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<mask>rrez-Mellado (30 April 1912 – 15 December 1995) was a Spanish Army officer and politician who played a relevant role during the Spanish transition to democracy especially with regard to democratizing the Armed Forces. During his military career he served in relevant Army offices and he joined the political career in 1976, when the Prime Minister appointed him as First Deputy Prime Minister for Defence Affairs. From 1977 to 1979 he also served as Minister of Defence (the first since the Civil War). In 1994, the socialist government of Felipe González granted him the honorary rank of Captain General. <mask>'s most popular image is that at the Spanish Congress of the Deputies during the failed 1981 Spanish coup d'état, physically confronting the armed Guardia Civil troops led by Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Tejero. Education and military training
Offspring of an ancient Madrilenian bourgeois family, his parents died when he was a little child. However, his uncle, Saturnino Calleja, a well known publisher, paid for his education at the Royal College of San Anton in Madrid, which was an elite boarding school at the time.There, in response to his family's solidarity and revealing for the first time his future strength of spirit and responsibility, graduated with an excellent academic degree (currently in safe keeping at Cardinal Cisneros High School). His wish to become an Artillery officer was shattered by the military reforms of the Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera in 1927, which forced him to study at the General Military Academy of Zaragoza, directed by General Francisco Franco, to obtain his qualifications. Five months after the proclamation of the Spanish Second Republic he was promoted to second lieutenant and later finished his military education at the Academy of Artillery and Engineers of Segovia, where he graduated as first lieutenant in July 1933, having achieved top grades in his class. Second Republic and Civil War
His first appointment was the Horse Artillery Regiment, based at the so-called Canton of Campamento, an isolated group of barracks seven kilometers west of Madrid. In 1935 he joined Falange Española de las JONS, an extreme right wing political party, and on the dawn of July 20, 1936 he took arms with his unit in rebellion against the Frente Popular Government, being very active and combatant during their rebellion. After ten hours of fighting, the coup was controlled by the republican militia. <mask> <mask> escaped by walking to the nearby village of Villaviciosa de Odón, frequented by his family during their summer holidays, and later returned to Madrid in early August.Republican authorities indicted him for being involved in the July rebellion and he was jailed at his old school of San Anton, being fortunate enough not to have been included in the lethal lists that cost the lives of many other officers. In February 1937, a jury declared him not guilty on the basis of his assertion, which was corroborated by two witnesses, that he was ill at Villaviciosa de Odón around the time of mid July and so was not able to take part in the coup d'état. However, simultaneous police inquires unveiled his active intervention in it, what induced him to take shelter at an embassy. A few weeks later he joined Franco's clandestine intelligence services operating in Madrid, provided with an ID card belonging to a deceased republican soldier named Teodosio Paredes Laina. In March 1938 he was promoted to captain. National Authorities had just organized the Information and Military Police Service (SIPM in its Spanish acronym) and he was appointed head of one of the three SIPM platoons assigned to the corps that besieged the capital. <mask> <mask> provided his superiors with precious pieces of information related to republican plans, deployment and armament.He also was put in charge of the evacuation of more than a hundred pilots and engineer officers to the National Zone, specialties which were much needed by the francoist forces. Military career
In 1941, after graduating from the General Staff School, he was appointed to the Ministry of the Army intelligence services. During World War II, having been promoted to major, he became responsible for the classification and final destination of the thousands of people that crossed the Pyrenees escaping from Nazi terror. In 1945, <mask> <mask> was assigned to the Information Section of the High General Staff and travelled to Belgium, France and Switzerland to acquire information about attitudes and activities of republican exiles. Furthermore, from 1953 to 1955, due to the pacts subscribed by Franco with the US Government, he acted as liaison officer between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG), responsible for building the bases and facilities for US Armed Forces on Spanish soil. In 1956, close his promotion to lieutenant colonel and forced by the meager pay offered to the military at the time, he decided to quit the Army temporarily. He then went to work as a commercial manager for seven years within various companies.Around this time, approximately two thirds of the military officers based in Spain's largest cities were involved in the practice of moonlighting. However, only a few of them made the drastic decision to leave the Army, as <mask> <mask> did, considering it unethical to hold two different jobs at the same time and led to the detriment of his military commitment. In 1963 he returned to active duty as an instructor of the University Militia, which was aimed to train reserve officers and sergeants. Two years later, in 1965, he was promoted to colonel and assigned to the Operations Section of the Army Central Staff. Due to his fluency in English and French he was sent as an observer to several NATO maneuvers, which alerted him to the poor operational capacities of the highly overstaffed, late Francoist Spanish Armed Forces. In 1967 <mask> <mask> was assigned to be Commander in Chief of the 13th Field Artillery Regiment, based at Getafe, just outside Madrid; and on April 13, 1970 was promoted to brigadier general. For little more than a year he served as a professor at the High Center for National Defense Studies (CESEDEN), then directed by lieutenant general <mask>ez-Alegría.When Díez-Alegría was appointed Commander in Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces, he took <mask> <mask> with him. General <mask> <mask>'s December 14, 1971 lecture at CESEDEN was the object of very favorable commentaries in military circles because of his speech's direct and accurate nature —something rather unusual at that time in Spain. After being promoted to major general in 1973, a second lecture at the same Center, dated March 15, 1974, drew much broader attention than the first, due to his open vindication of urgent and radical reforms on the Armed Forces structure and organization. These words attracted the attention of many future leaders of the transition towards democracy —Prince Juan Carlos de Bourbon among them. On June 14, 1975 Franco appointed him as General Commander and Governmental Delegate in Ceuta, posts that he shared with his previous commitment as head of the military delegation responsible for negotiating the January 1976 Spanish-American legislative treaty. On April 13, 1976 King Juan Carlos first Government promoted him to lieutenant general in command of VII Military Region. His first public address to the troops upon arriving in Valladolid immediately became press headlines and was subject to laudatory editorials and opinions in many political reviews.Not in vain it was the first time, during those hazardous days of transition, with public opinion wondering and deeply worried about the Armed Forces’ future attitude and behavior, Spaniards heard of a high ranking Army officer openly aligned with the Rule of Law and demanding absolute respect from his subordinates towards civil power: “We must never forget that the Army, no matter how sacred its mission may be, is not there to rule but to serve under the command of the national government, and that its exclusive purpose is to serve Spain and our King”. In July 1976, <mask> <mask> was appointed Commander in Chief of the Army General Staff following favorable remarks about his virtues made by King Juan Carlos to Adolfo Suárez, the recently nominated Prime Minister. Only three months later, on September 23, <mask> <mask> was appointed Vice President for Defense Affairs, a recently created office aimed at promoting the modernization of the Armed Forces. There he replaced lieutenant general Fernando de Santiago, who had abruptly resigned to demonstrate his opposition to President Suárez's political reforms. <mask> <mask> remained at that office till February 1981. First Vice-President of the Government for Defense Affairs and Minister of Defense
Facts lead one to think that he had been planning carefully, when presented the proper opportunity, to quickly reform and transform Franco's sclerotic Armed Forces in depth. That allowed him, with less than a hundred days in office, to outline a complete reform project to be submitted to the Military Affairs Governmental Commission's first meeting on January 4, 1977, chaired by President Suárez.His detailed reform project comprised a series of actions to be urgently taken on the following areas: defense superstructure; Armed Forces financial program; integrated personnel policy, and the limitation of the competence of military jurisdiction. The plan was wholly implemented before <mask> <mask> left his office in 1981 and even successfully achieved other important issues, such as the creation of the Ministry of Defense on July 4, 1977. Also on that date, he was also called to take charge of the new department and he remained in office until September 23, 1979, when the Democratic Center Union (UCD) executive, Agustín Rodríguez Sahagún, took over, thus becoming the first civilian to chair a military department since 1939. <mask> <mask> remained as Vice-President of the Government to coordinate Security and National Defense Affairs until President Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo's investiture in February 1981. In addition to creation and organization of the Ministry of Defense and the consequent suppression of the Ministries of the Army, Navy and Air Force, special consideration should be given to the following measures:

— instauration of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JUJEM);

— operative command attribution over their respective branches to the Army, Navy and Air Force Chiefs of Staff;

— legislative approval of 1980 Law of Defense and Military Organization Basic Criteria;

— banning of military intervention in politics;

— reform of the General Ordinance dictated by Charles III in 1768;

— Armed Forces Social Institute (ISFAS) implementation;

— instauration of the annual Armed Forces Day to substitute the military parade commemorating Franco's victory in the Spanish Civil War;

— officer promotion system regulation, and

— homologation of military salaries to those of public employees of a similar level (which most certainly abolished moonlighting). It is obvious that this reform packet has been partially changed by the successive Ministers of Defense, but its doctrinal core has experienced few changes. In this respect Gutiérrez Mellado's real merit was to establish the basis for the spectacular transformation of the Spanish Armed Forces which occurred during the last thirty years of the 20th century and which made them one of the most highly valued institutions in the opinion of the Spanish public, according to the Sociological Research Center (CIS) periodical surveys.<mask> <mask>'s most popular image is that at the Spanish Congress of the Deputies during the failed coup d'état on February 23rd 1981, physically confronting the armed Guardia Civil troops led by Lieutenant Colonel Tejero. By mere chance, due to a simple oversight by a civil guard who did not notice that a TV camera was recording, every Spaniard had the chance to see live how a frail man, nearly seventy years old and unknown to most, jumped up from his parliamentary seat and, armed only with his words, faced up a dozen rebels armed with pistols and submachine guns. They tried to manhandle him down on to the floor but were unable to do so, whereupon they opened fire so as to avoid any further interruption of their criminal activities. Television retransmission of his valiant defense of freedom would make <mask> <mask> into a legendary figure in post-Franco Spanish Politics. His singular and stoic effort in the face of armed revolt today remains an icon of the resolve of Spain's democratic government. Last years

