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<mask> (15 August 1917 – 24 March 1980) was a prelate of the Catholic Church in El Salvador. He served as auxiliary bishop of the archdiocese of San Salvador, the titular bishop of Tambeae, as bishop of Santiago de María, and finally as the fourth archbishop of San Salvador. As archbishop, <mask> spoke out against social injustice and violence amid the escalating conflict between the military government and left-wing insurgents that led to the Salvadoran Civil War. In 1980, <mask> was shot by an assassin while celebrating Mass. Though no one was ever convicted for the crime, investigations by the UN-created Truth Commission for El Salvador concluded that Major Roberto D'Aubuisson, founder of the right-wing Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) political party, had ordered the killing. In 1997, Pope John Paul II bestowed upon <mask> the title of Servant of God, and a cause for his beatification was opened by the church. The cause stalled, but was reopened by Pope Benedict XVI in 2012.<mask> was declared a martyr by Pope Francis on 3 February 2015, paving the way for his beatification on 23 May 2015. During <mask>'s beatification, Pope Francis declared that his "ministry was distinguished by his particular attention to the most poor and marginalized." Pope Francis canonized <mask> on 14 October 2018. Seen as a social conservative at the time of his appointment as archbishop in 1977, <mask> was deeply affected by the murder of his friend and fellow priest Rutilio Grande and thereafter became an outspoken critic of the military government of El Salvador. Hailed by supporters of liberation theology, <mask>, according to his biographer, "was not interested in liberation theology" but faithfully adhered to Catholic teachings on liberation and a preferential option for the poor, desiring a social revolution based on interior reform. Up to the end of his life, his spiritual life drew much from the spirituality of Opus Dei. In 2010, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed 24 March as the "International Day for the Right to the Truth Concerning Gross Human Rights Violations and for the Dignity of Victims" in recognition of the <mask>'s role in defense of human rights.<mask> actively denounced violations of the human rights of the most vulnerable people and defended the principles of protecting lives, promoting human dignity and opposing all forms of violence. Archbishop José Luis Escobar Alas, one of <mask>'s successors as Metropolitan Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Salvador, El Salvador, asked Pope Francis to proclaim <mask> a Doctor of the Church, which is an acknowledgement from the church that his religious teachings were orthodox and had a significant impact on its philosophy and theology. Latin American church groups often proclaim <mask> an unofficial patron saint of the Americas and El Salvador; Catholics in El Salvador often refer to him as <mask>, as well as Monseñor <mask>. Outside of Catholicism, <mask> is honored by other Christian denominations, including the Church of England and Anglican Communion, through the Calendar in Common Worship, as well as in at least one Lutheran liturgical calendar. <mask> is also one of the ten 20th-century martyrs depicted in statues above the Great West Door of Westminster Abbey in London. Early life

<mask> <mask> was born on 15 August 1917 to <mask> and Guadalupe de Jesús Galdámez in Ciudad Barrios in the San Miguel department of El Salvador. On 11 May 1919, at the age of one, <mask> was baptized into the Catholic Church by the priest Cecilio Morales.He had five brothers and two sisters: Gustavo, Zaída, Rómulo, Mamerto, Arnoldo, Gaspar, and Aminta (who died shortly after birth). <mask> entered the local public school, which offered only grades one through three. When finished with public school, <mask> was privately tutored by a teacher, Anita Iglesias, until the age of thirteen. During this time <mask>'s father trained him in carpentry. <mask> showed exceptional proficiency as an apprentice. His father wanted to offer his son the skill of a trade, because in El Salvador studies seldom led to employment, however, the <mask> broached the idea of studying for the priesthood, which did not surprise those who knew him. Priesthood

<mask> entered the minor seminary in San Miguel at the age of thirteen.He left the seminary for three months to return home when his mother became ill after the birth of her eighth child; during this time he worked with two of his brothers in a gold mine near Ciudad Barrios. After graduation, he enrolled in the national seminary in San Salvador. He completed his studies at the Gregorian University in Rome, where he received a Licentiate in Theology cum laude in 1941, but had to wait a year to be ordained because he was younger than the required age. He was ordained in Rome on 4 April 1942. His family could not attend his ordination because of travel restrictions due to World War II. <mask> remained in Italy to obtain a doctoral degree in Theology, specializing in ascetical theology and Christian perfection according to Luis de la Puente. Before finishing, in 1943 at the age of 26, he was summoned back home from Italy by his bishop.He traveled home with a good friend, Father Valladares, who was also doing doctoral work in Rome. On the route home, they made stops in Spain and Cuba, where they were detained by the Cuban police, likely for having come from Fascist Italy, and were placed in a series of internment camps. After several months in prison, Valladares became sick and Redemptorist priests helped to have the two transferred to a hospital. From the hospital they were released from Cuban custody and sailed on to Mexico, then traveled overland to El Salvador. <mask> was first assigned to serve as a parish priest in Anamorós, but then moved to San Miguel where he worked for over 20 years. He promoted various apostolic groups, started an Alcoholics Anonymous group, helped in the construction of San Miguel's cathedral, and supported devotion to Our Lady of Peace. He was later appointed rector of the inter-diocesan seminary in San Salvador.Emotionally and physically exhausted by his work in San Miguel, <mask> took a retreat in January 1966 where he visited a priest for confession and a psychiatrist. He was diagnosed by the psychiatrist as having obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and by priests with scrupulosity. In 1966, he was chosen to be Secretary of the Bishops Conference for El Salvador. He also became the director of the archdiocesan newspaper Orientación, which became fairly conservative while he was editor, defending the traditional Magisterium of the Catholic Church. Bishop and Archbishop
On 25 April 1970, <mask> was appointed an auxiliary bishop for the Archdiocese of San Salvador and as the titular bishop of Tambeae. He was consecrated on 21 June by Girolamo Prigione, titular Archbishop of Lauriacum. On 15 October 1974, he was appointed Bishop of the Diocese of Santiago de María, a poor, rural region.On 3 February 1977, <mask> was appointed Archbishop of San Salvador, assuming the position on 22 February. While this appointment was welcomed by the government, many priests were disappointed, especially those openly supportive of Marxist ideology. The progressive priests feared that his conservative reputation would negatively affect liberation theology's commitment to the poor. On 12 March 1977, Rutilio Grande, a Jesuit priest and personal friend of <mask> who had been creating self-reliance groups among the poor, was assassinated. His death had a profound impact on <mask>, who later stated: "When I looked at Rutilio lying there dead I thought, 'If they have killed him for doing what he did, then I too have to walk the same path.'" <mask> urged the government to investigate, but they ignored his request. Furthermore, the censored press remained silent.Tension was noted by the closure of schools and the lack of Catholic priests invited to participate in government. In response to Grande's murder, <mask> revealed an activism that had not been evident earlier, speaking out against poverty, social injustice, assassinations and torture. On 15 October 1979, the Revolutionary Government Junta (JRG) came to power amidst a wave of human rights abuses by paramilitary right-wing groups and the government, in an escalation of violence that would become the Salvadoran Civil War. <mask> criticized the United States for giving military aid to the new government and wrote an open letter to President Jimmy Carter in February 1980, warning that increased US military aid would "undoubtedly sharpen the injustice and the political repression inflicted on the organized people, whose struggle has often been for their most basic human rights." This letter was then sent, via telegram, from the U.S. embassy in El Salvador to Washington D.C. Carter did not directly respond to the letter; instead, Cyrus Vance, the Secretary of State, wrote a telegram back to the U.S. embassy. The telegram carried a very contradictory message, both stating that the United States will not interfere but will respond to the Revolutionary Government Junta's requests. It is unknown if Archbishop <mask> received the telegram.On 11 May 1979, <mask> met with Pope John Paul II and unsuccessfully attempted to obtain a Vatican condemnation of the Salvadoran military regime for committing human rights violations and its support of death squads, and expressed his frustration in working with clergy who cooperated with the government. He was encouraged by Pope John Paul II to maintain episcopal unity as a top priority. As a result of his humanitarian efforts, <mask> began to be noticed internationally. In February 1980, he was given an honorary doctorate by the Catholic University of Louvain. Statements on persecution of the church

<mask> denounced the persecution of members of the Catholic Church who had worked on behalf of the poor:

Popular radio sermons

By the time of his death, <mask> had gained an enormous following among Salvadorans. He did this largely through broadcasting his weekly sermons across El Salvador on the church's station, YSAX, "except when it was bombed off the air." In these sermons, he listed disappearances, tortures, murders, and much more each Sunday.This was followed by an hour-long speech on radio the following day. On the importance of these broadcasts, one writer noted that "the archbishop's Sunday sermon was the main source in El Salvador about what was happening. It was estimated to have the largest listenership of any programme in the country." According to listener surveys, 73% of the rural population and 47% of the urban listened regularly. Similarly, his diocesan weekly paper Orientación carried lists of cases of torture and repression every week. Theology
According to Jesús Delgado, his biographer and Postulator of the cause for his canonization, <mask> agreed with the Catholic vision of Liberation Theology and not with the materialist vision: "A journalist once asked him: 'Do you agree with Liberation Theology' And <mask> answered: "Yes, of course. However, there are two theologies of liberation.One is that which sees liberation only as material liberation. The other is that of Paul VI. I am with Paul VI." Delgado said that <mask> did not read the books on Liberation Theology which he received, and he gave the lowest priority to Liberation Theology among the topics that he studied. <mask> preached that "the most profound social revolution is the serious, supernatural, interior reform of a Christian." He also emphasized: "The liberation of Christ and of His Church is not reduced to the dimension of a purely temporal project. It does not reduce its objectives to an anthropocentric perspective: to a material well-being or only to initiatives of a political or social, economic or cultural order.Much less can it be a liberation that supports or is supported by violence." <mask> expressed several times his disapproval of divisiveness in the church. In a sermon preached on 11 November 1979 he said: "the other day, one of the persons who proclaims liberation in a political sense was asked: 'For you, what is the meaning of the Church'?" He said that the activist "answered with these scandalous words: 'There are two churches, the church of the rich and the church of the poor. We believe in the church of the poor but not in the church of the rich.'" <mask> declared, "Clearly these words are a form of demagogy and I will never admit a division of the Church." He added, "There is only one Church, the Church that Christ preached, the Church to which we should give our whole hearts.There is only one Church, a Church that adores the living God and knows how to give relative value to the goods of this earth." Spiritual life

