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<mask> (born 13 November 1969) is a Scottish actor and film producer. After studying law, <mask> turned to acting in the mid-1990s with small roles in productions such as Mrs Brown (1997), the James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies (1997), and Tale of the Mummy (1998). In 2000, he starred as Count Dracula in the gothic horror film Dracula 2000 with Christopher Plummer and Jonny Lee Miller. He subsequently played Attila the Hun in the miniseries Attila (2001) and then appeared in the films Reign of Fire with Christian Bale (2002) and Lara Croft: Tomb Raider – The Cradle of Life with Angelina Jolie (2003), before playing André Marek in the adaptation of Michael Crichton's science fiction adventure Timeline (2003). He then was cast as the role of Erik, The Phantom in Joel Schumacher's 2004 film adaptation of the musical The Phantom of the Opera alongside Emmy Rossum. That role earned him a Satellite Award nomination for Best Actor. <mask> gained worldwide recognition for his portrayal of King Leonidas in Zack Snyder's fantasy war film 300.That role earned him nominations for an Empire Award for Best Actor and a Saturn Award for Best Actor and a win for MTV Movie Award for Best Fight. He voiced the role of Stoick the Vast in the critically and commercially successful How to Train Your Dragon franchise (2010–2019). Also in the 2010s, he portrayed Secret Service agent Mike Banning in the action thriller series Olympus Has Fallen, London Has Fallen, Angel Has Fallen and the upcoming Night Has Fallen. He played military leader Tullus Aufidius in the 2011 film Coriolanus, a modern adaptation of Shakespeare's tragedy of the same name, and Sam Childers in the 2011 action biopic Machine Gun Preacher. Early life
<mask> <mask> was born on 13 November 1969 in Paisley, Renfrewshire, Scotland, the youngest of three children of Margaret and <mask>, a bookmaker. He is from a Catholic family of Irish descent. <mask>'s family moved to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, when he was six months old.A year later, when his parents' marriage broke down, his mother left Quebec and returned to Scotland with <mask> aged 18 months. <mask> was head boy at St Mirin's & St Margaret's High School in Paisley and won a place at University of Glasgow School of Law. He also attended Scottish Youth Theatre while a teenager. <mask> did not see his father again until he was 16 years old, when <mask> called to meet him at a Glasgow restaurant. After this meeting, <mask> cried for hours, and recalled later: "That emotion showed me how much pain can sit in this body of yours; pain and sorrow that you don't know you have until it is unleashed." During his time as a student, he was the President of the university law society, a position <mask> later said he "kind of blagged my way into". When <mask> was 22, his father was diagnosed with cancer and died.He said of this period in his life: "I had gone from a 16-year-old who couldn't wait to grasp life to a 22-year-old who didn't care if he died in his sleep." Before his final year of law school, <mask> took a year off to live in California. He mostly lived in Venice Beach, working at different jobs, travelling often, and, according to him, drinking heavily, at one point being arrested for alcohol-related disorderly conduct. Describing his behaviour during this year, he recalled that "I was out of control, and justifying it with this idea that 'I'm young, this is life. This is me just being boisterous.' " After his time off in America, he returned to Scotland to finish his final year at law school. <mask> had ear surgery when he was a child that left him with a mangled ear.He still suffers from tinnitus and has hearing loss in his right ear. Career

Legal career and early acting career
Upon graduation, he took a position as a trainee lawyer at an Edinburgh law firm. However, he continued to stay out late drinking and he frequently missed work because of this. One week before he qualified as a lawyer, he was fired. At the age of 25, and an unqualified lawyer, <mask> moved to London to pursue his dream of becoming famous. He admitted, "When I started out, I'm not sure I was actually in it for the right reasons. I wanted very much to be famous."Unable to win any acting roles initially, he worked in a variety of jobs including as a waiter, a telemarketer and a demonstrator of how toys work at fairs. Whilst in London, he met an old friend from his teenage days in the Scottish Youth Theatre, who was now a London casting director. At that time, he was her boyfriend and her assistant. She took him to an audition for Steven Berkoff's play of Coriolanus. The director said of <mask>'s audition, "When he read, he had such vigour and enthusiasm—so much that it made the other actors seem limp—that I decided to cast him in the ensemble." Then aged 27, <mask> had his first professional acting job. Less than a year later, he won a part in a theatre adaptation of Trainspotting, which he performed at the Edinburgh Festival.At age 30, <mask> decided to move to Los Angeles; there he won parts in Dracula 2000, Tomb Raider 2, Dear Frankie, and Phantom of the Opera. Acting career

In London, <mask> had various odd jobs until being cast by actor and director Steven Berkoff (who later appeared alongside him in Attila (2001)) in a stage production of Coriolanus. He was cast as Ewan McGregor's character Renton in the stage adaptation of Trainspotting, the same play that had inspired him to become an actor. His film debut was as Billy Connolly's character's younger brother in Mrs Brown (1997). His film career continued with small roles, first in the James Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies (1997) and then Russell Mulcahy's Tale of the Mummy (1998). In 2000, <mask> was cast in two breakthrough roles, the first being Attila the Hun in the American TV miniseries Attila (2001). The film's producers wanted a known actor to play the part but eventually chose <mask>.He was cast as Dracula in Dracula 2000 (2000). He then appeared in Reign of Fire (2002) as Creedy and Lara Croft: Tomb Raider – The Cradle of Life (2003) as Terry Sheridan, alongside Angelina Jolie. In the role of Andre Marek in the big-screen adaptation of Michael Crichton's novel Timeline (2003), <mask> played an archaeologist who was sent back in time with a team of students to rescue a colleague. In 2003, director Joel Schumacher was deciding on the principal casting for the film The Phantom of the Opera, a film adaptation of the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical of the same name, and thought of <mask>, whom he had seen earlier in the film Dracula 2000, to play the title character. <mask>, who had had no musical experience other than singing in a rock band while he was studying to be a lawyer, was surprised at the interest, but immediately began taking singing lessons with a vocal coach. He then did an acting audition with Schumacher, and a singing audition with Lloyd Webber, both of whom were impressed by his performance. The film, and <mask>'s performance, received mixed reviews, though <mask> was nominated for a Satellite Award for Best Actor.Other projects that followed include Dear Frankie (2005), The Game of Their Lives (2005) and Beowulf & Grendel (2005). In 2006, he starred as Spartan King Leonidas in the Warner Bros. production 300, which is often described as his breakthrough role. <mask>, who said he "wanted to look really strong" in the film, trained with a high-intensity workout for four months prior to the film's shooting. In 2007, he appeared in Butterfly on a Wheel co-starring Pierce Brosnan and Maria Bello, which aired on network TV under the title Shattered, and in the romantic comedy P.S. I Love You with Hilary Swank. In 2008, he appeared in Nim's Island and RocknRolla. In 2009, he starred in the Neveldine/Taylor film Gamer, The Ugly Truth and Law Abiding Citizen, which he also co-produced.In 2010 he starred in the action/comedy The Bounty Hunter with Jennifer Aniston, and did voice acting for the 2010 animated film How to Train Your Dragon as Stoick the Vast. On 15 and 16 October 2010, thanks to the popularity of his role as Spartan King Leonidas and the use of his lines during athletic events at Michigan State University, he was a guest at their Midnight Madness and homecoming American football game. , <mask>, while filming Playing for Keeps, was writing songs and in the process of recording an album. He disavowed gossip reports that Marilyn Manson and Johnny Depp had advised him on the project. On 18 December that year, while filming Chasing Mavericks, <mask> was hospitalized after he was pulled under big waves. Subsequently, he was taken to Stanford University Medical Center and later released. <mask> starred as Secret Service agent Mike Banning in the action thriller Olympus Has Fallen (2013), opposite co-stars Aaron Eckhart and Morgan Freeman.He said he broke two bones in his neck while shooting the film, but did not realise this until he had an MRI scan. <mask> reprised his voice role as Stoick in How to Train Your Dragon 2 in 2014. Two years later, he reprised his role as Mike Banning in the Olympus Has Fallen sequel London Has Fallen and also portrayed Set in Gods of Egypt. Late in 2018 <mask> starred as submarine captain Commander Joe Glass of the USS Arkansas, a Virginia class nuclear submarine, in the film Hunter Killer. He starred as Mike Banning again in the 2019 film Angel Has Fallen. After release delays due to COVID-19, <mask> starred in Greenland in Fall 2020. He has been a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in the Actor's Branch since 2011.Personal life

Since October 2011, <mask> has divided his time between Los Angeles and Glasgow. In 2011 he was rushed to the Stanford University Medical Center after suffering a surfing incident in Mavericks, California during the filming of the film Of Men and Mavericks. He was stable and released from the hospital later that week. <mask> has stated in interviews that he no longer drinks alcohol. In February 2012, it was announced that he had completed a course of treatment for substance abuse of painkillers at a rehabilitation facility. This was after he was concerned he had become too reliant on prescribed pain medication, which escalated after his surfing accident. In 2011 <mask> played in a charity match for Celtic F.C., a football club he has supported since childhood.A year later he represented Celtic in a Hollywood film, starring as a "has-been" player in Playing for Keeps. In August 2013, he bought an equity stake in the Jamaica Tallawahs cricket team, which forms part of the Limacol Caribbean Premier League (CPL). <mask> has been a supporter of the charity Mary's Meals since 2010. He visited the international development charity's programme in Liberia in 2014. In 2018 he attended a fundraiser gala organised by Friends of the Israel Defense Forces (FIDF), which raised $60 million. In November 2018, <mask>'s home was destroyed in the Woolsey Fire in California. Filmography

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1969 births
Living people
20th-century Scottish male actors
21st-century Scottish male actors
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Male actors from Glasgow
Male actors from Paisley, Renfrewshire
Scottish expatriates in the United States
Scottish film producers
Scottish male film actors
Scottish male stage actors
Scottish male television actors
Scottish people of Irish descent
Scottish Roman Catholics

masks:
Gerard James Butler
Butler
Butler
Gerard James
Butler
Edward Butler
Butler
Gerard
Butler
Butler
Edward Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
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<mask> (born March 29, 1984) is a Filipino chess grandmaster. He won the Philippine Chess Championship in 2012. He was the youngest Filipino master ever, at nine years of age. He also became the youngest Filipino GM ever at 20 (until Wesley So surpassed it), beating Eugenio Torre's record by about two years. Chess career
At the 1998 Disney World Rapid Chess Championship for Kids, <mask> tied for finished first with 7½ points in the boys' 14-and-under section, and took the gold medal on tiebreak points. <mask> also played in the 3rd Asian Indoor Games held in 2009 where he finished with 5 wins, 1 draw, and 2 losses with a Tournament Performance Rating (TPR) of 2522 (ELO 2501) leading the team to a 7th-place finish but missed out on a playoff berth. World Youth Chess Championship

