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Norma Deloris Egstrom (May 26, 1920 – January 21, 2002), known professionally as <mask>, was an American jazz and popular music singer, songwriter, composer, and actress, over a career spanning seven decades. From her beginning as a vocalist on local radio to singing with Benny Goodman's big band, <mask> created  a sophisticated persona, writing music for films, acting, and recording conceptual record albums combining poetry and music. <mask> recorded over 1,100 masters and composed over 270 songs. Early life
<mask> was born Norma Deloris Egstrom in Jamestown, North Dakota, United States, on May 26, 1920, the seventh of the eight children of Selma Emele (née Anderson) Egstrom and Marvin Olaf Egstrom, a station agent for the Midland Continental Railroad. Her family were Lutherans. Her father was Swedish-American and her mother was Norwegian-American. After her mother died when <mask> was four, her father married Minnie Schaumberg Wiese.<mask> and her family lived in several towns along the Midland Continental Railroad (Jamestown, Nortonville and Wimbledon). She graduated from Wimbledon High School in 1937. The Wimbledon depot building, where she and her family lived and worked, became the Midland Continental Depot Transportation Museum, featuring The Peggy Lee Exhibit, in 2012. The upper floor of the museum, where the Egstrom family once lived, features exhibits that trace <mask>'s career and her regional and state connection. In Wimbledon, <mask> was the female singer for a six-piece college dance band with leader Lyle "Doc" Haines. She traveled to various locations with Haines' quintet on Fridays after school and on weekends. <mask> first sang professionally over KOVC radio in Valley City, North Dakota in 1936.She later had her own 15-minute Saturday radio show sponsored by a local restaurant that paid her salary in food. Both during and after her high-school years, <mask> sang for small sums on local radio stations. In October 1937, radio personality Ken Kennedy, of WDAY in Fargo (the most widely heard station in North Dakota), auditioned Egstrom and put her on the air that day, but not before he changed her name to <mask>. <mask> left home and traveled to Hollywood, California at the age of 17 in March 1938. Her first job was seasonal work on Balboa Island, Newport Beach as a short order cook and waitress at Harry's Cafe. When the job ended after Easter, she was hired to work as a carnival barker at the Balboa Fun Zone. She wrote about this experience in the song, "The Nickel Ride", which she composed with Dave Grusin for the 1974 film of the same name.Later in 1938, <mask> returned to Hollywood to audition for the MC at The Jade. Her employment was cut short when she fainted onstage due to overwork and an inadequate diet. After she was taken to the Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center she was told she needed a tonsillectomy. <mask> returned to North Dakota for the operation. The following year, remaining in North Dakota, she was hired to perform regularly at The Powers Hotel in Fargo, and toured with both the Sev Olson and the Will Osborne Orchestras. When <mask> returned to California in 1940, she took a job singing at The Doll House in Palm Springs. Here, she developed her trademark sultry purr, having decided to compete with the noisy crowd with subtlety rather than volume.While performing at The Doll House, <mask> met Frank Bering, the owner of the Ambassador East and West in Chicago. He offered her a gig at the Buttery Room, a nightclub in the Ambassador Hotel West. There, she was noticed by bandleader Benny Goodman. According to <mask>:

She joined his band in August 1941 and made her first recording, singing "Elmer's Tune". <mask> stayed with the Benny Goodman Orchestra for two years. Recording career
In 1942, <mask> had her first number-one hit, "Somebody Else Is Taking My Place", followed in 1943 by "Why Don't You Do Right? ", which sold more than one million copies and made her famous.She sang with Goodman's orchestra in two 1943 films, Stage Door Canteen and The Powers Girl. In March 1943, <mask> married Dave Barbour, a guitarist in Goodman's band. <mask> said:

She drifted back to songwriting and occasional recording sessions for Capitol Records in 1944, for whom she recorded a long string of hits, many of them with lyrics and music by <mask> and Barbour, including "I Don't Know Enough About You" and "It's a Good Day". Her recording of "Golden Earrings", the title song of a 1947 movie, was a hit throughout 1947–1948. "Mañana", written by <mask> and Barbour, was her eleventh solo hit recording, and remained on the charts for twenty-one weeks, nine of which were in the number one position. The song sold over a million copies, and earned the Top Disc Jockey Record of the Year award from Billboard magazine. From 1946 to 1949, <mask> also recorded for Capitol's library of electrical transcriptions for radio stations.An advertisement for Capitol Transcriptions in a trade magazine noted that the transcriptions included "special voice introductions by <mask>". In 1948, <mask> joined vocalists Perry Como and Jo Stafford as a host of the NBC Radio musical program The Chesterfield Supper Club. She was a regular on The Jimmy Durante Show and appeared frequently on Bing Crosby's radio shows during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Her relationship with Capitol spanned almost three decades aside from a brief detour (1952–1956) at Decca. For that label, she recorded Black Coffee and had hit singles such as "Lover" and "Mister Wonderful". In 1958, she recorded her own version of "Fever" by Little Willie John, written by Eddie Cooley and John Davenport,. <mask> created a new arrangement for the song, and added lyrics ("Romeo loved Juliet", "Captain Smith and Pocahontas"), which she neglected to copyright.Her new version of "Fever" was a hit, and was nominated in three categories at the First Annual Grammy Awards in 1959, including Record of the Year and Song of the Year. While <mask> was in London for a 1970 engagement at Royal Albert Hall, she invited Paul and Linda McCartney to dinner at The Dorchester. At the dinner, the couple gifted <mask> with a song they had written entitled, "Let's Love". In July 1974, with Paul McCartney producing, <mask> recorded the song at the Record Plant in Los Angeles, and it became the title track for her 40th album, her first and only on Atlantic Records. Acting career
<mask> starred opposite Danny Thomas in The Jazz Singer (1952), a remake of the Al Jolson film, The Jazz Singer (1927). She played an alcoholic blues singer in Pete Kelly's Blues (1955), for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. <mask> provided speaking and singing voices for several characters in the Disney movie Lady and the Tramp (1955), playing the human Darling, the dog Peg, and the two Siamese cats, Si and Am.She also co-wrote, with Sonny Burke all of the original songs for the film, including "He's A Tramp", "Bella Notte", "La La Lu", "The Siamese Cat Song", and "Peace on Earth". In 1987, when Lady and the Tramp was released on VHS, <mask> sought performance and song royalties on the video sales. When Disney refused to pay, she filed a lawsuit in 1988. After a prolonged legal battle, in 1992, <mask> was awarded $2.3 million for breach of contract, plus $500,000 for unjust enrichment, $600,000 for illegal use of <mask>'s voice and $400,000 for the use of her name. <mask> also wrote the lyrics for "Johnny Guitar" (with music composer Victor Young), the title track of the 1954 film, Johnny Guitar, which she sings partially at the end of the movie. During her career, <mask> appeared in hundreds of variety shows, and several TV movies and specials. Personal life
<mask> was married four times: to guitarist and composer Dave Barbour (1943–1951), actor Brad Dexter (1953), actor Dewey Martin (1956–1958), and percussionist Jack Del Rio (1964).All the marriages ended in divorce. She gave birth to her only child at age 23, daughter Nicki <mask>, on November 11, 1943. Nicki's father was <mask>'s first husband, Dave Barbour. Death
<mask> continued to perform into the 1990s, sometimes using a wheelchair. After years of poor health, she died of complications from diabetes and a heart attack on January 21, 2002, at the age of 81. She was cremated and her ashes were buried with a bench-style monument in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles. Awards and honors
<mask> was nominated for 13 Grammy Awards.In 1969, her hit "Is That All There Is?" won her the Grammy for Best Contemporary Vocal Performance. In 1995, she was given the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. She received the Rough Rider Award from the state of North Dakota in 1975, the Pied Piper Award from the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers in 1990, the Ella Award for Lifetime Achievement from the Society of Singers in 1994, the Living Legacy Award from the Women's International Center in 1994, and the Presidents Award from the Songwriters Guild of America in 1999. Other honors include induction into the Big Band Jazz Hall of Fame in 1992, the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1999, and the Songbook Hall of Fame from the Great American Songbook Foundation in 2020. Tributes and legacy
<mask> is often cited as the inspiration for the Margarita cocktail. In 1948, after a trip to Mexico, she and her husband ventured into the Balinese Room in Galveston, Texas.She requested a drink similar to one she had in Mexico, and the head bartender, Santos Cruz, created the Margarita, and named it after the Spanish version of <mask>'s name. <mask> was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Recording in 1960. The star is located at 6319 Hollywood Boulevard in California. Baseball's Tug McGraw, whose career with both the New York Mets and Philadelphia Phillies ranged from 1965 to 1984, named one of his pitches the <mask>. He explained to the Philadelphia Inquirer: "That's the one where the hitter is out in front of it and says, 'Is that all there is?'" In 1971, <mask> sang the Lord's Prayer at the funeral of Louis Armstrong. The designer of the Miss Piggy Muppet, Bonnie Erickson, who grew up in <mask>'s home state of North Dakota, used the singer as inspiration for the Miss Piggy character in 1974.Originally called Miss Piggy <mask>, her name was shortened to Miss Piggy when the Muppet gained fame. In 1975, <mask> received an honorary doctorate in music from North Dakota State University, and in 2000, she received another from Jamestown University. In 1983, <mask> had a hybrid tea rose named in her honor that was pink with a touch of peach. The Peggy Lee Rose was the 1983 American Beauty Rose of the Year. In 2003, "There'll Be Another Spring: A Tribute to Miss Peggy Lee" was held at Carnegie Hall. Produced by recording artist Richard Barone, the sold-out event included performances by Cy Coleman, Debbie Harry, Nancy Sinatra, Rita Moreno, Marian McPartland, Chris Connor, Petula Clark, Maria Muldaur, Dee Dee Bridgewater, Quincy Jones, Shirley Horn, and others. In 2004, Barone brought the event to a sold-out Hollywood Bowl, and then to Chicago's Ravinia Festival, with expanded casts including Maureen McGovern, Jack Jones, and Bea Arthur.The Carnegie Hall concert was broadcast on NPR's JazzSet. On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of <mask>'s birth, May 26, 2020, The Grammy Museum hosted an online panel discussion featuring musicians Billie Eilish, k.d. lang, Eric Burton (The Black Pumas), as well as <mask>'s granddaughter, Holly Foster Wells, and the author of <mask>: A Century of Song, Dr. Tish Oney. <mask> has been noted as a musical influence on other artists such as Paul McCartney, Madonna, Beyoncé, k.d. lang, Elvis Costello, Diana Krall, Dusty Springfield, Rita Coolidge, Rita Moreno, and Billie Eilish. In 2020, the ASCAP Foundation, along with <mask>'s family, established the annual Peggy Lee Songwriter Award. The inaugural award went to Michael Blum and Jenna Lotti for their song, "Fake ID".Discography

