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 Campbell Courthouse, and pushed cavalries led by General John McCausland and General John D. Imboden to within four miles of Lynchburg during the morning of June 17. Fighting continued periodically all day, and stopped at dusk. During this time, additional rebel troops were arriving in Lynchburg via the railroad. <mask>'s brigade was sent out during the evening, and got close enough to the city that "the church spires of the city could be plainly seen." Later during that morning, <mask> was surprised to find out that the Union army (which had an ammunition shortage) was in full retreat, leaving his brigade in a dangerous situation. The brigade caught up with the rest of the retreating army near New London—just when the pursuing Confederates caught up with them. Averell's entire division, including <mask>'s brigade, became the rear guard as Hunter's army retreated west toward Charleston.American Civil War: Shenandoah Valley
After the retreat from Lynchburg to Charleston, the Army of West Virginia rested and resupplied. During July, it was transferred to the Shenandoah Valley. <mask> commanded three West Virginia cavalry regiments as the 2nd Brigade of Averell's 2nd Cavalry Division. His brigade left Charleston on July 8, and arrived at a Baltimore & Ohio Railroad station in Parkersburg, West Virginia, on July 12. A few days later the brigade began its train ride to Martinsburg, West Virginia. Portions of the brigade arrived in Martinsburg on July 19, but the entire brigade did not arrive until around July 23. Rutherford's Farm and Kernstown II
The Battle of Rutherford's Farm occurred on July 20.General Averell's force of infantry and cavalry defeated a larger force commanded by General Stephen Dodson Ramseur. The battle took place on some farmland north of Winchester, Virginia, and is sometimes called the Battle of Carter's Farm. In this battle, two regiments from <mask>'s brigade (2nd West Virginia Cavalry and 3rd West Virginia Cavalry) caused the rebels to be "thrown into confusion" and "driven from the woods". A few days later (July 24), the Second Battle of Kernstown was fought. In this Confederate victory, Crook's Army of West Virginia was driven north by General Jubal Early's Army of the Valley. The Union retreat started south of Winchester and ended in the rain on the north side of the Potomac River. The disorganized retreat featured panicking soldiers, burning Union supply wagons, and one cavalry commander becoming separated from his brigade.By the next day, <mask>'s brigade was the only cavalry unit still organized, and an infantry brigade commanded by (future President) Colonel Rutherford B. Hayes was among only two that remained organized. Both units were instrumental in enabling the Union force to escape from pursuing rebel cavalry. Moorefield

<mask>'s brigade participated in one of Averell's most impressive victories on August 6, when it charged across the South Branch of the Potomac River, attacked McCausland's cavalry and recovered a portion of private property taken on July 30 from the residents of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. The attack drove McCausland's brigade "to the mountains, with the loss of his remaining artillery and many prisoners." This battle ruined Early's Confederate cavalry in the Shenandoah Valley, and it was never again the dominant force it once was. Opequon and Fisher's Hill
The Third Battle of Winchester, also known as Opequon, occurred on September 19. By this time, Major General Philip Sheridan had been assigned command of Union armies in the Shenandoah Valley.This battle was a major victory for Sheridan, and it resulted in numerous casualties for both sides—including generals and colonels. <mask> remained in command of the 2nd Cavalry Brigade of Averell's 2nd Cavalry Division, which consisted of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd West Virginia Cavalry Regiments. The brigade captured 80 prisoners and two pieces of artillery in a charge on the Winchester Heights. The Battle of Fisher's Hill occurred on September 21 and 22. Sheridan wrote that the battle was "in a measure, a part of the battle of Opequon". Following the fighting at Winchester, <mask>'s brigade led the pursuit of Early's army. On July 22, they fought dismounted because of the nature of the terrain.After infantry commanded by Crook created a gap in the Confederate line, <mask>'s brigade (remounted) pushed through and pursued the fleeing Confederates. The pursuit was successful, and  prisoners were taken in this chase". Division commander
In early September, several of <mask>'s superiors recommended him for promotion. Averell wrote that <mask> "is a gentleman of high character, and one of the best brigade commanders that I know." In a letter sent to headquarters in 1864, Crook said "Colonel <mask> has served with me often since the commencement of the war. He has distinguished himself in every battle he was engaged in under me. He has been recommended by me on several occasions, for promotion.I regard him as one of the best cavalry officers I have ever seen in the service." Sheridan also recommended <mask> for promotion. President Lincoln wrote that <mask> should at least be given a "brevet appointment, if a full commission is impracticable". Following the Battle of Fisher's Hill, the Union army continued pursuing Early's Army as it retreated south. At this time, Sheridan became dissatisfied with the pace of Averell's pursuit, and dismissed him as commander of the 2nd Cavalry Division. <mask> was assigned command of the division on September 23. <mask>'s command consisted of two brigades and a four-gun battery.The division's manpower when <mask> became commander was 101 commissioned officers and 2,186 enlisted men present. Present and absent men totaled to 276 commissioned officers and 6,950 enlisted men. Because all but one person from Averell's staff left with Averell, and took the division's records, <mask> had difficulty with the administrative work required of division commanders. He did not submit his first written report as division commander until October 27. On September 24, shortly after assuming command of the division, <mask> moved his division from the Valley Pike to a road that leads to Harrisonburg. His advance guard skirmished with some rebel pickets, and it was discovered he was nearing cavalries commanded by Generals Imboden, Bradley Johnson, and McCausland. A major battle did not ensue, but <mask> captured 18 prisoners, 14 wagons, and a large quantity of ammunition.Fifteen rebels were killed. The skirmish occurred at Forest Hill, and was the first of two that would happen over the next few days. <mask>'s division reached Harrisonburg on September 25. For the next week, the division would spend its time patrolling a region bounded mostly by Harrisonburg, Brown's Gap, and Stanton. On September 27, <mask> was ordered to cross the South River. His division crossed while leaving one regiment behind to guard their camp and wagons. After the river crossing, the guarding regiment was attacked by Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry supported by infantry.<mask> re–crossed the river, changed fronts, and eventually drove back the attackers. The main portion of this skirmish occurred at Weyer's Cave. <mask> guarded his left flank by slowly falling back toward the community of Port Republic while additional Confederate forces joined Lee and pursued. <mask> crossed the North River and moved to Cross Keys where he met with General George Armstrong Custer. At that time, Custer assumed command of the 2nd Cavalry Division. General Ulysses S. Grant, commander of all Union forces, had two major goals in the Shenandoah Valley:  eliminate Early's army and make the Valley unable to support any Confederate armies. With Early almost eliminated, the Union Army began to focus on the second goal.Troops were sent to destroy or consume livestock, crops, and forage. Structures such as barns, mills and tanneries were destroyed. This destruction of the fertile Shenandoah Valley became known as "The Burning". On September 29, Custer moved the 2nd Cavalry Division from Cross Keys to Mount Sidney, where the division collected local horses and livestock, and destroyed forage, grain, and flour mills. The division moved to Mount Crawford, following the same orders to make the land unable to support the Confederate Army. On September 30, Custer was assigned to command the 3rd Cavalry Division, and <mask> was again assigned to command the 2nd. <mask> and his division reported to Major General Alfred T. Torbert at Harrisonburg on September 30.Luray Valley
On October 1, <mask> moved the division north to Luray (as ordered by Torbert), "driving off all stock of every description, destroying all grain, burning mills, blast furnaces, distilleries, tanneries, and all forage". While camped in Luray until the morning of October 7, <mask> sent smaller groups on scouting expeditions and to hunt bushwhackers. On October 6, <mask> destroyed a tannery used by the rebel army. The unfinished leather was said to be worth $800,000 (over $12 million in 2016 dollars). The division moved north from Luray to Front Royal on October 7, and then departed for Sperryville October 11—passing through Chester Gap to get there. This is where <mask> began to face challenges from Confederate Colonel John S. Mosby's "guerrillas". On October 13, <mask> learned that one of his soldiers had been the victim of a "cold-blooded murder" by two members of Mosby's gang.In retaliation, <mask> hanged one of his prisoners that was part of Mosby's command. He left a sign on the hanged man that said "A.C. Willis, member of Company C, Mosby's command, hanged by the neck in retaliation for the murder of a U.S. Soldier by Messrs. Chancellor and Myers". In addition, <mask> had Chancellor's house, barn, and livestock destroyed. Battle of Cedar Creek
On October 19, 1864, <mask> was promoted to brigadier general. On the same day, the Battle of Cedar Creek took place southwest of Middletown, Virginia. The battle began in the morning with a Confederate attack.At that time, <mask>'s 1st Brigade was eight miles away from <mask> and the 2nd Brigade, and closer to Cedar Creek. When the battle started, this brigade was needed to support the Union Army's left, so it was detached to General Wesley Merritt. <mask> positioned the 2nd Brigade on the road to Front Royal, and prevented the Confederate cavalry under General Lunsford L. Lomax from flanking the main Union force. A week later, the division skirmished with Lomax's Division further northwest at Middletown. Nineveh
On November 12, <mask> again fought Lomax's Cavalry. Elsewhere, Custer and Merritt attacked General Thomas L. Rosser's cavalry, and drove it back rapidly enough that Lomax was called for reinforcement. This left a smaller force (still larger than a brigade) commanded by McCausland to face <mask>.<mask> sent most of his 1st Brigade out beyond Front Royal, where it encountered McCausland's force. The Confederates slowly pushed the 1st Brigade back. <mask> brought his 2nd Brigade to the front, and the 1st Brigade moved to the rear. The 2nd Brigade charged, resulting in a short clash that ended with the Confederates retreating as fast as they could. They were chased for eight miles. <mask> captured all of the rebel artillery (two guns), their ammunition train, and took 180 prisoners. A newspaper account said that "Gen. <mask> was on the field in person, and superintended the formation of the line of battle...." The newspaper also added that 40 Confederates were killed or wounded.Among those killed were a colonel and two majors, and among those wounded (slightly) was McCausland—"the scoundrel who burned Chambersburg". Resigns
<mask> resigned from the Union Army on January 5, 1865, because of family issues. His father had died and his mother was seriously ill. He issued a farewell address on January 10. In accepting the resignation on January 14, Torbert wrote of his "appreciation of your valor and ability as a soldier, your zeal, efficiency and untiring energy as a cavalry commander." Sheridan thanked <mask> for his "faithful support, and for your gallantry which has contributed so much to make the victories of the Shenandoah Valley decisive." A tribute to <mask> by Sheridan and officers from <mask>'s division was published on the front page of a Wheeling newspaper.Five days later, the same newspaper published a biographical sketch and <mask>'s farewell address. During the American Civil War, <mask> was involved in 61 battles and engagements, and rose from captain to brigadier general. On February 24, 1866, <mask> was nominated to be appointed to major general of the volunteers by brevet. The appointment was retroactive to March 13, 1865, and was for "gallant and meritorious services during the campaign of 1864 in West Virginia, and particularly at the battle of Front Royal." Animosity with Confederacy
<mask> was strongly disliked by supporters of the Confederacy. No matter what his rank was, he was often leading Union cavalry attacks. Weather and terrain were not deterrents to <mask>'s aggression, as proven in the 1862 Sinking Creek raid.<mask> had been accused by Confederate General Sam Jones of shooting a prisoner "in cold blood". In another incident, he was accused of setting fire to a home with a family asleep inside. <mask> became "one of the Confederacy's most wanted Union officers". After <mask> was wounded and captured in Wytheville, he was eventually moved to Libby Prison and initially kept in a dungeon. Jones, who was the general in command of Confederate army regional headquarters in western Virginia, wrote at that time that <mask> "is a bold, daring man, and one of the most dangerous officers we have had to contend with in the northwest of the state, and I am particularly anxious that he should not be allowed to return to the Kanawha Valley if it can be avoided." As a division commander, <mask> ordered the execution of at least three prisoners in retaliation for what he considered the murder of his men by bushwhackers. He called the bushwhackers "illegal and outlawed bands of horse-thieves and murderers, recognized and supported by rebel authorities".The treatment of bushwhackers by both Custer and <mask> caused Mosby to write an open letter to Sheridan threatening retaliation. <mask> reported that he would not be intimidated by threats from the Richmond press. He wrote that he wished it be known to rebel authorities that if hanging two rebels for every one of his men murdered by bushwhackers was not enough, "I will increase it to twenty-two to one". Contrary to newspaper reports that stated <mask> resigned because of family issues, one source believes that <mask> was dismissed from active duty because one of the rebels he executed was related to former Senator John Crittenden, Union General Thomas L. Crittenden, and Confederate General George Crittenden. In <mask>'s farewell speech, he said "No one regrets the existence of the cause that necessitates the act more than I." Post war
After leaving the military, <mask> returned to the iron and nail business, becoming general manager of the Ironton Rolling Mill in Ironton, Ohio. He declined a Republican nomination for congress.In the spring of 1867, he moved to Clifton, West Virginia, to form the Clifton Nail Works, which he managed. His Clifton home is now part of the National Register of Historic Places. In the Presidential election of 1868, <mask> was a Ulysses S. Grant elector in the Electoral College. In 1870, <mask> was almost killed in a horse and buggy accident, and was unable to work in the iron works business. He sold his interest in the nail works, and moved to Kansas City, Missouri. At Kansas City, <mask> worked for Standard Oil until he moved to St. Louis and worked for American Central Insurance. In 1876, <mask> had recovered enough from his accident that he could work in the iron/nail business again.This time, he moved to Belleville, Illinois, where he lived for the rest of his life. He became one of the town's most respected citizens. <mask> was manager of the Waugh Company Nail Works until 1882, when he organized the Western Nail Works. He worked at this Belleville company, as president, superintendent and general manager, until 1892. During this time, one source claimed that <mask> had "more intimate practical knowledge of the nail business than any other man in the United States". Two years after <mask>'s move to Belleville, his wife Sara died. She had been diagnosed with cancer, and died seven months later while only 54 years old.A year later in 1879, he married local resident Emma Weaver. <mask> was acquainted with two Presidents: Hayes, and a long-time friend <mask>—they all fought in the Army of West Virginia during the Civil War. McKinley also came from an iron-making family, and appointed <mask> as an Internal Revenue Collector in 1895. <mask> was a strong participant in a fraternal organization of Civil War veterans that fought for the Union, the Grand Army of the Republic. He was the Illinois department commander for that organization in 1895 and 1896. The bullet that wounded <mask> in Wytheville was never removed. It was lodged in his lung, and contributed to health difficulties that included rheumatism and respiratory problems.<mask> died at his home in Belleville on December 26, 1904. He was survived by his wife and three of his children. <mask> is buried at Chicago's Graceland Cemetery. Notes

