text_chunks:
was a leading Japanese playwright and writer of comic fiction. From 1961 to 1986, he used the pen name of <mask>. Early life
Inoue was born in what is now part of Kawanishi in Yamagata Prefecture, where his father was a pharmacist. His father was  involved in an agrarian reform movement and also managed a local drama troupe. A novel his father had written won a prize and he was offered a job as a scriptwriter in a film company. But when he was preparing to move to Tokyo, he became ill with spinal caries and, soon after, when <mask>e was 5 years old, he died at age 34. His father's sudden death influenced <mask> to be a writer.After suffering from child abuse at the hands of his stepfather, he was subsequently sent off to a Lasallian orphanage in Sendai, where he received a Christian baptism. He graduated from Sophia University’s Facility of Letters, continuing on to graduate school in French literature, with a two-year hiatus in between to raise more money for his studies by working at a sanatorium in Kamaishi, Iwate. World War II ended when Inoue was just 11 years old. The experience of war helped shape Inoue’s own writing style, and fostered an anti-war perspective. Literary career

Even before graduation, Inoue began his literary career by working as a stage manager and writing scripts for the Furansu-za striptease theater in Asakusa, Tokyo. It was common to have a one-hour vaudeville performance before and between strip acts, and many famous actors, including Kiyoshi Atsumi started their careers in such an environment. He wrote a semi-fictional account of his life during this period in Mokkinpotto Shi no Atoshimatsu ("The Fortunes of Father Mockinpott").After graduation, he obtained a position as a script writer for a puppet drama Hyokkori Hyotanjima, which aired from April 1964 for a five-year period. After an initial career in radio, he wrote his first stage play Nihonjin no Heso in 1969 for Theatre Echo. He first gained literary recognition for his satirical comic plays in the tradition of the Edo period gesaku genre. Inoue has won a very large number of literary awards in the course of his career, including the 67th Naoki Prize in 1972 for his novel Tegusari Shinju ("Handcuffed Double Suicide"). He followed on this success in 1981 with Kirikirijin ("The People of Kirikiri"), which was awarded both the Yomiuri Literary Prize and the 2nd Japan Science Fiction Award. In 1983, Inoue established his own theatre troupe called "Komatsuza" to perform his own plays. Komatsuza gave its debut in 1984 with a play on writer Ichiyō Higuchi, Zutsuu katakori Higuchi Ichiyō.Another biographical work centered on Meiji period writer Ishikawa Takuboku, whom together with Higuchi Inoue had long admired. His 2002 play Taiko tataite, fue fuite, based on the late years of writer Fumiko Hayashi, received the Tsuruya Nanboku Drama Award. In 1988, he completed a comic trilogy: Kirameku seiza, Yami ni saku hana, Yuki ya kon kon, depicting the lives of ordinary people in the Shōwa period. Despite his activity with the theatre, Inoue continued to write novels, winning the 1982 Seiun Award for Best Novel for Kirikirijin, the Yoshikawa Eiji Literary Prize for Treasury of Disloyal Retainers in 1986, the 27th Tanizaki Prize for Shanghai Moon in 1991, and the Kikuchi Kan Prize for Tokyo Seven Roses in 1999. In 1984, the Writer's Block Library was opened in Kawanishi, Yamagata, thanks to Inoue's donation of his 100,000 volume book collection. Inoue was awarded the Asahi Prize in the year 2000 and the Yomiuri Literary Prize again in 2010. In 2004, he was designated a Person of Cultural Merit by the Japanese government.His career delves into the genre of science fiction. He started radio broadcasting with the play X-Man (1960). He also wrote for the daily children's television show Hyokkori Hōtanjima ["Madcap Island"] (1964), which was a puppet show in which a volcanic eruption destroyed a whole community adrift. There were hints of adult and dark humor in the children's show. Inoue's career was long and distinguished. He didn't only work as a writer, he also produced and wrote anime as a writer and lyricist. He created the theme songs for Himitsu no Akko-chan, Hans Christian Andersen Stories and Moomin (1969).He is also known for writing the lyrics and screenplay for The Wonderful World of Puss 'n Boots (1969). Chichi to kuraseba, has been translated into the English by Roger Pulvers under the title The Face of Jizo. Style
Inoue had shown a self-reflective attitude about the war. His perspectives came from his early life. When he was young, he thought that he would die due to the war. However, the war was ended with the use of the atomic bomb, and it offered him a new chance to see the world. His experience during the war also made him see himself as just one man who alone who didn't have the power to create change.In reflecting on Japan's experience during the war, he has written, "When I bring up the subject of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, an increasing number of people say, ‘It is wrong to dwell on having being victimized, because the Japanese of those days also victimized Asia.’ The second part of this view is certainly accurate. The Japanese did victimize all of Asia. However, I will never accept this first statement because I believe that the two atomic bombs were not merely dropped on the Japanese; they were dropped on the entire human existence . …modern world who cannot escape from the existence of nuclear weapons." When compared with other modern Japanese writers, he shows a stronger influence of Japanese culture, particularly popular culture. His writing is for Japanese people, and his plays were usually have strong influenced from Japanese culture. In turn, he has influenced Japanese broadcast systems and his influence could be easily found in the Japanese modern theatre culture, other drama, and Japanese shows.He is also famous for using high quality Japanese words in his writing. As a result, translators find it hard to translate his plays and other writing. However, because of his play was influenced by Japanese culture a lot, it would be hard to translate it into different cultures, but his writing is considered to be helpful to understand a Japanese perspective. Inoue's novel Kirikirijin (Kirikiri People, 1981) shows Inoue's sharp humor and word play. Inoue became famous as comedy writer. In his early literary career, he worked as broadcast writer and comedy writer in strip show. These early literary career influence him to be comedy writer.His suffered young life from the death of his father and World War II also influenced him to have interest about the life of ordinary people. Inoue had warm and kind perspectives about poor or weak people, and it is shown in his plays. His play tries to give hope and show the kind side of society. His writing was based on Humanism, and this likely accounts for his popularity with the public. He also usually focused on showing how ordinary people's lives were destroyed by war or calamity and how they cured themselves. Personal life
Inoue lived in Ichikawa, Chiba in the 1970s, and moved to Kamakura, Kanagawa from 1989, where he lived until his death. He had three daughters by his first wife, Yoshiko Nishidate, who was a stage actress and political activist.His second wife, Lily, was the sister of essayist and translator Mari Yonehara, and the daughter of Arika Yonehara, a senior member of the Japan Communist Party. Together they had a son. Inoue hated air travel, but was fascinated by the city of Bologna in Italy, which he visited in 2004. He had previously visited Australia in 1976, and had also visited New York City in the 1980s for discussion about a possible Broadway version of a story of Miyamoto Musashi he was planning to write. Inoue served as president of the Japan P.E.N. Club from 2003 to 2007. He was also director of the Japan Association of Playwrights, and director of the Institute of Japanese Literature.An outspoken pacifist, Inoue established a political group in support of the Constitution of Japan with Kenzaburō Ōe in 2004. A heavy smoker, Inoue was diagnosed with lung cancer in October 2009 and died at his home on 9 April 2010 at the age of 75. Selected works

Scripts
 Ame (雨), 1976. Buraun kangoku no shiki (ブラウン 監獄 の 四季), Tōkyō : Kōdansha, 1977. Jūninin no tegami (十二人 の 手紙), Tōkyō : Chūō Kōronsha, 1978. Tanin no chi (他人 の 血), Tōkyō : Kōdansha, 1979. Seibo no dōkeshi (聖母 の 道化師), 1981.Shikaban Nihongo bunpō (私家版 日本語 文法), Tokyo : Shinchōsha, 1981. Hon no makura no sōshi (本 の 枕 草子), Tōkyō : Bungei Shunjū, 1982. Kotoba o yomu (ことば を 読む), Tōkyō : Chūō Kōronsha, 1982. Shichinin no sakkatachi : intabyū-shū (七人 の 作家たち : インタビュー集), Tōkyō : Doyō Bijutsusha, 1983. Moto no mokuami (もと の 黙阿弥), Tōkyō : Bungei Shunjū, 1983. Nippon hakubutsushi (にっぽん 博物誌), Tōkyō : Asahi Shinbunsha, 1983. Inoue Hisashi zen shibai (井上 ひさし 全 芝居), Tōkyō : Shinchōsha, 1984.Jikasei bunshō-dokuhon (自家製 文章読本), Tōkyō : Shinchōsha, 1984. Fu Chūshingura (不 忠臣蔵), Tōkyō : Shūeisha, 1985. Kuni yutaka ni shite gi o wasure (国 ゆたか に して 義 を 忘れ), Tōkyō : Kadokawa Shoten, 1985. Fukkoki (腹鼓記), Tōkyō : Shinchōsha, 1985. Yonsenmanpo no otoko. Ezo hen (四千万步 の 男. 蝦夷 篇 ), Tōkyō : Kōdansha, 1986.Yonsenmanpo no otoko. Izu hen (四千万步 の 男. 伊豆 篇 ), Tōkyō : Kōdansha, 1989. Shanhai mūn (シャンハイ ムーン), Tōkyō : Shūeisha, 1991. Nihongo nikki (ニホン語 日記), Tōkyō : Bungei shunjū, 1993. Chichi to Kuraseba (The Face of Jizo) (父と暮せば), Tōkyō, 1994. Besuto serā no sengoshi (ベスト セラー の 戦後史), Tōkyō : Bungei Shunjū, 1995.Hon no unmei (本 の 運命), Tōkyō : Bungei Shunjū, 1997. Yonsenmanpo no otoko, Chūkei no ikikata (四千万步 の 男・忠敬 の 生き方), Tōkyō : Kōdansha, 2003. Books
Kirikirijin (Shinchosha, 1981, Japan SF Grand Prize, Yomiuri Prize for Literature)
Yonsenmanpo no otoko (Kodansha, 1986–90, five volumes)
Tokyo sebun rōzu (Bungeishunju, 1999, Kikuchi Kan Prize)

References

External links
 <mask> Inoue at J'Lit Books from Japan
 Synopsis of Tokyo Seven Roses (Tokyo sebun rozu) at JLPP (Japanese Literature Publishing Project)
 "Books: Magician of Language: <mask> Inoue." Time Magazine. Monday August 1, 1983. Home page of Komatsuza Theater Company
Entry in The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
Pulvers, Roger. "<mask> Inoue: A great friend, writer, and people’s champion is gone."The Japan Times. April 18, 2010. - Obituary
"Crusader with a Pen: The Japan Times." Japan Times
Nihon SF Taisho Award Winners List