 Rendezvous with <mask> (Capitol, 1948)
 Benny Goodman and <mask> (Columbia, 1949)
 My Best to You: <mask> Sings (Capitol, 1950)
 Road to Bali: Selections from the Paramount Picture (Decca, 1952)
 Selections from Irving Berlin's White Christmas (Decca, 1954)
 Peggy: Songs in an Intimate Style (Decca, 1954)
 Songs from Pete Kelly's Blues (Decca, 1955)
 Songs from Walt Disney's Lady and the Tramp (Decca, 1955)
 Black Coffee (Decca, 1956)
 The Man I Love (Capitol, 1957)
 <mask> Sings with Benny Goodman (Harmony, 1957)
 Dream Street (Decca, 1957)
 Rendezvous with <mask> (Capitol, 1957)
 Jump for Joy (Capitol, 1958)
 Things Are Swingin' (Capitol, 1958)
 Miss Wonderful (Decca, 1958)
 Sea Shells (Decca, 1958)
 Beauty and the Beat! with George Shearing (Capitol, 1959)
 I Like Men! (Capitol, 1959)
 Christmas Carousel (Capitol, 1960)
 Latin ala Lee! (Capitol, 1960)
 Pretty Eyes (Capitol, 1960)
 Basin Street East Proudly Presents Miss <mask> (Capitol, 1961)
 If You Go (Capitol, 1961)
 Olé ala <mask> (Capitol, 1960)
 All Aglow Again! (1960)
 Sugar 'n' Spice (Capitol, 1962)
 Blues Cross Country (Capitol, 1962)
 The Fabulous Peggy Lee (Decca, 1963)
 Mink Jazz (Capitol, 1963)
 The Fabulous Miss Lee (World Record Club, 1963)
 I'm a Woman (Capitol, 1963)
 Lover (Decca, 1963)
 In the Name of Love (Capitol, 1964)
 In Love Again! (Capitol, 1964)
 Then Was Then – Now Is Now! (Capitol, 1965)
 Pass Me By (Capitol, 1965)
 Happy Holiday (Capitol, 1965)
 Guitars a là Lee  (Capitol, 1966)
 Big $pender (Capitol, 1966)
 So Blue (Vocalion, 1966)
 Extra Special!(Capitol, 1967)
 Somethin' Groovy! (Capitol, 1967)
 2 Shows Nightly (Capitol, 1968)
 Is That All There Is? In addition to her own material to sing, she was hired to score and compose songs for movies. For the Disney movie Lady and the Tramp, she co-composed all of the original songs with Burke, and supplied the singing and speaking voices of four characters. Over the years, her songwriting collaborators included David Barbour, Laurindo Almeida, Harold Arlen, Sonny Burke, Cy Coleman, Duke Ellington, Dave Grusin, Quincy Jones, Francis Lai, Jack Marshall, Johnny Mandel, Marian McPartland, Willard Robison, Lalo Schifrin, and Victor Young. Her first published song was in 1941, "Little Fool". "What More Can a Woman Do?"was recorded by Sarah Vaughan with Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker. "Mañana (Is Soon Enough for Me)" was number one on the Billboard singles chart for nine weeks in 1948, from the week of March 13 to May 8. <mask> was a mainstay of Capitol Records when rock and roll came onto the American music scene. She was among the first of the "old guard" to recognize this new genre, as seen by her recording music from the Beatles, Randy Newman, Carole King, James Taylor, and other up-and-coming songwriters. From 1957 until her final disc for the company in 1972, she produced a steady stream of two or three albums per year that usually included standards (often arranged quite differently from the original), her own compositions, and material from young artists. Many of her compositions have become standards, performed by singers such as Tony Bennett, Nat King Cole, Natalie Cole, Bing Crosby, Doris Day, Ella Fitzgerald, Judy Garland, Diana Krall, Queen Latifah, Barry Manilow, Bette Midler, Janelle Monae, Nina Simone, Regina Spektor, Sarah Vaughan and others. Chart hits

Singles

Albums

Bibliography
 Friedwald, Will.Liner notes for The Best of <mask> Lee: The Capitol Years. Gavin, James. Is That All There Is? – The Strange Life of <mask>. Atria Books, 2014. <mask>, <mask>. Miss Peggy Lee: An Autobiography.Donald I. Fine, 1989. Oney, Dr. Tish Oney, <mask>: A Century of Song. Rowman & Littlefield, 2020. Richmond, Peter, Fever: The Life and Music of Miss Peggy <mask>. Henry Holt and Company, 2006. Strom, Robert.Miss <mask>: A Career Chronicle. McFarland Publishing, 2005. References

External links

 <mask> Discography

 Review of a <mask> biography by Mark Steyn
 <mask> Interview NAMM Oral History Library (1994)

1920 births
2002 deaths
20th-century American actresses
20th-century American composers
20th-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
20th-century jazz composers
20th-century Lutherans
20th-century women composers
A&M Records artists
American autobiographers
American contraltos
American jazz composers
American Lutherans
American people of Norwegian descent
American people of Swedish descent
American radio personalities
American voice actresses
American women composers
American women jazz singers
American women pop singers
Atlantic Records artists
Big band singers
Burials at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
Capitol Records artists
Chesky Records artists
Deaths from diabetes
Decca Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners
People from Jamestown, North Dakota
Polydor Records artists
Singers from North Dakota
Songwriters from North Dakota
Torch singers
Traditional pop music singers
Women autobiographers
Women jazz composers

masks:
Peggy Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Peggy Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
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Peggy
Lee
Lee
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Peggy Lee
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Lee Foster
Peggy
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Lee
Peggy
Lee
Peggy Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
Lee
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Lee
Peggy Lee
Lee
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Peggy Lee
Peggy Lee
Peggy Lee
Peggy Lee
Peggy Lee
Peggy Lee
Lee
Lee
Peggy
Peggy Lee
Lee
Peggy
Peggy Lee
Lee
Peggy Lee
Peggy Lee
Peggy Lee
Peggy Lee


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<mask> (born September 23, 1958) is an American former basketball player. Blume achieved his greatest career success at the collegiate level as a guard for an Oregon State University Beavers men's basketball. During <mask>'s four-year tenure the team went 86–27 and made the NCAA tournament twice. <mask> won All-American honors in 1980 and was All-Conference in 1980 and 1981. He was inducted into the Oregon State Athletic Hall of Fame in 2004 and into the Pac-12 Conference Basketball Hall of Honor in 2017. Blume spent the 1981–82 season as a reserve for the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association before playing the sport professionally in Europe. Biography

Early years

<mask>, commonly known by his middle name, was born September 23, 1958 in Valdosta, Georgia.He attended Parkrose High School in Portland, Oregon, for whom he played basketball. Collegiate career

<mask> was recruited to Oregon State University by future Naismith Hall of Fame coach Ralph Miller. He was part of a 7 freshman recruiting class which joined 6 sophomores in making the 1977–78 OSU team the youngest in school history. Joining the 6'4" Blume on the 1977–78 OSU team was Rose City backcourt rival Mark Radford, at 6'3" another tall guard who would later spend time in the NBA. While <mask> came off the bench during his freshman year, from the 1978–79 through the 1980–81 seasons, <mask> and Radford would comprise a potent backcourt combination for OSU, helping take the team to the NCAA tournament during the pair's junior and senior seasons. The Beavers finished Blume's freshman campaign with a record of 16 wins and 11 losses, with the curly-haired freshman coming off the bench to see action in all but two games. <mask>'s place was an important one, averaging nearly 16 minutes of game time over the course of the year, during which he scored an average of 6.2 points and garnered better than a steal per game.The season was the first of four in succession for <mask> during which he made at least 50% of his shots taken from the floor, finishing the year with a field goal percentage of .521. OSU showed some improvement during <mask>'s second year — a season in which he cracked the starting lineup for the opener. <mask>'s path to the starting five was paved by the decision of previous starter Brian Hilliard not to return to OSU to play his junior season owing to a nagging injury and loss of focus. <mask> took the keys to the car and never looked back, finishing the season shooting .500 en route to a scoring average of 13.4 points per game, with his backcourt mate Radford putting up very comparable numbers. Together with 6'11 center Steve Johnson, another future NBA talent, OSU was tapped for post-season play in the National Invitational Tournament (NIT), bowing out in the first round. The 1979–80 season was a breakout year for Oregon State men's basketball — with the team winning the Pac-10 title with an overall record of 26–4, topping out at #2 in the national polls, and gaining a regional 2-seed in the 48-team NCAA postseason tournament. The season also proved to be a break-out year for <mask> personally.During this first of two extremely successful seasons, <mask> logged more than 1100 minutes of action, upping his scoring average to 15.4 points per game as well as his shooting percentage, which finally rested at .564. <mask> added averages of 2.2 steals per game and 4.5 assists to his résumé, garnering national attention with 2nd team All-American honors. <mask>'s senior campaign, 1980–81, is the legendary year of Ralph Miller's "Orange Express" — a season in which the team reeled off 26 consecutive victories, again winning the Pac-10 title with a record of 17–1, and sitting #1 in the polls for nearly 2 months. To the senior starting core of <mask>, Radford, and Johnson were added two more future NBA players, small forward JC-transfer Lester Conner and highly touted Oregon-born freshman power forward Charlie Sitton. Blume again combined shooting chops with defensive prowess, finishing the year with double-digit scoring on a much deeper team and upping his shooting percentage to a career high .569. He also managed to steal the ball 50 times for the third straight year and averaged 3.6 assists in Ralph Miller's old school "no bounce passes," backdoor-cutting offense. The dream season came to a bitter close, however, with the team dropping its home finale to Alton Lister, Fat Lever, and the potent Arizona State Sun Devils before a shocking first-round exit in the 1981 NCAA Division-I basketball tournament.A stellar defender as well as a dangerous perimeter shooter in the years before the 3 point basket, Blume amassed 205 steals in his 111 games as a Beaver, an average of better than 1.8 steals per contest. He finished his OSU career with a scoring average of 11.6 points per game. <mask> was selected for the OSU Athletics Hall of Fame in 2004 and named to the Pac-12 Basketball Hall of Honor in 2017. Professional career

