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<mask> of Austria (30 April 1539 – 19 September 1572), was an Archduchess of Austria as a member of the House of Habsburg and by marriage Duchess consort of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio during 1565–1572. Life

Early years
Born in Vienna on 30 April 1539, <mask> was the eleventh child and eighth daughter of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and Anna of Bohemia and Hungary. On her father's side she was the granddaughter of King Philip I of Castile (also Duke of Burgundy) and Queen Joanna of Castile. On her mother's side, she was the granddaughter of King Vladislaus II of Hungary and Anne of Foix-Candale (who in turn was through her own mother Infanta Catherine of Navarre, a granddaughter of Queen Eleanor of Navarre and Gaston IV, Count of Foix). In the winter of 1547, the widowed Emperor Ferdinand I entrusted all his unmarried daughters to the care of nuns in the monastery in Innsbruck, where <mask> lived until her marriage. Only once, in 1552, during the invasion of the Tyrol by the Protestant army under the command of Maurice, Elector of Saxony, did <mask> and her sisters Magdalena, Margaret, Helena and Joanna, spend some time outside the monastery at Bruneck Castle. <mask> received a deeply religious Catholic upbringing.The characteristic features of her education, based on the writings of the Jesuits Peter Canisius and Diego Laynez, were religiosity and charity. Her confessors were also Jesuits. Contemporaries had different opinions about <mask>'s physical appearance. The papal nuncio at the imperial court in Vienna, Cardinal Zaccaria Delfino, considered her ugly. Florentine diplomat Antonio degli Albizzi in correspondence described <mask>'s appearance as mediocre. He also pointed the presence of Prognathism in her — a characteristic anatomical peculiarity which appeared in many members of the House of Habsburg. The Venetian diplomat Alvise Contarini, on the other hand, considered <mask> the most beautiful of the unmarried Archduchesses.Marriage
In 1560, <mask> was considered as a wife for Guglielmo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, who later married Eleanor, <mask>'s elder sister. In 1562, several suitors came to Emperor Ferdinand I to ask for the hand of his youngest daughter Joanna, among them John Sigismund Zápolya, Francesco de' Medici, Crown Prince of Florence and Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio. The last of these began negotiations for marriage in November 1563. A dynastic marriage with the head of the House of Este was beneficial to the House of Habsburg, who sought to reduce the traditional influence of the French Kings over the Dukes of Ferrara. However, in order to avoid a conflict between the Houses of Medici and Este, the Emperor proposed <mask> instead as wife of Alfonso II, a decision supported by King Philip II of Spain, an ally of the Duchy of Florence. In July 1565, <mask> first saw Alfonso II, who visited Innsbruck to get to know her. In November of the same year, she and Joanna arrived in Trento, where Pope Pius IV sent his legates to conduct a double marriage ceremony; however, because of the renewed conflict between the grooms, the brides had to go to the respective capitals (Ferrara and Florence) of their future spouses to be wedded.On 1 December 1565, <mask> arrived in Ferrara, and on 5 December she was married to Alfonso II, Duke of Ferrara, Modena and Reggio. The wedding celebrations, during which a "Temple of Love" was built and a grand tournament took place, lasted until 9 December. Among the guests at the wedding were the former fiancé of <mask>, the Duke of Mantua, with his wife, her older sister. Torquato Tasso (at that time the court poet of the Dukes of Ferrara) was a witness to the solemn entry of the bride's procession to Ferrara and subsequent wedding; he later described what he saw in his pastoral drama "Aminta", in which he dedicated several canzones in praise of <mask>. The celebrations were cut short because of the death of Pope Pius IV. On becoming a Duchess of Ferrara, <mask> won the love of her subjects through the merciful way in which she treated all those in need. Despite her not speaking Italian, she and her husband enjoyed a complete understanding.Their marriage, which proved childless, was happy. When, a year after the wedding, Alfonso II participated in the war against the Ottoman Empire, <mask> was sincerely worried about her husband. The experience negatively impaired her health; from that time she was reported as being constantly ill. Despite being a devout Catholic, <mask> was able to forge an excellent relationship with her Protestant mother-in-law Renée of France. The Duchess's confessors in Ferrara, as well as in Innsbruck, were Jesuits, to whom <mask> provided special patronage. After the devastating earthquakes in 1570 and 1571 in the Duchy of Ferrara, she supported young orphaned girls. To this end, she founded the Conservatore delle orfane di Santa Barbara in Ferrara.In the period between earthquakes, the Duchess herself was forced to live in a tent, which exacerbated her health problems. Premature death
<mask> died of tuberculosis in Ferrara on 19 September 1572. Her untimely death caused grief among her subjects, with the Jesuits grieving the most. The leadership of the order allowed the Duke to bury his wife in the altar of the Ferrarese Church of the Gesù. Seven years later, Alfonso II married for the third time to Margherita Gonzaga, who was <mask>'s niece. In culture
Torquato Tasso dedicated several sonnets, canzones, eulogies and dialogues to <mask> of Austria. Another Italian poet, Giovanni Battista Guarini, also dedicated a canzon to her.The collection of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna contains two portraits of <mask>. In the early one, a work of Giuseppe Arcimboldo, she is depicted during the period of her negotiations of her marriage to Alfonso II in 1563-1564, in a portrait presumably made for her future husband. In another portrait of 1565, made after her marriage, she is depicted full size. This portrait is work of Francesco Terzi. Ancestry

References

External links

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16th-century Austrian people
Austrian princesses
16th-century House of Habsburg
Austrian people of Lithuanian descent
Austrian expatriates in Italy
Nobility from Vienna
People from Innsbruck
16th-century deaths from tuberculosis
1539 births
1572 deaths
Duchesses of Ferrara
Duchesses of Modena
Duchesses of Reggio
Duchesses of Chartres
House of Este
16th-century Austrian women
Tuberculosis deaths in Italy
Infectious disease deaths in Emilia-Romagna
Daughters of emperors

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<mask>Hungry" <mask> (February 2, 1935 - May 10, 1986) was an American Rhythm & Blues drummer, best known for the innovative and influential technique he used on numerous recordings that came out of New Orleans in the 1950s and '60s. Early life
<mask> was born at Charity Hospital in New Orleans, Louisiana on February 12, 1935 to Henry, Sr. and Beatrice (née Henderson) <mask>. The family lived in the 2nd Ward of New Orleans at 2522 Howard Avenue according to the 1940 U.S. Census. Henry, Sr. was listed as a construction laborer with the Works Progress Administration. <mask> was the second son in the family that included siblings Henry Jr., Clifford, Lloyd, and Mary Alice. He said his mother sang a lot because she was church-going, and his father liked to dance. Henry, Jr. played guitar and younger brother Lloyd played drums.<mask> reported that "ever since I been big enough to know myself I used to be always beating on something, tin cans or something like that." Education
At age eight or nine years old <mask> was put into Municipal Boys Home on Franklin Avenue in New Orleans. His teacher there was Peter Davis, called Mr. Dave by the boys. Davis taught Louis Armstrong to play the trumpet, and encouraged young <mask> to take up the horn. "I used to tell him all the time, I say, 'Mr. Dave, I don't like to play trumpet, I want to play drums'. But he kept drivin' and drivin' it into my head, and I learned to play the trumpet a little bit.I didn't like it." When <mask> got out of the Municipal Boys Home he moved to McDonoghville, a neighborhood community of New Orleans on the West Bank of the Mississippi River. "That's where I was living, with my parents. After I got out of the home, I went back to my parents. There was a place called the Pepper Pot in Gretna, and that's how I met Professor Longhair. I used to go up there to dance and things, and Fess was playing up there. I'd worry Fess to death to sit in with him.At the time, he had a guy named Milton Stevens on drums. He was one of the best brush men to ever come out of New Orleans. And right after that, after Milton left, I think he got Honeyboy [<mask>], plus he had Papoose (Walter "Papoose" Nelson) on guitar. That's all- he only had three pieces. I finally convinced him to let me sit in. My timing and things was bad, but I did the best I could do." <mask>' musical education continued when he studied Fats Domino's drummer Cornelius "Tenoo" Coleman.Coleman, left-handed like <mask>, also taught Walter "Popee" Lastie. Both <mask> and Lastie would later play drums for Domino. <mask> said of Coleman, "I idolized the dude, I always wanted to play like him. But, ah, they made me a valet; Fats [Domino] made me a valet. And everytime I got a chance, I'd set up Tenoo's drums like an hour before the gig, and I would sit on his drums and practice before the gig started." Influences and Technique
<mask> told Tad Jones, "Paul Gayten and Earl Palmer and all of 'em used to come up there (to Club Tijuana) just to listen to me play, because they couldn't understand what I was doing. I used to, I still do it, I played thirty-second notes with my left hand, and no drummers could do that.Plus I had a mixture. My music, my drumming, is between calypso and rock, you know, blues. I had something different going. Like a double beat on the bass drum that makes it funky. I had calypso going and funk at the same time. I started the 'double clutching' with my bass drum, with my foot. Wasn't no other drummer doing that."Singer, guitarist, and songwriter Earl King agreed, "I've seen him do things with his left hand: I'm still waiting for another drummer to do it. <mask>' playing emanated  out of the calypso-type stuff." During his time at Club Tijuana <mask> often took part in drumming contests with Ricardo Lopez, a Cuban percussionist who played bongos and congas. <mask> added Latin effects to his stylistic influences that included marches, country and western, and the music of the Spiritual church of his youth. He said "I'd take all this and hook it up and make a jambalaya out of it, and it'd come out like this funky thing." <mask> was known for his experiments with adapting Latin percussion patterns to the drum set. In his playing on Tommy Ridgely's The Girl Across The Street, the shrill, metal sound he plays on the bell of his cymbal is described by writer Antoon Aukes as an Afro-Cuban cáscara that Latin percussionists would play on a cowbell or on the sides of timbales.In Ridgely's When I Meet My Girl <mask> came upon the well-known drum set figure of performing the high-low conga accents with rimshot-on-snare and open snare or tom-tom, as he did in Huey Smith's Free, Single and Disengaged. Ridgely remembered the sessions, "Hungry (<mask>) was on drums; this particular beat was his style- nobody could duplicate what he was doing." Record label owner and producer Al Reed acknowledged, "The change came when Funky <mask> started playing drums... and a whole lot of people right now aren't hip to his contribution to rock. He was the funkiest thing out. A funky beat was characterized by drummers who improvised to make people dance harder. Funky rhythms went as far back as Congo Square and Second Line, particularly in the distinctive styles of drummers like "Tenoo" Coleman, his pupil <mask>, Smokey Johnson, and Joseph "Zigaboo" Modeliste of The Meters. New Orleans saxophonist Alvin "Red" Tyler said of <mask>, "This guy had more natural ability than all of them put together.He was another musician that couldn't read a note, but as far as feeling, he would do things on the drums most drummers would say, 'How does he do that?' And it was only because he didn't know he wasn't supposed to do it. In fact Earl Palmer and I used to get off our job and go to the place Hungry was working at." Palmer agreed, "Well, if you listen to the New Orleans drummers you find that they all played more bass drum than the average guy. Listen to “Hungry” play. He played a lot. You know, he sure could play."Palmer wrote in his autobiography, “A guy we called Hungry, <mask>, was a mother on drums, a guy who never knew how good he was.”