1934 births
2010 deaths
Deaths from cancer in Japan
Deaths from lung cancer
Japanese Esperantists
20th-century Japanese novelists
21st-century Japanese novelists
Japanese Roman Catholics
Japanese science fiction writers
People from Yamagata Prefecture
Roman Catholic writers
20th-century Japanese dramatists and playwrights
Sophia University alumni
Winners of the Yomiuri Prize
Writers from Yamagata Prefecture

masks:
Uchiyama Hisashi
Hisashi Inou
Hisashi
Hisashi
Hisashi
Hisashi


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<mask> (born December 5, 1972 in Queens, New York) is  a visually impaired African American social practice installation artist. Her work encompasses illustration, installation, sculpture, and photography. Shortt's work has been shown in museums and public parks throughout New York City, and deals with various themes, including equality, disability, community, and race. Education
Shortt holds a Master of Science - MS, Mathematics from New York University. Work

Elmhurst Sculpture Garden
In 2017, Shortt established the Elmhurst Sculpture Garden in an abandoned parking lot in Elmhurst, Queens, New York with the help of local community volunteers and artists. With additional funding by the Burning Man Global Arts Grant in 2017 and the National Endowment of the Arts Grant in 2018, the community garden was able to expand in area space. Under Shortt's leadership, the garden serves as an arts incubator for artists to exhibit their pieces, as well as receive guidance in obtaining grants to revitalize public spaces in their communities.African American Marbleization
An Act of Civil disobedience dating back to 2016, African American Marbleization is a series of guerrilla sculptures by <mask>t. It is the artist's response to oppression and racisms of African Americans in art, history, and her country. The pieces are cast in marble dust and installed outdoors as installations or small sculptures. The fragment pieces are installed on underpasses or other cement structures while the busts are often coupled with natural materials like water, wood, and the earth. Artistic Response to A.I.R. Gallery
<mask> became a member of A.I.R. Gallery in January, 2021.Soon after in 2021, Ms. Shortt Co-found A.I.R. Gallery's Research and Development Committee with Daria Dorosh, founding member of A.I.R. Gallery. The committee seeks to make, model, and introduce new frameworks for artists; allowing artists to disrupt the scarcity mindset and patriarchal systems commonly encountered in the art world. Ms. Shortt began working on an artistic response project that speaks to the personal difficulties experienced as an African American woman at A.I.R. Gallery. The encompassing goal, to seek honest communication and respect.A series of works produced for the artistic response make use of materials such as varying types of rope, cotton, wood branches. Public art

Peppermint Pieces and Waking Blind
In 2018, Shortt produced two pieces inspired by her retinitis pigmentosa condition. She was selected to display one of her outdoor art installation pieces, Peppermint Pieces, as part of the Art in the Parks: Active Open Space initiative, which is funded by the Public Health in New York, Inc. on behalf of the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, in partnership with the City of New York Parks and Recreation. Peppermint Pieces is a multimedia piece made of wood and aluminum on display in Captain Tilly Park in Jamaica. Shortt's cement sculpture piece, Waking Blind, is also inspired by the artist's eye condition, which is displayed in Elmhurst Sculpture Garden. Pavillion Landing
Shortt was among the recipients of the Art in the Parks: Alliance for Flushing Meadows Corona Park 2019 Grant to create an art installation that follows the theme, Flushing Meadows Corona Park: A Park for the Future. Inspired by the 1964-65 New York World's Fair, Shortt created the sculpture piece, Pavillion Landing, with the aid of park goers and community members during several collaborative sculpting sessions at the park.The piece, which features stranded intergalactic children, is on display at the David Dinkins Circle in Flushing Meadows–Corona Park. Rigged? In 2018, Friends of MacDonald Park in Forest Hills commissioned Shortt to create an outdoor piece that addressed the political, social, and economic systems in the United States, which resulted in the creation of the piece Rigged?. The maze structure, with its accompanying cement rabbits and carrots, is continuously updated depending on the general public's feedback about the piece. Women Who Build - Artists Who Own
In 2016, Shortt led an investigative project that analyzed the role of women, or the lack thereof, in the construction industry. With funding provided by the Awesome Foundation, the Queens Council on the Arts, and Culture Push, with additional support from the Eileen Fisher Activating Leadership Grant, Shortt separated the project in two phases. The first phase involved a construction workshop series, where over 100 women were taught basic construction skills and equipment handling.The first phase concluded with the creation of a tiny house on wheels, which is now used as a tea and zen garden. In the second phase, Shortt commissioned 13 artists so that they can create various interactive installations that prompted community engagement and conversation over the housing crisis in New York City. Among the installations include performing art pieces, participatory embroidery, photography, and more. All installations were then photographed and documented in the exhibition Dwelling at the Queens Museum. RPGA Studio, Inc. In 2009, Shortt established Rego Park Green Alliance, an art organization that addressed community awareness of several important issues affecting the communities of Forest Hills, Kew Gardens, Rego Park, and other surrounding neighborhoods in Queens. RPGA Studio, Inc. gained a nonprofit status in 2015, and has been a recipient of various grants, awards, and partnerships, including the Citizens Committee for New York City Grants, Burning Man Global Arts Grant, National Endowment for the Arts Grant, and others.References

External links
Official website
RPGA Studio official site

1972 births
Living people
African-American contemporary artists
American installation artists
African-American women artists
Sculptors from New York (state)
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American women artists
African-American sculptors
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American artists
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American artists

masks:
Yvonne Shortt
Yvonne Short
Yvonne Shortt


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<mask> (a.k.a. <mask>, ; born 1947 in Moscow) is a Russian-American microbiologist, activist, and author. He emigrated from the USSR in 1975 and studied in Israel and Germany before settling permanently in New York in 1982. Goldfarb is a naturalized American citizen. He has combined a scientific career as a microbiologist with political and public activities focused on civil liberties and human rights in Russia, in the course of which he has been associated with Andrei Sakharov, George Soros, Boris Berezovsky, and <mask>. He has not visited Russia since 2000. Scientific career
Goldfarb studied biochemistry at Moscow State University and graduated in 1969.After graduation, he worked at the Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy in Moscow. He emigrated from the USSR in 1975. He received a Ph.D. in 1980 from the Weizmann Institute in Israel. Back in the west, he continued his research with a post-doctoral program at the Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry in Martinsried, Germany. From 1982 to 1991 he was an assistant professor at Columbia University in New York. From 1992 to 2006 he was a faculty member at the Public Health Research Institute in New York where he led a U.S. government-funded study "Structure and Function of RNA Polymerase in E. coli" with a total budget of $7 million. He also directed the project "Treating Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis in Siberian Prisons" funded by a $13 million grant from philanthropist George Soros.Activism
After he emigrated, Goldfarb maintained contact with dissidents in the Soviet Union and was a spokesman for Moscow refuseniks. He translated for Andrei Sakharov at press conferences in advance of his 1975 Nobel Peace Prize and helped organize the first American television  appearance of Sakharov when Mikhail Gorbachev released the physicist from internal exile. From 1984 to 1986 Soviet authorities refused <mask>'s father permission to leave the USSR after their unsuccessful attempt to make him collaborate and entrap American journalist Nicholas Daniloff. Goldfarb was among the first political emigres to return to the Soviet Union after Gorbachev launched his reforms. Impressions of his first visit in October 1987 were published as a cover story in The New York Times magazine under the title "Testing Glasnost. An Exile Visits his Homeland". The story caught the attention of US philanthropist George Soros, leading to a decade-long association between the two men.According to Soros' biographer Robert Slater, Goldfarb was among the first group of Russian exiles in New York whom Soros invited to brainstorm his potential Foundation in Russia. In 1991 Goldfarb persuaded Soros to donate $100 million to help former Soviet scientists survive the hardships of the economic shock therapy adopted by the Boris Yeltsin government. From 1992 to 1995, Goldfarb was Director of Operations at Soros' International Science Foundation, which helped sustain tens of thousands of scientists and scholars in the former Soviet Union during the harshest three years of economic reform. In 1994 Goldfarb managed Soros' Russian Internet Project, which built infrastructure and provided free Internet access for university campuses across Russia. That project created a controversy because of a conflict with emerging Russian commercial interests in the ISP field. In 1995, during the first months of the First Chechen War, Goldfarb oversaw a Soros-funded relief operation, which ended disastrously with the disappearance of the American relief worker Fred Cuny. From 1998 to 2000 Goldfarb directed the $15 million Soros tuberculosis project in Russia.He worked with Dr. Paul Farmer to battle TB in Russian prisons, an endeavor described by the Pulitzer Prize winner Tracy Kidder in his book Mountains Beyond Mountains. Since 2001 Goldfarb has been Executive Director of the New York-based International Foundation for Civil Liberties, founded and financed by the exiled Russian oligarch Boris Berezovsky. Involvement in the Litvinenko affair

Goldfarb first met <mask> during his tuberculosis project in Russian prisons. In October 2000, at the request of Boris Berezovsky, Goldfarb visited Turkey where he met Litvinenko and his family, who had just fled from Russia. Goldfarb arranged their entry to the United Kingdom, an offense under British law, for which he was banned from visiting Britain for a year. His involvement would also "cost him his job with George Soros." When Litvinenko was poisoned in London in 2006, Goldfarb was his unofficial spokesman during the two last weeks of his life  On the day of Litvinenko's death, Goldfarb read out his deathbed statement accusing Vladimir Putin of ordering the poisoning.Goldfarb later explained in interviews that he had drafted the statement at Litvinenko's request and that Litvinenko had signed it in the presence of a lawyer. With Berezovsky, Litvinenko's widow Marina, and the human rights lawyer Louise Christian, Goldfarb founded the Litvinenko Justice Foundation to campaign for the truth about his murder, and for the perpetrators to be brought to justice. He later testified in a libel suit, in which Berezovsky successfully contested the claim by Russian state television station RTR (now Russia 1) that he had murdered Litvinenko. Libel lawsuit against Russian TV channels
Following the attack on Sergei Skripal in Salisbury, UK on March 4, 2018, Russian TV network coverage of the incident named Goldfarb as the murderer of <mask> in 2006. Goldfarb sued two Russian TV channels, Channel One Russia and RT, for libel in US. The case is pending in US District Court for the Southern District of New York. On March 4, 2020, U.S. District Judge Valerie Caproni denied a motion to dismiss the case, ruling that New York had personal jurisdiction over the matter because Channel One Russia maintains a Manhattan studio where correspondent Zhanna Agalakova interviewed Goldfarb in relation to the allegedly defamatory story.Writings
<mask> has written for the editorial pages of The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, The Daily Telegraph, and The Moscow Times. He helped Litvinenko to prepare his book Lubyanka Criminal Group for publication. With Marina Litvinenko, he later co-authored the book "Death of a Dissident: The Poisoning of <mask> and the Return of the KGB", published in Russian as "Sasha, Volodya, Boris....The Story of a Murder." (Russian)Александр Гольдфарб – о Путине и Литвиненко, Алекс Гольдфарб представляет книгу “Саша, Володя, Борис. История убийства”. His books
<mask> and Marina Litvinenko. Death of a Dissident: The Poisoning of <mask> and the Return of the KGB.Free Press, New York, 2007. . Appearances on TV

 Charlie Rose – A conversation with Marina Litvinenko and Alex Goldfarb
 BBC Hardtalk – Marina Litvinenko