<mask> was selected by the Indiana Pacers in the 2nd round (36th pick overall) of the 1981 NBA Draft and traded immediately to the Chicago Bulls along with a future 2nd round pick in exchange for Mike Oliver. Blume played for the Bulls during the 1981–82 season, appearing in 49 games, starting twice. During his brief stint in the association, Blume scored 4.6 points per game during an average of just over 11 minutes of action. <mask> was sold by the Bulls to the NBA's San Diego Clippers on October 8, 1982 but he never saw regular season game action with the team.<mask> was waived by the club on October 28, 1982. After his short NBA career was over, <mask> played basketball professionally in Europe. Life after basketball

Following his professional basketball career, <mask> returned to Portland, Oregon and began a lengthy career in the public sector working for the Multnomah County Roads Department. Footnotes

External links
 <mask> Career Statistics, www.basketball-reference.com

1958 births
Living people
All-American college men's basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in France
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Georgia (U.S. state)
Chicago Bulls players
Indiana Pacers draft picks
Oregon State Beavers men's basketball players
Parkrose High School alumni
People from Valdosta, Georgia
Point guards

masks:
Bernard Ray Blume
Blume
Blume
Bernard Ray Blume
Blume
Blume
Blume
Blume
Blume
Blume
Blume
Blume
Ray Blume
Blume
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Ray Blume
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Ray Blume


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Sir <mask>  (May 3, 1814 – December 14, 1892) was a Canadian lawyer and politician, and a Father of Confederation. He was based in Nova Scotia for most of his career, though he also served as first Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba from 1870 to 1872. <mask> was born in Truro to a prominent family in Nova Scotian politics. He was the son of <mask>, and grandson of <mask>, judge of the court of common pleas, Nova Scotia. He was also related to Samuel G. W<mask>, who had served as the province's Attorney General from 1830 to 1841. Sir <mask> studied science and medicine for a few years, subsequently articled in law, and was called to the Nova Scotia bar in January 1839. He held a number of local offices over the next decade, and was appointed a probate judge in 1848.Political career
<mask> was elected to the Nova Scotia legislature in 1851 as a supporter of Joseph Howe's governing Reformers, topping the poll in the two-member riding of Colchester County. Once in the legislature, <mask> frequently took positions that were opposed by other members of the Liberal caucus. He supported elected municipal governments, for instance, and was a vociferous proponent of taxation for a state-run school system (regarded by many Nova Scotia Liberals as an unnecessary expense). <mask> also supported reciprocity with the United States, and opposed any efforts to expand the province's electoral franchise. <mask> was re-elected in 1855, and was appointed Solicitor General of Nova Scotia on August 14, 1856. His term in office was cut short by a sectarian quarrel in the legislature, which occurred after the President of the Charitable Irish Society was dismissed from his government job and charged with treason. The Liberal government had previously been supported by a majority of the province's Catholic population, but in early 1857 eight Catholic Liberals and two Protestant Liberals from Catholic ridings defected to the Conservative opposition, which was then able to form government.<mask> was forced to resign his position on February 21, 1857. In the provincial election of 1859, Howe's Liberals were returned to office on a platform of defending Protestant interests. This was essentially a cynical appeal to popular prejudice, and no significant actions were taken against the province's Catholics following the election. <mask> did not run, but was nevertheless appointed Attorney General in Howe's government on February 10, 1860. He returned to parliament following a by-election victory on March 8, 1860. In his new capacity, <mask> was a leading proponent of provincial railway development, even following the economic downturn of 1862. In December 1862, Premier Howe was appointed Imperial Fisheries Commissioner by the British government.<mask> succeeded him as Liberal leader, although Howe continued to serve as Premier until the next election was called. In early 1863, Howe's outgoing ministry passed a bill which re-introduced property qualifications for voters. The bill did not become law before the provincial election of May 1863, however, and it was largely due to the bill's unpopularity that <mask>'s Liberals were dealt a crushing defeat. The party won only 14 seats out of 55, though <mask> was personally re-elected in Colchester South. Despite serving as leader of the opposition from 1863 to 1867, <mask> frequently sided with the Conservative ministry against his own caucus on important legislative initiatives. He supported the education tax plan put forward by Charles Tupper's government, although it was opposed by most members of his own party. <mask> was later the Nova Scotia Liberal Party's representative to the first conference on Canadian Confederation, held at Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island in 1864.Following the conference, he was the only member of the Liberal caucus to support Nova Scotia's entry into confederation. <mask> faced a leadership challenge from anti-confederate William Annand in 1866, but emerged victorious. When Nova Scotia joined the new nation of Canada on July 1, 1867, <mask> was appointed Secretary of State for the Provinces in the cabinet of John A. Macdonald. Nova Scotia's political system was transformed by the debate on Confederation, and its concurrent provincial and federal elections in September 1867 were fought by Confederation and anti-Confederation parties, rather than by Liberals and Conservatives. The Confederation Party suffered a massive defeat, and <mask> (despite spending a very large sum of money) was defeated by <mask> in the riding of Colchester. He resigned his cabinet post on April 30, 1868. Popular opinion in Nova Scotia subsequently shifted in favour of Confederation, particularly after one-time anti-confederate Joseph Howe joined Macdonald's government in 1869.McLelan followed Howe to the Confederation side, and was appointed to the Senate in August 1869. This allowed <mask> to run for the riding in a by-election, in which he defeated Liberal Frederick Pearson, 1585 votes to 1230. <mask> was by this time a Liberal-Conservative, and continued to support the Macdonald government in parliament (though he was not re-appointed to cabinet). In 1870, <mask> gave a speech in favour of conciliation towards the leaders of the Red River Rebellion in Manitoba. This was noticed by <mask> Cartier, who was the de facto leader of the Canadian government while Macdonald was recovering from a serious illness. Cartier asked <mask> to become the first Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories. Although he had little interest in the region, he agreed on condition that he be appointed to the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia after serving a single term.<mask> was sworn into office in August 1870, in Niagara Falls, Ontario. He then travelled to Manitoba, and began piecing together the province's first government. There was considerable antagonism between the province's Métis population and recently arrived soldiers from Ontario, and <mask> had difficulties finding suitable candidates to work with him. Until January 1871, the only members of his cabinet were local merchant Alfred Boyd and Marc-Amable Girard, a recent arrival from Quebec. <mask> himself was the province's de facto Premier, and often determined policy without consulting his ministers. Despite opposition from many of the province's Anglophones, <mask> was able to settle the province's electoral boundaries by December 1870. <mask> himself was the leader of the government side in the election which followed; the francophone population was mostly united in support of him, while John Christian Schultz led a group of ultra-loyalist Anglophones who opposed the conciliation policy.<mask> was successful, as Schultz's opposition won only five seats and Schultz was personally defeated in Winnipeg and St. John. <mask> put together a five-member cabinet in January 1871, which included Boyd, Girard, Henry Joseph Clarke, James Mackay and Thomas Howard — a group which balanced the province's ethnic, religious and linguistic divisions. <mask> himself remained the real Premier. <mask> continued to pursue a policy of conciliation with the province's Métis population, encouraging them to register their lands and even meeting with Louis Riel after an armed Métis band had defended the government against Fenian invaders from America. His real intentions were to prevent another Métis uprising in the short-term, and to allow for the gradual hegemony of new Canadian settlers in the region. Nevertheless, the specifics of his conciliation policy were opposed by Macdonald and Howe alike (Howe was by this time Macdonald's Indian Affairs minister). In the face of this opposition, <mask> submitted his resignation in late 1871.Macdonald initially had difficulty finding a replacement and asked <mask> to reconsider. The federal government chose Francis Godschall Johnson as his replacement on April 9, 1872, but this commission was revoked before Johnson was sworn in. It was not until October 1872 that <mask> returned to Ontario. <mask> was not immediately appointed to the Nova Scotia court, and was instead made a director of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company in February 1873. He was finally appointed to the bench in June, but withdrew days later to be appointed Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia (former Conservative Premier James W. Johnston initially received this appointment, but withdrew due to ill health). This position required less intervention than <mask> had exercised in Manitoba, although he attended cabinet meetings in 1873 and 1874. After 1876, he came to regard the position as primarily ceremonial, and above partisan concerns.<mask> served as the 4th Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia until June 1883. In 1886, he became President of the Nova Scotia Historical Society, which he had helped to found six years earlier. He courted controversy by a public defence of the 18th-century Acadian expulsion later in the year. <mask> was also the first historian of Government House (Nova Scotia) and wrote an extensive monograph on the subject. In 1888, <mask> was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia. McLelan had resigned his Senate seat in 1881 and subsequently returned to the House of Commons. His appointment meant that the riding of Colchester again became vacant, and, ironically, <mask> was again prevailed upon to stand for the riding as a Liberal-Conservative candidate.He was re-elected to the Commons on August 15, 1888, 18 years after his previous departure. <mask> was little involved in the activities of the House following his return, and did not make any speeches. Due to ill health, he did not run again in 1891. Family

Hon. Sir <mask> <mask>, K.C.M.G., Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia married Elizabeth A. Burnyeat, daughter of Rev. John Burnyeat. Their daughter Elizabeth Alice <mask> was born and educated in Nova Scotia.She lived in Ottawa, Ontario, with her parents, while her father was a Minister of the Crown for the three years succeeding Confederation. She went with her parents, on her father's appointment as Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba. In December, 1881, Elizabeth Alice married the Right Reverend Dr. Llewellyn Jones, Bishop of Newfoundland. After the couple's marriage, they lived at Bishopscourt in St. John's, Newfoundland. Death
<mask> died on December 14, 1892, at the age of 78 of an unknown illness most likely derived from his old age. Awards and decorations

Electoral record

References

External link

1814 births
1892 deaths
19th-century British North American people
Canadian people of Ulster-Scottish descent
Canadian Presbyterians
Fathers of Confederation
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Canadian Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Lieutenant Governors of Manitoba
Lieutenant Governors of the Northwest Territories
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Nova Scotia
Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia MLAs
People from Truro, Nova Scotia
Colony of Nova Scotia judges
Nova Scotia pre-Confederation MLAs
Nova Scotia political party leaders

masks:
Adams George Archibald
Archibald
Samuel Archibald
James Archibald
. Archibald
Adams Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald McLelan
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
George Étienne
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald McLelan
Archibald
Archibald
Adams George
Archibald
Archibald
Archibald


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<mask> (1 October 1604 – 12 September 1675), was an Italian poet. <mask>i () was one of the most famous poets of the 17th century, but his fame didn't survive him. During his life he was appreciated mainly for his epic poems La Cleopatra (1632) and il Conquisto di Granata (1650). The latter has been the source for Giacomo Leopardi's Consalvo (1833). In fact, the plot (Love in the imminence of death) and the names of the main characters (Consalvo and Elvira) of Leopardi's Consalvo seem to come from Graziani's poem. Biography