After resigning his governmental duties and having also retired voluntarily from the Army, to exemplify incompatibility of politics and a military career,. he refrained from public activities till President Felipe González gave him a permanent seat on the State Council on May 28, 1984, where he chaired the First Section, which dealt with Defense Affairs.On September 1986, deeply touched by the death of close friend's son from a drug overdose, he sought the aid and financial help of several relevant businessmen and established the Antidrug Aid Foundation (FAD) that he chaired and ruled until the very day of his death. The main FAD objective was to mobilize citizenship to aid youngsters to overcome drug addiction at a time when heroin was wreaking havoc in Western countries. Apart from trying to alleviate the effects of drugs and repress its trafficking and consumption, its founder wanted society to give teenagers strong moral backup to repel them and to be brave enough to answer “No thank you” if tempted, as could be read on their posters during their first publicity campaign. In the years prior to his death, different Spanish Universities and Colleges opened their doors to listen to <mask> Mellado lecturing about democratic transition or about FAD activities. In 1994, King Juan Carlos I rewarded him with the hereditary title of Marquess of Gutiérrez-Mellado; the Parliament, with the Constitutional Order, and the Army High Council unanimously proposed Felipe Gonzalez's last Government to invest him with the honorary rank of Captain-General. In September, 1994, dressed for the first and last time in his Captain General's uniform, he received the homage of General Military Academy cadets at the same yard where, sixty-five years before, he had committed his life to defending the Spanish flag. Fourteen months later, on December 15, 1995, ice on the road surface caused a fatal accident involving the car in which the eighty-three-year-old man was driving on his way to Barcelona to lecture at Ramon Llull University.His funeral was held at the Army Headquarters, attended by the King and Queen of Spain, and he was buried at the cemetery of Villaviciosa de Odón. There he remains at the side of his wife, Carmen Blasco, who died in 2010, whom he had married in 1938 and was the mother of his five children. After his death his daughter María del <mask>-<mask> and Blasco became the 2nd Marchioness of Gutiérrez-Mellado. As a postmortem homage to his memory, the Ministry of Defense decided to give his name to a new center of studies patronized by the National Open University (UNED). The Instituto Universitario General Gutiérrez <mask> was born to promote defense culture among university students and to provide Spanish society with a specialized center of research and postgraduate studies on peace, security and defense. See also
 History of Spain
 Politics of Spain
 Prime Minister of Spain

References

Bibliography

 Cercas, Javier (2009). Anatomía de un instante, Barcelona: Mondadori.Fernández Santander, Carlos (1982). Los militares en la transición política. Barcelona: Argos Vergara. <mask> <mask>, <mask> (1981). Al servicio de la Corona: palabras de un militar. Madrid: Ibérico Europea de Ediciones. .
 <mask> <mask>, <mask> (1983). Un soldado de España: conversaciones con Jesús Picatoste.Barcelona: Argos Vergara. .
 Losada Malvárez, Juan Carlos (1990). Ideología del ejército franquista (1939-1959). Madrid: Istmo. .
 Mérida, María (1979). Mis conversaciones con los generales: veinte entrevistas con altos mandos del Ejército y de la Armada. Barcelona: Plaza & Janés. .
 Puell de la Villa, Fernando (1997). Gutiérrez Mellado: un militar del siglo XX. Madrid: Biblioteca Nueva. .
 Puell de la Villa, Fernando (2005).Historia del ejército en España. Madrid: Alianza. .
 Puell de la Villa, Fernando (2010). "De la Milicia Universitaria a la IPS", Revista de Historia Militar, Extra, 179-216. .
 Puell de la Villa, Fernando (2012). "La transición militar", Documentos de Trabajo Fundación Transición Española, 6. .
 Rosa Morena, Alfonso de la (coord.) (2009). Escuelas de Estado Mayor y de Guerra del Ejército: su contribución a doscientos años de Estado Mayor. Madrid: Ministerio de Defensa. .
 San Martín, José Ignacio (1983).Servicio especial: a las órdenes de Carrero Blanco (de Castellana a El Aaiún). Barcelona: Planeta. Serrano de Pablo Jiménez, Luis (1986). ¿La esperanza enterrada? : testimonio y recuerdos de un general de Franco. Madrid: Arca de la Alianza Cultural. |-

1912 births
1995 deaths
Military personnel from Madrid
Spanish captain generals
Spanish generals
Defence ministers of Spain
Union of the Democratic Centre (Spain) politicians
Road incident deaths in Spain
Deputy Prime Ministers of Spain
FET y de las JONS politicians
Spanish fascists

masks:
Manuel Gutiérrez Melladoé
Gutiérrez Mellado
Gutiérrez
Mellado
Gutiérrez
Mellado
Gutiérrez
Mellado
Gutiérrez
Mellado
Gutiérrez
Mellado
Manuel Dí
Gutiérrez
Mellado
Gutiérrez
Mellado
Gutiérrez
Mellado
Gutiérrez
Mellado
Gutiérrez
Mellado
Gutiérrez
Mellado
Gutiérrez
Mellado
Gutiérrez
Mellado
Gutiérrez
Mellado
Gutiérrez
Carmen Gutiérrez
Mellado
Mellado
Gutiérrez
Mellado
Manuel
Gutiérrez
Mellado
Manuel


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<mask> (歌川 豊春,  – 1814) was a Japanese artist in the ukiyo-e genre, known as the founder of the Utagawa school and for his uki-e pictures that incorporated Western-style geometrical perspective to create a sense of depth. Born in Toyooka in Tajima Province, <mask> first studied art in Kyoto, then in Edo (modern Tokyo), where from 1768 he began to produce designs for ukiyo-e woodblock prints. He soon became known for his  "floating pictures" of landscapes and famous sites, as well as copies of Western and Chinese perspective prints. Though his were not the first perspective prints in ukiyo-e, they were the first to appear as full-colour nishiki-e, and they demonstrate a much greater mastery of perspective techniques than the works of his predecessors. <mask> was the first to make the landscape a subject of ukiyo-e art, rather than just a background to figures and events. By the 1780s he had turned primarily to painting. The Utagawa school of art grew to dominate ukiyo-e in the 19th century with artists such as Utamaro, Hiroshige, and Kuniyoshi.Life and career

<mask> <mask> was born  in Toyooka in Tajima Province. He studied in Kyoto under  of the Kanō school of painting. It may have been around 1763 that he moved to Edo (modern Tokyo), where he studied under Toriyama Sekien. The Toyo () in the art name Toyoharu () is said to have come from Sekien's personal name Toyofusa (). Some sources hold he also studied under Ishikawa Toyonobu and Nishimura Shigenaga. Other art names <mask> went under include Ichiryūsai (), Senryūsai (), and Shōjirō (). Tradition holds that the name Utagawa derives from Udagawa-chō, where Toyoharu lived in the Shiba district in Edo.His common name was Tajimaya Shōjirō ( ), and he also used the personal names Masaki () and Shin'emon (). <mask>'s work began to appear about 1768. His earliest work includes woodblock prints in a refined, delicate style of beauties and actors. Soon he began to produce  "floating picture" perspective prints, a genre in which <mask> applied Western-style one-point perspective to create a realistic sense of depth. Most were of famous sites, including theatres, temples, and teahouses. <mask>'s were not the first uki-e—Okumura Masanobu had made such works since the early 1740s, and claimed the genre's origin for himself. <mask>'s were the first uki-e in the full-colour  genre that had developed in the 1760s.Several of his prints were based on imported prints from the West or China. From the 1780s <mask> appears to have dedicated himself to painting, and also produced kabuki programs and billboards after 1785. He headed the painters involved in the restoration of Nikkō Tōshō-gū in 1796. He died in 1814 and was buried in Honkyōji Temple in Ikebukuro under the Buddhist posthumous name Utagawa-in Toyoharu Nichiyō Shinji (). Style

<mask>'s works have a gentle, calm, and unpretentious touch, and display the influence of ukiyo-e masters such as Ishikawa Toyonobu and Suzuki Harunobu. Harunobu pioneered the full-colour  print and was particularly popular and influential in the 1760s, when <mask> first began his career. Toyoharu produced a number of willowy, graceful  portraits of beauties in  pillar prints.Only about fifteen examples of his  are known, almost all from his earliest period. One of the better-known examples of <mask>'s work in this style is a four-sheet set depicting the Chinese ideal of the four arts. <mask> produced a small number of  actor prints that, in contrast to the works of the leading Katsukawa school, are executed in the learned style of an Ippitsusai Bunchō. While <mask> trained in Kyoto he may have been exposed to the works of Maruyama Ōkyo, whose popular megane-e were pictures in one-point perspective meant to be viewed in a special box in the manner of the French vue d'optique. <mask> may also have seen the Chinese vue d'optique prints made in the 1750s that inspired Ōkyo's work. Early in his career, <mask> began producing the  for which he is best remembered. Books on geometrical perspective translated from Dutch and Chinese sources appeared in the 1730s, and soon after, ukiyo-e prints displaying these techniques appeared first in the works of  and then of Okumura Masanobu.These early examples were inconsistent in their application of perspective techniques, and the results can be unconvincing; <mask>'s were much more dextrous, though not strict—he manipulated it to allow the representation of figures and objects that otherwise would have been obscured. <mask>'s works helped pioneer the landscape as an ukiyo-e subject, rather than merely a background for human figures or events, as in Masanobu's works. <mask>'s earliest  cannot be reliably dated, but are assumed to have appeared before 1772: early in that year the  in Edo destroyed the Niō-mon gate in Ueno, the subject of <mask>'s Famous Views of Edo: Niō-mon in Ueno. Several of <mask>'s prints were imitations of imported prints of famed European locations, some of which were Western and others Chinese imitations of Western prints. The titles were often fictional: The Bell which Resounds for Ten Thousand Leagues in the Dutch Port of Frankai is an imitation of a print of the Grand Canal of Venice from 1742 by Antonio Visentini, itself based on a painting by Canaletto. <mask> titled another A Perspective View of French Churches in Holland, though he based it on a print of the Roman Forum. <mask> took licence with other details of foreign lands, such as having the Dutch swim in their canals.Japanese and Chinese mythology were also frequent subjects in <mask>'s  prints, the foreign perspective technique giving such prints an exotic feel. In his  paintings the influence of Toyonobu can seem strong, but in his seals on these paintings Toyoharu proclaims himself a pupil of Sekien. His efforts contributed to the development of the Rinpa school. His paintings have joined the collections of foreign museums such as the British Museum, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and the Freer Gallery of Art. His paintings include  folding screens—a genre in which ukiyo-e is said to have its origins, but was rare in ukiyo-e after the development of nishiki-e prints. A six-panel example of a spring scene in Yoshiwara resides in France in a private collection. Legacy