Career
In the early 1950s <mask> joined pianist Paul Gayten's band during the band's residency at the Brass Rail club on Canal Street. The band included sax man Lee Allen. Gayten later told author John Broven, "For a while I had one of the greatest drummers in the world- that was Hungry <mask>." Louisiana swamp pop idol Warren Storm was influenced by <mask>' drumming during this time. Warren joined fellow Abbeville swamp pop musician <mask> Guidry in seeking out rhythm and blues artists. Storm and <mask> would visit the Brass Rail and listen to Paul Gayten's R&B band featuring tenor sax star Allen and- at different times- world-class drummers Palmer and <mask>. “I think I picked up a lot of the New Orleans style of drumming and brought it down to Lafayette,” Storm said.Through the years he was to give a new dimension to the art of drumming in South Louisiana. Learning from drummer <mask> "Hungry" <mask>, Warren formed a band in 1956, known as the Wee-Wows (later the Jive Masters). From 1959 through 1965, Storm was session drummer for Jay Miller's studio band in Crowley, La., accompanying swamp-blues stars Slim Harpo, Lightnin' Slim, Lazy Lester, Lonesome Sundown and many other acts. <mask> left Gayten's band in 1953. After working as a poker dealer on Rampart Street he began to sit in with the Club Tijuana house band in 1954. The band included pianist Huey Smith, saxophonist Robert Parker, and blind singer/ guitarist Billy Tate. <mask> soon became a regular member of the band.It was Huey "Piano" Smith who named him "Hungry", <mask> said. "I'd order a double order every time I'd eat. I'd have a plate of beans stacked that high, beans and rice. I went up to two hundred and six pounds when I was eighteen years old. I'd be walking around looking like a Baptist mule." It was the Dew Drop Cafe cook, Huey recalled, who noticed <mask>' habit of ordering double portions and subsequently described the drummer as "hungry". Smith and other musicians followed the cook's lead, and <mask> became "Hungry" <mask>.<mask> first worked as a studio musician in June 1953 when Huey Smith cut You Made Me Cry and You're Down With Me for Savoy Records at J&M Studio. The cuts featured Smith on piano and vocals, Lee Allen on sax, Billy Tate on guitar, Roland Cook on bass, and <mask> on drums. In December 1955 former bandmate Huey Smith wrote and played piano on <mask>' (on drums and vocals) first single for Checker Records Mary Don't You Weep, Mary Don't You Moan, backed with So Glad She's Mine, written by <mask>. Paul Gayten, at that time New Orleans A&R man for Chess Records and subsidiary Checker, arranged the session. Gayten set up another session in March 1957 when <mask> recorded Darling backed with So Worried. Three tracks from a June 1958 session Rhythmatic Rhythm, I Cried All The Way Home, and What Can I Do remained unreleased until 1984, appearing on Chess: New Orleans R&B. Studio Musician
During the early 1950s Earl Palmer was the foremost studio drummer in New Orleans.When Palmer departed for Los Angeles in 1957 <mask> became the first choice studio drummer. Mac Rebennack, also known as Dr. John, explained, "I believe it was Eddie Mesner (of Aladdin Records) that offered Earl the job out on the West Coast, and he took it and cleaned up... But this caused a search (here) for a new drummer to take his place, which <mask> eventually got that job. But for a while, they were trying out drummers, everybody from Edward Blackwell, who was too hip of a drummer and he was too jazz-influenced, to June Gardner, who was too straight. There was a search high and low; practically every session had a different drummer for a time. And finally <mask>, who was the funkiest of them all, he just took it." <mask> agreed, "Before I knew it, man, they weren't using anybody else.Sometimes, man, I was in the studio six and seven days a week." Dave Bartholomew led the studio band at Cosimo Matassa's J&M Studio. As an engineer, Matassa worked with producers and arrangers Bartholomew and Allen Toussaint among others to craft what came to be known as "the New Orleans Sound" in the 1950s and 1960s. The key to that sound was the group of studio musicians associated with Cosimo Matassa's studio that included <mask>Hungry" <mask> on drums. Huey Smith recorded his hit Rockin' Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu (#5 on Billboard's R&B chart and #52 on the pop chart) for Ace Records in June 1957. <mask> added his distinctive polyrhythmic drumming to that track as well as to Smith's 1958 hit recording Don't You Just Know It backed with High Blood Pressure (#4 on the R&B chart and #9 on the pop chart). In the late 1950s Huey "Piano" Smith and the Clowns toured the South including Florida with the Silas Green Minstrel Show.In an interview with writer and funk drumming historian Jim Payne, Clayton Fillyau said the most important rhythmic lesson of his life was taught to him by the drummer in Huey "Piano" Smith's band The Clowns. Fillyau, the drummer who originated the funk beat in James Brown's band, said he saw Smith's show in Jacksonville and caught up with the band's drummer in his hotel room afterward. "Back then musicians were always in everybody's room playing", Fillyau remembered. They started jamming, and the older man, probably <mask>Hungry" <mask>, showed him a little lesson in New Orleans drumming, taking him from standard stiff beat-keeping to secrets of the second line. Then he bore down, as if to say it all comes down to this, and told Fillyau, "Now use your imagination. Only thing you got to remember is, 'Where is one?' I don't care where you put it on those drums."Meaning you can hit it on the snare, bass, or cymbal. "Remember where the one is and you'll never lose time." Fillyau acknowledged, "Now this (New Orleans) is where funk was really created! That's where funk originated." <mask> continued to record and perform with Huey Smith and The Clowns. He was also part of the Ace Records studio session personnel that included  Alvin "Red" Tyler on tenor and baritone sax, Lee Allen on tenor sax, Melvin Lastie on cornet, Allen Toussaint on piano, Frank Fields on bass, and Justin Adams on guitar, and <mask> on drums. Other artists recorded for Ace included Sugarboy Crawford, Benny Spellman, Chuck Carbo, Jimmy Clanton, Joe Tex, Bobby Marchan, James Booker, Lee Dorsey, Big Boy Myles, and Mac Rebennac.Between 1957 and 1959 <mask> was New Orleans' premier studio drummer. Using his "double clutch" style, his hard-driving rhythms punctuated and enhanced hundreds of records on various labels with artists like Fats Domino, Paul Gayten, Professor Longhair, Mickey and Sylvia, Smiley Lewis, Hank Ballard and the Midnighters's, Art Neville, Bobby Mitchell, Frankie Ford, Allen Toussaint, Earl King, <mask>, Chris Kenner, Roy Brown, Dave Bartholomew, Lee Allen, and dozens more. In the early 1960s <mask> lost his position as the first call studio drummer in New Orleans to John Boudreaux, and dropped out of the recording scene. He left for New York as the British Invasion eclipsed record sales and radio play in New Orleans. Said Earl King, "He was one of those who drifted off and got into this whirl and that was it. He was around New York somewhere. <mask>, a hell of a drummer."New York City became <mask>' adopted home as it had for New Orleans expatriate drummers jazz and R&B stickman Idris Muhammad and <mask>Honeyman” Otis, who played drums with Professor Longhair. <mask>' last known recording session was for Albert King's New Orleans Heat, produced by Allen Toussaint for Tomato Records in New Orleans. Later Years
In his later years <mask> made few public appearances. His last was an impromptu jam session at New York City's Lone Star Cafe in April 1985. “I remember Dr. John was playing ‘Iko Iko’", said Barbara Becker, a close friend to <mask>, “and Charlie thought the drummer didn’t have the beat right. So he just jumped up on the stage and took the sticks out of his hands and began to play." <mask>Hungry” <mask> died May 10, 1986 in New York City after years of battling Paget's disease, a crippling bone marrow disorder.Discography
New Orleans, La., December 14, 1955