Footnotes

Citations

References

External links

 George Tyler Moore Center for the Study of the Civil War
 National Park Service - The Civil War
 West Virginia Division of Culture and History - The Civil War in West Virginia
 Powell Marker

1825 births
1904 deaths
American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Burials in Illinois
People from Ironton, Ohio
People from Pontypool
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
Union Army soldiers
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Welsh-born Medal of Honor recipients
Welsh emigrants to the United States
Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago)
Grand Army of the Republic

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<mask> (born May 31, 1941) is an American economist, a Sterling Professor of Economics at Yale University, best known for his work in economic modeling and climate change, and one of the 2 recipients of the 2018 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. <mask> received the prize "for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis". Education and career
<mask> was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, the son of Virginia (Riggs) and Robert J<mask>, who co-founded the Sandia Peak Tramway. Robert J<mask> was from a German Jewish family – his father <mask> (1865–1936) immigrated from Paderborn in 1883 and was a manager of The Charles Ilfeld Company branch in Albuquerque. <mask> graduated from Phillips Academy in Andover and subsequently received his BA and MA from Yale in 1963 and 1973, respectively, where he was a member of Skull and Bones. He also holds a Certificate from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques (1962) and a PhD from MIT (1967). He was a Visiting Fellow of Clare Hall, Cambridge in 1970–1971.He has been a member of the faculty at Yale since 1967, in both the Economics department and the School of the Environment. <mask> also served as its Provost from 1986–1988 and its Vice President for Finance and Administration from 1992–1993. He has been on the Brookings Panel on Economic Activity since 1972. During the Carter administration, from 1977–1979, <mask> was a member of the Council of Economic Advisers. <mask> served as the chairman of the Board of Directors of the Boston Federal Reserve Bank between 2014 and 2015. <mask> was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2013. <mask> lives in New Haven, Connecticut, with his wife, Barbara, a social worker recently retired from the Yale Child Study Center.Contributions to economics and the study of climate change
<mask> is the author or editor of over 20 books. One of his early works, he partnered with Paul Samuelson as a co-author for an introductory textbook entitled Economics. <mask> worked alongside Samuelson from the 12th edition until the 19th, starting in 1985. It was first published in 1948 and has appeared in nineteen different editions and seventeen different languages. It was known as a best-selling economics textbook for decades and is still extremely popular today. Economics was called a “canonical textbook”, and the development of mainstream economic thought has been traced by comparing the nineteen editions over the 1948–2010 period. He has also written several books on global warming and climate change, one of his primary areas of research.Those books include Managing the Global Commons: The Economics of Climate Change (1994), which won the 2006 Award for "Publication of Enduring Quality" from the Association of Environmental and Resource Economics. Another book, with Joseph Boyer, is Warming the World: Economic Models of Global Warming (2000), The Climate Casino: Risk, Uncertainty, and Economics for a Warming World. His most recent book is The Spirit of Green (2021). In 1972 <mask>, along with fellow Yale economics professor James Tobin, published  Is Growth Obsolete?, an article that introduced the Measure of Economic Welfare (Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare) as the first attempt to develop environmental accounting. <mask> is also known for his critique of current measures of national income. He wrote, "If we are to obtain accurate estimates of the growth of real incomes over the last century, we must somehow construct price indexes that account for the vast changes in the quality and range of goods and services that we consume, that somehow compare the services of horse with automobile, of Pony Express with facsimile machine, of carbon paper with photocopier, of dark and lonely nights with nights spent watching television, and of brain surgery with magnetic resonance imaging" (1997, 30). Palda summarizes the importance of <mask>'s insight as follows: "The practical lesson to be drawn from this fascinating study of lighting is that the way we measure the consumer price index is severely flawed.Instead of putting goods and their prices directly into the index we should reduce all goods to their constituent characteristics. Then we should evaluate how these goods can best be combined to minimize the cost of consuming these characteristics. Such an approach would allow us to include new goods in the consumer price index without worrying about whether the index of today is comparable to that of ten years ago when the good did not exist. Such an approach would also allow governments to more precisely calculate the rate at which welfare and other forms of aid should be increased. At present, such calculations tend to overestimate the cost of living because they do not take into account the manner in which increases in quality reduce the monetary cost of maintaining a certain standard of living." Contributions on economics of climate change
<mask> has written on the economics of climate change. He is the developer of the DICE and RICE models, integrated assessment models of the interplay between economics, energy use, and climate change.A Question of Balance: Weighing the Options on Global Warming Policies  was published by Yale University Press in 2008. In Reflections on the Economics of Climate Change (1993), he states: "Mankind is playing dice with the natural environment through a multitude of interventions – injecting into the atmosphere trace gases like the greenhouse gases or ozone-depleting chemicals, engineering massive land-use changes such as deforestation, depleting multitudes of species in their natural habitats even while creating transgenic ones in the laboratory, and accumulating sufficient nuclear weapons to destroy human civilizations." Under the climate change models he has developed, in general those sectors of the economy that depend heavily on unmanaged ecosystems – that is, are heavily dependent upon naturally occurring rainfall, runoff, or temperatures – will be most sensitive to climate change. Agriculture, forestry, outdoor recreation, and coastal activities fall in this category." <mask> takes seriously the potentially catastrophic impacts of climate change. In 2007, <mask>, who has done several studies on the economics of global warming, criticized the Stern Review for its use of a low discount rate:

In 2013, <mask> chaired a committee of the National Research Council that produced a report discounting the impact of fossil fuel subsidies on greenhouse gas emissions. In a January 2020 interview with Neue Zürcher Zeitung, <mask> claimed that achieving the 2°C goal of the Paris agreement was "impossible", stating that "even if we make the fastest possible turn towards zero emissions,  will continue to accumulate in the atmosphere, because we cannot simply shut down our economy".He asserted that he was not alone in making this assessment, claiming that half of the simulation arrived at the same conclusion. He also remarked that the two-degree target was set without reference to the costs of meeting the target. Honors