The popularity of <mask>'s work peaked in the 1770s.By the 19th century, Western-style perspective techniques had ceased to be a novelty and had been absorbed into Japanese artistic culture, deployed by such artists as Hokusai and Hiroshige, two artists best remembered for their landscapes, a genre <mask> pioneered. The Utagawa school that <mask> founded was to become one of the most influential, and produced works in a far greater variety of genres than any other school. His students included Toyokuni and Toyohiro; Toyohiro worked in the style of his master, while Toyokuni, who headed the school from 1814, became a prominent and prolific producer of yakusha-e prints of kabuki actors. Other well-known members of the school were Utamaro, Hiroshige, Kuniyoshi, and Kunisada. Though Japanese art schools, such as the Katsukawa in ukiyo-e and the Kanō in painting, emphasized a uniformity of style, a general style in the Utagawa school is not easy to recognize aside from a concern with realism and facial expressiveness. The school dominated ukiyo-e production by the mid-19th century, and most of the artists—such as Kobayashi Kiyochika—who documented the modernization of Japan during the Meiji period during ukiyo-e's declining years belonged to the Utagawa school. The Torii school lasted longer, but the Utagawa school had more adherents.It fostered closer master–student relations and more systematized training than in other schools. Excepting a few prominent examples, such as Hiroshige or Kuniyoshi, the later generations of artists tended to lack stylistic diversity, and their work has become emblematic of ukiyo-e's decline in the 19th century. <mask> also taught painting. His most prominent student was Sakai Hōitsu. As of 2014, studies into <mask>'s work have not been carried out in depth. Cataloguing and analyzing his work and his and his publishers' seals was still in its infancy. However, his work is kept in a variety of museums, including the Carnegie Museum of Art, National Museum of Asian Art, the Maidstone Museum, the Worcester Art Museum, the Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco, the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the Portland Art Museum, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the University of Michigan Museum of Art, the Princeton University Art Museum, and the Asian Art Museum in San Francisco.See also
 List of Utagawa school members

Notes

References

Works cited

Further reading

External links

1735 births
1814 deaths
Ukiyo-e artists
Toyoharu
Artists from Hyōgo Prefecture
18th-century Japanese artists
19th-century Japanese artists

masks:
Utagawa Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Utagawa
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu
Toyoharu


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<mask> (born January 9, 1979), nicknamed <mask> or Big Hen, is a former football defensive tackle who played ten seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the University of Tennessee and was a two-time consensus All-American. The Jacksonville Jaguars chose him in the first round of the 2002 NFL Draft, and he was selected for the Pro Bowl twice. Early years
<mask> was born in Nashville, Tennessee. He attended Pearl-Cohn Comprehensive High School in Nashville, where he played defensive tackle and tight end for the Pearl Cohn Firebirds high school football team. His teams won back-to-back state championships during his junior and senior years. He was named All-State as a junior when he had 145 tackles and 15 sacks, along with 37 catches for 470 yards and 9 touchdowns.As a senior, he finished with 150 tackles and 2 sacks, to go with 45 catches for 560 yards and 11 touchdowns. He was also selected as a High School All-American by Parade magazine, USA Today, Blue Chip Illustrated, National Recruiting Advisor, and Super Prep. He was ranked as the 7th best high school player in The Sporting News Top 100 and was ranked 1st in the state of Tennessee by the Knoxville News Sentinel and the Chattanooga Times Free Press. <mask> also was named All-State in basketball. College career
While attending the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, <mask> played for coach Phillip Fulmer's Tennessee Volunteers football team from 1998 to 2001. At Tennessee, he lined up at left defensive tackle next to Albert Haynesworth. He played in the 1999 Fiesta Bowl, 2000 Cotton Bowl Classic, and 2001 Citrus Bowl.As a sophomore, <mask> recorded 43 tackles and four sacks in seven starts. As a junior, <mask> recorded 71 tackles (21 for a loss) and 12 sacks. He won the Outland Trophy as college football's top interior lineman and was recognized as a consensus first-team All-American in 2000, having received first-team honors from the Associated Press, Football Writers Association of America, The Sporting News, Football News, CNN/SI, and Rivals.com. After finishing with 48 tackles (nine for a loss) and 4.5 sacks in 10 starts, <mask> was again recognized as a consensus first-team All-American as a senior in 2001. He finished his college career with 165 tackles (130 solo and 39 for loss) and 20.5 sacks (5th in school history), seven pass deflections, four forced fumbles, and five fumble recoveries. Professional career

Jacksonville Jaguars
<mask> was the Jacksonville Jaguars' first-round pick (9th overall) in the 2002 NFL Draft. He finished his rookie season with 53 tackles (44 solo), 6.5 sacks, 6 pass deflections, and 1 forced fumble in 16 games (13 starts).In 2003, he had 56 tackles (45 solo and 13 for loss), 3.5 sacks, 7 pass deflections, 3 forced fumbles, and 33 quarterback pressures in 16 starts. In 2004, he finished with 75 tackles (62 solo and 5 for loss), 5.5 sacks, 4 pass deflections, 1 fumble recovery, and 39 QB pressures in 16 starts and was selected to his first Pro Bowl. In 2005, <mask> had 70 tackles (52 solo and 4 for loss), 3 sacks, 7 pass deflections, 3 forced fumbles, and 20 QB pressures in 16 games (15 starts). He also started in the Jaguars' lone playoff game and recorded 5 tackles and 1 sack. On March 21, 2006, <mask> signed a new 6 year, $34 million contract extension with the Jaguars through 2011. The contract also contains $13.4 million guaranteed. <mask> responded with 51 tackles (38 solo and 6 for loss), 3.5 sacks, 6 pass deflections, and 7 QB pressures, as well as his 2nd Pro Bowl selection.He was also named an AP 2nd Team All-Pro. He was filmed by the NFL Network getting pumped up for a game by having a team trainer slap him in the face. In 2007, <mask> finished with 38 tackles (28 solo), 2 sacks, 3 pass deflections, 1 forced fumble, and 13 QB pressures in 15 starts, marking the first time in his career he did not play all 16 games. <mask> started both playoff games for the Jaguars, finishing with 9 tackles and 2 sacks. In March 2008, <mask>'s good friend and fellow defensive tackle Marcus Stroud was traded to the Buffalo Bills. <mask> finished the 2008 season with 44 tackles (34 solo), 2 sacks, and 2 pass deflections in 14 games. In the 2009 off-season, Jaguars head coach Jack Del Rio was critical of <mask> for pulling out of OTAs, claiming he was faking a shoulder injury to avoid having to participate.Although many believed <mask> would be released, he met privately with Del Rio and claimed that he had "bought in". <mask> finished the 2009 season with 36 tackles (26 solo), 3 sacks, 3 pass deflections, and 2 forced fumbles. <mask> was released by the Jaguars on April 26, 2010. Oakland Raiders
On June 11, 2010, <mask> signed a one-year contract with the Oakland Raiders. On February 24, 2011, he signed a two-year, $8 million contract with the Raiders. Following the 2011 season, he was released on March 14, 2012. NFL statistics

Personal life
<mask> met his wife Aleviar Cloe<mask> while attending the University of TN in 2001.They were married on March 10, 2007. Together they have six children: Ja’ Mari (20), Anaiya (17), Talia (deceased), Ayden (13), and Asa (6) and Ari (2) <mask>. On May 29, 2011, Talia died peacefully in her sleep at the age of 7. Talia was born with Cerebral Palsy and Epilepsy and was wheelchair bound and tube fed her entire life. In Talia’s honor, the <mask>’s have made a commitment to help improve the quality of life of other children that have cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and other forms of debilitating issues that leave them handicapped through their LUVTHEKIDZ Inc. and the LIA’s LEGACY endowment fund. <mask> and Aleviar founded their 501-C3, Luvthekidz Inc in 2014, it was established to give life options to children and adolescence across the world. Their vision is to provide homeless and at-risk children in West Africa and the Americas; permanent and secure housing, adequate meals, health care, education, and life-skills training through a community of family support, counseling, mentoring, and other extracurricular activities.The Henderson's have successfully owned and operated several businesses in the US. In 2007, Henderson opened a clothing store in Jacksonville called "4 Big Men by Big Hen" that sold big and tall clothing. In 2011 the Hendersons opened Aleviar's VIP Lounge and Jazz Bar in Jacksonville Fl, In 2011 They opened Coast2Coast Trucking in Los Angeles CA, where they successfully contracted with companies such as Fed-Ex Custom Critical. In 2012, Henderson opened a multiple restaurant locations in Jacksonville called "Big John's Crumpy's Wings & Things"  The menu features whole wings, burgers and a large selection of southern fare. However, the restaurant closed in 2015. The franchise hails from Memphis, Tennessee. The Henderson's are currently dedicating their resources to the funding of their LuvTheKidz Inc's "House of Hope" 300+ acre facility they are looking to build to permanently house and educate homeless children.References

External links
 NFL.com player profile
 Tennessee Volunteers player profile

1979 births
Living people
All-American college football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football defensive tackles
Jacksonville Jaguars players
Oakland Raiders players
Players of American football from Nashville, Tennessee
Tennessee Volunteers football players

masks:
John Nathan Henderson
Big John
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
Henderson
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<mask> (July 23, 1891 – March 22, 1966) was an American character actor who appeared in more than eighty films and television shows from the 1940s through the 1960s, including Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956) and episodes of Adventures of Superman, Lassie, and Perry Mason. He began as a stage actor and had a long career as a theatre director and playwright before coming to Hollywood in his 50s. Career
<mask> was born in Bangor, Maine and attended Amherst College, where he was on the editorial staff of the Amherst Monthly. By 1916 he was living in Boston and working as assistant to the Polish emigre director Richard Ordynski in producing Henry IV for the Shakespeare Tercentenery. In 1917 he was one of the original members of the permanent company of the Greenwich Village Theatre in New York. In 1926 <mask> was in Berkeley, California, where he received rave reviews for his starring role in The Drunkard, a comedy. By 1928 he was directing at the Berkeley Playhouse and in charge of the Wheeler Hall Plays series at the University of California, a position he held into the 1930s.After 1938 he was also writing as well as directing plays, such as "Princes, Ltd." (a comedy), "Summer Heat", and "Coolhaven" (a horror story). <mask> began his career as a film actor in 1948, with uncredited appearances in four films, and ten more in 1949. His first credited part was in Easy Living (1949). <mask> found more regular work in television, starting with an episode of Family Theatre in 1951, and in the Fireside Theatre (1952), where he played in seven episodes. He eventually appeared in episodes of dozens of television shows in the 1950s and early 1960s, from The Twilight Zone to Rawhide, usually playing a scientist, judge, elder, or some equally distinguished character role. He retired from acting in 1962 following an appearance on Perry Mason as Carlton Gage in "The Case of the Capricious Corpse." He died in 1966 in Los Angeles.Hollingsworth (uncredited)
 Tarnished (1950) – Jake Patterson (uncredited)
 Mother Didn't Tell Me (1950) – Reverend (uncredited)
 Rock Island Trail (1950) – Judge (uncredited)
 Father Makes Good (1950) – Proprietor (uncredited)
 The Big Hangover (1950) – Alumni Dinner Headwaiter (uncredited)
 Destination Moon (1950) – Mr. La Porte (uncredited)
 The Petty Girl (1950) – Prof. Haughton (uncredited)
 The Killer That Stalked New York (1950) – Elderly Doctor (uncredited)
 Two Flags West (1950) – Rev. Episode: "Place Of Shadows" (1956) - Br Giles
 The Quiet Gun (1957) – Circuit Judge (uncredited)
 Pal Joey (1957) – Pet Store Owner (uncredited)
 Gunman's Walk (1958) – The Reverend Arthur Stotheby (uncredited)
 A Summer Place (1959) – Dean (uncredited)
 Elmer Gantry (1960) – Rev. Brown (uncredited)
 The Marriage-Go-Round (1961) – Older Professor (uncredited)
 Susan Slade (1961) – Mr. White (uncredited)