<mask> noted in his diary on 4 February 1943: "In recent days the Lord has inspired in me a great desire for holiness. I have been thinking of how far a soul can ascend if it lets itself be possessed entirely by God." Commenting on this passage, James R. Brockman, <mask>'s biographer and author of <mask>: A Life, said that "All the evidence available indicates that he continued on his quest for holiness until the end of his life. But he also matured in that quest." According to Brockman, <mask>'s spiritual journey had some of these characteristics:

 love for the Church of Rome, shown by his episcopal motto, "to be of one mind with the Church," a phrase he took from St. Ignatius' Spiritual Exercises;
 a tendency to make a very deep examination of conscience;
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 emphasis on sincere piety;
 mortification and penance through his duties;
 providing protection for his chastity;
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 "being one with the Church incarnated in this people which stands in need of liberation";
 eagerness for contemplative prayer and finding God in others;
 fidelity to the will of God;
 self-offering to Jesus Christ. <mask> was a strong advocate of the spiritual charism of Opus Dei.He received weekly spiritual direction from a priest of the Opus Dei movement. In 1975 he wrote in support of the cause of canonization of Opus Dei's founder, "Personally, I owe deep gratitude to the priests involved with the Work, to whom I have entrusted with much satisfaction the spiritual direction of my own life and that of other priests." Assassination

On 24 March 1980, <mask> delivered a sermon in which he called on Salvadoran soldiers, as Christians, to obey God's higher order and to stop carrying out the government's repression and violations of basic human rights. <mask> spent 24 March in a recollection organized by Opus Dei, a monthly gathering of priest friends led by Fernando Sáenz Lacalle. On that day they reflected on the priesthood. That evening, <mask> celebrated Mass at a small chapel at Hospital de la Divina Providencia (Divine Providence Hospital), a church-run hospital specializing in oncology and care for the terminally ill. <mask> finished his sermon, stepped away from the lectern, and took a few steps to stand at the center of the altar. As <mask> finished speaking, a red automobile came to a stop on the street in front of the chapel.A gunman emerged from the vehicle, stepped to the door of the chapel, and fired one, possibly two, shots. <mask> was struck in the heart, and the vehicle sped off. He died at the Chapel of Hospital de la Divina Providencia in San Salvador. Funeral
<mask> was buried in the Metropolitan Cathedral of San Salvador. The Funeral Mass on 30 March 1980 in San Salvador was attended by more than 250,000 mourners from all over the world. Viewing this attendance as a protest, Jesuit priest John Dear has said, "<mask>'s funeral was the largest demonstration in Salvadoran history, some say in the history of Latin America." At the funeral, Cardinal Ernesto Corripio y Ahumada, speaking as the personal delegate of Pope John Paul II, eulogized <mask> as a "beloved, peacemaking man of God," and stated that "his blood will give fruit to brotherhood, love and peace."Massacre at <mask>'s funeral
During the ceremony, smoke bombs exploded on the streets near the cathedral and subsequently there were rifle shots that came from surrounding buildings, including the National Palace. Many people were killed by gunfire and in the stampede of people running away from the explosions and gunfire. Official sources reported 31 overall casualties, while journalists claimed that between 30 and 50 died. Some witnesses claimed it was government security forces who threw bombs into the crowd, and army sharpshooters, dressed as civilians, who fired into the chaos from the balcony or roof of the National Palace, however, there are contradictory accounts about the course of the events and one historian stated that "probably, one will never know the truth about the interrupted funeral." As the gunfire continued, <mask>'s body was buried in a crypt beneath the sanctuary. Even after the burial, people continued to line up to pay homage to the assassinated prelate. International reaction

Ireland
All sections of Irish political and religious life condemned his assassination, with the Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs Brian Lenihan "expressing shock and revulsion at the murder of Dr <mask>," while the leader of the Trócaire charity, Eamon Casey, revealed that he had received a letter from <mask> that very day.The previous October parliamentarians had given their support to the nomination that <mask> receive the Nobel Prize for Peace. In March each year since the 1980s, the Irish–El Salvador Support Committee holds a mass in honour of <mask>. United Kingdom
In October 1978, 119 British parliamentarians had nominated <mask> for the Nobel Prize for Peace. In this they were supported by 26 members of the United States Congress. When news of the assassination was reported in March 1980, the new Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert Runcie, was about to be enthroned in Canterbury Cathedral. On hearing of <mask>'s death, one writer observed that Runcie "departed from the ancient traditions to decry the murder of Archbishop <mask> <mask> in El Salvador." United States

Public reaction
The United States public's reaction to Archbishop <mask>'s death was symbolized through the "martyrdom of <mask>" as an inspiration to end US military aid to El Salvador.In December 1980 the International Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's Union refused to deliver military equipment destined for the Salvadoran government. The leader of the union, Jim Herman, was known as a supporter of <mask> and denounced his death. On 24 March 1984 a protest was held in Los Angeles, California where around 3,000 people, organized by 20 November Coalition, protested US intervention in El Salvador, using the anniversary of the Archbishop's death and his face as a symbol. On 24 March 1990, 10,000 people marched in front of the White House to denounce the military aid that was still flowing from the United States to the Salvadoran government. Protestors carried a bust of the archbishop and quoted some of his speeches, in addition to the event being held on the anniversary of his death. Noted figures Ed Asner and Jennifer Casolo participated in the event. Government response
On 25 March 1980, US Secretary of State Cyrus Vance revealed that the White House would continue to fund the Salvadoran government and it provide military aid, in spite of the pleas of <mask> and his death immediately prior to this announcement.On 31 March 1983, Roberto D'Aubuisson was allowed entry to the United States by the State Department after deeming him not barred from entry any longer. When asked about D'Aubuisson's association with the assassination of <mask>, the Department of State responded that "the allegations have not been substantiated." In November 1993, documents by the Department of State, Department of Defense, and the Central Intelligence Agency were released after pressure by Congress increased. The 12,000 documents revealed that the administrations of Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush knew of the assassinations conducted by D'Aubuisson, including that of <mask>, yet still worked with him despite this. Investigations into the assassination
To date, no one has ever been prosecuted for the assassination, or confessed to it to police. The gunman had not been identified until 2000. Immediately following the assassination, José Napoleón Duarte, the newly appointed foreign minister of El Salvador, actively promulgated a "blame on both sides" propaganda trope in order to provide cover for the lack of official inquiry into the assassination plot.Subsequent investigations by the United Nations and other international bodies have established that the four assassins were members of a death squad led by D'Aubuisson. Revelations of the D'Aubuisson plot came to light in 1984 when US ambassador Robert White testified before the United States Congress that "there was sufficient evidence" to convict D'Aubuisson of planning and ordering <mask>'s assassination. In 1993, an official United Nations report identified D'Aubuisson as the man who ordered the killing. D'Aubuisson had strong connections to the Nicaraguan National Guard and to its offshoot the Fifteenth of September Legion and had also planned to overthrow the government in a coup. Later, he founded the political party Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA), and organized death squads that systematically carried out politically motivated assassinations and other human rights abuses in El Salvador. Álvaro Rafael Saravia, a former captain in the Salvadoran Air Force, was chief of security for D'Aubuisson and an active member of these death squads. In 2003 a United States human rights organization, the Center for Justice and Accountability, filed a civil action against Saravia.In 2004, he was found liable by a US District Court under the Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) (28 U.S.C. § 1350) for aiding, conspiring, and participating in the assassination of <mask>. Saravia was ordered to pay $10 million for extrajudicial killing and crimes against humanity pursuant to the ATCA; he has since gone into hiding. On 24 March 2010–the thirtieth anniversary of <mask>'s death–Salvadoran President Mauricio Funes offered an official state apology for <mask>'s assassination. Speaking before <mask>'s family, representatives of the Catholic Church, diplomats, and government officials, Funes said those involved in the assassination "unfortunately acted with the protection, collaboration, or participation of state agents." A 2000 article by Tom Gibb, then a correspondent with The Guardian and later with the BBC, attributes the murder to a detective of the Salvadoran National Police named <mask> Pérez Linares, on orders of D'Aubuisson. The article cites an anonymous former death squad member who claimed he had been assigned to guard a house in San Salvador used by a unit of three counter-guerrilla operatives directed by D'Aubuisson.The guard, whom Gibb identified as "Jorge," purported to have witnessed Linares fraternizing with the group, which was nicknamed the "Little Angels," and to have heard them praise Linares for the killing. The article furthermore attributes full knowledge of the assassination to the CIA as far back as 1983. The article reports that both Linares and the Little Angels commander, who Jorge identified as "El Negro Mario," were killed by a CIA-trained Salvadoran special police unit in 1986; the unit had been assigned to investigate the murders. In 1983, U.S. Lt. Col. Oliver North, aide to then-Vice President George H.W. Bush, is alleged to have personally requested the Salvadoran military to "remove" Linares and several others from their service. Three years later they were pursued and extrajudicially killed – Linares after being found in neighboring Guatemala. The article cites another source in the Salvadoran military as saying, "they knew far too much to live."In a 2010 article for the Salvadoran online newspaper El Faro, Saravia was interviewed from a mountain hideout. He named D'Aubuisson as giving the assassination order to him over the phone, and said that he and his cohorts drove the assassin to the chapel and paid him 1,000 Salvadoran colóns after the event. In April 2017, however, in the wake of the overruling of a civil war amnesty law the previous year, a judge in El Salvador, Rigoberto Chicas, allowed the case against the escaped Saravia's alleged role in the murder of <mask> to be reopened. On 23 October 2018, days after <mask>'s canonization, Judge Chicas issued a new arrest warrant for him, and Interpol and the National Police are charged with finding his hideout and apprehending him. As both D'Aubuisson and Linares had already died, they could not be prosecuted. Legacy