<mask> took part in two World Youth Chess Championships:
 15th World Youth Chess Championship (2001) where he tied for 17th-26th places in the tournament that attracted 83 players in the premier Boys U-18.He eventually placed 17th after tie-breaks scoring 6.5 points. 16th World Youth Chess Championship (2002) where he tied for 3rd-5th places, ultimately ending up in 5th place in the Boys U-18 category. World Junior Chess Championship

<mask> participated in two World Junior Chess Championships scoring 12 wins, 7 draws, and 7 losses for a winning percentage of 59.6%:

At the 41st World Junior Chess Championship held in December 2002, <mask> tied for 11th16th places with a score of 6 wins, 4 draws, and 3 losses ending up in 16th place after tiebreaks. He had a TPR of 2432 as compared to his then ELO of 2476. At the 43rd World Junior Chess Championship held in 2004, <mask> (6th seed with 2534 ELO) tied for 15th21st places eventually ending up in 18th place after tie-breaks. He scored 6 wins, 3 draws, and 4 losses with a TPR of 2450. FIDE World Chess Championship
<mask> qualified for the 2004 World Championship that took place in 2004 where he was eliminated by Viktor Bologan of Moldova in the first round.<mask> won the first game against Bologan but then lost three straight games, eliminating him from the tournament. FIDE World Cup
<mask> was a 3-time participant in the Chess World Cup:

At the 2005 Chess World Cup (qualifying tournament for world championship), he upset Sergei Movsesian in the first round, 1.5-0.5 winning the second game with the white pieces, before losing in the tie breaker against Alexey Dreev in the second round, 2.5-3.5 (<mask> drew both his games against Dreev in the regulation)
 He also qualified in the 2011 Chess World Cup, a 126-player field knockout tournament where he was seeded 108th (2545 ELO). <mask> earned the berth after finishing second (after tie-breaks) in the 2011 Asian Zone 3.3 chess championship. He faced the 21st-seeded Michael Adams who beat him, 1.5–0.5 in the first round. At the 2013 Chess World Cup, a 7-round knockout chess meant to determine the qualifiers for the 2014 Candidates. <mask> was seeded 101 with an ELO of 2569 and was eliminated in the first round by Dmitry Jakovenko 2–0. <mask> breaks 2600 ELO
<mask> became the first Filipino to reach 2600 FIDE after he finished co-champion in the Asian Zonal 3.3 Chess Championships in September 2005.<mask> finished the nine-round Swiss system event with 7 points. In January 2006, FIDE listed <mask> with a rating of 2618 enough to get him in the top 100. Overall, <mask> compiled 36 points in 68 games (52.9% winning percentage) with 23 wins, 26 draws, and 19 losses for 1 bronze medal. Chess Olympiad
He played for the Philippines in the Chess Olympiads of 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2012, and the 2020 Online Chess Olympiad. At the 35th Chess Olympiad, <mask> scored 5 wins, 5 draws, and 2 losses with a Tournament Performance Rating (TPR) of 2503 in Board 4 to place 19th, second-best in the team. At the 36th Chess Olympiad, <mask> scored 6 wins, 3 draws, and 4 losses with a TPR of 2556 as compared to his ELO rating then of 2534 playing Board 3. <mask> played the top Board for Team Philippines for the first time in his career in the 37th Chess Olympiad.He scored 2 wins, 5 draws, and 4 losses. At the 40th Chess Olympiad, <mask> played Board 4 scoring 6 points on the strength of 3 wins, 6 draws, and 2 losses with a TPR of 2561 as compared to his 2508 ELO rating where he finished at 18th place. In total, <mask> has already scored 25.5 points in 47 games recording 16 wins, 19 draws, and 12 losses for a 54.3% winning rate with his best performance coming at the 2012 Olympiad held at Istanbul, Turkey where he placed 18th. In 2020, <mask> headed Team Philippines at the 2020 Online Chess Olympiad. He scored 5 wins, 1 draw, and 2 losses as he led the team to a 5th-place finish in Pool A of Division II with 10 match points. Asian Cities Chess Championship
<mask> participated in three editions of the Asian Cities Chess Championship:
14th edition held in Manila, Philippines (2004) where he served as the captain of the Mandaluyong Team playing Board 1 and finishing with 4 wins, 3 draws, and 2 losses with a TPR of 2477 as compared to his then ELO of 2529. He led the team to a bronze medal finish in Team Competition;
15th edition played in Tehran, Iran (2007) where he again played Board 1 this time representing Team Tagaytay where he scored 3 wins, 3 draws, and 3 losses with a TPR of 2377 as against his 2573 ELO at that time leading the team to a silver medal in the Team Competition; and
18th edition held in Tagaytay City, Cavite, Philippines where he played Board 2 and finished with 4 wins, 3 draws, and 2 losses with a TPR of 2445 compared to his ELO of 2571 during that time leading Team Tagaytay to a gold medal finish in the Team Competition.He finished his stint in the tournament with 15.5 points in 27 games posting 11 wins with 9 draws and 7 losses for a winning percentage of 57.4% ending up with 1 gold, 1 silver, and 1 bronze in Team Competition. Philippine National Chess Championship
<mask> won the 2012 Philippine Chess Championship. He scored 11.5/15 with 10 wins, 3 draws, and 2 losses. He had a TPR of 2627 as against his 2508 ELO. World Open
<mask> finished the 38th Annual World Open in a tie for 9th-18th places. He posted 5 wins, 2 draws, and 1 loss. <mask> tied for 7th-13th places in the 42nd Annual World Open.He scored 6 points on 5 wins, 2 draws, and 2 losses after tiebreaks. US tournaments
At the 2008 Foxwoods Open, <mask> tied for 9th-17th places scoring 5 wins, 2 draws, and 2 losses to place 13th overall after tiebreaks. In 2016, <mask> took part in the 3rd Millionaire Chess Open. <mask> ended up in a tie for 17th-28th place where he eventually ended up in 21st place with 4 wins, 1 draw, and 2 losses which did not qualify him for the next round. In 2017, he tied for first at the 9th annual Chesapeake Open with 5 wins, 2 draws, and no losses. The tournament employed no tie-break and <mask> won $1,100 (USD). On July 10, 2019, <mask> topped the 12th New York Int 2019 that featured 24 players in 9 rounds with an average ELO Rating of 2309.He finished undefeated with 4 wins and 5 draws. <mask> was seeded third in this tournament with an ELO of 2503. On July 27, 2019, <mask> won the 8th Washington Int 2019, a 9-round 35-player tournament with an average ELO Rating of 2309. He finished with 6 wins, 2 draws, and 1 loss. Also in 2019, <mask> placed second in the 141st New York State Championship. He scored 3 wins and 3 draws ending up tied for 2nd-4th places, but ended up with the runner-up honors after tie-breaks; all the three players won $600.00 each. On November 14, 2019, <mask> finished in joint 1st place at the 103rd ch-Marshall CC 2019.The tournament featured 10 players with an average of 2482 ELO Rating. <mask> went undefeated with 3 wins and 6 draws. On November 27, 2019, <mask> finished in joint third place at the CCCSA Fall GM 2019 Tournament, a 10-player tournament with an average ELO Rating of 2441, finishing with 3 wins, 3 draws, and 3 losses. On January 16, 2020, he won the Winter CCCSA GM Norm Invitational going undefeated with 3 wins and 6 draws. The tournament featured ten players with an average ELO Rating of 2433. On February 27, 2020, <mask> won the Marshall GM Norm 2020, another 10-player tournament with an average ELO Rating of 2444, with a score of 6 wins, 2 draws, and 1 loss. Other notable tournaments

In 2004, <mask> won the 4th Alushta Autumn as he scored a total of 11.0 points in 13 rounds on the strength of 10 wins, 2 draws, and 1 loss.<mask> finished second in the Asian Zone 3.3 (2011) Chess Championships and clinched the last berth in the year's World Cup. <mask> actually finished tied for second but took last World Cup berth with a superior tiebreak score. <mask> won the 2012 Mayor Allen Singson Cup (Candon City Chess Championships) in March 2012. He finished undefeated with 5 wins and 2 draws. On May 18, 2020, <mask> topped the Curly King Shark online chess tournament. <mask> finished with 70 points in 30 games for a winning percentage of 73 percent and performance rating of 2774, coming in first place. <mask> won 12 games, drew 11, and lost 7 games.Personal life
<mask> was born to Flordeliza Callano and <mask>, the latter of whom is also his coach. The son and father went around the world to participate in international tournaments. <mask> resided both in the city of Meycauayan and the adjacent town of Marilao in the province of Bulacan. He became a resident of New York and coaches at the New York Chess Academy. References

External links

  (archive)