So Glad She's Mine -  Checker 831
Mary Don't You Weep, Mary Don't You Moan - Checker 831

New Orleans, La., March 1957

Darling -  Checker 866
So Worried - Checker 866

New Orleans, La., June 1958 (Released 1984 Europe)

Rhythmatic Rhythm - Chess: New Orleans R&B   -Chess- DET 205
I Cried All The Way Home - Chess: New Orleans R&B  -Chess- DET 205
What Can I Do - Chess: New Orleans R&B  -Chess- DET 205

References

1935 births
1986 deaths
Rhythm and blues musicians from New Orleans
20th-century American musicians
20th-century American drummers
Rhythm and blues drummers

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Charles Williams
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Charlie Williams
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<mask> (born January 8, 1968) is an American attorney and social entrepreneur. He is best known as founder of Professionals in the City. Education
<mask> completed his bachelor's degree in business administration from the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1989, where he was valedictorian of his graduating class.He received his J.D. degree in 1992 from Columbia University School of Law, where he was a Harlan Fiske Stone Scholar. Continuing his studies at New York University School of Law, he finished his LL.M. in Taxation in 1993. Career

Early career

Karlan worked as an attorney, first with Covington & Burling and then with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).While at the IRS, Karlan was drafter of federal regulations relating to 401(k) plans. Karlan's published works as an attorney include "Differences in Treatment of Employees and Independent Contractors Under Selected State and Federal Statutes," 1998 American Bar Association Section of Taxation Mid-Year Meeting (with Kurt L.P. Lawson) and "Cash or Deferred Arrangements, Matching Contributions, and Employee Contributions," 1998 Annual American Law Institute-American Bar Association Conference (with Mary Oppenheimer). Professionals in the City

Karlan founded Professionals in the City to bring the local professional community together and to familiarize residents with the activities their cities have to offer. On December 31, 2006, when he was simultaneously hosting New Year's Eve Galas at both the French Embassy and the Washington Plaza Hotel, the Washington Post wrote a cover story about Karlan that characterized him as "an expert party guy." On December 31, 2007, Karlan hosted the farewell party for the historic Hotel Washington, Washington, D.C.'s oldest continuously operated hotel, the hotel located across the street from the

White House. With more than 3,000 attendees, this was the largest party in the history of the Hotel Washington. At the same time, Karlan hosted a second Gala at the Embassy of Italy.In March 2009, the Washington Post published a cover story about how more children of immigrants are seeking partners of the same ethnicity, and how Professionals in the City is catering to this societal change by expanding "its repertoire of lectures and wine-tastings over the past year to include 'speed dating' nights for people of Asian, Latino or South Asian descent." This article quoted Karlan as saying that targeting ethnic groups makes sense in the Washington area, which has more than 1 million immigrants. In March 2009, in a feature that also included Oprah Winfrey and Suze Orman, ABC News filmed a Professionals in the City speed dating event where it quoted Karlan as saying that credit score dating websites are a double-edged sword because they enable singles to meet other singles who are preselected for certain financial criteria, but that these sites are unable to avoid the situation of singles still having to find a person to whom they are attracted in the first place." In July 2009, <mask> was featured in a Professionals in the City marketing video promoting its speed dating events, further emphasizing the group's increasing focus on singles. In August 2009, Nikkei Trendy in Japan featured <mask> and his Professionals in the City speed dating events as what is currently trendy in the United States. In October 2010, Washington, DC Mayor Adrian Fenty officially commended Karlan for Professionals in the City surpassing a membership of 200,000 in the Greater Washington, DC metropolitan area and for enhancing the quality of life of residents of Washington, DC. In February 2011, Karlan hosted the nation's first-ever speed dating at an auto show, at which Washington Post columnist Carolyn Hax provided advice on dating and then the speed daters went from car to car in the General Motors exhibit at the Washington Auto Show participating in a different date in each car.In March 2011, in a feature that also includes Donald Trump, The TODAY Show featured Karlan at a Professionals in the City speed dating event to show how body language affects one's success in dating. In December 2011, Voice of America aired in China an interview with Karlan about how Professionals in the City Speed Dating events are a popular way in America for singles to meet. In December 2011, the Washington Post published a story about Professionals in the City is helping build a Jewish social scene in the District of Columbia by hosting events like Professionals in the City's annual Christmas Eve Gefilte Fish Gala. The article quoted Karlan as saying that Jews "who move to D.C. now get involved in 30 seconds because of a Google search, instead of spending three months to find out about each other." In April 2012, National Public Radio featured Karlan at a Professionals in the City Speed Dating Event that consisted of 30 men and 30 women dating to show how one's use of pronouns in a conversation determines one's level of attraction to another person. In February 2014, The Washington Post featured Professionals in the City speed dating events as a key place for older singles to meet potential dates in Washington, DC, stating that Professionals in the City's "series of four- to eight-minute dates is an efficient way to decide who you're interested in." The article quoted Karlan discussing the various dating challenges people face at different ages.In February 2014, Voice of America aired in Pakistan an interview with Karlan discussing how Professionals in the City Speed Dating events are a great way to meet many singles and find a date for Valentine's Day. In November–December 2014, Arlington Magazine published an article quoting Karlan regarding the increase in older singles in the Northern Virginia area, and the resulting increase in options for older singles. On February 15, 2015, Andrews Gazette published an article quoting Karlan regarding the importance of face-to-face interaction for singles to develop a connection with each other. Washington, DC For Singles

<mask> is author of Washington, DC For Singles. References

External links

 <mask> website

 Professionals in the City website

 Washington, DC For Singles

Living people

1968 births

American lawyers

Columbia Law School alumni

New York University School of Law alumni

University of Colorado Boulder alumni

Place of birth missing (living people)

People associated with Covington & Burling

masks:
Michael Karlan
Karlan
Karlan
Karlan
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Michael Karlan


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<mask> (c. 1293 – 3 January 1322), known as the Tall (), was the King of France and Navarre (as <mask>) from 1316 to 1322. As the second son of king <mask>, he was granted an appanage, the County of Poitiers, while his elder brother, Louis X, inherited the throne in 1314. When Louis died in 1316, he left a daughter and a pregnant wife, Clementia of Hungary. <mask> the Tall successfully claimed the regency. Queen Clementia gave birth to a boy, who was proclaimed king as John I, but the infant king lived only for five days. At the death of his nephew, <mask> immediately had himself crowned at Reims. However, his legitimacy was challenged by the party of Louis X's daughter Joan.<mask> successfully contested her claims for a number of reasons, including her youth, doubts regarding her paternity (her mother was involved in the Tour de Nesle Affair), and the Estates General's determination that women should be excluded from the line of succession to the French throne. The succession of <mask>, instead of Joan, set the precedent for the French royal succession that would be known as the Salic law. <mask> restored somewhat good relations with the County of Flanders, which had entered into open rebellion during his father's rule, but simultaneously his relations with Edward II of England worsened as the English king, who was also Duke of Guyenne, initially refused to pay him homage. A spontaneous popular crusade started in Normandy in 1320 aiming to liberate the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors. Instead the angry populace marched to the south attacking castles, royal officials, priests, lepers, and Jews. <mask> engaged in a series of domestic reforms intended to improve the management of the kingdom. These reforms included the creation of an independent Court of Finances, the standardization of weights and measures, and the establishment of a single currency.<mask> died from dysentery in 1322 without a male heir and was succeeded by his younger brother <mask>. Personality and marriage

<mask> was born in Lyon, the second son of King <mask> of France and Queen Joan I of Navarre. His father granted to him the county of Poitiers in appanage. Modern historians have described <mask> as a man of "considerable intelligence and sensitivity", and the "wisest and politically most apt" of <mask>'s three sons. <mask> was influenced by the troubles and unrest that his father had encountered during 1314, as well as by the difficulties his older brother, Louis X, known as "the Quarreler", had faced during the intervening few years. At the heart of the problems for both <mask> and Louis X were taxes and the difficulty in raising them outside of crises. <mask> married Joan of Burgundy, the eldest daughter of Otto IV, Count of Burgundy and Mahaut, Countess of Artois, on 21 January 1307.The original plan had been for Louis X to marry Joan, but this was altered after Louis was engaged to Margaret of Burgundy. Modern scholars have found little evidence as to whether the marriage was a happy one, but the pair had a considerable number of children in a short space of time, and <mask> was exceptionally generous to Joan by the standards of the day. <mask> went to great lengths not only to endow Joan with lands and money but to try to ensure that these gifts were irrevocable in the event of his early death. Amongst the various gifts were a palace, villages, additional money for jewels, and her servants and the property of all the Jews in Burgundy, which he gave to Joan in 1318. Joan was implicated in Margaret's adultery case during 1314; Margaret was accused and convicted of adultery with two knights, upon the testimony of their sister-in-law, Isabella. Joan was suspected of having secretly known about the adultery; placed under house arrest at Dourdan as punishment, it was then implied that Joan was guilty of adultery herself. With <mask>'s support she continued to protest her innocence, and by 1315 her name had been cleared by the Paris Parlement, partially through <mask>'s influence, and she was allowed to return to court.It is unclear why <mask> stood by her in the way that he did. One theory has been that he was concerned that if he were to abandon Joan, he might also lose Burgundy; another theory suggests that his slightly "formulaic" love letters to his wife should be taken at face value, and that he was in fact very deeply in love. Accession and the Salic Law