International recognition

During his first visit to El Salvador in 1983, Pope John Paul II entered the cathedral in San Salvador and prayed at <mask>'s tomb, despite opposition from the government and from some within the church who strongly opposed liberation theology. Afterwards, the Pope praised <mask> as a "zealous and venerated pastor who tried to stop violence."John Paul II also asked for dialogue between the government and opposition to end El Salvador's civil war. On 7 May 2000, in Rome's Colosseum during the Jubilee Year celebrations, Pope John Paul II commemorated 20th century martyrs. Of the several categories of martyrs, the seventh consisted of Christians who were killed for defending their brethren in the Americas. Despite the opposition of some social conservatives within the church, John Paul II insisted that <mask> be included. He asked the organizers of the event to proclaim <mask> "that great witness of the Gospel." On 21 December 2010, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed 24 March as the International Day for the Right to the Truth concerning Gross Human Rights Violations and for the Dignity of Victims which recognizes, in particular, the important work and values of <mask>. On 22 March 2011, U.S. President Barack Obama visited <mask>'s tomb during an official visit to El Salvador.Irish President Michael D. Higgins visited the cathedral and tomb of <mask> on 25 October 2013 during a state visit to El Salvador. Famed linguist Noam Chomsky speaks highly of <mask>'s social work, and refers often to his murder. In 2014, El Salvador's main international airport was named after him, becoming Monseñor Óscar Arnulfo Romero y Galdámez International Airport, and later, San Óscar Arnulfo Romero y Galdámez International Airport in 2018 after his canonization. <mask> is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 24 March. Sainthood

Process for beatification

<mask>'s sainthood cause at the Vatican was opened in 1993, but the Catholic News Service reported that it "was delayed for years as the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith studied his writings, amid wider debate over whether he had been killed for his faith or for political reasons." In March 2005, Vincenzo Paglia, the Vatican official in charge of the process, announced that <mask>'s cause had cleared a theological audit by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the

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 Faith, at the time headed by Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger (later elected Pope Benedict XVI) and that beatification could follow within six months. Pope John Paul II died within weeks of those remarks.Predictably, the transition of the new pontiff slowed down the work of canonizations and beatifications. Pope Benedict instituted changes that had the overall effect of reining in the Vatican's so-called "factory of saints." In an October 2005 interview, Cardinal José Saraiva Martins, the Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, was asked if Paglia's predictions of a clearance for <mask>'s beatification remained on track. Saraiva responded, "Not as far as I know today," In November 2005, the Jesuit magazine La Civiltà Cattolica signaled that <mask>'s beatification was still "years away." Although Benedict XVI had always been a fierce critic of liberation theology, Paglia reported in December 2012 that the Pope had informed him of the decision to "unblock" the cause and allow it to move forward. However, no progress was made before Benedict's resignation in February 2013. Pope Francis was elected in March 2013, and in September 2013, Archbishop Gerhard Ludwig Müller, Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, stated that the Vatican doctrinal office has been "given the greenlight" to pursue sainthood for <mask>.Beatification

On 18 August 2014, Pope Francis said that "[t]he process [of beatification of <mask>] was at the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, blocked for 'prudential reasons', so they said. Now it is unblocked." Francis stated that "There are no doctrinal problems and it is very important that [the beatification] is done quickly." The beatification signaled Francis' affirmation of <mask>'s work with the poor and as a major change in the direction of the church since he was elected. In January 2015, an advisory panel to the Roman Curia's Congregation for the Causes of Saints voted unanimously to recognize <mask> as a martyr, and the cardinals who were voting members of the Congregation unanimously recommended to Francis that he be beatified as a martyr (a martyr can be declared a saint without recognition of a miracle). Archbishop Vincenzo Paglia, the postulator (chief promoter) of the causes of saints, said that <mask>'s assassination at the altar was intended "to strike the Church that flowed from the Second Vatican Council" and that the motive for his murder "was not caused by motives that were simply political, but by hatred for a faith that, imbued with charity, would not be silent in the face of the injustices that relentlessly and cruelly slaughtered the poor and their defenders." On 3 February 2015, Francis received Cardinal Angelo Amato, Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, in a private audience, and authorized Amato to promulgate (officially authorize) <mask>'s decree of martyrdom, meaning it had gained the Congregation's voting members and the Pope's approval.This cleared the way for the Pope to later set a date for his beatification. The beatification of <mask> was held in San Salvador on 23 May 2015 in the Plaza Salvador del Mundo under the Monumento al Divino Salvador del Mundo. Amato presided over the ceremony on behalf of Francis, who in a letter to Archbishop of San Salvador José Luis Escobar Alas marked the occasion by calling <mask> "a voice that continues to resonate." An estimated 250,000 people attended the service, many watching on large television screens set up in the streets around the plaza. Canonization

Three miracles were submitted to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in Rome in October 2016 that could have led to <mask>'s canonization. But each of these miracles was rejected after being investigated. A fourth (concerning the pregnant woman Cecilia Maribel Flores) was investigated in a diocesan process in San Salvador that was opened on 31 January 2017 and which concluded its initial investigation on 28 February before documentation was submitted to Rome via the apostolic nunciature.The C.C.S. validated this on 7 April. On August 11, Paglia celebrated the Romero Centenary Mass in St George's Cathedral, Southwark, in London, where the cross and relics of <mask> are preserved. Subsequently, medical experts issued unanimous approval to the presented miracle on 26 October with theologians also confirming their approval on 14 December. The C.C.S. members likewise approved the case on 6 February 2018. Pope Francis approved this miracle on 6 March 2018, allowing for <mask> to be canonized and the date was announced at a consistory of cardinals held on 19 May.The canonization was celebrated in Rome's Saint Peter's Square on 14 October 2018. Previously, there had been hopes that <mask> would be canonized during a possible papal visit to El Salvador on 15 August 2017 – the centennial of the late bishop's birth – or that he could be canonized in Panama during World Youth Day in 2019. <mask> was the first Salvadoran to be raised to the altars; the first martyred archbishop of America, the first to be declared a martyr after the Second Vatican Council; and the first native saint of Central America, (Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur, who did all his work for which he was canonized in the city of Santiago de los Caballeros of Guatemala, was from Tenerife, Spain,) <mask> had already been included on the Anglican Church's list of official saints and on the Lutheran Church's liturgical calendar. Homages and cultural references