1984 births
Living people
Filipino chess players
Chess grandmasters
Chess Olympiad competitors
People from Meycauayan
Sportspeople from Bulacan
Southeast Asian Games medalists in chess
Southeast Asian Games bronze medalists for the Philippines
Competitors at the 2011 Southeast Asian Games

masks:
Mark Callano Paragua
Paragua
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<mask>, 1st Baron <mask> ( 1504 – 1564) was an English peer and politician. He was the Clerk of the Parliaments 1531–1540 and Lord Lieutenant of Cambridgeshire 1557–1564. A successful lawyer, he was created the first Baron <mask>, giving him a seat in the House of Lords. Family
Born about 1504, <mask> was the only son of <mask> of Nottinghamshire, a merchant and haberdasher, and Christiana, the daughter of Richard Warcup of Sinnington, Yorkshire. After the death of <mask> in 1509, Christiana married, as her second husband, Sir Ralph Warren, Lord Mayor of London. <mask> had a sister, Joan, who married William Wilkinson (d. 1543), a mercer in the city of London, and sheriff in 1538–9, by whom she had three daughters. After her husband's death she was silkwoman to Anne Boleyn.She died as a Marian exile in 1556 at Frankfurt. Career
<mask> studied at St Paul's School under William Lyly, and later entered Peterhouse, Cambridge, but seems never to have proceeded to a degree. He then entered one of the Inns of Court, was called to the bar, and became counsel for the City of London, probably through the influence of Alderman Wilkinson, who had married his sister Joan. In 1531 <mask> was appointed clerk of the parliament and was associated in that office with Sir Brian Tuke. In 1536 he appears as one of the king's serjeants. In 1541 he resigned his office as clerk of the parliament, on being appointed treasurer of the court of augmentations, a court created by the king for dealing with the estates which had been confiscated by the dissolution of the monasteries. In 1541 he was knighted, and he served as High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire for 1543.He was one of the knights of the shire for Cambridgeshire in the English parliaments of 1542, 1547, and 1553. On the resignation of the chancellorship by Sir Thomas Audley in 1544, <mask> was deputed, together with Sir Thomas Pope, to receive the great seal and to deliver it into the hands of the king. In 1545 he was one of a commission of inquiry as to the distribution of the revenues of certain cathedrals and collegiate churches, and about the same time he was promoted, with Sir Richard Rich, chancellor of the court of augmentations. On the resignation of his colleague he became sole chancellor of the court. In 1546 he was made a member of the Privy Council of England, received some extensive grants of former abbey lands, and managed by prudence to retain the favour of his sovereign, although on one occasion towards the end of his reign Henry VIII was induced to distrust him, and even to accuse him of peculation, a charge of which he cleared himself. <mask> was named as one of the executors of King Henry's will, and a legacy of £300 was bequeathed to him. On the accession of King <mask>, <mask> was induced, under pressure, to resign his office as chancellor of augmentations.He continued as a Privy Councillor during the young king's reign, and was one of those who attested his will, but his name does not appear among the signatories of the deed of settlement disinheriting the Princesses Mary and Elizabeth. <mask> was among the supporters of Lady Jane Gray. <mask> was not only pardoned by Mary, but was again sworn of the privy council, and on 5 April 1554 he was summoned to parliament as a baron of the realm by the title of Lord <mask> of Kirtling. He was chosen among other lords to receive Philip II of Spain at Southampton on 19 July 1554 and was present at the marriage of Queen Mary. In the following November he attended at the reception of Cardinal Pole at St. James's, and he was in the commission for the suppression of heresy in 1557. On the accession of Elizabeth she kept her court for six days (23 to 29 November 1558) at <mask>'s mansion in the London Charterhouse, and some time afterwards he was appointed lord-lieutenant of the county of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely. He was not, however, admitted as a privy councillor, though his name appears as still taking part in public affairs.In the summer of 1560 he lost his first wife, who died at the Charterhouse, but was carried with great pomp to Kirtling to be buried. Lord <mask> entertained the queen a second time at the Charterhouse for four days, from 10 to 13 July 1561. Soon after this he retired from court, and spent most of his time at Kirtling in retirement. He died at the Charterhouse on 31 December 1564, and was buried at Kirtling, beside his first wife, in the family vault. His monumental inscription may still be seen in the chancel of Kirtling Church. Marriages and issue

Lord <mask> was twice married. In around 1528 (his thirty-third year) he married Alice (d. 1560), the daughter of Oliver Squier of Southby, Hampshire.Alice was the widow of <mask>, a wealthy London merchant, the son of Thomas Murfyn (d. 1523), a former Lord Mayor of London and of John Brigandine of Southampton, Hampshire. By this marriage he acquired a fortune large enough to enable him to purchase the estate of Kirtling, near Newmarket, which remained in the possession of his descendants until 1941. By Alice he had two sons:
 <mask>, 2nd Baron <mask>, and
 Sir <mask>, translator of Plutarch's 'Lives,'
and two daughters:
 Christiana, wife of William Somerset, 3rd Earl of Worcester, and
 Mary, wife of Henry Scrope, 9th Baron Scrope of Bolton. In 1534 he became a kinsman of Thomas Cromwell's nephew, Richard, who married Frances, daughter of Thomas Murfyn by his second wife, Elizabeth Donne, and stepdaughter of Sir Thomas Denys. His second wife was Margaret (d. 1575), daughter of Richard Butler of London, and widow of, first, Andrew Francis; secondly, of Robert Chartsey, alderman of London. ; and, thirdly, of Sir David Brooke, chief baron of the exchequer. She survived till 2 June 1575.This lady, like his first wife, brought her husband a large fortune, which he left to her absolutely by his will. Attribution

Notes

References

1504 births
1564 deaths
16th-century English lawyers
16th-century English nobility
Politicians from London
English barristers
People associated with the Dissolution of the Monasteries
High Sheriffs of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire
Lord-Lieutenants of Cambridgeshire
Members of the Privy Council of England
Serjeants-at-law (England)
Edward
English MPs 1542–1544
English MPs 1547–1552
English MPs 1553 (<mask> VI)
Peers of England created by Mary I
Barons North
Clerks of the Parliaments
Court of Mary I of England

masks:
Edward North
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Roger North
Roger North
Edward North
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Edward VI
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Lord North
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Edward Murfyn
Roger North
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Thomas North
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<mask> (or <mask>) ( – 23 July 1584) was an English Protestant printer. He specialised in printing and distributing Protestant literature and pamphlets, and produced many small-format religious books, such as ABCs, sermons, and translations of psalms. He found fame, however, as the publisher of <mask>'s Actes and Monuments, also known as the Book of Martyrs, the largest and most technologically accomplished book printed in sixteenth-century England. <mask> rose to the top of his profession during the reign of Edward VI (1547–1553). At this time, restrictions on publishers were relaxed, and a wave of propaganda on behalf of the English Reformation was encouraged by the government of the Lord Protector, Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset. During the reign of the Catholic Queen Mary I, many Protestant printers fled to the continent, but <mask> stayed in England and continued to print Protestant literature. In 1554, he was arrested and imprisoned, presumably for these illicit printing activities.Under Queen Elizabeth I, <mask> returned to his premises at Aldersgate in London, where he enjoyed the patronage of high-ranking officials and nobles, including William Cecil, Robert Dudley, and Matthew Parker. With their support, he published the Book of Martyrs and was awarded monopolies for some of the most popular English books, such as The ABC with Little Catechism and The Whole Booke of Psalmes. <mask>, whose technical skill matched his business acumen, has been called "the master printer of the English Reformation". Early career
<mask>'s origins and the events of his early life remain obscure. Scholars have assumed that <mask> was born and raised in Dunwich, but there is no direct evidence that proves this claim. He may have been in London by 1540, as his name is mentioned in a city deposition as being a former servant of the printer and physician Thomas Raynalde. In 1546, he was probably one of twenty men who were granted the freedom of the city by redemption to work for the Stringers' Company of London.The next year, he began printing with a partner, William Seres; the two based their operations at the parish of St Sepulchre in London. <mask> and Seres specialised in religious works, such as those by Robert Crowley, which were largely related to theological controversies of the time. The Protestant Reformation was advancing rapidly, and the laws against the publication of heretical works were being relaxed. In 1548, ten of the twenty works that the two men published were devoted to criticizing the Catholic belief of transubstantiation. One of those publications, a satirical poem by Luke Shepherd titled Iohn Bon and Mast Person, almost landed <mask> in jail. <mask> and Seres also translated important works of Continental Protestantism for the English market, notably Herman von Wied's A Simple and Religious Consultation in 1547. In 1549, <mask> opened a new shop in Cheapside, and the next year, he and Seres were successful enough to amicably separate their businesses.<mask> set up his new home and printing establishment at Aldersgate in the parish of St Anne and St Agnes and transferred from the Stringers' to the Stationers' Company. <mask> found Aldersgate's foreigner-friendly attributes helpful in attracting skilled Dutch workers, whom he relied on throughout his career. He soon established himself as a quality printer, and in 1551, he reprinted an elaborate edition of the Bible that he had previously produced with Seres. The next year, he secured a valuable patent to print the works of <mask> and Thomas Beccon. This enraged one of his competitors, Reginald Wolfe, who already held a patent to print Ponet's Catechism in Latin. Eventually, a compromise patent was issued which allowed Wolfe to continue printing the Catechism in Latin and <mask> to print the work in English. <mask> reaped more benefits from the deal than Wolfe: the English printings were used far more extensively than the Latin ones, and the ABC was eventually appended with Ponet's Catechism.With a reputation for Protestant godliness and connections to people like <mask>, William Cecil, and Catherine Willoughby, a successful career seemed assured for <mask>. Unfortunately for <mask>, Queen Mary ascended the throne in 1553 and the entire religious climate of the country changed. For years, it was thought that at the accession of Mary, <mask> fled to the Continent to avoid persecution. However, typographical and other evidence has convinced scholars that <mask> set up a clandestine press in premises connected to William Cecil in Lincolnshire,  and that he continued to print Protestant polemical works under the pseudonym Michael Wood. The "Michael Wood" pamphlets included Protestant writings by Lady Jane Grey, <mask>, and Stephen Gardiner, and attacks on Mary and her advisors. On 16 October 1554, according to the diary of Henry Machyn, <mask> was caught and sent to the Tower of London for printing "naughty books". In the Book of Martyrs, Foxe records statements made in prison to <mask> by the future martyr <mask>, "spake being then in prison, to the Printer of this present booke, who then also was layd up for lyke cause of religion".Perhaps because the flight of foreign Protestant workers under Mary was causing a shortage of printers, <mask> was released the next year and allowed to work again, but only as a jobbing printer. He reunited with Seres (also recently released from prison) to produce works of Catholicism for Catholic printer <mask>, a far cry from the Protestant polemics he printed prior to imprisonment. He also served as the official printer of the City of London for two years. Elizabethan period

With the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth I in 1558, <mask>'s business blossomed once more. <mask> was already close to Cecil, who had now become one of the new Queen's top advisors. Through Cecil, <mask> was awarded the valuable monopoly on printing ABCs. He also befriended Robert Dudley (son of <mask>), another of Elizabeth's favorites.With the help of his connections, <mask> was able to obtain a lucrative patent to print William Cuningham's Cosmographical Glasse. He produced the first edition in 1559 using a new italic font of the highest quality (probably cut by François Guyot) and a large number of impressive woodcuts. <mask> absorbed the high production costs himself, since he knew the work would solidify his reputation as a master printer. <mask>'s patent to print Cuningham—his first under Elizabeth—gave him exclusive rights to the work for life; it also allowed him to retain a monopoly for seven years on any other original works that were not covered by other patents, were "compiled at <mask>'s expense", and were "not repugnant to Holy Scripture or the law". This stipulation would be an important source of income for the rest of his life. <mask> took advantage of the monopoly clause, reestablishing his Edwardian patent for The ABC with Little Catechism. In 1559, he obtained a patent for The Whole Booke of Psalmes, Collected into English Meter, a metrical psalter, compiled mostly by Thomas Sternhold and <mask>, that <mask> first published in 1562.The Stationers' Company guaranteed <mask> the right to print all "psalmes in metre with note", in other words, psalms with music. Despite the fact that psalmes had usually been learned by rote, the business proved lucrative, reflecting a rise in musical literacy during the period. The Whole Booke of Psalmes became the period's best-selling book and the standard English psalter of its time. <mask>'s monopolies on these perennially popular works would be the basis of great wealth over the years and a good deal of conflict between him and his fellow stationers. In legal proceedings towards the end of <mask>'s life, it was estimated that these particular patents were worth between £200 and £500 per year. Actes and Monuments