Scientific and engineering academies
Among many honors, he is a Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and an Elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has been a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences since 1999. He was awarded the Daniel Patrick Moynihan Prize by the American Academy of Political and Social Science in 2020. American Economic Association
In 2004, <mask> was designated a Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association (AEA), along with George P. Shultz and <mask>. Brock. The accompanying AEA statement referred to his "knack for asking large questions about the measurement of economic growth and well-being, and addressing them with simple but creative insights," among them, his pioneering work on the political business cycle, ways of using national income accounts data to devise economic measures reflecting  better health, increases in leisure and life expectancy, and "constructing integrated economic and scientific models to determine the efficient path for coping with climate change".In 2013, <mask> became president-elect of the AEA, and served as the association's president between 2014 and 2015. Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics
<mask> was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2018, which he shared with Paul Romer. In detailing its reasons for giving the prize to <mask>, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences specifically recognized his efforts to develop "an integrated assessment model, i.e. a quantitative model that describes the global interplay between the economy and the climate. His model integrates theories and empirical results from physics, chemistry and economics. <mask>' model is now widely spread and is used to simulate how the economy and the climate co-evolve." Many of the news outlets that reported on <mask>'s prize noted that he was in the advance wave of economists who embraced a carbon tax as a preferred method of carbon pricing.Some climate scientists and commentators were disappointed with the Nobel Prize going to <mask> due to his embrace of substantially lower carbon taxes per ton than most scientists, along with his past history of minimal carbon taxes. Evaluations

The Nobel Foundation described <mask>'s work as follows: "<mask>’s findings deal with interactions between society, the economy and climate change. In the mid-1990s, he created a quantitative model that describes the global interplay between the economy and the climate. <mask>’s model is used to examine the consequences of climate policy interventions, for example carbon taxes." Additionally, the Nobel Prize announcement commented that <mask> Barrage summarizes its impact, stating that the "body of work also represents science at its best: integrative across disciplines, visionary in scope yet incremental in progress, transparent, and producing knowledge for the benefit of humankind." Critics of Nordhaus's DICE model focus on several aspects.One of the most important, incorporating political and moral philosophy, is the use of discounting, with an early study by <mask>. Another branch, represented by Robert Pindyck, holds that integrated assessment models cannot capture the complexity of the climate-economy nexus. Nicholas Stern  argued that the damage function does not capture many of the most important risks to society. A particularly important critique, developed by Martin Weitzman, is that the economy-climate system may have "fat tails" and therefore inadequately deal with low probability, high consequence outcomes. Steve Keen, the heterodox economist, criticises the economics of climate change:
"economists made their own predictions of damages, using three spurious methods: assuming that about 90% of GDP will be unaffected by climate change, because it happens indoors; using the relationship between temperature and GDP today as a proxy for the impact of global warming over time; and using surveys that diluted extreme warnings from scientists with optimistic expectations from economists." Publications

References

Further reading

External links

 <mask> (Yale Home Page)
 The Question of Global Warming Nordhaus exchange with Freeman Dyson and others from The New York Review of Books
 Energy: Friend or Enemy? October 27, 2012 in The New York Review of Books

  including the Prize Lecture Climate Change: The Ultimate Challenge for Economics

Living people
1941 births
American Nobel laureates
American people of German-Jewish descent
21st-century American economists
Jewish American economists
Nobel laureates in Economics
Environmental economists
Climate economists
Energy economists
Economists from New Mexico
Yale University alumni
MIT School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences alumni
Yale Sterling Professors
Fellows of the Econometric Society
Presidents of the American Economic Association
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
United States Council of Economic Advisers
Yale University faculty
Distinguished Fellows of the American Economic Association
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
People from Albuquerque, New Mexico
Fellows of Clare Hall, Cambridge
Alumni of Clare Hall, Cambridge

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<mask> (1498–1582; known in Turkish as Dukaginzâde Yahyâ bey or Taşlıcalı Yahyâ bey, and in Albanian as Jahja bej Dukagjini) was an Ottoman poet and military figure. He is one of the best-known diwan poets of the 16th century. He wrote in Ottoman Turkish. The Ottomans recruited Dukagjini through the devşirme system in his early youth. In addition to being a poet, he was an important Ottoman military figure during the expansion and apogee period of the empire, serving as a bölükbaşı (senior captain) and participating in the 1514 Battle of Chaldiran, the 1516–17 Ottoman–Mamluk War, the Baghdad expedition of 1535, and the Siege of Szigetvár in 1566. Because of an elegy that he wrote about Şehzade Mustafa, Suleiman the Magnificent's first-born son, he fell out of favor with the perpetrator of the murder, Grand Vizier, Rüstem Pasha, who exiled Dukagjini back to the Balkans, where he spent his last years. As a poet, <mask> is noted for his originality.Despite borrowing some themes from Persian literature, he told stories in his own manner, such as in his poem Yusuf ve Züleyha. His subsequent work, a diwan of poems and of a collection of five mesnevî, parts ways with the influence of Persian tradition. Life

Early life
<mask> was born in 1498 in Taşlıca (modern day Pljevlja in Montenegro), therefore sometimes he is named Taşlicali () although according to the Turkish poet Muallim Naci he did not use the title "Taşlicali". He was related to the other Ottoman poet Dukaginzade Ahmad Bey. The exact year of birth is unknown but is believed to be 1498. An Albanian by birth, according to Elsie descendant of the Catholic Dukagjini tribe which lays in a mountainous region close to the Accursed Mountains range, or Dukagjini noble family according to Houtsma, his life took a different path when he was recruited as an Ottoman devşirme. <mask> was enlisted to become a janissary, he was put in the corps of "Acemi oglan" where officers for janissaries and spahis were trained and received the rank of yayabashi (infantry officer) and bölükbaşı (senior captain).The Shihāb al-Dīn, the Katib (secretary) of the janissaries, recognized his skills and accredited him a lot of freedom, which he used to get access to an intellectual coterie composed of Kadri Efendy, Ibn Kemal, Nishandji Tadji-zade Dja'fer Çelebi, Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha, and İskender Çelebi. <mask> stayed aware of  his origin and referenced it in his verses. Nevertheless, for <mask> Bey, the cruel devşirme was his opportunity for rise to fame, considering that back then birth did not count much, whereas good luck and particularly tact with superiors mattered greatly. Rise as a soldier and poet
<mask> Bey is known to have taken part during his youth in the Battle of Chaldiran of 23 August 1514 led by Sultan Selim I, also in the Ottoman–Mamluk War of 1516–17, and in Baghdad's expedition of 1535 under Sultan Suleiman. He earned the respect of powerful key people (between others the Sultan himself) because of his poetry. <mask> spent most of his early years in Ottoman campaigns, which inspired him. According to E. J. W. Gibb, he was inspired to write the "Yusuf and Züleyha" while in Palestine, on the road to Mecca.Egypt was also an inspiration for him, especially Cairo, which he called "the city of Joseph". <mask> was a bitter enemy of Khayali Mehmed Bey, another contemporary poet whom he had first met in 1536. He satirically attacked Khayali Mehmed Bey in his verses. <mask> wrote a qasida (a kind of panegyric) against him and presented it during the Persian campaign to the Sultan and Grand Vizier Rüstem Paşa, who was declared as "enemy of the poets". Rustem Pasha was so delighted with the level of contempt towards Khayali, that <mask> was made administrator of several foundations in Bursa and Istanbul. Exile and last years

In 1553, near Ereğli in Konya, Suleiman the Magnificent, whilst on a military campaign to Iran, and upon false information given to him from Grand Vizier Rüstem Pasha, had his first born, Şehzade (Prince) Mustafa executed. <mask> Bey wrote an elegy named Şehzade Mersiyesi (Prince's Dirge) upon the murder, which was well received by the public.But the mastermind behind the murder, Rüstem Pasha, was not happy at all about the poem. He had <mask> summoned and asked how he "dared to bewail one whom the Sultan had condemned". <mask> responded "we indeed condemned him with the Sultan, but we bewailed him with the people". The Vizier wanted and did everything he could to get <mask> executed. The Sultan prohibited his execution but approved only to deprive him from his offices, which Rüstem Pasha did in the most offensive manner. As a member of the askeri class, apparently he could not be left to starve. In order to escape persecution, <mask> went to exile back in the Balkans, without forgetting to write a satirical lament on Rustem Pasha after his death.There are divergences on the location where he was sent. According to some sources, he took over a fief near Zvornik in today's Bosnia and lived pretty well afterwards receiving a 27,000 or 30,000 akçe annual income. Others point to Tamışvar, center of the Province of Temeşvar, where he for sure fought at a certain point. Though not young anymore, he took part together with his men at the siege of Szigetvar in 1565. There he wrote a qasida and presented it to Sultan Suleiman. After that, due to his age, he turned to Islamic Mysticism. While in exile in Bosnia, <mask> met in 1574–75 with Mustafa Âlî, a local and well known Ottoman historian and bureaucrat.The life-story of <mask> made an impression on Ali, who would later use it as a baseline when he referred to himself as "a poet too talented to be supported by jealous politicians and subsequently condemned to exile in the border provinces". <mask> sent his son, Adem Çelebi, to Ali with a draft of the most recent revision of his diwan for Ali to proofread, especially the Arabic construction parts, although apparently there was no need for that. There is no wide consensus for <mask>'s year of death. Most of the sources pointing to 1582, while others say he may have died in 1575, 1573 (982 in IC), 1578-79 (986 in IC), or 1582 (990). Place of death also varies. Most sources indicate Loznica, Sanjak of Zvornik, some Timișoara in Romania, There are also claims that he was buried in Istanbul, while Bursalı Mehmet Tahir Bey and Muhamed Hadžijahić place also Loznica as place of death. Poetry
<mask>'s poetry is described by E.J.W.Gibb to be as interesting as his life was.Gibb praised Dukagjini as the one who won a position of real eminence, out of all non-Turks, Asiatics, and well as Europeans, who have essayed to write Turkish poetry. According to Gibb, there is nothing in Dukagjini's language to spot him as a non-Constantinopolitan by birth and education. Gibb added that there is sustained simplicity, vigor, and originality in Dukagjini's writings. According to Gibb, the originality shows for instance in his poem Yusuf ve Züleyha. The subject of the poem is borrowed from Persian literature, which was so popular during that time, that it was considered a universal theme, nevertheless, he rejects being a translator or paraphraser, but tells the story on a manner of his own. As he declares himself in the epilogue of Yusuf ve Züleyha:

And also in Kitab-ı Usul'''s epilogue:

Dukagjini's core work consists of a large diwan of poems and of a collection of five mesnevî poems of rhymed couplets. As mentioned above, they lack the influence of Persian traditions.They were put together in a Khamsa ("five poems"). The khamsa forms the most important section of <mask>'s work. The most popular of the poems is Shâh u gedâ (The King and the Beggar), his favorite and which he claimed to had finished in just one week, and Yusuf ve Züleyha (Yusuf and Züleyha), a romance on the pure love of two young people. Unlike the first two poems of the khamse, which are mostly lyrical, the last three consist of aphorisms on morality and rules of life. Kitab-ı Usul is divided into 10 "stations" (maqām-s),: each one of them attempts to inculcate moral qualities to the reader and is illustrated by anecdotes, to demonstrate the advantages of following certain right moral paths. The anecdotes are full of descriptions, historic and fictitious, and are derived from all kind of sources. The following couplets are used as a refrain at the end of introductory cantos in most of the "stations", and elsewhere throughout the work:

His Gül-i Şadberk (Rose of a Thousand Petals) is a poem which describes Prophet Muhammed's miracles, and was written probably at an old age and has a pure religious tone.Gülşen-i Envar is divided into 40 short sections called "discourses". The first two poems were published in diwan collections in Istanbul in 1867–1868. Like many other poets, <mask>'s work was inspired by the work of Sufi poet Mevlevî (also known as Rumi, Mevlânâ, or Jalāl ad-Dīn, founder of Mevlevi Order). Mevlevi is referenced in a few places inside <mask>'s diwan and khamsa as well, where he is mentioned as "Mevlana", "Molla  Hünkar", or "Molla-i Rum". Mevlana is a leading character in three of the khamsas poems: Gencine-i Raz, Kitab-i Usul, and Gulşen-i Envar. The prominent work of Mevlana, Masnavi, contains a story about Prophet Suleiman, and a mosquito (Süleyman Peygamber'le Sivrisinek), which <mask> retold, without changing it. <mask> also wrote "Şehrengiz" (City Book), where he describes the cities of Edirne and Istanbul.Works
The following is a list of <mask> Dukajini's works:

Diwan, printed in Istanbul in 1977 (selections from his Collected Poems were published by Mehmet Çavuşoğlu in 1983). Khamsa (Five Poems):
Şah ü Geda - The King and the Beggar
Yusuf ve Züleyha - Yusuf and Züleyha
Gencine-i Raz - Treasure of Secret
Gülşen-i Envar - Rose Garden of the Lights
Kitab-ı Usul - Book of Procedures
Şehrengiz-i İstanbul (City Book of İstanbul), published by Mehmet Çavuşoğlu in Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Dergisi, 1969
Şehrengiz-i Edirne (City Book of Edirne)

Two additional poems are usually attributed to Dukagjini:
Nāz ü-Niyāz (Coyness and Yearning)
Sulaimān-nāme (Book of Sulaiman: this poem is of around 2,000 verses, but left unfinished)

Legacy
A brave soldier, Dukagjini is remembered as representative of a type which admirably combined the sword with the pen. His independence intertwined with frankness and courage was his most notable trait. <mask> Bey is considered today as one of the greatest Ottoman diwan poets of the time. In popular culture
<mask> bey Dukagjini is depicted in the Turkish TV series Muhteşem Yüzyıl (The Magnificent Century), performed by Serkan Altunorak. Notes and referencesNotesReferences'''

External links
En Hazin Mersiyenin Şairi: TAŞLICALI YAHYA BEY (in Turkish)

Divan poets of the Ottoman Empire
16th-century poets of the Ottoman Empire
Dukagjini family
1498 births
1582 deaths
15th-century people of the Ottoman Empire
15th-century Albanian people
16th-century Albanian people
Janissaries
Albanians of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Sufis
Devşirme
Male poets of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman people of the Ottoman–Persian Wars

masks:
Yahya bey Dukagjini
Dukagjini
Yahya
Yahya
Yahya
Yahya
Yahya
Yahya
Yahya
Yahya
Yahya
Yahya
Yahya
Yahya
Yahya
Yahya
Yahya
Yahya
Yahya
Yahyay
Yahya
Yahya
Yahya
Yahya
Yahya
Yahya
Yahyay
Yahya
Yahya


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<mask> (born 30 May 1969) is a Swedish music producer and songwriter. His musical career took off in 1994 as one of the original team members of the now-legendary Cheiron Productions, meeting great international success working with Boyzone, Britney Spears, Westlife and the Backstreet Boys. Shortly after Cheiron decided to shut down its studios in 2000, <mask> together with David Kreuger formed A Side Productions, having continued to produce and write songs for major artists such as Il Divo, Céline Dion, Josh Groban, Shayne Ward and Paul Potts. To date the duo has co-written and / or produced six UK No. 1 singles:

If I Let You Go (Westlife)
Fool Again (Westlife)
My Love (Westlife)
Evergreen (Will Young)
Anyone of Us (Stupid Mistake) (Gareth Gates)
That's My Goal (Shayne Ward)

In April 2008 Leona Lewis became the first British female ever to open at No 1 on the Billboard 200. Her debut album Spirit includes the song "Footprints in the Sand", co-written by <mask> and Kreuger. Musical career

The early years
<mask> was born and raised in Tyresö on the outskirts of Stockholm.His interest in music was developed already while attending primary school, picking up the cello as his main instrument playing it for the next ten years. Over time, his commitment in pop & rock music became more and more predominantly. As a teenager, <mask> played both the guitar and keyboards in different local bands, but eventually decided to focus on producing, arranging and writing music. His first significant record appearance came in 1994 on the Swedish artist Jennifer Brown's album Giving You the Best. Besides taking part as a musician, <mask> produced the song "Take a Piece of My Heart" which also was released as a single. About that time, <mask> coincidentally met with David Kreuger whom worked on the DJ scene in Stockholm. They started collaborating and have continued producing and writing songs as a team ever since.Denniz PoP & Cheiron Studios
Denniz PoP had by the early '90s become one of the most skillful and coveted DJs in the clubs of Stockholm. In 1993 he decided to start working with artists and founded Cheiron Productions together with Tom Talomaa. Its studios were located at Fridhemsplan in Stockholm, soon evolving into a great success. After playing one of their songs for PoP, <mask> and David were invited aboard as songwriters and producers. Successfully working with a wide range of artists for the next couple of years, the tandem's greatest prosperity that far came in 1998, co-writing and producing the song "Will Be Yours" for Boyzone's third consecutive UK No 1 album Where We Belong. By now Cheiron studios was one of the hottest in the world, each team member working with a different artist. But in August 1998 Cheiron shocked the music world sending out a press release that its leader Denniz PoP had died.He was only 35 years old. On top of the US charts with Britney
Just a couple of months earlier, Cheiron had started working on songs for the 16-year-old Britney Spears' debut album. <mask> and David produced Spear's second single "Sometimes" as well as her third, "(You Drive Me) Crazy", which they co-wrote with Max Martin and Jörgen Elofsson. Both singles became huge worldwide hits. The album ...Baby One More Time was released in the US in January 1999 and debuted at No 1 on the Billboard 200 where it spent six weeks straight. Together <mask> and David also worked with Britney on her second album Oops!…I Did It Again, co-writing and co-producing "What U See (Is What U Get)" and producing "Girl in the Mirror". The album came out in the US in May 2000 and equally as the first, it shot to No 1.First UK No 1s
<mask> and David's success on the UK Singles Chart soon followed. Westlife had approached Cheiron for material to their upcoming self-titled debut album and the duo co-wrote three songs which they also produced. "If I Let You Go" was released in August 1999 as Westlife's ever second single. It went straight to No 1 becoming <mask> and David's first top position in the UK. "Fool Again", which came out in March 2000 as the fifth single taken from the same album, became the duo's second in less than seven months. By the end of that same year, Westlife issued their follow-up album Coast to Coast. Five songs co-written and / or produced by the tandem had found their way onto the record."My Love" hit the UK record stores in October as the album's first single. It entered the charts at No 1. The close collaboration between Westlife and <mask> and David has continued ever since. The Backstreet Boys had in 1999 broken nearly every record in the book with their album Millennium. In 2000 the group turned to <mask> and David for help on their next, titled Black & Blue, which was released in November. Including the tandem's productions of "It's True" and "The Answer to Our Life", the record became another huge international success selling more than 12 million copies. These recordings turned out to be some of Cheiron's last before closing up.By the end of 2000, at the top of the industry, the studio's songwriters and producers decided to go separate ways. A Side Productions is formed
Shortly after the shutdown of Cheiron Studios, <mask> and David formed A Side Productions, their own production company. Located in the center of Stockholm, the duo soon embarked on several major projects including working on Westlife's upcoming third record World of Our Own. Together they co-wrote and produced four songs which all appear on the album. One of the songs was "Evergreen", that soon was about to enter Guinness World Records. Released in the UK in November 2001, the album instantly shot to No 1. In February 2002 Will Young became the first winner of Pop Idol, a new British reality talent show that was followed by spin offs all around the world, in the US named American Idol.Will Young's debut single was the double A-side "Anything is Possible" / "Evergreen", released in the UK on 25 February. The single instantaneously made it into the history books by becoming the Fastest Selling Debut Single for the First Day
as well as First Week. Co-written and co-produced by <mask> and David, "Evergreen" spent three consecutive weeks atop of the Top 40. More amazingly, in 2009 the single still holds the No 11th position on the UK Top 100 List of Best Selling Singles of all time. Pop Idol runner-up that season was Gareth Gates and just like Will Young he recorded "Evergreen", which was included on his first single. Released in March, Gareth Gates now knocked down his rival from the No 1, subsequently holding his position for four weeks straight. Gareth Gates' second success on the charts came only four months later, on 14 July, with his follow-up "Anyone of Us (Stupid Mistake)".The song, also co-written and produced by <mask> and David, spent three weeks at No 1. This was the duo's 5th top position in the UK. Il Divo brings opera to the pop charts
Already in 2001 Simon Cowell had come up with a new concept featuring four male singers interpreting romantic songs opera-style. Two years later, after numerous auditions across the globe, Il Divo was formed. The quartet's self-titled debut album was scheduled for release in the fall of 2004 and one of its first destinations was A Side Productions' studios for recordings. Including the productions of Ennio Morricone's "Nella Fantasia" and "Ti Amerò", which <mask> and David also had co-written exclusively for the group, the album Il Divo was released in the UK on 6 November. It instantly went to No 1
and remained in the Top 5 throughout the year.In the US the album was issued on April 19, 2005, rushing straight to No 4 on the Billboard 200. Only months later, Il Divo had reached No 1 in 12 countries, Top 5 in another 25
and sold more than 4 million copies. In 2005 Céline Dion started working on a new album, her first French compilation titled On Ne Changes Pas, including three new songs. <mask> and David co-wrote and produced "I Believe in You", a duet with Il Divo. Dion's album was released on 3 October and reached No 1 in Quebec, Belgium and France where it held the position for seven weeks straight subsequently spending an entire year on the chart. <mask> and David's duet "I Believe in You" was also included on Il Divo's follow-up album Ancora. Along with three more songs produced by the tandem, the quartet's record was released on 7 November 2005.It hit No 1 in the UK and Australia within one week. Released in the US on January 24, 2006,
Ancora entered the Billboard 200 at No 1 after selling more than 150,000 copies in its first week. Il Divo's third album, Siempre, also including four songs co-written and / or produced by <mask> and David, was released by the end of November 2006. Across their first three albums, Il Divo achieved 36 No 1's, selling more than 22 million records worldwide. The X Factor & Britain's Got Talent
The X Factor was devised in 2004 as a replacement for the massively successful Pop Idol, which in the UK had been put on indefinite hold. In the second season's final, aired on 17 December, 2005, Shayne Ward was crowned winner after performing the newly written song "That's My Goal". Produced by <mask> and David it was released as Ward's debut single only four days later, shooting straight to No 1.By selling an astonishing 310,000 copies in the first day, "That's My Goal" entered the Top 4 list of the Fastest Selling UK Singles of all time. On March 4, 2007, Paul Potts entered the stage in front of the skeptical looking jury of Britain's Got Talent. Ninety seconds later he made YouTube history with his rendition of Puccini's "Nessun Dorma". Potts had wowed the jury as well as the 2,000-strong audience which gave him a standing ovation. Still working as a mobile phone salesman in Wales, the unexpected tenor on June 17 won the whole show. Going straight into the music studios recording songs for his debut album, now with a full symphony orchestra backing him up in the world-famous AIR Studios in London, Potts recorded three songs produced by <mask> and David, "Nessun Dorma", "Con Te Partirò" and "Nella Fantasia". The album One Chance was released in the UK on 16 July.2007 and with first week sales exceeding 128,000 copies Potts shot straight to No 1
outselling the rest of his Top 10 rivals combined. The newly discovered tenor held the position for three consecutive weeks. Working with Katherine Jenkins and Leona <mask> and David were in 2007 involved in several other projects including working with Katherine Jenkins, the Welsh award-winning and best-selling classical crossover superstar. In 2004, at the age of 24, she became the fastest selling mezzo-soprano of all time with her debut album titled Première. By the end of 2005, as the first singer in musical history, Jenkins simultaneously held the number 1, 2 and 3 positions in the UK's Classical Chart with her three albums. Her fifth album, Rejoice including four songs produced by <mask> and David, was released on 19 November. 2007.It entered the UK's Album Chart at No 3. In 2006 more than 100,000 hopeful "artists to be" applied to the auditions for The X Factor season three, the previous season won by Shayne Ward. Leona Lewis was crowned winner on 16 December, soon breaking sales records with her first single. Decided however not to push the young singer's debut album release, Lewis instead went to the US signing a lucrative record deal with
Clive Davis, founder of Arista Records. Set for domestically release in late 2007 the album's recordings were coordinated in music studios around the US as well as in London. One of the songs was "Footprints in the Sand", written by <mask> and David together with Richard Page. The album, titled Spirit, reached the UK record stores on 12 November.With sales surpassing 375,000 copies in its first week of release, Spirit is the fastest selling British debut album of all time. It spent seven weeks straight at No 1 on the Top 40. Released in the US almost five months later, on April 8, 2008, Spirit instantly shot to the top spot. This resulted in Leona Lewis becoming the first British female ever to debut at No 1 on the Billboard 200. Re-released in the UK almost exactly one year later, on 17 November, 2008, Lewis' Spirit The Deluxe Edition bounced back to the top of the charts to give <mask> and David a second consecutive No. 1, as the bestseller that previous week was Il Divo's The Promise including the tandem's production of "L'Alba Del Mondo". See also
The Official Website of A Side Productions
A Side Productions on MySpace
Interview, HitQuarters Aug 2009