References

1947 births
Living people
People from Moscow
Russian Jews
Russian microbiologists
Russian political activists
Israeli emigrants to the United States
Jewish American writers
Jewish activists
Moscow State University alumni
Columbia University faculty
American microbiologists
Soviet emigrants to Israel
Russian dissidents
21st-century American Jews

masks:
Alexander Davidovich Goldfarb
Alex Goldfarb
Alexander Litvinenko
Goldfarb
Alexander Litvinenko
Alexander Litvinenko
Goldfarb
Alexander Litvinenko
Alex Goldfarb
Alexander Litvinenko


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<mask> (November 10, 1834 – November 4, 1909) was a Philadelphia lawyer, businessperson, author, diarist, and philanthropist who traveled extensively in the middle of the 19th century to Europe and the Middle East. <mask> was also a founding member of the Art Club of Philadelphia, a major stockholder in the Newport Casino, and a member of the millionaires club of the gilded age. Early life and career
<mask> was born in Philadelphia, the son of <mask> (1772–1836) and Maria Gillingham (1798–1865). He descended from a long line of Philadelphia merchants and lawyers. It is known that he was named in honor of a Philadelphia lawyer, and relative, <mask> (1788–1845). <mask> was born into immense wealth and privilege. His father died shortly before his birth, and as one of the 5 surviving children he received a fair share of the paternal estate, totaling almost US$123,000.This was equivalent to US$4,000,000 as of 2021. <mask> attended school in Philadelphia, and was interested in the arts and music. He was a regular Shakespearean enthusiast at the home of William Henry Furness, whose son Horace Howard Furness was a close friend and a fellow Harvard scholar. They were roommates at Harvard. He had a series of musical essays published during this period in New York City. He graduated from Harvard University in 1854. As a young man in his twenties, <mask> traveled extensively overseas.At the age of 20, he embarked on a two-year cultural tour of Europe accompanied by Horace, initially to London in October 1854, and then onto Paris. He subsequently met up with a fellow Harvard alumni James Savage Jnr. He immersed himself into the German and Austrian culture. Inspired by this time in Aigen, Salzburg, he purchased Erdenheim Farm
in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania in 1855, however he did not return to sign the deed, and nominated a third party. His sister died shortly afterwards. Again he chose not to return home to Philadelphia, choosing to continue his journey into Spain, and onto the Levantine region and Egypt. After Turkey and Crimea, he traveled to Greece and Corfu, then a British protectorate.He kept a travel diary of his extensive tour of Europe, the Middle East and Crimea, which took place between 1855 and 1856. Whilst in Jerusalem, he visited Warder Cresson, a former Quaker, also from Philadelphia, who converted to Judaism and became an early Zionist after having been appointed as the first U.S. Consul to Jerusalem in 1844. It's unsure when he returned to the U.S., however he received his Bachelor of Arts from Harvard in 1858. Although a farm proprietor, <mask> was not inclined to dedicate himself to a career in farming, instead preferring the intricacies of law. He was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar Association in 1859. Erdenheim farm was sold to Aristides Welch during October 1862 and subsequently this farm became notable for the breeding of racing horses. During the American Civil War he served as one of the directors of the United States Sanitary Commission, a private relief agency created by federal legislation on June 18, 1861, to support sick and wounded soldiers, with <mask> having access to General George B. McClellan.<mask>'s understanding and exposure to the British Sanitary Commission, which had been set up during the Crimean War (1853–1856) informed the setting up of its US counterpart. He also served in a committee promoting recruitment of minorities during 1863. After the American civil war he was involved with the Freedmen's Bureau. His philanthropic causes in Philadelphia revolved around the needs of war veterans and the sanitary requirements of a fast growing city. He was pivotal in a number of infrastructure improvements that would benefit all the inhabitants of the city. He was a member of the Philadelphia Fountain Society. He also served as treasurer for various good causes.Once <mask> had started a family in the mid 1870s, he joined the set of wealthy families who were drawn to Newport, Rhode Island in the summers. It became an annual pilgrimage given that the fresh sea breeze appealed to those who could afford it. Eventually it became his primary residence. Legacy
The Atherton <mask> papers (1849–1858) are held by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. These contain a collection of correspondence, including travel diaries and a book of travel expenses. In his personal diary he describes the battlefields and veterans of the Crimean War, which had ended in February 1856. His correspondence with Charles Eliot Norton is held by the Houghton Library.The National Portrait Gallery in Washington D.C. has a marble sculpture of him from 1878 by Richard Saltonstall Greenough (1819–1904). Greenough's best-known work is probably a statue of Benjamin Franklin which stood in front of the Old City Hall (Boston). Greenough's daughter caught the attention of <mask> during his visit to Europe and they eventually married. Greenough lived most of his later adult life in Rome. <mask> was an avid art and book collector. He was also a donor and patron of the arts. In 1890 he presented or bequeathed the painting Orestes Pursued by the Furies by
William-Adolphe Bouguereau.As of 2021 it forms part of the Chrysler Museum of Art collection. In addition to keeping a personal diary, he authored a number of articles, including "The Critical, Reflective Period" in 1901. His granddaughter's second husband was , the illegitimate son of Alfonso XIII. Personal

His mother died in 1865. In 1872 at the age of 38, he married Anna Loring "Nina" Greenough (1847–1897), the daughter of sculptor Richard Saltonstall Greenough who was 13 years his junior. They had three daughters. Some were born in Europe.His daughter Evelyn was often confused with being British because of her intonation when speaking. This was due to the numbers of years she spent in Europe and British nannies. <mask> purchased "Shady Nook", a cottage in Newport from Charlotte D. Hardy in 1876 and settled permanently at a home on Bellevue Avenue Historic District in Newport in 1880, the same year the Newport Casino opened to its first patrons and subsequently became the center of social life during the Gilded Age. In 1893 he and his sisters were described as amongst the most popular younger set in Newport that summer. On September 1, 1897, his daughter <mask> married William Payne Thompson, from a wealthy family from Westbury, Long Island. A month later, on October 12, 1897, his wife committed suicide with a pistol shortly after a nurse visit. She had suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis for the last 15 years of her life.<mask> never remarried and spent more time in Europe, with summers in Newport, taking part in prominent society there. His daughter, <mask> <mask> married Sir Gerard Augustus Lowther, 1st Baronet (1858–1916) after a 3-year engagement in 1905. Lowther at the time was the British Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. Pictures of his daughter form part of the National Portrait Gallery, London. Alice was etched by the artist John Singer Sargent in 1905. In 1906, his daughter, <mask>, referred to in newspapers as the "wild rose beauty", married Mahlon Allanson Sands, the younger brother of
Ethel Sands, a former Newport summer neighbor, son of the late Mahlon Day Sands, the former Secretary of the American Free Trade Movement, who was accidentally killed in London in 1888. The Sands former Newport residence, Lands End, had changed hands several times, including Robert Livingston Beeckman, and at the time of marriage was in the hands of Edith Wharton.By 1907, <mask> had acquired 89–95 Webster St, Newport, located near the corner of Bellevue Avenue. This property adjoined his own residence, Shady Nook. Known as the Frank W. Andrews Residence, it was previously owned by Augustus Whiting (1796–1873), a Merchant of New York & New Orleans. <mask> was one of the best known millionaires of American Society of the Gilded Age, died of heart failure on November 8, 1909. His final years coincided with widespread social activism and a desire for political reform, marking the start of the Progressive Era. He is buried in Island Cemetery, Newport, Rhode Island. His obituary was published in the New York Times.Items of his estate were auctioned in 1911. References

1834 births
1909 deaths
People from Philadelphia
People from Newport, Rhode Island
Harvard University alumni
United States Sanitary Commission people
American philanthropists
19th-century American lawyers

masks:
Atherton Blight
Blight
Blight
George James Blight
Humphrey Atherton
Blight
Blight
Blight
Blight
Blight
Blight
Blight
Blight
Blight
Blight
Blight
Edith Blight
Blight
Alice Atherton
Blight
Evelyn Blight
Blight
Blight


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<mask> (; July 6, 1878 – May 15, 1954), his name erroneously spelled Marmaduque Grobeh, was a Chilean Air Force officer, political figure and member of the Government Junta of the Socialist Republic of Chile in 1932. Early life
<mask> was born in Copiapó, Chile, the son of lawyer, <mask> and Ana Vallejo Burgoa. His first studies were in School Nº 1 of Copiapó and later at the local Liceum. From a very young age he was interested in the army, and in 1892, was accepted to the Chilean Naval Academy. Very shortly before graduation, he participated in the so-called “Stale-bread rebellion”, as a result of which he was expelled from the navy. That incident proved to be his turning point and from then on he declared his motto to be an “undying love for the underdogs and for true justice”. In 1897, <mask> was accepted in the Military Academy, from which he graduated as an artillery sub-lieutenant.At the Military Academy, he was a classmate of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo and Arturo Puga Osorio, both of whom he remained in contact with for the rest of his long military and political life. In 1906 he was sent to Germany to specialize in artillery, and remained there until 1911. By 1912 he had become a freemason and the following year he joined the War Academy. Later he was transferred to the Tacna Garrison, where he remained until 1917 during which he married Rebeca Valenzuela, with whom he had six children. <mask> had a brilliant military career, and from 1920 to 1924 he was Under-Director of the Military Academy. After being promoted to Colonel, he was named Director of the Air Force Academy in 1925. Political career