In 1563, <mask> undertook the work for which he is best known, <mask>'s Actes and Monuments (also called The Book of Martyrs). <mask> and Foxe probably met through Cecil, and the two became close collaborators.Foxe was among those who seized on the advances in the printing trade as a tool for the spread of the Protestant Reformation. There is a tradition that Foxe, who revised and added material while the book was being set in type, actually lived at <mask>'s shop at Aldersgate during the production of the book; he certainly received correspondence there and visited regularly. <mask> heavily invested time and money in the production of Foxe's book, the largest publishing project undertaken in England to that time, and he took an active part in the compilation of the material. <mask> used changes in type sizes or fonts to distinguish Foxe's editorial insertions from texts of his sources. The resulting lavish folio filled with woodcuts was an expensive luxury item, but it sold well and <mask> profited from his investment. <mask> continued to take on challenging and difficult projects. He had already printed the first English book of church music in 1560.In 1567, Matthew Parker, the Archbishop of Canterbury, commissioned <mask> to print a collection of writings attributed to the tenth-century Aelfric of Eynsham. For this work, <mask>, known for his fine and varied fonts, had the first-ever font of Anglo-Saxon type cut. The cost was borne by Parker, perhaps <mask>'s most important patron. The font may have been designed by François Guyot, a French type-founder known to have worked for <mask> and lived in his household. <mask> used the same font to print Lambarde's Archaionomia (a collection of Anglo-Saxon laws) in 1568. In 1570, he printed Billingsley and Dee's English Euclid, which included folding and movable diagrams—one of the first printed books ever to do so. In the same year, he printed Ascham's Scholemaster.<mask> and Foxe completed a second edition of the Book of Martyrs in 1570. It was even larger than the first—a total of 2,300 pages in two enormous folio volumes—and at one point, <mask> ran out of paper (which he imported) and had to paste smaller sheets together to make do. This edition received official recognition: William Cecil and the Privy Council directed the church to ensure that copies were available to parishioners, and in 1571, the Convocation ordered that every cathedral church and the household of every senior member of the clergy should own a copy. The edition has been recorded as costing sixteen shillings, roughly equivalent to two months' wages for a skilled London clothworker at the time. Final years

By the late 1570s, there was open discontent among the less wealthy members of the Stationers' Company about <mask>'s extensive patents. He was compelled to go to court against printers who pirated works to which he owned the rights. Among those brought to trial was Roger Ward, who admitted to pirating 10,000 copies of ABC with Catechisms in a font which imitated <mask>'s.<mask>'s former apprentice and sub-contractor <mask> admitted in court that he had pirated The Whole Booke of Psalmes but justified his actions on the grounds that <mask>'s monopolies were a restraint of trade. It was Wolfe who led a group of "poor printers", as they called themselves, in a campaign against the patents in the late 1570s. As a result of an official investigation, <mask> was eventually obliged to concede certain titles to the Company for the benefit of the poorer printers, but he kept the titles he printed most. In 1580, <mask> became Master of the Stationers' Company, and focused vigorously on defending the industry against piracy. His official powers  included the right of "search and seizure", which he did not hesitate to exercise on behalf of the trade or to further his own interests. In 1584, he sent men to break into Wolfe's premises and destroy any materials relating to suspected piracy. Four years before, he had even destroyed his son Richard's printing equipment after Richard had printed the ABC and the Psalmes without his permission.Though Richard was technically co-patentee of these titles, <mask> pursued him into the courts and all but destroyed his printing career. In 1582, <mask>'s health began to deteriorate quickly. Though weakening, he raced to complete another edition of Actes and Monuments in 1583, printing it on at least four presses. It was unusual for books of this size and ambition to go beyond one or two printings. Holinshed's Chronicles, the only book of the time to rival the Book of Martyrs in scope and reputation, never went into a third edition. <mask> died on 23 July 1584 at Walden in Essex. He married twice and fathered thirteen children in each marriage.<mask>'s printer's device showed a sleeper awakening, with the motto "Arise for it is <mask>," both a play on his name and an allusion to the new era of religious reform, in which he was a significant figure. Notes

References
 Alford, Stephen (2002). Kingship and Politics in the Reign of Edward VI. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 Evenden, Elizabeth (2004). "A Biography of <mask>" in <mask>, Acts and Monuments, The Variorum Edition (hriOnline, Sheffield 2004). Retrieved on 2 January 2008. Evenden, Elizabeth; and Julian Roberts (2004)."Bibliographical Aspects of the Acts and Monuments" in <mask>, Acts and Monuments, The Variorum Edition  (hriOnline, Sheffield 2004). Retrieved on 2 January 2008. Fairfield, Leslie P (1972). "The Mysterious Press of 'Michael Wood' (1553–1554)". The Library, 5th series: 27 (3). pp. 220–232.Retrieved on 2 January 2008. Hattaway, Michael (2005). Renaissance and Reformations: An Introduction to Early Modern Literature. Oxford: Blackwell. .
 King, <mask> (1999). "The book trade under Edward VI and Mary I". In The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain. Volume 3: 1400–1557.Lotte Hellinga and J. B. Trapp (eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 King, <mask> (2006). Foxe's 'Book of Martyrs' and Early Modern Print Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 King, <mask> (2002). "<mask>: master printer of the English Reformation". In The Beginnings of English Protestantism.Peter Marshall and Alec Ryrie (eds). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
 Machyn, Henry. "Diary: 1554 (July – Dec)" in Nichols, <mask>: The Diary of Henry Machyn: Citizen and Merchant-Taylor of London (1550–1563), from A.D. 1550 to A.D. 1563 (1848). Retrieved on 3 January 2008. Miller, Miriam. "<mask>, <mask>". Grove Music Online (subscription required).ed. L. Macy. Retrieved on 4 January 2008. Pettegree, Andrew (September 2004; online edition: October 2006). "<mask>, <mask> (1521/2–1584)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved on 2 January 2008.Smith, Jeremy L (2003). Thomas East and Music Publishing in Renaissance England. New York: Oxford University Press. .

Further reading

 Evenden, Elizabeth (2008). Patents, Pictures and Patronage: <mask> and the Tudor Book Trade. Ashgate. .
 Oastler, Christopher Lewis (1975). <mask>, the Elizabethan Printer. Oxford Bibliographical Society: Oxford. .

English printers
16th-century English businesspeople
16th-century Protestants
English Protestants
1520s births
1584 deaths
People from Dunwich

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John Day
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John Foxe
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John Ponet
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John Dudley
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John Hooper
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<mask> (January 1, 1912 – June 3, 2004) was a prominent international labor organizer. He was one of three Reuther brothers (Walter and Roy) who were lifelong members of the U.S. labor movement. His older brother Walter became the president of the United Auto Workers union (UAW) and <mask> became the head of that union's Education Dept. and an organizer on the international level. He was a proponent of social democracy. Early years
He was born in Wheeling, West Virginia, the son of Anna (Stocker) and <mask>, a socialist brewery worker who had immigrated from Germany. His father was a union activist and supporter of Eugene Debs, a socialist candidate for the presidency.He attended college as a freshman at West Virginia University in Morgantown. Later, at the urging of his brother Walter, he attended what is now Wayne State University. Subsequently, he then joined Walter on an extended trip to Europe and Asia, when the brothers worked in the Gorky Automotive Plant. The Reuthers were eventually blacklisted and expelled from the Soviet Union after leading a strike, demanding safer working conditions. Returning to the United States in 1936, <mask> took a job at the Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Company, in Flint, Michigan. It was there that he started to organize the workers into a union that would eventually become the UAW. Reuther lent his support and leadership to the 1936 General Motors Strike where he faced down the billy clubs and tear gas of the violent pro-company police.He was famous for driving around Flint in a car with a loudspeaker mounted on the roof, encouraging the striking workers who were occupying the factories. Reuther was then 24. General Motors (GM) workers in Flint took action, and the strike eventually spread to over 100 other production facilities. During the strike, 90% of GM production was stopped for lack of parts and labor. The strike was eventually settled in February 1937, with many gains for the workers, but <mask> had to leave town with his wife, Sophie (the union's first female organizer), to evade a warrant that had been issued for his arrest by a GM-owned judge. He and Sophie ended up in Anderson, Indiana, to support another strike taking place there and another battle against thugs, corrupt police, and public officials "in the pocket" of the corporations that were determined to wipe the union out. World War II
The United States entered World War II on December 7, 1941, and for millions of American workers, industrial production was converted to supplying war material.Reuther was among the first to sense the waste and extravagant spending that the large corporations were engaging in now that they were getting lucrative military contracts. Reuther went to Washington, D.C., and informed the Roosevelt (New Deal) Democrats of the idle machinery and infrastructure that could be turned over to military production, and subsequently there were much stricter controls on how, when, and where government allocations to private corporations could be spent. Postwar
After the war, Reuther traveled to Germany and was instrumental in the reorganization of its labor unions. Through the remainder of his life he continued to be a strong supporter of the union movement in Germany and the rest of Europe. In 1947, his brother Walter was elected as the president of the UAW. Shortly after that <mask> became the head of the union's Education Department. He was a vocal advocate of the recruitment of women, minorities, and young people into leadership positions for the union.Reuther saw the positive results that offering further education to the rank-and-file workers would bring to the workplace and to future generations of workers. Assassination Attempt
In 1949, <mask> began receiving calls from the Detroit Police Department claiming that neighbors were complaining about his dogs barking. When he went outside to check on the dog, a parked car drove away from the front of his house. After the police issued a "final warning" he gave the dog to some friends. The next evening, while he was reading a newspaper, a shotgun-wielding assassin fired at him through a closed window, hitting Reuther in the face and upper body. Waking in the hospital Reuther told his surgeon, "Take my eye, or my arm or leg, but spare my tongue. I've got a living to make."Reuther lost an eye and the partial use of one arm but survived. The gunman was never caught. Even though the Detroit police had some very good eyewitness accounts and descriptions, they never followed up successfully on any of the leads. One neighbor offered descriptions of the shooter to police, but he was rejected and began receiving anonymous phone calls telling him to shut up. His brother Walter had earlier survived an April 1948 incident in which he was hit by a shotgun blast through his kitchen window. Reuther happened to turn towards his wife, and was hit in the arm instead of the chest and heart. That crime also was never solved.Later life
Reuther recovered from the assassination attempt and continued to lead the union's Education Department for several more years. He was eventually named the UAW's International Director. He was active in the labor movement of many European countries, and became very well known in the Canadian union scene. His brother, Walter, was killed in a plane crash in 1970, and in 1973, <mask> decided to retire and write his memoir "The Brothers Reuther and the Story of the UAW," which was published in 1976. He continued to speak at union conventions and rallies and earned much respect for his unyielding view that working people should always be making gains in terms of wages and working conditions. During the separation of the UAW and the Canadian Auto Workers (CAW) in the mid-1980s, he was fully supportive of the Canadian workers' motives. He felt that the UAW had been giving too much in the way of concessions to the US corporations, and it was his belief that the Canadian union would set a good example for their US counterpart.He remained active well into his declining years and died in Washington at the age of 92. Archives
His life and roles in the United Automobile Workers are documented through several archival collections at the Walter P. Reuther Library. Materials include personal papers, such as correspondence and notes, as well as administrative files relating to his activities in various UAW departments. Researchers are encouraged to find the collections at its website