<mask> (1604–1675) was born in Pergola, near Urbino, but he spent most of his life in Modena. His father was a law attendant in the Sacra Rota Romana.He earned a degree in Arts and Law in Bologna's University. Graziani spent most of his life at the Este court, as State Secretary. In 1673, during the governance of Laura Martinozzi, who was the nephew of Cardinal Mazarin, he managed, as Este's ambassador, the diplomatic aspect of the marriage between Laura Martinozzi's daughter, Maria Beatrice d'Este (1658–1718), and James Stuart (who will become King James II of England). The marriage had been sponsored by Louis XIV of France. In the same year, Graziani published his tragedy Il Cromuele, expressly unrespectful of Aristotle's rules. It deals with the theme of the dark cruel tyrant, (Oliver Cromwell) and the royalty prophanation (Charles I of England's martyrdom). Graziani wrote epic poems, political writings, panegyrics, epithalamus, laudatory and love sonnets, feasts and tourney relations.According to some of his contemporary biographers, he also made any effort in order to publish an "Historia" about the period between the end of Castro's War and the Treaty of the Pyrenees. But the "Historia" was not published, and has since been lost. Bibliography

Books written by <mask> Graziani
 Rime di <mask> Graziani della Pergola. Al Sereniss.Sig. e Padrone il sig.re Principe di Urbino, Parma, Anteo Viotti, 1621
 L'Iride, per le nozze serenissime di Maria Farnese Principessa di Parma e Francesco d'Este Duca di Modena. Canzone, Reggio, Flaminio Bartoli, 1631 in −4°
 La Cleopatra. Poema in XIII Canti, Venezia, Sarzina, 1632 in −24°.Next editions: Venezia, 1633 in −12°; Bologna, Per Carlo Zenero, 1652 in −12° e in −24°; Venezia, Francesco Brogiollo, 1670 in −12°. La Calisto. Panegirico in sesta rima alle glorie di Cristina regina di Svezia., Parigi, Agostino Courbé, 1644 in −4°  Next editions: Modena, Soliani, 1656 in −4°
 Nelle Nozze di Margherita d'Este e di Fernando Gonzaga Duchi di Guastalla. Canzone, Modena, Soliani, 1647 in −4°
 Lettera che mostra le ragioni per le quali il Sig. Duca di Modena fu costretto al partito Francese. Scritta dal Conte Graziani, Segretario e Consigliere di Stato di S.A.S. ad un prelato e Ministro Principalissimo, di Modana, 13 settembre 1647, in: Vittorio Siri (care of) 'Il Mercurio, Casale-Crone-Parigi-Firenze, s.s., 1642–1682, Tomo X (1648), pagg.671-8
 Lo Specchio della Gloria nelle Nozze de i Serenissimi Principi Francesco D'Este e Vittoria Farnese Duchi di Modana.Epitalamio del Sig. Girolamo Gratiani Segre-tario di S.A.Serenissima. Sestine., Modena, Cassiani, 1648 in 4°
 Il Conquisto di Granata. Poema in XXVI Canti cogli argomenti di Flaminio Calvi, Modena, Soliani, 1650 in −4°. Next editions: Napoli, Molo [Roberto Mollo? ], 1651 in −12°; Parigi, chez le Sieur des Rotieurs, 1654, 2 Tomi, in −12° [with French Prefaction], Milano, Filippo Ghisolfi, 1666 [We due the information about this edition to the Indice de' libri appartenuti alla Contessa Graziani Baglioni, ms. cart. del XV-III sec.at the Biblioteca Estense Universitaria of Modena, coll: d-K-3,20]; Bologna, Manolessi, 1670 in −24°; Venezia, Combi e la Noù, 1684 in −12°; Venezia, Zatta, 1768; Colle Pacini, Eusebio, 1816, 2 Voll. in −12°; also in: Il Parnaso Italiano care of A.Peretti e A.Cappelli, Antonelli, Venezia, 1832–1851, Volume II, pagg. XII+328
 La Gara delle Stagioni. Torneo a cavallo, rappresentato in Modena nel passaggio de' Sereniss. Arciduchi Ferdinando Carlo, Sigismondo Francesco d'Austria, ed Arciduchessa Anna di Toscana, Modena, Cassiani, 1652 in −4°
 Il Colosso Sacro. Alle Glorie del Card. Mazzarino.Panegirico in Sesta Rima, Parigi, Stamperia reale, 1655 in -folio
 Breve e sincerissima informazione di quanto è sucesso negli emergenti ultimamente occorsi per l'invasione seguita delle Armi Spagnuole ne' Stati del Duca di Modena, Modena, Cassiani, 1655 in −8°
 Apologia dell'Informazione pubblicata dal Segretario del Duca di Modena dopo la ritirata dell'Armi Spagnuole dall'invasione de' Stati di S.A.S.. Opera curiosa ed elegante di un Cittadino Modenese. E per maggiore comodità e soddisfazione de' lettori si è qui inserita l'informazione suddetta., s.l. [Modena], s.s. [Cassiani? ], 1655 in -folio
 Il Trionfo della Virtù. Festa d'Armi a Cavallo rappre-sentata nella nascita del Serenissimo Principe di Modena, Modena, Soliani, 1660 in −12°
 Varie Poesie e Prose, Modena, Soliani, 1662, in −12°
 L'Ercole Gallico. Alle Glorie della Sacratissima Maestà del re Cristianissim.Luigi XIV. Panegirico in Sesta Rima, Modena, Soliani, 1666 in −4°
 Il Cromuele. Tragedia, Bologna, Manolessi, 1671 in −4° Next editions: Modena, Soliani, 1671 in −12°; Bologna, Manolessi, 1673 in −4°; s.l. [Piacenza], Infidi Lumi Edizioni, 1997 (Not for sale, published for the rappresentation). care of Stefano Tomassini; Pisa, Edizioni della Normale, 2011, care of Maurizio Fasce with the collaboration of Carlo Alberto Girotto, in: Storie Inglesi, l'Inghilterra vista dall'Italia tra storia e romanzo (XVIII sec. ), con l'edizione del Cappuccino scozzese di G.B.Rinuccini (1644) e del Cromuele di G.Graziani (1671), edited by Clizia Carminati and Stefano Villani, pagg. 297 – 470.Applauso profetico alle Glorie del re Cristianissimo Luigi XIV. panegirico in Sesta Rima, Modena, Soliani, 1673 in −4°

 Other sonnets
 "In van con mille Navi alla ruina" in: Applausi della Liguria, Genova, Giuseppe Pavoni, 1638, pagg. 115-6. "Sospendete pur voi Globi lucenti" in: Corone di Fiori Poetici, Reggio, Vendrotti, 1674, pag.13. "Vidi le mura auguste e i calli alteri" e "Mario, campo di guerra è nostra vita" in: Parnaso modenese, a c. di A.Peretti e A.Cappelli, Modena, Vincenzini & Rossi, 1866, pagg. 199–200. Main articles and books about Girolamo Graziani
 Gianfranco Loredano, Le Glorie degli Incogniti, Venezia, Valvarese, 1647, pag.272. Lorenzo Crasso, Degli Elogi degli Huomini Letterati, Venezia, per Combi e la Noù, 1666, pagg. 324-7. Camillo Marchesini, Vita del Conte Girolamo Gratiani, lost. It was composed between 1675 and il 1695; [a hand copy in Biblioteca Estense Universitaria of Modena [coll: Cod. Ital. DCCCXL] Now in: Giulio Bertoni, Vita del Conte <mask> Graziani scritta da Camillo Marchesini, "Studi e documenti", vol.1, fasc. II, (set. 1937-XV), pagg. 131-5 (it's the Section of Modena of the 'Regia Deputazione di Storia Patria per l'Emilia e la Romagna'). Giovan Mario Crescimbeni, Storia della Volgar Poesia, 6 voll., Venezia, presso Basengo, 1730² (the first edition in 7 volumes is of 1714), vol.6, pag.214. Egidio Giannini, Memorie Istoriche di Pergola e degli Uomini illustri di Essa, Urbino, s.s., 1732. Giovanni Cinelli, Biblioteca Volante, Venezia, s.s., 1746, pagg.72–3. Francesco Saverio Quadrio, Storia della Volgar Poesia, 7 voll., Milano, Francesco Angeli, 1749, vo-l.6, pag. 688. Ludovico Antonio Muratori, Antichità Estensi, Modena, Stamperia Ducale, 1760. <mask> Tiraboschi, Biblioteca Modenese, 6 tomi, Modena, Soliani, 1783, tomo III, pagg. 12–22. Fil.Vecchietti e Tom. Moro, Biblioteca Picena, 2 voll.,Osimo, 1790–91, pag. 145. Antonio Peretti e A. Cappelli, Prefazione al "Conquisto di Granata", in: Parnaso Italiano, 2 voll., Venezia, Antonelli, 1832–51, vol. 2, pagg. I-XII. Francesco Ilari, Biografia di Girolamo Graziani, in: Biografie e ritratti di Uomini illustri piceni, a c. di A.Hercolani, 2 voll., Forlì, Hercolani Editore, 1837, vol.1, pagg.105–12. Antonio Belloni, Gli Epigoni della "Gerusalemme Liberata", Padova, Angelo Draghi, 1893, pagg. 320–43. Ida Malfatti, <mask> <mask>, "la Rassegna Nazionale", vol. CXXXIII, anno XXV (sett.ott.1903), pagg. 203–20. Emilio Bertana, L'irregolarità del teatro profano: il "Cromuele" di Girolamo Graziani, in: Storia dei generi letterari italiani, la Tragedia, Milano, Vallardi, s.d.[1916? ], pagg. 200–10. Benedetto Croce, Storia dell'età barocca in Italia, in: Scritti di storia letteraria e politica, Bari, Laterza, 1924, pagg. 282–8. Giulio Bertoni, Gerolamo <mask> e Jean Chapelain, "Archivum Romanicum", vol. XX (1936), pagg.505–6. Antonio Belloni, Di una probabile fonte del "Consalvo" di Giacomo Leopardi, Milano, Albighi-Segati, 1903, pagg. 261–8. Id. Il Seicento, in: Storia letteraria d'Italia, Milano, Vallardi, 1938² (la prima ed. è s.d. ), pagg.203–7. Luigi Amorth, Modena Capitale. Storia di Modena e de' suoi Duchi dal 1598 al 1860, Modena, Aedes Muratoria, 1961 (è il n°1 delle Monografie di Storie Locali della Deputazione di Storia Patria e per le antiche Province Modenesi). 2ª ediz. con aggiornamenti, ivi, a cura della Banca Popolare di Modena, 1963, pagg. 125–34. Petre Ciureanu, Introduzione a: Jean Chapelain, Lettere inedite a corrispondenti italiani, con intr.e note di P.C., Genova, Di Stefano, 1964, pagg. LXXXV-LXXXVII e "passim". Claudio Varese, Teatro, Poesia e Prosa in: Storia della Letteratura Italiana a c. di E.Cecchi e N.Sapegno, Milano, Garzanti, 1967, nuova ed. acc. e aggiorn. 1988, vol.5, pagg. 878–82.Alberto Barbieri, Modenesi da Ricordare. Letterati, Modena, Soc.Tipografica-Editrice modenese Mucchi, 1970, pag. 67. Piero Di Nepi, Il "Conquisto di Granata" e l'epica del Seicento, "Il Veltro", anno XX (1976), nn. 1/2, pagg. 94–104. Giovanni Bertuzzi (a c. di), Modena, vicende e protagonisti, 3 voll., Bologna, Edizioni Edison, 1978, vol.3 pag.285.Piero Di Nepi, <mask> Graziani e la politica come arte: "Cromuele", "F.M. Annali dell'Istituto di Filologia Moderna dell'Università di Roma, 2-1979, Roma, 1981, pagg. 113-24 (recensito da Fulvio Bianchi in: "La Rassegna della Letteratura italiana" diretta da Walter Binni, sett.dic. 1982, pagg. 620-1). Rosa Galli Pellegrini, La Tragédie Italienne à l'école du classicisme Français: le rôle de Chapelain dans la genèse du "Cromuele" de Graziani, "Quaderni del Dipartimento di Lingue e Letterature Straniere Moderne, Università di Genova", 2–1987, pp. 35–57.Gian Piero Maragoni, L’onda e la spira. Saggio di ricerca sull’artificio anacronico nel Coquisto di Granada di Girolamo Graziani, Bulzoni, Roma, 1989. Maurizio Fasce, Introduzione e note alla edizione de Il Cromuele, with the collaboration of Carlo Alberto Girotto, Storie Inglesi, l'Inghilterra vista dall'Italia tra storia e romanzo (XVIII sec. )'', edited by Clizia Carminati and Stefano Villani, Edizioni della Normale, Pisa, 2011, pagg. 297 – 330. Notes