Institutions
 The Romero Centre in Dublin, Ireland, is today an important centre that "promotes Development Education, Arts, Crafts, and Awareness about El Salvador." The Christian Initiative Romero is a non-profit organization in Germany working in support of industrial law and human rights in Central American countries. The Romero Institute, a nonprofit law and public policy center in Santa Cruz, California, U.S., headed by Daniel Sheehan, was named after Archbishop <mask> in 1996. In 1989 the Toronto Catholic District School Board opened a secondary school in Toronto, Canada, named after Archbishop <mask> <mask> called St. Oscar Romero Catholic Secondary School.St. Oscar Romero Catholic High School in Edmonton, Canada, formerly known as Archbishop <mask>, and as Blessed <mask> throughout his canonization. St Oscar Romero Catholic School, a coeducational secondary school in Worthing, West Sussex, England. Romero Center Ministries in Camden, New Jersey, U.S., provides Catholic education and retreat experiences inspired by Archbishop <mask> <mask>'s prophetic witness. The mission of Romero Center Ministries is to "seek personal, communal, and societal transformation by living ministry as proclaimed in Christ's Gospel." The center hosts over 1,600 guests annually from high schools, colleges, and youth groups which participate in the Urban Challenge program. Television and film
 Oliver Stone's 1986 film Salvador depicts a fictionalized version of the assassination of <mask> (played by José Carlos Ruiz) in a pivotal scene. <mask>'s assassination (with René Enríquez as <mask>) was also featured in the 1983 television film Choices of the Heart about the life and death of American Catholic missionary Jean Donovan.The Archbishop's life is the basis of the 1989 film <mask>, directed by John Duigan and starring Raul Julia as <mask>. It was produced by Paulist Productions (a film company run by the Paulist Fathers, a Roman Catholic society of priests). Timed for release ten years after <mask>'s death, it was the first Hollywood feature film ever to be financed by the order. The film received respectful, if less-than-enthusiastic, reviews. Roger Ebert typified the critics who acknowledged that "The film has a good heart, and the Julia performance is an interesting one, restrained and considered. ...The film's weakness is a certain implacable predictability." In 2005, while at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism, Daniel Freed, an independent documentary filmmaker and frequent contributor to PBS and CNBC, made a 30-minute film entitled The Murder of Monseñor which not only documented <mask>'s assassination but also told the story of how Álvaro Rafael Saravia – whom a US District court found, in 2004, had personally organized the assassination – moved to the United States and lived for 25 years as a used car salesman in Modesto, California, until he became aware of the pending legal action against him in 2003 and disappeared, leaving behind his drivers license and social security card, as well as his credit cards and his dog.In 2016 a 1993 law protecting the actions of the military during the Civil War was overruled by a Salvadoran high court and on 23 October 2018, another court ordered the arrest of Saravia. The Daily Show episode on 17 March 2010 showed clips from the Texas State Board of Education in which "a panel of experts" recommended including <mask> in the state's history books, but an amendment proposed by Patricia Hardy to exclude <mask> was passed on 10 March 2010. The clip of Ms. Hardy shows her arguing against including <mask> because "I guarantee you most of you did not know who <mask> was. ...I just happen to think it's not [important]." A film about the Archbishop, Monseñor, the Last Journey of Óscar <mask>, with the priest Robert Pelton serving as executive producer, had its United States premiere in 2010. This film won the Latin American Studies Association (LASA) Award for Merit in film, in competition with 25 other films. Pelton was invited to show the film throughout Cuba.It was sponsored by ecclesial and human rights groups from Latin America and from North America. Alma Guillermoprieto in The New York Review of Books describes the film as a "hagiography," and as "an astonishing compilation of footage" of the final three years of his life. Visual arts
 St. James the Greater Catholic Church in Charles Town, West Virginia is the first known Catholic Church in the United States to venerate St. Oscar <mask> with a stained glass window in its building. The project was led by the first Spanish priest of the Wheeling-Charleston Diocese, José Escalante, who is originally from El Salvador, as a gift to the Spanish community of the parish. John Roberts sculpted a statue of <mask> <mask> that fills a prominent niche on the western facade of Westminster Abbey in London; it was unveiled in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II in 1998. Joan Walsh-Smith sculpted a statue of Saint <mask> <mask> at The Holy Cross College  Ellenbrook Western Australia in 2017. The sculpture depicts their College Patron "walking his faith" on his journey with the poor in El Salvador.Music
 Violinist Jean-Luc Ponty's Individual Choice album has a song dedicated to <mask>: "Eulogy to <mask>"

Political writing
 In their book Manufacturing Consent (1988), Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman compared US media coverage of the murders of <mask> and other Latin American clergy in US client states with coverage of the murder of Catholic priest Jerzy Popiełuszko in "enemy" Communist Poland to explain their propaganda model hypothesis. See also

 List of peace activists
 List of unsolved murders
 Misa Campesina Nicaragüense
 Stanley Rother
 Salvadoran Civil War

 Catholic priests assassinated in El Salvador during and after <mask> <mask>'s time as archbishop (1977–1980):
 Rutilio Grande: assassinated 12 March 1977
 Alfonso Navarro: assassinated 11 May 1977
 Ernesto Barrera: assassinated 28 November 1978
 Octavio Ortiz: assassinated 20 January 1979
 Rafael Palacios: assassinated 20 June 1979
 Napoleón Macías: assassinated 4 August 1979
 Ignacio Martín-Baró: assassinated 16 November 1989
 Segundo Montes: assassinated 16 November 1989
 Ignacio Ellacuría: assassinated 16 November 1989

 Murder of U.S. missionaries in El Salvador on 2 December 1980: three Religious Sisters and one lay worker:
 Maura Clarke, Maryknoll
 Jean Donovan, lay missionary
 Ita Ford, Maryknoll
 Dorothy Kazel, Ursuline nun

References

External links

 The Archbishop Romero Trust, based in London
 Archbishop <mask>: A Shepherd's Diary Archbishop <mask>'s diary in English. It covers the time between 31 March 1978, and 20 March 1980. Remembering Archbishop <mask> (several contemporary and memorial articles) from the Collaborative Ministry Office at Creighton University. Learn from History: 31st Anniversary of the Assassination of Archbishop <mask>, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 339
 Assassination of Archbishop Oscar Romerto: Doe v. Saravia from the Center for Justice and Accountability
 How we killed Archbishop Romero (2010), interviews with Captain Álvaro Rafael Saravia and others from El Faro
 St Oscar Romero statue at Westminster Abbey

1917 births
1980 crimes in El Salvador
1980 deaths
1980 murders in North America
1980s murders in El Salvador
20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in El Salvador
20th-century Roman Catholic martyrs
20th-century venerated Christians
Anti-poverty advocates
Assassinated Salvadoran people
Beatifications by Pope Francis
Canonizations by Pope Francis
Catholic martyrs of El Salvador
Deaths by firearm in El Salvador
Human rights abuses in El Salvador
Martyred Roman Catholic bishops
People celebrated in the Lutheran liturgical calendar
People from San Miguel Department (El Salvador)
People of the Salvadoran Civil War
People with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Roman Catholic activists
Roman Catholic archbishops of San Salvador
Salvadoran Roman Catholic saints
Unsolved murders in El Salvador
Anglican saints
Roman Catholic bishops of Santiago de

masks:
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Romero
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Oscar Romero
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<mask> (born April 6, 1978 in Manchester, England) is a British-born Armenian American jazz pianist, composer, author, and activist from Los Angeles, California. Music
Highly influenced by Thelonious Monk, Nalbandian performs jazz, free and avant-garde jazz, improvised and experimental music. While his primary ensemble is the Armen Nalbandian Trio, he has led more than 30 different ensembles and composed over 1200 works ranging from music for string quartets, chamber music, orchestral music, electronic music, scores for theater, experimental hiphop, 'Conduction' pieces inspired by Butch Morris' approach, new Japanese and Armenian inspired folk music, and John Zorn inspired "game pieces" in addition to having performed a solo piano concert of Zorn's Masada music with the encouragement and blessing of the composer. His groups include the Armen Nalbandian Trio (with Eric Revis and Nasheet Waits), Armen Nalbandian V (with Jeff Parker Chris Speed, Eric Revis, and Alex Cline), and the Armen Nalbandian 3 (with Steve Lehman and Guillermo E. Brown). He cites witnessing a Cecil Taylor performance at LA's Jazz Bakery when he was 19 years old as a turning point in his life and career. He is the protege of jazz pianist John Hicks but also credits Bill Dixon and McCoy Tyner for being important teachers in addition to Charlie Haden, Jackie McLean, Horace Silver, Cedar Walton, Billy Higgins, Art Farmer, and Harold Land. Nalbandian has worked with Billy Higgins, Han Bennink, Eric Revis, Nasheet Waits, Bennie Maupin, Jeff Parker, Chris Speed, Steve Lehman, Guillermo E. Brown, Derek Keller, Marvin "Smitty" Smith, Tony Dumas, Carl Allen, and Alex Cline.<mask> is also known for his multidisciplinary collaborations in visual and fine art which include a four-year residency at the Fresno Art Museum where he served as Music Director and Artist-in-Residence. Additional collaborations have included compositions featuring poets Sunni Patterson, Lee Herrick, and Tim Z. Hernandez; as a member of Nino Moschella's touring band for The Fix and Boom Shadow, composing and arranging the Music of Mexico for the Fresno Philharmonic, and composing the score for The Artist's Repertory Theater production of One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest. He established his record label Blacksmith Brother in 2006. In 2008, Nalbandian was named a finalist in the 2008 Gilles Peterson Worldwide Talent Search and has received praise from Dave Douglas, Susie Ibarra, and Matthew Shipp. In 2011 and 2012, Nalbandian had multiple improvised performances with comedian Dave Chappelle at Yoshi's Jazz Club in  Oakland and San Francisco. In 2017, <mask> premiered two new ensembles to add to his work with his trio with Eric Revis and Nasheet Waits and his solo piano work. The first, a new quintet named Armen Nalbandian V featuring Chris Speed, Jeff Parker, Eric Revis & Alex Cline and the Armen Nalbandian 3 with Steve Lehman & Guillermo E. Brown; loosely inspired by Cecil Taylor's trio with Jimmy Lyons and Andrew Cyrille.In October 2017, he premiered a solo piano piece by Wadada Leo Smith entitled "Majestic". Recordings