Bibliography
<mask>, Sources G. "The Brothers Reuther and the Story of the UAW: A Memoir." Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1976. <mask>, <mask>. "Die Brueder Reuther. Eine Autobiographie sowie die Geschichte der amerikanischen Automobilarbeitergewerkschaft UAW."Koeln: Bund Verlag GmbH, 1989
<mask>, <mask>. "Verraten in Gorki. Die Tragödie der ausländischen Arbeiter in den sowjetischen Autowerken in Gorki." Bonn: Verlag J.H.W. Dietz Nachf. GmbH, 2002 (in German)

References

 Barnard, John. American Vanguard: The United Auto Workers during the Reuther Years, 1935-1970. Wayne State U.Press, 2004. 607 pp. Kempton, Murray. "The Reuther Brothers" in Part of Our Time: Some Ruins and Monuments of the Thirties (1955, repr. 1998, repr. 2004)
 Zieger, Robert H. The CIO, 1935-1955 (1995)

Trade unionists from West Virginia
West Virginia University alumni
Wayne State University alumni
United Auto Workers people
American amputees
1912 births
2004 deaths
People from Wheeling, West Virginia
Walter Reuther

masks:
Victor George Reuther
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Saúl Armendáriz (born May 20, 1970) is an American-born Mexican luchador, or professional wrestler, who works as an exótico for several independent promotions all over the world under the ring name Cassandro. He is a former NWA World Welterweight and UWA World Lightweight Champion. In 2009, Armendáriz signed a contract with American promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), but was released before making his official debut. Professional wrestling career
Armendáriz was born and raised in El Paso, Texas, but also spent a lot of time just across the Mexican border in Juárez, Chihuahua, his family's native town. At the age of fifteen, Armendáriz quit school and began training lucha libre in Juárez. He officially began his professional wrestling career in 1988, working under a mask as Mister Romano. The character, made up by well known luchador Rey Misterio, was a gladiator themed rudo (villain).Less than a year later, Armendáriz was encouraged to abandon the character and take on a new exótico character by Babe Sharon. Exóticos are male wrestlers dressed in drag portraying gay caricatures. While most exóticos were straight, both Sharon and Armendáriz were gay. Armendáriz wrestled his first match as an exótico in Juárez, working unmasked and under the new ring name Rosa Salvaje ("Wild Rose"). Universal Wrestling Association (1989–1995)
In late 1989, Armendáriz joined the Mexican Universal Wrestling Association (UWA) promotion, where he formed a new partnership with fellow exótico Pimpinela Escarlata, whom he had first met when the two were trained together in Juárez. Eventually, Armendáriz decided to change his ring name and, in order to do so, first lost the right to use his old one by losing to Johnny Vannessa in a Lucha de Apuestas (bet match). He then adopted the new ring name Cassandro, which he took from a Tijuana brothel keeper named Cassandra, whom he adored.On January 28, 1991, after a negative backlash to reports that he was going to get to wrestle El Hijo del Santo for the UWA World Welterweight Championship, Armendáriz attempted suicide by cutting his wrists with a razor blade, but was saved by Escarlata, who found him in the bathroom. The title match happened a week later and Armendáriz credits it as the match that earned him the lucha libre community's acceptance. Though <mask> failed to win the UWA World Welterweight Championship from El Hijo del Santo, he managed to win his first title, the UWA World Lightweight Championship, on October 29, 1992, by defeating Lasser, becoming the first exótico in history to hold a championship in UWA. After a twenty-month reign, he would lose the title to El Seminarista. He would wrestle for UWA until 1995, when the promotion closed its doors, and began then wrestling on the independent circuit for promotions both in Mexico and the United States. Around this time, Armendáriz began abusing drugs and alcohol, which started to affect his professional wrestling career. Through spiritualism, he finally found sobriety on June 4, 2003, a date, which is tattooed on his back.Lucha Libre AAA World Wide (2005–2008)
After several quiet years, <mask>. The big grudge match between <mask> and Escarlata took place on May 18, 2006, and ended in a no contest, after which the two competitors agreed to a Hair vs. Hair match at a future date. On June 18 at Triplemanía XIV, <mask> led a four-man team to face Escarlata's team in an eight-man tag team match, which ended in another no contest. Shortly afterwards, <mask> suffered an injury, which led to him leaving AAA and returning to the independent circuit. A year later on July 15, 2007, at Triplemanía XV, <mask> made a one night return to AAA, teaming with Alfa, Cynthia Moreno and Faby Apache to defeat Escarlata, Cynthia Moreno, El Oriental and Mini Abismo Negro. Three months later, <mask> began again wrestling regularly for AAA, now working as a técnico, teaming with Escarlata against the rudo exótico stable Los Night Queens (Jessy, Nygma, Polvo de Estrellas and Yuriko).Eventually, <mask> and Escarlata formed the stable Los Exoticos with May Flowers and Pasión Cristal to even out the numbers between the rival groups. Independent circuit (2008–present)

After once again leaving AAA in April 2008, <mask> began working for promotions such as National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), Perros del Mal Producciones (PdM), Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South (IWA-MS) and in early 2009 signed a contract with American promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). Armandariz made his TNA debut on January 27, 2009, working under the ring name Satanico del Exotico in a dark match, where he defeated Petey Williams. In March, TNA began promoting Armandariz's upcoming debut under the new ring name Andromeda. However, after several months of inactivity with the promotion, it was reported in August that Armendáriz and TNA had parted ways. Armendáriz publicly blamed his departure on homophobia. On April 3, 2010, <mask> made his debut for Ring of Honor (ROH), defeating Rhett Titus at The Big Bang!pay-per-view. During the match, Armendáriz broke his leg, which forced him to pull out of Chikara's King of Trios tournament later that same month. On June 25, 2011, NWA Mexico, while touring the United Kingdom, set up a match to determine the first NWA World Welterweight Champion since getting the title back from Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). In the match <mask> defeated Dr. Cerebro to win the championship. On October 9, 2011, at Héroes Inmortales, <mask> made his return to AAA, saving Pimpinela Escarlata from exóticos Nygma, Pasión Cristal and Polvo de Estrellas, who had recently started a storyline rivalry with Escarlata based on their envy of the new Reina de Reinas Champion. <mask> wrestled his AAA return match on November 5, teaming with Escarlata and La Braza in a six-man tag team match, where they defeated Nygma, Pasión Cristal and Yuriko. On February 17, 2012, Armendáriz announced he was taking an indefinite hiatus from professional wrestling.It was later revealed that Armendáriz had torn his anterior cruciate ligament and meniscus and would have to undergo surgery, which would sideline him from professional wrestling for ten to twelve months. <mask> returned to the ring in early 2013. On March 16, 2013, <mask> took part in Ray Mendoza Jr.'s retirement event, where he teamed up with El Hijo de Pirata Morgan to compete in a Ruleta de la Muerte, a losers advance tag team tournament. The duo lost to Máscara Año 2000 and Rayo de Jalisco Jr. in the first round and to El Solar and Toscano in the second round qualifying them for the finals, where the losing team would be forced to either unmask or have their hair shaved off. The team faced, and lost, to the team of Villano IV and Ray Mendoza Jr., which meant Cassandro had to have his hair shaved off, while El Hijo de Pirata Morgan had to unmask as is traditional with Lucha de Apuestas losses. Other media
Through his regular tours of the United Kingdom and his fluency in English, <mask> has gained some mainstream attention in the country, including being interviewed on BBC Breakfast. In February 2017, Cassandro appeared in a skit on Conan, training Conan O'Brien and Andy Richter to become luchadores.He was featured in a 2016 New Yorker article entitled "How the Drag Queen Cassandro Became a Star of Mexican Wrestling." He is the subject of the 2018 documentary film Cassandro the Exotico!, by Marie Losier. Personal life
Armendáriz is openly homosexual. On May 7, 2021, he had a brain embolism removed. Championships and accomplishments
NWA Mexico
NWA World Welterweight Championship (1 time)
Universal Wrestling Association
UWA World Lightweight Championship (1 time)
Other titles
Chikara Welterweight Championship (1 time)1

1Championship not recognized by Chikara. Luchas de Apuestas record

See also
 List of exóticos

Footnotes

References

External links
AAA profile

Cassandro on the Art of Wrestling

1970 births
Mexican male professional wrestlers
Living people
People from El Paso, Texas
Professional wrestlers from Texas
Gay sportsmen
LGBT professional wrestlers
LGBT sportspeople from Mexico
LGBT people from Texas
American male professional wrestlers
Mexican people of American descent
American emigrants to Mexico
Exóticos
21st-century LGBT people

masks: Cassandro Cassandrompscarlata Cassandro Cassandro Cassandro Cassandro Cassandro Cassandro Cassandro Cassandro Cassandro Cassandro Cassandro Cassandro Cassandro Cassandro