External links

1604 births
1675 deaths
People from Pergola, Marche
Italian poets
Italian male poets
Baroque writers

masks:
Girolamo Graziani
Girolamo Grazian
Girolamo Graziani
Girolamo
Girolamo
Girolamo
Girolamo
Girolamo
Graziani
Graziani
Girolamo


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<mask> "<mask><mask> (October 3, 1799 – April 8, 1884) was a leader of the Texian Army from December 1835 through February 1836, during the Texas Revolution. <mask> arrived in Texas in 1826 and worked as a surveyor for several empresarios, including Stephen F. Austin. One of his first activities was to plot the new town of Harrisburg. <mask> unsuccessfully tried to prevent the Fredonian Rebellion and served as a delegate to the Convention of 1832. During the early part of the Texas Revolution, <mask> served as the adjutant and inspector general of the Texian Army. During the final assault of the siege of Bexar, <mask> led one of the two divisions which fought Mexican troops and was a member of the committee that negotiated the Mexican surrender. Following the battle, <mask> became commander of the volunteers.In late December 1835, the Texas provisional government named him co-commander of an expedition to invade Mexico. By late January, the provisional government had named several others as heads of the Texian Army, and there was confusion in the army and  the general public over who was in charge. <mask> and his men were surprised at the Battle of San Patricio on February 27, 1836. Most of his men were killed, but <mask> escaped. During the next three decades, <mask> alternately lived in Texas or traveled the United States. He settled permanently near Austin, Texas in 1871 and spent the rest of his life researching Texas history. In 1914, thirty years after <mask>'s death, historian Eugene C. Barker edited <mask>'s manuscripts into a book, A History of Texas and Texans.Early years
<mask> <mask> was born October 3, 1799 near Leesburg, Virginia. In 1812, he moved with his parents Henson and <mask> to Tennessee. Although <mask> was trained as a surveyor, he turned down a job that would have sent him to what is now Alabama. Instead,  he lived in various places in Illinois and Missouri, supporting himself by teaching, serving as constable, or working in a lead mine. He also briefly ran a grocery store and then a lumber mill. Establishment in Texas
<mask> contracted malaria in 1826. A doctor advised him to find a more healthful environment, so he and his cousin, <mask>.<mask>, immigrated to Texas, then a part of Mexico. There, <mask> put his surveying education to use. In 1826 he plotted the new town of Harrisburg. He quickly earned the trust of empresario Stephen F. Austin. When another empresario, Haden Edwards, showed signs of revolting against the Mexican government, Austin asked <mask> and two other men to try to prevent a disturbance. They were unsuccessful, and Edwards soon launched the Fredonian Rebellion, which was quickly put down. By 1832, <mask> had become the surveyor-general of Austin's colony, and briefly served as alcade.In late May, <mask> became one of the instigators of the first of the Anahuac Disturbances. He joined a group of citizens protesting military commander Juan Davis Bradburn's arrest of <mask> Travis and Patrick Jack. The settlers were outraged that the arrests did not require a warrant, a statement of charges, or trial by jury. Most were unfamiliar with Mexican law and assumed that the United States Bill of Rights still applied to them. The civilians congregated several miles from the military post at Anahuac and elected <mask> as their commander. The group soon captured Bradburn's 19 cavalry officers, who had been trying to reconnoiter the Texian position. On June 10, <mask> led the men into Anahuac, where they occupied several buildings.After negotiation with Mexican officers, <mask> agreed to release his prisoners and withdraw from the town; Travis and Jack would then be freed. Although most of the rebels left Anahuac, between 15 and 30 of them remained scattered through the town. Bradburn believed this violated their agreement and threatened to fire on the town. The Texians gathered at Turtle Bayou. While they waited for cannon to arrive from Brazoria, the men drafted the Turtle Bayou Resolutions. In this document, they declared themselves federalists who supported rebellious Mexican general Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna. They also decried "the present dynasty" which gave them military order instead of civil authority.Bradburn had dispatched a messenger to Nacogdoches, requesting the assistance of Colonel Piedras. When Piedras was within  of Anahuac, he sent a delegation to <mask>. <mask> provided him with a list of grievances against Bradburn. Piedras agreed to force Bradburn to resign, and to have the civilian prisoners released to civilian authorities. Shortly after the conflict was resolved, <mask> was elected to the Convention of 1832 as a delegate from San Felipe de Austin, and became the chairman of the Central Standing Committee. In 1835, <mask>, along with Samuel May <mask> and Dr. Robert Peebles, were named empresarios for a land grant in Texas. Settlers could claim land if they agreed to serve one year of military service.<mask> did not insist that the settlers actually fulfill their promise, and the land grants were voided in 1837. Texas Revolution
As relations soured between Texas colonists and the Mexican government, <mask> began to advocate for war. In the summer of 1835, Mexican general Martin Perfecto de Cos issued warrants for the arrest of <mask> and five other men, all accused of land speculation or attacking Anahuac. Local officials refused to enforce the warrants, and the men were never arrested. All of the men were well respected in their communities, and the warrants greatly angered other colonists. This, combined with news that Cos was leading a large military force to Texas, convinced many colonists to embrace the idea of revolt. Siege of Bexar
When the Texas Revolution began in October 1835, <mask> was named the adjutant and inspector general of the volunteer forces, which were led by Austin.<mask> accompanied the army to San Antonio de Bexar, where they initiated a siege. On November 6, Austin reorganized the army, forming a new regiment. Although <mask> ran in the election for commander, he received only 10 votes, putting him fourth. Edward Burleson won, becoming the regiment commander. Two weeks later, Austin resigned as commander of the Texian Army and called an election to appoint the new commander. Burleson won handily. As the siege progressed, many of the Texians left the army to return to their homes.On December 4, Burleson called a meeting of the troops and suggested that they withdraw to Goliad for the remainder of the winter. As the troops discussed the possibility, a Mexican cavalry officer arrived in their camp and asked to surrender. He explained that Mexican morale inside Bexar was very low. This news boosted the spirits of the Texians, and Ben Milam challenged the men to join him in an assault on the town. Milam formed the men into two divisions, which would simultaneously attack the empty houses on the outskirts of Bexar. Milam led one division, and <mask>, now a colonel, was appointed commander of the second. <mask>'s division numbered 177 men divided into 7 companies.They were guided by Deaf Smith and John W. Smith. Early on the morning of December 5, Colonel James C. Neill created a distraction by ordering the artillery to fire on the walls of the Alamo Mission. As the artillery boomed, the two attack columns sneaked towards Bexar. <mask> led his men along the San Antonio River, and they quickly charged the Veramendi house. Milam's men took the de la Garza house across the street. Mexican soldiers opened fire, forcing <mask> and his men to take cover behind buildings. Milam's men provided covering fire, allowing <mask> and his men to safely enter the Veramendi house.For the rest of the day, <mask> and his men worked to fortify the Veramendi home, digging trenches and creating earthworks around the yard. For the next several days, fighting house to house, the Texians gradually closed in on the fortified Mexican positions in Bexar's main plazas. On the afternoon of December 7, Milam came to the Veramendi house to consult with <mask>. As they spoke, a Mexican sharpshooter killed Milam; the sharpshooter was quickly killed by Texian fire. <mask> oversaw Milam's burial in one of the newly dug trenches. With Milam's death, <mask> assumed command of the battle. He assigned Robert C. Morris to oversee Milam's column of men.The Texians continued to fight their way from house to house, slowly driving back the Mexican troops. The Texian advance had further demoralized the Mexican troops, and a Mexican cavalry company deserted on December 9. Shortly after that, Mexican General Martin Perfecto de Cos sent one of his officers to negotiate a surrender. <mask> served on the negotiating team. The siege of Bexar officially ended when the two sides adopted the surrender agreement on December 11. The Mexican soldiers were set free on the condition that they return to Mexico within six days and not take up arms against the Texians again. Army command
With Cos's departure, there was no longer an organized garrison of Mexican troops in Texas, and many of the Texians believed that the war was over.<mask> described the battle as "the period put to our present war". Burleson resigned his leadership of the army on December 15 and returned to his home. Many of the men did likewise, and <mask> assumed command of the soldiers who remained. During this time, the provisional government had created a new regular branch of the Texian Army and placed Sam Houston in charge. Houston was given no authority over the volunteers, however, leaving <mask> as their commander. In the relative quiet after the Mexican garrison left, Dr. James Grant began advocating an attack on Matamoros. Many of the remaining Texian soldiers approved of the mission and clamored for it to begin.On December 25, Grant traveled to Washington on the Brazos to convince the provisional government to support the plan. The Governing Council agreed, but secretly named <mask> and James Fannin co-commanders of the expedition. On January 3, <mask> and Grant left Bexar, taking with them 300 of the 400 men who had been stationed there. This incensed Colonel James C. Neill, who remained at the Alamo to lead the remaining men. On January 6, 1836, Neill wrote to the governing council:
 "If there has ever been a dollar here I have no knowledge of it. The clothing sent here by the aid and patriotic exertions of the honorable Council, was taken from us by arbitrary measures of <mask> and Grant, taken from men who endured all the hardships of winter and who were not even sufficiently clad for summer, many of them having but one blanket and one shirt, and what was intended for them given away to men some of whom had not been in the army more than four days, and many not exceeding two weeks." The Texan provisional governor, Henry Smith, strongly opposed the Matamoros expedition and loudly proclaimed that anyone who supported it was a traitor or an idiot.Smith then dissolved the governing council, which responded by impeaching him. The temporary Texas constitution had given neither Smith nor the council the right to depose the other, and both groups continued to insist that they were the rightful rulers. On January 10, <mask> issued a call to form a Federal Volunteer Army of Texas which would march on Matamoros. On January 14, Houston arrived in Goliad to take command of the army that <mask> and Grant had gathered. On his arrival he discovered that Grant and <mask> were calling themselves commanders of the army. Houston accompanied the army as it marched to Refugio. Once there, he gave a speech and pointedly asked how this small group of men planned to take a city of 12,000 people.Later that day, Houston received official word that he had been fired and that the council had now placed James Fannin in charge of the army. Houston left in disgust and traveled to East Texas to negotiate a peace treaty with the Cherokee. For the next several months it was unclear who was in charge of the Texian army—Fannin, <mask>, Grant, or Houston. After Houston's speech, many of the Texian volunteers began to rethink their commitment to the Matamoros Expedition. Many left the army. Others decided to follow the "new" leader of the Texian Army and joined Fannin at Presidio La Bahia in Goliad. Only 70 men remained with <mask> and Grant.Battle of San Patricio