1924 also marked <mask>'s beginnings in politics.On September 3, 1924, he had a notorious participation in the incident known as the "saber rattling", where 56 military officers protested against their low salaries. The next day the officers involved created the "military committee" to defend themselves from the government. He was selected to carry the petitions to the president. These included increase of the military salaries, changes to the income tax, constitutional reforms, and changes to the employment code. He also was in charge of obtaining the support from the navy officers, which he got. He also tried his hand at journalism, and had a column in the newspaper La Nación supporting the committee, under the byline of Ekud. This incident was a turning point.Even though the petitions were approved, the committee was not dissolved. President Arturo Alessandri, noticing that he had lost control over these officers, resigned and left the country on September 10. This led to the creation of a Government Junta, with the participation of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo. Calais pact
In 1925 <mask> was promoted to colonel and started a long period of travels through Europe, as military attaché. When Carlos Ibáñez del Campo became president, he was confirmed as military attaché in London, as a way to keep him outside the country. While in London, he contacted ex-president Alessandri who was also in exile. Together they started to conspire against Ibáñez.On January 17, 1929, together with also exiled General Enrique Bravo and major Carlos Millán, they signed the “Calais pact" and sworn themselves to bring democracy back to Chile. In November of that year, a meeting of the conspirators was discovered at Dover by the Ibáñez agents, and on November 28 he was sent into retirement from the army and deported to Buenos Aires. The little red plane
Once in Argentina, <mask> immediately started to conspire again. On September 21, 1930, he flew to Chile in a little red plane and landed in Concepción. The plan failed and <mask>, together with lieutenant Carlos Charlín Ojeda were arrested and deported to Easter Island. He managed to escape from there on board a French corvette bound for Tahiti, and from there he went to Marseilles. Nonetheless he only was able to return to Chile after the fall of Ibáñez on July 26, 1931.Socialist Republic of Chile
Once back in Chile, President Juan Esteban Montero reincorporated <mask> to the Army and on March 17, 1932 promoted him to Air Commodore and named him Air Force Commander-in-chief. Still, <mask> continued conspiring against Montero, and toppled him on June 4, 1932 through a military coup. He then proceeded to create the Socialist Republic of Chile. This republic lasted only 12 days. The Socialist republic was headed by a Government Junta composed of General Arturo Puga, Carlos Dávila and Eugenio Matte. He became Defense minister, a position he held from June 5 to June 16, 1932. In that short time, the Socialist republic only managed to approve a few social measures, such as the obligation of the Central Bank to grant credits to small mining and agricultural concerns and the return of the pawned articles at the government-owned pawnbroker to their owners.They also established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. The Government Junta was in turn toppled by Carlos Dávila on June 16, 1932, who in turn remained in power for only one hundred days. In the meantime <mask> was once again exiled, this time to Easter Island. Presidential candidate
During the presidential elections of 1932, <mask> was nominated as a candidate by the Socialist forces. He was only able to return from his exile on Easter Island two days before the election, but still managed to finish second, behind Arturo Alessandri, with a 17.7% of the vote. Later life
On April 19, 1933, together with Oscar Schnake, Salvador Allende, and Carlos Alberto Martínez, <mask> founded the Socialist Party of Chile. He became General Secretary of that party in 1938 and president of the Popular Front coalition that won the presidential election that same year with the candidate Pedro Aguirre Cerda.<mask> was elected Senator on May 9, 1934, in a by-election held to replace deceased Senator Eugenio Matte Hurtado, who had died in January of that year. His slogan was, "From the jail to the Senate", because he had to campaign from jail, where he was kept for conspiring against President Alessandri. As senator he proposed the first plan of Agrarian Reform in Chile in 1939. His slogan this time was, "Neither land without men nor men without land" (Ni tierra sin hombres, ni hombres sin tierra). He was reelected as a Senator in 1941. He was defeated by Carlos Ibáñez del Campo and retired from the Senate in 1949. <mask> died at the age of 75 on May 15, 1954, at Santiago, Chile.External links

Official biography by Socialist party
Biography
Calais pact and the little red plane

1878 births
1954 deaths
Heads of state of Chile
Chilean Ministers of Defense
Chilean Air Force generals
Members of the Senate of Chile
Candidates for President of Chile
Leaders who took power by coup
Chilean socialists
Chilean people of English descent
Chilean people of Irish descent
People from Copiapó
20th-century Chilean military personnel

masks:
Marmaduke Grove Vallejo
Grove
José Marmaduke Grove Abalos
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove
Grove


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<mask> (1794-1871) was an abolitionist who participated in the Underground Railroad by providing refuge for runaway slaves at his safe house in Kennett Square, Pennsylvania and other locations in Pennsylvania and Ohio. He aided an estimated 2000 slaves in escaping from bondage. He was a founding member of the American Anti-Slavery Society. Fussell was an advocate for women serving as physicians, and he influenced the founding of the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania. He worked as a practicing physician, including providing medical services for fugitive slaves. Early life and education
<mask> was born to a Quaker family in Chester County, Pennsylvania, to father <mask> and mother <mask> (née Bond). His father and his sister Esther strongly encouraged Fussell's pursuit of higher education.He moved to Maryland as a young man where he perceived he had better educational opportunities. There, he opened a school in Little Falls, Maryland, and taught. At night, he studied medicine, eventually graduating as a physician from the Medical College of Baltimore. He also opened a Sunday school in Bush River Neck, Maryland, for African-American slaves, teaching them to read the Bible. This was a controversial practice at the time. During this time, he became involved through family ties with Quaker members of the local abolitionist movement, especially Elisha Tyson. <mask> himself began to speak out against the institution of slavery, for which he was criticized by local slaveowners.Personal life and family

After completing his education, Fussell returned to Chester County, Pennsylvania, where he established a medical practice. Shortly thereafter, on May 26, 1826, he married Lydia Morris and established a home in Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, that came to be known as "The Pines" and was used as a safe house for the Underground Railroad. He purchased The Pines from Jonathan and Ann Thomas who were already active in the Underground Railroad, having used the home as a refuge for runaway slaves from 1805 to 1830. <mask> was a daughter of <mask> and Lydia Morris. She was notable as an educator, nurse in the United States Civil War, and a philanthropist. As a young woman, she was woman of the house at a young age following the early death of her mother. Their other children were Joshua Longstreth <mask>, <mask>, Lydia Ada <mask>, and Benjamin Lundy <mask>.<mask>'s wife Lydia died in 1840. On September 2, 1841, he married Rebecca Churchman Hewes, with whom he had one child Edward Churchman <mask>. Participation in the Underground Railroad
In Pennsylvania, Fussell developed a working relationship with local abolitionist Thomas Garrett. At that time, Fussell began sheltering fugitive slaves brought to his home from prior refuge with Garrett. Besides sheltering, he used his home, The Pines, to provide medical services to sick or injured runaway slaves. His home was approximately 1 mile east of the historical village of Kennett Square, which was a center point of the abolitionist movement in southeast Pennsylvania. The Pines had a root cellar that was used as a hiding place for runaway slaves, and it also had a second exit for rapid escape.<mask> and his wife Lydia frequently hosted other abolitionists at The Pines. In 1833, <mask> was an original signer of the Declaration of Sentiments of the American Anti-Slavery Society, a manifesto that stated anti-slavery principles of the organization. The signing occurred at the first meeting of this organization, which was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In the late 1830s, Fussell moved approximately 20 miles north of Kennett Square to West Vincent, Pennsylvania, to a farm neighboring his sister Ester Lewis. At that location, he collaborated with Lewis, her daughters, in addition to Garrett and abolitionists John Vickers and Elijah Pennypacker in furthering the work of the Underground Railroad. <mask>'s wife Lydia died in 1840. He married Rebecca Hewes the following year, at which time <mask> and his new wife moved to York, Pennsylvania.At that time, his brother and nephew moved into the Fussell home in West Vincent to continue the work on the Underground Railroad at the Fussell and Lewis homes. Activities of the Underground Railroad increased after the 1850 passage of the Fugitive Slave Law, which increased penalties for aiding fugitive slaves. Fussell, in turn, increased his own participation. In 1851, he aided the escape of three participants in the Christiana Riot, providing the escapees with refuge in the Lewis family home in Chester County. Fussell remained an active member of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society up until the end of the United States Civil War. As a safe house operator, he is an example of a conductor and of a stationmaster in the Underground Railroad, railroad terminology often being used in this context. Fussell's involvement in the Underground Railroad is documented in an early treatise on the subject, The Underground Railroad Records, by African-American abolitionist William Still, in 1872.<mask>'s home, The Pines, was purchased by Kennett Township in 2016 for historic preservation. Influence on careers for women as physicians
Fussell was sensitized to the limited opportunities that women of his time had in the field of medicine because of his sister Ester's stymied efforts to pursue a career in medicine. For this reason, in 1840, Fussell began classes to teach women the basics of medicine. He subsequently began a campaign to advance the cause of women as physicians. In 1846, <mask> organized a meeting of six local physicians and his niece Graceanna Lewis to discuss the desirability of women's careers in medicine. Attendees included the six physicians Ezra Mitchener, <mask> (the husband of Graceanna's sister, Rebecca Lewis), Franklin Taylor, Ellwood Harvey, and Sylvester Birdsall, in addition to Fussell's niece. This meeting eventually led to the founding of the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania in 1850, although he did not play a direct role in its creation.Later years and death
After the United States Civil War and the prohibition of slavery, <mask> spent much of his time in Pendleton, Indiana, at the home of his son <mask>. However, he died in West Pikeland, Pennsylvania, at the home of his son Dr. <mask>. <mask> is buried alongside his wife Lydia at the Pikeland Friends Burial Ground in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, USA. References

External links and further reading
 The Fussell House
 Declaration of Sentiments of the American Anti-Slavery Society
 Smedley, Robert Clemens. History of the Underground Railroad in Chester and the Neighboring Counties of Pennsylvania. Office of the Journal, 1883. Print.1794 births
1871 deaths
19th-century Quakers
Abolitionism in the United States
American philanthropists
American Quakers
People from Chester County, Pennsylvania
Quaker abolitionists
Underground Railroad people

masks:
Bartholomew Fussell
Fussell
Bartholomew Fussell
Rebecca Fussell
Fussell
Susan Fussell
Bartholomew Fussell
Fussell
Morris Fussell
Fussell
Fussell
Fussell
Fussell
Fussell
Fussell
Fussell
Fussell
Fussell
Fussell
Edwin Fussell
Fussell
Joshua Fussell
Morris Fussell
Fussell


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<mask> (born 1 December 1973) is a British-American musician. He has been a member of numerous hard rock and metal bands including 58, Black Label Society, Crowbar, Kingdom of Sorrow, The Underbellys, SkilletHead, and Saigon Kick. He is the son of <mask> and is currently playing guitar as part of his father's band. Early life
Gibb was born in London, England, and raised in Miami, Florida, United States, the first-born son of <mask> and <mask>. At the age of three, he began playing piano, but when he was about thirteen he decided he would like to play guitar. After attending a Van Halen gig he was inspired to work harder at the instrument. Career