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<mask>  is a Canadian civil servant who served as the commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) from July 16, 2007 to November 20, 2011. He held a number of roles in the Government of Canada, including as the national security advisor to the prime minister, associate deputy minister of Public Safety Canada and deputy commissioner of the Canadian Coast Guard. <mask> was the RCMP's first civilian commissioner. Early life
<mask> received a Bachelor of Arts in 1976 and a Bachelor's degree in Common Law in 1979, both from the University of Ottawa. He was called to the Bar of Ontario in 1981 and remains a member of the Law Society of Upper Canada as a non-practicing lawyer. Career
<mask> started his professional career in 1981 as a lawyer in a private law practice. In 1988, he left private practice to join the Deputy Prime Minister of Canada's office as a Legal Advisor and Special Assistant and  then Executive Assistant in 1989.In 1990, <mask> was promoted to Chief of Staff to Deputy Prime Minister Don Mazankowski in the Mulroney government, a position he held until 1992. Department of Justice Canada
In 1992, <mask> joined the Public Service of Canada as Senior Counsel/Manager, Comprehensive Claims and Northern Affairs for the Department of Justice and was based at the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development Legal Services Unit. In 1994, he was promoted to Senior General Counsel and Head of Legal Services, Indian Affairs and Northern Development. Canadian Coast Guard
In 1998, <mask> was appointed Deputy Commissioner of the Canadian Coast Guard and held the authority of an Assistant Deputy Minister. Transport Canada
From 2000 to 2003, <mask> was appointed Assistant Deputy Minister, Safety and Security, at Transport Canada. The Safety and Security Branch of Transport Canada is responsible for the development and enforcement of regulations and national standards, as well as for the implementation of monitoring, testing, and inspections, which contribute to safety and security in the aviation, marine, rail and road modes of transport. Privy Council Office
<mask> was appointed Assistant Secretary to the Cabinet in 2003, responsible for the Security and Intelligence Secretariat of the Privy Council Office.The secretariat provides support and secretariat services to the Cabinet Committee for Foreign Affairs and Security (formerly the Cabinet Committee on Security, Public Health and Emergencies), in addition to the Advisory Council on National Security who provides confidential expert advice to the Government through the National Security Advisor on issues related to national security. In his role, <mask> supported the National Security Advisor and as Assistant Secretary, was responsible for the support and secretariat services provided to Cabinet Committees and Ministers of the Crown. In April 2005, <mask> was appointed by Prime Minister Paul Martin as National Security Advisor. Public Safety Canada
On May 1, 2006, Prime Minister <mask> appointed <mask> the Associate Deputy Minister of Public Safety Canada, alongside Deputy Minister of Public Safety, <mask>. In his role, <mask> assumed responsibility for several key branches within the Department, including the Policing, Law Enforcement and Interoperability Branch; and, the Emergency Management and National Security Branch. Royal Canadian Mounted Police
<mask> was announced as the 22nd commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police on 6 July 2007, by Prime Minister <mask>, making him the first commissioner that had not previously served in the police or military. He formally assumed command on July 16, 2007.His appointment came after the resignation of Giuliano Zaccardelli, who left the force rocked by scandal and in crisis. Reaction to <mask>'s appointment was mixed. Public perceptions are that the force's problems are rooted in its institutional culture and many felt that someone from outside the Canadian policing milieu and "free of loyalties" was necessary to effect necessary change. Many on the force, however, believe that one of their own, someone "who understands the force's unique culture and structure was needed to clean up the organization." On February 4, 2011 the Prime Minister's Office announced that <mask> would step down as commissioner in the summer of 2011. As a civilian appointment, <mask> never wore the RCMP uniform during his time as Commissioner, except on a trip to Afghanistan, where he wore the uniform shirt with his rank on the shoulders, and also a Smith and Wesson model 5946 9 mm pistol on his hip. He was provided the most basic of training in order to maintain safety of others but did not meet the standard an RCMP cadet would have to meet.A large number of members believed this was a contradiction of his own words that he would not wear a uniform he did not earn. INTERPOL
On August 18, 2011, the Secretary General of INTERPOL, Ronald K. Noble, announced that <mask> will be appointed to a three-year term as Special Representative of INTERPOL to the United Nations, effective November 21, 2011. He previously served as a Delegate for the America's with INTERPOL's Executive Committee. <mask>'s responsibilities will include working to facilitate and enhance co-operation between INTERPOL and the United Nations and its agencies on matters of terrorism, transnational organized crime and international police cooperation. As head of INTERPOL's UN office, the Special Representative of INTERPOL to the United Nations assists both organizations to develop key INTERPOL-UN partnerships to combat international crime and works with senior officials at the UN to identify resource-sharing opportunities. Honours

Order of Merit of the Police Forces
The Order of Merit of the Police Forces honours a career of exceptional service or distinctive merit displayed by the men and women of the Canadian Police Services, and recognizes their commitment to this country. The primary focus is on exceptional merit, contributions to policing and community development.As Commissioner of the RCMP, <mask> holds the Commission of Principal Commander of the Order of Merit of the Police Forces. Upon leaving the RCMP, <mask> will continue to be a Commander of the Order. The Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem
The Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem has been a Canadian national honour since 1990, recognizing charitably minded men and women whose philanthropy is expressed principally through its two foundations, the St. John Eye Hospital in Jerusalem and St. John Ambulance. <mask> was installed an Officer of the Order of St. John in 2008. Queen's Counsel
In 1992, <mask> was commissioned a Queen's Counsel (or King's Counsel during the reign of a male sovereign), a lawyer appointed by letters patent to be one of "Her [or His] Majesty's Counsel learned in the law". While Ontario has ceased appointments to the rank of Queen's Counsel, membership continues to exist in various provinces within Canada and Commonwealth countries around the world. Privileges of membership include sitting within the Bar of court.Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal (2002)
The Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal was created in 2002 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the ascension of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II to the throne. The Medal was awarded to Canadians who have made outstanding and exemplary contributions to their communities or to Canada as a whole. <mask> was awarded the Golden Jubilee Medal in 2002. Notes and references

Notes

References
Prime Minister's Office (2005). News Release: Prime Minister announces the appointment of his National Security Advisor. Retrieved July 8, 2005. Transport Canada (2000)."The New Assistant Deputy Minister – Safety and Security", Newsletter Fall 2000. Retrieved July 8, 2005. Prime Minister's Office (2006). News Release: Prime Minister announces changes in the senior ranks of the Public Service. Retrieved April 29, 2006. Canadian civil servants
Royal Canadian Mounted Police commissioners
University of Ottawa alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Canadian Queen's Counsel
University of Ottawa Faculty of Law alumni

masks:
William John Shannon Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Stephen Harper
Elliott
Suzanne Hurtubise
Elliott
Elliott
Stephen Harper
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott
Elliott


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<mask> (c. 1625 – c. 1698), also known as Mother Creswell and Madam <mask> of Clerkenwell, was one of the most successful prostitutes and brothel keepers of the English seventeenth century. Starting with houses in Bartholomew Close, in the City of London and St Leonard's, Shoreditch, she built a widespread network of brothels across London, supplied with girls and women from across England. Her employees included the wives of soldiers pressed into service for Charles II and gentlewomen who had supported the Cavalier cause during the English Civil War and had since fallen on hard times. Her bawdy houses were favoured by King Charles and his court as well as powerful figures in government and city guilds. This position gave her a measure of immunity from prosecution and added to her profile as a caricature of iniquity and corruption. During the Bawdy House Riots of 1668, apprentices smashed up brothels across London, including those belonging to Cresswell. She is listed as one of the addressers of the satirical Whores' Petition, sent to Lady Castlemaine, the King's courtesan.The letter requests help for the "sister" prostitutes who have had their livelihoods destroyed, asking that the brothels be rebuilt with money from the national tax coffers. Supporter of the prominent Whig, anti-Catholic, and anti-Carolean Thomas Player, <mask> financed his political campaigns. In her final years she was attacked by both Protestants and Catholics: by Protestants for providing the royal court with whores, and by Catholics for financing Player's political rebellion. <mask> occupied a rare position in seventeenth-century England, as a person of common birth who rose to a position of high status as an independently wealthy, unmarried woman running a substantial business enterprise. She figures in a wide assortment of contemporary literature and songs, in ballads, poems, broadsides, novels and party pamphlets, often portrayed as a caricature of vice, a satirical figure of street commentary, sexual theatre and political bawdry. Life and career
<mask> was born in about 1625, probably in the small village of Knockholt in Kent, England. Her middle-class Protestant family were influential, with strong connections to the powerful Percival family, favoured by King Charles I.By July 1658 <mask> is recorded as a bawd "without rival in her wickedness", running a brothel in Bartholomew Close, a small street off Little Britain in the City of London. That month she was brought to trial in Hicks Hall, where constable John Marshall gave evidence that "<mask> living in Bartholomew Close was found with divers Gentlemen and Women in her House at divers times". Marshall notes that some of the women were "sent to Bridewell", a notorious London prison. She subsequently attempted to bribe the police to avoid publicity for the court case. She was living two miles to the northeast of Bartholomew Close in St Leonard's, Shoreditch, by October 1658, when a mass of angry locals gathered at Westminster Court to give evidence against her and the prostitutes she ran from her "house". They stated that she:
... did entertain divers loose Persons, Men and Women suspected to have committed bawrdy...the said <mask> having lately taken a House ... for which she paid £100 for a Fine and a Rent of £40 per annum, whereunto many Persons well-habited have resorted by Day as by Nyght ... continued Drinking, Ranting, Dancing, Revelling, Swearing ... demeaning themselves as well on the Lord's Day and Fast Days. Witnesses told of seeing men and women going into rooms, 'the Woman having stript to her Bodice and Petticoat going into a room where they have shut the Casement and locked the Door ... some Company drunk about a dozen bottles of wine and further that divers Women suspected of Lightness have ... did surreptitiously slip in at a back gate whereby much infamy is brought upon the Place.The amassed neighbours told of further infamies, such as when whores "in the habit of a Gentlewoman began to propose a Health to the Privy Member of a Gentleman ... and afterwards drank a Toast to her own Private Parts". They complained that, such was the proliferation of bawds in the area around the house that the daughters of local families were assumed to be prostitutes by the men visiting the brothel. For her iniquities, <mask> was "sett to Hard Labour" in prison. Success
By 1660, like her fellow Londoner Damaris Page, <mask> was regarded as one of the great figures of the London scene, with a talent for self-promotion. She declared she had "Beauties of all Complexions, from the cole-black clyng-fast to the golden lock'd insatiate, from the sleepy ey'd Slug to the lewd Fricatrix". She had a network of agents across the country who found her pretty young girls. Among her brothels, she owned one in Lincoln's Inn Fields by Whetstone Park where she sold "strong waters and fresh-faced wenches to all who had guineas to buy them with."Her headquarters were in a brothel on Back Alley off Moor Lane, near Cripplegate, where Moorgate station stands today. She also ran an office in Millbank to organise whores for local noblemen and owned both a mansion in Clerkenwell and a "House of Assignation" where women old and young could discreetly meet their lovers. She took on a cohort of Cavalier gentlewomen from formerly high circles of society who had opposed the parliamentarian uprising, their standing destroyed by the civil war. This network of women worked the alleys close to the Gresham Royal Exchange in the city, and so were known as the "Countesses of the Exchange" or "side-pillows". The Bawdy House Riots and the Whores' Petition
King Charles II patronised Cresswell's establishments, as he did those of Madam Damaris Page; he declared Cresswell's to be "a Sound organisation". She became as well known as the politicians of her time, largely shielded from legal proceedings by her extensive London network of clients across the court, the guilds and government. Her increasing immunity from prosecution furthered her stature as a hate figure, particularly with the many thousands of London apprentices who could not afford her bawds, and bound by the terms of their contracts, were forbidden to marry.The houses of <mask> and Page were a target for the 1668 Bawdy House Riots that swept London. Starting on Shrove Tuesday, the rioting lasted for five days, as young apprentices burnt and smashed the royally supported brothels. To some, the brothels symbolised Charles's continental style court: licentious and awash with unaffordable debauchery. The apprentices attacked her "cathouse" in Moorfields, assaulting the women, tearing up the bedding, looting the property and destroying the building. Following the riot, Page and <mask> are listed as the addressers of The Whores' Petition, sent to Lady Castlemaine, the King's lover, notorious for her own wild promiscuity. Some historians, such as Linnane, infer an active role of the addressers Page and <mask> in the writing of the document. Others such as Mowry and Turner suggest it is an organ of political ventriloquism on behalf of anonymous, radical dissenters.In an act of brazen public satire, the two brothel owners request that the aristocrat act on the behalf of her "sisters" and repay the madams for the rebuilding of their brothels, funded by the national tax coffers. They address Castlemaine as a prostitute herself and list the sites of the brothels where her fellows struggle. It is addressed as:

Given her great experience in whoring, Lady Castlemaine would, they argued, be able to sympathise deeply with prostitutes across the city. "Should your Eminency but once fall into these Rough hands", they wrote, "you may expect no more Favour than they have shewn unto us poor Inferiour Whores". Diarist Samuel Pepys noted that Castlemaine was "horribly vexed" by the petition. The letter itself was so finely tuned to the political dynamics of the day that though the printer was arrested, the court censor writes that "I can fasten nothing on The Poor Whore's Petition that a jury will take notice of." The Petition caused a flurry of broadside satires, poems and ballads on the subject through the following year.The historian James Turner identifies this event as an example of a new carnivalisation of sexuality in Restoration England, where genuine political attack, satire, street commentary and bawdy theatre came together. Two years after the riots, a mob gathered once more and again swore they would raze Cresswell's cathouse to the ground, though protection from the local beadles prevented the attack. Political affiliation
Cresswell never married. She was widely considered to be the lover of City Chamberlain Sir Thomas Player, nicknamed Sir <mask>. He was a prominent Whig, an anti-Catholic, and an anti-Carolean, who gave large banquets for his political affiliates at <mask>'s house in Camberwell. These were said often to turn into orgies. On one occasion, Cresswell provisioned such a party with 300 prostitutes; the story of the night was promptly turned into a local ballad.<mask> bankrolled Player's career during this period, which gave her leverage in the political and financial underworld but also made her fierce enemies. Player's support for the anti-Catholic rebel Titus Oates and the avowedly Protestant claimant to the throne the Duke of Monmouth proved to be his ruin. <mask> attempted to distance herself from any political affiliation, but was ultimately attacked by Protestants for providing the royal court with whores and by Catholics for financing Player. In 1681, she was brought to trial and convicted for "over thirty years of bawdry"; during the proceedings many of her own prostitutes testified against her. Her brothel at Moorfields was taken from her, but her businesses continued as usual. Last years

Creswell's health deteriorated towards the end of her life, probably because of tuberculosis. She appears ill and careworn in the portrait of her engraved by Marcellus Laroon, which now hangs in London's National Portrait Gallery.<mask> was incarcerated in Bridewell Prison and she died there. Differing sources place the year of her death at some point around 1698. In her will she requested "a Decent Buryall in the Parish Church of Nockholt in the County of Kent accordynge to the Manner of the Church of England". <mask> was not buried at Knockholt and was possibly interred in the Bridewell graveyard. Several accounts claim that in her will she left £10 for a sermon to be read that said nothing ill of her. After a long search, a young clergyman prepared to perform the funeral rites was found. Following a lengthy sermon on social morality, he is said to have intoned: "By the will of the deceased it is expected that I should mention her and say nothing but what was well of her.All I shall say of her, therefore, is this – she was born well, lived well, and died well; for she was born with the name of <mask>, lived at Clerkenwell, and died in Bridewell." This story appears in many sources, but is probably apocryphal. In contemporary media
<mask> was in a rare position for many reasons. Although she was of common birth, a woman and unmarried, she rose to a position of high status, running a large business enterprise. By mid-life she was an independently wealthy woman, connected across England to rich and powerful men in government and the court. Her network of services were in high demand, counter to the religious and social morals of the day. Cresswell's success was fed by a talent and zest for self-promotion; she openly advertised her bawdy businesses, which helped to build her own profile.She was regularly referenced in party pamphlets, street literature and ballads, and may have been one of the inspirations for the eponymous heroine of Daniel Defoe's satire Moll Flanders. Richard Head and Francis Kirkman, authors who frequented bawdy houses, wrote up and circulated graphic accounts of their encounters with "the old matron" and "her girls" in The English Rogue (1665). She is mentioned often in Nathanael Thompson's Collection of 180 Loyal Songs (1685 and 1694), the Rochester satires and Poems on State Affairs (1697–1707). <mask> is satirised in Thomas Otway's Venice Preserv'd as the figure providing Sir Thomas Player with unending quantities of young flesh and in the anonymous pamphlet A Letter from the Lady Cresswell to Madam C. [Cellier] the midwife (London, 1680). The Whore's Rhetorick  (1683) was an anonymous translation of Ferrante Pallavicino's La Retorica della puttane (1642). Set out like a traditional text book on the ancient art of rhetoric, the adaptation featured a caricature of Cresswell as a philosopher teaching her lifetime's worth of sexual tricks and wiles to Dorethea, the fallen daughter of a ruined royalist. In this satirical parody, the madam advises her young student: "You must cloath your discourse with a meek, grave, and pious aspect, to make your sophistry pass for sincere and real".She recommends researching the nature of the client:
[THE Whore] will find it much to her advantage, to enquire particularly into the
state and quality of all her Suitors affairs, to hinder any disappointment or
surprize: for if she has well informed her self of their busy hours, and when the necessities of their vocation, or the impulse of pleasure, do oblige their attendance; it will be easy to appoint times of meeting, as may give general satisfaction, and enable her to observe her particular engagements. "In the sentiment of my Rhetorick", she lectures "there is no music ought to sound more charmingly in a Whores Ears as the sweet melody created by the clashing of Gold in her own purse." Footnotes

References
Notes

Bibliography

Further reading

External links
Marcellus Laroon's line engraving of <mask>well at the National Portrait Gallery. 1625 births
People from Clerkenwell
English female prostitutes
English brothel owners and madams
17th-century English businesswomen
1690s deaths
17th-century English businesspeople

masks:
Elizabeth Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Elizabeth Cresswell
Cresswell
Elizabeth Cresswell
Elizabeth
Cresswell
Mother Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Thomas Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Cresswell
Elizabeth Cress


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<mask> (born 30 May 1962) is a Finnish politician who is the co-founder and former leader of the Finns Party. He served as Deputy Prime Minister of Finland from 2015 to 2017 and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2015 to 2019. He was elected as a member of the Espoo city council in 2000 and the Parliament of Finland in 2003. In the 2009 European Parliament election he won a seat in the European Parliament with Finland's highest personal vote share (nearly 10% of all votes), becoming the first member of the Finns Party in the European Parliament. He was a member of the European Parliament from 2009 until 2011, when he returned to the Finnish Parliament. In the 2011 parliamentary election, his party won 19.1% of the votes, which was described as "shocking" and "exceptional" by the Finnish media. <mask> himself won the most votes of all  candidates, leaving behind the Finnish Foreign Minister Alexander Stubb and the Minister of Finance Jyrki Katainen in their Uusimaa electoral district.Helsingin Sanomat concluded that "<mask> <mask> rewrote the electoral history books". <mask> has become one of the internationally best-known critics of European Union bailouts and safety mechanisms. Following the 2015 parliamentary election, his party joined a coalition government and <mask> became Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs in May 2015. In March 2017 <mask> announced that he would step down as Chair of the Finns Party in June 2017, causing a hotly contested leadership election. After the selection of Jussi Halla-aho as new party chairman – prompting a break between Prime Minister Juha Sipilä and the Finns Party – <mask> declared his intention to form a new parliamentary group and remain in the government, causing a split in the party. <mask> was subsequently expelled from the party along with the other defector MPs. <mask> did not take part in the 2019 parliamentary election and announced soon after the election that he was leaving politics behind.Family and personal background

<mask> <mask> worked for the food company Linkosuo Oy for two summers in 1981 and 1982 and was Secretary-General and Chairman of the Kehittyvän Suomen Nuorten Liitto (Youth league of developing Finland) from 1983 to 1992. He graduated with a Master of Political Science from the University of Helsinki in 1988, majoring in political theory. His military rank is Corporal. He is a devout Roman Catholic, which he became as a result of his experiences on his many trips to Ireland (in Finland the Catholic Church is a small minority church having merely 11 000 members). He was also influenced by the pope's anti-communism and anti-atheism. <mask> has also publicly announced that he is a cordial friend of the state of Israel. According to the BBC, <mask> is "a die-hard supporter" of English football club Millwall FC.<mask> currently lives in the Kaitaa district of Espoo, in the Greater Helsinki area, and he has resided in the same apartment block since 1968. He is married and has two children. Political career

