Eastern Conference Finals in a derby against Montreal Impact in which Toronto won on an aggregated score of 7–5, to take Toronto FC to the MLS Cup Final for the first time in their history. On December 10, 2016, Toronto lost the final at home to the Seattle Sounders 5–4 in penalty shoot-out following a goalless draw after extra-time in which Seattle had no shots on target; <mask> missed Toronto's second penalty. The arrival of Spanish playmaker Victor Vázquez in midfield at the beginning of the 2017 season saw less of a burden placed on <mask> and star forward Sebastian Giovinco to create goalscoring opportunities for Toronto; furthermore, Greg Vanney's switch in tactics from a 4–4–2 diamond to a 3–5–2 formation often saw <mask> occupy more of a supporting role in midfield, which left the Spaniard free to take on the majority of playmaking duties, although the midfield duo often switched positions and effectively shared the team's defensive and creative responsibilities, forming a notable partnership throughout the season. On June 27, Toronto defeated Montreal 2–1 at home in the second leg of the 2017 Canadian Championship final to capture the title for the second consecutive season, edging Montreal 3–2 on aggregate.On September 30, 2017, <mask> won his first Supporters' Shield with a 4–2 home win over New York Red Bulls, to clinch top of the league with the most points that season. On December 9, 2017, <mask> helped Toronto defeat Seattle 2–0 in the 2017 MLS Cup at BMO Field, to lift the title for the first time in the club's history, and complete an unprecedented domestic treble. After a 2–1 home loss to Guadalajara on April 18, in the first leg of the 2018 CONCACAF Champions League Finals, Toronto managed a 2–1 away win in the return leg on April 25, which took the match straight to penalty shoot-out; <mask> missed the decisive spot kick as Toronto lost the shoot-out 4–2. On March 2, 2019, <mask> scored a brace for Toronto in their 3–1 win away against Philadelphia Union to kick off Toronto FC's regular Major League Soccer season. He made his 200th appearance for the club on November 10, a 3–1 away defeat to Seattle Sounders in the 2019 MLS Cup Final. At the beginning of 2020, he had ankle surgery and was expected to miss a significant portion of the season. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic interrupting the MLS season, he only missed two games and was able to return upon the league restart in the MLS is Back Tournament.International career

In May 2006, <mask> was brought into the 2006 World Cup training camp to train with the United States national team. While not a member of the World Cup squad or an alternate, <mask> was on the roster for the three send-off friendlies played before the tournament. He earned his first cap in the May 26 match against Venezuela in Cleveland. In late 2006 <mask>, <mask>'s father, was hired as head coach of the national team, and <mask> established himself as a key player for the U.S. during his father's tenure. <mask> earned his first international start on March 28, 2007, during a friendly against Guatemala. He was a starter at the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup and helped lead the U.S. to the title, though he was sent off for a late tackle in the semi-final against Canada. The next month, he started every match for the U.S. at the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup, where he scored the game-winning goal in the 107th minute against Uruguay in the round of 16.He scored his first senior international goal on October 17, 2007, with a game-winner in the 87th minute against Switzerland in a friendly in Basel. Following these performances, <mask> was named U.S. Soccer's Young Athlete of the Year for 2007. Against Mexico in Columbus, Ohio on February 11, 2009 in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier, <mask> scored both goals in a 2–0 victory. During the United States' surprise run to the final of the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup, <mask> scored the second goal against Egypt off an assist from Landon Donovan, helping the Americans advance to the semi-final on goal differential after beating the Egyptians 3–0. He started in the 2–0 upset victory against Spain in the semi-final, but was sent off late in the game. The resulting suspension kept <mask> out of the tournament final, which the U.S. lost 3–2 to Brazil. <mask> was later reported to have confronted referee Jorge Larrionda following the match, resulting in him receiving an additional three-match suspension to be served during the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup.<mask> was a key player for the U.S. in the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, starting all four matches in central midfield. In the group stage, he scored the equalizer in a comeback 2–2 draw against Slovenia. He captained the national team for the first time in an August 10, 2010 friendly against Brazil in his birthplace of New Jersey. In the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup <mask> featured in each game in a new midfield partnership with Jermaine Jones, and scored the opening goal in the final against Mexico, though the United States went on to lose 4–2. Following the Gold Cup loss, <mask> was fired as national team coach and replaced by Jürgen Klinsmann under whom <mask> remained a key starter in midfield. He started each game for the U.S. at the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. After U.S. Soccer removed the captaincy from Clint Dempsey as punishment for a controversial incident with a referee before the 2015 Gold Cup, Klinsmann named <mask> the national team's new permanent captain.In the opening game against Honduras on July 7, <mask> earned his 100th cap at the age of 27. On July 7, 2019 <mask> played as the U.S. lost the final of the 2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup by a single goal to Mexico. He became the third American to 150 caps, after Cobi Jones and Landon Donovan. Style of play
A hard-working, intelligent, and physically imposing right-footed player, <mask> is capable of playing in several midfield roles, and has been used in the center, in a holding role, in a box-to-box role, in the hole, or even in a more withdrawn creative role as a deep-lying playmaker; his tenacity, ball-winning abilities, energy, tactical intelligence, and positional sense enable him to recover the ball and quickly transition from defense to attack by making forward runs, while his vision and range of passing allow him to dictate the tempo of his team's play in midfield or create goalscoring opportunities after retrieving possession. In addition to his stamina and playing ability, he is also known for his communication and leadership skills. He has also been used as a central defender on occasion. Personal life
<mask> speaks fluent English, Italian, Dutch, German, and Spanish.He is married to Amanda, a former University of Rhode Island tennis player. The couple have a son and a daughter, born in 2012 and 2014 respectively. <mask> is the son of soccer coach <mask>, who managed teams including the United States men's national team. <mask>, the younger brother of Bob and uncle of <mask>, played as a catcher in Major League Baseball, primarily for the Seattle Mariners, and served as long-time coach of the Princeton Tigers. <mask>'s sister married the Australian-born soccer player Andy Rose. Career statistics