<mask> and Grant settled in San Patricio, where they continued to make plans to invade Mexico. In mid-February, Grant took about two dozen men south to catch wild horses. While Grant was gone, Mexican General Jose de Urrea led a surprise attack on San Patricio in the early hours of the morning of February 27. Most of <mask>'s men were killed, but <mask> escaped. Grant was also later surprised by Urrea's army, while they camped at Agua Dulce Creek. When <mask> received word that Houston was retreating towards East Texas, <mask> became disgusted with the revolution and up and quit. He returned to his home for the remainder of the conflict.Later years
The war ended in April, after Texians defeated General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna at the battle of San Jacinto. For the next three years, <mask> operated a plantation at Johnson's Bluff, along the Trinity River in what is now San Jacinto County. In 1839, facing bankruptcy, <mask> abandoned his family and fled Texas. For the next several years, he wandered the United States, digging for buried treasure or precious metals and trying to sell lands in Texas. His wife, Rozelia, divorced him in 1842. In 1847, he returned to Texas and wooed his former wife again. Her new husband granted her a divorce and Rozelia moved in with <mask> again.They lived together until she died in 1850. In 1853, <mask> moved to Ellis County. He left Texas in 1860 and spent most of the American Civil War living in Indianapolis, Indiana. He returned to Texas in 1871, living in Austin and Round Rock. For the remainder of his life, <mask> lived as a virtual recluse and spent most of his time researching Texas history. In 1873 he helped found the Texas Veterans Association, and he served as its president until his death. <mask> died of cancer in Aguascalientes, Mexico about April 8, 1884.The Texas Veterans Association lobbied for funding to have his remains moved to Texas, and <mask> was eventually reburied in the Texas State Cemetery. In 1912, historian Eugene C. Barker collected <mask>'s manuscripts and edited them into a book, A History of Texas and Texans. The book was published in 1914 and republished in 1916. See also
List of Convention of 1832 delegates

Notes

References

Books

1799 births
1884 deaths
Convention of 1832 delegates
People of the Texas Revolution
Army of the Republic of Texas generals
Historians of Texas
People from Indianapolis
People from Leesburg, Virginia

masks:
Francis White
Frank
" Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Francis White
Johnson
Jane Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Wiley B
White
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
William Barret
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Williams
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson
Johnson


text_chunks:
is a Japanese-American jazz pianist, composer, arranger, and bandleader. She received fourteen Grammy Award nominations and was the first woman to win Best Arranger and Composer awards in Down Beat magazine's annual Readers' Poll. In 1984, she was the subject of the documentary Jazz Is My Native Language. In 1996, she published her autobiography, Life with Jazz, and in 2007 she was named an NEA Jazz Master by the U.S. National Endowment for the Arts. Biography
<mask> was born in Liaoyang, Manchuria, to Japanese emigrants, the youngest of four sisters. In 1945, after World War II, <mask>'s family lost their home and returned to Japan, settling in Beppu. A local record collector introduced her to jazz by playing a record of Teddy Wilson playing "Sweet Lorraine."She immediately loved the sound and began to study jazz. In 1952, during a tour of Japan, pianist Oscar Peterson discovered her playing in a club on the Ginza. Peterson was impressed and convinced record producer Norman Granz to record her. In 1953, under Granz's direction, she recorded her first album with Peterson's rhythm section: Herb Ellis on guitar, Ray Brown on double bass, and J. C. Heard on drums. The album was released with the title Toshiko's Piano in the U.S. and Amazing Toshiko <mask> in Japan. <mask> studied jazz at the Berklee School of Music in Boston. In 1955, she wrote a letter to Lawrence Berk, asking him to give her a chance to study at his school.After a year of wrangling with the State Department and Japanese officials, Berk was given permission for <mask> to enroll. He offered her a full scholarship, and he mailed her a plane ticket to Boston. In January 1956, she became the first Japanese student at Berklee. Soon after, she appeared as a contestant on the 18 March 1956 broadcast of the CBS television panel show What's My Line? In 1998, she was awarded an honorary doctorate of music from Berklee College of Music. <mask> married saxophonist Charlie Mariano in 1959. The couple had a daughter, Michiru.She and Mariano divorced in 1967 after forming several bands together. During the same year, she met saxophonist Lew Tabackin, whom she married in 1969. <mask>, Tabackin, and Michiru moved to Los Angeles in 1972. In March 1973, <mask> and Tabackin formed a 16-piece big band composed of studio musicians. <mask> composed and arranged music for the band, and Tabackin served as the band's featured soloist on tenor saxophone and flute. The band recorded its first album, Kogun, in 1974. The title, which translates to "one-man army", was inspired by the tale of a Japanese soldier lost for 30 years in the jungle who believed that World War II was still being fought and thus remained loyal to the Emperor.Kogun was commercially successful in Japan, and the band began to receive critical acclaim. The couple moved to New York City in 1982 and assembled the Toshiko Akiyoshi Jazz Orchestra featuring Lew Tabackin. <mask> toured with smaller bands to raise money for her big band. Years later, BMG continued to release her big band's recordings in Japan but remained skeptical about releasing the music in the United States Although <mask> was able to release several albums in the U.S. featuring her piano in solo and small combo settings, many of her later big band albums were released only in Japan. On Monday, 29 December 2003, her band played its final concert at Birdland in New York City, where it had enjoyed a regular Monday night gig for more than seven years. <mask> explained that she disbanded the ensemble because she was frustrated by her inability to obtain American recording contracts for the big band. She also said that she wanted to concentrate on her piano playing from which she had been distracted by years of composing and arranging.She has said that although she has rarely recorded as a solo pianist, that is her preferred format. On 24 March 2004, Warner Japan released the final recording of <mask>'s big band. Titled Last Live in Blue Note Tokyo, the album was recorded 28–29 November 2003. Music
<mask>'s music is distinctive for its textures and for its Japanese influence. When Duke Ellington died in 1974, Nat Hentoff wrote in The Village Voice that Ellington's music reflected his African heritage. <mask> was inspired to investigate her Japanese musical heritage. She composed using Japanese themes, harmonies, and instruments (kotsuzumi, kakko, utai, tsugaru shamisen).But her music remained planted firmly in jazz, reflecting influences from Duke Ellington, Charles Mingus, and Bud Powell. One reviewer of the live album Road Time said the music on her big band albums demonstrated "a level of compositional and orchestral ingenuity that made her one of perhaps two or three composer-arrangers in jazz whose name could seriously be mentioned in the company of Duke Ellington, Eddie Sauter, and Gil Evans." In 1999, <mask> was approached by Kyudo Nakagawa, a Buddhist priest, who asked her to write a piece for his hometown of Hiroshima. He sent her some photos of the aftermath of the nuclear bombing. Her initial reaction was horror. She could not see how she could compose anything to address the event. Finally, she found a picture of a young woman emerging from an underground shelter with a faint smile on her face.<mask> said that after seeing this picture, she understood the message: hope. With that message in mind, she composed the three-part suite Hiroshima: Rising from the Abyss. The piece was premiered in Hiroshima on 6 August 2001, the 56th anniversary of the Hiroshima bombing. The Hiroshima suite appeared on the 2002 album Hiroshima – Rising from the Abyss. Awards and honors
 NEA Jazz Master, 2007
 Jazz Album of the Year: Long Yellow Road, Stereo Review, 1976
 Gold Disk: Insights, Swing Journal
 Silver Disk: Kogun, Salted Gingko Nuts,  Four Seasons of Morita Village,  Swing Journal
 Special Award: (50th Anniversary Concert in Japan), Swing Journal
 Down Beat magazine Readers' Poll winner:
 Arranger: 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1989, 1995
 Big Band: 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982
 Composer: 1980, 1981, 1982, 1986
 Down Beat magazine Critics' Poll winner:
 Jazz Album of the Year: 1978 (Insights)
 Arranger: 1979, 1982, 1990, 1995, 1996
 Big Band: 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983
 Composer: 1981, 1982
 Grammy Award nominations:
 Best Jazz Instrumental Performance – Big Band: 1976 (Long Yellow Road), 1977 (Road Time), 1978 (Insights), 1979 (Kogun), 1980 (Farewell), 1981 (Tanuki's Night Out), 1984 (Ten Gallon Shuffle), 1985 (March of the Tadpoles),  1992 (Carnegie Hall Concert), 1994 (Desert Lady / Fantasy). (Sony)