Armen
Released in March 2006, Armen was Nalbandian's debut album as a leader and the debut recording featuring the first Armen Nalbandian Trio. The recording features Nalbandian on piano, and contains five original compositions by Nalbandian, and five by other composers including the rarely performed Thelonious Monk composition "Oska T", and the traditional spiritual "This Train". <mask>'s composition "Need" is dedicated to memory of pianist Kenny Kirkland. Manchester Born
Manchester Born was released in November 2007 and features The Armen Nalbandian Trio. This was <mask> Nalbandian's debut recording on the Fender Rhodes. The recording consists of ten compositions by Nalbandian and is dedicated to his mentor John Hicks, and in memory of Alice Coltrane and Andrew Hill.Young Kings Get Their Heads Cut Off
Initially inspired by avant-garde drummer Chris Corsano's solo drum album The Young Cricketer and the music of Ikue Mori, <mask> Nalbandian's first solo recording was named after a painting by Jean-Michel Basquiat and features Nalbandian on the "prepared" Fender Rhodes. The recording was made by Nalbandian performing primarily on the inside of the Fender Rhodes, treating it as a percussion instrument, manipulating the hammers with drum cymbals, snare drum heads, wrenches, mallets, and keys. Nalbandian also employed an analog delay pedal and a wah-wah pedal. The recording is completely improvised with the exception of the composition "Blues to Steve Lacy", which was composed by trumpeter Dave Douglas. The sound of the album has elicit comparisons to Miles Davis' Bitches Brew and John Cage's prepared piano music. The album has been featured heavily on WFMU, called by Rolling Stone Magazine, The Village Voice, CMJ and the New York Press as "the best radio station in the country." Tirez Sur Le Pianiste & To Repel Ghosts
To Repel Ghosts is an experimental electronic production and live album comprising eleven compositions by Nalbandian.The album is Nalbandian's second recording named after the work of artist Jean-Michel Basquiat. To Repel Ghosts was Nalbandian's first digital-only album, released exclusively on the artist's website in its first year. Nalbandian's album Tirez Sur Le Pianiste (Shoot the Piano Player) was released nine months before and includes three compositions that also appear on To Repel Ghosts. The music on both albums has been compared to Kid A/Amnesiac-era Radiohead and the LA beat scene. Coup de Grace
On August 23, 2011, Nalbandian released two distinctly different albums. The first, Coup de Grace, is a live recording featuring Nalbandian on piano and drummer Han Bennink in an improvised duet setting. Bennink, perhaps best known as one of the pivotal figures in early European free jazz and free improvisation, is the co-founder of the Instant Composers Pool (ICP).<mask> and Bennink conclude the performance with a rendition of Ornette Coleman's "Lonely Woman". In both concept and art direction, Coup de Grace references Peter Brötzmann's 1968 album Machine Gun, which also features Bennink. Quiet As It's Kept
Quiet As It's Kept, is the first studio recording of the Armen Nalbandian Trio with Eric Revis on bass and Nasheet Waits on drums. <mask> is featured on the Fender Rhodes. The trio recording contains first takes of solely original compositions by Nalbandian. <mask> is among an elite group of artists that perform with the Revis/Waits tandem which include Peter Brötzmann, Tarbaby, Oliver Lake, Kurt Rosenwinkel, and Revis' own Parallax Quartet (with Ken Vandermark and Jason Moran). Quiet As It's Kept has been featured Los Angeles-based radio station KCRW.Surrounded by Snakes
On March 15, 2013, he released his 8th album, Surrounded by Snakes, a 13-song album consisting of original compositions that feature him in an experimental electronic setting with improvised solos. <mask> is the sole producer and instrumentalist on the album. The album artwork was designed by Joshua Asante of the Arkansas blues bands Velvet Kente and Amasa Hines. The album artwork was designed by Joshua Asante of the Arkansas blues bands Velvet Kente and Amasa Hines. Time Waits
Inspired by the intimacy and sparseness of Keith Jarrett's album The Melody at Night, with You, <mask> released his first solo piano album, Time Waits, on May 23, 2014. It consists of eight compositions, including a reworking of "Conflicted" from his album Manchester Born. The additional material includes "I Get Along Without You Very Well" by Hoagy Carmichael and popularized by Frank Sinatra, "Ugly Beauty" by Thelonious Monk, and "Motion Picture Soundtrack" by Radiohead.Time Waits and Alis Grave Nil consist of performances recorded at Nino Moschella's Bird & Egg studio. Alis Grave Nil
Nalbandian's tenth album, Alis Grave Nil, is a follow-up to Time Waits. Originating from the same solo piano recording session as Time Waits; it was released on July 23, 2014. Alis Grave Nil (translated from Latin meaning "nothing is heavy to those who have wings") includes compositions by <mask>, Charlie Chaplin, Eubie Blake, & the first part of fellow LA-native Kendrick Lamar's song Sing About Me, I'm Dying of Thirst from his album Good Kid M.A.A.D. City. The album artwork of both "Time Waits" and "Alis Grave Nil" feature paintings by <mask> <mask> created only months prior to the recordings. <mask> has referred to both solo albums as "a requiem of my early career."Nalbandian contends "there is a great deal of symbolism throughout the first 10 albums and they are connected in many ways, AGN concludes the story." 2018 Albums
In 2018, Nalbandian released 8 albums chronicling his studio and live performances from 2017. The recordings cover his solo piano work, trio and V. The albums were released one at a time, each month for the first 8 months of 2018, culminating with a live trio performance in September 2018 in memory of Cecil Taylor; who had passed away earlier in the year. Activism
Nalbandian has most often used his platform to recognize social and civil injustice and perform many humanitarian services. He has raised thousands of dollars in aid for the victims of Hurricane Katrina by way of many benefit concerts. Nalbandian has also raised money for organizations as diverse as The United Way, The Red Cross, the ONE Campaign, Habitat for Humanity, The American Cancer Society, Breast Cancer Research and The Relay for Life Foundation, among others. In September 2009, Nalbandian appeared in the play Semblance: Notes from the Promised Land by Devoya Mayo.The final act of the play featured a soliloquy written and performed by Nalbandian, critical of the Bush administration's response to Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. <mask> has made critical comments from the bandstand regarding America's proposed cuts to funding for the arts and its withdrawal from the Paris Climate Accord, never addressing the administration by name. Visual and fine art collaborations
From 2004 to 2008, <mask> served as the Artist-in-Residence/Music Director of the Fresno Art Museum, Artistic Director of Jazz @ the F.A.M., Artistic Director of the F.O.R.M. (Festival of Resurrected Music), and curator of the Rhythms of Art in which he composed concerts of original music inspired by the exhibitions at the Fresno Art Museum on a monthly basis. The programming also included educational components for children and adults, concerts which highlighted the music of jazz masters and supplemental concerts that focused on collaboration. While <mask>'s first season musically focused on a primarily traditional foundation, primarily inspired by Duke Ellington, his approach and compositions for the following 3 seasons were highly inspired by the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians (AACM), Wadada Leo Smith, Bill Dixon, Anthony Braxton, Henry Threadgill & The Art Ensemble of Chicago. Nalbandian concluded his artistic residency at the Fresno Art Museum by performing a solo piano program of composer John Zorn's Masada music encouraged with the composer's blessing.Nalbandian has often referenced the art of Jean-Michel Basquiat in his early work and song titles; compositions throughout his early discography reference specific Basquiat paintings and graffiti. <mask> presented a concert inspired by Basquiat's work in March 2008 during his tenure as Artist-in-Residence at the Fresno Art Museum. Nalbandian has also composed and premiered music inspired by the work of Kerry James Marshall, Theaster Gates, Kara Walker, David Hammons, Arshille Gorky, Anne Scheid, and Garo Antreasian, who wrote of <mask>'s work in his 2016 biography, Reflections on Life and Art. In March 2017, <mask> premiered a new composition, Heirloom, with his trio with Revis and Waits inspired by "Heirlooms and Accessories" by Kerry James Marshall after several viewings at both Marshall's retrospective at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, and The Underground Museum. Discography
Armen (2006)
Manchester Born (2007)
Young Kings Get Their Heads Cut Off (2007)
Tirez Sur Le Pianiste (2009) (EP)
To Repel Ghosts (2010)
Quiet As It's Kept (2011)
Coup de Grace (2011)
Surrounded by Snakes (2013)
Time Waits (2014)
Alis Grave Nil (2014)
The Holy Ghost (2018)
Fire Sign (2018)
V (2018)
Live in Little Tokyo Vol. I (2018)
AMEN (2018)
Prayer (2018)
Orbits (2018)
Live in Little Tokyo Vol. II (2018)
Ghosts (2019)
Live on Sunset (2019)

Bibliography
Portrait of an Artist as a Young Improviser: Writings 2006-2007 by <mask> <mask> (2013 Blacksmith Brother) .Essays and entries focusing on <mask>'s compositions from 2006-2007. References

External links

AllMusic Guide
Conquering One Heart at a Time Through Jazz
This Pianist Ain't Got No Wrong Notes
<mask> <mask> on All About Jazz