Club

International

International goals

Scores and results list United States's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each <mask> goal. players
A.C. ChievoVerona players
A.S. Roma players
Toronto FC players
Major League Soccer players
Major League Soccer All-Stars
Designated Players (MLS)
Eredivisie players
Bundesliga players
Premier League players
Serie A players
United States men's youth international soccer players
United States men's under-20 international soccer players
United States men's under-23 international soccer players
Olympic soccer players of the United States
United States men's international soccer players
2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Footballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Copa América Centenario players
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2019 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
CONCACAF Gold Cup-winning players
FIFA Century Club
American expatriate soccer players
American expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
American expatriate sportspeople in Germany
American expatriate sportspeople in England
American expatriate sportspeople in Italy
American expatriate sportspeople in Canada
Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands
Expatriate footballers in Germany
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Expatriate soccer players in Canada

masks:
Michael Sheehan Bradley
Bob Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bob Bradley
Michael
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Michael Frontzeck
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Michael Cox
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bob Bradley
Michael
Michael
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bob Bradley
Michael
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bob Bradley
Scott Bradley
Michael
Michael Bradley
Bradley


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<mask> (1755 or 1756 – 9 September 1816) was an English letter writer. She left graphic accounts of her travels and experiences in Europe and the Middle East. Early life
<mask> was born in 1755 or 1756, probably in Rotherhithe, Surrey. She was one of three known daughters of Edward Clement (died 1794), a Rotherhithe shipwright. Her mother died in or before 1783. Little is known of her family. One of her sisters, Eleanor, married Thomas W. Preston.<mask> married <mask>, a barrister, on 6 February 1772 in London. The only son of <mask> of Rotherhithe, Surrey, and of Irish extraction, he intended to practise as an advocate in the Calcutta Supreme Court. The couple set out for India in April 1779 and he managed to enter himself on 16 June 1780, but he ran into debt and fathered an illegitimate child before returning to England, where he died some time before 1815. The couple separated in August 1781. There were no children of the marriage. Passages to India
<mask>'s graphic letters begin in Paris on 18 April 1779; her account suggests she had been to France several times before. Then follows an eventful journey across the Alps, by sea to Egypt, then across the deserts of Egypt in a caravan that was attacked by bandits, only to be imprisoned on arrival in Calicut by Hyder Ali, King of Mysore.Eventually escaping with the help of a Jewish merchant from Cochin, Mr Isaac, she and her husband arrived in Calcutta in May 1780. The letters reveal great narrative power and include what E. M. Forster, her editor, described as "little character sketches... delightfully malicious." She appears to have had religious convictions and a distaste for any indelicacy, also a command of French and an ability to learn other languages such as Italian, Portuguese and Hindustani at high speed, but otherwise not much education. <mask> found her way into Calcutta society during her first period there, meeting several prominent people, including Warren Hastings, but this goodwill may have been dissipated by the wild behaviour of her husband, or possibly by her own ill temper. She was more interested than many in the life of the Indians around her and provides quite a lot of detail. <mask> obtained a legal separation from her husband in August 1781, and returned to England by way of Madras and St Helena in 1782, but set out again in 1784. This time her social status was lower and she supported herself with a millinery shop and by mantua making, but became bankrupt in 1788, although she continued to trade and paid off her creditors by 1793.Her observation and interpretations of Indian society continued. Suttee (immolation of a widow), she opined, was not a proof of feeling, but "entirely a political scheme intended to insure the care and good offices of wives to their husbands." Her business partner Avis Hicks and <mask>'s son, whom Hicks was accompanying to England, drowned at sea in September 1786. Returning to England in 1794, <mask> inherited property in Glamorgan on the death of her father and became a merchant, but was dogged by disasters, so that bankruptcy ensued again in 1800. Her third visit to Calcutta in 1796 lasted only six months. She acquired another ship, loaded it with muslins and set off for the United States, but it sank in the mouth of the Hooghly. She managed by other means to reach New York City on 3 September 1797.Sailing again for Calcutta in August 1804, she returned the following year with 14 children, to open a school at Ashburnam House, Blackheath. This she continued to run with a partner, Maria Cousins, until 1814. She stayed in Blackheath with Mrs Preston in 1815, before a final voyage to Calcutta, where she began to prepare her letters and papers for publication. She died at the age of 60 on 9 September 1816 in Calcutta. Editions of the letters
<mask> died insolvent, and her invaluable letters were handled by the administrator of her estate as one of her few assets. Her account of the first two voyages appeared in 1817 and, according to official records, made a profit for her creditors of 220 rupees in four years. However, the administrator "lost enthusiasm" according to E. M. Forster, so that the published versions go only up to 1797.The volume was reprinted in 1821. Later glimpses of her life, including some surviving manuscript pages, and English court and other archive materials, come from notes by her 1908 editor, Walter Kelly Firminger (1870–1940), author of the long-running Thacker's Guide to Calcutta. This edition was superseded in 1925 by E. M. Forster's scholarly edition, published by Hogarth Press. In 2010, this edition was again reprinted by New York Review Books with an introduction by Simon Winchester. See also
Women letter writers