References

Notes
 "100 Jazz Profiles: <mask> <mask>" (link) BBC Radio 3; accessed 18 May 2007
 "Jazz Import" (link) Time, 26 August 1957
 "<mask>'s Boston Breakout" (archived link) Berklee College of Music, News@Berklee.edu, c. 1998; accessed 26 May 2007
 Hazell, Ed. "Playing Shape" (archived link) Berklee College of Music, News@Berklee.edu, 2 June 2004; accessed 26 May 2007
 Helland, Dave."Bio: <mask> <mask>" (archived link) Down Beat.com; accessed 18 May 2007
 Jung, Fred. "A Fireside Chat With <mask> <mask>" (link) All About Jazz, 20 April 2003; accessed 18 May 2007
 Weiers, Matt. "An Interview with <mask> <mask>" (link) Allegro, 2004 March (Volume CIV, No. 3). Yanow, Scott. "Biography: <mask> <mask>" ([ link]), allmusic.com; accessed 18 May 2007. External links
 2007 NEA Jazz Master Profile

1929 births
20th-century American pianists
American autobiographers
American writers of Japanese descent
American women composers
American women jazz musicians
American jazz bandleaders
American jazz composers
American jazz pianists
American music arrangers
American women musicians of Japanese descent
Berklee College of Music alumni
Big band bandleaders
Columbia Records artists
Concord Records artists
Women jazz composers
Japanese emigrants to the United States
Japanese expatriates in China
Japanese women composers
Japanese jazz composers
Japanese jazz pianists
Japanese people from Manchukuo
Japanese women pianists
Living people
Progressive big band musicians
RCA Records artists
Women jazz pianists
People from Liaoyang
20th-century American women pianists
21st-century American pianists
Verve Records artists
Women autobiographers
21st-century American women pianists
Fresh Sounds Records artists
Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun, 4th class

masks: Akiyoshi Akiyoshi Akiyoshi Akiyoshi Akiyoshi Akiyoshi Akiyoshi Akiyoshi Akiyoshi Akiyoshi Akiyoshi Akiyoshi Akiyoshi Akiyoshi Akiyoshi Akiyoshi Akiyoshi Toshiko Akiyoshi Toshiko Toshiko Akiyoshi Toshiko Akiyoshi Toshiko Akiyoshi Toshiko Akiyoshi


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Robert Wickens "<mask><mask> (June 16, 1949 – October 10, 2015) was an American singer-songwriter based in Richmond, Virginia. Since 1976 he recorded several albums which included guest appearances by Melissa Manchester, Steve Cropper, Waddy Wachtel, Bruce Hornsby and Ellen McIlwaine, among others. He was a member of an early Bruce Springsteen band, Steel Mill, and co-wrote songs with Timothy B. Schmit, Phil Vassar and Butch Taylor and Carter Beauford of the Dave Matthews Band. He twice won the American Song Festival and in 1980 had a minor national hit with "Brite Eyes". He also wrote songs featured on the soundtracks of Gleaming the Cube and The Fighting Temptations. In March 2015, "Sweet Virginia Breeze," which <mask> co-wrote with Steve Bassett, became Virginia's second official state song (joining "Our Great Virginia"). Career

Early years
<mask> was born in Boston, Massachusetts, however from age seven he lived in Melbourne, Florida, where he graduated from Melbourne High School.Between 1963-67 he was the lead singer and songwriter with several Florida-based bands including The Hanging Five, The Five Gents and The Tasmanians. The latter band even released a couple of singles in 1966. In 1968 he formed Transcontinental Mercy Flight before moving to Richmond, Virginia, initially to attend Virginia Commonwealth University. While at VCU he formed Mercy Flight in early 1969. Steel Mill
On November 11, 1969, Mercy Flight opened for Steel Mill when they played a concert at VCU. Throughout early 1970 Mercy Flight continued to open regularly for Steel Mill and when Bruce Springsteen decided to add another vocalist he recruited <mask>. He made his debut with Steel Mill on August 29, 1970 at the 3rd Annual Nashville Music Festival, sponsored by WMAC.Steel Mill was one of about twenty different acts to take part. Headliners included Roy Orbison, Brian Hyland, Ronnie Milsap, Bobby Bloom, Ballin' Jack, Ten Wheel Drive and The Illusion. During <mask> & Tina Turner, Cactus and Black Sabbath. While Springsteen was Steel Mill's main songwriter, the band performed some <mask> songs, including "Train Ride". <mask> would release his own version of this song as a B-side in 1982 and then on a 1999 re-issue of Two B's Please. Steel Mill played their final show on January 23, 1971 at The Upstage Club in Asbury Park, New Jersey. While <mask> went on to establish his own career, the remaining members of the band – Vini Lopez, Danny Federici and Steve Van Zandt – would continue to play with Springsteen and eventually evolved into the E Street Band.After the breakup of Steel Mill, <mask> and Springsteen occasionally guested at each other's concerts. On August 6, 1981 at the Bayou Club in Washington D.C., <mask> was joined onstage by Springsteen, Garry Tallent and Clarence Clemons for an eight-minute version of "Carol". On March 3, 2003 at the Richmond Coliseum during The Rising Tour, <mask>, together with Bruce Hornsby, joined Springsteen on stage for the Hank Ballard song "Let's Go, Let's Go, Let's Go". According to <mask> they were going to try and perform a version of "He's Guilty (Send That Boy To Jail)", a Steel Mill-era song that <mask> had recorded. However, apparently nobody in the E Street Band could remember how it went. Recording career
In 1976, <mask> launched his solo career with the release of an eponymous album on Nemperor Records. Among the album's highlights was the American Song Festival winner "Boy From Boston".The album featured guest appearances by Timothy B. Schmit, Melissa Manchester, Steve Cropper, Waddy Wachtel and Rick Roberts. Schmidt would go on to provide harmony vocals on several of <mask>'s albums. They co-wrote "Find Out in Time", which was recorded by Schmit with Poco on their 1977 album, Indian Summer. In 1978 <mask> released Together, a collaboration with another Richmond-based songwriter, Steve Bassett. Among the songs they co-wrote and recorded for this album was an early version of "Sweet Virginia Breeze". <mask> had some commercial success with Two B's Please, released in 1980 and credited to The <mask> <mask> Band. Background vocals on the majority of album were provided by Schmit and Roberts.The album would eventually sell 200,000 copies and included a re-recorded version of "Sweet Virginia Breeze" as well as "Candy Apple Red" and "Brite Eyes". All three songs were hits in the Southeastern United States. The latter song was also a minor national hit and spent nine weeks on the Billboard charts, peaking at No. 66. It spent six weeks on the Cash Box chart, reaching No. 78. The album included "Even Cowgirls Get the Blues", which was originally intended to be theme song for a film based on the <mask> novel of the same name.However, when a film was eventually made the song was not featured. <mask>'s 1985 album Better Late Than Never, which featured cover versions of "Fortunate Son" and "Be My Baby", was his first to be released on his own label Out There Records. It also included "Guilty", <mask>'s version of "He's Guilty (Send That Boy To Jail)", originally written by Bruce Springsteen for Steel Mill. In 1997 this song was also included on the compilation One Step Up/Two Steps Back: The Songs Of Bruce Springsteen. Another highlight was "You're My Obsession" which was an American Song Festival winner in 1984. In 1988 <mask> released Since Grade School: A Robbin Thompson Anthology, which combined five new songs with eleven songs from his first four albums. Among the new songs was the title song for the film Gleaming the Cube.I Don't Need A Reason To Ride from 1991 featured Bruce Hornsby while Out on the Chesapeake from 1998 was the first of several collaborations with Butch Taylor of the Dave Matthews Band and saw Schmit once again provide backing vocals. In between <mask> was also involved in a collaboration with fellow songwriters Michael Lille and Lewis McGehee, recording an eponymous album as The Famous Unknowns. In 2002 a second collection, The Vinyl Years, was basically a reissue of <mask> <mask> plus later songs such as the original version of "Sweet Virginia Breeze" and a reissue of "Guilty". His 2003 album, One Step Ahead of the Blues, again featured Schmit and Taylor, as well a song called "Orange Moon" that was recorded in Shanghai with traditional Chinese musical instruments. It included another Springsteen/Steel Mill song, "The Train Song". Live in Studio A was recorded at the in Your Ear Studios in Richmond, Virginia with an invited audience of eighty people over two nights. It features thirteen live tracks and stories about how some of the songs were written.Just A Blur in the Rearview featured a guest appearances by Ellen McIlwaine. The title song was co-written with Phil Vassar while "I Won't Quit" was co-written and recorded with Carter Beauford and Butch Taylor of the Dave Matthews Band. It was also featured on the soundtrack of The Fighting Temptations. In early 2008, <mask>'s Move on Down the Line won in The 7th Annual Independent Music Awards for Gospel Song. <mask> was first diagnosed with cancer in 2000. He was a resident of Richmond, Virginia and died of cancer on October 10, 2015, after a long battle with a rare gastrointestinal stromal tumor. He was 66.Notice of death of <mask> <mask>, richmond.com; accessed January 9, 2016. 1949 births
2015 deaths
American male singer-songwriters
American rock singers
American rock songwriters
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Deaths from cancer in Virginia
Singer-songwriters from Virginia
Singer-songwriters from Florida
Musicians from Richmond, Virginia
People from Melbourne, Florida
Independent Music Awards winners
Singer-songwriters from Massachusetts
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Florida
Guitarists from Virginia
Guitarists from Massachusetts
Melbourne High School alumni
20th-century American male singers
21st-century American male singers

masks:
Robbin
" Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompsonke
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Robbin
Thompson
Tom Robbins
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Thompson
Robbin
Thompson
Thompson
Death Thompson
Robbin
Thompson


text_chunks:
<mask> (August 5, 1923 – February 3, 2000) was an American lawyer, politician, and U.S. Attorney General during the early stages of Watergate political scandal. Early life and career
<mask> was born August 5, 1923, in Winslow, Arizona, the son of Gladys (Love) and Alfred R<mask>. He served in the United States Army Air Forces from 1943 to 1946, and attended Harvard College and Harvard Law School, graduating from the latter in 1950. From 1953 to 1954, he served in the Arizona House of Representatives; he followed that with some 15 years of private legal practice. He concurrently was Arizona Republican Party chairman from 1956 to 1960 and 1961 to 1963, and in 1964, the Republican candidate for Governor of Arizona, losing the general election to Sam Goddard, 53–47%. Role in Goldwater Campaign