<mask>'s older brother, Louis X, died in 1316 leaving the pregnant Clementia of Hungary as his widow. There were several potential candidates for the role of regent, including Charles of Valois and Duke Odo IV of Burgundy, but <mask> successfully outmanoeuvred them, being appointed regent himself. <mask> remained as regent for the remainder of the pregnancy and for a few days after the birth of his nephew John I, who lived for only five days. What followed the death of John I was unprecedented in the history of the Capetian kings of France. For the first time, the king of France died without a son.The heir to the throne was now a subject of some dispute. Joan, the remaining daughter of Louis X by Margaret of Burgundy, was one obvious candidate, but suspicion still hung over her as a result of the scandal in 1314, including concerns over her actual parentage. With only his niece between himself and the throne, <mask> engaged in some rapid political negotiations and convinced Charles of Valois, who along with Odo IV was championing Joan's rights, to switch sides and support him instead. In exchange for marrying <mask>'s daughter, Odo IV abandoned his niece's cause, not only her claim to the French throne but also her claim to Navarre's. On 9 January 1317, with Charles's support, <mask> was hastily crowned at Rheims. The majority of the nobility, however, refused to attend. There were demonstrations in Champagne, Artois, and Burgundy, and <mask> called a rapid assembly of the nobility on 2 February in Paris.<mask> laid down the principle that Joan, as a woman, could not inherit the throne of France, played heavily upon the fact that he was now the anointed king, and consolidated what some authors have described as his effective "usurpation" of power. The exclusion of women, and later of their male descendants, was later popularized as the Salic law by the Valois monarchy. Joan, however, did accede in 1328 to the throne of Navarre, which did not hold to the Salic law. The next year, <mask> continued to strengthen his position. He married his eldest daughter Joan to the powerful Odo IV, bringing the Duke over to his own party. <mask> then built his reign around the notion of reform – "reclaiming rights, revenues and territories" that had been wrongly lost to the crown in recent years. Domestic reform

Domestically, <mask> proved a "strong and popular" king, despite inheriting an uncertain situation and an ongoing sequence of poor harvests.He followed in the steps of his father, <mask>, in trying to place the French crown on a solid fiscal footing and revoked many of the unpopular decisions of his predecessor and older brother, Louis X. He also instituted government reforms, reformed the currency and worked to standardise weights and measures. Amongst <mask>'s key appointments was the later cardinal Pierre Bertrand, who would play a key role in successive French royal governments in subsequent years. In 1317, <mask> reissued an act first passed by his father, in 1311, condemning the alienation and theft of royal resources and offices in the provinces. By 1318, his political situation strengthened, <mask> went further, setting out in a new act a distinction between the French royal domain – the core set of lands and titles that belonged permanently to the crown – and those lands and titles that had been forfeited to the crown for one reason or another. If the French crown was to bestow or grant new lands to nobles, <mask> declared, they would usually be given only from the second source: this was a double-edged announcement, at once reinforcing the core, unalienable powers of the crown, whilst also reassuring nobles that their lands were sacrosanct unless they were forfeited to the crown in punishment for a crime or misdemeanour. <mask> was responsible for the creation of the cours des comptes in 1320, a court responsible for auditing the royal accounts to ensure proper payment; the courts still exist today.In practice, <mask> did not entirely keep to his self-declared principles on grants of royal lands and titles, but he was far more conservative in such matters than his immediate predecessors. Resolution of the Flanders conflict and England

<mask> was able to achieve a successful resolution of the ongoing Flanders problem. The Count of Flanders ruled an "immensely wealthy state", which largely led an autonomous existence on the edge of the French state. The French king was generally regarded as having suzerainty over Flanders, but in recent years the relationship had become strained. <mask> had been defeated at Courtrai in 1302 attempting to reassert French control, and despite the later French victory at the Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle the relationship remained tense. Robert III of Flanders had continued to resist France militarily, but by <mask>'s accession to the throne had found himself increasingly isolated politically in Flanders itself. Meanwhile, the French position had become strained by the need to maintain a wartime footing.Louis X had prohibited exports of grain and other material to Flanders in 1315, resulting in a profitable smuggling industry that in turn discouraged legal trade with the French crown along the border region; Louis was forced to directly requisition food for his forces, resulting in a string of complaints from local lords and the Church. <mask> began to reinstate a proper recompensation scheme in 1317, but the situation remained unstable. Both <mask> and Robert turned away from seeking a military solution in favour of a political compromise. Accordingly, Robert made

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 an accommodation with <mask> in June 1320, under which Robert would confirm his young grandson, Louis, as his designated heir, in return for Louis being pledged in marriage to <mask>'s second daughter, Margaret. This would provide Robert, and then Louis, with strong French support within Flanders. Louis was, to a great extent, already under <mask>'s influence. Louis had been brought up in Nevers in central France, and at <mask>'s court.and was culturally effectively a French prince. This arrangement was a considerable success for <mask>'s policy, although over time Louis' clear French loyalties and lack of political links within Flanders itself would lead to political upheaval and peasant revolt. <mask> also faced difficulties with Edward II of England. Like the Count of Flanders, Edward in his role as the ruler of Gascony owed homage to the king of France, but as a king in his own right, and as the head of a largely autonomous Gascon province, was disinclined to do so. Edward had not given homage to Louis X, and initially declined to do so to <mask>, who had a reputation as being more favourable to the English than Louis X. In 1319 <mask> allowed Edward to give homage by proxy, an honour by the standards of the day, but expected him to do so in person in 1320. Edward arrived in Amiens to do so, only to find that <mask> was now insisting that Edward also give an oath of personal fealty to him – an act going beyond that of normal feudal homage.Edward gave homage but refused to swear fealty; nonetheless, this marked a period of increased French pressure on England over Gascony. Crusades

<mask> was also to play a role in the ongoing crusade movement during the period. Pope John XXII, the second of the Avignon popes, had been elected at a conclave assembled in Lyons during 1316 by <mask> himself, and set out his renewed desire to see fresh crusades. <mask> had agreed to a joint plan for a new French-led crusade at the Council of Vienne in 1312, with his son <mask>, a "committed crusader," taking the cross himself in 1313. Once king himself, <mask> was obligated to carry out these plans and asked John for and received additional funds after 1316. Both <mask> and John agreed, however, that a French crusade was impossible whilst the military situation in Flanders remained unstable. Nonetheless, John continued to assure the Armenians that <mask> would shortly lead a crusade to relieve them.An attempt to send a naval vanguard from the south of France under Louis I of Clermont failed, however, with the forces being destroyed in a battle off Genoa in 1319. Over the winter of 1319–20 <mask> convened a number of meetings with French military leaders in preparation for a potential second expedition, that in turn informed Bishop William Durand's famous treatise on crusading. By the end of <mask>'s reign, however, he and John had fallen out over the issue of new monies and commitments to how they were spent, and the attentions of both were focused on managing the challenge of the Shepherds' Crusade. The Shepherds' Crusade, or the Pastoreaux, emerged from Normandy in 1320. One argument for the timing of this event has been that the repeated calls for popular crusades by <mask> and his predecessors, combined with the absence of any actual large scale expeditions, ultimately boiled over into this popular, but uncontrolled, crusade. <mask>'s intent for a new crusade had certainly become widely known by the spring of 1320, and the emerging peace in Flanders and the north of France had left a large number of displaced peasants and soldiers. The result was a large and violent anti-Semitic movement threatening local Jews, royal castles, the wealthier clergy, and Paris itself.The movement was ultimately condemned by Pope John, who doubted whether the movement had any real intent to carry out a crusade. <mask> was forced to move against it, crushing the movement militarily and driving the remnants south across the Pyrenees into Aragon. Final year

"Leper scare"

In 1321 an alleged conspiracy – the "leper scare" – was discovered in France. The accusation, apparently unfounded, was that lepers had been poisoning the wells of various towns, and that this activity had been orchestrated by the Jewish minority, secretly commissioned by foreign Muslims. The scare took hold in the febrile atmosphere left by the Shepherds' crusade of the previous year and the legacy of the poor harvests of the previous decade. The French Jews were, by 1321, closely connected to the French crown; <mask> had given orders that royal officials assist Jewish money lenders in recovering Christian debts, and some local officials were arguing that the crown was due to inherit the estates of dead Jewish merchants. Following the events of 1320, <mask> was involved in fining those who had attacked Jews during the Shepherds' Crusade, which in practice added further to the dislike of this minority in France.Rumours and allegations about lepers themselves had been circulated in 1320 as well, and some had been arrested during the Crusade. <mask> was in Poitiers in June, involved in a tour of the south aimed at reform of the southern fiscal system, when word arrived of the scare. <mask> issued an early edict demanding that any leper found guilty was to be burnt and their goods would be forfeit to the crown. The King's southern tour and reform plans, although administratively sound by modern standards, had created much local opposition, and modern historians have linked the King's role in Poitiers with the sudden outbreak of violence. This all put <mask> in a difficult position: He could not openly side with those claiming wrongdoing by the lepers, Jews, and Muslims without encouraging further unnecessary violence; on the other hand, if he did not ally himself to the cause, he encouraged further unsanctioned violence, weakening his royal position. Some Jews did leave France as a result of the leper scare, but <mask> had successfully resisted signing any formal edict, which limited the impact to some degree. Death and succession
In August, <mask> was continuing to progress his reform plans when he fell ill from multiple illnesses.After a brief respite, he died at Longchamp, Paris. He was interred in Saint Denis Basilica, with his viscera buried at the church of the now-demolished Couvent des Jacobins in Paris. By the principle of male succession that <mask> had invoked in 1316, <mask> was succeeded by his younger brother, <mask>, since he left no sons. Charles was also to die without male issue, resulting ultimately in the claim to the French throne by Edward III of England and the subsequent Hundred Years War (1337–1453). Family
In January 1307 <mask> married Joan II, Countess of Burgundy (daughter and heiress of Otto IV, count of Burgundy), and they had five children:
 Joan (1/2 May 1308 – 10/15 August 1349), Countess of Burgundy and Artois in her own right and wife of Odo IV, Duke of Burgundy
 Margaret (1309 – 9 May 1382), wife of Louis I of Flanders. Countess of Burgundy and Artois in her own right. Isabelle (1310 – April 1348), wife of Guigues <mask> La Tour du Pin, Dauphin de Viennois.Blanche (1313 – 26 April 1358), a nun. <mask> (24 June 1316 – 24 February 1317). In fiction
<mask> is a character in Les Rois maudits (The Accursed Kings), a series of French historical novels by Maurice Druon. In the novel, <mask> was depicted as the most shrewd among the three sons of <mask> IV. He was portrayed by Josep Maria Flotats in the 1972 French miniseries adaptation of the series, and by Éric Ruf in the 2005 adaptation. Ancestry