References

1969 births
Living people
Swedish record producers
Swedish male musicians

masks:
Per Magnusson
Per
Magnusson
Per Magnusson
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Per
Lewis Per
Per
Per
Per


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<mask> (Wlava, Russian Empire, 17 February 1901 - Bogotá, Colombia, 28 June 1990) was a Ukrainian-Colombian historian of Jewish descent who is recognised as one of the most important writers about Colombian history, the Spanish conquests and a proponent of indigenism; the defense of the rights and descriptions of the oppression of indigenous people. <mask> went to Colombia in 1926 for business and his fascination for the country, its climate and culture made him emigrate. He became a Colombian citizen in 1930. During the 1940s, Friede made extensive studies about various indigenous peoples in the country. He was a professor at the newly founded Department of Social Sciences of the National University of Colombia and is considered one of the pioneers of the "New History" movement in Colombia, together with Jaime Jaramillo Uribe, Luis Eduardo Nieto Arteta and Luis Ospina Vásquez. His former house in San Agustín since 2006 bears the name Casa Museo Juan Friede. Biography

<mask> was born in a village called Wlava, indicated as Ukrainian or Polish, close to the border with Germany, part of the Russian Empire on February 17, 1901 in a Jewish family.Friede went to school in Moscow in the turbulent years of the Russian Revolution of 1917. The new regime drove the family to Germany and Friede studied Economical and Social Sciences at the Hochschule für Welthandel in Vienna, graduating in 1922. The environment of Vienna of the 1920s influenced Friede positively and he was a member of an anarcho-ecological society called Vanderfliegel. After his studies in Vienna, he continued his research at the newly founded London School of Economics. In 1923, Friede started working for the import-export firm J. Stern & Co. The firm sent Friede to Colombia in 1926. Friede arrived first in Cartagena and later in Buenaventura.He was so much impressed by the country, its climate, poverty and people, that he decided to emigrate. <mask> first settled in Manizales, working for J. Stern & Co in trading coffee, automobiles and other imports, a job offering him to travel through Colombia. On February 20, or March 3, 1930, Friede became a Colombian national. After a decline in the activities of J. Stern & Co., Friede worked for Caldas Motors, a subsidiary of Ford Motors from 1935 to 1941. In 1939, Friede moved from Manizales to Bogotá and in 1940 he opened the first art gallery in the Colombian capital. Two years later  Colombian muralist Pedro Nel Gómez held an exposition in Friede's art gallery. During the Holy Week of 1942, Friede made the first documentary about the important archaeological and UNESCO World Heritage Site San Agustín.This formed the onset of further studies of the indigenous people of Colombia between 1943 and 1946. He lived in San Agustín until the end of 1945. In 1944, Friede published his book El indio en la lucha por la tierra, where he described the continuous repression of the indigenous people of the department of Cauca. Friede is considered together with Jaime Jaramillo Uribe, Luis Eduardo Nieto Arteta and Luis Ospina Vásquez, one of the founders of "New History" in Colombia, after writing a voluminous work about the conquests and indigenous history in his 1955 publication Documentos Inéditos para la Historia de Colombia. In 1959 the Department of Social Sciences of the National University of Colombia was founded, where <mask> was one of the main professors. Between 1962 and 1990, Friede lived in Colombia and the United States. <mask> has published 682 works in Spanish and English.He spoke fluent Russian, German, French, English and Spanish. Research by <mask>e

Indigenous peoples of Colombia

Friede has published various books and articles about the indigenous peoples of Colombia, among others the Muisca, Andaquí, Arhuaco, Kofán and Quimbaya. Conquest

Many conquistadors as well as Spanish chroniclers in Colombia have been described in biographies by <mask>e. On Pedro de Aguado, whose birth date is uncertain, he wrote that De Aguado was baptised in Valdemoro on January 26, 1513. Friede published about Rodrigo de Bastidas and others in La conquista del territorio y el poblamiento. The abuse of the indigenous people by Pedro de Heredia was reported by Friede in Fuentes documentales para la historia del Nuevo Reino de Granada: desde la instalación de la Real Audiencia en Santafé. <mask> has published various works about the Spanish conquest of the Muisca and the foundation of Bogotá.He described the routes of the main conquistadors Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada and Nikolaus Federmann towards the Bogotá savanna and Eastern Hills in Descubrimiento del Nuevo Reino de Granada y Fundación de Bogotá (1536–1539). In 1960, Friede published a review of Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada, an early publication about the conquest expeditions of the Spanish against the Muisca and Panche of uncertain authorship. Friede maintains the work has been written entirely by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, the main conquistador of central-Colombia. History

Friede also published about the post-Spanish history of Colombia and Peru; the Battle of Boyacá in 1819, the Battle of Ayacucho in 1824, the foundation of the Mint in Bogotá in the seventeenth century, the history of Pereira and Popayán, especially <mask> del Valle, and the Colombian painters Carlos Correa and Luis Alberto Acuña. <mask> Alter wrote a critical review of friar Pedro Simón, and together with Benjamin Keen he published a major biography of friar Bartolomé de las Casas in 1971. Works
This list is a selection. Books

Indigenous people
 1979 - Indígenas y represión en Colombia
 1974 - Los chibchas bajo la dominación española
 1973 - La explotación indígena en Colombia bajo el gobierno de las misiones el caso de los aruacos de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
 1963 - Los quimbayas bajo la dominación española : estudio documental 1539-1810
 1963 - Problemas sociales de los aruacos: tierras, gobierno, misiones
 1953 - Los andakí, 1538-1947: historia de la aculturación de una tribu selvática
 1952 - Los Kofán: una tribu de la alta Amazonia colombiana
 1944 - Comunidades indígenas del macizo colombiano
 1944 - El indio en lucha por la tierra: historia de los resguardos del macizo central colombiano.Editorial Universidad del Cauca, Popayán, 2020
 1943 - Los indios del alto Magdalena (vida, luchas y exterminio) 1609-1931

Conquest
 1991 - Cristobal Colón y el encuentro de dos mundos
 1979 - El Adelantado don Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
 1974 - Biografía de Nicolás Federman, conquistador de Venezuela, 1506?-1542
 1970 - Rutas de Cartagena de Indias a Buenos Aires y sublevaciones de Pizarro, Castilla y Hernández Girón, 1540-1570
 1966 - Invasión del país de los chibchas, conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada y fundación de Santafé de Bogotá: revaluaciones y rectificaciones
 1965 - Historia extensa de Colombia.

masks:
Juan Friede Alter
Juan Friede
Juan Friede Alter
Juan Friede
Juan Friede
Juan Friede
Juan Fried
Juan Fried
Juan Friede
Juan
Juan Friede