On January 3, 1964, Barry Goldwater asked his friend <mask> to serve as Director of Operations in his presidential campaign. Goldwater stipulated that he would only respond to the "draft Goldwater" movement if the campaign were led by three GOP Republicans close to him: <mask>, Denison Kitchel as Campaign Manager, and Dean Burch as Assistant Campaign Manager.Kleindienst had never worked on a national campaign. Political experts told Goldwater that F. Clifton White, an experienced GOP operative, would be a better choice. Goldwater rejected this change, but did agree to Kleindienst and White sharing the role. Nixon administration

Kleindienst suspended his private practice in 1969 to accept the post of Deputy Attorney General of the United States offered him by President <mask>. This gave him responsibilities relating to the government's suit against ITT. Nixon and his aide John Ehrlichman told him to drop the case, which created an impression that they were violating their ethical obligations in favor of ITT, and that, as an attorney himself, Kleindienst was now obligated to report these ethical lapses to the state bars in the jurisdictions involved. But in his official role as Deputy Attorney General, he also repeatedly told Congress no one had interfered with his department's handling of the case, not mentioning Nixon and Ehrlichman.On February 15, 1972, US Atty. Gen. John N. Mitchell (R) resigned effective March 1 to work in the Nixon re-election campaign and President <mask> nominated <mask> to succeed Mitchell. After having served as Acting Attorney General for a little under three and a half months, his appointment was approved by the Senate on June 12 after an attempt to block the nomination by Ted Kennedy on the grounds of his involvement with ITT, failed. Unknown to <mask>, leaders of the Committee to Re-Elect the President (CRP) had tasked Gordon Liddy with arranging various covert operations, one of which was to be a burglary of the Democratic Party National Headquarters in Washington, DC. Before dawn on a Saturday, five days after Kleindienst was sworn in, James McCord and four other burglars operating on Liddy's instructions were arrested at Watergate complex. Later in the morning <mask> was officially notified of the arrests. Liddy, after a phone consultation about the arrests with CREEP Deputy Director Jeb Magruder (who had managed CREEP up until March of that year, and had the most direct organizational authority over Liddy's activities), personally approached Kleindienst the same day at a private golf club in Bethesda, Maryland.Liddy told him that the break-in had originated within CRP, and that <mask> should arrange the release of the burglars, to reduce the risk of exposure of CRP's involvement. But <mask> refused and ordered that the Watergate burglary investigation proceed like any other case. He resigned in the midst of the Watergate scandal nearly a year later, on April 30, 1973. This was the same day that John Dean was fired and H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman quit. <mask> then returned to private practice. He joined Johnson & Dowdall (later becoming Dowdall & Kleindienst), at the invitation of <mask>. J. Dowdall, a long time friend, and for which he wrote in 1993, that he was "deeply appreciative" at such a "significant time."Kliendienst later moved to Prescott, Arizona, becoming an "of counsel" to Favour, Moore, Wilhelmsen and Schuyler, P.A. Additionally, in 1974, he pleaded guilty to failing to testify fully to the Senate in a pre-Watergate investigation, involving alleged favoritism shown to International Telephone & Telegraph Corp, during his testimony in his Senate confirmation hearings. Later life
In 1982, <mask> was accused of having perjured himself to the Arizona Bar regarding how much he knew about a white-collar criminal he represented. He was cleared of all criminal charges brought against him. On July 15, 1993, <mask> wrote a letter to his dear friend and colleague <mask> Dowdall for adding his name to his law firm. Mr. Kleindienst wrote...”you did so at a very significant time in my life. I shall always be mindful of and deeply appreciative for you having done so.” Mr. Dowdall included <mask>nst in his law firm, as a friend helping a friend.He later moved to Prescott, Arizona where he joined Favour Moore Wilhelmsen & Schuyler, P.A. He died at the age of 76, of lung cancer, on February 3, 2000. Bibliography

 For Kleindienst's limited role in Watergate, see Leon Jaworski, The Right and the Power, and Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, All the President's Men . References

External links

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1923 births
2000 deaths
American Episcopalians
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
American perjurers
Arizona lawyers
Arizona Republicans
Deaths from cancer in Arizona
Deaths from lung cancer
Harvard Law School alumni
Members of the Arizona House of Representatives
Military personnel from Arizona
Nixon administration cabinet members
20th-century American politicians
People from Winslow, Arizona
Politicians from Prescott, Arizona
United States Attorneys General
United States Deputy Attorneys General
Watergate scandal investigators
Harvard College alumni
Arizona politicians convicted of crimes

masks:
Richard Gordon Kleindienst
Kleindienst
. Kleindienst
Kleindienst
Kleindienst
Richard Nixon
Richard Nixon
Kleindienst
Kleindienst
Kleindienst
Kleindienst
Kleindienst
Kleindienst
Richard
Kleindienst
Richard Kleindienst
Richard James
Richard Kleindie


text_chunks:
<mask><mask> (November 30, 1827 – September 1857) was a stagecoach line entrepreneur, founder of the California Stage Company, the largest stage line in California in the 1850s; and in 1857 the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line, the first transcontinental mail route in the United States. Early life
<mask><mask> was born in South Carolina, <mask> moved as a young man to Providence, Rhode Island, where he worked at a livery stable as a stagecoach driver. After getting engaged, in 1848 he left for California to make his fortune. California Stage Company
In the spring of 1849, he arrived in Sacramento City, which was fast becoming the supply center for the mining region. It was the departure point for the thousands of prospectors heading for the gold fields, most by foot, some by horseback. Prices for land, goods and services were high and climbing daily. Instead of heading for the gold fields, <mask> determined to start a stagecoach business to provide transportation to the various mining areas, as well as provide mail delivery to the prospectors.Previously, most mail for the miners had been held in San Francisco until they personally picked it up. <mask> first used an old ranch wagon which he drove himself, hauling passengers from Sacramento City to Coloma in the rugged foothills of the Sierra Nevada and to points between, including "Sutter's Fort," a resting/relay station near Coloma. For the 50-mile trip at a speed of , <mask> charged 2 ounces of gold (about $32 in 1849) each way. Miners hurried to reach each new mining area as it opened up, in order to stake their claims before an area became saturated. <mask> was very adept at forecasting where the next important area would be and at quickly providing service there. For the first several months, <mask> had a partner, Charles F. Davenport, a close friend and former owner of a stage company in Rhode Island, who had traveled with him to California. By August 1849 <mask> had bought out Davenport and become sole owner of the enterprise.On August 18, 1849, <mask> advertised the changes in his business in Sacramento's Placer Times, announcing himself as the sole proprietor. By the spring of 1850, he hired drivers for his stages, and turned his full attention to managing the business. With the arrival of a fleet of top-of-the-line stagecoaches which he had ordered from the East, his firm became the envy of all others. Among those he hired as drivers was Charley Parkhurst, who became known as Six-Horse Charley, one of the top drivers  and, only after his death in 1879, as a woman who had passed as a man. Although business was sometimes adversely affected by frequent stagecoach robberies, and periods of terrible weather, forcing temporary closure of some lines, <mask> rapidly expanded. Before the end of 1851, <mask>'s company was providing service to all the northern and southern mining areas east of Stockton, California. <mask> returned for a time to Swansea, Massachusetts, where he arranged for and oversaw the building of a mansion.On September 12, 1852, he and Julia Chace were married and began living on their new estate. In March 1853, <mask> returned to California. He had frequently advertised in the two Sacramento newspapers and elsewhere, and, with his outgoing personality and obvious business acumen, he became a very popular figure of the time. He received many glowingly favorable editorial mentions in newspapers both in California and on the East Coast. He sold off stage lines to areas which were about to become played out, and used the profits to start new, more promising lines. In the face of increased competition, he lowered fares effectively. By the end of 1853, he was so successful that he and others formed the California Stage Company.<mask> served as president, and his good friend Frank Shaw Stevens as vice-president. Incorporated with a value of $1 million at $1000 per share, the California Stage Company had about 80 per cent of the stage business in the state, and paid frequent dividends. In March 1854 his business was going so well, that <mask> took a brief trip back East. By the fall of 1854, the California Stage Company provided service to almost all northern and central California, including non-mining areas, as well as to Los Angeles in the south. In February 1855 <mask> withdrew as president of the company, though remaining its largest stockholder. He returned to the East for a nearly two-year stay. In 1856 a son, Frank Stevens <mask>, named after <mask>'s best friend, was born to the <mask>es.San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line
During this period, <mask> divided his time between Swansea, where he and his wife entertained lavishly, and Washington, D.C. In the capital, he lobbied certain legislators, such as his friend William M. Gwin, one of the first two U.S. Senators from California, trying to obtain the contract for coast-to-coast mail service. Although the largest contracts were given to a southern Democrat by the newly elected President <mask>, <mask> gained the rights to the route from San Antonio, Texas to San Diego, California. Returning to California in the summer of 1857, <mask> worked to consolidate his interests and set up the San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line in partnership with George Henry Giddings, owner of the San Antonio-El Paso Mail. On June 13, 1857, <mask>'s California Stage Company became the first stage company to provide service across the rugged Sierra Nevada. Death at sea
On August 20, 1857, traveling to New York City to set up a national office, <mask> sailed from San Francisco to Panama, took a train across the Isthmus, and sailed for New York on the paddle steamer SS Central America.After a stop in Havana, the ship was caught in a hurricane. Damaged, it floundered for several days and sank on September 12, 1857. Many passengers reached lifeboats and were later rescued, but <mask> was not among them. <mask> was one of a number of survivors who clung to a piece of the ship's wreckage, tossed in stormy seas for days. Most died of exposure or, like <mask>, were swept away to their deaths. Three men survived, aided by <mask>'s having held on to a silver cup. It was a gift from his superintendent, John Andrews, for his son and was engraved with "John to Frank".<mask> gave the cup to George Dawson, a sailor who used it to collect rain water for drinking, and survived until rescue nine days later. After return to land, he gave the cup to <mask>'s widow, who gave him a reward. An inscribed monument to <mask> was erected near the Stevens family tomb in the cemetery in Swansea Village. It reads:

<mask> is the namesake to the now-extinct community of Birch, Nevada. References

1827 births
1857 deaths
American transportation businesspeople
People from South Carolina
San Antonio–San Diego Mail Line
19th-century American businesspeople

masks:
James E
. Birch
James E
. Birch
Birch
Birch
Birch
Birch
Birch
Birch
Birch
Birch
Birch
Birch
Birch
James Birch
Birch
Birch
Birch
Birch
Birch
Birch
Birch
James Buchanan
Birch
Birch
Birch
Birch
James Birch
Birch
Birch
Birch
Birch
Birch
Birch
Legacy Birch