References

Bibliography

 Barber, Malcolm. (1981) "The Pastoureaux of 1320."Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 32 (1981): 143–166. Brown, Elizabeth, A. R. (2000) The King's Conundrum: Endowing Queens and Loyal Servants, Ensuring Salvation, and Protecting the Patrimony in Fourteenth-Century France, in Burrow and Wei (eds) 2000. Burrow, John Anthony and Ian P. Wei (eds). (2000) Medieval Futures: Attitudes to the Future in the Middle Ages. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. Drees, Clayton J.(2001) The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300–1500: a Biographical Dictionary. Westport: Greenwood Press. Duby, George. (1993) France in the Middle Ages 987–1460: from Hugh Capet to <mask> Arc. Oxford: Blackwell. Fryde, Natalie. (2003) The Tyranny and Fall of Edward II 1321–1326.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Holmes, George. (2000) Europe, Hierarchy and Revolt, 1320–1450, 2nd edition. Oxford: Blackwell. Housley, Norman. (1986) The Avignon papacy and the Crusades, 1305–1378. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Housley, Norman. (1992) The later Crusades, 1274–1580: from Lyons to Alcazar. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jordan, William Chester. (1996) The Great Famine: Northern Europe in the early Fourteenth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Jordan, William Chester.(2005) Unceasing Strife, Unending Fear: Jacques de Therines and the Freedom of the Church in the Age of the Last Capetians. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Nirenberg, David. (1996) Communities of Violence: Persecution of Minorities in the Middle Ages. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Riley-Smith, Jonathan. (2005) The Crusades: a History.London: Continuum. Rose, Hugh James. (1857) A New General Biographical Dictionary, Volume 11. London: Fellows. TeBrake, William Henry. (1994) A Plague of Insurrection: Popular Politics and Peasant Revolt in Flanders, 1323–1328. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Wagner, John. A. (2006) Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War. Westport: Greenwood Press. External links

 The original wax seal of King <mask> V the Tall in the Estonian Historical Archives. |-

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1293 births
1322 deaths
14th-century kings of France
14th-century Navarrese monarchs
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House of Capet
Heirs presumptive to the French throne
13th-century French people
14th-century French people
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<mask> (born April 1, 1952) is an  Oklahoma-based multi-instrumentalist. In eastern Oklahoma, <mask> is best known as a fiddle player. Although he has been referred to as "the world's best rock fiddler," <mask> also plays guitar and pedal steel guitar among other instruments. Biography

<mask> was born <mask> to mother <mask> and father <mask> on April 1, 1952 in Dallas, Texas. At the time, his father was attending Southern Methodist Seminary School. He would later go on to be a Methodist preacher. <mask> is the oldest of three children.<mask> was followed by his sister, now Lisa Perry 18 months later, and by his youngest sibling, <mask>, 18 months after that. After his father’s graduation, the family moved away from Dallas in 1954 to his first posting in Garden City, Texas. As a preacher, <mask>’s father moved the family somewhat frequently. They left Garden City in 1956 to Clyde, Texas in 1956 and to Heat, Texas in 1959. <mask> began high school in Canadian, Texas where the family moved in 1962, but they then moved to Crosbyton, Texas where <mask> finished out his high school studies. His parents provided a diverse musical background including piano lessons and <mask> also started playing ukulele and guitar. His grandfather, who played fiddle, had a big influence on him.<mask> learned to play fiddle from a Mel Bay mandolin instruction manual. Since the two instruments are tuned the same – a fiddle lacks the frets that make mandolin playing a little easier to do in key – it all transferred to the fiddle. During his freshman year of high school <mask> started playing in a band and has performed music ever since. Three of <mask>'s biggest musical influences were Jimi Hendrix, The Beatles, and The Rolling Stones. <mask> stated that he is still trying to learn guitar parts to Hendrix' music. <mask> refers to his songs as "Oklahoma Protest music" and has a long history of protesting against onslaughts against the environment. He lives in an electricity-free geodesic dome that he built on a former landfill site.In 1973, after the Public Service Company of Oklahoma announced that twin black nuclear power plants (named Black Fox 1 and Black Fox 2) would be built, <mask> along with many other Oklahomans took legal action against PSO and a protest movement ensued. As a result of his involvement in the protest, <mask> was blackballed for a time by music promoters in and around Tulsa, although he performed at least 50 "stop Black Fox" events around Oklahoma. <mask>'s music has been a foundation for Oklahoma's Red Dirt music, having been one of the earliest musicians of Red Dirt's epicenter - The Farm - located in Stillwater, Oklahoma. John Cooper, of the Red Dirt Rangers band, said that the camaraderie of the protests was central to the spirit that help form the Red Dirt movement. <mask> also represents a variation of The Tulsa Sound and has also been a primary influence on aspiring Oklahoma musicians performing bluegrass, folk, country music, and jam bands. In addition to performing as a solo artist, <mask> is a regular member of the Red Dirt Rangers band and is a member of the house band at the annual Woody Guthrie Folk Festival in Okemah, Oklahoma. <mask>'s live performances often include unusual techniques on a variety of instruments."I once saw him play where he's over a steel guitar and a piano while he's playing fiddle," said Jim Blair, co-owner of Max's Garage and one of <mask>'s musical compatriots. "In the middle of the song, he wants to tune up the fiddle, so he hits the A note on the piano with his fiddle bow and tunes the string and keeps on playing." <mask>'s songs "Big Shot Rich Man" and "Mexican Holiday" have been recorded by Jason Boland & the Stragglers. He played with Tulsa band South 40 when they recorded his song "Got Time to Party" for their 2006 release Home which also features guest spots by members of Asleep at the Wheel and George Strait's band. As a member of the Vince Herman Trio, <mask>ostik Hookah. <mask> has been nominated for over twenty Oklahoma State Music Awards and in 2005 was inducted into the Oklahoma Music Awards Red Dirt Hall of Fame. Discography
{|class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Record Label/Comments
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|2017
|Turn Off Tune Out Drop In
|Random Choice Music - Album
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|2014
|No Good Reason
|Random Choice Music - Album
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|2012
|Me and You
|Random Choice Music - Album
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|2010
|It's a Crime
|Random Choice Music - Album
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|2009
|Just a Few More Things
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|2008
|Straight From the Tap
|with Badwater
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|2006
|Friends
|with Wanda Watson
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|2006
|Home
|with South 40
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|2004
|Kindred Spirits
|Binky Records (with Bob Childers)
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|2004
|Natural Selection
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|2004
|Somewhere in the Middle
|Smith Music Group (with Jason Boland & the Stragglers)
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|2003
|What's Goin' On?

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Randall Byron Crouch
Ruth Emma McMinn Crouch
Hurbert Lee Crouch
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<mask> (December 19, 1924January 28, 2021) was an American actress. In a career which spanned more than seven decades, she became known for her portrayal of strong African-American women. <mask> received three Primetime Emmy Awards, four Black Reel Awards, one Screen Actors Guild Award, one Tony Award, an honorary Academy Award, and a Peabody Award. Having appeared in minor film and television roles early in her career, <mask> garnered widespread attention and critical acclaim for her performance as Rebecca Morgan in Sounder (1972); she was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Actress and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama for her work in the film. <mask>'s portrayal of the title role in the 1974 television film The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, based on the book by Ernest J. Gaines, won her further praise; among other accolades, the role won her two Emmy Awards and a nomination for a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role. <mask> continued to act on film and television in the 21st century. In 2011, she played the role of Constantine Jefferson in the award-winning film The Help.She also played the recurring role of Ophelia Harkness in the legal drama TV series How to Get Away With Murder since the show's inception in 2014, for which she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series five times. In addition to her screen career, <mask> appeared in various theater productions. She received a Vernon Rice Award in 1962 for her Off-Broadway performance in Moon on a Rainbow Shawl. <mask> also starred as Carrie Watts in the Broadway play The Trip to Bountiful, winning the Tony Award, the Outer Critics Award, and the Drama Desk Award for Best Actress in a Play in 2013. <mask> was named a Kennedy Center honoree in 2015. In November 2016, <mask> received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, which is the highest civilian honor in the United States. In 2020, she was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame.Early life
<mask> was born in the Bronx, New York City, but soon relocated with her family to East Harlem. She was one of three children born to Fredericka (Huggins<mask>, a domestic worker, and William Augustine <mask>, who worked as a carpenter and painter. Her parents were immigrants from Nevis in the West Indies. Her father arrived in New York City at age 21 and was processed at Ellis Island on August 4, 1919. <mask> grew up in a religious atmosphere. She sang in the choir and attended prayer meetings at an Episcopal church in East Harlem. <mask>'s mother was opposed to her becoming an actress and would not speak to her for a time.She changed her mind when she saw <mask> appear on stage. Career