References

New York Times. March 10, 1912, p. X8  "Amherst Juniors Entertain"
New York Times. February 20, 1916 "Delta U Players to give Henry IV"
New York Times. November 1, 1917
Berkeley Daily Gazette. November 16, 1926,  Review of "The Drunkard"
Berkeley Daily Gazette.April 4, 1928.  p. 10. New York Times. July 4, 1938
New York Times. July 30, 1942
Chicago Tribune. July 28, 1940
New York Times. July 24, 1948

External links

1891 births
1966 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male actors
American male film actors
American male stage actors
Amherst College alumni
People from Bangor, Maine

masks:
Everett Glass
Everett William Glass
Glass
Glass
Glass


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<mask> (August 10, 1868 – January 24, 1932) was an American investment banker born in Germany, and an early advocate of the U.S. central bank system, who served as 2nd Vice Chair of the Federal Reserve from 1916 to 1918. Early life
<mask> was born in Hamburg, Germany, to the <mask> family, a Jewish banking dynasty with origins in Venice. His parents were Moritz and Charlotte Esther (Oppenheim) <mask>. After graduating from the Realgymnasium in Hamburg in 1886, he entered the employ of Simon Hauer, a Hamburg importer and exporter, to learn the fundamentals of business practice. He similarly worked for Samuel Montague & Company, bankers, in London in 1889–90, the Banque Russe pour le Commerce Etranger in Paris in 1890–91. In 1891, <mask> entered the office of the family banking firm of M. M. Warburg & Co., which had been founded in 1798 by his great-grandfather. He interrupted work there to undertake a world tour during the winter of 1891–92.<mask> was admitted to a partnership in the family firm in 1895. On October 1, 1895, <mask> was married in New York City to Nina J. Loeb, daughter of Solomon Loeb, a founder of the New York investment firm of Kuhn, Loeb & Co. The <mask>s were the parents of a son, <mask> <mask>, and a daughter, Bettina <mask> Grimson. Career

Although a major factor in German finance, after frequent business trips to New York Warburg settled there in 1902 as a partner in Kuhn, Loeb & Co., where the influential Jacob Schiff was senior partner. <mask>'s brother, Felix, was married to Schiff's daughter and both brothers would be involved with Kuhn, Loeb over the years, making partner after marrying into the firms family members.. <mask> remained a partner in the family firm in Hamburg, but he became a naturalized American citizen in 1911. He was a member of Temple Emanu-El in New York City. <mask> was elected a director of Wells Fargo & Company in February 1910.He resigned in September 1914 following his appointment to the Federal Reserve Board, and Jacob Schiff was elected to his seat on the Wells Fargo board. <mask> became known as a persuasive advocate of central banking in America. Many of his contemporaries regarded him as the chief driving force behind the establishment of America's central bank. Russell Leffingwell, who served variously as the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, head of the Council on Foreign Relations, and chairman of J.P. Morgan, credited <mask> with doing "yeoman's service in preaching the doctrines and practices of modern [central] European banking" while all other "friends of sound money" were so occupied with battling against the free silver movement that they gave scant thought to the need for currency reform. Harold Kellock of The Century Magazine, characterized <mask> as "the mildest-mannered man that ever personally conducted a revolution". This shy and sensitive man, Kellock continued, "imposed his idea on a nation of a hundred million people". Upon arriving in New York in 1902, <mask> drafted a critique of the American banking system, which he thought was insufficiently centralized.Self-conscious of his imperfect English and his status as a newcomer, he left his paper to sit in his desk for four years. He overcame his reticence in 1906 after attending a dinner party hosted by Professor Edwin Seligman of Columbia University. Seligman, an advocate of central banking, was impressed with Warburg's extensive knowledge of the financial system and reportedly told him that "It's your duty to get your ideas before the country." Shortly thereafter, the New York Times published Warburg's "Defects and Needs of our Banking System". Concerning its financial system, he argued, "The United States is in fact at about the same point that had been reached by Europe at the time of the Medicis, and by Asia, in all likelihood, at the time of Hammurabi." The chief reason for this lagging state of development was the lack of a central institution that could rediscount bank promissory notes to facilitate the exchange of promises of future payment for cash. A central bank constructed along the lines of the Reichsbank could fulfill this role, according to <mask>, and thus make it easier for the excess reserves of one bank to be used to bolster the insufficient reserves of another.<mask>'s ideas gained a wider hearing after the panic of 1907 engulfed the country’s financial system, and he subsequently published two more articles elaborating and defending his plans, "A Plan for a Modified Central Bank" and "A United Reserve Bank of the United States". At the same time, he appeared at conferences hosted by Columbia University, the American Economic Society, and the Academy of Political Science. By 1908, <mask> had gained enough recognition that Nelson Aldrich, the Republican senator from Rhode Island, consulted him for advice on currency reform. The National Monetary Commission, which Aldrich chaired, subsequently interviewed <mask> on multiple occasions. In 1910, Aldrich invited <mask> to attend a secret meeting with other influential bankers on Jekyll Island in Georgia, where the draft of a bill to establish a central bank was worked out. This bill was close enough to the outline that he adumbrated in his three articles that Harold Kellock could write, "Five years from the time Mr. <mask> had begun his single-handed crusade, his ideas were placed before Congress in the form of the Aldrich Bill." The Aldrich Bill, however, did not become the Federal Reserve Act.The Owen–Glass Bill did. But modern scholars such as Elmus Wicker, Murray Rothbard, William Greider, and Griffin believe that the Aldrich and Owen–Glass bills are so similar that there is little doubt the latter plan was heavily influenced by the former. "The New York bankers got all they wanted", Wicker argues, "with the single exception of banker control. ... The Federal Reserve Act owes as much, if not more, to Senator Aldrich as it does to Representative Glass." Despite some minor quibbles, <mask> himself largely celebrated the Owen–Glass Bill in the North American Review. It was "a source of great satisfaction", he wrote, that both the Democratic and Republican parties had come to embrace the type of plan for which reformers like him had been campaigning.In 1919, he founded and became first chairman of the American Acceptance Council. He organized and became the first chairman of the International Acceptance Bank of New York in 1921. International Acceptance was acquired by the Bank of the Manhattan Company in 1929, with <mask> becoming chairman of the combined organization. He became a director of the Council on Foreign Relations at its founding in 1921, remaining on the board until his death. From 1921 to 1926 <mask> was a member of the advisory council of Federal Reserve Board, serving as president of the advisory council in 1924–26. He was also a trustee of the Institute of Economics, founded in 1922; when it was merged into the Brookings Institution in 1927, he became a trustee of the latter, serving until his death. On March 8, 1929, <mask> warned of the disaster threatened by the wild stock speculation then rampant in the United States, foreshadowing Wall Street Crash of 1929 which occurred in October of that year. He encouraged German–American cultural cooperation, helping found the Carl Schurz Memorial Foundation in 1930 and serving as its treasurer from May 1930 until his death.He also made substantial contributions to the Warburg Library in Hamburg, founded by his brother, the art historian Aby <mask>; he gave a hall known as the American House to Heidelberg University; and he made generous donations to the Academy of Political Science in Berlin. Death
<mask> died at his home in New York City on January 24, 1932, and was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York. At the time of his death, he was chairman of the Manhattan Company and a director of the Bank of Manhattan Trust Company, Farmers Loan and Trust Company of New York, First National Bank of Boston, Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, Union Pacific Railroad, Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad, Western Union Telegraph Company, American I.G. Chemical Company, Agfa Ansco Corporation, and Warburg & Company of Amsterdam. Legacy
The cartoon character, Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks in the Little Orphan Annie series, was purportedly inspired by <mask>'s life and times. The <mask><mask> chair in Economics at Harvard University was named in his honor. Family

His son, <mask> (1896–1969) was a financial adviser to Franklin D. Roosevelt in the first years of his presidency, and according to his memoirs, FDR's son, James, lived in a cottage house located on uncle <mask>'s New York country estate.Notes

References
 Chernow, Ron. The Warburgs. New York: Random House, 1993
 Kuhn, Loeb & Co. Kuhn, Loeb & Co. A Century of Investment Banking. New York: Privately printed, 1967
 Kuhn, Loeb & Co.  Kuhn Loeb & Co. Investment Banking Through Four Generations. New York: Privately printed, 1955
 Warburg, <mask>. The Federal Reserve System. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1930. External links

 <mask> papers (MS 535).Manuscripts and Archives. <mask>'s Crusade to Establish a Central Bank in the United States
Statements and Speeches of <mask><mask>

1868 births
1932 deaths
American bankers
American people of German-Jewish descent
Burials at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery
Businesspeople from New York City
German emigrants to the United States
19th-century German Jews
History of the Federal Reserve System
Loeb family
Vice Chairs of the Federal Reserve
<mask>burg
Wells Fargo
Woodrow Wilson administration personnel

masks:
Paul Moritz Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
James Paul
Warburg
Warburg
Paul
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Warburg
Paul M
. Warburg
James Warburg
Felix Warburg
Paul M
Paul Warburg
Paul Warburg
Paul M
. Warburg
Paul War


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<mask> (born 3 March 1960) is an English palaeontologist, artist and writer who lives in Wickham, Hampshire. He was born in Ashford, Kent, and grew up in Portsmouth, England. He attended Crookhorn Comprehensive School between 1971 and 1976. His career began as an artist, specialising in the reconstruction of extinct species, after which he undertook a degree in palaeontology at the University of Portsmouth, followed by a PhD in the same subject, jointly hosted by the University of Portsmouth and the Natural History Museum, London and Tring. He is presently a Research Associate at the Natural History Museum, and has travelled extensively, working on fossil excavations that include the Cape Verde Islands; Lord Howe Island, Tasmania, Flinders, King and Kangaroo Islands, Australia; Madagascar, Seychelles, and Hawaiian Islands. However, his main area of research is the Mascarene Islands of Mauritius, Réunion, and Rodrigues, where in particular he has studied the history of the dodo (Raphus cucullatus). He has contributed both scientifically and artistically to a large number of palaeontological papers, and described seven new species of extinct bird from the islands, with at least five more awaiting description.He has also written popular books and magazine articles, and published a critically acclaimed book 'Lost Land of the Dodo,' co-authored with Anthony Cheke, on the subject of extinct Mascarene species. His other books include ‘Extinct Birds of Hawaii’ published in 2016 with Michael Walther, which includes his own artwork for all fossil species. His latest book, which also includes his own artwork, is the second edition of the book entitled 'Extinct Birds', published in September 2017; the first edition was co-authored with Michael P. Walters and published February 2012. A third edition is currently in preparation. Artwork