1978 births
Living people
American jazz composers
American jazz pianists
American male pianists
American musicians of Armenian descent
British people of Armenian descent
British emigrants to the United States
21st-century American pianists
American male jazz composers
21st-century American male musicians

masks:
Armen Nalbandian
Nalbandian
Nalbandian
Nalbandian
Armen
Armen
Nalbandian
Nalbandian
Nalbandian
Nalbandian
Nalbandian
Nalbandian
Armen
Nalbandian
Nalbandian
Nalbandian
Nalbandian
Nalbandian
Nalbandian
Nalbandian
Nalbandian
Armen
Nalbandian
Nalbandian
Armen
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<mask> (born  Rosetta Jacobs; January 22, 1932) is an American stage and screen actress known for her roles in the films The Hustler (1961), Carrie (1976), and Children of a Lesser God (1986), all of which brought her Academy Award nominations. She is also known for her performances as Kirsten Arnesen in the original TV production of Days of Wine and Roses, and as Catherine Martell in the cult television series Twin Peaks, for which she won a Golden Globe Award in 1991. As of 2022, her acting career has spanned over 70 years. She is one of the last surviving stars from the Golden Age of Hollywood. Early life
<mask> was born Rosetta Jacobs on January 22, 1932, in Detroit, Michigan. She was the younger daughter of Charlotte Sadie (née Alperin) and Alfred Jacobs, a furniture dealer. Her grandparents were Jewish immigrants from Poland on her father's side and Russia on her mother's.She was delivered, according to her 2011 autobiography Learning to Live Out Loud, in a one-bedroom walk-up on Tyler Street in Detroit, where the family lived. Alfred Jacobs moved the family to Los Angeles, California, in 1938, where she attended Hebrew school. To combat her shyness, her parents provided her with weekly elocution lessons; this eventually led to minor roles at nearby Universal Studios. For much of her early childhood, her parents placed <mask> and her older sister in a children's home, which they both despised. Career
In 1949, Rosetta Jacobs signed a contract with Universal Studios, and changed her screen name to <mask>, which she has used since then. Among the actors she met at Universal were James Best, Julie Adams, Tony Curtis, and Rock Hudson. Her breakout role was in Louisa, with Ronald Reagan, whom she dated a few times before his marriage to Nancy Davis.In her autobiography, she claimed that she lost her virginity to him ("Learning to Live Out Loud," page 77). Several other roles followed: Francis Goes to the Races (1951, co-starring Donald O'Connor); Son of Ali Baba (1951, co-starring Tony Curtis); and Ain't Misbehavin' (1955, co-starring Rory Calhoun). To enhance her image, Universal Studios told gossip columnists that <mask> bathed in milk and ate flower petals to protect her luminous skin. Discouraged by the lack of substantial film roles, she moved to New York City to study acting and to seek work on the stage and in television. She appeared in Twelfth Night, produced by Hallmark Hall of Fame; in Days of Wine and Roses with Cliff Robertson, presented by Playhouse 90 on October 2, 1958 (in the film version, their roles were taken over by Jack Lemmon and Lee Remick); and in Winterset, presented by Playhouse 90 in 1959. She was lured to Hollywood by the offer to co-star with Paul Newman in The Hustler, released in 1961. She played Newman's girlfriend, Sarah Packard, and for her performance, she received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress.Substantial movie roles did not come her way after The Hustler, so  her husband and she moved to New York. In 1964, she appeared in two medical dramas — as Alicia Carter in The Eleventh Hour episode "My Door Is Locked and Bolted", and as Alice Marin in the Breaking Point episode "The Summer House". In 1965, she starred in a Broadway revival of Tennessee Williams' The Glass Menagerie, opposite Maureen Stapleton, Pat Hingle, and George Grizzard. <mask> did not appear in another feature film until she accepted the role of Margaret White in the horror film Carrie (1976). She received an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress for her performance, and it, along with the commercial success of the film, relaunched her career. Her co-star Sissy Spacek praised her acting skill: "She is a remarkable actress. She never does what you expect her to doshe always surprises you with her approach to a scene."In 1979, she appeared as Mary Horton in the Australian movie Tim opposite Mel Gibson. After her 1981 divorce, <mask> moved to California. She received a third Oscar nomination for her portrayal of Mrs. Norman in Children of a Lesser God (1986). The same year, she was awarded an Emmy for her performance in Promise, a television movie, co-starring James Garner and James Woods. She had a featured role in the Off-Broadway production of The Destiny of Me in 1992, and returned to Broadway for Lincoln Center's acclaimed 2002 revival of Paul Osborn's Morning's at Seven, with Julie Hagerty, Buck Henry, Frances Sternhagen, and Estelle Parsons. In 1990–1991, she starred as the devious Catherine Martell in David Lynch's television series Twin Peaks. She also appeared in Other People's Money with Gregory Peck (1991), and in horror maestro Dario Argento's first American film Trauma (1993).She played George Clooney's character's mother on ER. In 1997, she appeared in the film A Christmas Memory with Patty Duke, and in 1998, she appeared in the sci-fi thriller The Faculty. She made guest appearances on television shows such as Frasier, Matlock, State of Grace, and Will & Grace. <mask> also appeared in Cold Case and in a 2001 episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit titled "Care", in which she played an adoptive mother and foster grandmother who killed one of the foster granddaughters in her daughter's charge and who abused her adoptive son and foster grandchildren. She returned to the big screen for independent films, such as Eulogy (2004) and The Dead Girl (2006), opposite actress Toni Collette. In 2018, she had a supporting role in White Boy Rick as the grandmother of the title character. Personal life
<mask> was married to New York Herald Tribune entertainment writer Joe Morgenstern.They met shortly after the release of The Hustler in 1961 when Morgenstern interviewed her during the film's promotion. They soon began dating, and nine months after the interview, they were married on January 21, 1962. When no substantial roles came her way after The Hustler,  Morgenstern and she moved to Woodstock, New York. In 1971, they adopted a daughter, Anne Grace Morgenstern. In 1982, the couple divorced, after which she moved to the Hollywood area and continued working in films and television. In 1962, she was Harvard's Hasty Pudding Woman of the Year, and in 2000, she received the Spirit of Hope Award in Korea for her service during the Korean War. <mask> is a sculptor working in marble and clay and exhibits her work.She appeared at the September 2014 Mid-Atlantic Nostalgia Convention in Hunt Valley, Maryland. Awards
<mask> has been nominated for an Academy Award for her performances in three films. She won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie for her role in the 1986 TV movie Promise, opposite James Garner and James Woods. She also won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film in 1991 for her role in Twin Peaks. In addition, she received several Emmy nominations, including one for playing Magda Goebbels, wife of Joseph Goebbels, in The Bunker, opposite Anthony Hopkins as Hitler; and for her role in the miniseries The Thorn Birds, two nominations for her work in Twin Peaks, as Catherine Martell, and a nomination for her guest appearance on Frasier. Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

<mask> at Virtual History
Interview with <mask>, August 25, 2014, Classic Film & TV Cafe

– Interview with <mask>. The Spectrum, January, 2016.1932 births
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
American film actresses
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American television actresses
Art Students League of New York alumni
Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (television) winners
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
Jewish American actresses
Living people
Actresses from Detroit
People from Woodstock, New York
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Piper Laurie
Piper Laurie
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<mask> (1886 – 1960) was a German pseudoarchaeologist and author best known for his books about the ancient settlement of Tiwanaku in the Andes mountains of Bolivia. Early life and writings