<mask> was a member of the Finnish Rural Party, and was its Secretary-General from 1992. After the Rural Party dissolved following the March 1995 elections, <mask> and two others filed paperwork, in mid-May 1995, to create a new political party, initially to be called the Pure Finnish Association. It was, instead, founded as the True Finns Party (later the Finns Party) and two years later <mask> succeeded Raimo Vistbacka as Chairman, a position he has held ever since. He ran for a seat in parliament in the spring 1999 elections but lost. He was first elected to the parliament in 2003.<mask> was his party's candidate in the 2006 Presidential election, finishing fifth out of the eight candidates in the first round, with a vote share of 3.4%. In March 2008, <mask> wrote an autobiographical book called Maisterisjätkä, published by Tammi. In 2011 he visited the party conference of UKIP, the British political party with which he has had a long friendship. He was also invited to speak at the UK Conservative Party Conference in 2011 and again spoke at the UKIP National Conference 2013 in London on 20 September. 2011 parliamentary election
The Finns Party obtained 39 seats in the 2011 election, making them the third-largest party. <mask> received 43 437 personal votes (1.5% of all votes), the highest amount of all of the candidates. <mask> managed to raise the popularity of the party from 4.1% to 19.1%  in four years.Helsingin Sanomat opined in an editorial that <mask> "rewrote the electoral history books". According to the BBC, behind <mask>'s success was "brain, wit and charisma". A university professor and a political analyst, Mr. Jan Sundberg, pointed to Soini's oratorical skills and ability to appeal to common people and make complicated things look easy. The election result was also referred to as "shocking" and "exceptional". During the government negotiations following the election the Finns Party decided against participating in Katainen's coalition cabinet, citing greatly differing stances on the EU, especially regarding bailouts for debt-ridden euro countries. 2015 parliamentary election
The Finns Party obtained 38 seats in the 2015 election, becoming second biggest party after Center Party. Coalition negotiations began on 8 May between Center Party, Finns Party and National Coalition Party.<mask> joined the government as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs. Positions held
His curriculum vitae on the European Parliament webpage and the Finnish Parliament webpage list the following:
 Pre-university school-leaving certificate (1981)
 Master of Political Science (1988)
 Youth League of Developing Finland, special correspondent of Suomen Uutiset (1983–89)
 Vice-Chair, Finnish Rural Party (1989–92)
 Party Secretary, Finnish Rural Party (1992–95)
 Chair, The Finns Party (1997–present)
 Member of the Finnish Parliament (2003–2009, 2011–2019)
 Member of the European Parliament (2009–2011)
 Member of Espoo City Council (since 2001)
 Member of Espoo City Board (2007–08)
 Member, Legal Affairs Committee of the Finnish Parliament (2003–07); substitute member, Grand Committee of the Finnish Parliament (2003–07); member, Grand Committee of the Finnish Parliament (2007–09); substitute member, Legal Affairs Committee of the Finnish Parliament (2007–09)
 Chair, Foreign Affairs Committee of the Finnish Parliament (2011–2015); substitute member, Grand Committee of the Finnish Parliament (2011–2015)
 Deputy Prime Minister (2015–2017)
 Minister for Foreign Affairs (2015–2019)

Relationship with the United States

He has frequently visited the United States and received invitations to several establishment meetings, such as National Prayer Breakfast hosted by President Barack Obama. He has also commented on European affairs in the American conservative media, for example on Fox News. In Finland <mask> has also been seen hosting senior American politicians, such as the conservative former presidential candidate Michele Bachmann in April 2014. Views

Climate change
In January 2011, <mask> called for Finland to quit all international climate change agreements. According to him, emission trading is a major financial crime in Europe. The European Union Emission Trading Scheme was introduced in 2005.<mask> wanted to cancel all recent additions to the energy and environmental taxes. He used the expression: "Green taxes are like shooting yourself in the foot". <mask> was criticised for acting as a brake on climate change solutions by MP Oras Tynkkynen, a Green focusing on climate policy, and for calling Finland the North Korea of climate policy by MP Miapetra Kumpula-Natri, a Social Democrat. According to <mask>, he worked on the party's climate policy program for one and a half years. The published program was copied almost word by word from a year old document of the Metal Union written by Matti Putkonen, a former Metal Union employee now working for the Finns Party. Religion
<mask> is a practising Catholic. His views on religious and moral issues include opposition to abortion, homosexuality and the ordination of women as priests.<mask> converted to Roman Catholicism from Lutheranism in 1988. Abortion
In May 2018, <mask>, as a Catholic, criticized the Irish abortion referendum, despite the Sipilä Cabinet and the official position of the Finnish government to support abortion rights. See also
List of foreign ministers in 2017
List of current foreign ministers

References

External links

  Official website
 Profile on the European Parliament's official website

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1962 births
Living people
People from Rauma, Finland
Finnish Roman Catholics
Finnish Rural Party politicians
Leaders of the Finns Party
Blue Reform politicians
Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Finland
Deputy Prime Ministers of Finland
Members of the Parliament of Finland (2003–07)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (2007–11)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (2011–15)
Members of the Parliament of Finland (2015–19)
Finns Party MEPs
MEPs for Finland 2009–2014
Critics of Islamism
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Lutheranism
University of Helsinki alumni
Candidates for President of Finland
Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 2nd Class

masks:
Timo Juhani Soini
Soini
Timo
Soini
Soini
Soini
Soini
Soini
Soini
Soini
Timo
Soini
Soini
Soini
Soini
Soini
Soini
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Soini
Soini
Soini
Soini
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<mask> MBE  FRS (25 February 1924 – 25 July 2013) was a British molecular biologist who made important discoveries in the physiology of muscle. He was a graduate in physics from Christ's College, Cambridge. However, his education was interrupted for five years by the Second World War, during which he served in the Royal Air Force. His contribution to development of radar earned him an MBE. <mask> was the first PhD student of Laboratory of Molecular Biology of the Medical Research Council at Cambridge, where he worked on X-ray diffraction studies on muscle fibres. In the 1950s he was one of the first to use electron microscopy to study biological specimens. During his postdoctoral at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he, with fellow researcher Jean Hanson, discovered the underlying principle of muscle movement, popularised as the sliding filament theory in 1954.After 15 years of research, he proposed the "swinging cross-bridge hypothesis" in 1969, which became modern understanding of the molecular basis of muscle contraction, and much of other cellular motility. <mask> worked at University College London for seven years, and at Laboratory of Molecular Biology for fifteen years, where he was its Deputy Director from 1979. Between 1987 and 1997, he was professor at Brandeis University in Massachusetts, where he spent the rest of his life as emeritus professor. Education
<mask> studied physics at Christ's College, Cambridge in 1941. During his second year, his education was interrupted by the Second World War, and he joined the Royal Air Force as a radar officer. He worked on the development of radar equipment for during 1943 to 1947, for which he was later honoured a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE). His expertise in mechanical and electrical devices became useful throughout his scientific career.After completing his service, he returned to Cambridge for his final year, and he received his BA in physics in 1948. The war had completely diminished his interest in physics, particularly on the horrors of atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. He therefore joined Cambridge University to become the first PhD student in a newly formed Laboratory of Molecular Biology, then a small Medical Research Council MRC unit founded by Max Perutz and John Kendrew, who supervised him. (The LMB was then a small "hut" near the famous Cavendish Laboratory.) He was initially given X-ray analysis of proteins, but he turned to muscle. (The protein study was given to the other student Francis Crick, of the eventual DNA fame.) From there he earned his PhD in 1952 in molecular biology.For his thesis titled Investigations in Biological Structures by X-Ray Methods. The Structure of Muscle, he used low-angle, X-ray scattering of live muscle fibers. Career

Following his PhD, <mask> continued research on the structure and function of muscle. Since Cambridge did not have electron microscopy, which began to be used for biological studies at the time, he went to Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a postdoctoral fellow on a Commonwealth Fellowship in late summer of 1952. He work in F. O. Schmitt's laboratory where he was joined by Jean Hanson in 1953. Their collaboration proved to be fruitful as they discovered the so-called "sliding filament theory" of muscle contraction. Their publication in the 22 May 1954 issue of Nature became a landmark in muscle physiology.He returned to MRC unit of Cambridge in the late spring of 1954. Using X-ray diffraction he found the molecular interaction in the muscle fibres. The LMB was then equipped with electron microscope, but still had technical issues. Knowing his potential the University College London appointed him to the faculty, and moved there to join Bernard Katz's biophysics department in 1955. For his purpose he was bought a new electron microscope with fund from the Wellcome Trust. His innovative contribution was making a modified version of thin-sectioning microtome, by which he could make histological sections of only 100–150 Å in thickness. Based on his LMB X-ray diffraction images, the new technique immediately helped him to establish the cross-bridge concept (interaction site of the muscle proteins, myosin and actin).As the MRC unit was enlarged he was invited back in 1962, with a research fellowship at King's College for five years and then a more permanent one at Churchill College. He became the joint Head of the Structural Studies Division of the LMB in 1975, and its Deputy Director in 1979. In 1969, on the basis of his work over more than 15 years, he finally formulated the "swinging cross-bridge hypothesis" of muscle contraction,  which is the molecular basis of muscle contraction. The concept itself became directly fundamental to other types of cell motility. In 1987 he joined the biology faculty at Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, where he also served as Director of the Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, and becoming emeritus from 1997 until his death. Awards and honours

He was made an MBE in 1948. He was elected member of Fellow of the Royal Society in 1960 (the youngest member at that time) and also won one of its Royal Medals in 1977 and its Copley Medal in 1997.He was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University in 1971. The U.S. National Academy of Sciences appointed him as a Foreign Associate in 1978. He also received the William Bate Hardy Prize in 1966, Antonio Feltrinelli Prize, E. B. Wilson Medal of the American Society for Cell Biology in 1983, and the Franklin Medal in 1990. He was conferred the Albert Einstein World Award of Science in 1987 for his contributions to molecular biology, notably his classic work in the field of muscle biology. <mask> was a Distinguished Supporter of the British Humanist Association. He was among the 43 scientists and philosophers who signed the BHA letter in March 2002 to Prime Minister Tony Blair deploring the teaching of creationism in schools. He also advocated Charles Darwin’s birthday as public holiday, and curricular reforms in elementary science education.Death

<mask> died of heart attack on 25 July 2013 in his home in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. He is survived by his wife, Frances, his daughter, Olwen, and stepchildren, Bill, Glenway, and Amy Fripp. References

External links
<mask>'s Short Talk: "How Muscle Contracts"

1924 births
2013 deaths
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War II
Brandeis University faculty
Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge
Academics of University College London
English biologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Members of the Order of the British Empire
British humanists
Royal Medal winners
Recipients of the Copley Medal
Albert Einstein World Award of Science Laureates
People from Birkenhead
British expatriates in the United States

masks:
Hugh Esmor Huxley
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Hugh Huxley