His paintings of recently extinct species, especially birds, are a combination of art and science, with each painting reproduced in the most scientifically accurate way. His subjects include extinct species from islands around the world, especially the Hawaiian Islands and the Mascarenes. The dodo in particular has been illustrated on a number of occasions.Bibliography
 Carpenter J, Wilmshurst J, <mask> P, McConkey K, Shiels A, Wotton D & Drake D (2020) The forgotten fauna: native seed predators on islands. Functional Ecology 00:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13629
 Duhamel, A, <mask> J P, Salaviale C & Louchart A (2020) Unexpected cranial evolution in the extinct Rodrigues Island owl Otus murivorus (Strigidae), associated with gigantism, ecology, diet and behaviour. Scientific Reports 10:14019 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69868-1
 Burney D A, <mask> J P, Randalana R, Andrianaivoarivelo R, Griffiths O, Middleton G, Rasolondrainy T, Hoerman R, Ramilisonina R & Radimilahy C (2020) Rock art from Andriamamelo Cave in the Beanka Protected Area of western Madagascar. Journal of Island & Coastal Archaeology https://doi.org/10.1080/15564894.2020.1749735
 Burney D A, Andriamialison H, Andrianarivelo R, Bourne S, Crowley B E, de Boer E, Godfrey L R, Goodman S M, Griffiths C, Griffiths O, <mask> J P. et al. (7 more authors) (2019) Subfossil lemur discoveries from the Beanka protected area in western Madagascar. Quaternary Research 1–17.https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2019.54
 Hume J P (2019) Systematics, morphology, and ecology of rails (Aves: Rallidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with one new species. Zootaxa 4626(1): 001–107. Hume J P & Martill D (2019) Repeated evolution of flightlessness in Dryolimnas rails (Aves: Rallidae) after extinction and recolonization on Aldabra. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186(3): 666–672. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz018
 Jones C, Jackson H, McGowan R, <mask> J P, Forshaw J, Tatayah V & Groombridge J (2018) A parakeet specimen held at National Museums, Scotland, is a unique skin of the extinct Réunion Parakeet Psittacula eques eques. A reply to Cheke & Jansen (2016). Ibis 161: 230–238.Louchart A, Bastian F, Baptista M, Guarino-Vignon P, <mask> P, Jacot-des-Combes C, Mourer-Chauviré C, Hänni C & Ollivier M (2018) Ancient DNA reveals the origins, colonisation histories and evolutionary pathways of two recently extinct species of large
 Hume J P (2017) Extinct Birds. Second Edition. Bloomsbury Natural History. 608 pp. Walther M (2016) Extinct Birds of Hawaii. Mutual Publishing, LLC. . 256 pp (illustrations by J. P<mask>)
 Hume J P (2012) The Dodo: from extinction to the fossil record. Geology Today 28(4): 147–151.Hume J P & Walters M (2012) Extinct Birds. A & C Black (Poyser Imprint). 544 pp. <mask> P (2011) Systematics, morphology, and ecology of pigeons and doves (Aves: Columbidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with three new species. Zootaxa 3124: 1–62. Rijsdijk, K F, Zinke J, de Louw P G B, <mask> P (11 more authors) (2011) Mid-Holocene (4200 kyr BP) mass mortalities in Mauritius (Mascarenes): Insular vertebrates resilient to climatic extremes but vulnerable to human impact. The Holocene
 Hume J P, & Middleton G (2011) A preliminary vertebrate palaeontological cave survey of the Comoros Islands.Phelsuma 19: 26–40. Burney D A (2010) Back to the Future in the Caves of Kaua'i: A Scientist's Adventures in the Dark. Yale University Press. (illustrations by J. P<mask>). <mask> J P, Cheke A S, & McOran-Campbell A (2009) How Owen 'stole' the Dodo: academic rivalry and disputed rights to a newly discovered subfossil deposit in nineteenth century Mauritius. Historical Biology 21 (1–2): 1–18. Rijsdijk K F, <mask>, J P. et al.(18 more authors) (2009) Mid-Holocene vertebrate bone Concentration-Lagerstätte on oceanic island Mauritius provides a window into the ecosystem of the Dodo (Raphus cucullatus). Quaternary Science Reviews 28: 14–24. Cheke A & Hume J P (2008) Lost land of the Dodo: the ecological history of the Mascarene Islands. A. & C. Black publishers (Poyser imprint). 540pp. Hume J P (2007) Reappraisal of the parrots (Aves: Psittacidae) from the Mascarene islands, with comments on their ecology, morphology and affinities.Zootaxa 1513: 1–76. <mask> P (2006) The history of the dodo Raphus cucullatus and the penguin of Mauritius. Historical Biology 18(2): 65–89. <mask> P, Datta A & Martill, D.M. (2006) Unpublished drawings of the Dodo Raphus cucullatus and a note on Dodo skin relics. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club  126A: 49–54. <mask> P (2005) Contrasting taphofacies in ocean island settings: the fossil record of Mascarene vertebrates.Monografies de la Societat d’Història Natural de les Balears 12: 129–144. Hume J P & Prys-Jones R P (2005) New discoveries from old sources, with reference to the original bird and mammal fauna of the Mascarene Islands, Indian Ocean. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden 79-3: 85–95. Karanth K P, <mask> E, Gerlach J, Glaberman S, <mask> J P, Caccone A & Yoder A D (2005) Native Seychelles tortoises or Aldabran imports? The importance of radiocarbon dating for ancient DNA studies. Amphibia-Reptilia 26: 116–121. <mask> J P (2004) A preliminary vertebrate palaeontological survey of the granitic Seychelles islands.Phelsuma 12: 24–34. Hume J P & Cheke A S (2004) The White Dodo of Réunion Island: unravelling a scientific and historical myth. Archives of Natural History 31: 57–79. Hume J P, Martill D M & Dewdney C (2004) Dutch diaries and the demise of the Dodo. Nature
 Hume J P (2003) The journal of the flagship Gelderland – dodo and other birds on Mauritius 1601. Archives of Natural History 30: 13–27. Hume J P & Peterson A (2003) The correct publication date of Aplonis corvina (Kittlitz, 1833).Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 123: 207–208. <mask> P (2002) Notes on the extinct Kosrae Starling Aplonis corvina Kittlitz, 1833. Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 122: 141–154. <mask> P (1996) The parrots of the Mascarenes. PsittaScene 8(1): 10–11. Magazine articles
 <mask> P (2009) The great Dodo dispute. BBC History 10 (3): 50–53.Hume J P (2009) In search of the Dodo. Darwin 200 BBC Knowledge 4: 26–31. Postage stamp issues
 <mask> P (25 June 2007) Mauritius. The Dodo Raphus cucullatus. Set of four Rs 5; Rs 10; Rs 15; Rs 25; all showing classic images of the dodo from the last 400 years. Souvenir Sheet Rs 25 of Dodo in dry forest by J P <mask>. <mask> J P (16 July 2009) Mauritius.Extinct Mauritian Giant Tortoises. Set of four Rs 5; Rs 10; Rs 15; Rs 25; all showing extinct giant tortoises of Mauritius and Rodrigues. Souvenir Sheet Rs 50 showing Rodrigues giant tortoises and the extinct blue rail. Filmography

See also
 Dodo
 <mask>hume.co.uk
 Extinct Birds

References
 "<mask>, Ian (January 22, 2007). Digging for Dodos. Hunting an extinct bird. The New Yorker, pp.64–73." "Dunn, Rob (March–April 2009). The sun yet warms his native ground. American Scientist, 97(2), p. 167. External links
 Julianhume.co.uk
 Books by <mask> from Amazon

Notes

1960 births
Living people
English palaeontologists
British bird artists

masks:
Julian Pender Hume
Hume J
Hume
Hume
Hume
Hume
Hume J
. Hume
Hume J
Hume J
. Hume
Hume
Hume
Hume J
Hume J
Hume J
Palkovacs
Hume
Hume
Hume J
Hume J
Hume J
Hume J
Hume
Hume
Julian
Parker
Julian Hume


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<mask> (, Nargen – 1 December 1935, Hamburg) was an Estonian optician. In 1930 he invented the Schmidt telescope which corrected for the optical errors of spherical aberration, coma, and astigmatism, making possible for the first time the construction of very large, wide-angled reflective cameras of short exposure time for astronomical research. Childhood
<mask> was the son of Carl Constantin and Marie Helene Christine ( Rosen) <mask>. He was born and grew up on the island of Nargen (Naissaar), off the coast of Reval (Tallinn), Estonia, then part of the Russian Empire. The inhabitants of this island, mainly Estonian Swedes, generally spoke Swedish or Estonian, but the <mask> family also spoke German. <mask> was the oldest of six children, three boys (one of whom died in infancy) and three girls. Naissaar was a small, rural island whose population mainly supported themselves through fishing and piloting ships into the port of Reval.With his younger brother August Fredrik, <mask> engaged in many childhood adventures on the island. He was an extremely inquisitive, inventive, and imaginative young person and adult. For example, when young he built his own camera from a purchased lens and old concertina bellows and succeeded in photographing his local surroundings and various family members, and even sold some of his photos. He also became fascinated with the night sky and constellations. One misadventure proved tragic and marked <mask> for the rest of his life. When he was 15 years old, he experimented with gunpowder. He packed an iron pipe with a charge, but through a mistake with the fuse the pipe exploded, and he lost the thumb and index finger of his right hand.Despite his mother's attempts to clean and bandage the wounds, surgeons in Tallinn later amputated the whole hand. This event appears to have deepened his reserve and introspection, qualities well noted by his contemporaries in later life. Youth
In spite of his loss, <mask> was soon experimenting and inventing again. He also took more photos and became adept at developing and printing them. In 1895 he moved to Tallinn, and for a time worked at retouching photographs. Later he worked for the Volta Electrical Motor Works and became skilled in drafting. In 1901 he went to Gothenburg, Sweden, to study at the Chalmers University of Technology, but soon thereafter switched to the University of Mittweida in the Kingdom of Saxony to further his education.Adulthood
During this period his interest in astronomy and optics increased. In Mittweida he had hoped to study with Dr. Karl Strehl, a noted optical theorist. Strehl, however, had recently departed. Gradually, <mask> found his true calling, namely the grinding and polishing of highly precise optics for astronomical applications. He seems to have begun the grinding of mirrors sometime around 1901, and thereafter began to sell some of his products to amateur astronomers. By March 1904, he had made so much progress in his new endeavor that after finishing his studies, he was soon in contact with professionals at the major observatories in Germany. His business rapidly took off when noted astronomers such as Hermann Carl Vogel, and Karl Schwarzschild realized the excellence of <mask>'s mirrors for their researches.Mittweida years
Between 1904 and 1914, <mask>'s business boomed and he acquired an immense reputation in Germany. Not only did he produce some of the most difficult and precise mirrors ever attempted up to that time, but he was entrusted with correcting and improving lenses originally supplied by famous optical houses, for example the 50 cm Steinheil visual refractor at the Potsdam Astrophysical Observatory. As his business increased, he hired several assistants, two of whom have left valuable accounts of <mask>'s working methods. <mask> also bought an automobile, a rare luxury then, and employed a friend as chauffeur. Using a long focus horizontal mirror and a plane coelostat, both of his own manufacture, he took impressive photos of the sun, moon, and major planets. When one considers that he did much of the fabrication literally using just one hand, it is difficult not to be astonished at <mask>'s skill. World War I brought the boom to an end.<mask> was arrested as an enemy-alien, as Estonia belonged to the Russian Empire, and was sent to an internment camp for about six months. After his release, he remained under police control and some of his suspicious-looking astronomical equipment was confiscated. He attempted to continue his business, but as the war dragged on and turned to defeat for Germany, the economy became grim and scientists had no money for astronomy. The situation did not improve after the war because of the political turmoil in Germany and the need to pay war reparations. Inflation galloped out of control in 1923 and many people lost their entire savings. By the mid-1920s, <mask>'s business was ruined and he had to liquidate his remaining equipment as junk. Bergedorf