Early work

<mask> was discovered by a photographer for Ebony magazine and became a successful fashion model. Her first acting role was in the 1956 film Carib Gold and she first appeared onstage in Vinnette Carroll's production of Dark of the Moon at the Harlem YMCA in 1958. <mask> had small roles in the 1959 films Odds Against Tomorrow and The Last Angry Man, as well as the 1960 comedy, Who Was That Lady? 1n 1961, she made her television debut in the NBC series Frontiers of Faith. In the early 1960s, <mask> appeared in the original cast of French playwright Jean Genet's The Blacks. She played the role of Stephanie Virtue Secret-Rose Diop; other notable cast members included Maya Angelou, James Earl Jones, Godfrey Cambridge, Louis Gossett Jr., and Charles Gordone.The show was the longest running off-Broadway non-musical of the decade, running for 1,408 performances. She won the 1961-1962 Vernon Rice Award (later known as the Drama Desk Award) for her performance in another off-Broadway production, Moon on a Rainbow Shawl. <mask>, who once worked for a social services agency, was spotted by producer David Susskind in The Blacks and in Tiger, Tiger, Burning Bright, and was cast for a role in the CBS TV series East Side/West Side (1963–1964), playing the secretary of a social worker played by George C. Scott. She was at the time the only African American regular member of a TV cast, The show was noted for its treatment of social issues, and one of its episodes, on an African-American couple in Harlem (played by James Earl Jones and Diana Sands), was blacked out in Atlanta and Shreveport, Louisiana. In the mid-1960s she had a recurring role in the soap opera The Guiding Light. She appeared with Sammy Davis Jr. in the film A Man Called Adam (1966) and starred in the film version of The Comedians (1967) based on the Graham Greene novel. In 1968 <mask> had a featured role in The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter.Stardom
In 1972, <mask> played the role of Rebecca Morgan in the film Sounder. She was nominated for both the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress for her work in Sounder, and also won the NSFC Best Actress and NBR Best Actress Awards. In 1974, <mask> played the title role in the television film The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman. <mask>'s portrayal of a centenarian black woman's life from slavery until her death before the Civil rights movement won her a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie and an Emmy Award for Actress of the Year – Special. <mask> was also nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her work in this television film. <mask>'s television roles included: Binta in the 1977 miniseries Roots, for which she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress – Miniseries or a Movie; Coretta Scott King in the 1978 miniseries King, for which she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie; Marva Collins in the 1981 television film The Marva Collins Story, for which she received an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress – Miniseries or a Movie; and Muriel in the 1986 television film Samaritan: The Mitch Snyder Story, for which she received an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special. Later career
In 1989, <mask> appeared in the television miniseries The Women of Brewster Place.In 1991, <mask> appeared in Fried Green Tomatoes as Sipsey. In the 1994–95 television series Sweet Justice, <mask> portrayed a civil rights activist and attorney named Carrie Grace Battle, a character she modeled after Washington, D.C. civil rights and criminal defense lawyer Dovey Johnson Roundtree. Her other notable film roles include the dramas Hoodlum (1997) and Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005), and the television films Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All (1994) (for which she received her third Emmy Award) and A Lesson Before Dying (1999). In 2005, <mask> co-starred in Because of Winn-Dixie. In 2010, <mask> appeared in Why Did I Get Married Too? and narrated the Paul Robeson Award-winning documentary Up from the Bottoms: The Search for the American Dream. In 2011, <mask> appeared in her first music video in Willow Smith's 21st Century Girl.That same year, she played Constantine Jefferson, a maid in Jackson, Mississippi, in the critically acclaimed period drama The Help. Set in the backdrop of the Civil Rights Movement, the film won the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Acting Ensemble and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. At the 67th Tony Awards, on June 9, 2013, <mask> won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her performance as Miss Carrie Watts in The Trip to Bountiful. Upon winning, the 88-year-old actress became the oldest recipient of the Best Actress Tony Award. She also won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Play and the Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Actress in a Play for the role. In 2013, <mask> played a supporting role in the horror film The Haunting in Connecticut 2: Ghosts of Georgia. Beginning in 2014, <mask> guest-starred on How to Get Away with Murder as Ophelia Harkness, the mother of main character Annalise Keating (Viola Davis); for this role, she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020.In 2020, she starred in the popular movie A Fall From Grace which was featured on Netflix. Personal life

<mask> had a daughter when she was 17 years old. At the age of 18, <mask> married Kenneth Franklin on December 27, 1942. According to her divorce decree, her husband abandoned her after less than eighteen months of marriage. The marriage was formally dissolved in 1956. <mask> began dating jazz trumpeter Miles Davis in the 1960s when he was in the process of divorcing dancer Frances Davis. Davis used a photo of <mask> for his 1967 album, Sorcerer.Davis told the press in 1967 that he intended to marry <mask> in March 1968 after his divorce was finalized, but he married singer Betty Davis that September. <mask> and Davis rekindled their relationship in 1978. They were married on November 26, 1981, in a ceremony conducted by Atlanta mayor Andrew Young at the home of actor Bill Cosby. Their marriage was tumultuous due to Davis' volatile temper and infidelity. Davis credited <mask> with saving his life and helping him overcome his cocaine addiction. They resided in Malibu, California, and New York City, until she filed for divorce in 1988. Their divorce was finalized in 1989, two years before Davis died in 1991.<mask> was godmother to the singer Lenny Kravitz, having been friends with his mother, actress Roxie Roker, as well as to Denzel Washington's daughter Katia and Tyler Perry's son Aman. <mask> was an honorary member of Delta Sigma Theta sorority. She was a member of the Abyssinian Baptist Church of New York. She was a vegetarian. She was also a first-cousin of Louis Farrakhan, a longtime leader of the Nation of Islam. <mask>'s memoir, Just as I Am, was published on January 26, 2021, and she promoted the book during the last weeks of her life. When she was asked how she wanted to be remembered in an interview with Gayle King, <mask> said, "I've done my best.That's all." <mask> died on January 28, 2021, at the age of 96. Her funeral was held February 16 at the Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem, and was attended by Tyler Perry, her godson Lenny Kravitz, and Bill and Hillary Clinton. Filmography

Selected credits:

The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter (1968)
Sounder (1972)
The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman (1974)
Roots (1977)
A Woman Called Moses (1978)
Fried Green Tomatoes (1991)
A Lesson Before Dying (1999)
Because of Winn-Dixie (2005)
Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005)
The Help (2011)
The Trip to Bountiful (2014)
How to Get Away with Murder (2015-2020)
House of Cards (2016)
Last Flag Flying (2017)

Awards and honours

<mask> <mask> is the recipient of numerous accolades, including an Academy Award, three Emmy Awards, and a Tony Award. <mask> has won three Primetime Emmy Awards for her work in television winning for, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman (1974), and Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All (1994). She won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play her performance in The Trip to Bountiful in 2014. <mask> won her Honorary Academy Award in 2018 with the inscription reading, ""Whose unforgettable performances and personal integrity have inspired generations of filmmakers, actors and audiences."<mask> has also received various honours for her lifetime achievement as a groundbreaking artist. In 2015, she received a Kennedy Center Honor. In 2016 she was bestowed the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama. In 2020, she received a Career Achievement Peabody Award. That same year she was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame. In 1977, <mask> was inducted into the Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame. In 1980, she received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.In 1982, <mask> was awarded the Women in Film Crystal Award. The award is given to outstanding women who, through their endurance and the excellence of their work, have helped to expand the role of women within the entertainment industry. In 1988, <mask> received a Candace Award for Distinguished Service from the National Coalition of 100 Black Women. In 1997, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In 2005, <mask> was honored at Oprah Winfrey's Legends Ball. She was also honored by the Congress of Racial Equality, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the National Council of Negro Women. <mask> was awarded the NAACP's 2010 Spingarn Medal for her contribution to the entertainment industry, her modeling career, and her support of civil rights.<mask> was a recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors in 2015. She was awarded the United States' highest civilian honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, by President Barack Obama in November 2016. In September 2018, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced that <mask> would receive an Academy Honorary Award. On November 18, 2018, <mask> became the first African-American woman to receive an honorary Oscar. In 2018, <mask> was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame. One of 12 soundstages was named after <mask> in her honor at Tyler Perry Studios. She was chosen to be inducted into the Television Academy's Hall of Fame in 2020.In 2022, she was posthumously inducted into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame in 2022. <mask>ly Tyson School of Performing and Fine Arts, a magnet school in East Orange, New Jersey, was named after her in 2009. Notes

References

External links

Interview titled Ms. <mask> <mask>'s Fact-Finding Tour of Central Africa, 1985-11-05, In Black America, KUT Radio, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH and the Library of Congress)
<mask> <mask> at Find a Grave