1980s
On 14 October 1988, Gibb and nine other students at The Lear School in Miami performed their first concert.The students performed at lunchtimes and for special events at the school. That same year <mask> and friends formed their own band, which was indecisively christened NNY for No Name Yet. Later they would settle on the name ZEX, and in February of that year they landed a gig at Woody's, a Miami club owned by the Rolling Stones' guitarist Ronnie Wood. Later in the year <mask> would work as a guitar technician on the Bee Gees One For All tour. 1990s
In 1991, after being his father's guitar technician for two years, <mask> enrolled in a music school in Miami where he got his degree. He began writing songs, the first of which was a solo effort, "Whiskey Jam". Other songs penned during this time were "Shadow of Your Dreams" with Emerson Forth and Deniz Kose, "Hole in My Soul" also with Kose, and "Ren and Stevie" with Middle Ear Studio engineer, Scott Glasel and his girlfriend, Amanda Green.This song was a take off on the Nickelodeon cartoon series Ren and Stimpy. In 1992, <mask> and others including Forth, formed a metal band, SkilletHead, which performed the club circuit in and around Miami. That year <mask> also made occasional appearances as a guitarist backing the Bee Gees. In February 1997, <mask> joined The Underbellys. This five piece band included Billy Velvet (lead vocals), Joel Dasilva (guitarist), Sean 'Evil' Gerovitz (bass), Randy Blitz (drums) and <mask> on guitar. The band played venues including the Viper Room in Los Angeles and Don Hills in Greenwich Village. The Underbelly's, including <mask>, recorded for Columbia Records with Pat DiNizio of The Smithereens as their record producer.This did not result in a recording contract, and the band split up. In November 1997, <mask> performed live with his father and uncles for their 'One Night Only' concert in Las Vegas. He also toured with the Smithereens between 1997 and 98. 2000s
<mask> joined Nikki Sixx, Bucket Baker and Dave Darling in 58. The concept Sixx had in mind when he formed 58 was of a non-touring, internet promoted entity, that would feature on his new record label, Americoma Records. The name of the band stemmed from the year 1958, in which both Sixx and Darling were born. Their sound, as exemplified on the band's one and only album released in early 2000, was a self-described mixture of "glam, hip hop, rock, pop, funk and a car crash".<mask> co-wrote "Who We Are", which featured on Diet for a New America. The same year, <mask> appeared in the music video for Black Label Society's "Counterfeit God" from their 2000 release Stronger than Death, as the skulls and chains guy. The band did not have a permanent bassist at the time (for the video Mark Wahlberg was stand-in) <mask> joined Zakk Wylde's Black Label Society as bass player in the spring 2000. Alcohol Fueled Brewtality, Black Label Society's (B.L.S.) live album was recorded in October 2000 and released on 16 January 2001. <mask>'s backing vocals can be heard on tracks like "Stronger Than Death". The Ozzfest 2001: The Second Millennium album included the track "Superterrorizer" recorded at Alpine Valley Music Theatre, East Troy, Wisconsin on 9 June.Shortly after this, just weeks into the American Ozzfest schedule, <mask> left the band for personal reasons. In early 2004, Kirk Windstein (founder of Crowbar) planned a rebirth for Crowbar and rebuilt the band with <mask> as guitarist, Pat Bruders on bass and Tommy Buckley on drums. Their European tour of 2004 was a success, the highlight of which was their performance at the With Full Force Festival in Leipzig, Germany. This became the core of the 2007 released DVD Crowbar: Live With Full Force Gibb, assisting John-Martin Vogel, produced a mix of live footage, backstage capers and interview pieces. The band has consistently toured Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States. The band's 2005 album, Lifesblood for the Downtrodden, was mastered at Middle Ear Studios (owned by <mask>'s father). In 2005, Windstein teamed up with Jamey Jasta of Hatebreed to form a new side venture called Kingdom of Sorrow.The band's self-titled debut album was released on 19 February 2008 by Relapse Records. It debuted at No. 131 on the US Billboard charts and sold 6,000 records in its first week of release. The album was recorded at Planet Z with producer Zeuss, known for his work with Shadows Fall and many others. <mask> performed some solos and leads on a few tracks on this album and also went on the initial promotional tour I late February early March 2008. In 2007, <mask> played on his father's single "Drown On the River". <mask> left Crowbar in 2009, citing family and business commitments in Miami.2010s
When his father <mask> put together a show band to take around the world on his first solo tour, called the Mythology Tour, <mask> joined as guitar lead as he had for numerous annual Love & Hope Balls (see below). The first leg of the tour took in Australia and New Zealand in February 2013. <mask> performed as a solo the bluegrass track written by <mask> "On Time", and took second vocals on the Bee Gees hit "I've Gotta Get a Message to You". The second leg went to England and Northern Ireland in September 2013. The track "Fight (No Matter How Long)" was added as Gibb's second solo. The track had been written in 1986 as part of the Bunbury Tails. The third leg was six US dates in May 2014.As part of the promotion, <mask> performed with his father on The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon, 21 May 2014. In 2015, <mask> toured North America as the guitarist for the band Jasta fronted by Jamey Jasta. <mask> joined the line-up of Saigon Kick at the Broward County, Florida centenary celebrations, the free street festival in Fort Lauderdale on 3 October 2015. Film
The Outkast Talent Agency in Miami were asked to find numerous extras for the Michael Bay film Bad Boys II, released in 2003. <mask> appeared briefly in the opening scenes as a klansman. The track "Stormy" performed by 58 was used in The Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde Rock n' Roll Musical in 2003. It was nominated for Best Film Score at Europe's Fennec Awards.In September 2006, <mask>, his father, and brother Ashley wrote "Drown on the River", which is included in the 2007 Burt Reynolds film Deal. The Oliver Schmitz film Shepherds and Butchers (2016) featured the track "Angels" during the closing credits that was co-written by <mask> with his father and brother Ashley

Charity performances
For many years, <mask>'s parents have been international chairpersons of the Love and Hope Committee for the Diabetes Research Institute Foundation based in Miami, Florida. Annually, a black tie gala is held to raise funds for research and frequently <mask> performs. In 2009, 2012 and 2014, <mask> accompanied his father. In 2009, he performed his own composition "Living in the Rain", dedicating this debut performance of the song to his wife Gloria. At the 34th Love and Hope Ball, held at the Westin Diplomat Resort & Spa in 2008, Gibb, his siblings and their partners were inducted as the first Young Society Honourees. References

External links
<mask> website
Crowbar official website
Black Label Society

1973 births
<mask>
Black Label Society members
Crowbar (American band) members
Musicians from London
English rock guitarists
English pop guitarists
English male guitarists
English male singers
English heavy metal guitarists
English people of Irish descent
English people of Manx descent
English people of Scottish descent
English record producers
English songwriters
<mask> of Sorrow members
Living people
Saigon Kick members

masks:
Stephen Thadeus Crompton Gibb
Barry Gibb
Barry Gibb
Linda Gibb
Gibb
Gibb
Gibb
Gibb
Gibb
Gibb
Gibb
Gibb
Gibb
Gibb
Gibb
Gibb
Gibb
Gibb
Gibb
Gibb
Gibb
Gibb
Gibb
Gibb
Barry Gibb
Steve
Gibb
Maurice Gibb
Gibb
Gibb
Gibb
Gibb
Gibb
Gibb
Gibb
Barry Gibb
Gibb
Barry Gibb
Barry Gibb
Steve Kingdom


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<mask> (19141974) was a leading communist, civil rights activist, trade union leader, and member of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB). He joined the Irish section of the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), founded the Connolly Association to support Irish immigrants in Britain, and served as the editor of Irish Freedom. In 1966 as a leading member of the National Union of Railwaymen (NUR), Prendergast led a successful campaign to end racial segregation (the colour bar) in employment of London Underground rail stations, allowing black people to become station employees. Early adult life
<mask> was born on 14 January 1914, in the Irish city of Dublin. He began working at the age of 14 as a machine operator in a mineral water factory. In 1932 Prendergast joined the Irish Workers' Group, a precursor organisation to the Communist Party of Ireland, and in 1934 began studying at the Lenin International School in Moscow, before moving to London and joining the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB). Spanish Civil War
<mask> was an early volunteer for the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), arriving in Spain on 12 December 1936 and almost immediately seeing combat in Cordoba near Lopera.<mask> was attached to the XIV International Brigade which had no training, telecommunications, or air and artillery support, and as a consequence suffered high casualties at the hands of fascist forces. The military disaster for the International Brigades was later described by <mask>"My rifle is soon burning hot. ‘Kit’ comes over. I notice his face with lanes of sweat running through the dust. He hands me a note. It is from Brigade H.Q. telling us that we must hold out at all costs. . . . Somebody calls my name.It is Pat Smith. Blood streams from his head and arm. Tom Jones of Wexford is there. Good man, Tom. Always dresses a man where he falls. A hero. He tells me Goff and Daly are hit.I reach the hill-crest where ‘Kit’ is directing fire. He is using a rifle himself and pausing every while to give instructions. Suddenly, he shouts, his rifle spins out of his hand, and he falls back. . . .  His voice is broken with agony. ‘Do your best boys, hold on!’ Tears glisten in our eyes. . . . ‘Kit’ is taken away. . . . I see Fascist tanks rolling up the road to the right. The Moors are sweeping us front and flanks. We'll never hold out now.I move to a firing-position. Suddenly, I am lifted of [sic] my feet. Something terrific has hit me in the side. I cannot breathe. . . . In the ambulance I meet ‘Kit’. He is in terrible agony, and can talk little. ‘How are the rest?’ is his constant question .. . Next morning they told me our great leader was dead. "Soon afterwards <mask> was elected a Political Delegate for the Irish section of the International Brigades and made an officer after being persuaded by Will Paynter to attend an officer training course  a position he held until he was wounded near Jarama on 12 February 1937. <mask>t wrote extensively in the Daily Worker on the capture Major Frank Ryan, the leader of the Irish anti-fascists in Spain, who was detained for far longer than other international volunteers as a part of Nazi attempts to make contacts with the Irish Republican Army. Creation of the Connolly Association
In 1938 <mask> became one of the founding members of the Connolly Association (originally founded as the Connolly Club), a charity and republican activist organisation that sought to support the Irish immigrant communities living in Britain and to forward Irish republican and socialist ideas. In January 1939 the Connolly Association published a newspaper titled Irish Freedom (renamed Irish Democrat in 1945), with <mask>t as its editor. While selling copies of Irish Freedom near Marble Arch, Prendergast was arrested by the British police who falsely accused him of obstructing the highway. The case was dismissed after the magistrate suspected that Prendergast was arrested for selling a political newspaper and not for obstructing traffic, and noted that the case should never have been brought to court.While he was detained, agents of the British government had broken into Prendergast's house and searched his belongings. Second World War
During WWII, <mask> joined a group of volunteers consisting entirely of former International Brigade members, engaged in research to develop diving equipment for the British military. This group was headed by the communist scientist J. B. S. Haldane, who was also a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB). Later in the war, Prendergast became a rear gunner for the Royal Air Force (RAF). Trade Union and anti-segregation work
After WWII, <mask> became a leading member of London's Irish communities, and began working as a guard for Marylebone railway station. He joined the National Union of Railwaymen (NUR) and quickly became one of its leading members, first being elected as a branch secretary and then elected to the NUR executive committee.In 1966 <mask> led a campaign that ended the colour bar (racial segregation) on London railways, ending a 12-year policy that barred black people from being employed in certain higher-paying jobs. One experienced guard known as Asquith Xavier, who was also a trade union member, received a letter telling him that his application for a job at Euston railway station had been rejected due to a ban on "coloured men" being employed as guards and porters. Guards at Euston station were receiving £10-£15 more each week on average than the staff at other London railway stations. Helping both Prendergast and Xavier in their attempt to end the colour bar was the Morning Star, a British communist party newspaper that helped to publicise the plight of black workers and fought to end segregation in Britain.After <mask>t intervened on behalf of the NUR, British Railways not only gave Mr Xavier a job but also ended their policy of barring black people from certain jobs. Death
<mask>t died on 31 May 1974, from injuries he sustained from falling down the stairs in front of his home in St Johns Wood Terrace. His remains were cremated in Golders Green Crematorium and were taken to Mount Jerome where they were placed in the grave of <mask>'s cousin Bill Gannon, who had also been an influential Irish communist. After being buried with his cousin, an individual gravestone was raised to commemorate <mask>t.References