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<mask> is an Indian film actor, producer and playback singer who appears in Bollywood films. He started his career as a lead actor, though he was more successful in supporting roles and as an antagonist. He received a Filmfare nomination for the Best Performance in a Negative Role for Yes Boss (1997). <mask> began his career with television movies produced by Nari Hira and ventured into mainstream Bollywood cinema with Sasti Dulhan Mehnga Dulha (1986). <mask> first came into the limelight with an important role in Maha-Sangram (1990). He had the peak of his career between the late 1980s and early 1990s. He succeeded by playing the second lead; most of his leading roles were not box office successes.Acting career

1985–87: Television movies and serials
He was signed for a few television video films produced by Hiba, which was owned by Stardust magazine owner Nari Hira. <mask> made his acting debut with Shahadat in 1985. In 1986, he did the television films Sone Ka Pinjra, Siyahi, Kalank Ka Tika, Afshar Ki Saali and Maryam Ki Beti. Later that year, he ventured into mainstream Bollywood with Sasti Dulhan Mahenga Dulha. During this time, he adopted the stage name <mask> <mask>. In 1987, <mask> gave performances in two television movies: Abhishek and Khatarnaak Irade. In Abhishek, he portrayed a well-known businessman who used his father's wealth in enjoying leisure time and used a new costume to help depressed and troubled people.In Khatarnaak Irade, <mask> played the role of a womanising lifeguard who got himself into trouble while falling in love with a married woman played by Anju Mahendru. During 1995 he also starred in the TV series Mahashakti in DD Metro opposite Juhi Chawla. This series was to be released in 1989 as a Vaada raha milan ka, but the film was released as a TV series on DD Metro. In 2014 he starred in the television film (My Father Godfather), which was to be released in theatres, but was released on the World Wide Web and television. 1988–96: Lead roles
<mask> had his first prominent Bollywood role with a supporting role in Feroz Khan's Dayavan (1988), opposite Vinod Khanna and Madhuri Dixit. He appeared in Dharamyudh with Sunil Dutt, Suresh Oberoi and Shatrughan Sinha. Later that year, he collaborated with K.C.Bokadia in Kab Tak Chup Rahungi, opposite Amala. This was his first lead role in Bollywood and established him as a lead actor in the industry. His next release that year was Qatil, in which he starred opposite Sangeeta Bijlani. <mask> portrayed a lawyer's son who resists the death penalty and imprisonment and proves himself guilty of the murder of a prostitute, but was trapped when a friend betrayed him by removing all of the evidence. In 1989, <mask> starred in the romance Mohabat Ka Paigham, opposite Meenakshi Sheshadri. He had a major role in Mukul S. Anand's multi-starrer action film Maha Sangram, which featured an ensemble cast of Vinod Khanna, Govinda and Madhuri Dixit. He also sang a few lines in the song "Dhak Dhak Dhak" with Alisha Chinai.He next starred in the comedy film Baap Numbri Beta Dus Numbri, which became one of the highest-grossing films of the year. He next starred opposite upcoming actress Madhuri Dixit in Sailaab. <mask> would close the year with a double-role in Zakhmi Zameen, opposite Jaya Prada. His second role as an antagonist was in the sports action thriller Awwal Number, opposite Dev Anand and Aamir Khan. His other releases included Taqdeer Ka Tamasha, Atishbaaz and Veeru Dada. <mask> began 1991 with Naamcheen, opposite Ekta Sohini, in which he played an unemployed young man who steps into the underworld to make money and becomes one of the wealthiest people of his city; but loses his family and friends in the race for wealth and decides to kill the two rival gangsters to rehabilitate their goons and surrenders to the police. His next major release was Vishnu-Devaa that saw him pair with Sunny Deol, Neelam and Sangeeta Bijlani.The film was the seventeenth highest-grossing film of the year. He paired with Jeetendra to play one of the title roles in Shiv Ram. Later that year, he collaborated with director Mahesh Bhatt in Saathi, opposite Mohsin Khan and Varsha Usgaonkar. He followed with a supporting role in the multi-starrer Akayla, opposite Kiran Juneja. The film featured an ensemble cast of Amitabh Bachchan, Amrita Singh, Jackie Shroff and Meenakshi Sheshadri. It became the seventh-highest-grossing film of the year. His last release of the year was Jeevan Daata, opposite Chunky Pandey, Kimi Katkar and Sonu Walia.He started 1992 with the romance film Yaad Rakhegi Duniya, opposite debutant Rukhsar Rehman. <mask> portrayed a terminally ill man who falls in love with a girl, who herself suffers from a terminal illness. Also released in 1992 was the action movie Sahebzaade with Sanjay Dutt. His last release of the year was the multi-starrer action film Tahalka, opposite Dharmendra, Naseeruddin Shah. <mask> portrays an army officer and is paired with Ekta Sohini. The film emerged as the fifth-highest-grossing film of the year. <mask> turned producer for the first time in the 1993 romance action film Chor Aur Chaand and acted in the lead role opposite Pooja Bhatt.In the same year he starred in the action film Muqabla opposite Govinda, Karishma Kapoor, Shakti Kapoor and Asrani. His next release was the action film Game, opposite Naseeruddin Shah, Rahul Roy and Sangeeta Bijlani. His only release of 1994 was Sanjay Gupta's multi-starrer action film Aatish: Feel the Fire, featuring an ensemble cast of Sanjay Dutt, Raveena Tandon, Karisma Kapoor and Atul Agnihotri. Aatish was one of the highest-grossing movies at the box office. He began 1995 with the lead role in the action film Surakshaa, in which he was paired with Sheeba with an ensemble cast of Sunil Shetty, Saif Ali Khan, Divya Dutta and Monica Bedi. In the same year he acted in the movies Ravan Raaj: A True Story and The Gambler and Ram Shastra with Jackie Shroff, Manisha Koirala and Anupam Kher. <mask> reunited with Shetty and Khan for another multi-starrer lead role in the 1996 action film Ek Tha Raja, with Neelam, Pratibha Sinha and Indrani Banerjee.Later that year, Pancholi collaborated with South Indian director T. Rama Rao in Jung, portraying a double-role opposite Mithun Chakraborty, Ajay Devgan, Rambha and Sujata Mehta. <mask> played an innocent train driver who is wrongly punished for a murder that was committed by a look-alike gangster, which was a box office success. His next release of the year was Khilona, opposite Ayub Khan and Monica Bedi. His other movies included Zordaar, Muqadama and Mafia. 1997–present: Supporting roles and antagonists
Pancholi switched to antagonistic and supporting roles as 1997 approached, starting with Aziz Mirza's romantic comedy Yes Boss, opposite Shah Rukh Khan and Juhi Chawla. Yes Boss was one of the highest-grossing movies of the year. He earned a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role.His next release was Hameshaa, opposite Saif Ali Khan and Kajol, with <mask> in a negative role. During 1998 and 1999 he appeared in the movies Devta, Zanjeer: The Chain (1998), Hafta Vasuli, Benaam, Aaya Toofan(1999). <mask> paired with Sanjay Dutt and Manisha Koirala to play the antagonist in Baaghi (2000). Later that year, he reunited with Sanjay Gupta to play a police inspector in Jung, opposite Sanjay Dutt, Jackie Shroff, Raveena Tandon and Shilpa Shetty. His last release of the year was Tarkieb, opposite Nana Patekar, Tabu and Shilpa Shetty. Long delayed movie Bhai no 1 with Farah (actress) his only release in 2001 Bhagwaat Ek Jung with Mithun Chakraborty. In 2002, <mask> had his next major release with a supporting role in Vipul Amrutlal Shah's heist thriller Aankhen, which featured an ensemble cast of Amitabh Bachchan, Akshay Kumar, Arjun Rampal, Sushmita Sen and Paresh Rawal.The film was one of the highest-grossing films of the year. His other releases of 2002 were Jaani Dushman: Ek Anokhi Kahani, Gautam Govinda and Yeh Dil Aashiqanaa. In 2003 he appeared in a patriotic movie Border Hindustan Ka, with Faisal Khan, Rajat Bedi, Akshaye Khanna and Sudesh Berry. He made a cameo appearance in Chalte Chalte. Pancholi collaborated with Sanjay Gupta for the fifth time in the 2004 action thriller Musafir, playing the main antagonist opposite Anil Kapoor, Sameera Reddy, Mahesh Manjrekar, Koena Mitra, Shakti Kapoor and Sanjay Dutt. The movie received negative reviews, but Pancholi received positive reviews for his performance, with Taran Adarsh labelling his performance "first-rate". Pancholi had a comeback as the antagonist in Chandan Arora's low-budget action film Striker (2010).Pancholi restricted himself to antagonist and character roles, with films such as Rush (2012), Hridayanath (2012), Mumbai Mirror (2013), Race 2 (2013), Jai Ho (2014), Dishkiyaoon (2014), Hero (2015) and Bajirao Mastani (2015). Controversies
In 2016, after a decade-long trial, a local metropolitan court in Mumbai found <mask> <mask> guilty of assaulting a business associate in a fit of rage in 2005, and sentenced him to a one-year imprisonment with a fine of Rs. 20,000/- (US$300). <mask> has appealed against the judgment in a higher court. In 2019, actress Kangana Ranaut, who had previously been in a relationship with him, filed a police complaint claiming that <mask> had drugged, raped, assaulted and blackmailed her for sex repeatedly over a prolonged period starting in 2003. She repeated these claims in an interview to "Aap ki Adalat" on India TV and cited an incident of assault which had occurred in public. Eyewitnesses to the incident say that Pancholi stopped the rickshaw in which Ranaut was travelling, compelled her to get out of the vehicle and slapped her face.<mask> stated in his defence that the accusations was false and as despicable as her entire relationship with him. He said that in fact, Ranaut had exploited him both financially and emotionally in a calculated manner and used his influence to secure a foothold for herself as an actress. The trial is yet to begin. <mask> <mask> had earlier been accused of raping his ex-girlfriend Pooja Bedi's 15-year-old maid during the time when he and Pooja were dating - he was later found guilty. Awards and nominations