1924 births
2021 deaths
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Academy Honorary Award recipients
Actresses from New York City
African-American actresses
African-American memoirists
American film actresses
American memoirists
American women memoirists
American people of Saint Kitts and Nevis descent
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
Delta Sigma Theta members
Kennedy Center honorees
Miles Davis
Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners
People from Harlem
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Spingarn Medal winners
Tony Award winners
American musical theatre actresses
African-American women singers
Jazz musicians from New York (state)
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women

masks:
Cicely Louise Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
) Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Cicely
Tyson
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Tyson
Tyson
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Tyson
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Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
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Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
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Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
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Tyson
Tyson
Death Tyson
Cicely
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tyson
Tysonice
Cicely
Tyson
Cicely
Tyson


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<mask> (4 December 1833 – 1 June 1930) was an English bishop, the first Anglican Bishop of Stepney from 1895 until 1897 when he was appointed Bishop of Bristol. Early life

<mask> was born in York 1833 and educated at St Peter's School, York and St Catharine's College, Cambridge. He became the 30th wrangler in 1856. In 1857 where he obtained 2nd class Honours degree in Theology and was ordained in 1858. Career

After a spell of school mastering in Scotland, he returned to his college in 1863 as a Fellow. He then held various appointments and spent some time as a parish priest. He became a distinguished archaeologist, and was Disney Professor of Archaeology at Cambridge 1887–92.After an Incumbency at Ashley, Cambridgeshire he rose steadily in the Church's hierarchy. From 1891 until 1895 he was Canon Residentiary at St Paul's Cathedral before elevation to the suffragan bishopric of the Diocese of London (from now on named Bishop of Stepney), a post he held until he attained diocesan bishop status with promotion to the See of Bristol. Taking retirement from his Professorship at the age of 62, <mask> went on to become Bishop of Stepney in 1895, and Bishop of Bristol in 1897. He remained at Bristol until 1914. After leaving Bristol, <mask> went on to publish no less than six more books in the final years of his retirement. He died at Bexhill-on-Sea in 1930. <mask> is commemorated in Bristol Cathedral by a fine bronze bust signed K Scott.It is to be found in the north choir aisle. Climbing

An enthusiast for climbing, <mask> was President of the Alpine Club early in the 20th century. The Rev <mask> is known amongst speleobibliophiles for his book, Ice Caves in France and Switzerland. Published in 1865, it is one of the most delightful travel books ever written, because of the scientific accuracy and humour of the author. The <mask> family was evidently accustomed to spending their summer holidays abroad, and in the summer of 1861 <mask> was with some members of his family at Arzier in the Jura mountains near Geneva. The son of the house, an intelligent man spoke of a glacière not far distant. At first <mask> supposed this to be a glacier, but on visiting it with the son, he found it was a limestone cave containing permanent ice.<mask> was intrigued as to the reason for this phenomenon, and during the next several years spent part of his holidays visiting a number of these ice caves, mainly in the Jura. Altogether he examined 14 or 15 caves personally, heard accounts of several more which he was unable to visit, and studied any accounts he could find in literature. His book, Ice-caves of France and Switzerland was the result of his studies, and was published in 1865. After reviewing previous theories of the origin of subterranean ice, <mask> came to the conclusion that the explanation was simple: provided that the chambers of the cave were below the level of the entrance, cold air would sink into the cave in the winter and be unable to escape; water in the cave would freeze, and would remain as ice provided that the interior was not exposed to direct solar radiation. He reported that all the caves which he had examined fulfilled these necessary conditions. Although <mask> did not make detailed surveys, he gave some measurements, or at least estimates, of size, and described the interiors of the caves in careful detail, despite the fact that his lighting was very primitive – sometimes a candle, often just an oil lantern which did not always function properly. He would resort to magnesium wire when large chambers had to be illuminated and he regularly provides sketches and plans or sections of some of these.<mask>'s descriptions of the caves, with the fantastic ice 'dripstone' formations to be found in some of them, are very vivid. The most entertaining parts of the book, however – and indeed the greater part of it – are devoted to his experiences reaching the caves themselves. Most of them are, or were in those days, far from a town of any size, and the privations endured were considerable. Although the recital of the difficulties of travel and of finding accommodation perhaps becomes a little repetitive, <mask> writes with a graphic turn of phrase and gives a spirited idea of the problems of travelling off the beaten track in the 1860s. Food was often a problem, as, for instance, in the small town of Die, in the Dauphiné, where the ravenous <mask>, after rejecting various other offerings, faced up to the cold mutton, not withstanding the footprints of mice in the cold gravy, only to find that it was so strongly flavoured with garlic that he could not eat it. It must not be thought that he was squeamish. He was evidently a well-seasoned traveller, and some of the hardships, such as wearing wet clothes for days on end, are mentioned almost as a matter of course.After his book had gone to press, <mask> revisited three ice-caves near Annecy, on this occasion having as a companion T G Bonney, a geologist from the Department of Geology at University College London. Finally, he had determined to visit the caves again in the winter and did so in January 1866 when he managed to revisit two of the caves that he had previously studied. These researches resulted in two more articles (see list below). <mask> does not seem to have undertaken any more speleology after 1866, but he was also a keen mountaineer, a founder member of the Alpine Club, and a friend of Charles Hudson, who was killed on the way down from the first ascent of the Matterhorn, and of Edward Whymper, who survived the same expedition. He was President of the Alpine Club in its Jubilee year of 1905. Works

The Venerable Bede, 1879
The Ilam Crosses, 1889
Lessons from Early English Church History, 1893
The Christian Church in these Islands before the Coming of Augustine, 1894
History of St Catharine's College, 1902
The Continuity of the Holy Catholic Church in England. A Lecture Delivered at St. Columba's Church, Haggerston, in 1896., 1903
The Recollections of a Bishop, 1915
The Importance of Women in Anglo-Saxon Times, the Cultus of St. Peter and St. Paul, and other addresses, 1919

Notes

References

External links

1833 births
People educated at St Peter's School, York
Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
Bishops of Stepney
Bishops of Bristol
20th-century Church of England bishops
19th-century Church of England bishops
Fellows of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
Presidents of the Alpine Club (UK)
1930 deaths
Honorary Fellows of the British Academy

masks:
George Forrest Browne
Browne
Browne
Browne
Browne
Browne
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Browne
George
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Sir <mask>  (15 June 1923 – 29 October 2017) was an Australian judge who served as the 20th Governor-General of Australia, in office from 1982 to 1989. He was previously a Justice of the High Court of Australia from 1972 to 1982. <mask> was born in England to Scottish parents. As a child he lived for periods in France, Germany, Scotland, and Switzerland, eventually arriving in Australia at the age of 16. <mask> served with the Australian Army during World War II, and after the war entered the legal profession. He became one of Australia's leading constitutional lawyers. <mask> was appointed to the Supreme Court of Victoria in 1970, and then to the High Court in 1972, aged 48.He was considered a member of the court's "moderate centre". In 1982, <mask> was appointed governor-general on the recommendation of Malcolm Fraser. He approved two double dissolutions during his time in office, the only governor-general to do so. After his term expired, <mask> remained active in public life as a conservationist and member of various international tribunals. He died at the age of 94, making him Australia's longest-lived governor-general. Early life
<mask> was born in Nettlebed, Oxfordshire, England, to Scottish parents, Barbara (née Cruickshank) and Frederick Brown <mask>. His father, a poultry farmer and ex-soldier, left the family shortly after his birth, emigrating to Canada and starting a new family; his son was told that he had died, and did not learn the truth until 2003.<mask>'s mother was a paid companion for Nina Mylne, the wealthy heiress of the Queensland pastoralist Graham Mylne; his given name was in her honour. During his early childhood, the three of them lived for periods in Switzerland (Geneva where he was christened and Montreaux), France (Paris, Cannes, and Saint-Cast-le-Guildo) and Germany (Wiesbaden), where Mylne took him to Nuremberg for the 1938 Reichsparteitag Grossdeutschland (5-12 September) which he photographed. They eventually moved to Edinburgh in 1929 so <mask> could begin his formal schooling. Mylne paid for <mask>'s education, which took place in Scotland (George Watson's College and Edinburgh Academy), London (St Paul's School), and Switzerland (Chillon College, Montreux). He and Mylne generally travelled together, while his mother remained in Scotland and ran a boardinghouse. In 1940, the three of them moved to Melbourne to avoid the war, booking first into the Oriental Hotel then taking a flat in Linden Hall opposite Scotch College which <mask> attended  for two terms, and was then accepted into the University of Melbourne to study law. Second World War
In December 1941, following the end of his first year at university, <mask> enlisted in the Citizens Military Force to serve part-time in the Melbourne University Regiment.Following Japan's entry into the Second World War, <mask> completed full-time military training from 8 December 1941 to 15 February 1942 and was then posted to the 10th Field Regiment, Royal Australian Artillery, serving in Western Australia. He subsequently transferred to the Second Australian Imperial Force. In late 1943, <mask> transferred to the Royal Australian Engineers, serving in New Guinea from April to August 1944 with the 43rd Australian Water Transport Company. He then attended courses, culminating in a commissioning course in April 1945. As a lieutenant, he served in the 41st Australian Landing Craft Company in New Guinea and New Britain. In August 1945, he was posted to Labuan, Borneo, arriving after the war's end and serving there until January 1946. After returning to Australia, he was discharged on 5 February 1946.Legal career
<mask> completed his studies after the war's end, and was admitted to the Victorian Bar in 1949. By the 1960s, he had become one of Australia's leading constitutional and commercial lawyers. He was made a Queen's Counsel in 1966. Judicial career
On 30 June 1970, <mask> was appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court of Victoria. He held this position until 29 February 1972, relinquishing it to take up his appointment as a Justice of the High Court of Australia. Sworn of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 1979 and sat as a member of its Judicial Committee. Although <mask> was appointed to the High Court by a Liberal government, he proved not to be a traditional conservative upholder of states' rights.He joined the "moderate centre" of the court, between the arch-conservatism of Sir Garfield Barwick and the radicalism of Lionel Murphy. In 1982 he was part of the majority that decided on a broad interpretation of the "external affairs power" of the Australian constitution in the Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen case. Governor-General
In March 1982, Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser announced that Queen Elizabeth II had approved his recommendation of <mask> <mask> to succeed Sir Zelman Cowen as Governor-General of Australia. His appointment was praised by both sides of politics. He was sworn in on 29 July 1982, the first former High Court justice to become governor-general since Sir Isaac Isaacs in 1931. When Fraser was defeated by the Labor Party under Bob Hawke in 1983, <mask> had no difficulty working with a Labor government. In 1987, his term was extended by 18 months as a mark of personal respect and also to allow Bill Hayden (to whom Hawke had promised the position) to leave politics at a time of his choosing.<mask> is the only governor-general to have approved two double dissolutions – in 1983 (for Fraser) and 1987 (for Hawke). Later work