From 1916 onward <mask> had been in contact with Professor Richard Schorr, the director of the Hamburg Observatory, a facility located outside Hamburg in the countryside near the village of Bergedorf.Schorr had become interested in <mask>'s horizontal mirror and coelostat telescope and ordered one to be built for his observatory. After the war when <mask>'s economic situation became increasingly difficult, <mask> began making overtures to Schorr for some kind of work at the observatory. Schorr had only a little to offer: <mask> could come to Bergedorf and lodge for free; there was repair work to do on the horizontal telescope, for which he would be paid a small fee. This was in 1926. For a time <mask> did not accept. He had a number of patents to his credit, one of which involved using a wind-driven propeller to power boats forward. <mask> hoped to turn this invention into something profitable.He also went back to Estonia for a family visit and to scout out opportunities in optics, as Estonia had become an independent republic after World War I. Nothing came of these efforts, and by 1927 <mask>'s prospects were so poor that he accepted Schorr's offer. He began to establish a workshop in the basement of the Main Service Building at the observatory and to repair the horizontal telescope. During 1927 and 1929, <mask> participated in two solar eclipse expeditions mounted by the Hamburg Observatory, the first to northern Sweden and the second to the Philippines. It was during this second trip that <mask> announced to his companion, the astronomer Walter Baade, the most important invention of <mask>'s lifetime, indeed an invention that revolutionized astronomy and optical design in the second half of the 20th century, namely his wide-angle reflective camera. The Schmidt camera

Astronomers had long wished for a way to photograph large swathes of the sky quickly for the purpose of surveying the visible contents of the universe and seeing large-scale structures. Ordinary telescopes up till <mask>'s time showed narrow fields of view, typically measuring 1 or 2 degrees in diameter.Surveying the whole sky with such telescopes required an enormous investment of time and resources over years and (because of the narrow views) tended to miss large structures. It was possible to see large swathes with small camera lenses, but then faint (and hence far away) objects would remain invisible. What was needed was large aperture cameras possessing wide fields of good imaging properties ("definition"), and fast focal ratios to decrease exposure times. Unfortunately, the only large aperture wide-field telescopes before <mask> were ordinary reflecting telescopes of short focal ratio (about f/3), and these presented images which while sharp at the middle of their fields of view, quickly lost their definition away from the field center. Star images became bloated and comet-shaped, with the head of the "comet" pointing to the middle of the photographic field. This bloating results mainly from the optical aberrations (i.e. errors) called "coma" and "astigmatism".Before <mask> it was impossible to build a large, fast reflector telescope which was not plagued by these errors. <mask> was well aware of this and had been pondering possible solutions during the late 1920s. According to Baade, he had abandoned at least one solution already, when finally he hit upon his ultimate design, which involved a novel, indeed bold departure from traditional optical designs. <mask> realized that by employing a large spherically shaped mirror (instead of the normal paraboloidal mirror of a reflector telescope) and a smaller apertured diaphragm placed at the center of curvature of the mirror, he could at a stroke eliminate coma and astigmatism. He would be left, however, with spherical aberration which is just as damaging to image sharpness. <mask> realized that he could eliminate the spherical aberration by placing a thin, very weakly curved aspheric lens (now called the "<mask> corrector plate") at the same center of curvature as the apertured diaphragm. This aspheric lens has a complex curve that is convex near its middle and concave near its periphery that creates the opposite spherical aberration of the spherical mirror it is paired with, canceling out the mirror's spherical aberration.In this way, very neatly and simply he could construct a large camera of f/1.75 or even faster, that would give sharp images across a field more than 15 degrees in diameter, making it possible to image large swathes of sky with short exposures (on the order of a few minutes versus an hour or more with a conventional reflector). His first camera had an aperture of about 360 mm or 14.5" in diameter, and a focal ratio of f/1.75. It is now housed in a museum at the Hamburg Observatory. <mask>'s combining of diverse optical elements (a special mirror, a diaphragm at a particular location, and a "correction plate") into a simple catadioptric system, based on reasoning from first principles, was epoch making. In particular, the "correction plate" was like nothing ever seen before in telescope design. After <mask> a flood of new catadioptric designs appeared in the subsequent decades. Last years
<mask> built his first "Schmidtspiegel" (which came to be known as the Schmidt camera) in 1930, a breakthrough which caused a sensation around the world.He employed a very clever method (the so-called "vacuum pan" method) to make the difficult "corrector plate", so that the system gave superb images. The vacuum pan involved carefully warping a parallel glass plate under partial vacuum into a slight sagging curve and then polishing the upper curve flat. After release of the vacuum, the lens would spring back into the "Schmidt shape" needed for the camera. No one had ever made a lens in this way before. <mask> published a brief account (in German) of his invention in professional publications, and offered to build his cameras for professional observatories. Unfortunately, his publicity was too little and his design was too novel. Moreover, the invention coincided with the beginning of the Great Depression.No orders came in and he remained dependent on Schorr and Bergedorf for a modest income from occasional jobs till the end of his life. He produced a larger camera in 1934 and reground the 60 cm Bergedorf-Steinheil photographic refractor as well. <mask> fell ill at the end of November 1935 after a business trip to Leiden in the Netherlands. Despite attempts at treatment, he died on 1 December 1935 in Hamburg at the age of 56. An autopsy revealed that he was suffering from a lung infection. Personal life and legacy

<mask> did not marry and had no children. Soon after his death, through the advocacy of Walter Baade when he arrived at the Mount Wilson Observatory in the United States, the <mask> telescope idea took off.An 18" Schmidt was produced in 1936 and then twelve years later, the famous 48" (122 cm) Samuel Oschin telescope Schmidt-telescope was built at Mount Palomar Observatory. This last telescope produced a flood of new observations and information. It proved the brilliance of the <mask> concept beyond doubt. Subsequently at Bergedorf in 1955 a large, well-constructed Schmidt was dedicated. The 2-meter Schmidt telescope of the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory was built later and remains the largest Schmidt camera in the world, although more technologically advanced versions have since been produced. The Bergedorf Schmidt was moved to Calar Alto Observatory in 1976. <mask> is also the protagonist of the biographic novel Vastutuulelaev: <mask>i romaan (Sailing Against the Wind: a Novel of <mask>) by Estonian author Jaan Kross.See also
List of astronomical instrument makers
1743 Schmidt

References

Further reading

 <mask>, "Ein lichtstarkes komafreies Spiegelsystem," Central-Zeitung für Optik und Mechanik 52.2 (1931), pp. 25–26; also in Mitteilungen der Hamburger Sternwarte in Bergedorf 36.7 (1932), pp. 15–17. <mask> (son of August Fredrik <mask>, and nephew of <mask>), Optical Illusions, The Life Story of <mask>, the Great Stellar Optician of the Twentieth Century, (Estonia, 1995). Jaan Kross, Sailing Against the Wind: a Novel of <mask>, Northwestern University Press, 2012, p. 348. Richard Schorr, "<mask>†," Astronomische Nachrichten 258 (1936), col. 45–48. Arthur Arno Wachmann, "Das Leben des Optikers <mask>," Sterne und Weltraum (1962/2), pp.28–32. Arthur Arno Wachmann, "From the life of B<mask>", Sky & Telescope (S&T), Nov 1955, pp. 4–9

External links
Biography
The original Schmidt Telescope

1879 births
1935 deaths
People from Viimsi Parish
People from the Governorate of Estonia
20th-century German astronomers
Estonian astronomers
Telescope manufacturers
Estonian people of Swedish descent
Chalmers University of Technology alumni
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Germany
People from Bergedorf
German scientific instrument makers

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Nicholas '<mask>' <mask> (born 24 April 1982, Brighton) is an English singer-songwriter who has released six albums since 2008 and played over 1000 shows across the world. His music has been featured on Pretty Little Liars, Switched at Birth, The Hills, Jersey Shore, Next, True Life, Cougar Town, 90210, LA Ink, Greek and Army Wives. He has toured with Lifehouse, Boyce Avenue, Eric Hutchinson, Tristan Prettyman and supported Train (band), Gavin Degraw & Jack Johnson