1914 births
1974 deaths
British communists
British socialists
Communist Party of Great Britain members
British civil rights activists
British newspaper publishers (people)
International Brigades personnel
National Union of Railwaymen

masks:
Jim Prendergast
Jim Prendergast
Jim Prendergast
Prendergast
Jim Prendergast
Prendergast
Jim Prendergas
Jim Prendergast
Jim Prendergas
Jim Prendergast
Jim Prendergast
Jim Prendergast
Jim Prendergas
Jim Prendergas
Jim
Jim Prendergas


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<mask>, (born January 7, 1934 in Córdoba, Argentina), is an Argentine novelist, essayist, poet, career diplomat and politician. He is the author of fourteen novels, seven collections of essays, an extensive journalistic work, together with a series of short stories and poems. His narrative fiction has received several distinguished awards. In November 2012 he became a numbered member of the Argentine Academy of Letters. <mask> carried out uninterrupted diplomatic duties for the Argentine Foreign Service from 1966 until 2004. <mask> is a regular contributor to the liberal-conservative daily La Nación in Buenos Aires, as well as other Argentine dailies (Perfil, La Gaceta de Tucumán) and Spanish papers (ABC, El Mundo and El País). He has also been editor in chief of the Revista Argentina de Estudios Estratégicos (Argentine Journal of Strategic Studies).His journalistic publications include some 400 articles, many of which have been published in his collection of socio-political essays, such as, Argentina, el gran viraje (2000), El eclipse argentino. Childhood and youth

<mask> <mask> was born on 7 January 1934, in the Argentine city of Córdoba where he only lived the first two years of his life. Two years after birth the family moved to the capital city of  Buenos Aires due to his father's work commitments. His mother, Elba <mask>, belonged to the creole landed oligarchy of Galician descent who held vast sugar mill estates in the North West province of Tucuman. Amongst the influential members of the Posse clan in the 19th  century, the liberal Julio Argentino Roca stands out, twice president of the republic from 1880 to 1886 and also 1898 to 1904 (3). <mask> fictionalized 19th century Tucuman in his novel El inquietante día de la vida (2001), where two distant family relatives are the protagonists; his maternal great-grandfather, Felipe Segundo <mask>, and Julio Victor <mask>, patron of the arts in the sugar producing province until the 1940s. The novelist's father, Ernesto Parentini, a porteño of Italian parents, was one of the founders of Artistas Argentinos Asociados and was the producer of the legendary feature film La guerra gaucha (1942), based on the text by the poet Leopoldo Lugones.The young <mask> grew up in the Argentine capital near Rivadavia street, and given his father's profession was exposed to the artistic and cultural milieu this most sophisticated of the South American capitals had to offer. The “Queen of the River Plate”, as Buenos Aires came to be known, fascinated the young man, (4) and his memories are evoked in his novel Los demonios ocultos (1987). He was able to mingle with the glamorous stars of Argentine show business, like Chas de Cruz, Pierina Dealessi, Ulises Petit de Murat, Muñoz Azpiri, the writer of radioplays which were performed by Eva Duarte (de Perón), as well as the tango composers Aníbal Troilo and Homero Manzi. Such were the family connections to show business that one of his aunts, Esmeralda Leiva de Heredia, better known as “La Jardín”, was an actress friend of Eva Duarte. (5) Growing up in this environment enabled him to obtain an almost encyclopaedic knowledge of the tango repertoire and its culture, (6) which imbues his novel La reina del Plata (1988). The imagination of the young Posse was awakened and nurtured by the father's personal library. (7) When he was eight he wrote and illustrated little books he would sell to his grandmother, who lived in the same apartment complex.(8) He undertook his primary education at the Colegio La Salle (9) and his secondary education between 1946 and 1952 at the prestigious Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires. (10) During these formative years in his intellectual development he began close friendships with people who would usher him into Buenos Aires literary circles, such as Rogelio Bazán, the translator of Georg Trakl. <mask> would later dedicate a poetic tribute to the German bard. Amongst his teachers, the orientalist philosopher Vicente Fatone stands out as an  influential figure,  awakening in <mask> an interest in esoteric philosophy which is evident in several of his novels, especially in Los demonios ocultos  and  El viajero de Agartha. In 1943, at age 13, <mask> launched himself into his first literary project (never completed), a novel set in imperial Rome. (11)

The fiesta of the “Queen of the River Plate”
<mask> studied at the Law Faculty in Buenos Aires until 1958. Apart from his studies “lectured by fascist-Peronist professors” (12) who bored him, he lived the “night life” fiesta of Buenos Aires, a city which in those days was home to the most important publishing houses in the Spanish speaking world and also to exiled writers and intellectuals of the Spanish Civil War.According to <mask>, his night time meetings and conversations in Buenos Aires cafés allowed him to deepen his knowledge of Russian and French literature, German philosophy and oriental spiritualism. In this rich bohemian environment he met Jorge Luis Borges, Eduardo Mallea, Ezequiel Martínez Estrada, Ricardo Molinari, Manuel Mujica Lainez, Ramón Gomez de la Serna and Rafael Alberti (13). He became close friends with the poets Conrado Nalé Roxlo and Carlos Mastronardi, as well as Borges, who opened the doors for him of the SADE and who would later help him to publish his first short stories and poems in the daily El Mundo. In those years <mask> became attracted to Peronist ideas. Although he had been born into an anti-Peronist family, the huge public demonstration of 17 October 1945 had left a lasting impression (14), as had the strength of Evita and her ability to bring life into the movement, together with the open public grieving aroused by her funeral in 1952. These years of university life and above all of the night life in Buenos Aires are depicted by <mask> as a true “golden age” which he recreates in certain passages of La reina del Plata (1988) and La pasión segun Eva (1994), a fictional biography which conveys the last days of Eva Perón. After having undertaken his military service in 1955, during the anti-Peronist Revolución Libertadora, <mask> completed his university studies in 1958.That same year, he wrote a screenplay, “La cumparsa” (The troupe), which was given an award by the National Institute of Cinematography; set in Patagonia, the troupe is composed of a group of sheep shearers who turn out to be a veritable court of miracles. (15)

Voyage to Europe
After graduating, <mask> decided to travel to Europe. Thanks to a university scholarship, he undertook doctoral studies in Political Sciences at La Sorbonne in Paris. A few months prior to his travels, he published his first poem, “Invocación al fantasma de mi infancia muerta”, in the literary supplement of El Mundo (16). While in Europe, he crossed the Alps on motorbike in order to visit his sister in Italy. In this period he deepened his knowledge of the poetry of Hölderlin, Rilke and Trakl (17). During his stay in Paris he listened to Sartre, he had as professors eminent French political scientists of the time (Duverger, Hauriou, Rivarol) and also met Pablo Neruda (18).During his stay in the “City of Light” he fell in love with a German student, Wienke Sabine Langenheim, his future wife, who would play an important role in his literary formation, guiding  his readings of German literature and philosophy which infuse his works. In 1961 he spent two semesters in Tübingen, Germany, the home of Hölderlin. That same year, his poem, “En la tumba de Georg Trakl”, the first ever text signed as <mask>sse, was awarded the Rene Bastianini prize of the SADE in Buenos Aires. During his stay in Tübingen he read Hölderlin, Nietzsche and Heidegger (19). It was also here that he began writing his first novel, Los bogavantes, which he would finish in 1967. From Buenos Aires to the Foreign Service
Posse returned to Buenos Aires in 1962. After a competitive selection process, he taught as an assistant in constitutional law under professor Carlos Fayt at the University of Buenos Aires.With little enthusiasm he also began to work as a lawyer. Sabine travelled to Argentina and a while later they were married. In 1965 he was admitted to the Argentine Foreign Service after a public selection process (20).Until 2004 he would live most of his life abroad, as such most of his works were written outside of Argentina, although he has always defended his Argentine identity, his literary production has been well served by Ricardo Güiraldes’ adage, “distance reveals” (21). Moscow (1966–1969)
<mask>'s only son, Ivan, was born in Moscow in January 1967. At this time in the Russian capital he also finished writing his first novel, Los bogavantes, set in Paris and Seville, centered on a trio of characters, two of whom are students and one a Foreign Service employee, embodying the ideological tensions of the early 1960s. This neo-realist novel played an important part in his literary career. Under the pseudonym of Arnaut Daniel, <mask> submitted it to the 1968 Planeta Prize.It featured amongst the four finalists, and although it had been virtually declared the winner by the judges José Manuel de Lara and Baltasar Porcel, under Francoist pressure the judges had to overturn their decision, due to some charged erotic scenes, but above all because of its critical and ironical references to the regime's military. Once it had been published in 1970 by  Editorial Brújula in Argentina, thanks to the support of Ernesto Sabato and Posse's father, and after it received the Sash of Honour of the SADE, Los bogavantes was later published in Barcelona in 1975 where it was the object of Francoist censorship. All 5000 copies were purged of two pages which ridiculed the masculinity of army officers. This singular publishing episode (22) brought him under the attention of those who were the leading literary publishers of the time, Carlos Barral and Carmen Balcells; the latter would become his literary agent. Lima (1969–1971)
<mask> was posted to Peru in 1969 and appointed cultural secretary of the embassy in Lima. For him Peru represented the discovery of Inca culture, the “revelation of the Americas” (23) which compelled him to identify himself with his creole roots of North-Western Argentina (24). A visit to Machu Picchu inspired a long poem of 240 verses, Celebración de Machu Picchu, which he wrote in Cuzco in 1970 and published much later in Venice in 1977.Also in 1970 he wrote his most ambitious poetical piece, Celebración del desamparo, which was amongst the finalists of the Maldoror Poetry Prize although Posse decided against publishing it. In those years he read José María Arguedas and the great Cuban stylists: Alejo Carpentier, Lezama Lima and Severo Sarduy. He also researched the life of Argentina's national independence hero, General José de San Martín, and in 1971 was admitted to the Instituto Sanmartiniano de Lima. In Peru he also wrote his second novel, La boca del tigre (1971), inspired by his personal experiences in the Soviet Union. This novel, clearly influenced by Ernesto Sabato's neo-realist style of fiction, helped the author to articulate his distrust of the overbearing ideologies of the time, in order to criticize the exercise of power in the contemporary world and to reflect on the place of the individual in that historical juncture. This thematic concern foreshadowed the ideas about history in his later novel Daimon. La boca del tigre, which received the third National Prize of Argentine Literature, hints at his initial musings on the notion of Amerincaness (americanidad).(25) The influence that the Argentine philosopher and anthropologist Rodolfo Günther Kusch would have on <mask>'s fiction and indeed his own worldview after his encounter with him and his readings of La seducción de la babarie (1953) and América profunda (1962). Consequently, Kusch's thought on the fundamental ontological and cultural antagonism between the West's homo faber with the americano “man of being” and the symbiotic relationship of Amerindians with the Cosmos (“the Open”) was to become a