<mask> was born in Germany in 1886 and later studied architecture. He claimed to have also studied archaeology, but there is no evidence that this is true. He was a soldier during the First World War. After the Treaty of Versailles, he started writing a series of novels of adventure fiction in the prestigious German collection Der Gute Kamerad and with other publishing houses. He also wrote non-fiction works that adhered to the tenets of pseudo-scientist Hanns Hörbiger. In the 1920s and early 1930s, he worked as a municipal officer responsible for the construction of public buildings.In the 1920s, <mask> started writing his first books on alternative archeology and ancient mysticism. In his book entitled The Last Queen of Atlantis (Die letzte Königin von Atlantis) he equated the mythical northern land Thule to the origins of humanity. According to <mask> 'The inhabitants of Northern Atlantis were led by their leader Baldur Wieborg, a native of the mythical Thule who migrated all across the world'. He later described the return journey of the Nordic Thulians to their mythical homeland in The Swans of Thule. Tiwanaku and Welteislehre
<mask> was a follower of the pseudoscience Welteislehre (World Ice Theory). Welteislehre was a pseudoscientific hypothesis created by Hanns Hörbiger and Philipp Johann Heinrich Fauth during the 1890s. Welteislehre suggests that the Earth and all other cosmic planetary bodies were made out of ice.One of the claims made in Hörbiger's book Glacial-Kosmogonie was that the Earth once had six satellite moons and that sometime in the ancient past, five of these moons were destroyed. According to Hörbiger, this event would have caused global flooding and the formation of continent-spanning glaciers. According to Hörbiger, flora and fauna could only survive at high altitudes such as those found in the Himalayas and the Andes. <mask> was attracted by the claim of global ice and wanted to explore the Andes for evidence to prove Hörbiger's theory. In 1927, <mask> made contact with an Austrian writer and amateur archaeologist  Arthur Posnansky. Posnansky informed <mask> about the ruins of Tiwanaku. Posnansky had been undertaking research at Tiwanaku since the early 1900s and suggested that the temples built on the site predated the traditionally accepted date of 200 C.E.and were instead constructed around 17,000 B.C.E. Posnansky used pseudoscientific astronomical calculations on one of the walls at the site to obtain this date. In 1928, <mask> used a 20,000 Mark reward he received in a writing contest to fund an expedition to Tiwanaku. <mask> generally agreed with Posnansky's findings and came to the conclusion that the ruins were not Andean in origin. These findings were based on <mask>'s personal opinion that the ruins were "European" in design. He later stated in a letter translated by Heather Pringle, "The works of art and the architectural style of the prehistoric city are certainly not of Indian style…Rather they are probably the creations of Nordic men who arrived in the Andean Highlands as representatives of a special civilization.". <mask> theorized that the original builders of Tiwanaku were Nordic peoples who had begun construction of Tiwanaku almost one million years ago.<mask> claimed that the same Nordic race that he claimed built Tiwanaku had been the inhabitants of the mythical lost continent of Atlantis. <mask>'s research was discussed in several publications that appeared after his 1928 expedition to Tiwanaku, in 1930, published an article for the architecture magazine Zeitschrift für Bauwesen, titled Die Rekonstruktion des Mausoleums Puma Punku und der Sonnenwarte Kalasasaya in Tihuanaku in Bolivien. From 1930-1933 <mask>, published Das Gläserne Meer, Die Letzte Königin von Atlantis, and Frühling in Atlantis. These novels were presented as historical fiction and were based on his archaeological theories. The novels portray the Atlanteans as Nordic Aryans with access to advanced technology and the builders of Tiwanaku. <mask> did not publish a comprehensive work detailing his findings at Tiwanaku until 1937, when he published Das Sonnentor von Tihuanaku und Hörbiger's Welteislhere. The title makes a reference to the Gateway of the Sun, a monolithic carved gateway located at Tiwanaku.The Gateway of the Sun is known for its intricate carvings, with the central figure known as the front-facing figure or Staff God. One of <mask>'s theories for the Gateway of the Sun was that the monolith was a celestial calendar, according to Heather Pringle. "He felt certain he could see symbols for twelve months of the year, each possessing either twenty-four or twenty-five days…each of the days had thirty hours." <mask> claimed about a notable artifact from the site found at Kalasasaya that it resembles a Nordic man. The interpretation as a "Nordic Man's Head" is an interpretation based on racist assumptions. Connections to Nazism
<mask>, along with other leading Nazis such as Heinrich Himmler, was influenced by Völkisch ideology for most of his writing career. His adherence to the Welteislehre further strengthens his connection due to its popularity within the Völkisch movement.Canadian author Heather Pringle has noted <mask>' lack of concern for conventional scientific theory and the way in which his ideas 'greatly appealed to right-wing politics extremists who were always looking for ways of Germanizing science and junking anything that smacked of "Judaism" science'. According to Pringle, mainstream scientists in America and Great Britain at the time described <mask> as a 'complete idiot.' The publishing of Das Sonnentor von Tihuanaku und Hörbiger's Welteislehre brought <mask> to the attention of Heinrich Himmler. Himmler was so enthralled with <mask>'s theories that he purchased a leather-bound copy of ‘’Das Sonnentor von Tihuanaku und Hörbiger's Welteislehre’’ as a Christmas present for Adolf Hitler. <mask>'s novel also included a large collection of reconstructive illustrations he created of Tiwanaku. These illustrations drew more from <mask>'s fantasies than from actual archaeological work. Furthermore, his reconstructions show signs that they were also influenced by Nazi monumental architecture.By 1939, <mask> had requested the SS-Ahnenerbe to fund another expedition to Tiwanaku. The proposed expedition would've been one of the most technical of the time, including aerial and underwater photography alongside the excavations. The Ahnenerbe's director Wolfram Sievers concluded the cost for the expedition would've come to around 100,000 Reichsmarks. The expedition was delayed indefinitely following the German invasion of Poland. The expedition was canceled in 1941. Following the German declaration of war in 1939, <mask> was called in to serve as a Hauptsturmführer in the Waffen-SS. <mask> was captured in 1945.In 1948, a denazification trial classified him as a Mitläufer. He was fined 501 Reichsmarks. Later life
Following his trial, he retired in order to continue writing. In the 1950s he wrote two more books on mysticism. One of these books was entitled Some comments on Critias which was a reanalysis of the location of Atlantis. In 1959 he published an article titled, An Early Account of Tiahuanaco, for the journal, New World Antiquity. He would die in 1960.Books
 Das gläserne Meer. Leipzig: Koehler & Amelang, 1930. Die letzte Königin von Atlantis. Leipzig: Koehler & Amelang, 1931. Frühling in Atlantis. Leipzig: Koehler & Amelang, 1933. Das Sonnentor von Tihuanaku und Hörbigers Welteislehre.Leipzig: Koehler & Amelang, 1937. Literature
Michael H. Kater, Das Ahnenerbe der SS 1935–1945. Ein Beitrag zur Kulturpolitik des Dritten Reiches. Stuttgart 1974 (in German)
Peter Mierau, Nationalsozialistische Expeditionspolitik. Die deutschen Asienexpeditionen. Munich 2005 (in German)

References

1886 births
1960 deaths
Pseudoarchaeologists
German military personnel of World War I
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States
SS personnel
Waffen-SS personnel
German male novelists
20th-century German novelists
20th-century German male writers

masks:
Edmund Kiss
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<mask> (born August 15, 1968) is an American actress. After graduating from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, <mask> received short-lived roles on television series such as Ned and Stacey on Fox (1995–1997) and Prey on ABC (1998). She achieved her breakthrough role as Grace Adler, an interior designer, on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace (1998–2006, 2017–2020), for which she received seven Golden Globe Award nominations and five Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, winning once, in 2003. From 2007 to 2008, <mask> starred as Molly Kagan, the ex-wife of a Hollywood film mogul, on the television miniseries The Starter Wife, for which she received two Golden Globe nominations, a Primetime Emmy Award nomination, and a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination. Thereafter, she appeared as Broadway playwright Julia Houston on the NBC musical drama Smash (2012–2013) and as homicide detective Laura Diamond on the NBC police-procedural comedy The Mysteries of Laura (2014–2016). From 2017 to 2020, <mask> reprised her role as Grace Adler on NBC's three season revival of Will & Grace, garnering a ninth Golden Globe nomination for her performance. <mask>'s film work includes A Walk in the Clouds (1995), Jesus (1999), The Mothman Prophecies (2002), Hollywood Ending (2002), Along Came Polly (2004), The Wedding Date (2005), Lucky You (2007), The Women (2008), Nothing like the Holidays (2008), and Searching (2018).She has also lent her voice to animated films such as Garfield (2004) and Open Season (2006). Early life
<mask> was born in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of Sandra (née Simons), who worked as a professional singer, banker, and travel and real estate agent, and <mask>, a sales executive for a costume jewelry packaging manufacturer. Messing is Jewish and had a Bat Mitzvah ceremony; her Jewish ancestors emigrated from Poland and Russia. When Messing was three, she moved with her parents and her older brother, Brett, to East Greenwich, Rhode Island. During her high school years, she acted and sang in a number of high school productions at East Greenwich High School, including the starring roles in the musicals Annie and Grease. She took lessons in dance, singing, and acting. In 1986, she was Rhode Island's Junior Miss and competed in Mobile, Alabama, in the America's Junior Miss scholarship program.While <mask>'s parents encouraged her dream of becoming an actress, they also urged her to complete a liberal arts education before deciding on acting as a career. Following their advice, she attended Brandeis University, where, at her parents' request, three-quarters of her courses were not theater-related. During her junior year, she studied theater at the prestigious British European Studies Group of London (BESGL) program, an experience that solidified her desire to act. In 1990, after graduating summa cum laude from Brandeis with a Bachelor of Arts in Theater Arts, <mask> gained admission to the elite Grad Acting Program at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, which accepts 16 new students annually. She earned a Master of Fine Arts after three years. Career
In 1993, <mask> won acclaim for her performance as Harper in the pre-Broadway workshop production of Tony Kushner's play Angels in America: Perestroika. Subsequently, she appeared in several episodes of the television series NYPD Blue during 1994 and 1995.In 1995, <mask> made her film debut in Alfonso Arau's A Walk in the Clouds playing the unfaithful wife of main character Paul Sutton (Keanu Reeves). This exposure led Fox to make her the co-star of the television sitcom Ned & Stacey. The series lasted for two seasons, from 1995 to 1997. <mask> appeared as Jerry Seinfeld's romantic interest in two episodes of the series Seinfeld: "The Wait Out" in 1996 and "The Yada Yada" in 1997. <mask> turned down a starring role in another television sitcom to appear in Donald Margulies's two-character play Collected Stories, which opened at the off-Broadway Manhattan Theatre Club. She also co-starred in the Tom Arnold vehicle McHale's Navy in 1997. In 1998, <mask> played a lead role as the bioanthropologist Sloan Parker on ABC's dramatic science-fiction television series Prey.During this time, her agent approached her with the pilot script for the television show Will & Grace. <mask> was inclined to take some time off, but the script intrigued her, and she auditioned for the role of Grace Adler, beating Nicollette Sheridan, who later guest-starred on the show as Grace's romantic rival. Will & Grace became a ratings success, and <mask> received critical acclaim for her performance. In 2002, she was named one of the "50 Most Beautiful People in the World" by People. TV Guide picked her as its "Best Dressed Woman" in 2003. And <mask>'s trademark curls on Will & Grace won her five Crown Awards from voters at the celebrity hair site Super-Hair.Net between 2000 and 2008. Director Woody Allen cast <mask> in a supporting role in his film Hollywood Ending (2002).Her film roles since include Richard Gere's ill-fated wife in the supernatural thriller The Mothman Prophecies (2002) and a supporting role as an unfaithful bride in Along Came Polly (2004). The Wedding Date (2005) was <mask>'s first leading role in a high-profile film. It received mixed reviews but performed fairly well at the box office. <mask> was featured as a judge on the season finale of the second season of Bravo's reality show Project Runway. Also in 2005, along with Megan Mullally, she was awarded the Women in Film Lucy Award in recognition of her excellence and innovation in her creative works that have enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television. She also starred in the television miniseries The Starter Wife (2007), which was nominated for ten Emmy Awards, including one for <mask> for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie. In 2008, <mask> reprised her role as Molly Kagan in the television series The Starter Wife, consisting of 10 episodes.In early 2010, <mask> starred in the ABC comedy pilot Wright vs. Wrong for the 2010–2011 primetime season, but ABC did not pick-up the pilot. In July 2011, <mask> was ranked no. 22 on the TV Guide Network special, Funniest Women on TV. In February 2011, producers announced that <mask> would star in a new NBC musical pilot called Smash for the 2011–2012 primetime season. In May 2011, it was reported that NBC picked up the show as a series for the 2011–2012 season. The show premiered on February 6, 2012. The show was later renewed for a second season after which it was cancelled.<mask> appeared with Green Day singer Billie Joe Armstrong and Leighton Meester in Frank Whaley's drama film Like Sunday, Like Rain in 2014. For her performance, <mask> won the 2014 Best Actress Award at The Williamsburg Independent Film Festival. She made her Broadway debut in John Patrick Shanley's play Outside Mullingar alongside Tony Award winner Brían F. O'Byrne, which began previews at the Samuel J. Friedman Theatre on January 3, 2014. Outside Mullingar was nominated for Best Play for the 2014 (68th Annual) Tony Awards. <mask> starred in The Mysteries of Laura, a police procedural television show that premiered in September 2014. The series lasted for two seasons and ended in 2016. <mask> portrayed Marjorie Houseman in the television remake of the film Dirty Dancing (1987).It aired on ABC in May 2017. She starred again as Grace Adler in the revival of Will & Grace on NBC. The revival aired for three seasons, from September 2017 to April 2020. Personal life
<mask> met Daniel Zelman, an actor and screenwriter, on their first day as graduate students at New York University in 1990. They were married on September 3, 2000, and lived in Manhattan. On April 7, 2004, <mask> gave birth to their son, Roman. In December 2011, she and her husband separated after 11 years of marriage.<mask> filed for divorce on June 5, 2012, and the divorce became official on March 1, 2016. <mask> dated her Smash co-star Will Chase from the end of 2011 to October 2014. In 2012, she posed nude for the May issue of Allure magazine. Filmography