References

External links

Male actors from Mumbai
Male actors in Hindi cinema
Indian male film actors
Living people
Gujarati people
20th-century Indian male actors
21st-century Indian male actors
1965 births

masks:
Aditya Pancholi
Pancholi
Pancholi
Pancholi
Aditya
Pancholi
Pancholi
Pancholi
Pancholi
Pancholi
Pancholi
Pancholi
Pancholi
Pancholi
Pancholi
Pancholi
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Pancholi
Pancholi
Pancholi
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Aditya
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<mask> (1840–1911) was the foremost residential architect in Amherst and Northampton, Massachusetts, in the last two decades of the 19th century. He designed more than 35 sizable houses in those two towns and several in nearby communities. His early house designs, mostly in the Queen Anne style, centered on Amherst. From 1893 to 1897 <mask> was in partnership with Lewis D. Bayley, and their firm, Putnam & Bayley, operated from an office in Northampton. The focus of the firm’s residential work shifted to Northampton and tended toward the Classical Revival and Colonial Revival styles. The firm undertook several commercial buildings, notably the Masonic Block in Northampton, the most expensive building yet to have been constructed in the downtown area. The firm’s work encompassed civic structures as well.<mask> or his firm also designed three public libraries in towns around the Pioneer Valley. Following the dissolution of the firm, <mask> continued his architectural practice in Northampton, though at a slower pace, until his death on April 16, 1911. He designed a number of school buildings and renovated still other schools in towns throughout Hampshire County, Massachusetts. Early Years and Schooling
Roswell Field <mask> was born in Leverett, Massachusetts, on 20 May 1840, the son of a farmer, <mask>, and his wife, <mask> (Bangs) <mask>. He was apparently named after <mask> <mask> (1767–1842), a magistrate and trial justice for Franklin County, Massachusetts, who represented the town of Leverett in the state legislature for many years. <mask> took care of <mask> <mask> and his wife, Sarah Graves <mask>, in their later years; when he died in 1842, <mask> bequeathed his property to Timothy and his household goods and a thousand dollars to <mask>. In 1844, possibly on the strength of this inheritance, <mask> acquired a farm on Long Plain in Leverett, near the junction with Depot Road, together with a Greek Revival farmhouse for himself, his wife, and his four-year-old son.In 1852 he built a schoolhouse on the northwest corner of his property, which still stands at 159 Long Plain Road, although the <mask>s’ house at #153 was destroyed by fire. <mask> would have been twelve at the time of the schoolhouse construction, and this project may have sparked his interest in becoming an architect. <mask> <mask> initially attended not this school (which met in a private home across the road before the schoolhouse was built), but rather Leverett’s Center School, the “Little Red Schoolhouse” near the town center. As he grew older, he attended the Amherst Academy, a private school in Amherst, and then the Powers Institute in Bernardston, Massachusetts, which had opened in 1855. Although <mask> appears to have had no formal education beyond high school, the Daily Hampshire Gazette, 18 October 1893, p. 2, reported that “he has always been a close student and probably has the finest library outside of New York City.”

Professional Training and Early Work

<mask> would have completed his studies at the Powers Institute around 1856 to 1858. He registered (as a farmer) for the Civil War draft in 1863, but there is no indication that he served; his registry entry bears the notation, “very near-sighted.”   Little is known of his life’s course between the end of school and the early 1880s. He is identified as a farmer in the 1855 state census.No occupation is given in the 1860 U.S. Census, which shows him living with his parents in Leverett. He is still recorded living with them in the 1870 and 1880 U.S. Census; in 1870 he styled himself an architect, and in 1880, a carpenter. <mask>’s earliest architectural venture may have been a store in Leverett that he designed for Payson Field in 1867, on the west side of the tracks just north of the railroad station, which had been built on Long Plain in 1865. This store functioned until the 1890s, when it was moved to a site on the east side of Shutesbury Road, just north of Mountain Brook, for use as a residence. <mask> as Carpenter

According to his obituaries, <mask> learned the carpentry trade in Amherst and trained as an architect in Worcester, Massachusetts, under James Fuller. He may also have trained under an architect in Boston, although his name does not appear in Boston city directories. The sequence and timing of these ventures is not clear.He is listed (in Leverett) under “Carpenters and Builders” in the Massachusetts Register and Business Directory of 1874. Among the carpenters and builders active in Amherst in the 1870s were Chauncey Lessey and John Beston, Jr.  <mask> later designed houses on behalf of both their widows, as well as one for carpenter James White, indicating possible personal connections that may relate to his training in carpentry. There was no standardized training, examination, or license required in Massachusetts to become a carpenter or architect at the time. One learned on the job, through apprenticeship—formal or informal. <mask>’s Training as Architect

It was probably in the latter half of the 1870s that <mask> undertook training for the architectural profession. The customary path to becoming an architect in the U.S. in this period was to spend time as an apprentice in an architectural office, learning at the elbow of an established practitioner. Formal courses in architecture were not instituted until later in the century.The distinction between builder and architect was not always clear cut, but from the records that survive from 1883 onward, it appears that once <mask> established himself as “architect” in Amherst, he employed others as builders, contractors, or specialized craftsmen and did not pick up a hammer himself. According to the Daily Hampshire Gazette, <mask> learned architecture from James E. Fuller of Worcester, Massachusetts. Born in 1836, Fuller had already been a master-builder and a contractor in Athol, Massachusetts, though he was only 29 when he came to Worcester. In 1866 Fuller formed a partnership with Stephen C. Earle in Worcester, and the firm later opened an office in Boston as well. The partnership lasted 10 years. “Though it is impossible to distinguish exactly the separate contributions of Earle and Fuller to their partnership, it appears that Earle was the designer, Fuller the builder,” according to Curtis Dahl, whose monograph on Earle is the most complete study of the architect. Dahl further posits that the Boston office was opened only to be able to attract inexpensive draftsmen, but that the heart of the firm’s work was in Worcester.The firm’s bread-and-butter work was designing stone churches in a Richardsonian Romanesque/Gothic idiom, although they did residential and commercial buildings as well. After Fuller parted from Earle, he partnered in 1878 with Ward P. Delano to form the firm Fuller & Delano, which for more than two decades was one of the most successful firms in Worcester. The latter firm’s practice seems to have been geared toward institutional buildings (schools, hospitals, libraries and firehouses), with relatively few residential commissions. Buildings in Amherst 1883-1893

On 9 May 1882 <mask> <mask> married Sarah P. Scott, a native of Hawley, Massachusetts, a schoolteacher who had been a boarder at his parents’ home, where <mask> was living. She was about 13 years his junior. A year later, the couple had a son whom they named Karl Scott <mask>. Sarah died in June 1884.At about this time, <mask>, still residing with his parents in Leverett, seems to have established himself as a professional architect and begun taking commissions in Amherst. He designed a house for B. H. Williams in 1883 (no longer extant; photo in the Jones Library Special Collections, Amherst). Two documents preserved at the Jones Library, executed in September and December 1884, are agreements with John Beston, Jr., a contractor, to build homes in Amherst according to plans drawn up by R. F<mask>, Architect. One of these, at 24 North Prospect Street, was contracted for by the estate of Mrs. C. W. Lessey and completed in 1885; the other, at 22 Seelye Street, was contracted for by George S. Kendrick. <mask>’s practice in the 1880s and early 1890s was primarily in Amherst, designing inventive Queen Anne cross-gabled houses, many in the Shingle Style, for the town’s merchants and faculty members. The John C. Hammond house, at 222 Elm Street in Northampton (1891–94), is considered by many the apogee of his work in this style. Although he was the initial unanimous choice of the committee formed to recommend an architect for Amherst’s Town Hall, he did not win the

masks:
Roswell Field Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Timothy Putnam
Sarah Field
Putnam
Roswell
Field
Timothy Putnam
Roswell
Field
Field
Field
Sarah Putnam
Timothy Putnam
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Field Putnam
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 commission.He did, however, design the North Amherst Library, which opened in 1893. Putnam & Bayley, 1893-1897

In 1893 <mask> <mask> formed a partnership with Lewis D. Bayley, an architect from Louisville, Kentucky. The firm Putnam & Bayley opened an office at 160 Main Street, Northampton, in the Columbian Building. “The people of this vicinity who contemplate building will not find it necessary to send away for their architectural work,” the local paper crowed, “as we now have a firm of architects here that are second to none in the country as to experience and ability.” The article continues, “Although having been located here but three months they have over $75,000 worth of buildings in course of erection.” In 1896 the firm’s offices were moved into Northampton’s Lambie Block. Its houses, mostly in Northampton, became more Classical/Colonial Revival in style and symmetrical in design as the decade rolled on, but they still retained many Queen Anne features. <mask> <mask> was married for a second time in 1895, to Mrs. <mask> of Springfield, a 52-year-old widow from Leverett with three adult sons. <mask>’s son Karl would have been twelve at the time, presumably still living at home.<mask> <mask> built a new house for the family at 19 Columbus Avenue in Northampton. Forming a firm led to a dramatic increase in the number of jobs undertaken, as well as to broadening the scope of work beyond what <mask> had done on his own. In addition to pursuing residential work, the firm undertook several commercial building projects—repairs to the McCallum Block and rebuilding of the Lambie Block in Northampton,  and construction of a brick block at Maple and Cottage Streets in Easthampton, Massachusetts. They designed a new plumbing scheme for the Northampton City Hall, an addition to the Nonotuck Silk Company in Florence (a suburb of Northampton), a school in Easthampton, and the Meekins Library in Williamsburg, as well as projects in Buckland and South Deerfield, all towns in Western Massachusetts. Putnam & Bayley’s most significant undertaking was the Masonic Block at 25 Main Street in Northampton, which opened in 1898. A profile of the firm in the Daily Hampshire Gazette supplement of 30 November 1895 lists 18 clients in Northampton and vicinity for whom it had done work in the past two years, “besides about 25 residences in Springfield, Amherst, Gilbertville, Holyoke, Enfield, Hatfield, Newton, Medford, Mass., Chicago, Ill., Louisville, Ky., and Hot Springs, Ark.”  The non-Massachusetts projects on this list were likely undertakings begun by Bayley and completed after the firm was formed. There is no indication that <mask> <mask> ever worked outside Massachusetts, whereas Bayley had quite a peripatetic career.<mask>’s Work After the Firm’s Dissolution (1897-1911)
As the Masonic Building was nearing completion, the partnership ended. A heated exchange of letters in the Daily Hampshire Gazette about which of the partners deserved credit for the Masonic Building probably reflects the conflict that caused the rift. Bayley moved on to Hartford, Connecticut, while <mask> continued to build in both Amherst and Northampton. He also designed the Shutesbury library, given to the town by M.N. Spear, and worked on new buildings and improvements for schools in Amherst, Easthampton, Leeds and Northampton. <mask>’s son, Karl Scott <mask> (1883–1965), also became an architect, earning a B.S. degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1910 and interning in the New York office of Edward Tilton.He is listed as a draftsman in his father’s office in the City Directory of Northampton in 1910. The firm was called R. Putnam & Son beginning in 1911. <mask> taught architecture at Smith College from 1930 onward, and his papers are in Smith’s archives. Although he and the firms to which he belonged designed many private houses, college buildings, and institutional structures in Northampton, Amherst and surrounding towns, <mask>’s papers reveal no buildings on which father and son collaborated. <mask> <mask> died on 16 April 1911, less than a year after his son’s graduation. <mask>’s earliest buildings in Northampton appear to date from 1911. <mask>’s obituary states that “Mr.<mask> was of a quiet and retiring nature, but a man pleasant to meet, ever ready to converse with anyone on business connected with his profession in which he took a great pride. He was conscientious in the work he did and as a citizen was interested in whatever was for the good of the community, but never desired to hold any public office. He belonged to the various Masonic orders, which included the Northampton commandery of Knights Templar.”