References

Bibliography
E. M. Forster: Introductory Notes. In: Original Letters from India (New York: NYRB, 2010 [1925]). Joan Mickelson-Gaughan, The "incumberances" [sic]: British Women in India, 1615–1856, 1st ed., New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2013

Primary Sources
<mask>, Original Letters from India, 1779–1815 (London, 1925)

Additional reading
Linda Colley, "Going Native, Telling Tales: Captivity, Collaborations and Empire", Past & Present, No.168 (2000), pp. 170–193. Accessed 8 February 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/651308
Matthew Lockwood, "The birth of British India". To Begin the World Over Again: How the American Revolution Devastated the Globe, pp. 274–313. New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 2019. Accessed 8 February 2021. doi:10.2307/j.ctvnwc044.15.Mohamad Ali Hachicho, "English Travel Books about the Arab near East in the Eighteenth Century". Die Welt des Islams, New Series 9, no. 1/4 (1964), pp. 1–206. Accessed 8 February 2021. 1750s births
1756 births
1816 deaths
18th-century British women writers
19th-century British women writers
English letter writers
Women letter writers
People from Rotherhithe
People of British India
British women travel writers
Writers from London
Milliners
18th-century English businesspeople
British people in colonial India
19th-century diarists
19th-century letter writers

masks:
Eliza Fay
Eliza
Eliza
Anthony Fay
Francis Fay
Fay
Eliza Fay
Fay
Anthony Fay
Eliza
Fay
Eliza Fay


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<mask> (also found as <mask><mask>) (March 13, 1811 – November 13, 1893) was a leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and one of the original members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. <mask> was the eighth child of <mask>. and <mask> and was a younger brother of <mask>., the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. Early life
Born in Royalton, Vermont, <mask> and his family suffered considerable financial problems and moved several times in the New England area. He was living in the home of his parents near Manchester, New York, when his brother Joseph reported that he had taken golden plates from the hill Cumorah. <mask> was told by Joseph that he could not view the golden plates but was allowed to reach into the case and feel what Joseph said were the plates. <mask> was baptized into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints on June 9, 1830, by David Whitmer, one of the Three Witnesses to the Book of Mormon. Church leadership
On February 14, 1835, the Three Witnesses designated Phineas Young, brother of Brigham, as one of the inaugural members of the Quorum of the Twelve.However, <mask> insisted that his own younger brother, <mask>, be selected instead. Oliver Cowdery and David Whitmer later reported that <mask>'s selection was "contrary to our feelings and judgment, and to our deep mortification ever since." <mask> was ordained an apostle on February 15. On May 4, 1839, <mask> and Orson Hyde were suspended from the Quorum of the Twelve by a vote of the church; however, <mask> was readmitted to the Quorum on May 25. From April to December 1842, <mask> was the editor of The Wasp, a secular but pro-Mormon newspaper in Nauvoo, Illinois. <mask> was fierce in his editorial criticism of the anti-Mormon newspaper the Warsaw Signal and its editor Thomas C. Sharp, whom <mask> referred to in the Wasp as "Thom-ASS C. Sharp". <mask> resigned as the editor of The Wasp after he was elected to the Illinois General Assembly, and he was succeeded by fellow-apostle John Taylor, who edited The Wasp for another five months before replacing it with the Nauvoo Neighbor.On May 24, 1845, <mask> succeeded his late brother Hyrum <mask> as the Presiding Patriarch of the church. Shortly after his ordination to this position, Brigham Young printed a clarification in a church newspaper that stated that <mask> had not been ordained as patriarch over the church, but rather as patriarch to the church; <mask> regarded this clarification as a slight, and it exacerbated the growing tension between <mask> and Young. <mask> was patriarch to the church until October 6, 1845, when his name and positions were read at general conference, but fellow apostle Parley P. Pratt expressed objections due to his character and practices. The conference attenders unanimously voted against <mask> being retained as both an apostle and the patriarch, and he lost both offices and was disfellowshipped from the church. <mask> responded by submitting a lengthy statement to Sharp's Warsaw Signal, in which he compared Young to Pontius Pilate and Nero and accused Young and other members of the Twelve of secretly keeping multiple "spiritual wives". As a result of <mask>'s statement, <mask> was excommunicated from the church by Young and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on grounds of apostasy on October 19, 1845. Relationship with <mask>
The relationship between <mask> and his older brother Joseph was, at times, quite rocky.<mask> is believed to have physically fought with or attempted to fight with Joseph on more than one occasion. In October 1835, a fist fight between the two was narrowly averted. Weeks later, in December, there was an altercation between the two at a debating school being held in their father's home, and it is said that at the time Joseph died, he was still suffering the physical effects of the beating that he received. Later involvement with Latter Day Saint groups
As a result of <mask>'s excommunication, he did not follow Young and the majority of Latter Day Saints who settled in Utah Territory. Rather, <mask> followed the leadership of James J. Strang and was involved with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite). In 1847, <mask> announced that he was the new president of the Latter Day Saint church and that he held a right to leadership due to the doctrine of lineal succession. He excommunicated Young and the leadership of the LDS Church and announced that the Latter Day Saints who were not in apostasy by following Young should gather in Lee County, Illinois.In 1849, <mask> gained the support of Lyman Wight, who led a small group of Latter Day Saints in Texas. However, <mask>'s church did not last, and within a few years it dissolved. <mask>'s relationship with Young remained strained until Young's death in 1877. <mask> believed that Young had arranged for <mask>'s older brother Samuel to be poisoned in 1844 to prevent his accession to the presidency of the church. However, in 1860, <mask> wrote a letter to Young in stating that he desired to join the Latter-day Saints in the Salt Lake Valley. Shortly after sending the letter, <mask> became involved as a soldier in the American Civil War, and after the war he did not show any interest in moving to Utah Territory. In 1878, <mask> became a member of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church), which was organized in 1860 with <mask>'s nephew, <mask> III, as its leader.The majority of <mask>'s followers also became members of the RLDS Church. While <mask> believed that he was entitled to become the presiding patriarch or a member of the Council of Twelve Apostles of the RLDS Church, his nephew did not agree and <mask> remained a high priest in the RLDS Church for the remainder of his life. Today, the Community of Christ sometimes refers to <mask> as "Petitioner for RLDS Patriarchate" from April 6, 1872, until his death. Lineal succession