masks:
Abel Parentini Posse
Abel Parentini Posse
Abel Posse
Abel Parentini
Posse
Alicia Posse
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Posse
Posse
Abel Posse
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Posse
Posse
Posse
Posse
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Abel Po
Abel Posse
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Abel Posse
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 leitmotif in <mask>'s work, and particularly in his “Trilogy of the Discovery of America”. Venice (1973–1979)
<mask> was named Consul General for Venice in 1973, where he lived for 6 years. It was here that he wrote Daimon (1978), between October 1973 and August 1977, the novel which began the “Trilogy of the Discovery of America”. This novel has as its protagonist a fictional avatar of the Spanish conquistador Lope de Aguirre (1510–1561). In this text, the conqueror, known for his cruelty which is depicted by chroniclers as the archetypal madman and traitor, raises from his ashes eleven years after his death together with the ghosts of his Marañones. Thus begins the “Jornada de América”, through four centuries of painful Latin American history, on which he casts a disillusioned gaze, by seeing it as an “Eternal-Return-of-the-Same”; that is the eternal annihilation of man's liberty against which Lope de Aguirre's rebelliousness is powerless to arrest.This fruitless trans-historical rebellion drives him to an ambiguous death in the mid-1970s in Latin America, a condition which bears a resemblance to the death of Ernesto Che Guevara's revolutionary venture in Bolivia. Several scenes of torture suffered by the protagonist clearly resemble the atrocities committed by the Argentine military during the country's last military dictatorship. (26) This novel constitutes a milestone in <mask>'s poetics, as it is enthused with Rabelaisian  elements in a baroque style, by continually resorting to the use of humour and ambiguity, to parody, intertextuality, anachronism, the grotesque, and a continuous paratextual dialogue with the reader, characteristics which would reach their highest intensity in the subsequent novel, The dogs of paradise (1983). Daimon was shortlisted for the prestigious Romulo Gallegos Prize in 1982. The Venetian sojourn was where he received the recognition of his peers; he was visited by friends such as Ernesto Sabato, Carlos Barral, Manuel Scorza, Victor Massuh, Antonio Requeni, Manuel Mujica Lainez, Jorge Luis Borges, Antonio Di Benedetto and Juan Rulfo. (27) He also met in Venice, Alejo Carpentier, who was writing his Concierto barroco (1974), as well as Italo Calvino, Alberto Moravia and Giorgio Bassani. During his years in Venice, <mask> reflected on the Heideggerian concept of “the Open” (Das Offene) and Kusch's ideas concerning ‘being’.(29) In 1973 he visited the German philosopher Martin Heidegger (30), and in 1979 together with his wife Sabine  published a Spanish translation of Der feldweg. (31) After a brief trip to Buenos Aires in 1975, and on his return to Venice, he wrote between April and June the same year a dark novel reflecting the murderous political violence being played out in Argentina at the time, titled Momento de morir, but which he did not publish until 1979. Its protagonist, Medardo Rabagliatti, a rather mediocre and irresolute suburban solicitor, is witness to the unfolding armed violence perpetrated by groups of youngsters depicted as fanatics and a sadistic military. Against all odds, the story's denouement sees the vacillating Medardo kill the murderous military leader responsible for the repression, and later oversees the re-establishment of democratic political institutions in the country. The historical reading proposed by the author (various characters are clearly fictional avatars of Mario Firmenich and Hector J. Campora) condemns without a doubt the ERP (Ejercito Revolucionario del Pueblo), the Monotoneros and the military repression, thus underlining the “thesis of two evils”; a thesis the author holds in the prologue he added to the 1997 edition. (32)

Paris (1981–1985)
In 1981 <mask> was appointed director of the Argentine Cultural Centre in Paris. It was there where he wrote The dogs of paradise (1983), second part of his “Trilogy”, with Christopher Columbus as its protagonist, and for which he was awarded the 1987 Rómulo Gallegos Prize.This novel, translated into many languages, confirmed <mask>, according to many literary scholars, as one of the leading exponents of Latin American's “New Historical Novel”. As in Daimon, the novel questions the validity of the official historiography of the conquest of the Americas, undermines the laws governing space and time, and anachronism is systematic, as is intertextuality, the pastiche, parody, while the work harbours, like Daimon, a profound reflection on the Latin American condition and its identity. The dogs of paradise explores the motivations of the Catholic Monarchs and Columbus, as well as the aftermath of the clash of cultures triggers by the arrival of the Spaniards through the dialogical testimony of  the defeated. Between 1982 and 1985 Posse edited a bilingual collection (Spanish and French) of 15 Argentine poets titled Nadir, which included: Leopoldo Lugones, Enrique Molina, Héctor Antonio Murena, Juan L. Ortiza, Ricardo Molinari, Conrado Nalé Roxlo, Baldomero Fernandez Moreno, Alejandra Pizarnik, Oliverio Girondo, Manuel J. Castilla, Alberto Girri, Raul G. Aguirre, Juan Rodolfo Wilcock, Ezequiel Martínez Estrada and Leopoldo Marechal. This project was carried out with the assistance of Argentine and French poets, academics and translators. The volumes were gifted and distributed to French libraries and universities, with the aim of increasing the interest of these works internationally. The project was no doubt inspired by Roger Caillois who, with his collection La Croix du Sud, made a major contribution to the international recognition of Jorge Luis Borges’ work.(34)
In January 1983 at age 15, Ivan, <mask>'s only son committed suicide at the family's apartment in Paris, a tragedy which the author would chronicle many years later in Cuando muere el hijo  (2009), an autobiographical account presented as a “real chronicle”. When The dogs of paradise appeared in bookshops he announced the forthcoming publication of the third sequel of the “Trilogy”, titled Sobre las misiones jesuíticas, to be set in the Jesuit missions of Paraguay. (35)  While its appearance was announced in 1986, with a different title, Los heraldos negros, it is as yet unpublished. (36)
In November 1983, alongside the Paris Autumn Festival, <mask> organised  with Claudio Segovia a tango festival called Tango argentin, where Roberto Goyeneche participated and which was destined, as it were in his own words: “to bring to life the real tango, the primitive tango of the origins” as against the “tango for export” of Astor Piazzola. (37)

 Israel (1985–1988)
After the death of his son, <mask> could no longer live in Paris and he was appointed Plenipotentiary Minister at the Argentine embassy in Tel-Aviv. He returned to writing there, and wrote three novels, quite different to his previous ones. He wrote two novels on Nazism,  Los demonios ocultos (1987) and El viajero de Agartha (1989).Los demonios ocultos was a literary project Posse had begun much earlier in 1971, after having met several Nazis in Buenos Aires during his university days. The protagonist of the novels, cast in a neorealist style, is a young Argentine, Alberto Lorca, who goes in search of his father, Walther Werner, a German scientist specialized in Oriental esoterism, who was sent by the Third Reich on a mission to Central Asia. The plot takes place in two temporal spaces, the Second World War and the Argentina of the last military dictatorship. El viajero de Agartha (1989, Premio Internacional Diana-Novedades,  Mexico) is a true adventure espionage novel. Walter Werner as protagonist narrates the story in a diary recovered by his son, which recounts his mission in Tibet in his search for the mythical city of Agartha. The third novel, La reina del Plata  (1988),  as the title indicates is a homage to the Argentine capital and the period of splendour it once knew. The novel takes place in a futuristic Buenos Aires, whose society is polarized between “Insiders” and “Outsiders”, where the “Outsider” Guillermo Aguirre ruminates on his own identity.The plot is narrated in fragments comprises ninety short chapters, while the action takes place in the typically Buenos Aires atmosphere of cafes and streets inhabited by the tango, the deep musical expression of the port city, where its characters muse about the past and present of the country. Prague (1990–1996)
In 1990 <mask> is promoted to Ambassador by President Carlos S. Menem and is posted to Prague for six years. His stay in the Czech capital is quite productive. Here he composes his literary essay Biblioteca essential which he publishes in 1991, where he proposes the most important 101 works of universal literature and his own cannon of the literature of the River Plate. <mask> also wrote in the Czech capital El largo atardecer del caminante, the novel which closes the “Trilogy of the Discovery of America”, and which was crowned with the Premio Internacional Extremadura-America V Centenario 1992, where 180 novels had entered. In this work, the baroque style of Daimon and The dogs of paradise give way to a more sombre and reflective style. The protagonist in this work is the conqueror Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca (1490–1558), who lives the last years of his life in a humble abode in Seville, where he reminisces about his ‘true’ American adventure  through an autobiographical and sincere retelling of his exploits by filling in the blanks and the silences left by his chronicles titled Castaways and Commentaries.Posse's Cabeza de Vaca assumes his americanidad, his hybrid identity, by announcing his maxim, “only faith can cure, only kindness heals” as a way the conquest should have taken place. This introspective and autobiographical style is continued in his next work, La pasión según Eva (1994). This is a biographical novel (fictionalised biography) with a polyphonic text which sees an ailing Eva Perón living her last nine months of her life while casting a retrospective gaze over her life. At the same time, <mask> collects and recovers the testimony of people who knew her, illustrating and readjusting Eva's own account. Although the text has a clear empathy with its subject, the novel's stated aim is to provide a deeper understanding of this powerful woman than given by previous biographies, taking her life out of the ideological straitjacket and transforming it into a destined life. Lima (1998–2000)
During his posting as ambassador to Lima, Peru, <mask> wrote another biographical novel, Los cuadernos de Praga (1998), which also has as its protagonist another memorable 20th century Argentine, Ernesto ‘Che” Guevara Lynch. As with several of his earlier novels, the author was inspired by personal experience; <mask> was informed during his stay in Prague that Che Guevara lived undercover in the city for almost a year after his defeat in the Congo.Like in La pasión según Eva, the motive of the personal diary is the trigger for the autobiographical account, an account which converses with the research the author has carried out. Similarly to the previous novel, the objective of the author is not to simply recount the life of the historical person, but based on “solid foundations”, rescue his destiny in order to give account of his life beyond the ideological. (38)
On his return to Latin America after his European postings <mask> increased his journalistic opinion pieces in El Excelsior (Mexico), El Nacional  (Caracas), ABC  and El Mundo (Madrid), Linea and La Nación (Buenos Aires). <mask> arrived in Peru when there was still a tense relationship with Ecuador over the war of El Condor, and in the aftermath of the kidnapping of hostages at the Japanese embassy by the MRTA (1997). <mask> spoke highly of the Alberto Fujimori's war against the MRTA at the same time he expressed his opposition to the trials by Baltasar Garzón against Augusto Pinochet and the International Human Rights Court, measures which he attributed to meddling into the internal affairs of Latin American countries. His opinion pieces also underscored the role Argentina could play in the consolidation of MERCOSUR and