Film

Television

Awards and nominations
<mask>'s most honored role is as Grace Adler on Will & Grace, which earned her seven Golden Globe Award nominations for Best Lead Actress in a Television Series – Comedy or Musical; five Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, one of which she won in 2003; and seven Screen Actors Guild Award nominations: two for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series and five for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series – winning one in 2001. Honors

 2005: Nominated for Favorite Funny Female Star by the People's Choice Awards. 2005: Honored with the Lucy Award, by the Women in Film Crystal + Lucy Awards – to recognize women and men and their creative works that have enhanced the perception of women through the medium of television. 2017: Honored with the Excellence in Media Award by the GLAAD (Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation) – to individuals in the media and entertainment industries who through their work have increased the visibility and understanding of the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender) community.2017, October 6: Inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame and received a star for her contribution to Television – located at 6201 Hollywood, Blvd. Accolades

References

External links

 Debra Messing Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America

1968 births
Living people
Actresses from Rhode Island
American film actresses
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American voice actresses
Brandeis University alumni
Jewish American actresses
New York (state) Democrats
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners
People from East Greenwich, Rhode Island
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses

masks:
Debra Lynn Messing
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Brian Messing
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<mask> (1603–1647) was an Italian nobleman of the House of Barberini who became Prince of Palestrina and Gonfalonier of the Church; commander of the Papal Army. He was a nephew of Pope Urban VIII and brother of Cardinals <mask> and <mask>. Thanks to their uncle's famous nepotism, the brothers shaped 17th-century Italian politics, religion, art, music and architecture. Biography
<mask> was born in 1603, the son of <mask> and Costanza Magalotti. He was the nephew of brothers cardinal <mask> (later Pope Urban VIII) and  <mask> (later also Cardinal) and of Lorenzo Magalotti. He was the brother of <mask> and <mask>, both of whom became Cardinals when their uncle became pope. Like his brothers, <mask> was educated at the Collegio Romano.Pontificate of Pope Urban VIII

In 1623, Maffeo <mask> was elected as Pope Urban VIII and <mask> <mask>'s fortunes improved considerably. Almost immediately, <mask> was appointed Gonfalonier of the Church; Commander of the Papal Army, though during later conflicts his brother Cardinal <mask> also commanded papal and mercenary troops in the field. In 1624, <mask> took control of the Duchy of Urbino, relinquished to Urban VIII after the death of Federico Ubaldo. When Francesco Maria died in 1631, the duchy was transferred to the Papal States. On 14 October 1627 <mask> married Anna Colonna, daughter of Filippo I Colonna, at a lavish service presided over by the pope himself at the Castel Gandolfo. The agreement drawn up by Cardinal Fabrizio Verospi between the Barberini and Colonnas stipulated a dowry worth some 180,000 scudi which included cash and credit as well as a Colonna castle in Anticoli. It is thought the transfer of the Palestrina comune between the two families was tied to the agreement; part of Anna Colonna's dowry.Upon transfer, the commune became a fief of the Barberini which allowed the family to appoint one of its number as Prince of Palestrina, a title which was passed from one Barberini patriarch to another while the comune remained among family possessions. <mask>'s son <mask> later renounced his right to inherit his father's titles (as he would have done as eldest son) to become a cardinal. <mask>'s hereditary titles therefore passed to his second son, Maffeo. As Prince of Palestrina, <mask> worked to improve local buildings and establish new services, even if many of them were primarily self-serving. He rebuilt the  Palazzo Barberini (which still houses the Nile mosaic of Palestrina) and his son Maffeo later commissioned a new church nearby. Taddeo built a small private casino which operated for a few years during his administration but closed when future princes had no interest in gambling. Pope Urban further honoured his nephew in 1631 by appointing him Governor of the Borgo, Commander of Sant'Angelo and Prefect of Rome.<mask>'s investiture as prefect was celebrated with much pomp and extravagance. It is estimated that by 1632, <mask>'s property was worth as much as 4 million scudi and that over the course of Urban VIII's 21-year reign, Taddeo amassed 42 million scudi in personal wealth. By 1635, income from <mask>'s property was estimated at 100,000 scudi per year. First War of Castro

In 1639, Odoardo Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza, came to Rome and during his visit managed to insult <mask>'s cardinal brothers. Pope Urban responded by banning grain shipments from Farnese controlled areas. When the Farnese were then unable to pay their debts the Pope sent debt collectors. Finally the Pope troops to occupy Castro.The Pope's forces were led by <mask>, his mercenary field commander Luigi Mattei and by Fabrizio Savelli. When Savelli proved to be an unenthusiastic commander, he was returned to Rome and <mask> <mask> was appointed in his place. Castro fell without significant resistance and the victory was celebrated in song by Barberini family composer, Marco Marazzoli. But the victory was short-lived and thereafter papal troops suffered a series of decisive losses. Pope Urban was forced to accept defeat and signed a peace treaty with the Farnese Dukes in an attempt to prevent them from marching on Rome itself. Exile and death

In 1644, <mask>'s uncle Pope Urban VIII died and the College of Cardinals elected Pope Innocent X of the Pamphili family. At the Papal conclave of 1644, <mask>'s cardinal brothers engineered a deal to ensure the safety of their family's fortunes.But the new Pope refused to honour the deal and launched an investigation into alleged financial abuses during the First War of Castro. <mask> <mask> and his brothers were forced into exile and fled to Paris in 1646 where they were supported by Cardinal Jules Mazarin. <mask>'s wife Anna Colonna appealed to Pope Innocent urging him to allow the Barberini to keep their property. Innocent agreed but the Barberini remained in exile for several more years. <mask> <mask> died in 1647 while in exile in France without ever seeing Rome again. Issue

<mask> and Anna Colonna had five children:
Lucrezia <mask> (1628–1699) who married Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena
Camilla <mask> (1629–1631) who died in infancy
<mask> (1630–1704) who became a Cardinal
Maffeo <mask> who became Prince of Palestrina
Niccolò <mask> (1635–1699)

Legacy
The <mask> family was reconciled with the papacy, at least in part, through <mask>'s two sons, <mask> and Maffeo <mask>. Carlo was elevated to cardinal by Pope Innocent X and Maffeo married a grand-niece of Pope Innocent X, Olimpia Giustiniani, and in turn had a son who was elevated to cardinal, <mask> (Junior).<mask>'s daughter, Lucrezia <mask>, married Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena. <mask>'s secretary,  Corinzio Benicampi, accompanied the young Carlo Maratta to Rome in 1636. The well-known Baroque artist later received one of his first commissions, The Glory of Saints, from <mask>. The painting was finished in 1645, two years before <mask>'s death. References

1603 births
1647 deaths
Taddeo
17th-century Italian nobility
Papal family members
Captains General of the Church

masks:
Taddeo Barberini
Francesco Barberini
Antonio Barberini
Barberini
Carlo Barberini
Maffeo Barberini
Antonio Marcello Barberini
Francesco Barberini
Antonio Barberini
Taddeo
Barberini
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Antonio Barberini
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Carlo Barberini
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Antonio Barberini
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Carlo Barberini
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Maria Barberini
Barberini
Taddeo
Carlo Barberini
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Francesco Barberini
Taddeo
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