Chronology of Buildings  (all are in Massachusetts towns)

The most comprehensive compilation of photographs of <mask>'s buildings is Suzannah J. Fabing, <mask> Field <mask> (1840–1911):  Versatile Architect for the Pioneer Valley (Amherst, MA:  Privately published, 2020), copies of which can be found at the main public library in each of the towns in which <mask> or his firm designed a building. Many of the buildings listed below are described, with photographs, in the Massachusetts Historical Commission's database, online at http://mhc-macris.net. The MHC numbers are included in parentheses in the listings below. Note that not all these records identify <mask> as the architect. Other frequently cited sources include the newspapers Amherst Bulletin, Amherst, Massachusetts; Daily Hampshire Gazette, Northampton, Massachusetts; and Springfield Republican, Springfield, Massachusetts.Springfield Republican archives, on microfilm, may be searched for a fee at The Republican - MassLive.comIts year-end surveys of new construction in the region establish date, owner, and cost but ordinarily do not identify the architect. By R.F<mask>, 1867-1892
 1867		Depot Road, Leverett	   	Store for Payson Field (moved 1890; no longer extant)
 1883 17 North Prospect St., Amherst	Home of B.H. Williams (destroyed 1950)
 1884/5 24 North Prospect St., Amherst	House for the Lessey Estate (Mary Robison) (AMH.223)
1884/5 22 Seelye St., Amherst Home of George S. Kendrick
 1885	    320 North Pleasant St., Amherst	Home of James White. c. 1885 87 North Pleasant St., Amherst	Home of William Kellogg. (AMH.242). 1885/6 90 Spring St., Amherst	        “The Dell,” home of Mabel and David P. Todd.Rufus Underwood (NTH.596)
 1894		50 Phillips Pl., Northampton			Home of J.W. Reid (NTH.2080)
 1894		Round Hill, Northampton			Recitation hall, Clarke Institution
 1894		63 Dryads’ Green, Northampton				Home of Adeline Moffat (NTH.567). 1895		12 Bedford Terrace, Northampton		Home of Chas. N. Fitts/Mrs. R.A. Depew (NTH.690)
 1895	   155 South St., Northampton			Home of Martha A. Strong (NTH.2190)
 1895		 34 Harrison, Northampton			Home of Caroline Thompson (NTH.539)
 1895		 53 Harrison, Northampton			Home of Edwin B.  and Mary Emerson (NTH.529)
 1895		210 Main St., Northampton			Plumbing, City Hall (NTH.790)
1895		Florence (296 Nonotuck St.?) Nonotuck Silk Co. addition (NTH.233)
1895		150 Main St., Northampton			Repairs to McCallum Block (NTH.2291)
1895		1-5 State St., Buckland				Reconstruction of Odd Fellows Hall (BUC.153)
1895/6	76-88 Main St., Northampton		Lambie Block (NTH.2414)
1895/6	19 Columbus Ave., Northampton		Home of Roswell F. <mask> (NTH.1047)
1895/7	2 Williams St., Williamsburg			Meekins Library (WLM.19)
1895/7 7 Chapel St., Easthampton Maple Street School  (EAH.347)
1896 23 Dryads' Green, Northampton Renovations, home of George W. Cable (NTH.576)
1896 12 East St., Northampton Home of John H. Maloney (NTH.Spear Library (SHU.9)
 1902		84-88 Main St., Northampton		Clarke Block reconstruction (destroyed)
 1902-03 75 Harrison Ave., Northampton		Home of Charles W. Spear (attributed) (NTH.530)
 1903	  	32 Gray St., Amherst				Second house for William T. Chapin (moved from N. Pleasant St., 2000)(AMH.193)
 1903		45 Elm St., Northampton			Addition to Burnham house
 1904	   170 South St., Northampton			Home of Frank Clapp (attributed) (NTH.1046)
 1905		Fair St., Northampton				Hall for Three-County Agricultural Society (no longer extant)
 1906		Leeds						Improvements, school-houses
 1906		Bridge St., Northampton			Modifications, plumbing, Bridge-Street School
 1907		28 Columbus Ave., Northampton		Home of Myron C. Bailey (NTH.1037)
 1907		186 Bridge Street, Northampton		Home of George R. Turner (NTH.396)
 1910		Sanderson Academy, Ashfield		Remodeling (destroyed 1939)
 1910	         260 Lincoln Ave., Amherst			Home of Ernest M. Bolles (AMH.176)

Notes

1840 births
1911 deaths
American

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Roswell
Putnam
Roswell
Putnam
Anna Field
Roswell
Roswell
Putnam
Putnam
Roswell
Putnam
Putnam
Putnam
Roswell
Putnam
Karl Putnam
Karl Putnam
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Karl Putnam
Roswell
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<mask><mask> (born <mask>; March 10, 1945 – January 1, 2012) was an American archaeologist who taught at Northwestern University and Albion College. She had been a president of the American Anthropological Association. Early life and education
<mask> was born in Chicago, Illinois and attended Evanston Township High School. She participated as a Peace Corps volunteer in La Paz, Bolivia in 1966–1967. She got her B.A. and Ph.D. degrees in anthropology from the University of Michigan in 1965 and 1976 respectively and in 1969 got her M.A. in the same field from the University of California, Los Angeles.Career
Brumfiel was a Peace Corps volunteer from 1966 to 1967 and until 1968 served as research assistant at the Center for Population Planning, University of Michigan. From 1970 to 1977, she served as lecturer at the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Eastern Michigan University and between 1971 and 1972, was a teaching fellow at the Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan. She then relocated to Albion, Michigan, where she became an assistant professor at the Department of Anthropology and Sociology of Albion College and after serving as a chair of the department was promoted to assistant professor, serving as such from 1985 to 1989. Brumfiel was promoted to professor in 1989 at the same department of the same institution, and in 1996 became John S. Ludington, Endowed Professor. Research
Brumfiel's publications focused on gender, political economy, and the relationship between these areas of scholarship. She also worked to show how archaeology, as an academic discipline, is connected to other fields of anthropology and to other disciplines such as gender studies and political science. Brumfiel conducted an archaeological project at the site of Xaltocan in Mexico starting in 1987.Before that, she participated with Richard Blanton at Monte Albán in Mexico and directed research at the Mexican sites of Xico and Huexotla. Brumfiel was one of the first scholars to examine the role of women in Aztec culture through their interactions. Brumfiel studied how these interactions evolved over time through food preparation methods as well as textile manufacturing. “Mexican archeologists respected her very strongly,” said Gabriela Vargas-Cetina, an anthropology professor at the Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, in Mérida, Mexico. Brumfiel also served on the editorial boards of Latin American Antiquity and Ancient Mesoamerica and was an advisory editor of the Current Anthropology. She helped found the World Council of Anthropological Associations and held strong feminist and liberal views. From 2000 to 2002, she was a distinguished lecturer at Sigma Xi and then taught at Albion College in Michigan for 25 years before joining Northwestern University in 2003.She was president of the American Anthropological Association from 2003 to 2005. In 2006, conservative author David Horowitz listed her among the most dangerous professors in his book "The Professors: The 101 Most Dangerous Academics in America" because of her strong voice on social justice and human rights. In 2007, she was honored with the Eagle Warrior Prize and from 2008 to 2009 she served as lead curator of "The Aztec World" at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois. Personal life and death
Prior to her death from cancer in Skokie, Illinois hospice in 2012, Brumfiel was married to her husband, Vincent, and had a son with him, Geoffrey. Significant works

Edited volumes
2003 Factional Competition and Political Development in the New World (John W. Fox, co-editor) Cambridge University Press. 2005 La Producción Local y el Poder en el Xaltocan Posclásico – Production and Power at Postclassic Xaltocan Instituto Nacional De Antropologia e Historía
2008 Specialization, Exchange and Complex Societies (Timothy K. Earle, co-editor) Cambridge University Press. 2008 The Aztec World (Gary M. Feinman, co-editor) Abrams.2010 Gender, Households, and Society: Unraveling the Threads of the Past and the Present (Cynthia Robin, co-editor) Wiley-Blackwell. Alien bodies, everyday people, and internal spaces: Embodiment, figurines and social discourse in Postclassic Mexico (with Lisa Overholtzer). In C. Halperin, K. Faust, and R. Taube, eds. in press
Mesoamerica. In The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology, C. Gosden and B. Cunliffe, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press. in press.Journal entries
"Gender, Cloth, Continuity and Change: Fabricating Unity in Anthropology". American Anthropologist 108:861–877. in press . "Methods in Feminist and Gender Archaeology: A Feeling for Difference—and Likeness". In The Handbook of Gender in Archaeology, S.M. Nelson, ed., pp. 31–58.Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira. 2006
Opting In and Opting Out: Tula, Cholula, and Xaltocan. In Settlement and Subsistence in Early Civilizations: Essays reflecting the contributions of Jeffrey R. Parsons, R.E. Blanton and M.H. Parsons, eds, pp. 63–88. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.20.2005. "Materiality, Feasts, and Figured Worlds in Aztec Mexico". In Rethinking Materiality, E. DeMarrais, C. Gosden, and C. Renfrew, eds., pp. 225–237. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. 2005. References

External links
"In Memoriam: <mask>l 1945–2012."Anthropology Report. N.p., 5 January 2012. 6 Mar 2012. "In Memoriam: <mask>l." Living Anthropologically. Jason Antrosio, 2 January 2012. 6 Mar 2012.1945 births
2012 deaths
American anthropologists
American women anthropologists
American women archaeologists
20th-century American archaeologists
21st-century American archaeologists
21st-century American writers
21st-century American women writers
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
Albion College faculty
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American writers
American expatriates in Mexico
Deaths from cancer in Illinois
American women academics

masks:
Elizabeth M
. Brumfiel
Elizabeth Stern
Brumfiel
Elizabeth Brumfie
Elizabeth Brumfie