Politics
<mask> served a term in the Illinois General Assembly in 1842 and 1843, being elected to the Illinois House of Representatives as a representative of Hancock County. <mask> ran in the election as a Democrat. His chief opponent was Thomas C. Sharp, an anti-Mormon Whig candidate. <mask> won the election easily as a result of overwhelming Mormon support from voters in Nauvoo.Death
When <mask> died at Osterdock, Clayton County, Iowa, on November 13, 1893, he was the last brother of <mask> to die. He was survived by his sisters Sophronia and Katharine. Publications
<mask> (1842-1842, newspaper). The Wasp (Nauvoo, Illinois: LDS Church)
<mask> (Spring 1844). To the Public. Slander Refuted! An Extract from Church Proceedings; and Expulsion of Mormon Apostates, from the Church!(Philadelphia: self-published)
<mask> (Spring 1844). Defense of Elder Wm<mask>, Against the Slanders of Abraham Burtis and others (Philadelphia: self-published)
<mask> (Late 1844). The Elders' Pocket Companion (Location unknown: Self-Published)
<mask> (June 1845). A Proclamation, and Faithful Warning to all the Saints scattered around... (Galena, Illinois: self-published)
<mask> (October 1845). Faithful Warning to the Latter Day Saints [shorter version of A Proclamation.] (St. Louis, Missouri: self-published)
<mask>, Arthur Millikin, and Lucy Millikin (April 1846).To the Public (Nauvoo, Illinois: self-published)
<mask> (September 1847). <mask>, Patriarch & Prophet of the Most High God – Latter Day Saints, Beware of Imposition! (Ottawa, Illinois: Free Press)
<mask> (November 1848). A Revelation Given to <mask>, in 1847, on the Apostacy of the Church .... (Philadelphia: self-published)
<mask> and Isaac Sheen (1849–1850, newspaper). Melchisedek & Aaronic Herald (Covington, Kentucky: Isaac Sheen)
<mask> et al. (1850) Remonstrance of <mask> et al., of Covington, Kentucky. Against the Admission of Deseret into the Union.(Washington D.C.: U.S. Government)
<mask> (1883). <mask> on Mormonism: A True Account of the Origin of the Book of Mormon (Lamoni, Iowa: RLDS Church)

See also

 Phrenology and the Latter Day Saint Movement

Notes

References
Irene M. Bates, "<mask>, 1811–93: Problem Patriarch", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, vol. 16, no. 2 (1983) pp. 11–23
Paul M. Edwards, "<mask><mask>: The Persistent 'Pretender'", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, vol. 18, no. 2 (1985) pp.128–139

External links
 <mask> Memorial Home Page
 Grampa Bill's G.A. Pages: <mask><mask>