He has performed several times on live television in the US and Europe, including appearances on NBC, Fox and the BBC along with a live performance in front of 1 million people in Berlin on New Year's Eve 2013/4. <mask> has cited a range of musical influences and life experiences when writing and performing. His musical influences include The Beatles, John Mayer, Jason Mraz, The Script, Oasis and Coldplay. He is also known for being the 2012 winner of the German television show The Voice of Germany. Life and career
<mask> moved to New York City in 2004, and had day and night jobs for several years before being able to make the transition to a full-time musician.During this time he squeezed in shows, writing and recording where and whenever possible. 2008: Something To Talk About
His debut album, Something To Talk About (2009), included songs which were featured in television shows and films, and received airplay across radio networks in the US and in Europe. Since then, <mask> has toured all over the world (playing over 300 shows per year), and has seen his songs break into the record charts. 2011–12: When The Lights Go Up
His second album, When The Lights Go Up (2011), included several tracks produced by Marshall Altman, and was recorded in Los Angeles and Nashville. To support the release of this album, <mask> supported Lifehouse, Boyce Avenue, Tyler Ward and Sunrise Avenue, and has embarked on tours of his own in 2012. He was the recipient of an ASCAP songwriting award for "Days Like These", a single from the new album. All four singles from the album broke into the Top 50 mainstream radio airplay charts in Germany, where <mask> licensed "When The Lights Go Up" through Hamburg based independent label, Ferryhouse.MTV supported the promotional effort in the United States by playing the video for "Falling For You". 2012: The Voice of Germany
<mask> has enjoyed particular success in Germany and its neighboring countries including Austria, Switzerland and the Netherlands. As a result, he has spent time in both New York and Europe, frequently traveling between the two. On 13 October 2012, <mask> confirmed via Facebook and Twitter that he would be a contestant in Season 2 of The Voice of Germany. His blind audition aired on 18 October, with <mask> deciding to join Rea Garvey's team. Tickets for his European Tour began selling out, however he was forced to cancel all but two of the shows due to filming commitments for the next round of The Voice of Germany. On 14 December 2012, he won the competition and was voted the "Voice of Germany 2012" with over 41% of the public vote.<mask> also signed a publishing deal with BMG Rights Management shortly before committing to "The Voice of Germany". <mask> also learned to speak German only a few months before his blind audition. <mask> released his winners single "Unbreakable" on 7 December 2012 as the lead single from his third studio album, the single peaked at number 5 on the German Singles Chart. On 21 December 2012 Universal released My Voice Story a compilation album of all the songs <mask> performed on the show, peaking at number 34 on the German Albums Chart. His third studio album 'Stay Who You Are' was released in Germany on 25 January, peaking at number 1 on the iTunes Pop chart and number 12 on the German Albums Chart. It was released in the US on 19 February. Performances on The Voice of Germany

2013
Immediately following the show, <mask> embarked on a 9 date arena tour with the 'Top 8' contestants, playing to mostly sold out crowds throughout Germany and even playing the O2 World (Berlin) which he had joked to his mother about playing as they took the S-Bahn back from his blind audition.In April he headlined 12 dates through Germany, headlining venues such as Docks where only a few years prior, he had been a support act for Lifehouse. Following his full-band headlining tour he embarked on his "Up Close & Acoustic" Tour, playing sold out shows in Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, New York City, and Los Angeles. In the Summer of 2013, he embarked on his 'Secret Garden Party' tour in Germany, which included 5 sold out shows at special and unique venues across Germany. <mask> planned, booked and executed the entire tour himself, even building the stage each day with his band. In September 2013, he confirmed via Facebook and Twitter that he was moving to Los Angeles to write and record his fourth album. In Los Angeles, <mask> wrote with Toby Gad and, together with Lindy Robbins, wrote the first single from his new album, "Untouchable", planned for a worldwide release on 29 November 2013. During the promotional tour for "Untouchable" <mask> will play in front of an estimated 1 million people at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin on New Year's Eve, perform "Untouchable" on "The Voice of Germany"  on 6 December and at "The Voice of the World" concert in Beijing on 30 November.In 2013, <mask> was also featured on the Cascada album, "Acoustic Sessions". The album was released on 1 November 2013. 2014
In the Spring of 2014 <mask> Avenue on a 30 date European Tour and played to over 30,000 fans across Europe. He followed this by supporting Tyrone Wells on a 12 date US Tour before returning to Europe for the Summer festival season. <mask>'s European headlining tour in the Fall of 2014 saw him play 12 shows across Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, The Netherlands, Belgium & France. The tour included sold out shows in Hamburg, Frankfurt, Cologne and Amsterdam. Immediately following his headlining tour in Europe, <mask> returned to the US for a 31 date tour supporting Eric Hutchinson and Tristan Prettyman on their 'City & Sand Tour'.2015
<mask> followed up the success of his support tours in 2014 by booking his own headlining tour in the USA in 2015 which included sold out shows in New York, Washington DC, Seattle and San Francisco. 2016
In 2016 <mask> released his 5th studio album, All Or Nothing through Ferryhouse Productions in Europe and Satellite Music in the US. The song 'Fight' from the album was used as the Official Tour de France song for 2017. 2017 - present
In late 2017 <mask> successfully crowd funded the first of his ongoing 'Song of the Month' releases. To date these have been:

November 2017 | Hurricane

December 2017 | Shelter

January 2018 | Where Do We Go

February 2018 | Frantic

March 2018 | Our Time

October 2018 | Follow

November 2018 | I Still Believe

May 2019 | Everywhere

August 2019 | Crazy

November 2019 | Won't Give Up

February 2020 | Fire

April 2020 | What I Love

October 2020 | Brave

Each month, <mask> donates any profits from the crowdfunding efforts to a different charity. Discography

Studio albums
 Something to Talk About (2008)
 When the Lights Go Up (2011)
 Stay Who You Are (2013)
 Living in Stereo (2014)
 Live in Stereo (2015)
 All or Nothing (2016)

Extended plays
 Contradicted (2006)
 Bridging the Gap (2009)

Singles
 "A Better Man" (2009)
 "Falling For You" (2010)
 "Days Like These" (2011)
 "Unbreakable" (2012)
 "If I Told You" (2013)
 "Untouchable" (2013/2014)
 "Fight" (2016)
 "Where Do We Go" (2017)

References

External links
Official website

1982 births
Living people
English male singer-songwriters
People from Brighton
The Voice (franchise) winners
Winner02
21st-century British singers
21st-century British male singers

masks: Nick Howard Howard Howard Howard Howard Nick Howard Howard Howard Nick Nick Howard Nick Nick Howard Howard Nick Howard Nickce Nick Nick Howard Howard Howard Howard


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<mask>ssar (5 May 1911 – 8 February 1996) was the founder of Neve Shalom / Wahat al-Salam, which means "Oasis of Peace," an Arab/Jewish village dedicated to coexistence. <mask> derived the name from the book of Isaiah (32:18) "My people shall dwell in an Oasis of Peace". Born in Cairo, he converted to Roman Catholicism while studying engineering in France. He was a genuinely 'transnational transcultural and multilingual' individual. Before he founded the village, <mask> established the House of Isaiah in Jerusalem, a Jewish-Catholic ecumenical study center. He came to Jerusalem to establish this institution in 1952. For many years, he was also a leader and priest for the Hebrew Christians, a tiny congregation of Hebrew-speaking Catholic residents and Israeli Jewish converts to Catholicism.Early life and education
He was born, André, in Egypt in 1911, the son of a Hungarian father and a French mother, both assimilated Jews. He grew up speaking several languages and used to call himself a "man with four identities". On completing his secondary schooling at the Italian School in Cairo, he moved with his family to Paris where he studied engineering. During his university studies, he was drawn to studying the problem of the nature of evil, and the figure of Jesus, and converted to Christianity. He received his French nationality in 1937. Career
The experience of World War II, awareness of anti-semitic prejudice within his own confession, deepened his reflections, stirring an interest in his Jewish converso origins, and the desire to combine that heritage with his own adherence of the Catholic Church. This orientation was influenced notably through contacts with the philosemitic French-Catholic philosopher Jacques Maritain and his wife Raïssa.Refusing to disguise his Jewish origins, he was at risk in Nazi-occupied France and had to flee the country. At war's end he studied philosophy in a Grenoble seminary and was ordained a Dominican priest on 16 July 1950, taking the name <mask>, after the founder of the Carthusian Order, <mask> of Cologne. He saw in the foundation of the state of Israel a step towards the fulfulment of a Christian salvific plan and was charged with establishing a Centre for the Study of Judaism in the Israeli sector of Jerusalem in 1953. He desired to establish a monastic brotherhood in Jerusalem as an anti-Torquemada symbol disavowing the persecutions of Jews which the Spanish inquisitor (who was himself a Dominican with Jewish ancestors) had undertaken. He encountered considerable difficulties with the Latin Catholic Hierarchy of the Holy Land, whose members were predominantly of Arab origin, and assisted in the establishment of the St. James Association to cater to the minority of Jewish Catholics, a year later,  on the 14 December 1954, who were viewed with suspicion by Palestinian Catholics and marginalised by Israeli Jewish society. At the same time he undertook pastoral care of the Jaffa Arab Catholic congregation, which deepened his awareness of the complexities of life for Arab population in Israel. In 1959, together with Brothers Jacques Fontaine and Marcel-Jacques Dubois, he opened St. Isaiah House, the aim of which was to foster dialogue and prayer between Christians and Jews.He obtained secret permission from the Vatican to have a Jewish wedding celebrated before the Catholic wedding was performed in 1960. He participated, with the support of Cardinal Bea in the work of the Second Vatican Council, where he helped draft the document, Decretum deo Iudaeis, which was to mark an important turning-point in Jewish–Catholic relations He greeted the reunification of Jerusalem subsequent to Israel's victory in the Six-Day War with joy, as a mark of eschatological significance and he became more markedly pro-Zionist, defining himself as a Christian, Jew and loyal citizen of the State of Israel. Israel's annexation of East Jerusalem, together with its occupation of both the West Bank and Gaza spurred Hussar with a sense of urgency to develop a process of reconciliation that would unite Jews, Christians and Muslims. This vision, according to Chiara Rioli, is to be distinguished from that of most Christian Zionist evangelical advocates like John Hagee, in that the event is not understood to foreshadow the apocalyptic Second Coming of Christ. He originally proposed setting up a new interfaith centre, an "oasis of peace" modelled on the kibbutz, on the slopes of Kiryat Ye'arim by Abu Ghosh, but decided to settle on larger grounds, some ten hectares, owned by the Trappist order of the Latrun Abbey, on no man's land according to the 1949 armistice lines, and equidistant from the three cities central to Judaism, Christianity and Islam, of Jerusalem, Tel Aviv and Ramallah, implying thereby the 'equal proximity to the three Abrahamic religions of the Holy Land. Identity
'I feel I have four selves: I really am a Christian and a Priest, I really am a Jew, I really am an Israeli and if I don’t feel I really am an Egyptian, I do at least feel very close to the Arabs who I know and love." Foundation of Neve Shalom/Wahat Al-Salam