In 1989, <mask> became Australia's first Ambassador for the Environment and, in his three-year term, was particularly energetic in working for a ban of mining in Antarctica. In 1991, he undertook a   difficult task when he was appointed chairman of the second strand of the Northern Ireland peace talks. From 1991 to 1995, he was a judge ad hoc of the International Court of Justice in the case East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991–1995. From 1993 to 1997, he was a judge on the international tribunals investigating war crimes in Yugoslavia and Rwanda. He also served as chairman of the Australian Citizenship Council from 1998. In 1994, he acted as a special envoy of the UN Secretary General to resolve political conflicts in Bangladesh.<mask> later moved back into the legal field, becoming president of an arbitral tribunal constituted under Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), charged with the adjudication of an investment dispute between Mondev, a Canadian investor, and the United States. A detailed scholarly biography of <mask>, Fortunate Voyager by Philip Ayres, was released in September 2013. Drawing upon it, Ayres also summarised <mask>'s career for the Victorian Bar News. Honours

<mask> was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) on 20 April 1972 "for distinguished services to the Law", and sworn of the Privy Council in 1979. As governor-general he was made a Knight of the Order of Australia (AK), Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) and Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO). In 1994 Queen Elizabeth II appointed him a Knight of the Order of the Garter (KG), being the most recent Australian to be granted a knighthood in the personal gift of the monarch of Australia. He therefore had the unusual distinction of holding five separate knighthoods and joined Lord Casey and Sir Paul Hasluck as one of the few Australian Knights of the Order of the Garter.In 1983 he was named a Commandeur of the French Légion d'honneur. <mask> delivered the first Sir <mask> <mask> Lecture at the University of Newcastle's law school in 1993, giving his name to this lecture series. Personal life and death
In June 1949, <mask> married Valery Mary Sinclair (4 July 1925 – 3 November 2019) and they had five daughters. <mask> and his wife were patrons of the Australian Inland Botanic Gardens. He died in Melbourne on 29 October 2017, aged 94. A state funeral for <mask> was held on 8 November at St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne. Arms

References

External links

 Supreme Court of Victoria Website
 The Bob Hawke Prime Ministerial Centre website
 Obituary by Geoffrey Robertson, The Guardian
 Australian Senate condolences:

1923 births
2017 deaths
Australian Army officers
Australian Army personnel of World War II
Australian Queen's Counsel
British emigrants to Australia
Australian people of Scottish descent
Governors-General of Australia
Judges of the Supreme Court of Victoria
Justices of the High Court of Australia
Australian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Australian Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Australian Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Australian Knights of the Garter
Australian diplomats
Knights of the Order of Australia
Commandeurs of the Légion d'honneur
Melbourne Law School alumni
Australian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
People educated at Scotch College, Melbourne
People educated at St Paul's School, London
People from South Oxfordshire District
Queen's Counsel 1901–2000
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia judges
People educated at George Watson's College
People educated at Edinburgh Academy
Australian judges of United Nations courts and tribunals

masks:
Ninian Martin Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
Stephen
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Stephen
Ninian
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Ninian
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Stephen


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<mask> (; born 25 July 1990) is a Ghanaian footballer who plays for Chinese club Shenzhen F.C. and the Ghana national team as a midfielder. He spent the better part of his career in Spain, starting out at Elche in 2008 and going on to also represent Villarreal, Espanyol, Las Palmas, Granada and Alavés. He also competed professionally in Russia, Scotland, Greece and China. <mask> appeared with the Ghana national team at the 2014 World Cup, as well as five Africa Cup of Nations tournaments. Club career

Early years and Spain
Born in Tamale, Northern Region, <mask> began his senior career in Ashanti Gold SC. In 2008, he moved abroad and signed with Elche CF in Spain on a five-year contract, but only joined the club nearly two months later, however, due to international duty.In late January 2011, after several bouts of indiscipline and internal codes violations, <mask> was released by the Valencians. Shortly after, he joined another side in the region and Segunda División, Villarreal CF's B team. On 27 February 2011, <mask> made his La Liga debut, coming on as a substitute for José Catalá in the last minutes of a 2–2 away draw against Racing de Santander. He only played six matches in his first full season, and the Yellow Submarine was also relegated after 12 years in the top flight. <mask> signed for RCD Espanyol on 11 July 2012, penning a four-year contract. He started in 23 of his league appearances for the Catalans in his first and only season. Rubin Kazan
In the last days of the 2013 summer transfer window, <mask> moved to the Russian Premier League with FC Rubin Kazan.On 28 August 2014, he joined Celtic on a season-long loan. <mask> scored on his competitive debut for Celtic, netting the first in a 2–2 away draw against FC Red Bull Salzburg in the UEFA Europa League group stage. On 30 August 2015, after appearing rarely, he was loaned to UD Las Palmas for one year. Panathinaikos
On 10 July 2016, <mask> signed a three-year contract with Super League Greece club Panathinaikos F.C. for an undisclosed fee. On 15 September, in the last minute of a Europa League group phase home fixture against AFC Ajax, he was sent off – as teammate Ivan Ivanov midway through the second half of the eventual 1–2 home loss– and UEFA subsequently suspended him a further two games after his initial ban was over. On 1 February 2017, <mask> was loaned to another Spanish top-flight side, Granada CF.He scored his first goal for them on 1 March, helping to a 2–1 home win over Deportivo Alavés. Alavés
On 17 July 2017, the day after mutually terminating his contract, <mask> signed a three-year deal with Alavés. He scored his only competitive goal for the Basques on 18 May 2019, in a 2–1 home defeat of Girona FC who were relegated as a result. China
<mask> transferred to Chinese Super League side Jiangsu Suning F.C. on 18 January 2020. On 12 April of the following year, he joined Shenzhen F.C. in the same country after the former were dissolved.International career
<mask> represented Ghana at the 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship in Peru, playing two matches in an eventual group stage exit (three draws). He made his full international debut on 13 October 2012, in a 2013 Africa Cup of Nations qualifier against Malawi. On 14 November 2012, <mask> scored his first goal in a friendly with Cape Verde. He was picked for the squad that appeared at the 2013 CAN in South Africa, notably netting the game's only goal in a group stage fixture against Mali, through a penalty kick, then scoring both in the 2–0 quarter-final win over Cape Verde. <mask> was selected by manager James Kwesi Appiah for his 2014 FIFA World Cup squad. He made his debut in the tournament on 21 June, playing 22 minutes in a 2–2 draw with Germany. On 5 February 2015, <mask> netted the second goal in Ghana's 3–0 victory against Equatorial Guinea in the semi-finals of the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations to take them to the final.In the decisive match, against the Ivory Coast, he scored his penalty shootout attempt in an eventual 9–8 loss. Personal life
<mask>'s younger brother, Alhassan, is also a footballer and a midfielder. He spent most of his career in Portugal. <mask> is a practicing Muslim. In October 2018, while heading to Bilbao's Loiu airport to travel to Ghana, he was unhurt following a car accident. Career statistics

Club

International

 Ghana score listed first, score column indicates score after each <mask> goal. Honours

Club
Celtic
Scottish Premiership: 2014–15
Scottish League Cup: 2014–15

Jiangsu Suning
Chinese Super League: 2020

International
Ghana
Africa Cup of Nations runner-up: 2015

Individual
Africa Cup of Nations top scorer: 2013 (4 goals)
Africa Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament: 2017

References

External links

Official website

1990 births
Living people
People from Northern Region (Ghana)
Dagomba people
Ghanaian Muslims
Ghanaian footballers
Association football midfielders
Ashanti Gold SC players
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Elche CF players
Villarreal CF B players
Villarreal CF players
RCD Espanyol footballers
UD Las Palmas players
Granada CF footballers
Deportivo Alavés players
Russian Premier League players
FC Rubin Kazan players
Scottish Professional Football League players
Celtic F.C.players
Super League Greece players
Panathinaikos F.C. players
Chinese Super League players
Jiangsu F.C. players
Shenzhen F.C. players
Ghana international footballers
2013 Africa Cup of Nations players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
2015 Africa Cup of Nations players
2017 Africa Cup of Nations players
2019 Africa Cup of Nations players
2021 Africa Cup of Nations players
Ghanaian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Spain
Expatriate footballers in Russia
Expatriate footballers in Scotland
Expatriate footballers in Greece
Expatriate footballers in China
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in China

masks:
Mubarak Wakaso
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