1811 births
1893 deaths
19th-century American politicians
American Latter Day Saint leaders
American Latter Day Saints
American leaders of the Community of Christ
Apostles of the Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) members
Converts to Mormonism
Doctrine and Covenants people
Editors of Latter Day Saint publications
Illinois Democrats
Latter Day Saint leaders
Members of the Illinois House of Representatives
People excommunicated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
People from Clayton County, Iowa
People from Ontario County, New York
People from Royalton, Vermont
Presiding Patriarchs (LDS Church)
Religious leaders from New York (state)
Religious leaders from Vermont
Smith family (Latter Day Saints)
Excommunicated general authorities (LDS Church)

masks:
William Smith
William B
. Smith
Smith
Joseph Smith Sr
Lucy Mack Smith
Joseph Smith Jr
Smith
William
William
Joseph Smith
William
William
William Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Joseph Smith
Smith
William
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
William
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Joseph Smith
William Smith
Smith
William Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Smith
Joseph Smith
William Smith
William Smith
William Smith
. Smith
William Smith
William Smith
William Smith
William Smith
William Smith
William Smith
William Smith
William Smith
William Smith
William Smith
William Smith
William Smith
William Smith
William Smith
William B
. Smith
William Smith
William B
. Smith


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Dr A.R.D<mask> is an Indian Library and Information Science Academic, Information professional and Information scientist. Dr <mask> teaches at Documentation Research and Training Centre (DRTC), Bangalore as Professor of Library and Information Science and he is retired Head of DRTC, which is India's only proper ischool with a very strong research program. His areas of specialisation include Artificial intelligence-Applications in LIS, Natural language processing, Digital Libraries, Hypertext and Multimedia applications, Institutional repository, Open-source software used in Libraries, Open Access to Information, Semantic Web Technology, Free and open source software etc. His other area of interests are Mythology, Buddhism, Philosophy and Indian History. He is pioneer in the promotion and development of Open-source software used in Libraries and Information Centres in India, Open access (publishing) and Open Access movement. He is visiting Faculty of University of Trento, Italy.Early life
He has Master of Arts (M.A), M.Phil. in Philosophy, BLIS, ADIS (from DRTC, ISI) and obtained his doctorate (PhD) on "Application of Natural Language Processing Tools and Technique in Developing Subject Indexing Languages" from Karnatak University, Dharwad. Career
Dr. <mask> is senior faculty at Documentation Research and Training Centre (DRTC). He joined DRTC as a lecturer on 4 June 1990. Memberships and association
 Member, Working Group, National Knowledge Commission, Government of India. Member, DSpace Governance Advisory Committee
 Member, Project Evaluation committee on E-Infrastructure, European Commission, Brussels. Member, UGC Curriculum Development Committee
 Member, UGC ETDs Guidelines (Electronic Theses and Dissertations)
 Member, Retro-conversion committee of National Library of India
 Consultant, United Nations-Food and Agriculture Organization (UN-FAO)
 A Fulbright Scholar(1999)
 Mentor, Google Summer of Code
 Invited Speaker, Indian National Science Congress, 2006, Hyderabad

Literary and scientific activities
Currently he is active in European Commissions FP7-FET project on Living Knowledge.He is Editor of the Proceedings of the International Conference on Semantic Web and Digital Libraries (ICSD-2007). He is also guest Editor of Online Information Review, V.32(4),2008, special edition on Semantic Web and Web Design. Published Work

Peer reviewed articles in international Periodicals
 Devika P. Madalli and A.R.D. <mask>: Vyasa: a knowledge representation system for automatic management of analytico-synthetic system. accepted for the 7th International Conference of Society for Knowledge Organisation. 10–13 July Granada, Spain. Pijush Kanti Panigrahi and A.R.D.<mask> : An Inference Engine for Time Isolates of Colon Classification Schedule. 6th International Study Conference on Classification Research organised by FID/CR and University College London. June 16?18, 1997, London. <mask> V<mask>, Gopinath M.A. and A. R. D. <mask>. A knowledge Representation Paradigm for Automating POPSI. Knowledge Organization.V 22(3/4). 1995. pp. 162–167. A.R.D<mask>. Prometheus: An Automatic Indexing System. 4th International Conference of the ISKO.15–18 July 1996. Washington, DC. M.A.Gopinath and A.R.D.<mask>. A Knowledge Representation Model for Analytico-Synthetic Classification. In: Knowledge Organization and Quality Management, Edited by Hanne <mask> and Susanne Oernager. Indeks Verlag, Frankfurt. 1994.<mask> <mask> <mask> <mask> and <mask> <mask>. Heuristics for identification of Bibliographic Elements from Verso of Title Pages. Sent for publication in Library Hitech.<mask> <mask>: vascoda.de and the system of the German virtual subject libraries. In: <mask>, <mask>.D. & Madalli, <mask>. (eds. ): International Conference on Semantic Web and Digital Libraries (ICSD 2007), 21–23 February 2007: 304–314. (pdf file, 730 KB)