An earlier attempt had been made by two families of the St. James Association to build a Christian kibbutz, on land provided by the Sisters of Our Lady of Sion in Ein Karem in the 1950s.Worries existed about the reactions of the nearby Arab villagers, and of the Israeli government, though the abbot of the Latrun monastery, Elie Corbisier, was enthusiastic. Hussar, assisted by letters to the Pope written by Rina Geftman, sought not the patronage, but formal authorisation for his projected Yishuv Neve Shalom from the then Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, Alberto Gori (1949–1970), who was opposed to the plan. A feasibility study by the Patriarchate advised against the project, but Hussar and Corbisier went ahead, signing a lease on 6 November 1970, and implemented it, despite resistance from the new head of the Jerusalem Patriarchate, Monsignor Beltritti. NSWAS - the name came from a phrasing in Pope Paul VI's address bidding Israel's then president Zalman Shazar farewell on January 5, 1964- began to be developed on 400 dunams of land, under harsh pioneering conditions, by some ten members of the same group in 1970, though the first families only arrived in 1976. With the advent of Israeli Jewish and Palestinian Arab families after 1976, and the moral and financial support of Friends of NSWAS in France, Italy, Switzerland and Belgium, the community began to grow. Wellesley Aron and his wife joined the village in 1980. Though prayer and reconciliation were considered fundamental from the beginning, a new tendency arose, as settlers showed more interest in justice and fraternity, and in social action, than religion.Hussar imposed from the very outset a politics of neutrality. Issues of identity nonetheless came to the fore as a central concern of the community, something which led to rifts, and indeed the abandonment of the project by one of its key founding members, Rina Geftman, in the 1980s. By 1984, the village had 70 members, equally divided between Jewish and Palestinian Israelis. Mixed schools
In the late 1990s, the Center established several Yad b’Yad (Hand in Hand) schools in Israel, aiming to encourage Jewish and Arab children to study together. School of Peace
In response to the need to educate the Israeli Jewish and Palestinian children in the village, a school was set up with a bilingual curriculum in both Hebrew and Arabic, English French before the children left primary school to enter into the Israeli state school system. The School of Peace, with input from Northern Ireland's educational system and elsewhere, established in 1979, also emerged from this paedeutic necessity. Throughout the 1980s, the NSWAS model was widely covered, both by the international and local Israeli press, for its role in promoting dialogue in the midst of the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict.The stress on neutrality nonetheless came under considerable strain in the 1980s, during Israel's "First Lebanon War", and especially after the outbreak of the First Intifada. Hussar refrained from taking any public stand, though he did write in his 1988 book, When the cloud lifted, that the Intifada was:"a natural consequence of growing pressure on the 'territories', due to the Occupation and Jewish settlements – and it has given rise to inevitable and harsh military repression." At this time, a Nazareth Muslim resident and friend, Abdessalam Najjar, began to assume, as village secretary, a larger leadership role. As a result, the village staged a one-off, exceptional protest against the oppression in the Occupied Palestinian territories. Hussar's own dedication to Zionism did not change. He thought the Jews had a right, sanctioned by the United Nations, to live in a land of their own. At the same time, he declaredIn itself Zionism in not in any way against the right of the Palestinian Arabs to a national existence in the same region; the land is spacious enough for that.(…) No Jew who truly lives in the spirit of the Torah can be indifferent to the fate of the Palestinian Arabs and their hopes. This land is their home too.”

Meditation and prayer building
In 1983, NSWAS opened a huge building, later capped with a white dome and set apart, within a landscaped garden environment, called the Doumia (silence in Biblical Hebrew). Hussar made a precise semantic distinction in Hebrew between sheket (absence of noise) and dumia (profound silence), associating the latter with the 'freshet of air, the voice of a subtle silence' Elijah heard in the desert according to the Book of Kings (19:12). In his later years, Hussar withdrew there, returning to his foundational notion of a place where prayer and meditation would play a formative role within his community, as the point of conjunction between the three Abrahamic faiths. He was even more culturally eucumenical, learning from a Japanese priest how to perform mass while practicing zazen. He was to break his retreat into silence on hearing of the news of the Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, which struck him as putting an end to illusions created by the peace previously envisaged as a result of the Oslo I Accord. He interpreted the assassination biblically as a sign of aharit ha-yamim, the end of days, and
'a major step forward in the march of the Jewish people towards messianic fullness. . .when the Jews and the Gentiles, trees that complement God’s single olive tree, will be united in the same praise.'Death and heritage
On the occasion of Brother Hussar's death, 8 February 1996, and burial at Neve Shalom, thousands of people only from Israel gathered at NSWAS. Hussar was nominated in successive years (1988, 1989) for the Nobel Peace Prize. Until 1989, the village lacked recognition as an Israeli village, but in September of that year the Israeli Ministry of the Interior finally granted it that legal status. Difficulties arose in the increasingly conflicted years that followed, esp. during the Al Aqsa Intifada, as NSWAS found itself isolated, unable to forge significant connections with either Israeli or Palestinian society. His friend of long-standing Dubois, went on record as stating that both he and Hussar, in embarking on a naive adventurous Zionism, had 'completely denied the Palestinian tragedy'. Works
Autobiography: When the Cloud Lifted

See also
 Gregory Baum — Nostra aetate co-author
 John M. Oesterreicher — Nostra aetate co-author

References

External links
 Short Biography at the Neve Shalom web site
 <mask>'s Dream Alive in Israel - Article at www.peacemagazine.org

Members of the Dominican Order
Egyptian Roman Catholic priests
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Judaism
Egyptian Ashkenazi Jews
Egyptian expatriates in France
Egyptian expatriates in Israel
1911 births
1996 deaths
People from Jerusalem
20th-century Roman Catholic priests

masks:
Father Bruno Hu
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Edward Leslie "<mask>" <mask> (OAM) (born 1937), is an Australian singer, composer, playwright, entrepreneur and actor. He is possibly best known for playing the Pirate King in The Pirate Movie and police constable Kevin Dwyer in Division 4 (1969–73). More recently, he played Merlin in the TV series Guinevere Jones. Among his many other acting credits are Homicide, The Love Boat, M*A*S*H, The Six Million Dollar Man, Hawaii Five-O, Mission: Impossible, and Rafferty's Rules. Biography
In 1955, hailed as a teenage singing sensation, <mask> began performing in nightclubs, and live on national radio. He guest starred on The Ford Show, Calling The Stars and The Gladys Moncrieff Show. He also had hit records with "Primrose Lane" and "The Things We Did Last Summer".<mask> was also the featured singer with The Bob Gibson Band, Australia's premier swing-band, and the Australian All-Stars jazz quintet. In 1956 <mask> guest starred on Australia's first variety show broadcast on New Year's Eve on ABC TV. Also in the 1950s, <mask> featured in variety shows on all channels, including The Hit Parade (ABC), Make Mine Music (ABC), Bandstand (Channel 9), Sydney Tonight (Channel 7), and in the 1960s the seminal variety show Revue 61/62. Career start

<mask> made his debut as singer-songwriter and starred with many of the top musicians and groups of the day, including Don Burrows, Terry Wilkinson and Errol Buddle – Bob Gibson's swing band – The Australian Jazz Quintet and The Australian All Stars. He was voted best singer in jazz and pop by Bandstand and Downbeat. In 1961–62, <mask> was a regular on the television show Revue 61/62, produced by MCA (America) for the 7 Network. Best singer and national variety show award (Logie and Penguin awards).In late 1965, <mask> compered In Melbourne Tonight on Monday nights on Channel 9. He provided the voice/image for some of Australia's most popular and successful commercials. Craven A, Mac. Robertson Land – IC-POTA – Beautiful Rheingold – Marshall Batteries – Philip Morris (Oh! What a Beauty) – Coca-Cola – Kodak – Louie the fly

He also starred in several variety specials, among them <mask> and Johnny Farnham – together again for the very first time (June 1973). Sports gig

1960s <mask> was in the undefeated World Champion Squash team. He competed for: NSW and Australia and Victoria from 1962 to 1970.Television and lobbying
<mask> starred in the famous Australian TV series, Division 4 as Senior Constable Kevin Dwyer, winning best actor and best drama Logie awards. He also performed in a number of national theater productions. <mask> was founder and chairman of the: TV-Make it Australian Committee, a lobby group that pushed to have Australian culture represented by local productions on Australian TV stations. The group lobbied the government for delineation of categories for Australian TV in: drama, variety, comedy, current affairs, sport. Further that a requirement for every channel to provide a mandated quota of Australian drama. The group was the most successful lobby group in the history of Australian show business. <mask> and the committee were acknowledged by Hector Crawford, and Prime Minister John Gorton as "The man, and the committee that saved Australian drama from extinction".Politics and film career
From 1970 to 1972, <mask> was the co-convener of the Australia Party. He headed the run for Parliament and his party was successful in having several senators elected. Upon <mask>'s departure for America, the party provided the nucleus of the Australian Democrats, led for many years by Don Chipp. <mask> was also involved in the "It's Time" campaign, along with Mick Young and Clive Holding. <mask> also devised and appeared in a TV commercial for the Philip Morris cigarette brand "Kingford". The commercial won the Logie award for Best TV Commercial in 1974, but resulted in <mask>'s dismissal from "Division 4", as his appearance violated a contract clause specifying that series regulars wouldn't appear in television commercials. He went on to host his own national variety shows on the ABC: <mask>'s New Wave and <mask>'s Musical World.1975 because of his chairmanship of: The TV-Make It Australian Committee, the doors to Australian commercial television slammed. <mask> was banned from Channel 9 by Clyde Packer, and informed that he would not be employed by the networks again, (he has not been employed by 7 or 9 since). Facing this restriction in a television dominated profession; <mask> moved his family to the United States and established a successful acting and corporate career. In 1980, when Rupert Murdoch attempted to establish a television presence in Australia, he acquired the Ten Channel in Melbourne. He invited <mask> to return to Australia, to host The <mask> Show. However, the Broadcasting Control Board opposed his ownership and Murdoch quickly surrendered the idea, and sold his interest. In 1981 <mask> starred in The Pirate Movie with Christopher Atkins and Kristy McNichol.<mask> and his partner David Joseph produced The Pirate Movie, the first Australian movie to receive a general release in the United States (2,500 screens 20th Century Fox). <mask> provided development finance for The Wild Duck (Liv Ullmann and Jeremy Irons) for J. C. Williamson productions, and The Flight of the Navigator for Disney Studios. Involvement in United States and return to Australia
In 1981 he returned to the United States. He was appointed chairman of two US companies involved in the placement of private capital for films and corporations. He also served as a senior consultant to several national companies in the US. In 2001 <mask> returned to Australia, performing in music and acting. In 2002 he performed in the international television series Guinevere Jones, playing the role of Merlin.In 2011 <mask> was appointed Australia Day Ambassador. Social involvement and honors

In the 2013 Australia Day Honours List <mask> was awarded an OAM or service to the performing arts and to the community. Discography

Studio albums

Singles

References

External links

1937 births
Living people
Australian male voice actors
Australian male film actors
Australian male television actors

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