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 highlighted the natural resources of the country for the benefit of the next millennium, by appealing to the patriotism of its citizens and calling on them to imitate the example of Julio Argentino Roca, Hipölito Yrigoyen and Juan Domingo Perón. Many of these articles were brought together in the first collection of political essays he published in Argentina, el gran viraje (200).His return to Peru renewed his interest in the national hero, Jose de San Martin, which inspired the short story “Paz en guerra” (2000). Copenhagen (2001–2002)
In 2001 Posse published El inquietante día de la vida, which received the Literary Prize of the Argentine Academy of Letters for the period 1998–2001. The protagonist is Felipe Segundo <mask>, based on a real life ancestor of his who was heir to a vast estate of sugar mills in Tucuman province in the late 19th century. The story begins when he is diagnosed with tuberculosis and decides to abandon his family by travelling to Buenos Aires and then on to Egypt in search of the poet Rimbaud. The novel also fictionalizes historical characters like Domingo F. Sarmiento, Julio A. Roca and Nicolás Avellaneda while celebrating Argentina's development at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. Madrid (2002–2004)
After a brief posting at UNESCO in Paris, <mask> was appointed by President Duhalde Argentine ambassador to Spain. This was a hugely important posting, particularly due to the aftermath of the 2001 Argentine financial collapse, as this country was the main destination of Argentine migrants of Spanish descent.At the time <mask> witnessed the deadly terrorist attacks in the Spanish capital on 11 March 2004. Deeply concerned by the crisis facing Argentina, <mask> increased his opinion pieces in La Nación, defending regional integration, national sovereignty, and appealing to national reconstruction by evoking the memory of national figures such as Sarmiento and Evita. In 2003 he published another collection of political articles, El eclipse argentino. De la enfermedad colectiva al renacimiento, a work which attempts to outlay a blueprint for a national project. Once Néstor Kirchner assumed power, several media outlets pronounced <mask> as the preferred candidate as foreign affairs minister, given his diplomatic experience, his age and his key posting in Spain. The journalist and former Montonero militant Miguel Bonasso published an opinion piece and participated in a TV program where he appealed to the president to put aside <mask>'s candidature, whom he accused of  having a benevolent attitude toward the previous military dictatorship for not having abandoned his diplomatic duties, and for his support of the Fujimori regime. (39) The president appointed Rafael Bielsa as foreign affairs minister, while <mask> continued his appointment at the embassy in Madrid until his retirement in 2004 when he returned to Argentina.Buenos Aires (since 2004)
After his retirement, <mask>'s commitment to the anti-Kirchner opposition increased. In very critical and controversial newspaper columns he linked the president and his supporters to extreme left wing militant movements of the 1970s, and he also opposed the restart of trials against the military, and the government's policy of collective memory which he labelled as incomplete. He increased his round of conferences on the state of the nation, and he supported the presidential candidacy of Eduardo Duhalde in 2007, when he was also senate candidate for the City of Buenos Aires in Roberto Lavagna's ticket. In 2005 his published En letra grande, a collection of literary essays and reflections on intellectuals close to him and who he considers as influential. He also published in 2006 a series of political essays under the title, La santa locura de los argentinos, which was a best-seller, where he attempts to map the Argentine question by focusing his analysis from colonial times to the last century in order to make a call for a citizen lead national consensus. In October 2009 he published Cuando muere el hijo, a testimonial novel where the narrators A and S experience the suicide of Ivan, and they try to come to terms with their son's decision. Later they undertake a journey of internal and external initiation when they travel from Paris to Tel-Aviv, and make a stop-over in Miletus, the city of the pre-Socratic philosopher Anaximander of Miletus.Toward the end of 2009 <mask> accepted the appointment of Minister of Education of the City of Buenos Aires offered by Mauricio Macri, which had been left vacant by Mariano Narodowski. <mask> took office a day after having published a controversial article in the daily La Nación, titled “Criminality and cowardice”, where he declared that rock music dumbed down the young, and he judged as ineffective  law and order measures of the President, while demanding stronger measures against criminals. He also rejected the reopening of trials against members of the military regime, and reiterated his accusations against Kirchner for his ideological proximity to the 1970s militant left-wing movements. (40) His appointment and this opinion piece triggered a wave of protests by unions and students, from the rock-music scene and web based social networks, to sections of the media, such as Página 12, who accused <mask> of having had close ties with previous dictatorship and of asserting that most of his diplomatic career had taken place during the last military junta, which had been first aired by Miguel Bonasso in his 2003 column referred to earlier. In fact, one of the most notorious henchmen of the military who coincidentally was on trial during those days, Benjamin Menendez, paraphrased a few sentences from <mask>'s article which was taken up by the media tarnishing <mask>'s image even further. Given such circumstances, <mask> resigned 11 days into his new posting. In 2011 he published Noche de lobos, based on the written account of a Montonero female leader who had been held captive and tortured at the ESMA (Navy School of Mechanics) and who had fallen in love with her torturer.This work delves into the conflicts between the urban guerrillas and the military, and both are portrayed as the protagonists of murderous acts of savagery. It recounts the acts of torture suffered by this woman in this clandestine detention centre, and how she falls prey to the so-called “Stockholm syndrome”, where tortured and torturer fall in love with each other. This novel also has an autobiographical focus, as it reveals how this female guerrilla fighter while she was a captive at the hands of the military had given her typed account to <mask> of her story in the early 1980s while he was in the Argentine embassy in Paris. (42)
Since his resignation as Minister of Education of Buenos Aires, <mask> continues to live in this city, where he gives conferences, especially on Sarmiento's education legacy, and where he publishes frequently in Perfil and La Nación. He remains critical of the Kirchner policies and concerned about the future of the country. Since November 2012, <mask> is an elected numbered member of the Argentine Academy of Letters (43), having taken the place of the late Rafael Obligado. In May 2014 he became an elected numbered member of the National Academy of Education taking the numbered chair Bartolome Mitre.List of works

Novels

 Los bogavantes (1970)
 La boca del tigre (1971)
 Daimón (1978) (Translated from the Spanish by Sarah Arvio. Atheneum, Macmillan, New York, 1992)
 Momento de morir (1979)
 Los perros del paraíso (1983); The dogs of Paradise (Translated from the Spanish by Margaret Sayers Peden. Atheneum, Macmillan, New York, 1989)
 Los demonios ocultos (1987)
 La reina del Plata (1988)
 El viajero de Agartha (1989)
 El largo atardecer del caminante (1992)
 La pasión según Eva (1994)
 Los cuadernos de Praga (1998)
 El inquietante día de la vida (2001)
 Cuando muere el hijo (2009)
 Noche de lobos (2011)
 Vivir Venecia (2016, forthcoming)

Essays
	Biblioteca essential (1991)
	Argentina, el gran viraje (2000)
	El eclipse argentino. De la enfermedad colectiva al renacimiento (2003)
	En letra grande (2005)
	La santa locura de los argentinos (2006)
	Sobrevivir Argentina (2014)
	Réquiem para la política. ¿O renacimiento? (2015)

Poetry
	“Invocación al fantasma de mi infancia muerta”, El Mundo, Buenos Aires, 13/03/1959. “En la tumba de Georg Trakl”, Eco, Revista de la cultura de Occidente, Bogotá, n°25, 05/1962, p. 35-37.“Georg Trakl 1887-1914”, La Gaceta, San Miguel de Tucumán, 1/02/1987. Celebración del desamparo, 1970 (inédito). Celebración de Machu Pichu (1977)

Short stories
  “Cuando el águila desaparece”, La Nación, 17/08/1989. “Paz en guerra”, en Relatos por la paz, Amsterdam: Radio Nacional Holanda, 2000, p. 67-75

Translations
 Martín Heidegger, El sendero del campo, traducción de Sabine Langenheim y <mask>, Rosario: Editorial La Ventana, 1979, 58 p.

Bibliography

 Página oficial de <mask>sse: http://www.abelposse.com
 Sáinz de Medrano, Luis (coord. ), <mask>. Semana de author, AECI: Madrid, 1997. <mask>sse en la Audiovdeoteca de Buenos Aires: https://web.archive.org/web/20121015142732/http://www.audiovideotecaba.gov.ar/areas/com_social/audiovideoteca/literatura/posse_bio_es.php
 Aínsa, Fernando, La nueva novela histórica latinoamericana, México: Plural, 1996, p. 82-85.Aracil Varón, Beatriz, <mask>: de la crónica al mito de América, Cuadernos de América sin nombre n.º 9, Universidad de Alicante, 2004. Esposto, Roberto, Peregrinaje a los Orígenes. “Civilización y barbarie” en las novelas de <mask>, New México: Research University Press, 2005. Esposto, Roberto, <mask>. Senderos de un caminante solitario. Buenos Aires: Biblos, 2013. Filer, Malva, «La visión de América en la Obra de Abel Posse», en Spiller, Roland (Ed.), La novela Argentina de los años 80, Lateinamerika Studien, Erlangen, vol. 29, 1991, p. 99-117. Lojo, María Rosa, «Poéticas del viaje en la Argentina actual», en Kohut, Karl (Ed. ), Literaturas del Río de la Plata hoy. De las utopías al desencanto, Madrid-Frankfurt, Iberoamericana-Vervuert, 1996, p. 135-143. Magras, Romain, «L’intellectuel face à la célébration du (bi)centenaire de la Nation argentine. Regards croisés sur les figures de Leopoldo Lugones et <mask>sse», en Regards sur deux siècles d’indépendance: significations du bicentenaire en Amérique Latine, Cahiers ALHIM, n.º 19, Université Paris 8, 2010, p. 205-220. http://alhim.revues.org/index3519.html
 Maturo, Graciela, «Interioridad e Historia en El largo atardecer del caminante de <mask>sse», en América: recomienzo de la Historia.La lectura auroral de la Historia en la novela hispanoamericana, Buenos Aires: Biblos, 2010, p. 87-100. Menton, Seymour, «La denuncia del poder. Los perros del paraíso», en La nueva novela histórica, México: FCE, 1993, p. 102-128. Pons, María Cristina, «El secreto de la historia y el regreso de la novela histórica», en Historia crítica de la literatura Argentina. La narración gana la partida, Buenos Aires, Emecé Editores, 2000, p. 97-116. Pulgarín Cuadrado, Amalia, «La reescritura de la historia: Los perros del paraíso de <mask>sse», en Metaficción historiográfica en la narrativa hispánica posmodernista, Madrid: Fundamentos, 1995, p. 57-106. Sáinz de Medrano, Luis, «<mask>, la búsqueda de lo absoluto», Anales de literatura hispanoamericana, n.º 21, Editorial Complutense, Madrid, 1992, p. 467-480.Sánchez Zamorano, J.A., Aguirre: la cólera de la historia. Aproximación a la «nueva novela latinoamericana» a través de la narrativa de <mask>, Universidad de Sevilla, 2002. Vega, Ana María, «Daimón, de Abel Posse. Un camino hacia la identidad latinoamericana», Los Andes, Mendoza, 9 de enero de 1990, p. 3-4. Waldegaray, Marta Inés, «La experiencia de la escritura en la novelística de <mask>», en Travaux et Documents, n.º 22, Université Paris 8, 2003, p. 117-132. Waldemer, Thomas, «Tyranny, writing and memory in <mask>’s Daimón», en Cincinnati Romance Review, Cincinnati, OH, 1997, n.º 16, p. 1-7. References

1934 births
Argentine male novelists
Living

masks:
Posse
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Posse
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Abel Posse
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Abel Po
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Abel Po
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Abel Po
Abel Posse
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