Papers in Indian Periodicals

 <mask>.D. <mask>.Z39.50 for Retrieving MARC21 Records in Batch mode. In Workshop on Information Resource Management, Documentation Research & Training Centre, ISI, Bangalore, 13–15 March 2002. A. R. D<mask>. Metadata:Cataloguing of Web Resources Using Dublin Core and Marc21. In Digital Libraries:Content Creation, Access and Management. USEFI-IIT Delhi workshop. IIT, New Delhi.18–22 December 2001. A. R. D<mask>. A Brief Introduction of Z39.50. NACLIN- 2001. University of Hyderabad. 6–9 November 2001. <mask> <mask>.Creation of Digital Libraries in Indian Languages Using Unicode. Paper presented at the Joint Workshop on Digital Libraries. USEFI, DRTC, and University of Mysore. Mysore. 12–16 March 2001. A.R.D<mask>.Working with Digital Information using WWWISIS on Linux. In. CALIBER 2001. INFLIBNET and University of Pune, Pune, 15–16 March 2001. pp. 32–45. A <mask> <mask>. Using Multimedia Database with WWWISIS on Win9x/NT.Paper presented at the Workshop on Multimedia and Internet Technologies. Documentation Research Training Centre. Bangalore. 26–28 February 2001. A <mask> <mask> : Chaos! Thy Name is Internet. In: DRTC Workshop on Information Management including ISO 9000 QMS.DRTC, ISI Bangalore. 6–8 January 1999. <mask> <mask> and Smitha Srishaila. File formats for Multimedia. Article published in the book Multimedia: its applications in Library and Information Science. T.R. Publications, Madras.1998. Unit writer for the Postgraduate Diploma in Library Automation and Networking, Distance Education Programme. Editor. University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad. 1998. <mask> <mask> and <mask>. A Prototype LAN Model for Indian Universities.Paper presented at the National Seminar on Information Technology Applications in Libraries and Information Centers. Vidyasagar University. Medinipur. 24–25 March 1998
 A <mask> <mask> and <mask>. Penelope's Web: New challenges to Librarians. 17th Annual Convention and Conference of the SIS on Virtual Libraries: Internet based Library and Information Services. University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad.12–14 March 1998. <mask> <mask>: Internet: Connectivity Issues. Paper presented in the DRTC Workshop on Practical Orientation to Internet. DRTC, Bangalore. 28–30 Jan 1998. A.R.<mask>: Browsers: Interface to the Web. Paper presented in the DRTC Workshop on Practical Orientation to Internet.DRTC, Bangalore 28–30 Jan 1998.A.R.<mask>: Customising Web browsing through Internet Channels. Paper presented in the DRTC Workshop on Practical Orientation to Internet. DRTC, Bangalore 28–30 Jan 1998. A.R.<mask>: Interfacing the Web: An overview of alternatives. Paper presented in the DRTC Workshop on Practical Orientation to Internet. DRTC, Bangalore. 28–30 Jan 1998.Madhuchanda Bhattacharyya and <mask> <mask>. Internet Webcasters. Paper presented in the 21st All India IASLIC Conference on Information Superhighway: its impact on Library and Information Services in India, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, 26–29 December 1997. A.R.<mask>, Smitha Srishaila and P.H.<mask>vi: Natural Language Interface to Databases. Paper Accepted for the 16th Annual Convention and Conference of the Society for Information Science. 29–31 January 1997. Bhuvaneshwar.A.R.<mask> and Prasenjit Kar: Self Sufficiency versus Resource Sharing: Implications in Library networks. Paper presented in the XVII National Seminar of IASLIC. 10–13 Dec 1996. Calcutta. A.R.<mask>: Some reflections on the Impact of Information Technology on Library Science Profession. Paper presented in the DRTC workshop on Advances in Information Technology. Oct 28–30,1996.Bangalore. A.R.<mask> and <mask> <mask>: Multimedia Technology: An overview of hardware aspects. Paper presented in the DRTC workshop on Advances in Information Technology. Oct 28–30,1996. Bangalore. Smitha Srishaila and A.R.<mask>: An Overview of Multimedia File Formats. Paper presented in the DRTC workshop on Advances in Information Technology.Oct 28–30,1996. Bangalore. A.R.D<mask>. IDA: A retrospective conversion software for OCLC, LC, BNB and Bookfind CD-ROM Databases. DESIDOC Bulletin of Information Technology, V 15(3). May 1995. pp 13–17.<mask> V<mask>, Sudhanshu Bala Satapathy and A.R.D<mask>. Optical Character Recognition ib building bibliographic databases. In. XX IASLIC Conference. 26–29 Dec 1995. Lucknow.<mask> V.<mask> and A.R.D.<mask>. Computer Assisted Thesaurus Construction. In: Research and Teaching in Classification and Indexing, Edited by M.A.Gopinath. DRTC Annual Seminar, 9–11 August, 94. Bangalore. A.R.D<mask> and <mask> Sinha Takur.Automatic Identification of Key Terms from Book Titles In: Research and Teaching in Classification. A.R.D<mask> and C.R. Karisiddappa. Declarative programming and Thesaurus Construction. In: Database Production and Distribution, Edited by N.Seshagiri, I.K<mask> <mask> and N.V.Satyanarayana.Tata Mc Graw-Hill, New Delhi. 1993. A.R.D<mask> and Bidyut Baran Kar. Parsing Boolean Expressions Using Definite Clause Grammar. Library Science with a slant to Documentation, v.31 (1), March, 94. pp. 24–26.A.R.D<mask>. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence In: Artificial Intelligence and its Applications to Library and Information Work, Edited by A.R.D<mask>. DRTC Refresher Seminar, 26–28 May, 93. Bangalore. A.R.D.<mask>. Logic and Logic Programming In: Artificial Intelligence and its Applications to Library and Information Work, Edited by A.R.D<mask>, Drtc Refresher Seminar, 26–28 May 93, Bangalore. A.R.D<mask>. Natural Language Processing In: Artificial Intelligence and its Applications to Library and Information Work, Edited by A.R.D<mask>, DRTC Refresher Seminar, 26–28 May 93, Bangalore.A.R.D<mask>. Towards a Common command Language. In: Energizing Library and Information Services, Edited by M.A. Gopinath. DRTC Refresher Seminar, 20—22 May 1992. Bangalore.A.R.D<mask>. Natural Language Processing Techniques in Information retrieval: An Overview. In: Information Retrieval, Edited by I.K.<mask> <mask>. Annual Seminar, 5–7 Feb, '92. Bangalore. A.R.D.<mask>. Guidelines for design and development for Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) Software. In: 9th IATLIS Conference held at Visakhapatnam, 9–11 August 1992. A.<mask>. <mask>. Optical Character Recognition. In: Current Research in Library and Information Science, Edited by S. Seetharama and C.R.Karisiddappa. RBSA Publishers, Jaipur, 1993. A.R.D<mask>. Database Management Systems. In: Dimensions of Library and Information Science. Edited by V. Venkatappaiah, Concept Publishers, 1990.A.R.D<mask>. A Case for Artificial Intelligence in Library and Information Science Curriculum. In: Specialization in Library and Information Science Education. 8th IATLIS Conference held at Bangalore, 17—19 January 1990. References

External links
 http://www.grl2020.net/uploads/position_papers/A.R.D.%20Prasad.pdf
 <mask>.D<mask> | Documentation Research and Training Centre
 http://www.ignca.nic.in/PDF_data/kn_digital001_pdf_data/T2a_Development_Digital_Repository.pdf
 https://web.archive.org/web/20110721150059/http://ir.inflibnet.ac.in/dxml/bitstream/handle/1944/551/323-329(cal%2007).pdf?sequence=1
 http://crl.du.ac.in/ical09/invitations.pdf
 Wayback Machine

Karnatak University alumni
Living people
1954 births
Scientists from Bangalore
Indian statisticians
Natural language processing researchers
Data miners

masks:
. Prasad
Prasad
Prasad
Prasad
Prasad
Devika
. Aptagiri
Prasad
. Prasad
Prasad
Albrechtsen
Durga
Shankar RathD
PrasadD
Prasad
Durga
Shankar Rath
Ralf
Depping
Prasad
A R
D P
A R
Prasad
. Prasad
. Prasad
A R
D Prasad
. Prasad
R D
Prasad
R D
Prasad
A R
D Prasad
A R
D Prasad
A Aruna
R D
Prasad
A Aruna
A R
D Prasad
D Prasad
D Prasad
D Prasad
A R
D Prasad
D Prasad
Akkamahade
D Prasad
D Prasad
D Prasad
Devika
V Aptagiri
D Prasad
. Prasad
Devika
. Aptagiri
. Prasad
Devika
Aptagiri
Prasad
. Prasad
Ranjan
. Prasad
. Ravichandra
Rao
. Prasad
. Prasad
. Prasad
Prasad
. Prasad
. Prasad
. Prasad
. Prasad
. Prasad
Ravichandra
Rao
Prasad
R D
Prasad
. Prasad
. Prasad
A R
. Prasad


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<mask><mask>. (born August 15, 1944) is an American former politician and city management consultant from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He served in state government in two capacities, from 1979 to 1982 representing the 17th district, and from 1983 to 1993 representing the 20th district. From January 1994 until January 2006 he served as mayor of Pittsburgh. <mask> is currently the senior resident fellow for urban development at the Urban Land Institute. Early life
The son of a steel worker, his education includes graduation from John Carroll University in Cleveland in 1967 and receiving a graduate degree from Hunter College in urban studies in 1973. From 1970 to 1972, <mask> and his wife, Mona, were in the Peace Corps in rural Paraguay, constructing sanitation facilities and an elementary school. After the Peace Corps, the <mask>s returned to Pittsburgh and he became a neighborhood organizer for the North Side before entering local politics.Early political career
<mask> served as a state representative from the 17th district from January 2, 1979 until November 30, 1982. He also served in the same capacity representing Pittsburgh's North Side 20th Legislative District from January 4, 1983 to December 15, 1993. In 1989 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic primary nomination for mayor of Pittsburgh, losing to Sophie Masloff (who ran unopposed in the November general election later that year). In 1991 he and two other state legislators spearheaded reforms at the regional Pittsburgh industrial corporation, stressing that the agency needed more minority and female representation in its leadership, that the agency was not focusing on urban redevelopment so much as suburban properties, and that it was awarding grants to financial institutions instead of for industrial concerns. As mayor
<mask> was elected the mayor of Pittsburgh in November 1993 and was sworn-in in January 1994. He used his educational background in urban management and administration, to function more like a city manager than a politician. He initiated a public-partnership strategy that leveraged approximately $4.5 billion in economic development in Pittsburgh.Against public opposition, he secured $1 billion (along with Allegheny County Commissioners Bob Cranmer and Mike Dawida) in funding for the development of Heinz Field, PNC Park, and a new David L. Lawrence Convention Center that in 2003 would become the largest certified "green" building in the United States. The combined leadership of Commissioners Cranmer and Dawida with <mask> led to a building boom in Pittsburgh dubbed "Renaissance III" that was a catalyst for how the city would be viewed a decade later, when it was selected to host the 2009 G-20 summit, led by President Barack Obama. The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette commented in 1998 that "Allegheny County Commissioners Bob Cranmer and Mike Dawida understand the importance of a strong urban core and, through their partnership, have helped the mayor find ways to do what lesser leadership would considerable unthinkable... It is a meeting of such focused minds and willing spirits that stands to take Pittsburgh into a new era. Call it Renaissance III or call it just a better place to live, this is the blueprint of a renewable city that more people will be proud to call home." As mayor, he oversaw the transformation of more than 1,000 acres (4 km²) of blighted, abandoned industrial land into new commercial, residential, retail, and public uses. He also lured, using public subsidies, both Lazarus and Lord & Taylor department stores to the city's downtown core.Both stores eventually failed, however, each closing within a decade. The idea of big box retail along the city's downtown core of Fifth and Forbes Avenue actually goes back two administrations to the Caliguri mayoralship in 1987. <mask> also led the development of more than 25 miles of new riverfront trails and urban green space. "Big idea" initiatives such as these, combined with the commonwealth-imposed century-old restrictions on annexing any suburbs or consolidating with the county for a "regional" or "metropolitan" tax base to equitably spread costs to commuters and urban dwellers alike and drove the city to the brink of bankruptcy. Several initiatives to modernize the state-controlled regional tax and government structure to reflect the rapid growth of nonprofit universities, hospitals, churches, and parks within the city limits with the rapid population migration out of the city to formerly rural suburbs and counties all failed to be approved by the state. The city eventually was declared financially "distressed" by the state after blocking all annexations, county-consolidations, nonprofit hospital or university tax levees, and commuter or suburban tax balances. To help recoup some of the city's losses during this period and to highlight the state's refusal to allow the city to grow geographically as the region's population had, with annexing or consolidating modern suburbs, <mask> was forced into the controversial 2003 decision to lay off a number of city employees, including Pittsburgh Police officers.Some of these jobs were later saved by dramatically increasing the city's parking tax as one of the few "commuter"-"suburban" taxes within the city's power to levy without state power to block, making it the largest such tax in the country. While at the time, the parking tax was met with ridicule and contempt, it has presently been analyzed as one of the key factors in rejuvenating the downtown core, while encouraging the growth of rapid transit, bike lanes and trails, and "green alternatives", and while providing a fiscal foundation for the city for decades to come. In light of the comparable city of Detroit's devolution into bankruptcy, <mask>'s parking tax and its effects on both the fiscal health and downtown vitality in business and mass transit has become a case study in effective core city management. <mask>'s dealings with the city firefighters union also has been questioned. Prior to the 2001 mayoral election, <mask> allegedly signed the firefighters to a new contract worth $10–12 million with a no-layoff clause in exchange for their vote. He would go on to narrowly defeat then City Council President Bob O'Connor (who later would become mayor). In 2004, <mask> announced that he would not run for re-election.In June 2006, <mask> entered into an agreement with federal government to avoid prosecution from his involvement with the firefighters union. While being considered a man with big ideas, <mask>'s political skills were questioned later in his tenure as some of his policies slowly wore out relationships with the Pittsburgh City Council and the increasingly Republican and rural-focused commonwealth legislature. Impatience in working with the opposition-held Pennsylvania General Assembly late in his career, harmed the city's image in some state political circles. Praised as a visionary, but not as a politician, his tough choices after the city's budget crisis in 2003 resulted in a citizen group unsuccessfully proposing his impeachment. In 1999, <mask> served on the selection committee for the Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence. <mask> was one of Pennsylvania's presidential electors in 2000, casting his vote in favor of Al Gore. <mask>'s mayoral election history

 1993 race results
 <mask> (D), 66%
 Kathy Matta (R), 14%
 1997 race results
 <mask> (D), 77%
 Harry Frost (R), 21%
 2001 race results
 <mask> (D), 74%
 <mask> (R), 23%

Post-political life
Since leaving City Hall, <mask> and his wife continue to live in their self-restored, 150-year-old farmhouse in North Side of Pittsburgh, where they raised their two daughters, Shannon and Molly, and their son, T.J.He has one grandson, <mask>. <mask> now serves as a city management consultant with the Urban Land Institute. References

External links
Rich Lord (2005). Pittsburgh Post-Gazette: Review of Mayor <mask>'s 12 Years in Office. Retrieved December 25, 2005. News article on the 2001 firefighters union/election investigation. <mask>'s biography on the Urban Land Institute website.Pittsburgh Business Journal article
Toledo Blade feature from 2000

1944 births
Living people
American expatriates in Paraguay
Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Mayors of Pittsburgh
John Carroll University alumni
Hunter College alumni
Peace Corps volunteers
Pittsburgh City Council members
Pennsylvania Democrats

masks:
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